diff --git a/-cZPoqnRZq4.txt b/-cZPoqnRZq4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0535a69033b85d3c8490dbecc9cea352a91afaa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/-cZPoqnRZq4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12499 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today's a little bit of a discussion + + align:start position:0% +today's a little bit of a discussion + + + align:start position:0% +today's a little bit of a discussion +about clearing and settlement systems + + align:start position:0% +about clearing and settlement systems + + + align:start position:0% +about clearing and settlement systems +maybe you feel you've heard everything + + align:start position:0% +maybe you feel you've heard everything + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you feel you've heard everything +you needed from Jeff Sprecher when he + + align:start position:0% +you needed from Jeff Sprecher when he + + + align:start position:0% +you needed from Jeff Sprecher when he +was asked a question when he was with us + + align:start position:0% +was asked a question when he was with us + + + align:start position:0% +was asked a question when he was with us +and Jeff runs some of the largest + + align:start position:0% +and Jeff runs some of the largest + + + align:start position:0% +and Jeff runs some of the largest +clearing houses in the world at + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses in the world at + + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses in the world at +IntercontinentalExchange not only + + align:start position:0% +IntercontinentalExchange not only + + + align:start position:0% +IntercontinentalExchange not only +because he started in the energy + + align:start position:0% +because he started in the energy + + + align:start position:0% +because he started in the energy +business but he has big credit default + + align:start position:0% +business but he has big credit default + + + align:start position:0% +business but he has big credit default +swap clearing houses and energy Clearing + + align:start position:0% +swap clearing houses and energy Clearing + + + align:start position:0% +swap clearing houses and energy Clearing +House isn't like and he kind of said + + align:start position:0% +House isn't like and he kind of said + + + align:start position:0% +House isn't like and he kind of said +well I don't know about blockchain + + align:start position:0% +well I don't know about blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +well I don't know about blockchain +technology for clearing and settling but + + align:start position:0% +technology for clearing and settling but + + + align:start position:0% +technology for clearing and settling but +I'm gonna try this Bitcoin project that + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna try this Bitcoin project that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna try this Bitcoin project that +you all know about and he talked about + + align:start position:0% +you all know about and he talked about + + + align:start position:0% +you all know about and he talked about +but today we're gonna try to dig into + + align:start position:0% +but today we're gonna try to dig into + + + align:start position:0% +but today we're gonna try to dig into +well maybe there's there's something + + align:start position:0% +well maybe there's there's something + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe there's there's something +there because there are projects going + + align:start position:0% +there because there are projects going + + + align:start position:0% +there because there are projects going +on and why are there projects they're + + align:start position:0% +on and why are there projects they're + + + align:start position:0% +on and why are there projects they're +mostly permissioned and not + + align:start position:0% +mostly permissioned and not + + + align:start position:0% +mostly permissioned and not +permissionless systems but I think + + align:start position:0% +permissionless systems but I think + + + align:start position:0% +permissionless systems but I think +there's something there + + align:start position:0% +there's something there + + + align:start position:0% +there's something there +and this this will be one of the more + + align:start position:0% +and this this will be one of the more + + + align:start position:0% +and this this will be one of the more +optimistic you know if you're judging + + align:start position:0% +optimistic you know if you're judging + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic you know if you're judging +how often I get to the maximal side I + + align:start position:0% +how often I get to the maximal side I + + + align:start position:0% +how often I get to the maximal side I +think there is probably something there + + align:start position:0% +think there is probably something there + + + align:start position:0% +think there is probably something there +at least for permission blockchain + + align:start position:0% +at least for permission blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +at least for permission blockchain +projects and their clearing and settling + + align:start position:0% +projects and their clearing and settling + + + align:start position:0% +projects and their clearing and settling +I'm going to will of course go through + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to will of course go through + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to will of course go through +the readings and and these are the sort + + align:start position:0% +the readings and and these are the sort + + + align:start position:0% +the readings and and these are the sort +of topics will go through clearing and + + align:start position:0% +of topics will go through clearing and + + + align:start position:0% +of topics will go through clearing and +settling services I'm gonna try to set + + align:start position:0% +settling services I'm gonna try to set + + + align:start position:0% +settling services I'm gonna try to set +the stage as to what this is frankly + + align:start position:0% +the stage as to what this is frankly + + + align:start position:0% +the stage as to what this is frankly +when I was on Wall Street for 18 years I + + align:start position:0% +when I was on Wall Street for 18 years I + + + align:start position:0% +when I was on Wall Street for 18 years I +couldn't really define what clearing and + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really define what clearing and + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really define what clearing and +settling sorry Ross you thought I could + + align:start position:0% +settling sorry Ross you thought I could + + + align:start position:0% +settling sorry Ross you thought I could +define it when I was on Wall Street + + align:start position:0% +define it when I was on Wall Street + + + align:start position:0% +define it when I was on Wall Street +what's that well when you're in the + + align:start position:0% +what's that well when you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +what's that well when you're in the +merger and acquisition area you usually + + align:start position:0% +merger and acquisition area you usually + + + align:start position:0% +merger and acquisition area you usually +don't think about what it means to clear + + align:start position:0% +don't think about what it means to clear + + + align:start position:0% +don't think about what it means to clear +something and to settle it and frankly + + align:start position:0% +something and to settle it and frankly + + + align:start position:0% +something and to settle it and frankly +even usually when you're on the trading + + align:start position:0% +even usually when you're on the trading + + + align:start position:0% +even usually when you're on the trading +floor that's something somebody else + + align:start position:0% +floor that's something somebody else + + + align:start position:0% +floor that's something somebody else +takes care of just the nature how many + + align:start position:0% +takes care of just the nature how many + + + align:start position:0% +takes care of just the nature how many +people have worked on trading floors + + align:start position:0% +people have worked on trading floors + + + align:start position:0% +people have worked on trading floors +here alright so I'm gonna have seven or + + align:start position:0% +here alright so I'm gonna have seven or + + + align:start position:0% +here alright so I'm gonna have seven or +eight of you start and you're you're on + + align:start position:0% +eight of you start and you're you're on + + + align:start position:0% +eight of you start and you're you're on +notice now in about 8 to 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +notice now in about 8 to 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +notice now in about 8 to 10 minutes +you're gonna help you you might prove + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna help you you might prove + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna help you you might prove +what I just said to Ross that you can't + + align:start position:0% +what I just said to Ross that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +what I just said to Ross that you can't +define what clearing and settling is + + align:start position:0% +define what clearing and settling is + + + align:start position:0% +define what clearing and settling is +because somebody else took care of it + + align:start position:0% +because somebody else took care of it + + + align:start position:0% +because somebody else took care of it +but we'll see let's see and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +but we'll see let's see and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll see let's see and then we'll +talk about blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +talk about blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +talk about blockchain technology +applicability some of the projects that + + align:start position:0% +applicability some of the projects that + + + align:start position:0% +applicability some of the projects that +are going on and then move over to this + + align:start position:0% +are going on and then move over to this + + + align:start position:0% +are going on and then move over to this +there was a reading from the + + align:start position:0% +there was a reading from the + + + align:start position:0% +there was a reading from the +International swap derivatives + + align:start position:0% +International swap derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +International swap derivatives +association is what they're doing around + + align:start position:0% +association is what they're doing around + + + align:start position:0% +association is what they're doing around +smart contracts in this space but what I + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts in this space but what I + + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts in this space but what I +want to do first is a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +want to do first is a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +want to do first is a little bit of +talking about final projects because + + align:start position:0% +talking about final projects because + + + align:start position:0% +talking about final projects because +we're at that time of the year and this + + align:start position:0% +we're at that time of the year and this + + + align:start position:0% +we're at that time of the year and this +is to help this is nothing like and I'm + + align:start position:0% +is to help this is nothing like and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is to help this is nothing like and I'm +gonna go through eight or nine questions + + align:start position:0% +gonna go through eight or nine questions + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go through eight or nine questions +that if if you haven't already thought + + align:start position:0% +that if if you haven't already thought + + + align:start position:0% +that if if you haven't already thought +through your projects these are eight or + + align:start position:0% +through your projects these are eight or + + + align:start position:0% +through your projects these are eight or +nine questions that I I would think + + align:start position:0% +nine questions that I I would think + + + align:start position:0% +nine questions that I I would think +you'd want to think about which is + + align:start position:0% +you'd want to think about which is + + + align:start position:0% +you'd want to think about which is +another way of saying it will probably + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying it will probably + + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying it will probably +enhance your performance what else can I + + align:start position:0% +enhance your performance what else can I + + + align:start position:0% +enhance your performance what else can I +say and number one and it's a little + + align:start position:0% +say and number one and it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +say and number one and it's a little +small print I'm sorry or no it's not too + + align:start position:0% +small print I'm sorry or no it's not too + + + align:start position:0% +small print I'm sorry or no it's not too +bad is what's the value creation + + align:start position:0% +bad is what's the value creation + + + align:start position:0% +bad is what's the value creation +proposition or pain point if you wish so + + align:start position:0% +proposition or pain point if you wish so + + + align:start position:0% +proposition or pain point if you wish so +are you creating value or you're solving + + align:start position:0% +are you creating value or you're solving + + + align:start position:0% +are you creating value or you're solving +a pain point or as Jeff Sprecher would + + align:start position:0% +a pain point or as Jeff Sprecher would + + + align:start position:0% +a pain point or as Jeff Sprecher would +say what are you doing that's gonna make + + align:start position:0% +say what are you doing that's gonna make + + + align:start position:0% +say what are you doing that's gonna make +something cheaper faster better what's + + align:start position:0% +something cheaper faster better what's + + + align:start position:0% +something cheaper faster better what's +the value proposition whatever space + + align:start position:0% +the value proposition whatever space + + + align:start position:0% +the value proposition whatever space +there's two or three groups that are + + align:start position:0% +there's two or three groups that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's two or three groups that are +doing trade finance there's one or two + + align:start position:0% +doing trade finance there's one or two + + + align:start position:0% +doing trade finance there's one or two +doing payments there's some group doing + + align:start position:0% +doing payments there's some group doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing payments there's some group doing +commercial + + align:start position:0% +commercial + + + align:start position:0% +commercial +I mean consumer credit rating or so + + align:start position:0% +I mean consumer credit rating or so + + + align:start position:0% +I mean consumer credit rating or so +forth I mean there's a there's a wide + + align:start position:0% +forth I mean there's a there's a wide + + + align:start position:0% +forth I mean there's a there's a wide +variety there's one or two groups that + + align:start position:0% +variety there's one or two groups that + + + align:start position:0% +variety there's one or two groups that +have come to see me that are doing + + align:start position:0% +have come to see me that are doing + + + align:start position:0% +have come to see me that are doing +things outside of finance but regardless + + align:start position:0% +things outside of finance but regardless + + + align:start position:0% +things outside of finance but regardless +what's the value proposition what pain + + align:start position:0% +what's the value proposition what pain + + + align:start position:0% +what's the value proposition what pain +points are you're addressing or as Jeff + + align:start position:0% +points are you're addressing or as Jeff + + + align:start position:0% +points are you're addressing or as Jeff +would say what are you gonna do better + + align:start position:0% +would say what are you gonna do better + + + align:start position:0% +would say what are you gonna do better +faster cheaper if you can't kind of + + align:start position:0% +faster cheaper if you can't kind of + + + align:start position:0% +faster cheaper if you can't kind of +answer that you know threshold question + + align:start position:0% +answer that you know threshold question + + + align:start position:0% +answer that you know threshold question +shake it loose kick it around or move on + + align:start position:0% +shake it loose kick it around or move on + + + align:start position:0% +shake it loose kick it around or move on +to a different use case frankly secondly + + align:start position:0% +to a different use case frankly secondly + + + align:start position:0% +to a different use case frankly secondly +and nanning you get into like what is + + align:start position:0% +and nanning you get into like what is + + + align:start position:0% +and nanning you get into like what is +this blockchain technology what + + align:start position:0% +this blockchain technology what + + + align:start position:0% +this blockchain technology what +transactions are data + + align:start position:0% +transactions are data + + + align:start position:0% +transactions are data +gonna be recorded because this is + + align:start position:0% +gonna be recorded because this is + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be recorded because this is +fundamentally ultimately a database + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally ultimately a database + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally ultimately a database +technology even the permissionless + + align:start position:0% +technology even the permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +technology even the permissionless +systems and and you'll see a later + + align:start position:0% +systems and and you'll see a later + + + align:start position:0% +systems and and you'll see a later +question is like why this versus + + align:start position:0% +question is like why this versus + + + align:start position:0% +question is like why this versus +traditional database system but what + + align:start position:0% +traditional database system but what + + + align:start position:0% +traditional database system but what +transactions what data whether it's + + align:start position:0% +transactions what data whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +transactions what data whether it's +healthcare records whether it's consumer + + align:start position:0% +healthcare records whether it's consumer + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare records whether it's consumer +credit data supply chain moving a piece + + align:start position:0% +credit data supply chain moving a piece + + + align:start position:0% +credit data supply chain moving a piece +of property along a supply chain but + + align:start position:0% +of property along a supply chain but + + + align:start position:0% +of property along a supply chain but +what is the actual data and transactions + + align:start position:0% +what is the actual data and transactions + + + align:start position:0% +what is the actual data and transactions +that you're recording questions what + + align:start position:0% +that you're recording questions what + + + align:start position:0% +that you're recording questions what +multiple stakeholders need to write and + + align:start position:0% +multiple stakeholders need to write and + + + align:start position:0% +multiple stakeholders need to write and +read access to the Ledger's and I + + align:start position:0% +read access to the Ledger's and I + + + align:start position:0% +read access to the Ledger's and I +underline the word multiple because + + align:start position:0% +underline the word multiple because + + + align:start position:0% +underline the word multiple because +really when you think about the value + + align:start position:0% +really when you think about the value + + + align:start position:0% +really when you think about the value +proposition of blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +proposition of blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +proposition of blockchain technology +it's about immutable records or + + align:start position:0% +it's about immutable records or + + + align:start position:0% +it's about immutable records or +so-called immutable records that's + + align:start position:0% +so-called immutable records that's + + + align:start position:0% +so-called immutable records that's +verifiable immutable records amongst + + align:start position:0% +verifiable immutable records amongst + + + align:start position:0% +verifiable immutable records amongst +multiple parties and it cost extra money + + align:start position:0% +multiple parties and it cost extra money + + + align:start position:0% +multiple parties and it cost extra money +everything we've been studying about in + + align:start position:0% +everything we've been studying about in + + + align:start position:0% +everything we've been studying about in +this in this this semester is about + + align:start position:0% +this in this this semester is about + + + align:start position:0% +this in this this semester is about +there's more complexity there's more + + align:start position:0% +there's more complexity there's more + + + align:start position:0% +there's more complexity there's more +cost in some way of this decentralized + + align:start position:0% +cost in some way of this decentralized + + + align:start position:0% +cost in some way of this decentralized +even permission systems decentralized + + align:start position:0% +even permission systems decentralized + + + align:start position:0% +even permission systems decentralized +system but you get something for it + + align:start position:0% +system but you get something for it + + + align:start position:0% +system but you get something for it +you get some verification of + + align:start position:0% +you get some verification of + + + align:start position:0% +you get some verification of +transactions of data immutability but + + align:start position:0% +transactions of data immutability but + + + align:start position:0% +transactions of data immutability but +you also have to have some logic that + + align:start position:0% +you also have to have some logic that + + + align:start position:0% +you also have to have some logic that +there's multiple parties that need to + + align:start position:0% +there's multiple parties that need to + + + align:start position:0% +there's multiple parties that need to +both write and read a distributed + + align:start position:0% +both write and read a distributed + + + align:start position:0% +both write and read a distributed +database that just has read-only I can + + align:start position:0% +database that just has read-only I can + + + align:start position:0% +database that just has read-only I can +read my Bank of America bank account I + + align:start position:0% +read my Bank of America bank account I + + + align:start position:0% +read my Bank of America bank account I +can see what's in that you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +can see what's in that you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +can see what's in that you know sort of +ledger doesn't have to be on a + + align:start position:0% +ledger doesn't have to be on a + + + align:start position:0% +ledger doesn't have to be on a +blockchain so multiple parties writing + + align:start position:0% +blockchain so multiple parties writing + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain so multiple parties writing +why is that important forming consensus + + align:start position:0% +why is that important forming consensus + + + align:start position:0% +why is that important forming consensus +in this circumstance which specific cost + + align:start position:0% +in this circumstance which specific cost + + + align:start position:0% +in this circumstance which specific cost +of verification are networking are you + + align:start position:0% +of verification are networking are you + + + align:start position:0% +of verification are networking are you +lowering we talked about a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +lowering we talked about a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +lowering we talked about a lot of the +verification cost whether it's whether + + align:start position:0% +verification cost whether it's whether + + + align:start position:0% +verification cost whether it's whether +it's privacy censorship resistance + + align:start position:0% +it's privacy censorship resistance + + + align:start position:0% +it's privacy censorship resistance +whether it's some direct cost maybe + + align:start position:0% +whether it's some direct cost maybe + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's some direct cost maybe +maybe you're going right at something + + align:start position:0% +maybe you're going right at something + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you're going right at something +that's got a bunch of economic rents in + + align:start position:0% +that's got a bunch of economic rents in + + + align:start position:0% +that's got a bunch of economic rents in +it so there was a series of verification + + align:start position:0% +it so there was a series of verification + + + align:start position:0% +it so there was a series of verification +costs we talked about what networking + + align:start position:0% +costs we talked about what networking + + + align:start position:0% +costs we talked about what networking +costs are you trying to reduce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's probably been something in the + + align:start position:0% +there's probably been something in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably been something in the +order of four or five thousand white + + align:start position:0% +order of four or five thousand white + + + align:start position:0% +order of four or five thousand white +papers many of them that you can find + + align:start position:0% +papers many of them that you can find + + + align:start position:0% +papers many of them that you can find +you can't find all of them but if you're + + align:start position:0% +you can't find all of them but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can't find all of them but if you're +going it's something that you think a + + align:start position:0% +going it's something that you think a + + + align:start position:0% +going it's something that you think a +white paper has been written about or a + + align:start position:0% +white paper has been written about or a + + + align:start position:0% +white paper has been written about or a +blockchain company's been started on + + align:start position:0% +blockchain company's been started on + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain company's been started on +figure out what the competition's doing + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the competition's doing + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the competition's doing +and for the two groups and it may be + + align:start position:0% +and for the two groups and it may be + + + align:start position:0% +and for the two groups and it may be +more that are doing something around + + align:start position:0% +more that are doing something around + + + align:start position:0% +more that are doing something around +trade finance and supply chain you know + + align:start position:0% +trade finance and supply chain you know + + + align:start position:0% +trade finance and supply chain you know +you know you know there's a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you know you know there's a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you know you know there's a bunch of +stuff you can read what we were studying + + align:start position:0% +stuff you can read what we were studying + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you can read what we were studying +at next Tuesday alene give us an example + + align:start position:0% +at next Tuesday alene give us an example + + + align:start position:0% +at next Tuesday alene give us an example +of a networking cost often why people + + align:start position:0% +of a networking cost often why people + + + align:start position:0% +of a networking cost often why people +are using a native token but networking + + align:start position:0% +are using a native token but networking + + + align:start position:0% +are using a native token but networking +costs are how to get to jump start a + + align:start position:0% +costs are how to get to jump start a + + + align:start position:0% +costs are how to get to jump start a +network now uber jump started a network + + align:start position:0% +network now uber jump started a network + + + align:start position:0% +network now uber jump started a network +in a sense without blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +in a sense without blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense without blockchain technology +but an example of networking costs or if + + align:start position:0% +but an example of networking costs or if + + + align:start position:0% +but an example of networking costs or if +you walked out of the airport and you + + align:start position:0% +you walked out of the airport and you + + + align:start position:0% +you walked out of the airport and you +didn't think any drivers are using this + + align:start position:0% +didn't think any drivers are using this + + + align:start position:0% +didn't think any drivers are using this +this application then you wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +this application then you wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +this application then you wouldn't be +terribly interested in using it so we + + align:start position:0% +terribly interested in using it so we + + + align:start position:0% +terribly interested in using it so we +cursed across often the cost of building + + align:start position:0% +cursed across often the cost of building + + + align:start position:0% +cursed across often the cost of building +a network can be a tremendous start-up + + align:start position:0% +a network can be a tremendous start-up + + + align:start position:0% +a network can be a tremendous start-up +cost so how to start a network often as + + align:start position:0% +cost so how to start a network often as + + + align:start position:0% +cost so how to start a network often as +you go to a bunch of venture capitalists + + align:start position:0% +you go to a bunch of venture capitalists + + + align:start position:0% +you go to a bunch of venture capitalists +you raise money you advertise and you + + align:start position:0% +you raise money you advertise and you + + + align:start position:0% +you raise money you advertise and you +try to get participants and one of the + + align:start position:0% +try to get participants and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +try to get participants and one of the +challenges of healthcare records we + + align:start position:0% +challenges of healthcare records we + + + align:start position:0% +challenges of healthcare records we +don't have our health care experts + + align:start position:0% +don't have our health care experts + + + align:start position:0% +don't have our health care experts +inherent today but I was looking around + + align:start position:0% +inherent today but I was looking around + + + align:start position:0% +inherent today but I was looking around +we have two students from Harvard public + + align:start position:0% +we have two students from Harvard public + + + align:start position:0% +we have two students from Harvard public +policy school doing graduate work and + + align:start position:0% +policy school doing graduate work and + + + align:start position:0% +policy school doing graduate work and +sometimes join us but healthcare records + + align:start position:0% +sometimes join us but healthcare records + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes join us but healthcare records +for instance you there's some really + + align:start position:0% +for instance you there's some really + + + align:start position:0% +for instance you there's some really +interesting blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +interesting blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +interesting blockchain technology +solutions but the networking challenge + + align:start position:0% +solutions but the networking challenge + + + align:start position:0% +solutions but the networking challenge +is how do you get a bunch of medical + + align:start position:0% +is how do you get a bunch of medical + + + align:start position:0% +is how do you get a bunch of medical +providers hospitals doctors and users to + + align:start position:0% +providers hospitals doctors and users to + + + align:start position:0% +providers hospitals doctors and users to +actually join the network so that would + + align:start position:0% +actually join the network so that would + + + align:start position:0% +actually join the network so that would +be an example of network cost is + + align:start position:0% +be an example of network cost is + + + align:start position:0% +be an example of network cost is +basically adoption often does that help + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what are the competitors doing I'm not + + align:start position:0% +what are the competitors doing I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +what are the competitors doing I'm not +looking for plagiarism but if you're in + + align:start position:0% +looking for plagiarism but if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +looking for plagiarism but if you're in +a space payments or a supply chain or a + + align:start position:0% +a space payments or a supply chain or a + + + align:start position:0% +a space payments or a supply chain or a +consumer credit or some others where + + align:start position:0% +consumer credit or some others where + + + align:start position:0% +consumer credit or some others where +there's three or six or ten white papers + + align:start position:0% +there's three or six or ten white papers + + + align:start position:0% +there's three or six or ten white papers +out there and maybe somebody's even + + align:start position:0% +out there and maybe somebody's even + + + align:start position:0% +out there and maybe somebody's even +raised 20 million or a couple hundred + + align:start position:0% +raised 20 million or a couple hundred + + + align:start position:0% +raised 20 million or a couple hundred +million and an ICO then it would be + + align:start position:0% +million and an ICO then it would be + + + align:start position:0% +million and an ICO then it would be +interesting and you should you should + + align:start position:0% +interesting and you should you should + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and you should you should +feel free to look at those and maybe + + align:start position:0% +feel free to look at those and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to look at those and maybe +you'll be informed by it and you'll say + + align:start position:0% +you'll be informed by it and you'll say + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be informed by it and you'll say +yeah I'm doing it better or they got it + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm doing it better or they got it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm doing it better or they got it +poorly here or their projects in Estonia + + align:start position:0% +poorly here or their projects in Estonia + + + align:start position:0% +poorly here or their projects in Estonia +and I'm gonna do a digital ID project in + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna do a digital ID project in + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna do a digital ID project in +the US and our regulatory system is + + align:start position:0% +the US and our regulatory system is + + + align:start position:0% +the US and our regulatory system is +different than a stony ax but I wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +different than a stony ax but I wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +different than a stony ax but I wouldn't +be bashful about looking at the + + align:start position:0% +be bashful about looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +be bashful about looking at the +competition in fact I would say that's + + align:start position:0% +competition in fact I would say that's + + + align:start position:0% +competition in fact I would say that's +where business school you always look at + + align:start position:0% +where business school you always look at + + + align:start position:0% +where business school you always look at +the competition and you see if you can + + align:start position:0% +the competition and you see if you can + + + align:start position:0% +the competition and you see if you can +do either what they're doing better or + + align:start position:0% +do either what they're doing better or + + + align:start position:0% +do either what they're doing better or +what they're doing in a different + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing in a different + + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing in a different +geography or in a little bit different + + align:start position:0% +geography or in a little bit different + + + align:start position:0% +geography or in a little bit different +market back to how a lien likes to + + align:start position:0% +market back to how a lien likes to + + + align:start position:0% +market back to how a lien likes to +define things I've not used the term + + align:start position:0% +define things I've not used the term + + + align:start position:0% +define things I've not used the term +blockchain technology yet on this slide + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology yet on this slide + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology yet on this slide +have I but why are append-only logs at + + align:start position:0% +have I but why are append-only logs at + + + align:start position:0% +have I but why are append-only logs at +multiple party consensus the best + + align:start position:0% +multiple party consensus the best + + + align:start position:0% +multiple party consensus the best +solution which kind of goes back to why + + align:start position:0% +solution which kind of goes back to why + + + align:start position:0% +solution which kind of goes back to why +not just a traditional database but why + + align:start position:0% +not just a traditional database but why + + + align:start position:0% +not just a traditional database but why +append-only time stamped verifiable logs + + align:start position:0% +append-only time stamped verifiable logs + + + align:start position:0% +append-only time stamped verifiable logs +with you know they're connected by + + align:start position:0% +with you know they're connected by + + + align:start position:0% +with you know they're connected by +cryptographic hash functions but why + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic hash functions but why + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic hash functions but why +have these logs and why have multiple + + align:start position:0% +have these logs and why have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +have these logs and why have multiple +parties in essence form a consensus + + align:start position:0% +parties in essence form a consensus + + + align:start position:0% +parties in essence form a consensus +about this state of the ledger time time + + align:start position:0% +about this state of the ledger time time + + + align:start position:0% +about this state of the ledger time time +stamps in essence but what what in + + align:start position:0% +stamps in essence but what what in + + + align:start position:0% +stamps in essence but what what in +essence is innovation of the early 90s + + align:start position:0% +essence is innovation of the early 90s + + + align:start position:0% +essence is innovation of the early 90s +and then Satoshi Nakamoto grabbed it was + + align:start position:0% +and then Satoshi Nakamoto grabbed it was + + + align:start position:0% +and then Satoshi Nakamoto grabbed it was +the concept that you take a block of + + align:start position:0% +the concept that you take a block of + + + align:start position:0% +the concept that you take a block of +data and you connect it to the next + + align:start position:0% +data and you connect it to the next + + + align:start position:0% +data and you connect it to the next +block with a cryptographic hash function + + align:start position:0% +block with a cryptographic hash function + + + align:start position:0% +block with a cryptographic hash function +and once you've done that then it's + + align:start position:0% +and once you've done that then it's + + + align:start position:0% +and once you've done that then it's +committed you can't amend anything + + align:start position:0% +committed you can't amend anything + + + align:start position:0% +committed you can't amend anything +that's before because it's a unique hash + + align:start position:0% +that's before because it's a unique hash + + + align:start position:0% +that's before because it's a unique hash +and traditional databases did not have + + align:start position:0% +and traditional databases did not have + + + align:start position:0% +and traditional databases did not have +similar commitment schemes they do have + + align:start position:0% +similar commitment schemes they do have + + + align:start position:0% +similar commitment schemes they do have +other commitments schemes but not this + + align:start position:0% +other commitments schemes but not this + + + align:start position:0% +other commitments schemes but not this +commitment scheme of taking a block of + + align:start position:0% +commitment scheme of taking a block of + + + align:start position:0% +commitment scheme of taking a block of +data having the hash function which that + + align:start position:0% +data having the hash function which that + + + align:start position:0% +data having the hash function which that +means never shall you amend what hack + + align:start position:0% +means never shall you amend what hack + + + align:start position:0% +means never shall you amend what hack +came before that's how I understand it + + align:start position:0% +came before that's how I understand it + + + align:start position:0% +came before that's how I understand it +do you have a different view and + + align:start position:0% +do you have a different view and + + + align:start position:0% +do you have a different view and +traditional databases is there something + + align:start position:0% +traditional databases is there something + + + align:start position:0% +traditional databases is there something +new about technology so we knew how to + + align:start position:0% +new about technology so we knew how to + + + align:start position:0% +new about technology so we knew how to +do that and give you an append-only look + + align:start position:0% +do that and give you an append-only look + + + align:start position:0% +do that and give you an append-only look +it's nothing nothing exceptional yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing nothing exceptional yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing nothing exceptional yeah +there are debates as to where is the + + align:start position:0% +there are debates as to where is the + + + align:start position:0% +there are debates as to where is the +where is the border and boundary between + + align:start position:0% +where is the border and boundary between + + + align:start position:0% +where is the border and boundary between +a permission blockchain and a + + align:start position:0% +a permission blockchain and a + + + align:start position:0% +a permission blockchain and a +traditional database but I chosen to at + + align:start position:0% +traditional database but I chosen to at + + + align:start position:0% +traditional database but I chosen to at +least for this class a hyper ledger + + align:start position:0% +least for this class a hyper ledger + + + align:start position:0% +least for this class a hyper ledger +fabric we'll call that a blockchain + + align:start position:0% +fabric we'll call that a blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +fabric we'll call that a blockchain +project but recognize there's some we + + align:start position:0% +project but recognize there's some we + + + align:start position:0% +project but recognize there's some we +would say well that's how--that's unless + + align:start position:0% +would say well that's how--that's unless + + + align:start position:0% +would say well that's how--that's unless +you have a native token it's not really + + align:start position:0% +you have a native token it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +you have a native token it's not really +blockchain Eric listen this that the + + align:start position:0% +blockchain Eric listen this that the + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain Eric listen this that the +Trust is the key attribute that's not + + align:start position:0% +Trust is the key attribute that's not + + + align:start position:0% +Trust is the key attribute that's not +because you can get a multiple I mean + + align:start position:0% +because you can get a multiple I mean + + + align:start position:0% +because you can get a multiple I mean +multiple pallet consensus doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +multiple pallet consensus doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +multiple pallet consensus doesn't have +value it on its own it's actually + + align:start position:0% +value it on its own it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +value it on its own it's actually +multiple particle censuses it's actually + + align:start position:0% +multiple particle censuses it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +multiple particle censuses it's actually +something you have to come up as a + + align:start position:0% +something you have to come up as a + + + align:start position:0% +something you have to come up as a +necessity that stems from the fact that + + align:start position:0% +necessity that stems from the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +necessity that stems from the fact that +we are dealing with a decentralized + + align:start position:0% +we are dealing with a decentralized + + + align:start position:0% +we are dealing with a decentralized +arrangement in which you're not trusting + + align:start position:0% +arrangement in which you're not trusting + + + align:start position:0% +arrangement in which you're not trusting +any of the parties that intervening in + + align:start position:0% +any of the parties that intervening in + + + align:start position:0% +any of the parties that intervening in +them in the exchange of information + + align:start position:0% +them in the exchange of information + + + align:start position:0% +them in the exchange of information +right well I agree with the first half + + align:start position:0% +right well I agree with the first half + + + align:start position:0% +right well I agree with the first half +that you've you wouldn't even want to + + align:start position:0% +that you've you wouldn't even want to + + + align:start position:0% +that you've you wouldn't even want to +use Hyper ledger fabric unless you + + align:start position:0% +use Hyper ledger fabric unless you + + + align:start position:0% +use Hyper ledger fabric unless you +really need multiple parties writing to + + align:start position:0% +really need multiple parties writing to + + + align:start position:0% +really need multiple parties writing to +the ledger and I think that + + align:start position:0% +the ledger and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +the ledger and I think that +separated a little bit you could take an + + align:start position:0% +separated a little bit you could take an + + + align:start position:0% +separated a little bit you could take an +Oracle database and allow it to be + + align:start position:0% +Oracle database and allow it to be + + + align:start position:0% +Oracle database and allow it to be +multiple parties too but I think that + + align:start position:0% +multiple parties too but I think that + + + align:start position:0% +multiple parties too but I think that +separates it where you might be more the + + align:start position:0% +separates it where you might be more the + + + align:start position:0% +separates it where you might be more the +purist than I am Eric I I don't think it + + align:start position:0% +purist than I am Eric I I don't think it + + + align:start position:0% +purist than I am Eric I I don't think it +has to be completely open where you + + align:start position:0% +has to be completely open where you + + + align:start position:0% +has to be completely open where you +don't know all the participants but even + + align:start position:0% +don't know all the participants but even + + + align:start position:0% +don't know all the participants but even +in a financial we'll talk about the + + align:start position:0% +in a financial we'll talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +in a financial we'll talk about the +Australian Stock Exchange in a half an + + align:start position:0% +Australian Stock Exchange in a half an + + + align:start position:0% +Australian Stock Exchange in a half an +hour or so and when we talk about that + + align:start position:0% +hour or so and when we talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +hour or so and when we talk about that +that's a limited closed loop but they + + align:start position:0% +that's a limited closed loop but they + + + align:start position:0% +that's a limited closed loop but they +believe that they are actually taking a + + align:start position:0% +believe that they are actually taking a + + + align:start position:0% +believe that they are actually taking a +lot of cost out of the verification side + + align:start position:0% +lot of cost out of the verification side + + + align:start position:0% +lot of cost out of the verification side +they think they're getting a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they think they're getting a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they think they're getting a lot of +they're lowering verification costs and + + align:start position:0% +they're lowering verification costs and + + + align:start position:0% +they're lowering verification costs and +they would contend they're lowering + + align:start position:0% +they would contend they're lowering + + + align:start position:0% +they would contend they're lowering +networking cost because they don't have + + align:start position:0% +networking cost because they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +networking cost because they don't have +the same reconciliations between + + align:start position:0% +the same reconciliations between + + + align:start position:0% +the same reconciliations between +multiple databases now you might call + + align:start position:0% +multiple databases now you might call + + + align:start position:0% +multiple databases now you might call +that verification cost but I think they + + align:start position:0% +that verification cost but I think they + + + align:start position:0% +that verification cost but I think they +would call both verification and + + align:start position:0% +would call both verification and + + + align:start position:0% +would call both verification and +networking costs there's multiple back + + align:start position:0% +networking costs there's multiple back + + + align:start position:0% +networking costs there's multiple back +offices no longer reconciling if your if + + align:start position:0% +offices no longer reconciling if your if + + + align:start position:0% +offices no longer reconciling if your if +your final project has a permissionless + + align:start position:0% +your final project has a permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +your final project has a permissionless +system with a native token why do you + + align:start position:0% +system with a native token why do you + + + align:start position:0% +system with a native token why do you +need a native token is it to jumpstart + + align:start position:0% +need a native token is it to jumpstart + + + align:start position:0% +need a native token is it to jumpstart +the ico that you want to raise money for + + align:start position:0% +the ico that you want to raise money for + + + align:start position:0% +the ico that you want to raise money for +I'm not a I'm not averse to that I mean + + align:start position:0% +I'm not a I'm not averse to that I mean + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not a I'm not averse to that I mean +if that's but but at least fess up and + + align:start position:0% +if that's but but at least fess up and + + + align:start position:0% +if that's but but at least fess up and +say that's that's that's how we're + + align:start position:0% +say that's that's that's how we're + + + align:start position:0% +say that's that's that's how we're +crowdsourcing this thing if it's about + + align:start position:0% +crowdsourcing this thing if it's about + + + align:start position:0% +crowdsourcing this thing if it's about +that you really believe there's a some + + align:start position:0% +that you really believe there's a some + + + align:start position:0% +that you really believe there's a some +benefit to the token economics that it's + + align:start position:0% +benefit to the token economics that it's + + + align:start position:0% +benefit to the token economics that it's +an incentive system to run your new + + align:start position:0% +an incentive system to run your new + + + align:start position:0% +an incentive system to run your new +competition to uber or an incentive + + align:start position:0% +competition to uber or an incentive + + + align:start position:0% +competition to uber or an incentive +system for healthcare records or an + + align:start position:0% +system for healthcare records or an + + + align:start position:0% +system for healthcare records or an +incentive system for supply chain talk + + align:start position:0% +incentive system for supply chain talk + + + align:start position:0% +incentive system for supply chain talk +about what that incentive system is and + + align:start position:0% +about what that incentive system is and + + + align:start position:0% +about what that incentive system is and +and are you trying to motivate + + align:start position:0% +and are you trying to motivate + + + align:start position:0% +and are you trying to motivate +jump-starting the network or maintaining + + align:start position:0% +jump-starting the network or maintaining + + + align:start position:0% +jump-starting the network or maintaining +the network later and it could be both + + align:start position:0% +the network later and it could be both + + + align:start position:0% +the network later and it could be both +it could be either I'm just saying it'd + + align:start position:0% +it could be either I'm just saying it'd + + + align:start position:0% +it could be either I'm just saying it'd +be good to have a discussion is the + + align:start position:0% +be good to have a discussion is the + + + align:start position:0% +be good to have a discussion is the +native token just about a crowdfunding + + align:start position:0% +native token just about a crowdfunding + + + align:start position:0% +native token just about a crowdfunding +is the native token also about + + align:start position:0% +is the native token also about + + + align:start position:0% +is the native token also about +jump-starting this network and in an + + align:start position:0% +jump-starting this network and in an + + + align:start position:0% +jump-starting this network and in an +incentive to maintain the network + + align:start position:0% +incentive to maintain the network + + + align:start position:0% +incentive to maintain the network +amongst multiple parties + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what trade-offs of scalability + + align:start position:0% +what trade-offs of scalability + + + align:start position:0% +what trade-offs of scalability +performance privacy security + + align:start position:0% +performance privacy security + + + align:start position:0% +performance privacy security +coordination I'm not asking you to solve + + align:start position:0% +coordination I'm not asking you to solve + + + align:start position:0% +coordination I'm not asking you to solve +them and in fact you can even jump ahead + + align:start position:0% +them and in fact you can even jump ahead + + + align:start position:0% +them and in fact you can even jump ahead +three and five and seven years and sort + + align:start position:0% +three and five and seven years and sort + + + align:start position:0% +three and five and seven years and sort +of assume that some of these things will + + align:start position:0% +of assume that some of these things will + + + align:start position:0% +of assume that some of these things will +be taken care of so recognize that in + + align:start position:0% +be taken care of so recognize that in + + + align:start position:0% +be taken care of so recognize that in +the permission blockchains they seem to + + align:start position:0% +the permission blockchains they seem to + + + align:start position:0% +the permission blockchains they seem to +have a higher performance a lot higher + + align:start position:0% +have a higher performance a lot higher + + + align:start position:0% +have a higher performance a lot higher +performance than the native token + + align:start position:0% +performance than the native token + + + align:start position:0% +performance than the native token +permissionless systems but if you're + + align:start position:0% +permissionless systems but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +permissionless systems but if you're +proposing a native token permissionless + + align:start position:0% +proposing a native token permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +proposing a native token permissionless +system I just like you know a short + + align:start position:0% +system I just like you know a short + + + align:start position:0% +system I just like you know a short +discussion of how much these scalability + + align:start position:0% +discussion of how much these scalability + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of how much these scalability +issues a matter to you particularly when + + align:start position:0% +issues a matter to you particularly when + + + align:start position:0% +issues a matter to you particularly when +most of the native token permissionless + + align:start position:0% +most of the native token permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +most of the native token permissionless +systems can handle much more than a + + align:start position:0% +systems can handle much more than a + + + align:start position:0% +systems can handle much more than a +thousand or a handful of thousand of + + align:start position:0% +thousand or a handful of thousand of + + + align:start position:0% +thousand or a handful of thousand of +transactions a day I mean it is true + + align:start position:0% +transactions a day I mean it is true + + + align:start position:0% +transactions a day I mean it is true +that Bitcoin handles quite a bit more + + align:start position:0% +that Bitcoin handles quite a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +that Bitcoin handles quite a bit more +than that but you know five or ten + + align:start position:0% +than that but you know five or ten + + + align:start position:0% +than that but you know five or ten +transactions a second is that going to + + align:start position:0% +transactions a second is that going to + + + align:start position:0% +transactions a second is that going to +work for whatever your solution is I'm + + align:start position:0% +work for whatever your solution is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +work for whatever your solution is I'm +not in fact I'd like to see some groups + + align:start position:0% +not in fact I'd like to see some groups + + + align:start position:0% +not in fact I'd like to see some groups +use native tokens I want to have a + + align:start position:0% +use native tokens I want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +use native tokens I want to have a +variety of things I read in December + + align:start position:0% +variety of things I read in December + + + align:start position:0% +variety of things I read in December +rather than reading all permission + + align:start position:0% +rather than reading all permission + + + align:start position:0% +rather than reading all permission +systems but and then again kenick + + align:start position:0% +systems but and then again kenick + + + align:start position:0% +systems but and then again kenick +permission blockchain or traditional + + align:start position:0% +permission blockchain or traditional + + + align:start position:0% +permission blockchain or traditional +database adequately address whatever use + + align:start position:0% +database adequately address whatever use + + + align:start position:0% +database adequately address whatever use +case if you do have a permissionless + + align:start position:0% +case if you do have a permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +case if you do have a permissionless +system yeah thinking about that + + align:start position:0% +system yeah thinking about that + + + align:start position:0% +system yeah thinking about that +how can broad adoption be realized are + + align:start position:0% +how can broad adoption be realized are + + + align:start position:0% +how can broad adoption be realized are +you gonna use a native token to get + + align:start position:0% +you gonna use a native token to get + + + align:start position:0% +you gonna use a native token to get +broad adoption how are you gonna get a + + align:start position:0% +broad adoption how are you gonna get a + + + align:start position:0% +broad adoption how are you gonna get a +bunch of hospitals signed on how are you + + align:start position:0% +bunch of hospitals signed on how are you + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of hospitals signed on how are you +gonna get a bunch of banks signed on + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a bunch of banks signed on + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a bunch of banks signed on +you're gonna do like Jeff sprecher did + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna do like Jeff sprecher did + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna do like Jeff sprecher did +and get 50% of his equity away it was + + align:start position:0% +and get 50% of his equity away it was + + + align:start position:0% +and get 50% of his equity away it was +that conversation he talked about he had + + align:start position:0% +that conversation he talked about he had + + + align:start position:0% +that conversation he talked about he had +with goldman sachs they realized that + + align:start position:0% +with goldman sachs they realized that + + + align:start position:0% +with goldman sachs they realized that +was the only way to get his business + + align:start position:0% +was the only way to get his business + + + align:start position:0% +was the only way to get his business +started in the late 1990s but just you + + align:start position:0% +started in the late 1990s but just you + + + align:start position:0% +started in the late 1990s but just you +know how are you going to sort of get + + align:start position:0% +know how are you going to sort of get + + + align:start position:0% +know how are you going to sort of get +that adoption what and and to the extent + + align:start position:0% +that adoption what and and to the extent + + + align:start position:0% +that adoption what and and to the extent +you know this might be a paragraph but + + align:start position:0% +you know this might be a paragraph but + + + align:start position:0% +you know this might be a paragraph but +what type of customer interface or how + + align:start position:0% +what type of customer interface or how + + + align:start position:0% +what type of customer interface or how +might it be better than other customer + + align:start position:0% +might it be better than other customer + + + align:start position:0% +might it be better than other customer +UI's so these are just some of the + + align:start position:0% +UI's so these are just some of the + + + align:start position:0% +UI's so these are just some of the +things if you were thinking about a real + + align:start position:0% +things if you were thinking about a real + + + align:start position:0% +things if you were thinking about a real +business and I think that the market is + + align:start position:0% +business and I think that the market is + + + align:start position:0% +business and I think that the market is +moving towards away from that big + + align:start position:0% +moving towards away from that big + + + align:start position:0% +moving towards away from that big +frothy bull market where there was money + + align:start position:0% +frothy bull market where there was money + + + align:start position:0% +frothy bull market where there was money +as four or five hundred ICS a Mont and + + align:start position:0% +as four or five hundred ICS a Mont and + + + align:start position:0% +as four or five hundred ICS a Mont and +there was raising anywhere from two to + + align:start position:0% +there was raising anywhere from two to + + + align:start position:0% +there was raising anywhere from two to +five billion a month and now now it's + + align:start position:0% +five billion a month and now now it's + + + align:start position:0% +five billion a month and now now it's +sort of October was about two hundred + + align:start position:0% +sort of October was about two hundred + + + align:start position:0% +sort of October was about two hundred +icos and it was about eight hundred + + align:start position:0% +icos and it was about eight hundred + + + align:start position:0% +icos and it was about eight hundred +million and I think it's going to + + align:start position:0% +million and I think it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +million and I think it's going to +continue to decline partly because they + + align:start position:0% +continue to decline partly because they + + + align:start position:0% +continue to decline partly because they +don't all work but partly because people + + align:start position:0% +don't all work but partly because people + + + align:start position:0% +don't all work but partly because people +are now getting more rigorous as to + + align:start position:0% +are now getting more rigorous as to + + + align:start position:0% +are now getting more rigorous as to +what's really going on if you are using + + align:start position:0% +what's really going on if you are using + + + align:start position:0% +what's really going on if you are using +a permission blockchain you don't have + + align:start position:0% +a permission blockchain you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +a permission blockchain you don't have +to tell me whether it's hyper ledger + + align:start position:0% +to tell me whether it's hyper ledger + + + align:start position:0% +to tell me whether it's hyper ledger +quarter but if somebody does and you + + align:start position:0% +quarter but if somebody does and you + + + align:start position:0% +quarter but if somebody does and you +have something thoughtful to say there + + align:start position:0% +have something thoughtful to say there + + + align:start position:0% +have something thoughtful to say there +I'm intrigued to find out you know why + + align:start position:0% +I'm intrigued to find out you know why + + + align:start position:0% +I'm intrigued to find out you know why +this one versus that one I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +this one versus that one I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +this one versus that one I mean it's +really just to show your critical + + align:start position:0% +really just to show your critical + + + align:start position:0% +really just to show your critical +analysis of the subject and if you want + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the subject and if you want + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the subject and if you want +to improve yourself when why it's + + align:start position:0% +to improve yourself when why it's + + + align:start position:0% +to improve yourself when why it's +quarter versus hyper ledger fabric that + + align:start position:0% +quarter versus hyper ledger fabric that + + + align:start position:0% +quarter versus hyper ledger fabric that +they'll be interesting if somebody you + + align:start position:0% +they'll be interesting if somebody you + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be interesting if somebody you +know has a point of view but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +know has a point of view but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +know has a point of view but I'm not +looking for that level of either + + align:start position:0% +looking for that level of either + + + align:start position:0% +looking for that level of either +computer science knowledge this is from + + align:start position:0% +computer science knowledge this is from + + + align:start position:0% +computer science knowledge this is from +a business perspective think of me as a + + align:start position:0% +a business perspective think of me as a + + + align:start position:0% +a business perspective think of me as a +venture capitalist if I was investing + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalist if I was investing + + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalist if I was investing +you know how how do you sort of pull it + + align:start position:0% +you know how how do you sort of pull it + + + align:start position:0% +you know how how do you sort of pull it +together so any questions on that so we + + align:start position:0% +together so any questions on that so we + + + align:start position:0% +together so any questions on that so we +had six or seven people that actually + + align:start position:0% +had six or seven people that actually + + + align:start position:0% +had six or seven people that actually +worked in banking who did we have at + + align:start position:0% +worked in banking who did we have at + + + align:start position:0% +worked in banking who did we have at +this table ah + + align:start position:0% +this table ah + + + align:start position:0% +this table ah +so what's clearing anything else in + + align:start position:0% +so what's clearing anything else in + + + align:start position:0% +so what's clearing anything else in +clearing who else worked in trading it's + + align:start position:0% +clearing who else worked in trading it's + + + align:start position:0% +clearing who else worked in trading it's +somebody back in the back table working + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they have the assets to be trade well + + align:start position:0% +they have the assets to be trade well + + + align:start position:0% +they have the assets to be trade well +most equity markets trade on transaction + + align:start position:0% +most equity markets trade on transaction + + + align:start position:0% +most equity markets trade on transaction +date plus two days so somewhere in that + + align:start position:0% +date plus two days so somewhere in that + + + align:start position:0% +date plus two days so somewhere in that +two days you have to confirm they have + + align:start position:0% +two days you have to confirm they have + + + align:start position:0% +two days you have to confirm they have +the asset that is correct you don't have + + align:start position:0% +the asset that is correct you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +the asset that is correct you don't have +to do it on t plus zero normally buy t + + align:start position:0% +to do it on t plus zero normally buy t + + + align:start position:0% +to do it on t plus zero normally buy t +plus one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exchange knowing what is the net + + align:start position:0% +exchange knowing what is the net + + + align:start position:0% +exchange knowing what is the net +exposure that you had that exposure net + + align:start position:0% +exposure that you had that exposure net + + + align:start position:0% +exposure that you had that exposure net +exposure very key thing so there's + + align:start position:0% +exposure very key thing so there's + + + align:start position:0% +exposure very key thing so there's +authentication at some point between + + align:start position:0% +authentication at some point between + + + align:start position:0% +authentication at some point between +execution and transaction you have to + + align:start position:0% +execution and transaction you have to + + + align:start position:0% +execution and transaction you have to +actually know you have the security and + + align:start position:0% +actually know you have the security and + + + align:start position:0% +actually know you have the security and +then net exposure which we're going to + + align:start position:0% +then net exposure which we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +then net exposure which we're going to +look at in another page this this simple + + align:start position:0% +look at in another page this this simple + + + align:start position:0% +look at in another page this this simple +chart of you know two people cutting the + + align:start position:0% +chart of you know two people cutting the + + + align:start position:0% +chart of you know two people cutting the +lawns but a buyer and seller meet but a + + align:start position:0% +lawns but a buyer and seller meet but a + + + align:start position:0% +lawns but a buyer and seller meet but a +buyer and seller meet in an exchange + + align:start position:0% +buyer and seller meet in an exchange + + + align:start position:0% +buyer and seller meet in an exchange +again traditional securities markets + + align:start position:0% +again traditional securities markets + + + align:start position:0% +again traditional securities markets +through brokers that's called an inter + + align:start position:0% +through brokers that's called an inter + + + align:start position:0% +through brokers that's called an inter +mediate a taxes in the crypto exchange + + align:start position:0% +mediate a taxes in the crypto exchange + + + align:start position:0% +mediate a taxes in the crypto exchange +markets those two brokers in on the + + align:start position:0% +markets those two brokers in on the + + + align:start position:0% +markets those two brokers in on the +left-hand side on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side on the right hand side +the sellers and buyers brokers don't + + align:start position:0% +the sellers and buyers brokers don't + + + align:start position:0% +the sellers and buyers brokers don't +exist in the in the crypto exchange + + align:start position:0% +exist in the in the crypto exchange + + + align:start position:0% +exist in the in the crypto exchange +markets basically you have direct access + + align:start position:0% +markets basically you have direct access + + + align:start position:0% +markets basically you have direct access +to the market but in the traditional + + align:start position:0% +to the market but in the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +to the market but in the traditional +stock exchanges whether it's London + + align:start position:0% +stock exchanges whether it's London + + + align:start position:0% +stock exchanges whether it's London +Tokyo New York Beijing where's the major + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo New York Beijing where's the major + + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo New York Beijing where's the major +is it but where's the exchange in India + + align:start position:0% +is it but where's the exchange in India + + + align:start position:0% +is it but where's the exchange in India +what's that Mumbai yeah I forgot 30 + + align:start position:0% +what's that Mumbai yeah I forgot 30 + + + align:start position:0% +what's that Mumbai yeah I forgot 30 +years ago I visited it and walked on the + + align:start position:0% +years ago I visited it and walked on the + + + align:start position:0% +years ago I visited it and walked on the +floor it was called the Bombay Stock + + align:start position:0% +floor it was called the Bombay Stock + + + align:start position:0% +floor it was called the Bombay Stock +Exchange fact then but regardless of + + align:start position:0% +Exchange fact then but regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange fact then but regardless of +where the stock exchange is there's some + + align:start position:0% +where the stock exchange is there's some + + + align:start position:0% +where the stock exchange is there's some +Clearing House separate from the stock + + align:start position:0% +Clearing House separate from the stock + + + align:start position:0% +Clearing House separate from the stock +exchange doing these functions that we + + align:start position:0% +exchange doing these functions that we + + + align:start position:0% +exchange doing these functions that we +just talked about so three steps + + align:start position:0% +just talked about so three steps + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about so three steps +execution what's it mean to execute a + + align:start position:0% +execution what's it mean to execute a + + + align:start position:0% +execution what's it mean to execute a +trade alpha do you know what it means to + + align:start position:0% +trade alpha do you know what it means to + + + align:start position:0% +trade alpha do you know what it means to +execute a trade without reading should I + + align:start position:0% +execute a trade without reading should I + + + align:start position:0% +execute a trade without reading should I +go back yeah it's like before signing + + align:start position:0% +go back yeah it's like before signing + + + align:start position:0% +go back yeah it's like before signing +Docs making sure that information is all + + align:start position:0% +Docs making sure that information is all + + + align:start position:0% +Docs making sure that information is all +there so this sounds like it's about + + align:start position:0% +there so this sounds like it's about + + + align:start position:0% +there so this sounds like it's about +derivatives executing a derivatives + + align:start position:0% +derivatives executing a derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives executing a derivatives +contract but what if you're just buying + + align:start position:0% +contract but what if you're just buying + + + align:start position:0% +contract but what if you're just buying +a hundred shares of Apple stock + + align:start position:0% +a hundred shares of Apple stock + + + align:start position:0% +a hundred shares of Apple stock +what's it mean to execute a trade so + + align:start position:0% +what's it mean to execute a trade so + + + align:start position:0% +what's it mean to execute a trade so +we'll be on the phone on the screen and + + align:start position:0% +we'll be on the phone on the screen and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be on the phone on the screen and +agree on there you go it's just you bid + + align:start position:0% +agree on there you go it's just you bid + + + align:start position:0% +agree on there you go it's just you bid +a price and somebody hits hits the bed + + align:start position:0% +a price and somebody hits hits the bed + + + align:start position:0% +a price and somebody hits hits the bed +or lifts the offer those are the terms + + align:start position:0% +or lifts the offer those are the terms + + + align:start position:0% +or lifts the offer those are the terms +when you're on the phone I lift your up + + align:start position:0% +when you're on the phone I lift your up + + + align:start position:0% +when you're on the phone I lift your up +off or I hit your bed or at least it was + + align:start position:0% +off or I hit your bed or at least it was + + + align:start position:0% +off or I hit your bed or at least it was +when I did it still what's that + + align:start position:0% +when I did it still what's that + + + align:start position:0% +when I did it still what's that +still all right question talk to anybody + + align:start position:0% +still all right question talk to anybody + + + align:start position:0% +still all right question talk to anybody +can you go - without talking any money + + align:start position:0% +can you go - without talking any money + + + align:start position:0% +can you go - without talking any money +what's that all right I guess I'm a + + align:start position:0% +what's that all right I guess I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +what's that all right I guess I'm a +dinosaur yeah + + align:start position:0% +dinosaur yeah + + + align:start position:0% +dinosaur yeah +the screens that I used to look at at + + align:start position:0% +the screens that I used to look at at + + + align:start position:0% +the screens that I used to look at at +Goldman Sachs there was it was green + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs there was it was green + + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs there was it was green +yeah you know you know the screens + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know you know the screens + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know you know the screens +Kelly's thinking what is he talking + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's thinking what is he talking + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's thinking what is he talking +about right look it up on the Internet + + align:start position:0% +about right look it up on the Internet + + + align:start position:0% +about right look it up on the Internet +there wasn't any color on those screens + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't any color on those screens + + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't any color on those screens +so execution is basically I buy you sell + + align:start position:0% +so execution is basically I buy you sell + + + align:start position:0% +so execution is basically I buy you sell +we agree upon a price a price and a + + align:start position:0% +we agree upon a price a price and a + + + align:start position:0% +we agree upon a price a price and a +volume that's really what execution is + + align:start position:0% +volume that's really what execution is + + + align:start position:0% +volume that's really what execution is +but when when you execute you still need + + align:start position:0% +but when when you execute you still need + + + align:start position:0% +but when when you execute you still need +to do a few other things and it's called + + align:start position:0% +to do a few other things and it's called + + + align:start position:0% +to do a few other things and it's called +clearing and settling when I was on a + + align:start position:0% +clearing and settling when I was on a + + + align:start position:0% +clearing and settling when I was on a +trading floor I couldn't have told you + + align:start position:0% +trading floor I couldn't have told you + + + align:start position:0% +trading floor I couldn't have told you +what the difference was between clearing + + align:start position:0% +what the difference was between clearing + + + align:start position:0% +what the difference was between clearing +and settling that was something somebody + + align:start position:0% +and settling that was something somebody + + + align:start position:0% +and settling that was something somebody +else did frankly I'll admit it they were + + align:start position:0% +else did frankly I'll admit it they were + + + align:start position:0% +else did frankly I'll admit it they were +really terrific professionals but they + + align:start position:0% +really terrific professionals but they + + + align:start position:0% +really terrific professionals but they +had their job I had a different job + + align:start position:0% +had their job I had a different job + + + align:start position:0% +had their job I had a different job +clearing is performing all of these + + align:start position:0% +clearing is performing all of these + + + align:start position:0% +clearing is performing all of these +functions authenticating somebody's + + align:start position:0% +functions authenticating somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +functions authenticating somebody's +there making sure you actually have + + align:start position:0% +there making sure you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +there making sure you actually have +those securities and importantly this + + align:start position:0% +those securities and importantly this + + + align:start position:0% +those securities and importantly this +thing called netting how about + + align:start position:0% +thing called netting how about + + + align:start position:0% +thing called netting how about +settlement anybody want to say I know + + align:start position:0% +settlement anybody want to say I know + + + align:start position:0% +settlement anybody want to say I know +it's written up there but anybody want + + align:start position:0% +it's written up there but anybody want + + + align:start position:0% +it's written up there but anybody want +to just say what so we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +to just say what so we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +to just say what so we've talked about +Ledger's for seven or ten weeks now what + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's for seven or ten weeks now what + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's for seven or ten weeks now what +do you think a settlement really means + + align:start position:0% +do you think a settlement really means + + + align:start position:0% +do you think a settlement really means +in the context of a ledger + + align:start position:0% +in the context of a ledger + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of a ledger +did I see it he end up here yes I did I + + align:start position:0% +did I see it he end up here yes I did I + + + align:start position:0% +did I see it he end up here yes I did I +did see a hand up what settlement right + + align:start position:0% +did see a hand up what settlement right + + + align:start position:0% +did see a hand up what settlement right +it's making a final recording on a + + align:start position:0% +it's making a final recording on a + + + align:start position:0% +it's making a final recording on a +ledger finally moving something on a + + align:start position:0% +ledger finally moving something on a + + + align:start position:0% +ledger finally moving something on a +ledger you could be moving the ownership + + align:start position:0% +ledger you could be moving the ownership + + + align:start position:0% +ledger you could be moving the ownership +of an asset or the ownership of cash and + + align:start position:0% +of an asset or the ownership of cash and + + + align:start position:0% +of an asset or the ownership of cash and +when you do both at the same time it's + + align:start position:0% +when you do both at the same time it's + + + align:start position:0% +when you do both at the same time it's +called delivery versus payment or DVP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's just a final change of data record + + align:start position:0% +it's just a final change of data record + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a final change of data record +on a ledger in the old days I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +on a ledger in the old days I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +on a ledger in the old days I'm talking +about before I was doing it but you know + + align:start position:0% +about before I was doing it but you know + + + align:start position:0% +about before I was doing it but you know +40 40 years - hundreds of years ago it + + align:start position:0% +40 40 years - hundreds of years ago it + + + align:start position:0% +40 40 years - hundreds of years ago it +was physically delivering a physical + + align:start position:0% +was physically delivering a physical + + + align:start position:0% +was physically delivering a physical +piece of paper which was a equity + + align:start position:0% +piece of paper which was a equity + + + align:start position:0% +piece of paper which was a equity +security or bond security but it all got + + align:start position:0% +security or bond security but it all got + + + align:start position:0% +security or bond security but it all got +dematerialized starting in the 1970s and + + align:start position:0% +dematerialized starting in the 1970s and + + + align:start position:0% +dematerialized starting in the 1970s and +by the 1990s it was pretty much in this + + align:start position:0% +by the 1990s it was pretty much in this + + + align:start position:0% +by the 1990s it was pretty much in this +country and in UK has pretty much + + align:start position:0% +country and in UK has pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +country and in UK has pretty much +dematerialized securities that + + align:start position:0% +dematerialized securities that + + + align:start position:0% +dematerialized securities that +everything's digitized now in the equity + + align:start position:0% +everything's digitized now in the equity + + + align:start position:0% +everything's digitized now in the equity +markets in nearly every country that + + align:start position:0% +markets in nearly every country that + + + align:start position:0% +markets in nearly every country that +you're all from and maybe with some + + align:start position:0% +you're all from and maybe with some + + + align:start position:0% +you're all from and maybe with some +small exceptions so execution is I buy + + align:start position:0% +small exceptions so execution is I buy + + + align:start position:0% +small exceptions so execution is I buy +you cell volume price we've legally + + align:start position:0% +you cell volume price we've legally + + + align:start position:0% +you cell volume price we've legally +agreed to something verbally and + + align:start position:0% +agreed to something verbally and + + + align:start position:0% +agreed to something verbally and +billions of dollars can trade on the + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollars can trade on the + + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollars can trade on the +phone or in the computer legally it's + + align:start position:0% +phone or in the computer legally it's + + + align:start position:0% +phone or in the computer legally it's +executed clearing is trying to make sure + + align:start position:0% +executed clearing is trying to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +executed clearing is trying to make sure +that you actually have the Securities + + align:start position:0% +that you actually have the Securities + + + align:start position:0% +that you actually have the Securities +and I actually have the cash we do some + + align:start position:0% +and I actually have the cash we do some + + + align:start position:0% +and I actually have the cash we do some +netting we authenticate and settlement + + align:start position:0% +netting we authenticate and settlement + + + align:start position:0% +netting we authenticate and settlement +is actually moving the data on the + + align:start position:0% +is actually moving the data on the + + + align:start position:0% +is actually moving the data on the +ledgers three steps this is the benefit + + align:start position:0% +ledgers three steps this is the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +ledgers three steps this is the benefit +of netting it was just one short that I + + align:start position:0% +of netting it was just one short that I + + + align:start position:0% +of netting it was just one short that I +could find somewhere it's actually the + + align:start position:0% +could find somewhere it's actually the + + + align:start position:0% +could find somewhere it's actually the +Australia Stock Exchange had it on their + + align:start position:0% +Australia Stock Exchange had it on their + + + align:start position:0% +Australia Stock Exchange had it on their +website but if you have multi parties + + align:start position:0% +website but if you have multi parties + + + align:start position:0% +website but if you have multi parties +into transaction which is on the + + align:start position:0% +into transaction which is on the + + + align:start position:0% +into transaction which is on the +left-hand side and these are just arrows + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side and these are just arrows + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side and these are just arrows +of all the different transactions that + + align:start position:0% +of all the different transactions that + + + align:start position:0% +of all the different transactions that +it could occur in one little example and + + align:start position:0% +it could occur in one little example and + + + align:start position:0% +it could occur in one little example and +instead you in interpose a central + + align:start position:0% +instead you in interpose a central + + + align:start position:0% +instead you in interpose a central +intermediary you can you can do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +intermediary you can you can do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary you can you can do a lot of +netting + + align:start position:0% +netting + + + align:start position:0% +netting +and look at participants see + + align:start position:0% +and look at participants see + + + align:start position:0% +and look at participants see +participants see only has an exposure of + + align:start position:0% +participants see only has an exposure of + + + align:start position:0% +participants see only has an exposure of +selling thirty five of whatever they're + + align:start position:0% +selling thirty five of whatever they're + + + align:start position:0% +selling thirty five of whatever they're +selling some stock versus all these + + align:start position:0% +selling some stock versus all these + + + align:start position:0% +selling some stock versus all these +other transactions and this is a very + + align:start position:0% +other transactions and this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +other transactions and this is a very +simple case but if you have twenty or a + + align:start position:0% +simple case but if you have twenty or a + + + align:start position:0% +simple case but if you have twenty or a +hundred clearing members that are all + + align:start position:0% +hundred clearing members that are all + + + align:start position:0% +hundred clearing members that are all +big brokerage houses and they're doing + + align:start position:0% +big brokerage houses and they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +big brokerage houses and they're doing +thousands or even hundreds of thousands + + align:start position:0% +thousands or even hundreds of thousands + + + align:start position:0% +thousands or even hundreds of thousands +of trades a day you have an awful lot of + + align:start position:0% +of trades a day you have an awful lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of trades a day you have an awful lot of +transactions and the gross transactions + + align:start position:0% +transactions and the gross transactions + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and the gross transactions +versus the net is quite a difference + + align:start position:0% +versus the net is quite a difference + + + align:start position:0% +versus the net is quite a difference +that netting can bring down numbers 90 + + align:start position:0% +that netting can bring down numbers 90 + + + align:start position:0% +that netting can bring down numbers 90 +plus percent or maybe even 99 percent or + + align:start position:0% +plus percent or maybe even 99 percent or + + + align:start position:0% +plus percent or maybe even 99 percent or +more so central intermediaries I know + + align:start position:0% +more so central intermediaries I know + + + align:start position:0% +more so central intermediaries I know +this goes against Satoshi nakamoto's + + align:start position:0% +this goes against Satoshi nakamoto's + + + align:start position:0% +this goes against Satoshi nakamoto's +whole concept but central intermediaries + + align:start position:0% +whole concept but central intermediaries + + + align:start position:0% +whole concept but central intermediaries +came about in the securities market for + + align:start position:0% +came about in the securities market for + + + align:start position:0% +came about in the securities market for +a bunch of reasons but one of the + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of reasons but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of reasons but one of the +biggest ones was in the back office of + + align:start position:0% +biggest ones was in the back office of + + + align:start position:0% +biggest ones was in the back office of +Wall Street from the gross transactions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very good question so are we losing + + align:start position:0% +very good question so are we losing + + + align:start position:0% +very good question so are we losing +information or are we just lessening the + + align:start position:0% +information or are we just lessening the + + + align:start position:0% +information or are we just lessening the +lines of counterparty risk in the + + align:start position:0% +lines of counterparty risk in the + + + align:start position:0% +lines of counterparty risk in the +transactions and the answer is if done + + align:start position:0% +transactions and the answer is if done + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and the answer is if done +properly you still keep the information + + align:start position:0% +properly you still keep the information + + + align:start position:0% +properly you still keep the information +of all of these and in the real world + + align:start position:0% +of all of these and in the real world + + + align:start position:0% +of all of these and in the real world +it's not this is just eight transactions + + align:start position:0% +it's not this is just eight transactions + + + align:start position:0% +it's not this is just eight transactions +its netted down to four right so this is + + align:start position:0% +its netted down to four right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +its netted down to four right so this is +a transaction that identifiers usually + + align:start position:0% +a transaction that identifiers usually + + + align:start position:0% +a transaction that identifiers usually +this is millions of transactions and + + align:start position:0% +this is millions of transactions and + + + align:start position:0% +this is millions of transactions and +that it down to tens of thousands or + + align:start position:0% +that it down to tens of thousands or + + + align:start position:0% +that it down to tens of thousands or +maybe millions of transactions literally + + align:start position:0% +maybe millions of transactions literally + + + align:start position:0% +maybe millions of transactions literally +netted down to if there was a hundred + + align:start position:0% +netted down to if there was a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +netted down to if there was a hundred +clearing members it would be one hundred + + align:start position:0% +clearing members it would be one hundred + + + align:start position:0% +clearing members it would be one hundred +transactions because they each have one + + align:start position:0% +transactions because they each have one + + + align:start position:0% +transactions because they each have one +net transaction per security persecute + + align:start position:0% +net transaction per security persecute + + + align:start position:0% +net transaction per security persecute +II and so you need to keep the + + align:start position:0% +II and so you need to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +II and so you need to keep the +information of the millions of + + align:start position:0% +information of the millions of + + + align:start position:0% +information of the millions of +transactions to properly record for your + + align:start position:0% +transactions to properly record for your + + + align:start position:0% +transactions to properly record for your +customers for your taxes for all sorts + + align:start position:0% +customers for your taxes for all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +customers for your taxes for all sorts +of other reasons but you've netted down + + align:start position:0% +of other reasons but you've netted down + + + align:start position:0% +of other reasons but you've netted down +for counterparty reasons does that help + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Shawn's ask the question what if you're + + align:start position:0% +Shawn's ask the question what if you're + + + align:start position:0% +Shawn's ask the question what if you're +not dealing with digitized asset but + + align:start position:0% +not dealing with digitized asset but + + + align:start position:0% +not dealing with digitized asset but +physical assets I think you used the + + align:start position:0% +physical assets I think you used the + + + align:start position:0% +physical assets I think you used the +word commodity but I I was presuming you + + align:start position:0% +word commodity but I I was presuming you + + + align:start position:0% +word commodity but I I was presuming you +meant physical so some of the + + align:start position:0% +meant physical so some of the + + + align:start position:0% +meant physical so some of the +innovations of the 19th century relate + + align:start position:0% +innovations of the 19th century relate + + + align:start position:0% +innovations of the 19th century relate +here when they started to have + + align:start position:0% +here when they started to have + + + align:start position:0% +here when they started to have +standardized contracts for commodities + + align:start position:0% +standardized contracts for commodities + + + align:start position:0% +standardized contracts for commodities +that were held in warehouses and they + + align:start position:0% +that were held in warehouses and they + + + align:start position:0% +that were held in warehouses and they +started in essence to facilitate some of + + align:start position:0% +started in essence to facilitate some of + + + align:start position:0% +started in essence to facilitate some of +this netting was also why central + + align:start position:0% +this netting was also why central + + + align:start position:0% +this netting was also why central +warehouses this Clearinghouse in the + + align:start position:0% +warehouses this Clearinghouse in the + + + align:start position:0% +warehouses this Clearinghouse in the +middle in physical commodities could be + + align:start position:0% +middle in physical commodities could be + + + align:start position:0% +middle in physical commodities could be +a warehouse that held the gold held the + + align:start position:0% +a warehouse that held the gold held the + + + align:start position:0% +a warehouse that held the gold held the +silver how the corn or wheat and if + + align:start position:0% +silver how the corn or wheat and if + + + align:start position:0% +silver how the corn or wheat and if +they're holding that corner we they + + align:start position:0% +they're holding that corner we they + + + align:start position:0% +they're holding that corner we they +started to have specifications as to + + align:start position:0% +started to have specifications as to + + + align:start position:0% +started to have specifications as to +what standards there were in gold and + + align:start position:0% +what standards there were in gold and + + + align:start position:0% +what standards there were in gold and +silver it was percent it was called the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know let's see si I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +you know let's see si I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you know let's see si I'm trying to +remember the word but you know what + + align:start position:0% +remember the word but you know what + + + align:start position:0% +remember the word but you know what +percent gold or silver it is but in corn + + align:start position:0% +percent gold or silver it is but in corn + + + align:start position:0% +percent gold or silver it is but in corn +and wheat there was a more detailed + + align:start position:0% +and wheat there was a more detailed + + + align:start position:0% +and wheat there was a more detailed +what's going into the warehouse to + + align:start position:0% +what's going into the warehouse to + + + align:start position:0% +what's going into the warehouse to +commoditize it so that it was a standard + + align:start position:0% +commoditize it so that it was a standard + + + align:start position:0% +commoditize it so that it was a standard +contract if it's truly physical and and + + align:start position:0% +contract if it's truly physical and and + + + align:start position:0% +contract if it's truly physical and and +not commodity it's much harder then you + + align:start position:0% +not commodity it's much harder then you + + + align:start position:0% +not commodity it's much harder then you +can't you can't really net down my house + + align:start position:0% +can't you can't really net down my house + + + align:start position:0% +can't you can't really net down my house +versus Simone's house + + align:start position:0% +versus Simone's house + + + align:start position:0% +versus Simone's house +they're two different houses does that + + align:start position:0% +they're two different houses does that + + + align:start position:0% +they're two different houses does that +help but literally by the late 19th + + align:start position:0% +help but literally by the late 19th + + + align:start position:0% +help but literally by the late 19th +century even in the commodity space + + align:start position:0% +century even in the commodity space + + + align:start position:0% +century even in the commodity space +running out of Chicago they figured out + + align:start position:0% +running out of Chicago they figured out + + + align:start position:0% +running out of Chicago they figured out +central clearing houses would lower a + + align:start position:0% +central clearing houses would lower a + + + align:start position:0% +central clearing houses would lower a +lot of counterparty risks so there's an + + align:start position:0% +lot of counterparty risks so there's an + + + align:start position:0% +lot of counterparty risks so there's an +economic reason we have centralized + + align:start position:0% +economic reason we have centralized + + + align:start position:0% +economic reason we have centralized +clearing houses and the biggest economic + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses and the biggest economic + + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses and the biggest economic +reason it is is netting and netting + + align:start position:0% +reason it is is netting and netting + + + align:start position:0% +reason it is is netting and netting +lowers something called counterparty + + align:start position:0% +lowers something called counterparty + + + align:start position:0% +lowers something called counterparty +risk + + align:start position:0% +risk + + + align:start position:0% +risk +it's instead of having literally + + align:start position:0% +it's instead of having literally + + + align:start position:0% +it's instead of having literally +millions of transactions you have + + align:start position:0% +millions of transactions you have + + + align:start position:0% +millions of transactions you have +thousands and you'll have less + + align:start position:0% +thousands and you'll have less + + + align:start position:0% +thousands and you'll have less +counterparty risk it also lowers one + + align:start position:0% +counterparty risk it also lowers one + + + align:start position:0% +counterparty risk it also lowers one +other things so it lowers counterparty + + align:start position:0% +other things so it lowers counterparty + + + align:start position:0% +other things so it lowers counterparty +risk and whether the other thing you + + align:start position:0% +risk and whether the other thing you + + + align:start position:0% +risk and whether the other thing you +think it lowers anyway transactions cost + + align:start position:0% +think it lowers anyway transactions cost + + + align:start position:0% +think it lowers anyway transactions cost +because it's efficient you just you take + + align:start position:0% +because it's efficient you just you take + + + align:start position:0% +because it's efficient you just you take +a lot of line we we used to call it you + + align:start position:0% +a lot of line we we used to call it you + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of line we we used to call it you +take a lot of lines off the page so yeah + + align:start position:0% +take a lot of lines off the page so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +take a lot of lines off the page so yeah +in the old human days you'd have to have + + align:start position:0% +in the old human days you'd have to have + + + align:start position:0% +in the old human days you'd have to have +fewer humans actually pushing paper or + + align:start position:0% +fewer humans actually pushing paper or + + + align:start position:0% +fewer humans actually pushing paper or +trading disks I do they just go about + + align:start position:0% +trading disks I do they just go about + + + align:start position:0% +trading disks I do they just go about +their day trading everything and then at + + align:start position:0% +their day trading everything and then at + + + align:start position:0% +their day trading everything and then at +the end of the day they're clear or the + + align:start position:0% +the end of the day they're clear or the + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the day they're clear or the +next day the Clearinghouse tells them + + align:start position:0% +next day the Clearinghouse tells them + + + align:start position:0% +next day the Clearinghouse tells them +okay you made all these transactions + + align:start position:0% +okay you made all these transactions + + + align:start position:0% +okay you made all these transactions +yesterday in that case and now looking + + align:start position:0% +yesterday in that case and now looking + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday in that case and now looking +back to this you are either the buyer or + + align:start position:0% +back to this you are either the buyer or + + + align:start position:0% +back to this you are either the buyer or +seller and you're dealing with a broker + + align:start position:0% +seller and you're dealing with a broker + + + align:start position:0% +seller and you're dealing with a broker +so if you're a hedge fund you often + + align:start position:0% +so if you're a hedge fund you often + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're a hedge fund you often +enter into an arrangement with a broker + + align:start position:0% +enter into an arrangement with a broker + + + align:start position:0% +enter into an arrangement with a broker +and it's called a prime brokerage + + align:start position:0% +and it's called a prime brokerage + + + align:start position:0% +and it's called a prime brokerage +arrangement and you might have a prime + + align:start position:0% +arrangement and you might have a prime + + + align:start position:0% +arrangement and you might have a prime +brokerage arrangement with more than one + + align:start position:0% +brokerage arrangement with more than one + + + align:start position:0% +brokerage arrangement with more than one +Wall Street firm but you rarely would + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street firm but you rarely would + + + align:start position:0% +Wall Street firm but you rarely would +have it with more than three so even if + + align:start position:0% +have it with more than three so even if + + + align:start position:0% +have it with more than three so even if +I'm doing a trade through Merrill Lynch + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing a trade through Merrill Lynch + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing a trade through Merrill Lynch +if my prime brokerage arrangement is at + + align:start position:0% +if my prime brokerage arrangement is at + + + align:start position:0% +if my prime brokerage arrangement is at +Goldman Sachs Merrill has to give up + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs Merrill has to give up + + + align:start position:0% +Goldman Sachs Merrill has to give up +that I Merrill is going to get a + + align:start position:0% +that I Merrill is going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +that I Merrill is going to get a +commission but they're going to give up + + align:start position:0% +commission but they're going to give up + + + align:start position:0% +commission but they're going to give up +my prime brokerage arrangements to gomen + + align:start position:0% +my prime brokerage arrangements to gomen + + + align:start position:0% +my prime brokerage arrangements to gomen +Sachs and that helps me get me the hedge + + align:start position:0% +Sachs and that helps me get me the hedge + + + align:start position:0% +Sachs and that helps me get me the hedge +fund get more netting as well and that's + + align:start position:0% +fund get more netting as well and that's + + + align:start position:0% +fund get more netting as well and that's +some that's a development in the last 20 + + align:start position:0% +some that's a development in the last 20 + + + align:start position:0% +some that's a development in the last 20 +years this concept of prime brokerage + + align:start position:0% +years this concept of prime brokerage + + + align:start position:0% +years this concept of prime brokerage +but to answer your question yes I go + + align:start position:0% +but to answer your question yes I go + + + align:start position:0% +but to answer your question yes I go +about my business I trade all day unless + + align:start position:0% +about my business I trade all day unless + + + align:start position:0% +about my business I trade all day unless +I get a phone call or an electronic + + align:start position:0% +I get a phone call or an electronic + + + align:start position:0% +I get a phone call or an electronic +communication for my prime brokerage + + align:start position:0% +communication for my prime brokerage + + + align:start position:0% +communication for my prime brokerage +saying you've hit your lines you know + + align:start position:0% +saying you've hit your lines you know + + + align:start position:0% +saying you've hit your lines you know +you you do have credit limits and + + align:start position:0% +you you do have credit limits and + + + align:start position:0% +you you do have credit limits and +position limits in essence but but your + + align:start position:0% +position limits in essence but but your + + + align:start position:0% +position limits in essence but but your +prime brokerage and I might say well I + + align:start position:0% +prime brokerage and I might say well I + + + align:start position:0% +prime brokerage and I might say well I +need something moved over I need I need + + align:start position:0% +need something moved over I need I need + + + align:start position:0% +need something moved over I need I need +some more credit today or I mean you + + align:start position:0% +some more credit today or I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +some more credit today or I mean you +know so then it but yes you go about + + align:start position:0% +know so then it but yes you go about + + + align:start position:0% +know so then it but yes you go about +your business until your prime brokerage + + align:start position:0% +your business until your prime brokerage + + + align:start position:0% +your business until your prime brokerage +says slow down question says that you + + align:start position:0% +says slow down question says that you + + + align:start position:0% +says slow down question says that you +know if you're a lot like LTCM balance + + align:start position:0% +know if you're a lot like LTCM balance + + + align:start position:0% +know if you're a lot like LTCM balance +sheet of a trillion dollars right I am + + align:start position:0% +sheet of a trillion dollars right I am + + + align:start position:0% +sheet of a trillion dollars right I am +probably why when a bankrupt is they + + align:start position:0% +probably why when a bankrupt is they + + + align:start position:0% +probably why when a bankrupt is they +didn't want to use one prime broker + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to use one prime broker + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to use one prime broker +because I didn't want to reveal all + + align:start position:0% +because I didn't want to reveal all + + + align:start position:0% +because I didn't want to reveal all +their trades but then the brokers could + + align:start position:0% +their trades but then the brokers could + + + align:start position:0% +their trades but then the brokers could +not nan out their positions right + + align:start position:0% +not nan out their positions right + + + align:start position:0% +not nan out their positions right +because I may hold one leg with you and + + align:start position:0% +because I may hold one leg with you and + + + align:start position:0% +because I may hold one leg with you and +another leg with you + + align:start position:0% +another leg with you + + + align:start position:0% +another leg with you +right they made the net maybe zero but + + align:start position:0% +right they made the net maybe zero but + + + align:start position:0% +right they made the net maybe zero but +there's no way for you to actually + + align:start position:0% +there's no way for you to actually + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way for you to actually +reconcile that already thought that risk + + align:start position:0% +reconcile that already thought that risk + + + align:start position:0% +reconcile that already thought that risk +so it's a real problem + + align:start position:0% +so it's a real problem + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a real problem +long-term capital management was a hedge + + align:start position:0% +long-term capital management was a hedge + + + align:start position:0% +long-term capital management was a hedge +fund operating in Connecticut it was + + align:start position:0% +fund operating in Connecticut it was + + + align:start position:0% +fund operating in Connecticut it was +founded in the early 1990s by a man + + align:start position:0% +founded in the early 1990s by a man + + + align:start position:0% +founded in the early 1990s by a man +named John Meriwether who was a very + + align:start position:0% +named John Meriwether who was a very + + + align:start position:0% +named John Meriwether who was a very +famous trader from Salomon Brothers and + + align:start position:0% +famous trader from Salomon Brothers and + + + align:start position:0% +famous trader from Salomon Brothers and +very successful and then he started it + + align:start position:0% +very successful and then he started it + + + align:start position:0% +very successful and then he started it +with some remarkable finance faculty + + align:start position:0% +with some remarkable finance faculty + + + align:start position:0% +with some remarkable finance faculty +from here at MIT and elsewhere Bob + + align:start position:0% +from here at MIT and elsewhere Bob + + + align:start position:0% +from here at MIT and elsewhere Bob +Merton who's Nobel laureate I mean + + align:start position:0% +Merton who's Nobel laureate I mean + + + align:start position:0% +Merton who's Nobel laureate I mean +brilliant brilliant team of folks but + + align:start position:0% +brilliant brilliant team of folks but + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant brilliant team of folks but +they ran into a little triage for years + + align:start position:0% +they ran into a little triage for years + + + align:start position:0% +they ran into a little triage for years +later they had about a hundred and + + align:start position:0% +later they had about a hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +later they had about a hundred and +twenty five billion dollar balance sheet + + align:start position:0% +twenty five billion dollar balance sheet + + + align:start position:0% +twenty five billion dollar balance sheet +four billion dollars in capital and 1.2 + + align:start position:0% +four billion dollars in capital and 1.2 + + + align:start position:0% +four billion dollars in capital and 1.2 +trillion in swaps why do I know the + + align:start position:0% +trillion in swaps why do I know the + + + align:start position:0% +trillion in swaps why do I know the +numbers I got the phone call with my + + align:start position:0% +numbers I got the phone call with my + + + align:start position:0% +numbers I got the phone call with my +one-year-old sitting on my lap and I + + align:start position:0% +one-year-old sitting on my lap and I + + + align:start position:0% +one-year-old sitting on my lap and I +picked up the phone and I said hello and + + align:start position:0% +picked up the phone and I said hello and + + + align:start position:0% +picked up the phone and I said hello and +and the voice of the other line said + + align:start position:0% +and the voice of the other line said + + + align:start position:0% +and the voice of the other line said +Treasury operator I've got the Treasury + + align:start position:0% +Treasury operator I've got the Treasury + + + align:start position:0% +Treasury operator I've got the Treasury +secretary for you when I get on the + + align:start position:0% +secretary for you when I get on the + + + align:start position:0% +secretary for you when I get on the +phone I go yes Bob it was Bob Rubin it + + align:start position:0% +phone I go yes Bob it was Bob Rubin it + + + align:start position:0% +phone I go yes Bob it was Bob Rubin it +was the Treasury secretary Bob what's up + + align:start position:0% +was the Treasury secretary Bob what's up + + + align:start position:0% +was the Treasury secretary Bob what's up +it was a Saturday Isabel was on my lap + + align:start position:0% +it was a Saturday Isabel was on my lap + + + align:start position:0% +it was a Saturday Isabel was on my lap +he says do you know anything about long + + align:start position:0% +he says do you know anything about long + + + align:start position:0% +he says do you know anything about long +capital management he goes through some + + align:start position:0% +capital management he goes through some + + + align:start position:0% +capital management he goes through some +of the figures I'll never forget he says + + align:start position:0% +of the figures I'll never forget he says + + + align:start position:0% +of the figures I'll never forget he says +I hear from Alan that would be Alan + + align:start position:0% +I hear from Alan that would be Alan + + + align:start position:0% +I hear from Alan that would be Alan +Greenspan who was the head of the + + align:start position:0% +Greenspan who was the head of the + + + align:start position:0% +Greenspan who was the head of the +Federal Reserve I hear from Alan that + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve I hear from Alan that + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve I hear from Alan that +they have over a trillion dollars of + + align:start position:0% +they have over a trillion dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +they have over a trillion dollars of +derivatives Ramon's memory he says is + + align:start position:0% +derivatives Ramon's memory he says is + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives Ramon's memory he says is +that a big number you have to understand + + align:start position:0% +that a big number you have to understand + + + align:start position:0% +that a big number you have to understand +above sense of humor was quite you know + + align:start position:0% +above sense of humor was quite you know + + + align:start position:0% +above sense of humor was quite you know +at that moment you know he knew it was a + + align:start position:0% +at that moment you know he knew it was a + + + align:start position:0% +at that moment you know he knew it was a +big number you know so I was I flew up + + align:start position:0% +big number you know so I was I flew up + + + align:start position:0% +big number you know so I was I flew up +the next day and with somebody from the + + align:start position:0% +the next day and with somebody from the + + + align:start position:0% +the next day and with somebody from the +Federal Reserve Bank in New York Peter + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve Bank in New York Peter + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve Bank in New York Peter +Fisher we sat around a conference table + + align:start position:0% +Fisher we sat around a conference table + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher we sat around a conference table +looking at these facts and figures and + + align:start position:0% +looking at these facts and figures and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these facts and figures and +then I got back with the planning and + + align:start position:0% +then I got back with the planning and + + + align:start position:0% +then I got back with the planning and +flew flew back to Washington to be with + + align:start position:0% +flew flew back to Washington to be with + + + align:start position:0% +flew flew back to Washington to be with +my family the next day was actually + + align:start position:0% +my family the next day was actually + + + align:start position:0% +my family the next day was actually +Russia shut up Jewish holiday and I + + align:start position:0% +Russia shut up Jewish holiday and I + + + align:start position:0% +Russia shut up Jewish holiday and I +wasn't going to work and I had to call + + align:start position:0% +wasn't going to work and I had to call + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't going to work and I had to call +Bob and and and his deputy Larry Summers + + align:start position:0% +Bob and and and his deputy Larry Summers + + + align:start position:0% +Bob and and and his deputy Larry Summers +up and give him my feedback and I said + + align:start position:0% +up and give him my feedback and I said + + + align:start position:0% +up and give him my feedback and I said +this thing's going down bear stearns was + + align:start position:0% +this thing's going down bear stearns was + + + align:start position:0% +this thing's going down bear stearns was +their prime brokerage and Bear Stearns + + align:start position:0% +their prime brokerage and Bear Stearns + + + align:start position:0% +their prime brokerage and Bear Stearns +who 20 years later failed themselves but + + align:start position:0% +who 20 years later failed themselves but + + + align:start position:0% +who 20 years later failed themselves but +Bear Stearns and said we're pulling the + + align:start position:0% +Bear Stearns and said we're pulling the + + + align:start position:0% +Bear Stearns and said we're pulling the +prime brokerage account if you can't + + align:start position:0% +prime brokerage account if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +prime brokerage account if you can't +post another half a billion dollars by + + align:start position:0% +post another half a billion dollars by + + + align:start position:0% +post another half a billion dollars by +Wednesday well there was no way they + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday well there was no way they + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday well there was no way they +could post another half a billion + + align:start position:0% +could post another half a billion + + + align:start position:0% +could post another half a billion +dollars because their four billion + + align:start position:0% +dollars because their four billion + + + align:start position:0% +dollars because their four billion +dollars of capital we could best figure + + align:start position:0% +dollars of capital we could best figure + + + align:start position:0% +dollars of capital we could best figure +on that Sunday was somewhere covering + + align:start position:0% +on that Sunday was somewhere covering + + + align:start position:0% +on that Sunday was somewhere covering +around four or five hundred million at + + align:start position:0% +around four or five hundred million at + + + align:start position:0% +around four or five hundred million at +that point in time well when you have a + + align:start position:0% +that point in time well when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that point in time well when you have a +lot of leverage you have one point two + + align:start position:0% +lot of leverage you have one point two + + + align:start position:0% +lot of leverage you have one point two +trillion dollars of derivatives which + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollars of derivatives which + + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollars of derivatives which +are all sort of leverage in one way or + + align:start position:0% +are all sort of leverage in one way or + + + align:start position:0% +are all sort of leverage in one way or +another and you've got 125 billion + + align:start position:0% +another and you've got 125 billion + + + align:start position:0% +another and you've got 125 billion +dollar balance sheet even with the best + + align:start position:0% +dollar balance sheet even with the best + + + align:start position:0% +dollar balance sheet even with the best +minds the best finance faculty and and + + align:start position:0% +minds the best finance faculty and and + + + align:start position:0% +minds the best finance faculty and and +they really are terrific individuals and + + align:start position:0% +they really are terrific individuals and + + + align:start position:0% +they really are terrific individuals and +Merivale Merriwether was quite a traitor + + align:start position:0% +Merivale Merriwether was quite a traitor + + + align:start position:0% +Merivale Merriwether was quite a traitor +sometimes markets go against you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes markets go against you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes markets go against you +correlation risk liquidity rest and so + + align:start position:0% +correlation risk liquidity rest and so + + + align:start position:0% +correlation risk liquidity rest and so +forth so they they pulled the plug the + + align:start position:0% +forth so they they pulled the plug the + + + align:start position:0% +forth so they they pulled the plug the +next day basically that's the long-term + + align:start position:0% +next day basically that's the long-term + + + align:start position:0% +next day basically that's the long-term +capital management story I remember but + + align:start position:0% +capital management story I remember but + + + align:start position:0% +capital management story I remember but +it's just because I kind of had to live + + align:start position:0% +it's just because I kind of had to live + + + align:start position:0% +it's just because I kind of had to live +it but to answer your question you you + + align:start position:0% +it but to answer your question you you + + + align:start position:0% +it but to answer your question you you +can trade all day until you're prime + + align:start position:0% +can trade all day until you're prime + + + align:start position:0% +can trade all day until you're prime +broker kind of says Hugo slow down + + align:start position:0% +broker kind of says Hugo slow down + + + align:start position:0% +broker kind of says Hugo slow down +because they're extending credit to you + + align:start position:0% +because they're extending credit to you + + + align:start position:0% +because they're extending credit to you +and that's and the prime broker is + + align:start position:0% +and that's and the prime broker is + + + align:start position:0% +and that's and the prime broker is +entered in today and one of the big + + align:start position:0% +entered in today and one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +entered in today and one of the big +risks what are the big risk of the + + align:start position:0% +risks what are the big risk of the + + + align:start position:0% +risks what are the big risk of the +financial crisis and and certainly Ben + + align:start position:0% +financial crisis and and certainly Ben + + + align:start position:0% +financial crisis and and certainly Ben +Bernanke and who is chairing the US + + align:start position:0% +Bernanke and who is chairing the US + + + align:start position:0% +Bernanke and who is chairing the US +Federal Reserve and others had to deal + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve and others had to deal + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve and others had to deal +with it in the middle of 2008 is most + + align:start position:0% +with it in the middle of 2008 is most + + + align:start position:0% +with it in the middle of 2008 is most +commercial banks so they're they don't + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks so they're they don't + + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks so they're they don't +have a broker their banks they're the + + align:start position:0% +have a broker their banks they're the + + + align:start position:0% +have a broker their banks they're the +brokers themselves were extending + + align:start position:0% +brokers themselves were extending + + + align:start position:0% +brokers themselves were extending +significant amount of intraday credit to + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of intraday credit to + + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of intraday credit to +each other that in 2008 wasn't terribly + + align:start position:0% +each other that in 2008 wasn't terribly + + + align:start position:0% +each other that in 2008 wasn't terribly +well measured in the repo markets and in + + align:start position:0% +well measured in the repo markets and in + + + align:start position:0% +well measured in the repo markets and in +other markets and that's changed + + align:start position:0% +other markets and that's changed + + + align:start position:0% +other markets and that's changed +subsequently but you wouldn't have been + + align:start position:0% +subsequently but you wouldn't have been + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently but you wouldn't have been +a big bank yeah you would have probably + + align:start position:0% +a big bank yeah you would have probably + + + align:start position:0% +a big bank yeah you would have probably +been shut down sorry + + align:start position:0% +been shut down sorry + + + align:start position:0% +been shut down sorry +or maybe not so netting is the biggest + + align:start position:0% +or maybe not so netting is the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe not so netting is the biggest +benefit of clearing but it's also + + align:start position:0% +benefit of clearing but it's also + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of clearing but it's also +efficiency and taking down a lot of + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and taking down a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and taking down a lot of +operating lines of code this is a chart + + align:start position:0% +operating lines of code this is a chart + + + align:start position:0% +operating lines of code this is a chart +I'm going to spend a lot of time on it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to spend a lot of time on it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to spend a lot of time on it +but this is right off the Australian + + align:start position:0% +but this is right off the Australian + + + align:start position:0% +but this is right off the Australian +stock exchange website and I thought + + align:start position:0% +stock exchange website and I thought + + + align:start position:0% +stock exchange website and I thought +well why not take that they have two + + align:start position:0% +well why not take that they have two + + + align:start position:0% +well why not take that they have two +million investors the market + + align:start position:0% +million investors the market + + + align:start position:0% +million investors the market +participants or brokers in a much + + align:start position:0% +participants or brokers in a much + + + align:start position:0% +participants or brokers in a much +smaller market than the u.s. in + + align:start position:0% +smaller market than the u.s. in + + + align:start position:0% +smaller market than the u.s. in +Australia has 77 brokers registered + + align:start position:0% +Australia has 77 brokers registered + + + align:start position:0% +Australia has 77 brokers registered +regulated brokers and then they have the + + align:start position:0% +regulated brokers and then they have the + + + align:start position:0% +regulated brokers and then they have the +Clearinghouse called chess CH ESS which + + align:start position:0% +Clearinghouse called chess CH ESS which + + + align:start position:0% +Clearinghouse called chess CH ESS which +I can't quite remember what it all + + align:start position:0% +I can't quite remember what it all + + + align:start position:0% +I can't quite remember what it all +stands for but SS is settlement system + + align:start position:0% +stands for but SS is settlement system + + + align:start position:0% +stands for but SS is settlement system +Clearing House what's that what's it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you is it equity for e they have + + align:start position:0% +thank you is it equity for e they have + + + align:start position:0% +thank you is it equity for e they have +the Australian Stock Exchange clear and + + align:start position:0% +the Australian Stock Exchange clear and + + + align:start position:0% +the Australian Stock Exchange clear and +Australia Stock Exchange settlement + + align:start position:0% +Australia Stock Exchange settlement + + + align:start position:0% +Australia Stock Exchange settlement +because they actually put it in two + + align:start position:0% +because they actually put it in two + + + align:start position:0% +because they actually put it in two +different places two different things + + align:start position:0% +different places two different things + + + align:start position:0% +different places two different things +the Clearing House is doing what we + + align:start position:0% +the Clearing House is doing what we + + + align:start position:0% +the Clearing House is doing what we +talked about mostly netting lowering the + + align:start position:0% +talked about mostly netting lowering the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about mostly netting lowering the +lines of code and then settlement and + + align:start position:0% +lines of code and then settlement and + + + align:start position:0% +lines of code and then settlement and +basically because we're in a trade a + + align:start position:0% +basically because we're in a trade a + + + align:start position:0% +basically because we're in a trade a +plus two days on the first day is all + + align:start position:0% +plus two days on the first day is all + + + align:start position:0% +plus two days on the first day is all +the clearing and the netting and you + + align:start position:0% +the clearing and the netting and you + + + align:start position:0% +the clearing and the netting and you +better show up with your securities and + + align:start position:0% +better show up with your securities and + + + align:start position:0% +better show up with your securities and +on the second day set + + align:start position:0% +on the second day set + + + align:start position:0% +on the second day set +electronics and technology can make this + + align:start position:0% +electronics and technology can make this + + + align:start position:0% +electronics and technology can make this +simultaneous but most market + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous but most market + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous but most market +participants like to have some ability + + align:start position:0% +participants like to have some ability + + + align:start position:0% +participants like to have some ability +to do gross trading against Nets + + align:start position:0% +to do gross trading against Nets + + + align:start position:0% +to do gross trading against Nets +positions so there's a lot of economics + + align:start position:0% +positions so there's a lot of economics + + + align:start position:0% +positions so there's a lot of economics +and markets practice and structure + + align:start position:0% +and markets practice and structure + + + align:start position:0% +and markets practice and structure +behind keeping some delayed settlement + + align:start position:0% +behind keeping some delayed settlement + + + align:start position:0% +behind keeping some delayed settlement +and the markets have grown up around + + align:start position:0% +and the markets have grown up around + + + align:start position:0% +and the markets have grown up around +that Ross if it's not delayed if it was + + align:start position:0% +that Ross if it's not delayed if it was + + + align:start position:0% +that Ross if it's not delayed if it was +instantaneous wouldn't that get rid of + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous wouldn't that get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous wouldn't that get rid of +the benefits of net every trade go right + + align:start position:0% +the benefits of net every trade go right + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits of net every trade go right +right it has to be wait till the end of + + align:start position:0% +right it has to be wait till the end of + + + align:start position:0% +right it has to be wait till the end of +the day or whatever so Ross just raised + + align:start position:0% +the day or whatever so Ross just raised + + + align:start position:0% +the day or whatever so Ross just raised +the number one reason economic reason + + align:start position:0% +the number one reason economic reason + + + align:start position:0% +the number one reason economic reason +why simultaneous clearing and settling + + align:start position:0% +why simultaneous clearing and settling + + + align:start position:0% +why simultaneous clearing and settling +is is not that likely to happen the + + align:start position:0% +is is not that likely to happen the + + + align:start position:0% +is is not that likely to happen the +markets have built themselves around the + + align:start position:0% +markets have built themselves around the + + + align:start position:0% +markets have built themselves around the +benefits of netting and also stock loan + + align:start position:0% +benefits of netting and also stock loan + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of netting and also stock loan +the ability to borrow that security + + align:start position:0% +the ability to borrow that security + + + align:start position:0% +the ability to borrow that security +somewhere but you're absolutely right if + + align:start position:0% +somewhere but you're absolutely right if + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere but you're absolutely right if +if if there were simultaneous execution + + align:start position:0% +if if there were simultaneous execution + + + align:start position:0% +if if there were simultaneous execution +and settlement which is what the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +and settlement which is what the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +and settlement which is what the Bitcoin +network in essence is supposed to be and + + align:start position:0% +network in essence is supposed to be and + + + align:start position:0% +network in essence is supposed to be and +blockchain networks can be then you in + + align:start position:0% +blockchain networks can be then you in + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain networks can be then you in +essence have to pre-fund you have to + + align:start position:0% +essence have to pre-fund you have to + + + align:start position:0% +essence have to pre-fund you have to +have your secure every time Hugo trades + + align:start position:0% +have your secure every time Hugo trades + + + align:start position:0% +have your secure every time Hugo trades +he's gonna have to provide his security + + align:start position:0% +he's gonna have to provide his security + + + align:start position:0% +he's gonna have to provide his security +to trade and and but then Tom would get + + align:start position:0% +to trade and and but then Tom would get + + + align:start position:0% +to trade and and but then Tom would get +the security faster it would change the + + align:start position:0% +the security faster it would change the + + + align:start position:0% +the security faster it would change the +entire prime brokerage model it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +entire prime brokerage model it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +entire prime brokerage model it doesn't +mean markets Ross couldn't adapt and be + + align:start position:0% +mean markets Ross couldn't adapt and be + + + align:start position:0% +mean markets Ross couldn't adapt and be +structured that way but it'd be + + align:start position:0% +structured that way but it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +structured that way but it'd be +fundamentally a different structure this + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally a different structure this + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally a different structure this +is a hand up so the parvis is really big + + align:start position:0% +is a hand up so the parvis is really big + + + align:start position:0% +is a hand up so the parvis is really big +with derivatives I don't see it I don't + + align:start position:0% +with derivatives I don't see it I don't + + + align:start position:0% +with derivatives I don't see it I don't +see what like I don't see it being a + + align:start position:0% +see what like I don't see it being a + + + align:start position:0% +see what like I don't see it being a +primary issue with like equities so if + + align:start position:0% +primary issue with like equities so if + + + align:start position:0% +primary issue with like equities so if +you were going to apply this deck please + + align:start position:0% +you were going to apply this deck please + + + align:start position:0% +you were going to apply this deck please +do any any sort of like any cash + + align:start position:0% +do any any sort of like any cash + + + align:start position:0% +do any any sort of like any cash +instrument base right + + align:start position:0% +instrument base right + + + align:start position:0% +instrument base right +yeah I don't see the huge economic value + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't see the huge economic value + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't see the huge economic value +for and Eddie the huge economic benefit + + align:start position:0% +for and Eddie the huge economic benefit + + + align:start position:0% +for and Eddie the huge economic benefit +for netting it currently is + + align:start position:0% +for netting it currently is + + + align:start position:0% +for netting it currently is +a lot of operational efficiency sure but + + align:start position:0% +a lot of operational efficiency sure but + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of operational efficiency sure but +if you're gonna face that with some and + + align:start position:0% +if you're gonna face that with some and + + + align:start position:0% +if you're gonna face that with some and +then also because there is two day + + align:start position:0% +then also because there is two day + + + align:start position:0% +then also because there is two day +Tanner Party rest you are lowering that + + align:start position:0% +Tanner Party rest you are lowering that + + + align:start position:0% +Tanner Party rest you are lowering that +to day whatever measure equity + + align:start position:0% +to day whatever measure equity + + + align:start position:0% +to day whatever measure equity +volatility to day volatility equity + + align:start position:0% +volatility to day volatility equity + + + align:start position:0% +volatility to day volatility equity +volatility risk usually not + + align:start position:0% +volatility risk usually not + + + align:start position:0% +volatility risk usually not +collateralized I'm just commenting on + + align:start position:0% +collateralized I'm just commenting on + + + align:start position:0% +collateralized I'm just commenting on +the the just commenting on whether this + + align:start position:0% +the the just commenting on whether this + + + align:start position:0% +the the just commenting on whether this +like the you you you said the so the + + align:start position:0% +like the you you you said the so the + + + align:start position:0% +like the you you you said the so the +price that you paid for replacing this + + align:start position:0% +price that you paid for replacing this + + + align:start position:0% +price that you paid for replacing this +system right this with the blockchain + + align:start position:0% +system right this with the blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +system right this with the blockchain +based one would be that you cannot earn + + align:start position:0% +based one would be that you cannot earn + + + align:start position:0% +based one would be that you cannot earn +it up I should have said something + + align:start position:0% +it up I should have said something + + + align:start position:0% +it up I should have said something +and the market participants would have + + align:start position:0% +and the market participants would have + + + align:start position:0% +and the market participants would have +to then pre fund their trades I think I + + align:start position:0% +to then pre fund their trades I think I + + + align:start position:0% +to then pre fund their trades I think I +think the the larger thing so so if I + + align:start position:0% +think the the larger thing so so if I + + + align:start position:0% +think the the larger thing so so if I +speak in too much financial technology + + align:start position:0% +speak in too much financial technology + + + align:start position:0% +speak in too much financial technology +let me say current markets are you can + + align:start position:0% +let me say current markets are you can + + + align:start position:0% +let me say current markets are you can +sell or buy a security without owning + + align:start position:0% +sell or buy a security without owning + + + align:start position:0% +sell or buy a security without owning +the security or having the cash you can + + align:start position:0% +the security or having the cash you can + + + align:start position:0% +the security or having the cash you can +buy something and not have the cash you + + align:start position:0% +buy something and not have the cash you + + + align:start position:0% +buy something and not have the cash you +have to deliver the cash in two days and + + align:start position:0% +have to deliver the cash in two days and + + + align:start position:0% +have to deliver the cash in two days and +usually by that evening or the next day + + align:start position:0% +usually by that evening or the next day + + + align:start position:0% +usually by that evening or the next day +you have to show you have the cash you + + align:start position:0% +you have to show you have the cash you + + + align:start position:0% +you have to show you have the cash you +can sell a security without owning the + + align:start position:0% +can sell a security without owning the + + + align:start position:0% +can sell a security without owning the +security and you only have to really + + align:start position:0% +security and you only have to really + + + align:start position:0% +security and you only have to really +kind of deliver it generally speaking + + align:start position:0% +kind of deliver it generally speaking + + + align:start position:0% +kind of deliver it generally speaking +the next day on t plus one if you went + + align:start position:0% +the next day on t plus one if you went + + + align:start position:0% +the next day on t plus one if you went +to a true simultaneous clearing settling + + align:start position:0% +to a true simultaneous clearing settling + + + align:start position:0% +to a true simultaneous clearing settling +in execution market you'd have to have + + align:start position:0% +in execution market you'd have to have + + + align:start position:0% +in execution market you'd have to have +the cash and the security before you + + align:start position:0% +the cash and the security before you + + + align:start position:0% +the cash and the security before you +execute and I think that's the larger + + align:start position:0% +execute and I think that's the larger + + + align:start position:0% +execute and I think that's the larger +piece of it much larger than netting so + + align:start position:0% +piece of it much larger than netting so + + + align:start position:0% +piece of it much larger than netting so +three or five brokerage arrangement hugo + + align:start position:0% +three or five brokerage arrangement hugo + + + align:start position:0% +three or five brokerage arrangement hugo +remember has a couple he's a big hedge + + align:start position:0% +remember has a couple he's a big hedge + + + align:start position:0% +remember has a couple he's a big hedge +fund and he has what's called a prime + + align:start position:0% +fund and he has what's called a prime + + + align:start position:0% +fund and he has what's called a prime +brokerage account not at Bear Sterns any + + align:start position:0% +brokerage account not at Bear Sterns any + + + align:start position:0% +brokerage account not at Bear Sterns any +longer but you know maybe it's a Goldman + + align:start position:0% +longer but you know maybe it's a Goldman + + + align:start position:0% +longer but you know maybe it's a Goldman +Sachs he's he's kind of fancy he's + + align:start position:0% +Sachs he's he's kind of fancy he's + + + align:start position:0% +Sachs he's he's kind of fancy he's +it's good then his prime brokerage + + align:start position:0% +it's good then his prime brokerage + + + align:start position:0% +it's good then his prime brokerage +account in his legal contractual + + align:start position:0% +account in his legal contractual + + + align:start position:0% +account in his legal contractual +arrangements with them they will find + + align:start position:0% +arrangements with them they will find + + + align:start position:0% +arrangements with them they will find +that security for him maybe from some + + align:start position:0% +that security for him maybe from some + + + align:start position:0% +that security for him maybe from some +other customer maybe that securities + + align:start position:0% +other customer maybe that securities + + + align:start position:0% +other customer maybe that securities +held in somebody else's what's called a + + align:start position:0% +held in somebody else's what's called a + + + align:start position:0% +held in somebody else's what's called a +margin account and they will enter into + + align:start position:0% +margin account and they will enter into + + + align:start position:0% +margin account and they will enter into +what's called a stock borrow but when he + + align:start position:0% +what's called a stock borrow but when he + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a stock borrow but when he +executes on the phone he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +executes on the phone he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +executes on the phone he doesn't +technically already have that security + + align:start position:0% +technically already have that security + + + align:start position:0% +technically already have that security +he could be shorting it and his prime + + align:start position:0% +he could be shorting it and his prime + + + align:start position:0% +he could be shorting it and his prime +brokerage account could then go you know + + align:start position:0% +brokerage account could then go you know + + + align:start position:0% +brokerage account could then go you know +find it from the Goldman Sachs Network + + align:start position:0% +find it from the Goldman Sachs Network + + + align:start position:0% +find it from the Goldman Sachs Network +but it's not because you have two plus + + align:start position:0% +but it's not because you have two plus + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not because you have two plus +two but it's because you have a broker + + align:start position:0% +two but it's because you have a broker + + + align:start position:0% +two but it's because you have a broker +yes that's right combined with t plus + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right combined with t plus + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right combined with t plus +two it's a really good question is this + + align:start position:0% +two it's a really good question is this + + + align:start position:0% +two it's a really good question is this +just the system we've grown accustomed + + align:start position:0% +just the system we've grown accustomed + + + align:start position:0% +just the system we've grown accustomed +to or is it beneficial it's hard to tell + + align:start position:0% +to or is it beneficial it's hard to tell + + + align:start position:0% +to or is it beneficial it's hard to tell +it is definitely the system we've grown + + align:start position:0% +it is definitely the system we've grown + + + align:start position:0% +it is definitely the system we've grown +accustomed to over a couple centuries + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to over a couple centuries + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to over a couple centuries +and as we've gone from transaction date + + align:start position:0% +and as we've gone from transaction date + + + align:start position:0% +and as we've gone from transaction date +plus five which most markets were I'm + + align:start position:0% +plus five which most markets were I'm + + + align:start position:0% +plus five which most markets were I'm +talking about fifty and a hundred years + + align:start position:0% +talking about fifty and a hundred years + + + align:start position:0% +talking about fifty and a hundred years +ago maybe it was even t plus ten at some + + align:start position:0% +ago maybe it was even t plus ten at some + + + align:start position:0% +ago maybe it was even t plus ten at some +point but T plus 5 2 T plus 3 2 now T + + align:start position:0% +point but T plus 5 2 T plus 3 2 now T + + + align:start position:0% +point but T plus 5 2 T plus 3 2 now T +plus two we've started to challenge that + + align:start position:0% +plus two we've started to challenge that + + + align:start position:0% +plus two we've started to challenge that +but in the US the Depository Trust + + align:start position:0% +but in the US the Depository Trust + + + align:start position:0% +but in the US the Depository Trust +Corporation provides same-day settlement + + align:start position:0% +Corporation provides same-day settlement + + + align:start position:0% +Corporation provides same-day settlement +and very few accounts asked to do + + align:start position:0% +and very few accounts asked to do + + + align:start position:0% +and very few accounts asked to do +same-day settlement and I think it might + + align:start position:0% +same-day settlement and I think it might + + + align:start position:0% +same-day settlement and I think it might +be just they've grown accustomed to it + + align:start position:0% +be just they've grown accustomed to it + + + align:start position:0% +be just they've grown accustomed to it +but I think there's some benefit in this + + align:start position:0% +but I think there's some benefit in this + + + align:start position:0% +but I think there's some benefit in this +stock loan stock borrow side but I I + + align:start position:0% +stock loan stock borrow side but I I + + + align:start position:0% +stock loan stock borrow side but I I +stand with what I said earlier I think + + align:start position:0% +stand with what I said earlier I think + + + align:start position:0% +stand with what I said earlier I think +the market could work the other way but + + align:start position:0% +the market could work the other way but + + + align:start position:0% +the market could work the other way but +it would be a big adjustment and there + + align:start position:0% +it would be a big adjustment and there + + + align:start position:0% +it would be a big adjustment and there +are some benefits because then Hugo this + + align:start position:0% +are some benefits because then Hugo this + + + align:start position:0% +are some benefits because then Hugo this +hedge fund is being extended credit by + + align:start position:0% +hedge fund is being extended credit by + + + align:start position:0% +hedge fund is being extended credit by +his prime brokerage account and and the + + align:start position:0% +his prime brokerage account and and the + + + align:start position:0% +his prime brokerage account and and the +prime broker is making some money on it + + align:start position:0% +prime broker is making some money on it + + + align:start position:0% +prime broker is making some money on it +but also Hugo's taking risk in that + + align:start position:0% +but also Hugo's taking risk in that + + + align:start position:0% +but also Hugo's taking risk in that +arrangement pre-funding it would be a + + align:start position:0% +arrangement pre-funding it would be a + + + align:start position:0% +arrangement pre-funding it would be a +different model + + align:start position:0% +different model + + + align:start position:0% +different model +some argue it would have less liquidity + + align:start position:0% +some argue it would have less liquidity + + + align:start position:0% +some argue it would have less liquidity +in the marketplace it would make it + + align:start position:0% +in the marketplace it would make it + + + align:start position:0% +in the marketplace it would make it +shorting stocks a little costlier I'm + + align:start position:0% +shorting stocks a little costlier I'm + + + align:start position:0% +shorting stocks a little costlier I'm +not sure they're right but their + + align:start position:0% +not sure they're right but their + + + align:start position:0% +not sure they're right but their +argument is is that I'd have to borrow + + align:start position:0% +argument is is that I'd have to borrow + + + align:start position:0% +argument is is that I'd have to borrow +the securities always a hundred percent + + align:start position:0% +the securities always a hundred percent + + + align:start position:0% +the securities always a hundred percent +and have it off before I sell even if + + align:start position:0% +and have it off before I sell even if + + + align:start position:0% +and have it off before I sell even if +I'm a multi-billion dollar hedge fund + + align:start position:0% +I'm a multi-billion dollar hedge fund + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a multi-billion dollar hedge fund +that has has some credit worthiness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +market so what would necessarily be + + align:start position:0% +market so what would necessarily be + + + align:start position:0% +market so what would necessarily be +implications for markets would it + + align:start position:0% +implications for markets would it + + + align:start position:0% +implications for markets would it +basically be that people can make trades + + align:start position:0% +basically be that people can make trades + + + align:start position:0% +basically be that people can make trades +without having an interface with + + align:start position:0% +without having an interface with + + + align:start position:0% +without having an interface with +extensions of credit are you talking + + align:start position:0% +extensions of credit are you talking + + + align:start position:0% +extensions of credit are you talking +about illiquid markets that are + + align:start position:0% +about illiquid markets that are + + + align:start position:0% +about illiquid markets that are +centrally cleared or illiquid markets + + align:start position:0% +centrally cleared or illiquid markets + + + align:start position:0% +centrally cleared or illiquid markets +that have no central clearing saying + + align:start position:0% +that have no central clearing saying + + + align:start position:0% +that have no central clearing saying +that they're what would when they're not + + align:start position:0% +that they're what would when they're not + + + align:start position:0% +that they're what would when they're not +the implications so Kelly's asking I + + align:start position:0% +the implications so Kelly's asking I + + + align:start position:0% +the implications so Kelly's asking I +don't remember that comment because it + + align:start position:0% +don't remember that comment because it + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember that comment because it +was in the Australian Stock Exchange why + + align:start position:0% +was in the Australian Stock Exchange why + + + align:start position:0% +was in the Australian Stock Exchange why +so in in non-cleared markets things that + + align:start position:0% +so in in non-cleared markets things that + + + align:start position:0% +so in in non-cleared markets things that +are just so illiquid my house it's not + + align:start position:0% +are just so illiquid my house it's not + + + align:start position:0% +are just so illiquid my house it's not +cleared it's not centrally cleared + + align:start position:0% +cleared it's not centrally cleared + + + align:start position:0% +cleared it's not centrally cleared +certain parts of the derivatives markets + + align:start position:0% +certain parts of the derivatives markets + + + align:start position:0% +certain parts of the derivatives markets +aren't centrally clear they're not quote + + align:start position:0% +aren't centrally clear they're not quote + + + align:start position:0% +aren't centrally clear they're not quote +liquid enough so I don't know I don't + + align:start position:0% +liquid enough so I don't know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +liquid enough so I don't know I don't +know the comment maybe see me in class + + align:start position:0% +know the comment maybe see me in class + + + align:start position:0% +know the comment maybe see me in class +and I look at the comment and try to + + align:start position:0% +and I look at the comment and try to + + + align:start position:0% +and I look at the comment and try to +nail it for you is that all right so I + + align:start position:0% +nail it for you is that all right so I + + + align:start position:0% +nail it for you is that all right so I +wanted to put this chart up because it + + align:start position:0% +wanted to put this chart up because it + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to put this chart up because it +was from 2011 I remembered it when I was + + align:start position:0% +was from 2011 I remembered it when I was + + + align:start position:0% +was from 2011 I remembered it when I was +at the CFTC but somebody at this fat of + + align:start position:0% +at the CFTC but somebody at this fat of + + + align:start position:0% +at the CFTC but somebody at this fat of +Chicago made this chart about the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +Chicago made this chart about the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +Chicago made this chart about the u.s. +clearing system's yellow are all + + align:start position:0% +clearing system's yellow are all + + + align:start position:0% +clearing system's yellow are all +clearing houses red the SEC the Federal + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses red the SEC the Federal + + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses red the SEC the Federal +Reserve New York + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah SEC CFTC and the Federal Reserve + + align:start position:0% +yeah SEC CFTC and the Federal Reserve + + + align:start position:0% +yeah SEC CFTC and the Federal Reserve +but they might have new it New York I + + align:start position:0% +but they might have new it New York I + + + align:start position:0% +but they might have new it New York I +don't even know who New York SP Board of + + align:start position:0% +don't even know who New York SP Board of + + + align:start position:0% +don't even know who New York SP Board of +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +somebody from the Chicago Fed was trying + + align:start position:0% +somebody from the Chicago Fed was trying + + + align:start position:0% +somebody from the Chicago Fed was trying +to make the case that our regulatory + + align:start position:0% +to make the case that our regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +to make the case that our regulatory +system in the US was a little bit + + align:start position:0% +system in the US was a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +system in the US was a little bit +complicated and I think this was in the + + align:start position:0% +complicated and I think this was in the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and I think this was in the +midst of the debate about dodd-frank + + align:start position:0% +midst of the debate about dodd-frank + + + align:start position:0% +midst of the debate about dodd-frank +that they thought all oversight of + + align:start position:0% +that they thought all oversight of + + + align:start position:0% +that they thought all oversight of +clearing houses should move to the + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses should move to the + + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses should move to the +Federal Reserve but I remembered the + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve but I remembered the + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve but I remembered the +chart and found it no no we won't wanted + + align:start position:0% +chart and found it no no we won't wanted + + + align:start position:0% +chart and found it no no we won't wanted +to share it with you but the yellow or + + align:start position:0% +to share it with you but the yellow or + + + align:start position:0% +to share it with you but the yellow or +all the clearing houses there are a lot + + align:start position:0% +all the clearing houses there are a lot + + + align:start position:0% +all the clearing houses there are a lot +of clearing houses in the US there's one + + align:start position:0% +of clearing houses in the US there's one + + + align:start position:0% +of clearing houses in the US there's one +for bonds there's one for equities + + align:start position:0% +for bonds there's one for equities + + + align:start position:0% +for bonds there's one for equities +there's multiple ones for derivatives + + align:start position:0% +there's multiple ones for derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +there's multiple ones for derivatives +both from cash and interest rate + + align:start position:0% +both from cash and interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +both from cash and interest rate +derivatives to energy derivatives to + + align:start position:0% +derivatives to energy derivatives to + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives to energy derivatives to +credit default derivatives and so forth + + align:start position:0% +credit default derivatives and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +credit default derivatives and so forth +there's once four options so I just I + + align:start position:0% +there's once four options so I just I + + + align:start position:0% +there's once four options so I just I +just wanted to kind of lay it out there + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to kind of lay it out there + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to kind of lay it out there +it is a very finance is pretty complex + + align:start position:0% +it is a very finance is pretty complex + + + align:start position:0% +it is a very finance is pretty complex +this is all digitized by the way but in + + align:start position:0% +this is all digitized by the way but in + + + align:start position:0% +this is all digitized by the way but in +this complexity that's also where I + + align:start position:0% +this complexity that's also where I + + + align:start position:0% +this complexity that's also where I +think there's some opportunity whether + + align:start position:0% +think there's some opportunity whether + + + align:start position:0% +think there's some opportunity whether +it's permission blockchain and not fully + + align:start position:0% +it's permission blockchain and not fully + + + align:start position:0% +it's permission blockchain and not fully +permission less with tokens and inspired + + align:start position:0% +permission less with tokens and inspired + + + align:start position:0% +permission less with tokens and inspired +by because in almost the green is the + + align:start position:0% +by because in almost the green is the + + + align:start position:0% +by because in almost the green is the +Greeners exchanges and I don't even + + align:start position:0% +Greeners exchanges and I don't even + + + align:start position:0% +Greeners exchanges and I don't even +think they put a color up for brokers + + align:start position:0% +think they put a color up for brokers + + + align:start position:0% +think they put a color up for brokers +today because then you'd have hundreds + + align:start position:0% +today because then you'd have hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +today because then you'd have hundreds +there are multiple parties sharing + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple parties sharing + + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple parties sharing +Ledger's and reconciling their Ledger's + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's and reconciling their Ledger's + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's and reconciling their Ledger's +reconciliation means I keep a ledger Tom + + align:start position:0% +reconciliation means I keep a ledger Tom + + + align:start position:0% +reconciliation means I keep a ledger Tom +keeps a ledger it's both on our database + + align:start position:0% +keeps a ledger it's both on our database + + + align:start position:0% +keeps a ledger it's both on our database +systems and we keep testing and assuring + + align:start position:0% +systems and we keep testing and assuring + + + align:start position:0% +systems and we keep testing and assuring +that we have the same records this is a + + align:start position:0% +that we have the same records this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that we have the same records this is a +system that by its complexity and by its + + align:start position:0% +system that by its complexity and by its + + + align:start position:0% +system that by its complexity and by its +multiple shared or multiple copies of + + align:start position:0% +multiple shared or multiple copies of + + + align:start position:0% +multiple shared or multiple copies of +Ledger's and reconciliation has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's and reconciliation has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's and reconciliation has a lot of +opportunity for greater efficiency and + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for greater efficiency and + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for greater efficiency and +the question is whether blockchain + + align:start position:0% +the question is whether blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +the question is whether blockchain +technology maybe permission can bring + + align:start position:0% +technology maybe permission can bring + + + align:start position:0% +technology maybe permission can bring +some of that efficiency that's that's + + align:start position:0% +some of that efficiency that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +some of that efficiency that's that's +the thought and that's what the chart + + align:start position:0% +the thought and that's what the chart + + + align:start position:0% +the thought and that's what the chart +was just trying but it will be in there + + align:start position:0% +was just trying but it will be in there + + + align:start position:0% +was just trying but it will be in there +by the way that Congress didn't agree + + align:start position:0% +by the way that Congress didn't agree + + + align:start position:0% +by the way that Congress didn't agree +they fed they left the authorities at + + align:start position:0% +they fed they left the authorities at + + + align:start position:0% +they fed they left the authorities at +the SEC and CFTC and those are four + + align:start position:0% +the SEC and CFTC and those are four + + + align:start position:0% +the SEC and CFTC and those are four +stories other times I personally felt it + + align:start position:0% +stories other times I personally felt it + + + align:start position:0% +stories other times I personally felt it +could be a shared Authority and we ended + + align:start position:0% +could be a shared Authority and we ended + + + align:start position:0% +could be a shared Authority and we ended +up with some shared authorities but I + + align:start position:0% +up with some shared authorities but I + + + align:start position:0% +up with some shared authorities but I +thought that the CFTC and SEC have + + align:start position:0% +thought that the CFTC and SEC have + + + align:start position:0% +thought that the CFTC and SEC have +domain knowledge and it was really + + align:start position:0% +domain knowledge and it was really + + + align:start position:0% +domain knowledge and it was really +important to keep the SEC involved in + + align:start position:0% +important to keep the SEC involved in + + + align:start position:0% +important to keep the SEC involved in +securities clearing and the CFTC + + align:start position:0% +securities clearing and the CFTC + + + align:start position:0% +securities clearing and the CFTC +involved in derivatives clearing for + + align:start position:0% +involved in derivatives clearing for + + + align:start position:0% +involved in derivatives clearing for +that domain knowledge but that the + + align:start position:0% +that domain knowledge but that the + + + align:start position:0% +that domain knowledge but that the +Federal Reserve also kind of came in + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve also kind of came in + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve also kind of came in +under something called title 8 of + + align:start position:0% +under something called title 8 of + + + align:start position:0% +under something called title 8 of +dodd-frank and they also got authorities + + align:start position:0% +dodd-frank and they also got authorities + + + align:start position:0% +dodd-frank and they also got authorities +so we made it more complicated because + + align:start position:0% +so we made it more complicated because + + + align:start position:0% +so we made it more complicated because +now there's kind of multiple dotted + + align:start position:0% +now there's kind of multiple dotted + + + align:start position:0% +now there's kind of multiple dotted +lines for this the Federal Reserve + + align:start position:0% +lines for this the Federal Reserve + + + align:start position:0% +lines for this the Federal Reserve +basically has an account with everybody + + align:start position:0% +basically has an account with everybody + + + align:start position:0% +basically has an account with everybody +or they have some oversight of everybody + + align:start position:0% +or they have some oversight of everybody + + + align:start position:0% +or they have some oversight of everybody +so then the question on blockchain + + align:start position:0% +so then the question on blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +so then the question on blockchain +technology could you take the + + align:start position:0% +technology could you take the + + + align:start position:0% +technology could you take the +Clearinghouse out of the middle and do + + align:start position:0% +Clearinghouse out of the middle and do + + + align:start position:0% +Clearinghouse out of the middle and do +the thing on the right and my question + + align:start position:0% +the thing on the right and my question + + + align:start position:0% +the thing on the right and my question +for you all is do you think the + + align:start position:0% +for you all is do you think the + + + align:start position:0% +for you all is do you think the +economics I'm not talking about the + + align:start position:0% +economics I'm not talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +economics I'm not talking about the +technology I'm not talking about whether + + align:start position:0% +technology I'm not talking about whether + + + align:start position:0% +technology I'm not talking about whether +it's performance if you wish you can go + + align:start position:0% +it's performance if you wish you can go + + + align:start position:0% +it's performance if you wish you can go +five or ten years down the road and say + + align:start position:0% +five or ten years down the road and say + + + align:start position:0% +five or ten years down the road and say +it's got all the scalability and + + align:start position:0% +it's got all the scalability and + + + align:start position:0% +it's got all the scalability and +performance do you think the technology + + align:start position:0% +performance do you think the technology + + + align:start position:0% +performance do you think the technology +without something in the middle + + align:start position:0% +without something in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +without something in the middle +what's the economics about that anybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're liquid markets because of the + + align:start position:0% +we're liquid markets because of the + + + align:start position:0% +we're liquid markets because of the +netting because yeah I just I can't see + + align:start position:0% +netting because yeah I just I can't see + + + align:start position:0% +netting because yeah I just I can't see +I can't see a blocking solution working + + align:start position:0% +I can't see a blocking solution working + + + align:start position:0% +I can't see a blocking solution working +well netting to enjoy the selling and + + align:start position:0% +well netting to enjoy the selling and + + + align:start position:0% +well netting to enjoy the selling and +shorting but the question really is can + + align:start position:0% +shorting but the question really is can + + + align:start position:0% +shorting but the question really is can +you somehow on the right with you know + + align:start position:0% +you somehow on the right with you know + + + align:start position:0% +you somehow on the right with you know +shared ledger still get some benefit of + + align:start position:0% +shared ledger still get some benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +shared ledger still get some benefit of +netting right you're saying you're + + align:start position:0% +netting right you're saying you're + + + align:start position:0% +netting right you're saying you're +inclined here because you want to get + + align:start position:0% +inclined here because you want to get + + + align:start position:0% +inclined here because you want to get +the netting for economic reasons + + align:start position:0% +the netting for economic reasons + + + align:start position:0% +the netting for economic reasons +so as a ledger structure can you get the + + align:start position:0% +so as a ledger structure can you get the + + + align:start position:0% +so as a ledger structure can you get the +netting here shamone netting is is + + align:start position:0% +netting here shamone netting is is + + + align:start position:0% +netting here shamone netting is is +basically again with caching + + align:start position:0% +basically again with caching + + + align:start position:0% +basically again with caching +I'm not talking about to release the + + align:start position:0% +I'm not talking about to release the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not talking about to release the +waves different as a different issue + + align:start position:0% +waves different as a different issue + + + align:start position:0% +waves different as a different issue +with cash instruments the only reason + + align:start position:0% +with cash instruments the only reason + + + align:start position:0% +with cash instruments the only reason +why you have kind of Artemis is because + + align:start position:0% +why you have kind of Artemis is because + + + align:start position:0% +why you have kind of Artemis is because +it's not clear it was my understanding + + align:start position:0% +it's not clear it was my understanding + + + align:start position:0% +it's not clear it was my understanding +correctly is because you don't have + + align:start position:0% +correctly is because you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +correctly is because you don't have +instantaneous state in a settlement if + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous state in a settlement if + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous state in a settlement if +you have a standard seven then you don't + + align:start position:0% +you have a standard seven then you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you have a standard seven then you don't +care about it you care because he faced + + align:start position:0% +care about it you care because he faced + + + align:start position:0% +care about it you care because he faced +so many transaction fees no but that's + + align:start position:0% +so many transaction fees no but that's + + + align:start position:0% +so many transaction fees no but that's +going to be a lot more efficient so what + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lot more efficient so what + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lot more efficient so what +again I don't do you think read + + align:start position:0% +again I don't do you think read + + + align:start position:0% +again I don't do you think read +transaction fees are they are big + + align:start position:0% +transaction fees are they are big + + + align:start position:0% +transaction fees are they are big +economic issue you yes really intense + + align:start position:0% +economic issue you yes really intense + + + align:start position:0% +economic issue you yes really intense +help how much do you pay per transaction + + align:start position:0% +help how much do you pay per transaction + + + align:start position:0% +help how much do you pay per transaction +with the Clearinghouse and without maybe + + align:start position:0% +with the Clearinghouse and without maybe + + + align:start position:0% +with the Clearinghouse and without maybe +the net we give you only 10% of the + + align:start position:0% +the net we give you only 10% of the + + + align:start position:0% +the net we give you only 10% of the +transactions but the cost of having the + + align:start position:0% +transactions but the cost of having the + + + align:start position:0% +transactions but the cost of having the +Clearinghouse is more than 10 times the + + align:start position:0% +Clearinghouse is more than 10 times the + + + align:start position:0% +Clearinghouse is more than 10 times the +economic depends on those numbers I + + align:start position:0% +economic depends on those numbers I + + + align:start position:0% +economic depends on those numbers I +think is that a question so it's it you + + align:start position:0% +think is that a question so it's it you + + + align:start position:0% +think is that a question so it's it you +go and that's kind of like netting then + + align:start position:0% +go and that's kind of like netting then + + + align:start position:0% +go and that's kind of like netting then +you have a second mmm-hmm system on top + + align:start position:0% +you have a second mmm-hmm system on top + + + align:start position:0% +you have a second mmm-hmm system on top +of that that keeps track of what's going + + align:start position:0% +of that that keeps track of what's going + + + align:start position:0% +of that that keeps track of what's going +on throughout the day takes care of so + + align:start position:0% +on throughout the day takes care of so + + + align:start position:0% +on throughout the day takes care of so +Hugo content you maybe you can get this + + align:start position:0% +Hugo content you maybe you can get this + + + align:start position:0% +Hugo content you maybe you can get this +this economic thing called netting and + + align:start position:0% +this economic thing called netting and + + + align:start position:0% +this economic thing called netting and +still have a shared distributed ledger + + align:start position:0% +still have a shared distributed ledger + + + align:start position:0% +still have a shared distributed ledger +or you could do it off chain + + align:start position:0% +or you could do it off chain + + + align:start position:0% +or you could do it off chain +I think shamone to your question is this + + align:start position:0% +I think shamone to your question is this + + + align:start position:0% +I think shamone to your question is this +is a big economic thing either because + + align:start position:0% +is a big economic thing either because + + + align:start position:0% +is a big economic thing either because +we've just grown accustomed to it over a + + align:start position:0% +we've just grown accustomed to it over a + + + align:start position:0% +we've just grown accustomed to it over a +couple centuries or it's fundamental to + + align:start position:0% +couple centuries or it's fundamental to + + + align:start position:0% +couple centuries or it's fundamental to +how markets trade that we don't pre-fund + + align:start position:0% +how markets trade that we don't pre-fund + + + align:start position:0% +how markets trade that we don't pre-fund +its that economics that blockchain + + align:start position:0% +its that economics that blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +its that economics that blockchain +technology will challenge but we might + + align:start position:0% +technology will challenge but we might + + + align:start position:0% +technology will challenge but we might +stay with a central clearinghouse if the + + align:start position:0% +stay with a central clearinghouse if the + + + align:start position:0% +stay with a central clearinghouse if the +economics or that value of the economics + + align:start position:0% +economics or that value of the economics + + + align:start position:0% +economics or that value of the economics +of in essence not pre-funding and and + + align:start position:0% +of in essence not pre-funding and and + + + align:start position:0% +of in essence not pre-funding and and +and thus some delayed settlement whereas + + align:start position:0% +and thus some delayed settlement whereas + + + align:start position:0% +and thus some delayed settlement whereas +in the past we always had delay + + align:start position:0% +in the past we always had delay + + + align:start position:0% +in the past we always had delay +settlement at first because there were + + align:start position:0% +settlement at first because there were + + + align:start position:0% +settlement at first because there were +so much paperwork we had to have delayed + + align:start position:0% +so much paperwork we had to have delayed + + + align:start position:0% +so much paperwork we had to have delayed +settlement we went digitized and now + + align:start position:0% +settlement we went digitized and now + + + align:start position:0% +settlement we went digitized and now +really in 2018 we don't need delayed + + align:start position:0% +really in 2018 we don't need delayed + + + align:start position:0% +really in 2018 we don't need delayed +settlement or batch processing so now + + align:start position:0% +settlement or batch processing so now + + + align:start position:0% +settlement or batch processing so now +you sort of exposed we'll wait what are + + align:start position:0% +you sort of exposed we'll wait what are + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of exposed we'll wait what are +the economics Tom and then a lead with + + align:start position:0% +the economics Tom and then a lead with + + + align:start position:0% +the economics Tom and then a lead with +the blockchain system just by using a + + align:start position:0% +the blockchain system just by using a + + + align:start position:0% +the blockchain system just by using a +smart contract okay + + align:start position:0% +smart contract okay + + + align:start position:0% +smart contract okay +yeah absolutely I mean you still yeah I + + align:start position:0% +yeah absolutely I mean you still yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah absolutely I mean you still yeah I +should keep the system that people are + + align:start position:0% +should keep the system that people are + + + align:start position:0% +should keep the system that people are +accustomed to but do it without the + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to but do it without the + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to but do it without the +economic read that it there okay + + align:start position:0% +economic read that it there okay + + + align:start position:0% +economic read that it there okay +yes and that's what the Australian Stock + + align:start position:0% +yes and that's what the Australian Stock + + + align:start position:0% +yes and that's what the Australian Stock +Exchange says they are using with the + + align:start position:0% +Exchange says they are using with the + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange says they are using with the +digital asset company Blake masters + + align:start position:0% +digital asset company Blake masters + + + align:start position:0% +digital asset company Blake masters +company that's their outside vendor + + align:start position:0% +company that's their outside vendor + + + align:start position:0% +company that's their outside vendor +using the hyper electric fabric and + + align:start position:0% +using the hyper electric fabric and + + + align:start position:0% +using the hyper electric fabric and +they're using the code that they call it + + align:start position:0% +they're using the code that they call it + + + align:start position:0% +they're using the code that they call it +Donald digital asset machine language I + + align:start position:0% +Donald digital asset machine language I + + + align:start position:0% +Donald digital asset machine language I +don't know what the M is but they call + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the M is but they call + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the M is but they call +it demo lean well that's if I think you + + align:start position:0% +it demo lean well that's if I think you + + + align:start position:0% +it demo lean well that's if I think you +could through smart contracts I think + + align:start position:0% +could through smart contracts I think + + + align:start position:0% +could through smart contracts I think +you could find this but this the the + + align:start position:0% +you could find this but this the the + + + align:start position:0% +you could find this but this the the +challenge with just the picture the + + align:start position:0% +challenge with just the picture the + + + align:start position:0% +challenge with just the picture the +picture suggests there's no central + + align:start position:0% +picture suggests there's no central + + + align:start position:0% +picture suggests there's no central +counterparty to do all the netting and + + align:start position:0% +counterparty to do all the netting and + + + align:start position:0% +counterparty to do all the netting and +so the question is can you have this + + align:start position:0% +so the question is can you have this + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is can you have this +ledger structure and still find a way to + + align:start position:0% +ledger structure and still find a way to + + + align:start position:0% +ledger structure and still find a way to +net down all the positions well there's + + align:start position:0% +net down all the positions well there's + + + align:start position:0% +net down all the positions well there's +no need for that like why you get that + + align:start position:0% +no need for that like why you get that + + + align:start position:0% +no need for that like why you get that +implicitly by recording everything but + + align:start position:0% +implicitly by recording everything but + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly by recording everything but +if you're recording all right agreeing + + align:start position:0% +if you're recording all right agreeing + + + align:start position:0% +if you're recording all right agreeing +with that - but that's where I get to if + + align:start position:0% +with that - but that's where I get to if + + + align:start position:0% +with that - but that's where I get to if +you need to do she moans approach which + + align:start position:0% +you need to do she moans approach which + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do she moans approach which +is simultaneous execution and settlement + + align:start position:0% +is simultaneous execution and settlement + + + align:start position:0% +is simultaneous execution and settlement +then you need to pre-fund even if that + + align:start position:0% +then you need to pre-fund even if that + + + align:start position:0% +then you need to pre-fund even if that +pre-funding is by nanoseconds but you + + align:start position:0% +pre-funding is by nanoseconds but you + + + align:start position:0% +pre-funding is by nanoseconds but you +need to pre-fund the post of transaction + + align:start position:0% +need to pre-fund the post of transaction + + + align:start position:0% +need to pre-fund the post of transaction +that says I want to buy a stock and I'm + + align:start position:0% +that says I want to buy a stock and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that says I want to buy a stock and I'm +not gonna prove to you that I have money + + align:start position:0% +not gonna prove to you that I have money + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna prove to you that I have money +to buy it you recorded + + align:start position:0% +to buy it you recorded + + + align:start position:0% +to buy it you recorded +being optimistically and later on no but + + align:start position:0% +being optimistically and later on no but + + + align:start position:0% +being optimistically and later on no but +it depends on the word record let me use + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the word record let me use + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the word record let me use +a different word settle settlement means + + align:start position:0% +a different word settle settlement means + + + align:start position:0% +a different word settle settlement means +final legal rights have moved from one + + align:start position:0% +final legal rights have moved from one + + + align:start position:0% +final legal rights have moved from one +party to another so the word settlement + + align:start position:0% +party to another so the word settlement + + + align:start position:0% +party to another so the word settlement +has a meaning of it I just want to come + + align:start position:0% +has a meaning of it I just want to come + + + align:start position:0% +has a meaning of it I just want to come +back to means I'm recording on a ledger + + align:start position:0% +back to means I'm recording on a ledger + + + align:start position:0% +back to means I'm recording on a ledger +that I no longer have legal rights to + + align:start position:0% +that I no longer have legal rights to + + + align:start position:0% +that I no longer have legal rights to +this alpha has legal rights to it and I + + align:start position:0% +this alpha has legal rights to it and I + + + align:start position:0% +this alpha has legal rights to it and I +think you wouldn't have to pre-fund if + + align:start position:0% +think you wouldn't have to pre-fund if + + + align:start position:0% +think you wouldn't have to pre-fund if +you're doing true settlement Ledger's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seems like you could simulate the + + align:start position:0% +seems like you could simulate the + + + align:start position:0% +seems like you could simulate the +Clearing House in this picture they're + + align:start position:0% +Clearing House in this picture they're + + + align:start position:0% +Clearing House in this picture they're +clearly how to just distribute it I + + align:start position:0% +clearly how to just distribute it I + + + align:start position:0% +clearly how to just distribute it I +think you're right that you could but if + + align:start position:0% +think you're right that you could but if + + + align:start position:0% +think you're right that you could but if +you're going all the way to where + + align:start position:0% +you're going all the way to where + + + align:start position:0% +you're going all the way to where +shamone is like Bitcoin and you're doing + + align:start position:0% +shamone is like Bitcoin and you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +shamone is like Bitcoin and you're doing +final settlement final settlement record + + align:start position:0% +final settlement final settlement record + + + align:start position:0% +final settlement final settlement record +ation then I think you have to pre-fund + + align:start position:0% +ation then I think you have to pre-fund + + + align:start position:0% +ation then I think you have to pre-fund +a couple questions over here Eric even + + align:start position:0% +a couple questions over here Eric even + + + align:start position:0% +a couple questions over here Eric even +be done during the nanoseconds but it + + align:start position:0% +be done during the nanoseconds but it + + + align:start position:0% +be done during the nanoseconds but it +has to be done before you move the + + align:start position:0% +has to be done before you move the + + + align:start position:0% +has to be done before you move the +settlement and that's that's what's + + align:start position:0% +settlement and that's that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +settlement and that's that's what's +called clearing so it's a question of + + align:start position:0% +called clearing so it's a question of + + + align:start position:0% +called clearing so it's a question of +whether you have simultaneous execution + + align:start position:0% +whether you have simultaneous execution + + + align:start position:0% +whether you have simultaneous execution +and settlement or you still have + + align:start position:0% +and settlement or you still have + + + align:start position:0% +and settlement or you still have +execution clearing settlement even if + + align:start position:0% +execution clearing settlement even if + + + align:start position:0% +execution clearing settlement even if +separated by Seconds but still literally + + align:start position:0% +separated by Seconds but still literally + + + align:start position:0% +separated by Seconds but still literally +get granular I apologize this stuff is + + align:start position:0% +get granular I apologize this stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +get granular I apologize this stuff is +that granular I mean but that's that's + + align:start position:0% +that granular I mean but that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +that granular I mean but that's that's +what back here and then I'm gonna move + + align:start position:0% +what back here and then I'm gonna move + + + align:start position:0% +what back here and then I'm gonna move +on just did I shouldn't sound that way + + align:start position:0% +on just did I shouldn't sound that way + + + align:start position:0% +on just did I shouldn't sound that way +it's just that for a couple hundred + + align:start position:0% +it's just that for a couple hundred + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that for a couple hundred +years we've had delayed settlement and + + align:start position:0% +years we've had delayed settlement and + + + align:start position:0% +years we've had delayed settlement and +so I'm saying if you're a proponent of a + + align:start position:0% +so I'm saying if you're a proponent of a + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm saying if you're a proponent of a +system that has simultaneous execution + + align:start position:0% +system that has simultaneous execution + + + align:start position:0% +system that has simultaneous execution +and settlement you just have to deal + + align:start position:0% +and settlement you just have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +and settlement you just have to deal +with that you're changing the economic + + align:start position:0% +with that you're changing the economic + + + align:start position:0% +with that you're changing the economic +models that have been so common + + align:start position:0% +models that have been so common + + + align:start position:0% +models that have been so common +in the capital markets and when you take + + align:start position:0% +in the capital markets and when you take + + + align:start position:0% +in the capital markets and when you take +that ore and you just have to think + + align:start position:0% +that ore and you just have to think + + + align:start position:0% +that ore and you just have to think +through what are the economics of that + + align:start position:0% +through what are the economics of that + + + align:start position:0% +through what are the economics of that +shift from in essence a delayed + + align:start position:0% +shift from in essence a delayed + + + align:start position:0% +shift from in essence a delayed +settlement + + align:start position:0% +settlement + + + align:start position:0% +settlement +thus modest but real counterparty risk + + align:start position:0% +thus modest but real counterparty risk + + + align:start position:0% +thus modest but real counterparty risk +that Hugo's got a prime broker and he's + + align:start position:0% +that Hugo's got a prime broker and he's + + + align:start position:0% +that Hugo's got a prime broker and he's +got that and moving to this new model in + + align:start position:0% +got that and moving to this new model in + + + align:start position:0% +got that and moving to this new model in +capital markets so I shouldn't come + + align:start position:0% +capital markets so I shouldn't come + + + align:start position:0% +capital markets so I shouldn't come +across as negative but I'm saying that's + + align:start position:0% +across as negative but I'm saying that's + + + align:start position:0% +across as negative but I'm saying that's +a at least it's a hurdle that you've got + + align:start position:0% +a at least it's a hurdle that you've got + + + align:start position:0% +a at least it's a hurdle that you've got +a you've got an adoption curve that's + + align:start position:0% +a you've got an adoption curve that's + + + align:start position:0% +a you've got an adoption curve that's +gonna be a challenge I think at a + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a challenge I think at a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a challenge I think at a +minimum DTCC when I first spoke to them + + align:start position:0% +minimum DTCC when I first spoke to them + + + align:start position:0% +minimum DTCC when I first spoke to them +and I've have a lively Gordon going + + align:start position:0% +and I've have a lively Gordon going + + + align:start position:0% +and I've have a lively Gordon going +dialogue with the folks they're on + + align:start position:0% +dialogue with the folks they're on + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue with the folks they're on +occasional basis this was the biggest + + align:start position:0% +occasional basis this was the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +occasional basis this was the biggest +issue they raised they said they looked + + align:start position:0% +issue they raised they said they looked + + + align:start position:0% +issue they raised they said they looked +at blockchain technology starting + + align:start position:0% +at blockchain technology starting + + + align:start position:0% +at blockchain technology starting +several years ago they talked to their + + align:start position:0% +several years ago they talked to their + + + align:start position:0% +several years ago they talked to their +customer base and they couldn't find + + align:start position:0% +customer base and they couldn't find + + + align:start position:0% +customer base and they couldn't find +that their customer base really wanted + + align:start position:0% +that their customer base really wanted + + + align:start position:0% +that their customer base really wanted +to go to simultaneous execution and + + align:start position:0% +to go to simultaneous execution and + + + align:start position:0% +to go to simultaneous execution and +settlement they have same-day settlement + + align:start position:0% +settlement they have same-day settlement + + + align:start position:0% +settlement they have same-day settlement +but it's end of day settlement so + + align:start position:0% +but it's end of day settlement so + + + align:start position:0% +but it's end of day settlement so +they're still you know several hours but + + align:start position:0% +they're still you know several hours but + + + align:start position:0% +they're still you know several hours but +they said we don't have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they said we don't have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they said we don't have a lot of +customers that really want simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +customers that really want simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +customers that really want simultaneous +execution and settlement now that that + + align:start position:0% +execution and settlement now that that + + + align:start position:0% +execution and settlement now that that +was commenting on the demand side it's + + align:start position:0% +was commenting on the demand side it's + + + align:start position:0% +was commenting on the demand side it's +another question whether you could adopt + + align:start position:0% +another question whether you could adopt + + + align:start position:0% +another question whether you could adopt +this lower cost do something and change + + align:start position:0% +this lower cost do something and change + + + align:start position:0% +this lower cost do something and change +your capital market so this is another + + align:start position:0% +your capital market so this is another + + + align:start position:0% +your capital market so this is another +look at it I'm gonna this is also from + + align:start position:0% +look at it I'm gonna this is also from + + + align:start position:0% +look at it I'm gonna this is also from +the Australian Stock Exchange I think + + align:start position:0% +the Australian Stock Exchange I think + + + align:start position:0% +the Australian Stock Exchange I think +website if I remember but maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +website if I remember but maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +website if I remember but maybe there's +another website the question is could + + align:start position:0% +another website the question is could + + + align:start position:0% +another website the question is could +you take out these two middle parts this + + align:start position:0% +you take out these two middle parts this + + + align:start position:0% +you take out these two middle parts this +is like blockchain architecture for + + align:start position:0% +is like blockchain architecture for + + + align:start position:0% +is like blockchain architecture for +clearing central counterparty and the + + align:start position:0% +clearing central counterparty and the + + + align:start position:0% +clearing central counterparty and the +central securities depository because + + align:start position:0% +central securities depository because + + + align:start position:0% +central securities depository because +there's also somebody who's got the + + align:start position:0% +there's also somebody who's got the + + + align:start position:0% +there's also somebody who's got the +central registry and that central + + align:start position:0% +central registry and that central + + + align:start position:0% +central registry and that central +registry or the two things could you + + align:start position:0% +registry or the two things could you + + + align:start position:0% +registry or the two things could you +take this out completely that was the + + align:start position:0% +take this out completely that was the + + + align:start position:0% +take this out completely that was the +kind of question in a sense so here are + + align:start position:0% +kind of question in a sense so here are + + + align:start position:0% +kind of question in a sense so here are +the projects that are actually live or + + align:start position:0% +the projects that are actually live or + + + align:start position:0% +the projects that are actually live or +being explored and we're going to talk a + + align:start position:0% +being explored and we're going to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +being explored and we're going to talk a +little bit about Australian stock + + align:start position:0% +little bit about Australian stock + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about Australian stock +exchange in a few minutes we have left + + align:start position:0% +exchange in a few minutes we have left + + + align:start position:0% +exchange in a few minutes we have left +but this + + align:start position:0% +but this + + + align:start position:0% +but this +Australian Stock Exchange project + + align:start position:0% +Australian Stock Exchange project + + + align:start position:0% +Australian Stock Exchange project +started in 2016 a bunch of requests for + + align:start position:0% +started in 2016 a bunch of requests for + + + align:start position:0% +started in 2016 a bunch of requests for +proposals they hired digital asset + + align:start position:0% +proposals they hired digital asset + + + align:start position:0% +proposals they hired digital asset +holding there you're actually actively + + align:start position:0% +holding there you're actually actively + + + align:start position:0% +holding there you're actually actively +working on it it's a 25 year old system + + align:start position:0% +working on it it's a 25 year old system + + + align:start position:0% +working on it it's a 25 year old system +and Jeff Sprecher said it too he said + + align:start position:0% +and Jeff Sprecher said it too he said + + + align:start position:0% +and Jeff Sprecher said it too he said +you know they had a legacy system that + + align:start position:0% +you know they had a legacy system that + + + align:start position:0% +you know they had a legacy system that +needed to replace they decided to go + + align:start position:0% +needed to replace they decided to go + + + align:start position:0% +needed to replace they decided to go +with the new technology of the day but + + align:start position:0% +with the new technology of the day but + + + align:start position:0% +with the new technology of the day but +Jeff wasn't convinced they had to but + + align:start position:0% +Jeff wasn't convinced they had to but + + + align:start position:0% +Jeff wasn't convinced they had to but +they feel that it was the right thing to + + align:start position:0% +they feel that it was the right thing to + + + align:start position:0% +they feel that it was the right thing to +do to go to with that new technology of + + align:start position:0% +do to go to with that new technology of + + + align:start position:0% +do to go to with that new technology of +the day they believe and and they've put + + align:start position:0% +the day they believe and and they've put + + + align:start position:0% +the day they believe and and they've put +out reports as recently as several weeks + + align:start position:0% +out reports as recently as several weeks + + + align:start position:0% +out reports as recently as several weeks +ago they believe they're on the right + + align:start position:0% +ago they believe they're on the right + + + align:start position:0% +ago they believe they're on the right +path in that 15 or 20 years from now + + align:start position:0% +path in that 15 or 20 years from now + + + align:start position:0% +path in that 15 or 20 years from now +every Clearing House will be using what + + align:start position:0% +every Clearing House will be using what + + + align:start position:0% +every Clearing House will be using what +they would consider a permission + + align:start position:0% +they would consider a permission + + + align:start position:0% +they would consider a permission +blockchain solution because it will so + + align:start position:0% +blockchain solution because it will so + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain solution because it will so +significantly lower the back office + + align:start position:0% +significantly lower the back office + + + align:start position:0% +significantly lower the back office +costs for their market participants who + + align:start position:0% +costs for their market participants who + + + align:start position:0% +costs for their market participants who +are now holding records each bank those + + align:start position:0% +are now holding records each bank those + + + align:start position:0% +are now holding records each bank those +was it 77 members from an earlier yeah + + align:start position:0% +was it 77 members from an earlier yeah + + + align:start position:0% +was it 77 members from an earlier yeah +each Bank has to hold records it can be + + align:start position:0% +each Bank has to hold records it can be + + + align:start position:0% +each Bank has to hold records it can be +held in a shared ledger and they would + + align:start position:0% +held in a shared ledger and they would + + + align:start position:0% +held in a shared ledger and they would +lower the reconciliation cost and they + + align:start position:0% +lower the reconciliation cost and they + + + align:start position:0% +lower the reconciliation cost and they +believe the second advantage is using + + align:start position:0% +believe the second advantage is using + + + align:start position:0% +believe the second advantage is using +smart contracts now are they exactly the + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts now are they exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts now are they exactly the +smart contracts like on the etherium + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts like on the etherium + + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts like on the etherium +network no because they don't have a + + align:start position:0% +network no because they don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +network no because they don't have a +native token they don't have a DAP in a + + align:start position:0% +native token they don't have a DAP in a + + + align:start position:0% +native token they don't have a DAP in a +native token but it's still automating + + align:start position:0% +native token but it's still automating + + + align:start position:0% +native token but it's still automating +certain processes automating certain + + align:start position:0% +certain processes automating certain + + + align:start position:0% +certain processes automating certain +I'll call it back office processes so + + align:start position:0% +I'll call it back office processes so + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call it back office processes so +they're very committed to it and they're + + align:start position:0% +they're very committed to it and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're very committed to it and they're +gonna roll it out in 2020 and then for + + align:start position:0% +gonna roll it out in 2020 and then for + + + align:start position:0% +gonna roll it out in 2020 and then for +12 months run it simultaneous with their + + align:start position:0% +12 months run it simultaneous with their + + + align:start position:0% +12 months run it simultaneous with their +legacy system so they're cut over for + + align:start position:0% +legacy system so they're cut over for + + + align:start position:0% +legacy system so they're cut over for +for you know assuring that it's + + align:start position:0% +for you know assuring that it's + + + align:start position:0% +for you know assuring that it's +resilient is a 12-month test most major + + align:start position:0% +resilient is a 12-month test most major + + + align:start position:0% +resilient is a 12-month test most major +market infrastructures that roll things + + align:start position:0% +market infrastructures that roll things + + + align:start position:0% +market infrastructures that roll things +out do not roll simultaneously for 12 + + align:start position:0% +out do not roll simultaneously for 12 + + + align:start position:0% +out do not roll simultaneously for 12 +months but they all roll simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +months but they all roll simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +months but they all roll simultaneous +whether it's a month whether it's 90 + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a month whether it's 90 + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a month whether it's 90 +days you can't do a major you can't cut + + align:start position:0% +days you can't do a major you can't cut + + + align:start position:0% +days you can't do a major you can't cut +over the back office in the new york + + align:start position:0% +over the back office in the new york + + + align:start position:0% +over the back office in the new york +stock exchange and just test it for one + + align:start position:0% +stock exchange and just test it for one + + + align:start position:0% +stock exchange and just test it for one +day or what you can it just kind of + + align:start position:0% +day or what you can it just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +day or what you can it just kind of +choppy in a big risk + + align:start position:0% +choppy in a big risk + + + align:start position:0% +choppy in a big risk +good question are they going to use a + + align:start position:0% +good question are they going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +good question are they going to use a +stable point to to settle it how are + + align:start position:0% +stable point to to settle it how are + + + align:start position:0% +stable point to to settle it how are +they gonna sell their collections + + align:start position:0% +they gonna sell their collections + + + align:start position:0% +they gonna sell their collections +see how you use your security as + + align:start position:0% +see how you use your security as + + + align:start position:0% +see how you use your security as +digitally but you cannot issue caps it's + + align:start position:0% +digitally but you cannot issue caps it's + + + align:start position:0% +digitally but you cannot issue caps it's +very good it's very good so all of these + + align:start position:0% +very good it's very good so all of these + + + align:start position:0% +very good it's very good so all of these +clearing houses can they are the final + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses can they are the final + + + align:start position:0% +clearing houses can they are the final +custodian for the security securities + + align:start position:0% +custodian for the security securities + + + align:start position:0% +custodian for the security securities +are dematerialized meaning they're all + + align:start position:0% +are dematerialized meaning they're all + + + align:start position:0% +are dematerialized meaning they're all +digital and so those digital assets are + + align:start position:0% +digital and so those digital assets are + + + align:start position:0% +digital and so those digital assets are +held on a ledger and the what's called + + align:start position:0% +held on a ledger and the what's called + + + align:start position:0% +held on a ledger and the what's called +the golden record this is the words used + + align:start position:0% +the golden record this is the words used + + + align:start position:0% +the golden record this is the words used +in the securities business the gold + + align:start position:0% +in the securities business the gold + + + align:start position:0% +in the securities business the gold +record or the golden record meaning it + + align:start position:0% +record or the golden record meaning it + + + align:start position:0% +record or the golden record meaning it +is the legal verifiable thing you can go + + align:start position:0% +is the legal verifiable thing you can go + + + align:start position:0% +is the legal verifiable thing you can go +to in court of law and it says this is + + align:start position:0% +to in court of law and it says this is + + + align:start position:0% +to in court of law and it says this is +who owns this alpha' owns it not Hugo + + align:start position:0% +who owns this alpha' owns it not Hugo + + + align:start position:0% +who owns this alpha' owns it not Hugo +sorry you're you're working with goldman + + align:start position:0% +sorry you're you're working with goldman + + + align:start position:0% +sorry you're you're working with goldman +sachs though right is that that golden + + align:start position:0% +sachs though right is that that golden + + + align:start position:0% +sachs though right is that that golden +record is there for securities who has + + align:start position:0% +record is there for securities who has + + + align:start position:0% +record is there for securities who has +the golden record for cash central bank + + align:start position:0% +the golden record for cash central bank + + + align:start position:0% +the golden record for cash central bank +or the fractional banking system their + + align:start position:0% +or the fractional banking system their + + + align:start position:0% +or the fractional banking system their +commercial bank sub-ledger clearing + + align:start position:0% +commercial bank sub-ledger clearing + + + align:start position:0% +commercial bank sub-ledger clearing +houses around the globe would like to be + + align:start position:0% +houses around the globe would like to be + + + align:start position:0% +houses around the globe would like to be +able to have direct access to central + + align:start position:0% +able to have direct access to central + + + align:start position:0% +able to have direct access to central +bank money and they currently do not in + + align:start position:0% +bank money and they currently do not in + + + align:start position:0% +bank money and they currently do not in +any of the major jurisdictions that I + + align:start position:0% +any of the major jurisdictions that I + + + align:start position:0% +any of the major jurisdictions that I +know I think so what Australia does now + + align:start position:0% +know I think so what Australia does now + + + align:start position:0% +know I think so what Australia does now +this is what they do now they met + + align:start position:0% +this is what they do now they met + + + align:start position:0% +this is what they do now they met +everybody down they get to t plus two + + align:start position:0% +everybody down they get to t plus two + + + align:start position:0% +everybody down they get to t plus two +they're on that second day + + align:start position:0% +they're on that second day + + + align:start position:0% +they're on that second day +everything's netted down and they're + + align:start position:0% +everything's netted down and they're + + + align:start position:0% +everything's netted down and they're +about to do the whole closing out one + + align:start position:0% +about to do the whole closing out one + + + align:start position:0% +about to do the whole closing out one +second before they do the security + + align:start position:0% +second before they do the security + + + align:start position:0% +second before they do the security +settlement they do the cash settlement + + align:start position:0% +settlement they do the cash settlement + + + align:start position:0% +settlement they do the cash settlement +they call this delivery versus payment + + align:start position:0% +they call this delivery versus payment + + + align:start position:0% +they call this delivery versus payment +DVP but they're a clearinghouse and they + + align:start position:0% +DVP but they're a clearinghouse and they + + + align:start position:0% +DVP but they're a clearinghouse and they +do not want to take risk with the + + align:start position:0% +do not want to take risk with the + + + align:start position:0% +do not want to take risk with the +central bank they take all the money and + + align:start position:0% +central bank they take all the money and + + + align:start position:0% +central bank they take all the money and +settle all the cash with the Royal Bank + + align:start position:0% +settle all the cash with the Royal Bank + + + align:start position:0% +settle all the cash with the Royal Bank +of Australia RBA + + align:start position:0% +of Australia RBA + + + align:start position:0% +of Australia RBA +I guess do I have the right name or is + + align:start position:0% +I guess do I have the right name or is + + + align:start position:0% +I guess do I have the right name or is +it different + + align:start position:0% +it different + + + align:start position:0% +it different +there's RBA one of the banks in + + align:start position:0% +there's RBA one of the banks in + + + align:start position:0% +there's RBA one of the banks in +Australia but they settle all the cash + + align:start position:0% +Australia but they settle all the cash + + + align:start position:0% +Australia but they settle all the cash +and just within a second they said all + + align:start position:0% +and just within a second they said all + + + align:start position:0% +and just within a second they said all +we think of it as DV pay but it's + + align:start position:0% +we think of it as DV pay but it's + + + align:start position:0% +we think of it as DV pay but it's +actually technically not inside their + + align:start position:0% +actually technically not inside their + + + align:start position:0% +actually technically not inside their +clearing systems + + align:start position:0% +clearing systems + + + align:start position:0% +clearing systems +they have a form of Australian dollars + + align:start position:0% +they have a form of Australian dollars + + + align:start position:0% +they have a form of Australian dollars +that is effectively digitally in their + + align:start position:0% +that is effectively digitally in their + + + align:start position:0% +that is effectively digitally in their +system digital money in essence what + + align:start position:0% +system digital money in essence what + + + align:start position:0% +system digital money in essence what +they're doing is clearing their internal + + align:start position:0% +they're doing is clearing their internal + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing is clearing their internal +digital money versus Royal Bank money + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry so these other projects Estonia + + align:start position:0% +sorry so these other projects Estonia + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so these other projects Estonia +the tool in stock exchange is exploring + + align:start position:0% +the tool in stock exchange is exploring + + + align:start position:0% +the tool in stock exchange is exploring +proxy voting and registration what's + + align:start position:0% +proxy voting and registration what's + + + align:start position:0% +proxy voting and registration what's +interesting who runs the Estonian Stock + + align:start position:0% +interesting who runs the Estonian Stock + + + align:start position:0% +interesting who runs the Estonian Stock +Exchange NASDAQ Nasdaq so Nasdaq runs it + + align:start position:0% +Exchange NASDAQ Nasdaq so Nasdaq runs it + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange NASDAQ Nasdaq so Nasdaq runs it +and they're doing this project Nasdaq + + align:start position:0% +and they're doing this project Nasdaq + + + align:start position:0% +and they're doing this project Nasdaq +announced and and went live in 2015 on + + align:start position:0% +announced and and went live in 2015 on + + + align:start position:0% +announced and and went live in 2015 on +an illiquid so Kelly you asked me about + + align:start position:0% +an illiquid so Kelly you asked me about + + + align:start position:0% +an illiquid so Kelly you asked me about +a liquids earlier Nasdaq started a + + align:start position:0% +a liquids earlier Nasdaq started a + + + align:start position:0% +a liquids earlier Nasdaq started a +blockchain technology platform in 2015 + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology platform in 2015 + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology platform in 2015 +on private securities which were not + + align:start position:0% +on private securities which were not + + + align:start position:0% +on private securities which were not +they certainly weren't lik liquid I + + align:start position:0% +they certainly weren't lik liquid I + + + align:start position:0% +they certainly weren't lik liquid I +don't know enough about what they did + + align:start position:0% +don't know enough about what they did + + + align:start position:0% +don't know enough about what they did +there as to how illiquid they were but + + align:start position:0% +there as to how illiquid they were but + + + align:start position:0% +there as to how illiquid they were but +they felt all right this is a place we + + align:start position:0% +they felt all right this is a place we + + + align:start position:0% +they felt all right this is a place we +could do this and and and it's still + + align:start position:0% +could do this and and and it's still + + + align:start position:0% +could do this and and and it's still +gone live it so it's very it's got very + + align:start position:0% +gone live it so it's very it's got very + + + align:start position:0% +gone live it so it's very it's got very +little use but it's still there and they + + align:start position:0% +little use but it's still there and they + + + align:start position:0% +little use but it's still there and they +say they're gonna try to do it for + + align:start position:0% +say they're gonna try to do it for + + + align:start position:0% +say they're gonna try to do it for +mutual funds when you and I can just buy + + align:start position:0% +mutual funds when you and I can just buy + + + align:start position:0% +mutual funds when you and I can just buy +interest in mutual funds and Nasdaq is + + align:start position:0% +interest in mutual funds and Nasdaq is + + + align:start position:0% +interest in mutual funds and Nasdaq is +gonna offer that to mutual funds partly + + align:start position:0% +gonna offer that to mutual funds partly + + + align:start position:0% +gonna offer that to mutual funds partly +because mutual funds aren't in DTC say + + align:start position:0% +because mutual funds aren't in DTC say + + + align:start position:0% +because mutual funds aren't in DTC say +from what I understand the others are + + align:start position:0% +from what I understand the others are + + + align:start position:0% +from what I understand the others are +just really some tests + + align:start position:0% +just really some tests + + + align:start position:0% +just really some tests +Japan has done the Japan exchange group + + align:start position:0% +Japan has done the Japan exchange group + + + align:start position:0% +Japan has done the Japan exchange group +for the Tokyo Stock Exchange has done + + align:start position:0% +for the Tokyo Stock Exchange has done + + + align:start position:0% +for the Tokyo Stock Exchange has done +some tests they've written papers + + align:start position:0% +some tests they've written papers + + + align:start position:0% +some tests they've written papers +they're sort of interesting papers the + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of interesting papers the + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of interesting papers the +last one was earlier this year they're + + align:start position:0% +last one was earlier this year they're + + + align:start position:0% +last one was earlier this year they're +really trying it just on post trade + + align:start position:0% +really trying it just on post trade + + + align:start position:0% +really trying it just on post trade +matching one of the securities firms in + + align:start position:0% +matching one of the securities firms in + + + align:start position:0% +matching one of the securities firms in +Japan I can't remember is really + + align:start position:0% +Japan I can't remember is really + + + align:start position:0% +Japan I can't remember is really +pressing the Tokyo Stock Exchange to do + + align:start position:0% +pressing the Tokyo Stock Exchange to do + + + align:start position:0% +pressing the Tokyo Stock Exchange to do +this so there's some local commercial + + align:start position:0% +this so there's some local commercial + + + align:start position:0% +this so there's some local commercial +politics that are going on can't + + align:start position:0% +politics that are going on can't + + + align:start position:0% +politics that are going on can't +remember which exchange is not exchanged + + align:start position:0% +remember which exchange is not exchanged + + + align:start position:0% +remember which exchange is not exchanged +one of the brokerage houses is pushing + + align:start position:0% +one of the brokerage houses is pushing + + + align:start position:0% +one of the brokerage houses is pushing +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +to do it all permission systems no no + + align:start position:0% +to do it all permission systems no no + + + align:start position:0% +to do it all permission systems no no +for to my knowledge permissionless + + align:start position:0% +for to my knowledge permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +for to my knowledge permissionless +systems let's talk about is de just for + + align:start position:0% +systems let's talk about is de just for + + + align:start position:0% +systems let's talk about is de just for +a few minutes + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes + + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes +derivatives common domain model one of + + align:start position:0% +derivatives common domain model one of + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives common domain model one of +my former commissioners colleagues Scott + + align:start position:0% +my former commissioners colleagues Scott + + + align:start position:0% +my former commissioners colleagues Scott +Amalia runs is de and he's he's that's a + + align:start position:0% +Amalia runs is de and he's he's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +Amalia runs is de and he's he's that's a +international trade organization it's + + align:start position:0% +international trade organization it's + + + align:start position:0% +international trade organization it's +largely largely dominated by the sixteen + + align:start position:0% +largely largely dominated by the sixteen + + + align:start position:0% +largely largely dominated by the sixteen +big banks around the globe that probably + + align:start position:0% +big banks around the globe that probably + + + align:start position:0% +big banks around the globe that probably +transact 98 or 99 percent of derivatives + + align:start position:0% +transact 98 or 99 percent of derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +transact 98 or 99 percent of derivatives +around the globe and it was started the + + align:start position:0% +around the globe and it was started the + + + align:start position:0% +around the globe and it was started the +1980s to do all the forms all the forms + + align:start position:0% +1980s to do all the forms all the forms + + + align:start position:0% +1980s to do all the forms all the forms +to enter into the legal contractual + + align:start position:0% +to enter into the legal contractual + + + align:start position:0% +to enter into the legal contractual +obligations called swaps and over the + + align:start position:0% +obligations called swaps and over the + + + align:start position:0% +obligations called swaps and over the +years it's it's it's transitioned it's + + align:start position:0% +years it's it's it's transitioned it's + + + align:start position:0% +years it's it's it's transitioned it's +also an advocacy group and it lobbies + + align:start position:0% +also an advocacy group and it lobbies + + + align:start position:0% +also an advocacy group and it lobbies +various regulators in in Europe and the + + align:start position:0% +various regulators in in Europe and the + + + align:start position:0% +various regulators in in Europe and the +US and Asia but they've a year or so ago + + align:start position:0% +US and Asia but they've a year or so ago + + + align:start position:0% +US and Asia but they've a year or so ago +said wait a minute we could take a lot + + align:start position:0% +said wait a minute we could take a lot + + + align:start position:0% +said wait a minute we could take a lot +of the back office of swaps particularly + + align:start position:0% +of the back office of swaps particularly + + + align:start position:0% +of the back office of swaps particularly +swaps that are not going into clearing + + align:start position:0% +swaps that are not going into clearing + + + align:start position:0% +swaps that are not going into clearing +houses so it's called the non-cleared or + + align:start position:0% +houses so it's called the non-cleared or + + + align:start position:0% +houses so it's called the non-cleared or +uncleared swaps and maybe we can create + + align:start position:0% +uncleared swaps and maybe we can create + + + align:start position:0% +uncleared swaps and maybe we can create +smart contracts to automate a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts to automate a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +smart contracts to automate a bunch of +contractual terms so that's the second + + align:start position:0% +contractual terms so that's the second + + + align:start position:0% +contractual terms so that's the second +bullet point and they contracted out + + align:start position:0% +bullet point and they contracted out + + + align:start position:0% +bullet point and they contracted out +they put out a request for proposal + + align:start position:0% +they put out a request for proposal + + + align:start position:0% +they put out a request for proposal +basically for somebody to come up with + + align:start position:0% +basically for somebody to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +basically for somebody to come up with +machine readable standard representation + + align:start position:0% +machine readable standard representation + + + align:start position:0% +machine readable standard representation +call it code a scripting language I + + align:start position:0% +call it code a scripting language I + + + align:start position:0% +call it code a scripting language I +can't remember if it's oh it's written + + align:start position:0% +can't remember if it's oh it's written + + + align:start position:0% +can't remember if it's oh it's written +in JavaScript so written and Java and + + align:start position:0% +in JavaScript so written and Java and + + + align:start position:0% +in JavaScript so written and Java and +JavaScript a standard machine readable + + align:start position:0% +JavaScript a standard machine readable + + + align:start position:0% +JavaScript a standard machine readable +code of various events if it's a 20-year + + align:start position:0% +code of various events if it's a 20-year + + + align:start position:0% +code of various events if it's a 20-year +swap that's gonna pay every quarter 880 + + align:start position:0% +swap that's gonna pay every quarter 880 + + + align:start position:0% +swap that's gonna pay every quarter 880 +quarterly payments each of those + + align:start position:0% +quarterly payments each of those + + + align:start position:0% +quarterly payments each of those +quarterly payments fixed versus floating + + align:start position:0% +quarterly payments fixed versus floating + + + align:start position:0% +quarterly payments fixed versus floating +payments is somehow put into machine + + align:start position:0% +payments is somehow put into machine + + + align:start position:0% +payments is somehow put into machine +readable code and and Scott and is this + + align:start position:0% +readable code and and Scott and is this + + + align:start position:0% +readable code and and Scott and is this +view was if we could get a broad + + align:start position:0% +view was if we could get a broad + + + align:start position:0% +view was if we could get a broad +consensus and publish that machine + + align:start position:0% +consensus and publish that machine + + + align:start position:0% +consensus and publish that machine +readable code that everybody agrees on + + align:start position:0% +readable code that everybody agrees on + + + align:start position:0% +readable code that everybody agrees on +maybe that machine readable code could + + align:start position:0% +maybe that machine readable code could + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that machine readable code could +take the place of legal contracts insta + + align:start position:0% +take the place of legal contracts insta + + + align:start position:0% +take the place of legal contracts insta +for 30-plus years it's been in the one + + align:start position:0% +for 30-plus years it's been in the one + + + align:start position:0% +for 30-plus years it's been in the one +of their lines of business is creating + + align:start position:0% +of their lines of business is creating + + + align:start position:0% +of their lines of business is creating +those legal contracts maybe we can get a + + align:start position:0% +those legal contracts maybe we can get a + + + align:start position:0% +those legal contracts maybe we can get a +step ahead of this and get consensus + + align:start position:0% +step ahead of this and get consensus + + + align:start position:0% +step ahead of this and get consensus +amongst these 16 big banks there's + + align:start position:0% +amongst these 16 big banks there's + + + align:start position:0% +amongst these 16 big banks there's +there's about a hundred thousand users + + align:start position:0% +there's about a hundred thousand users + + + align:start position:0% +there's about a hundred thousand users +of swaps when you say all the customers + + align:start position:0% +of swaps when you say all the customers + + + align:start position:0% +of swaps when you say all the customers +it's not measured in the tens of + + align:start position:0% +it's not measured in the tens of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not measured in the tens of +millions I doubt anybody in this room + + align:start position:0% +millions I doubt anybody in this room + + + align:start position:0% +millions I doubt anybody in this room +personally has a twenty year or a ten + + align:start position:0% +personally has a twenty year or a ten + + + align:start position:0% +personally has a twenty year or a ten +year swap but I don't want to embarrass + + align:start position:0% +year swap but I don't want to embarrass + + + align:start position:0% +year swap but I don't want to embarrass +it maybe somebody does but it's a + + align:start position:0% +it maybe somebody does but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it maybe somebody does but it's a +institutional product largely that's + + align:start position:0% +institutional product largely that's + + + align:start position:0% +institutional product largely that's +their product and and it covers new + + align:start position:0% +their product and and it covers new + + + align:start position:0% +their product and and it covers new +transactions rate resets partial + + align:start position:0% +transactions rate resets partial + + + align:start position:0% +transactions rate resets partial +terminations as I've listed up there + + align:start position:0% +terminations as I've listed up there + + + align:start position:0% +terminations as I've listed up there +questions one and it's definitely very + + align:start position:0% +questions one and it's definitely very + + + align:start position:0% +questions one and it's definitely very +much inspired by + + align:start position:0% +much inspired by + + + align:start position:0% +much inspired by +etherium and and and smart contracts and + + align:start position:0% +etherium and and and smart contracts and + + + align:start position:0% +etherium and and and smart contracts and +apps but in essence it's not really + + align:start position:0% +apps but in essence it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +apps but in essence it's not really +blockchain technology it's it's it's you + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology it's it's it's you + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology it's it's it's you +it's inspired by it in essence they + + align:start position:0% +it's inspired by it in essence they + + + align:start position:0% +it's inspired by it in essence they +think they can have more specificity and + + align:start position:0% +think they can have more specificity and + + + align:start position:0% +think they can have more specificity and +certainty about what the contract needs + + align:start position:0% +certainty about what the contract needs + + + align:start position:0% +certainty about what the contract needs +by writing it in contract and + + align:start position:0% +by writing it in contract and + + + align:start position:0% +by writing it in contract and +importantly importantly efficiency to + + align:start position:0% +importantly importantly efficiency to + + + align:start position:0% +importantly importantly efficiency to +automate that which humans are still + + align:start position:0% +automate that which humans are still + + + align:start position:0% +automate that which humans are still +doing even if it's in written contract + + align:start position:0% +doing even if it's in written contract + + + align:start position:0% +doing even if it's in written contract +so it's also automation that's inspiring + + align:start position:0% +so it's also automation that's inspiring + + + align:start position:0% +so it's also automation that's inspiring +them so but you're absolutely right it's + + align:start position:0% +them so but you're absolutely right it's + + + align:start position:0% +them so but you're absolutely right it's +taking legal contract getting into + + align:start position:0% +taking legal contract getting into + + + align:start position:0% +taking legal contract getting into +machine readable JavaScript code getting + + align:start position:0% +machine readable JavaScript code getting + + + align:start position:0% +machine readable JavaScript code getting +consensus and what that code is giving + + align:start position:0% +consensus and what that code is giving + + + align:start position:0% +consensus and what that code is giving +some courts to recognize it and then you + + align:start position:0% +some courts to recognize it and then you + + + align:start position:0% +some courts to recognize it and then you +won't even need to write some of this a + + align:start position:0% +won't even need to write some of this a + + + align:start position:0% +won't even need to write some of this a +rate reset or a partial termination into + + align:start position:0% +rate reset or a partial termination into + + + align:start position:0% +rate reset or a partial termination into +the contract you'd be referencing this + + align:start position:0% +the contract you'd be referencing this + + + align:start position:0% +the contract you'd be referencing this +the longer term objective is to say + + align:start position:0% +the longer term objective is to say + + + align:start position:0% +the longer term objective is to say +maybe we can put even more of it right + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can put even more of it right + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can put even more of it right +into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +money somewhere looks like we're tired + + align:start position:0% +money somewhere looks like we're tired + + + align:start position:0% +money somewhere looks like we're tired +right that's a correct execute itself we + + align:start position:0% +right that's a correct execute itself we + + + align:start position:0% +right that's a correct execute itself we +don't have to be a pool of money that + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be a pool of money that + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be a pool of money that +you might have to you'd have to pre-fund + + align:start position:0% +you might have to you'd have to pre-fund + + + align:start position:0% +you might have to you'd have to pre-fund +or sell find or something let me go back + + align:start position:0% +or sell find or something let me go back + + + align:start position:0% +or sell find or something let me go back +here and then up it can't be they call + + align:start position:0% +here and then up it can't be they call + + + align:start position:0% +here and then up it can't be they call +it a blockchain project but it's just + + align:start position:0% +it a blockchain project but it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it a blockchain project but it's just +it's it I think I've tried to crap sure + + align:start position:0% +it's it I think I've tried to crap sure + + + align:start position:0% +it's it I think I've tried to crap sure +the essence of what I think they have + + align:start position:0% +the essence of what I think they have + + + align:start position:0% +the essence of what I think they have +here it's definitely blockchain inspired + + align:start position:0% +here it's definitely blockchain inspired + + + align:start position:0% +here it's definitely blockchain inspired +I just not sure it's really stored on a + + align:start position:0% +I just not sure it's really stored on a + + + align:start position:0% +I just not sure it's really stored on a +blockchain because if you look at credit + + align:start position:0% +blockchain because if you look at credit + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain because if you look at credit +default swap you have the reference of + + align:start position:0% +default swap you have the reference of + + + align:start position:0% +default swap you have the reference of +credit waiting somewhere digitally and + + align:start position:0% +credit waiting somewhere digitally and + + + align:start position:0% +credit waiting somewhere digitally and +wherever that's reference digitally + + align:start position:0% +wherever that's reference digitally + + + align:start position:0% +wherever that's reference digitally +someone makes a mistake + + align:start position:0% +someone makes a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +someone makes a mistake +that's a transaction occurs based on + + align:start position:0% +that's a transaction occurs based on + + + align:start position:0% +that's a transaction occurs based on +that mistake and it's big so what's + + align:start position:0% +that mistake and it's big so what's + + + align:start position:0% +that mistake and it's big so what's +raised is what about if it's wrecked if + + align:start position:0% +raised is what about if it's wrecked if + + + align:start position:0% +raised is what about if it's wrecked if +it's referencing some Oracle referencing + + align:start position:0% +it's referencing some Oracle referencing + + + align:start position:0% +it's referencing some Oracle referencing +some price source and there's an error I + + align:start position:0% +some price source and there's an error I + + + align:start position:0% +some price source and there's an error I +believe is I understand that they're + + align:start position:0% +believe is I understand that they're + + + align:start position:0% +believe is I understand that they're +writing some of that into the the code + + align:start position:0% +writing some of that into the the code + + + align:start position:0% +writing some of that into the the code +as well so if it's referencing a price + + align:start position:0% +as well so if it's referencing a price + + + align:start position:0% +as well so if it's referencing a price +off the New York Stock Exchange how it + + align:start position:0% +off the New York Stock Exchange how it + + + align:start position:0% +off the New York Stock Exchange how it +does that what open API it references + + align:start position:0% +does that what open API it references + + + align:start position:0% +does that what open API it references +how it pulls it and and and they're + + align:start position:0% +how it pulls it and and and they're + + + align:start position:0% +how it pulls it and and and they're +trying to say let's make sure that it's + + align:start position:0% +trying to say let's make sure that it's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say let's make sure that it's +what's really verifiable there's one + + align:start position:0% +what's really verifiable there's one + + + align:start position:0% +what's really verifiable there's one +more slide on this that will help this + + align:start position:0% +more slide on this that will help this + + + align:start position:0% +more slide on this that will help this +is their steps this is their publicly + + align:start position:0% +is their steps this is their publicly + + + align:start position:0% +is their steps this is their publicly +disclosed five steps this was in an + + align:start position:0% +disclosed five steps this was in an + + + align:start position:0% +disclosed five steps this was in an +October paper it wasn't part of your + + align:start position:0% +October paper it wasn't part of your + + + align:start position:0% +October paper it wasn't part of your +reading but select the parts of + + align:start position:0% +reading but select the parts of + + + align:start position:0% +reading but select the parts of +derivatives contracts for us automation + + align:start position:0% +derivatives contracts for us automation + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives contracts for us automation +would be worthwhile they're effective + + align:start position:0% +would be worthwhile they're effective + + + align:start position:0% +would be worthwhile they're effective +it's efficient let's find something we + + align:start position:0% +it's efficient let's find something we + + + align:start position:0% +it's efficient let's find something we +can automate Ross that's that's their + + align:start position:0% +can automate Ross that's that's their + + + align:start position:0% +can automate Ross that's that's their +key driver then try to express the legal + + align:start position:0% +key driver then try to express the legal + + + align:start position:0% +key driver then try to express the legal +terms in a more formalized way get some + + align:start position:0% +terms in a more formalized way get some + + + align:start position:0% +terms in a more formalized way get some +standardization about the law get that + + align:start position:0% +standardization about the law get that + + + align:start position:0% +standardization about the law get that +be represented as functions meaning + + align:start position:0% +be represented as functions meaning + + + align:start position:0% +be represented as functions meaning +computer code so where can we be + + align:start position:0% +computer code so where can we be + + + align:start position:0% +computer code so where can we be +efficient in automate where can we take + + align:start position:0% +efficient in automate where can we take + + + align:start position:0% +efficient in automate where can we take +the legal words and get agreement put it + + align:start position:0% +the legal words and get agreement put it + + + align:start position:0% +the legal words and get agreement put it +into code combine that into templates I + + align:start position:0% +into code combine that into templates I + + + align:start position:0% +into code combine that into templates I +think some of this is referencing + + align:start position:0% +think some of this is referencing + + + align:start position:0% +think some of this is referencing +Oracle's and then validate that the + + align:start position:0% +Oracle's and then validate that the + + + align:start position:0% +Oracle's and then validate that the +templates actually work and and + + align:start position:0% +templates actually work and and + + + align:start position:0% +templates actually work and and +ultimately even get some courts of law + + align:start position:0% +ultimately even get some courts of law + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately even get some courts of law +to accept them that's kind of their game + + align:start position:0% +to accept them that's kind of their game + + + align:start position:0% +to accept them that's kind of their game +plan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huge implications beyond efficiency + + align:start position:0% +huge implications beyond efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +huge implications beyond efficiency +right because take your Treasury yeah + + align:start position:0% +right because take your Treasury yeah + + + align:start position:0% +right because take your Treasury yeah +Eric Goldman Sachs signs a contract with + + align:start position:0% +Eric Goldman Sachs signs a contract with + + + align:start position:0% +Eric Goldman Sachs signs a contract with +someone at Orange County right the + + align:start position:0% +someone at Orange County right the + + + align:start position:0% +someone at Orange County right the +ability of their ability to assess what + + align:start position:0% +ability of their ability to assess what + + + align:start position:0% +ability of their ability to assess what +is actually written in the 30 page + + align:start position:0% +is actually written in the 30 page + + + align:start position:0% +is actually written in the 30 page +contract that the percent what minimum + + align:start position:0% +contract that the percent what minimum + + + align:start position:0% +contract that the percent what minimum +will be minimal but but it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +will be minimal but but it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +will be minimal but but it's a lot +easier to do kind of risk management or + + align:start position:0% +easier to do kind of risk management or + + + align:start position:0% +easier to do kind of risk management or +assessment if it's if you could just be + + align:start position:0% +assessment if it's if you could just be + + + align:start position:0% +assessment if it's if you could just be +there's an API right and you have now + + align:start position:0% +there's an API right and you have now + + + align:start position:0% +there's an API right and you have now +outside companies visit you providing + + align:start position:0% +outside companies visit you providing + + + align:start position:0% +outside companies visit you providing +you with risk analysis right where's I + + align:start position:0% +you with risk analysis right where's I + + + align:start position:0% +you with risk analysis right where's I +agree with that we're still very much at + + align:start position:0% +agree with that we're still very much at + + + align:start position:0% +agree with that we're still very much at +the early days but I think this is kind + + align:start position:0% +the early days but I think this is kind + + + align:start position:0% +the early days but I think this is kind +of an interesting real-life thing that + + align:start position:0% +of an interesting real-life thing that + + + align:start position:0% +of an interesting real-life thing that +there's a lot of money behind this it's + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of money behind this it's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of money behind this it's +a the markets are hundreds of trillions + + align:start position:0% +a the markets are hundreds of trillions + + + align:start position:0% +a the markets are hundreds of trillions +of dollars if my former colleague and is + + align:start position:0% +of dollars if my former colleague and is + + + align:start position:0% +of dollars if my former colleague and is +to pull this off they'll probably drive + + align:start position:0% +to pull this off they'll probably drive + + + align:start position:0% +to pull this off they'll probably drive +some efficiency automation they might + + align:start position:0% +some efficiency automation they might + + + align:start position:0% +some efficiency automation they might +lower some counterparty risk and event + + align:start position:0% +lower some counterparty risk and event + + + align:start position:0% +lower some counterparty risk and event +risk or crisis risk I think you could + + align:start position:0% +risk or crisis risk I think you could + + + align:start position:0% +risk or crisis risk I think you could +embed these into true blockchain + + align:start position:0% +embed these into true blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +embed these into true blockchain +technology but I'm not sure it's + + align:start position:0% +technology but I'm not sure it's + + + align:start position:0% +technology but I'm not sure it's +dependent upon it the automation of a + + align:start position:0% +dependent upon it the automation of a + + + align:start position:0% +dependent upon it the automation of a +smart contract next Tuesday next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +smart contract next Tuesday next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +smart contract next Tuesday next Tuesday +there's a couple extra readings we + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple extra readings we + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple extra readings we +swapped out some readings it's trade + + align:start position:0% +swapped out some readings it's trade + + + align:start position:0% +swapped out some readings it's trade +finance thank you + + align:start position:0% +finance thank you + + + align:start position:0% +finance thank you +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-mW-DYFyGqg.txt b/-mW-DYFyGqg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06d338662d925211b7f67ad6b1f33a8f3c407bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/-mW-DYFyGqg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +Welcome to 15.071x, +The Analytics Edge. + +In this first lecture, we'll +discuss how analytics redefines + +the meaning of intelligence, +how it can contribute + +to your personal +happiness and health. + +Data is transforming +business, social interactions, + +and the future of our society. + +The amount of electronic data +that exists in the world today + +is a phenomenal 2.7 +zettabytes, which + +is equal to the storage +required for more than 200 + +billion high-definition movies. + +Not only the amount of +data is extremely high, + +but it increases at +exponential rates. + +Our ability to effectively +process this data + +is also increasing very rapidly. + +As an example, decoding +the human genome + +originally took 10 +years to process. + +Now it can be achieved +in just one week. + +Analytics is increasingly +important in the world today, + +and this influence is +expected to increase. + +McKinsey estimates that +there is a shortage + +of 140,000 to 190,000 people +with deep analytical skills + +to fill the demand of jobs +in the United States by 2018. + +IBM has changed its business +focus over the last 100 years + +very successfully from +typewriters to mainframes + +to personal computers +to consulting, and now + +to analytics. + +It has invested over +$20 billion since 2005 + +to grow its analytics business. + +Companies will invest +more than $120 billion + +by 2015 on analytics, hardware, +software, and services. + +Analytics is becoming +increasingly critical + +in almost every industry, +from health care, + +to media, to sports, to finance, +to government, and many others. + +Let us give a +definition of analytics + +so we make it as +concrete as possible. + +We define analytics to be +the science of using data + +to build models that lead +to better decisions, that + +add value to individuals, to +companies, to institutions. + +Note that there are four +ingredients-- data, models, + +decisions, and value. + +And all four are needed +in this definition. + +What are the key +messages of this class? + +First, analytics provides +a competitive edge + +to individuals and companies. + +Analytics are often critical +to the success of a company. + +And they provide often the +decisive essential technology. + +Our teaching methodology is to +teach you analytics techniques + +through real-world +examples and real data. + +And our overarching goal is to +convince you of the analytics + +edge and inspire +you to use analytics + +in your career and your life. + +The teaching team comes +from the Operations Research + +Center at MIT and the +Sloan School of Management. + +I am Dimitris Bertsimas. + +I have received my Ph.D. +from MIT from 1985 to 1988. + +And I have been +with the MIT faculty + +at the Sloan School of +Management since 1988. + +Currently, I'm the co-director +of the Operations Research + +Center. + +My career is centered +in analytics. + +And I believe that analytics +can change the world. + +The other instructor of this +class is Allison O'Hair. + +Allison received her Ph.D. from +the Operations Research Center + +at MIT in 2013. + +Allison and I have +worked together + +in the area of health +care analytics, + +and are working at the moment +with our colleague Bill + +Pulleyblank on an +analytics textbook. + +The teaching +assistants in the class + +are Iain Dunning, Angie King, +Velibor Misic, John Silberholz, + +and Nataly Youssef, all Ph.D. +students at the Operations + +Research Center at MIT. + +To give you a sense of the +breadth of applications + +in this class, we'll +cover the story + +of IBM Watson, the computer +that beat the best human players + +in Jeopardy!, the company +eHarmony, the Framingham Heart + +Study, and D2Hawkeye, +a company that I have + +been involved for +almost a decade. + +Other examples include +the story of Moneyball, + +how analytics can help predict +the Supreme Court decisions, + +the role analytics have +played in predicting + +the outcomes of the US +presidential elections, how + +analytics can utilize +effectively data from Twitter, + +Netflix, airline revenue +management, radiation + +therapy, sports scheduling, +and many others. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-to-7OIJyQ0.txt b/-to-7OIJyQ0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..229ba3f1d64bece153f5c787c097ae8b563580eb --- /dev/null +++ b/-to-7OIJyQ0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the last thing i want to tell you about + + align:start position:0% +the last thing i want to tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +the last thing i want to tell you about +in this class is probably the coolest + + align:start position:0% +in this class is probably the coolest + + + align:start position:0% +in this class is probably the coolest +and that is that macromolecules + + align:start position:0% +and that is that macromolecules + + + align:start position:0% +and that is that macromolecules +carry information and they carry + + align:start position:0% +carry information and they carry + + + align:start position:0% +carry information and they carry +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +because they have got different ends + + align:start position:0% +because they have got different ends + + + align:start position:0% +because they have got different ends +and because they have got direction + + align:start position:0% +and because they have got direction + + + align:start position:0% +and because they have got direction +and if you think about it all languages + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about it all languages + + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about it all languages +have got some kind of start and stop + + align:start position:0% +have got some kind of start and stop + + + align:start position:0% +have got some kind of start and stop +signals to them + + align:start position:0% +signals to them + + + align:start position:0% +signals to them +and there is some direction associated + + align:start position:0% +and there is some direction associated + + + align:start position:0% +and there is some direction associated +with them + + align:start position:0% +with them + + + align:start position:0% +with them +and the language of life is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +and the language of life is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +and the language of life is exactly the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +so let us write down that macromolecules + + align:start position:0% +so let us write down that macromolecules + + + align:start position:0% +so let us write down that macromolecules +may have order and + + align:start position:0% +may have order and + + + align:start position:0% +may have order and +polarity where polarity + + align:start position:0% +polarity where polarity + + + align:start position:0% +polarity where polarity +would give some kind of direction and + + align:start position:0% +would give some kind of direction and + + + align:start position:0% +would give some kind of direction and +these two + + align:start position:0% +these two + + + align:start position:0% +these two +attributes together + + align:start position:0% +attributes together + + + align:start position:0% +attributes together +comprise information + + align:start position:0% +comprise information + + + align:start position:0% +comprise information +that can be used by the cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the two classes of macromolecules that + + align:start position:0% +the two classes of macromolecules that + + + align:start position:0% +the two classes of macromolecules that +do this + + align:start position:0% +do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this +par excellence are the nucleic acids and + + align:start position:0% +par excellence are the nucleic acids and + + + align:start position:0% +par excellence are the nucleic acids and +the proteins + + align:start position:0% +the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +the proteins +and so we're going to talk about both of + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to talk about both of + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to talk about both of +those nucleic acids + + align:start position:0% +those nucleic acids + + + align:start position:0% +those nucleic acids +and proteins the nucleic acids as i said + + align:start position:0% +and proteins the nucleic acids as i said + + + align:start position:0% +and proteins the nucleic acids as i said +carry the information of hereditary the + + align:start position:0% +carry the information of hereditary the + + + align:start position:0% +carry the information of hereditary the +proteins carry the information + + align:start position:0% +proteins carry the information + + + align:start position:0% +proteins carry the information +of just about everything else so these + + align:start position:0% +of just about everything else so these + + + align:start position:0% +of just about everything else so these +two classes + + align:start position:0% +two classes + + + align:start position:0% +two classes +are what we'll discuss over the next few + + align:start position:0% +are what we'll discuss over the next few + + + align:start position:0% +are what we'll discuss over the next few +minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes +in order to do that we need to come back + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that we need to come back + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that we need to come back +and consider + + align:start position:0% +and consider + + + align:start position:0% +and consider +the nucleic acid polymer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the nucleic acid polymer has two + + align:start position:0% +the nucleic acid polymer has two + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleic acid polymer has two +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +ends it has got + + align:start position:0% +ends it has got + + + align:start position:0% +ends it has got +a so-called five prime and a so-called + + align:start position:0% +a so-called five prime and a so-called + + + align:start position:0% +a so-called five prime and a so-called +three prime end and you can see that if + + align:start position:0% +three prime end and you can see that if + + + align:start position:0% +three prime end and you can see that if +i draw you a very rough schematic + + align:start position:0% +i draw you a very rough schematic + + + align:start position:0% +i draw you a very rough schematic +of how a nucleic acid polymer is put + + align:start position:0% +of how a nucleic acid polymer is put + + + align:start position:0% +of how a nucleic acid polymer is put +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +i'm going to write 5 prime and next to + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write 5 prime and next to + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write 5 prime and next to +it i'm going to put p + + align:start position:0% +it i'm going to put p + + + align:start position:0% +it i'm going to put p +for phosphate the phosphate + + align:start position:0% +for phosphate the phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +for phosphate the phosphate +is covalently bonded to a sugar + + align:start position:0% +is covalently bonded to a sugar + + + align:start position:0% +is covalently bonded to a sugar +abbreviated s + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated s + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated s +which is covalently bonded to another + + align:start position:0% +which is covalently bonded to another + + + align:start position:0% +which is covalently bonded to another +phosphate + + align:start position:0% +phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate +another sugar another phosphate + + align:start position:0% +another sugar another phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +another sugar another phosphate +another sugar in my schematic and then + + align:start position:0% +another sugar in my schematic and then + + + align:start position:0% +another sugar in my schematic and then +i'm going to write three prime + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write three prime + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write three prime +and sticking off from the sugar + + align:start position:0% +and sticking off from the sugar + + + align:start position:0% +and sticking off from the sugar +i'm going to write the bases base 1 + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write the bases base 1 + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write the bases base 1 +base 2 and base 3. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's look at what i've drawn + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at what i've drawn + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at what i've drawn +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +ps refers to a covalently + + align:start position:0% +ps refers to a covalently + + + align:start position:0% +ps refers to a covalently +joined sugar phosphate backbone + + align:start position:0% +joined sugar phosphate backbone + + + align:start position:0% +joined sugar phosphate backbone +it's the thing that holds the nucleic + + align:start position:0% +it's the thing that holds the nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +it's the thing that holds the nucleic +acid polymer together + + align:start position:0% +acid polymer together + + + align:start position:0% +acid polymer together +the bonds that join the sugar and the + + align:start position:0% +the bonds that join the sugar and the + + + align:start position:0% +the bonds that join the sugar and the +phosphate have a special name + + align:start position:0% +phosphate have a special name + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate have a special name +they're called phosphodiester bonds + + align:start position:0% +they're called phosphodiester bonds + + + align:start position:0% +they're called phosphodiester bonds +and they join the phosphate + + align:start position:0% +and they join the phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +and they join the phosphate +to the height one of the hydroxyl groups + + align:start position:0% +to the height one of the hydroxyl groups + + + align:start position:0% +to the height one of the hydroxyl groups +on the sugar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's think now going back to that + + align:start position:0% +let's think now going back to that + + + align:start position:0% +let's think now going back to that +polymer + + align:start position:0% +polymer + + + align:start position:0% +polymer +you can see i've written five prime and + + align:start position:0% +you can see i've written five prime and + + + align:start position:0% +you can see i've written five prime and +three prime + + align:start position:0% +three prime + + + align:start position:0% +three prime +at one end of the polymer + + align:start position:0% +at one end of the polymer + + + align:start position:0% +at one end of the polymer +this has to do with polarity at one end + + align:start position:0% +this has to do with polarity at one end + + + align:start position:0% +this has to do with polarity at one end +of the polymer there's a five prime + + align:start position:0% +of the polymer there's a five prime + + + align:start position:0% +of the polymer there's a five prime +end and the other end there's a three + + align:start position:0% +end and the other end there's a three + + + align:start position:0% +end and the other end there's a three +prime end + + align:start position:0% +prime end + + + align:start position:0% +prime end +those are two different ends they're + + align:start position:0% +those are two different ends they're + + + align:start position:0% +those are two different ends they're +chemically different + + align:start position:0% +chemically different + + + align:start position:0% +chemically different +and the cell can distinguish them from + + align:start position:0% +and the cell can distinguish them from + + + align:start position:0% +and the cell can distinguish them from +one another and that gives you + + align:start position:0% +one another and that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +one another and that gives you +part of the information coding in + + align:start position:0% +part of the information coding in + + + align:start position:0% +part of the information coding in +nucleic acids + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids +so the five prime end + + align:start position:0% +so the five prime end + + + align:start position:0% +so the five prime end +is the phosphate + + align:start position:0% +is the phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +is the phosphate +that's joined to the five prime carbon + + align:start position:0% +that's joined to the five prime carbon + + + align:start position:0% +that's joined to the five prime carbon +on the sugar + + align:start position:0% +on the sugar + + + align:start position:0% +on the sugar +and the three prime end is the three + + align:start position:0% +and the three prime end is the three + + + align:start position:0% +and the three prime end is the three +prime hydroxyl group that again + + align:start position:0% +prime hydroxyl group that again + + + align:start position:0% +prime hydroxyl group that again +is on the sugar the second + + align:start position:0% +is on the sugar the second + + + align:start position:0% +is on the sugar the second +thing that you need to know is that + + align:start position:0% +thing that you need to know is that + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you need to know is that +this polarity is superimposed with + + align:start position:0% +this polarity is superimposed with + + + align:start position:0% +this polarity is superimposed with +the bases and the sequence of the bases + + align:start position:0% +the bases and the sequence of the bases + + + align:start position:0% +the bases and the sequence of the bases +along the polymer so base one + + align:start position:0% +along the polymer so base one + + + align:start position:0% +along the polymer so base one +is near to this five prime end then base + + align:start position:0% +is near to this five prime end then base + + + align:start position:0% +is near to this five prime end then base +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +and base three so there is base + + align:start position:0% +and base three so there is base + + + align:start position:0% +and base three so there is base +order along the polymer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the last thing that you should + + align:start position:0% +and then the last thing that you should + + + align:start position:0% +and then the last thing that you should +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +is that a new base will add on to this + + align:start position:0% +is that a new base will add on to this + + + align:start position:0% +is that a new base will add on to this +three prime + + align:start position:0% +three prime + + + align:start position:0% +three prime +end so this base three was the last one + + align:start position:0% +end so this base three was the last one + + + align:start position:0% +end so this base three was the last one +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +added to the polymer and when a new one + + align:start position:0% +added to the polymer and when a new one + + + align:start position:0% +added to the polymer and when a new one +comes along to extend the polymer + + align:start position:0% +comes along to extend the polymer + + + align:start position:0% +comes along to extend the polymer +it will add to that three prime end + + align:start position:0% +it will add to that three prime end + + + align:start position:0% +it will add to that three prime end +so the three prime is the last + + align:start position:0% +so the three prime is the last + + + align:start position:0% +so the three prime is the last +base added and the next base + + align:start position:0% +base added and the next base + + + align:start position:0% +base added and the next base +adds to the three prime + + align:start position:0% +adds to the three prime + + + align:start position:0% +adds to the three prime +hydroxyl group on the sugar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's take a look at a slide to + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take a look at a slide to + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's take a look at a slide to +help us + + align:start position:0% +help us + + + align:start position:0% +help us +there this is a fragment of a dna + + align:start position:0% +there this is a fragment of a dna + + + align:start position:0% +there this is a fragment of a dna +polymer and there is the five prime + + align:start position:0% +polymer and there is the five prime + + + align:start position:0% +polymer and there is the five prime +phosphate and the three prime hydroxyl + + align:start position:0% +phosphate and the three prime hydroxyl + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate and the three prime hydroxyl +circled in blue on either ends of the + + align:start position:0% +circled in blue on either ends of the + + + align:start position:0% +circled in blue on either ends of the +polymer + + align:start position:0% +polymer + + + align:start position:0% +polymer +and i've also circled this complex + + align:start position:0% +and i've also circled this complex + + + align:start position:0% +and i've also circled this complex +phosphodiester bond + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester bond + + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester bond +that holds the sugar and the phosphate + + align:start position:0% +that holds the sugar and the phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +that holds the sugar and the phosphate +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +and the bases are kind of separate + + align:start position:0% +and the bases are kind of separate + + + align:start position:0% +and the bases are kind of separate +they're hanging off + + align:start position:0% +they're hanging off + + + align:start position:0% +they're hanging off +the sugar phosphate backbone + + align:start position:0% +the sugar phosphate backbone + + + align:start position:0% +the sugar phosphate backbone +if we look at a schematic of this + + align:start position:0% +if we look at a schematic of this + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at a schematic of this +i've drawn you the sugar phosphate + + align:start position:0% +i've drawn you the sugar phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +i've drawn you the sugar phosphate +backbone + + align:start position:0% +backbone + + + align:start position:0% +backbone +the base order the first nuclear tide + + align:start position:0% +the base order the first nuclear tide + + + align:start position:0% +the base order the first nuclear tide +the last nucleotide the free + + align:start position:0% +the last nucleotide the free + + + align:start position:0% +the last nucleotide the free +phosphate group at the five prime end + + align:start position:0% +phosphate group at the five prime end + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate group at the five prime end +and the free hydroxyl group on the last + + align:start position:0% +and the free hydroxyl group on the last + + + align:start position:0% +and the free hydroxyl group on the last +nucleotide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the direction of polymerization is from + + align:start position:0% +the direction of polymerization is from + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of polymerization is from +five prime to three prime because you + + align:start position:0% +five prime to three prime because you + + + align:start position:0% +five prime to three prime because you +always add on to the three prime + + align:start position:0% +always add on to the three prime + + + align:start position:0% +always add on to the three prime +end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but when we write the + + align:start position:0% +but when we write the + + + align:start position:0% +but when we write the +sequence of the bases on nucleic acid + + align:start position:0% +sequence of the bases on nucleic acid + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of the bases on nucleic acid +we don't write the sugar phosphate + + align:start position:0% +we don't write the sugar phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +we don't write the sugar phosphate +backbone we just take that as a given + + align:start position:0% +backbone we just take that as a given + + + align:start position:0% +backbone we just take that as a given +what's really important are the base + + align:start position:0% +what's really important are the base + + + align:start position:0% +what's really important are the base +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +b1 to b6 in my diagram or i've put a + + align:start position:0% +b1 to b6 in my diagram or i've put a + + + align:start position:0% +b1 to b6 in my diagram or i've put a +real example there + + align:start position:0% +real example there + + + align:start position:0% +real example there +and the five prime and the three prime + + align:start position:0% +and the five prime and the three prime + + + align:start position:0% +and the five prime and the three prime +ends and you + + align:start position:0% +ends and you + + + align:start position:0% +ends and you +always always always write those five + + align:start position:0% +always always always write those five + + + align:start position:0% +always always always write those five +prime and those three prime ends doesn't + + align:start position:0% +prime and those three prime ends doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +prime and those three prime ends doesn't +matter if you've been working with + + align:start position:0% +matter if you've been working with + + + align:start position:0% +matter if you've been working with +nucleic acids for 30 years + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids for 30 years + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids for 30 years +you always have to write five prime + + align:start position:0% +you always have to write five prime + + + align:start position:0% +you always have to write five prime +three prime + + align:start position:0% +three prime + + + align:start position:0% +three prime +and the base order between there is no + + align:start position:0% +and the base order between there is no + + + align:start position:0% +and the base order between there is no +exception ever + + align:start position:0% +exception ever + + + align:start position:0% +exception ever +ever ever okay it's one of the most + + align:start position:0% +ever ever okay it's one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +ever ever okay it's one of the most +important things i can tell you + + align:start position:0% +important things i can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +important things i can tell you +okay the order of the bases relative to + + align:start position:0% +okay the order of the bases relative to + + + align:start position:0% +okay the order of the bases relative to +this five prime and three prime + + align:start position:0% +this five prime and three prime + + + align:start position:0% +this five prime and three prime +is the information in nucleic acid it's + + align:start position:0% +is the information in nucleic acid it's + + + align:start position:0% +is the information in nucleic acid it's +what the genes are it makes you who you + + align:start position:0% +what the genes are it makes you who you + + + align:start position:0% +what the genes are it makes you who you +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +because of this um these two attributes + + align:start position:0% +because of this um these two attributes + + + align:start position:0% +because of this um these two attributes +of nucleic acid + + align:start position:0% +of nucleic acid + + + align:start position:0% +of nucleic acid +the polarity the five prime in the three + + align:start position:0% +the polarity the five prime in the three + + + align:start position:0% +the polarity the five prime in the three +prime n + + align:start position:0% +prime n + + + align:start position:0% +prime n +shows the first to last nucleotide added + + align:start position:0% +shows the first to last nucleotide added + + + align:start position:0% +shows the first to last nucleotide added +and the direction in which to read the + + align:start position:0% +and the direction in which to read the + + + align:start position:0% +and the direction in which to read the +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +we will have more to say about this + + align:start position:0% +we will have more to say about this + + + align:start position:0% +we will have more to say about this +but what i want you to do now + + align:start position:0% +but what i want you to do now + + + align:start position:0% +but what i want you to do now +is to go to this exercise and practice + + align:start position:0% +is to go to this exercise and practice + + + align:start position:0% +is to go to this exercise and practice +your nucleic acid polarity skills + + align:start position:0% +your nucleic acid polarity skills + + + align:start position:0% +your nucleic acid polarity skills +that use these pointers and these rules + + align:start position:0% +that use these pointers and these rules + + + align:start position:0% +that use these pointers and these rules +that i've just given you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/03bVGr-vYHQ.txt b/03bVGr-vYHQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbcd4c690f0a29e738924e4e6d1e3b5cadce372a --- /dev/null +++ b/03bVGr-vYHQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14299 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right so our goal for + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so our goal for + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so our goal for +today is to basically analyze this + + align:start position:0% +today is to basically analyze this + + + align:start position:0% +today is to basically analyze this +simple model to death all right so we're + + align:start position:0% +simple model to death all right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +simple model to death all right so we're +first going to try to understand the um + + align:start position:0% +first going to try to understand the um + + + align:start position:0% +first going to try to understand the um +deterministic behavior of this of this + + align:start position:0% +deterministic behavior of this of this + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic behavior of this of this +model of gene expression right where we + + align:start position:0% +model of gene expression right where we + + + align:start position:0% +model of gene expression right where we +just get U transcription of Mna and then + + align:start position:0% +just get U transcription of Mna and then + + + align:start position:0% +just get U transcription of Mna and then +translation of protein and after we + + align:start position:0% +translation of protein and after we + + + align:start position:0% +translation of protein and after we +think we understand um the mean Behavior + + align:start position:0% +think we understand um the mean Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +think we understand um the mean Behavior +the deterministic Dynamics then we will + + align:start position:0% +the deterministic Dynamics then we will + + + align:start position:0% +the deterministic Dynamics then we will +try to understand um the stochastic + + align:start position:0% +try to understand um the stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +try to understand um the stochastic +behavior in this model right so we're + + align:start position:0% +behavior in this model right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +behavior in this model right so we're +going to uh try to understand you know + + align:start position:0% +going to uh try to understand you know + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh try to understand you know +what's the distribution of mRNA in uh in + + align:start position:0% +what's the distribution of mRNA in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +what's the distribution of mRNA in uh in +a Cell in this simple situation what's + + align:start position:0% +a Cell in this simple situation what's + + + align:start position:0% +a Cell in this simple situation what's +the distribution of protein what's going + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of protein what's going + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of protein what's going +to be the bursting Behavior right + + align:start position:0% +to be the bursting Behavior right + + + align:start position:0% +to be the bursting Behavior right +everything everything you can possibly + + align:start position:0% +everything everything you can possibly + + + align:start position:0% +everything everything you can possibly +think of to uh ask about this model we + + align:start position:0% +think of to uh ask about this model we + + + align:start position:0% +think of to uh ask about this model we +will hopefully have asked by the end of + + align:start position:0% +will hopefully have asked by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +will hopefully have asked by the end of +U today's class right this simple model + + align:start position:0% +U today's class right this simple model + + + align:start position:0% +U today's class right this simple model +of gene expression as was kind of + + align:start position:0% +of gene expression as was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of gene expression as was kind of +indicated in the review is perhaps a + + align:start position:0% +indicated in the review is perhaps a + + + align:start position:0% +indicated in the review is perhaps a +reasonable description of U gene + + align:start position:0% +reasonable description of U gene + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable description of U gene +expression in uh in bacteria when uh + + align:start position:0% +expression in uh in bacteria when uh + + + align:start position:0% +expression in uh in bacteria when uh +when the gene is kind of in some active + + align:start position:0% +when the gene is kind of in some active + + + align:start position:0% +when the gene is kind of in some active +uh state right so there's no repressor + + align:start position:0% +uh state right so there's no repressor + + + align:start position:0% +uh state right so there's no repressor +for example bound + + align:start position:0% +for example bound + + + align:start position:0% +for example bound +okay although maybe even in the presence + + align:start position:0% +okay although maybe even in the presence + + + align:start position:0% +okay although maybe even in the presence +of a repressor you know if it's binding + + align:start position:0% +of a repressor you know if it's binding + + + align:start position:0% +of a repressor you know if it's binding +unbinding maybe you still end up getting + + align:start position:0% +unbinding maybe you still end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +unbinding maybe you still end up getting +some sort of renormalization that looks + + align:start position:0% +some sort of renormalization that looks + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of renormalization that looks +like this right but uh but this is first + + align:start position:0% +like this right but uh but this is first + + + align:start position:0% +like this right but uh but this is first +order a reasonable description of uh gen + + align:start position:0% +order a reasonable description of uh gen + + + align:start position:0% +order a reasonable description of uh gen +expression in + + align:start position:0% +expression in + + + align:start position:0% +expression in +bacteria and it's uh it's the model that + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and it's uh it's the model that + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and it's uh it's the model that +that was basically used in in the sun + + align:start position:0% +that was basically used in in the sun + + + align:start position:0% +that was basically used in in the sun +she paper that we uh we talked about on + + align:start position:0% +she paper that we uh we talked about on + + + align:start position:0% +she paper that we uh we talked about on +Tuesday and and hopefully this model + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday and and hopefully this model + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday and and hopefully this model +will allow us to think a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +will allow us to think a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +will allow us to think a little bit more +deeply about uh the data that they + + align:start position:0% +deeply about uh the data that they + + + align:start position:0% +deeply about uh the data that they +obtained in that paper okay all right um + + align:start position:0% +obtained in that paper okay all right um + + + align:start position:0% +obtained in that paper okay all right um +as always we want to start by by + + align:start position:0% +as always we want to start by by + + + align:start position:0% +as always we want to start by by +understanding the the basic aspects of + + align:start position:0% +understanding the the basic aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the the basic aspects of +the model right so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the model right so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the model right so what we're going to +do is we're we're going to go through + + align:start position:0% +do is we're we're going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +do is we're we're going to go through +kind of a series of questions uh of + + align:start position:0% +kind of a series of questions uh of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a series of questions uh of +increasing difficulty and uh in some of + + align:start position:0% +increasing difficulty and uh in some of + + + align:start position:0% +increasing difficulty and uh in some of +them uh we are indeed going to the + + align:start position:0% +them uh we are indeed going to the + + + align:start position:0% +them uh we are indeed going to the +answers will end up being some uh + + align:start position:0% +answers will end up being some uh + + + align:start position:0% +answers will end up being some uh +something divided by something all right + + align:start position:0% +something divided by something all right + + + align:start position:0% +something divided by something all right +in which case you take advantage of your + + align:start position:0% +in which case you take advantage of your + + + align:start position:0% +in which case you take advantage of your +cards and illustrate that by putting + + align:start position:0% +cards and illustrate that by putting + + + align:start position:0% +cards and illustrate that by putting +something on top something + + align:start position:0% +something on top something + + + align:start position:0% +something on top something +below + + align:start position:0% +below + + + align:start position:0% +below +right okay um and uh all right but just + + align:start position:0% +right okay um and uh all right but just + + + align:start position:0% +right okay um and uh all right but just +first in this model you know what is the + + align:start position:0% +first in this model you know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +first in this model you know what is the +unit of time so if I say t is equal one + + align:start position:0% +unit of time so if I say t is equal one + + + align:start position:0% +unit of time so if I say t is equal one +or delta T is equal to one what am I + + align:start position:0% +or delta T is equal to one what am I + + + align:start position:0% +or delta T is equal to one what am I +referring to all right so we're not + + align:start position:0% +referring to all right so we're not + + + align:start position:0% +referring to all right so we're not +going to use the cards but uh in + + align:start position:0% +going to use the cards but uh in + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the cards but uh in +particular the question is um is delta T + + align:start position:0% +particular the question is um is delta T + + + align:start position:0% +particular the question is um is delta T +equal to one is that a cell + + align:start position:0% +equal to one is that a cell + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one is that a cell +cycle necessarily ready uh yes or no + + align:start position:0% +cycle necessarily ready uh yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +cycle necessarily ready uh yes or no +ready three two one well I guess now + + align:start position:0% +ready three two one well I guess now + + + align:start position:0% +ready three two one well I guess now +I've maybe I've complicated things by + + align:start position:0% +I've maybe I've complicated things by + + + align:start position:0% +I've maybe I've complicated things by +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +well this was really going to be + + align:start position:0% +well this was really going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well this was really going to be +relevant for the the later ones uh okay + + align:start position:0% +relevant for the the later ones uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +relevant for the the later ones uh okay +I'm not even going to all right now now + + align:start position:0% +I'm not even going to all right now now + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not even going to all right now now +I totally confused you all right but can + + align:start position:0% +I totally confused you all right but can + + + align:start position:0% +I totally confused you all right but can +somebody can somebody offer why it may + + align:start position:0% +somebody can somebody offer why it may + + + align:start position:0% +somebody can somebody offer why it may +or may not be um what how do we think + + align:start position:0% +or may not be um what how do we think + + + align:start position:0% +or may not be um what how do we think +about the unit of time in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofes um right okay so and indeed what we + + align:start position:0% +ofes um right okay so and indeed what we + + + align:start position:0% +ofes um right okay so and indeed what we +often do in these non-dimensionalized + + align:start position:0% +often do in these non-dimensionalized + + + align:start position:0% +often do in these non-dimensionalized +models is we set something equal to one + + align:start position:0% +models is we set something equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +models is we set something equal to one +right have we set anything equal to one + + align:start position:0% +right have we set anything equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +right have we set anything equal to one +here no right so in principle we've said + + align:start position:0% +here no right so in principle we've said + + + align:start position:0% +here no right so in principle we've said +there's some degradation rate of the Mr + + align:start position:0% +there's some degradation rate of the Mr + + + align:start position:0% +there's some degradation rate of the Mr +some degradation rate of the protein + + align:start position:0% +some degradation rate of the protein + + + align:start position:0% +some degradation rate of the protein +right and in general those will be given + + align:start position:0% +right and in general those will be given + + + align:start position:0% +right and in general those will be given +in some + + align:start position:0% +in some + + + align:start position:0% +in some +units uh you know involving seconds or + + align:start position:0% +units uh you know involving seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +units uh you know involving seconds or +minutes or hours right right so in + + align:start position:0% +minutes or hours right right so in + + + align:start position:0% +minutes or hours right right so in +general so at this stage we have not yet + + align:start position:0% +general so at this stage we have not yet + + + align:start position:0% +general so at this stage we have not yet +we have not actually uh gotten to this + + align:start position:0% +we have not actually uh gotten to this + + + align:start position:0% +we have not actually uh gotten to this +uh sort of non-dimensionalized version + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of non-dimensionalized version + + + align:start position:0% +uh sort of non-dimensionalized version +of any model right so in this case this + + align:start position:0% +of any model right so in this case this + + + align:start position:0% +of any model right so in this case this +is going to be something like seconds or + + align:start position:0% +is going to be something like seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be something like seconds or +minutes or hours okay whatever whatever + + align:start position:0% +minutes or hours okay whatever whatever + + + align:start position:0% +minutes or hours okay whatever whatever +units we we use for the um for those + + align:start position:0% +units we we use for the um for those + + + align:start position:0% +units we we use for the um for those +degradation rates right so we have not + + align:start position:0% +degradation rates right so we have not + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rates right so we have not +uh we have not done anything where it's + + align:start position:0% +uh we have not done anything where it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have not done anything where it's +the cell generation time or the protein + + align:start position:0% +the cell generation time or the protein + + + align:start position:0% +the cell generation time or the protein +lifetime Mr lifetime or anything like + + align:start position:0% +lifetime Mr lifetime or anything like + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime Mr lifetime or anything like +that you everybody happy with this + + align:start position:0% +that you everybody happy with this + + + align:start position:0% +that you everybody happy with this +statement so far + + align:start position:0% +statement so far + + + align:start position:0% +statement so far +okay all right so we'll we'll go ahead + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we'll we'll go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we'll we'll go ahead +and vote here so we're going to do some + + align:start position:0% +and vote here so we're going to do some + + + align:start position:0% +and vote here so we're going to do some +a b c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DS and you can always combine any + + align:start position:0% +DS and you can always combine any + + + align:start position:0% +DS and you can always combine any +anything you want so we'll go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +anything you want so we'll go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +anything you want so we'll go ahead and +and say this is synthesis rate of the + + align:start position:0% +and say this is synthesis rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +and say this is synthesis rate of the +MRNA this is the degradation rate for + + align:start position:0% +MRNA this is the degradation rate for + + + align:start position:0% +MRNA this is the degradation rate for +the MRNA the synthesis rate for the + + align:start position:0% +the MRNA the synthesis rate for the + + + align:start position:0% +the MRNA the synthesis rate for the +protein the degradation rate for the + + align:start position:0% +protein the degradation rate for the + + + align:start position:0% +protein the degradation rate for the +protein and uh if you are um if you're + + align:start position:0% +protein and uh if you are um if you're + + + align:start position:0% +protein and uh if you are um if you're +just confused you can just do this but + + align:start position:0% +just confused you can just do this but + + + align:start position:0% +just confused you can just do this but +in in general any of the questions we're + + align:start position:0% +in in general any of the questions we're + + + align:start position:0% +in in general any of the questions we're +going to do you can do some combination + + align:start position:0% +going to do you can do some combination + + + align:start position:0% +going to do you can do some combination +of these guys by putting things in the + + align:start position:0% +of these guys by putting things in the + + + align:start position:0% +of these guys by putting things in the +numerator denominator yes po population + + align:start position:0% +numerator denominator yes po population + + + align:start position:0% +numerator denominator yes po population +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +C yes yeah question is if you uh if you + + align:start position:0% +C yes yeah question is if you uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +C yes yeah question is if you uh if you +just look at these this cell population + + align:start position:0% +just look at these this cell population + + + align:start position:0% +just look at these this cell population +and it's you find it's growing + + align:start position:0% +and it's you find it's growing + + + align:start position:0% +and it's you find it's growing +exponential the question is what is + + align:start position:0% +exponential the question is what is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential the question is what is +going to be that rate of exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +growth have I done something wrong + + align:start position:0% +growth have I done something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +growth have I done something wrong +already + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no okay but we I am going to say that + + align:start position:0% +no okay but we I am going to say that + + + align:start position:0% +no okay but we I am going to say that +we're going to now for this we're going + + align:start position:0% +we're going to now for this we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to now for this we're going +to assume that the the protein is stable + + align:start position:0% +to assume that the the protein is stable + + + align:start position:0% +to assume that the the protein is stable +so it's not actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degraded + + align:start position:0% +degraded + + + align:start position:0% +degraded +okay this is to remind you of what we + + align:start position:0% +okay this is to remind you of what we + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is to remind you of what we +read about in chapter one maybe of or's + + align:start position:0% +read about in chapter one maybe of or's + + + align:start position:0% +read about in chapter one maybe of or's +book maybe chapter two all right I'll + + align:start position:0% +book maybe chapter two all right I'll + + + align:start position:0% +book maybe chapter two all right I'll +give you 10 seconds to think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% +this all right do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +this all right do you need more +time all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +time all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +time all right ready three two +one okay we got um H we got a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +one okay we got um H we got a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +one okay we got um H we got a bunch of +C's and a bunch of D's and some E's all + + align:start position:0% +C's and a bunch of D's and some E's all + + + align:start position:0% +C's and a bunch of D's and some E's all +right so the E are going to argue with + + align:start position:0% +right so the E are going to argue with + + + align:start position:0% +right so the E are going to argue with +me presumably rather than their neighbor + + align:start position:0% +me presumably rather than their neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +me presumably rather than their neighbor +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay I I think that there are enough + + align:start position:0% +okay I I think that there are enough + + + align:start position:0% +okay I I think that there are enough +people that are disagreeing on this to + + align:start position:0% +people that are disagreeing on this to + + + align:start position:0% +people that are disagreeing on this to +maybe yeah go ahead turn you should be + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah go ahead turn you should be + + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah go ahead turn you should be +able to find somebody that disagrees + + align:start position:0% +able to find somebody that disagrees + + + align:start position:0% +able to find somebody that disagrees +with you it was the distribution was a + + align:start position:0% +with you it was the distribution was a + + + align:start position:0% +with you it was the distribution was a +bit patchy unfortunately did you guys uh + + align:start position:0% +bit patchy unfortunately did you guys uh + + + align:start position:0% +bit patchy unfortunately did you guys uh +all right you guys are you guys are + + align:start position:0% +all right you guys are you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +all right you guys are you guys are +worried that you're not going to be able + + align:start position:0% +worried that you're not going to be able + + + align:start position:0% +worried that you're not going to be able +to find something okay fine fine yeah + + align:start position:0% +to find something okay fine fine yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to find something okay fine fine yeah +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +the protein is stable ah so the MRNA may + + align:start position:0% +the protein is stable ah so the MRNA may + + + align:start position:0% +the protein is stable ah so the MRNA may +not be stable the MRNA may not be stable + + align:start position:0% +not be stable the MRNA may not be stable + + + align:start position:0% +not be stable the MRNA may not be stable +ah okay right and in general which which + + align:start position:0% +ah okay right and in general which which + + + align:start position:0% +ah okay right and in general which which +one it typically has a longer + + align:start position:0% +one it typically has a longer + + + align:start position:0% +one it typically has a longer +lifetime proteins typically have a + + align:start position:0% +lifetime proteins typically have a + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime proteins typically have a +longer Lifetime right so Mr + + align:start position:0% +longer Lifetime right so Mr + + + align:start position:0% +longer Lifetime right so Mr +mRNA are often are actively degraded + + align:start position:0% +mRNA are often are actively degraded + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA are often are actively degraded +typically and they're they're also just + + align:start position:0% +typically and they're they're also just + + + align:start position:0% +typically and they're they're also just +kind of less stable intrinsically but uh + + align:start position:0% +kind of less stable intrinsically but uh + + + align:start position:0% +kind of less stable intrinsically but uh +yeah so but what we're going to assume + + align:start position:0% +yeah so but what we're going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so but what we're going to assume +for now is that we're we're working with + + align:start position:0% +for now is that we're we're working with + + + align:start position:0% +for now is that we're we're working with +with stable + + align:start position:0% +with stable + + + align:start position:0% +with stable +proteins okay in which + + align:start position:0% +proteins okay in which + + + align:start position:0% +proteins okay in which +case the growth rate of the of the + + align:start position:0% +case the growth rate of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +case the growth rate of the of the +population isn't just uh it will just be + + align:start position:0% +population isn't just uh it will just be + + + align:start position:0% +population isn't just uh it will just be +this uh effective degradation rate of + + align:start position:0% +this uh effective degradation rate of + + + align:start position:0% +this uh effective degradation rate of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +protein right so in this model even if + + align:start position:0% +protein right so in this model even if + + + align:start position:0% +protein right so in this model even if +even if we say there's no active + + align:start position:0% +even if we say there's no active + + + align:start position:0% +even if we say there's no active +degradation of the protein still there's + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the protein still there's + + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the protein still there's +going to be some effective degradation + + align:start position:0% +going to be some effective degradation + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some effective degradation +that is due to um let du to delution + + align:start position:0% +that is due to um let du to delution + + + align:start position:0% +that is due to um let du to delution +okay so we can say effective if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like right so the the rate of uh + + align:start position:0% +like right so the the rate of uh + + + align:start position:0% +like right so the the rate of uh +exponential growth of the population + + align:start position:0% +exponential growth of the population + + + align:start position:0% +exponential growth of the population +will be equal to this effective + + align:start position:0% +will be equal to this effective + + + align:start position:0% +will be equal to this effective +degradation rate for the protein if it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stable so you're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +stable so you're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +stable so you're talking about the +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +of no + + align:start position:0% +of no + + + align:start position:0% +of no +the growth rate of the cell population + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate of the cell population + + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate of the cell population +so this is this is if we go in there and + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is if we go in there and + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this is if we go in there and +you you you go into your spectral + + align:start position:0% +you you you go into your spectral + + + align:start position:0% +you you you go into your spectral +photometer and you + + align:start position:0% +photometer and you + + + align:start position:0% +photometer and you +measure popul you know numbers of + + align:start position:0% +measure popul you know numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +measure popul you know numbers of +function time it's growing exponentially + + align:start position:0% +function time it's growing exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +function time it's growing exponentially +it'll grow exponentially with this rate + + align:start position:0% +it'll grow exponentially with this rate + + + align:start position:0% +it'll grow exponentially with this rate +because this is this is what's causing + + align:start position:0% +because this is this is what's causing + + + align:start position:0% +because this is this is what's causing +the dilution in some ways you know if + + align:start position:0% +the dilution in some ways you know if + + + align:start position:0% +the dilution in some ways you know if +the if the if you stop making the + + align:start position:0% +the if the if you stop making the + + + align:start position:0% +the if the if you stop making the +protein right and you you double the + + align:start position:0% +protein right and you you double the + + + align:start position:0% +protein right and you you double the +number of cells and that means + + align:start position:0% +number of cells and that means + + + align:start position:0% +number of cells and that means +concentration of the of the of the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the of the of the +protein in each cell has to go down by + + align:start position:0% +protein in each cell has to go down by + + + align:start position:0% +protein in each cell has to go down by +Factor two right so that's the statement + + align:start position:0% +Factor two right so that's the statement + + + align:start position:0% +Factor two right so that's the statement +are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions +about about why I'm making this argument + + align:start position:0% +about about why I'm making this argument + + + align:start position:0% +about about why I'm making this argument +yes the of prot being stable all right + + align:start position:0% +yes the of prot being stable all right + + + align:start position:0% +yes the of prot being stable all right +so the relevance of the protein being + + align:start position:0% +so the relevance of the protein being + + + align:start position:0% +so the relevance of the protein being +stable right because this is in general + + align:start position:0% +stable right because this is in general + + + align:start position:0% +stable right because this is in general +this um okay so this Delta this is this + + align:start position:0% +this um okay so this Delta this is this + + + align:start position:0% +this um okay so this Delta this is this +is the effective rate this um this is + + align:start position:0% +is the effective rate this um this is + + + align:start position:0% +is the effective rate this um this is +going to be equal to the the growth rate + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to the the growth rate + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to the the growth rate +of the population so you might call it + + align:start position:0% +of the population so you might call it + + + align:start position:0% +of the population so you might call it +gamma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +growth plus the um actual degradation + + align:start position:0% +growth plus the um actual degradation + + + align:start position:0% +growth plus the um actual degradation +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +uh I don't I don't want to use the same + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't I don't want to use the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't I don't want to use the same +but I'll just say plus the degradation + + align:start position:0% +but I'll just say plus the degradation + + + align:start position:0% +but I'll just say plus the degradation +rate and this is this is the true + + align:start position:0% +rate and this is this is the true + + + align:start position:0% +rate and this is this is the true +physical degradation true degradation + + align:start position:0% +physical degradation true degradation + + + align:start position:0% +physical degradation true degradation +rate of the protein right so if it's + + align:start position:0% +rate of the protein right so if it's + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the protein right so if it's +stable then we say that then this thing + + align:start position:0% +stable then we say that then this thing + + + align:start position:0% +stable then we say that then this thing +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +zero right so when we say stable protein + + align:start position:0% +zero right so when we say stable protein + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so when we say stable protein +what means there's no degradation of the + + align:start position:0% +what means there's no degradation of the + + + align:start position:0% +what means there's no degradation of the +protein right so that this this physical + + align:start position:0% +protein right so that this this physical + + + align:start position:0% +protein right so that this this physical +degradation rate is zero and then the + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate is zero and then the + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate is zero and then the +effective degradation rate of the + + align:start position:0% +effective degradation rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +effective degradation rate of the +protein is just equal to the the growth + + align:start position:0% +protein is just equal to the the growth + + + align:start position:0% +protein is just equal to the the growth +rate of the population okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah yes sorry yeah okay any other + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah yes sorry yeah okay any other + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah yes sorry yeah okay any other +any other questions about what I mean by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this all right so now what we want to do + + align:start position:0% +this all right so now what we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so now what we want to do +is ask a few other quantities about + + align:start position:0% +is ask a few other quantities about + + + align:start position:0% +is ask a few other quantities about +about this model so for + + align:start position:0% +about this model so for + + + align:start position:0% +about this model so for +example what will be the uh number of + + align:start position:0% +example what will be the uh number of + + + align:start position:0% +example what will be the uh number of +mRNA per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and this is always going to be the + + align:start position:0% +and and this is always going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is always going to be the +mean right I'm going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to all right I'll give you 20 seconds + + align:start position:0% +to all right I'll give you 20 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +to all right I'll give you 20 seconds +right in this model what is the mean + + align:start position:0% +right in this model what is the mean + + + align:start position:0% +right in this model what is the mean +number of mRNA per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all right we have i' say a majority + + align:start position:0% +one all right we have i' say a majority + + + align:start position:0% +one all right we have i' say a majority +of the group is going is saying it's A + + align:start position:0% +of the group is going is saying it's A + + + align:start position:0% +of the group is going is saying it's A +over B which corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +over B which corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +over B which corresponds to the +synthesis rate of the mRNA divided by + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate of the mRNA divided by + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate of the mRNA divided by +the degradation all right some people + + align:start position:0% +the degradation all right some people + + + align:start position:0% +the degradation all right some people +are just want yeah so this is indeed + + align:start position:0% +are just want yeah so this is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +are just want yeah so this is indeed +synthesis rate divided by the + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate divided by the +degradation + + align:start position:0% +degradation + + + align:start position:0% +degradation +rate all right + + align:start position:0% +rate all right + + + align:start position:0% +rate all right +now this is this is saying that what + + align:start position:0% +now this is this is saying that what + + + align:start position:0% +now this is this is saying that what +happens later doesn't really matter for + + align:start position:0% +happens later doesn't really matter for + + + align:start position:0% +happens later doesn't really matter for +the Mr the mean mRNA number right + + align:start position:0% +the Mr the mean mRNA number right + + + align:start position:0% +the Mr the mean mRNA number right +because it's just that it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +because it's just that it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just that it's going to be +made at some rate it's going to be it's + + align:start position:0% +made at some rate it's going to be it's + + + align:start position:0% +made at some rate it's going to be it's +lifetime is given by 1 over Delta M + + align:start position:0% +lifetime is given by 1 over Delta M + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime is given by 1 over Delta M +now this thing of course is again always + + align:start position:0% +now this thing of course is again always + + + align:start position:0% +now this thing of course is again always +as always the effective degradation rate + + align:start position:0% +as always the effective degradation rate + + + align:start position:0% +as always the effective degradation rate +so it's the sum of the the sort of + + align:start position:0% +so it's the sum of the the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the sum of the the sort of +physical degradation rate plus the the + + align:start position:0% +physical degradation rate plus the the + + + align:start position:0% +physical degradation rate plus the the +effect this dilution due to growth but + + align:start position:0% +effect this dilution due to growth but + + + align:start position:0% +effect this dilution due to growth but +in general the true degradation the + + align:start position:0% +in general the true degradation the + + + align:start position:0% +in general the true degradation the +physical degradation is much faster than + + align:start position:0% +physical degradation is much faster than + + + align:start position:0% +physical degradation is much faster than +the cell division rate so um so this + + align:start position:0% +the cell division rate so um so this + + + align:start position:0% +the cell division rate so um so this +this is very close to actually just the + + align:start position:0% +this is very close to actually just the + + + align:start position:0% +this is very close to actually just the +the physical degradation rate okay um + + align:start position:0% +the physical degradation rate okay um + + + align:start position:0% +the physical degradation rate okay um +but in any case it's just Delta M you + + align:start position:0% +but in any case it's just Delta M you + + + align:start position:0% +but in any case it's just Delta M you +know regardless of are there any + + align:start position:0% +know regardless of are there any + + + align:start position:0% +know regardless of are there any +questions about why why this is the way + + align:start position:0% +questions about why why this is the way + + + align:start position:0% +questions about why why this is the way +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +is yes does it matter whether it's only + + align:start position:0% +is yes does it matter whether it's only + + + align:start position:0% +is yes does it matter whether it's only +physical because like wouldn't it be the + + align:start position:0% +physical because like wouldn't it be the + + + align:start position:0% +physical because like wouldn't it be the +same if it it doesn't matter that it's + + align:start position:0% +same if it it doesn't matter that it's + + + align:start position:0% +same if it it doesn't matter that it's +only yeah exactly that's what I was + + align:start position:0% +only yeah exactly that's what I was + + + align:start position:0% +only yeah exactly that's what I was +trying yeah so the way that this is + + align:start position:0% +trying yeah so the way that this is + + + align:start position:0% +trying yeah so the way that this is +written um it doesn't matter whether the + + align:start position:0% +written um it doesn't matter whether the + + + align:start position:0% +written um it doesn't matter whether the +uh yeah this is the answer regardless of + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah this is the answer regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah this is the answer regardless of +of whether the physical degradation rate + + align:start position:0% +of whether the physical degradation rate + + + align:start position:0% +of whether the physical degradation rate +is much larger than the growth rate or + + align:start position:0% +is much larger than the growth rate or + + + align:start position:0% +is much larger than the growth rate or +not yeah + + align:start position:0% +not yeah + + + align:start position:0% +not yeah +okay okay happy with that all right what + + align:start position:0% +okay okay happy with that all right what + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay happy with that all right what +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +um protein molecules per Mr Mna the how + + align:start position:0% +um protein molecules per Mr Mna the how + + + align:start position:0% +um protein molecules per Mr Mna the how +many protein molecules are made from + + align:start position:0% +many protein molecules are made from + + + align:start position:0% +many protein molecules are made from +each + + align:start position:0% +each + + + align:start position:0% +each +mRNA and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +protein + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +produced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time right remember this is the just + + align:start position:0% +time right remember this is the just + + + align:start position:0% +time right remember this is the just +this is again the mean number of protein + + align:start position:0% +this is again the mean number of protein + + + align:start position:0% +this is again the mean number of protein +uh proteins produced from a single mRNA + + align:start position:0% +uh proteins produced from a single mRNA + + + align:start position:0% +uh proteins produced from a single mRNA +or each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +morning all right let let's go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +morning all right let let's go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +morning all right let let's go ahead and +vote so I can see where we are ready + + align:start position:0% +vote so I can see where we are ready + + + align:start position:0% +vote so I can see where we are ready +three two + + align:start position:0% +three two + + + align:start position:0% +three two +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +one all + + align:start position:0% +one all + + + align:start position:0% +one all +right all right so I'm I'm see okay so + + align:start position:0% +right all right so I'm I'm see okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so I'm I'm see okay so +we have I'd + + align:start position:0% +we have I'd + + + align:start position:0% +we have I'd +say you know it's it's all okay so at + + align:start position:0% +say you know it's it's all okay so at + + + align:start position:0% +say you know it's it's all okay so at +least the majority are saying it's going + + align:start position:0% +least the majority are saying it's going + + + align:start position:0% +least the majority are saying it's going +to be C over B now all right so this is + + align:start position:0% +to be C over B now all right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +to be C over B now all right so this is +interesting right so this is saying that + + align:start position:0% +interesting right so this is saying that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting right so this is saying that +you know that really what's happening is + + align:start position:0% +you know that really what's happening is + + + align:start position:0% +you know that really what's happening is +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +competition once you make an + + align:start position:0% +competition once you make an + + + align:start position:0% +competition once you make an +mRNA that the proteins are going to be + + align:start position:0% +mRNA that the proteins are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA that the proteins are going to be +getting fired off at some rate but + + align:start position:0% +getting fired off at some rate but + + + align:start position:0% +getting fired off at some rate but +eventually it's going to be degraded + + align:start position:0% +eventually it's going to be degraded + + + align:start position:0% +eventually it's going to be degraded +it's a competition between those two + + align:start position:0% +it's a competition between those two + + + align:start position:0% +it's a competition between those two +rates that determines basically how many + + align:start position:0% +rates that determines basically how many + + + align:start position:0% +rates that determines basically how many +proteins you know how many times do you + + align:start position:0% +proteins you know how many times do you + + + align:start position:0% +proteins you know how many times do you +fire off a protein before you get + + align:start position:0% +fire off a protein before you get + + + align:start position:0% +fire off a protein before you get +degraded + + align:start position:0% +degraded + + + align:start position:0% +degraded +okay any questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +logic can you just repeat that one sure + + align:start position:0% +logic can you just repeat that one sure + + + align:start position:0% +logic can you just repeat that one sure +right so what we're assuming is that + + align:start position:0% +right so what we're assuming is that + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we're assuming is that +okay an mRNA is produced okay that's + + align:start position:0% +okay an mRNA is produced okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay an mRNA is produced okay that's +already happened so it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +already happened so it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +already happened so it doesn't matter +what SM is anymore right so now we have + + align:start position:0% +what SM is anymore right so now we have + + + align:start position:0% +what SM is anymore right so now we have +an mRNA right + + align:start position:0% +an mRNA right + + + align:start position:0% +an mRNA right +okay eventually this mRNA will be + + align:start position:0% +okay eventually this mRNA will be + + + align:start position:0% +okay eventually this mRNA will be +degraded right but before that happens + + align:start position:0% +degraded right but before that happens + + + align:start position:0% +degraded right but before that happens +you we want to know basically how many + + align:start position:0% +you we want to know basically how many + + + align:start position:0% +you we want to know basically how many +proteins do we expect to be made right + + align:start position:0% +proteins do we expect to be made right + + + align:start position:0% +proteins do we expect to be made right +now if SP and Delta M are the same that + + align:start position:0% +now if SP and Delta M are the same that + + + align:start position:0% +now if SP and Delta M are the same that +means you kind of expect one protein to + + align:start position:0% +means you kind of expect one protein to + + + align:start position:0% +means you kind of expect one protein to +be made on average before it's degraded + + align:start position:0% +be made on average before it's degraded + + + align:start position:0% +be made on average before it's degraded +where if it if SP were twice Delta M + + align:start position:0% +where if it if SP were twice Delta M + + + align:start position:0% +where if it if SP were twice Delta M +then you would get you would get two + + align:start position:0% +then you would get you would get two + + + align:start position:0% +then you would get you would get two +proteins made before it was degraded all + + align:start position:0% +proteins made before it was degraded all + + + align:start position:0% +proteins made before it was degraded all +right now this is a mean statement we're + + align:start position:0% +right now this is a mean statement we're + + + align:start position:0% +right now this is a mean statement we're +about to start thinking you know in in + + align:start position:0% +about to start thinking you know in in + + + align:start position:0% +about to start thinking you know in in +10 minutes we'll think about the this + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes we'll think about the this + + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes we'll think about the this +distribution and so we have to be a + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so we have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so we have to be a +little we have to be careful but in + + align:start position:0% +little we have to be careful but in + + + align:start position:0% +little we have to be careful but in +terms of the mean Behavior this is this + + align:start position:0% +terms of the mean Behavior this is this + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the mean Behavior this is this +this thing is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +true okay is this different from the + + align:start position:0% +true okay is this different from the + + + align:start position:0% +true okay is this different from the +number of proteins in the cell number of + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins in the cell number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins in the cell number of +proteins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay right so this is not the same + + align:start position:0% +um okay right so this is not the same + + + align:start position:0% +um okay right so this is not the same +thing as asking about about the um the + + align:start position:0% +thing as asking about about the um the + + + align:start position:0% +thing as asking about about the um the +ratio of the number of proteins number + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the number of proteins number + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the number of proteins number +and we can calculate we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +and we can calculate we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +and we can calculate we can calculate +that as well yeah these are different + + align:start position:0% +that as well yeah these are different + + + align:start position:0% +that as well yeah these are different +this is this is this is right this is + + align:start position:0% +this is this is this is right this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is this is right this is +the number of protein molecules produced + + align:start position:0% +the number of protein molecules produced + + + align:start position:0% +the number of protein molecules produced +from each mRNA right so this is just + + align:start position:0% +from each mRNA right so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +from each mRNA right so this is just +talking about production because indeed + + align:start position:0% +talking about production because indeed + + + align:start position:0% +talking about production because indeed +the degradation rates are going to be + + align:start position:0% +the degradation rates are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the degradation rates are going to be +different so then yeah and we we can see + + align:start position:0% +different so then yeah and we we can see + + + align:start position:0% +different so then yeah and we we can see +how what that ends up being + + align:start position:0% +how what that ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +how what that ends up being +yeah okay any other questions about + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay any other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay any other questions about +about what why this one is what it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is all right how about uh the number of + + align:start position:0% +is all right how about uh the number of + + + align:start position:0% +is all right how about uh the number of +mRNA produced per cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cycle and for now we're going to ignore + + align:start position:0% +cycle and for now we're going to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and for now we're going to ignore +um we're going to ignore factors of log + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to ignore factors of log + + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to ignore factors of log +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time just another 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +produced yeah this is I'm we're just + + align:start position:0% +produced yeah this is I'm we're just + + + align:start position:0% +produced yeah this is I'm we're just +talking about production + + align:start position:0% +talking about production + + + align:start position:0% +talking about production +yeah yeah because we've already + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah because we've already + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah because we've already +calculated number of + + align:start position:0% +calculated number of + + + align:start position:0% +calculated number of +mRNA in the cell + + align:start position:0% +mRNA in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA in the cell +right but now we want to know the mean + + align:start position:0% +right but now we want to know the mean + + + align:start position:0% +right but now we want to know the mean +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +produced for example this is the same as + + align:start position:0% +produced for example this is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +produced for example this is the same as +the mean number of B of protein bursts + + align:start position:0% +the mean number of B of protein bursts + + + align:start position:0% +the mean number of B of protein bursts +observed in the um in Sunny shees paper + + align:start position:0% +observed in the um in Sunny shees paper + + + align:start position:0% +observed in the um in Sunny shees paper +right but yeah this is just number of + + align:start position:0% +right but yeah this is just number of + + + align:start position:0% +right but yeah this is just number of +mRNA produced for cell cycle okay all + + align:start position:0% +mRNA produced for cell cycle okay all + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA produced for cell cycle okay all +right let's see where we are ready three + + align:start position:0% +right let's see where we are ready three + + + align:start position:0% +right let's see where we are ready three +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +one all right so we got lots of uh lots + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we got lots of uh lots + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we got lots of uh lots +of A's over D's that sounds nice right + + align:start position:0% +of A's over D's that sounds nice right + + + align:start position:0% +of A's over D's that sounds nice right +so this gonna be the sum synthesis rate + + align:start position:0% +so this gonna be the sum synthesis rate + + + align:start position:0% +so this gonna be the sum synthesis rate +but now the relevant thing is this uh + + align:start position:0% +but now the relevant thing is this uh + + + align:start position:0% +but now the relevant thing is this uh +Delta P because that's that's the cell + + align:start position:0% +Delta P because that's that's the cell + + + align:start position:0% +Delta P because that's that's the cell +uh cell division rate so it's um barring + + align:start position:0% +uh cell division rate so it's um barring + + + align:start position:0% +uh cell division rate so it's um barring +issues of log 2 it's approximately the + + align:start position:0% +issues of log 2 it's approximately the + + + align:start position:0% +issues of log 2 it's approximately the +synthesis rate of the MRNA divided by + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate of the MRNA divided by + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate of the MRNA divided by +Delta P which because this is this is + + align:start position:0% +Delta P which because this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +Delta P which because this is this is +the um the growth rate of the population + + align:start position:0% +the um the growth rate of the population + + + align:start position:0% +the um the growth rate of the population +right cell generation times is log two + + align:start position:0% +right cell generation times is log two + + + align:start position:0% +right cell generation times is log two +off of that okay are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +off of that okay are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +off of that okay are there any questions +about about that + + align:start position:0% +about about that + + + align:start position:0% +about about that +statement okay from uh all right so this + + align:start position:0% +statement okay from uh all right so this + + + align:start position:0% +statement okay from uh all right so this +is the mean number now in from the paper + + align:start position:0% +is the mean number now in from the paper + + + align:start position:0% +is the mean number now in from the paper +we know how this thing is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distributed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right we should probably we're + + align:start position:0% +right all right we should probably we're + + + align:start position:0% +right all right we should probably we're +going to use a bunch of distributions + + align:start position:0% +going to use a bunch of distributions + + + align:start position:0% +going to use a bunch of distributions +over the next couple all right so + + align:start position:0% +over the next couple all right so + + + align:start position:0% +over the next couple all right so +uh we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can all right we have we like + + align:start position:0% +can all right we have we like + + + align:start position:0% +can all right we have we like +exponential distributions we like um + + align:start position:0% +exponential distributions we like um + + + align:start position:0% +exponential distributions we like um +geometric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distributions we like + + align:start position:0% +distributions we like + + + align:start position:0% +distributions we like +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Pon like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gussan and we like + + align:start position:0% +gussan and we like + + + align:start position:0% +gussan and we like +gamma all + + align:start position:0% +gamma all + + + align:start position:0% +gamma all +right qu these are various probability + + align:start position:0% +right qu these are various probability + + + align:start position:0% +right qu these are various probability +distributions the question is how is it + + align:start position:0% +distributions the question is how is it + + + align:start position:0% +distributions the question is how is it +that the now not the mean but how is the + + align:start position:0% +that the now not the mean but how is the + + + align:start position:0% +that the now not the mean but how is the +number of Mr produced per cell cycle + + align:start position:0% +number of Mr produced per cell cycle + + + align:start position:0% +number of Mr produced per cell cycle +dist + + align:start position:0% +dist + + + align:start position:0% +dist +distributed ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 all right we + + align:start position:0% +1 all right we + + + align:start position:0% +1 all right we +got some uh this side of the room is a + + align:start position:0% +got some uh this side of the room is a + + + align:start position:0% +got some uh this side of the room is a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +bit slower maybe but that's that's okay + + align:start position:0% +bit slower maybe but that's that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +bit slower maybe but that's that's okay +all right so maybe some people are not + + align:start position:0% +all right so maybe some people are not + + + align:start position:0% +all right so maybe some people are not +confident of this statement is that all + + align:start position:0% +confident of this statement is that all + + + align:start position:0% +confident of this statement is that all +right so um okay so this one ends up + + align:start position:0% +right so um okay so this one ends up + + + align:start position:0% +right so um okay so this one ends up +being Plus on + + align:start position:0% +being Plus on + + + align:start position:0% +being Plus on +okay so this is indeed how the how the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is indeed how the how the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is indeed how the how the +number of this is number + + align:start position:0% +number of this is number + + + align:start position:0% +number of this is number +mRNA uh per cycle okay now this is uh so + + align:start position:0% +mRNA uh per cycle okay now this is uh so + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA uh per cycle okay now this is uh so +pan in general that's what you get if + + align:start position:0% +pan in general that's what you get if + + + align:start position:0% +pan in general that's what you get if +there's some probability per unit time + + align:start position:0% +there's some probability per unit time + + + align:start position:0% +there's some probability per unit time +that something's going to happen and you + + align:start position:0% +that something's going to happen and you + + + align:start position:0% +that something's going to happen and you +want to know how many of them happen in + + align:start position:0% +want to know how many of them happen in + + + align:start position:0% +want to know how many of them happen in +some finite time period right it's + + align:start position:0% +some finite time period right it's + + + align:start position:0% +some finite time period right it's +basically the definition of a + + align:start position:0% +basically the definition of a + + + align:start position:0% +basically the definition of a +Pon all + + align:start position:0% +Pon all + + + align:start position:0% +Pon all +right and this this is as if you recall + + align:start position:0% +right and this this is as if you recall + + + align:start position:0% +right and this this is as if you recall +this is the what we talked about on + + align:start position:0% +this is the what we talked about on + + + align:start position:0% +this is the what we talked about on +Tuesday the probability You observe n + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday the probability You observe n + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday the probability You observe n +it's given by this this mean number + + align:start position:0% +it's given by this this mean number + + + align:start position:0% +it's given by this this mean number +right so it was this all right so if + + align:start position:0% +right so it was this all right so if + + + align:start position:0% +right so it was this all right so if +Lambda is the mean then we get Lambda to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is the mean then we get Lambda to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is the mean then we get Lambda to +the N Over N factorial eus Lambda and if + + align:start position:0% +the N Over N factorial eus Lambda and if + + + align:start position:0% +the N Over N factorial eus Lambda and if +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +uh go ahead and calculate the mean of + + align:start position:0% +uh go ahead and calculate the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +uh go ahead and calculate the mean of +this you get lamb Lambda so + + align:start position:0% +this you get lamb Lambda so + + + align:start position:0% +this you get lamb Lambda so +um Lambda is equal to + + align:start position:0% +um Lambda is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +um Lambda is equal to +mean which in this case was + + align:start position:0% +mean which in this case was + + + align:start position:0% +mean which in this case was +around well in the case of of Sunny's + + align:start position:0% +around well in the case of of Sunny's + + + align:start position:0% +around well in the case of of Sunny's +paper does anybody remember what that uh + + align:start position:0% +paper does anybody remember what that uh + + + align:start position:0% +paper does anybody remember what that uh +roughly + + align:start position:0% +roughly + + + align:start position:0% +roughly +was it was around one okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right now what about um what about this + + align:start position:0% +right now what about um what about this + + + align:start position:0% +right now what about um what about this +other one right so we also have another + + align:start position:0% +other one right so we also have another + + + align:start position:0% +other one right so we also have another +mRNA problem which is the we calculate + + align:start position:0% +mRNA problem which is the we calculate + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA problem which is the we calculate +the mean number of Mna per cell if you + + align:start position:0% +the mean number of Mna per cell if you + + + align:start position:0% +the mean number of Mna per cell if you +look at a cell the mean number is this + + align:start position:0% +look at a cell the mean number is this + + + align:start position:0% +look at a cell the mean number is this +right what's the probability + + align:start position:0% +right what's the probability + + + align:start position:0% +right what's the probability +distribution of the number of mRNA per + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the number of mRNA per + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the number of mRNA per +cell right so we + + align:start position:0% +cell right so we + + + align:start position:0% +cell right so we +prob trying to + + align:start position:0% +prob trying to + + + align:start position:0% +prob trying to +think H you probably don't yet know this + + align:start position:0% +think H you probably don't yet know this + + + align:start position:0% +think H you probably don't yet know this +answer all right right this ends up also + + align:start position:0% +answer all right right this ends up also + + + align:start position:0% +answer all right right this ends up also +being Pon we're going to calculate this + + align:start position:0% +being Pon we're going to calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +being Pon we're going to calculate this +in in a bit but this is very confusing + + align:start position:0% +in in a bit but this is very confusing + + + align:start position:0% +in in a bit but this is very confusing +somehow that both this thing and this + + align:start position:0% +somehow that both this thing and this + + + align:start position:0% +somehow that both this thing and this +thing are Pon but they're not the same + + align:start position:0% +thing are Pon but they're not the same + + + align:start position:0% +thing are Pon but they're not the same +Pon in a sense they have different + + align:start position:0% +Pon in a sense they have different + + + align:start position:0% +Pon in a sense they have different +lambdas right which one has is is is + + align:start position:0% +lambdas right which one has is is is + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas right which one has is is is +going to be larger this one or this + + align:start position:0% +going to be larger this one or this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be larger this one or this +one the bottom one right and that's + + align:start position:0% +one the bottom one right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +one the bottom one right and that's +because Delta m is much larger than + + align:start position:0% +because Delta m is much larger than + + + align:start position:0% +because Delta m is much larger than +Delta P typically right so indeed if you + + align:start position:0% +Delta P typically right so indeed if you + + + align:start position:0% +Delta P typically right so indeed if you +ask in Sunny's paper for example there + + align:start position:0% +ask in Sunny's paper for example there + + + align:start position:0% +ask in Sunny's paper for example there +was you know just over one mRNA produced + + align:start position:0% +was you know just over one mRNA produced + + + align:start position:0% +was you know just over one mRNA produced +per cell cycle but the mean number of + + align:start position:0% +per cell cycle but the mean number of + + + align:start position:0% +per cell cycle but the mean number of +mRNA might have been you know 13th of + + align:start position:0% +mRNA might have been you know 13th of + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA might have been you know 13th of +that because the degradation rate was + + align:start position:0% +that because the degradation rate was + + + align:start position:0% +that because the degradation rate was +just one and a half minutes right what + + align:start position:0% +just one and a half minutes right what + + + align:start position:0% +just one and a half minutes right what +that's saying is that you T that in a + + align:start position:0% +that's saying is that you T that in a + + + align:start position:0% +that's saying is that you T that in a +typical situation you would not see an + + align:start position:0% +typical situation you would not see an + + + align:start position:0% +typical situation you would not see an +mRNA in a + + align:start position:0% +mRNA in a + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA in a +Cell right in that + + align:start position:0% +Cell right in that + + + align:start position:0% +Cell right in that +condition okay right we'll we we're + + align:start position:0% +condition okay right we'll we we're + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay right we'll we we're +going to calculate this in a moment so + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate this in a moment so + + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate this in a moment so +don't worry if you don't see why it's a + + align:start position:0% +don't worry if you don't see why it's a + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry if you don't see why it's a +Plus on but um but don't get confused + + align:start position:0% +Plus on but um but don't get confused + + + align:start position:0% +Plus on but um but don't get confused +that there are two different + + align:start position:0% +that there are two different + + + align:start position:0% +that there are two different +distributions + + align:start position:0% +distributions + + + align:start position:0% +distributions +that arise from the MRNA in the cell or + + align:start position:0% +that arise from the MRNA in the cell or + + + align:start position:0% +that arise from the MRNA in the cell or +in the cell cycle and they're different + + align:start position:0% +in the cell cycle and they're different + + + align:start position:0% +in the cell cycle and they're different +pons + + align:start position:0% +pons + + + align:start position:0% +pons +and and I think that I mean I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +and and I think that I mean I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +and and I think that I mean I'm sure +that in some deep sense there's a reason + + align:start position:0% +that in some deep sense there's a reason + + + align:start position:0% +that in some deep sense there's a reason +that the same but it's not it's you know + + align:start position:0% +that the same but it's not it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +that the same but it's not it's you know +it's somehow not immediately obvious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so there was another one + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so there was another one + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so there was another one +that we might have wanted to do which is + + align:start position:0% +that we might have wanted to do which is + + + align:start position:0% +that we might have wanted to do which is +the number of um the mean number of + + align:start position:0% +the number of um the mean number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of um the mean number of +proteins in each cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now uh this one is is a bit harder + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh this one is is a bit harder + + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh this one is is a bit harder +uh and this one is going to take full + + align:start position:0% +uh and this one is going to take full + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this one is going to take full +advantage of the cards that you have in + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the cards that you have in + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the cards that you have in +front of you all right so um be prepared + + align:start position:0% +front of you all right so um be prepared + + + align:start position:0% +front of you all right so um be prepared +I'm going to give you 30 seconds because + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you 30 seconds because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you 30 seconds because +this one you might well you might need a + + align:start position:0% +this one you might well you might need a + + + align:start position:0% +this one you might well you might need a +little bit more time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +yeah although I think that it's useful + + align:start position:0% +yeah although I think that it's useful + + + align:start position:0% +yeah although I think that it's useful +to see that it can be a bit tricky + + align:start position:0% +to see that it can be a bit tricky + + + align:start position:0% +to see that it can be a bit tricky +because this really is the simplest + + align:start position:0% +because this really is the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +because this really is the simplest +possible model that we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +possible model that we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +possible model that we're going to be +talking about some models that are get + + align:start position:0% +talking about some models that are get + + + align:start position:0% +talking about some models that are get +to be horribly complicated um so it's + + align:start position:0% +to be horribly complicated um so it's + + + align:start position:0% +to be horribly complicated um so it's +useful to just make sure that you can + + align:start position:0% +useful to just make sure that you can + + + align:start position:0% +useful to just make sure that you can +nail down the intuition on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more time it's + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time it's + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time it's +okay if if this is escaping you at this + + align:start position:0% +okay if if this is escaping you at this + + + align:start position:0% +okay if if this is escaping you at this +moment um right why don't we go and see + + align:start position:0% +moment um right why don't we go and see + + + align:start position:0% +moment um right why don't we go and see +where we are ready three two + + align:start position:0% +where we are ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +where we are ready three two +one all right all right so you know all + + align:start position:0% +one all right all right so you know all + + + align:start position:0% +one all right all right so you know all +the naysayers on the cards now that + + align:start position:0% +the naysayers on the cards now that + + + align:start position:0% +the naysayers on the cards now that +you've done this you you feel like it's + + align:start position:0% +you've done this you you feel like it's + + + align:start position:0% +you've done this you you feel like it's +an amazing system right so it's AC over + + align:start position:0% +an amazing system right so it's AC over + + + align:start position:0% +an amazing system right so it's AC over +DB so the two the product of the + + align:start position:0% +DB so the two the product of the + + + align:start position:0% +DB so the two the product of the +synthesis rates divided by the product + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rates divided by the product + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rates divided by the product +of the degradation rates right so what + + align:start position:0% +of the degradation rates right so what + + + align:start position:0% +of the degradation rates right so what +we have is a is the synthesis rate for + + align:start position:0% +we have is a is the synthesis rate for + + + align:start position:0% +we have is a is the synthesis rate for +the MRNA divide by the degradation rate + + align:start position:0% +the MRNA divide by the degradation rate + + + align:start position:0% +the MRNA divide by the degradation rate +for the MRNA synthesis rate for the + + align:start position:0% +for the MRNA synthesis rate for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the MRNA synthesis rate for the +proteins divide by the degradation rate + + align:start position:0% +proteins divide by the degradation rate + + + align:start position:0% +proteins divide by the degradation rate +for the proteins okay can somebody uh + + align:start position:0% +for the proteins okay can somebody uh + + + align:start position:0% +for the proteins okay can somebody uh +give us an a verbal explanation for why + + align:start position:0% +give us an a verbal explanation for why + + + align:start position:0% +give us an a verbal explanation for why +this might have been why this or why + + align:start position:0% +this might have been why this or why + + + align:start position:0% +this might have been why this or why +this is rather yes it's well it's the + + align:start position:0% +this is rather yes it's well it's the + + + align:start position:0% +this is rather yes it's well it's the +same reasoning as the number + + align:start position:0% +same reasoning as the number + + + align:start position:0% +same reasoning as the number +cell but instead of just a Bas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +depend yeah that's great okay so so what + + align:start position:0% +depend yeah that's great okay so so what + + + align:start position:0% +depend yeah that's great okay so so what +you're so what you're saying is that all + + align:start position:0% +you're so what you're saying is that all + + + align:start position:0% +you're so what you're saying is that all +right this thing here was indeed we + + align:start position:0% +right this thing here was indeed we + + + align:start position:0% +right this thing here was indeed we +calculated all right that's that that + + align:start position:0% +calculated all right that's that that + + + align:start position:0% +calculated all right that's that that +was a mean number of mRNA in the cell + + align:start position:0% +was a mean number of mRNA in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +was a mean number of mRNA in the cell +right if you just start with something + + align:start position:0% +right if you just start with something + + + align:start position:0% +right if you just start with something +and you have a production degradation + + align:start position:0% +and you have a production degradation + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a production degradation +rate okay well that means that if you + + align:start position:0% +rate okay well that means that if you + + + align:start position:0% +rate okay well that means that if you +had one mRNA then indeed that's where + + align:start position:0% +had one mRNA then indeed that's where + + + align:start position:0% +had one mRNA then indeed that's where +the concentration of protein would be is + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of protein would be is + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of protein would be is +this SP divide by Delta P right but now + + align:start position:0% +this SP divide by Delta P right but now + + + align:start position:0% +this SP divide by Delta P right but now +we say all right well we just multiply + + align:start position:0% +we say all right well we just multiply + + + align:start position:0% +we say all right well we just multiply +by that by the number of mRNA and then + + align:start position:0% +by that by the number of mRNA and then + + + align:start position:0% +by that by the number of mRNA and then +we are + + align:start position:0% +we are + + + align:start position:0% +we are +set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all + + align:start position:0% +okay all + + + align:start position:0% +okay all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now another question what is the all + + align:start position:0% +now another question what is the all + + + align:start position:0% +now another question what is the all +right we we have a distribution or mean + + align:start position:0% +right we we have a distribution or mean + + + align:start position:0% +right we we have a distribution or mean +uh protein wait sorry + + align:start position:0% +uh protein wait sorry + + + align:start position:0% +uh protein wait sorry +mean where mean number of oh yeah we + + align:start position:0% +mean where mean number of oh yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +mean where mean number of oh yeah we +have the mean number of protein produced + + align:start position:0% +have the mean number of protein produced + + + align:start position:0% +have the mean number of protein produced +from each + + align:start position:0% +from each + + + align:start position:0% +from each +Mna right is something in the ca you + + align:start position:0% +Mna right is something in the ca you + + + align:start position:0% +Mna right is something in the ca you +know the question is is this the most + + align:start position:0% +know the question is is this the most + + + align:start position:0% +know the question is is this the most +likely number of proteins to + + align:start position:0% +likely number of proteins to + + + align:start position:0% +likely number of proteins to +observe is the distribution here now + + align:start position:0% +observe is the distribution here now + + + align:start position:0% +observe is the distribution here now +okay right this is a mean right but now + + align:start position:0% +okay right this is a mean right but now + + + align:start position:0% +okay right this is a mean right but now +we want to start thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +we want to start thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +we want to start thinking about the +probabilistic you know stochastic + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic you know stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic you know stochastic +elements is this the most likely is the + + align:start position:0% +elements is this the most likely is the + + + align:start position:0% +elements is this the most likely is the +likely number of proteins absorbed from + + align:start position:0% +likely number of proteins absorbed from + + + align:start position:0% +likely number of proteins absorbed from +an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mRNA okay question is is this the most + + align:start position:0% +mRNA okay question is is this the most + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA okay question is is this the most +likely + + align:start position:0% +likely + + + align:start position:0% +likely +by by which I mean is the probability + + align:start position:0% +by by which I mean is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +by by which I mean is the probability +distribution Peak here okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +distribution Peak here okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +distribution Peak here okay so we're +going to do it a as a yes and B is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no all right does everybody understand + + align:start position:0% +no all right does everybody understand + + + align:start position:0% +no all right does everybody understand +the question I'm trying to ask all right + + align:start position:0% +the question I'm trying to ask all right + + + align:start position:0% +the question I'm trying to ask all right +so an mRNA is is here there's going to + + align:start position:0% +so an mRNA is is here there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +so an mRNA is is here there's going to +be some proteins made from it this is + + align:start position:0% +be some proteins made from it this is + + + align:start position:0% +be some proteins made from it this is +the mean I want to know is um is that + + align:start position:0% +the mean I want to know is um is that + + + align:start position:0% +the mean I want to know is um is that +what is that what we should somehow + + align:start position:0% +what is that what we should somehow + + + align:start position:0% +what is that what we should somehow +expect in is the is the distribution + + align:start position:0% +expect in is the is the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +expect in is the is the distribution +peaked the probably distribution peaked + + align:start position:0% +peaked the probably distribution peaked + + + align:start position:0% +peaked the probably distribution peaked +around this + + align:start position:0% +around this + + + align:start position:0% +around this +value and C + + align:start position:0% +value and C + + + align:start position:0% +value and C +is do I want to do it depends well you + + align:start position:0% +is do I want to do it depends well you + + + align:start position:0% +is do I want to do it depends well you +can always argue after all right uh do + + align:start position:0% +can always argue after all right uh do + + + align:start position:0% +can always argue after all right uh do +you need more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time is this you're saying is this the + + align:start position:0% +time is this you're saying is this the + + + align:start position:0% +time is this you're saying is this the +most likely number protein yeah what I'm + + align:start position:0% +most likely number protein yeah what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +most likely number protein yeah what I'm +wondering is is is the um you know is + + align:start position:0% +wondering is is is the um you know is + + + align:start position:0% +wondering is is is the um you know is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +mode there right but only for this + + align:start position:0% +mode there right but only for this + + + align:start position:0% +mode there right but only for this +quantity only yeah for yeah but now so + + align:start position:0% +quantity only yeah for yeah but now so + + + align:start position:0% +quantity only yeah for yeah but now so +now we're not doing means anymore we + + align:start position:0% +now we're not doing means anymore we + + + align:start position:0% +now we're not doing means anymore we +want to know the probity distribution of + + align:start position:0% +want to know the probity distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +want to know the probity distribution of +the protein produced for each Mr is um + + align:start position:0% +the protein produced for each Mr is um + + + align:start position:0% +the protein produced for each Mr is um +is the mode around this okay ready three + + align:start position:0% +is the mode around this okay ready three + + + align:start position:0% +is the mode around this okay ready three +two one all right we got a lot of NOS + + align:start position:0% +two one all right we got a lot of NOS + + + align:start position:0% +two one all right we got a lot of NOS +but some yeses all right so this is + + align:start position:0% +but some yeses all right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +but some yeses all right so this is +actually going to be a no and this was + + align:start position:0% +actually going to be a no and this was + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to be a no and this was +because the probability distribution all + + align:start position:0% +because the probability distribution all + + + align:start position:0% +because the probability distribution all +right we're going to the question is you + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to the question is you + + + align:start position:0% +right we're going to the question is you +know what what is the probability + + align:start position:0% +know what what is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +know what what is the probability +distribution for the number of proteins + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the number of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the number of proteins +produced from each mRNA it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +produced from each mRNA it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +produced from each mRNA it's going to be +one of these ready three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all right so we got some different + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we got some different + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we got some different +you know but um but I'd say that most of + + align:start position:0% +you know but um but I'd say that most of + + + align:start position:0% +you know but um but I'd say that most of +the groups is saying it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +the groups is saying it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +the groups is saying it's going to be a +or b and indeed these are almost the + + align:start position:0% +or b and indeed these are almost the + + + align:start position:0% +or b and indeed these are almost the +same distributions what what what's the + + align:start position:0% +same distributions what what what's the + + + align:start position:0% +same distributions what what what's the +difference between + + align:start position:0% +difference between + + + align:start position:0% +difference between +themet right so this guy's discreet this + + align:start position:0% +themet right so this guy's discreet this + + + align:start position:0% +themet right so this guy's discreet this +guy's + + align:start position:0% +guy's + + + align:start position:0% +guy's +continuous right indeed when we're + + align:start position:0% +continuous right indeed when we're + + + align:start position:0% +continuous right indeed when we're +talking about the numbers then we should + + align:start position:0% +talking about the numbers then we should + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the numbers then we should +get it's a geometric but you know often + + align:start position:0% +get it's a geometric but you know often + + + align:start position:0% +get it's a geometric but you know often +we're kind of a little bit uh loose + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of a little bit uh loose + + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of a little bit uh loose +about about these things so it's not a + + align:start position:0% +about about these things so it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +about about these things so it's not a +disaster if you said exponential but the + + align:start position:0% +disaster if you said exponential but the + + + align:start position:0% +disaster if you said exponential but the +key thing is that the distribution looks + + align:start position:0% +key thing is that the distribution looks + + + align:start position:0% +key thing is that the distribution looks +something like all right so now I've + + align:start position:0% +something like all right so now I've + + + align:start position:0% +something like all right so now I've +certainly drawn it as an exponential + + align:start position:0% +certainly drawn it as an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +certainly drawn it as an exponential +right this is the probability of n as a + + align:start position:0% +right this is the probability of n as a + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the probability of n as a +function of n of course the geometric + + align:start position:0% +function of n of course the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +function of n of course the geometric +thing it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looks sorry why we + + align:start position:0% +looks sorry why we + + + align:start position:0% +looks sorry why we +expect why should we expect the + + align:start position:0% +expect why should we expect the + + + align:start position:0% +expect why should we expect the +distribution so one answer is that um + + align:start position:0% +distribution so one answer is that um + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so one answer is that um +because that's what you read on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +because that's what you read on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what you read on Tuesday +but um but let's go ahead + + align:start position:0% +but um but let's go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +but um but let's go ahead +and yeah let let's let + + align:start position:0% +and yeah let let's let + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah let let's let +yeah yeah no + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah no + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah no +no yes all right but let's go let's go + + align:start position:0% +no yes all right but let's go let's go + + + align:start position:0% +no yes all right but let's go let's go +ahead and calculate it all right um it's + + align:start position:0% +ahead and calculate it all right um it's + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and calculate it all right um it's +useful okay the way to think about this + + align:start position:0% +useful okay the way to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +useful okay the way to think about this +in some ways there's another way to + + align:start position:0% +in some ways there's another way to + + + align:start position:0% +in some ways there's another way to +write this perhaps which is that imagine + + align:start position:0% +write this perhaps which is that imagine + + + align:start position:0% +write this perhaps which is that imagine +you have an + + align:start position:0% +you have an + + + align:start position:0% +you have an +mRNA okay now at some rate it's going to + + align:start position:0% +mRNA okay now at some rate it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA okay now at some rate it's going to +be uh it's going to be degraded um and + + align:start position:0% +be uh it's going to be degraded um and + + + align:start position:0% +be uh it's going to be degraded um and +maybe we'll keep the degradation rate + + align:start position:0% +maybe we'll keep the degradation rate + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we'll keep the degradation rate +down just + + align:start position:0% +down just + + + align:start position:0% +down just +for so there's degradation rate um but + + align:start position:0% +for so there's degradation rate um but + + + align:start position:0% +for so there's degradation rate um but +then if you'd like we could draw it like + + align:start position:0% +then if you'd like we could draw it like + + + align:start position:0% +then if you'd like we could draw it like +this right where this is the this is the + + align:start position:0% +this right where this is the this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this right where this is the this is the +synthesis rate for a protein you know + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate for a protein you know + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis rate for a protein you know +and out pops you know that's out pops a + + align:start position:0% +and out pops you know that's out pops a + + + align:start position:0% +and out pops you know that's out pops a +protein but we're going to okay + + align:start position:0% +protein but we're going to okay + + + align:start position:0% +protein but we're going to okay +right so the idea is okay we here's + + align:start position:0% +right so the idea is okay we here's + + + align:start position:0% +right so the idea is okay we here's +we're in some state where okay here we + + align:start position:0% +we're in some state where okay here we + + + align:start position:0% +we're in some state where okay here we +have an MR here's the state where we + + align:start position:0% +have an MR here's the state where we + + + align:start position:0% +have an MR here's the state where we +don't have an M now this is the + + align:start position:0% +don't have an M now this is the + + + align:start position:0% +don't have an M now this is the +competition between those two rates that + + align:start position:0% +competition between those two rates that + + + align:start position:0% +competition between those two rates that +I was telling you about right there's + + align:start position:0% +I was telling you about right there's + + + align:start position:0% +I was telling you about right there's +some degradation rate for the Mr or + + align:start position:0% +some degradation rate for the Mr or + + + align:start position:0% +some degradation rate for the Mr or +there's a synthesis rate where we go + + align:start position:0% +there's a synthesis rate where we go + + + align:start position:0% +there's a synthesis rate where we go +around this Loop right if we come around + + align:start position:0% +around this Loop right if we come around + + + align:start position:0% +around this Loop right if we come around +this Loop we come back to the state with + + align:start position:0% +this Loop we come back to the state with + + + align:start position:0% +this Loop we come back to the state with +an mRNA there still is an MR intact just + + align:start position:0% +an mRNA there still is an MR intact just + + + align:start position:0% +an mRNA there still is an MR intact just +out pops a + + align:start position:0% +out pops a + + + align:start position:0% +out pops a +protein okay right so then what we want + + align:start position:0% +protein okay right so then what we want + + + align:start position:0% +protein okay right so then what we want +to do is we want to think about uh + + align:start position:0% +to do is we want to think about uh + + + align:start position:0% +to do is we want to think about uh +what's the what's the number of proteins + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the number of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the number of proteins +that we expect not just the mean but the + + align:start position:0% +that we expect not just the mean but the + + + align:start position:0% +that we expect not just the mean but the +the actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution right you know and so it + + align:start position:0% +distribution right you know and so it + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right you know and so it +it's useful in in in these uh in these + + align:start position:0% +it's useful in in in these uh in these + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful in in in these uh in these +situations to Define this uh some + + align:start position:0% +situations to Define this uh some + + + align:start position:0% +situations to Define this uh some +probability uh row which is uh which is + + align:start position:0% +probability uh row which is uh which is + + + align:start position:0% +probability uh row which is uh which is +the probability that you actually if + + align:start position:0% +the probability that you actually if + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that you actually if +you're here the probability that you + + align:start position:0% +you're here the probability that you + + + align:start position:0% +you're here the probability that you +produce one protein at least right the + + align:start position:0% +produce one protein at least right the + + + align:start position:0% +produce one protein at least right the +question is which path do you take + + align:start position:0% +question is which path do you take + + + align:start position:0% +question is which path do you take +initially right well that's just given + + align:start position:0% +initially right well that's just given + + + align:start position:0% +initially right well that's just given +by the ratios right so there's the rate + + align:start position:0% +by the ratios right so there's the rate + + + align:start position:0% +by the ratios right so there's the rate +that we take this circular path divided + + align:start position:0% +that we take this circular path divided + + + align:start position:0% +that we take this circular path divided +by the sum of these two other + + align:start position:0% +by the sum of these two other + + + align:start position:0% +by the sum of these two other +rates + + align:start position:0% +rates + + + align:start position:0% +rates +okay and then what we can do is we can + + align:start position:0% +okay and then what we can do is we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then what we can do is we can +ask well what is the probability that + + align:start position:0% +ask well what is the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +ask well what is the probability that +zero proteins are + + align:start position:0% +zero proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +zero proteins are +produced okay probability we get zero + + align:start position:0% +produced okay probability we get zero + + + align:start position:0% +produced okay probability we get zero +well if we take this path initially will + + align:start position:0% +well if we take this path initially will + + + align:start position:0% +well if we take this path initially will +we have zero proteins no right so this + + align:start position:0% +we have zero proteins no right so this + + + align:start position:0% +we have zero proteins no right so this +probability is indeed simply equal to + + align:start position:0% +probability is indeed simply equal to + + + align:start position:0% +probability is indeed simply equal to +the probability that we do this first + + align:start position:0% +the probability that we do this first + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that we do this first +which is 1 minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +row okay right now what's the + + align:start position:0% +row okay right now what's the + + + align:start position:0% +row okay right now what's the +probability that we get one protein + + align:start position:0% +probability that we get one protein + + + align:start position:0% +probability that we get one protein +well probably one that's equal to the + + align:start position:0% +well probably one that's equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +well probably one that's equal to the +probability that we first take + + align:start position:0% +probability that we first take + + + align:start position:0% +probability that we first take +this path and then we take this path + + align:start position:0% +this path and then we take this path + + + align:start position:0% +this path and then we take this path +okay well we can multiply those + + align:start position:0% +okay well we can multiply those + + + align:start position:0% +okay well we can multiply those +probabilities because this we first take + + align:start position:0% +probabilities because this we first take + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities because this we first take +the circular path to make a protein and + + align:start position:0% +the circular path to make a protein and + + + align:start position:0% +the circular path to make a protein and +then we take the degradation path right + + align:start position:0% +then we take the degradation path right + + + align:start position:0% +then we take the degradation path right +well what's probably we get two well + + align:start position:0% +well what's probably we get two well + + + align:start position:0% +well what's probably we get two well +that's just that we come around here + + align:start position:0% +that's just that we come around here + + + align:start position:0% +that's just that we come around here +once twice and then degrade + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right now U if you're not + + align:start position:0% +right all right now U if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +right all right now U if you're not +seeing a pattern here then um then we're + + align:start position:0% +seeing a pattern here then um then we're + + + align:start position:0% +seeing a pattern here then um then we're +in trouble but uh so okay so so this is + + align:start position:0% +in trouble but uh so okay so so this is + + + align:start position:0% +in trouble but uh so okay so so this is +the probability of n will then just be + + align:start position:0% +the probability of n will then just be + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of n will then just be +equal to row to the N 1us + + align:start position:0% +equal to row to the N 1us + + + align:start position:0% +equal to row to the N 1us +row + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um and indeed you know it's it's + + align:start position:0% +okay um and indeed you know it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and indeed you know it's it's +always useful in order to warm up your + + align:start position:0% +always useful in order to warm up your + + + align:start position:0% +always useful in order to warm up your +probability muscles to check to make + + align:start position:0% +probability muscles to check to make + + + align:start position:0% +probability muscles to check to make +sure that this is a um this is a + + align:start position:0% +sure that this is a um this is a + + + align:start position:0% +sure that this is a um this is a +normalized probability distribution + + align:start position:0% +normalized probability distribution + + + align:start position:0% +normalized probability distribution +right so sum + + align:start position:0% +right so sum + + + align:start position:0% +right so sum +over all possible ends indeed goes to + + align:start position:0% +over all possible ends indeed goes to + + + align:start position:0% +over all possible ends indeed goes to +one right and that's just because the + + align:start position:0% +one right and that's just because the + + + align:start position:0% +one right and that's just because the +sum over bunch of row To The Ends is + + align:start position:0% +sum over bunch of row To The Ends is + + + align:start position:0% +sum over bunch of row To The Ends is +equal to 1/ 1us row which is the term + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1/ 1us row which is the term + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1/ 1us row which is the term +there and that goes to + + align:start position:0% +there and that goes to + + + align:start position:0% +there and that goes to +one okay so this is making assumtion + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is making assumtion + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is making assumtion +events are allend yep + + align:start position:0% +events are allend yep + + + align:start position:0% +events are allend yep +yep yep this is this is this is this is + + align:start position:0% +yep yep this is this is this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +yep yep this is this is this is this is +assuming that that if you've gone around + + align:start position:0% +assuming that that if you've gone around + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that that if you've gone around +once you return I mean but i' you know + + align:start position:0% +once you return I mean but i' you know + + + align:start position:0% +once you return I mean but i' you know +I've come back to the original state + + align:start position:0% +I've come back to the original state + + + align:start position:0% +I've come back to the original state +so get + + align:start position:0% +so get + + + align:start position:0% +so get +CAU look there are a lot of things that + + align:start position:0% +CAU look there are a lot of things that + + + align:start position:0% +CAU look there are a lot of things that +that can be true right um and I would + + align:start position:0% +that can be true right um and I would + + + align:start position:0% +that can be true right um and I would +say that uh you know in biology and in + + align:start position:0% +say that uh you know in biology and in + + + align:start position:0% +say that uh you know in biology and in +life what you do is you first write down + + align:start position:0% +life what you do is you first write down + + + align:start position:0% +life what you do is you first write down +the simplest possible model and then you + + align:start position:0% +the simplest possible model and then you + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest possible model and then you +go and you make measurements and you ask + + align:start position:0% +go and you make measurements and you ask + + + align:start position:0% +go and you make measurements and you ask +whether the simplest p possible model um + + align:start position:0% +whether the simplest p possible model um + + + align:start position:0% +whether the simplest p possible model um +Can adequately explain the data and if + + align:start position:0% +Can adequately explain the data and if + + + align:start position:0% +Can adequately explain the data and if +the answer is no then you're allowed to + + align:start position:0% +the answer is no then you're allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is no then you're allowed to +start thinking about other things right + + align:start position:0% +start thinking about other things right + + + align:start position:0% +start thinking about other things right +because everything is in principle true + + align:start position:0% +because everything is in principle true + + + align:start position:0% +because everything is in principle true +right uh and that mRNA oh maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +right uh and that mRNA oh maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +right uh and that mRNA oh maybe it's +this or that you know the question is + + align:start position:0% +this or that you know the question is + + + align:start position:0% +this or that you know the question is +whether it's significant and at least + + align:start position:0% +whether it's significant and at least + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's significant and at least +from the data from Sunny's group would + + align:start position:0% +from the data from Sunny's group would + + + align:start position:0% +from the data from Sunny's group would +say that it you know in that condition + + align:start position:0% +say that it you know in that condition + + + align:start position:0% +say that it you know in that condition +in those cells that it's it's that those + + align:start position:0% +in those cells that it's it's that those + + + align:start position:0% +in those cells that it's it's that those +things are not significant in the sense + + align:start position:0% +things are not significant in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +things are not significant in the sense +that you still get a geometric + + align:start position:0% +that you still get a geometric + + + align:start position:0% +that you still get a geometric +distribution of course it could also be + + align:start position:0% +distribution of course it could also be + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of course it could also be +that um that those other things actually + + align:start position:0% +that um that those other things actually + + + align:start position:0% +that um that those other things actually +are true and are significant but then + + align:start position:0% +are true and are significant but then + + + align:start position:0% +are true and are significant but then +you end up with some new parameters that + + align:start position:0% +you end up with some new parameters that + + + align:start position:0% +you end up with some new parameters that +describe the you know how how things + + align:start position:0% +describe the you know how how things + + + align:start position:0% +describe the you know how how things +look as a result of all the complexity + + align:start position:0% +look as a result of all the complexity + + + align:start position:0% +look as a result of all the complexity +that's also okay in the sense + + align:start position:0% +that's also okay in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +that's also okay in the sense +that say that you can get qu a + + align:start position:0% +that say that you can get qu a + + + align:start position:0% +that say that you can get qu a +quantitative description of the process + + align:start position:0% +quantitative description of the process + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative description of the process +by describing it as a geometric with + + align:start position:0% +by describing it as a geometric with + + + align:start position:0% +by describing it as a geometric with +just a single free parameter and they + + align:start position:0% +just a single free parameter and they + + + align:start position:0% +just a single free parameter and they +found that the mean was of was four or + + align:start position:0% +found that the mean was of was four or + + + align:start position:0% +found that the mean was of was four or +four or five right the mean number of + + align:start position:0% +four or five right the mean number of + + + align:start position:0% +four or five right the mean number of +proteins produced from the MRNA from + + align:start position:0% +proteins produced from the MRNA from + + + align:start position:0% +proteins produced from the MRNA from +each mRNA but they they saw they got + + align:start position:0% +each mRNA but they they saw they got + + + align:start position:0% +each mRNA but they they saw they got +this this this geometric distribution in + + align:start position:0% +this this this geometric distribution in + + + align:start position:0% +this this this geometric distribution in +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +paper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes um and I I'll just mention here that + + align:start position:0% +yes um and I I'll just mention here that + + + align:start position:0% +yes um and I I'll just mention here that +uh the mean of + + align:start position:0% +uh the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the mean of +this is is row divid 1us + + align:start position:0% +this is is row divid 1us + + + align:start position:0% +this is is row divid 1us +row okay so what you see is that as row + + align:start position:0% +row okay so what you see is that as row + + + align:start position:0% +row okay so what you see is that as row +goes to one then this thing is going to + + align:start position:0% +goes to one then this thing is going to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to one then this thing is going to +diverge and that makes sense because as + + align:start position:0% +diverge and that makes sense because as + + + align:start position:0% +diverge and that makes sense because as +as row goes to one it's saying that uh + + align:start position:0% +as row goes to one it's saying that uh + + + align:start position:0% +as row goes to one it's saying that uh +you essentially always synthesize + + align:start position:0% +you essentially always synthesize + + + align:start position:0% +you essentially always synthesize +another protein rather than degrading + + align:start position:0% +another protein rather than degrading + + + align:start position:0% +another protein rather than degrading +okay um and I just before I move on I + + align:start position:0% +okay um and I just before I move on I + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and I just before I move on I +just want to say one more thing which is + + align:start position:0% +just want to say one more thing which is + + + align:start position:0% +just want to say one more thing which is +that there are many different + + align:start position:0% +that there are many different + + + align:start position:0% +that there are many different +definitions of the geometric + + align:start position:0% +definitions of the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of the geometric +distribution depending upon whether the + + align:start position:0% +distribution depending upon whether the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution depending upon whether the +probability of row is the probability of + + align:start position:0% +probability of row is the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of row is the probability of +terminating or the probability of going + + align:start position:0% +terminating or the probability of going + + + align:start position:0% +terminating or the probability of going +around and also depending on whether + + align:start position:0% +around and also depending on whether + + + align:start position:0% +around and also depending on whether +you're asking what is the here we're + + align:start position:0% +you're asking what is the here we're + + + align:start position:0% +you're asking what is the here we're +talking about the probability + + align:start position:0% +talking about the probability + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the probability +distribution for the number of proteins + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the number of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the number of proteins +produced whereas we could have talked + + align:start position:0% +produced whereas we could have talked + + + align:start position:0% +produced whereas we could have talked +about the probability distribution for + + align:start position:0% +about the probability distribution for + + + align:start position:0% +about the probability distribution for +the number of times we go around this + + align:start position:0% +the number of times we go around this + + + align:start position:0% +the number of times we go around this +Loop before no no no sorry that that + + align:start position:0% +Loop before no no no sorry that that + + + align:start position:0% +Loop before no no no sorry that that +that is what the number of proteins + + align:start position:0% +that is what the number of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +that is what the number of proteins +produce all right so um the other way + + align:start position:0% +produce all right so um the other way + + + align:start position:0% +produce all right so um the other way +that you could have defined this is the + + align:start position:0% +that you could have defined this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that you could have defined this is the +the number of + + align:start position:0% +the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of +times or you know it's it's okay the + + align:start position:0% +times or you know it's it's okay the + + + align:start position:0% +times or you know it's it's okay the +number of cycles that you had to go + + align:start position:0% +number of cycles that you had to go + + + align:start position:0% +number of cycles that you had to go +before you went here in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +before you went here in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +before you went here in the sense that +if if you first go here you could either + + align:start position:0% +if if you first go here you could either + + + align:start position:0% +if if you first go here you could either +call that a zero or one you see what I'm + + align:start position:0% +call that a zero or one you see what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +call that a zero or one you see what I'm +saying and you know reasonable people + + align:start position:0% +saying and you know reasonable people + + + align:start position:0% +saying and you know reasonable people +can disagree so but you end up getting + + align:start position:0% +can disagree so but you end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +can disagree so but you end up getting +distributions you know that that are + + align:start position:0% +distributions you know that that are + + + align:start position:0% +distributions you know that that are +just a little bit different okay so + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit different okay so + + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit different okay so +watch out if you just memorize something + + align:start position:0% +watch out if you just memorize something + + + align:start position:0% +watch out if you just memorize something +you might have memorized the equation + + align:start position:0% +you might have memorized the equation + + + align:start position:0% +you might have memorized the equation +for a different definition of this + + align:start position:0% +for a different definition of this + + + align:start position:0% +for a different definition of this +distribution does everybody understand + + align:start position:0% +distribution does everybody understand + + + align:start position:0% +distribution does everybody understand +what I tried to say + + align:start position:0% +what I tried to say + + + align:start position:0% +what I tried to say +there maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah ah if there's no degradation then + + align:start position:0% +yeah ah if there's no degradation then + + + align:start position:0% +yeah ah if there's no degradation then +would this be a Pon I mean this would be + + align:start position:0% +would this be a Pon I mean this would be + + + align:start position:0% +would this be a Pon I mean this would be +Infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um all right but okay so I want to + + align:start position:0% +okay um all right but okay so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay um all right but okay so I want to +be clear this is p of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is um this is the probability + + align:start position:0% +is um this is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +is um this is the probability +distribution U for um number of proteins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n produced from a single Mr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +name now if if there's no degradation of + + align:start position:0% +name now if if there's no degradation of + + + align:start position:0% +name now if if there's no degradation of +the MRNA then um then this thing is not + + align:start position:0% +the MRNA then um then this thing is not + + + align:start position:0% +the MRNA then um then this thing is not +even I think defined in that in that the + + align:start position:0% +even I think defined in that in that the + + + align:start position:0% +even I think defined in that in that the +number of proteins dis produced from + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins dis produced from + + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins dis produced from +that mRNA is just really goes to + + align:start position:0% +that mRNA is just really goes to + + + align:start position:0% +that mRNA is just really goes to +Infinity if you wanted to ask about the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity if you wanted to ask about the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity if you wanted to ask about the +pro the prob distribution for the number + + align:start position:0% +pro the prob distribution for the number + + + align:start position:0% +pro the prob distribution for the number +of proteins produced in some unit some + + align:start position:0% +of proteins produced in some unit some + + + align:start position:0% +of proteins produced in some unit some +period of + + align:start position:0% +period of + + + align:start position:0% +period of +time right that would indeed be a plus + + align:start position:0% +time right that would indeed be a plus + + + align:start position:0% +time right that would indeed be a plus +OD + + align:start position:0% +OD + + + align:start position:0% +OD +distribution assuming that there's no + + align:start position:0% +distribution assuming that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +distribution assuming that there's no +degradation + + align:start position:0% +degradation + + + align:start position:0% +degradation +right do you do you understand what I'm + + align:start position:0% +right do you do you understand what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right do you do you understand what I'm +trying to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if + + align:start position:0% +so if + + + align:start position:0% +so if +SP I'm sorry if SP were + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero um okay but and you're saying that + + align:start position:0% +zero um okay but and you're saying that + + + align:start position:0% +zero um okay but and you're saying that +what would be Poston + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distributed + + align:start position:0% +distributed + + + align:start position:0% +distributed +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I yeah I think that actually it yeah + + align:start position:0% +um I yeah I think that actually it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um I yeah I think that actually it yeah +no I think I think + + align:start position:0% +no I think I think + + + align:start position:0% +no I think I think +that yeah I think that you're probably + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I think that you're probably + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I think that you're probably +right that as SP goes to zero I'm a + + align:start position:0% +right that as SP goes to zero I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +right that as SP goes to zero I'm a +little bit worried that no no zero sorry + + align:start position:0% +little bit worried that no no zero sorry + + + align:start position:0% +little bit worried that no no zero sorry +oh not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay um right so the Mr + + align:start position:0% +zero okay um right so the Mr + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay um right so the Mr +distribution we're about to find is + + align:start position:0% +distribution we're about to find is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we're about to find is +indeed going to be Plus on steady state + + align:start position:0% +indeed going to be Plus on steady state + + + align:start position:0% +indeed going to be Plus on steady state +uh and so if if if there's some process + + align:start position:0% +uh and so if if if there's some process + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so if if if there's some process +by which the protein distribution is + + align:start position:0% +by which the protein distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +by which the protein distribution is +really just mirroring the um the Mr + + align:start position:0% +really just mirroring the um the Mr + + + align:start position:0% +really just mirroring the um the Mr +distribution then it will also be Plus + + align:start position:0% +distribution then it will also be Plus + + + align:start position:0% +distribution then it will also be Plus +on although I think you have to be + + align:start position:0% +on although I think you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +on although I think you have to be +careful about what how you actually + + align:start position:0% +careful about what how you actually + + + align:start position:0% +careful about what how you actually +Implement that um because even in the + + align:start position:0% +Implement that um because even in the + + + align:start position:0% +Implement that um because even in the +absence of this geometric + + align:start position:0% +absence of this geometric + + + align:start position:0% +absence of this geometric +bursting different things I think can + + align:start position:0% +bursting different things I think can + + + align:start position:0% +bursting different things I think can +happen all right because for example if + + align:start position:0% +happen all right because for example if + + + align:start position:0% +happen all right because for example if +there were exactly 10 proteins produced + + align:start position:0% +there were exactly 10 proteins produced + + + align:start position:0% +there were exactly 10 proteins produced +from each mRNA then that probability + + align:start position:0% +from each mRNA then that probability + + + align:start position:0% +from each mRNA then that probability +distribution is is a + + align:start position:0% +distribution is is a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is is a +shift right but then it's um it it's not + + align:start position:0% +shift right but then it's um it it's not + + + align:start position:0% +shift right but then it's um it it's not +it's no longer actually going to be Pon + + align:start position:0% +it's no longer actually going to be Pon + + + align:start position:0% +it's no longer actually going to be Pon +because the mean and variance are going + + align:start position:0% +because the mean and variance are going + + + align:start position:0% +because the mean and variance are going +to scale differently if you do that all + + align:start position:0% +to scale differently if you do that all + + + align:start position:0% +to scale differently if you do that all +right let let's maybe do the do the pon + + align:start position:0% +right let let's maybe do the do the pon + + + align:start position:0% +right let let's maybe do the do the pon +distribution for the MRNA first and then + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the MRNA first and then + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the MRNA first and then +we can try to um touch back on this okay + + align:start position:0% +we can try to um touch back on this okay + + + align:start position:0% +we can try to um touch back on this okay +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right so this is a plot of kind of + + align:start position:0% +right so this is a plot of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is a plot of kind of +geometric distribution with a mean of 3 + + align:start position:0% +geometric distribution with a mean of 3 + + + align:start position:0% +geometric distribution with a mean of 3 +4ish + + align:start position:0% +4ish + + + align:start position:0% +4ish +okay um all right is everybody is + + align:start position:0% +okay um all right is everybody is + + + align:start position:0% +okay um all right is everybody is +everybody happy with with with where we + + align:start position:0% +everybody happy with with with where we + + + align:start position:0% +everybody happy with with with where we +are right now okay um now from this what + + align:start position:0% +are right now okay um now from this what + + + align:start position:0% +are right now okay um now from this what +we've said so far is it obvious what the + + align:start position:0% +we've said so far is it obvious what the + + + align:start position:0% +we've said so far is it obvious what the +distribution of proteins will be in a + + align:start position:0% +distribution of proteins will be in a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of proteins will be in a +Cell we can say obvious yes or not + + align:start position:0% +Cell we can say obvious yes or not + + + align:start position:0% +Cell we can say obvious yes or not +obvious + + align:start position:0% +obvious + + + align:start position:0% +obvious +no ready just verbal yes ready or no + + align:start position:0% +no ready just verbal yes ready or no + + + align:start position:0% +no ready just verbal yes ready or no +ready 3 two one no no right okay so + + align:start position:0% +ready 3 two one no no right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +ready 3 two one no no right okay so +we've said that the um the distribution + + align:start position:0% +we've said that the um the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +we've said that the um the distribution +of sizes of protein bursts from single + + align:start position:0% +of sizes of protein bursts from single + + + align:start position:0% +of sizes of protein bursts from single +Mr is geometric but that doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +Mr is geometric but that doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +Mr is geometric but that doesn't mean +that that's going to be the distribution + + align:start position:0% +that that's going to be the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +that that's going to be the distribution +of proteins in the cell okay uh and + + align:start position:0% +of proteins in the cell okay uh and + + + align:start position:0% +of proteins in the cell okay uh and +indeed after we're going to find that + + align:start position:0% +indeed after we're going to find that + + + align:start position:0% +indeed after we're going to find that +the distribution of mRNA is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of mRNA is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of mRNA is going to be +poon but even then it's not obvious what + + align:start position:0% +poon but even then it's not obvious what + + + align:start position:0% +poon but even then it's not obvious what +the distribution of proteins is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so what we want to do now + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so what we want to do now + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so what we want to do now +is we want to introduce uh kind of a + + align:start position:0% +is we want to introduce uh kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +is we want to introduce uh kind of a +simple version of what's known as the + + align:start position:0% +simple version of what's known as the + + + align:start position:0% +simple version of what's known as the +master + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation now you guys are going to do + + align:start position:0% +equation now you guys are going to do + + + align:start position:0% +equation now you guys are going to do +more reading on this for uh for the + + align:start position:0% +more reading on this for uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +more reading on this for uh for the +lecture on on Tuesday where we're going + + align:start position:0% +lecture on on Tuesday where we're going + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on on Tuesday where we're going +to talk about the master equation as + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the master equation as + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the master equation as +well as um the fer plunk approximation + + align:start position:0% +well as um the fer plunk approximation + + + align:start position:0% +well as um the fer plunk approximation +maybe the gpie algorithm and so forth + + align:start position:0% +maybe the gpie algorithm and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the gpie algorithm and so forth +but um I want to start by uh thinking + + align:start position:0% +but um I want to start by uh thinking + + + align:start position:0% +but um I want to start by uh thinking +about this this this notion in the + + align:start position:0% +about this this this notion in the + + + align:start position:0% +about this this this notion in the +simplest possible context okay so what + + align:start position:0% +simplest possible context okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +simplest possible context okay so what +we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to +think about the world all right so we + + align:start position:0% +think about the world all right so we + + + align:start position:0% +think about the world all right so we +want to know the the the steady state or + + align:start position:0% +want to know the the the steady state or + + + align:start position:0% +want to know the the the steady state or +the kind of equilibrium distribution of + + align:start position:0% +the kind of equilibrium distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of equilibrium distribution of +mRNA numbers in the cell given this + + align:start position:0% +mRNA numbers in the cell given this + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA numbers in the cell given this +process right okay so that's great we + + align:start position:0% +process right okay so that's great we + + + align:start position:0% +process right okay so that's great we +can um all right so uh mRNA distribution + + align:start position:0% +can um all right so uh mRNA distribution + + + align:start position:0% +can um all right so uh mRNA distribution +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mark now in this case we don't care + + align:start position:0% +mark now in this case we don't care + + + align:start position:0% +mark now in this case we don't care +about SP Delta P because the only things + + align:start position:0% +about SP Delta P because the only things + + + align:start position:0% +about SP Delta P because the only things +that are relevant are going to be these + + align:start position:0% +that are relevant are going to be these + + + align:start position:0% +that are relevant are going to be these +okay now what we're going to do is we're + + align:start position:0% +okay now what we're going to do is we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what we're going to do is we're +going to think about the world in which + + align:start position:0% +going to think about the world in which + + + align:start position:0% +going to think about the world in which +um we just Define States corresponding + + align:start position:0% +um we just Define States corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +um we just Define States corresponding +to the different numbers of these mrnas + + align:start position:0% +to the different numbers of these mrnas + + + align:start position:0% +to the different numbers of these mrnas +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +right so there's a state where okay + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a state where okay + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a state where okay +there's zero all right we can't go to + + align:start position:0% +there's zero all right we can't go to + + + align:start position:0% +there's zero all right we can't go to +the left less than zero but we can go to + + align:start position:0% +the left less than zero but we can go to + + + align:start position:0% +the left less than zero but we can go to +um the state where there's + + align:start position:0% +um the state where there's + + + align:start position:0% +um the state where there's +one or the state where there's two and + + align:start position:0% +one or the state where there's two and + + + align:start position:0% +one or the state where there's two and +so forth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right now the description here + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now the description here + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now the description here +is is supposed to be the analog of of + + align:start position:0% +is is supposed to be the analog of of + + + align:start position:0% +is is supposed to be the analog of of +this over there right so this is trying + + align:start position:0% +this over there right so this is trying + + + align:start position:0% +this over there right so this is trying +to understand the situation where the + + align:start position:0% +to understand the situation where the + + + align:start position:0% +to understand the situation where the +deterministic equations would be + + align:start position:0% +deterministic equations would be + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic equations would be +described by m dot is equal to their + + align:start position:0% +described by m dot is equal to their + + + align:start position:0% +described by m dot is equal to their +some synthesis + + align:start position:0% +some synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +some synthesis +rate but minus a degradation rate that's + + align:start position:0% +rate but minus a degradation rate that's + + + align:start position:0% +rate but minus a degradation rate that's +proportional to the number right so + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the number right so + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the number right so +minus a a Delta M time + + align:start position:0% +minus a a Delta M time + + + align:start position:0% +minus a a Delta M time +M + + align:start position:0% +M + + + align:start position:0% +M +okay right so what you can see is + + align:start position:0% +okay right so what you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so what you can see is +that the deterministic equations are + + align:start position:0% +that the deterministic equations are + + + align:start position:0% +that the deterministic equations are +very simple right we already calculated + + align:start position:0% +very simple right we already calculated + + + align:start position:0% +very simple right we already calculated +the equilibrium right so when this thing + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium right so when this thing + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium right so when this thing +is equal to zero then we get that M + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero then we get that M + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to zero then we get that M +equilibrium is just going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is just going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is just going to be equal to +the synthesis rate divided by the + + align:start position:0% +the synthesis rate divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +the synthesis rate divided by the +degradation + + align:start position:0% +degradation + + + align:start position:0% +degradation +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +right if we're away from the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +right if we're away from the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +right if we're away from the equilibrium +in this deterministic approximation how + + align:start position:0% +in this deterministic approximation how + + + align:start position:0% +in this deterministic approximation how +long is it going to take us to kind of + + align:start position:0% +long is it going to take us to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +long is it going to take us to kind of +approach our + + align:start position:0% +approach our + + + align:start position:0% +approach our +equilibrium verbal answer ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium verbal answer ready 3 2 + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium verbal answer ready 3 2 +one right so the it's going to be one + + align:start position:0% +one right so the it's going to be one + + + align:start position:0% +one right so the it's going to be one +over Delta M right so this tells us the + + align:start position:0% +over Delta M right so this tells us the + + + align:start position:0% +over Delta M right so this tells us the +characteristic time scale to come back + + align:start position:0% +characteristic time scale to come back + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic time scale to come back +right so if we're this is the + + align:start position:0% +right so if we're this is the + + + align:start position:0% +right so if we're this is the +equilibrium SM over Delta m + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium SM over Delta m + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium SM over Delta m +this is M as a function of time right if + + align:start position:0% +this is M as a function of time right if + + + align:start position:0% +this is M as a function of time right if +we're below we come here if we're above + + align:start position:0% +we're below we come here if we're above + + + align:start position:0% +we're below we come here if we're above +we come here right and + + align:start position:0% +we come here right and + + + align:start position:0% +we come here right and +this this time is one over Delta + + align:start position:0% +this this time is one over Delta + + + align:start position:0% +this this time is one over Delta +M right are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +M right are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +M right are there any questions +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right now this all right so I I + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now this all right so I I + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now this all right so I I +want to highlight that this is like the + + align:start position:0% +want to highlight that this is like the + + + align:start position:0% +want to highlight that this is like the +world's simplest + + align:start position:0% +world's simplest + + + align:start position:0% +world's simplest +dynamical equation almost almost the + + align:start position:0% +dynamical equation almost almost the + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical equation almost almost the +worldest right um yet what we're going + + align:start position:0% +worldest right um yet what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +worldest right um yet what we're going +to find is that once we go over and we + + align:start position:0% +to find is that once we go over and we + + + align:start position:0% +to find is that once we go over and we +try to understand the full probability + + align:start position:0% +try to understand the full probability + + + align:start position:0% +try to understand the full probability +distribution uh of the stochastic system + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh of the stochastic system + + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh of the stochastic system +then you know it's it's a it's a little + + align:start position:0% +then you know it's it's a it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +then you know it's it's a it's a little +bit more complicated in particular we + + align:start position:0% +bit more complicated in particular we + + + align:start position:0% +bit more complicated in particular we +end up uh with an infinite set of + + align:start position:0% +end up uh with an infinite set of + + + align:start position:0% +end up uh with an infinite set of +differential equations okay right so in + + align:start position:0% +differential equations okay right so in + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations okay right so in +general uh the master equation format + + align:start position:0% +general uh the master equation format + + + align:start position:0% +general uh the master equation format +where we we're going to write + + align:start position:0% +where we we're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +where we we're going to write +differential equations for how these + + align:start position:0% +differential equations for how these + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations for how these +probabilities change over time okay now + + align:start position:0% +probabilities change over time okay now + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities change over time okay now +what we've done is we've traded a single + + align:start position:0% +what we've done is we've traded a single + + + align:start position:0% +what we've done is we've traded a single +differential equation for an infinite + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for an infinite +number of differential equations right + + align:start position:0% +number of differential equations right + + + align:start position:0% +number of differential equations right +so that's you know that's a + + align:start position:0% +so that's you know that's a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's you know that's a +bummer but on the other hand you know it + + align:start position:0% +bummer but on the other hand you know it + + + align:start position:0% +bummer but on the other hand you know it +will allow us to do the full stochastic + + align:start position:0% +will allow us to do the full stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +will allow us to do the full stochastic +treatment and um and it's also a nice um + + align:start position:0% +treatment and um and it's also a nice um + + + align:start position:0% +treatment and um and it's also a nice um +to me the master equation is useful kind + + align:start position:0% +to me the master equation is useful kind + + + align:start position:0% +to me the master equation is useful kind +of in two ways one is that uh it is a + + align:start position:0% +of in two ways one is that uh it is a + + + align:start position:0% +of in two ways one is that uh it is a +it's going to be a tool for us to do + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a tool for us to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a tool for us to do +analytic calculations but it's also a u + + align:start position:0% +analytic calculations but it's also a u + + + align:start position:0% +analytic calculations but it's also a u +kind of a principled way of organizing + + align:start position:0% +kind of a principled way of organizing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a principled way of organizing +your thoughts so that you can go and do + + align:start position:0% +your thoughts so that you can go and do + + + align:start position:0% +your thoughts so that you can go and do +stochastic simulations if that's what + + align:start position:0% +stochastic simulations if that's what + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic simulations if that's what +you want to do okay so um it's also just + + align:start position:0% +you want to do okay so um it's also just + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do okay so um it's also just +kind of like a Way Station to kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a Way Station to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a Way Station to kind of +help you set up your uh your simulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so what we're going to do +is we're going to ask about the general + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to ask about the general + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to ask about the general +way that this thing is g to move between + + align:start position:0% +way that this thing is g to move between + + + align:start position:0% +way that this thing is g to move between +different states in particular we uh are + + align:start position:0% +different states in particular we uh are + + + align:start position:0% +different states in particular we uh are +going to have some General State in here + + align:start position:0% +going to have some General State in here + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some General State in here +MN which can go forward or back MN + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um now what we want to do is think about + + align:start position:0% +um now what we want to do is think about + + + align:start position:0% +um now what we want to do is think about +how th how those probabilities are going + + align:start position:0% +how th how those probabilities are going + + + align:start position:0% +how th how those probabilities are going +to change over time right so we + + align:start position:0% +to change over time right so we + + + align:start position:0% +to change over time right so we +typically have FN n FN okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +typically have FN n FN okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +typically have FN n FN okay so this is +often written as an + + align:start position:0% +often written as an + + + align:start position:0% +often written as an +FN an FN minus one and then this is a g + + align:start position:0% +FN an FN minus one and then this is a g + + + align:start position:0% +FN an FN minus one and then this is a g +I want to make sure I get the n's and N + + align:start position:0% +I want to make sure I get the n's and N + + + align:start position:0% +I want to make sure I get the n's and N +minus 1's correct + + align:start position:0% +minus 1's correct + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1's correct +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay typically we write GN + + + align:start position:0% +okay typically we write GN + + + + align:start position:0% +okay typically we write GN + +one GN all right so the these are + + align:start position:0% +one GN all right so the these are + + + align:start position:0% +one GN all right so the these are +telling us about the rates of this um of + + align:start position:0% +telling us about the rates of this um of + + + align:start position:0% +telling us about the rates of this um of +being in this state with say n mras and + + align:start position:0% +being in this state with say n mras and + + + align:start position:0% +being in this state with say n mras and +as compared to going here or going here + + align:start position:0% +as compared to going here or going here + + + align:start position:0% +as compared to going here or going here +right so then what we can do is we can + + align:start position:0% +right so then what we can do is we can + + + align:start position:0% +right so then what we can do is we can +write the change in uh the + + align:start position:0% +write the change in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +write the change in uh the +probability uh of + + align:start position:0% +probability uh of + + + align:start position:0% +probability uh of +MN uh with respect to time okay well + + align:start position:0% +MN uh with respect to time okay well + + + align:start position:0% +MN uh with respect to time okay well +there there are just a few different + + align:start position:0% +there there are just a few different + + + align:start position:0% +there there are just a few different +ways that the probability can change + + align:start position:0% +ways that the probability can change + + + align:start position:0% +ways that the probability can change +right so we can leave this state in two + + align:start position:0% +right so we can leave this state in two + + + align:start position:0% +right so we can leave this state in two +different ways right FN um GN okay + + align:start position:0% +different ways right FN um GN okay + + + align:start position:0% +different ways right FN um GN okay +so right so there the one the way that + + align:start position:0% +so right so there the one the way that + + + align:start position:0% +so right so there the one the way that +we we lose the probability is that we + + align:start position:0% +we we lose the probability is that we + + + align:start position:0% +we we lose the probability is that we +have FN + GN times the probability that + + align:start position:0% +have FN + GN times the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +have FN + GN times the probability that +we are in + + align:start position:0% +we are in + + + align:start position:0% +we are in +MN okay that's an N there right and then + + align:start position:0% +MN okay that's an N there right and then + + + align:start position:0% +MN okay that's an N there right and then +there are going to be two ways that we + + align:start position:0% +there are going to be two ways that we + + + align:start position:0% +there are going to be two ways that we +gain probability right we can gain + + align:start position:0% +gain probability right we can gain + + + align:start position:0% +gain probability right we can gain +probability from the mnus one so this is + + align:start position:0% +probability from the mnus one so this is + + + align:start position:0% +probability from the mnus one so this is +FN minus + + align:start position:0% +FN minus + + + align:start position:0% +FN minus +one one plus we can get probability from + + align:start position:0% +one one plus we can get probability from + + + align:start position:0% +one one plus we can get probability from +the Upper State that's a GN + + + align:start position:0% +the Upper State that's a GN + + + + align:start position:0% +the Upper State that's a GN + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +MN + + + align:start position:0% +MN + + + + align:start position:0% +MN + +one okay so this is just saying that the + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is just saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this is just saying that the +change and the probability of being in + + align:start position:0% +change and the probability of being in + + + align:start position:0% +change and the probability of being in +this state is going to be given by the + + align:start position:0% +this state is going to be given by the + + + align:start position:0% +this state is going to be given by the +probability that we leave the state all + + align:start position:0% +probability that we leave the state all + + + align:start position:0% +probability that we leave the state all +sorry the probability that we enter the + + align:start position:0% +sorry the probability that we enter the + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the probability that we enter the +State minus the probability that we're + + align:start position:0% +State minus the probability that we're + + + align:start position:0% +State minus the probability that we're +leaving the state okay kind of the + + align:start position:0% +leaving the state okay kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +leaving the state okay kind of the +rates okay now this is going to be true + + align:start position:0% +rates okay now this is going to be true + + + align:start position:0% +rates okay now this is going to be true +for all n except for n uh equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +for all n except for n uh equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +for all n except for n uh equal to zero +we don't have uh the terms over on the + + align:start position:0% +we don't have uh the terms over on the + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have uh the terms over on the +left okay so this is um this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +left okay so this is um this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +left okay so this is um this is kind of +for all for all n right so this is in + + align:start position:0% +for all for all n right so this is in + + + align:start position:0% +for all for all n right so this is in +particular this is for n basically zero + + align:start position:0% +particular this is for n basically zero + + + align:start position:0% +particular this is for n basically zero +on up to Infinity right so this is a + + align:start position:0% +on up to Infinity right so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +on up to Infinity right so this is a +differential equation for the + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for the + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for the +probability of being in having n mRNA + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in having n mRNA + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in having n mRNA +but this is we have to have a different + + align:start position:0% +but this is we have to have a different + + + align:start position:0% +but this is we have to have a different +equation for each n 0 1 2 3 four five + + align:start position:0% +equation for each n 0 1 2 3 four five + + + align:start position:0% +equation for each n 0 1 2 3 four five +okay on up okay all right so this is uh + + align:start position:0% +okay on up okay all right so this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay on up okay all right so this is uh +this is what I mean by converting single + + align:start position:0% +this is what I mean by converting single + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I mean by converting single +differential equation which is actually + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which is actually +exceedingly exceedingly simple one for + + align:start position:0% +exceedingly exceedingly simple one for + + + align:start position:0% +exceedingly exceedingly simple one for +one that is for infinite set and each + + align:start position:0% +one that is for infinite set and each + + + align:start position:0% +one that is for infinite set and each +one is even a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +one is even a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +one is even a little bit more +complicated right in in general these fs + + align:start position:0% +complicated right in in general these fs + + + align:start position:0% +complicated right in in general these fs +and n's can uh can be can be pretty + + align:start position:0% +and n's can uh can be can be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and n's can uh can be can be pretty +complicated um in in this situation + + align:start position:0% +complicated um in in this situation + + + align:start position:0% +complicated um in in this situation +they're not they're not so + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're not so + + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're not so +bad but uh let let's make sure let's + + align:start position:0% +bad but uh let let's make sure let's + + + align:start position:0% +bad but uh let let's make sure let's +right can can somebody say what FN and + + align:start position:0% +right can can somebody say what FN and + + + align:start position:0% +right can can somebody say what FN and +GN are equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to any + + align:start position:0% +to any + + + align:start position:0% +to any +volunteers right so FN okay this is the + + align:start position:0% +volunteers right so FN okay this is the + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers right so FN okay this is the +this is the rate that we add a new M + + align:start position:0% +this is the rate that we add a new M + + + align:start position:0% +this is the rate that we add a new M +well that's just synthesis rate for Mr + + align:start position:0% +well that's just synthesis rate for Mr + + + align:start position:0% +well that's just synthesis rate for Mr +and this guy is + + align:start position:0% +and this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +and this guy is +what right so this is all right so this + + align:start position:0% +what right so this is all right so this + + + align:start position:0% +what right so this is all right so this +is degradation rate um and we actually + + align:start position:0% +is degradation rate um and we actually + + + align:start position:0% +is degradation rate um and we actually +do have to multiply still by uh the + + align:start position:0% +do have to multiply still by uh the + + + align:start position:0% +do have to multiply still by uh the +number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n okay and that's because as we go + + align:start position:0% +n okay and that's because as we go + + + align:start position:0% +n okay and that's because as we go +further out here to the right then it is + + align:start position:0% +further out here to the right then it is + + + align:start position:0% +further out here to the right then it is +true that the rate the the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +true that the rate the the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +true that the rate the the rate at which +we come back to the left is increasing + + align:start position:0% +we come back to the left is increasing + + + align:start position:0% +we come back to the left is increasing +right because there's just more Mr they + + align:start position:0% +right because there's just more Mr they + + + align:start position:0% +right because there's just more Mr they +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +degraded okay all right now it's worth + + align:start position:0% +degraded okay all right now it's worth + + + align:start position:0% +degraded okay all right now it's worth +saying that you can for example use this + + align:start position:0% +saying that you can for example use this + + + align:start position:0% +saying that you can for example use this +to simulate the probability distribution + + align:start position:0% +to simulate the probability distribution + + + align:start position:0% +to simulate the probability distribution +uh if you start from any distribution + + align:start position:0% +uh if you start from any distribution + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you start from any distribution +you like so for example you could start + + align:start position:0% +you like so for example you could start + + + align:start position:0% +you like so for example you could start +m0 equal to 1 and then just simulate how + + align:start position:0% +m0 equal to 1 and then just simulate how + + + align:start position:0% +m0 equal to 1 and then just simulate how +the probability kind of like + + align:start position:0% +the probability kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +the probability kind of like +recalibrates and comes over here + + align:start position:0% +recalibrates and comes over here + + + align:start position:0% +recalibrates and comes over here +similarly you could do it over here you + + align:start position:0% +similarly you could do it over here you + + + align:start position:0% +similarly you could do it over here you +could start with any probability + + align:start position:0% +could start with any probability + + + align:start position:0% +could start with any probability +distribution you want and you could uh + + align:start position:0% +distribution you want and you could uh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution you want and you could uh +use this as a framework to calculate + + align:start position:0% +use this as a framework to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +use this as a framework to calculate +what the probability distribution will + + align:start position:0% +what the probability distribution will + + + align:start position:0% +what the probability distribution will +be at any time later + + align:start position:0% +be at any time later + + + align:start position:0% +be at any time later +right um but you can also use this just + + align:start position:0% +right um but you can also use this just + + + align:start position:0% +right um but you can also use this just +as a way of um figuring out what the uh + + align:start position:0% +as a way of um figuring out what the uh + + + align:start position:0% +as a way of um figuring out what the uh +what the equilibrium distribution is + + align:start position:0% +what the equilibrium distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +what the equilibrium distribution is +going to be because at at + + align:start position:0% +going to be because at at + + + align:start position:0% +going to be because at at +equilibrium we can just ask okay for for + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium we can just ask okay for for + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium we can just ask okay for for +each one of these arrows U the + + align:start position:0% +each one of these arrows U the + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these arrows U the +probability of moving to the right has + + align:start position:0% +probability of moving to the right has + + + align:start position:0% +probability of moving to the right has +to be equal to the probability of moving + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to the probability of moving + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to the probability of moving +to the left otherwise we wouldn't be at + + align:start position:0% +to the left otherwise we wouldn't be at + + + align:start position:0% +to the left otherwise we wouldn't be at +equilibrium right and that's true for + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right and that's true for + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right and that's true for +every one of these kinds of pairs of + + align:start position:0% +every one of these kinds of pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +every one of these kinds of pairs of +arrows okay + + align:start position:0% +arrows okay + + + align:start position:0% +arrows okay +and uh in particular what we can uh get + + align:start position:0% +and uh in particular what we can uh get + + + align:start position:0% +and uh in particular what we can uh get +and I want to make sure that so but it's + + align:start position:0% +and I want to make sure that so but it's + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to make sure that so but it's +not that FN is equal to GN + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rightn right so it's really going to end + + align:start position:0% +rightn right so it's really going to end + + + align:start position:0% +rightn right so it's really going to end +up being that if you see what FN and GN + + align:start position:0% +up being that if you see what FN and GN + + + align:start position:0% +up being that if you see what FN and GN +you know so that FN is going to have to + + align:start position:0% +you know so that FN is going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +you know so that FN is going to have to +be equal to G of n + one + + align:start position:0% +be equal to G of n + one + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to G of n + one +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +for all n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes ah yes yes um indeed uh so that + + align:start position:0% +yes ah yes yes um indeed uh so that + + + align:start position:0% +yes ah yes yes um indeed uh so that +sorry time MN * m of n + one sorry yeah + + align:start position:0% +sorry time MN * m of n + one sorry yeah + + + align:start position:0% +sorry time MN * m of n + one sorry yeah +uh yes so it's it's the it's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh yes so it's it's the it's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh yes so it's it's the it's the kind of +probability flux that we have to + + align:start position:0% +probability flux that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +probability flux that we have to +equalize right right so this is nice + + align:start position:0% +equalize right right so this is nice + + + align:start position:0% +equalize right right so this is nice +because this gives us a ratio of of + + align:start position:0% +because this gives us a ratio of of + + + align:start position:0% +because this gives us a ratio of of +things right in particular this tells us + + align:start position:0% +things right in particular this tells us + + + align:start position:0% +things right in particular this tells us +that the probability of being in the n + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of being in the n + + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of being in the n + +1id by the probability of being n and + + align:start position:0% +1id by the probability of being n and + + + align:start position:0% +1id by the probability of being n and +this is um this is at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium right is going to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right is going to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right is going to +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +be FN / GN + + + align:start position:0% +be FN / GN + + + + align:start position:0% +be FN / GN + +one right which is this synthesis rate + + align:start position:0% +one right which is this synthesis rate + + + align:start position:0% +one right which is this synthesis rate +and then down here is going to be this + + align:start position:0% +and then down here is going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +and then down here is going to be this +degradation rate times uh in this case n + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate times uh in this case n + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate times uh in this case n ++ + + align:start position:0% ++ + + + align:start position:0% ++ +1 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so this this is useful because for + + align:start position:0% +right so this this is useful because for + + + align:start position:0% +right so this this is useful because for +example if we start at M you know we can + + align:start position:0% +example if we start at M you know we can + + + align:start position:0% +example if we start at M you know we can +say that all right + + align:start position:0% +say that all right + + + align:start position:0% +say that all right +M1 over + + align:start position:0% +M1 over + + + align:start position:0% +M1 over +m0 and well maybe we'll even put the M + + align:start position:0% +m0 and well maybe we'll even put the M + + + align:start position:0% +m0 and well maybe we'll even put the M +Zer over on the on the + + align:start position:0% +Zer over on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +Zer over on the on the +right okay right so then M1 all right + + align:start position:0% +right okay right so then M1 all right + + + align:start position:0% +right okay right so then M1 all right +well what is that equal to that's going + + align:start position:0% +well what is that equal to that's going + + + align:start position:0% +well what is that equal to that's going +to be syn synthesis rate divid by + + align:start position:0% +to be syn synthesis rate divid by + + + align:start position:0% +to be syn synthesis rate divid by +degradation + + align:start position:0% +degradation + + + align:start position:0% +degradation +rate time m0 right but then we also know + + align:start position:0% +rate time m0 right but then we also know + + + align:start position:0% +rate time m0 right but then we also know +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +M2 well that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +M2 well that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +M2 well that's going to be +again synthesis rate divide by + + align:start position:0% +again synthesis rate divide by + + + align:start position:0% +again synthesis rate divide by +degradation rate and we're going to get + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate and we're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate and we're going to get +a squared but then now we have to divide + + align:start position:0% +a squared but then now we have to divide + + + align:start position:0% +a squared but then now we have to divide +by a half time + + align:start position:0% +by a half time + + + align:start position:0% +by a half time +m0 all right continuing on M3 + + align:start position:0% +m0 all right continuing on M3 + + + align:start position:0% +m0 all right continuing on M3 +oops all right we got SM over Delta M + + align:start position:0% +oops all right we got SM over Delta M + + + align:start position:0% +oops all right we got SM over Delta M +cubed / 1 3 * 2 * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m0 right so in general we get the + + align:start position:0% +m0 right so in general we get the + + + align:start position:0% +m0 right so in general we get the +probability of being in the nth + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in the nth + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in the nth +state is going to be this thing we'll + + align:start position:0% +state is going to be this thing we'll + + + align:start position:0% +state is going to be this thing we'll +call it Lambda for + + align:start position:0% +call it Lambda for + + + align:start position:0% +call it Lambda for +now Lambda to the N / n factorial time + + align:start position:0% +now Lambda to the N / n factorial time + + + align:start position:0% +now Lambda to the N / n factorial time +m0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right now what's the um all right and + + align:start position:0% +right now what's the um all right and + + + align:start position:0% +right now what's the um all right and +okay remember Lambda here we've to find + + align:start position:0% +okay remember Lambda here we've to find + + + align:start position:0% +okay remember Lambda here we've to find +it to be the the ratio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Delta now if we sum over all these + + align:start position:0% +Delta now if we sum over all these + + + align:start position:0% +Delta now if we sum over all these +probabilities what should we + + align:start position:0% +probabilities what should we + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities what should we +get one all right if we sum over this + + align:start position:0% +get one all right if we sum over this + + + align:start position:0% +get one all right if we sum over this +thing what is that equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +What Lambda e to the Lambda right so + + align:start position:0% +What Lambda e to the Lambda right so + + + align:start position:0% +What Lambda e to the Lambda right so +this just remember in this world all + + align:start position:0% +this just remember in this world all + + + align:start position:0% +this just remember in this world all +right the the sum over Lambda to the n n + + align:start position:0% +right the the sum over Lambda to the n n + + + align:start position:0% +right the the sum over Lambda to the n n +factorial from n equal to 0 to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +factorial from n equal to 0 to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +factorial from n equal to 0 to Infinity +this is indeed the definition of e to + + align:start position:0% +this is indeed the definition of e to + + + align:start position:0% +this is indeed the definition of e to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Lambda right so what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +Lambda right so what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda right so what that means is that +the normalization condition is that m0 + + align:start position:0% +the normalization condition is that m0 + + + align:start position:0% +the normalization condition is that m0 +has to be equal to e to Theus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda which is indeed A Plus on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll raise it up a little bit all right + + align:start position:0% +I'll raise it up a little bit all right + + + align:start position:0% +I'll raise it up a little bit all right +okay all right so this is saying okay to + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so this is saying okay to + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so this is saying okay to +back up right if we just have constant + + align:start position:0% +back up right if we just have constant + + + align:start position:0% +back up right if we just have constant +rate of creation of something constant + + align:start position:0% +rate of creation of something constant + + + align:start position:0% +rate of creation of something constant +rate of degradation of that thing on a + + align:start position:0% +rate of degradation of that thing on a + + + align:start position:0% +rate of degradation of that thing on a +per item basis right per unit basis then + + align:start position:0% +per item basis right per unit basis then + + + align:start position:0% +per item basis right per unit basis then +you end up getting a Plus on + + align:start position:0% +you end up getting a Plus on + + + align:start position:0% +you end up getting a Plus on +distribution for uh at equilibrium for + + align:start position:0% +distribution for uh at equilibrium for + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for uh at equilibrium for +for the number of of that thing um in + + align:start position:0% +for the number of of that thing um in + + + align:start position:0% +for the number of of that thing um in +this case the number of mRNA in the + + align:start position:0% +this case the number of mRNA in the + + + align:start position:0% +this case the number of mRNA in the +cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay questions about why that is what + + align:start position:0% +okay questions about why that is what + + + align:start position:0% +okay questions about why that is what +happened how we calculate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +um so this is B + + align:start position:0% +um so this is B + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is B +basically F of N and this is basically + + align:start position:0% +basically F of N and this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically F of N and this is basically +like this G of n but uh remember here m + + align:start position:0% +like this G of n but uh remember here m + + + align:start position:0% +like this G of n but uh remember here m +is the number of proteins or the number + + align:start position:0% +is the number of proteins or the number + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of proteins or the number +of mRNA right so then that's that's in + + align:start position:0% +of mRNA right so then that's that's in + + + align:start position:0% +of mRNA right so then that's that's in +the con in the con context of of the + + align:start position:0% +the con in the con context of of the + + + align:start position:0% +the con in the con context of of the +master equation then M and N are you get + + align:start position:0% +master equation then M and N are you get + + + align:start position:0% +master equation then M and N are you get +n by the current number of + + align:start position:0% +n by the current number of + + + align:start position:0% +n by the current number of +M does that make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +yes I'm confused how you change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um well let's just do it all right + + align:start position:0% +okay um well let's just do it all right + + + align:start position:0% +okay um well let's just do it all right +so what we know so MN this is the + + align:start position:0% +so what we know so MN this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we know so MN this is the +probability that we observe uh n mRNA + + align:start position:0% +probability that we observe uh n mRNA + + + align:start position:0% +probability that we observe uh n mRNA +right and we know that the sum over MN + + align:start position:0% +right and we know that the sum over MN + + + align:start position:0% +right and we know that the sum over MN +so all these probabilities from n equal + + align:start position:0% +so all these probabilities from n equal + + + align:start position:0% +so all these probabilities from n equal +to Zer to Infinity um is has to be equal + + align:start position:0% +to Zer to Infinity um is has to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +to Zer to Infinity um is has to be equal +to one right something has to happen + + align:start position:0% +to one right something has to happen + + + align:start position:0% +to one right something has to happen +right so this is okay well let's just do + + align:start position:0% +right so this is okay well let's just do + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is okay well let's just do +the sum okay this is equal to the sum + + align:start position:0% +the sum okay this is equal to the sum + + + align:start position:0% +the sum okay this is equal to the sum +Lambda to the N / n factorial m0 + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to the N / n factorial m0 + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to the N / n factorial m0 +right right but + + align:start position:0% +right right but + + + align:start position:0% +right right but +m0 does this is this a function of + + align:start position:0% +m0 does this is this a function of + + + align:start position:0% +m0 does this is this a function of +n no right m0 is just this is just the + + align:start position:0% +n no right m0 is just this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +n no right m0 is just this is just the +probability at equilibrium that you have + + align:start position:0% +probability at equilibrium that you have + + + align:start position:0% +probability at equilibrium that you have +zero mRNA right so we can just pull this + + align:start position:0% +zero mRNA right so we can just pull this + + + align:start position:0% +zero mRNA right so we can just pull this +thing out right this is just some number + + align:start position:0% +thing out right this is just some number + + + align:start position:0% +thing out right this is just some number +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability okay now the statement is + + align:start position:0% +probability okay now the statement is + + + align:start position:0% +probability okay now the statement is +that well this thing this is the + + align:start position:0% +that well this thing this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that well this thing this is the +definition of e to the + + align:start position:0% +definition of e to the + + + align:start position:0% +definition of e to the +Lambda right so in general right because + + align:start position:0% +Lambda right so in general right because + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda right so in general right because +we always okay so e to the X we often + + align:start position:0% +we always okay so e to the X we often + + + align:start position:0% +we always okay so e to the X we often +write is equal to 1 + x + x^2 over 2 + + align:start position:0% +write is equal to 1 + x + x^2 over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +write is equal to 1 + x + x^2 over 2 +plus dot dot dot + + align:start position:0% +plus dot dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +plus dot dot dot +right okay so this thing is indeed just + + align:start position:0% +right okay so this thing is indeed just + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so this thing is indeed just +equal to e to the + + align:start position:0% +equal to e to the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to e to the +Lambda okay so what we know is + + align:start position:0% +Lambda okay so what we know is + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda okay so what we know is +that you know this is still one right so + + align:start position:0% +that you know this is still one right so + + + align:start position:0% +that you know this is still one right so +one you know M * e Lambda is equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +one you know M * e Lambda is equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one you know M * e Lambda is equal to 1 +so m is e the minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda all right any other questions + + align:start position:0% +Lambda all right any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda all right any other questions +about how we got here what's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes mean Val that would be the behavior + + align:start position:0% +yes mean Val that would be the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +yes mean Val that would be the behavior +of the mean Val that that is the + + align:start position:0% +of the mean Val that that is the + + + align:start position:0% +of the mean Val that that is the +expected Behavior the mean value over + + align:start position:0% +expected Behavior the mean value over + + + align:start position:0% +expected Behavior the mean value over +time right in this case FN and GN are + + align:start position:0% +time right in this case FN and GN are + + + align:start position:0% +time right in this case FN and GN are +both linear functions of the number of + + align:start position:0% +both linear functions of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +both linear functions of the number of +the Mr which means that uh in the + + align:start position:0% +the Mr which means that uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +the Mr which means that uh in the +context of the master equation if you + + align:start position:0% +context of the master equation if you + + + align:start position:0% +context of the master equation if you +ask about the + + align:start position:0% +ask about the + + + align:start position:0% +ask about the +expectation of the um of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the um of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the um of +MN right this this quantity uh is indeed + + align:start position:0% +MN right this this quantity uh is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +MN right this this quantity uh is indeed +equal to it has the same behavior as uh + + align:start position:0% +equal to it has the same behavior as uh + + + align:start position:0% +equal to it has the same behavior as uh +you know over time as as the + + align:start position:0% +you know over time as as the + + + align:start position:0% +you know over time as as the +deterministic + + align:start position:0% +deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic +equations okay so that you know if if if + + align:start position:0% +equations okay so that you know if if if + + + align:start position:0% +equations okay so that you know if if if +f and g are nonlinear then actually you + + align:start position:0% +f and g are nonlinear then actually you + + + align:start position:0% +f and g are nonlinear then actually you +get a deviation but uh but in this in + + align:start position:0% +get a deviation but uh but in this in + + + align:start position:0% +get a deviation but uh but in this in +this case it it is indeed the same what + + align:start position:0% +this case it it is indeed the same what + + + align:start position:0% +this case it it is indeed the same what +it means is that if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh if you compare the stochastic and the + + align:start position:0% +uh if you compare the stochastic and the + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you compare the stochastic and the +deterministic trajectories what you + + align:start position:0% +deterministic trajectories what you + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic trajectories what you +would see is that um well this thing is + + align:start position:0% +would see is that um well this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +would see is that um well this thing is +going to be a little + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little +bit you know Jagged or whatnot and then + + align:start position:0% +bit you know Jagged or whatnot and then + + + align:start position:0% +bit you know Jagged or whatnot and then +even at equilibrium it's going to come + + align:start position:0% +even at equilibrium it's going to come + + + align:start position:0% +even at equilibrium it's going to come +up and down a little bit right I'm + + align:start position:0% +up and down a little bit right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +up and down a little bit right I'm +trying to add a little bit of jagon cuz + + align:start position:0% +trying to add a little bit of jagon cuz + + + align:start position:0% +trying to add a little bit of jagon cuz +it's discreet right but the + + align:start position:0% +it's discreet right but the + + + align:start position:0% +it's discreet right but the +deterministic equation here is what + + align:start position:0% +deterministic equation here is what + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic equation here is what +you'd get if you average together an + + align:start position:0% +you'd get if you average together an + + + align:start position:0% +you'd get if you average together an +infinite number of these stochastic + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of these stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +infinite number of these stochastic +trajectories right because another one + + align:start position:0% +trajectories right because another one + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories right because another one +might have come down + + align:start position:0% +might have come down + + + align:start position:0% +might have come down +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and does that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer ising a double Ro like in that + + align:start position:0% +answer ising a double Ro like in that + + + align:start position:0% +answer ising a double Ro like in that +equation I think that I'm um yeah no I + + align:start position:0% +equation I think that I'm um yeah no I + + + align:start position:0% +equation I think that I'm um yeah no I +think that should I my nomenclature I + + align:start position:0% +think that should I my nomenclature I + + + align:start position:0% +think that should I my nomenclature I +think was not very good I've I've used + + align:start position:0% +think was not very good I've I've used + + + align:start position:0% +think was not very good I've I've used +two different things and I I think I now + + align:start position:0% +two different things and I I think I now + + + align:start position:0% +two different things and I I think I now +that I'm doing this I think that I I + + align:start position:0% +that I'm doing this I think that I I + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm doing this I think that I I +should have + + align:start position:0% +should have + + + align:start position:0% +should have +yeah I should have I should have just + + align:start position:0% +yeah I should have I should have just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I should have I should have just +called it P of n or maybe I should have + + align:start position:0% +called it P of n or maybe I should have + + + align:start position:0% +called it P of n or maybe I should have +used n here you know uh + + align:start position:0% +used n here you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +used n here you know uh +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um all right think is I was trying to be + + align:start position:0% +um all right think is I was trying to be + + + align:start position:0% +um all right think is I was trying to be +consistent with some of the previous you + + align:start position:0% +consistent with some of the previous you + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with some of the previous you +know but I think it was a mistake you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I I'm not I'm not I'm plotting + + align:start position:0% +I I'm not I'm not I'm plotting + + + align:start position:0% +I I'm not I'm not I'm plotting +uh okay um so so no I'm not uh okay so + + align:start position:0% +uh okay um so so no I'm not uh okay so + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay um so so no I'm not uh okay so +this is if you run an + + align:start position:0% +this is if you run an + + + align:start position:0% +this is if you run an +actual uh stochastic trajectory then at + + align:start position:0% +actual uh stochastic trajectory then at + + + align:start position:0% +actual uh stochastic trajectory then at +any moment in time you just have one + + align:start position:0% +any moment in time you just have one + + + align:start position:0% +any moment in time you just have one +there's some number of mRNA right + + align:start position:0% +there's some number of mRNA right + + + align:start position:0% +there's some number of mRNA right +whereas the the sum over the MN this is + + align:start position:0% +whereas the the sum over the MN this is + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the the sum over the MN this is +this is talking about the probability + + align:start position:0% +this is talking about the probability + + + align:start position:0% +this is talking about the probability +distribution of the entire thing right + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the entire thing right + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the entire thing right +so really if you started here the Master + + align:start position:0% +so really if you started here the Master + + + align:start position:0% +so really if you started here the Master +equation would give you some + + align:start position:0% +equation would give you some + + + align:start position:0% +equation would give you some +distribution for the M some distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the M some distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for the M some distribution +for the M's right and so if you if you + + align:start position:0% +for the M's right and so if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +for the M's right and so if you if you +looked at these over time then the mean + + align:start position:0% +looked at these over time then the mean + + + align:start position:0% +looked at these over time then the mean +is the mean of these distributions is + + align:start position:0% +is the mean of these distributions is + + + align:start position:0% +is the mean of these distributions is +indeed equal to the deterministic um + + align:start position:0% +indeed equal to the deterministic um + + + align:start position:0% +indeed equal to the deterministic um +behavior is it possible to recover like + + align:start position:0% +behavior is it possible to recover like + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is it possible to recover like +how would we recover the differential + + align:start position:0% +how would we recover the differential + + + align:start position:0% +how would we recover the differential +equation from from the master equation + + align:start position:0% +equation from from the master equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation from from the master equation +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +possible yeah uh I mean I think that in + + align:start position:0% +possible yeah uh I mean I think that in + + + align:start position:0% +possible yeah uh I mean I think that in +the end there's going to be a one toone + + align:start position:0% +the end there's going to be a one toone + + + align:start position:0% +the end there's going to be a one toone +relationship from I guess this + + align:start position:0% +relationship from I guess this + + + align:start position:0% +relationship from I guess this +differential equation to the master + + align:start position:0% +differential equation to the master + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation to the master +equation I'm trying to think of any any + + align:start position:0% +equation I'm trying to think of any any + + + align:start position:0% +equation I'm trying to think of any any +weird case or something funny is gonna + + align:start position:0% +weird case or something funny is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +weird case or something funny is gonna +happen is something funny gon to happen + + align:start position:0% +happen is something funny gon to happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen is something funny gon to happen +no but + + align:start position:0% +no but + + + align:start position:0% +no but +easy terms of + + align:start position:0% +easy terms of + + + align:start position:0% +easy terms of +distate the whole Su and then in that Su + + align:start position:0% +distate the whole Su and then in that Su + + + align:start position:0% +distate the whole Su and then in that Su +you express you know P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do right okay but I think this is the + + align:start position:0% +do right okay but I think this is the + + + align:start position:0% +do right okay but I think this is the +much more mathematical way I mean + + align:start position:0% +much more mathematical way I mean + + + align:start position:0% +much more mathematical way I mean +because I think that actually I mean + + align:start position:0% +because I think that actually I mean + + + align:start position:0% +because I think that actually I mean +the from the differential equation you + + align:start position:0% +the from the differential equation you + + + align:start position:0% +the from the differential equation you +actually from the terms here you can + + align:start position:0% +actually from the terms here you can + + + align:start position:0% +actually from the terms here you can +actually construct the master equation + + align:start position:0% +actually construct the master equation + + + align:start position:0% +actually construct the master equation +right and I think by the same way you + + align:start position:0% +right and I think by the same way you + + + align:start position:0% +right and I think by the same way you +can go from the master equation and I I + + align:start position:0% +can go from the master equation and I I + + + align:start position:0% +can go from the master equation and I I +think that there's going to be a unique + + align:start position:0% +think that there's going to be a unique + + + align:start position:0% +think that there's going to be a unique +differential equation that would have + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that would have + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that would have +gotten you to that Master equation so I + + align:start position:0% +gotten you to that Master equation so I + + + align:start position:0% +gotten you to that Master equation so I +think just from the terms you can do it + + align:start position:0% +think just from the terms you can do it + + + align:start position:0% +think just from the terms you can do it +right you can also do like moment + + align:start position:0% +right you can also do like moment + + + align:start position:0% +right you can also do like moment +generating functions to get the how the + + align:start position:0% +generating functions to get the how the + + + align:start position:0% +generating functions to get the how the +how how things change right but I mean I + + align:start position:0% +how how things change right but I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +how how things change right but I mean I +think that it's + + align:start position:0% +think that it's + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's +really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um from this for example I think it it + + align:start position:0% +um from this for example I think it it + + + align:start position:0% +um from this for example I think it it +tells you that that was the differential + + align:start position:0% +tells you that that was the differential + + + align:start position:0% +tells you that that was the differential +equation does + + align:start position:0% +equation does + + + align:start position:0% +equation does +that U yeah I mean it's sort of um the + + align:start position:0% +that U yeah I mean it's sort of um the + + + align:start position:0% +that U yeah I mean it's sort of um the +the way that we typically do these + + align:start position:0% +the way that we typically do these + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we typically do these +things is that we have a differential + + align:start position:0% +things is that we have a differential + + + align:start position:0% +things is that we have a differential +equation and then we construct the + + align:start position:0% +equation and then we construct the + + + align:start position:0% +equation and then we construct the +master equation so then we already knew + + align:start position:0% +master equation so then we already knew + + + align:start position:0% +master equation so then we already knew +what the differential equation was but I + + align:start position:0% +what the differential equation was but I + + + align:start position:0% +what the differential equation was but I +think just from the terms in in your + + align:start position:0% +think just from the terms in in your + + + align:start position:0% +think just from the terms in in your +master equation you can say all right + + align:start position:0% +master equation you can say all right + + + align:start position:0% +master equation you can say all right +well this this had have been the this + + align:start position:0% +well this this had have been the this + + + align:start position:0% +well this this had have been the this +was the differential equation that it + + align:start position:0% +was the differential equation that it + + + align:start position:0% +was the differential equation that it +started with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um any other questions about what + + align:start position:0% +um any other questions about what + + + align:start position:0% +um any other questions about what +happened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here all right so we we have I think a + + align:start position:0% +here all right so we we have I think a + + + align:start position:0% +here all right so we we have I think a +fair number a fair knowledge of what's + + align:start position:0% +fair number a fair knowledge of what's + + + align:start position:0% +fair number a fair knowledge of what's +going on here now right we know + + align:start position:0% +going on here now right we know + + + align:start position:0% +going on here now right we know +that the equilibrium distribution of + + align:start position:0% +that the equilibrium distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +that the equilibrium distribution of +mRNA in the cell is going to be Plus on + + align:start position:0% +mRNA in the cell is going to be Plus on + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA in the cell is going to be Plus on +we also know that the distribution of + + align:start position:0% +we also know that the distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +we also know that the distribution of +the number of mRNA produced per cell + + align:start position:0% +the number of mRNA produced per cell + + + align:start position:0% +the number of mRNA produced per cell +cycle is also Pon but it's a different + + align:start position:0% +cycle is also Pon but it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +cycle is also Pon but it's a different +Pon from the first one all right we know + + align:start position:0% +Pon from the first one all right we know + + + align:start position:0% +Pon from the first one all right we know +that the number of protein produced per + + align:start position:0% +that the number of protein produced per + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of protein produced per +mRNA is going to be geometrically + + align:start position:0% +mRNA is going to be geometrically + + + align:start position:0% +mRNA is going to be geometrically +distributed right um the one thing that + + align:start position:0% +distributed right um the one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +distributed right um the one thing that +we have not yet done is to ask about the + + align:start position:0% +we have not yet done is to ask about the + + + align:start position:0% +we have not yet done is to ask about the +uh the distribution of protein in the + + align:start position:0% +uh the distribution of protein in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the distribution of protein in the +cell okay so let's uh let's say + + align:start position:0% +cell okay so let's uh let's say + + + align:start position:0% +cell okay so let's uh let's say +something about that I'm not going to do + + align:start position:0% +something about that I'm not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +something about that I'm not going to do +the whole derivation because it's harder + + align:start position:0% +the whole derivation because it's harder + + + align:start position:0% +the whole derivation because it's harder +but I encourage you to um + + align:start position:0% +but I encourage you to um + + + align:start position:0% +but I encourage you to um +even the continuous version of the + + align:start position:0% +even the continuous version of the + + + align:start position:0% +even the continuous version of the +derivation is a is a is is harder you + + align:start position:0% +derivation is a is a is is harder you + + + align:start position:0% +derivation is a is a is is harder you +know is definitely harder than this but + + align:start position:0% +know is definitely harder than this but + + + align:start position:0% +know is definitely harder than this but +then the um the discret derivation is + + align:start position:0% +then the um the discret derivation is + + + align:start position:0% +then the um the discret derivation is +even worse so um so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +even worse so um so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +even worse so um so what we're going to +talk about and the way that we'll + + align:start position:0% +talk about and the way that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +talk about and the way that we'll +typically maybe think about this from + + align:start position:0% +typically maybe think about this from + + + align:start position:0% +typically maybe think about this from +the sto of this class is um is the + + align:start position:0% +the sto of this class is um is the + + + align:start position:0% +the sto of this class is um is the +continuous approximation + + align:start position:0% +continuous approximation + + + align:start position:0% +continuous approximation +to now that might have ended up being + + align:start position:0% +to now that might have ended up being + + + align:start position:0% +to now that might have ended up being +useful well um it's okay is the + + align:start position:0% +useful well um it's okay is the + + + align:start position:0% +useful well um it's okay is the +continuous approximation uh to the real + + align:start position:0% +continuous approximation uh to the real + + + align:start position:0% +continuous approximation uh to the real +um to the real answer uh and in + + align:start position:0% +um to the real answer uh and in + + + align:start position:0% +um to the real answer uh and in +particular just the way that the + + align:start position:0% +particular just the way that the + + + align:start position:0% +particular just the way that the +exponential is the continuous + + align:start position:0% +exponential is the continuous + + + align:start position:0% +exponential is the continuous +approximation of the the geometric + + align:start position:0% +approximation of the the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +approximation of the the geometric +distribution all right in the same way + + align:start position:0% +distribution all right in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +distribution all right in the same way +you can think about the um the + + align:start position:0% +you can think about the um the + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about the um the +equilibrium distribution of protein in + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium distribution of protein in + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium distribution of protein in +the cell in this model is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the cell in this model is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the cell in this model is going to be +gamma distributed right but gamma's a is + + align:start position:0% +gamma distributed right but gamma's a is + + + align:start position:0% +gamma distributed right but gamma's a is +continuous distribution but it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +continuous distribution but it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +continuous distribution but it's kind of +it's continuous analog + + align:start position:0% +it's continuous analog + + + align:start position:0% +it's continuous analog +uh of uh of the negative binomial right + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh of the negative binomial right + + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh of the negative binomial right +so let me + + align:start position:0% +so let me + + + align:start position:0% +so let me +just make sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and sunny she actually has a nice + + align:start position:0% +right and sunny she actually has a nice + + + align:start position:0% +right and sunny she actually has a nice +uh um a nice PRL paper where he deres uh + + align:start position:0% +uh um a nice PRL paper where he deres uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh um a nice PRL paper where he deres uh +the the gamma distribution um but even + + align:start position:0% +the the gamma distribution um but even + + + align:start position:0% +the the gamma distribution um but even +earlier actually uh Paulson had derived + + align:start position:0% +earlier actually uh Paulson had derived + + + align:start position:0% +earlier actually uh Paulson had derived +this negative binomial distribution the + + align:start position:0% +this negative binomial distribution the + + + align:start position:0% +this negative binomial distribution the +the discret version of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution all + + align:start position:0% +solution all + + + align:start position:0% +solution all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the number of protein per + + align:start position:0% +so this is the number of protein per + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the number of protein per +cell or we already know the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean right all right so this is um this + + align:start position:0% +mean right all right so this is um this + + + align:start position:0% +mean right all right so this is um this +is approximately distributed as a + + align:start position:0% +is approximately distributed as a + + + align:start position:0% +is approximately distributed as a +gamma right a gamma is a distribution + + align:start position:0% +gamma right a gamma is a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +gamma right a gamma is a distribution +that requires two parameters to describe + + align:start position:0% +that requires two parameters to describe + + + align:start position:0% +that requires two parameters to describe +all right so a Pon can be described by + + align:start position:0% +all right so a Pon can be described by + + + align:start position:0% +all right so a Pon can be described by +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +parameter gamma is typically described + + align:start position:0% +parameter gamma is typically described + + + align:start position:0% +parameter gamma is typically described +by two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right uh and B is going to be + + align:start position:0% +right all right uh and B is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +right all right uh and B is going to be +the burst + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size whereas a is uh the mean number of + + align:start position:0% +size whereas a is uh the mean number of + + + align:start position:0% +size whereas a is uh the mean number of +bursts uh per cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cycle which is the same as the the mean + + align:start position:0% +cycle which is the same as the the mean + + + align:start position:0% +cycle which is the same as the the mean +number of mRNA produced s mean number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ver + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so the gamma uh of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AB all + + align:start position:0% +AB all + + + align:start position:0% +AB all +right all right so uh the gamma a uh + + align:start position:0% +right all right so uh the gamma a uh + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so uh the gamma a uh +this is the gamma function it's uh equal + + align:start position:0% +this is the gamma function it's uh equal + + + align:start position:0% +this is the gamma function it's uh equal +to now is a minus one factorial or is I + + align:start position:0% +to now is a minus one factorial or is I + + + align:start position:0% +to now is a minus one factorial or is I +always get the is it a minus one or a + + align:start position:0% +always get the is it a minus one or a + + + align:start position:0% +always get the is it a minus one or a +plus one factorial anybody remember this + + align:start position:0% +plus one factorial anybody remember this + + + align:start position:0% +plus one factorial anybody remember this +yeah a minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay all right so you know I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so you know I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so you know I mean it's +like a lot of things you know you look + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of things you know you look + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of things you know you look +at this equation it doesn't really mean + + align:start position:0% +at this equation it doesn't really mean + + + align:start position:0% +at this equation it doesn't really mean +a whole lot but I think that a + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot but I think that a + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot but I think that a +reasonable way to think about this is + + align:start position:0% +reasonable way to think about this is + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable way to think about this is +the gamma is um approximately what you + + align:start position:0% +the gamma is um approximately what you + + + align:start position:0% +the gamma is um approximately what you +get when you uh add + + align:start position:0% +get when you uh add + + + align:start position:0% +get when you uh add +together a different exponentials with + + align:start position:0% +together a different exponentials with + + + align:start position:0% +together a different exponentials with +uh length scale given by + + align:start position:0% +uh length scale given by + + + align:start position:0% +uh length scale given by +B okay when you add probability + + align:start position:0% +B okay when you add probability + + + align:start position:0% +B okay when you add probability +distributions you have to do a + + align:start position:0% +distributions you have to do a + + + align:start position:0% +distributions you have to do a +convolution right so in some ways the + + align:start position:0% +convolution right so in some ways the + + + align:start position:0% +convolution right so in some ways the +way to think about and this kind of + + align:start position:0% +way to think about and this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about and this kind of +makes sense because what is happening is + + align:start position:0% +makes sense because what is happening is + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense because what is happening is +that U it takes something of order uh + + align:start position:0% +that U it takes something of order uh + + + align:start position:0% +that U it takes something of order uh +cell division time for these proteins to + + align:start position:0% +cell division time for these proteins to + + + align:start position:0% +cell division time for these proteins to +go away because they're stable right now + + align:start position:0% +go away because they're stable right now + + + align:start position:0% +go away because they're stable right now +each um and so then what you want to + + align:start position:0% +each um and so then what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +each um and so then what you want to +know is all right how many proteins are + + align:start position:0% +know is all right how many proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +know is all right how many proteins are +kind of produced over the course of a + + align:start position:0% +kind of produced over the course of a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of produced over the course of a +cell + + align:start position:0% +cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell +cycle okay well you know that actually + + align:start position:0% +cycle okay well you know that actually + + + align:start position:0% +cycle okay well you know that actually +you can get at by asking all right how + + align:start position:0% +you can get at by asking all right how + + + align:start position:0% +you can get at by asking all right how +many how many bursts are there going to + + align:start position:0% +many how many bursts are there going to + + + align:start position:0% +many how many bursts are there going to +be and then how big are the + + align:start position:0% +be and then how big are the + + + align:start position:0% +be and then how big are the +bursts okay all right so indeed the mean + + align:start position:0% +bursts okay all right so indeed the mean + + + align:start position:0% +bursts okay all right so indeed the mean +here is equal to a * + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to a * + + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to a * +B and the + + align:start position:0% +B and the + + + align:start position:0% +B and the +variance is equal to a * b ^ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so for example if you have a + + align:start position:0% +all right so for example if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +all right so for example if you have a +single exponential + + align:start position:0% +single exponential + + + align:start position:0% +single exponential +distribution with burst size B then this + + align:start position:0% +distribution with burst size B then this + + + align:start position:0% +distribution with burst size B then this +is this is what you get right so this is + + align:start position:0% +is this is what you get right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +is this is what you get right so this is +the probability that you get n proteins + + align:start position:0% +the probability that you get n proteins + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that you get n proteins +and this is as function of n right so + + align:start position:0% +and this is as function of n right so + + + align:start position:0% +and this is as function of n right so +for a single burst it's kind of this is + + align:start position:0% +for a single burst it's kind of this is + + + align:start position:0% +for a single burst it's kind of this is +exponentially distributed because this + + align:start position:0% +exponentially distributed because this + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially distributed because this +is the continuous version right now if + + align:start position:0% +is the continuous version right now if + + + align:start position:0% +is the continuous version right now if +we add together multiple of these bursts + + align:start position:0% +we add together multiple of these bursts + + + align:start position:0% +we add together multiple of these bursts +this is really that we sample from this + + align:start position:0% +this is really that we sample from this + + + align:start position:0% +this is really that we sample from this +distribution say twice and we and then + + align:start position:0% +distribution say twice and we and then + + + align:start position:0% +distribution say twice and we and then +we we add the resulting value right so + + align:start position:0% +we we add the resulting value right so + + + align:start position:0% +we we add the resulting value right so +this is a convolution you guys will have + + align:start position:0% +this is a convolution you guys will have + + + align:start position:0% +this is a convolution you guys will have +an opportunity to practice this on your + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity to practice this on your + + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity to practice this on your +problem sets um but what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +problem sets um but what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +problem sets um but what happens is that +you end up getting something that looks + + align:start position:0% +you end up getting something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +you end up getting something that looks +like well it's going to go be + + align:start position:0% +like well it's going to go be + + + align:start position:0% +like well it's going to go be +well okay so it increases linearly if + + align:start position:0% +well okay so it increases linearly if + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so it increases linearly if +you had if you added three of them + + align:start position:0% +you had if you added three of them + + + align:start position:0% +you had if you added three of them +together you this increases as quadratic + + align:start position:0% +together you this increases as quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +together you this increases as quadratic +and kind of goes like that right so this + + align:start position:0% +and kind of goes like that right so this + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of goes like that right so this +thing U becomes uh kind of it goes from + + align:start position:0% +thing U becomes uh kind of it goes from + + + align:start position:0% +thing U becomes uh kind of it goes from +a sit a distri where it's Peak at zero + + align:start position:0% +a sit a distri where it's Peak at zero + + + align:start position:0% +a sit a distri where it's Peak at zero +to something that's Peak a nonzero value + + align:start position:0% +to something that's Peak a nonzero value + + + align:start position:0% +to something that's Peak a nonzero value +right now you can ask for example what + + align:start position:0% +right now you can ask for example what + + + align:start position:0% +right now you can ask for example what +happens as you know for large + + align:start position:0% +happens as you know for large + + + align:start position:0% +happens as you know for large +a and if you have many bursts what does + + align:start position:0% +a and if you have many bursts what does + + + align:start position:0% +a and if you have many bursts what does +this thing look like oh I wish I hadn't + + align:start position:0% +this thing look like oh I wish I hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +this thing look like oh I wish I hadn't +I hadn't erased my probability + + align:start position:0% +I hadn't erased my probability + + + align:start position:0% +I hadn't erased my probability +distributions all right so what is a + + align:start position:0% +distributions all right so what is a + + + align:start position:0% +distributions all right so what is a +gamma converge to for large + + align:start position:0% +gamma converge to for large + + + align:start position:0% +gamma converge to for large +a a normal distribution right okay so + + align:start position:0% +a a normal distribution right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +a a normal distribution right okay so +that's the central limit theorem and if + + align:start position:0% +that's the central limit theorem and if + + + align:start position:0% +that's the central limit theorem and if +you take any well behaved prob + + align:start position:0% +you take any well behaved prob + + + align:start position:0% +you take any well behaved prob +distribution you add it you you sample + + align:start position:0% +distribution you add it you you sample + + + align:start position:0% +distribution you add it you you sample +from it many times then you end up + + align:start position:0% +from it many times then you end up + + + align:start position:0% +from it many times then you end up +getting a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +getting a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +getting a gaussian +right all right + + align:start position:0% +right all right + + + align:start position:0% +right all right +um if if that if if you don't remember + + align:start position:0% +um if if that if if you don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +um if if that if if you don't remember +that very well then this is something to + + align:start position:0% +that very well then this is something to + + + align:start position:0% +that very well then this is something to +um to read about over the weekend okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right just like the pon is also + + align:start position:0% +um all right just like the pon is also + + + align:start position:0% +um all right just like the pon is also +going to go to uh the for large Lambda + + align:start position:0% +going to go to uh the for large Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +going to go to uh the for large Lambda +the pon also looks like + + align:start position:0% +the pon also looks like + + + align:start position:0% +the pon also looks like +a um also looks like a gussan can + + align:start position:0% +a um also looks like a gussan can + + + align:start position:0% +a um also looks like a gussan can +somebody give an explanation for why an + + align:start position:0% +somebody give an explanation for why an + + + align:start position:0% +somebody give an explanation for why an +intuitive explanation for why that + + align:start position:0% +intuitive explanation for why that + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive explanation for why that +should + + align:start position:0% +should + + + align:start position:0% +should +be why it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes okay so Pon distribution can okay + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so Pon distribution can okay + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so Pon distribution can okay +but now I feel like you're arguing + + align:start position:0% +but now I feel like you're arguing + + + align:start position:0% +but now I feel like you're arguing +against me oh but because a gaan has + + align:start position:0% +against me oh but because a gaan has + + + align:start position:0% +against me oh but because a gaan has +negative values right right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay yeah all right so okay so what + + align:start position:0% +so okay yeah all right so okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +so okay yeah all right so okay so what +you're saying is that you know plus on + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is that you know plus on + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is that you know plus on +for small Lambda right it it can't go + + align:start position:0% +for small Lambda right it it can't go + + + align:start position:0% +for small Lambda right it it can't go +negative um okay no I think that's + + align:start position:0% +negative um okay no I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +negative um okay no I think that's +that's true + + align:start position:0% +that's true + + + align:start position:0% +that's true +um yeah so it's somehow the probity + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so it's somehow the probity + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so it's somehow the probity +distribution is somehow piling up as you + + align:start position:0% +distribution is somehow piling up as you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is somehow piling up as you +say right um what are some other ways of + + align:start position:0% +say right um what are some other ways of + + + align:start position:0% +say right um what are some other ways of +thinking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay so I think that's fair another way + + align:start position:0% +okay so I think that's fair another way + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I think that's fair another way +we can think about this is let's say + + align:start position:0% +we can think about this is let's say + + + align:start position:0% +we can think about this is let's say +that we have some process that's + + align:start position:0% +that we have some process that's + + + align:start position:0% +that we have some process that's +occurring randomly over some period of + + align:start position:0% +occurring randomly over some period of + + + align:start position:0% +occurring randomly over some period of +time okay and this could be the say mRNA + + align:start position:0% +time okay and this could be the say mRNA + + + align:start position:0% +time okay and this could be the say mRNA +production right and and here this is + + align:start position:0% +production right and and here this is + + + align:start position:0% +production right and and here this is +just the number that we observe here + + align:start position:0% +just the number that we observe here + + + align:start position:0% +just the number that we observe here +this is going to be Pon with some mean + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be Pon with some mean + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be Pon with some mean +Lambda right now let's just say that I + + align:start position:0% +Lambda right now let's just say that I + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda right now let's just say that I +take another + + align:start position:0% +take another + + + align:start position:0% +take another +one same process same period of Time how + + align:start position:0% +one same process same period of Time how + + + align:start position:0% +one same process same period of Time how +is this guy going to be + + align:start position:0% +is this guy going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is this guy going to be +distributed all right so this is also + + align:start position:0% +distributed all right so this is also + + + align:start position:0% +distributed all right so this is also +Plus on of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda okay + + align:start position:0% +Lambda okay + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda okay +now let's say I take this probability + + align:start position:0% +now let's say I take this probability + + + align:start position:0% +now let's say I take this probability +distribution and I take this probability + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I take this probability + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I take this probability +distribution and I convolve them all + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I convolve them all + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I convolve them all +right I'm going to do the calculation in + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to do the calculation in + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to do the calculation in +my head all right I did + + align:start position:0% +my head all right I did + + + align:start position:0% +my head all right I did +it okay so for those of you who haven't + + align:start position:0% +it okay so for those of you who haven't + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so for those of you who haven't +done convolutions you whatever all right + + align:start position:0% +done convolutions you whatever all right + + + align:start position:0% +done convolutions you whatever all right +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +uh yeah so what what what's the new + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so what what what's the new + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so what what what's the new +distribution going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be Plus on 2 Lambda okay and why does + + align:start position:0% +be Plus on 2 Lambda okay and why does + + + align:start position:0% +be Plus on 2 Lambda okay and why does +that have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be it by yeah that's right this line I + + align:start position:0% +be it by yeah that's right this line I + + + align:start position:0% +be it by yeah that's right this line I +just kind of like I just made it up you + + align:start position:0% +just kind of like I just made it up you + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of like I just made it up you +know I could have just said oh well it's + + align:start position:0% +know I could have just said oh well it's + + + align:start position:0% +know I could have just said oh well it's +the same process occurring over here so + + align:start position:0% +the same process occurring over here so + + + align:start position:0% +the same process occurring over here so +we have to have the mean it still is + + align:start position:0% +we have to have the mean it still is + + + align:start position:0% +we have to have the mean it still is +going to be a Plus on process and the + + align:start position:0% +going to be a Plus on process and the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a Plus on process and the +mean has to be the you know well we just + + align:start position:0% +mean has to be the you know well we just + + + align:start position:0% +mean has to be the you know well we just +had twice the length and indeed for + + align:start position:0% +had twice the length and indeed for + + + align:start position:0% +had twice the length and indeed for +independent probability distributions + + align:start position:0% +independent probability distributions + + + align:start position:0% +independent probability distributions +means always add right so this is all + + align:start position:0% +means always add right so this is all + + + align:start position:0% +means always add right so this is all +consistent with other things we know + + align:start position:0% +consistent with other things we know + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with other things we know +right so this has to be pant of 2 Lambda + + align:start position:0% +right so this has to be pant of 2 Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +right so this has to be pant of 2 Lambda +right if I add another segment on here + + align:start position:0% +right if I add another segment on here + + + align:start position:0% +right if I add another segment on here +it has to be pant of three Lambda right + + align:start position:0% +it has to be pant of three Lambda right + + + align:start position:0% +it has to be pant of three Lambda right +but what you see is that we see that Pon + + align:start position:0% +but what you see is that we see that Pon + + + align:start position:0% +but what you see is that we see that Pon +of n Lambda which is the sum over many + + align:start position:0% +of n Lambda which is the sum over many + + + align:start position:0% +of n Lambda which is the sum over many +pons + + align:start position:0% +pons + + + align:start position:0% +pons +right you know pans are well behaved + + align:start position:0% +right you know pans are well behaved + + + align:start position:0% +right you know pans are well behaved +prob distributions you add them together + + align:start position:0% +prob distributions you add them together + + + align:start position:0% +prob distributions you add them together +you're going to have to get a gan right + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to get a gan right + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to get a gan right +so already so you can see that that the + + align:start position:0% +so already so you can see that that the + + + align:start position:0% +so already so you can see that that the +pon has to become Gan for a large Lambda + + align:start position:0% +pon has to become Gan for a large Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +pon has to become Gan for a large Lambda +and and indeed it does so you know + + align:start position:0% +and and indeed it does so you know + + + align:start position:0% +and and indeed it does so you know +okay so there's a comment about this in + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a comment about this in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a comment about this in +the um it's a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +the um it's a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +the um it's a little bit more +complicated I guess + + align:start position:0% +complicated I guess + + + align:start position:0% +complicated I guess +because obviously you could always just + + align:start position:0% +because obviously you could always just + + + align:start position:0% +because obviously you could always just +divide of land up like infinitely many + + align:start position:0% +divide of land up like infinitely many + + + align:start position:0% +divide of land up like infinitely many +infinitely many B right like you would + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many B right like you would + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many B right like you would +have say the + + align:start position:0% +have say the + + + align:start position:0% +have say the +just like a combination of like you know + + align:start position:0% +just like a combination of like you know + + + align:start position:0% +just like a combination of like you know +s okay you're saying that you're saying + + align:start position:0% +s okay you're saying that you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +s okay you're saying that you're saying +that if I do this calculation backwards + + align:start position:0% +that if I do this calculation backwards + + + align:start position:0% +that if I do this calculation backwards +I'm going to get into trouble because if + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get into trouble because if + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get into trouble because if +I try to break them yeah so you require + + align:start position:0% +I try to break them yeah so you require + + + align:start position:0% +I try to break them yeah so you require +Lambda to be you know you have to have + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to be you know you have to have + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda to be you know you have to have +like a significant probability of + + align:start position:0% +like a significant probability of + + + align:start position:0% +like a significant probability of +getting at least one right so I'd say + + align:start position:0% +getting at least one right so I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +getting at least one right so I'd say +Lambda has to be much much larger than + + align:start position:0% +Lambda has to be much much larger than + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda has to be much much larger than +one right so and once you're at like + + align:start position:0% +one right so and once you're at like + + + align:start position:0% +one right so and once you're at like +Lambda of 100 it looks like a + + align:start position:0% +Lambda of 100 it looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda of 100 it looks like a +g um and and in Sunny's paper he had a + + align:start position:0% +g um and and in Sunny's paper he had a + + + align:start position:0% +g um and and in Sunny's paper he had a +comment about this does anybody remember + + align:start position:0% +comment about this does anybody remember + + + align:start position:0% +comment about this does anybody remember +what it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was was uh was mRNA production really + + align:start position:0% +was was uh was mRNA production really + + + align:start position:0% +was was uh was mRNA production really +well described + + align:start position:0% +well described + + + align:start position:0% +well described +as Ian he he they mentioned that + + align:start position:0% +as Ian he he they mentioned that + + + align:start position:0% +as Ian he he they mentioned that +actually there's a VI there's some + + align:start position:0% +actually there's a VI there's some + + + align:start position:0% +actually there's a VI there's some +violation of of this model in in the + + align:start position:0% +violation of of this model in in the + + + align:start position:0% +violation of of this model in in the +data yeah OT oh as soon as you go to UK + + align:start position:0% +data yeah OT oh as soon as you go to UK + + + align:start position:0% +data yeah OT oh as soon as you go to UK +carots yeah you know this is why I you + + align:start position:0% +carots yeah you know this is why I you + + + align:start position:0% +carots yeah you know this is why I you +know stay away from them but even no + + align:start position:0% +know stay away from them but even no + + + align:start position:0% +know stay away from them but even no +even in their data uh in eoli they they + + align:start position:0% +even in their data uh in eoli they they + + + align:start position:0% +even in their data uh in eoli they they +actually observed a deviation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um no all right yes so what what they + + align:start position:0% +um no all right yes so what what they + + + align:start position:0% +um no all right yes so what what they +found is that there was a cell cycle + + align:start position:0% +found is that there was a cell cycle + + + align:start position:0% +found is that there was a cell cycle +dependence to the uh to this burst uh + + align:start position:0% +dependence to the uh to this burst uh + + + align:start position:0% +dependence to the uh to this burst uh +bursting rate IE the MRNA production + + align:start position:0% +bursting rate IE the MRNA production + + + align:start position:0% +bursting rate IE the MRNA production +over the course of the cell cycle right + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the cell cycle right + + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the cell cycle right +uh and and presumably their conclusion + + align:start position:0% +uh and and presumably their conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and presumably their conclusion +of this was that all right you have this + + align:start position:0% +of this was that all right you have this + + + align:start position:0% +of this was that all right you have this +guy and then he turns into gets + + align:start position:0% +guy and then he turns into gets + + + align:start position:0% +guy and then he turns into gets +longer and then eventually you know + + align:start position:0% +longer and then eventually you know + + + align:start position:0% +longer and then eventually you know +sepat and then you get two cell oops + + align:start position:0% +sepat and then you get two cell oops + + + align:start position:0% +sepat and then you get two cell oops +well right all right so that what what + + align:start position:0% +well right all right so that what what + + + align:start position:0% +well right all right so that what what +he found is that you know these longer + + align:start position:0% +he found is that you know these longer + + + align:start position:0% +he found is that you know these longer +cells had actually a a larger rate of Mr + + align:start position:0% +cells had actually a a larger rate of Mr + + + align:start position:0% +cells had actually a a larger rate of Mr +synthesis than the smaller cells and + + align:start position:0% +synthesis than the smaller cells and + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis than the smaller cells and +actually this makes sense because here + + align:start position:0% +actually this makes sense because here + + + align:start position:0% +actually this makes sense because here +you maybe have just one copy of the + + align:start position:0% +you maybe have just one copy of the + + + align:start position:0% +you maybe have just one copy of the +genome whereas here you might have + + align:start position:0% +genome whereas here you might have + + + align:start position:0% +genome whereas here you might have +you're getting you're making a second + + align:start position:0% +you're getting you're making a second + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting you're making a second +copy right so you might have two Co you + + align:start position:0% +copy right so you might have two Co you + + + align:start position:0% +copy right so you might have two Co you +you might have two copies of that of + + align:start position:0% +you might have two copies of that of + + + align:start position:0% +you might have two copies of that of +that Gene right so it may make sense + + align:start position:0% +that Gene right so it may make sense + + + align:start position:0% +that Gene right so it may make sense +that the the the this bursting rate + + align:start position:0% +that the the the this bursting rate + + + align:start position:0% +that the the the this bursting rate +should grow okay but does that mean that + + align:start position:0% +should grow okay but does that mean that + + + align:start position:0% +should grow okay but does that mean that +you should not expect it to be + + align:start position:0% +you should not expect it to be + + + align:start position:0% +you should not expect it to be +poson distribution for the number of + + align:start position:0% +poson distribution for the number of + + + align:start position:0% +poson distribution for the number of +bursts per cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cycle no it actually still it's it still + + align:start position:0% +cycle no it actually still it's it still + + + align:start position:0% +cycle no it actually still it's it still +is described by a Pon because you can + + align:start position:0% +is described by a Pon because you can + + + align:start position:0% +is described by a Pon because you can +just say this is the cell cycle you know + + align:start position:0% +just say this is the cell cycle you know + + + align:start position:0% +just say this is the cell cycle you know +and and here this is Pon of some Lambda + + align:start position:0% +and and here this is Pon of some Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +and and here this is Pon of some Lambda +one here is a Pon of some Lambda 2 so + + align:start position:0% +one here is a Pon of some Lambda 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +one here is a Pon of some Lambda 2 so +there could be a different rate over the + + align:start position:0% +there could be a different rate over the + + + align:start position:0% +there could be a different rate over the +course thing but you still have just two + + align:start position:0% +course thing but you still have just two + + + align:start position:0% +course thing but you still have just two +pons you still get another Plus on right + + align:start position:0% +pons you still get another Plus on right + + + align:start position:0% +pons you still get another Plus on right +so adding pons gives you back a pon + + align:start position:0% +so adding pons gives you back a pon + + + align:start position:0% +so adding pons gives you back a pon +right they don't have to have the same + + align:start position:0% +right they don't have to have the same + + + align:start position:0% +right they don't have to have the same +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right I just want to U make one + + align:start position:0% +okay all right I just want to U make one + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right I just want to U make one +comment about uh what you have to do + + align:start position:0% +comment about uh what you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +comment about uh what you have to do +once you start thinking about UK carots + + align:start position:0% +once you start thinking about UK carots + + + align:start position:0% +once you start thinking about UK carots +and the basic + + align:start position:0% +and the basic + + + align:start position:0% +and the basic +uh oh oh right so you can see the gamma + + align:start position:0% +uh oh oh right so you can see the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +uh oh oh right so you can see the gamma +distribution can either be peaked at + + align:start position:0% +distribution can either be peaked at + + + align:start position:0% +distribution can either be peaked at +zero or it can be peaked at nonzero + + align:start position:0% +zero or it can be peaked at nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +zero or it can be peaked at nonzero +value right uh and for most for like + + align:start position:0% +value right uh and for most for like + + + align:start position:0% +value right uh and for most for like +highly expressed proteins you'll see + + align:start position:0% +highly expressed proteins you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +highly expressed proteins you'll see +that it looks like this okay now for UK + + align:start position:0% +that it looks like this okay now for UK + + + align:start position:0% +that it looks like this okay now for UK +carots you also have to consider there's + + align:start position:0% +carots you also have to consider there's + + + align:start position:0% +carots you also have to consider there's +some rate that you go uh between an + + align:start position:0% +some rate that you go uh between an + + + align:start position:0% +some rate that you go uh between an +active and an inactive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +promoter and this actually makes things + + align:start position:0% +promoter and this actually makes things + + + align:start position:0% +promoter and this actually makes things +much more complicated okay so this this + + align:start position:0% +much more complicated okay so this this + + + align:start position:0% +much more complicated okay so this this +a rate going to to inactive rate going + + align:start position:0% +a rate going to to inactive rate going + + + align:start position:0% +a rate going to to inactive rate going +to active right and so now if you look + + align:start position:0% +to active right and so now if you look + + + align:start position:0% +to active right and so now if you look +at for example the MRNA uh number per + + align:start position:0% +at for example the MRNA uh number per + + + align:start position:0% +at for example the MRNA uh number per +cell you'll see that it is no longer a + + align:start position:0% +cell you'll see that it is no longer a + + + align:start position:0% +cell you'll see that it is no longer a +pon + + align:start position:0% +pon + + + align:start position:0% +pon +okay and I encourage you if you're + + align:start position:0% +okay and I encourage you if you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I encourage you if you're +curious about such things to come up uh + + align:start position:0% +curious about such things to come up uh + + + align:start position:0% +curious about such things to come up uh +and and look at this um this the the + + align:start position:0% +and and look at this um this the the + + + align:start position:0% +and and look at this um this the the +solution for the steady state + + align:start position:0% +solution for the steady state + + + align:start position:0% +solution for the steady state +distribution has been solved + + align:start position:0% +distribution has been solved + + + align:start position:0% +distribution has been solved +analytically for example Arjun Raj who + + align:start position:0% +analytically for example Arjun Raj who + + + align:start position:0% +analytically for example Arjun Raj who +was the author of the review that you + + align:start position:0% +was the author of the review that you + + + align:start position:0% +was the author of the review that you +guys just read uh derived this uh this + + align:start position:0% +guys just read uh derived this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +guys just read uh derived this uh this +equation here which I don't know if you + + align:start position:0% +equation here which I don't know if you + + + align:start position:0% +equation here which I don't know if you +can see you know but even from a + + align:start position:0% +can see you know but even from a + + + align:start position:0% +can see you know but even from a +distance you can see that this is the + + align:start position:0% +distance you can see that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +distance you can see that this is the +solution and this is just for the MRNA + + align:start position:0% +solution and this is just for the MRNA + + + align:start position:0% +solution and this is just for the MRNA +distribution this is not even getting to + + align:start position:0% +distribution this is not even getting to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution this is not even getting to +the level of the protein okay um and it + + align:start position:0% +the level of the protein okay um and it + + + align:start position:0% +the level of the protein okay um and it +involves many gamma functions as well as + + align:start position:0% +involves many gamma functions as well as + + + align:start position:0% +involves many gamma functions as well as +a confluent hypergeometric function of + + align:start position:0% +a confluent hypergeometric function of + + + align:start position:0% +a confluent hypergeometric function of +the first kind um which is it's a + + align:start position:0% +the first kind um which is it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the first kind um which is it's a +disaster um but you know he you know he + + align:start position:0% +disaster um but you know he you know he + + + align:start position:0% +disaster um but you know he you know he +went to crant he was he was an applied + + align:start position:0% +went to crant he was he was an applied + + + align:start position:0% +went to crant he was he was an applied +mathematician so this is I guess this is + + align:start position:0% +mathematician so this is I guess this is + + + align:start position:0% +mathematician so this is I guess this is +what you can do after doing a PhD in + + align:start position:0% +what you can do after doing a PhD in + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do after doing a PhD in +Applied Mathematics uh right so the the + + align:start position:0% +Applied Mathematics uh right so the the + + + align:start position:0% +Applied Mathematics uh right so the the +point though is that uh it ends up being + + align:start position:0% +point though is that uh it ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +point though is that uh it ends up being +very complicated and you can get uh + + align:start position:0% +very complicated and you can get uh + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated and you can get uh +hugely varying distributions for the + + align:start position:0% +hugely varying distributions for the + + + align:start position:0% +hugely varying distributions for the +MRNA and indeed uh this is seen in + + align:start position:0% +MRNA and indeed uh this is seen in + + + align:start position:0% +MRNA and indeed uh this is seen in +individual cells if you look at Mamon + + align:start position:0% +individual cells if you look at Mamon + + + align:start position:0% +individual cells if you look at Mamon +cells just the at the MRNA level you can + + align:start position:0% +cells just the at the MRNA level you can + + + align:start position:0% +cells just the at the MRNA level you can +have some cells don't have hard they + + align:start position:0% +have some cells don't have hard they + + + align:start position:0% +have some cells don't have hard they +have hardly any mRNA some that have a + + align:start position:0% +have hardly any mRNA some that have a + + + align:start position:0% +have hardly any mRNA some that have a +huge number okay the protein + + align:start position:0% +huge number okay the protein + + + align:start position:0% +huge number okay the protein +distributions actually end up being more + + align:start position:0% +distributions actually end up being more + + + align:start position:0% +distributions actually end up being more +regular than the MRNA distributions + + align:start position:0% +regular than the MRNA distributions + + + align:start position:0% +regular than the MRNA distributions +because of this this difference in + + align:start position:0% +because of this this difference in + + + align:start position:0% +because of this this difference in +Lifetime right so the MRNA numbers May + + align:start position:0% +Lifetime right so the MRNA numbers May + + + align:start position:0% +Lifetime right so the MRNA numbers May +fluctuate wildly but uh the protein + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate wildly but uh the protein + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate wildly but uh the protein +numbers will fluctuate less because they + + align:start position:0% +numbers will fluctuate less because they + + + align:start position:0% +numbers will fluctuate less because they +last longer right so then you do some + + align:start position:0% +last longer right so then you do some + + + align:start position:0% +last longer right so then you do some +averaging over this crazy mRNA + + align:start position:0% +averaging over this crazy mRNA + + + align:start position:0% +averaging over this crazy mRNA +business + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay now in the last yeah go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ahead ah yes that's a good question all + + align:start position:0% +ahead ah yes that's a good question all + + + align:start position:0% +ahead ah yes that's a good question all +right so the um all right I think that + + align:start position:0% +right so the um all right I think that + + + align:start position:0% +right so the um all right I think that +people argue very much about this okay + + align:start position:0% +people argue very much about this okay + + + align:start position:0% +people argue very much about this okay +this you know is kind of minutes this + + align:start position:0% +this you know is kind of minutes this + + + align:start position:0% +this you know is kind of minutes this +can be you know hours and this is maybe + + align:start position:0% +can be you know hours and this is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +can be you know hours and this is maybe +in between those time scales would be a + + align:start position:0% +in between those time scales would be a + + + align:start position:0% +in between those time scales would be a +typical and when I say our especially + + align:start position:0% +typical and when I say our especially + + + align:start position:0% +typical and when I say our especially +like in melon cells they might only + + align:start position:0% +like in melon cells they might only + + + align:start position:0% +like in melon cells they might only +divide once a day or so right so then um + + align:start position:0% +divide once a day or so right so then um + + + align:start position:0% +divide once a day or so right so then um +yeah so this this gets to be many hours + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this this gets to be many hours + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this this gets to be many hours +right and and then I'd say + + align:start position:0% +right and and then I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +right and and then I'd say +you yeah minutes is kind of the + + align:start position:0% +you yeah minutes is kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +you yeah minutes is kind of the +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay right so there there were many + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay right so there there were many + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay right so there there were many +biological examples that were discussed + + align:start position:0% +biological examples that were discussed + + + align:start position:0% +biological examples that were discussed +in that review and I'm I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +in that review and I'm I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +in that review and I'm I'm not going to +talk about all of them but I think that + + align:start position:0% +talk about all of them but I think that + + + align:start position:0% +talk about all of them but I think that +it it's a nice review because it it it + + align:start position:0% +it it's a nice review because it it it + + + align:start position:0% +it it's a nice review because it it it +goes over some of the papers that you've + + align:start position:0% +goes over some of the papers that you've + + + align:start position:0% +goes over some of the papers that you've +read we've talked about over the course + + align:start position:0% +read we've talked about over the course + + + align:start position:0% +read we've talked about over the course +of the semester uh also kind of + + align:start position:0% +of the semester uh also kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of the semester uh also kind of +illustrat some different biological + + align:start position:0% +illustrat some different biological + + + align:start position:0% +illustrat some different biological +context in which noise may play a role + + align:start position:0% +context in which noise may play a role + + + align:start position:0% +context in which noise may play a role +and but I want to mention one study that + + align:start position:0% +and but I want to mention one study that + + + align:start position:0% +and but I want to mention one study that +was done by actually again Arjun + + align:start position:0% +was done by actually again Arjun + + + align:start position:0% +was done by actually again Arjun +together with hedia mamar in uh + + align:start position:0% +together with hedia mamar in uh + + + align:start position:0% +together with hedia mamar in uh +collaboration with Dave dub now where + + align:start position:0% +collaboration with Dave dub now where + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration with Dave dub now where +they were studying this process of + + align:start position:0% +they were studying this process of + + + align:start position:0% +they were studying this process of +competence right so in B subus during + + align:start position:0% +competence right so in B subus during + + + align:start position:0% +competence right so in B subus during +sometimes particularly of starvation or + + align:start position:0% +sometimes particularly of starvation or + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes particularly of starvation or +other forms of unhappiness they uh they + + align:start position:0% +other forms of unhappiness they uh they + + + align:start position:0% +other forms of unhappiness they uh they +kind of pick up DNA from outside right + + align:start position:0% +kind of pick up DNA from outside right + + + align:start position:0% +kind of pick up DNA from outside right +so they'll import DNA you know some of + + align:start position:0% +so they'll import DNA you know some of + + + align:start position:0% +so they'll import DNA you know some of +it may just be consumed but some some of + + align:start position:0% +it may just be consumed but some some of + + + align:start position:0% +it may just be consumed but some some of +it could actually be U incorporated into + + align:start position:0% +it could actually be U incorporated into + + + align:start position:0% +it could actually be U incorporated into +the genome right now what what they + + align:start position:0% +the genome right now what what they + + + align:start position:0% +the genome right now what what they +found is that this competence process is + + align:start position:0% +found is that this competence process is + + + align:start position:0% +found is that this competence process is +mediated by this protein com + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K and there's and there was a positive + + align:start position:0% +K and there's and there was a positive + + + align:start position:0% +K and there's and there was a positive +feedback loop where this guy ends up + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop where this guy ends up + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop where this guy ends up +positively activating itself right and + + align:start position:0% +positively activating itself right and + + + align:start position:0% +positively activating itself right and +this helps lead to BU stability in this + + align:start position:0% +this helps lead to BU stability in this + + + align:start position:0% +this helps lead to BU stability in this +network right only a small fraction of + + align:start position:0% +network right only a small fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +network right only a small fraction of +the cells kind of get into this high + + align:start position:0% +the cells kind of get into this high + + + align:start position:0% +the cells kind of get into this high +feedback state only a small fraction of + + align:start position:0% +feedback state only a small fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +feedback state only a small fraction of +them activate competence and then uptake + + align:start position:0% +them activate competence and then uptake + + + align:start position:0% +them activate competence and then uptake +DNA and what they were able to show in + + align:start position:0% +DNA and what they were able to show in + + + align:start position:0% +DNA and what they were able to show in +that study was that that it was a sort + + align:start position:0% +that study was that that it was a sort + + + align:start position:0% +that study was that that it was a sort +of noise induced okay that they were + + align:start position:0% +of noise induced okay that they were + + + align:start position:0% +of noise induced okay that they were +able to vary both the transcription rate + + align:start position:0% +able to vary both the transcription rate + + + align:start position:0% +able to vary both the transcription rate +and the translation rate in a way so as + + align:start position:0% +and the translation rate in a way so as + + + align:start position:0% +and the translation rate in a way so as +to reduce the Noise Okay the mean is the + + align:start position:0% +to reduce the Noise Okay the mean is the + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce the Noise Okay the mean is the +same right so if you in in the context + + align:start position:0% +same right so if you in in the context + + + align:start position:0% +same right so if you in in the context +of of this model right what they did is + + align:start position:0% +of of this model right what they did is + + + align:start position:0% +of of this model right what they did is +they varied transcription rate and they + + align:start position:0% +they varied transcription rate and they + + + align:start position:0% +they varied transcription rate and they +very translation rate um each Say by a + + align:start position:0% +very translation rate um each Say by a + + + align:start position:0% +very translation rate um each Say by a +factor of + + align:start position:0% +factor of + + + align:start position:0% +factor of +two so they got the same mean but then + + align:start position:0% +two so they got the same mean but then + + + align:start position:0% +two so they got the same mean but then +different noise + + align:start position:0% +different noise + + + align:start position:0% +different noise +right and we're out of time I would have + + align:start position:0% +right and we're out of time I would have + + + align:start position:0% +right and we're out of time I would have +you vote but can anybody remember if you + + align:start position:0% +you vote but can anybody remember if you + + + align:start position:0% +you vote but can anybody remember if you +want to decrease the + + align:start position:0% +want to decrease the + + + align:start position:0% +want to decrease the +noise and the number of the protein + + align:start position:0% +noise and the number of the protein + + + align:start position:0% +noise and the number of the protein +which which which of these do you want + + align:start position:0% +which which which of these do you want + + + align:start position:0% +which which which of these do you want +to go up and which do you want to go + + align:start position:0% +to go up and which do you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +to go up and which do you want to go +down right yeah which one's going well + + align:start position:0% +down right yeah which one's going well + + + align:start position:0% +down right yeah which one's going well +which one's going up let's + + align:start position:0% +which one's going up let's + + + align:start position:0% +which one's going up let's +say SM right so if you want to reduce + + align:start position:0% +say SM right so if you want to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +say SM right so if you want to reduce +the noise what but keep the mean + + align:start position:0% +the noise what but keep the mean + + + align:start position:0% +the noise what but keep the mean +constant you you increase the rate of + + align:start position:0% +constant you you increase the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +constant you you increase the rate of +transcription and you decrease the rate + + align:start position:0% +transcription and you decrease the rate + + + align:start position:0% +transcription and you decrease the rate +of translation because the noise is + + align:start position:0% +of translation because the noise is + + + align:start position:0% +of translation because the noise is +really driven by this protein bursting + + align:start position:0% +really driven by this protein bursting + + + align:start position:0% +really driven by this protein bursting +Behavior here right and so that's + + align:start position:0% +Behavior here right and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior here right and so that's +precisely what they did they changed + + align:start position:0% +precisely what they did they changed + + + align:start position:0% +precisely what they did they changed +those two quantities they got the same + + align:start position:0% +those two quantities they got the same + + + align:start position:0% +those two quantities they got the same +mean lower noise and then they reduce + + align:start position:0% +mean lower noise and then they reduce + + + align:start position:0% +mean lower noise and then they reduce +the amount of competence in that circuit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0P2XSD9I6Gg.txt b/0P2XSD9I6Gg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..956f98952662c888abf8af78945b3708af0dd5ba --- /dev/null +++ b/0P2XSD9I6Gg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16552 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay uh let me go ahead and get started + + align:start position:0% +okay uh let me go ahead and get started + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh let me go ahead and get started +uh so you know today I'm moving on to + + align:start position:0% +uh so you know today I'm moving on to + + + align:start position:0% +uh so you know today I'm moving on to +the next uh unit on on the syllabus on + + align:start position:0% +the next uh unit on on the syllabus on + + + align:start position:0% +the next uh unit on on the syllabus on +consumer search and if you you know + + align:start position:0% +consumer search and if you you know + + + align:start position:0% +consumer search and if you you know +think back to what I was doing for the + + align:start position:0% +think back to what I was doing for the + + + align:start position:0% +think back to what I was doing for the +previous week and then what tobas did + + align:start position:0% +previous week and then what tobas did + + + align:start position:0% +previous week and then what tobas did +last week you know it's following what M + + align:start position:0% +last week you know it's following what M + + + align:start position:0% +last week you know it's following what M +what is very common in IO today which is + + align:start position:0% +what is very common in IO today which is + + + align:start position:0% +what is very common in IO today which is +sort of put a tremendous emphasis on + + align:start position:0% +sort of put a tremendous emphasis on + + + align:start position:0% +sort of put a tremendous emphasis on +product differentiation as the source of + + align:start position:0% +product differentiation as the source of + + + align:start position:0% +product differentiation as the source of +markups in markets + + align:start position:0% +markups in markets + + + align:start position:0% +markups in markets +um and you know I I think it's a sort of + + align:start position:0% +um and you know I I think it's a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know I I think it's a sort of +helpful to think about you know when + + align:start position:0% +helpful to think about you know when + + + align:start position:0% +helpful to think about you know when +when we do that you know we're sort of + + align:start position:0% +when we do that you know we're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +when we do that you know we're sort of +also we're both sort of explaining + + align:start position:0% +also we're both sort of explaining + + + align:start position:0% +also we're both sort of explaining +markups using uh product differentiation + + align:start position:0% +markups using uh product differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +markups using uh product differentiation +and then also whenever we're making + + align:start position:0% +and then also whenever we're making + + + align:start position:0% +and then also whenever we're making +welfare calculations we're attributing + + align:start position:0% +welfare calculations we're attributing + + + align:start position:0% +welfare calculations we're attributing +people's the product differentiation to + + align:start position:0% +people's the product differentiation to + + + align:start position:0% +people's the product differentiation to +people's underlying true preferences for + + align:start position:0% +people's underlying true preferences for + + + align:start position:0% +people's underlying true preferences for +goods and we're sort of assigning a + + align:start position:0% +goods and we're sort of assigning a + + + align:start position:0% +goods and we're sort of assigning a +significant part of welfare is then what + + align:start position:0% +significant part of welfare is then what + + + align:start position:0% +significant part of welfare is then what +are people's Epsilon I JS and how what + + align:start position:0% +are people's Epsilon I JS and how what + + + align:start position:0% +are people's Epsilon I JS and how what +is the average Epsilon i j and that's + + align:start position:0% +is the average Epsilon i j and that's + + + align:start position:0% +is the average Epsilon i j and that's +considered sort part of the utility + + align:start position:0% +considered sort part of the utility + + + align:start position:0% +considered sort part of the utility +function that's something we consider + + align:start position:0% +function that's something we consider + + + align:start position:0% +function that's something we consider +when we're doing + + align:start position:0% +when we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +when we're doing +welfare okay um and it's also I guess + + align:start position:0% +welfare okay um and it's also I guess + + + align:start position:0% +welfare okay um and it's also I guess +it's interesting that you know it sort + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting that you know it sort + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting that you know it sort +of it reflects current IO and it also + + align:start position:0% +of it reflects current IO and it also + + + align:start position:0% +of it reflects current IO and it also +reflects historical IO like if you look + + align:start position:0% +reflects historical IO like if you look + + + align:start position:0% +reflects historical IO like if you look +at Troll's IO textbook terroll does not + + align:start position:0% +at Troll's IO textbook terroll does not + + + align:start position:0% +at Troll's IO textbook terroll does not +have a chapter on search terroll + + align:start position:0% +have a chapter on search terroll + + + align:start position:0% +have a chapter on search terroll +exclusively does product differentiation + + align:start position:0% +exclusively does product differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively does product differentiation +in repeated games as sources of markups + + align:start position:0% +in repeated games as sources of markups + + + align:start position:0% +in repeated games as sources of markups +um but you know I + + align:start position:0% +um but you know I + + + align:start position:0% +um but you know I +think you know intuitively when you + + align:start position:0% +think you know intuitively when you + + + align:start position:0% +think you know intuitively when you +think about products and and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +think about products and and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +think about products and and a lot of +important products people buy today it's + + align:start position:0% +important products people buy today it's + + + align:start position:0% +important products people buy today it's +unclear whether there really is much + + align:start position:0% +unclear whether there really is much + + + align:start position:0% +unclear whether there really is much +differentiation or whether the + + align:start position:0% +differentiation or whether the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation or whether the +differentiation is at all sufficient to + + align:start position:0% +differentiation is at all sufficient to + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation is at all sufficient to +cause what the outcomes we are seeing in + + align:start position:0% +cause what the outcomes we are seeing in + + + align:start position:0% +cause what the outcomes we are seeing in +the market so you know one example is is + + align:start position:0% +the market so you know one example is is + + + align:start position:0% +the market so you know one example is is +credit cards how many people have a + + align:start position:0% +credit cards how many people have a + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards how many people have a +really strong preference for whether + + align:start position:0% +really strong preference for whether + + + align:start position:0% +really strong preference for whether +they have a Capital One credit card or a + + align:start position:0% +they have a Capital One credit card or a + + + align:start position:0% +they have a Capital One credit card or a +a City Bank credit card or a Bank of + + align:start position:0% +a City Bank credit card or a Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +a City Bank credit card or a Bank of +America credit card you know is it that + + align:start position:0% +America credit card you know is it that + + + align:start position:0% +America credit card you know is it that +I really like the color of the City bank + + align:start position:0% +I really like the color of the City bank + + + align:start position:0% +I really like the color of the City bank +card much more than I like the color of + + align:start position:0% +card much more than I like the color of + + + align:start position:0% +card much more than I like the color of +the Bank of America card or is it you + + align:start position:0% +the Bank of America card or is it you + + + align:start position:0% +the Bank of America card or is it you +know the autom robot customer service + + align:start position:0% +know the autom robot customer service + + + align:start position:0% +know the autom robot customer service +agent I get with City Bank is that much + + align:start position:0% +agent I get with City Bank is that much + + + align:start position:0% +agent I get with City Bank is that much +better than the automated robot customer + + align:start position:0% +better than the automated robot customer + + + align:start position:0% +better than the automated robot customer +service agent I like the voice of this + + align:start position:0% +service agent I like the voice of this + + + align:start position:0% +service agent I like the voice of this +one a versus B you know it's very hard + + align:start position:0% +one a versus B you know it's very hard + + + align:start position:0% +one a versus B you know it's very hard +to think that that's what's driving the + + align:start position:0% +to think that that's what's driving the + + + align:start position:0% +to think that that's what's driving the +markups um you know cell phone plans you + + align:start position:0% +markups um you know cell phone plans you + + + align:start position:0% +markups um you know cell phone plans you +know Verizon and T-Mobile will spend a + + align:start position:0% +know Verizon and T-Mobile will spend a + + + align:start position:0% +know Verizon and T-Mobile will spend a +lot of money sort of having commercials + + align:start position:0% +lot of money sort of having commercials + + + align:start position:0% +lot of money sort of having commercials +with people talking about how great + + align:start position:0% +with people talking about how great + + + align:start position:0% +with people talking about how great +their service and reception is but again + + align:start position:0% +their service and reception is but again + + + align:start position:0% +their service and reception is but again +you know how many people have very + + align:start position:0% +you know how many people have very + + + align:start position:0% +you know how many people have very +strong preference for I really like the + + align:start position:0% +strong preference for I really like the + + + align:start position:0% +strong preference for I really like the +T Verizon service on my phone much more + + align:start position:0% +T Verizon service on my phone much more + + + align:start position:0% +T Verizon service on my phone much more +than I like the the T-Mobile service on + + align:start position:0% +than I like the the T-Mobile service on + + + align:start position:0% +than I like the the T-Mobile service on +my phone um you know mortgages again and + + align:start position:0% +my phone um you know mortgages again and + + + align:start position:0% +my phone um you know mortgages again and +and maybe you know one other story um + + align:start position:0% +and maybe you know one other story um + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe you know one other story um +you know like if you think about even + + align:start position:0% +you know like if you think about even + + + align:start position:0% +you know like if you think about even +Goods where there's clear natural + + align:start position:0% +Goods where there's clear natural + + + align:start position:0% +Goods where there's clear natural +product differentiation is that product + + align:start position:0% +product differentiation is that product + + + align:start position:0% +product differentiation is that product +differentiation really explaining the + + align:start position:0% +differentiation really explaining the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation really explaining the +markup so for instance um uh I own a + + align:start position:0% +markup so for instance um uh I own a + + + align:start position:0% +markup so for instance um uh I own a +Hyundai Kona which is like you know + + align:start position:0% +Hyundai Kona which is like you know + + + align:start position:0% +Hyundai Kona which is like you know +little compact + + align:start position:0% +little compact + + + align:start position:0% +little compact +SUV you you know let's suppose you sort + + align:start position:0% +SUV you you know let's suppose you sort + + + align:start position:0% +SUV you you know let's suppose you sort +of um you know you guys live in + + align:start position:0% +of um you know you guys live in + + + align:start position:0% +of um you know you guys live in +Cambridge or whatever or in Somerville + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge or whatever or in Somerville + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge or whatever or in Somerville +on top of Cambridge you know suppose you + + align:start position:0% +on top of Cambridge you know suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +on top of Cambridge you know suppose you +want to buy a Hyundai uh what can you do + + align:start position:0% +want to buy a Hyundai uh what can you do + + + align:start position:0% +want to buy a Hyundai uh what can you do +turns out there no Hundai dealers in in + + align:start position:0% +turns out there no Hundai dealers in in + + + align:start position:0% +turns out there no Hundai dealers in in +the city of Cambridge um instead you + + align:start position:0% +the city of Cambridge um instead you + + + align:start position:0% +the city of Cambridge um instead you +know you can go up to Arlington you can + + align:start position:0% +know you can go up to Arlington you can + + + align:start position:0% +know you can go up to Arlington you can +get one you could go out to Lynn and you + + align:start position:0% +get one you could go out to Lynn and you + + + align:start position:0% +get one you could go out to Lynn and you +could get one you could go down to quiny + + align:start position:0% +could get one you could go down to quiny + + + align:start position:0% +could get one you could go down to quiny +and get one and each of those places is + + align:start position:0% +and get one and each of those places is + + + align:start position:0% +and get one and each of those places is +like half an hour away from you um I + + align:start position:0% +like half an hour away from you um I + + + align:start position:0% +like half an hour away from you um I +guess Arlington's probably the easiest + + align:start position:0% +guess Arlington's probably the easiest + + + align:start position:0% +guess Arlington's probably the easiest +from Cambridge on public transport and + + align:start position:0% +from Cambridge on public transport and + + + align:start position:0% +from Cambridge on public transport and +if you have a car you know way out here + + align:start position:0% +if you have a car you know way out here + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a car you know way out here +there's a dealers in Norwood and dealers + + align:start position:0% +there's a dealers in Norwood and dealers + + + align:start position:0% +there's a dealers in Norwood and dealers +in Framingham that you can get to on the + + align:start position:0% +in Framingham that you can get to on the + + + align:start position:0% +in Framingham that you can get to on the +highway you know so for me like I could + + align:start position:0% +highway you know so for me like I could + + + align:start position:0% +highway you know so for me like I could +get to any of those car dealers in half + + align:start position:0% +get to any of those car dealers in half + + + align:start position:0% +get to any of those car dealers in half +an hour um and so if you think about + + align:start position:0% +an hour um and so if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +an hour um and so if you think about +like like the Hyundai Kona bought from + + align:start position:0% +like like the Hyundai Kona bought from + + + align:start position:0% +like like the Hyundai Kona bought from +the Arlington Hyundai dealer versus the + + align:start position:0% +the Arlington Hyundai dealer versus the + + + align:start position:0% +the Arlington Hyundai dealer versus the +Hyundai Kona bought from Bach Hundai in + + align:start position:0% +Hyundai Kona bought from Bach Hundai in + + + align:start position:0% +Hyundai Kona bought from Bach Hundai in +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +Norwood what's my preference for buying + + align:start position:0% +Norwood what's my preference for buying + + + align:start position:0% +Norwood what's my preference for buying +from dealer a versus dealer B again you + + align:start position:0% +from dealer a versus dealer B again you + + + align:start position:0% +from dealer a versus dealer B again you +know it is the exact same car offered at + + align:start position:0% +know it is the exact same car offered at + + + align:start position:0% +know it is the exact same car offered at +both + + align:start position:0% +both + + + align:start position:0% +both +dealerships if you sort of think of like + + align:start position:0% +dealerships if you sort of think of like + + + align:start position:0% +dealerships if you sort of think of like +okay you could think this is geographic + + align:start position:0% +okay you could think this is geographic + + + align:start position:0% +okay you could think this is geographic +differentiation where you know for me + + align:start position:0% +differentiation where you know for me + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation where you know for me +I'm equally good driving here or driving + + align:start position:0% +I'm equally good driving here or driving + + + align:start position:0% +I'm equally good driving here or driving +here but there's some people who live + + align:start position:0% +here but there's some people who live + + + align:start position:0% +here but there's some people who live +right right in Arlington for whom that + + align:start position:0% +right right in Arlington for whom that + + + align:start position:0% +right right in Arlington for whom that +is an annoying drive but you know like + + align:start position:0% +is an annoying drive but you know like + + + align:start position:0% +is an annoying drive but you know like +if you think about the P star equals c + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the P star equals c + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the P star equals c +plus T + + align:start position:0% +plus T + + + align:start position:0% +plus T +model what is t t is the Distance by + + align:start position:0% +model what is t t is the Distance by + + + align:start position:0% +model what is t t is the Distance by +which someone at one end of the line + + align:start position:0% +which someone at one end of the line + + + align:start position:0% +which someone at one end of the line +prefers their product to the people at + + align:start position:0% +prefers their product to the people at + + + align:start position:0% +prefers their product to the people at +the other end of the line you know you + + align:start position:0% +the other end of the line you know you + + + align:start position:0% +the other end of the line you know you +can do that drive in 35 40 minutes + + align:start position:0% +can do that drive in 35 40 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +can do that drive in 35 40 minutes +what's your disutility of driving 35 or + + align:start position:0% +what's your disutility of driving 35 or + + + align:start position:0% +what's your disutility of driving 35 or + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +minutes one time to go get your car or + + align:start position:0% +minutes one time to go get your car or + + + align:start position:0% +minutes one time to go get your car or +something like that you know is that 20 + + align:start position:0% +something like that you know is that 20 + + + align:start position:0% +something like that you know is that 20 +bucks is that 30 bucks you know if your + + align:start position:0% +bucks is that 30 bucks you know if your + + + align:start position:0% +bucks is that 30 bucks you know if your +high income ver is that that 50 bucks or + + align:start position:0% +high income ver is that that 50 bucks or + + + align:start position:0% +high income ver is that that 50 bucks or +whatever but you + + align:start position:0% +whatever but you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but you +know that would then say the prediction + + align:start position:0% +know that would then say the prediction + + + align:start position:0% +know that would then say the prediction +is that like all these cars the Hundai + + align:start position:0% +is that like all these cars the Hundai + + + align:start position:0% +is that like all these cars the Hundai +should all at all the dealer should be + + align:start position:0% +should all at all the dealer should be + + + align:start position:0% +should all at all the dealer should be +marked up by $40 or $50 over the + + align:start position:0% +marked up by $40 or $50 over the + + + align:start position:0% +marked up by $40 or $50 over the +dealer cost to the and and you know we + + align:start position:0% +dealer cost to the and and you know we + + + align:start position:0% +dealer cost to the and and you know we +think that that's just kind of fact + + align:start position:0% +think that that's just kind of fact + + + align:start position:0% +think that that's just kind of fact +that's just not correct right like + + align:start position:0% +that's just not correct right like + + + align:start position:0% +that's just not correct right like +buying a car local dealer markups are + + align:start position:0% +buying a car local dealer markups are + + + align:start position:0% +buying a car local dealer markups are +like $1,000 or something like that and + + align:start position:0% +like $1,000 or something like that and + + + align:start position:0% +like $1,000 or something like that and +the C+ T model is not going to give us + + align:start position:0% +the C+ T model is not going to give us + + + align:start position:0% +the C+ T model is not going to give us +that so how do we explain that you know + + align:start position:0% +that so how do we explain that you know + + + align:start position:0% +that so how do we explain that you know +one idea that people have is that + + align:start position:0% +one idea that people have is that + + + align:start position:0% +one idea that people have is that +another important component of real word + + align:start position:0% +another important component of real word + + + align:start position:0% +another important component of real word +markups could be search costs and you + + align:start position:0% +markups could be search costs and you + + + align:start position:0% +markups could be search costs and you +know search costs intuitively the more + + align:start position:0% +know search costs intuitively the more + + + align:start position:0% +know search costs intuitively the more +complicated or difficult it is to find + + align:start position:0% +complicated or difficult it is to find + + + align:start position:0% +complicated or difficult it is to find +find out what the prices are um the more + + align:start position:0% +find out what the prices are um the more + + + align:start position:0% +find out what the prices are um the more +people are going to sort of give up + + align:start position:0% +people are going to sort of give up + + + align:start position:0% +people are going to sort of give up +without finding what the prices are and + + align:start position:0% +without finding what the prices are and + + + align:start position:0% +without finding what the prices are and +the more that prevents the competition + + align:start position:0% +the more that prevents the competition + + + align:start position:0% +the more that prevents the competition +that hoteling says should be there + + align:start position:0% +that hoteling says should be there + + + align:start position:0% +that hoteling says should be there +without those marginal consumers you + + align:start position:0% +without those marginal consumers you + + + align:start position:0% +without those marginal consumers you +know in the hoteling model if if you + + align:start position:0% +know in the hoteling model if if you + + + align:start position:0% +know in the hoteling model if if you +know if you estimate that people that + + align:start position:0% +know if you estimate that people that + + + align:start position:0% +know if you estimate that people that +there's a thousand markup like let's + + align:start position:0% +there's a thousand markup like let's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a thousand markup like let's +suppose that you know you sort of you're + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you know you sort of you're + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you know you sort of you're +you know you're doing a a differentiated + + align:start position:0% +you know you're doing a a differentiated + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're doing a a differentiated +product estimation and you're imposing + + align:start position:0% +product estimation and you're imposing + + + align:start position:0% +product estimation and you're imposing +the supply side you know like I think to + + align:start position:0% +the supply side you know like I think to + + + align:start position:0% +the supply side you know like I think to +has pointed out that sometimes you just + + align:start position:0% +has pointed out that sometimes you just + + + align:start position:0% +has pointed out that sometimes you just +do entire with Dem demand side moments + + align:start position:0% +do entire with Dem demand side moments + + + align:start position:0% +do entire with Dem demand side moments +sometimes you also impose the supply + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you also impose the supply + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you also impose the supply +side moments to explain what's going on + + align:start position:0% +side moments to explain what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +side moments to explain what's going on +and use the cost data well if you're + + align:start position:0% +and use the cost data well if you're + + + align:start position:0% +and use the cost data well if you're +imposing the supply side moments you're + + align:start position:0% +imposing the supply side moments you're + + + align:start position:0% +imposing the supply side moments you're +saying there's a $1,000 differentiation + + align:start position:0% +saying there's a $1,000 differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +saying there's a $1,000 differentiation +between this Hyundai dealer and this + + align:start position:0% +between this Hyundai dealer and this + + + align:start position:0% +between this Hyundai dealer and this +Hyundai dealer then you would get it + + align:start position:0% +Hyundai dealer then you would get it + + + align:start position:0% +Hyundai dealer then you would get it +would be terrible if one of those Hundai + + align:start position:0% +would be terrible if one of those Hundai + + + align:start position:0% +would be terrible if one of those Hundai +dealers closed because all those people + + align:start position:0% +dealers closed because all those people + + + align:start position:0% +dealers closed because all those people +getting $1,000 worth of utility from + + align:start position:0% +getting $1,000 worth of utility from + + + align:start position:0% +getting $1,000 worth of utility from +going to this one versus that one would + + align:start position:0% +going to this one versus that one would + + + align:start position:0% +going to this one versus that one would +have that huge loss in welfare which we + + align:start position:0% +have that huge loss in welfare which we + + + align:start position:0% +have that huge loss in welfare which we +think is probably not a correct answer + + align:start position:0% +think is probably not a correct answer + + + align:start position:0% +think is probably not a correct answer +okay so anyway I'm going to start this + + align:start position:0% +okay so anyway I'm going to start this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so anyway I'm going to start this +with you know Diamond has this very nice + + align:start position:0% +with you know Diamond has this very nice + + + align:start position:0% +with you know Diamond has this very nice +paper from 1971 noting that this basic + + align:start position:0% +paper from 1971 noting that this basic + + + align:start position:0% +paper from 1971 noting that this basic +idea that the higher is search cost the + + align:start position:0% +idea that the higher is search cost the + + + align:start position:0% +idea that the higher is search cost the +higher price is going to be seems harder + + align:start position:0% +higher price is going to be seems harder + + + align:start position:0% +higher price is going to be seems harder +to capture than you might have guessed + + align:start position:0% +to capture than you might have guessed + + + align:start position:0% +to capture than you might have guessed +so here's his model you have n firms + + align:start position:0% +so here's his model you have n firms + + + align:start position:0% +so here's his model you have n firms +they're producing a homogeneous good + + align:start position:0% +they're producing a homogeneous good + + + align:start position:0% +they're producing a homogeneous good +like the Hundai Kona oh no actually it's + + align:start position:0% +like the Hundai Kona oh no actually it's + + + align:start position:0% +like the Hundai Kona oh no actually it's +not a Hundai Kona so this is um this is + + align:start position:0% +not a Hundai Kona so this is um this is + + + align:start position:0% +not a Hundai Kona so this is um this is +going to be credit uh credit cards um so + + align:start position:0% +going to be credit uh credit cards um so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be credit uh credit cards um so +n firms produce a homogeneous Goods at + + align:start position:0% +n firms produce a homogeneous Goods at + + + align:start position:0% +n firms produce a homogeneous Goods at +Cost C so that cost C is it costs them + + align:start position:0% +Cost C so that cost C is it costs them + + + align:start position:0% +Cost C so that cost C is it costs them +8.99 or 9% to loan you money on a credit + + align:start position:0% +8.99 or 9% to loan you money on a credit + + + align:start position:0% +8.99 or 9% to loan you money on a credit +card okay and so C is + + align:start position:0% +card okay and so C is + + + align:start position:0% +card okay and so C is +9% um they're a Continuum of consumers + + align:start position:0% +9% um they're a Continuum of consumers + + + align:start position:0% +9% um they're a Continuum of consumers +and they have identical multi-unit + + align:start position:0% +and they have identical multi-unit + + + align:start position:0% +and they have identical multi-unit +demands D of P so if they give me a + + align:start position:0% +demands D of P so if they give me a + + + align:start position:0% +demands D of P so if they give me a +credit card at 9% I may borrow $10,000 + + align:start position:0% +credit card at 9% I may borrow $10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +credit card at 9% I may borrow $10,000 +on it if they give me a credit card at + + align:start position:0% +on it if they give me a credit card at + + + align:start position:0% +on it if they give me a credit card at +18% they may borrow $3,000 on it but + + align:start position:0% +18% they may borrow $3,000 on it but + + + align:start position:0% +18% they may borrow $3,000 on it but +there's some downward sloping demand + + align:start position:0% +there's some downward sloping demand + + + align:start position:0% +there's some downward sloping demand +function for how many units you're going + + align:start position:0% +function for how many units you're going + + + align:start position:0% +function for how many units you're going +to buy from the firm as a function of + + align:start position:0% +to buy from the firm as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +to buy from the firm as a function of +the price + + align:start position:0% +the price + + + align:start position:0% +the price +okay and I doing the credit cards rather + + align:start position:0% +okay and I doing the credit cards rather + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I doing the credit cards rather +than cars because it's important that + + align:start position:0% +than cars because it's important that + + + align:start position:0% +than cars because it's important that +you're buying more than one whereas cars + + align:start position:0% +you're buying more than one whereas cars + + + align:start position:0% +you're buying more than one whereas cars +typically you buy exactly one okay uh + + align:start position:0% +typically you buy exactly one okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +typically you buy exactly one okay uh +I'm going to assume that P minus C * D + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume that P minus C * D + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume that P minus C * D +of p is a concave function it's got some + + align:start position:0% +of p is a concave function it's got some + + + align:start position:0% +of p is a concave function it's got some +finite Monopoly price pm and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +finite Monopoly price pm and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +finite Monopoly price pm and I'm going +to consider the following game first The + + align:start position:0% +to consider the following game first The + + + align:start position:0% +to consider the following game first The +Firm simultaneously choose their + + align:start position:0% +Firm simultaneously choose their + + + align:start position:0% +Firm simultaneously choose their +prices and then customers have to pay s + + align:start position:0% +prices and then customers have to pay s + + + align:start position:0% +prices and then customers have to pay s +every time they get a price quote and + + align:start position:0% +every time they get a price quote and + + + align:start position:0% +every time they get a price quote and +we're going to want to assume that they + + align:start position:0% +we're going to want to assume that they + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to want to assume that they +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +optimally uh get some number of price + + align:start position:0% +optimally uh get some number of price + + + align:start position:0% +optimally uh get some number of price +quotes and then after getting some + + align:start position:0% +quotes and then after getting some + + + align:start position:0% +quotes and then after getting some +number of price quotes they buy D ofp + + align:start position:0% +number of price quotes they buy D ofp + + + align:start position:0% +number of price quotes they buy D ofp +units from the lowest price firm that + + align:start position:0% +units from the lowest price firm that + + + align:start position:0% +units from the lowest price firm that +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +found okay and there's we're going to + + align:start position:0% +found okay and there's we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +found okay and there's we're going to +want to have some optimality in this op + + align:start position:0% +want to have some optimality in this op + + + align:start position:0% +want to have some optimality in this op +you know search is somehow optimal given + + align:start position:0% +you know search is somehow optimal given + + + align:start position:0% +you know search is somehow optimal given +how much the cost of every search is + + align:start position:0% +how much the cost of every search is + + + align:start position:0% +how much the cost of every search is +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +be um you know one immediate subtly is + + align:start position:0% +be um you know one immediate subtly is + + + align:start position:0% +be um you know one immediate subtly is +we need some new solution concept other + + align:start position:0% +we need some new solution concept other + + + align:start position:0% +we need some new solution concept other +than Nash equilibrium because you know + + align:start position:0% +than Nash equilibrium because you know + + + align:start position:0% +than Nash equilibrium because you know +in a Nash equilibrium everyone behaves + + align:start position:0% +in a Nash equilibrium everyone behaves + + + align:start position:0% +in a Nash equilibrium everyone behaves +as if they know the strategies of the + + align:start position:0% +as if they know the strategies of the + + + align:start position:0% +as if they know the strategies of the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +players and so if you think about this + + align:start position:0% +players and so if you think about this + + + align:start position:0% +players and so if you think about this +as a like a n plus one player game + + align:start position:0% +as a like a n plus one player game + + + align:start position:0% +as a like a n plus one player game +there's sort of n firms and one consumer + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of n firms and one consumer + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of n firms and one consumer +buying then in Nash equilibrium you're + + align:start position:0% +buying then in Nash equilibrium you're + + + align:start position:0% +buying then in Nash equilibrium you're +implicitly assuming that the consumer + + align:start position:0% +implicitly assuming that the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly assuming that the consumer +knows the firm's strategies and if the + + align:start position:0% +knows the firm's strategies and if the + + + align:start position:0% +knows the firm's strategies and if the +consumer knows the firm's strategies + + align:start position:0% +consumer knows the firm's strategies + + + align:start position:0% +consumer knows the firm's strategies +their strategies are their prices and + + align:start position:0% +their strategies are their prices and + + + align:start position:0% +their strategies are their prices and +the consumer can just buy from the + + align:start position:0% +the consumer can just buy from the + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer can just buy from the +lowest price firm and not have to pay + + align:start position:0% +lowest price firm and not have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +lowest price firm and not have to pay +the ass to find that firm um so what do + + align:start position:0% +the ass to find that firm um so what do + + + align:start position:0% +the ass to find that firm um so what do +we do um + + align:start position:0% +we do um + + + align:start position:0% +we do um +Diamond essentially in his + + align:start position:0% +Diamond essentially in his + + + align:start position:0% +Diamond essentially in his +paper made this like a n plus two player + + align:start position:0% +paper made this like a n plus two player + + + align:start position:0% +paper made this like a n plus two player +game so you have the N + + align:start position:0% +game so you have the N + + + align:start position:0% +game so you have the N +firms uh you have the one + + align:start position:0% +firms uh you have the one + + + align:start position:0% +firms uh you have the one +consumer and then you have the one sort + + align:start position:0% +consumer and then you have the one sort + + + align:start position:0% +consumer and then you have the one sort +of player I'll call + + align:start position:0% +of player I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +of player I'll call +nature and what the firms do is um so + + align:start position:0% +nature and what the firms do is um so + + + align:start position:0% +nature and what the firms do is um so +first you know first stage one is the + + align:start position:0% +first you know first stage one is the + + + align:start position:0% +first you know first stage one is the +firms they choose P1 up to + + align:start position:0% +firms they choose P1 up to + + + align:start position:0% +firms they choose P1 up to +PN so that is the first thing so + + align:start position:0% +PN so that is the first thing so + + + align:start position:0% +PN so that is the first thing so +actually a + + align:start position:0% +actually a + + + align:start position:0% +actually a +timeline so T equals one the firms + + align:start position:0% +timeline so T equals one the firms + + + align:start position:0% +timeline so T equals one the firms +move and they choose P1 up through + + align:start position:0% +move and they choose P1 up through + + + align:start position:0% +move and they choose P1 up through +PN and then at stage two uh nature + + align:start position:0% +PN and then at stage two uh nature + + + align:start position:0% +PN and then at stage two uh nature +moves and what nature does is chooses a + + align:start position:0% +moves and what nature does is chooses a + + + align:start position:0% +moves and what nature does is chooses a +random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +permutation so it's if nature like + + align:start position:0% +permutation so it's if nature like + + + align:start position:0% +permutation so it's if nature like +builds a + + align:start position:0% +builds a + + + align:start position:0% +builds a +room and this room has + + align:start position:0% +room and this room has + + + align:start position:0% +room and this room has +doors uh numbered 1 through + + align:start position:0% +doors uh numbered 1 through + + + align:start position:0% +doors uh numbered 1 through +n and so the firms pick their prices and + + align:start position:0% +n and so the firms pick their prices and + + + align:start position:0% +n and so the firms pick their prices and +then nature takes firm one and sticks it + + align:start position:0% +then nature takes firm one and sticks it + + + align:start position:0% +then nature takes firm one and sticks it +behind a closed door like say it + + align:start position:0% +behind a closed door like say it + + + align:start position:0% +behind a closed door like say it +randomly picks door seven and then it + + align:start position:0% +randomly picks door seven and then it + + + align:start position:0% +randomly picks door seven and then it +pick takes firm two and puts it behind + + align:start position:0% +pick takes firm two and puts it behind + + + align:start position:0% +pick takes firm two and puts it behind +another door say door one and so nature + + align:start position:0% +another door say door one and so nature + + + align:start position:0% +another door say door one and so nature +does this random + + align:start position:0% +does this random + + + align:start position:0% +does this random +permutation and then tals + + align:start position:0% +permutation and then tals + + + align:start position:0% +permutation and then tals +3 you know the + + align:start position:0% +3 you know the + + + align:start position:0% +3 you know the +consumer uh starts opening doors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and each door you open there's a cost of + + align:start position:0% +and each door you open there's a cost of + + + align:start position:0% +and each door you open there's a cost of +s okay so I I know you know in + + align:start position:0% +s okay so I I know you know in + + + align:start position:0% +s okay so I I know you know in +equilibrium I'm going to know what P1 P2 + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I'm going to know what P1 P2 + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I'm going to know what P1 P2 +and PN are but I don't know which firm + + align:start position:0% +and PN are but I don't know which firm + + + align:start position:0% +and PN are but I don't know which firm +is behind which door so then I open door + + align:start position:0% +is behind which door so then I open door + + + align:start position:0% +is behind which door so then I open door +number one see who's there if I don't + + align:start position:0% +number one see who's there if I don't + + + align:start position:0% +number one see who's there if I don't +like that price it seems high I may open + + align:start position:0% +like that price it seems high I may open + + + align:start position:0% +like that price it seems high I may open +door two if it seems like it's still + + align:start position:0% +door two if it seems like it's still + + + align:start position:0% +door two if it seems like it's still +worth paying s to open another door I + + align:start position:0% +worth paying s to open another door I + + + align:start position:0% +worth paying s to open another door I +open another door and I I continue like + + align:start position:0% +open another door and I I continue like + + + align:start position:0% +open another door and I I continue like +that okay and so then Diamond asked + + align:start position:0% +that okay and so then Diamond asked + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and so then Diamond asked +what's the equilibrium of that model and + + align:start position:0% +what's the equilibrium of that model and + + + align:start position:0% +what's the equilibrium of that model and +you know the thought was that you might + + align:start position:0% +you know the thought was that you might + + + align:start position:0% +you know the thought was that you might +get an answer that says when search + + align:start position:0% +get an answer that says when search + + + align:start position:0% +get an answer that says when search +costs are higher prices are higher than + + align:start position:0% +costs are higher prices are higher than + + + align:start position:0% +costs are higher prices are higher than +they would you know this is without the + + align:start position:0% +they would you know this is without the + + + align:start position:0% +they would you know this is without the +random permutation this is a Bertrand + + align:start position:0% +random permutation this is a Bertrand + + + align:start position:0% +random permutation this is a Bertrand +competition model and so you might think + + align:start position:0% +competition model and so you might think + + + align:start position:0% +competition model and so you might think +that you would get a just Bertrand + + align:start position:0% +that you would get a just Bertrand + + + align:start position:0% +that you would get a just Bertrand +outcome everyone P star equals c um but + + align:start position:0% +outcome everyone P star equals c um but + + + align:start position:0% +outcome everyone P star equals c um but +then as search costs go up maybe prices + + align:start position:0% +then as search costs go up maybe prices + + + align:start position:0% +then as search costs go up maybe prices +go up in equilibrium and they do but + + align:start position:0% +go up in equilibrium and they do but + + + align:start position:0% +go up in equilibrium and they do but +they go do more than you Diamond wanted + + align:start position:0% +they go do more than you Diamond wanted + + + align:start position:0% +they go do more than you Diamond wanted +and so his you know some since he + + align:start position:0% +and so his you know some since he + + + align:start position:0% +and so his you know some since he +started this literature with this thing + + align:start position:0% +started this literature with this thing + + + align:start position:0% +started this literature with this thing +that sometimes people call call The + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes people call call The + + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes people call call The +Diamond Paradox if you take any search + + align:start position:0% +Diamond Paradox if you take any search + + + align:start position:0% +Diamond Paradox if you take any search +cost s that's strictly positive and less + + align:start position:0% +cost s that's strictly positive and less + + + align:start position:0% +cost s that's strictly positive and less +than the consumer surplus at the + + align:start position:0% +than the consumer surplus at the + + + align:start position:0% +than the consumer surplus at the +Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +then any perfect Bas and equilibrium in + + align:start position:0% +then any perfect Bas and equilibrium in + + + align:start position:0% +then any perfect Bas and equilibrium in +which any consumer search has all firms + + align:start position:0% +which any consumer search has all firms + + + align:start position:0% +which any consumer search has all firms +pricing at the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +pricing at the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +pricing at the Monopoly +price so in some sense the only + + align:start position:0% +price so in some sense the only + + + align:start position:0% +price so in some sense the only +equilibri of this model are it's a + + align:start position:0% +equilibri of this model are it's a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibri of this model are it's a +discontinuous jump in prices as soon as + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous jump in prices as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous jump in prices as soon as +there's any search cost even a p + + align:start position:0% +there's any search cost even a p + + + align:start position:0% +there's any search cost even a p +the only equilibrium is everyone charges + + align:start position:0% +the only equilibrium is everyone charges + + + align:start position:0% +the only equilibrium is everyone charges +a Monopoly price instead of everyone + + align:start position:0% +a Monopoly price instead of everyone + + + align:start position:0% +a Monopoly price instead of everyone +charges C so it says you know bir TR + + align:start position:0% +charges C so it says you know bir TR + + + align:start position:0% +charges C so it says you know bir TR +competition is an extraordinarily + + align:start position:0% +competition is an extraordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +competition is an extraordinarily +fragile result for Tran competition + + align:start position:0% +fragile result for Tran competition + + + align:start position:0% +fragile result for Tran competition +relied on zero search costs you put any + + align:start position:0% +relied on zero search costs you put any + + + align:start position:0% +relied on zero search costs you put any +search cost in you don't just get a + + align:start position:0% +search cost in you don't just get a + + + align:start position:0% +search cost in you don't just get a +little markup you get the Monopoly mark + + align:start position:0% +little markup you get the Monopoly mark + + + align:start position:0% +little markup you get the Monopoly mark +up okay uh now we don't believe this but + + align:start position:0% +up okay uh now we don't believe this but + + + align:start position:0% +up okay uh now we don't believe this but +I think it's it's good to see why why + + align:start position:0% +I think it's it's good to see why why + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's it's good to see why why +this happens so first the argument that + + align:start position:0% +this happens so first the argument that + + + align:start position:0% +this happens so first the argument that +this is an equilibrium is + + align:start position:0% +this is an equilibrium is + + + align:start position:0% +this is an equilibrium is +straightforward right let's suppose you + + align:start position:0% +straightforward right let's suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward right let's suppose you +have a world where all the firms charge + + align:start position:0% +have a world where all the firms charge + + + align:start position:0% +have a world where all the firms charge +pm and you know that everyone charges PM + + align:start position:0% +pm and you know that everyone charges PM + + + align:start position:0% +pm and you know that everyone charges PM +you've grown up you've lived in your + + align:start position:0% +you've grown up you've lived in your + + + align:start position:0% +you've grown up you've lived in your +life in this world you know that yes + + align:start position:0% +life in this world you know that yes + + + align:start position:0% +life in this world you know that yes +everyone charges a Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +everyone charges a Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +everyone charges a Monopoly +price you open the first you know you + + align:start position:0% +price you open the first you know you + + + align:start position:0% +price you open the first you know you +sort of get assigned you have to play + + align:start position:0% +sort of get assigned you have to play + + + align:start position:0% +sort of get assigned you have to play +this game you open a door and you're + + align:start position:0% +this game you open a door and you're + + + align:start position:0% +this game you open a door and you're +like oh what a cell phone service cost + + align:start position:0% +like oh what a cell phone service cost + + + align:start position:0% +like oh what a cell phone service cost +oh it's $59.99 a month even though it + + align:start position:0% +oh it's $59.99 a month even though it + + + align:start position:0% +oh it's $59.99 a month even though it +has marginal cost of zero for them to + + align:start position:0% +has marginal cost of zero for them to + + + align:start position:0% +has marginal cost of zero for them to +provide it what do you do do you keep + + align:start position:0% +provide it what do you do do you keep + + + align:start position:0% +provide it what do you do do you keep +opening the other doors you're like no + + align:start position:0% +opening the other doors you're like no + + + align:start position:0% +opening the other doors you're like no +every cell phone company charges $59.99 + + align:start position:0% +every cell phone company charges $59.99 + + + align:start position:0% +every cell phone company charges $59.99 +a month why keep opening doors I just I + + align:start position:0% +a month why keep opening doors I just I + + + align:start position:0% +a month why keep opening doors I just I +open the first door I see the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +open the first door I see the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +open the first door I see the Monopoly +price I pay it and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +price I pay it and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +price I pay it and then I'm +done okay and you know could a + + align:start position:0% +done okay and you know could a + + + align:start position:0% +done okay and you know could a +firm cut its price and gain consumers + + align:start position:0% +firm cut its price and gain consumers + + + align:start position:0% +firm cut its price and gain consumers +and the answer is no because when + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is no because when + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is no because when +consumers expect everyone to be charging + + align:start position:0% +consumers expect everyone to be charging + + + align:start position:0% +consumers expect everyone to be charging +the Monopoly price everyone stops at the + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price everyone stops at the + + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price everyone stops at the +first door and just buys from that firm + + align:start position:0% +first door and just buys from that firm + + + align:start position:0% +first door and just buys from that firm +and so suppose you have a lower price + + align:start position:0% +and so suppose you have a lower price + + + align:start position:0% +and so suppose you have a lower price +well then consumers you know and you get + + align:start position:0% +well then consumers you know and you get + + + align:start position:0% +well then consumers you know and you get +assigned to room seven you know if a + + align:start position:0% +assigned to room seven you know if a + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to room seven you know if a +consumer comes to you first and opens + + align:start position:0% +consumer comes to you first and opens + + + align:start position:0% +consumer comes to you first and opens +your door they'll be like oh bonus I get + + align:start position:0% +your door they'll be like oh bonus I get + + + align:start position:0% +your door they'll be like oh bonus I get +to pay $35 a month instead of $59.99 a + + align:start position:0% +to pay $35 a month instead of $59.99 a + + + align:start position:0% +to pay $35 a month instead of $59.99 a +month but it's only the consumers who + + align:start position:0% +month but it's only the consumers who + + + align:start position:0% +month but it's only the consumers who +open that door first to buy from you and + + align:start position:0% +open that door first to buy from you and + + + align:start position:0% +open that door first to buy from you and +they would have bought from you if You' + + align:start position:0% +they would have bought from you if You' + + + align:start position:0% +they would have bought from you if You' +charged the Monopoly price so the firms + + align:start position:0% +charged the Monopoly price so the firms + + + align:start position:0% +charged the Monopoly price so the firms +don't get any extra consumers by + + align:start position:0% +don't get any extra consumers by + + + align:start position:0% +don't get any extra consumers by +charging lower price so charges monopo + + align:start position:0% +charging lower price so charges monopo + + + align:start position:0% +charging lower price so charges monopo +you know once you know like if everyone + + align:start position:0% +you know once you know like if everyone + + + align:start position:0% +you know once you know like if everyone +charges Monopoly price consumers don't + + align:start position:0% +charges Monopoly price consumers don't + + + align:start position:0% +charges Monopoly price consumers don't +search if no one searches cons all firms + + align:start position:0% +search if no one searches cons all firms + + + align:start position:0% +search if no one searches cons all firms +charge Monopoly price that's an + + align:start position:0% +charge Monopoly price that's an + + + align:start position:0% +charge Monopoly price that's an +equilibrium okay um you know the sort of + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay um you know the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay um you know the sort of +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +less immediately obvious part of this + + align:start position:0% +less immediately obvious part of this + + + align:start position:0% +less immediately obvious part of this +argument is that there's no other pure + + align:start position:0% +argument is that there's no other pure + + + align:start position:0% +argument is that there's no other pure +strategy equilibrium um to think about + + align:start position:0% +strategy equilibrium um to think about + + + align:start position:0% +strategy equilibrium um to think about +that you know just imagine we had some + + align:start position:0% +that you know just imagine we had some + + + align:start position:0% +that you know just imagine we had some +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +equilibrium and the firms charged + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and the firms charged + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and the firms charged +different prices so maybe there are you + + align:start position:0% +different prices so maybe there are you + + + align:start position:0% +different prices so maybe there are you +know maybe this is the Monopoly price + + align:start position:0% +know maybe this is the Monopoly price + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe this is the Monopoly price +and then some firms charge the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +and then some firms charge the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +and then some firms charge the Monopoly +price but some firms charge less than + + align:start position:0% +price but some firms charge less than + + + align:start position:0% +price but some firms charge less than +the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly +price okay well the argument is going to + + align:start position:0% +price okay well the argument is going to + + + align:start position:0% +price okay well the argument is going to +be you can't have an equilibrium like + + align:start position:0% +be you can't have an equilibrium like + + + align:start position:0% +be you can't have an equilibrium like +this where somebody charges a lower + + align:start position:0% +this where somebody charges a lower + + + align:start position:0% +this where somebody charges a lower +price than everybody else because if + + align:start position:0% +price than everybody else because if + + + align:start position:0% +price than everybody else because if +you're charging a lower price than + + align:start position:0% +you're charging a lower price than + + + align:start position:0% +you're charging a lower price than +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +else I could raise my price by Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +else I could raise my price by Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +else I could raise my price by Epsilon +again anyone who opens the door and sees + + align:start position:0% +again anyone who opens the door and sees + + + align:start position:0% +again anyone who opens the door and sees +my you know like so consumers were + + align:start position:0% +my you know like so consumers were + + + align:start position:0% +my you know like so consumers were +expecting that there was some firm that + + align:start position:0% +expecting that there was some firm that + + + align:start position:0% +expecting that there was some firm that +Char charged $35 a month and I go to$ + + align:start position:0% +Char charged $35 a month and I go to$ + + + align:start position:0% +Char charged $35 a month and I go to$ +3550 a + + align:start position:0% +3550 a + + + align:start position:0% +3550 a +month so consumers open the door they + + align:start position:0% +month so consumers open the door they + + + align:start position:0% +month so consumers open the door they +may think oh no one was supposed to + + align:start position:0% +may think oh no one was supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +may think oh no one was supposed to +charge 3550 there was supposed to be a + + align:start position:0% +charge 3550 there was supposed to be a + + + align:start position:0% +charge 3550 there was supposed to be a +firm at 30 a firm at 36 and a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +firm at 30 a firm at 36 and a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +firm at 30 a firm at 36 and a bunch of +firms at 40 but I just found 3550 what + + align:start position:0% +firms at 40 but I just found 3550 what + + + align:start position:0% +firms at 40 but I just found 3550 what +do I do well you know the most you could + + align:start position:0% +do I do well you know the most you could + + + align:start position:0% +do I do well you know the most you could +expect to save by opening another door + + align:start position:0% +expect to save by opening another door + + + align:start position:0% +expect to save by opening another door +is 50 Cents because you you you know you + + align:start position:0% +is 50 Cents because you you you know you + + + align:start position:0% +is 50 Cents because you you you know you +thought that there was someone at 35 you + + align:start position:0% +thought that there was someone at 35 you + + + align:start position:0% +thought that there was someone at 35 you +didn't find the guy at 35 but you that's + + align:start position:0% +didn't find the guy at 35 but you that's + + + align:start position:0% +didn't find the guy at 35 but you that's +the best you're going to think to do as + + align:start position:0% +the best you're going to think to do as + + + align:start position:0% +the best you're going to think to do as +long as I keep the amount I raise the + + align:start position:0% +long as I keep the amount I raise the + + + align:start position:0% +long as I keep the amount I raise the +price less than the S anyone who opens + + align:start position:0% +price less than the S anyone who opens + + + align:start position:0% +price less than the S anyone who opens +my door first is still going to buy from + + align:start position:0% +my door first is still going to buy from + + + align:start position:0% +my door first is still going to buy from +me um so I don't lose any consu anyone + + align:start position:0% +me um so I don't lose any consu anyone + + + align:start position:0% +me um so I don't lose any consu anyone +whoever opens my door is going to buy + + align:start position:0% +whoever opens my door is going to buy + + + align:start position:0% +whoever opens my door is going to buy +from me so therefore I can't lose any + + align:start position:0% +from me so therefore I can't lose any + + + align:start position:0% +from me so therefore I can't lose any +consumers by this price range therefore + + align:start position:0% +consumers by this price range therefore + + + align:start position:0% +consumers by this price range therefore +I'm always going to raise my price by + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to raise my price by + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to raise my price by +Epsilon over what people + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon over what people + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon over what people +expect okay and so that preent makes it + + align:start position:0% +expect okay and so that preent makes it + + + align:start position:0% +expect okay and so that preent makes it +impossible to have an equilibrium where + + align:start position:0% +impossible to have an equilibrium where + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to have an equilibrium where +somebody's below everybody else it also + + align:start position:0% +somebody's below everybody else it also + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's below everybody else it also +even makes it impossible to have an + + align:start position:0% +even makes it impossible to have an + + + align:start position:0% +even makes it impossible to have an +argument where you have two people tied + + align:start position:0% +argument where you have two people tied + + + align:start position:0% +argument where you have two people tied +for the lowest price because again I + + align:start position:0% +for the lowest price because again I + + + align:start position:0% +for the lowest price because again I +just make an Epsilon increase anyone who + + align:start position:0% +just make an Epsilon increase anyone who + + + align:start position:0% +just make an Epsilon increase anyone who +opens my door as long as I'm within + + align:start position:0% +opens my door as long as I'm within + + + align:start position:0% +opens my door as long as I'm within +Epsilon of the lowest price in the + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon of the lowest price in the + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon of the lowest price in the +market they're all going to buy from me + + align:start position:0% +market they're all going to buy from me + + + align:start position:0% +market they're all going to buy from me +so it's going to have to be that you + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to have to be that you + + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to have to be that you +can't have anyone the lowest price firms + + align:start position:0% +can't have anyone the lowest price firms + + + align:start position:0% +can't have anyone the lowest price firms +are always going to want to raise their + + align:start position:0% +are always going to want to raise their + + + align:start position:0% +are always going to want to raise their +price by Epsilon if they're less than + + align:start position:0% +price by Epsilon if they're less than + + + align:start position:0% +price by Epsilon if they're less than +the Monopoly price similarly you know I + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price similarly you know I + + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price similarly you know I +can't have anyone charging greater than + + align:start position:0% +can't have anyone charging greater than + + + align:start position:0% +can't have anyone charging greater than +the Monopoly price because if they're + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price because if they're + + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price because if they're +charging greater than the Monopoly price + + align:start position:0% +charging greater than the Monopoly price + + + align:start position:0% +charging greater than the Monopoly price +and not selling + + align:start position:0% +and not selling + + + align:start position:0% +and not selling +anything they make no money if they are + + align:start position:0% +anything they make no money if they are + + + align:start position:0% +anything they make no money if they are +selling things they'd be better off + + align:start position:0% +selling things they'd be better off + + + align:start position:0% +selling things they'd be better off +going down to the Monopoly price + + align:start position:0% +going down to the Monopoly price + + + align:start position:0% +going down to the Monopoly price +itself so the only equiv of this model + + align:start position:0% +itself so the only equiv of this model + + + align:start position:0% +itself so the only equiv of this model +is everyone charges Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +is everyone charges Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +is everyone charges Monopoly +prices + + align:start position:0% +prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices +okay so you know I I think it's a useful + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know I I think it's a useful + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know I I think it's a useful +thought + + align:start position:0% +thought + + + align:start position:0% +thought +experiment um but it's obviously it's + + align:start position:0% +experiment um but it's obviously it's + + + align:start position:0% +experiment um but it's obviously it's +not what we want to do in practice and + + align:start position:0% +not what we want to do in practice and + + + align:start position:0% +not what we want to do in practice and +so then sort of where the search + + align:start position:0% +so then sort of where the search + + + align:start position:0% +so then sort of where the search +literature has gone is thinking about + + align:start position:0% +literature has gone is thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +literature has gone is thinking about +what happens what can we do with search + + align:start position:0% +what happens what can we do with search + + + align:start position:0% +what happens what can we do with search +to get search to have a continuous + + align:start position:0% +to get search to have a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +to get search to have a continuous +effect like we think it probably does + + align:start position:0% +effect like we think it probably does + + + align:start position:0% +effect like we think it probably does +should have and what's wrong with this + + align:start position:0% +should have and what's wrong with this + + + align:start position:0% +should have and what's wrong with this +argument okay + + align:start position:0% +argument okay + + + align:start position:0% +argument okay +um you know one way in which this + + align:start position:0% +um you know one way in which this + + + align:start position:0% +um you know one way in which this +literature has gone is uh and which is + + align:start position:0% +literature has gone is uh and which is + + + align:start position:0% +literature has gone is uh and which is +completely realistic is models with + + align:start position:0% +completely realistic is models with + + + align:start position:0% +completely realistic is models with +heterogen and search costs where there + + align:start position:0% +heterogen and search costs where there + + + align:start position:0% +heterogen and search costs where there +are some consumers who have higher + + align:start position:0% +are some consumers who have higher + + + align:start position:0% +are some consumers who have higher +search costs and some consumers who have + + align:start position:0% +search costs and some consumers who have + + + align:start position:0% +search costs and some consumers who have +lower search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs um and turns out that you know + + align:start position:0% +costs um and turns out that you know + + + align:start position:0% +costs um and turns out that you know +it's a nice literature because actually + + align:start position:0% +it's a nice literature because actually + + + align:start position:0% +it's a nice literature because actually +turns out it's going to explain two + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's going to explain two + + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's going to explain two +phenomena simultaneously one is it's + + align:start position:0% +phenomena simultaneously one is it's + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena simultaneously one is it's +going to give us models that do have + + align:start position:0% +going to give us models that do have + + + align:start position:0% +going to give us models that do have +positive markups that are continuous in + + align:start position:0% +positive markups that are continuous in + + + align:start position:0% +positive markups that are continuous in +the search cost and then the other thing + + align:start position:0% +the search cost and then the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +the search cost and then the other thing +it gets us is is uh price dispersion + + align:start position:0% +it gets us is is uh price dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +it gets us is is uh price dispersion +where different firms charge different + + align:start position:0% +where different firms charge different + + + align:start position:0% +where different firms charge different +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +and like you know I think in the car + + align:start position:0% +and like you know I think in the car + + + align:start position:0% +and like you know I think in the car +dealer example you do expect that every + + align:start position:0% +dealer example you do expect that every + + + align:start position:0% +dealer example you do expect that every +different car dealer has a different + + align:start position:0% +different car dealer has a different + + + align:start position:0% +different car dealer has a different +price that they're willing to settle for + + align:start position:0% +price that they're willing to settle for + + + align:start position:0% +price that they're willing to settle for +on the car if you negotiate long enough + + align:start position:0% +on the car if you negotiate long enough + + + align:start position:0% +on the car if you negotiate long enough +and that every different firm is going + + align:start position:0% +and that every different firm is going + + + align:start position:0% +and that every different firm is going +to charge you a different + + align:start position:0% +to charge you a different + + + align:start position:0% +to charge you a different +price um okay so how is this how would + + align:start position:0% +price um okay so how is this how would + + + align:start position:0% +price um okay so how is this how would +this model go so I'm again um let's + + align:start position:0% +this model go so I'm again um let's + + + align:start position:0% +this model go so I'm again um let's +stick with my credit card example so I + + align:start position:0% +stick with my credit card example so I + + + align:start position:0% +stick with my credit card example so I +have n firms they're all producing that + + align:start position:0% +have n firms they're all producing that + + + align:start position:0% +have n firms they're all producing that +homogeneous good at the same common + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous good at the same common + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous good at the same common +constant marginal + + align:start position:0% +constant marginal + + + align:start position:0% +constant marginal +cost again I'm going to let them choose + + align:start position:0% +cost again I'm going to let them choose + + + align:start position:0% +cost again I'm going to let them choose +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +again I'm going to have the same + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to have the same + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to have the same +Continuum of consumers each consumer has + + align:start position:0% +Continuum of consumers each consumer has + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum of consumers each consumer has +a multi-unit demand d + + align:start position:0% +a multi-unit demand d + + + align:start position:0% +a multi-unit demand d +ofp uh and I'm going to have consumers + + align:start position:0% +ofp uh and I'm going to have consumers + + + align:start position:0% +ofp uh and I'm going to have consumers +searching optimally as in the diamond + + align:start position:0% +searching optimally as in the diamond + + + align:start position:0% +searching optimally as in the diamond +model but instead of the diamond model + + align:start position:0% +model but instead of the diamond model + + + align:start position:0% +model but instead of the diamond model +where everyone had search cost s I'm + + align:start position:0% +where everyone had search cost s I'm + + + align:start position:0% +where everyone had search cost s I'm +going to have uh multiple types of + + align:start position:0% +going to have uh multiple types of + + + align:start position:0% +going to have uh multiple types of +consumers I'm going to have a fraction + + align:start position:0% +consumers I'm going to have a fraction + + + align:start position:0% +consumers I'm going to have a fraction +mu of the consumers sometimes people + + align:start position:0% +mu of the consumers sometimes people + + + align:start position:0% +mu of the consumers sometimes people +refer to these guys as uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Shoppers um Shoppers have a negative + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers um Shoppers have a negative + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers um Shoppers have a negative +search cost + + align:start position:0% +search cost + + + align:start position:0% +search cost +so Shoppers actually get utility out of + + align:start position:0% +so Shoppers actually get utility out of + + + align:start position:0% +so Shoppers actually get utility out of +comparing prices at different firms um + + align:start position:0% +comparing prices at different firms um + + + align:start position:0% +comparing prices at different firms um +and you know I mean you may think that's + + align:start position:0% +and you know I mean you may think that's + + + align:start position:0% +and you know I mean you may think that's +unrealistic but you know I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +unrealistic but you know I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +unrealistic but you know I mean you know +there are some people who like shopping + + align:start position:0% +there are some people who like shopping + + + align:start position:0% +there are some people who like shopping +is a hobby there are some you know + + align:start position:0% +is a hobby there are some you know + + + align:start position:0% +is a hobby there are some you know +graduate students who love to tell me + + align:start position:0% +graduate students who love to tell me + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students who love to tell me +that you know I book this crazy plane + + align:start position:0% +that you know I book this crazy plane + + + align:start position:0% +that you know I book this crazy plane +ticket where I fly to here and then I + + align:start position:0% +ticket where I fly to here and then I + + + align:start position:0% +ticket where I fly to here and then I +have a return ticket that's booked out + + align:start position:0% +have a return ticket that's booked out + + + align:start position:0% +have a return ticket that's booked out +of this city but then I'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +of this city but then I'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +of this city but then I'm going to get +off in this city and save that thing and + + align:start position:0% +off in this city and save that thing and + + + align:start position:0% +off in this city and save that thing and +you know I'm saving $7 by doing this and + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm saving $7 by doing this and + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm saving $7 by doing this and +you have to think you know did you spend + + align:start position:0% +you have to think you know did you spend + + + align:start position:0% +you have to think you know did you spend +like half hours figuring out some really + + align:start position:0% +like half hours figuring out some really + + + align:start position:0% +like half hours figuring out some really +clever way you could save $7 you know it + + align:start position:0% +clever way you could save $7 you know it + + + align:start position:0% +clever way you could save $7 you know it +must be that you got you got a great + + align:start position:0% +must be that you got you got a great + + + align:start position:0% +must be that you got you got a great +deal of utility out of figuring out all + + align:start position:0% +deal of utility out of figuring out all + + + align:start position:0% +deal of utility out of figuring out all +of the different ways one could fly from + + align:start position:0% +of the different ways one could fly from + + + align:start position:0% +of the different ways one could fly from +A to B and feeling that you were you + + align:start position:0% +A to B and feeling that you were you + + + align:start position:0% +A to B and feeling that you were you +know whatever I don't know but you know + + align:start position:0% +know whatever I don't know but you know + + + align:start position:0% +know whatever I don't know but you know +there are some people who just will + + align:start position:0% +there are some people who just will + + + align:start position:0% +there are some people who just will +enjoy shopping and will do more shopping + + align:start position:0% +enjoy shopping and will do more shopping + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy shopping and will do more shopping +than seems reasonable and so I'll model + + align:start position:0% +than seems reasonable and so I'll model + + + align:start position:0% +than seems reasonable and so I'll model +them by having this negative search cost + + align:start position:0% +them by having this negative search cost + + + align:start position:0% +them by having this negative search cost +um and then I'm going to have a fraction + + align:start position:0% +um and then I'm going to have a fraction + + + align:start position:0% +um and then I'm going to have a fraction +one minus mu of consumers who have the + + align:start position:0% +one minus mu of consumers who have the + + + align:start position:0% +one minus mu of consumers who have the +more traditional positive search + + align:start position:0% +more traditional positive search + + + align:start position:0% +more traditional positive search +costs and you know at at least at first + + align:start position:0% +costs and you know at at least at first + + + align:start position:0% +costs and you know at at least at first +just going to assume that uh these + + align:start position:0% +just going to assume that uh these + + + align:start position:0% +just going to assume that uh these +people have search cost in some interval + + align:start position:0% +people have search cost in some interval + + + align:start position:0% +people have search cost in some interval +s lower bar s uper bar it could be + + align:start position:0% +s lower bar s uper bar it could be + + + align:start position:0% +s lower bar s uper bar it could be +distributed with some density uh and but + + align:start position:0% +distributed with some density uh and but + + + align:start position:0% +distributed with some density uh and but +they are all less than the consumer + + align:start position:0% +they are all less than the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +they are all less than the consumer +surplus the Monopoly price the reason + + align:start position:0% +surplus the Monopoly price the reason + + + align:start position:0% +surplus the Monopoly price the reason +for putting this upper bound on search + + align:start position:0% +for putting this upper bound on search + + + align:start position:0% +for putting this upper bound on search +cost is if your search costs are less + + align:start position:0% +cost is if your search costs are less + + + align:start position:0% +cost is if your search costs are less +than the consumer surplus the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +than the consumer surplus the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +than the consumer surplus the Monopoly +price then you run into this problem of + + align:start position:0% +price then you run into this problem of + + + align:start position:0% +price then you run into this problem of +just those people aren't going to search + + align:start position:0% +just those people aren't going to search + + + align:start position:0% +just those people aren't going to search +at all and then they're not going to + + align:start position:0% +at all and then they're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +at all and then they're not going to +search at all so the no Market exists so + + align:start position:0% +search at all so the no Market exists so + + + align:start position:0% +search at all so the no Market exists so +I want search costs low enough so that + + align:start position:0% +I want search costs low enough so that + + + align:start position:0% +I want search costs low enough so that +consumers are going to want to search + + align:start position:0% +consumers are going to want to search + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are going to want to search +and buy even if the even if the prices + + align:start position:0% +and buy even if the even if the prices + + + align:start position:0% +and buy even if the even if the prices +are high and I don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +are high and I don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +are high and I don't have to worry about +that edge case of what happens if prices + + align:start position:0% +that edge case of what happens if prices + + + align:start position:0% +that edge case of what happens if prices +are high too high okay so like there's + + align:start position:0% +are high too high okay so like there's + + + align:start position:0% +are high too high okay so like there's +distribution of search costs so I've + + align:start position:0% +distribution of search costs so I've + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of search costs so I've +just got you know some + + align:start position:0% +just got you know some + + + align:start position:0% +just got you know some +interval s lower bar s uper bar where I + + align:start position:0% +interval s lower bar s uper bar where I + + + align:start position:0% +interval s lower bar s uper bar where I +have a density of consumers and then you + + align:start position:0% +have a density of consumers and then you + + + align:start position:0% +have a density of consumers and then you +know you can think of it as a point mass + + align:start position:0% +know you can think of it as a point mass + + + align:start position:0% +know you can think of it as a point mass +of consumers with negative search costs + + align:start position:0% +of consumers with negative search costs + + + align:start position:0% +of consumers with negative search costs +okay and this is it's it's just a + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is it's it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is it's it's just a +simplification uh but it's um it's a + + align:start position:0% +simplification uh but it's um it's a + + + align:start position:0% +simplification uh but it's um it's a +simplification that implies that these + + align:start position:0% +simplification that implies that these + + + align:start position:0% +simplification that implies that these +consumers it's easy to solve for what + + align:start position:0% +consumers it's easy to solve for what + + + align:start position:0% +consumers it's easy to solve for what +they do what they do is they visit every + + align:start position:0% +they do what they do is they visit every + + + align:start position:0% +they do what they do is they visit every +single firm and then buy from the lowest + + align:start position:0% +single firm and then buy from the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +single firm and then buy from the lowest +price firm that's out + + align:start position:0% +price firm that's out + + + align:start position:0% +price firm that's out +there so what's the uh stal result on + + align:start position:0% +there so what's the uh stal result on + + + align:start position:0% +there so what's the uh stal result on +this model um part A of the theorem uh + + align:start position:0% +this model um part A of the theorem uh + + + align:start position:0% +this model um part A of the theorem uh +this model has no pure strategy + + align:start position:0% +this model has no pure strategy + + + align:start position:0% +this model has no pure strategy +equilibrium um but it does have at least + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium um but it does have at least + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium um but it does have at least +one symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +one symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +one symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium +and in this symmetric mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +and in this symmetric mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +and in this symmetric mixed strategy +equilibrium the firms choose prices from + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium the firms choose prices from + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium the firms choose prices from +a atomless distribution f has some + + align:start position:0% +a atomless distribution f has some + + + align:start position:0% +a atomless distribution f has some +support P lower bar P upper bar and that + + align:start position:0% +support P lower bar P upper bar and that + + + align:start position:0% +support P lower bar P upper bar and that +support does not contain marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +support does not contain marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +support does not contain marginal cost +so what's going to typically happen here + + align:start position:0% +so what's going to typically happen here + + + align:start position:0% +so what's going to typically happen here +is if you look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pricing uh did I did I give it a name I + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh did I did I give it a name I + + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh did I did I give it a name I +did not give it a name so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +did not give it a name so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +did not give it a name so we're going to +have this Str distribution where there's + + align:start position:0% +have this Str distribution where there's + + + align:start position:0% +have this Str distribution where there's +you know you could price at marginal + + align:start position:0% +you know you could price at marginal + + + align:start position:0% +you know you could price at marginal +cost and per trand but firms don't + + align:start position:0% +cost and per trand but firms don't + + + align:start position:0% +cost and per trand but firms don't +instead there's some level P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +instead there's some level P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +instead there's some level P lower bar +and there's some level P upper bar um uh + + align:start position:0% +and there's some level P upper bar um uh + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some level P upper bar um uh +and then what firms do is there's + + align:start position:0% +and then what firms do is there's + + + align:start position:0% +and then what firms do is there's +some density might look like this and so + + align:start position:0% +some density might look like this and so + + + align:start position:0% +some density might look like this and so +what firms do is they choose prices use + + align:start position:0% +what firms do is they choose prices use + + + align:start position:0% +what firms do is they choose prices use +a mixed strategy choose prices from a + + align:start position:0% +a mixed strategy choose prices from a + + + align:start position:0% +a mixed strategy choose prices from a +density that looks like this and so + + align:start position:0% +density that looks like this and so + + + align:start position:0% +density that looks like this and so +prices from the consumer perspective are + + align:start position:0% +prices from the consumer perspective are + + + align:start position:0% +prices from the consumer perspective are +random okay and then this sort of in + + align:start position:0% +random okay and then this sort of in + + + align:start position:0% +random okay and then this sort of in +some sense this mixed strategy on the + + align:start position:0% +some sense this mixed strategy on the + + + align:start position:0% +some sense this mixed strategy on the +firm's part then rationalizes the search + + align:start position:0% +firm's part then rationalizes the search + + + align:start position:0% +firm's part then rationalizes the search +on the consumer part right because if + + align:start position:0% +on the consumer part right because if + + + align:start position:0% +on the consumer part right because if +the firms are mixing over prices you you + + align:start position:0% +the firms are mixing over prices you you + + + align:start position:0% +the firms are mixing over prices you you +go and find a firm's price what you're + + align:start position:0% +go and find a firm's price what you're + + + align:start position:0% +go and find a firm's price what you're +getting is one draw from the mixed + + align:start position:0% +getting is one draw from the mixed + + + align:start position:0% +getting is one draw from the mixed +strategy distribution you may get a high + + align:start position:0% +strategy distribution you may get a high + + + align:start position:0% +strategy distribution you may get a high +draw you may get a low draw you may get + + align:start position:0% +draw you may get a low draw you may get + + + align:start position:0% +draw you may get a low draw you may get +a high draw and decide to search again + + align:start position:0% +a high draw and decide to search again + + + align:start position:0% +a high draw and decide to search again +you may get a low draw and decide not + + align:start position:0% +you may get a low draw and decide not + + + align:start position:0% +you may get a low draw and decide not +and decide to stop your + + align:start position:0% +and decide to stop your + + + align:start position:0% +and decide to stop your +search okay right clearly if you + + align:start position:0% +search okay right clearly if you + + + align:start position:0% +search okay right clearly if you +draw if the first firm you draw actually + + align:start position:0% +draw if the first firm you draw actually + + + align:start position:0% +draw if the first firm you draw actually +has Price p lower bar you're always + + align:start position:0% +has Price p lower bar you're always + + + align:start position:0% +has Price p lower bar you're always +going to stop there because you know + + align:start position:0% +going to stop there because you know + + + align:start position:0% +going to stop there because you know +that's the best you can do um if the + + align:start position:0% +that's the best you can do um if the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the best you can do um if the +firm has Price p upper bar if your + + align:start position:0% +firm has Price p upper bar if your + + + align:start position:0% +firm has Price p upper bar if your +search cost is really high like your + + align:start position:0% +search cost is really high like your + + + align:start position:0% +search cost is really high like your +search cost is near s uper bar you're + + align:start position:0% +search cost is near s uper bar you're + + + align:start position:0% +search cost is near s uper bar you're +going to buy you it it the model is + + align:start position:0% +going to buy you it it the model is + + + align:start position:0% +going to buy you it it the model is +going to be such that you are going to + + align:start position:0% +going to be such that you are going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be such that you are going to +buy from that price if if you find it + + align:start position:0% +buy from that price if if you find it + + + align:start position:0% +buy from that price if if you find it +but then someone with a lower s may + + align:start position:0% +but then someone with a lower s may + + + align:start position:0% +but then someone with a lower s may +decide not to buy there and only buy if + + align:start position:0% +decide not to buy there and only buy if + + + align:start position:0% +decide not to buy there and only buy if +they find this price or + + align:start position:0% +they find this price or + + + align:start position:0% +they find this price or +better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so um remarks yeah this mixed + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so um remarks yeah this mixed + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so um remarks yeah this mixed +equilibrium can be seen as a potential + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium can be seen as a potential + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium can be seen as a potential +expl yes question yes um so intuitively + + align:start position:0% +expl yes question yes um so intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +expl yes question yes um so intuitively +why do you need like the shop first in + + align:start position:0% +why do you need like the shop first in + + + align:start position:0% +why do you need like the shop first in +this model because like at first glance + + align:start position:0% +this model because like at first glance + + + align:start position:0% +this model because like at first glance +we would' seen like just like having the + + align:start position:0% +we would' seen like just like having the + + + align:start position:0% +we would' seen like just like having the +dispersion in surch cost would generate + + align:start position:0% +dispersion in surch cost would generate + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion in surch cost would generate +dispersion in prices yeah unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +dispersion in prices yeah unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion in prices yeah unfortunately +you know you get this same um it's the + + align:start position:0% +you know you get this same um it's the + + + align:start position:0% +you know you get this same um it's the +same Diamond argument would work here so + + align:start position:0% +same Diamond argument would work here so + + + align:start position:0% +same Diamond argument would work here so +let's suppose that we had these you know + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose that we had these you know + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose that we had these you know +I took this away and then imagine I + + align:start position:0% +I took this away and then imagine I + + + align:start position:0% +I took this away and then imagine I +tried to have an equilibrium like this + + align:start position:0% +tried to have an equilibrium like this + + + align:start position:0% +tried to have an equilibrium like this +and then think about the firm that's + + align:start position:0% +and then think about the firm that's + + + align:start position:0% +and then think about the firm that's +charging Price p lower + + align:start position:0% +charging Price p lower + + + align:start position:0% +charging Price p lower +bar if you know like right so to have a + + align:start position:0% +bar if you know like right so to have a + + + align:start position:0% +bar if you know like right so to have a +mixed strategy equilibrium I have to be + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy equilibrium I have to be + + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy equilibrium I have to be +indifferent over all these prices + + align:start position:0% +indifferent over all these prices + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent over all these prices +let's suppose I deviate and instead of + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose I deviate and instead of + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose I deviate and instead of +charging P lower bar I charge P lower + + align:start position:0% +charging P lower bar I charge P lower + + + align:start position:0% +charging P lower bar I charge P lower +bar plus + + align:start position:0% +bar plus + + + align:start position:0% +bar plus +Epsilon again the same argument anytime + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon again the same argument anytime + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon again the same argument anytime +anyone gets a quote from me and they + + align:start position:0% +anyone gets a quote from me and they + + + align:start position:0% +anyone gets a quote from me and they +find Price p lower bar plus + + align:start position:0% +find Price p lower bar plus + + + align:start position:0% +find Price p lower bar plus +Epsilon as long as you know consumer + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon as long as you know consumer + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon as long as you know consumer +surplus at P lower bar plus + + align:start position:0% +surplus at P lower bar plus + + + align:start position:0% +surplus at P lower bar plus +Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon +um uh consumer surplus at P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +um uh consumer surplus at P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +um uh consumer surplus at P lower bar +minus consumer surplus at that is less + + align:start position:0% +minus consumer surplus at that is less + + + align:start position:0% +minus consumer surplus at that is less +than S they're going to have to buy from + + align:start position:0% +than S they're going to have to buy from + + + align:start position:0% +than S they're going to have to buy from +me because the most they could gain by + + align:start position:0% +me because the most they could gain by + + + align:start position:0% +me because the most they could gain by +finding P lower bar is is this if this + + align:start position:0% +finding P lower bar is is this if this + + + align:start position:0% +finding P lower bar is is this if this +is less than S they would stop so you + + align:start position:0% +is less than S they would stop so you + + + align:start position:0% +is less than S they would stop so you +still get this Epsilon overcutting + + align:start position:0% +still get this Epsilon overcutting + + + align:start position:0% +still get this Epsilon overcutting +argument that says this can't be an + + align:start position:0% +argument that says this can't be an + + + align:start position:0% +argument that says this can't be an +equilibrium because if everyone knows + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium because if everyone knows + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium because if everyone knows +everyone charges at least P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +everyone charges at least P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +everyone charges at least P lower bar +then everyone would want to charge at + + align:start position:0% +then everyone would want to charge at + + + align:start position:0% +then everyone would want to charge at +least P lower bar plus Epsilon and if + + align:start position:0% +least P lower bar plus Epsilon and if + + + align:start position:0% +least P lower bar plus Epsilon and if +everyone knows everyone wants to charge + + align:start position:0% +everyone knows everyone wants to charge + + + align:start position:0% +everyone knows everyone wants to charge +at least P lower bar plus Epsilon then + + align:start position:0% +at least P lower bar plus Epsilon then + + + align:start position:0% +at least P lower bar plus Epsilon then +everyone wants to charge at least P low + + align:start position:0% +everyone wants to charge at least P low + + + align:start position:0% +everyone wants to charge at least P low +bar plus 2 Epsilon and the thing + + align:start position:0% +bar plus 2 Epsilon and the thing + + + align:start position:0% +bar plus 2 Epsilon and the thing +collapses so you're going to want + + align:start position:0% +collapses so you're going to want + + + align:start position:0% +collapses so you're going to want +someone who's always will so you want + + align:start position:0% +someone who's always will so you want + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's always will so you want +someone who's always will to keep + + align:start position:0% +someone who's always will to keep + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's always will to keep +searching that you may lose you know you + + align:start position:0% +searching that you may lose you know you + + + align:start position:0% +searching that you may lose you know you +need to explain how could anyone ever + + align:start position:0% +need to explain how could anyone ever + + + align:start position:0% +need to explain how could anyone ever +charge the lowest possible price and it + + align:start position:0% +charge the lowest possible price and it + + + align:start position:0% +charge the lowest possible price and it +there it could be if you raise your + + align:start position:0% +there it could be if you raise your + + + align:start position:0% +there it could be if you raise your +price by Epsilon they're those Shoppers + + align:start position:0% +price by Epsilon they're those Shoppers + + + align:start position:0% +price by Epsilon they're those Shoppers +who are G you're going to lose by doing + + align:start position:0% +who are G you're going to lose by doing + + + align:start position:0% +who are G you're going to lose by doing +that so models consumers always know the + + align:start position:0% +that so models consumers always know the + + + align:start position:0% +that so models consumers always know the +distribution so in this model we're + + align:start position:0% +distribution so in this model we're + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so in this model we're +assuming that consumers know the + + align:start position:0% +assuming that consumers know the + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that consumers know the +distribution um that is you know this is + + align:start position:0% +distribution um that is you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution um that is you know this is +where obviously you can have models + + align:start position:0% +where obviously you can have models + + + align:start position:0% +where obviously you can have models +where consumers have to learn the + + align:start position:0% +where consumers have to learn the + + + align:start position:0% +where consumers have to learn the +distribution but here we're sort of + + align:start position:0% +distribution but here we're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution but here we're sort of +sticking with the equilibrium notion of + + align:start position:0% +sticking with the equilibrium notion of + + + align:start position:0% +sticking with the equilibrium notion of +consumers are best responding to the + + align:start position:0% +consumers are best responding to the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are best responding to the +firm strategies and the firms are best + + align:start position:0% +firm strategies and the firms are best + + + align:start position:0% +firm strategies and the firms are best +responding to the consumer + + align:start position:0% +responding to the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +responding to the consumer +strategies yeah and I you know I think + + align:start position:0% +strategies yeah and I you know I think + + + align:start position:0% +strategies yeah and I you know I think +that one doesn't strike me as so + + align:start position:0% +that one doesn't strike me as so + + + align:start position:0% +that one doesn't strike me as so +unreasonable that like on the credit + + align:start position:0% +unreasonable that like on the credit + + + align:start position:0% +unreasonable that like on the credit +card Market I know there are credit + + align:start position:0% +card Market I know there are credit + + + align:start position:0% +card Market I know there are credit +cards that offer a good deal and credit + + align:start position:0% +cards that offer a good deal and credit + + + align:start position:0% +cards that offer a good deal and credit +cards that offer a bad deal and I go out + + align:start position:0% +cards that offer a bad deal and I go out + + + align:start position:0% +cards that offer a bad deal and I go out +there and I sort of start clicking on + + align:start position:0% +there and I sort of start clicking on + + + align:start position:0% +there and I sort of start clicking on +credit cards and I look at this credit + + align:start position:0% +credit cards and I look at this credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards and I look at this credit +card and I see what rate they're + + align:start position:0% +card and I see what rate they're + + + align:start position:0% +card and I see what rate they're +offering and every you know like + + align:start position:0% +offering and every you know like + + + align:start position:0% +offering and every you know like +certainly the credit card offers you get + + align:start position:0% +certainly the credit card offers you get + + + align:start position:0% +certainly the credit card offers you get +in the mail they all have different + + align:start position:0% +in the mail they all have different + + + align:start position:0% +in the mail they all have different +rates on them and I just I I kind of + + align:start position:0% +rates on them and I just I I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +rates on them and I just I I kind of +know what the distribution is and I know + + align:start position:0% +know what the distribution is and I know + + + align:start position:0% +know what the distribution is and I know +what's going to take me you know if I I + + align:start position:0% +what's going to take me you know if I I + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to take me you know if I I +get some sense of how how good I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +get some sense of how how good I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +get some sense of how how good I'm doing +by following it okay and we say they + + align:start position:0% +by following it okay and we say they + + + align:start position:0% +by following it okay and we say they +know they know the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +know they know the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +know they know the equilibrium +strategies they don't know the actual + + align:start position:0% +strategies they don't know the actual + + + align:start position:0% +strategies they don't know the actual +distribution so if a firm deviates it + + align:start position:0% +distribution so if a firm deviates it + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so if a firm deviates it +changes the distribution and consumers + + align:start position:0% +changes the distribution and consumers + + + align:start position:0% +changes the distribution and consumers +don't know that so consumers know what's + + align:start position:0% +don't know that so consumers know what's + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that so consumers know what's +the normal distribution of prices yeah + + align:start position:0% +the normal distribution of prices yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the normal distribution of prices yeah +okay um okay so it's a mixed equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay so it's a mixed equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay so it's a mixed equilibrium +you can think of this as explaining why + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this as explaining why + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this as explaining why +prices differ cross firms um prices in + + align:start position:0% +prices differ cross firms um prices in + + + align:start position:0% +prices differ cross firms um prices in +this model move continuously with search + + align:start position:0% +this model move continuously with search + + + align:start position:0% +this model move continuously with search +costs um and they move continuously with + + align:start position:0% +costs um and they move continuously with + + + align:start position:0% +costs um and they move continuously with +the fraction of consumers who were + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of consumers who were + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of consumers who were +Shoppers in the way you'd expect so + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers in the way you'd expect so + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers in the way you'd expect so +either as the fraction of Shoppers goes + + align:start position:0% +either as the fraction of Shoppers goes + + + align:start position:0% +either as the fraction of Shoppers goes +to one or as s uper bar goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +to one or as s uper bar goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +to one or as s uper bar goes to zero +prices collapse to ber trand pricing so + + align:start position:0% +prices collapse to ber trand pricing so + + + align:start position:0% +prices collapse to ber trand pricing so +it you know like if um this is what it + + align:start position:0% +it you know like if um this is what it + + + align:start position:0% +it you know like if um this is what it +looks like with what I've D drawn if I + + align:start position:0% +looks like with what I've D drawn if I + + + align:start position:0% +looks like with what I've D drawn if I +make S upper bar you know like down here + + align:start position:0% +make S upper bar you know like down here + + + align:start position:0% +make S upper bar you know like down here +so if I make all the consumer search + + align:start position:0% +so if I make all the consumer search + + + align:start position:0% +so if I make all the consumer search +cost tiny what you're going to find is + + align:start position:0% +cost tiny what you're going to find is + + + align:start position:0% +cost tiny what you're going to find is +that if this is C you know distribution + + align:start position:0% +that if this is C you know distribution + + + align:start position:0% +that if this is C you know distribution +looks like that that is the distribution + + align:start position:0% +looks like that that is the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that that is the distribution +collapses towards a point Mass on P + + align:start position:0% +collapses towards a point Mass on P + + + align:start position:0% +collapses towards a point Mass on P +equals c as the S goes to zero it also + + align:start position:0% +equals c as the S goes to zero it also + + + align:start position:0% +equals c as the S goes to zero it also +collapses towards a point Mass on c as + + align:start position:0% +collapses towards a point Mass on c as + + + align:start position:0% +collapses towards a point Mass on c as +the fraction of Shoppers goes to + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of Shoppers goes to + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of Shoppers goes to +one okay + + align:start position:0% +one okay + + + align:start position:0% +one okay +um uh these equilibria of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +um uh these equilibria of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um uh these equilibria of this kind of +model often have like u-shape + + align:start position:0% +model often have like u-shape + + + align:start position:0% +model often have like u-shape +distributions when n is large in some + + align:start position:0% +distributions when n is large in some + + + align:start position:0% +distributions when n is large in some +sense if you're a firm and you know + + align:start position:0% +sense if you're a firm and you know + + + align:start position:0% +sense if you're a firm and you know +you're competing for a large number + + align:start position:0% +you're competing for a large number + + + align:start position:0% +you're competing for a large number +number of consumers you kind of have two + + align:start position:0% +number of consumers you kind of have two + + + align:start position:0% +number of consumers you kind of have two +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +strategies one is + + align:start position:0% +strategies one is + + + align:start position:0% +strategies one is +um you know one strategy is + + align:start position:0% +um you know one strategy is + + + align:start position:0% +um you know one strategy is +typically price near P lower + + align:start position:0% +typically price near P lower + + + align:start position:0% +typically price near P lower +bar and price near P lower bar and hope + + align:start position:0% +bar and price near P lower bar and hope + + + align:start position:0% +bar and price near P lower bar and hope +to have the single lowest price and to + + align:start position:0% +to have the single lowest price and to + + + align:start position:0% +to have the single lowest price and to +get all the Shoppers to buy from you and + + align:start position:0% +get all the Shoppers to buy from you and + + + align:start position:0% +get all the Shoppers to buy from you and +then the other strategy is price up here + + align:start position:0% +then the other strategy is price up here + + + align:start position:0% +then the other strategy is price up here +near the Monopoly price and figure that + + align:start position:0% +near the Monopoly price and figure that + + + align:start position:0% +near the Monopoly price and figure that +I'm never going to win all the Shoppers + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to win all the Shoppers + + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to win all the Shoppers +I'm just going to get the people who + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to get the people who + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to get the people who +come to my store first and have a high + + align:start position:0% +come to my store first and have a high + + + align:start position:0% +come to my store first and have a high +s uh and so often you get you know + + align:start position:0% +s uh and so often you get you know + + + align:start position:0% +s uh and so often you get you know +there's often less point of being in the + + align:start position:0% +there's often less point of being in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's often less point of being in the +middle because in the middle the + + align:start position:0% +middle because in the middle the + + + align:start position:0% +middle because in the middle the +Shoppers you're never going to get the + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers you're never going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers you're never going to get the +Shoppers and the non-shoppers you would + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers and the non-shoppers you would + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers and the non-shoppers you would +have gotten anyway with a higher price + + align:start position:0% +have gotten anyway with a higher price + + + align:start position:0% +have gotten anyway with a higher price +so you often see these distributions + + align:start position:0% +so you often see these distributions + + + align:start position:0% +so you often see these distributions +that sort of look like that they're sort + + align:start position:0% +that sort of look like that they're sort + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of look like that they're sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +bodal + + align:start position:0% +bodal + + + align:start position:0% +bodal +um okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay +um the limit as n goes to Infinity you + + align:start position:0% +um the limit as n goes to Infinity you + + + align:start position:0% +um the limit as n goes to Infinity you +know is perhaps not what you might + + align:start position:0% +know is perhaps not what you might + + + align:start position:0% +know is perhaps not what you might +expect um but it is interesting itself + + align:start position:0% +expect um but it is interesting itself + + + align:start position:0% +expect um but it is interesting itself +as n goes to Infinity way this + + align:start position:0% +as n goes to Infinity way this + + + align:start position:0% +as n goes to Infinity way this +distribution changes is it goes uh like + + align:start position:0% +distribution changes is it goes uh like + + + align:start position:0% +distribution changes is it goes uh like +this you have a small number who who who + + align:start position:0% +this you have a small number who who who + + + align:start position:0% +this you have a small number who who who +go for the non-shoppers and then you + + align:start position:0% +go for the non-shoppers and then you + + + align:start position:0% +go for the non-shoppers and then you +have a huge mass of them up here at the + + align:start position:0% +have a huge mass of them up here at the + + + align:start position:0% +have a huge mass of them up here at the +Monopoly price so this says you know you + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price so this says you know you + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price so this says you know you +know in some sense um you know s uh Toby + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense um you know s uh Toby + + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense um you know s uh Toby +has talked about seral diff Pro product + + align:start position:0% +has talked about seral diff Pro product + + + align:start position:0% +has talked about seral diff Pro product +proliferation there being a million + + align:start position:0% +proliferation there being a million + + + align:start position:0% +proliferation there being a million +cereals or whatever um this says if you + + align:start position:0% +cereals or whatever um this says if you + + + align:start position:0% +cereals or whatever um this says if you +have a million credit card companies out + + align:start position:0% +have a million credit card companies out + + + align:start position:0% +have a million credit card companies out +there maybe what you would see is almost + + align:start position:0% +there maybe what you would see is almost + + + align:start position:0% +there maybe what you would see is almost +all of them are ripping people off and + + align:start position:0% +all of them are ripping people off and + + + align:start position:0% +all of them are ripping people off and +just charging the Monopoly price and + + align:start position:0% +just charging the Monopoly price and + + + align:start position:0% +just charging the Monopoly price and +there are few of out there competing for + + align:start position:0% +there are few of out there competing for + + + align:start position:0% +there are few of out there competing for +the sophisticated consumers and we could + + align:start position:0% +the sophisticated consumers and we could + + + align:start position:0% +the sophisticated consumers and we could +see this bodal thing where most people + + align:start position:0% +see this bodal thing where most people + + + align:start position:0% +see this bodal thing where most people +are at the Monopoly price and in fact + + align:start position:0% +are at the Monopoly price and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +are at the Monopoly price and in fact +this model does say as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +this model does say as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +this model does say as n goes to +Infinity as n goes to Infinity they + + align:start position:0% +Infinity as n goes to Infinity they + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity as n goes to Infinity they +almost all end up up + + align:start position:0% +almost all end up up + + + align:start position:0% +almost all end up up +here okay one argument for that is if + + align:start position:0% +here okay one argument for that is if + + + align:start position:0% +here okay one argument for that is if +you think about it let's suppose that + + align:start position:0% +you think about it let's suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +you think about it let's suppose that +you had even a constant fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +you had even a constant fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +you had even a constant fraction of the +firms like suppose that alpha n firms + + align:start position:0% +firms like suppose that alpha n firms + + + align:start position:0% +firms like suppose that alpha n firms +were charging close to uh you know close + + align:start position:0% +were charging close to uh you know close + + + align:start position:0% +were charging close to uh you know close +to the minimum price then if you're a + + align:start position:0% +to the minimum price then if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +to the minimum price then if you're a +firm and you charge close to the minimum + + align:start position:0% +firm and you charge close to the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +firm and you charge close to the minimum +price you have sort of a one over alpha + + align:start position:0% +price you have sort of a one over alpha + + + align:start position:0% +price you have sort of a one over alpha +n probability of being the lowest + + align:start position:0% +n probability of being the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +n probability of being the lowest +firm but then because they're also + + align:start position:0% +firm but then because they're also + + + align:start position:0% +firm but then because they're also +because they're like Alpha times n firms + + align:start position:0% +because they're like Alpha times n firms + + + align:start position:0% +because they're like Alpha times n firms +here there are a lot of firms here the + + align:start position:0% +here there are a lot of firms here the + + + align:start position:0% +here there are a lot of firms here the +distance between them is very very small + + align:start position:0% +distance between them is very very small + + + align:start position:0% +distance between them is very very small +so the price sensitivity is very very + + align:start position:0% +so the price sensitivity is very very + + + align:start position:0% +so the price sensitivity is very very +large so this point Mass actually has to + + align:start position:0% +large so this point Mass actually has to + + + align:start position:0% +large so this point Mass actually has to +collapse towards this thing becomes very + + align:start position:0% +collapse towards this thing becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +collapse towards this thing becomes very +close to + + align:start position:0% +close to + + + align:start position:0% +close to +C and so what you bet you basically get + + align:start position:0% +C and so what you bet you basically get + + + align:start position:0% +C and so what you bet you basically get +you get sort of one over n + + align:start position:0% +you get sort of one over n + + + align:start position:0% +you get sort of one over n +consumers and you get a one over + + align:start position:0% +consumers and you get a one over + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and you get a one over +n uh markup on them and so you'd be + + align:start position:0% +n uh markup on them and so you'd be + + + align:start position:0% +n uh markup on them and so you'd be +getting 1 over n squar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +profits and that's not going to work + + align:start position:0% +profits and that's not going to work + + + align:start position:0% +profits and that's not going to work +because if you had 1 over n^ s profits + + align:start position:0% +because if you had 1 over n^ s profits + + + align:start position:0% +because if you had 1 over n^ s profits +you could get one over n kind of profits + + align:start position:0% +you could get one over n kind of profits + + + align:start position:0% +you could get one over n kind of profits +by just pricing up here and getting the + + align:start position:0% +by just pricing up here and getting the + + + align:start position:0% +by just pricing up here and getting the +people with the high + + align:start position:0% +people with the high + + + align:start position:0% +people with the high +s's uh and so it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +s's uh and so it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +s's uh and so it turns out that the +equilibrium just is a very very small + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium just is a very very small + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium just is a very very small +Point Mass here and a very very big one + + align:start position:0% +Point Mass here and a very very big one + + + align:start position:0% +Point Mass here and a very very big one +up there when n gets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +big okay so anyway let's see I guess I + + align:start position:0% +big okay so anyway let's see I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +big okay so anyway let's see I guess I +didn't actually say much about the + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually say much about the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually say much about the +theorem right all I said is that it + + align:start position:0% +theorem right all I said is that it + + + align:start position:0% +theorem right all I said is that it +doesn't have a pure strategy equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a pure strategy equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a pure strategy equilibrium +it does have a mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +it does have a mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +it does have a mixed strategy +equilibrium uh and in this mixed + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh and in this mixed + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium uh and in this mixed +strategy equilibrium you get something + + align:start position:0% +strategy equilibrium you get something + + + align:start position:0% +strategy equilibrium you get something +that looks like you know I didn't say I + + align:start position:0% +that looks like you know I didn't say I + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like you know I didn't say I +just sort of said it has P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +just sort of said it has P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of said it has P lower bar +greater than C I didn't say much else + + align:start position:0% +greater than C I didn't say much else + + + align:start position:0% +greater than C I didn't say much else +about it it's got a density um why do + + align:start position:0% +about it it's got a density um why do + + + align:start position:0% +about it it's got a density um why do +that happen + + align:start position:0% +that happen + + + align:start position:0% +that happen +okay the argument for part A that it's + + align:start position:0% +okay the argument for part A that it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay the argument for part A that it's +no pure strategy equilibrium is just + + align:start position:0% +no pure strategy equilibrium is just + + + align:start position:0% +no pure strategy equilibrium is just +like diamonds you know it's like + + align:start position:0% +like diamonds you know it's like + + + align:start position:0% +like diamonds you know it's like +diamonds most of the time + + align:start position:0% +diamonds most of the time + + + align:start position:0% +diamonds most of the time +that you know you can't have an + + align:start position:0% +that you know you can't have an + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you can't have an +equilibrium again you know suppose we + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium again you know suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium again you know suppose we +tried to have an equilibrium where + + align:start position:0% +tried to have an equilibrium where + + + align:start position:0% +tried to have an equilibrium where +someone was at 35 someone was at 36 and + + align:start position:0% +someone was at 35 someone was at 36 and + + + align:start position:0% +someone was at 35 someone was at 36 and +then some other people were up + + align:start position:0% +then some other people were up + + + align:start position:0% +then some other people were up +here you're the single lowest person in + + align:start position:0% +here you're the single lowest person in + + + align:start position:0% +here you're the single lowest person in +this model you strictly want to increase + + align:start position:0% +this model you strictly want to increase + + + align:start position:0% +this model you strictly want to increase +your price in epsilon overcut because + + align:start position:0% +your price in epsilon overcut because + + + align:start position:0% +your price in epsilon overcut because +again you if consumers expect this + + align:start position:0% +again you if consumers expect this + + + align:start position:0% +again you if consumers expect this +distribution your Epsilon more than that + + align:start position:0% +distribution your Epsilon more than that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution your Epsilon more than that +you still get all the Shoppers and all + + align:start position:0% +you still get all the Shoppers and all + + + align:start position:0% +you still get all the Shoppers and all +the non-shoppers still buy from you and + + align:start position:0% +the non-shoppers still buy from you and + + + align:start position:0% +the non-shoppers still buy from you and +so the then the only new case is well + + align:start position:0% +so the then the only new case is well + + + align:start position:0% +so the then the only new case is well +let's suppose we had like in Diamond we + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose we had like in Diamond we + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose we had like in Diamond we +have a whole bunch of firms all tied at + + align:start position:0% +have a whole bunch of firms all tied at + + + align:start position:0% +have a whole bunch of firms all tied at +exactly the same price whether that's + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same price whether that's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same price whether that's +the Monopoly price or something else + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price or something else + + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price or something else +well then you get the betrand argument + + align:start position:0% +well then you get the betrand argument + + + align:start position:0% +well then you get the betrand argument +that you would Epsilon undercut and get + + align:start position:0% +that you would Epsilon undercut and get + + + align:start position:0% +that you would Epsilon undercut and get +all the + + align:start position:0% +all the + + + align:start position:0% +all the +Shoppers so we have the same effect as + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers so we have the same effect as + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers so we have the same effect as +Diamond saying you can't have people + + align:start position:0% +Diamond saying you can't have people + + + align:start position:0% +Diamond saying you can't have people +different from each other because the + + align:start position:0% +different from each other because the + + + align:start position:0% +different from each other because the +lowest firm always moves up and then you + + align:start position:0% +lowest firm always moves up and then you + + + align:start position:0% +lowest firm always moves up and then you +have a aru and then you go back to the + + align:start position:0% +have a aru and then you go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +have a aru and then you go back to the +betrand argument of you can't have + + align:start position:0% +betrand argument of you can't have + + + align:start position:0% +betrand argument of you can't have +everyone the same at anything other than + + align:start position:0% +everyone the same at anything other than + + + align:start position:0% +everyone the same at anything other than +c because someone at the bottom goes + + align:start position:0% +c because someone at the bottom goes + + + align:start position:0% +c because someone at the bottom goes +down someone will go down and steal all + + align:start position:0% +down someone will go down and steal all + + + align:start position:0% +down someone will go down and steal all +the Shoppers instead of splitting the + + align:start position:0% +the Shoppers instead of splitting the + + + align:start position:0% +the Shoppers instead of splitting the +Shoppers the other firms so there's not + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers the other firms so there's not + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers the other firms so there's not +going to be a pure strategy equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +going to be a pure strategy equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a pure strategy equilibrium +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um okay uh what about mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh what about mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh what about mixed strategy +equilibrio well you know in in yes a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrio well you know in in yes a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrio well you know in in yes a +good question how does the Shoppers + + align:start position:0% +good question how does the Shoppers + + + align:start position:0% +good question how does the Shoppers +utility work because if they get if they + + align:start position:0% +utility work because if they get if they + + + align:start position:0% +utility work because if they get if they +get positive utility from opening doors + + align:start position:0% +get positive utility from opening doors + + + align:start position:0% +get positive utility from opening doors +can't they just do that forever and get + + align:start position:0% +can't they just do that forever and get + + + align:start position:0% +can't they just do that forever and get +arbitrarily larg um yeah so I guess I + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily larg um yeah so I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily larg um yeah so I guess I +guess what I have to do is I have to + + align:start position:0% +guess what I have to do is I have to + + + align:start position:0% +guess what I have to do is I have to +have my Shoppers you only get S the + + align:start position:0% +have my Shoppers you only get S the + + + align:start position:0% +have my Shoppers you only get S the +first time you open a door you don't um + + align:start position:0% +first time you open a door you don't um + + + align:start position:0% +first time you open a door you don't um +just just yeah like once the door is + + align:start position:0% +just just yeah like once the door is + + + align:start position:0% +just just yeah like once the door is +open it's already open you don't get new + + align:start position:0% +open it's already open you don't get new + + + align:start position:0% +open it's already open you don't get new +utility from opening it again I guess um + + align:start position:0% +utility from opening it again I guess um + + + align:start position:0% +utility from opening it again I guess um +you know again it's a little it's it's + + align:start position:0% +you know again it's a little it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know again it's a little it's it's +mostly a construct to say that the + + align:start position:0% +mostly a construct to say that the + + + align:start position:0% +mostly a construct to say that the +Shoppers just open every door um you + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers just open every door um you + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers just open every door um you +know sometimes I guess the way people + + align:start position:0% +know sometimes I guess the way people + + + align:start position:0% +know sometimes I guess the way people +also think about these models is you may + + align:start position:0% +also think about these models is you may + + + align:start position:0% +also think about these models is you may +have people who know how to use some + + align:start position:0% +have people who know how to use some + + + align:start position:0% +have people who know how to use some +search engine that just gives them all + + align:start position:0% +search engine that just gives them all + + + align:start position:0% +search engine that just gives them all +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +prices instant you know like one search + + align:start position:0% +prices instant you know like one search + + + align:start position:0% +prices instant you know like one search +gives them all the prices and that's + + align:start position:0% +gives them all the prices and that's + + + align:start position:0% +gives them all the prices and that's +what they that's where the Shoppers are + + align:start position:0% +what they that's where the Shoppers are + + + align:start position:0% +what they that's where the Shoppers are +supposed to + + align:start position:0% +supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +um okay so um anyway in you know 122 I + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um anyway in you know 122 I + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um anyway in you know 122 I +talk about you know this is a game with + + align:start position:0% +talk about you know this is a game with + + + align:start position:0% +talk about you know this is a game with +discontinuous you know + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous you know + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous you know +um profits do move discontinuously in + + align:start position:0% +um profits do move discontinuously in + + + align:start position:0% +um profits do move discontinuously in +price when you cross where another firm + + align:start position:0% +price when you cross where another firm + + + align:start position:0% +price when you cross where another firm +is in a search model but you know dusk + + align:start position:0% +is in a search model but you know dusk + + + align:start position:0% +is in a search model but you know dusk +up damaskin existence theorem for + + align:start position:0% +up damaskin existence theorem for + + + align:start position:0% +up damaskin existence theorem for +discontinuous games the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous games the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous games the sum of the +payoffs is continuous so this a classic + + align:start position:0% +payoffs is continuous so this a classic + + + align:start position:0% +payoffs is continuous so this a classic +example where we know from General + + align:start position:0% +example where we know from General + + + align:start position:0% +example where we know from General +existence theorems that there must be + + align:start position:0% +existence theorems that there must be + + + align:start position:0% +existence theorems that there must be +some equilibrium it's not pure therefore + + align:start position:0% +some equilibrium it's not pure therefore + + + align:start position:0% +some equilibrium it's not pure therefore +it must be mixed okay um so we've got + + align:start position:0% +it must be mixed okay um so we've got + + + align:start position:0% +it must be mixed okay um so we've got +some mixed equilib has to exist if you + + align:start position:0% +some mixed equilib has to exist if you + + + align:start position:0% +some mixed equilib has to exist if you +think about um you know firms mixing + + align:start position:0% +think about um you know firms mixing + + + align:start position:0% +think about um you know firms mixing +over some interval P lower bar P upper + + align:start position:0% +over some interval P lower bar P upper + + + align:start position:0% +over some interval P lower bar P upper +bar could P lower bar be c p lower bar + + align:start position:0% +bar could P lower bar be c p lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +bar could P lower bar be c p lower bar +can't be C because if P lower bar were C + + align:start position:0% +can't be C because if P lower bar were C + + + align:start position:0% +can't be C because if P lower bar were C +firms charging P lower bar would be + + align:start position:0% +firms charging P lower bar would be + + + align:start position:0% +firms charging P lower bar would be +earning zero + + align:start position:0% +earning zero + + + align:start position:0% +earning zero +profits if you're earning zero profits + + align:start position:0% +profits if you're earning zero profits + + + align:start position:0% +profits if you're earning zero profits +again you can go to C plus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +again you can go to C plus Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +again you can go to C plus Epsilon +anyone who visits you first would have + + align:start position:0% +anyone who visits you first would have + + + align:start position:0% +anyone who visits you first would have +to buy at C plus Epsilon so you would + + align:start position:0% +to buy at C plus Epsilon so you would + + + align:start position:0% +to buy at C plus Epsilon so you would +get positive profits so this equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +get positive profits so this equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +get positive profits so this equilibrium +has to have a POS has to be a positive + + align:start position:0% +has to have a POS has to be a positive + + + align:start position:0% +has to have a POS has to be a positive +profit equilibrium so you know P lower + + align:start position:0% +profit equilibrium so you know P lower + + + align:start position:0% +profit equilibrium so you know P lower +bar is going to have to be strictly + + align:start position:0% +bar is going to have to be strictly + + + align:start position:0% +bar is going to have to be strictly +bigger than + + align:start position:0% +bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than +C okay and then you know why is it sort + + align:start position:0% +C okay and then you know why is it sort + + + align:start position:0% +C okay and then you know why is it sort +of a continuous distribution instead of + + align:start position:0% +of a continuous distribution instead of + + + align:start position:0% +of a continuous distribution instead of +a distribution that has Maybe Point Mass + + align:start position:0% +a distribution that has Maybe Point Mass + + + align:start position:0% +a distribution that has Maybe Point Mass +there's a large mass of firms who charge + + align:start position:0% +there's a large mass of firms who charge + + + align:start position:0% +there's a large mass of firms who charge +here well again if this is like an + + align:start position:0% +here well again if this is like an + + + align:start position:0% +here well again if this is like an +Epsilon undercutting argument if there + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon undercutting argument if there + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon undercutting argument if there +was a large Point mass of firms who all + + align:start position:0% +was a large Point mass of firms who all + + + align:start position:0% +was a large Point mass of firms who all +charged exactly $37 you would go to + + align:start position:0% +charged exactly $37 you would go to + + + align:start position:0% +charged exactly $37 you would go to +$36.99 and if if all the other if in the + + align:start position:0% +$36.99 and if if all the other if in the + + + align:start position:0% +$36.99 and if if all the other if in the +random when realization of the + + align:start position:0% +random when realization of the + + + align:start position:0% +random when realization of the +randomizations everyone randomized to + + align:start position:0% +randomizations everyone randomized to + + + align:start position:0% +randomizations everyone randomized to +37 then you could be by going to$ 36.99 + + align:start position:0% +37 then you could be by going to$ 36.99 + + + align:start position:0% +37 then you could be by going to$ 36.99 +you increase the probability that you're + + align:start position:0% +you increase the probability that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the probability that you're +the low price firm and win the Shoppers + + align:start position:0% +the low price firm and win the Shoppers + + + align:start position:0% +the low price firm and win the Shoppers +so you can't have a point Mass because + + align:start position:0% +so you can't have a point Mass because + + + align:start position:0% +so you can't have a point Mass because +that would create an incentive to + + align:start position:0% +that would create an incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +that would create an incentive to +Epsilon on or cut the point Mass so it's + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon on or cut the point Mass so it's + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon on or cut the point Mass so it's +got to be sort of some continuous + + align:start position:0% +got to be sort of some continuous + + + align:start position:0% +got to be sort of some continuous +distribution of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prices okay questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay so what does the density look + + align:start position:0% +that okay so what does the density look + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so what does the density look +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +um the one case where you know it's the + + align:start position:0% +um the one case where you know it's the + + + align:start position:0% +um the one case where you know it's the +model can be sort of hard to solve um + + align:start position:0% +model can be sort of hard to solve um + + + align:start position:0% +model can be sort of hard to solve um +one case where the model's easier to + + align:start position:0% +one case where the model's easier to + + + align:start position:0% +one case where the model's easier to +solve + + align:start position:0% +solve + + + align:start position:0% +solve +is I look at a special case where I just + + align:start position:0% +is I look at a special case where I just + + + align:start position:0% +is I look at a special case where I just +have a two type + + align:start position:0% +have a two type + + + align:start position:0% +have a two type +version so this two type version of uh + + align:start position:0% +version so this two type version of uh + + + align:start position:0% +version so this two type version of uh +search cost I have this fraction mu have + + align:start position:0% +search cost I have this fraction mu have + + + align:start position:0% +search cost I have this fraction mu have +um S Prime less than zero and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +um S Prime less than zero and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +um S Prime less than zero and I'm going +to have the fraction 1 minus mu have + + align:start position:0% +to have the fraction 1 minus mu have + + + align:start position:0% +to have the fraction 1 minus mu have +some number s that's greater than zero + + align:start position:0% +some number s that's greater than zero + + + align:start position:0% +some number s that's greater than zero +so instead of having the heterogeneous + + align:start position:0% +so instead of having the heterogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +so instead of having the heterogeneous +s's on a positive interval let me just + + align:start position:0% +s's on a positive interval let me just + + + align:start position:0% +s's on a positive interval let me just +make them all exactly the same you know + + align:start position:0% +make them all exactly the same you know + + + align:start position:0% +make them all exactly the same you know +I think it's a worse model descriptively + + align:start position:0% +I think it's a worse model descriptively + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's a worse model descriptively +but it's an easier model to + + align:start position:0% +but it's an easier model to + + + align:start position:0% +but it's an easier model to +solve so what happens there um well one + + align:start position:0% +solve so what happens there um well one + + + align:start position:0% +solve so what happens there um well one +observation is what are the profits if + + align:start position:0% +observation is what are the profits if + + + align:start position:0% +observation is what are the profits if +you charge Price p lower + + align:start position:0% +you charge Price p lower + + + align:start position:0% +you charge Price p lower +bar oh actually sorry first observation + + align:start position:0% +bar oh actually sorry first observation + + + align:start position:0% +bar oh actually sorry first observation +um suppose I go to this and why why do I + + align:start position:0% +um suppose I go to this and why why do I + + + align:start position:0% +um suppose I go to this and why why do I +go to this two type uh + + align:start position:0% +go to this two type uh + + + align:start position:0% +go to this two type uh +distribution uh so I go to this two-type + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh so I go to this two-type + + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh so I go to this two-type +distribution because when you have the + + align:start position:0% +distribution because when you have the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution because when you have the +two-type distribution + + align:start position:0% +two-type distribution + + + align:start position:0% +two-type distribution +every non Shopper every consumer with a + + align:start position:0% +every non Shopper every consumer with a + + + align:start position:0% +every non Shopper every consumer with a +positive s has to buy from the first + + align:start position:0% +positive s has to buy from the first + + + align:start position:0% +positive s has to buy from the first +firm that they + + align:start position:0% +firm that they + + + align:start position:0% +firm that they +visit okay why do they have to buy from + + align:start position:0% +visit okay why do they have to buy from + + + align:start position:0% +visit okay why do they have to buy from +the first firm that they visit well you + + align:start position:0% +the first firm that they visit well you + + + align:start position:0% +the first firm that they visit well you +know suppose the first firm that they + + align:start position:0% +know suppose the first firm that they + + + align:start position:0% +know suppose the first firm that they +visit has Price p upper bar and you ask + + align:start position:0% +visit has Price p upper bar and you ask + + + align:start position:0% +visit has Price p upper bar and you ask +okay I just I know that this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay I just I know that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I just I know that this is the +worst price that any firm in the world + + align:start position:0% +worst price that any firm in the world + + + align:start position:0% +worst price that any firm in the world +offers and I just found it do I buy from + + align:start position:0% +offers and I just found it do I buy from + + + align:start position:0% +offers and I just found it do I buy from +it or do I look for a better + + align:start position:0% +it or do I look for a better + + + align:start position:0% +it or do I look for a better +price if everybody has the same ass the + + align:start position:0% +price if everybody has the same ass the + + + align:start position:0% +price if everybody has the same ass the +answer is yes you buy anyway because if + + align:start position:0% +answer is yes you buy anyway because if + + + align:start position:0% +answer is yes you buy anyway because if +the the answer was no you don't buy if + + align:start position:0% +the the answer was no you don't buy if + + + align:start position:0% +the the answer was no you don't buy if +you find the worst possible + + align:start position:0% +you find the worst possible + + + align:start position:0% +you find the worst possible +price then the firm who's pricing at P + + align:start position:0% +price then the firm who's pricing at P + + + align:start position:0% +price then the firm who's pricing at P +uper bar gets zero customers and is + + align:start position:0% +uper bar gets zero customers and is + + + align:start position:0% +uper bar gets zero customers and is +earning zero + + align:start position:0% +earning zero + + + align:start position:0% +earning zero +profits so + + align:start position:0% +profits so + + + align:start position:0% +profits so +if um if we're in an equilibrium it must + + align:start position:0% +if um if we're in an equilibrium it must + + + align:start position:0% +if um if we're in an equilibrium it must +be that the distribution has shrunk + + align:start position:0% +be that the distribution has shrunk + + + align:start position:0% +be that the distribution has shrunk +down you know to the width + + align:start position:0% +down you know to the width + + + align:start position:0% +down you know to the width +where uh if I find even if I find P + + align:start position:0% +where uh if I find even if I find P + + + align:start position:0% +where uh if I find even if I find P +upper bar it must be that the C consumer + + align:start position:0% +upper bar it must be that the C consumer + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar it must be that the C consumer +surplus from finding P lower bar minus + + align:start position:0% +surplus from finding P lower bar minus + + + align:start position:0% +surplus from finding P lower bar minus +the consumer surplus from finding P + + align:start position:0% +the consumer surplus from finding P + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer surplus from finding P +upper bar is at most s because if that + + align:start position:0% +upper bar is at most s because if that + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar is at most s because if that +wasn't + + align:start position:0% +wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't +true um you know no one would buy at P + + align:start position:0% +true um you know no one would buy at P + + + align:start position:0% +true um you know no one would buy at P +upper bar and the P upper bar firm would + + align:start position:0% +upper bar and the P upper bar firm would + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar and the P upper bar firm would +be earning zero profits so it must be + + align:start position:0% +be earning zero profits so it must be + + + align:start position:0% +be earning zero profits so it must be +the distribution just shrinks down if s + + align:start position:0% +the distribution just shrinks down if s + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution just shrinks down if s +is small maybe it shrinks down to + + align:start position:0% +is small maybe it shrinks down to + + + align:start position:0% +is small maybe it shrinks down to +something very tight but it's got to be + + align:start position:0% +something very tight but it's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +something very tight but it's got to be +that this equal distribution has to + + align:start position:0% +that this equal distribution has to + + + align:start position:0% +that this equal distribution has to +shrink in such a way that P upper people + + align:start position:0% +shrink in such a way that P upper people + + + align:start position:0% +shrink in such a way that P upper people +always buy when they find the P upper + + align:start position:0% +always buy when they find the P upper + + + align:start position:0% +always buy when they find the P upper +bar price okay and so if everyone buys + + align:start position:0% +bar price okay and so if everyone buys + + + align:start position:0% +bar price okay and so if everyone buys +when they find the peer bar price then + + align:start position:0% +when they find the peer bar price then + + + align:start position:0% +when they find the peer bar price then +we have this sort of + + align:start position:0% +we have this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we have this sort of +these guys in equilibrium these search + + align:start position:0% +these guys in equilibrium these search + + + align:start position:0% +these guys in equilibrium these search +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +n and these guys only search one + + align:start position:0% +n and these guys only search one + + + align:start position:0% +n and these guys only search one +firm uh and they buy if p is less than + + align:start position:0% +firm uh and they buy if p is less than + + + align:start position:0% +firm uh and they buy if p is less than +or equal to P upper + + align:start position:0% +or equal to P upper + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to P upper +bar so this makes it easier to write + + align:start position:0% +bar so this makes it easier to write + + + align:start position:0% +bar so this makes it easier to write +down the profit functions because we've + + align:start position:0% +down the profit functions because we've + + + align:start position:0% +down the profit functions because we've +gone from a complicated search problem + + align:start position:0% +gone from a complicated search problem + + + align:start position:0% +gone from a complicated search problem +to some consumers are buying from all + + align:start position:0% +to some consumers are buying from all + + + align:start position:0% +to some consumers are buying from all +end firms and some consumers are just + + align:start position:0% +end firms and some consumers are just + + + align:start position:0% +end firms and some consumers are just +looking at one place and buying there as + + align:start position:0% +looking at one place and buying there as + + + align:start position:0% +looking at one place and buying there as +long as the price isn't above what was + + align:start position:0% +long as the price isn't above what was + + + align:start position:0% +long as the price isn't above what was +expected okay so what do you get as + + align:start position:0% +expected okay so what do you get as + + + align:start position:0% +expected okay so what do you get as +profits if you buy if you find the P + + align:start position:0% +profits if you buy if you find the P + + + align:start position:0% +profits if you buy if you find the P +lower bar if you find the P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +lower bar if you find the P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar if you find the P lower bar +for sorry if you're the if you're a firm + + align:start position:0% +for sorry if you're the if you're a firm + + + align:start position:0% +for sorry if you're the if you're a firm +you set price P lower bar what's your + + align:start position:0% +you set price P lower bar what's your + + + align:start position:0% +you set price P lower bar what's your +profits it's p lower bar minus c d of P + + align:start position:0% +profits it's p lower bar minus c d of P + + + align:start position:0% +profits it's p lower bar minus c d of P +lower bar times the number of consumers + + align:start position:0% +lower bar times the number of consumers + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar times the number of consumers +you get which is all the Shoppers and a + + align:start position:0% +you get which is all the Shoppers and a + + + align:start position:0% +you get which is all the Shoppers and a +one over end share of the non-shoppers + + align:start position:0% +one over end share of the non-shoppers + + + align:start position:0% +one over end share of the non-shoppers +because if the non-shoppers go to any + + align:start position:0% +because if the non-shoppers go to any + + + align:start position:0% +because if the non-shoppers go to any +other firm they will buy from that + + align:start position:0% +other firm they will buy from that + + + align:start position:0% +other firm they will buy from that +firm + + align:start position:0% +firm + + + align:start position:0% +firm +okay but now you know in a mixed + + align:start position:0% +okay but now you know in a mixed + + + align:start position:0% +okay but now you know in a mixed +equilibrium firms have to be indifferent + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium firms have to be indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium firms have to be indifferent +over all the prices they're mixing over + + align:start position:0% +over all the prices they're mixing over + + + align:start position:0% +over all the prices they're mixing over +so that means that at any other price + + align:start position:0% +so that means that at any other price + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that at any other price +price Minus cost time D of P times the + + align:start position:0% +price Minus cost time D of P times the + + + align:start position:0% +price Minus cost time D of P times the +number of consumers that you get which + + align:start position:0% +number of consumers that you get which + + + align:start position:0% +number of consumers that you get which +is you get the people who visit you + + align:start position:0% +is you get the people who visit you + + + align:start position:0% +is you get the people who visit you +first and you get the + + align:start position:0% +first and you get the + + + align:start position:0% +first and you get the +Shoppers me if every other firm happens + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers me if every other firm happens + + + align:start position:0% +Shoppers me if every other firm happens +to choose a price above p and that + + align:start position:0% +to choose a price above p and that + + + align:start position:0% +to choose a price above p and that +happens with probability 1 minus capital + + align:start position:0% +happens with probability 1 minus capital + + + align:start position:0% +happens with probability 1 minus capital +F of P to the N minus one + + align:start position:0% +F of P to the N minus one + + + align:start position:0% +F of P to the N minus one +power so this is my profit if I set a + + align:start position:0% +power so this is my profit if I set a + + + align:start position:0% +power so this is my profit if I set a +price of P this is my profit if I set a + + align:start position:0% +price of P this is my profit if I set a + + + align:start position:0% +price of P this is my profit if I set a +price of P lower bar these have to be + + align:start position:0% +price of P lower bar these have to be + + + align:start position:0% +price of P lower bar these have to be +equal okay and if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +equal okay and if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +equal okay and if you look at this +equation um the capital F of P appears + + align:start position:0% +equation um the capital F of P appears + + + align:start position:0% +equation um the capital F of P appears +in exactly one place so what can I say + + align:start position:0% +in exactly one place so what can I say + + + align:start position:0% +in exactly one place so what can I say +you know first thing I can say is that + + align:start position:0% +you know first thing I can say is that + + + align:start position:0% +you know first thing I can say is that +you know I divide both sides by P minus + + align:start position:0% +you know I divide both sides by P minus + + + align:start position:0% +you know I divide both sides by P minus +CD of p and I get mu * this equals this + + align:start position:0% +CD of p and I get mu * this equals this + + + align:start position:0% +CD of p and I get mu * this equals this +over P minus CD of p and then I can + + align:start position:0% +over P minus CD of p and then I can + + + align:start position:0% +over P minus CD of p and then I can +subtract 1 - mu / n from both sides and + + align:start position:0% +subtract 1 - mu / n from both sides and + + + align:start position:0% +subtract 1 - mu / n from both sides and +then I can divide both sides by mu and + + align:start position:0% +then I can divide both sides by mu and + + + align:start position:0% +then I can divide both sides by mu and +then then I've got 1us F of P the N + + align:start position:0% +then then I've got 1us F of P the N + + + align:start position:0% +then then I've got 1us F of P the N +minus one all going on one side and + + align:start position:0% +minus one all going on one side and + + + align:start position:0% +minus one all going on one side and +stuff on the other and I take the N + + align:start position:0% +stuff on the other and I take the N + + + align:start position:0% +stuff on the other and I take the N +minus first root of both sides and then + + align:start position:0% +minus first root of both sides and then + + + align:start position:0% +minus first root of both sides and then +I get 1 minus F of P equals something + + align:start position:0% +I get 1 minus F of P equals something + + + align:start position:0% +I get 1 minus F of P equals something +and so I can solve this for f of P so + + align:start position:0% +and so I can solve this for f of P so + + + align:start position:0% +and so I can solve this for f of P so +this is an equation where just F of P + + align:start position:0% +this is an equation where just F of P + + + align:start position:0% +this is an equation where just F of P +appears exactly once so you know I get F + + align:start position:0% +appears exactly once so you know I get F + + + align:start position:0% +appears exactly once so you know I get F +of p i can sort of always solve for what + + align:start position:0% +of p i can sort of always solve for what + + + align:start position:0% +of p i can sort of always solve for what +F of P must be given any P lower bar and + + align:start position:0% +F of P must be given any P lower bar and + + + align:start position:0% +F of P must be given any P lower bar and +given any mu and all those other + + align:start position:0% +given any mu and all those other + + + align:start position:0% +given any mu and all those other +parameters and then what is p upper bar + + align:start position:0% +parameters and then what is p upper bar + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and then what is p upper bar +going to be P upper bar is going to have + + align:start position:0% +going to be P upper bar is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +going to be P upper bar is going to have +have to solve this P minus CD of P upper + + align:start position:0% +have to solve this P minus CD of P upper + + + align:start position:0% +have to solve this P minus CD of P upper +baral 1 - mu / n time this and so then I + + align:start position:0% +baral 1 - mu / n time this and so then I + + + align:start position:0% +baral 1 - mu / n time this and so then I +can also use that to figure out you know + + align:start position:0% +can also use that to figure out you know + + + align:start position:0% +can also use that to figure out you know +P upper bar is a point where the revenue + + align:start position:0% +P upper bar is a point where the revenue + + + align:start position:0% +P upper bar is a point where the revenue +is equal to this divided by something or + + align:start position:0% +is equal to this divided by something or + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to this divided by something or +other um so if you know if P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +other um so if you know if P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +other um so if you know if P lower bar +is too big that won't exist but if P + + align:start position:0% +is too big that won't exist but if P + + + align:start position:0% +is too big that won't exist but if P +lower bar is small that that will exist + + align:start position:0% +lower bar is small that that will exist + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar is small that that will exist +and you're going to find that I pug in a + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to find that I pug in a + + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to find that I pug in a +p lower bar you know like say I plug in + + align:start position:0% +p lower bar you know like say I plug in + + + align:start position:0% +p lower bar you know like say I plug in +a guess of what P lower bar is and then + + align:start position:0% +a guess of what P lower bar is and then + + + align:start position:0% +a guess of what P lower bar is and then +given that p lower bar I say okay if + + align:start position:0% +given that p lower bar I say okay if + + + align:start position:0% +given that p lower bar I say okay if +that's the P lower bar this is what the + + align:start position:0% +that's the P lower bar this is what the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the P lower bar this is what the +distribution is going to look like and + + align:start position:0% +distribution is going to look like and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is going to look like and +this is what P upper bar would have to + + align:start position:0% +this is what P upper bar would have to + + + align:start position:0% +this is what P upper bar would have to +be so for any guess of P lower bar I can + + align:start position:0% +be so for any guess of P lower bar I can + + + align:start position:0% +be so for any guess of P lower bar I can +sort of solve for what does capital f + + align:start position:0% +sort of solve for what does capital f + + + align:start position:0% +sort of solve for what does capital f +look like and what does little f look + + align:start position:0% +look like and what does little f look + + + align:start position:0% +look like and what does little f look +like and where do we run out of + + align:start position:0% +like and where do we run out of + + + align:start position:0% +like and where do we run out of +probability and it has to equal one up + + align:start position:0% +probability and it has to equal one up + + + align:start position:0% +probability and it has to equal one up +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay you know so is is that sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay you know so is is that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay you know so is is that sort of +thing that I solve for you know it's + + align:start position:0% +thing that I solve for you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I solve for you know it's +going to be a complicated formula with n + + align:start position:0% +going to be a complicated formula with n + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a complicated formula with n +one something to 1/ n minus one power is + + align:start position:0% +one something to 1/ n minus one power is + + + align:start position:0% +one something to 1/ n minus one power is +that an + + align:start position:0% +that an + + + align:start position:0% +that an +equilibrium I can always make people + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I can always make people + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I can always make people +indifferent over all prices in the + + align:start position:0% +indifferent over all prices in the + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent over all prices in the +interval P lower bar P upper bar but + + align:start position:0% +interval P lower bar P upper bar but + + + align:start position:0% +interval P lower bar P upper bar but +that's not sufficient to show that it's + + align:start position:0% +that's not sufficient to show that it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's not sufficient to show that it's +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +equilibrium um because what I have to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium um because what I have to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium um because what I have to +show is that I've made the firms by + + align:start position:0% +show is that I've made the firms by + + + align:start position:0% +show is that I've made the firms by +Construction in different overall prices + + align:start position:0% +Construction in different overall prices + + + align:start position:0% +Construction in different overall prices +in this interval I have to show that + + align:start position:0% +in this interval I have to show that + + + align:start position:0% +in this interval I have to show that +they don't prefer pricing lower or + + align:start position:0% +they don't prefer pricing lower or + + + align:start position:0% +they don't prefer pricing lower or +pricing higher the constraint that turns + + align:start position:0% +pricing higher the constraint that turns + + + align:start position:0% +pricing higher the constraint that turns +out to be hard to satisfy is the price + + align:start position:0% +out to be hard to satisfy is the price + + + align:start position:0% +out to be hard to satisfy is the price +that they don't want to price higher you + + align:start position:0% +that they don't want to price higher you + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't want to price higher you +know why don't why don't you know why + + align:start position:0% +know why don't why don't you know why + + + align:start position:0% +know why don't why don't you know why +set price P upper bar why not go to P + + align:start position:0% +set price P upper bar why not go to P + + + align:start position:0% +set price P upper bar why not go to P +upper bar plus Epsilon or all the way up + + align:start position:0% +upper bar plus Epsilon or all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar plus Epsilon or all the way up +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +PM okay because you know again you know + + align:start position:0% +PM okay because you know again you know + + + align:start position:0% +PM okay because you know again you know +that there's zero probability you're + + align:start position:0% +that there's zero probability you're + + + align:start position:0% +that there's zero probability you're +going to get the Shoppers if you're + + align:start position:0% +going to get the Shoppers if you're + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the Shoppers if you're +charging P upper bar you're only going + + align:start position:0% +charging P upper bar you're only going + + + align:start position:0% +charging P upper bar you're only going +to get the people who open your door + + align:start position:0% +to get the people who open your door + + + align:start position:0% +to get the people who open your door +first why doesn't it then make sense to + + align:start position:0% +first why doesn't it then make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +first why doesn't it then make sense to +open your you know given you only get + + align:start position:0% +open your you know given you only get + + + align:start position:0% +open your you know given you only get +the people open your door first why not + + align:start position:0% +the people open your door first why not + + + align:start position:0% +the people open your door first why not +go Epsilon higher and there could be two + + align:start position:0% +go Epsilon higher and there could be two + + + align:start position:0% +go Epsilon higher and there could be two +reasons why you don't go higher one + + align:start position:0% +reasons why you don't go higher one + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why you don't go higher one +could be that P upper bar that you solve + + align:start position:0% +could be that P upper bar that you solve + + + align:start position:0% +could be that P upper bar that you solve +for was equal to PM if the P upper bar + + align:start position:0% +for was equal to PM if the P upper bar + + + align:start position:0% +for was equal to PM if the P upper bar +was equal to PM then obviously you don't + + align:start position:0% +was equal to PM then obviously you don't + + + align:start position:0% +was equal to PM then obviously you don't +want to go Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +want to go Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +want to go Epsilon +higher the other thing that could happen + + align:start position:0% +higher the other thing that could happen + + + align:start position:0% +higher the other thing that could happen +is um when consumers see Price p upper + + align:start position:0% +is um when consumers see Price p upper + + + align:start position:0% +is um when consumers see Price p upper +bar the gain that they would get from + + align:start position:0% +bar the gain that they would get from + + + align:start position:0% +bar the gain that they would get from +searching again again the gain that they + + align:start position:0% +searching again again the gain that they + + + align:start position:0% +searching again again the gain that they +would get from searching again is + + align:start position:0% +would get from searching again is + + + align:start position:0% +would get from searching again is +this um sorry it's not that um I will + + align:start position:0% +this um sorry it's not that um I will + + + align:start position:0% +this um sorry it's not that um I will +say what it is but um if + + align:start position:0% +say what it is but um if + + + align:start position:0% +say what it is but um if +consumers you know it's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +consumers you know it's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers you know it's going to be the +uh what on the next slide it's going to + + align:start position:0% +uh what on the next slide it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh what on the next slide it's going to +be the integral from P lower bar to P + + align:start position:0% +be the integral from P lower bar to P + + + align:start position:0% +be the integral from P lower bar to P +upper bar of consumer surplus of P minus + + align:start position:0% +upper bar of consumer surplus of P minus + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar of consumer surplus of P minus +consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer +surplus at P upper + + align:start position:0% +surplus at P upper + + + align:start position:0% +surplus at P upper +bar F of P DP right if I go to search + + align:start position:0% +bar F of P DP right if I go to search + + + align:start position:0% +bar F of P DP right if I go to search +again I'll call this thing V of P upper + + align:start position:0% +again I'll call this thing V of P upper + + + align:start position:0% +again I'll call this thing V of P upper +bar if I search again I may find a lower + + align:start position:0% +bar if I search again I may find a lower + + + align:start position:0% +bar if I search again I may find a lower +price than P upper bar and if I do I + + align:start position:0% +price than P upper bar and if I do I + + + align:start position:0% +price than P upper bar and if I do I +gain more consumer + + align:start position:0% +gain more consumer + + + align:start position:0% +gain more consumer +surplus and so this integral would tell + + align:start position:0% +surplus and so this integral would tell + + + align:start position:0% +surplus and so this integral would tell +me what is my gain from search so it + + align:start position:0% +me what is my gain from search so it + + + align:start position:0% +me what is my gain from search so it +could be that V of P upper bar uh is + + align:start position:0% +could be that V of P upper bar uh is + + + align:start position:0% +could be that V of P upper bar uh is +exactly equal to S and if V of P upper + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to S and if V of P upper + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to S and if V of P upper +bar is equal to S everybody who finds P + + align:start position:0% +bar is equal to S everybody who finds P + + + align:start position:0% +bar is equal to S everybody who finds P +upper bar would buy but if you saw P + + align:start position:0% +upper bar would buy but if you saw P + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar would buy but if you saw P +upper bar plus Epson you'd be that's + + align:start position:0% +upper bar plus Epson you'd be that's + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar plus Epson you'd be that's +ridiculous I'm going to go take a new + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous I'm going to go take a new + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous I'm going to go take a new +draw from the price distribution so what + + align:start position:0% +draw from the price distribution so what + + + align:start position:0% +draw from the price distribution so what +we have to do basically is look for a p + + align:start position:0% +we have to do basically is look for a p + + + align:start position:0% +we have to do basically is look for a p +lower bar that makes one of two things + + align:start position:0% +lower bar that makes one of two things + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar that makes one of two things +true either it makes p upper bar equal + + align:start position:0% +true either it makes p upper bar equal + + + align:start position:0% +true either it makes p upper bar equal +to PM or it makes um V of P upper bar + + align:start position:0% +to PM or it makes um V of P upper bar + + + align:start position:0% +to PM or it makes um V of P upper bar +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +S so anyway to find the distribution I + + align:start position:0% +S so anyway to find the distribution I + + + align:start position:0% +S so anyway to find the distribution I +just search for a p lower bar that does + + align:start position:0% +just search for a p lower bar that does + + + align:start position:0% +just search for a p lower bar that does +one of those two + + align:start position:0% +one of those two + + + align:start position:0% +one of those two +things um the this one is actually not + + align:start position:0% +things um the this one is actually not + + + align:start position:0% +things um the this one is actually not +hard to find because if you look at it + + align:start position:0% +hard to find because if you look at it + + + align:start position:0% +hard to find because if you look at it +um you know we're going to have this + + align:start position:0% +um you know we're going to have this + + + align:start position:0% +um you know we're going to have this +equation as true so I could just plug in + + align:start position:0% +equation as true so I could just plug in + + + align:start position:0% +equation as true so I could just plug in +the Monopoly price here and put Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price here and put Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +the Monopoly price here and put Monopoly +price minus CED of pm time this equals + + align:start position:0% +price minus CED of pm time this equals + + + align:start position:0% +price minus CED of pm time this equals +this and so the only thing that's + + align:start position:0% +this and so the only thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +this and so the only thing that's +unknown is the revenue at P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +unknown is the revenue at P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +unknown is the revenue at P lower bar +and so I can solve for the revenue of P + + align:start position:0% +and so I can solve for the revenue of P + + + align:start position:0% +and so I can solve for the revenue of P +lower bar I can find P lower bar so + + align:start position:0% +lower bar I can find P lower bar so + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar I can find P lower bar so +anyway you find an equilibrium by + + align:start position:0% +anyway you find an equilibrium by + + + align:start position:0% +anyway you find an equilibrium by +looking for something that solves one of + + align:start position:0% +looking for something that solves one of + + + align:start position:0% +looking for something that solves one of +these two extra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conditions okay questions on + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay questions on + + + align:start position:0% +conditions okay questions on +heterogeneous search + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous search + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous search +models + + align:start position:0% +models + + + align:start position:0% +models +okay uh value of price search um I put + + align:start position:0% +okay uh value of price search um I put + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh value of price search um I put +this slide in because uh this is a read + + align:start position:0% +this slide in because uh this is a read + + + align:start position:0% +this slide in because uh this is a read +it yourself at home but just um this is + + align:start position:0% +it yourself at home but just um this is + + + align:start position:0% +it yourself at home but just um this is +the way you normally think of the value + + align:start position:0% +the way you normally think of the value + + + align:start position:0% +the way you normally think of the value +of a one price quote the value of + + align:start position:0% +of a one price quote the value of + + + align:start position:0% +of a one price quote the value of +getting a new price quote if you've + + align:start position:0% +getting a new price quote if you've + + + align:start position:0% +getting a new price quote if you've +already found a price p is the integral + + align:start position:0% +already found a price p is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +already found a price p is the integral +from P lower bar to P consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% +from P lower bar to P consumer surplus + + + align:start position:0% +from P lower bar to P consumer surplus +at x minus consumer surplus of p f ofx + + align:start position:0% +at x minus consumer surplus of p f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +at x minus consumer surplus of p f ofx +DX that's a natural representation of + + align:start position:0% +DX that's a natural representation of + + + align:start position:0% +DX that's a natural representation of +what getting one more price quote gets + + align:start position:0% +what getting one more price quote gets + + + align:start position:0% +what getting one more price quote gets +me gets me the What I Gain if I find the + + align:start position:0% +me gets me the What I Gain if I find the + + + align:start position:0% +me gets me the What I Gain if I find the +lower price quote times the density of + + align:start position:0% +lower price quote times the density of + + + align:start position:0% +lower price quote times the density of +the prices I'm drawing from um something + + align:start position:0% +the prices I'm drawing from um something + + + align:start position:0% +the prices I'm drawing from um something +you often when you're redoing this when + + align:start position:0% +you often when you're redoing this when + + + align:start position:0% +you often when you're redoing this when +you're do when you're working at papers + + align:start position:0% +you're do when you're working at papers + + + align:start position:0% +you're do when you're working at papers +is people often write V of p is the + + align:start position:0% +is people often write V of p is the + + + align:start position:0% +is people often write V of p is the +integral from P lower bar to p d ofx f + + align:start position:0% +integral from P lower bar to p d ofx f + + + align:start position:0% +integral from P lower bar to p d ofx f +ofx capital F ofx DX um you know you can + + align:start position:0% +ofx capital F ofx DX um you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +ofx capital F ofx DX um you know you can +get from here to Here by integrating by + + align:start position:0% +get from here to Here by integrating by + + + align:start position:0% +get from here to Here by integrating by +Parts you can also get from there to + + align:start position:0% +Parts you can also get from there to + + + align:start position:0% +Parts you can also get from there to +there by reversing the order of + + align:start position:0% +there by reversing the order of + + + align:start position:0% +there by reversing the order of +integration people often write down this + + align:start position:0% +integration people often write down this + + + align:start position:0% +integration people often write down this +less intuitive formula just because it's + + align:start position:0% +less intuitive formula just because it's + + + align:start position:0% +less intuitive formula just because it's +well known without noting why they're + + align:start position:0% +well known without noting why they're + + + align:start position:0% +well known without noting why they're +doing it so I put it on a slide and put + + align:start position:0% +doing it so I put it on a slide and put + + + align:start position:0% +doing it so I put it on a slide and put +you know exam demonstration of flipping + + align:start position:0% +you know exam demonstration of flipping + + + align:start position:0% +you know exam demonstration of flipping +the order of integration to prove that's + + align:start position:0% +the order of integration to prove that's + + + align:start position:0% +the order of integration to prove that's +those two things are + + align:start position:0% +those two things are + + + align:start position:0% +those two things are +equivalent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay uh okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh okay +so you know second thing I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +so you know second thing I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +so you know second thing I want to do is +is search with differentiated products + + align:start position:0% +is search with differentiated products + + + align:start position:0% +is search with differentiated products +you know I I I said that we want search + + align:start position:0% +you know I I I said that we want search + + + align:start position:0% +you know I I I said that we want search +cost because we think differentiation is + + align:start position:0% +cost because we think differentiation is + + + align:start position:0% +cost because we think differentiation is +not sufficient to explain what goes on + + align:start position:0% +not sufficient to explain what goes on + + + align:start position:0% +not sufficient to explain what goes on +in the world with real world markups but + + align:start position:0% +in the world with real world markups but + + + align:start position:0% +in the world with real world markups but +it doesn't mean differentiation is not + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't mean differentiation is not + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't mean differentiation is not +real and so while I think more people do + + align:start position:0% +real and so while I think more people do + + + align:start position:0% +real and so while I think more people do +search in that model like I just did do + + align:start position:0% +search in that model like I just did do + + + align:start position:0% +search in that model like I just did do +the bertran search and then figure out + + align:start position:0% +the bertran search and then figure out + + + align:start position:0% +the bertran search and then figure out +what it does to + + align:start position:0% +what it does to + + + align:start position:0% +what it does to +markups you know it's more realistic to + + align:start position:0% +markups you know it's more realistic to + + + align:start position:0% +markups you know it's more realistic to +have search added on top of a + + align:start position:0% +have search added on top of a + + + align:start position:0% +have search added on top of a +differentiated product model rather than + + align:start position:0% +differentiated product model rather than + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated product model rather than +searching a Bertrand model um so that's + + align:start position:0% +searching a Bertrand model um so that's + + + align:start position:0% +searching a Bertrand model um so that's +what I'm going to do show for you here + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do show for you here + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do show for you here +so now uh I'm going to have two firms uh + + align:start position:0% +so now uh I'm going to have two firms uh + + + align:start position:0% +so now uh I'm going to have two firms uh +with constant marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +with constant marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +with constant marginal cost +C and I'm going to do the pear off salup + + align:start position:0% +C and I'm going to do the pear off salup + + + align:start position:0% +C and I'm going to do the pear off salup +version of like uh hotelling's model + + align:start position:0% +version of like uh hotelling's model + + + align:start position:0% +version of like uh hotelling's model +where consumers have a two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +where consumers have a two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +where consumers have a two-dimensional +type + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so consumers have it + + align:start position:0% +uh so consumers have it + + + align:start position:0% +uh so consumers have it +uh yeah so they have a Theta uh consumer + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so they have a Theta uh consumer + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so they have a Theta uh consumer +has a Theta consumer I has a Theta + + align:start position:0% +has a Theta consumer I has a Theta + + + align:start position:0% +has a Theta consumer I has a Theta +i1 and they have a Theta + + align:start position:0% +i1 and they have a Theta + + + align:start position:0% +i1 and they have a Theta +I2 uh the Theta i1 is how much related + + align:start position:0% +I2 uh the Theta i1 is how much related + + + align:start position:0% +I2 uh the Theta i1 is how much related +to how much they like firm one's product + + align:start position:0% +to how much they like firm one's product + + + align:start position:0% +to how much they like firm one's product +the Theta I2 is related to how much they + + align:start position:0% +the Theta I2 is related to how much they + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta I2 is related to how much they +like firm 2's product I guess here I did + + align:start position:0% +like firm 2's product I guess here I did + + + align:start position:0% +like firm 2's product I guess here I did +it with a V minus t so this is is + + align:start position:0% +it with a V minus t so this is is + + + align:start position:0% +it with a V minus t so this is is +your you know + + align:start position:0% +your you know + + + align:start position:0% +your you know +your some people both find both firms + + align:start position:0% +your some people both find both firms + + + align:start position:0% +your some people both find both firms +ideal they're the ones who have Theta is + + align:start position:0% +ideal they're the ones who have Theta is + + + align:start position:0% +ideal they're the ones who have Theta is +equal to zero some consumers really like + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero some consumers really like + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero some consumers really like +firm two and they don't like firm one + + align:start position:0% +firm two and they don't like firm one + + + align:start position:0% +firm two and they don't like firm one +they're down here some consumers really + + align:start position:0% +they're down here some consumers really + + + align:start position:0% +they're down here some consumers really +like firm one don't like firm to they're + + align:start position:0% +like firm one don't like firm to they're + + + align:start position:0% +like firm one don't like firm to they're +up here some consumers really find both + + align:start position:0% +up here some consumers really find both + + + align:start position:0% +up here some consumers really find both +products far from their + + align:start position:0% +products far from their + + + align:start position:0% +products far from their +tastes so it's it's the Pearl off salop + + align:start position:0% +tastes so it's it's the Pearl off salop + + + align:start position:0% +tastes so it's it's the Pearl off salop +version of hotelling where I just have + + align:start position:0% +version of hotelling where I just have + + + align:start position:0% +version of hotelling where I just have +instead of having the Theta I2 equals + + align:start position:0% +instead of having the Theta I2 equals + + + align:start position:0% +instead of having the Theta I2 equals +negative Theta i1 or t minus Theta i1 I + + align:start position:0% +negative Theta i1 or t minus Theta i1 I + + + align:start position:0% +negative Theta i1 or t minus Theta i1 I +make uh independent disutilities from + + align:start position:0% +make uh independent disutilities from + + + align:start position:0% +make uh independent disutilities from +independent uh tastes for product one + + align:start position:0% +independent uh tastes for product one + + + align:start position:0% +independent uh tastes for product one +and product two + + align:start position:0% +and product two + + + align:start position:0% +and product two +okay so the firms simultaneously choose + + align:start position:0% +okay so the firms simultaneously choose + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the firms simultaneously choose +their prices P1 + + align:start position:0% +their prices P1 + + + align:start position:0% +their prices P1 +P2 and what the consumers here have to + + align:start position:0% +P2 and what the consumers here have to + + + align:start position:0% +P2 and what the consumers here have to +do now is when they pay + + align:start position:0% +do now is when they pay + + + align:start position:0% +do now is when they pay +s they both learn the price and they + + align:start position:0% +s they both learn the price and they + + + align:start position:0% +s they both learn the price and they +learn whether they like the product or + + align:start position:0% +learn whether they like the product or + + + align:start position:0% +learn whether they like the product or +not okay so you know this is the case of + + align:start position:0% +not okay so you know this is the case of + + + align:start position:0% +not okay so you know this is the case of +where you know you know there are two + + align:start position:0% +where you know you know there are two + + + align:start position:0% +where you know you know there are two +firms um you know there are two firms + + align:start position:0% +firms um you know there are two firms + + + align:start position:0% +firms um you know there are two firms +that are selling some product but you + + align:start position:0% +that are selling some product but you + + + align:start position:0% +that are selling some product but you +have to actually go to the store and + + align:start position:0% +have to actually go to the store and + + + align:start position:0% +have to actually go to the store and +look at the product at their version of + + align:start position:0% +look at the product at their version of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the product at their version of +the product to decide whether you like + + align:start position:0% +the product to decide whether you like + + + align:start position:0% +the product to decide whether you like +it or not um or you could think of it as + + align:start position:0% +it or not um or you could think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +it or not um or you could think of it as +like you know on the credit card example + + align:start position:0% +like you know on the credit card example + + + align:start position:0% +like you know on the credit card example +I pay s when I pay S I + + align:start position:0% +I pay s when I pay S I + + + align:start position:0% +I pay s when I pay S I +learn + + align:start position:0% +learn + + + align:start position:0% +learn +um you know I learn what the interest + + align:start position:0% +um you know I learn what the interest + + + align:start position:0% +um you know I learn what the interest +rate is but I also learn other features + + align:start position:0% +rate is but I also learn other features + + + align:start position:0% +rate is but I also learn other features +of credit cards that are not which + + align:start position:0% +of credit cards that are not which + + + align:start position:0% +of credit cards that are not which +people have horizontally differenti + + align:start position:0% +people have horizontally differenti + + + align:start position:0% +people have horizontally differenti +prefence like I do learn what color it + + align:start position:0% +prefence like I do learn what color it + + + align:start position:0% +prefence like I do learn what color it +is and I do learn what their prepayment + + align:start position:0% +is and I do learn what their prepayment + + + align:start position:0% +is and I do learn what their prepayment +policy is and what day of the week they + + align:start position:0% +policy is and what day of the week they + + + align:start position:0% +policy is and what day of the week they +want their things do or um you know I I + + align:start position:0% +want their things do or um you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +want their things do or um you know I I +go to the car dealership and I I do + + align:start position:0% +go to the car dealership and I I do + + + align:start position:0% +go to the car dealership and I I do +learn how hard it is to drive that car I + + align:start position:0% +learn how hard it is to drive that car I + + + align:start position:0% +learn how hard it is to drive that car I +you know I do learn like how clean is + + align:start position:0% +you know I do learn like how clean is + + + align:start position:0% +you know I do learn like how clean is +the service department at that store and + + align:start position:0% +the service department at that store and + + + align:start position:0% +the service department at that store and +other things or something like that so I + + align:start position:0% +other things or something like that so I + + + align:start position:0% +other things or something like that so I +I I pay my S I learn the price and I + + align:start position:0% +I I pay my S I learn the price and I + + + align:start position:0% +I I pay my S I learn the price and I +learn whether I like it or not and until + + align:start position:0% +learn whether I like it or not and until + + + align:start position:0% +learn whether I like it or not and until +I go there my prior would be that my + + align:start position:0% +I go there my prior would be that my + + + align:start position:0% +I go there my prior would be that my +Theta is uniform 01 I know that this + + align:start position:0% +Theta is uniform 01 I know that this + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is uniform 01 I know that this +might be a good match to me it might not + + align:start position:0% +might be a good match to me it might not + + + align:start position:0% +might be a good match to me it might not +be a good match to me but I don't know + + align:start position:0% +be a good match to me but I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +be a good match to me but I don't know +until I I have to inspect the product to + + align:start position:0% +until I I have to inspect the product to + + + align:start position:0% +until I I have to inspect the product to +see that + + align:start position:0% +see that + + + align:start position:0% +see that +okay uh assume that this search cost is + + align:start position:0% +okay uh assume that this search cost is + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh assume that this search cost is +less than T over2 and again assume that + + align:start position:0% +less than T over2 and again assume that + + + align:start position:0% +less than T over2 and again assume that +consumers use some optimal uh sequential + + align:start position:0% +consumers use some optimal uh sequential + + + align:start position:0% +consumers use some optimal uh sequential +search procedure which is they go visit + + align:start position:0% +search procedure which is they go visit + + + align:start position:0% +search procedure which is they go visit +one firm they learn the Theta they then + + align:start position:0% +one firm they learn the Theta they then + + + align:start position:0% +one firm they learn the Theta they then +decide given what I found about the + + align:start position:0% +decide given what I found about the + + + align:start position:0% +decide given what I found about the +price and the match quality to my taste + + align:start position:0% +price and the match quality to my taste + + + align:start position:0% +price and the match quality to my taste +do I go search for a second time and + + align:start position:0% +do I go search for a second time and + + + align:start position:0% +do I go search for a second time and +then they're + + align:start position:0% +then they're + + + align:start position:0% +then they're +done um uh theorem is for large enough V + + align:start position:0% +done um uh theorem is for large enough V + + + align:start position:0% +done um uh theorem is for large enough V +this model has a symmetric pure strategy + + align:start position:0% +this model has a symmetric pure strategy + + + align:start position:0% +this model has a symmetric pure strategy +Nash equilibrium and that symmetric Nash + + align:start position:0% +Nash equilibrium and that symmetric Nash + + + align:start position:0% +Nash equilibrium and that symmetric Nash +equilibrium is price equals c plus 1 / 2 + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is price equals c plus 1 / 2 + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is price equals c plus 1 / 2 +- < TK 2 s / T * T so it's a c plus + + align:start position:0% +- < TK 2 s / T * T so it's a c plus + + + align:start position:0% +- < TK 2 s / T * T so it's a c plus +something * T markup okay and it's a + + align:start position:0% +something * T markup okay and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +something * T markup okay and it's a +pure strategy equilibrium so + + align:start position:0% +pure strategy equilibrium so + + + align:start position:0% +pure strategy equilibrium so +the sty like dispersion has gone away + + align:start position:0% +the sty like dispersion has gone away + + + align:start position:0% +the sty like dispersion has gone away +and here it's just search Closs effect + + align:start position:0% +and here it's just search Closs effect + + + align:start position:0% +and here it's just search Closs effect +markups so notice that like right the + + align:start position:0% +markups so notice that like right the + + + align:start position:0% +markups so notice that like right the +peof salot model with this game would + + align:start position:0% +peof salot model with this game would + + + align:start position:0% +peof salot model with this game would +have P star equal C+ + + align:start position:0% +have P star equal C+ + + + align:start position:0% +have P star equal C+ +12T + + align:start position:0% +12T + + + align:start position:0% +12T +um here if you set + + align:start position:0% +um here if you set + + + align:start position:0% +um here if you set +um if you set s equals z you get C+ 12T + + align:start position:0% +um if you set s equals z you get C+ 12T + + + align:start position:0% +um if you set s equals z you get C+ 12T +so when s goes to zero this goes to peof + + align:start position:0% +so when s goes to zero this goes to peof + + + align:start position:0% +so when s goes to zero this goes to peof +alop but when s is larger like imagine s + + align:start position:0% +alop but when s is larger like imagine s + + + align:start position:0% +alop but when s is larger like imagine s +is t/2 when s is t/2 you get 2 * t/ 2 is + + align:start position:0% +is t/2 when s is t/2 you get 2 * t/ 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +is t/2 when s is t/2 you get 2 * t/ 2 is +t/ T so it goes to C plus + + align:start position:0% +t/ T so it goes to C plus + + + align:start position:0% +t/ T so it goes to C plus +T So price increases smoothly from C + + align:start position:0% +T So price increases smoothly from C + + + align:start position:0% +T So price increases smoothly from C +plus t/ 2 um to C plus t as search cost + + align:start position:0% +plus t/ 2 um to C plus t as search cost + + + align:start position:0% +plus t/ 2 um to C plus t as search cost +increase okay this model has the sort of + + align:start position:0% +increase okay this model has the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +increase okay this model has the sort of +falling off a cliff property that if you + + align:start position:0% +falling off a cliff property that if you + + + align:start position:0% +falling off a cliff property that if you +make S so as s goes + + align:start position:0% +make S so as s goes + + + align:start position:0% +make S so as s goes +from if I if I if I graph um a search + + align:start position:0% +from if I if I if I graph um a search + + + align:start position:0% +from if I if I if I graph um a search +cost when s is zero uh price is C plus + + align:start position:0% +cost when s is zero uh price is C plus + + + align:start position:0% +cost when s is zero uh price is C plus +t/2 as s goes up + + align:start position:0% +t/2 as s goes up + + + align:start position:0% +t/2 as s goes up +from 0 to uh T + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to uh T + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to uh T +over2 it's just a 45 degree line prices + + align:start position:0% +over2 it's just a 45 degree line prices + + + align:start position:0% +over2 it's just a 45 degree line prices +increase and they reach C plus + + align:start position:0% +increase and they reach C plus + + + align:start position:0% +increase and they reach C plus +T Once I pass this search cost we fall + + align:start position:0% +T Once I pass this search cost we fall + + + align:start position:0% +T Once I pass this search cost we fall +off a cliff and no one and the search + + align:start position:0% +off a cliff and no one and the search + + + align:start position:0% +off a cliff and no one and the search +disappears and no one ever buys and the + + align:start position:0% +disappears and no one ever buys and the + + + align:start position:0% +disappears and no one ever buys and the +reason is because + + align:start position:0% +reason is because + + + align:start position:0% +reason is because +when s is large enough no one is get a + + align:start position:0% +when s is large enough no one is get a + + + align:start position:0% +when s is large enough no one is get a +get a second quote like so that like + + align:start position:0% +get a second quote like so that like + + + align:start position:0% +get a second quote like so that like +even if you find the first product and + + align:start position:0% +even if you find the first product and + + + align:start position:0% +even if you find the first product and +it's the worst possible product for you + + align:start position:0% +it's the worst possible product for you + + + align:start position:0% +it's the worst possible product for you +and you know okay I hate firm one's + + align:start position:0% +and you know okay I hate firm one's + + + align:start position:0% +and you know okay I hate firm one's +product the most you're going to gain + + align:start position:0% +product the most you're going to gain + + + align:start position:0% +product the most you're going to gain +from getting firm 2's product and + + align:start position:0% +from getting firm 2's product and + + + align:start position:0% +from getting firm 2's product and +expectation is T over2 because firm 2's + + align:start position:0% +expectation is T over2 because firm 2's + + + align:start position:0% +expectation is T over2 because firm 2's +disutility firm 2's product might be + + align:start position:0% +disutility firm 2's product might be + + + align:start position:0% +disutility firm 2's product might be +just as bad firm 2's product might be + + align:start position:0% +just as bad firm 2's product might be + + + align:start position:0% +just as bad firm 2's product might be +great but you're only going to gain t + + align:start position:0% +great but you're only going to gain t + + + align:start position:0% +great but you're only going to gain t +over2 on average if you're only going to + + align:start position:0% +over2 on average if you're only going to + + + align:start position:0% +over2 on average if you're only going to +gain t over2 on average you won't do a + + align:start position:0% +gain t over2 on average you won't do a + + + align:start position:0% +gain t over2 on average you won't do a +second search if you're s is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +second search if you're s is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +second search if you're s is bigger than +T over2 and so then once people um once + + align:start position:0% +T over2 and so then once people um once + + + align:start position:0% +T over2 and so then once people um once +people have an S bigger than that we're + + align:start position:0% +people have an S bigger than that we're + + + align:start position:0% +people have an S bigger than that we're +back to Diamond everyone only searches + + align:start position:0% +back to Diamond everyone only searches + + + align:start position:0% +back to Diamond everyone only searches +once we go to the Monopoly price but + + align:start position:0% +once we go to the Monopoly price but + + + align:start position:0% +once we go to the Monopoly price but +when we get to the Monopoly price + + align:start position:0% +when we get to the Monopoly price + + + align:start position:0% +when we get to the Monopoly price +without the multi-unit demands at the + + align:start position:0% +without the multi-unit demands at the + + + align:start position:0% +without the multi-unit demands at the +Monopoly price you don't want to be + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price you don't want to be + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price you don't want to be +there's no point in buying at the + + align:start position:0% +there's no point in buying at the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no point in buying at the +Monopoly price because the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price because the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price because the Monopoly +price is at least V minus t your + + align:start position:0% +price is at least V minus t your + + + align:start position:0% +price is at least V minus t your +expected utilities at most T over2 in + + align:start position:0% +expected utilities at most T over2 in + + + align:start position:0% +expected utilities at most T over2 in +this model at the Monopoly price you + + align:start position:0% +this model at the Monopoly price you + + + align:start position:0% +this model at the Monopoly price you +wouldn't bother searching to begin with + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't bother searching to begin with + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't bother searching to begin with +okay because consumer surplus the + + align:start position:0% +okay because consumer surplus the + + + align:start position:0% +okay because consumer surplus the +Monopoly price is very low in this + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price is very low in this + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price is very low in this +single unit demand + + align:start position:0% +single unit demand + + + align:start position:0% +single unit demand +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +okay so you know intuition for why is it + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know intuition for why is it + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know intuition for why is it +that equilibrium prices increase in + + align:start position:0% +that equilibrium prices increase in + + + align:start position:0% +that equilibrium prices increase in +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +costs um you know if a firm is + + align:start position:0% +costs um you know if a firm is + + + align:start position:0% +costs um you know if a firm is +considering a price increase they have + + align:start position:0% +considering a price increase they have + + + align:start position:0% +considering a price increase they have +to trade off the gains that they get + + align:start position:0% +to trade off the gains that they get + + + align:start position:0% +to trade off the gains that they get +from these inframarginal consumers who + + align:start position:0% +from these inframarginal consumers who + + + align:start position:0% +from these inframarginal consumers who +would have bought + + align:start position:0% +would have bought + + + align:start position:0% +would have bought +anyway uh against the losses from + + align:start position:0% +anyway uh against the losses from + + + align:start position:0% +anyway uh against the losses from +raising the price and having the INF Mar + + align:start position:0% +raising the price and having the INF Mar + + + align:start position:0% +raising the price and having the INF Mar +having the marginal consumers go + + align:start position:0% +having the marginal consumers go + + + align:start position:0% +having the marginal consumers go +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +um you know here um as s gets bigger + + align:start position:0% +um you know here um as s gets bigger + + + align:start position:0% +um you know here um as s gets bigger +there are fewer marginal consumers like + + align:start position:0% +there are fewer marginal consumers like + + + align:start position:0% +there are fewer marginal consumers like +when s is small most consumers are going + + align:start position:0% +when s is small most consumers are going + + + align:start position:0% +when s is small most consumers are going +to visit both like when s is small um + + align:start position:0% +to visit both like when s is small um + + + align:start position:0% +to visit both like when s is small um +I'm going to have some region like this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have some region like this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have some region like this +like uh you know these consumers buy and + + align:start position:0% +like uh you know these consumers buy and + + + align:start position:0% +like uh you know these consumers buy and +these search + + align:start position:0% +these search + + + align:start position:0% +these search +again right because if I'm firm one for + + align:start position:0% +again right because if I'm firm one for + + + align:start position:0% +again right because if I'm firm one for +someone to buy from me when s is Tiny + + align:start position:0% +someone to buy from me when s is Tiny + + + align:start position:0% +someone to buy from me when s is Tiny +why not get a second price quote it's + + align:start position:0% +why not get a second price quote it's + + + align:start position:0% +why not get a second price quote it's +only if they really like me that they'll + + align:start position:0% +only if they really like me that they'll + + + align:start position:0% +only if they really like me that they'll +stop and buy from me when s gets big you + + align:start position:0% +stop and buy from me when s gets big you + + + align:start position:0% +stop and buy from me when s gets big you +know this line shifts out and it becomes + + align:start position:0% +know this line shifts out and it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +know this line shifts out and it becomes +these guys all by and and it's only if + + align:start position:0% +these guys all by and and it's only if + + + align:start position:0% +these guys all by and and it's only if +you have a really bad draw that you + + align:start position:0% +you have a really bad draw that you + + + align:start position:0% +you have a really bad draw that you +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +again and so what happens is + + align:start position:0% +again and so what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +again and so what happens is +um just when s gets big there are very + + align:start position:0% +um just when s gets big there are very + + + align:start position:0% +um just when s gets big there are very +fewer fewer and fewer consumers who see + + align:start position:0% +fewer fewer and fewer consumers who see + + + align:start position:0% +fewer fewer and fewer consumers who see +both prices because there are fewer + + align:start position:0% +both prices because there are fewer + + + align:start position:0% +both prices because there are fewer +consumers who see both prices there's a + + align:start position:0% +consumers who see both prices there's a + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who see both prices there's a +smaller gain to an Epsilon price cut and + + align:start position:0% +smaller gain to an Epsilon price cut and + + + align:start position:0% +smaller gain to an Epsilon price cut and +so your incentive to cut price is + + align:start position:0% +so your incentive to cut price is + + + align:start position:0% +so your incentive to cut price is +smaller because there are fewer + + align:start position:0% +smaller because there are fewer + + + align:start position:0% +smaller because there are fewer +consumers who actually see both prices + + align:start position:0% +consumers who actually see both prices + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who actually see both prices +whereas like you know you know in + + align:start position:0% +whereas like you know you know in + + + align:start position:0% +whereas like you know you know in +equilibrium you're getting half the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium you're getting half the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium you're getting half the +consumers and on those half the + + align:start position:0% +consumers and on those half the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and on those half the +consumers if you raise your price you're + + align:start position:0% +consumers if you raise your price you're + + + align:start position:0% +consumers if you raise your price you're +going to get more on all the on half of + + align:start position:0% +going to get more on all the on half of + + + align:start position:0% +going to get more on all the on half of +the on roughly half of the people so the + + align:start position:0% +the on roughly half of the people so the + + + align:start position:0% +the on roughly half of the people so the +number of marginal consumers goes down + + align:start position:0% +number of marginal consumers goes down + + + align:start position:0% +number of marginal consumers goes down +the Aver the number of consumers you're + + align:start position:0% +the Aver the number of consumers you're + + + align:start position:0% +the Aver the number of consumers you're +getting in equilibrium stays the same + + align:start position:0% +getting in equilibrium stays the same + + + align:start position:0% +getting in equilibrium stays the same +Therefore your profit on the um marginal + + align:start position:0% +Therefore your profit on the um marginal + + + align:start position:0% +Therefore your profit on the um marginal +consumers must be going up to make you + + align:start position:0% +consumers must be going up to make you + + + align:start position:0% +consumers must be going up to make you +not want to lose them and that so that's + + align:start position:0% +not want to lose them and that so that's + + + align:start position:0% +not want to lose them and that so that's +an intuition for why the markups have to + + align:start position:0% +an intuition for why the markups have to + + + align:start position:0% +an intuition for why the markups have to +go up because you the markups have to go + + align:start position:0% +go up because you the markups have to go + + + align:start position:0% +go up because you the markups have to go +up to the point where you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +up to the point where you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +up to the point where you don't want to +lose that dwindling number of marginal + + align:start position:0% +lose that dwindling number of marginal + + + align:start position:0% +lose that dwindling number of marginal +consumers + + align:start position:0% +consumers + + + align:start position:0% +consumers +okay any questions on + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions on +that okay um trying to think um I might + + align:start position:0% +that okay um trying to think um I might + + + align:start position:0% +that okay um trying to think um I might +go over this in a little bit of detail + + align:start position:0% +go over this in a little bit of detail + + + align:start position:0% +go over this in a little bit of detail +just how the calculation in a model like + + align:start position:0% +just how the calculation in a model like + + + align:start position:0% +just how the calculation in a model like +this works + + align:start position:0% +this works + + + align:start position:0% +this works +so imagine in this model you've got a + + align:start position:0% +so imagine in this model you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine in this model you've got a +consumer I switched from this sort of + + align:start position:0% +consumer I switched from this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +consumer I switched from this sort of +Theta Dimension to the match quality + + align:start position:0% +Theta Dimension to the match quality + + + align:start position:0% +Theta Dimension to the match quality +Dimension so imagine that a + + align:start position:0% +Dimension so imagine that a + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension so imagine that a +consumer visits one store they find a + + align:start position:0% +consumer visits one store they find a + + + align:start position:0% +consumer visits one store they find a +match quality of X by which I mean 1 + + align:start position:0% +match quality of X by which I mean 1 + + + align:start position:0% +match quality of X by which I mean 1 +minus Theta I and a price of P star + + align:start position:0% +minus Theta I and a price of P star + + + align:start position:0% +minus Theta I and a price of P star +which is a price they expected to + + align:start position:0% +which is a price they expected to + + + align:start position:0% +which is a price they expected to +get what's your expected gain from + + align:start position:0% +get what's your expected gain from + + + align:start position:0% +get what's your expected gain from +search you know an equilibrium you + + align:start position:0% +search you know an equilibrium you + + + align:start position:0% +search you know an equilibrium you +expected the other firm is also charging + + align:start position:0% +expected the other firm is also charging + + + align:start position:0% +expected the other firm is also charging +P star so the gain comes from getting a + + align:start position:0% +P star so the gain comes from getting a + + + align:start position:0% +P star so the gain comes from getting a +better match quality at the second firm + + align:start position:0% +better match quality at the second firm + + + align:start position:0% +better match quality at the second firm +which is just an integral from X up to + + align:start position:0% +which is just an integral from X up to + + + align:start position:0% +which is just an integral from X up to +one of u- X + + align:start position:0% +one of u- X + + + align:start position:0% +one of u- X +du right so I might find a firm that's + + align:start position:0% +du right so I might find a firm that's + + + align:start position:0% +du right so I might find a firm that's +um I might find a firm that's you know + + align:start position:0% +um I might find a firm that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +um I might find a firm that's you know +essentially no better I might find a + + align:start position:0% +essentially no better I might find a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially no better I might find a +firm that's 1 - x better and you know + + align:start position:0% +firm that's 1 - x better and you know + + + align:start position:0% +firm that's 1 - x better and you know +I'm equally likely to find a firm that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm equally likely to find a firm that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm equally likely to find a firm that's +any well I may find a firm that's worse + + align:start position:0% +any well I may find a firm that's worse + + + align:start position:0% +any well I may find a firm that's worse +than what I found already but if I found + + align:start position:0% +than what I found already but if I found + + + align:start position:0% +than what I found already but if I found +a firm that's worse I can just ignore it + + align:start position:0% +a firm that's worse I can just ignore it + + + align:start position:0% +a firm that's worse I can just ignore it +if I find something that's the same or + + align:start position:0% +if I find something that's the same or + + + align:start position:0% +if I find something that's the same or +better I can buy from it and so there's + + align:start position:0% +better I can buy from it and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +better I can buy from it and so there's +a one- x chance that I'll get find find + + align:start position:0% +a one- x chance that I'll get find find + + + align:start position:0% +a one- x chance that I'll get find find +something better the most by which I + + align:start position:0% +something better the most by which I + + + align:start position:0% +something better the most by which I +might increase my utility is 1 - x * T + + align:start position:0% +might increase my utility is 1 - x * T + + + align:start position:0% +might increase my utility is 1 - x * T +and so I get this integral which is just + + align:start position:0% +and so I get this integral which is just + + + align:start position:0% +and so I get this integral which is just +it's an area of a triangle 12T 1 - x^2 + + align:start position:0% +it's an area of a triangle 12T 1 - x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +it's an area of a triangle 12T 1 - x^2 +so that's my gain from search is the + + align:start position:0% +so that's my gain from search is the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's my gain from search is the +gain from improved match + + align:start position:0% +gain from improved match + + + align:start position:0% +gain from improved match +quality um when are you going to do a + + align:start position:0% +quality um when are you going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +quality um when are you going to do a +second search well you're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +second search well you're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +second search well you're going to do a +second search if suppose I find match + + align:start position:0% +second search if suppose I find match + + + align:start position:0% +second search if suppose I find match +quality of X and I actually find a price + + align:start position:0% +quality of X and I actually find a price + + + align:start position:0% +quality of X and I actually find a price +that's different from P1 star so if if + + align:start position:0% +that's different from P1 star so if if + + + align:start position:0% +that's different from P1 star so if if +um if I if the firm is charging an even + + align:start position:0% +um if I if the firm is charging an even + + + align:start position:0% +um if I if the firm is charging an even +higher price it's like the match quality + + align:start position:0% +higher price it's like the match quality + + + align:start position:0% +higher price it's like the match quality +is worse if the firm is charging a lower + + align:start position:0% +is worse if the firm is charging a lower + + + align:start position:0% +is worse if the firm is charging a lower +price it's like the match quality they + + align:start position:0% +price it's like the match quality they + + + align:start position:0% +price it's like the match quality they +found is better and so I'm going to buy + + align:start position:0% +found is better and so I'm going to buy + + + align:start position:0% +found is better and so I'm going to buy +I'm going to search again if V of X+ P + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to search again if V of X+ P + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to search again if V of X+ P +star minus P1 is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +star minus P1 is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +star minus P1 is less than or equal to +my search + + align:start position:0% +my search + + + align:start position:0% +my search +cost okay in equilibrium you know P1 + + align:start position:0% +cost okay in equilibrium you know P1 + + + align:start position:0% +cost okay in equilibrium you know P1 +equals P star so this holds if 12 T 1 - + + align:start position:0% +equals P star so this holds if 12 T 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +equals P star so this holds if 12 T 1 - +xar is less than S which is if and only + + align:start position:0% +xar is less than S which is if and only + + + align:start position:0% +xar is less than S which is if and only +if x is at least 1- + + align:start position:0% +if x is at least 1- + + + align:start position:0% +if x is at least 1- +< TK of 2 s over t i just solve this + + align:start position:0% +< TK of 2 s over t i just solve this + + + align:start position:0% +< TK of 2 s over t i just solve this +thing for X moving the 2 T 2 / T over + + align:start position:0% +thing for X moving the 2 T 2 / T over + + + align:start position:0% +thing for X moving the 2 T 2 / T over +the other side and then taking square + + align:start position:0% +the other side and then taking square + + + align:start position:0% +the other side and then taking square +roots and then doing one minus it + + align:start position:0% +roots and then doing one minus it + + + align:start position:0% +roots and then doing one minus it +okay so you know the Nash equilibrium is + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know the Nash equilibrium is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know the Nash equilibrium is +always the solution to partial Pi 1 with + + align:start position:0% +always the solution to partial Pi 1 with + + + align:start position:0% +always the solution to partial Pi 1 with +respect to P1 evaluated both firms + + align:start position:0% +respect to P1 evaluated both firms + + + align:start position:0% +respect to P1 evaluated both firms +charging P star equals + + align:start position:0% +charging P star equals + + + align:start position:0% +charging P star equals +zero and you know as I said + + align:start position:0% +zero and you know as I said + + + align:start position:0% +zero and you know as I said +often you know if you're looking for + + align:start position:0% +often you know if you're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +often you know if you're looking for +symmetric equilibria rather than writing + + align:start position:0% +symmetric equilibria rather than writing + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric equilibria rather than writing +out out best responses and intersecting + + align:start position:0% +out out best responses and intersecting + + + align:start position:0% +out out best responses and intersecting +them and solving two equations and two + + align:start position:0% +them and solving two equations and two + + + align:start position:0% +them and solving two equations and two +unknowns you just take advantage of the + + align:start position:0% +unknowns you just take advantage of the + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns you just take advantage of the +fact that you know it's symmetric and + + align:start position:0% +fact that you know it's symmetric and + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you know it's symmetric and +just do the this first order condition + + align:start position:0% +just do the this first order condition + + + align:start position:0% +just do the this first order condition +characterizes what the symmetric + + align:start position:0% +characterizes what the symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +characterizes what the symmetric +equilibrium P star must + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium P star must + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium P star must +be and so let's think about well if P + + align:start position:0% +be and so let's think about well if P + + + align:start position:0% +be and so let's think about well if P +star is an equilibrium what happens if + + align:start position:0% +star is an equilibrium what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +star is an equilibrium what happens if +firm one Cuts its price to P star minus + + align:start position:0% +firm one Cuts its price to P star minus + + + align:start position:0% +firm one Cuts its price to P star minus +DP and let's think about what are the + + align:start position:0% +DP and let's think about what are the + + + align:start position:0% +DP and let's think about what are the +gains and losses when I'm comparing PR + + align:start position:0% +gains and losses when I'm comparing PR + + + align:start position:0% +gains and losses when I'm comparing PR +profit at cutting my price to profit + + align:start position:0% +profit at cutting my price to profit + + + align:start position:0% +profit at cutting my price to profit +from keeping my price the same and as I + + align:start position:0% +from keeping my price the same and as I + + + align:start position:0% +from keeping my price the same and as I +said one loss that I get from a price + + align:start position:0% +said one loss that I get from a price + + + align:start position:0% +said one loss that I get from a price +cut is I know in equilibrium half the + + align:start position:0% +cut is I know in equilibrium half the + + + align:start position:0% +cut is I know in equilibrium half the +consumers are buying from me so if I cut + + align:start position:0% +consumers are buying from me so if I cut + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are buying from me so if I cut +my price by DP I'm giving DP away to all + + align:start position:0% +my price by DP I'm giving DP away to all + + + align:start position:0% +my price by DP I'm giving DP away to all +those people that's a loss of one half + + align:start position:0% +those people that's a loss of one half + + + align:start position:0% +those people that's a loss of one half +DP because I'm getting half the + + align:start position:0% +DP because I'm getting half the + + + align:start position:0% +DP because I'm getting half the +consumers in + + align:start position:0% +consumers in + + + align:start position:0% +consumers in +equilibrium again exploiting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetry what do I gain okay so I've got + + align:start position:0% +symmetry what do I gain okay so I've got + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry what do I gain okay so I've got +three different gains first gain is + + align:start position:0% +three different gains first gain is + + + align:start position:0% +three different gains first gain is +suppose that a + + align:start position:0% +suppose that a + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that a +consumer visits me first that's half the + + align:start position:0% +consumer visits me first that's half the + + + align:start position:0% +consumer visits me first that's half the +consumers visit me + + align:start position:0% +consumers visit me + + + align:start position:0% +consumers visit me +first you know when consumers visit me + + align:start position:0% +first you know when consumers visit me + + + align:start position:0% +first you know when consumers visit me +first in X + + align:start position:0% +first in X + + + align:start position:0% +first in X +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +um in xace the way it looks like this um + + align:start position:0% +um in xace the way it looks like this um + + + align:start position:0% +um in xace the way it looks like this um +there's some + + align:start position:0% +there's some + + + align:start position:0% +there's some +xstar and here they buy from me and here + + align:start position:0% +xstar and here they buy from me and here + + + align:start position:0% +xstar and here they buy from me and here +they search for again right if my match + + align:start position:0% +they search for again right if my match + + + align:start position:0% +they search for again right if my match +quality is good they buy if my match + + align:start position:0% +quality is good they buy if my match + + + align:start position:0% +quality is good they buy if my match +quality is bad they they search again + + align:start position:0% +quality is bad they they search again + + + align:start position:0% +quality is bad they they search again +where X is 1 us Theta so match quality X + + align:start position:0% +where X is 1 us Theta so match quality X + + + align:start position:0% +where X is 1 us Theta so match quality X +High match qualities you buy low match + + align:start position:0% +High match qualities you buy low match + + + align:start position:0% +High match qualities you buy low match +qualities you search again so where I + + align:start position:0% +qualities you search again so where I + + + align:start position:0% +qualities you search again so where I +gain from the price cut is they visit me + + align:start position:0% +gain from the price cut is they visit me + + + align:start position:0% +gain from the price cut is they visit me +first with probability xstar they didn't + + align:start position:0% +first with probability xstar they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +first with probability xstar they didn't +like my product all that much so they + + align:start position:0% +like my product all that much so they + + + align:start position:0% +like my product all that much so they +can they buy they continue to search but + + align:start position:0% +can they buy they continue to search but + + + align:start position:0% +can they buy they continue to search but +then it turns out that the amount that + + align:start position:0% +then it turns out that the amount that + + + align:start position:0% +then it turns out that the amount that +they like the other firm's product is + + align:start position:0% +they like the other firm's product is + + + align:start position:0% +they like the other firm's product is +just ever so slightly greater than xar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so close to xstar that my DP price + + align:start position:0% +and so close to xstar that my DP price + + + align:start position:0% +and so close to xstar that my DP price +cut convinces them to buy from me + + align:start position:0% +cut convinces them to buy from me + + + align:start position:0% +cut convinces them to buy from me +instead of him and that's going to + + align:start position:0% +instead of him and that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +instead of him and that's going to +happen with probability DP divided by + + align:start position:0% +happen with probability DP divided by + + + align:start position:0% +happen with probability DP divided by +T okay so it's going to take this + + align:start position:0% +T okay so it's going to take this + + + align:start position:0% +T okay so it's going to take this +Coincidence of things that they they + + align:start position:0% +Coincidence of things that they they + + + align:start position:0% +Coincidence of things that they they +they visit me they they then visit him + + align:start position:0% +they visit me they they then visit him + + + align:start position:0% +they visit me they they then visit him +and then they like him just about the + + align:start position:0% +and then they like him just about the + + + align:start position:0% +and then they like him just about the +same so my DP price cut makes a + + align:start position:0% +same so my DP price cut makes a + + + align:start position:0% +same so my DP price cut makes a +difference okay there's also firms + + align:start position:0% +difference okay there's also firms + + + align:start position:0% +difference okay there's also firms +consumers who visit um oh sorry I did + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit um oh sorry I did + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit um oh sorry I did +that one backward so there are also + + align:start position:0% +that one backward so there are also + + + align:start position:0% +that one backward so there are also +consumers who visit the other firm first + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit the other firm first + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit the other firm first +don't like the other firm's product + + align:start position:0% +don't like the other firm's product + + + align:start position:0% +don't like the other firm's product +visit you like your product again almost + + align:start position:0% +visit you like your product again almost + + + align:start position:0% +visit you like your product again almost +exactly as much as they like the other + + align:start position:0% +exactly as much as they like the other + + + align:start position:0% +exactly as much as they like the other +firm's product and then the DP price cut + + align:start position:0% +firm's product and then the DP price cut + + + align:start position:0% +firm's product and then the DP price cut +makes a difference so we get these two + + align:start position:0% +makes a difference so we get these two + + + align:start position:0% +makes a difference so we get these two +terms that are both 1/2 xar one over T + + align:start position:0% +terms that are both 1/2 xar one over T + + + align:start position:0% +terms that are both 1/2 xar one over T +DP the third effect is this uh what + + align:start position:0% +DP the third effect is this uh what + + + align:start position:0% +DP the third effect is this uh what +we'll call the search deterrence effect + + align:start position:0% +we'll call the search deterrence effect + + + align:start position:0% +we'll call the search deterrence effect +the search deterrence effect only comes + + align:start position:0% +the search deterrence effect only comes + + + align:start position:0% +the search deterrence effect only comes +from consumers who visit me + + align:start position:0% +from consumers who visit me + + + align:start position:0% +from consumers who visit me +first and there consumers who visit me + + align:start position:0% +first and there consumers who visit me + + + align:start position:0% +first and there consumers who visit me +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +and would have bought from firm 2 if + + align:start position:0% +and would have bought from firm 2 if + + + align:start position:0% +and would have bought from firm 2 if +they went and visited firm 2 but who I + + align:start position:0% +they went and visited firm 2 but who I + + + align:start position:0% +they went and visited firm 2 but who I +convinced not to visit firm two with my + + align:start position:0% +convinced not to visit firm two with my + + + align:start position:0% +convinced not to visit firm two with my +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +cut and so you know when I cut my price + + align:start position:0% +cut and so you know when I cut my price + + + align:start position:0% +cut and so you know when I cut my price +by DP it's like I've made the match + + align:start position:0% +by DP it's like I've made the match + + + align:start position:0% +by DP it's like I've made the match +slightly better by some amount it's like + + align:start position:0% +slightly better by some amount it's like + + + align:start position:0% +slightly better by some amount it's like +I increase the match quality to xstar + + align:start position:0% +I increase the match quality to xstar + + + align:start position:0% +I increase the match quality to xstar +plus uh DP + + align:start position:0% +plus uh DP + + + align:start position:0% +plus uh DP +overt so I've made my match slightly + + align:start position:0% +overt so I've made my match slightly + + + align:start position:0% +overt so I've made my match slightly +better I've shifted the oops I made my + + align:start position:0% +better I've shifted the oops I made my + + + align:start position:0% +better I've shifted the oops I made my +price slightly better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so by making my price slightly better um + + align:start position:0% +so by making my price slightly better um + + + align:start position:0% +so by making my price slightly better um +I'm shifting this region back so if the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah if my price is if my price is + + align:start position:0% +um yeah if my price is if my price is + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah if my price is if my price is +lower the match quality and the quality + + align:start position:0% +lower the match quality and the quality + + + align:start position:0% +lower the match quality and the quality +space they need to it's it's like xstar + + align:start position:0% +space they need to it's it's like xstar + + + align:start position:0% +space they need to it's it's like xstar +shift + + align:start position:0% +shift + + + align:start position:0% +shift +back because like if my price is better + + align:start position:0% +back because like if my price is better + + + align:start position:0% +back because like if my price is better +they'll take it even if it's a slightly + + align:start position:0% +they'll take it even if it's a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +they'll take it even if it's a slightly +worse match quality and characteristic + + align:start position:0% +worse match quality and characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +worse match quality and characteristic +space and + + align:start position:0% +space and + + + align:start position:0% +space and +so I shift that line to the left by this + + align:start position:0% +so I shift that line to the left by this + + + align:start position:0% +so I shift that line to the left by this +distance and then if they would have + + align:start position:0% +distance and then if they would have + + + align:start position:0% +distance and then if they would have +bought for me anyway it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +bought for me anyway it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +bought for me anyway it doesn't matter +that I deterred the search but if they + + align:start position:0% +that I deterred the search but if they + + + align:start position:0% +that I deterred the search but if they +sh if they if they would have bought + + align:start position:0% +sh if they if they would have bought + + + align:start position:0% +sh if they if they would have bought +from the other guy then it is a gain and + + align:start position:0% +from the other guy then it is a gain and + + + align:start position:0% +from the other guy then it is a gain and +so I get these two effects one is the + + align:start position:0% +so I get these two effects one is the + + + align:start position:0% +so I get these two effects one is the +standard berand effect of or the + + align:start position:0% +standard berand effect of or the + + + align:start position:0% +standard berand effect of or the +standard hoteling effect of the people + + align:start position:0% +standard hoteling effect of the people + + + align:start position:0% +standard hoteling effect of the people +who see both prices and they're close + + align:start position:0% +who see both prices and they're close + + + align:start position:0% +who see both prices and they're close +together by the Epsilon price cut I get + + align:start position:0% +together by the Epsilon price cut I get + + + align:start position:0% +together by the Epsilon price cut I get +those consumers and then I have this + + align:start position:0% +those consumers and then I have this + + + align:start position:0% +those consumers and then I have this +extra effect of search deterrence effect + + align:start position:0% +extra effect of search deterrence effect + + + align:start position:0% +extra effect of search deterrence effect +that is by cutting my price I keep + + align:start position:0% +that is by cutting my price I keep + + + align:start position:0% +that is by cutting my price I keep +people from searching a second firm and + + align:start position:0% +people from searching a second firm and + + + align:start position:0% +people from searching a second firm and +so it must be that these three gains + + align:start position:0% +so it must be that these three gains + + + align:start position:0% +so it must be that these three gains +exactly offset this one + + align:start position:0% +exactly offset this one + + + align:start position:0% +exactly offset this one +loss anyway and so what you do is the + + align:start position:0% +loss anyway and so what you do is the + + + align:start position:0% +loss anyway and so what you do is the +first order condition sets the gain + + align:start position:0% +first order condition sets the gain + + + align:start position:0% +first order condition sets the gain +equal to the loss you solve and it gives + + align:start position:0% +equal to the loss you solve and it gives + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the loss you solve and it gives +you that + + align:start position:0% +you that + + + align:start position:0% +you that +formula okay so that's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +formula okay so that's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +formula okay so that's sort of the +mechanics that's the mechanics of + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that's the mechanics of + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that's the mechanics of +finding the equilibrium and the sort I + + align:start position:0% +finding the equilibrium and the sort I + + + align:start position:0% +finding the equilibrium and the sort I +guess the key economic point is just + + align:start position:0% +guess the key economic point is just + + + align:start position:0% +guess the key economic point is just +there're those two tradeoffs the price + + align:start position:0% +there're those two tradeoffs the price + + + align:start position:0% +there're those two tradeoffs the price +comparison effect and the search + + align:start position:0% +comparison effect and the search + + + align:start position:0% +comparison effect and the search +deterrence + + align:start position:0% +deterrence + + + align:start position:0% +deterrence +effect + + align:start position:0% +effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect +okay okay + + align:start position:0% +okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay +um fixed sample search um so any anyway + + align:start position:0% +um fixed sample search um so any anyway + + + align:start position:0% +um fixed sample search um so any anyway +any any questions on search with + + align:start position:0% +any any questions on search with + + + align:start position:0% +any any questions on search with +differentiated + + align:start position:0% +differentiated + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated +products okay okay so fixed sample + + align:start position:0% +products okay okay so fixed sample + + + align:start position:0% +products okay okay so fixed sample +search you know in some + + align:start position:0% +search you know in some + + + align:start position:0% +search you know in some +applications the the model we've been + + align:start position:0% +applications the the model we've been + + + align:start position:0% +applications the the model we've been +doing so far has this idea you go out + + align:start position:0% +doing so far has this idea you go out + + + align:start position:0% +doing so far has this idea you go out +and you do a search you see what you + + align:start position:0% +and you do a search you see what you + + + align:start position:0% +and you do a search you see what you +find whether you like the product you + + align:start position:0% +find whether you like the product you + + + align:start position:0% +find whether you like the product you +decide whether to stop here and buy or + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to stop here and buy or + + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to stop here and buy or +go to another search there's some + + align:start position:0% +go to another search there's some + + + align:start position:0% +go to another search there's some +applications like getting contractors to + + align:start position:0% +applications like getting contractors to + + + align:start position:0% +applications like getting contractors to +renovate your bathroom that you can't do + + align:start position:0% +renovate your bathroom that you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +renovate your bathroom that you can't do +this sequential search process like it + + align:start position:0% +this sequential search process like it + + + align:start position:0% +this sequential search process like it +takes a long time to get a contractor to + + align:start position:0% +takes a long time to get a contractor to + + + align:start position:0% +takes a long time to get a contractor to +submit a bid it may you know it you call + + align:start position:0% +submit a bid it may you know it you call + + + align:start position:0% +submit a bid it may you know it you call +him on the phone takes the guy forever + + align:start position:0% +him on the phone takes the guy forever + + + align:start position:0% +him on the phone takes the guy forever +to come he looks at your bathroom he + + align:start position:0% +to come he looks at your bathroom he + + + align:start position:0% +to come he looks at your bathroom he +sort of says I'll get back to you he + + align:start position:0% +sort of says I'll get back to you he + + + align:start position:0% +sort of says I'll get back to you he +doesn't get back to you you know a month + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get back to you you know a month + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get back to you you know a month +later he finally works out what he's + + align:start position:0% +later he finally works out what he's + + + align:start position:0% +later he finally works out what he's +going to charge you if you you do that + + align:start position:0% +going to charge you if you you do that + + + align:start position:0% +going to charge you if you you do that +sequentially you know your bathroom will + + align:start position:0% +sequentially you know your bathroom will + + + align:start position:0% +sequentially you know your bathroom will +never get renovated so what you do in + + align:start position:0% +never get renovated so what you do in + + + align:start position:0% +never get renovated so what you do in +practice and you know I mean governments + + align:start position:0% +practice and you know I mean governments + + + align:start position:0% +practice and you know I mean governments +you know we do this all the time we're + + align:start position:0% +you know we do this all the time we're + + + align:start position:0% +you know we do this all the time we're +renovating new space in the economics + + align:start position:0% +renovating new space in the economics + + + align:start position:0% +renovating new space in the economics +Department you try to get two or three + + align:start position:0% +Department you try to get two or three + + + align:start position:0% +Department you try to get two or three +contractors to bid you sort of say okay + + align:start position:0% +contractors to bid you sort of say okay + + + align:start position:0% +contractors to bid you sort of say okay +we're getting three bids you you sort of + + align:start position:0% +we're getting three bids you you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting three bids you you sort of +you know you may put a bid deadline on + + align:start position:0% +you know you may put a bid deadline on + + + align:start position:0% +you know you may put a bid deadline on +them you may tell the guys look I'm + + align:start position:0% +them you may tell the guys look I'm + + + align:start position:0% +them you may tell the guys look I'm +getting three bids I want all the bids + + align:start position:0% +getting three bids I want all the bids + + + align:start position:0% +getting three bids I want all the bids +in by December 1st if you don't get your + + align:start position:0% +in by December 1st if you don't get your + + + align:start position:0% +in by December 1st if you don't get your +thing in by December 1st I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +thing in by December 1st I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +thing in by December 1st I'm not going +to consider you by December 1st you get + + align:start position:0% +to consider you by December 1st you get + + + align:start position:0% +to consider you by December 1st you get +three bids and then you compare them and + + align:start position:0% +three bids and then you compare them and + + + align:start position:0% +three bids and then you compare them and +then you're done but sort of deciding on + + align:start position:0% +then you're done but sort of deciding on + + + align:start position:0% +then you're done but sort of deciding on +how many bids you're going to get before + + align:start position:0% +how many bids you're going to get before + + + align:start position:0% +how many bids you're going to get before +you see what the bids are and that's the + + align:start position:0% +you see what the bids are and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you see what the bids are and that's the +difference between the what we call the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the what we call the +fixed sample search model versus + + align:start position:0% +fixed sample search model versus + + + align:start position:0% +fixed sample search model versus +sequential model sequential model you + + align:start position:0% +sequential model sequential model you + + + align:start position:0% +sequential model sequential model you +treat them one at a time and decide + + align:start position:0% +treat them one at a time and decide + + + align:start position:0% +treat them one at a time and decide +whether to go on the fix sample one you + + align:start position:0% +whether to go on the fix sample one you + + + align:start position:0% +whether to go on the fix sample one you +decide how many to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get and it turns out that you know these + + align:start position:0% +get and it turns out that you know these + + + align:start position:0% +get and it turns out that you know these +models work somewhat similarly um for a + + align:start position:0% +models work somewhat similarly um for a + + + align:start position:0% +models work somewhat similarly um for a +while this fixed sample model was more + + align:start position:0% +while this fixed sample model was more + + + align:start position:0% +while this fixed sample model was more +popular in structural empirical work + + align:start position:0% +popular in structural empirical work + + + align:start position:0% +popular in structural empirical work +because the equations turn out to be a + + align:start position:0% +because the equations turn out to be a + + + align:start position:0% +because the equations turn out to be a +little bit e you know like in the um if + + align:start position:0% +little bit e you know like in the um if + + + align:start position:0% +little bit e you know like in the um if +you think about it in the sequential + + align:start position:0% +you think about it in the sequential + + + align:start position:0% +you think about it in the sequential +model the consumer is doing this dynamic + + align:start position:0% +model the consumer is doing this dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +model the consumer is doing this dynamic +programming problem uh in the fixed + + align:start position:0% +programming problem uh in the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +programming problem uh in the fixed +sample model the consumer is choosing a + + align:start position:0% +sample model the consumer is choosing a + + + align:start position:0% +sample model the consumer is choosing a +finite integer and so that choosing a + + align:start position:0% +finite integer and so that choosing a + + + align:start position:0% +finite integer and so that choosing a +finite integer is a much simpler + + align:start position:0% +finite integer is a much simpler + + + align:start position:0% +finite integer is a much simpler +strategy space for the consumer than + + align:start position:0% +strategy space for the consumer than + + + align:start position:0% +strategy space for the consumer than +this optimal dynamic programming thing + + align:start position:0% +this optimal dynamic programming thing + + + align:start position:0% +this optimal dynamic programming thing +and so therefore there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore there are a lot of +models that use the fix sample search + + align:start position:0% +models that use the fix sample search + + + align:start position:0% +models that use the fix sample search +you know sometimes it's appropriate + + align:start position:0% +you know sometimes it's appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +you know sometimes it's appropriate +sometimes you sort of think sequential + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you sort of think sequential + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you sort of think sequential +seems better but + + align:start position:0% +seems better but + + + align:start position:0% +seems better but +fix does a lot of this it behaves in a + + align:start position:0% +fix does a lot of this it behaves in a + + + align:start position:0% +fix does a lot of this it behaves in a +lot of ways similarly so let me go over + + align:start position:0% +lot of ways similarly so let me go over + + + align:start position:0% +lot of ways similarly so let me go over +how You' solve that one so you again the + + align:start position:0% +how You' solve that one so you again the + + + align:start position:0% +how You' solve that one so you again the +game is going to be + + align:start position:0% +game is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +game is going to be +um uh oh actually timing of the game I + + align:start position:0% +um uh oh actually timing of the game I + + + align:start position:0% +um uh oh actually timing of the game I +should have reversed this first stage + + align:start position:0% +should have reversed this first stage + + + align:start position:0% +should have reversed this first stage +consumers decide how many searches K + + align:start position:0% +consumers decide how many searches K + + + align:start position:0% +consumers decide how many searches K +they're going quotes they're going to + + align:start position:0% +they're going quotes they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +they're going quotes they're going to +get oh no actually timing game first so + + align:start position:0% +get oh no actually timing game first so + + + align:start position:0% +get oh no actually timing game first so +first the firms uh simultaneously choose + + align:start position:0% +first the firms uh simultaneously choose + + + align:start position:0% +first the firms uh simultaneously choose +prices so I did the timing right the + + align:start position:0% +prices so I did the timing right the + + + align:start position:0% +prices so I did the timing right the +firms are choosing prices and they're + + align:start position:0% +firms are choosing prices and they're + + + align:start position:0% +firms are choosing prices and they're +selling a homogeneous good renovating + + align:start position:0% +selling a homogeneous good renovating + + + align:start position:0% +selling a homogeneous good renovating +your bathroom let's say it's + + align:start position:0% +your bathroom let's say it's + + + align:start position:0% +your bathroom let's say it's +homogeneous um you have heterogeneous + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous um you have heterogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous um you have heterogeneous +consumers they have search cost s + + align:start position:0% +consumers they have search cost s + + + align:start position:0% +consumers they have search cost s +they're distributed according to G on + + align:start position:0% +they're distributed according to G on + + + align:start position:0% +they're distributed according to G on +some interval s lower bar s upper bar + + align:start position:0% +some interval s lower bar s upper bar + + + align:start position:0% +some interval s lower bar s upper bar +like install no Shoppers here um and + + align:start position:0% +like install no Shoppers here um and + + + align:start position:0% +like install no Shoppers here um and +then the consumers are going to again + + align:start position:0% +then the consumers are going to again + + + align:start position:0% +then the consumers are going to again +have multi-unit + + align:start position:0% +have multi-unit + + + align:start position:0% +have multi-unit +demands and what the consumers do is + + align:start position:0% +demands and what the consumers do is + + + align:start position:0% +demands and what the consumers do is +they choose how many price quotes to get + + align:start position:0% +they choose how many price quotes to get + + + align:start position:0% +they choose how many price quotes to get +so the timing of the game is the firms + + align:start position:0% +so the timing of the game is the firms + + + align:start position:0% +so the timing of the game is the firms +choose their prices each consumer + + align:start position:0% +choose their prices each consumer + + + align:start position:0% +choose their prices each consumer +decides how many quotes they want they + + align:start position:0% +decides how many quotes they want they + + + align:start position:0% +decides how many quotes they want they +then get the quotes by sampling randomly + + align:start position:0% +then get the quotes by sampling randomly + + + align:start position:0% +then get the quotes by sampling randomly +from what the firm from the firms set of + + align:start position:0% +from what the firm from the firms set of + + + align:start position:0% +from what the firm from the firms set of +firms uh and then the consumers buy from + + align:start position:0% +firms uh and then the consumers buy from + + + align:start position:0% +firms uh and then the consumers buy from +whichever firm gave them the best + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +okay so again as in that sort of stall + + align:start position:0% +okay so again as in that sort of stall + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again as in that sort of stall +model I did this is going to be a model + + align:start position:0% +model I did this is going to be a model + + + align:start position:0% +model I did this is going to be a model +that has a mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +that has a mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +that has a mixed strategy +equilibrium and it's going to have a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and it's going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and it's going to have a +mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy +equilibrium doesn't look exactly like + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium doesn't look exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium doesn't look exactly like +these but it's going to be the same kind + + align:start position:0% +these but it's going to be the same kind + + + align:start position:0% +these but it's going to be the same kind +of thing there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +of thing there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +of thing there's going to be some +density F of p on some interval P lower + + align:start position:0% +density F of p on some interval P lower + + + align:start position:0% +density F of p on some interval P lower +bar P upper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar if that's what happens you know + + align:start position:0% +bar if that's what happens you know + + + align:start position:0% +bar if that's what happens you know +firms mix over some interval P lower bar + + align:start position:0% +firms mix over some interval P lower bar + + + align:start position:0% +firms mix over some interval P lower bar +P upper bar what's your value from + + align:start position:0% +P upper bar what's your value from + + + align:start position:0% +P upper bar what's your value from +getting uh K price + + align:start position:0% +getting uh K price + + + align:start position:0% +getting uh K price +quotes your value from getting K price + + align:start position:0% +quotes your value from getting K price + + + align:start position:0% +quotes your value from getting K price +quotes is you're just going to integrate + + align:start position:0% +quotes is you're just going to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +quotes is you're just going to integrate +over P from P lower bar to P upper bar + + align:start position:0% +over P from P lower bar to P upper bar + + + align:start position:0% +over P from P lower bar to P upper bar +consumer surplus of x + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus of x + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus of x +time F of 1 colon K of X DX where F of 1 + + align:start position:0% +time F of 1 colon K of X DX where F of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +time F of 1 colon K of X DX where F of 1 +colon K I'm defined to be the first + + align:start position:0% +colon K I'm defined to be the first + + + align:start position:0% +colon K I'm defined to be the first +order statistic of K draws in that + + align:start position:0% +order statistic of K draws in that + + + align:start position:0% +order statistic of K draws in that +distribution so if I'm getting K draws + + align:start position:0% +distribution so if I'm getting K draws + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so if I'm getting K draws +from that distribution F what is the + + align:start position:0% +from that distribution F what is the + + + align:start position:0% +from that distribution F what is the +density of the lowest of the K draws and + + align:start position:0% +density of the lowest of the K draws and + + + align:start position:0% +density of the lowest of the K draws and +the density of the lowest of K draws + + align:start position:0% +the density of the lowest of K draws + + + align:start position:0% +the density of the lowest of K draws +from that distribution + + align:start position:0% +from that distribution + + + align:start position:0% +from that distribution +is um what's this K you know probability + + align:start position:0% +is um what's this K you know probability + + + align:start position:0% +is um what's this K you know probability +that the lowest draw is exactly X is K * + + align:start position:0% +that the lowest draw is exactly X is K * + + + align:start position:0% +that the lowest draw is exactly X is K * +FX * 1 - F to the K minus one so it's + + align:start position:0% +FX * 1 - F to the K minus one so it's + + + align:start position:0% +FX * 1 - F to the K minus one so it's +there's one firm offering price exactly + + align:start position:0% +there's one firm offering price exactly + + + align:start position:0% +there's one firm offering price exactly +X which happens with probability KF of X + + align:start position:0% +X which happens with probability KF of X + + + align:start position:0% +X which happens with probability KF of X +and then all other firms have higher + + align:start position:0% +and then all other firms have higher + + + align:start position:0% +and then all other firms have higher +prices you know so like if this is the + + align:start position:0% +prices you know so like if this is the + + + align:start position:0% +prices you know so like if this is the +distribution and then I say what's the + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then I say what's the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then I say what's the +distribution of uh the best of of two + + align:start position:0% +distribution of uh the best of of two + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of uh the best of of two +draws that distribution it's got more + + align:start position:0% +draws that distribution it's got more + + + align:start position:0% +draws that distribution it's got more +mass here and less Mass here because I'm + + align:start position:0% +mass here and less Mass here because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mass here and less Mass here because I'm +more likely to find something big if I + + align:start position:0% +more likely to find something big if I + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to find something big if I +do 100 draws I'm very likely to find the + + align:start position:0% +do 100 draws I'm very likely to find the + + + align:start position:0% +do 100 draws I'm very likely to find the +lowest price and very unlikely to find + + align:start position:0% +lowest price and very unlikely to find + + + align:start position:0% +lowest price and very unlikely to find +the highest price is the best in my + + align:start position:0% +the highest price is the best in my + + + align:start position:0% +the highest price is the best in my +sample of + + align:start position:0% +sample of + + + align:start position:0% +sample of +100 so I'm choosing K that affects the + + align:start position:0% +100 so I'm choosing K that affects the + + + align:start position:0% +100 so I'm choosing K that affects the +density of the lowest price and then + + align:start position:0% +density of the lowest price and then + + + align:start position:0% +density of the lowest price and then +this becomes my utility that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +this becomes my utility that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +this becomes my utility that I'm going +to get from buying from that firm I + + align:start position:0% +to get from buying from that firm I + + + align:start position:0% +to get from buying from that firm I +guess minus the search + + align:start position:0% +guess minus the search + + + align:start position:0% +guess minus the search +cost okay notice that this model has a + + align:start position:0% +cost okay notice that this model has a + + + align:start position:0% +cost okay notice that this model has a +natural decreasing marginal returns to + + align:start position:0% +natural decreasing marginal returns to + + + align:start position:0% +natural decreasing marginal returns to +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +property the value of the first search + + align:start position:0% +property the value of the first search + + + align:start position:0% +property the value of the first search +is bigger than the incremental value of + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than the incremental value of + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than the incremental value of +the second search is bigger than the + + align:start position:0% +the second search is bigger than the + + + align:start position:0% +the second search is bigger than the +incremental value of the third search + + align:start position:0% +incremental value of the third search + + + align:start position:0% +incremental value of the third search +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +on why is that well it's because the + + align:start position:0% +on why is that well it's because the + + + align:start position:0% +on why is that well it's because the +incremental value of the kith search is + + align:start position:0% +incremental value of the kith search is + + + align:start position:0% +incremental value of the kith search is +just I'm integrating over all prices + + align:start position:0% +just I'm integrating over all prices + + + align:start position:0% +just I'm integrating over all prices +that I might find on the kith search V + + align:start position:0% +that I might find on the kith search V + + + align:start position:0% +that I might find on the kith search V +ofx times the density of the best price + + align:start position:0% +ofx times the density of the best price + + + align:start position:0% +ofx times the density of the best price +you know so think about I'm just + + align:start position:0% +you know so think about I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +you know so think about I'm just +conditioning on the best price I found + + align:start position:0% +conditioning on the best price I found + + + align:start position:0% +conditioning on the best price I found +in the first K minus one searches and so + + align:start position:0% +in the first K minus one searches and so + + + align:start position:0% +in the first K minus one searches and so +the best price I found in the first K + + align:start position:0% +the best price I found in the first K + + + align:start position:0% +the best price I found in the first K +minus one searches was X I'm now going + + align:start position:0% +minus one searches was X I'm now going + + + align:start position:0% +minus one searches was X I'm now going +to get V of x from an extra search where + + align:start position:0% +to get V of x from an extra search where + + + align:start position:0% +to get V of x from an extra search where +V ofx is that quantity I gave you before + + align:start position:0% +V ofx is that quantity I gave you before + + + align:start position:0% +V ofx is that quantity I gave you before +that integral okay and so + + align:start position:0% +that integral okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +that integral okay and so +as V is an increasing function you know + + align:start position:0% +as V is an increasing function you know + + + align:start position:0% +as V is an increasing function you know +the higher is the P the best price I + + align:start position:0% +the higher is the P the best price I + + + align:start position:0% +the higher is the P the best price I +found the higher is my gain to search + + align:start position:0% +found the higher is my gain to search + + + align:start position:0% +found the higher is my gain to search +but then as K increases these + + align:start position:0% +but then as K increases these + + + align:start position:0% +but then as K increases these +distributions are uh decreasing in a + + align:start position:0% +distributions are uh decreasing in a + + + align:start position:0% +distributions are uh decreasing in a +first order stochastic dominant sense + + align:start position:0% +first order stochastic dominant sense + + + align:start position:0% +first order stochastic dominant sense +and so because I've already found a good + + align:start position:0% +and so because I've already found a good + + + align:start position:0% +and so because I've already found a good +price the gain from a new search is + + align:start position:0% +price the gain from a new search is + + + align:start position:0% +price the gain from a new search is +reduced so you know because you know + + align:start position:0% +reduced so you know because you know + + + align:start position:0% +reduced so you know because you know +once I've already found a once like if + + align:start position:0% +once I've already found a once like if + + + align:start position:0% +once I've already found a once like if +I've already done a thousand searches + + align:start position:0% +I've already done a thousand searches + + + align:start position:0% +I've already done a thousand searches +I've probably already found something + + align:start position:0% +I've probably already found something + + + align:start position:0% +I've probably already found something +very close the lowest possible so the + + align:start position:0% +very close the lowest possible so the + + + align:start position:0% +very close the lowest possible so the +value of one extra search is small and + + align:start position:0% +value of one extra search is small and + + + align:start position:0% +value of one extra search is small and +it just has that it's got that that + + align:start position:0% +it just has that it's got that that + + + align:start position:0% +it just has that it's got that that +monotonicity property every extra search + + align:start position:0% +monotonicity property every extra search + + + align:start position:0% +monotonicity property every extra search +it's more likely the best price I found + + align:start position:0% +it's more likely the best price I found + + + align:start position:0% +it's more likely the best price I found +is low and therefore it's more likely my + + align:start position:0% +is low and therefore it's more likely my + + + align:start position:0% +is low and therefore it's more likely my +gain from search is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +low okay um so what do we get in + + align:start position:0% +low okay um so what do we get in + + + align:start position:0% +low okay um so what do we get in +equilibrium um in equilibrium we get a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium um in equilibrium we get a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium um in equilibrium we get a +graph that looks like this where if your + + align:start position:0% +graph that looks like this where if your + + + align:start position:0% +graph that looks like this where if your +search cost is less than you know this + + align:start position:0% +search cost is less than you know this + + + align:start position:0% +search cost is less than you know this +thing this line here would be at U of + + align:start position:0% +thing this line here would be at U of + + + align:start position:0% +thing this line here would be at U of +n uh minus U of n minus one or U subn + + align:start position:0% +n uh minus U of n minus one or U subn + + + align:start position:0% +n uh minus U of n minus one or U subn +minus U subn minus one if your search + + align:start position:0% +minus U subn minus one if your search + + + align:start position:0% +minus U subn minus one if your search +cost is below that you'll visit every + + align:start position:0% +cost is below that you'll visit every + + + align:start position:0% +cost is below that you'll visit every +firm if your search cost is above that + + align:start position:0% +firm if your search cost is above that + + + align:start position:0% +firm if your search cost is above that +but less than U of n minus one minus U + + align:start position:0% +but less than U of n minus one minus U + + + align:start position:0% +but less than U of n minus one minus U +of n minus 2 you'll visit n minus one + + align:start position:0% +of n minus 2 you'll visit n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +of n minus 2 you'll visit n minus one +firms if your search cost is higher + + align:start position:0% +firms if your search cost is higher + + + align:start position:0% +firms if your search cost is higher +you'll visit n minus two firms so on you + + align:start position:0% +you'll visit n minus two firms so on you + + + align:start position:0% +you'll visit n minus two firms so on you +go all the way out there's some + + align:start position:0% +go all the way out there's some + + + align:start position:0% +go all the way out there's some +consumers who visit one firm and there + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit one firm and there + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit one firm and there +may be some consumers with S as high + + align:start position:0% +may be some consumers with S as high + + + align:start position:0% +may be some consumers with S as high +they would visit zero + + align:start position:0% +they would visit zero + + + align:start position:0% +they would visit zero +firms so what we're going to get is the + + align:start position:0% +firms so what we're going to get is the + + + align:start position:0% +firms so what we're going to get is the +search cost + + align:start position:0% +search cost + + + align:start position:0% +search cost +uh are just going to divide up into + + align:start position:0% +uh are just going to divide up into + + + align:start position:0% +uh are just going to divide up into +these intervals so it's going to be an + + align:start position:0% +these intervals so it's going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +these intervals so it's going to be an +interval of people who do n n minus1 n + + align:start position:0% +interval of people who do n n minus1 n + + + align:start position:0% +interval of people who do n n minus1 n +minus 2 and so + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 and so + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 and so +on and then remember I had some density + + align:start position:0% +on and then remember I had some density + + + align:start position:0% +on and then remember I had some density +uh capital G of on the search cost on + + align:start position:0% +uh capital G of on the search cost on + + + align:start position:0% +uh capital G of on the search cost on +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +interval so then integrating that + + align:start position:0% +interval so then integrating that + + + align:start position:0% +interval so then integrating that +density over these regions is going to + + align:start position:0% +density over these regions is going to + + + align:start position:0% +density over these regions is going to +give you you know the so if + + align:start position:0% +give you you know the so if + + + align:start position:0% +give you you know the so if +I don't right on my screen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +um I have these regions where you do n + + align:start position:0% +um I have these regions where you do n + + + align:start position:0% +um I have these regions where you do n +searches n minus one + + align:start position:0% +searches n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +searches n minus one +searches n minus two searches all the + + align:start position:0% +searches n minus two searches all the + + + align:start position:0% +searches n minus two searches all the +way out to this region you do one + + align:start position:0% +way out to this region you do one + + + align:start position:0% +way out to this region you do one +search and then there's some density of + + align:start position:0% +search and then there's some density of + + + align:start position:0% +search and then there's some density of +search cost that looks like that this is + + align:start position:0% +search cost that looks like that this is + + + align:start position:0% +search cost that looks like that this is +the G of s the integral of G over this + + align:start position:0% +the G of s the integral of G over this + + + align:start position:0% +the G of s the integral of G over this +region is the mass qn of people who do + + align:start position:0% +region is the mass qn of people who do + + + align:start position:0% +region is the mass qn of people who do +exactly n searches and the integral over + + align:start position:0% +exactly n searches and the integral over + + + align:start position:0% +exactly n searches and the integral over +this region + + align:start position:0% +this region + + + align:start position:0% +this region +this is qn minus one the mass of people + + align:start position:0% +this is qn minus one the mass of people + + + align:start position:0% +this is qn minus one the mass of people +who do n minus one searches and then I + + align:start position:0% +who do n minus one searches and then I + + + align:start position:0% +who do n minus one searches and then I +go the way out to here the integral over + + align:start position:0% +go the way out to here the integral over + + + align:start position:0% +go the way out to here the integral over +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region these are the people who do one + + align:start position:0% +region these are the people who do one + + + align:start position:0% +region these are the people who do one +search so just integrating the density G + + align:start position:0% +search so just integrating the density G + + + align:start position:0% +search so just integrating the density G +over these boundary regions of how many + + align:start position:0% +over these boundary regions of how many + + + align:start position:0% +over these boundary regions of how many +searches you do gives me the number of + + align:start position:0% +searches you do gives me the number of + + + align:start position:0% +searches you do gives me the number of +people who do one search the number of + + align:start position:0% +people who do one search the number of + + + align:start position:0% +people who do one search the number of +people who do two searches the number of + + align:start position:0% +people who do two searches the number of + + + align:start position:0% +people who do two searches the number of +people who do n minus one searches the + + align:start position:0% +people who do n minus one searches the + + + align:start position:0% +people who do n minus one searches the +number of people who do n searches + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and then you know just like install + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you know just like install + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you know just like install +we're going to get you know the fact + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get you know the fact + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get you know the fact +that you if you think about stall stall + + align:start position:0% +that you if you think about stall stall + + + align:start position:0% +that you if you think about stall stall +was the assum like the solvable equation + + align:start position:0% +was the assum like the solvable equation + + + align:start position:0% +was the assum like the solvable equation +of stall I did for you was q1 was mu qn + + align:start position:0% +of stall I did for you was q1 was mu qn + + + align:start position:0% +of stall I did for you was q1 was mu qn +was 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +was 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +was 1 minus +mu all these other were zero right + + align:start position:0% +mu all these other were zero right + + + align:start position:0% +mu all these other were zero right +that's what I did for you is there are a + + align:start position:0% +that's what I did for you is there are a + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I did for you is there are a +bunch of people doing one search a bunch + + align:start position:0% +bunch of people doing one search a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of people doing one search a bunch +of people doing n searches and then no + + align:start position:0% +of people doing n searches and then no + + + align:start position:0% +of people doing n searches and then no +nobody else in that one case I solved + + align:start position:0% +nobody else in that one case I solved + + + align:start position:0% +nobody else in that one case I solved +for you in this model all these qes are + + align:start position:0% +for you in this model all these qes are + + + align:start position:0% +for you in this model all these qes are +going to be non zero but you're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to be non zero but you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be non zero but you're going to +solve this model in exactly the same way + + align:start position:0% +solve this model in exactly the same way + + + align:start position:0% +solve this model in exactly the same way +you know you're going to say I know what + + align:start position:0% +you know you're going to say I know what + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're going to say I know what +the distribution of I know what the + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of I know what the + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of I know what the +profits are in this case I the profits + + align:start position:0% +profits are in this case I the profits + + + align:start position:0% +profits are in this case I the profits +that I know is I know that the profits + + align:start position:0% +that I know is I know that the profits + + + align:start position:0% +that I know is I know that the profits +if I charge the Monopoly price are going + + align:start position:0% +if I charge the Monopoly price are going + + + align:start position:0% +if I charge the Monopoly price are going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +PM minus c d of PM + + align:start position:0% +PM minus c d of PM + + + align:start position:0% +PM minus c d of PM +M * q1 * 1 n right if I charge the you + + align:start position:0% +M * q1 * 1 n right if I charge the you + + + align:start position:0% +M * q1 * 1 n right if I charge the you +know the P upper bar is going to be PM + + align:start position:0% +know the P upper bar is going to be PM + + + align:start position:0% +know the P upper bar is going to be PM +in this model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always so if I charge the highest + + align:start position:0% +always so if I charge the highest + + + align:start position:0% +always so if I charge the highest +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +price my profit is I'm going to sell to + + align:start position:0% +price my profit is I'm going to sell to + + + align:start position:0% +price my profit is I'm going to sell to +the consumer if and only if they visit + + align:start position:0% +the consumer if and only if they visit + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer if and only if they visit +me first and they're one of the + + align:start position:0% +me first and they're one of the + + + align:start position:0% +me first and they're one of the +consumers who who decided to only get + + align:start position:0% +consumers who who decided to only get + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who who decided to only get +one price quote so the High s people + + align:start position:0% +one price quote so the High s people + + + align:start position:0% +one price quote so the High s people +here decide to get exactly one price + + align:start position:0% +here decide to get exactly one price + + + align:start position:0% +here decide to get exactly one price +quote so I'm going to sell to them if + + align:start position:0% +quote so I'm going to sell to them if + + + align:start position:0% +quote so I'm going to sell to them if +they get exactly one price quote and + + align:start position:0% +they get exactly one price quote and + + + align:start position:0% +they get exactly one price quote and +that one price quote is me and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +that one price quote is me and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that one price quote is me and then I'm +going to rip them off with the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +going to rip them off with the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +going to rip them off with the Monopoly +price and this is going to be my profit + + align:start position:0% +price and this is going to be my profit + + + align:start position:0% +price and this is going to be my profit +P PM minus CD of + + align:start position:0% +P PM minus CD of + + + align:start position:0% +P PM minus CD of +PM what do I get if I charge any other + + align:start position:0% +PM what do I get if I charge any other + + + align:start position:0% +PM what do I get if I charge any other +price well I'm going to get again P + + align:start position:0% +price well I'm going to get again P + + + align:start position:0% +price well I'm going to get again P +minus CD of PM per + + align:start position:0% +minus CD of PM per + + + align:start position:0% +minus CD of PM per +consumer but then how many consumers am + + align:start position:0% +consumer but then how many consumers am + + + align:start position:0% +consumer but then how many consumers am +I going to + + align:start position:0% +I going to + + + align:start position:0% +I going to +get well if a consumer visits me + + align:start position:0% +get well if a consumer visits me + + + align:start position:0% +get well if a consumer visits me +first uh if a consumer V is doing one + + align:start position:0% +first uh if a consumer V is doing one + + + align:start position:0% +first uh if a consumer V is doing one +search and visits me first they always + + align:start position:0% +search and visits me first they always + + + align:start position:0% +search and visits me first they always +buy but then also there are some + + align:start position:0% +buy but then also there are some + + + align:start position:0% +buy but then also there are some +consumers who visit two + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit two + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who visit two +firms they visit me with probability 2 + + align:start position:0% +firms they visit me with probability 2 + + + align:start position:0% +firms they visit me with probability 2 +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +n and then I sell to them with + + align:start position:0% +n and then I sell to them with + + + align:start position:0% +n and then I sell to them with +probability 1 minus capital F of P + + align:start position:0% +probability 1 minus capital F of P + + + align:start position:0% +probability 1 minus capital F of P +because it has to be they visit two + + align:start position:0% +because it has to be they visit two + + + align:start position:0% +because it has to be they visit two +firms they visit me and somebody else + + align:start position:0% +firms they visit me and somebody else + + + align:start position:0% +firms they visit me and somebody else +charging an even higher + + align:start position:0% +charging an even higher + + + align:start position:0% +charging an even higher +price and then they're also consumers + + align:start position:0% +price and then they're also consumers + + + align:start position:0% +price and then they're also consumers +who visit Three + + align:start position:0% +who visit Three + + + align:start position:0% +who visit Three +firms they visit me with probability 3 + + align:start position:0% +firms they visit me with probability 3 + + + align:start position:0% +firms they visit me with probability 3 +over n and they buy from me with + + align:start position:0% +over n and they buy from me with + + + align:start position:0% +over n and they buy from me with +probability one minus F of p^ squ + + align:start position:0% +probability one minus F of p^ squ + + + align:start position:0% +probability one minus F of p^ squ +because it has to be they visit Three + + align:start position:0% +because it has to be they visit Three + + + align:start position:0% +because it has to be they visit Three +firms I'm included and the other two + + align:start position:0% +firms I'm included and the other two + + + align:start position:0% +firms I'm included and the other two +firms act turn out to have higher prices + + align:start position:0% +firms act turn out to have higher prices + + + align:start position:0% +firms act turn out to have higher prices +than me well again you know this is + + align:start position:0% +than me well again you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +than me well again you know this is +a this becomes an Nth Degree polinomial + + align:start position:0% +a this becomes an Nth Degree polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +a this becomes an Nth Degree polinomial +instead of a instead of something that + + align:start position:0% +instead of a instead of something that + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a instead of something that +just has one minus F in one place but + + align:start position:0% +just has one minus F in one place but + + + align:start position:0% +just has one minus F in one place but +you can still this equals this lets you + + align:start position:0% +you can still this equals this lets you + + + align:start position:0% +you can still this equals this lets you +solve for f of P for every P less than + + align:start position:0% +solve for f of P for every P less than + + + align:start position:0% +solve for f of P for every P less than +pm and so it's it's the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +pm and so it's it's the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pm and so it's it's the same kind of +argument as install is like if you knew + + align:start position:0% +argument as install is like if you knew + + + align:start position:0% +argument as install is like if you knew +q1 through qn you could solve for what + + align:start position:0% +q1 through qn you could solve for what + + + align:start position:0% +q1 through qn you could solve for what +capital F would have to + + align:start position:0% +capital F would have to + + + align:start position:0% +capital F would have to +be uh but then in this model there is a + + align:start position:0% +be uh but then in this model there is a + + + align:start position:0% +be uh but then in this model there is a +fixed Point calculation you sort of say + + align:start position:0% +fixed Point calculation you sort of say + + + align:start position:0% +fixed Point calculation you sort of say +okay here's my guess for what q1 through + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my guess for what q1 through + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my guess for what q1 through +qn are I guess q1 through qn I figure + + align:start position:0% +qn are I guess q1 through qn I figure + + + align:start position:0% +qn are I guess q1 through qn I figure +out what capital F would have to + + align:start position:0% +out what capital F would have to + + + align:start position:0% +out what capital F would have to +be once I figured out what capital F + + align:start position:0% +be once I figured out what capital F + + + align:start position:0% +be once I figured out what capital F +would be I do this computation of what + + align:start position:0% +would be I do this computation of what + + + align:start position:0% +would be I do this computation of what +the use are to figure out how many + + align:start position:0% +the use are to figure out how many + + + align:start position:0% +the use are to figure out how many +consumers search N Things and I see if I + + align:start position:0% +consumers search N Things and I see if I + + + align:start position:0% +consumers search N Things and I see if I +reproduce the q1 through + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the q1 through + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the q1 through +qn and so in numerically I solve this by + + align:start position:0% +qn and so in numerically I solve this by + + + align:start position:0% +qn and so in numerically I solve this by +finding a fixed Point problem I guess q1 + + align:start position:0% +finding a fixed Point problem I guess q1 + + + align:start position:0% +finding a fixed Point problem I guess q1 +through qn I figure out what F would + + align:start position:0% +through qn I figure out what F would + + + align:start position:0% +through qn I figure out what F would +have to be I figure out what U would + + align:start position:0% +have to be I figure out what U would + + + align:start position:0% +have to be I figure out what U would +then be I figure out what the cues would + + align:start position:0% +then be I figure out what the cues would + + + align:start position:0% +then be I figure out what the cues would +then be and I see if they match if not I + + align:start position:0% +then be and I see if they match if not I + + + align:start position:0% +then be and I see if they match if not I +have an Optimizer moving the cues around + + align:start position:0% +have an Optimizer moving the cues around + + + align:start position:0% +have an Optimizer moving the cues around +to try to get the cues to match the cues + + align:start position:0% +to try to get the cues to match the cues + + + align:start position:0% +to try to get the cues to match the cues +I started with until I find a fixed + + align:start position:0% +I started with until I find a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +I started with until I find a fixed +point it you know it's again it's it's + + align:start position:0% +point it you know it's again it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +point it you know it's again it's it's +not something theorists do often because + + align:start position:0% +not something theorists do often because + + + align:start position:0% +not something theorists do often because +it doesn't have a nice closed form but + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have a nice closed form but + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have a nice closed form but +it is something that empirical people + + align:start position:0% +it is something that empirical people + + + align:start position:0% +it is something that empirical people +will often do if they're solving the + + align:start position:0% +will often do if they're solving the + + + align:start position:0% +will often do if they're solving the +model numerically anyway it's easier + + align:start position:0% +model numerically anyway it's easier + + + align:start position:0% +model numerically anyway it's easier +than the dynamic programming thing that + + align:start position:0% +than the dynamic programming thing that + + + align:start position:0% +than the dynamic programming thing that +the other one one has in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay um okay um I have just + + align:start position:0% +questions okay um okay um I have just + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay um okay um I have just +two brief slides I'll do and then the + + align:start position:0% +two brief slides I'll do and then the + + + align:start position:0% +two brief slides I'll do and then the +other one I'm actually I think going to + + align:start position:0% +other one I'm actually I think going to + + + align:start position:0% +other one I'm actually I think going to +let rowy talk about on Friday um so um + + align:start position:0% +let rowy talk about on Friday um so um + + + align:start position:0% +let rowy talk about on Friday um so um +obfuscation so you know an observation + + align:start position:0% +obfuscation so you know an observation + + + align:start position:0% +obfuscation so you know an observation +about all these search cost models is + + align:start position:0% +about all these search cost models is + + + align:start position:0% +about all these search cost models is +you know so far they I've always taken + + align:start position:0% +you know so far they I've always taken + + + align:start position:0% +you know so far they I've always taken +the S as an exogenous + + align:start position:0% +the S as an exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +the S as an exogenous +parameter and then profits of the firms + + align:start position:0% +parameter and then profits of the firms + + + align:start position:0% +parameter and then profits of the firms +have gone up in s so the question that + + align:start position:0% +have gone up in s so the question that + + + align:start position:0% +have gone up in s so the question that +raised a question of where do s's come + + align:start position:0% +raised a question of where do s's come + + + align:start position:0% +raised a question of where do s's come +from why are there search costs in + + align:start position:0% +from why are there search costs in + + + align:start position:0% +from why are there search costs in +models and clearly firms collectively + + align:start position:0% +models and clearly firms collectively + + + align:start position:0% +models and clearly firms collectively +are better off when s is bigger the + + align:start position:0% +are better off when s is bigger the + + + align:start position:0% +are better off when s is bigger the +bigger is s the higher are the firm + + align:start position:0% +bigger is s the higher are the firm + + + align:start position:0% +bigger is s the higher are the firm +profits and so certainly if all the + + align:start position:0% +profits and so certainly if all the + + + align:start position:0% +profits and so certainly if all the +firms could get together and agree are + + align:start position:0% +firms could get together and agree are + + + align:start position:0% +firms could get together and agree are +we going to make searching for a + + align:start position:0% +we going to make searching for a + + + align:start position:0% +we going to make searching for a +mattress easy or we make searching for a + + align:start position:0% +mattress easy or we make searching for a + + + align:start position:0% +mattress easy or we make searching for a +price and a mattress hard all the firms + + align:start position:0% +price and a mattress hard all the firms + + + align:start position:0% +price and a mattress hard all the firms +get together and say let's make + + align:start position:0% +get together and say let's make + + + align:start position:0% +get together and say let's make +searching really hard for the consumers + + align:start position:0% +searching really hard for the consumers + + + align:start position:0% +searching really hard for the consumers +and we can all charge the Monopoly price + + align:start position:0% +and we can all charge the Monopoly price + + + align:start position:0% +and we can all charge the Monopoly price +and and be better and be best off um but + + align:start position:0% +and and be better and be best off um but + + + align:start position:0% +and and be better and be best off um but +that raised the question of like you + + align:start position:0% +that raised the question of like you + + + align:start position:0% +that raised the question of like you +know does that require collusion among + + align:start position:0% +know does that require collusion among + + + align:start position:0% +know does that require collusion among +the firms to get S high or can firms + + align:start position:0% +the firms to get S high or can firms + + + align:start position:0% +the firms to get S high or can firms +also individually have an incentive to + + align:start position:0% +also individually have an incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +also individually have an incentive to +raise their s even if you know it's just + + align:start position:0% +raise their s even if you know it's just + + + align:start position:0% +raise their s even if you know it's just +individually do they want to raise s if + + align:start position:0% +individually do they want to raise s if + + + align:start position:0% +individually do they want to raise s if +and then you know you might think well + + align:start position:0% +and then you know you might think well + + + align:start position:0% +and then you know you might think well +that's going to be harder to get to work + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be harder to get to work + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be harder to get to work +because if I raise my S and consumers + + align:start position:0% +because if I raise my S and consumers + + + align:start position:0% +because if I raise my S and consumers +see that I'm the annoying firm to visit + + align:start position:0% +see that I'm the annoying firm to visit + + + align:start position:0% +see that I'm the annoying firm to visit +aren't they all going to go to the + + align:start position:0% +aren't they all going to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +aren't they all going to go to the +non-annoying firm first and pay less to + + align:start position:0% +non-annoying firm first and pay less to + + + align:start position:0% +non-annoying firm first and pay less to +get S there and isn't that bad for me if + + align:start position:0% +get S there and isn't that bad for me if + + + align:start position:0% +get S there and isn't that bad for me if +I raise my search cost and I drive + + align:start position:0% +I raise my search cost and I drive + + + align:start position:0% +I raise my search cost and I drive +consumers to the other firms and there + + align:start position:0% +consumers to the other firms and there + + + align:start position:0% +consumers to the other firms and there +are a few papers that sort of discuss + + align:start position:0% +are a few papers that sort of discuss + + + align:start position:0% +are a few papers that sort of discuss +reasons why uh you actually can get it + + align:start position:0% +reasons why uh you actually can get it + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why uh you actually can get it +to be individually rational for firms to + + align:start position:0% +to be individually rational for firms to + + + align:start position:0% +to be individually rational for firms to +raise search costs and not just + + align:start position:0% +raise search costs and not just + + + align:start position:0% +raise search costs and not just +collectively rational um so one paper I + + align:start position:0% +collectively rational um so one paper I + + + align:start position:0% +collectively rational um so one paper I +put is this um uh paper by Chris Wilson + + align:start position:0% +put is this um uh paper by Chris Wilson + + + align:start position:0% +put is this um uh paper by Chris Wilson +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +iigo um and this sort of considers this + + align:start position:0% +iigo um and this sort of considers this + + + align:start position:0% +iigo um and this sort of considers this +game which sort of has a surprising + + align:start position:0% +game which sort of has a surprising + + + align:start position:0% +game which sort of has a surprising +result you know firms simultaneously + + align:start position:0% +result you know firms simultaneously + + + align:start position:0% +result you know firms simultaneously +choose search costs S1 S2 from S Bar s + + align:start position:0% +choose search costs S1 S2 from S Bar s + + + align:start position:0% +choose search costs S1 S2 from S Bar s +uper bar the consumers and the firms + + align:start position:0% +uper bar the consumers and the firms + + + align:start position:0% +uper bar the consumers and the firms +observe what these search costs are and + + align:start position:0% +observe what these search costs are and + + + align:start position:0% +observe what these search costs are and +then the firms choose an unobserved + + align:start position:0% +then the firms choose an unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +then the firms choose an unobserved +price and then consumers follow a um you + + align:start position:0% +price and then consumers follow a um you + + + align:start position:0% +price and then consumers follow a um you +know search and purchase policy uh with + + align:start position:0% +know search and purchase policy uh with + + + align:start position:0% +know search and purchase policy uh with +optimal sequential + + align:start position:0% +optimal sequential + + + align:start position:0% +optimal sequential +search and it turns out that this model + + align:start position:0% +search and it turns out that this model + + + align:start position:0% +search and it turns out that this model +does not have an equilibrium where both + + align:start position:0% +does not have an equilibrium where both + + + align:start position:0% +does not have an equilibrium where both +firms set price s lower bar you know so + + align:start position:0% +firms set price s lower bar you know so + + + align:start position:0% +firms set price s lower bar you know so +it is true that like you try to have an + + align:start position:0% +it is true that like you try to have an + + + align:start position:0% +it is true that like you try to have an +set price as slower bar you have this + + align:start position:0% +set price as slower bar you have this + + + align:start position:0% +set price as slower bar you have this +one firm what can do is it can raise its + + align:start position:0% +one firm what can do is it can raise its + + + align:start position:0% +one firm what can do is it can raise its +price it can raise its price so that and + + align:start position:0% +price it can raise its price so that and + + + align:start position:0% +price it can raise its price so that and +be known as The Annoying firm that all + + align:start position:0% +be known as The Annoying firm that all + + + align:start position:0% +be known as The Annoying firm that all +the consumers are going to go to firm + + align:start position:0% +the consumers are going to go to firm + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers are going to go to firm +one first so if I'm firm two I raise my + + align:start position:0% +one first so if I'm firm two I raise my + + + align:start position:0% +one first so if I'm firm two I raise my +search cost and then I get everyone to + + align:start position:0% +search cost and then I get everyone to + + + align:start position:0% +search cost and then I get everyone to +visit the other firm first + + align:start position:0% +visit the other firm first + + + align:start position:0% +visit the other firm first +but then the other firm knows that it's + + align:start position:0% +but then the other firm knows that it's + + + align:start position:0% +but then the other firm knows that it's +getting visited first and so because it + + align:start position:0% +getting visited first and so because it + + + align:start position:0% +getting visited first and so because it +knows that it's getting visited first + + align:start position:0% +knows that it's getting visited first + + + align:start position:0% +knows that it's getting visited first +the consumers going have to pay a search + + align:start position:0% +the consumers going have to pay a search + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers going have to pay a search +cost to go to the second firm it's going + + align:start position:0% +cost to go to the second firm it's going + + + align:start position:0% +cost to go to the second firm it's going +to have a big incentive to raise its + + align:start position:0% +to have a big incentive to raise its + + + align:start position:0% +to have a big incentive to raise its +price because it knows I can at least go + + align:start position:0% +price because it knows I can at least go + + + align:start position:0% +price because it knows I can at least go +s bger than the other guy and people are + + align:start position:0% +s bger than the other guy and people are + + + align:start position:0% +s bger than the other guy and people are +going to not go visit him but then of + + align:start position:0% +going to not go visit him but then of + + + align:start position:0% +going to not go visit him but then of +course once you know once it goes s + + align:start position:0% +course once you know once it goes s + + + align:start position:0% +course once you know once it goes s +bigger than the other guy you know it's + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the other guy you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the other guy you know it's +going to have the incentive to raise its + + align:start position:0% +going to have the incentive to raise its + + + align:start position:0% +going to have the incentive to raise its +price then firm two is also going to say + + align:start position:0% +price then firm two is also going to say + + + align:start position:0% +price then firm two is also going to say +well I'm only getting the people who + + align:start position:0% +well I'm only getting the people who + + + align:start position:0% +well I'm only getting the people who +visited firm one and then found out that + + align:start position:0% +visited firm one and then found out that + + + align:start position:0% +visited firm one and then found out that +firm One's price was unexpectedly High + + align:start position:0% +firm One's price was unexpectedly High + + + align:start position:0% +firm One's price was unexpectedly High +and so then they're going to raise their + + align:start position:0% +and so then they're going to raise their + + + align:start position:0% +and so then they're going to raise their +price and you create this a you can + + align:start position:0% +price and you create this a you can + + + align:start position:0% +price and you create this a you can +create this asymmetric Bertrand or + + align:start position:0% +create this asymmetric Bertrand or + + + align:start position:0% +create this asymmetric Bertrand or +asymmetric Bertrand like competition + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric Bertrand like competition + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric Bertrand like competition +where the firms have an incentive to + + align:start position:0% +where the firms have an incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +where the firms have an incentive to +raise their price and then because I + + align:start position:0% +raise their price and then because I + + + align:start position:0% +raise their price and then because I +know my rival is going raise my price I + + align:start position:0% +know my rival is going raise my price I + + + align:start position:0% +know my rival is going raise my price I +may raise my my price too and therefore + + align:start position:0% +may raise my my price too and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +may raise my my price too and therefore +even though they're starting with him he + + align:start position:0% +even though they're starting with him he + + + align:start position:0% +even though they're starting with him he +chooses a distribut a mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +chooses a distribut a mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +chooses a distribut a mixed strategy +that's so high that people come to me + + align:start position:0% +that's so high that people come to me + + + align:start position:0% +that's so high that people come to me +anyway and we're both better off so that + + align:start position:0% +anyway and we're both better off so that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway and we're both better off so that +kind of story can work um the other + + align:start position:0% +kind of story can work um the other + + + align:start position:0% +kind of story can work um the other +story that I have in a paper um with + + align:start position:0% +story that I have in a paper um with + + + align:start position:0% +story that I have in a paper um with +Alex witzky is + + align:start position:0% +Alex witzky is + + + align:start position:0% +Alex witzky is +that you know you can also do this when + + align:start position:0% +that you know you can also do this when + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you can also do this when +the cost of getting a price quote is not + + align:start position:0% +the cost of getting a price quote is not + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of getting a price quote is not +observable in advance suppose that it's + + align:start position:0% +observable in advance suppose that it's + + + align:start position:0% +observable in advance suppose that it's +only when you get to the car dealer that + + align:start position:0% +only when you get to the car dealer that + + + align:start position:0% +only when you get to the car dealer that +you learn whether it takes one hour to + + align:start position:0% +you learn whether it takes one hour to + + + align:start position:0% +you learn whether it takes one hour to +get a price quote or five hours to get a + + align:start position:0% +get a price quote or five hours to get a + + + align:start position:0% +get a price quote or five hours to get a +price quote from that dealer and how + + align:start position:0% +price quote from that dealer and how + + + align:start position:0% +price quote from that dealer and how +long they're going to make you haggle + + align:start position:0% +long they're going to make you haggle + + + align:start position:0% +long they're going to make you haggle +before they they get the real price + + align:start position:0% +before they they get the real price + + + align:start position:0% +before they they get the real price +they're willing to offer and we just + + align:start position:0% +they're willing to offer and we just + + + align:start position:0% +they're willing to offer and we just +sort of discuss in our paper sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of discuss in our paper sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of discuss in our paper sort of +other ways you can do it one way you can + + align:start position:0% +other ways you can do it one way you can + + + align:start position:0% +other ways you can do it one way you can +do this is with the convex disutility of + + align:start position:0% +do this is with the convex disutility of + + + align:start position:0% +do this is with the convex disutility of +time spent shopping where after you've + + align:start position:0% +time spent shopping where after you've + + + align:start position:0% +time spent shopping where after you've +spent five hours in a car dealer you now + + align:start position:0% +spent five hours in a car dealer you now + + + align:start position:0% +spent five hours in a car dealer you now +really don't want to spend 10 hours by + + align:start position:0% +really don't want to spend 10 hours by + + + align:start position:0% +really don't want to spend 10 hours by +going to the second car dealer and + + align:start position:0% +going to the second car dealer and + + + align:start position:0% +going to the second car dealer and +there's a convex time cost um the other + + align:start position:0% +there's a convex time cost um the other + + + align:start position:0% +there's a convex time cost um the other +is if you add uncertainty over how + + align:start position:0% +is if you add uncertainty over how + + + align:start position:0% +is if you add uncertainty over how +efficient it could be to buy a car and + + align:start position:0% +efficient it could be to buy a car and + + + align:start position:0% +efficient it could be to buy a car and +if buying a like or you know this one I + + align:start position:0% +if buying a like or you know this one I + + + align:start position:0% +if buying a like or you know this one I +think works well with getting quote from + + align:start position:0% +think works well with getting quote from + + + align:start position:0% +think works well with getting quote from +a contractor you think you know like you + + align:start position:0% +a contractor you think you know like you + + + align:start position:0% +a contractor you think you know like you +get one contractor you you spent 14 + + align:start position:0% +get one contractor you you spent 14 + + + align:start position:0% +get one contractor you you spent 14 +hours with this contractor trying to get + + align:start position:0% +hours with this contractor trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +hours with this contractor trying to get +a quote from him you think getting a + + align:start position:0% +a quote from him you think getting a + + + align:start position:0% +a quote from him you think getting a +quote from another guy is also going to + + align:start position:0% +quote from another guy is also going to + + + align:start position:0% +quote from another guy is also going to +take you 14 hours because it must be + + align:start position:0% +take you 14 hours because it must be + + + align:start position:0% +take you 14 hours because it must be +that hard and if consumers don't know + + align:start position:0% +that hard and if consumers don't know + + + align:start position:0% +that hard and if consumers don't know +how hard getting price quotes are by + + align:start position:0% +how hard getting price quotes are by + + + align:start position:0% +how hard getting price quotes are by +making it more annoying people are going + + align:start position:0% +making it more annoying people are going + + + align:start position:0% +making it more annoying people are going +to re infer that the other dealers are + + align:start position:0% +to re infer that the other dealers are + + + align:start position:0% +to re infer that the other dealers are +also more annoying and therefore that's + + align:start position:0% +also more annoying and therefore that's + + + align:start position:0% +also more annoying and therefore that's +going to make you also individually + + align:start position:0% +going to make you also individually + + + align:start position:0% +going to make you also individually +raiseed search costs anyway so that's + + align:start position:0% +raiseed search costs anyway so that's + + + align:start position:0% +raiseed search costs anyway so that's +the argument there for there are reasons + + align:start position:0% +the argument there for there are reasons + + + align:start position:0% +the argument there for there are reasons +why even though you lose some customers + + align:start position:0% +why even though you lose some customers + + + align:start position:0% +why even though you lose some customers +you may want to raise search costs okay + + align:start position:0% +you may want to raise search costs okay + + + align:start position:0% +you may want to raise search costs okay +so let me say plan for the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +so let me say plan for the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me say plan for the rest of the +week um I think I'm going to have uh Ry + + align:start position:0% +week um I think I'm going to have uh Ry + + + align:start position:0% +week um I think I'm going to have uh Ry +talk about multiproduct search uh you + + align:start position:0% +talk about multiproduct search uh you + + + align:start position:0% +talk about multiproduct search uh you +know we we don't have any problems that + + align:start position:0% +know we we don't have any problems that + + + align:start position:0% +know we we don't have any problems that +to go over on Friday so I think he's + + align:start position:0% +to go over on Friday so I think he's + + + align:start position:0% +to go over on Friday so I think he's +going to talk about a couple recent + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a couple recent + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a couple recent +papers this product paper on + + align:start position:0% +papers this product paper on + + + align:start position:0% +papers this product paper on +multiproduct search uh is likely be one + + align:start position:0% +multiproduct search uh is likely be one + + + align:start position:0% +multiproduct search uh is likely be one +of them and then next week I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +of them and then next week I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +of them and then next week I'm going to +jump ahead to empirical search uh and + + align:start position:0% +jump ahead to empirical search uh and + + + align:start position:0% +jump ahead to empirical search uh and +these are the three papers I plan to + + align:start position:0% +these are the three papers I plan to + + + align:start position:0% +these are the three papers I plan to +talk about there's no class Monday do + + align:start position:0% +talk about there's no class Monday do + + + align:start position:0% +talk about there's no class Monday do +the holiday so it's uh next Wednesday um + + align:start position:0% +the holiday so it's uh next Wednesday um + + + align:start position:0% +the holiday so it's uh next Wednesday um +and then if you want to read one in + + align:start position:0% +and then if you want to read one in + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you want to read one in +advance I would read uh my paper with + + align:start position:0% +advance I would read uh my paper with + + + align:start position:0% +advance I would read uh my paper with +Sarah on uh search and + + align:start position:0% +Sarah on uh search and + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah on uh search and +obfuscation okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0h43aV4aH7I.txt b/0h43aV4aH7I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..563d9c348c8af68ed2fe492a49bdd8c80138cd9a --- /dev/null +++ b/0h43aV4aH7I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6467 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so coming near the end of the + + align:start position:0% +okay so coming near the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so coming near the end of the +course this lecture will be a mixture of + + align:start position:0% +course this lecture will be a mixture of + + + align:start position:0% +course this lecture will be a mixture of +the linear algebra that comes with a + + align:start position:0% +the linear algebra that comes with a + + + align:start position:0% +the linear algebra that comes with a +change of basis and a change of basis + + align:start position:0% +change of basis and a change of basis + + + align:start position:0% +change of basis and a change of basis +from one basis to another basis is + + align:start position:0% +from one basis to another basis is + + + align:start position:0% +from one basis to another basis is +something you really do in applications + + align:start position:0% +something you really do in applications + + + align:start position:0% +something you really do in applications +and I would like to talk about those + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to talk about those + + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to talk about those +applications I got a little bit involved + + align:start position:0% +applications I got a little bit involved + + + align:start position:0% +applications I got a little bit involved +with compression compressing a signal + + align:start position:0% +with compression compressing a signal + + + align:start position:0% +with compression compressing a signal +compressing an image and that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +compressing an image and that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +compressing an image and that's exactly +of basis and then the main theme in this + + align:start position:0% +of basis and then the main theme in this + + + align:start position:0% +of basis and then the main theme in this +chapter is the connection between a + + align:start position:0% +chapter is the connection between a + + + align:start position:0% +chapter is the connection between a +linear transformation which doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation which doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation which doesn't have +to have coordinates and the matrix that + + align:start position:0% +to have coordinates and the matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +to have coordinates and the matrix that +tells us that transformation with + + align:start position:0% +tells us that transformation with + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that transformation with +respect to coordinates so the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +respect to coordinates so the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +respect to coordinates so the matrix is +the coordinate based description of the + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate based description of the + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate based description of the +of the linear transformation let me + + align:start position:0% +of the linear transformation let me + + + align:start position:0% +of the linear transformation let me +start out with a nice part which is some + + align:start position:0% +start out with a nice part which is some + + + align:start position:0% +start out with a nice part which is some +just to tell you something about image + + align:start position:0% +just to tell you something about image + + + align:start position:0% +just to tell you something about image +compression those of you well + + align:start position:0% +compression those of you well + + + align:start position:0% +compression those of you well +everybody's going to meet compression + + align:start position:0% +everybody's going to meet compression + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's going to meet compression +because you know that the amount of data + + align:start position:0% +because you know that the amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +because you know that the amount of data +that we're getting + + align:start position:0% +that we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +that we're getting +well the electors are compressed so that + + align:start position:0% +well the electors are compressed so that + + + align:start position:0% +well the electors are compressed so that +actually probably you see my motion as + + align:start position:0% +actually probably you see my motion as + + + align:start position:0% +actually probably you see my motion as +jerk jerky shall I use that word have + + align:start position:0% +jerk jerky shall I use that word have + + + align:start position:0% +jerk jerky shall I use that word have +you have you looked on the web I I + + align:start position:0% +you have you looked on the web I I + + + align:start position:0% +you have you looked on the web I I +should like to find a better word + + align:start position:0% +should like to find a better word + + + align:start position:0% +should like to find a better word +compressed let's see so my the the + + align:start position:0% +compressed let's see so my the the + + + align:start position:0% +compressed let's see so my the the +complete signal is of course in those + + align:start position:0% +complete signal is of course in those + + + align:start position:0% +complete signal is of course in those +video cameras and in the videotape but + + align:start position:0% +video cameras and in the videotape but + + + align:start position:0% +video cameras and in the videotape but +that goes to the bottom of building nine + + align:start position:0% +that goes to the bottom of building nine + + + align:start position:0% +that goes to the bottom of building nine +and out of that comes a jumpy motion + + align:start position:0% +and out of that comes a jumpy motion + + + align:start position:0% +and out of that comes a jumpy motion +because it uses a standard system for + + align:start position:0% +because it uses a standard system for + + + align:start position:0% +because it uses a standard system for +compressing images and you'll notice + + align:start position:0% +compressing images and you'll notice + + + align:start position:0% +compressing images and you'll notice +that the stuff that sits on the board + + align:start position:0% +that the stuff that sits on the board + + + align:start position:0% +that the stuff that sits on the board +comes very clearly but it's my motion + + align:start position:0% +comes very clearly but it's my motion + + + align:start position:0% +comes very clearly but it's my motion +that that that needs a whole lot of bits + + align:start position:0% +that that that needs a whole lot of bits + + + align:start position:0% +that that that needs a whole lot of bits +right so and if I were to run up and + + align:start position:0% +right so and if I were to run up and + + + align:start position:0% +right so and if I were to run up and +back up there and back that would need + + align:start position:0% +back up there and back that would need + + + align:start position:0% +back up there and back that would need +to many bits and they I'd be compressed + + align:start position:0% +to many bits and they I'd be compressed + + + align:start position:0% +to many bits and they I'd be compressed +even more so what does compression mean + + align:start position:0% +even more so what does compression mean + + + align:start position:0% +even more so what does compression mean +okay let me just think of a still image + + align:start position:0% +okay let me just think of a still image + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me just think of a still image +and and of course satellites + + align:start position:0% +and and of course satellites + + + align:start position:0% +and and of course satellites +oh there's and computations of the + + align:start position:0% +oh there's and computations of the + + + align:start position:0% +oh there's and computations of the +climate computations of combustion that + + align:start position:0% +climate computations of combustion that + + + align:start position:0% +climate computations of combustion that +computers and sensors of all kinds are + + align:start position:0% +computers and sensors of all kinds are + + + align:start position:0% +computers and sensors of all kinds are +just giving us overwhelming amounts of + + align:start position:0% +just giving us overwhelming amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +just giving us overwhelming amounts of +data the web is too now some compression + + align:start position:0% +data the web is too now some compression + + + align:start position:0% +data the web is too now some compression +can be done with no loss lossless + + align:start position:0% +can be done with no loss lossless + + + align:start position:0% +can be done with no loss lossless +compression is possible just using sort + + align:start position:0% +compression is possible just using sort + + + align:start position:0% +compression is possible just using sort +of the fact that there's there + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that there's there + + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that there's there +redundancies but I'm talking here about + + align:start position:0% +redundancies but I'm talking here about + + + align:start position:0% +redundancies but I'm talking here about +lossy compression so I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +lossy compression so I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +lossy compression so I'm talking about +here's an image and what is an image + + align:start position:0% +here's an image and what is an image + + + align:start position:0% +here's an image and what is an image +consists of it consists of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +consists of it consists of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +consists of it consists of a lot of +little pixels right maybe 512 by 512 two + + align:start position:0% +little pixels right maybe 512 by 512 two + + + align:start position:0% +little pixels right maybe 512 by 512 two +to the ninth by two to the ninth pixels + + align:start position:0% +to the ninth by two to the ninth pixels + + + align:start position:0% +to the ninth by two to the ninth pixels +and each so this is pixel number one one + + align:start position:0% +and each so this is pixel number one one + + + align:start position:0% +and each so this is pixel number one one +so that's a pixel and if we're in black + + align:start position:0% +so that's a pixel and if we're in black + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a pixel and if we're in black +and white the typical pixel would tell + + align:start position:0% +and white the typical pixel would tell + + + align:start position:0% +and white the typical pixel would tell +us a gray scale from zero to 255 so the + + align:start position:0% +us a gray scale from zero to 255 so the + + + align:start position:0% +us a gray scale from zero to 255 so the +pixel is usually a value of a one of the + + align:start position:0% +pixel is usually a value of a one of the + + + align:start position:0% +pixel is usually a value of a one of the +X I so this is B the ice pixel it's + + align:start position:0% +X I so this is B the ice pixel it's + + + align:start position:0% +X I so this is B the ice pixel it's +usually a real number on a scale from 0 + + align:start position:0% +usually a real number on a scale from 0 + + + align:start position:0% +usually a real number on a scale from 0 +to 255 in other words two to the eight + + align:start position:0% +to 255 in other words two to the eight + + + align:start position:0% +to 255 in other words two to the eight +possibilities so usually that's the + + align:start position:0% +possibilities so usually that's the + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities so usually that's the +that's the standard so so that that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the standard so so that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the standard so so that that's +eight eight bits but + + align:start position:0% +eight eight bits but + + + align:start position:0% +eight eight bits but +we have that for every every pixel so we + + align:start position:0% +we have that for every every pixel so we + + + align:start position:0% +we have that for every every pixel so we +have five hundred and twelve squared + + align:start position:0% +have five hundred and twelve squared + + + align:start position:0% +have five hundred and twelve squared +pixels where we're really operating X is + + align:start position:0% +pixels where we're really operating X is + + + align:start position:0% +pixels where we're really operating X is +a vector in RN but what is N and is 512 + + align:start position:0% +a vector in RN but what is N and is 512 + + + align:start position:0% +a vector in RN but what is N and is 512 +squared that's that's our problem right + + align:start position:0% +squared that's that's our problem right + + + align:start position:0% +squared that's that's our problem right +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +weird a pixel is a vector that gives us + + align:start position:0% +weird a pixel is a vector that gives us + + + align:start position:0% +weird a pixel is a vector that gives us +the information about the image I'm + + align:start position:0% +the information about the image I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the information about the image I'm +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +the image that comes through is thought + + align:start position:0% +the image that comes through is thought + + + align:start position:0% +the image that comes through is thought +is a vector of that length that that's + + align:start position:0% +is a vector of that length that that's + + + align:start position:0% +is a vector of that length that that's +the information we have about the image + + align:start position:0% +the information we have about the image + + + align:start position:0% +the information we have about the image +if it's a color image we would have + + align:start position:0% +if it's a color image we would have + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a color image we would have +three times that length because we'd + + align:start position:0% +three times that length because we'd + + + align:start position:0% +three times that length because we'd +have we need three coordinates to get + + align:start position:0% +have we need three coordinates to get + + + align:start position:0% +have we need three coordinates to get +color so it would be three times 512 + + align:start position:0% +color so it would be three times 512 + + + align:start position:0% +color so it would be three times 512 +squared + + align:start position:0% +squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared +it's an enormous amount of information + + align:start position:0% +it's an enormous amount of information + + + align:start position:0% +it's an enormous amount of information +and we couldn't send out the image for + + align:start position:0% +and we couldn't send out the image for + + + align:start position:0% +and we couldn't send out the image for +these lectures without compressing it we + + align:start position:0% +these lectures without compressing it we + + + align:start position:0% +these lectures without compressing it we +we it would be it would overload the + + align:start position:0% +we it would be it would overload the + + + align:start position:0% +we it would be it would overload the +system so it has to be compressed the + + align:start position:0% +system so it has to be compressed the + + + align:start position:0% +system so it has to be compressed the +standard compression and still used in + + align:start position:0% +standard compression and still used in + + + align:start position:0% +standard compression and still used in +with these lectures is called JPEG I + + align:start position:0% +with these lectures is called JPEG I + + + align:start position:0% +with these lectures is called JPEG I +think that stands for a joint + + align:start position:0% +think that stands for a joint + + + align:start position:0% +think that stands for a joint +photographic experts group they + + align:start position:0% +photographic experts group they + + + align:start position:0% +photographic experts group they +established a system of compression and + + align:start position:0% +established a system of compression and + + + align:start position:0% +established a system of compression and +I just want to tell you what it's about + + align:start position:0% +I just want to tell you what it's about + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to tell you what it's about +it's a change of basis what what's what + + align:start position:0% +it's a change of basis what what's what + + + align:start position:0% +it's a change of basis what what's what +basis do we have the current basis we + + align:start position:0% +basis do we have the current basis we + + + align:start position:0% +basis do we have the current basis we +have is you could say the standard basis + + align:start position:0% +have is you could say the standard basis + + + align:start position:0% +have is you could say the standard basis +is every pixel give a value so that's + + align:start position:0% +is every pixel give a value so that's + + + align:start position:0% +is every pixel give a value so that's +like we have a vector X which is five + + align:start position:0% +like we have a vector X which is five + + + align:start position:0% +like we have a vector X which is five +hundred and twelve squared long and in + + align:start position:0% +hundred and twelve squared long and in + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and twelve squared long and in +the ice position we get a number like + + align:start position:0% +the ice position we get a number like + + + align:start position:0% +the ice position we get a number like +121 or something the next the pixel next + + align:start position:0% +121 or something the next the pixel next + + + align:start position:0% +121 or something the next the pixel next +to it might be 124 maybe we're maybe + + align:start position:0% +to it might be 124 maybe we're maybe + + + align:start position:0% +to it might be 124 maybe we're maybe +where that where might I begins and so + + align:start position:0% +where that where might I begins and so + + + align:start position:0% +where that where might I begins and so +if it was mostly blue shirt this would + + align:start position:0% +if it was mostly blue shirt this would + + + align:start position:0% +if it was mostly blue shirt this would +be slight difference in che + + align:start position:0% +be slight difference in che + + + align:start position:0% +be slight difference in che +but pretty close then the tie would be a + + align:start position:0% +but pretty close then the tie would be a + + + align:start position:0% +but pretty close then the tie would be a +different color so so we might have + + align:start position:0% +different color so so we might have + + + align:start position:0% +different color so so we might have +quite a few pixels for the blue shirt + + align:start position:0% +quite a few pixels for the blue shirt + + + align:start position:0% +quite a few pixels for the blue shirt +and a whole lot more for the black board + + align:start position:0% +and a whole lot more for the black board + + + align:start position:0% +and a whole lot more for the black board +that are very close and that's what are + + align:start position:0% +that are very close and that's what are + + + align:start position:0% +that are very close and that's what are +very correlated and that's what gives us + + align:start position:0% +very correlated and that's what gives us + + + align:start position:0% +very correlated and that's what gives us +the possibility of compression for + + align:start position:0% +the possibility of compression for + + + align:start position:0% +the possibility of compression for +example before the lecture starts if we + + align:start position:0% +example before the lecture starts if we + + + align:start position:0% +example before the lecture starts if we +had a blank blackboard then there's an + + align:start position:0% +had a blank blackboard then there's an + + + align:start position:0% +had a blank blackboard then there's an +image but it would make no sense to take + + align:start position:0% +image but it would make no sense to take + + + align:start position:0% +image but it would make no sense to take +that image and tell you what it is pixel + + align:start position:0% +that image and tell you what it is pixel + + + align:start position:0% +that image and tell you what it is pixel +by pixel I mean there is a case in which + + align:start position:0% +by pixel I mean there is a case in which + + + align:start position:0% +by pixel I mean there is a case in which +all pixel values all gray levels are the + + align:start position:0% +all pixel values all gray levels are the + + + align:start position:0% +all pixel values all gray levels are the +same or practically the same depending + + align:start position:0% +same or practically the same depending + + + align:start position:0% +same or practically the same depending +on the erasing of the board but + + align:start position:0% +on the erasing of the board but + + + align:start position:0% +on the erasing of the board but +extremely close and so that's an image + + align:start position:0% +extremely close and so that's an image + + + align:start position:0% +extremely close and so that's an image +where the standard basis is lousy that's + + align:start position:0% +where the standard basis is lousy that's + + + align:start position:0% +where the standard basis is lousy that's +that's the basic fact that that the + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic fact that that the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic fact that that the +standard basis which gives the value of + + align:start position:0% +standard basis which gives the value of + + + align:start position:0% +standard basis which gives the value of +every pixel makes no use of the fact + + align:start position:0% +every pixel makes no use of the fact + + + align:start position:0% +every pixel makes no use of the fact +that we're getting a whole lot of pixels + + align:start position:0% +that we're getting a whole lot of pixels + + + align:start position:0% +that we're getting a whole lot of pixels +whose gray levels the neighboring pixels + + align:start position:0% +whose gray levels the neighboring pixels + + + align:start position:0% +whose gray levels the neighboring pixels +tend to have the same gray level as the + + align:start position:0% +tend to have the same gray level as the + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have the same gray level as the +as as their as their neighbors so today + + align:start position:0% +as as their as their neighbors so today + + + align:start position:0% +as as their as their neighbors so today +how do we take advantage of that fact + + align:start position:0% +how do we take advantage of that fact + + + align:start position:0% +how do we take advantage of that fact +well one basis vector that would be + + align:start position:0% +well one basis vector that would be + + + align:start position:0% +well one basis vector that would be +extremely nice to one vector that would + + align:start position:0% +extremely nice to one vector that would + + + align:start position:0% +extremely nice to one vector that would +be extremely nice to include in the + + align:start position:0% +be extremely nice to include in the + + + align:start position:0% +be extremely nice to include in the +basis would be a vector of all ones + + align:start position:0% +basis would be a vector of all ones + + + align:start position:0% +basis would be a vector of all ones +that's not in our standard basis sources + + align:start position:0% +that's not in our standard basis sources + + + align:start position:0% +that's not in our standard basis sources +so let me just write again the standard + + align:start position:0% +so let me just write again the standard + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just write again the standard +basis what is our is our 1 and all the + + align:start position:0% +basis what is our is our 1 and all the + + + align:start position:0% +basis what is our is our 1 and all the +rest zeroes zero one and all the rest + + align:start position:0% +rest zeroes zero one and all the rest + + + align:start position:0% +rest zeroes zero one and all the rest +zeroes everybody knows what these + + align:start position:0% +zeroes everybody knows what these + + + align:start position:0% +zeroes everybody knows what these +standard basis is now any other basis + + align:start position:0% +standard basis is now any other basis + + + align:start position:0% +standard basis is now any other basis +for our so this is for this very high + + align:start position:0% +for our so this is for this very high + + + align:start position:0% +for our so this is for this very high +dimensional space now I'm going to speak + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space now I'm going to speak + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space now I'm going to speak +about a better basis better basis and + + align:start position:0% +about a better basis better basis and + + + align:start position:0% +about a better basis better basis and +let me just emphasize one vector that + + align:start position:0% +let me just emphasize one vector that + + + align:start position:0% +let me just emphasize one vector that +would be extremely nice to have in that + + align:start position:0% +would be extremely nice to have in that + + + align:start position:0% +would be extremely nice to have in that +basis is the vector of all ones why is + + align:start position:0% +basis is the vector of all ones why is + + + align:start position:0% +basis is the vector of all ones why is +that let me just say again because that + + align:start position:0% +that let me just say again because that + + + align:start position:0% +that let me just say again because that +vector of all ones by itself one vector + + align:start position:0% +vector of all ones by itself one vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector of all ones by itself one vector +is is able to completely give the + + align:start position:0% +is is able to completely give the + + + align:start position:0% +is is able to completely give the +information on a solid image of course + + align:start position:0% +information on a solid image of course + + + align:start position:0% +information on a solid image of course +our image won't be solid it'll have a + + align:start position:0% +our image won't be solid it'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +our image won't be solid it'll have a +mix of of solid and and signal so that + + align:start position:0% +mix of of solid and and signal so that + + + align:start position:0% +mix of of solid and and signal so that +one vector but having that one vector in + + align:start position:0% +one vector but having that one vector in + + + align:start position:0% +one vector but having that one vector in +the basis is is going to save us a whole + + align:start position:0% +the basis is is going to save us a whole + + + align:start position:0% +the basis is is going to save us a whole +lot now the question is what other + + align:start position:0% +lot now the question is what other + + + align:start position:0% +lot now the question is what other +vectors should be in the basis the the + + align:start position:0% +vectors should be in the basis the the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors should be in the basis the the +extreme vector in the basis might be a + + align:start position:0% +extreme vector in the basis might be a + + + align:start position:0% +extreme vector in the basis might be a +vector of 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +vector of 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +vector of 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 +that would be a vector that shows I mean + + align:start position:0% +that would be a vector that shows I mean + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a vector that shows I mean +let's like a checkerboard vector right + + align:start position:0% +let's like a checkerboard vector right + + + align:start position:0% +let's like a checkerboard vector right +that's a vector that would if if we have + + align:start position:0% +that's a vector that would if if we have + + + align:start position:0% +that's a vector that would if if we have +if if the image was like a huge + + align:start position:0% +if if the image was like a huge + + + align:start position:0% +if if the image was like a huge +checkerboard of plus minus plus minus + + align:start position:0% +checkerboard of plus minus plus minus + + + align:start position:0% +checkerboard of plus minus plus minus +plus minus that vector would carry the + + align:start position:0% +plus minus that vector would carry the + + + align:start position:0% +plus minus that vector would carry the +whole signal but much more common would + + align:start position:0% +whole signal but much more common would + + + align:start position:0% +whole signal but much more common would +be maybe to have half the image darker + + align:start position:0% +be maybe to have half the image darker + + + align:start position:0% +be maybe to have half the image darker +and the other half lighter so another + + align:start position:0% +and the other half lighter so another + + + align:start position:0% +and the other half lighter so another +image another vector that might be quite + + align:start position:0% +image another vector that might be quite + + + align:start position:0% +image another vector that might be quite +useful in here would be half ones and + + align:start position:0% +useful in here would be half ones and + + + align:start position:0% +useful in here would be half ones and +half minus ones I'm just trying to get + + align:start position:0% +half minus ones I'm just trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +half minus ones I'm just trying to get +across the idea of that a basis could be + + align:start position:0% +across the idea of that a basis could be + + + align:start position:0% +across the idea of that a basis could be +where that first of all we've got the + + align:start position:0% +where that first of all we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +where that first of all we've got the +basis is at our disposal like we're free + + align:start position:0% +basis is at our disposal like we're free + + + align:start position:0% +basis is at our disposal like we're free +to choose that and it's a billion dollar + + align:start position:0% +to choose that and it's a billion dollar + + + align:start position:0% +to choose that and it's a billion dollar +decision what we choose so and TV people + + align:start position:0% +decision what we choose so and TV people + + + align:start position:0% +decision what we choose so and TV people +would rather prefer one basis based on + + align:start position:0% +would rather prefer one basis based on + + + align:start position:0% +would rather prefer one basis based on +the way the the signal is scanned and + + align:start position:0% +the way the the signal is scanned and + + + align:start position:0% +the way the the signal is scanned and +movie people would prefer another I mean + + align:start position:0% +movie people would prefer another I mean + + + align:start position:0% +movie people would prefer another I mean +there's giant politics in this question + + align:start position:0% +there's giant politics in this question + + + align:start position:0% +there's giant politics in this question +that real + + align:start position:0% +that real + + + align:start position:0% +that real +reduces to him to a linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +reduces to him to a linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +reduces to him to a linear algebra +problem what basis to choose I'll just + + align:start position:0% +problem what basis to choose I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +problem what basis to choose I'll just +mention the best-known basis which is + + align:start position:0% +mention the best-known basis which is + + + align:start position:0% +mention the best-known basis which is +which JPEG uses let me put that here is + + align:start position:0% +which JPEG uses let me put that here is + + + align:start position:0% +which JPEG uses let me put that here is +the Fourier basis so when you when you + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier basis so when you when you + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier basis so when you when you +use the Fourier basis that includes this + + align:start position:0% +use the Fourier basis that includes this + + + align:start position:0% +use the Fourier basis that includes this +is the constant vector the DC vector if + + align:start position:0% +is the constant vector the DC vector if + + + align:start position:0% +is the constant vector the DC vector if +we're electrical engineers thus the the + + align:start position:0% +we're electrical engineers thus the the + + + align:start position:0% +we're electrical engineers thus the the +vector of all ones so it would include 1 + + align:start position:0% +vector of all ones so it would include 1 + + + align:start position:0% +vector of all ones so it would include 1 +1 1 1 often 8 by 8 is a good choice 8 by + + align:start position:0% +1 1 1 often 8 by 8 is a good choice 8 by + + + align:start position:0% +1 1 1 often 8 by 8 is a good choice 8 by +8 is a good choice so what do I mean by + + align:start position:0% +8 is a good choice so what do I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +8 is a good choice so what do I mean by +this 8 by 8 I mean that a big signal + + align:start position:0% +this 8 by 8 I mean that a big signal + + + align:start position:0% +this 8 by 8 I mean that a big signal +which is 512 by 512 gets broken down and + + align:start position:0% +which is 512 by 512 gets broken down and + + + align:start position:0% +which is 512 by 512 gets broken down and +JPEG does this into 8x8 blocks and we + + align:start position:0% +JPEG does this into 8x8 blocks and we + + + align:start position:0% +JPEG does this into 8x8 blocks and we +sort of this is too much to deal with at + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is too much to deal with at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is too much to deal with at +once + + align:start position:0% +once + + + align:start position:0% +once +so what JPEG does is take this 8 by 8 + + align:start position:0% +so what JPEG does is take this 8 by 8 + + + align:start position:0% +so what JPEG does is take this 8 by 8 +block which is 64 coefficients 64 pixels + + align:start position:0% +block which is 64 coefficients 64 pixels + + + align:start position:0% +block which is 64 coefficients 64 pixels +and changes the basis on the on that + + align:start position:0% +and changes the basis on the on that + + + align:start position:0% +and changes the basis on the on that +piece and then now let's see I was going + + align:start position:0% +piece and then now let's see I was going + + + align:start position:0% +piece and then now let's see I was going +to write down Fourier so you remember + + align:start position:0% +to write down Fourier so you remember + + + align:start position:0% +to write down Fourier so you remember +Fourier is is this vector of all ones + + align:start position:0% +Fourier is is this vector of all ones + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier is is this vector of all ones +and then the vector oh well actually I + + align:start position:0% +and then the vector oh well actually I + + + align:start position:0% +and then the vector oh well actually I +gave a lecture earlier about the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +gave a lecture earlier about the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +gave a lecture earlier about the Fourier +matrix these this matrix whose columns + + align:start position:0% +matrix these this matrix whose columns + + + align:start position:0% +matrix these this matrix whose columns +are powers of a of a complex number W I + + align:start position:0% +are powers of a of a complex number W I + + + align:start position:0% +are powers of a of a complex number W I +won't repeat that because I'm not I + + align:start position:0% +won't repeat that because I'm not I + + + align:start position:0% +won't repeat that because I'm not I +don't want to go into the details of the + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go into the details of the + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go into the details of the +Fourier basis just to tell you how + + align:start position:0% +Fourier basis just to tell you how + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier basis just to tell you how +compression works so what happens in + + align:start position:0% +compression works so what happens in + + + align:start position:0% +compression works so what happens in +JPEG what happens to the video to a to + + align:start position:0% +JPEG what happens to the video to a to + + + align:start position:0% +JPEG what happens to the video to a to +each image of of these lectures the it + + align:start position:0% +each image of of these lectures the it + + + align:start position:0% +each image of of these lectures the it +gets broken into 8 by 8 blocks + + align:start position:0% +gets broken into 8 by 8 blocks + + + align:start position:0% +gets broken into 8 by 8 blocks +okay within each block we have 64 + + align:start position:0% +okay within each block we have 64 + + + align:start position:0% +okay within each block we have 64 +coefficients 64 basis vectors 64 pixels + + align:start position:0% +coefficients 64 basis vectors 64 pixels + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients 64 basis vectors 64 pixels +and we change basis in 64 dimensional + + align:start position:0% +and we change basis in 64 dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +and we change basis in 64 dimensional +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +using these fourier vectors just know + + align:start position:0% +using these fourier vectors just know + + + align:start position:0% +using these fourier vectors just know +that was a lossless step let me let me + + align:start position:0% +that was a lossless step let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +that was a lossless step let me let me +emphasize in comes the signal X we + + align:start position:0% +emphasize in comes the signal X we + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize in comes the signal X we +change basis this is the basis change + + align:start position:0% +change basis this is the basis change + + + align:start position:0% +change basis this is the basis change +change basis choose a better basis so it + + align:start position:0% +change basis choose a better basis so it + + + align:start position:0% +change basis choose a better basis so it +produces the coefficients C so 64 pixels + + align:start position:0% +produces the coefficients C so 64 pixels + + + align:start position:0% +produces the coefficients C so 64 pixels +come in 64 coefficients come out now + + align:start position:0% +come in 64 coefficients come out now + + + align:start position:0% +come in 64 coefficients come out now +comes the compression now come this was + + align:start position:0% +comes the compression now come this was + + + align:start position:0% +comes the compression now come this was +lossless it's just we know that our 64 + + align:start position:0% +lossless it's just we know that our 64 + + + align:start position:0% +lossless it's just we know that our 64 +has plenty of basis and we've chosen + + align:start position:0% +has plenty of basis and we've chosen + + + align:start position:0% +has plenty of basis and we've chosen +what now in that basis we write that we + + align:start position:0% +what now in that basis we write that we + + + align:start position:0% +what now in that basis we write that we +write the signal in that basis and + + align:start position:0% +write the signal in that basis and + + + align:start position:0% +write the signal in that basis and +that's what my lecture that's the mass + + align:start position:0% +that's what my lecture that's the mass + + + align:start position:0% +that's what my lecture that's the mass +part of my lecture now here's the + + align:start position:0% +part of my lecture now here's the + + + align:start position:0% +part of my lecture now here's the +application part the next part is going + + align:start position:0% +application part the next part is going + + + align:start position:0% +application part the next part is going +to be the compression step and that's + + align:start position:0% +to be the compression step and that's + + + align:start position:0% +to be the compression step and that's +lossy we're going to lose information + + align:start position:0% +lossy we're going to lose information + + + align:start position:0% +lossy we're going to lose information +and what what will actually happen at + + align:start position:0% +and what what will actually happen at + + + align:start position:0% +and what what will actually happen at +that step well one thing we could do is + + align:start position:0% +that step well one thing we could do is + + + align:start position:0% +that step well one thing we could do is +just throw away the small coefficients + + align:start position:0% +just throw away the small coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +just throw away the small coefficients +so that would be that's called threshold + + align:start position:0% +so that would be that's called threshold + + + align:start position:0% +so that would be that's called threshold +every coefficient every basis vector + + align:start position:0% +every coefficient every basis vector + + + align:start position:0% +every coefficient every basis vector +that's not in there more than the + + align:start position:0% +that's not in there more than the + + + align:start position:0% +that's not in there more than the +threshold value and we set some + + align:start position:0% +threshold value and we set some + + + align:start position:0% +threshold value and we set some +threshold so that our eye can't see the + + align:start position:0% +threshold so that our eye can't see the + + + align:start position:0% +threshold so that our eye can't see the +difference whether we throw away that or + + align:start position:0% +difference whether we throw away that or + + + align:start position:0% +difference whether we throw away that or +can hardly see the difference whether we + + align:start position:0% +can hardly see the difference whether we + + + align:start position:0% +can hardly see the difference whether we +throw away that little bit of that basis + + align:start position:0% +throw away that little bit of that basis + + + align:start position:0% +throw away that little bit of that basis +vector or keep it so this compression + + align:start position:0% +vector or keep it so this compression + + + align:start position:0% +vector or keep it so this compression +step produces + + align:start position:0% +step produces + + + align:start position:0% +step produces +press set of coefficients Libby I'll + + align:start position:0% +press set of coefficients Libby I'll + + + align:start position:0% +press set of coefficients Libby I'll +just keep going here so so it keeps + + align:start position:0% +just keep going here so so it keeps + + + align:start position:0% +just keep going here so so it keeps +going this compression step produces + + align:start position:0% +going this compression step produces + + + align:start position:0% +going this compression step produces +some coefficients C hat and with lots of + + align:start position:0% +some coefficients C hat and with lots of + + + align:start position:0% +some coefficients C hat and with lots of +with many zeros so that's where the + + align:start position:0% +with many zeros so that's where the + + + align:start position:0% +with many zeros so that's where the +compression came probably there's enough + + align:start position:0% +compression came probably there's enough + + + align:start position:0% +compression came probably there's enough +of this vector of all ones we've got we + + align:start position:0% +of this vector of all ones we've got we + + + align:start position:0% +of this vector of all ones we've got we +very seldom throw that away + + align:start position:0% +very seldom throw that away + + + align:start position:0% +very seldom throw that away +usually it's coefficient will be large + + align:start position:0% +usually it's coefficient will be large + + + align:start position:0% +usually it's coefficient will be large +but the coefficient of something like + + align:start position:0% +but the coefficient of something like + + + align:start position:0% +but the coefficient of something like +this that's quickly alternating vector + + align:start position:0% +this that's quickly alternating vector + + + align:start position:0% +this that's quickly alternating vector +there's probably very little of that in + + align:start position:0% +there's probably very little of that in + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably very little of that in +any smooth signal that means that's high + + align:start position:0% +any smooth signal that means that's high + + + align:start position:0% +any smooth signal that means that's high +frequent this is this is low frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequent this is this is low frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequent this is this is low frequency +zero frequency this stuff is the highest + + align:start position:0% +zero frequency this stuff is the highest + + + align:start position:0% +zero frequency this stuff is the highest +frequency we could have and there's a if + + align:start position:0% +frequency we could have and there's a if + + + align:start position:0% +frequency we could have and there's a if +the noise the the jitter is producing + + align:start position:0% +the noise the the jitter is producing + + + align:start position:0% +the noise the the jitter is producing +that sort of output but a smooth lecture + + align:start position:0% +that sort of output but a smooth lecture + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of output but a smooth lecture +like this one is has very little of that + + align:start position:0% +like this one is has very little of that + + + align:start position:0% +like this one is has very little of that +highest frequency very little noise in + + align:start position:0% +highest frequency very little noise in + + + align:start position:0% +highest frequency very little noise in +this lecture okay so so we throw away + + align:start position:0% +this lecture okay so so we throw away + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture okay so so we throw away +whatever there is and we we're left with + + align:start position:0% +whatever there is and we we're left with + + + align:start position:0% +whatever there is and we we're left with +just a few coefficients and then we + + align:start position:0% +just a few coefficients and then we + + + align:start position:0% +just a few coefficients and then we +reconstruct a signal using those + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct a signal using those + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct a signal using those +coefficients we take the those + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we take the those + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we take the those +coefficients times their basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +coefficients times their basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients times their basis vectors +but this sum doesn't have 64 terms + + align:start position:0% +but this sum doesn't have 64 terms + + + align:start position:0% +but this sum doesn't have 64 terms +anymore probably it has about two or + + align:start position:0% +anymore probably it has about two or + + + align:start position:0% +anymore probably it has about two or +three terms so that if we say it has + + align:start position:0% +three terms so that if we say it has + + + align:start position:0% +three terms so that if we say it has +three terms from 64 down to three that's + + align:start position:0% +three terms from 64 down to three that's + + + align:start position:0% +three terms from 64 down to three that's +compression of twenty one to one that's + + align:start position:0% +compression of twenty one to one that's + + + align:start position:0% +compression of twenty one to one that's +the kind of compression you're looking + + align:start position:0% +the kind of compression you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of compression you're looking +for and everybody is looking for that + + align:start position:0% +for and everybody is looking for that + + + align:start position:0% +for and everybody is looking for that +sort of compression let's see I guess I + + align:start position:0% +sort of compression let's see I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of compression let's see I guess I +met the problem with the FBI and + + align:start position:0% +met the problem with the FBI and + + + align:start position:0% +met the problem with the FBI and +fingerprints so there's a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints so there's a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints so there's a whole lot of +still images you know you with your + + align:start position:0% +still images you know you with your + + + align:start position:0% +still images you know you with your +thumb you make these inky marks which go + + align:start position:0% +thumb you make these inky marks which go + + + align:start position:0% +thumb you make these inky marks which go +somewhere used to go to Washington and + + align:start position:0% +somewhere used to go to Washington and + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere used to go to Washington and +get stored in a big file so Washington + + align:start position:0% +get stored in a big file so Washington + + + align:start position:0% +get stored in a big file so Washington +had a file of 30 million + + align:start position:0% +had a file of 30 million + + + align:start position:0% +had a file of 30 million +murderers cheaters on quizzes other + + align:start position:0% +murderers cheaters on quizzes other + + + align:start position:0% +murderers cheaters on quizzes other +stuff and and actually there was no way + + align:start position:0% +stuff and and actually there was no way + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and and actually there was no way +to retrieve them in time like so so + + align:start position:0% +to retrieve them in time like so so + + + align:start position:0% +to retrieve them in time like so so +suppose you're at the police station + + align:start position:0% +suppose you're at the police station + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you're at the police station +they say okay this person may have done + + align:start position:0% +they say okay this person may have done + + + align:start position:0% +they say okay this person may have done +this check with Washington have they got + + align:start position:0% +this check with Washington have they got + + + align:start position:0% +this check with Washington have they got +are his fingers or her fingerprints on + + align:start position:0% +are his fingers or her fingerprints on + + + align:start position:0% +are his fingers or her fingerprints on +file well Washington won't know the + + align:start position:0% +file well Washington won't know the + + + align:start position:0% +file well Washington won't know the +answer within a week with if it's God + + align:start position:0% +answer within a week with if it's God + + + align:start position:0% +answer within a week with if it's God +filing cabinets full of fingerprints so + + align:start position:0% +filing cabinets full of fingerprints so + + + align:start position:0% +filing cabinets full of fingerprints so +of course the natural step is digitize + + align:start position:0% +of course the natural step is digitize + + + align:start position:0% +of course the natural step is digitize +them so all fingerprints are now + + align:start position:0% +them so all fingerprints are now + + + align:start position:0% +them so all fingerprints are now +digitized so now it's it's the least + + align:start position:0% +digitized so now it's it's the least + + + align:start position:0% +digitized so now it's it's the least +electronic but still there's too much + + align:start position:0% +electronic but still there's too much + + + align:start position:0% +electronic but still there's too much +information in each each one I mean you + + align:start position:0% +information in each each one I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +information in each each one I mean you +can't search through that many + + align:start position:0% +can't search through that many + + + align:start position:0% +can't search through that many +fingerprints if you if if the digital + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints if you if if the digital + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints if you if if the digital +image is 512 squared by 512 squared if + + align:start position:0% +image is 512 squared by 512 squared if + + + align:start position:0% +image is 512 squared by 512 squared if +it's that many pixels so you get + + align:start position:0% +it's that many pixels so you get + + + align:start position:0% +it's that many pixels so you get +compressed so the FBI had to decide what + + align:start position:0% +compressed so the FBI had to decide what + + + align:start position:0% +compressed so the FBI had to decide what +basis to choose for compression of + + align:start position:0% +basis to choose for compression of + + + align:start position:0% +basis to choose for compression of +fingerprints and then they built a big + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints and then they built a big + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprints and then they built a big +new facility in West Virginia and that's + + align:start position:0% +new facility in West Virginia and that's + + + align:start position:0% +new facility in West Virginia and that's +where fingerprints now sent so if you I + + align:start position:0% +where fingerprints now sent so if you I + + + align:start position:0% +where fingerprints now sent so if you I +think if you get your fingerprints done + + align:start position:0% +think if you get your fingerprints done + + + align:start position:0% +think if you get your fingerprints done +now at the police station if it's an + + align:start position:0% +now at the police station if it's an + + + align:start position:0% +now at the police station if it's an +up-to-date police station it happens + + align:start position:0% +up-to-date police station it happens + + + align:start position:0% +up-to-date police station it happens +digitally and the signal is sent + + align:start position:0% +digitally and the signal is sent + + + align:start position:0% +digitally and the signal is sent +digitally and then in West Virginia it's + + align:start position:0% +digitally and then in West Virginia it's + + + align:start position:0% +digitally and then in West Virginia it's +compressed and indexed and then if they + + align:start position:0% +compressed and indexed and then if they + + + align:start position:0% +compressed and indexed and then if they +want to find you they can do it within + + align:start position:0% +want to find you they can do it within + + + align:start position:0% +want to find you they can do it within +minutes instead of within a week okay so + + align:start position:0% +minutes instead of within a week okay so + + + align:start position:0% +minutes instead of within a week okay so +this compression is comes up for signals + + align:start position:0% +this compression is comes up for signals + + + align:start position:0% +this compression is comes up for signals +for images for video which is like these + + align:start position:0% +for images for video which is like these + + + align:start position:0% +for images for video which is like these +lectures there's another aspect you + + align:start position:0% +lectures there's another aspect you + + + align:start position:0% +lectures there's another aspect you +could treat the video as one still image + + align:start position:0% +could treat the video as one still image + + + align:start position:0% +could treat the video as one still image +after another one and compress each one + + align:start position:0% +after another one and compress each one + + + align:start position:0% +after another one and compress each one +and then run them in and make a video + + align:start position:0% +and then run them in and make a video + + + align:start position:0% +and then run them in and make a video +but that misses well you can see why + + align:start position:0% +but that misses well you can see why + + + align:start position:0% +but that misses well you can see why +that's not optimal + + align:start position:0% +that's not optimal + + + align:start position:0% +that's not optimal +in video so for in a video thing you you + + align:start position:0% +in video so for in a video thing you you + + + align:start position:0% +in video so for in a video thing you you +you you have a sequence of images so + + align:start position:0% +you you have a sequence of images so + + + align:start position:0% +you you have a sequence of images so +video is really a sequence of images but + + align:start position:0% +video is really a sequence of images but + + + align:start position:0% +video is really a sequence of images but +what about one image to the next image + + align:start position:0% +what about one image to the next image + + + align:start position:0% +what about one image to the next image +they're extremely correlated I mean that + + align:start position:0% +they're extremely correlated I mean that + + + align:start position:0% +they're extremely correlated I mean that +I'm getting an image every split second + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting an image every split second + + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting an image every split second +and although I'm moving slightly that's + + align:start position:0% +and although I'm moving slightly that's + + + align:start position:0% +and although I'm moving slightly that's +what's producing the jumpy motion on the + + align:start position:0% +what's producing the jumpy motion on the + + + align:start position:0% +what's producing the jumpy motion on the +video but I'm not like you know each + + align:start position:0% +video but I'm not like you know each + + + align:start position:0% +video but I'm not like you know each +each image in the sequence is pretty + + align:start position:0% +each image in the sequence is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +each image in the sequence is pretty +close to the one before so you have to + + align:start position:0% +close to the one before so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +close to the one before so you have to +use like prediction and correction I + + align:start position:0% +use like prediction and correction I + + + align:start position:0% +use like prediction and correction I +mean my the image of me one instant one + + align:start position:0% +mean my the image of me one instant one + + + align:start position:0% +mean my the image of me one instant one +time step later you would assume would + + align:start position:0% +time step later you would assume would + + + align:start position:0% +time step later you would assume would +be the same and then plus a small + + align:start position:0% +be the same and then plus a small + + + align:start position:0% +be the same and then plus a small +correction and you would only code and + + align:start position:0% +correction and you would only code and + + + align:start position:0% +correction and you would only code and +digitize the correction and compress the + + align:start position:0% +digitize the correction and compress the + + + align:start position:0% +digitize the correction and compress the +correction so a sequence of images + + align:start position:0% +correction so a sequence of images + + + align:start position:0% +correction so a sequence of images +that's highly correlated and that + + align:start position:0% +that's highly correlated and that + + + align:start position:0% +that's highly correlated and that +problem in compression is always to use + + align:start position:0% +problem in compression is always to use + + + align:start position:0% +problem in compression is always to use +this correlation this fact that in time + + align:start position:0% +this correlation this fact that in time + + + align:start position:0% +this correlation this fact that in time +or in space things don't change + + align:start position:0% +or in space things don't change + + + align:start position:0% +or in space things don't change +instantly they they're very often smooth + + align:start position:0% +instantly they they're very often smooth + + + align:start position:0% +instantly they they're very often smooth +changes and you can predict one value + + align:start position:0% +changes and you can predict one value + + + align:start position:0% +changes and you can predict one value +from the previous value okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +from the previous value okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous value okay so that's +the those are applications which are + + align:start position:0% +the those are applications which are + + + align:start position:0% +the those are applications which are +pure linear algebra I could maybe I + + align:start position:0% +pure linear algebra I could maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +pure linear algebra I could maybe I +maybe you'll allow me to tell you the + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'll allow me to tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'll allow me to tell you the +and the book describes the new basis + + align:start position:0% +and the book describes the new basis + + + align:start position:0% +and the book describes the new basis +that's the competition for Fourier so + + align:start position:0% +that's the competition for Fourier so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the competition for Fourier so +the competition for Fourier is called + + align:start position:0% +the competition for Fourier is called + + + align:start position:0% +the competition for Fourier is called +wavelets and I can describe what that + + align:start position:0% +wavelets and I can describe what that + + + align:start position:0% +wavelets and I can describe what that +basis is like say in the 8 by 8 case so + + align:start position:0% +basis is like say in the 8 by 8 case so + + + align:start position:0% +basis is like say in the 8 by 8 case so +that 8 by 8 wavelet basis is the base is + + align:start position:0% +that 8 by 8 wavelet basis is the base is + + + align:start position:0% +that 8 by 8 wavelet basis is the base is +the vector of all ones eight ones then + + align:start position:0% +the vector of all ones eight ones then + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of all ones eight ones then +the bank + + align:start position:0% +the bank + + + align:start position:0% +the bank +two of four ones and four minus ones + + align:start position:0% +two of four ones and four minus ones + + + align:start position:0% +two of four ones and four minus ones +then the vector of two ones and two + + align:start position:0% +then the vector of two ones and two + + + align:start position:0% +then the vector of two ones and two +minus ones and four zeroes and also the + + align:start position:0% +minus ones and four zeroes and also the + + + align:start position:0% +minus ones and four zeroes and also the +vector of four zeroes and two ones and + + align:start position:0% +vector of four zeroes and two ones and + + + align:start position:0% +vector of four zeroes and two ones and +two minus ones so now I'm up to four and + + align:start position:0% +two minus ones so now I'm up to four and + + + align:start position:0% +two minus ones so now I'm up to four and +I need four more right for our eight the + + align:start position:0% +I need four more right for our eight the + + + align:start position:0% +I need four more right for our eight the +next basis factor will be one minus one + + align:start position:0% +next basis factor will be one minus one + + + align:start position:0% +next basis factor will be one minus one +and six zeros and then three more like + + align:start position:0% +and six zeros and then three more like + + + align:start position:0% +and six zeros and then three more like +that with the one minus one there and + + align:start position:0% +that with the one minus one there and + + + align:start position:0% +that with the one minus one there and +there and there so those are eight + + align:start position:0% +there and there so those are eight + + + align:start position:0% +there and there so those are eight +vectors in eight dimensional space those + + align:start position:0% +vectors in eight dimensional space those + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in eight dimensional space those +are those are called wavelets and you + + align:start position:0% +are those are called wavelets and you + + + align:start position:0% +are those are called wavelets and you +and it's a very simple wavelet choice + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very simple wavelet choice + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very simple wavelet choice +it's more sophisticated choice this is a + + align:start position:0% +it's more sophisticated choice this is a + + + align:start position:0% +it's more sophisticated choice this is a +little jumpy to jump between one and + + align:start position:0% +little jumpy to jump between one and + + + align:start position:0% +little jumpy to jump between one and +minus one and actually you can see now + + align:start position:0% +minus one and actually you can see now + + + align:start position:0% +minus one and actually you can see now +suppose you compare the wavelet basis + + align:start position:0% +suppose you compare the wavelet basis + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you compare the wavelet basis +with the Fourier basis above how could I + + align:start position:0% +with the Fourier basis above how could I + + + align:start position:0% +with the Fourier basis above how could I +write this guy which is in the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +write this guy which is in the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +write this guy which is in the Fourier +basis it's an eight it's a vector in our + + align:start position:0% +basis it's an eight it's a vector in our + + + align:start position:0% +basis it's an eight it's a vector in our +eight how would I write that as a + + align:start position:0% +eight how would I write that as a + + + align:start position:0% +eight how would I write that as a +combination of the wavelet basis used to + + align:start position:0% +combination of the wavelet basis used to + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the wavelet basis used to +have I told you enough about the wavelet + + align:start position:0% +have I told you enough about the wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +have I told you enough about the wavelet +basis that you can see how does this + + align:start position:0% +basis that you can see how does this + + + align:start position:0% +basis that you can see how does this +very fast guy what combination of the + + align:start position:0% +very fast guy what combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +very fast guy what combination of the +wavelet basis is that very fast guy it + + align:start position:0% +wavelet basis is that very fast guy it + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet basis is that very fast guy it +would be this one it would be the sum of + + align:start position:0% +would be this one it would be the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +would be this one it would be the sum of +these four right that very fast guy will + + align:start position:0% +these four right that very fast guy will + + + align:start position:0% +these four right that very fast guy will +be that one minus one and the next one + + align:start position:0% +be that one minus one and the next one + + + align:start position:0% +be that one minus one and the next one +and the next one and the next one so + + align:start position:0% +and the next one and the next one so + + + align:start position:0% +and the next one and the next one so +this is the sum of those last four + + align:start position:0% +this is the sum of those last four + + + align:start position:0% +this is the sum of those last four +wavelets this one we've kept and so on + + align:start position:0% +wavelets this one we've kept and so on + + + align:start position:0% +wavelets this one we've kept and so on +so each well every what that's what a + + align:start position:0% +so each well every what that's what a + + + align:start position:0% +so each well every what that's what a +basis does every vector in r8 is some + + align:start position:0% +basis does every vector in r8 is some + + + align:start position:0% +basis does every vector in r8 is some +combination of those and for the linear + + align:start position:0% +combination of those and for the linear + + + align:start position:0% +combination of those and for the linear +algebra we so the linear algebra is this + + align:start position:0% +algebra we so the linear algebra is this + + + align:start position:0% +algebra we so the linear algebra is this +step find the coefficient that's that's + + align:start position:0% +step find the coefficient that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +step find the coefficient that's that's +the step we want to take what if + + align:start position:0% +the step we want to take what if + + + align:start position:0% +the step we want to take what if +I give you the basis like this wavelet + + align:start position:0% +I give you the basis like this wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +I give you the basis like this wavelet +basis and I give you the pixel so here + + align:start position:0% +basis and I give you the pixel so here + + + align:start position:0% +basis and I give you the pixel so here +are the pixel values p1 p2 down to p8 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's what's the job what's the linear + + align:start position:0% +what's what's the job what's the linear + + + align:start position:0% +what's what's the job what's the linear +algebra here so this is these are the + + align:start position:0% +algebra here so this is these are the + + + align:start position:0% +algebra here so this is these are the +values this is in the standard basis + + align:start position:0% +values this is in the standard basis + + + align:start position:0% +values this is in the standard basis +right those are just the values at eight + + align:start position:0% +right those are just the values at eight + + + align:start position:0% +right those are just the values at eight +successive points I guess I'm dropping + + align:start position:0% +successive points I guess I'm dropping + + + align:start position:0% +successive points I guess I'm dropping +down to one dimension instead of eight + + align:start position:0% +down to one dimension instead of eight + + + align:start position:0% +down to one dimension instead of eight +by eight I'm just gonna take eight pixel + + align:start position:0% +by eight I'm just gonna take eight pixel + + + align:start position:0% +by eight I'm just gonna take eight pixel +values along that first top row so I + + align:start position:0% +values along that first top row so I + + + align:start position:0% +values along that first top row so I +what do I want to do it in the standard + + align:start position:0% +what do I want to do it in the standard + + + align:start position:0% +what do I want to do it in the standard +basis here are the pixel values I want + + align:start position:0% +basis here are the pixel values I want + + + align:start position:0% +basis here are the pixel values I want +to write that as a combination of c1 + + align:start position:0% +to write that as a combination of c1 + + + align:start position:0% +to write that as a combination of c1 +times this guy plus c2 times this guy + + align:start position:0% +times this guy plus c2 times this guy + + + align:start position:0% +times this guy plus c2 times this guy +plus c3 these are the coefficients plus + + align:start position:0% +plus c3 these are the coefficients plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus c3 these are the coefficients plus +C four times this one do you see what + + align:start position:0% +C four times this one do you see what + + + align:start position:0% +C four times this one do you see what +I'm doing I want to write this vector P + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing I want to write this vector P + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing I want to write this vector P +as a combination of c1 times the first + + align:start position:0% +as a combination of c1 times the first + + + align:start position:0% +as a combination of c1 times the first +wavelet plus C eight times the eights + + align:start position:0% +wavelet plus C eight times the eights + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet plus C eight times the eights +wavelet that's the that's the transform + + align:start position:0% +wavelet that's the that's the transform + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet that's the that's the transform +step that's the lossless step that's the + + align:start position:0% +step that's the lossless step that's the + + + align:start position:0% +step that's the lossless step that's the +step from P o of calling it P here and I + + align:start position:0% +step from P o of calling it P here and I + + + align:start position:0% +step from P o of calling it P here and I +called it X there so let me at the risk + + align:start position:0% +called it X there so let me at the risk + + + align:start position:0% +called it X there so let me at the risk +of moving and therefore making this jump + + align:start position:0% +of moving and therefore making this jump + + + align:start position:0% +of moving and therefore making this jump +II suppose the signal I'm now calling P + + align:start position:0% +II suppose the signal I'm now calling P + + + align:start position:0% +II suppose the signal I'm now calling P +the pic set of pixel values and I'm + + align:start position:0% +the pic set of pixel values and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the pic set of pixel values and I'm +looking for the coefficients okay tell + + align:start position:0% +looking for the coefficients okay tell + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the coefficients okay tell +me how to do it how do I find if I give + + align:start position:0% +me how to do it how do I find if I give + + + align:start position:0% +me how to do it how do I find if I give +you eight basis vectors and I give you + + align:start position:0% +you eight basis vectors and I give you + + + align:start position:0% +you eight basis vectors and I give you +the input signal and I ask for the + + align:start position:0% +the input signal and I ask for the + + + align:start position:0% +the input signal and I ask for the +coefficients what do I do + + align:start position:0% +coefficients what do I do + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients what do I do +what's the what's the step I want I'm + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the step I want I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the step I want I'm +trying to solve this I I want to know + + align:start position:0% +trying to solve this I I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +trying to solve this I I want to know +the eight coefficients so I'm changing + + align:start position:0% +the eight coefficients so I'm changing + + + align:start position:0% +the eight coefficients so I'm changing +from the standard basis which is just + + align:start position:0% +from the standard basis which is just + + + align:start position:0% +from the standard basis which is just +the eighth grayscale values to that to + + align:start position:0% +the eighth grayscale values to that to + + + align:start position:0% +the eighth grayscale values to that to +the wavelet basis + + align:start position:0% +the wavelet basis + + + align:start position:0% +the wavelet basis +where this same vector is represented by + + align:start position:0% +where this same vector is represented by + + + align:start position:0% +where this same vector is represented by +eight numbers it's got to take eight + + align:start position:0% +eight numbers it's got to take eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight numbers it's got to take eight +numbers to tell you a vector in R 8 and + + align:start position:0% +numbers to tell you a vector in R 8 and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers to tell you a vector in R 8 and +those eight numbers are the coefficients + + align:start position:0% +those eight numbers are the coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +those eight numbers are the coefficients +of the basis look we've done this thing + + align:start position:0% +of the basis look we've done this thing + + + align:start position:0% +of the basis look we've done this thing +before what do we hear there is the + + align:start position:0% +before what do we hear there is the + + + align:start position:0% +before what do we hear there is the +equation in vector notation we want to + + align:start position:0% +equation in vector notation we want to + + + align:start position:0% +equation in vector notation we want to +see it as a matrix this is a combination + + align:start position:0% +see it as a matrix this is a combination + + + align:start position:0% +see it as a matrix this is a combination +of columns of the wavelet matrix right + + align:start position:0% +of columns of the wavelet matrix right + + + align:start position:0% +of columns of the wavelet matrix right +this is P equals c1 c2 down to c8 and + + align:start position:0% +this is P equals c1 c2 down to c8 and + + + align:start position:0% +this is P equals c1 c2 down to c8 and +these guys are the columns I mean this + + align:start position:0% +these guys are the columns I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are the columns I mean this +is the step that we constantly take in + + align:start position:0% +is the step that we constantly take in + + + align:start position:0% +is the step that we constantly take in +this course the first basis vector goes + + align:start position:0% +this course the first basis vector goes + + + align:start position:0% +this course the first basis vector goes +in the first column the second basis + + align:start position:0% +in the first column the second basis + + + align:start position:0% +in the first column the second basis +vector goes in the second column and so + + align:start position:0% +vector goes in the second column and so + + + align:start position:0% +vector goes in the second column and so +on the eight columns of this wavelet + + align:start position:0% +on the eight columns of this wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +on the eight columns of this wavelet +matrix are the eight basis vectors this + + align:start position:0% +matrix are the eight basis vectors this + + + align:start position:0% +matrix are the eight basis vectors this +is a wavelet matrix W so the step to + + align:start position:0% +is a wavelet matrix W so the step to + + + align:start position:0% +is a wavelet matrix W so the step to +change basis so now I'm finally coming + + align:start position:0% +change basis so now I'm finally coming + + + align:start position:0% +change basis so now I'm finally coming +to this change of basis so the change of + + align:start position:0% +to this change of basis so the change of + + + align:start position:0% +to this change of basis so the change of +basis that but let me stay with this + + align:start position:0% +basis that but let me stay with this + + + align:start position:0% +basis that but let me stay with this +board but well let me just go above it + + align:start position:0% +board but well let me just go above it + + + align:start position:0% +board but well let me just go above it +here so the standard basis we know the + + align:start position:0% +here so the standard basis we know the + + + align:start position:0% +here so the standard basis we know the +wavelet basis we have here and the + + align:start position:0% +wavelet basis we have here and the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet basis we have here and the +transform is simply solve the equations + + align:start position:0% +transform is simply solve the equations + + + align:start position:0% +transform is simply solve the equations +P equal W C so the coefficients are W + + align:start position:0% +P equal W C so the coefficients are W + + + align:start position:0% +P equal W C so the coefficients are W +inverse P right this shows a critical + + align:start position:0% +inverse P right this shows a critical + + + align:start position:0% +inverse P right this shows a critical +point a good basis has a nice fast + + align:start position:0% +point a good basis has a nice fast + + + align:start position:0% +point a good basis has a nice fast +inverse so good means good basis means + + align:start position:0% +inverse so good means good basis means + + + align:start position:0% +inverse so good means good basis means +what so this is like the billion-dollar + + align:start position:0% +what so this is like the billion-dollar + + + align:start position:0% +what so this is like the billion-dollar +competition and it's not over yet people + + align:start position:0% +competition and it's not over yet people + + + align:start position:0% +competition and it's not over yet people +are going to come up with better bases + + align:start position:0% +are going to come up with better bases + + + align:start position:0% +are going to come up with better bases +than these so a good basis will be first + + align:start position:0% +than these so a good basis will be first + + + align:start position:0% +than these so a good basis will be first +good thing + + align:start position:0% +good thing + + + align:start position:0% +good thing +would be fast I have to be able to + + align:start position:0% +would be fast I have to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +would be fast I have to be able to +multiply by W fast and multiply by W by + + align:start position:0% +multiply by W fast and multiply by W by + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by W fast and multiply by W by +its inverse fast + + align:start position:0% +its inverse fast + + + align:start position:0% +its inverse fast +that's if a basis doesn't allow you to + + align:start position:0% +that's if a basis doesn't allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +that's if a basis doesn't allow you to +do that fast then it's gonna take so + + align:start position:0% +do that fast then it's gonna take so + + + align:start position:0% +do that fast then it's gonna take so +much time that that you can't afford it + + align:start position:0% +much time that that you can't afford it + + + align:start position:0% +much time that that you can't afford it +so these bases the Fourier basis + + align:start position:0% +so these bases the Fourier basis + + + align:start position:0% +so these bases the Fourier basis +everybody said okay I know how to deal + + align:start position:0% +everybody said okay I know how to deal + + + align:start position:0% +everybody said okay I know how to deal +quickly with a Fourier basis because we + + align:start position:0% +quickly with a Fourier basis because we + + + align:start position:0% +quickly with a Fourier basis because we +have something called the fast Fourier + + align:start position:0% +have something called the fast Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +have something called the fast Fourier +transform there's so there's a FFT that + + align:start position:0% +transform there's so there's a FFT that + + + align:start position:0% +transform there's so there's a FFT that +came in my earlier lecture and comes in + + align:start position:0% +came in my earlier lecture and comes in + + + align:start position:0% +came in my earlier lecture and comes in +the last chapter of the book so change + + align:start position:0% +the last chapter of the book so change + + + align:start position:0% +the last chapter of the book so change +of basis is done if for the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +of basis is done if for the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +of basis is done if for the Fourier +basis is done fast by the FFT and + + align:start position:0% +basis is done fast by the FFT and + + + align:start position:0% +basis is done fast by the FFT and +there's a fast wavelet transform I can + + align:start position:0% +there's a fast wavelet transform I can + + + align:start position:0% +there's a fast wavelet transform I can +change for this wavelet example this + + align:start position:0% +change for this wavelet example this + + + align:start position:0% +change for this wavelet example this +matrix is easy to invert it's just + + align:start position:0% +matrix is easy to invert it's just + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is easy to invert it's just +somebody had a smart idea in choosing + + align:start position:0% +somebody had a smart idea in choosing + + + align:start position:0% +somebody had a smart idea in choosing +that wavelet basis and inverting it it + + align:start position:0% +that wavelet basis and inverting it it + + + align:start position:0% +that wavelet basis and inverting it it +has a nice inverse actually you can see + + align:start position:0% +has a nice inverse actually you can see + + + align:start position:0% +has a nice inverse actually you can see +why it has a nice inverse do you see any + + align:start position:0% +why it has a nice inverse do you see any + + + align:start position:0% +why it has a nice inverse do you see any +property of these eight basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +property of these eight basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +property of these eight basis vectors +well I'm only written five of them but + + align:start position:0% +well I'm only written five of them but + + + align:start position:0% +well I'm only written five of them but +if you see that property for those five + + align:start position:0% +if you see that property for those five + + + align:start position:0% +if you see that property for those five +you'll see it for the three remaining + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it for the three remaining + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it for the three remaining +well if I give you those eight vectors + + align:start position:0% +well if I give you those eight vectors + + + align:start position:0% +well if I give you those eight vectors +and ask what's a nice property well you + + align:start position:0% +and ask what's a nice property well you + + + align:start position:0% +and ask what's a nice property well you +would say first they're all ones and + + align:start position:0% +would say first they're all ones and + + + align:start position:0% +would say first they're all ones and +minus ones and zeros so every + + align:start position:0% +minus ones and zeros so every + + + align:start position:0% +minus ones and zeros so every +multiplication is very fast using just + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is very fast using just + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is very fast using just +in binary but what's the other great + + align:start position:0% +in binary but what's the other great + + + align:start position:0% +in binary but what's the other great +property of those vectors anybody see it + + align:start position:0% +property of those vectors anybody see it + + + align:start position:0% +property of those vectors anybody see it +so of course when I think about a basis + + align:start position:0% +so of course when I think about a basis + + + align:start position:0% +so of course when I think about a basis +one nice property I don't have to have + + align:start position:0% +one nice property I don't have to have + + + align:start position:0% +one nice property I don't have to have +it but I'm happy if it's there is that + + align:start position:0% +it but I'm happy if it's there is that + + + align:start position:0% +it but I'm happy if it's there is that +they are orthogonal if the basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +they are orthogonal if the basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +they are orthogonal if the basis vectors +are orthogonal then I'm in good shape + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal then I'm in good shape + + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal then I'm in good shape +and these are do you see they take the + + align:start position:0% +and these are do you see they take the + + + align:start position:0% +and these are do you see they take the +dot product of that with that you get + + align:start position:0% +dot product of that with that you get + + + align:start position:0% +dot product of that with that you get +four plus ones and four minus ones you + + align:start position:0% +four plus ones and four minus ones you + + + align:start position:0% +four plus ones and four minus ones you +get zero take the dot product of that + + align:start position:0% +get zero take the dot product of that + + + align:start position:0% +get zero take the dot product of that +with that you get two plus + + align:start position:0% +with that you get two plus + + + align:start position:0% +with that you get two plus +and 2-1 or the dot product of that with + + align:start position:0% +and 2-1 or the dot product of that with + + + align:start position:0% +and 2-1 or the dot product of that with +that two plus ones and two minus ones + + align:start position:0% +that two plus ones and two minus ones + + + align:start position:0% +that two plus ones and two minus ones +you can easily check that that's an + + align:start position:0% +you can easily check that that's an + + + align:start position:0% +you can easily check that that's an +orthogonal basis it's not orthonormal I + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal basis it's not orthonormal I + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal basis it's not orthonormal I +could to fix it up + + align:start position:0% +could to fix it up + + + align:start position:0% +could to fix it up +I should divide by the length to make + + align:start position:0% +I should divide by the length to make + + + align:start position:0% +I should divide by the length to make +them unit vectors let's suppose I do + + align:start position:0% +them unit vectors let's suppose I do + + + align:start position:0% +them unit vectors let's suppose I do +that so somewhere in here I've got to + + align:start position:0% +that so somewhere in here I've got to + + + align:start position:0% +that so somewhere in here I've got to +account for the fact that this has + + align:start position:0% +account for the fact that this has + + + align:start position:0% +account for the fact that this has +length square root of eight that has + + align:start position:0% +length square root of eight that has + + + align:start position:0% +length square root of eight that has +length square root of four that has + + align:start position:0% +length square root of four that has + + + align:start position:0% +length square root of four that has +length square root of two but that's + + align:start position:0% +length square root of two but that's + + + align:start position:0% +length square root of two but that's +just a constant factor that's easy to so + + align:start position:0% +just a constant factor that's easy to so + + + align:start position:0% +just a constant factor that's easy to so +suppose we've done that then tell me + + align:start position:0% +suppose we've done that then tell me + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we've done that then tell me +what's W inverse that's what chapter 4 + + align:start position:0% +what's W inverse that's what chapter 4 + + + align:start position:0% +what's W inverse that's what chapter 4 +section four point four was about if we + + align:start position:0% +section four point four was about if we + + + align:start position:0% +section four point four was about if we +have orthonormal columns what then the + + align:start position:0% +have orthonormal columns what then the + + + align:start position:0% +have orthonormal columns what then the +inverse is the same as that transpose so + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the same as that transpose so + + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the same as that transpose so +if we have a fast way to multiply by W + + align:start position:0% +if we have a fast way to multiply by W + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a fast way to multiply by W +which we do the inverse is going to look + + align:start position:0% +which we do the inverse is going to look + + + align:start position:0% +which we do the inverse is going to look +just the same and we'll have a fast way + + align:start position:0% +just the same and we'll have a fast way + + + align:start position:0% +just the same and we'll have a fast way +to do W inverse so that's the wavelet + + align:start position:0% +to do W inverse so that's the wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +to do W inverse so that's the wavelet +basis passes this requirement for fast + + align:start position:0% +basis passes this requirement for fast + + + align:start position:0% +basis passes this requirement for fast +we can use it fast but there's a second + + align:start position:0% +we can use it fast but there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +we can use it fast but there's a second +requirement is it any good because the + + align:start position:0% +requirement is it any good because the + + + align:start position:0% +requirement is it any good because the +the very fastest thing we could do would + + align:start position:0% +the very fastest thing we could do would + + + align:start position:0% +the very fastest thing we could do would +be not to change basis at all right the + + align:start position:0% +be not to change basis at all right the + + + align:start position:0% +be not to change basis at all right the +fastest thing would be okay stay with a + + align:start position:0% +fastest thing would be okay stay with a + + + align:start position:0% +fastest thing would be okay stay with a +standard basis stay with eight pixel + + align:start position:0% +standard basis stay with eight pixel + + + align:start position:0% +standard basis stay with eight pixel +values but that was poor from + + align:start position:0% +values but that was poor from + + + align:start position:0% +values but that was poor from +compression point of view right those + + align:start position:0% +compression point of view right those + + + align:start position:0% +compression point of view right those +eight pixel values if I just took those + + align:start position:0% +eight pixel values if I just took those + + + align:start position:0% +eight pixel values if I just took those +eight numbers I can't throw some of + + align:start position:0% +eight numbers I can't throw some of + + + align:start position:0% +eight numbers I can't throw some of +those away if I throw away ninety + + align:start position:0% +those away if I throw away ninety + + + align:start position:0% +those away if I throw away ninety +percent if I compressed ten to one and + + align:start position:0% +percent if I compressed ten to one and + + + align:start position:0% +percent if I compressed ten to one and +throw away 90% of my pixel values well + + align:start position:0% +throw away 90% of my pixel values well + + + align:start position:0% +throw away 90% of my pixel values well +my pictures just gone dark whereas the + + align:start position:0% +my pictures just gone dark whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +my pictures just gone dark whereas the +basis that was good the wavelet basis or + + align:start position:0% +basis that was good the wavelet basis or + + + align:start position:0% +basis that was good the wavelet basis or +the Fourier basis if I throw away c5 c6 + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier basis if I throw away c5 c6 + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier basis if I throw away c5 c6 +c7 and c8 all I'm throwing away is + + align:start position:0% +c7 and c8 all I'm throwing away is + + + align:start position:0% +c7 and c8 all I'm throwing away is +little blips that are probably they're + + align:start position:0% +little blips that are probably they're + + + align:start position:0% +little blips that are probably they're +in very small amounts + + align:start position:0% +in very small amounts + + + align:start position:0% +in very small amounts +so the second property that we need is + + align:start position:0% +so the second property that we need is + + + align:start position:0% +so the second property that we need is +good compression so so first it has to + + align:start position:0% +good compression so so first it has to + + + align:start position:0% +good compression so so first it has to +be fast and secondly it has to be a few + + align:start position:0% +be fast and secondly it has to be a few + + + align:start position:0% +be fast and secondly it has to be a few +basis vectors should come close to the + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors should come close to the + + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors should come close to the +signal so so a few few is enough can I + + align:start position:0% +signal so so a few few is enough can I + + + align:start position:0% +signal so so a few few is enough can I +write it that way + + align:start position:0% +write it that way + + + align:start position:0% +write it that way +a few basis vectors are enough to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reproduce the image just exactly as on + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the image just exactly as on + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the image just exactly as on +the video of these 1806 lectures I don't + + align:start position:0% +the video of these 1806 lectures I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the video of these 1806 lectures I don't +know what the compression rate is I'll + + align:start position:0% +know what the compression rate is I'll + + + align:start position:0% +know what the compression rate is I'll +ask David who who does the compression + + align:start position:0% +ask David who who does the compression + + + align:start position:0% +ask David who who does the compression +and by the way I'll try to get the + + align:start position:0% +and by the way I'll try to get the + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way I'll try to get the +lectures that are relevant for the quiz + + align:start position:0% +lectures that are relevant for the quiz + + + align:start position:0% +lectures that are relevant for the quiz +up onto the web in time so I'll send my + + align:start position:0% +up onto the web in time so I'll send my + + + align:start position:0% +up onto the web in time so I'll send my +message today so the point so he's using + + align:start position:0% +message today so the point so he's using + + + align:start position:0% +message today so the point so he's using +the Fourier basis because the JPEG so + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier basis because the JPEG so + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier basis because the JPEG so +JPEG 2000 which will be the next + + align:start position:0% +JPEG 2000 which will be the next + + + align:start position:0% +JPEG 2000 which will be the next +standard for image compression will + + align:start position:0% +standard for image compression will + + + align:start position:0% +standard for image compression will +include wavelets so I mean you're + + align:start position:0% +include wavelets so I mean you're + + + align:start position:0% +include wavelets so I mean you're +actually getting a kind of up-to-date + + align:start position:0% +actually getting a kind of up-to-date + + + align:start position:0% +actually getting a kind of up-to-date +picture of where this big world of + + align:start position:0% +picture of where this big world of + + + align:start position:0% +picture of where this big world of +signal and image processing is that + + align:start position:0% +signal and image processing is that + + + align:start position:0% +signal and image processing is that +Fourier is what everybody knew and what + + align:start position:0% +Fourier is what everybody knew and what + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier is what everybody knew and what +people automatically used and the new + + align:start position:0% +people automatically used and the new + + + align:start position:0% +people automatically used and the new +new one is wavelets where this is the + + align:start position:0% +new one is wavelets where this is the + + + align:start position:0% +new one is wavelets where this is the +simplest set of wavelets and this isn't + + align:start position:0% +simplest set of wavelets and this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +simplest set of wavelets and this isn't +the one that the FBI uses by the way the + + align:start position:0% +the one that the FBI uses by the way the + + + align:start position:0% +the one that the FBI uses by the way the +FBI uses a more more a smoother wavelet + + align:start position:0% +FBI uses a more more a smoother wavelet + + + align:start position:0% +FBI uses a more more a smoother wavelet +instead of jumping from 1 to minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +instead of jumping from 1 to minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +instead of jumping from 1 to minus 1 +it's a smooth cut off and that's what + + align:start position:0% +it's a smooth cut off and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +it's a smooth cut off and that's what +we'll be in in jpeg2000 ok so that's + + align:start position:0% +we'll be in in jpeg2000 ok so that's + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be in in jpeg2000 ok so that's +that application now let me come to my + + align:start position:0% +that application now let me come to my + + + align:start position:0% +that application now let me come to my +the the mass the linear algebra part of + + align:start position:0% +the the mass the linear algebra part of + + + align:start position:0% +the the mass the linear algebra part of +the lecture well we've actually seen a + + align:start position:0% +the lecture well we've actually seen a + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture well we've actually seen a +change of basis so let me just review + + align:start position:0% +change of basis so let me just review + + + align:start position:0% +change of basis so let me just review +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +change-of-basis idea and then the I and + + align:start position:0% +change-of-basis idea and then the I and + + + align:start position:0% +change-of-basis idea and then the I and +then the transformation to a matrix okay + + align:start position:0% +then the transformation to a matrix okay + + + align:start position:0% +then the transformation to a matrix okay +so so this I see that these applications + + align:start position:0% +so so this I see that these applications + + + align:start position:0% +so so this I see that these applications +are really big now I have to talk a + + align:start position:0% +are really big now I have to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +are really big now I have to talk a +little about change of basis and a + + align:start position:0% +little about change of basis and a + + + align:start position:0% +little about change of basis and a +little bit about that the matrix okay + + align:start position:0% +little bit about that the matrix okay + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about that the matrix okay +okay okay so change a basis basically Oh + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so change a basis basically Oh + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so change a basis basically Oh +forgive that pun okay I have I have I + + align:start position:0% +forgive that pun okay I have I have I + + + align:start position:0% +forgive that pun okay I have I have I +have my vector in one basis and I want + + align:start position:0% +have my vector in one basis and I want + + + align:start position:0% +have my vector in one basis and I want +to change to a different one actually + + align:start position:0% +to change to a different one actually + + + align:start position:0% +to change to a different one actually +you saw it for the wavelet case so I + + align:start position:0% +you saw it for the wavelet case so I + + + align:start position:0% +you saw it for the wavelet case so I +need the the mate I let the matrix W are + + align:start position:0% +need the the mate I let the matrix W are + + + align:start position:0% +need the the mate I let the matrix W are +the columns of W be the new basis + + align:start position:0% +the columns of W be the new basis + + + align:start position:0% +the columns of W be the new basis +vectors then the change of basis + + align:start position:0% +vectors then the change of basis + + + align:start position:0% +vectors then the change of basis +involves just as it did there W inverse + + align:start position:0% +involves just as it did there W inverse + + + align:start position:0% +involves just as it did there W inverse +so we have the vector vector say X in + + align:start position:0% +so we have the vector vector say X in + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the vector vector say X in +the old basis and we that converts to a + + align:start position:0% +the old basis and we that converts to a + + + align:start position:0% +the old basis and we that converts to a +vector let's say C in the new basis and + + align:start position:0% +vector let's say C in the new basis and + + + align:start position:0% +vector let's say C in the new basis and +the relation is exactly what we had + + align:start position:0% +the relation is exactly what we had + + + align:start position:0% +the relation is exactly what we had +there that X is W see that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +there that X is W see that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +there that X is W see that's the that's +the that's the that's the step we have + + align:start position:0% +the that's the that's the step we have + + + align:start position:0% +the that's the that's the step we have +to take there's a matrix W that gives us + + align:start position:0% +to take there's a matrix W that gives us + + + align:start position:0% +to take there's a matrix W that gives us +a change of basis okay what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +a change of basis okay what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +a change of basis okay what I want to do +is think about mate transformations and + + align:start position:0% +is think about mate transformations and + + + align:start position:0% +is think about mate transformations and +matrices so here's here's the question + + align:start position:0% +matrices so here's here's the question + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so here's here's the question +that the to complete this lecture + + align:start position:0% +that the to complete this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +that the to complete this lecture +suppose I have + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have +a linear transformation T so it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +a linear transformation T so it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +a linear transformation T so it's it's a +it's a we we would think of it as an 8 + + align:start position:0% +it's a we we would think of it as an 8 + + + align:start position:0% +it's a we we would think of it as an 8 +as an N by n matrix and it's computed + + align:start position:0% +as an N by n matrix and it's computed + + + align:start position:0% +as an N by n matrix and it's computed +with respect to a certain basis so T so + + align:start position:0% +with respect to a certain basis so T so + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to a certain basis so T so +no I'm sorry I've got the transformation + + align:start position:0% +no I'm sorry I've got the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +no I'm sorry I've got the transformation +T period that's taking 8 dimensional + + align:start position:0% +T period that's taking 8 dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +T period that's taking 8 dimensional +space to eight dimensional space now + + align:start position:0% +space to eight dimensional space now + + + align:start position:0% +space to eight dimensional space now +let's get matrices in there + + align:start position:0% +let's get matrices in there + + + align:start position:0% +let's get matrices in there +okay so so with respect to with respect + + align:start position:0% +okay so so with respect to with respect + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so with respect to with respect +to first base is say V 1 up to V 8 it + + align:start position:0% +to first base is say V 1 up to V 8 it + + + align:start position:0% +to first base is say V 1 up to V 8 it +has a matrix a I'm just setting up + + align:start position:0% +has a matrix a I'm just setting up + + + align:start position:0% +has a matrix a I'm just setting up +letters here with respect to a second + + align:start position:0% +letters here with respect to a second + + + align:start position:0% +letters here with respect to a second +basis say I'll make it u1 up to or w1 + + align:start position:0% +basis say I'll make it u1 up to or w1 + + + align:start position:0% +basis say I'll make it u1 up to or w1 +since I've used double use W 1 up to W 8 + + align:start position:0% +since I've used double use W 1 up to W 8 + + + align:start position:0% +since I've used double use W 1 up to W 8 +it has a matrix B and my question is + + align:start position:0% +it has a matrix B and my question is + + + align:start position:0% +it has a matrix B and my question is +what's the connection between a and B + + align:start position:0% +what's the connection between a and B + + + align:start position:0% +what's the connection between a and B +how is the matrix the transformation T + + align:start position:0% +how is the matrix the transformation T + + + align:start position:0% +how is the matrix the transformation T +is settled we could say it's a rotation + + align:start position:0% +is settled we could say it's a rotation + + + align:start position:0% +is settled we could say it's a rotation +for example so that would be one + + align:start position:0% +for example so that would be one + + + align:start position:0% +for example so that would be one +transformation of eight dimensional + + align:start position:0% +transformation of eight dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of eight dimensional +space just spin it a little or project + + align:start position:0% +space just spin it a little or project + + + align:start position:0% +space just spin it a little or project +it or or whatever whatever linear + + align:start position:0% +it or or whatever whatever linear + + + align:start position:0% +it or or whatever whatever linear +transformation we've got now we have to + + align:start position:0% +transformation we've got now we have to + + + align:start position:0% +transformation we've got now we have to +remember so so first my first step is to + + align:start position:0% +remember so so first my first step is to + + + align:start position:0% +remember so so first my first step is to +remind you how you create that matrix a + + align:start position:0% +remind you how you create that matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +remind you how you create that matrix a +then my second step is we would use the + + align:start position:0% +then my second step is we would use the + + + align:start position:0% +then my second step is we would use the +same method to create B but because it + + align:start position:0% +same method to create B but because it + + + align:start position:0% +same method to create B but because it +came from the same transformation + + align:start position:0% +came from the same transformation + + + align:start position:0% +came from the same transformation +there's got to be a relation between a + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be a relation between a + + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be a relation between a +and B what's the what's the relation + + align:start position:0% +and B what's the what's the relation + + + align:start position:0% +and B what's the what's the relation +between a and B and let me jump to the + + align:start position:0% +between a and B and let me jump to the + + + align:start position:0% +between a and B and let me jump to the +answer on that one that if I have if I + + align:start position:0% +answer on that one that if I have if I + + + align:start position:0% +answer on that one that if I have if I +have the same transformation and I'm + + align:start position:0% +have the same transformation and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have the same transformation and I'm +computer its matrix in one basis and + + align:start position:0% +computer its matrix in one basis and + + + align:start position:0% +computer its matrix in one basis and +then I computed in another basis those + + align:start position:0% +then I computed in another basis those + + + align:start position:0% +then I computed in another basis those +two matrices are similar so these two + + align:start position:0% +two matrices are similar so these two + + + align:start position:0% +two matrices are similar so these two +matrices are similar now do you remember + + align:start position:0% +matrices are similar now do you remember + + + align:start position:0% +matrices are similar now do you remember +what similar matrices meant similar a is + + align:start position:0% +what similar matrices meant similar a is + + + align:start position:0% +what similar matrices meant similar a is +similar the two matrices are similar + + align:start position:0% +similar the two matrices are similar + + + align:start position:0% +similar the two matrices are similar +similar and what do I mean by that I + + align:start position:0% +similar and what do I mean by that I + + + align:start position:0% +similar and what do I mean by that I +mean that I take the matrix B and I can + + align:start position:0% +mean that I take the matrix B and I can + + + align:start position:0% +mean that I take the matrix B and I can +compute it from the matrix a using using + + align:start position:0% +compute it from the matrix a using using + + + align:start position:0% +compute it from the matrix a using using +some similarity some matrix M on one + + align:start position:0% +some similarity some matrix M on one + + + align:start position:0% +some similarity some matrix M on one +side and M inverse on the other and this + + align:start position:0% +side and M inverse on the other and this + + + align:start position:0% +side and M inverse on the other and this +M will be the change of basis matrix I'm + + align:start position:0% +M will be the change of basis matrix I'm + + + align:start position:0% +M will be the change of basis matrix I'm +I'm having this this part of the lecture + + align:start position:0% +I'm having this this part of the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +I'm having this this part of the lecture +is admittedly compressed what I wanted + + align:start position:0% +is admittedly compressed what I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +is admittedly compressed what I wanted +to do to what I it's really the the + + align:start position:0% +to do to what I it's really the the + + + align:start position:0% +to do to what I it's really the the +conclusion that I want you to spot now I + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that I want you to spot now I + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion that I want you to spot now I +have to go back and say what does it + + align:start position:0% +have to go back and say what does it + + + align:start position:0% +have to go back and say what does it +mean for a to be the matrix of this + + align:start position:0% +mean for a to be the matrix of this + + + align:start position:0% +mean for a to be the matrix of this +transformation T can so I have to remind + + align:start position:0% +transformation T can so I have to remind + + + align:start position:0% +transformation T can so I have to remind +you what that meant that was in the last + + align:start position:0% +you what that meant that was in the last + + + align:start position:0% +you what that meant that was in the last +lecture then then this is the conclusion + + align:start position:0% +lecture then then this is the conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +lecture then then this is the conclusion +that if I change to a different basis we + + align:start position:0% +that if I change to a different basis we + + + align:start position:0% +that if I change to a different basis we +now know C if I change through a + + align:start position:0% +now know C if I change through a + + + align:start position:0% +now know C if I change through a +different basis two things happen every + + align:start position:0% +different basis two things happen every + + + align:start position:0% +different basis two things happen every +vector has new coordinates there the + + align:start position:0% +vector has new coordinates there the + + + align:start position:0% +vector has new coordinates there the +rule is this one between the old + + align:start position:0% +rule is this one between the old + + + align:start position:0% +rule is this one between the old +coordinates and the new ones every + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and the new ones every + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and the new ones every +matrix changes every transformation has + + align:start position:0% +matrix changes every transformation has + + + align:start position:0% +matrix changes every transformation has +a new matrix and the new matrix is + + align:start position:0% +a new matrix and the new matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +a new matrix and the new matrix is +related this way the M could be the same + + align:start position:0% +related this way the M could be the same + + + align:start position:0% +related this way the M could be the same +as the W the M there could be the W here + + align:start position:0% +as the W the M there could be the W here + + + align:start position:0% +as the W the M there could be the W here +okay so can I in the remaining minutes + + align:start position:0% +okay so can I in the remaining minutes + + + align:start position:0% +okay so can I in the remaining minutes +recapture my lecture the end of my + + align:start position:0% +recapture my lecture the end of my + + + align:start position:0% +recapture my lecture the end of my +lecture that was just before + + align:start position:0% +lecture that was just before + + + align:start position:0% +lecture that was just before +Thanksgiving about + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving about + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving about +out the matrix okay what's the matrix + + align:start position:0% +out the matrix okay what's the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +out the matrix okay what's the matrix +and I'll just take one basis so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just take one basis so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just take one basis so now I'm +going to this this part is going to go + + align:start position:0% +going to this this part is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +going to this this part is going to go +onto this board here what is the matrix + + align:start position:0% +onto this board here what is the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +onto this board here what is the matrix +what is a okay + + align:start position:0% +what is a okay + + + align:start position:0% +what is a okay +using a basis V 1 up to V 8 okay what's + + align:start position:0% +using a basis V 1 up to V 8 okay what's + + + align:start position:0% +using a basis V 1 up to V 8 okay what's +the point the point is if I know what + + align:start position:0% +the point the point is if I know what + + + align:start position:0% +the point the point is if I know what +the transformation does to those eight + + align:start position:0% +the transformation does to those eight + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation does to those eight +basis vectors I know it completely I + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors I know it completely I + + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors I know it completely I +know T I know that I know everything + + align:start position:0% +know T I know that I know everything + + + align:start position:0% +know T I know that I know everything +about T I know T completely from knowing + + align:start position:0% +about T I know T completely from knowing + + + align:start position:0% +about T I know T completely from knowing +T of what T does to V 1 what T does to V + + align:start position:0% +T of what T does to V 1 what T does to V + + + align:start position:0% +T of what T does to V 1 what T does to V +2 what T does to v8 why is that it's + + align:start position:0% +2 what T does to v8 why is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +2 what T does to v8 why is that it's +because T is a linear transformation so + + align:start position:0% +because T is a linear transformation so + + + align:start position:0% +because T is a linear transformation so +that if I know what these outputs are so + + align:start position:0% +that if I know what these outputs are so + + + align:start position:0% +that if I know what these outputs are so +these are the inputs v1 up to v8 these + + align:start position:0% +these are the inputs v1 up to v8 these + + + align:start position:0% +these are the inputs v1 up to v8 these +are the outputs from the transformation + + align:start position:0% +are the outputs from the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +are the outputs from the transformation +like every one rotated every one + + align:start position:0% +like every one rotated every one + + + align:start position:0% +like every one rotated every one +projected whatever transformation I've + + align:start position:0% +projected whatever transformation I've + + + align:start position:0% +projected whatever transformation I've +done then why is it that I know + + align:start position:0% +done then why is it that I know + + + align:start position:0% +done then why is it that I know +everything how does linearity work why + + align:start position:0% +everything how does linearity work why + + + align:start position:0% +everything how does linearity work why +this is because because every X is some + + align:start position:0% +this is because because every X is some + + + align:start position:0% +this is because because every X is some +combination of these basis vectors right + + align:start position:0% +combination of these basis vectors right + + + align:start position:0% +combination of these basis vectors right +C 1 V 1 C 2 V 2 C 8 v 8 that's they were + + align:start position:0% +C 1 V 1 C 2 V 2 C 8 v 8 that's they were + + + align:start position:0% +C 1 V 1 C 2 V 2 C 8 v 8 that's they were +a basis that's the whole point of a + + align:start position:0% +a basis that's the whole point of a + + + align:start position:0% +a basis that's the whole point of a +basis that every vector is a combination + + align:start position:0% +basis that every vector is a combination + + + align:start position:0% +basis that every vector is a combination +of the basis vectors in exactly one way + + align:start position:0% +of the basis vectors in exactly one way + + + align:start position:0% +of the basis vectors in exactly one way +and then what is T of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the point is I'm I claim that we know T + + align:start position:0% +the point is I'm I claim that we know T + + + align:start position:0% +the point is I'm I claim that we know T +of X completely for every X because + + align:start position:0% +of X completely for every X because + + + align:start position:0% +of X completely for every X because +every X is a combination of those and + + align:start position:0% +every X is a combination of those and + + + align:start position:0% +every X is a combination of those and +now we use the linear transformation + + align:start position:0% +now we use the linear transformation + + + align:start position:0% +now we use the linear transformation +part to say that the output from X has + + align:start position:0% +part to say that the output from X has + + + align:start position:0% +part to say that the output from X has +to be c1 times the output from v1 plus + + align:start position:0% +to be c1 times the output from v1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +to be c1 times the output from v1 plus +c2 times the output from V 2 and so on + + align:start position:0% +c2 times the output from V 2 and so on + + + align:start position:0% +c2 times the output from V 2 and so on +up through c8 times the output from v8 + + align:start position:0% +up through c8 times the output from v8 + + + align:start position:0% +up through c8 times the output from v8 +so this is like just saying okay we know + + align:start position:0% +so this is like just saying okay we know + + + align:start position:0% +so this is like just saying okay we know +everything when we know what T does to + + align:start position:0% +everything when we know what T does to + + + align:start position:0% +everything when we know what T does to +each basis vector okay so those are the + + align:start position:0% +each basis vector okay so those are the + + + align:start position:0% +each basis vector okay so those are the +eight things we need now but we need we + + align:start position:0% +eight things we need now but we need we + + + align:start position:0% +eight things we need now but we need we +need these answers in this basis so T so + + align:start position:0% +need these answers in this basis so T so + + + align:start position:0% +need these answers in this basis so T so +this first output is some combination of + + align:start position:0% +this first output is some combination of + + + align:start position:0% +this first output is some combination of +the eight basis vectors so right so + + align:start position:0% +the eight basis vectors so right so + + + align:start position:0% +the eight basis vectors so right so +right T times the first acting on the + + align:start position:0% +right T times the first acting on the + + + align:start position:0% +right T times the first acting on the +first input in other words right the + + align:start position:0% +first input in other words right the + + + align:start position:0% +first input in other words right the +first output as a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +first output as a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +first output as a combination of the +basis vectors say a 1 1 V 1 plus a 2 1 V + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors say a 1 1 V 1 plus a 2 1 V + + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors say a 1 1 V 1 plus a 2 1 V +2 and so on a 8 1 v 8 right T of V 2 as + + align:start position:0% +2 and so on a 8 1 v 8 right T of V 2 as + + + align:start position:0% +2 and so on a 8 1 v 8 right T of V 2 as +some combination a 1/2 of V 1 a 2 2 of V + + align:start position:0% +some combination a 1/2 of V 1 a 2 2 of V + + + align:start position:0% +some combination a 1/2 of V 1 a 2 2 of V +2 and so on I'm creating the matrix a + + align:start position:0% +2 and so on I'm creating the matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +2 and so on I'm creating the matrix a +column by column those numbers go in the + + align:start position:0% +column by column those numbers go in the + + + align:start position:0% +column by column those numbers go in the +first column these numbers go in the + + align:start position:0% +first column these numbers go in the + + + align:start position:0% +first column these numbers go in the +second column the matrix a that this + + align:start position:0% +second column the matrix a that this + + + align:start position:0% +second column the matrix a that this +this is our matrix that represents T in + + align:start position:0% +this is our matrix that represents T in + + + align:start position:0% +this is our matrix that represents T in +this basis is these numbers a 1 1 down + + align:start position:0% +this basis is these numbers a 1 1 down + + + align:start position:0% +this basis is these numbers a 1 1 down +to a 1 8 a 2 1 down to a 2 8 and so on + + align:start position:0% +to a 1 8 a 2 1 down to a 2 8 and so on + + + align:start position:0% +to a 1 8 a 2 1 down to a 2 8 and so on +ok that's the + + align:start position:0% +ok that's the + + + align:start position:0% +ok that's the +recipe in other words if I give you a + + align:start position:0% +recipe in other words if I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +recipe in other words if I give you a +transformation and a basis that's what I + + align:start position:0% +transformation and a basis that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and a basis that's what I +have to give you the inputs are the + + align:start position:0% +have to give you the inputs are the + + + align:start position:0% +have to give you the inputs are the +basis and to tell you what the + + align:start position:0% +basis and to tell you what the + + + align:start position:0% +basis and to tell you what the +transformation is and then you tell me + + align:start position:0% +transformation is and then you tell me + + + align:start position:0% +transformation is and then you tell me +you've you compute T for each basis + + align:start position:0% +you've you compute T for each basis + + + align:start position:0% +you've you compute T for each basis +expand that result in the basis and that + + align:start position:0% +expand that result in the basis and that + + + align:start position:0% +expand that result in the basis and that +gives you the sixty-four numbers that go + + align:start position:0% +gives you the sixty-four numbers that go + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the sixty-four numbers that go +into the matrix a let me suppose let's + + align:start position:0% +into the matrix a let me suppose let's + + + align:start position:0% +into the matrix a let me suppose let's +close with the best example of all + + align:start position:0% +close with the best example of all + + + align:start position:0% +close with the best example of all +suppose V 1 to V 8 this basis is the + + align:start position:0% +suppose V 1 to V 8 this basis is the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose V 1 to V 8 this basis is the +eigenvectors suppose we have an + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors suppose we have an + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors suppose we have an +eigenvector basis so that T of VI is + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector basis so that T of VI is + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector basis so that T of VI is +just is in the same direction as VI now + + align:start position:0% +just is in the same direction as VI now + + + align:start position:0% +just is in the same direction as VI now +my question is what is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you carry through the steps let's + + align:start position:0% +can you carry through the steps let's + + + align:start position:0% +can you carry through the steps let's +let's do them together because that we + + align:start position:0% +let's do them together because that we + + + align:start position:0% +let's do them together because that we +can do it in one minute so we've chosen + + align:start position:0% +can do it in one minute so we've chosen + + + align:start position:0% +can do it in one minute so we've chosen +this perfect basis and actually with + + align:start position:0% +this perfect basis and actually with + + + align:start position:0% +this perfect basis and actually with +signal image processing + + align:start position:0% +signal image processing + + + align:start position:0% +signal image processing +they might look for the eigenvectors but + + align:start position:0% +they might look for the eigenvectors but + + + align:start position:0% +they might look for the eigenvectors but +that would take more calculation time + + align:start position:0% +that would take more calculation time + + + align:start position:0% +that would take more calculation time +than just saying okay we'll use the + + align:start position:0% +than just saying okay we'll use the + + + align:start position:0% +than just saying okay we'll use the +wavelet basis or okay we'll use the + + align:start position:0% +wavelet basis or okay we'll use the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelet basis or okay we'll use the +Fourier basis but the very best basis is + + align:start position:0% +Fourier basis but the very best basis is + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier basis but the very best basis is +the eigenvector basis okay what's the + + align:start position:0% +the eigenvector basis okay what's the + + + align:start position:0% +the eigenvector basis okay what's the +matrix so what's the first column of the + + align:start position:0% +matrix so what's the first column of the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so what's the first column of the +matrix how do I get the first column I + + align:start position:0% +matrix how do I get the first column I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix how do I get the first column I +take the first basis vector v1 I up I + + align:start position:0% +take the first basis vector v1 I up I + + + align:start position:0% +take the first basis vector v1 I up I +look to see what is the transformation + + align:start position:0% +look to see what is the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +look to see what is the transformation +do to it the output is lambda 1 v1 I + + align:start position:0% +do to it the output is lambda 1 v1 I + + + align:start position:0% +do to it the output is lambda 1 v1 I +express that output as a combination so + + align:start position:0% +express that output as a combination so + + + align:start position:0% +express that output as a combination so +the so the first input is v1 + + align:start position:0% +the so the first input is v1 + + + align:start position:0% +the so the first input is v1 +it's it's out its output is lambda 1 V 1 + + align:start position:0% +it's it's out its output is lambda 1 V 1 + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's out its output is lambda 1 V 1 +now right lambda 1 V 1 as a combination + + align:start position:0% +now right lambda 1 V 1 as a combination + + + align:start position:0% +now right lambda 1 V 1 as a combination +of the basis vectors well it's already + + align:start position:0% +of the basis vectors well it's already + + + align:start position:0% +of the basis vectors well it's already +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +it's just lambda 1 times the first basis + + align:start position:0% +it's just lambda 1 times the first basis + + + align:start position:0% +it's just lambda 1 times the first basis +vector and 0 times the others so this + + align:start position:0% +vector and 0 times the others so this + + + align:start position:0% +vector and 0 times the others so this +first column will have lambda 1 and + + align:start position:0% +first column will have lambda 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +first column will have lambda 1 and +zeros okay second input is V 2 output is + + align:start position:0% +zeros okay second input is V 2 output is + + + align:start position:0% +zeros okay second input is V 2 output is +lambda 2 V 2 okay write that output as a + + align:start position:0% +lambda 2 V 2 okay write that output as a + + + align:start position:0% +lambda 2 V 2 okay write that output as a +combination of the V's it's already done + + align:start position:0% +combination of the V's it's already done + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the V's it's already done +it's just lambda 2 times the second V so + + align:start position:0% +it's just lambda 2 times the second V so + + + align:start position:0% +it's just lambda 2 times the second V so +we need in the second column we have + + align:start position:0% +we need in the second column we have + + + align:start position:0% +we need in the second column we have +lambda 2 times the second V well you see + + align:start position:0% +lambda 2 times the second V well you see + + + align:start position:0% +lambda 2 times the second V well you see +what's coming that in that basis in the + + align:start position:0% +what's coming that in that basis in the + + + align:start position:0% +what's coming that in that basis in the +eigenvector basis the matrix is diagonal + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector basis the matrix is diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector basis the matrix is diagonal +so that's the perfect basis that's the + + align:start position:0% +so that's the perfect basis that's the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the perfect basis that's the +basis we'd love to have for image + + align:start position:0% +basis we'd love to have for image + + + align:start position:0% +basis we'd love to have for image +processing but to find the eigenvectors + + align:start position:0% +processing but to find the eigenvectors + + + align:start position:0% +processing but to find the eigenvectors +of our pixel matrix would be too + + align:start position:0% +of our pixel matrix would be too + + + align:start position:0% +of our pixel matrix would be too +expensive so we do something cheaper and + + align:start position:0% +expensive so we do something cheaper and + + + align:start position:0% +expensive so we do something cheaper and +close which is to choose a good basis + + align:start position:0% +close which is to choose a good basis + + + align:start position:0% +close which is to choose a good basis +like light wavelets okay thanks + + align:start position:0% +like light wavelets okay thanks + + + align:start position:0% +like light wavelets okay thanks +so a quiz review on Wednesday all day + + align:start position:0% +so a quiz review on Wednesday all day + + + align:start position:0% +so a quiz review on Wednesday all day +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/12UWP2ZhUl0.txt b/12UWP2ZhUl0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6d060798a3dc3192b7e0d677bd5fc6519d7186c --- /dev/null +++ b/12UWP2ZhUl0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9503 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +languages there are a bunch of signed + + align:start position:0% +languages there are a bunch of signed + + + align:start position:0% +languages there are a bunch of signed +languages uh + + align:start position:0% +languages uh + + + align:start position:0% +languages uh +um there's the three of them here but + + align:start position:0% +um there's the three of them here but + + + align:start position:0% +um there's the three of them here but +there are many + + align:start position:0% +there are many + + + align:start position:0% +there are many +um and maybe the first thing to say + + align:start position:0% +um and maybe the first thing to say + + + align:start position:0% +um and maybe the first thing to say +about them I I can remember a time uh + + align:start position:0% +about them I I can remember a time uh + + + align:start position:0% +about them I I can remember a time uh +when I believed as a child that signed + + align:start position:0% +when I believed as a child that signed + + + align:start position:0% +when I believed as a child that signed +languages were basically just codes + + align:start position:0% +languages were basically just codes + + + align:start position:0% +languages were basically just codes +coded versions of spoken languages + + align:start position:0% +coded versions of spoken languages + + + align:start position:0% +coded versions of spoken languages +um when I was a kid you were sometimes + + align:start position:0% +um when I was a kid you were sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +um when I was a kid you were sometimes +taught ASL signs for things every so + + align:start position:0% +taught ASL signs for things every so + + + align:start position:0% +taught ASL signs for things every so +often in class sort of the way you would + + align:start position:0% +often in class sort of the way you would + + + align:start position:0% +often in class sort of the way you would +be taught the occasional Spanish word in + + align:start position:0% +be taught the occasional Spanish word in + + + align:start position:0% +be taught the occasional Spanish word in +class right or whatever it's like here's + + align:start position:0% +class right or whatever it's like here's + + + align:start position:0% +class right or whatever it's like here's +a word in a foreign language let's all + + align:start position:0% +a word in a foreign language let's all + + + align:start position:0% +a word in a foreign language let's all +learn this word + + align:start position:0% +learn this word + + + align:start position:0% +learn this word +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +unlike Spanish the impression I was + + align:start position:0% +unlike Spanish the impression I was + + + align:start position:0% +unlike Spanish the impression I was +given by my teachers who may actually + + align:start position:0% +given by my teachers who may actually + + + align:start position:0% +given by my teachers who may actually +have believed this was that the way you + + align:start position:0% +have believed this was that the way you + + + align:start position:0% +have believed this was that the way you +spoke ASL was to speak English but to + + align:start position:0% +spoke ASL was to speak English but to + + + align:start position:0% +spoke ASL was to speak English but to +use your hands you know so like every + + align:start position:0% +use your hands you know so like every + + + align:start position:0% +use your hands you know so like every +English word had a an ASL translation + + align:start position:0% +English word had a an ASL translation + + + align:start position:0% +English word had a an ASL translation +and YouTube and there is something like + + align:start position:0% +and YouTube and there is something like + + + align:start position:0% +and YouTube and there is something like +that it's called signed exact English + + align:start position:0% +that it's called signed exact English + + + align:start position:0% +that it's called signed exact English +um but it is not the standard language + + align:start position:0% +um but it is not the standard language + + + align:start position:0% +um but it is not the standard language +used uh by the deaf um the deaf used + + align:start position:0% +used uh by the deaf um the deaf used + + + align:start position:0% +used uh by the deaf um the deaf used +something called American sign language + + align:start position:0% +something called American sign language + + + align:start position:0% +something called American sign language +in America + + align:start position:0% +in America + + + align:start position:0% +in America +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +another sort of way to make this point + + align:start position:0% +another sort of way to make this point + + + align:start position:0% +another sort of way to make this point +maybe that signed languages are not just + + align:start position:0% +maybe that signed languages are not just + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that signed languages are not just +coded versions of uh the spoken + + align:start position:0% +coded versions of uh the spoken + + + align:start position:0% +coded versions of uh the spoken +languages that are around them is that + + align:start position:0% +languages that are around them is that + + + align:start position:0% +languages that are around them is that +uh American to point out that American + + align:start position:0% +uh American to point out that American + + + align:start position:0% +uh American to point out that American +Sign Language uh is fairly closely + + align:start position:0% +Sign Language uh is fairly closely + + + align:start position:0% +Sign Language uh is fairly closely +related to French sign language which I + + align:start position:0% +related to French sign language which I + + + align:start position:0% +related to French sign language which I +won't try to pronounce in French because + + align:start position:0% +won't try to pronounce in French because + + + align:start position:0% +won't try to pronounce in French because +I don't speak French + + align:start position:0% +I don't speak French + + + align:start position:0% +I don't speak French +for historical reasons uh the first + + align:start position:0% +for historical reasons uh the first + + + align:start position:0% +for historical reasons uh the first +schools for the deaf in America were + + align:start position:0% +schools for the deaf in America were + + + align:start position:0% +schools for the deaf in America were +established by people from France who + + align:start position:0% +established by people from France who + + + align:start position:0% +established by people from France who +had established schools for the deaf in + + align:start position:0% +had established schools for the deaf in + + + align:start position:0% +had established schools for the deaf in +France and began establishing them here + + align:start position:0% +France and began establishing them here + + + align:start position:0% +France and began establishing them here +so uh American sign language is sort of + + align:start position:0% +so uh American sign language is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so uh American sign language is sort of +a descendant of French sign language and + + align:start position:0% +a descendant of French sign language and + + + align:start position:0% +a descendant of French sign language and +it is unrelated to British sign language + + align:start position:0% +it is unrelated to British sign language + + + align:start position:0% +it is unrelated to British sign language +and quite different from it uh so you + + align:start position:0% +and quite different from it uh so you + + + align:start position:0% +and quite different from it uh so you +know uh go ahead and make all the jokes + + align:start position:0% +know uh go ahead and make all the jokes + + + align:start position:0% +know uh go ahead and make all the jokes +you want about American English and + + align:start position:0% +you want about American English and + + + align:start position:0% +you want about American English and +British English being different but + + align:start position:0% +British English being different but + + + align:start position:0% +British English being different but +they're more similar to each other than + + align:start position:0% +they're more similar to each other than + + + align:start position:0% +they're more similar to each other than +either is to French but uh you know + + align:start position:0% +either is to French but uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +either is to French but uh you know +American Sign Language is more similar + + align:start position:0% +American Sign Language is more similar + + + align:start position:0% +American Sign Language is more similar +to French sign language than it is to + + align:start position:0% +to French sign language than it is to + + + align:start position:0% +to French sign language than it is to +British sign language because American + + align:start position:0% +British sign language because American + + + align:start position:0% +British sign language because American +sign language is not English it's + + align:start position:0% +sign language is not English it's + + + align:start position:0% +sign language is not English it's +another language uh one which is spoken + + align:start position:0% +another language uh one which is spoken + + + align:start position:0% +another language uh one which is spoken +with your with your body especially your + + align:start position:0% +with your with your body especially your + + + align:start position:0% +with your with your body especially your +hands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yes I just said that thank you + + align:start position:0% +um yes I just said that thank you + + + align:start position:0% +um yes I just said that thank you +they're another way to make the same + + align:start position:0% +they're another way to make the same + + + align:start position:0% +they're another way to make the same +point there are big grammatical + + align:start position:0% +point there are big grammatical + + + align:start position:0% +point there are big grammatical +differences between ASL and English some + + align:start position:0% +differences between ASL and English some + + + align:start position:0% +differences between ASL and English some +of which we'll be exploring uh here's + + align:start position:0% +of which we'll be exploring uh here's + + + align:start position:0% +of which we'll be exploring uh here's +one English has over wh movement + + align:start position:0% +one English has over wh movement + + + align:start position:0% +one English has over wh movement +remember wh moment yeah + + align:start position:0% +remember wh moment yeah + + + align:start position:0% +remember wh moment yeah +yeah uh so in who did John see uh lots + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh so in who did John see uh lots + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh so in who did John see uh lots +of other languages like Mandarin don't + + align:start position:0% +of other languages like Mandarin don't + + + align:start position:0% +of other languages like Mandarin don't +uh and in this regard ASL is more like + + align:start position:0% +uh and in this regard ASL is more like + + + align:start position:0% +uh and in this regard ASL is more like +Mandarin than it is like English + + align:start position:0% +Mandarin than it is like English + + + align:start position:0% +Mandarin than it is like English +um it's actually sort of a blend you can + + align:start position:0% +um it's actually sort of a blend you can + + + align:start position:0% +um it's actually sort of a blend you can +do either one but there's a very natural + + align:start position:0% +do either one but there's a very natural + + + align:start position:0% +do either one but there's a very natural +way to ask wh questions in Mander in ASL + + align:start position:0% +way to ask wh questions in Mander in ASL + + + align:start position:0% +way to ask wh questions in Mander in ASL +which looks something like this here's a + + align:start position:0% +which looks something like this here's a + + + align:start position:0% +which looks something like this here's a +guy who is about to say I think uh who + + align:start position:0% +guy who is about to say I think uh who + + + align:start position:0% +guy who is about to say I think uh who +did John see + + align:start position:0% +did John see + + + align:start position:0% +did John see +John saw who yeah so I'll get him to + + align:start position:0% +John saw who yeah so I'll get him to + + + align:start position:0% +John saw who yeah so I'll get him to +sign that again right so John saw who + + align:start position:0% +sign that again right so John saw who + + + align:start position:0% +sign that again right so John saw who +right and who is signed like this that's + + align:start position:0% +right and who is signed like this that's + + + align:start position:0% +right and who is signed like this that's +the ASL for who + + align:start position:0% +the ASL for who + + + align:start position:0% +the ASL for who +um there's another thing he's doing + + align:start position:0% +um there's another thing he's doing + + + align:start position:0% +um there's another thing he's doing +which we'll we'll talk about part of + + align:start position:0% +which we'll we'll talk about part of + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll we'll talk about part of +signing a question in ASL uh is not just + + align:start position:0% +signing a question in ASL uh is not just + + + align:start position:0% +signing a question in ASL uh is not just +what you do with your hands but what you + + align:start position:0% +what you do with your hands but what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you do with your hands but what you +do with your face you're required to + + align:start position:0% +do with your face you're required to + + + align:start position:0% +do with your face you're required to +look puzzled uh as you as you ask these + + align:start position:0% +look puzzled uh as you as you ask these + + + align:start position:0% +look puzzled uh as you as you ask these +particular kinds of questions and so to + + align:start position:0% +particular kinds of questions and so to + + + align:start position:0% +particular kinds of questions and so to +tilt your head and Furrow your brow and + + align:start position:0% +tilt your head and Furrow your brow and + + + align:start position:0% +tilt your head and Furrow your brow and +um there's some very careful work on + + align:start position:0% +um there's some very careful work on + + + align:start position:0% +um there's some very careful work on +where exactly you're required to tilt + + align:start position:0% +where exactly you're required to tilt + + + align:start position:0% +where exactly you're required to tilt +your head infero your brow it turns out + + align:start position:0% +your head infero your brow it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +your head infero your brow it turns out +to be very interesting it isn't just you + + align:start position:0% +to be very interesting it isn't just you + + + align:start position:0% +to be very interesting it isn't just you +do that for the whole question it's you + + align:start position:0% +do that for the whole question it's you + + + align:start position:0% +do that for the whole question it's you +do that for certain parts of the + + align:start position:0% +do that for certain parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +do that for certain parts of the +question then uh linguists to work on + + align:start position:0% +question then uh linguists to work on + + + align:start position:0% +question then uh linguists to work on +sign languages do work on on what's + + align:start position:0% +sign languages do work on on what's + + + align:start position:0% +sign languages do work on on what's +going on I'll put a link to this this is + + align:start position:0% +going on I'll put a link to this this is + + + align:start position:0% +going on I'll put a link to this this is +a corpus of American Sign Language + + align:start position:0% +a corpus of American Sign Language + + + align:start position:0% +a corpus of American Sign Language +utterances by uh the folks over there at + + align:start position:0% +utterances by uh the folks over there at + + + align:start position:0% +utterances by uh the folks over there at +bu who have a center for studying uh ASL + + align:start position:0% +bu who have a center for studying uh ASL + + + align:start position:0% +bu who have a center for studying uh ASL +there's a lot of really interesting data + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of really interesting data + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of really interesting data +in here which is tagged as you can see + + align:start position:0% +in here which is tagged as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +in here which is tagged as you can see +uh anyway I'll put a link to this on our + + align:start position:0% +uh anyway I'll put a link to this on our + + + align:start position:0% +uh anyway I'll put a link to this on our +website so this is Carol nidle it's done + + align:start position:0% +website so this is Carol nidle it's done + + + align:start position:0% +website so this is Carol nidle it's done +a lot of really interesting work on ASL + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the full screen mode I'm sorry I'm going + + align:start position:0% +the full screen mode I'm sorry I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +the full screen mode I'm sorry I'm going +to do a lot of this because we're going + + align:start position:0% +to do a lot of this because we're going + + + align:start position:0% +to do a lot of this because we're going +to be going back and forth between + + align:start position:0% +to be going back and forth between + + + align:start position:0% +to be going back and forth between +videos and uh + + align:start position:0% +videos and uh + + + align:start position:0% +videos and uh +my slides and I am low Tech if I were + + align:start position:0% +my slides and I am low Tech if I were + + + align:start position:0% +my slides and I am low Tech if I were +higher Tech I would have figured out a + + align:start position:0% +higher Tech I would have figured out a + + + align:start position:0% +higher Tech I would have figured out a +way to incorporate the videos into the + + align:start position:0% +way to incorporate the videos into the + + + align:start position:0% +way to incorporate the videos into the +slides but you know that's why this is + + align:start position:0% +slides but you know that's why this is + + + align:start position:0% +slides but you know that's why this is +the Linguistics Department + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so ASL is not English it's not + + align:start position:0% +okay so ASL is not English it's not + + + align:start position:0% +okay so ASL is not English it's not +English because it's not all that + + align:start position:0% +English because it's not all that + + + align:start position:0% +English because it's not all that +closely related to British sign language + + align:start position:0% +closely related to British sign language + + + align:start position:0% +closely related to British sign language +and it's also not English because well + + align:start position:0% +and it's also not English because well + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also not English because well +it has wh Institute unlike like English + + align:start position:0% +it has wh Institute unlike like English + + + align:start position:0% +it has wh Institute unlike like English +Standard way to ask who did John see the + + align:start position:0% +Standard way to ask who did John see the + + + align:start position:0% +Standard way to ask who did John see the +word order is John sahu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that's not to say that signed + + align:start position:0% +um that's not to say that signed + + + align:start position:0% +um that's not to say that signed +languages aren't in some kind of contact + + align:start position:0% +languages aren't in some kind of contact + + + align:start position:0% +languages aren't in some kind of contact +with spoken languages so you know + + align:start position:0% +with spoken languages so you know + + + align:start position:0% +with spoken languages so you know +typically if you're a deaf person + + align:start position:0% +typically if you're a deaf person + + + align:start position:0% +typically if you're a deaf person +growing up in America + + align:start position:0% +growing up in America + + + align:start position:0% +growing up in America +you have some kind of relationship with + + align:start position:0% +you have some kind of relationship with + + + align:start position:0% +you have some kind of relationship with +ASL what kind of relationship depends on + + align:start position:0% +ASL what kind of relationship depends on + + + align:start position:0% +ASL what kind of relationship depends on +the circumstances so it's not at all + + align:start position:0% +the circumstances so it's not at all + + + align:start position:0% +the circumstances so it's not at all +uncommon for Deaf children to be the + + align:start position:0% +uncommon for Deaf children to be the + + + align:start position:0% +uncommon for Deaf children to be the +deaf children of hearing parents and + + align:start position:0% +deaf children of hearing parents and + + + align:start position:0% +deaf children of hearing parents and +their parents have to do some hustling + + align:start position:0% +their parents have to do some hustling + + + align:start position:0% +their parents have to do some hustling +and be careful to make sure that their + + align:start position:0% +and be careful to make sure that their + + + align:start position:0% +and be careful to make sure that their +children have a chance to learn ASL some + + align:start position:0% +children have a chance to learn ASL some + + + align:start position:0% +children have a chance to learn ASL some +some children hearing parents will try + + align:start position:0% +some children hearing parents will try + + + align:start position:0% +some children hearing parents will try +to learn ASL themselves and raise their + + align:start position:0% +to learn ASL themselves and raise their + + + align:start position:0% +to learn ASL themselves and raise their +children in ASL but of course that's + + align:start position:0% +children in ASL but of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +children in ASL but of course that's +quite difficult you know to learn + + align:start position:0% +quite difficult you know to learn + + + align:start position:0% +quite difficult you know to learn +quickly a language like ASL I say + + align:start position:0% +quickly a language like ASL I say + + + align:start position:0% +quickly a language like ASL I say +quickly because you know you have if you + + align:start position:0% +quickly because you know you have if you + + + align:start position:0% +quickly because you know you have if you +didn't know ASL before you realized that + + align:start position:0% +didn't know ASL before you realized that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know ASL before you realized that +you had a deaf child well then you need + + align:start position:0% +you had a deaf child well then you need + + + align:start position:0% +you had a deaf child well then you need +to hurry up and learn it uh fairly fast + + align:start position:0% +to hurry up and learn it uh fairly fast + + + align:start position:0% +to hurry up and learn it uh fairly fast +that's a difficult position for parents + + align:start position:0% +that's a difficult position for parents + + + align:start position:0% +that's a difficult position for parents +to be in so there are some some varies + + align:start position:0% +to be in so there are some some varies + + + align:start position:0% +to be in so there are some some varies +with respect to how how much resources + + align:start position:0% +with respect to how how much resources + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to how how much resources +these people have whether they can + + align:start position:0% +these people have whether they can + + + align:start position:0% +these people have whether they can +whether they can do that in time for + + align:start position:0% +whether they can do that in time for + + + align:start position:0% +whether they can do that in time for +their kids to be exposed to ASL the way + + align:start position:0% +their kids to be exposed to ASL the way + + + align:start position:0% +their kids to be exposed to ASL the way +you need to be exposed to your first + + align:start position:0% +you need to be exposed to your first + + + align:start position:0% +you need to be exposed to your first +language there are their deaf kids who + + align:start position:0% +language there are their deaf kids who + + + align:start position:0% +language there are their deaf kids who +and then they're deaf kids who are lucky + + align:start position:0% +and then they're deaf kids who are lucky + + + align:start position:0% +and then they're deaf kids who are lucky +enough to be around native ASL signers + + align:start position:0% +enough to be around native ASL signers + + + align:start position:0% +enough to be around native ASL signers +from from a very early age the upshot of + + align:start position:0% +from from a very early age the upshot of + + + align:start position:0% +from from a very early age the upshot of +all this is that + + align:start position:0% +all this is that + + + align:start position:0% +all this is that +um if you're deaf and you're growing up + + align:start position:0% +um if you're deaf and you're growing up + + + align:start position:0% +um if you're deaf and you're growing up +in the United States you probably have + + align:start position:0% +in the United States you probably have + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States you probably have +some kind of relation to ASL maybe you + + align:start position:0% +some kind of relation to ASL maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of relation to ASL maybe you +become a fluent speaker that's + + align:start position:0% +become a fluent speaker that's + + + align:start position:0% +become a fluent speaker that's +sort of the one one hope but you also + + align:start position:0% +sort of the one one hope but you also + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the one one hope but you also +have some kind of relationship with + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of relationship with + + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of relationship with +English you're surrounded by people who + + align:start position:0% +English you're surrounded by people who + + + align:start position:0% +English you're surrounded by people who +are communicating with each other in + + align:start position:0% +are communicating with each other in + + + align:start position:0% +are communicating with each other in +English and so there are which you could + + align:start position:0% +English and so there are which you could + + + align:start position:0% +English and so there are which you could +think of as borrowings uh between + + align:start position:0% +think of as borrowings uh between + + + align:start position:0% +think of as borrowings uh between +gestures of uh hearing people around you + + align:start position:0% +gestures of uh hearing people around you + + + align:start position:0% +gestures of uh hearing people around you +and uh the gestures of um that are used + + align:start position:0% +and uh the gestures of um that are used + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the gestures of um that are used +in the sign maybe one of the clearest + + align:start position:0% +in the sign maybe one of the clearest + + + align:start position:0% +in the sign maybe one of the clearest +examples of this the pronoun for I in + + align:start position:0% +examples of this the pronoun for I in + + + align:start position:0% +examples of this the pronoun for I in +American Sign Language is this so you + + align:start position:0% +American Sign Language is this so you + + + align:start position:0% +American Sign Language is this so you +point at your own chest the pronoun for + + align:start position:0% +point at your own chest the pronoun for + + + align:start position:0% +point at your own chest the pronoun for +I in Japanese sign language is this you + + align:start position:0% +I in Japanese sign language is this you + + + align:start position:0% +I in Japanese sign language is this you +point at your own nose + + align:start position:0% +point at your own nose + + + align:start position:0% +point at your own nose +um that's sort of borrowing from uh the + + align:start position:0% +um that's sort of borrowing from uh the + + + align:start position:0% +um that's sort of borrowing from uh the +standard way to point to yourself in + + align:start position:0% +standard way to point to yourself in + + + align:start position:0% +standard way to point to yourself in +these places so in Japan a lot of Asia I + + align:start position:0% +these places so in Japan a lot of Asia I + + + align:start position:0% +these places so in Japan a lot of Asia I +think the way to point to yourself is to + + align:start position:0% +think the way to point to yourself is to + + + align:start position:0% +think the way to point to yourself is to +point at your own nose + + align:start position:0% +point at your own nose + + + align:start position:0% +point at your own nose +um uh whereas in in America the standard + + align:start position:0% +um uh whereas in in America the standard + + + align:start position:0% +um uh whereas in in America the standard +way to point to yourself is to point at + + align:start position:0% +way to point to yourself is to point at + + + align:start position:0% +way to point to yourself is to point at +your chest so we could think of this as + + align:start position:0% +your chest so we could think of this as + + + align:start position:0% +your chest so we could think of this as +borrowing if we wanted to some kind of + + align:start position:0% +borrowing if we wanted to some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing if we wanted to some kind of +contact between the spoken language and + + align:start position:0% +contact between the spoken language and + + + align:start position:0% +contact between the spoken language and +the uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh +assigned language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +very early on one of the first days I + + align:start position:0% +very early on one of the first days I + + + align:start position:0% +very early on one of the first days I +think we talked about so sir and the + + align:start position:0% +think we talked about so sir and the + + + align:start position:0% +think we talked about so sir and the +idea of the arbitrariness of the sign + + align:start position:0% +idea of the arbitrariness of the sign + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the arbitrariness of the sign +the observation that + + align:start position:0% +the observation that + + + align:start position:0% +the observation that +um the fact that this is called a table + + align:start position:0% +um the fact that this is called a table + + + align:start position:0% +um the fact that this is called a table +is uh kind of an arbitrary fact there's + + align:start position:0% +is uh kind of an arbitrary fact there's + + + align:start position:0% +is uh kind of an arbitrary fact there's +nothing about it that demands that it be + + align:start position:0% +nothing about it that demands that it be + + + align:start position:0% +nothing about it that demands that it be +called table it could have been called + + align:start position:0% +called table it could have been called + + + align:start position:0% +called table it could have been called +chair and the fact that it's called a + + align:start position:0% +chair and the fact that it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +chair and the fact that it's called a +table is an accident the fact that we + + align:start position:0% +table is an accident the fact that we + + + align:start position:0% +table is an accident the fact that we +call it a table in English but that in + + align:start position:0% +call it a table in English but that in + + + align:start position:0% +call it a table in English but that in +another language it could be called you + + align:start position:0% +another language it could be called you + + + align:start position:0% +another language it could be called you +know Mesa or tuipud or any you know a + + align:start position:0% +know Mesa or tuipud or any you know a + + + align:start position:0% +know Mesa or tuipud or any you know a +bunch of other things + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other things + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other things +um yeah languages get to arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +um yeah languages get to arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah languages get to arbitrarily +decide what they're going to call things + + align:start position:0% +decide what they're going to call things + + + align:start position:0% +decide what they're going to call things +even in spoken languages I think we said + + align:start position:0% +even in spoken languages I think we said + + + align:start position:0% +even in spoken languages I think we said +this before there are uh you know places + + align:start position:0% +this before there are uh you know places + + + align:start position:0% +this before there are uh you know places +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +um the way a word is pronounced has some + + align:start position:0% +um the way a word is pronounced has some + + + align:start position:0% +um the way a word is pronounced has some +kind of connection with what it refers + + align:start position:0% +kind of connection with what it refers + + + align:start position:0% +kind of connection with what it refers +to the classic example of this is names + + align:start position:0% +to the classic example of this is names + + + align:start position:0% +to the classic example of this is names +for Birds which are often not always but + + align:start position:0% +for Birds which are often not always but + + + align:start position:0% +for Birds which are often not always but +often imitations of the call of the bird + + align:start position:0% +often imitations of the call of the bird + + + align:start position:0% +often imitations of the call of the bird +so you know chickadee is named after the + + align:start position:0% +so you know chickadee is named after the + + + align:start position:0% +so you know chickadee is named after the +thing that a chickadee says sounds like + + align:start position:0% +thing that a chickadee says sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +thing that a chickadee says sounds like +it's saying chickadee if you listen to a + + align:start position:0% +it's saying chickadee if you listen to a + + + align:start position:0% +it's saying chickadee if you listen to a +chickadee uh or you know passive + + align:start position:0% +chickadee uh or you know passive + + + align:start position:0% +chickadee uh or you know passive +equality the word for owl or great + + align:start position:0% +equality the word for owl or great + + + align:start position:0% +equality the word for owl or great +horned owl is + + align:start position:0% +horned owl is + + + align:start position:0% +horned owl is +which is a pretty good imitation of an + + align:start position:0% +which is a pretty good imitation of an + + + align:start position:0% +which is a pretty good imitation of an +owl you know so there are some things + + align:start position:0% +owl you know so there are some things + + + align:start position:0% +owl you know so there are some things +like that where people seem to be + + align:start position:0% +like that where people seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +like that where people seem to be +imitating The Sounds made by something + + align:start position:0% +imitating The Sounds made by something + + + align:start position:0% +imitating The Sounds made by something +um in ASL of course uh your sounds are + + align:start position:0% +um in ASL of course uh your sounds are + + + align:start position:0% +um in ASL of course uh your sounds are +relevant + + align:start position:0% +relevant + + + align:start position:0% +relevant +um but in the sense you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um but in the sense you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um but in the sense you have a lot of +chances to to have non-arbitrary signs + + align:start position:0% +chances to to have non-arbitrary signs + + + align:start position:0% +chances to to have non-arbitrary signs +so there are signs that really do you + + align:start position:0% +so there are signs that really do you + + + align:start position:0% +so there are signs that really do you +know look like you're imitating the + + align:start position:0% +know look like you're imitating the + + + align:start position:0% +know look like you're imitating the +thing you know trying to make an image + + align:start position:0% +thing you know trying to make an image + + + align:start position:0% +thing you know trying to make an image +of the thing so here's book right that's + + align:start position:0% +of the thing so here's book right that's + + + align:start position:0% +of the thing so here's book right that's +book that's you can see why that's the + + align:start position:0% +book that's you can see why that's the + + + align:start position:0% +book that's you can see why that's the +word for book or this is tree you know + + align:start position:0% +word for book or this is tree you know + + + align:start position:0% +word for book or this is tree you know +and you can see why that's the word for + + align:start position:0% +and you can see why that's the word for + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see why that's the word for +tree it's a it's a picture of a tree you + + align:start position:0% +tree it's a it's a picture of a tree you + + + align:start position:0% +tree it's a it's a picture of a tree you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +um this is the kind of thing that gets + + align:start position:0% +um this is the kind of thing that gets + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the kind of thing that gets +people to think that ASL is basically a + + align:start position:0% +people to think that ASL is basically a + + + align:start position:0% +people to think that ASL is basically a +very sophisticated version of Charades + + align:start position:0% +very sophisticated version of Charades + + + align:start position:0% +very sophisticated version of Charades +you know that people are just sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know that people are just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know that people are just sort of +trying to imitate things and then + + align:start position:0% +trying to imitate things and then + + + align:start position:0% +trying to imitate things and then +they're done but of course that's not it + + align:start position:0% +they're done but of course that's not it + + + align:start position:0% +they're done but of course that's not it +uh signs are just as arbitrary in ASL as + + align:start position:0% +uh signs are just as arbitrary in ASL as + + + align:start position:0% +uh signs are just as arbitrary in ASL as +they are in any spoken language that is + + align:start position:0% +they are in any spoken language that is + + + align:start position:0% +they are in any spoken language that is +to say they're mostly arbitrary with + + align:start position:0% +to say they're mostly arbitrary with + + + align:start position:0% +to say they're mostly arbitrary with +some other cases like chickadee for + + align:start position:0% +some other cases like chickadee for + + + align:start position:0% +some other cases like chickadee for +English or book for ASL cases where it's + + align:start position:0% +English or book for ASL cases where it's + + + align:start position:0% +English or book for ASL cases where it's +possible to imitate something yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there's a fair amount of work on the + + align:start position:0% +um there's a fair amount of work on the + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a fair amount of work on the +phonology of signed languages which when + + align:start position:0% +phonology of signed languages which when + + + align:start position:0% +phonology of signed languages which when +I say it that way sounds like a bad joke + + align:start position:0% +I say it that way sounds like a bad joke + + + align:start position:0% +I say it that way sounds like a bad joke +I mean like what does that mean the + + align:start position:0% +I mean like what does that mean the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean like what does that mean the +phenology of signed languages + + align:start position:0% +phenology of signed languages + + + align:start position:0% +phenology of signed languages +um but it's actually there's this really + + align:start position:0% +um but it's actually there's this really + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's actually there's this really +cool stuff that people have observed + + align:start position:0% +cool stuff that people have observed + + + align:start position:0% +cool stuff that people have observed +about uh if you think of phonology as + + align:start position:0% +about uh if you think of phonology as + + + align:start position:0% +about uh if you think of phonology as +being the study of how the basic units + + align:start position:0% +being the study of how the basic units + + + align:start position:0% +being the study of how the basic units +can be combined to make slightly larger + + align:start position:0% +can be combined to make slightly larger + + + align:start position:0% +can be combined to make slightly larger +units so okay for spoken languages those + + align:start position:0% +units so okay for spoken languages those + + + align:start position:0% +units so okay for spoken languages those +units are sounds and we make all kinds + + align:start position:0% +units are sounds and we make all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +units are sounds and we make all kinds +of observations about the rules for how + + align:start position:0% +of observations about the rules for how + + + align:start position:0% +of observations about the rules for how +those things get to combine + + align:start position:0% +those things get to combine + + + align:start position:0% +those things get to combine +cast your mind back to when I was + + align:start position:0% +cast your mind back to when I was + + + align:start position:0% +cast your mind back to when I was +showing you some lardel data I said we + + align:start position:0% +showing you some lardel data I said we + + + align:start position:0% +showing you some lardel data I said we +convinced ourselves that it was useful + + align:start position:0% +convinced ourselves that it was useful + + + align:start position:0% +convinced ourselves that it was useful +to think that the accusative forms were + + align:start position:0% +to think that the accusative forms were + + + align:start position:0% +to think that the accusative forms were +a more reliable Guide to the underlying + + align:start position:0% +a more reliable Guide to the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +a more reliable Guide to the underlying +forms than the nominative forms were + + align:start position:0% +forms than the nominative forms were + + + align:start position:0% +forms than the nominative forms were +that's what we ended up saying for + + align:start position:0% +that's what we ended up saying for + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we ended up saying for +laredale right so we wanted to say uh in + + align:start position:0% +laredale right so we wanted to say uh in + + + align:start position:0% +laredale right so we wanted to say uh in +is being added to the underlying form of + + align:start position:0% +is being added to the underlying form of + + + align:start position:0% +is being added to the underlying form of +the noun which for woman is Binion and + + align:start position:0% +the noun which for woman is Binion and + + + align:start position:0% +the noun which for woman is Binion and +for fish is yuck + + align:start position:0% +for fish is yuck + + + align:start position:0% +for fish is yuck +if you ask a lairdel speaker what's your + + align:start position:0% +if you ask a lairdel speaker what's your + + + align:start position:0% +if you ask a lairdel speaker what's your +word for fish they're not going to say + + align:start position:0% +word for fish they're not going to say + + + align:start position:0% +word for fish they're not going to say +Yak they're going to say Yaga but that's + + align:start position:0% +Yak they're going to say Yaga but that's + + + align:start position:0% +Yak they're going to say Yaga but that's +because although the lairdo word for + + align:start position:0% +because although the lairdo word for + + + align:start position:0% +because although the lairdo word for +fish is underlying Lardo also has a + + align:start position:0% +fish is underlying Lardo also has a + + + align:start position:0% +fish is underlying Lardo also has a +basic rule a bunch of rules that + + align:start position:0% +basic rule a bunch of rules that + + + align:start position:0% +basic rule a bunch of rules that +lengthen monosyllabic words and we + + align:start position:0% +lengthen monosyllabic words and we + + + align:start position:0% +lengthen monosyllabic words and we +talked about various rules of this kind + + align:start position:0% +talked about various rules of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +talked about various rules of this kind +they they add different things depending + + align:start position:0% +they they add different things depending + + + align:start position:0% +they they add different things depending +on what the monosyllabic word ends in + + align:start position:0% +on what the monosyllabic word ends in + + + align:start position:0% +on what the monosyllabic word ends in +what sound it ends in with the upshot + + align:start position:0% +what sound it ends in with the upshot + + + align:start position:0% +what sound it ends in with the upshot +that yak is not a possible word because + + align:start position:0% +that yak is not a possible word because + + + align:start position:0% +that yak is not a possible word because +it's too short and uh they're told + + align:start position:0% +it's too short and uh they're told + + + align:start position:0% +it's too short and uh they're told +therefore lengthens it if you haven't + + align:start position:0% +therefore lengthens it if you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +therefore lengthens it if you haven't +added anything to it so if you've made + + align:start position:0% +added anything to it so if you've made + + + align:start position:0% +added anything to it so if you've made +it accusative you're fine it's two + + align:start position:0% +it accusative you're fine it's two + + + align:start position:0% +it accusative you're fine it's two +syllables long yeah again you're all + + align:start position:0% +syllables long yeah again you're all + + + align:start position:0% +syllables long yeah again you're all +done uh but if you wanted it to be + + align:start position:0% +done uh but if you wanted it to be + + + align:start position:0% +done uh but if you wanted it to be +nominative you weren't going to add any + + align:start position:0% +nominative you weren't going to add any + + + align:start position:0% +nominative you weren't going to add any +suffixes to it well then you need to add + + align:start position:0% +suffixes to it well then you need to add + + + align:start position:0% +suffixes to it well then you need to add +another vowel because it's too short + + align:start position:0% +another vowel because it's too short + + + align:start position:0% +another vowel because it's too short +that was the picture of lairdol that we + + align:start position:0% +that was the picture of lairdol that we + + + align:start position:0% +that was the picture of lairdol that we +ended up with does that sound even + + align:start position:0% +ended up with does that sound even + + + align:start position:0% +ended up with does that sound even +faintly familiar that's what we were + + align:start position:0% +faintly familiar that's what we were + + + align:start position:0% +faintly familiar that's what we were +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +that's a story about lairdo that says + + align:start position:0% +that's a story about lairdo that says + + + align:start position:0% +that's a story about lairdo that says +lerdo is like many languages in having + + align:start position:0% +lerdo is like many languages in having + + + align:start position:0% +lerdo is like many languages in having +what's called a minimal word + + align:start position:0% +what's called a minimal word + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a minimal word +requirements that is low in Lardo it + + align:start position:0% +requirements that is low in Lardo it + + + align:start position:0% +requirements that is low in Lardo it +says words can't be just one syllable + + align:start position:0% +says words can't be just one syllable + + + align:start position:0% +says words can't be just one syllable +long if you have a word that's going to + + align:start position:0% +long if you have a word that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +long if you have a word that's going to +end up being one syllable long you do + + align:start position:0% +end up being one syllable long you do + + + align:start position:0% +end up being one syllable long you do +something to it to make it longer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ASL has also been argued to have a + + align:start position:0% +ASL has also been argued to have a + + + align:start position:0% +ASL has also been argued to have a +minimal word requirement + + align:start position:0% +minimal word requirement + + + align:start position:0% +minimal word requirement +um and the argument goes like this there + + align:start position:0% +um and the argument goes like this there + + + align:start position:0% +um and the argument goes like this there +are signs that if they're by themselves + + align:start position:0% +are signs that if they're by themselves + + + align:start position:0% +are signs that if they're by themselves +they involve a movement which is often + + align:start position:0% +they involve a movement which is often + + + align:start position:0% +they involve a movement which is often +short but then that movement goes away + + align:start position:0% +short but then that movement goes away + + + align:start position:0% +short but then that movement goes away +if they're made part of a larger word so + + align:start position:0% +if they're made part of a larger word so + + + align:start position:0% +if they're made part of a larger word so +here's the ASL for think + + align:start position:0% +here's the ASL for think + + + align:start position:0% +here's the ASL for think +take your finger you move it + + align:start position:0% +take your finger you move it + + + align:start position:0% +take your finger you move it +towards your temple and touch yourself + + align:start position:0% +towards your temple and touch yourself + + + align:start position:0% +towards your temple and touch yourself +in the temple briefly yeah that's think + + align:start position:0% +in the temple briefly yeah that's think + + + align:start position:0% +in the temple briefly yeah that's think +in ASL I think + + align:start position:0% +in ASL I think + + + align:start position:0% +in ASL I think +um and here's shocked so shock starts + + align:start position:0% +um and here's shocked so shock starts + + + align:start position:0% +um and here's shocked so shock starts +with your finger at your temple where it + + align:start position:0% +with your finger at your temple where it + + + align:start position:0% +with your finger at your temple where it +would be for think and then it has a + + align:start position:0% +would be for think and then it has a + + + align:start position:0% +would be for think and then it has a +second component so + + align:start position:0% +second component so + + + align:start position:0% +second component so +I'm shocked yeah + + align:start position:0% +I'm shocked yeah + + + align:start position:0% +I'm shocked yeah +um so think one way to think about think + + align:start position:0% +um so think one way to think about think + + + align:start position:0% +um so think one way to think about think +is just having your hand in a position + + align:start position:0% +is just having your hand in a position + + + align:start position:0% +is just having your hand in a position +that's too small that's like a + + align:start position:0% +that's too small that's like a + + + align:start position:0% +that's too small that's like a +monosyllable in Laredo and so you add + + align:start position:0% +monosyllable in Laredo and so you add + + + align:start position:0% +monosyllable in Laredo and so you add +something you add emotion your your hand + + align:start position:0% +something you add emotion your your hand + + + align:start position:0% +something you add emotion your your hand +moves towards your temple + + align:start position:0% +moves towards your temple + + + align:start position:0% +moves towards your temple +but if you're adding if you're making + + align:start position:0% +but if you're adding if you're making + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're adding if you're making +shocked which is think plus something + + align:start position:0% +shocked which is think plus something + + + align:start position:0% +shocked which is think plus something +else it's kind of like the accusative of + + align:start position:0% +else it's kind of like the accusative of + + + align:start position:0% +else it's kind of like the accusative of +fish then it's okay to just start with + + align:start position:0% +fish then it's okay to just start with + + + align:start position:0% +fish then it's okay to just start with +your hand at your temple and then do the + + align:start position:0% +your hand at your temple and then do the + + + align:start position:0% +your hand at your temple and then do the +the second half you don't have to add + + align:start position:0% +the second half you don't have to add + + + align:start position:0% +the second half you don't have to add +that motion to your to your hand yeah + + align:start position:0% +that motion to your to your hand yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that motion to your to your hand yeah +and suggestion that's been made in the + + align:start position:0% +and suggestion that's been made in the + + + align:start position:0% +and suggestion that's been made in the +literature on ASL phonology is this is + + align:start position:0% +literature on ASL phonology is this is + + + align:start position:0% +literature on ASL phonology is this is +like a minimal word requirement + + align:start position:0% +like a minimal word requirement + + + align:start position:0% +like a minimal word requirement +um so brentary is the Diane brenteri has + + align:start position:0% +um so brentary is the Diane brenteri has + + + align:start position:0% +um so brentary is the Diane brenteri has +suggested ASL signs have the minimal + + align:start position:0% +suggested ASL signs have the minimal + + + align:start position:0% +suggested ASL signs have the minimal +word requirement she doesn't say like + + align:start position:0% +word requirement she doesn't say like + + + align:start position:0% +word requirement she doesn't say like +Laredo I forget what minimal word + + align:start position:0% +Laredo I forget what minimal word + + + align:start position:0% +Laredo I forget what minimal word +language she's talking about uh so they + + align:start position:0% +language she's talking about uh so they + + + align:start position:0% +language she's talking about uh so they +have to contain at least one move is her + + align:start position:0% +have to contain at least one move is her + + + align:start position:0% +have to contain at least one move is her +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +um think is the ASL version of the + + align:start position:0% +um think is the ASL version of the + + + align:start position:0% +um think is the ASL version of the +letter word for fish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember polish obstinence + + align:start position:0% +remember polish obstinence + + + align:start position:0% +remember polish obstinence +I kind of like this class because I + + align:start position:0% +I kind of like this class because I + + + align:start position:0% +I kind of like this class because I +think I promised you that I was never + + align:start position:0% +think I promised you that I was never + + + align:start position:0% +think I promised you that I was never +ever again going to talk about polish + + align:start position:0% +ever again going to talk about polish + + + align:start position:0% +ever again going to talk about polish +and so I apologize since this Delight + + align:start position:0% +and so I apologize since this Delight + + + align:start position:0% +and so I apologize since this Delight +it's the last day you don't have to hear + + align:start position:0% +it's the last day you don't have to hear + + + align:start position:0% +it's the last day you don't have to hear +any more about polish sorry go ahead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh dear uh now we get beyond my very + + align:start position:0% +oh dear uh now we get beyond my very + + + align:start position:0% +oh dear uh now we get beyond my very +modest knowledge about ASL I don't know + + align:start position:0% +modest knowledge about ASL I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +modest knowledge about ASL I don't know +are you thinking that might be the only + + align:start position:0% +are you thinking that might be the only + + + align:start position:0% +are you thinking that might be the only +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with other things yeah so I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like confusion Oh you mean having this + + align:start position:0% +like confusion Oh you mean having this + + + align:start position:0% +like confusion Oh you mean having this +as part of part of a larger sign yeah + + align:start position:0% +as part of part of a larger sign yeah + + + align:start position:0% +as part of part of a larger sign yeah +um so brentary's discussion certainly + + align:start position:0% +um so brentary's discussion certainly + + + align:start position:0% +um so brentary's discussion certainly +makes it sound like there are a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +makes it sound like there are a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +makes it sound like there are a bunch of +these shocked as the example she uses + + align:start position:0% +these shocked as the example she uses + + + align:start position:0% +these shocked as the example she uses +and I'm afraid I don't know any other + + align:start position:0% +and I'm afraid I don't know any other + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm afraid I don't know any other +examples off the top of my head I'll try + + align:start position:0% +examples off the top of my head I'll try + + + align:start position:0% +examples off the top of my head I'll try +to find the paper that I got this from + + align:start position:0% +to find the paper that I got this from + + + align:start position:0% +to find the paper that I got this from +and I can put it on the website so you + + align:start position:0% +and I can put it on the website so you + + + align:start position:0% +and I can put it on the website so you +can you can take a look yeah + + align:start position:0% +can you can take a look yeah + + + align:start position:0% +can you can take a look yeah +so here I am signing thing catchy yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polish last time I promise we will talk + + align:start position:0% +polish last time I promise we will talk + + + align:start position:0% +polish last time I promise we will talk +about Polish Polish obstruents yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +about Polish Polish obstruents yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +about Polish Polish obstruents yeah uh +so stops and fricatives we convince + + align:start position:0% +so stops and fricatives we convince + + + align:start position:0% +so stops and fricatives we convince +ourselves that polish has what's called + + align:start position:0% +ourselves that polish has what's called + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves that polish has what's called +final devoicing cross-linguistically + + align:start position:0% +final devoicing cross-linguistically + + + align:start position:0% +final devoicing cross-linguistically +extraordinarily common uh phenomenon uh + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily common uh phenomenon uh + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily common uh phenomenon uh +in which if you have a voiced obstrand + + align:start position:0% +in which if you have a voiced obstrand + + + align:start position:0% +in which if you have a voiced obstrand +at the end of a word it becomes + + align:start position:0% +at the end of a word it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of a word it becomes +voiceless so if you look at the plurals + + align:start position:0% +voiceless so if you look at the plurals + + + align:start position:0% +voiceless so if you look at the plurals +of these nouns then you can see that + + align:start position:0% +of these nouns then you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +of these nouns then you can see that +before the plural suffix e you can have + + align:start position:0% +before the plural suffix e you can have + + + align:start position:0% +before the plural suffix e you can have +both voiced and voiceless uh stops and + + align:start position:0% +both voiced and voiceless uh stops and + + + align:start position:0% +both voiced and voiceless uh stops and +fricatives in the last example nose and + + align:start position:0% +fricatives in the last example nose and + + + align:start position:0% +fricatives in the last example nose and +rebel plural Rebel which hopefully none + + align:start position:0% +rebel plural Rebel which hopefully none + + + align:start position:0% +rebel plural Rebel which hopefully none +of us will need anytime soon + + align:start position:0% +of us will need anytime soon + + + align:start position:0% +of us will need anytime soon +but that if you don't have the plural + + align:start position:0% +but that if you don't have the plural + + + align:start position:0% +but that if you don't have the plural +all of these obstruents are voiceless if + + align:start position:0% +all of these obstruents are voiceless if + + + align:start position:0% +all of these obstruents are voiceless if +they're at the end of a word because + + align:start position:0% +they're at the end of a word because + + + align:start position:0% +they're at the end of a word because +polish has final final devoicing right + + align:start position:0% +polish has final final devoicing right + + + align:start position:0% +polish has final final devoicing right +this was part of the argument that we + + align:start position:0% +this was part of the argument that we + + + align:start position:0% +this was part of the argument that we +need to posit an underlying + + align:start position:0% +need to posit an underlying + + + align:start position:0% +need to posit an underlying +representation for a word like lie let's + + align:start position:0% +representation for a word like lie let's + + + align:start position:0% +representation for a word like lie let's +say the second line there which ends in + + align:start position:0% +say the second line there which ends in + + + align:start position:0% +say the second line there which ends in +a voiced stop because that gives us the + + align:start position:0% +a voiced stop because that gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +a voiced stop because that gives us the +best uh well the best match on the data + + align:start position:0% +best uh well the best match on the data + + + align:start position:0% +best uh well the best match on the data +so it allows us to account for the fact + + align:start position:0% +so it allows us to account for the fact + + + align:start position:0% +so it allows us to account for the fact +that the plural of bow and lie look + + align:start position:0% +that the plural of bow and lie look + + + align:start position:0% +that the plural of bow and lie look +different from each other they're Wookie + + align:start position:0% +different from each other they're Wookie + + + align:start position:0% +different from each other they're Wookie +and Woogie even though the singularies + + align:start position:0% +and Woogie even though the singularies + + + align:start position:0% +and Woogie even though the singularies +look the same yeah so this is what we + + align:start position:0% +look the same yeah so this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +look the same yeah so this is what we +were doing back when we were doing + + align:start position:0% +were doing back when we were doing + + + align:start position:0% +were doing back when we were doing +polish yeah have I triggered your polish + + align:start position:0% +polish yeah have I triggered your polish + + + align:start position:0% +polish yeah have I triggered your polish +flashbacks + + align:start position:0% +flashbacks + + + align:start position:0% +flashbacks +so it has voiced obstruents but they're + + align:start position:0% +so it has voiced obstruents but they're + + + align:start position:0% +so it has voiced obstruents but they're +Limited in where they can go they can't + + align:start position:0% +Limited in where they can go they can't + + + align:start position:0% +Limited in where they can go they can't +go at the ends of words + + align:start position:0% +go at the ends of words + + + align:start position:0% +go at the ends of words +here's an observation about the + + align:start position:0% +here's an observation about the + + + align:start position:0% +here's an observation about the +distribution of finger wiggling in ASL + + align:start position:0% +distribution of finger wiggling in ASL + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of finger wiggling in ASL +signs so sometimes when you make an ASL + + align:start position:0% +signs so sometimes when you make an ASL + + + align:start position:0% +signs so sometimes when you make an ASL +sign you wiggle your fingers there are + + align:start position:0% +sign you wiggle your fingers there are + + + align:start position:0% +sign you wiggle your fingers there are +ASL signs in which there isn't much + + align:start position:0% +ASL signs in which there isn't much + + + align:start position:0% +ASL signs in which there isn't much +movement or just one of brentary's short + + align:start position:0% +movement or just one of brentary's short + + + align:start position:0% +movement or just one of brentary's short +movements like the word for color which + + align:start position:0% +movements like the word for color which + + + align:start position:0% +movements like the word for color which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +so you put your hand to your chin and + + align:start position:0% +so you put your hand to your chin and + + + align:start position:0% +so you put your hand to your chin and +you wiggle your fingers yeah + + align:start position:0% +you wiggle your fingers yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you wiggle your fingers yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um there are also signs where your hands + + align:start position:0% +um there are also signs where your hands + + + align:start position:0% +um there are also signs where your hands +are moving uh and the wiggling is + + align:start position:0% +are moving uh and the wiggling is + + + align:start position:0% +are moving uh and the wiggling is +happening during the move like go up in + + align:start position:0% +happening during the move like go up in + + + align:start position:0% +happening during the move like go up in +flames + + align:start position:0% +flames + + + align:start position:0% +flames +yeah or your hands are rising and your + + align:start position:0% +yeah or your hands are rising and your + + + align:start position:0% +yeah or your hands are rising and your +fingers are wiggling that's how you do + + align:start position:0% +fingers are wiggling that's how you do + + + align:start position:0% +fingers are wiggling that's how you do +go up in flames + + align:start position:0% +go up in flames + + + align:start position:0% +go up in flames +so ASL signs can have finger wiggling in + + align:start position:0% +so ASL signs can have finger wiggling in + + + align:start position:0% +so ASL signs can have finger wiggling in +them but there are imaginable signs that + + align:start position:0% +them but there are imaginable signs that + + + align:start position:0% +them but there are imaginable signs that +you don't get so you could imagine a + + align:start position:0% +you don't get so you could imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get so you could imagine a +sign where your fingers would wiggle and + + align:start position:0% +sign where your fingers would wiggle and + + + align:start position:0% +sign where your fingers would wiggle and +then you would move you know it would be + + align:start position:0% +then you would move you know it would be + + + align:start position:0% +then you would move you know it would be +like uh go up in Flames except you would + + align:start position:0% +like uh go up in Flames except you would + + + align:start position:0% +like uh go up in Flames except you would +wiggle first before you began moving or + + align:start position:0% +wiggle first before you began moving or + + + align:start position:0% +wiggle first before you began moving or +in which you moved and then having + + align:start position:0% +in which you moved and then having + + + align:start position:0% +in which you moved and then having +reached your destination you know did a + + align:start position:0% +reached your destination you know did a + + + align:start position:0% +reached your destination you know did a +long move not one of the entirely short + + align:start position:0% +long move not one of the entirely short + + + align:start position:0% +long move not one of the entirely short +moves but a long move did your move and + + align:start position:0% +moves but a long move did your move and + + + align:start position:0% +moves but a long move did your move and +then wiggled your fingers there aren't + + align:start position:0% +then wiggled your fingers there aren't + + + align:start position:0% +then wiggled your fingers there aren't +any signs like that so finger wiggling + + align:start position:0% +any signs like that so finger wiggling + + + align:start position:0% +any signs like that so finger wiggling +uh is either + + align:start position:0% +uh is either + + + align:start position:0% +uh is either +confined to the the position at the end + + align:start position:0% +confined to the the position at the end + + + align:start position:0% +confined to the the position at the end +of one of brentary's short movements or + + align:start position:0% +of one of brentary's short movements or + + + align:start position:0% +of one of brentary's short movements or +if your hands are moving over a longer + + align:start position:0% +if your hands are moving over a longer + + + align:start position:0% +if your hands are moving over a longer +distance like can go up in Flames well + + align:start position:0% +distance like can go up in Flames well + + + align:start position:0% +distance like can go up in Flames well +you have to wiggle the whole time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similar observation about hand shape + + align:start position:0% +similar observation about hand shape + + + align:start position:0% +similar observation about hand shape +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +so there are signs where your hands just + + align:start position:0% +so there are signs where your hands just + + + align:start position:0% +so there are signs where your hands just +do a short move and then change their + + align:start position:0% +do a short move and then change their + + + align:start position:0% +do a short move and then change their +hand shape like understand + + align:start position:0% +hand shape like understand + + + align:start position:0% +hand shape like understand +where your hand moves into position and + + align:start position:0% +where your hand moves into position and + + + align:start position:0% +where your hand moves into position and +then put up one finger understand + + align:start position:0% +then put up one finger understand + + + align:start position:0% +then put up one finger understand +or old + + align:start position:0% +or old + + + align:start position:0% +or old +where your hand starts at your chin and + + align:start position:0% +where your hand starts at your chin and + + + align:start position:0% +where your hand starts at your chin and +moves as it moves away from your chin + + align:start position:0% +moves as it moves away from your chin + + + align:start position:0% +moves as it moves away from your chin +hold yeah + + align:start position:0% +hold yeah + + + align:start position:0% +hold yeah +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +we're talking about other sort of like + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about other sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about other sort of like +mental Concepts uh being expressed in + + align:start position:0% +mental Concepts uh being expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +mental Concepts uh being expressed in +sign language and I understand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so I think right I think there are + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I think right I think there are + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I think right I think there are +a number of uh not surprising maybe a + + align:start position:0% +a number of uh not surprising maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +a number of uh not surprising maybe a +number of mental uh so forget is another + + align:start position:0% +number of mental uh so forget is another + + + align:start position:0% +number of mental uh so forget is another +one this is forget + + align:start position:0% +one this is forget + + + align:start position:0% +one this is forget +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you search something off of + + align:start position:0% +you search something off of + + + align:start position:0% +you search something off of +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +using your middle finger your middle + + align:start position:0% +using your middle finger your middle + + + align:start position:0% +using your middle finger your middle +finger is also used for uh being sick + + align:start position:0% +finger is also used for uh being sick + + + align:start position:0% +finger is also used for uh being sick +um uh so yeah there are a bunch of signs + + align:start position:0% +um uh so yeah there are a bunch of signs + + + align:start position:0% +um uh so yeah there are a bunch of signs +that are that use your head that have to + + align:start position:0% +that are that use your head that have to + + + align:start position:0% +that are that use your head that have to +do with what's going on in your head + + align:start position:0% +do with what's going on in your head + + + align:start position:0% +do with what's going on in your head +yeah that's right + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay so uh ASL has finger wiggling but + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh ASL has finger wiggling but + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh ASL has finger wiggling but +there are limits on where finger + + align:start position:0% +there are limits on where finger + + + align:start position:0% +there are limits on where finger +wiggling can go it goes during the + + align:start position:0% +wiggling can go it goes during the + + + align:start position:0% +wiggling can go it goes during the +motion or it goes right after when a + + align:start position:0% +motion or it goes right after when a + + + align:start position:0% +motion or it goes right after when a +printary is short movements uh hand + + align:start position:0% +printary is short movements uh hand + + + align:start position:0% +printary is short movements uh hand +shape changes the same it goes after one + + align:start position:0% +shape changes the same it goes after one + + + align:start position:0% +shape changes the same it goes after one +of brentary's short movements like an + + align:start position:0% +of brentary's short movements like an + + + align:start position:0% +of brentary's short movements like an +understand or it goes during the + + align:start position:0% +understand or it goes during the + + + align:start position:0% +understand or it goes during the +movement like in Old yeah + + align:start position:0% +movement like in Old yeah + + + align:start position:0% +movement like in Old yeah +but there aren't did I say this in the + + align:start position:0% +but there aren't did I say this in the + + + align:start position:0% +but there aren't did I say this in the +next slide yeah again you can imagine a + + align:start position:0% +next slide yeah again you can imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +next slide yeah again you can imagine a +sign where you know which would be like + + align:start position:0% +sign where you know which would be like + + + align:start position:0% +sign where you know which would be like +old where you would start with one hand + + align:start position:0% +old where you would start with one hand + + + align:start position:0% +old where you would start with one hand +shape you'd change shapes and then move + + align:start position:0% +shape you'd change shapes and then move + + + align:start position:0% +shape you'd change shapes and then move +right or where you would move a long + + align:start position:0% +right or where you would move a long + + + align:start position:0% +right or where you would move a long +distance and then change shapes but + + align:start position:0% +distance and then change shapes but + + + align:start position:0% +distance and then change shapes but +there aren't any signs like that + + align:start position:0% +there aren't any signs like that + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't any signs like that +um and so people have suggested yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +um and so people have suggested yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and so people have suggested yeah uh +just like a phonologist has to be able + + align:start position:0% +just like a phonologist has to be able + + + align:start position:0% +just like a phonologist has to be able +to say things like this is a language + + align:start position:0% +to say things like this is a language + + + align:start position:0% +to say things like this is a language +that has voiced obstruents but not at + + align:start position:0% +that has voiced obstruents but not at + + + align:start position:0% +that has voiced obstruents but not at +the ends of words there are limits on + + align:start position:0% +the ends of words there are limits on + + + align:start position:0% +the ends of words there are limits on +where they can go + + align:start position:0% +where they can go + + + align:start position:0% +where they can go +ASL has finger wiggling and it has hen + + align:start position:0% +ASL has finger wiggling and it has hen + + + align:start position:0% +ASL has finger wiggling and it has hen +shape change but it has rules about + + align:start position:0% +shape change but it has rules about + + + align:start position:0% +shape change but it has rules about +where they can go in the sign and then + + align:start position:0% +where they can go in the sign and then + + + align:start position:0% +where they can go in the sign and then +of course you want to know why you know + + align:start position:0% +of course you want to know why you know + + + align:start position:0% +of course you want to know why you know +why what constrains these to where they + + align:start position:0% +why what constrains these to where they + + + align:start position:0% +why what constrains these to where they +go but when I say that there's work on + + align:start position:0% +go but when I say that there's work on + + + align:start position:0% +go but when I say that there's work on +ASL phonology this is what I mean as + + align:start position:0% +ASL phonology this is what I mean as + + + align:start position:0% +ASL phonology this is what I mean as +well trying to figure out what makes + + align:start position:0% +well trying to figure out what makes + + + align:start position:0% +well trying to figure out what makes +something a possible well-formed ASL + + align:start position:0% +something a possible well-formed ASL + + + align:start position:0% +something a possible well-formed ASL +sign + + align:start position:0% +sign + + + align:start position:0% +sign +uh things out there there are limits on + + align:start position:0% +uh things out there there are limits on + + + align:start position:0% +uh things out there there are limits on +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um one observation actually is that that + + align:start position:0% +um one observation actually is that that + + + align:start position:0% +um one observation actually is that that +people have made is they do this work + + align:start position:0% +people have made is they do this work + + + align:start position:0% +people have made is they do this work +there are uh compounds or polymorphemic + + align:start position:0% +there are uh compounds or polymorphemic + + + align:start position:0% +there are uh compounds or polymorphemic +signs which you can tell are + + align:start position:0% +signs which you can tell are + + + align:start position:0% +signs which you can tell are +polymorphemic because they appear to + + align:start position:0% +polymorphemic because they appear to + + + align:start position:0% +polymorphemic because they appear to +violate these rules so I just said there + + align:start position:0% +violate these rules so I just said there + + + align:start position:0% +violate these rules so I just said there +aren't any signs where you first finger + + align:start position:0% +aren't any signs where you first finger + + + align:start position:0% +aren't any signs where you first finger +wiggle and then move + + align:start position:0% +wiggle and then move + + + align:start position:0% +wiggle and then move +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +here's an apparent counter example to + + align:start position:0% +here's an apparent counter example to + + + align:start position:0% +here's an apparent counter example to +that there's a word uh hypnotist which + + align:start position:0% +that there's a word uh hypnotist which + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a word uh hypnotist which +goes like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um but that's a two morpheme sign so + + align:start position:0% +um but that's a two morpheme sign so + + + align:start position:0% +um but that's a two morpheme sign so +it's hypnotized + + align:start position:0% +it's hypnotized + + + align:start position:0% +it's hypnotized +which is uh we're entirely sure movement + + align:start position:0% +which is uh we're entirely sure movement + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh we're entirely sure movement +plus finger wiggling and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +plus finger wiggling and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +plus finger wiggling and then there's a +suffix + + align:start position:0% +suffix + + + align:start position:0% +suffix +which is the agent of suffix yeah + + align:start position:0% +which is the agent of suffix yeah + + + align:start position:0% +which is the agent of suffix yeah +to make you attach it to nouns to make + + align:start position:0% +to make you attach it to nouns to make + + + align:start position:0% +to make you attach it to nouns to make +people who do that now so that's a + + align:start position:0% +people who do that now so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +people who do that now so that's a +hypnotist + + align:start position:0% +hypnotist + + + align:start position:0% +hypnotist +um so uh hypnotist by itself looks like + + align:start position:0% +um so uh hypnotist by itself looks like + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh hypnotist by itself looks like +you're finger wiggling and then moving + + align:start position:0% +you're finger wiggling and then moving + + + align:start position:0% +you're finger wiggling and then moving +but that's because there's a morphing + + align:start position:0% +but that's because there's a morphing + + + align:start position:0% +but that's because there's a morphing +boundary between those two things so + + align:start position:0% +boundary between those two things so + + + align:start position:0% +boundary between those two things so +within a morpheme you can think of it as + + align:start position:0% +within a morpheme you can think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +within a morpheme you can think of it as +a bisyllabic word if you want yeah so uh + + align:start position:0% +a bisyllabic word if you want yeah so uh + + + align:start position:0% +a bisyllabic word if you want yeah so uh +in the first syllable you're doing + + align:start position:0% +in the first syllable you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +in the first syllable you're doing +finger wiggling the same way you're + + align:start position:0% +finger wiggling the same way you're + + + align:start position:0% +finger wiggling the same way you're +doing figure wriggling in color yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +doing figure wriggling in color yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +doing figure wriggling in color yeah uh +and then there's a second move which + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a second move which + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a second move which +which involves moving your hands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +ASL has one-handed signs like understand + + align:start position:0% +ASL has one-handed signs like understand + + + align:start position:0% +ASL has one-handed signs like understand +and uh it also has two-handed signs like + + align:start position:0% +and uh it also has two-handed signs like + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it also has two-handed signs like +go up in flames + + align:start position:0% +go up in flames + + + align:start position:0% +go up in flames +um there's an interesting restriction in + + align:start position:0% +um there's an interesting restriction in + + + align:start position:0% +um there's an interesting restriction in +two-handed signs on the second hand so + + align:start position:0% +two-handed signs on the second hand so + + + align:start position:0% +two-handed signs on the second hand so +the second hand either has to stay still + + align:start position:0% +the second hand either has to stay still + + + align:start position:0% +the second hand either has to stay still +like in tree where one hand moves and + + align:start position:0% +like in tree where one hand moves and + + + align:start position:0% +like in tree where one hand moves and +the other hand just stays there and is + + align:start position:0% +the other hand just stays there and is + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand just stays there and is +sort of the background for the for the + + align:start position:0% +sort of the background for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the background for the for the +first sign + + align:start position:0% +first sign + + + align:start position:0% +first sign +or it does the same thing as the other + + align:start position:0% +or it does the same thing as the other + + + align:start position:0% +or it does the same thing as the other +hand so teach both your hands are doing + + align:start position:0% +hand so teach both your hands are doing + + + align:start position:0% +hand so teach both your hands are doing +the same thing + + align:start position:0% +the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing +I love this sign for teach you know I + + align:start position:0% +I love this sign for teach you know I + + + align:start position:0% +I love this sign for teach you know I +want to do this when I teach now uh or a + + align:start position:0% +want to do this when I teach now uh or a + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this when I teach now uh or a +bicycle where your hands are doing the + + align:start position:0% +bicycle where your hands are doing the + + + align:start position:0% +bicycle where your hands are doing the +same thing but they're out of phase with + + align:start position:0% +same thing but they're out of phase with + + + align:start position:0% +same thing but they're out of phase with +each other yes + + align:start position:0% +each other yes + + + align:start position:0% +each other yes +in circles + + align:start position:0% +in circles + + + align:start position:0% +in circles +um which is kind of interesting because + + align:start position:0% +um which is kind of interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +um which is kind of interesting because +uh so and that's it right so uh there + + align:start position:0% +uh so and that's it right so uh there + + + align:start position:0% +uh so and that's it right so uh there +aren't ASL signs in which one hand is + + align:start position:0% +aren't ASL signs in which one hand is + + + align:start position:0% +aren't ASL signs in which one hand is +doing one thing and the other hand is + + align:start position:0% +doing one thing and the other hand is + + + align:start position:0% +doing one thing and the other hand is +doing a completely different thing + + align:start position:0% +doing a completely different thing + + + align:start position:0% +doing a completely different thing +and it's not because does that make + + align:start position:0% +and it's not because does that make + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not because does that make +sense right so so uh your hands can't + + align:start position:0% +sense right so so uh your hands can't + + + align:start position:0% +sense right so so uh your hands can't +both be moving and doing different + + align:start position:0% +both be moving and doing different + + + align:start position:0% +both be moving and doing different +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +um which is interesting because it is + + align:start position:0% +um which is interesting because it is + + + align:start position:0% +um which is interesting because it is +actually physically possible to to + + align:start position:0% +actually physically possible to to + + + align:start position:0% +actually physically possible to to +violate this to have your two hands both + + align:start position:0% +violate this to have your two hands both + + + align:start position:0% +violate this to have your two hands both +moving and doing different things in + + align:start position:0% +moving and doing different things in + + + align:start position:0% +moving and doing different things in +poetry so there's a video which I'll try + + align:start position:0% +poetry so there's a video which I'll try + + + align:start position:0% +poetry so there's a video which I'll try +to show you now + + align:start position:0% +to show you now + + + align:start position:0% +to show you now +um of an ASL poet guy named uh Clayton + + align:start position:0% +um of an ASL poet guy named uh Clayton + + + align:start position:0% +um of an ASL poet guy named uh Clayton +Valley uh who uh wrote many poems in ASL + + align:start position:0% +Valley uh who uh wrote many poems in ASL + + + align:start position:0% +Valley uh who uh wrote many poems in ASL +there are a lot of uh YouTube videos of + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of uh YouTube videos of + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of uh YouTube videos of +him performing his poems + + align:start position:0% +him performing his poems + + + align:start position:0% +him performing his poems +um and this one is called snowflake + + align:start position:0% +um and this one is called snowflake + + + align:start position:0% +um and this one is called snowflake +uh and uh what he does in it I the + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh what he does in it I the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh what he does in it I the +reason I'm going to show you the busy + + align:start position:0% +reason I'm going to show you the busy + + + align:start position:0% +reason I'm going to show you the busy +video is that I can't physically do it + + align:start position:0% +video is that I can't physically do it + + + align:start position:0% +video is that I can't physically do it +very well I'll show you what he does but + + align:start position:0% +very well I'll show you what he does but + + + align:start position:0% +very well I'll show you what he does but +I'll tell you what he's about to do just + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you what he's about to do just + + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you what he's about to do just +so you can see it + + align:start position:0% +so you can see it + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see it +um with one hand he's doing the sign for + + align:start position:0% +um with one hand he's doing the sign for + + + align:start position:0% +um with one hand he's doing the sign for +snowflake + + align:start position:0% +snowflake + + + align:start position:0% +snowflake +which is a snowflake falling and then + + align:start position:0% +which is a snowflake falling and then + + + align:start position:0% +which is a snowflake falling and then +with the other hand he's signing + + align:start position:0% +with the other hand he's signing + + + align:start position:0% +with the other hand he's signing +one-handed versions of I may not get the + + align:start position:0% +one-handed versions of I may not get the + + + align:start position:0% +one-handed versions of I may not get the +order rights + + align:start position:0% +order rights + + + align:start position:0% +order rights +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +White + + align:start position:0% +White + + + align:start position:0% +White +uh cold beautiful + + align:start position:0% +uh cold beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +uh cold beautiful +so he's doing and he's doing this as + + align:start position:0% +so he's doing and he's doing this as + + + align:start position:0% +so he's doing and he's doing this as +this hand is moving so so this hand is + + align:start position:0% +this hand is moving so so this hand is + + + align:start position:0% +this hand is moving so so this hand is +moving and with the other hand he's + + align:start position:0% +moving and with the other hand he's + + + align:start position:0% +moving and with the other hand he's +going you know white cold beautiful and + + align:start position:0% +going you know white cold beautiful and + + + align:start position:0% +going you know white cold beautiful and +as you can see I can't physically do + + align:start position:0% +as you can see I can't physically do + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see I can't physically do +this but he can let me show you him + + align:start position:0% +this but he can let me show you him + + + align:start position:0% +this but he can let me show you him +doing it + + align:start position:0% +doing it + + + align:start position:0% +doing it +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +get it + + align:start position:0% +get it + + + align:start position:0% +get it +where is he + + align:start position:0% +where is he + + + align:start position:0% +where is he +yeah so here's Clayton Valley and I + + align:start position:0% +yeah so here's Clayton Valley and I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so here's Clayton Valley and I +think I paused it more or less the right + + align:start position:0% +think I paused it more or less the right + + + align:start position:0% +think I paused it more or less the right +place when you have to watch this for a + + align:start position:0% +place when you have to watch this for a + + + align:start position:0% +place when you have to watch this for a +little bit so he's about to sign about + + align:start position:0% +little bit so he's about to sign about + + + align:start position:0% +little bit so he's about to sign about +looking out the window at a snowy day + + align:start position:0% +looking out the window at a snowy day + + + align:start position:0% +looking out the window at a snowy day +the snow is coming down + + align:start position:0% +the snow is coming down + + + align:start position:0% +the snow is coming down +and now I think it's about to come + + align:start position:0% +and now I think it's about to come + + + align:start position:0% +and now I think it's about to come +there's snow piled up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come on Clayton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah here it is there's the snowflake + + align:start position:0% +yeah here it is there's the snowflake + + + align:start position:0% +yeah here it is there's the snowflake +falling white beautiful cold yeah with + + align:start position:0% +falling white beautiful cold yeah with + + + align:start position:0% +falling white beautiful cold yeah with +his other hand + + align:start position:0% +his other hand + + + align:start position:0% +his other hand +so it's physically possible to do that + + align:start position:0% +so it's physically possible to do that + + + align:start position:0% +so it's physically possible to do that +yeah but uh at least if you're Clayton + + align:start position:0% +yeah but uh at least if you're Clayton + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but uh at least if you're Clayton +Valley you know if you're a fluent ASL + + align:start position:0% +Valley you know if you're a fluent ASL + + + align:start position:0% +Valley you know if you're a fluent ASL +signer + + align:start position:0% +signer + + + align:start position:0% +signer +um but there aren't any ASL signs that + + align:start position:0% +um but there aren't any ASL signs that + + + align:start position:0% +um but there aren't any ASL signs that +do it it's one of those rules that you + + align:start position:0% +do it it's one of those rules that you + + + align:start position:0% +do it it's one of those rules that you +break in order to to um + + align:start position:0% +break in order to to um + + + align:start position:0% +break in order to to um +in order to perform poetry so I'll put a + + align:start position:0% +in order to perform poetry so I'll put a + + + align:start position:0% +in order to perform poetry so I'll put a +link to that + + align:start position:0% +link to that + + + align:start position:0% +link to that +I'll put a link to that poem on the on + + align:start position:0% +I'll put a link to that poem on the on + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put a link to that poem on the on +the website so you can see yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +most people can't do that so I think + + align:start position:0% +most people can't do that so I think + + + align:start position:0% +most people can't do that so I think +it's one of those things that probably + + align:start position:0% +it's one of those things that probably + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of those things that probably +requires practice right and and uh + + align:start position:0% +requires practice right and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +requires practice right and and uh +question is this something that any ASL + + align:start position:0% +question is this something that any ASL + + + align:start position:0% +question is this something that any ASL +signer could just do cold you know + + align:start position:0% +signer could just do cold you know + + + align:start position:0% +signer could just do cold you know +without any trouble uh if you know they + + align:start position:0% +without any trouble uh if you know they + + + align:start position:0% +without any trouble uh if you know they +saw the Clayton Valley video they'd be + + align:start position:0% +saw the Clayton Valley video they'd be + + + align:start position:0% +saw the Clayton Valley video they'd be +like oh yeah and then they would do it + + align:start position:0% +like oh yeah and then they would do it + + + align:start position:0% +like oh yeah and then they would do it +right or or whether and and I can't do + + align:start position:0% +right or or whether and and I can't do + + + align:start position:0% +right or or whether and and I can't do +it because I'm not a fluent ASL signer + + align:start position:0% +it because I'm not a fluent ASL signer + + + align:start position:0% +it because I'm not a fluent ASL signer +or whether it's because Clayton Valley + + align:start position:0% +or whether it's because Clayton Valley + + + align:start position:0% +or whether it's because Clayton Valley +practiced in his room hour for hour + + align:start position:0% +practiced in his room hour for hour + + + align:start position:0% +practiced in his room hour for hour +after hour eventually got to where he + + align:start position:0% +after hour eventually got to where he + + + align:start position:0% +after hour eventually got to where he +could get his hands to do that uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +could get his hands to do that uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +could get his hands to do that uh yeah +right so I think you're right it's not + + align:start position:0% +right so I think you're right it's not + + + align:start position:0% +right so I think you're right it's not +exactly that it's surprising that ASL + + align:start position:0% +exactly that it's surprising that ASL + + + align:start position:0% +exactly that it's surprising that ASL +isn't full of signs that are like this + + align:start position:0% +isn't full of signs that are like this + + + align:start position:0% +isn't full of signs that are like this +with your two hands doing doing two + + align:start position:0% +with your two hands doing doing two + + + align:start position:0% +with your two hands doing doing two +different things + + align:start position:0% +different things + + + align:start position:0% +different things +um but uh it's interesting but it is + + align:start position:0% +um but uh it's interesting but it is + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh it's interesting but it is +physically possible to to learn to do it + + align:start position:0% +physically possible to to learn to do it + + + align:start position:0% +physically possible to to learn to do it +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +think it's a + + align:start position:0% +think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a +conscious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah so +um I mean that you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +um I mean that you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +um I mean that you're absolutely right +that what happens is that the the + + align:start position:0% +that what happens is that the the + + + align:start position:0% +that what happens is that the the +non-dominant hand either copies the + + align:start position:0% +non-dominant hand either copies the + + + align:start position:0% +non-dominant hand either copies the +dominant hand or just sits still and + + align:start position:0% +dominant hand or just sits still and + + + align:start position:0% +dominant hand or just sits still and +looks you know like Intrigue + + align:start position:0% +looks you know like Intrigue + + + align:start position:0% +looks you know like Intrigue +um and uh so you you think this is + + align:start position:0% +um and uh so you you think this is + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh so you you think this is +something somebody deliberately did like + + align:start position:0% +something somebody deliberately did like + + + align:start position:0% +something somebody deliberately did like +they decided that ASL should work this + + align:start position:0% +they decided that ASL should work this + + + align:start position:0% +they decided that ASL should work this +way it'd be interesting to see I have no + + align:start position:0% +way it'd be interesting to see I have no + + + align:start position:0% +way it'd be interesting to see I have no +idea I'm doing all this talk about ASL I + + align:start position:0% +idea I'm doing all this talk about ASL I + + + align:start position:0% +idea I'm doing all this talk about ASL I +started by saying there are many sign + + align:start position:0% +started by saying there are many sign + + + align:start position:0% +started by saying there are many sign +languages uh I don't know whether this + + align:start position:0% +languages uh I don't know whether this + + + align:start position:0% +languages uh I don't know whether this +is true in every sign language I haven't + + align:start position:0% +is true in every sign language I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +is true in every sign language I haven't +heard of a sign language in which your + + align:start position:0% +heard of a sign language in which your + + + align:start position:0% +heard of a sign language in which your +hands are allowed to move independently + + align:start position:0% +hands are allowed to move independently + + + align:start position:0% +hands are allowed to move independently +of each other so it'd be interesting to + + align:start position:0% +of each other so it'd be interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +of each other so it'd be interesting to +see how Universal this is + + align:start position:0% +see how Universal this is + + + align:start position:0% +see how Universal this is +is there a left hand versus right-handed + + align:start position:0% +is there a left hand versus right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +is there a left hand versus right-handed +version of + + align:start position:0% +version of + + + align:start position:0% +version of +no I mean if you so I I'm right-handed + + align:start position:0% +no I mean if you so I I'm right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +no I mean if you so I I'm right-handed +and so this is my version of tree if I + + align:start position:0% +and so this is my version of tree if I + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is my version of tree if I +were left-handed this would be my + + align:start position:0% +were left-handed this would be my + + + align:start position:0% +were left-handed this would be my +version of tree and they and they mean + + align:start position:0% +version of tree and they and they mean + + + align:start position:0% +version of tree and they and they mean +the same thing uh as far as I can tell + + align:start position:0% +the same thing uh as far as I can tell + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing uh as far as I can tell +um similarly uh for the signs that use + + align:start position:0% +um similarly uh for the signs that use + + + align:start position:0% +um similarly uh for the signs that use +both hands I mean this is a consequence + + align:start position:0% +both hands I mean this is a consequence + + + align:start position:0% +both hands I mean this is a consequence +of these facts about the signs that + + align:start position:0% +of these facts about the signs that + + + align:start position:0% +of these facts about the signs that +we've been talking about for the signs + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about for the signs + + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about for the signs +that you've been hens like teach + + align:start position:0% +that you've been hens like teach + + + align:start position:0% +that you've been hens like teach +um if I'm somebody described this to me + + align:start position:0% +um if I'm somebody described this to me + + + align:start position:0% +um if I'm somebody described this to me +as the equivalent of talking with your + + align:start position:0% +as the equivalent of talking with your + + + align:start position:0% +as the equivalent of talking with your +mouth full if I'm busy with my right + + align:start position:0% +mouth full if I'm busy with my right + + + align:start position:0% +mouth full if I'm busy with my right +hand you know I'm holding something or + + align:start position:0% +hand you know I'm holding something or + + + align:start position:0% +hand you know I'm holding something or +whatever then I can sign teach just with + + align:start position:0% +whatever then I can sign teach just with + + + align:start position:0% +whatever then I can sign teach just with +my other hand right and and you don't + + align:start position:0% +my other hand right and and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +my other hand right and and you don't +lose anything in a sense right uh you + + align:start position:0% +lose anything in a sense right uh you + + + align:start position:0% +lose anything in a sense right uh you +might if there's also a sign that's just + + align:start position:0% +might if there's also a sign that's just + + + align:start position:0% +might if there's also a sign that's just +like this right + + align:start position:0% +like this right + + + align:start position:0% +like this right +um that's and and uh Valley actually in + + align:start position:0% +um that's and and uh Valley actually in + + + align:start position:0% +um that's and and uh Valley actually in +this video is doing something like that + + align:start position:0% +this video is doing something like that + + + align:start position:0% +this video is doing something like that +the the sign for cold uses both hands + + align:start position:0% +the the sign for cold uses both hands + + + align:start position:0% +the the sign for cold uses both hands +they're both moving + + align:start position:0% +they're both moving + + + align:start position:0% +they're both moving +um but because his his right hand is + + align:start position:0% +um but because his his right hand is + + + align:start position:0% +um but because his his right hand is +busy doing snowflake he he does a + + align:start position:0% +busy doing snowflake he he does a + + + align:start position:0% +busy doing snowflake he he does a +one-handed version of uh of cold yeah + + align:start position:0% +one-handed version of uh of cold yeah + + + align:start position:0% +one-handed version of uh of cold yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay and I I alluded to this a second + + align:start position:0% +okay and I I alluded to this a second + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I I alluded to this a second +ago there's a lot of work on the use of + + align:start position:0% +ago there's a lot of work on the use of + + + align:start position:0% +ago there's a lot of work on the use of +parts of the body other than your hand + + align:start position:0% +parts of the body other than your hand + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the body other than your hand +so your non-manual component there's + + align:start position:0% +so your non-manual component there's + + + align:start position:0% +so your non-manual component there's +facial expressions that are involved in + + align:start position:0% +facial expressions that are involved in + + + align:start position:0% +facial expressions that are involved in +doing certain kinds of things so as I + + align:start position:0% +doing certain kinds of things so as I + + + align:start position:0% +doing certain kinds of things so as I +said in wh questions in in ASL uh wh + + align:start position:0% +said in wh questions in in ASL uh wh + + + align:start position:0% +said in wh questions in in ASL uh wh +questions require you to to Furrow your + + align:start position:0% +questions require you to to Furrow your + + + align:start position:0% +questions require you to to Furrow your +brow and look puzzled + + align:start position:0% +brow and look puzzled + + + align:start position:0% +brow and look puzzled +um and there's all this interesting work + + align:start position:0% +um and there's all this interesting work + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's all this interesting work +on on where exactly you're required to + + align:start position:0% +on on where exactly you're required to + + + align:start position:0% +on on where exactly you're required to +do that as I said ASL is a wh in situ + + align:start position:0% +do that as I said ASL is a wh in situ + + + align:start position:0% +do that as I said ASL is a wh in situ +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +um and so or it has the option of wh + + align:start position:0% +um and so or it has the option of wh + + + align:start position:0% +um and so or it has the option of wh +Institute and I do have chalk today + + align:start position:0% +Institute and I do have chalk today + + + align:start position:0% +Institute and I do have chalk today +which is nice + + align:start position:0% +which is nice + + + align:start position:0% +which is nice +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +apparently what that means is that if + + align:start position:0% +apparently what that means is that if + + + align:start position:0% +apparently what that means is that if +you're doing the ASL for you know you + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the ASL for you know you + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the ASL for you know you +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +wear + + align:start position:0% +wear + + + align:start position:0% +wear +just pretend that all of this is ASL + + align:start position:0% +just pretend that all of this is ASL + + + align:start position:0% +just pretend that all of this is ASL +you're required to look puzzled + + align:start position:0% +you're required to look puzzled + + + align:start position:0% +you're required to look puzzled +here that is from the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +here that is from the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +here that is from the beginning of the +question until you get to the wh word + + align:start position:0% +question until you get to the wh word + + + align:start position:0% +question until you get to the wh word +and then you're allowed to relax your + + align:start position:0% +and then you're allowed to relax your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you're allowed to relax your +face yeah and if this is an embedded + + align:start position:0% +face yeah and if this is an embedded + + + align:start position:0% +face yeah and if this is an embedded +question like you know I don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I'm saying the ASL for I don't + + align:start position:0% +so if I'm saying the ASL for I don't + + + align:start position:0% +so if I'm saying the ASL for I don't +know what you gave to the teacher + + align:start position:0% +know what you gave to the teacher + + + align:start position:0% +know what you gave to the teacher +well then this is still true you cyan I + + align:start position:0% +well then this is still true you cyan I + + + align:start position:0% +well then this is still true you cyan I +don't know without doing a wh facial + + align:start position:0% +don't know without doing a wh facial + + + align:start position:0% +don't know without doing a wh facial +expression but you do one for this part + + align:start position:0% +expression but you do one for this part + + + align:start position:0% +expression but you do one for this part +you know so from the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +you know so from the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know so from the beginning of the +question to the wh were required to look + + align:start position:0% +question to the wh were required to look + + + align:start position:0% +question to the wh were required to look +puzzled uh just kind of cool you know + + align:start position:0% +puzzled uh just kind of cool you know + + + align:start position:0% +puzzled uh just kind of cool you know +there's uh there's this work on this + + align:start position:0% +there's uh there's this work on this + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh there's this work on this +similarly there's + + align:start position:0% +similarly there's + + + align:start position:0% +similarly there's +um there's a negation facial expression + + align:start position:0% +um there's a negation facial expression + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a negation facial expression +in ASL so negation ASL has a word for + + align:start position:0% +in ASL so negation ASL has a word for + + + align:start position:0% +in ASL so negation ASL has a word for +not uh it's this + + align:start position:0% +not uh it's this + + + align:start position:0% +not uh it's this +um and uh so like if I want to sign + + align:start position:0% +um and uh so like if I want to sign + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh so like if I want to sign +um oh sorry + + align:start position:0% +um oh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +um oh sorry +does that mean that like the Beach + + align:start position:0% +does that mean that like the Beach + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean that like the Beach +expressions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +related to or almost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or like because I don't think it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is all really these are all really + + align:start position:0% +this is all really these are all really + + + align:start position:0% +this is all really these are all really +interesting questions to which I don't + + align:start position:0% +interesting questions to which I don't + + + align:start position:0% +interesting questions to which I don't +know the answers one possibility right + + align:start position:0% +know the answers one possibility right + + + align:start position:0% +know the answers one possibility right +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +um the puzzled facial expression the wh + + align:start position:0% +um the puzzled facial expression the wh + + + align:start position:0% +um the puzzled facial expression the wh +facial expression in ASL it's a little + + align:start position:0% +facial expression in ASL it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +facial expression in ASL it's a little +bit like the two pronouns for I that I + + align:start position:0% +bit like the two pronouns for I that I + + + align:start position:0% +bit like the two pronouns for I that I +was talking about earlier you know that + + align:start position:0% +was talking about earlier you know that + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about earlier you know that +this is I in ASL and this is I in + + align:start position:0% +this is I in ASL and this is I in + + + align:start position:0% +this is I in ASL and this is I in +Japanese sign language and that maybe + + align:start position:0% +Japanese sign language and that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese sign language and that maybe +that's connected to gestures that + + align:start position:0% +that's connected to gestures that + + + align:start position:0% +that's connected to gestures that +hearing people make + + align:start position:0% +hearing people make + + + align:start position:0% +hearing people make +um that uh speakers of sign languages + + align:start position:0% +um that uh speakers of sign languages + + + align:start position:0% +um that uh speakers of sign languages +are using in a different way so you know + + align:start position:0% +are using in a different way so you know + + + align:start position:0% +are using in a different way so you know +you're right I might if I were asking + + align:start position:0% +you're right I might if I were asking + + + align:start position:0% +you're right I might if I were asking +you a wh question look puzzled + + align:start position:0% +you a wh question look puzzled + + + align:start position:0% +you a wh question look puzzled +I don't have to look puzzled to ask you + + align:start position:0% +I don't have to look puzzled to ask you + + + align:start position:0% +I don't have to look puzzled to ask you +a wh question and there are no + + align:start position:0% +a wh question and there are no + + + align:start position:0% +a wh question and there are no +particular restrictions on when I should + + align:start position:0% +particular restrictions on when I should + + + align:start position:0% +particular restrictions on when I should +look puzzled you know like where during + + align:start position:0% +look puzzled you know like where during + + + align:start position:0% +look puzzled you know like where during +my question I should have puzzled but in + + align:start position:0% +my question I should have puzzled but in + + + align:start position:0% +my question I should have puzzled but in +ASL there are like you actually have to + + align:start position:0% +ASL there are like you actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +ASL there are like you actually have to +do this and you have to do it at the + + align:start position:0% +do this and you have to do it at the + + + align:start position:0% +do this and you have to do it at the +right point you know and the right right + + align:start position:0% +right point you know and the right right + + + align:start position:0% +right point you know and the right right +points of the of the wh question uh so + + align:start position:0% +points of the of the wh question uh so + + + align:start position:0% +points of the of the wh question uh so +it's their use of facial expressions is + + align:start position:0% +it's their use of facial expressions is + + + align:start position:0% +it's their use of facial expressions is +a little more sophisticated I guess or + + align:start position:0% +a little more sophisticated I guess or + + + align:start position:0% +a little more sophisticated I guess or +rule governed uh than they have been + + align:start position:0% +rule governed uh than they have been + + + align:start position:0% +rule governed uh than they have been +shown to be anyway for for Speed + + align:start position:0% +shown to be anyway for for Speed + + + align:start position:0% +shown to be anyway for for Speed +speaking people now uh maybe all this + + align:start position:0% +speaking people now uh maybe all this + + + align:start position:0% +speaking people now uh maybe all this +shows is that there hasn't been enough + + align:start position:0% +shows is that there hasn't been enough + + + align:start position:0% +shows is that there hasn't been enough +work on facial expressions uh first + + align:start position:0% +work on facial expressions uh first + + + align:start position:0% +work on facial expressions uh first +spoken languages we're all obsessed with + + align:start position:0% +spoken languages we're all obsessed with + + + align:start position:0% +spoken languages we're all obsessed with +the sounds right but for ASL there's all + + align:start position:0% +the sounds right but for ASL there's all + + + align:start position:0% +the sounds right but for ASL there's all +this clever work on what you do with the + + align:start position:0% +this clever work on what you do with the + + + align:start position:0% +this clever work on what you do with the +rest of your body + + align:start position:0% +rest of your body + + + align:start position:0% +rest of your body +good question + + align:start position:0% +good question + + + align:start position:0% +good question +similarly there's a negation facial + + align:start position:0% +similarly there's a negation facial + + + align:start position:0% +similarly there's a negation facial +experience so if I want to say I'm not + + align:start position:0% +experience so if I want to say I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +experience so if I want to say I'm not +deaf I can just sign I not and Def + + align:start position:0% +deaf I can just sign I not and Def + + + align:start position:0% +deaf I can just sign I not and Def +um or I can point it myself and go and + + align:start position:0% +um or I can point it myself and go and + + + align:start position:0% +um or I can point it myself and go and +shake my head as I as I um as I sign def + + align:start position:0% +shake my head as I as I um as I sign def + + + align:start position:0% +shake my head as I as I um as I sign def +right so I don't have to use the sign + + align:start position:0% +right so I don't have to use the sign + + + align:start position:0% +right so I don't have to use the sign +for naught At All by shaking my head I + + align:start position:0% +for naught At All by shaking my head I + + + align:start position:0% +for naught At All by shaking my head I +convey a negation without without using + + align:start position:0% +convey a negation without without using + + + align:start position:0% +convey a negation without without using +the negation sign so there are facial + + align:start position:0% +the negation sign so there are facial + + + align:start position:0% +the negation sign so there are facial +expressions for both of these things I + + align:start position:0% +expressions for both of these things I + + + align:start position:0% +expressions for both of these things I +don't know what happens when they + + align:start position:0% +don't know what happens when they + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what happens when they +combine because presumably you can ask + + align:start position:0% +combine because presumably you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +combine because presumably you can ask +negative questions I guess you can do + + align:start position:0% +negative questions I guess you can do + + + align:start position:0% +negative questions I guess you can do +all of these things with your head at + + align:start position:0% +all of these things with your head at + + + align:start position:0% +all of these things with your head at +once + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the other properties of signed + + align:start position:0% +one of the other properties of signed + + + align:start position:0% +one of the other properties of signed +languages uh + + align:start position:0% +languages uh + + + align:start position:0% +languages uh +which is cool and has there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +which is cool and has there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +which is cool and has there's a lot of +work on uh is the use of loci in space + + align:start position:0% +work on uh is the use of loci in space + + + align:start position:0% +work on uh is the use of loci in space +to refer so um an English sentence like + + align:start position:0% +to refer so um an English sentence like + + + align:start position:0% +to refer so um an English sentence like +Trump told Biden that he would win + + align:start position:0% +Trump told Biden that he would win + + + align:start position:0% +Trump told Biden that he would win +is ambiguous right so he could refer to + + align:start position:0% +is ambiguous right so he could refer to + + + align:start position:0% +is ambiguous right so he could refer to +Trump or to Biden or to anybody else in + + align:start position:0% +Trump or to Biden or to anybody else in + + + align:start position:0% +Trump or to Biden or to anybody else in +principle right has to refer to any some + + align:start position:0% +principle right has to refer to any some + + + align:start position:0% +principle right has to refer to any some +some male person could refer to either + + align:start position:0% +some male person could refer to either + + + align:start position:0% +some male person could refer to either +of these people + + align:start position:0% +of these people + + + align:start position:0% +of these people +um if you were going to sign this in ASL + + align:start position:0% +um if you were going to sign this in ASL + + + align:start position:0% +um if you were going to sign this in ASL +uh and I'm not going to I don't know + + align:start position:0% +uh and I'm not going to I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I'm not going to I don't know +enough ASL but I can tell you the basic + + align:start position:0% +enough ASL but I can tell you the basic + + + align:start position:0% +enough ASL but I can tell you the basic +ideas about how this would work first of + + align:start position:0% +ideas about how this would work first of + + + align:start position:0% +ideas about how this would work first of +all uh you would need what are called + + align:start position:0% +all uh you would need what are called + + + align:start position:0% +all uh you would need what are called +name signs uh so you would need to sign + + align:start position:0% +name signs uh so you would need to sign + + + align:start position:0% +name signs uh so you would need to sign +the names Trump and Biden + + align:start position:0% +the names Trump and Biden + + + align:start position:0% +the names Trump and Biden +um the simple way to do that is by + + align:start position:0% +um the simple way to do that is by + + + align:start position:0% +um the simple way to do that is by +fingerspelling so there's there are + + align:start position:0% +fingerspelling so there's there are + + + align:start position:0% +fingerspelling so there's there are +correspondence to all of the + + align:start position:0% +correspondence to all of the + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence to all of the +letters you can sign all of the letters + + align:start position:0% +letters you can sign all of the letters + + + align:start position:0% +letters you can sign all of the letters +of the English alphabet so you could + + align:start position:0% +of the English alphabet so you could + + + align:start position:0% +of the English alphabet so you could +sign TR you and P only you do it faster + + align:start position:0% +sign TR you and P only you do it faster + + + align:start position:0% +sign TR you and P only you do it faster +if you knew ASL + + align:start position:0% +if you knew ASL + + + align:start position:0% +if you knew ASL +but there are also what are called name + + align:start position:0% +but there are also what are called name + + + align:start position:0% +but there are also what are called name +signs which are signs that are just + + align:start position:0% +signs which are signs that are just + + + align:start position:0% +signs which are signs that are just +signs for particular people typically + + align:start position:0% +signs for particular people typically + + + align:start position:0% +signs for particular people typically +famous people + + align:start position:0% +famous people + + + align:start position:0% +famous people +um uh or people who are deaf I get I + + align:start position:0% +um uh or people who are deaf I get I + + + align:start position:0% +um uh or people who are deaf I get I +think generally end up with name signs + + align:start position:0% +think generally end up with name signs + + + align:start position:0% +think generally end up with name signs +uh name signs are often based they often + + align:start position:0% +uh name signs are often based they often + + + align:start position:0% +uh name signs are often based they often +contain the first letter of the person's + + align:start position:0% +contain the first letter of the person's + + + align:start position:0% +contain the first letter of the person's +name I had a classmate in grad school + + align:start position:0% +name I had a classmate in grad school + + + align:start position:0% +name I had a classmate in grad school +who was deaf he's now a professor at + + align:start position:0% +who was deaf he's now a professor at + + + align:start position:0% +who was deaf he's now a professor at +gallaudet University + + align:start position:0% +gallaudet University + + + align:start position:0% +gallaudet University +um uh his name was gaurav in English and + + align:start position:0% +um uh his name was gaurav in English and + + + align:start position:0% +um uh his name was gaurav in English and +his ASL sign involved the letter G which + + align:start position:0% +his ASL sign involved the letter G which + + + align:start position:0% +his ASL sign involved the letter G which +is the first letter of his name put on + + align:start position:0% +is the first letter of his name put on + + + align:start position:0% +is the first letter of his name put on +the test whoa sorry + + align:start position:0% +the test whoa sorry + + + align:start position:0% +the test whoa sorry +um so that's gaurav uh in ASL the name + + align:start position:0% +um so that's gaurav uh in ASL the name + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's gaurav uh in ASL the name +sign for Noam Chomsky which is one of + + align:start position:0% +sign for Noam Chomsky which is one of + + + align:start position:0% +sign for Noam Chomsky which is one of +the few other signs I know is this so + + align:start position:0% +the few other signs I know is this so + + + align:start position:0% +the few other signs I know is this so +it's a c + + align:start position:0% +it's a c + + + align:start position:0% +it's a c +um when I first saw it I was like what + + align:start position:0% +um when I first saw it I was like what + + + align:start position:0% +um when I first saw it I was like what +they think he's an alcoholic what is the + + align:start position:0% +they think he's an alcoholic what is the + + + align:start position:0% +they think he's an alcoholic what is the +what is the deal it turns out to be C + + align:start position:0% +what is the deal it turns out to be C + + + align:start position:0% +what is the deal it turns out to be C +based on the sign for God so it's God + + align:start position:0% +based on the sign for God so it's God + + + align:start position:0% +based on the sign for God so it's God +with his sins is uh invented by someone + + align:start position:0% +with his sins is uh invented by someone + + + align:start position:0% +with his sins is uh invented by someone +with the proper level of respect for + + align:start position:0% +with the proper level of respect for + + + align:start position:0% +with the proper level of respect for +Noam Chomsky + + align:start position:0% +Noam Chomsky + + + align:start position:0% +Noam Chomsky +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the name sign for Trump there are + + align:start position:0% +the name sign for Trump there are + + + align:start position:0% +the name sign for Trump there are +apparently various name signs for Trump + + align:start position:0% +apparently various name signs for Trump + + + align:start position:0% +apparently various name signs for Trump +one of them is this + + align:start position:0% +one of them is this + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is this +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um uh or this that's another one + + align:start position:0% +um uh or this that's another one + + + align:start position:0% +um uh or this that's another one +um uh for Biden um I was looking and + + align:start position:0% +um uh for Biden um I was looking and + + + align:start position:0% +um uh for Biden um I was looking and +apparently there isn't General agreement + + align:start position:0% +apparently there isn't General agreement + + + align:start position:0% +apparently there isn't General agreement +on what the name sign for Biden ought to + + align:start position:0% +on what the name sign for Biden ought to + + + align:start position:0% +on what the name sign for Biden ought to +be one of them is is this which is + + align:start position:0% +be one of them is is this which is + + + align:start position:0% +be one of them is is this which is +apparently supposed to be a gesture that + + align:start position:0% +apparently supposed to be a gesture that + + + align:start position:0% +apparently supposed to be a gesture that +um indicates that he likes to wear + + align:start position:0% +um indicates that he likes to wear + + + align:start position:0% +um indicates that he likes to wear +sunglasses I guess uh it's connected to + + align:start position:0% +sunglasses I guess uh it's connected to + + + align:start position:0% +sunglasses I guess uh it's connected to +the fact that he has sunglasses a lot by + + align:start position:0% +the fact that he has sunglasses a lot by + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that he has sunglasses a lot by +now there must be a name sign for Biden + + align:start position:0% +now there must be a name sign for Biden + + + align:start position:0% +now there must be a name sign for Biden +because of course they're he's + + align:start position:0% +because of course they're he's + + + align:start position:0% +because of course they're he's +surrounded by interpreters uh when he's + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by interpreters uh when he's + + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by interpreters uh when he's +when he's talking you hope but anyway if + + align:start position:0% +when he's talking you hope but anyway if + + + align:start position:0% +when he's talking you hope but anyway if +you wanted to say bless you in ASL Trump + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to say bless you in ASL Trump + + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to say bless you in ASL Trump +told Biden that he would win you'd sign + + align:start position:0% +told Biden that he would win you'd sign + + + align:start position:0% +told Biden that he would win you'd sign +Trump and you'd sign Biden and you would + + align:start position:0% +Trump and you'd sign Biden and you would + + + align:start position:0% +Trump and you'd sign Biden and you would +put them in places right so you'd say + + align:start position:0% +put them in places right so you'd say + + + align:start position:0% +put them in places right so you'd say +Trump you put Trump here right + + align:start position:0% +Trump you put Trump here right + + + align:start position:0% +Trump you put Trump here right +Biden but Biden here and then you would + + align:start position:0% +Biden but Biden here and then you would + + + align:start position:0% +Biden but Biden here and then you would +say he + + align:start position:0% +say he + + + align:start position:0% +say he +told him that he and then you would + + align:start position:0% +told him that he and then you would + + + align:start position:0% +told him that he and then you would +either point at Trump or you would point + + align:start position:0% +either point at Trump or you would point + + + align:start position:0% +either point at Trump or you would point +at Biden would win right so the ASL + + align:start position:0% +at Biden would win right so the ASL + + + align:start position:0% +at Biden would win right so the ASL +versions of the sentence are not + + align:start position:0% +versions of the sentence are not + + + align:start position:0% +versions of the sentence are not +ambiguous right so you either you you + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous right so you either you you + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous right so you either you you +make it clear you've either pointed at + + align:start position:0% +make it clear you've either pointed at + + + align:start position:0% +make it clear you've either pointed at +Trump or you've pointed at Biden so he + + align:start position:0% +Trump or you've pointed at Biden so he + + + align:start position:0% +Trump or you've pointed at Biden so he +always refers to someone in particular + + align:start position:0% +always refers to someone in particular + + + align:start position:0% +always refers to someone in particular +or you know if what I want to convey to + + align:start position:0% +or you know if what I want to convey to + + + align:start position:0% +or you know if what I want to convey to +you is that Trump told Biden that Obama + + align:start position:0% +you is that Trump told Biden that Obama + + + align:start position:0% +you is that Trump told Biden that Obama +would win well then I need to sign him + + align:start position:0% +would win well then I need to sign him + + + align:start position:0% +would win well then I need to sign him +by Obama and put Obama somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +by Obama and put Obama somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +by Obama and put Obama somewhere else +you can have many many people in front + + align:start position:0% +you can have many many people in front + + + align:start position:0% +you can have many many people in front +of you in space right there's not + + align:start position:0% +of you in space right there's not + + + align:start position:0% +of you in space right there's not +there's like it I believe people who + + align:start position:0% +there's like it I believe people who + + + align:start position:0% +there's like it I believe people who +have studied this have not found limits + + align:start position:0% +have studied this have not found limits + + + align:start position:0% +have studied this have not found limits +on how much space how much subdividing + + align:start position:0% +on how much space how much subdividing + + + align:start position:0% +on how much space how much subdividing +of space you can do in front of you I + + align:start position:0% +of space you can do in front of you I + + + align:start position:0% +of space you can do in front of you I +don't know how hard they've tried but uh + + align:start position:0% +don't know how hard they've tried but uh + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how hard they've tried but uh +yeah it's certainly not just two yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's certainly not just two yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's certainly not just two yeah +you can have lots of pronouns in front + + align:start position:0% +you can have lots of pronouns in front + + + align:start position:0% +you can have lots of pronouns in front +of you + + align:start position:0% +of you + + + align:start position:0% +of you +there are even fancier things you can do + + align:start position:0% +there are even fancier things you can do + + + align:start position:0% +there are even fancier things you can do +I was just reading a paper about this + + align:start position:0% +I was just reading a paper about this + + + align:start position:0% +I was just reading a paper about this +this is kind of astonishing + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of astonishing + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of astonishing +um so if I want to say something in ASL + + align:start position:0% +um so if I want to say something in ASL + + + align:start position:0% +um so if I want to say something in ASL +like most of my students came to class + + align:start position:0% +like most of my students came to class + + + align:start position:0% +like most of my students came to class +and what I do is I start by signing my + + align:start position:0% +and what I do is I start by signing my + + + align:start position:0% +and what I do is I start by signing my +students and then I put my students in a + + align:start position:0% +students and then I put my students in a + + + align:start position:0% +students and then I put my students in a +circle right + + align:start position:0% +circle right + + + align:start position:0% +circle right +and then I've established a circle that + + align:start position:0% +and then I've established a circle that + + + align:start position:0% +and then I've established a circle that +all of my students are in + + align:start position:0% +all of my students are in + + + align:start position:0% +all of my students are in +and then I'm going to make the sign for + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to make the sign for + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to make the sign for +most which I think is something like + + align:start position:0% +most which I think is something like + + + align:start position:0% +most which I think is something like +this and then I I describe a smaller + + align:start position:0% +this and then I I describe a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +this and then I I describe a smaller +Circle that's part of the circle that + + align:start position:0% +Circle that's part of the circle that + + + align:start position:0% +Circle that's part of the circle that +I've just described for you right and + + align:start position:0% +I've just described for you right and + + + align:start position:0% +I've just described for you right and +then I would sign you know went to class + + align:start position:0% +then I would sign you know went to class + + + align:start position:0% +then I would sign you know went to class +right so uh you know I make my circle + + align:start position:0% +right so uh you know I make my circle + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh you know I make my circle +that has all the students and then I + + align:start position:0% +that has all the students and then I + + + align:start position:0% +that has all the students and then I +have a subset of that that's the I draw + + align:start position:0% +have a subset of that that's the I draw + + + align:start position:0% +have a subset of that that's the I draw +the kinds of Venn diagramming things we + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of Venn diagramming things we + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of Venn diagramming things we +were talking about before uh here here + + align:start position:0% +were talking about before uh here here + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about before uh here here +are the students and the cool thing + + align:start position:0% +are the students and the cool thing + + + align:start position:0% +are the students and the cool thing +about this is now what I've got in front + + align:start position:0% +about this is now what I've got in front + + + align:start position:0% +about this is now what I've got in front +of me is a space that's got my students + + align:start position:0% +of me is a space that's got my students + + + align:start position:0% +of me is a space that's got my students +and it's subdivided into a larger + + align:start position:0% +and it's subdivided into a larger + + + align:start position:0% +and it's subdivided into a larger +space that's got most of my students the + + align:start position:0% +space that's got most of my students the + + + align:start position:0% +space that's got most of my students the +one who came to class and a smaller + + align:start position:0% +one who came to class and a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +one who came to class and a smaller +space that's got the students who didn't + + align:start position:0% +space that's got the students who didn't + + + align:start position:0% +space that's got the students who didn't +come to class so the next sentence + + align:start position:0% +come to class so the next sentence + + + align:start position:0% +come to class so the next sentence +apparently can be they stayed home + + align:start position:0% +apparently can be they stayed home + + + align:start position:0% +apparently can be they stayed home +pointing at you know the ones who didn't + + align:start position:0% +pointing at you know the ones who didn't + + + align:start position:0% +pointing at you know the ones who didn't +come to class right in English if I say + + align:start position:0% +come to class right in English if I say + + + align:start position:0% +come to class right in English if I say +most of my students came to class they + + align:start position:0% +most of my students came to class they + + + align:start position:0% +most of my students came to class they +stayed home + + align:start position:0% +stayed home + + + align:start position:0% +stayed home +that's I'm contradicting myself right + + align:start position:0% +that's I'm contradicting myself right + + + align:start position:0% +that's I'm contradicting myself right +because and this is and there's + + align:start position:0% +because and this is and there's + + + align:start position:0% +because and this is and there's +something kind of interesting going on + + align:start position:0% +something kind of interesting going on + + + align:start position:0% +something kind of interesting going on +here when we were talking about pronouns + + align:start position:0% +here when we were talking about pronouns + + + align:start position:0% +here when we were talking about pronouns +it was sort of breezed by them right + + align:start position:0% +it was sort of breezed by them right + + + align:start position:0% +it was sort of breezed by them right +pronouns well they refer to people who + + align:start position:0% +pronouns well they refer to people who + + + align:start position:0% +pronouns well they refer to people who +are Salient or whatever right certainly + + align:start position:0% +are Salient or whatever right certainly + + + align:start position:0% +are Salient or whatever right certainly +if I pass a bunch of students on the on + + align:start position:0% +if I pass a bunch of students on the on + + + align:start position:0% +if I pass a bunch of students on the on +the uh on the infinite Corridor I could + + align:start position:0% +the uh on the infinite Corridor I could + + + align:start position:0% +the uh on the infinite Corridor I could +remark to you they're on their way to + + align:start position:0% +remark to you they're on their way to + + + align:start position:0% +remark to you they're on their way to +class right and we don't have to have + + align:start position:0% +class right and we don't have to have + + + align:start position:0% +class right and we don't have to have +been talking about them before they're + + align:start position:0% +been talking about them before they're + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about them before they're +just you know they're in the world I get + + align:start position:0% +just you know they're in the world I get + + + align:start position:0% +just you know they're in the world I get +to assume that you you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +to assume that you you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +to assume that you you're thinking about +them but if I say most of my students + + align:start position:0% +them but if I say most of my students + + + align:start position:0% +them but if I say most of my students +came to class + + align:start position:0% +came to class + + + align:start position:0% +came to class +well that I mean I'm telling you that + + align:start position:0% +well that I mean I'm telling you that + + + align:start position:0% +well that I mean I'm telling you that +there are my students and that most of + + align:start position:0% +there are my students and that most of + + + align:start position:0% +there are my students and that most of +them came to class and then there were + + align:start position:0% +them came to class and then there were + + + align:start position:0% +them came to class and then there were +the ones who didn't right I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +the ones who didn't right I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +the ones who didn't right I mean that's +what that means right but I still don't + + align:start position:0% +what that means right but I still don't + + + align:start position:0% +what that means right but I still don't +get to refer to the ones who didn't come + + align:start position:0% +get to refer to the ones who didn't come + + + align:start position:0% +get to refer to the ones who didn't come +to class with they right they has to + + align:start position:0% +to class with they right they has to + + + align:start position:0% +to class with they right they has to +refer to the ones who did come to class + + align:start position:0% +refer to the ones who did come to class + + + align:start position:0% +refer to the ones who did come to class +but in ASL I get to Point at them + + align:start position:0% +but in ASL I get to Point at them + + + align:start position:0% +but in ASL I get to Point at them +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +and so I get to refer to them right away + + align:start position:0% +and so I get to refer to them right away + + + align:start position:0% +and so I get to refer to them right away +Joseph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know if we didn't know about ASL + + align:start position:0% +so you know if we didn't know about ASL + + + align:start position:0% +so you know if we didn't know about ASL +I might have said you know why don't we + + align:start position:0% +I might have said you know why don't we + + + align:start position:0% +I might have said you know why don't we +why don't I get to refer to that others + + align:start position:0% +why don't I get to refer to that others + + + align:start position:0% +why don't I get to refer to that others +set right and you might have said ah + + align:start position:0% +set right and you might have said ah + + + align:start position:0% +set right and you might have said ah +it's because of the conservativity of of + + align:start position:0% +it's because of the conservativity of of + + + align:start position:0% +it's because of the conservativity of of +most yeah that would have been a pretty + + align:start position:0% +most yeah that would have been a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +most yeah that would have been a pretty +plausible thing to say and it's maybe + + align:start position:0% +plausible thing to say and it's maybe + + + align:start position:0% +plausible thing to say and it's maybe +even right + + align:start position:0% +even right + + + align:start position:0% +even right +but the fact that in ASL you can refer + + align:start position:0% +but the fact that in ASL you can refer + + + align:start position:0% +but the fact that in ASL you can refer +to them where the pronoun suggests that + + align:start position:0% +to them where the pronoun suggests that + + + align:start position:0% +to them where the pronoun suggests that +maybe it's actually something else going + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's actually something else going + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's actually something else going +on there's all kinds of stuff like this + + align:start position:0% +on there's all kinds of stuff like this + + + align:start position:0% +on there's all kinds of stuff like this +in spoken languages by the way it's not + + align:start position:0% +in spoken languages by the way it's not + + + align:start position:0% +in spoken languages by the way it's not +just about qualifiers and So like + + align:start position:0% +just about qualifiers and So like + + + align:start position:0% +just about qualifiers and So like +um old observation if I say uh uh John + + align:start position:0% +um old observation if I say uh uh John + + + align:start position:0% +um old observation if I say uh uh John +has a child she's five that's fine you + + align:start position:0% +has a child she's five that's fine you + + + align:start position:0% +has a child she's five that's fine you +know and she probably figure it's the + + align:start position:0% +know and she probably figure it's the + + + align:start position:0% +know and she probably figure it's the +child I'm talking about if I say John is + + align:start position:0% +child I'm talking about if I say John is + + + align:start position:0% +child I'm talking about if I say John is +a parent + + align:start position:0% +a parent + + + align:start position:0% +a parent +she's five + + align:start position:0% +she's five + + + align:start position:0% +she's five +uh that's a weird thing for me to say + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a weird thing for me to say + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's a weird thing for me to say +even though by saying John is a parent + + align:start position:0% +even though by saying John is a parent + + + align:start position:0% +even though by saying John is a parent +I'm telling you that John has a child + + align:start position:0% +I'm telling you that John has a child + + + align:start position:0% +I'm telling you that John has a child +right that's what that means right but + + align:start position:0% +right that's what that means right but + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what that means right but +it doesn't help + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't help + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't help +um so we're like limited in how we can + + align:start position:0% +um so we're like limited in how we can + + + align:start position:0% +um so we're like limited in how we can +use pronouns I'm sorry you had to point + + align:start position:0% +use pronouns I'm sorry you had to point + + + align:start position:0% +use pronouns I'm sorry you had to point +you wanted to make welcome + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I get most of my students who don't come + + align:start position:0% +I get most of my students who don't come + + + align:start position:0% +I get most of my students who don't come +to class I believe you can then you know + + align:start position:0% +to class I believe you can then you know + + + align:start position:0% +to class I believe you can then you know +draw some parts of these you know I'll + + align:start position:0% +draw some parts of these you know I'll + + + align:start position:0% +draw some parts of these you know I'll +put that paper on the website too you + + align:start position:0% +put that paper on the website too you + + + align:start position:0% +put that paper on the website too you +can yeah it's just there's all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +can yeah it's just there's all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +can yeah it's just there's all kinds of +stuff that you can do with space I I + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you can do with space I I + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you can do with space I I +again I don't know what the limits of it + + align:start position:0% +again I don't know what the limits of it + + + align:start position:0% +again I don't know what the limits of it +are but it would be really interesting + + align:start position:0% +are but it would be really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +are but it would be really interesting +to find out + + align:start position:0% +to find out + + + align:start position:0% +to find out +they can do more referring to sets and + + align:start position:0% +they can do more referring to sets and + + + align:start position:0% +they can do more referring to sets and +subsets than we can do because they have + + align:start position:0% +subsets than we can do because they have + + + align:start position:0% +subsets than we can do because they have +the advantage that they've got like a + + align:start position:0% +the advantage that they've got like a + + + align:start position:0% +the advantage that they've got like a +Blackboard right they get to point out + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard right they get to point out + + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard right they get to point out +you know where everything is right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but is there written form of + + align:start position:0% +but is there written form of + + + align:start position:0% +but is there written form of +communication like very different from a + + align:start position:0% +communication like very different from a + + + align:start position:0% +communication like very different from a +non-deaf individual or like are they + + align:start position:0% +non-deaf individual or like are they + + + align:start position:0% +non-deaf individual or like are they +similar oh okay so there have been + + align:start position:0% +similar oh okay so there have been + + + align:start position:0% +similar oh okay so there have been +various attempts to come up with writing + + align:start position:0% +various attempts to come up with writing + + + align:start position:0% +various attempts to come up with writing +systems that are sort of indigenous to + + align:start position:0% +systems that are sort of indigenous to + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are sort of indigenous to +ASL you know and I don't think any of + + align:start position:0% +ASL you know and I don't think any of + + + align:start position:0% +ASL you know and I don't think any of +them have gained uh um a lot of uh + + align:start position:0% +them have gained uh um a lot of uh + + + align:start position:0% +them have gained uh um a lot of uh +popularity so uh when linguists are + + align:start position:0% +popularity so uh when linguists are + + + align:start position:0% +popularity so uh when linguists are +writing like papers about ASL + + align:start position:0% +writing like papers about ASL + + + align:start position:0% +writing like papers about ASL +um what they typically do is I mean I + + align:start position:0% +um what they typically do is I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +um what they typically do is I mean I +did a parody of it over here that if you + + align:start position:0% +did a parody of it over here that if you + + + align:start position:0% +did a parody of it over here that if you +want to write you know an example + + align:start position:0% +want to write you know an example + + + align:start position:0% +want to write you know an example +sentence that's like I saw a tree you + + align:start position:0% +sentence that's like I saw a tree you + + + align:start position:0% +sentence that's like I saw a tree you +know for tree you're going to write you + + align:start position:0% +know for tree you're going to write you + + + align:start position:0% +know for tree you're going to write you +know for this sign you're going to write + + align:start position:0% +know for this sign you're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +know for this sign you're going to write +the the English word Tree in all capital + + align:start position:0% +the the English word Tree in all capital + + + align:start position:0% +the the English word Tree in all capital +letters so you use all capital letters + + align:start position:0% +letters so you use all capital letters + + + align:start position:0% +letters so you use all capital letters +to indicate that you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +to indicate that you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +to indicate that you're talking about +signs + + align:start position:0% +signs + + + align:start position:0% +signs +um and then they'll annotate these if if + + align:start position:0% +um and then they'll annotate these if if + + + align:start position:0% +um and then they'll annotate these if if +you're interested in indicating things + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in indicating things + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in indicating things +about like facial position and facial + + align:start position:0% +about like facial position and facial + + + align:start position:0% +about like facial position and facial +expression things like that there are + + align:start position:0% +expression things like that there are + + + align:start position:0% +expression things like that there are +ways of annotating that to show you know + + align:start position:0% +ways of annotating that to show you know + + + align:start position:0% +ways of annotating that to show you know +you're doing the wh facial expression or + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the wh facial expression or + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the wh facial expression or +whatever + + align:start position:0% +whatever + + + align:start position:0% +whatever +um as far as you know actual ASL + + align:start position:0% +um as far as you know actual ASL + + + align:start position:0% +um as far as you know actual ASL +speakers go I my understanding is that + + align:start position:0% +speakers go I my understanding is that + + + align:start position:0% +speakers go I my understanding is that +they typically don't write in ASL right + + align:start position:0% +they typically don't write in ASL right + + + align:start position:0% +they typically don't write in ASL right +so um dictionaries you can find + + align:start position:0% +so um dictionaries you can find + + + align:start position:0% +so um dictionaries you can find +dictionaries of ASL online they have + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries of ASL online they have + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries of ASL online they have +lots of videos or they'll have pictures + + align:start position:0% +lots of videos or they'll have pictures + + + align:start position:0% +lots of videos or they'll have pictures +of you know one frame after another of + + align:start position:0% +of you know one frame after another of + + + align:start position:0% +of you know one frame after another of +uh um so there isn't uh literacy among + + align:start position:0% +uh um so there isn't uh literacy among + + + align:start position:0% +uh um so there isn't uh literacy among +the deaf is apparently a really serious + + align:start position:0% +the deaf is apparently a really serious + + + align:start position:0% +the deaf is apparently a really serious +problem as you might imagine right so if + + align:start position:0% +problem as you might imagine right so if + + + align:start position:0% +problem as you might imagine right so if +somebody who's profoundly deaf like + + align:start position:0% +somebody who's profoundly deaf like + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who's profoundly deaf like +hasn't heard sound + + align:start position:0% +hasn't heard sound + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't heard sound +you know learning dispel if you can hear + + align:start position:0% +you know learning dispel if you can hear + + + align:start position:0% +you know learning dispel if you can hear +is hard enough uh learning to spell if + + align:start position:0% +is hard enough uh learning to spell if + + + align:start position:0% +is hard enough uh learning to spell if +you all of the symbols that you're here + + align:start position:0% +you all of the symbols that you're here + + + align:start position:0% +you all of the symbols that you're here +that you're being asked to write just + + align:start position:0% +that you're being asked to write just + + + align:start position:0% +that you're being asked to write just +don't represent anything for you at all + + align:start position:0% +don't represent anything for you at all + + + align:start position:0% +don't represent anything for you at all +uh it's gonna be a nightmare and so uh + + align:start position:0% +uh it's gonna be a nightmare and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's gonna be a nightmare and so uh +although ASL native signers typically + + align:start position:0% +although ASL native signers typically + + + align:start position:0% +although ASL native signers typically +write in English it's apparently very + + align:start position:0% +write in English it's apparently very + + + align:start position:0% +write in English it's apparently very +hard as you might imagine yeah + + align:start position:0% +hard as you might imagine yeah + + + align:start position:0% +hard as you might imagine yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +points about this okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um oh okay and so yeah this has all been + + align:start position:0% +um oh okay and so yeah this has all been + + + align:start position:0% +um oh okay and so yeah this has all been +about space and other things to do with + + align:start position:0% +about space and other things to do with + + + align:start position:0% +about space and other things to do with +your body I wanted to show you one other + + align:start position:0% +your body I wanted to show you one other + + + align:start position:0% +your body I wanted to show you one other +video + + align:start position:0% +video + + + align:start position:0% +video +um so there's another phenomenon that + + align:start position:0% +um so there's another phenomenon that + + + align:start position:0% +um so there's another phenomenon that +people use when they're telling stories + + align:start position:0% +people use when they're telling stories + + + align:start position:0% +people use when they're telling stories +or or talking about multiple people + + align:start position:0% +or or talking about multiple people + + + align:start position:0% +or or talking about multiple people +which is what's called roll shift it's + + align:start position:0% +which is what's called roll shift it's + + + align:start position:0% +which is what's called roll shift it's +what people who work on it call it where + + align:start position:0% +what people who work on it call it where + + + align:start position:0% +what people who work on it call it where +you'll shift your body you people do + + align:start position:0% +you'll shift your body you people do + + + align:start position:0% +you'll shift your body you people do +this in spoken language too but again in + + align:start position:0% +this in spoken language too but again in + + + align:start position:0% +this in spoken language too but again in +ASL it's apparently more or less + + align:start position:0% +ASL it's apparently more or less + + + align:start position:0% +ASL it's apparently more or less +obligatory it'll shift your body to + + align:start position:0% +obligatory it'll shift your body to + + + align:start position:0% +obligatory it'll shift your body to +represent the different characters that + + align:start position:0% +represent the different characters that + + + align:start position:0% +represent the different characters that +you're talking about right so um and + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about right so um and + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about right so um and +I'll show you a story where somebody + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you a story where somebody + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you a story where somebody +does this uh I it is a story about + + align:start position:0% +does this uh I it is a story about + + + align:start position:0% +does this uh I it is a story about +throwing a stick for a dog and um one of + + align:start position:0% +throwing a stick for a dog and um one of + + + align:start position:0% +throwing a stick for a dog and um one of +the nice things about it is that there's + + align:start position:0% +the nice things about it is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +the nice things about it is that there's +no need at all to explain what the guy + + align:start position:0% +no need at all to explain what the guy + + + align:start position:0% +no need at all to explain what the guy +is talking about + + align:start position:0% +is talking about + + + align:start position:0% +is talking about +maybe at the beginning a little bit he's + + align:start position:0% +maybe at the beginning a little bit he's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe at the beginning a little bit he's +going for a walk with his dog + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh stop that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there's his dog right and + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's his dog right and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's his dog right and +there's him yeah so he's doing roll + + align:start position:0% +there's him yeah so he's doing roll + + + align:start position:0% +there's him yeah so he's doing roll +shift he's going to get a stick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's dog again dog's all excited + + align:start position:0% +there's dog again dog's all excited + + + align:start position:0% +there's dog again dog's all excited +there's the guy throws the stick + + align:start position:0% +there's the guy throws the stick + + + align:start position:0% +there's the guy throws the stick +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here comes the dog right and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm showing this to you partly because + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing this to you partly because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing this to you partly because +it's a cute story thank you he says + + align:start position:0% +it's a cute story thank you he says + + + align:start position:0% +it's a cute story thank you he says +I'm showing that to you partly because + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing that to you partly because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing that to you partly because +it's a cute story but also because it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a cute story but also because it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a cute story but also because it's +a good example of roll shift so he's oh + + align:start position:0% +a good example of roll shift so he's oh + + + align:start position:0% +a good example of roll shift so he's oh +there's Clayton Valley again + + align:start position:0% +there's Clayton Valley again + + + align:start position:0% +there's Clayton Valley again +uh good example roll shift so he's you + + align:start position:0% +uh good example roll shift so he's you + + + align:start position:0% +uh good example roll shift so he's you +know using his body to go back and forth + + align:start position:0% +know using his body to go back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +know using his body to go back and forth +between being the dog and being the + + align:start position:0% +between being the dog and being the + + + align:start position:0% +between being the dog and being the +person apparently this is a standard + + align:start position:0% +person apparently this is a standard + + + align:start position:0% +person apparently this is a standard +thing that you do if you if you do ASL + + align:start position:0% +thing that you do if you if you do ASL + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you do if you if you do ASL +if you're a native speaker at ASL it's + + align:start position:0% +if you're a native speaker at ASL it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you're a native speaker at ASL it's +part of being a fluent signer as opposed + + align:start position:0% +part of being a fluent signer as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +part of being a fluent signer as opposed +to being someone who knows a bit of ASL + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +full screen mode that's what I want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +this was what I wanted to try to show + + align:start position:0% +this was what I wanted to try to show + + + align:start position:0% +this was what I wanted to try to show +you about ASL so just to review uh ASL + + align:start position:0% +you about ASL so just to review uh ASL + + + align:start position:0% +you about ASL so just to review uh ASL +American Sign Language uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +American Sign Language uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +American Sign Language uh it's a +language it's uh + + align:start position:0% +language it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +language it's uh +language spoken here in America by many + + align:start position:0% +language spoken here in America by many + + + align:start position:0% +language spoken here in America by many +deaf people it is not English it's not + + align:start position:0% +deaf people it is not English it's not + + + align:start position:0% +deaf people it is not English it's not +any form of English it's not charades + + align:start position:0% +any form of English it's not charades + + + align:start position:0% +any form of English it's not charades +and it's not English with all of the + + align:start position:0% +and it's not English with all of the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not English with all of the +words replaced by signs which is what I + + align:start position:0% +words replaced by signs which is what I + + + align:start position:0% +words replaced by signs which is what I +believed when I was a kid it's a + + align:start position:0% +believed when I was a kid it's a + + + align:start position:0% +believed when I was a kid it's a +language it's a language that's quite + + align:start position:0% +language it's a language that's quite + + + align:start position:0% +language it's a language that's quite +different from English in various ways + + align:start position:0% +different from English in various ways + + + align:start position:0% +different from English in various ways +uh as I've tried to show you there's a + + align:start position:0% +uh as I've tried to show you there's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh as I've tried to show you there's a +lot of interesting work on ASL a lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of interesting work on ASL a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of interesting work on ASL a lot of +it is on ASL phonology where by + + align:start position:0% +it is on ASL phonology where by + + + align:start position:0% +it is on ASL phonology where by +phenology we mean what we always meant + + align:start position:0% +phenology we mean what we always meant + + + align:start position:0% +phenology we mean what we always meant +by phonology I guess which is you know + + align:start position:0% +by phonology I guess which is you know + + + align:start position:0% +by phonology I guess which is you know +the rules for how the articulators work + + align:start position:0% +the rules for how the articulators work + + + align:start position:0% +the rules for how the articulators work +so phonology uh up until now has all + + align:start position:0% +so phonology uh up until now has all + + + align:start position:0% +so phonology uh up until now has all +been about what you're doing with your + + align:start position:0% +been about what you're doing with your + + + align:start position:0% +been about what you're doing with your +vocal tract and what the rules are for + + align:start position:0% +vocal tract and what the rules are for + + + align:start position:0% +vocal tract and what the rules are for +what your vocal tract is allowed to do + + align:start position:0% +what your vocal tract is allowed to do + + + align:start position:0% +what your vocal tract is allowed to do +here or there in a word uh there's an + + align:start position:0% +here or there in a word uh there's an + + + align:start position:0% +here or there in a word uh there's an +ASL version of this where people try to + + align:start position:0% +ASL version of this where people try to + + + align:start position:0% +ASL version of this where people try to +understand you know what are the various + + align:start position:0% +understand you know what are the various + + + align:start position:0% +understand you know what are the various +articulators your fingers your hands you + + align:start position:0% +articulators your fingers your hands you + + + align:start position:0% +articulators your fingers your hands you +know your wrists the rest of your body + + align:start position:0% +know your wrists the rest of your body + + + align:start position:0% +know your wrists the rest of your body +what are they those parts of you allowed + + align:start position:0% +what are they those parts of you allowed + + + align:start position:0% +what are they those parts of you allowed +to do at different points in a sign yeah + + align:start position:0% +to do at different points in a sign yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to do at different points in a sign yeah +um and then as I said there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um and then as I said there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um and then as I said there's a lot of +interest in the use of parts of your + + align:start position:0% +interest in the use of parts of your + + + align:start position:0% +interest in the use of parts of your +body other than your hands lots of work + + align:start position:0% +body other than your hands lots of work + + + align:start position:0% +body other than your hands lots of work +on facial expression and on Roll shift + + align:start position:0% +on facial expression and on Roll shift + + + align:start position:0% +on facial expression and on Roll shift +shifting you're shifting your body back + + align:start position:0% +shifting you're shifting your body back + + + align:start position:0% +shifting you're shifting your body back +and forth and that's what I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +and forth and that's what I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +and forth and that's what I wanted to +tell you about ASL + + align:start position:0% +tell you about ASL + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about ASL +any questions about any of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we are done you officially know + + align:start position:0% +then we are done you officially know + + + align:start position:0% +then we are done you officially know +everything about 24 900. so 24 and you + + align:start position:0% +everything about 24 900. so 24 and you + + + align:start position:0% +everything about 24 900. so 24 and you +know everything about Linguistics uh no + + align:start position:0% +know everything about Linguistics uh no + + + align:start position:0% +know everything about Linguistics uh no +actually that's false + + align:start position:0% +actually that's false + + + align:start position:0% +actually that's false +um the one of the main goals of this + + align:start position:0% +um the one of the main goals of this + + + align:start position:0% +um the one of the main goals of this +class this class has had several goals + + align:start position:0% +class this class has had several goals + + + align:start position:0% +class this class has had several goals +but one of the main goals of this class + + align:start position:0% +but one of the main goals of this class + + + align:start position:0% +but one of the main goals of this class +has been to convince you that there are + + align:start position:0% +has been to convince you that there are + + + align:start position:0% +has been to convince you that there are +some interesting Mysteries having to do + + align:start position:0% +some interesting Mysteries having to do + + + align:start position:0% +some interesting Mysteries having to do +with how language works and that if you + + align:start position:0% +with how language works and that if you + + + align:start position:0% +with how language works and that if you +take more Linguistics classes you might + + align:start position:0% +take more Linguistics classes you might + + + align:start position:0% +take more Linguistics classes you might +get to learn more about how those + + align:start position:0% +get to learn more about how those + + + align:start position:0% +get to learn more about how those +Mysteries work if you take even more + + align:start position:0% +Mysteries work if you take even more + + + align:start position:0% +Mysteries work if you take even more +Linguistics classes then you could be + + align:start position:0% +Linguistics classes then you could be + + + align:start position:0% +Linguistics classes then you could be +the person who solves these mysteries + + align:start position:0% +the person who solves these mysteries + + + align:start position:0% +the person who solves these mysteries +for the rest of us which would be great + + align:start position:0% +for the rest of us which would be great + + + align:start position:0% +for the rest of us which would be great +um one of the nice things about + + align:start position:0% +um one of the nice things about + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the nice things about +Linguistics I think I've said this + + align:start position:0% +Linguistics I think I've said this + + + align:start position:0% +Linguistics I think I've said this +before it's a field that's been around + + align:start position:0% +before it's a field that's been around + + + align:start position:0% +before it's a field that's been around +for a while we have some results but + + align:start position:0% +for a while we have some results but + + + align:start position:0% +for a while we have some results but +it's not all that hard even in an intro + + align:start position:0% +it's not all that hard even in an intro + + + align:start position:0% +it's not all that hard even in an intro +class to bring you right up to the edge + + align:start position:0% +class to bring you right up to the edge + + + align:start position:0% +class to bring you right up to the edge +of what we understand and invite you to + + align:start position:0% +of what we understand and invite you to + + + align:start position:0% +of what we understand and invite you to +look down into the abyss and ask + + align:start position:0% +look down into the abyss and ask + + + align:start position:0% +look down into the abyss and ask +yourself how you could build a bridge + + align:start position:0% +yourself how you could build a bridge + + + align:start position:0% +yourself how you could build a bridge +this metaphor is getting away from me + + align:start position:0% +this metaphor is getting away from me + + + align:start position:0% +this metaphor is getting away from me +um uh how you could like move further + + align:start position:0% +um uh how you could like move further + + + align:start position:0% +um uh how you could like move further +how you could get further from than + + align:start position:0% +how you could get further from than + + + align:start position:0% +how you could get further from than +where we are so I hope that at least + + align:start position:0% +where we are so I hope that at least + + + align:start position:0% +where we are so I hope that at least +some of you will be inspired to want to + + align:start position:0% +some of you will be inspired to want to + + + align:start position:0% +some of you will be inspired to want to +do that because we need people to go out + + align:start position:0% +do that because we need people to go out + + + align:start position:0% +do that because we need people to go out +there solve the Mysteries that haven't + + align:start position:0% +there solve the Mysteries that haven't + + + align:start position:0% +there solve the Mysteries that haven't +been solved + + align:start position:0% +been solved + + + align:start position:0% +been solved +questions about any of that + + align:start position:0% +questions about any of that + + + align:start position:0% +questions about any of that +all right and we are done go forth do + + align:start position:0% +all right and we are done go forth do + + + align:start position:0% +all right and we are done go forth do +your class evaluations so we're ending + + align:start position:0% +your class evaluations so we're ending + + + align:start position:0% +your class evaluations so we're ending +early so you'll have a good half hour to + + align:start position:0% +early so you'll have a good half hour to + + + align:start position:0% +early so you'll have a good half hour to +think hard about what you want to write + + align:start position:0% +think hard about what you want to write + + + align:start position:0% +think hard about what you want to write +in your your class evaluations and uh + + align:start position:0% +in your your class evaluations and uh + + + align:start position:0% +in your your class evaluations and uh +thanks very much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh thank you + + align:start position:0% +oh thank you + + + align:start position:0% +oh thank you +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +thank you thank you go out and enjoy the + + align:start position:0% +thank you thank you go out and enjoy the + + + align:start position:0% +thank you thank you go out and enjoy the +day \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1b4-R6NjZOA.txt b/1b4-R6NjZOA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc93ae16a3b60e96c4b6f9fb58a39976d9b15cdb --- /dev/null +++ b/1b4-R6NjZOA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10231 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi in the last + + align:start position:0% +hi in the last + + + align:start position:0% +hi in the last +session we looked at the possibility of + + align:start position:0% +session we looked at the possibility of + + + align:start position:0% +session we looked at the possibility of +comp compensating a feedback system by + + align:start position:0% +comp compensating a feedback system by + + + align:start position:0% +comp compensating a feedback system by +using minor Loop compensation where we + + align:start position:0% +using minor Loop compensation where we + + + align:start position:0% +using minor Loop compensation where we +construct a system that has two Loops by + + align:start position:0% +construct a system that has two Loops by + + + align:start position:0% +construct a system that has two Loops by +adjusting the feedback element or + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the feedback element or + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the feedback element or +properly select collecting the feedback + + align:start position:0% +properly select collecting the feedback + + + align:start position:0% +properly select collecting the feedback +element in an inner or minor loop we're + + align:start position:0% +element in an inner or minor loop we're + + + align:start position:0% +element in an inner or minor loop we're +able to compensate the + + align:start position:0% +able to compensate the + + + align:start position:0% +able to compensate the +system in today's session and the + + align:start position:0% +system in today's session and the + + + align:start position:0% +system in today's session and the +following one I'd like to look at how we + + align:start position:0% +following one I'd like to look at how we + + + align:start position:0% +following one I'd like to look at how we +do this with an actual existing + + align:start position:0% +do this with an actual existing + + + align:start position:0% +do this with an actual existing +operational amplifier and how we choose + + align:start position:0% +operational amplifier and how we choose + + + align:start position:0% +operational amplifier and how we choose +compensation in particular minor Loop + + align:start position:0% +compensation in particular minor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +compensation in particular minor Loop +compensation to tailor that operational + + align:start position:0% +compensation to tailor that operational + + + align:start position:0% +compensation to tailor that operational +amplifier to a variety of + + align:start position:0% +amplifier to a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier to a variety of +applications the amplifier that we're + + align:start position:0% +applications the amplifier that we're + + + align:start position:0% +applications the amplifier that we're +going to use is one that's been in + + align:start position:0% +going to use is one that's been in + + + align:start position:0% +going to use is one that's been in +existence for 10 or 15 years + + align:start position:0% +existence for 10 or 15 years + + + align:start position:0% +existence for 10 or 15 years +it's the type 101a or equivalently the + + align:start position:0% +it's the type 101a or equivalently the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the type 101a or equivalently the +301a the difference between those two + + align:start position:0% +301a the difference between those two + + + align:start position:0% +301a the difference between those two +designations simply reflects the + + align:start position:0% +designations simply reflects the + + + align:start position:0% +designations simply reflects the +temperature range over which + + align:start position:0% +temperature range over which + + + align:start position:0% +temperature range over which +specifications are guaranteed and a + + align:start position:0% +specifications are guaranteed and a + + + align:start position:0% +specifications are guaranteed and a +minor grade out on certain parameters so + + align:start position:0% +minor grade out on certain parameters so + + + align:start position:0% +minor grade out on certain parameters so +we'll use this readily available and + + align:start position:0% +we'll use this readily available and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use this readily available and +quite inexpensive operational + + align:start position:0% +quite inexpensive operational + + + align:start position:0% +quite inexpensive operational +amplifier and there are several + + align:start position:0% +amplifier and there are several + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier and there are several +considerations that we have to factor + + align:start position:0% +considerations that we have to factor + + + align:start position:0% +considerations that we have to factor +into our thinking that reflect the + + align:start position:0% +into our thinking that reflect the + + + align:start position:0% +into our thinking that reflect the +reality of that amplifier + + align:start position:0% +reality of that amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +reality of that amplifier +first of all the amplifier is + + align:start position:0% +first of all the amplifier is + + + align:start position:0% +first of all the amplifier is +constructed using a commonly used + + align:start position:0% +constructed using a commonly used + + + align:start position:0% +constructed using a commonly used +integrated circuit process one of the + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuit process one of the + + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuit process one of the +limitations of that process has to do + + align:start position:0% +limitations of that process has to do + + + align:start position:0% +limitations of that process has to do +with fabrication of PNP transistors and + + align:start position:0% +with fabrication of PNP transistors and + + + align:start position:0% +with fabrication of PNP transistors and +a consequence of of that limitation is + + align:start position:0% +a consequence of of that limitation is + + + align:start position:0% +a consequence of of that limitation is +that if we form a feedback loop using + + align:start position:0% +that if we form a feedback loop using + + + align:start position:0% +that if we form a feedback loop using +the 101a type operational amplifier it's + + align:start position:0% +the 101a type operational amplifier it's + + + align:start position:0% +the 101a type operational amplifier it's +impossible to get crossover frequencies + + align:start position:0% +impossible to get crossover frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to get crossover frequencies +in the overall feedback loop much above + + align:start position:0% +in the overall feedback loop much above + + + align:start position:0% +in the overall feedback loop much above +a megahertz without the overall Loop + + align:start position:0% +a megahertz without the overall Loop + + + align:start position:0% +a megahertz without the overall Loop +becoming unstable and the reason for + + align:start position:0% +becoming unstable and the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +becoming unstable and the reason for +that as I say has to do with poor + + align:start position:0% +that as I say has to do with poor + + + align:start position:0% +that as I say has to do with poor +Dynamic performance associated with the + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic performance associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic performance associated with the +lateral pnps in particular above about a + + align:start position:0% +lateral pnps in particular above about a + + + align:start position:0% +lateral pnps in particular above about a +megahertz they look very much like time + + align:start position:0% +megahertz they look very much like time + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz they look very much like time +delays and we're not able to compensate + + align:start position:0% +delays and we're not able to compensate + + + align:start position:0% +delays and we're not able to compensate +as we recall for the phase shift + + align:start position:0% +as we recall for the phase shift + + + align:start position:0% +as we recall for the phase shift +associated with a pure time delay so we + + align:start position:0% +associated with a pure time delay so we + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a pure time delay so we +have to bear in mind when we're doing + + align:start position:0% +have to bear in mind when we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +have to bear in mind when we're doing +our compensation that any Loop that + + align:start position:0% +our compensation that any Loop that + + + align:start position:0% +our compensation that any Loop that +includes this kind of an amplifier the + + align:start position:0% +includes this kind of an amplifier the + + + align:start position:0% +includes this kind of an amplifier the +major Loop crossover is constrained to + + align:start position:0% +major Loop crossover is constrained to + + + align:start position:0% +major Loop crossover is constrained to +somewhere on the order of megahertz + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on the order of megahertz + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on the order of megahertz +actually that's been getting a little + + align:start position:0% +actually that's been getting a little + + + align:start position:0% +actually that's been getting a little +bit better with time reflecting process + + align:start position:0% +bit better with time reflecting process + + + align:start position:0% +bit better with time reflecting process +improvements we'll see in the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +improvements we'll see in the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +improvements we'll see in the amplifier +we we're using now uh we can get about 2 + + align:start position:0% +we we're using now uh we can get about 2 + + + align:start position:0% +we we're using now uh we can get about 2 +megahertz crossovers without too much + + align:start position:0% +megahertz crossovers without too much + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz crossovers without too much +trouble the quantity G subm over two + + align:start position:0% +trouble the quantity G subm over two + + + align:start position:0% +trouble the quantity G subm over two +which we mentioned last time enters into + + align:start position:0% +which we mentioned last time enters into + + + align:start position:0% +which we mentioned last time enters into +the approximation for the open loop + + align:start position:0% +the approximation for the open loop + + + align:start position:0% +the approximation for the open loop +transfer function of the amplifier is + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the amplifier is + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the amplifier is +about 2 * 10us 4 Mo for this + + align:start position:0% +about 2 * 10us 4 Mo for this + + + align:start position:0% +about 2 * 10us 4 Mo for this +amplifier uh that reflects the fact that + + align:start position:0% +amplifier uh that reflects the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier uh that reflects the fact that +the input transistors are running at 10 + + align:start position:0% +the input transistors are running at 10 + + + align:start position:0% +the input transistors are running at 10 +microamp consequently the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +microamp consequently the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +microamp consequently the corresponding +transconductance is about four time 10us + + align:start position:0% +transconductance is about four time 10us + + + align:start position:0% +transconductance is about four time 10us +4th modes there's again a manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +4th modes there's again a manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +4th modes there's again a manufacturing +variation on that but a a nominal value + + align:start position:0% +variation on that but a a nominal value + + + align:start position:0% +variation on that but a a nominal value +for the trans conductance or the + + align:start position:0% +for the trans conductance or the + + + align:start position:0% +for the trans conductance or the +quantity G sub m/2 is about 2 * 10us 4 m + + align:start position:0% +quantity G sub m/2 is about 2 * 10us 4 m + + + align:start position:0% +quantity G sub m/2 is about 2 * 10us 4 m +a final thing that we didn't mention + + align:start position:0% +a final thing that we didn't mention + + + align:start position:0% +a final thing that we didn't mention +last time but will become important + + align:start position:0% +last time but will become important + + + align:start position:0% +last time but will become important +actually in the session that follows + + align:start position:0% +actually in the session that follows + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the session that follows +this one is that certain kinds of of + + align:start position:0% +this one is that certain kinds of of + + + align:start position:0% +this one is that certain kinds of of +monor loop compensation result in + + align:start position:0% +monor loop compensation result in + + + align:start position:0% +monor loop compensation result in +stability of problems associated with a + + align:start position:0% +stability of problems associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +stability of problems associated with a +minor Loop itself and so we have to be + + align:start position:0% +minor Loop itself and so we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +minor Loop itself and so we have to be +careful when we do the compensation in + + align:start position:0% +careful when we do the compensation in + + + align:start position:0% +careful when we do the compensation in +this system or in any other system that + + align:start position:0% +this system or in any other system that + + + align:start position:0% +this system or in any other system that +uses minor Loop compensation to make + + align:start position:0% +uses minor Loop compensation to make + + + align:start position:0% +uses minor Loop compensation to make +sure that the minor Loop remains + + align:start position:0% +sure that the minor Loop remains + + + align:start position:0% +sure that the minor Loop remains +acceptably + + align:start position:0% +acceptably + + + align:start position:0% +acceptably +stable one kind of compensation that we + + align:start position:0% +stable one kind of compensation that we + + + align:start position:0% +stable one kind of compensation that we +can Implement very easily in monor Loop + + align:start position:0% +can Implement very easily in monor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +can Implement very easily in monor Loop +form is so-called single pole + + align:start position:0% +form is so-called single pole + + + align:start position:0% +form is so-called single pole +compensation what we do there is use a + + align:start position:0% +compensation what we do there is use a + + + align:start position:0% +compensation what we do there is use a +single capacitor as the compensating + + align:start position:0% +single capacitor as the compensating + + + align:start position:0% +single capacitor as the compensating +element that's sort of a degenerate case + + align:start position:0% +element that's sort of a degenerate case + + + align:start position:0% +element that's sort of a degenerate case +of a two-port and if we go through the + + align:start position:0% +of a two-port and if we go through the + + + align:start position:0% +of a two-port and if we go through the +numbers we find out that the transfer + + align:start position:0% +numbers we find out that the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +numbers we find out that the transfer +admittance for a capacitor a single + + align:start position:0% +admittance for a capacitor a single + + + align:start position:0% +admittance for a capacitor a single +capacitor is simply equal to the value + + align:start position:0% +capacitor is simply equal to the value + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor is simply equal to the value +of the capacitance let's call it C subc + + align:start position:0% +of the capacitance let's call it C subc + + + align:start position:0% +of the capacitance let's call it C subc +Time s consequently when we evaluated + + align:start position:0% +Time s consequently when we evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +Time s consequently when we evaluated +our approximation to the open loop + + align:start position:0% +our approximation to the open loop + + + align:start position:0% +our approximation to the open loop +transfer function of the amplifier it + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the amplifier it + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the amplifier it +would be G subm over 2 * C sub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +CS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can look at what we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +we can look at what we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +we can look at what we're trying to +accomplish with this sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compensation from remember from last + + align:start position:0% +compensation from remember from last + + + align:start position:0% +compensation from remember from last +time we mentioned that the way we + + align:start position:0% +time we mentioned that the way we + + + align:start position:0% +time we mentioned that the way we +determine the + + align:start position:0% +determine the + + + align:start position:0% +determine the +actual open loop transfer function of + + align:start position:0% +actual open loop transfer function of + + + align:start position:0% +actual open loop transfer function of +the amplifier with + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier with + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier with +compensation is to First + + align:start position:0% +compensation is to First + + + align:start position:0% +compensation is to First +draw the uncompensated transfer function + + align:start position:0% +draw the uncompensated transfer function + + + align:start position:0% +draw the uncompensated transfer function +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +amplifier here I've assumed that our + + align:start position:0% +amplifier here I've assumed that our + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier here I've assumed that our +amplifier is actually three pole here's + + align:start position:0% +amplifier is actually three pole here's + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier is actually three pole here's +one pole Two Poles three poles but the + + align:start position:0% +one pole Two Poles three poles but the + + + align:start position:0% +one pole Two Poles three poles but the +details of this aren't important the + + align:start position:0% +details of this aren't important the + + + align:start position:0% +details of this aren't important the +point is we do have the uncompensated + + align:start position:0% +point is we do have the uncompensated + + + align:start position:0% +point is we do have the uncompensated +open loop transfer function of the + + align:start position:0% +open loop transfer function of the + + + align:start position:0% +open loop transfer function of the +amplifier that which would result if we + + align:start position:0% +amplifier that which would result if we + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier that which would result if we +disabled the compensating network but + + align:start position:0% +disabled the compensating network but + + + align:start position:0% +disabled the compensating network but +included its loading so that's this + + align:start position:0% +included its loading so that's this + + + align:start position:0% +included its loading so that's this +curve then we draw the + + align:start position:0% +curve then we draw the + + + align:start position:0% +curve then we draw the +approximation and in the case where we + + align:start position:0% +approximation and in the case where we + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and in the case where we +use a single capacitor we of course get + + align:start position:0% +use a single capacitor we of course get + + + align:start position:0% +use a single capacitor we of course get +a one pole approximation inversely + + align:start position:0% +a one pole approximation inversely + + + align:start position:0% +a one pole approximation inversely +proportional to + + align:start position:0% +proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +so here's the + + align:start position:0% +so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the +approximation then to a good degree of + + align:start position:0% +approximation then to a good degree of + + + align:start position:0% +approximation then to a good degree of +approximation why our overall + + align:start position:0% +approximation why our overall + + + align:start position:0% +approximation why our overall +compensated open loop transfer function + + align:start position:0% +compensated open loop transfer function + + + align:start position:0% +compensated open loop transfer function +for the amplifier is simply the lower of + + align:start position:0% +for the amplifier is simply the lower of + + + align:start position:0% +for the amplifier is simply the lower of +these two curves at all + + align:start position:0% +these two curves at all + + + align:start position:0% +these two curves at all +frequencies we've showed some dotted + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we've showed some dotted + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we've showed some dotted +lines here over a range of frequencies + + align:start position:0% +lines here over a range of frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +lines here over a range of frequencies +where the open loop transfer function of + + align:start position:0% +where the open loop transfer function of + + + align:start position:0% +where the open loop transfer function of +the operational amplifier is in fact + + align:start position:0% +the operational amplifier is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +the operational amplifier is in fact +controlled by minor Loop feedback + + align:start position:0% +controlled by minor Loop feedback + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by minor Loop feedback +remember the inequalities between the + + align:start position:0% +remember the inequalities between the + + + align:start position:0% +remember the inequalities between the +uncompensated transfer function and the + + align:start position:0% +uncompensated transfer function and the + + + align:start position:0% +uncompensated transfer function and the +approximation involving the transfer + + align:start position:0% +approximation involving the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +approximation involving the transfer +admittance of the compensating element + + align:start position:0% +admittance of the compensating element + + + align:start position:0% +admittance of the compensating element +are such that in this region the + + align:start position:0% +are such that in this region the + + + align:start position:0% +are such that in this region the +amplifier open loop performance is very + + align:start position:0% +amplifier open loop performance is very + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier open loop performance is very +directly controlled by minor Loop + + align:start position:0% +directly controlled by minor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +directly controlled by minor Loop +compensation and so over this range of + + align:start position:0% +compensation and so over this range of + + + align:start position:0% +compensation and so over this range of +frequencies we can estimate the open + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we can estimate the open + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we can estimate the open +loop transfer function of the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +loop transfer function of the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +loop transfer function of the amplifier +based only on a knowledge of its of the + + align:start position:0% +based only on a knowledge of its of the + + + align:start position:0% +based only on a knowledge of its of the +transconductance of its first stage Ag + + align:start position:0% +transconductance of its first stage Ag + + + align:start position:0% +transconductance of its first stage Ag +and the compensating element that we're + + align:start position:0% +and the compensating element that we're + + + align:start position:0% +and the compensating element that we're +using in this case a + + align:start position:0% +using in this case a + + + align:start position:0% +using in this case a +capacitor the effect on the angle + + align:start position:0% +capacitor the effect on the angle + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor the effect on the angle +associated with the open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +associated with the open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the open loop transfer +function is shown below uh here we have + + align:start position:0% +function is shown below uh here we have + + + align:start position:0% +function is shown below uh here we have +the original uncompensated for transfer + + align:start position:0% +the original uncompensated for transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the original uncompensated for transfer +function assumed to be three pole but + + align:start position:0% +function assumed to be three pole but + + + align:start position:0% +function assumed to be three pole but +again that's that's not horribly + + align:start position:0% +again that's that's not horribly + + + align:start position:0% +again that's that's not horribly +important the effect of adding the + + align:start position:0% +important the effect of adding the + + + align:start position:0% +important the effect of adding the +compensation the single pole + + align:start position:0% +compensation the single pole + + + align:start position:0% +compensation the single pole +compensation is to force a single pole + + align:start position:0% +compensation is to force a single pole + + + align:start position:0% +compensation is to force a single pole +rollof between this frequency and some + + align:start position:0% +rollof between this frequency and some + + + align:start position:0% +rollof between this frequency and some +much higher frequency and so we have a + + align:start position:0% +much higher frequency and so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +much higher frequency and so we have a +long range of frequencies here where the + + align:start position:0% +long range of frequencies here where the + + + align:start position:0% +long range of frequencies here where the +amplifier open loop transfer function is + + align:start position:0% +amplifier open loop transfer function is + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier open loop transfer function is +in fact following a single pole roll off + + align:start position:0% +in fact following a single pole roll off + + + align:start position:0% +in fact following a single pole roll off +we get approximately 90° of phase shift + + align:start position:0% +we get approximately 90° of phase shift + + + align:start position:0% +we get approximately 90° of phase shift +so here we have a situation where the + + align:start position:0% +so here we have a situation where the + + + align:start position:0% +so here we have a situation where the +use of a single capacitor and in fact + + align:start position:0% +use of a single capacitor and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +use of a single capacitor and in fact +quite a small one as we see controls the + + align:start position:0% +quite a small one as we see controls the + + + align:start position:0% +quite a small one as we see controls the +transfer function over a very wide range + + align:start position:0% +transfer function over a very wide range + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function over a very wide range +of frequencies and in fact gives us an + + align:start position:0% +of frequencies and in fact gives us an + + + align:start position:0% +of frequencies and in fact gives us an +approximately single pole rolloff over a + + align:start position:0% +approximately single pole rolloff over a + + + align:start position:0% +approximately single pole rolloff over a +very wide range of + + align:start position:0% +very wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +very wide range of +frequencies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a frequently used value when we design + + align:start position:0% +a frequently used value when we design + + + align:start position:0% +a frequently used value when we design +an amplifier that includes internal + + align:start position:0% +an amplifier that includes internal + + + align:start position:0% +an amplifier that includes internal +compensation rather than one where we + + align:start position:0% +compensation rather than one where we + + + align:start position:0% +compensation rather than one where we +can add the compensation ourselves an + + align:start position:0% +can add the compensation ourselves an + + + align:start position:0% +can add the compensation ourselves an +amplifier such as a 741 as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +amplifier such as a 741 as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier such as a 741 as I mentioned +last time is one that uses this General + + align:start position:0% +last time is one that uses this General + + + align:start position:0% +last time is one that uses this General +topology the general two-stage topology + + align:start position:0% +topology the general two-stage topology + + + align:start position:0% +topology the general two-stage topology +but it has an internal capacitor and the + + align:start position:0% +but it has an internal capacitor and the + + + align:start position:0% +but it has an internal capacitor and the +value of that capacitor is typically 30 + + align:start position:0% +value of that capacitor is typically 30 + + + align:start position:0% +value of that capacitor is typically 30 +paaf + + align:start position:0% +paaf + + + align:start position:0% +paaf +farads the transconductance of 74 41 + + align:start position:0% +farads the transconductance of 74 41 + + + align:start position:0% +farads the transconductance of 74 41 +input transistor is the same as for for + + align:start position:0% +input transistor is the same as for for + + + align:start position:0% +input transistor is the same as for for +the 101a and consequently the quantity G + + align:start position:0% +the 101a and consequently the quantity G + + + align:start position:0% +the 101a and consequently the quantity G +subm / 2 * C sub CS is equal to G subm / + + align:start position:0% +subm / 2 * C sub CS is equal to G subm / + + + align:start position:0% +subm / 2 * C sub CS is equal to G subm / +2 or 2 * 10- 4 Moses divided 3 * 10- + + align:start position:0% +2 or 2 * 10- 4 Moses divided 3 * 10- + + + align:start position:0% +2 or 2 * 10- 4 Moses divided 3 * 10- +11th farads in the case of a 30 paa + + align:start position:0% +11th farads in the case of a 30 paa + + + align:start position:0% +11th farads in the case of a 30 paa +farad capacitor and then thus our + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor and then thus our + + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor and then thus our +approximation to the open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +approximation to the open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to the open loop transfer +function is about 6.7 * 10 6/ + + align:start position:0% +function is about 6.7 * 10 6/ + + + align:start position:0% +function is about 6.7 * 10 6/ +s that transfer function actually holds + + align:start position:0% +s that transfer function actually holds + + + align:start position:0% +s that transfer function actually holds +over a range of frequencies that + + align:start position:0% +over a range of frequencies that + + + align:start position:0% +over a range of frequencies that +typically extends from about 10 Hertz to + + align:start position:0% +typically extends from about 10 Hertz to + + + align:start position:0% +typically extends from about 10 Hertz to +roughly a megahertz so here a 30 paa + + align:start position:0% +roughly a megahertz so here a 30 paa + + + align:start position:0% +roughly a megahertz so here a 30 paa +farad capacitor compensates the + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor compensates the + + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor compensates the +amplifier dominates its performance over + + align:start position:0% +amplifier dominates its performance over + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier dominates its performance over +about a factor of 10 5th to one in + + align:start position:0% +about a factor of 10 5th to one in + + + align:start position:0% +about a factor of 10 5th to one in +frequency that's very significant + + align:start position:0% +frequency that's very significant + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that's very significant +actually for the fabrication of + + align:start position:0% +actually for the fabrication of + + + align:start position:0% +actually for the fabrication of +integrated circuits because using this + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuits because using this + + + align:start position:0% +integrated circuits because using this +minor Loop technique in the topology + + align:start position:0% +minor Loop technique in the topology + + + align:start position:0% +minor Loop technique in the topology +we've discussed we're able to compensate + + align:start position:0% +we've discussed we're able to compensate + + + align:start position:0% +we've discussed we're able to compensate +the amplifier with a size capacitor that + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier with a size capacitor that + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier with a size capacitor that +can be fitted onto the onto the chip it + + align:start position:0% +can be fitted onto the onto the chip it + + + align:start position:0% +can be fitted onto the onto the chip it +doesn't consume excessive chip area and + + align:start position:0% +doesn't consume excessive chip area and + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't consume excessive chip area and +so one of the things that made internal + + align:start position:0% +so one of the things that made internal + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the things that made internal +compensation of operational amplifiers + + align:start position:0% +compensation of operational amplifiers + + + align:start position:0% +compensation of operational amplifiers +possible was exploitation of this sort + + align:start position:0% +possible was exploitation of this sort + + + align:start position:0% +possible was exploitation of this sort +of minor Loop + + align:start position:0% +of minor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +of minor Loop +topology the reason for the choice of a + + align:start position:0% +topology the reason for the choice of a + + + align:start position:0% +topology the reason for the choice of a +30 peared capacitor and fixed + + align:start position:0% +30 peared capacitor and fixed + + + align:start position:0% +30 peared capacitor and fixed +compensation amplifiers is that that + + align:start position:0% +compensation amplifiers is that that + + + align:start position:0% +compensation amplifiers is that that +forces crossover in other words we we go + + align:start position:0% +forces crossover in other words we we go + + + align:start position:0% +forces crossover in other words we we go +through Unity gain in the amplifier for + + align:start position:0% +through Unity gain in the amplifier for + + + align:start position:0% +through Unity gain in the amplifier for +the amplifier open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier open loop transfer +function at a frequency of course of 6.7 + + align:start position:0% +function at a frequency of course of 6.7 + + + align:start position:0% +function at a frequency of course of 6.7 +time 10 6 radians per second or about a + + align:start position:0% +time 10 6 radians per second or about a + + + align:start position:0% +time 10 6 radians per second or about a +megahertz and uh we mentioned that the + + align:start position:0% +megahertz and uh we mentioned that the + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz and uh we mentioned that the +phase shift problems associated with the + + align:start position:0% +phase shift problems associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift problems associated with the +Dynamics of the PNP transistors that are + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the PNP transistors that are + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the PNP transistors that are +typically used in this topology are such + + align:start position:0% +typically used in this topology are such + + + align:start position:0% +typically used in this topology are such +that we have to constrain crossover to + + align:start position:0% +that we have to constrain crossover to + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to constrain crossover to +about a megahertz or else we'll get + + align:start position:0% +about a megahertz or else we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +about a megahertz or else we'll get +stability problems so this amplifier one + + align:start position:0% +stability problems so this amplifier one + + + align:start position:0% +stability problems so this amplifier one +that uses a 30 peaka farad capacitor is + + align:start position:0% +that uses a 30 peaka farad capacitor is + + + align:start position:0% +that uses a 30 peaka farad capacitor is +an example of one that will be Unity + + align:start position:0% +an example of one that will be Unity + + + align:start position:0% +an example of one that will be Unity +gain stable in other words if we form a + + align:start position:0% +gain stable in other words if we form a + + + align:start position:0% +gain stable in other words if we form a +feedback loop with f equal to 1 by + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop with f equal to 1 by + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop with f equal to 1 by +connecting the output of the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +connecting the output of the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +connecting the output of the amplifier +directly back to its input the resultant + + align:start position:0% +directly back to its input the resultant + + + align:start position:0% +directly back to its input the resultant +configuration should be stable since the + + align:start position:0% +configuration should be stable since the + + + align:start position:0% +configuration should be stable since the +major Loop thus formed crosses over at + + align:start position:0% +major Loop thus formed crosses over at + + + align:start position:0% +major Loop thus formed crosses over at +about a + + align:start position:0% +about a + + + align:start position:0% +about a +megahertz the problem is that that sort + + align:start position:0% +megahertz the problem is that that sort + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz the problem is that that sort +of compensation is overly conservative + + align:start position:0% +of compensation is overly conservative + + + align:start position:0% +of compensation is overly conservative +in many applications it's fine if we + + align:start position:0% +in many applications it's fine if we + + + align:start position:0% +in many applications it's fine if we +have direct feedback from the output to + + align:start position:0% +have direct feedback from the output to + + + align:start position:0% +have direct feedback from the output to +the input but it really deteriorates the + + align:start position:0% +the input but it really deteriorates the + + + align:start position:0% +the input but it really deteriorates the +dynamic performance in many many other + + align:start position:0% +dynamic performance in many many other + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic performance in many many other +feedback + + align:start position:0% +feedback + + + align:start position:0% +feedback +configurations let's consider the + + align:start position:0% +configurations let's consider the + + + align:start position:0% +configurations let's consider the +following here we have an operational + + align:start position:0% +following here we have an operational + + + align:start position:0% +following here we have an operational +amplifier + + align:start position:0% +amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier +connected as a non-inverting amplifier + + align:start position:0% +connected as a non-inverting amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +connected as a non-inverting amplifier +of course we've seen this configuration + + align:start position:0% +of course we've seen this configuration + + + align:start position:0% +of course we've seen this configuration +before we have attenuation from the + + align:start position:0% +before we have attenuation from the + + + align:start position:0% +before we have attenuation from the +output back to the inverting input via + + align:start position:0% +output back to the inverting input via + + + align:start position:0% +output back to the inverting input via +the R1 R2 network uh we have a single + + align:start position:0% +the R1 R2 network uh we have a single + + + align:start position:0% +the R1 R2 network uh we have a single +capacitor that's used for compensation + + align:start position:0% +capacitor that's used for compensation + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor that's used for compensation +and I'd like to investigate that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +configuration the block diagram assuming + + align:start position:0% +configuration the block diagram assuming + + + align:start position:0% +configuration the block diagram assuming +that we can represent the amplifier by + + align:start position:0% +that we can represent the amplifier by + + + align:start position:0% +that we can represent the amplifier by +our approximation has a forward path + + align:start position:0% +our approximation has a forward path + + + align:start position:0% +our approximation has a forward path +that will be simply the approximation G + + align:start position:0% +that will be simply the approximation G + + + align:start position:0% +that will be simply the approximation G +subm over 2 time C sub + + align:start position:0% +subm over 2 time C sub + + + align:start position:0% +subm over 2 time C sub +CS the feedback path reflects the + + align:start position:0% +CS the feedback path reflects the + + + align:start position:0% +CS the feedback path reflects the +attenuation provided by the R1 R1 plus + + align:start position:0% +attenuation provided by the R1 R1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +attenuation provided by the R1 R1 plus +R2 + + align:start position:0% +R2 + + + align:start position:0% +R2 +network if we estimate the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +network if we estimate the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +network if we estimate the closed loop +gain based on this expression for the + + align:start position:0% +gain based on this expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +gain based on this expression for the +forward path gain we get the expression + + align:start position:0% +forward path gain we get the expression + + + align:start position:0% +forward path gain we get the expression +shown G subm / 2 C sub CS 1 + G subm / 2 + + align:start position:0% +shown G subm / 2 C sub CS 1 + G subm / 2 + + + align:start position:0% +shown G subm / 2 C sub CS 1 + G subm / 2 +CCS * f 1 minus the loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +CCS * f 1 minus the loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +CCS * f 1 minus the loop transmission +assuming that the uh loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +assuming that the uh loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that the uh loop transmission +can use this estimate for the forward + + align:start position:0% +can use this estimate for the forward + + + align:start position:0% +can use this estimate for the forward +path gain and if we rearrange terms + + align:start position:0% +path gain and if we rearrange terms + + + align:start position:0% +path gain and if we rearrange terms +basically multiply numerator and + + align:start position:0% +basically multiply numerator and + + + align:start position:0% +basically multiply numerator and +denominator by the reciprocal of the + + align:start position:0% +denominator by the reciprocal of the + + + align:start position:0% +denominator by the reciprocal of the +second term in the denominator we find + + align:start position:0% +second term in the denominator we find + + + align:start position:0% +second term in the denominator we find +out that the closed loop gain is single + + align:start position:0% +out that the closed loop gain is single + + + align:start position:0% +out that the closed loop gain is single +pole has a value 1/ F the ideal closed + + align:start position:0% +pole has a value 1/ F the ideal closed + + + align:start position:0% +pole has a value 1/ F the ideal closed +loop gain which results at low + + align:start position:0% +loop gain which results at low + + + align:start position:0% +loop gain which results at low +frequencies uh and then a single pole + + align:start position:0% +frequencies uh and then a single pole + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies uh and then a single pole +rollof where the time constant + + align:start position:0% +rollof where the time constant + + + align:start position:0% +rollof where the time constant +associated with that roll off is related + + align:start position:0% +associated with that roll off is related + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that roll off is related +to the ratio of c subc and and + + align:start position:0% +to the ratio of c subc and and + + + align:start position:0% +to the ratio of c subc and and +F now the problem is that as we go to + + align:start position:0% +F now the problem is that as we go to + + + align:start position:0% +F now the problem is that as we go to +larger and larger closed loop gains in + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger closed loop gains in + + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger closed loop gains in +other words if we go back to our + + align:start position:0% +other words if we go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +other words if we go back to our +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +amplifier and in order to get higher + + align:start position:0% +amplifier and in order to get higher + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier and in order to get higher +close close loop gains of course we'd + + align:start position:0% +close close loop gains of course we'd + + + align:start position:0% +close close loop gains of course we'd +make R1 smaller relative to R2 thereby + + align:start position:0% +make R1 smaller relative to R2 thereby + + + align:start position:0% +make R1 smaller relative to R2 thereby +lowering F and since the ideal Clos Loop + + align:start position:0% +lowering F and since the ideal Clos Loop + + + align:start position:0% +lowering F and since the ideal Clos Loop +gain for this non-inverting + + align:start position:0% +gain for this non-inverting + + + align:start position:0% +gain for this non-inverting +configuration is of course simply 1 over + + align:start position:0% +configuration is of course simply 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +configuration is of course simply 1 over +F why as we lower that ratio we make F + + align:start position:0% +F why as we lower that ratio we make F + + + align:start position:0% +F why as we lower that ratio we make F +smaller we get progressively higher + + align:start position:0% +smaller we get progressively higher + + + align:start position:0% +smaller we get progressively higher +closed loop gains the problem is that + + align:start position:0% +closed loop gains the problem is that + + + align:start position:0% +closed loop gains the problem is that +for a fixed value of compensating + + align:start position:0% +for a fixed value of compensating + + + align:start position:0% +for a fixed value of compensating +capacitor if C subc is fixed why + + align:start position:0% +capacitor if C subc is fixed why + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor if C subc is fixed why +the as we lower F the time con + + align:start position:0% +the as we lower F the time con + + + align:start position:0% +the as we lower F the time con +associated with the closed loop pole + + align:start position:0% +associated with the closed loop pole + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the closed loop pole +gets progressively larger in other words + + align:start position:0% +gets progressively larger in other words + + + align:start position:0% +gets progressively larger in other words +the amplifier gets slower as we go to + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier gets slower as we go to + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier gets slower as we go to +larger and larger closed loop gains + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger closed loop gains + + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger closed loop gains +however consider what happens if as we + + align:start position:0% +however consider what happens if as we + + + align:start position:0% +however consider what happens if as we +change F we modify C subc we change C + + align:start position:0% +change F we modify C subc we change C + + + align:start position:0% +change F we modify C subc we change C +subc in about a proportionate way and if + + align:start position:0% +subc in about a proportionate way and if + + + align:start position:0% +subc in about a proportionate way and if +we do that why we can keep the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +we do that why we can keep the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +we do that why we can keep the Dynamics +the closed loop Dynamics fairly constant + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop Dynamics fairly constant + + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop Dynamics fairly constant +we can again look at the effect of that + + align:start position:0% +we can again look at the effect of that + + + align:start position:0% +we can again look at the effect of that +on one of our earlier view + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs this is the curve that is g subm + + align:start position:0% +graphs this is the curve that is g subm + + + align:start position:0% +graphs this is the curve that is g subm +over 2 * c subc s as we change the value + + align:start position:0% +over 2 * c subc s as we change the value + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 * c subc s as we change the value +of C subc to larger values the curve + + align:start position:0% +of C subc to larger values the curve + + + align:start position:0% +of C subc to larger values the curve +moves down as we decrease the value of C + + align:start position:0% +moves down as we decrease the value of C + + + align:start position:0% +moves down as we decrease the value of C +subc the curve moves up implying wider + + align:start position:0% +subc the curve moves up implying wider + + + align:start position:0% +subc the curve moves up implying wider +bandwidth out of the amplifier itself + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth out of the amplifier itself + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth out of the amplifier itself +now as we decrease C subc the unity gain + + align:start position:0% +now as we decrease C subc the unity gain + + + align:start position:0% +now as we decrease C subc the unity gain +frequency of the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the amplifier +itself will increase and in fact may + + align:start position:0% +itself will increase and in fact may + + + align:start position:0% +itself will increase and in fact may +very easily become a go above a + + align:start position:0% +very easily become a go above a + + + align:start position:0% +very easily become a go above a +megahertz for certain values of c subc + + align:start position:0% +megahertz for certain values of c subc + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz for certain values of c subc +in fact if C subc is less than about 30 + + align:start position:0% +in fact if C subc is less than about 30 + + + align:start position:0% +in fact if C subc is less than about 30 +picarats the unity gain frequency of the + + align:start position:0% +picarats the unity gain frequency of the + + + align:start position:0% +picarats the unity gain frequency of the +amplifier + + align:start position:0% +amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier +itself extends Beyond a megahertz that's + + align:start position:0% +itself extends Beyond a megahertz that's + + + align:start position:0% +itself extends Beyond a megahertz that's +no problem though if F gets + + align:start position:0% +no problem though if F gets + + + align:start position:0% +no problem though if F gets +correspondingly smaller since the + + align:start position:0% +correspondingly smaller since the + + + align:start position:0% +correspondingly smaller since the +crossover frequency of the major Loop is + + align:start position:0% +crossover frequency of the major Loop is + + + align:start position:0% +crossover frequency of the major Loop is +the one one we have to worry about in in + + align:start position:0% +the one one we have to worry about in in + + + align:start position:0% +the one one we have to worry about in in +terms of of loop stability problem so + + align:start position:0% +terms of of loop stability problem so + + + align:start position:0% +terms of of loop stability problem so +here as we lower F we can make + + align:start position:0% +here as we lower F we can make + + + align:start position:0% +here as we lower F we can make +corresponding changes in C subc the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding changes in C subc the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding changes in C subc the +overall major Loop still crosses over at + + align:start position:0% +overall major Loop still crosses over at + + + align:start position:0% +overall major Loop still crosses over at +frequencies of of about a megahertz or + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of of about a megahertz or + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of of about a megahertz or +so and so we don't get into stability + + align:start position:0% +so and so we don't get into stability + + + align:start position:0% +so and so we don't get into stability +problems because of the lateral PNP + + align:start position:0% +problems because of the lateral PNP + + + align:start position:0% +problems because of the lateral PNP +transistors let's see how this works in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practice here we have a a board that + + align:start position:0% +practice here we have a a board that + + + align:start position:0% +practice here we have a a board that +includes an amplifier where we can + + align:start position:0% +includes an amplifier where we can + + + align:start position:0% +includes an amplifier where we can +change the compensating element and the + + align:start position:0% +change the compensating element and the + + + align:start position:0% +change the compensating element and the +rest of the equipment then includes a + + align:start position:0% +rest of the equipment then includes a + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the equipment then includes a +power supply which simply Powers the + + align:start position:0% +power supply which simply Powers the + + + align:start position:0% +power supply which simply Powers the +amplifier in question a signal generator + + align:start position:0% +amplifier in question a signal generator + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier in question a signal generator +that allows us to put steps or other + + align:start position:0% +that allows us to put steps or other + + + align:start position:0% +that allows us to put steps or other +test signals into the amplifier and an + + align:start position:0% +test signals into the amplifier and an + + + align:start position:0% +test signals into the amplifier and an +oscilloscope to look at the resultant + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope to look at the resultant + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope to look at the resultant +responses if we examine this board in + + align:start position:0% +responses if we examine this board in + + + align:start position:0% +responses if we examine this board in +detail it has more than we're actually + + align:start position:0% +detail it has more than we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +detail it has more than we're actually +actually going to use in this + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use in this +demonstration we're actually just using + + align:start position:0% +demonstration we're actually just using + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration we're actually just using +this little corner of it here is a 301a + + align:start position:0% +this little corner of it here is a 301a + + + align:start position:0% +this little corner of it here is a 301a +type operation amplifier right here + + align:start position:0% +type operation amplifier right here + + + align:start position:0% +type operation amplifier right here +there are two terminals uh on that + + align:start position:0% +there are two terminals uh on that + + + align:start position:0% +there are two terminals uh on that +amplifier here and here that are + + align:start position:0% +amplifier here and here that are + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier here and here that are +connected to the compensating or that + + align:start position:0% +connected to the compensating or that + + + align:start position:0% +connected to the compensating or that +allow us to connect the compensating + + align:start position:0% +allow us to connect the compensating + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to connect the compensating +element to the amplifier we're presently + + align:start position:0% +element to the amplifier we're presently + + + align:start position:0% +element to the amplifier we're presently +using a single capacitor for + + align:start position:0% +using a single capacitor for + + + align:start position:0% +using a single capacitor for +compensation as I mentioned single pole + + align:start position:0% +compensation as I mentioned single pole + + + align:start position:0% +compensation as I mentioned single pole +compensation here is that compensating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +capacitor in this particular amplifier + + align:start position:0% +capacitor in this particular amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor in this particular amplifier +or with this particular amplifier we + + align:start position:0% +or with this particular amplifier we + + + align:start position:0% +or with this particular amplifier we +found that we get very nice stable + + align:start position:0% +found that we get very nice stable + + + align:start position:0% +found that we get very nice stable +responses with just a small amount of + + align:start position:0% +responses with just a small amount of + + + align:start position:0% +responses with just a small amount of +overshoot as presently shown on the + + align:start position:0% +overshoot as presently shown on the + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot as presently shown on the +oscilloscope in unity feedback + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope in unity feedback + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope in unity feedback +configurations when we use actually a + + align:start position:0% +configurations when we use actually a + + + align:start position:0% +configurations when we use actually a +20pa farad capacitor also if we look at + + align:start position:0% +20pa farad capacitor also if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +20pa farad capacitor also if we look at +the transconductance of this amplifier + + align:start position:0% +the transconductance of this amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +the transconductance of this amplifier +we find it's a little bit higher than + + align:start position:0% +we find it's a little bit higher than + + + align:start position:0% +we find it's a little bit higher than +the nominal value cross over with a 20pa + + align:start position:0% +the nominal value cross over with a 20pa + + + align:start position:0% +the nominal value cross over with a 20pa +farad capacitor or the unity gain + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor or the unity gain + + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor or the unity gain +frequency with a 20 peaf farad capacitor + + align:start position:0% +frequency with a 20 peaf farad capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +frequency with a 20 peaf farad capacitor +is actually about 2 megahertz in this + + align:start position:0% +is actually about 2 megahertz in this + + + align:start position:0% +is actually about 2 megahertz in this +particular amplifier the switches on the + + align:start position:0% +particular amplifier the switches on the + + + align:start position:0% +particular amplifier the switches on the +front of the Box in particular these two + + align:start position:0% +front of the Box in particular these two + + + align:start position:0% +front of the Box in particular these two +switches uh allow us to change F thereby + + align:start position:0% +switches uh allow us to change F thereby + + + align:start position:0% +switches uh allow us to change F thereby +establishing different values for the + + align:start position:0% +establishing different values for the + + + align:start position:0% +establishing different values for the +ideal closed loop gain right now we're + + align:start position:0% +ideal closed loop gain right now we're + + + align:start position:0% +ideal closed loop gain right now we're +set up for a closed loop gain of one + + align:start position:0% +set up for a closed loop gain of one + + + align:start position:0% +set up for a closed loop gain of one +with f equals 1 as I mentioned earlier + + align:start position:0% +with f equals 1 as I mentioned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +with f equals 1 as I mentioned earlier +we have the 20 peaka farad + + align:start position:0% +we have the 20 peaka farad + + + align:start position:0% +we have the 20 peaka farad +capacitor and we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and we're looking at the +resultant step response the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +resultant step response the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +resultant step response the horizontal +scale is 100 nond per Division and one + + align:start position:0% +scale is 100 nond per Division and one + + + align:start position:0% +scale is 100 nond per Division and one +very good measure of speed of response + + align:start position:0% +very good measure of speed of response + + + align:start position:0% +very good measure of speed of response +of course which is easily interpreted in + + align:start position:0% +of course which is easily interpreted in + + + align:start position:0% +of course which is easily interpreted in +terms of bandwidth is the 10 to 90% rise + + align:start position:0% +terms of bandwidth is the 10 to 90% rise + + + align:start position:0% +terms of bandwidth is the 10 to 90% rise +time for the system uh so let's see here + + align:start position:0% +time for the system uh so let's see here + + + align:start position:0% +time for the system uh so let's see here +is the 10% point up here is the 90% + + align:start position:0% +is the 10% point up here is the 90% + + + align:start position:0% +is the 10% point up here is the 90% +Point uh we have just about one and a + + align:start position:0% +Point uh we have just about one and a + + + align:start position:0% +Point uh we have just about one and a +half divisions horizontally between + + align:start position:0% +half divisions horizontally between + + + align:start position:0% +half divisions horizontally between +those two points we're at 100 NCS per + + align:start position:0% +those two points we're at 100 NCS per + + + align:start position:0% +those two points we're at 100 NCS per +Division and so we have a rise time of + + align:start position:0% +Division and so we have a rise time of + + + align:start position:0% +Division and so we have a rise time of +about 150 Nan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds so let's tabulate values here + + align:start position:0% +seconds so let's tabulate values here + + + align:start position:0% +seconds so let's tabulate values here +we're running at an ideal Clos Loop gain + + align:start position:0% +we're running at an ideal Clos Loop gain + + + align:start position:0% +we're running at an ideal Clos Loop gain +or a low frequency gain a KN which is + + align:start position:0% +or a low frequency gain a KN which is + + + align:start position:0% +or a low frequency gain a KN which is +equal to 1 over F we're running uh at a + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 over F we're running uh at a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 over F we're running uh at a +Clos Loop gain of one for this + + align:start position:0% +Clos Loop gain of one for this + + + align:start position:0% +Clos Loop gain of one for this +particular part of the demonstration and + + align:start position:0% +particular part of the demonstration and + + + align:start position:0% +particular part of the demonstration and +the rise time that we measure is about + + align:start position:0% +the rise time that we measure is about + + + align:start position:0% +the rise time that we measure is about +150 NCS we're using a 20 pea farad + + align:start position:0% +150 NCS we're using a 20 pea farad + + + align:start position:0% +150 NCS we're using a 20 pea farad +capacitor when we make that + + align:start position:0% +capacitor when we make that + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor when we make that +measurement for Unity feedback for an of + + align:start position:0% +measurement for Unity feedback for an of + + + align:start position:0% +measurement for Unity feedback for an of +one the optimum value of the capacitor + + align:start position:0% +one the optimum value of the capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +one the optimum value of the capacitor +is close to the 20 paa farad value going + + align:start position:0% +is close to the 20 paa farad value going + + + align:start position:0% +is close to the 20 paa farad value going +to smaller values of capacitor in in + + align:start position:0% +to smaller values of capacitor in in + + + align:start position:0% +to smaller values of capacitor in in +this with this value of f would result + + align:start position:0% +this with this value of f would result + + + align:start position:0% +this with this value of f would result +in progressively more overshoot + + align:start position:0% +in progressively more overshoot + + + align:start position:0% +in progressively more overshoot +progressively poorer stability uh + + align:start position:0% +progressively poorer stability uh + + + align:start position:0% +progressively poorer stability uh +because we'd be pushing the crossover of + + align:start position:0% +because we'd be pushing the crossover of + + + align:start position:0% +because we'd be pushing the crossover of +the major Loop out toward higher + + align:start position:0% +the major Loop out toward higher + + + align:start position:0% +the major Loop out toward higher +frequencies if we wish to we could slow + + align:start position:0% +frequencies if we wish to we could slow + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies if we wish to we could slow +the overall system we can certainly use + + align:start position:0% +the overall system we can certainly use + + + align:start position:0% +the overall system we can certainly use +larger than 20 pea farad capacitors uh + + align:start position:0% +larger than 20 pea farad capacitors uh + + + align:start position:0% +larger than 20 pea farad capacitors uh +that would result in in somewh improved + + align:start position:0% +that would result in in somewh improved + + + align:start position:0% +that would result in in somewh improved +stability although the stability of this + + align:start position:0% +stability although the stability of this + + + align:start position:0% +stability although the stability of this +one certainly looks good for many + + align:start position:0% +one certainly looks good for many + + + align:start position:0% +one certainly looks good for many +applications but would also generally + + align:start position:0% +applications but would also generally + + + align:start position:0% +applications but would also generally +slow the system and in fact the + + align:start position:0% +slow the system and in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +slow the system and in fact the +crossover of the major Loop would drop + + align:start position:0% +crossover of the major Loop would drop + + + align:start position:0% +crossover of the major Loop would drop +just about in proportion to that + + align:start position:0% +just about in proportion to that + + + align:start position:0% +just about in proportion to that +capacitor + + align:start position:0% +capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor +size now let's change the gain of the + + align:start position:0% +size now let's change the gain of the + + + align:start position:0% +size now let's change the gain of the +amplifier so that it's running at a at a + + align:start position:0% +amplifier so that it's running at a at a + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier so that it's running at a at a +closed loop gain of 10 rather than one + + align:start position:0% +closed loop gain of 10 rather than one + + + align:start position:0% +closed loop gain of 10 rather than one +in other words we'll change F by means + + align:start position:0% +in other words we'll change F by means + + + align:start position:0% +in other words we'll change F by means +of this switch to a tenth and when we do + + align:start position:0% +of this switch to a tenth and when we do + + + align:start position:0% +of this switch to a tenth and when we do +that we'll notice that the scope Trace + + align:start position:0% +that we'll notice that the scope Trace + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll notice that the scope Trace +gets considerably larger reflecting the + + align:start position:0% +gets considerably larger reflecting the + + + align:start position:0% +gets considerably larger reflecting the +factor of 10 increase in gain let me + + align:start position:0% +factor of 10 increase in gain let me + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 10 increase in gain let me +change the scale the vertical scale on + + align:start position:0% +change the scale the vertical scale on + + + align:start position:0% +change the scale the vertical scale on +the oscilloscope by again a factor of + + align:start position:0% +the oscilloscope by again a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +the oscilloscope by again a factor of +10 the important thing though for our + + align:start position:0% +10 the important thing though for our + + + align:start position:0% +10 the important thing though for our +purposes is that the step response has + + align:start position:0% +purposes is that the step response has + + + align:start position:0% +purposes is that the step response has +gotten much slower let's change the time + + align:start position:0% +gotten much slower let's change the time + + + align:start position:0% +gotten much slower let's change the time +scale and in fact here we are at one 1 + + align:start position:0% +scale and in fact here we are at one 1 + + + align:start position:0% +scale and in fact here we are at one 1 +microsc per division + + align:start position:0% +microsc per division + + + align:start position:0% +microsc per division +horizontally and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we can now measure the 10 to 90% + + align:start position:0% +and we can now measure the 10 to 90% + + + align:start position:0% +and we can now measure the 10 to 90% +rise + + align:start position:0% +rise + + + align:start position:0% +rise +time now between here and here we notice + + align:start position:0% +time now between here and here we notice + + + align:start position:0% +time now between here and here we notice +again it's very close to one and a half + + align:start position:0% +again it's very close to one and a half + + + align:start position:0% +again it's very close to one and a half +divisions uh this time we're at 1 + + align:start position:0% +divisions uh this time we're at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +divisions uh this time we're at 1 +microsc per division so we have a rise + + align:start position:0% +microsc per division so we have a rise + + + align:start position:0% +microsc per division so we have a rise +time with a 20 pea farad capacitor of 1 + + align:start position:0% +time with a 20 pea farad capacitor of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +time with a 20 pea farad capacitor of 1 +a half micros seconds when we have f a + + align:start position:0% +a half micros seconds when we have f a + + + align:start position:0% +a half micros seconds when we have f a +10th or 1 over F equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notice that the ratio is 10:1 which is + + align:start position:0% +notice that the ratio is 10:1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the ratio is 10:1 which is +exactly what we'd expect we found out + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we'd expect we found out + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we'd expect we found out +that the time constant associated with + + align:start position:0% +that the time constant associated with + + + align:start position:0% +that the time constant associated with +the closed loop gain uh was proportional + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop gain uh was proportional + + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop gain uh was proportional +to the ratio C subc over F here we've + + align:start position:0% +to the ratio C subc over F here we've + + + align:start position:0% +to the ratio C subc over F here we've +kept C subc fixed we've changed F by a + + align:start position:0% +kept C subc fixed we've changed F by a + + + align:start position:0% +kept C subc fixed we've changed F by a +factor of a tenth we'd anticipate that + + align:start position:0% +factor of a tenth we'd anticipate that + + + align:start position:0% +factor of a tenth we'd anticipate that +the closed loop response would slow by + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop response would slow by + + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop response would slow by +just about that factor of 10 and in fact + + align:start position:0% +just about that factor of 10 and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +just about that factor of 10 and in fact +it does we also notice a little change + + align:start position:0% +it does we also notice a little change + + + align:start position:0% +it does we also notice a little change +in the character of the response uh the + + align:start position:0% +in the character of the response uh the + + + align:start position:0% +in the character of the response uh the +original response this one had just a + + align:start position:0% +original response this one had just a + + + align:start position:0% +original response this one had just a +little bit of + + align:start position:0% +little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of +overshoot once we uh are observing this + + align:start position:0% +overshoot once we uh are observing this + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot once we uh are observing this +response we noticed it looked very very + + align:start position:0% +response we noticed it looked very very + + + align:start position:0% +response we noticed it looked very very +much first + + align:start position:0% +much first + + + align:start position:0% +much first +order however we have lost the factor of + + align:start position:0% +order however we have lost the factor of + + + align:start position:0% +order however we have lost the factor of +10 in band in in response time or in + + align:start position:0% +10 in band in in response time or in + + + align:start position:0% +10 in band in in response time or in +bandwidth and we can buy that back by + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth and we can buy that back by + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth and we can buy that back by +lowering the size of the capacitor by + + align:start position:0% +lowering the size of the capacitor by + + + align:start position:0% +lowering the size of the capacitor by +about a factor of 10 there's a a little + + align:start position:0% +about a factor of 10 there's a a little + + + align:start position:0% +about a factor of 10 there's a a little +bit of departure from the ideal case + + align:start position:0% +bit of departure from the ideal case + + + align:start position:0% +bit of departure from the ideal case +here there are a couple of uh effects in + + align:start position:0% +here there are a couple of uh effects in + + + align:start position:0% +here there are a couple of uh effects in +the amplifier that actually Force us to + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier that actually Force us to + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier that actually Force us to +use a a capacitor that's somewhat larger + + align:start position:0% +use a a capacitor that's somewhat larger + + + align:start position:0% +use a a capacitor that's somewhat larger +than than on10th of of the previous + + align:start position:0% +than than on10th of of the previous + + + align:start position:0% +than than on10th of of the previous +value but we've made up a capacitor in + + align:start position:0% +value but we've made up a capacitor in + + + align:start position:0% +value but we've made up a capacitor in +that range uh made up a capacitor of + + align:start position:0% +that range uh made up a capacitor of + + + align:start position:0% +that range uh made up a capacitor of +about three Peak farads or + + align:start position:0% +about three Peak farads or + + + align:start position:0% +about three Peak farads or +thereabouts and we'll replace the + + align:start position:0% +thereabouts and we'll replace the + + + align:start position:0% +thereabouts and we'll replace the +compensating + + align:start position:0% +compensating + + + align:start position:0% +compensating +element with this lower value + + align:start position:0% +element with this lower value + + + align:start position:0% +element with this lower value +compensating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +capacitor and we find find out that we + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and we find find out that we + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and we find find out that we +get a response that's very similar to + + align:start position:0% +get a response that's very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +get a response that's very similar to +the original one here we have just a a + + align:start position:0% +the original one here we have just a a + + + align:start position:0% +the original one here we have just a a +little bit of overshoot so we're back to + + align:start position:0% +little bit of overshoot so we're back to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of overshoot so we're back to +corresponding to stability actually + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to stability actually + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to stability actually +probably a little bit better than the + + align:start position:0% +probably a little bit better than the + + + align:start position:0% +probably a little bit better than the +original one this this capacitor might + + align:start position:0% +original one this this capacitor might + + + align:start position:0% +original one this this capacitor might +be a little larger uh than the one that + + align:start position:0% +be a little larger uh than the one that + + + align:start position:0% +be a little larger uh than the one that +would give us exactly the same amount of + + align:start position:0% +would give us exactly the same amount of + + + align:start position:0% +would give us exactly the same amount of +of overshoot as we got in the first + + align:start position:0% +of overshoot as we got in the first + + + align:start position:0% +of overshoot as we got in the first +experiment we can measure the 10 to 90% + + align:start position:0% +experiment we can measure the 10 to 90% + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we can measure the 10 to 90% +rise time in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case uh and and let's see let me go back + + align:start position:0% +case uh and and let's see let me go back + + + align:start position:0% +case uh and and let's see let me go back +to 100 nond per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +division uh here's 10% 90% Let's see we + + align:start position:0% +division uh here's 10% 90% Let's see we + + + align:start position:0% +division uh here's 10% 90% Let's see we +have one two about two and a half + + align:start position:0% +have one two about two and a half + + + align:start position:0% +have one two about two and a half +divisions and + + align:start position:0% +divisions and + + + align:start position:0% +divisions and +so we're able to by choosing an + + align:start position:0% +so we're able to by choosing an + + + align:start position:0% +so we're able to by choosing an +appropriate capacitor reduce the rise + + align:start position:0% +appropriate capacitor reduce the rise + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate capacitor reduce the rise +time not quite to its original value but + + align:start position:0% +time not quite to its original value but + + + align:start position:0% +time not quite to its original value but +we get about + + align:start position:0% +we get about + + + align:start position:0% +we get about +250 Nan so rather than losing a factor + + align:start position:0% +250 Nan so rather than losing a factor + + + align:start position:0% +250 Nan so rather than losing a factor +of 10:1 in bandwidth or rise time we've + + align:start position:0% +of 10:1 in bandwidth or rise time we've + + + align:start position:0% +of 10:1 in bandwidth or rise time we've +lost a factor of of maybe + + align:start position:0% +lost a factor of of maybe + + + align:start position:0% +lost a factor of of maybe +6:1 well let's + + align:start position:0% +6:1 well let's + + + align:start position:0% +6:1 well let's +continue let's first of all go back to + + align:start position:0% +continue let's first of all go back to + + + align:start position:0% +continue let's first of all go back to +the original 20 paa + + align:start position:0% +the original 20 paa + + + align:start position:0% +the original 20 paa +farad + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +capacitor and now up the gain by another + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and now up the gain by another + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and now up the gain by another +factor of 10 if I throw this switch down + + align:start position:0% +factor of 10 if I throw this switch down + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 10 if I throw this switch down +we get a a closed loop gain of 100 we + + align:start position:0% +we get a a closed loop gain of 100 we + + + align:start position:0% +we get a a closed loop gain of 100 we +make f + + align:start position:0% +make f + + + align:start position:0% +make f +1/100th let me do that and again I have + + align:start position:0% +1/100th let me do that and again I have + + + align:start position:0% +1/100th let me do that and again I have +to change the vertical scale on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oscilloscope we find out now the the + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope we find out now the the + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope we find out now the the +bandwidth is so deteriorated with the + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth is so deteriorated with the + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth is so deteriorated with the +original value for the capacitor that we + + align:start position:0% +original value for the capacitor that we + + + align:start position:0% +original value for the capacitor that we +have to slow the signal generator so let + + align:start position:0% +have to slow the signal generator so let + + + align:start position:0% +have to slow the signal generator so let +me do that so that we reach final + + align:start position:0% +me do that so that we reach final + + + align:start position:0% +me do that so that we reach final +value all right and here is the step + + align:start position:0% +value all right and here is the step + + + align:start position:0% +value all right and here is the step +response that corresponds to a 20 peaka + + align:start position:0% +response that corresponds to a 20 peaka + + + align:start position:0% +response that corresponds to a 20 peaka +farad capacitor and a closed loop gain + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor and a closed loop gain + + + align:start position:0% +farad capacitor and a closed loop gain +of 100 + + align:start position:0% +of 100 + + + align:start position:0% +of 100 +uh the amplitude is down just a little + + align:start position:0% +uh the amplitude is down just a little + + + align:start position:0% +uh the amplitude is down just a little +bit let me increase that so that we can + + align:start position:0% +bit let me increase that so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +bit let me increase that so that we can +easily measure the 10 to 90% rise + + align:start position:0% +easily measure the 10 to 90% rise + + + align:start position:0% +easily measure the 10 to 90% rise +time we notice the response is very much + + align:start position:0% +time we notice the response is very much + + + align:start position:0% +time we notice the response is very much +first order uh here we're at five + + align:start position:0% +first order uh here we're at five + + + align:start position:0% +first order uh here we're at five +microsc per division uh one two just a + + align:start position:0% +microsc per division uh one two just a + + + align:start position:0% +microsc per division uh one two just a +little bit more than three divisions so + + align:start position:0% +little bit more than three divisions so + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more than three divisions so +we have a 10 to 90% rise time of just + + align:start position:0% +we have a 10 to 90% rise time of just + + + align:start position:0% +we have a 10 to 90% rise time of just +about 15 micros seconds again we're + + align:start position:0% +about 15 micros seconds again we're + + + align:start position:0% +about 15 micros seconds again we're +since we're + + align:start position:0% +since we're + + + align:start position:0% +since we're +comparing in this column uh the response + + align:start position:0% +comparing in this column uh the response + + + align:start position:0% +comparing in this column uh the response +that we get with an equal value for C + + align:start position:0% +that we get with an equal value for C + + + align:start position:0% +that we get with an equal value for C +subc but progressively smaller values of + + align:start position:0% +subc but progressively smaller values of + + + align:start position:0% +subc but progressively smaller values of +f we'd anticipate that this value would + + align:start position:0% +f we'd anticipate that this value would + + + align:start position:0% +f we'd anticipate that this value would +simply go as 1 over F and we see that + + align:start position:0% +simply go as 1 over F and we see that + + + align:start position:0% +simply go as 1 over F and we see that +that's that's what + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what +happens again we can get close to our + + align:start position:0% +happens again we can get close to our + + + align:start position:0% +happens again we can get close to our +original speed of response by removing + + align:start position:0% +original speed of response by removing + + + align:start position:0% +original speed of response by removing +the 20 pea farad + + align:start position:0% +the 20 pea farad + + + align:start position:0% +the 20 pea farad +capacitor and replacing it with one + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and replacing it with one + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and replacing it with one +that has been chosen to say it's not + + align:start position:0% +that has been chosen to say it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that has been chosen to say it's not +quite 1/ 100th of the original value but + + align:start position:0% +quite 1/ 100th of the original value but + + + align:start position:0% +quite 1/ 100th of the original value but +one that's been + + align:start position:0% +one that's been + + + align:start position:0% +one that's been +chosen to yield very close to the + + align:start position:0% +chosen to yield very close to the + + + align:start position:0% +chosen to yield very close to the +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +Dynamics and we get that sort of a + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and we get that sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and we get that sort of a +response much faster notice very nearly + + align:start position:0% +response much faster notice very nearly + + + align:start position:0% +response much faster notice very nearly +vertical rise on this kind of a time + + align:start position:0% +vertical rise on this kind of a time + + + align:start position:0% +vertical rise on this kind of a time +scale uh we can now speed up the + + align:start position:0% +scale uh we can now speed up the + + + align:start position:0% +scale uh we can now speed up the +generator once + + align:start position:0% +generator once + + + align:start position:0% +generator once +again look at the response in + + align:start position:0% +again look at the response in + + + align:start position:0% +again look at the response in +detail and again our 10 to 90 % rise + + align:start position:0% +detail and again our 10 to 90 % rise + + + align:start position:0% +detail and again our 10 to 90 % rise +time we're now back to a time scale of + + align:start position:0% +time we're now back to a time scale of + + + align:start position:0% +time we're now back to a time scale of +200 nond per division uh the 10 to 90% + + align:start position:0% +200 nond per division uh the 10 to 90% + + + align:start position:0% +200 nond per division uh the 10 to 90% +rise time is back to about 500 + + align:start position:0% +rise time is back to about 500 + + + align:start position:0% +rise time is back to about 500 +NCS one two two and a half divisions uh + + align:start position:0% +NCS one two two and a half divisions uh + + + align:start position:0% +NCS one two two and a half divisions uh +at 200 nond per + + align:start position:0% +at 200 nond per + + + align:start position:0% +at 200 nond per +division so again we haven't quite + + align:start position:0% +division so again we haven't quite + + + align:start position:0% +division so again we haven't quite +gotten back to the original + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case but we're roughly a factor of 30 + + align:start position:0% +case but we're roughly a factor of 30 + + + align:start position:0% +case but we're roughly a factor of 30 +faster than uh the case that that + + align:start position:0% +faster than uh the case that that + + + align:start position:0% +faster than uh the case that that +resulted when we use the capacitor that + + align:start position:0% +resulted when we use the capacitor that + + + align:start position:0% +resulted when we use the capacitor that +was selected for Unity gain stability or + + align:start position:0% +was selected for Unity gain stability or + + + align:start position:0% +was selected for Unity gain stability or +for Unity feedback so we've made a very + + align:start position:0% +for Unity feedback so we've made a very + + + align:start position:0% +for Unity feedback so we've made a very +very dramatic Improvement in the + + align:start position:0% +very dramatic Improvement in the + + + align:start position:0% +very dramatic Improvement in the +bandwidth of the amplifier by simply + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth of the amplifier by simply + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth of the amplifier by simply +choosing the compensating capacitor as a + + align:start position:0% +choosing the compensating capacitor as a + + + align:start position:0% +choosing the compensating capacitor as a +function of the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +function of the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +function of the closed loop +gain finally let me go back to the + + align:start position:0% +gain finally let me go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +gain finally let me go back to the +original value the 20 paaf farad + + align:start position:0% +original value the 20 paaf farad + + + align:start position:0% +original value the 20 paaf farad +compensating capacitor one last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time and now let's increase the closed + + align:start position:0% +time and now let's increase the closed + + + align:start position:0% +time and now let's increase the closed +loop gain to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +th000 uh we clearly are going very very + + align:start position:0% +th000 uh we clearly are going very very + + + align:start position:0% +th000 uh we clearly are going very very +slowly let's slow down the generator uh + + align:start position:0% +slowly let's slow down the generator uh + + + align:start position:0% +slowly let's slow down the generator uh +things saturate we've got to put in a + + align:start position:0% +things saturate we've got to put in a + + + align:start position:0% +things saturate we've got to put in a +smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller +signal uh we still haven't reached final + + align:start position:0% +signal uh we still haven't reached final + + + align:start position:0% +signal uh we still haven't reached final +value all + + align:start position:0% +value all + + + align:start position:0% +value all +right now we finally have things + + align:start position:0% +right now we finally have things + + + align:start position:0% +right now we finally have things +adjusted so that we can see the rise + + align:start position:0% +adjusted so that we can see the rise + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted so that we can see the rise +time with the 20 peaka farad capacitor + + align:start position:0% +time with the 20 peaka farad capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +time with the 20 peaka farad capacitor +at a closed loop gain of a + + align:start position:0% +at a closed loop gain of a + + + align:start position:0% +at a closed loop gain of a +th000 and if we make the rise time + + align:start position:0% +th000 and if we make the rise time + + + align:start position:0% +th000 and if we make the rise time +measurement this time let's see we're at + + align:start position:0% +measurement this time let's see we're at + + + align:start position:0% +measurement this time let's see we're at +50 micros seconds per division uh so we + + align:start position:0% +50 micros seconds per division uh so we + + + align:start position:0% +50 micros seconds per division uh so we +have one two again just about three + + align:start position:0% +have one two again just about three + + + align:start position:0% +have one two again just about three +divisions for the rise time uh so we + + align:start position:0% +divisions for the rise time uh so we + + + align:start position:0% +divisions for the rise time uh so we +have a rise time of about 150 micros + + align:start position:0% +have a rise time of about 150 micros + + + align:start position:0% +have a rise time of about 150 micros +seconds our amplifier as we anticipated + + align:start position:0% +seconds our amplifier as we anticipated + + + align:start position:0% +seconds our amplifier as we anticipated +has gotten a + + align:start position:0% +has gotten a + + + align:start position:0% +has gotten a +factor of a thousand slower than the + + align:start position:0% +factor of a thousand slower than the + + + align:start position:0% +factor of a thousand slower than the +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +case if we interpret this in in + + align:start position:0% +case if we interpret this in in + + + align:start position:0% +case if we interpret this in in +bandwidth in terms of bandwidth rather + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth in terms of bandwidth rather + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth in terms of bandwidth rather +than rise time here we had a bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +than rise time here we had a bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +than rise time here we had a bandwidth +of very nearly 2 MHz or actually a + + align:start position:0% +of very nearly 2 MHz or actually a + + + align:start position:0% +of very nearly 2 MHz or actually a +little bit more remember the product of + + align:start position:0% +little bit more remember the product of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more remember the product of +Rise time times bandwidth in hertz is + + align:start position:0% +Rise time times bandwidth in hertz is + + + align:start position:0% +Rise time times bandwidth in hertz is +about. 35 so this corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +about. 35 so this corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +about. 35 so this corresponds to +something like 2.3 megahertz of closed + + align:start position:0% +something like 2.3 megahertz of closed + + + align:start position:0% +something like 2.3 megahertz of closed +loop + + align:start position:0% +loop + + + align:start position:0% +loop +bandwidth this corresponds to a factor + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth this corresponds to a factor + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth this corresponds to a factor +of a th000 smaller than that + + align:start position:0% +of a th000 smaller than that + + + align:start position:0% +of a th000 smaller than that +approximately 2 khz so here at a closed + + align:start position:0% +approximately 2 khz so here at a closed + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 2 khz so here at a closed +loop gain of a th000 we're not even able + + align:start position:0% +loop gain of a th000 we're not even able + + + align:start position:0% +loop gain of a th000 we're not even able +to accomplish + + align:start position:0% +to accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +to accomplish +to to get significantly through the + + align:start position:0% +to to get significantly through the + + + align:start position:0% +to to get significantly through the +audio band The bandwidth of the + + align:start position:0% +audio band The bandwidth of the + + + align:start position:0% +audio band The bandwidth of the +amplifier is about 2 khz if we had used + + align:start position:0% +amplifier is about 2 khz if we had used + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier is about 2 khz if we had used +a 741 which uses fixed compensation for + + align:start position:0% +a 741 which uses fixed compensation for + + + align:start position:0% +a 741 which uses fixed compensation for +all of these experiments uh its numbers + + align:start position:0% +all of these experiments uh its numbers + + + align:start position:0% +all of these experiments uh its numbers +are such that we'd actually have about a + + align:start position:0% +are such that we'd actually have about a + + + align:start position:0% +are such that we'd actually have about a +kilohertz of bandwidth under these + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz of bandwidth under these + + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz of bandwidth under these +conditions well let's see what we can do + + align:start position:0% +conditions well let's see what we can do + + + align:start position:0% +conditions well let's see what we can do +if we compensate the amplifier properly + + align:start position:0% +if we compensate the amplifier properly + + + align:start position:0% +if we compensate the amplifier properly +instead of using the fixed + + align:start position:0% +instead of using the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +instead of using the fixed +compensation uh let me remove the + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh let me remove the + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh let me remove the +compensation entirely when we do that + + align:start position:0% +compensation entirely when we do that + + + align:start position:0% +compensation entirely when we do that +our approximation begins to break break + + align:start position:0% +our approximation begins to break break + + + align:start position:0% +our approximation begins to break break +down a little bit but we find out that + + align:start position:0% +down a little bit but we find out that + + + align:start position:0% +down a little bit but we find out that +even we can now speed up things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh even with this large a value of f in + + align:start position:0% +uh even with this large a value of f in + + + align:start position:0% +uh even with this large a value of f in +the feedback path or the small a value + + align:start position:0% +the feedback path or the small a value + + + align:start position:0% +the feedback path or the small a value +of F this much attenuation in the + + align:start position:0% +of F this much attenuation in the + + + align:start position:0% +of F this much attenuation in the +feedback path the amplifier is actually + + align:start position:0% +feedback path the amplifier is actually + + + align:start position:0% +feedback path the amplifier is actually +still underdamped we notice considerable + + align:start position:0% +still underdamped we notice considerable + + + align:start position:0% +still underdamped we notice considerable +overshoot to the step response with no + + align:start position:0% +overshoot to the step response with no + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot to the step response with no +comp compens ation we we see there might + + align:start position:0% +comp compens ation we we see there might + + + align:start position:0% +comp compens ation we we see there might +be something like 30% overshoot or 40% + + align:start position:0% +be something like 30% overshoot or 40% + + + align:start position:0% +be something like 30% overshoot or 40% +overshoot uh reasonably high frequency + + align:start position:0% +overshoot uh reasonably high frequency + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot uh reasonably high frequency +ring ringing at at about 300 kohtz we + + align:start position:0% +ring ringing at at about 300 kohtz we + + + align:start position:0% +ring ringing at at about 300 kohtz we +have one microsc per division + + align:start position:0% +have one microsc per division + + + align:start position:0% +have one microsc per division +horizontally now so let's see if we can + + align:start position:0% +horizontally now so let's see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +horizontally now so let's see if we can +compensate that if we uh really believed + + align:start position:0% +compensate that if we uh really believed + + + align:start position:0% +compensate that if we uh really believed +our numbers we'd conclude that we needed + + align:start position:0% +our numbers we'd conclude that we needed + + + align:start position:0% +our numbers we'd conclude that we needed +20 paa farads divided by a th000 and + + align:start position:0% +20 paa farads divided by a th000 and + + + align:start position:0% +20 paa farads divided by a th000 and +that seems somewhat unrealistic actually + + align:start position:0% +that seems somewhat unrealistic actually + + + align:start position:0% +that seems somewhat unrealistic actually +we need a capacitor a little bit larger + + align:start position:0% +we need a capacitor a little bit larger + + + align:start position:0% +we need a capacitor a little bit larger +than that but let's get our capacitor + + align:start position:0% +than that but let's get our capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +than that but let's get our capacitor +this way I simply have two pieces of + + align:start position:0% +this way I simply have two pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +this way I simply have two pieces of +wire that I'll put into the compensating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Terminals and we now have a very + + align:start position:0% +Terminals and we now have a very + + + align:start position:0% +Terminals and we now have a very +convenient method for adjusting + + align:start position:0% +convenient method for adjusting + + + align:start position:0% +convenient method for adjusting +capacitance at very small values uh if + + align:start position:0% +capacitance at very small values uh if + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance at very small values uh if +we get these + + align:start position:0% +we get these + + + align:start position:0% +we get these +apart we have the undercompensated case + + align:start position:0% +apart we have the undercompensated case + + + align:start position:0% +apart we have the undercompensated case +with a reasonable amount of overshoot as + + align:start position:0% +with a reasonable amount of overshoot as + + + align:start position:0% +with a reasonable amount of overshoot as +we move the two wires + + align:start position:0% +we move the two wires + + + align:start position:0% +we move the two wires +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +we're able to get progressively better + + align:start position:0% +we're able to get progressively better + + + align:start position:0% +we're able to get progressively better +damping here's a critically damp case no + + align:start position:0% +damping here's a critically damp case no + + + align:start position:0% +damping here's a critically damp case no +overshoot the closed loop holes are + + align:start position:0% +overshoot the closed loop holes are + + + align:start position:0% +overshoot the closed loop holes are +appear to all be on the real axis and + + align:start position:0% +appear to all be on the real axis and + + + align:start position:0% +appear to all be on the real axis and +let's see if we can get back to pretty + + align:start position:0% +let's see if we can get back to pretty + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if we can get back to pretty +close to the original + + align:start position:0% +close to the original + + + align:start position:0% +close to the original +situation something like that so in this + + align:start position:0% +situation something like that so in this + + + align:start position:0% +situation something like that so in this +way by adjusting the capacitance we're + + align:start position:0% +way by adjusting the capacitance we're + + + align:start position:0% +way by adjusting the capacitance we're +able to very well control the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +able to very well control the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +able to very well control the Dynamics +the transient response also we get back + + align:start position:0% +the transient response also we get back + + + align:start position:0% +the transient response also we get back +to a very + + align:start position:0% +to a very + + + align:start position:0% +to a very +respectable value for Rise time here + + align:start position:0% +respectable value for Rise time here + + + align:start position:0% +respectable value for Rise time here +we're at 500 NCS per + + align:start position:0% +we're at 500 NCS per + + + align:start position:0% +we're at 500 NCS per +division uh if we measure the 10 to 90% + + align:start position:0% +division uh if we measure the 10 to 90% + + + align:start position:0% +division uh if we measure the 10 to 90% +rise time we find out it's just about + + align:start position:0% +rise time we find out it's just about + + + align:start position:0% +rise time we find out it's just about +two divisions on that time scale from + + align:start position:0% +two divisions on that time scale from + + + align:start position:0% +two divisions on that time scale from +here to + + align:start position:0% +here to + + + align:start position:0% +here to +here so uh we get about a one micr + + align:start position:0% +here so uh we get about a one micr + + + align:start position:0% +here so uh we get about a one micr +second Rise time roughly a factor of 150 + + align:start position:0% +second Rise time roughly a factor of 150 + + + align:start position:0% +second Rise time roughly a factor of 150 +to one Improvement in rise time and + + align:start position:0% +to one Improvement in rise time and + + + align:start position:0% +to one Improvement in rise time and +correspondingly bandwidth when we + + align:start position:0% +correspondingly bandwidth when we + + + align:start position:0% +correspondingly bandwidth when we +compensate with this small value of + + align:start position:0% +compensate with this small value of + + + align:start position:0% +compensate with this small value of +capacitor we still have something like a + + align:start position:0% +capacitor we still have something like a + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor we still have something like a +350 khz closed loop bandwidth at a gain + + align:start position:0% +350 khz closed loop bandwidth at a gain + + + align:start position:0% +350 khz closed loop bandwidth at a gain +of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +th000 we might question the practicality + + align:start position:0% +th000 we might question the practicality + + + align:start position:0% +th000 we might question the practicality +of all of this when in fact in order to + + align:start position:0% +of all of this when in fact in order to + + + align:start position:0% +of all of this when in fact in order to +compensate we have to do something like + + align:start position:0% +compensate we have to do something like + + + align:start position:0% +compensate we have to do something like +this and wave two two components two + + align:start position:0% +this and wave two two components two + + + align:start position:0% +this and wave two two components two +wands at each other but in reality we + + align:start position:0% +wands at each other but in reality we + + + align:start position:0% +wands at each other but in reality we +find out we can do that fairly well if + + align:start position:0% +find out we can do that fairly well if + + + align:start position:0% +find out we can do that fairly well if +we back off just a little bit from sort + + align:start position:0% +we back off just a little bit from sort + + + align:start position:0% +we back off just a little bit from sort +of the optimum situation and and + + align:start position:0% +of the optimum situation and and + + + align:start position:0% +of the optimum situation and and +conclude that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +conclude that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that we're going to +overcompensate a little bit maybe only + + align:start position:0% +overcompensate a little bit maybe only + + + align:start position:0% +overcompensate a little bit maybe only +get 100 or or 150 khz of bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +get 100 or or 150 khz of bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +get 100 or or 150 khz of bandwidth +instead of trying to stretch things out + + align:start position:0% +instead of trying to stretch things out + + + align:start position:0% +instead of trying to stretch things out +and get 350 khz we can do that quite + + align:start position:0% +and get 350 khz we can do that quite + + + align:start position:0% +and get 350 khz we can do that quite +repeatedly furthermore there are + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly furthermore there are + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly furthermore there are +techniques which certainly have been + + align:start position:0% +techniques which certainly have been + + + align:start position:0% +techniques which certainly have been +used uh for example you can lay out a + + align:start position:0% +used uh for example you can lay out a + + + align:start position:0% +used uh for example you can lay out a +printed circuit board and and peel back + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit board and and peel back + + + align:start position:0% +printed circuit board and and peel back +foil or something to make the adjustment + + align:start position:0% +foil or something to make the adjustment + + + align:start position:0% +foil or something to make the adjustment +to tailor particular circuit values to a + + align:start position:0% +to tailor particular circuit values to a + + + align:start position:0% +to tailor particular circuit values to a +specific operational amplifier but it's + + align:start position:0% +specific operational amplifier but it's + + + align:start position:0% +specific operational amplifier but it's +say if you're a little bit concerned + + align:start position:0% +say if you're a little bit concerned + + + align:start position:0% +say if you're a little bit concerned +about that why you can certainly get + + align:start position:0% +about that why you can certainly get + + + align:start position:0% +about that why you can certainly get +most of the benefits be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +most of the benefits be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +most of the benefits be a little bit +more conservative by by simply + + align:start position:0% +more conservative by by simply + + + align:start position:0% +more conservative by by simply +overcompensating a little bit and ending + + align:start position:0% +overcompensating a little bit and ending + + + align:start position:0% +overcompensating a little bit and ending +up with still far far better Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +up with still far far better Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +up with still far far better Dynamics +than those that result if you use a + + align:start position:0% +than those that result if you use a + + + align:start position:0% +than those that result if you use a +fixed compensating + + align:start position:0% +fixed compensating + + + align:start position:0% +fixed compensating +element well single pole compensation is + + align:start position:0% +element well single pole compensation is + + + align:start position:0% +element well single pole compensation is +a very good general purpose kind of + + align:start position:0% +a very good general purpose kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a very good general purpose kind of +compensation uh it's the one that's + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh it's the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh it's the one that's +normally used when when fixed comp + + align:start position:0% +normally used when when fixed comp + + + align:start position:0% +normally used when when fixed comp +compensation amplifiers are sold it say + + align:start position:0% +compensation amplifiers are sold it say + + + align:start position:0% +compensation amplifiers are sold it say +it it can be certainly designed so that + + align:start position:0% +it it can be certainly designed so that + + + align:start position:0% +it it can be certainly designed so that +the amplifier is stable in a variety of + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier is stable in a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier is stable in a variety of +feedback connections it's only or one of + + align:start position:0% +feedback connections it's only or one of + + + align:start position:0% +feedback connections it's only or one of +its problems is simply that it's overly + + align:start position:0% +its problems is simply that it's overly + + + align:start position:0% +its problems is simply that it's overly +conservative in many applications as + + align:start position:0% +conservative in many applications as + + + align:start position:0% +conservative in many applications as +we've + + align:start position:0% +we've + + + align:start position:0% +we've +seen another + + align:start position:0% +seen another + + + align:start position:0% +seen another +possibility uh is to consider the + + align:start position:0% +possibility uh is to consider the + + + align:start position:0% +possibility uh is to consider the +following let's + + align:start position:0% +following let's + + + align:start position:0% +following let's +suppose that + + align:start position:0% +suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +the open loop transfer function of the + + align:start position:0% +the open loop transfer function of the + + + align:start position:0% +the open loop transfer function of the +amplifier without compensation when we + + align:start position:0% +amplifier without compensation when we + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier without compensation when we +consider the effects of loading by the + + align:start position:0% +consider the effects of loading by the + + + align:start position:0% +consider the effects of loading by the +compensating Network in in general why + + align:start position:0% +compensating Network in in general why + + + align:start position:0% +compensating Network in in general why +the the compensating network doesn't the + + align:start position:0% +the the compensating network doesn't the + + + align:start position:0% +the the compensating network doesn't the +loading of the compensating Network + + align:start position:0% +loading of the compensating Network + + + align:start position:0% +loading of the compensating Network +usually doesn't change that curve much + + align:start position:0% +usually doesn't change that curve much + + + align:start position:0% +usually doesn't change that curve much +so let's suppose somehow we know that + + align:start position:0% +so let's suppose somehow we know that + + + align:start position:0% +so let's suppose somehow we know that +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +the uncompensated open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +the uncompensated open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the uncompensated open loop transfer +function for the amplifier if we use + + align:start position:0% +function for the amplifier if we use + + + align:start position:0% +function for the amplifier if we use +single pole compensation and possibly + + align:start position:0% +single pole compensation and possibly + + + align:start position:0% +single pole compensation and possibly +adjust it for Unity gain at a megahertz + + align:start position:0% +adjust it for Unity gain at a megahertz + + + align:start position:0% +adjust it for Unity gain at a megahertz +or something like that why this is the + + align:start position:0% +or something like that why this is the + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that why this is the +approximating function our + + align:start position:0% +approximating function our + + + align:start position:0% +approximating function our +approximation tells us that at least + + align:start position:0% +approximation tells us that at least + + + align:start position:0% +approximation tells us that at least +over from here to this frequency and and + + align:start position:0% +over from here to this frequency and and + + + align:start position:0% +over from here to this frequency and and +possibly Beyond we'll have basically a + + align:start position:0% +possibly Beyond we'll have basically a + + + align:start position:0% +possibly Beyond we'll have basically a +single pole rollof associated with the + + align:start position:0% +single pole rollof associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +single pole rollof associated with the +open loop transfer function of the + + align:start position:0% +open loop transfer function of the + + + align:start position:0% +open loop transfer function of the +amplifier uh we might wonder though + + align:start position:0% +amplifier uh we might wonder though + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier uh we might wonder though +we're throwing away a good bit of + + align:start position:0% +we're throwing away a good bit of + + + align:start position:0% +we're throwing away a good bit of +amplifier capability this area here + + align:start position:0% +amplifier capability this area here + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier capability this area here +represents a region where the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +represents a region where the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +represents a region where the amplifier +has considerably more open loop gain + + align:start position:0% +has considerably more open loop gain + + + align:start position:0% +has considerably more open loop gain +potential than we're actually using + + align:start position:0% +potential than we're actually using + + + align:start position:0% +potential than we're actually using +we've had a squeeze sze down the open + + align:start position:0% +we've had a squeeze sze down the open + + + align:start position:0% +we've had a squeeze sze down the open +loop gain over a very wide range of + + align:start position:0% +loop gain over a very wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +loop gain over a very wide range of +frequencies in order to make the + + align:start position:0% +frequencies in order to make the + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies in order to make the +amplifier + + align:start position:0% +amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier +stable well what would happen if we used + + align:start position:0% +stable well what would happen if we used + + + align:start position:0% +stable well what would happen if we used +a somewhat different kind of roll off a + + align:start position:0% +a somewhat different kind of roll off a + + + align:start position:0% +a somewhat different kind of roll off a +somewhat more heroic roll off if you + + align:start position:0% +somewhat more heroic roll off if you + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat more heroic roll off if you +will uh let's keep a single pole roll + + align:start position:0% +will uh let's keep a single pole roll + + + align:start position:0% +will uh let's keep a single pole roll +off in the vicinity of crossover let's + + align:start position:0% +off in the vicinity of crossover let's + + + align:start position:0% +off in the vicinity of crossover let's +assume this is a plot of the AF product + + align:start position:0% +assume this is a plot of the AF product + + + align:start position:0% +assume this is a plot of the AF product +so it includes F let's keep a single + + align:start position:0% +so it includes F let's keep a single + + + align:start position:0% +so it includes F let's keep a single +pole roll off in the vicinity of + + align:start position:0% +pole roll off in the vicinity of + + + align:start position:0% +pole roll off in the vicinity of +crossover but let's roll off as 1 / s + + align:start position:0% +crossover but let's roll off as 1 / s + + + align:start position:0% +crossover but let's roll off as 1 / s +squ at lower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequencies maybe something like so our + + align:start position:0% +frequencies maybe something like so our + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies maybe something like so our +approximation now becomes one/ s squ or + + align:start position:0% +approximation now becomes one/ s squ or + + + align:start position:0% +approximation now becomes one/ s squ or +some constant over s s and then a single + + align:start position:0% +some constant over s s and then a single + + + align:start position:0% +some constant over s s and then a single +pole roll off uh the actual open loop + + align:start position:0% +pole roll off uh the actual open loop + + + align:start position:0% +pole roll off uh the actual open loop +transfer function of the amplifier again + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the amplifier again + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the amplifier again +would be the lower of these two curves + + align:start position:0% +would be the lower of these two curves + + + align:start position:0% +would be the lower of these two curves +at all frequencies so it might look + + align:start position:0% +at all frequencies so it might look + + + align:start position:0% +at all frequencies so it might look +something like that but the important + + align:start position:0% +something like that but the important + + + align:start position:0% +something like that but the important +point is that we've picked up a good bit + + align:start position:0% +point is that we've picked up a good bit + + + align:start position:0% +point is that we've picked up a good bit +of area in here we've increased + + align:start position:0% +of area in here we've increased + + + align:start position:0% +of area in here we've increased +desensitivity over a very wide range of + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity over a very wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity over a very wide range of +frequencies by using two- pole + + align:start position:0% +frequencies by using two- pole + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies by using two- pole +compensation as opposed to one pole + + align:start position:0% +compensation as opposed to one pole + + + align:start position:0% +compensation as opposed to one pole +compensation in order to implement two- + + align:start position:0% +compensation in order to implement two- + + + align:start position:0% +compensation in order to implement two- +pole compensation we want to make the + + align:start position:0% +pole compensation we want to make the + + + align:start position:0% +pole compensation we want to make the +ratio G subm over 2 y Sub C of s have + + align:start position:0% +ratio G subm over 2 y Sub C of s have + + + align:start position:0% +ratio G subm over 2 y Sub C of s have +the general form K to S + 1/ s^ 2 the k/ + + align:start position:0% +the general form K to S + 1/ s^ 2 the k/ + + + align:start position:0% +the general form K to S + 1/ s^ 2 the k/ +s^2 would give us the 1/ s^2 roll off at + + align:start position:0% +s^2 would give us the 1/ s^2 roll off at + + + align:start position:0% +s^2 would give us the 1/ s^2 roll off at +low frequencies we then put in a zero + + align:start position:0% +low frequencies we then put in a zero + + + align:start position:0% +low frequencies we then put in a zero +which causes our Loop transmission to go + + align:start position:0% +which causes our Loop transmission to go + + + align:start position:0% +which causes our Loop transmission to go +as 1/ s in the vicinity of crossover uh + + align:start position:0% +as 1/ s in the vicinity of crossover uh + + + align:start position:0% +as 1/ s in the vicinity of crossover uh +hopefully getting enough phase margin + + align:start position:0% +hopefully getting enough phase margin + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully getting enough phase margin +for acceptably stable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +performance in this case we really have + + align:start position:0% +performance in this case we really have + + + align:start position:0% +performance in this case we really have +to use a two-port network in order to + + align:start position:0% +to use a two-port network in order to + + + align:start position:0% +to use a two-port network in order to +achieve our desired short circuit + + align:start position:0% +achieve our desired short circuit + + + align:start position:0% +achieve our desired short circuit +transfer admittance we want to get a + + align:start position:0% +transfer admittance we want to get a + + + align:start position:0% +transfer admittance we want to get a +short circuit transfer admittance of the + + align:start position:0% +short circuit transfer admittance of the + + + align:start position:0% +short circuit transfer admittance of the +form some constant time s^2 over to s+ + + align:start position:0% +form some constant time s^2 over to s+ + + + align:start position:0% +form some constant time s^2 over to s+ +one we can't do that as a with a single + + align:start position:0% +one we can't do that as a with a single + + + align:start position:0% +one we can't do that as a with a single +element as we did in the case of one + + align:start position:0% +element as we did in the case of one + + + align:start position:0% +element as we did in the case of one +pole compensation + + align:start position:0% +pole compensation + + + align:start position:0% +pole compensation +where we wanted a short circuit transfer + + align:start position:0% +where we wanted a short circuit transfer + + + align:start position:0% +where we wanted a short circuit transfer +ad admittance just proportional to + + align:start position:0% +ad admittance just proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +ad admittance just proportional to +S we can + + align:start position:0% +S we can + + + align:start position:0% +S we can +however + + align:start position:0% +however + + + align:start position:0% +however +get the desired form for the short + + align:start position:0% +get the desired form for the short + + + align:start position:0% +get the desired form for the short +circuit transfer admittance out of a t + + align:start position:0% +circuit transfer admittance out of a t + + + align:start position:0% +circuit transfer admittance out of a t +Network as shown here we have two + + align:start position:0% +Network as shown here we have two + + + align:start position:0% +Network as shown here we have two +capacitors a single resistor uh if we + + align:start position:0% +capacitors a single resistor uh if we + + + align:start position:0% +capacitors a single resistor uh if we +measure the ratio of I subn to V subn we + + align:start position:0% +measure the ratio of I subn to V subn we + + + align:start position:0% +measure the ratio of I subn to V subn we +find out it has a desired form some + + align:start position:0% +find out it has a desired form some + + + align:start position:0% +find out it has a desired form some +constant times s s over another constant + + align:start position:0% +constant times s s over another constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant times s s over another constant +Time s + one and by appropriately + + align:start position:0% +Time s + one and by appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +Time s + one and by appropriately +choosing C1 C2 and R we can adjust the + + align:start position:0% +choosing C1 C2 and R we can adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +choosing C1 C2 and R we can adjust the +constants so this kind of a t network uh + + align:start position:0% +constants so this kind of a t network uh + + + align:start position:0% +constants so this kind of a t network uh +will in fact give us the sort of + + align:start position:0% +will in fact give us the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +will in fact give us the sort of +two-pole rolloff that we'd like to have + + align:start position:0% +two-pole rolloff that we'd like to have + + + align:start position:0% +two-pole rolloff that we'd like to have +if we use that kind of a network for + + align:start position:0% +if we use that kind of a network for + + + align:start position:0% +if we use that kind of a network for +compensation the + + align:start position:0% +compensation the + + + align:start position:0% +compensation the +effect on the amplifier transfer + + align:start position:0% +effect on the amplifier transfer + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the amplifier transfer +function again uh assuming an + + align:start position:0% +function again uh assuming an + + + align:start position:0% +function again uh assuming an +uncompensated transfer function + + align:start position:0% +uncompensated transfer function + + + align:start position:0% +uncompensated transfer function +including loading that's sort of three + + align:start position:0% +including loading that's sort of three + + + align:start position:0% +including loading that's sort of three +pole here's the 1 / s s 1/ s + + align:start position:0% +pole here's the 1 / s s 1/ s + + + align:start position:0% +pole here's the 1 / s s 1/ s +approximation and again we use the we + + align:start position:0% +approximation and again we use the we + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and again we use the we +get the lower of those two curves at all + + align:start position:0% +get the lower of those two curves at all + + + align:start position:0% +get the lower of those two curves at all +frequencies uh here we might argue that + + align:start position:0% +frequencies uh here we might argue that + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies uh here we might argue that +between about this + + align:start position:0% +between about this + + + align:start position:0% +between about this +frequency and this one the approximation + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this one the approximation + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and this one the approximation +the 1 / S2 and then a zero kind of + + align:start position:0% +the 1 / S2 and then a zero kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 / S2 and then a zero kind of +approximation very accurately predict + + align:start position:0% +approximation very accurately predict + + + align:start position:0% +approximation very accurately predict +the behavior of the amplifier so the + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of the amplifier so the + + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of the amplifier so the +hope is that we'd have the crossover in + + align:start position:0% +hope is that we'd have the crossover in + + + align:start position:0% +hope is that we'd have the crossover in +our major Loop would occur somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +our major Loop would occur somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +our major Loop would occur somewhere in +this region we could use the + + align:start position:0% +this region we could use the + + + align:start position:0% +this region we could use the +approximation to predict Behavior if we + + align:start position:0% +approximation to predict Behavior if we + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to predict Behavior if we +look at the angle we see a pattern + + align:start position:0% +look at the angle we see a pattern + + + align:start position:0% +look at the angle we see a pattern +that's very much like that which results + + align:start position:0% +that's very much like that which results + + + align:start position:0% +that's very much like that which results +with lag + + align:start position:0% +with lag + + + align:start position:0% +with lag +compensation uh the compensated angle + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh the compensated angle + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh the compensated angle +dips down close to minus 180° possibly + + align:start position:0% +dips down close to minus 180° possibly + + + align:start position:0% +dips down close to minus 180° possibly +if this range of frequencies is + + align:start position:0% +if this range of frequencies is + + + align:start position:0% +if this range of frequencies is +large uh comes back back up in the + + align:start position:0% +large uh comes back back up in the + + + align:start position:0% +large uh comes back back up in the +vicinity of crossover crossover is + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of crossover crossover is + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of crossover crossover is +assumed to occur crossover in the major + + align:start position:0% +assumed to occur crossover in the major + + + align:start position:0% +assumed to occur crossover in the major +Loop is assumed to occur in here + + align:start position:0% +Loop is assumed to occur in here + + + align:start position:0% +Loop is assumed to occur in here +somewhere comes back up so that we get + + align:start position:0% +somewhere comes back up so that we get + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere comes back up so that we get +adequate phase margin at crossover and + + align:start position:0% +adequate phase margin at crossover and + + + align:start position:0% +adequate phase margin at crossover and +then eventually Trails off this is the + + align:start position:0% +then eventually Trails off this is the + + + align:start position:0% +then eventually Trails off this is the +kind of a pattern that we very + + align:start position:0% +kind of a pattern that we very + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a pattern that we very +frequently get with lag compensation so + + align:start position:0% +frequently get with lag compensation so + + + align:start position:0% +frequently get with lag compensation so +the 1/ S squ sort of minor Loop + + align:start position:0% +the 1/ S squ sort of minor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +the 1/ S squ sort of minor Loop +compensation or the kind of minor Loop + + align:start position:0% +compensation or the kind of minor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +compensation or the kind of minor Loop +compensation that forces a 1/ s squ + + align:start position:0% +compensation that forces a 1/ s squ + + + align:start position:0% +compensation that forces a 1/ s squ +rolloff over a wide range of frequencies + + align:start position:0% +rolloff over a wide range of frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +rolloff over a wide range of frequencies +is sort of the parallel to lag + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the parallel to lag + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the parallel to lag +compensation in the series compensated + + align:start position:0% +compensation in the series compensated + + + align:start position:0% +compensation in the series compensated +case again I'd like to look at the + + align:start position:0% +case again I'd like to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +case again I'd like to look at the +effects of of using or the results of + + align:start position:0% +effects of of using or the results of + + + align:start position:0% +effects of of using or the results of +using 1/ S2 + + align:start position:0% +using 1/ S2 + + + align:start position:0% +using 1/ S2 +compensation uh here we have + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh here we have + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh here we have +another part in our in our system + + align:start position:0% +another part in our in our system + + + align:start position:0% +another part in our in our system +another portion where we have the + + align:start position:0% +another portion where we have the + + + align:start position:0% +another portion where we have the +amplifier uh that allows us to you look + + align:start position:0% +amplifier uh that allows us to you look + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier uh that allows us to you look +at 1/s squared compensation uh we we use + + align:start position:0% +at 1/s squared compensation uh we we use + + + align:start position:0% +at 1/s squared compensation uh we we use +a a somewhat different configuration + + align:start position:0% +a a somewhat different configuration + + + align:start position:0% +a a somewhat different configuration +here actually uh we use the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +here actually uh we use the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +here actually uh we use the amplifier +connected as a Unity gain inverter and + + align:start position:0% +connected as a Unity gain inverter and + + + align:start position:0% +connected as a Unity gain inverter and +the reason for that is that we're able + + align:start position:0% +the reason for that is that we're able + + + align:start position:0% +the reason for that is that we're able +to very easily look at the error signal + + align:start position:0% +to very easily look at the error signal + + + align:start position:0% +to very easily look at the error signal +we connect the the amplifier as a Unity + + align:start position:0% +we connect the the amplifier as a Unity + + + align:start position:0% +we connect the the amplifier as a Unity +gain inverter and let me if I can look + + align:start position:0% +gain inverter and let me if I can look + + + align:start position:0% +gain inverter and let me if I can look +at at a view graph that shows that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +topology uh here's the configuration we + + align:start position:0% +topology uh here's the configuration we + + + align:start position:0% +topology uh here's the configuration we +simply have an equal valued input and + + align:start position:0% +simply have an equal valued input and + + + align:start position:0% +simply have an equal valued input and +feedback resistor we have the T Network + + align:start position:0% +feedback resistor we have the T Network + + + align:start position:0% +feedback resistor we have the T Network +that does compensation in this case we + + align:start position:0% +that does compensation in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +that does compensation in this case we +chose elements in the t uh so that Unity + + align:start position:0% +chose elements in the t uh so that Unity + + + align:start position:0% +chose elements in the t uh so that Unity +gain frequency in the amplifier uh is + + align:start position:0% +gain frequency in the amplifier uh is + + + align:start position:0% +gain frequency in the amplifier uh is +about 1 and a 12 megahertz the 2:1 + + align:start position:0% +about 1 and a 12 megahertz the 2:1 + + + align:start position:0% +about 1 and a 12 megahertz the 2:1 +attenuation provided by the feedback + + align:start position:0% +attenuation provided by the feedback + + + align:start position:0% +attenuation provided by the feedback +Network forces overall crossover uh at + + align:start position:0% +Network forces overall crossover uh at + + + align:start position:0% +Network forces overall crossover uh at +about uh uh 1 MHz or or something like + + align:start position:0% +about uh uh 1 MHz or or something like + + + align:start position:0% +about uh uh 1 MHz or or something like +that uh the zero uh comes in at at about + + align:start position:0% +that uh the zero uh comes in at at about + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the zero uh comes in at at about + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz uh so + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz uh so + + + align:start position:0% +kilohertz uh so +this combination of values as we say + + align:start position:0% +this combination of values as we say + + + align:start position:0% +this combination of values as we say +gives us the 1/ s^ squ rolloff breaks + + align:start position:0% +gives us the 1/ s^ squ rolloff breaks + + + align:start position:0% +gives us the 1/ s^ squ rolloff breaks +back to 1 / s in the vicinity of + + align:start position:0% +back to 1 / s in the vicinity of + + + align:start position:0% +back to 1 / s in the vicinity of +crossover and the advantage of the + + align:start position:0% +crossover and the advantage of the + + + align:start position:0% +crossover and the advantage of the +inverter topology as opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +inverter topology as opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +inverter topology as opposed to the +non-inverting configuration we used + + align:start position:0% +non-inverting configuration we used + + + align:start position:0% +non-inverting configuration we used +earlier is that the signal at this point + + align:start position:0% +earlier is that the signal at this point + + + align:start position:0% +earlier is that the signal at this point +is a direct measure of the error in the + + align:start position:0% +is a direct measure of the error in the + + + align:start position:0% +is a direct measure of the error in the +system we can look at this point with an + + align:start position:0% +system we can look at this point with an + + + align:start position:0% +system we can look at this point with an +oscilloscope and ideally this voltage + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope and ideally this voltage + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope and ideally this voltage +should be zero uh the output should + + align:start position:0% +should be zero uh the output should + + + align:start position:0% +should be zero uh the output should +ideally be the negative of the input uh + + align:start position:0% +ideally be the negative of the input uh + + + align:start position:0% +ideally be the negative of the input uh +assuming no loading by the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +assuming no loading by the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +assuming no loading by the amplifier +this point uh should reflect error + + align:start position:0% +this point uh should reflect error + + + align:start position:0% +this point uh should reflect error +directly if the I output were exactly + + align:start position:0% +directly if the I output were exactly + + + align:start position:0% +directly if the I output were exactly +the negative of the input this point + + align:start position:0% +the negative of the input this point + + + align:start position:0% +the negative of the input this point +would be at zero to the extent that it's + + align:start position:0% +would be at zero to the extent that it's + + + align:start position:0% +would be at zero to the extent that it's +not we get a direct measure of error and + + align:start position:0% +not we get a direct measure of error and + + + align:start position:0% +not we get a direct measure of error and +so this configuration allows us to + + align:start position:0% +so this configuration allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +so this configuration allows us to +readly look at the error of the system + + align:start position:0% +readly look at the error of the system + + + align:start position:0% +readly look at the error of the system +and that's the reason that we use it in + + align:start position:0% +and that's the reason that we use it in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the reason that we use it in +preference to the non-inverting + + align:start position:0% +preference to the non-inverting + + + align:start position:0% +preference to the non-inverting +configuration so as I say we have that + + align:start position:0% +configuration so as I say we have that + + + align:start position:0% +configuration so as I say we have that +amplifier here we have a buffer + + align:start position:0% +amplifier here we have a buffer + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier here we have a buffer +amplifier wi that allows us to look at + + align:start position:0% +amplifier wi that allows us to look at + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier wi that allows us to look at +the error signal and present that signal + + align:start position:0% +the error signal and present that signal + + + align:start position:0% +the error signal and present that signal +on an oscilloscope when we wish + + align:start position:0% +on an oscilloscope when we wish + + + align:start position:0% +on an oscilloscope when we wish +to and we're able to very quickly change + + align:start position:0% +to and we're able to very quickly change + + + align:start position:0% +to and we're able to very quickly change +from 1 /s to 1/ s^ squ compensation + + align:start position:0% +from 1 /s to 1/ s^ squ compensation + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 /s to 1/ s^ squ compensation +maintaining crossover frequency by + + align:start position:0% +maintaining crossover frequency by + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining crossover frequency by +simply lifting the resistor in the + + align:start position:0% +simply lifting the resistor in the + + + align:start position:0% +simply lifting the resistor in the +middle leg of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T we're first going to look at the small + + align:start position:0% +T we're first going to look at the small + + + align:start position:0% +T we're first going to look at the small +signal response of the amplifier uh and + + align:start position:0% +signal response of the amplifier uh and + + + align:start position:0% +signal response of the amplifier uh and +let's look first at what happens with + + align:start position:0% +let's look first at what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +let's look first at what happens with +1/s + + align:start position:0% +1/s + + + align:start position:0% +1/s +compensation uh here we have removed the + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh here we have removed the + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh here we have removed the +resistor in the T network uh simply + + align:start position:0% +resistor in the T network uh simply + + + align:start position:0% +resistor in the T network uh simply +switched it out open circuited the + + align:start position:0% +switched it out open circuited the + + + align:start position:0% +switched it out open circuited the +resistor and we get the rise time that + + align:start position:0% +resistor and we get the rise time that + + + align:start position:0% +resistor and we get the rise time that +we we + + align:start position:0% +we we + + + align:start position:0% +we we +show uh let me see if I can make things + + align:start position:0% +show uh let me see if I can make things + + + align:start position:0% +show uh let me see if I can make things +go just a little bit faster + + align:start position:0% +go just a little bit faster + + + align:start position:0% +go just a little bit faster +here uh we get a rise time in this case + + align:start position:0% +here uh we get a rise time in this case + + + align:start position:0% +here uh we get a rise time in this case +of of a couple of 100 nond 300 nond + + align:start position:0% +of of a couple of 100 nond 300 nond + + + align:start position:0% +of of a couple of 100 nond 300 nond +something like that reflecting roughly a + + align:start position:0% +something like that reflecting roughly a + + + align:start position:0% +something like that reflecting roughly a +megahertz crossover reasonably well + + align:start position:0% +megahertz crossover reasonably well + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz crossover reasonably well +damped response uh if we switch to 1 s^ + + align:start position:0% +damped response uh if we switch to 1 s^ + + + align:start position:0% +damped response uh if we switch to 1 s^ +s compensation the zero is back I think + + align:start position:0% +s compensation the zero is back I think + + + align:start position:0% +s compensation the zero is back I think +actually if we go through the numbers + + align:start position:0% +actually if we go through the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +actually if we go through the numbers +for this network the zero is back about + + align:start position:0% +for this network the zero is back about + + + align:start position:0% +for this network the zero is back about +a factor of five or six or seven from + + align:start position:0% +a factor of five or six or seven from + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of five or six or seven from +crossover we notice very little change + + align:start position:0% +crossover we notice very little change + + + align:start position:0% +crossover we notice very little change +as I go from 1 / s to 1 / s^2 + + align:start position:0% +as I go from 1 / s to 1 / s^2 + + + align:start position:0% +as I go from 1 / s to 1 / s^2 +compensation very little change in the + + align:start position:0% +compensation very little change in the + + + align:start position:0% +compensation very little change in the +relative stability the phase margin of + + align:start position:0% +relative stability the phase margin of + + + align:start position:0% +relative stability the phase margin of +the two systems is is very nearly + + align:start position:0% +the two systems is is very nearly + + + align:start position:0% +the two systems is is very nearly +comparable the zero is located well + + align:start position:0% +comparable the zero is located well + + + align:start position:0% +comparable the zero is located well +enough below crossover the equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +enough below crossover the equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +enough below crossover the equivalent to +locating the zero of a lag Network far + + align:start position:0% +locating the zero of a lag Network far + + + align:start position:0% +locating the zero of a lag Network far +enough below crossover uh so that the + + align:start position:0% +enough below crossover uh so that the + + + align:start position:0% +enough below crossover uh so that the +stability is comparable uh there is one + + align:start position:0% +stability is comparable uh there is one + + + align:start position:0% +stability is comparable uh there is one +effect that I'll point out and we'll + + align:start position:0% +effect that I'll point out and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +effect that I'll point out and we'll +talk + + align:start position:0% +talk + + + align:start position:0% +talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +later notice that when we use 1/s + + align:start position:0% +later notice that when we use 1/s + + + align:start position:0% +later notice that when we use 1/s +compensation the response goes up to + + align:start position:0% +compensation the response goes up to + + + align:start position:0% +compensation the response goes up to +final value pretty much settles there uh + + align:start position:0% +final value pretty much settles there uh + + + align:start position:0% +final value pretty much settles there uh +and the speed of the response is is + + align:start position:0% +and the speed of the response is is + + + align:start position:0% +and the speed of the response is is +compatible with the 1 mahz crossover + + align:start position:0% +compatible with the 1 mahz crossover + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with the 1 mahz crossover +frequency if I use 1/ s^2 compensation + + align:start position:0% +frequency if I use 1/ s^2 compensation + + + align:start position:0% +frequency if I use 1/ s^2 compensation +the basic response is very much the same + + align:start position:0% +the basic response is very much the same + + + align:start position:0% +the basic response is very much the same +the relative stability is very much the + + align:start position:0% +the relative stability is very much the + + + align:start position:0% +the relative stability is very much the +same but we notice a a sort of long + + align:start position:0% +same but we notice a a sort of long + + + align:start position:0% +same but we notice a a sort of long +tail uh we can see that let me up the + + align:start position:0% +tail uh we can see that let me up the + + + align:start position:0% +tail uh we can see that let me up the +amplitude just a little + + align:start position:0% +amplitude just a little + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude just a little +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +and look at + + align:start position:0% +and look at + + + align:start position:0% +and look at +the final part of the response we notice + + align:start position:0% +the final part of the response we notice + + + align:start position:0% +the final part of the response we notice +a fairly prolonged tail uh the time + + align:start position:0% +a fairly prolonged tail uh the time + + + align:start position:0% +a fairly prolonged tail uh the time +constant associated with that taale is + + align:start position:0% +constant associated with that taale is + + + align:start position:0% +constant associated with that taale is +somewhere on the order of a microsc + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on the order of a microsc + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere on the order of a microsc +we're at a a 500 NCS per Division and + + align:start position:0% +we're at a a 500 NCS per Division and + + + align:start position:0% +we're at a a 500 NCS per Division and +from here to here the tail May shrink by + + align:start position:0% +from here to here the tail May shrink by + + + align:start position:0% +from here to here the tail May shrink by +to one minus one over e of final value + + align:start position:0% +to one minus one over e of final value + + + align:start position:0% +to one minus one over e of final value +so uh we have a time constant of roughly + + align:start position:0% +so uh we have a time constant of roughly + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we have a time constant of roughly +a microsc we'll have more to say about + + align:start position:0% +a microsc we'll have more to say about + + + align:start position:0% +a microsc we'll have more to say about +that in a little while but that's the + + align:start position:0% +that in a little while but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that in a little while but that's the +only really noticeable difference that + + align:start position:0% +only really noticeable difference that + + + align:start position:0% +only really noticeable difference that +we see in the small signal input to + + align:start position:0% +we see in the small signal input to + + + align:start position:0% +we see in the small signal input to +Output step responses of the + + align:start position:0% +Output step responses of the + + + align:start position:0% +Output step responses of the +system now let's look at at errors for + + align:start position:0% +system now let's look at at errors for + + + align:start position:0% +system now let's look at at errors for +certain kinds of inputs or for one input + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of inputs or for one input + + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of inputs or for one input +in particular what I'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +in particular what I'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +in particular what I'd like to do is +drive the system with a triangle wave + + align:start position:0% +drive the system with a triangle wave + + + align:start position:0% +drive the system with a triangle wave +Drive our amplifier with a triangle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave and let's put in a a much larger + + align:start position:0% +wave and let's put in a a much larger + + + align:start position:0% +wave and let's put in a a much larger +one than we now have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's begin to go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up uh in fact this amplifier has an + + align:start position:0% +up uh in fact this amplifier has an + + + align:start position:0% +up uh in fact this amplifier has an +output dynamic range of about plus or + + align:start position:0% +output dynamic range of about plus or + + + align:start position:0% +output dynamic range of about plus or +minus 10 volts and let's drive very + + align:start position:0% +minus 10 volts and let's drive very + + + align:start position:0% +minus 10 volts and let's drive very +close to that here we are at 5 volts per + + align:start position:0% +close to that here we are at 5 volts per + + + align:start position:0% +close to that here we are at 5 volts per +division let me run the input amplitude + + align:start position:0% +division let me run the input amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +division let me run the input amplitude +up to the point where we're getting an + + align:start position:0% +up to the point where we're getting an + + + align:start position:0% +up to the point where we're getting an +output + + align:start position:0% +output + + + align:start position:0% +output +amplitude of about 20 volts Peak to Peak + + align:start position:0% +amplitude of about 20 volts Peak to Peak + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude of about 20 volts Peak to Peak +plus or minus 10 volts so let's move + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus 10 volts so let's move + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus 10 volts so let's move +that up in there so that's the the input + + align:start position:0% +that up in there so that's the the input + + + align:start position:0% +that up in there so that's the the input +signal and the output signal really to + + align:start position:0% +signal and the output signal really to + + + align:start position:0% +signal and the output signal really to +the amplifier to a good degree of + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier to a good degree of + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier to a good degree of +approximation the output signal which is + + align:start position:0% +approximation the output signal which is + + + align:start position:0% +approximation the output signal which is +the one we're actually looking at is + + align:start position:0% +the one we're actually looking at is + + + align:start position:0% +the one we're actually looking at is +simply the negative of the input signal + + align:start position:0% +simply the negative of the input signal + + + align:start position:0% +simply the negative of the input signal +so there's our triangle uh we're running + + align:start position:0% +so there's our triangle uh we're running + + + align:start position:0% +so there's our triangle uh we're running +now at about uh 5 kohtz were 50 microc + + align:start position:0% +now at about uh 5 kohtz were 50 microc + + + align:start position:0% +now at about uh 5 kohtz were 50 microc +per division uh the period of this + + align:start position:0% +per division uh the period of this + + + align:start position:0% +per division uh the period of this +waveform is about four divisions or 200 + + align:start position:0% +waveform is about four divisions or 200 + + + align:start position:0% +waveform is about four divisions or 200 +micros seconds so we get the uh we're + + align:start position:0% +micros seconds so we get the uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +micros seconds so we get the uh we're +running at about 5 khz let's first look + + align:start position:0% +running at about 5 khz let's first look + + + align:start position:0% +running at about 5 khz let's first look +at the error signal when we have 1/s + + align:start position:0% +at the error signal when we have 1/s + + + align:start position:0% +at the error signal when we have 1/s +compensation uh we have the error signal + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh we have the error signal + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh we have the error signal +on the second Channel and let me put + + align:start position:0% +on the second Channel and let me put + + + align:start position:0% +on the second Channel and let me put +that on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simultaneously uh we need + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously uh we need + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously uh we need +a much + + align:start position:0% +a much + + + align:start position:0% +a much +larger look at much smaller signals here + + align:start position:0% +larger look at much smaller signals here + + + align:start position:0% +larger look at much smaller signals here +a much higher scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factor and what we see is an error + + align:start position:0% +factor and what we see is an error + + + align:start position:0% +factor and what we see is an error +signal let's get a zero line for that + + align:start position:0% +signal let's get a zero line for that + + + align:start position:0% +signal let's get a zero line for that +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there what we see is an error signal + + align:start position:0% +there what we see is an error signal + + + align:start position:0% +there what we see is an error signal +that's very very nearly a square wave it + + align:start position:0% +that's very very nearly a square wave it + + + align:start position:0% +that's very very nearly a square wave it +goes let's say we're at 10 molts per + + align:start position:0% +goes let's say we're at 10 molts per + + + align:start position:0% +goes let's say we're at 10 molts per +division uh and so it goes somewhere on + + align:start position:0% +division uh and so it goes somewhere on + + + align:start position:0% +division uh and so it goes somewhere on +the order of plus 15 molts and minus5 + + align:start position:0% +the order of plus 15 molts and minus5 + + + align:start position:0% +the order of plus 15 molts and minus5 +molts is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasonable well let's see we said that + + align:start position:0% +reasonable well let's see we said that + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable well let's see we said that +when we use single pole + + align:start position:0% +when we use single pole + + + align:start position:0% +when we use single pole +compensation the open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +compensation the open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +compensation the open loop transfer +function of the operational amplifier + + align:start position:0% +function of the operational amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +function of the operational amplifier +over a wide range of frequencies is + + align:start position:0% +over a wide range of frequencies is + + + align:start position:0% +over a wide range of frequencies is +proportional to 1 / s that's what we + + align:start position:0% +proportional to 1 / s that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to 1 / s that's what we +mean by having a single pole roll off + + align:start position:0% +mean by having a single pole roll off + + + align:start position:0% +mean by having a single pole roll off +the amplifier looks sort of like an an + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier looks sort of like an an + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier looks sort of like an an +integrator from its input terminals its + + align:start position:0% +integrator from its input terminals its + + + align:start position:0% +integrator from its input terminals its +differential input terminals to its + + align:start position:0% +differential input terminals to its + + + align:start position:0% +differential input terminals to its +output or alternatively the output + + align:start position:0% +output or alternatively the output + + + align:start position:0% +output or alternatively the output +voltage of the amplifier is the integral + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the amplifier is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the amplifier is the integral +of the voltage applied at its input at + + align:start position:0% +of the voltage applied at its input at + + + align:start position:0% +of the voltage applied at its input at +the very input terminals in the + + align:start position:0% +the very input terminals in the + + + align:start position:0% +the very input terminals in the +amplifier not the input of the overall + + align:start position:0% +amplifier not the input of the overall + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier not the input of the overall +feedback loop fine if we have a triangle + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop fine if we have a triangle + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop fine if we have a triangle +wave at the output and that's the + + align:start position:0% +wave at the output and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +wave at the output and that's the +integral of the input the input of + + align:start position:0% +integral of the input the input of + + + align:start position:0% +integral of the input the input of +course is the derivative with some scale + + align:start position:0% +course is the derivative with some scale + + + align:start position:0% +course is the derivative with some scale +factor of that output signal we have a + + align:start position:0% +factor of that output signal we have a + + + align:start position:0% +factor of that output signal we have a +triangle wave at the output we have a + + align:start position:0% +triangle wave at the output we have a + + + align:start position:0% +triangle wave at the output we have a +square wave at the input so this is + + align:start position:0% +square wave at the input so this is + + + align:start position:0% +square wave at the input so this is +perfectly reason able this is the sort + + align:start position:0% +perfectly reason able this is the sort + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly reason able this is the sort +of of response we'd + + align:start position:0% +of of response we'd + + + align:start position:0% +of of response we'd +anticipate if we uh got a triangle wave + + align:start position:0% +anticipate if we uh got a triangle wave + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate if we uh got a triangle wave +or have force a triangle wave at the + + align:start position:0% +or have force a triangle wave at the + + + align:start position:0% +or have force a triangle wave at the +output uh and have an amplifier whose + + align:start position:0% +output uh and have an amplifier whose + + + align:start position:0% +output uh and have an amplifier whose +open loop transfer function rolls off as + + align:start position:0% +open loop transfer function rolls off as + + + align:start position:0% +open loop transfer function rolls off as +1/ + + align:start position:0% +1/ + + + align:start position:0% +1/ +s now let's see what happens when we + + align:start position:0% +s now let's see what happens when we + + + align:start position:0% +s now let's see what happens when we +switch to 1 / s^2 compensation so to do + + align:start position:0% +switch to 1 / s^2 compensation so to do + + + align:start position:0% +switch to 1 / s^2 compensation so to do +that I will simply throw this + + align:start position:0% +that I will simply throw this + + + align:start position:0% +that I will simply throw this +switch and notice that + + align:start position:0% +switch and notice that + + + align:start position:0% +switch and notice that +the error most of the time gets much + + align:start position:0% +the error most of the time gets much + + + align:start position:0% +the error most of the time gets much +smaller there are a series of of really + + align:start position:0% +smaller there are a series of of really + + + align:start position:0% +smaller there are a series of of really +what amount to impulses that we can't + + align:start position:0% +what amount to impulses that we can't + + + align:start position:0% +what amount to impulses that we can't +see very well let's see if we can + + align:start position:0% +see very well let's see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +see very well let's see if we can +brighten them up uh there's a series of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +impulses here here here here + + align:start position:0% +impulses here here here here + + + align:start position:0% +impulses here here here here +here and the rest of the time the error + + align:start position:0% +here and the rest of the time the error + + + align:start position:0% +here and the rest of the time the error +is very very nearly zero to within our + + align:start position:0% +is very very nearly zero to within our + + + align:start position:0% +is very very nearly zero to within our +our ability to measure it this line is + + align:start position:0% +our ability to measure it this line is + + + align:start position:0% +our ability to measure it this line is +zero does do that make + + align:start position:0% +zero does do that make + + + align:start position:0% +zero does do that make +sense well here we we have changed the + + align:start position:0% +sense well here we we have changed the + + + align:start position:0% +sense well here we we have changed the +amplifier so that over a wide range of + + align:start position:0% +amplifier so that over a wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier so that over a wide range of +frequencies its open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +frequencies its open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies its open loop transfer +function falls off as 1 / S2 in other + + align:start position:0% +function falls off as 1 / S2 in other + + + align:start position:0% +function falls off as 1 / S2 in other +words over a wide range of frequencies + + align:start position:0% +words over a wide range of frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +words over a wide range of frequencies +the output is the second integral of the + + align:start position:0% +the output is the second integral of the + + + align:start position:0% +the output is the second integral of the +error signal or correspondingly the + + align:start position:0% +error signal or correspondingly the + + + align:start position:0% +error signal or correspondingly the +error signal is the second derivative of + + align:start position:0% +error signal is the second derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +error signal is the second derivative of +the output signal we have a series of + + align:start position:0% +the output signal we have a series of + + + align:start position:0% +the output signal we have a series of +ramps at the output a triangle wave at + + align:start position:0% +ramps at the output a triangle wave at + + + align:start position:0% +ramps at the output a triangle wave at +the output why we'd anticipate that that + + align:start position:0% +the output why we'd anticipate that that + + + align:start position:0% +the output why we'd anticipate that that +the input signal would be the second + + align:start position:0% +the input signal would be the second + + + align:start position:0% +the input signal would be the second +derivative of the triangle wave or a + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the triangle wave or a + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the triangle wave or a +series of impulses of course they're not + + align:start position:0% +series of impulses of course they're not + + + align:start position:0% +series of impulses of course they're not +perfect impulses they don't go to + + align:start position:0% +perfect impulses they don't go to + + + align:start position:0% +perfect impulses they don't go to +infinity and all that uh reflecting the + + align:start position:0% +infinity and all that uh reflecting the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and all that uh reflecting the +the fact that we don't have a 1 / s^ s + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we don't have a 1 / s^ s + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we don't have a 1 / s^ s +transfer function at all frequencies but + + align:start position:0% +transfer function at all frequencies but + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function at all frequencies but +we get a series of of small + + align:start position:0% +we get a series of of small + + + align:start position:0% +we get a series of of small +impulses and the important point is that + + align:start position:0% +impulses and the important point is that + + + align:start position:0% +impulses and the important point is that +most of the time the error is much much + + align:start position:0% +most of the time the error is much much + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time the error is much much +lower for one over s^2 compensation than + + align:start position:0% +lower for one over s^2 compensation than + + + align:start position:0% +lower for one over s^2 compensation than +it is for 1 / s compensation that simply + + align:start position:0% +it is for 1 / s compensation that simply + + + align:start position:0% +it is for 1 / s compensation that simply +reflects the fact that the open loop + + align:start position:0% +reflects the fact that the open loop + + + align:start position:0% +reflects the fact that the open loop +transfer function with 1 / s^2 + + align:start position:0% +transfer function with 1 / s^2 + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function with 1 / s^2 +compensation is much much larger at many + + align:start position:0% +compensation is much much larger at many + + + align:start position:0% +compensation is much much larger at many +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +frequencies uh recall that the + + align:start position:0% +frequencies uh recall that the + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies uh recall that the +comparison between the two was as shown + + align:start position:0% +comparison between the two was as shown + + + align:start position:0% +comparison between the two was as shown +here we have + + align:start position:0% +here we have + + + align:start position:0% +here we have +the orange curve showing the 1 / s s + + align:start position:0% +the orange curve showing the 1 / s s + + + align:start position:0% +the orange curve showing the 1 / s s +compensation the yellow curve showing + + align:start position:0% +compensation the yellow curve showing + + + align:start position:0% +compensation the yellow curve showing +the single pole + + align:start position:0% +the single pole + + + align:start position:0% +the single pole +compensation and over all of these + + align:start position:0% +compensation and over all of these + + + align:start position:0% +compensation and over all of these +frequencies we have have considerably + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we have have considerably + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we have have considerably +higher open loop gain from the two-pole + + align:start position:0% +higher open loop gain from the two-pole + + + align:start position:0% +higher open loop gain from the two-pole +compensated amplifier we'd anticipate + + align:start position:0% +compensated amplifier we'd anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +compensated amplifier we'd anticipate +and prove the sensitivity for any signal + + align:start position:0% +and prove the sensitivity for any signal + + + align:start position:0% +and prove the sensitivity for any signal +where the majority of the signal + + align:start position:0% +where the majority of the signal + + + align:start position:0% +where the majority of the signal +frequency components lay in this region + + align:start position:0% +frequency components lay in this region + + + align:start position:0% +frequency components lay in this region +where most of the signal energy was + + align:start position:0% +where most of the signal energy was + + + align:start position:0% +where most of the signal energy was +concentrated in this region uh the + + align:start position:0% +concentrated in this region uh the + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated in this region uh the +triangle wave that we've chosen happens + + align:start position:0% +triangle wave that we've chosen happens + + + align:start position:0% +triangle wave that we've chosen happens +to be one like that where the 5 KZ + + align:start position:0% +to be one like that where the 5 KZ + + + align:start position:0% +to be one like that where the 5 KZ +fundamental and the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and the appropriate +harmonics lie in this region or most of + + align:start position:0% +harmonics lie in this region or most of + + + align:start position:0% +harmonics lie in this region or most of +them lie in this region we get greatly + + align:start position:0% +them lie in this region we get greatly + + + align:start position:0% +them lie in this region we get greatly +improved desensitivity a much small + + align:start position:0% +improved desensitivity a much small + + + align:start position:0% +improved desensitivity a much small +smaller error signal in the system in + + align:start position:0% +smaller error signal in the system in + + + align:start position:0% +smaller error signal in the system in +fact we haven't particularly cheated by + + align:start position:0% +fact we haven't particularly cheated by + + + align:start position:0% +fact we haven't particularly cheated by +by picking a particularly fortunate test + + align:start position:0% +by picking a particularly fortunate test + + + align:start position:0% +by picking a particularly fortunate test +signal if we uh uh use the sonoid + + align:start position:0% +signal if we uh uh use the sonoid + + + align:start position:0% +signal if we uh uh use the sonoid +anywhere from this frequency to this + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from this frequency to this + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from this frequency to this +frequency the numbers here are are + + align:start position:0% +frequency the numbers here are are + + + align:start position:0% +frequency the numbers here are are +something like 10 Hertz and 100 or 150 + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 Hertz and 100 or 150 + + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 Hertz and 100 or 150 +ktz any signal in that region uh + + align:start position:0% +ktz any signal in that region uh + + + align:start position:0% +ktz any signal in that region uh +would or any signal whose dominant + + align:start position:0% +would or any signal whose dominant + + + align:start position:0% +would or any signal whose dominant +spectral components lay in that region + + align:start position:0% +spectral components lay in that region + + + align:start position:0% +spectral components lay in that region +would get a considerably smaller error + + align:start position:0% +would get a considerably smaller error + + + align:start position:0% +would get a considerably smaller error +signal with 1 / s squ compensation than + + align:start position:0% +signal with 1 / s squ compensation than + + + align:start position:0% +signal with 1 / s squ compensation than +with one /s + + align:start position:0% +with one /s + + + align:start position:0% +with one /s +compensation + + align:start position:0% +compensation + + + align:start position:0% +compensation +well why don't we always use 1/ s^ squ + + align:start position:0% +well why don't we always use 1/ s^ squ + + + align:start position:0% +well why don't we always use 1/ s^ squ +compensation one of the problems is it's + + align:start position:0% +compensation one of the problems is it's + + + align:start position:0% +compensation one of the problems is it's +nowhere near as general purpose the 1/ S + + align:start position:0% +nowhere near as general purpose the 1/ S + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere near as general purpose the 1/ S +squ compensation really has to be very + + align:start position:0% +squ compensation really has to be very + + + align:start position:0% +squ compensation really has to be very +carefully tailored to the particular + + align:start position:0% +carefully tailored to the particular + + + align:start position:0% +carefully tailored to the particular +application we have to cross over in the + + align:start position:0% +application we have to cross over in the + + + align:start position:0% +application we have to cross over in the +region where the open loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +region where the open loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +region where the open loop transfer +function is dropping off as 1 / s if we + + align:start position:0% +function is dropping off as 1 / s if we + + + align:start position:0% +function is dropping off as 1 / s if we +cross over at lower free frequencies we + + align:start position:0% +cross over at lower free frequencies we + + + align:start position:0% +cross over at lower free frequencies we +run into a stability problem because of + + align:start position:0% +run into a stability problem because of + + + align:start position:0% +run into a stability problem because of +limited phase margin uh in the case of + + align:start position:0% +limited phase margin uh in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +limited phase margin uh in the case of +single pole compensation why we're able + + align:start position:0% +single pole compensation why we're able + + + align:start position:0% +single pole compensation why we're able +to if if we lower crossover frequency we + + align:start position:0% +to if if we lower crossover frequency we + + + align:start position:0% +to if if we lower crossover frequency we +the system becomes slower but stability + + align:start position:0% +the system becomes slower but stability + + + align:start position:0% +the system becomes slower but stability +isn't compromised however that's not the + + align:start position:0% +isn't compromised however that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't compromised however that's not the +case with 1/ s squ so we have to be a + + align:start position:0% +case with 1/ s squ so we have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +case with 1/ s squ so we have to be a +little bit more careful in our choice we + + align:start position:0% +little bit more careful in our choice we + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more careful in our choice we +have to know the application somewhat + + align:start position:0% +have to know the application somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +have to know the application somewhat +better um another consideration is what + + align:start position:0% +better um another consideration is what + + + align:start position:0% +better um another consideration is what +happens if we somehow Force another pole + + align:start position:0% +happens if we somehow Force another pole + + + align:start position:0% +happens if we somehow Force another pole +in the loop suppose we could pass L load + + align:start position:0% +in the loop suppose we could pass L load + + + align:start position:0% +in the loop suppose we could pass L load +the amplifier which has the effect of + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier which has the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier which has the effect of +forcing another pole if we do that why + + align:start position:0% +forcing another pole if we do that why + + + align:start position:0% +forcing another pole if we do that why +we find out that that with one over s + + align:start position:0% +we find out that that with one over s + + + align:start position:0% +we find out that that with one over s +squ compensation stability or + + align:start position:0% +squ compensation stability or + + + align:start position:0% +squ compensation stability or +instability is a very real possibility + + align:start position:0% +instability is a very real possibility + + + align:start position:0% +instability is a very real possibility +and because we can force crossover back + + align:start position:0% +and because we can force crossover back + + + align:start position:0% +and because we can force crossover back +to relatively lower frequencies where + + align:start position:0% +to relatively lower frequencies where + + + align:start position:0% +to relatively lower frequencies where +the amplifier even without the + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier even without the + + + align:start position:0% +the amplifier even without the +additional load has limited phase margin + + align:start position:0% +additional load has limited phase margin + + + align:start position:0% +additional load has limited phase margin +we then add the additional Pole from the + + align:start position:0% +we then add the additional Pole from the + + + align:start position:0% +we then add the additional Pole from the +load capacitor and instability is a very + + align:start position:0% +load capacitor and instability is a very + + + align:start position:0% +load capacitor and instability is a very +real possibility so there are those + + align:start position:0% +real possibility so there are those + + + align:start position:0% +real possibility so there are those +kinds of disadvantages but again if it's + + align:start position:0% +kinds of disadvantages but again if it's + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of disadvantages but again if it's +carefully chosen if we know the + + align:start position:0% +carefully chosen if we know the + + + align:start position:0% +carefully chosen if we know the +application we know what loads to + + align:start position:0% +application we know what loads to + + + align:start position:0% +application we know what loads to +anticipate we know the capacitors aren't + + align:start position:0% +anticipate we know the capacitors aren't + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate we know the capacitors aren't +included uh it it gives us very + + align:start position:0% +included uh it it gives us very + + + align:start position:0% +included uh it it gives us very +dramatically improved desensitivity as + + align:start position:0% +dramatically improved desensitivity as + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically improved desensitivity as +we've seen from the demonstration + + align:start position:0% +we've seen from the demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen from the demonstration +there's one final effect associated with + + align:start position:0% +there's one final effect associated with + + + align:start position:0% +there's one final effect associated with +either the two-pole compensation or the + + align:start position:0% +either the two-pole compensation or the + + + align:start position:0% +either the two-pole compensation or the +same sort of thing happens with lag + + align:start position:0% +same sort of thing happens with lag + + + align:start position:0% +same sort of thing happens with lag +compensation recall the sort of + + align:start position:0% +compensation recall the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +compensation recall the sort of +prolonged settling transient we saw when + + align:start position:0% +prolonged settling transient we saw when + + + align:start position:0% +prolonged settling transient we saw when +we applied small steps to the system we + + align:start position:0% +we applied small steps to the system we + + + align:start position:0% +we applied small steps to the system we +we can explain that as follows here's a + + align:start position:0% +we can explain that as follows here's a + + + align:start position:0% +we can explain that as follows here's a +root Locus diagram uh here we have + + align:start position:0% +root Locus diagram uh here we have + + + align:start position:0% +root Locus diagram uh here we have +assumed two low frequency poles uh + + align:start position:0% +assumed two low frequency poles uh + + + align:start position:0% +assumed two low frequency poles uh +they're not actually coincident as I've + + align:start position:0% +they're not actually coincident as I've + + + align:start position:0% +they're not actually coincident as I've +shown them but this models the uh + + align:start position:0% +shown them but this models the uh + + + align:start position:0% +shown them but this models the uh +two-pole rolloff that starts at low + + align:start position:0% +two-pole rolloff that starts at low + + + align:start position:0% +two-pole rolloff that starts at low +frequencies we have a zero which + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we have a zero which + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we have a zero which +flattens out the curve to a 1/s roll off + + align:start position:0% +flattens out the curve to a 1/s roll off + + + align:start position:0% +flattens out the curve to a 1/s roll off +in the vicinity of + + align:start position:0% +in the vicinity of + + + align:start position:0% +in the vicinity of +crossover and then I've assumed some + + align:start position:0% +crossover and then I've assumed some + + + align:start position:0% +crossover and then I've assumed some +additional high frequency poles + + align:start position:0% +additional high frequency poles + + + align:start position:0% +additional high frequency poles +associated with the amplifier we've seen + + align:start position:0% +associated with the amplifier we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the amplifier we've seen +this kind of pattern before or we get a + + align:start position:0% +this kind of pattern before or we get a + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of pattern before or we get a +a root Locus picture that depending on + + align:start position:0% +a root Locus picture that depending on + + + align:start position:0% +a root Locus picture that depending on +the relative spacing of the poles in + + align:start position:0% +the relative spacing of the poles in + + + align:start position:0% +the relative spacing of the poles in +zero either circles around comes + + align:start position:0% +zero either circles around comes + + + align:start position:0% +zero either circles around comes +back one branch coming back to the zero + + align:start position:0% +back one branch coming back to the zero + + + align:start position:0% +back one branch coming back to the zero +another one going out here meeting an + + align:start position:0% +another one going out here meeting an + + + align:start position:0% +another one going out here meeting an +incoming branch and then finally + + align:start position:0% +incoming branch and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +incoming branch and then finally +breaking off like so or again for a + + align:start position:0% +breaking off like so or again for a + + + align:start position:0% +breaking off like so or again for a +different arrangement of the zero and + + align:start position:0% +different arrangement of the zero and + + + align:start position:0% +different arrangement of the zero and +poles uh does + + align:start position:0% +poles uh does + + + align:start position:0% +poles uh does +something like this we looked at this + + align:start position:0% +something like this we looked at this + + + align:start position:0% +something like this we looked at this +case in detail when we were when we + + align:start position:0% +case in detail when we were when we + + + align:start position:0% +case in detail when we were when we +first introduced the idea of root Locus + + align:start position:0% +first introduced the idea of root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +first introduced the idea of root Locus +in any case we normally operate this + + align:start position:0% +in any case we normally operate this + + + align:start position:0% +in any case we normally operate this +amplifier with its dominant closed loop + + align:start position:0% +amplifier with its dominant closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier with its dominant closed loop +Pooles out here somewhere and under + + align:start position:0% +Pooles out here somewhere and under + + + align:start position:0% +Pooles out here somewhere and under +those conditions the uh transient + + align:start position:0% +those conditions the uh transient + + + align:start position:0% +those conditions the uh transient +responses corresponding to the two + + align:start position:0% +responses corresponding to the two + + + align:start position:0% +responses corresponding to the two +amplifiers look pretty much the same + + align:start position:0% +amplifiers look pretty much the same + + + align:start position:0% +amplifiers look pretty much the same +because they're dominated by or the two + + align:start position:0% +because they're dominated by or the two + + + align:start position:0% +because they're dominated by or the two +possibilities look pretty much the same + + align:start position:0% +possibilities look pretty much the same + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities look pretty much the same +they're dominated by this closed loop + + align:start position:0% +they're dominated by this closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +they're dominated by this closed loop +pole pair + + align:start position:0% +pole pair + + + align:start position:0% +pole pair +however down in this region there's a + + align:start position:0% +however down in this region there's a + + + align:start position:0% +however down in this region there's a +pole zero doublet there's a zero + + align:start position:0% +pole zero doublet there's a zero + + + align:start position:0% +pole zero doublet there's a zero +associated with our + + align:start position:0% +associated with our + + + align:start position:0% +associated with our +compensation if you will the zero + + align:start position:0% +compensation if you will the zero + + + align:start position:0% +compensation if you will the zero +appears in the forward path the tal S + + align:start position:0% +appears in the forward path the tal S + + + align:start position:0% +appears in the forward path the tal S +Plus One expression in the forward path + + align:start position:0% +Plus One expression in the forward path + + + align:start position:0% +Plus One expression in the forward path +this Branch for the types of aot fots + + align:start position:0% +this Branch for the types of aot fots + + + align:start position:0% +this Branch for the types of aot fots +that we normally use has moved in quite + + align:start position:0% +that we normally use has moved in quite + + + align:start position:0% +that we normally use has moved in quite +close to the zero so we have a low + + align:start position:0% +close to the zero so we have a low + + + align:start position:0% +close to the zero so we have a low +frequency zero and at just a slightly + + align:start position:0% +frequency zero and at just a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +frequency zero and at just a slightly +higher frequency of pole they very + + align:start position:0% +higher frequency of pole they very + + + align:start position:0% +higher frequency of pole they very +nearly cancel they they're separated by + + align:start position:0% +nearly cancel they they're separated by + + + align:start position:0% +nearly cancel they they're separated by +a few percent uh the basic transient + + align:start position:0% +a few percent uh the basic transient + + + align:start position:0% +a few percent uh the basic transient +response is that associated with the + + align:start position:0% +response is that associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +response is that associated with the +complex conjugate pole pair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but what we do is look if you will at + + align:start position:0% +but what we do is look if you will at + + + align:start position:0% +but what we do is look if you will at +the complex conjugate pole pair through + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate pole pair through + + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate pole pair through +a filter that has the following form + + align:start position:0% +a filter that has the following form + + + align:start position:0% +a filter that has the following form +here's the closely spaced dublet + + align:start position:0% +here's the closely spaced dublet + + + align:start position:0% +here's the closely spaced dublet +epsilon's a small number uh as the + + align:start position:0% +epsilon's a small number uh as the + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon's a small number uh as the +situation was shown in the view graph we + + align:start position:0% +situation was shown in the view graph we + + + align:start position:0% +situation was shown in the view graph we +have a zero at a somewhat lower + + align:start position:0% +have a zero at a somewhat lower + + + align:start position:0% +have a zero at a somewhat lower +frequency than the pole so we can + + align:start position:0% +frequency than the pole so we can + + + align:start position:0% +frequency than the pole so we can +visualize the system as as being one + + align:start position:0% +visualize the system as as being one + + + align:start position:0% +visualize the system as as being one +that gives us the step response + + align:start position:0% +that gives us the step response + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us the step response +corresponding to the two poles the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the two poles the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the two poles the +dominant pole pair but we view that step + + align:start position:0% +dominant pole pair but we view that step + + + align:start position:0% +dominant pole pair but we view that step +response through a filter that has this + + align:start position:0% +response through a filter that has this + + + align:start position:0% +response through a filter that has this +transfer function well the step response + + align:start position:0% +transfer function well the step response + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function well the step response +of this transfer function is of the + + align:start position:0% +of this transfer function is of the + + + align:start position:0% +of this transfer function is of the +following form uh this is basically the + + align:start position:0% +following form uh this is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +following form uh this is basically the +uncompensated or the overcompensated + + align:start position:0% +uncompensated or the overcompensated + + + align:start position:0% +uncompensated or the overcompensated +scope probe if you adjust the transient + + align:start position:0% +scope probe if you adjust the transient + + + align:start position:0% +scope probe if you adjust the transient +response of a scope probe what you're + + align:start position:0% +response of a scope probe what you're + + + align:start position:0% +response of a scope probe what you're +really doing is trying to get a pole in + + align:start position:0% +really doing is trying to get a pole in + + + align:start position:0% +really doing is trying to get a pole in +a zero doublet to cancel each other uh + + align:start position:0% +a zero doublet to cancel each other uh + + + align:start position:0% +a zero doublet to cancel each other uh +so this is the case where we haven't + + align:start position:0% +so this is the case where we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the case where we haven't +perfectly compensated the scope probe + + align:start position:0% +perfectly compensated the scope probe + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly compensated the scope probe +this is the highpass version of the + + align:start position:0% +this is the highpass version of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the highpass version of the +thing where the zero is located at a + + align:start position:0% +thing where the zero is located at a + + + align:start position:0% +thing where the zero is located at a +slightly lower frequency or a slightly + + align:start position:0% +slightly lower frequency or a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +slightly lower frequency or a slightly +longer time constant than the pole the + + align:start position:0% +longer time constant than the pole the + + + align:start position:0% +longer time constant than the pole the +step response of that sort of system uh + + align:start position:0% +step response of that sort of system uh + + + align:start position:0% +step response of that sort of system uh +is as follows if we put in a unit step + + align:start position:0% +is as follows if we put in a unit step + + + align:start position:0% +is as follows if we put in a unit step +we get a in this case with a zero at + + align:start position:0% +we get a in this case with a zero at + + + align:start position:0% +we get a in this case with a zero at +lower frequency we get an output that + + align:start position:0% +lower frequency we get an output that + + + align:start position:0% +lower frequency we get an output that +overshoots final value by an amount + + align:start position:0% +overshoots final value by an amount + + + align:start position:0% +overshoots final value by an amount +Epsilon decays with a time constant + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon decays with a time constant + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon decays with a time constant +corresponding to the pole location in + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the pole location in + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the pole location in +our particular case the pole is located + + align:start position:0% +our particular case the pole is located + + + align:start position:0% +our particular case the pole is located +at a considerably lower frequency than + + align:start position:0% +at a considerably lower frequency than + + + align:start position:0% +at a considerably lower frequency than +the dominant response associated with + + align:start position:0% +the dominant response associated with + + + align:start position:0% +the dominant response associated with +the dominant pole pair and so what we + + align:start position:0% +the dominant pole pair and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +the dominant pole pair and so what we +see is the highfrequency + + align:start position:0% +see is the highfrequency + + + align:start position:0% +see is the highfrequency +response the overshoot if you will as + + align:start position:0% +response the overshoot if you will as + + + align:start position:0% +response the overshoot if you will as +the dominant response but there's a long + + align:start position:0% +the dominant response but there's a long + + + align:start position:0% +the dominant response but there's a long +tail that reflects the much longer time + + align:start position:0% +tail that reflects the much longer time + + + align:start position:0% +tail that reflects the much longer time +constant associated with the pole of the + + align:start position:0% +constant associated with the pole of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant associated with the pole of the +pole zero doublet and that sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +pole zero doublet and that sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +pole zero doublet and that sort of thing +happens as I say with lag compensation + + align:start position:0% +happens as I say with lag compensation + + + align:start position:0% +happens as I say with lag compensation +as well as as with + + align:start position:0% +as well as as with + + + align:start position:0% +as well as as with +two- pole compensation when we do + + align:start position:0% +two- pole compensation when we do + + + align:start position:0% +two- pole compensation when we do +feedback compensation and so one of the + + align:start position:0% +feedback compensation and so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +feedback compensation and so one of the +disadvantages of this sort of + + align:start position:0% +disadvantages of this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +disadvantages of this sort of +compensation uh may be that if we if we + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh may be that if we if we + + + align:start position:0% +compensation uh may be that if we if we +are really concerned about settling to a + + align:start position:0% +are really concerned about settling to a + + + align:start position:0% +are really concerned about settling to a +very small fraction of final value that + + align:start position:0% +very small fraction of final value that + + + align:start position:0% +very small fraction of final value that +settling time may be + + align:start position:0% +settling time may be + + + align:start position:0% +settling time may be +compromised next time we'll look at two + + align:start position:0% +compromised next time we'll look at two + + + align:start position:0% +compromised next time we'll look at two +other ways that we can use monor Loop + + align:start position:0% +other ways that we can use monor Loop + + + align:start position:0% +other ways that we can use monor Loop +compensation for specific applications + + align:start position:0% +compensation for specific applications + + + align:start position:0% +compensation for specific applications +to improve the performance of this type + + align:start position:0% +to improve the performance of this type + + + align:start position:0% +to improve the performance of this type +of operational amplifier thank + + align:start position:0% +of operational amplifier thank + + + align:start position:0% +of operational amplifier thank +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1yk14xq4u5U.txt b/1yk14xq4u5U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca979b89e33dd8552eb976cf466f6a0174a83d11 --- /dev/null +++ b/1yk14xq4u5U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so today on uh on Wednesday we are gonna + + align:start position:0% +so today on uh on Wednesday we are gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so today on uh on Wednesday we are gonna +be talking about health + + align:start position:0% +be talking about health + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about health +um of course this is something that's + + align:start position:0% +um of course this is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +um of course this is something that's +has received a heightened attention in + + align:start position:0% +has received a heightened attention in + + + align:start position:0% +has received a heightened attention in +the last couple of year for some reason + + align:start position:0% +the last couple of year for some reason + + + align:start position:0% +the last couple of year for some reason +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh I'll be talking about to + + align:start position:0% +and uh I'll be talking about to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I'll be talking about to +roughly speaking and have one lecture on + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking and have one lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking and have one lecture on +demand and one lecture on Supply + + align:start position:0% +demand and one lecture on Supply + + + align:start position:0% +demand and one lecture on Supply +although it's possible that today's + + align:start position:0% +although it's possible that today's + + + align:start position:0% +although it's possible that today's +lecture runs a little longer and we'll + + align:start position:0% +lecture runs a little longer and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +lecture runs a little longer and we'll +finish it over over Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +finish it over over Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +finish it over over Wednesday +uh in the demand for health one could + + align:start position:0% +uh in the demand for health one could + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the demand for health one could +talk about many many things but the one + + align:start position:0% +talk about many many things but the one + + + align:start position:0% +talk about many many things but the one +thing I want to focus is why people seem + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to focus is why people seem + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to focus is why people seem +to want treatments like antibiotics and + + align:start position:0% +to want treatments like antibiotics and + + + align:start position:0% +to want treatments like antibiotics and +steroids but not vaccination or other + + align:start position:0% +steroids but not vaccination or other + + + align:start position:0% +steroids but not vaccination or other +preventive care + + align:start position:0% +preventive care + + + align:start position:0% +preventive care +something we are seeing in the context + + align:start position:0% +something we are seeing in the context + + + align:start position:0% +something we are seeing in the context +of the kovid vaccine where it's the same + + align:start position:0% +of the kovid vaccine where it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +of the kovid vaccine where it's the same +people who want to consume in + + align:start position:0% +people who want to consume in + + + align:start position:0% +people who want to consume in +invermectin and uh and and who refuse to + + align:start position:0% +invermectin and uh and and who refuse to + + + align:start position:0% +invermectin and uh and and who refuse to +get vaccinated + + align:start position:0% +get vaccinated + + + align:start position:0% +get vaccinated +so somehow there is a um there seem to + + align:start position:0% +so somehow there is a um there seem to + + + align:start position:0% +so somehow there is a um there seem to +be a a disconnect between so it's not + + align:start position:0% +be a a disconnect between so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +be a a disconnect between so it's not +for example the some people who don't + + align:start position:0% +for example the some people who don't + + + align:start position:0% +for example the some people who don't +want to get vaccinated against various + + align:start position:0% +want to get vaccinated against various + + + align:start position:0% +want to get vaccinated against various +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +against all sorts of treatment like + + align:start position:0% +against all sorts of treatment like + + + align:start position:0% +against all sorts of treatment like +Jehovah's Witnesses or Christian Science + + align:start position:0% +Jehovah's Witnesses or Christian Science + + + align:start position:0% +Jehovah's Witnesses or Christian Science +followers but the vast majority of + + align:start position:0% +followers but the vast majority of + + + align:start position:0% +followers but the vast majority of +people are not + + align:start position:0% +people are not + + + align:start position:0% +people are not +don't don't want to or are not so + + align:start position:0% +don't don't want to or are not so + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't want to or are not so +excited about getting vaccinated + + align:start position:0% +excited about getting vaccinated + + + align:start position:0% +excited about getting vaccinated +uh of uh you know taking iron pills uh + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh you know taking iron pills uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh you know taking iron pills uh +or doing all sorts of other preventive + + align:start position:0% +or doing all sorts of other preventive + + + align:start position:0% +or doing all sorts of other preventive +things but love Curative medicine + + align:start position:0% +things but love Curative medicine + + + align:start position:0% +things but love Curative medicine +that's something that we are you know + + align:start position:0% +that's something that we are you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that we are you know +perhaps a lot of + + align:start position:0% +perhaps a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps a lot of +we are discovering a new uh in the U.S + + align:start position:0% +we are discovering a new uh in the U.S + + + align:start position:0% +we are discovering a new uh in the U.S +today uh with respect to the covet + + align:start position:0% +today uh with respect to the covet + + + align:start position:0% +today uh with respect to the covet +vaccination or even the flu shot but + + align:start position:0% +vaccination or even the flu shot but + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination or even the flu shot but +it's something that if you work on + + align:start position:0% +it's something that if you work on + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that if you work on +development you've encountered many + + align:start position:0% +development you've encountered many + + + align:start position:0% +development you've encountered many +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +for example we have a survey in in + + align:start position:0% +for example we have a survey in in + + + align:start position:0% +for example we have a survey in in +udaipur a very ancient now but + + align:start position:0% +udaipur a very ancient now but + + + align:start position:0% +udaipur a very ancient now but +still the the main fact is uh is still + + align:start position:0% +still the the main fact is uh is still + + + align:start position:0% +still the the main fact is uh is still +two still holds which shows that in this + + align:start position:0% +two still holds which shows that in this + + + align:start position:0% +two still holds which shows that in this +super upper household in udaipur spend + + align:start position:0% +super upper household in udaipur spend + + + align:start position:0% +super upper household in udaipur spend +eight percent of their budget on on on + + align:start position:0% +eight percent of their budget on on on + + + align:start position:0% +eight percent of their budget on on on +health + + align:start position:0% +health + + + align:start position:0% +health +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +people spent more you know people are + + align:start position:0% +people spent more you know people are + + + align:start position:0% +people spent more you know people are +willing to spend like 5 000 rupees on + + align:start position:0% +willing to spend like 5 000 rupees on + + + align:start position:0% +willing to spend like 5 000 rupees on +Health on some extreme on some extreme + + align:start position:0% +Health on some extreme on some extreme + + + align:start position:0% +Health on some extreme on some extreme +event + + align:start position:0% +event + + + align:start position:0% +event +which is much more important because + + align:start position:0% +which is much more important because + + + align:start position:0% +which is much more important because +they consume uh usually so they are + + align:start position:0% +they consume uh usually so they are + + + align:start position:0% +they consume uh usually so they are +willing to go into debt in order to get + + align:start position:0% +willing to go into debt in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +willing to go into debt in order to get +antibiotics uh we find that the in that + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics uh we find that the in that + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics uh we find that the in that +same survey that these super poor + + align:start position:0% +same survey that these super poor + + + align:start position:0% +same survey that these super poor +households have consulted someone for a + + align:start position:0% +households have consulted someone for a + + + align:start position:0% +households have consulted someone for a +healthcare episode uh several times in + + align:start position:0% +healthcare episode uh several times in + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare episode uh several times in +the last month they are going to all + + align:start position:0% +the last month they are going to all + + + align:start position:0% +the last month they are going to all +sorts of people they are going to uh + + align:start position:0% +sorts of people they are going to uh + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of people they are going to uh +traditional healer they are going to + + align:start position:0% +traditional healer they are going to + + + align:start position:0% +traditional healer they are going to +regular allopathic doctor they are doing + + align:start position:0% +regular allopathic doctor they are doing + + + align:start position:0% +regular allopathic doctor they are doing +going to quacks like pharmacists who + + align:start position:0% +going to quacks like pharmacists who + + + align:start position:0% +going to quacks like pharmacists who +call themselves doctors they are quite + + align:start position:0% +call themselves doctors they are quite + + + align:start position:0% +call themselves doctors they are quite +sophisticated about managing these + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated about managing these + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated about managing these +different sources although the models + + align:start position:0% +different sources although the models + + + align:start position:0% +different sources although the models +might be whatever it is but then in that + + align:start position:0% +might be whatever it is but then in that + + + align:start position:0% +might be whatever it is but then in that +same sample + + align:start position:0% +same sample + + + align:start position:0% +same sample +there is a surprisingly low take up for + + align:start position:0% +there is a surprisingly low take up for + + + align:start position:0% +there is a surprisingly low take up for +a preventive medicine for example that + + align:start position:0% +a preventive medicine for example that + + + align:start position:0% +a preventive medicine for example that +some example of udaipur a few years ago + + align:start position:0% +some example of udaipur a few years ago + + + align:start position:0% +some example of udaipur a few years ago +less than five percent of children were + + align:start position:0% +less than five percent of children were + + + align:start position:0% +less than five percent of children were +fully immunized against the you know the + + align:start position:0% +fully immunized against the you know the + + + align:start position:0% +fully immunized against the you know the +basic childhood diseases so that + + align:start position:0% +basic childhood diseases so that + + + align:start position:0% +basic childhood diseases so that +received the five extended medicine + + align:start position:0% +received the five extended medicine + + + align:start position:0% +received the five extended medicine +another fact which is related to it is + + align:start position:0% +another fact which is related to it is + + + align:start position:0% +another fact which is related to it is +High super high price elasticity + + align:start position:0% +High super high price elasticity + + + align:start position:0% +High super high price elasticity +for technologies that that are known to + + align:start position:0% +for technologies that that are known to + + + align:start position:0% +for technologies that that are known to +be a widely effective that Nets + + align:start position:0% +be a widely effective that Nets + + + align:start position:0% +be a widely effective that Nets +immunization and deworming Etc so + + align:start position:0% +immunization and deworming Etc so + + + align:start position:0% +immunization and deworming Etc so +looking for a fast at this is a graph by + + align:start position:0% +looking for a fast at this is a graph by + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a fast at this is a graph by +put together by Pascal in Dubai for a + + align:start position:0% +put together by Pascal in Dubai for a + + + align:start position:0% +put together by Pascal in Dubai for a +paper in science that looks at a + + align:start position:0% +paper in science that looks at a + + + align:start position:0% +paper in science that looks at a +elasticity for positive prices for all + + align:start position:0% +elasticity for positive prices for all + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity for positive prices for all +sorts of different goods and different + + align:start position:0% +sorts of different goods and different + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of different goods and different +places from various studies + + align:start position:0% +places from various studies + + + align:start position:0% +places from various studies +and what you see is that in particular + + align:start position:0% +and what you see is that in particular + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see is that in particular +at very very low prices a steep fall in + + align:start position:0% +at very very low prices a steep fall in + + + align:start position:0% +at very very low prices a steep fall in +demand not necessarily exactly at zero + + align:start position:0% +demand not necessarily exactly at zero + + + align:start position:0% +demand not necessarily exactly at zero +so it's not necessarily from zero to to + + align:start position:0% +so it's not necessarily from zero to to + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not necessarily from zero to to +another prices at the beginning this is + + align:start position:0% +another prices at the beginning this is + + + align:start position:0% +another prices at the beginning this is +what people believe like you have this + + align:start position:0% +what people believe like you have this + + + align:start position:0% +what people believe like you have this +huge huge drop at zero uh from zero + + align:start position:0% +huge huge drop at zero uh from zero + + + align:start position:0% +huge huge drop at zero uh from zero +sixty percent of people take chlorine + + align:start position:0% +sixty percent of people take chlorine + + + align:start position:0% +sixty percent of people take chlorine +when it's zero and it turns to ten + + align:start position:0% +when it's zero and it turns to ten + + + align:start position:0% +when it's zero and it turns to ten +percent when it's 20 cents but it's not + + align:start position:0% +percent when it's 20 cents but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +percent when it's 20 cents but it's not +just that for example here you have this + + align:start position:0% +just that for example here you have this + + + align:start position:0% +just that for example here you have this +the info for bed net you have the Steep + + align:start position:0% +the info for bed net you have the Steep + + + align:start position:0% +the info for bed net you have the Steep +drop a little higher what is interesting + + align:start position:0% +drop a little higher what is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +drop a little higher what is interesting +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +a lot of these these fools if you + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these these fools if you + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these these fools if you +exclude these two a lot of these fools + + align:start position:0% +exclude these two a lot of these fools + + + align:start position:0% +exclude these two a lot of these fools +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +you know the levels are relatively + + align:start position:0% +you know the levels are relatively + + + align:start position:0% +you know the levels are relatively +comparable even though the things are + + align:start position:0% +comparable even though the things are + + + align:start position:0% +comparable even though the things are +completely different and they are very + + align:start position:0% +completely different and they are very + + + align:start position:0% +completely different and they are very +different costs + + align:start position:0% +different costs + + + align:start position:0% +different costs +so people are equally elastic for an + + align:start position:0% +so people are equally elastic for an + + + align:start position:0% +so people are equally elastic for an +iron pill that literally cost a few + + align:start position:0% +iron pill that literally cost a few + + + align:start position:0% +iron pill that literally cost a few +cents as for a bad net that costs many + + align:start position:0% +cents as for a bad net that costs many + + + align:start position:0% +cents as for a bad net that costs many +dollars or seven or eight dollars + + align:start position:0% +dollars or seven or eight dollars + + + align:start position:0% +dollars or seven or eight dollars +and where they probably would be able to + + align:start position:0% +and where they probably would be able to + + + align:start position:0% +and where they probably would be able to +tell you that the the cost to deliver + + align:start position:0% +tell you that the the cost to deliver + + + align:start position:0% +tell you that the the cost to deliver +the households to them is different and + + align:start position:0% +the households to them is different and + + + align:start position:0% +the households to them is different and +the value is different because from the + + align:start position:0% +the value is different because from the + + + align:start position:0% +the value is different because from the +Badness you would get a stream of of of + + align:start position:0% +Badness you would get a stream of of of + + + align:start position:0% +Badness you would get a stream of of of +services over a long time it's a durable + + align:start position:0% +services over a long time it's a durable + + + align:start position:0% +services over a long time it's a durable +versus versus a pill that you take just + + align:start position:0% +versus versus a pill that you take just + + + align:start position:0% +versus versus a pill that you take just +one so this is a + + align:start position:0% +one so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +one so this is a +it doesn't seem to that it's it could + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem to that it's it could + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem to that it's it could +come out of a + + align:start position:0% +come out of a + + + align:start position:0% +come out of a +of any reasonable model and all of this + + align:start position:0% +of any reasonable model and all of this + + + align:start position:0% +of any reasonable model and all of this +like super sharp drop of um of take up + + align:start position:0% +like super sharp drop of um of take up + + + align:start position:0% +like super sharp drop of um of take up +at very high at very uh low prices + + align:start position:0% +at very high at very uh low prices + + + align:start position:0% +at very high at very uh low prices +uh in addition to the the elasticity the + + align:start position:0% +uh in addition to the the elasticity the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in addition to the the elasticity the +price elasticity uh being hired from any + + align:start position:0% +price elasticity uh being hired from any + + + align:start position:0% +price elasticity uh being hired from any +positive prices you also have high + + align:start position:0% +positive prices you also have high + + + align:start position:0% +positive prices you also have high +priced elasticity for any negative price + + align:start position:0% +priced elasticity for any negative price + + + align:start position:0% +priced elasticity for any negative price +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um looking at them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looking at a + + align:start position:0% +looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a +immunization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah so let me get there uh in a + + align:start position:0% +so yeah so let me get there uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah so let me get there uh in a +minute so I'll go back to immunization + + align:start position:0% +minute so I'll go back to immunization + + + align:start position:0% +minute so I'll go back to immunization +but with the covid-19 vaccine you get + + align:start position:0% +but with the covid-19 vaccine you get + + + align:start position:0% +but with the covid-19 vaccine you get +this uh tiny incentives + + align:start position:0% +this uh tiny incentives + + + align:start position:0% +this uh tiny incentives +people are giving lottery tickets so + + align:start position:0% +people are giving lottery tickets so + + + align:start position:0% +people are giving lottery tickets so +that's that might be big if you win but + + align:start position:0% +that's that might be big if you win but + + + align:start position:0% +that's that might be big if you win but +your point of winning being so low it's + + align:start position:0% +your point of winning being so low it's + + + align:start position:0% +your point of winning being so low it's +actually a tiny incentive or a bee or + + align:start position:0% +actually a tiny incentive or a bee or + + + align:start position:0% +actually a tiny incentive or a bee or +something like that now I don't know + + align:start position:0% +something like that now I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +something like that now I don't know +that so that people they they are there + + align:start position:0% +that so that people they they are there + + + align:start position:0% +that so that people they they are there +is actually at least one study from the + + align:start position:0% +is actually at least one study from the + + + align:start position:0% +is actually at least one study from the +Netherlands on the impact of this + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands on the impact of this + + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands on the impact of this +incentive showing that these incentives + + align:start position:0% +incentive showing that these incentives + + + align:start position:0% +incentive showing that these incentives +seem to be to a very large reasonably + + align:start position:0% +seem to be to a very large reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be to a very large reasonably +large effect I'll show + + align:start position:0% +large effect I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +large effect I'll show +um evidence of impact of incentive on + + align:start position:0% +um evidence of impact of incentive on + + + align:start position:0% +um evidence of impact of incentive on +the immunization in the moment but + + align:start position:0% +the immunization in the moment but + + + align:start position:0% +the immunization in the moment but +certainly there is a widespread belief + + align:start position:0% +certainly there is a widespread belief + + + align:start position:0% +certainly there is a widespread belief +that is small incentive to move Behavior + + align:start position:0% +that is small incentive to move Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +that is small incentive to move Behavior +so you can think of them as a as a price + + align:start position:0% +so you can think of them as a as a price + + + align:start position:0% +so you can think of them as a as a price +with a negative price that you give to + + align:start position:0% +with a negative price that you give to + + + align:start position:0% +with a negative price that you give to +people so it's symmetric around zero you + + align:start position:0% +people so it's symmetric around zero you + + + align:start position:0% +people so it's symmetric around zero you +pay people a little bit to do something + + align:start position:0% +pay people a little bit to do something + + + align:start position:0% +pay people a little bit to do something +and then they do it in a large part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there are two counter arguments to + + align:start position:0% +so there are two counter arguments to + + + align:start position:0% +so there are two counter arguments to +the to this idea that people are very + + align:start position:0% +the to this idea that people are very + + + align:start position:0% +the to this idea that people are very +impress elastics + + align:start position:0% +impress elastics + + + align:start position:0% +impress elastics +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +one is that well maybe uh people are not + + align:start position:0% +one is that well maybe uh people are not + + + align:start position:0% +one is that well maybe uh people are not +so price elastic but if you offer things + + align:start position:0% +so price elastic but if you offer things + + + align:start position:0% +so price elastic but if you offer things +for zero + + align:start position:0% +for zero + + + align:start position:0% +for zero +a bunch of people who have no interest + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of people who have no interest + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of people who have no interest +in the thing are going to get it anyway + + align:start position:0% +in the thing are going to get it anyway + + + align:start position:0% +in the thing are going to get it anyway +because at zero you know you you your + + align:start position:0% +because at zero you know you you your + + + align:start position:0% +because at zero you know you you your +valuation is always going to be a little + + align:start position:0% +valuation is always going to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +valuation is always going to be a little +bit higher than zero even if for example + + align:start position:0% +bit higher than zero even if for example + + + align:start position:0% +bit higher than zero even if for example +even potentially to to do something else + + align:start position:0% +even potentially to to do something else + + + align:start position:0% +even potentially to to do something else +with it + + align:start position:0% +with it + + + align:start position:0% +with it +um so uh so for example with Badness + + align:start position:0% +um so uh so for example with Badness + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh so for example with Badness +there was this idea that uh people would + + align:start position:0% +there was this idea that uh people would + + + align:start position:0% +there was this idea that uh people would +take the bed net uh not because they are + + align:start position:0% +take the bed net uh not because they are + + + align:start position:0% +take the bed net uh not because they are +interested in the bed nets but because + + align:start position:0% +interested in the bed nets but because + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the bed nets but because +they could use it for something else + + align:start position:0% +they could use it for something else + + + align:start position:0% +they could use it for something else +they could use it as a piece of cloth so + + align:start position:0% +they could use it as a piece of cloth so + + + align:start position:0% +they could use it as a piece of cloth so +you could make a fishing net out of it + + align:start position:0% +you could make a fishing net out of it + + + align:start position:0% +you could make a fishing net out of it +or something like that + + align:start position:0% +or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that +so in that case when you give things for + + align:start position:0% +so in that case when you give things for + + + align:start position:0% +so in that case when you give things for +free as opposed to putting a small cost + + align:start position:0% +free as opposed to putting a small cost + + + align:start position:0% +free as opposed to putting a small cost +then you draw in a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +then you draw in a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +then you draw in a lot of people +but you don't draw in people who are + + align:start position:0% +but you don't draw in people who are + + + align:start position:0% +but you don't draw in people who are +interested in health you are growing in + + align:start position:0% +interested in health you are growing in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in health you are growing in +people who are uh who's who's you know + + align:start position:0% +people who are uh who's who's you know + + + align:start position:0% +people who are uh who's who's you know +because even if you have no interest in + + align:start position:0% +because even if you have no interest in + + + align:start position:0% +because even if you have no interest in +the healthy you have you might have + + align:start position:0% +the healthy you have you might have + + + align:start position:0% +the healthy you have you might have +another interest in that thing + + align:start position:0% +another interest in that thing + + + align:start position:0% +another interest in that thing +that is just big enough that at zero you + + align:start position:0% +that is just big enough that at zero you + + + align:start position:0% +that is just big enough that at zero you +for zero you take it so in that case + + align:start position:0% +for zero you take it so in that case + + + align:start position:0% +for zero you take it so in that case +there would be no mystery it's just that + + align:start position:0% +there would be no mystery it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +there would be no mystery it's just that +there's just a bunch of people who are + + align:start position:0% +there's just a bunch of people who are + + + align:start position:0% +there's just a bunch of people who are +not interested but that zero would come + + align:start position:0% +not interested but that zero would come + + + align:start position:0% +not interested but that zero would come +in just in case you know + + align:start position:0% +in just in case you know + + + align:start position:0% +in just in case you know +so there is actually several people that + + align:start position:0% +so there is actually several people that + + + align:start position:0% +so there is actually several people that +look at that + + align:start position:0% +look at that + + + align:start position:0% +look at that +and the uh the test there is whether + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the test there is whether + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh the test there is whether +once people for example acquire a bad + + align:start position:0% +once people for example acquire a bad + + + align:start position:0% +once people for example acquire a bad +net + + align:start position:0% +net + + + align:start position:0% +net +um do they use it or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another device I think it's water water + + align:start position:0% +another device I think it's water water + + + align:start position:0% +another device I think it's water water +treatment + + align:start position:0% +treatment + + + align:start position:0% +treatment +once you get the water treatment are you + + align:start position:0% +once you get the water treatment are you + + + align:start position:0% +once you get the water treatment are you +actually putting in the water so if you + + align:start position:0% +actually putting in the water so if you + + + align:start position:0% +actually putting in the water so if you +if your valuation of the bed nets for + + align:start position:0% +if your valuation of the bed nets for + + + align:start position:0% +if your valuation of the bed nets for +the goal of for the purpose of for the + + align:start position:0% +the goal of for the purpose of for the + + + align:start position:0% +the goal of for the purpose of for the +purpose of of health is zero then you're + + align:start position:0% +purpose of of health is zero then you're + + + align:start position:0% +purpose of of health is zero then you're +not going to use it as a bad net once + + align:start position:0% +not going to use it as a bad net once + + + align:start position:0% +not going to use it as a bad net once +you get it for free + + align:start position:0% +you get it for free + + + align:start position:0% +you get it for free +in addition there is another argument + + align:start position:0% +in addition there is another argument + + + align:start position:0% +in addition there is another argument +people make which is the very fact that + + align:start position:0% +people make which is the very fact that + + + align:start position:0% +people make which is the very fact that +you've paid zero for a good makes you + + align:start position:0% +you've paid zero for a good makes you + + + align:start position:0% +you've paid zero for a good makes you +think it's worth worth less so there + + align:start position:0% +think it's worth worth less so there + + + align:start position:0% +think it's worth worth less so there +might be some behavioral thing on top of + + align:start position:0% +might be some behavioral thing on top of + + + align:start position:0% +might be some behavioral thing on top of +it that would also mean that if you + + align:start position:0% +it that would also mean that if you + + + align:start position:0% +it that would also mean that if you +don't pay for a good it also reduces + + align:start position:0% +don't pay for a good it also reduces + + + align:start position:0% +don't pay for a good it also reduces +your your evaluation of that good as a + + align:start position:0% +your your evaluation of that good as a + + + align:start position:0% +your your evaluation of that good as a +healthy good + + align:start position:0% +healthy good + + + align:start position:0% +healthy good +the two combined have the prediction + + align:start position:0% +the two combined have the prediction + + + align:start position:0% +the two combined have the prediction +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +if uh in fact the real elasticity is is + + align:start position:0% +if uh in fact the real elasticity is is + + + align:start position:0% +if uh in fact the real elasticity is is +is lower but there are just a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is lower but there are just a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is lower but there are just a lot of +people who are not interested uh we + + align:start position:0% +people who are not interested uh we + + + align:start position:0% +people who are not interested uh we +should find that people who get a good + + align:start position:0% +should find that people who get a good + + + align:start position:0% +should find that people who get a good +for free are not are less likely to use + + align:start position:0% +for free are not are less likely to use + + + align:start position:0% +for free are not are less likely to use +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so the first paper to test that was uh + + align:start position:0% +so the first paper to test that was uh + + + align:start position:0% +so the first paper to test that was uh +Cohen and pasqueline dupa and Jessica + + align:start position:0% +Cohen and pasqueline dupa and Jessica + + + align:start position:0% +Cohen and pasqueline dupa and Jessica +Cohen who did a first study + + align:start position:0% +Cohen who did a first study + + + align:start position:0% +Cohen who did a first study +Distributing Free Bet Nets or bad Nets + + align:start position:0% +Distributing Free Bet Nets or bad Nets + + + align:start position:0% +Distributing Free Bet Nets or bad Nets +at some prices + + align:start position:0% +at some prices + + + align:start position:0% +at some prices +in um along with the first maternity + + align:start position:0% +in um along with the first maternity + + + align:start position:0% +in um along with the first maternity +checkups + + align:start position:0% +checkups + + + align:start position:0% +checkups +and what they did later is that they did + + align:start position:0% +and what they did later is that they did + + + align:start position:0% +and what they did later is that they did +they did random checks to see whether + + align:start position:0% +they did random checks to see whether + + + align:start position:0% +they did random checks to see whether +the people were used at follow-up + + align:start position:0% +the people were used at follow-up + + + align:start position:0% +the people were used at follow-up +and what they find is that + + align:start position:0% +and what they find is that + + + align:start position:0% +and what they find is that +conditional on having a net + + align:start position:0% +conditional on having a net + + + align:start position:0% +conditional on having a net +so including both the treatment effect + + align:start position:0% +so including both the treatment effect + + + align:start position:0% +so including both the treatment effect +potentially as well as the selection + + align:start position:0% +potentially as well as the selection + + + align:start position:0% +potentially as well as the selection +effect which is what we are interested + + align:start position:0% +effect which is what we are interested + + + align:start position:0% +effect which is what we are interested +in today the use of dependence is + + align:start position:0% +in today the use of dependence is + + + align:start position:0% +in today the use of dependence is +actually the same regardless of the + + align:start position:0% +actually the same regardless of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually the same regardless of the +prices you take it + + align:start position:0% +prices you take it + + + align:start position:0% +prices you take it +and you get you paid now of course + + align:start position:0% +and you get you paid now of course + + + align:start position:0% +and you get you paid now of course +it's conditional on getting a net but + + align:start position:0% +it's conditional on getting a net but + + + align:start position:0% +it's conditional on getting a net but +since you are much more likely to have a + + align:start position:0% +since you are much more likely to have a + + + align:start position:0% +since you are much more likely to have a +net if it was for free the effective + + align:start position:0% +net if it was for free the effective + + + align:start position:0% +net if it was for free the effective +coverage by a net is in fact highly + + align:start position:0% +coverage by a net is in fact highly + + + align:start position:0% +coverage by a net is in fact highly +price elastic the same way that I was + + align:start position:0% +price elastic the same way that I was + + + align:start position:0% +price elastic the same way that I was +showing you before so if I showed you + + align:start position:0% +showing you before so if I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +showing you before so if I showed you +the the effective coverage which means + + align:start position:0% +the the effective coverage which means + + + align:start position:0% +the the effective coverage which means +which is the uh probably to have a net + + align:start position:0% +which is the uh probably to have a net + + + align:start position:0% +which is the uh probably to have a net +multiplied by the property to use it uh + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the property to use it uh + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the property to use it uh +this is in fact highly dependent on how + + align:start position:0% +this is in fact highly dependent on how + + + align:start position:0% +this is in fact highly dependent on how +much people uh how much people need to + + align:start position:0% +much people uh how much people need to + + + align:start position:0% +much people uh how much people need to +pay and even at 50 uh Kenyan Shilling + + align:start position:0% +pay and even at 50 uh Kenyan Shilling + + + align:start position:0% +pay and even at 50 uh Kenyan Shilling +per per net we are now at uh + + align:start position:0% +per per net we are now at uh + + + align:start position:0% +per per net we are now at uh +one third of the or 1 6 of the of the + + align:start position:0% +one third of the or 1 6 of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +one third of the or 1 6 of the of the +full price so it's still much much lower + + align:start position:0% +full price so it's still much much lower + + + align:start position:0% +full price so it's still much much lower +than the full price nobody is willing to + + align:start position:0% +than the full price nobody is willing to + + + align:start position:0% +than the full price nobody is willing to +pay anymore + + align:start position:0% +pay anymore + + + align:start position:0% +pay anymore +so that price elasticity seems real uh + + align:start position:0% +so that price elasticity seems real uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that price elasticity seems real uh +for the use of of a bed net + + align:start position:0% +for the use of of a bed net + + + align:start position:0% +for the use of of a bed net +they also make uh you know in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so likewise as I was saying there are + + align:start position:0% +so likewise as I was saying there are + + + align:start position:0% +so likewise as I was saying there are +large reaction to small positive + + align:start position:0% +large reaction to small positive + + + align:start position:0% +large reaction to small positive +incentive for immunization such as the + + align:start position:0% +incentive for immunization such as the + + + align:start position:0% +incentive for immunization such as the +ones that are proposed for her for her + + align:start position:0% +ones that are proposed for her for her + + + align:start position:0% +ones that are proposed for her for her +covid-19 vaccine the first study I know + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 vaccine the first study I know + + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 vaccine the first study I know +about is a + + align:start position:0% +about is a + + + align:start position:0% +about is a +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the people that visit + + align:start position:0% +the people that visit + + + align:start position:0% +the people that visit +Rachel glanster duva qatarian myself + + align:start position:0% +Rachel glanster duva qatarian myself + + + align:start position:0% +Rachel glanster duva qatarian myself +quote on in on udaipur the same area + + align:start position:0% +quote on in on udaipur the same area + + + align:start position:0% +quote on in on udaipur the same area +where we did the survey + + align:start position:0% +where we did the survey + + + align:start position:0% +where we did the survey +you know we were really struck but it's + + align:start position:0% +you know we were really struck but it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know we were really struck but it's +five percent full ammunition rate and + + align:start position:0% +five percent full ammunition rate and + + + align:start position:0% +five percent full ammunition rate and +wanted to do something about it + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do something about it + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do something about it +so we did what Dean Carolina's called + + align:start position:0% +so we did what Dean Carolina's called + + + align:start position:0% +so we did what Dean Carolina's called +conditional lentil transfer instead of + + align:start position:0% +conditional lentil transfer instead of + + + align:start position:0% +conditional lentil transfer instead of +conditional cash transfer + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer + + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer +so we did a small experiment in 130 + + align:start position:0% +so we did a small experiment in 130 + + + align:start position:0% +so we did a small experiment in 130 +Villages 60 got Honda miasa introversive + + align:start position:0% +Villages 60 got Honda miasa introversive + + + align:start position:0% +Villages 60 got Honda miasa introversive +regular ammunition camp + + align:start position:0% +regular ammunition camp + + + align:start position:0% +regular ammunition camp +and so that's already a big improvement + + align:start position:0% +and so that's already a big improvement + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's already a big improvement +over what they had normally because + + align:start position:0% +over what they had normally because + + + align:start position:0% +over what they had normally because +normally they were supposed to go this + + align:start position:0% +normally they were supposed to go this + + + align:start position:0% +normally they were supposed to go this +time to the to the health clinic which + + align:start position:0% +time to the to the health clinic which + + + align:start position:0% +time to the to the health clinic which +was closed a lot of the time and so + + align:start position:0% +was closed a lot of the time and so + + + align:start position:0% +was closed a lot of the time and so +maybe you maybe it's just hard for them + + align:start position:0% +maybe you maybe it's just hard for them + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you maybe it's just hard for them +to get immunized because you show up + + align:start position:0% +to get immunized because you show up + + + align:start position:0% +to get immunized because you show up +with your kid walk two kilometers to + + align:start position:0% +with your kid walk two kilometers to + + + align:start position:0% +with your kid walk two kilometers to +work with your kid the nurse is not + + align:start position:0% +work with your kid the nurse is not + + + align:start position:0% +work with your kid the nurse is not +there maybe you're not gonna do it again + + align:start position:0% +there maybe you're not gonna do it again + + + align:start position:0% +there maybe you're not gonna do it again +that actually uh maybe it was in fact + + align:start position:0% +that actually uh maybe it was in fact + + + align:start position:0% +that actually uh maybe it was in fact +extraordinarily expensive so the first + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily expensive so the first + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily expensive so the first +thing we we wanted to do is to sort of + + align:start position:0% +thing we we wanted to do is to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +thing we we wanted to do is to sort of +simulate what would happen if the camps + + align:start position:0% +simulate what would happen if the camps + + + align:start position:0% +simulate what would happen if the camps +were really Ultra regular would it be + + align:start position:0% +were really Ultra regular would it be + + + align:start position:0% +were really Ultra regular would it be +sufficient to bring everyone to a + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to bring everyone to a + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to bring everyone to a +musician Camp so again in the covid-19 + + align:start position:0% +musician Camp so again in the covid-19 + + + align:start position:0% +musician Camp so again in the covid-19 +vaccine questions have been raised in + + align:start position:0% +vaccine questions have been raised in + + + align:start position:0% +vaccine questions have been raised in +particular for people from minorities + + align:start position:0% +particular for people from minorities + + + align:start position:0% +particular for people from minorities +around access and making it as simple as + + align:start position:0% +around access and making it as simple as + + + align:start position:0% +around access and making it as simple as +possible so here I suppose we make it as + + align:start position:0% +possible so here I suppose we make it as + + + align:start position:0% +possible so here I suppose we make it as +simple as regular as possible so the NGO + + align:start position:0% +simple as regular as possible so the NGO + + + align:start position:0% +simple as regular as possible so the NGO +we work with silver Monday made an + + align:start position:0% +we work with silver Monday made an + + + align:start position:0% +we work with silver Monday made an +agreement with the government of + + align:start position:0% +agreement with the government of + + + align:start position:0% +agreement with the government of +Rajasthan to kind of take over + + align:start position:0% +Rajasthan to kind of take over + + + align:start position:0% +Rajasthan to kind of take over +ammunition services in 60 Villages they + + align:start position:0% +ammunition services in 60 Villages they + + + align:start position:0% +ammunition services in 60 Villages they +hired the nurse they were up there every + + align:start position:0% +hired the nurse they were up there every + + + align:start position:0% +hired the nurse they were up there every +month rain or shine all of the camps + + align:start position:0% +month rain or shine all of the camps + + + align:start position:0% +month rain or shine all of the camps +were held they were in a central + + align:start position:0% +were held they were in a central + + + align:start position:0% +were held they were in a central +location in the village so make it quite + + align:start position:0% +location in the village so make it quite + + + align:start position:0% +location in the village so make it quite +easy + + align:start position:0% +easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy +then in half of those + + align:start position:0% +then in half of those + + + align:start position:0% +then in half of those +we offered small incentives to get + + align:start position:0% +we offered small incentives to get + + + align:start position:0% +we offered small incentives to get +immunized and the small incentive was a + + align:start position:0% +immunized and the small incentive was a + + + align:start position:0% +immunized and the small incentive was a +kilo of lentil per shot plus one set of + + align:start position:0% +kilo of lentil per shot plus one set of + + + align:start position:0% +kilo of lentil per shot plus one set of +plates for finishing the shot so it's + + align:start position:0% +plates for finishing the shot so it's + + + align:start position:0% +plates for finishing the shot so it's +actually a + + align:start position:0% +actually a + + + align:start position:0% +actually a +there is poster there is kind of a slope + + align:start position:0% +there is poster there is kind of a slope + + + align:start position:0% +there is poster there is kind of a slope +to it it's convex which is going to be + + align:start position:0% +to it it's convex which is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +to it it's convex which is going to be +relevant for the rest of what we're + + align:start position:0% +relevant for the rest of what we're + + + align:start position:0% +relevant for the rest of what we're +going to do today + + align:start position:0% +going to do today + + + align:start position:0% +going to do today +and we found pretty large impact uh oops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is immunization in the control + + align:start position:0% +this is immunization in the control + + + align:start position:0% +this is immunization in the control +Hamlet so at the end line if what it was + + align:start position:0% +Hamlet so at the end line if what it was + + + align:start position:0% +Hamlet so at the end line if what it was +about six percent + + align:start position:0% +about six percent + + + align:start position:0% +about six percent +in intervention a uh Hamlet that's the + + align:start position:0% +in intervention a uh Hamlet that's the + + + align:start position:0% +in intervention a uh Hamlet that's the +one that just got the camps so that's + + align:start position:0% +one that just got the camps so that's + + + align:start position:0% +one that just got the camps so that's +already about doubling uh to about 12 + + align:start position:0% +already about doubling uh to about 12 + + + align:start position:0% +already about doubling uh to about 12 +percent and then if in dimension B + + align:start position:0% +percent and then if in dimension B + + + align:start position:0% +percent and then if in dimension B +Hamlet when we added the incentive it + + align:start position:0% +Hamlet when we added the incentive it + + + align:start position:0% +Hamlet when we added the incentive it +comes to about 37 percent + + align:start position:0% +comes to about 37 percent + + + align:start position:0% +comes to about 37 percent +so that in fact that throws in so many + + align:start position:0% +so that in fact that throws in so many + + + align:start position:0% +so that in fact that throws in so many +kids that the uh it is cheaper to offer + + align:start position:0% +kids that the uh it is cheaper to offer + + + align:start position:0% +kids that the uh it is cheaper to offer +the kid fully immunized turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +the kid fully immunized turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +the kid fully immunized turns out to be +cheaper to offer the incentive than not + + align:start position:0% +cheaper to offer the incentive than not + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper to offer the incentive than not +or for the incentive uh because uh the + + align:start position:0% +or for the incentive uh because uh the + + + align:start position:0% +or for the incentive uh because uh the +nurse was more occupied so the cost per + + align:start position:0% +nurse was more occupied so the cost per + + + align:start position:0% +nurse was more occupied so the cost per +shot goes down the full cost increases + + align:start position:0% +shot goes down the full cost increases + + + align:start position:0% +shot goes down the full cost increases +but you have more kids but it means even + + align:start position:0% +but you have more kids but it means even + + + align:start position:0% +but you have more kids but it means even +counting the transfer of the costs it's + + align:start position:0% +counting the transfer of the costs it's + + + align:start position:0% +counting the transfer of the costs it's +actually cheaper to provide incentive + + align:start position:0% +actually cheaper to provide incentive + + + align:start position:0% +actually cheaper to provide incentive +than not to provide them in this case it + + align:start position:0% +than not to provide them in this case it + + + align:start position:0% +than not to provide them in this case it +has to be + + align:start position:0% +has to be + + + align:start position:0% +has to be +a a function of not very many people + + align:start position:0% +a a function of not very many people + + + align:start position:0% +a a function of not very many people +getting into getting immunized without + + align:start position:0% +getting into getting immunized without + + + align:start position:0% +getting into getting immunized without +the incentive and the large treatment + + align:start position:0% +the incentive and the large treatment + + + align:start position:0% +the incentive and the large treatment +effect + + align:start position:0% +effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect +furthermore further we find very little + + align:start position:0% +furthermore further we find very little + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore further we find very little +spillover to the neighbor in villages of + + align:start position:0% +spillover to the neighbor in villages of + + + align:start position:0% +spillover to the neighbor in villages of +just having the camp so people do not + + align:start position:0% +just having the camp so people do not + + + align:start position:0% +just having the camp so people do not +seem to be walking + + align:start position:0% +seem to be walking + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be walking +nearby in order to get immunized on the + + align:start position:0% +nearby in order to get immunized on the + + + align:start position:0% +nearby in order to get immunized on the +other hand we find speedovers when when + + align:start position:0% +other hand we find speedovers when when + + + align:start position:0% +other hand we find speedovers when when +the incentive is there + + align:start position:0% +the incentive is there + + + align:start position:0% +the incentive is there +so this bar is bigger than this one for + + align:start position:0% +so this bar is bigger than this one for + + + align:start position:0% +so this bar is bigger than this one for +example so uh + + align:start position:0% +example so uh + + + align:start position:0% +example so uh +uh showing that you know people will not + + align:start position:0% +uh showing that you know people will not + + + align:start position:0% +uh showing that you know people will not +move to get immunized with that they'll + + align:start position:0% +move to get immunized with that they'll + + + align:start position:0% +move to get immunized with that they'll +they'll come for the for the kilo of + + align:start position:0% +they'll come for the for the kilo of + + + align:start position:0% +they'll come for the for the kilo of +lentils + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that suggests that maybe + + align:start position:0% +so that suggests that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +so that suggests that maybe +um the kovid vaccine incentives might + + align:start position:0% +um the kovid vaccine incentives might + + + align:start position:0% +um the kovid vaccine incentives might +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +is actually but there are there is + + align:start position:0% +is actually but there are there is + + + align:start position:0% +is actually but there are there is +however one big difference in the + + align:start position:0% +however one big difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +however one big difference in the +context + + align:start position:0% +context + + + align:start position:0% +context +which is where we ask people in udaipur + + align:start position:0% +which is where we ask people in udaipur + + + align:start position:0% +which is where we ask people in udaipur +whether they think immunization is a + + align:start position:0% +whether they think immunization is a + + + align:start position:0% +whether they think immunization is a +good thing + + align:start position:0% +good thing + + + align:start position:0% +good thing +they all think it's great and they all + + align:start position:0% +they all think it's great and they all + + + align:start position:0% +they all think it's great and they all +would like to do it + + align:start position:0% +would like to do it + + + align:start position:0% +would like to do it +so 98 of people and we did the same + + align:start position:0% +so 98 of people and we did the same + + + align:start position:0% +so 98 of people and we did the same +survey in haryana you read the the + + align:start position:0% +survey in haryana you read the the + + + align:start position:0% +survey in haryana you read the the +gossip paper where we did the musician's + + align:start position:0% +gossip paper where we did the musician's + + + align:start position:0% +gossip paper where we did the musician's +context in this context everybody tells + + align:start position:0% +context in this context everybody tells + + + align:start position:0% +context in this context everybody tells +you that they would really like to have + + align:start position:0% +you that they would really like to have + + + align:start position:0% +you that they would really like to have +their kids eliminated + + align:start position:0% +their kids eliminated + + + align:start position:0% +their kids eliminated +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +when people have asked me about the + + align:start position:0% +when people have asked me about the + + + align:start position:0% +when people have asked me about the +incentives for the covet vaccine I was + + align:start position:0% +incentives for the covet vaccine I was + + + align:start position:0% +incentives for the covet vaccine I was +like well there are some people who + + align:start position:0% +like well there are some people who + + + align:start position:0% +like well there are some people who +might want to do it and don't get around + + align:start position:0% +might want to do it and don't get around + + + align:start position:0% +might want to do it and don't get around +to do it and then the incentive might + + align:start position:0% +to do it and then the incentive might + + + align:start position:0% +to do it and then the incentive might +work but it is less clear that someone + + align:start position:0% +work but it is less clear that someone + + + align:start position:0% +work but it is less clear that someone +might be convinced by a small incentive + + align:start position:0% +might be convinced by a small incentive + + + align:start position:0% +might be convinced by a small incentive +if they don't want it in the first place + + align:start position:0% +if they don't want it in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +if they don't want it in the first place +so that creates a a very different + + align:start position:0% +so that creates a a very different + + + align:start position:0% +so that creates a a very different +context + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because uh and that's why we have to + + align:start position:0% +because uh and that's why we have to + + + align:start position:0% +because uh and that's why we have to +think about what causes these very large + + align:start position:0% +think about what causes these very large + + + align:start position:0% +think about what causes these very large +responses uh to the incentives + + align:start position:0% +responses uh to the incentives + + + align:start position:0% +responses uh to the incentives +so why are this why why are those these + + align:start position:0% +so why are this why why are those these + + + align:start position:0% +so why are this why why are those these +are just you know a few examples but + + align:start position:0% +are just you know a few examples but + + + align:start position:0% +are just you know a few examples but +there are many others + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the paper on giving people incentives to + + align:start position:0% +the paper on giving people incentives to + + + align:start position:0% +the paper on giving people incentives to +get their tiny incentives to get their + + align:start position:0% +get their tiny incentives to get their + + + align:start position:0% +get their tiny incentives to get their +HIV test results after the test had + + align:start position:0% +HIV test results after the test had + + + align:start position:0% +HIV test results after the test had +already been taken anyways so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +already been taken anyways so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +already been taken anyways so it doesn't +even involve the shots it's just getting + + align:start position:0% +even involve the shots it's just getting + + + align:start position:0% +even involve the shots it's just getting +the results and find very large impact + + align:start position:0% +the results and find very large impact + + + align:start position:0% +the results and find very large impact +of getting of uh getting a small + + align:start position:0% +of getting of uh getting a small + + + align:start position:0% +of getting of uh getting a small +incentive to collect your HIV AIDS test + + align:start position:0% +incentive to collect your HIV AIDS test + + + align:start position:0% +incentive to collect your HIV AIDS test +results + + align:start position:0% +results + + + align:start position:0% +results +um she also finds that if the tent to + + align:start position:0% +um she also finds that if the tent to + + + align:start position:0% +um she also finds that if the tent to +collect the result is a little further + + align:start position:0% +collect the result is a little further + + + align:start position:0% +collect the result is a little further +away people don't go so in the sense in + + align:start position:0% +away people don't go so in the sense in + + + align:start position:0% +away people don't go so in the sense in +the same people she has a response to + + align:start position:0% +the same people she has a response to + + + align:start position:0% +the same people she has a response to +you know the negative the cost of having + + align:start position:0% +you know the negative the cost of having + + + align:start position:0% +you know the negative the cost of having +to travel + + align:start position:0% +to travel + + + align:start position:0% +to travel +uh you know the walking cost versus the + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the walking cost versus the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the walking cost versus the +the cost of the small incentive and find + + align:start position:0% +the cost of the small incentive and find + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of the small incentive and find +the same thing in boost paper + + align:start position:0% +the same thing in boost paper + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing in boost paper +so these are just two examples uh but + + align:start position:0% +so these are just two examples uh but + + + align:start position:0% +so these are just two examples uh but +there are many many others + + align:start position:0% +there are many many others + + + align:start position:0% +there are many many others +um and now in particular there are + + align:start position:0% +um and now in particular there are + + + align:start position:0% +um and now in particular there are +replication of this small incentive for + + align:start position:0% +replication of this small incentive for + + + align:start position:0% +replication of this small incentive for +immunization in many contexts most + + align:start position:0% +immunization in many contexts most + + + align:start position:0% +immunization in many contexts most +recently in Pakistan uh in a paper in + + align:start position:0% +recently in Pakistan uh in a paper in + + + align:start position:0% +recently in Pakistan uh in a paper in +which I was involved but also in + + align:start position:0% +which I was involved but also in + + + align:start position:0% +which I was involved but also in +Ethiopia in + + align:start position:0% +Ethiopia in + + + align:start position:0% +Ethiopia in +and in other places and it's the basis + + align:start position:0% +and in other places and it's the basis + + + align:start position:0% +and in other places and it's the basis +for the conditional cash transfer + + align:start position:0% +for the conditional cash transfer + + + align:start position:0% +for the conditional cash transfer +approach which has become very popular + + align:start position:0% +approach which has become very popular + + + align:start position:0% +approach which has become very popular +in many countries and but of course + + align:start position:0% +in many countries and but of course + + + align:start position:0% +in many countries and but of course +those cash transfers are much larger + + align:start position:0% +those cash transfers are much larger + + + align:start position:0% +those cash transfers are much larger +so it's still although it's very popular + + align:start position:0% +so it's still although it's very popular + + + align:start position:0% +so it's still although it's very popular +it's pretty puzzling in light of a + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty puzzling in light of a + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty puzzling in light of a +demand for health model where people are + + align:start position:0% +demand for health model where people are + + + align:start position:0% +demand for health model where people are +responsive to benefits and responsive to + + align:start position:0% +responsive to benefits and responsive to + + + align:start position:0% +responsive to benefits and responsive to +costs because the benefits to preventive + + align:start position:0% +costs because the benefits to preventive + + + align:start position:0% +costs because the benefits to preventive +Health are fairly large are very large + + align:start position:0% +Health are fairly large are very large + + + align:start position:0% +Health are fairly large are very large +and that's why I was asked I was + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I was asked I was + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I was asked I was +pointing out that are people aware of + + align:start position:0% +pointing out that are people aware of + + + align:start position:0% +pointing out that are people aware of +these benefits maybe they are not in the + + align:start position:0% +these benefits maybe they are not in the + + + align:start position:0% +these benefits maybe they are not in the +case of the immunization in the U.S + + align:start position:0% +case of the immunization in the U.S + + + align:start position:0% +case of the immunization in the U.S +maybe the remaining people who are not + + align:start position:0% +maybe the remaining people who are not + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the remaining people who are not +vaccinated are not aware of the benefits + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated are not aware of the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated are not aware of the benefits +or for them the these benefits are + + align:start position:0% +or for them the these benefits are + + + align:start position:0% +or for them the these benefits are +balanced by very large costs + + align:start position:0% +balanced by very large costs + + + align:start position:0% +balanced by very large costs +but in the case of of of + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of of of + + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of of of +Rajasthan or how you know it seems that + + align:start position:0% +Rajasthan or how you know it seems that + + + align:start position:0% +Rajasthan or how you know it seems that +people are aware of the benefits to some + + align:start position:0% +people are aware of the benefits to some + + + align:start position:0% +people are aware of the benefits to some +extent at least they are aware enough + + align:start position:0% +extent at least they are aware enough + + + align:start position:0% +extent at least they are aware enough +that they're willing to tell you that + + align:start position:0% +that they're willing to tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +that they're willing to tell you that +there are such benefits + + align:start position:0% +there are such benefits + + + align:start position:0% +there are such benefits +um by the way I don't know what the + + align:start position:0% +um by the way I don't know what the + + + align:start position:0% +um by the way I don't know what the +answer about kovid vaccines are + + align:start position:0% +answer about kovid vaccines are + + + align:start position:0% +answer about kovid vaccines are +different there is also a great amount + + align:start position:0% +different there is also a great amount + + + align:start position:0% +different there is also a great amount +of hesitancy + + align:start position:0% +of hesitancy + + + align:start position:0% +of hesitancy +for covid vaccine in India That You + + align:start position:0% +for covid vaccine in India That You + + + align:start position:0% +for covid vaccine in India That You +Don't See for childhood vaccination + + align:start position:0% +Don't See for childhood vaccination + + + align:start position:0% +Don't See for childhood vaccination +and that I don't know whether it's + + align:start position:0% +and that I don't know whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +and that I don't know whether it's +because it's the first adult vaccine + + align:start position:0% +because it's the first adult vaccine + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the first adult vaccine +that they have since there are no + + align:start position:0% +that they have since there are no + + + align:start position:0% +that they have since there are no +regular flu shot vaccines so it's + + align:start position:0% +regular flu shot vaccines so it's + + + align:start position:0% +regular flu shot vaccines so it's +something unusual or whether it is + + align:start position:0% +something unusual or whether it is + + + align:start position:0% +something unusual or whether it is +because the same kind of disinformation + + align:start position:0% +because the same kind of disinformation + + + align:start position:0% +because the same kind of disinformation +that floats in the U.S somehow makes its + + align:start position:0% +that floats in the U.S somehow makes its + + + align:start position:0% +that floats in the U.S somehow makes its +way makes its way in all of these + + align:start position:0% +way makes its way in all of these + + + align:start position:0% +way makes its way in all of these +countries as well I don't think we we do + + align:start position:0% +countries as well I don't think we we do + + + align:start position:0% +countries as well I don't think we we do +that yet + + align:start position:0% +that yet + + + align:start position:0% +that yet +but in the case of childhood vaccination + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of childhood vaccination + + + align:start position:0% +but in the case of childhood vaccination +or maybe they just you know we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +or maybe they just you know we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe they just you know we'll talk a +bit about social Norm in a minute maybe + + align:start position:0% +bit about social Norm in a minute maybe + + + align:start position:0% +bit about social Norm in a minute maybe +people feel that you want them to hear + + align:start position:0% +people feel that you want them to hear + + + align:start position:0% +people feel that you want them to hear +that the childhood vaccination is safe + + align:start position:0% +that the childhood vaccination is safe + + + align:start position:0% +that the childhood vaccination is safe +and effective and they should do it so + + align:start position:0% +and effective and they should do it so + + + align:start position:0% +and effective and they should do it so +that's what they tell you + + align:start position:0% +that's what they tell you + + + align:start position:0% +that's what they tell you +and but they think it's okay and who + + align:start position:0% +and but they think it's okay and who + + + align:start position:0% +and but they think it's okay and who +said that the vaccines are for kovid are + + align:start position:0% +said that the vaccines are for kovid are + + + align:start position:0% +said that the vaccines are for kovid are +not safe because that's what everybody + + align:start position:0% +not safe because that's what everybody + + + align:start position:0% +not safe because that's what everybody +around them is saying it's possible that + + align:start position:0% +around them is saying it's possible that + + + align:start position:0% +around them is saying it's possible that +it's the kids as well + + align:start position:0% +it's the kids as well + + + align:start position:0% +it's the kids as well +so but so so all of these Goods have + + align:start position:0% +so but so so all of these Goods have + + + align:start position:0% +so but so so all of these Goods have +large benefits people seem to care about + + align:start position:0% +large benefits people seem to care about + + + align:start position:0% +large benefits people seem to care about +their health since they are spending so + + align:start position:0% +their health since they are spending so + + + align:start position:0% +their health since they are spending so +much money on treatment it's not that + + align:start position:0% +much money on treatment it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +much money on treatment it's not that +they care and particular they won't even + + align:start position:0% +they care and particular they won't even + + + align:start position:0% +they care and particular they won't even +ask their kids for missiles but if the + + align:start position:0% +ask their kids for missiles but if the + + + align:start position:0% +ask their kids for missiles but if the +kid has measles they will spend tons of + + align:start position:0% +kid has measles they will spend tons of + + + align:start position:0% +kid has measles they will spend tons of +money like trying to get them better + + align:start position:0% +money like trying to get them better + + + align:start position:0% +money like trying to get them better +um and the Pisces or the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +um and the Pisces or the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +um and the Pisces or the opportunity +costs are not that high to begin with a + + align:start position:0% +costs are not that high to begin with a + + + align:start position:0% +costs are not that high to begin with a +lot of these goods are heavily + + align:start position:0% +lot of these goods are heavily + + + align:start position:0% +lot of these goods are heavily +subsidized or they are free and all you + + align:start position:0% +subsidized or they are free and all you + + + align:start position:0% +subsidized or they are free and all you +have to do is to you know spend some + + align:start position:0% +have to do is to you know spend some + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is to you know spend some +time to take some time off to get the + + align:start position:0% +time to take some time off to get the + + + align:start position:0% +time to take some time off to get the +kid vaccinated + + align:start position:0% +kid vaccinated + + + align:start position:0% +kid vaccinated +so what are the placebo explanation so + + align:start position:0% +so what are the placebo explanation so + + + align:start position:0% +so what are the placebo explanation so +one of the most popular explanation + + align:start position:0% +one of the most popular explanation + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most popular explanation +economics is present bias so if you + + align:start position:0% +economics is present bias so if you + + + align:start position:0% +economics is present bias so if you +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +the model we just saw for savings + + align:start position:0% +the model we just saw for savings + + + align:start position:0% +the model we just saw for savings +people might have very different + + align:start position:0% +people might have very different + + + align:start position:0% +people might have very different +preference in a present and in the + + align:start position:0% +preference in a present and in the + + + align:start position:0% +preference in a present and in the +future so here in the in the in in + + align:start position:0% +future so here in the in the in in + + + align:start position:0% +future so here in the in the in in +in the case of immunization think of you + + align:start position:0% +in the case of immunization think of you + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of immunization think of you +know being + + align:start position:0% +know being + + + align:start position:0% +know being +have being immunized at something you + + align:start position:0% +have being immunized at something you + + + align:start position:0% +have being immunized at something you +value in the in the future + + align:start position:0% +value in the in the future + + + align:start position:0% +value in the in the future +and uh not being + + align:start position:0% +and uh not being + + + align:start position:0% +and uh not being +you know the the time that you spent in + + align:start position:0% +you know the the time that you spent in + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the time that you spent in +front of the television instead of + + align:start position:0% +front of the television instead of + + + align:start position:0% +front of the television instead of +getting immunized as a Temptation good + + align:start position:0% +getting immunized as a Temptation good + + + align:start position:0% +getting immunized as a Temptation good +so it's in the space of time as opposed + + align:start position:0% +so it's in the space of time as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +so it's in the space of time as opposed +or inconvenience as opposed to being in + + align:start position:0% +or inconvenience as opposed to being in + + + align:start position:0% +or inconvenience as opposed to being in +the space in the in the space of money + + align:start position:0% +the space in the in the space of money + + + align:start position:0% +the space in the in the space of money +ah so + + align:start position:0% +ah so + + + align:start position:0% +ah so +you think that you know you would like + + align:start position:0% +you think that you know you would like + + + align:start position:0% +you think that you know you would like +so today you you think about the + + align:start position:0% +so today you you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +so today you you think about the +benefits of ammunition the future they + + align:start position:0% +benefits of ammunition the future they + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of ammunition the future they +look good + + align:start position:0% +look good + + + align:start position:0% +look good +but you don't experience any today + + align:start position:0% +but you don't experience any today + + + align:start position:0% +but you don't experience any today +because today your kid is not exposed to + + align:start position:0% +because today your kid is not exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +because today your kid is not exposed to +the measles so today your kid is not + + align:start position:0% +the measles so today your kid is not + + + align:start position:0% +the measles so today your kid is not +there is no and any benefit today + + align:start position:0% +there is no and any benefit today + + + align:start position:0% +there is no and any benefit today +there'll be benefits in the future but + + align:start position:0% +there'll be benefits in the future but + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be benefits in the future but +the the temptation of staying home is + + align:start position:0% +the the temptation of staying home is + + + align:start position:0% +the the temptation of staying home is +today the competition of using + + align:start position:0% +today the competition of using + + + align:start position:0% +today the competition of using +of using some of your time is today and + + align:start position:0% +of using some of your time is today and + + + align:start position:0% +of using some of your time is today and +you don't + + align:start position:0% +you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't +you don't value that time for tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +you don't value that time for tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +you don't value that time for tomorrow +so you will always want to wait and do + + align:start position:0% +so you will always want to wait and do + + + align:start position:0% +so you will always want to wait and do +it some other time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in that case a small cast today + + align:start position:0% +so in that case a small cast today + + + align:start position:0% +so in that case a small cast today +discourage the actions but it could be + + align:start position:0% +discourage the actions but it could be + + + align:start position:0% +discourage the actions but it could be +undone by a small benefit today + + align:start position:0% +undone by a small benefit today + + + align:start position:0% +undone by a small benefit today +for example the bag of lentils or other + + align:start position:0% +for example the bag of lentils or other + + + align:start position:0% +for example the bag of lentils or other +plates + + align:start position:0% +plates + + + align:start position:0% +plates +um and you you that would give you an + + align:start position:0% +um and you you that would give you an + + + align:start position:0% +um and you you that would give you an +argument for preventive care subsidies + + align:start position:0% +argument for preventive care subsidies + + + align:start position:0% +argument for preventive care subsidies +and not just immunization not just + + align:start position:0% +and not just immunization not just + + + align:start position:0% +and not just immunization not just +positive prices but also subsidies + + align:start position:0% +positive prices but also subsidies + + + align:start position:0% +positive prices but also subsidies +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +not just because of externalities risen + + align:start position:0% +not just because of externalities risen + + + align:start position:0% +not just because of externalities risen +which in and of itself would justify + + align:start position:0% +which in and of itself would justify + + + align:start position:0% +which in and of itself would justify +that we pay how soon to get immunized so + + align:start position:0% +that we pay how soon to get immunized so + + + align:start position:0% +that we pay how soon to get immunized so +they internalize the benefits to other + + align:start position:0% +they internalize the benefits to other + + + align:start position:0% +they internalize the benefits to other +people in the community but also for + + align:start position:0% +people in the community but also for + + + align:start position:0% +people in the community but also for +internality because the small benefit + + align:start position:0% +internality because the small benefit + + + align:start position:0% +internality because the small benefit +received today is gonna outweigh uh the + + align:start position:0% +received today is gonna outweigh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +received today is gonna outweigh uh the +the the the small cost uh hard today and + + align:start position:0% +the the the small cost uh hard today and + + + align:start position:0% +the the the small cost uh hard today and +at some level you should give ice cream + + align:start position:0% +at some level you should give ice cream + + + align:start position:0% +at some level you should give ice cream +in the camps as opposed to money in this + + align:start position:0% +in the camps as opposed to money in this + + + align:start position:0% +in the camps as opposed to money in this +context because you have a competition + + align:start position:0% +context because you have a competition + + + align:start position:0% +context because you have a competition +against your competition and that'll be + + align:start position:0% +against your competition and that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +against your competition and that'll be +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +uh so in that sense the BR + + align:start position:0% +uh so in that sense the BR + + + align:start position:0% +uh so in that sense the BR +um is might be kind of the ideal form of + + align:start position:0% +um is might be kind of the ideal form of + + + align:start position:0% +um is might be kind of the ideal form of +an incentive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if indeed + + align:start position:0% +if indeed + + + align:start position:0% +if indeed +um present bias was a big reason why + + align:start position:0% +um present bias was a big reason why + + + align:start position:0% +um present bias was a big reason why +people don't get immunized then + + align:start position:0% +people don't get immunized then + + + align:start position:0% +people don't get immunized then +incentives would not be the only way + + align:start position:0% +incentives would not be the only way + + + align:start position:0% +incentives would not be the only way +that you could go about it + + align:start position:0% +that you could go about it + + + align:start position:0% +that you could go about it +for example one thing that would be + + align:start position:0% +for example one thing that would be + + + align:start position:0% +for example one thing that would be +powerful is default option + + align:start position:0% +powerful is default option + + + align:start position:0% +powerful is default option +which is basically you have to opt out + + align:start position:0% +which is basically you have to opt out + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically you have to opt out +to not get your kid immunized so the + + align:start position:0% +to not get your kid immunized so the + + + align:start position:0% +to not get your kid immunized so the +form of mandates that are present for + + align:start position:0% +form of mandates that are present for + + + align:start position:0% +form of mandates that are present for +childhood immunization in many countries + + align:start position:0% +childhood immunization in many countries + + + align:start position:0% +childhood immunization in many countries +including the US + + align:start position:0% +including the US + + + align:start position:0% +including the US +it's not that you cannot uh + + align:start position:0% +it's not that you cannot uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that you cannot uh +refuse to get your child immunized but + + align:start position:0% +refuse to get your child immunized but + + + align:start position:0% +refuse to get your child immunized but +if you do it's going to be inconvenient + + align:start position:0% +if you do it's going to be inconvenient + + + align:start position:0% +if you do it's going to be inconvenient +you have to find a doctor that is + + align:start position:0% +you have to find a doctor that is + + + align:start position:0% +you have to find a doctor that is +willing to sign new a form or you have + + align:start position:0% +willing to sign new a form or you have + + + align:start position:0% +willing to sign new a form or you have +to find a religious leader who is going + + align:start position:0% +to find a religious leader who is going + + + align:start position:0% +to find a religious leader who is going +to give you the religious exemption uh + + align:start position:0% +to give you the religious exemption uh + + + align:start position:0% +to give you the religious exemption uh +and so that's a bit of a pain + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a bit of a pain + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a bit of a pain +so that can be interpreted in the in in + + align:start position:0% +so that can be interpreted in the in in + + + align:start position:0% +so that can be interpreted in the in in +this framework by saying well you know + + align:start position:0% +this framework by saying well you know + + + align:start position:0% +this framework by saying well you know +by default your kid is going to be + + align:start position:0% +by default your kid is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +by default your kid is going to be +immunized for all of these uh diseases + + align:start position:0% +immunized for all of these uh diseases + + + align:start position:0% +immunized for all of these uh diseases +and if you want to get out of the + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to get out of the + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to get out of the +default you have to do something + + align:start position:0% +default you have to do something + + + align:start position:0% +default you have to do something +slightly painful + + align:start position:0% +slightly painful + + + align:start position:0% +slightly painful +so that's kind of this idea of nerd or + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of this idea of nerd or + + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of this idea of nerd or +Choice infrastructure is that you know + + align:start position:0% +Choice infrastructure is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +Choice infrastructure is that you know +the default is gonna push you in that + + align:start position:0% +the default is gonna push you in that + + + align:start position:0% +the default is gonna push you in that +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +uh not not just because it it kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh not not just because it it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh not not just because it it kind of +shows you what to do which might also be + + align:start position:0% +shows you what to do which might also be + + + align:start position:0% +shows you what to do which might also be +part of the impact of default by the way + + align:start position:0% +part of the impact of default by the way + + + align:start position:0% +part of the impact of default by the way +but also because it it uh it sets up the + + align:start position:0% +but also because it it uh it sets up the + + + align:start position:0% +but also because it it uh it sets up the +barrier + + align:start position:0% +barrier + + + align:start position:0% +barrier +so that's why in most for childhood + + align:start position:0% +so that's why in most for childhood + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why in most for childhood +immunization I think in most of the + + align:start position:0% +immunization I think in most of the + + + align:start position:0% +immunization I think in most of the +developed countries we don't have + + align:start position:0% +developed countries we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +developed countries we don't have +incentives we have mandates that are not + + align:start position:0% +incentives we have mandates that are not + + + align:start position:0% +incentives we have mandates that are not +very hard mandates + + align:start position:0% +very hard mandates + + + align:start position:0% +very hard mandates +we can see that in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +we can see that in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that in the case of the +covid-19 vaccine the mandates are + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 vaccine the mandates are + + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 vaccine the mandates are +actually much harder and they are now + + align:start position:0% +actually much harder and they are now + + + align:start position:0% +actually much harder and they are now +only for adults but in places like for + + align:start position:0% +only for adults but in places like for + + + align:start position:0% +only for adults but in places like for +example if you're a healthcare worker + + align:start position:0% +example if you're a healthcare worker + + + align:start position:0% +example if you're a healthcare worker +you lose your job + + align:start position:0% +you lose your job + + + align:start position:0% +you lose your job +so that's not a nudge it's a so it's a + + align:start position:0% +so that's not a nudge it's a so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's not a nudge it's a so it's a +different kind of mandate uh + + align:start position:0% +different kind of mandate uh + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of mandate uh +and they don't give at least in for + + align:start position:0% +and they don't give at least in for + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't give at least in for +example in my pediatrician office is a + + align:start position:0% +example in my pediatrician office is a + + + align:start position:0% +example in my pediatrician office is a +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +placard saying we are not giving medical + + align:start position:0% +placard saying we are not giving medical + + + align:start position:0% +placard saying we are not giving medical +exemption for the kovi 19 vaccine + + align:start position:0% +exemption for the kovi 19 vaccine + + + align:start position:0% +exemption for the kovi 19 vaccine +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +I think they are making the Berkeley + + align:start position:0% +I think they are making the Berkeley + + + align:start position:0% +I think they are making the Berkeley +because the reason why people are + + align:start position:0% +because the reason why people are + + + align:start position:0% +because the reason why people are +refusing covid-19 vaccines are different + + align:start position:0% +refusing covid-19 vaccines are different + + + align:start position:0% +refusing covid-19 vaccines are different +they are there are fewer not an inertia + + align:start position:0% +they are there are fewer not an inertia + + + align:start position:0% +they are there are fewer not an inertia +um not this kind of present bias + + align:start position:0% +um not this kind of present bias + + + align:start position:0% +um not this kind of present bias +framework then if you want your money to + + align:start position:0% +framework then if you want your money to + + + align:start position:0% +framework then if you want your money to +be effective it's actually a proper + + align:start position:0% +be effective it's actually a proper + + + align:start position:0% +be effective it's actually a proper +mandate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in but for childhood immunization if + + align:start position:0% +so in but for childhood immunization if + + + align:start position:0% +so in but for childhood immunization if +the issue is really a hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +the issue is really a hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +the issue is really a hyperbolic +discounting issue is that you want to do + + align:start position:0% +discounting issue is that you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +discounting issue is that you want to do +it but it's kind of never quite the + + align:start position:0% +it but it's kind of never quite the + + + align:start position:0% +it but it's kind of never quite the +right time + + align:start position:0% +right time + + + align:start position:0% +right time +then a default option would help + + align:start position:0% +then a default option would help + + + align:start position:0% +then a default option would help +another thing that might help is to help + + align:start position:0% +another thing that might help is to help + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that might help is to help +people to commit + + align:start position:0% +people to commit + + + align:start position:0% +people to commit +so in the same way that for the savings + + align:start position:0% +so in the same way that for the savings + + + align:start position:0% +so in the same way that for the savings +uh saving we saw the uh Ashcraft + + align:start position:0% +uh saving we saw the uh Ashcraft + + + align:start position:0% +uh saving we saw the uh Ashcraft +Caroline and Yin looking at giving + + align:start position:0% +Caroline and Yin looking at giving + + + align:start position:0% +Caroline and Yin looking at giving +people commitment savings option + + align:start position:0% +people commitment savings option + + + align:start position:0% +people commitment savings option +calendar + + align:start position:0% +calendar + + + align:start position:0% +calendar +paper in the Philippines where they + + align:start position:0% +paper in the Philippines where they + + + align:start position:0% +paper in the Philippines where they +offer a program called caress not to be + + align:start position:0% +offer a program called caress not to be + + + align:start position:0% +offer a program called caress not to be +confused with the unemployment relief in + + align:start position:0% +confused with the unemployment relief in + + + align:start position:0% +confused with the unemployment relief in +the U.S + + align:start position:0% +the U.S + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S +where people are offered this like + + align:start position:0% +where people are offered this like + + + align:start position:0% +where people are offered this like +incredibly attractive savings account + + align:start position:0% +incredibly attractive savings account + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly attractive savings account +which is it's an account that pays zero + + align:start position:0% +which is it's an account that pays zero + + + align:start position:0% +which is it's an account that pays zero +interest + + align:start position:0% +interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest +uh where + + align:start position:0% +uh where + + + align:start position:0% +uh where +um you uh you add you agree if you put + + align:start position:0% +um you uh you add you agree if you put + + + align:start position:0% +um you uh you add you agree if you put +the money to submit yourself to a + + align:start position:0% +the money to submit yourself to a + + + align:start position:0% +the money to submit yourself to a +smoking test and if you fail the smoking + + align:start position:0% +smoking test and if you fail the smoking + + + align:start position:0% +smoking test and if you fail the smoking +test you lose the money + + align:start position:0% +test you lose the money + + + align:start position:0% +test you lose the money +so that incredibly attractive product + + align:start position:0% +so that incredibly attractive product + + + align:start position:0% +so that incredibly attractive product +should really be taken by no one unless + + align:start position:0% +should really be taken by no one unless + + + align:start position:0% +should really be taken by no one unless +they are very keen to stop smoking + + align:start position:0% +they are very keen to stop smoking + + + align:start position:0% +they are very keen to stop smoking +because you might fail the test + + align:start position:0% +because you might fail the test + + + align:start position:0% +because you might fail the test +in fact 10 percent of people takes up + + align:start position:0% +in fact 10 percent of people takes up + + + align:start position:0% +in fact 10 percent of people takes up +take up the program when they're offered + + align:start position:0% +take up the program when they're offered + + + align:start position:0% +take up the program when they're offered +so it's not everyone + + align:start position:0% +so it's not everyone + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not everyone +uh but it's comparable to the teacup of + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's comparable to the teacup of + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's comparable to the teacup of +smooth smoking cessation offers when + + align:start position:0% +smooth smoking cessation offers when + + + align:start position:0% +smooth smoking cessation offers when +they are made in the U.S for example + + align:start position:0% +they are made in the U.S for example + + + align:start position:0% +they are made in the U.S for example +and of the people who were offer the + + align:start position:0% +and of the people who were offer the + + + align:start position:0% +and of the people who were offer the +program + + align:start position:0% +program + + + align:start position:0% +program +they were three percent more likely to + + align:start position:0% +they were three percent more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +they were three percent more likely to +stop smoking than people who were not + + align:start position:0% +stop smoking than people who were not + + + align:start position:0% +stop smoking than people who were not +offered the program + + align:start position:0% +offered the program + + + align:start position:0% +offered the program +so assuming uh that being offered the + + align:start position:0% +so assuming uh that being offered the + + + align:start position:0% +so assuming uh that being offered the +program doesn't have a direct effect + + align:start position:0% +program doesn't have a direct effect + + + align:start position:0% +program doesn't have a direct effect +and therefore we can use the OfferUp of + + align:start position:0% +and therefore we can use the OfferUp of + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore we can use the OfferUp of +the program as an instrument for + + align:start position:0% +the program as an instrument for + + + align:start position:0% +the program as an instrument for +stopping smoking + + align:start position:0% +stopping smoking + + + align:start position:0% +stopping smoking +and now I let you as homework think + + align:start position:0% +and now I let you as homework think + + + align:start position:0% +and now I let you as homework think +about whether that's a good assumption + + align:start position:0% +about whether that's a good assumption + + + align:start position:0% +about whether that's a good assumption +or not but if you are willing to assume + + align:start position:0% +or not but if you are willing to assume + + + align:start position:0% +or not but if you are willing to assume +it that gives you a treatment effect of + + align:start position:0% +it that gives you a treatment effect of + + + align:start position:0% +it that gives you a treatment effect of +the of being accurately signed up of 33 + + align:start position:0% +the of being accurately signed up of 33 + + + align:start position:0% +the of being accurately signed up of 33 +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +10 divided by 3 which is a pretty large + + align:start position:0% +10 divided by 3 which is a pretty large + + + align:start position:0% +10 divided by 3 which is a pretty large +account + + align:start position:0% +account + + + align:start position:0% +account +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the fact that you know anybody is + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you know anybody is + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you know anybody is +willing to do that and that of those + + align:start position:0% +willing to do that and that of those + + + align:start position:0% +willing to do that and that of those +people there was actually some success + + align:start position:0% +people there was actually some success + + + align:start position:0% +people there was actually some success +involved is also consistent uh with this + + align:start position:0% +involved is also consistent uh with this + + + align:start position:0% +involved is also consistent uh with this +commitment problems and of course the + + align:start position:0% +commitment problems and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +commitment problems and of course the +papers you saw the paper on alcohol that + + align:start position:0% +papers you saw the paper on alcohol that + + + align:start position:0% +papers you saw the paper on alcohol that +you saw with uh + + align:start position:0% +you saw with uh + + + align:start position:0% +you saw with uh +um with Frank again goes in this + + align:start position:0% +um with Frank again goes in this + + + align:start position:0% +um with Frank again goes in this +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +I do have one misgiving with this type + + align:start position:0% +I do have one misgiving with this type + + + align:start position:0% +I do have one misgiving with this type +of commitment based commitment problem + + align:start position:0% +of commitment based commitment problem + + + align:start position:0% +of commitment based commitment problem +timing consistency problem based + + align:start position:0% +timing consistency problem based + + + align:start position:0% +timing consistency problem based +explanation for preventive Health in + + align:start position:0% +explanation for preventive Health in + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for preventive Health in +particular vaccination which is that + + align:start position:0% +particular vaccination which is that + + + align:start position:0% +particular vaccination which is that +it really requires people to to to keep + + align:start position:0% +it really requires people to to to keep + + + align:start position:0% +it really requires people to to to keep +being full by themselves you know you + + align:start position:0% +being full by themselves you know you + + + align:start position:0% +being full by themselves you know you +have to think I'm gonna I'm not gonna do + + align:start position:0% +have to think I'm gonna I'm not gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +have to think I'm gonna I'm not gonna do +it today but I value it and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +it today but I value it and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +it today but I value it and I'm going to +do it tomorrow but then when tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +do it tomorrow but then when tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +do it tomorrow but then when tomorrow +rolls along you again not do it and take + + align:start position:0% +rolls along you again not do it and take + + + align:start position:0% +rolls along you again not do it and take +into take for example the example of our + + align:start position:0% +into take for example the example of our + + + align:start position:0% +into take for example the example of our +immunition camp every single month there + + align:start position:0% +immunition camp every single month there + + + align:start position:0% +immunition camp every single month there +is an immunization camp + + align:start position:0% +is an immunization camp + + + align:start position:0% +is an immunization camp +every single month they fail to go + + align:start position:0% +every single month they fail to go + + + align:start position:0% +every single month they fail to go +I mean after a while they should have + + align:start position:0% +I mean after a while they should have + + + align:start position:0% +I mean after a while they should have +gotten the memo + + align:start position:0% +gotten the memo + + + align:start position:0% +gotten the memo +that you know and figured something out + + align:start position:0% +that you know and figured something out + + + align:start position:0% +that you know and figured something out +and at the same time we're saying people + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time we're saying people + + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time we're saying people +are sophisticated enough to sign up for + + align:start position:0% +are sophisticated enough to sign up for + + + align:start position:0% +are sophisticated enough to sign up for +commitment devices well then I have + + align:start position:0% +commitment devices well then I have + + + align:start position:0% +commitment devices well then I have +trouble thinking that I'm not + + align:start position:0% +trouble thinking that I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +trouble thinking that I'm not +sophisticated if they can't sign up for + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated if they can't sign up for + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated if they can't sign up for +a caress commitment device to stop + + align:start position:0% +a caress commitment device to stop + + + align:start position:0% +a caress commitment device to stop +smoking of course these are different + + align:start position:0% +smoking of course these are different + + + align:start position:0% +smoking of course these are different +households but in the context of udaipur + + align:start position:0% +households but in the context of udaipur + + + align:start position:0% +households but in the context of udaipur +we could find I'm sure a lot of evidence + + align:start position:0% +we could find I'm sure a lot of evidence + + + align:start position:0% +we could find I'm sure a lot of evidence +showing a certain degree of + + align:start position:0% +showing a certain degree of + + + align:start position:0% +showing a certain degree of +sophistication + + align:start position:0% +sophistication + + + align:start position:0% +sophistication +then you know how could they continue + + align:start position:0% +then you know how could they continue + + + align:start position:0% +then you know how could they continue +not going month after month after month + + align:start position:0% +not going month after month after month + + + align:start position:0% +not going month after month after month +till the killer it finally gets measured + + align:start position:0% +till the killer it finally gets measured + + + align:start position:0% +till the killer it finally gets measured +that that doesn't you know it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +that that doesn't you know it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that that doesn't you know it's kind of +hard if they really understand + + align:start position:0% +hard if they really understand + + + align:start position:0% +hard if they really understand +the benefit the huge benefit that we + + align:start position:0% +the benefit the huge benefit that we + + + align:start position:0% +the benefit the huge benefit that we +think they are + + align:start position:0% +think they are + + + align:start position:0% +think they are +if they're then it seems a little bit uh + + align:start position:0% +if they're then it seems a little bit uh + + + align:start position:0% +if they're then it seems a little bit uh +unlikely you see my point + + align:start position:0% +unlikely you see my point + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely you see my point +so so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even though I I so this is this type of + + align:start position:0% +even though I I so this is this type of + + + align:start position:0% +even though I I so this is this type of +explanation that intuitively is very + + align:start position:0% +explanation that intuitively is very + + + align:start position:0% +explanation that intuitively is very +sensible and a lot of pieces of evidence + + align:start position:0% +sensible and a lot of pieces of evidence + + + align:start position:0% +sensible and a lot of pieces of evidence +kind of gel + + align:start position:0% +kind of gel + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gel +but quantitatively it makes no sense at + + align:start position:0% +but quantitatively it makes no sense at + + + align:start position:0% +but quantitatively it makes no sense at +some level and I haven't given you a + + align:start position:0% +some level and I haven't given you a + + + align:start position:0% +some level and I haven't given you a +quantitative calibration but I've made + + align:start position:0% +quantitative calibration but I've made + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative calibration but I've made +one you know in my head for you like it + + align:start position:0% +one you know in my head for you like it + + + align:start position:0% +one you know in my head for you like it +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +it goes in the right direction but it + + align:start position:0% +it goes in the right direction but it + + + align:start position:0% +it goes in the right direction but it +doesn't like + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like +it doesn't pass + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't pass + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't pass +so that's my issue as long as the + + align:start position:0% +so that's my issue as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's my issue as long as the +benefits are in fact as large as + + align:start position:0% +benefits are in fact as large as + + + align:start position:0% +benefits are in fact as large as +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +so one other possibility is that + + align:start position:0% +so one other possibility is that + + + align:start position:0% +so one other possibility is that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +people are just not informed so so one + + align:start position:0% +people are just not informed so so one + + + align:start position:0% +people are just not informed so so one +of the thing is that these huge benefits + + align:start position:0% +of the thing is that these huge benefits + + + align:start position:0% +of the thing is that these huge benefits +they exist + + align:start position:0% +they exist + + + align:start position:0% +they exist +they are not balanced by huge cost by + + align:start position:0% +they are not balanced by huge cost by + + + align:start position:0% +they are not balanced by huge cost by +the way another explanation for you + + align:start position:0% +the way another explanation for you + + + align:start position:0% +the way another explanation for you +follow take up would be people are + + align:start position:0% +follow take up would be people are + + + align:start position:0% +follow take up would be people are +scared or there are huge costs + + align:start position:0% +scared or there are huge costs + + + align:start position:0% +scared or there are huge costs +associated with it but in that case they + + align:start position:0% +associated with it but in that case they + + + align:start position:0% +associated with it but in that case they +wouldn't be swayed by small incentive + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be swayed by small incentive + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be swayed by small incentive +right this is the uh the discussion we + + align:start position:0% +right this is the uh the discussion we + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the uh the discussion we +had on the covet vaccine you have to + + align:start position:0% +had on the covet vaccine you have to + + + align:start position:0% +had on the covet vaccine you have to +have a real mandate to Mush proof people + + align:start position:0% +have a real mandate to Mush proof people + + + align:start position:0% +have a real mandate to Mush proof people +who really don't want to do it because + + align:start position:0% +who really don't want to do it because + + + align:start position:0% +who really don't want to do it because +they think there is a big cost yeah and + + align:start position:0% +they think there is a big cost yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +they think there is a big cost yeah and +then the last time + + align:start position:0% +then the last time + + + align:start position:0% +then the last time +but in most of these types of + + align:start position:0% +but in most of these types of + + + align:start position:0% +but in most of these types of +experiments and things are these camps + + align:start position:0% +experiments and things are these camps + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and things are these camps +things that are going to happen in one + + align:start position:0% +things that are going to happen in one + + + align:start position:0% +things that are going to happen in one +month in the village and not come back + + align:start position:0% +month in the village and not come back + + + align:start position:0% +month in the village and not come back +for several years or is it like a + + align:start position:0% +for several years or is it like a + + + align:start position:0% +for several years or is it like a +situation where vaccination Camp will + + align:start position:0% +situation where vaccination Camp will + + + align:start position:0% +situation where vaccination Camp will +happen after a month or year after year + + align:start position:0% +happen after a month or year after year + + + align:start position:0% +happen after a month or year after year +and just that this one happens to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of these + + align:start position:0% +one of these + + + align:start position:0% +one of these +oh so in this case I think they could + + align:start position:0% +oh so in this case I think they could + + + align:start position:0% +oh so in this case I think they could +have expected severmander to continue to + + align:start position:0% +have expected severmander to continue to + + + align:start position:0% +have expected severmander to continue to +do to run the camps because it was not + + align:start position:0% +do to run the camps because it was not + + + align:start position:0% +do to run the camps because it was not +sent done as an experiment so from the + + align:start position:0% +sent done as an experiment so from the + + + align:start position:0% +sent done as an experiment so from the +from their point of view it's a program + + align:start position:0% +from their point of view it's a program + + + align:start position:0% +from their point of view it's a program +by seven material and in fact as far as + + align:start position:0% +by seven material and in fact as far as + + + align:start position:0% +by seven material and in fact as far as +I know they are still running those + + align:start position:0% +I know they are still running those + + + align:start position:0% +I know they are still running those +camps uh like 20 years later the reason + + align:start position:0% +camps uh like 20 years later the reason + + + align:start position:0% +camps uh like 20 years later the reason +I ask is is there anything in the real + + align:start position:0% +I ask is is there anything in the real + + + align:start position:0% +I ask is is there anything in the real +world theory that you're saying + + align:start position:0% +world theory that you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +world theory that you're saying +that that has to do with kind of outside + + align:start position:0% +that that has to do with kind of outside + + + align:start position:0% +that that has to do with kind of outside +option like that yeah yeah so that's a + + align:start position:0% +option like that yeah yeah so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +option like that yeah yeah so that's a +good point which is uh something that uh + + align:start position:0% +good point which is uh something that uh + + + align:start position:0% +good point which is uh something that uh +I think in Matthew and I've been + + align:start position:0% +I think in Matthew and I've been + + + align:start position:0% +I think in Matthew and I've been +suggested once we do is to have a + + align:start position:0% +suggested once we do is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +suggested once we do is to have a +deadline + + align:start position:0% +deadline + + + align:start position:0% +deadline +and to say if you want to get your kids + + align:start position:0% +and to say if you want to get your kids + + + align:start position:0% +and to say if you want to get your kids +immunized at the camp in this Village + + align:start position:0% +immunized at the camp in this Village + + + align:start position:0% +immunized at the camp in this Village +that's this month and then after that we + + align:start position:0% +that's this month and then after that we + + + align:start position:0% +that's this month and then after that we +are not coming back so this is without + + align:start position:0% +are not coming back so this is without + + + align:start position:0% +are not coming back so this is without +deadline + + align:start position:0% +deadline + + + align:start position:0% +deadline +uh so this is just uh this would uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and couldn't it be the case that + + align:start position:0% +um and couldn't it be the case that + + + align:start position:0% +um and couldn't it be the case that +people are not getting like this + + align:start position:0% +people are not getting like this + + + align:start position:0% +people are not getting like this +preventive help because they don't have + + align:start position:0% +preventive help because they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +preventive help because they don't have +time for it I in Chile one of the + + align:start position:0% +time for it I in Chile one of the + + + align:start position:0% +time for it I in Chile one of the +biggest issues with the covet vaccine is + + align:start position:0% +biggest issues with the covet vaccine is + + + align:start position:0% +biggest issues with the covet vaccine is +that vaccination camps were open where + + align:start position:0% +that vaccination camps were open where + + + align:start position:0% +that vaccination camps were open where +people were working so they had like no + + align:start position:0% +people were working so they had like no + + + align:start position:0% +people were working so they had like no +permission from their bosses to like + + align:start position:0% +permission from their bosses to like + + + align:start position:0% +permission from their bosses to like +leave work and get vaccinated because + + align:start position:0% +leave work and get vaccinated because + + + align:start position:0% +leave work and get vaccinated because +otherwise they would get fired so they + + align:start position:0% +otherwise they would get fired so they + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise they would get fired so they +didn't get vaccinations because there + + align:start position:0% +didn't get vaccinations because there + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get vaccinations because there +wasn't like the right amount of time + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like the right amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like the right amount of time +during the day to do that so + + align:start position:0% +during the day to do that so + + + align:start position:0% +during the day to do that so +yeah so here it's gonna take them some + + align:start position:0% +yeah so here it's gonna take them some + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so here it's gonna take them some +time you know a lot of these people are + + align:start position:0% +time you know a lot of these people are + + + align:start position:0% +time you know a lot of these people are +particular the moms and it's not that + + align:start position:0% +particular the moms and it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +particular the moms and it's not that +they're working somewhere but they are + + align:start position:0% +they're working somewhere but they are + + + align:start position:0% +they're working somewhere but they are +they are very busy they have stuff to do + + align:start position:0% +they are very busy they have stuff to do + + + align:start position:0% +they are very busy they have stuff to do +so you need to take some time off so + + align:start position:0% +so you need to take some time off so + + + align:start position:0% +so you need to take some time off so +think of that as the opportunity cost + + align:start position:0% +think of that as the opportunity cost + + + align:start position:0% +think of that as the opportunity cost +the description you are giving in Chile + + align:start position:0% +the description you are giving in Chile + + + align:start position:0% +the description you are giving in Chile +is like a super high opportunity cost + + align:start position:0% +is like a super high opportunity cost + + + align:start position:0% +is like a super high opportunity cost +but I think these people have quite low + + align:start position:0% +but I think these people have quite low + + + align:start position:0% +but I think these people have quite low +opportunity cost uh that you know and + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost uh that you know and + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost uh that you know and +that's but that's low opportunity cost + + align:start position:0% +that's but that's low opportunity cost + + + align:start position:0% +that's but that's low opportunity cost +including plus the fact that the kids + + align:start position:0% +including plus the fact that the kids + + + align:start position:0% +including plus the fact that the kids +might get a bit sick and all that those + + align:start position:0% +might get a bit sick and all that those + + + align:start position:0% +might get a bit sick and all that those +are the costs you're going to experience + + align:start position:0% +are the costs you're going to experience + + + align:start position:0% +are the costs you're going to experience +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +in exchange of a benefit a flow of + + align:start position:0% +in exchange of a benefit a flow of + + + align:start position:0% +in exchange of a benefit a flow of +benefit in the future + + align:start position:0% +benefit in the future + + + align:start position:0% +benefit in the future +and then uh these are not very big + + align:start position:0% +and then uh these are not very big + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh these are not very big +custom we can compound we can you know + + align:start position:0% +custom we can compound we can you know + + + align:start position:0% +custom we can compound we can you know +out out + + align:start position:0% +out out + + + align:start position:0% +out out +compensate them balance them out with + + align:start position:0% +compensate them balance them out with + + + align:start position:0% +compensate them balance them out with +the small benefit + + align:start position:0% +the small benefit + + + align:start position:0% +the small benefit +uh but your example for two days that if + + align:start position:0% +uh but your example for two days that if + + + align:start position:0% +uh but your example for two days that if +the cost happened to be large then they + + align:start position:0% +the cost happened to be large then they + + + align:start position:0% +the cost happened to be large then they +they even had to like uh write a law + + align:start position:0% +they even had to like uh write a law + + + align:start position:0% +they even had to like uh write a law +that said that if you get fired by the + + align:start position:0% +that said that if you get fired by the + + + align:start position:0% +that said that if you get fired by the +boss because you want to get a covet + + align:start position:0% +boss because you want to get a covet + + + align:start position:0% +boss because you want to get a covet +vaccine then they're gonna assume that + + align:start position:0% +vaccine then they're gonna assume that + + + align:start position:0% +vaccine then they're gonna assume that +firm so and and so should they this is + + align:start position:0% +firm so and and so should they this is + + + align:start position:0% +firm so and and so should they this is +uh yes to so yeah there might be + + align:start position:0% +uh yes to so yeah there might be + + + align:start position:0% +uh yes to so yeah there might be +situations that's also what they were + + align:start position:0% +situations that's also what they were + + + align:start position:0% +situations that's also what they were +saying at the beginning of the vaccine + + align:start position:0% +saying at the beginning of the vaccine + + + align:start position:0% +saying at the beginning of the vaccine +here is that some people had real issues + + align:start position:0% +here is that some people had real issues + + + align:start position:0% +here is that some people had real issues +with access + + align:start position:0% +with access + + + align:start position:0% +with access +and in India + + align:start position:0% +and in India + + + align:start position:0% +and in India +so I don't want to belittle the the the + + align:start position:0% +so I don't want to belittle the the the + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't want to belittle the the the +access issue in India for childhood + + align:start position:0% +access issue in India for childhood + + + align:start position:0% +access issue in India for childhood +vaccination for years this was the only + + align:start position:0% +vaccination for years this was the only + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination for years this was the only +thing the government was trying to do is + + align:start position:0% +thing the government was trying to do is + + + align:start position:0% +thing the government was trying to do is +to really improve the access and it has + + align:start position:0% +to really improve the access and it has + + + align:start position:0% +to really improve the access and it has +improved it's much better than it was + + align:start position:0% +improved it's much better than it was + + + align:start position:0% +improved it's much better than it was +and the vaccination take up is still low + + align:start position:0% +and the vaccination take up is still low + + + align:start position:0% +and the vaccination take up is still low +so it's not the only part of it + + align:start position:0% +so it's not the only part of it + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not the only part of it +so one possibility is that people it's + + align:start position:0% +so one possibility is that people it's + + + align:start position:0% +so one possibility is that people it's +not that there are huge benefits and + + align:start position:0% +not that there are huge benefits and + + + align:start position:0% +not that there are huge benefits and +then huge cost but that the benefits the + + align:start position:0% +then huge cost but that the benefits the + + + align:start position:0% +then huge cost but that the benefits the +costs are low and also the benefits are + + align:start position:0% +costs are low and also the benefits are + + + align:start position:0% +costs are low and also the benefits are +low not the real one but the perceived + + align:start position:0% +low not the real one but the perceived + + + align:start position:0% +low not the real one but the perceived +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and in fact there is plenty of evidence + + align:start position:0% +and in fact there is plenty of evidence + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact there is plenty of evidence +that people do not that there is a lot + + align:start position:0% +that people do not that there is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that people do not that there is a lot +of relevant piece of information people + + align:start position:0% +of relevant piece of information people + + + align:start position:0% +of relevant piece of information people +don't have + + align:start position:0% +don't have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have +and so they might not realize what are + + align:start position:0% +and so they might not realize what are + + + align:start position:0% +and so they might not realize what are +the benefits associated with a + + align:start position:0% +the benefits associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits associated with a +particular Behavior + + align:start position:0% +particular Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +particular Behavior +so for example I mentioned uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +HIV education in in + + align:start position:0% +HIV education in in + + + align:start position:0% +HIV education in in +Kenya which is insisted on this ABCD + + align:start position:0% +Kenya which is insisted on this ABCD + + + align:start position:0% +Kenya which is insisted on this ABCD +program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you die + + align:start position:0% +you die + + + align:start position:0% +you die +and it's not that program uh doesn't + + align:start position:0% +and it's not that program uh doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not that program uh doesn't +have one key piece of information + + align:start position:0% +have one key piece of information + + + align:start position:0% +have one key piece of information +which is that the rate of getting HIV is + + align:start position:0% +which is that the rate of getting HIV is + + + align:start position:0% +which is that the rate of getting HIV is +much higher the rate of being + + align:start position:0% +much higher the rate of being + + + align:start position:0% +much higher the rate of being +contaminated by HIV is much higher for + + align:start position:0% +contaminated by HIV is much higher for + + + align:start position:0% +contaminated by HIV is much higher for +older men than for younger boys + + align:start position:0% +older men than for younger boys + + + align:start position:0% +older men than for younger boys +as it would be since it doesn't go away + + align:start position:0% +as it would be since it doesn't go away + + + align:start position:0% +as it would be since it doesn't go away +once your contamination you're + + align:start position:0% +once your contamination you're + + + align:start position:0% +once your contamination you're +contaminated and also because uh Old + + align:start position:0% +contaminated and also because uh Old + + + align:start position:0% +contaminated and also because uh Old +Dominion in fact have + + align:start position:0% +Dominion in fact have + + + align:start position:0% +Dominion in fact have +risky sexual behavior often have many + + align:start position:0% +risky sexual behavior often have many + + + align:start position:0% +risky sexual behavior often have many +girls that they kind of pay for sex and + + align:start position:0% +girls that they kind of pay for sex and + + + align:start position:0% +girls that they kind of pay for sex and +so on and so forth so they are called + + align:start position:0% +so on and so forth so they are called + + + align:start position:0% +so on and so forth so they are called +sugar daddies + + align:start position:0% +sugar daddies + + + align:start position:0% +sugar daddies +for her job market people + + align:start position:0% +for her job market people + + + align:start position:0% +for her job market people +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +did an experiment on where she just gave + + align:start position:0% +did an experiment on where she just gave + + + align:start position:0% +did an experiment on where she just gave +a girls and boys + + align:start position:0% +a girls and boys + + + align:start position:0% +a girls and boys +a piece of the information that the rate + + align:start position:0% +a piece of the information that the rate + + + align:start position:0% +a piece of the information that the rate +of HIV is much higher it just it was + + align:start position:0% +of HIV is much higher it just it was + + + align:start position:0% +of HIV is much higher it just it was +basically giving them information on + + align:start position:0% +basically giving them information on + + + align:start position:0% +basically giving them information on +rate of HIV positivity in Kenya among + + align:start position:0% +rate of HIV positivity in Kenya among + + + align:start position:0% +rate of HIV positivity in Kenya among +older men younger boys and then also + + align:start position:0% +older men younger boys and then also + + + align:start position:0% +older men younger boys and then also +women and by the way when other things + + align:start position:0% +women and by the way when other things + + + align:start position:0% +women and by the way when other things +you find is girls are more likely to be + + align:start position:0% +you find is girls are more likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +you find is girls are more likely to be +able to be contaminated which is + + align:start position:0% +able to be contaminated which is + + + align:start position:0% +able to be contaminated which is +something they didn't know + + align:start position:0% +something they didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +something they didn't know +so that's that is something that kids + + align:start position:0% +so that's that is something that kids + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that is something that kids +did not know + + align:start position:0% +did not know + + + align:start position:0% +did not know +and then the way she looked at the + + align:start position:0% +and then the way she looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the way she looked at the +impact is by looking at uh pregnancy + + align:start position:0% +impact is by looking at uh pregnancy + + + align:start position:0% +impact is by looking at uh pregnancy +because HIV is rare on how to to test + + align:start position:0% +because HIV is rare on how to to test + + + align:start position:0% +because HIV is rare on how to to test +but pregnancy is a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +but pregnancy is a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +but pregnancy is a pretty good +indication of risky sexual behavior + + align:start position:0% +indication of risky sexual behavior + + + align:start position:0% +indication of risky sexual behavior +and she finds a + + align:start position:0% +and she finds a + + + align:start position:0% +and she finds a +a decline in in pregnancy of 31 31 + + align:start position:0% +a decline in in pregnancy of 31 31 + + + align:start position:0% +a decline in in pregnancy of 31 31 +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +it's not that they had 100 pregnancy but + + align:start position:0% +it's not that they had 100 pregnancy but + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that they had 100 pregnancy but +it's normalized 200 for some reason so + + align:start position:0% +it's normalized 200 for some reason so + + + align:start position:0% +it's normalized 200 for some reason so +it's normal at 2 uh 31 where of these + + align:start position:0% +it's normal at 2 uh 31 where of these + + + align:start position:0% +it's normal at 2 uh 31 where of these +hundred were averted so it's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +hundred were averted so it's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +hundred were averted so it's a pretty +large impact of one piece of information + + align:start position:0% +large impact of one piece of information + + + align:start position:0% +large impact of one piece of information +that people didn't have + + align:start position:0% +that people didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +that people didn't have +so one possibility is that somehow the + + align:start position:0% +so one possibility is that somehow the + + + align:start position:0% +so one possibility is that somehow the +information you know doesn't go to + + align:start position:0% +information you know doesn't go to + + + align:start position:0% +information you know doesn't go to +people don't know the impact + + align:start position:0% +people don't know the impact + + + align:start position:0% +people don't know the impact +and another paper bypass killing also + + align:start position:0% +and another paper bypass killing also + + + align:start position:0% +and another paper bypass killing also +kind of pushes this information thing + + align:start position:0% +kind of pushes this information thing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of pushes this information thing +information explanation + + align:start position:0% +information explanation + + + align:start position:0% +information explanation +by looking at what happens if people get + + align:start position:0% +by looking at what happens if people get + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at what happens if people get +a first bed net for free on the first + + align:start position:0% +a first bed net for free on the first + + + align:start position:0% +a first bed net for free on the first +offer of a bad net for free they are + + align:start position:0% +offer of a bad net for free they are + + + align:start position:0% +offer of a bad net for free they are +more likely to actually get a better net + + align:start position:0% +more likely to actually get a better net + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to actually get a better net +than people who got an offer for and + + align:start position:0% +than people who got an offer for and + + + align:start position:0% +than people who got an offer for and +were asked to pay something so this is + + align:start position:0% +were asked to pay something so this is + + + align:start position:0% +were asked to pay something so this is +not from the first experiment I showed + + align:start position:0% +not from the first experiment I showed + + + align:start position:0% +not from the first experiment I showed +you this is from the second paper where + + align:start position:0% +you this is from the second paper where + + + align:start position:0% +you this is from the second paper where +she randomized at the individual level + + align:start position:0% +she randomized at the individual level + + + align:start position:0% +she randomized at the individual level +by giving people vouchers to buy + + align:start position:0% +by giving people vouchers to buy + + + align:start position:0% +by giving people vouchers to buy +to buy a bed net so in the first study + + align:start position:0% +to buy a bed net so in the first study + + + align:start position:0% +to buy a bed net so in the first study +it was done in the health clinic and + + align:start position:0% +it was done in the health clinic and + + + align:start position:0% +it was done in the health clinic and +randomized at the health clinic level + + align:start position:0% +randomized at the health clinic level + + + align:start position:0% +randomized at the health clinic level +this one it was done in just + + align:start position:0% +this one it was done in just + + + align:start position:0% +this one it was done in just +Distributing people vouchers and you can + + align:start position:0% +Distributing people vouchers and you can + + + align:start position:0% +Distributing people vouchers and you can +buy yourself a long lasting net either + + align:start position:0% +buy yourself a long lasting net either + + + align:start position:0% +buy yourself a long lasting net either +by uh for free or by paying something + + align:start position:0% +by uh for free or by paying something + + + align:start position:0% +by uh for free or by paying something +and the full price is about uh 500 or + + align:start position:0% +and the full price is about uh 500 or + + + align:start position:0% +and the full price is about uh 500 or +600 Shillings so it goes the subsidies + + align:start position:0% +600 Shillings so it goes the subsidies + + + align:start position:0% +600 Shillings so it goes the subsidies +were about 250 percent up to 50 from 50 + + align:start position:0% +were about 250 percent up to 50 from 50 + + + align:start position:0% +were about 250 percent up to 50 from 50 +to 100 percent + + align:start position:0% +to 100 percent + + + align:start position:0% +to 100 percent +and you find the same results that we + + align:start position:0% +and you find the same results that we + + + align:start position:0% +and you find the same results that we +already saw several times today which is + + align:start position:0% +already saw several times today which is + + + align:start position:0% +already saw several times today which is +people are less likely to to get a net + + align:start position:0% +people are less likely to to get a net + + + align:start position:0% +people are less likely to to get a net +if the + + align:start position:0% +if the + + + align:start position:0% +if the +if they have to pay for it + + align:start position:0% +if they have to pay for it + + + align:start position:0% +if they have to pay for it +but then what is interesting is that she + + align:start position:0% +but then what is interesting is that she + + + align:start position:0% +but then what is interesting is that she +looked at she went back to this paper + + align:start position:0% +looked at she went back to this paper + + + align:start position:0% +looked at she went back to this paper +six months later + + align:start position:0% +six months later + + + align:start position:0% +six months later +and she asked them if they wanted to buy + + align:start position:0% +and she asked them if they wanted to buy + + + align:start position:0% +and she asked them if they wanted to buy +a net at a price that were I think was + + align:start position:0% +a net at a price that were I think was + + + align:start position:0% +a net at a price that were I think was +somewhere in the middle + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the middle +um at the price of 150 Shillings so kind + + align:start position:0% +um at the price of 150 Shillings so kind + + + align:start position:0% +um at the price of 150 Shillings so kind +of the mid-range price so in the second + + align:start position:0% +of the mid-range price so in the second + + + align:start position:0% +of the mid-range price so in the second +period everyone is offered the same + + align:start position:0% +period everyone is offered the same + + + align:start position:0% +period everyone is offered the same +discount + + align:start position:0% +discount + + + align:start position:0% +discount +and then what we show in this what she + + align:start position:0% +and then what we show in this what she + + + align:start position:0% +and then what we show in this what she +shows in this graph is depending on the + + align:start position:0% +shows in this graph is depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +shows in this graph is depending on the +offer they got in the first period are + + align:start position:0% +offer they got in the first period are + + + align:start position:0% +offer they got in the first period are +they likely to are they more likely to + + align:start position:0% +they likely to are they more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +they likely to are they more likely to +get uh the second the second net and + + align:start position:0% +get uh the second the second net and + + + align:start position:0% +get uh the second the second net and +what you find is people who got it for + + align:start position:0% +what you find is people who got it for + + + align:start position:0% +what you find is people who got it for +free or for very little money + + align:start position:0% +free or for very little money + + + align:start position:0% +free or for very little money +are more likely to purchase the net than + + align:start position:0% +are more likely to purchase the net than + + + align:start position:0% +are more likely to purchase the net than +people who were offered the net at some + + align:start position:0% +people who were offered the net at some + + + align:start position:0% +people who were offered the net at some +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +which in a sense is pretty striking + + align:start position:0% +which in a sense is pretty striking + + + align:start position:0% +which in a sense is pretty striking +because I already have one + + align:start position:0% +because I already have one + + + align:start position:0% +because I already have one +so for them that's the second net so the + + align:start position:0% +so for them that's the second net so the + + + align:start position:0% +so for them that's the second net so the +the marginal benefit of a second net + + align:start position:0% +the marginal benefit of a second net + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal benefit of a second net +should be lower than the marginal + + align:start position:0% +should be lower than the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +should be lower than the marginal +benefits of the first net + + align:start position:0% +benefits of the first net + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of the first net +and despite that they are more likely to + + align:start position:0% +and despite that they are more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +and despite that they are more likely to +get one + + align:start position:0% +get one + + + align:start position:0% +get one +this by the way again goes against + + align:start position:0% +this by the way again goes against + + + align:start position:0% +this by the way again goes against +another sort of argument of the people + + align:start position:0% +another sort of argument of the people + + + align:start position:0% +another sort of argument of the people +who think that we should always get make + + align:start position:0% +who think that we should always get make + + + align:start position:0% +who think that we should always get make +people pay for things which is that + + align:start position:0% +people pay for things which is that + + + align:start position:0% +people pay for things which is that +people get used to uh to handouts and + + align:start position:0% +people get used to uh to handouts and + + + align:start position:0% +people get used to uh to handouts and +once you make people pay for something + + align:start position:0% +once you make people pay for something + + + align:start position:0% +once you make people pay for something +they refuse to uh to pay for anything + + align:start position:0% +they refuse to uh to pay for anything + + + align:start position:0% +they refuse to uh to pay for anything +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +and what this graph shows is that + + align:start position:0% +and what this graph shows is that + + + align:start position:0% +and what this graph shows is that +instead people get used to Nets other + + align:start position:0% +instead people get used to Nets other + + + align:start position:0% +instead people get used to Nets other +than getting used to handouts + + align:start position:0% +than getting used to handouts + + + align:start position:0% +than getting used to handouts +so it could be learning uh it could it + + align:start position:0% +so it could be learning uh it could it + + + align:start position:0% +so it could be learning uh it could it +could be habit formation as well so the + + align:start position:0% +could be habit formation as well so the + + + align:start position:0% +could be habit formation as well so the +uh sleeping under our net is a little + + align:start position:0% +uh sleeping under our net is a little + + + align:start position:0% +uh sleeping under our net is a little +painful uh you have to set it up it's a + + align:start position:0% +painful uh you have to set it up it's a + + + align:start position:0% +painful uh you have to set it up it's a +little bit uh hot inside and so it it + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh hot inside and so it it + + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh hot inside and so it it +has to kind of become part of your + + align:start position:0% +has to kind of become part of your + + + align:start position:0% +has to kind of become part of your +routine + + align:start position:0% +routine + + + align:start position:0% +routine +um so one possibility also is just by + + align:start position:0% +um so one possibility also is just by + + + align:start position:0% +um so one possibility also is just by +having your first net you got it into + + align:start position:0% +having your first net you got it into + + + align:start position:0% +having your first net you got it into +this habit of of using the net and + + align:start position:0% +this habit of of using the net and + + + align:start position:0% +this habit of of using the net and +therefore you you continue so if you + + align:start position:0% +therefore you you continue so if you + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you you continue so if you +wanted to separate the fact that you you + + align:start position:0% +wanted to separate the fact that you you + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to separate the fact that you you +provide an incentive for behavior for a + + align:start position:0% +provide an incentive for behavior for a + + + align:start position:0% +provide an incentive for behavior for a +while and then it goes away and people + + align:start position:0% +while and then it goes away and people + + + align:start position:0% +while and then it goes away and people +continue + + align:start position:0% +continue + + + align:start position:0% +continue +can be interpreted either as learning + + align:start position:0% +can be interpreted either as learning + + + align:start position:0% +can be interpreted either as learning +about the benefits or the cost of this + + align:start position:0% +about the benefits or the cost of this + + + align:start position:0% +about the benefits or the cost of this +technology saying actually it's not that + + align:start position:0% +technology saying actually it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +technology saying actually it's not that +hard to sleep under a net or it's really + + align:start position:0% +hard to sleep under a net or it's really + + + align:start position:0% +hard to sleep under a net or it's really +super cool not to have mosquitoes or my + + align:start position:0% +super cool not to have mosquitoes or my + + + align:start position:0% +super cool not to have mosquitoes or my +kid didn't get malaria for the whole six + + align:start position:0% +kid didn't get malaria for the whole six + + + align:start position:0% +kid didn't get malaria for the whole six +months so this is really great that's + + align:start position:0% +months so this is really great that's + + + align:start position:0% +months so this is really great that's +the sort of a scallion's favorite + + align:start position:0% +the sort of a scallion's favorite + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of a scallion's favorite +explanation or it could be a habit + + align:start position:0% +explanation or it could be a habit + + + align:start position:0% +explanation or it could be a habit +formation which is it becomes less + + align:start position:0% +formation which is it becomes less + + + align:start position:0% +formation which is it becomes less +costly to you as you are getting used to + + align:start position:0% +costly to you as you are getting used to + + + align:start position:0% +costly to you as you are getting used to +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so there is a paper that I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +so there is a paper that I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +so there is a paper that I'm not going +to go to uh in in detail now that by + + align:start position:0% +to go to uh in in detail now that by + + + align:start position:0% +to go to uh in in detail now that by +reshma hussam who looks at trying to + + align:start position:0% +reshma hussam who looks at trying to + + + align:start position:0% +reshma hussam who looks at trying to +build up a habit for uh hand washing + + align:start position:0% +build up a habit for uh hand washing + + + align:start position:0% +build up a habit for uh hand washing +where she showed that while she tries to + + align:start position:0% +where she showed that while she tries to + + + align:start position:0% +where she showed that while she tries to +set up tests that can allow you to + + align:start position:0% +set up tests that can allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +set up tests that can allow you to +distinguish between these two + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between these two + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between these two +explanations in the case of hand washing + + align:start position:0% +explanations in the case of hand washing + + + align:start position:0% +explanations in the case of hand washing +yep + + align:start position:0% +yep + + + align:start position:0% +yep +does it actually take + + align:start position:0% +does it actually take + + + align:start position:0% +does it actually take +pictures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how how long does it take to set up a + + align:start position:0% +how how long does it take to set up a + + + align:start position:0% +how how long does it take to set up a +vet net or depending how you said said + + align:start position:0% +vet net or depending how you said said + + + align:start position:0% +vet net or depending how you said said +to set it up in your house so typically + + align:start position:0% +to set it up in your house so typically + + + align:start position:0% +to set it up in your house so typically +people uh + + align:start position:0% +people uh + + + align:start position:0% +people uh +um people attach it to a hook on their + + align:start position:0% +um people attach it to a hook on their + + + align:start position:0% +um people attach it to a hook on their +roof + + align:start position:0% +roof + + + align:start position:0% +roof +once it's attached to the hook on the + + align:start position:0% +once it's attached to the hook on the + + + align:start position:0% +once it's attached to the hook on the +roof it's like + + align:start position:0% +roof it's like + + + align:start position:0% +roof it's like +it's really not much you like you have + + align:start position:0% +it's really not much you like you have + + + align:start position:0% +it's really not much you like you have +to unfold it + + align:start position:0% +to unfold it + + + align:start position:0% +to unfold it +every evening so it's a few minutes + + align:start position:0% +every evening so it's a few minutes + + + align:start position:0% +every evening so it's a few minutes +and then so so if you do that if you + + align:start position:0% +and then so so if you do that if you + + + align:start position:0% +and then so so if you do that if you +said hook it up properly and put it it's + + align:start position:0% +said hook it up properly and put it it's + + + align:start position:0% +said hook it up properly and put it it's +really not that bad so we have two + + align:start position:0% +really not that bad so we have two + + + align:start position:0% +really not that bad so we have two +minutes once you operated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amount of time relative to the person + + align:start position:0% +amount of time relative to the person + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time relative to the person +I would say it would be similar because + + align:start position:0% +I would say it would be similar because + + + align:start position:0% +I would say it would be similar because +you would have to you put it elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +you would have to you put it elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +you would have to you put it elsewhere +in your house and you put a second hat + + align:start position:0% +in your house and you put a second hat + + + align:start position:0% +in your house and you put a second hat +your second hook and you but yeah you + + align:start position:0% +your second hook and you but yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +your second hook and you but yeah you +also would have known how to you you + + align:start position:0% +also would have known how to you you + + + align:start position:0% +also would have known how to you you +also would have learned how to do this + + align:start position:0% +also would have learned how to do this + + + align:start position:0% +also would have learned how to do this +to do it efficiently in a way that works + + align:start position:0% +to do it efficiently in a way that works + + + align:start position:0% +to do it efficiently in a way that works +for you yeah so this uh this conditional + + align:start position:0% +for you yeah so this uh this conditional + + + align:start position:0% +for you yeah so this uh this conditional +on having to offered a Netflix or not + + align:start position:0% +on having to offered a Netflix or not + + + align:start position:0% +on having to offered a Netflix or not +it's condition of being been offered the + + align:start position:0% +it's condition of being been offered the + + + align:start position:0% +it's condition of being been offered the +net for free and not even having it + + align:start position:0% +net for free and not even having it + + + align:start position:0% +net for free and not even having it +so these guys are more likely to have uh + + align:start position:0% +so these guys are more likely to have uh + + + align:start position:0% +so these guys are more likely to have uh +in this case how much money you have one + + align:start position:0% +in this case how much money you have one + + + align:start position:0% +in this case how much money you have one +and after people who have one most + + align:start position:0% +and after people who have one most + + + align:start position:0% +and after people who have one most +people use it in fact regardless of how + + align:start position:0% +people use it in fact regardless of how + + + align:start position:0% +people use it in fact regardless of how +much they've paid for it so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +much they've paid for it so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +much they've paid for it so it's it's +and it's not conditional on that so + + align:start position:0% +and it's not conditional on that so + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not conditional on that so +those guys are actually more likely to + + align:start position:0% +those guys are actually more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +those guys are actually more likely to +have one and be using it could there be + + align:start position:0% +have one and be using it could there be + + + align:start position:0% +have one and be using it could there be +like a deadline story or something + + align:start position:0% +like a deadline story or something + + + align:start position:0% +like a deadline story or something +similar to a deadline story where you're + + align:start position:0% +similar to a deadline story where you're + + + align:start position:0% +similar to a deadline story where you're +by having a government offer + + align:start position:0% +by having a government offer + + + align:start position:0% +by having a government offer +um at zero and then seeing the + + align:start position:0% +um at zero and then seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +um at zero and then seeing the +difference in like the price increase + + align:start position:0% +difference in like the price increase + + + align:start position:0% +difference in like the price increase +you might ask I'm like the next option I + + align:start position:0% +you might ask I'm like the next option I + + + align:start position:0% +you might ask I'm like the next option I +have to buy event is going to be like + + align:start position:0% +have to buy event is going to be like + + + align:start position:0% +have to buy event is going to be like +100 right oh that's right you are you + + align:start position:0% +100 right oh that's right you are you + + + align:start position:0% +100 right oh that's right you are you +might forecast inflation in bed net + + align:start position:0% +might forecast inflation in bed net + + + align:start position:0% +might forecast inflation in bed net +prices and saying this is my last option + + align:start position:0% +prices and saying this is my last option + + + align:start position:0% +prices and saying this is my last option +that's totally possible that's a good + + align:start position:0% +that's totally possible that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +that's totally possible that's a good +point you're right saying if you + + align:start position:0% +point you're right saying if you + + + align:start position:0% +point you're right saying if you +forecast inflation you're just gonna buy + + align:start position:0% +forecast inflation you're just gonna buy + + + align:start position:0% +forecast inflation you're just gonna buy +now uh you know there are two because + + align:start position:0% +now uh you know there are two because + + + align:start position:0% +now uh you know there are two because +this this good this good deal is + + align:start position:0% +this this good this good deal is + + + align:start position:0% +this this good this good deal is +definitely going away that's a good + + align:start position:0% +definitely going away that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +definitely going away that's a good +that's I had not thought of that that's + + align:start position:0% +that's I had not thought of that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's I had not thought of that that's +a good good idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh so these two is just again two + + align:start position:0% +so uh so these two is just again two + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so these two is just again two +pieces of evidence that success that + + align:start position:0% +pieces of evidence that success that + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of evidence that success that +there is a lot of things people don't + + align:start position:0% +there is a lot of things people don't + + + align:start position:0% +there is a lot of things people don't +know and uh and that when they learn + + align:start position:0% +know and uh and that when they learn + + + align:start position:0% +know and uh and that when they learn +they actually kind of adjust their + + align:start position:0% +they actually kind of adjust their + + + align:start position:0% +they actually kind of adjust their +behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior +and the other problem we have is that + + align:start position:0% +and the other problem we have is that + + + align:start position:0% +and the other problem we have is that +learning about health is really + + align:start position:0% +learning about health is really + + + align:start position:0% +learning about health is really +difficult + + align:start position:0% +difficult + + + align:start position:0% +difficult +in particular learning about preventive + + align:start position:0% +in particular learning about preventive + + + align:start position:0% +in particular learning about preventive +health and the difference between + + align:start position:0% +health and the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +health and the difference between +Curative and preventive health is very + + align:start position:0% +Curative and preventive health is very + + + align:start position:0% +Curative and preventive health is very +difficult so there is a very nice people + + align:start position:0% +difficult so there is a very nice people + + + align:start position:0% +difficult so there is a very nice people +by uh this new Das uh and Monica Sanchez + + align:start position:0% +by uh this new Das uh and Monica Sanchez + + + align:start position:0% +by uh this new Das uh and Monica Sanchez +where what they are looking at is uh is + + align:start position:0% +where what they are looking at is uh is + + + align:start position:0% +where what they are looking at is uh is +Curative Care + + align:start position:0% +Curative Care + + + align:start position:0% +Curative Care +and the um and again this could be a + + align:start position:0% +and the um and again this could be a + + + align:start position:0% +and the um and again this could be a +model of invermectin and why invermectin + + align:start position:0% +model of invermectin and why invermectin + + + align:start position:0% +model of invermectin and why invermectin +became a a drug of choice in the case of + + align:start position:0% +became a a drug of choice in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +became a a drug of choice in the case of +covet even in + + align:start position:0% +covet even in + + + align:start position:0% +covet even in +even if in fact it doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +even if in fact it doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +even if in fact it doesn't work +assuming that in fact it doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +assuming that in fact it doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that in fact it doesn't work +why could people think that it works + + align:start position:0% +why could people think that it works + + + align:start position:0% +why could people think that it works +even when it doesn't work well it's + + align:start position:0% +even when it doesn't work well it's + + + align:start position:0% +even when it doesn't work well it's +because kovid is like the flu + + align:start position:0% +because kovid is like the flu + + + align:start position:0% +because kovid is like the flu +for a lot of people it's self-limiting + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of people it's self-limiting + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of people it's self-limiting +that means that a lot of people will get + + align:start position:0% +that means that a lot of people will get + + + align:start position:0% +that means that a lot of people will get +better regardless + + align:start position:0% +better regardless + + + align:start position:0% +better regardless +and so the tech environmenting oh you + + align:start position:0% +and so the tech environmenting oh you + + + align:start position:0% +and so the tech environmenting oh you +know you know pink Gatorade and then + + align:start position:0% +know you know pink Gatorade and then + + + align:start position:0% +know you know pink Gatorade and then +they get better + + align:start position:0% +they get better + + + align:start position:0% +they get better +and uh and then they can very easily + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then they can very easily + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then they can very easily +attribute the fact of getting better to + + align:start position:0% +attribute the fact of getting better to + + + align:start position:0% +attribute the fact of getting better to +environment you know to pinky to it + + align:start position:0% +environment you know to pinky to it + + + align:start position:0% +environment you know to pinky to it +so in the case of uh of of uh India for + + align:start position:0% +so in the case of uh of of uh India for + + + align:start position:0% +so in the case of uh of of uh India for +in something in main countries in Africa + + align:start position:0% +in something in main countries in Africa + + + align:start position:0% +in something in main countries in Africa +people overuse antibiotic and in the in + + align:start position:0% +people overuse antibiotic and in the in + + + align:start position:0% +people overuse antibiotic and in the in +very like creative way + + align:start position:0% +very like creative way + + + align:start position:0% +very like creative way +so for example people will prescribe you + + align:start position:0% +so for example people will prescribe you + + + align:start position:0% +so for example people will prescribe you +one one short course what they call a + + align:start position:0% +one one short course what they call a + + + align:start position:0% +one one short course what they call a +short course of under Beauty which is + + align:start position:0% +short course of under Beauty which is + + + align:start position:0% +short course of under Beauty which is +like one pill + + align:start position:0% +like one pill + + + align:start position:0% +like one pill +you take antibiotic ones that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you take antibiotic ones that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you take antibiotic ones that doesn't +help you in fact that doesn't help you + + align:start position:0% +help you in fact that doesn't help you + + + align:start position:0% +help you in fact that doesn't help you +it creates resistance it hurts everyone + + align:start position:0% +it creates resistance it hurts everyone + + + align:start position:0% +it creates resistance it hurts everyone +else but you'll feel better if what you + + align:start position:0% +else but you'll feel better if what you + + + align:start position:0% +else but you'll feel better if what you +had was self-limiting and then you think + + align:start position:0% +had was self-limiting and then you think + + + align:start position:0% +had was self-limiting and then you think +well that was great this one shot of + + align:start position:0% +well that was great this one shot of + + + align:start position:0% +well that was great this one shot of +preferably a shot an actual shot this + + align:start position:0% +preferably a shot an actual shot this + + + align:start position:0% +preferably a shot an actual shot this +one shot of antibiotic and a great + + align:start position:0% +one shot of antibiotic and a great + + + align:start position:0% +one shot of antibiotic and a great +effect on me uh so next time I'm sick + + align:start position:0% +effect on me uh so next time I'm sick + + + align:start position:0% +effect on me uh so next time I'm sick +I'm going to do this again and if you do + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do this again and if you do + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do this again and if you do +that again a few times every time you + + align:start position:0% +that again a few times every time you + + + align:start position:0% +that again a few times every time you +confirm your opinion that it really + + align:start position:0% +confirm your opinion that it really + + + align:start position:0% +confirm your opinion that it really +works out very nicely + + align:start position:0% +works out very nicely + + + align:start position:0% +works out very nicely +uh so learning about doctor quality is + + align:start position:0% +uh so learning about doctor quality is + + + align:start position:0% +uh so learning about doctor quality is +really hard and especially if it is hard + + align:start position:0% +really hard and especially if it is hard + + + align:start position:0% +really hard and especially if it is hard +for people to uh + + align:start position:0% +for people to uh + + + align:start position:0% +for people to uh +and think about a model where you do + + align:start position:0% +and think about a model where you do + + + align:start position:0% +and think about a model where you do +nothing and you got better + + align:start position:0% +nothing and you got better + + + align:start position:0% +nothing and you got better +you don't attribute it to doing nothing + + align:start position:0% +you don't attribute it to doing nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you don't attribute it to doing nothing +whereas if you do something and you get + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you do something and you get + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you do something and you get +better and especially if someone has + + align:start position:0% +better and especially if someone has + + + align:start position:0% +better and especially if someone has +told you that's given you the cause and + + align:start position:0% +told you that's given you the cause and + + + align:start position:0% +told you that's given you the cause and +mother saying this is I'm doing this and + + align:start position:0% +mother saying this is I'm doing this and + + + align:start position:0% +mother saying this is I'm doing this and +you will get better and in fact you get + + align:start position:0% +you will get better and in fact you get + + + align:start position:0% +you will get better and in fact you get +better then it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +better then it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +better then it's hard to +so the the kind of fake snake or snake + + align:start position:0% +so the the kind of fake snake or snake + + + align:start position:0% +so the the kind of fake snake or snake +or oil type medicine are more likely to + + align:start position:0% +or oil type medicine are more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +or oil type medicine are more likely to +to take hold when with medicines that + + align:start position:0% +to take hold when with medicines that + + + align:start position:0% +to take hold when with medicines that +have this either this fluctuating + + align:start position:0% +have this either this fluctuating + + + align:start position:0% +have this either this fluctuating +tendency + + align:start position:0% +tendency + + + align:start position:0% +tendency +all the our self-limiting + + align:start position:0% +all the our self-limiting + + + align:start position:0% +all the our self-limiting +now with preventive care + + align:start position:0% +now with preventive care + + + align:start position:0% +now with preventive care +we're trying to understand the benefits + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to understand the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to understand the benefits +of preventive care is really difficult + + align:start position:0% +of preventive care is really difficult + + + align:start position:0% +of preventive care is really difficult +because you do something nothing happens + + align:start position:0% +because you do something nothing happens + + + align:start position:0% +because you do something nothing happens +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +you know if you if the vaccine works and + + align:start position:0% +you know if you if the vaccine works and + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you if the vaccine works and +protects you you don't get + + align:start position:0% +protects you you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +protects you you don't get +coveted or you don't get measles + + align:start position:0% +coveted or you don't get measles + + + align:start position:0% +coveted or you don't get measles +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +at least there are a lot of copies so if + + align:start position:0% +at least there are a lot of copies so if + + + align:start position:0% +at least there are a lot of copies so if +you got you know if you're the one + + align:start position:0% +you got you know if you're the one + + + align:start position:0% +you got you know if you're the one +vaccinated person in a group of of + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated person in a group of of + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated person in a group of of +unvaccinated people and you don't get it + + align:start position:0% +unvaccinated people and you don't get it + + + align:start position:0% +unvaccinated people and you don't get it +when everyone else gets maybe you learn + + align:start position:0% +when everyone else gets maybe you learn + + + align:start position:0% +when everyone else gets maybe you learn +something but even there it's harder + + align:start position:0% +something but even there it's harder + + + align:start position:0% +something but even there it's harder +but music is not you know it's too + + align:start position:0% +but music is not you know it's too + + + align:start position:0% +but music is not you know it's too +frequent and kids die from it but it's + + align:start position:0% +frequent and kids die from it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +frequent and kids die from it but it's +not that frequent and so you might never + + align:start position:0% +not that frequent and so you might never + + + align:start position:0% +not that frequent and so you might never +really get an opportunity to experience + + align:start position:0% +really get an opportunity to experience + + + align:start position:0% +really get an opportunity to experience +it and it's particularly difficult to + + align:start position:0% +it and it's particularly difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +it and it's particularly difficult to +link uh cause an effect in in the cases + + align:start position:0% +link uh cause an effect in in the cases + + + align:start position:0% +link uh cause an effect in in the cases +like immunization which is uh contagious + + align:start position:0% +like immunization which is uh contagious + + + align:start position:0% +like immunization which is uh contagious +so for example in the case of deworming + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the case of deworming + + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the case of deworming +if everybody around you is D1 you won't + + align:start position:0% +if everybody around you is D1 you won't + + + align:start position:0% +if everybody around you is D1 you won't +get worms + + align:start position:0% +get worms + + + align:start position:0% +get worms +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +regardless of whether you're dewormed or + + align:start position:0% +regardless of whether you're dewormed or + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of whether you're dewormed or +not so if trying to understand the + + align:start position:0% +not so if trying to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +not so if trying to understand the +mother and whether the deworming + + align:start position:0% +mother and whether the deworming + + + align:start position:0% +mother and whether the deworming +medicine works and you're comparing + + align:start position:0% +medicine works and you're comparing + + + align:start position:0% +medicine works and you're comparing +yourself who hasn't taken it to everyone + + align:start position:0% +yourself who hasn't taken it to everyone + + + align:start position:0% +yourself who hasn't taken it to everyone +else who has taken it you think this + + align:start position:0% +else who has taken it you think this + + + align:start position:0% +else who has taken it you think this +thing is really not what it's made out + + align:start position:0% +thing is really not what it's made out + + + align:start position:0% +thing is really not what it's made out +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +and the way that the benefits were sold + + align:start position:0% +and the way that the benefits were sold + + + align:start position:0% +and the way that the benefits were sold +to me were oversold + + align:start position:0% +to me were oversold + + + align:start position:0% +to me were oversold +so uh in some sense + + align:start position:0% +so uh in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +so uh in some sense +every time we try to explain uh the + + align:start position:0% +every time we try to explain uh the + + + align:start position:0% +every time we try to explain uh the +benefit of a vaccine to people we are + + align:start position:0% +benefit of a vaccine to people we are + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of a vaccine to people we are +overselling it to them + + align:start position:0% +overselling it to them + + + align:start position:0% +overselling it to them +because we are + + align:start position:0% +because we are + + + align:start position:0% +because we are +trying to to set this is the benefits + + align:start position:0% +trying to to set this is the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +trying to to set this is the benefits +this is your private benefits are going + + align:start position:0% +this is your private benefits are going + + + align:start position:0% +this is your private benefits are going +to be huge + + align:start position:0% +to be huge + + + align:start position:0% +to be huge +but it could be that the private + + align:start position:0% +but it could be that the private + + + align:start position:0% +but it could be that the private +benefits are huge in a way that is + + align:start position:0% +benefits are huge in a way that is + + + align:start position:0% +benefits are huge in a way that is +impossible to to uh to assess for people + + align:start position:0% +impossible to to uh to assess for people + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to to uh to assess for people +so that's would explain why uh + + align:start position:0% +so that's would explain why uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that's would explain why uh +with without anything else the standard + + align:start position:0% +with without anything else the standard + + + align:start position:0% +with without anything else the standard +information story would make people uh + + align:start position:0% +information story would make people uh + + + align:start position:0% +information story would make people uh +quite uh + + align:start position:0% +quite uh + + + align:start position:0% +quite uh +skeptical of the of the benefits uh and + + align:start position:0% +skeptical of the of the benefits uh and + + + align:start position:0% +skeptical of the of the benefits uh and +therefore more indifferent than we think + + align:start position:0% +therefore more indifferent than we think + + + align:start position:0% +therefore more indifferent than we think +they ought to be and therefore removing + + align:start position:0% +they ought to be and therefore removing + + + align:start position:0% +they ought to be and therefore removing +the puzzle you know and so now if they + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle you know and so now if they + + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle you know and so now if they +are mostly indifference then we can + + align:start position:0% +are mostly indifference then we can + + + align:start position:0% +are mostly indifference then we can +reinter we can go back to going back to + + align:start position:0% +reinter we can go back to going back to + + + align:start position:0% +reinter we can go back to going back to +a little bit of uh of time inconsistency + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of uh of time inconsistency + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of uh of time inconsistency +on top of a huge zone of indifference + + align:start position:0% +on top of a huge zone of indifference + + + align:start position:0% +on top of a huge zone of indifference +anyways will create a large number of + + align:start position:0% +anyways will create a large number of + + + align:start position:0% +anyways will create a large number of +people who whose Behavior will look very + + align:start position:0% +people who whose Behavior will look very + + + align:start position:0% +people who whose Behavior will look very +inert and then the puzzle somehow + + align:start position:0% +inert and then the puzzle somehow + + + align:start position:0% +inert and then the puzzle somehow +disappears + + align:start position:0% +disappears + + + align:start position:0% +disappears +on top of it + + align:start position:0% +on top of it + + + align:start position:0% +on top of it +in this context where in you know + + align:start position:0% +in this context where in you know + + + align:start position:0% +in this context where in you know +forming your own models of the world is + + align:start position:0% +forming your own models of the world is + + + align:start position:0% +forming your own models of the world is +really hard because you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +really hard because you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +really hard because you don't have the +right data and it's complicated and all + + align:start position:0% +right data and it's complicated and all + + + align:start position:0% +right data and it's complicated and all +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +you would imagine this is the place + + align:start position:0% +you would imagine this is the place + + + align:start position:0% +you would imagine this is the place +where trust would be the most important + + align:start position:0% +where trust would be the most important + + + align:start position:0% +where trust would be the most important +world you have to have if you cannot + + align:start position:0% +world you have to have if you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +world you have to have if you cannot +make up the story yourself you have to + + align:start position:0% +make up the story yourself you have to + + + align:start position:0% +make up the story yourself you have to +have trust in the person who is giving + + align:start position:0% +have trust in the person who is giving + + + align:start position:0% +have trust in the person who is giving +telling you to do it + + align:start position:0% +telling you to do it + + + align:start position:0% +telling you to do it +frankly I have no real understanding of + + align:start position:0% +frankly I have no real understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +frankly I have no real understanding of +how mRNA vaccine work + + align:start position:0% +how mRNA vaccine work + + + align:start position:0% +how mRNA vaccine work +uh and I I have no reason to do it from + + align:start position:0% +uh and I I have no reason to do it from + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I I have no reason to do it from +my own experience whether this will in + + align:start position:0% +my own experience whether this will in + + + align:start position:0% +my own experience whether this will in +implant a chip in my head that is going + + align:start position:0% +implant a chip in my head that is going + + + align:start position:0% +implant a chip in my head that is going +to make me an agent of the CIA + + align:start position:0% +to make me an agent of the CIA + + + align:start position:0% +to make me an agent of the CIA +but I trust you know + + align:start position:0% +but I trust you know + + + align:start position:0% +but I trust you know +the people the system Etc + + align:start position:0% +the people the system Etc + + + align:start position:0% +the people the system Etc +to boost reassure me on that they in + + align:start position:0% +to boost reassure me on that they in + + + align:start position:0% +to boost reassure me on that they in +fact work and the on the rice control + + align:start position:0% +fact work and the on the rice control + + + align:start position:0% +fact work and the on the rice control +trial have been done properly and so on + + align:start position:0% +trial have been done properly and so on + + + align:start position:0% +trial have been done properly and so on +and so forth and that they don't have + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and that they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and that they don't have +those side effects + + align:start position:0% +those side effects + + + align:start position:0% +those side effects +but if you don't so and so this is where + + align:start position:0% +but if you don't so and so this is where + + + align:start position:0% +but if you don't so and so this is where +the trust in the government plays a key + + align:start position:0% +the trust in the government plays a key + + + align:start position:0% +the trust in the government plays a key +role on our trusting official sources + + align:start position:0% +role on our trusting official sources + + + align:start position:0% +role on our trusting official sources +the government and nurses the doctors + + align:start position:0% +the government and nurses the doctors + + + align:start position:0% +the government and nurses the doctors +Etc but both in oecd countries and in + + align:start position:0% +Etc but both in oecd countries and in + + + align:start position:0% +Etc but both in oecd countries and in +developing countries there has been a + + align:start position:0% +developing countries there has been a + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries there has been a +huge decline in the trust of government + + align:start position:0% +huge decline in the trust of government + + + align:start position:0% +huge decline in the trust of government +over the last 10 20 years in the U.S + + align:start position:0% +over the last 10 20 years in the U.S + + + align:start position:0% +over the last 10 20 years in the U.S +it's at an extremely low level so it is + + align:start position:0% +it's at an extremely low level so it is + + + align:start position:0% +it's at an extremely low level so it is +not entirely surprising that people do + + align:start position:0% +not entirely surprising that people do + + + align:start position:0% +not entirely surprising that people do +not cannot get the whole story of the + + align:start position:0% +not cannot get the whole story of the + + + align:start position:0% +not cannot get the whole story of the +benefits because they don't understand + + align:start position:0% +benefits because they don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +benefits because they don't understand +the mechanism as they shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +the mechanism as they shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +the mechanism as they shouldn't be +expected to and they don't trust The + + align:start position:0% +expected to and they don't trust The + + + align:start position:0% +expected to and they don't trust The +Messengers + + align:start position:0% +Messengers + + + align:start position:0% +Messengers +in developing countries uh this + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries uh this + + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries uh this +mistrusting in in Health Services has uh + + align:start position:0% +mistrusting in in Health Services has uh + + + align:start position:0% +mistrusting in in Health Services has uh +in many cases some Roots because Public + + align:start position:0% +in many cases some Roots because Public + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases some Roots because Public +Health some Public Health company have + + align:start position:0% +Health some Public Health company have + + + align:start position:0% +Health some Public Health company have +been botched or some people have been + + align:start position:0% +been botched or some people have been + + + align:start position:0% +been botched or some people have been +using public health campaign to do other + + align:start position:0% +using public health campaign to do other + + + align:start position:0% +using public health campaign to do other +things than what they should be doing + + align:start position:0% +things than what they should be doing + + + align:start position:0% +things than what they should be doing +so going back to our friend ABCD or the + + align:start position:0% +so going back to our friend ABCD or the + + + align:start position:0% +so going back to our friend ABCD or the +ABCD campaign against uh + + align:start position:0% +ABCD campaign against uh + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD campaign against uh +HIV + + align:start position:0% +HIV + + + align:start position:0% +HIV +quite explicitly the government people + + align:start position:0% +quite explicitly the government people + + + align:start position:0% +quite explicitly the government people +will tell you that it's not just + + align:start position:0% +will tell you that it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +will tell you that it's not just +it's not it's not just about HIV but in + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's not just about HIV but in + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's not just about HIV but in +addition if kids were less promiscuous + + align:start position:0% +addition if kids were less promiscuous + + + align:start position:0% +addition if kids were less promiscuous +it would have a lot of good you know + + align:start position:0% +it would have a lot of good you know + + + align:start position:0% +it would have a lot of good you know +side effects we wouldn't have uh early + + align:start position:0% +side effects we wouldn't have uh early + + + align:start position:0% +side effects we wouldn't have uh early +pregnancies and all that so we might as + + align:start position:0% +pregnancies and all that so we might as + + + align:start position:0% +pregnancies and all that so we might as +well scare them to death on HIV and + + align:start position:0% +well scare them to death on HIV and + + + align:start position:0% +well scare them to death on HIV and +therefore will get these things as well + + align:start position:0% +therefore will get these things as well + + + align:start position:0% +therefore will get these things as well +so we know of course that using a condom + + align:start position:0% +so we know of course that using a condom + + + align:start position:0% +so we know of course that using a condom +would be uh would be good enough you + + align:start position:0% +would be uh would be good enough you + + + align:start position:0% +would be uh would be good enough you +don't need to abstain we know that uh if + + align:start position:0% +don't need to abstain we know that uh if + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to abstain we know that uh if +they had a sexual relationship only + + align:start position:0% +they had a sexual relationship only + + + align:start position:0% +they had a sexual relationship only +among themselves it would be much safer + + align:start position:0% +among themselves it would be much safer + + + align:start position:0% +among themselves it would be much safer +for HIV but we are not going to tell + + align:start position:0% +for HIV but we are not going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +for HIV but we are not going to tell +them because well we might as well get + + align:start position:0% +them because well we might as well get + + + align:start position:0% +them because well we might as well get +them to behave + + align:start position:0% +them to behave + + + align:start position:0% +them to behave +so this is just as an example of this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is just as an example of this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just as an example of this is +not necessarily Sinister motifs but + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily Sinister motifs but + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily Sinister motifs but +there is always a tendency of slightly + + align:start position:0% +there is always a tendency of slightly + + + align:start position:0% +there is always a tendency of slightly +or misusing your power information power + + align:start position:0% +or misusing your power information power + + + align:start position:0% +or misusing your power information power +over the people uh uh that you are + + align:start position:0% +over the people uh uh that you are + + + align:start position:0% +over the people uh uh that you are +supposed to instruct because oil you + + align:start position:0% +supposed to instruct because oil you + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to instruct because oil you +might as well get some benefits + + align:start position:0% +might as well get some benefits + + + align:start position:0% +might as well get some benefits +these are a + + align:start position:0% +these are a + + + align:start position:0% +these are a +mistrust in the health system has huge + + align:start position:0% +mistrust in the health system has huge + + + align:start position:0% +mistrust in the health system has huge +impact in people believing uh things + + align:start position:0% +impact in people believing uh things + + + align:start position:0% +impact in people believing uh things +like uh coveted vaccines but also + + align:start position:0% +like uh coveted vaccines but also + + + align:start position:0% +like uh coveted vaccines but also +childhood vaccinations + + align:start position:0% +childhood vaccinations + + + align:start position:0% +childhood vaccinations +for example in India there has been + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +joined the emergency period in the in + + align:start position:0% +joined the emergency period in the in + + + align:start position:0% +joined the emergency period in the in +the late 70s when Mrs Gandhi was in + + align:start position:0% +the late 70s when Mrs Gandhi was in + + + align:start position:0% +the late 70s when Mrs Gandhi was in +power there was a huge campaign of first + + align:start position:0% +power there was a huge campaign of first + + + align:start position:0% +power there was a huge campaign of first +sterilization + + align:start position:0% +sterilization + + + align:start position:0% +sterilization +and it was disguised in many ways and + + align:start position:0% +and it was disguised in many ways and + + + align:start position:0% +and it was disguised in many ways and +people were sent to camps and people + + align:start position:0% +people were sent to camps and people + + + align:start position:0% +people were sent to camps and people +people remember that + + align:start position:0% +people remember that + + + align:start position:0% +people remember that +and so I've long believed although I'm + + align:start position:0% +and so I've long believed although I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and so I've long believed although I'm +still I haven't seen the study yet Vlogs + + align:start position:0% +still I haven't seen the study yet Vlogs + + + align:start position:0% +still I haven't seen the study yet Vlogs +believed that this fourth sterilization + + align:start position:0% +believed that this fourth sterilization + + + align:start position:0% +believed that this fourth sterilization +that where people in areas where you + + align:start position:0% +that where people in areas where you + + + align:start position:0% +that where people in areas where you +have more first sterilization there is + + align:start position:0% +have more first sterilization there is + + + align:start position:0% +have more first sterilization there is +more mistrust in in the health system + + align:start position:0% +more mistrust in in the health system + + + align:start position:0% +more mistrust in in the health system +today and therefore let's take care of + + align:start position:0% +today and therefore let's take care of + + + align:start position:0% +today and therefore let's take care of +services so although this is a study + + align:start position:0% +services so although this is a study + + + align:start position:0% +services so although this is a study +I've always wanted to to do and I've + + align:start position:0% +I've always wanted to to do and I've + + + align:start position:0% +I've always wanted to to do and I've +never seen a good version of it or + + align:start position:0% +never seen a good version of it or + + + align:start position:0% +never seen a good version of it or +although I've seen some not so good + + align:start position:0% +although I've seen some not so good + + + align:start position:0% +although I've seen some not so good +version of it + + align:start position:0% +version of it + + + align:start position:0% +version of it +for India there is one paper that comes + + align:start position:0% +for India there is one paper that comes + + + align:start position:0% +for India there is one paper that comes +very very close to it which is a paper + + align:start position:0% +very very close to it which is a paper + + + align:start position:0% +very very close to it which is a paper +by Sarah Lewis and monteros + + align:start position:0% +by Sarah Lewis and monteros + + + align:start position:0% +by Sarah Lewis and monteros +Monte alsoi where they look at um + + align:start position:0% +Monte alsoi where they look at um + + + align:start position:0% +Monte alsoi where they look at um +Cameroon which used to be separated + + align:start position:0% +Cameroon which used to be separated + + + align:start position:0% +Cameroon which used to be separated +between French France and England + + align:start position:0% +between French France and England + + + align:start position:0% +between French France and England +when during the colonial period and is + + align:start position:0% +when during the colonial period and is + + + align:start position:0% +when during the colonial period and is +now one country + + align:start position:0% +now one country + + + align:start position:0% +now one country +and the French and the British had + + align:start position:0% +and the French and the British had + + + align:start position:0% +and the French and the British had +different ideas on different things and + + align:start position:0% +different ideas on different things and + + + align:start position:0% +different ideas on different things and +in particular at some point the French + + align:start position:0% +in particular at some point the French + + + align:start position:0% +in particular at some point the French +got super worried about the + + align:start position:0% +got super worried about the + + + align:start position:0% +got super worried about the +sleeping sickness + + align:start position:0% +sleeping sickness + + + align:start position:0% +sleeping sickness +and they undertook a massive campaign + + align:start position:0% +and they undertook a massive campaign + + + align:start position:0% +and they undertook a massive campaign +against sleeping sickness uh + + align:start position:0% +against sleeping sickness uh + + + align:start position:0% +against sleeping sickness uh +so they vaccinated everyone + + align:start position:0% +so they vaccinated everyone + + + align:start position:0% +so they vaccinated everyone +and the vaccine was not that good and a + + align:start position:0% +and the vaccine was not that good and a + + + align:start position:0% +and the vaccine was not that good and a +lot of kids died and it was just about + + align:start position:0% +lot of kids died and it was just about + + + align:start position:0% +lot of kids died and it was just about +the idea + + align:start position:0% +the idea + + + align:start position:0% +the idea +and those places still have low trust in + + align:start position:0% +and those places still have low trust in + + + align:start position:0% +and those places still have low trust in +medicine today compared to comparable + + align:start position:0% +medicine today compared to comparable + + + align:start position:0% +medicine today compared to comparable +places in the same countries that were + + align:start position:0% +places in the same countries that were + + + align:start position:0% +places in the same countries that were +under British rule and that did not + + align:start position:0% +under British rule and that did not + + + align:start position:0% +under British rule and that did not +receive the the same vaccination + + align:start position:0% +receive the the same vaccination + + + align:start position:0% +receive the the same vaccination +so that's an example of sort of long + + align:start position:0% +so that's an example of sort of long + + + align:start position:0% +so that's an example of sort of long +shadow of mistrust another example is + + align:start position:0% +shadow of mistrust another example is + + + align:start position:0% +shadow of mistrust another example is +from the US is Marcella Allison and + + align:start position:0% +from the US is Marcella Allison and + + + align:start position:0% +from the US is Marcella Allison and +Marianne Wanamaker study on the on the + + align:start position:0% +Marianne Wanamaker study on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +Marianne Wanamaker study on the on the +Tuskegee trials where places that are + + align:start position:0% +Tuskegee trials where places that are + + + align:start position:0% +Tuskegee trials where places that are +further closer to Tuskegee counties that + + align:start position:0% +further closer to Tuskegee counties that + + + align:start position:0% +further closer to Tuskegee counties that +have closer to tuskegee's have less + + align:start position:0% +have closer to tuskegee's have less + + + align:start position:0% +have closer to tuskegee's have less +trust in in government today but that's + + align:start position:0% +trust in in government today but that's + + + align:start position:0% +trust in in government today but that's +this is for this is exactly the idea of + + align:start position:0% +this is for this is exactly the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +this is for this is exactly the idea of +Tuskegee was like awful + + align:start position:0% +Tuskegee was like awful + + + align:start position:0% +Tuskegee was like awful +and this was just miss Guido + + align:start position:0% +and this was just miss Guido + + + align:start position:0% +and this was just miss Guido +if you see the these Tuskegee was actual + + align:start position:0% +if you see the these Tuskegee was actual + + + align:start position:0% +if you see the these Tuskegee was actual +like bad behavior of people lying Etc + + align:start position:0% +like bad behavior of people lying Etc + + + align:start position:0% +like bad behavior of people lying Etc +this is just they were trying to do a + + align:start position:0% +this is just they were trying to do a + + + align:start position:0% +this is just they were trying to do a +public health campaign and turns out + + align:start position:0% +public health campaign and turns out + + + align:start position:0% +public health campaign and turns out +their product was not great and this is + + align:start position:0% +their product was not great and this is + + + align:start position:0% +their product was not great and this is +still kids today are less vaccinated in + + align:start position:0% +still kids today are less vaccinated in + + + align:start position:0% +still kids today are less vaccinated in +those places compared to very + + align:start position:0% +those places compared to very + + + align:start position:0% +those places compared to very +very close by places uh which which + + align:start position:0% +very close by places uh which which + + + align:start position:0% +very close by places uh which which +which were under British rule + + align:start position:0% +which were under British rule + + + align:start position:0% +which were under British rule +and other people along the same line + + align:start position:0% +and other people along the same line + + + align:start position:0% +and other people along the same line +still on vaccination is a paper by + + align:start position:0% +still on vaccination is a paper by + + + align:start position:0% +still on vaccination is a paper by +Monica Martinez Bravo and Johannes + + align:start position:0% +Monica Martinez Bravo and Johannes + + + align:start position:0% +Monica Martinez Bravo and Johannes +steckman + + align:start position:0% +steckman + + + align:start position:0% +steckman +looking at the CIA vaccine rules + + align:start position:0% +looking at the CIA vaccine rules + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the CIA vaccine rules +so when the Americans wanted to get bin + + align:start position:0% +so when the Americans wanted to get bin + + + align:start position:0% +so when the Americans wanted to get bin +Laden + + align:start position:0% +Laden + + + align:start position:0% +Laden +they needed to collect information about + + align:start position:0% +they needed to collect information about + + + align:start position:0% +they needed to collect information about +the I think the DNA of his kids + + align:start position:0% +the I think the DNA of his kids + + + align:start position:0% +the I think the DNA of his kids +and I send the guy to do some + + align:start position:0% +and I send the guy to do some + + + align:start position:0% +and I send the guy to do some +vaccination campaign in Pakistan where + + align:start position:0% +vaccination campaign in Pakistan where + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination campaign in Pakistan where +he was hiding + + align:start position:0% +he was hiding + + + align:start position:0% +he was hiding +in order to collect swabs to have swabs + + align:start position:0% +in order to collect swabs to have swabs + + + align:start position:0% +in order to collect swabs to have swabs +of the kids so they could find out that + + align:start position:0% +of the kids so they could find out that + + + align:start position:0% +of the kids so they could find out that +it was in fact him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they found him whatever they killed him + + align:start position:0% +they found him whatever they killed him + + + align:start position:0% +they found him whatever they killed him +and after that if you look at the places + + align:start position:0% +and after that if you look at the places + + + align:start position:0% +and after that if you look at the places +where that happened there is less + + align:start position:0% +where that happened there is less + + + align:start position:0% +where that happened there is less +vaccination today than in than in other + + align:start position:0% +vaccination today than in than in other + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination today than in than in other +places so that's another example + + align:start position:0% +places so that's another example + + + align:start position:0% +places so that's another example +so so this means trust in the government + + align:start position:0% +so so this means trust in the government + + + align:start position:0% +so so this means trust in the government +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and therefore contrary to the impact of + + align:start position:0% +and therefore contrary to the impact of + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore contrary to the impact of +a very well targeted pieces of + + align:start position:0% +a very well targeted pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +a very well targeted pieces of +information for example how costly it is + + align:start position:0% +information for example how costly it is + + + align:start position:0% +information for example how costly it is +to use a net or you know older men are + + align:start position:0% +to use a net or you know older men are + + + align:start position:0% +to use a net or you know older men are +more likely to be hiv-positive than + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be hiv-positive than + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be hiv-positive than +younger men you have a low impact of + + align:start position:0% +younger men you have a low impact of + + + align:start position:0% +younger men you have a low impact of +General kind of + + align:start position:0% +General kind of + + + align:start position:0% +General kind of +trust me you should do this without any + + align:start position:0% +trust me you should do this without any + + + align:start position:0% +trust me you should do this without any +concrete pieces of information attached + + align:start position:0% +concrete pieces of information attached + + + align:start position:0% +concrete pieces of information attached +to them + + align:start position:0% +to them + + + align:start position:0% +to them +so in in our study of the + + align:start position:0% +so in in our study of the + + + align:start position:0% +so in in our study of the +ABCD campaign we find no impact of the + + align:start position:0% +ABCD campaign we find no impact of the + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD campaign we find no impact of the +ABCD campaign on Behavior + + align:start position:0% +ABCD campaign on Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD campaign on Behavior +in the same setting where pasculine find + + align:start position:0% +in the same setting where pasculine find + + + align:start position:0% +in the same setting where pasculine find +large effect of that more concrete piece + + align:start position:0% +large effect of that more concrete piece + + + align:start position:0% +large effect of that more concrete piece +of information and also in Kenya Kramer + + align:start position:0% +of information and also in Kenya Kramer + + + align:start position:0% +of information and also in Kenya Kramer +and Miguel along with a deworming + + align:start position:0% +and Miguel along with a deworming + + + align:start position:0% +and Miguel along with a deworming +program have a campaign where they're + + align:start position:0% +program have a campaign where they're + + + align:start position:0% +program have a campaign where they're +trying to tell people kids you know + + align:start position:0% +trying to tell people kids you know + + + align:start position:0% +trying to tell people kids you know +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +don't work Barefoot don't go fishing in + + align:start position:0% +don't work Barefoot don't go fishing in + + + align:start position:0% +don't work Barefoot don't go fishing in +the lake + + align:start position:0% +the lake + + + align:start position:0% +the lake +and then that does zero impact + + align:start position:0% +and then that does zero impact + + + align:start position:0% +and then that does zero impact +that's because it has it doesn't have a + + align:start position:0% +that's because it has it doesn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +that's because it has it doesn't have a +new information it's just like some + + align:start position:0% +new information it's just like some + + + align:start position:0% +new information it's just like some +general preaching message and that + + align:start position:0% +general preaching message and that + + + align:start position:0% +general preaching message and that +doesn't uh that is not effective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's the trust part + + align:start position:0% +so that's the trust part + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the trust part +so now if we uh if we are in this kind + + align:start position:0% +so now if we uh if we are in this kind + + + align:start position:0% +so now if we uh if we are in this kind +of setting then you would as you would + + align:start position:0% +of setting then you would as you would + + + align:start position:0% +of setting then you would as you would +imagine that the social Norm the social + + align:start position:0% +imagine that the social Norm the social + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that the social Norm the social +equilibrium would play a pretty + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium would play a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium would play a pretty +important role + + align:start position:0% +important role + + + align:start position:0% +important role +first of all because it can substitute + + align:start position:0% +first of all because it can substitute + + + align:start position:0% +first of all because it can substitute +uh uh or on the contrary anneal It + + align:start position:0% +uh uh or on the contrary anneal It + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh or on the contrary anneal It +Whatever trust exists in the system if a + + align:start position:0% +Whatever trust exists in the system if a + + + align:start position:0% +Whatever trust exists in the system if a +community is sort of arranged at uh kind + + align:start position:0% +community is sort of arranged at uh kind + + + align:start position:0% +community is sort of arranged at uh kind +of agrees to uh to a common Behavior + + align:start position:0% +of agrees to uh to a common Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +of agrees to uh to a common Behavior +secondary full because since people + + align:start position:0% +secondary full because since people + + + align:start position:0% +secondary full because since people +understand if people understand that the + + align:start position:0% +understand if people understand that the + + + align:start position:0% +understand if people understand that the +benefits to immunization is mainly + + align:start position:0% +benefits to immunization is mainly + + + align:start position:0% +benefits to immunization is mainly +social + + align:start position:0% +social + + + align:start position:0% +social +and then whether or not you know the uh + + align:start position:0% +and then whether or not you know the uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then whether or not you know the uh +whether or not there is a social + + align:start position:0% +whether or not there is a social + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not there is a social +sanction or social uh rewind associated + + align:start position:0% +sanction or social uh rewind associated + + + align:start position:0% +sanction or social uh rewind associated +with taking a social action uh can + + align:start position:0% +with taking a social action uh can + + + align:start position:0% +with taking a social action uh can +create the benefits now people see that + + align:start position:0% +create the benefits now people see that + + + align:start position:0% +create the benefits now people see that +okay I'm mainly doing this for the + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm mainly doing this for the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm mainly doing this for the +community as far as I can understand is + + align:start position:0% +community as far as I can understand is + + + align:start position:0% +community as far as I can understand is +the community going to be grateful to me + + align:start position:0% +the community going to be grateful to me + + + align:start position:0% +the community going to be grateful to me +and going to Manifest this gratefulness + + align:start position:0% +and going to Manifest this gratefulness + + + align:start position:0% +and going to Manifest this gratefulness +or not + + align:start position:0% +or not + + + align:start position:0% +or not +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh one way in which that you know + + align:start position:0% +uh one way in which that you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh one way in which that you know +you could help the community + + align:start position:0% +you could help the community + + + align:start position:0% +you could help the community +reward people who are doing the right + + align:start position:0% +reward people who are doing the right + + + align:start position:0% +reward people who are doing the right +thing for the community + + align:start position:0% +thing for the community + + + align:start position:0% +thing for the community +is by helping people signal that they + + align:start position:0% +is by helping people signal that they + + + align:start position:0% +is by helping people signal that they +are the right kind of people + + align:start position:0% +are the right kind of people + + + align:start position:0% +are the right kind of people +so when you go to vote you get like I + + align:start position:0% +so when you go to vote you get like I + + + align:start position:0% +so when you go to vote you get like I +voted sticker when people get vaccinated + + align:start position:0% +voted sticker when people get vaccinated + + + align:start position:0% +voted sticker when people get vaccinated +sometimes also they get sickier I don't + + align:start position:0% +sometimes also they get sickier I don't + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes also they get sickier I don't +know if you got I got vaccinated + + align:start position:0% +know if you got I got vaccinated + + + align:start position:0% +know if you got I got vaccinated +stickers I didn't get one in France they + + align:start position:0% +stickers I didn't get one in France they + + + align:start position:0% +stickers I didn't get one in France they +don't give one to give you one but but + + align:start position:0% +don't give one to give you one but but + + + align:start position:0% +don't give one to give you one but but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +for example when doctors get also in + + align:start position:0% +for example when doctors get also in + + + align:start position:0% +for example when doctors get also in +front of the health worker get + + align:start position:0% +front of the health worker get + + + align:start position:0% +front of the health worker get +vaccinated for the flu they get a bad + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated for the flu they get a bad + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated for the flu they get a bad +say I'm vaccinated that's to protect you + + align:start position:0% +say I'm vaccinated that's to protect you + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm vaccinated that's to protect you +that kind of things + + align:start position:0% +that kind of things + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of things +so I'm caring did a very nice experiment + + align:start position:0% +so I'm caring did a very nice experiment + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm caring did a very nice experiment +it was our job market people by the way + + align:start position:0% +it was our job market people by the way + + + align:start position:0% +it was our job market people by the way +so it's worth reading it in order to you + + align:start position:0% +so it's worth reading it in order to you + + + align:start position:0% +so it's worth reading it in order to you +know get a sense of + + align:start position:0% +know get a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +know get a sense of +what you could do as a student + + align:start position:0% +what you could do as a student + + + align:start position:0% +what you could do as a student +she she said let's time signal uh the + + align:start position:0% +she she said let's time signal uh the + + + align:start position:0% +she she said let's time signal uh the +the help people signal that they are + + align:start position:0% +the help people signal that they are + + + align:start position:0% +the help people signal that they are +oops the type of people who get who + + align:start position:0% +oops the type of people who get who + + + align:start position:0% +oops the type of people who get who +emulate their kids + + align:start position:0% +emulate their kids + + + align:start position:0% +emulate their kids +are either because they're good parents + + align:start position:0% +are either because they're good parents + + + align:start position:0% +are either because they're good parents +or because they are good for the + + align:start position:0% +or because they are good for the + + + align:start position:0% +or because they are good for the +community so they give they give silicon + + align:start position:0% +community so they give they give silicon + + + align:start position:0% +community so they give they give silicon +bracelet to show that you have completed + + align:start position:0% +bracelet to show that you have completed + + + align:start position:0% +bracelet to show that you have completed +the sequence of immunization + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of immunization + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of immunization +under my stats at the Village level and + + align:start position:0% +under my stats at the Village level and + + + align:start position:0% +under my stats at the Village level and +she found out the health center level + + align:start position:0% +she found out the health center level + + + align:start position:0% +she found out the health center level +and she finds that in places where uh + + align:start position:0% +and she finds that in places where uh + + + align:start position:0% +and she finds that in places where uh +the bracelets were given at the end of + + align:start position:0% +the bracelets were given at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +the bracelets were given at the end of +the sequence uh bracelets were very + + align:start position:0% +the sequence uh bracelets were very + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence uh bracelets were very +popular and they do increase + + align:start position:0% +popular and they do increase + + + align:start position:0% +popular and they do increase +immunization + + align:start position:0% +immunization + + + align:start position:0% +immunization +now one question for you how do you how + + align:start position:0% +now one question for you how do you how + + + align:start position:0% +now one question for you how do you how +does she know how could do you know that + + align:start position:0% +does she know how could do you know that + + + align:start position:0% +does she know how could do you know that +it's uh signaling + + align:start position:0% +it's uh signaling + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh signaling +per se that you're a good person + + align:start position:0% +per se that you're a good person + + + align:start position:0% +per se that you're a good person +and what else could it be + + align:start position:0% +and what else could it be + + + align:start position:0% +and what else could it be +yeah you want to make sure that um these + + align:start position:0% +yeah you want to make sure that um these + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you want to make sure that um these +are a form of like verifying he's + + align:start position:0% +are a form of like verifying he's + + + align:start position:0% +are a form of like verifying he's +actually been immunized relative to + + align:start position:0% +actually been immunized relative to + + + align:start position:0% +actually been immunized relative to +before there's no way again so that + + align:start position:0% +before there's no way again so that + + + align:start position:0% +before there's no way again so that +businesses could impact on it if you + + align:start position:0% +businesses could impact on it if you + + + align:start position:0% +businesses could impact on it if you +want to make sure that the businesses + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that the businesses + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that the businesses +aren't like being able to answer things + + align:start position:0% +aren't like being able to answer things + + + align:start position:0% +aren't like being able to answer things +or use certain Services + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so you would see so here by the way + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you would see so here by the way + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you would see so here by the way +it's not just businesses it's like + + align:start position:0% +it's not just businesses it's like + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just businesses it's like +basically people are on it's not that + + align:start position:0% +basically people are on it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +basically people are on it's not that +people use that like we use it in front + + align:start position:0% +people use that like we use it in front + + + align:start position:0% +people use that like we use it in front +to go anywhere but it's a way of saying + + align:start position:0% +to go anywhere but it's a way of saying + + + align:start position:0% +to go anywhere but it's a way of saying +of well in her mind it's a way of + + align:start position:0% +of well in her mind it's a way of + + + align:start position:0% +of well in her mind it's a way of +showing you've been immunized to your + + align:start position:0% +showing you've been immunized to your + + + align:start position:0% +showing you've been immunized to your +friend and everything and and as you say + + align:start position:0% +friend and everything and and as you say + + + align:start position:0% +friend and everything and and as you say +well the point is that like how do you + + align:start position:0% +well the point is that like how do you + + + align:start position:0% +well the point is that like how do you +know that people understand that it's in + + align:start position:0% +know that people understand that it's in + + + align:start position:0% +know that people understand that it's in +fact signaling that that it's in fact a + + align:start position:0% +fact signaling that that it's in fact a + + + align:start position:0% +fact signaling that that it's in fact a +verification for that and if it's not + + align:start position:0% +verification for that and if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +verification for that and if it's not +why would people + + align:start position:0% +why would people + + + align:start position:0% +why would people +why would you anyway see potentially an + + align:start position:0% +why would you anyway see potentially an + + + align:start position:0% +why would you anyway see potentially an +impact of the bracelet + + align:start position:0% +impact of the bracelet + + + align:start position:0% +impact of the bracelet +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah maybe maybe people just like the + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe maybe people just like the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe maybe people just like the +bracelets so you think well it's really + + align:start position:0% +bracelets so you think well it's really + + + align:start position:0% +bracelets so you think well it's really +tiny but remember people when got + + align:start position:0% +tiny but remember people when got + + + align:start position:0% +tiny but remember people when got +vaccinated for a kilo of lentils and the + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated for a kilo of lentils and the + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated for a kilo of lentils and the +Silicon bracelet is more fun than a + + align:start position:0% +Silicon bracelet is more fun than a + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon bracelet is more fun than a +Presley for your kid is more fun than a + + align:start position:0% +Presley for your kid is more fun than a + + + align:start position:0% +Presley for your kid is more fun than a +kilo of lentil so people might just like + + align:start position:0% +kilo of lentil so people might just like + + + align:start position:0% +kilo of lentil so people might just like +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +um so what she does to test that and + + align:start position:0% +um so what she does to test that and + + + align:start position:0% +um so what she does to test that and +that's a nice feature of the experiment + + align:start position:0% +that's a nice feature of the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +that's a nice feature of the experiment +is that she introduced a treatment which + + align:start position:0% +is that she introduced a treatment which + + + align:start position:0% +is that she introduced a treatment which +has uninformative bracelets where + + align:start position:0% +has uninformative bracelets where + + + align:start position:0% +has uninformative bracelets where +everybody gets the bracelets anyways + + align:start position:0% +everybody gets the bracelets anyways + + + align:start position:0% +everybody gets the bracelets anyways +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +you can compare the uninformative + + align:start position:0% +you can compare the uninformative + + + align:start position:0% +you can compare the uninformative +bracelets to the informative bracelets + + align:start position:0% +bracelets to the informative bracelets + + + align:start position:0% +bracelets to the informative bracelets +that you get after having completing the + + align:start position:0% +that you get after having completing the + + + align:start position:0% +that you get after having completing the +sequence and in fact + + align:start position:0% +sequence and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +sequence and in fact +although it's not quite how the paper is + + align:start position:0% +although it's not quite how the paper is + + + align:start position:0% +although it's not quite how the paper is +written but if you look at the table in + + align:start position:0% +written but if you look at the table in + + + align:start position:0% +written but if you look at the table in +fact the the uninformative bracelet so + + align:start position:0% +fact the the uninformative bracelet so + + + align:start position:0% +fact the the uninformative bracelet so +that's the part where + + align:start position:0% +that's the part where + + + align:start position:0% +that's the part where +I think she got maybe gone + + align:start position:0% +I think she got maybe gone + + + align:start position:0% +I think she got maybe gone +very happy with her results and she want + + align:start position:0% +very happy with her results and she want + + + align:start position:0% +very happy with her results and she want +to do but if you look at the table the + + align:start position:0% +to do but if you look at the table the + + + align:start position:0% +to do but if you look at the table the +uninformative bracelets are about as + + align:start position:0% +uninformative bracelets are about as + + + align:start position:0% +uninformative bracelets are about as +effective as the informative bracelet + + align:start position:0% +effective as the informative bracelet + + + align:start position:0% +effective as the informative bracelet +so one way to read this is that + + align:start position:0% +so one way to read this is that + + + align:start position:0% +so one way to read this is that +it didn't you know it you can't really + + align:start position:0% +it didn't you know it you can't really + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't you know it you can't really +reject that people just like bracelets + + align:start position:0% +reject that people just like bracelets + + + align:start position:0% +reject that people just like bracelets +and that it's not the signal that works + + align:start position:0% +and that it's not the signal that works + + + align:start position:0% +and that it's not the signal that works +out but it was super well designed to + + align:start position:0% +out but it was super well designed to + + + align:start position:0% +out but it was super well designed to +figure it out and uh you know now she's + + align:start position:0% +figure it out and uh you know now she's + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out and uh you know now she's +doing another one on dewormings where + + align:start position:0% +doing another one on dewormings where + + + align:start position:0% +doing another one on dewormings where +maybe we will find a more of a + + align:start position:0% +maybe we will find a more of a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we will find a more of a +difference between signaling and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so with many of this explanation the + + align:start position:0% +so with many of this explanation the + + + align:start position:0% +so with many of this explanation the +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +a trust conveying the social norms the + + align:start position:0% +a trust conveying the social norms the + + + align:start position:0% +a trust conveying the social norms the +social networks are likely to play a key + + align:start position:0% +social networks are likely to play a key + + + align:start position:0% +social networks are likely to play a key +role + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the idea then is how do you kind of + + align:start position:0% +so the idea then is how do you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea then is how do you kind of +activate the social network in uh in the + + align:start position:0% +activate the social network in uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +activate the social network in uh in the +case of immunization of preventive good + + align:start position:0% +case of immunization of preventive good + + + align:start position:0% +case of immunization of preventive good +to your benefits to kind of + + align:start position:0% +to your benefits to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to your benefits to kind of +and of course the common idea is uh is + + align:start position:0% +and of course the common idea is uh is + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the common idea is uh is +to to activate it via people who are + + align:start position:0% +to to activate it via people who are + + + align:start position:0% +to to activate it via people who are +influential in a network + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in the in the covid-19 people it was + + align:start position:0% +and in the in the covid-19 people it was + + + align:start position:0% +and in the in the covid-19 people it was +done both by trying to activate stars + + align:start position:0% +done both by trying to activate stars + + + align:start position:0% +done both by trying to activate stars +and by trying to activate uh more look + + align:start position:0% +and by trying to activate uh more look + + + align:start position:0% +and by trying to activate uh more look +at the influential people like church + + align:start position:0% +at the influential people like church + + + align:start position:0% +at the influential people like church +leader Community leader Etc + + align:start position:0% +leader Community leader Etc + + + align:start position:0% +leader Community leader Etc +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +starting with stars uh + + align:start position:0% +starting with stars uh + + + align:start position:0% +starting with stars uh +viviality and a bunch of other people on + + align:start position:0% +viviality and a bunch of other people on + + + align:start position:0% +viviality and a bunch of other people on +these people other people + + align:start position:0% +these people other people + + + align:start position:0% +these people other people +on the role of stars in promoting + + align:start position:0% +on the role of stars in promoting + + + align:start position:0% +on the role of stars in promoting +vaccination messages again childhood + + align:start position:0% +vaccination messages again childhood + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination messages again childhood +vaccination messages + + align:start position:0% +vaccination messages + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination messages +and what they do is that they use local + + align:start position:0% +and what they do is that they use local + + + align:start position:0% +and what they do is that they use local +Stars so that they have geographicals + + align:start position:0% +Stars so that they have geographicals + + + align:start position:0% +Stars so that they have geographicals +you know they have geographical + + align:start position:0% +you know they have geographical + + + align:start position:0% +you know they have geographical +differences and randomized at that level + + align:start position:0% +differences and randomized at that level + + + align:start position:0% +differences and randomized at that level +and they and they have their their many + + align:start position:0% +and they and they have their their many + + + align:start position:0% +and they and they have their their many +stars which are on their different kind + + align:start position:0% +stars which are on their different kind + + + align:start position:0% +stars which are on their different kind +of groups of people on Twitter + + align:start position:0% +of groups of people on Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +of groups of people on Twitter +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +writing their own voice or just retweet + + align:start position:0% +writing their own voice or just retweet + + + align:start position:0% +writing their own voice or just retweet +the messages by who and what they find + + align:start position:0% +the messages by who and what they find + + + align:start position:0% +the messages by who and what they find +is that the most effective is when a + + align:start position:0% +is that the most effective is when a + + + align:start position:0% +is that the most effective is when a +star writes in our own voice + + align:start position:0% +star writes in our own voice + + + align:start position:0% +star writes in our own voice +I you know so glad that my kid got + + align:start position:0% +I you know so glad that my kid got + + + align:start position:0% +I you know so glad that my kid got +immunized or I think imagination is + + align:start position:0% +immunized or I think imagination is + + + align:start position:0% +immunized or I think imagination is +important or something like that so and + + align:start position:0% +important or something like that so and + + + align:start position:0% +important or something like that so and +that those messages are much more likely + + align:start position:0% +that those messages are much more likely + + + align:start position:0% +that those messages are much more likely +to be liked and to be retreated and so + + align:start position:0% +to be liked and to be retreated and so + + + align:start position:0% +to be liked and to be retreated and so +on and so forth we don't know they don't + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth we don't know they don't + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth we don't know they don't +have they can't test immunization status + + align:start position:0% +have they can't test immunization status + + + align:start position:0% +have they can't test immunization status +unfortunately so it's all about + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately so it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately so it's all about +that communication by star and vaccines + + align:start position:0% +that communication by star and vaccines + + + align:start position:0% +that communication by star and vaccines +get powerful + + align:start position:0% +get powerful + + + align:start position:0% +get powerful +uh Abhijit and the Sam Ben Rima + + align:start position:0% +uh Abhijit and the Sam Ben Rima + + + align:start position:0% +uh Abhijit and the Sam Ben Rima +uh Arun + + align:start position:0% +uh Arun + + + align:start position:0% +uh Arun +I have a paper that allowed cats called + + align:start position:0% +I have a paper that allowed cats called + + + align:start position:0% +I have a paper that allowed cats called +the Banerjee effect + + align:start position:0% +the Banerjee effect + + + align:start position:0% +the Banerjee effect +which we did at the in May of 2020 at + + align:start position:0% +which we did at the in May of 2020 at + + + align:start position:0% +which we did at the in May of 2020 at +the very beginning of the at the very + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of the at the very + + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of the at the very +beginning of the covid-19 uh pandemic + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the covid-19 uh pandemic + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the covid-19 uh pandemic +we had a budget who + + align:start position:0% +we had a budget who + + + align:start position:0% +we had a budget who +who at the same at the time had was a + + align:start position:0% +who at the same at the time had was a + + + align:start position:0% +who at the same at the time had was a +star for two reasons in West Bengal + + align:start position:0% +star for two reasons in West Bengal + + + align:start position:0% +star for two reasons in West Bengal +first because of the Nobel Prize in + + align:start position:0% +first because of the Nobel Prize in + + + align:start position:0% +first because of the Nobel Prize in +India they take their Nobel prizes + + align:start position:0% +India they take their Nobel prizes + + + align:start position:0% +India they take their Nobel prizes +seriously so he's like like + + align:start position:0% +seriously so he's like like + + + align:start position:0% +seriously so he's like like +literally on billboards and magazines + + align:start position:0% +literally on billboards and magazines + + + align:start position:0% +literally on billboards and magazines +and all that like it's + + align:start position:0% +and all that like it's + + + align:start position:0% +and all that like it's +uh something crazy actually + + align:start position:0% +uh something crazy actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh something crazy actually +when it goes to India at when he arrives + + align:start position:0% +when it goes to India at when he arrives + + + align:start position:0% +when it goes to India at when he arrives +at the airport in Kolkata there are like + + align:start position:0% +at the airport in Kolkata there are like + + + align:start position:0% +at the airport in Kolkata there are like +people fogging and it has to be put in a + + align:start position:0% +people fogging and it has to be put in a + + + align:start position:0% +people fogging and it has to be put in a +police car and all that + + align:start position:0% +police car and all that + + + align:start position:0% +police car and all that +I I if I if I go to India with him he + + align:start position:0% +I I if I if I go to India with him he + + + align:start position:0% +I I if I if I go to India with him he +might let him go and with the kids we go + + align:start position:0% +might let him go and with the kids we go + + + align:start position:0% +might let him go and with the kids we go +some other way so we don't know that + + align:start position:0% +some other way so we don't know that + + + align:start position:0% +some other way so we don't know that +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +anyway so we try and put it to good use + + align:start position:0% +anyway so we try and put it to good use + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so we try and put it to good use +and and another reason why he was + + align:start position:0% +and and another reason why he was + + + align:start position:0% +and and another reason why he was +kind of potentially uh famous relevantly + + align:start position:0% +kind of potentially uh famous relevantly + + + align:start position:0% +kind of potentially uh famous relevantly +famous in this context is because it was + + align:start position:0% +famous in this context is because it was + + + align:start position:0% +famous in this context is because it was +still is actually the found chief of + + align:start position:0% +still is actually the found chief of + + + align:start position:0% +still is actually the found chief of +West Bengal without the medical + + align:start position:0% +West Bengal without the medical + + + align:start position:0% +West Bengal without the medical +expertise he's the chairman of the + + align:start position:0% +expertise he's the chairman of the + + + align:start position:0% +expertise he's the chairman of the +covid-19 prevention Commission + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 prevention Commission + + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 prevention Commission +so he recorded short videos and they + + align:start position:0% +so he recorded short videos and they + + + align:start position:0% +so he recorded short videos and they +were sent by people to buy a + + align:start position:0% +were sent by people to buy a + + + align:start position:0% +were sent by people to buy a +two people Via SMS + + align:start position:0% +two people Via SMS + + + align:start position:0% +two people Via SMS +to about it was randomized at the + + align:start position:0% +to about it was randomized at the + + + align:start position:0% +to about it was randomized at the +geographical level to about 20 million + + align:start position:0% +geographical level to about 20 million + + + align:start position:0% +geographical level to about 20 million +people uh in in West Bengal randomized + + align:start position:0% +people uh in in West Bengal randomized + + + align:start position:0% +people uh in in West Bengal randomized +at the ZIP code equivalent of the ZIP + + align:start position:0% +at the ZIP code equivalent of the ZIP + + + align:start position:0% +at the ZIP code equivalent of the ZIP +code level + + align:start position:0% +code level + + + align:start position:0% +code level +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +uh the videos so we tried a different + + align:start position:0% +uh the videos so we tried a different + + + align:start position:0% +uh the videos so we tried a different +variation in a message and we we also + + align:start position:0% +variation in a message and we we also + + + align:start position:0% +variation in a message and we we also +and and the main outcome was so but all + + align:start position:0% +and and the main outcome was so but all + + + align:start position:0% +and and the main outcome was so but all +of the message encourage people to + + align:start position:0% +of the message encourage people to + + + align:start position:0% +of the message encourage people to +practice social distancing and to report + + align:start position:0% +practice social distancing and to report + + + align:start position:0% +practice social distancing and to report +symptoms to the Usher to the local + + align:start position:0% +symptoms to the Usher to the local + + + align:start position:0% +symptoms to the Usher to the local +Health worker + + align:start position:0% +Health worker + + + align:start position:0% +Health worker +and then we looked at at whether + + align:start position:0% +and then we looked at at whether + + + align:start position:0% +and then we looked at at whether +the Azure report that anyone reported + + align:start position:0% +the Azure report that anyone reported + + + align:start position:0% +the Azure report that anyone reported +symptom to her in the first few days + + align:start position:0% +symptom to her in the first few days + + + align:start position:0% +symptom to her in the first few days +after after the messages were sent and + + align:start position:0% +after after the messages were sent and + + + align:start position:0% +after after the messages were sent and +therefore + + align:start position:0% +therefore + + + align:start position:0% +therefore +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we could be sure it's not that we + + align:start position:0% +so we could be sure it's not that we + + + align:start position:0% +so we could be sure it's not that we +increased covid-19 prevalent with this + + align:start position:0% +increased covid-19 prevalent with this + + + align:start position:0% +increased covid-19 prevalent with this +message and therefore more symptoms were + + align:start position:0% +message and therefore more symptoms were + + + align:start position:0% +message and therefore more symptoms were +there to be reported anyway what we + + align:start position:0% +there to be reported anyway what we + + + align:start position:0% +there to be reported anyway what we +found is a doubling of credit which + + align:start position:0% +found is a doubling of credit which + + + align:start position:0% +found is a doubling of credit which +symptoms were reported to the Asha as + + align:start position:0% +symptoms were reported to the Asha as + + + align:start position:0% +symptoms were reported to the Asha as +well as more self-reported + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a social distancing of various kinds + + align:start position:0% +a social distancing of various kinds + + + align:start position:0% +a social distancing of various kinds +which doesn't seem to come from + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't seem to come from + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't seem to come from +information because people receive about + + align:start position:0% +information because people receive about + + + align:start position:0% +information because people receive about +20 messages a day anyways and seem to be + + align:start position:0% +20 messages a day anyways and seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +20 messages a day anyways and seem to be +pretty well informed but more about uh + + align:start position:0% +pretty well informed but more about uh + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well informed but more about uh +kind of an extra large of like doing the + + align:start position:0% +kind of an extra large of like doing the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an extra large of like doing the +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +so it does seem that this these Stars uh + + align:start position:0% +so it does seem that this these Stars uh + + + align:start position:0% +so it does seem that this these Stars uh +kind of public figure have potentially + + align:start position:0% +kind of public figure have potentially + + + align:start position:0% +kind of public figure have potentially +an impact + + align:start position:0% +an impact + + + align:start position:0% +an impact +the idea of the Biden immunization core + + align:start position:0% +the idea of the Biden immunization core + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of the Biden immunization core +was was to use locally influential + + align:start position:0% +was was to use locally influential + + + align:start position:0% +was was to use locally influential +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +and this is something which you find a + + align:start position:0% +and this is something which you find a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is something which you find a +lot of in developing countries where you + + align:start position:0% +lot of in developing countries where you + + + align:start position:0% +lot of in developing countries where you +try to + + align:start position:0% +try to + + + align:start position:0% +try to +whatever when you have something to sell + + align:start position:0% +whatever when you have something to sell + + + align:start position:0% +whatever when you have something to sell +a public health campaign or a new + + align:start position:0% +a public health campaign or a new + + + align:start position:0% +a public health campaign or a new +product you're trying to identify in the + + align:start position:0% +product you're trying to identify in the + + + align:start position:0% +product you're trying to identify in the +community people that are influential + + align:start position:0% +community people that are influential + + + align:start position:0% +community people that are influential +uh so the problem is who is influential + + align:start position:0% +uh so the problem is who is influential + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the problem is who is influential +and the way that the traditional way to + + align:start position:0% +and the way that the traditional way to + + + align:start position:0% +and the way that the traditional way to +get at that is the social if you know in + + align:start position:0% +get at that is the social if you know in + + + align:start position:0% +get at that is the social if you know in +advance + + align:start position:0% +advance + + + align:start position:0% +advance +so for example in the in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the in the case of the +micro credit organization that you read + + align:start position:0% +micro credit organization that you read + + + align:start position:0% +micro credit organization that you read +for the paper you write on gossips you + + align:start position:0% +for the paper you write on gossips you + + + align:start position:0% +for the paper you write on gossips you +could think these are people who + + align:start position:0% +could think these are people who + + + align:start position:0% +could think these are people who +uh these are the shopkeeper the teachers + + align:start position:0% +uh these are the shopkeeper the teachers + + + align:start position:0% +uh these are the shopkeeper the teachers +the central group members Etc the + + align:start position:0% +the central group members Etc the + + + align:start position:0% +the central group members Etc the +religious leaders are the one that were + + align:start position:0% +religious leaders are the one that were + + + align:start position:0% +religious leaders are the one that were +used by The Branding company + + align:start position:0% +used by The Branding company + + + align:start position:0% +used by The Branding company +but the the what we what we found in + + align:start position:0% +but the the what we what we found in + + + align:start position:0% +but the the what we what we found in +that in + + align:start position:0% +that in + + + align:start position:0% +that in +for in a paper for example on the + + align:start position:0% +for in a paper for example on the + + + align:start position:0% +for in a paper for example on the +diffusion of microfinance what we found + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of microfinance what we found + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of microfinance what we found +is that it doesn't necessarily work that + + align:start position:0% +is that it doesn't necessarily work that + + + align:start position:0% +is that it doesn't necessarily work that +a lot of these people who are supposed + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these people who are supposed + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these people who are supposed +to be influential are really not that + + align:start position:0% +to be influential are really not that + + + align:start position:0% +to be influential are really not that +influential and if you hit one of this + + align:start position:0% +influential and if you hit one of this + + + align:start position:0% +influential and if you hit one of this +person that you think is influential and + + align:start position:0% +person that you think is influential and + + + align:start position:0% +person that you think is influential and +you spread information to them then + + align:start position:0% +you spread information to them then + + + align:start position:0% +you spread information to them then +information goes nowhere + + align:start position:0% +information goes nowhere + + + align:start position:0% +information goes nowhere +so you would like to find people who are + + align:start position:0% +so you would like to find people who are + + + align:start position:0% +so you would like to find people who are +influential and it's + + align:start position:0% +influential and it's + + + align:start position:0% +influential and it's +hard to do + + align:start position:0% +hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +hard to do +and uh so that's where the gossip's idea + + align:start position:0% +and uh so that's where the gossip's idea + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so that's where the gossip's idea +came up uh is to find a way to to find + + align:start position:0% +came up uh is to find a way to to find + + + align:start position:0% +came up uh is to find a way to to find +these influential people so what's the + + align:start position:0% +these influential people so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +these influential people so what's the +idea of + + align:start position:0% +idea of + + + align:start position:0% +idea of +of gossips + + align:start position:0% +of gossips + + + align:start position:0% +of gossips +that's the paper or the first people you + + align:start position:0% +that's the paper or the first people you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the paper or the first people you +read + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah identify people who would be good + + align:start position:0% +yeah identify people who would be good + + + align:start position:0% +yeah identify people who would be good +at spreading information by just asking + + align:start position:0% +at spreading information by just asking + + + align:start position:0% +at spreading information by just asking +people who would be good it's very good + + align:start position:0% +people who would be good it's very good + + + align:start position:0% +people who would be good it's very good +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +exactly so it's asking in the community + + align:start position:0% +exactly so it's asking in the community + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so it's asking in the community +finding a few people and asking them + + align:start position:0% +finding a few people and asking them + + + align:start position:0% +finding a few people and asking them +well who do you you know if I have a + + align:start position:0% +well who do you you know if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +well who do you you know if I have a +piece of information + + align:start position:0% +piece of information + + + align:start position:0% +piece of information +uh uh who do you think I should give it + + align:start position:0% +uh uh who do you think I should give it + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh who do you think I should give it +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +and the reason why so so that seems + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why so so that seems + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why so so that seems +pretty straightforward let's just you + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward let's just you + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward let's just you +know ask people uh + + align:start position:0% +know ask people uh + + + align:start position:0% +know ask people uh +we know that community members have + + align:start position:0% +we know that community members have + + + align:start position:0% +we know that community members have +information for example in a paper by uh + + align:start position:0% +information for example in a paper by uh + + + align:start position:0% +information for example in a paper by uh +Ben and Vivi and Rima and we know that + + align:start position:0% +Ben and Vivi and Rima and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +Ben and Vivi and Rima and we know that +they are they know who is poor for + + align:start position:0% +they are they know who is poor for + + + align:start position:0% +they are they know who is poor for +example so they know some stuff about + + align:start position:0% +example so they know some stuff about + + + align:start position:0% +example so they know some stuff about +their Village + + align:start position:0% +their Village + + + align:start position:0% +their Village +uh we know that they are identify they + + align:start position:0% +uh we know that they are identify they + + + align:start position:0% +uh we know that they are identify they +are good at identifying people who are + + align:start position:0% +are good at identifying people who are + + + align:start position:0% +are good at identifying people who are +productive so that's a paper by Ben Rod + + align:start position:0% +productive so that's a paper by Ben Rod + + + align:start position:0% +productive so that's a paper by Ben Rod +Natalia Regal and reshma usam who is + + align:start position:0% +Natalia Regal and reshma usam who is + + + align:start position:0% +Natalia Regal and reshma usam who is +basically suggesting that people know in + + align:start position:0% +basically suggesting that people know in + + + align:start position:0% +basically suggesting that people know in +their Community who would make good use + + align:start position:0% +their Community who would make good use + + + align:start position:0% +their Community who would make good use +of thousand rupees or 10 000 rupees of a + + align:start position:0% +of thousand rupees or 10 000 rupees of a + + + align:start position:0% +of thousand rupees or 10 000 rupees of a +loan of a grant + + align:start position:0% +loan of a grant + + + align:start position:0% +loan of a grant +and they know better than we could by + + align:start position:0% +and they know better than we could by + + + align:start position:0% +and they know better than we could by +trying to run a regression and do + + align:start position:0% +trying to run a regression and do + + + align:start position:0% +trying to run a regression and do +machine learning or whatever + + align:start position:0% +machine learning or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning or whatever +so that's you know that would be that + + align:start position:0% +so that's you know that would be that + + + align:start position:0% +so that's you know that would be that +first order that's not a crazy thing to + + align:start position:0% +first order that's not a crazy thing to + + + align:start position:0% +first order that's not a crazy thing to +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +but the thing with uh uh uh being + + align:start position:0% +but the thing with uh uh uh being + + + align:start position:0% +but the thing with uh uh uh being +influential in a network that might be + + align:start position:0% +influential in a network that might be + + + align:start position:0% +influential in a network that might be +harder because getting a full view of + + align:start position:0% +harder because getting a full view of + + + align:start position:0% +harder because getting a full view of +your of your network people don't have + + align:start position:0% +your of your network people don't have + + + align:start position:0% +your of your network people don't have +like for example I know who my friends + + align:start position:0% +like for example I know who my friends + + + align:start position:0% +like for example I know who my friends +are I might know who the friends of my + + align:start position:0% +are I might know who the friends of my + + + align:start position:0% +are I might know who the friends of my +friends are but I don't know who the + + align:start position:0% +friends are but I don't know who the + + + align:start position:0% +friends are but I don't know who the +friend of my friend of my friends are + + align:start position:0% +friend of my friend of my friends are + + + align:start position:0% +friend of my friend of my friends are +and you would think in order to know who + + align:start position:0% +and you would think in order to know who + + + align:start position:0% +and you would think in order to know who +is influential in the network if that's + + align:start position:0% +is influential in the network if that's + + + align:start position:0% +is influential in the network if that's +related to your central location in a + + align:start position:0% +related to your central location in a + + + align:start position:0% +related to your central location in a +network + + align:start position:0% +network + + + align:start position:0% +network +uh you would you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +uh you would you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh you would you wouldn't +you would be quite lost especially if + + align:start position:0% +you would be quite lost especially if + + + align:start position:0% +you would be quite lost especially if +many of you have mentioned networks get + + align:start position:0% +many of you have mentioned networks get + + + align:start position:0% +many of you have mentioned networks get +divided there is some segregation in the + + align:start position:0% +divided there is some segregation in the + + + align:start position:0% +divided there is some segregation in the +network + + align:start position:0% +network + + + align:start position:0% +network +so you might even you might only have + + align:start position:0% +so you might even you might only have + + + align:start position:0% +so you might even you might only have +the idea of about half The Village at + + align:start position:0% +the idea of about half The Village at + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of about half The Village at +best + + align:start position:0% +best + + + align:start position:0% +best +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so why would I know uh so one way to to + + align:start position:0% +so why would I know uh so one way to to + + + align:start position:0% +so why would I know uh so one way to to +think about this is to say well what + + align:start position:0% +think about this is to say well what + + + align:start position:0% +think about this is to say well what +does it mean to be influential in the + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to be influential in the + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to be influential in the +network + + align:start position:0% +network + + + align:start position:0% +network +so in a diffusion sense someone wanted + + align:start position:0% +so in a diffusion sense someone wanted + + + align:start position:0% +so in a diffusion sense someone wanted +to graph uh someone who one of you who + + align:start position:0% +to graph uh someone who one of you who + + + align:start position:0% +to graph uh someone who one of you who +commented wanted to see a graph of + + align:start position:0% +commented wanted to see a graph of + + + align:start position:0% +commented wanted to see a graph of +of centrality so here is one so here is + + align:start position:0% +of centrality so here is one so here is + + + align:start position:0% +of centrality so here is one so here is +a what is what it means to be + + align:start position:0% +a what is what it means to be + + + align:start position:0% +a what is what it means to be +influential in a diffusion sense if you + + align:start position:0% +influential in a diffusion sense if you + + + align:start position:0% +influential in a diffusion sense if you +have a model where people simply pass + + align:start position:0% +have a model where people simply pass + + + align:start position:0% +have a model where people simply pass +information with some probability to the + + align:start position:0% +information with some probability to the + + + align:start position:0% +information with some probability to the +people in their age and the process is + + align:start position:0% +people in their age and the process is + + + align:start position:0% +people in their age and the process is +repeated for a number of periods so this + + align:start position:0% +repeated for a number of periods so this + + + align:start position:0% +repeated for a number of periods so this +is if you have a piece of information + + align:start position:0% +is if you have a piece of information + + + align:start position:0% +is if you have a piece of information +you'll pass it half the time let's say + + align:start position:0% +you'll pass it half the time let's say + + + align:start position:0% +you'll pass it half the time let's say +and for four periods so first I give + + align:start position:0% +and for four periods so first I give + + + align:start position:0% +and for four periods so first I give +information to them then they give it to + + align:start position:0% +information to them then they give it to + + + align:start position:0% +information to them then they give it to +one of their two friends then the + + align:start position:0% +one of their two friends then the + + + align:start position:0% +one of their two friends then the +process is done again he gives it to + + align:start position:0% +process is done again he gives it to + + + align:start position:0% +process is done again he gives it to +another friend and this one gives it to + + align:start position:0% +another friend and this one gives it to + + + align:start position:0% +another friend and this one gives it to +two of their friends and then they again + + align:start position:0% +two of their friends and then they again + + + align:start position:0% +two of their friends and then they again +that continues again and then this is + + align:start position:0% +that continues again and then this is + + + align:start position:0% +that continues again and then this is +over and I count in expectation how many + + align:start position:0% +over and I count in expectation how many + + + align:start position:0% +over and I count in expectation how many +people in that + + align:start position:0% +people in that + + + align:start position:0% +people in that +have learned it from them so that's + + align:start position:0% +have learned it from them so that's + + + align:start position:0% +have learned it from them so that's +diffusion centrality + + align:start position:0% +diffusion centrality + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion centrality +is another example of someone who is a + + align:start position:0% +is another example of someone who is a + + + align:start position:0% +is another example of someone who is a +little bit more remote him here so after + + align:start position:0% +little bit more remote him here so after + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more remote him here so after +four period on an expectation only six + + align:start position:0% +four period on an expectation only six + + + align:start position:0% +four period on an expectation only six +percent I've heard the news + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so diffusion centrality is the total + + align:start position:0% +so diffusion centrality is the total + + + align:start position:0% +so diffusion centrality is the total +expected number of times information + + align:start position:0% +expected number of times information + + + align:start position:0% +expected number of times information +starting at point I has reached + + align:start position:0% +starting at point I has reached + + + align:start position:0% +starting at point I has reached +everybody else so it's the probability + + align:start position:0% +everybody else so it's the probability + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else so it's the probability +of passing the information times + + align:start position:0% +of passing the information times + + + align:start position:0% +of passing the information times +each of the links to the power of the + + align:start position:0% +each of the links to the power of the + + + align:start position:0% +each of the links to the power of the +number of periods and then summed up + + align:start position:0% +number of periods and then summed up + + + align:start position:0% +number of periods and then summed up +it's related to other measure of + + align:start position:0% +it's related to other measure of + + + align:start position:0% +it's related to other measure of +centralities you might have heard for + + align:start position:0% +centralities you might have heard for + + + align:start position:0% +centralities you might have heard for +example people who have if there was + + align:start position:0% +example people who have if there was + + + align:start position:0% +example people who have if there was +only one period it would be proportional + + align:start position:0% +only one period it would be proportional + + + align:start position:0% +only one period it would be proportional +to degree your number of friends if + + align:start position:0% +to degree your number of friends if + + + align:start position:0% +to degree your number of friends if +there was an infinite number of period + + align:start position:0% +there was an infinite number of period + + + align:start position:0% +there was an infinite number of period +it would become eigenvector centrality + + align:start position:0% +it would become eigenvector centrality + + + align:start position:0% +it would become eigenvector centrality +and for any number of periods you know + + align:start position:0% +and for any number of periods you know + + + align:start position:0% +and for any number of periods you know +if the process die out uh after a few + + align:start position:0% +if the process die out uh after a few + + + align:start position:0% +if the process die out uh after a few +period of transmission people get tired + + align:start position:0% +period of transmission people get tired + + + align:start position:0% +period of transmission people get tired +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +conveying this particular piece of news + + align:start position:0% +conveying this particular piece of news + + + align:start position:0% +conveying this particular piece of news +then it's going to be somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +then it's going to be somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +then it's going to be somewhere in +between the two + + align:start position:0% +between the two + + + align:start position:0% +between the two +so the question now becomes more precise + + align:start position:0% +so the question now becomes more precise + + + align:start position:0% +so the question now becomes more precise +is whether we think that despite having + + align:start position:0% +is whether we think that despite having + + + align:start position:0% +is whether we think that despite having +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +fairly poor representation of the + + align:start position:0% +fairly poor representation of the + + + align:start position:0% +fairly poor representation of the +network architecture people might be + + align:start position:0% +network architecture people might be + + + align:start position:0% +network architecture people might be +able to identify people who have high uh + + align:start position:0% +able to identify people who have high uh + + + align:start position:0% +able to identify people who have high uh +DC + + align:start position:0% +DC + + + align:start position:0% +DC +so the the + + align:start position:0% +so the the + + + align:start position:0% +so the the +first of all + + align:start position:0% +first of all + + + align:start position:0% +first of all +in theory we could think that hitting + + align:start position:0% +in theory we could think that hitting + + + align:start position:0% +in theory we could think that hitting +people with high divisions entity would + + align:start position:0% +people with high divisions entity would + + + align:start position:0% +people with high divisions entity would +be effective to diffuse information + + align:start position:0% +be effective to diffuse information + + + align:start position:0% +be effective to diffuse information +as it turns out in practice that's true + + align:start position:0% +as it turns out in practice that's true + + + align:start position:0% +as it turns out in practice that's true +as well so for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and Ariel Chef have a paper where they + + align:start position:0% +and Ariel Chef have a paper where they + + + align:start position:0% +and Ariel Chef have a paper where they +are looking at + + align:start position:0% +are looking at + + + align:start position:0% +are looking at +introducing a new techno agricultural + + align:start position:0% +introducing a new techno agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +introducing a new techno agricultural +technology in a village and they show + + align:start position:0% +technology in a village and they show + + + align:start position:0% +technology in a village and they show +that if you if they hit people who are + + align:start position:0% +that if you if they hit people who are + + + align:start position:0% +that if you if they hit people who are +eigenvector Central the information + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector Central the information + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector Central the information +circulates faster + + align:start position:0% +circulates faster + + + align:start position:0% +circulates faster +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +enough paper our first division paper + + align:start position:0% +enough paper our first division paper + + + align:start position:0% +enough paper our first division paper +where we looked at this kind of seeds + + align:start position:0% +where we looked at this kind of seeds + + + align:start position:0% +where we looked at this kind of seeds +that were supposedly influential people + + align:start position:0% +that were supposedly influential people + + + align:start position:0% +that were supposedly influential people +if they in fact are diffusion Central + + align:start position:0% +if they in fact are diffusion Central + + + align:start position:0% +if they in fact are diffusion Central +the the information circulates and + + align:start position:0% +the the information circulates and + + + align:start position:0% +the the information circulates and +people take up my Covenant but if they + + align:start position:0% +people take up my Covenant but if they + + + align:start position:0% +people take up my Covenant but if they +are not then + + align:start position:0% +are not then + + + align:start position:0% +are not then +the information doesn't so there seem to + + align:start position:0% +the information doesn't so there seem to + + + align:start position:0% +the information doesn't so there seem to +be a correlation there as well + + align:start position:0% +be a correlation there as well + + + align:start position:0% +be a correlation there as well +so that seems that if you could hit the + + align:start position:0% +so that seems that if you could hit the + + + align:start position:0% +so that seems that if you could hit the +diffusion central people it would be + + align:start position:0% +diffusion central people it would be + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion central people it would be +good but uh + + align:start position:0% +good but uh + + + align:start position:0% +good but uh +do people have a reason to to know that + + align:start position:0% +do people have a reason to to know that + + + align:start position:0% +do people have a reason to to know that +and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the way that they could find out is + + align:start position:0% +the way that they could find out is + + + align:start position:0% +the way that they could find out is +because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +although they don't know the centrality + + align:start position:0% +although they don't know the centrality + + + align:start position:0% +although they don't know the centrality +of someone + + align:start position:0% +of someone + + + align:start position:0% +of someone +they've already know how many time or + + align:start position:0% +they've already know how many time or + + + align:start position:0% +they've already know how many time or +they might have an idea of how many + + align:start position:0% +they might have an idea of how many + + + align:start position:0% +they might have an idea of how many +times they've heard about about that + + align:start position:0% +times they've heard about about that + + + align:start position:0% +times they've heard about about that +person + + align:start position:0% +person + + + align:start position:0% +person +so now it's not just hearing a piece of + + align:start position:0% +so now it's not just hearing a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +so now it's not just hearing a piece of +news coming from that person but hearing + + align:start position:0% +news coming from that person but hearing + + + align:start position:0% +news coming from that person but hearing +about that person + + align:start position:0% +about that person + + + align:start position:0% +about that person +so suppose that there are some news like + + align:start position:0% +so suppose that there are some news like + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose that there are some news like +uh you know I got a new goat or a + + align:start position:0% +uh you know I got a new goat or a + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know I got a new goat or a +merchant jobs and the probability + + align:start position:0% +merchant jobs and the probability + + + align:start position:0% +merchant jobs and the probability +uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh that +this gossip uh circulates uh is passed + + align:start position:0% +this gossip uh circulates uh is passed + + + align:start position:0% +this gossip uh circulates uh is passed +from one node to another + + align:start position:0% +from one node to another + + + align:start position:0% +from one node to another +and the only thing people can keep track + + align:start position:0% +and the only thing people can keep track + + + align:start position:0% +and the only thing people can keep track +of is how many times they've heard that + + align:start position:0% +of is how many times they've heard that + + + align:start position:0% +of is how many times they've heard that +news + + align:start position:0% +news + + + align:start position:0% +news +and if the news is of Interest then it + + align:start position:0% +and if the news is of Interest then it + + + align:start position:0% +and if the news is of Interest then it +will be circulating by many ads and + + align:start position:0% +will be circulating by many ads and + + + align:start position:0% +will be circulating by many ads and +people are more likely to hear it if + + align:start position:0% +people are more likely to hear it if + + + align:start position:0% +people are more likely to hear it if +they have if the original person about + + align:start position:0% +they have if the original person about + + + align:start position:0% +they have if the original person about +whom the news is as more friends who + + align:start position:0% +whom the news is as more friends who + + + align:start position:0% +whom the news is as more friends who +have found out about the news and + + align:start position:0% +have found out about the news and + + + align:start position:0% +have found out about the news and +themselves have more friends to whom + + align:start position:0% +themselves have more friends to whom + + + align:start position:0% +themselves have more friends to whom +they can spread this news + + align:start position:0% +they can spread this news + + + align:start position:0% +they can spread this news +so the formula is different than the + + align:start position:0% +so the formula is different than the + + + align:start position:0% +so the formula is different than the +than the formula for diffusion + + align:start position:0% +than the formula for diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +than the formula for diffusion +centrality but it's related + + align:start position:0% +centrality but it's related + + + align:start position:0% +centrality but it's related +it's now the number of time uh I've + + align:start position:0% +it's now the number of time uh I've + + + align:start position:0% +it's now the number of time uh I've +heard about a piece of news + + align:start position:0% +heard about a piece of news + + + align:start position:0% +heard about a piece of news +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the deficient centrality tracks how the + + align:start position:0% +the deficient centrality tracks how the + + + align:start position:0% +the deficient centrality tracks how the +info spread from a given node and the + + align:start position:0% +info spread from a given node and the + + + align:start position:0% +info spread from a given node and the +network gossip traps how often I hear + + align:start position:0% +network gossip traps how often I hear + + + align:start position:0% +network gossip traps how often I hear +about an info that originated from other + + align:start position:0% +about an info that originated from other + + + align:start position:0% +about an info that originated from other +nodes + + align:start position:0% +nodes + + + align:start position:0% +nodes +so if you compare this formula to the + + align:start position:0% +so if you compare this formula to the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you compare this formula to the +other ones + + align:start position:0% +other ones + + + align:start position:0% +other ones +it's not the same but it's related + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same but it's related + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same but it's related +and the intuition for why it's related + + align:start position:0% +and the intuition for why it's related + + + align:start position:0% +and the intuition for why it's related +is because if people have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is because if people have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is because if people have a lot of +friends who themselves have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +friends who themselves have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +friends who themselves have a lot of +friends + + align:start position:0% +friends + + + align:start position:0% +friends +on the one hand anything death day will + + align:start position:0% +on the one hand anything death day will + + + align:start position:0% +on the one hand anything death day will +circulate a lot and also any news about + + align:start position:0% +circulate a lot and also any news about + + + align:start position:0% +circulate a lot and also any news about +them will circulate a lot + + align:start position:0% +them will circulate a lot + + + align:start position:0% +them will circulate a lot +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you uh so if if you have enough + + align:start position:0% +you uh so if if you have enough + + + align:start position:0% +you uh so if if you have enough +communication period the two will + + align:start position:0% +communication period the two will + + + align:start position:0% +communication period the two will +actually be a + + align:start position:0% +actually be a + + + align:start position:0% +actually be a +converge to to each other + + align:start position:0% +converge to to each other + + + align:start position:0% +converge to to each other +and remain very correlated + + align:start position:0% +and remain very correlated + + + align:start position:0% +and remain very correlated +so and in fact with infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +so and in fact with infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +so and in fact with infinite number of +barriers they'll just be the same that + + align:start position:0% +barriers they'll just be the same that + + + align:start position:0% +barriers they'll just be the same that +eventually uh converts to be exactly the + + align:start position:0% +eventually uh converts to be exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +eventually uh converts to be exactly the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +and the intuition is that one that + + align:start position:0% +and the intuition is that one that + + + align:start position:0% +and the intuition is that one that +people who are popular uh can convey a + + align:start position:0% +people who are popular uh can convey a + + + align:start position:0% +people who are popular uh can convey a +piece of news and also pieces of news + + align:start position:0% +piece of news and also pieces of news + + + align:start position:0% +piece of news and also pieces of news +about them conveys or uh the I have + + align:start position:0% +about them conveys or uh the I have + + + align:start position:0% +about them conveys or uh the I have +heard many times about uh Aaron also + + align:start position:0% +heard many times about uh Aaron also + + + align:start position:0% +heard many times about uh Aaron also +means that when Aaron has a piece of + + align:start position:0% +means that when Aaron has a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +means that when Aaron has a piece of +news many people have heard it + + align:start position:0% +news many people have heard it + + + align:start position:0% +news many people have heard it +you can see that it's not the same + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it's not the same + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it's not the same +object as I've heard about him versus he + + align:start position:0% +object as I've heard about him versus he + + + align:start position:0% +object as I've heard about him versus he +has reached a lot of people but the two + + align:start position:0% +has reached a lot of people but the two + + + align:start position:0% +has reached a lot of people but the two +are correlated because they are related + + align:start position:0% +are correlated because they are related + + + align:start position:0% +are correlated because they are related +to the information passing from one Edge + + align:start position:0% +to the information passing from one Edge + + + align:start position:0% +to the information passing from one Edge +to the other + + align:start position:0% +to the other + + + align:start position:0% +to the other +so that's the idea of gossip and so what + + align:start position:0% +so that's the idea of gossip and so what + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the idea of gossip and so what +this suggests if that theory is correct + + align:start position:0% +this suggests if that theory is correct + + + align:start position:0% +this suggests if that theory is correct +is that first of all people should have + + align:start position:0% +is that first of all people should have + + + align:start position:0% +is that first of all people should have +relative agreement about who the central + + align:start position:0% +relative agreement about who the central + + + align:start position:0% +relative agreement about who the central +people are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there should be quite a bit of consensus + + align:start position:0% +there should be quite a bit of consensus + + + align:start position:0% +there should be quite a bit of consensus +because they are the same within the + + align:start position:0% +because they are the same within the + + + align:start position:0% +because they are the same within the +network so you can you know introspect + + align:start position:0% +network so you can you know introspect + + + align:start position:0% +network so you can you know introspect +whether in your class it's the same + + align:start position:0% +whether in your class it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +whether in your class it's the same +person the you know if you have a piece + + align:start position:0% +person the you know if you have a piece + + + align:start position:0% +person the you know if you have a piece +of news you don't want to spread who you + + align:start position:0% +of news you don't want to spread who you + + + align:start position:0% +of news you don't want to spread who you +should go see and you should not tell it + + align:start position:0% +should go see and you should not tell it + + + align:start position:0% +should go see and you should not tell it +and vice versa + + align:start position:0% +and vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +and vice versa +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh and also and and + + align:start position:0% +and uh and also and and + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and also and and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and that it should you know and that if + + align:start position:0% +and that it should you know and that if + + + align:start position:0% +and that it should you know and that if +an information gets transmitted to one + + align:start position:0% +an information gets transmitted to one + + + align:start position:0% +an information gets transmitted to one +of these people it should in fact uh + + align:start position:0% +of these people it should in fact uh + + + align:start position:0% +of these people it should in fact uh +spread away and yeah then you could even + + align:start position:0% +spread away and yeah then you could even + + + align:start position:0% +spread away and yeah then you could even +have an advantage over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the properly calculated value of + + align:start position:0% +the properly calculated value of + + + align:start position:0% +the properly calculated value of +eigenvector centrality or division + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector centrality or division + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector centrality or division +centrality because in addition + + align:start position:0% +centrality because in addition + + + align:start position:0% +centrality because in addition +you active you ask the question + + align:start position:0% +you active you ask the question + + + align:start position:0% +you active you ask the question +um if uh who is good at transmitting + + align:start position:0% +um if uh who is good at transmitting + + + align:start position:0% +um if uh who is good at transmitting +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +if you can kind of calculate how many + + align:start position:0% +if you can kind of calculate how many + + + align:start position:0% +if you can kind of calculate how many +times you've heard about them in + + align:start position:0% +times you've heard about them in + + + align:start position:0% +times you've heard about them in +addition you might know that these are + + align:start position:0% +addition you might know that these are + + + align:start position:0% +addition you might know that these are +gregarious people who likes to talk a + + align:start position:0% +gregarious people who likes to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +gregarious people who likes to talk a +lot + + align:start position:0% +lot + + + align:start position:0% +lot +and so that is something that's not + + align:start position:0% +and so that is something that's not + + + align:start position:0% +and so that is something that's not +captured by this very simple model where + + align:start position:0% +captured by this very simple model where + + + align:start position:0% +captured by this very simple model where +everyone has the same queue but could be + + align:start position:0% +everyone has the same queue but could be + + + align:start position:0% +everyone has the same queue but could be +incorporated by someone about them so + + align:start position:0% +incorporated by someone about them so + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated by someone about them so +you could do even better if you can do + + align:start position:0% +you could do even better if you can do + + + align:start position:0% +you could do even better if you can do +this simply if the simple exercise of + + align:start position:0% +this simply if the simple exercise of + + + align:start position:0% +this simply if the simple exercise of +counting the piece of news is in fact + + align:start position:0% +counting the piece of news is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +counting the piece of news is in fact +going to give you a good sense of people + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a good sense of people + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a good sense of people +places and network you can do even + + align:start position:0% +places and network you can do even + + + align:start position:0% +places and network you can do even +better by by uh um + + align:start position:0% +better by by uh um + + + align:start position:0% +better by by uh um +uh adding other things you have end up + + align:start position:0% +uh adding other things you have end up + + + align:start position:0% +uh adding other things you have end up +knowing about them + + align:start position:0% +knowing about them + + + align:start position:0% +knowing about them +so that's the idea so on on Wednesday + + align:start position:0% +so that's the idea so on on Wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the idea so on on Wednesday +we're gonna see how that feels and then + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see how that feels and then + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see how that feels and then +how that compares with other things that + + align:start position:0% +how that compares with other things that + + + align:start position:0% +how that compares with other things that +one could also do in one context and + + align:start position:0% +one could also do in one context and + + + align:start position:0% +one could also do in one context and +make you know + + align:start position:0% +make you know + + + align:start position:0% +make you know +she think also a bit more + + align:start position:0% +she think also a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +she think also a bit more +methodologically about how one even + + align:start position:0% +methodologically about how one even + + + align:start position:0% +methodologically about how one even +answer these questions and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +answer these questions and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +answer these questions and then we'll +shift to given this model of Demands + + align:start position:0% +shift to given this model of Demands + + + align:start position:0% +shift to given this model of Demands +thinking about how in the mess that a + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how in the mess that a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how in the mess that a +healthcare Supply becomes + + align:start position:0% +healthcare Supply becomes + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare Supply becomes +thank you so much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/28tqrlZSMhk.txt b/28tqrlZSMhk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfe67bac46008a179ff9c8ffed588d2434fe3487 --- /dev/null +++ b/28tqrlZSMhk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7987 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu uh so I'm hoping you'll ask + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu uh so I'm hoping you'll ask + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu uh so I'm hoping you'll ask +some questions today because + + align:start position:0% +some questions today because + + + align:start position:0% +some questions today because +we're so we've had the exam uh if you + + align:start position:0% +we're so we've had the exam uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +we're so we've had the exam uh if you +have any questions about grading + + align:start position:0% +have any questions about grading + + + align:start position:0% +have any questions about grading +uh the two Tas are the people to spoke + + align:start position:0% +uh the two Tas are the people to spoke + + + align:start position:0% +uh the two Tas are the people to spoke +speak to Ramy graded questions one and + + align:start position:0% +speak to Ramy graded questions one and + + + align:start position:0% +speak to Ramy graded questions one and +two and Peter graded three and four and + + align:start position:0% +two and Peter graded three and four and + + + align:start position:0% +two and Peter graded three and four and +they control things I mean I I can help + + align:start position:0% +they control things I mean I I can help + + + align:start position:0% +they control things I mean I I can help +if there's a emergency but they would be + + align:start position:0% +if there's a emergency but they would be + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a emergency but they would be +the right people to speak to because + + align:start position:0% +the right people to speak to because + + + align:start position:0% +the right people to speak to because +they know how they graded the whole list + + align:start position:0% +they know how they graded the whole list + + + align:start position:0% +they know how they graded the whole list +uh before you ask questions can I just + + align:start position:0% +uh before you ask questions can I just + + + align:start position:0% +uh before you ask questions can I just +say what uh why this trust you remember + + align:start position:0% +say what uh why this trust you remember + + + align:start position:0% +say what uh why this trust you remember +this uh + + align:start position:0% +this uh + + + align:start position:0% +this uh +six-sided trust uh tied me in a knot and + + align:start position:0% +six-sided trust uh tied me in a knot and + + + align:start position:0% +six-sided trust uh tied me in a knot and +I'm hoping your mat lab uh solution will + + align:start position:0% +I'm hoping your mat lab uh solution will + + + align:start position:0% +I'm hoping your mat lab uh solution will +untie that knot uh the knot I was in was + + align:start position:0% +untie that knot uh the knot I was in was + + + align:start position:0% +untie that knot uh the knot I was in was +to find the + + align:start position:0% +to find the + + + align:start position:0% +to find the +mechanisms to find Convenient mechanism + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms to find Convenient mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms to find Convenient mechanism +mechanisms because we have + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms because we have + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms because we have +well I thought we had six + + align:start position:0% +well I thought we had six + + + align:start position:0% +well I thought we had six +bars it looks like we have six bars but + + align:start position:0% +bars it looks like we have six bars but + + + align:start position:0% +bars it looks like we have six bars but +somebody pointed out after class that + + align:start position:0% +somebody pointed out after class that + + + align:start position:0% +somebody pointed out after class that +that bar six is not very active uh it's + + align:start position:0% +that bar six is not very active uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +that bar six is not very active uh it's +connecting two supports it can't uh do + + align:start position:0% +connecting two supports it can't uh do + + + align:start position:0% +connecting two supports it can't uh do +anything and actually that sixth row of + + align:start position:0% +anything and actually that sixth row of + + + align:start position:0% +anything and actually that sixth row of +the a matrix will be all zeros so there + + align:start position:0% +the a matrix will be all zeros so there + + + align:start position:0% +the a matrix will be all zeros so there +our Matrix so if we include that there + + align:start position:0% +our Matrix so if we include that there + + + align:start position:0% +our Matrix so if we include that there +was no use it doesn't help so our Matrix + + align:start position:0% +was no use it doesn't help so our Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +was no use it doesn't help so our Matrix +then really comes from the five bars so + + align:start position:0% +then really comes from the five bars so + + + align:start position:0% +then really comes from the five bars so +a is + + align:start position:0% +a is + + + align:start position:0% +a is +then five by + + align:start position:0% +then five by + + + align:start position:0% +then five by +two unknowns two two two making all + + align:start position:0% +two unknowns two two two making all + + + align:start position:0% +two unknowns two two two making all +together eight unknowns so three + + align:start position:0% +together eight unknowns so three + + + align:start position:0% +together eight unknowns so three +mechanisms and that's what I'm hoping + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and that's what I'm hoping + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and that's what I'm hoping +for so when I was when I unwisely drew + + align:start position:0% +for so when I was when I unwisely drew + + + align:start position:0% +for so when I was when I unwisely drew +that picture on the board at the end of + + align:start position:0% +that picture on the board at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +that picture on the board at the end of +the trust lecture I was only looking for + + align:start position:0% +the trust lecture I was only looking for + + + align:start position:0% +the trust lecture I was only looking for +two mechanisms because I was thinking we + + align:start position:0% +two mechanisms because I was thinking we + + + align:start position:0% +two mechanisms because I was thinking we +had six edges six bars but really this + + align:start position:0% +had six edges six bars but really this + + + align:start position:0% +had six edges six bars but really this +bar uh when I + + align:start position:0% +bar uh when I + + + align:start position:0% +bar uh when I +knock out the columns that correspond to + + align:start position:0% +knock out the columns that correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +knock out the columns that correspond to +this the that node and that node there + + align:start position:0% +this the that node and that node there + + + align:start position:0% +this the that node and that node there +will only be zeros left in that row and + + align:start position:0% +will only be zeros left in that row and + + + align:start position:0% +will only be zeros left in that row and +it's nothing it it correctly tells us + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing it it correctly tells us + + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing it it correctly tells us +that the displace the stretching of that + + align:start position:0% +that the displace the stretching of that + + + align:start position:0% +that the displace the stretching of that +of that bar is zero but we knew that + + align:start position:0% +of that bar is zero but we knew that + + + align:start position:0% +of that bar is zero but we knew that +anyway okay so I'm hoping I don't know + + align:start position:0% +anyway okay so I'm hoping I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +anyway okay so I'm hoping I don't know +if you've tackled the mat lab question + + align:start position:0% +if you've tackled the mat lab question + + + align:start position:0% +if you've tackled the mat lab question +which and and I don't also don't know + + align:start position:0% +which and and I don't also don't know + + + align:start position:0% +which and and I don't also don't know +whether + + align:start position:0% +whether + + + align:start position:0% +whether +mat lab would produce for us um I mean + + align:start position:0% +mat lab would produce for us um I mean + + + align:start position:0% +mat lab would produce for us um I mean +you should be able to construct a with a + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to construct a with a + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to construct a with a +whole lot of square roots of three and + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of square roots of three and + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of square roots of three and +over two from from uh s of 60° and maybe + + align:start position:0% +over two from from uh s of 60° and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +over two from from uh s of 60° and maybe +one halfes from s of 30 + + align:start position:0% +one halfes from s of 30 + + + align:start position:0% +one halfes from s of 30 +degrees uh a should look pretty nice but + + align:start position:0% +degrees uh a should look pretty nice but + + + align:start position:0% +degrees uh a should look pretty nice but +what the solutions to these mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +what the solutions to these mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +what the solutions to these mechanisms +are of course solutions to Au equal Z + + align:start position:0% +are of course solutions to Au equal Z + + + align:start position:0% +are of course solutions to Au equal Z +and uh anyway I'm I'm uh hoping that we + + align:start position:0% +and uh anyway I'm I'm uh hoping that we + + + align:start position:0% +and uh anyway I'm I'm uh hoping that we +learn from this example I I hadn't + + align:start position:0% +learn from this example I I hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +learn from this example I I hadn't +intended a so it's pretty small mat lab + + align:start position:0% +intended a so it's pretty small mat lab + + + align:start position:0% +intended a so it's pretty small mat lab +it's really just the creation of the + + align:start position:0% +it's really just the creation of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's really just the creation of the +Matrix a okay so that was a comment on + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a okay so that was a comment on + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a okay so that was a comment on +that uh which I added to the homework + + align:start position:0% +that uh which I added to the homework + + + align:start position:0% +that uh which I added to the homework +now I'm ready for questions about the + + align:start position:0% +now I'm ready for questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm ready for questions about the +homework the exam whatever yes thank you + + align:start position:0% +homework the exam whatever yes thank you + + + align:start position:0% +homework the exam whatever yes thank you +oh good I unforunately I don't think + + align:start position:0% +oh good I unforunately I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +oh good I unforunately I don't think +understand the + + align:start position:0% +understand the + + + align:start position:0% +understand the +mat for trusses + + align:start position:0% +mat for trusses + + + align:start position:0% +mat for trusses +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +right ATA immediately couldn't you yeah + + align:start position:0% +right ATA immediately couldn't you yeah + + + align:start position:0% +right ATA immediately couldn't you yeah +it's not quite so straightforward and + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite so straightforward and + + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite so straightforward and +this is like more realistic I mean yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I guess yeah but that remind me + + align:start position:0% +yeah I guess yeah but that remind me + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I guess yeah but that remind me +what that question was this was + + align:start position:0% +what that question was this was + + + align:start position:0% +what that question was this was +a 2.7 problem + + align:start position:0% +a 2.7 problem + + + align:start position:0% +a 2.7 problem +one okay let me just see what I'm asking + + align:start position:0% +one okay let me just see what I'm asking + + + align:start position:0% +one okay let me just see what I'm asking +for so + + align:start position:0% +for so + + + align:start position:0% +for so +okay yes so I only asked about a + + align:start position:0% +okay yes so I only asked about a + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes so I only asked about a +transpose a I only asked you for the + + align:start position:0% +transpose a I only asked you for the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a I only asked you for the +shape in that question oh and then I + + align:start position:0% +shape in that question oh and then I + + + align:start position:0% +shape in that question oh and then I +asked you for the first row good for me + + align:start position:0% +asked you for the first row good for me + + + align:start position:0% +asked you for the first row good for me +yes all + + align:start position:0% +yes all + + + align:start position:0% +yes all +right I see the first row so yeah so I + + align:start position:0% +right I see the first row so yeah so I + + + align:start position:0% +right I see the first row so yeah so I +didn't put you to the agon of of writing + + align:start position:0% +didn't put you to the agon of of writing + + + align:start position:0% +didn't put you to the agon of of writing +out the whole thing but still how you + + align:start position:0% +out the whole thing but still how you + + + align:start position:0% +out the whole thing but still how you +how do you get the first row good + + align:start position:0% +how do you get the first row good + + + align:start position:0% +how do you get the first row good +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah oh I see now well it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh I see now well it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh I see now well it's not going to +be so neat let's just think we could do + + align:start position:0% +be so neat let's just think we could do + + + align:start position:0% +be so neat let's just think we could do +the first row of a and and the First + + align:start position:0% +the first row of a and and the First + + + align:start position:0% +the first row of a and and the First +Column of a + + align:start position:0% +Column of a + + + align:start position:0% +Column of a +probably uh yeah what so what what am I + + align:start position:0% +probably uh yeah what so what what am I + + + align:start position:0% +probably uh yeah what so what what am I +looking for in a transpose a because + + align:start position:0% +looking for in a transpose a because + + + align:start position:0% +looking for in a transpose a because +it and say Row one okay so Row one of a + + align:start position:0% +it and say Row one okay so Row one of a + + + align:start position:0% +it and say Row one okay so Row one of a +transpose a corresponds to the first oh + + align:start position:0% +transpose a corresponds to the first oh + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a corresponds to the first oh +so what is Row one yeah this is worth + + align:start position:0% +so what is Row one yeah this is worth + + + align:start position:0% +so what is Row one yeah this is worth +thinking about so this is a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +thinking about so this is a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about so this is a transpose a +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trusses and let's just maybe we could + + align:start position:0% +trusses and let's just maybe we could + + + align:start position:0% +trusses and let's just maybe we could +even take this one as an example if if I + + align:start position:0% +even take this one as an example if if I + + + align:start position:0% +even take this one as an example if if I +looked at if if I number the nodes if + + align:start position:0% +looked at if if I number the nodes if + + + align:start position:0% +looked at if if I number the nodes if +that's my first node node a a transpose + + align:start position:0% +that's my first node node a a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +that's my first node node a a transpose +a you remember that's square that tells + + align:start position:0% +a you remember that's square that tells + + + align:start position:0% +a you remember that's square that tells +us the the the edge part the bar part is + + align:start position:0% +us the the the edge part the bar part is + + + align:start position:0% +us the the the edge part the bar part is +built into it but it's it's its size is + + align:start position:0% +built into it but it's it's its size is + + + align:start position:0% +built into it but it's it's its size is +n byn size is five by no size is what 8 + + align:start position:0% +n byn size is five by no size is what 8 + + + align:start position:0% +n byn size is five by no size is what 8 +by eight right it's got to do with the + + align:start position:0% +by eight right it's got to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +by eight right it's got to do with the +with the with the uh n number of okay so + + align:start position:0% +with the with the uh n number of okay so + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the uh n number of okay so +it's first + + align:start position:0% +it's first + + + align:start position:0% +it's first +row what will it what will its first row + + align:start position:0% +row what will it what will its first row + + + align:start position:0% +row what will it what will its first row +be about uh uh yeah it's okay it'll be + + align:start position:0% +be about uh uh yeah it's okay it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +be about uh uh yeah it's okay it'll be +about um it'll be about + + align:start position:0% +about um it'll be about + + + align:start position:0% +about um it'll be about +uh1 right the first row of of this of + + align:start position:0% +uh1 right the first row of of this of + + + align:start position:0% +uh1 right the first row of of this of +this a transpose a matrix will be about + + align:start position:0% +this a transpose a matrix will be about + + + align:start position:0% +this a transpose a matrix will be about +the first node but more than that that + + align:start position:0% +the first node but more than that that + + + align:start position:0% +the first node but more than that that +node has got two two things uh and UV + + align:start position:0% +node has got two two things uh and UV + + + align:start position:0% +node has got two two things uh and UV +and we're putting H first so so I think + + align:start position:0% +and we're putting H first so so I think + + + align:start position:0% +and we're putting H first so so I think +that the first row of + + align:start position:0% +that the first row of + + + align:start position:0% +that the first row of +this well let's just draw it yeah oh + + align:start position:0% +this well let's just draw it yeah oh + + + align:start position:0% +this well let's just draw it yeah oh +maybe I'm not saying so that let that be + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'm not saying so that let that be + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'm not saying so that let that be +a transpose + + align:start position:0% +a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose +a I see yeah right now I'm sorry a + + align:start position:0% +a I see yeah right now I'm sorry a + + + align:start position:0% +a I see yeah right now I'm sorry a +transpose a will be multiplying uhu H1 + + align:start position:0% +transpose a will be multiplying uhu H1 + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a will be multiplying uhu H1 +uv1 and so forth right okay good all + + align:start position:0% +uv1 and so forth right okay good all + + + align:start position:0% +uv1 and so forth right okay good all +right so now this is + + align:start position:0% +right so now this is + + + align:start position:0% +right so now this is +better all I'm asking is + + align:start position:0% +better all I'm asking is + + + align:start position:0% +better all I'm asking is +where do we know there are zeros in that + + align:start position:0% +where do we know there are zeros in that + + + align:start position:0% +where do we know there are zeros in that +first row of a transpose a where where + + align:start position:0% +first row of a transpose a where where + + + align:start position:0% +first row of a transpose a where where +where would we know that there are zeros + + align:start position:0% +where would we know that there are zeros + + + align:start position:0% +where would we know that there are zeros +for this for this problem rather than + + align:start position:0% +for this for this problem rather than + + + align:start position:0% +for this for this problem rather than +the I won't redraw the one in the book + + align:start position:0% +the I won't redraw the one in the book + + + align:start position:0% +the I won't redraw the one in the book +so I'm taking this truss so if it's this + + align:start position:0% +so I'm taking this truss so if it's this + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm taking this truss so if it's this +truss this is the first node the bars + + align:start position:0% +truss this is the first node the bars + + + align:start position:0% +truss this is the first node the bars +are numbered like + + align:start position:0% +are numbered like + + + align:start position:0% +are numbered like +this this and of course your mat lab + + align:start position:0% +this this and of course your mat lab + + + align:start position:0% +this this and of course your mat lab +construction of a you might multiply out + + align:start position:0% +construction of a you might multiply out + + + align:start position:0% +construction of a you might multiply out +a transpose a because in mat lab that + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a because in mat lab that + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a because in mat lab that +would be so quick and you could see what + + align:start position:0% +would be so quick and you could see what + + + align:start position:0% +would be so quick and you could see what +it looks like and where would we expect + + align:start position:0% +it looks like and where would we expect + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like and where would we expect +to see zeros or not + + align:start position:0% +to see zeros or not + + + align:start position:0% +to see zeros or not +zeros in in that let's see a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +zeros in in that let's see a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +zeros in in that let's see a transpose a +so I have to + + align:start position:0% +so I have to + + + align:start position:0% +so I have to +think so that my my instinct is that it + + align:start position:0% +think so that my my instinct is that it + + + align:start position:0% +think so that my my instinct is that it +should only connect two + + align:start position:0% +should only connect two + + + align:start position:0% +should only connect two +neighbors so that I I would imagine but + + align:start position:0% +neighbors so that I I would imagine but + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors so that I I would imagine but +I've got these are double neighbors + + align:start position:0% +I've got these are double neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +I've got these are double neighbors +right there two people living here right + + align:start position:0% +right there two people living here right + + + align:start position:0% +right there two people living here right +that's the have to remember so I see two + + align:start position:0% +that's the have to remember so I see two + + + align:start position:0% +that's the have to remember so I see two +people living here and two people at + + align:start position:0% +people living here and two people at + + + align:start position:0% +people living here and two people at +home so I guess I would imagine four + + align:start position:0% +home so I guess I would imagine four + + + align:start position:0% +home so I guess I would imagine four +nonzeros for this problem in that first + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros for this problem in that first + + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros for this problem in that first +in the first row + + align:start position:0% +in the first row + + + align:start position:0% +in the first row +uh I I I would think that that that + + align:start position:0% +uh I I I would think that that that + + + align:start position:0% +uh I I I would think that that that +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +have somebody on the diagonal that would + + align:start position:0% +have somebody on the diagonal that would + + + align:start position:0% +have somebody on the diagonal that would +be what multiplies U H1 itself and then + + align:start position:0% +be what multiplies U H1 itself and then + + + align:start position:0% +be what multiplies U H1 itself and then +youu maybe maybe uv1 is involved and + + align:start position:0% +youu maybe maybe uv1 is involved and + + + align:start position:0% +youu maybe maybe uv1 is involved and +these two guys these two and those two + + align:start position:0% +these two guys these two and those two + + + align:start position:0% +these two guys these two and those two +would not be + + align:start position:0% +would not be + + + align:start position:0% +would not be +involved well that's only a partial + + align:start position:0% +involved well that's only a partial + + + align:start position:0% +involved well that's only a partial +answer I'm just telling you what where + + align:start position:0% +answer I'm just telling you what where + + + align:start position:0% +answer I'm just telling you what where +the where the zeros are I think and + + align:start position:0% +the where the zeros are I think and + + + align:start position:0% +the where the zeros are I think and +you're really asking about the nonzeros + + align:start position:0% +you're really asking about the nonzeros + + + align:start position:0% +you're really asking about the nonzeros +of course + + align:start position:0% +of course + + + align:start position:0% +of course +course uh + + align:start position:0% +course uh + + + align:start position:0% +course uh +so yeah not so + + align:start position:0% +so yeah not so + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah not so +easy you have to pretty yeah maybe you + + align:start position:0% +easy you have to pretty yeah maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +easy you have to pretty yeah maybe you +have to do it okay yeah yeah yeah at + + align:start position:0% +have to do it okay yeah yeah yeah at + + + align:start position:0% +have to do it okay yeah yeah yeah at +least yeah I + + align:start position:0% +least yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +least yeah I +think first time better to do it yeah + + align:start position:0% +think first time better to do it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +think first time better to do it yeah +and then that but that's an excellent + + align:start position:0% +and then that but that's an excellent + + + align:start position:0% +and then that but that's an excellent +question and and maybe we will find a a + + align:start position:0% +question and and maybe we will find a a + + + align:start position:0% +question and and maybe we will find a a +nice and and if somebody does let me + + align:start position:0% +nice and and if somebody does let me + + + align:start position:0% +nice and and if somebody does let me +know a nice way to uh see that somehow I + + align:start position:0% +know a nice way to uh see that somehow I + + + align:start position:0% +know a nice way to uh see that somehow I +must have felt that was doable when I + + align:start position:0% +must have felt that was doable when I + + + align:start position:0% +must have felt that was doable when I +when I created + + align:start position:0% +when I created + + + align:start position:0% +when I created +that that problem yeah yeah okay yes the + + align:start position:0% +that that problem yeah yeah okay yes the + + + align:start position:0% +that that problem yeah yeah okay yes the +the other + + align:start position:0% +the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other +um thing to say though that while I'm + + align:start position:0% +um thing to say though that while I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um thing to say though that while I'm +looking at a transpose a is remember + + align:start position:0% +looking at a transpose a is remember + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a transpose a is remember +that it it can be created by these + + align:start position:0% +that it it can be created by these + + + align:start position:0% +that it it can be created by these +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +matrices yeah yeah that that's important + + align:start position:0% +matrices yeah yeah that that's important + + + align:start position:0% +matrices yeah yeah that that's important +to say so there there will be five + + align:start position:0% +to say so there there will be five + + + align:start position:0% +to say so there there will be five +elements El matrices + + align:start position:0% +elements El matrices + + + align:start position:0% +elements El matrices +right because I've got five bars and the + + align:start position:0% +right because I've got five bars and the + + + align:start position:0% +right because I've got five bars and the +element Matrix for this bar or or say + + align:start position:0% +element Matrix for this bar or or say + + + align:start position:0% +element Matrix for this bar or or say +for a typical bar the element Matrix for + + align:start position:0% +for a typical bar the element Matrix for + + + align:start position:0% +for a typical bar the element Matrix for +this bar will be will involve all the + + align:start position:0% +this bar will be will involve all the + + + align:start position:0% +this bar will be will involve all the +U's that are connected to this bar so + + align:start position:0% +U's that are connected to this bar so + + + align:start position:0% +U's that are connected to this bar so +two U's there and two U's there so it'll + + align:start position:0% +two U's there and two U's there so it'll + + + align:start position:0% +two U's there and two U's there so it'll +be 4x4 the element Matrix here so this + + align:start position:0% +be 4x4 the element Matrix here so this + + + align:start position:0% +be 4x4 the element Matrix here so this +this will create this will contribute + + align:start position:0% +this will create this will contribute + + + align:start position:0% +this will create this will contribute +four nonzeros to that to that first row + + align:start position:0% +four nonzeros to that to that first row + + + align:start position:0% +four nonzeros to that to that first row +and to three other rows that that 4x4 + + align:start position:0% +and to three other rows that that 4x4 + + + align:start position:0% +and to three other rows that that 4x4 +guy from this bar do you do you know + + align:start position:0% +guy from this bar do you do you know + + + align:start position:0% +guy from this bar do you do you know +what I'm speaking about here the the + + align:start position:0% +what I'm speaking about here the the + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm speaking about here the the +element Matrix which is just the element + + align:start position:0% +element Matrix which is just the element + + + align:start position:0% +element Matrix which is just the element +Matrix is is a cosine s minus cosine and + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is is a cosine s minus cosine and + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is is a cosine s minus cosine and +minus s column times row cosine s minus + + align:start position:0% +minus s column times row cosine s minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus s column times row cosine s minus +cosine minus sign this is the element + + align:start position:0% +cosine minus sign this is the element + + + align:start position:0% +cosine minus sign this is the element +Matrix for this bar that's those are the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for this bar that's those are the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for this bar that's those are the +cosine and sign of + + align:start position:0% +cosine and sign of + + + align:start position:0% +cosine and sign of +60° + + align:start position:0% +60° + + + align:start position:0% +60° +and those positions are oh yeah those + + align:start position:0% +and those positions are oh yeah those + + + align:start position:0% +and those positions are oh yeah those +positions would be uh these two and + + align:start position:0% +positions would be uh these two and + + + align:start position:0% +positions would be uh these two and +these two so there would be actually + + align:start position:0% +these two so there would be actually + + + align:start position:0% +these two so there would be actually +four zeros coming after and after here + + align:start position:0% +four zeros coming after and after here + + + align:start position:0% +four zeros coming after and after here +from those two and those + + align:start position:0% +from those two and those + + + align:start position:0% +from those two and those +two so this bar contributes to a + + align:start position:0% +two so this bar contributes to a + + + align:start position:0% +two so this bar contributes to a +transpose a sort of stamps into a + + align:start position:0% +transpose a sort of stamps into a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a sort of stamps into a +transpose a + + align:start position:0% +transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a +this four by4 of nonzeros plus the rest + + align:start position:0% +this four by4 of nonzeros plus the rest + + + align:start position:0% +this four by4 of nonzeros plus the rest +zeros stamps that in up + + align:start position:0% +zeros stamps that in up + + + align:start position:0% +zeros stamps that in up +there this + + align:start position:0% +there this + + + align:start position:0% +there this +guy has its + + align:start position:0% +guy has its + + + align:start position:0% +guy has its +own element + + align:start position:0% +own element + + + align:start position:0% +own element +Matrix now what's different about the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix now what's different about the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix now what's different about the +element Matrix for this guy of course + + align:start position:0% +element Matrix for this guy of course + + + align:start position:0% +element Matrix for this guy of course +it's got its own C1 probably and this + + align:start position:0% +it's got its own C1 probably and this + + + align:start position:0% +it's got its own C1 probably and this +had a C2 for the stiffness constant but + + align:start position:0% +had a C2 for the stiffness constant but + + + align:start position:0% +had a C2 for the stiffness constant but +more bigger differences than that first + + align:start position:0% +more bigger differences than that first + + + align:start position:0% +more bigger differences than that first +of all it's a different angle Theta here + + align:start position:0% +of all it's a different angle Theta here + + + align:start position:0% +of all it's a different angle Theta here +the angles is 120 + + align:start position:0% +the angles is 120 + + + align:start position:0% +the angles is 120 +degrees uh and + + align:start position:0% +degrees uh and + + + align:start position:0% +degrees uh and +also uh there's nobody home down there + + align:start position:0% +also uh there's nobody home down there + + + align:start position:0% +also uh there's nobody home down there +so it would + + align:start position:0% +so it would + + + align:start position:0% +so it would +be if we were dealing with a not free + + align:start position:0% +be if we were dealing with a not free + + + align:start position:0% +be if we were dealing with a not free +free free stuff it would be 4x4 like all + + align:start position:0% +free free stuff it would be 4x4 like all + + + align:start position:0% +free free stuff it would be 4x4 like all +the others but because these two are + + align:start position:0% +the others but because these two are + + + align:start position:0% +the others but because these two are +fixed uh those two displacements are + + align:start position:0% +fixed uh those two displacements are + + + align:start position:0% +fixed uh those two displacements are +fixed effectively it will only + + align:start position:0% +fixed effectively it will only + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effectively it will only +contribute 2 by two a total of four + + align:start position:0% +contribute 2 by two a total of four + + + align:start position:0% +contribute 2 by two a total of four +nonzeros but those will stamp in to a + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros but those will stamp in to a + + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros but those will stamp in to a +transpose a overlapping this + + align:start position:0% +transpose a overlapping this + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a overlapping this +guy then the ones from these bars will + + align:start position:0% +guy then the ones from these bars will + + + align:start position:0% +guy then the ones from these bars will +not touch the first row of a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +not touch the first row of a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +not touch the first row of a transpose a +so they wouldn't touch the answer to the + + align:start position:0% +so they wouldn't touch the answer to the + + + align:start position:0% +so they wouldn't touch the answer to the +homework problem is that so that's + + align:start position:0% +homework problem is that so that's + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem is that so that's +you're seeing again another way I I + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing again another way I I + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing again another way I I +don't by + + align:start position:0% +don't by + + + align:start position:0% +don't by +hand I don't know that you necessarily + + align:start position:0% +hand I don't know that you necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +hand I don't know that you necessarily +want to use these element matrices I'm + + align:start position:0% +want to use these element matrices I'm + + + align:start position:0% +want to use these element matrices I'm +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +sure it but it gives an excellent check + + align:start position:0% +sure it but it gives an excellent check + + + align:start position:0% +sure it but it gives an excellent check +so so one way to create a transpose a is + + align:start position:0% +so so one way to create a transpose a is + + + align:start position:0% +so so one way to create a transpose a is +create a + + align:start position:0% +create a + + + align:start position:0% +create a +multiply that's one way second way is + + align:start position:0% +multiply that's one way second way is + + + align:start position:0% +multiply that's one way second way is +create a transpose a element by by these + + align:start position:0% +create a transpose a element by by these + + + align:start position:0% +create a transpose a element by by these +Five Element matrices popped into the + + align:start position:0% +Five Element matrices popped into the + + + align:start position:0% +Five Element matrices popped into the +right places yeah + + align:start position:0% +right places yeah + + + align:start position:0% +right places yeah +yeah I think this is so this is the like + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think this is so this is the like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think this is so this is the like +the computational science part of the + + align:start position:0% +the computational science part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the computational science part of the +course it it's the it's the it's the way + + align:start position:0% +course it it's the it's the it's the way + + + align:start position:0% +course it it's the it's the it's the way +you would I'm really speaking about the + + align:start position:0% +you would I'm really speaking about the + + + align:start position:0% +you would I'm really speaking about the +way you would write the code not the + + align:start position:0% +way you would write the code not the + + + align:start position:0% +way you would write the code not the +final result so much of the course has + + align:start position:0% +final result so much of the course has + + + align:start position:0% +final result so much of the course has +been devoted to understanding a + + align:start position:0% +been devoted to understanding a + + + align:start position:0% +been devoted to understanding a +transpose a and the fact that it's + + align:start position:0% +transpose a and the fact that it's + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a and the fact that it's +positive definite or in this case only + + align:start position:0% +positive definite or in this case only + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite or in this case only +positive semidefinite because we have an + + align:start position:0% +positive semidefinite because we have an + + + align:start position:0% +positive semidefinite because we have an +8 by8 Matrix whose rank is only going to + + align:start position:0% +8 by8 Matrix whose rank is only going to + + + align:start position:0% +8 by8 Matrix whose rank is only going to +be five so so this Matrix will have + + align:start position:0% +be five so so this Matrix will have + + + align:start position:0% +be five so so this Matrix will have +these these same mechanisms and I'm + + align:start position:0% +these these same mechanisms and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +these these same mechanisms and I'm +hoping to learn what they are yeah well + + align:start position:0% +hoping to learn what they are yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +hoping to learn what they are yeah well +I hope that's a little help with that + + align:start position:0% +I hope that's a little help with that + + + align:start position:0% +I hope that's a little help with that +question but basically though it's + + align:start position:0% +question but basically though it's + + + align:start position:0% +question but basically though it's +non-help because I'm sort of saying + + align:start position:0% +non-help because I'm sort of saying + + + align:start position:0% +non-help because I'm sort of saying +you're on your own to actually I don't + + align:start position:0% +you're on your own to actually I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you're on your own to actually I don't +have a super super fragilistic way to + + align:start position:0% +have a super super fragilistic way to + + + align:start position:0% +have a super super fragilistic way to +con construct a matrix in that you kind + + align:start position:0% +con construct a matrix in that you kind + + + align:start position:0% +con construct a matrix in that you kind +of have to do it but I'm glad you asked + + align:start position:0% +of have to do it but I'm glad you asked + + + align:start position:0% +of have to do it but I'm glad you asked +okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah +yes more on this problem + + align:start position:0% +yes more on this problem + + + align:start position:0% +yes more on this problem +okay the sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +convention ah yes so let's see let's see + + align:start position:0% +convention ah yes so let's see let's see + + + align:start position:0% +convention ah yes so let's see let's see +so I made a speech about sign + + align:start position:0% +so I made a speech about sign + + + align:start position:0% +so I made a speech about sign +conventions right and uh and it and + + align:start position:0% +conventions right and uh and it and + + + align:start position:0% +conventions right and uh and it and +which was that I am too old for them uh + + align:start position:0% +which was that I am too old for them uh + + + align:start position:0% +which was that I am too old for them uh +and the and the justification for that + + align:start position:0% +and the and the justification for that + + + align:start position:0% +and the and the justification for that +is the fact that they wash out out in a + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that they wash out out in a + + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that they wash out out in a +transpose a so if you if you use the + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so if you if you use the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so if you if you use the +wrong sign convention in a you won't see + + align:start position:0% +wrong sign convention in a you won't see + + + align:start position:0% +wrong sign convention in a you won't see +it in a transpose a I change the whole + + align:start position:0% +it in a transpose a I change the whole + + + align:start position:0% +it in a transpose a I change the whole +thing so uh yeah so my sign convention + + align:start position:0% +thing so uh yeah so my sign convention + + + align:start position:0% +thing so uh yeah so my sign convention +is not is not really a conent our + + align:start position:0% +is not is not really a conent our + + + align:start position:0% +is not is not really a conent our +convention is to decide + + align:start position:0% +convention is to decide + + + align:start position:0% +convention is to decide +that that movement that way is plus and + + align:start position:0% +that that movement that way is plus and + + + align:start position:0% +that that movement that way is plus and +movement this way is plus and here + + align:start position:0% +movement this way is plus and here + + + align:start position:0% +movement this way is plus and here +similarly that's a plus movement and + + align:start position:0% +similarly that's a plus movement and + + + align:start position:0% +similarly that's a plus movement and +that's a plus movement once we've that's + + align:start position:0% +that's a plus movement once we've that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a plus movement once we've that's +our sign + + align:start position:0% +our sign + + + align:start position:0% +our sign +convention if we always do that then + + align:start position:0% +convention if we always do that then + + + align:start position:0% +convention if we always do that then +then the then the a matrix is telling us + + align:start position:0% +then the then the a matrix is telling us + + + align:start position:0% +then the then the a matrix is telling us +how much this bar stretches it's the + + align:start position:0% +how much this bar stretches it's the + + + align:start position:0% +how much this bar stretches it's the +Matrix that gives us stretching from + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that gives us stretching from + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that gives us stretching from +these four + + align:start position:0% +these four + + + align:start position:0% +these four +displacements and and uh then these I + + align:start position:0% +displacements and and uh then these I + + + align:start position:0% +displacements and and uh then these I +think in this picture uh if this is the + + align:start position:0% +think in this picture uh if this is the + + + align:start position:0% +think in this picture uh if this is the +later node and this is the thing that + + align:start position:0% +later node and this is the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +later node and this is the thing that +and that angle is the right that angle + + align:start position:0% +and that angle is the right that angle + + + align:start position:0% +and that angle is the right that angle +from the horizontal is the right guy to + + align:start position:0% +from the horizontal is the right guy to + + + align:start position:0% +from the horizontal is the right guy to +put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here well I guess + + align:start position:0% +here well I guess + + + align:start position:0% +here well I guess +I oh yeah what what what yes I see the + + align:start position:0% +I oh yeah what what what yes I see the + + + align:start position:0% +I oh yeah what what what yes I see the +question is what what's the signed + + align:start position:0% +question is what what's the signed + + + align:start position:0% +question is what what's the signed +convention with this particular picture + + align:start position:0% +convention with this particular picture + + + align:start position:0% +convention with this particular picture +huh yes yeah if this is node one and + + align:start position:0% +huh yes yeah if this is node one and + + + align:start position:0% +huh yes yeah if this is node one and +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +two then I don't like + + align:start position:0% +two then I don't like + + + align:start position:0% +two then I don't like +which is the way yeah your question is + + align:start position:0% +which is the way yeah your question is + + + align:start position:0% +which is the way yeah your question is +good it looks I think so I think I've + + align:start position:0% +good it looks I think so I think I've + + + align:start position:0% +good it looks I think so I think I've +got it not right uh if if this is node + + align:start position:0% +got it not right uh if if this is node + + + align:start position:0% +got it not right uh if if this is node +one down below and two up above + + align:start position:0% +one down below and two up above + + + align:start position:0% +one down below and two up above +then Moving Two positively would stretch + + align:start position:0% +then Moving Two positively would stretch + + + align:start position:0% +then Moving Two positively would stretch +the bar and I've got minuses there so I + + align:start position:0% +the bar and I've got minuses there so I + + + align:start position:0% +the bar and I've got minuses there so I +I have to so I've got the opposite signs + + align:start position:0% +I have to so I've got the opposite signs + + + align:start position:0% +I have to so I've got the opposite signs +I've got I've got there the signs that + + align:start position:0% +I've got I've got there the signs that + + + align:start position:0% +I've got I've got there the signs that +would go with this numbering if that was + + align:start position:0% +would go with this numbering if that was + + + align:start position:0% +would go with this numbering if that was +no two and this was node one yeah you're + + align:start position:0% +no two and this was node one yeah you're + + + align:start position:0% +no two and this was node one yeah you're +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +good you have to that's the only way I + + align:start position:0% +good you have to that's the only way I + + + align:start position:0% +good you have to that's the only way I +do it is to think will the movement + + align:start position:0% +do it is to think will the movement + + + align:start position:0% +do it is to think will the movement +stretch the + + align:start position:0% +stretch the + + + align:start position:0% +stretch the +bar then that's got a positive entry in + + align:start position:0% +bar then that's got a positive entry in + + + align:start position:0% +bar then that's got a positive entry in +a will the movement like that compress + + align:start position:0% +a will the movement like that compress + + + align:start position:0% +a will the movement like that compress +the bar then it'll be a negative entry + + align:start position:0% +the bar then it'll be a negative entry + + + align:start position:0% +the bar then it'll be a negative entry +because we our conventions are if it + + align:start position:0% +because we our conventions are if it + + + align:start position:0% +because we our conventions are if it +stretches it's positive yeah POS e + + align:start position:0% +stretches it's positive yeah POS e + + + align:start position:0% +stretches it's positive yeah POS e +positive means a stretching e negative + + align:start position:0% +positive means a stretching e negative + + + align:start position:0% +positive means a stretching e negative +means a compression and then I just have + + align:start position:0% +means a compression and then I just have + + + align:start position:0% +means a compression and then I just have +to yeah so it takes a little + + align:start position:0% +to yeah so it takes a little + + + align:start position:0% +to yeah so it takes a little +patience uh or it takes writing the code + + align:start position:0% +patience uh or it takes writing the code + + + align:start position:0% +patience uh or it takes writing the code +correctly once and then of + + align:start position:0% +correctly once and then of + + + align:start position:0% +correctly once and then of +course uh it would it would uh do it for + + align:start position:0% +course uh it would it would uh do it for + + + align:start position:0% +course uh it would it would uh do it for +all these problems yeah I I think the TA + + align:start position:0% +all these problems yeah I I think the TA + + + align:start position:0% +all these problems yeah I I think the TA +in an earlier year actually wrote a code + + align:start position:0% +in an earlier year actually wrote a code + + + align:start position:0% +in an earlier year actually wrote a code +to a trust + + align:start position:0% +to a trust + + + align:start position:0% +to a trust +code don't know what happened to it but + + align:start position:0% +code don't know what happened to it but + + + align:start position:0% +code don't know what happened to it but +I could look for + + align:start position:0% +I could look for + + + align:start position:0% +I could look for +yeah yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that's right and it will come out + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right and it will come out + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right and it will come out +consistent yeah if if I take horizontal + + align:start position:0% +consistent yeah if if I take horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +consistent yeah if if I take horizontal +if I take the same convention that + + align:start position:0% +if I take the same convention that + + + align:start position:0% +if I take the same convention that +forces that way are plus that's a that's + + align:start position:0% +forces that way are plus that's a that's + + + align:start position:0% +forces that way are plus that's a that's +a plus + + align:start position:0% +a plus + + + align:start position:0% +a plus +fh1 and it's a plus uh1 then I'll get a + + align:start position:0% +fh1 and it's a plus uh1 then I'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +fh1 and it's a plus uh1 then I'll get a +will go to transpose yeah yeah so if I'm + + align:start position:0% +will go to transpose yeah yeah so if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +will go to transpose yeah yeah so if I'm +consistent that plus for the U's for the + + align:start position:0% +consistent that plus for the U's for the + + + align:start position:0% +consistent that plus for the U's for the +displacement and plus for the F's forces + + align:start position:0% +displacement and plus for the F's forces + + + align:start position:0% +displacement and plus for the F's forces +then the correctly created a will give + + align:start position:0% +then the correctly created a will give + + + align:start position:0% +then the correctly created a will give +me the correct a transpose but a + + align:start position:0% +me the correct a transpose but a + + + align:start position:0% +me the correct a transpose but a +transpose a has the ability to to Bury + + align:start position:0% +transpose a has the ability to to Bury + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a has the ability to to Bury +Bury some of those + + align:start position:0% +Bury some of those + + + align:start position:0% +Bury some of those +conventions yeah okay good + + align:start position:0% +conventions yeah okay good + + + align:start position:0% +conventions yeah okay good +yes different no sorry more oh my God + + align:start position:0% +yes different no sorry more oh my God + + + align:start position:0% +yes different no sorry more oh my God +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I wish it would ask about bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three yeah yeah bar three was good yeah + + align:start position:0% +three yeah yeah bar three was good yeah + + + align:start position:0% +three yeah yeah bar three was good yeah +right uh yeah I guess here what's here + + align:start position:0% +right uh yeah I guess here what's here + + + align:start position:0% +right uh yeah I guess here what's here +well the angle is that's must be Theta + + align:start position:0% +well the angle is that's must be Theta + + + align:start position:0% +well the angle is that's must be Theta +and then this will be right + + align:start position:0% +and then this will be right + + + align:start position:0% +and then this will be right +provided provided this number is the is + + align:start position:0% +provided provided this number is the is + + + align:start position:0% +provided provided this number is the is +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +the well yeah I've got to think it out + + align:start position:0% +the well yeah I've got to think it out + + + align:start position:0% +the well yeah I've got to think it out +again yeah yeah I just think it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out maybe yeah I won't try to yeah I + + align:start position:0% +out maybe yeah I won't try to yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +out maybe yeah I won't try to yeah I +won't I won't so I I I think youve it's + + align:start position:0% +won't I won't so I I I think youve it's + + + align:start position:0% +won't I won't so I I I think youve it's +really you you learn the point by + + align:start position:0% +really you you learn the point by + + + align:start position:0% +really you you learn the point by +thinking that + + align:start position:0% +thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that +through those those signs yeah yeah so I + + align:start position:0% +through those those signs yeah yeah so I + + + align:start position:0% +through those those signs yeah yeah so I +I I think we've got it here that if that + + align:start position:0% +I I think we've got it here that if that + + + align:start position:0% +I I think we've got it here that if that +if that's number one then we like plus + + align:start position:0% +if that's number one then we like plus + + + align:start position:0% +if that's number one then we like plus +signs here because because positive + + align:start position:0% +signs here because because positive + + + align:start position:0% +signs here because because positive +displacements will stretch the + + align:start position:0% +displacements will stretch the + + + align:start position:0% +displacements will stretch the +bar right yeah and and here here this + + align:start position:0% +bar right yeah and and here here this + + + align:start position:0% +bar right yeah and and here here this +the sign will depend on the angle and it + + align:start position:0% +the sign will depend on the angle and it + + + align:start position:0% +the sign will depend on the angle and it +will depend on the number which you know + + align:start position:0% +will depend on the number which you know + + + align:start position:0% +will depend on the number which you know +which which numbers you know what number + + align:start position:0% +which which numbers you know what number + + + align:start position:0% +which which numbers you know what number +that one is and what number that one is + + align:start position:0% +that one is and what number that one is + + + align:start position:0% +that one is and what number that one is +if I reverse the numbers then I reverse + + align:start position:0% +if I reverse the numbers then I reverse + + + align:start position:0% +if I reverse the numbers then I reverse +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +signs yeah good well that's sort of part + + align:start position:0% +signs yeah good well that's sort of part + + + align:start position:0% +signs yeah good well that's sort of part +of computational engineering isn't it + + align:start position:0% +of computational engineering isn't it + + + align:start position:0% +of computational engineering isn't it +like keep track of the + + align:start position:0% +like keep track of the + + + align:start position:0% +like keep track of the +details but of course this 18085 course + + align:start position:0% +details but of course this 18085 course + + + align:start position:0% +details but of course this 18085 course +is also about big picture things and + + align:start position:0% +is also about big picture things and + + + align:start position:0% +is also about big picture things and +that's what uh I'm hoping comes through + + align:start position:0% +that's what uh I'm hoping comes through + + + align:start position:0% +that's what uh I'm hoping comes through +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +better okay ready for another question + + align:start position:0% +better okay ready for another question + + + align:start position:0% +better okay ready for another question +on any topic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay well let me no but let's just try + + align:start position:0% +okay well let me no but let's just try + + + align:start position:0% +okay well let me no but let's just try +should we do problem one was it problem + + align:start position:0% +should we do problem one was it problem + + + align:start position:0% +should we do problem one was it problem +one in + + align:start position:0% +one in + + + align:start position:0% +one in +2.7 okay let me just draw that truss and + + align:start position:0% +2.7 okay let me just draw that truss and + + + align:start position:0% +2.7 okay let me just draw that truss and +we'll let's just talk about it so boy I + + align:start position:0% +we'll let's just talk about it so boy I + + + align:start position:0% +we'll let's just talk about it so boy I +put a lot of bars in there okay all + + align:start position:0% +put a lot of bars in there okay all + + + align:start position:0% +put a lot of bars in there okay all +right so this is just one bar down to + + align:start position:0% +right so this is just one bar down to + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is just one bar down to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +guy and this is one up to + + align:start position:0% +guy and this is one up to + + + align:start position:0% +guy and this is one up to +here and was that + + align:start position:0% +here and was that + + + align:start position:0% +here and was that +everything okay and then I've numbered + + align:start position:0% +everything okay and then I've numbered + + + align:start position:0% +everything okay and then I've numbered +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +let me just copy the number here so that + + align:start position:0% +let me just copy the number here so that + + + align:start position:0% +let me just copy the number here so that +we can talk about + + align:start position:0% +we can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +we can talk about +that okay and now I numbered the nodes + + align:start position:0% +that okay and now I numbered the nodes + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and now I numbered the nodes +one two one the the joints I should say + + align:start position:0% +one two one the the joints I should say + + + align:start position:0% +one two one the the joints I should say +really four okay all right let's just + + align:start position:0% +really four okay all right let's just + + + align:start position:0% +really four okay all right let's just +start as I always do by what's the shape + + align:start position:0% +start as I always do by what's the shape + + + align:start position:0% +start as I always do by what's the shape +of the Matrix a a is what how many how + + align:start position:0% +of the Matrix a a is what how many how + + + align:start position:0% +of the Matrix a a is what how many how +many bars have I + + align:start position:0% +many bars have I + + + align:start position:0% +many bars have I +got so help me through this now now + + align:start position:0% +got so help me through this now now + + + align:start position:0% +got so help me through this now now +because six bars and how many unknown + + align:start position:0% +because six bars and how many unknown + + + align:start position:0% +because six bars and how many unknown +displacements have I got eight okay good + + align:start position:0% +displacements have I got eight okay good + + + align:start position:0% +displacements have I got eight okay good +and have I got any rigid motions here no + + align:start position:0% +and have I got any rigid motions here no + + + align:start position:0% +and have I got any rigid motions here no +no I've got two these are going to + + align:start position:0% +no I've got two these are going to + + + align:start position:0% +no I've got two these are going to +prevent uh all the all the rigid motion + + align:start position:0% +prevent uh all the all the rigid motion + + + align:start position:0% +prevent uh all the all the rigid motion +so the so if if this Matrix if a has + + align:start position:0% +so the so if if this Matrix if a has + + + align:start position:0% +so the so if if this Matrix if a has +rank eight rank + + align:start position:0% +rank eight rank + + + align:start position:0% +rank eight rank +six which we probably guess it + + align:start position:0% +six which we probably guess it + + + align:start position:0% +six which we probably guess it +has it I don't see but you you have + + align:start position:0% +has it I don't see but you you have + + + align:start position:0% +has it I don't see but you you have +to you know that's there's an if there + + align:start position:0% +to you know that's there's an if there + + + align:start position:0% +to you know that's there's an if there +then two mechanisms right 8 minus 6 + + align:start position:0% +then two mechanisms right 8 minus 6 + + + align:start position:0% +then two mechanisms right 8 minus 6 +gives two mechanisms okay and your + + align:start position:0% +gives two mechanisms okay and your + + + align:start position:0% +gives two mechanisms okay and your +question is how to find + + align:start position:0% +question is how to find + + + align:start position:0% +question is how to find +them you got one all right which one + + align:start position:0% +them you got one all right which one + + + align:start position:0% +them you got one all right which one +have you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got these guys so tilt + + align:start position:0% +got these guys so tilt + + + align:start position:0% +got these guys so tilt +so you're that's a mechanism that only + + align:start position:0% +so you're that's a mechanism that only + + + align:start position:0% +so you're that's a mechanism that only +involves uh1 and uh2 and none of the + + align:start position:0% +involves uh1 and uh2 and none of the + + + align:start position:0% +involves uh1 and uh2 and none of the +other U's okay that looks + + align:start position:0% +other U's okay that looks + + + align:start position:0% +other U's okay that looks +good uh so that's certainly + + align:start position:0% +good uh so that's certainly + + + align:start position:0% +good uh so that's certainly +one now we're looking for a second one + + align:start position:0% +one now we're looking for a second one + + + align:start position:0% +one now we're looking for a second one +what anybody suggest one let me just + + align:start position:0% +what anybody suggest one let me just + + + align:start position:0% +what anybody suggest one let me just +give everybody a thought if you haven't + + align:start position:0% +give everybody a thought if you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +give everybody a thought if you haven't +already started on this homework we're + + align:start position:0% +already started on this homework we're + + + align:start position:0% +already started on this homework we're +starting now so uh yeah so I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +starting now so uh yeah so I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +starting now so uh yeah so I'm looking +for another mechanism and of + + align:start position:0% +for another mechanism and of + + + align:start position:0% +for another mechanism and of +course you might say well suppose these + + align:start position:0% +course you might say well suppose these + + + align:start position:0% +course you might say well suppose these +bars go this + + align:start position:0% +bars go this + + + align:start position:0% +bars go this +way suppose they go to the left and you + + align:start position:0% +way suppose they go to the left and you + + + align:start position:0% +way suppose they go to the left and you +know that that's not going to do it + + align:start position:0% +know that that's not going to do it + + + align:start position:0% +know that that's not going to do it +right and why not what why why isn't + + align:start position:0% +right and why not what why why isn't + + + align:start position:0% +right and why not what why why isn't +that a okay second + + align:start position:0% +that a okay second + + + align:start position:0% +that a okay second +answer because it's effectively the same + + align:start position:0% +answer because it's effectively the same + + + align:start position:0% +answer because it's effectively the same +as the first in fact the mechanism U how + + align:start position:0% +as the first in fact the mechanism U how + + + align:start position:0% +as the first in fact the mechanism U how +would be how would the U for the one + + align:start position:0% +would be how would the U for the one + + + align:start position:0% +would be how would the U for the one +I've drawn and the U for this way + + align:start position:0% +I've drawn and the U for this way + + + align:start position:0% +I've drawn and the U for this way +what would be the what would we + + align:start position:0% +what would be the what would we + + + align:start position:0% +what would be the what would we +see opposite sign if if this describes a + + align:start position:0% +see opposite sign if if this describes a + + + align:start position:0% +see opposite sign if if this describes a +u1h and a U2 H positive the other way + + align:start position:0% +u1h and a U2 H positive the other way + + + align:start position:0% +u1h and a U2 H positive the other way +they're negative it would just be the + + align:start position:0% +they're negative it would just be the + + + align:start position:0% +they're negative it would just be the +opposite sign no nothing new okay so now + + align:start position:0% +opposite sign no nothing new okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +opposite sign no nothing new okay so now +you've had a look so tell + + align:start position:0% +you've had a look so tell + + + align:start position:0% +you've had a look so tell +me if somebody + + align:start position:0% +me if somebody + + + align:start position:0% +me if somebody +sees to answer your question + + align:start position:0% +sees to answer your question + + + align:start position:0% +sees to answer your question +here how do you see them I don't know + + align:start position:0% +here how do you see them I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +here how do you see them I don't know +uh just work + + align:start position:0% +uh just work + + + align:start position:0% +uh just work +harder + + align:start position:0% +harder + + + align:start position:0% +harder +uh like you know speaking French you + + align:start position:0% +uh like you know speaking French you + + + align:start position:0% +uh like you know speaking French you +just say it louder and maybe maybe it'll + + align:start position:0% +just say it louder and maybe maybe it'll + + + align:start position:0% +just say it louder and maybe maybe it'll +work but uh no I mean of course we do + + align:start position:0% +work but uh no I mean of course we do + + + align:start position:0% +work but uh no I mean of course we do +have the possibility to create the + + align:start position:0% +have the possibility to create the + + + align:start position:0% +have the possibility to create the +Matrix and look for Solutions but it's + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and look for Solutions but it's + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and look for Solutions but it's +more fun to do it this way and now who's + + align:start position:0% +more fun to do it this way and now who's + + + align:start position:0% +more fun to do it this way and now who's +going to suggest another mechanism + + align:start position:0% +going to suggest another mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +going to suggest another mechanism +another yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four wait a minute what was that three + + align:start position:0% +four wait a minute what was that three + + + align:start position:0% +four wait a minute what was that three +oh these nodes okay oh these nodes three + + align:start position:0% +oh these nodes okay oh these nodes three + + + align:start position:0% +oh these nodes okay oh these nodes three +and four do + + align:start position:0% +and four do + + + align:start position:0% +and four do +what oh yes sorry + + align:start position:0% +what oh yes sorry + + + align:start position:0% +what oh yes sorry +three go up this + + align:start position:0% +three go up this + + + align:start position:0% +three go up this +way ah I see you're keep you're you're + + align:start position:0% +way ah I see you're keep you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +way ah I see you're keep you're you're +rotating yeah so this guy goes go sort + + align:start position:0% +rotating yeah so this guy goes go sort + + + align:start position:0% +rotating yeah so this guy goes go sort +of along this way that this is you're + + align:start position:0% +of along this way that this is you're + + + align:start position:0% +of along this way that this is you're +taking that top square and turning + + align:start position:0% +taking that top square and turning + + + align:start position:0% +taking that top square and turning +it okay so these guys will also turn + + align:start position:0% +it okay so these guys will also turn + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so these guys will also turn +right yeah w't one and two will move on + + align:start position:0% +right yeah w't one and two will move on + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah w't one and two will move on +this on your your mechanism yeah so okay + + align:start position:0% +this on your your mechanism yeah so okay + + + align:start position:0% +this on your your mechanism yeah so okay +so the idea is take that top thing and + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is take that top thing and + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is take that top thing and +and I'm allowed to turn let see I have + + align:start position:0% +and I'm allowed to turn let see I have + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm allowed to turn let see I have +to turn it I have to keep this + + align:start position:0% +to turn it I have to keep this + + + align:start position:0% +to turn it I have to keep this +bar yeah I cannot stretch it you can't + + align:start position:0% +bar yeah I cannot stretch it you can't + + + align:start position:0% +bar yeah I cannot stretch it you can't +stretch any bars so when I do this turn + + align:start position:0% +stretch any bars so when I do this turn + + + align:start position:0% +stretch any bars so when I do this turn +I I can't just keep it in place and turn + + align:start position:0% +I I can't just keep it in place and turn + + + align:start position:0% +I I can't just keep it in place and turn +no but I'm gonna turn it so that this + + align:start position:0% +no but I'm gonna turn it so that this + + + align:start position:0% +no but I'm gonna turn it so that this +one goes this way and this one goes this + + align:start position:0% +one goes this way and this one goes this + + + align:start position:0% +one goes this way and this one goes this +way and now all right + + align:start position:0% +way and now all right + + + align:start position:0% +way and now all right +you're you're responsible for telling me + + align:start position:0% +you're you're responsible for telling me + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're responsible for telling me +about the other two now what do they do + + align:start position:0% +about the other two now what do they do + + + align:start position:0% +about the other two now what do they do +bar bar four will bar four keep its l L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huh okay well we're not allowed to use + + align:start position:0% +huh okay well we're not allowed to use + + + align:start position:0% +huh okay well we're not allowed to use +fancy words like four bar linkage uh + + align:start position:0% +fancy words like four bar linkage uh + + + align:start position:0% +fancy words like four bar linkage uh +because you might somebody might say + + align:start position:0% +because you might somebody might say + + + align:start position:0% +because you might somebody might say +what does that mean okay does it do you + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean okay does it do you + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean okay does it do you +see that I think it does but it's + + align:start position:0% +see that I think it does but it's + + + align:start position:0% +see that I think it does but it's +wonderful that that uh if that's the + + align:start position:0% +wonderful that that uh if that's the + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful that that uh if that's the +original bar and I bring this up a + + align:start position:0% +original bar and I bring this up a + + + align:start position:0% +original bar and I bring this up a +little a little remember and this down a + + align:start position:0% +little a little remember and this down a + + + align:start position:0% +little a little remember and this down a +little I think that the new bar has the + + align:start position:0% +little I think that the new bar has the + + + align:start position:0% +little I think that the new bar has the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you believe + + align:start position:0% +you believe + + + align:start position:0% +you believe +that no some yeah I + + align:start position:0% +that no some yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +that no some yeah I +mean what happened there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah this is a good example + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah this is a good example + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah this is a good example +yeah sorry yeah I mean certainly + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry yeah I mean certainly + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry yeah I mean certainly +bringing that up tended to make the bar + + align:start position:0% +bringing that up tended to make the bar + + + align:start position:0% +bringing that up tended to make the bar +shorter but then moving this down tended + + align:start position:0% +shorter but then moving this down tended + + + align:start position:0% +shorter but then moving this down tended +to make it a little + + align:start position:0% +to make it a little + + + align:start position:0% +to make it a little +longer + + align:start position:0% +longer + + + align:start position:0% +longer +right yeah I think I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so well well see ah that was the key we + + align:start position:0% +so well well see ah that was the key we + + + align:start position:0% +so well well see ah that was the key we +went at 90 degrees to + + align:start position:0% +went at 90 degrees to + + + align:start position:0% +went at 90 degrees to +five and by going at 90 degrees then + + align:start position:0% +five and by going at 90 degrees then + + + align:start position:0% +five and by going at 90 degrees then +then the stretch in there was only that + + align:start position:0% +then the stretch in there was only that + + + align:start position:0% +then the stretch in there was only that +one minus cosine that was higher order + + align:start position:0% +one minus cosine that was higher order + + + align:start position:0% +one minus cosine that was higher order +that that's the key and similarly here + + align:start position:0% +that that's the key and similarly here + + + align:start position:0% +that that's the key and similarly here +all these so that avoid we're avoiding + + align:start position:0% +all these so that avoid we're avoiding + + + align:start position:0% +all these so that avoid we're avoiding +stretching by this trick so maybe this + + align:start position:0% +stretching by this trick so maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +stretching by this trick so maybe this +guy is going down this same way and this + + align:start position:0% +guy is going down this same way and this + + + align:start position:0% +guy is going down this same way and this +guy is going up that same way yeah + + align:start position:0% +guy is going up that same way yeah + + + align:start position:0% +guy is going up that same way yeah +because then that bar is just is just + + align:start position:0% +because then that bar is just is just + + + align:start position:0% +because then that bar is just is just +just translating this bar is translating + + align:start position:0% +just translating this bar is translating + + + align:start position:0% +just translating this bar is translating +and these two are doing the same thing + + align:start position:0% +and these two are doing the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +and these two are doing the same thing +which I believe is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stretching was that is this the answer + + align:start position:0% +stretching was that is this the answer + + + align:start position:0% +stretching was that is this the answer +that maybe somebody already got and and + + align:start position:0% +that maybe somebody already got and and + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe somebody already got and and +and and believed in yeah so it isn't was + + align:start position:0% +and and believed in yeah so it isn't was + + + align:start position:0% +and and believed in yeah so it isn't was +to answer your original question it's + + align:start position:0% +to answer your original question it's + + + align:start position:0% +to answer your original question it's +not wasn't obvious was it uh but I think + + align:start position:0% +not wasn't obvious was it uh but I think + + + align:start position:0% +not wasn't obvious was it uh but I think +that is the right thing yeah and + + align:start position:0% +that is the right thing yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +that is the right thing yeah and +actually you could create the a for this + + align:start position:0% +actually you could create the a for this + + + align:start position:0% +actually you could create the a for this +problem well it's a bit large 48 entries + + align:start position:0% +problem well it's a bit large 48 entries + + + align:start position:0% +problem well it's a bit large 48 entries +but uh but because four of the bars are + + align:start position:0% +but uh but because four of the bars are + + + align:start position:0% +but uh but because four of the bars are +horizontal or vertical you will have + + align:start position:0% +horizontal or vertical you will have + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal or vertical you will have +many many many zeros in the in the a + + align:start position:0% +many many many zeros in the in the a + + + align:start position:0% +many many many zeros in the in the a +matrix yeah yeah it would be sort of fun + + align:start position:0% +matrix yeah yeah it would be sort of fun + + + align:start position:0% +matrix yeah yeah it would be sort of fun +to create the a matrix and then this so + + align:start position:0% +to create the a matrix and then this so + + + align:start position:0% +to create the a matrix and then this so +what is this displacement that that I + + align:start position:0% +what is this displacement that that I + + + align:start position:0% +what is this displacement that that I +believe in this this U + + align:start position:0% +believe in this this U + + + align:start position:0% +believe in this this U +mechanism that we've talked about let's + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that we've talked about let's + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that we've talked about let's +see if I look at one that was positive + + align:start position:0% +see if I look at one that was positive + + + align:start position:0% +see if I look at one that was positive +positive if I looked at you at node two + + align:start position:0% +positive if I looked at you at node two + + + align:start position:0% +positive if I looked at you at node two +that was positive over but down so + + align:start position:0% +that was positive over but down so + + + align:start position:0% +that was positive over but down so +horizontal but down if I look at node + + align:start position:0% +horizontal but down if I look at node + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal but down if I look at node +three that's positive positive yeah one + + align:start position:0% +three that's positive positive yeah one + + + align:start position:0% +three that's positive positive yeah one +and three are just hanging on and number + + align:start position:0% +and three are just hanging on and number + + + align:start position:0% +and three are just hanging on and number +four four is like number two one and + + align:start position:0% +four four is like number two one and + + + align:start position:0% +four four is like number two one and +minus one I think that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +minus one I think that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one I think that's the that's the +U which should solve a u equals + + align:start position:0% +U which should solve a u equals + + + align:start position:0% +U which should solve a u equals +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +yeah okay but it's a that's a good a + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay but it's a that's a good a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay but it's a that's a good a +good example + + align:start position:0% +good example + + + align:start position:0% +good example +yeah okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so that's +trusses what else what else thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you oh well let's see + + align:start position:0% +you oh well let's see + + + align:start position:0% +you oh well let's see +like that's a good question and now I + + align:start position:0% +like that's a good question and now I + + + align:start position:0% +like that's a good question and now I +guess we're + + align:start position:0% +guess we're + + + align:start position:0% +guess we're +ah yeah well the way I've drawn it at 45 + + align:start position:0% +ah yeah well the way I've drawn it at 45 + + + align:start position:0% +ah yeah well the way I've drawn it at 45 +degrees which is what I wrote here then + + align:start position:0% +degrees which is what I wrote here then + + + align:start position:0% +degrees which is what I wrote here then +I did build in I did make that a 40 I + + align:start position:0% +I did build in I did make that a 40 I + + + align:start position:0% +I did build in I did make that a 40 I +did make this 45 or 135 or something and + + align:start position:0% +did make this 45 or 135 or something and + + + align:start position:0% +did make this 45 or 135 or something and +45 i i + + align:start position:0% +45 i i + + + align:start position:0% +45 i i +i to get that if that goes at 45 degrees + + align:start position:0% +i to get that if that goes at 45 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +i to get that if that goes at 45 degrees +then this had better go at 135 right to + + align:start position:0% +then this had better go at 135 right to + + + align:start position:0% +then this had better go at 135 right to +so so that that that has to be a right + + align:start position:0% +so so that that that has to be a right + + + align:start position:0% +so so that that that has to be a right +angle if I had if the support was over + + align:start position:0% +angle if I had if the support was over + + + align:start position:0% +angle if I had if the support was over +here then the angle that would have gone + + align:start position:0% +here then the angle that would have gone + + + align:start position:0% +here then the angle that would have gone +off with was you know changed yeah so + + align:start position:0% +off with was you know changed yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +off with was you know changed yeah so +very good point that that the numbers + + align:start position:0% +very good point that that the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +very good point that that the numbers +I've written down and the picture I drew + + align:start position:0% +I've written down and the picture I drew + + + align:start position:0% +I've written down and the picture I drew +required these angles to be uh to to be + + align:start position:0% +required these angles to be uh to to be + + + align:start position:0% +required these angles to be uh to to be +those nice + + align:start position:0% +those nice + + + align:start position:0% +those nice +numbers yeah I hope you like these + + align:start position:0% +numbers yeah I hope you like these + + + align:start position:0% +numbers yeah I hope you like these +trusses a little I I mean you you get uh + + align:start position:0% +trusses a little I I mean you you get uh + + + align:start position:0% +trusses a little I I mean you you get uh +a little freedom from you know just just + + align:start position:0% +a little freedom from you know just just + + + align:start position:0% +a little freedom from you know just just +U you get some freedom to visualize the + + align:start position:0% +U you get some freedom to visualize the + + + align:start position:0% +U you get some freedom to visualize the +the thing yeah good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe let me see I I thought you were + + align:start position:0% +maybe let me see I I thought you were + + + align:start position:0% +maybe let me see I I thought you were +going to say could I have two and three + + align:start position:0% +going to say could I have two and three + + + align:start position:0% +going to say could I have two and three +go inwards and one and four go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outwards you don't like that I + + align:start position:0% +outwards you don't like that I + + + align:start position:0% +outwards you don't like that I +would I would go with + + align:start position:0% +would I would go with + + + align:start position:0% +would I would go with +that is that any good well okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +that is that any good well okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that is that any good well okay yeah +there spoke linear algebra spoke there + + align:start position:0% +there spoke linear algebra spoke there + + + align:start position:0% +there spoke linear algebra spoke there +it's a common of the other two yes if we + + align:start position:0% +it's a common of the other two yes if we + + + align:start position:0% +it's a common of the other two yes if we +only got a two dimensional but okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +only got a two dimensional but okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +only got a two dimensional but okay I'm +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +to that + + align:start position:0% +to that + + + align:start position:0% +to that +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay that one okay but let me I + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay that one okay but let me I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay that one okay but let me I +didn't I I sort of when you suggested + + align:start position:0% +didn't I I sort of when you suggested + + + align:start position:0% +didn't I I sort of when you suggested +one I overrode it + + align:start position:0% +one I overrode it + + + align:start position:0% +one I overrode it +now uh the one you + + align:start position:0% +now uh the one you + + + align:start position:0% +now uh the one you +suggested I didn't did when you told me + + align:start position:0% +suggested I didn't did when you told me + + + align:start position:0% +suggested I didn't did when you told me +okay bring these in I thought okay these + + align:start position:0% +okay bring these in I thought okay these + + + align:start position:0% +okay bring these in I thought okay these +have to go out I gu my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question's they they they're not allowed + + align:start position:0% +question's they they they're not allowed + + + align:start position:0% +question's they they they're not allowed +to change length so they can only swing + + align:start position:0% +to change length so they can only swing + + + align:start position:0% +to change length so they can only swing +around these pin joints so so the + + align:start position:0% +around these pin joints so so the + + + align:start position:0% +around these pin joints so so the +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +that the picture that of the one that I + + align:start position:0% +that the picture that of the one that I + + + align:start position:0% +that the picture that of the one that I +I drew after your question would be + + align:start position:0% +I drew after your question would be + + + align:start position:0% +I drew after your question would be +these guys this guy let me draw the + + align:start position:0% +these guys this guy let me draw the + + + align:start position:0% +these guys this guy let me draw the +square as it was and then these guys + + align:start position:0% +square as it was and then these guys + + + align:start position:0% +square as it was and then these guys +came in a little these guys went out a + + align:start position:0% +came in a little these guys went out a + + + align:start position:0% +came in a little these guys went out a +little and and we got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this that's no that's okay I think this + + align:start position:0% +this that's no that's okay I think this + + + align:start position:0% +this that's no that's okay I think this +is legitimate this is a legitimate one + + align:start position:0% +is legitimate this is a legitimate one + + + align:start position:0% +is legitimate this is a legitimate one +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it's you know that bar every bar now is + + align:start position:0% +it's you know that bar every bar now is + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know that bar every bar now is +doing the same kind of thing that this + + align:start position:0% +doing the same kind of thing that this + + + align:start position:0% +doing the same kind of thing that this +one do this moved a little but this + + align:start position:0% +one do this moved a little but this + + + align:start position:0% +one do this moved a little but this +compensated and kept the length the same + + align:start position:0% +compensated and kept the length the same + + + align:start position:0% +compensated and kept the length the same +that your question has led us to another + + align:start position:0% +that your question has led us to another + + + align:start position:0% +that your question has led us to another +Nifty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanism it's good good one to think + + align:start position:0% +mechanism it's good good one to think + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism it's good good one to think +about yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh yeah it's movement without stretching + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah it's movement without stretching + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah it's movement without stretching +movement without stretching is the key + + align:start position:0% +movement without stretching is the key + + + align:start position:0% +movement without stretching is the key +yes yes and then where does collapse + + align:start position:0% +yes yes and then where does collapse + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes and then where does collapse +come in I guess so I use the word + + align:start position:0% +come in I guess so I use the word + + + align:start position:0% +come in I guess so I use the word +collapse pretty freely so the word + + align:start position:0% +collapse pretty freely so the word + + + align:start position:0% +collapse pretty freely so the word +collapse comes in because since it can + + align:start position:0% +collapse comes in because since it can + + + align:start position:0% +collapse comes in because since it can +move without stretching there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +move without stretching there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +move without stretching there's nothing +controlling it it can move + + align:start position:0% +controlling it it can move + + + align:start position:0% +controlling it it can move +well if we stay linear then then I could + + align:start position:0% +well if we stay linear then then I could + + + align:start position:0% +well if we stay linear then then I could +make all those 10 and the thing would be + + align:start position:0% +make all those 10 and the thing would be + + + align:start position:0% +make all those 10 and the thing would be +even worse of course the truth is that + + align:start position:0% +even worse of course the truth is that + + + align:start position:0% +even worse of course the truth is that +that uh if I made those even one or 10 I + + align:start position:0% +that uh if I made those even one or 10 I + + + align:start position:0% +that uh if I made those even one or 10 I +would be out of the linear range I + + align:start position:0% +would be out of the linear range I + + + align:start position:0% +would be out of the linear range I +should these all should be 0.01s or + + align:start position:0% +should these all should be 0.01s or + + + align:start position:0% +should these all should be 0.01s or +something but but linear we don't know + + align:start position:0% +something but but linear we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +something but but linear we don't know +the difference yeah yeah okay I'm glad + + align:start position:0% +the difference yeah yeah okay I'm glad + + + align:start position:0% +the difference yeah yeah okay I'm glad +you got that suggestion and now somebody + + align:start position:0% +you got that suggestion and now somebody + + + align:start position:0% +you got that suggestion and now somebody +correctly says that this one must be + + align:start position:0% +correctly says that this one must be + + + align:start position:0% +correctly says that this one must be +some combination of that and what was + + align:start position:0% +some combination of that and what was + + + align:start position:0% +some combination of that and what was +the first movement oh the the the upper + + align:start position:0% +the first movement oh the the the upper + + + align:start position:0% +the first movement oh the the the upper +two which it must be yeah amazing how + + align:start position:0% +two which it must be yeah amazing how + + + align:start position:0% +two which it must be yeah amazing how +many you know put a few bars up there + + align:start position:0% +many you know put a few bars up there + + + align:start position:0% +many you know put a few bars up there +you got it yeah and and of course by the + + align:start position:0% +you got it yeah and and of course by the + + + align:start position:0% +you got it yeah and and of course by the +way uh and don't let me get too far into + + align:start position:0% +way uh and don't let me get too far into + + + align:start position:0% +way uh and don't let me get too far into +this discussion but Who's the artist + + align:start position:0% +this discussion but Who's the artist + + + align:start position:0% +this discussion but Who's the artist +actually there's Alex is that Alexander + + align:start position:0% +actually there's Alex is that Alexander + + + align:start position:0% +actually there's Alex is that Alexander +Calder who has what are they called + + align:start position:0% +Calder who has what are they called + + + align:start position:0% +Calder who has what are they called +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +their yeah what is it called + + align:start position:0% +their yeah what is it called + + + align:start position:0% +their yeah what is it called +again well he has those yeah that wasn't + + align:start position:0% +again well he has those yeah that wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +again well he has those yeah that wasn't +the word I was thinking of but he's + + align:start position:0% +the word I was thinking of but he's + + + align:start position:0% +the word I was thinking of but he's +created these trusses like with lots of + + align:start position:0% +created these trusses like with lots of + + + align:start position:0% +created these trusses like with lots of +bars and lots of nodes that have some + + align:start position:0% +bars and lots of nodes that have some + + + align:start position:0% +bars and lots of nodes that have some +special property you know they just + + align:start position:0% +special property you know they just + + + align:start position:0% +special property you know they just +anyway it's it's it's it's a it touches + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's it's it's it's a it touches + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's it's it's it's a it touches +on Art actually the this theory of of uh + + align:start position:0% +on Art actually the this theory of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +on Art actually the this theory of of uh +of mechanisms yeah it's it's really + + align:start position:0% +of mechanisms yeah it's it's really + + + align:start position:0% +of mechanisms yeah it's it's really +quite interesting and then and but then + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting and then and but then + + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting and then and but then +linear algebra somehow tells you just + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra somehow tells you just + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra somehow tells you just +from these numbers how many mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +from these numbers how many mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +from these numbers how many mechanisms +you're looking for which is pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for which is pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for which is pretty cool +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay open for more questions you + + align:start position:0% +okay open for more questions you + + + align:start position:0% +okay open for more questions you +probably haven't looked ahead looked to + + align:start position:0% +probably haven't looked ahead looked to + + + align:start position:0% +probably haven't looked ahead looked to +I mean today's lecture was a I hope uh + + align:start position:0% +I mean today's lecture was a I hope uh + + + align:start position:0% +I mean today's lecture was a I hope uh +and I left up there the the uh Central + + align:start position:0% +and I left up there the the uh Central + + + align:start position:0% +and I left up there the the uh Central +uh uh topics for the lecture but I'm I + + align:start position:0% +uh uh topics for the lecture but I'm I + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh topics for the lecture but I'm I +think correct that you're you know you + + align:start position:0% +think correct that you're you know you + + + align:start position:0% +think correct that you're you know you +haven't started on those problems uh to + + align:start position:0% +haven't started on those problems uh to + + + align:start position:0% +haven't started on those problems uh to +to know what to ask let me ask you a + + align:start position:0% +to know what to ask let me ask you a + + + align:start position:0% +to know what to ask let me ask you a +question which was not in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +question which was not in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +question which was not in the lecture +suppose I wanted to use finite + + align:start position:0% +suppose I wanted to use finite + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I wanted to use finite +differences it's a little bit like the + + align:start position:0% +differences it's a little bit like the + + + align:start position:0% +differences it's a little bit like the +one on the quiz so on the quiz we had + + align:start position:0% +one on the quiz so on the quiz we had + + + align:start position:0% +one on the quiz so on the quiz we had +Cal 1es and then c equal to two and you + + align:start position:0% +Cal 1es and then c equal to two and you + + + align:start position:0% +Cal 1es and then c equal to two and you +knew C had to be 4x4 so most most people + + align:start position:0% +knew C had to be 4x4 so most most people + + + align:start position:0% +knew C had to be 4x4 so most most people +Pro correctly got the diagonal as one + + align:start position:0% +Pro correctly got the diagonal as one + + + align:start position:0% +Pro correctly got the diagonal as one +one22 just by sort of common sense but + + align:start position:0% +one22 just by sort of common sense but + + + align:start position:0% +one22 just by sort of common sense but +what would be a finite difference + + align:start position:0% +what would be a finite difference + + + align:start position:0% +what would be a finite difference +approximation to our equation so suppose + + align:start position:0% +approximation to our equation so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to our equation so suppose +I didn't go to finite + + align:start position:0% +I didn't go to finite + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't go to finite +elements but instead I stayed with + + align:start position:0% +elements but instead I stayed with + + + align:start position:0% +elements but instead I stayed with +finite differences which would be + + align:start position:0% +finite differences which would be + + + align:start position:0% +finite differences which would be +completely fine in 1D completely + + align:start position:0% +completely fine in 1D completely + + + align:start position:0% +completely fine in 1D completely +sensible what how how would you create a + + align:start position:0% +sensible what how how would you create a + + + align:start position:0% +sensible what how how would you create a +finite difference thing for that let me + + align:start position:0% +finite difference thing for that let me + + + align:start position:0% +finite difference thing for that let me +just bring down a blank board and and + + align:start position:0% +just bring down a blank board and and + + + align:start position:0% +just bring down a blank board and and +ask so you see the the equation let me + + align:start position:0% +ask so you see the the equation let me + + + align:start position:0% +ask so you see the the equation let me +write it again here so I'm want to + + align:start position:0% +write it again here so I'm want to + + + align:start position:0% +write it again here so I'm want to +replace this equation with a vary that + + align:start position:0% +replace this equation with a vary that + + + align:start position:0% +replace this equation with a vary that +has a varying C + + align:start position:0% +has a varying C + + + align:start position:0% +has a varying C +ofx well I won't worry about the right + + align:start position:0% +ofx well I won't worry about the right + + + align:start position:0% +ofx well I won't worry about the right +side it's FS H how what's my K Matrix + + align:start position:0% +side it's FS H how what's my K Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +side it's FS H how what's my K Matrix +for for using finite differences for + + align:start position:0% +for for using finite differences for + + + align:start position:0% +for for using finite differences for +this we're we're going to create a + + align:start position:0% +this we're we're going to create a + + + align:start position:0% +this we're we're going to create a +finite ele K matrix by the weak form + + align:start position:0% +finite ele K matrix by the weak form + + + align:start position:0% +finite ele K matrix by the weak form +gurkin trial function that route that's + + align:start position:0% +gurkin trial function that route that's + + + align:start position:0% +gurkin trial function that route that's +coming and very important it's coming it + + align:start position:0% +coming and very important it's coming it + + + align:start position:0% +coming and very important it's coming it +started today and'll be completed uh + + align:start position:0% +started today and'll be completed uh + + + align:start position:0% +started today and'll be completed uh +Friday but now suppose we were back up + + align:start position:0% +Friday but now suppose we were back up + + + align:start position:0% +Friday but now suppose we were back up +to finite differences how what what + + align:start position:0% +to finite differences how what what + + + align:start position:0% +to finite differences how what what +would you take for finite differences + + align:start position:0% +would you take for finite differences + + + align:start position:0% +would you take for finite differences +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +well when the C wasn't there what did we + + align:start position:0% +well when the C wasn't there what did we + + + align:start position:0% +well when the C wasn't there what did we +do then we just had second difference + + align:start position:0% +do then we just had second difference + + + align:start position:0% +do then we just had second difference +right and how did we get the second + + align:start position:0% +right and how did we get the second + + + align:start position:0% +right and how did we get the second +difference it was a difference of a of + + align:start position:0% +difference it was a difference of a of + + + align:start position:0% +difference it was a difference of a of +it was a first difference of a first + + align:start position:0% +it was a first difference of a first + + + align:start position:0% +it was a first difference of a first +difference I I guess I would + + align:start position:0% +difference I I guess I would + + + align:start position:0% +difference I I guess I would +probably this I would probably + + align:start position:0% +probably this I would probably + + + align:start position:0% +probably this I would probably +approximate by + + align:start position:0% +approximate by + + + align:start position:0% +approximate by +U uh I + 1 minus UI over Delta X that + + align:start position:0% +U uh I + 1 minus UI over Delta X that + + + align:start position:0% +U uh I + 1 minus UI over Delta X that +would be the that and what what so what + + align:start position:0% +would be the that and what what so what + + + align:start position:0% +would be the that and what what so what +should I put for C of + + align:start position:0% +should I put for C of + + + align:start position:0% +should I put for C of +X what what would you suggest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C see subscript I so you would so + + align:start position:0% +C see subscript I so you would so + + + align:start position:0% +C see subscript I so you would so +I'm let's let's Mark here's I here's I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm let's let's Mark here's I here's I + + + + align:start position:0% +I'm let's let's Mark here's I here's I + +one and here's I minus one in our we're + + align:start position:0% +one and here's I minus one in our we're + + + align:start position:0% +one and here's I minus one in our we're +going to end up with um with those three + + align:start position:0% +going to end up with um with those three + + + align:start position:0% +going to end up with um with those three +guys involved okay so this takes + + align:start position:0% +guys involved okay so this takes + + + align:start position:0% +guys involved okay so this takes +the takes this this difference and then + + align:start position:0% +the takes this this difference and then + + + align:start position:0% +the takes this this difference and then +this one will take that one and I'll and + + align:start position:0% +this one will take that one and I'll and + + + align:start position:0% +this one will take that one and I'll and +then I'll also have a u IUS UI -1 / + + align:start position:0% +then I'll also have a u IUS UI -1 / + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll also have a u IUS UI -1 / +Delta X and somehow it'll be the + + align:start position:0% +Delta X and somehow it'll be the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X and somehow it'll be the +difference of these differences but now + + align:start position:0% +difference of these differences but now + + + align:start position:0% +difference of these differences but now +tell me again what what would be the + + align:start position:0% +tell me again what what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +tell me again what what would be the +really cool choice of C what would what + + align:start position:0% +really cool choice of C what would what + + + align:start position:0% +really cool choice of C what would what +would you what's your instinct where + + align:start position:0% +would you what's your instinct where + + + align:start position:0% +would you what's your instinct where +what value of C to + + align:start position:0% +what value of C to + + + align:start position:0% +what value of C to +take sort of average yeah I I guess I + + align:start position:0% +take sort of average yeah I I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +take sort of average yeah I I guess I +mean you could take it just halfway I I + + align:start position:0% +mean you could take it just halfway I I + + + align:start position:0% +mean you could take it just halfway I I +think I would take c i plus a half + + align:start position:0% +think I would take c i plus a half + + + align:start position:0% +think I would take c i plus a half +there just as being sort of right and + + align:start position:0% +there just as being sort of right and + + + align:start position:0% +there just as being sort of right and +here I would take c i minus a half + + align:start position:0% +here I would take c i minus a half + + + align:start position:0% +here I would take c i minus a half +halfway along + + align:start position:0% +halfway along + + + align:start position:0% +halfway along +its interval and then the second + + align:start position:0% +its interval and then the second + + + align:start position:0% +its interval and then the second +difference takes the difference of + + align:start position:0% +difference takes the difference of + + + align:start position:0% +difference takes the difference of +those so now I've + + align:start position:0% +those so now I've + + + align:start position:0% +those so now I've +got I think that's what I would do if + + align:start position:0% +got I think that's what I would do if + + + align:start position:0% +got I think that's what I would do if +that would be be my typical one typical + + align:start position:0% +that would be be my typical one typical + + + align:start position:0% +that would be be my typical one typical +finite difference equation would be the + + align:start position:0% +finite difference equation would be the + + + align:start position:0% +finite difference equation would be the +difference times it C and I took it C to + + align:start position:0% +difference times it C and I took it C to + + + align:start position:0% +difference times it C and I took it C to +be symmetric other you could also have + + align:start position:0% +be symmetric other you could also have + + + align:start position:0% +be symmetric other you could also have +taken if you like if you wanted to stay + + align:start position:0% +taken if you like if you wanted to stay + + + align:start position:0% +taken if you like if you wanted to stay +at these points you could do twice as + + align:start position:0% +at these points you could do twice as + + + align:start position:0% +at these points you could do twice as +much work and + + align:start position:0% +much work and + + + align:start position:0% +much work and +take let me say or so either either c i + + align:start position:0% +take let me say or so either either c i + + + align:start position:0% +take let me say or so either either c i +plus a half or you could average the CI + + align:start position:0% +plus a half or you could average the CI + + + align:start position:0% +plus a half or you could average the CI +and the CI plus one two and both of + + align:start position:0% +and the CI plus one two and both of + + + align:start position:0% +and the CI plus one two and both of +those would be would give you that extra + + align:start position:0% +those would be would give you that extra + + + align:start position:0% +those would be would give you that extra +accuracy from that you pick up from sort + + align:start position:0% +accuracy from that you pick up from sort + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy from that you pick up from sort +of keeping symmetry where you should + + align:start position:0% +of keeping symmetry where you should + + + align:start position:0% +of keeping symmetry where you should +yeah yeah so I think I mean this would + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so I think I mean this would + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so I think I mean this would +be the quicker one to put that one would + + align:start position:0% +be the quicker one to put that one would + + + align:start position:0% +be the quicker one to put that one would +be okay + + align:start position:0% +be okay + + + align:start position:0% +be okay +too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'm just this was just For Your + + align:start position:0% +um I'm just this was just For Your + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm just this was just For Your +Entertainment not not yes go ahead + + align:start position:0% +Entertainment not not yes go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +Entertainment not not yes go ahead +though oh when see was a step yes when C + + align:start position:0% +though oh when see was a step yes when C + + + align:start position:0% +though oh when see was a step yes when C +was a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +step c i plus a probably the + + align:start position:0% +step c i plus a probably the + + + align:start position:0% +step c i plus a probably the +step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah let let me ask you what + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah let let me ask you what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah let let me ask you what +happens when what happens to this + + align:start position:0% +happens when what happens to this + + + align:start position:0% +happens when what happens to this +equation when C jumps it jumped on the + + align:start position:0% +equation when C jumps it jumped on the + + + align:start position:0% +equation when C jumps it jumped on the +quiz but I didn't require you to solve + + align:start position:0% +quiz but I didn't require you to solve + + + align:start position:0% +quiz but I didn't require you to solve +the differential equation only to create + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation only to create + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation only to create +the finite difference model to create + + align:start position:0% +the finite difference model to create + + + align:start position:0% +the finite difference model to create +the the the a transpose CA and most + + align:start position:0% +the the the a transpose CA and most + + + align:start position:0% +the the the a transpose CA and most +people did it fine but but suppose + + align:start position:0% +people did it fine but but suppose + + + align:start position:0% +people did it fine but but suppose +suppose C jumps I have some simple + + align:start position:0% +suppose C jumps I have some simple + + + align:start position:0% +suppose C jumps I have some simple +rightand side like one I'm not it's not + + align:start position:0% +rightand side like one I'm not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +rightand side like one I'm not it's not +a jump in the right hand side I'm + + align:start position:0% +a jump in the right hand side I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a jump in the right hand side I'm +interested in it's a jump in C from one + + align:start position:0% +interested in it's a jump in C from one + + + align:start position:0% +interested in it's a jump in C from one +to two so this is a topic that the book + + align:start position:0% +to two so this is a topic that the book + + + align:start position:0% +to two so this is a topic that the book +does discuss and maybe I might come back + + align:start position:0% +does discuss and maybe I might come back + + + align:start position:0% +does discuss and maybe I might come back +to it in the ordinary lecture + + align:start position:0% +to it in the ordinary lecture + + + align:start position:0% +to it in the ordinary lecture +but while it's in front of us now what + + align:start position:0% +but while it's in front of us now what + + + align:start position:0% +but while it's in front of us now what +yeah the the quiz wasn't sort of + + align:start position:0% +yeah the the quiz wasn't sort of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the the quiz wasn't sort of +intended to help you with that what so + + align:start position:0% +intended to help you with that what so + + + align:start position:0% +intended to help you with that what so +th how do I interpret this equation when + + align:start position:0% +th how do I interpret this equation when + + + align:start position:0% +th how do I interpret this equation when +C has a + + align:start position:0% +C has a + + + align:start position:0% +C has a +jump well it's actually if you look at + + align:start position:0% +jump well it's actually if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +jump well it's actually if you look at +it right there's no difficulty that + + align:start position:0% +it right there's no difficulty that + + + align:start position:0% +it right there's no difficulty that +equation is a combination of this + + align:start position:0% +equation is a combination of this + + + align:start position:0% +equation is a combination of this +equation minus dwdx = one and the + + align:start position:0% +equation minus dwdx = one and the + + + align:start position:0% +equation minus dwdx = one and the +equation of C du Dux equaling the W + + align:start position:0% +equation of C du Dux equaling the W + + + align:start position:0% +equation of C du Dux equaling the W +that's it's I I I split it out for you + + align:start position:0% +that's it's I I I split it out for you + + + align:start position:0% +that's it's I I I split it out for you +in the in the last part problem 4B in + + align:start position:0% +in the in the last part problem 4B in + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the last part problem 4B in +the quiz I I really helped you to say + + align:start position:0% +the quiz I I really helped you to say + + + align:start position:0% +the quiz I I really helped you to say +okay take these two separate equations + + align:start position:0% +okay take these two separate equations + + + align:start position:0% +okay take these two separate equations +yeah and and now we you you don't really + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and now we you you don't really + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and now we you you don't really +have a problem the the equation for w + + align:start position:0% +have a problem the the equation for w + + + align:start position:0% +have a problem the the equation for w +nothing is out of the ordinary there + + align:start position:0% +nothing is out of the ordinary there + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is out of the ordinary there +jump in C is not even seen so then + + align:start position:0% +jump in C is not even seen so then + + + align:start position:0% +jump in C is not even seen so then +you've got the W now now you have the C + + align:start position:0% +you've got the W now now you have the C + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the W now now you have the C +in it with its little jump but how would + + align:start position:0% +in it with its little jump but how would + + + align:start position:0% +in it with its little jump but how would +I so suppose I find W from the first + + align:start position:0% +I so suppose I find W from the first + + + align:start position:0% +I so suppose I find W from the first +first equation how do I find + + align:start position:0% +first equation how do I find + + + align:start position:0% +first equation how do I find +u i just divide by the C I just go and + + align:start position:0% +u i just divide by the C I just go and + + + align:start position:0% +u i just divide by the C I just go and +integrate + + align:start position:0% +integrate + + + align:start position:0% +integrate +yeah what I'm saying now let me say it + + align:start position:0% +yeah what I'm saying now let me say it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what I'm saying now let me say it +in clearly now if there's a jump in C + + align:start position:0% +in clearly now if there's a jump in C + + + align:start position:0% +in clearly now if there's a jump in C +that's not a bad thing because the the + + align:start position:0% +that's not a bad thing because the the + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a bad thing because the the +point is there's no jump in cuu Prime C + + align:start position:0% +point is there's no jump in cuu Prime C + + + align:start position:0% +point is there's no jump in cuu Prime C +dudx doesn't jump W doesn't jump from a + + align:start position:0% +dudx doesn't jump W doesn't jump from a + + + align:start position:0% +dudx doesn't jump W doesn't jump from a +jump in C if C jumps it let it there is + + align:start position:0% +jump in C if C jumps it let it there is + + + align:start position:0% +jump in C if C jumps it let it there is +no jump in W which is the serious + + align:start position:0% +no jump in W which is the serious + + + align:start position:0% +no jump in W which is the serious +unknown uh there may there will be a + + align:start position:0% +unknown uh there may there will be a + + + align:start position:0% +unknown uh there may there will be a +change there'll be a jump into udx and + + align:start position:0% +change there'll be a jump into udx and + + + align:start position:0% +change there'll be a jump into udx and +that was that e thing that you had on + + align:start position:0% +that was that e thing that you had on + + + align:start position:0% +that was that e thing that you had on +the quiz is there'll be a jump in D udx + + align:start position:0% +the quiz is there'll be a jump in D udx + + + align:start position:0% +the quiz is there'll be a jump in D udx +to compensate the jump in C but W is + + align:start position:0% +to compensate the jump in C but W is + + + align:start position:0% +to compensate the jump in C but W is +good that's that's the message of so if + + align:start position:0% +good that's that's the message of so if + + + align:start position:0% +good that's that's the message of so if +so let me write that down even + + align:start position:0% +so let me write that down even + + + align:start position:0% +so let me write that down even +if if C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +jumps W does + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not does not jump yeah so it's my point + + align:start position:0% +not does not jump yeah so it's my point + + + align:start position:0% +not does not jump yeah so it's my point +is when you're looking at w you're + + align:start position:0% +is when you're looking at w you're + + + align:start position:0% +is when you're looking at w you're +looking at the right quantity and uh it + + align:start position:0% +looking at the right quantity and uh it + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the right quantity and uh it +can it deals this is a sort of General + + align:start position:0% +can it deals this is a sort of General + + + align:start position:0% +can it deals this is a sort of General +feature that that if you look at it + + align:start position:0% +feature that that if you look at it + + + align:start position:0% +feature that that if you look at it +right it's not a problem if you look at + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a problem if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a problem if you look at +it wrong and try to write out that + + align:start position:0% +it wrong and try to write out that + + + align:start position:0% +it wrong and try to write out that +equation take the second derivative of + + align:start position:0% +equation take the second derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +equation take the second derivative of +this is okay but then if you try to take + + align:start position:0% +this is okay but then if you try to take + + + align:start position:0% +this is okay but then if you try to take +the derivative of the jump you think my + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the jump you think my + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the jump you think my +God there's a Delta function in the + + align:start position:0% +God there's a Delta function in the + + + align:start position:0% +God there's a Delta function in the +sitting in my equation what am I to + + align:start position:0% +sitting in my equation what am I to + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in my equation what am I to +do don't do it uh that's that's the that + + align:start position:0% +do don't do it uh that's that's the that + + + align:start position:0% +do don't do it uh that's that's the that +pair of equations is no + + align:start position:0% +pair of equations is no + + + align:start position:0% +pair of equations is no +trouble + + align:start position:0% +trouble + + + align:start position:0% +trouble +yeah do do you see that point that a + + align:start position:0% +yeah do do you see that point that a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah do do you see that point that a +jump in C is really + + align:start position:0% +jump in C is really + + + align:start position:0% +jump in C is really +okay C equals zero wouldn't be so good + + align:start position:0% +okay C equals zero wouldn't be so good + + + align:start position:0% +okay C equals zero wouldn't be so good +right if C went to zero then you you + + align:start position:0% +right if C went to zero then you you + + + align:start position:0% +right if C went to zero then you you +have got some problem here because if C + + align:start position:0% +have got some problem here because if C + + + align:start position:0% +have got some problem here because if C +is zero here what's going on so so you + + align:start position:0% +is zero here what's going on so so you + + + align:start position:0% +is zero here what's going on so so you +your your + + align:start position:0% +your your + + + align:start position:0% +your your +material uh you know should still should + + align:start position:0% +material uh you know should still should + + + align:start position:0% +material uh you know should still should +have some uh stiffness some positive + + align:start position:0% +have some uh stiffness some positive + + + align:start position:0% +have some uh stiffness some positive +stiffness zero stiffness would be a + + align:start position:0% +stiffness zero stiffness would be a + + + align:start position:0% +stiffness zero stiffness would be a +problem negative stiffness would be a + + align:start position:0% +problem negative stiffness would be a + + + align:start position:0% +problem negative stiffness would be a +you know where really a crazy material + + align:start position:0% +you know where really a crazy material + + + align:start position:0% +you know where really a crazy material +where you you know you add more force + + align:start position:0% +where you you know you add more force + + + align:start position:0% +where you you know you add more force +and it compresses on you well okay + + align:start position:0% +and it compresses on you well okay + + + align:start position:0% +and it compresses on you well okay +that's that's a tricky one okay so that + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a tricky one okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a tricky one okay so that +was a point I uh + + align:start position:0% +was a point I uh + + + align:start position:0% +was a point I uh +could could make also in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +could could make also in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +could could make also in the lecture +yeah other questions how how are we + + align:start position:0% +yeah other questions how how are we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah other questions how how are we +doing I hope you find these uh review + + align:start position:0% +doing I hope you find these uh review + + + align:start position:0% +doing I hope you find these uh review +sessions uh you know they give a chance + + align:start position:0% +sessions uh you know they give a chance + + + align:start position:0% +sessions uh you know they give a chance +to bring out more + + align:start position:0% +to bring out more + + + align:start position:0% +to bring out more +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +um there's + + align:start position:0% +um there's + + + align:start position:0% +um there's +this let me say a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +this let me say a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +this let me say a little bit about +chapter two things that + + align:start position:0% +chapter two things that + + + align:start position:0% +chapter two things that +we abandoned without uh including in the + + align:start position:0% +we abandoned without uh including in the + + + align:start position:0% +we abandoned without uh including in the +lectures + + align:start position:0% +lectures + + + align:start position:0% +lectures +one very important thing that we didn't + + align:start position:0% +one very important thing that we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +one very important thing that we didn't +touch was the nonlinear problems + + align:start position:0% +touch was the nonlinear problems + + + align:start position:0% +touch was the nonlinear problems +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +um where you have to in in the end you + + align:start position:0% +um where you have to in in the end you + + + align:start position:0% +um where you have to in in the end you +have to solve a system of nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +have to solve a system of nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +have to solve a system of nonlinear +equations we've only had linear + + align:start position:0% +equations we've only had linear + + + align:start position:0% +equations we've only had linear +equations KU equal s is where we always + + align:start position:0% +equations KU equal s is where we always + + + align:start position:0% +equations KU equal s is where we always +got to and we've certainly found + + align:start position:0% +got to and we've certainly found + + + align:start position:0% +got to and we've certainly found +enough you know to discuss there but how + + align:start position:0% +enough you know to discuss there but how + + + align:start position:0% +enough you know to discuss there but how +do you deal with nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +do you deal with nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +do you deal with nonlinear +equations well the that's so that's + + align:start position:0% +equations well the that's so that's + + + align:start position:0% +equations well the that's so that's +section 2.6 I guess and uh the answer is + + align:start position:0% +section 2.6 I guess and uh the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +section 2.6 I guess and uh the answer is +Newton's method or some version there + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method or some version there + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's method or some version there +are many versions of Newton's method + + align:start position:0% +are many versions of Newton's method + + + align:start position:0% +are many versions of Newton's method +so all I'm saying is that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +so all I'm saying is that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +so all I'm saying is that's that's a +important topic is how to deal with + + align:start position:0% +important topic is how to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +important topic is how to deal with +nonlinear equations and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations and the answer is +usually some variation of method yeah + + align:start position:0% +usually some variation of method yeah + + + align:start position:0% +usually some variation of method yeah +depending on how many equations you've + + align:start position:0% +depending on how many equations you've + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how many equations you've +got how bad the nonlinearity is and and + + align:start position:0% +got how bad the nonlinearity is and and + + + align:start position:0% +got how bad the nonlinearity is and and +things like that it's that's a case + + align:start position:0% +things like that it's that's a case + + + align:start position:0% +things like that it's that's a case +where um coding is not so simple yeah + + align:start position:0% +where um coding is not so simple yeah + + + align:start position:0% +where um coding is not so simple yeah +but but important yeah so that's one + + align:start position:0% +but but important yeah so that's one + + + align:start position:0% +but but important yeah so that's one +thing in chapter two that we passed + + align:start position:0% +thing in chapter two that we passed + + + align:start position:0% +thing in chapter two that we passed +because really this is where we want to + + align:start position:0% +because really this is where we want to + + + align:start position:0% +because really this is where we want to +be today yeah other topics questions of + + align:start position:0% +be today yeah other topics questions of + + + align:start position:0% +be today yeah other topics questions of +any kind yes thanks + + align:start position:0% +any kind yes thanks + + + align:start position:0% +any kind yes thanks +this problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right good good question you're + + align:start position:0% +okay right good good question you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay right good good question you're +you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right yeah okay so now suppose that + + align:start position:0% +right yeah okay so now suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah okay so now suppose that +Delta of X was in Delta of xus a the + + align:start position:0% +Delta of X was in Delta of xus a the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta of X was in Delta of xus a the +jump at a was there what would change if + + align:start position:0% +jump at a was there what would change if + + + align:start position:0% +jump at a was there what would change if +what would change in my in + + align:start position:0% +what would change in my in + + + align:start position:0% +what would change in my in +my in + + align:start position:0% +my in + + + align:start position:0% +my in +there well the one would change right + + align:start position:0% +there well the one would change right + + + align:start position:0% +there well the one would change right +the one would now be the Delta of xus + + align:start position:0% +the one would now be the Delta of xus + + + align:start position:0% +the one would now be the Delta of xus +a so what am I seeing + + align:start position:0% +a so what am I seeing + + + align:start position:0% +a so what am I seeing +now what's the jump situation now is + + align:start position:0% +now what's the jump situation now is + + + align:start position:0% +now what's the jump situation now is +there a jump in does w jump now from + + align:start position:0% +there a jump in does w jump now from + + + align:start position:0% +there a jump in does w jump now from +this Delta + + align:start position:0% +this Delta + + + align:start position:0% +this Delta +function yes it did not jump from the + + align:start position:0% +function yes it did not jump from the + + + align:start position:0% +function yes it did not jump from the +jump in C that did not produce a jump in + + align:start position:0% +jump in C that did not produce a jump in + + + align:start position:0% +jump in C that did not produce a jump in +w why not because the you know you have + + align:start position:0% +w why not because the you know you have + + + align:start position:0% +w why not because the you know you have +a again back to the jump in C you have a + + align:start position:0% +a again back to the jump in C you have a + + + align:start position:0% +a again back to the jump in C you have a +bar of copper and you have a bar of + + align:start position:0% +bar of copper and you have a bar of + + + align:start position:0% +bar of copper and you have a bar of +Steel and they have different + + align:start position:0% +Steel and they have different + + + align:start position:0% +Steel and they have different +C's but the force at that point when + + align:start position:0% +C's but the force at that point when + + + align:start position:0% +C's but the force at that point when +it's in equilibrium the bar is not + + align:start position:0% +it's in equilibrium the bar is not + + + align:start position:0% +it's in equilibrium the bar is not +falling apart right the bar is the the + + align:start position:0% +falling apart right the bar is the the + + + align:start position:0% +falling apart right the bar is the the +bar the force is the same from above and + + align:start position:0% +bar the force is the same from above and + + + align:start position:0% +bar the force is the same from above and +below equilibrium holds it's just that + + align:start position:0% +below equilibrium holds it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +below equilibrium holds it's just that +the force involves the the a C1 there + + align:start position:0% +the force involves the the a C1 there + + + align:start position:0% +the force involves the the a C1 there +down here the force involves a C2 + + align:start position:0% +down here the force involves a C2 + + + align:start position:0% +down here the force involves a C2 +multiplying the DX and this stretching + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the DX and this stretching + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the DX and this stretching +so the stretching will change DX the the + + align:start position:0% +so the stretching will change DX the the + + + align:start position:0% +so the stretching will change DX the the +stretching Factor will be different in + + align:start position:0% +stretching Factor will be different in + + + align:start position:0% +stretching Factor will be different in +the two materials but the for Force + + align:start position:0% +the two materials but the for Force + + + align:start position:0% +the two materials but the for Force +won't be that you really have to keep + + align:start position:0% +won't be that you really have to keep + + + align:start position:0% +won't be that you really have to keep +straight what now you asked about a + + align:start position:0% +straight what now you asked about a + + + align:start position:0% +straight what now you asked about a +Delta function okay so now if I hang a + + align:start position:0% +Delta function okay so now if I hang a + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function okay so now if I hang a +Delta function there that's like hanging + + align:start position:0% +Delta function there that's like hanging + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function there that's like hanging +a point load at a point what happens at + + align:start position:0% +a point load at a point what happens at + + + align:start position:0% +a point load at a point what happens at +that point + + align:start position:0% +that point + + + align:start position:0% +that point +well we don't have a problem with that + + align:start position:0% +well we don't have a problem with that + + + align:start position:0% +well we don't have a problem with that +this well W + + align:start position:0% +this well W + + + align:start position:0% +this well W +jumps the force pulling up is not the + + align:start position:0% +jumps the force pulling up is not the + + + align:start position:0% +jumps the force pulling up is not the +same as the force pulling down because + + align:start position:0% +same as the force pulling down because + + + align:start position:0% +same as the force pulling down because +there's this extra point load so the + + align:start position:0% +there's this extra point load so the + + + align:start position:0% +there's this extra point load so the +balance there and the balance there is + + align:start position:0% +balance there and the balance there is + + + align:start position:0% +balance there and the balance there is +those aren't equal there's a jump there + + align:start position:0% +those aren't equal there's a jump there + + + align:start position:0% +those aren't equal there's a jump there +because of the point load being put + + align:start position:0% +because of the point load being put + + + align:start position:0% +because of the point load being put +there yeah so that produces a jump in W + + align:start position:0% +there yeah so that produces a jump in W + + + align:start position:0% +there yeah so that produces a jump in W +but not a jump in U not a jump in U you + + align:start position:0% +but not a jump in U not a jump in U you + + + align:start position:0% +but not a jump in U not a jump in U you +the bar is still holding + + align:start position:0% +the bar is still holding + + + align:start position:0% +the bar is still holding +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +and since times running out I don't have + + align:start position:0% +and since times running out I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +and since times running out I don't have +to ask I don't have to ask myself or ask + + align:start position:0% +to ask I don't have to ask myself or ask + + + align:start position:0% +to ask I don't have to ask myself or ask +you about the worst possibility that + + align:start position:0% +you about the worst possibility that + + + align:start position:0% +you about the worst possibility that +occurs to me which + + align:start position:0% +occurs to me which + + + align:start position:0% +occurs to me which +is suppose they happen at the same place + + align:start position:0% +is suppose they happen at the same place + + + align:start position:0% +is suppose they happen at the same place +suppose there's a jump in C and a point + + align:start position:0% +suppose there's a jump in C and a point + + + align:start position:0% +suppose there's a jump in C and a point +load do we want to face + + align:start position:0% +load do we want to face + + + align:start position:0% +load do we want to face +that what would happen + + align:start position:0% +that what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +that what would happen +there suppose right suppose a was the + + align:start position:0% +there suppose right suppose a was the + + + align:start position:0% +there suppose right suppose a was the +place where this jumped suppose the + + align:start position:0% +place where this jumped suppose the + + + align:start position:0% +place where this jumped suppose the +point load was here what's what's what's + + align:start position:0% +point load was here what's what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +point load was here what's what's what's +up there yeah well hey we'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +up there yeah well hey we'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +up there yeah well hey we'll be able to +do that okay all right so I'm putting + + align:start position:0% +do that okay all right so I'm putting + + + align:start position:0% +do that okay all right so I'm putting +the point load at the place where the + + align:start position:0% +the point load at the place where the + + + align:start position:0% +the point load at the place where the +where the copper and the steel come + + align:start position:0% +where the copper and the steel come + + + align:start position:0% +where the copper and the steel come +meet is W continuous is the force the + + align:start position:0% +meet is W continuous is the force the + + + align:start position:0% +meet is W continuous is the force the +same above and below that joint no + + align:start position:0% +same above and below that joint no + + + align:start position:0% +same above and below that joint no +because there's this extra term from the + + align:start position:0% +because there's this extra term from the + + + align:start position:0% +because there's this extra term from the +weight and then once you know the forces + + align:start position:0% +weight and then once you know the forces + + + align:start position:0% +weight and then once you know the forces +then above the bar you solving for you + + align:start position:0% +then above the bar you solving for you + + + align:start position:0% +then above the bar you solving for you +with one C and then below the below that + + align:start position:0% +with one C and then below the below that + + + align:start position:0% +with one C and then below the below that +point with the other C so so w has a + + align:start position:0% +point with the other C so so w has a + + + align:start position:0% +point with the other C so so w has a +different has a plus and a and a minus + + align:start position:0% +different has a plus and a and a minus + + + align:start position:0% +different has a plus and a and a minus +and C has a plus and a minus and you're + + align:start position:0% +and C has a plus and a minus and you're + + + align:start position:0% +and C has a plus and a minus and you're +solving this one let + + align:start position:0% +solving this one let + + + align:start position:0% +solving this one let +me make them minus plus so you're + + align:start position:0% +me make them minus plus so you're + + + align:start position:0% +me make them minus plus so you're +solving this one in one bar one metal + + align:start position:0% +solving this one in one bar one metal + + + align:start position:0% +solving this one in one bar one metal +and C+ and the w+ and the other metal + + align:start position:0% +and C+ and the w+ and the other metal + + + align:start position:0% +and C+ and the w+ and the other metal +yeah so you can do + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you can do +it so what shall I just repeat what I'm + + align:start position:0% +it so what shall I just repeat what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it so what shall I just repeat what I'm +My overall message is W is the right + + align:start position:0% +My overall message is W is the right + + + align:start position:0% +My overall message is W is the right +thing to look + + align:start position:0% +thing to look + + + align:start position:0% +thing to look +at that combination CDX is the right + + align:start position:0% +at that combination CDX is the right + + + align:start position:0% +at that combination CDX is the right +thing to look at and and uh it because + + align:start position:0% +thing to look at and and uh it because + + + align:start position:0% +thing to look at and and uh it because +it it's it's what sits there in that in + + align:start position:0% +it it's it's what sits there in that in + + + align:start position:0% +it it's it's what sits there in that in +that parenthesis okay good so that's + + align:start position:0% +that parenthesis okay good so that's + + + align:start position:0% +that parenthesis okay good so that's +some review + + align:start position:0% +some review + + + align:start position:0% +some review +topics we really have a lot of fun ahead + + align:start position:0% +topics we really have a lot of fun ahead + + + align:start position:0% +topics we really have a lot of fun ahead +now with finite elements \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2Ola674-PPw.txt b/2Ola674-PPw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f140a4b7bb59919b9343d227ad7c2ceee525b15b --- /dev/null +++ b/2Ola674-PPw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7755 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu uh actually two things to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu uh actually two things to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu uh actually two things to +say about Igan values one is about + + align:start position:0% +say about Igan values one is about + + + align:start position:0% +say about Igan values one is about +matrices in + + align:start position:0% +matrices in + + + align:start position:0% +matrices in +general uh and then the second is to + + align:start position:0% +general uh and then the second is to + + + align:start position:0% +general uh and then the second is to +focus on our favorites those second + + align:start position:0% +focus on our favorites those second + + + align:start position:0% +focus on our favorites those second +derivatives and second differences so + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and second differences so + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and second differences so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +um that there's a lot to say about igen + + align:start position:0% +um that there's a lot to say about igen + + + align:start position:0% +um that there's a lot to say about igen +values but this is this then we'll have + + align:start position:0% +values but this is this then we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +values but this is this then we'll have +the main ideas so the central idea of + + align:start position:0% +the main ideas so the central idea of + + + align:start position:0% +the main ideas so the central idea of +course is to find these special + + align:start position:0% +course is to find these special + + + align:start position:0% +course is to find these special +directions and we expect to find n + + align:start position:0% +directions and we expect to find n + + + align:start position:0% +directions and we expect to find n +directions n igen vectors Y where this n + + align:start position:0% +directions n igen vectors Y where this n + + + align:start position:0% +directions n igen vectors Y where this n +byn Matrix is acting like a number in + + align:start position:0% +byn Matrix is acting like a number in + + + align:start position:0% +byn Matrix is acting like a number in +each of those directions + + align:start position:0% +each of those directions + + + align:start position:0% +each of those directions +and what we now want to do is so we have + + align:start position:0% +and what we now want to do is so we have + + + align:start position:0% +and what we now want to do is so we have +this for n different y's and each one + + align:start position:0% +this for n different y's and each one + + + align:start position:0% +this for n different y's and each one +has its own igen value Lambda and of + + align:start position:0% +has its own igen value Lambda and of + + + align:start position:0% +has its own igen value Lambda and of +course the IG command in mat lab will + + align:start position:0% +course the IG command in mat lab will + + + align:start position:0% +course the IG command in mat lab will +find the Y's and the lambdas okay so it + + align:start position:0% +find the Y's and the lambdas okay so it + + + align:start position:0% +find the Y's and the lambdas okay so it +finds the Y's and the lambdas in a + + align:start position:0% +finds the Y's and the lambdas in a + + + align:start position:0% +finds the Y's and the lambdas in a +matrix so that's what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +matrix so that's what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so that's what I'm going to do +now straightforward anytime I have n + + align:start position:0% +now straightforward anytime I have n + + + align:start position:0% +now straightforward anytime I have n +vectors so I have n of these y's of n + + align:start position:0% +vectors so I have n of these y's of n + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so I have n of these y's of n +y's and N lambdas well if you give me n + + align:start position:0% +y's and N lambdas well if you give me n + + + align:start position:0% +y's and N lambdas well if you give me n +vectors I put them into the columns of a + + align:start position:0% +vectors I put them into the columns of a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors I put them into the columns of a +matrix almost without thinking so can I + + align:start position:0% +matrix almost without thinking so can I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix almost without thinking so can I +just do that that's so there's y1 the + + align:start position:0% +just do that that's so there's y1 the + + + align:start position:0% +just do that that's so there's y1 the +first igon Vector Y2 to + + align:start position:0% +first igon Vector Y2 to + + + align:start position:0% +first igon Vector Y2 to +YN okay that's my igen Vector Matrix + + align:start position:0% +YN okay that's my igen Vector Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +YN okay that's my igen Vector Matrix +often I call it s so I I'll stick with + + align:start position:0% +often I call it s so I I'll stick with + + + align:start position:0% +often I call it s so I I'll stick with +that s will be the igen vector Matrix + + align:start position:0% +that s will be the igen vector Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that s will be the igen vector Matrix +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now when since these are Ron vectors I'm + + align:start position:0% +now when since these are Ron vectors I'm + + + align:start position:0% +now when since these are Ron vectors I'm +going to multiply that matrix by + + align:start position:0% +going to multiply that matrix by + + + align:start position:0% +going to multiply that matrix by +a that should bring out the key point + + align:start position:0% +a that should bring out the key point + + + align:start position:0% +a that should bring out the key point +I'm just going to repeat this which is + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to repeat this which is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to repeat this which is +uh the which is one at a + + align:start position:0% +uh the which is one at a + + + align:start position:0% +uh the which is one at a +time by doing them all at once okay so + + align:start position:0% +time by doing them all at once okay so + + + align:start position:0% +time by doing them all at once okay so +what happens if I multiply a matrix by a + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I multiply a matrix by a + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I multiply a matrix by a +bunch of columns matrix multiplication + + align:start position:0% +bunch of columns matrix multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of columns matrix multiplication +is wonderful it does the right thing it + + align:start position:0% +is wonderful it does the right thing it + + + align:start position:0% +is wonderful it does the right thing it +multiplies a times the first column + + align:start position:0% +multiplies a times the first column + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies a times the first column +so let's put that there a * the First + + align:start position:0% +so let's put that there a * the First + + + align:start position:0% +so let's put that there a * the First +Column along to a * the last + + align:start position:0% +Column along to a * the last + + + align:start position:0% +Column along to a * the last +column just column by column okay but + + align:start position:0% +column just column by column okay but + + + align:start position:0% +column just column by column okay but +now we recognize these These are special + + align:start position:0% +now we recognize these These are special + + + align:start position:0% +now we recognize these These are special +y's they're special because they're igen + + align:start position:0% +y's they're special because they're igen + + + align:start position:0% +y's they're special because they're igen +vectors so this is Lambda 1 y one along + + align:start position:0% +vectors so this is Lambda 1 y one along + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so this is Lambda 1 y one along +to that column is Lambda n YN + + align:start position:0% +to that column is Lambda n YN + + + align:start position:0% +to that column is Lambda n YN +right okay just now I've used the fact + + align:start position:0% +right okay just now I've used the fact + + + align:start position:0% +right okay just now I've used the fact +that they were I vectors and now one + + align:start position:0% +that they were I vectors and now one + + + align:start position:0% +that they were I vectors and now one +final neat step of matrix multiplication + + align:start position:0% +final neat step of matrix multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +final neat step of matrix multiplication +is to factor out this same I Vector + + align:start position:0% +is to factor out this same I Vector + + + align:start position:0% +is to factor out this same I Vector +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +again and realize and I'll look at it + + align:start position:0% +again and realize and I'll look at it + + + align:start position:0% +again and realize and I'll look at it +that it's being multiplied by this + + align:start position:0% +that it's being multiplied by this + + + align:start position:0% +that it's being multiplied by this +diagonal that's now a diagonal matrix of + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that's now a diagonal matrix of + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that's now a diagonal matrix of +ion + + align:start position:0% +ion + + + align:start position:0% +ion +values so let's just look at that very + + align:start position:0% +values so let's just look at that very + + + align:start position:0% +values so let's just look at that very +last step here here I had the First + + align:start position:0% +last step here here I had the First + + + align:start position:0% +last step here here I had the First +Column was Lambda 1 + + align:start position:0% +Column was Lambda 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Column was Lambda 1 +y1 okay I just want to see did I get + + align:start position:0% +y1 okay I just want to see did I get + + + align:start position:0% +y1 okay I just want to see did I get +that right and in this mult if I'm + + align:start position:0% +that right and in this mult if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that right and in this mult if I'm +looking at the First Column where that + + align:start position:0% +looking at the First Column where that + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the First Column where that +Lambda one is sitting it's going to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda one is sitting it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda one is sitting it's going to +multiply y1 and it'll be all zeros below + + align:start position:0% +multiply y1 and it'll be all zeros below + + + align:start position:0% +multiply y1 and it'll be all zeros below +so I'll have none of the other I vectors + + align:start position:0% +so I'll have none of the other I vectors + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll have none of the other I vectors +so I'll have Lambda 1 y1 just what I + + align:start position:0% +so I'll have Lambda 1 y1 just what I + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll have Lambda 1 y1 just what I +want so got a little squeeze near the + + align:start position:0% +want so got a little squeeze near the + + + align:start position:0% +want so got a little squeeze near the +end there but so let me write above the + + align:start position:0% +end there but so let me write above the + + + align:start position:0% +end there but so let me write above the +the result is just + + align:start position:0% +the result is just + + + align:start position:0% +the result is just +a times this I Vector Matrix that I'm + + align:start position:0% +a times this I Vector Matrix that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a times this I Vector Matrix that I'm +going to call + + align:start position:0% +going to call + + + align:start position:0% +going to call +S equals + + align:start position:0% +S equals + + + align:start position:0% +S equals +what so this is this is this is a Lambda + + align:start position:0% +what so this is this is this is a Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +what so this is this is this is a Lambda +equal a y equal Lambda y for all n at + + align:start position:0% +equal a y equal Lambda y for all n at + + + align:start position:0% +equal a y equal Lambda y for all n at +once a time s is what have I got here + + align:start position:0% +once a time s is what have I got here + + + align:start position:0% +once a time s is what have I got here +what's this that's s and what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's this that's s and what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's this that's s and what's the +other guy that's the igon value Matrix + + align:start position:0% +other guy that's the igon value Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +other guy that's the igon value Matrix +so it's just got n numbers they + + align:start position:0% +so it's just got n numbers they + + + align:start position:0% +so it's just got n numbers they +automatically go on the diagonal and it + + align:start position:0% +automatically go on the diagonal and it + + + align:start position:0% +automatically go on the diagonal and it +gets called Capital Lambda Capital + + align:start position:0% +gets called Capital Lambda Capital + + + align:start position:0% +gets called Capital Lambda Capital +Lambda for the Matrix little Lambda for + + align:start position:0% +Lambda for the Matrix little Lambda for + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda for the Matrix little Lambda for +the numbers okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +the numbers okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers okay so this is +n this is all n at once straightforward + + align:start position:0% +n this is all n at once straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +n this is all n at once straightforward +okay and I can and now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and I can and now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I can and now I'm going to +assume that I've got these n igen + + align:start position:0% +assume that I've got these n igen + + + align:start position:0% +assume that I've got these n igen +vectors that I've been able to find n + + align:start position:0% +vectors that I've been able to find n + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that I've been able to find n +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +directions and almost always you can for + + align:start position:0% +directions and almost always you can for + + + align:start position:0% +directions and almost always you can for +every symmetric Matrix you automatically + + align:start position:0% +every symmetric Matrix you automatically + + + align:start position:0% +every symmetric Matrix you automatically +can so this these y's are independent + + align:start position:0% +can so this these y's are independent + + + align:start position:0% +can so this these y's are independent +directions if those are the columns of a + + align:start position:0% +directions if those are the columns of a + + + align:start position:0% +directions if those are the columns of a +matrix yeah here's a key question about + + align:start position:0% +matrix yeah here's a key question about + + + align:start position:0% +matrix yeah here's a key question about +matrices what what can I say about this + + align:start position:0% +matrices what what can I say about this + + + align:start position:0% +matrices what what can I say about this +Matrix S if its n columns are + + align:start position:0% +Matrix S if its n columns are + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix S if its n columns are +independent whatever that you know we + + align:start position:0% +independent whatever that you know we + + + align:start position:0% +independent whatever that you know we +haven't focused in careful detail but we + + align:start position:0% +haven't focused in careful detail but we + + + align:start position:0% +haven't focused in careful detail but we +have an idea that means you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +have an idea that means you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have an idea that means you know sort of +none of them are combinations of the + + align:start position:0% +none of them are combinations of the + + + align:start position:0% +none of them are combinations of the +others we really have n separate + + align:start position:0% +others we really have n separate + + + align:start position:0% +others we really have n separate +directions then that Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +directions then that Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +directions then that Matrix is +invertible it's the a matrix that's got + + align:start position:0% +invertible it's the a matrix that's got + + + align:start position:0% +invertible it's the a matrix that's got +n columns independent that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +n columns independent that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +n columns independent that's what we're +hoping for that Matrix has an inverse we + + align:start position:0% +hoping for that Matrix has an inverse we + + + align:start position:0% +hoping for that Matrix has an inverse we +can produce well it's all the good facts + + align:start position:0% +can produce well it's all the good facts + + + align:start position:0% +can produce well it's all the good facts +about matrices for this is a square + + align:start position:0% +about matrices for this is a square + + + align:start position:0% +about matrices for this is a square +Matrix so I can invert it if you like + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so I can invert it if you like + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so I can invert it if you like +and I can write a as s Lambda I'm + + align:start position:0% +and I can write a as s Lambda I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and I can write a as s Lambda I'm +multiplying on the right by this s + + align:start position:0% +multiplying on the right by this s + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying on the right by this s +inverse and there I + + align:start position:0% +inverse and there I + + + align:start position:0% +inverse and there I +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +the diagonalization of a matrix The + + align:start position:0% +the diagonalization of a matrix The + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonalization of a matrix The +Matrix has been diagonalized and what + + align:start position:0% +Matrix has been diagonalized and what + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix has been diagonalized and what +does that mean well this is of course + + align:start position:0% +does that mean well this is of course + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean well this is of course +the diagonal that we're headed for and + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal that we're headed for and + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal that we're headed for and +what it means is that if I look at my + + align:start position:0% +what it means is that if I look at my + + + align:start position:0% +what it means is that if I look at my +Matrix and I pay attention to the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and I pay attention to the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and I pay attention to the +separate out the different igen igen + + align:start position:0% +separate out the different igen igen + + + align:start position:0% +separate out the different igen igen +directions I could say that the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +directions I could say that the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +directions I could say that the Matrix +in those directions is just this + + align:start position:0% +in those directions is just this + + + align:start position:0% +in those directions is just this +diagonal matrix so that's a short way of + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix so that's a short way of + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrix so that's a short way of +saying it okay so that's that's what uh + + align:start position:0% +saying it okay so that's that's what uh + + + align:start position:0% +saying it okay so that's that's what uh +you would let me just carry one step + + align:start position:0% +you would let me just carry one step + + + align:start position:0% +you would let me just carry one step +further and what about a what would a + + align:start position:0% +further and what about a what would a + + + align:start position:0% +further and what about a what would a +squar + + align:start position:0% +squar + + + align:start position:0% +squar +be well and now that I have it in this + + align:start position:0% +be well and now that I have it in this + + + align:start position:0% +be well and now that I have it in this +cool form s lamb s inverse I would + + align:start position:0% +cool form s lamb s inverse I would + + + align:start position:0% +cool form s lamb s inverse I would +multiply two of those together and what + + align:start position:0% +multiply two of those together and what + + + align:start position:0% +multiply two of those together and what +would I + + align:start position:0% +would I + + + align:start position:0% +would I +learn if I do that multiplication what + + align:start position:0% +learn if I do that multiplication what + + + align:start position:0% +learn if I do that multiplication what +what comes out first an s from here and + + align:start position:0% +what comes out first an s from here and + + + align:start position:0% +what comes out first an s from here and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +what Lambda squared Why Lambda + + align:start position:0% +what Lambda squared Why Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +what Lambda squared Why Lambda +squared cuse in the middle is the SS + + align:start position:0% +squared cuse in the middle is the SS + + + align:start position:0% +squared cuse in the middle is the SS +inverse that's giving the identity + + align:start position:0% +inverse that's giving the identity + + + align:start position:0% +inverse that's giving the identity +Matrix so then the Lambda multiplies the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so then the Lambda multiplies the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so then the Lambda multiplies the +Lambda and now here's s inverse well a s + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and now here's s inverse well a s + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and now here's s inverse well a s +is s Lambda squ s inverse what what does + + align:start position:0% +is s Lambda squ s inverse what what does + + + align:start position:0% +is s Lambda squ s inverse what what does +that tell me in words that tells me that + + align:start position:0% +that tell me in words that tells me that + + + align:start position:0% +that tell me in words that tells me that +the ion vectors of a^ squ + + align:start position:0% +the ion vectors of a^ squ + + + align:start position:0% +the ion vectors of a^ squ +are the same as for a and it tells me + + align:start position:0% +are the same as for a and it tells me + + + align:start position:0% +are the same as for a and it tells me +that the I values of a squared are the + + align:start position:0% +that the I values of a squared are the + + + align:start position:0% +that the I values of a squared are the +squares of so I could do this if you + + align:start position:0% +squares of so I could do this if you + + + align:start position:0% +squares of so I could do this if you +maybe I did it before one at a time a y + + align:start position:0% +maybe I did it before one at a time a y + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I did it before one at a time a y += Lambda y multiply Again by a a^ 2 Y is + + align:start position:0% += Lambda y multiply Again by a a^ 2 Y is + + + align:start position:0% += Lambda y multiply Again by a a^ 2 Y is +Lambda a y but a y is Lambda y so I'm up + + align:start position:0% +Lambda a y but a y is Lambda y so I'm up + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda a y but a y is Lambda y so I'm up +to Lambda 2 y it's just just you should + + align:start position:0% +to Lambda 2 y it's just just you should + + + align:start position:0% +to Lambda 2 y it's just just you should +just see that when you've got these + + align:start position:0% +just see that when you've got these + + + align:start position:0% +just see that when you've got these +directions then your Matrix is really + + align:start position:0% +directions then your Matrix is really + + + align:start position:0% +directions then your Matrix is really +simple effectively it's a diagonal + + align:start position:0% +simple effectively it's a diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +simple effectively it's a diagonal +matrix in these in these good directions + + align:start position:0% +matrix in these in these good directions + + + align:start position:0% +matrix in these in these good directions +so that that just shows + + align:start position:0% +so that that just shows + + + align:start position:0% +so that that just shows +one way of seeing and and of course what + + align:start position:0% +one way of seeing and and of course what + + + align:start position:0% +one way of seeing and and of course what +about a inverse we might as well mention + + align:start position:0% +about a inverse we might as well mention + + + align:start position:0% +about a inverse we might as well mention +a inverse suppose a is + + align:start position:0% +a inverse suppose a is + + + align:start position:0% +a inverse suppose a is +invertible then what would what do I + + align:start position:0% +invertible then what would what do I + + + align:start position:0% +invertible then what would what do I +learn about a inverse can I just invert + + align:start position:0% +learn about a inverse can I just invert + + + align:start position:0% +learn about a inverse can I just invert +that suppose I take that I'm just + + align:start position:0% +that suppose I take that I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +that suppose I take that I'm just +playing with that formula so you'll kind + + align:start position:0% +playing with that formula so you'll kind + + + align:start position:0% +playing with that formula so you'll kind +of like get get get handy with it what + + align:start position:0% +of like get get get handy with it what + + + align:start position:0% +of like get get get handy with it what +would a what would the inverse be of if + + align:start position:0% +would a what would the inverse be of if + + + align:start position:0% +would a what would the inverse be of if +I have three things in a row multiplied + + align:start position:0% +I have three things in a row multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +I have three things in a row multiplied +together what's the + + align:start position:0% +together what's the + + + align:start position:0% +together what's the +inverse so I'm going to take the + + align:start position:0% +inverse so I'm going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse so I'm going to take the +inverses in the opposite order right so + + align:start position:0% +inverses in the opposite order right so + + + align:start position:0% +inverses in the opposite order right so +this Inver the inverse of that will come + + align:start position:0% +this Inver the inverse of that will come + + + align:start position:0% +this Inver the inverse of that will come +first so what's + + align:start position:0% +first so what's + + + align:start position:0% +first so what's +that just s + + align:start position:0% +that just s + + + align:start position:0% +that just s +the Lambda in the middle gets inverted + + align:start position:0% +the Lambda in the middle gets inverted + + + align:start position:0% +the Lambda in the middle gets inverted +and then the S at the left its inverse + + align:start position:0% +and then the S at the left its inverse + + + align:start position:0% +and then the S at the left its inverse +comes at the + + align:start position:0% +comes at the + + + align:start position:0% +comes at the +right well what do I learn from + + align:start position:0% +right well what do I learn from + + + align:start position:0% +right well what do I learn from +that I learned that the I Vector Matrix + + align:start position:0% +that I learned that the I Vector Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that I learned that the I Vector Matrix +for a inverse is same thing again same + + align:start position:0% +for a inverse is same thing again same + + + align:start position:0% +for a inverse is same thing again same +let me put just + + align:start position:0% +let me put just + + + align:start position:0% +let me put just +same what's the I what's the IG value + + align:start position:0% +same what's the I what's the IG value + + + align:start position:0% +same what's the I what's the IG value +Matrix for a inverse + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for a inverse + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for a inverse +the what's it's the inverse of this guy + + align:start position:0% +the what's it's the inverse of this guy + + + align:start position:0% +the what's it's the inverse of this guy +so what does it look + + align:start position:0% +so what does it look + + + align:start position:0% +so what does it look +like it's got one over + + align:start position:0% +like it's got one over + + + align:start position:0% +like it's got one over +lambdas that that's all it says that so + + align:start position:0% +lambdas that that's all it says that so + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas that that's all it says that so +the I the igen values for a inverse are + + align:start position:0% +the I the igen values for a inverse are + + + align:start position:0% +the I the igen values for a inverse are +just one over the I values for a I mean + + align:start position:0% +just one over the I values for a I mean + + + align:start position:0% +just one over the I values for a I mean +that if that's that is so and it can't + + align:start position:0% +that if that's that is so and it can't + + + align:start position:0% +that if that's that is so and it can't +be difficult we could again we could + + align:start position:0% +be difficult we could again we could + + + align:start position:0% +be difficult we could again we could +prove it sort of like one at a time how + + align:start position:0% +prove it sort of like one at a time how + + + align:start position:0% +prove it sort of like one at a time how +would I + + align:start position:0% +would I + + + align:start position:0% +would I +how would I get from this this is my + + align:start position:0% +how would I get from this this is my + + + align:start position:0% +how would I get from this this is my +starting point always how would I get to + + align:start position:0% +starting point always how would I get to + + + align:start position:0% +starting point always how would I get to +a inverse now and and recover this fact + + align:start position:0% +a inverse now and and recover this fact + + + align:start position:0% +a inverse now and and recover this fact +that the igen values are for the inverse + + align:start position:0% +that the igen values are for the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +that the igen values are for the inverse +are getting are just turn them up if if + + align:start position:0% +are getting are just turn them up if if + + + align:start position:0% +are getting are just turn them up if if +a has an igen value seven a inverse will + + align:start position:0% +a has an igen value seven a inverse will + + + align:start position:0% +a has an igen value seven a inverse will +have an igen value 17th and let's just + + align:start position:0% +have an igen value 17th and let's just + + + align:start position:0% +have an igen value 17th and let's just +how what do I + + align:start position:0% +how what do I + + + align:start position:0% +how what do I +do usually multiply both sides by + + align:start position:0% +do usually multiply both sides by + + + align:start position:0% +do usually multiply both sides by +something sensible right that's what + + align:start position:0% +something sensible right that's what + + + align:start position:0% +something sensible right that's what +what shall I multiply both sides by a + + align:start position:0% +what shall I multiply both sides by a + + + align:start position:0% +what shall I multiply both sides by a +inverse sounds like a good idea right a + + align:start position:0% +inverse sounds like a good idea right a + + + align:start position:0% +inverse sounds like a good idea right a +inverse is so I'm multiplying both sides + + align:start position:0% +inverse is so I'm multiplying both sides + + + align:start position:0% +inverse is so I'm multiplying both sides +by a inverse so that just leaves Y and + + align:start position:0% +by a inverse so that just leaves Y and + + + align:start position:0% +by a inverse so that just leaves Y and +here's that number here's a inverse time + + align:start position:0% +here's that number here's a inverse time + + + align:start position:0% +here's that number here's a inverse time +y uh well maybe I should do one more + + align:start position:0% +y uh well maybe I should do one more + + + align:start position:0% +y uh well maybe I should do one more +thing what shall I what else shall I do + + align:start position:0% +thing what shall I what else shall I do + + + align:start position:0% +thing what shall I what else shall I do +divide by + + align:start position:0% +divide by + + + align:start position:0% +divide by +Lambda take that number Lambda and put + + align:start position:0% +Lambda take that number Lambda and put + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda take that number Lambda and put +it over here as one over Lambda well + + align:start position:0% +it over here as one over Lambda well + + + align:start position:0% +it over here as one over Lambda well +just exactly what we were looking for + + align:start position:0% +just exactly what we were looking for + + + align:start position:0% +just exactly what we were looking for +the same y has a inverse as the same y + + align:start position:0% +the same y has a inverse as the same y + + + align:start position:0% +the same y has a inverse as the same y +as an igen Vector of a inverse and the I + + align:start position:0% +as an igen Vector of a inverse and the I + + + align:start position:0% +as an igen Vector of a inverse and the I +value is one over + + align:start position:0% +value is one over + + + align:start position:0% +value is one over +Lambda oh and of + + align:start position:0% +Lambda oh and of + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda oh and of +course I should have said before I + + align:start position:0% +course I should have said before I + + + align:start position:0% +course I should have said before I +inverted anything what should I have + + align:start position:0% +inverted anything what should I have + + + align:start position:0% +inverted anything what should I have +said about the + + align:start position:0% +said about the + + + align:start position:0% +said about the +lambdas not zero right a zero I value is + + align:start position:0% +lambdas not zero right a zero I value is + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas not zero right a zero I value is +a signal The Matrix isn't + + align:start position:0% +a signal The Matrix isn't + + + align:start position:0% +a signal The Matrix isn't +invertible so that's that's perfect test + + align:start position:0% +invertible so that's that's perfect test + + + align:start position:0% +invertible so that's that's perfect test +if the Matrix is invertible all its I + + align:start position:0% +if the Matrix is invertible all its I + + + align:start position:0% +if the Matrix is invertible all its I +values are not + + align:start position:0% +values are not + + + align:start position:0% +values are not +zero if it's singular it's got a zero I + + align:start position:0% +zero if it's singular it's got a zero I + + + align:start position:0% +zero if it's singular it's got a zero I +value if a matrix is singular then a y + + align:start position:0% +value if a matrix is singular then a y + + + align:start position:0% +value if a matrix is singular then a y +would be zero y for some for there'd be + + align:start position:0% +would be zero y for some for there'd be + + + align:start position:0% +would be zero y for some for there'd be +a vector that that Matrix kills if a is + + align:start position:0% +a vector that that Matrix kills if a is + + + align:start position:0% +a vector that that Matrix kills if a is +not invertible there's a reason for it + + align:start position:0% +not invertible there's a reason for it + + + align:start position:0% +not invertible there's a reason for it +it's because it takes some Vector to + + align:start position:0% +it's because it takes some Vector to + + + align:start position:0% +it's because it takes some Vector to +zero and of course you can't bring it + + align:start position:0% +zero and of course you can't bring it + + + align:start position:0% +zero and of course you can't bring it +back to life so so so Lambda equals so + + align:start position:0% +back to life so so so Lambda equals so + + + align:start position:0% +back to life so so so Lambda equals so +so I just put that up here Lambda equals + + align:start position:0% +so I just put that up here Lambda equals + + + align:start position:0% +so I just put that up here Lambda equals +z would indic would tell me I have a + + align:start position:0% +z would indic would tell me I have a + + + align:start position:0% +z would indic would tell me I have a +singular Matrix all Lambda not equals + + align:start position:0% +singular Matrix all Lambda not equals + + + align:start position:0% +singular Matrix all Lambda not equals +zero would tell me I have an invertible + + align:start position:0% +zero would tell me I have an invertible + + + align:start position:0% +zero would tell me I have an invertible +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +okay so good these are straightforward + + align:start position:0% +okay so good these are straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +okay so good these are straightforward +facts it's taken down in this row and + + align:start position:0% +facts it's taken down in this row and + + + align:start position:0% +facts it's taken down in this row and +it's just really handy to have up + + align:start position:0% +it's just really handy to have up + + + align:start position:0% +it's just really handy to have up +here okay + + align:start position:0% +here okay + + + align:start position:0% +here okay +well now I'm ready to move toward the + + align:start position:0% +well now I'm ready to move toward the + + + align:start position:0% +well now I'm ready to move toward the +specific matrices our favorites now + + align:start position:0% +specific matrices our favorites now + + + align:start position:0% +specific matrices our favorites now +those are + + align:start position:0% +those are + + + align:start position:0% +those are +symmetric so maybe before I leave this + + align:start position:0% +symmetric so maybe before I leave this + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric so maybe before I leave this +picture I better we better recall what + + align:start position:0% +picture I better we better recall what + + + align:start position:0% +picture I better we better recall what +is special when the Matrix is symmetric + + align:start position:0% +is special when the Matrix is symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +is special when the Matrix is symmetric +so that's going to be the next thing so + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be the next thing so + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be the next thing so +if a is symmetric I get some extra good + + align:start position:0% +if a is symmetric I get some extra good + + + align:start position:0% +if a is symmetric I get some extra good +things so let me + + align:start position:0% +things so let me + + + align:start position:0% +things so let me +take instead of a I'll use K so so + + align:start position:0% +take instead of a I'll use K so so + + + align:start position:0% +take instead of a I'll use K so so +that'll be my letter for the best + + align:start position:0% +that'll be my letter for the best + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be my letter for the best +matrices so so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetric okay so now what's the deal + + align:start position:0% +symmetric okay so now what's the deal + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric okay so now what's the deal +with symmetric matrices the igen values + + align:start position:0% +with symmetric matrices the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +with symmetric matrices the igen values +the lambdas I'll just call them the + + align:start position:0% +the lambdas I'll just call them the + + + align:start position:0% +the lambdas I'll just call them the +lambdas and the Y the lambdas + + align:start position:0% +lambdas and the Y the lambdas + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas and the Y the lambdas +are do you remember from last time if I + + align:start position:0% +are do you remember from last time if I + + + align:start position:0% +are do you remember from last time if I +have a symmetric Matrix the igen values + + align:start position:0% +have a symmetric Matrix the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +have a symmetric Matrix the igen values +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +all anybody remember they're all real + + align:start position:0% +all anybody remember they're all real + + + align:start position:0% +all anybody remember they're all real +numbers you can never run into complex + + align:start position:0% +numbers you can never run into complex + + + align:start position:0% +numbers you can never run into complex +igen values if you start with a + + align:start position:0% +igen values if you start with a + + + align:start position:0% +igen values if you start with a +symmetric Matrix we didn't prove that + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix we didn't prove that + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix we didn't prove that +but it's just a few steps like those and + + align:start position:0% +but it's just a few steps like those and + + + align:start position:0% +but it's just a few steps like those and +what about most important what about the + + align:start position:0% +what about most important what about the + + + align:start position:0% +what about most important what about the +Y's the I vectors they + + align:start position:0% +Y's the I vectors they + + + align:start position:0% +Y's the I vectors they +are or can be chosen to be or whatever + + align:start position:0% +are or can be chosen to be or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +are or can be chosen to be or whatever +anybody remember that fact so these are + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember that fact so these are + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember that fact so these are +like the golden facts every sort of + + align:start position:0% +like the golden facts every sort of + + + align:start position:0% +like the golden facts every sort of +bunch of + + align:start position:0% +bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of +matrices has reveals itself through what + + align:start position:0% +matrices has reveals itself through what + + + align:start position:0% +matrices has reveals itself through what +its igen values are like and what its + + align:start position:0% +its igen values are like and what its + + + align:start position:0% +its igen values are like and what its +igen vectors are like and the most + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors are like and the most + + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors are like and the most +important class is symmetric and that + + align:start position:0% +important class is symmetric and that + + + align:start position:0% +important class is symmetric and that +reveals itself through real igen values + + align:start position:0% +reveals itself through real igen values + + + align:start position:0% +reveals itself through real igen values +and orthogonal good orthogonal ion + + align:start position:0% +and orthogonal good orthogonal ion + + + align:start position:0% +and orthogonal good orthogonal ion +vectors orthogonal and in fact since I'm + + align:start position:0% +vectors orthogonal and in fact since I'm + + + align:start position:0% +vectors orthogonal and in fact since I'm +an igon Vector I can adjust its length + + align:start position:0% +an igon Vector I can adjust its length + + + align:start position:0% +an igon Vector I can adjust its length +as I + + align:start position:0% +as I + + + align:start position:0% +as I +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +right if if if Y is an IG Vector 11 Y is + + align:start position:0% +right if if if Y is an IG Vector 11 Y is + + + align:start position:0% +right if if if Y is an IG Vector 11 Y is +an igen Vector because I would just + + align:start position:0% +an igen Vector because I would just + + + align:start position:0% +an igen Vector because I would just +multiply both sides by 11 that whole + + align:start position:0% +multiply both sides by 11 that whole + + + align:start position:0% +multiply both sides by 11 that whole +line of IG vectors is getting stretched + + align:start position:0% +line of IG vectors is getting stretched + + + align:start position:0% +line of IG vectors is getting stretched +by Lambda so I what I want to do is make + + align:start position:0% +by Lambda so I what I want to do is make + + + align:start position:0% +by Lambda so I what I want to do is make +them unit vectors mat lab will + + align:start position:0% +them unit vectors mat lab will + + + align:start position:0% +them unit vectors mat lab will +automatically create produce if I would + + align:start position:0% +automatically create produce if I would + + + align:start position:0% +automatically create produce if I would +automatically give you vectors that have + + align:start position:0% +automatically give you vectors that have + + + align:start position:0% +automatically give you vectors that have +been normalized to Unity in in other + + align:start position:0% +been normalized to Unity in in other + + + align:start position:0% +been normalized to Unity in in other +words what does that let me put down oh + + align:start position:0% +words what does that let me put down oh + + + align:start position:0% +words what does that let me put down oh +yeah this is here here's something + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is here here's something + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is here here's something +good so what does orthogonal mean that + + align:start position:0% +good so what does orthogonal mean that + + + align:start position:0% +good so what does orthogonal mean that +means that one of them the dot product + + align:start position:0% +means that one of them the dot product + + + align:start position:0% +means that one of them the dot product +of one of them with another + + align:start position:0% +of one of them with another + + + align:start position:0% +of one of them with another +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +is now that's not a I didn't do the dot + + align:start position:0% +is now that's not a I didn't do the dot + + + align:start position:0% +is now that's not a I didn't do the dot +product yet what what symbol do I have + + align:start position:0% +product yet what what symbol do I have + + + align:start position:0% +product yet what what symbol do I have +to write on the left hand side to to + + align:start position:0% +to write on the left hand side to to + + + align:start position:0% +to write on the left hand side to to +well you could say just put a dot of + + align:start position:0% +well you could say just put a dot of + + + align:start position:0% +well you could say just put a dot of +course but I'm not I dots are not uh + + align:start position:0% +course but I'm not I dots are not uh + + + align:start position:0% +course but I'm not I dots are not uh +cool right I + + align:start position:0% +cool right I + + + align:start position:0% +cool right I +mean uh + + align:start position:0% +mean uh + + + align:start position:0% +mean uh +that's so maybe I should say inner + + align:start position:0% +that's so maybe I should say inner + + + align:start position:0% +that's so maybe I should say inner +product that's the more kind of upper + + align:start position:0% +product that's the more kind of upper + + + align:start position:0% +product that's the more kind of upper +class word and uh and uh but I want to + + align:start position:0% +class word and uh and uh but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +class word and uh and uh but I want to +use transpose yeah so it's the transpose + + align:start position:0% +use transpose yeah so it's the transpose + + + align:start position:0% +use transpose yeah so it's the transpose +that's the dotproduct and that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the dotproduct and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the dotproduct and that's the +test for + + align:start position:0% +test for + + + align:start position:0% +test for +perpendicular so what's the answer then + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular so what's the answer then + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular so what's the answer then +I get a zero if I is different from J if + + align:start position:0% +I get a zero if I is different from J if + + + align:start position:0% +I get a zero if I is different from J if +I'm taking two different igen vectors + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking two different igen vectors + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking two different igen vectors +and I take their dotproduct that's what + + align:start position:0% +and I take their dotproduct that's what + + + align:start position:0% +and I take their dotproduct that's what +you told me they're orthogonal and now + + align:start position:0% +you told me they're orthogonal and now + + + align:start position:0% +you told me they're orthogonal and now +what if I equals J if if I'm taking the + + align:start position:0% +what if I equals J if if I'm taking the + + + align:start position:0% +what if I equals J if if I'm taking the +dotproduct with + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct with + + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct with +itself each I Vector with itself so what + + align:start position:0% +itself each I Vector with itself so what + + + align:start position:0% +itself each I Vector with itself so what +is the dotproduct of a vector with + + align:start position:0% +is the dotproduct of a vector with + + + align:start position:0% +is the dotproduct of a vector with +itself + + align:start position:0% +itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself +give it it'll be one because I've + + align:start position:0% +give it it'll be one because I've + + + align:start position:0% +give it it'll be one because I've +normalized exactly yeah what it what it + + align:start position:0% +normalized exactly yeah what it what it + + + align:start position:0% +normalized exactly yeah what it what it +always gives the dotproduct of a vector + + align:start position:0% +always gives the dotproduct of a vector + + + align:start position:0% +always gives the dotproduct of a vector +with itself you just realize that + + align:start position:0% +with itself you just realize that + + + align:start position:0% +with itself you just realize that +that'll be y12 Y2 s + + align:start position:0% +that'll be y12 Y2 s + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be y12 Y2 s +it'll be the length squared and here + + align:start position:0% +it'll be the length squared and here + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be the length squared and here +we're making the length to be one okay + + align:start position:0% +we're making the length to be one okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're making the length to be one okay +now something well once again if if I + + align:start position:0% +now something well once again if if I + + + align:start position:0% +now something well once again if if I +write something down like this which is + + align:start position:0% +write something down like this which is + + + align:start position:0% +write something down like this which is +straightforward I want to write express + + align:start position:0% +straightforward I want to write express + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward I want to write express +it as a matrix statement so I want to + + align:start position:0% +it as a matrix statement so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +it as a matrix statement so I want to +make I want to multiply it it'll involve + + align:start position:0% +make I want to multiply it it'll involve + + + align:start position:0% +make I want to multiply it it'll involve +my my good I Vector + + align:start position:0% +my my good I Vector + + + align:start position:0% +my my good I Vector +Matrix and this will be what + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and this will be what + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and this will be what +so that's I want to take all these dot + + align:start position:0% +so that's I want to take all these dot + + + align:start position:0% +so that's I want to take all these dot +products at once I want to take the dot + + align:start position:0% +products at once I want to take the dot + + + align:start position:0% +products at once I want to take the dot +product of every y with every other y + + align:start position:0% +product of every y with every other y + + + align:start position:0% +product of every y with every other y +well here you go just put them put these + + align:start position:0% +well here you go just put them put these + + + align:start position:0% +well here you go just put them put these +guys in the rows now that we see that it + + align:start position:0% +guys in the rows now that we see that it + + + align:start position:0% +guys in the rows now that we see that it +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +was the transpose multiplying y do you + + align:start position:0% +was the transpose multiplying y do you + + + align:start position:0% +was the transpose multiplying y do you +see that that's just done it in fact + + align:start position:0% +see that that's just done it in fact + + + align:start position:0% +see that that's just done it in fact +you'll tell me what the answer is here + + align:start position:0% +you'll tell me what the answer is here + + + align:start position:0% +you'll tell me what the answer is here +don't don't don't shout it out but let's + + align:start position:0% +don't don't don't shout it out but let's + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't don't shout it out but let's +take it two or three entries and then + + align:start position:0% +take it two or three entries and then + + + align:start position:0% +take it two or three entries and then +then we can shout it out okay so what's + + align:start position:0% +then we can shout it out okay so what's + + + align:start position:0% +then we can shout it out okay so what's +the one one entry here of this is I + + align:start position:0% +the one one entry here of this is I + + + align:start position:0% +the one one entry here of this is I +guess that's what we called s and now + + align:start position:0% +guess that's what we called s and now + + + align:start position:0% +guess that's what we called s and now +this would be its transpose and what I'm + + align:start position:0% +this would be its transpose and what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this would be its transpose and what I'm +saying is if I take yeah this is + + align:start position:0% +saying is if I take yeah this is + + + align:start position:0% +saying is if I take yeah this is +important because throughout this course + + align:start position:0% +important because throughout this course + + + align:start position:0% +important because throughout this course +we're going to be creating we're going + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be creating we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be creating we're going +to be taking a transpose a s transpose s + + align:start position:0% +to be taking a transpose a s transpose s + + + align:start position:0% +to be taking a transpose a s transpose s +q transpose Q often often often so here + + align:start position:0% +q transpose Q often often often so here + + + align:start position:0% +q transpose Q often often often so here +we got the first time at it so what do I + + align:start position:0% +we got the first time at it so what do I + + + align:start position:0% +we got the first time at it so what do I +get why did I put a zero there because + + align:start position:0% +get why did I put a zero there because + + + align:start position:0% +get why did I put a zero there because +it's not it what is it what is that + + align:start position:0% +it's not it what is it what is that + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it what is it what is that +first entry one because that's the row + + align:start position:0% +first entry one because that's the row + + + align:start position:0% +first entry one because that's the row +times the column it's a one and what's + + align:start position:0% +times the column it's a one and what's + + + align:start position:0% +times the column it's a one and what's +the entry next to it zero right y1 + + align:start position:0% +the entry next to it zero right y1 + + + align:start position:0% +the entry next to it zero right y1 +dotproduct + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct + + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct +with Y2 is we're saying zero so what + + align:start position:0% +with Y2 is we're saying zero so what + + + align:start position:0% +with Y2 is we're saying zero so what +Matrix have I got + + align:start position:0% +Matrix have I got + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix have I got +here yeah I've got the identity because + + align:start position:0% +here yeah I've got the identity because + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah I've got the identity because +Y2 with with Y2 we'll put a one there + + align:start position:0% +Y2 with with Y2 we'll put a one there + + + align:start position:0% +Y2 with with Y2 we'll put a one there +all zeros elsewhere 0 0 and Y3 * Y3 will + + align:start position:0% +all zeros elsewhere 0 0 and Y3 * Y3 will + + + align:start position:0% +all zeros elsewhere 0 0 and Y3 * Y3 will +be the one I get the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identity so this is + + align:start position:0% +identity so this is + + + align:start position:0% +identity so this is +for symmetric + + align:start position:0% +for symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +for symmetric +matrices we we've + + align:start position:0% +matrices we we've + + + align:start position:0% +matrices we we've +we've in + + align:start position:0% +we've in + + + align:start position:0% +we've in +general we can't expect the igen vectors + + align:start position:0% +general we can't expect the igen vectors + + + align:start position:0% +general we can't expect the igen vectors +to be orthogonal it's it's these special + + align:start position:0% +to be orthogonal it's it's these special + + + align:start position:0% +to be orthogonal it's it's these special +ones that that are but they're so + + align:start position:0% +ones that that are but they're so + + + align:start position:0% +ones that that are but they're so +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +important that we notice okay now so + + align:start position:0% +important that we notice okay now so + + + align:start position:0% +important that we notice okay now so +this is the igen vector Matrix + + align:start position:0% +this is the igen vector Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +this is the igen vector Matrix +S and this is its transpose so I'm + + align:start position:0% +S and this is its transpose so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +S and this is its transpose so I'm +saying that for a symmetric Matrix S + + align:start position:0% +saying that for a symmetric Matrix S + + + align:start position:0% +saying that for a symmetric Matrix S +transpose Time s is + + align:start position:0% +transpose Time s is + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Time s is +I well that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +I well that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +I well that's pretty +important in fact that's important + + align:start position:0% +important in fact that's important + + + align:start position:0% +important in fact that's important +enough that I'm going to give a an extra + + align:start position:0% +enough that I'm going to give a an extra + + + align:start position:0% +enough that I'm going to give a an extra +name to S the igen vecttor Matrix + + align:start position:0% +name to S the igen vecttor Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +name to S the igen vecttor Matrix +when when it's when it comes from a + + align:start position:0% +when when it's when it comes from a + + + align:start position:0% +when when it's when it comes from a +symmetric Matrix when it has a matrix + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix when it has a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix when it has a matrix +with s transposed Time s equaling the + + align:start position:0% +with s transposed Time s equaling the + + + align:start position:0% +with s transposed Time s equaling the +identity is really uh a good Matrix to + + align:start position:0% +identity is really uh a good Matrix to + + + align:start position:0% +identity is really uh a good Matrix to +know and let's so let's just focus on + + align:start position:0% +know and let's so let's just focus on + + + align:start position:0% +know and let's so let's just focus on +those guys okay let's just I can put + + align:start position:0% +those guys okay let's just I can put + + + align:start position:0% +those guys okay let's just I can put +that up + + align:start position:0% +that up + + + align:start position:0% +that up +here so here's here's a matrix + + align:start position:0% +here so here's here's a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +here so here's here's a matrix +now can I can I introduce a different + + align:start position:0% +now can I can I introduce a different + + + align:start position:0% +now can I can I introduce a different +letter than S it just helps you to + + align:start position:0% +letter than S it just helps you to + + + align:start position:0% +letter than S it just helps you to +remember that this remarkable property + + align:start position:0% +remember that this remarkable property + + + align:start position:0% +remember that this remarkable property +is is inforce that it's that it's we've + + align:start position:0% +is is inforce that it's that it's we've + + + align:start position:0% +is is inforce that it's that it's we've +got it so I'm going to so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +got it so I'm going to so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +got it so I'm going to so I'm going to +call it so for when K is a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +call it so for when K is a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +call it so for when K is a symmetric +Matrix I'll just repeat that then its + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I'll just repeat that then its + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I'll just repeat that then its +igen Vector + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector + + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +is has this s transpose Time s I'm going + + align:start position:0% +is has this s transpose Time s I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +is has this s transpose Time s I'm going +to call it is I'm going to call it + + align:start position:0% +to call it is I'm going to call it + + + align:start position:0% +to call it is I'm going to call it +Q I'm going to call the igen vectors so + + align:start position:0% +Q I'm going to call the igen vectors so + + + align:start position:0% +Q I'm going to call the igen vectors so +so so for this special situation A + + align:start position:0% +so so for this special situation A + + + align:start position:0% +so so for this special situation A +times yeah well maybe I'll just leave it + + align:start position:0% +times yeah well maybe I'll just leave it + + + align:start position:0% +times yeah well maybe I'll just leave it +so the I'm going to call the igen vector + + align:start position:0% +so the I'm going to call the igen vector + + + align:start position:0% +so the I'm going to call the igen vector +Matrix Q it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix Q it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix Q it's it's the +S but it it's worth giving it the + + align:start position:0% +S but it it's worth giving it the + + + align:start position:0% +S but it it's worth giving it the +Special notation to remind us that this + + align:start position:0% +Special notation to remind us that this + + + align:start position:0% +Special notation to remind us that this +is so Q + + align:start position:0% +is so Q + + + align:start position:0% +is so Q +is an orthogonal matrix it's we've + + align:start position:0% +is an orthogonal matrix it's we've + + + align:start position:0% +is an orthogonal matrix it's we've +there's a name for matrices with this + + align:start position:0% +there's a name for matrices with this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a name for matrices with this +important property and there's a letter + + align:start position:0% +important property and there's a letter + + + align:start position:0% +important property and there's a letter +q that everybody uses an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +q that everybody uses an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +q that everybody uses an orthogonal +Matrix and what does that mean means + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and what does that mean means + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and what does that mean means +just what we said Q transpose time Q is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I what what I've done here is just + + align:start position:0% +I what what I've done here is just + + + align:start position:0% +I what what I've done here is just +giving a special introducing a special + + align:start position:0% +giving a special introducing a special + + + align:start position:0% +giving a special introducing a special +letter q a special name orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +letter q a special name orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +letter q a special name orthogonal +Matrix for what we found in the good in + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for what we found in the good in + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for what we found in the good in +this for igen vectors of a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +this for igen vectors of a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +this for igen vectors of a symmetric +Matrix and and this tells me one thing + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and and this tells me one thing + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and and this tells me one thing +more look look what's Happening Here Q + + align:start position:0% +more look look what's Happening Here Q + + + align:start position:0% +more look look what's Happening Here Q +transpose times Q is giving the + + align:start position:0% +transpose times Q is giving the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose times Q is giving the +identity what does that tell me about + + align:start position:0% +identity what does that tell me about + + + align:start position:0% +identity what does that tell me about +the inverse of q that tells me you know + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of q that tells me you know + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of q that tells me you know +here some some matrixes is multiplying q + + align:start position:0% +here some some matrixes is multiplying q + + + align:start position:0% +here some some matrixes is multiplying q +and giving I so what is this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +and giving I so what is this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and giving I so what is this Matrix +what's another another name for this Q + + align:start position:0% +what's another another name for this Q + + + align:start position:0% +what's another another name for this Q +transpose is also Q inverse because + + align:start position:0% +transpose is also Q inverse because + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is also Q inverse because +that's what defines the inverse Matrix + + align:start position:0% +that's what defines the inverse Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that's what defines the inverse Matrix +that times Q should give I so Q + + align:start position:0% +that times Q should give I so Q + + + align:start position:0% +that times Q should give I so Q +transpose is Q + + align:start position:0% +transpose is Q + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is Q +inverse + + align:start position:0% +inverse + + + align:start position:0% +inverse +okay okay + + align:start position:0% +okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay +good this is I'm moving along + + align:start position:0% +good this is I'm moving along + + + align:start position:0% +good this is I'm moving along +here yes please + + align:start position:0% +here yes please + + + align:start position:0% +here yes please +yes yes uh you the question was + + align:start position:0% +yes yes uh you the question was + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes uh you the question was +shouldn't I call it an orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't I call it an orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't I call it an orthonormal +Matrix the answer is yes I should but + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the answer is yes I should but + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the answer is yes I should but +nobody does damn it so uh I have to + + align:start position:0% +nobody does damn it so uh I have to + + + align:start position:0% +nobody does damn it so uh I have to +stuck with that name but orthonormal is + + align:start position:0% +stuck with that name but orthonormal is + + + align:start position:0% +stuck with that name but orthonormal is +the proper name if you call it an + + align:start position:0% +the proper name if you call it an + + + align:start position:0% +the proper name if you call it an +orthonormal Matrix I'm happy because + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal Matrix I'm happy because + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal Matrix I'm happy because +that's really the right name for that + + align:start position:0% +that's really the right name for that + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the right name for that +Matrix orthonormal because it because + + align:start position:0% +Matrix orthonormal because it because + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix orthonormal because it because +orthogonal would just mean orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal would just mean orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal would just mean orthogonal +columns but we've taken this extra + + align:start position:0% +columns but we've taken this extra + + + align:start position:0% +columns but we've taken this extra +little step to make all the lengths one + + align:start position:0% +little step to make all the lengths one + + + align:start position:0% +little step to make all the lengths one +and then that gives us this great + + align:start position:0% +and then that gives us this great + + + align:start position:0% +and then that gives us this great +property q transposes q inverse + + align:start position:0% +property q transposes q inverse + + + align:start position:0% +property q transposes q inverse +orthogonal matrices are are like + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices are are like + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices are are like +rotations a rotate yeah I I better give + + align:start position:0% +rotations a rotate yeah I I better give + + + align:start position:0% +rotations a rotate yeah I I better give +an example of an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +an example of an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +an example of an orthogonal +Matrix I'll do it right under here + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I'll do it right under here + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I'll do it right under here +here's an orthogonal Matrix so what + + align:start position:0% +here's an orthogonal Matrix so what + + + align:start position:0% +here's an orthogonal Matrix so what +what's the point it's supposed to be a + + align:start position:0% +what's the point it's supposed to be a + + + align:start position:0% +what's the point it's supposed to be a +unit Vector in the first column colum so + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector in the first column colum so + + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector in the first column colum so +I'll put cos Theta sin + + align:start position:0% +I'll put cos Theta sin + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put cos Theta sin +Theta and now what can go in the second + + align:start position:0% +Theta and now what can go in the second + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and now what can go in the second +column of this orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +column of this orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +column of this orthogonal +matrix it's got to be a unit Vector + + align:start position:0% +matrix it's got to be a unit Vector + + + align:start position:0% +matrix it's got to be a unit Vector +again because we've normalized and it's + + align:start position:0% +again because we've normalized and it's + + + align:start position:0% +again because we've normalized and it's +got to be what's the connection to the + + align:start position:0% +got to be what's the connection to the + + + align:start position:0% +got to be what's the connection to the +First + + align:start position:0% +First + + + align:start position:0% +First +Column orthogonal got to be orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +Column orthogonal got to be orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +Column orthogonal got to be orthogonal +so I just want to put something here + + align:start position:0% +so I just want to put something here + + + align:start position:0% +so I just want to put something here +that that sum of squares is one so I'll + + align:start position:0% +that that sum of squares is one so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +that that sum of squares is one so I'll +think cos Theta and sin Theta again but + + align:start position:0% +think cos Theta and sin Theta again but + + + align:start position:0% +think cos Theta and sin Theta again but +then I've got to flip them a little to + + align:start position:0% +then I've got to flip them a little to + + + align:start position:0% +then I've got to flip them a little to +make it orthogonal to this so if I put + + align:start position:0% +make it orthogonal to this so if I put + + + align:start position:0% +make it orthogonal to this so if I put +minus sin Theta there and plus cos Theta + + align:start position:0% +minus sin Theta there and plus cos Theta + + + align:start position:0% +minus sin Theta there and plus cos Theta +there that certainly has length one good + + align:start position:0% +there that certainly has length one good + + + align:start position:0% +there that certainly has length one good +and the dot product can you you do the + + align:start position:0% +and the dot product can you you do the + + + align:start position:0% +and the dot product can you you do the +dot product of that column with that + + align:start position:0% +dot product of that column with that + + + align:start position:0% +dot product of that column with that +column it's minus sin cosine plus sin + + align:start position:0% +column it's minus sin cosine plus sin + + + align:start position:0% +column it's minus sin cosine plus sin +cosine zero yeah so there is a 2X two + + align:start position:0% +cosine zero yeah so there is a 2X two + + + align:start position:0% +cosine zero yeah so there is a 2X two +actually that's a fantastic building + + align:start position:0% +actually that's a fantastic building + + + align:start position:0% +actually that's a fantastic building +block out out of which you could build + + align:start position:0% +block out out of which you could build + + + align:start position:0% +block out out of which you could build +many orthogonal matrices of all sizes uh + + align:start position:0% +many orthogonal matrices of all sizes uh + + + align:start position:0% +many orthogonal matrices of all sizes uh +these little that's a little that's a + + align:start position:0% +these little that's a little that's a + + + align:start position:0% +these little that's a little that's a +rotation by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta that's a that's a useful Matrix to + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's a that's a useful Matrix to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's a that's a useful Matrix to +know it takes every Vector swings it + + align:start position:0% +know it takes every Vector swings it + + + align:start position:0% +know it takes every Vector swings it +around by an angle Theta if I if I what + + align:start position:0% +around by an angle Theta if I if I what + + + align:start position:0% +around by an angle Theta if I if I what +do I mean I mean that + + align:start position:0% +do I mean I mean that + + + align:start position:0% +do I mean I mean that +QX Q times a vector X rotates X by Theta + + align:start position:0% +QX Q times a vector X rotates X by Theta + + + align:start position:0% +QX Q times a vector X rotates X by Theta +let me put it QX rotates + + align:start position:0% +let me put it QX rotates + + + align:start position:0% +let me put it QX rotates +whatever Vector X you give it you + + align:start position:0% +whatever Vector X you give it you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever Vector X you give it you +multiply by Q it rotates it around by + + align:start position:0% +multiply by Q it rotates it around by + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by Q it rotates it around by +Theta it doesn't change the length and + + align:start position:0% +Theta it doesn't change the length and + + + align:start position:0% +Theta it doesn't change the length and +so that would + + align:start position:0% +so that would + + + align:start position:0% +so that would +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +be an igen Vector Matrix of a PR of a + + align:start position:0% +be an igen Vector Matrix of a PR of a + + + align:start position:0% +be an igen Vector Matrix of a PR of a +pretty typical 2 by + + align:start position:0% +pretty typical 2 by + + + align:start position:0% +pretty typical 2 by +two okay all right I I see as I talk + + align:start position:0% +two okay all right I I see as I talk + + + align:start position:0% +two okay all right I I see as I talk +about I vectors I values there's so much + + align:start position:0% +about I vectors I values there's so much + + + align:start position:0% +about I vectors I values there's so much +to say because everything you know about + + align:start position:0% +to say because everything you know about + + + align:start position:0% +to say because everything you know about +a matrix shows up somehow in its igen + + align:start position:0% +a matrix shows up somehow in its igen + + + align:start position:0% +a matrix shows up somehow in its igen +vectors and igen values and we're + + align:start position:0% +vectors and igen values and we're + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and igen values and we're +focusing on symmetric guys so what do we + + align:start position:0% +focusing on symmetric guys so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on symmetric guys so what do we +have finally what what happens to this a + + align:start position:0% +have finally what what happens to this a + + + align:start position:0% +have finally what what happens to this a +equal s Lambda s inverse let's write + + align:start position:0% +equal s Lambda s inverse let's write + + + align:start position:0% +equal s Lambda s inverse let's write +that again now we've got K okay it's s + + align:start position:0% +that again now we've got K okay it's s + + + align:start position:0% +that again now we've got K okay it's s +Lambda s inverse like any + + align:start position:0% +Lambda s inverse like any + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda s inverse like any +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +diagonalization but now I'm giving s a + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization but now I'm giving s a + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization but now I'm giving s a +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +name which is what Q because when I give + + align:start position:0% +name which is what Q because when I give + + + align:start position:0% +name which is what Q because when I give +k When I use that letter K I'm thinking + + align:start position:0% +k When I use that letter K I'm thinking + + + align:start position:0% +k When I use that letter K I'm thinking +symetric so I'm I'm in this special + + align:start position:0% +symetric so I'm I'm in this special + + + align:start position:0% +symetric so I'm I'm in this special +situation of symmetric I have the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +situation of symmetric I have the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +situation of symmetric I have the Lambda +the I value Matrix and here I have q + + align:start position:0% +the I value Matrix and here I have q + + + align:start position:0% +the I value Matrix and here I have q +inverse okay but there's another little + + align:start position:0% +inverse okay but there's another little + + + align:start position:0% +inverse okay but there's another little +way to write it and it's terrifically + + align:start position:0% +way to write it and it's terrifically + + + align:start position:0% +way to write it and it's terrifically +important in mechanics in in Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +important in mechanics in in Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +important in mechanics in in Dynamics +everywhere how it's simple now we know + + align:start position:0% +everywhere how it's simple now we know + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere how it's simple now we know +everything Q Lambda what Q + + align:start position:0% +everything Q Lambda what Q + + + align:start position:0% +everything Q Lambda what Q +transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that do you see the beauty of that form + + align:start position:0% +that do you see the beauty of that form + + + align:start position:0% +that do you see the beauty of that form +that's that's the the called the + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the the called the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the the called the +principal axis theorem in uh in + + align:start position:0% +principal axis theorem in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +principal axis theorem in uh in +mechanics it's called the spectral + + align:start position:0% +mechanics it's called the spectral + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics it's called the spectral +theorem in mathematics it's + + align:start position:0% +theorem in mathematics it's + + + align:start position:0% +theorem in mathematics it's +diagonalization it's quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization it's quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization it's quantum mechanics +every Everything anytime you have a + + align:start position:0% +every Everything anytime you have a + + + align:start position:0% +every Everything anytime you have a +symmetric Matrix there's the there's the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix there's the there's the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix there's the there's the +wonderful statement of what that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +wonderful statement of what that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful statement of what that Matrix +break how it breaks up when you look at + + align:start position:0% +break how it breaks up when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +break how it breaks up when you look at +its orthonormal igen vectors and its + + align:start position:0% +its orthonormal igen vectors and its + + + align:start position:0% +its orthonormal igen vectors and its +real igen values and you see you see + + align:start position:0% +real igen values and you see you see + + + align:start position:0% +real igen values and you see you see +that once + + align:start position:0% +that once + + + align:start position:0% +that once +again the symmetry has reappeared in the + + align:start position:0% +again the symmetry has reappeared in the + + + align:start position:0% +again the symmetry has reappeared in the +three factors the symmetry has + + align:start position:0% +three factors the symmetry has + + + align:start position:0% +three factors the symmetry has +reappeared in the fact that this factor + + align:start position:0% +reappeared in the fact that this factor + + + align:start position:0% +reappeared in the fact that this factor +is the transpose of this one it's we saw + + align:start position:0% +is the transpose of this one it's we saw + + + align:start position:0% +is the transpose of this one it's we saw +that for elimination when these were + + align:start position:0% +that for elimination when these were + + + align:start position:0% +that for elimination when these were +triang you remember just to remember + + align:start position:0% +triang you remember just to remember + + + align:start position:0% +triang you remember just to remember +what the that car that makes me + + align:start position:0% +what the that car that makes me + + + align:start position:0% +what the that car that makes me +remember uh what we had in a different + + align:start position:0% +remember uh what we had in a different + + + align:start position:0% +remember uh what we had in a different +context in the elimination when things + + align:start position:0% +context in the elimination when things + + + align:start position:0% +context in the elimination when things +were triangular we had k equal L DL + + align:start position:0% +were triangular we had k equal L DL + + + align:start position:0% +were triangular we had k equal L DL +transpose I just squeeze that in to ask + + align:start position:0% +transpose I just squeeze that in to ask + + + align:start position:0% +transpose I just squeeze that in to ask +you to sort of put the think of the two + + align:start position:0% +you to sort of put the think of the two + + + align:start position:0% +you to sort of put the think of the two +like as two wonderful pieces of linear + + align:start position:0% +like as two wonderful pieces of linear + + + align:start position:0% +like as two wonderful pieces of linear +algebra in such a short perfect short + + align:start position:0% +algebra in such a short perfect short + + + align:start position:0% +algebra in such a short perfect short +hand perfect + + align:start position:0% +hand perfect + + + align:start position:0% +hand perfect +notation this was triangular times the + + align:start position:0% +notation this was triangular times the + + + align:start position:0% +notation this was triangular times the +pivot Matrix times the upper triangular + + align:start position:0% +pivot Matrix times the upper triangular + + + align:start position:0% +pivot Matrix times the upper triangular +this is orthogonal times the igen value + + align:start position:0% +this is orthogonal times the igen value + + + align:start position:0% +this is orthogonal times the igen value +Matrix times it's + + align:start position:0% +Matrix times it's + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix times it's +transpose and uh the key Point here was + + align:start position:0% +transpose and uh the key Point here was + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and uh the key Point here was +di was triangular and the key Point here + + align:start position:0% +di was triangular and the key Point here + + + align:start position:0% +di was triangular and the key Point here +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +orthog + + align:start position:0% +orthog + + + align:start position:0% +orthog +okay well it that took some time but it + + align:start position:0% +okay well it that took some time but it + + + align:start position:0% +okay well it that took some time but it +had to be done this is the right way to + + align:start position:0% +had to be done this is the right way to + + + align:start position:0% +had to be done this is the right way to +understand that that's the essential + + align:start position:0% +understand that that's the essential + + + align:start position:0% +understand that that's the essential +thing that that that's a highlight of a + + align:start position:0% +thing that that that's a highlight of a + + + align:start position:0% +thing that that that's a highlight of a +linear algebra course and we just went + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra course and we just went + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra course and we just went +straight to it and now what I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +straight to it and now what I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +straight to it and now what I wanted to +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was look now at the Special Special K oh + + align:start position:0% +was look now at the Special Special K oh + + + align:start position:0% +was look now at the Special Special K oh +that's an awful pun but okay so uh the + + align:start position:0% +that's an awful pun but okay so uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that's an awful pun but okay so uh the +at the special matrices that we have can + + align:start position:0% +at the special matrices that we have can + + + align:start position:0% +at the special matrices that we have can +we uh so those are n + + align:start position:0% +we uh so those are n + + + align:start position:0% +we uh so those are n +byn and as I said last time usually it's + + align:start position:0% +byn and as I said last time usually it's + + + align:start position:0% +byn and as I said last time usually it's +not very likely that we find all the + + align:start position:0% +not very likely that we find all the + + + align:start position:0% +not very likely that we find all the +igen values and IG vectors of of this + + align:start position:0% +igen values and IG vectors of of this + + + align:start position:0% +igen values and IG vectors of of this +family of bigger and bigger matrices of + + align:start position:0% +family of bigger and bigger matrices of + + + align:start position:0% +family of bigger and bigger matrices of +course you're all remembering so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +course you're all remembering so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +course you're all remembering so now I'm +going to specialize to my M my n by n + + align:start position:0% +going to specialize to my M my n by n + + + align:start position:0% +going to specialize to my M my n by n +Matrix k equals you know twos down the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix k equals you know twos down the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix k equals you know twos down the +diagonal minus On's above and minus + + align:start position:0% +diagonal minus On's above and minus + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal minus On's above and minus +one's below + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what are the igen values of that + + align:start position:0% +okay what are the igen values of that + + + align:start position:0% +okay what are the igen values of that +Matrix and what are the igen vectors all + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and what are the igen vectors all + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and what are the igen vectors all +right how to tackle + + align:start position:0% +right how to tackle + + + align:start position:0% +right how to tackle +that the best way is the way we've + + align:start position:0% +that the best way is the way we've + + + align:start position:0% +that the best way is the way we've +done with the inverse and other ways of + + align:start position:0% +done with the inverse and other ways of + + + align:start position:0% +done with the inverse and other ways of +understanding K was to compare it with + + align:start position:0% +understanding K was to compare it with + + + align:start position:0% +understanding K was to compare it with +the continuous + + align:start position:0% +the continuous + + + align:start position:0% +the continuous +problem so this is a big Matrix which + + align:start position:0% +problem so this is a big Matrix which + + + align:start position:0% +problem so this is a big Matrix which +is a second difference Matrix + + align:start position:0% +is a second difference Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +is a second difference Matrix +fixed fixed everybody remembers that the + + align:start position:0% +fixed fixed everybody remembers that the + + + align:start position:0% +fixed fixed everybody remembers that the +boundary conditions associated with this + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions associated with this + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions associated with this +are fixed fixed I want to look or ask + + align:start position:0% +are fixed fixed I want to look or ask + + + align:start position:0% +are fixed fixed I want to look or ask +you to look at the + + align:start position:0% +you to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +you to look at the +corresponding differential equation so + + align:start position:0% +corresponding differential equation so + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding differential equation so +you you may not have thought about igen + + align:start position:0% +you you may not have thought about igen + + + align:start position:0% +you you may not have thought about igen +vectors of differential equations and + + align:start position:0% +vectors of differential equations and + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of differential equations and +maybe I have to call them igen functions + + align:start position:0% +maybe I have to call them igen functions + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I have to call them igen functions +but the idea doesn't change one bit so + + align:start position:0% +but the idea doesn't change one bit so + + + align:start position:0% +but the idea doesn't change one bit so +what would what shall I look at what's + + align:start position:0% +what would what shall I look at what's + + + align:start position:0% +what would what shall I look at what's +the What's k corresponds to what + + align:start position:0% +the What's k corresponds to what + + + align:start position:0% +the What's k corresponds to what +continuous differential business what + + align:start position:0% +continuous differential business what + + + align:start position:0% +continuous differential business what +derivative what what + + align:start position:0% +derivative what what + + + align:start position:0% +derivative what what +what so I'm looking I I would like to + + align:start position:0% +what so I'm looking I I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +what so I'm looking I I would like to +look at kyal Lambda y but to to I'm + + align:start position:0% +look at kyal Lambda y but to to I'm + + + align:start position:0% +look at kyal Lambda y but to to I'm +looking for the Y's and lambdas and the + + align:start position:0% +looking for the Y's and lambdas and the + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the Y's and lambdas and the +way I'm going to get them is to look at + + align:start position:0% +way I'm going to get them is to look at + + + align:start position:0% +way I'm going to get them is to look at +the what what what did you say it + + align:start position:0% +the what what what did you say it + + + align:start position:0% +the what what what did you say it +was K a now I'm going to write down a + + align:start position:0% +was K a now I'm going to write down a + + + align:start position:0% +was K a now I'm going to write down a +differential equation that's that's like + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that's that's like + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that's that's like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +but uh we'll solve it quickly so what + + align:start position:0% +but uh we'll solve it quickly so what + + + align:start position:0% +but uh we'll solve it quickly so what +will it be K is + + align:start position:0% +will it be K is + + + align:start position:0% +will it be K is +like tell me again second derivative so + + align:start position:0% +like tell me again second derivative so + + + align:start position:0% +like tell me again second derivative so +second derivative of y with respect to + + align:start position:0% +second derivative of y with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative of y with respect to +X2 and there's one more thing you have + + align:start position:0% +X2 and there's one more thing you have + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and there's one more thing you have +to remember + + align:start position:0% +to remember + + + align:start position:0% +to remember +minus and here we have Lambda time y ofx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's an nigen value and an igen + + align:start position:0% +that's an nigen value and an igen + + + align:start position:0% +that's an nigen value and an igen +function that we're looking at for this + + align:start position:0% +function that we're looking at for this + + + align:start position:0% +function that we're looking at for this +differential equation okay now there was + + align:start position:0% +differential equation okay now there was + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation okay now there was +one there's another thing you have to + + align:start position:0% +one there's another thing you have to + + + align:start position:0% +one there's another thing you have to +remember and you'll know what it is and + + align:start position:0% +remember and you'll know what it is and + + + align:start position:0% +remember and you'll know what it is and +you'll tell me I have there's + + align:start position:0% +you'll tell me I have there's + + + align:start position:0% +you'll tell me I have there's +more I could look for all the solutions + + align:start position:0% +more I could look for all the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +more I could look for all the solutions +well let me momentarily do that what + + align:start position:0% +well let me momentarily do that what + + + align:start position:0% +well let me momentarily do that what +what functions have second derivative + + align:start position:0% +what functions have second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +what functions have second derivative +minus the second derivative is a + + align:start position:0% +minus the second derivative is a + + + align:start position:0% +minus the second derivative is a +multiple of the function can you just + + align:start position:0% +multiple of the function can you just + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of the function can you just +tell me a few because s and cosine I + + align:start position:0% +tell me a few because s and cosine I + + + align:start position:0% +tell me a few because s and cosine I +mean this is a fantastic igen value + + align:start position:0% +mean this is a fantastic igen value + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is a fantastic igen value +problem because its Solutions are SS + + align:start position:0% +problem because its Solutions are SS + + + align:start position:0% +problem because its Solutions are SS +signs and + + align:start position:0% +signs and + + + align:start position:0% +signs and +cosiness and of course we could combine + + align:start position:0% +cosiness and of course we could combine + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness and of course we could combine +them into exponentials so we could have + + align:start position:0% +them into exponentials so we could have + + + align:start position:0% +them into exponentials so we could have +yeah we could have say sine Omega + + align:start position:0% +yeah we could have say sine Omega + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we could have say sine Omega +X or cos Omega X or we could combine + + align:start position:0% +X or cos Omega X or we could combine + + + align:start position:0% +X or cos Omega X or we could combine +those into e to the I Omega X would be a + + align:start position:0% +those into e to the I Omega X would be a + + + align:start position:0% +those into e to the I Omega X would be a +combination of those or e to the minus I + + align:start position:0% +combination of those or e to the minus I + + + align:start position:0% +combination of those or e to the minus I +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +X those are combinations of these so + + align:start position:0% +X those are combinations of these so + + + align:start position:0% +X those are combinations of these so +those are not new + + align:start position:0% +those are not new + + + align:start position:0% +those are not new +okay we got lots of igen functions all + + align:start position:0% +okay we got lots of igen functions all + + + align:start position:0% +okay we got lots of igen functions all +for every frequency Omega this solves + + align:start position:0% +for every frequency Omega this solves + + + align:start position:0% +for every frequency Omega this solves +the equation and what's the IG + + align:start position:0% +the equation and what's the IG + + + align:start position:0% +the equation and what's the IG +value if you get if you guess the igon + + align:start position:0% +value if you get if you guess the igon + + + align:start position:0% +value if you get if you guess the igon +function you got the value just by + + align:start position:0% +function you got the value just by + + + align:start position:0% +function you got the value just by +seeing what happens so what would the I + + align:start position:0% +seeing what happens so what would the I + + + align:start position:0% +seeing what happens so what would the I +value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be yeah tell me again Omega squar + + align:start position:0% +be yeah tell me again Omega squar + + + align:start position:0% +be yeah tell me again Omega squar +because I take the second derivative of + + align:start position:0% +because I take the second derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +because I take the second derivative of +the sign that give me the cosine back to + + align:start position:0% +the sign that give me the cosine back to + + + align:start position:0% +the sign that give me the cosine back to +the S Omega squar comes out Omega comes + + align:start position:0% +the S Omega squar comes out Omega comes + + + align:start position:0% +the S Omega squar comes out Omega comes +out twice oh comes out with a minus sign + + align:start position:0% +out twice oh comes out with a minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +out twice oh comes out with a minus sign +from the cosine and that minus sign is + + align:start position:0% +from the cosine and that minus sign is + + + align:start position:0% +from the cosine and that minus sign is +just right to to make it plus Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +just right to to make it plus Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +just right to to make it plus Lambda is +omega squ + + align:start position:0% +omega squ + + + align:start position:0% +omega squ +so Omega squar all the way of course + + align:start position:0% +so Omega squar all the way of course + + + align:start position:0% +so Omega squar all the way of course +that those are the igen values + + align:start position:0% +that those are the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +that those are the igen values +now all + + align:start position:0% +now all + + + align:start position:0% +now all +our our our differential equation + + align:start position:0% +our our our differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +our our our differential equation +examples had something more than just + + align:start position:0% +examples had something more than just + + + align:start position:0% +examples had something more than just +the differential equation what's the + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation what's the + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation what's the +additional thing that a differential + + align:start position:0% +additional thing that a differential + + + align:start position:0% +additional thing that a differential +equation comes with boundary + + align:start position:0% +equation comes with boundary + + + align:start position:0% +equation comes with boundary +conditions with boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions with boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions with boundary conditions +otherwise we got too many I mean we + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we got too many I mean we + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we got too many I mean we +don't want all of these got so let's + + align:start position:0% +don't want all of these got so let's + + + align:start position:0% +don't want all of these got so let's +what boundary conditions are if we want + + align:start position:0% +what boundary conditions are if we want + + + align:start position:0% +what boundary conditions are if we want +if we're thinking about K our boundary + + align:start position:0% +if we're thinking about K our boundary + + + align:start position:0% +if we're thinking about K our boundary +conditions should be fixed and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed okay so that's the full problem + + align:start position:0% +fixed okay so that's the full problem + + + align:start position:0% +fixed okay so that's the full problem +this is this is part of the problem not + + align:start position:0% +this is this is part of the problem not + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is part of the problem not +not just an afterthought okay + + align:start position:0% +not just an afterthought okay + + + align:start position:0% +not just an afterthought okay +now these conditions that that will be + + align:start position:0% +now these conditions that that will be + + + align:start position:0% +now these conditions that that will be +perfect instead of having all these + + align:start position:0% +perfect instead of having all these + + + align:start position:0% +perfect instead of having all these +signs and + + align:start position:0% +signs and + + + align:start position:0% +signs and +cosiness we're going to narrow down to a + + align:start position:0% +cosiness we're going to narrow down to a + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness we're going to narrow down to a +family that that uh that satisfies the + + align:start position:0% +family that that uh that satisfies the + + + align:start position:0% +family that that uh that satisfies the +boundary conditions okay first boundary + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions okay first boundary + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions okay first boundary +condition is it has to be zero at x + + align:start position:0% +condition is it has to be zero at x + + + align:start position:0% +condition is it has to be zero at x +equals z what what does that eliminate + + align:start position:0% +equals z what what does that eliminate + + + align:start position:0% +equals z what what does that eliminate +now cosiness are gone keeps the signs + + align:start position:0% +now cosiness are gone keeps the signs + + + align:start position:0% +now cosiness are gone keeps the signs +cosiness are gone by that first boundary + + align:start position:0% +cosiness are gone by that first boundary + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness are gone by that first boundary +condition these are the guys that are + + align:start position:0% +condition these are the guys that are + + + align:start position:0% +condition these are the guys that are +left yeah I I won't deal with these at + + align:start position:0% +left yeah I I won't deal with these at + + + align:start position:0% +left yeah I I won't deal with these at +this point because I'm down to + + align:start position:0% +this point because I'm down to + + + align:start position:0% +this point because I'm down to +signs already from one boundary + + align:start position:0% +signs already from one boundary + + + align:start position:0% +signs already from one boundary +condition and now the other boundary + + align:start position:0% +condition and now the other boundary + + + align:start position:0% +condition and now the other boundary +condition so now I have the other + + align:start position:0% +condition so now I have the other + + + align:start position:0% +condition so now I have the other +boundary condition is has to at at x + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition is has to at at x + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition is has to at at x +equal 1 I get S if it's going to work + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 I get S if it's going to work + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 I get S if it's going to work +sine of Omega X has to be no what what + + align:start position:0% +sine of Omega X has to be no what what + + + align:start position:0% +sine of Omega X has to be no what what +do I put + + align:start position:0% +do I put + + + align:start position:0% +do I put +now s of Omega right X is one I'm + + align:start position:0% +now s of Omega right X is one I'm + + + align:start position:0% +now s of Omega right X is one I'm +plugging in here I'm just plugging in + + align:start position:0% +plugging in here I'm just plugging in + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in here I'm just plugging in +xal 1 to satisfy it has to equal + + align:start position:0% +xal 1 to satisfy it has to equal + + + align:start position:0% +xal 1 to satisfy it has to equal +zero so that + + align:start position:0% +zero so that + + + align:start position:0% +zero so that +means that pins down a pins down + + align:start position:0% +means that pins down a pins down + + + align:start position:0% +means that pins down a pins down +Omega doesn't give me just one well tell + + align:start position:0% +Omega doesn't give me just one well tell + + + align:start position:0% +Omega doesn't give me just one well tell +me one Omega that that's okay + + align:start position:0% +me one Omega that that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +me one Omega that that's okay +then the the first Omega that occurs to + + align:start position:0% +then the the first Omega that occurs to + + + align:start position:0% +then the the first Omega that occurs to +you is pi the sign comes back to Pi so + + align:start position:0% +you is pi the sign comes back to Pi so + + + align:start position:0% +you is pi the sign comes back to Pi so +we've got one y one our first guy is + + align:start position:0% +we've got one y one our first guy is + + + align:start position:0% +we've got one y one our first guy is +with Omega equal Pi is s of + + align:start position:0% +with Omega equal Pi is s of + + + align:start position:0% +with Omega equal Pi is s of +pix + + align:start position:0% +pix + + + align:start position:0% +pix +right that's our first that's our + + align:start position:0% +right that's our first that's our + + + align:start position:0% +right that's our first that's our +fundamental mode that's the that's uh + + align:start position:0% +fundamental mode that's the that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental mode that's the that's uh +the like the number one igen function + + align:start position:0% +the like the number one igen function + + + align:start position:0% +the like the number one igen function +right and it is an igen function it + + align:start position:0% +right and it is an igen function it + + + align:start position:0% +right and it is an igen function it +satisfies the boundary condition it you + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the boundary condition it you + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the boundary condition it you +know everybody would know its picture + + align:start position:0% +know everybody would know its picture + + + align:start position:0% +know everybody would know its picture +just one arch of the S function and the + + align:start position:0% +just one arch of the S function and the + + + align:start position:0% +just one arch of the S function and the +Lambda that goes with it Lambda one so + + align:start position:0% +Lambda that goes with it Lambda one so + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda that goes with it Lambda one so +this is the first igen function what's + + align:start position:0% +this is the first igen function what's + + + align:start position:0% +this is the first igen function what's +the first igen + + align:start position:0% +the first igen + + + align:start position:0% +the first igen +value pi squar + + align:start position:0% +value pi squar + + + align:start position:0% +value pi squar +right because Omega we took to be Pi so + + align:start position:0% +right because Omega we took to be Pi so + + + align:start position:0% +right because Omega we took to be Pi so +Lambda 1 is pi^ s good we've got + + align:start position:0% +Lambda 1 is pi^ s good we've got + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda 1 is pi^ s good we've got +one you know we were able to do it + + align:start position:0% +one you know we were able to do it + + + align:start position:0% +one you know we were able to do it +because we could solve this equation so + + align:start position:0% +because we could solve this equation so + + + align:start position:0% +because we could solve this equation so +in a in a easy way now ready for a + + align:start position:0% +in a in a easy way now ready for a + + + align:start position:0% +in a in a easy way now ready for a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +one what will the next one be the next + + align:start position:0% +one what will the next one be the next + + + align:start position:0% +one what will the next one be the next +igen function it's got to the whatever + + align:start position:0% +igen function it's got to the whatever + + + align:start position:0% +igen function it's got to the whatever +its frequency is Omega it's got to have + + align:start position:0% +its frequency is Omega it's got to have + + + align:start position:0% +its frequency is Omega it's got to have +sign of Omega equals z what's your + + align:start position:0% +sign of Omega equals z what's your + + + align:start position:0% +sign of Omega equals z what's your +choice 2 pi so the next one is going to + + align:start position:0% +choice 2 pi so the next one is going to + + + align:start position:0% +choice 2 pi so the next one is going to +be S of 2 + + align:start position:0% +be S of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +be S of 2 +pix and what will be the IG value that + + align:start position:0% +pix and what will be the IG value that + + + align:start position:0% +pix and what will be the IG value that +goes with that guy Lambda 2 will + + align:start position:0% +goes with that guy Lambda 2 will + + + align:start position:0% +goes with that guy Lambda 2 will +be Omega squar which is 2 pi^ squ 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +be Omega squar which is 2 pi^ squ 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +be Omega squar which is 2 pi^ squ 2 pi +all squar so that's 4 pi^ squ you see + + align:start position:0% +all squar so that's 4 pi^ squ you see + + + align:start position:0% +all squar so that's 4 pi^ squ you see +the whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list the + + align:start position:0% +list the + + + align:start position:0% +list the +signs with these correct frequencies are + + align:start position:0% +signs with these correct frequencies are + + + align:start position:0% +signs with these correct frequencies are +the igen functions of the the uh second + + align:start position:0% +the igen functions of the the uh second + + + align:start position:0% +the igen functions of the the uh second +derivative with fixed fixed boundary + + align:start position:0% +derivative with fixed fixed boundary + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with fixed fixed boundary +conditions and and this is entirely + + align:start position:0% +conditions and and this is entirely + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and and this is entirely +typical we don't have just n of + + align:start position:0% +typical we don't have just n of + + + align:start position:0% +typical we don't have just n of +them the the list goes on forever right + + align:start position:0% +them the the list goes on forever right + + + align:start position:0% +them the the list goes on forever right +list goes on forever because we're + + align:start position:0% +list goes on forever because we're + + + align:start position:0% +list goes on forever because we're +talking here about a differential + + align:start position:0% +talking here about a differential + + + align:start position:0% +talking here about a differential +equation that that's a differential + + align:start position:0% +equation that that's a differential + + + align:start position:0% +equation that that's a differential +equation somehow like an infinite a + + align:start position:0% +equation somehow like an infinite a + + + align:start position:0% +equation somehow like an infinite a +matrix of infinite size and + + align:start position:0% +matrix of infinite size and + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of infinite size and +uh somehow these signs are The Columns + + align:start position:0% +uh somehow these signs are The Columns + + + align:start position:0% +uh somehow these signs are The Columns +of the infinite size ion Vector Matrix + + align:start position:0% +of the infinite size ion Vector Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +of the infinite size ion Vector Matrix +and these numbers pi^ squ 4 pi^ S 9 pi^ + + align:start position:0% +and these numbers pi^ squ 4 pi^ S 9 pi^ + + + align:start position:0% +and these numbers pi^ squ 4 pi^ S 9 pi^ +s 16 pi^ squ are the I values of the + + align:start position:0% +s 16 pi^ squ are the I values of the + + + align:start position:0% +s 16 pi^ squ are the I values of the +infinite ion value + + align:start position:0% +infinite ion value + + + align:start position:0% +infinite ion value +Matrix okay that so that's uh + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay that so that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay that so that's uh +that we got those answers quickly and + + align:start position:0% +that we got those answers quickly and + + + align:start position:0% +that we got those answers quickly and +let's just mention that if I change to + + align:start position:0% +let's just mention that if I change to + + + align:start position:0% +let's just mention that if I change to +free fixed or to free + + align:start position:0% +free fixed or to free + + + align:start position:0% +free fixed or to free +free I could repeat I'd get different + + align:start position:0% +free I could repeat I'd get different + + + align:start position:0% +free I could repeat I'd get different +y's if I change if I have different + + align:start position:0% +y's if I change if I have different + + + align:start position:0% +y's if I change if I have different +boundary conditions I expect to get + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions I expect to get + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions I expect to get +different y's in fact what would it what + + align:start position:0% +different y's in fact what would it what + + + align:start position:0% +different y's in fact what would it what +would it look like if if I had a free if + + align:start position:0% +would it look like if if I had a free if + + + align:start position:0% +would it look like if if I had a free if +that was y Prime equals zero as the Left + + align:start position:0% +that was y Prime equals zero as the Left + + + align:start position:0% +that was y Prime equals zero as the Left +End + + align:start position:0% +End + + + align:start position:0% +End +so uh what what would you expect the + + align:start position:0% +so uh what what would you expect the + + + align:start position:0% +so uh what what would you expect the +igen functions to look + + align:start position:0% +igen functions to look + + + align:start position:0% +igen functions to look +like they'd be cosines they'd be cosines + + align:start position:0% +like they'd be cosines they'd be cosines + + + align:start position:0% +like they'd be cosines they'd be cosines +and then we would have to adjust the + + align:start position:0% +and then we would have to adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we would have to adjust the +omegas to make them come + + align:start position:0% +omegas to make them come + + + align:start position:0% +omegas to make them come +out right at the right hand end yeah so + + align:start position:0% +out right at the right hand end yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +out right at the right hand end yeah so +why this y of 0 equals 0 the fixed ones + + align:start position:0% +why this y of 0 equals 0 the fixed ones + + + align:start position:0% +why this y of 0 equals 0 the fixed ones +gave us SS the free ones give us + + align:start position:0% +gave us SS the free ones give us + + + align:start position:0% +gave us SS the free ones give us +cosiness uh the periodic ones if I had y + + align:start position:0% +cosiness uh the periodic ones if I had y + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness uh the periodic ones if I had y +of 0 equal y of one so that I'm just + + align:start position:0% +of 0 equal y of one so that I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 equal y of one so that I'm just +circling around then I would expect + + align:start position:0% +circling around then I would expect + + + align:start position:0% +circling around then I would expect +these either the ix's you the the + + align:start position:0% +these either the ix's you the the + + + align:start position:0% +these either the ix's you the the +textbook will so I'm in the igen value + + align:start position:0% +textbook will so I'm in the igen value + + + align:start position:0% +textbook will so I'm in the igen value +section of course and the textbook lists + + align:start position:0% +section of course and the textbook lists + + + align:start position:0% +section of course and the textbook lists +the answers for the other possibilities + + align:start position:0% +the answers for the other possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +the answers for the other possibilities +let let's go with this one because this + + align:start position:0% +let let's go with this one because this + + + align:start position:0% +let let's go with this one because this +is the one that that corresponds to K + + align:start position:0% +is the one that that corresponds to K + + + align:start position:0% +is the one that that corresponds to K +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right finally okay we're now ready for + + align:start position:0% +right finally okay we're now ready for + + + align:start position:0% +right finally okay we're now ready for +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the the final + + align:start position:0% +the the the final + + + align:start position:0% +the the the final +moment and um and it is can + + align:start position:0% +moment and um and it is can + + + align:start position:0% +moment and um and it is can +we guess the igon vectors for the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +we guess the igon vectors for the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +we guess the igon vectors for the Matrix +now I'm going back to the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going back to the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going back to the Matrix +question and as I say normally the + + align:start position:0% +question and as I say normally the + + + align:start position:0% +question and as I say normally the +answer is no who could guess but you can + + align:start position:0% +answer is no who could guess but you can + + + align:start position:0% +answer is no who could guess but you can +always hope you can trust + + align:start position:0% +always hope you can trust + + + align:start position:0% +always hope you can trust +and so I'll what will I try I'll + + align:start position:0% +and so I'll what will I try I'll + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'll what will I try I'll +try here here let me draw + + align:start position:0% +try here here let me draw + + + align:start position:0% +try here here let me draw +sinx Sin + + align:start position:0% +sinx Sin + + + align:start position:0% +sinx Sin +pix and let me remember that my Matrix K + + align:start position:0% +pix and let me remember that my Matrix K + + + align:start position:0% +pix and let me remember that my Matrix K +was a finite difference Matrix it came + + align:start position:0% +was a finite difference Matrix it came + + + align:start position:0% +was a finite difference Matrix it came +from let's let's make it 4x4 1 2 3 4 + + align:start position:0% +from let's let's make it 4x4 1 2 3 4 + + + align:start position:0% +from let's let's make it 4x4 1 2 3 4 +let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what would be the best I could hope for + + align:start position:0% +what would be the best I could hope for + + + align:start position:0% +what would be the best I could hope for +for the igen fun igen Vector the first + + align:start position:0% +for the igen fun igen Vector the first + + + align:start position:0% +for the igen fun igen Vector the first +igen Vector I'm hoping that the first + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector I'm hoping that the first + + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector I'm hoping that the first +igen Vector of K is very very like the + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector of K is very very like the + + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector of K is very very like the +first igen function in the differential + + align:start position:0% +first igen function in the differential + + + align:start position:0% +first igen function in the differential +equation which was this sin pix so + + align:start position:0% +equation which was this sin pix so + + + align:start position:0% +equation which was this sin pix so +that's sin pix well what do you hope for + + align:start position:0% +that's sin pix well what do you hope for + + + align:start position:0% +that's sin pix well what do you hope for +well what shall I hope for as the + + align:start position:0% +well what shall I hope for as the + + + align:start position:0% +well what shall I hope for as the +components + + align:start position:0% +components + + + align:start position:0% +components +of y1 the first igen + + align:start position:0% +of y1 the first igen + + + align:start position:0% +of y1 the first igen +Vector it's almost too good and it as + + align:start position:0% +Vector it's almost too good and it as + + + align:start position:0% +Vector it's almost too good and it as +far as I know basically it only happens + + align:start position:0% +far as I know basically it only happens + + + align:start position:0% +far as I know basically it only happens +with these signs and cosiness example + + align:start position:0% +with these signs and cosiness example + + + align:start position:0% +with these signs and cosiness example +these Heights I just pick these what I + + align:start position:0% +these Heights I just pick these what I + + + align:start position:0% +these Heights I just pick these what I +might call samples of the of the thing + + align:start position:0% +might call samples of the of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +might call samples of the of the thing +those those four values and of course + + align:start position:0% +those those four values and of course + + + align:start position:0% +those those four values and of course +zero at that end and zero at that end so + + align:start position:0% +zero at that end and zero at that end so + + + align:start position:0% +zero at that end and zero at that end so +because k k The Matrix K is building in + + align:start position:0% +because k k The Matrix K is building in + + + align:start position:0% +because k k The Matrix K is building in +uh the the the fix fixed these four + + align:start position:0% +uh the the the fix fixed these four + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the the fix fixed these four +Heights these four numbers those four + + align:start position:0% +Heights these four numbers those four + + + align:start position:0% +Heights these four numbers those four +signs in other words what I hope is that + + align:start position:0% +signs in other words what I hope is that + + + align:start position:0% +signs in other words what I hope is that +for for KY equal Lambda y I hope that y1 + + align:start position:0% +for for KY equal Lambda y I hope that y1 + + + align:start position:0% +for for KY equal Lambda y I hope that y1 +the first I Vector is it'll be sin pix + + align:start position:0% +the first I Vector is it'll be sin pix + + + align:start position:0% +the first I Vector is it'll be sin pix +but now what is X so so this is X here + + align:start position:0% +but now what is X so so this is X here + + + align:start position:0% +but now what is X so so this is X here +from 0 to one so what's X there there + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to one so what's X there there + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to one so what's X there there +there and there + + align:start position:0% +there and there + + + align:start position:0% +there and there +instead of sin pix the whole curve I'm + + align:start position:0% +instead of sin pix the whole curve I'm + + + align:start position:0% +instead of sin pix the whole curve I'm +picking out those four samples so it'll + + align:start position:0% +picking out those four samples so it'll + + + align:start position:0% +picking out those four samples so it'll +be times it'll be the sign of what will + + align:start position:0% +be times it'll be the sign of what will + + + align:start position:0% +be times it'll be the sign of what will +it be + + align:start position:0% +it be + + + align:start position:0% +it be +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +Pi Pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ided n + one which in my picture would + + align:start position:0% +ided n + one which in my picture would + + + align:start position:0% +ided n + one which in my picture would +be let's we'll make it completely + + align:start position:0% +be let's we'll make it completely + + + align:start position:0% +be let's we'll make it completely +explicit + + align:start position:0% +explicit + + + align:start position:0% +explicit +five it's one5 away of the long shall I + + align:start position:0% +five it's one5 away of the long shall I + + + align:start position:0% +five it's one5 away of the long shall I +maybe I should make these y's into + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should make these y's into + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should make these y's into +column vectors since since we we + + align:start position:0% +column vectors since since we we + + + align:start position:0% +column vectors since since we we +thinking of them as columns so here's y1 + + align:start position:0% +thinking of them as columns so here's y1 + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of them as columns so here's y1 +sin pi over 5 sin 2 pi over 5 sin 3 pi + + align:start position:0% +sin pi over 5 sin 2 pi over 5 sin 3 pi + + + align:start position:0% +sin pi over 5 sin 2 pi over 5 sin 3 pi +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +5 sin 4 pi over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +5 that's the first igen + + align:start position:0% +5 that's the first igen + + + align:start position:0% +5 that's the first igen +vector and it works and you could tell + + align:start position:0% +vector and it works and you could tell + + + align:start position:0% +vector and it works and you could tell +me that you could guess now the general + + align:start position:0% +me that you could guess now the general + + + align:start position:0% +me that you could guess now the general +one oh well when I say it works I + + align:start position:0% +one oh well when I say it works I + + + align:start position:0% +one oh well when I say it works I +haven't checked that it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +works I'll I'll do I I better do that + + align:start position:0% +works I'll I'll do I I better do that + + + align:start position:0% +works I'll I'll do I I better do that +but the the the essential point is that + + align:start position:0% +but the the the essential point is that + + + align:start position:0% +but the the the essential point is that +it works okay yeah yeah I I may not even + + align:start position:0% +it works okay yeah yeah I I may not even + + + align:start position:0% +it works okay yeah yeah I I may not even +do it today okay so in fact tell me the + + align:start position:0% +do it today okay so in fact tell me the + + + align:start position:0% +do it today okay so in fact tell me the +second ion Vector oh tell me the second + + align:start position:0% +second ion Vector oh tell me the second + + + align:start position:0% +second ion Vector oh tell me the second +Ian function over + + align:start position:0% +Ian function over + + + align:start position:0% +Ian function over +here what what's the second igen + + align:start position:0% +here what what's the second igen + + + align:start position:0% +here what what's the second igen +function let me draw it uh with this + + align:start position:0% +function let me draw it uh with this + + + align:start position:0% +function let me draw it uh with this +green + + align:start position:0% +green + + + align:start position:0% +green +chalk uh so I'm going to draw + + align:start position:0% +chalk uh so I'm going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +chalk uh so I'm going to draw +Y2 and now what does Y2 look like sinine + + align:start position:0% +Y2 and now what does Y2 look like sinine + + + align:start position:0% +Y2 and now what does Y2 look like sinine +2 pix what what's the what's the new + + align:start position:0% +2 pix what what's the what's the new + + + align:start position:0% +2 pix what what's the what's the new +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +here it + + align:start position:0% +here it + + + align:start position:0% +here it +goes up what what does it + + align:start position:0% +goes up what what does it + + + align:start position:0% +goes up what what does it +do by here it's got back oh no damn okay + + align:start position:0% +do by here it's got back oh no damn okay + + + align:start position:0% +do by here it's got back oh no damn okay +I would have been better with + + align:start position:0% +I would have been better with + + + align:start position:0% +I would have been better with +three points in the middle but it's + + align:start position:0% +three points in the middle but it's + + + align:start position:0% +three points in the middle but it's +correct uh it comes down here right + + align:start position:0% +correct uh it comes down here right + + + align:start position:0% +correct uh it comes down here right +that's that's sin 2 pix that that's + + align:start position:0% +that's that's sin 2 pix that that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's sin 2 pix that that's +that's halfway along + + align:start position:0% +that's halfway along + + + align:start position:0% +that's halfway along +ah oh now + + align:start position:0% +ah oh now + + + align:start position:0% +ah oh now +okay yes and I'll I'll I'll finish this + + align:start position:0% +okay yes and I'll I'll I'll finish this + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes and I'll I'll I'll finish this +guy this will be S of 2 pi over 5 sine + + align:start position:0% +guy this will be S of 2 pi over 5 sine + + + align:start position:0% +guy this will be S of 2 pi over 5 sine +of 4 pi over 5 say I'm sampling this + + align:start position:0% +of 4 pi over 5 say I'm sampling this + + + align:start position:0% +of 4 pi over 5 say I'm sampling this +same thing I'm sampling 2 pix at those + + align:start position:0% +same thing I'm sampling 2 pix at those + + + align:start position:0% +same thing I'm sampling 2 pix at those +same points s of 6 pi over five and S of + + align:start position:0% +same points s of 6 pi over five and S of + + + align:start position:0% +same points s of 6 pi over five and S of +8 pi over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +5 just maybe let's accept this as + + align:start position:0% +5 just maybe let's accept this as + + + align:start position:0% +5 just maybe let's accept this as +correct it it really works it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +correct it it really works it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +correct it it really works it's it's the +next igen vector and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +next igen vector and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +next igen vector and then there's a +third one and then there's a fourth one + + align:start position:0% +third one and then there's a fourth one + + + align:start position:0% +third one and then there's a fourth one +and how many are + + align:start position:0% +and how many are + + + align:start position:0% +and how many are +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +n usually and in my case what is n in + + align:start position:0% +n usually and in my case what is n in + + + align:start position:0% +n usually and in my case what is n in +the picture I've drawn n is here + + align:start position:0% +the picture I've drawn n is here + + + align:start position:0% +the picture I've drawn n is here +is four 1 2 3 4 n is four in that + + align:start position:0% +is four 1 2 3 4 n is four in that + + + align:start position:0% +is four 1 2 3 4 n is four in that +picture and that means that I'm dividing + + align:start position:0% +picture and that means that I'm dividing + + + align:start position:0% +picture and that means that I'm dividing +by n + 1 + + align:start position:0% +by n + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +by n + 1 +because this is the same as that that's + + align:start position:0% +because this is the same as that that's + + + align:start position:0% +because this is the same as that that's +really sine of Pi H you remember I used + + align:start position:0% +really sine of Pi H you remember I used + + + align:start position:0% +really sine of Pi H you remember I used +H as the step size so H is 1/5 one over + + align:start position:0% +H as the step size so H is 1/5 one over + + + align:start position:0% +H as the step size so H is 1/5 one over +n + 1 1/5 yeah so it's sin Pi H sin 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +n + 1 1/5 yeah so it's sin Pi H sin 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +n + 1 1/5 yeah so it's sin Pi H sin 2 pi +H 4 Pi 3 Pi 4 Pi H Here's 2 sin 2 p sin + + align:start position:0% +H 4 Pi 3 Pi 4 Pi H Here's 2 sin 2 p sin + + + align:start position:0% +H 4 Pi 3 Pi 4 Pi H Here's 2 sin 2 p sin +4 Pi sin 6 P sin 8 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p + + align:start position:0% +p + + + align:start position:0% +p +okay what's the so I two things to + + align:start position:0% +okay what's the so I two things to + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's the so I two things to +do one is to remember what is the + + align:start position:0% +do one is to remember what is the + + + align:start position:0% +do one is to remember what is the +remarkable property of these y's so + + align:start position:0% +remarkable property of these y's so + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable property of these y's so +there there's a y that we've guessed + + align:start position:0% +there there's a y that we've guessed + + + align:start position:0% +there there's a y that we've guessed +you're right now you're taking my word + + align:start position:0% +you're right now you're taking my word + + + align:start position:0% +you're right now you're taking my word +for it that it is the igen vector and + + align:start position:0% +for it that it is the igen vector and + + + align:start position:0% +for it that it is the igen vector and +this is the next one they came I copied + + align:start position:0% +this is the next one they came I copied + + + align:start position:0% +this is the next one they came I copied +them out of those functions and just + + align:start position:0% +them out of those functions and just + + + align:start position:0% +them out of those functions and just +remind me what is it that I'm claiming + + align:start position:0% +remind me what is it that I'm claiming + + + align:start position:0% +remind me what is it that I'm claiming +to be true about y1 and + + align:start position:0% +to be true about y1 and + + + align:start position:0% +to be true about y1 and +Y2 they + + align:start position:0% +Y2 they + + + align:start position:0% +Y2 they +are orthogonal they're + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal they're + + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal they're +orthogonal well okay to check that I'd + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal well okay to check that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal well okay to check that I'd +have to do some trig trig stuff but what + + align:start position:0% +have to do some trig trig stuff but what + + + align:start position:0% +have to do some trig trig stuff but what +I was going to do was come over over + + align:start position:0% +I was going to do was come over over + + + align:start position:0% +I was going to do was come over over +here and + + align:start position:0% +here and + + + align:start position:0% +here and +say this or this was a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +say this or this was a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +say this or this was a symmetric +differential equation we found its igen + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we found its igen + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we found its igen +functions what do you think's up with + + align:start position:0% +functions what do you think's up with + + + align:start position:0% +functions what do you think's up with +those those are orthogonal too so this + + align:start position:0% +those those are orthogonal too so this + + + align:start position:0% +those those are orthogonal too so this +would be a key a key fact in any uh uh + + align:start position:0% +would be a key a key fact in any uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +would be a key a key fact in any uh uh +sort of advanced applied math is that + + align:start position:0% +sort of advanced applied math is that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of advanced applied math is that +the S function is orthogonal to the + + align:start position:0% +the S function is orthogonal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the S function is orthogonal to the +2x that that that function is orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +2x that that that function is orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +2x that that that function is orthogonal +to this one and it actually that's what + + align:start position:0% +to this one and it actually that's what + + + align:start position:0% +to this one and it actually that's what +makes the whole world of 4A series + + align:start position:0% +makes the whole world of 4A series + + + align:start position:0% +makes the whole world of 4A series +work so that was really really a + + align:start position:0% +work so that was really really a + + + align:start position:0% +work so that was really really a +wonderful fact that this is orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +wonderful fact that this is orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful fact that this is orthogonal +to this now you may quite reasonably ask + + align:start position:0% +to this now you may quite reasonably ask + + + align:start position:0% +to this now you may quite reasonably ask +what do I mean by + + align:start position:0% +what do I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +what do I mean by +that what does it mean for two functions + + align:start position:0% +that what does it mean for two functions + + + align:start position:0% +that what does it mean for two functions +to be orthogonal why don't we just as + + align:start position:0% +to be orthogonal why don't we just as + + + align:start position:0% +to be orthogonal why don't we just as +long as we're getting all these + + align:start position:0% +long as we're getting all these + + + align:start position:0% +long as we're getting all these +parallels let's get that one too I claim + + align:start position:0% +parallels let's get that one too I claim + + + align:start position:0% +parallels let's get that one too I claim +that this function which is this times + + align:start position:0% +that this function which is this times + + + align:start position:0% +that this function which is this times +is orthogonal to this function okay what + + align:start position:0% +is orthogonal to this function okay what + + + align:start position:0% +is orthogonal to this function okay what +does that mean what what should what + + align:start position:0% +does that mean what what should what + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean what what should what +should these functions could I write dot + + align:start position:0% +should these functions could I write dot + + + align:start position:0% +should these functions could I write dot +or transpose or something what but now + + align:start position:0% +or transpose or something what but now + + + align:start position:0% +or transpose or something what but now +I'm doing it for + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it for + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it for +functions I just want you + + align:start position:0% +functions I just want you + + + align:start position:0% +functions I just want you +to see the the complete + + align:start position:0% +to see the the complete + + + align:start position:0% +to see the the complete +analogy + + align:start position:0% +analogy + + + align:start position:0% +analogy +so for vectors what did I do + + align:start position:0% +so for vectors what did I do + + + align:start position:0% +so for vectors what did I do +if I take a dotproduct I multiply the + + align:start position:0% +if I take a dotproduct I multiply the + + + align:start position:0% +if I take a dotproduct I multiply the +first component times the first + + align:start position:0% +first component times the first + + + align:start position:0% +first component times the first +component second component times the + + align:start position:0% +component second component times the + + + align:start position:0% +component second component times the +second so on so on now what will I do + + align:start position:0% +second so on so on now what will I do + + + align:start position:0% +second so on so on now what will I do +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +functions I multiply sin pix * sin 2 + + align:start position:0% +functions I multiply sin pix * sin 2 + + + align:start position:0% +functions I multiply sin pix * sin 2 +pix at each X of course I've got a whole + + align:start position:0% +pix at each X of course I've got a whole + + + align:start position:0% +pix at each X of course I've got a whole +range of x's and then what do I do I + + align:start position:0% +range of x's and then what do I do I + + + align:start position:0% +range of x's and then what do I do I +integrate I can't add I've I integrate + + align:start position:0% +integrate I can't add I've I integrate + + + align:start position:0% +integrate I can't add I've I integrate +instead so the the inter so I integrate + + align:start position:0% +instead so the the inter so I integrate + + + align:start position:0% +instead so the the inter so I integrate +one function + + align:start position:0% +one function + + + align:start position:0% +one function +sin pix against the other function sin 2 + + align:start position:0% +sin pix against the other function sin 2 + + + align:start position:0% +sin pix against the other function sin 2 +pix DX and I integrate from 0o to one + + align:start position:0% +pix DX and I integrate from 0o to one + + + align:start position:0% +pix DX and I integrate from 0o to one +and the answer comes out zero the answer + + align:start position:0% +and the answer comes out zero the answer + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer comes out zero the answer +comes out zero the sign functions are + + align:start position:0% +comes out zero the sign functions are + + + align:start position:0% +comes out zero the sign functions are +orthogonal the signs are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal the signs are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal the signs are orthogonal +functions the S vectors are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +functions the S vectors are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +functions the S vectors are orthogonal +vectors I normalize to length one and + + align:start position:0% +vectors I normalize to length one and + + + align:start position:0% +vectors I normalize to length one and +they go right into my cu so so if I + + align:start position:0% +they go right into my cu so so if I + + + align:start position:0% +they go right into my cu so so if I +multiply if I did that times that that + + align:start position:0% +multiply if I did that times that that + + + align:start position:0% +multiply if I did that times that that +dot product would turn out to be zero if + + align:start position:0% +dot product would turn out to be zero if + + + align:start position:0% +dot product would turn out to be zero if +I had been a little less ambitious and + + align:start position:0% +I had been a little less ambitious and + + + align:start position:0% +I had been a little less ambitious and +take an N to be two or three or + + align:start position:0% +take an N to be two or three or + + + align:start position:0% +take an N to be two or three or +something uh we could have we would have + + align:start position:0% +something uh we could have we would have + + + align:start position:0% +something uh we could have we would have +seen it completely but maybe doing with + + align:start position:0% +seen it completely but maybe doing with + + + align:start position:0% +seen it completely but maybe doing with +four is okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well so great lecture except + + align:start position:0% +well so great lecture except + + + align:start position:0% +well so great lecture except +for uh that didn't get there okay so + + align:start position:0% +for uh that didn't get there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +for uh that didn't get there okay so +next so Wednesday's lecture is sort of + + align:start position:0% +next so Wednesday's lecture is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +next so Wednesday's lecture is sort of +the the bringing all these pieces + + align:start position:0% +the the bringing all these pieces + + + align:start position:0% +the the bringing all these pieces +together positive igen values positive + + align:start position:0% +together positive igen values positive + + + align:start position:0% +together positive igen values positive +pivots positive definite so come on + + align:start position:0% +pivots positive definite so come on + + + align:start position:0% +pivots positive definite so come on +Wednesday please come Wednesday okay and + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday please come Wednesday okay and + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday please come Wednesday okay and +Wednesday afternoon I'll have the review + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday afternoon I'll have the review + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday afternoon I'll have the review +session as usual \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2dms7bxzoXk.txt b/2dms7bxzoXk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f8592fa7ce4a0c85dbaa7d1f5b95350fb544cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2dms7bxzoXk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2059 @@ +PROFESSOR: That I know of that +derives two-dimensional + +symmetries. + +And so, what I will give you +instead is a set of notes-- + +nothing fancy, just +handwritten-- + +but which will carry out each of +the derivations in detail, + +so you'll have something to +fall back on if it seems + +overly complicated. + +Any questions on what we've +done to this point? + +We've really set forth the +ground rules and components of + +our final step. + +And that, as I mentioned +earlier, is to combine one or + +more of these collections of +symmetry elements around a + +fixed point in space, with one +of the five two-dimensional + +lattices that can accommodate +them. + +And when we find a successful, +feasible combination, we will + +have derived something that we +could call the two-dimensional + +crystallographic space groups. + +These are collections of +operations which really pick + +up everything-- the +whole space-- + +move it, tumble it end over end, +and throw it back down + +into coincidence with itself. + +So hence the term space group, +rather than point group, where + +it's only a point that's left +invariant at worst. + +OK, so what we're going to do +then is to take each of the + +point groups in turn, and +combine each of them, when + +possible, with one of the +five lattice types. + +And I remind you that those +are the oblique lattice or + +parallelogram lattice. + +And this was what was required +by two and one, + +no symmetry at all. + +Then there was the primitive +rectangular net, and the + +symmetry element that required +that was a mirror plane, or we + +could have, depending on how the +mirror plane was aligned + +relative to the translation, we +could also have a lattice + +that was non-primitive, +a double cell. + +And that was a centered +rectangular net. + +And either of those +was compatible + +with a mirror plane. + +Then we had a square cell-- + +square net or square cell-- and +that was what was required + +by a 4-fold axis. + +And then the hexagonal net, and +that could be required by + +either a 3-fold or a 6-fold. + +Well, if you add up the number +of point groups that we've + +listed here, there are only +six, but there are 10 + +crystallographic point groups. + +So what about the ones that we +have not yet considered adding + +to a lattice, and these are +the nets of the form Cnv. + +So let's consider, in turn, each +of those point groups and + +see what they would require +of the lattice that could + +accommodate them. + +But let's do 2MM first. + +2MM, the 2 is compatible +with an oblique net. + +The mirror plane wants either +a rectangular net or a + +centered rectangular net. + +So all we can do is to add +this to a rectangular or + +centered rectangular net. + +Let's put a 2-fold axis +at the lattice point. + +The mirror plane has to be +aligned along the edge of a + +rectangular net. + +If there are two of them, you +just put one along each of the + +edges of the rectangular net. + +A mirror plane in a net could +either go in like this, or + +could go, for the centered +net, in like this. + +So what we're saying, 2-fold +doesn't care, add a mirror + +plane, it means that +the parallelogram + +has to become a rectangle. + +You can put the two mirror +planes of 2MM in along the two + +edges of the rectangle, or do +this equally well with a + +centered rectangular net, put +the mirror plane in parallel + +to the edges, just like we did +in CM, put the 2-fold axis in + +at the lattice points. + +So there's a lattice point at +the corner, and also a lattice + +point in the middle +of the cell. + +So for the rectangular net, we +could put in either M or 2MM + +in both of these rectangular +nets, the + +primitive and the centered. + +4-fold access requires that +the net become still more + +specialized and have the +shape of a square. + +AUDIENCE: Professor? + +PROFESSOR: Hmm? + +AUDIENCE: We can't +see on this side. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm sorry. + +I'll pace back and forth, +which I usually do. + +Then everybody will +get equal time. + +OK, so I'm glad you spoke up. + +4-fold axis requires +a square net. + +There are two mirror planes, +45 degrees apart, and those + +mirror planes have to be +along the edges of + +a rectangular net. + +Put one of them in this +orientation, and that surely + +is along the edge of a +rectangular net, along the + +edge of a net that's not only +rectangular but square. + +But it has a higher symmetry, +and that's fine. + +Looks as though this diagonal +mirror plane might cause + +troubles, but let's note that +if we look at the diagonal + +translations in this lattice, +that they will define a + +centered rectangular net, so +putting the other mirror plane + +in this way puts it along +the edge of a + +centered rectangular net. + +So this mirror plane is +perfectly happy as well. + +So in the square lattice +we could pop either + +symmetry 4 or 4MM. + +3-fold is an interesting one. + +That's the odd symmetry that +does strange things. + +Here is a hexagonal net, +and that's what + +a 3-fold axis requires. + +Two translations, identical in +magnitude, and in terms of + +what goes on along them, in +exactly 120 degrees apart. + +Now, I don't readily see any +rectangle along the edge of + +which I could align the +mirror plane in 3M. + +But it's the oblique shape of +this net that throws you off. + +Let's notice that if I draw +several unit cells side by + +side, here is a double cell that +has a rectangular shape. + +OK? + +Take 2T1 plus T2 as one edge +of the cell, and leave the + +other one as T2, and we have +defined a cell where that is + +identically a 90-degree angle. + +So one of the mirror planes +of 3M could go in this + +orientation, and the other one +would be 30 degrees away. + +So this would be the +orientation of + +the two mirror planes. + +So we're putting in 3M with +M perpendicular to the + +translations that define +the primitive hexagonal + +cell, T1 and T2. + +But there's another +way you can do it. + +Let me draw the same net, the +same hexagonal net, and look + +at a different kind +of double cell. + +OK, here's my hexagonal net, two +translations, T1 and T2, + +with a 3-fold axis at +the lattice point. + +And now I will again draw a +couple of extra cells-- + +double T1, and let's +double T2. + +And then let me point out that +I can put in the mirror plane + +this way and along this way, and +here is a double cell, and + +I can put the mirror +plane along this + +direction and this direction. + +So this is crazy. + +This is the same lattice and +the same point group, but + +there are two different ways I +can align the point group in + +the lattice. + +I can put the mirror plane in +such that it's perpendicular + +to a cell edge, or put the +mirror plane in 30 degrees + +away from that orientation such +that it is along the edge + +of a centric rectangular net. + +So I could add 3M as well with +the mirror plane aligned + +parallel to the translations +in the net. + +So lots of funny permutations +here. + +Here I have one symmetry +element, two different + +lattices that I can +combine with it. + +Here I have one point group, 3M, +but two different ways in + +which I can set it relative +to the edges of the cell. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Why are you putting +two mirror planes in each of + +those figures when you +really only could + +do one mirror plane? + +PROFESSOR: Actually, I need-- + +well, there are going to be a +radiating sheaf of mirror + +lines coming out of +that 3-fold axis. + +AUDIENCE: An angle +of 60 degrees. + +PROFESSOR: They are at an +angle of 60 degrees. + +It has to be 60 degrees, +and that is + +indeed what I have here. + +I've just drawn part of 3M, and +if I draw the remaining + +mirror planes, they +would do this. + +OK, I think that's fairly +intelligible. + +Another reason for notes is to +draw these diagrams when + +they're reasonably complex. + +On a blackboard, when you're +rushing to get through it, is + +something that's easier said +than done, even though you may + +have done it a number +of times. + +So there is the job that we've +laid out for ourselves. + +Five lattices, 10 point groups, +and we can drop each + +of the point groups into one or +more of the lattices of the + +five that we have determined. + +As soon as we combine things, +we're going to have the + +situation that we've +encountered before. + +In general, if I have an +operation number one that + +produces one transformation of +coordinates, and combine it + +with an operation number two +which has another change of + +coordinates, there must +automatically + +arise some third operation. + +And we can write it in terms of +the language of operators + +by saying operation number one +followed by operation number + +two is equivalent to an +operation number three. + +And in terms of the pattern, +this says that whenever you + +throw two symmetry +transformations together, a + +third one pops up. + +You can't push it down. + +It's going to be there once +you add the first two + +combinations. + +You may have to be really clever +to see where it is and + +what it is, but it's +going to be there. + +It's going to be there. + +It comes in automatically. + +So this general class of +statement, this equality in + +operations, is something that +I like to call, for short, a + +combination theorem. + +And we've seen several examples +of this already, + +notably the one in the last hour +that said whenever you + +combine two mirror lines at an +angle mu, you automatically + +create, like it or not, a +rotation operation of a 2 mu. + +So as soon as we start making +these combinations, we're + +going to find a new +operation arising. + +So let's start with +the simplest one. + +Add a 1-fold axis to a +general oblique net. + +So there is T1, there is T2, we +don't put anything in it, + +it's just a simple array of +translations with lattice + +points that we can put at the +terminal point of these + +translations. + +There's no symmetry. + +If we put in one atom, that atom +hangs on every lattice + +point, and that's all +there is to it. + +It's so simple it's not only +uninteresting, it's ugly. + +It's just a simple atom arranged +in a periodic array. + +As with everything we've done +so far, it's convenient to + +have a notation to indicate +which particular plane group + +one has, and the symbol here +is to give side by side the + +type of lattice as the first +part of the symbol, and then + +the point group that +you have added. + +So what do we have here? + +We've taken a primitive oblique +lattice, and we've + +added no symmetry at +all, a 1-fold axis. + +And here people who have derived +symmetry theory assume + +that the reader knows +something. + +And so you're going to get a lot +of respect when you show + +your colleagues that you know +what this notation means. + +All you have to do, if you know +the symmetry, is to state + +whether the lattice is +primitive, as it has to be for + +an oblique net, or whether it's +centered, in the case of + +the rectangular net. + +Three dimensions is a lot +more complicated. + +If the lattice is cubic, it +could be primitive, it could + +be face-centered, it could +be body-centered. + +So you need a symbol that tells +the type of lattice. + +In this case it's primitive, and +the point group that we've + +added is 1, so this rather +boring ugly thing + +here is called P1. + +Another bit of code. + +We're going to do eventually +the same thing in three + +dimensions. + +We're going to take just +a general oblique + +three-dimensional lattice, and +not adorn it with any sort of + +symmetry at all, and that +will also be called P1. + +But to distinguish the two, +capital P1 means a + +three-dimensional lattice, and +we won't be working with those + +for a while. + +We haven't even enumerated +them. + +A lowercase p, that is +the symbol for a + +two-dimensional net. + +In other words, a plane group +rather than a space group. + +So here's the first, P1, and it +really doesn't give shivers + +running up and down my +spine to look at it. + +So let's do one that's a little +more interesting. + +Let's take a 2-fold axis and +combine it first with a + +primitive rectangular net. + +I'm sorry, what am I saying? + +I want an oblique net. + +So the symbol-- + +and I'm assuming this is going +to be unique, and we haven't + +seen anything with a 2-fold +axis in it, so it is. + +So this would be P for a +primitive lattice, 2 for the + +symmetry that you've added +to the lattice. + +And since you are all +cognoscenti, I don't have to + +tell you it's an oblique +lattice, because you know, + +don't you, deep down in your +heart, that a 2-fold axis + +requires only that the lattice +be an oblique lattice. + +Nothing special is required. + +So what we will do is to take +this general oblique lattice + +with two translations, T1 and +T2, and to this-- remember, we + +don't deal with symmetry +elements. + +We have to do this operation +by operation. + +So what we're doing is taking +the operation A pi, the only + +non-trivial operation contained +in a 2-fold axis, + +and putting that in at +a lattice point. + +OK. + +Bells ring and whistles +go off. + +We don't know what happens when +we make this combination. + +And let me do this in more +general terms, so we can + +derive the theorem +once and for all. + +Here's a translation, and let +me add to the end of that + +translation a rotation +operation A alpha. + +In this case, it would be +the operation A pi. + +What's the net result of +rotating and then translating? + +That's a non-trivial question. + +So if I'm doing this for a +general rotation of alpha, let + +me take a translation, and I'm +going to make my construction + +in the following way, because +I'm really clever. + +And I'm going to put this +translation T at one half of + +alpha on one side of the +perpendicular to T. + +And then I'll let that +rotation go to work. + +And it'll take the translation +and move it to alpha over 2 on + +the other side of the +perpendicular. + +And now I'll let the translation +move to this + +rotated translation, and if it +does so, it's going to move + +the translation over to here. + +Here's a motif hanging +on this translation. + +It's rotated over to here, and +then gets slid over to here. + +This one is right-handed, this +one is right-handed, this one + +is right-handed. + +How do I get from this +one to this one? + +Only two ways, translation +or rotation. + +If we rotate, about what +point are we rotating? + +Now I'm going to use +a definition + +which seemed trivial. + +I said, a symmetry element is +the locus of points that is + +unmoved by the operation. + +And if we decided, because +these two motifs are not + +parallel to one another and have +the same corrality, that + +the rotation-- + +has to be a rotation that +relates the two. + +When asked finally the +question, what + +point is left unmoved? + +Ha. + +It's this point where these two +translations come together + +at a single point. + +That's the point that's left +unmoved by rotating from here + +to here and then sliding over +by the translation T. + +And I can say exactly where +that rotation is. + +It's going to be along the +perpendicular bisector of my + +original translation. + +And where is it going +to be located? + +This line makes an angle of +alpha over 2 with respect to + +the perpendicular to +T. So that angle is + +also alpha over 2. + +This line and this line both +make an angle of alpha over 2 + +relative to the normal to the +translation, so this angle is + +also alpha over 2. + +And look how this +has turned out. + +The combination of a rotation +with a translation is another + +rotation, B, about a different +point but through the same net + +amount alpha as the original +translation. + +On top of that, really +to nail this down, + +where should we look? + +This distance in here is T over +2, and the tangent of + +alpha is T over 2 over +this distance x. + +And if I just solve for +that distance, x is + +equal to T over 2-- + +I'm sorry. + +I got this garbled. + +T over 2 over x is equal to +the tangent of alpha. + +That's what I wanted to do. + +So if I solve for x, that +distance x is T over 2 over + +the tangent of alpha, and I +can write that as T over 2 + +times the cotangent +of alpha over 2. + +So here it is, done +properly at last. + +Go up a distance x along the +perpendicular bisector of T, + +and you go up a distance T over +2 times the cotangent of + +alpha over 2. + +So this is a general result for +any rotation operation. + +Combine a rotation operation A +alpha with a perpendicular + +translation-- + +perpendicular to the +rotation axis A-- + +and the result is a new rotation +operation through the + +same angle, but at a +different location. + +It's at a distance x, which is +equal to T over 2 times the + +cotangent of alpha over 2 +along the perpendicular + +bisector of T. + +So this is a general theorem. + +This is a fact of +two-dimensional life that is + +always going to be true +regardless of alpha. + +And the only constraint is that +the translation has to be + +added perpendicular to the locus +of the rotation axis, + +and that has to be the case in +two dimensions, because the + +rotation axis has to always be +normal to the space, the + +two-dimensional space. + +In three dimensions, we'll have +to generalize this to + +make the translation have +arbitrary orientation relative + +to the rotation axis, but we've +got enough to chew on at + +the moment. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: The distance x is +the distance up along the + +perpendicular bisector. + +I'm sorry. + +I said it but I didn't +write it in. + +OK? + +Let me go through it again +since we've got + +everything on the board. + +We start with the original +object, rotate it by alpha, + +and then we then further map +it to a new location by the + +translation T. + +Both motifs are right-handed, +but they're not parallel, so + +therefore, they have to be +related by a rotation. + +If we ask what is the locus +about which this location has + +occurred, we use the fact that +the locus of a rotation axis + +is the only point that's +left unmoved by the net + +transformation, and the place +where this translation + +intersects the translation that +has been shifted over by + +T is a point that sits up +along the perpendicular + +bisector of the translation by +a distance T over 2 times the + +cotangent of alpha over 2. + +So that's in the abstract. + +Let's now look at a particular +application of this to our + +addition of a 2-fold rotation +to a translation. + +So here's the translation T. +We're going to put a 2-fold + +axis and the only operation +which it + +possesses, namely A pi. + +And according to our theorem, +up along the perpendicular + +bisector of T by distance x +equals T over 2 times the + +cotangent of alpha over +2 should be a + +new operation B pi. + +So in this case, this would be +T over 2 times the cotangent + +of pi over 2. + +Cotangent of 90 degrees is 0. + +So this says that you go +0 of the way along the + +perpendicular bisector, which +means you stay right at the + +midpoint of T. So this says that +if you rotate through 180 + +degrees, follow that by this +translation, you should find + +that the net effect is a +rotation of pi over 2 about + +this point. + +Boggles the mind, but let's +show that it works. + +Here is an initial point, +initial motif number 1, and it + +is right-handed. + +We rotate by 180 degrees. + +Here's number 2, it stays +right-handed, and I pick it up + +and I move it by this +translation, and it moves from + +here to here. + +Here's number 3, it stayed +right-handed, and the way I + +get from 1 to 3 in one shot is +to rotate 180 degrees about + +the midpoint of the +translation. + +How about that? + +People are so astounded that +they're stunned, except for + +the people who couldn't see what +I was doing, and they're + +moving back and forth +frantically trying + +to see what I wrote. + +I'll let you catch your breath, +and then let's do + +this, use this to derive the +two-dimensional space group, + +the plane group that results +when we add a 2-fold access to + +an oblique net. + +And it's turned out very simply, +because if I've got + +the operation B pi here, that +implies that I've got a 2-fold + +axis, because that's the only +operation that exists within a + +2-fold axis. + +So I'll start by putting +in a 2-fold axis here. + +I'll combine A pi with this +translation T1, I get a new + +rotation operation, B pi, +in the middle of this + +translation, so there's a +new 2-fold axis there. + +The 2-fold axis here hanging at +this lattice point as well, + +and at these other +lattice points. + +Combine the rotation A pi with +this translation T2, I get a + +new operation, B pi, sitting +in the middle of this + +translation, so I've got all I +need to say that there's a + +2-fold axis there. + +That 2-fold axis will get +translated down here by T1. + +This 2-fold axis will be +translated over to here by T2. + +Then the only other thing that +I have to combine this + +translation with is the +translation T1 plus T2, and + +that combined with A pi says I +should have B pi in the middle + +of that translation as well, +so I'll get another 2-fold + +axis in the middle +of the cell. + +And that's it. + +We've got our first nontrivial +two-dimensional space group. + +And what do we call this? + +Confusing as hell, some might +say, but crystallographers + +would say that it's a primitive +lattice combined + +with a 2-fold axis, +this is P2. + +I don't have to tell you that +it's an oblique net, because + +you know that that is all that +a 2-fold axis requires, that + +the net be oblique. + +What does the pattern +look like? + +I'll say another thing that's +so simple, it takes a while + +for it to sink in. + +The pattern of a plane group +is the pattern that is + +generated by the point group +merely hung at every lattice + +point in the net. + +So if this is what a 2-fold axis +does, relates a pair of + +motifs like this, a pattern for +P2 is this pair hung at + +every lattice point. + +So all of the objects are of the +same pirality, all either + +left-handed or right-handed. + +I've got the same pair at every +corner of the cell. + +And notice that these new +symmetry elements that popped + +up just like what we found in +the point groups, the new + +mirror planes that came arose +as a consequence of the + +combination that we had made. + +And they were independent in +most cases, 3M being the one + +case where they weren't. + +These additional three +2-fold axes are + +independent 2-fold axes. + +They're different kinds of +2-fold axes than the ones at + +the corner. + +Not only are they not equivalent +by translation, but + +they do different things +relative to the motifs that + +are in the pattern. + +This 2-fold axis has a different +relation relative to + +the two closest motifs +than does this one, + +than does this one. + +They relate different objects +pairwise in the pattern. + +And no two of these 2-fold +axes describe the same + +pairwise relationship. + +So these are independent +2-fold axes. + +Independent in the sense that +they do different things + +relative to the motifs in the +pattern, different in the + +sense that there is no other +operation that throws this one + +into this one, and therefore, +of necessity, would require + +that the pair about this 2-fold +axis be the same as the + +pair about this 2-fold axis. + +OK. + +So there is a first nontrivial +two-dimensional space group. + +I should mention-- + +probably an obvious fact-- + +that this also has a cousin +in three dimensions. + +If I just imagine all of these +2-fold axes extending out + +through space perpendicular to +the plane of the blackboard, + +and take another translation +that is also perpendicular to + +the blackboard, I would have +the three-dimensional space + +group which has the same symbol +except capital P, + +indicating that it's +a space lattice. + +So almost at no extra charge, +we've done all the work to + +determine one of the + +three-dimensional space groups. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: If you change the +order of the combination of + +the translation rotation, do +we get the same operation? + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +That is a good question. + +I really meant to mention it +earlier in connection with the + +point groups. + +Does interchange of the order +of the operations in a + +combination change the result, +or change, in other words, the + +symmetry element that is +equivalent to the net + +combination of the two? + +How many think yes, +it does change? + +AUDIENCE: Could you +say that again? + +PROFESSOR: OK, if we have two +operations A and B, is + +operation A followed by B the +same result as the operation B + +followed by A? + +Does the order make +a difference? + +And how many say yes-- + +AUDIENCE: The order makes +a difference? + +PROFESSOR: The order does +make a difference. + +How many say no? + +Well, this is one of these happy +occasions where I can + +say you're all right. + +Sometimes yes, sometimes no. + +So let's ask when does it +make a difference and + +when does it not. + +Let's look at one of +our point groups. + +Let me take a non-trivial +point group. + +This would be point group 4MM. + +OK? + +So those are all mirror planes +of two different kinds. + +And let me quickly sketch +in the pattern. + +The pattern is just a pair of +things hanging on the mirror + +plane, and that pair is +rotated by 90 degrees. + +OK. + +Suppose we look at the operation +A pi over 2, a + +90-degree rotation in a +counterclockwise direction, + +and let the other operation +be sigma 1, this + +reflection plane here. + +Suppose we reflect and follow +that by A pi over 2. + +We reflect to here and then we +rotate by 90 degrees, and + +that's going to give us the +number 3 sitting up here. + +So we reflect it and +then rotate it. + +How about if we first rotate +that same object by A pi over + +2 and follow it by sigma 1. + +So we'll rotate number 1 to +here, so this is 2 prime, and + +you can see we're already +in trouble. + +If we now reflect along sigma +1, this is 3 prime. + +So in one case we ended up here, +in the other case we + +ended up here. + +So the order did make +a difference. + +Let us look at another +example. + +Let's look at 2MM. + +So here's an operation sigma 1, +here's an operation sigma + +2, so let's first do sigma +1 followed by A pi. + +So here's object 1, reflect to +here, and then we rotate by + +180 degrees, and this +is number 3. + +Now let's do the operation A pi +and follow it by sigma 1. + +So we'll take number 1 and +rotate it up to here. + +So here's number 1 prime. + +And then we reflect by sigma +1, and 3 and 3 prime are + +exactly the same. + +So it didn't make +a difference. + +So the answer is sometimes yes, +sometimes no, which is + +interesting, but even +more interesting + +is how can you tell? + +Yeah, you have a question? + +AUDIENCE: In that first +identity you drew-- + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +AUDIENCE: The right side, it +seems like your commas are + +drawn backwards and that +just affects-- + +PROFESSOR: Could be. + +Mm, no, they're-- + +ah, these are drawn backwards. + +They should all have their +tails pointing in. + +No, it doesn't work, actually, +because even if I screwed up + +on the orientation, the +positions are different. + +Again, first time I reflected, +and then + +rotated, so this is 3. + +If I rotate and then reflect, +I'm way over here. + +So this is one location, this is +another location, and even + +if I screwed up by having the +tails pointed the wrong + +orientation, still +not the same. + +But here, clearly, reflecting +and rotating is the same as + +rotating and reflecting. + +I end up in the same place. + +So how can you tell? + +It's a very difficult thing to +prove that this is the case, + +but you can interchange the +order of operations when the + +two symmetry operations that are +involved leave each other + +untransformed. + +And if the two symmetry +operations move one another, + +then changing the order changes +the net result. + +It doesn't change the nature of +the operation, but it does + +change the locus about +which it operates. + +Let me show you what I mean. + +Here's 2MM. + +The 2-fold axis takes +this mirror plane, + +turns it upside down. + +It takes this mirror plane +and flips it over. + +The mirror plane is left +unchanged in both cases. + +The mirror plane has the 2-fold +axis sitting right on + +it, so it doesn't change the +location of the 2-fold axis + +when it acts on it. + +And similarly, this mirror plane +takes this mirror plane + +and reflects it, and it doesn't +change anything. + +So all of these operations-- + +the three independent +operations, sigma 1, + +sigma 2, and A pi-- + +all leave their locus of +operation unchanged. + +Whereas that, clearly, is not +the same for a 4-fold axis and + +a mirror plane. + +The mirror plane, when it acts +on the 4-fold axis, leaves it + +unchanged, but the 4-fold axis, +when it acts on the + +mirror plane, moves +it into a new, + +entirely different location. + +And when that is the case, the +order does make a difference. + +So I can take that corny joke of +the mathematicians, what is + +purple and commutes? + +An Abelian grape. + +I can say, what is purple +and commutes? + +It's a purple 4-fold axis in a +mirror plane, a purple 4MM. + +OK, what other aspect of the +plane groups and three + +dimensional space groups is an +analytic representation of the + +way the plane group +maps atoms around? + +And I see that it is five of the +hour, so let me just make + +one final statement to indicate +what I'm going to + +talk about next time. + +Here's the arrangement of 2-fold +axes, and if you have + +an atom sitting in here, and +this is T1 and T2, and we use + +this as the basis of a +coordinate system, so this + +atom sits at a location x +along T1 and y along T2. + +And then they ask, what other +atoms are related to it? + +Well, that 2-fold axis will move +x to minus x, and move y + +to minus y, and those are the +only two atoms I get. + +So a characteristic of this +plane group, if I were + +describing to you a crystal +structure which had this + +symmetry, I might say something +like a lithium in a + +position with coordinates xy, +and therefore minus x minus y + +would also have to occur. + +I have an oxygen at a different +number, x prime y + +prime, and that must then +also occur at minus x + +prime minus y prime. + +And it looks as though any time +you throw in an atom at a + +location xy, you get a symmetry +related companion to + +it with negative coordinates. + +And this is what is called +the general position + +of the space group. + +There's nothing special about +it, and you put in an atom + +here, you get another +atom here. + +This is going to be a nice +economical way of describing + +an atomic arrangement, +particularly if you realize + +that there are almost 150 atoms +that appear in the unit + +cell for some of the +cubic symmetries. + +Drop in one, wow, all hell +breaks loose, 150 other ones. + +But what you can do is codify +the coordinates of all these + +symmetry-related atoms. + +And that is a great utility in +describing crystal structures, + +because I only have to give +you the coordinates of one + +representative atom. + +But this is not the only +thing that happens. + +This is the general position +because it's general relative + +to its location with respect +to the symmetry elements. + +If x and y were both 0, I would +have one atom moving to + +the origin to coincide +with the second one. + +And if I put one in at 0, 0, +that's all I'm going to get. + +The 2-fold axis is just going +to twirl it around, and the + +translation will repeat it to +the other lattice points. + +So if I put in an atom +at 0, 0, that's all + +I'm going to get. + +And the same thing would occur +for any of these four + +independent 2-fold axes. + +If I let x and y migrate to 0, +1/2, this atom will join + +together with this atom, and +I would get just one atom + +sitting there. + +So there's a position also +of the form 0, 1/2, and a + +position 1/2, 0, and a position +1/2, 1/2 that are the + +location of these four +distinct 2-fold axes. + +OK, to have a shorthand way of +referring to the general + +position in these positions, +which are called special + +positions-- + +what's special about them is +that they're right on top of a + +symmetry element, and whenever +that happens, the number per + +cell is a sub-multiple of the +number in the general + +position, because coalescence +has occurred. + +And so they're three independent +2-fold axes, so + +there are four locations where +you get only one atom per cell + +rather than two. + +And then to give you a way of +referring to these positions + +readily, they are labeled +starting with the most + +specialized, just going through +the alphabet, position + +a, position b, position c, +position d, position e, which + +is the general position. + +And then another piece of +information that's almost + +trivial here, but is not for +more complicated symmetries, + +what's called the rank of the +position, and that is the + +number that you get per cell, +one per cell, one per cell, + +and for the general position +you get two. + +So the rank of the position is +just the number per cell. + +And then, if it's a special +position, the atom has to sit + +at a site of some symmetry, and +in this case, the atoms + +all sit at 2-fold axes for +the special position. + +The general position always has +site symmetry 1 always. + +So that's the characteristics +of the way in which this + +symmetry can move +atoms around. + +And this is of great utility +in interpreting structures. + +For example, suppose our motif +was not an individual atom, + +but was a molecule. + +And suppose you had one +molecule per cell. + +That would tell you the molecule +has to fit in a + +special position. + +And the special positions +are all 2-fold axes. + +So if the molecule has to sit +on a 2-fold axis, the + +configuration of that molecule +has to have at least a 2-fold + +symmetry, or else you can't fit +in one per cell in this + +particular plane group. + +So you can use this information +to determine + +structures. + +I'm going to give you a problem +a little bit later on + +when we get to three-dimensional + +crystallography, and I'm going +to give you the magnitude of + +the cell edge and the density +of rock salt. + +And from that, in 10 minutes, +you can find out that there's + +only one possible structure +for rock salt. + +The Braggs fiddled around for +the better part of a year + +doing x-ray experiments and +trying to calculate what the + +intensities would be for +different atomic positions. + +You, in another two weeks, can +get the same answer in 10 + +minutes knowing only the lattice +constant and the + +density and the space group. + +So a lot of physical +consequences of the nature of + +the structure, the confirmation +of the molecule, + +the extent or absence of solid +substitution of one species + +for another, can be dredged out +of the properties of the + +space group. + +OK, I've run 2 minutes over, +but we took our break two + +minutes later, so let's call it +a day and I shall see you + +on Thursday, hopefully armed +with pictures so that I can + +personally present each one +of you with your corrected + +problem sets. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2pUPQRG0T5Y.txt b/2pUPQRG0T5Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55534c5ea8f336133ab17d10f48030d439c7c88a --- /dev/null +++ b/2pUPQRG0T5Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4035 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +today on Chalk radio letting experience + + align:start position:0% +today on Chalk radio letting experience + + + align:start position:0% +today on Chalk radio letting experience +be the + + align:start position:0% +be the + + + align:start position:0% +be the +teacher I always believed in the power + + align:start position:0% +teacher I always believed in the power + + + align:start position:0% +teacher I always believed in the power +of people having control of their own + + align:start position:0% +of people having control of their own + + + align:start position:0% +of people having control of their own +learning and I believe in it much more + + align:start position:0% +learning and I believe in it much more + + + align:start position:0% +learning and I believe in it much more +strongly + + align:start position:0% +strongly + + + align:start position:0% +strongly +now my guest for this episode is Ari + + align:start position:0% +now my guest for this episode is Ari + + + align:start position:0% +now my guest for this episode is Ari +Epstein associate director and Senior + + align:start position:0% +Epstein associate director and Senior + + + align:start position:0% +Epstein associate director and Senior +lecturer in the terrascope program at + + align:start position:0% +lecturer in the terrascope program at + + + align:start position:0% +lecturer in the terrascope program at +MIT so terrascope is a learning + + align:start position:0% +MIT so terrascope is a learning + + + align:start position:0% +MIT so terrascope is a learning +community for first year undergraduates + + align:start position:0% +community for first year undergraduates + + + align:start position:0% +community for first year undergraduates +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +MIT uh we have at MIT four of these + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh we have at MIT four of these + + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh we have at MIT four of these +learning communities it's entirely + + align:start position:0% +learning communities it's entirely + + + align:start position:0% +learning communities it's entirely +voluntary about a fifth of the first + + align:start position:0% +voluntary about a fifth of the first + + + align:start position:0% +voluntary about a fifth of the first +year class is involved in one or another + + align:start position:0% +year class is involved in one or another + + + align:start position:0% +year class is involved in one or another +of the learning communities and we vary + + align:start position:0% +of the learning communities and we vary + + + align:start position:0% +of the learning communities and we vary +in a lot of different ways what we have + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of different ways what we have + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of different ways what we have +in common is that all of the learning + + align:start position:0% +in common is that all of the learning + + + align:start position:0% +in common is that all of the learning +communities are both social and academic + + align:start position:0% +communities are both social and academic + + + align:start position:0% +communities are both social and academic +in nature we go on outings and we have + + align:start position:0% +in nature we go on outings and we have + + + align:start position:0% +in nature we go on outings and we have +meals with them and we do a variety of + + align:start position:0% +meals with them and we do a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +meals with them and we do a variety of +things it we really build a social + + align:start position:0% +things it we really build a social + + + align:start position:0% +things it we really build a social +support network that is + + align:start position:0% +support network that is + + + align:start position:0% +support network that is +multigenerational so upper year students + + align:start position:0% +multigenerational so upper year students + + + align:start position:0% +multigenerational so upper year students +also have a role in the community alumni + + align:start position:0% +also have a role in the community alumni + + + align:start position:0% +also have a role in the community alumni +also have a role in the community so + + align:start position:0% +also have a role in the community so + + + align:start position:0% +also have a role in the community so +it's this support network that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it's this support network that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's this support network that doesn't +depend on your major or your dorm or + + align:start position:0% +depend on your major or your dorm or + + + align:start position:0% +depend on your major or your dorm or +your clubs or your fraternity sorority + + align:start position:0% +your clubs or your fraternity sorority + + + align:start position:0% +your clubs or your fraternity sorority +or teams it's another intergenerational + + align:start position:0% +or teams it's another intergenerational + + + align:start position:0% +or teams it's another intergenerational +Network that that holds students up and + + align:start position:0% +Network that that holds students up and + + + align:start position:0% +Network that that holds students up and +helps them make the transition to MIT + + align:start position:0% +helps them make the transition to MIT + + + align:start position:0% +helps them make the transition to MIT +which is sometimes really hard for + + align:start position:0% +which is sometimes really hard for + + + align:start position:0% +which is sometimes really hard for +people these learning communities also + + align:start position:0% +people these learning communities also + + + align:start position:0% +people these learning communities also +include academic offerings where + + align:start position:0% +include academic offerings where + + + align:start position:0% +include academic offerings where +students can explore topics and issues + + align:start position:0% +students can explore topics and issues + + + align:start position:0% +students can explore topics and issues +that interest and Inspire them + + align:start position:0% +that interest and Inspire them + + + align:start position:0% +that interest and Inspire them +academically we have a number of classes + + align:start position:0% +academically we have a number of classes + + + align:start position:0% +academically we have a number of classes +what they have in common is they all + + align:start position:0% +what they have in common is they all + + + align:start position:0% +what they have in common is they all +have to do with + + align:start position:0% +have to do with + + + align:start position:0% +have to do with +sustainability and they are all classes + + align:start position:0% +sustainability and they are all classes + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability and they are all classes +where students have an enormous amount + + align:start position:0% +where students have an enormous amount + + + align:start position:0% +where students have an enormous amount +of control over their own academic + + align:start position:0% +of control over their own academic + + + align:start position:0% +of control over their own academic +experience so our Flagship class our + + align:start position:0% +experience so our Flagship class our + + + align:start position:0% +experience so our Flagship class our +Cornerstone class the our our main class + + align:start position:0% +Cornerstone class the our our main class + + + align:start position:0% +Cornerstone class the our our main class +is called solving complex problems and + + align:start position:0% +is called solving complex problems and + + + align:start position:0% +is called solving complex problems and +every year we pick a problem it's always + + align:start position:0% +every year we pick a problem it's always + + + align:start position:0% +every year we pick a problem it's always +a real problem it always has to do with + + align:start position:0% +a real problem it always has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +a real problem it always has to do with +sustainability it's always a problem + + align:start position:0% +sustainability it's always a problem + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability it's always a problem +where there is no perfect solution so + + align:start position:0% +where there is no perfect solution so + + + align:start position:0% +where there is no perfect solution so +you have to learn how to make + + align:start position:0% +you have to learn how to make + + + align:start position:0% +you have to learn how to make +compromises and it's always a problem + + align:start position:0% +compromises and it's always a problem + + + align:start position:0% +compromises and it's always a problem +where it looks as though Science and + + align:start position:0% +where it looks as though Science and + + + align:start position:0% +where it looks as though Science and +Technology might be the most important + + align:start position:0% +Technology might be the most important + + + align:start position:0% +Technology might be the most important +thing but they're not it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +thing but they're not it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +thing but they're not it turns out that +understanding history and culture and + + align:start position:0% +understanding history and culture and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding history and culture and +economics and the people who live in the + + align:start position:0% +economics and the people who live in the + + + align:start position:0% +economics and the people who live in the +area where the problem is occurring and + + align:start position:0% +area where the problem is occurring and + + + align:start position:0% +area where the problem is occurring and +their history and their history of + + align:start position:0% +their history and their history of + + + align:start position:0% +their history and their history of +working with the problem those are all + + align:start position:0% +working with the problem those are all + + + align:start position:0% +working with the problem those are all +much more important than the science and + + align:start position:0% +much more important than the science and + + + align:start position:0% +much more important than the science and +technology and we give them the problem + + align:start position:0% +technology and we give them the problem + + + align:start position:0% +technology and we give them the problem +and basically say + + align:start position:0% +and basically say + + + align:start position:0% +and basically say +go we don't do a lot of teaching our rle + + align:start position:0% +go we don't do a lot of teaching our rle + + + align:start position:0% +go we don't do a lot of teaching our rle +is to create a setting in which a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is to create a setting in which a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is to create a setting in which a lot of +learning happens rather than to do a lot + + align:start position:0% +learning happens rather than to do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +learning happens rather than to do a lot +of teaching ourselves so we give the + + align:start position:0% +of teaching ourselves so we give the + + + align:start position:0% +of teaching ourselves so we give the +students a lot of support there are a + + align:start position:0% +students a lot of support there are a + + + align:start position:0% +students a lot of support there are a +couple of instructors there's a teaching + + align:start position:0% +couple of instructors there's a teaching + + + align:start position:0% +couple of instructors there's a teaching +assistant there are undergraduates who + + align:start position:0% +assistant there are undergraduates who + + + align:start position:0% +assistant there are undergraduates who +work as teaching fellows there's a sort + + align:start position:0% +work as teaching fellows there's a sort + + + align:start position:0% +work as teaching fellows there's a sort +of this whole array their Librarians + + align:start position:0% +of this whole array their Librarians + + + align:start position:0% +of this whole array their Librarians +alumni this whole array of support but + + align:start position:0% +alumni this whole array of support but + + + align:start position:0% +alumni this whole array of support but +we don't tell them what to do and in + + align:start position:0% +we don't tell them what to do and in + + + align:start position:0% +we don't tell them what to do and in +fact they have the power if they like to + + align:start position:0% +fact they have the power if they like to + + + align:start position:0% +fact they have the power if they like to +change the problem to rewrite the + + align:start position:0% +change the problem to rewrite the + + + align:start position:0% +change the problem to rewrite the +problem to throw out the problem and + + align:start position:0% +problem to throw out the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +problem to throw out the problem and +start again + + align:start position:0% +start again + + + align:start position:0% +start again +uh and they + + align:start position:0% +uh and they + + + align:start position:0% +uh and they +do for a first year student that must + + align:start position:0% +do for a first year student that must + + + align:start position:0% +do for a first year student that must +feel a little strange right to say + + align:start position:0% +feel a little strange right to say + + + align:start position:0% +feel a little strange right to say +you're in control you know there's + + align:start position:0% +you're in control you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +you're in control you know there's +there's not a set way to solve this + + align:start position:0% +there's not a set way to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +there's not a set way to solve this +problem um you can change the problem + + align:start position:0% +problem um you can change the problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem um you can change the problem +you're in the driver's seat like do do + + align:start position:0% +you're in the driver's seat like do do + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the driver's seat like do do +students ever feel anxious about this so + + align:start position:0% +students ever feel anxious about this so + + + align:start position:0% +students ever feel anxious about this so +it's interesting right so that when we + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting right so that when we + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting right so that when we +tell them it's up to you their natural + + align:start position:0% +tell them it's up to you their natural + + + align:start position:0% +tell them it's up to you their natural +impulse is not to fully believe us + + align:start position:0% +impulse is not to fully believe us + + + align:start position:0% +impulse is not to fully believe us +because people have told them a lot of + + align:start position:0% +because people have told them a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +because people have told them a lot of +things up to them and then it turns out + + align:start position:0% +things up to them and then it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +things up to them and then it turns out +no there's all these + + align:start position:0% +no there's all these + + + align:start position:0% +no there's all these +rules um that's been their past + + align:start position:0% +rules um that's been their past + + + align:start position:0% +rules um that's been their past +experience and you know they've been + + align:start position:0% +experience and you know they've been + + + align:start position:0% +experience and you know they've been +trained through the K12 experience in + + align:start position:0% +trained through the K12 experience in + + + align:start position:0% +trained through the K12 experience in +doing what they're told you know even + + align:start position:0% +doing what they're told you know even + + + align:start position:0% +doing what they're told you know even +people who are very independent-minded + + align:start position:0% +people who are very independent-minded + + + align:start position:0% +people who are very independent-minded +also learn you kind of sort of have to + + align:start position:0% +also learn you kind of sort of have to + + + align:start position:0% +also learn you kind of sort of have to +follow whatever the rules are and that's + + align:start position:0% +follow whatever the rules are and that's + + + align:start position:0% +follow whatever the rules are and that's +sort of how they've made it through K12 + + align:start position:0% +sort of how they've made it through K12 + + + align:start position:0% +sort of how they've made it through K12 +so when we tell them it's up to you + + align:start position:0% +so when we tell them it's up to you + + + align:start position:0% +so when we tell them it's up to you +there's a little period of what I like + + align:start position:0% +there's a little period of what I like + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little period of what I like +to think of as intellectual vertigo + + align:start position:0% +to think of as intellectual vertigo + + + align:start position:0% +to think of as intellectual vertigo +where they they just don't really + + align:start position:0% +where they they just don't really + + + align:start position:0% +where they they just don't really +they don't know what that what to make + + align:start position:0% +they don't know what that what to make + + + align:start position:0% +they don't know what that what to make +of it and they're kind of sort of + + align:start position:0% +of it and they're kind of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of it and they're kind of sort of +waiting for us to take the mask off and + + align:start position:0% +waiting for us to take the mask off and + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for us to take the mask off and +okay we'll really tell you what to do + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll really tell you what to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll really tell you what to do +now and + + align:start position:0% +now and + + + align:start position:0% +now and +then gradually they come to realize that + + align:start position:0% +then gradually they come to realize that + + + align:start position:0% +then gradually they come to realize that +we mean what we say and it helps a + + align:start position:0% +we mean what we say and it helps a + + + align:start position:0% +we mean what we say and it helps a +little bit and we tell them what their + + align:start position:0% +little bit and we tell them what their + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and we tell them what their +deliverables going to be at the end of + + align:start position:0% +deliverables going to be at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +deliverables going to be at the end of +the semester they need to create a + + align:start position:0% +the semester they need to create a + + + align:start position:0% +the semester they need to create a +website that describes their proposed + + align:start position:0% +website that describes their proposed + + + align:start position:0% +website that describes their proposed +Solutions in as much technical detail as + + align:start position:0% +Solutions in as much technical detail as + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions in as much technical detail as +they can and then a week later we bring + + align:start position:0% +they can and then a week later we bring + + + align:start position:0% +they can and then a week later we bring +in a panel of experts from anywhere in + + align:start position:0% +in a panel of experts from anywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +in a panel of experts from anywhere in +the world and they need to defend their + + align:start position:0% +the world and they need to defend their + + + align:start position:0% +the world and they need to defend their +solution in front of the experts but how + + align:start position:0% +solution in front of the experts but how + + + align:start position:0% +solution in front of the experts but how +they get there is really up to + + align:start position:0% +they get there is really up to + + + align:start position:0% +they get there is really up to +them it's such a powerful thing to have + + align:start position:0% +them it's such a powerful thing to have + + + align:start position:0% +them it's such a powerful thing to have +a real audience of real experts out in + + align:start position:0% +a real audience of real experts out in + + + align:start position:0% +a real audience of real experts out in +the world to present your work to could + + align:start position:0% +the world to present your work to could + + + align:start position:0% +the world to present your work to could +you tell me a little bit about that what + + align:start position:0% +you tell me a little bit about that what + + + align:start position:0% +you tell me a little bit about that what +that's like for them it's really scary + + align:start position:0% +that's like for them it's really scary + + + align:start position:0% +that's like for them it's really scary +for them and it's supposed to be it's + + align:start position:0% +for them and it's supposed to be it's + + + align:start position:0% +for them and it's supposed to be it's +supposed to be a really scary + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a really scary + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a really scary +experience they're supposed + + align:start position:0% +experience they're supposed + + + align:start position:0% +experience they're supposed +to really want to do their best + + align:start position:0% +to really want to do their best + + + align:start position:0% +to really want to do their best +and I think one of the key things in all + + align:start position:0% +and I think one of the key things in all + + + align:start position:0% +and I think one of the key things in all +the terrascope classes the final product + + align:start position:0% +the terrascope classes the final product + + + align:start position:0% +the terrascope classes the final product +the final outcome is judged not by us as + + align:start position:0% +the final outcome is judged not by us as + + + align:start position:0% +the final outcome is judged not by us as +the instructors we aren't judging them + + align:start position:0% +the instructors we aren't judging them + + + align:start position:0% +the instructors we aren't judging them +we are helping them prepare for this + + align:start position:0% +we are helping them prepare for this + + + align:start position:0% +we are helping them prepare for this +wider scarier audience so what happens + + align:start position:0% +wider scarier audience so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +wider scarier audience so what happens +they come up with this presentation and + + align:start position:0% +they come up with this presentation and + + + align:start position:0% +they come up with this presentation and +they've been working on it and they went + + align:start position:0% +they've been working on it and they went + + + align:start position:0% +they've been working on it and they went +through a number of iterations and then + + align:start position:0% +through a number of iterations and then + + + align:start position:0% +through a number of iterations and then +they present for about an hour and then + + align:start position:0% +they present for about an hour and then + + + align:start position:0% +they present for about an hour and then +there's an hour and a half or so of Q&A + + align:start position:0% +there's an hour and a half or so of Q&A + + + align:start position:0% +there's an hour and a half or so of Q&A +maybe two hours of Q&A + + align:start position:0% +maybe two hours of Q&A + + + align:start position:0% +maybe two hours of Q&A +and that's really the cool part because + + align:start position:0% +and that's really the cool part because + + + align:start position:0% +and that's really the cool part because +gradually the panelists start to realize + + align:start position:0% +gradually the panelists start to realize + + + align:start position:0% +gradually the panelists start to realize +that they can actually ask the hard + + align:start position:0% +that they can actually ask the hard + + + align:start position:0% +that they can actually ask the hard +questions this is not you know oh it's a + + align:start position:0% +questions this is not you know oh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +questions this is not you know oh it's a +nice school project and we'll ask them + + align:start position:0% +nice school project and we'll ask them + + + align:start position:0% +nice school project and we'll ask them +nice questions and everybody will be + + align:start position:0% +nice questions and everybody will be + + + align:start position:0% +nice questions and everybody will be +happy they start asking the hard + + align:start position:0% +happy they start asking the hard + + + align:start position:0% +happy they start asking the hard +questions and the students no one + + align:start position:0% +questions and the students no one + + + align:start position:0% +questions and the students no one +student knows the answer to every + + align:start position:0% +student knows the answer to every + + + align:start position:0% +student knows the answer to every +question but some student knows the + + align:start position:0% +question but some student knows the + + + align:start position:0% +question but some student knows the +answer to every question or knows and + + align:start position:0% +answer to every question or knows and + + + align:start position:0% +answer to every question or knows and +answer to every question and they + + align:start position:0% +answer to every question and they + + + align:start position:0% +answer to every question and they +gradually come to realize just how much + + align:start position:0% +gradually come to realize just how much + + + align:start position:0% +gradually come to realize just how much +they've learned and just how much + + align:start position:0% +they've learned and just how much + + + align:start position:0% +they've learned and just how much +they've accomplished and how as a group + + align:start position:0% +they've accomplished and how as a group + + + align:start position:0% +they've accomplished and how as a group +they have this extra competence and this + + align:start position:0% +they have this extra competence and this + + + align:start position:0% +they have this extra competence and this +extra knowledge that they just didn't + + align:start position:0% +extra knowledge that they just didn't + + + align:start position:0% +extra knowledge that they just didn't +have two and a half months ago and + + align:start position:0% +have two and a half months ago and + + + align:start position:0% +have two and a half months ago and +that's a really beautiful seeing that + + align:start position:0% +that's a really beautiful seeing that + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really beautiful seeing that +happen in real time with the students is + + align:start position:0% +happen in real time with the students is + + + align:start position:0% +happen in real time with the students is +one of my favorite times of the + + align:start position:0% +one of my favorite times of the + + + align:start position:0% +one of my favorite times of the +year one of the things I love so much + + align:start position:0% +year one of the things I love so much + + + align:start position:0% +year one of the things I love so much +about terrascope is how by the end of it + + align:start position:0% +about terrascope is how by the end of it + + + align:start position:0% +about terrascope is how by the end of it +students truly gain a practical + + align:start position:0% +students truly gain a practical + + + align:start position:0% +students truly gain a practical +education about a real world problem I + + align:start position:0% +education about a real world problem I + + + align:start position:0% +education about a real world problem I +asked Ari about some of the problems + + align:start position:0% +asked Ari about some of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +asked Ari about some of the problems +these classes have focused + + align:start position:0% +these classes have focused + + + align:start position:0% +these classes have focused +on so last year's challenge was to come + + align:start position:0% +on so last year's challenge was to come + + + align:start position:0% +on so last year's challenge was to come +up with proposals to make long range + + align:start position:0% +up with proposals to make long range + + + align:start position:0% +up with proposals to make long range +transportation of freight more + + align:start position:0% +transportation of freight more + + + align:start position:0% +transportation of freight more +sustainable and more Equitable and the + + align:start position:0% +sustainable and more Equitable and the + + + align:start position:0% +sustainable and more Equitable and the +students decided they wanted to focus on + + align:start position:0% +students decided they wanted to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +students decided they wanted to focus on +ships trucks and ports and they weren't + + align:start position:0% +ships trucks and ports and they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +ships trucks and ports and they weren't +going to talk about Rail and they + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about Rail and they + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about Rail and they +weren't going to talk about air and they + + align:start position:0% +weren't going to talk about air and they + + + align:start position:0% +weren't going to talk about air and they +weren't going to talk about pipelines + + align:start position:0% +weren't going to talk about pipelines + + + align:start position:0% +weren't going to talk about pipelines +that's their choice but here's an + + align:start position:0% +that's their choice but here's an + + + align:start position:0% +that's their choice but here's an +example of the kinds of panelists we had + + align:start position:0% +example of the kinds of panelists we had + + + align:start position:0% +example of the kinds of panelists we had +we had the incoming president of the + + align:start position:0% +we had the incoming president of the + + + align:start position:0% +we had the incoming president of the +teamsters we also had someone from the + + align:start position:0% +teamsters we also had someone from the + + + align:start position:0% +teamsters we also had someone from the +union of concerned scientists who's + + align:start position:0% +union of concerned scientists who's + + + align:start position:0% +union of concerned scientists who's +working on their project on clean energy + + align:start position:0% +working on their project on clean energy + + + align:start position:0% +working on their project on clean energy +we also had the former director of the + + align:start position:0% +we also had the former director of the + + + align:start position:0% +we also had the former director of the +port of Boston who at that time had then + + align:start position:0% +port of Boston who at that time had then + + + align:start position:0% +port of Boston who at that time had then +moved on to be the director of the + + align:start position:0% +moved on to be the director of the + + + align:start position:0% +moved on to be the director of the +federal government's vulpi + + align:start position:0% +federal government's vulpi + + + align:start position:0% +federal government's vulpi +Transportation Center here in Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +Transportation Center here in Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +Transportation Center here in Cambridge +so those are real people and one of the + + align:start position:0% +so those are real people and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +so those are real people and one of the +reasons it was great to have the + + align:start position:0% +reasons it was great to have the + + + align:start position:0% +reasons it was great to have the +teamster president there was the + + align:start position:0% +teamster president there was the + + + align:start position:0% +teamster president there was the +students had decided early in the + + align:start position:0% +students had decided early in the + + + align:start position:0% +students had decided early in the +semester you + + align:start position:0% +semester you + + + align:start position:0% +semester you +know the part about people is really + + align:start position:0% +know the part about people is really + + + align:start position:0% +know the part about people is really +complicated let's just talk about the + + align:start position:0% +complicated let's just talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated let's just talk about the +trucks and the ships and stuff and let's + + align:start position:0% +trucks and the ships and stuff and let's + + + align:start position:0% +trucks and the ships and stuff and let's +let's let's not talk too much about the + + align:start position:0% +let's let's not talk too much about the + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's not talk too much about the +people cuz that's just you know like you + + align:start position:0% +people cuz that's just you know like you + + + align:start position:0% +people cuz that's just you know like you +know the people who sail the ships and + + align:start position:0% +know the people who sail the ships and + + + align:start position:0% +know the people who sail the ships and +who drive the trucks and let's just not + + align:start position:0% +who drive the trucks and let's just not + + + align:start position:0% +who drive the trucks and let's just not +talk and you know we nudg them a little + + align:start position:0% +talk and you know we nudg them a little + + + align:start position:0% +talk and you know we nudg them a little +bit and said oh you know maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +bit and said oh you know maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +bit and said oh you know maybe that's +important especially when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +important especially when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +important especially when we talk about +Equity maybe that's important people + + align:start position:0% +Equity maybe that's important people + + + align:start position:0% +Equity maybe that's important people +implementing their changes but you know + + align:start position:0% +implementing their changes but you know + + + align:start position:0% +implementing their changes but you know +that's the direction they chose to go + + align:start position:0% +that's the direction they chose to go + + + align:start position:0% +that's the direction they chose to go +and what we decided was that for the + + align:start position:0% +and what we decided was that for the + + + align:start position:0% +and what we decided was that for the +final panel we wanted them to at least + + align:start position:0% +final panel we wanted them to at least + + + align:start position:0% +final panel we wanted them to at least +have to face + + align:start position:0% +have to face + + + align:start position:0% +have to face +that and so when we told them a couple + + align:start position:0% +that and so when we told them a couple + + + align:start position:0% +that and so when we told them a couple +of weeks before their panel showed up + + align:start position:0% +of weeks before their panel showed up + + + align:start position:0% +of weeks before their panel showed up +who was going to be on their panel they + + align:start position:0% +who was going to be on their panel they + + + align:start position:0% +who was going to be on their panel they +realized that they needed to sort of + + align:start position:0% +realized that they needed to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +realized that they needed to sort of +think about the problem in a little more + + align:start position:0% +think about the problem in a little more + + + align:start position:0% +think about the problem in a little more +depth and then this past Year's problem + + align:start position:0% +depth and then this past Year's problem + + + align:start position:0% +depth and then this past Year's problem +as stated to the students was to come up + + align:start position:0% +as stated to the students was to come up + + + align:start position:0% +as stated to the students was to come up +with ways to take pressure off of the + + align:start position:0% +with ways to take pressure off of the + + + align:start position:0% +with ways to take pressure off of the +clean water system within Navajo Nation + + align:start position:0% +clean water system within Navajo Nation + + + align:start position:0% +clean water system within Navajo Nation +and ideally those should be ways that + + align:start position:0% +and ideally those should be ways that + + + align:start position:0% +and ideally those should be ways that +originate in or at least are compatible + + align:start position:0% +originate in or at least are compatible + + + align:start position:0% +originate in or at least are compatible +with Denette tradition and custom where + + align:start position:0% +with Denette tradition and custom where + + + align:start position:0% +with Denette tradition and custom where +Den people whom we call Navajo call + + align:start position:0% +Den people whom we call Navajo call + + + align:start position:0% +Den people whom we call Navajo call +themselves da + + align:start position:0% +themselves da + + + align:start position:0% +themselves da +um and so that was the problem in Navajo + + align:start position:0% +um and so that was the problem in Navajo + + + align:start position:0% +um and so that was the problem in Navajo +Nation water is very scarce there's a + + align:start position:0% +Nation water is very scarce there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Nation water is very scarce there's a +drought and a lot of the water that + + align:start position:0% +drought and a lot of the water that + + + align:start position:0% +drought and a lot of the water that +exists is contaminated by uranium and + + align:start position:0% +exists is contaminated by uranium and + + + align:start position:0% +exists is contaminated by uranium and +Arsenic and so it's a really complicated + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic and so it's a really complicated + + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic and so it's a really complicated +place from the point of view of fresh + + align:start position:0% +place from the point of view of fresh + + + align:start position:0% +place from the point of view of fresh +water and our problem for them was not + + align:start position:0% +water and our problem for them was not + + + align:start position:0% +water and our problem for them was not +come up with new sources of freshwat but + + align:start position:0% +come up with new sources of freshwat but + + + align:start position:0% +come up with new sources of freshwat but +come up with ways to take pressure off + + align:start position:0% +come up with ways to take pressure off + + + align:start position:0% +come up with ways to take pressure off +of the freshwater system and there any + + align:start position:0% +of the freshwater system and there any + + + align:start position:0% +of the freshwater system and there any +number of ways they could have gone with + + align:start position:0% +number of ways they could have gone with + + + align:start position:0% +number of ways they could have gone with +that but what they did was they thought + + align:start position:0% +that but what they did was they thought + + + align:start position:0% +that but what they did was they thought +about the problem in a whole lot of ways + + align:start position:0% +about the problem in a whole lot of ways + + + align:start position:0% +about the problem in a whole lot of ways +and they thought you + + align:start position:0% +and they thought you + + + align:start position:0% +and they thought you +know water's really important but one of + + align:start position:0% +know water's really important but one of + + + align:start position:0% +know water's really important but one of +the reasons water is really important is + + align:start position:0% +the reasons water is really important is + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons water is really important is +food security and food security is a + + align:start position:0% +food security and food security is a + + + align:start position:0% +food security and food security is a +problem in Navajo Nation which it really + + align:start position:0% +problem in Navajo Nation which it really + + + align:start position:0% +problem in Navajo Nation which it really +is right it's a a nation the size of + + align:start position:0% +is right it's a a nation the size of + + + align:start position:0% +is right it's a a nation the size of +roughly the size of West Virginia there + + align:start position:0% +roughly the size of West Virginia there + + + align:start position:0% +roughly the size of West Virginia there +are a total of 13 + + align:start position:0% +are a total of 13 + + + align:start position:0% +are a total of 13 +supermarkets so food security is a + + align:start position:0% +supermarkets so food security is a + + + align:start position:0% +supermarkets so food security is a +problem and so they decided what we + + align:start position:0% +problem and so they decided what we + + + align:start position:0% +problem and so they decided what we +would like to do would be to encourage + + align:start position:0% +would like to do would be to encourage + + + align:start position:0% +would like to do would be to encourage +traditional da agricultural techniques + + align:start position:0% +traditional da agricultural techniques + + + align:start position:0% +traditional da agricultural techniques +and to encourage education in + + align:start position:0% +and to encourage education in + + + align:start position:0% +and to encourage education in +traditional da agricultural techniques + + align:start position:0% +traditional da agricultural techniques + + + align:start position:0% +traditional da agricultural techniques +so their whole proposal was for an + + align:start position:0% +so their whole proposal was for an + + + align:start position:0% +so their whole proposal was for an +educational program a K12 educational + + align:start position:0% +educational program a K12 educational + + + align:start position:0% +educational program a K12 educational +program to potentially be implemented + + align:start position:0% +program to potentially be implemented + + + align:start position:0% +program to potentially be implemented +within Navajo Nation to help young + + align:start position:0% +within Navajo Nation to help young + + + align:start position:0% +within Navajo Nation to help young +people within Navajo Nation learn how to + + align:start position:0% +people within Navajo Nation learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +people within Navajo Nation learn how to +farm the way their ancestors their + + align:start position:0% +farm the way their ancestors their + + + align:start position:0% +farm the way their ancestors their +Elders had been farming who was on their + + align:start position:0% +Elders had been farming who was on their + + + align:start position:0% +Elders had been farming who was on their +panel of + + align:start position:0% +panel of + + + align:start position:0% +panel of +experts so the director of the Navajo + + align:start position:0% +experts so the director of the Navajo + + + align:start position:0% +experts so the director of the Navajo +Water Project for dig deep which is an + + align:start position:0% +Water Project for dig deep which is an + + + align:start position:0% +Water Project for dig deep which is an +NGO that works on water health and + + align:start position:0% +NGO that works on water health and + + + align:start position:0% +NGO that works on water health and +sanitation someone who works at New + + align:start position:0% +sanitation someone who works at New + + + align:start position:0% +sanitation someone who works at New +Mexico State University in their + + align:start position:0% +Mexico State University in their + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico State University in their +agricultural research station but who + + align:start position:0% +agricultural research station but who + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural research station but who +also does traditional Den farming + + align:start position:0% +also does traditional Den farming + + + align:start position:0% +also does traditional Den farming +techniques in his own home and who is in + + align:start position:0% +techniques in his own home and who is in + + + align:start position:0% +techniques in his own home and who is in +his outof work time an advocate for + + align:start position:0% +his outof work time an advocate for + + + align:start position:0% +his outof work time an advocate for +helping people move back to traditional + + align:start position:0% +helping people move back to traditional + + + align:start position:0% +helping people move back to traditional +farming a den farmer uh who helps to + + align:start position:0% +farming a den farmer uh who helps to + + + align:start position:0% +farming a den farmer uh who helps to +direct a Cooperative organization of a + + align:start position:0% +direct a Cooperative organization of a + + + align:start position:0% +direct a Cooperative organization of a +number of small holder farmers in a + + align:start position:0% +number of small holder farmers in a + + + align:start position:0% +number of small holder farmers in a +particular part of Navajo Nation + + align:start position:0% +particular part of Navajo Nation + + + align:start position:0% +particular part of Navajo Nation +uh the principal of a school whose + + align:start position:0% +uh the principal of a school whose + + + align:start position:0% +uh the principal of a school whose +students are mostly + + align:start position:0% +students are mostly + + + align:start position:0% +students are mostly +da that already has traditional da + + align:start position:0% +da that already has traditional da + + + align:start position:0% +da that already has traditional da +Gardens so they're doing some of the + + align:start position:0% +Gardens so they're doing some of the + + + align:start position:0% +Gardens so they're doing some of the +kinds of things the students + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things the students + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things the students +proposed and let's see a hydrology + + align:start position:0% +proposed and let's see a hydrology + + + align:start position:0% +proposed and let's see a hydrology +expert from uh Arizona who has strong + + align:start position:0% +expert from uh Arizona who has strong + + + align:start position:0% +expert from uh Arizona who has strong +interaction with Navajo Nation already + + align:start position:0% +interaction with Navajo Nation already + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with Navajo Nation already +and not an official panelist but the + + align:start position:0% +and not an official panelist but the + + + align:start position:0% +and not an official panelist but the +father of the woman from dig deep + + align:start position:0% +father of the woman from dig deep + + + align:start position:0% +father of the woman from dig deep +uh works for the Navajo government as an + + align:start position:0% +uh works for the Navajo government as an + + + align:start position:0% +uh works for the Navajo government as an +environmental official for a certain + + align:start position:0% +environmental official for a certain + + + align:start position:0% +environmental official for a certain +part of Navajo Nation and he was not an + + align:start position:0% +part of Navajo Nation and he was not an + + + align:start position:0% +part of Navajo Nation and he was not an +official panelist but he came and he was + + align:start position:0% +official panelist but he came and he was + + + align:start position:0% +official panelist but he came and he was +sitting in the audience and somebody + + align:start position:0% +sitting in the audience and somebody + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in the audience and somebody +asked a question and one of the students + + align:start position:0% +asked a question and one of the students + + + align:start position:0% +asked a question and one of the students +answered the question and he got up and + + align:start position:0% +answered the question and he got up and + + + align:start position:0% +answered the question and he got up and +went over to the microphone and reacted + + align:start position:0% +went over to the microphone and reacted + + + align:start position:0% +went over to the microphone and reacted +to the answer and said well let me let + + align:start position:0% +to the answer and said well let me let + + + align:start position:0% +to the answer and said well let me let +me clarify a few things for you about + + align:start position:0% +me clarify a few things for you about + + + align:start position:0% +me clarify a few things for you about +how things really work in Navajo Nation + + align:start position:0% +how things really work in Navajo Nation + + + align:start position:0% +how things really work in Navajo Nation +because that might change your answer + + align:start position:0% +because that might change your answer + + + align:start position:0% +because that might change your answer +and that was fabulous it was a great + + align:start position:0% +and that was fabulous it was a great + + + align:start position:0% +and that was fabulous it was a great +moment it was a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +moment it was a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +moment it was a wonderful +moment one aming amazing opportunity for + + align:start position:0% +moment one aming amazing opportunity for + + + align:start position:0% +moment one aming amazing opportunity for +terrascope students is the class called + + align:start position:0% +terrascope students is the class called + + + align:start position:0% +terrascope students is the class called +terrascope radio where they learn to + + align:start position:0% +terrascope radio where they learn to + + + align:start position:0% +terrascope radio where they learn to +communicate science stories using + + align:start position:0% +communicate science stories using + + + align:start position:0% +communicate science stories using +Sound terrascope Radio is a class we + + align:start position:0% +Sound terrascope Radio is a class we + + + align:start position:0% +Sound terrascope Radio is a class we +teach in the spring ideally folks who + + align:start position:0% +teach in the spring ideally folks who + + + align:start position:0% +teach in the spring ideally folks who +take terrascope radio will have taken + + align:start position:0% +take terrascope radio will have taken + + + align:start position:0% +take terrascope radio will have taken +the fall class but they don't have to it + + align:start position:0% +the fall class but they don't have to it + + + align:start position:0% +the fall class but they don't have to it +intersects in interesting ways with our + + align:start position:0% +intersects in interesting ways with our + + + align:start position:0% +intersects in interesting ways with our +field trip we go on a field trip every + + align:start position:0% +field trip we go on a field trip every + + + align:start position:0% +field trip we go on a field trip every +year during spring break to a place + + align:start position:0% +year during spring break to a place + + + align:start position:0% +year during spring break to a place +that's relevant to the year's topic + + align:start position:0% +that's relevant to the year's topic + + + align:start position:0% +that's relevant to the year's topic +so in terrascope radio students learn + + align:start position:0% +so in terrascope radio students learn + + + align:start position:0% +so in terrascope radio students learn +how to tell stories using only + + align:start position:0% +how to tell stories using only + + + align:start position:0% +how to tell stories using only +sound and their big project is to create + + align:start position:0% +sound and their big project is to create + + + align:start position:0% +sound and their big project is to create +a story somewhere around 15 20 minutes + + align:start position:0% +a story somewhere around 15 20 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +a story somewhere around 15 20 minutes +along about the year's topic and that's + + align:start position:0% +along about the year's topic and that's + + + align:start position:0% +along about the year's topic and that's +really all the direction they get it can + + align:start position:0% +really all the direction they get it can + + + align:start position:0% +really all the direction they get it can +be any format it can be any style so the + + align:start position:0% +be any format it can be any style so the + + + align:start position:0% +be any format it can be any style so the +students need to learn technically how + + align:start position:0% +students need to learn technically how + + + align:start position:0% +students need to learn technically how +do you gather sound how do you edit + + align:start position:0% +do you gather sound how do you edit + + + align:start position:0% +do you gather sound how do you edit +sound they also need to learn much more + + align:start position:0% +sound they also need to learn much more + + + align:start position:0% +sound they also need to learn much more +complicated lessons in how do you tell + + align:start position:0% +complicated lessons in how do you tell + + + align:start position:0% +complicated lessons in how do you tell +stories when all you have is sound how + + align:start position:0% +stories when all you have is sound how + + + align:start position:0% +stories when all you have is sound how +do you engage a listen + + align:start position:0% +do you engage a listen + + + align:start position:0% +do you engage a listen +how do you keep the listener engaged how + + align:start position:0% +how do you keep the listener engaged how + + + align:start position:0% +how do you keep the listener engaged how +do you make it so they don't just change + + align:start position:0% +do you make it so they don't just change + + + align:start position:0% +do you make it so they don't just change +the station or turn it off uh how people + + align:start position:0% +the station or turn it off uh how people + + + align:start position:0% +the station or turn it off uh how people +who may not come into it you know you're + + align:start position:0% +who may not come into it you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +who may not come into it you know you're +excited about this topic they don't how + + align:start position:0% +excited about this topic they don't how + + + align:start position:0% +excited about this topic they don't how +are you going to get them to listen to + + align:start position:0% +are you going to get them to listen to + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to get them to listen to +you so part of what the spring break + + align:start position:0% +you so part of what the spring break + + + align:start position:0% +you so part of what the spring break +trip is there for is for ground truthing + + align:start position:0% +trip is there for is for ground truthing + + + align:start position:0% +trip is there for is for ground truthing +you show up there and you see would our + + align:start position:0% +you show up there and you see would our + + + align:start position:0% +you show up there and you see would our +solution have worked would it not work + + align:start position:0% +solution have worked would it not work + + + align:start position:0% +solution have worked would it not work +so I'll give it a great example one year + + align:start position:0% +so I'll give it a great example one year + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll give it a great example one year +the problem had to do with balancing + + align:start position:0% +the problem had to do with balancing + + + align:start position:0% +the problem had to do with balancing +tourism + + align:start position:0% +tourism + + + align:start position:0% +tourism +development and sustainability in the + + align:start position:0% +development and sustainability in the + + + align:start position:0% +development and sustainability in the +Galapagos + + align:start position:0% +Galapagos + + + align:start position:0% +Galapagos +Islands and the students came up with + + align:start position:0% +Islands and the students came up with + + + align:start position:0% +Islands and the students came up with +this idea that everybody who lives in + + align:start position:0% +this idea that everybody who lives in + + + align:start position:0% +this idea that everybody who lives in +the Galapagos Islands should have a + + align:start position:0% +the Galapagos Islands should have a + + + align:start position:0% +the Galapagos Islands should have a +certain kind of house that's very green + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of house that's very green + + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of house that's very green +in a variety of different ways and they + + align:start position:0% +in a variety of different ways and they + + + align:start position:0% +in a variety of different ways and they +had this really interesting idea and + + align:start position:0% +had this really interesting idea and + + + align:start position:0% +had this really interesting idea and +then we went there and you know folks + + align:start position:0% +then we went there and you know folks + + + align:start position:0% +then we went there and you know folks +whom we visited were mostly living in + + align:start position:0% +whom we visited were mostly living in + + + align:start position:0% +whom we visited were mostly living in +cinder block houses you know with metal + + align:start position:0% +cinder block houses you know with metal + + + align:start position:0% +cinder block houses you know with metal +corrugated roofs with all the materials + + align:start position:0% +corrugated roofs with all the materials + + + align:start position:0% +corrugated roofs with all the materials +brought in by you know oil + + align:start position:0% +brought in by you know oil + + + align:start position:0% +brought in by you know oil +burning Freighters right you know and + + align:start position:0% +burning Freighters right you know and + + + align:start position:0% +burning Freighters right you know and +and they realized oh this part of our + + align:start position:0% +and they realized oh this part of our + + + align:start position:0% +and they realized oh this part of our +solution wouldn't work but the other + + align:start position:0% +solution wouldn't work but the other + + + align:start position:0% +solution wouldn't work but the other +experience they have is they go and they + + align:start position:0% +experience they have is they go and they + + + align:start position:0% +experience they have is they go and they +talk to people and they go oh this part + + align:start position:0% +talk to people and they go oh this part + + + align:start position:0% +talk to people and they go oh this part +of our solution actually really would + + align:start position:0% +of our solution actually really would + + + align:start position:0% +of our solution actually really would +work and that is really good it's + + align:start position:0% +work and that is really good it's + + + align:start position:0% +work and that is really good it's +affirming for + + align:start position:0% +affirming for + + + align:start position:0% +affirming for +them at the same time as giving them the + + align:start position:0% +them at the same time as giving them the + + + align:start position:0% +them at the same time as giving them the +context that wow you know we weren't + + align:start position:0% +context that wow you know we weren't + + + align:start position:0% +context that wow you know we weren't +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +experts we we didn't get all of it right + + align:start position:0% +experts we we didn't get all of it right + + + align:start position:0% +experts we we didn't get all of it right +and so it's important for us for that + + align:start position:0% +and so it's important for us for that + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's important for us for that +field trip to come + + align:start position:0% +field trip to come + + + align:start position:0% +field trip to come +after they've already had that problem + + align:start position:0% +after they've already had that problem + + + align:start position:0% +after they've already had that problem +solving + + align:start position:0% +solving + + + align:start position:0% +solving +experience one of the most important + + align:start position:0% +experience one of the most important + + + align:start position:0% +experience one of the most important +aspects of this class is helping + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this class is helping + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this class is helping +students learn and gain experience in + + align:start position:0% +students learn and gain experience in + + + align:start position:0% +students learn and gain experience in +the art of science + + align:start position:0% +the art of science + + + align:start position:0% +the art of science +communication something that in the face + + align:start position:0% +communication something that in the face + + + align:start position:0% +communication something that in the face +of climate change and disinformation has + + align:start position:0% +of climate change and disinformation has + + + align:start position:0% +of climate change and disinformation has +become critically important for the + + align:start position:0% +become critically important for the + + + align:start position:0% +become critically important for the +strength of our social + + align:start position:0% +strength of our social + + + align:start position:0% +strength of our social +fabric I asked Ari how he goes about + + align:start position:0% +fabric I asked Ari how he goes about + + + align:start position:0% +fabric I asked Ari how he goes about +framing this idea of science + + align:start position:0% +framing this idea of science + + + align:start position:0% +framing this idea of science +communication for his students what do + + align:start position:0% +communication for his students what do + + + align:start position:0% +communication for his students what do +they need to think about to be effective + + align:start position:0% +they need to think about to be effective + + + align:start position:0% +they need to think about to be effective +science + + align:start position:0% +science + + + align:start position:0% +science +communicators you need to think about + + align:start position:0% +communicators you need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +communicators you need to think about +with whom are you trying to communicate + + align:start position:0% +with whom are you trying to communicate + + + align:start position:0% +with whom are you trying to communicate +and what do they care about and what do + + align:start position:0% +and what do they care about and what do + + + align:start position:0% +and what do they care about and what do +they want to know and that focus is just + + align:start position:0% +they want to know and that focus is just + + + align:start position:0% +they want to know and that focus is just +so important and the class + + align:start position:0% +so important and the class + + + align:start position:0% +so important and the class +really lives in that in that zone I've + + align:start position:0% +really lives in that in that zone I've + + + align:start position:0% +really lives in that in that zone I've +spent a lot of time asking alumni of the + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time asking alumni of the + + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time asking alumni of the +class you know okay you you took the + + align:start position:0% +class you know okay you you took the + + + align:start position:0% +class you know okay you you took the +class 10 years ago five years ago what + + align:start position:0% +class 10 years ago five years ago what + + + align:start position:0% +class 10 years ago five years ago what +does it mean to you now and one of them + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to you now and one of them + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean to you now and one of them +writes about how as a + + align:start position:0% +writes about how as a + + + align:start position:0% +writes about how as a +scientist she now is recognized as + + align:start position:0% +scientist she now is recognized as + + + align:start position:0% +scientist she now is recognized as +somebody who really knows how to + + align:start position:0% +somebody who really knows how to + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who really knows how to +communicate her science and you know who + + align:start position:0% +communicate her science and you know who + + + align:start position:0% +communicate her science and you know who +has a natural talent for science + + align:start position:0% +has a natural talent for science + + + align:start position:0% +has a natural talent for science +communication and her belief is not that + + align:start position:0% +communication and her belief is not that + + + align:start position:0% +communication and her belief is not that +she has a natural talent for science + + align:start position:0% +she has a natural talent for science + + + align:start position:0% +she has a natural talent for science +communication but she learned it we have + + align:start position:0% +communication but she learned it we have + + + align:start position:0% +communication but she learned it we have +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +who is an environmental scientist + + align:start position:0% +who is an environmental scientist + + + align:start position:0% +who is an environmental scientist +herself but who spends a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +herself but who spends a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +herself but who spends a lot of time +working with staff from zoos and + + align:start position:0% +working with staff from zoos and + + + align:start position:0% +working with staff from zoos and +Aquariums on how to communicate ideas + + align:start position:0% +Aquariums on how to communicate ideas + + + align:start position:0% +Aquariums on how to communicate ideas +about climate + + align:start position:0% +about climate + + + align:start position:0% +about climate +change one of our alumni went on to + + align:start position:0% +change one of our alumni went on to + + + align:start position:0% +change one of our alumni went on to +become a science journalist a pitz or + + align:start position:0% +become a science journalist a pitz or + + + align:start position:0% +become a science journalist a pitz or +prizewinning science + + align:start position:0% +prizewinning science + + + align:start position:0% +prizewinning science +journalist while many of our students + + align:start position:0% +journalist while many of our students + + + align:start position:0% +journalist while many of our students +have found success in careers in the + + align:start position:0% +have found success in careers in the + + + align:start position:0% +have found success in careers in the +science field related to their time and + + align:start position:0% +science field related to their time and + + + align:start position:0% +science field related to their time and +terrascope every student participant + + align:start position:0% +terrascope every student participant + + + align:start position:0% +terrascope every student participant +receives skills that will serve them in + + align:start position:0% +receives skills that will serve them in + + + align:start position:0% +receives skills that will serve them in +their life even outside of science yeah + + align:start position:0% +their life even outside of science yeah + + + align:start position:0% +their life even outside of science yeah +I mean that's sort of the one of the big + + align:start position:0% +I mean that's sort of the one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +I mean that's sort of the one of the big +secrets of terrascope is that mostly + + align:start position:0% +secrets of terrascope is that mostly + + + align:start position:0% +secrets of terrascope is that mostly +we're we're teaching life skills and + + align:start position:0% +we're we're teaching life skills and + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're teaching life skills and +professional skills well we're not + + align:start position:0% +professional skills well we're not + + + align:start position:0% +professional skills well we're not +teaching them the students are learning + + align:start position:0% +teaching them the students are learning + + + align:start position:0% +teaching them the students are learning +life skills and professional skills + + align:start position:0% +life skills and professional skills + + + align:start position:0% +life skills and professional skills +through the experiences that we're + + align:start position:0% +through the experiences that we're + + + align:start position:0% +through the experiences that we're +helping them to have + + align:start position:0% +helping them to have + + + align:start position:0% +helping them to have +I always believed in the power + + align:start position:0% +I always believed in the power + + + align:start position:0% +I always believed in the power +of people having control of their own + + align:start position:0% +of people having control of their own + + + align:start position:0% +of people having control of their own +learning and I believe in it much more + + align:start position:0% +learning and I believe in it much more + + + align:start position:0% +learning and I believe in it much more +strongly + + align:start position:0% +strongly + + + align:start position:0% +strongly +now I have become much less convinced of + + align:start position:0% +now I have become much less convinced of + + + align:start position:0% +now I have become much less convinced of +my ability to teach anybody + + align:start position:0% +my ability to teach anybody + + + align:start position:0% +my ability to teach anybody +anything um you know you go into + + align:start position:0% +anything um you know you go into + + + align:start position:0% +anything um you know you go into +teaching because you like it and because + + align:start position:0% +teaching because you like it and because + + + align:start position:0% +teaching because you like it and because +you think you're good at it and yeah I + + align:start position:0% +you think you're good at it and yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +you think you're good at it and yeah I +care about what people learn I care + + align:start position:0% +care about what people learn I care + + + align:start position:0% +care about what people learn I care +about creating a setting where they + + align:start position:0% +about creating a setting where they + + + align:start position:0% +about creating a setting where they +learn I don't have to be the one telling + + align:start position:0% +learn I don't have to be the one telling + + + align:start position:0% +learn I don't have to be the one telling +it to + + align:start position:0% +it to + + + align:start position:0% +it to +them a lot of the students come in + + align:start position:0% +them a lot of the students come in + + + align:start position:0% +them a lot of the students come in +feeling that they're going to invent the + + align:start position:0% +feeling that they're going to invent the + + + align:start position:0% +feeling that they're going to invent the +Gizmo that solves the problem and it's + + align:start position:0% +Gizmo that solves the problem and it's + + + align:start position:0% +Gizmo that solves the problem and it's +not their fault that they come in + + align:start position:0% +not their fault that they come in + + + align:start position:0% +not their fault that they come in +feeling that way we've told them that + + align:start position:0% +feeling that way we've told them that + + + align:start position:0% +feeling that way we've told them that +we've told them you're going to design + + align:start position:0% +we've told them you're going to design + + + align:start position:0% +we've told them you're going to design +the thing that solves the world's + + align:start position:0% +the thing that solves the world's + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that solves the world's +problem and you know come to MIT and do + + align:start position:0% +problem and you know come to MIT and do + + + align:start position:0% +problem and you know come to MIT and do +that and Mi it's not that MIT tells them + + align:start position:0% +that and Mi it's not that MIT tells them + + + align:start position:0% +that and Mi it's not that MIT tells them +that but the world as a whole is telling + + align:start position:0% +that but the world as a whole is telling + + + align:start position:0% +that but the world as a whole is telling +them oh go solve the problem by + + align:start position:0% +them oh go solve the problem by + + + align:start position:0% +them oh go solve the problem by +inventing the thing + + align:start position:0% +inventing the thing + + + align:start position:0% +inventing the thing +and we would like them to make the + + align:start position:0% +and we would like them to make the + + + align:start position:0% +and we would like them to make the +transition to thinking about the people + + align:start position:0% +transition to thinking about the people + + + align:start position:0% +transition to thinking about the people +involved in the problem any problem + + align:start position:0% +involved in the problem any problem + + + align:start position:0% +involved in the problem any problem +they're going to work on as Engineers is + + align:start position:0% +they're going to work on as Engineers is + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to work on as Engineers is +actually a human problem so think about + + align:start position:0% +actually a human problem so think about + + + align:start position:0% +actually a human problem so think about +the human beings think about the people + + align:start position:0% +the human beings think about the people + + + align:start position:0% +the human beings think about the people +who live there who have a lot more lived + + align:start position:0% +who live there who have a lot more lived + + + align:start position:0% +who live there who have a lot more lived +experience with a problem who have + + align:start position:0% +experience with a problem who have + + + align:start position:0% +experience with a problem who have +probably tried a lot of different things + + align:start position:0% +probably tried a lot of different things + + + align:start position:0% +probably tried a lot of different things +who probably are doing a lot of + + align:start position:0% +who probably are doing a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +who probably are doing a lot of +successful things who have a deeper + + align:start position:0% +successful things who have a deeper + + + align:start position:0% +successful things who have a deeper +understanding and who have a greater + + align:start position:0% +understanding and who have a greater + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and who have a greater +stake in a + + align:start position:0% +stake in a + + + align:start position:0% +stake in a +solution and think about them and + + align:start position:0% +solution and think about them and + + + align:start position:0% +solution and think about them and +acquire a certain amount of humility and + + align:start position:0% +acquire a certain amount of humility and + + + align:start position:0% +acquire a certain amount of humility and +respect and start thinking about these + + align:start position:0% +respect and start thinking about these + + + align:start position:0% +respect and start thinking about these +as human problems not as technical + + align:start position:0% +as human problems not as technical + + + align:start position:0% +as human problems not as technical +problems and the thing about terrascope + + align:start position:0% +problems and the thing about terrascope + + + align:start position:0% +problems and the thing about terrascope +is we don't tell people a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is we don't tell people a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is we don't tell people a lot of +stuff our sense is that learning is + + align:start position:0% +stuff our sense is that learning is + + + align:start position:0% +stuff our sense is that learning is +richer and deeper and more long lasting + + align:start position:0% +richer and deeper and more long lasting + + + align:start position:0% +richer and deeper and more long lasting +if people develop ideas on their own + + align:start position:0% +if people develop ideas on their own + + + align:start position:0% +if people develop ideas on their own +rather than us standing in front of them + + align:start position:0% +rather than us standing in front of them + + + align:start position:0% +rather than us standing in front of them +and telling them things so if we help + + align:start position:0% +and telling them things so if we help + + + align:start position:0% +and telling them things so if we help +provide them with + + align:start position:0% +provide them with + + + align:start position:0% +provide them with +experiences that help them make that + + align:start position:0% +experiences that help them make that + + + align:start position:0% +experiences that help them make that +transition that's really good and you + + align:start position:0% +transition that's really good and you + + + align:start position:0% +transition that's really good and you +know it's in their first seme semester + + align:start position:0% +know it's in their first seme semester + + + align:start position:0% +know it's in their first seme semester +at MIT they got lots more time at MIT to + + align:start position:0% +at MIT they got lots more time at MIT to + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT they got lots more time at MIT to +be working on technical problems + + align:start position:0% +be working on technical problems + + + align:start position:0% +be working on technical problems +wouldn't it be nice if they always + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't it be nice if they always + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't it be nice if they always +started thinking about the human beings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +involved that was Ari Epstein associate + + align:start position:0% +involved that was Ari Epstein associate + + + align:start position:0% +involved that was Ari Epstein associate +director of and Senior lecturer in the + + align:start position:0% +director of and Senior lecturer in the + + + align:start position:0% +director of and Senior lecturer in the +terrascope program at + + align:start position:0% +terrascope program at + + + align:start position:0% +terrascope program at +MIT along with this episode we're + + align:start position:0% +MIT along with this episode we're + + + align:start position:0% +MIT along with this episode we're +sharing in the chalk radio feed one of + + align:start position:0% +sharing in the chalk radio feed one of + + + align:start position:0% +sharing in the chalk radio feed one of +the recent terrascope radio pieces about + + align:start position:0% +the recent terrascope radio pieces about + + + align:start position:0% +the recent terrascope radio pieces about +the Navajo Nation and water + + align:start position:0% +the Navajo Nation and water + + + align:start position:0% +the Navajo Nation and water +sustainability so please check it out + + align:start position:0% +sustainability so please check it out + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability so please check it out +you can learn more about terrascope and + + align:start position:0% +you can learn more about terrascope and + + + align:start position:0% +you can learn more about terrascope and +listen to their radio Productions on + + align:start position:0% +listen to their radio Productions on + + + align:start position:0% +listen to their radio Productions on +their website periscope. mit.edu you can + + align:start position:0% +their website periscope. mit.edu you can + + + align:start position:0% +their website periscope. mit.edu you can +also get to them on our MIT open + + align:start position:0% +also get to them on our MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +also get to them on our MIT open +courseware + + align:start position:0% +courseware + + + align:start position:0% +courseware +website thank you so much for listening + + align:start position:0% +website thank you so much for listening + + + align:start position:0% +website thank you so much for listening +until next time signing off from + + align:start position:0% +until next time signing off from + + + align:start position:0% +until next time signing off from +Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host +Sarah Hansen from MIT open + + align:start position:0% +Sarah Hansen from MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah Hansen from MIT open +courseware MIT Chuck radio's producers + + align:start position:0% +courseware MIT Chuck radio's producers + + + align:start position:0% +courseware MIT Chuck radio's producers +include myself red Pachi and Dave Lansky + + align:start position:0% +include myself red Pachi and Dave Lansky + + + align:start position:0% +include myself red Pachi and Dave Lansky +the show notes for this episode were + + align:start position:0% +the show notes for this episode were + + + align:start position:0% +the show notes for this episode were +written by Peter Chipman the terrascope + + align:start position:0% +written by Peter Chipman the terrascope + + + align:start position:0% +written by Peter Chipman the terrascope +resource on ocw was built by Yun Pang + + align:start position:0% +resource on ocw was built by Yun Pang + + + align:start position:0% +resource on ocw was built by Yun Pang +Wang and aliz dienzo you can help others + + align:start position:0% +Wang and aliz dienzo you can help others + + + align:start position:0% +Wang and aliz dienzo you can help others +find chalk radio by subscribing to the + + align:start position:0% +find chalk radio by subscribing to the + + + align:start position:0% +find chalk radio by subscribing to the +podcast and leaving us a Reading and + + align:start position:0% +podcast and leaving us a Reading and + + + align:start position:0% +podcast and leaving us a Reading and +Review we're funded by MIT open learning + + align:start position:0% +Review we're funded by MIT open learning + + + align:start position:0% +Review we're funded by MIT open learning +and supporters like you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2s2_FAf-yQs.txt b/2s2_FAf-yQs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0176b6ab795f9f57af0b5e69072ed621ba28da64 --- /dev/null +++ b/2s2_FAf-yQs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2809 @@ +[MUSIC-- "JESU, JOY OF +MAN'S DESIRING" BY + +JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH] + +PROFESSOR: Well, there's one bit +of mystery left, which I'd + +like to get rid of right now. + +And that's that we've been +blithely doing things like + +cons assuming there's +always another one. + +That we've been doing these +things like car-ing and + +cdr-ing and assuming that +we had some idea + +how this can be done. + +Now indeed we said that that's +equivalent to having + +procedures. + +But that doesn't really solve +the problem, because the + +procedure need all sorts of +complicated mechanisms like + +environment structures and +things like that to work. + +And those were ultimately made +out of conses in the model + +that we had, so that really +doesn't solve the problem. + +Now the problem here is +the glue the data + +structure's made out of. + +What kind of possible +thing could it be? + +We've been showing you things +like a machine, a computer + +that has a controller, and some + +registers, and maybe a stack. + +And we haven't said anything +about, for + +example, larger memory. + +And I think that's what we have +to worry about right now. + +But just to make it perfectly +clear that this is an + +inessential, purely +implementational thing, I'd + +like to show you, for example, +how you can do it + +all with the numbers. + +That's an easy one. + +Famous fellow by the name of +Godel, a logician at the end + +of the 1930s, invented a very +clever way of encoding the + +complicated expressions +as numbers. + +For example-- + +I'm not saying exactly what +Godel's scheme is, because he + +didn't use words like cons. + +He had other kinds of ways of +combining to make expressions. + +But he said, I'm going to +assign a number to every + +algebraic expression. + +And the way I'm going to +manufacture these numbers is + +by combining the numbers +of the parts. + +So for example, what we were +doing our world, we could say + +that if objects are represented +by numbers, then + +cons of x and y could be +represented by 2 to the x + +times 2 to the y. + +Because then we could +extract the parts. + +We could say, for example, that +then car of, say, x is + +the number of factors +of 2 in x. + +And of course cdr is +the same thing. + +It's the number of factors +of 3 in x. + +Now this is a perfectly +reasonable scheme, except for + +the fact that the numbers +rapidly get to be much larger + +in number of digits +than the number of + +protons in the universe. + +So there's no easy way to use +this scheme other than the + +theoretical one. + +On the other hand, there are +other ways of representing + +these things. + +We have been thinking in +terms of little boxes. + +We've been thinking about our +cons structures as looking + +sort of like this. + +They're little pigeon holes +with things in them. + +And of course we arrange +them in little trees. + +I wish that the semiconductor +manufacturers would supply me + +with something appropriate for +this, but actually what they + +do supply me with is +a linear memory. + +Memory is sort of a big +pile of pigeonholes, + +pigeonholes like this. + +Each of which can hold a certain +sized object, a fixed + +size object. + +So, for example, a complicated +list with 25 elements won't + +fit in one of these. + +However, each of these is +indexed by an address. + +So the address might be zero +here, one here, two here, + +three here, and so on. + +That we write these down as +numbers is unimportant. + +What matters is that they're +distinct as a way to get to + +the next one. + +And inside of each of these, +we can stuff something into + +these pigeonholes. + +That's what memory is like, for +those of you who haven't + +built a computer. + +Now the problem is how are we +going to impose on this type + +of structure, this nice +tree structure. + +Well it's not very hard, and +there have been numerous + +schemes involved in this. + +The most important one is to +say, well assuming that the + +semiconductor manufacturer +allows me to arrange my memory + +so that one of these pigeonholes +is big enough to + +hold the address of another +I haven't made. + +Now it actually has to be a +little bit bigger because I + +have to also install or store +some information as to a tag + +which describes the kind +of thing that's there. + +And we'll see that +in a second. + +And of course if the +semiconductor manufacturer + +doesn't arrange it so I can do +that, then of course I can, + +with some cleverness, arrange +combinations of these to fit + +together in that way. + +So we're going to have to +imagine imposing this + +complicated tree structure on +our nice linear memory. + +If we look at the first still +store, we see a classic scheme + +for doing that. + +It's a standard way of +representing Lisp structures + +in a linear memory. + +What we do is we divide this +memory into two parts. + +An array called the cars, and +an array called the cdrs. + +Now whether those happen to +be sequential addresses or + +whatever, it's not important. + +That's somebody's implementation +details. + +But there are two arrays here. + +Linear arrays indexed by +sequential indices like this. + +What is stored in each of these + +pigeonholes is a typed object. + +And what we have here are types +which begin with letters + +like p, standing for a pair. + +Or n, standing for a number. + +Or e, standing for an empty +list. The end of the list. And + +so if we wish to represent an +object like this, the list + +beginning with 1, 2 and then +having a 3 and a 4 as its + +second and third elements. + +A list containing a list as its +first part and then two + +numbers as a second +and third parts. + +Then of course we draw it sort +of like this these days, in + +box-and-pointer notation. + +And you see, these are the three +cells that have as their + +car pointer the object which +is either 1, 2 or 3 or 4. + +And then of course the 1, 2, +the car of this entire + +structure, is itself a +substructure which contains a + +sublist like that. + +What I'm about to do is put +down places which are-- + +I'm going to assign indices. + +Like this 1, over here, +represents the + +index of this cell. + +But that pointer that we see +here is a reference to the + +pair of pigeonholes in the cars +and the cdrs that are + +labeled by 1 in my linear +memory down here. + +So if I wish to impose this +structure on my linear memory, + +what I do is I say, oh yes, +why don't we drop + +this into cell 1? + +I pick one. + +There's 1. + +And that says that its +car, I'm going to + +assign it to be a pair. + +It's a pair, which +is in index 5. + +And the cdr, which is this one +over here, is a pair which I'm + +going to stick into place 2. + +p2. + +And take a look at p2. + +Oh yes, well p2 is a thing whose +car is the number 3, so + +as you see, an n3. + +And whose cdr, over here, is a +pair, which lives in place 4. + +So that's what this p4 is. + +p4 is a number whose value is 4 +in its car and whose cdr is + +an empty list right there. + +And that ends it. + +So this is the traditional way +of representing this kind of + +binary tree in a +linear memory. + +Now the next question, of +course, that we might want to + +worry about is just a little +bit of implementation. + +That means that when I write +procedures of the form + +assigned a, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +procedures-- + +lines of register machine code +of the form assigned a, the + +car of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +b, what I really mean is +addressing these elements. + +And so we're going to think of +that as a abbreviation for it. + +Now of course in order to write +that down I'm going to + +introduce some sort of a +structure called a vector. + +And we're going to have +something which will reference + +a vector, just so we +can write it down. + +Which takes the name of +the vector, or the-- + +I don't think that name +is the right word. + +Which takes the vector and the +index, and I have to have a + +way of setting one of those with +something called a vector + +set, I don't really care. + +But let's look, for example, +at then that kind of + +implementation of car and cdr. + +So for example if I happen to +have a register b, which + +contains the type index of a +pair, and therefore it is the + +pointer to a pair, then I could +take the car of that and + +if I-- write this down-- + +I might put that +in register a. + +What that really is is a +representation of the assign + +to a, the value of +vector reffing-- + +or array indexing, +if you will-- or + +something, the cars object-- + +whatever that is-- + +with the index, b. + +And similarly for cdr. And we +can do the same thing for + +assignment to data structures, +if we need to do that sort of + +thing at all. + +It's not too hard +to build that. + +Well now the next question +is how are we going to do + +allocation. + +And every so often I +say I want a cons. + +Now conses don't +grow on trees. + +Or maybe they should. + +But I have to have some way +of getting the next one. + +I have to have some idea of if +their memory is unused that I + +might want to allocate from. + +And there are many schemes +for doing this. + +And the particular thing +I'm showing you + +right now is not essential. + +However it's convenient and +has been done many times. + +One scheme's was called the free +list allocation scheme. + +What that means is that all of +the free memory that there is + +in the world is linked together +in a linked list, + +just like all the other stuff. + +And whenever you need a free +cell to make a new cons, you + +grab the first, one make the +free list be the cdr of it, + +and then allocate that. + +And so what that looks like +is something like this. + +Here we have the free +list starting in 6. + +And what that is is a +pointer-off to say 8. + +So what it says is, this +one is free and the + +next one is an 8. + +This one is free and the next +one is in 3, the next one + +that's free. + +That one's free and the +next one is in 0. + +That one's free and the +next one's in 15. + +Something like that. + +We can imagine having +such a structure. + +Given that we have something +like that, then it's possible + +to just get one when +you need it. + +And so a program for doing +cons, this is what + +cons might turn into. + +To assign to a register A the +result of cons-ing, a B onto + +C, the value in this containing +B and the value + +containing C, what we have +to do is get the current + +[? type ?] ahead of the +freelist, make the free list + +be its cdr. Then we have to +change the cars to be the + +thing we're making up to be in A +to be the B, the thing in B. + +And we have to make change the +cdrs of the thing that's in A + +to be C. And then what we have +in A is the right new frob, + +whatever it is. + +The object that we want. + +Now there's a little bit of a +cheat here that I haven't told + +you about, which is somewhere +around here I haven't set that + +I've the type of the thing that +I'm cons-ing up to be a + +pair, and I ought to. + +So there should be some sort +of bits here are being set, + +and I just haven't written +that down. + +We could have arranged it, of +course, for the free lift to + +be made out of pairs. + +And so then there's no +problem with that. + +But that sort of-- again, an +inessential detail in a way + +some particular programmer or +architect or whatever might + +manufacture his machine +or Lisp system. + +So for example, just looking +at this, to allocate given + +that I had already the structure +that you saw before, + +supposing I wanted to allocate +a new cell, which is going to + +be representation of list one, +one, two, where already one + +two was the car of the list we +were playing with before. + +Well that's not so hard. + +I stored that one and one, +so p1 one is the + +representation of this. + +This is p5. + +That's going to be +the cdr of this. + +Now we're going to pull +something off the free list, + +but remember the free +list started at six. + +The new free list after this +allocation is eight, a free + +list beginning at eight. + +And of course in six now we have +a number one, which is + +what we wanted, with its cdr +being the pair starting in + +location five. + +And that's no big deal. + +So the only problem really +remaining here is, well, I + +don't have an infinitely +large memory. + +If I do this for a little +while, say, for example, + +supposing it takes me a +microsecond to do a cons, and + +I have a million cons memory +then I'm only going to run out + +in a second, and that's +pretty bad. + +So what we do to prevent that +disaster, that ecological + +disaster, talk about right +after questions. + +Are there any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: In the environment +diagrams that we were drawing + +we would use the body of +procedures, and you would + +eventually wind up with things +that were no longer useful in + +that structure. + +How is that represented? + +PROFESSOR: There's two +problems here. + +One you were asking is that +material becomes useless. + +We'll talk about that +in a second. + +That has to do with how to +prevent ecological disasters. + +If I make a lot of garbage I +have to somehow be able to + +clean up after myself. + +And we'll talk about +that in a second. + +The other question you're asking +is how you represent + +the environments, I think. + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +And the environment structures +can be represented in + +arbitrary ways. + +There are lots of them. + +I mean, here I'm just telling +you about list cells. + +Of course every real system +has vectors of arbitrary + +length as well as the vectors +of length, too, which + +represent list cells. + +And the environment structures +that one uses in a + +professionally written Lisp +system tend to be vectors + +which contain a number of +elements approximately equal + +to the number of arguments-- a +little bit more because you + +need certain glue. + +So remember, the environment +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +frames. + +The frames are constructed +by applying a procedure. + +In doing so, an allocation is +made of a place which is the + +number of arguments long +plus [? unglue ?] + +that gets linked into a chain. + +It's just like algol +at that level. + +There any other questions? + +OK. + +Thank you, and let's +take a short break. + +[MUSIC-- "JESU, JOY OF +MAN'S DESIRING" BY + +JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH] + +PROFESSOR: Well, as I just +said, computer memories + +supplied by the semiconductor +manufacturers are finite. + +And that's quite a pity. + +It might not always +be that way. + +Just for a quick calculation, +you can see that it's possible + +that if [? memory ?] + +prices keep going at the rate +they're going that if you + +still took a microsecond second +to do a cons, then-- + +first of all, everybody should +know that there's about pi + +times ten to the seventh +seconds in a year. + +And so that would be ten to the +seventh plus ten to the + +sixth is ten to the +thirteenth. + +So there's maybe ten to the +fourteenth conses in the life + +of a machine. + +If there was ten to the +fourteenth words of memory on + +your machine, you'd +never run out. + +And that's not completely +unreasonable. + +Ten to the fourteenth is not +a very large number. + +I don't think it is. + +But then again I like to +play with astronomy. + +It's at least ten to the +eighteenth centimeters between + +us and the nearest star. + +But the thing I'm about to worry +about is, at least in + +the current economic state of +affairs, ten to the fourteenth + +pieces of memory is expensive. + +And so I suppose what we +have to do is make + +do with much smaller. + +Memories + +Now in general we want to have +an illusion of infinity. + +All we need to do is arrange it +so that whenever you look, + +the thing is there. + +That's really an +important idea. + +A person or a computer lives +only a finite amount of time + +and can only take a finite +number of looks at something. + +And so you really only need +a finite amount of stuff. + +But you have to arrange it so +no matter how much there is, + +how much you really claim +there is, there's always + +enough stuff so that when you +take a look, it's there. + +And so you only need +a finite amount. + +But let's see. + +One problem is, as was brought +up, that there are possible + +ways that there is lots of stuff +that we make that we + +don't need. + +And we could recycle +the material out + +of which its made. + +An example is the fact that +we're building environment + +structures, and we do so every +time we call a procedure. + +We have built in it a +environment frame. + +That environment frame +doesn't necessarily + +have a very long lifetime. + +Its lifetime, meaning its +usefulness, may exist only + +over the invocation +of the procedure. + +Or if the procedure exports +another procedure by returning + +it as a value and that procedure +is defined inside of + +it, well then the lifetime +of the frame of the outer + +procedure still is only the +lifetime of the procedure + +which was exported. + +And so ultimately, a lot +of that is garbage. + +There are other ways of +producing garbage as well. + +Users produce garbage. + +An example of user garbage +is something like this. + +If we write a program to, for +example, append two lists + +together, well one way to do +it is to reverse the first + +list onto the empty list and +reverse that onto the second + +list. Now that's not terribly +bad way of doing it. + +And however, the intermediate +result, which is the reversal + +of the first list as done by +this program, is never going + +to be accessed ever again after +it's copied back on to + +the second. + +It's an intermediate result. + +It's going to be hard to ever +see how anybody would ever be + +able to access it. + +In fact, it will go away. + +Now if we make a lot of garbage +like that, and we + +should be allowed to, then +there's got to be some way to + +reclaim that garbage. + +Well, what I'd like to tell you +about now is a very clever + +technique whereby a Lisp system +can prove a small + +theorem every so often on the +[? forum, ?] the following + +piece of junk will never +be accessed again. + +It can have no affect on the +future of the computation. + +It's actually based on +a very simple idea. + +We've designed our computers +to look sort of like this. + +There's some data path, which +contains the registers. + +There are things like x, and +env, and val, and so on. + +And there's one here called +stack, some sort which points + +off to a structure somewhere, +which is the stack. + +And we'll worry about +that in a second. + +There's some finite controller, +finite state + +machine controller. + +And there's some control signals +that go this way and + +predicate results that +come this way, not + +the interesting part. + +There's some sort of structured +memory, which I + +just told you how to make, which +may contain a stack. + +I didn't tell you how to make +things of arbitrary shape, + +only pairs. + +But in fact with what I've told +you can simulate a stack + +by a big list. I don't plan +to do that, it's not a + +nice way to do it. + +But we could have something +like that. + +We have all sorts of little data +structures in here that + +are hooked together +in funny ways. + +They connect to other things. + +And so on. + +And ultimately things up there +are pointers to these. + +The things that are in the +registers are pointers off to + +the data structures that live in +this Lisp structure memory. + +Now the truth of the matter is +that the entire consciousness + +of this machine is in +these registers. + +There is no possible way that +the machine, if done + +correctly, if built correctly, +can access anything in this + +Lisp structure memory unless +the thing in that Lisp + +structure memory is connected +by a sequence of data + +structures to the registers. + +If it's accessible by legitimate +data structure + +selectors from the +pointers that are + +stored in these registers. + +Things like array references, +perhaps. + +Or cons cell references, +cars and cdrs. + +But I can't just talk about a +random place in this memory, + +because I can't get to it. + +These are being arbitrary +names I'm not allowed to + +count, at least as I'm +evaluating expressions. + +If that's the case then there's +a very simple theorem + +to be proved. + +Which is, if I start with all +lead pointers that are in all + +these registers and recursively +chase out, marking + +all the places I can get to by +selectors, then eventually I + +mark everything they +can be gotten to. + +Anything which is +not so marked is + +garbage and can be recycled. + +Very simple. + +Cannot affect the future +of the computation. + +So let me show you that in +a particular example. + +Now that means I'm going +to have to append to my + +description of the list +structure a mark. + +And so here, for example, is +a Lisp structured memory. + +And in this Lisp structured +memory is a Lisp structure + +beginning in a place +I'm going to call-- + +this is the root. + +Now it doesn't really +have to have a root. + +It could be a bunch of them, +like all the registers. + +But I could cleverly arrange it +so all the registers, all + +the things that are in old +registers are also at the + +right moment put into this root +structure, and then we've + +got one pointer to it. + +I don't really care. + +So the idea is we're going to +cons up stuff until our free + +list is empty. + +We've run out of things. + +Now we're going to do this +process of proving the theorem + +that a certain percentage of the +memory has got crap in it. + +And then we're going to recycle +that to grow new + +trees, a standard use +of such garbage. + +So in any case, what +do we have here? + +Well we have some data structure +which starts out + +over here one. + +And in fact it has a car in +five, and its cdr is in two. + +And all the marks start +out at zero. + +Well let's start marking, +just to play this game. + +OK. + +So for example, since I can +access one from the root I + +will mark that. + +Let me mark it. + +Bang. + +That's marked. + +Now since I have a five here I +can go to five and see, well + +I'll mark that. + +Bang. + +That's useful stuff. + +But five references as a number +in its car, I'm not + +interested in marking numbers +but its cdr is seven. + +So I can mark that. + +Bang. + +Seven is the empty list, the +only thing that references, + +and it's got a number +in its car. + +Not interesting. + +Well now let's go back here. + +I forgot about something. + +Two. + +See in other words, if I'm +looking at cell one, cell one + +contains a two right +over here. + +A reference to two. + +That means I should +go mark two. + +Bang. + +Two contains a reference +to four. + +It's got a number in its car, +I'm not interested in that, so + +I'm going to go mark that. + +Four refers to seven through its +car, and is empty in its + +cdr, but I've already marked +that one so I don't have to + +mark it again. + +This is all the accessible +structure from that place. + +Simple recursive +mark algorithm. + +Now there are some unhappinesses +about that + +algorithm, and we can worry +about that a second. + +But basically you'll see that +all the things that have not + +been marked are places that are +free, and I could recycle. + +So the next stage after that is +going to be to scan through + +all of my memory, looking for +things that are not marked. + +Every time I come across a +marked thing I unmark it, and + +every time I come across an +unmarked thing I'm going to + +link it together in +my free list. + +Classic, very simple algorithm. + +So let's see. + +Is that very simple? + +Yes it is. + +I'm not going to go through the +code in any detail, but I + +just want to show you about +how long it is. + +Let's look at the mark phase. + +Here's the first part +of the mark phase. + +We pick up the root. + +We're going to use that as a +recursive procedure call. + +We're going to sweep from there, +after when we're done + +with marking. + +And then we're going to do a +little couple of instructions + +that do this checking out on +the marks and changing the + +marks and things like that, +according to the algorithm + +I've just shown you. + +It comes out here. + +You have to mark the cars of +things and you also have to be + +able to mark the +cdrs of things. + +That's the entire mark phase. + +I'll just tell you a little +story about this. + +The old DEC PDP-6 computer, +this was the way that the + +mark-sweep garbage collection, +as it was, was written. + +The program was so small that +with the data that it needed, + +with the registers that it +needed to manipulate the + +memory, it fit into the fast +registers of the machine, + +which were 16. + +The whole program. + +And you could execute + +instructions in the fast registers. + +So it's an extremely small +program, and it could run very + +fast. + +Now unfortunately, of course, +this program, because the fact + +that it's recursive in the way +that you do something first + +and then you do something after +that, you have to work + +on the cars and then the cdrs, +it requires auxiliary memory. + +So Lisp systems-- + +those requires a stack +for marking. + +Lisp systems that are built this +way have a limit to the + +depth of recursion you can have +in data structures in + +either the car or the cdr, and +that doesn't work very nicely. + +On the other hand, you never +notice it if it's big enough. + +And that's certainly been the +case for most Maclisp, for + +example, which ran Macsyma +where you could deal with + +expressions of thousands +of elements long. + +These are algebraic expressions +with thousand of + +terms. And there's no +problem with that. + +Such, the garbage collector +does work. + +On the other hand, there's a +very clever modification to + +this algorithm, which I will not +describe, by Peter Deutsch + +and Schorr and Waite-- + +Herb Schorr from IBM and Waite, +who I don't know. + +That algorithm allows you to +build-- you do can do this + +without auxiliary memory, by +remembering as you walk the + +data structures where you came +from by reversing the pointers + +as you go down and crawling +up the reverse + +pointers as you go up. + +It's a rather tricky +algorithm. + +The first time you write it-- +or in fact, the first three + +times you write it it has +a terrible bug in it. + +And it's also rather slow, +because it's complicated. + +It takes about six times as many +memory references to do + +the sorts of things that +we're talking about. + +Well now once I've done this +marking phase, and I get into + +a position where things look +like this, let's look-- + +yes. + +Here we have the mark done, +just as I did it. + +Now we have to perform +the sweep phase. + +And I described to you what +this sweep is like. + +I'm going to walk down from +one end of memory or the + +other, I don't care where, +scanning every cell that's in + +the memory. + +And as I scan these cells, I'm +going to link them together, + +if they are free, into the free +list. And if they're not + +free, I'm going to unmark them +so the marks become zero. + +And in fact what I get-- well +the program is not very + +complicated. + +It looks sort of like this-- +it's a little longer. + +Here's the first piece of it. + +This one's coming down from +the top of memory. + +I don't want you to try to +understand this at this point. + +It's rather simple. + +It's a very simple algorithm, +but there's pieces of it that + +just sort of look like this. + +They're all sort of obvious. + +And after we've done the sweep, +we get an answer that + +looks like that. + +Now there are some disadvantages +with mark-sweep + +algorithms of this sort. + +Serious ones. + +One important disadvantage is +that your memories get larger + +and larger. + +As you say, address spaces get +larger and larger, you're + +willing to represent more and +more stuff, then it gets very + +costly to scan all of memory. + +What you'd really like to do +is only scan useful stuff. + +It would even be better if you +realized that some stuff was + +known to be good and useful, and +you don't have to look at + +it more than once or twice. + +Or very rarely. + +Whereas other stuff that you're +not so sure about, you + +can look at more detail every +time you want to do this, want + +to garbage collect. + +Well there are algorithms that +are organized in this way. + +Let me tell you about a famous +old algorithm which allows you + +only look at the part +of memory which + +is known to be useful. + +And which happens to be the +fastest known garbage + +collector algorithm. + +This is the +Minsky-Feinchel-Yochelson + +garbage collector algorithm. + +It was invented by Minsky in +1961 or '60 or something, for + +the RLE PDP-1 Lisp, which had +4,096 words of list memory, + +and a drum. + +And the whole idea was +to garbage collect + +this terrible memory. + +What Minsky realized was the +easiest way to do this is to + +scan the memory in the same +sense, walking the good + +structure, copying it out into +the drum, compacted. + +And then when we were done +copying it all out, then you + +swap that back into +your memory. + +Now whether or you not use a +drum, or another piece of + +memory, or something like +that isn't important. + +In fact, I don't think +people use + +drums anymore for anything. + +But this algorithm basically +depends upon having about + +twice as much address space +as you're actually using. + +And so what you have is some, +initially, some mixture of + +useful data and garbage. + +So this is called fromspace. + +And this is a mixture of crud. + +Some of it's important +and some of it isn't. + +Now there's another place which +is hopefully big enough, + +if we recall, tospace, which +is where we're copying to. + +And what happens is-- and +I'm not going to go + +through this detail. + +It's in our book quite +explicitly. + +There's a root point where +you start from. + +And the idea is that you +start with the root. + +You copy the first thing you +see, the first thing that the + +root points at, to the +beginning of tospace. + +The first thing is a +pair or something + +like, a data structure. + +You then also leave behind a +broken heart saying, I moved + +this object from here to +here, giving the place + +where it moved to. + +This is called a broken heart +because a friend of mine who + +implemented one of these in +1966 was a very romantic + +character and called +it a broken heart. + +But in any case, the next thing +you do is now you have a + +new free pointer which is here, +and you start scanning. + +You scan this data structure +you just copied. + +And every time you encounter a +pointer in it, you treat it as + +if it was the root +pointer here. + +Oh, I'm sorry. + +The other thing you do +is you now move the + +root pointer to there. + +So now you scan this, and +everything you see you treat + +as it were the root pointer. + +So if you see something, +well it points + +up into there somewhere. + +Is it pointing at a thing which +you've not copied yet? + +Is there a broken heart there? + +If there's a broken heart there +and it's something you + +have copied, you've just +replaced this pointer with the + +thing a broken heart +points at. + +If this thing has not been +copied, you copy it to the + +next place over here. + +Move your free pointer over +here, and then leave a broken + +heart behind and scan. + +And eventually when the scant +pointer hits the free pointer, + +everything in memory +has been copied. + +And then there's a whole bunch +of empty space up here, which + +you could either make into a +free list, if that's what you + +want to do. + +But generally you don't in +this kind of system. + +In this system you sequentially + +allocate your memory. + +That is a very, very nice +algorithm, and sort of the one + +we use in the scheme that +you've been using. + +And it's expected-- + +I believe no one has found a +faster algorithm than that. + +There are very simple +modifications to this + +algorithm invented by Henry +Baker which allow one to run + +this algorithm in real time, +meaning you don't have to stop + +to garbage collect. + +But you could interleave the +consing that the machine does + +when its running with steps +of the garbage collection + +process, so that the garbage +collector's distributed, and + +the machine doesn't have +to stop, and garbage + +collecting can start. + +Of course in the case of +machines with virtual memory + +where a lot of it is in +inaccessible places, this + +becomes a very expensive +process. + +And there have been numerous +attempts to + +make this much better. + +There is a nice paper, for +those of you who are + +interested, by Moon and other +people which describes a + +modification to the +incremental + +Minsky-Feinchel-Yochelson +algorithm, and modification + +the Baker algorithm which is +more efficient for virtual + +memory systems. + +Well I think now the mystery +to this is sort of gone. + +And I'd like to see if there +are any questions. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: I saw one of you run +the garbage collector on the + +systems upstairs, and it seemed +to me to run extremely + +fast. Did the whole +thing take-- + +does it sweep through +all of memory? + +PROFESSOR: No. + +It swept through exactly +what was needed to + +copy the useful structure. + +It's a copying collector. + +And it is very fast. On the +whole, I suppose to copy-- + +in a Bobcat-- + +to copy, I think, a three +megabyte thing or something is + +less than a second, real time. + +Really, these are very small +programs. One thing you should + +realise is that garbage +collectors have to be small. + +Not because they have to be +fast, but because no one can + +debug a complicated +garbage collector. + +A garbage collector, if it +doesn't work, will trash your + +memory in such a way that you +cannot figure out what the + +hell happened. + +You need an audit trail. + +Because it rearranges +everything, and how do you + +know what happened there? + +So this is the only kind of +program that it really, + +seriously matters if you stare +at it long enough so you + +believe that it works. + +And sort of prove +it to yourself. + +So there's no way to debug it. + +And that takes it being small +enough so you can + +hold it in your head. + +Garbage collectors are +special in this way. + +So every reasonable garbage +collector has gotten small, + +and generally small programs +are fast. Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Can you repeat +the name of this + +technique once again? + +PROFESSOR: That's the +Minsky-Feinchel-Yochelson + +garbage collector. + +AUDIENCE: You got that? + +PROFESSOR: Minsky invented it +in '61 for the RLE PDP-1. + +A version of it was developed +and elaborated to be used in + +Multics Maclisp by Feinchel +and Yochelson in somewhere + +around 1968 or '69. + +OK. + +Let's take a break. + +[MUSIC: "JESU, JOY OF +MAN'S DESIRING" BY + +JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH] + +PROFESSOR: Well we've come to +the end of this subject, and + +we've already shown you a +universal machine which is + +down to evaluator. + +It's down to the level of detail +you could imagine you + +could make one. + +This is a particular +implementation of Lisp, built + +on one of those scheme chips +that was talked about + +yesterday, sitting over here. + +This is mostly interface to +somebody's memory with a + +little bit of timing and +other such stuff. + +But this fellow actually ran +Lisp at a fairly reasonable + +rate, as interpretive. + +It ran Lisp as fast as a DEC +PDP-10 back in 1979. + +And so it's gotten +pretty hardware. + +Pretty concrete. + +We've also downed you +a bit with the + +things you can compute. + +But is it the case that there +are things we can't compute? + +And so I'd like to end this with +showing you some things + +that you'd like be able to +compute that you can't. + +The answer is yes, there are +things you can't compute. + +For example, something you'd +really like is-- + +if you're writing +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], you'd like a + +program that would check +that the thing you're + +going to do will work. + +Wouldn't that be nice? + +You'd like something that would +catch infinite loops, + +for example, in programs that +were written by users. + +But in general you can't write +such a program that will read + +any program and determine +whether or not it's an + +infinite loop. + +Let me show you that. + +It's a little bit of a +minor mathematics. + +Let's imagine that we just +had a mathematical + +function before we start. + +And there is one, called s, +which takes a procedure and + +its argument, a. + +And what s does is it determines +whether or not it's + +safe to run p on a. + +And what I mean by that is this: +it's true if p applied + +to a will converge to a value +without an error. + +And it's false if p of a loops +forever or makes an error. + +Now that's surely a function. + +There is some for every +procedure and for every + +argument you could give it that +is either true or false + +that it converges without +making an error. + +And you could make a giant +table of them. + +But the question is, can you +write a procedure that compute + +the values of this function? + +Well let's assume that we can. + +Suppose that we have a procedure +called "safe" that + +computes the value of s. + +Now I'm going to show you +by several methods that + +you can't do this. + +The easiest one, or the first +one, let's define a procedure + +called diag1. + +Given that we have safe, we +can define diag1 to be the + +procedure of one argument, p, +which has the following + +properties. + +If if it's safe to apply p to +itself, then I wish to have an + +infinite loop. + +Otherwise I'm going +to return 3. + +Remember it was 42. + +What's the answer to +the big question? + +Where of course we know what +an infinite loop is. + +Infinite loop, to be a procedure +of no arguments, + +which is that nice lambda +calculus loop. + +Lambda of x, x of x, applied +to lambda of x, x of x. + +So there's nothing left to +the imagination here. + +Well let's see what +the story is. + +I'm supposing it's the case +that we worry about the + +procedure called diag1 +applied to diag1. + +Well what could it +possibly be? + +Well I don't know. + +We're going to substitute diag1 +for p in the body here. + +Well is it safe to compute +diag1 of diag1? + +I don't know. + +There are two possibilities. + +If it's safe to compute diag1 +of diag1 that means it + +shouldn't loop. + +That means I go to +here, but then I + +produce an infinite loop. + +So it can't be safe. + +But if it's not safe to compute +diag1 of diag1 then + +the answer to this is 3. + +But that's diag1 of diag1, +so it had to be safe. + +So therefore by contradiction +you cannot produce safe. + +For those of you who were +boggled by that one I'm going + +to say it again, in +a different way. + +Listen to one more +alternative. + +Let's define diag2. + +These are named diag because of +Cantor's diagonal argument. + +These are instances of a famous +argument which was + +originally used by Cantor in +the late part of the last + +century to prove that the real +numbers were not countable, + +that there are too many +real numbers to + +be counted by integers. + +That there are more points on +a line, for example, than + +there are counting numbers. + +It may or may not be obvious, +and I don't want to + +get into that now. + +But diag2 is again a procedure +of one argument p. + +It's almost the same as the +previous one, which is, if + +it's safe to compute p on p, +then I'm going to produce-- + +then I want to compute +some other things + +other than p of p. + +Otherwise I'm going +to put out false. + +Where other then it says, +whatever p of p, I'm going to + +put out something else. + +I can give you an example of a +definition of other than which + +I think works. + +Let's see. + +Yes. + +Where other than be a procedure +of one argument x + +which says, if its eq x to, say, +quote a, then the answer + +is quote b. + +Otherwise it's quote a. + +That always produces something +which is not what + +its argument is. + +That's all it is. + +That's all I wanted. + +Well now let's consider this +one, diag2 of diag2. + +Well look. + +This only does something +dangerous, like calling p of + +p, if it's safe to do so. + +So if safe defined at all, +if you can define such a + +procedure, safe, then this +procedure is always defined + +and therefore safe +on any inputs. + +So diag2 of diag2 must reduce to +other than diag2 of diag2. + +And that doesn't make sense, +so we have a contradiction, + +and therefore we can't +define safe. + +I just waned to do that twice, +slightly differently, so you + +wouldn't feel that the first +one was a trick. + +They may be both tricks, +but they're at + +least slightly different. + +So I suppose that pretty +much wraps it up. + +I've just proved what we call +the halting theorem, and I + +suppose with that we're +going to halt. + +I hope you have a good time. + +Are there any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: What is the +value of s of diag1? + +PROFESSOR: Of what? + +AUDIENCE: S of diag1. + +If you said s is a function +and we can + +[INTERPOSING VOICES] + +PROFESSOR: Oh, I don't know. + +I don't know. + +It's a function, but I don't +know how to compute it. + +I can't do it. + +I'm just a machine, too. + +Right? + +There's no machine that +in principle-- + +it might be that in that +particular case you just + +asked, with some thinking +I could figure it out. + +But in general I can't compute +the value of s any better than + +any other machine can. + +There is such a function, it's +just that no machine can be + +built to compute it. + +Now there's a way of saying +that that should not be + +surprising. + +Going through this-- + +I mean, I don't have time to do +this here, but the number + +of functions is very large. + +If there's a certain number of +answers possible and a certain + +number of inputs possible, +then it's the number of + +answers raised to the number +inputs is the number of + +possible functions. + +On one variable. + +Now that's always bigger than +the thing you're raising to, + +the exponent. + +The number of functions is +larger than the number of + +programs that one +can write, by an + +infinity counting argument. + +And it's much larger. + +So there must be a lot of +functions that can't be + +computed by programs. + +AUDIENCE: A few moments ago +you were talking about + +specifications and automatic +generation of solutions. + +Do you see any steps between +specifications and solutions? + +PROFESSOR: Steps between. + +You mean, you're saying, how +you go about constructing + +devices given that have +specifications for the device? + +Sure. + +AUDIENCE: There's a lot of +software engineering that goes + +through specifications through +many layers of design and then + +implementation. + +PROFESSOR: Yes? + +AUDIENCE: I was curious if you +think that's realistic. + +PROFESSOR: Well I think that +some of it's realistic and + +some of it isn't. + +I mean, surely if I want to +build an electrical filter and + +I have a rather interesting +possibility. + +Supposing I want to build a +thing that matches some power + +output to the radio transmitter, +to some antenna. + +And I'm really out +of this power-- + +it's output tube out here. + +And the problem is that they +have different impedances. + +I want them to match +the impedances. + +I also want to make a filter in +there which is going to get + +rid of some harmonic +radiation. + +Well one old-fashioned technique +for doing this is + +called image impedances, +or something like that. + +And what you do is you +say you have a basic + +module called an L-section. + +Looks like this. + +If I happen to connect this to +some resistance, r, and if I + +make this impedance x, xl, and +if it happens to be q times r, + +then this produces a low pass +filter with a q square plus + +one impedance match. + +Just what I need. + +Because now I can take two +of these, hook them + +together like this. + +OK, and I take another one +and I'll hook them + +together like that. + +And I have two L-sections +hooked together. + +And this will step the impedance +down to one that I + +know, and this will step +it up to one I know. + +Each of these is a +low pass filter + +getting rid of some harmonics. + +It's good filter, it's called +a pie-section filter. + +Great. + +Except for the fact that in +doing what I just did, I've + +made a terrible inefficiency +in this system. + +I've made two coils where +I should have made one. + +And the problem with most +software engineering art is + +that there's no mechanism, +other than peephole + +optimization and compilers, +for getting rid of the + +redundant parts that are +constructed when doing top + +down design. + +It's even worse, there are +lots of very important + +structures that you can't +construct at all this way. + +So I think that the standard +top down design is a rather + +shallow business. + +Doesn't really capture what +people want to do in design. + +I'll give you another +electrical example. + +Electrical examples are +so much clearer than + +computational examples, because +computation examples + +require a certain degree of +complexity to explain them. + +But one of my favorite examples +in the electrical + +world is how would I ever come +up with the output stage of + +this inter-stage connection +in an IF amplifier. + +It's a little transistor +here, and let's see. + +Well I'm going to have a tank, +and I'm going to hook this up + +to, say, I'm going to +link-couple that to the input + +of the next stage. + +Here's a perfectly +plausible plan-- + +well except for the fact that +since I put that going up I + +should make that +going that way. + +Here's a perfectly plausible +plan for a-- + +no I shouldn't. + +I'm dumb. + +Excuse me. + +Doesn't matter. + +The point is [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +plan for a couple +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +stages together. + +Now what the problem is is +what's this hierarchically? + +It's not one thing. + +Hierarchically it doesn't +make any sense at all. + +It's the inductance of a tuned +circuit, it's the primary of a + +transformer, and it's also +the DC path by which bias + +conditions get to the collector +of that transistor. + +And there's no simple top-down +design that's going to produce + +a structure like that with so +many overlapping uses for a + +particular thing. + +Playing Scrabble, where you have +to do triple word scores, + +or whatever, is not so easy in +top-down design strategy. + +Yet most of real engineering is +based on getting the most + +oomph for effort. + +And that's what you're +seeing here. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Is this the +last question? + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: Apparently so. + +Thank you. + +[APPLAUSE] + +[MUSIC-- "JESU, JOY OF +MAN'S DESIRING" BY + +JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/30Ww1HsRblM.txt b/30Ww1HsRblM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74b040e9926ac0966027f433daba644b59c13bd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/30Ww1HsRblM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we would now like to discuss drag forces + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to discuss drag forces + + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to discuss drag forces +in a fluid now remember that fluids can + + align:start position:0% +in a fluid now remember that fluids can + + + align:start position:0% +in a fluid now remember that fluids can +be both a liquid or air and drag forces + + align:start position:0% +be both a liquid or air and drag forces + + + align:start position:0% +be both a liquid or air and drag forces +are actually quite complicated depending + + align:start position:0% +are actually quite complicated depending + + + align:start position:0% +are actually quite complicated depending +on a lot of factors um if we had an + + align:start position:0% +on a lot of factors um if we had an + + + align:start position:0% +on a lot of factors um if we had an +object falling in a fluid the drag + + align:start position:0% +object falling in a fluid the drag + + + align:start position:0% +object falling in a fluid the drag +forces can depend on the both the + + align:start position:0% +forces can depend on the both the + + + align:start position:0% +forces can depend on the both the +properties of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +object and in that case it might be the + + align:start position:0% +object and in that case it might be the + + + align:start position:0% +object and in that case it might be the +speed or the size or the shape of the + + align:start position:0% +speed or the size or the shape of the + + + align:start position:0% +speed or the size or the shape of the +object and it also can depend on the + + align:start position:0% +object and it also can depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +object and it also can depend on the +properties of the fluid it can depend on + + align:start position:0% +properties of the fluid it can depend on + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the fluid it can depend on +the density of the fluid it can depend + + align:start position:0% +the density of the fluid it can depend + + + align:start position:0% +the density of the fluid it can depend +on a property that measures the + + align:start position:0% +on a property that measures the + + + align:start position:0% +on a property that measures the +resistance of the fluid something which + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the fluid something which + + + align:start position:0% +resistance of the fluid something which +we'll refer to as + + align:start position:0% +we'll refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +we'll refer to as +viscosity and also a property about the + + align:start position:0% +viscosity and also a property about the + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity and also a property about the +compressibility of the fluid so in + + align:start position:0% +compressibility of the fluid so in + + + align:start position:0% +compressibility of the fluid so in +general this is quite + + align:start position:0% +general this is quite + + + align:start position:0% +general this is quite +complicated um and this is done + + align:start position:0% +complicated um and this is done + + + align:start position:0% +complicated um and this is done +empirically there's a few very special + + align:start position:0% +empirically there's a few very special + + + align:start position:0% +empirically there's a few very special +cases that we'll discuss that can be + + align:start position:0% +cases that we'll discuss that can be + + + align:start position:0% +cases that we'll discuss that can be +solved exactly now let's begin our + + align:start position:0% +solved exactly now let's begin our + + + align:start position:0% +solved exactly now let's begin our +modeling by considering what we call Air + + align:start position:0% +modeling by considering what we call Air + + + align:start position:0% +modeling by considering what we call Air +drag now in Air drag objects that are + + align:start position:0% +drag now in Air drag objects that are + + + align:start position:0% +drag now in Air drag objects that are +moving and we'll consider objects that + + align:start position:0% +moving and we'll consider objects that + + + align:start position:0% +moving and we'll consider objects that +are moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rapidly so our objects are moving very + + align:start position:0% +rapidly so our objects are moving very + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly so our objects are moving very +fast now in that case we can model make + + align:start position:0% +fast now in that case we can model make + + + align:start position:0% +fast now in that case we can model make +a rough model of the Air drag as follows + + align:start position:0% +a rough model of the Air drag as follows + + + align:start position:0% +a rough model of the Air drag as follows +the magnitude of this force is going to + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of this force is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of this force is going to +be proportional to the speed squared + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to the speed squared + + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to the speed squared +there'll be a factor where it's the + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a factor where it's the + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a factor where it's the +cross-sectional area that the object + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area that the object + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area that the object +presents in the motion perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +presents in the motion perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +presents in the motion perpendicular to +the plane of motion it can depend on the + + align:start position:0% +the plane of motion it can depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +the plane of motion it can depend on the +density of the air and traditionally + + align:start position:0% +density of the air and traditionally + + + align:start position:0% +density of the air and traditionally +there are a couple of coefficients in + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of coefficients in + + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple of coefficients in +here that are dimensionless that are + + align:start position:0% +here that are dimensionless that are + + + align:start position:0% +here that are dimensionless that are +empirically determined by the shape of + + align:start position:0% +empirically determined by the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +empirically determined by the shape of +the object and that's called the drag + + align:start position:0% +the object and that's called the drag + + + align:start position:0% +the object and that's called the drag +coefficient and in fact there's also a + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and in fact there's also a + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and in fact there's also a +factor 1/2 in the way this law is + + align:start position:0% +factor 1/2 in the way this law is + + + align:start position:0% +factor 1/2 in the way this law is +traditionally written so what we have + + align:start position:0% +traditionally written so what we have + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally written so what we have +here is a resistive + + align:start position:0% +here is a resistive + + + align:start position:0% +here is a resistive +Force which is proportional to the speed + + align:start position:0% +Force which is proportional to the speed + + + align:start position:0% +Force which is proportional to the speed +squared and depends on the properties of + + align:start position:0% +squared and depends on the properties of + + + align:start position:0% +squared and depends on the properties of +the air the density of the air and some + + align:start position:0% +the air the density of the air and some + + + align:start position:0% +the air the density of the air and some +physical parameter properties of the + + align:start position:0% +physical parameter properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +physical parameter properties of the +object itself now this drag coefficient + + align:start position:0% +object itself now this drag coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +object itself now this drag coefficient +we can have a table that can represent + + align:start position:0% +we can have a table that can represent + + + align:start position:0% +we can have a table that can represent +that and you can see here that for a + + align:start position:0% +that and you can see here that for a + + + align:start position:0% +that and you can see here that for a +variety of different shapes the drag + + align:start position:0% +variety of different shapes the drag + + + align:start position:0% +variety of different shapes the drag +coefficient is somewhere on the order of + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is somewhere on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is somewhere on the order of +one so this is an example of what we + + align:start position:0% +one so this is an example of what we + + + align:start position:0% +one so this is an example of what we +refer to as Air + + align:start position:0% +refer to as Air + + + align:start position:0% +refer to as Air +drag when we drop objects in a fluid at + + align:start position:0% +drag when we drop objects in a fluid at + + + align:start position:0% +drag when we drop objects in a fluid at +very slow speeds we have a different + + align:start position:0% +very slow speeds we have a different + + + align:start position:0% +very slow speeds we have a different +effect than what we talked about Air + + align:start position:0% +effect than what we talked about Air + + + align:start position:0% +effect than what we talked about Air +drag for example if we drop a marble in + + align:start position:0% +drag for example if we drop a marble in + + + align:start position:0% +drag for example if we drop a marble in +molasses and drop the same marble in + + align:start position:0% +molasses and drop the same marble in + + + align:start position:0% +molasses and drop the same marble in +water we see a very different motion and + + align:start position:0% +water we see a very different motion and + + + align:start position:0% +water we see a very different motion and +that depends on a property of the fluid + + align:start position:0% +that depends on a property of the fluid + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on a property of the fluid +which we'll refer to as + + align:start position:0% +which we'll refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll refer to as +viscosity now we'll denote the a + + align:start position:0% +viscosity now we'll denote the a + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity now we'll denote the a +coefficient of viscosity by the symbol n + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of viscosity by the symbol n + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of viscosity by the symbol n +Ada now when we drop an object in a + + align:start position:0% +Ada now when we drop an object in a + + + align:start position:0% +Ada now when we drop an object in a +fluid that the drag + + align:start position:0% +fluid that the drag + + + align:start position:0% +fluid that the drag +force in magnitude will be proportional + + align:start position:0% +force in magnitude will be proportional + + + align:start position:0% +force in magnitude will be proportional +to both viscosity will be proportional + + align:start position:0% +to both viscosity will be proportional + + + align:start position:0% +to both viscosity will be proportional +to the speed spe and it will be + + align:start position:0% +to the speed spe and it will be + + + align:start position:0% +to the speed spe and it will be +proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the +viscosity and now for very special cases + + align:start position:0% +viscosity and now for very special cases + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity and now for very special cases +so for the special + + align:start position:0% +so for the special + + + align:start position:0% +so for the special +case which is a + + align:start position:0% +case which is a + + + align:start position:0% +case which is a +sphere of radius R if you study fluid + + align:start position:0% +sphere of radius R if you study fluid + + + align:start position:0% +sphere of radius R if you study fluid +dynamics you we can get an exact + + align:start position:0% +dynamics you we can get an exact + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics you we can get an exact +solution for this drag force and we'll + + align:start position:0% +solution for this drag force and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +solution for this drag force and we'll +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +that as it's going to be opposite the + + align:start position:0% +that as it's going to be opposite the + + + align:start position:0% +that as it's going to be opposite the +direction of the veloc vity so there's a + + align:start position:0% +direction of the veloc vity so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the veloc vity so there's a +minus sign there turns out to be some + + align:start position:0% +minus sign there turns out to be some + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign there turns out to be some +coefficients 6 Pi time the viscosity of + + align:start position:0% +coefficients 6 Pi time the viscosity of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients 6 Pi time the viscosity of +the fluid times the radius of the + + align:start position:0% +the fluid times the radius of the + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid times the radius of the +sphere and this particular law which + + align:start position:0% +sphere and this particular law which + + + align:start position:0% +sphere and this particular law which +will known as Stokes law is exactly + + align:start position:0% +will known as Stokes law is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +will known as Stokes law is exactly +applicable to the motion of a sphere now + + align:start position:0% +applicable to the motion of a sphere now + + + align:start position:0% +applicable to the motion of a sphere now +in fact by experimental measurement this + + align:start position:0% +in fact by experimental measurement this + + + align:start position:0% +in fact by experimental measurement this +is a method for determining data + + align:start position:0% +is a method for determining data + + + align:start position:0% +is a method for determining data +experimentally by dropping objects + + align:start position:0% +experimentally by dropping objects + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally by dropping objects +spheres in various different media with + + align:start position:0% +spheres in various different media with + + + align:start position:0% +spheres in various different media with +different viscosities so we can use this + + align:start position:0% +different viscosities so we can use this + + + align:start position:0% +different viscosities so we can use this +to experimentally determine the + + align:start position:0% +to experimentally determine the + + + align:start position:0% +to experimentally determine the +viscosity of the medium and what's + + align:start position:0% +viscosity of the medium and what's + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity of the medium and what's +important to realize too is that this is + + align:start position:0% +important to realize too is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +important to realize too is that this is +applicable to many different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/33kB8JQRpjI.txt b/33kB8JQRpjI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a551efc1eb94488b29ad366ca84bd17cddfc2302 --- /dev/null +++ b/33kB8JQRpjI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1667 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so again much of the difficulty here is + + align:start position:0% +so again much of the difficulty here is + + + align:start position:0% +so again much of the difficulty here is +just making sure you're doing the + + align:start position:0% +just making sure you're doing the + + + align:start position:0% +just making sure you're doing the +perturbation theory right and working + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory right and working + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory right and working +with the two bases correctly but now + + align:start position:0% +with the two bases correctly but now + + + align:start position:0% +with the two bases correctly but now +we're in a good position we can combine + + align:start position:0% +we're in a good position we can combine + + + align:start position:0% +we're in a good position we can combine +our results we had so here is what I + + align:start position:0% +our results we had so here is what I + + + align:start position:0% +our results we had so here is what I +want to combine I want in principle to + + align:start position:0% +want to combine I want in principle to + + + align:start position:0% +want to combine I want in principle to +combine all old things all the terms and + + align:start position:0% +combine all old things all the terms and + + + align:start position:0% +combine all old things all the terms and +we've calculated all the terms to some + + align:start position:0% +we've calculated all the terms to some + + + align:start position:0% +we've calculated all the terms to some +degree so we saw the Darwin term only + + align:start position:0% +degree so we saw the Darwin term only + + + align:start position:0% +degree so we saw the Darwin term only +affects L equal zero on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +affects L equal zero on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +affects L equal zero on the other hand +spin-orbit really requires s dot L and + + align:start position:0% +spin-orbit really requires s dot L and + + + align:start position:0% +spin-orbit really requires s dot L and +the state should be eigenstate but not I + + align:start position:0% +the state should be eigenstate but not I + + + align:start position:0% +the state should be eigenstate but not I +can say but should be acted than + + align:start position:0% +can say but should be acted than + + + align:start position:0% +can say but should be acted than +trivially by L if all your states are + + align:start position:0% +trivially by L if all your states are + + + align:start position:0% +trivially by L if all your states are +singlets L gives 0 on them so actually + + align:start position:0% +singlets L gives 0 on them so actually + + + align:start position:0% +singlets L gives 0 on them so actually +you have a little bit of an + + align:start position:0% +you have a little bit of an + + + align:start position:0% +you have a little bit of an +uncomfortable situation because L acting + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable situation because L acting + + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable situation because L acting +when l equals 0 states will give you 0 + + align:start position:0% +when l equals 0 states will give you 0 + + + align:start position:0% +when l equals 0 states will give you 0 +but you still have the 1 over r cube and + + align:start position:0% +but you still have the 1 over r cube and + + + align:start position:0% +but you still have the 1 over r cube and +the 1 over r cube has l dependence is + + align:start position:0% +the 1 over r cube has l dependence is + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 over r cube has l dependence is +here so it's zero in the denominator + + align:start position:0% +here so it's zero in the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +here so it's zero in the denominator +zero in the numerator whole spin-orbit + + align:start position:0% +zero in the numerator whole spin-orbit + + + align:start position:0% +zero in the numerator whole spin-orbit +coupling doesn't seem to make sense for + + align:start position:0% +coupling doesn't seem to make sense for + + + align:start position:0% +coupling doesn't seem to make sense for +l equals 0 so most people say physically + + align:start position:0% +l equals 0 so most people say physically + + + align:start position:0% +l equals 0 so most people say physically +the spin-orbit coupling vanishes forever + + align:start position:0% +the spin-orbit coupling vanishes forever + + + align:start position:0% +the spin-orbit coupling vanishes forever +equals 0 it should not be there but then + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 it should not be there but then + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 it should not be there but then +something very funny happens if you take + + align:start position:0% +something very funny happens if you take + + + align:start position:0% +something very funny happens if you take +a proper limit of this as L goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +a proper limit of this as L goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +a proper limit of this as L goes to zero +it gives you for the spin-orbit result + + align:start position:0% +it gives you for the spin-orbit result + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you for the spin-orbit result +the same thing as the Darwin result so + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as the Darwin result so + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as the Darwin result so +for l equals zero the spin-orbit limit + + align:start position:0% +for l equals zero the spin-orbit limit + + + align:start position:0% +for l equals zero the spin-orbit limit +is actually the same as the darwin is + + align:start position:0% +is actually the same as the darwin is + + + align:start position:0% +is actually the same as the darwin is +almost as if you say oh the spin-orbit + + align:start position:0% +almost as if you say oh the spin-orbit + + + align:start position:0% +almost as if you say oh the spin-orbit +has everything in it but it's not legal + + align:start position:0% +has everything in it but it's not legal + + + align:start position:0% +has everything in it but it's not legal +for l equals zero but the darwin does it + + align:start position:0% +for l equals zero but the darwin does it + + + align:start position:0% +for l equals zero but the darwin does it +so if i put together the spin orbit and + + align:start position:0% +so if i put together the spin orbit and + + + align:start position:0% +so if i put together the spin orbit and +relativistic for l different from zero + + align:start position:0% +relativistic for l different from zero + + + align:start position:0% +relativistic for l different from zero +unlegal for l equals zero I should + + align:start position:0% +unlegal for l equals zero I should + + + align:start position:0% +unlegal for l equals zero I should +really some relativistic and Darwin but + + align:start position:0% +really some relativistic and Darwin but + + + align:start position:0% +really some relativistic and Darwin but +actually it turns out that it's the same + + align:start position:0% +actually it turns out that it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually it turns out that it's the same +as summing relativistic plus spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +as summing relativistic plus spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +as summing relativistic plus spin orbit +because the limit of spin orbit for l + + align:start position:0% +because the limit of spin orbit for l + + + align:start position:0% +because the limit of spin orbit for l +equals zero is equal to the Darwin so we + + align:start position:0% +equals zero is equal to the Darwin so we + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero is equal to the Darwin so we +will just sum relativistic plus spin + + align:start position:0% +will just sum relativistic plus spin + + + align:start position:0% +will just sum relativistic plus spin +orbit and that gives the result for + + align:start position:0% +orbit and that gives the result for + + + align:start position:0% +orbit and that gives the result for +everything including Darwin for l equals + + align:start position:0% +everything including Darwin for l equals + + + align:start position:0% +everything including Darwin for l equals +zero so this is minor subtlety but the + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is minor subtlety but the + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is minor subtlety but the +end result is that we can combine it so + + align:start position:0% +end result is that we can combine it so + + + align:start position:0% +end result is that we can combine it so +the happy thing as well is that we now + + align:start position:0% +the happy thing as well is that we now + + + align:start position:0% +the happy thing as well is that we now +can do this MJ Delta H relativistic plus + + align:start position:0% +can do this MJ Delta H relativistic plus + + + align:start position:0% +can do this MJ Delta H relativistic plus +Delta H spin orbit and LJ MJ because + + align:start position:0% +Delta H spin orbit and LJ MJ because + + + align:start position:0% +Delta H spin orbit and LJ MJ because +whatever we calculated here was actually + + align:start position:0% +whatever we calculated here was actually + + + align:start position:0% +whatever we calculated here was actually +the same that H relativistic in the + + align:start position:0% +the same that H relativistic in the + + + align:start position:0% +the same that H relativistic in the +couple bases and anyway the spin orbit + + align:start position:0% +couple bases and anyway the spin orbit + + + align:start position:0% +couple bases and anyway the spin orbit +we use the couple bases to get this + + align:start position:0% +we use the couple bases to get this + + + align:start position:0% +we use the couple bases to get this +number so this thing you can add the two + + align:start position:0% +number so this thing you can add the two + + + align:start position:0% +number so this thing you can add the two +results and you get e and zero squared + + align:start position:0% +results and you get e and zero squared + + + align:start position:0% +results and you get e and zero squared +over 2 MC squared 3 plus 2 and j j plus + + align:start position:0% +over 2 MC squared 3 plus 2 and j j plus + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 MC squared 3 plus 2 and j j plus +1 minus 3 L L plus 1 minus 3/4 over L L + + align:start position:0% +1 minus 3 L L plus 1 minus 3/4 over L L + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus 3 L L plus 1 minus 3/4 over L L +plus 1/2 L plus 1 a little messy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay something very unexpected happens + + align:start position:0% +okay something very unexpected happens + + + align:start position:0% +okay something very unexpected happens +now it's something that when you do the + + align:start position:0% +now it's something that when you do the + + + align:start position:0% +now it's something that when you do the +algebra yourself if you say wow how did + + align:start position:0% +algebra yourself if you say wow how did + + + align:start position:0% +algebra yourself if you say wow how did +that happen here is the issue we are + + align:start position:0% +that happen here is the issue we are + + + align:start position:0% +that happen here is the issue we are +trying to compute the splittings of the + + align:start position:0% +trying to compute the splittings of the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to compute the splittings of the +hydrogen atom and for this as we said in + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom and for this as we said in + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom and for this as we said in +the couple bases that the genesis + + align:start position:0% +the couple bases that the genesis + + + align:start position:0% +the couple bases that the genesis +happened for a given value of n so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +getting good at doing this diagram just + + align:start position:0% +getting good at doing this diagram just + + + align:start position:0% +getting good at doing this diagram just +so we're looking at a fixed end and and + + align:start position:0% +so we're looking at a fixed end and and + + + align:start position:0% +so we're looking at a fixed end and and +then you have all kind of degenerate + + align:start position:0% +then you have all kind of degenerate + + + align:start position:0% +then you have all kind of degenerate +states for various ELLs and J's so is + + align:start position:0% +states for various ELLs and J's so is + + + align:start position:0% +states for various ELLs and J's so is +there a better way to rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +there a better way to rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +there a better way to rewrite this +formula and you say the following + + align:start position:0% +formula and you say the following + + + align:start position:0% +formula and you say the following +suppose you think of some states of + + align:start position:0% +suppose you think of some states of + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you think of some states of +fixed J fix J States J for example this + + align:start position:0% +fixed J fix J States J for example this + + + align:start position:0% +fixed J fix J States J for example this +state these are l equals 1 over here I + + align:start position:0% +state these are l equals 1 over here I + + + align:start position:0% +state these are l equals 1 over here I +have 1 2 3 3 P 3 halves and 3p 1/2 here + + align:start position:0% +have 1 2 3 3 P 3 halves and 3p 1/2 here + + + align:start position:0% +have 1 2 3 3 P 3 halves and 3p 1/2 here +I have 3 D 5 halves because this is l + + align:start position:0% +I have 3 D 5 halves because this is l + + + align:start position:0% +I have 3 D 5 halves because this is l +equals 2 so 2 plus 1/2 and 2 minus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I have here states of fixed J 2 + + align:start position:0% +so I have here states of fixed J 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so I have here states of fixed J 2 +states with the same J but they come + + align:start position:0% +states with the same J but they come + + + align:start position:0% +states with the same J but they come +from different else because when you get + + align:start position:0% +from different else because when you get + + + align:start position:0% +from different else because when you get +that total + + align:start position:0% +that total + + + align:start position:0% +that total +J of some value it can come from a lower + + align:start position:0% +J of some value it can come from a lower + + + align:start position:0% +J of some value it can come from a lower +L L plus 1/2 gives you that J or can + + align:start position:0% +L L plus 1/2 gives you that J or can + + + align:start position:0% +L L plus 1/2 gives you that J or can +come from and top jl with L minus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +come from and top jl with L minus 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +come from and top jl with L minus 1/2 +giving you that J so a given J value can + + align:start position:0% +giving you that J so a given J value can + + + align:start position:0% +giving you that J so a given J value can +arise from an L that is a half higher or + + align:start position:0% +arise from an L that is a half higher or + + + align:start position:0% +arise from an L that is a half higher or +an L that is a half lower so it for a + + align:start position:0% +an L that is a half lower so it for a + + + align:start position:0% +an L that is a half lower so it for a +fixed J it may be that L is equal to J + + align:start position:0% +fixed J it may be that L is equal to J + + + align:start position:0% +fixed J it may be that L is equal to J +minus 1/2 or L is equal to j plus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now look at this quantity + + align:start position:0% +now look at this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +now look at this quantity +we'll call this whole quantity f of j l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very astonishingly f of j l when l is j + + align:start position:0% +very astonishingly f of j l when l is j + + + align:start position:0% +very astonishingly f of j l when l is j +minus 1/2 or f of j L where L is J plus + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 or f of j L where L is J plus + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 or f of j L where L is J plus +1/2 you can calculate it put L equal J + + align:start position:0% +1/2 you can calculate it put L equal J + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 you can calculate it put L equal J +minus 1/2 on that formula and then put J + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 on that formula and then put J + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 on that formula and then put J +L equal J plus 1/2 in that formula you + + align:start position:0% +L equal J plus 1/2 in that formula you + + + align:start position:0% +L equal J plus 1/2 in that formula you +say it's gonna be a mess in fact both + + align:start position:0% +say it's gonna be a mess in fact both + + + align:start position:0% +say it's gonna be a mess in fact both +cases are the same and it gives you + + align:start position:0% +cases are the same and it gives you + + + align:start position:0% +cases are the same and it gives you +minus 2 over J plus 1/2 so the whole L + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 over J plus 1/2 so the whole L + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 over J plus 1/2 so the whole L +dependence here amazingly is fake + + align:start position:0% +dependence here amazingly is fake + + + align:start position:0% +dependence here amazingly is fake +there's no L dependence in this factor + + align:start position:0% +there's no L dependence in this factor + + + align:start position:0% +there's no L dependence in this factor +is a little strange + + align:start position:0% +is a little strange + + + align:start position:0% +is a little strange +there's no L dependence because given J + + align:start position:0% +there's no L dependence because given J + + + align:start position:0% +there's no L dependence because given J +L can be two values and for those two + + align:start position:0% +L can be two values and for those two + + + align:start position:0% +L can be two values and for those two +values that function gives you the same + + align:start position:0% +values that function gives you the same + + + align:start position:0% +values that function gives you the same +it's one of those like x squared gives + + align:start position:0% +it's one of those like x squared gives + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of those like x squared gives +the same for 1 and minus 1 this function + + align:start position:0% +the same for 1 and minus 1 this function + + + align:start position:0% +the same for 1 and minus 1 this function +can once you fix J L can be 2 values and + + align:start position:0% +can once you fix J L can be 2 values and + + + align:start position:0% +can once you fix J L can be 2 values and +it so happens that these two values + + align:start position:0% +it so happens that these two values + + + align:start position:0% +it so happens that these two values +gives the same so at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% +gives the same so at the end of the day + + + align:start position:0% +gives the same so at the end of the day +this just + + align:start position:0% +this just + + + align:start position:0% +this just +pants on J that's the most important + + align:start position:0% +pants on J that's the most important + + + align:start position:0% +pants on J that's the most important +result of this lecture the whole + + align:start position:0% +result of this lecture the whole + + + align:start position:0% +result of this lecture the whole +structure once you put relativity Darwin + + align:start position:0% +structure once you put relativity Darwin + + + align:start position:0% +structure once you put relativity Darwin +and spin orbit just depends on J and + + align:start position:0% +and spin orbit just depends on J and + + + align:start position:0% +and spin orbit just depends on J and +what is the result when you simplify + + align:start position:0% +what is the result when you simplify + + + align:start position:0% +what is the result when you simplify +this our result is that the fine + + align:start position:0% +this our result is that the fine + + + align:start position:0% +this our result is that the fine +structure e n LJ MJ fine structure one + + align:start position:0% +structure e n LJ MJ fine structure one + + + align:start position:0% +structure e n LJ MJ fine structure one +is equal to minus alpha to the fourth M + + align:start position:0% +is equal to minus alpha to the fourth M + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to minus alpha to the fourth M +c-squared one over two and to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +c-squared one over two and to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +c-squared one over two and to the fourth +and over J plus 1/2 minus 3/4 whole + + align:start position:0% +and over J plus 1/2 minus 3/4 whole + + + align:start position:0% +and over J plus 1/2 minus 3/4 whole +answer all together + + align:start position:0% +answer all together + + + align:start position:0% +answer all together +Darwin fine spin orbit and relativistic + + align:start position:0% +Darwin fine spin orbit and relativistic + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin fine spin orbit and relativistic +so a few comments about this people that + + align:start position:0% +so a few comments about this people that + + + align:start position:0% +so a few comments about this people that +look at the Dirac equation more + + align:start position:0% +look at the Dirac equation more + + + align:start position:0% +look at the Dirac equation more +seriously would have expected this + + align:start position:0% +seriously would have expected this + + + align:start position:0% +seriously would have expected this +result it turns out that in the Dirac + + align:start position:0% +result it turns out that in the Dirac + + + align:start position:0% +result it turns out that in the Dirac +equation the symmetry and the rotations + + align:start position:0% +equation the symmetry and the rotations + + + align:start position:0% +equation the symmetry and the rotations +the generator of rotations is exactly J + + align:start position:0% +the generator of rotations is exactly J + + + align:start position:0% +the generator of rotations is exactly J +which is L plus s that generates + + align:start position:0% +which is L plus s that generates + + + align:start position:0% +which is L plus s that generates +rotation that commutes with the + + align:start position:0% +rotation that commutes with the + + + align:start position:0% +rotation that commutes with the +Hamiltonian so you should expect that + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian so you should expect that + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian so you should expect that +the energy eigenstates are J eigenstates + + align:start position:0% +the energy eigenstates are J eigenstates + + + align:start position:0% +the energy eigenstates are J eigenstates +so here we're seeing that yes they can + + align:start position:0% +so here we're seeing that yes they can + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're seeing that yes they can +be simultaneously diagonalized the + + align:start position:0% +be simultaneously diagonalized the + + + align:start position:0% +be simultaneously diagonalized the +eigenstates can also be labeled by the J + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates can also be labeled by the J + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates can also be labeled by the J +value so the exact eigen states in the + + align:start position:0% +value so the exact eigen states in the + + + align:start position:0% +value so the exact eigen states in the +Dirac equation can be labeled by the J + + align:start position:0% +Dirac equation can be labeled by the J + + + align:start position:0% +Dirac equation can be labeled by the J +value and we're seeing a reflection of + + align:start position:0% +value and we're seeing a reflection of + + + align:start position:0% +value and we're seeing a reflection of +this this means that the J multiplets + + align:start position:0% +this this means that the J multiplets + + + align:start position:0% +this this means that the J multiplets +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +not gonna be split and there's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +not gonna be split and there's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna be split and there's gonna be +more over some degeneracy they're not + + align:start position:0% +more over some degeneracy they're not + + + align:start position:0% +more over some degeneracy they're not +split because there's don't MJ + + align:start position:0% +split because there's don't MJ + + + align:start position:0% +split because there's don't MJ +dependence and they are all going to be + + align:start position:0% +dependence and they are all going to be + + + align:start position:0% +dependence and they are all going to be +the same so let me finish by drawing how + + align:start position:0% +the same so let me finish by drawing how + + + align:start position:0% +the same so let me finish by drawing how +the spectrum looks it's pretty important + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum looks it's pretty important + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum looks it's pretty important +to see that this quantity over here this + + align:start position:0% +to see that this quantity over here this + + + align:start position:0% +to see that this quantity over here this +numerical quantity is always positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positive for any state in the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +positive for any state in the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +positive for any state in the hydrogen +atom you can see that because J max the + + align:start position:0% +atom you can see that because J max the + + + align:start position:0% +atom you can see that because J max the +maximum value so this is negative so you + + align:start position:0% +maximum value so this is negative so you + + + align:start position:0% +maximum value so this is negative so you +need to know what is the minimum value + + align:start position:0% +need to know what is the minimum value + + + align:start position:0% +need to know what is the minimum value +of this quantity to see if it goes + + align:start position:0% +of this quantity to see if it goes + + + align:start position:0% +of this quantity to see if it goes +negative the minimum value of this ratio + + align:start position:0% +negative the minimum value of this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +negative the minimum value of this ratio +is when J is maximum the maximum J is + + align:start position:0% +is when J is maximum the maximum J is + + + align:start position:0% +is when J is maximum the maximum J is +when J is L plus 1/2 with the Box mhmm L + + align:start position:0% +when J is L plus 1/2 with the Box mhmm L + + + align:start position:0% +when J is L plus 1/2 with the Box mhmm L +so this is L plus one maximum but L plus + + align:start position:0% +so this is L plus one maximum but L plus + + + align:start position:0% +so this is L plus one maximum but L plus +one maximum is in fact n so the minimum + + align:start position:0% +one maximum is in fact n so the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +one maximum is in fact n so the minimum +value of this is 1 so it is always + + align:start position:0% +value of this is 1 so it is always + + + align:start position:0% +value of this is 1 so it is always +positive as n increases the corrections + + align:start position:0% +positive as n increases the corrections + + + align:start position:0% +positive as n increases the corrections +become smaller so what happens all the + + align:start position:0% +become smaller so what happens all the + + + align:start position:0% +become smaller so what happens all the +corrections are negative so if you had + + align:start position:0% +corrections are negative so if you had + + + align:start position:0% +corrections are negative so if you had +the original States they all go down a + + align:start position:0% +the original States they all go down a + + + align:start position:0% +the original States they all go down a +bit even the ground state goes out not a + + align:start position:0% +bit even the ground state goes out not a + + + align:start position:0% +bit even the ground state goes out not a +bit 1s 1/2 is down because for n equal 1 + + align:start position:0% +bit 1s 1/2 is down because for n equal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +bit 1s 1/2 is down because for n equal 1 +you do get a state then what do you get + + align:start position:0% +you do get a state then what do you get + + + align:start position:0% +you do get a state then what do you get +to s 1/2 is here it's also down a bit 3s + + align:start position:0% +to s 1/2 is here it's also down a bit 3s + + + align:start position:0% +to s 1/2 is here it's also down a bit 3s +1/2 so this is L equal 0 then you have l + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so this is L equal 0 then you have l + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so this is L equal 0 then you have l +equals 1 remember what did we have here + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 remember what did we have here + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 remember what did we have here +we have to P 1/2 + 2 P 3 + + align:start position:0% +we have to P 1/2 + 2 P 3 + + + align:start position:0% +we have to P 1/2 + 2 P 3 +Hoff's because L equal one gives you J + + align:start position:0% +Hoff's because L equal one gives you J + + + align:start position:0% +Hoff's because L equal one gives you J +equals three halves and 1/2 look this + + align:start position:0% +equals three halves and 1/2 look this + + + align:start position:0% +equals three halves and 1/2 look this +tool remain the generate because they + + align:start position:0% +tool remain the generate because they + + + align:start position:0% +tool remain the generate because they +have the same N and the same J and + + align:start position:0% +have the same N and the same J and + + + align:start position:0% +have the same N and the same J and +that's all that matters + + align:start position:0% +that's all that matters + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that matters +so 1/2 and 1/2 have the same J so they + + align:start position:0% +so 1/2 and 1/2 have the same J so they + + + align:start position:0% +so 1/2 and 1/2 have the same J so they +remain the January 2 P 3 halves + + align:start position:0% +remain the January 2 P 3 halves + + + align:start position:0% +remain the January 2 P 3 halves +has a higher J therefore has a smaller + + align:start position:0% +has a higher J therefore has a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +has a higher J therefore has a smaller +number so it's lowered less and it + + align:start position:0% +number so it's lowered less and it + + + align:start position:0% +number so it's lowered less and it +appears a little higher so here you + + align:start position:0% +appears a little higher so here you + + + align:start position:0% +appears a little higher so here you +would have 3 P 1/2 and here 3 P 3 halves + + align:start position:0% +would have 3 P 1/2 and here 3 P 3 halves + + + align:start position:0% +would have 3 P 1/2 and here 3 P 3 halves +and the next state here is 3b now you're + + align:start position:0% +and the next state here is 3b now you're + + + align:start position:0% +and the next state here is 3b now you're +combining L equal 2 so you get 5 halves + + align:start position:0% +combining L equal 2 so you get 5 halves + + + align:start position:0% +combining L equal 2 so you get 5 halves +and 3 halves the 3 halves is the + + align:start position:0% +and 3 halves the 3 halves is the + + + align:start position:0% +and 3 halves the 3 halves is the +generated with these 3 halves because it + + align:start position:0% +generated with these 3 halves because it + + + align:start position:0% +generated with these 3 halves because it +has the same J and the 5 house is a + + align:start position:0% +has the same J and the 5 house is a + + + align:start position:0% +has the same J and the 5 house is a +little higher 3 the 5 halves so this is + + align:start position:0% +little higher 3 the 5 halves so this is + + + align:start position:0% +little higher 3 the 5 halves so this is +our final picture the hydrogen atom all + + align:start position:0% +our final picture the hydrogen atom all + + + align:start position:0% +our final picture the hydrogen atom all +the states get pushed down the various + + align:start position:0% +the states get pushed down the various + + + align:start position:0% +the states get pushed down the various +multiplets with different L but the same + + align:start position:0% +multiplets with different L but the same + + + align:start position:0% +multiplets with different L but the same +J are still the generate this formula + + align:start position:0% +J are still the generate this formula + + + align:start position:0% +J are still the generate this formula +has now L dependents so these two are + + align:start position:0% +has now L dependents so these two are + + + align:start position:0% +has now L dependents so these two are +the same these two are the same this two + + align:start position:0% +the same these two are the same this two + + + align:start position:0% +the same these two are the same this two +are the same moreover the P the J + + align:start position:0% +are the same moreover the P the J + + + align:start position:0% +are the same moreover the P the J +multiplets are not split every J + + align:start position:0% +multiplets are not split every J + + + align:start position:0% +multiplets are not split every J +multiplied differs crystal collection of + + align:start position:0% +multiplied differs crystal collection of + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied differs crystal collection of +states with different MJ but MJ doesn't + + align:start position:0% +states with different MJ but MJ doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +states with different MJ but MJ doesn't +appear so this is your fine structure of + + align:start position:0% +appear so this is your fine structure of + + + align:start position:0% +appear so this is your fine structure of +hydrogen atom and this is where you + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom and this is where you + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom and this is where you +study in detail the Zeeman splitting and + + align:start position:0% +study in detail the Zeeman splitting and + + + align:start position:0% +study in detail the Zeeman splitting and +the stark splitting and we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +the stark splitting and we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +the stark splitting and we'll talk a +little bit about them next time as we + + align:start position:0% +little bit about them next time as we + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about them next time as we +will begin also our study of the semi + + align:start position:0% +will begin also our study of the semi + + + align:start position:0% +will begin also our study of the semi +classical approximation see you then \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3DDkPxll_qQ.txt b/3DDkPxll_qQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83a7406f4bb313beac8900070bb6e59a976119f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3DDkPxll_qQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2331 @@ +align:start position:0% + +star Festival is a new CD ROM based + + align:start position:0% +star Festival is a new CD ROM based + + + align:start position:0% +star Festival is a new CD ROM based +career curriculum that enables teachers + + align:start position:0% +career curriculum that enables teachers + + + align:start position:0% +career curriculum that enables teachers +to take their students on an interactive + + align:start position:0% +to take their students on an interactive + + + align:start position:0% +to take their students on an interactive +electronic field trip to explore other + + align:start position:0% +electronic field trip to explore other + + + align:start position:0% +electronic field trip to explore other +cultures and their own cultural + + align:start position:0% +cultures and their own cultural + + + align:start position:0% +cultures and their own cultural +identity originally based on Research at + + align:start position:0% +identity originally based on Research at + + + align:start position:0% +identity originally based on Research at +the Massachusetts Institute of + + align:start position:0% +the Massachusetts Institute of + + + align:start position:0% +the Massachusetts Institute of +Technology the CD ROM tells the story of + + align:start position:0% +Technology the CD ROM tells the story of + + + align:start position:0% +Technology the CD ROM tells the story of +real life MIT Professor Shigeru miyagawa + + align:start position:0% +real life MIT Professor Shigeru miyagawa + + + align:start position:0% +real life MIT Professor Shigeru miyagawa +as he returns to Japan during the star + + align:start position:0% +as he returns to Japan during the star + + + align:start position:0% +as he returns to Japan during the star +festival and rediscovers his roots and + + align:start position:0% +festival and rediscovers his roots and + + + align:start position:0% +festival and rediscovers his roots and +Heritage finally the seventh day of the + + align:start position:0% +Heritage finally the seventh day of the + + + align:start position:0% +Heritage finally the seventh day of the +seventh month is arrived + + align:start position:0% +seventh month is arrived + + + align:start position:0% +seventh month is arrived +it's a beautiful clear day so the + + align:start position:0% +it's a beautiful clear day so the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a beautiful clear day so the +tanabata lovers will probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meet I feel like I've made a journey too + + align:start position:0% +meet I feel like I've made a journey too + + + align:start position:0% +meet I feel like I've made a journey too +from My adoptive culture back to my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +roots am I American or Japanese or + + align:start position:0% +roots am I American or Japanese or + + + align:start position:0% +roots am I American or Japanese or +American and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Japanese maybe like the magpies of of + + align:start position:0% +Japanese maybe like the magpies of of + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese maybe like the magpies of of +the Tabatha my I'm a bridge between two + + align:start position:0% +the Tabatha my I'm a bridge between two + + + align:start position:0% +the Tabatha my I'm a bridge between two +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +cultures I thought I knew all about + + align:start position:0% +cultures I thought I knew all about + + + align:start position:0% +cultures I thought I knew all about +Japan and I realize now I just made a + + align:start position:0% +Japan and I realize now I just made a + + + align:start position:0% +Japan and I realize now I just made a +lot of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumptions the professor recorded his + + align:start position:0% +assumptions the professor recorded his + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions the professor recorded his +notes into a Hightech diary known as the + + align:start position:0% +notes into a Hightech diary known as the + + + align:start position:0% +notes into a Hightech diary known as the +PDA during the festival he loses the PDA + + align:start position:0% +PDA during the festival he loses the PDA + + + align:start position:0% +PDA during the festival he loses the PDA +we find it and are able to experience + + align:start position:0% +we find it and are able to experience + + + align:start position:0% +we find it and are able to experience +his rediscovery of his native + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +land attemp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +toage please + + align:start position:0% +toage please + + + align:start position:0% +toage please +reset + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please reset complete welcome to the PDA + + align:start position:0% +please reset complete welcome to the PDA + + + align:start position:0% +please reset complete welcome to the PDA +prototype X + + align:start position:0% +prototype X + + + align:start position:0% +prototype X +lv7 you are in browse + + align:start position:0% +lv7 you are in browse + + + align:start position:0% +lv7 you are in browse +mode the professor visited 20 sites in + + align:start position:0% +mode the professor visited 20 sites in + + + align:start position:0% +mode the professor visited 20 sites in +his hometown we never see him but we can + + align:start position:0% +his hometown we never see him but we can + + + align:start position:0% +his hometown we never see him but we can +listen to his memos performed by George + + align:start position:0% +listen to his memos performed by George + + + align:start position:0% +listen to his memos performed by George +teay famous for his role as Sulu on Star + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Trek Star Festival is um to peek into + + align:start position:0% +Trek Star Festival is um to peek into + + + align:start position:0% +Trek Star Festival is um to peek into +another world and discover something of + + align:start position:0% +another world and discover something of + + + align:start position:0% +another world and discover something of +your own and get an appreciation of + + align:start position:0% +your own and get an appreciation of + + + align:start position:0% +your own and get an appreciation of +yourself and your culture via an + + align:start position:0% +yourself and your culture via an + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and your culture via an +exposure to another map mode is another + + align:start position:0% +exposure to another map mode is another + + + align:start position:0% +exposure to another map mode is another +way to navigate to a new + + align:start position:0% +way to navigate to a new + + + align:start position:0% +way to navigate to a new +site let's go to the high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +school we see a picture of the + + align:start position:0% +school we see a picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +school we see a picture of the +professor's mother and artifacts all + + align:start position:0% +professor's mother and artifacts all + + + align:start position:0% +professor's mother and artifacts all +clickable related to her experiences + + align:start position:0% +clickable related to her experiences + + + align:start position:0% +clickable related to her experiences +during World War II let's listen to his + + align:start position:0% +during World War II let's listen to his + + + align:start position:0% +during World War II let's listen to his +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +memo July 5 11:33 a.m. day + + align:start position:0% +memo July 5 11:33 a.m. day + + + align:start position:0% +memo July 5 11:33 a.m. day +3 I hope I'm not getting off track but I + + align:start position:0% +3 I hope I'm not getting off track but I + + + align:start position:0% +3 I hope I'm not getting off track but I +can't stop thinking about the stories my + + align:start position:0% +can't stop thinking about the stories my + + + align:start position:0% +can't stop thinking about the stories my +mother told last night so I've asked her + + align:start position:0% +mother told last night so I've asked her + + + align:start position:0% +mother told last night so I've asked her +to let me interview her about the + + align:start position:0% +to let me interview her about the + + + align:start position:0% +to let me interview her about the +war now let's listen to Mrs miwa's + + align:start position:0% +war now let's listen to Mrs miwa's + + + align:start position:0% +war now let's listen to Mrs miwa's +memories of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +war the b29 bombers flew right over hka + + align:start position:0% +war the b29 bombers flew right over hka + + + align:start position:0% +war the b29 bombers flew right over hka +on their way to + + align:start position:0% +on their way to + + + align:start position:0% +on their way to +Tokyo when they came the sirens would go + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo when they came the sirens would go + + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo when they came the sirens would go +off and we had to turn off all the + + align:start position:0% +off and we had to turn off all the + + + align:start position:0% +off and we had to turn off all the +light we went into the bomb shelter when + + align:start position:0% +light we went into the bomb shelter when + + + align:start position:0% +light we went into the bomb shelter when +it seemed really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dangerous on the day herka was bombed I + + align:start position:0% +dangerous on the day herka was bombed I + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous on the day herka was bombed I +was sleeping on the second floor of my + + align:start position:0% +was sleeping on the second floor of my + + + align:start position:0% +was sleeping on the second floor of my +Suka home there was shouting wake up + + align:start position:0% +Suka home there was shouting wake up + + + align:start position:0% +Suka home there was shouting wake up +wake up the bombing has + + align:start position:0% +wake up the bombing has + + + align:start position:0% +wake up the bombing has +started students can explore the family + + align:start position:0% +started students can explore the family + + + align:start position:0% +started students can explore the family +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +home + + align:start position:0% +home + + + align:start position:0% +home +the professor's field notes full of + + align:start position:0% +the professor's field notes full of + + + align:start position:0% +the professor's field notes full of +factual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +information and his diary where he + + align:start position:0% +information and his diary where he + + + align:start position:0% +information and his diary where he +stored family + + align:start position:0% +stored family + + + align:start position:0% +stored family +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +photos + + align:start position:0% +photos + + + align:start position:0% +photos +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +doing not everybody learns the same way + + align:start position:0% +doing not everybody learns the same way + + + align:start position:0% +doing not everybody learns the same way +not everybody is a visual learner so for + + align:start position:0% +not everybody is a visual learner so for + + + align:start position:0% +not everybody is a visual learner so for +some kids this is a real challenge to to + + align:start position:0% +some kids this is a real challenge to to + + + align:start position:0% +some kids this is a real challenge to to +do anything manipulative and creative + + align:start position:0% +do anything manipulative and creative + + + align:start position:0% +do anything manipulative and creative +cretive is a real + + align:start position:0% +cretive is a real + + + align:start position:0% +cretive is a real +Challenge and for some it it fits like a + + align:start position:0% +Challenge and for some it it fits like a + + + align:start position:0% +Challenge and for some it it fits like a +glove some kids are Auto Learners and + + align:start position:0% +glove some kids are Auto Learners and + + + align:start position:0% +glove some kids are Auto Learners and +some learn by reading some learn by + + align:start position:0% +some learn by reading some learn by + + + align:start position:0% +some learn by reading some learn by +doing so as many ways as you can present + + align:start position:0% +doing so as many ways as you can present + + + align:start position:0% +doing so as many ways as you can present +material to kids the more ways you can + + align:start position:0% +material to kids the more ways you can + + + align:start position:0% +material to kids the more ways you can +present material to kids I think the + + align:start position:0% +present material to kids I think the + + + align:start position:0% +present material to kids I think the +better off you are and I think this + + align:start position:0% +better off you are and I think this + + + align:start position:0% +better off you are and I think this +multimedia approach the the the idea of + + align:start position:0% +multimedia approach the the the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +multimedia approach the the the idea of +having a CD ROM in a classroom for kids + + align:start position:0% +having a CD ROM in a classroom for kids + + + align:start position:0% +having a CD ROM in a classroom for kids +to to have right there and to do + + align:start position:0% +to to have right there and to do + + + align:start position:0% +to to have right there and to do +research from is fantastic plus um our + + align:start position:0% +research from is fantastic plus um our + + + align:start position:0% +research from is fantastic plus um our +kids are computer + + align:start position:0% +kids are computer + + + align:start position:0% +kids are computer +literate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that see the + + align:start position:0% +that see the + + + align:start position:0% +that see the +house it's kind of interesting because + + align:start position:0% +house it's kind of interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +house it's kind of interesting because +it's like you can see how Jaan is and um + + align:start position:0% +it's like you can see how Jaan is and um + + + align:start position:0% +it's like you can see how Jaan is and um +what lifestyles are like and um it holds + + align:start position:0% +what lifestyles are like and um it holds + + + align:start position:0% +what lifestyles are like and um it holds +so much information it's like + + align:start position:0% +so much information it's like + + + align:start position:0% +so much information it's like +unbelievable to complement the + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable to complement the + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable to complement the +award-winning CD ROM a practical and + + align:start position:0% +award-winning CD ROM a practical and + + + align:start position:0% +award-winning CD ROM a practical and +Innovative curriculum has been developed + + align:start position:0% +Innovative curriculum has been developed + + + align:start position:0% +Innovative curriculum has been developed +for grades K through 12 by Boston's + + align:start position:0% +for grades K through 12 by Boston's + + + align:start position:0% +for grades K through 12 by Boston's +Children's Museum renowned for their + + align:start position:0% +Children's Museum renowned for their + + + align:start position:0% +Children's Museum renowned for their +work with teachers and Intercultural + + align:start position:0% +work with teachers and Intercultural + + + align:start position:0% +work with teachers and Intercultural +issues the curriculum is easy to use and + + align:start position:0% +issues the curriculum is easy to use and + + + align:start position:0% +issues the curriculum is easy to use and +tied to the national standards in areas + + align:start position:0% +tied to the national standards in areas + + + align:start position:0% +tied to the national standards in areas +such as social studies language arts + + align:start position:0% +such as social studies language arts + + + align:start position:0% +such as social studies language arts +geography and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +history the material is of exceptional + + align:start position:0% +history the material is of exceptional + + + align:start position:0% +history the material is of exceptional +quality developed over a 6-year period + + align:start position:0% +quality developed over a 6-year period + + + align:start position:0% +quality developed over a 6-year period +and beta tested by teachers of all + + align:start position:0% +and beta tested by teachers of all + + + align:start position:0% +and beta tested by teachers of all +grades in Boston public and Suburban + + align:start position:0% +grades in Boston public and Suburban + + + align:start position:0% +grades in Boston public and Suburban +schools + + align:start position:0% +schools + + + align:start position:0% +schools +because it is based on a true story the + + align:start position:0% +because it is based on a true story the + + + align:start position:0% +because it is based on a true story the +CD ROM is engaging for all ages from + + align:start position:0% +CD ROM is engaging for all ages from + + + align:start position:0% +CD ROM is engaging for all ages from +kindergarten through high school + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten through high school + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten through high school +learners find age appropriate material + + align:start position:0% +learners find age appropriate material + + + align:start position:0% +learners find age appropriate material +just as they do in real + + align:start position:0% +just as they do in real + + + align:start position:0% +just as they do in real +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +life + + align:start position:0% +life + + + align:start position:0% +life +with you have to + + align:start position:0% +with you have to + + + align:start position:0% +with you have to +okay now you need to go to here see that + + align:start position:0% +okay now you need to go to here see that + + + align:start position:0% +okay now you need to go to here see that +right over here + + align:start position:0% +right over here + + + align:start position:0% +right over here +cck they like the CD because it's not + + align:start position:0% +cck they like the CD because it's not + + + align:start position:0% +cck they like the CD because it's not +like most of the things we have on the + + align:start position:0% +like most of the things we have on the + + + align:start position:0% +like most of the things we have on the +computer + + align:start position:0% +computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer +cartoons or drawings and so this wasn't + + align:start position:0% +cartoons or drawings and so this wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +cartoons or drawings and so this wasn't +it was like real people and it was like + + align:start position:0% +it was like real people and it was like + + + align:start position:0% +it was like real people and it was like +real photos and you know really being in + + align:start position:0% +real photos and you know really being in + + + align:start position:0% +real photos and you know really being in +the place and then I thought well you + + align:start position:0% +the place and then I thought well you + + + align:start position:0% +the place and then I thought well you +know they can't read but they could + + align:start position:0% +know they can't read but they could + + + align:start position:0% +know they can't read but they could +operate this because most of it is + + align:start position:0% +operate this because most of it is + + + align:start position:0% +operate this because most of it is +language that they can listen and figure + + align:start position:0% +language that they can listen and figure + + + align:start position:0% +language that they can listen and figure +out what it is and even though it does + + align:start position:0% +out what it is and even though it does + + + align:start position:0% +out what it is and even though it does +have a lot of writing that I could read + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of writing that I could read + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of writing that I could read +to them or I could read and then shorten + + align:start position:0% +to them or I could read and then shorten + + + align:start position:0% +to them or I could read and then shorten +it down they would go to the places that + + align:start position:0% +it down they would go to the places that + + + align:start position:0% +it down they would go to the places that +the people were talking and they enjoyed + + align:start position:0% +the people were talking and they enjoyed + + + align:start position:0% +the people were talking and they enjoyed +that and I thought this is really an + + align:start position:0% +that and I thought this is really an + + + align:start position:0% +that and I thought this is really an +advantage because you don't really have + + align:start position:0% +advantage because you don't really have + + + align:start position:0% +advantage because you don't really have +to be a great reader you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +to be a great reader you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to be a great reader you can sort of +follow along and they were great at + + align:start position:0% +follow along and they were great at + + + align:start position:0% +follow along and they were great at +reading the map it was I never showed + + align:start position:0% +reading the map it was I never showed + + + align:start position:0% +reading the map it was I never showed +them the map all by themselves they + + align:start position:0% +them the map all by themselves they + + + align:start position:0% +them the map all by themselves they +figured out oh look here's the map gave + + align:start position:0% +figured out oh look here's the map gave + + + align:start position:0% +figured out oh look here's the map gave +them an opportunity to really experience + + align:start position:0% +them an opportunity to really experience + + + align:start position:0% +them an opportunity to really experience +a different kind of life and a different + + align:start position:0% +a different kind of life and a different + + + align:start position:0% +a different kind of life and a different +kind of people and a lot of the children + + align:start position:0% +kind of people and a lot of the children + + + align:start position:0% +kind of people and a lot of the children +I have come from different cultures and + + align:start position:0% +I have come from different cultures and + + + align:start position:0% +I have come from different cultures and +actually probably gave them more insight + + align:start position:0% +actually probably gave them more insight + + + align:start position:0% +actually probably gave them more insight +into another culture because even though + + align:start position:0% +into another culture because even though + + + align:start position:0% +into another culture because even though +they go to school with one another they + + align:start position:0% +they go to school with one another they + + + align:start position:0% +they go to school with one another they +don't know that much about each other's + + align:start position:0% +don't know that much about each other's + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that much about each other's +uh backgrounds and and where they come + + align:start position:0% +uh backgrounds and and where they come + + + align:start position:0% +uh backgrounds and and where they come +from or what part of the world or what + + align:start position:0% +from or what part of the world or what + + + align:start position:0% +from or what part of the world or what +language they speak at home so I think + + align:start position:0% +language they speak at home so I think + + + align:start position:0% +language they speak at home so I think +it really did give them a new + + align:start position:0% +it really did give them a new + + + align:start position:0% +it really did give them a new +horizon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +it was fun and they learned and I think + + align:start position:0% +it was fun and they learned and I think + + + align:start position:0% +it was fun and they learned and I think +they have a different feeling about + + align:start position:0% +they have a different feeling about + + + align:start position:0% +they have a different feeling about +people of different backgrounds by just + + align:start position:0% +people of different backgrounds by just + + + align:start position:0% +people of different backgrounds by just +meeting the professing himself by + + align:start position:0% +meeting the professing himself by + + + align:start position:0% +meeting the professing himself by +learning about themselves and learning + + align:start position:0% +learning about themselves and learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning about themselves and learning +about their classmates instead of being + + align:start position:0% +about their classmates instead of being + + + align:start position:0% +about their classmates instead of being +from one place he could be from both + + align:start position:0% +from one place he could be from both + + + align:start position:0% +from one place he could be from both +because he had ask him stuff like + + align:start position:0% +because he had ask him stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +because he had ask him stuff like +whether is he Japanese or American or + + align:start position:0% +whether is he Japanese or American or + + + align:start position:0% +whether is he Japanese or American or +American and Japanese + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it it would be a hard decision too to + + align:start position:0% +so it it would be a hard decision too to + + + align:start position:0% +so it it would be a hard decision too to +decide like what are you and + + align:start position:0% +decide like what are you and + + + align:start position:0% +decide like what are you and +stuff um I used to hate the Japanese + + align:start position:0% +stuff um I used to hate the Japanese + + + align:start position:0% +stuff um I used to hate the Japanese +people because my + + align:start position:0% +people because my + + + align:start position:0% +people because my +great-grandfather died of a bomb because + + align:start position:0% +great-grandfather died of a bomb because + + + align:start position:0% +great-grandfather died of a bomb because +of Japanese people and now I don't + + align:start position:0% +of Japanese people and now I don't + + + align:start position:0% +of Japanese people and now I don't +really hate Japanese people as + + align:start position:0% +really hate Japanese people as + + + align:start position:0% +really hate Japanese people as +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +students respond to the multimedia + + align:start position:0% +students respond to the multimedia + + + align:start position:0% +students respond to the multimedia +approach and Hands-On self-directed + + align:start position:0% +approach and Hands-On self-directed + + + align:start position:0% +approach and Hands-On self-directed +exploration as they learn about the + + align:start position:0% +exploration as they learn about the + + + align:start position:0% +exploration as they learn about the +professor's story they relate his + + align:start position:0% +professor's story they relate his + + + align:start position:0% +professor's story they relate his +experiences to their own they would just + + align:start position:0% +experiences to their own they would just + + + align:start position:0% +experiences to their own they would just +encourage each other and I stopped doing + + align:start position:0% +encourage each other and I stopped doing + + + align:start position:0% +encourage each other and I stopped doing +my before school workor in the morning + + align:start position:0% +my before school workor in the morning + + + align:start position:0% +my before school workor in the morning +you know that paper and pencil kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know that paper and pencil kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know that paper and pencil kind of +an activity because I saw them going + + align:start position:0% +an activity because I saw them going + + + align:start position:0% +an activity because I saw them going +right to the computer and I said hey + + align:start position:0% +right to the computer and I said hey + + + align:start position:0% +right to the computer and I said hey +they're learning more from there what + + align:start position:0% +they're learning more from there what + + + align:start position:0% +they're learning more from there what +they are from just a review sheet so it + + align:start position:0% +they are from just a review sheet so it + + + align:start position:0% +they are from just a review sheet so it +was easy for me to get excited about + + align:start position:0% +was easy for me to get excited about + + + align:start position:0% +was easy for me to get excited about +doing this with + + align:start position:0% +doing this with + + + align:start position:0% +doing this with +them I was able to do letter writing I + + align:start position:0% +them I was able to do letter writing I + + + align:start position:0% +them I was able to do letter writing I +was able to do a data collection and do + + align:start position:0% +was able to do a data collection and do + + + align:start position:0% +was able to do a data collection and do +a product out of that so I Incorporated + + align:start position:0% +a product out of that so I Incorporated + + + align:start position:0% +a product out of that so I Incorporated +my curriculum the Boston curriculum into + + align:start position:0% +my curriculum the Boston curriculum into + + + align:start position:0% +my curriculum the Boston curriculum into +the lessons so it wasn't hard the + + align:start position:0% +the lessons so it wasn't hard the + + + align:start position:0% +the lessons so it wasn't hard the +curriculum outlines activities that + + align:start position:0% +curriculum outlines activities that + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum outlines activities that +address learning skills at each grade + + align:start position:0% +address learning skills at each grade + + + align:start position:0% +address learning skills at each grade +level including letter writing data + + align:start position:0% +level including letter writing data + + + align:start position:0% +level including letter writing data +collection reading research skills + + align:start position:0% +collection reading research skills + + + align:start position:0% +collection reading research skills +presentation skills critical thinking + + align:start position:0% +presentation skills critical thinking + + + align:start position:0% +presentation skills critical thinking +and collaborative work in small + + align:start position:0% +and collaborative work in small + + + align:start position:0% +and collaborative work in small +groups I just had them basically do from + + align:start position:0% +groups I just had them basically do from + + + align:start position:0% +groups I just had them basically do from +year one to the present it was nice and + + align:start position:0% +year one to the present it was nice and + + + align:start position:0% +year one to the present it was nice and +warm outside that was the day that he + + align:start position:0% +warm outside that was the day that he + + + align:start position:0% +warm outside that was the day that he +was born cuz I asked him to go back and + + align:start position:0% +was born cuz I asked him to go back and + + + align:start position:0% +was born cuz I asked him to go back and +interview their parents and whoever they + + align:start position:0% +interview their parents and whoever they + + + align:start position:0% +interview their parents and whoever they +could to find out information about + + align:start position:0% +could to find out information about + + + align:start position:0% +could to find out information about +themselves just like the professor was + + align:start position:0% +themselves just like the professor was + + + align:start position:0% +themselves just like the professor was +interviewing people to find out more + + align:start position:0% +interviewing people to find out more + + + align:start position:0% +interviewing people to find out more +about his own background or his family I + + align:start position:0% +about his own background or his family I + + + align:start position:0% +about his own background or his family I +wanted them to go home and interview + + align:start position:0% +wanted them to go home and interview + + + align:start position:0% +wanted them to go home and interview +their parents or grandparents auns and + + align:start position:0% +their parents or grandparents auns and + + + align:start position:0% +their parents or grandparents auns and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uncles the CD ROM makes it easy to + + align:start position:0% +uncles the CD ROM makes it easy to + + + align:start position:0% +uncles the CD ROM makes it easy to +utilize the computer in your + + align:start position:0% +utilize the computer in your + + + align:start position:0% +utilize the computer in your +classroom well first of all I was scared + + align:start position:0% +classroom well first of all I was scared + + + align:start position:0% +classroom well first of all I was scared +to death of the computer and I I think I + + align:start position:0% +to death of the computer and I I think I + + + align:start position:0% +to death of the computer and I I think I +told you right away I hate computers I'm + + align:start position:0% +told you right away I hate computers I'm + + + align:start position:0% +told you right away I hate computers I'm +a computer not a computer nerd a + + align:start position:0% +a computer not a computer nerd a + + + align:start position:0% +a computer not a computer nerd a +computer I don't know how to turn + + align:start position:0% +computer I don't know how to turn + + + align:start position:0% +computer I don't know how to turn +it on I don't know what to do when the + + align:start position:0% +it on I don't know what to do when the + + + align:start position:0% +it on I don't know what to do when the +gentleman brought it in installed it in + + align:start position:0% +gentleman brought it in installed it in + + + align:start position:0% +gentleman brought it in installed it in +my cage in the back room here they gave + + align:start position:0% +my cage in the back room here they gave + + + align:start position:0% +my cage in the back room here they gave +me one simple sheet that just told me + + align:start position:0% +me one simple sheet that just told me + + + align:start position:0% +me one simple sheet that just told me +how to turn it on how to get into the + + align:start position:0% +how to turn it on how to get into the + + + align:start position:0% +how to turn it on how to get into the +program and then the program really + + align:start position:0% +program and then the program really + + + align:start position:0% +program and then the program really +explains itself and it really invites + + align:start position:0% +explains itself and it really invites + + + align:start position:0% +explains itself and it really invites +you to explore the pieces of it by + + align:start position:0% +you to explore the pieces of it by + + + align:start position:0% +you to explore the pieces of it by +itself I mean the instructions are all + + align:start position:0% +itself I mean the instructions are all + + + align:start position:0% +itself I mean the instructions are all +there and I felt so good about it that I + + align:start position:0% +there and I felt so good about it that I + + + align:start position:0% +there and I felt so good about it that I +would stay after school and and look at + + align:start position:0% +would stay after school and and look at + + + align:start position:0% +would stay after school and and look at +it and I really wasn't afraid anymore so + + align:start position:0% +it and I really wasn't afraid anymore so + + + align:start position:0% +it and I really wasn't afraid anymore so +I think that it's a it's a good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tool1 surprisingly enough they got very + + align:start position:0% +tool1 surprisingly enough they got very + + + align:start position:0% +tool1 surprisingly enough they got very +involved very emotional about it and um + + align:start position:0% +involved very emotional about it and um + + + align:start position:0% +involved very emotional about it and um +they felt very close to the professor + + align:start position:0% +they felt very close to the professor + + + align:start position:0% +they felt very close to the professor +because many of them had come from other + + align:start position:0% +because many of them had come from other + + + align:start position:0% +because many of them had come from other +countries or their parents had come from + + align:start position:0% +countries or their parents had come from + + + align:start position:0% +countries or their parents had come from +other countries so they knew the + + align:start position:0% +other countries so they knew the + + + align:start position:0% +other countries so they knew the +feelings but how important it is to find + + align:start position:0% +feelings but how important it is to find + + + align:start position:0% +feelings but how important it is to find +out more about your own background and + + align:start position:0% +out more about your own background and + + + align:start position:0% +out more about your own background and +not just become one of many + + align:start position:0% +not just become one of many + + + align:start position:0% +not just become one of many +you have to really stick out and become + + align:start position:0% +you have to really stick out and become + + + align:start position:0% +you have to really stick out and become +yourself and be proud of what you are + + align:start position:0% +yourself and be proud of what you are + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and be proud of what you are +and I think it really enabled them to do + + align:start position:0% +and I think it really enabled them to do + + + align:start position:0% +and I think it really enabled them to do +that and they got to look at both the + + align:start position:0% +that and they got to look at both the + + + align:start position:0% +that and they got to look at both the +sides they got to look at the nice + + align:start position:0% +sides they got to look at the nice + + + align:start position:0% +sides they got to look at the nice +things about it and they also got to + + align:start position:0% +things about it and they also got to + + + align:start position:0% +things about it and they also got to +look at how hard people worked and how + + align:start position:0% +look at how hard people worked and how + + + align:start position:0% +look at how hard people worked and how +difficult it was for the um storkeeper + + align:start position:0% +difficult it was for the um storkeeper + + + align:start position:0% +difficult it was for the um storkeeper +how things were changing for him and how + + align:start position:0% +how things were changing for him and how + + + align:start position:0% +how things were changing for him and how +sad that was the war part how sad that + + align:start position:0% +sad that was the war part how sad that + + + align:start position:0% +sad that was the war part how sad that +was but they also got to move on and to + + align:start position:0% +was but they also got to move on and to + + + align:start position:0% +was but they also got to move on and to +see how things can be rebuil and how + + align:start position:0% +see how things can be rebuil and how + + + align:start position:0% +see how things can be rebuil and how +things can be changed and how en richy + + align:start position:0% +things can be changed and how en richy + + + align:start position:0% +things can be changed and how en richy +life could be and how you contribute and + + align:start position:0% +life could be and how you contribute and + + + align:start position:0% +life could be and how you contribute and +I you make it better I really had a + + align:start position:0% +I you make it better I really had a + + + align:start position:0% +I you make it better I really had a +great time I can't wait for next year's + + align:start position:0% +great time I can't wait for next year's + + + align:start position:0% +great time I can't wait for next year's +class to do + + align:start position:0% +class to do + + + align:start position:0% +class to do +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it think of star Festival as a textbook + + align:start position:0% +it think of star Festival as a textbook + + + align:start position:0% +it think of star Festival as a textbook +that has come to life an environment + + align:start position:0% +that has come to life an environment + + + align:start position:0% +that has come to life an environment +where students can observe and draw + + align:start position:0% +where students can observe and draw + + + align:start position:0% +where students can observe and draw +their own + + align:start position:0% +their own + + + align:start position:0% +their own +conclusions it is a pathway to a new + + align:start position:0% +conclusions it is a pathway to a new + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions it is a pathway to a new +type of learning that is independent yet + + align:start position:0% +type of learning that is independent yet + + + align:start position:0% +type of learning that is independent yet +guided that fits the national standards + + align:start position:0% +guided that fits the national standards + + + align:start position:0% +guided that fits the national standards +and that integrates the technology of + + align:start position:0% +and that integrates the technology of + + + align:start position:0% +and that integrates the technology of +today with the wisdom of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +past + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3MpzavN3Mco.txt b/3MpzavN3Mco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..119daf4803820243d528854bbdb1573c2676b09b --- /dev/null +++ b/3MpzavN3Mco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12371 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to +6046 today we continue our theme of data + + align:start position:0% +6046 today we continue our theme of data + + + align:start position:0% +6046 today we continue our theme of data +structures uh but this time instead of + + align:start position:0% +structures uh but this time instead of + + + align:start position:0% +structures uh but this time instead of +doing a fancy data structure we're going + + align:start position:0% +doing a fancy data structure we're going + + + align:start position:0% +doing a fancy data structure we're going +to look at fancy cool analysis + + align:start position:0% +to look at fancy cool analysis + + + align:start position:0% +to look at fancy cool analysis +techniques for data structures and these + + align:start position:0% +techniques for data structures and these + + + align:start position:0% +techniques for data structures and these +are useful for tons of different data + + align:start position:0% +are useful for tons of different data + + + align:start position:0% +are useful for tons of different data +structures especially in the context + + align:start position:0% +structures especially in the context + + + align:start position:0% +structures especially in the context +when you're using a data structure to + + align:start position:0% +when you're using a data structure to + + + align:start position:0% +when you're using a data structure to +solve to implement an + + align:start position:0% +solve to implement an + + + align:start position:0% +solve to implement an +algorithm uh for example in dyra uh when + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh for example in dyra uh when + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh for example in dyra uh when +you learned Dyer's algorithm you had + + align:start position:0% +you learned Dyer's algorithm you had + + + align:start position:0% +you learned Dyer's algorithm you had +lots of different Heap structures you + + align:start position:0% +lots of different Heap structures you + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different Heap structures you +could use for for the priority que uh in + + align:start position:0% +could use for for the priority que uh in + + + align:start position:0% +could use for for the priority que uh in +dyra and they give different running + + align:start position:0% +dyra and they give different running + + + align:start position:0% +dyra and they give different running +times of + + align:start position:0% +times of + + + align:start position:0% +times of +dyra uh but the key thing in that + + align:start position:0% +dyra uh but the key thing in that + + + align:start position:0% +dyra uh but the key thing in that +context is that you cared about the + + align:start position:0% +context is that you cared about the + + + align:start position:0% +context is that you cared about the +total running time of the + + align:start position:0% +total running time of the + + + align:start position:0% +total running time of the +algorithm uh less than you cared about + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh less than you cared about + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm uh less than you cared about +the individual running time of each + + align:start position:0% +the individual running time of each + + + align:start position:0% +the individual running time of each +operation and that's what amortization + + align:start position:0% +operation and that's what amortization + + + align:start position:0% +operation and that's what amortization +is about it's I guess a technique from + + align:start position:0% +is about it's I guess a technique from + + + align:start position:0% +is about it's I guess a technique from +financial analysis but uh We've + + align:start position:0% +financial analysis but uh We've + + + align:start position:0% +financial analysis but uh We've +appropriated it in computer science as + + align:start position:0% +appropriated it in computer science as + + + align:start position:0% +appropriated it in computer science as +an analysis technique to say well let's + + align:start position:0% +an analysis technique to say well let's + + + align:start position:0% +an analysis technique to say well let's +not worry about every single operation + + align:start position:0% +not worry about every single operation + + + align:start position:0% +not worry about every single operation +cost worst case cost let's just worry + + align:start position:0% +cost worst case cost let's just worry + + + align:start position:0% +cost worst case cost let's just worry +about the total operation the sum of all + + align:start position:0% +about the total operation the sum of all + + + align:start position:0% +about the total operation the sum of all +the operations cost that's the whole + + align:start position:0% +the operations cost that's the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the operations cost that's the whole +idea of amortization but there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +idea of amortization but there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +idea of amortization but there's a lot +of different ways to do it we're going + + align:start position:0% +of different ways to do it we're going + + + align:start position:0% +of different ways to do it we're going +to cover four different methods for + + align:start position:0% +to cover four different methods for + + + align:start position:0% +to cover four different methods for +doing it and three is examples of doing + + align:start position:0% +doing it and three is examples of doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing it and three is examples of doing +it today and you've seen some + + align:start position:0% +it today and you've seen some + + + align:start position:0% +it today and you've seen some +essentially in recitation last time uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially in recitation last time uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially in recitation last time uh +and you've seen a little bit in 66 so + + align:start position:0% +and you've seen a little bit in 66 so + + + align:start position:0% +and you've seen a little bit in 66 so +let me first remind you of the example + + align:start position:0% +let me first remind you of the example + + + align:start position:0% +let me first remind you of the example +of table doubling from + + align:start position:0% +of table doubling from + + + align:start position:0% +of table doubling from +6046 sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +66 this came up in the context of hash + + align:start position:0% +66 this came up in the context of hash + + + align:start position:0% +66 this came up in the context of hash +tables uh as you may call if you store n + + align:start position:0% +tables uh as you may call if you store n + + + align:start position:0% +tables uh as you may call if you store n +items uh in a hash + + align:start position:0% +items uh in a hash + + + align:start position:0% +items uh in a hash +table of size + + align:start position:0% +table of size + + + align:start position:0% +table of size +M they're M slots in the table let's say + + align:start position:0% +M they're M slots in the table let's say + + + align:start position:0% +M they're M slots in the table let's say +using chaining hashing with chaining + + align:start position:0% +using chaining hashing with chaining + + + align:start position:0% +using chaining hashing with chaining +then we got uh an expected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost of uh constant plus the load Factor + + align:start position:0% +cost of uh constant plus the load Factor + + + align:start position:0% +cost of uh constant plus the load Factor +size of the table divided by the number + + align:start position:0% +size of the table divided by the number + + + align:start position:0% +size of the table divided by the number +of items so we wanted to get constant + + align:start position:0% +of items so we wanted to get constant + + + align:start position:0% +of items so we wanted to get constant +expected and so we wanted this to always + + align:start position:0% +expected and so we wanted this to always + + + align:start position:0% +expected and so we wanted this to always +be uh at most a constant I guess we + + align:start position:0% +be uh at most a constant I guess we + + + align:start position:0% +be uh at most a constant I guess we +could handle a larger table size + + align:start position:0% +could handle a larger table size + + + align:start position:0% +could handle a larger table size +although then we are unhappy about our + + align:start position:0% +although then we are unhappy about our + + + align:start position:0% +although then we are unhappy about our +space but we definitely want M to be at + + align:start position:0% +space but we definitely want M to be at + + + align:start position:0% +space but we definitely want M to be at +least around n so that this works out to + + align:start position:0% +least around n so that this works out to + + + align:start position:0% +least around n so that this works out to +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +one and the solution for doing that was + + align:start position:0% +one and the solution for doing that was + + + align:start position:0% +one and the solution for doing that was +table doubling whenever the table is too + + align:start position:0% +table doubling whenever the table is too + + + align:start position:0% +table doubling whenever the table is too +big double it or sorry whenever the + + align:start position:0% +big double it or sorry whenever the + + + align:start position:0% +big double it or sorry whenever the +table's too small when you have too many + + align:start position:0% +table's too small when you have too many + + + align:start position:0% +table's too small when you have too many +items double the size of the + + align:start position:0% +items double the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +items double the size of the +table uh so + + align:start position:0% +table uh so + + + align:start position:0% +table uh so +if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n n is the thing that we can't control + + align:start position:0% +n n is the thing that we can't control + + + align:start position:0% +n n is the thing that we can't control +that's the number of items somebody's + + align:start position:0% +that's the number of items somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the number of items somebody's +inserting into the table if n grows to + + align:start position:0% +inserting into the table if n grows to + + + align:start position:0% +inserting into the table if n grows to +the value uh to match M + + align:start position:0% +the value uh to match M + + + align:start position:0% +the value uh to match M +then uh double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m so M Prime = 2 + + align:start position:0% +m so M Prime = 2 + + + align:start position:0% +m so M Prime = 2 +m and uh to double the table you have to + + align:start position:0% +m and uh to double the table you have to + + + align:start position:0% +m and uh to double the table you have to +allocate a new array of double the size + + align:start position:0% +allocate a new array of double the size + + + align:start position:0% +allocate a new array of double the size +and copy over all the items and that + + align:start position:0% +and copy over all the items and that + + + align:start position:0% +and copy over all the items and that +involves hashing but uh overall this + + align:start position:0% +involves hashing but uh overall this + + + align:start position:0% +involves hashing but uh overall this +will take uh order size of the table + + align:start position:0% +will take uh order size of the table + + + align:start position:0% +will take uh order size of the table +work doesn't matter whether I using M or + + align:start position:0% +work doesn't matter whether I using M or + + + align:start position:0% +work doesn't matter whether I using M or +M Prime here because within a constant + + align:start position:0% +M Prime here because within a constant + + + align:start position:0% +M Prime here because within a constant +factor of each other uh and that's bad + + align:start position:0% +factor of each other uh and that's bad + + + align:start position:0% +factor of each other uh and that's bad +linear time to do an insertion is + + align:start position:0% +linear time to do an insertion is + + + align:start position:0% +linear time to do an insertion is +clearly bad this is all during one + + align:start position:0% +clearly bad this is all during one + + + align:start position:0% +clearly bad this is all during one +insertion operation that this would + + align:start position:0% +insertion operation that this would + + + align:start position:0% +insertion operation that this would +happen but overall it's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +happen but overall it's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +happen but overall it's not going to be +bad because you only double login times + + align:start position:0% +bad because you only double login times + + + align:start position:0% +bad because you only double login times +and if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at the +uh total + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost so maybe you think oh is it log n + + align:start position:0% +cost so maybe you think oh is it log n + + + align:start position:0% +cost so maybe you think oh is it log n +per operation but it's not so bad + + align:start position:0% +per operation but it's not so bad + + + align:start position:0% +per operation but it's not so bad +because uh total cost for n insertions + + align:start position:0% +because uh total cost for n insertions + + + align:start position:0% +because uh total cost for n insertions +from an starting from an empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +structure uh is something like 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +structure uh is something like 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +structure uh is something like 2 to the +0o the big Theta outside 2 to the 1 2 to + + align:start position:0% +0o the big Theta outside 2 to the 1 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +0o the big Theta outside 2 to the 1 2 to +the two we're only doing + + align:start position:0% +the two we're only doing + + + align:start position:0% +the two we're only doing +insertions this is great 2 to the log n + + align:start position:0% +insertions this is great 2 to the log n + + + align:start position:0% +insertions this is great 2 to the log n +this is a geometric series and so this + + align:start position:0% +this is a geometric series and so this + + + align:start position:0% +this is a geometric series and so this +is order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n Theta N I + + align:start position:0% +n Theta N I + + + align:start position:0% +n Theta N I +guess so uh to do n insertions cost + + align:start position:0% +guess so uh to do n insertions cost + + + align:start position:0% +guess so uh to do n insertions cost +Theta n so we'd like to say the + + align:start position:0% +Theta n so we'd like to say the + + + align:start position:0% +Theta n so we'd like to say the +amortized cost per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation is + + align:start position:0% +operation is + + + align:start position:0% +operation is +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh I mean we did n operations total cost + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean we did n operations total cost + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean we did n operations total cost +was n so sort of on average per + + align:start position:0% +was n so sort of on average per + + + align:start position:0% +was n so sort of on average per +operation that was only constant so this + + align:start position:0% +operation that was only constant so this + + + align:start position:0% +operation that was only constant so this +is uh the sense in which hash tables are + + align:start position:0% +is uh the sense in which hash tables are + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the sense in which hash tables are +constant expected + + align:start position:0% +constant expected + + + align:start position:0% +constant expected +amortized um and we'll get back to + + align:start position:0% +amortized um and we'll get back to + + + align:start position:0% +amortized um and we'll get back to +hashing in a future lecture probably I + + align:start position:0% +hashing in a future lecture probably I + + + align:start position:0% +hashing in a future lecture probably I +think lecture eight uh but for now we're + + align:start position:0% +think lecture eight uh but for now we're + + + align:start position:0% +think lecture eight uh but for now we're +just going to think about this as a + + align:start position:0% +just going to think about this as a + + + align:start position:0% +just going to think about this as a +general thing where you need table + + align:start position:0% +general thing where you need table + + + align:start position:0% +general thing where you need table +doubling + + align:start position:0% +doubling + + + align:start position:0% +doubling +uh then this gives + + align:start position:0% +uh then this gives + + + align:start position:0% +uh then this gives +you a fast way to insert into a table + + align:start position:0% +you a fast way to insert into a table + + + align:start position:0% +you a fast way to insert into a table +later we'll think about deleting from a + + align:start position:0% +later we'll think about deleting from a + + + align:start position:0% +later we'll think about deleting from a +table and keeping the space not too big + + align:start position:0% +table and keeping the space not too big + + + align:start position:0% +table and keeping the space not too big +but that's a starting point and this is + + align:start position:0% +but that's a starting point and this is + + + align:start position:0% +but that's a starting point and this is +an example of a general technique called + + align:start position:0% +an example of a general technique called + + + align:start position:0% +an example of a general technique called +the aggregate method which is probably + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate method which is probably + + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate method which is probably +the weakest way the weakest method for + + align:start position:0% +the weakest way the weakest method for + + + align:start position:0% +the weakest way the weakest method for +doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amortization but maybe the most + + align:start position:0% +amortization but maybe the most + + + align:start position:0% +amortization but maybe the most +intuitive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +the aggregate method says well uh what + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate method says well uh what + + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate method says well uh what +we C we we do some sequence of + + align:start position:0% +we C we we do some sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +we C we we do some sequence of +operations let's say in general there + + align:start position:0% +operations let's say in general there + + + align:start position:0% +operations let's say in general there +are K operations measure the total cost + + align:start position:0% +are K operations measure the total cost + + + align:start position:0% +are K operations measure the total cost +of those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operations divide by + + align:start position:0% +operations divide by + + + align:start position:0% +operations divide by +K that's the amortized cost per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can think of this as a definition + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this as a definition + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this as a definition +but it's not actually going to be our + + align:start position:0% +but it's not actually going to be our + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not actually going to be our +definition of amortise cost we're going + + align:start position:0% +definition of amortise cost we're going + + + align:start position:0% +definition of amortise cost we're going +to use a more flexible definition but + + align:start position:0% +to use a more flexible definition but + + + align:start position:0% +to use a more flexible definition but +for simple examples like this it's a + + align:start position:0% +for simple examples like this it's a + + + align:start position:0% +for simple examples like this it's a +fine definition uh and it gives you what + + align:start position:0% +fine definition uh and it gives you what + + + align:start position:0% +fine definition uh and it gives you what +you want when you have when your + + align:start position:0% +you want when you have when your + + + align:start position:0% +you want when you have when your +sequence of operations is very clear + + align:start position:0% +sequence of operations is very clear + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of operations is very clear +like here there's only one thing you can + + align:start position:0% +like here there's only one thing you can + + + align:start position:0% +like here there's only one thing you can +do at each step which is insert that's + + align:start position:0% +do at each step which is insert that's + + + align:start position:0% +do at each step which is insert that's +my definition of the problem then great + + align:start position:0% +my definition of the problem then great + + + align:start position:0% +my definition of the problem then great +we get a very simple sum as soon as you + + align:start position:0% +we get a very simple sum as soon as you + + + align:start position:0% +we get a very simple sum as soon as you +mix inserts and delet Le the sum is not + + align:start position:0% +mix inserts and delet Le the sum is not + + + align:start position:0% +mix inserts and delet Le the sum is not +so clear but uh in some situations the + + align:start position:0% +so clear but uh in some situations the + + + align:start position:0% +so clear but uh in some situations the +sum is really clean so you just compute + + align:start position:0% +sum is really clean so you just compute + + + align:start position:0% +sum is really clean so you just compute +the sum divide by number operations you + + align:start position:0% +the sum divide by number operations you + + + align:start position:0% +the sum divide by number operations you +get a cost and that that could be the + + align:start position:0% +get a cost and that that could be the + + + align:start position:0% +get a cost and that that could be the +amortized cost and that's the aggregate + + align:start position:0% +amortized cost and that's the aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +amortized cost and that's the aggregate +method works great for simple sums uh + + align:start position:0% +method works great for simple sums uh + + + align:start position:0% +method works great for simple sums uh +here's another example where it uh no + + align:start position:0% +here's another example where it uh no + + + align:start position:0% +here's another example where it uh no +sorry let me now give you the general + + align:start position:0% +sorry let me now give you the general + + + align:start position:0% +sorry let me now give you the general +definition of amortized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bounds + + align:start position:0% +bounds + + + align:start position:0% +bounds +uh which becomes important once you're + + align:start position:0% +uh which becomes important once you're + + + align:start position:0% +uh which becomes important once you're +dealing with different types of + + align:start position:0% +dealing with different types of + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with different types of +operations I want to say an insert costs + + align:start position:0% +operations I want to say an insert costs + + + align:start position:0% +operations I want to say an insert costs +one bound amortised and maybe a delete + + align:start position:0% +one bound amortised and maybe a delete + + + align:start position:0% +one bound amortised and maybe a delete +cost some other bound so what you get to + + align:start position:0% +cost some other bound so what you get to + + + align:start position:0% +cost some other bound so what you get to +do is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assign a cost uh for each operation I + + align:start position:0% +assign a cost uh for each operation I + + + align:start position:0% +assign a cost uh for each operation I +should call it an amortised + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh such that you preserve the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sum of those + + align:start position:0% +sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +sum of those +costs so what I mean is that if I look + + align:start position:0% +costs so what I mean is that if I look + + + align:start position:0% +costs so what I mean is that if I look +at the sum over all operations of the + + align:start position:0% +at the sum over all operations of the + + + align:start position:0% +at the sum over all operations of the +amortise cost of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation and I compare that with the + + align:start position:0% +operation and I compare that with the + + + align:start position:0% +operation and I compare that with the +sum of all the actual cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operations that amorti should always be + + align:start position:0% +operations that amorti should always be + + + align:start position:0% +operations that amorti should always be +bigger because I always want an upper + + align:start position:0% +bigger because I always want an upper + + + align:start position:0% +bigger because I always want an upper +bound on my actual cost so if I can + + align:start position:0% +bound on my actual cost so if I can + + + align:start position:0% +bound on my actual cost so if I can +prove that the amortise costs are at + + align:start position:0% +prove that the amortise costs are at + + + align:start position:0% +prove that the amortise costs are at +most say constant per operation then I + + align:start position:0% +most say constant per operation then I + + + align:start position:0% +most say constant per operation then I +get that the sum of the actual cost is + + align:start position:0% +get that the sum of the actual cost is + + + align:start position:0% +get that the sum of the actual cost is +at most constant per operation I don't + + align:start position:0% +at most constant per operation I don't + + + align:start position:0% +at most constant per operation I don't +learn anything about the individual + + align:start position:0% +learn anything about the individual + + + align:start position:0% +learn anything about the individual +costs but I learned about the total cost + + align:start position:0% +costs but I learned about the total cost + + + align:start position:0% +costs but I learned about the total cost +and in the context of an algorithm like + + align:start position:0% +and in the context of an algorithm like + + + align:start position:0% +and in the context of an algorithm like +dexra algorithm you only care about the + + align:start position:0% +dexra algorithm you only care about the + + + align:start position:0% +dexra algorithm you only care about the +total cost because you're just you don't + + align:start position:0% +total cost because you're just you don't + + + align:start position:0% +total cost because you're just you don't +care about the shortest paths at time T + + align:start position:0% +care about the shortest paths at time T + + + align:start position:0% +care about the shortest paths at time T +you only care about the shortest paths + + align:start position:0% +you only care about the shortest paths + + + align:start position:0% +you only care about the shortest paths +when the algorithm's completely finished + + align:start position:0% +when the algorithm's completely finished + + + align:start position:0% +when the algorithm's completely finished +and so in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and so in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and so in a lot of +situations uh maybe not a real-time + + align:start position:0% +situations uh maybe not a real-time + + + align:start position:0% +situations uh maybe not a real-time +system but almost everything else you + + align:start position:0% +system but almost everything else you + + + align:start position:0% +system but almost everything else you +just care about the sum of the costs as + + align:start position:0% +just care about the sum of the costs as + + + align:start position:0% +just care about the sum of the costs as +long as that's small you can afford the + + align:start position:0% +long as that's small you can afford the + + + align:start position:0% +long as that's small you can afford the +occasional expensive + + align:start position:0% +occasional expensive + + + align:start position:0% +occasional expensive +operation uh so this is a more flexible + + align:start position:0% +operation uh so this is a more flexible + + + align:start position:0% +operation uh so this is a more flexible +definition um one option would be to + + align:start position:0% +definition um one option would be to + + + align:start position:0% +definition um one option would be to +assign the average cost to each + + align:start position:0% +assign the average cost to each + + + align:start position:0% +assign the average cost to each +operation but we have a whole bunch more + + align:start position:0% +operation but we have a whole bunch more + + + align:start position:0% +operation but we have a whole bunch more +operations we could say inserts cost + + align:start position:0% +operations we could say inserts cost + + + align:start position:0% +operations we could say inserts cost +more than deletes or things like that in + + align:start position:0% +more than deletes or things like that in + + + align:start position:0% +more than deletes or things like that in +fact let me do such an + + align:start position:0% +fact let me do such an + + + align:start position:0% +fact let me do such an +example uh a couple weeks ago you + + align:start position:0% +example uh a couple weeks ago you + + + align:start position:0% +example uh a couple weeks ago you +learned about two three trees uh this + + align:start position:0% +learned about two three trees uh this + + + align:start position:0% +learned about two three trees uh this +would work for any structure though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so I claim uh I'm going to look at + + align:start position:0% +um so I claim uh I'm going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +um so I claim uh I'm going to look at +three operations on Two Three Trees one + + align:start position:0% +three operations on Two Three Trees one + + + align:start position:0% +three operations on Two Three Trees one +is uh create an empty tree so I need to + + align:start position:0% +is uh create an empty tree so I need to + + + align:start position:0% +is uh create an empty tree so I need to +think about how we're getting started in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amortization let's say you always start + + align:start position:0% +amortization let's say you always start + + + align:start position:0% +amortization let's say you always start +with an empty tree it takes constant + + align:start position:0% +with an empty tree it takes constant + + + align:start position:0% +with an empty tree it takes constant +time to make + + align:start position:0% +time to make + + + align:start position:0% +time to make +one uh I pay log n time I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +one uh I pay log n time I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +one uh I pay log n time I'm going to +tweak that a little bit uh for an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insertion and I pay zero time per + + align:start position:0% +insertion and I pay zero time per + + + align:start position:0% +insertion and I pay zero time per +delete in an advertised + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense you can write Big O of zero if you + + align:start position:0% +sense you can write Big O of zero if you + + + align:start position:0% +sense you can write Big O of zero if you +like same thing um + + align:start position:0% +like same thing um + + + align:start position:0% +like same thing um +so deletion you can think of as a free + + align:start position:0% +so deletion you can think of as a free + + + align:start position:0% +so deletion you can think of as a free +operation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why this is a bit counterintuitive + + align:start position:0% +why this is a bit counterintuitive + + + align:start position:0% +why this is a bit counterintuitive +because of course in reality the actual + + align:start position:0% +because of course in reality the actual + + + align:start position:0% +because of course in reality the actual +cost of a deletion is going to be log in + + align:start position:0% +cost of a deletion is going to be log in + + + align:start position:0% +cost of a deletion is going to be log in +yeah you can never delete more elements + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can never delete more elements + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can never delete more elements +than you you can never delete more + + align:start position:0% +than you you can never delete more + + + align:start position:0% +than you you can never delete more +elements than you've already inserted + + align:start position:0% +elements than you've already inserted + + + align:start position:0% +elements than you've already inserted +good count + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the yeah so uh I can bound the deletion + + align:start position:0% +the yeah so uh I can bound the deletion + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah so uh I can bound the deletion +cost by the insertion cost and in the + + align:start position:0% +cost by the insertion cost and in the + + + align:start position:0% +cost by the insertion cost and in the +context of just the aggregate method you + + align:start position:0% +context of just the aggregate method you + + + align:start position:0% +context of just the aggregate method you +could look at the total cost of all the + + align:start position:0% +could look at the total cost of all the + + + align:start position:0% +could look at the total cost of all the +operations uh I guess we're not exactly + + align:start position:0% +operations uh I guess we're not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +operations uh I guess we're not exactly +dividing here but uh if we look at the + + align:start position:0% +dividing here but uh if we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +dividing here but uh if we look at the +the total + + align:start position:0% +the total + + + align:start position:0% +the total +cost uh let's say that we do uh C + + align:start position:0% +cost uh let's say that we do uh C + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh let's say that we do uh C +Creations I insertions and D + + align:start position:0% +Creations I insertions and D + + + align:start position:0% +Creations I insertions and D +deletions then the total cost becomes uh + + align:start position:0% +deletions then the total cost becomes uh + + + align:start position:0% +deletions then the total cost becomes uh +C + I * log + + align:start position:0% +C + I * log + + + align:start position:0% +C + I * log +n uh plus d * log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n and the point is D is less than or + + align:start position:0% +n and the point is D is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +n and the point is D is less than or +equal to I because you can never delete + + align:start position:0% +equal to I because you can never delete + + + align:start position:0% +equal to I because you can never delete +an item that wasn't already inserted if + + align:start position:0% +an item that wasn't already inserted if + + + align:start position:0% +an item that wasn't already inserted if +you're starting from an empty structure + + align:start position:0% +you're starting from an empty structure + + + align:start position:0% +you're starting from an empty structure +and so uh this is I + D * log n uh but + + align:start position:0% +and so uh this is I + D * log n uh but + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh this is I + D * log n uh but +that's just at most twice I Times log n + + align:start position:0% +that's just at most twice I Times log n + + + align:start position:0% +that's just at most twice I Times log n +so we get + + align:start position:0% +so we get + + + align:start position:0% +so we get +C+ I log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n and so we can think of that as having + + align:start position:0% +n and so we can think of that as having + + + align:start position:0% +n and so we can think of that as having +a d times zero there zero cost per dele + + align:start position:0% +a d times zero there zero cost per dele + + + align:start position:0% +a d times zero there zero cost per dele +and so this is the sum of the actual + + align:start position:0% +and so this is the sum of the actual + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is the sum of the actual +costs over here this is the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +costs over here this is the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +costs over here this is the sum of the +amortised costs where we say zero for + + align:start position:0% +amortised costs where we say zero for + + + align:start position:0% +amortised costs where we say zero for +the deletion and we just showed that um + + align:start position:0% +the deletion and we just showed that um + + + align:start position:0% +the deletion and we just showed that um +this is an upper bound on that so we're + + align:start position:0% +this is an upper bound on that so we're + + + align:start position:0% +this is an upper bound on that so we're +we're happy now there's a slight catch + + align:start position:0% +we're happy now there's a slight catch + + + align:start position:0% +we're happy now there's a slight catch +here and that's why I wrote Star on + + align:start position:0% +here and that's why I wrote Star on + + + align:start position:0% +here and that's why I wrote Star on +every n which is not every operation has + + align:start position:0% +every n which is not every operation has + + + align:start position:0% +every n which is not every operation has +the same cost right when you start from + + align:start position:0% +the same cost right when you start from + + + align:start position:0% +the same cost right when you start from +an empty structure insertion cost + + align:start position:0% +an empty structure insertion cost + + + align:start position:0% +an empty structure insertion cost +constant time because n is + + align:start position:0% +constant time because n is + + + align:start position:0% +constant time because n is +zero uh when N is a constant insertion + + align:start position:0% +zero uh when N is a constant insertion + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh when N is a constant insertion +is constant time when n grows to + + align:start position:0% +is constant time when n grows to + + + align:start position:0% +is constant time when n grows to +n it costs log n time at different time + + align:start position:0% +n it costs log n time at different time + + + align:start position:0% +n it costs log n time at different time +N is a different value and N I'm going + + align:start position:0% +N is a different value and N I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +N is a different value and N I'm going +to use to mean the current size of the + + align:start position:0% +to use to mean the current size of the + + + align:start position:0% +to use to mean the current size of the +structure uh for this argument to work + + align:start position:0% +structure uh for this argument to work + + + align:start position:0% +structure uh for this argument to work +at the moment I need that n is not the + + align:start position:0% +at the moment I need that n is not the + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment I need that n is not the +current value because this kind of + + align:start position:0% +current value because this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +current value because this kind of +charging Works some insertions are for + + align:start position:0% +charging Works some insertions are for + + + align:start position:0% +charging Works some insertions are for +large structure some are for small + + align:start position:0% +large structure some are for small + + + align:start position:0% +large structure some are for small +structur some deletions are for small + + align:start position:0% +structur some deletions are for small + + + align:start position:0% +structur some deletions are for small +some are for large gets confusing to + + align:start position:0% +some are for large gets confusing to + + + align:start position:0% +some are for large gets confusing to +think about we will fix that in a moment + + align:start position:0% +think about we will fix that in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +think about we will fix that in a moment +but for now I'm just going to Define n + + align:start position:0% +but for now I'm just going to Define n + + + align:start position:0% +but for now I'm just going to Define n +star to be the maximum size over all + + align:start position:0% +star to be the maximum size over all + + + align:start position:0% +star to be the maximum size over all +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +okay if we just Define it that way then + + align:start position:0% +okay if we just Define it that way then + + + align:start position:0% +okay if we just Define it that way then +this is this is true that's that will + + align:start position:0% +this is this is true that's that will + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is true that's that will +let me pay for any + + align:start position:0% +let me pay for any + + + align:start position:0% +let me pay for any +deletion uh but we'll remove that star + + align:start position:0% +deletion uh but we'll remove that star + + + align:start position:0% +deletion uh but we'll remove that star +later on once we get better analysis + + align:start position:0% +later on once we get better analysis + + + align:start position:0% +later on once we get better analysis +methods but so far so good uh two very + + align:start position:0% +methods but so far so good uh two very + + + align:start position:0% +methods but so far so good uh two very +simple examples table doubling two three + + align:start position:0% +simple examples table doubling two three + + + align:start position:0% +simple examples table doubling two three +trees with free + + align:start position:0% +trees with free + + + align:start position:0% +trees with free +deletion of course that would work for + + align:start position:0% +deletion of course that would work for + + + align:start position:0% +deletion of course that would work for +any structure with logarithmic insertion + + align:start position:0% +any structure with logarithmic insertion + + + align:start position:0% +any structure with logarithmic insertion +and deletion uh but we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +and deletion uh but we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and deletion uh but we're going to be +using two three trees in a more + + align:start position:0% +using two three trees in a more + + + align:start position:0% +using two three trees in a more +analyzing them in a more interesting way + + align:start position:0% +analyzing them in a more interesting way + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing them in a more interesting way +uh later + + align:start position:0% +uh later + + + align:start position:0% +uh later +on so let's go to the next method which + + align:start position:0% +on so let's go to the next method which + + + align:start position:0% +on so let's go to the next method which +is the accounting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method it's like the uh the bank tellers + + align:start position:0% +method it's like the uh the bank tellers + + + align:start position:0% +method it's like the uh the bank tellers +analysis if you + + align:start position:0% +analysis if you + + + align:start position:0% +analysis if you +will um these are all just different + + align:start position:0% +will um these are all just different + + + align:start position:0% +will um these are all just different +ways to compute these + + align:start position:0% +ways to compute these + + + align:start position:0% +ways to compute these +sums or to think about the sums and + + align:start position:0% +sums or to think about the sums and + + + align:start position:0% +sums or to think about the sums and +usually one method is a lot easier + + align:start position:0% +usually one method is a lot easier + + + align:start position:0% +usually one method is a lot easier +either for you personally or for each + + align:start position:0% +either for you personally or for each + + + align:start position:0% +either for you personally or for each +problem more typically each problem + + align:start position:0% +problem more typically each problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem more typically each problem +usually one or more of these methods is + + align:start position:0% +usually one or more of these methods is + + + align:start position:0% +usually one or more of these methods is +going to be more intuitive than the + + align:start position:0% +going to be more intuitive than the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be more intuitive than the +others they're all kind of equivalent + + align:start position:0% +others they're all kind of equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +others they're all kind of equivalent +but it's good to have them all in your + + align:start position:0% +but it's good to have them all in your + + + align:start position:0% +but it's good to have them all in your +mind so you can just think about the + + align:start position:0% +mind so you can just think about the + + + align:start position:0% +mind so you can just think about the +problem in different ways so uh with the + + align:start position:0% +problem in different ways so uh with the + + + align:start position:0% +problem in different ways so uh with the +accounting method what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +accounting method what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +accounting method what we're going to do +is Define uh a bank + + align:start position:0% +is Define uh a bank + + + align:start position:0% +is Define uh a bank +account and an + + align:start position:0% +account and an + + + align:start position:0% +account and an +operation uh can store + + align:start position:0% +operation uh can store + + + align:start position:0% +operation uh can store +credit in that bank account + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh credit's may be not the best word + + align:start position:0% +uh credit's may be not the best word + + + align:start position:0% +uh credit's may be not the best word +because you're not allowed for the bank + + align:start position:0% +because you're not allowed for the bank + + + align:start position:0% +because you're not allowed for the bank +account to go negative okay the bank + + align:start position:0% +account to go negative okay the bank + + + align:start position:0% +account to go negative okay the bank +account must always be non- negative + + align:start position:0% +account must always be non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +account must always be non- negative +balance uh because otherwise your + + align:start position:0% +balance uh because otherwise your + + + align:start position:0% +balance uh because otherwise your +summations won't work out um so when you + + align:start position:0% +summations won't work out um so when you + + + align:start position:0% +summations won't work out um so when you +store credit in the bank account you pay + + align:start position:0% +store credit in the bank account you pay + + + align:start position:0% +store credit in the bank account you pay +for for it it's as if you're consuming + + align:start position:0% +for for it it's as if you're consuming + + + align:start position:0% +for for it it's as if you're consuming +time now in order to pay for it in the + + align:start position:0% +time now in order to pay for it in the + + + align:start position:0% +time now in order to pay for it in the +future if you and think of operations + + align:start position:0% +future if you and think of operations + + + align:start position:0% +future if you and think of operations +costing money so whenever I uh do a + + align:start position:0% +costing money so whenever I uh do a + + + align:start position:0% +costing money so whenever I uh do a +deletion I spend actual time log in time + + align:start position:0% +deletion I spend actual time log in time + + + align:start position:0% +deletion I spend actual time log in time +but if I had log in dollars in the bank + + align:start position:0% +but if I had log in dollars in the bank + + + align:start position:0% +but if I had log in dollars in the bank +and I can pull those out of the bank I + + align:start position:0% +and I can pull those out of the bank I + + + align:start position:0% +and I can pull those out of the bank I +can use those dollars to pay for the + + align:start position:0% +can use those dollars to pay for the + + + align:start position:0% +can use those dollars to pay for the +work and then the deletion itself + + align:start position:0% +work and then the deletion itself + + + align:start position:0% +work and then the deletion itself +becomes free in an advertised sense so + + align:start position:0% +becomes free in an advertised sense so + + + align:start position:0% +becomes free in an advertised sense so +um this is on the one hand operation and + + align:start position:0% +um this is on the one hand operation and + + + align:start position:0% +um this is on the one hand operation and +when I do an insertion I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +when I do an insertion I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +when I do an insertion I'm going to +physically take some coins out of myself + + align:start position:0% +physically take some coins out of myself + + + align:start position:0% +physically take some coins out of myself +uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh that +will cost something in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +will cost something in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +will cost something in the sense that +the amortised cost of insertion goes up + + align:start position:0% +the amortised cost of insertion goes up + + + align:start position:0% +the amortised cost of insertion goes up +in order to put those coins in the bank + + align:start position:0% +in order to put those coins in the bank + + + align:start position:0% +in order to put those coins in the bank +but then I'll be able to use them for + + align:start position:0% +but then I'll be able to use them for + + + align:start position:0% +but then I'll be able to use them for +deletion so this is what insertion is + + align:start position:0% +deletion so this is what insertion is + + + align:start position:0% +deletion so this is what insertion is +going to do I can store credit in the + + align:start position:0% +going to do I can store credit in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to do I can store credit in the +bank and then separately we allow an + + align:start position:0% +bank and then separately we allow an + + + align:start position:0% +bank and then separately we allow an +operation to take coins out of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bank + + align:start position:0% +bank + + + align:start position:0% +bank +and you can pay for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time using the credit that's been stored + + align:start position:0% +time using the credit that's been stored + + + align:start position:0% +time using the credit that's been stored +in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bank okay as long as the + + align:start position:0% +bank okay as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +bank okay as long as the +balance bank balance remains non- + + align:start position:0% +balance bank balance remains non- + + + align:start position:0% +balance bank balance remains non- +negative at all times this will be good + + align:start position:0% +negative at all times this will be good + + + align:start position:0% +negative at all times this will be good +uh the bank balance is a sort of unused + + align:start position:0% +uh the bank balance is a sort of unused + + + align:start position:0% +uh the bank balance is a sort of unused +time we're paying for it to store things + + align:start position:0% +time we're paying for it to store things + + + align:start position:0% +time we're paying for it to store things +in there if we don't use it well we just + + align:start position:0% +in there if we don't use it well we just + + + align:start position:0% +in there if we don't use it well we just +have an upper bound on time as long as + + align:start position:0% +have an upper bound on time as long as + + + align:start position:0% +have an upper bound on time as long as +we go non- negative then we're never uh + + align:start position:0% +we go non- negative then we're never uh + + + align:start position:0% +we go non- negative then we're never uh +then the summation will always be uh in + + align:start position:0% +then the summation will always be uh in + + + align:start position:0% +then the summation will always be uh in +the right direction this this inequality + + align:start position:0% +the right direction this this inequality + + + align:start position:0% +the right direction this this inequality +will hold Let's do an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example uh well maybe this is a a first + + align:start position:0% +example uh well maybe this is a a first + + + align:start position:0% +example uh well maybe this is a a first +example so when I do an Insertion I can + + align:start position:0% +example so when I do an Insertion I can + + + align:start position:0% +example so when I do an Insertion I can +put uh let's say one coin a value log + + align:start position:0% +put uh let's say one coin a value log + + + align:start position:0% +put uh let's say one coin a value log +and star into the + + align:start position:0% +and star into the + + + align:start position:0% +and star into the +bank and so the total cost of that + + align:start position:0% +bank and so the total cost of that + + + align:start position:0% +bank and so the total cost of that +Insertion I pay log and star real cost + + align:start position:0% +Insertion I pay log and star real cost + + + align:start position:0% +Insertion I pay log and star real cost +in order to do the insertion then I also + + align:start position:0% +in order to do the insertion then I also + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do the insertion then I also +pay log and star for those coins to put + + align:start position:0% +pay log and star for those coins to put + + + align:start position:0% +pay log and star for those coins to put +them in the bank when I do a deletion + + align:start position:0% +them in the bank when I do a deletion + + + align:start position:0% +them in the bank when I do a deletion +the real cost is log NSTAR but I'm going + + align:start position:0% +the real cost is log NSTAR but I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +the real cost is log NSTAR but I'm going +to extract out of it log NSTAR coins and + + align:start position:0% +to extract out of it log NSTAR coins and + + + align:start position:0% +to extract out of it log NSTAR coins and +then so the total cost is actually free + + align:start position:0% +then so the total cost is actually free + + + align:start position:0% +then so the total cost is actually free +the total amortise cost is + + align:start position:0% +the total amortise cost is + + + align:start position:0% +the total amortise cost is +free but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah and and the reason that works + + align:start position:0% +um yeah and and the reason that works + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah and and the reason that works +the reason the balance is always non + + align:start position:0% +the reason the balance is always non + + + align:start position:0% +the reason the balance is always non +negative is because for every deletion + + align:start position:0% +negative is because for every deletion + + + align:start position:0% +negative is because for every deletion +there was an insertion before okay so + + align:start position:0% +there was an insertion before okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there was an insertion before okay so +it's maybe not it's maybe a less + + align:start position:0% +it's maybe not it's maybe a less + + + align:start position:0% +it's maybe not it's maybe a less +intuitive way to think about this + + align:start position:0% +intuitive way to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive way to think about this +problem but you could think about it + + align:start position:0% +problem but you could think about it + + + align:start position:0% +problem but you could think about it +that way + + align:start position:0% +that way + + + align:start position:0% +that way +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and more generally what so what we'd + + align:start position:0% +and more generally what so what we'd + + + align:start position:0% +and more generally what so what we'd +like to say + + align:start position:0% +like to say + + + align:start position:0% +like to say +is that we only pay log n without the + + align:start position:0% +is that we only pay log n without the + + + align:start position:0% +is that we only pay log n without the +star the current value of n per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insert and uh + + align:start position:0% +insert and uh + + + align:start position:0% +insert and uh +zero per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delete uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +advertised uh so we'd like to say okay + + align:start position:0% +advertised uh so we'd like to say okay + + + align:start position:0% +advertised uh so we'd like to say okay +um let me put + + align:start position:0% +um let me put + + + align:start position:0% +um let me put +uh one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coin worth log + + align:start position:0% +coin worth log + + + align:start position:0% +coin worth log +n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh for each delete for each + + align:start position:0% +uh for each delete for each + + + align:start position:0% +uh for each delete for each +insertion uh and when I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delete I consume the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coin and in general the formula here is + + align:start position:0% +coin and in general the formula here is + + + align:start position:0% +coin and in general the formula here is +that the amortized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost of an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation is the actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost uh + + align:start position:0% +cost uh + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh +plus the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deposits minus the uh + + align:start position:0% +deposits minus the uh + + + align:start position:0% +deposits minus the uh +withdrawals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so insertion we just double the + + align:start position:0% +okay so insertion we just double the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so insertion we just double the +cost because we pay log in to do the + + align:start position:0% +cost because we pay log in to do the + + + align:start position:0% +cost because we pay log in to do the +real thing we pay log in to store the + + align:start position:0% +real thing we pay log in to store the + + + align:start position:0% +real thing we pay log in to store the +coin um that's the plus deposit part so + + align:start position:0% +coin um that's the plus deposit part so + + + align:start position:0% +coin um that's the plus deposit part so +insertion remains log in and then + + align:start position:0% +insertion remains log in and then + + + align:start position:0% +insertion remains log in and then +deletion we pay login to do the deletion + + align:start position:0% +deletion we pay login to do the deletion + + + align:start position:0% +deletion we pay login to do the deletion +but then we subtract off the coin uh a + + align:start position:0% +but then we subtract off the coin uh a + + + align:start position:0% +but then we subtract off the coin uh a +value log n so that hopefully works out + + align:start position:0% +value log n so that hopefully works out + + + align:start position:0% +value log n so that hopefully works out +to zero but again we have this issue + + align:start position:0% +to zero but again we have this issue + + + align:start position:0% +to zero but again we have this issue +that uh coins actually have different + + align:start position:0% +that uh coins actually have different + + + align:start position:0% +that uh coins actually have different +amounts depending on what the current + + align:start position:0% +amounts depending on what the current + + + align:start position:0% +amounts depending on what the current +value of n + + align:start position:0% +value of n + + + align:start position:0% +value of n +was uh you can actually get this to work + + align:start position:0% +was uh you can actually get this to work + + + align:start position:0% +was uh you can actually get this to work +um if you say well uh there are coins of + + align:start position:0% +um if you say well uh there are coins of + + + align:start position:0% +um if you say well uh there are coins of +varying values here and I think the + + align:start position:0% +varying values here and I think the + + + align:start position:0% +varying values here and I think the +invariant is if you have a current + + align:start position:0% +invariant is if you have a current + + + align:start position:0% +invariant is if you have a current +structure of size n you will have one + + align:start position:0% +structure of size n you will have one + + + align:start position:0% +structure of size n you will have one +coin of size log one log two log three + + align:start position:0% +coin of size log one log two log three + + + align:start position:0% +coin of size log one log two log three +log four up to log n um each coin + + align:start position:0% +log four up to log n um each coin + + + align:start position:0% +log four up to log n um each coin +corresponds to the item that made and + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the item that made and + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the item that made and +that value and so when you delete an + + align:start position:0% +that value and so when you delete an + + + align:start position:0% +that value and so when you delete an +item + + align:start position:0% +item + + + align:start position:0% +item +at size n you'll be removing the log nth + + align:start position:0% +at size n you'll be removing the log nth + + + align:start position:0% +at size n you'll be removing the log nth +coin the coin of value log n okay so you + + align:start position:0% +coin the coin of value log n okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +coin the coin of value log n okay so you +can actually get this to work if you're + + align:start position:0% +can actually get this to work if you're + + + align:start position:0% +can actually get this to work if you're +careful + + align:start position:0% +careful + + + align:start position:0% +careful +um I guess the + + align:start position:0% +um I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +um I guess the +invariant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is one + + align:start position:0% +is one + + + align:start position:0% +is one +coin uh + + align:start position:0% +coin uh + + + align:start position:0% +coin uh +value uh log + + align:start position:0% +value uh log + + + align:start position:0% +value uh log +I for I = + + align:start position:0% +I for I = + + + align:start position:0% +I for I = +1 to n + + align:start position:0% +1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +1 to n +and you can check that in variant holds + + align:start position:0% +and you can check that in variant holds + + + align:start position:0% +and you can check that in variant holds +when I do a new Insertion I increase n + + align:start position:0% +when I do a new Insertion I increase n + + + align:start position:0% +when I do a new Insertion I increase n +by one and I make a new coin of blog + + align:start position:0% +by one and I make a new coin of blog + + + align:start position:0% +by one and I make a new coin of blog +that value uh when I do a deletion I'm + + align:start position:0% +that value uh when I do a deletion I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that value uh when I do a deletion I'm +going to remove that that last coin of + + align:start position:0% +going to remove that that last coin of + + + align:start position:0% +going to remove that that last coin of +login uh so this does work out so we got + + align:start position:0% +login uh so this does work out so we got + + + align:start position:0% +login uh so this does work out so we got +rid of the N + + align:start position:0% +rid of the N + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the N +star okay let's use the same method to + + align:start position:0% +star okay let's use the same method to + + + align:start position:0% +star okay let's use the same method to +analyze table + + align:start position:0% +analyze table + + + align:start position:0% +analyze table +doubling we already know why table + + align:start position:0% +doubling we already know why table + + + align:start position:0% +doubling we already know why table +doubling works + + align:start position:0% +doubling works + + + align:start position:0% +doubling works +but good to think of it from different + + align:start position:0% +but good to think of it from different + + + align:start position:0% +but good to think of it from different +perspectives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's particularly fun to think of + + align:start position:0% +and it's particularly fun to think of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's particularly fun to think of +the coins as being physical objects in + + align:start position:0% +the coins as being physical objects in + + + align:start position:0% +the coins as being physical objects in +the data structure I always thought it + + align:start position:0% +the data structure I always thought it + + + align:start position:0% +the data structure I always thought it +would be fun to put this in a + + align:start position:0% +would be fun to put this in a + + + align:start position:0% +would be fun to put this in a +programming language but I don't think + + align:start position:0% +programming language but I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +programming language but I don't think +there is one programming language that + + align:start position:0% +there is one programming language that + + + align:start position:0% +there is one programming language that +has coins in it in this sense um yet + + align:start position:0% +has coins in it in this sense um yet + + + align:start position:0% +has coins in it in this sense um yet +maybe you can fix that so uh let's go + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can fix that so uh let's go + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can fix that so uh let's go +back to table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doubling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's say uh when we insert an item + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say uh when we insert an item + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's say uh when we insert an item +into a table and here I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +into a table and here I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +into a table and here I'm just going to +do insertions uh we'll worry about + + align:start position:0% +do insertions uh we'll worry about + + + align:start position:0% +do insertions uh we'll worry about +deletions in a + + align:start position:0% +deletions in a + + + align:start position:0% +deletions in a +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +uh whenever I do an insertion I'm going + + align:start position:0% +uh whenever I do an insertion I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +uh whenever I do an insertion I'm going +to put a coin on that + + align:start position:0% +to put a coin on that + + + align:start position:0% +to put a coin on that +item and the value of the coin uh is + + align:start position:0% +item and the value of the coin uh is + + + align:start position:0% +item and the value of the coin uh is +going to be constant I'm going to give + + align:start position:0% +going to be constant I'm going to give + + + align:start position:0% +going to be constant I'm going to give +the constant a name so we can be a + + align:start position:0% +the constant a name so we can be a + + + align:start position:0% +the constant a name so we can be a +little more precise in a moment uh + + align:start position:0% +little more precise in a moment uh + + + align:start position:0% +little more precise in a moment uh +see so uh here's kind of the + + align:start position:0% +see so uh here's kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +see so uh here's kind of the +typical Well here here's an + + align:start position:0% +typical Well here here's an + + + align:start position:0% +typical Well here here's an +array we start with an array of size one + + align:start position:0% +array we start with an array of size one + + + align:start position:0% +array we start with an array of size one +and we insert a single item here + + align:start position:0% +and we insert a single item here + + + align:start position:0% +and we insert a single item here +and we put a coin on it maybe I'll draw + + align:start position:0% +and we put a coin on it maybe I'll draw + + + align:start position:0% +and we put a coin on it maybe I'll draw +the coin the coin in a color I've lost + + align:start position:0% +the coin the coin in a color I've lost + + + align:start position:0% +the coin the coin in a color I've lost +here so uh I insert some item uh X and I + + align:start position:0% +here so uh I insert some item uh X and I + + + align:start position:0% +here so uh I insert some item uh X and I +put a coin on that + + align:start position:0% +put a coin on that + + + align:start position:0% +put a coin on that +item uh when I do a next insertion let's + + align:start position:0% +item uh when I do a next insertion let's + + + align:start position:0% +item uh when I do a next insertion let's +say I have to double the table to size + + align:start position:0% +say I have to double the table to size + + + align:start position:0% +say I have to double the table to size +two I'm going to use up that coin so + + align:start position:0% +two I'm going to use up that coin so + + + align:start position:0% +two I'm going to use up that coin so +erase it put a new coin on the item that + + align:start position:0% +erase it put a new coin on the item that + + + align:start position:0% +erase it put a new coin on the item that +I just put down call it Y and in general + + align:start position:0% +I just put down call it Y and in general + + + align:start position:0% +I just put down call it Y and in general +uh okay so the next time I double which + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so the next time I double which + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so the next time I double which +is immediately I'm going to go to size + + align:start position:0% +is immediately I'm going to go to size + + + align:start position:0% +is immediately I'm going to go to size +four um I erase this coin uh then I um + + align:start position:0% +four um I erase this coin uh then I um + + + align:start position:0% +four um I erase this coin uh then I um +put a coin here when I insert item of + + align:start position:0% +put a coin here when I insert item of + + + align:start position:0% +put a coin here when I insert item of +course letter after w z is W uh then I + + align:start position:0% +course letter after w z is W uh then I + + + align:start position:0% +course letter after w z is W uh then I +put another coin when I have to double + + align:start position:0% +put another coin when I have to double + + + align:start position:0% +put another coin when I have to double +again so here I'm going to use these + + align:start position:0% +again so here I'm going to use these + + + align:start position:0% +again so here I'm going to use these +coins + + align:start position:0% +coins + + + align:start position:0% +coins +to charge for the + + align:start position:0% +to charge for the + + + align:start position:0% +to charge for the +doubling and then in the next round I'm + + align:start position:0% +doubling and then in the next round I'm + + + align:start position:0% +doubling and then in the next round I'm +going to be inserting here here here and + + align:start position:0% +going to be inserting here here here and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be inserting here here here and +here and I'll be putting a coin + + align:start position:0% +here and I'll be putting a coin + + + align:start position:0% +here and I'll be putting a coin +here here here and here in general you + + align:start position:0% +here here here and here in general you + + + align:start position:0% +here here here and here in general you +you start to see the pattern so I used + + align:start position:0% +you start to see the pattern so I used + + + align:start position:0% +you start to see the pattern so I used +up these guys uh that by the time I have + + align:start position:0% +up these guys uh that by the time I have + + + align:start position:0% +up these guys uh that by the time I have +to double again half of the items have + + align:start position:0% +to double again half of the items have + + + align:start position:0% +to double again half of the items have +coins the other half don't because I + + align:start position:0% +coins the other half don't because I + + + align:start position:0% +coins the other half don't because I +already used them you have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +already used them you have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +already used them you have to be careful +not to use a coin twice because you only + + align:start position:0% +not to use a coin twice because you only + + + align:start position:0% +not to use a coin twice because you only +get to use it once it's uh you can't + + align:start position:0% +get to use it once it's uh you can't + + + align:start position:0% +get to use it once it's uh you can't +divide money double money unless you're + + align:start position:0% +divide money double money unless you're + + + align:start position:0% +divide money double money unless you're +doing stocks I guess so + + align:start position:0% +doing stocks I guess so + + + align:start position:0% +doing stocks I guess so +um as soon as I get to a place where the + + align:start position:0% +um as soon as I get to a place where the + + + align:start position:0% +um as soon as I get to a place where the +array is completely full when n equals m + + align:start position:0% +array is completely full when n equals m + + + align:start position:0% +array is completely full when n equals m +the last half of the items will have + + align:start position:0% +the last half of the items will have + + + align:start position:0% +the last half of the items will have +coins I'm going to use them in order to + + align:start position:0% +coins I'm going to use them in order to + + + align:start position:0% +coins I'm going to use them in order to +pay for the doubling so the number of + + align:start position:0% +pay for the doubling so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +pay for the doubling so the number of +coins here will be uh + + align:start position:0% +coins here will be uh + + + align:start position:0% +coins here will be uh +n/2 so this is why I wanted to make this + + align:start position:0% +n/2 so this is why I wanted to make this + + + align:start position:0% +n/2 so this is why I wanted to make this +constant a little explicit um because it + + align:start position:0% +constant a little explicit um because it + + + align:start position:0% +constant a little explicit um because it +has to be bigger than two in some sense + + align:start position:0% +has to be bigger than two in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +has to be bigger than two in some sense +however much work let's say it takes uh + + align:start position:0% +however much work let's say it takes uh + + + align:start position:0% +however much work let's say it takes uh +a * n work in order to do doubling then + + align:start position:0% +a * n work in order to do doubling then + + + align:start position:0% +a * n work in order to do doubling then +this constant should be something like 2 + + align:start position:0% +this constant should be something like 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this constant should be something like 2 +* a because I need to do the work to + + align:start position:0% +* a because I need to do the work to + + + align:start position:0% +* a because I need to do the work to +double uh but I only have n/2 coins to + + align:start position:0% +double uh but I only have n/2 coins to + + + align:start position:0% +double uh but I only have n/2 coins to +pay for it uh I don't get coins over + + align:start position:0% +pay for it uh I don't get coins over + + + align:start position:0% +pay for it uh I don't get coins over +here okay so uh when we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +double the last n / + + align:start position:0% +double the last n / + + + align:start position:0% +double the last n / +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +items + + align:start position:0% +items + + + align:start position:0% +items +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +coins and so uh the amorti + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost uh of the doubling operation is + + align:start position:0% +cost uh of the doubling operation is + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh of the doubling operation is +going to be uh the real cost which is + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh the real cost which is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh the real cost which is +some Theta + + align:start position:0% +some Theta + + + align:start position:0% +some Theta +n minus the number of coins I can remove + + align:start position:0% +n minus the number of coins I can remove + + + align:start position:0% +n minus the number of coins I can remove +and their value so it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +and their value so it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and their value so it's going to be +minus C * n /2 + + align:start position:0% +minus C * n /2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus C * n /2 +and the point is this is zero if we set + + align:start position:0% +and the point is this is zero if we set + + + align:start position:0% +and the point is this is zero if we set +C + + align:start position:0% +C + + + align:start position:0% +C +large only has to be a constant it needs + + align:start position:0% +large only has to be a constant it needs + + + align:start position:0% +large only has to be a constant it needs +to be bigger than two times that + + align:start position:0% +to be bigger than two times that + + + align:start position:0% +to be bigger than two times that +constant okay and usually when you're + + align:start position:0% +constant okay and usually when you're + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay and usually when you're +working with coins you want to make the + + align:start position:0% +working with coins you want to make the + + + align:start position:0% +working with coins you want to make the +constants explicit just to make sure + + align:start position:0% +constants explicit just to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +constants explicit just to make sure +there's no circular dependence on + + align:start position:0% +there's no circular dependence on + + + align:start position:0% +there's no circular dependence on +constants make sure there is a valid + + align:start position:0% +constants make sure there is a valid + + + align:start position:0% +constants make sure there is a valid +Choice C uh that annihilates whatever + + align:start position:0% +Choice C uh that annihilates whatever + + + align:start position:0% +Choice C uh that annihilates whatever +cost you want to get rid + + align:start position:0% +cost you want to get rid + + + align:start position:0% +cost you want to get rid +of okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +of okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +of okay so this is the +um the accounting method view of table + + align:start position:0% +um the accounting method view of table + + + align:start position:0% +um the accounting method view of table +doubling any questions so + + align:start position:0% +doubling any questions so + + + align:start position:0% +doubling any questions so +far so far so good pretty simple example + + align:start position:0% +far so far so good pretty simple example + + + align:start position:0% +far so far so good pretty simple example +uh let's get to more interesting + + align:start position:0% +uh let's get to more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's get to more interesting +examples I guess you also think about + + align:start position:0% +examples I guess you also think about + + + align:start position:0% +examples I guess you also think about +the advertised cost of an insert it + + align:start position:0% +the advertised cost of an insert it + + + align:start position:0% +the advertised cost of an insert it +costs constant real time actual cost is + + align:start position:0% +costs constant real time actual cost is + + + align:start position:0% +costs constant real time actual cost is +constant you have to also deposit one + + align:start position:0% +constant you have to also deposit one + + + align:start position:0% +constant you have to also deposit one +coin which cost constant time so the + + align:start position:0% +coin which cost constant time so the + + + align:start position:0% +coin which cost constant time so the +advertised cost of an insert is still + + align:start position:0% +advertised cost of an insert is still + + + align:start position:0% +advertised cost of an insert is still +constant so that's good + + align:start position:0% +constant so that's good + + + align:start position:0% +constant so that's good +still we don't know how to deal with + + align:start position:0% +still we don't know how to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +still we don't know how to deal with +deletions uh but let me give you a kind + + align:start position:0% +deletions uh but let me give you a kind + + + align:start position:0% +deletions uh but let me give you a kind +of reverse perspective + + align:start position:0% +of reverse perspective + + + align:start position:0% +of reverse perspective +on uh the accounting + + align:start position:0% +on uh the accounting + + + align:start position:0% +on uh the accounting +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +method it's again equivalent in a + + align:start position:0% +method it's again equivalent in a + + + align:start position:0% +method it's again equivalent in a +certain sense but in another sense maybe + + align:start position:0% +certain sense but in another sense maybe + + + align:start position:0% +certain sense but in another sense maybe +more intuitive some of the time for some + + align:start position:0% +more intuitive some of the time for some + + + align:start position:0% +more intuitive some of the time for some +people U it's actually not in the + + align:start position:0% +people U it's actually not in the + + + align:start position:0% +people U it's actually not in the +textbook but it's the one I use the most + + align:start position:0% +textbook but it's the one I use the most + + + align:start position:0% +textbook but it's the one I use the most +so figure it's worth teaching + + align:start position:0% +so figure it's worth teaching + + + align:start position:0% +so figure it's worth teaching +uh it's called the charging + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method it's also a little bit more um + + align:start position:0% +method it's also a little bit more um + + + align:start position:0% +method it's also a little bit more um +time Trav if you will so if you like + + align:start position:0% +time Trav if you will so if you like + + + align:start position:0% +time Trav if you will so if you like +time travel this method is for you + + align:start position:0% +time travel this method is for you + + + align:start position:0% +time travel this method is for you +uh uh or maybe a more pessimistic view + + align:start position:0% +uh uh or maybe a more pessimistic view + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh or maybe a more pessimistic view +is uh blaming the past for your mistakes + + align:start position:0% +is uh blaming the past for your mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +is uh blaming the past for your mistakes +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so what we're going to do is allow uh + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do is allow uh + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do is allow uh +there's no bank balance anymore although + + align:start position:0% +there's no bank balance anymore although + + + align:start position:0% +there's no bank balance anymore although +I mean it's essentially there we're + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's essentially there we're + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's essentially there we're +going to allow operations to + + align:start position:0% +going to allow operations to + + + align:start position:0% +going to allow operations to +charge um the some of their cost + + align:start position:0% +charge um the some of their cost + + + align:start position:0% +charge um the some of their cost +retroactively to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Past okay not the + + align:start position:0% +Past okay not the + + + align:start position:0% +Past okay not the +future uh I actually have a data + + align:start position:0% +future uh I actually have a data + + + align:start position:0% +future uh I actually have a data +structures paper which proves that while + + align:start position:0% +structures paper which proves that while + + + align:start position:0% +structures paper which proves that while +time travel to the past is plausible + + align:start position:0% +time travel to the past is plausible + + + align:start position:0% +time travel to the past is plausible +time travel to the Future Is Not + + align:start position:0% +time travel to the Future Is Not + + + align:start position:0% +time travel to the Future Is Not +computationally So you you're not + + align:start position:0% +computationally So you you're not + + + align:start position:0% +computationally So you you're not +allowed to travel to the Future only + + align:start position:0% +allowed to travel to the Future only + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to travel to the Future only +allowed to go to the past and say Hey + + align:start position:0% +allowed to go to the past and say Hey + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to go to the past and say Hey +you know give me five bucks + + align:start position:0% +you know give me five bucks + + + align:start position:0% +you know give me five bucks +okay but I mean you've got to be a + + align:start position:0% +okay but I mean you've got to be a + + + align:start position:0% +okay but I mean you've got to be a +little bit conservative in how you do it + + align:start position:0% +little bit conservative in how you do it + + + align:start position:0% +little bit conservative in how you do it +you can't just keep charging the same + + align:start position:0% +you can't just keep charging the same + + + align:start position:0% +you can't just keep charging the same +operation a million times uh because + + align:start position:0% +operation a million times uh because + + + align:start position:0% +operation a million times uh because +then the cost of that operation is going + + align:start position:0% +then the cost of that operation is going + + + align:start position:0% +then the cost of that operation is going +up at the end of the day every operation + + align:start position:0% +up at the end of the day every operation + + + align:start position:0% +up at the end of the day every operation +had to have paid for its total charge so + + align:start position:0% +had to have paid for its total charge so + + + align:start position:0% +had to have paid for its total charge so +there's the actual cost which it starts + + align:start position:0% +there's the actual cost which it starts + + + align:start position:0% +there's the actual cost which it starts +with and then there's whatever it's + + align:start position:0% +with and then there's whatever it's + + + align:start position:0% +with and then there's whatever it's +being charged by the future so from an + + align:start position:0% +being charged by the future so from an + + + align:start position:0% +being charged by the future so from an +analysis perspective you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +analysis perspective you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +analysis perspective you're thinking +about the future what could potentially + + align:start position:0% +about the future what could potentially + + + align:start position:0% +about the future what could potentially +charge me okay um again you can Define + + align:start position:0% +charge me okay um again you can Define + + + align:start position:0% +charge me okay um again you can Define +the amortise cost of an + + align:start position:0% +the amortise cost of an + + + align:start position:0% +the amortise cost of an +operation is going to be the actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost uh minus uh the total charge to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +past so when we charge to the past we + + align:start position:0% +past so when we charge to the past we + + + align:start position:0% +past so when we charge to the past we +get free dollars in the present um but + + align:start position:0% +get free dollars in the present um but + + + align:start position:0% +get free dollars in the present um but +we have to pay for whatever the future + + align:start position:0% +we have to pay for whatever the future + + + align:start position:0% +we have to pay for whatever the future +is going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do so we have to imagine how many times + + align:start position:0% +do so we have to imagine how many times + + + align:start position:0% +do so we have to imagine how many times +could I get charged in the future I'm + + align:start position:0% +could I get charged in the future I'm + + + align:start position:0% +could I get charged in the future I'm +GNA have to pay for that now in a + + align:start position:0% +GNA have to pay for that now in a + + + align:start position:0% +GNA have to pay for that now in a +consistent + + align:start position:0% +consistent + + + align:start position:0% +consistent +timeline uh you will have to have paid + + align:start position:0% +timeline uh you will have to have paid + + + align:start position:0% +timeline uh you will have to have paid +for things that come in the future all + + align:start position:0% +for things that come in the future all + + + align:start position:0% +for things that come in the future all +right so let's do an example actually it + + align:start position:0% +right so let's do an example actually it + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's do an example actually it +sounds crazy and weird but I actually + + align:start position:0% +sounds crazy and weird but I actually + + + align:start position:0% +sounds crazy and weird but I actually +find this a lot more intuitive to think + + align:start position:0% +find this a lot more intuitive to think + + + align:start position:0% +find this a lot more intuitive to think +about uh even these very examples + + align:start position:0% +about uh even these very examples + + + align:start position:0% +about uh even these very examples +so uh let's start with table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doubling + + align:start position:0% +doubling + + + align:start position:0% +doubling +so uh we have this kind of picture + + align:start position:0% +so uh we have this kind of picture + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we have this kind of picture +already it's going to be pretty much the + + align:start position:0% +already it's going to be pretty much the + + + align:start position:0% +already it's going to be pretty much the +same after I doubled the table uh my + + align:start position:0% +same after I doubled the table uh my + + + align:start position:0% +same after I doubled the table uh my +array is half + + align:start position:0% +array is half + + + align:start position:0% +array is half +full and again insertion only although + + align:start position:0% +full and again insertion only although + + + align:start position:0% +full and again insertion only although +we'll do insertion and deletion in a + + align:start position:0% +we'll do insertion and deletion in a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do insertion and deletion in a +moment um in order to get from half full + + align:start position:0% +moment um in order to get from half full + + + align:start position:0% +moment um in order to get from half full +to completely full I have to do uh an + + align:start position:0% +to completely full I have to do uh an + + + align:start position:0% +to completely full I have to do uh an +over two + + align:start position:0% +over two + + + align:start position:0% +over two +insertions it's looking very similar uh + + align:start position:0% +insertions it's looking very similar uh + + + align:start position:0% +insertions it's looking very similar uh +but what I'm going to say is that when I + + align:start position:0% +but what I'm going to say is that when I + + + align:start position:0% +but what I'm going to say is that when I +double + + align:start position:0% +double + + + align:start position:0% +double +the array next + + align:start position:0% +the array next + + + align:start position:0% +the array next +time I'm going to charge that doubling + + align:start position:0% +time I'm going to charge that doubling + + + align:start position:0% +time I'm going to charge that doubling +to those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operations okay in general uh this is + + align:start position:0% +operations okay in general uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +operations okay in general uh this is +you can actually say this quite + + align:start position:0% +you can actually say this quite + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually say this quite +concisely whenever I do a doubling + + align:start position:0% +concisely whenever I do a doubling + + + align:start position:0% +concisely whenever I do a doubling +operation I'm going to charge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it uh to all the + + align:start position:0% +it uh to all the + + + align:start position:0% +it uh to all the +insertions since the last + + align:start position:0% +insertions since the last + + + align:start position:0% +insertions since the last +doubling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a very clear set of items + + align:start position:0% +that's a very clear set of items + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very clear set of items +doublings happen and then they don't + + align:start position:0% +doublings happen and then they don't + + + align:start position:0% +doublings happen and then they don't +happen for a while I just all those + + align:start position:0% +happen for a while I just all those + + + align:start position:0% +happen for a while I just all those +insertions that happened since the last + + align:start position:0% +insertions that happened since the last + + + align:start position:0% +insertions that happened since the last +doubling charge to them um and how many + + align:start position:0% +doubling charge to them um and how many + + + align:start position:0% +doubling charge to them um and how many +are there well as we've argued there are + + align:start position:0% +are there well as we've argued there are + + + align:start position:0% +are there well as we've argued there are +n over two of + + align:start position:0% +n over two of + + + align:start position:0% +n over two of +them and the cost of in order to make + + align:start position:0% +them and the cost of in order to make + + + align:start position:0% +them and the cost of in order to make +this doubling free I need to charge + + align:start position:0% +this doubling free I need to charge + + + align:start position:0% +this doubling free I need to charge +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +n so uh you know this doubling + + align:start position:0% +n so uh you know this doubling + + + align:start position:0% +n so uh you know this doubling +cos Theta n but there's n over things to + + align:start position:0% +cos Theta n but there's n over things to + + + align:start position:0% +cos Theta n but there's n over things to +charge to I'm going to uniformly + + align:start position:0% +charge to I'm going to uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +charge to I'm going to uniformly +distribute my charge to them uh which + + align:start position:0% +distribute my charge to them uh which + + + align:start position:0% +distribute my charge to them uh which +means I I'm charging a constant amount + + align:start position:0% +means I I'm charging a constant amount + + + align:start position:0% +means I I'm charging a constant amount +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +each and the key fact here is that I + + align:start position:0% +each and the key fact here is that I + + + align:start position:0% +each and the key fact here is that I +only charge an uh an item I only charge + + align:start position:0% +only charge an uh an item I only charge + + + align:start position:0% +only charge an uh an item I only charge +an insert + + align:start position:0% +an insert + + + align:start position:0% +an insert +once because of this since Clause I + + align:start position:0% +once because of this since Clause I + + + align:start position:0% +once because of this since Clause I +never will charge an item twice as long + + align:start position:0% +never will charge an item twice as long + + + align:start position:0% +never will charge an item twice as long +as I'm only inserting for now okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you look over all time you will only + + align:start position:0% +if you look over all time you will only + + + align:start position:0% +if you look over all time you will only +charge an insert + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once that's good because the inserts + + align:start position:0% +once that's good because the inserts + + + align:start position:0% +once that's good because the inserts +have to pay for their total charge in + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for their total charge in + + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for their total charge in +the future there's only one charge and + + align:start position:0% +the future there's only one charge and + + + align:start position:0% +the future there's only one charge and +it's only a constant amount then + + align:start position:0% +it's only a constant amount then + + + align:start position:0% +it's only a constant amount then +advertised cost of insert is still + + align:start position:0% +advertised cost of insert is still + + + align:start position:0% +advertised cost of insert is still +constant advertised cost of doubling is + + align:start position:0% +constant advertised cost of doubling is + + + align:start position:0% +constant advertised cost of doubling is +zero because we charge the entire cost + + align:start position:0% +zero because we charge the entire cost + + + align:start position:0% +zero because we charge the entire cost +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +pest okay so same example but slightly + + align:start position:0% +pest okay so same example but slightly + + + align:start position:0% +pest okay so same example but slightly +different perspective let's do a more + + align:start position:0% +different perspective let's do a more + + + align:start position:0% +different perspective let's do a more +interesting example inserts and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +deletes and a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say I want to maintain that the + + align:start position:0% +let's say I want to maintain that the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say I want to maintain that the +size of the table is always within a + + align:start position:0% +size of the table is always within a + + + align:start position:0% +size of the table is always within a +constant factor of the number of items + + align:start position:0% +constant factor of the number of items + + + align:start position:0% +constant factor of the number of items +currently in the + + align:start position:0% +currently in the + + + align:start position:0% +currently in the +table if I just want an upper bound then + + align:start position:0% +table if I just want an upper bound then + + + align:start position:0% +table if I just want an upper bound then +I only need to double but if I want also + + align:start position:0% +I only need to double but if I want also + + + align:start position:0% +I only need to double but if I want also +a lower bound if I don't want the table + + align:start position:0% +a lower bound if I don't want the table + + + align:start position:0% +a lower bound if I don't want the table +to be too empty + + align:start position:0% +to be too empty + + + align:start position:0% +to be too empty +then I need to add table + + align:start position:0% +then I need to add table + + + align:start position:0% +then I need to add table +having so what I'm going to do is when + + align:start position:0% +having so what I'm going to do is when + + + align:start position:0% +having so what I'm going to do is when +the table is 100% full I double its + + align:start position:0% +the table is 100% full I double its + + + align:start position:0% +the table is 100% full I double its +size uh when the table + + align:start position:0% +size uh when the table + + + align:start position:0% +size uh when the table +is 50% full should I have it in size + + align:start position:0% +is 50% full should I have it in size + + + align:start position:0% +is 50% full should I have it in size +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +nope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because after you insert it and then L + + align:start position:0% +because after you insert it and then L + + + align:start position:0% +because after you insert it and then L +again right uh at the it's I can + + align:start position:0% +again right uh at the it's I can + + + align:start position:0% +again right uh at the it's I can +basically do insert delete insert delete + + align:start position:0% +basically do insert delete insert delete + + + align:start position:0% +basically do insert delete insert delete +insert delete and every single operation + + align:start position:0% +insert delete and every single operation + + + align:start position:0% +insert delete and every single operation +costs linear time because maybe I'm a + + align:start position:0% +costs linear time because maybe I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +costs linear time because maybe I'm a +little bit less than half full uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +little bit less than half full uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +little bit less than half full uh sorry +yeah if I'm a little bit less than half + + align:start position:0% +yeah if I'm a little bit less than half + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if I'm a little bit less than half +full then I'm going to shrink the array + + align:start position:0% +full then I'm going to shrink the array + + + align:start position:0% +full then I'm going to shrink the array +into half get rid of this + + align:start position:0% +into half get rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +into half get rid of this +part uh then if I immediately insert it + + align:start position:0% +part uh then if I immediately insert it + + + align:start position:0% +part uh then if I immediately insert it +becomes 100% full again I have to double + + align:start position:0% +becomes 100% full again I have to double + + + align:start position:0% +becomes 100% full again I have to double +in size and then if I delete it becomes + + align:start position:0% +in size and then if I delete it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +in size and then if I delete it becomes +less than half full and and I have to + + align:start position:0% +less than half full and and I have to + + + align:start position:0% +less than half full and and I have to +have in size every operation would cost + + align:start position:0% +have in size every operation would cost + + + align:start position:0% +have in size every operation would cost +linear time so advertise cost is linear + + align:start position:0% +linear time so advertise cost is linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear time so advertise cost is linear +time that's not good uh so what I'll do + + align:start position:0% +time that's not good uh so what I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +time that's not good uh so what I'll do +is uh just separate those constants a + + align:start position:0% +is uh just separate those constants a + + + align:start position:0% +is uh just separate those constants a +little bit when I'm 100% full I will + + align:start position:0% +little bit when I'm 100% full I will + + + align:start position:0% +little bit when I'm 100% full I will +double that seems pretty clear but let's + + align:start position:0% +double that seems pretty clear but let's + + + align:start position:0% +double that seems pretty clear but let's +say uh when I'm a quarter + + align:start position:0% +say uh when I'm a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +say uh when I'm a quarter +full then I will have any value less + + align:start position:0% +full then I will have any value less + + + align:start position:0% +full then I will have any value less +than 50 would work here but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +have like + + align:start position:0% +have like + + + align:start position:0% +have like +that uh this will actually work this + + align:start position:0% +that uh this will actually work this + + + align:start position:0% +that uh this will actually work this +will be constant amorti per operation + + align:start position:0% +will be constant amorti per operation + + + align:start position:0% +will be constant amorti per operation +but it's all of uh especially the + + align:start position:0% +but it's all of uh especially the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's all of uh especially the +initial analysis we did of table + + align:start position:0% +initial analysis we did of table + + + align:start position:0% +initial analysis we did of table +doubling isn't going to work here + + align:start position:0% +doubling isn't going to work here + + + align:start position:0% +doubling isn't going to work here +because it's complicated that thing's + + align:start position:0% +because it's complicated that thing's + + + align:start position:0% +because it's complicated that thing's +going to shrink and grow over time um + + align:start position:0% +going to shrink and grow over time um + + + align:start position:0% +going to shrink and grow over time um +you know just summing that is not easy + + align:start position:0% +you know just summing that is not easy + + + align:start position:0% +you know just summing that is not easy +it depends on the sequence of operations + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the sequence of operations + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the sequence of operations +but with charging and also with coins we + + align:start position:0% +but with charging and also with coins we + + + align:start position:0% +but with charging and also with coins we +could do it in a pretty clean way I'm + + align:start position:0% +could do it in a pretty clean way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +could do it in a pretty clean way I'm +going to do it with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charging uh so this is um this + + align:start position:0% +charging uh so this is um this + + + align:start position:0% +charging uh so this is um this +particular choice of con is nice because + + align:start position:0% +particular choice of con is nice because + + + align:start position:0% +particular choice of con is nice because +when I double a full array it's half + + align:start position:0% +when I double a full array it's half + + + align:start position:0% +when I double a full array it's half +full and also when I have an array + + align:start position:0% +full and also when I have an array + + + align:start position:0% +full and also when I have an array +that's a quarter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +full like this and then I divide it and + + align:start position:0% +full like this and then I divide it and + + + align:start position:0% +full like this and then I divide it and +then I shrink it I get rid of this part + + align:start position:0% +then I shrink it I get rid of this part + + + align:start position:0% +then I shrink it I get rid of this part +it's also half full so whenever I do a + + align:start position:0% +it's also half full so whenever I do a + + + align:start position:0% +it's also half full so whenever I do a +double or a half the new array is half + + align:start position:0% +double or a half the new array is half + + + align:start position:0% +double or a half the new array is half +full 50% + + align:start position:0% +full 50% + + + align:start position:0% +full 50% +that's nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that's nice because 50% is far away + + align:start position:0% +uh that's nice because 50% is far away + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's nice because 50% is far away +from both 25% and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +100 okay so our kind of our nice state + + align:start position:0% +100 okay so our kind of our nice state + + + align:start position:0% +100 okay so our kind of our nice state +is right after a doubling or a half then + + align:start position:0% +is right after a doubling or a half then + + + align:start position:0% +is right after a doubling or a half then +we know that our structure is 50% full + + align:start position:0% +we know that our structure is 50% full + + + align:start position:0% +we know that our structure is 50% full +in order to get to an underflow state + + align:start position:0% +in order to get to an underflow state + + + align:start position:0% +in order to get to an underflow state +where we have to have have to delete at + + align:start position:0% +where we have to have have to delete at + + + align:start position:0% +where we have to have have to delete at +least a quarter of the + + align:start position:0% +least a quarter of the + + + align:start position:0% +least a quarter of the +items right a quarter of M in order to + + align:start position:0% +items right a quarter of M in order to + + + align:start position:0% +items right a quarter of M in order to +get to overflowing where I have to + + align:start position:0% +get to overflowing where I have to + + + align:start position:0% +get to overflowing where I have to +double I have to insert at least M over + + align:start position:0% +double I have to insert at least M over + + + align:start position:0% +double I have to insert at least M over +two items okay either way a constant + + align:start position:0% +two items okay either way a constant + + + align:start position:0% +two items okay either way a constant +fraction time M that's what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +fraction time M that's what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +fraction time M that's what I'm going to +charge to now to be clear um when I'm + + align:start position:0% +charge to now to be clear um when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +charge to now to be clear um when I'm +50% full I might do I might insert + + align:start position:0% +50% full I might do I might insert + + + align:start position:0% +50% full I might do I might insert +delete insert delete many different + + align:start position:0% +delete insert delete many different + + + align:start position:0% +delete insert delete many different +inserts and deletes at some point one of + + align:start position:0% +inserts and deletes at some point one of + + + align:start position:0% +inserts and deletes at some point one of +these two things is going to happen + + align:start position:0% +these two things is going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +these two things is going to happen +though in order to get here I have to do + + align:start position:0% +though in order to get here I have to do + + + align:start position:0% +though in order to get here I have to do +at least M over4 deletions I might also + + align:start position:0% +at least M over4 deletions I might also + + + align:start position:0% +at least M over4 deletions I might also +do more insertions and deletions but I + + align:start position:0% +do more insertions and deletions but I + + + align:start position:0% +do more insertions and deletions but I +have to do at least that many and those + + align:start position:0% +have to do at least that many and those + + + align:start position:0% +have to do at least that many and those +are the ones I'm going to charge to so + + align:start position:0% +are the ones I'm going to charge to so + + + align:start position:0% +are the ones I'm going to charge to so +um I'm going a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charge uh having + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation to the at least uh M + + align:start position:0% +operation to the at least uh M + + + align:start position:0% +operation to the at least uh M +over4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deletions since the last resize + + align:start position:0% +deletions since the last resize + + + align:start position:0% +deletions since the last resize +of either + + align:start position:0% +of either + + + align:start position:0% +of either +type doubling or + + align:start position:0% +type doubling or + + + align:start position:0% +type doubling or +having okay and I'm going to charge the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doubling to the at least + + align:start position:0% +doubling to the at least + + + align:start position:0% +doubling to the at least +m/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insertions uh since the last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resize okay and that's it because I + + align:start position:0% +resize okay and that's it because I + + + align:start position:0% +resize okay and that's it because I +having cost Theta M time doubling cost + + align:start position:0% +having cost Theta M time doubling cost + + + align:start position:0% +having cost Theta M time doubling cost +Theta M time I have Theta M operations + + align:start position:0% +Theta M time I have Theta M operations + + + align:start position:0% +Theta M time I have Theta M operations +to charge too so I'm only charging + + align:start position:0% +to charge too so I'm only charging + + + align:start position:0% +to charge too so I'm only charging +constant for each of the + + align:start position:0% +constant for each of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant for each of the +operations and because of this since + + align:start position:0% +operations and because of this since + + + align:start position:0% +operations and because of this since +last resize Clause it's clear that + + align:start position:0% +last resize Clause it's clear that + + + align:start position:0% +last resize Clause it's clear that +you're never charging an item never + + align:start position:0% +you're never charging an item never + + + align:start position:0% +you're never charging an item never +charging an operation more than + + align:start position:0% +charging an operation more than + + + align:start position:0% +charging an operation more than +once um because you can divide time by + + align:start position:0% +once um because you can divide time by + + + align:start position:0% +once um because you can divide time by +when the resizes happen grows or shrinks + + align:start position:0% +when the resizes happen grows or shrinks + + + align:start position:0% +when the resizes happen grows or shrinks +halves or doubles um and each resize is + + align:start position:0% +halves or doubles um and each resize is + + + align:start position:0% +halves or doubles um and each resize is +only charging to the Past window of time + + align:start position:0% +only charging to the Past window of time + + + align:start position:0% +only charging to the Past window of time +so it's like you have epics of time you + + align:start position:0% +so it's like you have epics of time you + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like you have epics of time you +separate them you only charge within + + align:start position:0% +separate them you only charge within + + + align:start position:0% +separate them you only charge within +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +epic okay so that's cool and so you only + + align:start position:0% +epic okay so that's cool and so you only + + + align:start position:0% +epic okay so that's cool and so you only +get constant number of charges per item + + align:start position:0% +get constant number of charges per item + + + align:start position:0% +get constant number of charges per item +of a constant amount therefore + + align:start position:0% +of a constant amount therefore + + + align:start position:0% +of a constant amount therefore +insertions and deletions are constant + + align:start position:0% +insertions and deletions are constant + + + align:start position:0% +insertions and deletions are constant +amortised having a doubling is free + + align:start position:0% +amortised having a doubling is free + + + align:start position:0% +amortised having a doubling is free +amortised clear this is where + + align:start position:0% +amortised clear this is where + + + align:start position:0% +amortised clear this is where +amortization starts to get interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right uh you can also think of this + + align:start position:0% +right uh you can also think of this + + + align:start position:0% +right uh you can also think of this +example in terms of uh coins but uh with + + align:start position:0% +example in terms of uh coins but uh with + + + align:start position:0% +example in terms of uh coins but uh with +putting coins on the items but it's then + + align:start position:0% +putting coins on the items but it's then + + + align:start position:0% +putting coins on the items but it's then +you have to think about the invariance + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about the invariance + + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about the invariance +of where the coins are which I find to + + align:start position:0% +of where the coins are which I find to + + + align:start position:0% +of where the coins are which I find to +be more work we actually had to do it up + + align:start position:0% +be more work we actually had to do it up + + + align:start position:0% +be more work we actually had to do it up +here always claiming the last half of + + align:start position:0% +here always claiming the last half of + + + align:start position:0% +here always claiming the last half of +the items had coins you have to prove + + align:start position:0% +the items had coins you have to prove + + + align:start position:0% +the items had coins you have to prove +that really uh with this method you + + align:start position:0% +that really uh with this method you + + + align:start position:0% +that really uh with this method you +don't I mean the what you have to prove + + align:start position:0% +don't I mean the what you have to prove + + + align:start position:0% +don't I mean the what you have to prove +is that there are enough things to + + align:start position:0% +is that there are enough things to + + + align:start position:0% +is that there are enough things to +charge to we had to prove here that + + align:start position:0% +charge to we had to prove here that + + + align:start position:0% +charge to we had to prove here that +there were n over two items to charge to + + align:start position:0% +there were n over two items to charge to + + + align:start position:0% +there were n over two items to charge to +kind of the same thing but it was very + + align:start position:0% +kind of the same thing but it was very + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the same thing but it was very +clear that you weren't charging to the + + align:start position:0% +clear that you weren't charging to the + + + align:start position:0% +clear that you weren't charging to the +same thing more than once you're never + + align:start position:0% +same thing more than once you're never + + + align:start position:0% +same thing more than once you're never +trying to use a coin that wasn't there + + align:start position:0% +trying to use a coin that wasn't there + + + align:start position:0% +trying to use a coin that wasn't there +because of the since Clause so uh to + + align:start position:0% +because of the since Clause so uh to + + + align:start position:0% +because of the since Clause so uh to +each their own anything either way would + + align:start position:0% +each their own anything either way would + + + align:start position:0% +each their own anything either way would +work all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right I think I will skip this example + + align:start position:0% +right I think I will skip this example + + + align:start position:0% +right I think I will skip this example +but uh for I'll just mention it so for + + align:start position:0% +but uh for I'll just mention it so for + + + align:start position:0% +but uh for I'll just mention it so for +Two Three Trees we said deletions were + + align:start position:0% +Two Three Trees we said deletions were + + + align:start position:0% +Two Three Trees we said deletions were +free um and we did that with the coin in + + align:start position:0% +free um and we did that with the coin in + + + align:start position:0% +free um and we did that with the coin in +that there was one coin of size log I + + align:start position:0% +that there was one coin of size log I + + + align:start position:0% +that there was one coin of size log I +for each I you could instead say uh when + + align:start position:0% +for each I you could instead say uh when + + + align:start position:0% +for each I you could instead say uh when +I delete an item I'm going to charge it + + align:start position:0% +I delete an item I'm going to charge it + + + align:start position:0% +I delete an item I'm going to charge it +to the insert that made n this current + + align:start position:0% +to the insert that made n this current + + + align:start position:0% +to the insert that made n this current +value uh because that insert paid log n + + align:start position:0% +value uh because that insert paid log n + + + align:start position:0% +value uh because that insert paid log n +actual cost so it can afford to pay + + align:start position:0% +actual cost so it can afford to pay + + + align:start position:0% +actual cost so it can afford to pay +another login to to pay for the deletion + + align:start position:0% +another login to to pay for the deletion + + + align:start position:0% +another login to to pay for the deletion +of some other item uh the one we're + + align:start position:0% +of some other item uh the one we're + + + align:start position:0% +of some other item uh the one we're +currently + + align:start position:0% +currently + + + align:start position:0% +currently +deleting and that works that you don't + + align:start position:0% +deleting and that works that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +deleting and that works that you don't +double charge to an insert because uh + + align:start position:0% +double charge to an insert because uh + + + align:start position:0% +double charge to an insert because uh +you're decreasing n right now so for to + + align:start position:0% +you're decreasing n right now so for to + + + align:start position:0% +you're decreasing n right now so for to +get up to that value again you would + + align:start position:0% +get up to that value again you would + + + align:start position:0% +get up to that value again you would +have had to do another insert so uh same + + align:start position:0% +have had to do another insert so uh same + + + align:start position:0% +have had to do another insert so uh same +thing different slightly different + + align:start position:0% +thing different slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +thing different slightly different +perspective let's go to something even + + align:start position:0% +perspective let's go to something even + + + align:start position:0% +perspective let's go to something even +more interesting and some sense more + + align:start position:0% +more interesting and some sense more + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting and some sense more +powerful the last method on the list + + align:start position:0% +powerful the last method on the list + + + align:start position:0% +powerful the last method on the list +which is potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a good exercise in how many ways + + align:start position:0% +this is a good exercise in how many ways + + + align:start position:0% +this is a good exercise in how many ways +can you skin a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cat so + + align:start position:0% +cat so + + + align:start position:0% +cat so +uh potential method I like to call it uh + + align:start position:0% +uh potential method I like to call it uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh potential method I like to call it uh +defining karma in a formal way + + align:start position:0% +defining karma in a formal way + + + align:start position:0% +defining karma in a formal way +um is more like the accounting strategy + + align:start position:0% +um is more like the accounting strategy + + + align:start position:0% +um is more like the accounting strategy +we're going to think about there being a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about there being a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about there being a +bank count with some balance but we're + + align:start position:0% +bank count with some balance but we're + + + align:start position:0% +bank count with some balance but we're +going to Define that balance as a + + align:start position:0% +going to Define that balance as a + + + align:start position:0% +going to Define that balance as a +function of the data structure + + align:start position:0% +function of the data structure + + + align:start position:0% +function of the data structure +state so and it's called the potential + + align:start position:0% +state so and it's called the potential + + + align:start position:0% +state so and it's called the potential +potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function but you can think of it as a + + align:start position:0% +function but you can think of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +function but you can think of it as a +bank + + align:start position:0% +bank + + + align:start position:0% +bank +balance you can think of it as kinetic + + align:start position:0% +balance you can think of it as kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +balance you can think of it as kinetic +potential I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess potential energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just like the bank account uh we + + align:start position:0% +just like the bank account uh we + + + align:start position:0% +just like the bank account uh we +want uh this function to always be non- + + align:start position:0% +want uh this function to always be non- + + + align:start position:0% +want uh this function to always be non- +negative we'll also make it an + + align:start position:0% +negative we'll also make it an + + + align:start position:0% +negative we'll also make it an +integer + + align:start position:0% +integer + + + align:start position:0% +integer +that will be convenient + + align:start position:0% +that will be convenient + + + align:start position:0% +that will be convenient +um okay uh and the potential function is + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh and the potential function is + + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh and the potential function is +basically trying to measure how bad is + + align:start position:0% +basically trying to measure how bad is + + + align:start position:0% +basically trying to measure how bad is +the data structure right + + align:start position:0% +the data structure right + + + align:start position:0% +the data structure right +now it's again like saving up for a + + align:start position:0% +now it's again like saving up for a + + + align:start position:0% +now it's again like saving up for a +rainy day we want that whenever we have + + align:start position:0% +rainy day we want that whenever we have + + + align:start position:0% +rainy day we want that whenever we have +to do an expensive operation like a + + align:start position:0% +to do an expensive operation like a + + + align:start position:0% +to do an expensive operation like a +double or a have uh that this potential + + align:start position:0% +double or a have uh that this potential + + + align:start position:0% +double or a have uh that this potential +has grown large enough that we can + + align:start position:0% +has grown large enough that we can + + + align:start position:0% +has grown large enough that we can +charge that cost to a decrease in the + + align:start position:0% +charge that cost to a decrease in the + + + align:start position:0% +charge that cost to a decrease in the +potential so it's like this is storing + + align:start position:0% +potential so it's like this is storing + + + align:start position:0% +potential so it's like this is storing +up energy and whenever you know whenever + + align:start position:0% +up energy and whenever you know whenever + + + align:start position:0% +up energy and whenever you know whenever +we have some free time we'll give some + + align:start position:0% +we have some free time we'll give some + + + align:start position:0% +we have some free time we'll give some +of that time to the potential function + + align:start position:0% +of that time to the potential function + + + align:start position:0% +of that time to the potential function +uh it's just like the accounting method + + align:start position:0% +uh it's just like the accounting method + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's just like the accounting method +in a certain sense but we're defining + + align:start position:0% +in a certain sense but we're defining + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain sense but we're defining +things differently over here we + + align:start position:0% +things differently over here we + + + align:start position:0% +things differently over here we +explicitly said hey look I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +explicitly said hey look I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly said hey look I'm going to +store some credit right now uh so we're + + align:start position:0% +store some credit right now uh so we're + + + align:start position:0% +store some credit right now uh so we're +basically specifying the Delta and here + + align:start position:0% +basically specifying the Delta and here + + + align:start position:0% +basically specifying the Delta and here +we're saying I'm going to consume some + + align:start position:0% +we're saying I'm going to consume some + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying I'm going to consume some +credit right now over here we're going + + align:start position:0% +credit right now over here we're going + + + align:start position:0% +credit right now over here we're going +to Define this magical function of the + + align:start position:0% +to Define this magical function of the + + + align:start position:0% +to Define this magical function of the +current state from that you can compute + + align:start position:0% +current state from that you can compute + + + align:start position:0% +current state from that you can compute +the Deltas but also from here you can + + align:start position:0% +the Deltas but also from here you can + + + align:start position:0% +the Deltas but also from here you can +inte and compute the potential function + + align:start position:0% +inte and compute the potential function + + + align:start position:0% +inte and compute the potential function +so they're interchangeable but usually + + align:start position:0% +so they're interchangeable but usually + + + align:start position:0% +so they're interchangeable but usually +it's easier to think about one + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to think about one + + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to think about one +perspective or the other really often + + align:start position:0% +perspective or the other really often + + + align:start position:0% +perspective or the other really often +you can think of you can just look at + + align:start position:0% +you can think of you can just look at + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of you can just look at +what's going on with the data structure + + align:start position:0% +what's going on with the data structure + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on with the data structure +and say Hey you know these this prop + + align:start position:0% +and say Hey you know these this prop + + + align:start position:0% +and say Hey you know these this prop +this uh aspect of the data structure + + align:start position:0% +this uh aspect of the data structure + + + align:start position:0% +this uh aspect of the data structure +makes it bad makes makes costly + + align:start position:0% +makes it bad makes makes costly + + + align:start position:0% +makes it bad makes makes costly +operations and you can just Define the + + align:start position:0% +operations and you can just Define the + + + align:start position:0% +operations and you can just Define the +potential function and then just check + + align:start position:0% +potential function and then just check + + + align:start position:0% +potential function and then just check +that it + + align:start position:0% +that it + + + align:start position:0% +that it +works uh but it's a little bit of black + + align:start position:0% +works uh but it's a little bit of black + + + align:start position:0% +works uh but it's a little bit of black +magic to come up with these functions so + + align:start position:0% +magic to come up with these functions so + + + align:start position:0% +magic to come up with these functions so +depends how you like to think about + + align:start position:0% +depends how you like to think about + + + align:start position:0% +depends how you like to think about +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so uh as before we can define an + + align:start position:0% +so uh as before we can define an + + + align:start position:0% +so uh as before we can define an +advertise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost it's going to be the actual + + align:start position:0% +cost it's going to be the actual + + + align:start position:0% +cost it's going to be the actual +Cost Plus the change in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential uh so change of potential is + + align:start position:0% +potential uh so change of potential is + + + align:start position:0% +potential uh so change of potential is +just uh the + + align:start position:0% +just uh the + + + align:start position:0% +just uh the +potential uh after the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation + + align:start position:0% +operation + + + align:start position:0% +operation +the potential before the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um I highlight that and it's kind + + align:start position:0% +okay um I highlight that and it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +okay um I highlight that and it's kind +of obvious + + align:start position:0% +of obvious + + + align:start position:0% +of obvious +from the way we set things up + + align:start position:0% +from the way we set things up + + + align:start position:0% +from the way we set things up +but what I care about is the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +but what I care about is the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +but what I care about is the sum of the +amortized costs I care about that + + align:start position:0% +amortized costs I care about that + + + align:start position:0% +amortized costs I care about that +because because it's supposed to be an + + align:start position:0% +because because it's supposed to be an + + + align:start position:0% +because because it's supposed to be an +upper bound on the sum of the actual + + align:start position:0% +upper bound on the sum of the actual + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound on the sum of the actual +costs and if you just look at what that + + align:start position:0% +costs and if you just look at what that + + + align:start position:0% +costs and if you just look at what that +sum is I have on the right hand side I + + align:start position:0% +sum is I have on the right hand side I + + + align:start position:0% +sum is I have on the right hand side I +have amortise Cost Plus this the the fee + + align:start position:0% +have amortise Cost Plus this the the fee + + + align:start position:0% +have amortise Cost Plus this the the fee +after the operation minus the fee before + + align:start position:0% +after the operation minus the fee before + + + align:start position:0% +after the operation minus the fee before +the operation if I add all those + + align:start position:0% +the operation if I add all those + + + align:start position:0% +the operation if I add all those +up this part telescopes right you get + + align:start position:0% +up this part telescopes right you get + + + align:start position:0% +up this part telescopes right you get +cancellation from each term with the + + align:start position:0% +cancellation from each term with the + + + align:start position:0% +cancellation from each term with the +previous term so the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +previous term so the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +previous term so the sum of the +amortized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs + + align:start position:0% +costs + + + align:start position:0% +costs +is equal to the sum of the actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs uh plus v of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the at the + + align:start position:0% +the at the + + + align:start position:0% +the at the +end minus + + align:start position:0% +end minus + + + align:start position:0% +end minus +V at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning so uh slight catch with the + + align:start position:0% +beginning so uh slight catch with the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning so uh slight catch with the +potential method when you define things + + align:start position:0% +potential method when you define things + + + align:start position:0% +potential method when you define things +this way + + align:start position:0% +this way + + + align:start position:0% +this way +uh you also have to pay for fee at the + + align:start position:0% +uh you also have to pay for fee at the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you also have to pay for fee at the +beginning because we want the actual + + align:start position:0% +beginning because we want the actual + + + align:start position:0% +beginning because we want the actual +cost to be at most amortised cost okay + + align:start position:0% +cost to be at most amortised cost okay + + + align:start position:0% +cost to be at most amortised cost okay +so we need to take this part and put it + + align:start position:0% +so we need to take this part and put it + + + align:start position:0% +so we need to take this part and put it +over here so it's at most amort sum of + + align:start position:0% +over here so it's at most amort sum of + + + align:start position:0% +over here so it's at most amort sum of +amortised Cost Plus fee of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning okay this part becomes + + align:start position:0% +beginning okay this part becomes + + + align:start position:0% +beginning okay this part becomes +negative so we usually just ignore it um + + align:start position:0% +negative so we usually just ignore it um + + + align:start position:0% +negative so we usually just ignore it um +can only help + + align:start position:0% +can only help + + + align:start position:0% +can only help +us so when you define a potential + + align:start position:0% +us so when you define a potential + + + align:start position:0% +us so when you define a potential +function you'd really like it to be zero + + align:start position:0% +function you'd really like it to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +function you'd really like it to be zero +at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning this funny but you pay fee of + + align:start position:0% +beginning this funny but you pay fee of + + + align:start position:0% +beginning this funny but you pay fee of +the beginning State at the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +the beginning State at the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning State at the beginning of +time and when you've done zero + + align:start position:0% +time and when you've done zero + + + align:start position:0% +time and when you've done zero +operations you really like the cost to + + align:start position:0% +operations you really like the cost to + + + align:start position:0% +operations you really like the cost to +be zero so uh you and you don't you + + align:start position:0% +be zero so uh you and you don't you + + + align:start position:0% +be zero so uh you and you don't you +don't want to have to have stored stuff + + align:start position:0% +don't want to have to have stored stuff + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to have to have stored stuff +in the bank so this should be + + align:start position:0% +in the bank so this should be + + + align:start position:0% +in the bank so this should be +uh constant would probably be okay or + + align:start position:0% +uh constant would probably be okay or + + + align:start position:0% +uh constant would probably be okay or +whatever the cost of your first + + align:start position:0% +whatever the cost of your first + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the cost of your first +operation is but + + align:start position:0% +operation is but + + + align:start position:0% +operation is but +should be constant or zero and usually + + align:start position:0% +should be constant or zero and usually + + + align:start position:0% +should be constant or zero and usually +we do this by saying let let's start + + align:start position:0% +we do this by saying let let's start + + + align:start position:0% +we do this by saying let let's start +with an empty structure and work from + + align:start position:0% +with an empty structure and work from + + + align:start position:0% +with an empty structure and work from +there usually Fe of an empty structure + + align:start position:0% +there usually Fe of an empty structure + + + align:start position:0% +there usually Fe of an empty structure +is zero and all as well so when you're + + align:start position:0% +is zero and all as well so when you're + + + align:start position:0% +is zero and all as well so when you're +defining things with potential function + + align:start position:0% +defining things with potential function + + + align:start position:0% +defining things with potential function +you have to be careful about your + + align:start position:0% +you have to be careful about your + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be careful about your +initial State you have to make sure it's + + align:start position:0% +initial State you have to make sure it's + + + align:start position:0% +initial State you have to make sure it's +non- negative just like you did over + + align:start position:0% +non- negative just like you did over + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative just like you did over +here but uh you didn't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +here but uh you didn't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +here but uh you didn't have to worry +about this part over there okay all this + + align:start position:0% +about this part over there okay all this + + + align:start position:0% +about this part over there okay all this +infrastructure what's it good for let's + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure what's it good for let's + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure what's it good for let's +do some + + align:start position:0% +do some + + + align:start position:0% +do some +examples these are going to be the most + + align:start position:0% +examples these are going to be the most + + + align:start position:0% +examples these are going to be the most +interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so a kind of classic example of + + align:start position:0% +so a kind of classic example of + + + align:start position:0% +so a kind of classic example of +amortization is incrementing a binary + + align:start position:0% +amortization is incrementing a binary + + + align:start position:0% +amortization is incrementing a binary +counter so when you have some binary + + align:start position:0% +counter so when you have some binary + + + align:start position:0% +counter so when you have some binary +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +like this one and you increment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it many bits + + align:start position:0% +it many bits + + + align:start position:0% +it many bits +change but only constant number are + + align:start position:0% +change but only constant number are + + + align:start position:0% +change but only constant number are +going to change in an amortized sense if + + align:start position:0% +going to change in an amortized sense if + + + align:start position:0% +going to change in an amortized sense if +I start with a zero Vector zero bit + + align:start position:0% +I start with a zero Vector zero bit + + + align:start position:0% +I start with a zero Vector zero bit +vector and I increment well the very + + align:start position:0% +vector and I increment well the very + + + align:start position:0% +vector and I increment well the very +first increment cost one next increment + + align:start position:0% +first increment cost one next increment + + + align:start position:0% +first increment cost one next increment +cost two next incr costs one next + + align:start position:0% +cost two next incr costs one next + + + align:start position:0% +cost two next incr costs one next +increment costs three then one then two + + align:start position:0% +increment costs three then one then two + + + align:start position:0% +increment costs three then one then two +then one then four then it's a fractal + + align:start position:0% +then one then four then it's a fractal + + + align:start position:0% +then one then four then it's a fractal +uh but instead of thinking about that + + align:start position:0% +uh but instead of thinking about that + + + align:start position:0% +uh but instead of thinking about that +fractal and you know working hard to + + align:start position:0% +fractal and you know working hard to + + + align:start position:0% +fractal and you know working hard to +prove that summation is linear for n + + align:start position:0% +prove that summation is linear for n + + + align:start position:0% +prove that summation is linear for n +operations let's use the potential + + align:start position:0% +operations let's use the potential + + + align:start position:0% +operations let's use the potential +method and the intuition here is + + align:start position:0% +method and the intuition here is + + + align:start position:0% +method and the intuition here is +actually pretty easy uh because an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +increment has a very clear + + align:start position:0% +increment has a very clear + + + align:start position:0% +increment has a very clear +cost uh it's just the number of trailing + + align:start position:0% +cost uh it's just the number of trailing + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh it's just the number of trailing +ones plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay that's what it is in actual + + align:start position:0% +one okay that's what it is in actual + + + align:start position:0% +one okay that's what it is in actual +cost we'd like that to be constant so + + align:start position:0% +cost we'd like that to be constant so + + + align:start position:0% +cost we'd like that to be constant so +intuitively what is making an increment + + align:start position:0% +intuitively what is making an increment + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively what is making an increment +bad if you had to name one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I just look at a configuration is + + align:start position:0% +if I just look at a configuration is + + + align:start position:0% +if I just look at a configuration is +this bad is this bad how bad is the + + align:start position:0% +this bad is this bad how bad is the + + + align:start position:0% +this bad is this bad how bad is the +configuration Yeah the more triling ones + + align:start position:0% +configuration Yeah the more triling ones + + + align:start position:0% +configuration Yeah the more triling ones +you have the worse the state is the more + + align:start position:0% +you have the worse the state is the more + + + align:start position:0% +you have the worse the state is the more +trailing ones the worse the state is so + + align:start position:0% +trailing ones the worse the state is so + + + align:start position:0% +trailing ones the worse the state is so +that's one natural definition turns out + + align:start position:0% +that's one natural definition turns out + + + align:start position:0% +that's one natural definition turns out +it won't work uh let's see why + + align:start position:0% +it won't work uh let's see why + + + align:start position:0% +it won't work uh let's see why +um I think uh here's an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example so near the end of our increment + + align:start position:0% +example so near the end of our increment + + + align:start position:0% +example so near the end of our increment +stage we have a whole bunch of ones but + + align:start position:0% +stage we have a whole bunch of ones but + + + align:start position:0% +stage we have a whole bunch of ones but +no no trailing ones number of trailing + + align:start position:0% +no no trailing ones number of trailing + + + align:start position:0% +no no trailing ones number of trailing +ones is zero if I do a single increment + + align:start position:0% +ones is zero if I do a single increment + + + align:start position:0% +ones is zero if I do a single increment +now the number of trailing ones is + + align:start position:0% +now the number of trailing ones is + + + align:start position:0% +now the number of trailing ones is +n so if you look at the amortise cost + + align:start position:0% +n so if you look at the amortise cost + + + align:start position:0% +n so if you look at the amortise cost +it's the actual Cost Plus the change in + + align:start position:0% +it's the actual Cost Plus the change in + + + align:start position:0% +it's the actual Cost Plus the change in +fee and so I actually pay n for that + + align:start position:0% +fee and so I actually pay n for that + + + align:start position:0% +fee and so I actually pay n for that +operation in an adverti sense and that's + + align:start position:0% +operation in an adverti sense and that's + + + align:start position:0% +operation in an adverti sense and that's +no good we won't only want to pay + + align:start position:0% +no good we won't only want to pay + + + align:start position:0% +no good we won't only want to pay +constant but it's on the right track so + + align:start position:0% +constant but it's on the right track so + + + align:start position:0% +constant but it's on the right track so +number of triling ones it's it's it is + + align:start position:0% +number of triling ones it's it's it is + + + align:start position:0% +number of triling ones it's it's it is +the natural thing to try but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the natural thing to try but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the natural thing to try but it doesn't +quite work for our definition of + + align:start position:0% +quite work for our definition of + + + align:start position:0% +quite work for our definition of +fee + + align:start position:0% +fee + + + align:start position:0% +fee +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +ideas yeah the total number of s bits + + align:start position:0% +ideas yeah the total number of s bits + + + align:start position:0% +ideas yeah the total number of s bits +the total number of ones yeah let's + + align:start position:0% +the total number of ones yeah let's + + + align:start position:0% +the total number of ones yeah let's +define Fe to be the number of one + + align:start position:0% +define Fe to be the number of one + + + align:start position:0% +define Fe to be the number of one +bits that will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work uh but you get both get a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frisbee sorry good thing I + + align:start position:0% +frisbee sorry good thing I + + + align:start position:0% +frisbee sorry good thing I +missed um okay number one bits + + align:start position:0% +missed um okay number one bits + + + align:start position:0% +missed um okay number one bits +intuitively ones are bad and uh this is + + align:start position:0% +intuitively ones are bad and uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively ones are bad and uh this is +a good definition because when I + + align:start position:0% +a good definition because when I + + + align:start position:0% +a good definition because when I +increment I only create one one so I'm + + align:start position:0% +increment I only create one one so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +increment I only create one one so I'm +not going to have this issue that Delta + + align:start position:0% +not going to have this issue that Delta + + + align:start position:0% +not going to have this issue that Delta +Fe goes up by a lot sorry that Fe goes + + align:start position:0% +Fe goes up by a lot sorry that Fe goes + + + align:start position:0% +Fe goes up by a lot sorry that Fe goes +up by a lot the Delta Fe is really large + + align:start position:0% +up by a lot the Delta Fe is really large + + + align:start position:0% +up by a lot the Delta Fe is really large +uh because even in this scenario if I + + align:start position:0% +uh because even in this scenario if I + + + align:start position:0% +uh because even in this scenario if I +increment I only add one one in this + + align:start position:0% +increment I only add one one in this + + + align:start position:0% +increment I only add one one in this +scenario I destroy three ones and add + + align:start position:0% +scenario I destroy three ones and add + + + align:start position:0% +scenario I destroy three ones and add +one okay in general if they're are let's + + align:start position:0% +one okay in general if they're are let's + + + align:start position:0% +one okay in general if they're are let's +say um T trailing + + align:start position:0% +say um T trailing + + + align:start position:0% +say um T trailing +bits then an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +increment + + align:start position:0% +increment + + + align:start position:0% +increment +destroys uh T1 + + align:start position:0% +destroys uh T1 + + + align:start position:0% +destroys uh T1 +bits and it creates one one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit that's always what happens T could + + align:start position:0% +bit that's always what happens T could + + + align:start position:0% +bit that's always what happens T could +be zero and then I have a net positive + + align:start position:0% +be zero and then I have a net positive + + + align:start position:0% +be zero and then I have a net positive +of one but most of the time actually I + + align:start position:0% +of one but most of the time actually I + + + align:start position:0% +of one but most of the time actually I +destroy one bits well more than half the + + align:start position:0% +destroy one bits well more than half the + + + align:start position:0% +destroy one bits well more than half the +time I destroy one bits I just create a + + align:start position:0% +time I destroy one bits I just create a + + + align:start position:0% +time I destroy one bits I just create a +single one bit in terms of the total + + align:start position:0% +single one bit in terms of the total + + + align:start position:0% +single one bit in terms of the total +number of ones and so the amorti + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost uh is the uh actual cost which is + + align:start position:0% +cost uh is the uh actual cost which is + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh is the uh actual cost which is +this uh 1 plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T um I'm actually G to remove the well + + align:start position:0% +T um I'm actually G to remove the well + + + align:start position:0% +T um I'm actually G to remove the well +yeah I'd like to remove the Big O if I + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'd like to remove the Big O if I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'd like to remove the Big O if I +could um I'm going to count I want to be + + align:start position:0% +could um I'm going to count I want to be + + + align:start position:0% +could um I'm going to count I want to be +a little bit precise about my counting + + align:start position:0% +a little bit precise about my counting + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit precise about my counting +because I have to do a minus sign here + + align:start position:0% +because I have to do a minus sign here + + + align:start position:0% +because I have to do a minus sign here +if I just wrote minus t uh that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +if I just wrote minus t uh that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +if I just wrote minus t uh that doesn't +quite work out because there's a + + align:start position:0% +quite work out because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +quite work out because there's a +constant here that I have to annihilate + + align:start position:0% +constant here that I have to annihilate + + + align:start position:0% +constant here that I have to annihilate +if I count the number of bits that + + align:start position:0% +if I count the number of bits that + + + align:start position:0% +if I count the number of bits that +change then that's exactly 1 plus T in + + align:start position:0% +change then that's exactly 1 plus T in + + + align:start position:0% +change then that's exactly 1 plus T in +an increment um and now the change of + + align:start position:0% +an increment um and now the change of + + + align:start position:0% +an increment um and now the change of +potential is that I decrease by t i + + align:start position:0% +potential is that I decrease by t i + + + align:start position:0% +potential is that I decrease by t i +increase by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one I get zero that seems a little bit + + align:start position:0% +one I get zero that seems a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +one I get zero that seems a little bit +too small zero time per + + align:start position:0% +too small zero time per + + + align:start position:0% +too small zero time per +operation uh you're adding a one you're + + align:start position:0% +operation uh you're adding a one you're + + + align:start position:0% +operation uh you're adding a one you're +not subtracting or you're not + + align:start position:0% +not subtracting or you're not + + + align:start position:0% +not subtracting or you're not +subtracting subtracting your eyes oh + + align:start position:0% +subtracting subtracting your eyes oh + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting subtracting your eyes oh +right sorry that's two thank you I just + + align:start position:0% +right sorry that's two thank you I just + + + align:start position:0% +right sorry that's two thank you I just +can't do the arithmetic I wrote + + align:start position:0% +can't do the arithmetic I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +can't do the arithmetic I wrote +everything correct uh but this is a plus + + align:start position:0% +everything correct uh but this is a plus + + + align:start position:0% +everything correct uh but this is a plus +one and a plus one T minus t is the key + + align:start position:0% +one and a plus one T minus t is the key + + + align:start position:0% +one and a plus one T minus t is the key +part that cancels now if you were + + align:start position:0% +part that cancels now if you were + + + align:start position:0% +part that cancels now if you were +measuring running time instead of uh + + align:start position:0% +measuring running time instead of uh + + + align:start position:0% +measuring running time instead of uh +instead of the number of changed bits + + align:start position:0% +instead of the number of changed bits + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the number of changed bits +this you'd have to have a big O here and + + align:start position:0% +this you'd have to have a big O here and + + + align:start position:0% +this you'd have to have a big O here and +in that case you'd have to Define Fe to + + align:start position:0% +in that case you'd have to Define Fe to + + + align:start position:0% +in that case you'd have to Define Fe to +be some constant times the number one + + align:start position:0% +be some constant times the number one + + + align:start position:0% +be some constant times the number one +bits so you can still set that constant + + align:start position:0% +bits so you can still set that constant + + + align:start position:0% +bits so you can still set that constant +large enough so that this part which is + + align:start position:0% +large enough so that this part which is + + + align:start position:0% +large enough so that this part which is +multiplied by C uh would annihilate this + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by C uh would annihilate this + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by C uh would annihilate this +part which would have a big O okay I + + align:start position:0% +part which would have a big O okay I + + + align:start position:0% +part which would have a big O okay I +guess I'll write it in Just for kicks + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll write it in Just for kicks + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'll write it in Just for kicks +but that's why you've seen both versions + + align:start position:0% +but that's why you've seen both versions + + + align:start position:0% +but that's why you've seen both versions +this would be minus C * t + 1 * C okay + + align:start position:0% +this would be minus C * t + 1 * C okay + + + align:start position:0% +this would be minus C * t + 1 * C okay +so that would still work out if you set + + align:start position:0% +so that would still work out if you set + + + align:start position:0% +so that would still work out if you set +C to the right value you will still get + + align:start position:0% +C to the right value you will still get + + + align:start position:0% +C to the right value you will still get +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +um so binary counters constant + + align:start position:0% +um so binary counters constant + + + align:start position:0% +um so binary counters constant +advertised PR operation so I think this + + align:start position:0% +advertised PR operation so I think this + + + align:start position:0% +advertised PR operation so I think this +is very clean much easier than analyzing + + align:start position:0% +is very clean much easier than analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +is very clean much easier than analyzing +the fractal of the costs uh now binary + + align:start position:0% +the fractal of the costs uh now binary + + + align:start position:0% +the fractal of the costs uh now binary +counter with increment and decrements + + align:start position:0% +counter with increment and decrements + + + align:start position:0% +counter with increment and decrements +that doesn't work uh there's there are + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't work uh there's there are + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't work uh there's there are +other data structures to do it but + + align:start position:0% +other data structures to do it but + + + align:start position:0% +other data structures to do it but +that's for another + + align:start position:0% +that's for another + + + align:start position:0% +that's for another +class um Let's do let's go back to two + + align:start position:0% +class um Let's do let's go back to two + + + align:start position:0% +class um Let's do let's go back to two +three trees because I have more + + align:start position:0% +three trees because I have more + + + align:start position:0% +three trees because I have more +interesting things to say about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them any questions about binary counters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay as you saw it wasn't totally easy + + align:start position:0% +okay as you saw it wasn't totally easy + + + align:start position:0% +okay as you saw it wasn't totally easy +to define a potential function but uh + + align:start position:0% +to define a potential function but uh + + + align:start position:0% +to define a potential function but uh +we're going to see you see enough + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see you see enough + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see you see enough +examples you get some intuition for them + + align:start position:0% +examples you get some intuition for them + + + align:start position:0% +examples you get some intuition for them +but it's it is probably the hardest + + align:start position:0% +but it's it is probably the hardest + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it is probably the hardest +method to use but also kind of the most + + align:start position:0% +method to use but also kind of the most + + + align:start position:0% +method to use but also kind of the most +powerful I would say all hard + + align:start position:0% +powerful I would say all hard + + + align:start position:0% +powerful I would say all hard +amortizations use a potential function + + align:start position:0% +amortizations use a potential function + + + align:start position:0% +amortizations use a potential function +that's just life uh finding Lim is tough + + align:start position:0% +that's just life uh finding Lim is tough + + + align:start position:0% +that's just life uh finding Lim is tough +that's the that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want to analyze insertions only in Two + + align:start position:0% +I want to analyze insertions only in Two + + + align:start position:0% +I want to analyze insertions only in Two +Three Trees then we'll do insertions and + + align:start position:0% +Three Trees then we'll do insertions and + + + align:start position:0% +Three Trees then we'll do insertions and +deletions and uh I want to count how + + align:start position:0% +deletions and uh I want to count how + + + align:start position:0% +deletions and uh I want to count how +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +splits in a 23 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree uh when I do an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insertion so remember when you uh insert + + align:start position:0% +insertion so remember when you uh insert + + + align:start position:0% +insertion so remember when you uh insert +into a 23 tree say you started a leaf + + align:start position:0% +into a 23 tree say you started a leaf + + + align:start position:0% +into a 23 tree say you started a leaf +you insert a key there if it's too big + + align:start position:0% +you insert a key there if it's too big + + + align:start position:0% +you insert a key there if it's too big +you split that node into two parts which + + align:start position:0% +you split that node into two parts which + + + align:start position:0% +you split that node into two parts which +causes an insert of a key into the + + align:start position:0% +causes an insert of a key into the + + + align:start position:0% +causes an insert of a key into the +parent then that might be too big and + + align:start position:0% +parent then that might be too big and + + + align:start position:0% +parent then that might be too big and +you split and so on so total number of + + align:start position:0% +you split and so on so total number of + + + align:start position:0% +you split and so on so total number of +splits per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insert upper bound log n okay it's + + align:start position:0% +insert upper bound log n okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +insert upper bound log n okay it's +definitely log n in the worst case + + align:start position:0% +definitely log n in the worst case + + + align:start position:0% +definitely log n in the worst case +that's sort of the actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost but as you may be guessing I claim + + align:start position:0% +cost but as you may be guessing I claim + + + align:start position:0% +cost but as you may be guessing I claim +the amortized number of splits is only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant and first we'll prove this with + + align:start position:0% +constant and first we'll prove this with + + + align:start position:0% +constant and first we'll prove this with +insertion only uh with insertion and + + align:start position:0% +insertion only uh with insertion and + + + align:start position:0% +insertion only uh with insertion and +deletion in a 23 tree is actually not + + align:start position:0% +deletion in a 23 tree is actually not + + + align:start position:0% +deletion in a 23 tree is actually not +true but for insertion only this is true + + align:start position:0% +true but for insertion only this is true + + + align:start position:0% +true but for insertion only this is true +so let's prove it um 233 we have two + + align:start position:0% +so let's prove it um 233 we have two + + + align:start position:0% +so let's prove it um 233 we have two +types of nodes two + + align:start position:0% +types of nodes two + + + align:start position:0% +types of nodes two +nodes and three + + align:start position:0% +nodes and three + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and three +nodes I'm counting the number of + + align:start position:0% +nodes I'm counting the number of + + + align:start position:0% +nodes I'm counting the number of +children not the number of keys is one + + align:start position:0% +children not the number of keys is one + + + align:start position:0% +children not the number of keys is one +smaller than the number of + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the number of + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the number of +children sorry no no vertical line + + align:start position:0% +children sorry no no vertical line + + + align:start position:0% +children sorry no no vertical line +there this is just some key X some key X + + align:start position:0% +there this is just some key X some key X + + + align:start position:0% +there this is just some key X some key X +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y okay um so uh when I insert a key into + + align:start position:0% +Y okay um so uh when I insert a key into + + + align:start position:0% +Y okay um so uh when I insert a key into +a node it momentarily becomes a four + + align:start position:0% +a node it momentarily becomes a four + + + align:start position:0% +a node it momentarily becomes a four +node you might say uh with which has + + align:start position:0% +node you might say uh with which has + + + align:start position:0% +node you might say uh with which has +three keys X Y and Z it's a four node it + + align:start position:0% +three keys X Y and Z it's a four node it + + + align:start position:0% +three keys X Y and Z it's a four node it +has four children hence the four and we + + align:start position:0% +has four children hence the four and we + + + align:start position:0% +has four children hence the four and we +split + + align:start position:0% +split + + + align:start position:0% +split +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +into uh + + align:start position:0% +into uh + + + align:start position:0% +into uh +x and + + align:start position:0% +x and + + + align:start position:0% +x and +z there's the four children same number + + align:start position:0% +z there's the four children same number + + + align:start position:0% +z there's the four children same number +uh but now they're distributed between x + + align:start position:0% +uh but now they're distributed between x + + + align:start position:0% +uh but now they're distributed between x +and z and then y gets promoted to the + + align:start position:0% +and z and then y gets promoted to the + + + align:start position:0% +and z and then y gets promoted to the +next level up and which allows us to + + align:start position:0% +next level up and which allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +next level up and which allows us to +have two pointers to x and z that's how + + align:start position:0% +have two pointers to x and z that's how + + + align:start position:0% +have two pointers to x and z that's how +two three trees work that's how split + + align:start position:0% +two three trees work that's how split + + + align:start position:0% +two three trees work that's how split +works + + align:start position:0% +works + + + align:start position:0% +works +now um I want to say that splitting I + + align:start position:0% +now um I want to say that splitting I + + + align:start position:0% +now um I want to say that splitting I +want to charge the splitting to + + align:start position:0% +want to charge the splitting to + + + align:start position:0% +want to charge the splitting to +something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intuitively uh let me also let's say y + + align:start position:0% +intuitively uh let me also let's say y + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively uh let me also let's say y +was the key that inserted so we started + + align:start position:0% +was the key that inserted so we started + + + align:start position:0% +was the key that inserted so we started +with x + + align:start position:0% +with x + + + align:start position:0% +with x +z which was a three node when we did an + + align:start position:0% +z which was a three node when we did an + + + align:start position:0% +z which was a three node when we did an +insert it became a four node and then uh + + align:start position:0% +insert it became a four node and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +insert it became a four node and then uh +we did a split which left us + + align:start position:0% +we did a split which left us + + + align:start position:0% +we did a split which left us +with two two nodes and + + align:start position:0% +with two two nodes and + + + align:start position:0% +with two two nodes and +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +uh so what can you say overall about + + align:start position:0% +uh so what can you say overall about + + + align:start position:0% +uh so what can you say overall about +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +process what what seems like what's + + align:start position:0% +process what what seems like what's + + + align:start position:0% +process what what seems like what's +making this example bad what's making + + align:start position:0% +making this example bad what's making + + + align:start position:0% +making this example bad what's making +the split happen in some sense I mean + + align:start position:0% +the split happen in some sense I mean + + + align:start position:0% +the split happen in some sense I mean +the insert is one thing but there's + + align:start position:0% +the insert is one thing but there's + + + align:start position:0% +the insert is one thing but there's +another thing we can charge + + align:start position:0% +another thing we can charge + + + align:start position:0% +another thing we can charge +to inserts not enough because we're + + align:start position:0% +to inserts not enough because we're + + + align:start position:0% +to inserts not enough because we're +going to do log and splits and we can + + align:start position:0% +going to do log and splits and we can + + + align:start position:0% +going to do log and splits and we can +only charge to insert once if we want + + align:start position:0% +only charge to insert once if we want + + + align:start position:0% +only charge to insert once if we want +constant advertisement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +found yeah number of three number of + + align:start position:0% +found yeah number of three number of + + + align:start position:0% +found yeah number of three number of +three notes exactly that's a good + + align:start position:0% +three notes exactly that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +three notes exactly that's a good +potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function because on the left side of + + align:start position:0% +function because on the left side of + + + align:start position:0% +function because on the left side of +this picture we had one three node on + + align:start position:0% +this picture we had one three node on + + + align:start position:0% +this picture we had one three node on +the right side of the picture we had two + + align:start position:0% +the right side of the picture we had two + + + align:start position:0% +the right side of the picture we had two +two noes now there's what's happening to + + align:start position:0% +two noes now there's what's happening to + + + align:start position:0% +two noes now there's what's happening to +the parent we'll have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +the parent we'll have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +the parent we'll have to worry about +that in a moment but you got the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intuition number of three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notes if you look I looked at just a + + align:start position:0% +notes if you look I looked at just a + + + align:start position:0% +notes if you look I looked at just a +single operation here but if you look + + align:start position:0% +single operation here but if you look + + + align:start position:0% +single operation here but if you look +more generally about an expensive insert + + align:start position:0% +more generally about an expensive insert + + + align:start position:0% +more generally about an expensive insert +and that it does many splits the only + + align:start position:0% +and that it does many splits the only + + + align:start position:0% +and that it does many splits the only +reason that can the only way that can + + align:start position:0% +reason that can the only way that can + + + align:start position:0% +reason that can the only way that can +happen is if you had a chain of three + + align:start position:0% +happen is if you had a chain of three + + + align:start position:0% +happen is if you had a chain of three +nodes all connected to each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other um and you do an insert down here + + align:start position:0% +other um and you do an insert down here + + + align:start position:0% +other um and you do an insert down here +this one splits then this one splits + + align:start position:0% +this one splits then this one splits + + + align:start position:0% +this one splits then this one splits +then this one splits so there were all + + align:start position:0% +then this one splits so there were all + + + align:start position:0% +then this one splits so there were all +these three nodes just hanging around + + align:start position:0% +these three nodes just hanging around + + + align:start position:0% +these three nodes just hanging around +and after you do the + + align:start position:0% +and after you do the + + + align:start position:0% +and after you do the +split uh the parent of the very last + + align:start position:0% +split uh the parent of the very last + + + align:start position:0% +split uh the parent of the very last +node that splits that might become a + + align:start position:0% +node that splits that might become a + + + align:start position:0% +node that splits that might become a +three node so that would be up here here + + align:start position:0% +three node so that would be up here here + + + align:start position:0% +three node so that would be up here here +somewhere you might have made one new + + align:start position:0% +somewhere you might have made one new + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere you might have made one new +three node but then this one uh is a + + align:start position:0% +three node but then this one uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +three node but then this one uh is a +couple of two nodes this becomes a + + align:start position:0% +couple of two nodes this becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +couple of two nodes this becomes a +couple of two nodes and this becomes a + + align:start position:0% +couple of two nodes and this becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +couple of two nodes and this becomes a +couple of two nodes so if you had uh K + + align:start position:0% +couple of two nodes so if you had uh K + + + align:start position:0% +couple of two nodes so if you had uh K +three nodes before afterwards you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one sound + + align:start position:0% +one sound + + + align:start position:0% +one sound +familiar this is actually exactly what's + + align:start position:0% +familiar this is actually exactly what's + + + align:start position:0% +familiar this is actually exactly what's +going on with the binary counter so this + + align:start position:0% +going on with the binary counter so this + + + align:start position:0% +going on with the binary counter so this +may have seem like a toy example but we + + align:start position:0% +may have seem like a toy example but we + + + align:start position:0% +may have seem like a toy example but we +create uh over here we created at most + + align:start position:0% +create uh over here we created at most + + + align:start position:0% +create uh over here we created at most +one one bit down here uh we create at + + align:start position:0% +one one bit down here uh we create at + + + align:start position:0% +one one bit down here uh we create at +most one three + + align:start position:0% +most one three + + + align:start position:0% +most one three +note which is when the split stops when + + align:start position:0% +note which is when the split stops when + + + align:start position:0% +note which is when the split stops when +the split stops that's the only time we + + align:start position:0% +the split stops that's the only time we + + + align:start position:0% +the split stops that's the only time we +actually insert a key into a node and + + align:start position:0% +actually insert a key into a node and + + + align:start position:0% +actually insert a key into a node and +and it doesn't split right because + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't split right because + + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't split right because +otherwise you split when you split + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you split when you split + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you split when you split +you're always making two nodes and + + align:start position:0% +you're always making two nodes and + + + align:start position:0% +you're always making two nodes and +that's good at the very end when you + + align:start position:0% +that's good at the very end when you + + + align:start position:0% +that's good at the very end when you +stop splitting you might have made one + + align:start position:0% +stop splitting you might have made one + + + align:start position:0% +stop splitting you might have made one +three node so uh in an + + align:start position:0% +three node so uh in an + + + align:start position:0% +three node so uh in an +insert + + align:start position:0% +insert + + + align:start position:0% +insert +uh let's say the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +splits equals k then the change of + + align:start position:0% +splits equals k then the change of + + + align:start position:0% +splits equals k then the change of +potential for that operation is + + align:start position:0% +potential for that operation is + + + align:start position:0% +potential for that operation is +uh minus k + + + align:start position:0% +uh minus k + + + + align:start position:0% +uh minus k + +one because every for every split there + + align:start position:0% +one because every for every split there + + + align:start position:0% +one because every for every split there +was a three node to charge to or for + + align:start position:0% +was a three node to charge to or for + + + align:start position:0% +was a three node to charge to or for +every split there was a three node that + + align:start position:0% +every split there was a three node that + + + align:start position:0% +every split there was a three node that +became two nodes two two noes so the + + align:start position:0% +became two nodes two two noes so the + + + align:start position:0% +became two nodes two two noes so the +potential went down by one because you + + align:start position:0% +potential went down by one because you + + + align:start position:0% +potential went down by one because you +used to have one three node then you had + + align:start position:0% +used to have one three node then you had + + + align:start position:0% +used to have one three node then you had +zero at the very end you might create + + align:start position:0% +zero at the very end you might create + + + align:start position:0% +zero at the very end you might create +one three node that's the plus + + align:start position:0% +one three node that's the plus + + + align:start position:0% +one three node that's the plus +one okay and so the amortized cost is + + align:start position:0% +one okay and so the amortized cost is + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and so the amortized cost is +just the sum of these two things and we + + align:start position:0% +just the sum of these two things and we + + + align:start position:0% +just the sum of these two things and we +get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one it's K minus k + 1 is + + align:start position:0% +one it's K minus k + 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +one it's K minus k + 1 is +one cool huh this is where potential + + align:start position:0% +one cool huh this is where potential + + + align:start position:0% +one cool huh this is where potential +method becomes powerful I would say you + + align:start position:0% +method becomes powerful I would say you + + + align:start position:0% +method becomes powerful I would say you +can can view this as a kind of charging + + align:start position:0% +can can view this as a kind of charging + + + align:start position:0% +can can view this as a kind of charging +argument but it gets very confusing + + align:start position:0% +argument but it gets very confusing + + + align:start position:0% +argument but it gets very confusing +maybe with coins is is the most + + align:start position:0% +maybe with coins is is the most + + + align:start position:0% +maybe with coins is is the most +plausible you essentially the invariant + + align:start position:0% +plausible you essentially the invariant + + + align:start position:0% +plausible you essentially the invariant +you'd want is you have a coin on every + + align:start position:0% +you'd want is you have a coin on every + + + align:start position:0% +you'd want is you have a coin on every +three node it's same thing of course but + + align:start position:0% +three node it's same thing of course but + + + align:start position:0% +three node it's same thing of course but +it's I think easier to think about it + + align:start position:0% +it's I think easier to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +it's I think easier to think about it +this way you say well three nodes seem + + align:start position:0% +this way you say well three nodes seem + + + align:start position:0% +this way you say well three nodes seem +to be the bad thing let's just count + + align:start position:0% +to be the bad thing let's just count + + + align:start position:0% +to be the bad thing let's just count +them let's just see what + + align:start position:0% +them let's just see what + + + align:start position:0% +them let's just see what +happens it's more like you say I want to + + align:start position:0% +happens it's more like you say I want to + + + align:start position:0% +happens it's more like you say I want to +have this invariant that there's a coin + + align:start position:0% +have this invariant that there's a coin + + + align:start position:0% +have this invariant that there's a coin +on every three nodee how can I achieve + + align:start position:0% +on every three nodee how can I achieve + + + align:start position:0% +on every three nodee how can I achieve +that and it just works magically because + + align:start position:0% +that and it just works magically because + + + align:start position:0% +that and it just works magically because +a it helps it was true and B we had to + + align:start position:0% +a it helps it was true and B we had to + + + align:start position:0% +a it helps it was true and B we had to +come up with the right potential + + align:start position:0% +come up with the right potential + + + align:start position:0% +come up with the right potential +function those are tricky and in general + + align:start position:0% +function those are tricky and in general + + + align:start position:0% +function those are tricky and in general +thematization unless you're told on a + + align:start position:0% +thematization unless you're told on a + + + align:start position:0% +thematization unless you're told on a +pet prove order te amortized uh you + + align:start position:0% +pet prove order te amortized uh you + + + align:start position:0% +pet prove order te amortized uh you +don't always know what the right running + + align:start position:0% +don't always know what the right running + + + align:start position:0% +don't always know what the right running +time is and you just have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experiment all right our final + + align:start position:0% +experiment all right our final + + + align:start position:0% +experiment all right our final +example most impressive uh let's go over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here it's a surprise I guess it's not + + align:start position:0% +here it's a surprise I guess it's not + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a surprise I guess it's not +even on the list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list I want to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this was great for inserts but what + + align:start position:0% +um this was great for inserts but what + + + align:start position:0% +um this was great for inserts but what +about deletes I want to do inserts and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deletes I'd like to do two three trees + + align:start position:0% +deletes I'd like to do two three trees + + + align:start position:0% +deletes I'd like to do two three trees +uh but two three trees don't work if I + + align:start position:0% +uh but two three trees don't work if I + + + align:start position:0% +uh but two three trees don't work if I +want to get a constant amortised Bound + + align:start position:0% +want to get a constant amortised Bound + + + align:start position:0% +want to get a constant amortised Bound +for inserts and deletes I got a constant + + align:start position:0% +for inserts and deletes I got a constant + + + align:start position:0% +for inserts and deletes I got a constant +amortised here for + + align:start position:0% +amortised here for + + + align:start position:0% +amortised here for +inserts uh I should be clear I'm + + align:start position:0% +inserts uh I should be clear I'm + + + align:start position:0% +inserts uh I should be clear I'm +ignoring the cost of searching let's + + align:start position:0% +ignoring the cost of searching let's + + + align:start position:0% +ignoring the cost of searching let's +just say searching is cheap for some + + align:start position:0% +just say searching is cheap for some + + + align:start position:0% +just say searching is cheap for some +reason maybe you already know where your + + align:start position:0% +reason maybe you already know where your + + + align:start position:0% +reason maybe you already know where your +key is and you just want to insert there + + align:start position:0% +key is and you just want to insert there + + + align:start position:0% +key is and you just want to insert there +uh then insert only cost constant + + align:start position:0% +uh then insert only cost constant + + + align:start position:0% +uh then insert only cost constant +advertised in a 23 tree insert and + + align:start position:0% +advertised in a 23 tree insert and + + + align:start position:0% +advertised in a 23 tree insert and +delete is not that good it can be log in + + align:start position:0% +delete is not that good it can be log in + + + align:start position:0% +delete is not that good it can be log in +for every operation if I do inserts and + + align:start position:0% +for every operation if I do inserts and + + + align:start position:0% +for every operation if I do inserts and +deletes uh essentially for the same + + align:start position:0% +deletes uh essentially for the same + + + align:start position:0% +deletes uh essentially for the same +reason that a binary counter can be n + + align:start position:0% +reason that a binary counter can be n + + + align:start position:0% +reason that a binary counter can be n +for every operation if I do uh + + align:start position:0% +for every operation if I do uh + + + align:start position:0% +for every operation if I do uh +increments and decrements I could be + + align:start position:0% +increments and decrements I could be + + + align:start position:0% +increments and decrements I could be +here you know increment a couple times + + align:start position:0% +here you know increment a couple times + + + align:start position:0% +here you know increment a couple times +and then I change a huge number of bits + + align:start position:0% +and then I change a huge number of bits + + + align:start position:0% +and then I change a huge number of bits +if I immediately decrement then all the + + align:start position:0% +if I immediately decrement then all the + + + align:start position:0% +if I immediately decrement then all the +bits go back and increment all the bits + + align:start position:0% +bits go back and increment all the bits + + + align:start position:0% +bits go back and increment all the bits +go back decrement all the bits go back + + align:start position:0% +go back decrement all the bits go back + + + align:start position:0% +go back decrement all the bits go back +so I'm changing n Bits in every + + align:start position:0% +so I'm changing n Bits in every + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm changing n Bits in every +operation in the same way if you if you + + align:start position:0% +operation in the same way if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +operation in the same way if you if you +just think of one path of your tree and + + align:start position:0% +just think of one path of your tree and + + + align:start position:0% +just think of one path of your tree and +you think of the zero bits as two nodes + + align:start position:0% +you think of the zero bits as two nodes + + + align:start position:0% +you think of the zero bits as two nodes +and the one bits as three nodes when I + + align:start position:0% +and the one bits as three nodes when I + + + align:start position:0% +and the one bits as three nodes when I +increment by inserting at the bottom all + + align:start position:0% +increment by inserting at the bottom all + + + align:start position:0% +increment by inserting at the bottom all +those threes turn to one except the top + + align:start position:0% +those threes turn to one except the top + + + align:start position:0% +those threes turn to one except the top +I make a three that's just like a binary + + align:start position:0% +I make a three that's just like a binary + + + align:start position:0% +I make a three that's just like a binary +counter went from all ones to 1 z um and + + align:start position:0% +counter went from all ones to 1 z um and + + + align:start position:0% +counter went from all ones to 1 z um and +then if I decrement if I delete from + + align:start position:0% +then if I decrement if I delete from + + + align:start position:0% +then if I decrement if I delete from +that very same Leaf then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +that very same Leaf then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +that very same Leaf then I'm going to +have to do merges all the way back up + + align:start position:0% +have to do merges all the way back up + + + align:start position:0% +have to do merges all the way back up +and turn those all back into three nodes + + align:start position:0% +and turn those all back into three nodes + + + align:start position:0% +and turn those all back into three nodes +again and so every operation is going to + + align:start position:0% +again and so every operation is going to + + + align:start position:0% +again and so every operation is going to +pay log n Now log n's not so bad but I + + align:start position:0% +pay log n Now log n's not so bad but I + + + align:start position:0% +pay log n Now log n's not so bad but I +really want constant + + align:start position:0% +really want constant + + + align:start position:0% +really want constant +so I'm going to introduce something new + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to introduce something new + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to introduce something new +called two five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trees and all it's going to be exactly + + align:start position:0% +trees and all it's going to be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +trees and all it's going to be exactly +like B trees that you learned except now + + align:start position:0% +like B trees that you learned except now + + + align:start position:0% +like B trees that you learned except now +uh the number of children of every + + align:start position:0% +uh the number of children of every + + + align:start position:0% +uh the number of children of every +node should be between two and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five okay all the operations are defined + + align:start position:0% +five okay all the operations are defined + + + align:start position:0% +five okay all the operations are defined +the same uh we've already talked about + + align:start position:0% +the same uh we've already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the same uh we've already talked about +insert now insert when you have six + + align:start position:0% +insert now insert when you have six + + + align:start position:0% +insert now insert when you have six +children then you're overflowing and + + align:start position:0% +children then you're overflowing and + + + align:start position:0% +children then you're overflowing and +then you're going to split in half and + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to split in half and + + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to split in half and +so on so actually I should draw that + + align:start position:0% +so on so actually I should draw that + + + align:start position:0% +so on so actually I should draw that +picture because we're going to need it + + align:start position:0% +picture because we're going to need it + + + align:start position:0% +picture because we're going to need it +um so if I started with a five node + + align:start position:0% +um so if I started with a five node + + + align:start position:0% +um so if I started with a five node +which means it has four + + align:start position:0% +which means it has four + + + align:start position:0% +which means it has four +keys and then I insert into it I get a + + align:start position:0% +keys and then I insert into it I get a + + + align:start position:0% +keys and then I insert into it I get a +six + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +node that's to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +many six + + align:start position:0% +many six + + + align:start position:0% +many six +children + + align:start position:0% +children + + + align:start position:0% +children +okay that's too much so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay that's too much so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's too much so I'm going to +split it in half which is going to leave + + align:start position:0% +split it in half which is going to leave + + + align:start position:0% +split it in half which is going to leave +uh a three + + align:start position:0% +uh a three + + + align:start position:0% +uh a three +node and a single item which gets + + align:start position:0% +node and a single item which gets + + + align:start position:0% +node and a single item which gets +promoted to the + + align:start position:0% +promoted to the + + + align:start position:0% +promoted to the +parent and + + align:start position:0% +parent and + + + align:start position:0% +parent and +another uh three + + align:start position:0% +another uh three + + + align:start position:0% +another uh three +node okay so we started with a five node + + align:start position:0% +node okay so we started with a five node + + + align:start position:0% +node okay so we started with a five node +and the result was two three nodes okay + + align:start position:0% +and the result was two three nodes okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the result was two three nodes okay +that's split and we also contaminate the + + align:start position:0% +that's split and we also contaminate the + + + align:start position:0% +that's split and we also contaminate the +parent a little bit but that may lead to + + align:start position:0% +parent a little bit but that may lead to + + + align:start position:0% +parent a little bit but that may lead to +another split which will look like this + + align:start position:0% +another split which will look like this + + + align:start position:0% +another split which will look like this +again so if we're just doing insertions + + align:start position:0% +again so if we're just doing insertions + + + align:start position:0% +again so if we're just doing insertions +fine we just count the number of five + + align:start position:0% +fine we just count the number of five + + + align:start position:0% +fine we just count the number of five +notes no no different right but I want + + align:start position:0% +notes no no different right but I want + + + align:start position:0% +notes no no different right but I want +to do simultaneously insert and + + align:start position:0% +to do simultaneously insert and + + + align:start position:0% +to do simultaneously insert and +delete so uh let's remember what happens + + align:start position:0% +delete so uh let's remember what happens + + + align:start position:0% +delete so uh let's remember what happens +with a + + align:start position:0% +with a + + + align:start position:0% +with a +delete so if you just delete a key and a + + align:start position:0% +delete so if you just delete a key and a + + + align:start position:0% +delete so if you just delete a key and a +leaf uh the issue is it may become too + + align:start position:0% +leaf uh the issue is it may become too + + + align:start position:0% +leaf uh the issue is it may become too +empty so uh what's too empty well + + align:start position:0% +empty so uh what's too empty well + + + align:start position:0% +empty so uh what's too empty well +the minimum number of children we're + + align:start position:0% +the minimum number of children we're + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum number of children we're +allowed to have is two so two empty + + align:start position:0% +allowed to have is two so two empty + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to have is two so two empty +would be that I have one child so maybe + + align:start position:0% +would be that I have one child so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +would be that I have one child so maybe +initially I have two children and I have + + align:start position:0% +initially I have two children and I have + + + align:start position:0% +initially I have two children and I have +a single key X then maybe I delete X and + + align:start position:0% +a single key X then maybe I delete X and + + + align:start position:0% +a single key X then maybe I delete X and +so now I have U zero keys this is a one + + align:start position:0% +so now I have U zero keys this is a one + + + align:start position:0% +so now I have U zero keys this is a one +node it has a single + + align:start position:0% +node it has a single + + + align:start position:0% +node it has a single +child okay weird um and in that case we + + align:start position:0% +child okay weird um and in that case we + + + align:start position:0% +child okay weird um and in that case we +uh there's sort of two situations May + + align:start position:0% +uh there's sort of two situations May + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's sort of two situations May +maybe your sibling has enough uh Keys + + align:start position:0% +maybe your sibling has enough uh Keys + + + align:start position:0% +maybe your sibling has enough uh Keys +you can just steal one then you then + + align:start position:0% +you can just steal one then you then + + + align:start position:0% +you can just steal one then you then +that was really cheap um but the other + + align:start position:0% +that was really cheap um but the other + + + align:start position:0% +that was really cheap um but the other +case is that you + + align:start position:0% +case is that you + + + align:start position:0% +case is that you +um yeah I'm also going to have to + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I'm also going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I'm also going to have to +involve my parent so maybe I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +involve my parent so maybe I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +involve my parent so maybe I'm going to +take a key uh from X and merge all these + + align:start position:0% +take a key uh from X and merge all these + + + align:start position:0% +take a key uh from X and merge all these +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +together that's y uh then what I get is + + align:start position:0% +together that's y uh then what I get is + + + align:start position:0% +together that's y uh then what I get is +X Y I have add two children here three + + align:start position:0% +X Y I have add two children here three + + + align:start position:0% +X Y I have add two children here three +children + + align:start position:0% +children + + + align:start position:0% +children +here okay I also messed up my parent a + + align:start position:0% +here okay I also messed up my parent a + + + align:start position:0% +here okay I also messed up my parent a +little bit but that's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +little bit but that's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but that's going to be the +recursive case so I'm going to this is a + + align:start position:0% +recursive case so I'm going to this is a + + + align:start position:0% +recursive case so I'm going to this is a +sort of merge operation in general I + + align:start position:0% +sort of merge operation in general I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of merge operation in general I +merge with my sibling and then + + align:start position:0% +merge with my sibling and then + + + align:start position:0% +merge with my sibling and then +potentially split again or you can think + + align:start position:0% +potentially split again or you can think + + + align:start position:0% +potentially split again or you can think +of it is stealing from your sibling as + + align:start position:0% +of it is stealing from your sibling as + + + align:start position:0% +of it is stealing from your sibling as +you may be experienced with doing I + + align:start position:0% +you may be experienced with doing I + + + align:start position:0% +you may be experienced with doing I +didn't have siblings so I didn't get to + + align:start position:0% +didn't have siblings so I didn't get to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have siblings so I didn't get to +do that but uh I stole from my parent so + + align:start position:0% +do that but uh I stole from my parent so + + + align:start position:0% +do that but uh I stole from my parent so +whatever however you want to think about + + align:start position:0% +whatever however you want to think about + + + align:start position:0% +whatever however you want to think about +it um that is merging in a be tree we + + align:start position:0% +it um that is merging in a be tree we + + + align:start position:0% +it um that is merging in a be tree we +started with a tun note here we ended up + + align:start position:0% +started with a tun note here we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +started with a tun note here we ended up +with a three Noe H that's + + align:start position:0% +with a three Noe H that's + + + align:start position:0% +with a three Noe H that's +good it's different at least so the Bad + + align:start position:0% +good it's different at least so the Bad + + + align:start position:0% +good it's different at least so the Bad +Case here is a five node Bad Case here + + align:start position:0% +Case here is a five node Bad Case here + + + align:start position:0% +Case here is a five node Bad Case here +is a two node what should I use a + + align:start position:0% +is a two node what should I use a + + + align:start position:0% +is a two node what should I use a +potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah number of nodes with two or five + + align:start position:0% +yeah number of nodes with two or five + + + align:start position:0% +yeah number of nodes with two or five +children yeah so that's it just combine + + align:start position:0% +children yeah so that's it just combine + + + align:start position:0% +children yeah so that's it just combine +with the sum it's going to be a number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of nodes with two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +children + + align:start position:0% +children + + + align:start position:0% +children +plus the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nodes with five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +children this is measuring Karma this is + + align:start position:0% +children this is measuring Karma this is + + + align:start position:0% +children this is measuring Karma this is +how bad could is my tree going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +how bad could is my tree going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +how bad could is my tree going to be uh +because if I have two nodes I'm really + + align:start position:0% +because if I have two nodes I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +because if I have two nodes I'm really +close to underf flowing and that's + + align:start position:0% +close to underf flowing and that's + + + align:start position:0% +close to underf flowing and that's +potentially bad if I happen to delete + + align:start position:0% +potentially bad if I happen to delete + + + align:start position:0% +potentially bad if I happen to delete +there uh bad things are going to happen + + align:start position:0% +there uh bad things are going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +there uh bad things are going to happen +if I have a bunch of five nodes splits + + align:start position:0% +if I have a bunch of five nodes splits + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a bunch of five nodes splits +could happen there and I don't know + + align:start position:0% +could happen there and I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +could happen there and I don't know +whether it's going to be an answer or + + align:start position:0% +whether it's going to be an answer or + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's going to be an answer or +delete next so I'm just going to keep + + align:start position:0% +delete next so I'm just going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +delete next so I'm just going to keep +track of both of them and luckily + + align:start position:0% +track of both of them and luckily + + + align:start position:0% +track of both of them and luckily +neither of them output fives or twos if + + align:start position:0% +neither of them output fives or twos if + + + align:start position:0% +neither of them output fives or twos if +they did like if we did two three trees + + align:start position:0% +they did like if we did two three trees + + + align:start position:0% +they did like if we did two three trees +this is a total nightmare because you + + align:start position:0% +this is a total nightmare because you + + + align:start position:0% +this is a total nightmare because you +can't count the number of two nodes plus + + align:start position:0% +can't count the number of two nodes plus + + + align:start position:0% +can't count the number of two nodes plus +the number of three nodes that's all the + + align:start position:0% +the number of three nodes that's all the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of three nodes that's all the +nodes potential NE only changes by one + + align:start position:0% +nodes potential NE only changes by one + + + align:start position:0% +nodes potential NE only changes by one +in each step that would never help you + + align:start position:0% +in each step that would never help you + + + align:start position:0% +in each step that would never help you +okay but here we have enough of a gap + + align:start position:0% +okay but here we have enough of a gap + + + align:start position:0% +okay but here we have enough of a gap +between the lower bound and the upper + + align:start position:0% +between the lower bound and the upper + + + align:start position:0% +between the lower bound and the upper +bound and in general any constants here + + align:start position:0% +bound and in general any constants here + + + align:start position:0% +bound and in general any constants here +will work and these are usually called + + align:start position:0% +will work and these are usually called + + + align:start position:0% +will work and these are usually called +AB trees generalization of B trees where + + align:start position:0% +AB trees generalization of B trees where + + + align:start position:0% +AB trees generalization of B trees where +you get to specify the lower bound and + + align:start position:0% +you get to specify the lower bound and + + + align:start position:0% +you get to specify the lower bound and +the upper bound as long as + + align:start position:0% +the upper bound as long as + + + align:start position:0% +the upper bound as long as +a uh what's the way as long as a is + + align:start position:0% +a uh what's the way as long as a is + + + align:start position:0% +a uh what's the way as long as a is +strictly less than b + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than b + + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than b +over2 then this argument will work as + + align:start position:0% +over2 then this argument will work as + + + align:start position:0% +over2 then this argument will work as +long as there's a at least one gap + + align:start position:0% +long as there's a at least one gap + + + align:start position:0% +long as there's a at least one gap +between A and B + + align:start position:0% +between A and B + + + align:start position:0% +between A and B +over2 then uh this argument will work + + align:start position:0% +over2 then uh this argument will work + + + align:start position:0% +over2 then uh this argument will work +because the small in the small case you + + align:start position:0% +because the small in the small case you + + + align:start position:0% +because the small in the small case you +start with with the wor with the minimum + + align:start position:0% +start with with the wor with the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +start with with the wor with the minimum +number of children you can have you'll + + align:start position:0% +number of children you can have you'll + + + align:start position:0% +number of children you can have you'll +get one more in the end um and in the + + align:start position:0% +get one more in the end um and in the + + + align:start position:0% +get one more in the end um and in the +other situation you have too many things + + align:start position:0% +other situation you have too many things + + + align:start position:0% +other situation you have too many things +you divide by two you don't want + + align:start position:0% +you divide by two you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +you divide by two you don't want +dividing by two to end up with the bad + + align:start position:0% +dividing by two to end up with the bad + + + align:start position:0% +dividing by two to end up with the bad +case over here that's what would happen + + align:start position:0% +case over here that's what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +case over here that's what would happen +even with two four trees two three four + + align:start position:0% +even with two four trees two three four + + + align:start position:0% +even with two four trees two three four +trees um but with two five trees there's + + align:start position:0% +trees um but with two five trees there's + + + align:start position:0% +trees um but with two five trees there's +enough of a gap that when we split five + + align:start position:0% +enough of a gap that when we split five + + + align:start position:0% +enough of a gap that when we split five +and half we get threes only no twos and + + align:start position:0% +and half we get threes only no twos and + + + align:start position:0% +and half we get threes only no twos and +when we merge twos we get threes no + + align:start position:0% +when we merge twos we get threes no + + + align:start position:0% +when we merge twos we get threes no +fives + + align:start position:0% +fives + + + align:start position:0% +fives +okay so uh in either case if we do a + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh in either case if we do a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh in either case if we do a +split + + align:start position:0% +split + + + align:start position:0% +split +let's if we do an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insert uh with K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +splits uh the change in + + align:start position:0% +splits uh the change in + + + align:start position:0% +splits uh the change in +potential is uh minus k + 1 again we + + align:start position:0% +potential is uh minus k + 1 again we + + + align:start position:0% +potential is uh minus k + 1 again we +might make a single uh five child node + + align:start position:0% +might make a single uh five child node + + + align:start position:0% +might make a single uh five child node +at at the top when we stop splitting but + + align:start position:0% +at at the top when we stop splitting but + + + align:start position:0% +at at the top when we stop splitting but +every other time we split we uh or every + + align:start position:0% +every other time we split we uh or every + + + align:start position:0% +every other time we split we uh or every +time we split we've taken a five node + + align:start position:0% +time we split we've taken a five node + + + align:start position:0% +time we split we've taken a five node +and destroyed it left it with two three + + align:start position:0% +and destroyed it left it with two three + + + align:start position:0% +and destroyed it left it with two three +nodes so that decreases by K and so this + + align:start position:0% +nodes so that decreases by K and so this + + + align:start position:0% +nodes so that decreases by K and so this +K cost gets canceled out by this + + align:start position:0% +K cost gets canceled out by this + + + align:start position:0% +K cost gets canceled out by this +negative K and change potential so the + + align:start position:0% +negative K and change potential so the + + + align:start position:0% +negative K and change potential so the +amortized cost is one just like before + + align:start position:0% +amortized cost is one just like before + + + align:start position:0% +amortized cost is one just like before +uh but now also with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delete with K merge + + align:start position:0% +delete with K merge + + + align:start position:0% +delete with K merge +operations where I'm treating all of + + align:start position:0% +operations where I'm treating all of + + + align:start position:0% +operations where I'm treating all of +this as as one operation um again the + + align:start position:0% +this as as one operation um again the + + + align:start position:0% +this as as one operation um again the +change of potential is minus k + 1 + + align:start position:0% +change of potential is minus k + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +change of potential is minus k + 1 +potentially we we stop merging because + + align:start position:0% +potentially we we stop merging because + + + align:start position:0% +potentially we we stop merging because +we stole one key from our parent it may + + align:start position:0% +we stole one key from our parent it may + + + align:start position:0% +we stole one key from our parent it may +now be a two node whereas before it + + align:start position:0% +now be a two node whereas before it + + + align:start position:0% +now be a two node whereas before it +wasn't if it was already a two node then + + align:start position:0% +wasn't if it was already a two node then + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't if it was already a two node then +there would be another merge and that's + + align:start position:0% +there would be another merge and that's + + + align:start position:0% +there would be another merge and that's +actually a good case for us but when the + + align:start position:0% +actually a good case for us but when the + + + align:start position:0% +actually a good case for us but when the +merges stop uh they stop because we hit + + align:start position:0% +merges stop uh they stop because we hit + + + align:start position:0% +merges stop uh they stop because we hit +a node that's at least a three node then + + align:start position:0% +a node that's at least a three node then + + + align:start position:0% +a node that's at least a three node then +we delete a key from it so potentially + + align:start position:0% +we delete a key from it so potentially + + + align:start position:0% +we delete a key from it so potentially +it's a two node so potentially the + + align:start position:0% +it's a two node so potentially the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a two node so potentially the +potential goes up by one we make one new + + align:start position:0% +potential goes up by one we make one new + + + align:start position:0% +potential goes up by one we make one new +bad node but every time we do a merge we + + align:start position:0% +bad node but every time we do a merge we + + + align:start position:0% +bad node but every time we do a merge we +destroy bad nodes because we started + + align:start position:0% +destroy bad nodes because we started + + + align:start position:0% +destroy bad nodes because we started +with a two node we turned it into a + + align:start position:0% +with a two node we turned it into a + + + align:start position:0% +with a two node we turned it into a +three node so again the amortised cost + + align:start position:0% +three node so again the amortised cost + + + align:start position:0% +three node so again the amortised cost +is the actual cost which is K plus the + + align:start position:0% +is the actual cost which is K plus the + + + align:start position:0% +is the actual cost which is K plus the +change of potential which is minus k + 1 + + align:start position:0% +change of potential which is minus k + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +change of potential which is minus k + 1 +and so the amorti cost is just one + + align:start position:0% +and so the amorti cost is just one + + + align:start position:0% +and so the amorti cost is just one +constant number of splits or merges per + + align:start position:0% +constant number of splits or merges per + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of splits or merges per +insert or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this is actually really nice um + + align:start position:0% +and so this is actually really nice um + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is actually really nice um +if you're in a model where changing your + + align:start position:0% +if you're in a model where changing your + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in a model where changing your +data structure is more expensive than + + align:start position:0% +data structure is more expensive than + + + align:start position:0% +data structure is more expensive than +searching your data structure for + + align:start position:0% +searching your data structure for + + + align:start position:0% +searching your data structure for +example you have a lot of threads in + + align:start position:0% +example you have a lot of threads in + + + align:start position:0% +example you have a lot of threads in +parallel accessing your thing you're on + + align:start position:0% +parallel accessing your thing you're on + + + align:start position:0% +parallel accessing your thing you're on +a multi-thread multi core machine or + + align:start position:0% +a multi-thread multi core machine or + + + align:start position:0% +a multi-thread multi core machine or +something you have a shared data + + align:start position:0% +something you have a shared data + + + align:start position:0% +something you have a shared data +structure you really don't want to be + + align:start position:0% +structure you really don't want to be + + + align:start position:0% +structure you really don't want to be +changing things very often um because + + align:start position:0% +changing things very often um because + + + align:start position:0% +changing things very often um because +you you have to take a lock and then + + align:start position:0% +you you have to take a lock and then + + + align:start position:0% +you you have to take a lock and then +that slows down all the other threads uh + + align:start position:0% +that slows down all the other threads uh + + + align:start position:0% +that slows down all the other threads uh +if searches are really fast but splits + + align:start position:0% +if searches are really fast but splits + + + align:start position:0% +if searches are really fast but splits +and merges are expensive then this is a + + align:start position:0% +and merges are expensive then this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and merges are expensive then this is a +reason why you should use two five trees + + align:start position:0% +reason why you should use two five trees + + + align:start position:0% +reason why you should use two five trees +instead of two three trees because two + + align:start position:0% +instead of two three trees because two + + + align:start position:0% +instead of two three trees because two +three trees they'll be splitting and + + align:start position:0% +three trees they'll be splitting and + + + align:start position:0% +three trees they'll be splitting and +merging all the time log n it's not a + + align:start position:0% +merging all the time log n it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +merging all the time log n it's not a +huge difference log n versus constant + + align:start position:0% +huge difference log n versus constant + + + align:start position:0% +huge difference log n versus constant +but with data structures that's usually + + align:start position:0% +but with data structures that's usually + + + align:start position:0% +but with data structures that's usually +the Gap right last class we were super + + align:start position:0% +the Gap right last class we were super + + + align:start position:0% +the Gap right last class we were super +excited because we went from log to log + + align:start position:0% +excited because we went from log to log + + + align:start position:0% +excited because we went from log to log +log here we're excited we go from log to + + align:start position:0% +log here we're excited we go from log to + + + align:start position:0% +log here we're excited we go from log to +constant it's a little better but + + align:start position:0% +constant it's a little better but + + + align:start position:0% +constant it's a little better but +they're all small numbers uh but still + + align:start position:0% +they're all small numbers uh but still + + + align:start position:0% +they're all small numbers uh but still +we we like we like to go fast as fast as + + align:start position:0% +we we like we like to go fast as fast as + + + align:start position:0% +we we like we like to go fast as fast as +possible and in a real system actually + + align:start position:0% +possible and in a real system actually + + + align:start position:0% +possible and in a real system actually +it's even more important because + + align:start position:0% +it's even more important because + + + align:start position:0% +it's even more important because +splitting the root is probably the worst + + align:start position:0% +splitting the root is probably the worst + + + align:start position:0% +splitting the root is probably the worst +because you're always everyone's always + + align:start position:0% +because you're always everyone's always + + + align:start position:0% +because you're always everyone's always +touching the root in a 25 tree you + + align:start position:0% +touching the root in a 25 tree you + + + align:start position:0% +touching the root in a 25 tree you +almost never touch the root almost + + align:start position:0% +almost never touch the root almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost never touch the root almost +always splitting and merging at the + + align:start position:0% +always splitting and merging at the + + + align:start position:0% +always splitting and merging at the +leaves whereas in a two3 tree you could + + align:start position:0% +leaves whereas in a two3 tree you could + + + align:start position:0% +leaves whereas in a two3 tree you could +be going all the way to the root every + + align:start position:0% +be going all the way to the root every + + + align:start position:0% +be going all the way to the root every +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +time so + + align:start position:0% +time so + + + align:start position:0% +time so +uh that's my examples any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions four free minutes cool that's + + align:start position:0% +questions four free minutes cool that's + + + align:start position:0% +questions four free minutes cool that's +amortization \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4MgN6uxd4i4.txt b/4MgN6uxd4i4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21c66d242ef2c1af02a87b8eeca40698e56660e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/4MgN6uxd4i4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16808 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right why don't we get why don't we + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't we get why don't we + + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't we get why don't we +get started it's uh + + align:start position:0% +get started it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +get started it's uh +2 35 + + align:start position:0% +2 35 + + + align:start position:0% +2 35 +time to begin + + align:start position:0% +time to begin + + + align:start position:0% +time to begin +so everyone welcome i'm back good to see + + align:start position:0% +so everyone welcome i'm back good to see + + + align:start position:0% +so everyone welcome i'm back good to see +you all + + align:start position:0% +you all + + + align:start position:0% +you all +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +well this is a few of you + + align:start position:0% +well this is a few of you + + + align:start position:0% +well this is a few of you +glad that you're here + + align:start position:0% +glad that you're here + + + align:start position:0% +glad that you're here +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +let's see + + align:start position:0% +let's see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see +why don't i uh + + align:start position:0% +why don't i uh + + + align:start position:0% +why don't i uh +get a layout as i usually do what + + align:start position:0% +get a layout as i usually do what + + + align:start position:0% +get a layout as i usually do what +where we have been where we're going + + align:start position:0% +where we have been where we're going + + + align:start position:0% +where we have been where we're going +today i'll talk a little tiny bit about + + align:start position:0% +today i'll talk a little tiny bit about + + + align:start position:0% +today i'll talk a little tiny bit about +the homework because i've gotten a + + align:start position:0% +the homework because i've gotten a + + + align:start position:0% +the homework because i've gotten a +couple questions on that + + align:start position:0% +couple questions on that + + + align:start position:0% +couple questions on that +and then we'll jump in uh so we have + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll jump in uh so we have + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll jump in uh so we have +been um + + align:start position:0% +been um + + + align:start position:0% +been um +talking about turing machines which is + + align:start position:0% +talking about turing machines which is + + + align:start position:0% +talking about turing machines which is +going to be our + + align:start position:0% +going to be our + + + align:start position:0% +going to be our +preferred model for the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +preferred model for the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +preferred model for the rest of the +semester since turing machines are the + + align:start position:0% +semester since turing machines are the + + + align:start position:0% +semester since turing machines are the +model which we use to capture general + + align:start position:0% +model which we use to capture general + + + align:start position:0% +model which we use to capture general +purpose general purpose computing + + align:start position:0% +purpose general purpose computing + + + align:start position:0% +purpose general purpose computing +and we looked at + + align:start position:0% +and we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +and we looked at +turing machines and various + + align:start position:0% +turing machines and various + + + align:start position:0% +turing machines and various +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +variations on turing machines + + align:start position:0% +variations on turing machines + + + align:start position:0% +variations on turing machines +multi-tapes non-deterministic and so on + + align:start position:0% +multi-tapes non-deterministic and so on + + + align:start position:0% +multi-tapes non-deterministic and so on +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it's a bit recapping + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit recapping + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit recapping +the history of the subject when people + + align:start position:0% +the history of the subject when people + + + align:start position:0% +the history of the subject when people +looked at + + align:start position:0% +looked at + + + align:start position:0% +looked at +a variety of different ways of + + align:start position:0% +a variety of different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +a variety of different ways of +formalizing the notion of algorithm + + align:start position:0% +formalizing the notion of algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +formalizing the notion of algorithm +and they + + align:start position:0% +and they + + + align:start position:0% +and they +showed that all of those + + align:start position:0% +showed that all of those + + + align:start position:0% +showed that all of those +different formalizations were equivalent + + align:start position:0% +different formalizations were equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +different formalizations were equivalent +to one another which led to the church + + align:start position:0% +to one another which led to the church + + + align:start position:0% +to one another which led to the church +turing thesis + + align:start position:0% +turing thesis + + + align:start position:0% +turing thesis +that all of these models each of these + + align:start position:0% +that all of these models each of these + + + align:start position:0% +that all of these models each of these +models really capture our intuitive idea + + align:start position:0% +models really capture our intuitive idea + + + align:start position:0% +models really capture our intuitive idea +of what we mean by + + align:start position:0% +of what we mean by + + + align:start position:0% +of what we mean by +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +procedure or an algorithm um + + align:start position:0% +procedure or an algorithm um + + + align:start position:0% +procedure or an algorithm um +first for at least for addressing um + + align:start position:0% +first for at least for addressing um + + + align:start position:0% +first for at least for addressing um +you know things like mathematical + + align:start position:0% +you know things like mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +you know things like mathematical +problems and and precise uh precise + + align:start position:0% +problems and and precise uh precise + + + align:start position:0% +problems and and precise uh precise +problems of that kind + + align:start position:0% +problems of that kind + + + align:start position:0% +problems of that kind +so we talked about the church turing + + align:start position:0% +so we talked about the church turing + + + align:start position:0% +so we talked about the church turing +thesis we also talked about a notation + + align:start position:0% +thesis we also talked about a notation + + + align:start position:0% +thesis we also talked about a notation +for encodings and turing machines we'll + + align:start position:0% +for encodings and turing machines we'll + + + align:start position:0% +for encodings and turing machines we'll +review that briefly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so today we're going to give a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to give a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to give a bunch of +examples of + + align:start position:0% +examples of + + + align:start position:0% +examples of +turing machine algorithms for solving a + + align:start position:0% +turing machine algorithms for solving a + + + align:start position:0% +turing machine algorithms for solving a +variety of different problems i should + + align:start position:0% +variety of different problems i should + + + align:start position:0% +variety of different problems i should +just say algorithms are really nothing + + align:start position:0% +just say algorithms are really nothing + + + align:start position:0% +just say algorithms are really nothing +special about turing machines during + + align:start position:0% +special about turing machines during + + + align:start position:0% +special about turing machines during +machines are just going to be our formal + + align:start position:0% +machines are just going to be our formal + + + align:start position:0% +machines are just going to be our formal +counterpart but from now on we're going + + align:start position:0% +counterpart but from now on we're going + + + align:start position:0% +counterpart but from now on we're going +to use our um church touring thesis in a + + align:start position:0% +to use our um church touring thesis in a + + + align:start position:0% +to use our um church touring thesis in a +way to just to talk about algorithms in + + align:start position:0% +way to just to talk about algorithms in + + + align:start position:0% +way to just to talk about algorithms in +general because that's really our + + align:start position:0% +general because that's really our + + + align:start position:0% +general because that's really our +interest turing machines is just you + + align:start position:0% +interest turing machines is just you + + + align:start position:0% +interest turing machines is just you +know our way of + + align:start position:0% +know our way of + + + align:start position:0% +know our way of +reasoning about them mathematically but + + align:start position:0% +reasoning about them mathematically but + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning about them mathematically but +we're really ultimately interested in + + align:start position:0% +we're really ultimately interested in + + + align:start position:0% +we're really ultimately interested in +understanding algorithms + + align:start position:0% +understanding algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +understanding algorithms +um i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +um i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +um i'm gonna +in terms of the format of today's class + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the format of today's class + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the format of today's class +i'm gonna try a little experiment um + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna try a little experiment um + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna try a little experiment um +we're gonna have little breaks along the + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have little breaks along the + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have little breaks along the +way and uh in as well as the big coffee + + align:start position:0% +way and uh in as well as the big coffee + + + align:start position:0% +way and uh in as well as the big coffee +break in the middle uh we're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +break in the middle uh we're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +break in the middle uh we're gonna have +a little mini breaks um because i + + align:start position:0% +a little mini breaks um because i + + + align:start position:0% +a little mini breaks um because i +sometimes feel that there really isn't + + align:start position:0% +sometimes feel that there really isn't + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes feel that there really isn't +enough time for people to be writing + + align:start position:0% +enough time for people to be writing + + + align:start position:0% +enough time for people to be writing +chat uh you know questions in the chat + + align:start position:0% +chat uh you know questions in the chat + + + align:start position:0% +chat uh you know questions in the chat +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because things just are racing on and so + + align:start position:0% +because things just are racing on and so + + + align:start position:0% +because things just are racing on and so +this way we'll have a little break after + + align:start position:0% +this way we'll have a little break after + + + align:start position:0% +this way we'll have a little break after +the they have pretty much after each + + align:start position:0% +the they have pretty much after each + + + align:start position:0% +the they have pretty much after each +slide some of them will be a little + + align:start position:0% +slide some of them will be a little + + + align:start position:0% +slide some of them will be a little +longer than others for in case you have + + align:start position:0% +longer than others for in case you have + + + align:start position:0% +longer than others for in case you have +questions you can pose them to me or to + + align:start position:0% +questions you can pose them to me or to + + + align:start position:0% +questions you can pose them to me or to +the tas and we'll try to get back to you + + align:start position:0% +the tas and we'll try to get back to you + + + align:start position:0% +the tas and we'll try to get back to you +on those + + align:start position:0% +on those + + + align:start position:0% +on those +so um moving on then so today just as a + + align:start position:0% +so um moving on then so today just as a + + + align:start position:0% +so um moving on then so today just as a +quick review uh + + align:start position:0% +quick review uh + + + align:start position:0% +quick review uh +turing machines as we set them up + + align:start position:0% +turing machines as we set them up + + + align:start position:0% +turing machines as we set them up +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +on any input w they have three possible + + align:start position:0% +on any input w they have three possible + + + align:start position:0% +on any input w they have three possible +outcomes the turing machine can hold and + + align:start position:0% +outcomes the turing machine can hold and + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes the turing machine can hold and +accept + + align:start position:0% +accept + + + align:start position:0% +accept +w can hold and reject w + + align:start position:0% +w can hold and reject w + + + align:start position:0% +w can hold and reject w +or it can go forever on w which is + + align:start position:0% +or it can go forever on w which is + + + align:start position:0% +or it can go forever on w which is +rejecting by looping in in our language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a turing machine can recognize a + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine can recognize a + + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine can recognize a +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +the collection of all strings that it + + align:start position:0% +the collection of all strings that it + + + align:start position:0% +the collection of all strings that it +accepts + + align:start position:0% +accepts + + + align:start position:0% +accepts +and if the turing machine always halts + + align:start position:0% +and if the turing machine always halts + + + align:start position:0% +and if the turing machine always halts +we say it decides the language and it's + + align:start position:0% +we say it decides the language and it's + + + align:start position:0% +we say it decides the language and it's +a decider + + align:start position:0% +a decider + + + align:start position:0% +a decider +and so therefore that language is a + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore that language is a + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore that language is a +decidable language or turing decidable + + align:start position:0% +decidable language or turing decidable + + + align:start position:0% +decidable language or turing decidable +often we just say decidable because we + + align:start position:0% +often we just say decidable because we + + + align:start position:0% +often we just say decidable because we +don't really have a notion of deciding + + align:start position:0% +don't really have a notion of deciding + + + align:start position:0% +don't really have a notion of deciding +in other + + align:start position:0% +in other + + + align:start position:0% +in other +models so we often talk about touring + + align:start position:0% +models so we often talk about touring + + + align:start position:0% +models so we often talk about touring +recognizable or just decidable well + + align:start position:0% +recognizable or just decidable well + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable or just decidable well +we'll sometimes just say recognizable + + align:start position:0% +we'll sometimes just say recognizable + + + align:start position:0% +we'll sometimes just say recognizable +when we understand that we're talking + + align:start position:0% +when we understand that we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +when we understand that we're talking +about turing machines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we briefly talked about encodings + + align:start position:0% +we briefly talked about encodings + + + align:start position:0% +we briefly talked about encodings +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +when you write it inside brackets some + + align:start position:0% +when you write it inside brackets some + + + align:start position:0% +when you write it inside brackets some +objects whatever they are it could be + + align:start position:0% +objects whatever they are it could be + + + align:start position:0% +objects whatever they are it could be +strings could be machines could be + + align:start position:0% +strings could be machines could be + + + align:start position:0% +strings could be machines could be +graphs it could be polynomials + + align:start position:0% +graphs it could be polynomials + + + align:start position:0% +graphs it could be polynomials +we're representing them as strings + + align:start position:0% +we're representing them as strings + + + align:start position:0% +we're representing them as strings +and maybe a collection of objects + + align:start position:0% +and maybe a collection of objects + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe a collection of objects +together represented as a string + + align:start position:0% +together represented as a string + + + align:start position:0% +together represented as a string +in order so that we can present that + + align:start position:0% +in order so that we can present that + + + align:start position:0% +in order so that we can present that +information as an input to a machine + + align:start position:0% +information as an input to a machine + + + align:start position:0% +information as an input to a machine +and we talk about + + align:start position:0% +and we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and we talk about +our languages or collections of strings + + align:start position:0% +our languages or collections of strings + + + align:start position:0% +our languages or collections of strings +and a notation for writing a turing + + align:start position:0% +and a notation for writing a turing + + + align:start position:0% +and a notation for writing a turing +machine is going to be simply that + + align:start position:0% +machine is going to be simply that + + + align:start position:0% +machine is going to be simply that +english description + + align:start position:0% +english description + + + align:start position:0% +english description +put inside quotation marks to represent + + align:start position:0% +put inside quotation marks to represent + + + align:start position:0% +put inside quotation marks to represent +our informal way of talking about + + align:start position:0% +our informal way of talking about + + + align:start position:0% +our informal way of talking about +the formal object that we could produce + + align:start position:0% +the formal object that we could produce + + + align:start position:0% +the formal object that we could produce +if we wanted to but we're never going to + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted to but we're never going to + + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted to but we're never going to +ask you to do that + + align:start position:0% +ask you to do that + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to do that +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +so now um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me see uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's just take a quick break as i + + align:start position:0% +let's just take a quick break as i + + + align:start position:0% +let's just take a quick break as i +promised um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +if there's any quick questions here you + + align:start position:0% +if there's any quick questions here you + + + align:start position:0% +if there's any quick questions here you +can ask + + align:start position:0% +can ask + + + align:start position:0% +can ask +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's see + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see +we get a lot of questions here um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right why don't we move on and uh + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't we move on and uh + + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't we move on and uh +some of these things are good questions + + align:start position:0% +some of these things are good questions + + + align:start position:0% +some of these things are good questions +if there was something um + + align:start position:0% +if there was something um + + + align:start position:0% +if there was something um +you know somebody asked can you how do + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody asked can you how do + + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody asked can you how do +you tell if the machine is looping or if + + align:start position:0% +you tell if the machine is looping or if + + + align:start position:0% +you tell if the machine is looping or if +it's really just taking a very long time + + align:start position:0% +it's really just taking a very long time + + + align:start position:0% +it's really just taking a very long time +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you can't + + align:start position:0% +you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you can't +that's what we're gonna prove + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're gonna prove + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're gonna prove +not in today's lecture but we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +not in today's lecture but we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +not in today's lecture but we're gonna +prove that on thursday um + + align:start position:0% +prove that on thursday um + + + align:start position:0% +prove that on thursday um +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +that's uh you just can't tell so you're + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you just can't tell so you're + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you just can't tell so you're +gonna if if that's in reference to + + align:start position:0% +gonna if if that's in reference to + + + align:start position:0% +gonna if if that's in reference to +problem five you're gonna have to find + + align:start position:0% +problem five you're gonna have to find + + + align:start position:0% +problem five you're gonna have to find +some other way of doing solving that + + align:start position:0% +some other way of doing solving that + + + align:start position:0% +some other way of doing solving that +problem without knowing whether the + + align:start position:0% +problem without knowing whether the + + + align:start position:0% +problem without knowing whether the +machine is actually ever going to hold + + align:start position:0% +machine is actually ever going to hold + + + align:start position:0% +machine is actually ever going to hold +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +somebody asked how can we tell if an + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked how can we tell if an + + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked how can we tell if an +english description is possible for a + + align:start position:0% +english description is possible for a + + + align:start position:0% +english description is possible for a +turing machine well i mean + + align:start position:0% +turing machine well i mean + + + align:start position:0% +turing machine well i mean +um you can always + + align:start position:0% +um you can always + + + align:start position:0% +um you can always +write down an english description uh for + + align:start position:0% +write down an english description uh for + + + align:start position:0% +write down an english description uh for +any machine um + + align:start position:0% +any machine um + + + align:start position:0% +any machine um +it's uh might be very uh + + align:start position:0% +it's uh might be very uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh might be very uh +technical looking but if you can write + + align:start position:0% +technical looking but if you can write + + + align:start position:0% +technical looking but if you can write +it down in a formal way as states and + + align:start position:0% +it down in a formal way as states and + + + align:start position:0% +it down in a formal way as states and +transitions then you can certainly write + + align:start position:0% +transitions then you can certainly write + + + align:start position:0% +transitions then you can certainly write +down an english description which would + + align:start position:0% +down an english description which would + + + align:start position:0% +down an english description which would +just be follow those + + align:start position:0% +just be follow those + + + align:start position:0% +just be follow those +follow those states um + + align:start position:0% +follow those states um + + + align:start position:0% +follow those states um +okay let's let's move on um + + align:start position:0% +okay let's let's move on um + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's let's move on um +so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this is going to be our first + + align:start position:0% +okay this is going to be our first + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is going to be our first +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +um algorithm that's going to answer a + + align:start position:0% +um algorithm that's going to answer a + + + align:start position:0% +um algorithm that's going to answer a +question about automata + + align:start position:0% +question about automata + + + align:start position:0% +question about automata +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and it's a very simple problem it's a + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very simple problem it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very simple problem it's a +very simple um + + align:start position:0% +very simple um + + + align:start position:0% +very simple um +problem to solve because we want to + + align:start position:0% +problem to solve because we want to + + + align:start position:0% +problem to solve because we want to +start out easy + + align:start position:0% +start out easy + + + align:start position:0% +start out easy +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and it's the problem we'll get the name + + align:start position:0% +and it's the problem we'll get the name + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the problem we'll get the name +of the problem is the acceptance problem + + align:start position:0% +of the problem is the acceptance problem + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem is the acceptance problem +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +deterministic finance acceptance problem + + align:start position:0% +deterministic finance acceptance problem + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic finance acceptance problem +for dfas + + align:start position:0% +for dfas + + + align:start position:0% +for dfas +and i'm going to express it as i always + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to express it as i always + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to express it as i always +do as a language + + align:start position:0% +do as a language + + + align:start position:0% +do as a language +so this language here i'm calling it a + + align:start position:0% +so this language here i'm calling it a + + + align:start position:0% +so this language here i'm calling it a +dfa which stands for the acceptance + + align:start position:0% +dfa which stands for the acceptance + + + align:start position:0% +dfa which stands for the acceptance +problem for dfas + + align:start position:0% +problem for dfas + + + align:start position:0% +problem for dfas +is the collection of pairs + + align:start position:0% +is the collection of pairs + + + align:start position:0% +is the collection of pairs +b and w + + align:start position:0% +b and w + + + align:start position:0% +b and w +b is it is a dfa + + align:start position:0% +b is it is a dfa + + + align:start position:0% +b is it is a dfa +w is + + align:start position:0% +w is + + + align:start position:0% +w is +uh considered to be + + align:start position:0% +uh considered to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh considered to be +some other string which will be an input + + align:start position:0% +some other string which will be an input + + + align:start position:0% +some other string which will be an input +to b we'll say well me thinking of it as + + align:start position:0% +to b we'll say well me thinking of it as + + + align:start position:0% +to b we'll say well me thinking of it as +an input to be i put the two of them in + + align:start position:0% +an input to be i put the two of them in + + + align:start position:0% +an input to be i put the two of them in +brackets to represent the pair of them + + align:start position:0% +brackets to represent the pair of them + + + align:start position:0% +brackets to represent the pair of them +as a single string + + align:start position:0% +as a single string + + + align:start position:0% +as a single string +and it's the you know we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +and it's the you know we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the you know we're not going to +make explicit what the form of the + + align:start position:0% +make explicit what the form of the + + + align:start position:0% +make explicit what the form of the +encoding is the only important thing is + + align:start position:0% +encoding is the only important thing is + + + align:start position:0% +encoding is the only important thing is +is that the encoding should be something + + align:start position:0% +is that the encoding should be something + + + align:start position:0% +is that the encoding should be something +simple um but that the turing machine + + align:start position:0% +simple um but that the turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +simple um but that the turing machine +can decode back into + + align:start position:0% +can decode back into + + + align:start position:0% +can decode back into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +dfa and this input string to that dfa + + align:start position:0% +dfa and this input string to that dfa + + + align:start position:0% +dfa and this input string to that dfa +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +anything reasonable is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +anything reasonable is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +anything reasonable is going to be a +satisfactory encoding from us for us + + align:start position:0% +satisfactory encoding from us for us + + + align:start position:0% +satisfactory encoding from us for us +so this is an encoded of the two of them + + align:start position:0% +so this is an encoded of the two of them + + + align:start position:0% +so this is an encoded of the two of them +into a string and where b is a dfa and b + + align:start position:0% +into a string and where b is a dfa and b + + + align:start position:0% +into a string and where b is a dfa and b +accepts w + + align:start position:0% +accepts w + + + align:start position:0% +accepts w +so now if you want to test + + align:start position:0% +so now if you want to test + + + align:start position:0% +so now if you want to test +if something's a member of adfa a + + align:start position:0% +if something's a member of adfa a + + + align:start position:0% +if something's a member of adfa a +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +first of all you want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +first of all you want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +first of all you want to make sure that +the string itself that you're getting + + align:start position:0% +the string itself that you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +the string itself that you're getting +really encodes + + align:start position:0% +really encodes + + + align:start position:0% +really encodes +a dfa + + align:start position:0% +a dfa + + + align:start position:0% +a dfa +and a string so it has to be of the + + align:start position:0% +and a string so it has to be of the + + + align:start position:0% +and a string so it has to be of the +right form + + align:start position:0% +right form + + + align:start position:0% +right form +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh once you know that + + align:start position:0% +uh once you know that + + + align:start position:0% +uh once you know that +then you have the dfa you have the + + align:start position:0% +then you have the dfa you have the + + + align:start position:0% +then you have the dfa you have the +string w + + align:start position:0% +string w + + + align:start position:0% +string w +and you're then gonna do the obvious + + align:start position:0% +and you're then gonna do the obvious + + + align:start position:0% +and you're then gonna do the obvious +thing which would be to simulate b on w + + align:start position:0% +thing which would be to simulate b on w + + + align:start position:0% +thing which would be to simulate b on w +and see if it's actually accepting w + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's that's what the content + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's what the content + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's what the content +of this slide is i'm just going to write + + align:start position:0% +of this slide is i'm just going to write + + + align:start position:0% +of this slide is i'm just going to write +it down for you um + + align:start position:0% +it down for you um + + + align:start position:0% +it down for you um +so i'm going to give a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to give a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to give a turing machine +which i'm going to call i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +which i'm going to call i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +which i'm going to call i'm going to +give the name of that turing machine + + align:start position:0% +give the name of that turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +give the name of that turing machine +it's going to be d adfa + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to help you remember + + align:start position:0% +to help you remember + + + align:start position:0% +to help you remember +the function of this machine this is a + + align:start position:0% +the function of this machine this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the function of this machine this is a +decider + + align:start position:0% +decider + + + align:start position:0% +decider +for the language below the adfa language + + align:start position:0% +for the language below the adfa language + + + align:start position:0% +for the language below the adfa language +this is just a name but so nothing fancy + + align:start position:0% +this is just a name but so nothing fancy + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a name but so nothing fancy +going on here but just to help us + + align:start position:0% +going on here but just to help us + + + align:start position:0% +going on here but just to help us +remember because i'm going to refer to + + align:start position:0% +remember because i'm going to refer to + + + align:start position:0% +remember because i'm going to refer to +some of these during machines later on + + align:start position:0% +some of these during machines later on + + + align:start position:0% +some of these during machines later on +so this is the decider for adfa and i'm + + align:start position:0% +so this is the decider for adfa and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the decider for adfa and i'm +going to describe that machine for you + + align:start position:0% +going to describe that machine for you + + + align:start position:0% +going to describe that machine for you +and that machine decides the adfa + + align:start position:0% +and that machine decides the adfa + + + align:start position:0% +and that machine decides the adfa +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +um so what does that mean so that + + align:start position:0% +um so what does that mean so that + + + align:start position:0% +um so what does that mean so that +machine i'm describing and now you in + + align:start position:0% +machine i'm describing and now you in + + + align:start position:0% +machine i'm describing and now you in +english as i promised + + align:start position:0% +english as i promised + + + align:start position:0% +english as i promised +i'm going to take an input string s + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take an input string s + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take an input string s +um and first it's going to check that s + + align:start position:0% +um and first it's going to check that s + + + align:start position:0% +um and first it's going to check that s +has the right form + + align:start position:0% +has the right form + + + align:start position:0% +has the right form +uh as i mentioned has the form which is + + align:start position:0% +uh as i mentioned has the form which is + + + align:start position:0% +uh as i mentioned has the form which is +the encoding of a dfa and a w + + align:start position:0% +the encoding of a dfa and a w + + + align:start position:0% +the encoding of a dfa and a w +um if it's not of that form the turing + + align:start position:0% +um if it's not of that form the turing + + + align:start position:0% +um if it's not of that form the turing +machine should reject that input right + + align:start position:0% +machine should reject that input right + + + align:start position:0% +machine should reject that input right +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +now i'm not going to go through the + + align:start position:0% +now i'm not going to go through the + + + align:start position:0% +now i'm not going to go through the +details of how that turing machine is + + align:start position:0% +details of how that turing machine is + + + align:start position:0% +details of how that turing machine is +going to work though i'll say a little + + align:start position:0% +going to work though i'll say a little + + + align:start position:0% +going to work though i'll say a little +bit more this time this time only just + + align:start position:0% +bit more this time this time only just + + + align:start position:0% +bit more this time this time only just +to give you a sense of how it actually + + align:start position:0% +to give you a sense of how it actually + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a sense of how it actually +might carry that out + + align:start position:0% +might carry that out + + + align:start position:0% +might carry that out +but you should believe that if you don't + + align:start position:0% +but you should believe that if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but you should believe that if you don't +believe it you can do it with a turing + + align:start position:0% +believe it you can do it with a turing + + + align:start position:0% +believe it you can do it with a turing +machine believe you could do it with + + align:start position:0% +machine believe you could do it with + + + align:start position:0% +machine believe you could do it with +your favorite programming language + + align:start position:0% +your favorite programming language + + + align:start position:0% +your favorite programming language +that's good enough because that's going + + align:start position:0% +that's good enough because that's going + + + align:start position:0% +that's good enough because that's going +to be that's equivalent to a turing + + align:start position:0% +to be that's equivalent to a turing + + + align:start position:0% +to be that's equivalent to a turing +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +so first you check that the inputs are + + align:start position:0% +so first you check that the inputs are + + + align:start position:0% +so first you check that the inputs are +the right form then you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the right form then you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the right form then you're going to +simulate the computation of b on w + + align:start position:0% +simulate the computation of b on w + + + align:start position:0% +simulate the computation of b on w +and then if b ends up in an except state + + align:start position:0% +and then if b ends up in an except state + + + align:start position:0% +and then if b ends up in an except state +then we know b is accepting the input + + align:start position:0% +then we know b is accepting the input + + + align:start position:0% +then we know b is accepting the input +and we should accept and we do + + align:start position:0% +and we should accept and we do + + + align:start position:0% +and we should accept and we do +if b does not end up in an accept state + + align:start position:0% +if b does not end up in an accept state + + + align:start position:0% +if b does not end up in an accept state +at the end of the end of w + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the end of w + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the end of w +um then we should reject because b is + + align:start position:0% +um then we should reject because b is + + + align:start position:0% +um then we should reject because b is +not accepting w + + align:start position:0% +not accepting w + + + align:start position:0% +not accepting w +okay that's my description of this + + align:start position:0% +okay that's my description of this + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's my description of this +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +let's just turn to a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +let's just turn to a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +let's just turn to a little bit of +details just to make sure we're + + align:start position:0% +details just to make sure we're + + + align:start position:0% +details just to make sure we're +comfortable with this um + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with this um + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with this um +so here is our turing machine + + align:start position:0% +so here is our turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +so here is our turing machine +d the decider for adfa + + align:start position:0% +d the decider for adfa + + + align:start position:0% +d the decider for adfa +the input to the turing machine as i + + align:start position:0% +the input to the turing machine as i + + + align:start position:0% +the input to the turing machine as i +mentioned is going to be + + align:start position:0% +mentioned is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned is going to be +uh b and w provided it's of the right + + align:start position:0% +uh b and w provided it's of the right + + + align:start position:0% +uh b and w provided it's of the right +form so that's what the string s is + + align:start position:0% +form so that's what the string s is + + + align:start position:0% +form so that's what the string s is +supposed to be of that form um and what + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be of that form um and what + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be of that form um and what +does that mean it's just an encoding of + + align:start position:0% +does that mean it's just an encoding of + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean it's just an encoding of +the of the machine w and the string + + align:start position:0% +the of the machine w and the string + + + align:start position:0% +the of the machine w and the string +the machine + + align:start position:0% +the machine + + + align:start position:0% +the machine +b and the string w + + align:start position:0% +b and the string w + + + align:start position:0% +b and the string w +so here is + + align:start position:0% +so here is + + + align:start position:0% +so here is +let me just write it down here is b + + align:start position:0% +let me just write it down here is b + + + align:start position:0% +let me just write it down here is b +written down in some just completely + + align:start position:0% +written down in some just completely + + + align:start position:0% +written down in some just completely +explicit way where you're just listing + + align:start position:0% +explicit way where you're just listing + + + align:start position:0% +explicit way where you're just listing +the states of b + + align:start position:0% +the states of b + + + align:start position:0% +the states of b +the alphabet of b + + align:start position:0% +the alphabet of b + + + align:start position:0% +the alphabet of b +the transition function as a table the + + align:start position:0% +the transition function as a table the + + + align:start position:0% +the transition function as a table the +start state and the set of um accepting + + align:start position:0% +start state and the set of um accepting + + + align:start position:0% +start state and the set of um accepting +states just writing it down explicitly + + align:start position:0% +states just writing it down explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +states just writing it down explicitly +as you might do it if you just want to + + align:start position:0% +as you might do it if you just want to + + + align:start position:0% +as you might do it if you just want to +describe that machine in a completely + + align:start position:0% +describe that machine in a completely + + + align:start position:0% +describe that machine in a completely +formal way + + align:start position:0% +formal way + + + align:start position:0% +formal way +and then writing down what the string is + + align:start position:0% +and then writing down what the string is + + + align:start position:0% +and then writing down what the string is +um whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +um whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +um whatever it is +once + + align:start position:0% +once + + + align:start position:0% +once +d8fa has that as its input it can then + + align:start position:0% +d8fa has that as its input it can then + + + align:start position:0% +d8fa has that as its input it can then +go ahead and do that computation + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and do that computation + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and do that computation +and you know just + + align:start position:0% +and you know just + + + align:start position:0% +and you know just +to try to make it a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +to try to make it a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +to try to make it a little bit more +explicit i'm going to capture that here + + align:start position:0% +explicit i'm going to capture that here + + + align:start position:0% +explicit i'm going to capture that here +by saying let's + + align:start position:0% +by saying let's + + + align:start position:0% +by saying let's +give + + align:start position:0% +give + + + align:start position:0% +give +uh that turing machine an extra tape + + align:start position:0% +uh that turing machine an extra tape + + + align:start position:0% +uh that turing machine an extra tape +because we already know that the + + align:start position:0% +because we already know that the + + + align:start position:0% +because we already know that the +multi-tape model is equivalent to the + + align:start position:0% +multi-tape model is equivalent to the + + + align:start position:0% +multi-tape model is equivalent to the +single tape model make it our life + + align:start position:0% +single tape model make it our life + + + align:start position:0% +single tape model make it our life +perhaps a little easier + + align:start position:0% +perhaps a little easier + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps a little easier +and in the course of doing that + + align:start position:0% +and in the course of doing that + + + align:start position:0% +and in the course of doing that +simulation what do we want to keep track + + align:start position:0% +simulation what do we want to keep track + + + align:start position:0% +simulation what do we want to keep track +of well what is the current state of + + align:start position:0% +of well what is the current state of + + + align:start position:0% +of well what is the current state of +uh b + + align:start position:0% +uh b + + + align:start position:0% +uh b +the dfa as we're reading the the the + + align:start position:0% +the dfa as we're reading the the the + + + align:start position:0% +the dfa as we're reading the the the +symbols of w + + align:start position:0% +symbols of w + + + align:start position:0% +symbols of w +and where in w are we at right now so + + align:start position:0% +and where in w are we at right now so + + + align:start position:0% +and where in w are we at right now so +i'll call that k which is the uh input + + align:start position:0% +i'll call that k which is the uh input + + + align:start position:0% +i'll call that k which is the uh input +head location on w how many symbols of w + + align:start position:0% +head location on w how many symbols of w + + + align:start position:0% +head location on w how many symbols of w +have we read + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that's what all i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what all i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's what all i'm going to +say about uh what this turing machine d + + align:start position:0% +say about uh what this turing machine d + + + align:start position:0% +say about uh what this turing machine d +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +but i'm happy to + + align:start position:0% +but i'm happy to + + + align:start position:0% +but i'm happy to +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +oh there's one more thing i do want to + + align:start position:0% +oh there's one more thing i do want to + + + align:start position:0% +oh there's one more thing i do want to +say further that's coming up um + + align:start position:0% +say further that's coming up um + + + align:start position:0% +say further that's coming up um +uh because + + align:start position:0% +uh because + + + align:start position:0% +uh because +pretty much all of the turing machines + + align:start position:0% +pretty much all of the turing machines + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much all of the turing machines +that we're going to talk about today and + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to talk about today and + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to talk about today and +and going forward are going to often + + align:start position:0% +and going forward are going to often + + + align:start position:0% +and going forward are going to often +want to check that their input is of the + + align:start position:0% +want to check that their input is of the + + + align:start position:0% +want to check that their input is of the +correct form i don't want to repeat this + + align:start position:0% +correct form i don't want to repeat this + + + align:start position:0% +correct form i don't want to repeat this +every time because that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +every time because that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +every time because that's going to be +kind of assumed so my shorthand for that + + align:start position:0% +kind of assumed so my shorthand for that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of assumed so my shorthand for that +is to say my input is of the form i'm + + align:start position:0% +is to say my input is of the form i'm + + + align:start position:0% +is to say my input is of the form i'm +looking for + + align:start position:0% +looking for + + + align:start position:0% +looking for +and that has built into it the check + + align:start position:0% +and that has built into it the check + + + align:start position:0% +and that has built into it the check +that the string the input string is of + + align:start position:0% +that the string the input string is of + + + align:start position:0% +that the string the input string is of +that form and we're going to reject if + + align:start position:0% +that form and we're going to reject if + + + align:start position:0% +that form and we're going to reject if +it is if it is not + + align:start position:0% +it is if it is not + + + align:start position:0% +it is if it is not +so all of our turing machines are going + + align:start position:0% +so all of our turing machines are going + + + align:start position:0% +so all of our turing machines are going +to start out + + align:start position:0% +to start out + + + align:start position:0% +to start out +on input the string is of a certain form + + align:start position:0% +on input the string is of a certain form + + + align:start position:0% +on input the string is of a certain form +and then go on and do something with it + + align:start position:0% +and then go on and do something with it + + + align:start position:0% +and then go on and do something with it +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +i thought this is a good way to um + + align:start position:0% +i thought this is a good way to um + + + align:start position:0% +i thought this is a good way to um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +okay so let me try to answer a few of + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me try to answer a few of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me try to answer a few of +the questions um that that i've gotten + + align:start position:0% +the questions um that that i've gotten + + + align:start position:0% +the questions um that that i've gotten +here uh + + align:start position:0% +here uh + + + align:start position:0% +here uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because i think this is important as a + + align:start position:0% +because i think this is important as a + + + align:start position:0% +because i think this is important as a +way of getting us all started + + align:start position:0% +way of getting us all started + + + align:start position:0% +way of getting us all started +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now somebody asked me can we use + + align:start position:0% +now somebody asked me can we use + + + align:start position:0% +now somebody asked me can we use +arguments of this form + + align:start position:0% +arguments of this form + + + align:start position:0% +arguments of this form +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +ken is somebody asking can we use can we + + align:start position:0% +ken is somebody asking can we use can we + + + align:start position:0% +ken is somebody asking can we use can we +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +give our description of a procedure if + + align:start position:0% +give our description of a procedure if + + + align:start position:0% +give our description of a procedure if +i'm understanding this correctly as + + align:start position:0% +i'm understanding this correctly as + + + align:start position:0% +i'm understanding this correctly as +uh using some other programming language + + align:start position:0% +uh using some other programming language + + + align:start position:0% +uh using some other programming language +well typically you just want to make + + align:start position:0% +well typically you just want to make + + + align:start position:0% +well typically you just want to make +sure you're understood + + align:start position:0% +sure you're understood + + + align:start position:0% +sure you're understood +if you want to do that on a homework i + + align:start position:0% +if you want to do that on a homework i + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to do that on a homework i +wouldn't advocate writing your + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't advocate writing your + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't advocate writing your +algorithm in in java because it's just + + align:start position:0% +algorithm in in java because it's just + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm in in java because it's just +going to be hard to read but to write it + + align:start position:0% +going to be hard to read but to write it + + + align:start position:0% +going to be hard to read but to write it +down in some + + align:start position:0% +down in some + + + align:start position:0% +down in some +pseudo programming language if you want + + align:start position:0% +pseudo programming language if you want + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo programming language if you want +just to make sure it's clear that what + + align:start position:0% +just to make sure it's clear that what + + + align:start position:0% +just to make sure it's clear that what +what you're doing um probably english is + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing um probably english is + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing um probably english is +going to be the easiest for you + + align:start position:0% +going to be the easiest for you + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the easiest for you +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +even though this person says he feels it + + align:start position:0% +even though this person says he feels it + + + align:start position:0% +even though this person says he feels it +would be easier to do it in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +would be easier to do it in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +would be easier to do it in terms of a +formal language well whatever's easier + + align:start position:0% +formal language well whatever's easier + + + align:start position:0% +formal language well whatever's easier +as long as we can understand it + + align:start position:0% +as long as we can understand it + + + align:start position:0% +as long as we can understand it +um now what another this is a good + + align:start position:0% +um now what another this is a good + + + align:start position:0% +um now what another this is a good +question here that i got asked what if b + + align:start position:0% +question here that i got asked what if b + + + align:start position:0% +question here that i got asked what if b +uh here's our b gets into a loop + + align:start position:0% +uh here's our b gets into a loop + + + align:start position:0% +uh here's our b gets into a loop +on w + + align:start position:0% +on w + + + align:start position:0% +on w +well that's not going to happen b is a + + align:start position:0% +well that's not going to happen b is a + + + align:start position:0% +well that's not going to happen b is a +dfa dfas + + align:start position:0% +dfa dfas + + + align:start position:0% +dfa dfas +on an um + + align:start position:0% +on an um + + + align:start position:0% +on an um +they move from from state to state every + + align:start position:0% +they move from from state to state every + + + align:start position:0% +they move from from state to state every +time they read a symbol of w + + align:start position:0% +time they read a symbol of w + + + align:start position:0% +time they read a symbol of w +when they get to the end of w it's the + + align:start position:0% +when they get to the end of w it's the + + + align:start position:0% +when they get to the end of w it's the +end of the story there's no more + + align:start position:0% +end of the story there's no more + + + align:start position:0% +end of the story there's no more +computation to be done + + align:start position:0% +computation to be done + + + align:start position:0% +computation to be done +so we know in exactly how many steps b + + align:start position:0% +so we know in exactly how many steps b + + + align:start position:0% +so we know in exactly how many steps b +is ever going to take on it's going to + + align:start position:0% +is ever going to take on it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +is ever going to take on it's going to +take the same number of steps as the + + align:start position:0% +take the same number of steps as the + + + align:start position:0% +take the same number of steps as the +length of the input + + align:start position:0% +length of the input + + + align:start position:0% +length of the input +that's how many moves it gets to make so + + align:start position:0% +that's how many moves it gets to make so + + + align:start position:0% +that's how many moves it gets to make so +there's never b as the dfa never loops + + align:start position:0% +there's never b as the dfa never loops + + + align:start position:0% +there's never b as the dfa never loops +so that would be a problem if it did + + align:start position:0% +so that would be a problem if it did + + + align:start position:0% +so that would be a problem if it did +loop but it doesn't and there that input + + align:start position:0% +loop but it doesn't and there that input + + + align:start position:0% +loop but it doesn't and there that input +never does a loop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so have we verified that d as a decider + + align:start position:0% +so have we verified that d as a decider + + + align:start position:0% +so have we verified that d as a decider +well i think i just did + + align:start position:0% +well i think i just did + + + align:start position:0% +well i think i just did +d is never going to be + + align:start position:0% +d is never going to be + + + align:start position:0% +d is never going to be +this d + + align:start position:0% +this d + + + align:start position:0% +this d +from my standpoint we've said enough + + align:start position:0% +from my standpoint we've said enough + + + align:start position:0% +from my standpoint we've said enough +to be sure that d is a decider um + + align:start position:0% +to be sure that d is a decider um + + + align:start position:0% +to be sure that d is a decider um +uh there's never any reason for d to be + + align:start position:0% +uh there's never any reason for d to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's never any reason for d to be +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +that dadfa turing machine to be getting + + align:start position:0% +that dadfa turing machine to be getting + + + align:start position:0% +that dadfa turing machine to be getting +into a loop um + + align:start position:0% +into a loop um + + + align:start position:0% +into a loop um +the input head location is referring to + + align:start position:0% +the input head location is referring to + + + align:start position:0% +the input head location is referring to +where we are on the string w yes + + align:start position:0% +where we are on the string w yes + + + align:start position:0% +where we are on the string w yes +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and somebody's asking me is this the + + align:start position:0% +and somebody's asking me is this the + + + align:start position:0% +and somebody's asking me is this the +level of detail for the homework yes + + align:start position:0% +level of detail for the homework yes + + + align:start position:0% +level of detail for the homework yes +that's all i want it's all i'm looking + + align:start position:0% +that's all i want it's all i'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +that's all i want it's all i'm looking +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +let us move on uh + + align:start position:0% +let us move on uh + + + align:start position:0% +let us move on uh +i'm gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna have to +uh otherwise never get anywhere there's + + align:start position:0% +uh otherwise never get anywhere there's + + + align:start position:0% +uh otherwise never get anywhere there's +a lot of questions here they're good + + align:start position:0% +a lot of questions here they're good + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of questions here they're good +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +um so why don't we uh go on some of + + align:start position:0% +um so why don't we uh go on some of + + + align:start position:0% +um so why don't we uh go on some of +these may get resolved as we're going to + + align:start position:0% +these may get resolved as we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +these may get resolved as we're going to +look at additional examples because + + align:start position:0% +look at additional examples because + + + align:start position:0% +look at additional examples because +that's all of today is pretty much + + align:start position:0% +that's all of today is pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +that's all of today is pretty much +examples + + align:start position:0% +examples + + + align:start position:0% +examples +uh let's talk about the similar problem + + align:start position:0% +uh let's talk about the similar problem + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's talk about the similar problem +the acceptance problem but now for + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance problem but now for + + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance problem but now for +anaphase + + align:start position:0% +anaphase + + + align:start position:0% +anaphase +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so now actually anaphase can loop um so + + align:start position:0% +so now actually anaphase can loop um so + + + align:start position:0% +so now actually anaphase can loop um so +we have to think about what that + + align:start position:0% +we have to think about what that + + + align:start position:0% +we have to think about what that +possibly could look at but let's + + align:start position:0% +possibly could look at but let's + + + align:start position:0% +possibly could look at but let's +before we get ahead of ourselves so now + + align:start position:0% +before we get ahead of ourselves so now + + + align:start position:0% +before we get ahead of ourselves so now +the acceptance problems for anaphase + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance problems for anaphase + + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance problems for anaphase +looks very similar except b is going to + + align:start position:0% +looks very similar except b is going to + + + align:start position:0% +looks very similar except b is going to +be an nfa + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's going to be a decidable language + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a decidable language + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a decidable language +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and now we have turing machine a + + align:start position:0% +and now we have turing machine a + + + align:start position:0% +and now we have turing machine a +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +a n f a the decider for a nfa that + + align:start position:0% +a n f a the decider for a nfa that + + + align:start position:0% +a n f a the decider for a nfa that +decides a nfa + + align:start position:0% +decides a nfa + + + align:start position:0% +decides a nfa +okay so now + + align:start position:0% +okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now +uh as promised here is my new form for + + align:start position:0% +uh as promised here is my new form for + + + align:start position:0% +uh as promised here is my new form for +writing our turing machine on input bw + + align:start position:0% +writing our turing machine on input bw + + + align:start position:0% +writing our turing machine on input bw +we're we're assuming that b you know + + align:start position:0% +we're we're assuming that b you know + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're assuming that b you know +based on on the context sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +based on on the context sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +based on on the context sometimes you +may want to say at this point what b and + + align:start position:0% +may want to say at this point what b and + + + align:start position:0% +may want to say at this point what b and +w are but from the context we know what + + align:start position:0% +w are but from the context we know what + + + align:start position:0% +w are but from the context we know what +they are they're going to be an nfa and + + align:start position:0% +they are they're going to be an nfa and + + + align:start position:0% +they are they're going to be an nfa and +an input w for that nfa + + align:start position:0% +an input w for that nfa + + + align:start position:0% +an input w for that nfa +oh so + + align:start position:0% +oh so + + + align:start position:0% +oh so +what um i don't want to jump into the + + align:start position:0% +what um i don't want to jump into the + + + align:start position:0% +what um i don't want to jump into the +solution uh + + align:start position:0% +solution uh + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh +first before we actually look at the + + align:start position:0% +first before we actually look at the + + + align:start position:0% +first before we actually look at the +solution of this we could you know d + + align:start position:0% +solution of this we could you know d + + + align:start position:0% +solution of this we could you know d +uh the turing machine could simulate the + + align:start position:0% +uh the turing machine could simulate the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the turing machine could simulate the +nfa on input w and you have to be + + align:start position:0% +nfa on input w and you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +nfa on input w and you have to be +careful on that simulation that you + + align:start position:0% +careful on that simulation that you + + + align:start position:0% +careful on that simulation that you +don't end up looping um because don't + + align:start position:0% +don't end up looping um because don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't end up looping um because don't +forget + + align:start position:0% +forget + + + align:start position:0% +forget +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +an nfa could have um epsilon moves and + + align:start position:0% +an nfa could have um epsilon moves and + + + align:start position:0% +an nfa could have um epsilon moves and +could be looping on those + + align:start position:0% +could be looping on those + + + align:start position:0% +could be looping on those +epsilon moves and so + + align:start position:0% +epsilon moves and so + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon moves and so +that would be a problem if you're not + + align:start position:0% +that would be a problem if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a problem if you're not +careful about how you do that simulation + + align:start position:0% +careful about how you do that simulation + + + align:start position:0% +careful about how you do that simulation +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now i think if you were going to + + align:start position:0% +now i think if you were going to + + + align:start position:0% +now i think if you were going to +simulate an nfa + + align:start position:0% +simulate an nfa + + + align:start position:0% +simulate an nfa +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you would be + + align:start position:0% +you would be + + + align:start position:0% +you would be +you wouldn't follow + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't follow + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't follow +around loops forever um + + align:start position:0% +around loops forever um + + + align:start position:0% +around loops forever um +uh and i think you can uh without + + align:start position:0% +uh and i think you can uh without + + + align:start position:0% +uh and i think you can uh without +getting because this is not the way i'm + + align:start position:0% +getting because this is not the way i'm + + + align:start position:0% +getting because this is not the way i'm +going to solve the problem you could + + align:start position:0% +going to solve the problem you could + + + align:start position:0% +going to solve the problem you could +find a way to avoid getting caught in in + + align:start position:0% +find a way to avoid getting caught in in + + + align:start position:0% +find a way to avoid getting caught in in +getting stuck in loops for an nfa um + + align:start position:0% +getting stuck in loops for an nfa um + + + align:start position:0% +getting stuck in loops for an nfa um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh even though + + align:start position:0% +uh even though + + + align:start position:0% +uh even though +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that looks like it could be a problem in + + align:start position:0% +that looks like it could be a problem in + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like it could be a problem in +terms of looping forever it turns out + + align:start position:0% +terms of looping forever it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +terms of looping forever it turns out +that it won't be a problem um + + align:start position:0% +that it won't be a problem um + + + align:start position:0% +that it won't be a problem um +it wouldn't be a problem if you're + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't be a problem if you're + + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't be a problem if you're +careful + + align:start position:0% +careful + + + align:start position:0% +careful +but i'm not going to solve it that way + + align:start position:0% +but i'm not going to solve it that way + + + align:start position:0% +but i'm not going to solve it that way +anyway because i'm going to illustrate a + + align:start position:0% +anyway because i'm going to illustrate a + + + align:start position:0% +anyway because i'm going to illustrate a +different method for solving this + + align:start position:0% +different method for solving this + + + align:start position:0% +different method for solving this +problem and that is we have exhibited + + align:start position:0% +problem and that is we have exhibited + + + align:start position:0% +problem and that is we have exhibited +before a way of converting anaphase to + + align:start position:0% +before a way of converting anaphase to + + + align:start position:0% +before a way of converting anaphase to +dfas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so my turing machine + + align:start position:0% +so my turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +so my turing machine +is going to solve the a n f a problem by + + align:start position:0% +is going to solve the a n f a problem by + + + align:start position:0% +is going to solve the a n f a problem by +converting its input which is an n of a + + align:start position:0% +converting its input which is an n of a + + + align:start position:0% +converting its input which is an n of a +to an equivalent dfa i'm calling the + + align:start position:0% +to an equivalent dfa i'm calling the + + + align:start position:0% +to an equivalent dfa i'm calling the +nfab and the dfa that i got converting + + align:start position:0% +nfab and the dfa that i got converting + + + align:start position:0% +nfab and the dfa that i got converting +it into b prime + + align:start position:0% +it into b prime + + + align:start position:0% +it into b prime +and what's nice about that is that first + + align:start position:0% +and what's nice about that is that first + + + align:start position:0% +and what's nice about that is that first +of all we already know how to do that + + align:start position:0% +of all we already know how to do that + + + align:start position:0% +of all we already know how to do that +conversion because we um + + align:start position:0% +conversion because we um + + + align:start position:0% +conversion because we um +we essentially went over that in lecture + + align:start position:0% +we essentially went over that in lecture + + + align:start position:0% +we essentially went over that in lecture +a few lectures back + + align:start position:0% +a few lectures back + + + align:start position:0% +a few lectures back +and it's spelled out in full detail in + + align:start position:0% +and it's spelled out in full detail in + + + align:start position:0% +and it's spelled out in full detail in +the textbook so that is a conversion we + + align:start position:0% +the textbook so that is a conversion we + + + align:start position:0% +the textbook so that is a conversion we +know how to do we'll assume we know how + + align:start position:0% +know how to do we'll assume we know how + + + align:start position:0% +know how to do we'll assume we know how +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +and we can + + align:start position:0% +and we can + + + align:start position:0% +and we can +implement that during that conversion on + + align:start position:0% +implement that during that conversion on + + + align:start position:0% +implement that during that conversion on +a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine +then once we have the equivalent dfa + + align:start position:0% +then once we have the equivalent dfa + + + align:start position:0% +then once we have the equivalent dfa +what do we do with that + + align:start position:0% +what do we do with that + + + align:start position:0% +what do we do with that +well we've in the previous slide we + + align:start position:0% +well we've in the previous slide we + + + align:start position:0% +well we've in the previous slide we +showed how to solve the problem for dfas + + align:start position:0% +showed how to solve the problem for dfas + + + align:start position:0% +showed how to solve the problem for dfas +so if we can convert the anapha to a dfa + + align:start position:0% +so if we can convert the anapha to a dfa + + + align:start position:0% +so if we can convert the anapha to a dfa +and then we already know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +and then we already know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +and then we already know how to solve +the problem for dfas then we're then + + align:start position:0% +the problem for dfas then we're then + + + align:start position:0% +the problem for dfas then we're then +we're done so that's how i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +we're done so that's how i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're done so that's how i'm going to +say we're going to convert the nfa to a + + align:start position:0% +say we're going to convert the nfa to a + + + align:start position:0% +say we're going to convert the nfa to a +dfa and then i'm going to run that + + align:start position:0% +dfa and then i'm going to run that + + + align:start position:0% +dfa and then i'm going to run that +dadfa + + align:start position:0% +dadfa + + + align:start position:0% +dadfa +problem on the new machine that i + + align:start position:0% +problem on the new machine that i + + + align:start position:0% +problem on the new machine that i +produced + + align:start position:0% +produced + + + align:start position:0% +produced +so remember that the um this machine + + align:start position:0% +so remember that the um this machine + + + align:start position:0% +so remember that the um this machine +here decides the adfa prop + + align:start position:0% +here decides the adfa prop + + + align:start position:0% +here decides the adfa prop +and now i'm going to accept if that new + + align:start position:0% +and now i'm going to accept if that new + + + align:start position:0% +and now i'm going to accept if that new +machine uh if that if that previous + + align:start position:0% +machine uh if that if that previous + + + align:start position:0% +machine uh if that if that previous +turing machine accepts the a dfa the the + + align:start position:0% +turing machine accepts the a dfa the the + + + align:start position:0% +turing machine accepts the a dfa the the +adfa problem um + + align:start position:0% +adfa problem um + + + align:start position:0% +adfa problem um +machine accepts + + align:start position:0% +machine accepts + + + align:start position:0% +machine accepts +and um i'm gonna i'm gonna basically do + + align:start position:0% +and um i'm gonna i'm gonna basically do + + + align:start position:0% +and um i'm gonna i'm gonna basically do +whatever it does if it accepts i'll + + align:start position:0% +whatever it does if it accepts i'll + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it does if it accepts i'll +accept if it rejects then i'll reject + + align:start position:0% +accept if it rejects then i'll reject + + + align:start position:0% +accept if it rejects then i'll reject +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now um + + align:start position:0% +now um + + + align:start position:0% +now um +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +i guess the thing that this illustrates + + align:start position:0% +i guess the thing that this illustrates + + + align:start position:0% +i guess the thing that this illustrates +is this idea of + + align:start position:0% +is this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +is this idea of +using a conversion construction inside a + + align:start position:0% +using a conversion construction inside a + + + align:start position:0% +using a conversion construction inside a +turing machine + + align:start position:0% +turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +turing machine +and then a previously constructed turing + + align:start position:0% +and then a previously constructed turing + + + align:start position:0% +and then a previously constructed turing +machine basically as a subroutine + + align:start position:0% +machine basically as a subroutine + + + align:start position:0% +machine basically as a subroutine +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +all this is perfectly legal and it's the + + align:start position:0% +all this is perfectly legal and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +all this is perfectly legal and it's the +kind of thing we're going to be doing a + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing we're going to be doing a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing we're going to be doing a +lot of and that you should be used to + + align:start position:0% +lot of and that you should be used to + + + align:start position:0% +lot of and that you should be used to +doing that get ready to be doing that on + + align:start position:0% +doing that get ready to be doing that on + + + align:start position:0% +doing that get ready to be doing that on +your homework too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and in fact i'll give you a another + + align:start position:0% +and in fact i'll give you a another + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact i'll give you a another +little extra hint that problem six can + + align:start position:0% +little extra hint that problem six can + + + align:start position:0% +little extra hint that problem six can +be solved in this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +all right so here let's pause briefly um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh + + align:start position:0% +okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh +got some interesting questions here + + align:start position:0% +got some interesting questions here + + + align:start position:0% +got some interesting questions here +coming up um + + align:start position:0% +coming up um + + + align:start position:0% +coming up um +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know do somebody ask me do we meet + + align:start position:0% +you know do somebody ask me do we meet + + + align:start position:0% +you know do somebody ask me do we meet +do we need to be explicit about how + + align:start position:0% +do we need to be explicit about how + + + align:start position:0% +do we need to be explicit about how +we're going to simulate that uh nfa or + + align:start position:0% +we're going to simulate that uh nfa or + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to simulate that uh nfa or +the dfa because we don't know how many + + align:start position:0% +the dfa because we don't know how many + + + align:start position:0% +the dfa because we don't know how many +states it has + + align:start position:0% +states it has + + + align:start position:0% +states it has +not knowing how many states you + + align:start position:0% +not knowing how many states you + + + align:start position:0% +not knowing how many states you +you do know how many states it has once + + align:start position:0% +you do know how many states it has once + + + align:start position:0% +you do know how many states it has once +it's presented to you on the input you + + align:start position:0% +it's presented to you on the input you + + + align:start position:0% +it's presented to you on the input you +can see oh this is a machine that has 12 + + align:start position:0% +can see oh this is a machine that has 12 + + + align:start position:0% +can see oh this is a machine that has 12 +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +because you're given the machine + + align:start position:0% +because you're given the machine + + + align:start position:0% +because you're given the machine +and then you can do the simulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's see um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and someone is asking me about limits on + + align:start position:0% +and someone is asking me about limits on + + + align:start position:0% +and someone is asking me about limits on +the simulation power of a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +the simulation power of a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +the simulation power of a turing machine +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that's a question that i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +that's a question that i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's a question that i'm going to +postpone to later because you're asking + + align:start position:0% +postpone to later because you're asking + + + align:start position:0% +postpone to later because you're asking +if a turing machine can simulate itself + + align:start position:0% +if a turing machine can simulate itself + + + align:start position:0% +if a turing machine can simulate itself +and we'll talk about things like that + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about things like that + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about things like that +but that's you know in in a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +but that's you know in in a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +but that's you know in in a few weeks +from now so i'll + + align:start position:0% +from now so i'll + + + align:start position:0% +from now so i'll +hold off on that one um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decidable languages the collection of + + align:start position:0% +decidable languages the collection of + + + align:start position:0% +decidable languages the collection of +decided somebody's asking me a good + + align:start position:0% +decided somebody's asking me a good + + + align:start position:0% +decided somebody's asking me a good +question about closure properties of the + + align:start position:0% +question about closure properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +question about closure properties of the +class of decidable languages are they + + align:start position:0% +class of decidable languages are they + + + align:start position:0% +class of decidable languages are they +closed under intersection um union and + + align:start position:0% +closed under intersection um union and + + + align:start position:0% +closed under intersection um union and +so on yes + + align:start position:0% +so on yes + + + align:start position:0% +so on yes +the design + + align:start position:0% +the design + + + align:start position:0% +the design +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the decidable languages are also closed + + align:start position:0% +the decidable languages are also closed + + + align:start position:0% +the decidable languages are also closed +under complement that should be + + align:start position:0% +under complement that should be + + + align:start position:0% +under complement that should be +something you should think about + + align:start position:0% +something you should think about + + + align:start position:0% +something you should think about +but yes that is true + + align:start position:0% +but yes that is true + + + align:start position:0% +but yes that is true +um the recognizable languages however + + align:start position:0% +um the recognizable languages however + + + align:start position:0% +um the recognizable languages however +are closed under union and intersection + + align:start position:0% +are closed under union and intersection + + + align:start position:0% +are closed under union and intersection +but they are not closed under complement + + align:start position:0% +but they are not closed under complement + + + align:start position:0% +but they are not closed under complement +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so that would that we will prove on + + align:start position:0% +so that would that we will prove on + + + align:start position:0% +so that would that we will prove on +thursday's lecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so another question is could we have + + align:start position:0% +so another question is could we have + + + align:start position:0% +so another question is could we have +just run b on w in this in solving this + + align:start position:0% +just run b on w in this in solving this + + + align:start position:0% +just run b on w in this in solving this +problem instead of using the reduced + + align:start position:0% +problem instead of using the reduced + + + align:start position:0% +problem instead of using the reduced +converting it to a new turing machine a + + align:start position:0% +converting it to a new turing machine a + + + align:start position:0% +converting it to a new turing machine a +new mission + + align:start position:0% +new mission + + + align:start position:0% +new mission +the b prime well you know yes we could + + align:start position:0% +the b prime well you know yes we could + + + align:start position:0% +the b prime well you know yes we could +have just done that um i'm + + align:start position:0% +have just done that um i'm + + + align:start position:0% +have just done that um i'm +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +i think we better move on uh i don't + + align:start position:0% +i think we better move on uh i don't + + + align:start position:0% +i think we better move on uh i don't +want to get too bogged down um here + + align:start position:0% +want to get too bogged down um here + + + align:start position:0% +want to get too bogged down um here +got a lot of questions there so sorry if + + align:start position:0% +got a lot of questions there so sorry if + + + align:start position:0% +got a lot of questions there so sorry if +i'm not getting to all of the questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +or you can write to the tas too + + align:start position:0% +or you can write to the tas too + + + align:start position:0% +or you can write to the tas too +obviously i'm sure you are + + align:start position:0% +obviously i'm sure you are + + + align:start position:0% +obviously i'm sure you are +okay so let's talk about a different + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's talk about a different + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's talk about a different +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +emptiness problem for dfas + + align:start position:0% +emptiness problem for dfas + + + align:start position:0% +emptiness problem for dfas +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +now we have here i'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +now we have here i'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +now we have here i'm going to give you +now a just + + align:start position:0% +now a just + + + align:start position:0% +now a just +a dfa + + align:start position:0% +a dfa + + + align:start position:0% +a dfa +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +and no input + + align:start position:0% +and no input + + + align:start position:0% +and no input +and i'm going to ask + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to ask +is the language of that dfa the the + + align:start position:0% +is the language of that dfa the the + + + align:start position:0% +is the language of that dfa the the +empty set the empty language + + align:start position:0% +empty set the empty language + + + align:start position:0% +empty set the empty language +you understand the problem first of all + + align:start position:0% +you understand the problem first of all + + + align:start position:0% +you understand the problem first of all +i'm just handing you an um a dfa and i + + align:start position:0% +i'm just handing you an um a dfa and i + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just handing you an um a dfa and i +want to know does this dfa accept any + + align:start position:0% +want to know does this dfa accept any + + + align:start position:0% +want to know does this dfa accept any +strings at all or is it just some + + align:start position:0% +strings at all or is it just some + + + align:start position:0% +strings at all or is it just some +dumb dfa it's just always + + align:start position:0% +dumb dfa it's just always + + + align:start position:0% +dumb dfa it's just always +very negative dfa it just rejects + + align:start position:0% +very negative dfa it just rejects + + + align:start position:0% +very negative dfa it just rejects +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +um and has the empty language + + align:start position:0% +um and has the empty language + + + align:start position:0% +um and has the empty language +okay how do you tell + + align:start position:0% +okay how do you tell + + + align:start position:0% +okay how do you tell +not super hard um if you think about how + + align:start position:0% +not super hard um if you think about how + + + align:start position:0% +not super hard um if you think about how +you would write a program to do that + + align:start position:0% +you would write a program to do that + + + align:start position:0% +you would write a program to do that +or how you do it yourself + + align:start position:0% +or how you do it yourself + + + align:start position:0% +or how you do it yourself +so that's a decidable language again um + + align:start position:0% +so that's a decidable language again um + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a decidable language again um +so gonna give it now a touring machine + + align:start position:0% +so gonna give it now a touring machine + + + align:start position:0% +so gonna give it now a touring machine +decider for that language + + align:start position:0% +decider for that language + + + align:start position:0% +decider for that language +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that decider says + + align:start position:0% +that decider says + + + align:start position:0% +that decider says +uh well + + align:start position:0% +uh well + + + align:start position:0% +uh well +i'm given that + + align:start position:0% +i'm given that + + + align:start position:0% +i'm given that +dfa i want to know if its language is + + align:start position:0% +dfa i want to know if its language is + + + align:start position:0% +dfa i want to know if its language is +empty + + align:start position:0% +empty + + + align:start position:0% +empty +and the idea is just kind of what you + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is just kind of what you + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is just kind of what you +would think i'm going to see is there a + + align:start position:0% +would think i'm going to see is there a + + + align:start position:0% +would think i'm going to see is there a +path from the start state of that dfa to + + align:start position:0% +path from the start state of that dfa to + + + align:start position:0% +path from the start state of that dfa to +the an except state of the dfa if there + + align:start position:0% +the an except state of the dfa if there + + + align:start position:0% +the an except state of the dfa if there +is such a path + + align:start position:0% +is such a path + + + align:start position:0% +is such a path +then that dfa is going to have an input + + align:start position:0% +then that dfa is going to have an input + + + align:start position:0% +then that dfa is going to have an input +which goes along that path and will be + + align:start position:0% +which goes along that path and will be + + + align:start position:0% +which goes along that path and will be +accepted + + align:start position:0% +accepted + + + align:start position:0% +accepted +and so the language won't be empty + + align:start position:0% +and so the language won't be empty + + + align:start position:0% +and so the language won't be empty +there's no such path then clearly this + + align:start position:0% +there's no such path then clearly this + + + align:start position:0% +there's no such path then clearly this +dfa can never accept anything + + align:start position:0% +dfa can never accept anything + + + align:start position:0% +dfa can never accept anything +and so the language will be empty + + align:start position:0% +and so the language will be empty + + + align:start position:0% +and so the language will be empty +okay now there are many different uh + + align:start position:0% +okay now there are many different uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay now there are many different uh +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +there are many different path algorithms + + align:start position:0% +there are many different path algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +there are many different path algorithms +um i think would be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +um i think would be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +um i think would be a little bit +uh sparse of me just + + align:start position:0% +uh sparse of me just + + + align:start position:0% +uh sparse of me just +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +some of you know path algorithms some of + + align:start position:0% +some of you know path algorithms some of + + + align:start position:0% +some of you know path algorithms some of +you don't know path checking algorithms + + align:start position:0% +you don't know path checking algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know path checking algorithms +i would like you to just to if you were + + align:start position:0% +i would like you to just to if you were + + + align:start position:0% +i would like you to just to if you were +giving this kind of an answer on + + align:start position:0% +giving this kind of an answer on + + + align:start position:0% +giving this kind of an answer on +homework to give me some sense of how + + align:start position:0% +homework to give me some sense of how + + + align:start position:0% +homework to give me some sense of how +that algorithm is going to work + + align:start position:0% +that algorithm is going to work + + + align:start position:0% +that algorithm is going to work +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +don't be too high level about it + + align:start position:0% +don't be too high level about it + + + align:start position:0% +don't be too high level about it +so the one i have in mind is kind of + + align:start position:0% +so the one i have in mind is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so the one i have in mind is kind of +breadth first search er + + align:start position:0% +breadth first search er + + + align:start position:0% +breadth first search er +if you've heard of that but uh it's very + + align:start position:0% +if you've heard of that but uh it's very + + + align:start position:0% +if you've heard of that but uh it's very +simple algorithm what i'm going to use + + align:start position:0% +simple algorithm what i'm going to use + + + align:start position:0% +simple algorithm what i'm going to use +is a kind of a marking procedure so i'm + + align:start position:0% +is a kind of a marking procedure so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +is a kind of a marking procedure so i'm +going to start off by coloring + + align:start position:0% +going to start off by coloring + + + align:start position:0% +going to start off by coloring +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +here is this i should have indicated + + align:start position:0% +here is this i should have indicated + + + align:start position:0% +here is this i should have indicated +this is my + + align:start position:0% +this is my + + + align:start position:0% +this is my +dfa b + + align:start position:0% +dfa b + + + align:start position:0% +dfa b +this is b over here um + + align:start position:0% +this is b over here um + + + align:start position:0% +this is b over here um +should i try + + align:start position:0% +should i try + + + align:start position:0% +should i try +taking a chance of writing on this thing + + align:start position:0% +taking a chance of writing on this thing + + + align:start position:0% +taking a chance of writing on this thing +oops + + align:start position:0% +oops + + + align:start position:0% +oops +this is b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh great + + align:start position:0% +oh great + + + align:start position:0% +oh great +that didn't help + + align:start position:0% +that didn't help + + + align:start position:0% +that didn't help +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so this is b here and the way i'm going + + align:start position:0% +so this is b here and the way i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +so this is b here and the way i'm going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +test if it has a path if it accepts any + + align:start position:0% +test if it has a path if it accepts any + + + align:start position:0% +test if it has a path if it accepts any +input is by seeing if there's a path + + align:start position:0% +input is by seeing if there's a path + + + align:start position:0% +input is by seeing if there's a path +from the start state to any one of the + + align:start position:0% +from the start state to any one of the + + + align:start position:0% +from the start state to any one of the +except states and i'm going to start it + + align:start position:0% +except states and i'm going to start it + + + align:start position:0% +except states and i'm going to start it +by marking the start state and then + + align:start position:0% +by marking the start state and then + + + align:start position:0% +by marking the start state and then +marking all states that i can get to + + align:start position:0% +marking all states that i can get to + + + align:start position:0% +marking all states that i can get to +from previously marked states + + align:start position:0% +from previously marked states + + + align:start position:0% +from previously marked states +and keep doing that i can't tell i can't + + align:start position:0% +and keep doing that i can't tell i can't + + + align:start position:0% +and keep doing that i can't tell i can't +get to anything new + + align:start position:0% +get to anything new + + + align:start position:0% +get to anything new +okay so here + + align:start position:0% +okay so here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here +there's going to be like a series of + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be like a series of + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be like a series of +iterations here marking more and more + + align:start position:0% +iterations here marking more and more + + + align:start position:0% +iterations here marking more and more +states until there's nothing new to mark + + align:start position:0% +states until there's nothing new to mark + + + align:start position:0% +states until there's nothing new to mark +and then i say did i mark any except + + align:start position:0% +and then i say did i mark any except + + + align:start position:0% +and then i say did i mark any except +states + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's just see how i write that + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just see how i write that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just see how i write that +down in english + + align:start position:0% +down in english + + + align:start position:0% +down in english +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so i started marking the start state + + align:start position:0% +so i started marking the start state + + + align:start position:0% +so i started marking the start state +uh i repeat until no new state is marked + + align:start position:0% +uh i repeat until no new state is marked + + + align:start position:0% +uh i repeat until no new state is marked +and that + + align:start position:0% +and that + + + align:start position:0% +and that +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i'm going to say mark every state that + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to say mark every state that + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to say mark every state that +has an incoming arrow from our + + align:start position:0% +has an incoming arrow from our + + + align:start position:0% +has an incoming arrow from our +previously marked state + + align:start position:0% +previously marked state + + + align:start position:0% +previously marked state +um accept and then once i'm done with + + align:start position:0% +um accept and then once i'm done with + + + align:start position:0% +um accept and then once i'm done with +that repeat loop except if no accept + + align:start position:0% +that repeat loop except if no accept + + + align:start position:0% +that repeat loop except if no accept +state is marked because that means don't + + align:start position:0% +state is marked because that means don't + + + align:start position:0% +state is marked because that means don't +forget it's a little bit inverted from + + align:start position:0% +forget it's a little bit inverted from + + + align:start position:0% +forget it's a little bit inverted from +what you might think i'm going to accept + + align:start position:0% +what you might think i'm going to accept + + + align:start position:0% +what you might think i'm going to accept +if there's no + + align:start position:0% +if there's no + + + align:start position:0% +if there's no +marked accept state because that means + + align:start position:0% +marked accept state because that means + + + align:start position:0% +marked accept state because that means +there's no path + + align:start position:0% +there's no path + + + align:start position:0% +there's no path +to an accept state from the start state + + align:start position:0% +to an accept state from the start state + + + align:start position:0% +to an accept state from the start state +which means the language is empty + + align:start position:0% +which means the language is empty + + + align:start position:0% +which means the language is empty +and edfa is the + + align:start position:0% +and edfa is the + + + align:start position:0% +and edfa is the +dfas that have empty language so i + + align:start position:0% +dfas that have empty language so i + + + align:start position:0% +dfas that have empty language so i +should be accepting those + + align:start position:0% +should be accepting those + + + align:start position:0% +should be accepting those +so except if there's no um way to get to + + align:start position:0% +so except if there's no um way to get to + + + align:start position:0% +so except if there's no um way to get to +an accept state no except status is + + align:start position:0% +an accept state no except status is + + + align:start position:0% +an accept state no except status is +marked and rejected if some accept state + + align:start position:0% +marked and rejected if some accept state + + + align:start position:0% +marked and rejected if some accept state +is marked because then the language is + + align:start position:0% +is marked because then the language is + + + align:start position:0% +is marked because then the language is +not empty + + align:start position:0% +not empty + + + align:start position:0% +not empty +okay so that's all i wanted to say about + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all i wanted to say about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all i wanted to say about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +can you somebody's asking can you just + + align:start position:0% +can you somebody's asking can you just + + + align:start position:0% +can you somebody's asking can you just +say it's something like breadth first + + align:start position:0% +say it's something like breadth first + + + align:start position:0% +say it's something like breadth first +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +as long as you know + + align:start position:0% +as long as you know + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you know +the sketchier you are the more chances + + align:start position:0% +the sketchier you are the more chances + + + align:start position:0% +the sketchier you are the more chances +that you're going to get caught by the + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to get caught by the + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to get caught by the +greater um who's knocking who's going to + + align:start position:0% +greater um who's knocking who's going to + + + align:start position:0% +greater um who's knocking who's going to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +um you know we have an army of people + + align:start position:0% +um you know we have an army of people + + + align:start position:0% +um you know we have an army of people +grading these problems + + align:start position:0% +grading these problems + + + align:start position:0% +grading these problems +and just to stay on this be on the safe + + align:start position:0% +and just to stay on this be on the safe + + + align:start position:0% +and just to stay on this be on the safe +side of sketchiness + + align:start position:0% +side of sketchiness + + + align:start position:0% +side of sketchiness +and say don't cut too many corners + + align:start position:0% +and say don't cut too many corners + + + align:start position:0% +and say don't cut too many corners +because you might miss something um + + align:start position:0% +because you might miss something um + + + align:start position:0% +because you might miss something um +chances are would be okay just to say + + align:start position:0% +chances are would be okay just to say + + + align:start position:0% +chances are would be okay just to say +breadth research but you know i would + + align:start position:0% +breadth research but you know i would + + + align:start position:0% +breadth research but you know i would +prefer if you you'd be safer if you said + + align:start position:0% +prefer if you you'd be safer if you said + + + align:start position:0% +prefer if you you'd be safer if you said +a little bit more than that + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more than that + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more than that +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this is a good question here uh + + align:start position:0% +um this is a good question here uh + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a good question here uh +somebody asks uh can we just run the dfa + + align:start position:0% +somebody asks uh can we just run the dfa + + + align:start position:0% +somebody asks uh can we just run the dfa +on all shorts on all strings well first + + align:start position:0% +on all shorts on all strings well first + + + align:start position:0% +on all shorts on all strings well first +of all + + align:start position:0% +of all + + + align:start position:0% +of all +you know one thing + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing + + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing +um to say something bad would be we'll + + align:start position:0% +um to say something bad would be we'll + + + align:start position:0% +um to say something bad would be we'll +just feed in all possible strings into + + align:start position:0% +just feed in all possible strings into + + + align:start position:0% +just feed in all possible strings into +the dfa + + align:start position:0% +the dfa + + + align:start position:0% +the dfa +and if any one of them except if it + + align:start position:0% +and if any one of them except if it + + + align:start position:0% +and if any one of them except if it +accepts any one of them then we know its + + align:start position:0% +accepts any one of them then we know its + + + align:start position:0% +accepts any one of them then we know its +language is not empty + + align:start position:0% +language is not empty + + + align:start position:0% +language is not empty +well that's not a good algorithm because + + align:start position:0% +well that's not a good algorithm because + + + align:start position:0% +well that's not a good algorithm because +that's going to potentially run forever + + align:start position:0% +that's going to potentially run forever + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to potentially run forever +um because you know there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +um because you know there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +um because you know there's lots of +strings there's infinitely many strings + + align:start position:0% +strings there's infinitely many strings + + + align:start position:0% +strings there's infinitely many strings +to feed in to that um to that dfa and so + + align:start position:0% +to feed in to that um to that dfa and so + + + align:start position:0% +to feed in to that um to that dfa and so +a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine +you know if it's trying to be a decider + + align:start position:0% +you know if it's trying to be a decider + + + align:start position:0% +you know if it's trying to be a decider +had better not do any infinite + + align:start position:0% +had better not do any infinite + + + align:start position:0% +had better not do any infinite +operations that are potentially going to + + align:start position:0% +operations that are potentially going to + + + align:start position:0% +operations that are potentially going to +go forever um + + align:start position:0% +go forever um + + + align:start position:0% +go forever um +now this is to be fair to the uh + + align:start position:0% +now this is to be fair to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +now this is to be fair to the uh +proposer here the questioner here didn't + + align:start position:0% +proposer here the questioner here didn't + + + align:start position:0% +proposer here the questioner here didn't +ask that says well can we feed an old + + align:start position:0% +ask that says well can we feed an old + + + align:start position:0% +ask that says well can we feed an old +strings up to some bound um which would + + align:start position:0% +strings up to some bound um which would + + + align:start position:0% +strings up to some bound um which would +be the number of states of the machine + + align:start position:0% +be the number of states of the machine + + + align:start position:0% +be the number of states of the machine +in this case and yes that would work but + + align:start position:0% +in this case and yes that would work but + + + align:start position:0% +in this case and yes that would work but +then you would have to argue + + align:start position:0% +then you would have to argue + + + align:start position:0% +then you would have to argue +that that's enough + + align:start position:0% +that that's enough + + + align:start position:0% +that that's enough +and yes + + align:start position:0% +and yes + + + align:start position:0% +and yes +it is enough um but it wouldn't would + + align:start position:0% +it is enough um but it wouldn't would + + + align:start position:0% +it is enough um but it wouldn't would +not be enough in answering the problem + + align:start position:0% +not be enough in answering the problem + + + align:start position:0% +not be enough in answering the problem +just to say + + align:start position:0% +just to say + + + align:start position:0% +just to say +feed it in that number of them and you + + align:start position:0% +feed it in that number of them and you + + + align:start position:0% +feed it in that number of them and you +know we're done you would have to say + + align:start position:0% +know we're done you would have to say + + + align:start position:0% +know we're done you would have to say +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +a lot of questions here i'm gonna i'm + + align:start position:0% +a lot of questions here i'm gonna i'm + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of questions here i'm gonna i'm +gonna move on uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's see equivalence problem for + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see equivalence problem for + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see equivalence problem for +dfas + + align:start position:0% +dfas + + + align:start position:0% +dfas +now we're going to take take things to + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to take take things to + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to take take things to +the next level ask are there two + + align:start position:0% +the next level ask are there two + + + align:start position:0% +the next level ask are there two +um uh i'm going to give you two dfas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i want to know do they describe the + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know do they describe the + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know do they describe the +same language do they + + align:start position:0% +same language do they + + + align:start position:0% +same language do they +do they recognize the same language + + align:start position:0% +do they recognize the same language + + + align:start position:0% +do they recognize the same language +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so how are we going to do that + + align:start position:0% +so how are we going to do that + + + align:start position:0% +so how are we going to do that +so that's a decidable language um here's + + align:start position:0% +so that's a decidable language um here's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a decidable language um here's +the decider + + align:start position:0% +the decider + + + align:start position:0% +the decider +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +my input now is going to be two dfas + + align:start position:0% +my input now is going to be two dfas + + + align:start position:0% +my input now is going to be two dfas +again represented as a string because + + align:start position:0% +again represented as a string because + + + align:start position:0% +again represented as a string because +that's what turing machines deal with as + + align:start position:0% +that's what turing machines deal with as + + + align:start position:0% +that's what turing machines deal with as +their inputs + + align:start position:0% +their inputs + + + align:start position:0% +their inputs +but they can unpack that string into two + + align:start position:0% +but they can unpack that string into two + + + align:start position:0% +but they can unpack that string into two +dfas + + align:start position:0% +dfas + + + align:start position:0% +dfas +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +there are several different ways to do + + align:start position:0% +there are several different ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +there are several different ways to do +this problem and i'm sure i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +this problem and i'm sure i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +this problem and i'm sure i'm going to +get uh suggestions with other other ways + + align:start position:0% +get uh suggestions with other other ways + + + align:start position:0% +get uh suggestions with other other ways +to go one thing you could do + + align:start position:0% +to go one thing you could do + + + align:start position:0% +to go one thing you could do +is uh just to feed + + align:start position:0% +is uh just to feed + + + align:start position:0% +is uh just to feed +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +strings up to a certain length + + align:start position:0% +strings up to a certain length + + + align:start position:0% +strings up to a certain length +well because you can't just like before + + align:start position:0% +well because you can't just like before + + + align:start position:0% +well because you can't just like before +you can't feed in all possible strings + + align:start position:0% +you can't feed in all possible strings + + + align:start position:0% +you can't feed in all possible strings +and see if the machines ever behave + + align:start position:0% +and see if the machines ever behave + + + align:start position:0% +and see if the machines ever behave +differently on any of them um because + + align:start position:0% +differently on any of them um because + + + align:start position:0% +differently on any of them um because +that's infinite an infinite operation + + align:start position:0% +that's infinite an infinite operation + + + align:start position:0% +that's infinite an infinite operation +and we're a decider we can't do that now + + align:start position:0% +and we're a decider we can't do that now + + + align:start position:0% +and we're a decider we can't do that now +if you're if you want to talk about this + + align:start position:0% +if you're if you want to talk about this + + + align:start position:0% +if you're if you want to talk about this +being a recognizer instead of a decider + + align:start position:0% +being a recognizer instead of a decider + + + align:start position:0% +being a recognizer instead of a decider +then you might be able to do something + + align:start position:0% +then you might be able to do something + + + align:start position:0% +then you might be able to do something +like that just to make sure you're end + + align:start position:0% +like that just to make sure you're end + + + align:start position:0% +like that just to make sure you're end +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +you have to be just careful + + align:start position:0% +you have to be just careful + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be just careful +um let me not say more on that right now + + align:start position:0% +um let me not say more on that right now + + + align:start position:0% +um let me not say more on that right now +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +certainly for a decider you can't go + + align:start position:0% +certainly for a decider you can't go + + + align:start position:0% +certainly for a decider you can't go +forever you can't have infinite + + align:start position:0% +forever you can't have infinite + + + align:start position:0% +forever you can't have infinite +operations + + align:start position:0% +operations + + + align:start position:0% +operations +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +uh you would have to have a cutoff + + align:start position:0% +uh you would have to have a cutoff + + + align:start position:0% +uh you would have to have a cutoff +so you can feed in all possible strings + + align:start position:0% +so you can feed in all possible strings + + + align:start position:0% +so you can feed in all possible strings +up to some length say + + align:start position:0% +up to some length say + + + align:start position:0% +up to some length say +into a and b and see if there's any + + align:start position:0% +into a and b and see if there's any + + + align:start position:0% +into a and b and see if there's any +difference now we actually had a problem + + align:start position:0% +difference now we actually had a problem + + + align:start position:0% +difference now we actually had a problem +on that in the whole in problem set one + + align:start position:0% +on that in the whole in problem set one + + + align:start position:0% +on that in the whole in problem set one +um which said if two two dfas have um + + align:start position:0% +um which said if two two dfas have um + + + align:start position:0% +um which said if two two dfas have um +unequal languages then they're going to + + align:start position:0% +unequal languages then they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +unequal languages then they're going to +see a pl a difference that there's going + + align:start position:0% +see a pl a difference that there's going + + + align:start position:0% +see a pl a difference that there's going +to be a string which acts differently on + + align:start position:0% +to be a string which acts differently on + + + align:start position:0% +to be a string which acts differently on +them which is of length at most the + + align:start position:0% +them which is of length at most the + + + align:start position:0% +them which is of length at most the +product of the number of states of those + + align:start position:0% +product of the number of states of those + + + align:start position:0% +product of the number of states of those +two machines + + align:start position:0% +two machines + + + align:start position:0% +two machines +so it + + align:start position:0% +so it + + + align:start position:0% +so it +you know you can either reference that + + align:start position:0% +you know you can either reference that + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can either reference that +uh problem that would be an out that + + align:start position:0% +uh problem that would be an out that + + + align:start position:0% +uh problem that would be an out that +would be an adequate solution or reprove + + align:start position:0% +would be an adequate solution or reprove + + + align:start position:0% +would be an adequate solution or reprove +it or whatever that would be fine in + + align:start position:0% +it or whatever that would be fine in + + + align:start position:0% +it or whatever that would be fine in +fact there's you can do even better than + + align:start position:0% +fact there's you can do even better than + + + align:start position:0% +fact there's you can do even better than +that as the optional problem showed you + + align:start position:0% +that as the optional problem showed you + + + align:start position:0% +that as the optional problem showed you +only have to go up to the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +only have to go up to the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +only have to go up to the sum of the +number of states not up to the product + + align:start position:0% +number of states not up to the product + + + align:start position:0% +number of states not up to the product +but that's actually very difficult to + + align:start position:0% +but that's actually very difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +but that's actually very difficult to +show + + align:start position:0% +show + + + align:start position:0% +show +but i don't i'm not going to prove it + + align:start position:0% +but i don't i'm not going to prove it + + + align:start position:0% +but i don't i'm not going to prove it +that way + + align:start position:0% +that way + + + align:start position:0% +that way +i'm going to prove it an entirely + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to prove it an entirely + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to prove it an entirely +different way which doesn't require any + + align:start position:0% +different way which doesn't require any + + + align:start position:0% +different way which doesn't require any +analysis at all + + align:start position:0% +analysis at all + + + align:start position:0% +analysis at all +no proofing proving something about + + align:start position:0% +no proofing proving something about + + + align:start position:0% +no proofing proving something about +bounds um i'm going to take advantage of + + align:start position:0% +bounds um i'm going to take advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +bounds um i'm going to take advantage of +something we've already shown + + align:start position:0% +something we've already shown + + + align:start position:0% +something we've already shown +and which is i'm going to make a new + + align:start position:0% +and which is i'm going to make a new + + + align:start position:0% +and which is i'm going to make a new +fine art automaton a new dfac + + align:start position:0% +fine art automaton a new dfac + + + align:start position:0% +fine art automaton a new dfac +built out of a and b + + align:start position:0% +built out of a and b + + + align:start position:0% +built out of a and b +which accepts all the strings on which a + + align:start position:0% +which accepts all the strings on which a + + + align:start position:0% +which accepts all the strings on which a +and b disagree + + align:start position:0% +and b disagree + + + align:start position:0% +and b disagree +i'll show you how to that's easy to do + + align:start position:0% +i'll show you how to that's easy to do + + + align:start position:0% +i'll show you how to that's easy to do +so first of all let's in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +so first of all let's in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +so first of all let's in terms of a +picture let's understand what this is so + + align:start position:0% +picture let's understand what this is so + + + align:start position:0% +picture let's understand what this is so +here we have this is the language of a + + align:start position:0% +here we have this is the language of a + + + align:start position:0% +here we have this is the language of a +this is the language of b + + align:start position:0% +this is the language of b + + + align:start position:0% +this is the language of b +written as a venn diagram and where are + + align:start position:0% +written as a venn diagram and where are + + + align:start position:0% +written as a venn diagram and where are +those places where they disagree + + align:start position:0% +those places where they disagree + + + align:start position:0% +those places where they disagree +um well they're you know either in a but + + align:start position:0% +um well they're you know either in a but + + + align:start position:0% +um well they're you know either in a but +not in b or in b but not in a i'm + + align:start position:0% +not in b or in b but not in a i'm + + + align:start position:0% +not in b or in b but not in a i'm +showing it to here in terms of the blue + + align:start position:0% +showing it to here in terms of the blue + + + align:start position:0% +showing it to here in terms of the blue +region + + align:start position:0% +region + + + align:start position:0% +region +um that actually has a name called the + + align:start position:0% +um that actually has a name called the + + + align:start position:0% +um that actually has a name called the +symmetric difference + + align:start position:0% +symmetric difference + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric difference +of these two of these two sets these are + + align:start position:0% +of these two of these two sets these are + + + align:start position:0% +of these two of these two sets these are +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this all of the members which are in + + align:start position:0% +this all of the members which are in + + + align:start position:0% +this all of the members which are in +exactly one out of the two but not both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you can make a machine c that would + + align:start position:0% +if you can make a machine c that would + + + align:start position:0% +if you can make a machine c that would +accept + + align:start position:0% +accept + + + align:start position:0% +accept +uh all of the strings in the blue region + + align:start position:0% +uh all of the strings in the blue region + + + align:start position:0% +uh all of the strings in the blue region +then what do we do with that machine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we test if its language is empty + + align:start position:0% +we test if its language is empty + + + align:start position:0% +we test if its language is empty +which is what we've already shown how to + + align:start position:0% +which is what we've already shown how to + + + align:start position:0% +which is what we've already shown how to +do because if the blue region is empty + + align:start position:0% +do because if the blue region is empty + + + align:start position:0% +do because if the blue region is empty +that means that l of a equals l of b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +i'm going to make a machine a dfac where + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to make a machine a dfac where + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to make a machine a dfac where +the language of c is exactly that + + align:start position:0% +the language of c is exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +the language of c is exactly that +symmetric difference it's all the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric difference it's all the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric difference it's all the +strings in a + + align:start position:0% +strings in a + + + align:start position:0% +strings in a +intersect with the strings that are not + + align:start position:0% +intersect with the strings that are not + + + align:start position:0% +intersect with the strings that are not +in b so in a and not in b or + + align:start position:0% +in b so in a and not in b or + + + align:start position:0% +in b so in a and not in b or +in b and not it then not an a and take + + align:start position:0% +in b and not it then not an a and take + + + align:start position:0% +in b and not it then not an a and take +the union of those two parts + + align:start position:0% +the union of those two parts + + + align:start position:0% +the union of those two parts +and how do we know we can make c well we + + align:start position:0% +and how do we know we can make c well we + + + align:start position:0% +and how do we know we can make c well we +have those closure constructions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which we showed several lectures back + + align:start position:0% +which we showed several lectures back + + + align:start position:0% +which we showed several lectures back +those closure constructions can be + + align:start position:0% +those closure constructions can be + + + align:start position:0% +those closure constructions can be +implemented on a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +implemented on a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +implemented on a turing machine +so a turn machine can build the dfac + + align:start position:0% +so a turn machine can build the dfac + + + align:start position:0% +so a turn machine can build the dfac +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +use that test from + + align:start position:0% +use that test from + + + align:start position:0% +use that test from +a few slides back the emptiness though + + align:start position:0% +a few slides back the emptiness though + + + align:start position:0% +a few slides back the emptiness though +last slide the emptiness tester for dfas + + align:start position:0% +last slide the emptiness tester for dfas + + + align:start position:0% +last slide the emptiness tester for dfas +on c to see whether its language is + + align:start position:0% +on c to see whether its language is + + + align:start position:0% +on c to see whether its language is +empty and now if c's language is empty + + align:start position:0% +empty and now if c's language is empty + + + align:start position:0% +empty and now if c's language is empty +then we know we can accept because that + + align:start position:0% +then we know we can accept because that + + + align:start position:0% +then we know we can accept because that +means the two the l of a equals l of b + + align:start position:0% +means the two the l of a equals l of b + + + align:start position:0% +means the two the l of a equals l of b +otherwise we can reject + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we can reject + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we can reject +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so here's a now i'm going to ask you a + + align:start position:0% +so here's a now i'm going to ask you a + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a now i'm going to ask you a +check + + align:start position:0% +check + + + align:start position:0% +check +um you can also use that time to send me + + align:start position:0% +um you can also use that time to send me + + + align:start position:0% +um you can also use that time to send me +a few more questions if you want + + align:start position:0% +a few more questions if you want + + + align:start position:0% +a few more questions if you want +okay here's my check-in + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my check-in + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my check-in +okay now instead of testing equivalents + + align:start position:0% +okay now instead of testing equivalents + + + align:start position:0% +okay now instead of testing equivalents +of finite of dfas i want to test the + + align:start position:0% +of finite of dfas i want to test the + + + align:start position:0% +of finite of dfas i want to test the +equivalence of regular expressions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +r1 r2 regular expressions are called the + + align:start position:0% +r1 r2 regular expressions are called the + + + align:start position:0% +r1 r2 regular expressions are called the +eq regular expressions problem + + align:start position:0% +eq regular expressions problem + + + align:start position:0% +eq regular expressions problem +equivalence of regular expressions can + + align:start position:0% +equivalence of regular expressions can + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence of regular expressions can +we now conclude that this problem is + + align:start position:0% +we now conclude that this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +we now conclude that this problem is +also decidable + + align:start position:0% +also decidable + + + align:start position:0% +also decidable +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +immediately from stuff we've already + + align:start position:0% +immediately from stuff we've already + + + align:start position:0% +immediately from stuff we've already +shown or yes but would take some + + align:start position:0% +shown or yes but would take some + + + align:start position:0% +shown or yes but would take some +significant extra work or no because + + align:start position:0% +significant extra work or no because + + + align:start position:0% +significant extra work or no because +intersection is not a regular operation + + align:start position:0% +intersection is not a regular operation + + + align:start position:0% +intersection is not a regular operation +so let's see if i can pull that out here + + align:start position:0% +so let's see if i can pull that out here + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see if i can pull that out here +launch the polling + + align:start position:0% +launch the polling + + + align:start position:0% +launch the polling +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +here we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay i think we're just about done here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +five oh five seconds more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay ready set end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes the ant's correct answer is a we + + align:start position:0% +yes the ant's correct answer is a we + + + align:start position:0% +yes the ant's correct answer is a we +have basically already shown this fact + + align:start position:0% +have basically already shown this fact + + + align:start position:0% +have basically already shown this fact +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +what why is that because we + + align:start position:0% +what why is that because we + + + align:start position:0% +what why is that because we +have shown that we can convert if you're + + align:start position:0% +have shown that we can convert if you're + + + align:start position:0% +have shown that we can convert if you're +given two regular expressions and we + + align:start position:0% +given two regular expressions and we + + + align:start position:0% +given two regular expressions and we +want to test whether they're equivalent + + align:start position:0% +want to test whether they're equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +want to test whether they're equivalent +or whether they generate the same + + align:start position:0% +or whether they generate the same + + + align:start position:0% +or whether they generate the same +language we can convert them both to + + align:start position:0% +language we can convert them both to + + + align:start position:0% +language we can convert them both to +to finite automata + + align:start position:0% +to finite automata + + + align:start position:0% +to finite automata +we can convert them to n phase and then + + align:start position:0% +we can convert them to n phase and then + + + align:start position:0% +we can convert them to n phase and then +the n phase to dfas + + align:start position:0% +the n phase to dfas + + + align:start position:0% +the n phase to dfas +and um then we can apply what we just + + align:start position:0% +and um then we can apply what we just + + + align:start position:0% +and um then we can apply what we just +showed + + align:start position:0% +showed + + + align:start position:0% +showed +about testing equivalence of dfas + + align:start position:0% +about testing equivalence of dfas + + + align:start position:0% +about testing equivalence of dfas +so yes it really follows immediately + + align:start position:0% +so yes it really follows immediately + + + align:start position:0% +so yes it really follows immediately +from stuff we've already shown the + + align:start position:0% +from stuff we've already shown the + + + align:start position:0% +from stuff we've already shown the +conversion number one and then the + + align:start position:0% +conversion number one and then the + + + align:start position:0% +conversion number one and then the +testing equivalents for dfas + + align:start position:0% +testing equivalents for dfas + + + align:start position:0% +testing equivalents for dfas +um so there's not really any work to do + + align:start position:0% +um so there's not really any work to do + + + align:start position:0% +um so there's not really any work to do +here and in fact what i'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +here and in fact what i'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +here and in fact what i'm trying to +illustrate + + align:start position:0% +illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate +with this uh check-in + + align:start position:0% +with this uh check-in + + + align:start position:0% +with this uh check-in +that once you've shown um how to do some + + align:start position:0% +that once you've shown um how to do some + + + align:start position:0% +that once you've shown um how to do some +kind of a test for one model it have + + align:start position:0% +kind of a test for one model it have + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a test for one model it have +going to apply for all of the equivalent + + align:start position:0% +going to apply for all of the equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +going to apply for all of the equivalent +models that we've that we've shown to be + + align:start position:0% +models that we've that we've shown to be + + + align:start position:0% +models that we've that we've shown to be +equivalent because the turing machine + + align:start position:0% +equivalent because the turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent because the turing machine +can can do the constructions which show + + align:start position:0% +can can do the constructions which show + + + align:start position:0% +can can do the constructions which show +the equivalence + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay uh so let's move on um + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so let's move on um + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so let's move on um +somebody didn't get the pole + + align:start position:0% +somebody didn't get the pole + + + align:start position:0% +somebody didn't get the pole +did most people not get the pole + + align:start position:0% +did most people not get the pole + + + align:start position:0% +did most people not get the pole +well i think most of you have gotten it + + align:start position:0% +well i think most of you have gotten it + + + align:start position:0% +well i think most of you have gotten it +did you + + align:start position:0% +did you + + + align:start position:0% +did you +i'm not seeing a lot of complaints so if + + align:start position:0% +i'm not seeing a lot of complaints so if + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not seeing a lot of complaints so if +you didn't get the poll something is + + align:start position:0% +you didn't get the poll something is + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't get the poll something is +wrong with your setup and you're going + + align:start position:0% +wrong with your setup and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with your setup and you're going +to have to take the recorded uh uh + + align:start position:0% +to have to take the recorded uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +to have to take the recorded uh uh +check-ins um that are + + align:start position:0% +check-ins um that are + + + align:start position:0% +check-ins um that are +going to launch right after this lecture + + align:start position:0% +going to launch right after this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +going to launch right after this lecture +is over sorry + + align:start position:0% +is over sorry + + + align:start position:0% +is over sorry +but we just you should figure out what's + + align:start position:0% +but we just you should figure out what's + + + align:start position:0% +but we just you should figure out what's +wrong with the setup there because i + + align:start position:0% +wrong with the setup there because i + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with the setup there because i +think most people are getting these + + align:start position:0% +think most people are getting these + + + align:start position:0% +think most people are getting these +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and with that we're going to take a + + align:start position:0% +and with that we're going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +and with that we're going to take a +little break + + align:start position:0% +little break + + + align:start position:0% +little break +and then we'll continue on afterwards + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll continue on afterwards + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll continue on afterwards +now let me know how this is is this + + align:start position:0% +now let me know how this is is this + + + align:start position:0% +now let me know how this is is this +slowing us too you know should i + + align:start position:0% +slowing us too you know should i + + + align:start position:0% +slowing us too you know should i +be speed a little speedier about the um + + align:start position:0% +be speed a little speedier about the um + + + align:start position:0% +be speed a little speedier about the um +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +about the little mini breaks that we're + + align:start position:0% +about the little mini breaks that we're + + + align:start position:0% +about the little mini breaks that we're +taking or um is this good for you + + align:start position:0% +taking or um is this good for you + + + align:start position:0% +taking or um is this good for you +you know feedback is always i'm trying + + align:start position:0% +you know feedback is always i'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +you know feedback is always i'm trying +to make this as good as i can for for + + align:start position:0% +to make this as good as i can for for + + + align:start position:0% +to make this as good as i can for for +all of you + + align:start position:0% +all of you + + + align:start position:0% +all of you +okay i i think there's a mixture between + + align:start position:0% +okay i i think there's a mixture between + + + align:start position:0% +okay i i think there's a mixture between +people saying that these breaks are good + + align:start position:0% +people saying that these breaks are good + + + align:start position:0% +people saying that these breaks are good +some says they're a little a little over + + align:start position:0% +some says they're a little a little over + + + align:start position:0% +some says they're a little a little over +long so i'll try to + + align:start position:0% +long so i'll try to + + + align:start position:0% +long so i'll try to +tighten them up a little um some some + + align:start position:0% +tighten them up a little um some some + + + align:start position:0% +tighten them up a little um some some +some folks are saying what + + align:start position:0% +some folks are saying what + + + align:start position:0% +some folks are saying what +more people should be + + align:start position:0% +more people should be + + + align:start position:0% +more people should be +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +asking the tas i don't know how the tas + + align:start position:0% +asking the tas i don't know how the tas + + + align:start position:0% +asking the tas i don't know how the tas +are doing in terms of their i'll check + + align:start position:0% +are doing in terms of their i'll check + + + align:start position:0% +are doing in terms of their i'll check +with them afterward how well this is + + align:start position:0% +with them afterward how well this is + + + align:start position:0% +with them afterward how well this is +going for them in terms of uh questions + + align:start position:0% +going for them in terms of uh questions + + + align:start position:0% +going for them in terms of uh questions +but i think some amount of break is good + + align:start position:0% +but i think some amount of break is good + + + align:start position:0% +but i think some amount of break is good +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so that we don't uh so there's time to + + align:start position:0% +so that we don't uh so there's time to + + + align:start position:0% +so that we don't uh so there's time to +be asking asking questions um otherwise + + align:start position:0% +be asking asking questions um otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +be asking asking questions um otherwise +what's the point of having a live + + align:start position:0% +what's the point of having a live + + + align:start position:0% +what's the point of having a live +lecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we will start promptly + + align:start position:0% +so we will start promptly + + + align:start position:0% +so we will start promptly +when this timer runs down + + align:start position:0% +when this timer runs down + + + align:start position:0% +when this timer runs down +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be ready to go in 55 seconds from now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just to confirm to show the decidability + + align:start position:0% +just to confirm to show the decidability + + + align:start position:0% +just to confirm to show the decidability +of the equivalence of two regular + + align:start position:0% +of the equivalence of two regular + + + align:start position:0% +of the equivalence of two regular +expressions do we need to show that we + + align:start position:0% +expressions do we need to show that we + + + align:start position:0% +expressions do we need to show that we +can use a turing machine to convert them + + align:start position:0% +can use a turing machine to convert them + + + align:start position:0% +can use a turing machine to convert them +to dfas first + + align:start position:0% +to dfas first + + + align:start position:0% +to dfas first +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +i mean any procedure that you can give + + align:start position:0% +i mean any procedure that you can give + + + align:start position:0% +i mean any procedure that you can give +if you want to test whether two + + align:start position:0% +if you want to test whether two + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to test whether two +regular expressions are equivalent + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions are equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions are equivalent +you can give any procedure for doing + + align:start position:0% +you can give any procedure for doing + + + align:start position:0% +you can give any procedure for doing +that deciding you want + + align:start position:0% +that deciding you want + + + align:start position:0% +that deciding you want +um i'm just offering one one simple way + + align:start position:0% +um i'm just offering one one simple way + + + align:start position:0% +um i'm just offering one one simple way +to do it that takes advantage of stuff + + align:start position:0% +to do it that takes advantage of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +to do it that takes advantage of stuff +we've already shown but if you want to + + align:start position:0% +we've already shown but if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +we've already shown but if you want to +dig down and do some analysis of those + + align:start position:0% +dig down and do some analysis of those + + + align:start position:0% +dig down and do some analysis of those +regular expressions to show that they + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions to show that they + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions to show that they +describe the same language they generate + + align:start position:0% +describe the same language they generate + + + align:start position:0% +describe the same language they generate +the same language be my guest i think + + align:start position:0% +the same language be my guest i think + + + align:start position:0% +the same language be my guest i think +that's actually would be complicated to + + align:start position:0% +that's actually would be complicated to + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually would be complicated to +do that that way okay so we're just + + align:start position:0% +do that that way okay so we're just + + + align:start position:0% +do that that way okay so we're just +about um ready to go here + + align:start position:0% +about um ready to go here + + + align:start position:0% +about um ready to go here +uh so let's continue um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and let me take this timer off here + + align:start position:0% +and let me take this timer off here + + + align:start position:0% +and let me take this timer off here +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +we are going to talk a little about + + align:start position:0% +we are going to talk a little about + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to talk a little about +context-free grammars + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars + + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars +so we talked about decision problems for + + align:start position:0% +so we talked about decision problems for + + + align:start position:0% +so we talked about decision problems for +finite automata let's talk about some + + align:start position:0% +finite automata let's talk about some + + + align:start position:0% +finite automata let's talk about some +for grammars um + + align:start position:0% +for grammars um + + + align:start position:0% +for grammars um +okay now i'm going to give us an + + align:start position:0% +okay now i'm going to give us an + + + align:start position:0% +okay now i'm going to give us an +analogous problem i'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +analogous problem i'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +analogous problem i'm going to give you +a the except i'm calling it the + + align:start position:0% +a the except i'm calling it the + + + align:start position:0% +a the except i'm calling it the +acceptance problem but just just for + + align:start position:0% +acceptance problem but just just for + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance problem but just just for +consistency with everything else but + + align:start position:0% +consistency with everything else but + + + align:start position:0% +consistency with everything else but +it's really the generating problem so + + align:start position:0% +it's really the generating problem so + + + align:start position:0% +it's really the generating problem so +i'm giving you a grammar g a c a context + + align:start position:0% +i'm giving you a grammar g a c a context + + + align:start position:0% +i'm giving you a grammar g a c a context +free grammar g + + align:start position:0% +free grammar g + + + align:start position:0% +free grammar g +and a string that's in a string and i + + align:start position:0% +and a string that's in a string and i + + + align:start position:0% +and a string that's in a string and i +want to know is it in the language of g + + align:start position:0% +want to know is it in the language of g + + + align:start position:0% +want to know is it in the language of g +so does g generate w + + align:start position:0% +so does g generate w + + + align:start position:0% +so does g generate w +i'm calling that the a cfg problem + + align:start position:0% +i'm calling that the a cfg problem + + + align:start position:0% +i'm calling that the a cfg problem +so that's going to be a decidable again + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be a decidable again + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be a decidable again +so now let's just think about how that + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just think about how that + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just think about how that +these are getting slightly harder as + + align:start position:0% +these are getting slightly harder as + + + align:start position:0% +these are getting slightly harder as +we're moving along + + align:start position:0% +we're moving along + + + align:start position:0% +we're moving along +so i'm giving you + + align:start position:0% +so i'm giving you + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm giving you +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +grammar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a string + + align:start position:0% +and a string + + + align:start position:0% +and a string +and i want to know does the grammar + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know does the grammar + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know does the grammar +generate that string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well you know it's not + + align:start position:0% +well you know it's not + + + align:start position:0% +well you know it's not +totally trivial + + align:start position:0% +totally trivial + + + align:start position:0% +totally trivial +to solve that + + align:start position:0% +to solve that + + + align:start position:0% +to solve that +you know one thing you might try doing + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing you might try doing + + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing you might try doing +is looking at all possible things + + align:start position:0% +is looking at all possible things + + + align:start position:0% +is looking at all possible things +all possible derivations + + align:start position:0% +all possible derivations + + + align:start position:0% +all possible derivations +from that grammar + + align:start position:0% +from that grammar + + + align:start position:0% +from that grammar +and see if any one of them + + align:start position:0% +and see if any one of them + + + align:start position:0% +and see if any one of them +leads to w + + align:start position:0% +leads to w + + + align:start position:0% +leads to w +leads you to generate w + + align:start position:0% +leads you to generate w + + + align:start position:0% +leads you to generate w +well you have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +well you have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +well you have to be careful +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh as i as we've shown in some of our + + align:start position:0% +uh as i as we've shown in some of our + + + align:start position:0% +uh as i as we've shown in some of our +examples + + align:start position:0% +examples + + + align:start position:0% +examples +um you actually could have um + + align:start position:0% +um you actually could have um + + + align:start position:0% +um you actually could have um +because you're allowed to have variables + + align:start position:0% +because you're allowed to have variables + + + align:start position:0% +because you're allowed to have variables +that can get converted to empty string + + align:start position:0% +that can get converted to empty string + + + align:start position:0% +that can get converted to empty string +you might have very long intermediate + + align:start position:0% +you might have very long intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +you might have very long intermediate +strings being generated from a grammar + + align:start position:0% +strings being generated from a grammar + + + align:start position:0% +strings being generated from a grammar +which then ultimately give you a small + + align:start position:0% +which then ultimately give you a small + + + align:start position:0% +which then ultimately give you a small +string of terminals that get generated + + align:start position:0% +string of terminals that get generated + + + align:start position:0% +string of terminals that get generated +a small string in the language that gets + + align:start position:0% +a small string in the language that gets + + + align:start position:0% +a small string in the language that gets +produced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so it's not clear how you know you + + align:start position:0% +and so it's not clear how you know you + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's not clear how you know you +certainly don't want to try every + + align:start position:0% +certainly don't want to try every + + + align:start position:0% +certainly don't want to try every +possible derivation because there's + + align:start position:0% +possible derivation because there's + + + align:start position:0% +possible derivation because there's +infinitely many different derivations + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many different derivations + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many different derivations +most of them generating of course things + + align:start position:0% +most of them generating of course things + + + align:start position:0% +most of them generating of course things +that are irrelevant to the string w + + align:start position:0% +that are irrelevant to the string w + + + align:start position:0% +that are irrelevant to the string w +but you have to know how to cut things + + align:start position:0% +but you have to know how to cut things + + + align:start position:0% +but you have to know how to cut things +off + + align:start position:0% +off + + + align:start position:0% +off +and it's not immediately obvious how you + + align:start position:0% +and it's not immediately obvious how you + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not immediately obvious how you +do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unless + + align:start position:0% +unless + + + align:start position:0% +unless +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +the homework problems that i asked you + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems that i asked you + + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems that i asked you +to do which i'm sure very many of you + + align:start position:0% +to do which i'm sure very many of you + + + align:start position:0% +to do which i'm sure very many of you +have not done the zerobot point x + + align:start position:0% +have not done the zerobot point x + + + align:start position:0% +have not done the zerobot point x +problems because there that's going to + + align:start position:0% +problems because there that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +problems because there that's going to +come in handy right now + + align:start position:0% +come in handy right now + + + align:start position:0% +come in handy right now +and so i'll i'll help you through that + + align:start position:0% +and so i'll i'll help you through that + + + align:start position:0% +and so i'll i'll help you through that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +remember i'm hoping you should remember + + align:start position:0% +remember i'm hoping you should remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember i'm hoping you should remember +but you may not have looked at it + + align:start position:0% +but you may not have looked at it + + + align:start position:0% +but you may not have looked at it +uh something called chomsky normal form + + align:start position:0% +uh something called chomsky normal form + + + align:start position:0% +uh something called chomsky normal form +which is for context-free grammars + + align:start position:0% +which is for context-free grammars + + + align:start position:0% +which is for context-free grammars +but only allows the rules to be of a + + align:start position:0% +but only allows the rules to be of a + + + align:start position:0% +but only allows the rules to be of a +special kind and they have to look like + + align:start position:0% +special kind and they have to look like + + + align:start position:0% +special kind and they have to look like +this they can be a variable that goes to + + align:start position:0% +this they can be a variable that goes to + + + align:start position:0% +this they can be a variable that goes to +two variables + + align:start position:0% +two variables + + + align:start position:0% +two variables +on the right-hand side or a variable + + align:start position:0% +on the right-hand side or a variable + + + align:start position:0% +on the right-hand side or a variable +that goes to a terminal + + align:start position:0% +that goes to a terminal + + + align:start position:0% +that goes to a terminal +those are the only kinds of rules that + + align:start position:0% +those are the only kinds of rules that + + + align:start position:0% +those are the only kinds of rules that +you're allowed + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed + + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed +there's a special case for the empty + + align:start position:0% +there's a special case for the empty + + + align:start position:0% +there's a special case for the empty +string but let's ignore that you know + + align:start position:0% +string but let's ignore that you know + + + align:start position:0% +string but let's ignore that you know +for if you have you want to put the the + + align:start position:0% +for if you have you want to put the the + + + align:start position:0% +for if you have you want to put the the +start variable can also go to the empty + + align:start position:0% +start variable can also go to the empty + + + align:start position:0% +start variable can also go to the empty +string if you want to have a + + align:start position:0% +string if you want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +string if you want to have a +the empty string in the language but + + align:start position:0% +the empty string in the language but + + + align:start position:0% +the empty string in the language but +that's that's a special case let's + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a special case let's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a special case let's +ignore that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these are the only two kinds of rules + + align:start position:0% +these are the only two kinds of rules + + + align:start position:0% +these are the only two kinds of rules +that you can have in the chomsky normal + + align:start position:0% +that you can have in the chomsky normal + + + align:start position:0% +that you can have in the chomsky normal +form gram + + align:start position:0% +form gram + + + align:start position:0% +form gram +once you have a chomsky normal form + + align:start position:0% +once you have a chomsky normal form + + + align:start position:0% +once you have a chomsky normal form +grammar + + align:start position:0% +grammar + + + align:start position:0% +grammar +um well first of all there's two things + + align:start position:0% +um well first of all there's two things + + + align:start position:0% +um well first of all there's two things +first of all you can always convert any + + align:start position:0% +first of all you can always convert any + + + align:start position:0% +first of all you can always convert any +any context free grammar into chomsky + + align:start position:0% +any context free grammar into chomsky + + + align:start position:0% +any context free grammar into chomsky +normal form so that's given in the + + align:start position:0% +normal form so that's given in the + + + align:start position:0% +normal form so that's given in the +textbook + + align:start position:0% +textbook + + + align:start position:0% +textbook +it's very it's sort of the you do the + + align:start position:0% +it's very it's sort of the you do the + + + align:start position:0% +it's very it's sort of the you do the +obvious thing + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing + + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing +i'm not going to spend time on it + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to spend time on it + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to spend time on it +and you don't have to know it it's it's + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have to know it it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have to know it it's it's +kind of just a little bit um + + align:start position:0% +kind of just a little bit um + + + align:start position:0% +kind of just a little bit um +tedious but it's it's straightforward + + align:start position:0% +tedious but it's it's straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +tedious but it's it's straightforward +and it's there if you if you're curious + + align:start position:0% +and it's there if you if you're curious + + + align:start position:0% +and it's there if you if you're curious +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but the second line is the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +but the second line is the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +but the second line is the thing that's +important to us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh which is that if you have a grammar + + align:start position:0% +uh which is that if you have a grammar + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is that if you have a grammar +which in is in chomsky normal form + + align:start position:0% +which in is in chomsky normal form + + + align:start position:0% +which in is in chomsky normal form +and a string that's generated + + align:start position:0% +and a string that's generated + + + align:start position:0% +and a string that's generated +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +derivation of that string + + align:start position:0% +derivation of that string + + + align:start position:0% +derivation of that string +has exactly + + align:start position:0% +has exactly + + + align:start position:0% +has exactly +two times the length of the string minus + + align:start position:0% +two times the length of the string minus + + + align:start position:0% +two times the length of the string minus +one steps + + align:start position:0% +one steps + + + align:start position:0% +one steps +it's actually if you think about it i + + align:start position:0% +it's actually if you think about it i + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually if you think about it i +mean this dilemma is very easy to prove + + align:start position:0% +mean this dilemma is very easy to prove + + + align:start position:0% +mean this dilemma is very easy to prove +um i think the homework problem + + align:start position:0% +um i think the homework problem + + + align:start position:0% +um i think the homework problem +asks you to prove that in the + + align:start position:0% +asks you to prove that in the + + + align:start position:0% +asks you to prove that in the +0.2 or whatever it was um and problem + + align:start position:0% +0.2 or whatever it was um and problem + + + align:start position:0% +0.2 or whatever it was um and problem +set one or pub set two when i remember + + align:start position:0% +set one or pub set two when i remember + + + align:start position:0% +set one or pub set two when i remember +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because you can in order to do you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rules of this kind allow you to make the + + align:start position:0% +rules of this kind allow you to make the + + + align:start position:0% +rules of this kind allow you to make the +string one longer and rules of this kind + + align:start position:0% +string one longer and rules of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +string one longer and rules of this kind +allow you to produce an uh an x a new + + align:start position:0% +allow you to produce an uh an x a new + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to produce an uh an x a new +terminal symbol + + align:start position:0% +terminal symbol + + + align:start position:0% +terminal symbol +and so you're really going to end up + + align:start position:0% +and so you're really going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +and so you're really going to end up +having um + + align:start position:0% +having um + + + align:start position:0% +having um +you know if if the length of w is n + + align:start position:0% +you know if if the length of w is n + + + align:start position:0% +you know if if the length of w is n +you're going to have n minus one of + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have n minus one of + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have n minus one of +these and n of those that's why you get + + align:start position:0% +these and n of those that's why you get + + + align:start position:0% +these and n of those that's why you get +two n minus one + + align:start position:0% +two n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +two n minus one +steps but the point is i don't really + + align:start position:0% +steps but the point is i don't really + + + align:start position:0% +steps but the point is i don't really +care exactly how many it's just that we + + align:start position:0% +care exactly how many it's just that we + + + align:start position:0% +care exactly how many it's just that we +have a bound + + align:start position:0% +have a bound + + + align:start position:0% +have a bound +and once you have that bound + + align:start position:0% +and once you have that bound + + + align:start position:0% +and once you have that bound +life is good from the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +life is good from the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +life is good from the point of view of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +giving a turing machine which is going + + align:start position:0% +giving a turing machine which is going + + + align:start position:0% +giving a turing machine which is going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +decide this language + + align:start position:0% +decide this language + + + align:start position:0% +decide this language +because here's the turing machine what's + + align:start position:0% +because here's the turing machine what's + + + align:start position:0% +because here's the turing machine what's +going to do with the first thing is it's + + align:start position:0% +going to do with the first thing is it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to do with the first thing is it's +going to convert g into chomsky normal + + align:start position:0% +going to convert g into chomsky normal + + + align:start position:0% +going to convert g into chomsky normal +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +that we assume we know how to do + + align:start position:0% +that we assume we know how to do + + + align:start position:0% +that we assume we know how to do +now we're going to try all derivations + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to try all derivations + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to try all derivations +but only those of length + + align:start position:0% +but only those of length + + + align:start position:0% +but only those of length + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +twice the length of the string minus 1. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um because if any derivation is going to + + align:start position:0% +um because if any derivation is going to + + + align:start position:0% +um because if any derivation is going to +generate w it has to be this this many + + align:start position:0% +generate w it has to be this this many + + + align:start position:0% +generate w it has to be this this many +steps + + align:start position:0% +steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now that we know the grammar is in + + align:start position:0% +now that we know the grammar is in + + + align:start position:0% +now that we know the grammar is in +chomsky normal form + + align:start position:0% +chomsky normal form + + + align:start position:0% +chomsky normal form +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +we have converted this problem of one + + align:start position:0% +we have converted this problem of one + + + align:start position:0% +we have converted this problem of one +that might be a very + + align:start position:0% +that might be a very + + + align:start position:0% +that might be a very +unboundedly + + align:start position:0% +unboundedly + + + align:start position:0% +unboundedly +lengthy problem into one way you know + + align:start position:0% +lengthy problem into one way you know + + + align:start position:0% +lengthy problem into one way you know +it's going to terminate after some fixed + + align:start position:0% +it's going to terminate after some fixed + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to terminate after some fixed +number of steps + + align:start position:0% +number of steps + + + align:start position:0% +number of steps +and so therefore we can accept if any of + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore we can accept if any of + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore we can accept if any of +those uh generate w and reject not + + align:start position:0% +those uh generate w and reject not + + + align:start position:0% +those uh generate w and reject not +okay and so oh so this is uh before + + align:start position:0% +okay and so oh so this is uh before + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so oh so this is uh before +moving on so this uh answers the problem + + align:start position:0% +moving on so this uh answers the problem + + + align:start position:0% +moving on so this uh answers the problem +shows that this language is decidable + + align:start position:0% +shows that this language is decidable + + + align:start position:0% +shows that this language is decidable +the the acfg language + + align:start position:0% +the the acfg language + + + align:start position:0% +the the acfg language +okay so that's something that + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's something that +you know make sure you understand + + align:start position:0% +you know make sure you understand + + + align:start position:0% +you know make sure you understand +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +we're basically trying all derivations + + align:start position:0% +we're basically trying all derivations + + + align:start position:0% +we're basically trying all derivations +of up to of a certain length because + + align:start position:0% +of up to of a certain length because + + + align:start position:0% +of up to of a certain length because +that's all that's needed when the + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's needed when the + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's needed when the +grammar is in that form now we're going + + align:start position:0% +grammar is in that form now we're going + + + align:start position:0% +grammar is in that form now we're going +to use that to prove a corollary + + align:start position:0% +to use that to prove a corollary + + + align:start position:0% +to use that to prove a corollary +which is um + + align:start position:0% +which is um + + + align:start position:0% +which is um +which is important for understanding how + + align:start position:0% +which is important for understanding how + + + align:start position:0% +which is important for understanding how +everything fits together + + align:start position:0% +everything fits together + + + align:start position:0% +everything fits together +and that corollary + + align:start position:0% +and that corollary + + + align:start position:0% +and that corollary +states that every context-free language + + align:start position:0% +states that every context-free language + + + align:start position:0% +states that every context-free language +is a decidable language + + align:start position:0% +is a decidable language + + + align:start position:0% +is a decidable language +every content-free language is decidable + + align:start position:0% +every content-free language is decidable + + + align:start position:0% +every content-free language is decidable +now why does that follow from this + + align:start position:0% +now why does that follow from this + + + align:start position:0% +now why does that follow from this +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +suppose you have a context-free language + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have a context-free language + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have a context-free language +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +we know that language is generated by + + align:start position:0% +we know that language is generated by + + + align:start position:0% +we know that language is generated by +some context free grammar g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that's what it means + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what it means + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what it means +so then + + align:start position:0% +so then + + + align:start position:0% +so then +you can take that grammar g and you can + + align:start position:0% +you can take that grammar g and you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can take that grammar g and you can +build it into a turing machine so + + align:start position:0% +build it into a turing machine so + + + align:start position:0% +build it into a turing machine so +there's going to be a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a turing machine +which ha which is + + align:start position:0% +which ha which is + + + align:start position:0% +which ha which is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +constructed + + align:start position:0% +constructed + + + align:start position:0% +constructed +with the knowledge of g + + align:start position:0% +with the knowledge of g + + + align:start position:0% +with the knowledge of g +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh that turing machine is going to + + align:start position:0% +and uh that turing machine is going to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh that turing machine is going to +take its w + + align:start position:0% +take its w + + + align:start position:0% +take its w +and run the acfg algorithm + + align:start position:0% +and run the acfg algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +and run the acfg algorithm +um with w combined with the g that's + + align:start position:0% +um with w combined with the g that's + + + align:start position:0% +um with w combined with the g that's +already built into it + + align:start position:0% +already built into it + + + align:start position:0% +already built into it +so it's just going to stick that grammar + + align:start position:0% +so it's just going to stick that grammar + + + align:start position:0% +so it's just going to stick that grammar +g in front of w + + align:start position:0% +g in front of w + + + align:start position:0% +g in front of w +and now run the ac of g decide + + align:start position:0% +and now run the ac of g decide + + + align:start position:0% +and now run the ac of g decide +it's going to say does g generate w + + align:start position:0% +it's going to say does g generate w + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to say does g generate w +well that's going to be yes + + align:start position:0% +well that's going to be yes + + + align:start position:0% +well that's going to be yes +every time w is an a + + align:start position:0% +every time w is an a + + + align:start position:0% +every time w is an a +and so this machine here now uh is going + + align:start position:0% +and so this machine here now uh is going + + + align:start position:0% +and so this machine here now uh is going +to end up accepting + + align:start position:0% +to end up accepting + + + align:start position:0% +to end up accepting +every string that's in a + + align:start position:0% +every string that's in a + + + align:start position:0% +every string that's in a +because it's every string that g + + align:start position:0% +because it's every string that g + + + align:start position:0% +because it's every string that g +generates + + align:start position:0% +generates + + + align:start position:0% +generates +okay so um + + align:start position:0% +okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that is i think what i wanted to say + + align:start position:0% +that is i think what i wanted to say + + + align:start position:0% +that is i think what i wanted to say +about this now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i feel that this corollary here + + align:start position:0% +i feel that this corollary here + + + align:start position:0% +i feel that this corollary here +throws a little bit of a curveball + + align:start position:0% +throws a little bit of a curveball + + + align:start position:0% +throws a little bit of a curveball +curveball um and um + + align:start position:0% +curveball um and um + + + align:start position:0% +curveball um and um +uh we can just pause for a moment here + + align:start position:0% +uh we can just pause for a moment here + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can just pause for a moment here +just to + + align:start position:0% +just to + + + align:start position:0% +just to +uh make sure you're + + align:start position:0% +uh make sure you're + + + align:start position:0% +uh make sure you're +understanding this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me + + align:start position:0% +so let me + + + align:start position:0% +so let me +the tricky thing about this corollary + + align:start position:0% +the tricky thing about this corollary + + + align:start position:0% +the tricky thing about this corollary +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that i often get uh a question i often + + align:start position:0% +that i often get uh a question i often + + + align:start position:0% +that i often get uh a question i often +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +where is + + align:start position:0% +where is + + + align:start position:0% +where is +you know when we start off with a + + align:start position:0% +you know when we start off with a + + + align:start position:0% +you know when we start off with a +context-free language + + align:start position:0% +context-free language + + + align:start position:0% +context-free language +who gives a w how do we get g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because we need g to build the turing + + align:start position:0% +because we need g to build the turing + + + align:start position:0% +because we need g to build the turing +machine um m sub g + + align:start position:0% +machine um m sub g + + + align:start position:0% +machine um m sub g +so we know a is a context free language + + align:start position:0% +so we know a is a context free language + + + align:start position:0% +so we know a is a context free language +but how do we know what g is + + align:start position:0% +but how do we know what g is + + + align:start position:0% +but how do we know what g is +well the point is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +we may not know + + align:start position:0% +we may not know + + + align:start position:0% +we may not know +what g is but we know g exists + + align:start position:0% +what g is but we know g exists + + + align:start position:0% +what g is but we know g exists +because that's a definition + + align:start position:0% +because that's a definition + + + align:start position:0% +because that's a definition +of a being a context-free language + + align:start position:0% +of a being a context-free language + + + align:start position:0% +of a being a context-free language +it must have a context-free grammar by + + align:start position:0% +it must have a context-free grammar by + + + align:start position:0% +it must have a context-free grammar by +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +and so because g exists + + align:start position:0% +and so because g exists + + + align:start position:0% +and so because g exists +i now know my turn machine m sub g + + align:start position:0% +i now know my turn machine m sub g + + + align:start position:0% +i now know my turn machine m sub g +exists + + align:start position:0% +exists + + + align:start position:0% +exists +and that's enough to know + + align:start position:0% +and that's enough to know + + + align:start position:0% +and that's enough to know +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +a is decidable because it has a decider + + align:start position:0% +a is decidable because it has a decider + + + align:start position:0% +a is decidable because it has a decider +that exists + + align:start position:0% +that exists + + + align:start position:0% +that exists +now if you're not going to tell me the + + align:start position:0% +now if you're not going to tell me the + + + align:start position:0% +now if you're not going to tell me the +grammar for g + + align:start position:0% +grammar for g + + + align:start position:0% +grammar for g +i'm not going to tell you + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to tell you +the turing machine which decides a + + align:start position:0% +the turing machine which decides a + + + align:start position:0% +the turing machine which decides a +but i know that but both of them exist + + align:start position:0% +but i know that but both of them exist + + + align:start position:0% +but i know that but both of them exist +so if you tell me g then i can tell you + + align:start position:0% +so if you tell me g then i can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +so if you tell me g then i can tell you +the turing machine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so it's a subtle + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a subtle + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a subtle +tricky issue there a certain little + + align:start position:0% +tricky issue there a certain little + + + align:start position:0% +tricky issue there a certain little +element maybe of sometimes people call + + align:start position:0% +element maybe of sometimes people call + + + align:start position:0% +element maybe of sometimes people call +it non-constructive because we're just + + align:start position:0% +it non-constructive because we're just + + + align:start position:0% +it non-constructive because we're just +in a sense showing just that something + + align:start position:0% +in a sense showing just that something + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense showing just that something +is existing but um + + align:start position:0% +is existing but um + + + align:start position:0% +is existing but um +you know it does the job for us because + + align:start position:0% +you know it does the job for us because + + + align:start position:0% +you know it does the job for us because +it shows that a is a decidable language + + align:start position:0% +it shows that a is a decidable language + + + align:start position:0% +it shows that a is a decidable language +okay so not so many questions here maybe + + align:start position:0% +okay so not so many questions here maybe + + + align:start position:0% +okay so not so many questions here maybe +the tas are getting them so let's move + + align:start position:0% +the tas are getting them so let's move + + + align:start position:0% +the tas are getting them so let's move +on um here's another check-in + + align:start position:0% +on um here's another check-in + + + align:start position:0% +on um here's another check-in +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so now can we conclude that a + + align:start position:0% +so now can we conclude that a + + + align:start position:0% +so now can we conclude that a +instead of a cfg a pda is decidable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hey + + align:start position:0% +hey + + + align:start position:0% +hey +people are getting this one pretty fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another 10 seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three seconds + + align:start position:0% +three seconds + + + align:start position:0% +three seconds +okay i'm gonna shut it down + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm gonna shut it down + + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm gonna shut it down +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +end polling + + align:start position:0% +end polling + + + align:start position:0% +end polling +share results + + align:start position:0% +share results + + + align:start position:0% +share results +yeah you know i + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know i + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know i +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this + + align:start position:0% +so this + + + align:start position:0% +so this +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +problem here is apda is decidable it's + + align:start position:0% +problem here is apda is decidable it's + + + align:start position:0% +problem here is apda is decidable it's +really in a sense i was almost wondering + + align:start position:0% +really in a sense i was almost wondering + + + align:start position:0% +really in a sense i was almost wondering +whether or not to give this poll because + + align:start position:0% +whether or not to give this poll because + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not to give this poll because +it has it's true for the same reason as + + align:start position:0% +it has it's true for the same reason as + + + align:start position:0% +it has it's true for the same reason as +the as poll number one um because we + + align:start position:0% +the as poll number one um because we + + + align:start position:0% +the as poll number one um because we +know how to convert pdas + + align:start position:0% +know how to convert pdas + + + align:start position:0% +know how to convert pdas +or we stated we can convert pdas to cfgs + + align:start position:0% +or we stated we can convert pdas to cfgs + + + align:start position:0% +or we stated we can convert pdas to cfgs +and you know that conversion is given in + + align:start position:0% +and you know that conversion is given in + + + align:start position:0% +and you know that conversion is given in +the book we didn't do in lecture but i + + align:start position:0% +the book we didn't do in lecture but i + + + align:start position:0% +the book we didn't do in lecture but i +just stated you have to know that fact + + align:start position:0% +just stated you have to know that fact + + + align:start position:0% +just stated you have to know that fact +but not necessarily know how to do it + + align:start position:0% +but not necessarily know how to do it + + + align:start position:0% +but not necessarily know how to do it +that's okay but the fact is true + + align:start position:0% +that's okay but the fact is true + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay but the fact is true +um the conversion is in the book and it + + align:start position:0% +um the conversion is in the book and it + + + align:start position:0% +um the conversion is in the book and it +could be implemented on a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +could be implemented on a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +could be implemented on a turing machine +so if you want to know whether a pda's + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to know whether a pda's + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to know whether a pda's +language is empty you convert it to a + + align:start position:0% +language is empty you convert it to a + + + align:start position:0% +language is empty you convert it to a +context-free grammar and then use this + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammar and then use this + + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammar and then use this +procedure here to test whether it's a + + align:start position:0% +procedure here to test whether it's a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure here to test whether it's a +language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not empty i'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +not empty i'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +not empty i'm sorry +the acceptance problem i just want to + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance problem i just want to + + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance problem i just want to +not accept i just want to know does the + + align:start position:0% +not accept i just want to know does the + + + align:start position:0% +not accept i just want to know does the +pda accept some input + + align:start position:0% +pda accept some input + + + align:start position:0% +pda accept some input +i'm saying it wrong so i want to know + + align:start position:0% +i'm saying it wrong so i want to know + + + align:start position:0% +i'm saying it wrong so i want to know +does the pda accept some input i convert + + align:start position:0% +does the pda accept some input i convert + + + align:start position:0% +does the pda accept some input i convert +that pda to a grammar + + align:start position:0% +that pda to a grammar + + + align:start position:0% +that pda to a grammar +and then i see if the grammar generates + + align:start position:0% +and then i see if the grammar generates + + + align:start position:0% +and then i see if the grammar generates +that input because it's an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +that input because it's an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +that input because it's an equivalent +grammar + + align:start position:0% +grammar + + + align:start position:0% +grammar +um so again this is using the fact that + + align:start position:0% +um so again this is using the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +um so again this is using the fact that +grammars and pdas are equivalent and + + align:start position:0% +grammars and pdas are equivalent and + + + align:start position:0% +grammars and pdas are equivalent and +interconvertible from one to another + + align:start position:0% +interconvertible from one to another + + + align:start position:0% +interconvertible from one to another +just like regular expressions in dfas + + align:start position:0% +just like regular expressions in dfas + + + align:start position:0% +just like regular expressions in dfas +from the previous poll + + align:start position:0% +from the previous poll + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous poll +so you need to be comfortable with that + + align:start position:0% +so you need to be comfortable with that + + + align:start position:0% +so you need to be comfortable with that +uh because we're going to not even talk + + align:start position:0% +uh because we're going to not even talk + + + align:start position:0% +uh because we're going to not even talk +about it anymore we're just going to be + + align:start position:0% +about it anymore we're just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +about it anymore we're just going to be +treating those things going back and + + align:start position:0% +treating those things going back and + + + align:start position:0% +treating those things going back and +forth between them without sometimes + + align:start position:0% +forth between them without sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +forth between them without sometimes +without even any comment + + align:start position:0% +without even any comment + + + align:start position:0% +without even any comment +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so let's move on uh + + align:start position:0% +so let's move on uh + + + align:start position:0% +so let's move on uh +emptiness problem for cfgs hopefully + + align:start position:0% +emptiness problem for cfgs hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +emptiness problem for cfgs hopefully +you're getting comfortable with the know + + align:start position:0% +you're getting comfortable with the know + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting comfortable with the know +you know the terminology i'm using um so + + align:start position:0% +you know the terminology i'm using um so + + + align:start position:0% +you know the terminology i'm using um so +now the emptiness problem for + + align:start position:0% +now the emptiness problem for + + + align:start position:0% +now the emptiness problem for +context-free grammars + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars + + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars +i'm just going to give you a grammar and + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to give you a grammar and + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to give you a grammar and +i want to know if its language is empty + + align:start position:0% +i want to know if its language is empty + + + align:start position:0% +i want to know if its language is empty +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +remember we did this refined automata by + + align:start position:0% +remember we did this refined automata by + + + align:start position:0% +remember we did this refined automata by +testing a path + + align:start position:0% +testing a path + + + align:start position:0% +testing a path +can't you know we don't really have + + align:start position:0% +can't you know we don't really have + + + align:start position:0% +can't you know we don't really have +paths here + + align:start position:0% +paths here + + + align:start position:0% +paths here +you might think testing pairs and push + + align:start position:0% +you might think testing pairs and push + + + align:start position:0% +you might think testing pairs and push +down automata that's not going to really + + align:start position:0% +down automata that's not going to really + + + align:start position:0% +down automata that's not going to really +work because the stack is there so how + + align:start position:0% +work because the stack is there so how + + + align:start position:0% +work because the stack is there so how +are we going to do that test well + + align:start position:0% +are we going to do that test well + + + align:start position:0% +are we going to do that test well +there's something sort of like testing a + + align:start position:0% +there's something sort of like testing a + + + align:start position:0% +there's something sort of like testing a +path um just working with the grammar + + align:start position:0% +path um just working with the grammar + + + align:start position:0% +path um just working with the grammar +itself kind of working backwards from + + align:start position:0% +itself kind of working backwards from + + + align:start position:0% +itself kind of working backwards from +the terminals now um i'll kind of + + align:start position:0% +the terminals now um i'll kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the terminals now um i'll kind of +illustrate that here + + align:start position:0% +illustrate that here + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate that here +here's imagine i'm giving you here's a + + align:start position:0% +here's imagine i'm giving you here's a + + + align:start position:0% +here's imagine i'm giving you here's a +very simple + + align:start position:0% +very simple + + + align:start position:0% +very simple +grammar and i want to know + + align:start position:0% +grammar and i want to know + + + align:start position:0% +grammar and i want to know +does it generate + + align:start position:0% +does it generate + + + align:start position:0% +does it generate +any strings any strings of term + + align:start position:0% +any strings any strings of term + + + align:start position:0% +any strings any strings of term +obviously + + align:start position:0% +obviously + + + align:start position:0% +obviously +only care about strings of terminals + + align:start position:0% +only care about strings of terminals + + + align:start position:0% +only care about strings of terminals +because those are the things that are in + + align:start position:0% +because those are the things that are in + + + align:start position:0% +because those are the things that are in +the in the language + + align:start position:0% +the in the language + + + align:start position:0% +the in the language +so does this grammar generate any + + align:start position:0% +so does this grammar generate any + + + align:start position:0% +so does this grammar generate any +strings + + align:start position:0% +strings + + + align:start position:0% +strings +of terminals + + align:start position:0% +of terminals + + + align:start position:0% +of terminals +so what we're going to answer that is by + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to answer that is by + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to answer that is by +a marking procedure but in a sense we're + + align:start position:0% +a marking procedure but in a sense we're + + + align:start position:0% +a marking procedure but in a sense we're +going to start from the um from the + + align:start position:0% +going to start from the um from the + + + align:start position:0% +going to start from the um from the +terminals and work backwards to see if + + align:start position:0% +terminals and work backwards to see if + + + align:start position:0% +terminals and work backwards to see if +we can get to the start variable + + align:start position:0% +we can get to the start variable + + + align:start position:0% +we can get to the start variable +so first we're going to mark all the + + align:start position:0% +so first we're going to mark all the + + + align:start position:0% +so first we're going to mark all the +terminal symbols + + align:start position:0% +terminal symbols + + + align:start position:0% +terminal symbols +and then we're going to mark + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to mark + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to mark +anything that goes + + align:start position:0% +anything that goes + + + align:start position:0% +anything that goes +to a string of completely marked + + align:start position:0% +to a string of completely marked + + + align:start position:0% +to a string of completely marked +symbols either terminals or variables + + align:start position:0% +symbols either terminals or variables + + + align:start position:0% +symbols either terminals or variables +because anything that's marked we know + + align:start position:0% +because anything that's marked we know + + + align:start position:0% +because anything that's marked we know +can derive a string of terminals that's + + align:start position:0% +can derive a string of terminals that's + + + align:start position:0% +can derive a string of terminals that's +what it means anything that's that's + + align:start position:0% +what it means anything that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +what it means anything that's that's +blue can derive a string of just + + align:start position:0% +blue can derive a string of just + + + align:start position:0% +blue can derive a string of just +terminals and so now if you have a + + align:start position:0% +terminals and so now if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +terminals and so now if you have a +collection of those + + align:start position:0% +collection of those + + + align:start position:0% +collection of those +that are all marked + + align:start position:0% +that are all marked + + + align:start position:0% +that are all marked +they together can generate some you know + + align:start position:0% +they together can generate some you know + + + align:start position:0% +they together can generate some you know +string of terminals + + align:start position:0% +string of terminals + + + align:start position:0% +string of terminals +um together + + align:start position:0% +um together + + + align:start position:0% +um together +and so then you can mark the associated + + align:start position:0% +and so then you can mark the associated + + + align:start position:0% +and so then you can mark the associated +variable so like t goes to a so that may + + align:start position:0% +variable so like t goes to a so that may + + + align:start position:0% +variable so like t goes to a so that may +be over simple but we're going to mark t + + align:start position:0% +be over simple but we're going to mark t + + + align:start position:0% +be over simple but we're going to mark t +here everywhere in the grammar so all + + align:start position:0% +here everywhere in the grammar so all + + + align:start position:0% +here everywhere in the grammar so all +these t's are going to get marked + + align:start position:0% +these t's are going to get marked + + + align:start position:0% +these t's are going to get marked +because we know that t can generate a + + align:start position:0% +because we know that t can generate a + + + align:start position:0% +because we know that t can generate a +string of terminals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's take a look at r + + align:start position:0% +now let's take a look at r + + + align:start position:0% +now let's take a look at r +r is going to a string + + align:start position:0% +r is going to a string + + + align:start position:0% +r is going to a string +of symbols that are all marked + + align:start position:0% +of symbols that are all marked + + + align:start position:0% +of symbols that are all marked +and that means those symbols can in turn + + align:start position:0% +and that means those symbols can in turn + + + align:start position:0% +and that means those symbols can in turn +generate the strings of terminals so we + + align:start position:0% +generate the strings of terminals so we + + + align:start position:0% +generate the strings of terminals so we +can mark r2 + + align:start position:0% +can mark r2 + + + align:start position:0% +can mark r2 +we can't get mark s because we don't + + align:start position:0% +we can't get mark s because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +we can't get mark s because we don't +know yet whether s has some unmarked + + align:start position:0% +know yet whether s has some unmarked + + + align:start position:0% +know yet whether s has some unmarked +thing that it goes to so we don't know + + align:start position:0% +thing that it goes to so we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +thing that it goes to so we don't know +yet whether s can generate a string of + + align:start position:0% +yet whether s can generate a string of + + + align:start position:0% +yet whether s can generate a string of +terminals but r we know right now so + + align:start position:0% +terminals but r we know right now so + + + align:start position:0% +terminals but r we know right now so +we're going to mark r but we then now + + align:start position:0% +we're going to mark r but we then now + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to mark r but we then now +that gets us to mark this r and so then + + align:start position:0% +that gets us to mark this r and so then + + + align:start position:0% +that gets us to mark this r and so then +we can go backwards and we can mark s + + align:start position:0% +we can go backwards and we can mark s + + + align:start position:0% +we can go backwards and we can mark s +and we keep doing that until there's + + align:start position:0% +and we keep doing that until there's + + + align:start position:0% +and we keep doing that until there's +nothing new to mark and here we've + + align:start position:0% +nothing new to mark and here we've + + + align:start position:0% +nothing new to mark and here we've +marked everything so clearly there's + + align:start position:0% +marked everything so clearly there's + + + align:start position:0% +marked everything so clearly there's +nothing more you can mark but you might + + align:start position:0% +nothing more you can mark but you might + + + align:start position:0% +nothing more you can mark but you might +stop before you've marked everything + + align:start position:0% +stop before you've marked everything + + + align:start position:0% +stop before you've marked everything +and then you + + align:start position:0% +and then you + + + align:start position:0% +and then you +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +whether you've marked the stark variable + + align:start position:0% +whether you've marked the stark variable + + + align:start position:0% +whether you've marked the stark variable +or not and if you have you know the + + align:start position:0% +or not and if you have you know the + + + align:start position:0% +or not and if you have you know the +language is not empty + + align:start position:0% +language is not empty + + + align:start position:0% +language is not empty +okay so let's just go through this in in + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just go through this in in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just go through this in in +in in text + + align:start position:0% +in in text + + + align:start position:0% +in in text +for mark all occurrences of terminals in + + align:start position:0% +for mark all occurrences of terminals in + + + align:start position:0% +for mark all occurrences of terminals in +g + + align:start position:0% +g + + + align:start position:0% +g +then repeat until no new variables are + + align:start position:0% +then repeat until no new variables are + + + align:start position:0% +then repeat until no new variables are +marked we mark all occurrences of + + align:start position:0% +marked we mark all occurrences of + + + align:start position:0% +marked we mark all occurrences of +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +if a goes to a string of symbols + + align:start position:0% +if a goes to a string of symbols + + + align:start position:0% +if a goes to a string of symbols +and all of those symbols were already + + align:start position:0% +and all of those symbols were already + + + align:start position:0% +and all of those symbols were already +marked + + align:start position:0% +marked + + + align:start position:0% +marked +because those are the things that + + align:start position:0% +because those are the things that + + + align:start position:0% +because those are the things that +already have been shown to generate a + + align:start position:0% +already have been shown to generate a + + + align:start position:0% +already have been shown to generate a +string of terminals + + align:start position:0% +string of terminals + + + align:start position:0% +string of terminals +and so now we're going to reject if the + + align:start position:0% +and so now we're going to reject if the + + + align:start position:0% +and so now we're going to reject if the +start status start variable is marked + + align:start position:0% +start status start variable is marked + + + align:start position:0% +start status start variable is marked +because that means that the language is + + align:start position:0% +because that means that the language is + + + align:start position:0% +because that means that the language is +not empty and except if it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me just just i'll take a couple of + + align:start position:0% +let me just just i'll take a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +let me just just i'll take a couple of +quick quick questions here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay somebody + + align:start position:0% +okay somebody + + + align:start position:0% +okay somebody +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +somebody asked whether + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked whether + + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked whether +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +if i understand other regular languages + + align:start position:0% +if i understand other regular languages + + + align:start position:0% +if i understand other regular languages +also decidable well remember the regular + + align:start position:0% +also decidable well remember the regular + + + align:start position:0% +also decidable well remember the regular +languages are context-free languages and + + align:start position:0% +languages are context-free languages and + + + align:start position:0% +languages are context-free languages and +the context-free languages are decidable + + align:start position:0% +the context-free languages are decidable + + + align:start position:0% +the context-free languages are decidable +so yes the regular languages are + + align:start position:0% +so yes the regular languages are + + + align:start position:0% +so yes the regular languages are +decidable um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay i don't know some of those are + + align:start position:0% +okay i don't know some of those are + + + align:start position:0% +okay i don't know some of those are +going to be too long to answer and + + align:start position:0% +going to be too long to answer and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be too long to answer and +they're trying to come up with + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to come up with +alternative solutions so i think we're + + align:start position:0% +alternative solutions so i think we're + + + align:start position:0% +alternative solutions so i think we're +going to move on + + align:start position:0% +going to move on + + + align:start position:0% +going to move on +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +all right we talked about + + align:start position:0% +all right we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +all right we talked about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +just like we did for the final automata + + align:start position:0% +just like we did for the final automata + + + align:start position:0% +just like we did for the final automata +we talked about acceptance we talked + + align:start position:0% +we talked about acceptance we talked + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about acceptance we talked +about emptiness we talked about + + align:start position:0% +about emptiness we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +about emptiness we talked about +equivalence + + align:start position:0% +equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence +so how about the equivalence problem for + + align:start position:0% +so how about the equivalence problem for + + + align:start position:0% +so how about the equivalence problem for +context-free grammars + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars + + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars +i'm going to give you now two + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to give you now two + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to give you now two +context-free grammars + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars + + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars +and i'd like to know + + align:start position:0% +and i'd like to know + + + align:start position:0% +and i'd like to know +are those two contexts free grammars + + align:start position:0% +are those two contexts free grammars + + + align:start position:0% +are those two contexts free grammars +generating the same language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how might you think about that + + align:start position:0% +so how might you think about that + + + align:start position:0% +so how might you think about that +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +you know one thing uh you know following + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing uh you know following + + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing uh you know following +some of the ideas that we've already had + + align:start position:0% +some of the ideas that we've already had + + + align:start position:0% +some of the ideas that we've already had +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you could try + + align:start position:0% +you could try + + + align:start position:0% +you could try +feeding strings in to those grammars we + + align:start position:0% +feeding strings in to those grammars we + + + align:start position:0% +feeding strings in to those grammars we +know how to test whether those + + align:start position:0% +know how to test whether those + + + align:start position:0% +know how to test whether those +individual grammars can generate those + + align:start position:0% +individual grammars can generate those + + + align:start position:0% +individual grammars can generate those +strings so you can just try feeding + + align:start position:0% +strings so you can just try feeding + + + align:start position:0% +strings so you can just try feeding +strings in + + align:start position:0% +strings in + + + align:start position:0% +strings in +to g and to h + + align:start position:0% +to g and to h + + + align:start position:0% +to g and to h +and seeing whether those grammars ever + + align:start position:0% +and seeing whether those grammars ever + + + align:start position:0% +and seeing whether those grammars ever +disagree + + align:start position:0% +disagree + + + align:start position:0% +disagree +or whether they generate some string + + align:start position:0% +or whether they generate some string + + + align:start position:0% +or whether they generate some string +find some string that say g generates + + align:start position:0% +find some string that say g generates + + + align:start position:0% +find some string that say g generates +but h does not generate and we can test + + align:start position:0% +but h does not generate and we can test + + + align:start position:0% +but h does not generate and we can test +that string by string + + align:start position:0% +that string by string + + + align:start position:0% +that string by string +unfortunately we've got a lot of strings + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we've got a lot of strings + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we've got a lot of strings +to test + + align:start position:0% +to test + + + align:start position:0% +to test +right that's gonna you know we we would + + align:start position:0% +right that's gonna you know we we would + + + align:start position:0% +right that's gonna you know we we would +need to give some bound + + align:start position:0% +need to give some bound + + + align:start position:0% +need to give some bound +if we were going to use that for a + + align:start position:0% +if we were going to use that for a + + + align:start position:0% +if we were going to use that for a +procedure + + align:start position:0% +procedure + + + align:start position:0% +procedure +not clear what the bound is + + align:start position:0% +not clear what the bound is + + + align:start position:0% +not clear what the bound is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +another idea + + align:start position:0% +another idea + + + align:start position:0% +another idea +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +might be to use + + align:start position:0% +might be to use + + + align:start position:0% +might be to use +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh closure construction + + align:start position:0% +uh closure construction + + + align:start position:0% +uh closure construction +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that we had from before um so let's + + align:start position:0% +that we had from before um so let's + + + align:start position:0% +that we had from before um so let's +let's mull that over um whether that + + align:start position:0% +let's mull that over um whether that + + + align:start position:0% +let's mull that over um whether that +might work um but in fact um + + align:start position:0% +might work um but in fact um + + + align:start position:0% +might work um but in fact um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +let me give away the answer here + + align:start position:0% +let me give away the answer here + + + align:start position:0% +let me give away the answer here +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +this language is not decidable + + align:start position:0% +this language is not decidable + + + align:start position:0% +this language is not decidable +there's no algorithm + + align:start position:0% +there's no algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +there's no algorithm +out there no turing machine but + + align:start position:0% +out there no turing machine but + + + align:start position:0% +out there no turing machine but +therefore no algorithm + + align:start position:0% +therefore no algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +therefore no algorithm +which can take two grammars + + align:start position:0% +which can take two grammars + + + align:start position:0% +which can take two grammars +and test whether they generate the same + + align:start position:0% +and test whether they generate the same + + + align:start position:0% +and test whether they generate the same +language or not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seems at first glance kind of surprising + + align:start position:0% +seems at first glance kind of surprising + + + align:start position:0% +seems at first glance kind of surprising +such simple things as context-free + + align:start position:0% +such simple things as context-free + + + align:start position:0% +such simple things as context-free +grammars can nonetheless be so + + align:start position:0% +grammars can nonetheless be so + + + align:start position:0% +grammars can nonetheless be so +complicated + + align:start position:0% +complicated + + + align:start position:0% +complicated +that there's no procedure out there + + align:start position:0% +that there's no procedure out there + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no procedure out there +which can tell whether the two gram + + align:start position:0% +which can tell whether the two gram + + + align:start position:0% +which can tell whether the two gram +those two grammars generate the same + + align:start position:0% +those two grammars generate the same + + + align:start position:0% +those two grammars generate the same +language we will show that um + + align:start position:0% +language we will show that um + + + align:start position:0% +language we will show that um +next week + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a related problem which is related to + + align:start position:0% +a related problem which is related to + + + align:start position:0% +a related problem which is related to +your homework + + align:start position:0% +your homework + + + align:start position:0% +your homework +this uh that's due on + + align:start position:0% +this uh that's due on + + + align:start position:0% +this uh that's due on +uh thursday uh is testing whether a + + align:start position:0% +uh thursday uh is testing whether a + + + align:start position:0% +uh thursday uh is testing whether a +grammar is ambiguous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so given a grammar i'd like to know is + + align:start position:0% +so given a grammar i'd like to know is + + + align:start position:0% +so given a grammar i'd like to know is +is that grammar and ambiguous + + align:start position:0% +is that grammar and ambiguous + + + align:start position:0% +is that grammar and ambiguous +grammar or not i mean does it generate + + align:start position:0% +grammar or not i mean does it generate + + + align:start position:0% +grammar or not i mean does it generate +some string + + align:start position:0% +some string + + + align:start position:0% +some string +you know in the language of that grammar + + align:start position:0% +you know in the language of that grammar + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the language of that grammar +in two possibly different ways two or + + align:start position:0% +in two possibly different ways two or + + + align:start position:0% +in two possibly different ways two or +more different ways + + align:start position:0% +more different ways + + + align:start position:0% +more different ways +so is there some string um that can be + + align:start position:0% +so is there some string um that can be + + + align:start position:0% +so is there some string um that can be +generated + + align:start position:0% +generated + + + align:start position:0% +generated +you know with two different parsers + + align:start position:0% +you know with two different parsers + + + align:start position:0% +you know with two different parsers +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so um the problem of testing whether + + align:start position:0% +so um the problem of testing whether + + + align:start position:0% +so um the problem of testing whether +grammar is ambiguous + + align:start position:0% +grammar is ambiguous + + + align:start position:0% +grammar is ambiguous +not decidable + + align:start position:0% +not decidable + + + align:start position:0% +not decidable +so i'm asking you to do something hard + + align:start position:0% +so i'm asking you to do something hard + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm asking you to do something hard +something hard + + align:start position:0% +something hard + + + align:start position:0% +something hard +when you have to produce + + align:start position:0% +when you have to produce + + + align:start position:0% +when you have to produce +that grammar which is unambiguous for + + align:start position:0% +that grammar which is unambiguous for + + + align:start position:0% +that grammar which is unambiguous for +that language um in general + + align:start position:0% +that language um in general + + + align:start position:0% +that language um in general +testing whether grammar is ambiguous or + + align:start position:0% +testing whether grammar is ambiguous or + + + align:start position:0% +testing whether grammar is ambiguous or +not is not a decidable problem now + + align:start position:0% +not is not a decidable problem now + + + align:start position:0% +not is not a decidable problem now +hopefully that the grammar that you'll + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that the grammar that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that the grammar that you'll +produce + + align:start position:0% +produce + + + align:start position:0% +produce +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +to show that um you know to get that + + align:start position:0% +to show that um you know to get that + + + align:start position:0% +to show that um you know to get that +unambiguous grammar for that language + + align:start position:0% +unambiguous grammar for that language + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguous grammar for that language +that i'm asking you to produce is not + + align:start position:0% +that i'm asking you to produce is not + + + align:start position:0% +that i'm asking you to produce is not +going to require our graders to solve + + align:start position:0% +going to require our graders to solve + + + align:start position:0% +going to require our graders to solve +some undecidable problem that it'll be + + align:start position:0% +some undecidable problem that it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +some undecidable problem that it'll be +clear based on the construction of that + + align:start position:0% +clear based on the construction of that + + + align:start position:0% +clear based on the construction of that +grammar why it's uh not ambiguous so + + align:start position:0% +grammar why it's uh not ambiguous so + + + align:start position:0% +grammar why it's uh not ambiguous so +you'll have to hopefully say some + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to hopefully say some + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to hopefully say some +some explanation of what you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +some explanation of what you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +some explanation of what you're thinking +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +okay um so that's uh + + align:start position:0% +okay um so that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so that's uh +uh and we will prove + + align:start position:0% +uh and we will prove + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we will prove +that uh the problem of testing ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +that uh the problem of testing ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the problem of testing ambiguity +is not decidable that's gonna be a + + align:start position:0% +is not decidable that's gonna be a + + + align:start position:0% +is not decidable that's gonna be a +homework problem in problem set three + + align:start position:0% +homework problem in problem set three + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem in problem set three +um okay uh + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh +let's check in here kind of something + + align:start position:0% +let's check in here kind of something + + + align:start position:0% +let's check in here kind of something +that i alluded to but didn't quite + + align:start position:0% +that i alluded to but didn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +that i alluded to but didn't quite +didn't want to give away + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to give away + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to give away +uh why not use the same technique + + align:start position:0% +uh why not use the same technique + + + align:start position:0% +uh why not use the same technique +that we use to show equivalence of dfas + + align:start position:0% +that we use to show equivalence of dfas + + + align:start position:0% +that we use to show equivalence of dfas +is decidable to show that equivalence of + + align:start position:0% +is decidable to show that equivalence of + + + align:start position:0% +is decidable to show that equivalence of +context-free grammars is decidable + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars is decidable + + + align:start position:0% +context-free grammars is decidable +obviously something goes wrong because + + align:start position:0% +obviously something goes wrong because + + + align:start position:0% +obviously something goes wrong because +eqcfg is not decidable why doesn't that + + align:start position:0% +eqcfg is not decidable why doesn't that + + + align:start position:0% +eqcfg is not decidable why doesn't that +same technique just work + + align:start position:0% +same technique just work + + + align:start position:0% +same technique just work +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh this is + + align:start position:0% +oh this is + + + align:start position:0% +oh this is +got a real race here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another 15 seconds this one + + align:start position:0% +another 15 seconds this one + + + align:start position:0% +another 15 seconds this one +it gives you something to mull over + + align:start position:0% +it gives you something to mull over + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you something to mull over +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let's end it + + align:start position:0% +all right let's end it + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's end it +okay you're good to go + + align:start position:0% +okay you're good to go + + + align:start position:0% +okay you're good to go +at least click something um okay ending + + align:start position:0% +at least click something um okay ending + + + align:start position:0% +at least click something um okay ending +polling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sharing results + + align:start position:0% +sharing results + + + align:start position:0% +sharing results +okay a bunch of you have thought well + + align:start position:0% +okay a bunch of you have thought well + + + align:start position:0% +okay a bunch of you have thought well +cfgs are generators and dfas are + + align:start position:0% +cfgs are generators and dfas are + + + align:start position:0% +cfgs are generators and dfas are +recognizers and that's the issue well + + align:start position:0% +recognizers and that's the issue well + + + align:start position:0% +recognizers and that's the issue well +not really + + align:start position:0% +not really + + + align:start position:0% +not really +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +you know you can + + align:start position:0% +you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can +we could test + + align:start position:0% +we could test + + + align:start position:0% +we could test +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +equivalence + + align:start position:0% +equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence +of regular expressions those are + + align:start position:0% +of regular expressions those are + + + align:start position:0% +of regular expressions those are +generators it's nothing to do with being + + align:start position:0% +generators it's nothing to do with being + + + align:start position:0% +generators it's nothing to do with being +a generator or not um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um because you know we can convert + + align:start position:0% +um because you know we can convert + + + align:start position:0% +um because you know we can convert +regular expressions to dfas and then and + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions to dfas and then and + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions to dfas and then and +then test equivalence for the dfa so + + align:start position:0% +then test equivalence for the dfa so + + + align:start position:0% +then test equivalence for the dfa so +that it's not really a matter of a + + align:start position:0% +that it's not really a matter of a + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not really a matter of a +matter of being generated that's not the + + align:start position:0% +matter of being generated that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +matter of being generated that's not the +issue + + align:start position:0% +issue + + + align:start position:0% +issue +the issue is that we can't follow the + + align:start position:0% +the issue is that we can't follow the + + + align:start position:0% +the issue is that we can't follow the +same construction that we did to show + + align:start position:0% +same construction that we did to show + + + align:start position:0% +same construction that we did to show +eqdfa as decidable because the + + align:start position:0% +eqdfa as decidable because the + + + align:start position:0% +eqdfa as decidable because the +context-free + + align:start position:0% +context-free + + + align:start position:0% +context-free +languages are not closed under those + + align:start position:0% +languages are not closed under those + + + align:start position:0% +languages are not closed under those +operations we needed to make that + + align:start position:0% +operations we needed to make that + + + align:start position:0% +operations we needed to make that +symmetric difference machine + + align:start position:0% +symmetric difference machine + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric difference machine +if you remember how that worked + + align:start position:0% +if you remember how that worked + + + align:start position:0% +if you remember how that worked +so then i closed under complementation + + align:start position:0% +so then i closed under complementation + + + align:start position:0% +so then i closed under complementation +and not closer intersection we needed + + align:start position:0% +and not closer intersection we needed + + + align:start position:0% +and not closer intersection we needed +both + + align:start position:0% +both + + + align:start position:0% +both +in order to build that machine c + + align:start position:0% +in order to build that machine c + + + align:start position:0% +in order to build that machine c +um which accepted all the strings that + + align:start position:0% +um which accepted all the strings that + + + align:start position:0% +um which accepted all the strings that +are sort of in the difference + + align:start position:0% +are sort of in the difference + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of in the difference +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so let's continue on um + + align:start position:0% +so let's continue on um + + + align:start position:0% +so let's continue on um +let's move now to turing machines + + align:start position:0% +let's move now to turing machines + + + align:start position:0% +let's move now to turing machines +uh this is where stuff is really going + + align:start position:0% +uh this is where stuff is really going + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is where stuff is really going +to start to get interesting + + align:start position:0% +to start to get interesting + + + align:start position:0% +to start to get interesting +i'm not hoping it's been interesting all + + align:start position:0% +i'm not hoping it's been interesting all + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not hoping it's been interesting all +along but maybe even more interesting um + + align:start position:0% +along but maybe even more interesting um + + + align:start position:0% +along but maybe even more interesting um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's talk about the acceptance problem + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the acceptance problem + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the acceptance problem +for turing machines atm + + align:start position:0% +for turing machines atm + + + align:start position:0% +for turing machines atm +this is going to be because this + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be because this + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be because this +language is going to become an old + + align:start position:0% +language is going to become an old + + + align:start position:0% +language is going to become an old +friend + + align:start position:0% +friend + + + align:start position:0% +friend +we're just getting just getting to know + + align:start position:0% +we're just getting just getting to know + + + align:start position:0% +we're just getting just getting to know +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +uh so this is the problem you're given a + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is the problem you're given a + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is the problem you're given a +turing machine now in an input + + align:start position:0% +turing machine now in an input + + + align:start position:0% +turing machine now in an input +and i want to know does m accept that + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know does m accept that + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to know does m accept that +input + + align:start position:0% +input + + + align:start position:0% +input +that term does that turning machine + + align:start position:0% +that term does that turning machine + + + align:start position:0% +that term does that turning machine +accept its input + + align:start position:0% +accept its input + + + align:start position:0% +accept its input +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's +going to not be a decidable problem + + align:start position:0% +going to not be a decidable problem + + + align:start position:0% +going to not be a decidable problem +either so it kind of shifted gears from + + align:start position:0% +either so it kind of shifted gears from + + + align:start position:0% +either so it kind of shifted gears from +a bunch of decidable things to a bunch + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of decidable things to a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of decidable things to a bunch +of undecidable things + + align:start position:0% +of undecidable things + + + align:start position:0% +of undecidable things +so this is not a decidable language + + align:start position:0% +so this is not a decidable language + + + align:start position:0% +so this is not a decidable language +we will prove that um + + align:start position:0% +we will prove that um + + + align:start position:0% +we will prove that um +on thursday that's going to be the whole + + align:start position:0% +on thursday that's going to be the whole + + + align:start position:0% +on thursday that's going to be the whole +point of thursday's lecture is proving + + align:start position:0% +point of thursday's lecture is proving + + + align:start position:0% +point of thursday's lecture is proving +that atm is undecidable and that's going + + align:start position:0% +that atm is undecidable and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +that atm is undecidable and that's going +to be really a jumping off point for + + align:start position:0% +to be really a jumping off point for + + + align:start position:0% +to be really a jumping off point for +showing other problems are undecidable + + align:start position:0% +showing other problems are undecidable + + + align:start position:0% +showing other problems are undecidable +um so that's going to be our first uh + + align:start position:0% +um so that's going to be our first uh + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's going to be our first uh +proof of undecidability + + align:start position:0% +proof of undecidability + + + align:start position:0% +proof of undecidability +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but we do know + + align:start position:0% +but we do know + + + align:start position:0% +but we do know +that atm is + + align:start position:0% +that atm is + + + align:start position:0% +that atm is +recognizable + + align:start position:0% +recognizable + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable +and that's worth + + align:start position:0% +and that's worth + + + align:start position:0% +and that's worth +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +um for multiple reasons but for one + + align:start position:0% +um for multiple reasons but for one + + + align:start position:0% +um for multiple reasons but for one +thing it's going to give us an example + + align:start position:0% +thing it's going to give us an example + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's going to give us an example +of a problem which we know is + + align:start position:0% +of a problem which we know is + + + align:start position:0% +of a problem which we know is +recognizable but not decidable as we + + align:start position:0% +recognizable but not decidable as we + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable but not decidable as we +will as will prove undecidability but + + align:start position:0% +will as will prove undecidability but + + + align:start position:0% +will as will prove undecidability but +it's also + + align:start position:0% +it's also + + + align:start position:0% +it's also +um i think + + align:start position:0% +um i think + + + align:start position:0% +um i think +of of + + align:start position:0% +of of + + + align:start position:0% +of of +of historical importance um + + align:start position:0% +of historical importance um + + + align:start position:0% +of historical importance um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh this this algorithm for showing it + + align:start position:0% +uh this this algorithm for showing it + + + align:start position:0% +uh this this algorithm for showing it +recognizable so let's go through that + + align:start position:0% +recognizable so let's go through that + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable so let's go through that +algorithm for it's very simple sort of + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for it's very simple sort of + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for it's very simple sort of +doing the obvious thing um + + align:start position:0% +doing the obvious thing um + + + align:start position:0% +doing the obvious thing um +the following turing machine i'm calling + + align:start position:0% +the following turing machine i'm calling + + + align:start position:0% +the following turing machine i'm calling +you going to call it u + + align:start position:0% +you going to call it u + + + align:start position:0% +you going to call it u +for a reason that i'll make clear in a + + align:start position:0% +for a reason that i'll make clear in a + + + align:start position:0% +for a reason that i'll make clear in a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +that's going to be a recognizer for atm + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a recognizer for atm + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a recognizer for atm +so it takes as input + + align:start position:0% +so it takes as input + + + align:start position:0% +so it takes as input +an m and a w + + align:start position:0% +an m and a w + + + align:start position:0% +an m and a w +and it's just going to simulate m w + + align:start position:0% +and it's just going to simulate m w + + + align:start position:0% +and it's just going to simulate m w +pretty much the way + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the way + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the way +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +algorithm the the decider for adfa + + align:start position:0% +algorithm the the decider for adfa + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm the the decider for adfa +worked + + align:start position:0% +worked + + + align:start position:0% +worked +but now + + align:start position:0% +but now + + + align:start position:0% +but now +the machine instead of being a dfa it's + + align:start position:0% +the machine instead of being a dfa it's + + + align:start position:0% +the machine instead of being a dfa it's +a turing machine and the turing machine + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine and the turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine and the turing machine +might go + + align:start position:0% +might go + + + align:start position:0% +might go +forever + + align:start position:0% +forever + + + align:start position:0% +forever +and so the simulation may not stop + + align:start position:0% +and so the simulation may not stop + + + align:start position:0% +and so the simulation may not stop +and that's the key difference which + + align:start position:0% +and that's the key difference which + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the key difference which +makes it from a decider into a + + align:start position:0% +makes it from a decider into a + + + align:start position:0% +makes it from a decider into a +recognizer + + align:start position:0% +recognizer + + + align:start position:0% +recognizer +so that simulation um + + align:start position:0% +so that simulation um + + + align:start position:0% +so that simulation um +so you're going to be simulating just + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to be simulating just + + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to be simulating just +keeping track of the tape of m the + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of the tape of m the + + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of the tape of m the +current state of m + + align:start position:0% +current state of m + + + align:start position:0% +current state of m +um where you know and + + align:start position:0% +um where you know and + + + align:start position:0% +um where you know and +proceeding + + align:start position:0% +proceeding + + + align:start position:0% +proceeding +to modify the tape as m modifies it and + + align:start position:0% +to modify the tape as m modifies it and + + + align:start position:0% +to modify the tape as m modifies it and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +if m enters an accept state + + align:start position:0% +if m enters an accept state + + + align:start position:0% +if m enters an accept state +then you know m is accepted as input so + + align:start position:0% +then you know m is accepted as input so + + + align:start position:0% +then you know m is accepted as input so +you also will enter and accept state so + + align:start position:0% +you also will enter and accept state so + + + align:start position:0% +you also will enter and accept state so +the machine u + + align:start position:0% +the machine u + + + align:start position:0% +the machine u +enters the accept state if m observes + + align:start position:0% +enters the accept state if m observes + + + align:start position:0% +enters the accept state if m observes +during the simulation that m enters an + + align:start position:0% +during the simulation that m enters an + + + align:start position:0% +during the simulation that m enters an +accept state + + align:start position:0% +accept state + + + align:start position:0% +accept state +uh furthermore if n m enters a reject + + align:start position:0% +uh furthermore if n m enters a reject + + + align:start position:0% +uh furthermore if n m enters a reject +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +then u also enters a reject state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now i want to say something beyond that + + align:start position:0% +now i want to say something beyond that + + + align:start position:0% +now i want to say something beyond that +which i i want you to + + align:start position:0% +which i i want you to + + + align:start position:0% +which i i want you to +pay attention to + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is the kind of thing i do see + + align:start position:0% +which is the kind of thing i do see + + + align:start position:0% +which is the kind of thing i do see +sometimes people saying + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people saying + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people saying +uh we want you to reject if m never + + align:start position:0% +uh we want you to reject if m never + + + align:start position:0% +uh we want you to reject if m never +holds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i mean that's also seems like what we + + align:start position:0% +i mean that's also seems like what we + + + align:start position:0% +i mean that's also seems like what we +want + + align:start position:0% +want + + + align:start position:0% +want +because if it never holds then m is + + align:start position:0% +because if it never holds then m is + + + align:start position:0% +because if it never holds then m is +rejecting by looping so you should also + + align:start position:0% +rejecting by looping so you should also + + + align:start position:0% +rejecting by looping so you should also +reject + + align:start position:0% +reject + + + align:start position:0% +reject +but i don't like that + + align:start position:0% +but i don't like that + + + align:start position:0% +but i don't like that +i don't like that line here + + align:start position:0% +i don't like that line here + + + align:start position:0% +i don't like that line here +step four of the turing machine + + align:start position:0% +step four of the turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +step four of the turing machine +because there's no way for a turing + + align:start position:0% +because there's no way for a turing + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no way for a turing +machine to determine or at least as we + + align:start position:0% +machine to determine or at least as we + + + align:start position:0% +machine to determine or at least as we +no obvious way uh and in fact it will + + align:start position:0% +no obvious way uh and in fact it will + + + align:start position:0% +no obvious way uh and in fact it will +not be any way but certainly at this + + align:start position:0% +not be any way but certainly at this + + + align:start position:0% +not be any way but certainly at this +point no obvious way for m to even tell + + align:start position:0% +point no obvious way for m to even tell + + + align:start position:0% +point no obvious way for m to even tell +for you to tell whether m is holding or + + align:start position:0% +for you to tell whether m is holding or + + + align:start position:0% +for you to tell whether m is holding or +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +uh well certainly tell that is to say it + + align:start position:0% +uh well certainly tell that is to say it + + + align:start position:0% +uh well certainly tell that is to say it +never holds how can you make that + + align:start position:0% +never holds how can you make that + + + align:start position:0% +never holds how can you make that +determination so this is not if i saw + + align:start position:0% +determination so this is not if i saw + + + align:start position:0% +determination so this is not if i saw +this on a um + + align:start position:0% +this on a um + + + align:start position:0% +this on a um +on a solution either on an exam or a + + align:start position:0% +on a solution either on an exam or a + + + align:start position:0% +on a solution either on an exam or a +homework i would mark you off + + align:start position:0% +homework i would mark you off + + + align:start position:0% +homework i would mark you off +this is no good + + align:start position:0% +this is no good + + + align:start position:0% +this is no good +it's not a legal touring machine action + + align:start position:0% +it's not a legal touring machine action + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a legal touring machine action +if m + + align:start position:0% +if m + + + align:start position:0% +if m +does not hold on w + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um then you should reject + + align:start position:0% +um then you should reject + + + align:start position:0% +um then you should reject +that is correct and you can make that + + align:start position:0% +that is correct and you can make that + + + align:start position:0% +that is correct and you can make that +reasoning external + + align:start position:0% +reasoning external + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning external +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +algorithm of you + + align:start position:0% +algorithm of you + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm of you +but you is going to end up rejecting + + align:start position:0% +but you is going to end up rejecting + + + align:start position:0% +but you is going to end up rejecting +because it never holds either + + align:start position:0% +because it never holds either + + + align:start position:0% +because it never holds either +it never actually knows + + align:start position:0% +it never actually knows + + + align:start position:0% +it never actually knows +that m is rejecting w in that case if m + + align:start position:0% +that m is rejecting w in that case if m + + + align:start position:0% +that m is rejecting w in that case if m +is rejecting by looping it's just + + align:start position:0% +is rejecting by looping it's just + + + align:start position:0% +is rejecting by looping it's just +blindly going along and doing the + + align:start position:0% +blindly going along and doing the + + + align:start position:0% +blindly going along and doing the +simulation of m on w + + align:start position:0% +simulation of m on w + + + align:start position:0% +simulation of m on w +um and we'll end up holding rejecting by + + align:start position:0% +um and we'll end up holding rejecting by + + + align:start position:0% +um and we'll end up holding rejecting by +looping if m is rejecting by looping but + + align:start position:0% +looping if m is rejecting by looping but + + + align:start position:0% +looping if m is rejecting by looping but +that's something that you can argue + + align:start position:0% +that's something that you can argue + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that you can argue +if you need to make a proof or make some + + align:start position:0% +if you need to make a proof or make some + + + align:start position:0% +if you need to make a proof or make some +sort of reasoning about the machine but + + align:start position:0% +sort of reasoning about the machine but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of reasoning about the machine but +it's not part of the algorithm of the + + align:start position:0% +it's not part of the algorithm of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not part of the algorithm of the +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay now what what's i think from a + + align:start position:0% +okay now what what's i think from a + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what what's i think from a +historical standpoint it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +historical standpoint it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +historical standpoint it's interesting +about this machine you and why i'm + + align:start position:0% +about this machine you and why i'm + + + align:start position:0% +about this machine you and why i'm +calling it you + + align:start position:0% +calling it you + + + align:start position:0% +calling it you +is because this appeared this al this + + align:start position:0% +is because this appeared this al this + + + align:start position:0% +is because this appeared this al this +machine you + + align:start position:0% +machine you + + + align:start position:0% +machine you +appeared in turing's original paper + + align:start position:0% +appeared in turing's original paper + + + align:start position:0% +appeared in turing's original paper +where he laid out turing machines he + + align:start position:0% +where he laid out turing machines he + + + align:start position:0% +where he laid out turing machines he +didn't call them touring machines by the + + align:start position:0% +didn't call them touring machines by the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't call them touring machines by the +way he called them computing machines + + align:start position:0% +way he called them computing machines + + + align:start position:0% +way he called them computing machines +people afterward called them turing + + align:start position:0% +people afterward called them turing + + + align:start position:0% +people afterward called them turing +machines + + align:start position:0% +machines + + + align:start position:0% +machines +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +but uh turing called this the universal + + align:start position:0% +but uh turing called this the universal + + + align:start position:0% +but uh turing called this the universal +computing machine that's his language + + align:start position:0% +computing machine that's his language + + + align:start position:0% +computing machine that's his language +actually i just looked at the paper + + align:start position:0% +actually i just looked at the paper + + + align:start position:0% +actually i just looked at the paper +yesterday um just to refresh my memory + + align:start position:0% +yesterday um just to refresh my memory + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday um just to refresh my memory +of it um and he gives the description of + + align:start position:0% +of it um and he gives the description of + + + align:start position:0% +of it um and he gives the description of +the operation of view in gory detail + + align:start position:0% +the operation of view in gory detail + + + align:start position:0% +the operation of view in gory detail +with all of the transitions and the + + align:start position:0% +with all of the transitions and the + + + align:start position:0% +with all of the transitions and the +states he nails the whole thing down + + align:start position:0% +states he nails the whole thing down + + + align:start position:0% +states he nails the whole thing down +takes pages and pages and pages + + align:start position:0% +takes pages and pages and pages + + + align:start position:0% +takes pages and pages and pages +so he gives it gives it there + + align:start position:0% +so he gives it gives it there + + + align:start position:0% +so he gives it gives it there +um so this is the original universal + + align:start position:0% +um so this is the original universal + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is the original universal +uh computing mission universal turing + + align:start position:0% +uh computing mission universal turing + + + align:start position:0% +uh computing mission universal turing +machine and this + + align:start position:0% +machine and this + + + align:start position:0% +machine and this +it's more than just an idle curiosity + + align:start position:0% +it's more than just an idle curiosity + + + align:start position:0% +it's more than just an idle curiosity +that disappeared in touring's paper + + align:start position:0% +that disappeared in touring's paper + + + align:start position:0% +that disappeared in touring's paper +because this actually turned out to be + + align:start position:0% +because this actually turned out to be + + + align:start position:0% +because this actually turned out to be +profoundly influential + + align:start position:0% +profoundly influential + + + align:start position:0% +profoundly influential +in the in computer science because it + + align:start position:0% +in the in computer science because it + + + align:start position:0% +in the in computer science because it +really was the first example of a + + align:start position:0% +really was the first example of a + + + align:start position:0% +really was the first example of a +machine that operated based on a stored + + align:start position:0% +machine that operated based on a stored + + + align:start position:0% +machine that operated based on a stored +program + + align:start position:0% +program + + + align:start position:0% +program +it really was a revolutionary idea in + + align:start position:0% +it really was a revolutionary idea in + + + align:start position:0% +it really was a revolutionary idea in +the in those days if you wanted to make + + align:start position:0% +the in those days if you wanted to make + + + align:start position:0% +the in those days if you wanted to make +a machine that did something different + + align:start position:0% +a machine that did something different + + + align:start position:0% +a machine that did something different +you had to wire the machine rewire the + + align:start position:0% +you had to wire the machine rewire the + + + align:start position:0% +you had to wire the machine rewire the +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +but here's a machine that operated based + + align:start position:0% +but here's a machine that operated based + + + align:start position:0% +but here's a machine that operated based +on instructions + + align:start position:0% +on instructions + + + align:start position:0% +on instructions +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and the instructions in a sense are no + + align:start position:0% +and the instructions in a sense are no + + + align:start position:0% +and the instructions in a sense are no +different than the data uh so this is + + align:start position:0% +different than the data uh so this is + + + align:start position:0% +different than the data uh so this is +what's been + + align:start position:0% +what's been + + + align:start position:0% +what's been +come to be known as the von neumann + + align:start position:0% +come to be known as the von neumann + + + align:start position:0% +come to be known as the von neumann +architecture but von neumann himself + + align:start position:0% +architecture but von neumann himself + + + align:start position:0% +architecture but von neumann himself +gave credit to turing machine for having + + align:start position:0% +gave credit to turing machine for having + + + align:start position:0% +gave credit to turing machine for having +inspired inspired him to think of this + + align:start position:0% +inspired inspired him to think of this + + + align:start position:0% +inspired inspired him to think of this +and some people argue that it's really + + align:start position:0% +and some people argue that it's really + + + align:start position:0% +and some people argue that it's really +calling it the binomial a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +calling it the binomial a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +calling it the binomial a bunch of +people came up with this concept uh + + align:start position:0% +people came up with this concept uh + + + align:start position:0% +people came up with this concept uh +around the same time maybe other people + + align:start position:0% +around the same time maybe other people + + + align:start position:0% +around the same time maybe other people +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +you know there's babbage and so on and + + align:start position:0% +you know there's babbage and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's babbage and so on and +others who um you know out of love lies + + align:start position:0% +others who um you know out of love lies + + + align:start position:0% +others who um you know out of love lies +also who came up with notions of + + align:start position:0% +also who came up with notions of + + + align:start position:0% +also who came up with notions of +programming but i think is a little + + align:start position:0% +programming but i think is a little + + + align:start position:0% +programming but i think is a little +different than um + + align:start position:0% +different than um + + + align:start position:0% +different than um +uh than this in concept but anyway + + align:start position:0% +uh than this in concept but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +uh than this in concept but anyway +uh this nevertheless played an important + + align:start position:0% +uh this nevertheless played an important + + + align:start position:0% +uh this nevertheless played an important +role in the history of the subject + + align:start position:0% +role in the history of the subject + + + align:start position:0% +role in the history of the subject +so with that i think we're at a time i'm + + align:start position:0% +so with that i think we're at a time i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so with that i think we're at a time i'm +going to um uh quickly review where + + align:start position:0% +going to um uh quickly review where + + + align:start position:0% +going to um uh quickly review where +we've been um so we should just show the + + align:start position:0% +we've been um so we should just show the + + + align:start position:0% +we've been um so we should just show the +decidability of various problems + + align:start position:0% +decidability of various problems + + + align:start position:0% +decidability of various problems +um these are all languages that we uh + + align:start position:0% +um these are all languages that we uh + + + align:start position:0% +um these are all languages that we uh +showed are decidable we showed that atm + + align:start position:0% +showed are decidable we showed that atm + + + align:start position:0% +showed are decidable we showed that atm +is touring recognizable and i think that + + align:start position:0% +is touring recognizable and i think that + + + align:start position:0% +is touring recognizable and i think that +was all we had for today um + + align:start position:0% +was all we had for today um + + + align:start position:0% +was all we had for today um +so um i will uh we will + + align:start position:0% +so um i will uh we will + + + align:start position:0% +so um i will uh we will +stop right here + + align:start position:0% +stop right here + + + align:start position:0% +stop right here +i will stick around take a few questions + + align:start position:0% +i will stick around take a few questions + + + align:start position:0% +i will stick around take a few questions +and our tas can take a few questions if + + align:start position:0% +and our tas can take a few questions if + + + align:start position:0% +and our tas can take a few questions if +you want by chat + + align:start position:0% +you want by chat + + + align:start position:0% +you want by chat +um and then i also have my office hours + + align:start position:0% +um and then i also have my office hours + + + align:start position:0% +um and then i also have my office hours +which will start in like five minutes or + + align:start position:0% +which will start in like five minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +which will start in like five minutes or +so once i get everything set up on my + + align:start position:0% +so once i get everything set up on my + + + align:start position:0% +so once i get everything set up on my +head + + align:start position:0% +head + + + align:start position:0% +head +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somebody wanted me to review this point + + align:start position:0% +somebody wanted me to review this point + + + align:start position:0% +somebody wanted me to review this point +here which i'm happy to do + + align:start position:0% +here which i'm happy to do + + + align:start position:0% +here which i'm happy to do +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +this code here that i'm describing in + + align:start position:0% +this code here that i'm describing in + + + align:start position:0% +this code here that i'm describing in +english + + align:start position:0% +english + + + align:start position:0% +english +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +needs to be something that you can + + align:start position:0% +needs to be something that you can + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be something that you can +implement + + align:start position:0% +implement + + + align:start position:0% +implement +on a turing machine + + align:start position:0% +on a turing machine + + + align:start position:0% +on a turing machine +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know we're never going to go through + + align:start position:0% +you know we're never going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're never going to go through +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +effort of + + align:start position:0% +effort of + + + align:start position:0% +effort of +building the transition functions and + + align:start position:0% +building the transition functions and + + + align:start position:0% +building the transition functions and +the states and so on but we need to be + + align:start position:0% +the states and so on but we need to be + + + align:start position:0% +the states and so on but we need to be +sure that we could if + + align:start position:0% +sure that we could if + + + align:start position:0% +sure that we could if +if we had to + + align:start position:0% +if we had to + + + align:start position:0% +if we had to +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +how could you make + + align:start position:0% +how could you make + + + align:start position:0% +how could you make +a turing machine do the test + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine do the test + + + align:start position:0% +a turing machine do the test +that m doesn't hold + + align:start position:0% +that m doesn't hold + + + align:start position:0% +that m doesn't hold +that's something we don't know how to do + + align:start position:0% +that's something we don't know how to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's something we don't know how to do +i mean + + align:start position:0% +i mean + + + align:start position:0% +i mean +i can see if m holds + + align:start position:0% +i can see if m holds + + + align:start position:0% +i can see if m holds +enter i mean i can during the simulation + + align:start position:0% +enter i mean i can during the simulation + + + align:start position:0% +enter i mean i can during the simulation +i can see that m has entered the + + align:start position:0% +i can see that m has entered the + + + align:start position:0% +i can see that m has entered the +q reject state or the q accept state so + + align:start position:0% +q reject state or the q accept state so + + + align:start position:0% +q reject state or the q accept state so +i can tell + + align:start position:0% +i can tell + + + align:start position:0% +i can tell +while i'm simulating that it has halted + + align:start position:0% +while i'm simulating that it has halted + + + align:start position:0% +while i'm simulating that it has halted +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +you know how would the machine or how + + align:start position:0% +you know how would the machine or how + + + align:start position:0% +you know how would the machine or how +would you + + align:start position:0% +would you + + + align:start position:0% +would you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +that m is now how would you you know + + align:start position:0% +that m is now how would you you know + + + align:start position:0% +that m is now how would you you know +someone says well + + align:start position:0% +someone says well + + + align:start position:0% +someone says well +do x if m never holds + + align:start position:0% +do x if m never holds + + + align:start position:0% +do x if m never holds +well how do you know him how how can you + + align:start position:0% +well how do you know him how how can you + + + align:start position:0% +well how do you know him how how can you +do the test + + align:start position:0% +do the test + + + align:start position:0% +do the test +that m is not holding + + align:start position:0% +that m is not holding + + + align:start position:0% +that m is not holding +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +there's no obvious way to do that in + + align:start position:0% +there's no obvious way to do that in + + + align:start position:0% +there's no obvious way to do that in +fact there is no way to do that but you + + align:start position:0% +fact there is no way to do that but you + + + align:start position:0% +fact there is no way to do that but you +know as it stands right now you know the + + align:start position:0% +know as it stands right now you know the + + + align:start position:0% +know as it stands right now you know the +proof would be on you + + align:start position:0% +proof would be on you + + + align:start position:0% +proof would be on you +to um + + align:start position:0% +to um + + + align:start position:0% +to um +to show how to implement that on a + + align:start position:0% +to show how to implement that on a + + + align:start position:0% +to show how to implement that on a +machine and there's just no obvious way + + align:start position:0% +machine and there's just no obvious way + + + align:start position:0% +machine and there's just no obvious way +to do that so i think that's why you + + align:start position:0% +to do that so i think that's why you + + + align:start position:0% +to do that so i think that's why you +should you should only put down things + + align:start position:0% +should you should only put down things + + + align:start position:0% +should you should only put down things +here which you're sure you could + + align:start position:0% +here which you're sure you could + + + align:start position:0% +here which you're sure you could +implement + + align:start position:0% +implement + + + align:start position:0% +implement +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know even if it might take a long + + align:start position:0% +you know even if it might take a long + + + align:start position:0% +you know even if it might take a long +time so you don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +time so you don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +time so you don't have to worry about +how long it would take but you have to + + align:start position:0% +how long it would take but you have to + + + align:start position:0% +how long it would take but you have to +put things down that you are sure you + + align:start position:0% +put things down that you are sure you + + + align:start position:0% +put things down that you are sure you +could at least implement in principle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so someone has asked me about um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the equivalence problem for context-free + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence problem for context-free + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence problem for context-free +grammars uh being unsolvable + + align:start position:0% +grammars uh being unsolvable + + + align:start position:0% +grammars uh being unsolvable +uh why couldn't the machine be a + + align:start position:0% +uh why couldn't the machine be a + + + align:start position:0% +uh why couldn't the machine be a +human-level system of logic + + align:start position:0% +human-level system of logic + + + align:start position:0% +human-level system of logic +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +the computer could logically deduce + + align:start position:0% +the computer could logically deduce + + + align:start position:0% +the computer could logically deduce +whether or not it was decidable + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it was decidable + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it was decidable +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +sort of that + + align:start position:0% +sort of that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of that +you know we're taking a turn into + + align:start position:0% +you know we're taking a turn into + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're taking a turn into +the subject of mathematical logic which + + align:start position:0% +the subject of mathematical logic which + + + align:start position:0% +the subject of mathematical logic which +is supposed to kind of + + align:start position:0% +is supposed to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is supposed to kind of +uh formalize reasoning in a way um and + + align:start position:0% +uh formalize reasoning in a way um and + + + align:start position:0% +uh formalize reasoning in a way um and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +in the end what it really is kind of + + align:start position:0% +in the end what it really is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +in the end what it really is kind of +come down to that + + align:start position:0% +come down to that + + + align:start position:0% +come down to that +there are certain + + align:start position:0% +there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +there are certain +uh grammars + + align:start position:0% +uh grammars + + + align:start position:0% +uh grammars +uh which are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equivalent + + align:start position:0% +equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent +to one another + + align:start position:0% +to one another + + + align:start position:0% +to one another +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +there's not going to be any way to prove + + align:start position:0% +there's not going to be any way to prove + + + align:start position:0% +there's not going to be any way to prove +that they're equivalent in any + + align:start position:0% +that they're equivalent in any + + + align:start position:0% +that they're equivalent in any +reasonable system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in equivalence you can always prove + + align:start position:0% +in equivalence you can always prove + + + align:start position:0% +in equivalence you can always prove +right you can exhibit a string + + align:start position:0% +right you can exhibit a string + + + align:start position:0% +right you can exhibit a string +that one you can show that this grammar + + align:start position:0% +that one you can show that this grammar + + + align:start position:0% +that one you can show that this grammar +is generating it this grammar is not + + align:start position:0% +is generating it this grammar is not + + + align:start position:0% +is generating it this grammar is not +generating + + align:start position:0% +generating + + + align:start position:0% +generating +this other one is not so uh in + + align:start position:0% +this other one is not so uh in + + + align:start position:0% +this other one is not so uh in +equivalence you can always prove but + + align:start position:0% +equivalence you can always prove but + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence you can always prove but +equivalence + + align:start position:0% +equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence +there are going to be certain pairs of + + align:start position:0% +there are going to be certain pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +there are going to be certain pairs of +grammars which are going to be + + align:start position:0% +grammars which are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +grammars which are going to be +beyond the capability of any reasonable + + align:start position:0% +beyond the capability of any reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +beyond the capability of any reasonable +formal system to be able to prove that + + align:start position:0% +formal system to be able to prove that + + + align:start position:0% +formal system to be able to prove that +they're equivalent because you can even + + align:start position:0% +they're equivalent because you can even + + + align:start position:0% +they're equivalent because you can even +convert them and make those grammars + + align:start position:0% +convert them and make those grammars + + + align:start position:0% +convert them and make those grammars +into something which talk about the + + align:start position:0% +into something which talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +into something which talk about the +system itself + + align:start position:0% +system itself + + + align:start position:0% +system itself +ultimately you're going to end up you + + align:start position:0% +ultimately you're going to end up you + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately you're going to end up you +know with a russell paradox kind of + + align:start position:0% +know with a russell paradox kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know with a russell paradox kind of +thing that's maybe going beyond more + + align:start position:0% +thing that's maybe going beyond more + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's maybe going beyond more +than you want to know and i'm happy to + + align:start position:0% +than you want to know and i'm happy to + + + align:start position:0% +than you want to know and i'm happy to +talk about it offline but you know + + align:start position:0% +talk about it offline but you know + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it offline but you know +there's just no way to make a turing + + align:start position:0% +there's just no way to make a turing + + + align:start position:0% +there's just no way to make a turing +machine which is going to implement sort + + align:start position:0% +machine which is going to implement sort + + + align:start position:0% +machine which is going to implement sort +of human reasoning and then get the + + align:start position:0% +of human reasoning and then get the + + + align:start position:0% +of human reasoning and then get the +right answer on all pairs of grammars + + align:start position:0% +right answer on all pairs of grammars + + + align:start position:0% +right answer on all pairs of grammars +just cannot be done + + align:start position:0% +just cannot be done + + + align:start position:0% +just cannot be done +bye bye i'm going to shut down the + + align:start position:0% +bye bye i'm going to shut down the + + + align:start position:0% +bye bye i'm going to shut down the +meeting though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4UJc0S8APm4.txt b/4UJc0S8APm4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a5a43a59d3935a1de214908408b71a4ccd9d049 --- /dev/null +++ b/4UJc0S8APm4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2601 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality, educational + +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So for the last three +lectures we're going to + +talk about classical statistics, +the way statistics + +can be done if you don't want to +assume a prior distribution + +on the unknown parameters. + +Today we're going to focus, +mostly, on the estimation side + +and leave hypothesis testing +for the next two lectures. + +So where there is one generic +method that one can use to + +carry out parameter estimation, +that's the maximum + +likelihood method. + +We're going to define +what it is. + +Then we will look at the most +common estimation problem + +there is, which is to estimate +the mean of a given + +distribution. + +And we're going to talk about +confidence intervals, which + +refers to providing an +interval around your + +estimates, which has some +properties of the kind that + +the parameter is highly likely +to be inside that interval, + +but we will be careful about +how to interpret that + +particular statement. + +Ok. + +So the big framework first. + +The picture is almost the same +as the one that we had in the + +case of Bayesian statistics. + +We have some unknown +parameter. + +And we have a measuring +device. + +There is some noise, +some randomness. + +And we get an observation, X, +whose distribution depends on + +the value of the parameter. + +However, the big change from the +Bayesian setting is that + +here, this parameter +is just a number. + +It's not modeled as +a random variable. + +It does not have a probability +distribution. + +There's nothing random +about it. + +It's a constant. + +It just happens that we don't +know what that constant is. + +And in particular, this +probability distribution here, + +the distribution of X, +depends on Theta. + +But this is not a conditional +distribution in the usual + +sense of the word. + +Conditional distributions were +defined when we had two random + +variables and we condition one +random variable on the other. + +And we used the bar to separate +the X from the Theta. + +To make the point that this +is not a conditioned + +distribution, we use a +different notation. + +We put a semicolon here. + +And what this is meant to say is +that X has a distribution. + +That distribution has +a certain parameter. + +And we don't know what +that parameter is. + +So for example, this might be +a normal distribution, with + +variance 1 but a mean Theta. + +We don't know what Theta is. + +And we want to estimate it. + +Now once we have this setting, +then your job is to design + +this box, the estimator. + +The estimator is some data +processing box that takes the + +measurements and produces +an estimate + +of the unknown parameter. + +Now the notation that's used +here is as if X and Theta were + +one-dimensional quantities. + +But actually, everything we +say remains valid if you + +interpret X and Theta as +vectors of parameters. + +So for example, you +may obtain several + +measurements, X1 up to 2Xn. + +And there may be several unknown +parameters in the + +background. + +Once more, we do not have, and +we do not want to assume, a + +prior distribution on Theta. + +It's a constant. + +And if you want to think +mathematically about this + +situation, it's as if you +have many different + +probabilistic models. + +So a normal with this mean or +a normal with that mean or a + +normal with that mean, these +are alternative candidate + +probabilistic models. + +And we want to try to make a +decision about which one is + +the correct model. + +In some cases, we have to choose +just between a small + +number of models. + +For example, you have a coin +with an unknown bias. + +The bias is either 1/2 or 3/4. + +You're going to flip the +coin a few times. + +And you try to decide whether +the true bias is this one or + +is that one. + +So in this case, we have two +specific, alternative + +probabilistic models from which +we want to distinguish. + +But sometimes things are a +little more complicated. + +For example, you have a coin. + +And you have one hypothesis +that my coin is unbiased. + +And the other hypothesis is +that my coin is biased. + +And you do your experiments. + +And you want to come up with a +decision that decides whether + +this is true or this +one is true. + +In this case, we're not +dealing with just two + +alternative probabilistic +models. + +This one is a specific +model for the coin. + +But this one actually +corresponds to lots of + +possible, alternative +coin models. + +So this includes the model where +Theta is 0.6, the model + +where Theta is 0.7, Theta +is 0.8, and so on. + +So we're trying to discriminate +between one model + +and lots of alternative +models. + +How does one go about this? + +Well, there's some systematic +ways that one can approach + +problems of this kind. + +And we will start talking +about these next time. + +So today, we're going to focus +on estimation problems. + +In estimation problems, theta is +a quantity, which is a real + +number, a continuous +parameter. + +We're to design this box, so +what we get out of this box is + +an estimate. + +Now notice that this estimate +here is a random variable. + +Even though theta is +deterministic, this is random, + +because it's a function of +the data that we observe. + +The data are random. + +We're applying a function +to the data to + +construct our estimate. + +So, since it's a function of +random variables, it's a + +random variable itself. + +The distribution of Theta hat +depends on the distribution of + +X. The distribution of X +is affected by Theta. + +So in the end, the distribution +of your estimate + +Theta hat will also be affected +by whatever Theta + +happens to be. + +Our general objective, when +designing estimators, is that + +we want to get, in the end, an +error, an estimation error, + +which is not too large. + +But we'll have to make +that specific. + +Again, what exactly do +we mean by that? + +So how do we go about +this problem? + +One general approach is to pick +a Theta, under which the + +data that we observe, that +this is the X's, our most + +likely to have occurred. + +So I observe X. For any given +Theta, I can calculate this + +quantity, which tells me, under +this particular Theta, + +the X that you observed had this +probability of occurring. + +Under that Theta, the X that +you observe had that + +probability of occurring. + +You just choose that Theta, +which makes the data that you + +observed most likely. + +It's interesting to compare +this maximum likelihood + +estimate with the estimates that +you would have, if you + +were in a Bayesian setting, +and you were using maximum + +approach theory probability +estimation. + +In the Bayesian setting, what +we do is, given the data, we + +use the prior distribution +on Theta. + +And we calculate the posterior +distribution of Theta given X. + +Notice that this is sort +of the opposite from + +what we have here. + +This is the probability of X +for a particular value of + +Theta, whereas this is the +probability of Theta for a + +particular X. So it's the +opposite type of conditioning. + +In the Bayesian setting, Theta +is a random variable. + +So we can talk about +the probability + +distribution of Theta. + +So how do these two compare, +except for this syntactic + +difference that the order X's +and Theta's are reversed? + +Let's write down, in full +detail, what this posterior + +distribution of Theta is. + +By the Bayes rule, this +conditional distribution is + +obtained from the prior, and the +model of the measurement + +process that we have. + +And we get to this expression. + +So in Bayesian estimation, we +want to find the most likely + +value of Theta. + +And we need to maximize +this quantity over + +all possible Theta's. + +First thing to notice is that +the denominator is a constant. + +It does not involve Theta. + +So when you maximize this +quantity, you don't care about + +the denominator. + +You just want to maximize +the numerator. + +Now, here, things start to look +a little more similar. + +And they would be exactly of +the same kind, if that term + +here was absent, it the +prior was absent. + +The two are going to become +the same if that prior was + +just a constant. + +So if that prior is a constant, +then maximum + +likelihood estimation takes +exactly the same form as + +Bayesian maximum posterior +probability estimation. + +So you can give this particular +interpretation of + +maximum likelihood estimation. + +Maximum likelihood estimation +is essentially what you have + +done, if you were in a Bayesian +world, and you had + +assumed a prior on the Theta's +that's uniform, all the + +Theta's being equally likely. + +Okay. + +So let's look at a +simple example. + +Suppose that the Xi's are +independent, identically + +distributed random +variables, with a + +certain parameter Theta. + +So the distribution of each +one of the Xi's is this + +particular term. + +So Theta is one-dimensional. + +It's a one-dimensional +parameter. + +But we have several data. + +We write down the formula +for the probability of a + +particular X vector, given a +particular value of Theta. + +But again, when I use the word, +given, here it's not in + +the conditioning sense. + +It's the value of the +density for a + +particular choice of Theta. + +Here, I wrote down, I defined +maximum likelihood estimation + +in terms of PMFs. + +That's what you would +do if the X's were + +discrete random variables. + +Here, the X's are continuous +random variables, so instead + +of I'm using the PDF +instead of the PMF. + +So this a definition, here, +generalizes to the case of + +continuous random variables. + +And you use F's instead of +X's, our usual recipe. + +So the maximum likelihood +estimate is defined. + +Now, since the Xi's are +independent, the joint density + +of all the X's together +is the product of + +the individual densities. + +So you look at this quantity. + +This is the density or sort of +probability of observing a + +particular sequence of X's. + +And we ask the question, what's +the value of Theta that + +makes the X's that we +observe most likely? + +So we want to carry out +this maximization. + +Now this maximization is just +a calculational problem. + +We're going to do this +maximization by taking the + +logarithm of this expression. + +Maximizing an expression +is the same as + +maximizing the logarithm. + +So the logarithm of this +expression, the logarithm of a + +product is the sum of +the logarithms. + +You get contributions from +this Theta term. + +There's n of these, so we +get an n log Theta. + +And then we have the sum of the +logarithms of these terms. + +It gives us minus Theta. + +And then the sum of the X's. + +So we need to maximize +this expression + +with respect to Theta. + +The way to do this maximization +is you take the + +derivative, with respect +to Theta. + +And you get n over Theta equals +to the sum of the X's. + +And then you solve for Theta. + +And you find that the +maximum likelihood + +estimate is this quantity. + +Which sort of makes sense, +because this is the reciprocal + +of the sample mean of X's. + +Theta, in an exponential +distribution, we know that + +it's 1 over (the mean of the +exponential distribution). + +So it looks like a reasonable +estimate. + +So in any case, this is the +estimates that the maximum + +likelihood estimation procedure +tells us that we + +should report. + +This formula here, of course, +tells you what to do if you + +have already observed +specific numbers. + +If you have observed specific +numbers, then you observe this + +particular number as your +estimate of Theta. + +If you want to describe your +estimation procedure more + +abstractly, what you have +constructed is an estimator, + +which is a box that's takes in +the random variables, capital + +X1 up to Capital Xn, and +produces out your estimate, + +which is also a random +variable. + +Because it's a function of these +random variables and is + +denoted by an upper case Theta, +to indicate that this + +is now a random variable. + +So this is an equality +about numbers. + +This is a description of the +general procedure, which is an + +equality between two +random variables. + +And this gives you the more +abstract view of what we're + +doing here. + +All right. + +So what can we tell about +our estimate? + +Is it good or is it bad? + +So we should look at this +particular random variable and + +talk about the statistical +properties that it has. + +What we would like is this +random variable to be close to + +the true value of Theta, with +high probability, no matter + +what Theta is, since we don't +know what Theta is. + +Let's make a little +more specific the + +properties that we want. + +So we cook up the estimator +somehow. + +So this estimator corresponds, +again, to a box that takes + +data in, the capital X's, +and produces an + +estimate Theta hat. + +This estimate is random. + +Sometimes it will be above +the true value of Theta. + +Sometimes it will be below. + +Ideally, we would like it to not +have a systematic error, + +on the positive side or +the negative side. + +So a reasonable wish to have, +for a good estimator, is that, + +on the average, it gives +you the correct value. + +Now here, let's be a little more +specific about what that + +expectation is. + +This is an expectation, with +respect to the probability + +distribution of Theta hat. + +The probability distribution +of Theta hat is affected by + +the probability distribution +of the X's. + +Because Theta hat is a +function of the X's. + +And the probability distribution +of the X's is + +affected by the true +value of Theta. + +So depending on which one is the +true value of Theta, this + +is going to be a different +expectation. + +So if you were to write this +expectation out in more + +detail, it would look +something like this. + +You need to write down +the probability + +distribution of Theta hat. + +And this is going to +be some function. + +But this function depends on the +true Theta, is affected by + +the true Theta. + +And then you integrate this +with respect to Theta hat. + +What's the point here? + +Again, Theta hat is a +function of the X's. + +So the density of Theta +hat is affected by the + +density of the X's. + +The density of the X's +is affected by the + +true value of Theta. + +So the distribution of Theta +hat is affected by + +the value of Theta. + +Another way to put it is, as +I've mentioned a few minutes + +ago, in this business, it's +as if we are considering + +different possible probabilistic +models, one + +probabilistic model for +each choice of Theta. + +And we're trying to guess +which one of these + +probabilistic models +is the true one. + +One way of emphasizing the +fact that this expression + +depends on the true Theta is +to put a little subscript + +here, expectation, under the +particular value of the + +parameter Theta. + +So depending on what value the +true parameter Theta takes, + +this expectation will have +a different value. + +And what we would like is that +no matter what the true value + +is, that our estimate will not +have a bias on the positive or + +the negative sides. + +So this is a property +that's desirable. + +Is it always going to be true? + +Not necessarily, it depends on +what estimator we construct. + +Is it true for our exponential +example? + +Unfortunately not, the estimate +that we have in the + +exponential example turns +out to be biased. + +And one extreme way of seeing +this is to consider the case + +where our sample size is 1. + +We're trying to estimate +Theta. + +And the estimator from the +previous slide, in that case, + +is just 1/X1. + +Now X1 has a fair amount of +density in the vicinity of 0, + +which means that 1/X1 has +significant probability of + +being very large. + +And if you do the calculation, +this ultimately makes the + +expected value of 1/X1 +to be infinite. + +Now infinity is definitely +not the correct value. + +So our estimate is +biased upwards. + +And it's actually biased +a lot upwards. + +So that's how things are. + +Maximum likelihood estimates, +in general, will be biased. + +But under some conditions, +they will turn out to be + +asymptotically unbiased. + +That is, as you get more and +more data, as your X vector is + +longer and longer, with +independent data, the estimate + +that you're going to have, the +expected value of your + +estimator is going +to get closer and + +closer to the true value. + +So you do have some nice +asymptotic properties, but + +we're not going to prove +anything like this. + +Speaking of asymptotic +properties, in general, what + +we would like to have is that, +as you collect more and more + +data, you get the correct +answer, in some sense. + +And the sense that we're going +to use here is the limiting + +sense of convergence in +probability, since this is the + +only notion of convergence of +random variables that we have + +in our hands. + +This is similar to what +we had in the pollster + +problem, for example. + +If we had a bigger and bigger +sample size, we could be more + +and more confident that the +estimate that we obtained is + +close to the unknown true +parameter of the distribution + +that we have. + +So this is a desirable +property. + +If you have an infinitely large +amount of data, you + +should be able to estimate +an unknown parameter + +more or less exactly. + +So this is it desirable property +of estimators. + +It turns out that maximum +likelihood estimation, given + +independent data, does have +this property, under mild + +conditions. + +So maximum likelihood +estimation, in this respect, + +is a good approach. + +So let's see, do we have this +consistency property in our + +exponential example? + +In our exponential example, we +used this quantity to estimate + +the unknown parameter Theta. + +What properties does +this quantity have + +as n goes to infinity? + +Well this quantity is the +reciprocal of that quantity up + +here, which is the +sample mean. + +We know from the weak law of +large numbers, that the sample + +mean converges to +the expectation. + +So this property here +comes from the weak + +law of large numbers. + +In probability, this quantity +converges to the expected + +value, which, for exponential +distributions, is 1/Theta. + +Now, if something converges to +something, then the reciprocal + +of that should converge to +the reciprocal of that. + +That's a property that's +certainly correct for numbers. + +But you're not talking about +convergence of numbers. + +We're talking about convergence +in probability, + +which is a more complicated +notion. + +Fortunately, it turns out that +the same thing is true, when + +we deal with convergence +in probability. + +One can show, although we will +not bother doing this, that + +indeed, the reciprocal of this, +which is our estimate, + +converges in probability to +the reciprocal of that. + +And that reciprocal is the +true parameter Theta. + +So for this particular +exponential example, we do + +have the desirable property, +that as the number of data + +becomes larger and larger, +the estimate that we have + +constructed will get closer +and closer to the true + +parameter value. + +And this is true no matter +what Theta is. + +No matter what the true +parameter Theta is, we're + +going to get close to it as +we collect more data. + +Okay. + +So these are two rough +qualitative properties that + +would be nice to have. + +If you want to get a little +more quantitative, you can + +start looking at the mean +squared error that your + +estimator gives. + +Now, once more, the comment I +was making up there applies. + +Namely, that this expectation +here is an expectation with + +respect to the probability +distribution of Theta hat that + +corresponds to a particular +value of little theta. + +So fix a little theta. + +Write down this expression. + +Look at the probability +distribution of Theta hat, + +under that little theta. + +And do this calculation. + +You're going to get some +quantity that depends on the + +little theta. + +And so all quantities in this +equality here should be + +interpreted as quantities under +that particular value of + +little theta. + +So if you wanted to make this +more explicit, you could start + +throwing little subscripts +everywhere in those + +expressions. + +And let's see what those +expressions tell us. + +The expected value squared of +a random variable, we know + +that it's always equal to the +variance of this random + +variable, plus the expectation +of the + +random variable squared. + +So the expectation value of that +random variable, squared. + +This equality here is just our +familiar formula, that the + +expected value of X squared is +the variance of X plus the + +expected value of X squared. + +So we apply this formula +to X equal to + +Theta hat minus Theta. + +Now, remember that, in this +classical setting, theta is + +just a constant. + +We have fixed Theta. + +We want to calculate the +variance of this quantity, + +under that particular Theta. + +When you add or subtract a +constant to a random variable, + +the variance doesn't change. + +This is the same as the variance +of our estimator. + +And what we've got here is +the bias of our estimate. + +It tells us, on the average, +whether we + +fall above or below. + +And we're taking the bias +to be b squared. + +If we have an unbiased +estimator, the bias + +term will be 0. + +So ideally we want Theta hat +to be very close to Theta. + +And since Theta is a constant, +if that happens, the variance + +of Theta hat would +be very small. + +So Theta is a constant. + +If Theta hat has a distribution +that's + +concentrated just around own +little theta, then Theta hat + +would have a small variance. + +So this is one desire +that have. + +We're going to have +a small variance. + +But we also want to have a small +bias at the same time. + +So the general form of the mean +squared error has two + +contributions. + +One is the variance +of our estimator. + +The other is the bias. + +And one usually wants to design +an estimator that + +simultaneously keeps both +of these terms small. + +So here's an estimation method +that would do very well with + +respect to this term, +but badly with + +respect to that term. + +So suppose that my distribution +is, let's say, + +normal with an unknown mean +Theta and variance 1. + +And I use as my estimator +something very dumb. + +I always produce an estimate +that says my estimate is 100. + +So I'm just ignoring the +data and report 100. + +What does this do? + +The variance of my +estimator is 0. + +There's no randomness in the +estimate that I report. + +But the bias is going +to be pretty bad. + +The bias is going to be Theta +hat, which is 100 minus the + +true value of Theta. + +And for some Theta's, my bias +is going to be horrible. + +If my true Theta happens +to be 0, my bias + +squared is a huge term. + +And I get a large error. + +So what's the moral +of this example? + +There are ways of making that +variance very small, but, in + +those cases, you pay a +price in the bias. + +So you want to do something a +little more delicate, where + +you try to keep both terms +small at the same time. + +So these types of considerations +become + +important when you start to try +to design sophisticated + +estimators for more complicated +problems. + +But we will not do this +in this class. + +This belongs to further +classes on + +statistics and inference. + +For this class, for parameter +estimation, we will basically + +stick to two very +simple methods. + +One is the maximum likelihood +method we've just discussed. + +And the other method is what you +would do if you were still + +in high school and didn't +know any probability. + +You get data. + +And these data come from +some distribution + +with an unknown mean. + +And you want to estimate +that the unknown mean. + +What would you do? + +You would just take those data +and average them out. + +So let's make this a little +more specific. + +We have X's that come from +a given distribution. + +We know the general form of +the distribution, perhaps. + +We do know, perhaps, the +variance of that distribution, + +or, perhaps, we don't know it. + +But we do not know the mean. + +And we want to estimate the +mean of that distribution. + +Now, we can write +this situation. + +We can represent it in +a different form. + +The Xi's are equal to Theta. + +This is the mean. + +Plus a 0 mean random +variable, that you + +can think of as noise. + +So this corresponds to the usual +situation you would have + +in a lab, where you +go and try to + +measure an unknown quantity. + +You get lots of measurements. + +But each time that you measure +them, your measurements have + +some extra noise in there. + +And you want to kind of +get rid of that noise. + +The way to try to get rid of +the measurement noise is to + +collect lots of data and +average them out. + +This is the sample mean. + +And this is a very, very +reasonable way of trying to + +estimate the unknown +mean of the X's. + +So this is the sample mean. + +It's a reasonable, plausible, +in general, pretty good + +estimator of the unknown mean +of a certain distribution. + +We can apply this estimator +without really knowing a lot + +about the distribution +of the X's. + +Actually, we don't need to +know anything about the + +distribution. + +We can still apply it, because +the variance, for example, + +does not show up here. + +We don't need to know +the variance to + +calculate that quantity. + +Does this estimator have +good properties? + +Yes, it does. + +What's the expected value +of the sample mean? + +If the expectation of this, it's +the expectation of this + +sum divided by n. + +The expected value for each +one of the X's is Theta. + +So the expected value +of the sample mean + +is just Theta itself. + +So our estimator is unbiased. + +No matter what Theta is, our +estimator does not have a + +systematic error in +either direction. + +Furthermore, the weak law of +large numbers tells us that + +this quantity converges to the +true parameter in probability. + +So it's a consistent +estimator. + +This is good. + +And if you want to calculate +the mean squared error + +corresponding to +this estimator. + +Remember how we defined the +mean squared error? + +It's this quantity. + +Then it's a calculation that we +have done a fair number of + +times by now. + +The mean squared error is the +variance of the distribution + +of the X's divided by n. + +So as we get more and more data, +the mean squared error + +goes down to 0. + +In some examples, it turns out +that the sample mean is also + +the same as the maximum +likelihood estimate. + +For example, if the X's are +coming from a normal + +distribution, you can write down +the likelihood, do the + +maximization with respect to +Theta, you'll find that the + +maximum likelihood estimate is +the same as the sample mean. + +In other cases, the sample mean +will be different from + +the maximum likelihood. + +And then you have a choice +about which one of the + +two you would use. + +Probably, in most reasonable +situations, you would just use + +the sample mean, because it's +simple, easy to compute, and + +has nice properties. + +All right. + +So you go to your boss. + +And you report and say, +OK, I did all my + +experiments in the lab. + +And the average value that I got +is a certain number, 2.37. + +So is that the informative +to your boss? + +Well your boss would like to +know how much they can trust + +this number, 2.37. + +Well, I know that the true +value is not going to be + +exactly that. + +But how close should it be? + +So give me a range of +what you think are + +possible values of Theta. + +So the situation is like this. + +So suppose that we observe X's +that are coming from a certain + +distribution. + +And we're trying to +estimate the mean. + +We get our data. + +Maybe our data looks something +like this. + +You calculate the mean. + +You find the sample mean. + +So let's suppose that the sample +mean is a number, for + +some reason take to be 2.37. + +But you want to convey something +to your boss about + +how spread out these +data were. + +So the boss asks you to give +him or her some kind of + +interval on which Theta, the +true parameter, might lie. + +So the boss asked you +for an interval. + +So what you do is you end up +reporting an interval. + +And you somehow use the data +that you have seen to + +construct this interval. + +And you report to your +boss also the + +endpoints of this interval. + +Let's give names to +these endpoints, + +Theta_n- and Theta_n+. + +The ends here just play the role +of keeping track of how + +many data we're using. + +So what you report to your boss +is this interval as well. + +Are these Theta's here, the +endpoints of the interval, + +lowercase or uppercase? + +What should they be? + +Well you construct these +intervals after + +you see your data. + +You take the data into account +to construct your interval. + +So these definitely should +depend on the data. + +And therefore they are +random variables. + +Same thing with your estimator, +in general, it's + +going to be a random variable. + +Although, when you go and report +numbers to your boss, + +you give the specific +realizations of the random + +variables, given the +data that you got. + +So instead of having +just a single box + +that produces estimates. + +So our previous picture was that +you have your estimator + +that takes X's and produces +Theta hats. + +Now our box will also be +producing Theta hats minus and + +Theta hats plus. + +It's going to produce +an interval as well. + +The X's are random, therefore +these quantities are random. + +Once you go and do the +experiment and obtain your + +data, then your data +will be some + +lowercase x, specific numbers. + +And then your estimates +and estimator + +become also lower case. + +What would we like this +interval to do? + +We would like it to be highly +likely to contain the true + +value of the parameter. + +So we might impose some specs +of the following kind. + +I pick a number, alpha. + +Usually that alpha, +think of it as a + +probability of a large error. + +Typical value of alpha might +be 0.05, in which case this + +number here is point 0.95. + +And you're given specs that +say something like this. + +I would like, with probability +at least 0.95, this to happen, + +which says that the true +parameter lies inside the + +confidence interval. + +Now let's try to interpret +this statement. + +Suppose that you did the +experiment, and that you ended + +up reporting to your boss +a confidence interval + +from 1.97 to 2.56. + +That's what you report +to your boss. + +And suppose that the confidence + +interval has this property. + +Can you go to your boss and say, +with probability 95%, the + +true value of Theta is between +these two numbers? + +Is that a meaningful +statement? + +So the statement is, the +tentative statement is, with + +probability 95%, the true +value of Theta is + +between 1.97 and 2.56. + +Well, what is random +in that statement? + +There's nothing random. + +The true value of theta +is a constant. + +1.97 is a number. + +2.56 is a number. + +So it doesn't make any sense to +talk about the probability + +that theta is in +this interval. + +Either theta happens to be +in that interval, or it + +happens to not be. + +But there are no probabilities +associated with this. + +Because theta is not random. + +Syntactically, you +can see this. + +Because theta here +is a lower case. + +So what kind of probabilities +are we talking about here? + +Where's the randomness? + +Well the random thing +is the interval. + +It's not theta. + +So the statement that is being +made here is that the + +interval, that's being +constructed by our procedure, + +should have the property that, +with probability 95%, it's + +going to fall on top of the +true value of theta. + +So the right way of interpreting +what the 95% + +confidence interval is, is +something like the following. + +We have the true value of theta +that we don't know. + +I get data. + +Based on the data, I construct +a confidence interval. + +I get my confidence interval. + +I got lucky. + +And the true value of +theta is in here. + +Next day, I do the same +experiment, take my data, + +construct a confidence +interval. + +And I get this confidence +interval, lucky once more. + +Next day I get data. + +I use my data to come up with +an estimate of theta and the + +confidence interval. + +That day, I was unlucky. + +And I got a confidence +interval out there. + +What the requirement here is, is +that 95% of the days, where + +we use this certain procedure +for constructing confidence + +intervals, 95% of those days, +we will be lucky. + +And we will capture the correct +value of theta by your + +confidence interval. + +So it's a statement about the +distribution of these random + +confidence intervals, how likely +are they to fall on top + +of the true theta, as opposed +to how likely + +they are to fall outside. + +So it's a statement about +probabilities associated with + +a confidence interval. + +They're not probabilities about +theta, because theta, + +itself, is not random. + +So this is what the confidence +interval is, in general, and + +how we interpret it. + +How do we construct a 95% +confidence interval? + +Let's go through this +exercise, in + +a particular example. + +The calculations are exactly the +same as the ones that you + +did when we talked about laws +of large numbers and the + +central limit theorem. + +So there's nothing new +calculationally but it's, + +perhaps, new in terms of the +language that we use and the + +interpretation. + +So we got our sample mean +from some distribution. + +And we would like to calculate +a 95% confidence interval. + +We know from the normal tables, +that the standard + +normal has 2.5% on the tail, +that's after 1.96. + +Yes, by this time, +the number 1.96 + +should be pretty familiar. + +So if this probability +here is 2.5%, this + +number here is 1.96. + +Now look at this random +variable here. + +This is the sample mean. + +Difference, from the true mean, +normalized by the usual + +normalizing factor. + +By the central limit theorem, +this is approximately normal. + +So it has probability 0.95 +of being less than 1.96. + +Now take this event here +and rewrite it. + +This the event, well, that +Theta hat minus theta is + +bigger than this number and +smaller than that number. + +This event here is equivalent +to that event here. + +And so this suggests a way of +constructing our 95% percent + +confidence interval. + +I'm going to report the +interval, which gives this as + +the lower end of the confidence +interval, and gives + +this as the upper end of +the confidence interval + +In other words, at the end of +the experiment, we report the + +sample mean, which +is our estimate. + +And we report also, an interval + +around the sample mean. + +And this is our 95% confidence +interval. + +The confidence interval becomes + +smaller, when n is larger. + +In some sense, we're more +certain that we're doing a + +good estimation job, so we can +have a small interval and + +still be quite confident that +our interval captures the true + +value of the parameter. + +Also, if our data have very +little noise, when you have + +more accurate measurements, +you're more confident that + +your estimate is pretty good. + +And that results in a smaller +confidence interval, smaller + +length of the confidence +interval. + +And still you have 95% +probability of capturing the + +true value of theta. + +So we did this exercise by +taking 95% confidence + +intervals and the corresponding +value from the + +normal tables, which is 1.96. + +Of course, you can do it more +generally, if you set your + +alpha to be some other number. + +Again, you look at the +normal tables. + +And you find the value here, +so that the tail has + +probability alpha over 2. + +And instead of using these 1.96, +you use whatever number + +you get from the +normal tables. + +And this tells you +how to construct + +a confidence interval. + +Well, to be exact, this +is not necessarily a + +95% confidence interval. + +It's approximately a 95% +confidence interval. + +Why is this? + +Because we've done +an approximation. + +We have used the central +limit theorem. + +So it might turn out to be a +95.5% confidence interval + +instead of 95%, because +our calculations are + +not entirely accurate. + +But for reasonable values of +n, using the central limit + +theorem is a good +approximation. + +And that's what people +almost always do. + +So just take the value from +the normal tables. + +Okay, except for one catch. + +I used the data. + +I obtained my estimate. + +And I want to go to my boss and +report this theta minus + +and theta hat, which is the +confidence interval. + +What's the difficulty? + +I know what n is. + +But I don't know what sigma +is, in general. + +So if I don't know sigma, +what am I going to do? + +Here, there's a few options +for what you can do. + +And the first option is familiar +from what we did when + +we talked about the +pollster problem. + +We don't know what sigma is, +but maybe we have an upper + +bound on sigma. + +For example, if the Xi's +Bernoulli random variables, we + +have seen that the standard +deviation is at most 1/2. + +So use the most conservative +value for sigma. + +Using the most conservative +value means that you take + +bigger confidence intervals +than necessary. + +So that's one option. + +Another option is to try to +estimate sigma from the data. + +How do you do this estimation? + +In special cases, for special +types of distributions, you + +can think of heuristic ways +of doing this estimation. + +For example, in the case of +Bernoulli random variables, we + +know that the true value of +sigma, the standard deviation + +of a Bernoulli random variable, +is the square root + +of theta1 minus theta, +where theta is + +the mean of the Bernoulli. + +Try to use this formula. + +But theta is the thing we're +trying to estimate in the + +first place. + +We don't know it. + +What do we do? + +Well, we have an estimate for +theta, the estimate, produced + +by our estimation procedure, +the sample mean. + +So I obtain my data. + +I get my data. + +I produce the estimate +theta hat. + +It's an estimate of the mean. + +Use that estimate in this +formula to come up with an + +estimate of my standard +deviation. + +And then use that standard +deviation, in the construction + +of the confidence interval, +pretending + +that this is correct. + +Well the number of your data is +large, then we know, from + +the law of large numbers, that +theta hat is a pretty good + +estimate of theta. + +So sigma hat is going to be a +pretty good estimate of sigma. + +So we're not making large errors +by using this approach. + +So in this scenario here, things +were simple, because we + +had an analytical formula. + +Sigma was determined by theta. + +So we could come up +with a quick and + +dirty estimate of sigma. + +In general, if you do not have +any nice formulas of this + +kind, what could you do? + +Well, you still need +to come up with an + +estimate of sigma somehow. + +What is a generic method for + +estimating a standard deviation? + +Equivalently, what could be a +generic method for estimating + +a variance? + +Well the variance is +an expected value + +of some random variable. + +The variance is the mean of the +random variable inside of + +those brackets. + +How does one estimate the mean +of some random variable? + +You obtain lots of measurements +of that random + +variable and average them out. + +So this would be a reasonable +way of estimating the variance + +of a distribution. + +And again, the weak law of large +numbers tells us that + +this average converges to the +expected value of this, which + +is just the variance of +the distribution. + +So we got a nice and +consistent way + +of estimating variances. + +But now, we seem to be getting +in a vicious circle here, + +because to estimate +the variance, we + +need to know the mean. + +And the mean is something we're +trying to estimate in + +the first place. + +Okay. + +But we do have an estimate +from the mean. + +So a reasonable approximation, +once more, is to plug-in, + +here, since we don't +know the mean, the + +estimate of the mean. + +And so you get that expression, +but with a theta + +hat instead of theta itself. + +And this is another +reasonable way of + +estimating the variance. + +It does have the same +consistency properties. + +Why? + +When n is large, this is going +to behave the same as that, + +because theta hat converges +to theta. + +And when n is large, this is +approximately the same as + +sigma squared. + +So for a large n, this quantity +also converges to + +sigma squared. + +And we have a consistent +estimate of + +the variance as well. + +And we can take that consistent +estimate and use it + +back in the construction +of confidence interval. + +One little detail, here, +we're dividing by n. + +Here, we're dividing by n-1. + +Why do we do this? + +Well, it turns out that's what +you need to do for these + +estimates to be an unbiased +estimate of the variance. + +One has to do a little bit of +a calculation, and one finds + +that that's the factor that you +need to have here in order + +to be unbiased. + +Of course, if you get 100 data +points, whether you divide by + +100 or divided by 99, it's +going to make only a tiny + +difference in your estimate +of your variance. + +So it's going to make only +a tiny difference in your + +estimate of the standard +deviation. + +It's not a big deal. + +And it doesn't really matter. + +But if you want to show off +about your deeper knowledge of + +statistics, you throw in the +1 over n-1 factor in there. + +So now one basically needs to +put together this story here, + +how you estimate the variance. + +You first estimate +the sample mean. + +And then you do some extra +work to come up with a + +reasonable estimate of +the variance and + +the standard deviation. + +And then you use your estimate, +of the standard + +deviation, to come up with a +confidence interval, which has + +these two endpoints. + +In doing this procedure, there's +basically a number of + +approximations that +are involved. + +There are two types +of approximations. + +One approximation is that we're +pretending that the + +sample mean has a normal +distribution. + +That's something we're justified +to do, by the + +central limit theorem. + +But it's not exact. + +It's an approximation. + +And the second approximation +that comes in is that, instead + +of using the correct standard +deviation, in general, you + +will have to use some +approximation of + +the standard deviation. + +Okay so you will be getting a +little bit of practice with + +these concepts in recitation +and tutorial. + +And we will move on to +new topics next week. + +But the material that's going +to be covered in the final + +exam is only up to this point. + +So next week is just +general education. + +Hopefully useful, but it's +not in the exam. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4_B2x3UVLAo.txt b/4_B2x3UVLAo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76830b34c4c0098f25b8d55e7115da7f1f09554a --- /dev/null +++ b/4_B2x3UVLAo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1586 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So in this second +lecture we're going to talk + +about some design patterns +for parallel programming. + +And to tell you a little bit +about what a design pattern is + +and why is it useful. + +And some of you, if you've +taken object oriented + +programming you've probably +already have seen design + +patterns before. + +So I ended the last lecture with +OK, so I understand some + +of the performance implications, +how do I go + +about parallelizing +my program? + +This is a flyer I found quite +often in books and talks on + +parallel programming. + +It essentially lays out 4 common +steps for parallelizing + +your program. + +So often, you start out with +sequential programs. This + +shouldn't be surprising since +for a long time as you've + +heard in earlier lectures, +people just coded sequential + +code and that was just +good enough. + +So now the problem is you want +to take that sequential code + +or you want to still write +sequential code just because + +it's conceptually easier and +you want to be able to + +parallelize it so you can map +it down to your parallel + +architecture, which in this +example has 4 processors. + +So the first step is you take +your sequential program and + +you divide it up into tasks. + +So during the project reviews, +for example, yesterday when I + +talked to each team individually +we sort of talked + +about this and you sort of +stumbled on these 4 steps + +whether you realized +it or not. + +And so you come up with these +tasks and then each one + +essentially incapsulates +some computation. + +And then you group them +together, so this is some + +granularity adjustment and you +map them down to processes. + +These are things you can pose +into threads, for example. + +And then you have to essentially +plot these down + +onto actual processors and they +have to talk with each + +other, so you have to +orchestrate to communication + +and then finally do +the execution. + +So step through each one +of these at a time. + +Sort of composition and recall +that just really effects or + +just really is effected +by Amdahl's Law. + +And that if there's not a whole +lot of parallels in the + +application your decomposition +is a waste of time. + +There's not really a +whole lot to get. + +But what you're trying to do +is identify concurrency in + +your application and +figure out at what + +level to exploit it. + +So what you're trying to do is +divide up your computation + +into tasks and eventually +these are going to be + +distributed among processors and +you want to find enough of + +them so that you can keep +all the processors busy. + +And remember that the more of +these that you have this gives + +you sort of an upper bound on +your potential speed up. + +And as in the rate tracing +example that I showed, the + +number of tasks that you +have may vary run time. + +So sometimes you might have lot +of arrays bouncing off a + +lot of things, and sometimes you +might not have a whole lot + +of reflection going on +so number of arrays + +will change over time. + +And in other applications, +interactions, for example, + +between molecules might +change in a + +molecular dynamic simulator. + +The assignment really +effects granularity. + +This is where you've partitioned +your tasks, you're + +trying to group them together +so that you're taking into + +account, what is the +communication + +cost going to be? + +What kind of locality am +I going to deal with? + +And what kind of synchronization +mechanisms do + +I need and how often do +I need to synchronize? + +You adjust your granularity +such that you end up with + +things that are load balanced +and you try to reduce + +communication as much +as possible. + +And structured approaches +might work well. + +You might look at the code, do +some inspection, you might + +understand the application, but +there are some well-known + +design patterns which is +essentially the thing we're + +going to get to try to +help you with this. + +As programmers really, I +think, we worry about + +partitioning first. This is +really independent of an + +architecture programming +model. + +Just taking my application and +figuring out well, what are + +different parts that I need to +compose together to build my + +application? + +So I'm going to show you +an example of that. + +And one thing to keep in the +back of your mind is that the + +complexity of how much +partitioning work you actually + +have to do really effects +your decision. + +So if you start out with some +piece of code or you wrote + +your code in one way and you +realize that to actually + +parallelize it requires so much +more work, in some user + +studies we've done on sort of +trying to get performance from + +code, it really effects how +much work you actually do. + +And if something requires a lot +of work, you might not do + +it even though it might have +really hot payoff. + +So you want to be able to keep +complexity down, so it pays + +off to really think well about +your algorithm, how you + +structure it ahead of time. + +And finally, the last two stages +I've lumped together. + +It's really orchestration +and mapping. + +I have my task, they need to +communicate, so what kind of + +computation primitives +do I need? + +What kind of communication +primitives do I need? + +So am I packaging things +up into threads? + +And they're talking together +over DMAs or shared memories. + +And what you want to do is try +to preserve locality and then + +figure out how to come up with +a scheduling order that + +preserves overall dependence +of the computation. + +Parallel program by patterns is +meant to essentially give + +you a cookbook or set of recipes +you can follow to help + +you with different steps: +decompose, assign, + +orchestrate and map. + +This could lead to really +high quality + +solutions in some domains. + +So in the scientific +computations there's a lot of + +problems that are well +understood and well studied + +and some of the frequently +occurring things have been + +abstracted out and sort of +recorded in patterns. + +And there's another purpose to +patterns too, in that they + +provide you with the +vocabulary for-- + +two programmers can talk to each +other and use the right + +terminology and that conveys +a whole lot of information + +without having to actually +go through and + +understand all the details. + +You instantaneously know if +I use a particular model. + +It can also help with software +reusuability, malleability, + +and modularity. + +All of those things that are +software engineer perspective + +from an engineering perspective +are important. + +So brief history and I found +this in some of the talks that + +I was researching. + +There's a book by Christopher +Alexander from Berkeley in + +1977 that actually looked at +classifying patterns or really + +listing patterns from an +architectural perspective. + +He tried to look at what are +some patterns that occur in + +living designs and +recording those. + +So as an example, for +example, there's a 6 + +foot balcony pattern. + +So if you're going to build a +balcony you should build it 6 + +foot deep and you should have it +slightly recessed and so on + +because this is what's commonly +used and these are + +the kinds of balconies that +have good properties + +architecturally. + +Now I don't know whether this +book actually had a whole lot + +of impact on how people designed +architectures. + +Certainly not probably for the +Stata Center, but some + +patterns from object oriented +programming, I think, many of + +you have already seen these by +the Gang of Four in 1995-- + +really sort of organized and +classified and came up with + +different ways of-- + +or captured different ways of +programming that people had + +been using. + +You know, things like the +visitor pattern, for example, + +some of you might know. + +So in 2005, not too long ago +there was a new book, which + +I'm using to create some +of these slides. + +Really came up with or recorded +patterns for parallel + +programming. + +And they identified really +4 design spaces. + +I think these are sort of +structured to express or + +capture different elements. + +So some elements are for the +algorithm expression, I've + +listed those here and some are +for the actual software + +construction or the actual +implementation. + +So under algorithm expression +it's really the thing of + +decomposition; finding +concurrency. + +Where are my tasks? + +In the algorithm structure, +well, you might need some way + +of packaging those tasks +together so that they can talk + +to each other and be able to +use parallel architecture. + +On the software construction +side you're dealing slightly + +more low level details. + +So what are some things you +might need at a slightly lower + +level of implementation to +actually get all the + +computation that's expressed at +the algorithm level to work + +and run well? + +So I'm going to essentially talk +about the latter part in + +the next lecture and I'll cover +much of the algorithm + +expression stuff here-- + +at least the fine concurrency +part in this talk. + +And if there's time I'll +do algorithm structure. + +Otherwise, just talk +about it next time. + +So let's say you're working +with MPEG decoding. + +This is a pipeline picture of an +MPEG 2 decoder or rather a + +blocked level diagram of +an MPEG 2 decoder. + +And you have this algorithm +and you say, OK, I want to + +parallelize this. + +Where's my parallelism? + +Where's my concurrency? + +You know, in MPEG 2 you have +some bit screen, you do some + +decoding on it and you end +up with two things. + +You end up with motion vectors +that tell you here's + +somebody's head, in the next +scene it's moved to this + +particular location. + +So these are captured by +the motion vectors. + +So this captures or recovers +temporal information. + +In here you cover spatial +information. + +So in somebody's head you might +have discovered some + +redundancies so that redundancy +is eliminated out + +so you need to know essentially, +uncompress or + +undo that compression. + +So you go through some stages. + +You combine the two together. + +Combine the motion estimation +and now the recovered pictures + +to reconstruct the image and +then you might do some + +additional stages. + +This particular stage here is +indicated to be data parallel + +in that I can do different +scenes for example in parallel + +or I might be able to do +different slices of the + +picture in parallel. + +So I can essentially take +advantage of data parallelism + +in the concept of taking a loop +and breaking it up as I + +showed in lecture 5. + +So in task decomposition what +we're looking for is really + +independent coarse-grain +computation. + +And these often are inherent to +the algorithm. so here I've + +outlined these in yellow here. + +You know, so this is one +particular task. + +I can have one thread of +execution doing all the + +spatial decomposition. + +I can have another +thread decoding + +all my motion vectors. + +And in general, you're looking +for sequences of statements + +that operate together +as a group. + +These could be loops or they +could be functions. + +And usually you want these to +essentially just fall out of + +your algorithm as +it's expressed. + +And a lot of cases it does, so +depending on how you think + +about the program you might +be able to find + +these quicker or easier. + +Data decompositions, which +I've highlighted here + +essentially says you have the +same computation applied to + +lots of small data element. + +You know, you can take your +large data element, partition + +it into smaller chunks and do +the computation over and over + +in parallel and so that allows +you to essentially get that + +kind of data parallelism, +expansion of space. + +And finally, I'm going to +make a case for pipeline + +parallelism, which essentially +says, well, I can recognize + +that I have a lot of stages in +my computation and it does + +help to actually have this kind +of decomposition just + +because you're familiar +with pipelining + +concepts from other domains. + +So this type of producer +consumer chain is actually + +beneficial. + +So it does help to sort of +expose these kinds of + +relationships. + +So what are some guidelines for +actually coming up with + +your task decomposition? + +Where do you start? + +You have your algorithm, you +understand the problem really + +well, you're writing some code +and the hope is that in fact, + +as I've pointed out, it does +happen that you can look for + +natural code regions that +incapsulate your computation. + +So function calls, distinct +loop iterations are pretty + +good places to start looking. + +And it's easier as a general +rule, it's easier to start + +with as many tasks as possible +and then fuse them to make the + +more coarse-grained than to +go the other way around. + +It impacts your software +engineering decisions, it + +impacts software implementation, +it impacts how + +you incapsulate things at +low level details of + +implementation. + +So it's always easier to +fuse than to fizz. + +And you want to consider +three things. + +You want to keep three things +in mind: flexibility, + +efficiency, and simplicity. + +So flexibility says if you made +some decisions, is that + +really going to scale well or +is it going to allow you to + +sort of make the decisions, +changes? + +So you might want to have +fixed tasks versus + +parameterized tasks, +for example. + +So the loops that I showed in +the previous talk, each loop + +that I parallelized had a hard +coded number that said, you're + +going to do 4 iterations. + +That may work well or it +may not work well. + +You know, I can't reuse that +code now if I want to + +essentially use that kind of +data decomposition and work + +sharing if I have a longer loop +and I want a longer array + +and I want each thread +to do more work. + +So you might want to +parameterize more things in + +your tasks. + +The efficiency, in that you have +to keep in mind that each + +of these tasks will eventually +sort of have to talk with + +other tasks. + +There's communication costs +that have to be taken into + +account, synchronization. + +So you want these tasks to +actually amortize the + +communication costs or other +overheads over to computation. + +And you want to keep in mind +that there's going to be + +dependencies between these tasks +and you don't want these + +dependencies to get +out of hand. + +So you want to keep things +under control. + +And lastly, which is probably as +important as the other two: + +simplicity. + +And that if you start +decomposing your code into + +different chunks and you can't +then understand your code in + +the end, it doesn't help you +from debugging perspective, + +doesn't help you from a +software engineering + +perspective or not being able +to reuse you code or other + +people being able to understand +your code. + +Guidelines for data + +decomposition are sort of similar. + +And you essentially have to do +task and data parallelism to + +sort of complete your process. + +And often your task +decomposition dictates your + +data partitioning. + +So if I've split up a loop into +two different processes + +I've essentially implied how +data should be distributed + +between these two threads. + +And data composition is a good +starting point as opposed to + +task parallelism as a +good starting point. + +If you're doing the same +computation over and over and + +over again, over really, really +large data sets, so you + +can essentially use that as your +stick to decide whether + +you do task decomposition first +or data decomposition + +first. + +I've just listed two common +data decompositions. + +I'll talk about more of these +later on when we talk about + +actual performance +optimizations. + +So you want to decompose arrays +for example, along rows + +or columns. + +You can compose arrays into +blocks, you decompose them + +into blocks. + +You have recursive +data structures. + +So a tree, you might partition +it into left and right + +sub-trees in a binary tree. + +And the thing you're trying to +get to is actually start with + +a problem, and then recursively +subdivide it until + +you can get to a manageable +part. + +Do the computation and figure +out a way to do the + +integration. + +You know, it's like merge +sort, classic example -- + +tries to capture this +really well. + +So again, the three theme, key +concepts to keep in mind when + +you're doing data decomposition: +flexibility, + +efficiency, and simplicity. + +The first two are really just +meant to suggest that the size + +of the data that you've +allocated actually leads to + +enough work. + +Because you want to amortize the +cost of communication or + +synchronization, but you also +want the amount of work that's + +generated by each data chunk +to generate about the same + +amount of work, so +load balancing. + +And simplicity, just for same +reason as task decomposition + +can get out of hand, +data decomposition + +can get out of hand. + +You don't want data moving +around throughout and then it + +becomes again, hard to debug or +manage or make changes and + +track dependencies. + +Pipeline parallelism, this is +actually classified somewhere + +else in the book. + +Actually, lifted it up and tried +to make a case for it in + +that it's just good nature I +think, to expose producer + +consumer relationships +in your code. + +So if I have a function that's +producing data that's going to + +be used by another function as +with the spatial decomposition + +or in different stages of +classic rate tracing + +algorithms you want to maintain +that producer + +consumer relationship or that +asembly line analogy. + +And what are some prime examples +of pipelines in + +computer architecture? + +It's like the instruction +pipeline + +and your super scalar. + +But there might be some other +examples of pipelines, things + +that you might have used +in say, UNIX shell. + +So cat processor, pipe +it to another-- + +to a grep word and then +word count that. + +So I think it's a +natural concept. + +We use it in many different ways +and it's good to sort of + +practice that at the software +level as well. + +And there are some computations +in specific + +domains, like in signal +processing and graphics that + +have really sort of-- + +where the pipeline model is +really important part of how + +computation gets carried out. + +You know, you have your graphics +pipeline for example, + +in signal processing. + +How much time do I have? + +How am I doing on time? + +PROFESSOR: OK, should +I stop here? + +AUDIENCE: About how much more? + +PROFESSOR: 10 slides. + +PROFESSOR: OK, so this is sort +of a brief summary, which will + +lead into a much larger talk at +the next lecture on how you + +actually go about re-engineering +your code for + +parallelism. + +And this could come into play +if you start with sequential + +code and you're parallelizing +it. + +Some of you are doing that +for your projects. + +Or if you're actually writing +code from scratch and you want + +to engineer that for parallelism +as well. + +So I think it's important to +sort of understand the problem + +that you're working with. + +So you want to survey your +landscape, understand what + +other people might have done, +and look for well-known + +solutions and common pitfalls. + +And the patterns that I'm going +to talk about in more + +detail really provide you with a +list of questions to sort of + +help you assess the existing +code that you're working with + +or the problem that you're +trying to solve. + +There's something that you need +to keep in mind that sort + +of effect your overall +correctness. + +So for example, is your + +computation numerically stable? + +You might know if you have a +floating point computation you + +might not be able to reorder +all the operations because + +that might effect your +actual precision. + +And so your overall output might +be different and that + +may or may not be acceptable. + +So a lot of scientific codes for +example, are things that + +have to deal with a lot of +precision, might have to be + +cognizant of that fact. + +You want to also define the +scope of, what are you trying + +to do and will it +be good enough? + +You want to do back of the hand, +back of the envelope + +calculations to make sure that +things that you're suggesting + +of doing are actually feasible, +that they're + +actually practical and that +will give you the sort of + +performance expectations +that you've set out. + +You also want to understand +your input range. + +You might be able to specialize +if there are some + +cases for example, that you're +allowed to ignore. + +So these are good things +to keep in mind. + +You also want to define +a testing protocol. + +I think it's important +to understand-- + +you started out with some piece +of code, you're going to + +make some changes to it, +how you going to go + +about testing it? + +How you might go about debugging +it and that could be + +essentially where you spend +a lot of your time. + +And then having these things +in mind, I think, the parts + +that are worth looking +at are the parts that + +make the most sense. + +Where is your computation +spending most of its time? + +Is there hot spots +in your code? + +And you can use profiling tools +for that and in fact, + +you'll see some of that for +cell in some of the + +recitations later +in the course. + +So a simple example of molecular +dynamics simulator. + +What you're trying to do is, +you have some space of + +molecules, which I'm just going +to represent in 2D. + +You know, look, they have water +molecules and I have + +some protein that I'm trying +to understand how the + +different atoms in that molecule +are moving around so + +that I can determine the +shape of the protein. + +So there are forces, +there are bonded + +forces between the molecules. + +So I've just shown for example, +bonded forces among + +my protein and then there +are non-bonded forces. + +So how are different atoms sort +of interacting with each + +other because of electrostatic +forces, for example. + +So what you try to do is figure +out, on each atom, what + +are all the forces that are +affecting it and what is its + +current position and then you +try to estimate where it's + +going to move based on +Newtonian, in the simplest + +case, a Newtonian f equals +m a type projection. + +So in a naive algorithm you have +n squared interactions. + +You have to calculate all the +forces on one molecule from + +all others. + +By understanding your problem +you know that you can actually + +exploit the properties of +forces that essentially + +decrease exponentially, so you +can use a cutoff distance. + +So if a molecule is way too far +away you can ignore this. + +And for people who do galaxy +calculations, you know you can + +ignore geometric forces between +constellations or + +clusters that are +too far apart. + +So in the sequential code, some +pseudo code for doing a + +molecular dynamic simulator, +you have your atoms array, + +your force array, your set of +neighbors in a two-dimensional + +space and you're going to go +through and sort of simulate + +different time steps. + +And for each time step you're +going to do-- for each atom-- + +compute the bonded forces, +compute who are my neighbors + +for those neighbors, compute-- +so these are things that + +essentially incapsulate +distance. + +Compute the forces between +them, update the + +position and end. + +So since this is a loop then +that might suggest essentially + +where to start looking +for concurrency. + +So you can start with the +decomposition patterns and + +they'll be more in depth details +about those next. + +I'm going to give you some +intuition and then you would + +try to figure out whether your +decomposition has to abide by + +certain dependencies and what +are those dependencies? + +How do you expose them? + +And then, how can you +design and evaluate? + +How can you evaluate +your design? + +Screwed up again. + +I just fixed this. + +OK, so this is the pseudo code +again from the previous slide. + +And since all you have is a +simple loop that essentially + +says, this is where to look +for the computation. + +And since you're essentially +doing the same computation for + +each atom then that again, +gives you the type of + +parallelism that we've +talked about before. + +So you can look for splitting +up each iteration and + +parallelizing those so that each +processor for example, + +does one atom. + +Or each processor does a +collection of atoms. But there + +are additional tasks. + +So data level parallelism +versus sort of control + +parallelism. + +For each atom you also want +to calculate the forces. + +You want to calculate long +range interactions, find + +neighbors, update position +and so on. + +And some of these have shared +data, some of them do not. + +So you have to factor that in. + +So understanding there control +dependencies essentially tells + +you how you need to it lay +out your orchestration. + +So you have your bonded forces, +you have your neighbor + +list, that effects your long +range calculations. + +But to do this update position +I need both of these tasks to + +have completed. + +And in each one of these tasks +there's different data + +structures that they need. + +So everybody essentially reads +the location of the items. So + +this is good because we want +time step that essentially + +says, I can really distribute +this really well, but then + +there's a right synchronization +problem + +because eventually I have to +update this array so I have to + +be careful about who goes +first. There's an + +accumulation, which means +I can potentially do a + +reduction on these. + +There's some write on the other +end, but that seems to + +be a localized data structure. + +So for partitioning example, +neighbors might have to be + +just locals at a different +processor. + +So coming up with this structure +and sort of block + +level diagram helps you +essentially figure out where + +are your tasks? + +Helps you figure out what kind +of synchronization mechanisms + +you need and it can also help +you suggest the data + +distribution that you might need +to reduce synchronization + +costs and problems. And +lastly, you want to + +essentially evaluate +your design. + +And you want to keep in mind, +what is your target + +architecture. + +Are you trying to really run +on shared memory and + +distributed memory and message +passing or are you just doing + +this for one architecture? + +So for your project, you're +doing this for self, so you + +can be very self specific. + +But if you're doing this +in other contexts, the + +architecture actually +might influence + +some of your decisions. + +Does data sharing have +enough special + +properties like a read only? + +There are data structures +that are read only. + +Are there enough accumulations +that you can exploit by + +reductions? + +Are there temporal constraints +on data sharing + +that you can exploit? + +And can you deal with +those efficiently? + +If you can't then you +have a problem. + +So you need to resolve that. + +If the designs OK then +you move on to + +the next design space. + +So at the next lecture +I'll go through these + +in a lot more detail. + +That's it. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4_tngSkFXes.txt b/4_tngSkFXes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..854b9a992abd040092f3d312b9e1c4fc5399b5ef --- /dev/null +++ b/4_tngSkFXes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,827 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so let's look a little more closely at + + align:start position:0% +so let's look a little more closely at + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look a little more closely at +aperture settings which in fact is a + + align:start position:0% +aperture settings which in fact is a + + + align:start position:0% +aperture settings which in fact is a +discussion really about what we call + + align:start position:0% +discussion really about what we call + + + align:start position:0% +discussion really about what we call +depth of field depth of field is about + + align:start position:0% +depth of field depth of field is about + + + align:start position:0% +depth of field depth of field is about +what is in focus and what is not in + + align:start position:0% +what is in focus and what is not in + + + align:start position:0% +what is in focus and what is not in +focus in your picture your aperture + + align:start position:0% +focus in your picture your aperture + + + align:start position:0% +focus in your picture your aperture +setting on your lens sets the size of + + align:start position:0% +setting on your lens sets the size of + + + align:start position:0% +setting on your lens sets the size of +your aperture or maybe it's easier to + + align:start position:0% +your aperture or maybe it's easier to + + + align:start position:0% +your aperture or maybe it's easier to +think of it as a whole the size of that + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a whole the size of that + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a whole the size of that +hole determines how how much of your + + align:start position:0% +hole determines how how much of your + + + align:start position:0% +hole determines how how much of your +image is in focus when you set your lens + + align:start position:0% +image is in focus when you set your lens + + + align:start position:0% +image is in focus when you set your lens +to the largest aperture that your lens + + align:start position:0% +to the largest aperture that your lens + + + align:start position:0% +to the largest aperture that your lens +offers we say that your lens is wide + + align:start position:0% +offers we say that your lens is wide + + + align:start position:0% +offers we say that your lens is wide +open and in that wide open setting is + + align:start position:0% +open and in that wide open setting is + + + align:start position:0% +open and in that wide open setting is +what you see in your + + align:start position:0% +what you see in your + + + align:start position:0% +what you see in your +viewfinder if you want to see what is in + + align:start position:0% +viewfinder if you want to see what is in + + + align:start position:0% +viewfinder if you want to see what is in +Focus through your viewfinder that is if + + align:start position:0% +Focus through your viewfinder that is if + + + align:start position:0% +Focus through your viewfinder that is if +you set your aperture let's say at F32 + + align:start position:0% +you set your aperture let's say at F32 + + + align:start position:0% +you set your aperture let's say at F32 +you'll have to press the preview button + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to press the preview button + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to press the preview button +to see what will be in focus by pressing + + align:start position:0% +to see what will be in focus by pressing + + + align:start position:0% +to see what will be in focus by pressing +the preview the aperture will close down + + align:start position:0% +the preview the aperture will close down + + + align:start position:0% +the preview the aperture will close down +to your Chosen f-stop and you'll see a + + align:start position:0% +to your Chosen f-stop and you'll see a + + + align:start position:0% +to your Chosen f-stop and you'll see a +darkened image in your viewfinder it's + + align:start position:0% +darkened image in your viewfinder it's + + + align:start position:0% +darkened image in your viewfinder it's +another reason why I use the software + + align:start position:0% +another reason why I use the software + + + align:start position:0% +another reason why I use the software +remember in the software's live view we + + align:start position:0% +remember in the software's live view we + + + align:start position:0% +remember in the software's live view we +see the image with the chosen aperture + + align:start position:0% +see the image with the chosen aperture + + + align:start position:0% +see the image with the chosen aperture +on the screen much easier than seeing a + + align:start position:0% +on the screen much easier than seeing a + + + align:start position:0% +on the screen much easier than seeing a +darkened image and trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +darkened image and trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +darkened image and trying to figure out +what's in Focus there's no need to press + + align:start position:0% +what's in Focus there's no need to press + + + align:start position:0% +what's in Focus there's no need to press +a preview button when you use + + align:start position:0% +a preview button when you use + + + align:start position:0% +a preview button when you use +software so in our situation 28 is the + + align:start position:0% +software so in our situation 28 is the + + + align:start position:0% +software so in our situation 28 is the +largest aperture in this particular 105 + + align:start position:0% +largest aperture in this particular 105 + + + align:start position:0% +largest aperture in this particular 105 +lens we call it f-stop + + align:start position:0% +lens we call it f-stop + + + align:start position:0% +lens we call it f-stop +2.8 or + + align:start position:0% +2.8 or + + + align:start position:0% +2.8 or +F28 notice that the number is actually + + align:start position:0% +F28 notice that the number is actually + + + align:start position:0% +F28 notice that the number is actually +written as F over 2.8 when we set the + + align:start position:0% +written as F over 2.8 when we set the + + + align:start position:0% +written as F over 2.8 when we set the +diaphragm to those numbers written on + + align:start position:0% +diaphragm to those numbers written on + + + align:start position:0% +diaphragm to those numbers written on +the lens the numbers in fact represent + + align:start position:0% +the lens the numbers in fact represent + + + align:start position:0% +the lens the numbers in fact represent +fractions and for that reason F over 28 + + align:start position:0% +fractions and for that reason F over 28 + + + align:start position:0% +fractions and for that reason F over 28 +is larger in terms of size of the + + align:start position:0% +is larger in terms of size of the + + + align:start position:0% +is larger in terms of size of the +aperture than let's say f over4 and F4 + + align:start position:0% +aperture than let's say f over4 and F4 + + + align:start position:0% +aperture than let's say f over4 and F4 +is larger than 56 and so on this can be + + align:start position:0% +is larger than 56 and so on this can be + + + align:start position:0% +is larger than 56 and so on this can be +a little confusing but if you think in + + align:start position:0% +a little confusing but if you think in + + + align:start position:0% +a little confusing but if you think in +terms of fractions it will make more + + align:start position:0% +terms of fractions it will make more + + + align:start position:0% +terms of fractions it will make more +sense so these are the settings we'll + + align:start position:0% +sense so these are the settings we'll + + + align:start position:0% +sense so these are the settings we'll +look at in this exercise you'll see more + + align:start position:0% +look at in this exercise you'll see more + + + align:start position:0% +look at in this exercise you'll see more +potential settings on your lens but for + + align:start position:0% +potential settings on your lens but for + + + align:start position:0% +potential settings on your lens but for +our purposes here these should be enough + + align:start position:0% +our purposes here these should be enough + + + align:start position:0% +our purposes here these should be enough +to make the point about Focus changes + + align:start position:0% +to make the point about Focus changes + + + align:start position:0% +to make the point about Focus changes +we'll stay with these + + align:start position:0% +we'll stay with these + + + align:start position:0% +we'll stay with these +five okay now here's the image I made of + + align:start position:0% +five okay now here's the image I made of + + + align:start position:0% +five okay now here's the image I made of +our music box at F4 take a hard look at + + align:start position:0% +our music box at F4 take a hard look at + + + align:start position:0% +our music box at F4 take a hard look at +what is in focus and what is not not + + align:start position:0% +what is in focus and what is not not + + + align:start position:0% +what is in focus and what is not not +very much in the foreground and + + align:start position:0% +very much in the foreground and + + + align:start position:0% +very much in the foreground and +background and so we say this image has + + align:start position:0% +background and so we say this image has + + + align:start position:0% +background and so we say this image has +a narrow depth of field not a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +a narrow depth of field not a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +a narrow depth of field not a whole lot +is in + + align:start position:0% +is in + + + align:start position:0% +is in +Focus now at 5.6 here is the image again + + align:start position:0% +Focus now at 5.6 here is the image again + + + align:start position:0% +Focus now at 5.6 here is the image again +let's compare the two we're seeing very + + align:start position:0% +let's compare the two we're seeing very + + + align:start position:0% +let's compare the two we're seeing very +slight changes in Focus that's what + + align:start position:0% +slight changes in Focus that's what + + + align:start position:0% +slight changes in Focus that's what +we're looking for Take A Hard look + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for Take A Hard look + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for Take A Hard look +what's in focus and now we'll go to f8 + + align:start position:0% +what's in focus and now we'll go to f8 + + + align:start position:0% +what's in focus and now we'll go to f8 +and comparing f8 to 5 six little by + + align:start position:0% +and comparing f8 to 5 six little by + + + align:start position:0% +and comparing f8 to 5 six little by +little more of the image is coming into + + align:start position:0% +little more of the image is coming into + + + align:start position:0% +little more of the image is coming into +Focus you should stop the video and give + + align:start position:0% +Focus you should stop the video and give + + + align:start position:0% +Focus you should stop the video and give +the two a careful look notice the + + align:start position:0% +the two a careful look notice the + + + align:start position:0% +the two a careful look notice the +Turning mechanism a tad more in focus + + align:start position:0% +Turning mechanism a tad more in focus + + + align:start position:0% +Turning mechanism a tad more in focus +with f8 and a tad more as well in the + + align:start position:0% +with f8 and a tad more as well in the + + + align:start position:0% +with f8 and a tad more as well in the +screws and everything else in that + + align:start position:0% +screws and everything else in that + + + align:start position:0% +screws and everything else in that +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +plane we'll go to the next f-stop f11 + + align:start position:0% +plane we'll go to the next f-stop f11 + + + align:start position:0% +plane we'll go to the next f-stop f11 +and we'll compare to the previous image + + align:start position:0% +and we'll compare to the previous image + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll compare to the previous image +f8 and again you should stop the video + + align:start position:0% +f8 and again you should stop the video + + + align:start position:0% +f8 and again you should stop the video +to make the comparison and just to move + + align:start position:0% +to make the comparison and just to move + + + align:start position:0% +to make the comparison and just to move +things along a bit we'll just go right + + align:start position:0% +things along a bit we'll just go right + + + align:start position:0% +things along a bit we'll just go right +to F32 look at how small the aperture is + + align:start position:0% +to F32 look at how small the aperture is + + + align:start position:0% +to F32 look at how small the aperture is +and look at how so much more of the + + align:start position:0% +and look at how so much more of the + + + align:start position:0% +and look at how so much more of the +image is in Focus compared to the + + align:start position:0% +image is in Focus compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +image is in Focus compared to the +previous now to drive home the point + + align:start position:0% +previous now to drive home the point + + + align:start position:0% +previous now to drive home the point +even further let's compare F32 with F4 + + align:start position:0% +even further let's compare F32 with F4 + + + align:start position:0% +even further let's compare F32 with F4 +so you really see a significant change + + align:start position:0% +so you really see a significant change + + + align:start position:0% +so you really see a significant change +that's what these observations are about + + align:start position:0% +that's what these observations are about + + + align:start position:0% +that's what these observations are about +we're seeing how Focus or depth of field + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing how Focus or depth of field + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing how Focus or depth of field +changes more and more gets into to focus + + align:start position:0% +changes more and more gets into to focus + + + align:start position:0% +changes more and more gets into to focus +as we close down or stop down the + + align:start position:0% +as we close down or stop down the + + + align:start position:0% +as we close down or stop down the +aperture to the smaller fraction + + align:start position:0% +aperture to the smaller fraction + + + align:start position:0% +aperture to the smaller fraction +settings on your + + align:start position:0% +settings on your + + + align:start position:0% +settings on your +lens but remember as we close the + + align:start position:0% +lens but remember as we close the + + + align:start position:0% +lens but remember as we close the +aperture to smaller settings like F32 we + + align:start position:0% +aperture to smaller settings like F32 we + + + align:start position:0% +aperture to smaller settings like F32 we +also decrease the amount of light we let + + align:start position:0% +also decrease the amount of light we let + + + align:start position:0% +also decrease the amount of light we let +into the camera we're not getting the + + align:start position:0% +into the camera we're not getting the + + + align:start position:0% +into the camera we're not getting the +right exposure until we compensate by + + align:start position:0% +right exposure until we compensate by + + + align:start position:0% +right exposure until we compensate by +increasing the amount of time the + + align:start position:0% +increasing the amount of time the + + + align:start position:0% +increasing the amount of time the +shutter is open + + align:start position:0% +shutter is open + + + align:start position:0% +shutter is open +for example when I change from 1 + + align:start position:0% +for example when I change from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +for example when I change from 1 +second to two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds I'm keeping the shutter open + + align:start position:0% +seconds I'm keeping the shutter open + + + align:start position:0% +seconds I'm keeping the shutter open +twice as long allowing more light into + + align:start position:0% +twice as long allowing more light into + + + align:start position:0% +twice as long allowing more light into +the camera the longer the shutter is + + align:start position:0% +the camera the longer the shutter is + + + align:start position:0% +the camera the longer the shutter is +open the longer we permit the light to + + align:start position:0% +open the longer we permit the light to + + + align:start position:0% +open the longer we permit the light to +enter the camera and to be read by the + + align:start position:0% +enter the camera and to be read by the + + + align:start position:0% +enter the camera and to be read by the +sensor compensating for small aperture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +settings \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4owydSnRHuE.txt b/4owydSnRHuE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0373ff2779d13874c35a3f6599df83e0a388b8ec --- /dev/null +++ b/4owydSnRHuE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7971 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so today uh we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so today uh we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so today uh we're going to talk about +the we we've talked about primary + + align:start position:0% +the we we've talked about primary + + + align:start position:0% +the we we've talked about primary +productivity on a global scale last time + + align:start position:0% +productivity on a global scale last time + + + align:start position:0% +productivity on a global scale last time +um and today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +um and today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um and today we're going to talk about +what regulates that productivity in + + align:start position:0% +what regulates that productivity in + + + align:start position:0% +what regulates that productivity in +other words last time we just talked + + align:start position:0% +other words last time we just talked + + + align:start position:0% +other words last time we just talked +about on average the amount of carbon + + align:start position:0% +about on average the amount of carbon + + + align:start position:0% +about on average the amount of carbon +biomass that was distributed among the + + align:start position:0% +biomass that was distributed among the + + + align:start position:0% +biomass that was distributed among the +um the ecosystems of the globe and we + + align:start position:0% +um the ecosystems of the globe and we + + + align:start position:0% +um the ecosystems of the globe and we +talked about efficiencies of transfer of + + align:start position:0% +talked about efficiencies of transfer of + + + align:start position:0% +talked about efficiencies of transfer of +that biomass through food webs Etc oh by + + align:start position:0% +that biomass through food webs Etc oh by + + + align:start position:0% +that biomass through food webs Etc oh by +the way the one the one universal thing + + align:start position:0% +the way the one the one universal thing + + + align:start position:0% +the way the one the one universal thing +that everybody seems to like are the + + align:start position:0% +that everybody seems to like are the + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody seems to like are the +DVDs at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +DVDs at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +DVDs at the end of the +class which uh which is good um + + align:start position:0% +class which uh which is good um + + + align:start position:0% +class which uh which is good um +unfortunately today's class we're not + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately today's class we're not + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately today's class we're not +going to have one but so you have + + align:start position:0% +going to have one but so you have + + + align:start position:0% +going to have one but so you have +something to look forward to next on + + align:start position:0% +something to look forward to next on + + + align:start position:0% +something to look forward to next on +Wednesday I'll show you one at the end + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday I'll show you one at the end + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday I'll show you one at the end +uh that is really one of the cooler ones + + align:start position:0% +uh that is really one of the cooler ones + + + align:start position:0% +uh that is really one of the cooler ones +of uh of the collection that has nothing + + align:start position:0% +of uh of the collection that has nothing + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of the collection that has nothing +to do with the lecture but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +to do with the lecture but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the lecture but I'm going to +show it to you anyway anyway um okay so + + align:start position:0% +show it to you anyway anyway um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +show it to you anyway anyway um okay so +so today we're going to talk about what + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +so today we're going to talk about what +regulates the productivity we've talked + + align:start position:0% +regulates the productivity we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +regulates the productivity we've talked +about these complex systems in ecology + + align:start position:0% +about these complex systems in ecology + + + align:start position:0% +about these complex systems in ecology +and the feedback mechanisms so in the + + align:start position:0% +and the feedback mechanisms so in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the feedback mechanisms so in the +context of productivity we're going to + + align:start position:0% +context of productivity we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +context of productivity we're going to +talk about the factors the abiotic + + align:start position:0% +talk about the factors the abiotic + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the factors the abiotic +factors the non-living parts of the + + align:start position:0% +factors the non-living parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +factors the non-living parts of the +earth uh that regulate this productivity + + align:start position:0% +earth uh that regulate this productivity + + + align:start position:0% +earth uh that regulate this productivity +and how the productivity feeds back on + + align:start position:0% +and how the productivity feeds back on + + + align:start position:0% +and how the productivity feeds back on +those and then Wednesday we're going to + + align:start position:0% +those and then Wednesday we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +those and then Wednesday we're going to +put it all together in an analysis of + + align:start position:0% +put it all together in an analysis of + + + align:start position:0% +put it all together in an analysis of +Global biogeochemical cycles how um the + + align:start position:0% +Global biogeochemical cycles how um the + + + align:start position:0% +Global biogeochemical cycles how um the +elements on the globe cycle and how + + align:start position:0% +elements on the globe cycle and how + + + align:start position:0% +elements on the globe cycle and how +that's mediated by organisms and then + + align:start position:0% +that's mediated by organisms and then + + + align:start position:0% +that's mediated by organisms and then +that'll be the end of this segment and + + align:start position:0% +that'll be the end of this segment and + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be the end of this segment and +when I come back we're going to move on + + align:start position:0% +when I come back we're going to move on + + + align:start position:0% +when I come back we're going to move on +to population and Community ecology + + align:start position:0% +to population and Community ecology + + + align:start position:0% +to population and Community ecology +which is you it'll feel like a totally + + align:start position:0% +which is you it'll feel like a totally + + + align:start position:0% +which is you it'll feel like a totally +different subject uh to you um so we'll + + align:start position:0% +different subject uh to you um so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +different subject uh to you um so we'll +talk more about organisms and some of + + align:start position:0% +talk more about organisms and some of + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about organisms and some of +you said it was so interesting to see + + align:start position:0% +you said it was so interesting to see + + + align:start position:0% +you said it was so interesting to see +math last time in the last lecture even + + align:start position:0% +math last time in the last lecture even + + + align:start position:0% +math last time in the last lecture even +if there were just efficiencies well + + align:start position:0% +if there were just efficiencies well + + + align:start position:0% +if there were just efficiencies well +when you get to population ecology + + align:start position:0% +when you get to population ecology + + + align:start position:0% +when you get to population ecology +you're going to have real math going to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have real math going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have real math going to +have actually have differential + + align:start position:0% +have actually have differential + + + align:start position:0% +have actually have differential +equations so if you like that you have + + align:start position:0% +equations so if you like that you have + + + align:start position:0% +equations so if you like that you have +something to look forward to if you + + align:start position:0% +something to look forward to if you + + + align:start position:0% +something to look forward to if you +don't like it well it's not too bad um + + align:start position:0% +don't like it well it's not too bad um + + + align:start position:0% +don't like it well it's not too bad um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so today we we'll the lecture will be + + align:start position:0% +so so today we we'll the lecture will be + + + align:start position:0% +so so today we we'll the lecture will be +in two halves we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +in two halves we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +in two halves we'll talk about +terrestrial productivity and then + + align:start position:0% +terrestrial productivity and then + + + align:start position:0% +terrestrial productivity and then +aquatic productivity and and what + + align:start position:0% +aquatic productivity and and what + + + align:start position:0% +aquatic productivity and and what +regulates it and + + align:start position:0% +regulates it and + + + align:start position:0% +regulates it and +um can you see in the back is it or do I + + align:start position:0% +um can you see in the back is it or do I + + + align:start position:0% +um can you see in the back is it or do I +need to turn I'm going to have to turn + + align:start position:0% +need to turn I'm going to have to turn + + + align:start position:0% +need to turn I'm going to have to turn +the lights down never mind um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so because we have some colored images + + align:start position:0% +so because we have some colored images + + + align:start position:0% +so because we have some colored images +so let's start with uh terrestrial + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with uh terrestrial + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with uh terrestrial +productivity and um looking at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +map oops wrong + + align:start position:0% +map oops wrong + + + align:start position:0% +map oops wrong +ones I think that might be enough to see + + align:start position:0% +ones I think that might be enough to see + + + align:start position:0% +ones I think that might be enough to see +it uh which is a satellite image you've + + align:start position:0% +it uh which is a satellite image you've + + + align:start position:0% +it uh which is a satellite image you've +seen several of these so far so just + + align:start position:0% +seen several of these so far so just + + + align:start position:0% +seen several of these so far so just +showing uh the gradients of productivity + + align:start position:0% +showing uh the gradients of productivity + + + align:start position:0% +showing uh the gradients of productivity +on a global scale where it's we're just + + align:start position:0% +on a global scale where it's we're just + + + align:start position:0% +on a global scale where it's we're just +looking at the land now where it's green + + align:start position:0% +looking at the land now where it's green + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the land now where it's green +um you have high levels of productivity + + align:start position:0% +um you have high levels of productivity + + + align:start position:0% +um you have high levels of productivity +these are in grams carbon per meter + + align:start position:0% +these are in grams carbon per meter + + + align:start position:0% +these are in grams carbon per meter +squared per year um yellow is + + align:start position:0% +squared per year um yellow is + + + align:start position:0% +squared per year um yellow is +intermediate and red is uh very low + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and red is uh very low + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and red is uh very low +levels of productivity so what + + align:start position:0% +levels of productivity so what + + + align:start position:0% +levels of productivity so what +determines this distribution of + + align:start position:0% +determines this distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +determines this distribution of +productivity in terrestrial + + align:start position:0% +productivity in terrestrial + + + align:start position:0% +productivity in terrestrial +ecosystems um + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems um + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems um +well got any + + align:start position:0% +well got any + + + align:start position:0% +well got any +ideas this is not hard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's a key factor in regulating plant + + align:start position:0% +what's a key factor in regulating plant + + + align:start position:0% +what's a key factor in regulating plant +growth on + + align:start position:0% +growth on + + + align:start position:0% +growth on +land light + + align:start position:0% +land light + + + align:start position:0% +land light +absolutely um that's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +given but looking at this map what's + + align:start position:0% +given but looking at this map what's + + + align:start position:0% +given but looking at this map what's +probably more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important water + + align:start position:0% +important water + + + align:start position:0% +important water +exactly if we plot on a global scale if + + align:start position:0% +exactly if we plot on a global scale if + + + align:start position:0% +exactly if we plot on a global scale if +we go around to all these ecosystems and + + align:start position:0% +we go around to all these ecosystems and + + + align:start position:0% +we go around to all these ecosystems and +we look at the average annual rainfall + + align:start position:0% +we look at the average annual rainfall + + + align:start position:0% +we look at the average annual rainfall +and we plot it against net primary + + align:start position:0% +and we plot it against net primary + + + align:start position:0% +and we plot it against net primary +productivity youall know what NPP is now + + align:start position:0% +productivity youall know what NPP is now + + + align:start position:0% +productivity youall know what NPP is now +right net primary productivity you get a + + align:start position:0% +right net primary productivity you get a + + + align:start position:0% +right net primary productivity you get a +a graph that looks something like this + + align:start position:0% +a graph that looks something like this + + + align:start position:0% +a graph that looks something like this +each one of these dots would be an + + align:start position:0% +each one of these dots would be an + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these dots would be an +ecosystem one might this one and on this + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem one might this one and on this + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem one might this one and on this +is uh R + + align:start position:0% +is uh R + + + align:start position:0% +is uh R +millimeters + + align:start position:0% +millimeters + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters +rain per + + align:start position:0% +rain per + + + align:start position:0% +rain per +year so this might be the Sahara Desert + + align:start position:0% +year so this might be the Sahara Desert + + + align:start position:0% +year so this might be the Sahara Desert +and this might be a tropical rainforest + + align:start position:0% +and this might be a tropical rainforest + + + align:start position:0% +and this might be a tropical rainforest +and and they scatter but there's some + + align:start position:0% +and and they scatter but there's some + + + align:start position:0% +and and they scatter but there's some +sort of general relationship like that + + align:start position:0% +sort of general relationship like that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of general relationship like that +increasing NPP with increasing + + align:start position:0% +increasing NPP with increasing + + + align:start position:0% +increasing NPP with increasing +rainfall well what else um is probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important what else is different between + + align:start position:0% +important what else is different between + + + align:start position:0% +important what else is different between +the Sahara desert in the northern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +exactly which is not a good example for + + align:start position:0% +exactly which is not a good example for + + + align:start position:0% +exactly which is not a good example for +comparison uh let's take the tropical + + align:start position:0% +comparison uh let's take the tropical + + + align:start position:0% +comparison uh let's take the tropical +rainforest and the northern us how's + + align:start position:0% +rainforest and the northern us how's + + + align:start position:0% +rainforest and the northern us how's +that but you get something like + + align:start position:0% +that but you get something like + + + align:start position:0% +that but you get something like +this in other words it doesn't always + + align:start position:0% +this in other words it doesn't always + + + align:start position:0% +this in other words it doesn't always +map + + align:start position:0% +map + + + align:start position:0% +map +directly onto temperature alone but on + + align:start position:0% +directly onto temperature alone but on + + + align:start position:0% +directly onto temperature alone but on +average you find that um places with + + align:start position:0% +average you find that um places with + + + align:start position:0% +average you find that um places with +higher temperature have higher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +productivity if there's adequate water + + align:start position:0% +productivity if there's adequate water + + + align:start position:0% +productivity if there's adequate water +so there's a relationship there's an + + align:start position:0% +so there's a relationship there's an + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a relationship there's an +interaction between the water and the + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the water and the + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the water and the +temperature um so those are the the key + + align:start position:0% +temperature um so those are the the key + + + align:start position:0% +temperature um so those are the the key +factors for terrestrial ecosystems now + + align:start position:0% +factors for terrestrial ecosystems now + + + align:start position:0% +factors for terrestrial ecosystems now +um now we what we have there's so we + + align:start position:0% +um now we what we have there's so we + + + align:start position:0% +um now we what we have there's so we +have light + + align:start position:0% +have light + + + align:start position:0% +have light +nutrients I mean light rain and + + align:start position:0% +nutrients I mean light rain and + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients I mean light rain and +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +rainfall what about nutrients we all + + align:start position:0% +rainfall what about nutrients we all + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall what about nutrients we all +know anybody who's had a had plants in + + align:start position:0% +know anybody who's had a had plants in + + + align:start position:0% +know anybody who's had a had plants in +their room or nurtured a garden knows + + align:start position:0% +their room or nurtured a garden knows + + + align:start position:0% +their room or nurtured a garden knows +that nutrients are very important you + + align:start position:0% +that nutrients are very important you + + + align:start position:0% +that nutrients are very important you +have to fertilize in order to get the + + align:start position:0% +have to fertilize in order to get the + + + align:start position:0% +have to fertilize in order to get the +the most growth so how does that work + + align:start position:0% +the most growth so how does that work + + + align:start position:0% +the most growth so how does that work +well now we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +well now we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +well now we're going to do a +analysis of a terrestrial ecosystem + + align:start position:0% +analysis of a terrestrial ecosystem + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of a terrestrial ecosystem +we're going to use a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use a +tree and in some ecosystems you have + + align:start position:0% +tree and in some ecosystems you have + + + align:start position:0% +tree and in some ecosystems you have +that's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rock okay you didn't recognize it and we + + align:start position:0% +Rock okay you didn't recognize it and we + + + align:start position:0% +Rock okay you didn't recognize it and we +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +soil these are components um and we've + + align:start position:0% +soil these are components um and we've + + + align:start position:0% +soil these are components um and we've +talked about this over and over and over + + align:start position:0% +talked about this over and over and over + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this over and over and over +now photosynthesis is the key taking up + + align:start position:0% +now photosynthesis is the key taking up + + + align:start position:0% +now photosynthesis is the key taking up +CO2 uh evolving oxygen we're going to + + align:start position:0% +CO2 uh evolving oxygen we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 uh evolving oxygen we're going to +call this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +biosynthesis + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis +the the the Mass from gas um so that's + + align:start position:0% +the the the Mass from gas um so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the the the Mass from gas um so that's +CO2 plus and now we're going to add + + align:start position:0% +CO2 plus and now we're going to add + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 plus and now we're going to add +something now these aren't I'm not these + + align:start position:0% +something now these aren't I'm not these + + + align:start position:0% +something now these aren't I'm not these +are not balanced chemical reactions okay + + align:start position:0% +are not balanced chemical reactions okay + + + align:start position:0% +are not balanced chemical reactions okay +these are just to give you an idea of + + align:start position:0% +these are just to give you an idea of + + + align:start position:0% +these are just to give you an idea of +what's going on so CO2 plus there's all + + align:start position:0% +what's going on so CO2 plus there's all + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on so CO2 plus there's all +the elements required for + + align:start position:0% +the elements required for + + + align:start position:0% +the elements required for +life okay in other words for a plant to + + align:start position:0% +life okay in other words for a plant to + + + align:start position:0% +life okay in other words for a plant to +grow it doesn't only need CO2 and water + + align:start position:0% +grow it doesn't only need CO2 and water + + + align:start position:0% +grow it doesn't only need CO2 and water +um it needs all of these elements uh + + align:start position:0% +um it needs all of these elements uh + + + align:start position:0% +um it needs all of these elements uh +required for life and they are converted + + align:start position:0% +required for life and they are converted + + + align:start position:0% +required for life and they are converted +to organic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forms of those + + align:start position:0% +forms of those + + + align:start position:0% +forms of those +elements uh and then oxygen is + + align:start position:0% +elements uh and then oxygen is + + + align:start position:0% +elements uh and then oxygen is +evolved so we're we're in a general + + align:start position:0% +evolved so we're we're in a general + + + align:start position:0% +evolved so we're we're in a general +sense just modifying the equation for + + align:start position:0% +sense just modifying the equation for + + + align:start position:0% +sense just modifying the equation for +photosynthesis to include all the + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis to include all the + + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis to include all the +elements that are required for life so + + align:start position:0% +elements that are required for life so + + + align:start position:0% +elements that are required for life so +that's the biosynthesis um and then + + align:start position:0% +that's the biosynthesis um and then + + + align:start position:0% +that's the biosynthesis um and then +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree these are leaves in case you didn't + + align:start position:0% +tree these are leaves in case you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +tree these are leaves in case you didn't +recognize them that are falling to the + + align:start position:0% +recognize them that are falling to the + + + align:start position:0% +recognize them that are falling to the +soil and the leaves fall down to the + + align:start position:0% +soil and the leaves fall down to the + + + align:start position:0% +soil and the leaves fall down to the +soil and they become what what's dead + + align:start position:0% +soil and they become what what's dead + + + align:start position:0% +soil and they become what what's dead +organic + + align:start position:0% +organic + + + align:start position:0% +organic +matter you learned it last + + align:start position:0% +matter you learned it last + + + align:start position:0% +matter you learned it last +time it's the whale falling to the + + align:start position:0% +time it's the whale falling to the + + + align:start position:0% +time it's the whale falling to the +bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the +ocean and if that was a carcass but the + + align:start position:0% +ocean and if that was a carcass but the + + + align:start position:0% +ocean and if that was a carcass but the +general term for dead organic matter is + + align:start position:0% +general term for dead organic matter is + + + align:start position:0% +general term for dead organic matter is +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +detritus and there's a detrit tore food + + align:start position:0% +detritus and there's a detrit tore food + + + align:start position:0% +detritus and there's a detrit tore food +web Ember um and we had some discussion + + align:start position:0% +web Ember um and we had some discussion + + + align:start position:0% +web Ember um and we had some discussion +with students after class whether we + + align:start position:0% +with students after class whether we + + + align:start position:0% +with students after class whether we +were DET TR oforce because in a sense we + + align:start position:0% +were DET TR oforce because in a sense we + + + align:start position:0% +were DET TR oforce because in a sense we +are because we eat dead meat right we + + align:start position:0% +are because we eat dead meat right we + + + align:start position:0% +are because we eat dead meat right we +don't we don't eat live meat so but + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't eat live meat so but + + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't eat live meat so but +doesn't matter you don't have to know + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter you don't have to know + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter you don't have to know +that forget that but it's interesting to + + align:start position:0% +that forget that but it's interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +that forget that but it's interesting to +think about okay um so the leaves fall + + align:start position:0% +think about okay um so the leaves fall + + + align:start position:0% +think about okay um so the leaves fall +down to the soil they're acted upon by + + align:start position:0% +down to the soil they're acted upon by + + + align:start position:0% +down to the soil they're acted upon by +the heterotrophic bacteria the bacteria + + align:start position:0% +the heterotrophic bacteria the bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +the heterotrophic bacteria the bacteria +that use organic carbon and what happens + + align:start position:0% +that use organic carbon and what happens + + + align:start position:0% +that use organic carbon and what happens +is that the those bacteria and and fungi + + align:start position:0% +is that the those bacteria and and fungi + + + align:start position:0% +is that the those bacteria and and fungi +and worms and everything that chews on + + align:start position:0% +and worms and everything that chews on + + + align:start position:0% +and worms and everything that chews on +organic matter are responsible for + + align:start position:0% +organic matter are responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +organic matter are responsible for +regenerating these elements in the soil + + align:start position:0% +regenerating these elements in the soil + + + align:start position:0% +regenerating these elements in the soil +so we're going to call that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regeneration and that's basically simply + + align:start position:0% +regeneration and that's basically simply + + + align:start position:0% +regeneration and that's basically simply +the back reaction of this okay so you're + + align:start position:0% +the back reaction of this okay so you're + + + align:start position:0% +the back reaction of this okay so you're +starting with organic carbon + + align:start position:0% +starting with organic carbon + + + align:start position:0% +starting with organic carbon +and organic carbon organic pns and it's + + align:start position:0% +and organic carbon organic pns and it's + + + align:start position:0% +and organic carbon organic pns and it's +converting it back to the inorganic + + align:start position:0% +converting it back to the inorganic + + + align:start position:0% +converting it back to the inorganic +forms so that they're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +available for the + + align:start position:0% +available for the + + + align:start position:0% +available for the +tree to take up + + align:start position:0% +tree to take up + + + align:start position:0% +tree to take up +again so this is the cycle of + + align:start position:0% +again so this is the cycle of + + + align:start position:0% +again so this is the cycle of +biosynthesis + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis +regeneration and then taken up again + + align:start position:0% +regeneration and then taken up again + + + align:start position:0% +regeneration and then taken up again +some of the feedback I got on the + + align:start position:0% +some of the feedback I got on the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the feedback I got on the +lectures when people said that that they + + align:start position:0% +lectures when people said that that they + + + align:start position:0% +lectures when people said that that they +found it interesting to think about how + + align:start position:0% +found it interesting to think about how + + + align:start position:0% +found it interesting to think about how +everything in nature is recycled and + + align:start position:0% +everything in nature is recycled and + + + align:start position:0% +everything in nature is recycled and +used now in some ecosystems there's + + align:start position:0% +used now in some ecosystems there's + + + align:start position:0% +used now in some ecosystems there's +another form of available nutrients + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um calcium here you have cat ions uh + + align:start position:0% +um calcium here you have cat ions uh + + + align:start position:0% +um calcium here you have cat ions uh +potassium from rocks + + align:start position:0% +potassium from rocks + + + align:start position:0% +potassium from rocks +magnesium all of these are also in this + + align:start position:0% +magnesium all of these are also in this + + + align:start position:0% +magnesium all of these are also in this +equation when I go dot dot dot dot it's + + align:start position:0% +equation when I go dot dot dot dot it's + + + align:start position:0% +equation when I go dot dot dot dot it's +every element that's required for life + + align:start position:0% +every element that's required for life + + + align:start position:0% +every element that's required for life +and in some + + align:start position:0% +and in some + + + align:start position:0% +and in some +ecosystems the dissolution of these + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems the dissolution of these + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems the dissolution of these +elements from rocks is an important + + align:start position:0% +elements from rocks is an important + + + align:start position:0% +elements from rocks is an important +renewal route for nutrients in the + + align:start position:0% +renewal route for nutrients in the + + + align:start position:0% +renewal route for nutrients in the +ecosystem + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem +okay so these are the two basically in + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the two basically in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the two basically in +terrestrial + + align:start position:0% +terrestrial + + + align:start position:0% +terrestrial +ecosystems there's The Rock Source and + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems there's The Rock Source and + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems there's The Rock Source and +there's the Regeneration source and it + + align:start position:0% +there's the Regeneration source and it + + + align:start position:0% +there's the Regeneration source and it +turns out that different terrestrial + + align:start position:0% +turns out that different terrestrial + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that different terrestrial +ecosystems have different um uh relative + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems have different um uh relative + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems have different um uh relative +dependence on these two sources and this + + align:start position:0% +dependence on these two sources and this + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on these two sources and this +is uh an interesting phenomena so + + align:start position:0% +is uh an interesting phenomena so + + + align:start position:0% +is uh an interesting phenomena so +tropical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rainforest like in the Amazon these are + + align:start position:0% +rainforest like in the Amazon these are + + + align:start position:0% +rainforest like in the Amazon these are +the forests that we're concerned about + + align:start position:0% +the forests that we're concerned about + + + align:start position:0% +the forests that we're concerned about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +losing uh for for many reasons at these + + align:start position:0% +losing uh for for many reasons at these + + + align:start position:0% +losing uh for for many reasons at these +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +essentially no + + align:start position:0% +essentially no + + + align:start position:0% +essentially no +number one up here tropical rainforests + + align:start position:0% +number one up here tropical rainforests + + + align:start position:0% +number one up here tropical rainforests +have essentially no renewal of nutrients + + align:start position:0% +have essentially no renewal of nutrients + + + align:start position:0% +have essentially no renewal of nutrients +from from + + align:start position:0% +from from + + + align:start position:0% +from from +Bedrock um and tempered forests + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however have a + + align:start position:0% +however have a + + + align:start position:0% +however have a +combination of one and two they can have + + align:start position:0% +combination of one and two they can have + + + align:start position:0% +combination of one and two they can have +renewal the Bedrock is exposed and the + + align:start position:0% +renewal the Bedrock is exposed and the + + + align:start position:0% +renewal the Bedrock is exposed and the +the water cycle helps dissolve The Rock + + align:start position:0% +the water cycle helps dissolve The Rock + + + align:start position:0% +the water cycle helps dissolve The Rock +and renew the nutrients to the system so + + align:start position:0% +and renew the nutrients to the system so + + + align:start position:0% +and renew the nutrients to the system so +if we if we look + + align:start position:0% +if we if we look + + + align:start position:0% +if we if we look +at the uh + + align:start position:0% +at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +at the uh +soil to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +biomass + + align:start position:0% +biomass + + + align:start position:0% +biomass +ratio of phosphorus and + + align:start position:0% +ratio of phosphorus and + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of phosphorus and +nitrogen in the + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen in the + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen in the +temperate forest versus the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tropical we see something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in in the in the tropical + + align:start position:0% +in in the in the tropical + + + align:start position:0% +in in the in the tropical +rainforest all of the nutrients in the + + align:start position:0% +rainforest all of the nutrients in the + + + align:start position:0% +rainforest all of the nutrients in the +system are basically tied up in + + align:start position:0% +system are basically tied up in + + + align:start position:0% +system are basically tied up in +the in the + + align:start position:0% +the in the + + + align:start position:0% +the in the +biomass and it's highly dependent then + + align:start position:0% +biomass and it's highly dependent then + + + align:start position:0% +biomass and it's highly dependent then +on this regeneration cycle you cut down + + align:start position:0% +on this regeneration cycle you cut down + + + align:start position:0% +on this regeneration cycle you cut down +you you the the trees fall down it's + + align:start position:0% +you you the the trees fall down it's + + + align:start position:0% +you you the the trees fall down it's +regenerated it's taken up right away + + align:start position:0% +regenerated it's taken up right away + + + align:start position:0% +regenerated it's taken up right away +from the soil whereas in the temperate + + align:start position:0% +from the soil whereas in the temperate + + + align:start position:0% +from the soil whereas in the temperate +system you + + align:start position:0% +system you + + + align:start position:0% +system you +see uh the opposite or that there + + align:start position:0% +see uh the opposite or that there + + + align:start position:0% +see uh the opposite or that there +there's a much higher proportion of + + align:start position:0% +there's a much higher proportion of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a much higher proportion of +nutrients in the soil uh relative to the + + align:start position:0% +nutrients in the soil uh relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients in the soil uh relative to the +tropical system and what that means is + + align:start position:0% +tropical system and what that means is + + + align:start position:0% +tropical system and what that means is +that if you cut down a tropical + + align:start position:0% +that if you cut down a tropical + + + align:start position:0% +that if you cut down a tropical +rainforest which they're doing for um + + align:start position:0% +rainforest which they're doing for um + + + align:start position:0% +rainforest which they're doing for um +converting to Farmland you will only get + + align:start position:0% +converting to Farmland you will only get + + + align:start position:0% +converting to Farmland you will only get +a few years of productivity out of that + + align:start position:0% +a few years of productivity out of that + + + align:start position:0% +a few years of productivity out of that +Farmland uh because once you've chopped + + align:start position:0% +Farmland uh because once you've chopped + + + align:start position:0% +Farmland uh because once you've chopped +down the forest and hauled away the + + align:start position:0% +down the forest and hauled away the + + + align:start position:0% +down the forest and hauled away the +trees you've hauled away most of the + + align:start position:0% +trees you've hauled away most of the + + + align:start position:0% +trees you've hauled away most of the +nutrients in that ecosystem that are + + align:start position:0% +nutrients in that ecosystem that are + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients in that ecosystem that are +available to fuel productivity and they + + align:start position:0% +available to fuel productivity and they + + + align:start position:0% +available to fuel productivity and they +can't be renewed from Bedrock because + + align:start position:0% +can't be renewed from Bedrock because + + + align:start position:0% +can't be renewed from Bedrock because +they don't have Bedrock there so um + + align:start position:0% +they don't have Bedrock there so um + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have Bedrock there so um +that's one of the tragedies of of of + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the tragedies of of of + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the tragedies of of of +cutting down these forests when they + + align:start position:0% +cutting down these forests when they + + + align:start position:0% +cutting down these forests when they +probably would have more economic value + + align:start position:0% +probably would have more economic value + + + align:start position:0% +probably would have more economic value +by harvesting some of the some of the + + align:start position:0% +by harvesting some of the some of the + + + align:start position:0% +by harvesting some of the some of the +natural products from the forests okay + + align:start position:0% +natural products from the forests okay + + + align:start position:0% +natural products from the forests okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when we get to Aquatic productivity + + align:start position:0% +so when we get to Aquatic productivity + + + align:start position:0% +so when we get to Aquatic productivity +we're going to see that we have these + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see that we have these + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see that we have these +same biosynthesis and regeneration + + align:start position:0% +same biosynthesis and regeneration + + + align:start position:0% +same biosynthesis and regeneration +processes so that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +processes so that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +processes so that's what we're going to +move to now um and let's look at a the + + align:start position:0% +move to now um and let's look at a the + + + align:start position:0% +move to now um and let's look at a the +distribution of aquatic + + align:start position:0% +distribution of aquatic + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of aquatic +productivity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +oh that's too + + align:start position:0% +oh that's too + + + align:start position:0% +oh that's too +much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh well can you see that in the back + + align:start position:0% +oh well can you see that in the back + + + align:start position:0% +oh well can you see that in the back +okay the colors all right um so now + + align:start position:0% +okay the colors all right um so now + + + align:start position:0% +okay the colors all right um so now +we're just looking at the the the the + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at the the the the +ocean ecosystem and the the areas that + + align:start position:0% +ocean ecosystem and the the areas that + + + align:start position:0% +ocean ecosystem and the the areas that +are blue and green are less productive + + align:start position:0% +are blue and green are less productive + + + align:start position:0% +are blue and green are less productive +than the areas that are red and yellow + + align:start position:0% +than the areas that are red and yellow + + + align:start position:0% +than the areas that are red and yellow +in this system so you can see all the + + align:start position:0% +in this system so you can see all the + + + align:start position:0% +in this system so you can see all the +coastal regions we have Coastal + + align:start position:0% +coastal regions we have Coastal + + + align:start position:0% +coastal regions we have Coastal +upwelling that we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +upwelling that we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +upwelling that we're going to talk about +a lot um with um + + align:start position:0% +a lot um with um + + + align:start position:0% +a lot um with um +nutrients fueling that that is a very + + align:start position:0% +nutrients fueling that that is a very + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients fueling that that is a very +important and then the whole North + + align:start position:0% +important and then the whole North + + + align:start position:0% +important and then the whole North +Atlantic here we'll talk about that so + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic here we'll talk about that so + + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic here we'll talk about that so +um but before we talk about what + + align:start position:0% +um but before we talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +um but before we talk about what +regulates aquatic productivity and now I + + align:start position:0% +regulates aquatic productivity and now I + + + align:start position:0% +regulates aquatic productivity and now I +am going to turn the lights off I + + align:start position:0% +am going to turn the lights off I + + + align:start position:0% +am going to turn the lights off I +thought I'd give you a tour since you + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd give you a tour since you + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd give you a tour since you +all know what trees look like but you + + align:start position:0% +all know what trees look like but you + + + align:start position:0% +all know what trees look like but you +don't know what uh primary producers in + + align:start position:0% +don't know what uh primary producers in + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what uh primary producers in +Ocean ecosystems look like I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Ocean ecosystems look like I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Ocean ecosystems look like I'm going to +give you a quick tour through the + + align:start position:0% +give you a quick tour through the + + + align:start position:0% +give you a quick tour through the +phytoplankton which as you know by now + + align:start position:0% +phytoplankton which as you know by now + + + align:start position:0% +phytoplankton which as you know by now +are my favorite organisms um so aquatic + + align:start position:0% +are my favorite organisms um so aquatic + + + align:start position:0% +are my favorite organisms um so aquatic +productivity is dominated by these uh + + align:start position:0% +productivity is dominated by these uh + + + align:start position:0% +productivity is dominated by these uh +microscopic plants there are over 20,000 + + align:start position:0% +microscopic plants there are over 20,000 + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic plants there are over 20,000 +species but we really have no idea how + + align:start position:0% +species but we really have no idea how + + + align:start position:0% +species but we really have no idea how +many there are um wherever there's water + + align:start position:0% +many there are um wherever there's water + + + align:start position:0% +many there are um wherever there's water +they exist they range from 0.5 to um a + + align:start position:0% +they exist they range from 0.5 to um a + + + align:start position:0% +they exist they range from 0.5 to um a +th000 microns in diameter and as I told + + align:start position:0% +th000 microns in diameter and as I told + + + align:start position:0% +th000 microns in diameter and as I told +you in the first lecture there's there's + + align:start position:0% +you in the first lecture there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +you in the first lecture there's there's +as much genetic information in a liter + + align:start position:0% +as much genetic information in a liter + + + align:start position:0% +as much genetic information in a liter +of sea water that contains these primary + + align:start position:0% +of sea water that contains these primary + + + align:start position:0% +of sea water that contains these primary +producers and all the bacteria that um + + align:start position:0% +producers and all the bacteria that um + + + align:start position:0% +producers and all the bacteria that um +that they live with then there is in the + + align:start position:0% +that they live with then there is in the + + + align:start position:0% +that they live with then there is in the +human genome so here's some of my + + align:start position:0% +human genome so here's some of my + + + align:start position:0% +human genome so here's some of my +favorites + + align:start position:0% +favorites + + + align:start position:0% +favorites +um these are uh Marine diatoms this is a + + align:start position:0% +um these are uh Marine diatoms this is a + + + align:start position:0% +um these are uh Marine diatoms this is a +silicon shell this is a single cell it's + + align:start position:0% +silicon shell this is a single cell it's + + + align:start position:0% +silicon shell this is a single cell it's +about 30 microns in diameter uh and this + + align:start position:0% +about 30 microns in diameter uh and this + + + align:start position:0% +about 30 microns in diameter uh and this +is made out of amorphous silicon it's + + align:start position:0% +is made out of amorphous silicon it's + + + align:start position:0% +is made out of amorphous silicon it's +essentially opal and here's another one + + align:start position:0% +essentially opal and here's another one + + + align:start position:0% +essentially opal and here's another one +they come in different shapes and sizes + + align:start position:0% +they come in different shapes and sizes + + + align:start position:0% +they come in different shapes and sizes +they're just uh really incredibly + + align:start position:0% +they're just uh really incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +they're just uh really incredibly +beautiful um and people are just now + + align:start position:0% +beautiful um and people are just now + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful um and people are just now +starting to study what What mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +starting to study what What mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +starting to study what What mechanisms +are responsible for laying down these + + align:start position:0% +are responsible for laying down these + + + align:start position:0% +are responsible for laying down these +Exquisite architectures here's another + + align:start position:0% +Exquisite architectures here's another + + + align:start position:0% +Exquisite architectures here's another +one looks to me this always reminds me + + align:start position:0% +one looks to me this always reminds me + + + align:start position:0% +one looks to me this always reminds me +of the Coliseum for some reason um these + + align:start position:0% +of the Coliseum for some reason um these + + + align:start position:0% +of the Coliseum for some reason um these +are pill boxes shaped cells and they + + align:start position:0% +are pill boxes shaped cells and they + + + align:start position:0% +are pill boxes shaped cells and they +have two + + align:start position:0% +have two + + + align:start position:0% +have two +halves like that and when they + + align:start position:0% +halves like that and when they + + + align:start position:0% +halves like that and when they +grow when they divide one half lays + + align:start position:0% +grow when they divide one half lays + + + align:start position:0% +grow when they divide one half lays +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +another half inside of it + + align:start position:0% +another half inside of it + + + align:start position:0% +another half inside of it +now doesn't + + align:start position:0% +now doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +now doesn't +what's going to happen ultimately if + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen ultimately if + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen ultimately if +these are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rigid they get smaller once one in one + + align:start position:0% +rigid they get smaller once one in one + + + align:start position:0% +rigid they get smaller once one in one +lineage gets smaller and smaller and + + align:start position:0% +lineage gets smaller and smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +lineage gets smaller and smaller and +smaller well both of them get smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller well both of them get smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller well both of them get smaller +and smaller um and this cell has this + + align:start position:0% +and smaller um and this cell has this + + + align:start position:0% +and smaller um and this cell has this +these group of organisms has this really + + align:start position:0% +these group of organisms has this really + + + align:start position:0% +these group of organisms has this really +neat system where when it gets really + + align:start position:0% +neat system where when it gets really + + + align:start position:0% +neat system where when it gets really +tiny they differentiate into egg and + + align:start position:0% +tiny they differentiate into egg and + + + align:start position:0% +tiny they differentiate into egg and +sperm they mate and then they make a + + align:start position:0% +sperm they mate and then they make a + + + align:start position:0% +sperm they mate and then they make a +giant cell again and they start the + + align:start position:0% +giant cell again and they start the + + + align:start position:0% +giant cell again and they start the +whole thing it's cool um and just to + + align:start position:0% +whole thing it's cool um and just to + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing it's cool um and just to +show you some of the things people have + + align:start position:0% +show you some of the things people have + + + align:start position:0% +show you some of the things people have +studied people have wondered why they've + + align:start position:0% +studied people have wondered why they've + + + align:start position:0% +studied people have wondered why they've +evolved this very he heavy heavy armor + + align:start position:0% +evolved this very he heavy heavy armor + + + align:start position:0% +evolved this very he heavy heavy armor +and of course the first thing you think + + align:start position:0% +and of course the first thing you think + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the first thing you think +about is is resistance to predation um + + align:start position:0% +about is is resistance to predation um + + + align:start position:0% +about is is resistance to predation um +but there was never any evidence for + + align:start position:0% +but there was never any evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +but there was never any evidence for +that and so I just found this recent + + align:start position:0% +that and so I just found this recent + + + align:start position:0% +that and so I just found this recent +study in nature that showed shows um + + align:start position:0% +study in nature that showed shows um + + + align:start position:0% +study in nature that showed shows um +where they actually measured I thought + + align:start position:0% +where they actually measured I thought + + + align:start position:0% +where they actually measured I thought +MIT students would like this because + + align:start position:0% +MIT students would like this because + + + align:start position:0% +MIT students would like this because +they actually measured the force that it + + align:start position:0% +they actually measured the force that it + + + align:start position:0% +they actually measured the force that it +takes to crush one of these cells um + + align:start position:0% +takes to crush one of these cells um + + + align:start position:0% +takes to crush one of these cells um +here's here's the the study there's a + + align:start position:0% +here's here's the the study there's a + + + align:start position:0% +here's here's the the study there's a +Daton frustule and they they putting a + + align:start position:0% +Daton frustule and they they putting a + + + align:start position:0% +Daton frustule and they they putting a +measured force on it to see what it what + + align:start position:0% +measured force on it to see what it what + + + align:start position:0% +measured force on it to see what it what +would crush it and they were able to + + align:start position:0% +would crush it and they were able to + + + align:start position:0% +would crush it and they were able to +show that + + align:start position:0% +show that + + + align:start position:0% +show that +um that the amount of force that it + + align:start position:0% +um that the amount of force that it + + + align:start position:0% +um that the amount of force that it +takes is is enough to to be have a + + align:start position:0% +takes is is enough to to be have a + + + align:start position:0% +takes is is enough to to be have a +selective advantage against the + + align:start position:0% +selective advantage against the + + + align:start position:0% +selective advantage against the +crunching uh parts of the zop Plankton + + align:start position:0% +crunching uh parts of the zop Plankton + + + align:start position:0% +crunching uh parts of the zop Plankton +that eat them um I also want to point + + align:start position:0% +that eat them um I also want to point + + + align:start position:0% +that eat them um I also want to point +out this is from the website of of Dr + + align:start position:0% +out this is from the website of of Dr + + + align:start position:0% +out this is from the website of of Dr +Angela Belcher who's a professor here at + + align:start position:0% +Angela Belcher who's a professor here at + + + align:start position:0% +Angela Belcher who's a professor here at +MIT in Material Sciences and she's + + align:start position:0% +MIT in Material Sciences and she's + + + align:start position:0% +MIT in Material Sciences and she's +studying diatoms um here's a datom um + + align:start position:0% +studying diatoms um here's a datom um + + + align:start position:0% +studying diatoms um here's a datom um +she's studying them as a as a m material + + align:start position:0% +she's studying them as a as a m material + + + align:start position:0% +she's studying them as a as a m material +this amorphous silicon looking at the + + align:start position:0% +this amorphous silicon looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +this amorphous silicon looking at the +way uh it's it's laid down and she's + + align:start position:0% +way uh it's it's laid down and she's + + + align:start position:0% +way uh it's it's laid down and she's +also studying caliop fores which is + + align:start position:0% +also studying caliop fores which is + + + align:start position:0% +also studying caliop fores which is +another group of my favorite organisms + + align:start position:0% +another group of my favorite organisms + + + align:start position:0% +another group of my favorite organisms +um they have these calcium carbonate + + align:start position:0% +um they have these calcium carbonate + + + align:start position:0% +um they have these calcium carbonate +plates again this is a single cell but + + align:start position:0% +plates again this is a single cell but + + + align:start position:0% +plates again this is a single cell but +its cell wall is made up of calcium + + align:start position:0% +its cell wall is made up of calcium + + + align:start position:0% +its cell wall is made up of calcium +carbonate plates and they come in all + + align:start position:0% +carbonate plates and they come in all + + + align:start position:0% +carbonate plates and they come in all +different shapes and sizes here's a + + align:start position:0% +different shapes and sizes here's a + + + align:start position:0% +different shapes and sizes here's a +really weird one uh with these huge + + align:start position:0% +really weird one uh with these huge + + + align:start position:0% +really weird one uh with these huge +they're called cocko liths um and these + + align:start position:0% +they're called cocko liths um and these + + + align:start position:0% +they're called cocko liths um and these +cells this is a a satellite image of + + align:start position:0% +cells this is a a satellite image of + + + align:start position:0% +cells this is a a satellite image of +reflection of light and these cells um + + align:start position:0% +reflection of light and these cells um + + + align:start position:0% +reflection of light and these cells um +the calcium carbonate reflects light and + + align:start position:0% +the calcium carbonate reflects light and + + + align:start position:0% +the calcium carbonate reflects light and +this is a calth bloom some somewhere I + + align:start position:0% +this is a calth bloom some somewhere I + + + align:start position:0% +this is a calth bloom some somewhere I +think in the Bearing Sea uh and and we + + align:start position:0% +think in the Bearing Sea uh and and we + + + align:start position:0% +think in the Bearing Sea uh and and we +can measure these but we have no idea + + align:start position:0% +can measure these but we have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +can measure these but we have no idea +what causes a particular species to + + align:start position:0% +what causes a particular species to + + + align:start position:0% +what causes a particular species to +bloom at a particular point in time um + + align:start position:0% +bloom at a particular point in time um + + + align:start position:0% +bloom at a particular point in time um +it's a very it's a CH one of the + + align:start position:0% +it's a very it's a CH one of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very it's a CH one of the +challenges in oceanography here's + + align:start position:0% +challenges in oceanography here's + + + align:start position:0% +challenges in oceanography here's +another group of organisms the + + align:start position:0% +another group of organisms the + + + align:start position:0% +another group of organisms the +cyanobacteria we've talked about them a + + align:start position:0% +cyanobacteria we've talked about them a + + + align:start position:0% +cyanobacteria we've talked about them a +little bit um these are procaryotic + + align:start position:0% +little bit um these are procaryotic + + + align:start position:0% +little bit um these are procaryotic +cells that can fix nitrogen they're one + + align:start position:0% +cells that can fix nitrogen they're one + + + align:start position:0% +cells that can fix nitrogen they're one +of the one of the few groups of microbes + + align:start position:0% +of the one of the few groups of microbes + + + align:start position:0% +of the one of the few groups of microbes +that can take nitrogen gas from the + + align:start position:0% +that can take nitrogen gas from the + + + align:start position:0% +that can take nitrogen gas from the +atmosphere and convert it to ammonia + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere and convert it to ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere and convert it to ammonia +which draws it in to the food web um so + + align:start position:0% +which draws it in to the food web um so + + + align:start position:0% +which draws it in to the food web um so +here's you can actually see a bloom here + + align:start position:0% +here's you can actually see a bloom here + + + align:start position:0% +here's you can actually see a bloom here +of these that one's called Triad desmi + + align:start position:0% +of these that one's called Triad desmi + + + align:start position:0% +of these that one's called Triad desmi +it grows out in the Atlantic open + + align:start position:0% +it grows out in the Atlantic open + + + align:start position:0% +it grows out in the Atlantic open +Atlantic and Pacific here's a bloom of + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic and Pacific here's a bloom of + + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic and Pacific here's a bloom of +trod desmi um sucking nitrogen into the + + align:start position:0% +trod desmi um sucking nitrogen into the + + + align:start position:0% +trod desmi um sucking nitrogen into the +ecosystem converting into ammonia making + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem converting into ammonia making + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem converting into ammonia making +it available to the other organisms + + align:start position:0% +it available to the other organisms + + + align:start position:0% +it available to the other organisms +here's the the organism we work on + + align:start position:0% +here's the the organism we work on + + + align:start position:0% +here's the the organism we work on +unfortunately very boring looking uh not + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately very boring looking uh not + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately very boring looking uh not +as exciting looking as the other ones uh + + align:start position:0% +as exciting looking as the other ones uh + + + align:start position:0% +as exciting looking as the other ones uh +and this is just under a light + + align:start position:0% +and this is just under a light + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just under a light +microscope these are less than a micron + + align:start position:0% +microscope these are less than a micron + + + align:start position:0% +microscope these are less than a micron +in diameter but if you shine red uh blue + + align:start position:0% +in diameter but if you shine red uh blue + + + align:start position:0% +in diameter but if you shine red uh blue +light on them they flues red the + + align:start position:0% +light on them they flues red the + + + align:start position:0% +light on them they flues red the +chlorophyll in them fluoresence red and + + align:start position:0% +chlorophyll in them fluoresence red and + + + align:start position:0% +chlorophyll in them fluoresence red and +um these are the smallest and uh + + align:start position:0% +um these are the smallest and uh + + + align:start position:0% +um these are the smallest and uh +simplest photosynthetic cell they have + + align:start position:0% +simplest photosynthetic cell they have + + + align:start position:0% +simplest photosynthetic cell they have +1,700 genes and with that I call them + + align:start position:0% +1,700 genes and with that I call them + + + align:start position:0% +1,700 genes and with that I call them +the essence of life because with 1700 + + align:start position:0% +the essence of life because with 1700 + + + align:start position:0% +the essence of life because with 1700 +genes uh they can convert CO2 nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +genes uh they can convert CO2 nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +genes uh they can convert CO2 nitrogen +phosphorus all inorganic compounds + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus all inorganic compounds + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus all inorganic compounds +basically this rock over here um into + + align:start position:0% +basically this rock over here um into + + + align:start position:0% +basically this rock over here um into +and sunlight into life and this happens + + align:start position:0% +and sunlight into life and this happens + + + align:start position:0% +and sunlight into life and this happens +to be life that dominates the oceans + + align:start position:0% +to be life that dominates the oceans + + + align:start position:0% +to be life that dominates the oceans +they're the most abundant cell in the + + align:start position:0% +they're the most abundant cell in the + + + align:start position:0% +they're the most abundant cell in the +oceans in some areas it's about 50% of + + align:start position:0% +oceans in some areas it's about 50% of + + + align:start position:0% +oceans in some areas it's about 50% of +the total chlorophyll uh so they're + + align:start position:0% +the total chlorophyll uh so they're + + + align:start position:0% +the total chlorophyll uh so they're +basically a lean mean little + + align:start position:0% +basically a lean mean little + + + align:start position:0% +basically a lean mean little +photosynthesis machine and uh we're + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis machine and uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis machine and uh we're +trying to understand everything about + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand everything about + + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand everything about +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +okay that was a diversion uh I mean a + + align:start position:0% +okay that was a diversion uh I mean a + + + align:start position:0% +okay that was a diversion uh I mean a +digression hope hopefully not a + + align:start position:0% +digression hope hopefully not a + + + align:start position:0% +digression hope hopefully not a +diversion uh um so what regulates + + align:start position:0% +diversion uh um so what regulates + + + align:start position:0% +diversion uh um so what regulates +aquatic primary + + align:start position:0% +aquatic primary + + + align:start position:0% +aquatic primary +productivity um I can turn the lights + + align:start position:0% +productivity um I can turn the lights + + + align:start position:0% +productivity um I can turn the lights +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +on back + + align:start position:0% +on back + + + align:start position:0% +on back +board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh before + + align:start position:0% +uh before + + + align:start position:0% +uh before +we get into that totally I want to draw + + align:start position:0% +we get into that totally I want to draw + + + align:start position:0% +we get into that totally I want to draw +a typical + + align:start position:0% +a typical + + + align:start position:0% +a typical +what we call a water column in an + + align:start position:0% +what we call a water column in an + + + align:start position:0% +what we call a water column in an +aquatic ecosystem and I have seen this + + align:start position:0% +aquatic ecosystem and I have seen this + + + align:start position:0% +aquatic ecosystem and I have seen this +little red Sticky Thing here this is + + align:start position:0% +little red Sticky Thing here this is + + + align:start position:0% +little red Sticky Thing here this is +from last year and it says they don't + + align:start position:0% +from last year and it says they don't + + + align:start position:0% +from last year and it says they don't +understand these axes see I remember + + align:start position:0% +understand these axes see I remember + + + align:start position:0% +understand these axes see I remember +from year to year so so if you don't + + align:start position:0% +from year to year so so if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +from year to year so so if you don't +understand something I'm doing because I + + align:start position:0% +understand something I'm doing because I + + + align:start position:0% +understand something I'm doing because I +can tell when students come up + + align:start position:0% +can tell when students come up + + + align:start position:0% +can tell when students come up +afterwards that I've completely lost you + + align:start position:0% +afterwards that I've completely lost you + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards that I've completely lost you +so um first of all oceanographers plot + + align:start position:0% +so um first of all oceanographers plot + + + align:start position:0% +so um first of all oceanographers plot +things upside down so that you can + + align:start position:0% +things upside down so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +things upside down so that you can +Envision this so this is depth + + align:start position:0% +Envision this so this is depth + + + align:start position:0% +Envision this so this is depth +so depth goes down which makes sense + + align:start position:0% +so depth goes down which makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +so depth goes down which makes sense +right and then whatever we're plotting + + align:start position:0% +right and then whatever we're plotting + + + align:start position:0% +right and then whatever we're plotting +against + + align:start position:0% +against + + + align:start position:0% +against +depth uh is on this axis so and this + + align:start position:0% +depth uh is on this axis so and this + + + align:start position:0% +depth uh is on this axis so and this +graph I'm going to make we're going to + + align:start position:0% +graph I'm going to make we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +graph I'm going to make we're going to +plot net primary + + align:start position:0% +plot net primary + + + align:start position:0% +plot net primary +productivity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +nutrients a bunch of different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables okay + + align:start position:0% +variables okay + + + align:start position:0% +variables okay +and and and for oceans this is is about + + align:start position:0% +and and and for oceans this is is about + + + align:start position:0% +and and and for oceans this is is about +we'll we'll just say say 2,000 M and for + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll just say say 2,000 M and for + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll just say say 2,000 M and for +Lakes say 200 M for a deep + + align:start position:0% +Lakes say 200 M for a deep + + + align:start position:0% +Lakes say 200 M for a deep +lake so I'm drawing here sort of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generic picture of a water colum in + + align:start position:0% +generic picture of a water colum in + + + align:start position:0% +generic picture of a water colum in +either a lake or an ocean + + align:start position:0% +either a lake or an ocean + + + align:start position:0% +either a lake or an ocean +um okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we don't have any color do we have + + align:start position:0% +so we don't have any color do we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't have any color do we have +colored chop not here not here + + align:start position:0% +colored chop not here not here + + + align:start position:0% +colored chop not here not here +okay sometimes it used to float around + + align:start position:0% +okay sometimes it used to float around + + + align:start position:0% +okay sometimes it used to float around +well I'm going to have to you're going + + align:start position:0% +well I'm going to have to you're going + + + align:start position:0% +well I'm going to have to you're going +to have to use your imagination so first + + align:start position:0% +to have to use your imagination so first + + + align:start position:0% +to have to use your imagination so first +of all let's plot light as a function of + + align:start position:0% +of all let's plot light as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +of all let's plot light as a function of +depth what does that look + + align:start position:0% +depth what does that look + + + align:start position:0% +depth what does that look +like like that exactly it's going to + + align:start position:0% +like like that exactly it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +like like that exactly it's going to +Decay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponentially and in in Lakes this is + + align:start position:0% +exponentially and in in Lakes this is + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially and in in Lakes this is +about 10 m and in oceans this is about + + align:start position:0% +about 10 m and in oceans this is about + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 m and in oceans this is about +100 m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh and this was a question somebody gave + + align:start position:0% +oh and this was a question somebody gave + + + align:start position:0% +oh and this was a question somebody gave +in the instant feedback somebody said I + + align:start position:0% +in the instant feedback somebody said I + + + align:start position:0% +in the instant feedback somebody said I +I find it hard to believe that all life + + align:start position:0% +I find it hard to believe that all life + + + align:start position:0% +I find it hard to believe that all life +in the oceans disappears where there's + + align:start position:0% +in the oceans disappears where there's + + + align:start position:0% +in the oceans disappears where there's +no more light and you're absolutely + + align:start position:0% +no more light and you're absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +no more light and you're absolutely +right it's only the photosynthetic life + + align:start position:0% +right it's only the photosynthetic life + + + align:start position:0% +right it's only the photosynthetic life +that disappears where there's no more + + align:start position:0% +that disappears where there's no more + + + align:start position:0% +that disappears where there's no more +light there's lots of Life Below there + + align:start position:0% +light there's lots of Life Below there + + + align:start position:0% +light there's lots of Life Below there +that is using organic carbon so if + + align:start position:0% +that is using organic carbon so if + + + align:start position:0% +that is using organic carbon so if +you're here that's the answer to your + + align:start position:0% +you're here that's the answer to your + + + align:start position:0% +you're here that's the answer to your +question okay um so then now we're going + + align:start position:0% +question okay um so then now we're going + + + align:start position:0% +question okay um so then now we're going +to plot uh temperature which looks + + align:start position:0% +to plot uh temperature which looks + + + align:start position:0% +to plot uh temperature which looks +something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and this is what's called the + + align:start position:0% +this and this is what's called the + + + align:start position:0% +this and this is what's called the +thermal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coin and we can also think of this as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density because Co colder water is more + + align:start position:0% +density because Co colder water is more + + + align:start position:0% +density because Co colder water is more +dense than warmer water right you + + align:start position:0% +dense than warmer water right you + + + align:start position:0% +dense than warmer water right you +remember that you must have learned that + + align:start position:0% +remember that you must have learned that + + + align:start position:0% +remember that you must have learned that +in physics did you learn that somewhere + + align:start position:0% +in physics did you learn that somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +in physics did you learn that somewhere +or do you + + align:start position:0% +or do you + + + align:start position:0% +or do you +just did you learn that somewhere where + + align:start position:0% +just did you learn that somewhere where + + + align:start position:0% +just did you learn that somewhere where +did you learn + + align:start position:0% +did you learn + + + align:start position:0% +did you learn +thatth grade fourth grade great well + + align:start position:0% +thatth grade fourth grade great well + + + align:start position:0% +thatth grade fourth grade great well +prepared uh so up in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface we have biosynthesis here where + + align:start position:0% +surface we have biosynthesis here where + + + align:start position:0% +surface we have biosynthesis here where +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +light and so it's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +light and so it's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +light and so it's exactly the +same uh reaction as we have over here + + align:start position:0% +same uh reaction as we have over here + + + align:start position:0% +same uh reaction as we have over here +and analogous to the terrestrial + + align:start position:0% +and analogous to the terrestrial + + + align:start position:0% +and analogous to the terrestrial +ecosystem the the production you have in + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem the the production you have in + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem the the production you have in +the surface waters you have + + align:start position:0% +the surface waters you have + + + align:start position:0% +the surface waters you have +phytoplankton photosynthesizing making + + align:start position:0% +phytoplankton photosynthesizing making + + + align:start position:0% +phytoplankton photosynthesizing making +organic matter they're being eaten by Z + + align:start position:0% +organic matter they're being eaten by Z + + + align:start position:0% +organic matter they're being eaten by Z +Plankton by fish uh that are making + + align:start position:0% +Plankton by fish uh that are making + + + align:start position:0% +Plankton by fish uh that are making +feces Etc that are being eaten by the + + align:start position:0% +feces Etc that are being eaten by the + + + align:start position:0% +feces Etc that are being eaten by the +detrit ofor but the net effect of this + + align:start position:0% +detrit ofor but the net effect of this + + + align:start position:0% +detrit ofor but the net effect of this +teeing food web that you saw in the in + + align:start position:0% +teeing food web that you saw in the in + + + align:start position:0% +teeing food web that you saw in the in +the DVD last time is that there's going + + align:start position:0% +the DVD last time is that there's going + + + align:start position:0% +the DVD last time is that there's going +to be organic carbon that falls down + + align:start position:0% +to be organic carbon that falls down + + + align:start position:0% +to be organic carbon that falls down +below this lit Zone okay and that was + + align:start position:0% +below this lit Zone okay and that was + + + align:start position:0% +below this lit Zone okay and that was +the whale falling down um to to make not + + align:start position:0% +the whale falling down um to to make not + + + align:start position:0% +the whale falling down um to to make not +not not purposefully but falling down + + align:start position:0% +not not purposefully but falling down + + + align:start position:0% +not not purposefully but falling down +and making carbon available to the food + + align:start position:0% +and making carbon available to the food + + + align:start position:0% +and making carbon available to the food +web in the deep water so down here you + + align:start position:0% +web in the deep water so down here you + + + align:start position:0% +web in the deep water so down here you +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regeneration so this is light in the + + align:start position:0% +regeneration so this is light in the + + + align:start position:0% +regeneration so this is light in the +light and this is in the + + align:start position:0% +light and this is in the + + + align:start position:0% +light and this is in the +dark + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this system but it's directly + + align:start position:0% +in this system but it's directly + + + align:start position:0% +in this system but it's directly +analogous to uh the biosynthesis and + + align:start position:0% +analogous to uh the biosynthesis and + + + align:start position:0% +analogous to uh the biosynthesis and +regeneration system + + align:start position:0% +regeneration system + + + align:start position:0% +regeneration system +there so the other thing we want to plot + + align:start position:0% +there so the other thing we want to plot + + + align:start position:0% +there so the other thing we want to plot +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nutrients they're drawn down to very low + + align:start position:0% +nutrients they're drawn down to very low + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients they're drawn down to very low +levels in the surface water in the lit + + align:start position:0% +levels in the surface water in the lit + + + align:start position:0% +levels in the surface water in the lit +layer uh because the phytoplankton are + + align:start position:0% +layer uh because the phytoplankton are + + + align:start position:0% +layer uh because the phytoplankton are +sucking them up they're nutrient limited + + align:start position:0% +sucking them up they're nutrient limited + + + align:start position:0% +sucking them up they're nutrient limited +they're sucking up the nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +they're sucking up the nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +they're sucking up the nitrogen +phosphorus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Etc and then as that carbon and all of + + align:start position:0% +Etc and then as that carbon and all of + + + align:start position:0% +Etc and then as that carbon and all of +that range down to the deep water it's + + align:start position:0% +that range down to the deep water it's + + + align:start position:0% +that range down to the deep water it's +regenerated and the nutrients are + + align:start position:0% +regenerated and the nutrients are + + + align:start position:0% +regenerated and the nutrients are +regenerated so that's why you see this + + align:start position:0% +regenerated so that's why you see this + + + align:start position:0% +regenerated so that's why you see this +gradient of low nutrients here and high + + align:start position:0% +gradient of low nutrients here and high + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of low nutrients here and high +nutrients here because the bacteria in + + align:start position:0% +nutrients here because the bacteria in + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients here because the bacteria in +the deep water are uh breaking down the + + align:start position:0% +the deep water are uh breaking down the + + + align:start position:0% +the deep water are uh breaking down the +carbon and releasing + + align:start position:0% +carbon and releasing + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and releasing +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +okay so so if we look at this map + + align:start position:0% +okay so so if we look at this map + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so if we look at this map +um we can see that for for aquatic + + align:start position:0% +um we can see that for for aquatic + + + align:start position:0% +um we can see that for for aquatic +ecosystems obviously water is not + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems obviously water is not + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems obviously water is not +limiting right so water isn't an + + align:start position:0% +limiting right so water isn't an + + + align:start position:0% +limiting right so water isn't an +important regulator not light is a very + + align:start position:0% +important regulator not light is a very + + + align:start position:0% +important regulator not light is a very +important regulator of productivity down + + align:start position:0% +important regulator of productivity down + + + align:start position:0% +important regulator of productivity down +to about um in this region and nutrients + + align:start position:0% +to about um in this region and nutrients + + + align:start position:0% +to about um in this region and nutrients +it turns out are very important and it's + + align:start position:0% +it turns out are very important and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out are very important and it's +nutrients that really um determine the + + align:start position:0% +nutrients that really um determine the + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients that really um determine the +tapestry of this map that we're looking + + align:start position:0% +tapestry of this map that we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +tapestry of this map that we're looking +at and what I'm going to do most for the + + align:start position:0% +at and what I'm going to do most for the + + + align:start position:0% +at and what I'm going to do most for the +rest of the class is explain in the in + + align:start position:0% +rest of the class is explain in the in + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the class is explain in the in +in lakes and oceans how the physical + + align:start position:0% +in lakes and oceans how the physical + + + align:start position:0% +in lakes and oceans how the physical +forces make these nutrients available in + + align:start position:0% +forces make these nutrients available in + + + align:start position:0% +forces make these nutrients available in +certain regions more than in other + + align:start position:0% +certain regions more than in other + + + align:start position:0% +certain regions more than in other +regions and explain this okay so first + + align:start position:0% +regions and explain this okay so first + + + align:start position:0% +regions and explain this okay so first +let's let's look at Lake + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ecosystems um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so what what oops what we're showing + + align:start position:0% +um so what what oops what we're showing + + + align:start position:0% +um so what what oops what we're showing +here is is a a year in the life of a of + + align:start position:0% +here is is a a year in the life of a of + + + align:start position:0% +here is is a a year in the life of a of +a temperate lake so this might be the + + align:start position:0% +a temperate lake so this might be the + + + align:start position:0% +a temperate lake so this might be the +Mystic Lakes out in Arlington or + + align:start position:0% +Mystic Lakes out in Arlington or + + + align:start position:0% +Mystic Lakes out in Arlington or +something like that a lake that well + + align:start position:0% +something like that a lake that well + + + align:start position:0% +something like that a lake that well +maybe that doesn't freeze over I don't + + align:start position:0% +maybe that doesn't freeze over I don't + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that doesn't freeze over I don't +know but anyway a lake that freezes over + + align:start position:0% +know but anyway a lake that freezes over + + + align:start position:0% +know but anyway a lake that freezes over +in the winter so let's start during the + + align:start position:0% +in the winter so let's start during the + + + align:start position:0% +in the winter so let's start during the +summer and and here's this this basic + + align:start position:0% +summer and and here's this this basic + + + align:start position:0% +summer and and here's this this basic +graph showing the therm line the + + align:start position:0% +graph showing the therm line the + + + align:start position:0% +graph showing the therm line the +nutrient depletion in the surface and um + + align:start position:0% +nutrient depletion in the surface and um + + + align:start position:0% +nutrient depletion in the surface and um +this one indicates that you actually + + align:start position:0% +this one indicates that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +this one indicates that you actually +have oxygen depletion in the deep water + + align:start position:0% +have oxygen depletion in the deep water + + + align:start position:0% +have oxygen depletion in the deep water +because of all of this organic matter + + align:start position:0% +because of all of this organic matter + + + align:start position:0% +because of all of this organic matter +from productivity raining down um and + + align:start position:0% +from productivity raining down um and + + + align:start position:0% +from productivity raining down um and +being consumed consumed by heterotrophic + + align:start position:0% +being consumed consumed by heterotrophic + + + align:start position:0% +being consumed consumed by heterotrophic +organisms that consume oxygen + + align:start position:0% +organisms that consume oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +organisms that consume oxygen +um so as fall comes this is the + + align:start position:0% +um so as fall comes this is the + + + align:start position:0% +um so as fall comes this is the +important part you see that this this in + + align:start position:0% +important part you see that this this in + + + align:start position:0% +important part you see that this this in +the summertime this layer is is mixed um + + align:start position:0% +the summertime this layer is is mixed um + + + align:start position:0% +the summertime this layer is is mixed um +so it's uh isothermal in the fall that + + align:start position:0% +so it's uh isothermal in the fall that + + + align:start position:0% +so it's uh isothermal in the fall that +you have the the winds and and the + + align:start position:0% +you have the the winds and and the + + + align:start position:0% +you have the the winds and and the +surface cools and as this density + + align:start position:0% +surface cools and as this density + + + align:start position:0% +surface cools and as this density +gradient here starts to break down um do + + align:start position:0% +gradient here starts to break down um do + + + align:start position:0% +gradient here starts to break down um do +the cooling in the winds and so you have + + align:start position:0% +the cooling in the winds and so you have + + + align:start position:0% +the cooling in the winds and so you have +this mixing it's called fall overturn + + align:start position:0% +this mixing it's called fall overturn + + + align:start position:0% +this mixing it's called fall overturn +which entrains these nutrients from the + + align:start position:0% +which entrains these nutrients from the + + + align:start position:0% +which entrains these nutrients from the +deep water into the surface so that's + + align:start position:0% +deep water into the surface so that's + + + align:start position:0% +deep water into the surface so that's +one way you get the the nutrients from + + align:start position:0% +one way you get the the nutrients from + + + align:start position:0% +one way you get the the nutrients from +the deep water back up into the surface + + align:start position:0% +the deep water back up into the surface + + + align:start position:0% +the deep water back up into the surface +whereas in the summertime this gradient + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the summertime this gradient + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the summertime this gradient +is maintained because of this this + + align:start position:0% +is maintained because of this this + + + align:start position:0% +is maintained because of this this +density barrier and the mixing can't + + align:start position:0% +density barrier and the mixing can't + + + align:start position:0% +density barrier and the mixing can't +break break this down um and then in the + + align:start position:0% +break break this down um and then in the + + + align:start position:0% +break break this down um and then in the +winter you have the Ice uh cover that + + align:start position:0% +winter you have the Ice uh cover that + + + align:start position:0% +winter you have the Ice uh cover that +obviously everything then is just + + align:start position:0% +obviously everything then is just + + + align:start position:0% +obviously everything then is just +isothermal there's not much going on but + + align:start position:0% +isothermal there's not much going on but + + + align:start position:0% +isothermal there's not much going on but +there is some photosynthesis and then in + + align:start position:0% +there is some photosynthesis and then in + + + align:start position:0% +there is some photosynthesis and then in +the spring the surface waters start to + + align:start position:0% +the spring the surface waters start to + + + align:start position:0% +the spring the surface waters start to +warm up uh the ice melts you have + + align:start position:0% +warm up uh the ice melts you have + + + align:start position:0% +warm up uh the ice melts you have +overturn and it brings the water up from + + align:start position:0% +overturn and it brings the water up from + + + align:start position:0% +overturn and it brings the water up from +from the deep water now + + align:start position:0% +from the deep water now + + + align:start position:0% +from the deep water now +in the in the ocean in in Lakes this can + + align:start position:0% +in the in the ocean in in Lakes this can + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the ocean in in Lakes this can +mix all the way to the bottom okay in + + align:start position:0% +mix all the way to the bottom okay in + + + align:start position:0% +mix all the way to the bottom okay in +the oceans you there's no force of + + align:start position:0% +the oceans you there's no force of + + + align:start position:0% +the oceans you there's no force of +nature that can mix all the way down to + + align:start position:0% +nature that can mix all the way down to + + + align:start position:0% +nature that can mix all the way down to +2,000 MERS so you have this thermocline + + align:start position:0% +2,000 MERS so you have this thermocline + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 MERS so you have this thermocline +in the oceans but it's it's in a + + align:start position:0% +in the oceans but it's it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +in the oceans but it's it's in a +relatively small fraction of the total + + align:start position:0% +relatively small fraction of the total + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small fraction of the total +water column so the scale here is is is + + align:start position:0% +water column so the scale here is is is + + + align:start position:0% +water column so the scale here is is is +way off we're going from 100 met down to + + align:start position:0% +way off we're going from 100 met down to + + + align:start position:0% +way off we're going from 100 met down to +2,000 so in the ocean it's just this + + align:start position:0% +2,000 so in the ocean it's just this + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 so in the ocean it's just this +tiny little all this action the surface + + align:start position:0% +tiny little all this action the surface + + + align:start position:0% +tiny little all this action the surface +um so we need another mechanism we can't + + align:start position:0% +um so we need another mechanism we can't + + + align:start position:0% +um so we need another mechanism we can't +we can't mix all the way down to the + + align:start position:0% +we can't mix all the way down to the + + + align:start position:0% +we can't mix all the way down to the +deep ocean um so we need another + + align:start position:0% +deep ocean um so we need another + + + align:start position:0% +deep ocean um so we need another +mechanism for bringing nutrients to the + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for bringing nutrients to the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for bringing nutrients to the +surface and we're going + + align:start position:0% +surface and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +surface and we're going +to talk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about there's four different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's four different ways that the + + align:start position:0% +there's four different ways that the + + + align:start position:0% +there's four different ways that the +deep water nutrients are brought back up + + align:start position:0% +deep water nutrients are brought back up + + + align:start position:0% +deep water nutrients are brought back up +where there's light because you have to + + align:start position:0% +where there's light because you have to + + + align:start position:0% +where there's light because you have to +have light for photosynthesis to use the + + align:start position:0% +have light for photosynthesis to use the + + + align:start position:0% +have light for photosynthesis to use the +nutrients and one is episodic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mixing I'm just going to list them and + + align:start position:0% +mixing I'm just going to list them and + + + align:start position:0% +mixing I'm just going to list them and +then we're going to go through them + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to go through them + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to go through them +Coastal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +upflowing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um equatorial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +upwelling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whoops and on much longer time scales + + align:start position:0% +whoops and on much longer time scales + + + align:start position:0% +whoops and on much longer time scales +the What's called the + + align:start position:0% +the What's called the + + + align:start position:0% +the What's called the +oceanic conveyor + + align:start position:0% +oceanic conveyor + + + align:start position:0% +oceanic conveyor +belt in + + align:start position:0% +belt in + + + align:start position:0% +belt in +quotes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is basically Global ocean um + + align:start position:0% +which is basically Global ocean um + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically Global ocean um +circulation so let's let's go through + + align:start position:0% +circulation so let's let's go through + + + align:start position:0% +circulation so let's let's go through +these um in the + + align:start position:0% +these um in the + + + align:start position:0% +these um in the +oceans episodic mixing let's go back now + + align:start position:0% +oceans episodic mixing let's go back now + + + align:start position:0% +oceans episodic mixing let's go back now +pretend just pretend this is an ocean + + align:start position:0% +pretend just pretend this is an ocean + + + align:start position:0% +pretend just pretend this is an ocean +and that this goes down to 2,000 meters + + align:start position:0% +and that this goes down to 2,000 meters + + + align:start position:0% +and that this goes down to 2,000 meters +and there's a thermocline what happens + + align:start position:0% +and there's a thermocline what happens + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a thermocline what happens +in the ocean is that you just have + + align:start position:0% +in the ocean is that you just have + + + align:start position:0% +in the ocean is that you just have +little episodic mixing events that erode + + align:start position:0% +little episodic mixing events that erode + + + align:start position:0% +little episodic mixing events that erode +right here to give little bursts of + + align:start position:0% +right here to give little bursts of + + + align:start position:0% +right here to give little bursts of +nutrients injected into the into the lit + + align:start position:0% +nutrients injected into the into the lit + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients injected into the into the lit +area um that's season that's seasonal + + align:start position:0% +area um that's season that's seasonal + + + align:start position:0% +area um that's season that's seasonal +mixing but it never mixes all the way to + + align:start position:0% +mixing but it never mixes all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +mixing but it never mixes all the way to +the bottom + + align:start position:0% +the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom +and we can see let's see I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +and we can see let's see I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +and we can see let's see I'll show you +where this this right here is the the + + align:start position:0% +where this this right here is the the + + + align:start position:0% +where this this right here is the the +North Atlantic Bloom and in the + + align:start position:0% +North Atlantic Bloom and in the + + + align:start position:0% +North Atlantic Bloom and in the +springtime you see a major Bloom there + + align:start position:0% +springtime you see a major Bloom there + + + align:start position:0% +springtime you see a major Bloom there +due to this episodic mixing in the North + + align:start position:0% +due to this episodic mixing in the North + + + align:start position:0% +due to this episodic mixing in the North +Atlantic which we have high winds and a + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic which we have high winds and a + + + align:start position:0% +Atlantic which we have high winds and a +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +mixing okay so there also um ocean + + align:start position:0% +mixing okay so there also um ocean + + + align:start position:0% +mixing okay so there also um ocean +currents cause this Coastal upwelling + + align:start position:0% +currents cause this Coastal upwelling + + + align:start position:0% +currents cause this Coastal upwelling +phenomenon um along especially along the + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon um along especially along the + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon um along especially along the +western coasts of can of of continents + + align:start position:0% +western coasts of can of of continents + + + align:start position:0% +western coasts of can of of continents +and I don't have time to go in that you + + align:start position:0% +and I don't have time to go in that you + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't have time to go in that you +need a whole course in physical + + align:start position:0% +need a whole course in physical + + + align:start position:0% +need a whole course in physical +oceanography to really understand this + + align:start position:0% +oceanography to really understand this + + + align:start position:0% +oceanography to really understand this +um but because it has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +um but because it has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +um but because it has to do with the +whole Global ocean circulation what + + align:start position:0% +whole Global ocean circulation what + + + align:start position:0% +whole Global ocean circulation what +causes this upwelling along along the + + align:start position:0% +causes this upwelling along along the + + + align:start position:0% +causes this upwelling along along the +coasts but um I'm going to show you how + + align:start position:0% +coasts but um I'm going to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +coasts but um I'm going to show you how +this works in + + align:start position:0% +this works in + + + align:start position:0% +this works in +this movie a little movie so uh I guess + + align:start position:0% +this movie a little movie so uh I guess + + + align:start position:0% +this movie a little movie so uh I guess +that's as dark as we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that's as dark as we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's as dark as we're going to +get this is a this is a cross-section of + + align:start position:0% +get this is a this is a cross-section of + + + align:start position:0% +get this is a this is a cross-section of +a coastal ocean so here's the the coast + + align:start position:0% +a coastal ocean so here's the the coast + + + align:start position:0% +a coastal ocean so here's the the coast +Coastline here's the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +Coastline here's the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +Coastline here's the surface of the +ocean um and these little molecules here + + align:start position:0% +ocean um and these little molecules here + + + align:start position:0% +ocean um and these little molecules here +are are are CO2 and there's a blue can + + align:start position:0% +are are are CO2 and there's a blue can + + + align:start position:0% +are are are CO2 and there's a blue can +you see blue + + align:start position:0% +you see blue + + + align:start position:0% +you see blue +this is probably not going to work + + align:start position:0% +this is probably not going to work + + + align:start position:0% +this is probably not going to work +because of this filming well we'll see + + align:start position:0% +because of this filming well we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +because of this filming well we'll see +what happens okay so I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +what happens okay so I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +what happens okay so I'm going to go +through it in a still and then I'll show + + align:start position:0% +through it in a still and then I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +through it in a still and then I'll show +the movie um but what you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the movie um but what you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the movie um but what you're going to +see is these the blue patch upwelling + + align:start position:0% +see is these the blue patch upwelling + + + align:start position:0% +see is these the blue patch upwelling +along the coast here and the CO2 + + align:start position:0% +along the coast here and the CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +along the coast here and the CO2 +molecules are coming up with it and then + + align:start position:0% +molecules are coming up with it and then + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are coming up with it and then +okay here's the blue that's nutrients + + align:start position:0% +okay here's the blue that's nutrients + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's the blue that's nutrients +nitrogen phosphorus Etc the wind is + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen phosphorus Etc the wind is + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen phosphorus Etc the wind is +blowing offshore causing the surface + + align:start position:0% +blowing offshore causing the surface + + + align:start position:0% +blowing offshore causing the surface +waters to move in that direction they + + align:start position:0% +waters to move in that direction they + + + align:start position:0% +waters to move in that direction they +have to be replaced by something so + + align:start position:0% +have to be replaced by something so + + + align:start position:0% +have to be replaced by something so +we're bringing the deep water up to + + align:start position:0% +we're bringing the deep water up to + + + align:start position:0% +we're bringing the deep water up to +replace that moving surface + + align:start position:0% +replace that moving surface + + + align:start position:0% +replace that moving surface +water and and as that comes up the CO2 + + align:start position:0% +water and and as that comes up the CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +water and and as that comes up the CO2 +comes up and is released and then you + + align:start position:0% +comes up and is released and then you + + + align:start position:0% +comes up and is released and then you +have a phytoplank and Bloom from the + + align:start position:0% +have a phytoplank and Bloom from the + + + align:start position:0% +have a phytoplank and Bloom from the +nutrients and then the CO2 is sucked + + align:start position:0% +nutrients and then the CO2 is sucked + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients and then the CO2 is sucked +back in again and you have oxygen going + + align:start position:0% +back in again and you have oxygen going + + + align:start position:0% +back in again and you have oxygen going +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +and and and here it goes the + + align:start position:0% +and and and here it goes the + + + align:start position:0% +and and and here it goes the +movie upwelling the movie um + + align:start position:0% +movie upwelling the movie um + + + align:start position:0% +movie upwelling the movie um +there there comes the CO2 here are the + + align:start position:0% +there there comes the CO2 here are the + + + align:start position:0% +there there comes the CO2 here are the +nutrients now we're going to have a big + + align:start position:0% +nutrients now we're going to have a big + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients now we're going to have a big +oh CO2 + + align:start position:0% +oh CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +oh CO2 +out CO2 back in these are phytoplank + + align:start position:0% +out CO2 back in these are phytoplank + + + align:start position:0% +out CO2 back in these are phytoplank +these green blobs that's a bloom so you + + align:start position:0% +these green blobs that's a bloom so you + + + align:start position:0% +these green blobs that's a bloom so you +have now the phytoplankton falling Big + + align:start position:0% +have now the phytoplankton falling Big + + + align:start position:0% +have now the phytoplankton falling Big +Bloom car organic carbon going down uh + + align:start position:0% +Bloom car organic carbon going down uh + + + align:start position:0% +Bloom car organic carbon going down uh +and being + + align:start position:0% +and being + + + align:start position:0% +and being +regenerated so it's a very dynamic + + align:start position:0% +regenerated so it's a very dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +regenerated so it's a very dynamic +system and that's why you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +system and that's why you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +system and that's why you have a lot of +high intensity Fisheries along the + + align:start position:0% +high intensity Fisheries along the + + + align:start position:0% +high intensity Fisheries along the +coasts uh especially the Western coasts + + align:start position:0% +coasts uh especially the Western coasts + + + align:start position:0% +coasts uh especially the Western coasts +of of continents because of this + + align:start position:0% +of of continents because of this + + + align:start position:0% +of of continents because of this +upwelling there's lots of nutrients lots + + align:start position:0% +upwelling there's lots of nutrients lots + + + align:start position:0% +upwelling there's lots of nutrients lots +of phytoplankton lots of fish um a + + align:start position:0% +of phytoplankton lots of fish um a + + + align:start position:0% +of phytoplankton lots of fish um a +dramatic + + align:start position:0% +dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic +uh example of the the power of the + + align:start position:0% +uh example of the the power of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh example of the the power of the +surface currents and how they affect + + align:start position:0% +surface currents and how they affect + + + align:start position:0% +surface currents and how they affect +upwelling is this phenomenon called El + + align:start position:0% +upwelling is this phenomenon called El + + + align:start position:0% +upwelling is this phenomenon called El +Nino + + align:start position:0% +Nino + + + align:start position:0% +Nino +and I don't have time to I think I'll + + align:start position:0% +and I don't have time to I think I'll + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't have time to I think I'll +skip this slide you don't have it on + + align:start position:0% +skip this slide you don't have it on + + + align:start position:0% +skip this slide you don't have it on +your you don't have it in in in in the + + align:start position:0% +your you don't have it in in in in the + + + align:start position:0% +your you don't have it in in in in the +handout anyway but here's an + + align:start position:0% +handout anyway but here's an + + + align:start position:0% +handout anyway but here's an +animation um + + align:start position:0% +animation um + + + align:start position:0% +animation um +showing the changes in the + + align:start position:0% +showing the changes in the + + + align:start position:0% +showing the changes in the +productivity in the Pacific Ocean along + + align:start position:0% +productivity in the Pacific Ocean along + + + align:start position:0% +productivity in the Pacific Ocean along +the Equator here's an El Nino year and + + align:start position:0% +the Equator here's an El Nino year and + + + align:start position:0% +the Equator here's an El Nino year and +I'll explain what how that works in a + + align:start position:0% +I'll explain what how that works in a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll explain what how that works in a +minute but there's a normal year where + + align:start position:0% +minute but there's a normal year where + + + align:start position:0% +minute but there's a normal year where +you have these phytol Plankton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blooms + + align:start position:0% +blooms + + + align:start position:0% +blooms +and let's look at it in a in this you've + + align:start position:0% +and let's look at it in a in this you've + + + align:start position:0% +and let's look at it in a in this you've +seen this one + + align:start position:0% +seen this one + + + align:start position:0% +seen this one +before but let's look at it more closely + + align:start position:0% +before but let's look at it more closely + + + align:start position:0% +before but let's look at it more closely +there's the equatorial Bloom caused by + + align:start position:0% +there's the equatorial Bloom caused by + + + align:start position:0% +there's the equatorial Bloom caused by +upwelling along the + + align:start position:0% +upwelling along the + + + align:start position:0% +upwelling along the +Equator in a normal year and as we go + + align:start position:0% +Equator in a normal year and as we go + + + align:start position:0% +Equator in a normal year and as we go +around this is like three years in the + + align:start position:0% +around this is like three years in the + + + align:start position:0% +around this is like three years in the +life of a globe um see there's High + + align:start position:0% +life of a globe um see there's High + + + align:start position:0% +life of a globe um see there's High +productivity at the Amazon where the + + align:start position:0% +productivity at the Amazon where the + + + align:start position:0% +productivity at the Amazon where the +Amazon's emptying now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Amazon's emptying now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon's emptying now we're going to +zoom in here and this is a normal year + + align:start position:0% +zoom in here and this is a normal year + + + align:start position:0% +zoom in here and this is a normal year +and that's an El Nino year you see + + align:start position:0% +and that's an El Nino year you see + + + align:start position:0% +and that's an El Nino year you see +there's very little productivity and + + align:start position:0% +there's very little productivity and + + + align:start position:0% +there's very little productivity and +there's 's very little upwelling along + + align:start position:0% +there's 's very little upwelling along + + + align:start position:0% +there's 's very little upwelling along +the coast here um and that El Nino is um + + align:start position:0% +the coast here um and that El Nino is um + + + align:start position:0% +the coast here um and that El Nino is um +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +Spanish means the it means what does it + + align:start position:0% +Spanish means the it means what does it + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish means the it means what does it +mean L young boy it it refers to the + + align:start position:0% +mean L young boy it it refers to the + + + align:start position:0% +mean L young boy it it refers to the +Christ child because that this this + + align:start position:0% +Christ child because that this this + + + align:start position:0% +Christ child because that this this +happens uh around Christmas time roughly + + align:start position:0% +happens uh around Christmas time roughly + + + align:start position:0% +happens uh around Christmas time roughly +every seven + + align:start position:0% +every seven + + + align:start position:0% +every seven +years and what happens in that + + align:start position:0% +years and what happens in that + + + align:start position:0% +years and what happens in that +phenomenon is a it's turned out that + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon is a it's turned out that + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon is a it's turned out that +people have have studied it now for + + align:start position:0% +people have have studied it now for + + + align:start position:0% +people have have studied it now for +years it's a global phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +years it's a global phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +years it's a global phenomenon +in which the the prevailing currents in + + align:start position:0% +in which the the prevailing currents in + + + align:start position:0% +in which the the prevailing currents in +the in the whole Pacific Ocean shift + + align:start position:0% +the in the whole Pacific Ocean shift + + + align:start position:0% +the in the whole Pacific Ocean shift +from going in this direction which + + align:start position:0% +from going in this direction which + + + align:start position:0% +from going in this direction which +causes the upwelling here to going in + + align:start position:0% +causes the upwelling here to going in + + + align:start position:0% +causes the upwelling here to going in +this direction uh which brings warm + + align:start position:0% +this direction uh which brings warm + + + align:start position:0% +this direction uh which brings warm +water suppressing the upwelling and + + align:start position:0% +water suppressing the upwelling and + + + align:start position:0% +water suppressing the upwelling and +reducing the the nutrient input into the + + align:start position:0% +reducing the the nutrient input into the + + + align:start position:0% +reducing the the nutrient input into the +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +um okay so here's an elino year and + + align:start position:0% +um okay so here's an elino year and + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so here's an elino year and +directly compared to a non-el Nino year + + align:start position:0% +directly compared to a non-el Nino year + + + align:start position:0% +directly compared to a non-el Nino year +and that's all due to physical forces + + align:start position:0% +and that's all due to physical forces + + + align:start position:0% +and that's all due to physical forces +changing the nutrient + + align:start position:0% +changing the nutrient + + + align:start position:0% +changing the nutrient +delivery so here's equatorial upwelling + + align:start position:0% +delivery so here's equatorial upwelling + + + align:start position:0% +delivery so here's equatorial upwelling +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +finally on a global + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale over very long periods of time you + + align:start position:0% +scale over very long periods of time you + + + align:start position:0% +scale over very long periods of time you +can imagine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that that these upwelling events + + align:start position:0% +that that these upwelling events + + + align:start position:0% +that that these upwelling events +would not be enough to re to bring the + + align:start position:0% +would not be enough to re to bring the + + + align:start position:0% +would not be enough to re to bring the +collect you have this constant rain of + + align:start position:0% +collect you have this constant rain of + + + align:start position:0% +collect you have this constant rain of +organic matter coming from the surface + + align:start position:0% +organic matter coming from the surface + + + align:start position:0% +organic matter coming from the surface +waters and this nutrient Reservoir in + + align:start position:0% +waters and this nutrient Reservoir in + + + align:start position:0% +waters and this nutrient Reservoir in +the Deep Waters none of these upwelling + + align:start position:0% +the Deep Waters none of these upwelling + + + align:start position:0% +the Deep Waters none of these upwelling +events are enough to bring all that back + + align:start position:0% +events are enough to bring all that back + + + align:start position:0% +events are enough to bring all that back +and renew the system so you need a + + align:start position:0% +and renew the system so you need a + + + align:start position:0% +and renew the system so you need a +bigger Force than that on a global scale + + align:start position:0% +bigger Force than that on a global scale + + + align:start position:0% +bigger Force than that on a global scale +over long time periods and that is + + align:start position:0% +over long time periods and that is + + + align:start position:0% +over long time periods and that is +what's called the Great Oceanic conveyor + + align:start position:0% +what's called the Great Oceanic conveyor + + + align:start position:0% +what's called the Great Oceanic conveyor +belt and this is really important + + align:start position:0% +belt and this is really important + + + align:start position:0% +belt and this is really important +because I think people think of the + + align:start position:0% +because I think people think of the + + + align:start position:0% +because I think people think of the +oceans as a static understandably you + + align:start position:0% +oceans as a static understandably you + + + align:start position:0% +oceans as a static understandably you +look out there it looks like a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +look out there it looks like a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +look out there it looks like a bunch of +water with the surface waters and with + + align:start position:0% +water with the surface waters and with + + + align:start position:0% +water with the surface waters and with +the Deep Waters and if you throw + + align:start position:0% +the Deep Waters and if you throw + + + align:start position:0% +the Deep Waters and if you throw +something in the deep water it's going + + align:start position:0% +something in the deep water it's going + + + align:start position:0% +something in the deep water it's going +to stay there and you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +to stay there and you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +to stay there and you don't have to +worry about it anymore like they a lot + + align:start position:0% +worry about it anymore like they a lot + + + align:start position:0% +worry about it anymore like they a lot +of people want to bury nuclear waste in + + align:start position:0% +of people want to bury nuclear waste in + + + align:start position:0% +of people want to bury nuclear waste in +the deep water + + align:start position:0% +the deep water + + + align:start position:0% +the deep water +um and the point is that that's not true + + align:start position:0% +um and the point is that that's not true + + + align:start position:0% +um and the point is that that's not true +the oceans are all interconnected and + + align:start position:0% +the oceans are all interconnected and + + + align:start position:0% +the oceans are all interconnected and +there's this if if I'm a water molecule + + align:start position:0% +there's this if if I'm a water molecule + + + align:start position:0% +there's this if if I'm a water molecule +the average amount of time I and I'm + + align:start position:0% +the average amount of time I and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the average amount of time I and I'm +traveling with the currents over a + + align:start position:0% +traveling with the currents over a + + + align:start position:0% +traveling with the currents over a +thousand years I will make this this + + align:start position:0% +thousand years I will make this this + + + align:start position:0% +thousand years I will make this this +whole journey where I go along the + + align:start position:0% +whole journey where I go along the + + + align:start position:0% +whole journey where I go along the +surface waters and then I get to the + + align:start position:0% +surface waters and then I get to the + + + align:start position:0% +surface waters and then I get to the +North Atlantic and because the waters + + align:start position:0% +North Atlantic and because the waters + + + align:start position:0% +North Atlantic and because the waters +are cooled and there's very high winds + + align:start position:0% +are cooled and there's very high winds + + + align:start position:0% +are cooled and there's very high winds +in the North Atlantic uh you have cold + + align:start position:0% +in the North Atlantic uh you have cold + + + align:start position:0% +in the North Atlantic uh you have cold +water and the high winds cause high + + align:start position:0% +water and the high winds cause high + + + align:start position:0% +water and the high winds cause high +evaporation so you have saltier water so + + align:start position:0% +evaporation so you have saltier water so + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation so you have saltier water so +cold salty water up here + + align:start position:0% +cold salty water up here + + + align:start position:0% +cold salty water up here +sinks and that actually is a force that + + align:start position:0% +sinks and that actually is a force that + + + align:start position:0% +sinks and that actually is a force that +drives this whole Global + + align:start position:0% +drives this whole Global + + + align:start position:0% +drives this whole Global +circulation and so I'm cruising along + + align:start position:0% +circulation and so I'm cruising along + + + align:start position:0% +circulation and so I'm cruising along +here get here and I sink and then I go + + align:start position:0% +here get here and I sink and then I go + + + align:start position:0% +here get here and I sink and then I go +for this long journey down the bottom + + align:start position:0% +for this long journey down the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +for this long journey down the bottom +and of course it's much more complicated + + align:start position:0% +and of course it's much more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +and of course it's much more complicated +than this this is grossly oversimplified + + align:start position:0% +than this this is grossly oversimplified + + + align:start position:0% +than this this is grossly oversimplified +but I go this long journey to the bottom + + align:start position:0% +but I go this long journey to the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +but I go this long journey to the bottom +of the Atlantic these deep ocean + + align:start position:0% +of the Atlantic these deep ocean + + + align:start position:0% +of the Atlantic these deep ocean +currents and then somewhere along the + + align:start position:0% +currents and then somewhere along the + + + align:start position:0% +currents and then somewhere along the +line I get brought up again like through + + align:start position:0% +line I get brought up again like through + + + align:start position:0% +line I get brought up again like through +zones of upwelling here or maybe I would + + align:start position:0% +zones of upwelling here or maybe I would + + + align:start position:0% +zones of upwelling here or maybe I would +Meander up here and get brought up again + + align:start position:0% +Meander up here and get brought up again + + + align:start position:0% +Meander up here and get brought up again +um I'm just one atom this on average um + + align:start position:0% +um I'm just one atom this on average um + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm just one atom this on average um +so through these these Global ocean + + align:start position:0% +so through these these Global ocean + + + align:start position:0% +so through these these Global ocean +currents the deep water eventually comes + + align:start position:0% +currents the deep water eventually comes + + + align:start position:0% +currents the deep water eventually comes +up to the surface bringing those + + align:start position:0% +up to the surface bringing those + + + align:start position:0% +up to the surface bringing those +nutrients back where it comes in contact + + align:start position:0% +nutrients back where it comes in contact + + + align:start position:0% +nutrients back where it comes in contact +with the light and the phytoplankton and + + align:start position:0% +with the light and the phytoplankton and + + + align:start position:0% +with the light and the phytoplankton and +they photosynthesize and they take up + + align:start position:0% +they photosynthesize and they take up + + + align:start position:0% +they photosynthesize and they take up +the nutrients and they make organic + + align:start position:0% +the nutrients and they make organic + + + align:start position:0% +the nutrients and they make organic +carbon and it all settles down again and + + align:start position:0% +carbon and it all settles down again and + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and it all settles down again and +to the bottom so it's a cycle and if you + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom so it's a cycle and if you + + + align:start position:0% +to the bottom so it's a cycle and if you +didn't have that the thing would run + + align:start position:0% +didn't have that the thing would run + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have that the thing would run +down if you didn't have the deep water + + align:start position:0% +down if you didn't have the deep water + + + align:start position:0% +down if you didn't have the deep water +eventually coming up somewhere this + + align:start position:0% +eventually coming up somewhere this + + + align:start position:0% +eventually coming up somewhere this +system would just run down and you'd + + align:start position:0% +system would just run down and you'd + + + align:start position:0% +system would just run down and you'd +have a big anoxic bottom of the ocean um + + align:start position:0% +have a big anoxic bottom of the ocean um + + + align:start position:0% +have a big anoxic bottom of the ocean um +and who knows what would happen um so + + align:start position:0% +and who knows what would happen um so + + + align:start position:0% +and who knows what would happen um so +this is really + + align:start position:0% +this is really + + + align:start position:0% +this is really +important okay so finally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I've talked about nutrients just in + + align:start position:0% +um I've talked about nutrients just in + + + align:start position:0% +um I've talked about nutrients just in +general but what nutrients are the most + + align:start position:0% +general but what nutrients are the most + + + align:start position:0% +general but what nutrients are the most +important uh and it turns out that there + + align:start position:0% +important uh and it turns out that there + + + align:start position:0% +important uh and it turns out that there +are some nutrients that are in much less + + align:start position:0% +are some nutrients that are in much less + + + align:start position:0% +are some nutrients that are in much less +Supply than are required by the the + + align:start position:0% +Supply than are required by the the + + + align:start position:0% +Supply than are required by the the +plants and this is what's called + + align:start position:0% +plants and this is what's called + + + align:start position:0% +plants and this is what's called +so what + + align:start position:0% +so what + + + align:start position:0% +so what +nutrients are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important now of course they're all + + align:start position:0% +important now of course they're all + + + align:start position:0% +important now of course they're all +important but some are + + align:start position:0% +important but some are + + + align:start position:0% +important but some are +more important in regulation than others + + align:start position:0% +more important in regulation than others + + + align:start position:0% +more important in regulation than others +and there's there's something called The + + align:start position:0% +and there's there's something called The + + + align:start position:0% +and there's there's something called The +Law of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minimum and it states + + align:start position:0% +minimum and it states + + + align:start position:0% +minimum and it states +that the growth of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plant will be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limited by + + align:start position:0% +limited by + + + align:start position:0% +limited by +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +is in + + align:start position:0% +is in + + + align:start position:0% +is in +least + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Supply relative this is the important + + align:start position:0% +Supply relative this is the important + + + align:start position:0% +Supply relative this is the important +part relative to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +requirements of the + + align:start position:0% +requirements of the + + + align:start position:0% +requirements of the +plant or the phytoplankton when I say + + align:start position:0% +plant or the phytoplankton when I say + + + align:start position:0% +plant or the phytoplankton when I say +plant it could be phytoplankton or tree + + align:start position:0% +plant it could be phytoplankton or tree + + + align:start position:0% +plant it could be phytoplankton or tree +or plant + + align:start position:0% +or plant + + + align:start position:0% +or plant +whatever this is this is the important + + align:start position:0% +whatever this is this is the important + + + align:start position:0% +whatever this is this is the important +part so well how do we figure out what + + align:start position:0% +part so well how do we figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +part so well how do we figure out what +the requirements for elements are of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plant + + align:start position:0% +plant + + + align:start position:0% +plant +you might grab it Harvest it grind it up + + align:start position:0% +you might grab it Harvest it grind it up + + + align:start position:0% +you might grab it Harvest it grind it up +and measure the ratio of the elements in + + align:start position:0% +and measure the ratio of the elements in + + + align:start position:0% +and measure the ratio of the elements in +that plant + + align:start position:0% +that plant + + + align:start position:0% +that plant +so for + + align:start position:0% +so for + + + align:start position:0% +so for +example if you do that for most plants + + align:start position:0% +example if you do that for most plants + + + align:start position:0% +example if you do that for most plants +you get something on the order of 106 or + + align:start position:0% +you get something on the order of 106 or + + + align:start position:0% +you get something on the order of 106 or +at least for most phytol Plankton which + + align:start position:0% +at least for most phytol Plankton which + + + align:start position:0% +at least for most phytol Plankton which +are my plant my preferred plant you get + + align:start position:0% +are my plant my preferred plant you get + + + align:start position:0% +are my plant my preferred plant you get +a ratio of carbon to nitrogen to + + align:start position:0% +a ratio of carbon to nitrogen to + + + align:start position:0% +a ratio of carbon to nitrogen to +phosphorus of 106 atoms of carbon for 16 + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus of 106 atoms of carbon for 16 + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus of 106 atoms of carbon for 16 +nitrogen per one of phosphorus so this + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen per one of phosphorus so this + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen per one of phosphorus so this +tells you in what ratio they need these + + align:start position:0% +tells you in what ratio they need these + + + align:start position:0% +tells you in what ratio they need these +elements in order to grow so then you + + align:start position:0% +elements in order to grow so then you + + + align:start position:0% +elements in order to grow so then you +look in the + + align:start position:0% +look in the + + + align:start position:0% +look in the +environment and you ask um what are the + + align:start position:0% +environment and you ask um what are the + + + align:start position:0% +environment and you ask um what are the +ratios available so say if the water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has ratio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of what's what's going to be the most + + align:start position:0% +of what's what's going to be the most + + + align:start position:0% +of what's what's going to be the most +limiting element in that + + align:start position:0% +limiting element in that + + + align:start position:0% +limiting element in that +system for that + + align:start position:0% +system for that + + + align:start position:0% +system for that +plant exact exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nitrogen and alternatively you could + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen and alternatively you could + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen and alternatively you could +have something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and what would be limiting + + align:start position:0% +this and what would be limiting + + + align:start position:0% +this and what would be limiting +there phosphorous + + align:start position:0% +there phosphorous + + + align:start position:0% +there phosphorous +limits + + align:start position:0% +limits + + + align:start position:0% +limits +and it turns out that in most aquatic + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that in most aquatic + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that in most aquatic +ecosystems um for now we're going to say + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems um for now we're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystems um for now we're going to say +that nitrogen and phosphorus are the + + align:start position:0% +that nitrogen and phosphorus are the + + + align:start position:0% +that nitrogen and phosphorus are the +important limiting factors uh + + align:start position:0% +important limiting factors uh + + + align:start position:0% +important limiting factors uh +and just to show you again that that + + align:start position:0% +and just to show you again that that + + + align:start position:0% +and just to show you again that that +ecologists do experiments here's a + + align:start position:0% +ecologists do experiments here's a + + + align:start position:0% +ecologists do experiments here's a +experimental Lakes area in Ontario where + + align:start position:0% +experimental Lakes area in Ontario where + + + align:start position:0% +experimental Lakes area in Ontario where +there are 22 different lakes set aside + + align:start position:0% +there are 22 different lakes set aside + + + align:start position:0% +there are 22 different lakes set aside +for research and in this particular uh + + align:start position:0% +for research and in this particular uh + + + align:start position:0% +for research and in this particular uh +set of of lakes this is a control Lake + + align:start position:0% +set of of lakes this is a control Lake + + + align:start position:0% +set of of lakes this is a control Lake +and this was the experimental Lake they + + align:start position:0% +and this was the experimental Lake they + + + align:start position:0% +and this was the experimental Lake they +added phosphorus to this Lake um and you + + align:start position:0% +added phosphorus to this Lake um and you + + + align:start position:0% +added phosphorus to this Lake um and you +can see the the phytoplankton Bloom by + + align:start position:0% +can see the the phytoplankton Bloom by + + + align:start position:0% +can see the the phytoplankton Bloom by +only adding phosphorus they didn't add + + align:start position:0% +only adding phosphorus they didn't add + + + align:start position:0% +only adding phosphorus they didn't add +anything else and that means that + + align:start position:0% +anything else and that means that + + + align:start position:0% +anything else and that means that +phosphorus was in least Supply least + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus was in least Supply least + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus was in least Supply least +Supply relative to the other nutrients + + align:start position:0% +Supply relative to the other nutrients + + + align:start position:0% +Supply relative to the other nutrients +but the interesting thing that happened + + align:start position:0% +but the interesting thing that happened + + + align:start position:0% +but the interesting thing that happened +here was that when they added the + + align:start position:0% +here was that when they added the + + + align:start position:0% +here was that when they added the +phosphorus that makes phosphorus in + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus that makes phosphorus in + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus that makes phosphorus in +great abundance relative to nitrogen and + + align:start position:0% +great abundance relative to nitrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +great abundance relative to nitrogen and +what that did was made nitrogen the + + align:start position:0% +what that did was made nitrogen the + + + align:start position:0% +what that did was made nitrogen the +limiting factor and when nitrogen's the + + align:start position:0% +limiting factor and when nitrogen's the + + + align:start position:0% +limiting factor and when nitrogen's the +limiting factor what organisms might + + align:start position:0% +limiting factor what organisms might + + + align:start position:0% +limiting factor what organisms might +have an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +advantage we we talked about them yeah + + align:start position:0% +advantage we we talked about them yeah + + + align:start position:0% +advantage we we talked about them yeah +there you go nitrogen fixing or + + align:start position:0% +there you go nitrogen fixing or + + + align:start position:0% +there you go nitrogen fixing or +organisms so if nitrogen's limiting only + + align:start position:0% +organisms so if nitrogen's limiting only + + + align:start position:0% +organisms so if nitrogen's limiting only +organisms that can take it from the + + align:start position:0% +organisms that can take it from the + + + align:start position:0% +organisms that can take it from the +atmosphere can get the nitrogen get more + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere can get the nitrogen get more + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere can get the nitrogen get more +nitrogen than the other organisms so + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen than the other organisms so + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen than the other organisms so +they're favored and what what happens is + + align:start position:0% +they're favored and what what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +they're favored and what what happens is +you fertilize with phosphorus and you + + align:start position:0% +you fertilize with phosphorus and you + + + align:start position:0% +you fertilize with phosphorus and you +get blooms of nitrogen fixing organisms + + align:start position:0% +get blooms of nitrogen fixing organisms + + + align:start position:0% +get blooms of nitrogen fixing organisms +it's really an interesting uh phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +it's really an interesting uh phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +it's really an interesting uh phenomenon +but nitrogen and phosphorus are are one + + align:start position:0% +but nitrogen and phosphorus are are one + + + align:start position:0% +but nitrogen and phosphorus are are one +of the other is limiting in in lakes and + + align:start position:0% +of the other is limiting in in lakes and + + + align:start position:0% +of the other is limiting in in lakes and +in large areas of the oceans nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +in large areas of the oceans nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +in large areas of the oceans nitrogen +and phosphorus are also limiting except + + align:start position:0% +and phosphorus are also limiting except + + + align:start position:0% +and phosphorus are also limiting except +we've learned recently that there are + + align:start position:0% +we've learned recently that there are + + + align:start position:0% +we've learned recently that there are +areas of the oceans where iron is + + align:start position:0% +areas of the oceans where iron is + + + align:start position:0% +areas of the oceans where iron is +actually a limiting factor and this was + + align:start position:0% +actually a limiting factor and this was + + + align:start position:0% +actually a limiting factor and this was +an experiment that was done by + + align:start position:0% +an experiment that was done by + + + align:start position:0% +an experiment that was done by +oceanographers um this is there's Alaska + + align:start position:0% +oceanographers um this is there's Alaska + + + align:start position:0% +oceanographers um this is there's Alaska +just to get you oriented this is the + + align:start position:0% +just to get you oriented this is the + + + align:start position:0% +just to get you oriented this is the +North Pacific where they went out with a + + align:start position:0% +North Pacific where they went out with a + + + align:start position:0% +North Pacific where they went out with a +boat and they made a patch they added + + align:start position:0% +boat and they made a patch they added + + + align:start position:0% +boat and they made a patch they added +iron just to a a patch of ocean and I I + + align:start position:0% +iron just to a a patch of ocean and I I + + + align:start position:0% +iron just to a a patch of ocean and I I +I can tell you about this we were + + align:start position:0% +I can tell you about this we were + + + align:start position:0% +I can tell you about this we were +involved in some of these experiments + + align:start position:0% +involved in some of these experiments + + + align:start position:0% +involved in some of these experiments +this about 10 started out with a 10 km + + align:start position:0% +this about 10 started out with a 10 km + + + align:start position:0% +this about 10 started out with a 10 km +by 10 km patch and showed that if you + + align:start position:0% +by 10 km patch and showed that if you + + + align:start position:0% +by 10 km patch and showed that if you +add iron you get a bloom of + + align:start position:0% +add iron you get a bloom of + + + align:start position:0% +add iron you get a bloom of +phytoplankton and this is a satellite + + align:start position:0% +phytoplankton and this is a satellite + + + align:start position:0% +phytoplankton and this is a satellite +image of that phytoplankton Bloom + + align:start position:0% +image of that phytoplankton Bloom + + + align:start position:0% +image of that phytoplankton Bloom +and in the last lecture I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and in the last lecture I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and in the last lecture I'm going to +tell you all all about those iron + + align:start position:0% +tell you all all about those iron + + + align:start position:0% +tell you all all about those iron +fertiliz + + align:start position:0% +fertiliz + + + align:start position:0% +fertiliz +um experiments and the implications for + + align:start position:0% +um experiments and the implications for + + + align:start position:0% +um experiments and the implications for +um for how we're going to use the oceans + + align:start position:0% +um for how we're going to use the oceans + + + align:start position:0% +um for how we're going to use the oceans +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +future so take home + + align:start position:0% +future so take home + + + align:start position:0% +future so take home +messages we'll talk about them next time + + align:start position:0% +messages we'll talk about them next time + + + align:start position:0% +messages we'll talk about them next time +you can take them home but uh I don't + + align:start position:0% +you can take them home but uh I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you can take them home but uh I don't +want to keep you + + align:start position:0% +want to keep you + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep you +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4sTKcvYMNxk.txt b/4sTKcvYMNxk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0de302aca74fc9e1d522ea7624a05e048d6947d --- /dev/null +++ b/4sTKcvYMNxk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7024 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +coreware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu I'm hannes Miller I'm + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu I'm hannes Miller I'm + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu I'm hannes Miller I'm +substituting for David Jaron today so + + align:start position:0% +substituting for David Jaron today so + + + align:start position:0% +substituting for David Jaron today so +you have a substitute teacher + + align:start position:0% +you have a substitute teacher + + + align:start position:0% +you have a substitute teacher +today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I haven't been here in this class + + align:start position:0% +so I haven't been here in this class + + + align:start position:0% +so I haven't been here in this class +with you uh so I'm not completely sure + + align:start position:0% +with you uh so I'm not completely sure + + + align:start position:0% +with you uh so I'm not completely sure +where you where you are I think you've + + align:start position:0% +where you where you are I think you've + + + align:start position:0% +where you where you are I think you've +um just been talking about + + align:start position:0% +um just been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +um just been talking about +differentiation and uh you've got some + + align:start position:0% +differentiation and uh you've got some + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation and uh you've got some +examples of differentiation like these + + align:start position:0% +examples of differentiation like these + + + align:start position:0% +examples of differentiation like these +basic examples the derivative of x to + + align:start position:0% +basic examples the derivative of x to + + + align:start position:0% +basic examples the derivative of x to +the n is n x + + align:start position:0% +the n is n x + + + align:start position:0% +the n is n x +nus1 and I think maybe you spend some + + align:start position:0% +nus1 and I think maybe you spend some + + + align:start position:0% +nus1 and I think maybe you spend some +time Computing the derivative of the S + + align:start position:0% +time Computing the derivative of the S + + + align:start position:0% +time Computing the derivative of the S +function as well um recently and I think + + align:start position:0% +function as well um recently and I think + + + align:start position:0% +function as well um recently and I think +you have some rules uh for for for + + align:start position:0% +you have some rules uh for for for + + + align:start position:0% +you have some rules uh for for for +extending these calculations as well for + + align:start position:0% +extending these calculations as well for + + + align:start position:0% +extending these calculations as well for +instance I think you know that if you + + align:start position:0% +instance I think you know that if you + + + align:start position:0% +instance I think you know that if you +differentiate uh a constant times a + + align:start position:0% +differentiate uh a constant times a + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate uh a constant times a +function what do you + + align:start position:0% +function what do you + + + align:start position:0% +function what do you +get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the constant comes + + align:start position:0% +the constant comes + + + align:start position:0% +the constant comes +outside like this or I could write cuu + + align:start position:0% +outside like this or I could write cuu + + + align:start position:0% +outside like this or I could write cuu +Prime is c u + + align:start position:0% +Prime is c u + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is c u +Prime that's this rule multiplying by a + + align:start position:0% +Prime that's this rule multiplying by a + + + align:start position:0% +Prime that's this rule multiplying by a +constant and I think you also know about + + align:start position:0% +constant and I think you also know about + + + align:start position:0% +constant and I think you also know about +differentiating a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sum or I could write this as is U plus v + + align:start position:0% +sum or I could write this as is U plus v + + + align:start position:0% +sum or I could write this as is U plus v +Prime is U prime plus v + + align:start position:0% +Prime is U prime plus v + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is U prime plus v +Prime so I'm going to be using those but + + align:start position:0% +Prime so I'm going to be using those but + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so I'm going to be using those but +I'm uh today I'll talk about a + + align:start position:0% +I'm uh today I'll talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm uh today I'll talk about a +collection of other rules about how to + + align:start position:0% +collection of other rules about how to + + + align:start position:0% +collection of other rules about how to +deal with a product of functions a + + align:start position:0% +deal with a product of functions a + + + align:start position:0% +deal with a product of functions a +quotient of functions and best of all + + align:start position:0% +quotient of functions and best of all + + + align:start position:0% +quotient of functions and best of all +composition of functions and then at the + + align:start position:0% +composition of functions and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +composition of functions and then at the +end I'll have something to say about uh + + align:start position:0% +end I'll have something to say about uh + + + align:start position:0% +end I'll have something to say about uh +higher + + align:start position:0% +higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher +derivatives so that's the story for + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so that's the story for + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so that's the story for +today that's the + + align:start position:0% +today that's the + + + align:start position:0% +today that's the +program so let's begin by talking about + + align:start position:0% +program so let's begin by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +program so let's begin by talking about +um the product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rule so the product rule tells you how + + align:start position:0% +rule so the product rule tells you how + + + align:start position:0% +rule so the product rule tells you how +to differentiate a product of functions + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate a product of functions + + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate a product of functions +and I'll just give you the rule first of + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just give you the rule first of + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just give you the rule first of +all uh the rule is it's U Prime V plus u + + align:start position:0% +all uh the rule is it's U Prime V plus u + + + align:start position:0% +all uh the rule is it's U Prime V plus u +v + + align:start position:0% +v + + + align:start position:0% +v +Prime little bit funny differentiating a + + align:start position:0% +Prime little bit funny differentiating a + + + align:start position:0% +Prime little bit funny differentiating a +product giv gives you a + + align:start position:0% +product giv gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +product giv gives you a +sum but uh let's see how that works out + + align:start position:0% +sum but uh let's see how that works out + + + align:start position:0% +sum but uh let's see how that works out +in a particular example uh for example + + align:start position:0% +in a particular example uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +in a particular example uh for example +suppose that I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +suppose that I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that I wanted to +differentiate the product well the + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the product well the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the product well the +product of these two basic examples that + + align:start position:0% +product of these two basic examples that + + + align:start position:0% +product of these two basic examples that +we just talked about I'm going to use + + align:start position:0% +we just talked about I'm going to use + + + align:start position:0% +we just talked about I'm going to use +the same variable in both cases instead + + align:start position:0% +the same variable in both cases instead + + + align:start position:0% +the same variable in both cases instead +of different ones like I did here so the + + align:start position:0% +of different ones like I did here so the + + + align:start position:0% +of different ones like I did here so the +derivative of x to the N times s of + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x to the N times s of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x to the N times s of +X so this is a new thing + + align:start position:0% +X so this is a new thing + + + align:start position:0% +X so this is a new thing +couldn't do this without using the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do this without using the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do this without using the +product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rule so the first function is X to the n + + align:start position:0% +rule so the first function is X to the n + + + align:start position:0% +rule so the first function is X to the n +and the second one is s of X and we're + + align:start position:0% +and the second one is s of X and we're + + + align:start position:0% +and the second one is s of X and we're +going to apply this rule so U is X to + + align:start position:0% +going to apply this rule so U is X to + + + align:start position:0% +going to apply this rule so U is X to +the n u Prime is according to the rule n + + align:start position:0% +the n u Prime is according to the rule n + + + align:start position:0% +the n u Prime is according to the rule n +x nus + + align:start position:0% +x nus + + + align:start position:0% +x nus +one and then I take V and write it down + + align:start position:0% +one and then I take V and write it down + + + align:start position:0% +one and then I take V and write it down +the way it + + align:start position:0% +the way it + + + align:start position:0% +the way it +is s of + + align:start position:0% +is s of + + + align:start position:0% +is s of +X and then I do it the other way I take + + align:start position:0% +X and then I do it the other way I take + + + align:start position:0% +X and then I do it the other way I take +U the way it is that's x to the n and + + align:start position:0% +U the way it is that's x to the n and + + + align:start position:0% +U the way it is that's x to the n and +multiply it by the derivative of v v + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by the derivative of v v + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by the derivative of v v +Prime uh we just saw V Prime is cosine + + align:start position:0% +Prime uh we just saw V Prime is cosine + + + align:start position:0% +Prime uh we just saw V Prime is cosine +of x so that's + + align:start position:0% +of x so that's + + + align:start position:0% +of x so that's +it obviously you can differentiate + + align:start position:0% +it obviously you can differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +it obviously you can differentiate +longer products products of more things + + align:start position:0% +longer products products of more things + + + align:start position:0% +longer products products of more things +uh by doing it one at a + + align:start position:0% +uh by doing it one at a + + + align:start position:0% +uh by doing it one at a +time well let's see why this is true uh + + align:start position:0% +time well let's see why this is true uh + + + align:start position:0% +time well let's see why this is true uh +I want to try to show you why the + + align:start position:0% +I want to try to show you why the + + + align:start position:0% +I want to try to show you why the +products rule holds so I think there's + + align:start position:0% +products rule holds so I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +products rule holds so I think there's +you have a standard way of of trying to + + align:start position:0% +you have a standard way of of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you have a standard way of of trying to +understand this + + align:start position:0% +understand this + + + align:start position:0% +understand this +and it involves looking at the change in + + align:start position:0% +and it involves looking at the change in + + + align:start position:0% +and it involves looking at the change in +the function that you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +the function that you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +the function that you're interested in +differentiating so I should look at how + + align:start position:0% +differentiating so I should look at how + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating so I should look at how +much the product UV changes when X + + align:start position:0% +much the product UV changes when X + + + align:start position:0% +much the product UV changes when X +changes a little + + align:start position:0% +changes a little + + + align:start position:0% +changes a little +bit well so how do we compute the change + + align:start position:0% +bit well so how do we compute the change + + + align:start position:0% +bit well so how do we compute the change +well I write down the value of the + + align:start position:0% +well I write down the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +well I write down the value of the +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +at some new value of x X Plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +at some new value of x X Plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +at some new value of x X Plus Delta +x uh well I better write down the whole + + align:start position:0% +x uh well I better write down the whole + + + align:start position:0% +x uh well I better write down the whole +new value of the function and the + + align:start position:0% +new value of the function and the + + + align:start position:0% +new value of the function and the +function is U * V so the whole new value + + align:start position:0% +function is U * V so the whole new value + + + align:start position:0% +function is U * V so the whole new value +looks like this it's U of X Plus Delta x + + align:start position:0% +looks like this it's U of X Plus Delta x + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this it's U of X Plus Delta x +* V of X Plus Delta X that's the new + + align:start position:0% +* V of X Plus Delta X that's the new + + + align:start position:0% +* V of X Plus Delta X that's the new +value but what's the change in the + + align:start position:0% +value but what's the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +value but what's the change in the +product well I better subtract off what + + align:start position:0% +product well I better subtract off what + + + align:start position:0% +product well I better subtract off what +the old value + + align:start position:0% +the old value + + + align:start position:0% +the old value +was which is U of x x v + + align:start position:0% +was which is U of x x v + + + align:start position:0% +was which is U of x x v +ofx okay now uh according to the rule + + align:start position:0% +ofx okay now uh according to the rule + + + align:start position:0% +ofx okay now uh according to the rule +we're trying to prove I have to get U + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to prove I have to get U + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to prove I have to get U +Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime +involved so I want to involve the change + + align:start position:0% +involved so I want to involve the change + + + align:start position:0% +involved so I want to involve the change +in U alone by itself let's just write + + align:start position:0% +in U alone by itself let's just write + + + align:start position:0% +in U alone by itself let's just write +try that I see part of the formula for + + align:start position:0% +try that I see part of the formula for + + + align:start position:0% +try that I see part of the formula for +the change in U right there let's see if + + align:start position:0% +the change in U right there let's see if + + + align:start position:0% +the change in U right there let's see if +we can get the rest of it in + + align:start position:0% +we can get the rest of it in + + + align:start position:0% +we can get the rest of it in +place so the change in X is U of X Plus + + align:start position:0% +place so the change in X is U of X Plus + + + align:start position:0% +place so the change in X is U of X Plus +Delta of x minus U of X right that's the + + align:start position:0% +Delta of x minus U of X right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta of x minus U of X right that's the +change in + + align:start position:0% +change in + + + align:start position:0% +change in +X um it occurs this part of it occurs up + + align:start position:0% +X um it occurs this part of it occurs up + + + align:start position:0% +X um it occurs this part of it occurs up +here multiplied by V of X Plus Delta X + + align:start position:0% +here multiplied by V of X Plus Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +here multiplied by V of X Plus Delta X +so let's put that in + + align:start position:0% +so let's put that in + + + align:start position:0% +so let's put that in +too now this equality sign isn't very + + align:start position:0% +too now this equality sign isn't very + + + align:start position:0% +too now this equality sign isn't very +good good right now I've got this + + align:start position:0% +good good right now I've got this + + + align:start position:0% +good good right now I've got this +product + + align:start position:0% +product + + + align:start position:0% +product +here so far but I've introduced + + align:start position:0% +here so far but I've introduced + + + align:start position:0% +here so far but I've introduced +something I don't like I've introduced U + + align:start position:0% +something I don't like I've introduced U + + + align:start position:0% +something I don't like I've introduced U +* V of X Plus Delta X right minus that + + align:start position:0% +* V of X Plus Delta X right minus that + + + align:start position:0% +* V of X Plus Delta X right minus that +so the next thing I'm going to do is get + + align:start position:0% +so the next thing I'm going to do is get + + + align:start position:0% +so the next thing I'm going to do is get +is correct that little defect by adding + + align:start position:0% +is correct that little defect by adding + + + align:start position:0% +is correct that little defect by adding +in U of x * V of X Plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +in U of x * V of X Plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +in U of x * V of X Plus Delta +X okay now I've canceled off what was + + align:start position:0% +X okay now I've canceled off what was + + + align:start position:0% +X okay now I've canceled off what was +wrong with this line but I'm still not + + align:start position:0% +wrong with this line but I'm still not + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with this line but I'm still not +quite there because I haven't put this + + align:start position:0% +quite there because I haven't put this + + + align:start position:0% +quite there because I haven't put this +in yet so I better subtract off U of X U + + align:start position:0% +in yet so I better subtract off U of X U + + + align:start position:0% +in yet so I better subtract off U of X U +* V and then I'll be home but I I'm + + align:start position:0% +* V and then I'll be home but I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +* V and then I'll be home but I I'm +going to do that in a clever way because + + align:start position:0% +going to do that in a clever way because + + + align:start position:0% +going to do that in a clever way because +I noticed that I already have a u here + + align:start position:0% +I noticed that I already have a u here + + + align:start position:0% +I noticed that I already have a u here +so I'm going to take this factor of U + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to take this factor of U + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to take this factor of U +and make it the same as this factor and + + align:start position:0% +and make it the same as this factor and + + + align:start position:0% +and make it the same as this factor and +so I get U of X time this minus U of X + + align:start position:0% +so I get U of X time this minus U of X + + + align:start position:0% +so I get U of X time this minus U of X +time that that's the same thing as U + + align:start position:0% +time that that's the same thing as U + + + align:start position:0% +time that that's the same thing as U +times the + + align:start position:0% +times the + + + align:start position:0% +times the +difference so that was a little bit uh + + align:start position:0% +difference so that was a little bit uh + + + align:start position:0% +difference so that was a little bit uh +strange but when you stand back and look + + align:start position:0% +strange but when you stand back and look + + + align:start position:0% +strange but when you stand back and look +at it you can see multiply it out the + + align:start position:0% +at it you can see multiply it out the + + + align:start position:0% +at it you can see multiply it out the +middle terms cancel and you get the + + align:start position:0% +middle terms cancel and you get the + + + align:start position:0% +middle terms cancel and you get the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +answer well I like that because it's + + align:start position:0% +answer well I like that because it's + + + align:start position:0% +answer well I like that because it's +involved the change in U and the change + + align:start position:0% +involved the change in U and the change + + + align:start position:0% +involved the change in U and the change +in V so this is equal to Delta U time V + + align:start position:0% +in V so this is equal to Delta U time V + + + align:start position:0% +in V so this is equal to Delta U time V +of X Plus Delta x minus U of X time the + + align:start position:0% +of X Plus Delta x minus U of X time the + + + align:start position:0% +of X Plus Delta x minus U of X time the +change in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V well I'm almost there the next step in + + align:start position:0% +V well I'm almost there the next step in + + + align:start position:0% +V well I'm almost there the next step in +Computing the Der + + align:start position:0% +Computing the Der + + + align:start position:0% +Computing the Der +take the difference quotient divide this + + align:start position:0% +take the difference quotient divide this + + + align:start position:0% +take the difference quotient divide this +by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um divide this by uh Delta + + align:start position:0% +um divide this by uh Delta + + + align:start position:0% +um divide this by uh Delta +X so Delta of UV / Delta X is uh well + + align:start position:0% +X so Delta of UV / Delta X is uh well + + + align:start position:0% +X so Delta of UV / Delta X is uh well +I'll say Delta U / Delta X time V of X + + align:start position:0% +I'll say Delta U / Delta X time V of X + + + align:start position:0% +I'll say Delta U / Delta X time V of X +Plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +Plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Plus Delta +x uh my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have I made a mistake + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here this plus magically became a minus + + align:start position:0% +here this plus magically became a minus + + + align:start position:0% +here this plus magically became a minus +on the way down here so I better fix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that plus u uh time Delta V over Delta X + + align:start position:0% +that plus u uh time Delta V over Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +that plus u uh time Delta V over Delta X +this U is this U over + + align:start position:0% +this U is this U over + + + align:start position:0% +this U is this U over +here so I've just divided this form + + align:start position:0% +here so I've just divided this form + + + align:start position:0% +here so I've just divided this form +formula by Delta X and now I can take + + align:start position:0% +formula by Delta X and now I can take + + + align:start position:0% +formula by Delta X and now I can take +the limit as X goes to zero so this as + + align:start position:0% +the limit as X goes to zero so this as + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as X goes to zero so this as +Delta X goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z this becomes the definition of the + + align:start position:0% +Z this becomes the definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +Z this becomes the definition of the +derivative and on this side I + + align:start position:0% +derivative and on this side I + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and on this side I +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +DX times now what happens to this + + align:start position:0% +DX times now what happens to this + + + align:start position:0% +DX times now what happens to this +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +when Delta X goes to + + align:start position:0% +when Delta X goes to + + + align:start position:0% +when Delta X goes to +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +so I'm getting closer and closer so X is + + align:start position:0% +so I'm getting closer and closer so X is + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm getting closer and closer so X is +so this quantity is getting closer and + + align:start position:0% +so this quantity is getting closer and + + + align:start position:0% +so this quantity is getting closer and +closer to X so what happens to the value + + align:start position:0% +closer to X so what happens to the value + + + align:start position:0% +closer to X so what happens to the value +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +v it becomes equal to X of V that uses + + align:start position:0% +v it becomes equal to X of V that uses + + + align:start position:0% +v it becomes equal to X of V that uses +continuity of V so V of X Plus Delta X + + align:start position:0% +continuity of V so V of X Plus Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +continuity of V so V of X Plus Delta X +goes to B of X by + + align:start position:0% +goes to B of X by + + + align:start position:0% +goes to B of X by +continuity so this gives me time V and + + align:start position:0% +continuity so this gives me time V and + + + align:start position:0% +continuity so this gives me time V and +then I have U * n Delta V Delta X gives + + align:start position:0% +then I have U * n Delta V Delta X gives + + + align:start position:0% +then I have U * n Delta V Delta X gives +me DV + + align:start position:0% +me DV + + + align:start position:0% +me DV +DX and that's the formula that's the + + align:start position:0% +DX and that's the formula that's the + + + align:start position:0% +DX and that's the formula that's the +formula as I wrote it down at the + + align:start position:0% +formula as I wrote it down at the + + + align:start position:0% +formula as I wrote it down at the +beginning over here the derivative of a + + align:start position:0% +beginning over here the derivative of a + + + align:start position:0% +beginning over here the derivative of a +product is given by this + + align:start position:0% +product is given by this + + + align:start position:0% +product is given by this +sum + + align:start position:0% +sum + + + align:start position:0% +sum +yeah first line to the second of of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah first line to the second of of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah first line to the second of of the +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +equ uh from from here to here well um so + + align:start position:0% +equ uh from from here to here well um so + + + align:start position:0% +equ uh from from here to here well um so +maybe it's easiest to work backwards and + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's easiest to work backwards and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's easiest to work backwards and +verify that what I wrote down is correct + + align:start position:0% +verify that what I wrote down is correct + + + align:start position:0% +verify that what I wrote down is correct +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so if you look there's a u * V ofx plus + + align:start position:0% +so if you look there's a u * V ofx plus + + + align:start position:0% +so if you look there's a u * V ofx plus +Delta X there and there's also one here + + align:start position:0% +Delta X there and there's also one here + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X there and there's also one here +and they occur with opposite signs so + + align:start position:0% +and they occur with opposite signs so + + + align:start position:0% +and they occur with opposite signs so +they cancel and what's left is U of X + + align:start position:0% +they cancel and what's left is U of X + + + align:start position:0% +they cancel and what's left is U of X +Plus Delta x * V of X Plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +Plus Delta x * V of X Plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Plus Delta x * V of X Plus Delta +X U minus U * V and that's just what I + + align:start position:0% +X U minus U * V and that's just what I + + + align:start position:0% +X U minus U * V and that's just what I +started + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with wouldn't the addition and + + align:start position:0% +with wouldn't the addition and + + + align:start position:0% +with wouldn't the addition and +subtraction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you they cancel right I canceled out + + align:start position:0% +you they cancel right I canceled out + + + align:start position:0% +you they cancel right I canceled out +this term and this term and what's left + + align:start position:0% +this term and this term and what's left + + + align:start position:0% +this term and this term and what's left +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +ends any other questions though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes where + + align:start position:0% +yes where + + + align:start position:0% +yes where +is well I took um I just calculated what + + align:start position:0% +is well I took um I just calculated what + + + align:start position:0% +is well I took um I just calculated what +Delta UV + + align:start position:0% +Delta UV + + + align:start position:0% +Delta UV +is uh and now I'm going to divide that + + align:start position:0% +is uh and now I'm going to divide that + + + align:start position:0% +is uh and now I'm going to divide that +by Delta X on my way to Computing the + + align:start position:0% +by Delta X on my way to Computing the + + + align:start position:0% +by Delta X on my way to Computing the +derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative +and so I copied down the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +and so I copied down the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +and so I copied down the right hand side +uh and divided by Delta + + align:start position:0% +uh and divided by Delta + + + align:start position:0% +uh and divided by Delta +X I just decided to divide the U by the + + align:start position:0% +X I just decided to divide the U by the + + + align:start position:0% +X I just decided to divide the U by the +Delta U by Delta X and the Delta V by + + align:start position:0% +Delta U by Delta X and the Delta V by + + + align:start position:0% +Delta U by Delta X and the Delta V by +Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X good anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else so all right so we have the product + + align:start position:0% +else so all right so we have the product + + + align:start position:0% +else so all right so we have the product +rule here the rule for differentiating a + + align:start position:0% +rule here the rule for differentiating a + + + align:start position:0% +rule here the rule for differentiating a +product of two functions this is making + + align:start position:0% +product of two functions this is making + + + align:start position:0% +product of two functions this is making +us stronger there are many more + + align:start position:0% +us stronger there are many more + + + align:start position:0% +us stronger there are many more +functions you can find derivatives of + + align:start position:0% +functions you can find derivatives of + + + align:start position:0% +functions you can find derivatives of +now how about + + align:start position:0% +now how about + + + align:start position:0% +now how about +quotients let's find how to + + align:start position:0% +quotients let's find how to + + + align:start position:0% +quotients let's find how to +differentiate a quotient of two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions well again I'll write down + + align:start position:0% +functions well again I'll write down + + + align:start position:0% +functions well again I'll write down +what the answer is and then we'll try to + + align:start position:0% +what the answer is and then we'll try to + + + align:start position:0% +what the answer is and then we'll try to +verify it so there's a + + align:start position:0% +verify it so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +verify it so there's a +quotient let me write this down there's + + align:start position:0% +quotient let me write this down there's + + + align:start position:0% +quotient let me write this down there's +a quotient of two functions and here's + + align:start position:0% +a quotient of two functions and here's + + + align:start position:0% +a quotient of two functions and here's +the rule for it so I always have to + + align:start position:0% +the rule for it so I always have to + + + align:start position:0% +the rule for it so I always have to +think about this and hope that I get it + + align:start position:0% +think about this and hope that I get it + + + align:start position:0% +think about this and hope that I get it +right U Prime V minus UV Prime divided + + align:start position:0% +right U Prime V minus UV Prime divided + + + align:start position:0% +right U Prime V minus UV Prime divided +by v^2 this may be the craziest rule + + align:start position:0% +by v^2 this may be the craziest rule + + + align:start position:0% +by v^2 this may be the craziest rule +you'll see in this course but there it + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in this course but there it + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in this course but there it +is and I'll try to show you why it's + + align:start position:0% +is and I'll try to show you why it's + + + align:start position:0% +is and I'll try to show you why it's +true and see an example yeah there was a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry uh what letters look the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uu and V look the same I'll try to make + + align:start position:0% +uu and V look the same I'll try to make + + + align:start position:0% +uu and V look the same I'll try to make +them look more + + align:start position:0% +them look more + + + align:start position:0% +them look more +different the v's have points on the + + align:start position:0% +different the v's have points on the + + + align:start position:0% +different the v's have points on the +bottom the U's have little round things + + align:start position:0% +bottom the U's have little round things + + + align:start position:0% +bottom the U's have little round things +on the bottom what's the new value of + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom what's the new value of + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom what's the new value of +U the value of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U the the value of U at X Plus Delta X + + align:start position:0% +U the the value of U at X Plus Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +U the the value of U at X Plus Delta X +it's U plus Delta U right that's what + + align:start position:0% +it's U plus Delta U right that's what + + + align:start position:0% +it's U plus Delta U right that's what +Delta U is it's the change in U when + + align:start position:0% +Delta U is it's the change in U when + + + align:start position:0% +Delta U is it's the change in U when +when X gets replaced by Delta X and the + + align:start position:0% +when X gets replaced by Delta X and the + + + align:start position:0% +when X gets replaced by Delta X and the +change in V the new value of V is U plus + + align:start position:0% +change in V the new value of V is U plus + + + align:start position:0% +change in V the new value of V is U plus +Delta is V plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta is V plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta is V plus Delta +V so this is the new value of U divided + + align:start position:0% +V so this is the new value of U divided + + + align:start position:0% +V so this is the new value of U divided +by the new value of v v + + align:start position:0% +by the new value of v v + + + align:start position:0% +by the new value of v v +that's that's the beginning and then I + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the beginning and then I + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the beginning and then I +subtract off the old values which are U + + align:start position:0% +subtract off the old values which are U + + + align:start position:0% +subtract off the old values which are U +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +V this will be easier to work this out + + align:start position:0% +V this will be easier to work this out + + + align:start position:0% +V this will be easier to work this out +this when I write it out this + + align:start position:0% +this when I write it out this + + + align:start position:0% +this when I write it out this +way so now I will cross multiply as I + + align:start position:0% +way so now I will cross multiply as I + + + align:start position:0% +way so now I will cross multiply as I +said so I get + + align:start position:0% +said so I get + + + align:start position:0% +said so I get +UV uh uh + + align:start position:0% +UV uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +UV uh uh +plus Delta U * V minus now I'll cross + + align:start position:0% +plus Delta U * V minus now I'll cross + + + align:start position:0% +plus Delta U * V minus now I'll cross +multiply this way you get UV minus uh uh + + align:start position:0% +multiply this way you get UV minus uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +multiply this way you get UV minus uh uh +U * Delta + + align:start position:0% +U * Delta + + + align:start position:0% +U * Delta +V and I divide all this by V plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +V and I divide all this by V plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +V and I divide all this by V plus Delta +V * + + align:start position:0% +V * + + + align:start position:0% +V * +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +okay now the reason I like to do it this + + align:start position:0% +okay now the reason I like to do it this + + + align:start position:0% +okay now the reason I like to do it this +way is that you see the cancellation + + align:start position:0% +way is that you see the cancellation + + + align:start position:0% +way is that you see the cancellation +Happening Here here UV and UV occur + + align:start position:0% +Happening Here here UV and UV occur + + + align:start position:0% +Happening Here here UV and UV occur +twice and so I can cancel them and I + + align:start position:0% +twice and so I can cancel them and I + + + align:start position:0% +twice and so I can cancel them and I +will and I'll answer these questions in + + align:start position:0% +will and I'll answer these questions in + + + align:start position:0% +will and I'll answer these questions in +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +minute + + align:start position:0% +minute + + + align:start position:0% +minute +o That's A + + align:start position:0% +o That's A + + + align:start position:0% +o That's A +V all + + align:start position:0% +V all + + + align:start position:0% +V all +right good anything else that's what all + + align:start position:0% +right good anything else that's what all + + + align:start position:0% +right good anything else that's what all +the hands were good all right so I + + align:start position:0% +the hands were good all right so I + + + align:start position:0% +the hands were good all right so I +cancel these and what I'm left with then + + align:start position:0% +cancel these and what I'm left with then + + + align:start position:0% +cancel these and what I'm left with then +is Delta U * vus U * Delta V and all + + align:start position:0% +is Delta U * vus U * Delta V and all + + + align:start position:0% +is Delta U * vus U * Delta V and all +this is over uh V + Delta V + + align:start position:0% +this is over uh V + Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +this is over uh V + Delta V +* V okay there's the difference there's + + align:start position:0% +* V okay there's the difference there's + + + align:start position:0% +* V okay there's the difference there's +the the change in the quotient the + + align:start position:0% +the the change in the quotient the + + + align:start position:0% +the the change in the quotient the +change in this function is given by this + + align:start position:0% +change in this function is given by this + + + align:start position:0% +change in this function is given by this +formula and now to compute the + + align:start position:0% +formula and now to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +formula and now to compute the +derivative I want to divide by Delta X + + align:start position:0% +derivative I want to divide by Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +derivative I want to divide by Delta X +and take the limit so let's write that + + align:start position:0% +and take the limit so let's write that + + + align:start position:0% +and take the limit so let's write that +down Delta of UV + + align:start position:0% +down Delta of UV + + + align:start position:0% +down Delta of UV +ID Delta X is this formula here divided + + align:start position:0% +ID Delta X is this formula here divided + + + align:start position:0% +ID Delta X is this formula here divided +by Delta X and again I'm going to put + + align:start position:0% +by Delta X and again I'm going to put + + + align:start position:0% +by Delta X and again I'm going to put +the Delta X under these Delta U and + + align:start position:0% +the Delta X under these Delta U and + + + align:start position:0% +the Delta X under these Delta U and +Delta V okay I'm going to put Delta X in + + align:start position:0% +Delta V okay I'm going to put Delta X in + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V okay I'm going to put Delta X in +the denominator but I can think of that + + align:start position:0% +the denominator but I can think of that + + + align:start position:0% +the denominator but I can think of that +as dividing into this factor and this + + align:start position:0% +as dividing into this factor and this + + + align:start position:0% +as dividing into this factor and this +Factor so this is Delta U over Delta x * + + align:start position:0% +Factor so this is Delta U over Delta x * + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so this is Delta U over Delta x * +V minus U * Delta + + align:start position:0% +V minus U * Delta + + + align:start position:0% +V minus U * Delta +V over Delta X and all that is divided + + align:start position:0% +V over Delta X and all that is divided + + + align:start position:0% +V over Delta X and all that is divided +by the same denominator V plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +by the same denominator V plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +by the same denominator V plus Delta +V time + + align:start position:0% +V time + + + align:start position:0% +V time +V right put put the Delta X up in the + + align:start position:0% +V right put put the Delta X up in the + + + align:start position:0% +V right put put the Delta X up in the +numerator + + align:start position:0% +numerator + + + align:start position:0% +numerator +there next up take the limit as Delta X + + align:start position:0% +there next up take the limit as Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +there next up take the limit as Delta X +goes to zero I get by definition the + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero I get by definition the + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero I get by definition the +derivative of u u divided V and on the + + align:start position:0% +derivative of u u divided V and on the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of u u divided V and on the +right hand side well um this is the + + align:start position:0% +right hand side well um this is the + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side well um this is the +derivative u d DX + + align:start position:0% +derivative u d DX + + + align:start position:0% +derivative u d DX +right time + + align:start position:0% +right time + + + align:start position:0% +right time +V and then U times and here it's the + + align:start position:0% +V and then U times and here it's the + + + align:start position:0% +V and then U times and here it's the +derivative DV DX + + align:start position:0% +derivative DV DX + + + align:start position:0% +derivative DV DX +now what about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +denominator so when when Delta X goes to + + align:start position:0% +denominator so when when Delta X goes to + + + align:start position:0% +denominator so when when Delta X goes to +zero V stays the same V stays the same + + align:start position:0% +zero V stays the same V stays the same + + + align:start position:0% +zero V stays the same V stays the same +what happens to this Delta + + align:start position:0% +what happens to this Delta + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to this Delta +V it goes to zero again because V is + + align:start position:0% +V it goes to zero again because V is + + + align:start position:0% +V it goes to zero again because V is +continuous so so again Delta Delta V + + align:start position:0% +continuous so so again Delta Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +continuous so so again Delta Delta V +goes to zero with Delta X because + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero with Delta X because + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero with Delta X because +they're continuous and you just get V * + + align:start position:0% +they're continuous and you just get V * + + + align:start position:0% +they're continuous and you just get V * +V I think that's the formula I wrote + + align:start position:0% +V I think that's the formula I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +V I think that's the formula I wrote +down over there the derivative of U * V + + align:start position:0% +down over there the derivative of U * V + + + align:start position:0% +down over there the derivative of U * V +minus U * the derivative of v and all + + align:start position:0% +minus U * the derivative of v and all + + + align:start position:0% +minus U * the derivative of v and all +divided by the square of the old + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +denominator well that's it that's the + + align:start position:0% +denominator well that's it that's the + + + align:start position:0% +denominator well that's it that's the +quotient rule weird formula let's see an + + align:start position:0% +quotient rule weird formula let's see an + + + align:start position:0% +quotient rule weird formula let's see an +application let's see an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example so the example I'm going to give + + align:start position:0% +example so the example I'm going to give + + + align:start position:0% +example so the example I'm going to give +is pretty simple I'm going to take the + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple I'm going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty simple I'm going to take the +numerator to be just + + align:start position:0% +numerator to be just + + + align:start position:0% +numerator to be just +one so I'm going to take U equal + + align:start position:0% +one so I'm going to take U equal + + + align:start position:0% +one so I'm going to take U equal +1 so now I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentiating one/ + + align:start position:0% +differentiating one/ + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating one/ +V the reciprocal of a function one over + + align:start position:0% +V the reciprocal of a function one over + + + align:start position:0% +V the reciprocal of a function one over +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +function here's a here's a copy of my + + align:start position:0% +function here's a here's a copy of my + + + align:start position:0% +function here's a here's a copy of my +rule what's Dux in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case U is a constant so that term is + + align:start position:0% +case U is a constant so that term is + + + align:start position:0% +case U is a constant so that term is +zero in this + + align:start position:0% +zero in this + + + align:start position:0% +zero in this +rule uh I don't have to worry about this + + align:start position:0% +rule uh I don't have to worry about this + + + align:start position:0% +rule uh I don't have to worry about this +I get a + + align:start position:0% +I get a + + + align:start position:0% +I get a +minus and then u u is + + align:start position:0% +minus and then u u is + + + align:start position:0% +minus and then u u is +one and dvdx well V is whatever V is + + align:start position:0% +one and dvdx well V is whatever V is + + + align:start position:0% +one and dvdx well V is whatever V is +I'll write VD d vdx as V + + align:start position:0% +I'll write VD d vdx as V + + + align:start position:0% +I'll write VD d vdx as V +Prime and then I get a v^2 in the + + align:start position:0% +Prime and then I get a v^2 in the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime and then I get a v^2 in the +denominator so that's the + + align:start position:0% +denominator so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +denominator so that's the +rule minus uh I could write it as vus 2 + + align:start position:0% +rule minus uh I could write it as vus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +rule minus uh I could write it as vus 2 +V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime minus V Prime / V ^2 that's the + + align:start position:0% +Prime minus V Prime / V ^2 that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime minus V Prime / V ^2 that's the +derivative of 1 + + align:start position:0% +derivative of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of 1 +V how about an even even a sub example + + align:start position:0% +V how about an even even a sub example + + + align:start position:0% +V how about an even even a sub example +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that uh I'm going to take the special + + align:start position:0% +that uh I'm going to take the special + + + align:start position:0% +that uh I'm going to take the special +case where U is equal to one again and V + + align:start position:0% +case where U is equal to one again and V + + + align:start position:0% +case where U is equal to one again and V +is a power of + + align:start position:0% +is a power of + + + align:start position:0% +is a power of +X and I'm going to use the rule that we + + align:start position:0% +X and I'm going to use the rule that we + + + align:start position:0% +X and I'm going to use the rule that we +developed earlier about the derivative + + align:start position:0% +developed earlier about the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +developed earlier about the derivative +of x to the + + align:start position:0% +of x to the + + + align:start position:0% +of x to the +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +so what am I what do I get here D over + + align:start position:0% +so what am I what do I get here D over + + + align:start position:0% +so what am I what do I get here D over +DX of 1 /x the + + align:start position:0% +DX of 1 /x the + + + align:start position:0% +DX of 1 /x the +N is I'm plugging into this formula here + + align:start position:0% +N is I'm plugging into this formula here + + + align:start position:0% +N is I'm plugging into this formula here +with v equal x the + + align:start position:0% +with v equal x the + + + align:start position:0% +with v equal x the +N so I get + + align:start position:0% +N so I get + + + align:start position:0% +N so I get +minus uh uh V the minus 2 all right if x + + align:start position:0% +minus uh uh V the minus 2 all right if x + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh uh V the minus 2 all right if x +to the if V is X to the n vus 2 is by + + align:start position:0% +to the if V is X to the n vus 2 is by + + + align:start position:0% +to the if V is X to the n vus 2 is by +the rule of exponents x - 2 n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then V Prime is the derivative of x + + align:start position:0% +and then V Prime is the derivative of x + + + align:start position:0% +and then V Prime is the derivative of x +the N which is n x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nus1 okay so let's put these together + + align:start position:0% +nus1 okay so let's put these together + + + align:start position:0% +nus1 okay so let's put these together +there's several powers of X here I can + + align:start position:0% +there's several powers of X here I can + + + align:start position:0% +there's several powers of X here I can +put them together I get um n * x to the + + align:start position:0% +put them together I get um n * x to the + + + align:start position:0% +put them together I get um n * x to the +- 2 n + n -1 one of these n's cancels + + align:start position:0% +- 2 n + n -1 one of these n's cancels + + + align:start position:0% +- 2 n + n -1 one of these n's cancels +and what I'm left with is minus n minus + + align:start position:0% +and what I'm left with is minus n minus + + + align:start position:0% +and what I'm left with is minus n minus +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +so we've computed the derivative of 1 /x + + align:start position:0% +so we've computed the derivative of 1 /x + + + align:start position:0% +so we've computed the derivative of 1 /x +the N which I could also write as xus n + + align:start position:0% +the N which I could also write as xus n + + + align:start position:0% +the N which I could also write as xus n +right so I've computed the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +right so I've computed the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +right so I've computed the derivative of +negative powers of X and this is the + + align:start position:0% +negative powers of X and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +negative powers of X and this is the +formula that I + + align:start position:0% +formula that I + + + align:start position:0% +formula that I +get if you think of this minus n as a + + align:start position:0% +get if you think of this minus n as a + + + align:start position:0% +get if you think of this minus n as a +unit as a thing to itself it occurs here + + align:start position:0% +unit as a thing to itself it occurs here + + + align:start position:0% +unit as a thing to itself it occurs here +in the exponent it occurs here and it + + align:start position:0% +in the exponent it occurs here and it + + + align:start position:0% +in the exponent it occurs here and it +occurs + + align:start position:0% +occurs + + + align:start position:0% +occurs +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so how does that compare with the + + align:start position:0% +so how does that compare with the + + + align:start position:0% +so how does that compare with the +formula that we had up here the + + align:start position:0% +formula that we had up here the + + + align:start position:0% +formula that we had up here the +derivative of a power of X is that power + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a power of X is that power + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a power of X is that power +times x to one less than that + + align:start position:0% +times x to one less than that + + + align:start position:0% +times x to one less than that +power that's exactly the same as the + + align:start position:0% +power that's exactly the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +power that's exactly the same as the +rule that I wrote down here but the + + align:start position:0% +rule that I wrote down here but the + + + align:start position:0% +rule that I wrote down here but the +power here is happens to be a negative + + align:start position:0% +power here is happens to be a negative + + + align:start position:0% +power here is happens to be a negative +number and the same negative number + + align:start position:0% +number and the same negative number + + + align:start position:0% +number and the same negative number +shows up as a coefficient and there in + + align:start position:0% +shows up as a coefficient and there in + + + align:start position:0% +shows up as a coefficient and there in +the exponent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how did I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right where did that X to Theus 2 N come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from so the rule I'm applying this rule + + align:start position:0% +from so the rule I'm applying this rule + + + align:start position:0% +from so the rule I'm applying this rule +so the denominator in the quotient rule + + align:start position:0% +so the denominator in the quotient rule + + + align:start position:0% +so the denominator in the quotient rule +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +v^2 and V was X the + + align:start position:0% +v^2 and V was X the + + + align:start position:0% +v^2 and V was X the +N so the denominator is X 2N and I + + align:start position:0% +N so the denominator is X 2N and I + + + align:start position:0% +N so the denominator is X 2N and I +decided to write it as X Theus 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N so so the green uh comments there what + + align:start position:0% +N so so the green uh comments there what + + + align:start position:0% +N so so the green uh comments there what +they say is that I can um I can enlarge + + align:start position:0% +they say is that I can um I can enlarge + + + align:start position:0% +they say is that I can um I can enlarge +this rule this exact same rule happens + + align:start position:0% +this rule this exact same rule happens + + + align:start position:0% +this rule this exact same rule happens +is true uh for negative values of n as + + align:start position:0% +is true uh for negative values of n as + + + align:start position:0% +is true uh for negative values of n as +well as positive values of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n so there's something new in your list + + align:start position:0% +n so there's something new in your list + + + align:start position:0% +n so there's something new in your list +of of uh rules that you can apply of of + + align:start position:0% +of of uh rules that you can apply of of + + + align:start position:0% +of of uh rules that you can apply of of +values of the + + align:start position:0% +values of the + + + align:start position:0% +values of the +derivative that standard rule is true + + align:start position:0% +derivative that standard rule is true + + + align:start position:0% +derivative that standard rule is true +for negative as well as positive + + align:start position:0% +for negative as well as positive + + + align:start position:0% +for negative as well as positive +exponents and that comes out of the + + align:start position:0% +exponents and that comes out of the + + + align:start position:0% +exponents and that comes out of the +quotient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rule okay so we've done two rules I've + + align:start position:0% +rule okay so we've done two rules I've + + + align:start position:0% +rule okay so we've done two rules I've +talked about the the product rule and + + align:start position:0% +talked about the the product rule and + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the the product rule and +the quotient + + align:start position:0% +the quotient + + + align:start position:0% +the quotient +rule what's next let's do the chain rule + + align:start position:0% +rule what's next let's do the chain rule + + + align:start position:0% +rule what's next let's do the chain rule +so this is a composition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rule so the kind of thing that I have in + + align:start position:0% +rule so the kind of thing that I have in + + + align:start position:0% +rule so the kind of thing that I have in +mind composition of functions is about + + align:start position:0% +mind composition of functions is about + + + align:start position:0% +mind composition of functions is about +substitution so the kind of function + + align:start position:0% +substitution so the kind of function + + + align:start position:0% +substitution so the kind of function +that I have in mind is for instance Y is + + align:start position:0% +that I have in mind is for instance Y is + + + align:start position:0% +that I have in mind is for instance Y is +the S of + + align:start position:0% +the S of + + + align:start position:0% +the S of +T raised to the 10th + + align:start position:0% +T raised to the 10th + + + align:start position:0% +T raised to the 10th +power that's a new + + align:start position:0% +power that's a new + + + align:start position:0% +power that's a new +one haven't seen how to differentiate + + align:start position:0% +one haven't seen how to differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +one haven't seen how to differentiate +that before I + + align:start position:0% +that before I + + + align:start position:0% +that before I +think this kind of power of of a trig + + align:start position:0% +think this kind of power of of a trig + + + align:start position:0% +think this kind of power of of a trig +function happens very often uh you've + + align:start position:0% +function happens very often uh you've + + + align:start position:0% +function happens very often uh you've +seen them happen as well I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +seen them happen as well I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +seen them happen as well I'm sure +already and there's a there's a little + + align:start position:0% +already and there's a there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +already and there's a there's a little +notational switch that people use + + align:start position:0% +notational switch that people use + + + align:start position:0% +notational switch that people use +they'll write sine to the 10 of + + align:start position:0% +they'll write sine to the 10 of + + + align:start position:0% +they'll write sine to the 10 of +T but remember that when you write s to + + align:start position:0% +T but remember that when you write s to + + + align:start position:0% +T but remember that when you write s to +the tan of T what you mean is take the S + + align:start position:0% +the tan of T what you mean is take the S + + + align:start position:0% +the tan of T what you mean is take the S +of T and then take the tenth power of + + align:start position:0% +of T and then take the tenth power of + + + align:start position:0% +of T and then take the tenth power of +that that's the meaning of s to the tan + + align:start position:0% +that that's the meaning of s to the tan + + + align:start position:0% +that that's the meaning of s to the tan +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +T so the + + align:start position:0% +T so the + + + align:start position:0% +T so the +method in the + + align:start position:0% +method in the + + + align:start position:0% +method in the +method of dealing with this kind of + + align:start position:0% +method of dealing with this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +method of dealing with this kind of +composition of + + align:start position:0% +composition of + + + align:start position:0% +composition of +functions is to introduce use new + + align:start position:0% +functions is to introduce use new + + + align:start position:0% +functions is to introduce use new +variable names + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I mean is I can think of this s of + + align:start position:0% +what I mean is I can think of this s of + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean is I can think of this s of +T raised to the 10th power I can think + + align:start position:0% +T raised to the 10th power I can think + + + align:start position:0% +T raised to the 10th power I can think +of it as a two-step process first of all + + align:start position:0% +of it as a two-step process first of all + + + align:start position:0% +of it as a two-step process first of all +I compute the S of T and let's call a + + align:start position:0% +I compute the S of T and let's call a + + + align:start position:0% +I compute the S of T and let's call a +result + + align:start position:0% +result + + + align:start position:0% +result +X there's the new variable + + align:start position:0% +X there's the new variable + + + align:start position:0% +X there's the new variable +name and then I express Y in terms of X + + align:start position:0% +name and then I express Y in terms of X + + + align:start position:0% +name and then I express Y in terms of X +so y says take this and raise it to the + + align:start position:0% +so y says take this and raise it to the + + + align:start position:0% +so y says take this and raise it to the +10th power in other words Y is the + + align:start position:0% +10th power in other words Y is the + + + align:start position:0% +10th power in other words Y is the +function x to the 10th + + align:start position:0% +function x to the 10th + + + align:start position:0% +function x to the 10th +power and then you plug xal sin of T + + align:start position:0% +power and then you plug xal sin of T + + + align:start position:0% +power and then you plug xal sin of T +into that and you get the formula for + + align:start position:0% +into that and you get the formula for + + + align:start position:0% +into that and you get the formula for +what Y is in terms of + + align:start position:0% +what Y is in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +what Y is in terms of +T so it's good practice to uh introduce + + align:start position:0% +T so it's good practice to uh introduce + + + align:start position:0% +T so it's good practice to uh introduce +new letters when they're convenient and + + align:start position:0% +new letters when they're convenient and + + + align:start position:0% +new letters when they're convenient and +this is one place where it's very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +convenient so let's find a rule for + + align:start position:0% +convenient so let's find a rule for + + + align:start position:0% +convenient so let's find a rule for +differentiating a composition a function + + align:start position:0% +differentiating a composition a function + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating a composition a function +that can be expressed by doing one + + align:start position:0% +that can be expressed by doing one + + + align:start position:0% +that can be expressed by doing one +function and then applying another + + align:start position:0% +function and then applying another + + + align:start position:0% +function and then applying another +function and here's the rule um well + + align:start position:0% +function and here's the rule um well + + + align:start position:0% +function and here's the rule um well +maybe I'll actually derive this rule + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll actually derive this rule + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll actually derive this rule +first and then you'll see what it is in + + align:start position:0% +first and then you'll see what it is in + + + align:start position:0% +first and then you'll see what it is in +fact the rule is very simple to derive + + align:start position:0% +fact the rule is very simple to derive + + + align:start position:0% +fact the rule is very simple to derive +so this is a proof first and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +so this is a proof first and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a proof first and then we'll +write down the rule I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +write down the rule I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +write down the rule I'm interested in +Delta y over delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta y over delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta y over delta +T Y is a function of x x is a function + + align:start position:0% +T Y is a function of x x is a function + + + align:start position:0% +T Y is a function of x x is a function +of T and I'm interested in how y changes + + align:start position:0% +of T and I'm interested in how y changes + + + align:start position:0% +of T and I'm interested in how y changes +with respect to T with respect ECT to + + align:start position:0% +with respect to T with respect ECT to + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to T with respect ECT to +the original variable + + align:start position:0% +the original variable + + + align:start position:0% +the original variable +T well um because of that intermediate + + align:start position:0% +T well um because of that intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +T well um because of that intermediate +variable I can write this as Delta + + align:start position:0% +variable I can write this as Delta + + + align:start position:0% +variable I can write this as Delta +y/ Delta X time Delta x / delta T it + + align:start position:0% +y/ Delta X time Delta x / delta T it + + + align:start position:0% +y/ Delta X time Delta x / delta T it +cancels + + align:start position:0% +cancels + + + align:start position:0% +cancels +right the Delta X cancels the change in + + align:start position:0% +right the Delta X cancels the change in + + + align:start position:0% +right the Delta X cancels the change in +that intermediate variable cancels + + align:start position:0% +that intermediate variable cancels + + + align:start position:0% +that intermediate variable cancels +out this is just basic + + align:start position:0% +out this is just basic + + + align:start position:0% +out this is just basic +algebra but what happens when I let + + align:start position:0% +algebra but what happens when I let + + + align:start position:0% +algebra but what happens when I let +Delta T get small well this gives me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dydt and on the right hand side I get + + align:start position:0% +dydt and on the right hand side I get + + + align:start position:0% +dydt and on the right hand side I get +dydx time + + align:start position:0% +dydx time + + + align:start position:0% +dydx time +dxdt so students will often remember + + align:start position:0% +dxdt so students will often remember + + + align:start position:0% +dxdt so students will often remember +this rule this is the rule by saying + + align:start position:0% +this rule this is the rule by saying + + + align:start position:0% +this rule this is the rule by saying +that you can cancel out the + + align:start position:0% +that you can cancel out the + + + align:start position:0% +that you can cancel out the +DXs and that's not so far from from the + + align:start position:0% +DXs and that's not so far from from the + + + align:start position:0% +DXs and that's not so far from from the +truth that's a good way to think of + + align:start position:0% +truth that's a good way to think of + + + align:start position:0% +truth that's a good way to think of +it in other + + align:start position:0% +it in other + + + align:start position:0% +it in other +words this is the so called chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rule and it says that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentiating + + align:start position:0% +differentiating + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating +differentiation + + align:start position:0% +differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation +takes um of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +composition is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +product it's just the product of the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivatives so + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so +um so that's how you differentiate a com + + align:start position:0% +um so that's how you differentiate a com + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's how you differentiate a com +composite of two functions and um let's + + align:start position:0% +composite of two functions and um let's + + + align:start position:0% +composite of two functions and um let's +just do do an example let's do this + + align:start position:0% +just do do an example let's do this + + + align:start position:0% +just do do an example let's do this +example uh see what what that how that + + align:start position:0% +example uh see what what that how that + + + align:start position:0% +example uh see what what that how that +comes + + align:start position:0% +comes + + + align:start position:0% +comes +out so let's + + align:start position:0% +out so let's + + + align:start position:0% +out so let's +differentiate what did I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say s of T raised to the 10th power + + align:start position:0% +say s of T raised to the 10th power + + + align:start position:0% +say s of T raised to the 10th power +power okay there's an inside function + + align:start position:0% +power okay there's an inside function + + + align:start position:0% +power okay there's an inside function +and an outside function the inside + + align:start position:0% +and an outside function the inside + + + align:start position:0% +and an outside function the inside +function is X as a function of T that is + + align:start position:0% +function is X as a function of T that is + + + align:start position:0% +function is X as a function of T that is +this is the inside + + align:start position:0% +this is the inside + + + align:start position:0% +this is the inside +function and this is the outside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so the rule says first of all + + align:start position:0% +function so the rule says first of all + + + align:start position:0% +function so the rule says first of all +let's differentiate the outside function + + align:start position:0% +let's differentiate the outside function + + + align:start position:0% +let's differentiate the outside function +take Dy DX differentiate it with respect + + align:start position:0% +take Dy DX differentiate it with respect + + + align:start position:0% +take Dy DX differentiate it with respect +to that variable X + + align:start position:0% +to that variable X + + + align:start position:0% +to that variable X +X the outside function is the 10th power + + align:start position:0% +X the outside function is the 10th power + + + align:start position:0% +X the outside function is the 10th power +what's its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative so I get 10 x to the 9th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power I'm using in this in this um in + + align:start position:0% +power I'm using in this in this um in + + + align:start position:0% +power I'm using in this in this um in +this in this uh account I'm using this + + align:start position:0% +this in this uh account I'm using this + + + align:start position:0% +this in this uh account I'm using this +newly introduced variable name + + align:start position:0% +newly introduced variable name + + + align:start position:0% +newly introduced variable name +X so the derivative of the outside + + align:start position:0% +X so the derivative of the outside + + + align:start position:0% +X so the derivative of the outside +function is 10 x 9 + + align:start position:0% +function is 10 x 9 + + + align:start position:0% +function is 10 x 9 +and then here's the inside function and + + align:start position:0% +and then here's the inside function and + + + align:start position:0% +and then here's the inside function and +the next thing I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +the next thing I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing I want to do is +differentiate it so what's DX DT d s t + + align:start position:0% +differentiate it so what's DX DT d s t + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate it so what's DX DT d s t +the derivative of sin T all right that's + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of sin T all right that's + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of sin T all right that's +cosine + + align:start position:0% +cosine + + + align:start position:0% +cosine +T that's what the chain rule gives you + + align:start position:0% +T that's what the chain rule gives you + + + align:start position:0% +T that's what the chain rule gives you +this is correct but it might but since + + align:start position:0% +this is correct but it might but since + + + align:start position:0% +this is correct but it might but since +we were the ones to introduce this + + align:start position:0% +we were the ones to introduce this + + + align:start position:0% +we were the ones to introduce this +notation X here that wasn't given to us + + align:start position:0% +notation X here that wasn't given to us + + + align:start position:0% +notation X here that wasn't given to us +in the original problem here uh the last + + align:start position:0% +in the original problem here uh the last + + + align:start position:0% +in the original problem here uh the last +step in this process should be to put + + align:start position:0% +step in this process should be to put + + + align:start position:0% +step in this process should be to put +back to substitute back in what x is in + + align:start position:0% +back to substitute back in what x is in + + + align:start position:0% +back to substitute back in what x is in +terms of T So X was s of T was s of T so + + align:start position:0% +terms of T So X was s of T was s of T so + + + align:start position:0% +terms of T So X was s of T was s of T so +that tells me that I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get I get 10 * s of T raised to the 9th + + align:start position:0% +get I get 10 * s of T raised to the 9th + + + align:start position:0% +get I get 10 * s of T raised to the 9th +power that's X the 9th times the cosine + + align:start position:0% +power that's X the 9th times the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +power that's X the 9th times the cosine +of t or what's the same thing s to the + + align:start position:0% +of t or what's the same thing s to the + + + align:start position:0% +of t or what's the same thing s to the +9th of T cosine of + + align:start position:0% +9th of T cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +9th of T cosine of +T so there's an application of the chain + + align:start position:0% +T so there's an application of the chain + + + align:start position:0% +T so there's an application of the chain +roll you know people uh I've people + + align:start position:0% +roll you know people uh I've people + + + align:start position:0% +roll you know people uh I've people +often wonder where the name chain roll + + align:start position:0% +often wonder where the name chain roll + + + align:start position:0% +often wonder where the name chain roll +comes from I was just wondering about + + align:start position:0% +comes from I was just wondering about + + + align:start position:0% +comes from I was just wondering about +that myself um so uh is it because is it + + align:start position:0% +that myself um so uh is it because is it + + + align:start position:0% +that myself um so uh is it because is it +because it chains you down there's a + + align:start position:0% +because it chains you down there's a + + + align:start position:0% +because it chains you down there's a +chain is it because it chains you down + + align:start position:0% +chain is it because it chains you down + + + align:start position:0% +chain is it because it chains you down +I is it like a chain fence what is it I + + align:start position:0% +I is it like a chain fence what is it I + + + align:start position:0% +I is it like a chain fence what is it I +think I've decided what it is it's + + align:start position:0% +think I've decided what it is it's + + + align:start position:0% +think I've decided what it is it's +because by using it you burst the chains + + align:start position:0% +because by using it you burst the chains + + + align:start position:0% +because by using it you burst the chains +of uh differentiation and you can + + align:start position:0% +of uh differentiation and you can + + + align:start position:0% +of uh differentiation and you can +differentiate many more functions using + + align:start position:0% +differentiate many more functions using + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate many more functions using +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so when you want to think of the chain + + align:start position:0% +so when you want to think of the chain + + + align:start position:0% +so when you want to think of the chain +roll just just think of that chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there it lets you burst + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +free let me um give you another + + align:start position:0% +free let me um give you another + + + align:start position:0% +free let me um give you another +application of the chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +roll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ready for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so I'd like to differentiate the + + align:start position:0% +one so I'd like to differentiate the + + + align:start position:0% +one so I'd like to differentiate the +sign of 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +now okay so what's this is again it's a + + align:start position:0% +now okay so what's this is again it's a + + + align:start position:0% +now okay so what's this is again it's a +composite of two function what's the + + align:start position:0% +composite of two function what's the + + + align:start position:0% +composite of two function what's the +inside + + align:start position:0% +inside + + + align:start position:0% +inside +function okay so I think I'll introduce + + align:start position:0% +function okay so I think I'll introduce + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so I think I'll introduce +this new notation X is + + align:start position:0% +this new notation X is + + + align:start position:0% +this new notation X is +10t and the outside function is the sign + + align:start position:0% +10t and the outside function is the sign + + + align:start position:0% +10t and the outside function is the sign +so Y is the S of X so now the chain rule + + align:start position:0% +so Y is the S of X so now the chain rule + + + align:start position:0% +so Y is the S of X so now the chain rule +says the Y + + align:start position:0% +says the Y + + + align:start position:0% +says the Y +DT + + align:start position:0% +DT + + + align:start position:0% +DT +is okay let's see I take the derivative + + align:start position:0% +is okay let's see I take the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +is okay let's see I take the derivative +of the outside function and what's + + align:start position:0% +of the outside function and what's + + + align:start position:0% +of the outside function and what's +that S Prime we can put substitute what + + align:start position:0% +that S Prime we can put substitute what + + + align:start position:0% +that S Prime we can put substitute what +we know what S Prime is so I get cosine + + align:start position:0% +we know what S Prime is so I get cosine + + + align:start position:0% +we know what S Prime is so I get cosine +of whatever X and then times what now I + + align:start position:0% +of whatever X and then times what now I + + + align:start position:0% +of whatever X and then times what now I +differentiate the inside function which + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the inside function which + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the inside function which +is just + + align:start position:0% +is just + + + align:start position:0% +is just +10 so I could write this as 10 cosine of + + align:start position:0% +10 so I could write this as 10 cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +10 so I could write this as 10 cosine of +what 10 10t x is 10 + + align:start position:0% +what 10 10t x is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +what 10 10t x is 10 +T now um once you get used to this this + + align:start position:0% +T now um once you get used to this this + + + align:start position:0% +T now um once you get used to this this +middle variable you don't have to get a + + align:start position:0% +middle variable you don't have to get a + + + align:start position:0% +middle variable you don't have to get a +name for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it you can just think about it in your + + align:start position:0% +it you can just think about it in your + + + align:start position:0% +it you can just think about it in your +mind without actually writing it down Dy + + align:start position:0% +mind without actually writing it down Dy + + + align:start position:0% +mind without actually writing it down Dy +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +d d of um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s of + + align:start position:0% +s of + + + align:start position:0% +s of +10t I'll just do it again without + + align:start position:0% +10t I'll just do it again without + + + align:start position:0% +10t I'll just do it again without +introducing this middle variable + + align:start position:0% +introducing this middle variable + + + align:start position:0% +introducing this middle variable +explicitly think about + + align:start position:0% +explicitly think about + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly think about +it I first of all differentiate the + + align:start position:0% +it I first of all differentiate the + + + align:start position:0% +it I first of all differentiate the +outside function + + align:start position:0% +outside function + + + align:start position:0% +outside function +and I get cosine but I don't change the + + align:start position:0% +and I get cosine but I don't change the + + + align:start position:0% +and I get cosine but I don't change the +thing that I'm plugging into it it's + + align:start position:0% +thing that I'm plugging into it it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I'm plugging into it it's +still X that I'm plugging into it X is + + align:start position:0% +still X that I'm plugging into it X is + + + align:start position:0% +still X that I'm plugging into it X is +10t so let's just write 10t and not + + align:start position:0% +10t so let's just write 10t and not + + + align:start position:0% +10t so let's just write 10t and not +worry about the name of that extra + + align:start position:0% +worry about the name of that extra + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the name of that extra +variable if it confuses you introduce + + align:start position:0% +variable if it confuses you introduce + + + align:start position:0% +variable if it confuses you introduce +the new variable and do it carefully and + + align:start position:0% +the new variable and do it carefully and + + + align:start position:0% +the new variable and do it carefully and +slowly like this but quite quickly I + + align:start position:0% +slowly like this but quite quickly I + + + align:start position:0% +slowly like this but quite quickly I +think you'll get to be able to keep that + + align:start position:0% +think you'll get to be able to keep that + + + align:start position:0% +think you'll get to be able to keep that +step in your mind I'm not quite done yet + + align:start position:0% +step in your mind I'm not quite done yet + + + align:start position:0% +step in your mind I'm not quite done yet +I haven't differentiated the inside + + align:start position:0% +I haven't differentiated the inside + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't differentiated the inside +function the derivative of 10t is 10 so + + align:start position:0% +function the derivative of 10t is 10 so + + + align:start position:0% +function the derivative of 10t is 10 so +you get again the same + + align:start position:0% +you get again the same + + + align:start position:0% +you get again the same +result a little shortcut that you'll uh + + align:start position:0% +result a little shortcut that you'll uh + + + align:start position:0% +result a little shortcut that you'll uh +get used to really and truly once you + + align:start position:0% +get used to really and truly once you + + + align:start position:0% +get used to really and truly once you +have the chain rule uh the world is is + + align:start position:0% +have the chain rule uh the world is is + + + align:start position:0% +have the chain rule uh the world is is +yours to conquer it's um because you in + + align:start position:0% +yours to conquer it's um because you in + + + align:start position:0% +yours to conquer it's um because you in +a very very powerful + + align:start position:0% +a very very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +a very very powerful +position okay uh well let's see um what + + align:start position:0% +position okay uh well let's see um what + + + align:start position:0% +position okay uh well let's see um what +have I covered today I've talked about + + align:start position:0% +have I covered today I've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +have I covered today I've talked about +uh product rule quotient rule + + align:start position:0% +uh product rule quotient rule + + + align:start position:0% +uh product rule quotient rule +composition I should tell you something + + align:start position:0% +composition I should tell you something + + + align:start position:0% +composition I should tell you something +about higher derivatives as well so + + align:start position:0% +about higher derivatives as well so + + + align:start position:0% +about higher derivatives as well so +let's do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that this is a simple story higher is a + + align:start position:0% +that this is a simple story higher is a + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a simple story higher is a +kind of an strange word it just means + + align:start position:0% +kind of an strange word it just means + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an strange word it just means +differentiate over and over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so um let's see if we have a + + align:start position:0% +all right so um let's see if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +all right so um let's see if we have a +function U or U of X please allow me to + + align:start position:0% +function U or U of X please allow me to + + + align:start position:0% +function U or U of X please allow me to +just write it as briefly as + + align:start position:0% +just write it as briefly as + + + align:start position:0% +just write it as briefly as +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +um well I can uh this is a sort of + + align:start position:0% +um well I can uh this is a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um well I can uh this is a sort of +notational thing uh I can differentiate + + align:start position:0% +notational thing uh I can differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +notational thing uh I can differentiate +it I get U Prime that's the derivative + + align:start position:0% +it I get U Prime that's the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +it I get U Prime that's the derivative +that's a new function like if you + + align:start position:0% +that's a new function like if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a new function like if you +started with a sign that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +started with a sign that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +started with a sign that's going to be +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cosine a new function so I can + + align:start position:0% +cosine a new function so I can + + + align:start position:0% +cosine a new function so I can +differentiate it again and the notation + + align:start position:0% +differentiate it again and the notation + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate it again and the notation +for the differentiating it again is U + + align:start position:0% +for the differentiating it again is U + + + align:start position:0% +for the differentiating it again is U +prime prime so U prime prime is just U + + align:start position:0% +prime prime so U prime prime is just U + + + align:start position:0% +prime prime so U prime prime is just U +Prime differentiate it + + align:start position:0% +Prime differentiate it + + + align:start position:0% +Prime differentiate it +again for example if U is the S of of X + + align:start position:0% +again for example if U is the S of of X + + + align:start position:0% +again for example if U is the S of of X +so U Prime is the cosine of + + align:start position:0% +so U Prime is the cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +so U Prime is the cosine of +x has Professor Jaron talked about what + + align:start position:0% +x has Professor Jaron talked about what + + + align:start position:0% +x has Professor Jaron talked about what +the derivative of cosine is what is it + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of cosine is what is it + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of cosine is what is it +H okay so U prime prime is minus the co + + align:start position:0% +H okay so U prime prime is minus the co + + + align:start position:0% +H okay so U prime prime is minus the co +minus the S of + + align:start position:0% +minus the S of + + + align:start position:0% +minus the S of +X let me go + + align:start position:0% +X let me go + + + align:start position:0% +X let me go +on uh what do you suppose U prime prime + + align:start position:0% +on uh what do you suppose U prime prime + + + align:start position:0% +on uh what do you suppose U prime prime +means I guess it's the derivative of U + + align:start position:0% +means I guess it's the derivative of U + + + align:start position:0% +means I guess it's the derivative of U +prime prime it's called the third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative and U prime prime is called + + align:start position:0% +derivative and U prime prime is called + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and U prime prime is called +the second derivative and it's U prime + + align:start position:0% +the second derivative and it's U prime + + + align:start position:0% +the second derivative and it's U prime +prime differentiate it again so to + + align:start position:0% +prime differentiate it again so to + + + align:start position:0% +prime differentiate it again so to +compute U prime prime prime in this + + align:start position:0% +compute U prime prime prime in this + + + align:start position:0% +compute U prime prime prime in this +example uh what do I do I differentiate + + align:start position:0% +example uh what do I do I differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +example uh what do I do I differentiate +that again there's a constant term minus + + align:start position:0% +that again there's a constant term minus + + + align:start position:0% +that again there's a constant term minus +one constant factor that comes out the + + align:start position:0% +one constant factor that comes out the + + + align:start position:0% +one constant factor that comes out the +derivative of s is + + align:start position:0% +derivative of s is + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of s is +what okay so the U prime prime is minus + + align:start position:0% +what okay so the U prime prime is minus + + + align:start position:0% +what okay so the U prime prime is minus +the cosine of x let's do it again now + + align:start position:0% +the cosine of x let's do it again now + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine of x let's do it again now +after a while you get tired of writing + + align:start position:0% +after a while you get tired of writing + + + align:start position:0% +after a while you get tired of writing +these things and so maybe I'll use the + + align:start position:0% +these things and so maybe I'll use the + + + align:start position:0% +these things and so maybe I'll use the +notation U upper four that's the fourth + + align:start position:0% +notation U upper four that's the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +notation U upper four that's the fourth +derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative +that's U prime prime prime prime or it's + + align:start position:0% +that's U prime prime prime prime or it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's U prime prime prime prime or it's +U prime prime prime differentiated again + + align:start position:0% +U prime prime prime differentiated again + + + align:start position:0% +U prime prime prime differentiated again +fourth derivative and what is that in + + align:start position:0% +fourth derivative and what is that in + + + align:start position:0% +fourth derivative and what is that in +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example okay the cosine is has + + align:start position:0% +example okay the cosine is has + + + align:start position:0% +example okay the cosine is has +derivative minus the sign like you told + + align:start position:0% +derivative minus the sign like you told + + + align:start position:0% +derivative minus the sign like you told +me and that minus sign cancels with that + + align:start position:0% +me and that minus sign cancels with that + + + align:start position:0% +me and that minus sign cancels with that +sign and altogether I get plus the S of + + align:start position:0% +sign and altogether I get plus the S of + + + align:start position:0% +sign and altogether I get plus the S of +X that's pretty bizarre when I + + align:start position:0% +X that's pretty bizarre when I + + + align:start position:0% +X that's pretty bizarre when I +differentiate the function s of x four + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the function s of x four + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the function s of x four +times I get back to the S of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again that's the way it + + align:start position:0% +again that's the way it + + + align:start position:0% +again that's the way it +is now this notation uh prime prime + + align:start position:0% +is now this notation uh prime prime + + + align:start position:0% +is now this notation uh prime prime +prime prime and things like that there + + align:start position:0% +prime prime and things like that there + + + align:start position:0% +prime prime and things like that there +are different ways of + + align:start position:0% +are different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +are different ways of +um there are different + + align:start position:0% +um there are different + + + align:start position:0% +um there are different +uh different variants of that notation + + align:start position:0% +uh different variants of that notation + + + align:start position:0% +uh different variants of that notation +other notation for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example as another notation well you've + + align:start position:0% +example as another notation well you've + + + align:start position:0% +example as another notation well you've +used the notation DX before U Prime also + + align:start position:0% +used the notation DX before U Prime also + + + align:start position:0% +used the notation DX before U Prime also +could be denoted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DX I don't I think we've already here + + align:start position:0% +DX I don't I think we've already here + + + align:start position:0% +DX I don't I think we've already here +today use this way of rewriting + + align:start position:0% +today use this way of rewriting + + + align:start position:0% +today use this way of rewriting +dudx uh I think when I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +dudx uh I think when I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +dudx uh I think when I was talking about +DDT of UV and so on I pulled that D + + align:start position:0% +DDT of UV and so on I pulled that D + + + align:start position:0% +DDT of UV and so on I pulled that D +divided by DT outside and put whatever + + align:start position:0% +divided by DT outside and put whatever + + + align:start position:0% +divided by DT outside and put whatever +function you're differentiating over to + + align:start position:0% +function you're differentiating over to + + + align:start position:0% +function you're differentiating over to +the right so that's just a notational + + align:start position:0% +the right so that's just a notational + + + align:start position:0% +the right so that's just a notational +switch switch it looks good it looks + + align:start position:0% +switch switch it looks good it looks + + + align:start position:0% +switch switch it looks good it looks +like good algebra doesn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it as a further but it what it's doing + + align:start position:0% +it as a further but it what it's doing + + + align:start position:0% +it as a further but it what it's doing +is regarding this notation as an + + align:start position:0% +is regarding this notation as an + + + align:start position:0% +is regarding this notation as an +operator it's something that you apply + + align:start position:0% +operator it's something that you apply + + + align:start position:0% +operator it's something that you apply +to a function to get a new + + align:start position:0% +to a function to get a new + + + align:start position:0% +to a function to get a new +function I apply it to the sign function + + align:start position:0% +function I apply it to the sign function + + + align:start position:0% +function I apply it to the sign function +and I get the cosine function I apply it + + align:start position:0% +and I get the cosine function I apply it + + + align:start position:0% +and I get the cosine function I apply it +to x^2 and I get + + align:start position:0% +to x^2 and I get + + + align:start position:0% +to x^2 and I get +2x this thing here that symbol + + align:start position:0% +2x this thing here that symbol + + + align:start position:0% +2x this thing here that symbol +represents present an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operator which you apply to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +applied to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function and the operator says take the + + align:start position:0% +function and the operator says take the + + + align:start position:0% +function and the operator says take the +function and + + align:start position:0% +function and + + + align:start position:0% +function and +differentiated so a further notation + + align:start position:0% +differentiated so a further notation + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated so a further notation +that people often use is they give a + + align:start position:0% +that people often use is they give a + + + align:start position:0% +that people often use is they give a +different name to that operator and + + align:start position:0% +different name to that operator and + + + align:start position:0% +different name to that operator and +they'll write capital D for it so this + + align:start position:0% +they'll write capital D for it so this + + + align:start position:0% +they'll write capital D for it so this +is just using capital D for the symbol + + align:start position:0% +is just using capital D for the symbol + + + align:start position:0% +is just using capital D for the symbol +DDX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in terms of that notation let's see + + align:start position:0% +so in terms of that notation let's see + + + align:start position:0% +so in terms of that notation let's see +let's write down what higher derivatives + + align:start position:0% +let's write down what higher derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +let's write down what higher derivatives +look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like so let's see uh that's what U Prime + + align:start position:0% +like so let's see uh that's what U Prime + + + align:start position:0% +like so let's see uh that's what U Prime +is how about U prime prime let's write + + align:start position:0% +is how about U prime prime let's write + + + align:start position:0% +is how about U prime prime let's write +that in terms of the DDX + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of the DDX + + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of the DDX +notation well I'm supposed to + + align:start position:0% +notation well I'm supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +notation well I'm supposed to +differentiate U Prime right so that's DD + + align:start position:0% +differentiate U Prime right so that's DD + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate U Prime right so that's DD +DDX applied to the function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DX differentiate the derivative that's + + align:start position:0% +DX differentiate the derivative that's + + + align:start position:0% +DX differentiate the derivative that's +what I've + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done or I could write that as DDX + + align:start position:0% +done or I could write that as DDX + + + align:start position:0% +done or I could write that as DDX +applied to DDX applied to + + align:start position:0% +applied to DDX applied to + + + align:start position:0% +applied to DDX applied to +U just pulling that U outside + + align:start position:0% +U just pulling that U outside + + + align:start position:0% +U just pulling that U outside +so I'm doing DDX twice I'm doing that + + align:start position:0% +so I'm doing DDX twice I'm doing that + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm doing DDX twice I'm doing that +operator twice I could write that as DDX + + align:start position:0% +operator twice I could write that as DDX + + + align:start position:0% +operator twice I could write that as DDX +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +squared applied to U differentiate + + align:start position:0% +squared applied to U differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +squared applied to U differentiate +twice and do it to the function + + align:start position:0% +twice and do it to the function + + + align:start position:0% +twice and do it to the function +U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or I could write it as now this is this + + align:start position:0% +or I could write it as now this is this + + + align:start position:0% +or I could write it as now this is this +is a strange one I could also write uh + + align:start position:0% +is a strange one I could also write uh + + + align:start position:0% +is a strange one I could also write uh +this I guess says + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh like + + align:start position:0% +uh like + + + align:start position:0% +uh like +that it's getting stranger and stranger + + align:start position:0% +that it's getting stranger and stranger + + + align:start position:0% +that it's getting stranger and stranger +isn't + + align:start position:0% +isn't + + + align:start position:0% +isn't +it this is definitely just a a kind of + + align:start position:0% +it this is definitely just a a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it this is definitely just a a kind of +abusive notation but and then and then + + align:start position:0% +abusive notation but and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +abusive notation but and then and then +people will go even further and write + + align:start position:0% +people will go even further and write + + + align:start position:0% +people will go even further and write +d^2 U / + + align:start position:0% +d^2 U / + + + align:start position:0% +d^2 U / +dx2 so this is the strangest one + + align:start position:0% +dx2 so this is the strangest one + + + align:start position:0% +dx2 so this is the strangest one +this ident equality is the strangest one + + align:start position:0% +this ident equality is the strangest one + + + align:start position:0% +this ident equality is the strangest one +because you may think that you're taking + + align:start position:0% +because you may think that you're taking + + + align:start position:0% +because you may think that you're taking +D of the quantity X2 but that's not + + align:start position:0% +D of the quantity X2 but that's not + + + align:start position:0% +D of the quantity X2 but that's not +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +intended this is + + align:start position:0% +intended this is + + + align:start position:0% +intended this is +not D of x^2 what's intended is the + + align:start position:0% +not D of x^2 what's intended is the + + + align:start position:0% +not D of x^2 what's intended is the +quantity dx^ + + align:start position:0% +quantity dx^ + + + align:start position:0% +quantity dx^ +squar in this notation which is very + + align:start position:0% +squar in this notation which is very + + + align:start position:0% +squar in this notation which is very +common what's intended by the + + align:start position:0% +common what's intended by the + + + align:start position:0% +common what's intended by the +denominator is the quantity dx2 it's + + align:start position:0% +denominator is the quantity dx2 it's + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is the quantity dx2 it's +part of this second + + align:start position:0% +part of this second + + + align:start position:0% +part of this second +differentiation operator so I've wrot + + align:start position:0% +differentiation operator so I've wrot + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation operator so I've wrot +written a bunch of equalities down here + + align:start position:0% +written a bunch of equalities down here + + + align:start position:0% +written a bunch of equalities down here +and and there's the only content to them + + align:start position:0% +and and there's the only content to them + + + align:start position:0% +and and there's the only content to them +is that these are all different + + align:start position:0% +is that these are all different + + + align:start position:0% +is that these are all different +notations for the same + + align:start position:0% +notations for the same + + + align:start position:0% +notations for the same +thing very you'll see this notation very + + align:start position:0% +thing very you'll see this notation very + + + align:start position:0% +thing very you'll see this notation very +commonly and so for instance the third + + align:start position:0% +commonly and so for instance the third + + + align:start position:0% +commonly and so for instance the third +derivative is D cubed U + + align:start position:0% +derivative is D cubed U + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is D cubed U +/ DX cubed and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry someone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk + + align:start position:0% +talk + + + align:start position:0% +talk +Capital yes absolutely or an equally + + align:start position:0% +Capital yes absolutely or an equally + + + align:start position:0% +Capital yes absolutely or an equally +good notation is to write the operator + + align:start position:0% +good notation is to write the operator + + + align:start position:0% +good notation is to write the operator +capital D done three times to + + align:start position:0% +capital D done three times to + + + align:start position:0% +capital D done three times to +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +absolutely so I guess I should also + + align:start position:0% +absolutely so I guess I should also + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely so I guess I should also +write over here when I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +write over here when I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +write over here when I was talking about +d s the second derivative another + + align:start position:0% +d s the second derivative another + + + align:start position:0% +d s the second derivative another +another notation is do the operator + + align:start position:0% +another notation is do the operator + + + align:start position:0% +another notation is do the operator +capital D twice let's see an example of + + align:start position:0% +capital D twice let's see an example of + + + align:start position:0% +capital D twice let's see an example of +how this can be applied I'll answer this + + align:start position:0% +how this can be applied I'll answer this + + + align:start position:0% +how this can be applied I'll answer this +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no so the question is whether the fourth + + align:start position:0% +no so the question is whether the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +no so the question is whether the fourth +derivative always gives you the original + + align:start position:0% +derivative always gives you the original + + + align:start position:0% +derivative always gives you the original +function back like what happened here no + + align:start position:0% +function back like what happened here no + + + align:start position:0% +function back like what happened here no +that's very very special to SS and + + align:start position:0% +that's very very special to SS and + + + align:start position:0% +that's very very special to SS and +cosiness + + align:start position:0% +cosiness + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness +right and in fact let's see an example + + align:start position:0% +right and in fact let's see an example + + + align:start position:0% +right and in fact let's see an example +of that I'll do the I'll do a + + align:start position:0% +of that I'll do the I'll do a + + + align:start position:0% +of that I'll do the I'll do a +calculation let's calculate the N + + align:start position:0% +calculation let's calculate the N + + + align:start position:0% +calculation let's calculate the N +derivative of x to the n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay N is a number like 1 2 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +so here we go let's do this so let's do + + align:start position:0% +so here we go let's do this so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +so here we go let's do this so let's do +this bit by bit what's the first + + align:start position:0% +this bit by bit what's the first + + + align:start position:0% +this bit by bit what's the first +derivative of x to the + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x to the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x to the +N so everybody knows this I'm just using + + align:start position:0% +N so everybody knows this I'm just using + + + align:start position:0% +N so everybody knows this I'm just using +a new notation this capital D + + align:start position:0% +a new notation this capital D + + + align:start position:0% +a new notation this capital D +notation so it's n x nus1 and now you + + align:start position:0% +notation so it's n x nus1 and now you + + + align:start position:0% +notation so it's n x nus1 and now you +know by the way n could be a negative + + align:start position:0% +know by the way n could be a negative + + + align:start position:0% +know by the way n could be a negative +number for that but for now for this + + align:start position:0% +number for that but for now for this + + + align:start position:0% +number for that but for now for this +this application I want to take n to be + + align:start position:0% +this application I want to take n to be + + + align:start position:0% +this application I want to take n to be +one 2 3 and so on one of those + + align:start position:0% +one 2 3 and so on one of those + + + align:start position:0% +one 2 3 and so on one of those +numbers okay we did one derivative let's + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay we did one derivative let's + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay we did one derivative let's +do compute the second derivative of x to + + align:start position:0% +do compute the second derivative of x to + + + align:start position:0% +do compute the second derivative of x to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +N well there's this n constant that + + align:start position:0% +N well there's this n constant that + + + align:start position:0% +N well there's this n constant that +comes out and then the exponent comes + + align:start position:0% +comes out and then the exponent comes + + + align:start position:0% +comes out and then the exponent comes +down and it gets reduced by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one right shall I do one + + align:start position:0% +one right shall I do one + + + align:start position:0% +one right shall I do one +more D cubed x the N is n * n -1 that's + + align:start position:0% +more D cubed x the N is n * n -1 that's + + + align:start position:0% +more D cubed x the N is n * n -1 that's +the constant from here times that + + align:start position:0% +the constant from here times that + + + align:start position:0% +the constant from here times that +exponent N - 2 * 1 less n minus 3 it's + + align:start position:0% +exponent N - 2 * 1 less n minus 3 it's + + + align:start position:0% +exponent N - 2 * 1 less n minus 3 it's +the new + + align:start position:0% +the new + + + align:start position:0% +the new +exponent well I keep on going until I + + align:start position:0% +exponent well I keep on going until I + + + align:start position:0% +exponent well I keep on going until I +come to a different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Blackboard now I think I'm going to stop + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard now I think I'm going to stop + + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard now I think I'm going to stop +when I get to the N minus first + + align:start position:0% +when I get to the N minus first + + + align:start position:0% +when I get to the N minus first +derivative so we can see what what's + + align:start position:0% +derivative so we can see what what's + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so we can see what what's +what's likely to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen so when I took the third + + align:start position:0% +happen so when I took the third + + + align:start position:0% +happen so when I took the third +derivative I had the N minus 3 power of + + align:start position:0% +derivative I had the N minus 3 power of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative I had the N minus 3 power of +X and when I took the second derivative + + align:start position:0% +X and when I took the second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +X and when I took the second derivative +I had the second power of X so I think + + align:start position:0% +I had the second power of X so I think + + + align:start position:0% +I had the second power of X so I think +in gen I think what'll happen when I + + align:start position:0% +in gen I think what'll happen when I + + + align:start position:0% +in gen I think what'll happen when I +have the N minus first derivative is + + align:start position:0% +have the N minus first derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +have the N minus first derivative is +I'll have the first Power of X left over + + align:start position:0% +I'll have the first Power of X left over + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have the first Power of X left over +the powers of X keep coming down and + + align:start position:0% +the powers of X keep coming down and + + + align:start position:0% +the powers of X keep coming down and +when I've done it n minus one times I + + align:start position:0% +when I've done it n minus one times I + + + align:start position:0% +when I've done it n minus one times I +get the first Power and then I get a big + + align:start position:0% +get the first Power and then I get a big + + + align:start position:0% +get the first Power and then I get a big +constant out in front + + align:start position:0% +constant out in front + + + align:start position:0% +constant out in front +here times more and more and more of + + align:start position:0% +here times more and more and more of + + + align:start position:0% +here times more and more and more of +these smaller and smaller integers that + + align:start position:0% +these smaller and smaller integers that + + + align:start position:0% +these smaller and smaller integers that +come down what's the last integer that + + align:start position:0% +come down what's the last integer that + + + align:start position:0% +come down what's the last integer that +came down before I got when I got x to + + align:start position:0% +came down before I got when I got x to + + + align:start position:0% +came down before I got when I got x to +the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +well well let's see it's just two + + align:start position:0% +well well let's see it's just two + + + align:start position:0% +well well let's see it's just two +because this x to the first Power + + align:start position:0% +because this x to the first Power + + + align:start position:0% +because this x to the first Power +occurred as the derivative of x s and + + align:start position:0% +occurred as the derivative of x s and + + + align:start position:0% +occurred as the derivative of x s and +the coefficient of that is in front of + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of that is in front of + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of that is in front of +that is two so that's what you get the + + align:start position:0% +that is two so that's what you get the + + + align:start position:0% +that is two so that's what you get the +numbers n n minus one and so on down to + + align:start position:0% +numbers n n minus one and so on down to + + + align:start position:0% +numbers n n minus one and so on down to +two times x to the 1st and now we can + + align:start position:0% +two times x to the 1st and now we can + + + align:start position:0% +two times x to the 1st and now we can +differentiate one more time and + + align:start position:0% +differentiate one more time and + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate one more time and +calculate what this is X to the n and + + align:start position:0% +calculate what this is X to the n and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what this is X to the n and +calculate what DN x to the N is so I get + + align:start position:0% +calculate what DN x to the N is so I get + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what DN x to the N is so I get +the same number n * nus1 and so on and + + align:start position:0% +the same number n * nus1 and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +the same number n * nus1 and so on and +so on * 2 and then I guess I'll say + + align:start position:0% +so on * 2 and then I guess I'll say + + + align:start position:0% +so on * 2 and then I guess I'll say +times 1 times what's the derivative of x + + align:start position:0% +times 1 times what's the derivative of x + + + align:start position:0% +times 1 times what's the derivative of x +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +one one one so time one if you like Time + + align:start position:0% +one one one so time one if you like Time + + + align:start position:0% +one one one so time one if you like Time +1 * + + align:start position:0% +1 * + + + align:start position:0% +1 * +1 where this one means the constant + + align:start position:0% +1 where this one means the constant + + + align:start position:0% +1 where this one means the constant +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one does anyone know what this number is + + align:start position:0% +one does anyone know what this number is + + + align:start position:0% +one does anyone know what this number is +called that's has a name it's called n + + align:start position:0% +called that's has a name it's called n + + + align:start position:0% +called that's has a name it's called n +factorial and it's written in + + align:start position:0% +factorial and it's written in + + + align:start position:0% +factorial and it's written in +exclamation + + align:start position:0% +exclamation + + + align:start position:0% +exclamation +point and we've just used an example of + + align:start position:0% +point and we've just used an example of + + + align:start position:0% +point and we've just used an example of +me mathematical + + align:start position:0% +me mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +me mathematical +induction so the end result is DN X the + + align:start position:0% +induction so the end result is DN X the + + + align:start position:0% +induction so the end result is DN X the +N is n factorial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant okay + + align:start position:0% +constant okay + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay +that's that's a neat + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a neat + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a neat +fact uh final question for the lecture + + align:start position:0% +fact uh final question for the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +fact uh final question for the lecture +is uh what's D the n + one applied to x + + align:start position:0% +is uh what's D the n + one applied to x + + + align:start position:0% +is uh what's D the n + one applied to x +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +n h + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excellent It's the derivative of a + + align:start position:0% +excellent It's the derivative of a + + + align:start position:0% +excellent It's the derivative of a +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +so at zero okay thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/60m8qBOD_nM.txt b/60m8qBOD_nM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..709f2a62d2f5141a9990bed26f1e8b528a15b6ae --- /dev/null +++ b/60m8qBOD_nM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this recitation is sort of is so which + + align:start position:0% +this recitation is sort of is so which + + + align:start position:0% +this recitation is sort of is so which +happens all the time in us because we + + align:start position:0% +happens all the time in us because we + + + align:start position:0% +happens all the time in us because we +can't describe all we get me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what I'm going to do is just give you + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do is just give you + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do is just give you +sort of a two-second overview + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to quit the PP rip into the big picture + + align:start position:0% +to quit the PP rip into the big picture + + + align:start position:0% +to quit the PP rip into the big picture +I don't think the paper + + align:start position:0% +I don't think the paper + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think the paper +the paper also explains it and this week + + align:start position:0% +the paper also explains it and this week + + + align:start position:0% +the paper also explains it and this week +we're going to focus on the mass spec + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on the mass spec + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on the mass spec +paper which is mostly sort of trying to + + align:start position:0% +paper which is mostly sort of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +paper which is mostly sort of trying to +figure out the technology and that the + + align:start position:0% +figure out the technology and that the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the technology and that the +next week is but it's not the biology + + align:start position:0% +next week is but it's not the biology + + + align:start position:0% +next week is but it's not the biology +and so the major one solve problems so + + align:start position:0% +and so the major one solve problems so + + + align:start position:0% +and so the major one solve problems so +everybody and his brother + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five years ago + + align:start position:0% +five years ago + + + align:start position:0% +five years ago +the instrumentation is cheaper they the + + align:start position:0% +the instrumentation is cheaper they the + + + align:start position:0% +the instrumentation is cheaper they the +mass spectrometric methods just really + + align:start position:0% +mass spectrometric methods just really + + + align:start position:0% +mass spectrometric methods just really +taken off I mean and people didn't even + + align:start position:0% +taken off I mean and people didn't even + + + align:start position:0% +taken off I mean and people didn't even +know the mass spectrometers or but it's + + align:start position:0% +know the mass spectrometers or but it's + + + align:start position:0% +know the mass spectrometers or but it's +done to win major prizes because this + + align:start position:0% +done to win major prizes because this + + + align:start position:0% +done to win major prizes because this +revolutionize body can do I was talking + + align:start position:0% +revolutionize body can do I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +revolutionize body can do I was talking +to somebody yesterday and they just got + + align:start position:0% +to somebody yesterday and they just got + + + align:start position:0% +to somebody yesterday and they just got +a mass on a protein that's 3.3 million + + align:start position:0% +a mass on a protein that's 3.3 million + + + align:start position:0% +a mass on a protein that's 3.3 million +how'd you get protein into the gas phase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean doesn't that sort of blow your + + align:start position:0% +I mean doesn't that sort of blow your + + + align:start position:0% +I mean doesn't that sort of blow your +mind okay I know it's sort of it's been + + align:start position:0% +mind okay I know it's sort of it's been + + + align:start position:0% +mind okay I know it's sort of it's been +a revolution okay and we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +a revolution okay and we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +a revolution okay and we're going to be +looking at this is module 7 which is + + align:start position:0% +looking at this is module 7 which is + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this is module 7 which is +unreactive message of species and we've + + align:start position:0% +unreactive message of species and we've + + + align:start position:0% +unreactive message of species and we've +been talking about the question of + + align:start position:0% +been talking about the question of + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about the question of +plenty of stasis and so one of the + + align:start position:0% +plenty of stasis and so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of stasis and so one of the +things that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but okay so everybody's interesting what + + align:start position:0% +but okay so everybody's interesting what + + + align:start position:0% +but okay so everybody's interesting what +happens up here what happens down here + + align:start position:0% +happens up here what happens down here + + + align:start position:0% +happens up here what happens down here +how do you control all of that and + + align:start position:0% +how do you control all of that and + + + align:start position:0% +how do you control all of that and +people are studying this so we've + + align:start position:0% +people are studying this so we've + + + align:start position:0% +people are studying this so we've +already seen existing is unique and if + + align:start position:0% +already seen existing is unique and if + + + align:start position:0% +already seen existing is unique and if +you have a reactive oxygen species that + + align:start position:0% +you have a reactive oxygen species that + + + align:start position:0% +you have a reactive oxygen species that +will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a number is actually superoxide so + + align:start position:0% +a number is actually superoxide so + + + align:start position:0% +a number is actually superoxide so +that's one electron use of oxygen which + + align:start position:0% +that's one electron use of oxygen which + + + align:start position:0% +that's one electron use of oxygen which +in the presence of protons can rapidly + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of protons can rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of protons can rapidly +disproportionally to give oxygen gas + + align:start position:0% +disproportionally to give oxygen gas + + + align:start position:0% +disproportionally to give oxygen gas +and hydrogen peroxide can't react these + + align:start position:0% +and hydrogen peroxide can't react these + + + align:start position:0% +and hydrogen peroxide can't react these +systems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to form sulfuric acids which is the + + align:start position:0% +to form sulfuric acids which is the + + + align:start position:0% +to form sulfuric acids which is the +subject of the KPD had to read and so + + align:start position:0% +subject of the KPD had to read and so + + + align:start position:0% +subject of the KPD had to read and so +the question is how prevalent of this + + align:start position:0% +the question is how prevalent of this + + + align:start position:0% +the question is how prevalent of this +and the question is is this important + + align:start position:0% +and the question is is this important + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is is this important +and interesting in terms of regulation + + align:start position:0% +and interesting in terms of regulation + + + align:start position:0% +and interesting in terms of regulation +inside the cell and so the key issue is + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and so the key issue is + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and so the key issue is +on the even systems aren't all that + + align:start position:0% +on the even systems aren't all that + + + align:start position:0% +on the even systems aren't all that +stable you know if you have proteins + + align:start position:0% +stable you know if you have proteins + + + align:start position:0% +stable you know if you have proteins +with cysteines and it wasn't the only + + align:start position:0% +with cysteines and it wasn't the only + + + align:start position:0% +with cysteines and it wasn't the only +time you could want in the proteins + + align:start position:0% +time you could want in the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +time you could want in the proteins +concentrating you weren't I saw + + align:start position:0% +concentrating you weren't I saw + + + align:start position:0% +concentrating you weren't I saw +it's not a straightforward reaction but + + align:start position:0% +it's not a straightforward reaction but + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a straightforward reaction but +you can form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the question is if you had hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +the question is if you had hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +the question is if you had hydrogen +peroxide so what you do can you form + + align:start position:0% +peroxide so what you do can you form + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide so what you do can you form +self-heating acids and do they have a + + align:start position:0% +self-heating acids and do they have a + + + align:start position:0% +self-heating acids and do they have a +consequence biologically okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +consequence biologically okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +consequence biologically okay and that's +the question we're gonna address it's + + align:start position:0% +the question we're gonna address it's + + + align:start position:0% +the question we're gonna address it's +time and so the issue is this is + + align:start position:0% +time and so the issue is this is + + + align:start position:0% +time and so the issue is this is +unstable so if you want to develop a + + align:start position:0% +unstable so if you want to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +unstable so if you want to develop a +method to look for this species and you + + align:start position:0% +method to look for this species and you + + + align:start position:0% +method to look for this species and you +start cracking open cells then you start + + align:start position:0% +start cracking open cells then you start + + + align:start position:0% +start cracking open cells then you start +working it up what happens is this falls + + align:start position:0% +working it up what happens is this falls + + + align:start position:0% +working it up what happens is this falls +apart and reacts it gets to school an + + align:start position:0% +apart and reacts it gets to school an + + + align:start position:0% +apart and reacts it gets to school an +example of this is the area of DNA + + align:start position:0% +example of this is the area of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +example of this is the area of DNA +therapy Indian a drug interactions + + align:start position:0% +therapy Indian a drug interactions + + + align:start position:0% +therapy Indian a drug interactions +therapeutics and gravity and in three + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics and gravity and in three + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics and gravity and in three +decades + + align:start position:0% +decades + + + align:start position:0% +decades +you see lesions on beginning + + align:start position:0% +you see lesions on beginning + + + align:start position:0% +you see lesions on beginning +I didn't eternal with deletions our mass + + align:start position:0% +I didn't eternal with deletions our mass + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't eternal with deletions our mass +spec has been in me - nothing - look at + + align:start position:0% +spec has been in me - nothing - look at + + + align:start position:0% +spec has been in me - nothing - look at +that almost all the lesions in the early + + align:start position:0% +that almost all the lesions in the early + + + align:start position:0% +that almost all the lesions in the early +days or complete artifacts of the + + align:start position:0% +days or complete artifacts of the + + + align:start position:0% +days or complete artifacts of the +analytical chemistry to work them out + + align:start position:0% +analytical chemistry to work them out + + + align:start position:0% +analytical chemistry to work them out +they had to get them into some form that + + align:start position:0% +they had to get them into some form that + + + align:start position:0% +they had to get them into some form that +you could stabilize the lesion and then + + align:start position:0% +you could stabilize the lesion and then + + + align:start position:0% +you could stabilize the lesion and then +analyze it and what was happening + + align:start position:0% +analyze it and what was happening + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it and what was happening +because they weren't careful enough and + + align:start position:0% +because they weren't careful enough and + + + align:start position:0% +because they weren't careful enough and +quantitative enough they changed it into + + align:start position:0% +quantitative enough they changed it into + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative enough they changed it into +something else + + align:start position:0% +something else + + + align:start position:0% +something else +and so you the data in the early is not + + align:start position:0% +and so you the data in the early is not + + + align:start position:0% +and so you the data in the early is not +completely misinterpreted so the issue + + align:start position:0% +completely misinterpreted so the issue + + + align:start position:0% +completely misinterpreted so the issue +in this paper is that other people that + + align:start position:0% +in this paper is that other people that + + + align:start position:0% +in this paper is that other people that +developed us in Carroll has taken + + align:start position:0% +developed us in Carroll has taken + + + align:start position:0% +developed us in Carroll has taken +Carroll has taken this on can we have a + + align:start position:0% +Carroll has taken this on can we have a + + + align:start position:0% +Carroll has taken this on can we have a +way of derivatized this preventively + + align:start position:0% +way of derivatized this preventively + + + align:start position:0% +way of derivatized this preventively +inside the cell because if you disrupt + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell because if you disrupt + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell because if you disrupt +you disrupt this by cracking help the + + align:start position:0% +you disrupt this by cracking help the + + + align:start position:0% +you disrupt this by cracking help the +cells and trying to purify things it + + align:start position:0% +cells and trying to purify things it + + + align:start position:0% +cells and trying to purify things it +undergoes for the reaction and what this + + align:start position:0% +undergoes for the reaction and what this + + + align:start position:0% +undergoes for the reaction and what this +can undergo further reaction to is s + + align:start position:0% +can undergo further reaction to is s + + + align:start position:0% +can undergo further reaction to is s +over 2 million s so Quanah Casas or so2 + + align:start position:0% +over 2 million s so Quanah Casas or so2 + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 million s so Quanah Casas or so2 +- sulfenic acids until chronic acids + + align:start position:0% +- sulfenic acids until chronic acids + + + align:start position:0% +- sulfenic acids until chronic acids +okay and it turns out this reaction is + + align:start position:0% +okay and it turns out this reaction is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it turns out this reaction is +also reversible with hydrogen peroxide + + align:start position:0% +also reversible with hydrogen peroxide + + + align:start position:0% +also reversible with hydrogen peroxide +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +this steak is irreversible then I go so + + align:start position:0% +this steak is irreversible then I go so + + + align:start position:0% +this steak is irreversible then I go so +the question is in developed methods to + + align:start position:0% +the question is in developed methods to + + + align:start position:0% +the question is in developed methods to +look at all of these things that in fact + + align:start position:0% +look at all of these things that in fact + + + align:start position:0% +look at all of these things that in fact +an imam and who's in the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +an imam and who's in the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +an imam and who's in the chemistry +department but also it's looking night + + align:start position:0% +department but also it's looking night + + + align:start position:0% +department but also it's looking night +rotation of s ages again species and + + align:start position:0% +rotation of s ages again species and + + + align:start position:0% +rotation of s ages again species and +he's developed methods sort of like + + align:start position:0% +he's developed methods sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +he's developed methods sort of like +carol has to try and specifically will + + align:start position:0% +carol has to try and specifically will + + + align:start position:0% +carol has to try and specifically will +efficiency and what you want to do and + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and what you want to do and + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and what you want to do and +this is the key you might be able to + + align:start position:0% +this is the key you might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the key you might be able to +detect this the question is is it + + align:start position:0% +detect this the question is is it + + + align:start position:0% +detect this the question is is it +interesting and so you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +interesting and so you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and so you have to have a +way to connect this back to the biology + + align:start position:0% +way to connect this back to the biology + + + align:start position:0% +way to connect this back to the biology +inside the cell and that's what the + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell and that's what the +second paper is going so so what we're + + align:start position:0% +second paper is going so so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +second paper is going so so what we're +doing today is simply looking at the + + align:start position:0% +doing today is simply looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +doing today is simply looking at the +technology that's been developed to try + + align:start position:0% +technology that's been developed to try + + + align:start position:0% +technology that's been developed to try +to get a handle how you look at when + + align:start position:0% +to get a handle how you look at when + + + align:start position:0% +to get a handle how you look at when +you've got such innovation not really + + align:start position:0% +you've got such innovation not really + + + align:start position:0% +you've got such innovation not really +focusing on the biology of the + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the biology of the + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the biology of the +consequences and so what we're using is + + align:start position:0% +consequences and so what we're using is + + + align:start position:0% +consequences and so what we're using is +mass better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how many of you have done hands better + + align:start position:0% +how many of you have done hands better + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you have done hands better +okay so if you know something and I say + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you know something and I say + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you know something and I say +something wrong you should now spend + + align:start position:0% +something wrong you should now spend + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong you should now spend +actually I've got a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +actually I've got a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +actually I've got a whole bunch of +information from Santa bro I thought it + + align:start position:0% +information from Santa bro I thought it + + + align:start position:0% +information from Santa bro I thought it +was not very creative so this is we need + + align:start position:0% +was not very creative so this is we need + + + align:start position:0% +was not very creative so this is we need +we need a way of trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +we need a way of trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +we need a way of trying to figure out +that you're gonna see this hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +that you're gonna see this hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +that you're gonna see this hundreds of +variations on the theme any of you a + + align:start position:0% +variations on the theme any of you a + + + align:start position:0% +variations on the theme any of you a +very simplified overview or things you + + align:start position:0% +very simplified overview or things you + + + align:start position:0% +very simplified overview or things you +need to think about and so so we're + + align:start position:0% +need to think about and so so we're + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about and so so we're +looking at mass spec this didn't exist + + align:start position:0% +looking at mass spec this didn't exist + + + align:start position:0% +looking at mass spec this didn't exist +when I was your age using soft + + align:start position:0% +when I was your age using soft + + + align:start position:0% +when I was your age using soft +ionization methods okay so the issue is + + align:start position:0% +ionization methods okay so the issue is + + + align:start position:0% +ionization methods okay so the issue is +what is mass a to charge okay so M over + + align:start position:0% +what is mass a to charge okay so M over + + + align:start position:0% +what is mass a to charge okay so M over +Z okay so the problem is how do we get + + align:start position:0% +Z okay so the problem is how do we get + + + align:start position:0% +Z okay so the problem is how do we get +something charged enough so that the + + align:start position:0% +something charged enough so that the + + + align:start position:0% +something charged enough so that the +mass is small enough so that you can see + + align:start position:0% +mass is small enough so that you can see + + + align:start position:0% +mass is small enough so that you can see +it taking a look at the the mass + + align:start position:0% +it taking a look at the the mass + + + align:start position:0% +it taking a look at the the mass +analyzer which is gonna be part of all + + align:start position:0% +analyzer which is gonna be part of all + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer which is gonna be part of all +mass spectrometers okay so one there are + + align:start position:0% +mass spectrometers okay so one there are + + + align:start position:0% +mass spectrometers okay so one there are +two different ways you could change the + + align:start position:0% +two different ways you could change the + + + align:start position:0% +two different ways you could change the +master charge you can dump an electron + + align:start position:0% +master charge you can dump an electron + + + align:start position:0% +master charge you can dump an electron +in okay and if you dump an electron in + + align:start position:0% +in okay and if you dump an electron in + + + align:start position:0% +in okay and if you dump an electron in +that produces radical species which can + + align:start position:0% +that produces radical species which can + + + align:start position:0% +that produces radical species which can +then fragment okay that's we want to + + align:start position:0% +then fragment okay that's we want to + + + align:start position:0% +then fragment okay that's we want to +avoid that + + align:start position:0% +avoid that + + + align:start position:0% +avoid that +that's not soft ionization methods but + + align:start position:0% +that's not soft ionization methods but + + + align:start position:0% +that's not soft ionization methods but +how could we how could we control this + + align:start position:0% +how could we how could we control this + + + align:start position:0% +how could we how could we control this +the way we can control this is dumping + + align:start position:0% +the way we can control this is dumping + + + align:start position:0% +the way we can control this is dumping +in protons and so what we could do is we + + align:start position:0% +in protons and so what we could do is we + + + align:start position:0% +in protons and so what we could do is we +can control it by adding protons or by + + align:start position:0% +can control it by adding protons or by + + + align:start position:0% +can control it by adding protons or by +subtracting protons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we'll see that different method + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll see that different method + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll see that different method +the different methods we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +the different methods we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the different methods we're going to be +looking at we'll see there are two main + + align:start position:0% +looking at we'll see there are two main + + + align:start position:0% +looking at we'll see there are two main +methods that most of you will probably + + align:start position:0% +methods that most of you will probably + + + align:start position:0% +methods that most of you will probably +heard about your classes one is + + align:start position:0% +heard about your classes one is + + + align:start position:0% +heard about your classes one is +electrospray ionisation so ESI and I + + align:start position:0% +electrospray ionisation so ESI and I + + + align:start position:0% +electrospray ionisation so ESI and I +think if you're in Brad's lab they have + + align:start position:0% +think if you're in Brad's lab they have + + + align:start position:0% +think if you're in Brad's lab they have +a lot of these yesterday's class had + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these yesterday's class had + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these yesterday's class had +people that could use these but really + + align:start position:0% +people that could use these but really + + + align:start position:0% +people that could use these but really +didn't know much about what's inside the + + align:start position:0% +didn't know much about what's inside the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know much about what's inside the +machine so this is a kind of thing I + + align:start position:0% +machine so this is a kind of thing I + + + align:start position:0% +machine so this is a kind of thing I +think your generation if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +think your generation if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +think your generation if you're going to +use this as a tool you need to roll up + + align:start position:0% +use this as a tool you need to roll up + + + align:start position:0% +use this as a tool you need to roll up +your sleeves and understand a lot more + + align:start position:0% +your sleeves and understand a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +your sleeves and understand a lot more +about what's going on and Molly and + + align:start position:0% +about what's going on and Molly and + + + align:start position:0% +about what's going on and Molly and +MALDI laser matrix assisted laser + + align:start position:0% +MALDI laser matrix assisted laser + + + align:start position:0% +MALDI laser matrix assisted laser +desorption it'll be quite come come + + align:start position:0% +desorption it'll be quite come come + + + align:start position:0% +desorption it'll be quite come come +clear why it's called that in a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so these are the two methods and + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the two methods and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are the two methods and +what we do is we can protonate so that + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we can protonate so that + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we can protonate so that +we can move this into the analyzer range + + align:start position:0% +we can move this into the analyzer range + + + align:start position:0% +we can move this into the analyzer range +where we can actually read it so what + + align:start position:0% +where we can actually read it so what + + + align:start position:0% +where we can actually read it so what +we'll see is the analyze there all I'm + + align:start position:0% +we'll see is the analyze there all I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see is the analyze there all I'm +going to show you sort of what the what + + align:start position:0% +going to show you sort of what the what + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you sort of what the what +the three parts of a mass spectrometer + + align:start position:0% +the three parts of a mass spectrometer + + + align:start position:0% +the three parts of a mass spectrometer +are can only read a thousand to 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +are can only read a thousand to 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +are can only read a thousand to 2,000 +Dalton's okay so if you look at your + + align:start position:0% +Dalton's okay so if you look at your + + + align:start position:0% +Dalton's okay so if you look at your +protein much much bigger than that so + + align:start position:0% +protein much much bigger than that so + + + align:start position:0% +protein much much bigger than that so +you're gonna have to stick a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to stick a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to stick a lot of +charges on there to be able to see + + align:start position:0% +charges on there to be able to see + + + align:start position:0% +charges on there to be able to see +anything so that's the whole thing and + + align:start position:0% +anything so that's the whole thing and + + + align:start position:0% +anything so that's the whole thing and +the question is how do you do do it by + + align:start position:0% +the question is how do you do do it by + + + align:start position:0% +the question is how do you do do it by +one method or by using the other method + + align:start position:0% +one method or by using the other method + + + align:start position:0% +one method or by using the other method +okay so so all now specs + + align:start position:0% +okay so so all now specs + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so all now specs +that's sort of the same components so + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the same components so + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the same components so +and you can go to websites that website + + align:start position:0% +and you can go to websites that website + + + align:start position:0% +and you can go to websites that website +the broad does have a website and what + + align:start position:0% +the broad does have a website and what + + + align:start position:0% +the broad does have a website and what +the broad will tell you is what all this + + align:start position:0% +the broad will tell you is what all this + + + align:start position:0% +the broad will tell you is what all this +spectrometers are but I don't think they + + align:start position:0% +spectrometers are but I don't think they + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometers are but I don't think they +do a particularly good job telling you + + align:start position:0% +do a particularly good job telling you + + + align:start position:0% +do a particularly good job telling you +what's useful for what and why it's + + align:start position:0% +what's useful for what and why it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's useful for what and why it's +useful which is I think what you need to + + align:start position:0% +useful which is I think what you need to + + + align:start position:0% +useful which is I think what you need to +use if you're only gonna use it + + align:start position:0% +use if you're only gonna use it + + + align:start position:0% +use if you're only gonna use it +fleetingly and then move out so you have + + align:start position:0% +fleetingly and then move out so you have + + + align:start position:0% +fleetingly and then move out so you have +a source so you have an inlet how do you + + align:start position:0% +a source so you have an inlet how do you + + + align:start position:0% +a source so you have an inlet how do you +get your sample from the liquid phase or + + align:start position:0% +get your sample from the liquid phase or + + + align:start position:0% +get your sample from the liquid phase or +the solid phase into the gas phase okay + + align:start position:0% +the solid phase into the gas phase okay + + + align:start position:0% +the solid phase into the gas phase okay +so that's going to be that and so how + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be that and so how + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be that and so how +what is the distinct ionization method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we will see that there are many + + align:start position:0% +okay and we will see that there are many + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we will see that there are many +ways that you can ionize and we're just + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can ionize and we're just + + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can ionize and we're just +going to briefly look at and a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +going to briefly look at and a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +going to briefly look at and a cartoon +overview of how this happens and then so + + align:start position:0% +overview of how this happens and then so + + + align:start position:0% +overview of how this happens and then so +once you ionize it it means to move from + + align:start position:0% +once you ionize it it means to move from + + + align:start position:0% +once you ionize it it means to move from +the source so you need to have a + + align:start position:0% +the source so you need to have a + + + align:start position:0% +the source so you need to have a +movement into the analyser so this is + + align:start position:0% +movement into the analyser so this is + + + align:start position:0% +movement into the analyser so this is +the mass analyzer and this becomes + + align:start position:0% +the mass analyzer and this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +the mass analyzer and this becomes +important and we will say there we will + + align:start position:0% +important and we will say there we will + + + align:start position:0% +important and we will say there we will +see in a second that there are many + + align:start position:0% +see in a second that there are many + + + align:start position:0% +see in a second that there are many +methods to do the mass analysis + + align:start position:0% +methods to do the mass analysis + + + align:start position:0% +methods to do the mass analysis +announced a charge analysis and then + + align:start position:0% +announced a charge analysis and then + + + align:start position:0% +announced a charge analysis and then +after you do this you have a detector + + align:start position:0% +after you do this you have a detector + + + align:start position:0% +after you do this you have a detector +okay and then furthermore and I think + + align:start position:0% +okay and then furthermore and I think + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then furthermore and I think +this is a big part of it now if you're + + align:start position:0% +this is a big part of it now if you're + + + align:start position:0% +this is a big part of it now if you're +doing whole sell anything you have to + + align:start position:0% +doing whole sell anything you have to + + + align:start position:0% +doing whole sell anything you have to +have a really sophisticated method of + + align:start position:0% +have a really sophisticated method of + + + align:start position:0% +have a really sophisticated method of +data analysis okay and so that's the + + align:start position:0% +data analysis okay and so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +data analysis okay and so that's the +other thing that I get frustrated about + + align:start position:0% +other thing that I get frustrated about + + + align:start position:0% +other thing that I get frustrated about +all the time so you see people I mean + + align:start position:0% +all the time so you see people I mean + + + align:start position:0% +all the time so you see people I mean +people do experiments where they they've + + align:start position:0% +people do experiments where they they've + + + align:start position:0% +people do experiments where they they've +spent last year somebody spent three + + align:start position:0% +spent last year somebody spent three + + + align:start position:0% +spent last year somebody spent three +months trying to get all the proteins + + align:start position:0% +months trying to get all the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +months trying to get all the proteins +out of a cell ten thousand proteins out + + align:start position:0% +out of a cell ten thousand proteins out + + + align:start position:0% +out of a cell ten thousand proteins out +of the cell by mass spectrometry right + + align:start position:0% +of the cell by mass spectrometry right + + + align:start position:0% +of the cell by mass spectrometry right +now because the technology is changing + + align:start position:0% +now because the technology is changing + + + align:start position:0% +now because the technology is changing +they can do it for days + + align:start position:0% +they can do it for days + + + align:start position:0% +they can do it for days +okay but what do you do with this all + + align:start position:0% +okay but what do you do with this all + + + align:start position:0% +okay but what do you do with this all +this information and how do you use this + + align:start position:0% +this information and how do you use this + + + align:start position:0% +this information and how do you use this +information in a constructive way and + + align:start position:0% +information in a constructive way and + + + align:start position:0% +information in a constructive way and +how do you know if it's correct or not + + align:start position:0% +how do you know if it's correct or not + + + align:start position:0% +how do you know if it's correct or not +so those are the kinds of things I think + + align:start position:0% +so those are the kinds of things I think + + + align:start position:0% +so those are the kinds of things I think +if you're going to use this I think + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to use this I think + + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to use this I think +everybody's gonna be using this + + align:start position:0% +everybody's gonna be using this + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's gonna be using this +technology you need to educate yourself + + align:start position:0% +technology you need to educate yourself + + + align:start position:0% +technology you need to educate yourself +about how to look at this okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +about how to look at this okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +about how to look at this okay so that's +what the issue is and so we have a + + align:start position:0% +what the issue is and so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +what the issue is and so we have a +source an analyzer and a detector okay + + align:start position:0% +source an analyzer and a detector okay + + + align:start position:0% +source an analyzer and a detector okay +so so this is just a cartoon of that + + align:start position:0% +so so this is just a cartoon of that + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is just a cartoon of that +which describes this in more detail and + + align:start position:0% +which describes this in more detail and + + + align:start position:0% +which describes this in more detail and +I think he put this on the web I think + + align:start position:0% +I think he put this on the web I think + + + align:start position:0% +I think he put this on the web I think +he put the PowerPoint on the web I was + + align:start position:0% +he put the PowerPoint on the web I was + + + align:start position:0% +he put the PowerPoint on the web I was +doing it this in the last minute + + align:start position:0% +doing it this in the last minute + + + align:start position:0% +doing it this in the last minute +yesterday so it's different from the + + align:start position:0% +yesterday so it's different from the + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday so it's different from the +handout I gave you that's written out + + align:start position:0% +handout I gave you that's written out + + + align:start position:0% +handout I gave you that's written out +this is a PowerPoint okay so you can go + + align:start position:0% +this is a PowerPoint okay so you can go + + + align:start position:0% +this is a PowerPoint okay so you can go +back and look at this but one of the + + align:start position:0% +back and look at this but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +back and look at this but one of the +other things I wanted to say is that + + align:start position:0% +other things I wanted to say is that + + + align:start position:0% +other things I wanted to say is that +sometimes when you analyze your mass you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you analyze your mass you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you analyze your mass you +want to analyze it further and that was + + align:start position:0% +want to analyze it further and that was + + + align:start position:0% +want to analyze it further and that was +true many many of you might not have + + align:start position:0% +true many many of you might not have + + + align:start position:0% +true many many of you might not have +caught it but that was true in the + + align:start position:0% +caught it but that was true in the + + + align:start position:0% +caught it but that was true in the +analysis that was carried out in this + + align:start position:0% +analysis that was carried out in this + + + align:start position:0% +analysis that was carried out in this +paper did anybody recognize that you had + + align:start position:0% +paper did anybody recognize that you had + + + align:start position:0% +paper did anybody recognize that you had +to analyze this by more using more than + + align:start position:0% +to analyze this by more using more than + + + align:start position:0% +to analyze this by more using more than +one mass spec did you look at the data + + align:start position:0% +one mass spec did you look at the data + + + align:start position:0% +one mass spec did you look at the data +carefully enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so also you probably didn't read the + + align:start position:0% +so also you probably didn't read the + + + align:start position:0% +so also you probably didn't read the +supplementary information which also is + + align:start position:0% +supplementary information which also is + + + align:start position:0% +supplementary information which also is +critical to think about I mean if you + + align:start position:0% +critical to think about I mean if you + + + align:start position:0% +critical to think about I mean if you +want to look at the methods you need to + + align:start position:0% +want to look at the methods you need to + + + align:start position:0% +want to look at the methods you need to +get in there and roll up your sleeves + + align:start position:0% +get in there and roll up your sleeves + + + align:start position:0% +get in there and roll up your sleeves +and look at them so we're gonna see that + + align:start position:0% +and look at them so we're gonna see that + + + align:start position:0% +and look at them so we're gonna see that +the methods that people often use is + + align:start position:0% +the methods that people often use is + + + align:start position:0% +the methods that people often use is +they don't look at the whole protein but + + align:start position:0% +they don't look at the whole protein but + + + align:start position:0% +they don't look at the whole protein but +they degrade it down into pieces so then + + align:start position:0% +they degrade it down into pieces so then + + + align:start position:0% +they degrade it down into pieces so then +you can find here a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you can find here a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you can find here a whole bunch of +pieces okay but that doesn't tell you + + align:start position:0% +pieces okay but that doesn't tell you + + + align:start position:0% +pieces okay but that doesn't tell you +anything if the mass does tell you + + align:start position:0% +anything if the mass does tell you + + + align:start position:0% +anything if the mass does tell you +something it might tell you whether it's + + align:start position:0% +something it might tell you whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +something it might tell you whether it's +Sophie know lated or that you hopefully + + align:start position:0% +Sophie know lated or that you hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +Sophie know lated or that you hopefully +can distinguish between any other + + align:start position:0% +can distinguish between any other + + + align:start position:0% +can distinguish between any other +modification but it doesn't tell you the + + align:start position:0% +modification but it doesn't tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +modification but it doesn't tell you the +location of the Sophie no Latian and so + + align:start position:0% +location of the Sophie no Latian and so + + + align:start position:0% +location of the Sophie no Latian and so +you can do a second method method so you + + align:start position:0% +you can do a second method method so you + + + align:start position:0% +you can do a second method method so you +could help some other gasps there are + + align:start position:0% +could help some other gasps there are + + + align:start position:0% +could help some other gasps there are +many ways to do this that you bring this + + align:start position:0% +many ways to do this that you bring this + + + align:start position:0% +many ways to do this that you bring this +in to now take a peptide so you pick one + + align:start position:0% +in to now take a peptide so you pick one + + + align:start position:0% +in to now take a peptide so you pick one +mass charge you throw in something + + align:start position:0% +mass charge you throw in something + + + align:start position:0% +mass charge you throw in something +that's going to degrade it by + + align:start position:0% +that's going to degrade it by + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to degrade it by +fragmentation and then I'll show you in + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation and then I'll show you in + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation and then I'll show you in +a minute we understand what kind of + + align:start position:0% +a minute we understand what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a minute we understand what kind of +using certain methods we understand the + + align:start position:0% +using certain methods we understand the + + + align:start position:0% +using certain methods we understand the +fragmentation patterns which actually + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation patterns which actually + + + align:start position:0% +fragmentation patterns which actually +allow you to sequence the amino acids + + align:start position:0% +allow you to sequence the amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to sequence the amino acids +and the reason I'm bringing that in is + + align:start position:0% +and the reason I'm bringing that in is + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason I'm bringing that in is +when I first got to MIT close Beaman was + + align:start position:0% +when I first got to MIT close Beaman was + + + align:start position:0% +when I first got to MIT close Beaman was +in the lab and I did many experiments + + align:start position:0% +in the lab and I did many experiments + + + align:start position:0% +in the lab and I did many experiments +with him we're and these are the first + + align:start position:0% +with him we're and these are the first + + + align:start position:0% +with him we're and these are the first +experiments that were done to sequence + + align:start position:0% +experiments that were done to sequence + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that were done to sequence +peptides by mass spec as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +peptides by mass spec as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +peptides by mass spec as opposed to +doing it had been sequencing which the + + align:start position:0% +doing it had been sequencing which the + + + align:start position:0% +doing it had been sequencing which the +mass spec was actually better and their + + align:start position:0% +mass spec was actually better and their + + + align:start position:0% +mass spec was actually better and their +pluses and minuses but I noticed from + + align:start position:0% +pluses and minuses but I noticed from + + + align:start position:0% +pluses and minuses but I noticed from +looking at though the literature people + + align:start position:0% +looking at though the literature people + + + align:start position:0% +looking at though the literature people +are still using the same method that he + + align:start position:0% +are still using the same method that he + + + align:start position:0% +are still using the same method that he +developed so okay so so this is just a + + align:start position:0% +developed so okay so so this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +developed so okay so so this is just a +cartoon and it just shows you that there + + align:start position:0% +cartoon and it just shows you that there + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon and it just shows you that there +are many ionization methods we're + + align:start position:0% +are many ionization methods we're + + + align:start position:0% +are many ionization methods we're +focusing on these two FA be fast atom + + align:start position:0% +focusing on these two FA be fast atom + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on these two FA be fast atom +bombardment that was we didn't have any + + align:start position:0% +bombardment that was we didn't have any + + + align:start position:0% +bombardment that was we didn't have any +of these when I was your age fast atom + + align:start position:0% +of these when I was your age fast atom + + + align:start position:0% +of these when I was your age fast atom +bombardment um is something I used to + + align:start position:0% +bombardment um is something I used to + + + align:start position:0% +bombardment um is something I used to +want because I've worked on DNA drug + + align:start position:0% +want because I've worked on DNA drug + + + align:start position:0% +want because I've worked on DNA drug +interactions and it looks allows you to + + align:start position:0% +interactions and it looks allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +interactions and it looks allows you to +look at nucleic acids and a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +look at nucleic acids and a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +look at nucleic acids and a lot of these +other methods don't + + align:start position:0% +other methods don't + + + align:start position:0% +other methods don't +I mean we're focused on proteomics in + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're focused on proteomics in + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we're focused on proteomics in +this particular paper and then mass + + align:start position:0% +this particular paper and then mass + + + align:start position:0% +this particular paper and then mass +analyzer so you have time of flight I + + align:start position:0% +analyzer so you have time of flight I + + + align:start position:0% +analyzer so you have time of flight I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +Brad's lab has well the time-of-flight + + align:start position:0% +Brad's lab has well the time-of-flight + + + align:start position:0% +Brad's lab has well the time-of-flight +so what does that mean you got a long + + align:start position:0% +so what does that mean you got a long + + + align:start position:0% +so what does that mean you got a long +tube in here and what happens is you + + align:start position:0% +tube in here and what happens is you + + + align:start position:0% +tube in here and what happens is you +have master charging they're different + + align:start position:0% +have master charging they're different + + + align:start position:0% +have master charging they're different +sizes and so the small who want to fly + + align:start position:0% +sizes and so the small who want to fly + + + align:start position:0% +sizes and so the small who want to fly +faster they don't want to keep away from + + align:start position:0% +faster they don't want to keep away from + + + align:start position:0% +faster they don't want to keep away from +the walls but the smaller ones fly + + align:start position:0% +the walls but the smaller ones fly + + + align:start position:0% +the walls but the smaller ones fly +faster than the bigger ones and so that + + align:start position:0% +faster than the bigger ones and so that + + + align:start position:0% +faster than the bigger ones and so that +helps you differentiate between all the + + align:start position:0% +helps you differentiate between all the + + + align:start position:0% +helps you differentiate between all the +ions you're actually looking at I guess + + align:start position:0% +ions you're actually looking at I guess + + + align:start position:0% +ions you're actually looking at I guess +somebody just told me you guys just got + + align:start position:0% +somebody just told me you guys just got + + + align:start position:0% +somebody just told me you guys just got +a new lion trap quite a row lion trap + + align:start position:0% +a new lion trap quite a row lion trap + + + align:start position:0% +a new lion trap quite a row lion trap +anyhow if you want to look at this I + + align:start position:0% +anyhow if you want to look at this I + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow if you want to look at this I +have notes on all these things but I + + align:start position:0% +have notes on all these things but I + + + align:start position:0% +have notes on all these things but I +think this is something you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +think this is something you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +think this is something you'd have to +study in detail and so well I have + + align:start position:0% +study in detail and so well I have + + + align:start position:0% +study in detail and so well I have +pictures of them all and how they how + + align:start position:0% +pictures of them all and how they how + + + align:start position:0% +pictures of them all and how they how +you can differentiate one from the other + + align:start position:0% +you can differentiate one from the other + + + align:start position:0% +you can differentiate one from the other +I think it doesn't really mean that much + + align:start position:0% +I think it doesn't really mean that much + + + align:start position:0% +I think it doesn't really mean that much +to me because I don't know enough about + + align:start position:0% +to me because I don't know enough about + + + align:start position:0% +to me because I don't know enough about +the physics of how they were designed I + + align:start position:0% +the physics of how they were designed I + + + align:start position:0% +the physics of how they were designed I +mean this really has revolutionized what + + align:start position:0% +mean this really has revolutionized what + + + align:start position:0% +mean this really has revolutionized what +you can do okay so that's the components + + align:start position:0% +you can do okay so that's the components + + + align:start position:0% +you can do okay so that's the components +of all mass spectrometer it's what I + + align:start position:0% +of all mass spectrometer it's what I + + + align:start position:0% +of all mass spectrometer it's what I +want to do is very just briefly look at + + align:start position:0% +want to do is very just briefly look at + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is very just briefly look at +the ESI and then look at the MALDI and + + align:start position:0% +the ESI and then look at the MALDI and + + + align:start position:0% +the ESI and then look at the MALDI and +then show you what the issues are in + + align:start position:0% +then show you what the issues are in + + + align:start position:0% +then show you what the issues are in +general and then we'll focus right in on + + align:start position:0% +general and then we'll focus right in on + + + align:start position:0% +general and then we'll focus right in on +the paper and the the recitation I did + + align:start position:0% +the paper and the the recitation I did + + + align:start position:0% +the paper and the the recitation I did +on Thursday we didn't quite get through + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday we didn't quite get through + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday we didn't quite get through +all of it we got through most of it but + + align:start position:0% +all of it we got through most of it but + + + align:start position:0% +all of it we got through most of it but +then we'll continue next week and also + + align:start position:0% +then we'll continue next week and also + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll continue next week and also +attach this to the biology which is the + + align:start position:0% +attach this to the biology which is the + + + align:start position:0% +attach this to the biology which is the +second paper the nature Chemical Biology + + align:start position:0% +second paper the nature Chemical Biology + + + align:start position:0% +second paper the nature Chemical Biology +paper also written by the Carroll group + + align:start position:0% +paper also written by the Carroll group + + + align:start position:0% +paper also written by the Carroll group +okay so yes I so that's one we want to + + align:start position:0% +okay so yes I so that's one we want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so yes I so that's one we want to +look at next + + align:start position:0% +look at next + + + align:start position:0% +look at next +and so that's up there this is a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +and so that's up there this is a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's up there this is a cartoon +of how this works okay so what do you + + align:start position:0% +of how this works okay so what do you + + + align:start position:0% +of how this works okay so what do you +doing how do you do this so the first + + align:start position:0% +doing how do you do this so the first + + + align:start position:0% +doing how do you do this so the first +thing is you have your protein of + + align:start position:0% +thing is you have your protein of + + + align:start position:0% +thing is you have your protein of +interest which I'll call the analyte and + + align:start position:0% +interest which I'll call the analyte and + + + align:start position:0% +interest which I'll call the analyte and +because we want to charge lots of times + + align:start position:0% +because we want to charge lots of times + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to charge lots of times +you put it under acidic more acidic + + align:start position:0% +you put it under acidic more acidic + + + align:start position:0% +you put it under acidic more acidic +conditions pH six or something sick and + + align:start position:0% +conditions pH six or something sick and + + + align:start position:0% +conditions pH six or something sick and +a half depends on the proteins to get + + align:start position:0% +a half depends on the proteins to get + + + align:start position:0% +a half depends on the proteins to get +more charged States and if you're trying + + align:start position:0% +more charged States and if you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +more charged States and if you're trying +to look at something big you need a lot + + align:start position:0% +to look at something big you need a lot + + + align:start position:0% +to look at something big you need a lot +charges on there to get it into this + + align:start position:0% +charges on there to get it into this + + + align:start position:0% +charges on there to get it into this +mass range of one to two thousand to be + + align:start position:0% +mass range of one to two thousand to be + + + align:start position:0% +mass range of one to two thousand to be +able to see it using this method and + + align:start position:0% +able to see it using this method and + + + align:start position:0% +able to see it using this method and +apparently what you do here can you see + + align:start position:0% +apparently what you do here can you see + + + align:start position:0% +apparently what you do here can you see +this have you done have you done this so + + align:start position:0% +this have you done have you done this so + + + align:start position:0% +this have you done have you done this so +can you see this capillary + + align:start position:0% +can you see this capillary + + + align:start position:0% +can you see this capillary +can you look at what's going on okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +can you look at what's going on okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +can you look at what's going on okay I'm +gonna come over okay so it's just + + align:start position:0% +gonna come over okay so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +gonna come over okay so it's just +wondering because I haven't ever yeah so + + align:start position:0% +wondering because I haven't ever yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +wondering because I haven't ever yeah so +it's all closed off its a no boxing you + + align:start position:0% +it's all closed off its a no boxing you + + + align:start position:0% +it's all closed off its a no boxing you +say you can't does not like a thing + + align:start position:0% +say you can't does not like a thing + + + align:start position:0% +say you can't does not like a thing +where you can watch what's going on okay + + align:start position:0% +where you can watch what's going on okay + + + align:start position:0% +where you can watch what's going on okay +because I think it's sort of amazing + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's sort of amazing + + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's sort of amazing +right how do you get how do you get this + + align:start position:0% +right how do you get how do you get this + + + align:start position:0% +right how do you get how do you get this +huge protein and solution into the gas + + align:start position:0% +huge protein and solution into the gas + + + align:start position:0% +huge protein and solution into the gas +phase right I mean up to me is like mind + + align:start position:0% +phase right I mean up to me is like mind + + + align:start position:0% +phase right I mean up to me is like mind +boggling okay I mean that these guys + + align:start position:0% +boggling okay I mean that these guys + + + align:start position:0% +boggling okay I mean that these guys +were geniuses that then and you know + + align:start position:0% +were geniuses that then and you know + + + align:start position:0% +were geniuses that then and you know +there's been a number of Nobel prizes + + align:start position:0% +there's been a number of Nobel prizes + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a number of Nobel prizes +for this but I wouldn't have a clue how + + align:start position:0% +for this but I wouldn't have a clue how + + + align:start position:0% +for this but I wouldn't have a clue how +to do something like that + + align:start position:0% +to do something like that + + + align:start position:0% +to do something like that +so what you do is apparently you you put + + align:start position:0% +so what you do is apparently you you put + + + align:start position:0% +so what you do is apparently you you put +it down at capillary and then you spray + + align:start position:0% +it down at capillary and then you spray + + + align:start position:0% +it down at capillary and then you spray +it out and then you have to you get so + + align:start position:0% +it out and then you have to you get so + + + align:start position:0% +it out and then you have to you get so +what you get at the end of this this + + align:start position:0% +what you get at the end of this this + + + align:start position:0% +what you get at the end of this this +plume of spray apparently you've got a + + align:start position:0% +plume of spray apparently you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +plume of spray apparently you've got a +lot of the analytes and a lot of solvent + + align:start position:0% +lot of the analytes and a lot of solvent + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the analytes and a lot of solvent +molecules and then the goal is during + + align:start position:0% +molecules and then the goal is during + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and then the goal is during +this process to get into the analyzer is + + align:start position:0% +this process to get into the analyzer is + + + align:start position:0% +this process to get into the analyzer is +to get rid of to separate all the + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of to separate all the + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of to separate all the +analyse mix together into a single + + align:start position:0% +analyse mix together into a single + + + align:start position:0% +analyse mix together into a single +analyte and remove all the solvent okay + + align:start position:0% +analyte and remove all the solvent okay + + + align:start position:0% +analyte and remove all the solvent okay +so that's the goal and apparently + + align:start position:0% +so that's the goal and apparently + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the goal and apparently +according to the people that were here + + align:start position:0% +according to the people that were here + + + align:start position:0% +according to the people that were here +yesterday this is taken from I think + + align:start position:0% +yesterday this is taken from I think + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday this is taken from I think +sort of one of the papers that was first + + align:start position:0% +sort of one of the papers that was first + + + align:start position:0% +sort of one of the papers that was first +up this is the way they did in the old + + align:start position:0% +up this is the way they did in the old + + + align:start position:0% +up this is the way they did in the old +days I don't know if they still do it + + align:start position:0% +days I don't know if they still do it + + + align:start position:0% +days I don't know if they still do it +this way but the goal is really to get a + + align:start position:0% +this way but the goal is really to get a + + + align:start position:0% +this way but the goal is really to get a +single analyte with no solvent on it + + align:start position:0% +single analyte with no solvent on it + + + align:start position:0% +single analyte with no solvent on it +okay and so the question is how do you + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the question is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the question is how do you +do this and the chamber they had was at + + align:start position:0% +do this and the chamber they had was at + + + align:start position:0% +do this and the chamber they had was at +atmospheric pressure and then they had a + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure and then they had a + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure and then they had a +potential and pressure gradient which + + align:start position:0% +potential and pressure gradient which + + + align:start position:0% +potential and pressure gradient which +allowed it to get into the mass it + + align:start position:0% +allowed it to get into the mass it + + + align:start position:0% +allowed it to get into the mass it +before the mass analyzer so you start + + align:start position:0% +before the mass analyzer so you start + + + align:start position:0% +before the mass analyzer so you start +here with the initial spray and as you + + align:start position:0% +here with the initial spray and as you + + + align:start position:0% +here with the initial spray and as you +go father you remove some water + + align:start position:0% +go father you remove some water + + + align:start position:0% +go father you remove some water +molecules you use you finally get to the + + align:start position:0% +molecules you use you finally get to the + + + align:start position:0% +molecules you use you finally get to the +place where you've removed enough water + + align:start position:0% +place where you've removed enough water + + + align:start position:0% +place where you've removed enough water +molecules that all these positively + + align:start position:0% +molecules that all these positively + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that all these positively +charged species come together they're + + align:start position:0% +charged species come together they're + + + align:start position:0% +charged species come together they're +incredibly unhappy and then this + + align:start position:0% +incredibly unhappy and then this + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly unhappy and then this +fragment apart I mean that's the way + + align:start position:0% +fragment apart I mean that's the way + + + align:start position:0% +fragment apart I mean that's the way +they describe it it sounds reasonable + + align:start position:0% +they describe it it sounds reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +they describe it it sounds reasonable +and so you get smaller and smaller to + + align:start position:0% +and so you get smaller and smaller to + + + align:start position:0% +and so you get smaller and smaller to +eventually get to a place we have an + + align:start position:0% +eventually get to a place we have an + + + align:start position:0% +eventually get to a place we have an +analyte that you can look out + + align:start position:0% +analyte that you can look out + + + align:start position:0% +analyte that you can look out +specifically and the water has been + + align:start position:0% +specifically and the water has been + + + align:start position:0% +specifically and the water has been +removed and that's what you look at okay + + align:start position:0% +removed and that's what you look at okay + + + align:start position:0% +removed and that's what you look at okay +so again we need to be in the range + + align:start position:0% +so again we need to be in the range + + + align:start position:0% +so again we need to be in the range +of 1 2 mm so that's the way these things + + align:start position:0% +of 1 2 mm so that's the way these things + + + align:start position:0% +of 1 2 mm so that's the way these things +work although I think again how you get + + align:start position:0% +work although I think again how you get + + + align:start position:0% +work although I think again how you get +to the looking at the single ions I + + align:start position:0% +to the looking at the single ions I + + + align:start position:0% +to the looking at the single ions I +think can different in different mass + + align:start position:0% +think can different in different mass + + + align:start position:0% +think can different in different mass +spectrometers and so what the issues are + + align:start position:0% +spectrometers and so what the issues are + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometers and so what the issues are +I think are shown here and this this is + + align:start position:0% +I think are shown here and this this is + + + align:start position:0% +I think are shown here and this this is +the beauty of this methodology oh so if + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of this methodology oh so if + + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of this methodology oh so if +you have a protein of 10,000 molecular + + align:start position:0% +you have a protein of 10,000 molecular + + + align:start position:0% +you have a protein of 10,000 molecular +weight you couldn't see it because a + + align:start position:0% +weight you couldn't see it because a + + + align:start position:0% +weight you couldn't see it because a +mass eliezer is limited so you have to + + align:start position:0% +mass eliezer is limited so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +mass eliezer is limited so you have to +go all the way down to 8 charges on it + + align:start position:0% +go all the way down to 8 charges on it + + + align:start position:0% +go all the way down to 8 charges on it +to be able to see it okay and then you + + align:start position:0% +to be able to see it okay and then you + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to see it okay and then you +divide that by that you get where do you + + align:start position:0% +divide that by that you get where do you + + + align:start position:0% +divide that by that you get where do you +have do you have to do some Corrections + + align:start position:0% +have do you have to do some Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +have do you have to do some Corrections +but you get something that's this size + + align:start position:0% +but you get something that's this size + + + align:start position:0% +but you get something that's this size +okay but you can see it now because of + + align:start position:0% +okay but you can see it now because of + + + align:start position:0% +okay but you can see it now because of +all the charges on it but the beauty is + + align:start position:0% +all the charges on it but the beauty is + + + align:start position:0% +all the charges on it but the beauty is +if you add more charges you get another + + align:start position:0% +if you add more charges you get another + + + align:start position:0% +if you add more charges you get another +peak okay so and you get another peak + + align:start position:0% +peak okay so and you get another peak + + + align:start position:0% +peak okay so and you get another peak +and it all has the same information is + + align:start position:0% +and it all has the same information is + + + align:start position:0% +and it all has the same information is +just differs by the emember charge so + + align:start position:0% +just differs by the emember charge so + + + align:start position:0% +just differs by the emember charge so +you have all this information you can + + align:start position:0% +you have all this information you can + + + align:start position:0% +you have all this information you can +use that all these informations together + + align:start position:0% +use that all these informations together + + + align:start position:0% +use that all these informations together +to give you a very accurate mass on this + + align:start position:0% +to give you a very accurate mass on this + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a very accurate mass on this +system so this method by analyzing all + + align:start position:0% +system so this method by analyzing all + + + align:start position:0% +system so this method by analyzing all +the data and now the computers do this I + + align:start position:0% +the data and now the computers do this I + + + align:start position:0% +the data and now the computers do this I +guess routinely can give you a very + + align:start position:0% +guess routinely can give you a very + + + align:start position:0% +guess routinely can give you a very +accurate mass so if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +accurate mass so if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +accurate mass so if you look at this +printout it doesn't look like that this + + align:start position:0% +printout it doesn't look like that this + + + align:start position:0% +printout it doesn't look like that this +is what it looks like ok and what do you + + align:start position:0% +is what it looks like ok and what do you + + + align:start position:0% +is what it looks like ok and what do you +think's going on there so we look at + + align:start position:0% +think's going on there so we look at + + + align:start position:0% +think's going on there so we look at +mass charge and we're in the range of + + align:start position:0% +mass charge and we're in the range of + + + align:start position:0% +mass charge and we're in the range of +1,000 to 2,000 Dalton's and then what + + align:start position:0% +1,000 to 2,000 Dalton's and then what + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 to 2,000 Dalton's and then what +what it what is this all is so what is + + align:start position:0% +what it what is this all is so what is + + + align:start position:0% +what it what is this all is so what is +all of these Peaks associated with + + align:start position:0% +all of these Peaks associated with + + + align:start position:0% +all of these Peaks associated with +anybody got a clue yeah so isotopes so + + align:start position:0% +anybody got a clue yeah so isotopes so + + + align:start position:0% +anybody got a clue yeah so isotopes so +where are we seen isotopes before so + + align:start position:0% +where are we seen isotopes before so + + + align:start position:0% +where are we seen isotopes before so +these are mostly stable isotopes we + + align:start position:0% +these are mostly stable isotopes we + + + align:start position:0% +these are mostly stable isotopes we +spent recitation 2 & 3 looking at Radio + + align:start position:0% +spent recitation 2 & 3 looking at Radio + + + align:start position:0% +spent recitation 2 & 3 looking at Radio +isotopes okay I would say you know + + align:start position:0% +isotopes okay I would say you know + + + align:start position:0% +isotopes okay I would say you know +radioactivity is pretty important stable + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity is pretty important stable + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity is pretty important stable +isotopes are extremely important to mass + + align:start position:0% +isotopes are extremely important to mass + + + align:start position:0% +isotopes are extremely important to mass +spectrometer so if you get into this + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer so if you get into this + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer so if you get into this +you're going to be able to you'll see + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be able to you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be able to you'll see +that being able to label things we did + + align:start position:0% +that being able to label things we did + + + align:start position:0% +that being able to label things we did +kinds of stable isotopes is key to + + align:start position:0% +kinds of stable isotopes is key to + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of stable isotopes is key to +really D convoluting the complexity when + + align:start position:0% +really D convoluting the complexity when + + + align:start position:0% +really D convoluting the complexity when +you're looking at a whole proteome and + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a whole proteome and + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a whole proteome and +thousands of peptides okay we're getting + + align:start position:0% +thousands of peptides okay we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of peptides okay we're getting +down it becomes very complicated you + + align:start position:0% +down it becomes very complicated you + + + align:start position:0% +down it becomes very complicated you +have to be able to compute what you + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to compute what you + + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to compute what you +expect based on the normal natural + + align:start position:0% +expect based on the normal natural + + + align:start position:0% +expect based on the normal natural +abundance isotopic distribution so + + align:start position:0% +abundance isotopic distribution so + + + align:start position:0% +abundance isotopic distribution so +that's the key thing so we look at the + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing so we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing so we look at the +normal isotopic distribution okay and if + + align:start position:0% +normal isotopic distribution okay and if + + + align:start position:0% +normal isotopic distribution okay and if +you look at that I think on the next in + + align:start position:0% +you look at that I think on the next in + + + align:start position:0% +you look at that I think on the next in +the next one I show you an example of + + align:start position:0% +the next one I show you an example of + + + align:start position:0% +the next one I show you an example of +that so what are the isotopes you + + align:start position:0% +that so what are the isotopes you + + + align:start position:0% +that so what are the isotopes you +probably can't read this here but if you + + align:start position:0% +probably can't read this here but if you + + + align:start position:0% +probably can't read this here but if you +pull out your your computer you'll see + + align:start position:0% +pull out your your computer you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +pull out your your computer you'll see +this so we have c12 c-13 okay we have + + align:start position:0% +this so we have c12 c-13 okay we have + + + align:start position:0% +this so we have c12 c-13 okay we have +hundreds of amino acids with carbons so + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of amino acids with carbons so + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of amino acids with carbons so +you have C 12 and C 13 C 12 is 99 + + align:start position:0% +you have C 12 and C 13 C 12 is 99 + + + align:start position:0% +you have C 12 and C 13 C 12 is 99 +percent C 13 is 1% that's natural + + align:start position:0% +percent C 13 is 1% that's natural + + + align:start position:0% +percent C 13 is 1% that's natural +abundance okay so every one of these has + + align:start position:0% +abundance okay so every one of these has + + + align:start position:0% +abundance okay so every one of these has +different natural abundance we know what + + align:start position:0% +different natural abundance we know what + + + align:start position:0% +different natural abundance we know what +they are and in fact if you're an + + align:start position:0% +they are and in fact if you're an + + + align:start position:0% +they are and in fact if you're an +organic chemist you can measure isotope + + align:start position:0% +organic chemist you can measure isotope + + + align:start position:0% +organic chemist you can measure isotope +effects using a mass spectrometer if you + + align:start position:0% +effects using a mass spectrometer if you + + + align:start position:0% +effects using a mass spectrometer if you +have something that's really accurate + + align:start position:0% +have something that's really accurate + + + align:start position:0% +have something that's really accurate +which we do would I've measured a lot of + + align:start position:0% +which we do would I've measured a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +which we do would I've measured a lot of +c-13 isotope effects using a mass + + align:start position:0% +c-13 isotope effects using a mass + + + align:start position:0% +c-13 isotope effects using a mass +spectrometer based on differences and + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer based on differences and + + + align:start position:0% +spectrometer based on differences and +natural abundance and changes yeah + + align:start position:0% +natural abundance and changes yeah + + + align:start position:0% +natural abundance and changes yeah +they're what yeah I think it's up here + + align:start position:0% +they're what yeah I think it's up here + + + align:start position:0% +they're what yeah I think it's up here +so it's up here um I think it's let's + + align:start position:0% +so it's up here um I think it's let's + + + align:start position:0% +so it's up here um I think it's let's +see three percent yeah protons deuterium + + align:start position:0% +see three percent yeah protons deuterium + + + align:start position:0% +see three percent yeah protons deuterium +three percent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you say you see isotope effects on + + align:start position:0% +you say you see isotope effects on + + + align:start position:0% +you say you see isotope effects on +everything you see if you do meow spec I + + align:start position:0% +everything you see if you do meow spec I + + + align:start position:0% +everything you see if you do meow spec I +mean this is something I think that's + + align:start position:0% +mean this is something I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is something I think that's +not appreciated and you put you you put + + align:start position:0% +not appreciated and you put you you put + + + align:start position:0% +not appreciated and you put you you put +you have a linker with deuterium's in it + + align:start position:0% +you have a linker with deuterium's in it + + + align:start position:0% +you have a linker with deuterium's in it +and even if you chromatograph it you + + align:start position:0% +and even if you chromatograph it you + + + align:start position:0% +and even if you chromatograph it you +change the chromatographic properties + + align:start position:0% +change the chromatographic properties + + + align:start position:0% +change the chromatographic properties +based on the deuterium and so you might + + align:start position:0% +based on the deuterium and so you might + + + align:start position:0% +based on the deuterium and so you might +think it's coming migrating here and it + + align:start position:0% +think it's coming migrating here and it + + + align:start position:0% +think it's coming migrating here and it +doesn't it has an isotope effect on how + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it has an isotope effect on how + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it has an isotope effect on how +it migrates so yeah you need to pay + + align:start position:0% +it migrates so yeah you need to pay + + + align:start position:0% +it migrates so yeah you need to pay +attention to all of this stuff okay and + + align:start position:0% +attention to all of this stuff okay and + + + align:start position:0% +attention to all of this stuff okay and +it seems like a small amount but the + + align:start position:0% +it seems like a small amount but the + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like a small amount but the +beauty is that it is a small amount but + + align:start position:0% +beauty is that it is a small amount but + + + align:start position:0% +beauty is that it is a small amount but +it's incredibly informative and we have + + align:start position:0% +it's incredibly informative and we have + + + align:start position:0% +it's incredibly informative and we have +very powerful computers that can allow + + align:start position:0% +very powerful computers that can allow + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful computers that can allow +us to do the analysis so we do have + + align:start position:0% +us to do the analysis so we do have + + + align:start position:0% +us to do the analysis so we do have +protons you see deuterium used you saw + + align:start position:0% +protons you see deuterium used you saw + + + align:start position:0% +protons you see deuterium used you saw +deuterium used in this paper you read + + align:start position:0% +deuterium used in this paper you read + + + align:start position:0% +deuterium used in this paper you read +today they did see d3 and CH threes + + align:start position:0% +today they did see d3 and CH threes + + + align:start position:0% +today they did see d3 and CH threes +okay you can also see the tritium okay + + align:start position:0% +okay you can also see the tritium okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can also see the tritium okay +that's much smaller I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +that's much smaller I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +that's much smaller I don't know what +the ratio is that you can looking at but + + align:start position:0% +the ratio is that you can looking at but + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio is that you can looking at but +you also this one is also incredibly + + align:start position:0% +you also this one is also incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +you also this one is also incredibly +important and it is widely used in + + align:start position:0% +important and it is widely used in + + + align:start position:0% +important and it is widely used in +proteomics and 14 and 15 + + align:start position:0% +proteomics and 14 and 15 + + + align:start position:0% +proteomics and 14 and 15 +and people do isotopic labeling so they + + align:start position:0% +and people do isotopic labeling so they + + + align:start position:0% +and people do isotopic labeling so they +might feed in 15 labelled lysine or + + align:start position:0% +might feed in 15 labelled lysine or + + + align:start position:0% +might feed in 15 labelled lysine or +arginine or deuterated lysine or + + align:start position:0% +arginine or deuterated lysine or + + + align:start position:0% +arginine or deuterated lysine or +arginine and why do you think they would + + align:start position:0% +arginine and why do you think they would + + + align:start position:0% +arginine and why do you think they would +do to rate the lysine or the arginine or + + align:start position:0% +do to rate the lysine or the arginine or + + + align:start position:0% +do to rate the lysine or the arginine or +in 15 label it what do we know about + + align:start position:0% +in 15 label it what do we know about + + + align:start position:0% +in 15 label it what do we know about +lysine and arginine in terms of thinking + + align:start position:0% +lysine and arginine in terms of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +lysine and arginine in terms of thinking +about proteins proteins and analysis of + + align:start position:0% +about proteins proteins and analysis of + + + align:start position:0% +about proteins proteins and analysis of +proteins where do you think about lysine + + align:start position:0% +proteins where do you think about lysine + + + align:start position:0% +proteins where do you think about lysine +and arginine you've seen it several + + align:start position:0% +and arginine you've seen it several + + + align:start position:0% +and arginine you've seen it several +times over the course of this semester + + align:start position:0% +times over the course of this semester + + + align:start position:0% +times over the course of this semester +and you probably saw it in 507 the what + + align:start position:0% +and you probably saw it in 507 the what + + + align:start position:0% +and you probably saw it in 507 the what +well now obvious you put it know so that + + align:start position:0% +well now obvious you put it know so that + + + align:start position:0% +well now obvious you put it know so that +that's true if it was on a hydrogen on a + + align:start position:0% +that's true if it was on a hydrogen on a + + + align:start position:0% +that's true if it was on a hydrogen on a +nitrogen it would exchange but they put + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen it would exchange but they put + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen it would exchange but they put +the deuterium Zin on carbon so they're + + align:start position:0% +the deuterium Zin on carbon so they're + + + align:start position:0% +the deuterium Zin on carbon so they're +not exchanging okay so but why that + + align:start position:0% +not exchanging okay so but why that + + + align:start position:0% +not exchanging okay so but why that +would happen in any amino acid why + + align:start position:0% +would happen in any amino acid why + + + align:start position:0% +would happen in any amino acid why +lysine and arginine and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +lysine and arginine and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +lysine and arginine and the reason is +that almost all and this was also done + + align:start position:0% +that almost all and this was also done + + + align:start position:0% +that almost all and this was also done +in this paper you you don't work on the + + align:start position:0% +in this paper you you don't work on the + + + align:start position:0% +in this paper you you don't work on the +huge protein you cook you cleave it into + + align:start position:0% +huge protein you cook you cleave it into + + + align:start position:0% +huge protein you cook you cleave it into +pieces okay and you cleave it to pieces + + align:start position:0% +pieces okay and you cleave it to pieces + + + align:start position:0% +pieces okay and you cleave it to pieces +with where you cleave is with + + align:start position:0% +with where you cleave is with + + + align:start position:0% +with where you cleave is with +trypsin which is the major you've seen + + align:start position:0% +trypsin which is the major you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +trypsin which is the major you've seen +this youth now over and over again + + align:start position:0% +this youth now over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +this youth now over and over again +that's a major thing you use because it + + align:start position:0% +that's a major thing you use because it + + + align:start position:0% +that's a major thing you use because it +Cleaves next to basic amino acids yes so + + align:start position:0% +Cleaves next to basic amino acids yes so + + + align:start position:0% +Cleaves next to basic amino acids yes so +these become really important in + + align:start position:0% +these become really important in + + + align:start position:0% +these become really important in +labeling experiments if you read much + + align:start position:0% +labeling experiments if you read much + + + align:start position:0% +labeling experiments if you read much +now spectator if you look at Ellis + + align:start position:0% +now spectator if you look at Ellis + + + align:start position:0% +now spectator if you look at Ellis +King's work everything it is in 50 in + + align:start position:0% +King's work everything it is in 50 in + + + align:start position:0% +King's work everything it is in 50 in +deuterium labeled and lysine and + + align:start position:0% +deuterium labeled and lysine and + + + align:start position:0% +deuterium labeled and lysine and +arginine to try to make sure they have + + align:start position:0% +arginine to try to make sure they have + + + align:start position:0% +arginine to try to make sure they have +coverage of the whole proteome which is + + align:start position:0% +coverage of the whole proteome which is + + + align:start position:0% +coverage of the whole proteome which is +what her lab actually looks at okay so + + align:start position:0% +what her lab actually looks at okay so + + + align:start position:0% +what her lab actually looks at okay so +we have isotopic labels and we can take + + align:start position:0% +we have isotopic labels and we can take + + + align:start position:0% +we have isotopic labels and we can take +advantage of these and we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +advantage of these and we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of these and we can calculate +what the distribution should look like + + align:start position:0% +what the distribution should look like + + + align:start position:0% +what the distribution should look like +okay of the isotopes should be depending + + align:start position:0% +okay of the isotopes should be depending + + + align:start position:0% +okay of the isotopes should be depending +on you know what the sequin know what + + align:start position:0% +on you know what the sequin know what + + + align:start position:0% +on you know what the sequin know what +the sequence is we know what the + + align:start position:0% +the sequence is we know what the + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence is we know what the +abundance is and so you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +abundance is and so you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +abundance is and so you can calculate +the whole spec okay okay so let's see so + + align:start position:0% +the whole spec okay okay so let's see so + + + align:start position:0% +the whole spec okay okay so let's see so +there's going to be a number of things + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a number of things + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a number of things +that we want to do and what we're going + + align:start position:0% +that we want to do and what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to do and what we're going +to be describing today and the next time + + align:start position:0% +to be describing today and the next time + + + align:start position:0% +to be describing today and the next time +is a workflow these are the words that + + align:start position:0% +is a workflow these are the words that + + + align:start position:0% +is a workflow these are the words that +people use all the time and platform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and what we're trying to do in the + + align:start position:0% +okay and what we're trying to do in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what we're trying to do in the +case of the Caroll papers is simply look + + align:start position:0% +case of the Caroll papers is simply look + + + align:start position:0% +case of the Caroll papers is simply look +at whether the protein is modified or + + align:start position:0% +at whether the protein is modified or + + + align:start position:0% +at whether the protein is modified or +not but as with most post translational + + align:start position:0% +not but as with most post translational + + + align:start position:0% +not but as with most post translational +modifications do you think this is going + + align:start position:0% +modifications do you think this is going + + + align:start position:0% +modifications do you think this is going +to be 100% modified no in fact is only + + align:start position:0% +to be 100% modified no in fact is only + + + align:start position:0% +to be 100% modified no in fact is only +partially modified that's adds to the + + align:start position:0% +partially modified that's adds to the + + + align:start position:0% +partially modified that's adds to the +complexity of understanding whether the + + align:start position:0% +complexity of understanding whether the + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of understanding whether the +biology is interesting or not so what + + align:start position:0% +biology is interesting or not so what + + + align:start position:0% +biology is interesting or not so what +you have then is something that's + + align:start position:0% +you have then is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +you have then is something that's +modified and something that's more non + + align:start position:0% +modified and something that's more non + + + align:start position:0% +modified and something that's more non +modified okay so then the question is + + align:start position:0% +modified okay so then the question is + + + align:start position:0% +modified okay so then the question is +how do you tell how much is modified how + + align:start position:0% +how do you tell how much is modified how + + + align:start position:0% +how do you tell how much is modified how +much is not unmodified if this enhances + + align:start position:0% +much is not unmodified if this enhances + + + align:start position:0% +much is not unmodified if this enhances +the rate only a factor of two and this + + align:start position:0% +the rate only a factor of two and this + + + align:start position:0% +the rate only a factor of two and this +is 99 point not eight percent of this + + align:start position:0% +is 99 point not eight percent of this + + + align:start position:0% +is 99 point not eight percent of this +that you ever gonna be able to see an + + align:start position:0% +that you ever gonna be able to see an + + + align:start position:0% +that you ever gonna be able to see an +effect of this modification that's the + + align:start position:0% +effect of this modification that's the + + + align:start position:0% +effect of this modification that's the +question that you have to focus on and + + align:start position:0% +question that you have to focus on and + + + align:start position:0% +question that you have to focus on and +everybody and his brother is doing XML + + align:start position:0% +everybody and his brother is doing XML + + + align:start position:0% +everybody and his brother is doing XML +like this there we will see in a second + + align:start position:0% +like this there we will see in a second + + + align:start position:0% +like this there we will see in a second +hundreds of post-translational + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of post-translational + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of post-translational +modifications and the question is what + + align:start position:0% +modifications and the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +modifications and the question is what +are they doing in terms of thinking + + align:start position:0% +are they doing in terms of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +are they doing in terms of thinking +about the biology of the system okay so + + align:start position:0% +about the biology of the system okay so + + + align:start position:0% +about the biology of the system okay so +what's the platform + + align:start position:0% +what's the platform + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the platform we're gonna use so + + align:start position:0% +what's the platform we're gonna use so + + + align:start position:0% +what's the platform we're gonna use so +there are two ways you can look at this + + align:start position:0% +there are two ways you can look at this + + + align:start position:0% +there are two ways you can look at this +so we have a protein that has been + + align:start position:0% +so we have a protein that has been + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a protein that has been +modified you're gonna have if you had a + + align:start position:0% +modified you're gonna have if you had a + + + align:start position:0% +modified you're gonna have if you had a +huge protein and you only had a single + + align:start position:0% +huge protein and you only had a single + + + align:start position:0% +huge protein and you only had a single +o/h on it even if it was 100 percent and + + align:start position:0% +o/h on it even if it was 100 percent and + + + align:start position:0% +o/h on it even if it was 100 percent and +the protein was say three hundred + + align:start position:0% +the protein was say three hundred + + + align:start position:0% +the protein was say three hundred +thousand molecular weight you might not + + align:start position:0% +thousand molecular weight you might not + + + align:start position:0% +thousand molecular weight you might not +be able to see it you need to do a + + align:start position:0% +be able to see it you need to do a + + + align:start position:0% +be able to see it you need to do a +calculation to see whether you could see + + align:start position:0% +calculation to see whether you could see + + + align:start position:0% +calculation to see whether you could see +it or not if you have a small protein of + + align:start position:0% +it or not if you have a small protein of + + + align:start position:0% +it or not if you have a small protein of +molecular weight 30,000 or whatever that + + align:start position:0% +molecular weight 30,000 or whatever that + + + align:start position:0% +molecular weight 30,000 or whatever that +I think the 22,000 23,000 like + + align:start position:0% +I think the 22,000 23,000 like + + + align:start position:0% +I think the 22,000 23,000 like +glutathione peroxidase using this paper + + align:start position:0% +glutathione peroxidase using this paper + + + align:start position:0% +glutathione peroxidase using this paper +you could see it so you could look at + + align:start position:0% +you could see it so you could look at + + + align:start position:0% +you could see it so you could look at +the protein directly but how else could + + align:start position:0% +the protein directly but how else could + + + align:start position:0% +the protein directly but how else could +you do this you would enrich you would + + align:start position:0% +you do this you would enrich you would + + + align:start position:0% +you do this you would enrich you would +want to if you were doing this in the + + align:start position:0% +want to if you were doing this in the + + + align:start position:0% +want to if you were doing this in the +whole cell you would want to separate + + align:start position:0% +whole cell you would want to separate + + + align:start position:0% +whole cell you would want to separate +this away from everything else okay + + align:start position:0% +this away from everything else okay + + + align:start position:0% +this away from everything else okay +so to do that you you want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +so to do that you you want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +so to do that you you want to be able to +have a way to stabilize this okay and + + align:start position:0% +have a way to stabilize this okay and + + + align:start position:0% +have a way to stabilize this okay and +that's what this paper is all about and + + align:start position:0% +that's what this paper is all about and + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this paper is all about and +then not only to stabilize it but to + + align:start position:0% +then not only to stabilize it but to + + + align:start position:0% +then not only to stabilize it but to +separate it the stabilized form oh so + + align:start position:0% +separate it the stabilized form oh so + + + align:start position:0% +separate it the stabilized form oh so +where does this happen and in this + + align:start position:0% +where does this happen and in this + + + align:start position:0% +where does this happen and in this +particular cartoon people where do you + + align:start position:0% +particular cartoon people where do you + + + align:start position:0% +particular cartoon people where do you +see post translational modifications + + align:start position:0% +see post translational modifications + + + align:start position:0% +see post translational modifications +probably the most popular one is + + align:start position:0% +probably the most popular one is + + + align:start position:0% +probably the most popular one is +phosphorylation okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylation okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylation okay so we have +signaling Cascades and kinase and in + + align:start position:0% +signaling Cascades and kinase and in + + + align:start position:0% +signaling Cascades and kinase and in +fact if you look at the epidermal growth + + align:start position:0% +fact if you look at the epidermal growth + + + align:start position:0% +fact if you look at the epidermal growth +factor receptor it's a tyrosine kinase + + align:start position:0% +factor receptor it's a tyrosine kinase + + + align:start position:0% +factor receptor it's a tyrosine kinase +and it gets phosphorylated and is + + align:start position:0% +and it gets phosphorylated and is + + + align:start position:0% +and it gets phosphorylated and is +regulated and this phenol ation is + + align:start position:0% +regulated and this phenol ation is + + + align:start position:0% +regulated and this phenol ation is +deposed to be on top of the + + align:start position:0% +deposed to be on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +deposed to be on top of the +phosphorylation so you have multiple + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylation so you have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylation so you have multiple +post translational modifications that + + align:start position:0% +post translational modifications that + + + align:start position:0% +post translational modifications that +can affect activity so Forrest's white + + align:start position:0% +can affect activity so Forrest's white + + + align:start position:0% +can affect activity so Forrest's white +for example in b ii works on kinase + + align:start position:0% +for example in b ii works on kinase + + + align:start position:0% +for example in b ii works on kinase +signaling cascades and so he's developed + + align:start position:0% +signaling cascades and so he's developed + + + align:start position:0% +signaling cascades and so he's developed +a method has have others to be able to + + align:start position:0% +a method has have others to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +a method has have others to be able to +pull phosphorylated proteins out of a + + align:start position:0% +pull phosphorylated proteins out of a + + + align:start position:0% +pull phosphorylated proteins out of a +crude mesh okay so you know if you look + + align:start position:0% +crude mesh okay so you know if you look + + + align:start position:0% +crude mesh okay so you know if you look +at this he he + + align:start position:0% +at this he he + + + align:start position:0% +at this he he +he's got iron bound to a phosphate and + + align:start position:0% +he's got iron bound to a phosphate and + + + align:start position:0% +he's got iron bound to a phosphate and +bound to some bead okay so the irons + + align:start position:0% +bound to some bead okay so the irons + + + align:start position:0% +bound to some bead okay so the irons +bound to some QA dur on the beam just + + align:start position:0% +bound to some QA dur on the beam just + + + align:start position:0% +bound to some QA dur on the beam just +like your nickel affinity column which + + align:start position:0% +like your nickel affinity column which + + + align:start position:0% +like your nickel affinity column which +then binds to the protein but this + + align:start position:0% +then binds to the protein but this + + + align:start position:0% +then binds to the protein but this +raises the issue that I was discussing + + align:start position:0% +raises the issue that I was discussing + + + align:start position:0% +raises the issue that I was discussing +in class which which I'd spent a lot of + + align:start position:0% +in class which which I'd spent a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in class which which I'd spent a lot of +time wine over and over again but you + + align:start position:0% +time wine over and over again but you + + + align:start position:0% +time wine over and over again but you +need to think about do you think these + + align:start position:0% +need to think about do you think these + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about do you think these +bonds are tight how tight do you think + + align:start position:0% +bonds are tight how tight do you think + + + align:start position:0% +bonds are tight how tight do you think +those bonds are what do you need to + + align:start position:0% +those bonds are what do you need to + + + align:start position:0% +those bonds are what do you need to +think about for this kind of analysis to + + align:start position:0% +think about for this kind of analysis to + + + align:start position:0% +think about for this kind of analysis to +work it's the same thing with nickel + + align:start position:0% +work it's the same thing with nickel + + + align:start position:0% +work it's the same thing with nickel +affinity column with that you talked + + align:start position:0% +affinity column with that you talked + + + align:start position:0% +affinity column with that you talked +about when you were looking at + + align:start position:0% +about when you were looking at + + + align:start position:0% +about when you were looking at +purification of proteins it has to be + + align:start position:0% +purification of proteins it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +purification of proteins it has to be +stable enough that's the key so you have + + align:start position:0% +stable enough that's the key so you have + + + align:start position:0% +stable enough that's the key so you have +to undergo ligand exchange so it's got o + + align:start position:0% +to undergo ligand exchange so it's got o + + + align:start position:0% +to undergo ligand exchange so it's got o +if you didn't have when you start you + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't have when you start you + + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't have when you start you +don't have phosphorylated form of your + + align:start position:0% +don't have phosphorylated form of your + + + align:start position:0% +don't have phosphorylated form of your +protein around you have nothing your + + align:start position:0% +protein around you have nothing your + + + align:start position:0% +protein around you have nothing your +water's there okay so the waters have to + + align:start position:0% +water's there okay so the waters have to + + + align:start position:0% +water's there okay so the waters have to +go undergo exchange so the phosphate can + + align:start position:0% +go undergo exchange so the phosphate can + + + align:start position:0% +go undergo exchange so the phosphate can +then bind but it's an equilibrium and so + + align:start position:0% +then bind but it's an equilibrium and so + + + align:start position:0% +then bind but it's an equilibrium and so +up and down the column is coming off and + + align:start position:0% +up and down the column is coming off and + + + align:start position:0% +up and down the column is coming off and +on yeah it could I mean so it's a + + align:start position:0% +on yeah it could I mean so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +on yeah it could I mean so it's a +question of what outcompetes what it's a + + align:start position:0% +question of what outcompetes what it's a + + + align:start position:0% +question of what outcompetes what it's a +question of relative k ds so what you + + align:start position:0% +question of relative k ds so what you + + + align:start position:0% +question of relative k ds so what you +have to do is study all of this to + + align:start position:0% +have to do is study all of this to + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is study all of this to +figure out how to optimize this how did + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to optimize this how did + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to optimize this how did +they arrive at this probably someone to + + align:start position:0% +they arrive at this probably someone to + + + align:start position:0% +they arrive at this probably someone to +get a lot of studies okay and this is a + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of studies okay and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of studies okay and this is a +new method i don't know how new it is + + align:start position:0% +new method i don't know how new it is + + + align:start position:0% +new method i don't know how new it is +but it's a method and i don't know that + + align:start position:0% +but it's a method and i don't know that + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a method and i don't know that +much about again of pulling phosphates + + align:start position:0% +much about again of pulling phosphates + + + align:start position:0% +much about again of pulling phosphates +out so that's one way so you have so you + + align:start position:0% +out so that's one way so you have so you + + + align:start position:0% +out so that's one way so you have so you +usually have an affinity purification + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if we look at the qaol paper what + + align:start position:0% +and if we look at the qaol paper what + + + align:start position:0% +and if we look at the qaol paper what +she does in the next paper is she's + + align:start position:0% +she does in the next paper is she's + + + align:start position:0% +she does in the next paper is she's +gonna figure out a way she's derivatives + + align:start position:0% +gonna figure out a way she's derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +gonna figure out a way she's derivatives +she's made a diamond own derivative + + align:start position:0% +she's made a diamond own derivative + + + align:start position:0% +she's made a diamond own derivative +which stabilizes the self enoch acid and + + align:start position:0% +which stabilizes the self enoch acid and + + + align:start position:0% +which stabilizes the self enoch acid and +then she attaches something to it that's + + align:start position:0% +then she attaches something to it that's + + + align:start position:0% +then she attaches something to it that's +going to allow us to affinity purify + + align:start position:0% +going to allow us to affinity purify + + + align:start position:0% +going to allow us to affinity purify +that will come back and talk about that + + align:start position:0% +that will come back and talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +that will come back and talk about that +later so what what are they using over + + align:start position:0% +later so what what are they using over + + + align:start position:0% +later so what what are they using over +here they're using this is if you look + + align:start position:0% +here they're using this is if you look + + + align:start position:0% +here they're using this is if you look +at your stones that get a set elated or + + align:start position:0% +at your stones that get a set elated or + + + align:start position:0% +at your stones that get a set elated or +mentally + + align:start position:0% +mentally + + + align:start position:0% +mentally +they have an antibody that's specific + + align:start position:0% +they have an antibody that's specific + + + align:start position:0% +they have an antibody that's specific +for the Isetta lated lysine so they use + + align:start position:0% +for the Isetta lated lysine so they use + + + align:start position:0% +for the Isetta lated lysine so they use +antibodies to pull something out so + + align:start position:0% +antibodies to pull something out so + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies to pull something out so +that's a method the second way of + + align:start position:0% +that's a method the second way of + + + align:start position:0% +that's a method the second way of +pulling things out or using antibodies + + align:start position:0% +pulling things out or using antibodies + + + align:start position:0% +pulling things out or using antibodies +that's quite frequently used and what + + align:start position:0% +that's quite frequently used and what + + + align:start position:0% +that's quite frequently used and what +did they use in this what did they use + + align:start position:0% +did they use in this what did they use + + + align:start position:0% +did they use in this what did they use +in this paper did it take detect the + + align:start position:0% +in this paper did it take detect the + + + align:start position:0% +in this paper did it take detect the +modified self Enoch acid does anybody + + align:start position:0% +modified self Enoch acid does anybody + + + align:start position:0% +modified self Enoch acid does anybody +remember did you read the paper + + align:start position:0% +remember did you read the paper + + + align:start position:0% +remember did you read the paper +carefully enough yeah so they use an + + align:start position:0% +carefully enough yeah so they use an + + + align:start position:0% +carefully enough yeah so they use an +anti Domino antibody okay so that + + align:start position:0% +anti Domino antibody okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +anti Domino antibody okay so that +becomes really critical that you know + + align:start position:0% +becomes really critical that you know + + + align:start position:0% +becomes really critical that you know +that your antibodies are actually + + align:start position:0% +that your antibodies are actually + + + align:start position:0% +that your antibodies are actually +working effectively so we have + + align:start position:0% +working effectively so we have + + + align:start position:0% +working effectively so we have +antibodies and then another thing that + + align:start position:0% +antibodies and then another thing that + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies and then another thing that +people are interested in in this + + align:start position:0% +people are interested in in this + + + align:start position:0% +people are interested in in this +department the Imperiali lab is sugars + + align:start position:0% +department the Imperiali lab is sugars + + + align:start position:0% +department the Imperiali lab is sugars +we have hot sugars everywhere okay we + + align:start position:0% +we have hot sugars everywhere okay we + + + align:start position:0% +we have hot sugars everywhere okay we +don't really understand the function of + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand the function of + + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand the function of +these sugars we understand some of them + + align:start position:0% +these sugars we understand some of them + + + align:start position:0% +these sugars we understand some of them +but it's amazingly complex and what we + + align:start position:0% +but it's amazingly complex and what we + + + align:start position:0% +but it's amazingly complex and what we +have are proteins called lectins and any + + align:start position:0% +have are proteins called lectins and any + + + align:start position:0% +have are proteins called lectins and any +of you heard laura Kiessling talk maybe + + align:start position:0% +of you heard laura Kiessling talk maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of you heard laura Kiessling talk maybe +undergraduates wouldn't have done this + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates wouldn't have done this + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates wouldn't have done this +but she discovered a new leptin that's + + align:start position:0% +but she discovered a new leptin that's + + + align:start position:0% +but she discovered a new leptin that's +Bisset and discovered the basis the + + align:start position:0% +Bisset and discovered the basis the + + + align:start position:0% +Bisset and discovered the basis the +structure the sugar that binds to this + + align:start position:0% +structure the sugar that binds to this + + + align:start position:0% +structure the sugar that binds to this +locked in and say you can selectively + + align:start position:0% +locked in and say you can selectively + + + align:start position:0% +locked in and say you can selectively +move that type of sugar again it's an + + align:start position:0% +move that type of sugar again it's an + + + align:start position:0% +move that type of sugar again it's an +equilibrium so they're coming off and on + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so they're coming off and on + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so they're coming off and on +but it binds hopefully enough so that + + align:start position:0% +but it binds hopefully enough so that + + + align:start position:0% +but it binds hopefully enough so that +the other stuff washes through when you + + align:start position:0% +the other stuff washes through when you + + + align:start position:0% +the other stuff washes through when you +enriched in the protein of interest okay + + align:start position:0% +enriched in the protein of interest okay + + + align:start position:0% +enriched in the protein of interest okay +so these are sort of some of the tricks + + align:start position:0% +so these are sort of some of the tricks + + + align:start position:0% +so these are sort of some of the tricks +that are actually used we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that are actually used we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that are actually used we're going to +see in the case of the Carroll paper + + align:start position:0% +see in the case of the Carroll paper + + + align:start position:0% +see in the case of the Carroll paper +next time we use click chemistry to make + + align:start position:0% +next time we use click chemistry to make + + + align:start position:0% +next time we use click chemistry to make +something with a biotin on it because by + + align:start position:0% +something with a biotin on it because by + + + align:start position:0% +something with a biotin on it because by +it and you all know can behind disrupt a + + align:start position:0% +it and you all know can behind disrupt a + + + align:start position:0% +it and you all know can behind disrupt a +bond in which has pluses and it has + + align:start position:0% +bond in which has pluses and it has + + + align:start position:0% +bond in which has pluses and it has +minuses but it allows you to pull things + + align:start position:0% +minuses but it allows you to pull things + + + align:start position:0% +minuses but it allows you to pull things +out more easily because the interaction + + align:start position:0% +out more easily because the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +out more easily because the interaction +is so tight okay so you could do this + + align:start position:0% +is so tight okay so you could do this + + + align:start position:0% +is so tight okay so you could do this +the work flow could be on the intact + + align:start position:0% +the work flow could be on the intact + + + align:start position:0% +the work flow could be on the intact +protein or it could be on peptides okay + + align:start position:0% +protein or it could be on peptides okay + + + align:start position:0% +protein or it could be on peptides okay +and so the bottom half of this graph + + align:start position:0% +and so the bottom half of this graph + + + align:start position:0% +and so the bottom half of this graph +shows what happens after you treat this + + align:start position:0% +shows what happens after you treat this + + + align:start position:0% +shows what happens after you treat this +with trypsin so with trypsin you're + + align:start position:0% +with trypsin so with trypsin you're + + + align:start position:0% +with trypsin so with trypsin you're +always cleaving next to lysine or + + align:start position:0% +always cleaving next to lysine or + + + align:start position:0% +always cleaving next to lysine or +arginine so if the c-terminus of your + + align:start position:0% +arginine so if the c-terminus of your + + + align:start position:0% +arginine so if the c-terminus of your +protein is what we sell lysine or in our + + align:start position:0% +protein is what we sell lysine or in our + + + align:start position:0% +protein is what we sell lysine or in our +gene + + align:start position:0% +gene + + + align:start position:0% +gene +and you can find that more easily if you + + align:start position:0% +and you can find that more easily if you + + + align:start position:0% +and you can find that more easily if you +do terator and 15 label it that's what + + align:start position:0% +do terator and 15 label it that's what + + + align:start position:0% +do terator and 15 label it that's what +people routinely do in the bro and then + + align:start position:0% +people routinely do in the bro and then + + + align:start position:0% +people routinely do in the bro and then +you have I think this is the most + + align:start position:0% +you have I think this is the most + + + align:start position:0% +you have I think this is the most +amazing thing so you have a protein and + + align:start position:0% +amazing thing so you have a protein and + + + align:start position:0% +amazing thing so you have a protein and +then you have an HPLC column have any of + + align:start position:0% +then you have an HPLC column have any of + + + align:start position:0% +then you have an HPLC column have any of +you done HPLC and so do you think you + + align:start position:0% +you done HPLC and so do you think you + + + align:start position:0% +you done HPLC and so do you think you +know how many in it you could have a + + align:start position:0% +know how many in it you could have a + + + align:start position:0% +know how many in it you could have a +protein of 300,000 molecular weight and + + align:start position:0% +protein of 300,000 molecular weight and + + + align:start position:0% +protein of 300,000 molecular weight and +look at the separation of your peptides + + align:start position:0% +look at the separation of your peptides + + + align:start position:0% +look at the separation of your peptides +so but if you look at any one of these + + align:start position:0% +so but if you look at any one of these + + + align:start position:0% +so but if you look at any one of these +things do you think it's pure no so it's + + align:start position:0% +things do you think it's pure no so it's + + + align:start position:0% +things do you think it's pure no so it's +not pure so every one of these Peaks if + + align:start position:0% +not pure so every one of these Peaks if + + + align:start position:0% +not pure so every one of these Peaks if +it's 300,000 molecular weight you can + + align:start position:0% +it's 300,000 molecular weight you can + + + align:start position:0% +it's 300,000 molecular weight you can +calculate the reason people use trypsin + + align:start position:0% +calculate the reason people use trypsin + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the reason people use trypsin +is does anybody know why use trips and + + align:start position:0% +is does anybody know why use trips and + + + align:start position:0% +is does anybody know why use trips and +besides that it Cleaves it lysines in a + + align:start position:0% +besides that it Cleaves it lysines in a + + + align:start position:0% +besides that it Cleaves it lysines in a +specifics why do people use trypsin as a + + align:start position:0% +specifics why do people use trypsin as a + + + align:start position:0% +specifics why do people use trypsin as a +thing to cleave a big thing down into a + + align:start position:0% +thing to cleave a big thing down into a + + + align:start position:0% +thing to cleave a big thing down into a +little thing no so the rationale for + + align:start position:0% +little thing no so the rationale for + + + align:start position:0% +little thing no so the rationale for +cleaving it is just to make it smaller + + align:start position:0% +cleaving it is just to make it smaller + + + align:start position:0% +cleaving it is just to make it smaller +and easier to analyze that that's the + + align:start position:0% +and easier to analyze that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and easier to analyze that that's the +rationale for cleaving is so a peptide a + + align:start position:0% +rationale for cleaving is so a peptide a + + + align:start position:0% +rationale for cleaving is so a peptide a +small peptide but the question is how + + align:start position:0% +small peptide but the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +small peptide but the question is how +how big is a small peptide that's easy + + align:start position:0% +how big is a small peptide that's easy + + + align:start position:0% +how big is a small peptide that's easy +to analyze and so that's the rationale + + align:start position:0% +to analyze and so that's the rationale + + + align:start position:0% +to analyze and so that's the rationale +it gives you a distribution of peptides + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a distribution of peptides + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you a distribution of peptides +that's pretty good that are all + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty good that are all + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty good that are all +accessible to mass spec methods okay so + + align:start position:0% +accessible to mass spec methods okay so + + + align:start position:0% +accessible to mass spec methods okay so +I don't know what the distribution is + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what the distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what the distribution is +but you you know people have done that + + align:start position:0% +but you you know people have done that + + + align:start position:0% +but you you know people have done that +calculation and so almost always the + + align:start position:0% +calculation and so almost always the + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and so almost always the +peptides fly whereas if you other things + + align:start position:0% +peptides fly whereas if you other things + + + align:start position:0% +peptides fly whereas if you other things +and you have something much bigger it + + align:start position:0% +and you have something much bigger it + + + align:start position:0% +and you have something much bigger it +might not get ionized in the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +might not get ionized in the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +might not get ionized in the appropriate +way or in a quantitative way and you + + align:start position:0% +way or in a quantitative way and you + + + align:start position:0% +way or in a quantitative way and you +completely miss miss it + + align:start position:0% +completely miss miss it + + + align:start position:0% +completely miss miss it +so the trypsin has been most successful + + align:start position:0% +so the trypsin has been most successful + + + align:start position:0% +so the trypsin has been most successful +but each one of these little Peaks is + + align:start position:0% +but each one of these little Peaks is + + + align:start position:0% +but each one of these little Peaks is +not one peak it's it's you'll see when + + align:start position:0% +not one peak it's it's you'll see when + + + align:start position:0% +not one peak it's it's you'll see when +you put it into the mass analyzer and if + + align:start position:0% +you put it into the mass analyzer and if + + + align:start position:0% +you put it into the mass analyzer and if +you read this paper carefully he will + + align:start position:0% +you read this paper carefully he will + + + align:start position:0% +you read this paper carefully he will +see they got multiple mass charge + + align:start position:0% +see they got multiple mass charge + + + align:start position:0% +see they got multiple mass charge +species which then they associate it + + align:start position:0% +species which then they associate it + + + align:start position:0% +species which then they associate it +with specific peptides okay on they know + + align:start position:0% +with specific peptides okay on they know + + + align:start position:0% +with specific peptides okay on they know +the sequence of their protein and then + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of their protein and then + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of their protein and then +they always use toss Oh fennel clarity + + align:start position:0% +they always use toss Oh fennel clarity + + + align:start position:0% +they always use toss Oh fennel clarity +tone why do they use that anybody have + + align:start position:0% +tone why do they use that anybody have + + + align:start position:0% +tone why do they use that anybody have +an IDE any idea so in the experiments + + align:start position:0% +an IDE any idea so in the experiments + + + align:start position:0% +an IDE any idea so in the experiments +with the doing the trypsin cleavage they + + align:start position:0% +with the doing the trypsin cleavage they + + + align:start position:0% +with the doing the trypsin cleavage they +put in tousle fennel or ketone anybody + + align:start position:0% +put in tousle fennel or ketone anybody + + + align:start position:0% +put in tousle fennel or ketone anybody +know why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay not good this is something that so + + align:start position:0% +okay not good this is something that so + + + align:start position:0% +okay not good this is something that so +tousle fennel cleric atone as an alpha + + align:start position:0% +tousle fennel cleric atone as an alpha + + + align:start position:0% +tousle fennel cleric atone as an alpha +halo cotone so it's activated for + + align:start position:0% +halo cotone so it's activated for + + + align:start position:0% +halo cotone so it's activated for +nucleophilic attack and what you do is + + align:start position:0% +nucleophilic attack and what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +nucleophilic attack and what you do is +you have an isolated and terminus in an + + align:start position:0% +you have an isolated and terminus in an + + + align:start position:0% +you have an isolated and terminus in an +aromatic and that's specific for + + align:start position:0% +aromatic and that's specific for + + + align:start position:0% +aromatic and that's specific for +chymotrypsin like proteases and so what + + align:start position:0% +chymotrypsin like proteases and so what + + + align:start position:0% +chymotrypsin like proteases and so what +this does is that covalently modifies + + align:start position:0% +this does is that covalently modifies + + + align:start position:0% +this does is that covalently modifies +the active site of trypsin chymotrypsin + + align:start position:0% +the active site of trypsin chymotrypsin + + + align:start position:0% +the active site of trypsin chymotrypsin +and kills chymotrypsin so you don't if + + align:start position:0% +and kills chymotrypsin so you don't if + + + align:start position:0% +and kills chymotrypsin so you don't if +you if you choose the wrong time to + + align:start position:0% +you if you choose the wrong time to + + + align:start position:0% +you if you choose the wrong time to +cleave with trypsin you don't start + + align:start position:0% +cleave with trypsin you don't start + + + align:start position:0% +cleave with trypsin you don't start +getting cleavage next to hydrophobics + + align:start position:0% +getting cleavage next to hydrophobics + + + align:start position:0% +getting cleavage next to hydrophobics +which then makes the analysis of the + + align:start position:0% +which then makes the analysis of the + + + align:start position:0% +which then makes the analysis of the +peptides much more complex so the + + align:start position:0% +peptides much more complex so the + + + align:start position:0% +peptides much more complex so the +analysis the peptide a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +analysis the peptide a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +analysis the peptide a lot of people +have done a lot of peptide chemistry in + + align:start position:0% +have done a lot of peptide chemistry in + + + align:start position:0% +have done a lot of peptide chemistry in +it I was telling this story before I + + align:start position:0% +it I was telling this story before I + + + align:start position:0% +it I was telling this story before I +always go off on tangents but Steinem + + align:start position:0% +always go off on tangents but Steinem + + + align:start position:0% +always go off on tangents but Steinem +Moore wasn't Nobel Prize like maybe this + + align:start position:0% +Moore wasn't Nobel Prize like maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +Moore wasn't Nobel Prize like maybe this +is what you do when you get a little bit + + align:start position:0% +is what you do when you get a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +is what you do when you get a little bit +Steinem or got the won the Nobel Prize + + align:start position:0% +Steinem or got the won the Nobel Prize + + + align:start position:0% +Steinem or got the won the Nobel Prize +you know in the 1950s 1950s for + + align:start position:0% +you know in the 1950s 1950s for + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the 1950s 1950s for +separating amino acids do you know that + + align:start position:0% +separating amino acids do you know that + + + align:start position:0% +separating amino acids do you know that +they had a three story column of Dow X + + align:start position:0% +they had a three story column of Dow X + + + align:start position:0% +they had a three story column of Dow X +that was composed of anion exchange + + align:start position:0% +that was composed of anion exchange + + + align:start position:0% +that was composed of anion exchange +dioxin cation so it's all polystyrene + + align:start position:0% +dioxin cation so it's all polystyrene + + + align:start position:0% +dioxin cation so it's all polystyrene +backbones of anion and cation in + + align:start position:0% +backbones of anion and cation in + + + align:start position:0% +backbones of anion and cation in +polystyrenes + + align:start position:0% +polystyrenes + + + align:start position:0% +polystyrenes +to be able to separate the amino acids + + align:start position:0% +to be able to separate the amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to separate the amino acids +okay and when you do that of course it + + align:start position:0% +okay and when you do that of course it + + + align:start position:0% +okay and when you do that of course it +gets stuck on the resin your recoveries + + align:start position:0% +gets stuck on the resin your recoveries + + + align:start position:0% +gets stuck on the resin your recoveries +out at the bottom of this chromatography + + align:start position:0% +out at the bottom of this chromatography + + + align:start position:0% +out at the bottom of this chromatography +you need tons of stuff to put on the + + align:start position:0% +you need tons of stuff to put on the + + + align:start position:0% +you need tons of stuff to put on the +column in the first place and this is + + align:start position:0% +column in the first place and this is + + + align:start position:0% +column in the first place and this is +what's happened I mean you have an H + + align:start position:0% +what's happened I mean you have an H + + + align:start position:0% +what's happened I mean you have an H +peels a little tiny HPLC column that has + + align:start position:0% +peels a little tiny HPLC column that has + + + align:start position:0% +peels a little tiny HPLC column that has +huge number theoretical place that + + align:start position:0% +huge number theoretical place that + + + align:start position:0% +huge number theoretical place that +allows you amazing separations I mean + + align:start position:0% +allows you amazing separations I mean + + + align:start position:0% +allows you amazing separations I mean +again this is the technology is sort of + + align:start position:0% +again this is the technology is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +again this is the technology is sort of +mind-boggling what you can what you can + + align:start position:0% +mind-boggling what you can what you can + + + align:start position:0% +mind-boggling what you can what you can +do now okay so so what you're doing here + + align:start position:0% +do now okay so so what you're doing here + + + align:start position:0% +do now okay so so what you're doing here +is then you're just asking the question + + align:start position:0% +is then you're just asking the question + + + align:start position:0% +is then you're just asking the question +if you have a post translational + + align:start position:0% +if you have a post translational + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a post translational +modification X you can either look at + + align:start position:0% +modification X you can either look at + + + align:start position:0% +modification X you can either look at +the entire protein and so you could + + align:start position:0% +the entire protein and so you could + + + align:start position:0% +the entire protein and so you could +probably tell it was modified but + + align:start position:0% +probably tell it was modified but + + + align:start position:0% +probably tell it was modified but +telling you location of the modified + + align:start position:0% +telling you location of the modified + + + align:start position:0% +telling you location of the modified +ucation you can't or you can treat it + + align:start position:0% +ucation you can't or you can treat it + + + align:start position:0% +ucation you can't or you can treat it +with trypsin and then you get again with + + align:start position:0% +with trypsin and then you get again with + + + align:start position:0% +with trypsin and then you get again with +crypts in you have little pieces and one + + align:start position:0% +crypts in you have little pieces and one + + + align:start position:0% +crypts in you have little pieces and one +of these little pieces will have necks + + align:start position:0% +of these little pieces will have necks + + + align:start position:0% +of these little pieces will have necks +on it and then you can define it and + + align:start position:0% +on it and then you can define it and + + + align:start position:0% +on it and then you can define it and +then if you want to do sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +then if you want to do sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +then if you want to do sophisticated +analysis you can hit it + + align:start position:0% +analysis you can hit it + + + align:start position:0% +analysis you can hit it +use the second mass spectrometer and + + align:start position:0% +use the second mass spectrometer and + + + align:start position:0% +use the second mass spectrometer and +actually sequence this okay so I think + + align:start position:0% +actually sequence this okay so I think + + + align:start position:0% +actually sequence this okay so I think +the next one just briefly goes to Molly + + align:start position:0% +the next one just briefly goes to Molly + + + align:start position:0% +the next one just briefly goes to Molly +and MALDI so matrix assisted laser + + align:start position:0% +and MALDI so matrix assisted laser + + + align:start position:0% +and MALDI so matrix assisted laser +desorption have any of you ever done + + align:start position:0% +desorption have any of you ever done + + + align:start position:0% +desorption have any of you ever done +that okay so wait wait do you do that + + align:start position:0% +that okay so wait wait do you do that + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so wait wait do you do that +you do that Buckwald lab oh okay because + + align:start position:0% +you do that Buckwald lab oh okay because + + + align:start position:0% +you do that Buckwald lab oh okay because +this is Brad's new thing okay so yeah oh + + align:start position:0% +this is Brad's new thing okay so yeah oh + + + align:start position:0% +this is Brad's new thing okay so yeah oh +okay so you're looking at pep you're + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're looking at pep you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're looking at pep you're +looking at peptides okay so so what did + + align:start position:0% +looking at peptides okay so so what did + + + align:start position:0% +looking at peptides okay so so what did +you use as the matrix okay so you + + align:start position:0% +you use as the matrix okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +you use as the matrix okay so you +probably used sena panic acid okay so + + align:start position:0% +probably used sena panic acid okay so + + + align:start position:0% +probably used sena panic acid okay so +this is so you're using a different one + + align:start position:0% +this is so you're using a different one + + + align:start position:0% +this is so you're using a different one +still from this one this is I don't know + + align:start position:0% +still from this one this is I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +still from this one this is I don't know +I got this side in some of you I don't + + align:start position:0% +I got this side in some of you I don't + + + align:start position:0% +I got this side in some of you I don't +know so when I done this I did this + + align:start position:0% +know so when I done this I did this + + + align:start position:0% +know so when I done this I did this +maybe 10 years ago I've looked at a lot + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 years ago I've looked at a lot + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 10 years ago I've looked at a lot +of peptides we had a wheat went through + + align:start position:0% +of peptides we had a wheat went through + + + align:start position:0% +of peptides we had a wheat went through +five or six of them before we found one + + align:start position:0% +five or six of them before we found one + + + align:start position:0% +five or six of them before we found one +that really worked well so I don't know + + align:start position:0% +that really worked well so I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +that really worked well so I don't know +a state of the art has become you know + + align:start position:0% +a state of the art has become you know + + + align:start position:0% +a state of the art has become you know +what it is but the other one and in the + + align:start position:0% +what it is but the other one and in the + + + align:start position:0% +what it is but the other one and in the +book that I got this from was again an + + align:start position:0% +book that I got this from was again an + + + align:start position:0% +book that I got this from was again an +acid and so what is the idea so the + + align:start position:0% +acid and so what is the idea so the + + + align:start position:0% +acid and so what is the idea so the +first thing you have to do is you have + + align:start position:0% +first thing you have to do is you have + + + align:start position:0% +first thing you have to do is you have +to ionize okay so the way you do that is + + align:start position:0% +to ionize okay so the way you do that is + + + align:start position:0% +to ionize okay so the way you do that is +you mix your matrix in solution with + + align:start position:0% +you mix your matrix in solution with + + + align:start position:0% +you mix your matrix in solution with +your protein of interest your analyte + + align:start position:0% +your protein of interest your analyte + + + align:start position:0% +your protein of interest your analyte +then you evaporate it so you have a + + align:start position:0% +then you evaporate it so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +then you evaporate it so you have a +solid on a little plate and then you use + + align:start position:0% +solid on a little plate and then you use + + + align:start position:0% +solid on a little plate and then you use +a laser beam at 337 nanometers and then + + align:start position:0% +a laser beam at 337 nanometers and then + + + align:start position:0% +a laser beam at 337 nanometers and then +the light is absorbed by whatever the + + align:start position:0% +the light is absorbed by whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +the light is absorbed by whatever the +matrix is and causes you to have a plume + + align:start position:0% +matrix is and causes you to have a plume + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is and causes you to have a plume +of material this is again amazing to me + + align:start position:0% +of material this is again amazing to me + + + align:start position:0% +of material this is again amazing to me +that the protein goes into the gas phase + + align:start position:0% +that the protein goes into the gas phase + + + align:start position:0% +that the protein goes into the gas phase +and then you have to go through this and + + align:start position:0% +and then you have to go through this and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have to go through this and +go into the analyzer a lot of times you + + align:start position:0% +go into the analyzer a lot of times you + + + align:start position:0% +go into the analyzer a lot of times you +have did you do time do you do time a + + align:start position:0% +have did you do time do you do time a + + + align:start position:0% +have did you do time do you do time a +flight and okay so you have kind of lice + + align:start position:0% +flight and okay so you have kind of lice + + + align:start position:0% +flight and okay so you have kind of lice +so you guys know what it is and and then + + align:start position:0% +so you guys know what it is and and then + + + align:start position:0% +so you guys know what it is and and then +in the end you do detection so again the + + align:start position:0% +in the end you do detection so again the + + + align:start position:0% +in the end you do detection so again the +protocol is the same but the method is + + align:start position:0% +protocol is the same but the method is + + + align:start position:0% +protocol is the same but the method is +different and this is widely used in + + align:start position:0% +different and this is widely used in + + + align:start position:0% +different and this is widely used in +easy really easy to use nowadays + + align:start position:0% +easy really easy to use nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +easy really easy to use nowadays +okay so the issue then is this is what + + align:start position:0% +okay so the issue then is this is what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the issue then is this is what +you face when you're looking at a whole + + align:start position:0% +you face when you're looking at a whole + + + align:start position:0% +you face when you're looking at a whole +proteome so you just can't calculate the + + align:start position:0% +proteome so you just can't calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +proteome so you just can't calculate the +mass of all the proteins from the gene + + align:start position:0% +mass of all the proteins from the gene + + + align:start position:0% +mass of all the proteins from the gene +sequences why because almost every + + align:start position:0% +sequences why because almost every + + + align:start position:0% +sequences why because almost every +single amino acid and your proteins are + + align:start position:0% +single amino acid and your proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +single amino acid and your proteins are +modified okay so that adds complexity to + + align:start position:0% +modified okay so that adds complexity to + + + align:start position:0% +modified okay so that adds complexity to +all of this so d convoluting the mass + + align:start position:0% +all of this so d convoluting the mass + + + align:start position:0% +all of this so d convoluting the mass +spec becomes more complicated so this + + align:start position:0% +spec becomes more complicated so this + + + align:start position:0% +spec becomes more complicated so this +just shows you you don't need to look at + + align:start position:0% +just shows you you don't need to look at + + + align:start position:0% +just shows you you don't need to look at +this but if you look at cysteine you can + + align:start position:0% +this but if you look at cysteine you can + + + align:start position:0% +this but if you look at cysteine you can +form disulfides + + align:start position:0% +form disulfides + + + align:start position:0% +form disulfides +you can attach a parental group a nicer + + align:start position:0% +you can attach a parental group a nicer + + + align:start position:0% +you can attach a parental group a nicer +prenup on it you can couch pal medic + + align:start position:0% +prenup on it you can couch pal medic + + + align:start position:0% +prenup on it you can couch pal medic +asset on it you can sew phenolate it you + + align:start position:0% +asset on it you can sew phenolate it you + + + align:start position:0% +asset on it you can sew phenolate it you +can nitrous 8 yeah so you have many many + + align:start position:0% +can nitrous 8 yeah so you have many many + + + align:start position:0% +can nitrous 8 yeah so you have many many +modifications of the amino acids that + + align:start position:0% +modifications of the amino acids that + + + align:start position:0% +modifications of the amino acids that +are chemically reactive in it involved + + align:start position:0% +are chemically reactive in it involved + + + align:start position:0% +are chemically reactive in it involved +on catalysis and then aren't only + + align:start position:0% +on catalysis and then aren't only + + + align:start position:0% +on catalysis and then aren't only +involved in catalysis they're involved + + align:start position:0% +involved in catalysis they're involved + + + align:start position:0% +involved in catalysis they're involved +in regulation so that then adds for the + + align:start position:0% +in regulation so that then adds for the + + + align:start position:0% +in regulation so that then adds for the +complexity of trying to deconvolute with + + align:start position:0% +complexity of trying to deconvolute with + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of trying to deconvolute with +the mass spec I think is actually + + align:start position:0% +the mass spec I think is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the mass spec I think is actually +telling you ok and then what sorry I + + align:start position:0% +telling you ok and then what sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +telling you ok and then what sorry I +went backwards and so then what that + + align:start position:0% +went backwards and so then what that + + + align:start position:0% +went backwards and so then what that +does is tells you whoops I'm just + + align:start position:0% +does is tells you whoops I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +does is tells you whoops I'm just +completely discombobulated here ok so + + align:start position:0% +completely discombobulated here ok so + + + align:start position:0% +completely discombobulated here ok so +what that does is that again you're just + + align:start position:0% +what that does is that again you're just + + + align:start position:0% +what that does is that again you're just +adding different masses on to all of + + align:start position:0% +adding different masses on to all of + + + align:start position:0% +adding different masses on to all of +these amino acid the problem is that you + + align:start position:0% +these amino acid the problem is that you + + + align:start position:0% +these amino acid the problem is that you +have modified and you have unmodified so + + align:start position:0% +have modified and you have unmodified so + + + align:start position:0% +have modified and you have unmodified so +and the question is what's the + + align:start position:0% +and the question is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is what's the +distribution ok and so if you have a + + align:start position:0% +distribution ok and so if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution ok and so if you have a +very non abundant protein and most of + + align:start position:0% +very non abundant protein and most of + + + align:start position:0% +very non abundant protein and most of +its unmodified it's going to be much + + align:start position:0% +its unmodified it's going to be much + + + align:start position:0% +its unmodified it's going to be much +harder to find so these are just things + + align:start position:0% +harder to find so these are just things + + + align:start position:0% +harder to find so these are just things +you need to think about and your + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about and your + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about and your +technology to look needs to be extremely + + align:start position:0% +technology to look needs to be extremely + + + align:start position:0% +technology to look needs to be extremely +well worked out so that when you look + + align:start position:0% +well worked out so that when you look + + + align:start position:0% +well worked out so that when you look +and you don't something you don't find + + align:start position:0% +and you don't something you don't find + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't something you don't find +something you know what the lower limits + + align:start position:0% +something you know what the lower limits + + + align:start position:0% +something you know what the lower limits +of detection are ok so here we are at + + align:start position:0% +of detection are ok so here we are at + + + align:start position:0% +of detection are ok so here we are at +our system and now we're into the + + align:start position:0% +our system and now we're into the + + + align:start position:0% +our system and now we're into the +Carroll paper and so what we're looking + + align:start position:0% +Carroll paper and so what we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +Carroll paper and so what we're looking +at I'll so self Enoch acids they + + align:start position:0% +at I'll so self Enoch acids they + + + align:start position:0% +at I'll so self Enoch acids they +generated by hydrogen peroxide + + align:start position:0% +generated by hydrogen peroxide + + + align:start position:0% +generated by hydrogen peroxide +we'll see do you think that's a fast + + align:start position:0% +we'll see do you think that's a fast + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see do you think that's a fast +reaction hydrogen peroxide with a + + align:start position:0% +reaction hydrogen peroxide with a + + + align:start position:0% +reaction hydrogen peroxide with a +cysteine anybody have any intuition I + + align:start position:0% +cysteine anybody have any intuition I + + + align:start position:0% +cysteine anybody have any intuition I +think these reactive oxygen species + + align:start position:0% +think these reactive oxygen species + + + align:start position:0% +think these reactive oxygen species +you're going to find it not + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find it not + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find it not +so intuitive about the chemical + + align:start position:0% +so intuitive about the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +so intuitive about the chemical +reactivity I'll give you a table with + + align:start position:0% +reactivity I'll give you a table with + + + align:start position:0% +reactivity I'll give you a table with +what we think we know in general but I + + align:start position:0% +what we think we know in general but I + + + align:start position:0% +what we think we know in general but I +think it's not so intuitive if you look + + align:start position:0% +think it's not so intuitive if you look + + + align:start position:0% +think it's not so intuitive if you look +at the rate constants for reaction of a + + align:start position:0% +at the rate constants for reaction of a + + + align:start position:0% +at the rate constants for reaction of a +hydrogen peroxide with us with a + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide with us with a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide with us with a +cysteine it's one per molar per second + + align:start position:0% +cysteine it's one per molar per second + + + align:start position:0% +cysteine it's one per molar per second +really slow ok so then the question you + + align:start position:0% +really slow ok so then the question you + + + align:start position:0% +really slow ok so then the question you +have to ask yourself so this is + + align:start position:0% +have to ask yourself so this is + + + align:start position:0% +have to ask yourself so this is +something that was debated in the + + align:start position:0% +something that was debated in the + + + align:start position:0% +something that was debated in the +literature for 15 years is this so slow + + align:start position:0% +literature for 15 years is this so slow + + + align:start position:0% +literature for 15 years is this so slow +that this could never happen inside the + + align:start position:0% +that this could never happen inside the + + + align:start position:0% +that this could never happen inside the +cell because I just gave you a second + + align:start position:0% +cell because I just gave you a second + + + align:start position:0% +cell because I just gave you a second +order rate constant so we have two + + align:start position:0% +order rate constant so we have two + + + align:start position:0% +order rate constant so we have two +molecules interactive the concentration + + align:start position:0% +molecules interactive the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +molecules interactive the concentration +this could be high if this is really low + + align:start position:0% +this could be high if this is really low + + + align:start position:0% +this could be high if this is really low +you can calculate the rate constant for + + align:start position:0% +you can calculate the rate constant for + + + align:start position:0% +you can calculate the rate constant for +the actual reaction it's really really + + align:start position:0% +the actual reaction it's really really + + + align:start position:0% +the actual reaction it's really really +slow okay so we'll see that there are + + align:start position:0% +slow okay so we'll see that there are + + + align:start position:0% +slow okay so we'll see that there are +some proteins peroxy redox ins that are + + align:start position:0% +some proteins peroxy redox ins that are + + + align:start position:0% +some proteins peroxy redox ins that are +in humans are there any quite high + + align:start position:0% +in humans are there any quite high + + + align:start position:0% +in humans are there any quite high +levels that can increase this rate to + + align:start position:0% +levels that can increase this rate to + + + align:start position:0% +levels that can increase this rate to +ten to the fourth per molar per second + + align:start position:0% +ten to the fourth per molar per second + + + align:start position:0% +ten to the fourth per molar per second +so there's a huge rate rate increase but + + align:start position:0% +so there's a huge rate rate increase but + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a huge rate rate increase but +you need to think about all those + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about all those + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about all those +kinetic stuff to really understand if + + align:start position:0% +kinetic stuff to really understand if + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic stuff to really understand if +this modification can happen inside the + + align:start position:0% +this modification can happen inside the + + + align:start position:0% +this modification can happen inside the +cell otherwise what if it can't happen + + align:start position:0% +cell otherwise what if it can't happen + + + align:start position:0% +cell otherwise what if it can't happen +why are you wasting your time looking + + align:start position:0% +why are you wasting your time looking + + + align:start position:0% +why are you wasting your time looking +for it which is what a lot of people are + + align:start position:0% +for it which is what a lot of people are + + + align:start position:0% +for it which is what a lot of people are +doing science scientifically okay so let + + align:start position:0% +doing science scientifically okay so let + + + align:start position:0% +doing science scientifically okay so let +me see what the next okay so now we're + + align:start position:0% +me see what the next okay so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +me see what the next okay so now we're +into making + + align:start position:0% +into making + + + align:start position:0% +into making +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +making a reagent that can specifically + + align:start position:0% +making a reagent that can specifically + + + align:start position:0% +making a reagent that can specifically +modify this or specifically modify this + + align:start position:0% +modify this or specifically modify this + + + align:start position:0% +modify this or specifically modify this +okay so the reagent that they chose she + + align:start position:0% +okay so the reagent that they chose she + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the reagent that they chose she +didn't invent this reagent was diamond + + align:start position:0% +didn't invent this reagent was diamond + + + align:start position:0% +didn't invent this reagent was diamond +ohm okay okay and this reagent + + align:start position:0% +ohm okay okay and this reagent + + + align:start position:0% +ohm okay okay and this reagent +specifically interacts with silvina + + align:start position:0% +specifically interacts with silvina + + + align:start position:0% +specifically interacts with silvina +acids it doesn't react with the free + + align:start position:0% +acids it doesn't react with the free + + + align:start position:0% +acids it doesn't react with the free +cysteine so you've got to study all of + + align:start position:0% +cysteine so you've got to study all of + + + align:start position:0% +cysteine so you've got to study all of +this and if you're going to use as a + + align:start position:0% +this and if you're going to use as a + + + align:start position:0% +this and if you're going to use as a +reagent inside the cell you want it to + + align:start position:0% +reagent inside the cell you want it to + + + align:start position:0% +reagent inside the cell you want it to +be fast you don't want it to take 30 + + align:start position:0% +be fast you don't want it to take 30 + + + align:start position:0% +be fast you don't want it to take 30 +hours to do the reaction you want it to + + align:start position:0% +hours to do the reaction you want it to + + + align:start position:0% +hours to do the reaction you want it to +be over fast and you want it to happen + + align:start position:0% +be over fast and you want it to happen + + + align:start position:0% +be over fast and you want it to happen +at pH 7 so how do you think this + + align:start position:0% +at pH 7 so how do you think this + + + align:start position:0% +at pH 7 so how do you think this +reaction works where's the most reactive + + align:start position:0% +reaction works where's the most reactive + + + align:start position:0% +reaction works where's the most reactive +part of this molecule yeah say two + + align:start position:0% +part of this molecule yeah say two + + + align:start position:0% +part of this molecule yeah say two +protons so these have low PKA so you can + + align:start position:0% +protons so these have low PKA so you can + + + align:start position:0% +protons so these have low PKA so you can +easily form the enolate depends on on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the details of the experimental details + + align:start position:0% +the details of the experimental details + + + align:start position:0% +the details of the experimental details +and now you have this and what you end + + align:start position:0% +and now you have this and what you end + + + align:start position:0% +and now you have this and what you end +up with is this molecule and so the + + align:start position:0% +up with is this molecule and so the + + + align:start position:0% +up with is this molecule and so the +question is does this go in 5% you need + + align:start position:0% +question is does this go in 5% you need + + + align:start position:0% +question is does this go in 5% you need +something that goes in quantitative + + align:start position:0% +something that goes in quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +something that goes in quantitative +yield at pH 7 rapidly okay we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +yield at pH 7 rapidly okay we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +yield at pH 7 rapidly okay we're gonna +come back and talk about with the issues + + align:start position:0% +come back and talk about with the issues + + + align:start position:0% +come back and talk about with the issues +out because the issues even harder if + + align:start position:0% +out because the issues even harder if + + + align:start position:0% +out because the issues even harder if +you want this region to work inside the + + align:start position:0% +you want this region to work inside the + + + align:start position:0% +you want this region to work inside the +cell okay we're doing this on + + align:start position:0% +cell okay we're doing this on + + + align:start position:0% +cell okay we're doing this on +glutathione peroxidase which is what + + align:start position:0% +glutathione peroxidase which is what + + + align:start position:0% +glutathione peroxidase which is what +he's using as a model to see if all of + + align:start position:0% +he's using as a model to see if all of + + + align:start position:0% +he's using as a model to see if all of +this stuff works okay so what you really + + align:start position:0% +this stuff works okay so what you really + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff works okay so what you really +want to do if you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +want to do if you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +want to do if you're thinking about +regulation in the end if you want to + + align:start position:0% +regulation in the end if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +regulation in the end if you want to +know how much is in each form and you + + align:start position:0% +know how much is in each form and you + + + align:start position:0% +know how much is in each form and you +know if you read gives hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +know if you read gives hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +know if you read gives hundreds of +papers published on methods trying to + + align:start position:0% +papers published on methods trying to + + + align:start position:0% +papers published on methods trying to +figure this all out but what she didn't + + align:start position:0% +figure this all out but what she didn't + + + align:start position:0% +figure this all out but what she didn't +in this case was looked at a second she + + align:start position:0% +in this case was looked at a second she + + + align:start position:0% +in this case was looked at a second she +developed a second reagent with an iota + + align:start position:0% +developed a second reagent with an iota + + + align:start position:0% +developed a second reagent with an iota +group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and as you can see what is the + + align:start position:0% +okay and as you can see what is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and as you can see what is the +product of the reaction the product of + + align:start position:0% +product of the reaction the product of + + + align:start position:0% +product of the reaction the product of +the reaction is the same as the product + + align:start position:0% +the reaction is the same as the product + + + align:start position:0% +the reaction is the same as the product +as the product of this reagent + + align:start position:0% +as the product of this reagent + + + align:start position:0% +as the product of this reagent +but this reagent does not react with + + align:start position:0% +but this reagent does not react with + + + align:start position:0% +but this reagent does not react with +silvina Galison okay so you get no + + align:start position:0% +silvina Galison okay so you get no + + + align:start position:0% +silvina Galison okay so you get no +reaction so how does this reaction work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you think's the what yeah so + + align:start position:0% +what do you think's the what yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think's the what yeah so +could work by an sn2 but the way it + + align:start position:0% +could work by an sn2 but the way it + + + align:start position:0% +could work by an sn2 but the way it +probably works is that it tax the iodine + + align:start position:0% +probably works is that it tax the iodine + + + align:start position:0% +probably works is that it tax the iodine +so you form this is probably the + + align:start position:0% +so you form this is probably the + + + align:start position:0% +so you form this is probably the +mechanism from what's been done in the + + align:start position:0% +mechanism from what's been done in the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism from what's been done in the +literature so you attack this and you + + align:start position:0% +literature so you attack this and you + + + align:start position:0% +literature so you attack this and you +form this which then gets attacked by + + align:start position:0% +form this which then gets attacked by + + + align:start position:0% +form this which then gets attacked by +the enol like okay so it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +the enol like okay so it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +the enol like okay so it doesn't really +matter what the mechanism is but the key + + align:start position:0% +matter what the mechanism is but the key + + + align:start position:0% +matter what the mechanism is but the key +thing is for this to react if you're + + align:start position:0% +thing is for this to react if you're + + + align:start position:0% +thing is for this to react if you're +interested in mechanism it which I am it + + align:start position:0% +interested in mechanism it which I am it + + + align:start position:0% +interested in mechanism it which I am it +doesn't matter what it is but so the key + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what it is but so the key + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what it is but so the key +thing is now you have the same reagent + + align:start position:0% +thing is now you have the same reagent + + + align:start position:0% +thing is now you have the same reagent +so how could you ever use it attached + + align:start position:0% +so how could you ever use it attached + + + align:start position:0% +so how could you ever use it attached +how could you ever use it to distinguish + + align:start position:0% +how could you ever use it to distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +how could you ever use it to distinguish +so phenol ation from a so what did + + align:start position:0% +so phenol ation from a so what did + + + align:start position:0% +so phenol ation from a so what did +they do in this paper yeah so they put + + align:start position:0% +they do in this paper yeah so they put + + + align:start position:0% +they do in this paper yeah so they put +the deuterated form on this so what they + + align:start position:0% +the deuterated form on this so what they + + + align:start position:0% +the deuterated form on this so what they +did then was and all in this paper so + + align:start position:0% +did then was and all in this paper so + + + align:start position:0% +did then was and all in this paper so +you got to keep these straight if they + + align:start position:0% +you got to keep these straight if they + + + align:start position:0% +you got to keep these straight if they +see deuterium's present so they made + + align:start position:0% +see deuterium's present so they made + + + align:start position:0% +see deuterium's present so they made +this deuterium labeled and this + + align:start position:0% +this deuterium labeled and this + + + align:start position:0% +this deuterium labeled and this +protonated so now you have a mass + + align:start position:0% +protonated so now you have a mass + + + align:start position:0% +protonated so now you have a mass +difference of six okay and in the system + + align:start position:0% +difference of six okay and in the system + + + align:start position:0% +difference of six okay and in the system +they using glutathione peroxidase which + + align:start position:0% +they using glutathione peroxidase which + + + align:start position:0% +they using glutathione peroxidase which +has three cystines in it and one of the + + align:start position:0% +has three cystines in it and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +has three cystines in it and one of the +systems is more reactive than the other + + align:start position:0% +systems is more reactive than the other + + + align:start position:0% +systems is more reactive than the other +two but for proof of concept they + + align:start position:0% +two but for proof of concept they + + + align:start position:0% +two but for proof of concept they +mutated two of these systems and + + align:start position:0% +mutated two of these systems and + + + align:start position:0% +mutated two of these systems and +disorients they only had two initially + + align:start position:0% +disorients they only had two initially + + + align:start position:0% +disorients they only had two initially +they only had a single reactive cysteine + + align:start position:0% +they only had a single reactive cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +they only had a single reactive cysteine +but then they went back and studied the + + align:start position:0% +but then they went back and studied the + + + align:start position:0% +but then they went back and studied the +whole protein okay so let me just + + align:start position:0% +whole protein okay so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +whole protein okay so let me just +introduce you to this and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +introduce you to this and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +introduce you to this and then we'll +come back and talk about this now next + + align:start position:0% +come back and talk about this now next + + + align:start position:0% +come back and talk about this now next +time let me just do one more thing okay + + align:start position:0% +time let me just do one more thing okay + + + align:start position:0% +time let me just do one more thing okay +so here is the difference in mass + + align:start position:0% +so here is the difference in mass + + + align:start position:0% +so here is the difference in mass +between these two species so this is + + align:start position:0% +between these two species so this is + + + align:start position:0% +between these two species so this is +what you're looking at this if they + + align:start position:0% +what you're looking at this if they + + + align:start position:0% +what you're looking at this if they +start out with deuterium labeled diamond + + align:start position:0% +start out with deuterium labeled diamond + + + align:start position:0% +start out with deuterium labeled diamond +ohm the peak that they observe is going + + align:start position:0% +ohm the peak that they observe is going + + + align:start position:0% +ohm the peak that they observe is going +to be associated with Sophina Latian and + + align:start position:0% +to be associated with Sophina Latian and + + + align:start position:0% +to be associated with Sophina Latian and +if they start out with the protonated + + align:start position:0% +if they start out with the protonated + + + align:start position:0% +if they start out with the protonated +material the peak they observe is going + + align:start position:0% +material the peak they observe is going + + + align:start position:0% +material the peak they observe is going +to be associated with the saltpeter + + align:start position:0% +to be associated with the saltpeter + + + align:start position:0% +to be associated with the saltpeter +group okay so that's the idea and then + + align:start position:0% +group okay so that's the idea and then + + + align:start position:0% +group okay so that's the idea and then +what they did was they simply took their + + align:start position:0% +what they did was they simply took their + + + align:start position:0% +what they did was they simply took their +protein and they have in this case 50 + + align:start position:0% +protein and they have in this case 50 + + + align:start position:0% +protein and they have in this case 50 +micromolar of their protein and then + + align:start position:0% +micromolar of their protein and then + + + align:start position:0% +micromolar of their protein and then +they increase the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +they increase the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +they increase the concentration of +hydrogen peroxide they don't really talk + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide they don't really talk + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide they don't really talk +very much about how they design the + + align:start position:0% +very much about how they design the + + + align:start position:0% +very much about how they design the +timing but they use you know two + + align:start position:0% +timing but they use you know two + + + align:start position:0% +timing but they use you know two +equivalents so they use variable amounts + + align:start position:0% +equivalents so they use variable amounts + + + align:start position:0% +equivalents so they use variable amounts +of hydrogen peroxide and what you can + + align:start position:0% +of hydrogen peroxide and what you can + + + align:start position:0% +of hydrogen peroxide and what you can +see is the maximum amount so now what + + align:start position:0% +see is the maximum amount so now what + + + align:start position:0% +see is the maximum amount so now what +you're using we talked about this before + + align:start position:0% +you're using we talked about this before + + + align:start position:0% +you're using we talked about this before +but we're using anti Diamond own + + align:start position:0% +but we're using anti Diamond own + + + align:start position:0% +but we're using anti Diamond own +antibodies for the detection and here + + align:start position:0% +antibodies for the detection and here + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies for the detection and here +they're starting with no hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +they're starting with no hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +they're starting with no hydrogen +peroxide so you don't see any dye + + align:start position:0% +peroxide so you don't see any dye + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide so you don't see any dye +medomak derivative and then you increase + + align:start position:0% +medomak derivative and then you increase + + + align:start position:0% +medomak derivative and then you increase +the concentration but you get to the + + align:start position:0% +the concentration but you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration but you get to the +highest concentration here that they + + align:start position:0% +highest concentration here that they + + + align:start position:0% +highest concentration here that they +looked at so it's a hundred micro molar + + align:start position:0% +looked at so it's a hundred micro molar + + + align:start position:0% +looked at so it's a hundred micro molar +versus 50 micromolar in the protein they + + align:start position:0% +versus 50 micromolar in the protein they + + + align:start position:0% +versus 50 micromolar in the protein they +used but what did this immediately tell + + align:start position:0% +used but what did this immediately tell + + + align:start position:0% +used but what did this immediately tell +you again any of you look at this data + + align:start position:0% +you again any of you look at this data + + + align:start position:0% +you again any of you look at this data +very carefully so what is this this guy + + align:start position:0% +very carefully so what is this this guy + + + align:start position:0% +very carefully so what is this this guy +here is associated with a sulfhydryl + + align:start position:0% +here is associated with a sulfhydryl + + + align:start position:0% +here is associated with a sulfhydryl +group that is only reacted with IO todai + + align:start position:0% +group that is only reacted with IO todai + + + align:start position:0% +group that is only reacted with IO todai +Madone so if you got 100% yield what + + align:start position:0% +Madone so if you got 100% yield what + + + align:start position:0% +Madone so if you got 100% yield what +does that tell you this tells you the + + align:start position:0% +does that tell you this tells you the + + + align:start position:0% +does that tell you this tells you the +maximum amount of material you're going + + align:start position:0% +maximum amount of material you're going + + + align:start position:0% +maximum amount of material you're going +to observe so if you look at this peak + + align:start position:0% +to observe so if you look at this peak + + + align:start position:0% +to observe so if you look at this peak +and you look at that peak you can't do + + align:start position:0% +and you look at that peak you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +and you look at that peak you can't do +this by eyeball you need to do this + + align:start position:0% +this by eyeball you need to do this + + + align:start position:0% +this by eyeball you need to do this +quantitative we have instrument as a + + align:start position:0% +quantitative we have instrument as a + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative we have instrument as a +phosphor emerges or methods that allow + + align:start position:0% +phosphor emerges or methods that allow + + + align:start position:0% +phosphor emerges or methods that allow +us to do this quantitative what do you + + align:start position:0% +us to do this quantitative what do you + + + align:start position:0% +us to do this quantitative what do you +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +yeah it's not the max and so what we'll + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's not the max and so what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's not the max and so what we'll +do next time so and so these are sort of + + align:start position:0% +do next time so and so these are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +do next time so and so these are sort of +controls and the question is how + + align:start position:0% +controls and the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +controls and the question is how +effective is this reagent and if you + + align:start position:0% +effective is this reagent and if you + + + align:start position:0% +effective is this reagent and if you +start hanging stuff off of your diamond + + align:start position:0% +start hanging stuff off of your diamond + + + align:start position:0% +start hanging stuff off of your diamond +own over here are you + + align:start position:0% +own over here are you + + + align:start position:0% +own over here are you +to change the rate of modification can I + + align:start position:0% +to change the rate of modification can I + + + align:start position:0% +to change the rate of modification can I +get into the active site with this Soh + + align:start position:0% +get into the active site with this Soh + + + align:start position:0% +get into the active site with this Soh +actually is these are the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +actually is these are the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +actually is these are the kinds of +things we're going to talk about next + + align:start position:0% +things we're going to talk about next + + + align:start position:0% +things we're going to talk about next +time when we look a little bit more at + + align:start position:0% +time when we look a little bit more at + + + align:start position:0% +time when we look a little bit more at +the details of the reaction with this + + align:start position:0% +the details of the reaction with this + + + align:start position:0% +the details of the reaction with this +and you should look at the reaction with + + align:start position:0% +and you should look at the reaction with + + + align:start position:0% +and you should look at the reaction with +gap dehydrogenase which is another + + align:start position:0% +gap dehydrogenase which is another + + + align:start position:0% +gap dehydrogenase which is another +control enzyme they ended up looking at + + align:start position:0% +control enzyme they ended up looking at + + + align:start position:0% +control enzyme they ended up looking at +because it tells what they do is address + + align:start position:0% +because it tells what they do is address + + + align:start position:0% +because it tells what they do is address +what the issues are that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +what the issues are that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what the issues are that you're going to +encounter when you get into something + + align:start position:0% +encounter when you get into something + + + align:start position:0% +encounter when you get into something +real that you care about and that's much + + align:start position:0% +real that you care about and that's much + + + align:start position:0% +real that you care about and that's much +more complicated okay so that's it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/63sIgMvBuEQ.txt b/63sIgMvBuEQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f94afdb076ffe865a5316ed8c7095c4e4d8252d --- /dev/null +++ b/63sIgMvBuEQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10866 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu last kind of under the + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu last kind of under the + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu last kind of under the +announcements category is the want to + + align:start position:0% +announcements category is the want to + + + align:start position:0% +announcements category is the want to +talk about the muddy cards so I've used + + align:start position:0% +talk about the muddy cards so I've used + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the muddy cards so I've used +those many times in the past last time + + align:start position:0% +those many times in the past last time + + + align:start position:0% +those many times in the past last time +was the first time I hand them out and + + align:start position:0% +was the first time I hand them out and + + + align:start position:0% +was the first time I hand them out and +your comments were great this was really + + align:start position:0% +your comments were great this was really + + + align:start position:0% +your comments were great this was really +a nice uh and in it was a good lecture + + align:start position:0% +a nice uh and in it was a good lecture + + + align:start position:0% +a nice uh and in it was a good lecture +to have handed them out we cons covered + + align:start position:0% +to have handed them out we cons covered + + + align:start position:0% +to have handed them out we cons covered +lots of interesting con important + + align:start position:0% +lots of interesting con important + + + align:start position:0% +lots of interesting con important +Concepts and but so I'm going to review + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and but so I'm going to review + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and but so I'm going to review +a couple of things that came up in the + + align:start position:0% +a couple of things that came up in the + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of things that came up in the +muddy + + align:start position:0% +muddy + + + align:start position:0% +muddy +cards the uh couple of the most positive + + align:start position:0% +cards the uh couple of the most positive + + + align:start position:0% +cards the uh couple of the most positive +comments is people really like the demos + + align:start position:0% +comments is people really like the demos + + + align:start position:0% +comments is people really like the demos +and they really like the explanations + + align:start position:0% +and they really like the explanations + + + align:start position:0% +and they really like the explanations +especially with exam with + + align:start position:0% +especially with exam with + + + align:start position:0% +especially with exam with +examples uh particularly people + + align:start position:0% +examples uh particularly people + + + align:start position:0% +examples uh particularly people +particularly commented it was really + + align:start position:0% +particularly commented it was really + + + align:start position:0% +particularly commented it was really +helpful to compute angular momentum from + + align:start position:0% +helpful to compute angular momentum from + + + align:start position:0% +helpful to compute angular momentum from +two different + + align:start position:0% +two different + + + align:start position:0% +two different +points and get the Revelation that you + + align:start position:0% +points and get the Revelation that you + + + align:start position:0% +points and get the Revelation that you +get two very different + + align:start position:0% +get two very different + + + align:start position:0% +get two very different +answers so that's a really + + align:start position:0% +answers so that's a really + + + align:start position:0% +answers so that's a really +important really important point and + + align:start position:0% +important really important point and + + + align:start position:0% +important really important point and +somebody then asked the question said + + align:start position:0% +somebody then asked the question said + + + align:start position:0% +somebody then asked the question said +well I thought that vectors were + + align:start position:0% +well I thought that vectors were + + + align:start position:0% +well I thought that vectors were +independent of the coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +independent of the coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +independent of the coordinate system +that you select that's true you know a + + align:start position:0% +that you select that's true you know a + + + align:start position:0% +that you select that's true you know a +velocity ought to be a velocity no + + align:start position:0% +velocity ought to be a velocity no + + + align:start position:0% +velocity ought to be a velocity no +matter matter whether it's R Theta or + + align:start position:0% +matter matter whether it's R Theta or + + + align:start position:0% +matter matter whether it's R Theta or +XYZ but why that seems to kind of + + align:start position:0% +XYZ but why that seems to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +XYZ but why that seems to kind of +violate that notion that vectors are + + align:start position:0% +violate that notion that vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +violate that notion that vectors are +should be independent of + + align:start position:0% +should be independent of + + + align:start position:0% +should be independent of +coordinates and yet we computed an + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and yet we computed an + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and yet we computed an +angular momentum with respect to one + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum with respect to one + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum with respect to one +place and respect to a different place + + align:start position:0% +place and respect to a different place + + + align:start position:0% +place and respect to a different place +and we got different + + align:start position:0% +and we got different + + + align:start position:0% +and we got different +answers do you + + align:start position:0% +answers do you + + + align:start position:0% +answers do you +think how do you resolve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +yeah since it's moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matter it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matter okay well you getting close I'll + + align:start position:0% +matter okay well you getting close I'll + + + align:start position:0% +matter okay well you getting close I'll +I'll let let me here was here was here + + align:start position:0% +I'll let let me here was here was here + + + align:start position:0% +I'll let let me here was here was here +was the problem I think we did and we + + align:start position:0% +was the problem I think we did and we + + + align:start position:0% +was the problem I think we did and we +chose this point which I'll call two and + + align:start position:0% +chose this point which I'll call two and + + + align:start position:0% +chose this point which I'll call two and +this point which I call one and we + + align:start position:0% +this point which I call one and we + + + align:start position:0% +this point which I call one and we +computed h of one with resp + + align:start position:0% +computed h of one with resp + + + align:start position:0% +computed h of one with resp +uh we computed H1 I'll just call H1 with + + align:start position:0% +uh we computed H1 I'll just call H1 with + + + align:start position:0% +uh we computed H1 I'll just call H1 with +respect to point one we'll call this a + + align:start position:0% +respect to point one we'll call this a + + + align:start position:0% +respect to point one we'll call this a +we computed a with respect to one and we + + align:start position:0% +we computed a with respect to one and we + + + align:start position:0% +we computed a with respect to one and we +computed the angular momentum of a with + + align:start position:0% +computed the angular momentum of a with + + + align:start position:0% +computed the angular momentum of a with +respect to two but in this case angular + + align:start position:0% +respect to two but in this case angular + + + align:start position:0% +respect to two but in this case angular +momentum of a particle with respect to + + align:start position:0% +momentum of a particle with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of a particle with respect to +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +location origin of a coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +location origin of a coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +location origin of a coordinate system +is defined as r R of the particle with + + align:start position:0% +is defined as r R of the particle with + + + align:start position:0% +is defined as r R of the particle with +respect to the coordinate system crossed + + align:start position:0% +respect to the coordinate system crossed + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the coordinate system crossed +with the linear + + align:start position:0% +with the linear + + + align:start position:0% +with the linear +momentum of the particle that you're + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the particle that you're + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the particle that you're +we'll call it B here just the name of + + align:start position:0% +we'll call it B here just the name of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll call it B here just the name of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle so the definition these are + + align:start position:0% +particle so the definition these are + + + align:start position:0% +particle so the definition these are +both vectors you are changing the vector + + align:start position:0% +both vectors you are changing the vector + + + align:start position:0% +both vectors you are changing the vector +it is a different Vector because this + + align:start position:0% +it is a different Vector because this + + + align:start position:0% +it is a different Vector because this +this changes in the two + + align:start position:0% +this changes in the two + + + align:start position:0% +this changes in the two +parts so it's not a constant Vector at + + align:start position:0% +parts so it's not a constant Vector at + + + align:start position:0% +parts so it's not a constant Vector at +all you've changed by its definition it + + align:start position:0% +all you've changed by its definition it + + + align:start position:0% +all you've changed by its definition it +is just something different when you + + align:start position:0% +is just something different when you + + + align:start position:0% +is just something different when you +move to a different place and this piece + + align:start position:0% +move to a different place and this piece + + + align:start position:0% +move to a different place and this piece +changes this piece is invariant but this + + align:start position:0% +changes this piece is invariant but this + + + align:start position:0% +changes this piece is invariant but this +piece is not and that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +piece is not and that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +piece is not and that's that's the +answer to that one lots of people were + + align:start position:0% +answer to that one lots of people were + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that one lots of people were +still not clear about coris and we'll + + align:start position:0% +still not clear about coris and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +still not clear about coris and we'll +work on that as time goes + + align:start position:0% +work on that as time goes + + + align:start position:0% +work on that as time goes +by and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um people were interested in you know + + align:start position:0% +um people were interested in you know + + + align:start position:0% +um people were interested in you know +how to fix how to pick reference frames + + align:start position:0% +how to fix how to pick reference frames + + + align:start position:0% +how to fix how to pick reference frames +and so forth somebody made a suggestion + + align:start position:0% +and so forth somebody made a suggestion + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth somebody made a suggestion +try using some color chalk it would help + + align:start position:0% +try using some color chalk it would help + + + align:start position:0% +try using some color chalk it would help +I don't own any color chalk my secret my + + align:start position:0% +I don't own any color chalk my secret my + + + align:start position:0% +I don't own any color chalk my secret my +my assistant just walked in with some + + align:start position:0% +my assistant just walked in with some + + + align:start position:0% +my assistant just walked in with some +she found some at the last minute so + + align:start position:0% +she found some at the last minute so + + + align:start position:0% +she found some at the last minute so +I'll try doing that that's a good idea + + align:start position:0% +I'll try doing that that's a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try doing that that's a good idea +and someone else says take a break in an + + align:start position:0% +and someone else says take a break in an + + + align:start position:0% +and someone else says take a break in an +hour and that's a pretty good idea too + + align:start position:0% +hour and that's a pretty good idea too + + + align:start position:0% +hour and that's a pretty good idea too +I'll try to remember to do that so the + + align:start position:0% +I'll try to remember to do that so the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try to remember to do that so the +muddy cards are great please uh today do + + align:start position:0% +muddy cards are great please uh today do + + + align:start position:0% +muddy cards are great please uh today do +the same we'll do the same + + align:start position:0% +the same we'll do the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same we'll do the same +thing so let's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +start with this topic and + + align:start position:0% +start with this topic and + + + align:start position:0% +start with this topic and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +it's a subject which is constant we + + align:start position:0% +it's a subject which is constant we + + + align:start position:0% +it's a subject which is constant we +constantly use throughout + + align:start position:0% +constantly use throughout + + + align:start position:0% +constantly use throughout +the a course doing Dynamics you have to + + align:start position:0% +the a course doing Dynamics you have to + + + align:start position:0% +the a course doing Dynamics you have to +be able to figure out coordinate systems + + align:start position:0% +be able to figure out coordinate systems + + + align:start position:0% +be able to figure out coordinate systems +degrees of freedom drawing free body + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom drawing free body + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom drawing free body +diagrams so I'm going to do a few quick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples coordinates + + align:start position:0% +examples coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +examples coordinates +fbds emphasize I'm picking I picked some + + align:start position:0% +fbds emphasize I'm picking I picked some + + + align:start position:0% +fbds emphasize I'm picking I picked some +examples here just to emphasize a few + + align:start position:0% +examples here just to emphasize a few + + + align:start position:0% +examples here just to emphasize a few +different uh a few different points here + + align:start position:0% +different uh a few different points here + + + align:start position:0% +different uh a few different points here +we have a slope I've got a + + align:start position:0% +we have a slope I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +we have a slope I've got a +wheel it's a rigid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +body and pick a preliminary coordinate + + align:start position:0% +body and pick a preliminary coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +body and pick a preliminary coordinate +system sometimes you do that just to + + align:start position:0% +system sometimes you do that just to + + + align:start position:0% +system sometimes you do that just to +help you think about + + align:start position:0% +help you think about + + + align:start position:0% +help you think about +it and now let's talk about degrees of + + align:start position:0% +it and now let's talk about degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +it and now let's talk about degrees of +freedom what do we mean by degrees of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +freedom I'm going to Define it as the + + align:start position:0% +freedom I'm going to Define it as the + + + align:start position:0% +freedom I'm going to Define it as the +number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +necessary + + align:start position:0% +necessary + + + align:start position:0% +necessary +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to describe the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motion so it's the number of independent + + align:start position:0% +motion so it's the number of independent + + + align:start position:0% +motion so it's the number of independent +coordinates that you need okay + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that you need okay + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that you need okay +now for with few with few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exceptions I can compute that + + align:start position:0% +exceptions I can compute that + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions I can compute that +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +multiplying six times the number of + + align:start position:0% +multiplying six times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying six times the number of +rigid bodies in the problem + three + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies in the problem + three + + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies in the problem + three +times the number of + + align:start position:0% +times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +times the number of +particles minus the constraints the + + align:start position:0% +particles minus the constraints the + + + align:start position:0% +particles minus the constraints the +number of constraints so this is the + + align:start position:0% +number of constraints so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +number of constraints so this is the +number of rigid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bodies this is + + align:start position:0% +bodies this is + + + align:start position:0% +bodies this is +the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles and C this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraints + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in this take a look at this problem + + align:start position:0% +so in this take a look at this problem + + + align:start position:0% +so in this take a look at this problem +this a wheel is a rigid + + align:start position:0% +this a wheel is a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +this a wheel is a rigid +body the difference between a rigid body + + align:start position:0% +body the difference between a rigid body + + + align:start position:0% +body the difference between a rigid body +in a particle as a rigid body is big + + align:start position:0% +in a particle as a rigid body is big + + + align:start position:0% +in a particle as a rigid body is big +enough it has mass at some extent its + + align:start position:0% +enough it has mass at some extent its + + + align:start position:0% +enough it has mass at some extent its +rotational inertia will matter so here + + align:start position:0% +rotational inertia will matter so here + + + align:start position:0% +rotational inertia will matter so here +we've got a wheel so we've got certainly + + align:start position:0% +we've got a wheel so we've got certainly + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a wheel so we've got certainly +one rigid body but no particles so in + + align:start position:0% +one rigid body but no particles so in + + + align:start position:0% +one rigid body but no particles so in +this case n is one m is zero and so the + + align:start position:0% +this case n is one m is zero and so the + + + align:start position:0% +this case n is one m is zero and so the +number of degrees of freedom that we + + align:start position:0% +number of degrees of freedom that we + + + align:start position:0% +number of degrees of freedom that we +should come up within this problem is + + align:start position:0% +should come up within this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +should come up within this problem is +going to look like 6 minus C and so then + + align:start position:0% +going to look like 6 minus C and so then + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like 6 minus C and so then +the problem becomes let's identify what + + align:start position:0% +the problem becomes let's identify what + + + align:start position:0% +the problem becomes let's identify what +the constraints are in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem so I drew my initial little + + align:start position:0% +problem so I drew my initial little + + + align:start position:0% +problem so I drew my initial little +coordinate system just so that I could I + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system just so that I could I + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system just so that I could I +can use language like X Y and Z + + align:start position:0% +can use language like X Y and Z + + + align:start position:0% +can use language like X Y and Z +Direction so Z is coming out of the + + align:start position:0% +Direction so Z is coming out of the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so Z is coming out of the +board so in this problem let's let's + + align:start position:0% +board so in this problem let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +board so in this problem let's let's +figure out how many constraints there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +how about the y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction the simplest kind of + + align:start position:0% +direction the simplest kind of + + + align:start position:0% +direction the simplest kind of +constraints of things it just allow no + + align:start position:0% +constraints of things it just allow no + + + align:start position:0% +constraints of things it just allow no +motion can it move in the Y + + align:start position:0% +motion can it move in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +motion can it move in the Y +Direction no okay so y y + + align:start position:0% +Direction no okay so y y + + + align:start position:0% +Direction no okay so y y +dot y double dot or zero that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +dot y double dot or zero that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +dot y double dot or zero that's that's a +hard constraint can't move through the + + align:start position:0% +hard constraint can't move through the + + + align:start position:0% +hard constraint can't move through the +through the wall in the y direction + + align:start position:0% +through the wall in the y direction + + + align:start position:0% +through the wall in the y direction +um we make we assume to make you make a + + align:start position:0% +um we make we assume to make you make a + + + align:start position:0% +um we make we assume to make you make a +lot of us you have to make AUM itions + + align:start position:0% +lot of us you have to make AUM itions + + + align:start position:0% +lot of us you have to make AUM itions +when you're doing problems you try to + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing problems you try to + + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing problems you try to +simplify things as much as you can so + + align:start position:0% +simplify things as much as you can so + + + align:start position:0% +simplify things as much as you can so +that you make them easy so we're really + + align:start position:0% +that you make them easy so we're really + + + align:start position:0% +that you make them easy so we're really +I'm going to assume in this problem I + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume in this problem I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume in this problem I +haven't shown any constraints or + + align:start position:0% +haven't shown any constraints or + + + align:start position:0% +haven't shown any constraints or +wheelers or guides or rollers but I'm + + align:start position:0% +wheelers or guides or rollers but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +wheelers or guides or rollers but I'm +going to assume that that won't move in + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that that won't move in + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that that won't move in +the Z + + align:start position:0% +the Z + + + align:start position:0% +the Z +Direction so that's another constraint + + align:start position:0% +Direction so that's another constraint + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so that's another constraint +so this is a this implies one this + + align:start position:0% +so this is a this implies one this + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a this implies one this +implies another + + align:start position:0% +implies another + + + align:start position:0% +implies another +constraint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um if I don't do this if I don't assume + + align:start position:0% +um if I don't do this if I don't assume + + + align:start position:0% +um if I don't do this if I don't assume +that then I just just have end up with + + align:start position:0% +that then I just just have end up with + + + align:start position:0% +that then I just just have end up with +another equation of motion for every + + align:start position:0% +another equation of motion for every + + + align:start position:0% +another equation of motion for every +degree of Freedom you end up with a + + align:start position:0% +degree of Freedom you end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +degree of Freedom you end up with a +problem you're going to need an equation + + align:start position:0% +problem you're going to need an equation + + + align:start position:0% +problem you're going to need an equation +of motion so if I did not make this + + align:start position:0% +of motion so if I did not make this + + + align:start position:0% +of motion so if I did not make this +assumption I'd say that the summation of + + align:start position:0% +assumption I'd say that the summation of + + + align:start position:0% +assumption I'd say that the summation of +the forces in the Z direction is equal + + align:start position:0% +the forces in the Z direction is equal + + + align:start position:0% +the forces in the Z direction is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um zero and that's equal to the mass + + align:start position:0% +um zero and that's equal to the mass + + + align:start position:0% +um zero and that's equal to the mass +times the + + align:start position:0% +times the + + + align:start position:0% +times the +acceleration in of the body in the Z the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration in of the body in the Z the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration in of the body in the Z the +Z acceleration it's a vector vector + + align:start position:0% +Z acceleration it's a vector vector + + + align:start position:0% +Z acceleration it's a vector vector +component and then you just say oh well + + align:start position:0% +component and then you just say oh well + + + align:start position:0% +component and then you just say oh well +that's a trivial equation of motion and + + align:start position:0% +that's a trivial equation of motion and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a trivial equation of motion and +so you could deal with it that way but + + align:start position:0% +so you could deal with it that way but + + + align:start position:0% +so you could deal with it that way but +we'll just assume that we have no Motion + + align:start position:0% +we'll just assume that we have no Motion + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just assume that we have no Motion +in the Z that gives us another + + align:start position:0% +in the Z that gives us another + + + align:start position:0% +in the Z that gives us another +constraint now we can assume again that + + align:start position:0% +constraint now we can assume again that + + + align:start position:0% +constraint now we can assume again that +there's constraints in the problem or + + align:start position:0% +there's constraints in the problem or + + + align:start position:0% +there's constraints in the problem or +it's well behaved in that we won't get + + align:start position:0% +it's well behaved in that we won't get + + + align:start position:0% +it's well behaved in that we won't get +the thing won't fall over it won't roll + + align:start position:0% +the thing won't fall over it won't roll + + + align:start position:0% +the thing won't fall over it won't roll +over and it won't change direction + + align:start position:0% +over and it won't change direction + + + align:start position:0% +over and it won't change direction +running down the hill so it will assume + + align:start position:0% +running down the hill so it will assume + + + align:start position:0% +running down the hill so it will assume +no rotation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about the x or ya + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AIS okay so that implies two more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraints and finally the straint + + align:start position:0% +constraints and finally the straint + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and finally the straint +constraints come in in kind of many + + align:start position:0% +constraints come in in kind of many + + + align:start position:0% +constraints come in in kind of many +flavors finally we know that in this + + align:start position:0% +flavors finally we know that in this + + + align:start position:0% +flavors finally we know that in this +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +I'll put in I need to + + align:start position:0% +I'll put in I need to + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put in I need to +uh think in terms of a rotation so + + align:start position:0% +uh think in terms of a rotation so + + + align:start position:0% +uh think in terms of a rotation so +there's a positive rotation in that + + align:start position:0% +there's a positive rotation in that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a positive rotation in that +coordinate system so now I have a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so now I have a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so now I have a +rotational coordinate that I + + align:start position:0% +rotational coordinate that I + + + align:start position:0% +rotational coordinate that I +can think + + align:start position:0% +can think + + + align:start position:0% +can think +about and but this now says that if + + align:start position:0% +about and but this now says that if + + + align:start position:0% +about and but this now says that if +there's no + + align:start position:0% +there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there's no +slip I can say that the distance it + + align:start position:0% +slip I can say that the distance it + + + align:start position:0% +slip I can say that the distance it +rolls down the hill is minus r Theta + + align:start position:0% +rolls down the hill is minus r Theta + + + align:start position:0% +rolls down the hill is minus r Theta +that's a + + align:start position:0% +that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a +constraint X and Theta are not + + align:start position:0% +constraint X and Theta are not + + + align:start position:0% +constraint X and Theta are not +independent of one another these we're + + align:start position:0% +independent of one another these we're + + + align:start position:0% +independent of one another these we're +looking for the number of + + align:start position:0% +looking for the number of + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the number of +independent coordinates required to + + align:start position:0% +independent coordinates required to + + + align:start position:0% +independent coordinates required to +completely describe the motion X and R + + align:start position:0% +completely describe the motion X and R + + + align:start position:0% +completely describe the motion X and R +are not independent because of this no + + align:start position:0% +are not independent because of this no + + + align:start position:0% +are not independent because of this no +slip condition and so that implies yet + + align:start position:0% +slip condition and so that implies yet + + + align:start position:0% +slip condition and so that implies yet +another Okay so we've got one + + align:start position:0% +another Okay so we've got one + + + align:start position:0% +another Okay so we've got one +two 3 four five + + align:start position:0% +two 3 four five + + + align:start position:0% +two 3 four five +constraints and we said that the number + + align:start position:0% +constraints and we said that the number + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and we said that the number +of degrees of freedom in this problem is + + align:start position:0% +of degrees of freedom in this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +of degrees of freedom in this problem is +equal to 6 - 5 one so it takes a single + + align:start position:0% +equal to 6 - 5 one so it takes a single + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 6 - 5 one so it takes a single +coordinate you could have told me that + + align:start position:0% +coordinate you could have told me that + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate you could have told me that +long ago that that's what going to take + + align:start position:0% +long ago that that's what going to take + + + align:start position:0% +long ago that that's what going to take +but this is the sort of thinking you + + align:start position:0% +but this is the sort of thinking you + + + align:start position:0% +but this is the sort of thinking you +have to go through to come up with all + + align:start position:0% +have to go through to come up with all + + + align:start position:0% +have to go through to come up with all +these constraints so this is going to + + align:start position:0% +these constraints so this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +these constraints so this is going to +take a single coordinate it could be X + + align:start position:0% +take a single coordinate it could be X + + + align:start position:0% +take a single coordinate it could be X +it could be + + align:start position:0% +it could be + + + align:start position:0% +it could be +Theta but you don't need actually need + + align:start position:0% +Theta but you don't need actually need + + + align:start position:0% +Theta but you don't need actually need +them both you use them both for a while + + align:start position:0% +them both you use them both for a while + + + align:start position:0% +them both you use them both for a while +because it's convenient but the final + + align:start position:0% +because it's convenient but the final + + + align:start position:0% +because it's convenient but the final +analysis you'll be able to write an + + align:start position:0% +analysis you'll be able to write an + + + align:start position:0% +analysis you'll be able to write an +equation of motion just in terms of X or + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion just in terms of X or + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion just in terms of X or +just in terms of + + align:start position:0% +just in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +just in terms of +theta okay free about a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram of our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wheel we said no we said no slip so + + align:start position:0% +wheel we said no we said no slip so + + + align:start position:0% +wheel we said no we said no slip so +here's your slope you know you got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mg you know there's going to be a normal + + align:start position:0% +mg you know there's going to be a normal + + + align:start position:0% +mg you know there's going to be a normal +force from the slope there may also be + + align:start position:0% +force from the slope there may also be + + + align:start position:0% +force from the slope there may also be +some tangential force that makes it + + align:start position:0% +some tangential force that makes it + + + align:start position:0% +some tangential force that makes it +impossible for it not to + + align:start position:0% +impossible for it not to + + + align:start position:0% +impossible for it not to +slip some f so there's a free Bid + + align:start position:0% +slip some f so there's a free Bid + + + align:start position:0% +slip some f so there's a free Bid +diagram in this + + align:start position:0% +diagram in this + + + align:start position:0% +diagram in this +case what + + align:start position:0% +case what + + + align:start position:0% +case what +if I'll do e here or do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case two here slip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aloud + + align:start position:0% +aloud + + + align:start position:0% +aloud +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how many constraints do we + + align:start position:0% +how many constraints do we + + + align:start position:0% +how many constraints do we +have just four because now you can no + + align:start position:0% +have just four because now you can no + + + align:start position:0% +have just four because now you can no +longer say that this is true they're + + align:start position:0% +longer say that this is true they're + + + align:start position:0% +longer say that this is true they're +independent of one another they take on + + align:start position:0% +independent of one another they take on + + + align:start position:0% +independent of one another they take on +values not controlled by this + + align:start position:0% +values not controlled by this + + + align:start position:0% +values not controlled by this +formulation so 6 - 4 it gives you two + + align:start position:0% +formulation so 6 - 4 it gives you two + + + align:start position:0% +formulation so 6 - 4 it gives you two +and you're going to end up having to + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to end up having to + + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to end up having to +have both X and Theta probably as your + + align:start position:0% +have both X and Theta probably as your + + + align:start position:0% +have both X and Theta probably as your +chosen coordinates to do the problem and + + align:start position:0% +chosen coordinates to do the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +chosen coordinates to do the problem and +you'll end up two equations of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I've got a hockey puck here on + + align:start position:0% +so I've got a hockey puck here on + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got a hockey puck here on +a on a I've drawn kind kind of a 3D + + align:start position:0% +a on a I've drawn kind kind of a 3D + + + align:start position:0% +a on a I've drawn kind kind of a 3D +perspective of this so it has a + + align:start position:0% +perspective of this so it has a + + + align:start position:0% +perspective of this so it has a +coordinate system out here the z-axis is + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system out here the z-axis is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system out here the z-axis is +going like that so here's my Z here's my + + align:start position:0% +going like that so here's my Z here's my + + + align:start position:0% +going like that so here's my Z here's my +X here's my y in the plane of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ice that this thing is sliding on okay + + align:start position:0% +ice that this thing is sliding on okay + + + align:start position:0% +ice that this thing is sliding on okay +so this is my + + align:start position:0% +so this is my + + + align:start position:0% +so this is my +z-coordinate and I have string wrapped + + align:start position:0% +z-coordinate and I have string wrapped + + + align:start position:0% +z-coordinate and I have string wrapped +around it and I've got a piece of string + + align:start position:0% +around it and I've got a piece of string + + + align:start position:0% +around it and I've got a piece of string +coming off like that and I'm pulling on + + align:start position:0% +coming off like that and I'm pulling on + + + align:start position:0% +coming off like that and I'm pulling on +it with some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tension it's + + align:start position:0% +tension it's + + + align:start position:0% +tension it's +otherwise the the only constraints are + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the the only constraints are + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise the the only constraints are +it's sitting on this icy surface which + + align:start position:0% +it's sitting on this icy surface which + + + align:start position:0% +it's sitting on this icy surface which +I'm going to assume is well I don't even + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume is well I don't even + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume is well I don't even +have to assume it's friction + + align:start position:0% +have to assume it's friction + + + align:start position:0% +have to assume it's friction +frictionless I could so let's figure out + + align:start position:0% +frictionless I could so let's figure out + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless I could so let's figure out +how many equations of motion we're going + + align:start position:0% +how many equations of motion we're going + + + align:start position:0% +how many equations of motion we're going +to need here so the number of degrees of + + align:start position:0% +to need here so the number of degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +to need here so the number of degrees of +freedom six times this a rigid body it's + + align:start position:0% +freedom six times this a rigid body it's + + + align:start position:0% +freedom six times this a rigid body it's +not a particle and there's only one of + + align:start position:0% +not a particle and there's only one of + + + align:start position:0% +not a particle and there's only one of +them right so it's 6 * 1 minus C and the + + align:start position:0% +them right so it's 6 * 1 minus C and the + + + align:start position:0% +them right so it's 6 * 1 minus C and the +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +constraints so can it move into the + + align:start position:0% +constraints so can it move into the + + + align:start position:0% +constraints so can it move into the +table into the onto the surface no so + + align:start position:0% +table into the onto the surface no so + + + align:start position:0% +table into the onto the surface no so +that's a constraint the + + align:start position:0% +that's a constraint the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a constraint the +Z are there any constraints in the x in + + align:start position:0% +Z are there any constraints in the x in + + + align:start position:0% +Z are there any constraints in the x in +x or + + align:start position:0% +x or + + + align:start position:0% +x or +y it can rotate about + + align:start position:0% +y it can rotate about + + + align:start position:0% +y it can rotate about +Z but it can't rotate about the x or y + + align:start position:0% +Z but it can't rotate about the x or y + + + align:start position:0% +Z but it can't rotate about the x or y +axis all right so constraint in the Z is + + align:start position:0% +axis all right so constraint in the Z is + + + align:start position:0% +axis all right so constraint in the Z is +one can't rotate about X X or Y 2 three + + align:start position:0% +one can't rotate about X X or Y 2 three + + + align:start position:0% +one can't rotate about X X or Y 2 three +other any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +others think I miss anybody who thinks I + + align:start position:0% +others think I miss anybody who thinks I + + + align:start position:0% +others think I miss anybody who thinks I +may have missed one okay I'd say we've + + align:start position:0% +may have missed one okay I'd say we've + + + align:start position:0% +may have missed one okay I'd say we've +got 6 - 3 + + align:start position:0% +got 6 - 3 + + + align:start position:0% +got 6 - 3 +we're going to need three equations of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need three equations of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need three equations of +motion to cover the to be able to + + align:start position:0% +motion to cover the to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +motion to cover the to be able to +actually describe the motion of this + + align:start position:0% +actually describe the motion of this + + + align:start position:0% +actually describe the motion of this +thing and we'd probably use uh this is a + + align:start position:0% +thing and we'd probably use uh this is a + + + align:start position:0% +thing and we'd probably use uh this is a +pretty pretty good coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty good coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty good coordinate system +we'd probably + + align:start position:0% +we'd probably + + + align:start position:0% +we'd probably +use an x a y and some Theta with respect + + align:start position:0% +use an x a y and some Theta with respect + + + align:start position:0% +use an x a y and some Theta with respect +to Z + + align:start position:0% +to Z + + + align:start position:0% +to Z +axis all right another quick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we've got a rod leaning against the + + align:start position:0% +so we've got a rod leaning against the + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got a rod leaning against the +wall it's length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L actually I don't want to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it's l long got a center of mass + + align:start position:0% +that it's l long got a center of mass + + + align:start position:0% +that it's l long got a center of mass +here at the middle uniform rod + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let this be + + align:start position:0% +let this be + + + align:start position:0% +let this be +x y z coming out of the board maybe give + + align:start position:0% +x y z coming out of the board maybe give + + + align:start position:0% +x y z coming out of the board maybe give +it an angle here just to help us + + align:start position:0% +it an angle here just to help us + + + align:start position:0% +it an angle here just to help us +describe motions you know you might + + align:start position:0% +describe motions you know you might + + + align:start position:0% +describe motions you know you might +start off with a preliminary little + + align:start position:0% +start off with a preliminary little + + + align:start position:0% +start off with a preliminary little +coordinate system just so you can think + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system just so you can think + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system just so you can think +that okay no Motion in the a no rotation + + align:start position:0% +that okay no Motion in the a no rotation + + + align:start position:0% +that okay no Motion in the a no rotation +in this but once you get the problem + + align:start position:0% +in this but once you get the problem + + + align:start position:0% +in this but once you get the problem +you're ready to set up the equations of + + align:start position:0% +you're ready to set up the equations of + + + align:start position:0% +you're ready to set up the equations of +motion you might decide okay I know I + + align:start position:0% +motion you might decide okay I know I + + + align:start position:0% +motion you might decide okay I know I +need two coordinates and the ones I've + + align:start position:0% +need two coordinates and the ones I've + + + align:start position:0% +need two coordinates and the ones I've +preliminarily chosen aren't too good + + align:start position:0% +preliminarily chosen aren't too good + + + align:start position:0% +preliminarily chosen aren't too good +then you change and you pick really good + + align:start position:0% +then you change and you pick really good + + + align:start position:0% +then you change and you pick really good +ones but I'm just making this + + align:start position:0% +ones but I'm just making this + + + align:start position:0% +ones but I'm just making this +preliminary assessment so I can assess + + align:start position:0% +preliminary assessment so I can assess + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary assessment so I can assess +the problem here um again the degrees of + + align:start position:0% +the problem here um again the degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +the problem here um again the degrees of +freedom 6 * 1 - c because I only have + + align:start position:0% +freedom 6 * 1 - c because I only have + + + align:start position:0% +freedom 6 * 1 - c because I only have +one rigid + + align:start position:0% +one rigid + + + align:start position:0% +one rigid +body now + + align:start position:0% +body now + + + align:start position:0% +body now +what this the constraints here are a + + align:start position:0% +what this the constraints here are a + + + align:start position:0% +what this the constraints here are a +little more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subtle give me just discuss these two + + align:start position:0% +subtle give me just discuss these two + + + align:start position:0% +subtle give me just discuss these two +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +what can you say about the motion at + + align:start position:0% +what can you say about the motion at + + + align:start position:0% +what can you say about the motion at +Point a this is right here where it + + align:start position:0% +Point a this is right here where it + + + align:start position:0% +Point a this is right here where it +touches the + + align:start position:0% +touches the + + + align:start position:0% +touches the +wall this thing sliding down the wall + + align:start position:0% +wall this thing sliding down the wall + + + align:start position:0% +wall this thing sliding down the wall +might be FR friction list might not + + align:start position:0% +might be FR friction list might not + + + align:start position:0% +might be FR friction list might not +whether or not friction acts doesn't + + align:start position:0% +whether or not friction acts doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not friction acts doesn't +really change the number of degrees of + + align:start position:0% +really change the number of degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +really change the number of degrees of +freedom unless you invoke things like no + + align:start position:0% +freedom unless you invoke things like no + + + align:start position:0% +freedom unless you invoke things like no +slip what can you say that kinematically + + align:start position:0% +slip what can you say that kinematically + + + align:start position:0% +slip what can you say that kinematically +about motion about the motion at a does + + align:start position:0% +about motion about the motion at a does + + + align:start position:0% +about motion about the motion at a does +the wall restrict the + + align:start position:0% +the wall restrict the + + + align:start position:0% +the wall restrict the +motion in One Direction + + align:start position:0% +motion in One Direction + + + align:start position:0% +motion in One Direction +so is this in which direction in X + + align:start position:0% +so is this in which direction in X + + + align:start position:0% +so is this in which direction in X +direction right so is this body + + align:start position:0% +direction right so is this body + + + align:start position:0% +direction right so is this body +constrained in the X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction + + align:start position:0% +Direction + + + align:start position:0% +Direction +pardon I hear no I hear some + + align:start position:0% +pardon I hear no I hear some + + + align:start position:0% +pardon I hear no I hear some +yeses this is what about at + + align:start position:0% +yeses this is what about at + + + align:start position:0% +yeses this is what about at +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +B is it constrained at B in the y + + align:start position:0% +B is it constrained at B in the y + + + align:start position:0% +B is it constrained at B in the y +direction okay I didn't bring my large + + align:start position:0% +direction okay I didn't bring my large + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay I didn't bring my large +my big my foam dis but earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +my big my foam dis but earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +my big my foam dis but earlier in the +term I said that the definition of + + align:start position:0% +term I said that the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +term I said that the definition of +translation is that all points on a + + align:start position:0% +translation is that all points on a + + + align:start position:0% +translation is that all points on a +rigid body do + + align:start position:0% +rigid body do + + + align:start position:0% +rigid body do +what if you are in rectal linear or + + align:start position:0% +what if you are in rectal linear or + + + align:start position:0% +what if you are in rectal linear or +curval linear translation as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +curval linear translation as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +curval linear translation as opposed to +rotation inall they all points move in + + align:start position:0% +rotation inall they all points move in + + + align:start position:0% +rotation inall they all points move in +parallel exactly + + align:start position:0% +parallel exactly + + + align:start position:0% +parallel exactly +right that means that if we if we use + + align:start position:0% +right that means that if we if we use + + + align:start position:0% +right that means that if we if we use +real strict definitions of translation + + align:start position:0% +real strict definitions of translation + + + align:start position:0% +real strict definitions of translation +and rotation that if I con strain the + + align:start position:0% +and rotation that if I con strain the + + + align:start position:0% +and rotation that if I con strain the +motion of any point on that object that + + align:start position:0% +motion of any point on that object that + + + align:start position:0% +motion of any point on that object that +object is now not allowed to translate + + align:start position:0% +object is now not allowed to translate + + + align:start position:0% +object is now not allowed to translate +in that + + align:start position:0% +in that + + + align:start position:0% +in that +direction by the definition of + + align:start position:0% +direction by the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +direction by the definition of +translation so this this point + + align:start position:0% +translation so this this point + + + align:start position:0% +translation so this this point +constrains it in the X Direction this + + align:start position:0% +constrains it in the X Direction this + + + align:start position:0% +constrains it in the X Direction this +constrains it in the y + + align:start position:0% +constrains it in the y + + + align:start position:0% +constrains it in the y +direction and we're going to so it has + + align:start position:0% +direction and we're going to so it has + + + align:start position:0% +direction and we're going to so it has +uh it's + + align:start position:0% +uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's +constrained + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about these axes and that implies two + + align:start position:0% +about these axes and that implies two + + + align:start position:0% +about these axes and that implies two +more so I have two + + align:start position:0% +more so I have two + + + align:start position:0% +more so I have two +three four + + align:start position:0% +three four + + + align:start position:0% +three four +five and I better not have any more than + + align:start position:0% +five and I better not have any more than + + + align:start position:0% +five and I better not have any more than +that or the thing can't move all right + + align:start position:0% +that or the thing can't move all right + + + align:start position:0% +that or the thing can't move all right +so in this case this is 6 - 5 = 1 I need + + align:start position:0% +so in this case this is 6 - 5 = 1 I need + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case this is 6 - 5 = 1 I need +a single coordinate to describe the + + align:start position:0% +a single coordinate to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +a single coordinate to describe the +motion and if you look at it you say + + align:start position:0% +motion and if you look at it you say + + + align:start position:0% +motion and if you look at it you say +that's kind of intuitive obvious if I + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of intuitive obvious if I + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of intuitive obvious if I +specify the X position here I could + + align:start position:0% +specify the X position here I could + + + align:start position:0% +specify the X position here I could +figure everything out if I know the + + align:start position:0% +figure everything out if I know the + + + align:start position:0% +figure everything out if I know the +length in the X I could figure out where + + align:start position:0% +length in the X I could figure out where + + + align:start position:0% +length in the X I could figure out where +it is if I know the the Y position in + + align:start position:0% +it is if I know the the Y position in + + + align:start position:0% +it is if I know the the Y position in +the length I could figure out where it + + align:start position:0% +the length I could figure out where it + + + align:start position:0% +the length I could figure out where it +is by no Theta I could figure it out I + + align:start position:0% +is by no Theta I could figure it out I + + + align:start position:0% +is by no Theta I could figure it out I +only need one but that strict definition + + align:start position:0% +only need one but that strict definition + + + align:start position:0% +only need one but that strict definition +of translation is really helpful here + + align:start position:0% +of translation is really helpful here + + + align:start position:0% +of translation is really helpful here +this thing this object is in pure + + align:start position:0% +this thing this object is in pure + + + align:start position:0% +this thing this object is in pure +rotation if it's in pure rotation it + + align:start position:0% +rotation if it's in pure rotation it + + + align:start position:0% +rotation if it's in pure rotation it +must rotate at about some + + align:start position:0% +must rotate at about some + + + align:start position:0% +must rotate at about some +point where you know how to find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what's the velocity + + align:start position:0% +that what's the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +that what's the velocity +here it's got gravity acting on it so + + align:start position:0% +here it's got gravity acting on it so + + + align:start position:0% +here it's got gravity acting on it so +it's probably down right but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's probably down right but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably down right but it's +parallel to the wall has to be what's + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the wall has to be what's + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the wall has to be what's +the velocity here it's got to be + + align:start position:0% +the velocity here it's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity here it's got to be +parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the +wall if I draw a perpendicular to that + + align:start position:0% +wall if I draw a perpendicular to that + + + align:start position:0% +wall if I draw a perpendicular to that +if I'm assuming if I'm saying this is + + align:start position:0% +if I'm assuming if I'm saying this is + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm assuming if I'm saying this is +rotation rotation all points in the body + + align:start position:0% +rotation rotation all points in the body + + + align:start position:0% +rotation rotation all points in the body +rotate at the same rate but their speed + + align:start position:0% +rotate at the same rate but their speed + + + align:start position:0% +rotate at the same rate but their speed +is determined by their distance away + + align:start position:0% +is determined by their distance away + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by their distance away +from the from the center of rotation but + + align:start position:0% +from the from the center of rotation but + + + align:start position:0% +from the from the center of rotation but +there must if it's a pure rotation there + + align:start position:0% +there must if it's a pure rotation there + + + align:start position:0% +there must if it's a pure rotation there +must be a Center of rotation somewhere + + align:start position:0% +must be a Center of rotation somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +must be a Center of rotation somewhere +and it must be perpendicular to any + + align:start position:0% +and it must be perpendicular to any + + + align:start position:0% +and it must be perpendicular to any +velocity Vector so you draw the + + align:start position:0% +velocity Vector so you draw the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity Vector so you draw the +perpendicular you draw the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular you draw the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular you draw the +perpendicular and here is the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and here is the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and here is the +instantaneous Center of rotation the icr + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous Center of rotation the icr + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous Center of rotation the icr +there's a little short section in the + + align:start position:0% +there's a little short section in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little short section in the +book on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that when the thing drops down to + + align:start position:0% +that when the thing drops down to + + + align:start position:0% +that when the thing drops down to +here same kind of arguments + + align:start position:0% +here same kind of arguments + + + align:start position:0% +here same kind of arguments +hold + + align:start position:0% +hold + + + align:start position:0% +hold +but the center of rotation has changed + + align:start position:0% +but the center of rotation has changed + + + align:start position:0% +but the center of rotation has changed +locations yeah so is this not + + align:start position:0% +locations yeah so is this not + + + align:start position:0% +locations yeah so is this not +translating in X and + + align:start position:0% +translating in X and + + + align:start position:0% +translating in X and +Y yeah so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now now let's talk about the center of + + align:start position:0% +now now let's talk about the center of + + + align:start position:0% +now now let's talk about the center of +mass and she ask is it excuse me I + + align:start position:0% +mass and she ask is it excuse me I + + + align:start position:0% +mass and she ask is it excuse me I +should repeat the question you guys + + align:start position:0% +should repeat the question you guys + + + align:start position:0% +should repeat the question you guys +aren't aren't aren't holding me that + + align:start position:0% +aren't aren't aren't holding me that + + + align:start position:0% +aren't aren't aren't holding me that +very well raise your hands if I don't + + align:start position:0% +very well raise your hands if I don't + + + align:start position:0% +very well raise your hands if I don't +repeat the important question um she + + align:start position:0% +repeat the important question um she + + + align:start position:0% +repeat the important question um she +says is it not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translating we've determined that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me ask you does the center of mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +move does Newton's second law apply to + + align:start position:0% +move does Newton's second law apply to + + + align:start position:0% +move does Newton's second law apply to +the motion of the center of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mass yeah it's got to so the center of + + align:start position:0% +mass yeah it's got to so the center of + + + align:start position:0% +mass yeah it's got to so the center of +mass translates no doubt about that + + align:start position:0% +mass translates no doubt about that + + + align:start position:0% +mass translates no doubt about that +Newton's Second Law applies to it okay + + align:start position:0% +Newton's Second Law applies to it okay + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's Second Law applies to it okay +so we're not saying that there isn't + + align:start position:0% +so we're not saying that there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +so we're not saying that there isn't +motion of the system in the X and Y why + + align:start position:0% +motion of the system in the X and Y why + + + align:start position:0% +motion of the system in the X and Y why +we're just saying that that motion is + + align:start position:0% +we're just saying that that motion is + + + align:start position:0% +we're just saying that that motion is +caused by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotation it's not caused + + align:start position:0% +rotation it's not caused + + + align:start position:0% +rotation it's not caused +by what is strictly defined as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translation free body + + align:start position:0% +translation free body + + + align:start position:0% +translation free body +diagram the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reason let's think about a free body + + align:start position:0% +reason let's think about a free body + + + align:start position:0% +reason let's think about a free body +diagram for this here's our + + align:start position:0% +diagram for this here's our + + + align:start position:0% +diagram for this here's our +Rod there must be if it's I'll let it be + + align:start position:0% +Rod there must be if it's I'll let it be + + + align:start position:0% +Rod there must be if it's I'll let it be +frictionless to make the keep the + + align:start position:0% +frictionless to make the keep the + + + align:start position:0% +frictionless to make the keep the +problem simple for a moment that means + + align:start position:0% +problem simple for a moment that means + + + align:start position:0% +problem simple for a moment that means +there must be just a normal force in the + + align:start position:0% +there must be just a normal force in the + + + align:start position:0% +there must be just a normal force in the +X Direction here I'll call it NX and + + align:start position:0% +X Direction here I'll call it NX and + + + align:start position:0% +X Direction here I'll call it NX and +there must be a normal force in the Y + + align:start position:0% +there must be a normal force in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +there must be a normal force in the Y +call it NY the center of mass there must + + align:start position:0% +call it NY the center of mass there must + + + align:start position:0% +call it NY the center of mass there must +be an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mg but so now that I set the problem up + + align:start position:0% +mg but so now that I set the problem up + + + align:start position:0% +mg but so now that I set the problem up +this way how many unknowns are there in + + align:start position:0% +this way how many unknowns are there in + + + align:start position:0% +this way how many unknowns are there in +the problem if I want to calc calculate + + align:start position:0% +the problem if I want to calc calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the problem if I want to calc calculate +literally the motion of this thing Sol + + align:start position:0% +literally the motion of this thing Sol + + + align:start position:0% +literally the motion of this thing Sol +find an equation of motion and solve it + + align:start position:0% +find an equation of motion and solve it + + + align:start position:0% +find an equation of motion and solve it +how many unknowns do I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have how + + align:start position:0% +have how + + + align:start position:0% +have how +many I hear one I see two on the + + align:start position:0% +many I hear one I see two on the + + + align:start position:0% +many I hear one I see two on the +board but is two the right + + align:start position:0% +board but is two the right + + + align:start position:0% +board but is two the right +answer I hear three who said three all + + align:start position:0% +answer I hear three who said three all + + + align:start position:0% +answer I hear three who said three all +right what's the third one + + align:start position:0% +right what's the third one + + + align:start position:0% +right what's the third one +acceleration how do you describe + + align:start position:0% +acceleration how do you describe + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration how do you describe +acceleration with + + align:start position:0% +acceleration with + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration with +a coordinate of some kind + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate of some kind + + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate of some kind +right so is so there is yet a there's + + align:start position:0% +right so is so there is yet a there's + + + align:start position:0% +right so is so there is yet a there's +another unknown it's probably the thing + + align:start position:0% +another unknown it's probably the thing + + + align:start position:0% +another unknown it's probably the thing +that you're trying to solve for it's + + align:start position:0% +that you're trying to solve for it's + + + align:start position:0% +that you're trying to solve for it's +actually the motion itself right + + align:start position:0% +actually the motion itself right + + + align:start position:0% +actually the motion itself right +described by Theta or X or Y whatever + + align:start position:0% +described by Theta or X or Y whatever + + + align:start position:0% +described by Theta or X or Y whatever +you do there's at least three unknowns + + align:start position:0% +you do there's at least three unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +you do there's at least three unknowns +in this problem the way it's way you see + + align:start position:0% +in this problem the way it's way you see + + + align:start position:0% +in this problem the way it's way you see +it in this in this free body + + align:start position:0% +it in this in this free body + + + align:start position:0% +it in this in this free body +diagram so you got to figure out ways + + align:start position:0% +diagram so you got to figure out ways + + + align:start position:0% +diagram so you got to figure out ways +around that this instantaneous Center of + + align:start position:0% +around that this instantaneous Center of + + + align:start position:0% +around that this instantaneous Center of +rotation gives you one possible way + + align:start position:0% +rotation gives you one possible way + + + align:start position:0% +rotation gives you one possible way +around that + + align:start position:0% +around that + + + align:start position:0% +around that +because about an instantaneous center + + align:start position:0% +because about an instantaneous center + + + align:start position:0% +because about an instantaneous center +it's not moving it's a it's an axis + + align:start position:0% +it's not moving it's a it's an axis + + + align:start position:0% +it's not moving it's a it's an axis +that's not moving how we have a little + + align:start position:0% +that's not moving how we have a little + + + align:start position:0% +that's not moving how we have a little +formula that says the time rate of + + align:start position:0% +formula that says the time rate of + + + align:start position:0% +formula that says the time rate of +change of angular + + align:start position:0% +change of angular + + + align:start position:0% +change of angular +momentum torque is related to the time + + align:start position:0% +momentum torque is related to the time + + + align:start position:0% +momentum torque is related to the time +rate of change of angular momentum and + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of angular momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of angular momentum and +you're can have a messy formula or not + + align:start position:0% +you're can have a messy formula or not + + + align:start position:0% +you're can have a messy formula or not +so messy and it's not so messy when the + + align:start position:0% +so messy and it's not so messy when the + + + align:start position:0% +so messy and it's not so messy when the +axis of rotation is stationary so at + + align:start position:0% +axis of rotation is stationary so at + + + align:start position:0% +axis of rotation is stationary so at +this instant in time the axis is + + align:start position:0% +this instant in time the axis is + + + align:start position:0% +this instant in time the axis is +stationary you can say that the torqu + + align:start position:0% +stationary you can say that the torqu + + + align:start position:0% +stationary you can say that the torqu +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +this point the + + align:start position:0% +this point the + + + align:start position:0% +this point the +icr summation of the torqux with respect + + align:start position:0% +icr summation of the torqux with respect + + + align:start position:0% +icr summation of the torqux with respect +to the icr is equal to + + align:start position:0% +to the icr is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +to the icr is equal to +D this is now a rigid + + align:start position:0% +D this is now a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +D this is now a rigid +body with respect + + align:start position:0% +body with respect + + + align:start position:0% +body with respect +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +icr + + align:start position:0% +icr + + + align:start position:0% +icr +DT okay and what are in this problem + + align:start position:0% +DT okay and what are in this problem + + + align:start position:0% +DT okay and what are in this problem +what are the torqus where do the torqu + + align:start position:0% +what are the torqus where do the torqu + + + align:start position:0% +what are the torqus where do the torqu +come from is there any torque caused by + + align:start position:0% +come from is there any torque caused by + + + align:start position:0% +come from is there any torque caused by +NX + + align:start position:0% +NX + + + align:start position:0% +NX +no cuz no moment arm right it's pointing + + align:start position:0% +no cuz no moment arm right it's pointing + + + align:start position:0% +no cuz no moment arm right it's pointing +right at the center same thing no torque + + align:start position:0% +right at the center same thing no torque + + + align:start position:0% +right at the center same thing no torque +caused by this you want to find + + align:start position:0% +caused by this you want to find + + + align:start position:0% +caused by this you want to find +equations that get rid of unknown so you + + align:start position:0% +equations that get rid of unknown so you + + + align:start position:0% +equations that get rid of unknown so you +don't neither unknown appear in this + + align:start position:0% +don't neither unknown appear in this + + + align:start position:0% +don't neither unknown appear in this +equation where's the torque come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from Gravity right and it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +from Gravity right and it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +from Gravity right and it's going to be +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +mg times the moment arm and the moment + + align:start position:0% +mg times the moment arm and the moment + + + align:start position:0% +mg times the moment arm and the moment +arm is going to be like that so it's an + + align:start position:0% +arm is going to be like that so it's an + + + align:start position:0% +arm is going to be like that so it's an +L over 2 sin + + align:start position:0% +L over 2 sin + + + align:start position:0% +L over 2 sin +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +and the sign you'll have to figure out + + align:start position:0% +and the sign you'll have to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +and the sign you'll have to figure out +from an R cross an F so you have + + align:start position:0% +from an R cross an F so you have + + + align:start position:0% +from an R cross an F so you have +a I cross J gives you a k but it's in + + align:start position:0% +a I cross J gives you a k but it's in + + + align:start position:0% +a I cross J gives you a k but it's in +the minus Direction so I think it'll + + align:start position:0% +the minus Direction so I think it'll + + + align:start position:0% +the minus Direction so I think it'll +come out + + align:start position:0% +come out + + + align:start position:0% +come out +minus but I could be wrong I did that + + align:start position:0% +minus but I could be wrong I did that + + + align:start position:0% +minus but I could be wrong I did that +kind of fat did that on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fly so we're not going to go further + + align:start position:0% +fly so we're not going to go further + + + align:start position:0% +fly so we're not going to go further +with this but instantaneous centers of + + align:start position:0% +with this but instantaneous centers of + + + align:start position:0% +with this but instantaneous centers of +rotation could be really handy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example in this stuff how we doing on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time couple of carts so the floor + + align:start position:0% +time couple of carts so the floor + + + align:start position:0% +time couple of carts so the floor +constrains the + + align:start position:0% +constrains the + + + align:start position:0% +constrains the +motion and I've got a spring and a + + align:start position:0% +motion and I've got a spring and a + + + align:start position:0% +motion and I've got a spring and a +dashpot and an M1 and an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M2 and I want to figure out how many + + align:start position:0% +M2 and I want to figure out how many + + + align:start position:0% +M2 and I want to figure out how many +yeah I was just curious why is torque + + align:start position:0% +yeah I was just curious why is torque + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I was just curious why is torque +negative in your earlier solution let's + + align:start position:0% +negative in your earlier solution let's + + + align:start position:0% +negative in your earlier solution let's +just figure out R cross F so my + + align:start position:0% +just figure out R cross F so my + + + align:start position:0% +just figure out R cross F so my +R is he says they saying why is the + + align:start position:0% +R is he says they saying why is the + + + align:start position:0% +R is he says they saying why is the +torque negative I this is the r is L + + align:start position:0% +torque negative I this is the r is L + + + align:start position:0% +torque negative I this is the r is L +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +over 2 in the I hat + + align:start position:0% +over 2 in the I hat + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 in the I hat +right and the gravity crossed with the + + align:start position:0% +right and the gravity crossed with the + + + align:start position:0% +right and the gravity crossed with the +force which is + + align:start position:0% +force which is + + + align:start position:0% +force which is +mg in the but it's + + align:start position:0% +mg in the but it's + + + align:start position:0% +mg in the but it's +minus mg in the J hat so I cross J is + + align:start position:0% +minus mg in the J hat so I cross J is + + + align:start position:0% +minus mg in the J hat so I cross J is +positive K but the minus sign comes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there well I I'm working on the center + + align:start position:0% +there well I I'm working on the center + + + align:start position:0% +there well I I'm working on the center +of mass here that's my equation and this + + align:start position:0% +of mass here that's my equation and this + + + align:start position:0% +of mass here that's my equation and this +thing is L long so half of the length + + align:start position:0% +thing is L long so half of the length + + + align:start position:0% +thing is L long so half of the length +must be L over two and I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +must be L over two and I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +must be L over two and I'm interested in +this side of the right + + align:start position:0% +this side of the right + + + align:start position:0% +this side of the right +triangle why are interested in that side + + align:start position:0% +triangle why are interested in that side + + + align:start position:0% +triangle why are interested in that side +rather than the side that connects it to + + align:start position:0% +rather than the side that connects it to + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the side that connects it to +because I need because this side cross + + align:start position:0% +because I need because this side cross + + + align:start position:0% +because I need because this side cross +with that gives me zero there's no + + align:start position:0% +with that gives me zero there's no + + + align:start position:0% +with that gives me zero there's no +moment so the mo this is a moment + + align:start position:0% +moment so the mo this is a moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment so the mo this is a moment +equation I'm trying to compute + + align:start position:0% +equation I'm trying to compute + + + align:start position:0% +equation I'm trying to compute +moments yeah should the momentum come + + align:start position:0% +moments yeah should the momentum come + + + align:start position:0% +moments yeah should the momentum come +from the icr though oh you're right I + + align:start position:0% +from the icr though oh you're right I + + + align:start position:0% +from the icr though oh you're right I +don't know what I'm let's yeah I could + + align:start position:0% +don't know what I'm let's yeah I could + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what I'm let's yeah I could +have messed this up it's got to be about + + align:start position:0% +have messed this up it's got to be about + + + align:start position:0% +have messed this up it's got to be about +the icr so uh the force is down o it's + + align:start position:0% +the icr so uh the force is down o it's + + + align:start position:0% +the icr so uh the force is down o it's +got to be this one I messed up good + + align:start position:0% +got to be this one I messed up good + + + align:start position:0% +got to be this one I messed up good +catch so that's a cosine + + align:start position:0% +catch so that's a cosine + + + align:start position:0% +catch so that's a cosine +right still L over two you got a Thea + + align:start position:0% +right still L over two you got a Thea + + + align:start position:0% +right still L over two you got a Thea +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +a this is also + + align:start position:0% +a this is also + + + align:start position:0% +a this is also +Theta and we're looking now for this + + align:start position:0% +Theta and we're looking now for this + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and we're looking now for this +side it's still s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta right is the sign still work out + + align:start position:0% +Theta right is the sign still work out + + + align:start position:0% +Theta right is the sign still work out +the right way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good okay got to keep rolling I got + + align:start position:0% +good okay got to keep rolling I got + + + align:start position:0% +good okay got to keep rolling I got +something else really fun I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +something else really fun I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +something else really fun I want to talk +about um so let's do this example + + align:start position:0% +about um so let's do this example + + + align:start position:0% +about um so let's do this example +quickly this is mostly to get you to + + align:start position:0% +quickly this is mostly to get you to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly this is mostly to get you to +think about free body + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagrams this two rigid + + align:start position:0% +diagrams this two rigid + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams this two rigid +bodies the dees of Freedom quickly here + + align:start position:0% +bodies the dees of Freedom quickly here + + + align:start position:0% +bodies the dees of Freedom quickly here +6 * 2 there's no particles minus C so 12 + + align:start position:0% +6 * 2 there's no particles minus C so 12 + + + align:start position:0% +6 * 2 there's no particles minus C so 12 +minus C + + align:start position:0% +minus C + + + align:start position:0% +minus C +now how many what's your intuition tell + + align:start position:0% +now how many what's your intuition tell + + + align:start position:0% +now how many what's your intuition tell +you how many independent coordinates is + + align:start position:0% +you how many independent coordinates is + + + align:start position:0% +you how many independent coordinates is +it going to take to solve this + + align:start position:0% +it going to take to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +it going to take to solve this +problem hold ups and + + align:start position:0% +problem hold ups and + + + align:start position:0% +problem hold ups and +fingers I see two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one two one okay one or two well I think + + align:start position:0% +one two one okay one or two well I think + + + align:start position:0% +one two one okay one or two well I think +it's going there's 10 you can find 10 + + align:start position:0% +it's going there's 10 you can find 10 + + + align:start position:0% +it's going there's 10 you can find 10 +constraints in this problem if you + + align:start position:0% +constraints in this problem if you + + + align:start position:0% +constraints in this problem if you +assume it doesn't roll over and you + + align:start position:0% +assume it doesn't roll over and you + + + align:start position:0% +assume it doesn't roll over and you +assume it doesn't move you you can find + + align:start position:0% +assume it doesn't move you you can find + + + align:start position:0% +assume it doesn't move you you can find +10 you're going to need two coordinates + + align:start position:0% +10 you're going to need two coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +10 you're going to need two coordinates +because just because you got a spring in + + align:start position:0% +because just because you got a spring in + + + align:start position:0% +because just because you got a spring in +a dashbot they don't fix they don't say + + align:start position:0% +a dashbot they don't fix they don't say + + + align:start position:0% +a dashbot they don't fix they don't say +there's any particular relation between + + align:start position:0% +there's any particular relation between + + + align:start position:0% +there's any particular relation between +the motion of this and the motion of + + align:start position:0% +the motion of this and the motion of + + + align:start position:0% +the motion of this and the motion of +that you're going to need an independent + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to need an independent + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to need an independent +coordinate to + + align:start position:0% +coordinate to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate to +describe the uh whoops two * + + align:start position:0% +describe the uh whoops two * + + + align:start position:0% +describe the uh whoops two * +six this is 12 - 10 you don't need any + + align:start position:0% +six this is 12 - 10 you don't need any + + + align:start position:0% +six this is 12 - 10 you don't need any +um you going need an independent + + align:start position:0% +um you going need an independent + + + align:start position:0% +um you going need an independent +coordinate to describe the motion of + + align:start position:0% +coordinate to describe the motion of + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate to describe the motion of +each of these masses and I'd probably + + align:start position:0% +each of these masses and I'd probably + + + align:start position:0% +each of these masses and I'd probably +choose a coordinate that let's say goes + + align:start position:0% +choose a coordinate that let's say goes + + + align:start position:0% +choose a coordinate that let's say goes +from the center of mass of this one I'll + + align:start position:0% +from the center of mass of this one I'll + + + align:start position:0% +from the center of mass of this one I'll +call it + + align:start position:0% +call it + + + align:start position:0% +call it +X1 Center of mass of this one call it X2 + + align:start position:0% +X1 Center of mass of this one call it X2 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 Center of mass of this one call it X2 +and because I've been doing problems + + align:start position:0% +and because I've been doing problems + + + align:start position:0% +and because I've been doing problems +vibration problems and stuff like this + + align:start position:0% +vibration problems and stuff like this + + + align:start position:0% +vibration problems and stuff like this +for a long time and it's I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +for a long time and it's I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time and it's I'll tell you +it's smart to start your coordinates at + + align:start position:0% +it's smart to start your coordinates at + + + align:start position:0% +it's smart to start your coordinates at +zero when you have zero spring + + align:start position:0% +zero when you have zero spring + + + align:start position:0% +zero when you have zero spring +forces or from the static equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +forces or from the static equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +forces or from the static equilibrium +position that's the good place to start + + align:start position:0% +position that's the good place to start + + + align:start position:0% +position that's the good place to start +so then your answer if you're at the + + align:start position:0% +so then your answer if you're at the + + + align:start position:0% +so then your answer if you're at the +static equilibrium position then + + align:start position:0% +static equilibrium position then + + + align:start position:0% +static equilibrium position then +any nonzero answers that come out of it + + align:start position:0% +any nonzero answers that come out of it + + + align:start position:0% +any nonzero answers that come out of it +are movement around that point + + align:start position:0% +are movement around that point + + + align:start position:0% +are movement around that point +that's that's what Mother Nature does + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what Mother Nature does + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what Mother Nature does +you know you spring hanging on a mass + + align:start position:0% +you know you spring hanging on a mass + + + align:start position:0% +you know you spring hanging on a mass +hanging on a spring it has a static + + align:start position:0% +hanging on a spring it has a static + + + align:start position:0% +hanging on a spring it has a static +equilibrium position the vibration + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium position the vibration + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium position the vibration +occurs around it your car sitting on the + + align:start position:0% +occurs around it your car sitting on the + + + align:start position:0% +occurs around it your car sitting on the +ground the vibration is around its + + align:start position:0% +ground the vibration is around its + + + align:start position:0% +ground the vibration is around its +static equilibrium position so you + + align:start position:0% +static equilibrium position so you + + + align:start position:0% +static equilibrium position so you +usually choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these at the static equilibrium and + + align:start position:0% +these at the static equilibrium and + + + align:start position:0% +these at the static equilibrium and +you'll find that that makes for much for + + align:start position:0% +you'll find that that makes for much for + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find that that makes for much for +simpler + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibri you'll find that it makes for + + align:start position:0% +equilibri you'll find that it makes for + + + align:start position:0% +equilibri you'll find that it makes for +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simplest equations of motion they tend + + align:start position:0% +simplest equations of motion they tend + + + align:start position:0% +simplest equations of motion they tend +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +be not have constants on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +be not have constants on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +be not have constants on the right hand +side that's caused by gravity or offsets + + align:start position:0% +side that's caused by gravity or offsets + + + align:start position:0% +side that's caused by gravity or offsets +or things like that so this thing you're + + align:start position:0% +or things like that so this thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +or things like that so this thing you're +going to this is this actually a problem + + align:start position:0% +going to this is this actually a problem + + + align:start position:0% +going to this is this actually a problem +very similar to this is on your homework + + align:start position:0% +very similar to this is on your homework + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to this is on your homework +you have to the homework says go find + + align:start position:0% +you have to the homework says go find + + + align:start position:0% +you have to the homework says go find +what these 10 are so you can name them + + align:start position:0% +what these 10 are so you can name them + + + align:start position:0% +what these 10 are so you can name them +pretty fast that's why I'm not doing it + + align:start position:0% +pretty fast that's why I'm not doing it + + + align:start position:0% +pretty fast that's why I'm not doing it +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +you what I do want to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quickly here is just talk about how you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assign how you free body diagrams for + + align:start position:0% +assign how you free body diagrams for + + + align:start position:0% +assign how you free body diagrams for +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because people one the most easi thing + + align:start position:0% +because people one the most easi thing + + + align:start position:0% +because people one the most easi thing +to get to get confused about is figuring + + align:start position:0% +to get to get confused about is figuring + + + align:start position:0% +to get to get confused about is figuring +out the directions of the forces that + + align:start position:0% +out the directions of the forces that + + + align:start position:0% +out the directions of the forces that +have that come from the springs and the + + align:start position:0% +have that come from the springs and the + + + align:start position:0% +have that come from the springs and the +dashpots which direction accent so on + + align:start position:0% +dashpots which direction accent so on + + + align:start position:0% +dashpots which direction accent so on +each so I've made my x's so that there X + + align:start position:0% +each so I've made my x's so that there X + + + align:start position:0% +each so I've made my x's so that there X +is X1 is zero when this thing's at its + + align:start position:0% +is X1 is zero when this thing's at its + + + align:start position:0% +is X1 is zero when this thing's at its +static equilibrium position and I'm + + align:start position:0% +static equilibrium position and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +static equilibrium position and I'm +going to start by assuming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +X1 and X1 + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X1 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and X1 +dot are positive you just establish + + align:start position:0% +dot are positive you just establish + + + align:start position:0% +dot are positive you just establish +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +motions and you deduce the direction of + + align:start position:0% +motions and you deduce the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +motions and you deduce the direction of +the spring and dashbot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so and you do them one at a time + + align:start position:0% +okay so and you do them one at a time + + + align:start position:0% +okay so and you do them one at a time +these are the problems we're doing here + + align:start position:0% +these are the problems we're doing here + + + align:start position:0% +these are the problems we're doing here +are linear spring force is equal to KX + + align:start position:0% +are linear spring force is equal to KX + + + align:start position:0% +are linear spring force is equal to KX +dashpot forces are BX dot so they're + + align:start position:0% +dashpot forces are BX dot so they're + + + align:start position:0% +dashpot forces are BX dot so they're +linear problems so this super position + + align:start position:0% +linear problems so this super position + + + align:start position:0% +linear problems so this super position +holds you can just do these conceptually + + align:start position:0% +holds you can just do these conceptually + + + align:start position:0% +holds you can just do these conceptually +one at a time and figure them out and + + align:start position:0% +one at a time and figure them out and + + + align:start position:0% +one at a time and figure them out and +then you add them all together to get + + align:start position:0% +then you add them all together to get + + + align:start position:0% +then you add them all together to get +the complete answer so if I if + + align:start position:0% +the complete answer so if I if + + + align:start position:0% +the complete answer so if I if +X1 moves in the positive dire + + align:start position:0% +X1 moves in the positive dire + + + align:start position:0% +X1 moves in the positive dire +Direction what is the direction that + + align:start position:0% +Direction what is the direction that + + + align:start position:0% +Direction what is the direction that +that spring puts on this mass as a + + align:start position:0% +that spring puts on this mass as a + + + align:start position:0% +that spring puts on this mass as a +result which direction is it and my + + align:start position:0% +result which direction is it and my + + + align:start position:0% +result which direction is it and my +coordinate system is uh you know + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is uh you know +positive here's + + align:start position:0% +positive here's + + + align:start position:0% +positive here's +X1 we'll do the same thing here here's + + align:start position:0% +X1 we'll do the same thing here here's + + + align:start position:0% +X1 we'll do the same thing here here's +X2 so if it moves in the positive + + align:start position:0% +X2 so if it moves in the positive + + + align:start position:0% +X2 so if it moves in the positive +direction out to + + align:start position:0% +direction out to + + + align:start position:0% +direction out to +here what what is the spring going to + + align:start position:0% +here what what is the spring going to + + + align:start position:0% +here what what is the spring going to +say do no other motion allowed in the + + align:start position:0% +say do no other motion allowed in the + + + align:start position:0% +say do no other motion allowed in the +system just that one it moves a little + + align:start position:0% +system just that one it moves a little + + + align:start position:0% +system just that one it moves a little +bit what's the spring do on that mass + + align:start position:0% +bit what's the spring do on that mass + + + align:start position:0% +bit what's the spring do on that mass +push it + + align:start position:0% +push it + + + align:start position:0% +push it +back K X1 and I let the sign be + + align:start position:0% +back K X1 and I let the sign be + + + align:start position:0% +back K X1 and I let the sign be +indicated by the direction of the arrow + + align:start position:0% +indicated by the direction of the arrow + + + align:start position:0% +indicated by the direction of the arrow +and I'll use that when I write out my + + align:start position:0% +and I'll use that when I write out my + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll use that when I write out my +equation of motion okay now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion okay now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion okay now I'm going to +assume a positive bx1 so it's velocity + + align:start position:0% +assume a positive bx1 so it's velocity + + + align:start position:0% +assume a positive bx1 so it's velocity +in that direction what should dashpot + + align:start position:0% +in that direction what should dashpot + + + align:start position:0% +in that direction what should dashpot +do resist or help L res res back right + + align:start position:0% +do resist or help L res res back right + + + align:start position:0% +do resist or help L res res back right +okay so you have another Force here B X1 + + align:start position:0% +okay so you have another Force here B X1 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you have another Force here B X1 +Dot + + align:start position:0% +Dot + + + align:start position:0% +Dot +all right now I'm still this is you have + + align:start position:0% +all right now I'm still this is you have + + + align:start position:0% +all right now I'm still this is you have +two bodies you have to have two free + + align:start position:0% +two bodies you have to have two free + + + align:start position:0% +two bodies you have to have two free +body diagrams one for each but I need to + + align:start position:0% +body diagrams one for each but I need to + + + align:start position:0% +body diagrams one for each but I need to +know what's the effect of X1 X2 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +know what's the effect of X1 X2 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +know what's the effect of X1 X2 and X2 +dot on this + + align:start position:0% +dot on this + + + align:start position:0% +dot on this +body well let's just go do the same + + align:start position:0% +body well let's just go do the same + + + align:start position:0% +body well let's just go do the same +thing let's let X2 be positive now now + + align:start position:0% +thing let's let X2 be positive now now + + + align:start position:0% +thing let's let X2 be positive now now +now it's the only motion I have a + + align:start position:0% +now it's the only motion I have a + + + align:start position:0% +now it's the only motion I have a +positive movement of X2 that stretches + + align:start position:0% +positive movement of X2 that stretches + + + align:start position:0% +positive movement of X2 that stretches +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +spring what is that spring + + align:start position:0% +spring what is that spring + + + align:start position:0% +spring what is that spring +Force applied to this what direction is + + align:start position:0% +Force applied to this what direction is + + + align:start position:0% +Force applied to this what direction is +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this body is moving that + + align:start position:0% +in this body is moving that + + + align:start position:0% +in this body is moving that +way which way is the spring going pull + + align:start position:0% +way which way is the spring going pull + + + align:start position:0% +way which way is the spring going pull +on this thing pull pull on right well so + + align:start position:0% +on this thing pull pull on right well so + + + align:start position:0% +on this thing pull pull on right well so +K by kx2 and a positive velocity to the + + align:start position:0% +K by kx2 and a positive velocity to the + + + align:start position:0% +K by kx2 and a positive velocity to the +right that what's that makes the dash + + align:start position:0% +right that what's that makes the dash + + + align:start position:0% +right that what's that makes the dash +pot open up what direction is the force + + align:start position:0% +pot open up what direction is the force + + + align:start position:0% +pot open up what direction is the force +that dashbot puts on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +bx2 Dot and now in this problem except + + align:start position:0% +bx2 Dot and now in this problem except + + + align:start position:0% +bx2 Dot and now in this problem except +for Gravity I've got a normal force up + + align:start position:0% +for Gravity I've got a normal force up + + + align:start position:0% +for Gravity I've got a normal force up +and an mg down but all the action all + + align:start position:0% +and an mg down but all the action all + + + align:start position:0% +and an mg down but all the action all +the motion is in the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +the motion is in the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +the motion is in the horizontal +Direction I can write out an equation of + + align:start position:0% +Direction I can write out an equation of + + + align:start position:0% +Direction I can write out an equation of +motion for the first the first rigid + + align:start position:0% +motion for the first the first rigid + + + align:start position:0% +motion for the first the first rigid +body here and that say the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +body here and that say the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +body here and that say the sum of the +forces in the X Direction on body one + + align:start position:0% +forces in the X Direction on body one + + + align:start position:0% +forces in the X Direction on body one +I'll give us a one here in X is equal to + + align:start position:0% +I'll give us a one here in X is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give us a one here in X is equal to +M1 X1 double dot and now I can just + + align:start position:0% +M1 X1 double dot and now I can just + + + align:start position:0% +M1 X1 double dot and now I can just +write it out it + + align:start position:0% +write it out it + + + align:start position:0% +write it out it +is uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh +K X2 because that one's + + align:start position:0% +K X2 because that one's + + + align:start position:0% +K X2 because that one's +positive - + + align:start position:0% +positive - + + + align:start position:0% +positive - +X1 + B X2 dot - X1 + + align:start position:0% +X1 + B X2 dot - X1 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 + B X2 dot - X1 +Dot and that has the signs right and the + + align:start position:0% +Dot and that has the signs right and the + + + align:start position:0% +Dot and that has the signs right and the +whole key is just one at a time assume + + align:start position:0% +whole key is just one at a time assume + + + align:start position:0% +whole key is just one at a time assume +positive motions and deduce what happens + + align:start position:0% +positive motions and deduce what happens + + + align:start position:0% +positive motions and deduce what happens +and then use the arrows the direction of + + align:start position:0% +and then use the arrows the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +and then use the arrows the direction of +the arrows to set the signs and now + + align:start position:0% +the arrows to set the signs and now + + + align:start position:0% +the arrows to set the signs and now +there's your equation of + + align:start position:0% +there's your equation of + + + align:start position:0% +there's your equation of +motion now we can do the same thing sum + + align:start position:0% +motion now we can do the same thing sum + + + align:start position:0% +motion now we can do the same thing sum +of the forces on two in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +M2 X2 double dot and now we would do + + align:start position:0% +M2 X2 double dot and now we would do + + + align:start position:0% +M2 X2 double dot and now we would do +exactly the same thing so positive + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing so positive + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing so positive +motion of + + align:start position:0% +motion of + + + align:start position:0% +motion of +X1 what does it do over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here gives me a force through the spring + + align:start position:0% +here gives me a force through the spring + + + align:start position:0% +here gives me a force through the spring +in which direction positive or negative + + align:start position:0% +in which direction positive or negative + + + align:start position:0% +in which direction positive or negative +positive all right so now you just end + + align:start position:0% +positive all right so now you just end + + + align:start position:0% +positive all right so now you just end +up with a + + align:start position:0% +up with a + + + align:start position:0% +up with a +kx1 bx1 + + align:start position:0% +kx1 bx1 + + + align:start position:0% +kx1 bx1 +DOT and you'll find find that + + align:start position:0% +DOT and you'll find find that + + + align:start position:0% +DOT and you'll find find that +kx2 dx2 dot and you sum it up and you'll + + align:start position:0% +kx2 dx2 dot and you sum it up and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +kx2 dx2 dot and you sum it up and you'll +end up this should switch around + + align:start position:0% +end up this should switch around + + + align:start position:0% +end up this should switch around +K X1 - + + align:start position:0% +K X1 - + + + align:start position:0% +K X1 - +X2 plus b X1 dot minus X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay got two equations of motion and + + align:start position:0% +okay got two equations of motion and + + + align:start position:0% +okay got two equations of motion and +they're mixed so they have each one has + + align:start position:0% +they're mixed so they have each one has + + + align:start position:0% +they're mixed so they have each one has +both coordinates in it so these are this + + align:start position:0% +both coordinates in it so these are this + + + align:start position:0% +both coordinates in it so these are this +problem is two equations of motion and + + align:start position:0% +problem is two equations of motion and + + + align:start position:0% +problem is two equations of motion and +they're coupled they're not independent + + align:start position:0% +they're coupled they're not independent + + + align:start position:0% +they're coupled they're not independent +you have to solve them + + align:start position:0% +you have to solve them + + + align:start position:0% +you have to solve them +together okay now we're going to move on + + align:start position:0% +together okay now we're going to move on + + + align:start position:0% +together okay now we're going to move on +to a subject which has come up in + + align:start position:0% +to a subject which has come up in + + + align:start position:0% +to a subject which has come up in +conversation people have asked about + + align:start position:0% +conversation people have asked about + + + align:start position:0% +conversation people have asked about +this lots of times and they say what + + align:start position:0% +this lots of times and they say what + + + align:start position:0% +this lots of times and they say what +about you know what about the uh + + align:start position:0% +about you know what about the uh + + + align:start position:0% +about you know what about the uh +centrifugal force and they you sometimes + + align:start position:0% +centrifugal force and they you sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +centrifugal force and they you sometimes +use the term fictitious Force how many + + align:start position:0% +use the term fictitious Force how many + + + align:start position:0% +use the term fictitious Force how many +of you use the word the word use + + align:start position:0% +of you use the word the word use + + + align:start position:0% +of you use the word the word use +fictitious Force + + align:start position:0% +fictitious Force + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious Force +and how many time how many of you heard + + align:start position:0% +and how many time how many of you heard + + + align:start position:0% +and how many time how many of you heard +us say that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +centripetal acceleration is not a force + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration is not a force + + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration is not a force +it's an + + align:start position:0% +it's an + + + align:start position:0% +it's an +acceleration and yet we love to talk + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and yet we love to talk + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and yet we love to talk +about this concept of centrifugal force + + align:start position:0% +about this concept of centrifugal force + + + align:start position:0% +about this concept of centrifugal force +which doesn't + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't +exist but it trips us all up because + + align:start position:0% +exist but it trips us all up because + + + align:start position:0% +exist but it trips us all up because +it's handy to think about it and so I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's handy to think about it and so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's handy to think about it and so I'm +going to talk about we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about we're going to talk +about fictitious forces now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're handy but they are dangerous you + + align:start position:0% +they're handy but they are dangerous you + + + align:start position:0% +they're handy but they are dangerous you +really have to understand your + + align:start position:0% +really have to understand your + + + align:start position:0% +really have to understand your +fundamentals if you're going to use the + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals if you're going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentals if you're going to use the +concept of fictitious forces without + + align:start position:0% +concept of fictitious forces without + + + align:start position:0% +concept of fictitious forces without +getting yourself in trouble okay what is + + align:start position:0% +getting yourself in trouble okay what is + + + align:start position:0% +getting yourself in trouble okay what is +a fictitious Force well Newton's law + + align:start position:0% +a fictitious Force well Newton's law + + + align:start position:0% +a fictitious Force well Newton's law +let's start + + align:start position:0% +let's start + + + align:start position:0% +let's start +there Newton's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second sum of the + + align:start position:0% +second sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +second sum of the +forces + + align:start position:0% +forces + + + align:start position:0% +forces +external on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +body equals a mass time the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +body equals a mass time the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +body equals a mass time the acceleration +it's a vector equation so we can break + + align:start position:0% +it's a vector equation so we can break + + + align:start position:0% +it's a vector equation so we can break +it down into its + + align:start position:0% +it down into its + + + align:start position:0% +it down into its +components so a fictitious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Force + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you take the true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acceleration times the mass so you + + align:start position:0% +acceleration times the mass so you + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration times the mass so you +fictitious force is when you take + + align:start position:0% +fictitious force is when you take + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious force is when you take +multiply the true acceleration times the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mass and put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it on the summation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces side of the + + align:start position:0% +forces side of the + + + align:start position:0% +forces side of the +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's really all it is and you move it + + align:start position:0% +that's really all it is and you move it + + + align:start position:0% +that's really all it is and you move it +over to this side of the equation and + + align:start position:0% +over to this side of the equation and + + + align:start position:0% +over to this side of the equation and +you think of it as a force so what + + align:start position:0% +you think of it as a force so what + + + align:start position:0% +you think of it as a force so what +you've done is you've said that the + + align:start position:0% +you've done is you've said that the + + + align:start position:0% +you've done is you've said that the +summation of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces minus ma because to move it over + + align:start position:0% +forces minus ma because to move it over + + + align:start position:0% +forces minus ma because to move it over +here you got to subtract it from this + + align:start position:0% +here you got to subtract it from this + + + align:start position:0% +here you got to subtract it from this +side equals + + align:start position:0% +side equals + + + align:start position:0% +side equals +zero and you're saying I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +zero and you're saying I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +zero and you're saying I'm just going to +think of this as a force and it makes + + align:start position:0% +think of this as a force and it makes + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as a force and it makes +this whole equation be conveniently + + align:start position:0% +this whole equation be conveniently + + + align:start position:0% +this whole equation be conveniently +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +zero but now now so that's you know + + align:start position:0% +zero but now now so that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +zero but now now so that's you know +that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of +abstract let's see if we can figure out + + align:start position:0% +abstract let's see if we can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +abstract let's see if we can figure out +a an example or two to illustrate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I'm sure you've done this problem + + align:start position:0% +this I'm sure you've done this problem + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm sure you've done this problem +in physics I'm going to pick a really + + align:start position:0% +in physics I'm going to pick a really + + + align:start position:0% +in physics I'm going to pick a really +Elementary problem so you don't get hung + + align:start position:0% +Elementary problem so you don't get hung + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary problem so you don't get hung +up on the physics to start with + + align:start position:0% +up on the physics to start with + + + align:start position:0% +up on the physics to start with +this is the elevator problem you've got + + align:start position:0% +this is the elevator problem you've got + + + align:start position:0% +this is the elevator problem you've got +cables pulling it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up and you got some scales in here and + + align:start position:0% +up and you got some scales in here and + + + align:start position:0% +up and you got some scales in here and +you're standing on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it here's your center of mass we'll call + + align:start position:0% +it here's your center of mass we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +it here's your center of mass we'll call +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +a and the Accel and the the I need a + + align:start position:0% +a and the Accel and the the I need a + + + align:start position:0% +a and the Accel and the the I need a +coordinate system my inertial system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system my inertial system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system my inertial system +Newton's law only applies in inertial + + align:start position:0% +Newton's law only applies in inertial + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's law only applies in inertial +systems so here's my x i call this Z or + + align:start position:0% +systems so here's my x i call this Z or + + + align:start position:0% +systems so here's my x i call this Z or +I'll call this y + + align:start position:0% +I'll call this y + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call this y +okay so I need to write an equation of + + align:start position:0% +okay so I need to write an equation of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I need to write an equation of +motion + + align:start position:0% +motion + + + align:start position:0% +motion +about this person riding up in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elevator we take a look at it how many + + align:start position:0% +elevator we take a look at it how many + + + align:start position:0% +elevator we take a look at it how many +degrees of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +freedom intuitively obvious it's + + align:start position:0% +freedom intuitively obvious it's + + + align:start position:0% +freedom intuitively obvious it's +probably how many one right all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +probably how many one right all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +probably how many one right all sorts of +constraints it's only going up so we're + + align:start position:0% +constraints it's only going up so we're + + + align:start position:0% +constraints it's only going up so we're +going to say we need one have one degree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Freedom free body + + align:start position:0% +Freedom free body + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom free body +diagram well there's this object has + + align:start position:0% +diagram well there's this object has + + + align:start position:0% +diagram well there's this object has +some Force pushing up on it this this is + + align:start position:0% +some Force pushing up on it this this is + + + align:start position:0% +some Force pushing up on it this this is +my this is the person this is your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mass it + + align:start position:0% +mass it + + + align:start position:0% +mass it +has a force pulling down on + + align:start position:0% +has a force pulling down on + + + align:start position:0% +has a force pulling down on +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +mg and that's it + + align:start position:0% +mg and that's it + + + align:start position:0% +mg and that's it +okay now this n is going to work out to + + align:start position:0% +okay now this n is going to work out to + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this n is going to work out to +be with the scales read right it's + + align:start position:0% +be with the scales read right it's + + + align:start position:0% +be with the scales read right it's +coming through the scales so that's + + align:start position:0% +coming through the scales so that's + + + align:start position:0% +coming through the scales so that's +really what we're looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for and the problem here is to find the + + align:start position:0% +for and the problem here is to find the + + + align:start position:0% +for and the problem here is to find the +weight in the + + align:start position:0% +weight in the + + + align:start position:0% +weight in the +scales so we say that the + + align:start position:0% +scales so we say that the + + + align:start position:0% +scales so we say that the +summation of the forces in the y + + align:start position:0% +summation of the forces in the y + + + align:start position:0% +summation of the forces in the y +direction and in this problem we would + + align:start position:0% +direction and in this problem we would + + + align:start position:0% +direction and in this problem we would +say it's the masstimes the ACC + + align:start position:0% +say it's the masstimes the ACC + + + align:start position:0% +say it's the masstimes the ACC +acceleration of point a with respect to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +O and the sum of those forces you got an + + align:start position:0% +O and the sum of those forces you got an + + + align:start position:0% +O and the sum of those forces you got an +N + + align:start position:0% +N + + + align:start position:0% +N +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +mg and that's pretty simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation now I'm going to specify and + + align:start position:0% +equation now I'm going to specify and + + + align:start position:0% +equation now I'm going to specify and +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +given + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal that total is equal to zero and + + align:start position:0% +equal that total is equal to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +equal that total is equal to zero and +that then is n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +mg minus M * G over + + align:start position:0% +mg minus M * G over + + + align:start position:0% +mg minus M * G over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and now I now I have taken this + + align:start position:0% +right and now I now I have taken this + + + align:start position:0% +right and now I now I have taken this +upward + + align:start position:0% +upward + + + align:start position:0% +upward +acceleration and I've treated it like a + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and I've treated it like a + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and I've treated it like a +force I've just just moved it to this + + align:start position:0% +force I've just just moved it to this + + + align:start position:0% +force I've just just moved it to this +other side set the whole thing equal to + + align:start position:0% +other side set the whole thing equal to + + + align:start position:0% +other side set the whole thing equal to +zero this is the fictitious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Force okay I'm going say okay that's all + + align:start position:0% +Force okay I'm going say okay that's all + + + align:start position:0% +Force okay I'm going say okay that's all +the forces in the system solve for n and + + align:start position:0% +the forces in the system solve for n and + + + align:start position:0% +the forces in the system solve for n and +of course you get n is M * G + G over 4 + + align:start position:0% +of course you get n is M * G + G over 4 + + + align:start position:0% +of course you get n is M * G + G over 4 +and that's + + align:start position:0% +and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's +54s mg and so you read know 25% heavy + + align:start position:0% +54s mg and so you read know 25% heavy + + + align:start position:0% +54s mg and so you read know 25% heavy +here it's a really trivial example but + + align:start position:0% +here it's a really trivial example but + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a really trivial example but +this the notion is that you think of + + align:start position:0% +this the notion is that you think of + + + align:start position:0% +this the notion is that you think of +this as in a force that's been applied + + align:start position:0% +this as in a force that's been applied + + + align:start position:0% +this as in a force that's been applied +it's the mass times the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +it's the mass times the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +it's the mass times the acceleration +with a minus sign in front of it it will + + align:start position:0% +with a minus sign in front of it it will + + + align:start position:0% +with a minus sign in front of it it will +always turn out like that it's minus the + + align:start position:0% +always turn out like that it's minus the + + + align:start position:0% +always turn out like that it's minus the +mass times the acceleration now the + + align:start position:0% +mass times the acceleration now the + + + align:start position:0% +mass times the acceleration now the +acceleration can come from cholis + + align:start position:0% +acceleration can come from cholis + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration can come from cholis +acceleration it can come from + + align:start position:0% +acceleration it can come from + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration it can come from +centripetal acceleration so if we do + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration so if we do + + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration so if we do +this in a rotating thing this fictitious + + align:start position:0% +this in a rotating thing this fictitious + + + align:start position:0% +this in a rotating thing this fictitious +Force might be the centrifugal for Force + + align:start position:0% +Force might be the centrifugal for Force + + + align:start position:0% +Force might be the centrifugal for Force +which is minus M times the centripetal + + align:start position:0% +which is minus M times the centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +which is minus M times the centripetal +acceleration and we'll do an example + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and we'll do an example + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and we'll do an example +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that all right stop there we + + align:start position:0% +that all right stop there we + + + align:start position:0% +that all right stop there we +go okay trivial example let's see if we + + align:start position:0% +go okay trivial example let's see if we + + + align:start position:0% +go okay trivial example let's see if we +can find something a little harder how + + align:start position:0% +can find something a little harder how + + + align:start position:0% +can find something a little harder how +we doing on time we're doing pretty good + + align:start position:0% +we doing on time we're doing pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +we doing on time we're doing pretty good +so let's + + align:start position:0% +so let's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +an example where this where the notion + + align:start position:0% +an example where this where the notion + + + align:start position:0% +an example where this where the notion +is really quite powerful now I showed + + align:start position:0% +is really quite powerful now I showed + + + align:start position:0% +is really quite powerful now I showed +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +this last time and we talked a lot about + + align:start position:0% +this last time and we talked a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +this last time and we talked a lot about +we did the time derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +we did the time derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +we did the time derivative of the +angular momentum and we computed the + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum and we computed the + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum and we computed the +torqus that this thing exerts around + + align:start position:0% +torqus that this thing exerts around + + + align:start position:0% +torqus that this thing exerts around +different axes right with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +different axes right with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +different axes right with respect to the +point of attachment to this well this is + + align:start position:0% +point of attachment to this well this is + + + align:start position:0% +point of attachment to this well this is +an example of which if you're + + align:start position:0% +an example of which if you're + + + align:start position:0% +an example of which if you're +comfortable with fictitious forces you + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with fictitious forces you + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with fictitious forces you +can figure out those torqus really + + align:start position:0% +can figure out those torqus really + + + align:start position:0% +can figure out those torqus really +rather + + align:start position:0% +rather + + + align:start position:0% +rather +quickly so so I'm going to this these + + align:start position:0% +quickly so so I'm going to this these + + + align:start position:0% +quickly so so I'm going to this these +two problems are identical this problem + + align:start position:0% +two problems are identical this problem + + + align:start position:0% +two problems are identical this problem +or with a shaft running like that are + + align:start position:0% +or with a shaft running like that are + + + align:start position:0% +or with a shaft running like that are +are really exactly identical but I'm + + align:start position:0% +are really exactly identical but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +are really exactly identical but I'm +going to pretend that my thing is made + + align:start position:0% +going to pretend that my thing is made + + + align:start position:0% +going to pretend that my thing is made +this way because it makes it easier to + + align:start position:0% +this way because it makes it easier to + + + align:start position:0% +this way because it makes it easier to +see where these torqus are coming + + align:start position:0% +see where these torqus are coming + + + align:start position:0% +see where these torqus are coming +from so here's my Z and I've got my + + align:start position:0% +from so here's my Z and I've got my + + + align:start position:0% +from so here's my Z and I've got my +rotation about the z- axis here's this + + align:start position:0% +rotation about the z- axis here's this + + + align:start position:0% +rotation about the z- axis here's this +Mass okay my + + align:start position:0% +Mass okay my + + + align:start position:0% +Mass okay my +coordinates here's my R hat here here's + + align:start position:0% +coordinates here's my R hat here here's + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates here's my R hat here here's +my ZK hat is this distance + + align:start position:0% +my ZK hat is this distance + + + align:start position:0% +my ZK hat is this distance +here and this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I'm going to set conditions in the + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to set conditions in the + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to set conditions in the +problem my rotation rate it's also Theta + + align:start position:0% +problem my rotation rate it's also Theta + + + align:start position:0% +problem my rotation rate it's also Theta +dot about the k z + + align:start position:0% +dot about the k z + + + align:start position:0% +dot about the k z +axis + + align:start position:0% +axis + + + align:start position:0% +axis +and Omega + + align:start position:0% +and Omega + + + align:start position:0% +and Omega +dot Theta double dot also in the K it's + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta double dot also in the K it's + + + align:start position:0% +dot Theta double dot also in the K it's +not restricted so I'm allowing this + + align:start position:0% +not restricted so I'm allowing this + + + align:start position:0% +not restricted so I'm allowing this +thing to accelerate + + align:start position:0% +thing to accelerate + + + align:start position:0% +thing to accelerate +but r dot equals R double dot is zero so + + align:start position:0% +but r dot equals R double dot is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +but r dot equals R double dot is zero so +it's not changing a position it's just + + align:start position:0% +it's not changing a position it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it's not changing a position it's just +fixed and I need to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +fixed and I need to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and I need to figure out the +forces on this thing and and talk about + + align:start position:0% +forces on this thing and and talk about + + + align:start position:0% +forces on this thing and and talk about +how we might consider some of them as uh + + align:start position:0% +how we might consider some of them as uh + + + align:start position:0% +how we might consider some of them as uh +fictitious forces so let's think about + + align:start position:0% +fictitious forces so let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious forces so let's think about +in the r Direction summation of the + + align:start position:0% +in the r Direction summation of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the r Direction summation of the +forces here in this R hat + + align:start position:0% +forces here in this R hat + + + align:start position:0% +forces here in this R hat +Direction so it's one vector component I + + align:start position:0% +Direction so it's one vector component I + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so it's one vector component I +don't have to carry along all + + align:start position:0% +don't have to carry along all + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to carry along all +the all of the other baggage is equal to + + align:start position:0% +the all of the other baggage is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the all of the other baggage is equal to +and I better give these uh I'll call + + align:start position:0% +and I better give these uh I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +and I better give these uh I'll call +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B this is going to be the point about + + align:start position:0% +B this is going to be the point about + + + align:start position:0% +B this is going to be the point about +which I care about things there's a + + align:start position:0% +which I care about things there's a + + + align:start position:0% +which I care about things there's a +fixed coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +fixed coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +fixed coordinate system +here o + + align:start position:0% +here o + + + align:start position:0% +here o +XYZ but then a rotating coordinate + + align:start position:0% +XYZ but then a rotating coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +XYZ but then a rotating coordinate +system we'll call this a and it's going + + align:start position:0% +system we'll call this a and it's going + + + align:start position:0% +system we'll call this a and it's going +to have my coordinates I'll use polar + + align:start position:0% +to have my coordinates I'll use polar + + + align:start position:0% +to have my coordinates I'll use polar +coordinates so R Theta Z but this one + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so R Theta Z but this one + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so R Theta Z but this one +rotates but it also has its origin right + + align:start position:0% +rotates but it also has its origin right + + + align:start position:0% +rotates but it also has its origin right +there coincident with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +o so the sum in the r Direction then we + + align:start position:0% +o so the sum in the r Direction then we + + + align:start position:0% +o so the sum in the r Direction then we +have the + + align:start position:0% +have the + + + align:start position:0% +have the +mass times the + + align:start position:0% +mass times the + + + align:start position:0% +mass times the +acceleration of B with respect to + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of B with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of B with respect to +O and the acceleration of B with respect + + align:start position:0% +O and the acceleration of B with respect + + + align:start position:0% +O and the acceleration of B with respect +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +O is the acceleration of we'll just + + align:start position:0% +O is the acceleration of we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +O is the acceleration of we'll just +write WR out the whole formula + + align:start position:0% +write WR out the whole formula + + + align:start position:0% +write WR out the whole formula +using po using cylindrical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates r dot minus r Theta dot 2ar + + align:start position:0% +coordinates r dot minus r Theta dot 2ar + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates r dot minus r Theta dot 2ar +this is in the r hat + + align:start position:0% +this is in the r hat + + + align:start position:0% +this is in the r hat +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +r Theta double dot + 2 R do theta dot in + + align:start position:0% +r Theta double dot + 2 R do theta dot in + + + align:start position:0% +r Theta double dot + 2 R do theta dot in +the Theta hat Direction that's my full + + align:start position:0% +the Theta hat Direction that's my full + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta hat Direction that's my full +expression for whoops not quite full + + align:start position:0% +expression for whoops not quite full + + + align:start position:0% +expression for whoops not quite full +forgot a term + + align:start position:0% +forgot a term + + + align:start position:0% +forgot a term +right there we + + align:start position:0% +right there we + + + align:start position:0% +right there we +go that's my full expression for + + align:start position:0% +go that's my full expression for + + + align:start position:0% +go that's my full expression for +acceleration using cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +acceleration using cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration using cylindrical +coordinates but with with a moving + + align:start position:0% +coordinates but with with a moving + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates but with with a moving +possibly translating and rotating + + align:start position:0% +possibly translating and rotating + + + align:start position:0% +possibly translating and rotating +reference frame this piece here accounts + + align:start position:0% +reference frame this piece here accounts + + + align:start position:0% +reference frame this piece here accounts +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +acceleration of what in general why do + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of what in general why do + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of what in general why do +we have that + + align:start position:0% +we have that + + + align:start position:0% +we have that +term it's the it's the translational + + align:start position:0% +term it's the it's the translational + + + align:start position:0% +term it's the it's the translational +acceleration of the a frame right so we + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the a frame right so we + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the a frame right so we +can account for in this case what is + + align:start position:0% +can account for in this case what is + + + align:start position:0% +can account for in this case what is +that okay so this term is zero but you + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this term is zero but you + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so this term is zero but you +need to you know this formula you really + + align:start position:0% +need to you know this formula you really + + + align:start position:0% +need to you know this formula you really +need to know because it accounts for all + + align:start position:0% +need to know because it accounts for all + + + align:start position:0% +need to know because it accounts for all +of the accelerations in the problem you + + align:start position:0% +of the accelerations in the problem you + + + align:start position:0% +of the accelerations in the problem you +know that you just go in and start + + align:start position:0% +know that you just go in and start + + + align:start position:0% +know that you just go in and start +assigning picking out things what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this zero is this zero no how about this + + align:start position:0% +this zero is this zero no how about this + + + align:start position:0% +this zero is this zero no how about this +one not zero I'm allowing it to + + align:start position:0% +one not zero I'm allowing it to + + + align:start position:0% +one not zero I'm allowing it to +accelerate this one definitely zero and + + align:start position:0% +accelerate this one definitely zero and + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate this one definitely zero and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +one zero so I don't have many terms left + + align:start position:0% +one zero so I don't have many terms left + + + align:start position:0% +one zero so I don't have many terms left +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +this all right so this then is the mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times minus r Theta Dot + + align:start position:0% +times minus r Theta Dot + + + align:start position:0% +times minus r Theta Dot +squar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hat + + align:start position:0% +hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat +plus r Theta dble dot in the Theta hat + + align:start position:0% +plus r Theta dble dot in the Theta hat + + + align:start position:0% +plus r Theta dble dot in the Theta hat +Direction now I said I was summon the + + align:start position:0% +Direction now I said I was summon the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction now I said I was summon the +forces in the r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I put all of them in at the moment + + align:start position:0% +um I put all of them in at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +um I put all of them in at the moment +uh maybe let's let's may be smarter to + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe let's let's may be smarter to + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe let's let's may be smarter to +do that let me reverse course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here this is just this is the vector + + align:start position:0% +here this is just this is the vector + + + align:start position:0% +here this is just this is the vector +summation of all the forces for a moment + + align:start position:0% +summation of all the forces for a moment + + + align:start position:0% +summation of all the forces for a moment +and then we'll take the r we'll just + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll take the r we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll take the r we'll just +we'll take the r component + + align:start position:0% +we'll take the r component + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take the r component +next so just the r component the + + align:start position:0% +next so just the r component the + + + align:start position:0% +next so just the r component the +summation of the forces + + align:start position:0% +summation of the forces + + + align:start position:0% +summation of the forces +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +r we look at this and we say it's just + + align:start position:0% +r we look at this and we say it's just + + + align:start position:0% +r we look at this and we say it's just +that minus + + align:start position:0% +that minus + + + align:start position:0% +that minus +m r Theta dot squared okay R hat so + + align:start position:0% +m r Theta dot squared okay R hat so + + + align:start position:0% +m r Theta dot squared okay R hat so +that's in that's the r Direction but now + + align:start position:0% +that's in that's the r Direction but now + + + align:start position:0% +that's in that's the r Direction but now +we need a free body + + align:start position:0% +we need a free body + + + align:start position:0% +we need a free body +diagram + + align:start position:0% +diagram + + + align:start position:0% +diagram +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +that's R do + + align:start position:0% +that's R do + + + align:start position:0% +that's R do +Z the U so in my in my R Direction This + + align:start position:0% +Z the U so in my in my R Direction This + + + align:start position:0% +Z the U so in my in my R Direction This +Is My acceleration that's the only + + align:start position:0% +Is My acceleration that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +Is My acceleration that's the only +acceleration in the r Direction it's + + align:start position:0% +acceleration in the r Direction it's + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration in the r Direction it's +what we know to be centripetal right and + + align:start position:0% +what we know to be centripetal right and + + + align:start position:0% +what we know to be centripetal right and +the minus tells us it's + + align:start position:0% +the minus tells us it's + + + align:start position:0% +the minus tells us it's +inward + + align:start position:0% +inward + + + align:start position:0% +inward +um free body + + align:start position:0% +um free body + + + align:start position:0% +um free body +diagram need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so + + align:start position:0% +that so + + + align:start position:0% +that so +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +you know a side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +view here's your + + align:start position:0% +view here's your + + + align:start position:0% +view here's your +bead there is I'm going to draw it as an + + align:start position:0% +bead there is I'm going to draw it as an + + + align:start position:0% +bead there is I'm going to draw it as an +unknown here there's an unknown force in + + align:start position:0% +unknown here there's an unknown force in + + + align:start position:0% +unknown here there's an unknown force in +the r direction that comes + + align:start position:0% +the r direction that comes + + + align:start position:0% +the r direction that comes +from this bar holding it it's applying + + align:start position:0% +from this bar holding it it's applying + + + align:start position:0% +from this bar holding it it's applying +it's there's got to be a force that + + align:start position:0% +it's there's got to be a force that + + + align:start position:0% +it's there's got to be a force that +makes this go in a circle and that bar + + align:start position:0% +makes this go in a circle and that bar + + + align:start position:0% +makes this go in a circle and that bar +is the what provides it it's the only + + align:start position:0% +is the what provides it it's the only + + + align:start position:0% +is the what provides it it's the only +thing hooking there I just call this + + align:start position:0% +thing hooking there I just call this + + + align:start position:0% +thing hooking there I just call this +unknown n r and I'm just drawing it in + + align:start position:0% +unknown n r and I'm just drawing it in + + + align:start position:0% +unknown n r and I'm just drawing it in +the positive direction the most in way + + align:start position:0% +the positive direction the most in way + + + align:start position:0% +the positive direction the most in way +you can do this if you're not sure of + + align:start position:0% +you can do this if you're not sure of + + + align:start position:0% +you can do this if you're not sure of +the direction draw it positive and the + + align:start position:0% +the direction draw it positive and the + + + align:start position:0% +the direction draw it positive and the +sign will tell you the sign that falls + + align:start position:0% +sign will tell you the sign that falls + + + align:start position:0% +sign will tell you the sign that falls +out tells you what the right answer is + + align:start position:0% +out tells you what the right answer is + + + align:start position:0% +out tells you what the right answer is +there'll be some force in the Z provided + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some force in the Z provided + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some force in the Z provided +by the rod there'll be an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mg and that should be + + align:start position:0% +mg and that should be + + + align:start position:0% +mg and that should be +it if we did a top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +view then there'd be an + + align:start position:0% +view then there'd be an + + + align:start position:0% +view then there'd be an +unknown in the Theta + + align:start position:0% +unknown in the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +unknown in the Theta +Direction there'd be + + align:start position:0% +Direction there'd be + + + align:start position:0% +Direction there'd be +a you'd also see the n and the r + + align:start position:0% +a you'd also see the n and the r + + + align:start position:0% +a you'd also see the n and the r +Direction and anything else no the + + align:start position:0% +Direction and anything else no the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and anything else no the +mg is down where you can't see it so + + align:start position:0% +mg is down where you can't see it so + + + align:start position:0% +mg is down where you can't see it so +these are your two free body diagrams + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now let's so then the this + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's so then the this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's so then the this +Direction This is the acceleration and + + align:start position:0% +Direction This is the acceleration and + + + align:start position:0% +Direction This is the acceleration and +the external forces or is just + + align:start position:0% +the external forces or is just + + + align:start position:0% +the external forces or is just +that so the sum of the forces is n + + align:start position:0% +that so the sum of the forces is n + + + align:start position:0% +that so the sum of the forces is n +r now I'd like I want to treat + + align:start position:0% +r now I'd like I want to treat + + + align:start position:0% +r now I'd like I want to treat +it I want to bring in this concept of + + align:start position:0% +it I want to bring in this concept of + + + align:start position:0% +it I want to bring in this concept of +fictitious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Force I'm going to move move + + align:start position:0% +Force I'm going to move move + + + align:start position:0% +Force I'm going to move move +acceleration term to the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side NR unknown positive now I'm going + + align:start position:0% +side NR unknown positive now I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +side NR unknown positive now I'm going +to move move that acceleration term over + + align:start position:0% +to move move that acceleration term over + + + align:start position:0% +to move move that acceleration term over +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +minus uh but now it's minus the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acceleration so this term looks like + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so this term looks like + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so this term looks like +that has a minus sign I move it over + + align:start position:0% +that has a minus sign I move it over + + + align:start position:0% +that has a minus sign I move it over +here that actually becomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus okay equals + + align:start position:0% +plus okay equals + + + align:start position:0% +plus okay equals +zero now this is your fictitious + + align:start position:0% +zero now this is your fictitious + + + align:start position:0% +zero now this is your fictitious +Force + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sometimes people call them inertial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces and it acts like it's + + align:start position:0% +forces and it acts like it's + + + align:start position:0% +forces and it acts like it's +pulling out on the object so the force + + align:start position:0% +pulling out on the object so the force + + + align:start position:0% +pulling out on the object so the force +that that the mass appears to apply to + + align:start position:0% +that that the mass appears to apply to + + + align:start position:0% +that that the mass appears to apply to +the rod is this centrifugal force + + align:start position:0% +the rod is this centrifugal force + + + align:start position:0% +the rod is this centrifugal force +pulling out so of course now we could + + align:start position:0% +pulling out so of course now we could + + + align:start position:0% +pulling out so of course now we could +solve for NR and we find it's m minus Mr + + align:start position:0% +solve for NR and we find it's m minus Mr + + + align:start position:0% +solve for NR and we find it's m minus Mr +R thet do^ 2 which we knew all along + + align:start position:0% +R thet do^ 2 which we knew all along + + + align:start position:0% +R thet do^ 2 which we knew all along +that's the force applied to the mass by + + align:start position:0% +that's the force applied to the mass by + + + align:start position:0% +that's the force applied to the mass by +the arm as it's SP around it has to pull + + align:start position:0% +the arm as it's SP around it has to pull + + + align:start position:0% +the arm as it's SP around it has to pull +in on it to make it go in that Circle + + align:start position:0% +in on it to make it go in that Circle + + + align:start position:0% +in on it to make it go in that Circle +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now and you're we could do the same + + align:start position:0% +now and you're we could do the same + + + align:start position:0% +now and you're we could do the same +thing in the Theta Direction the Theta + + align:start position:0% +thing in the Theta Direction the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +thing in the Theta Direction the Theta +Direction will'll have an m r Theta + + align:start position:0% +Direction will'll have an m r Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Direction will'll have an m r Theta +double dot and we look at the Theta + + align:start position:0% +double dot and we look at the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +double dot and we look at the Theta +equation of motion I mean the Theta free + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion I mean the Theta free + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion I mean the Theta free +body diagram is plus n Theta you could + + align:start position:0% +body diagram is plus n Theta you could + + + align:start position:0% +body diagram is plus n Theta you could +solve that and you immediately come up + + align:start position:0% +solve that and you immediately come up + + + align:start position:0% +solve that and you immediately come up +with a a solution for the force in the + + align:start position:0% +with a a solution for the force in the + + + align:start position:0% +with a a solution for the force in the +Theta Direction I'm just going to write + + align:start position:0% +Theta Direction I'm just going to write + + + align:start position:0% +Theta Direction I'm just going to write +that one + + align:start position:0% +that one + + + align:start position:0% +that one +down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that one will this one solve for this + + align:start position:0% +uh that one will this one solve for this + + + align:start position:0% +uh that one will this one solve for this +one you get a minus sign this one ends + + align:start position:0% +one you get a minus sign this one ends + + + align:start position:0% +one you get a minus sign this one ends +at plus Mr Theta double dot I'm not + + align:start position:0% +at plus Mr Theta double dot I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +at plus Mr Theta double dot I'm not +going to go through the mech you know + + align:start position:0% +going to go through the mech you know + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through the mech you know +the gations of getting to this you can + + align:start position:0% +the gations of getting to this you can + + + align:start position:0% +the gations of getting to this you can +do that + + align:start position:0% +do that + + + align:start position:0% +do that +one now I want want to do one + + align:start position:0% +one now I want want to do one + + + align:start position:0% +one now I want want to do one +um quick thing with + + align:start position:0% +um quick thing with + + + align:start position:0% +um quick thing with +this this is + + align:start position:0% +this this is + + + align:start position:0% +this this is +where once you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +develop confidence in knowing when you + + align:start position:0% +develop confidence in knowing when you + + + align:start position:0% +develop confidence in knowing when you +can use a fictitious force and not get + + align:start position:0% +can use a fictitious force and not get + + + align:start position:0% +can use a fictitious force and not get +in trouble this is the sort of thing you + + align:start position:0% +in trouble this is the sort of thing you + + + align:start position:0% +in trouble this is the sort of thing you +might + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do here's my system it's rotating + + align:start position:0% +do here's my system it's rotating + + + align:start position:0% +do here's my system it's rotating +and I want a quick estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +and I want a quick estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +and I want a quick estimate of the +what's the torque what's the bending + + align:start position:0% +what's the torque what's the bending + + + align:start position:0% +what's the torque what's the bending +moment about this point caused by that + + align:start position:0% +moment about this point caused by that + + + align:start position:0% +moment about this point caused by that +the fact that it is the centripetal + + align:start position:0% +the fact that it is the centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that it is the centripetal +acceleration well centripetal + + align:start position:0% +acceleration well centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration well centripetal +acceleration is equivalent to having + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is equivalent to having + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is equivalent to having +this fictitious Force outward on this of + + align:start position:0% +this fictitious Force outward on this of + + + align:start position:0% +this fictitious Force outward on this of +an amount m + + align:start position:0% +an amount m + + + align:start position:0% +an amount m +r Theta do + + align:start position:0% +r Theta do + + + align:start position:0% +r Theta do +squared and and this is the moment arm + + align:start position:0% +squared and and this is the moment arm + + + align:start position:0% +squared and and this is the moment arm +Z what's the torque that that causes + + align:start position:0% +Z what's the torque that that causes + + + align:start position:0% +Z what's the torque that that causes +about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point just this is just levers now + + align:start position:0% +point just this is just levers now + + + align:start position:0% +point just this is just levers now +forces and lever + + align:start position:0% +forces and lever + + + align:start position:0% +forces and lever +arms no not zero about this point here + + align:start position:0% +arms no not zero about this point here + + + align:start position:0% +arms no not zero about this point here +this is O and I've got that centrifugal + + align:start position:0% +this is O and I've got that centrifugal + + + align:start position:0% +this is O and I've got that centrifugal +force pulling out on this fictitious + + align:start position:0% +force pulling out on this fictitious + + + align:start position:0% +force pulling out on this fictitious +Force yeah cm that yeah in + + align:start position:0% +Force yeah cm that yeah in + + + align:start position:0% +Force yeah cm that yeah in +the this direction we just stay there + + align:start position:0% +the this direction we just stay there + + + align:start position:0% +the this direction we just stay there +right so that's the for the moment the + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the for the moment the + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the for the moment the +torque about this point caused by + + align:start position:0% +torque about this point caused by + + + align:start position:0% +torque about this point caused by +that torque at o is minus + + align:start position:0% +that torque at o is minus + + + align:start position:0% +that torque at o is minus +Mr Theta dot 2 time Z the moment + + align:start position:0% +Mr Theta dot 2 time Z the moment + + + align:start position:0% +Mr Theta dot 2 time Z the moment +arm and it's uh not minus it's in that + + align:start position:0% +arm and it's uh not minus it's in that + + + align:start position:0% +arm and it's uh not minus it's in that +direction so it's + + align:start position:0% +direction so it's + + + align:start position:0% +direction so it's +Plus T the Theta hat Direction the + + align:start position:0% +Plus T the Theta hat Direction the + + + align:start position:0% +Plus T the Theta hat Direction the +torque that that force is applying about + + align:start position:0% +torque that that force is applying about + + + align:start position:0% +torque that that force is applying about +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +point is that if you if we we could have + + align:start position:0% +point is that if you if we we could have + + + align:start position:0% +point is that if you if we we could have +solved this problem the way we did in + + align:start position:0% +solved this problem the way we did in + + + align:start position:0% +solved this problem the way we did in +the last lecture very carefully going + + align:start position:0% +the last lecture very carefully going + + + align:start position:0% +the last lecture very carefully going +through the dhds and following it all + + align:start position:0% +through the dhds and following it all + + + align:start position:0% +through the dhds and following it all +out and we would have gotten that answer + + align:start position:0% +out and we would have gotten that answer + + + align:start position:0% +out and we would have gotten that answer +for the torque except for a minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign now why the difference + + align:start position:0% +sign now why the difference + + + align:start position:0% +sign now why the difference +this is the torque that this centripetal + + align:start position:0% +this is the torque that this centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +this is the torque that this centripetal +force causes down here the when you do + + align:start position:0% +force causes down here the when you do + + + align:start position:0% +force causes down here the when you do +dhdt you get the torque + + align:start position:0% +dhdt you get the torque + + + align:start position:0% +dhdt you get the torque +required to make what's happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen it's just the opposite this this + + align:start position:0% +happen it's just the opposite this this + + + align:start position:0% +happen it's just the opposite this this +this is the torque this is putting about + + align:start position:0% +this is the torque this is putting about + + + align:start position:0% +this is the torque this is putting about +that there must be an equal and opposite + + align:start position:0% +that there must be an equal and opposite + + + align:start position:0% +that there must be an equal and opposite +torque that this system puts on this arm + + align:start position:0% +torque that this system puts on this arm + + + align:start position:0% +torque that this system puts on this arm +out here to keep it from flopping out so + + align:start position:0% +out here to keep it from flopping out so + + + align:start position:0% +out here to keep it from flopping out so +this is applying a torque here it must + + align:start position:0% +this is applying a torque here it must + + + align:start position:0% +this is applying a torque here it must +resist with a torque and so when you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dhdt you're going to end up with a minus + + align:start position:0% +dhdt you're going to end up with a minus + + + align:start position:0% +dhdt you're going to end up with a minus +Mr + + align:start position:0% +Mr + + + align:start position:0% +Mr +Theta dot + + align:start position:0% +Theta dot + + + align:start position:0% +Theta dot +squared Thea + + align:start position:0% +squared Thea + + + align:start position:0% +squared Thea +hat okay so you got to be careful using + + align:start position:0% +hat okay so you got to be careful using + + + align:start position:0% +hat okay so you got to be careful using +you know where what you're what you mean + + align:start position:0% +you know where what you're what you mean + + + align:start position:0% +you know where what you're what you mean +but you can but from an engineering + + align:start position:0% +but you can but from an engineering + + + align:start position:0% +but you can but from an engineering +point of view if I were just trying to + + align:start position:0% +point of view if I were just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +point of view if I were just trying to +calculate the bending moment down here + + align:start position:0% +calculate the bending moment down here + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the bending moment down here +and deciding whether or not this shaft + + align:start position:0% +and deciding whether or not this shaft + + + align:start position:0% +and deciding whether or not this shaft +could sticking out here is going to + + align:start position:0% +could sticking out here is going to + + + align:start position:0% +could sticking out here is going to +break off or not I could make a very + + align:start position:0% +break off or not I could make a very + + + align:start position:0% +break off or not I could make a very +quick estimate of the pending Moment by + + align:start position:0% +quick estimate of the pending Moment by + + + align:start position:0% +quick estimate of the pending Moment by +knowing it's cgal vce times the moment + + align:start position:0% +knowing it's cgal vce times the moment + + + align:start position:0% +knowing it's cgal vce times the moment +arm + + align:start position:0% +arm + + + align:start position:0% +arm +yeah a z in that + + align:start position:0% +yeah a z in that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a z in that +DHD + + align:start position:0% +DHD + + + align:start position:0% +DHD +expression is there supposed to be a z + + align:start position:0% +expression is there supposed to be a z + + + align:start position:0% +expression is there supposed to be a z +in that in that expression a v a + + align:start position:0% +in that in that expression a v a + + + align:start position:0% +in that in that expression a v a +velocity z a + + align:start position:0% +velocity z a + + + align:start position:0% +velocity z a +yeah right I'm just getting a little + + align:start position:0% +yeah right I'm just getting a little + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right I'm just getting a little +Speedy in writing my writing the + + align:start position:0% +Speedy in writing my writing the + + + align:start position:0% +Speedy in writing my writing the +equation good + + align:start position:0% +equation good + + + align:start position:0% +equation good +catch all + + align:start position:0% +catch all + + + align:start position:0% +catch all +right so now is there there we could + + align:start position:0% +right so now is there there we could + + + align:start position:0% +right so now is there there we could +also we have a Theta Direction thing + + align:start position:0% +also we have a Theta Direction thing + + + align:start position:0% +also we have a Theta Direction thing +here right there's a we could think of a + + align:start position:0% +here right there's a we could think of a + + + align:start position:0% +here right there's a we could think of a +fictitious force in the Theta Direction + + align:start position:0% +fictitious force in the Theta Direction + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious force in the Theta Direction +and that was the Mr Theta double dot + + align:start position:0% +and that was the Mr Theta double dot + + + align:start position:0% +and that was the Mr Theta double dot +term does it generate does it generate + + align:start position:0% +term does it generate does it generate + + + align:start position:0% +term does it generate does it generate +torqu that you could quickly + + align:start position:0% +torqu that you could quickly + + + align:start position:0% +torqu that you could quickly +compute so as this thing is trying to + + align:start position:0% +compute so as this thing is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +compute so as this thing is trying to +accelerate in the PO you know positive + + align:start position:0% +accelerate in the PO you know positive + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate in the PO you know positive +acceleration Omega dot Theta double dot + + align:start position:0% +acceleration Omega dot Theta double dot + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration Omega dot Theta double dot +it's trying to accelerate into the board + + align:start position:0% +it's trying to accelerate into the board + + + align:start position:0% +it's trying to accelerate into the board +the bar is having to push that thing + + align:start position:0% +the bar is having to push that thing + + + align:start position:0% +the bar is having to push that thing +into the board there's a force in the + + align:start position:0% +into the board there's a force in the + + + align:start position:0% +into the board there's a force in the +positive Theta hat Direction but the the + + align:start position:0% +positive Theta hat Direction but the the + + + align:start position:0% +positive Theta hat Direction but the the +fictitious inertial force is the mass + + align:start position:0% +fictitious inertial force is the mass + + + align:start position:0% +fictitious inertial force is the mass +pushing back on the rod pushing this way + + align:start position:0% +pushing back on the rod pushing this way + + + align:start position:0% +pushing back on the rod pushing this way +Mr Theta double dot pushing this way + + align:start position:0% +Mr Theta double dot pushing this way + + + align:start position:0% +Mr Theta double dot pushing this way +what moments does that cause about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so there's actually two moment arms + + align:start position:0% +so so there's actually two moment arms + + + align:start position:0% +so so there's actually two moment arms +if you have a force this way now the + + align:start position:0% +if you have a force this way now the + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a force this way now the +force in I'll call it the Theta + + align:start position:0% +force in I'll call it the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +force in I'll call it the Theta +direction is m r Theta double dot now + + align:start position:0% +direction is m r Theta double dot now + + + align:start position:0% +direction is m r Theta double dot now +this is my fictitious Force right + + align:start position:0% +this is my fictitious Force right + + + align:start position:0% +this is my fictitious Force right +this is this fictitious Force it's in + + align:start position:0% +this is this fictitious Force it's in + + + align:start position:0% +this is this fictitious Force it's in +the minus Theta hat Direction it's + + align:start position:0% +the minus Theta hat Direction it's + + + align:start position:0% +the minus Theta hat Direction it's +resist it's it's pushing back it's in + + align:start position:0% +resist it's it's pushing back it's in + + + align:start position:0% +resist it's it's pushing back it's in +the minus Theta hat directions Mr R + + align:start position:0% +the minus Theta hat directions Mr R + + + align:start position:0% +the minus Theta hat directions Mr R +Theta Dot and a torque is some + + align:start position:0% +Theta Dot and a torque is some + + + align:start position:0% +Theta Dot and a torque is some +R cross with the + + align:start position:0% +R cross with the + + + align:start position:0% +R cross with the +force and this + + align:start position:0% +force and this + + + align:start position:0% +force and this +RR is that + + align:start position:0% +RR is that + + + align:start position:0% +RR is that +r b a and it's composed of r r hat and + + align:start position:0% +r b a and it's composed of r r hat and + + + align:start position:0% +r b a and it's composed of r r hat and +ZK hat here so we have to + + align:start position:0% +ZK hat here so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +ZK hat here so we have to +do uh little + + align:start position:0% +do uh little + + + align:start position:0% +do uh little +r r hat plus + + align:start position:0% +r r hat plus + + + align:start position:0% +r r hat plus +ZK hat crossed + + align:start position:0% +ZK hat crossed + + + align:start position:0% +ZK hat crossed +with minus m + + align:start position:0% +with minus m + + + align:start position:0% +with minus m +r Theta double dot Theta hat so you get + + align:start position:0% +r Theta double dot Theta hat so you get + + + align:start position:0% +r Theta double dot Theta hat so you get +an r r Hat Cross Theta hat gives you a k + + align:start position:0% +an r r Hat Cross Theta hat gives you a k + + + align:start position:0% +an r r Hat Cross Theta hat gives you a k +a k cross Theta hat gives you an R + + align:start position:0% +a k cross Theta hat gives you an R + + + align:start position:0% +a k cross Theta hat gives you an R +you're going to get two terms out of + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get two terms out of + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get two terms out of +this one is going to look like m r SAR + + align:start position:0% +this one is going to look like m r SAR + + + align:start position:0% +this one is going to look like m r SAR +Theta double dot and that's a + + align:start position:0% +Theta double dot and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta double dot and that's a +torque and the other one's and that is + + align:start position:0% +torque and the other one's and that is + + + align:start position:0% +torque and the other one's and that is +the one that it takes to that's the + + align:start position:0% +the one that it takes to that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the one that it takes to that's the +that's the torque about this + + align:start position:0% +that's the torque about this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the torque about this +axis there's a force times this moment + + align:start position:0% +axis there's a force times this moment + + + align:start position:0% +axis there's a force times this moment +arm that's a torque about this axis + + align:start position:0% +arm that's a torque about this axis + + + align:start position:0% +arm that's a torque about this axis +that's the actual torque it takes to + + align:start position:0% +that's the actual torque it takes to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the actual torque it takes to +speed this thing + + align:start position:0% +speed this thing + + + align:start position:0% +speed this thing +up okay and then there's a torque about + + align:start position:0% +up okay and then there's a torque about + + + align:start position:0% +up okay and then there's a torque about +this axis which is this length times + + align:start position:0% +this axis which is this length times + + + align:start position:0% +this axis which is this length times +this force and that's the other term + + align:start position:0% +this force and that's the other term + + + align:start position:0% +this force and that's the other term +that'll give you the term in the + + align:start position:0% +that'll give you the term in the + + + align:start position:0% +that'll give you the term in the +uh R direction it'll be a Twist it'll be + + align:start position:0% +uh R direction it'll be a Twist it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +uh R direction it'll be a Twist it'll be +trying to twist this bar like that + + align:start position:0% +trying to twist this bar like that + + + align:start position:0% +trying to twist this bar like that +because there's a force in this + + align:start position:0% +because there's a force in this + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a force in this +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +yeah it seems like these forces are + + align:start position:0% +yeah it seems like these forces are + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it seems like these forces are +coming from like the system so there AR + + align:start position:0% +coming from like the system so there AR + + + align:start position:0% +coming from like the system so there AR +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +fictious so this she is asking this + + align:start position:0% +fictious so this she is asking this + + + align:start position:0% +fictious so this she is asking this +thing you know it's like the forces are + + align:start position:0% +thing you know it's like the forces are + + + align:start position:0% +thing you know it's like the forces are +real but they're the force I mean this + + align:start position:0% +real but they're the force I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +real but they're the force I mean this +is this is why fictitious forces this + + align:start position:0% +is this is why fictitious forces this + + + align:start position:0% +is this is why fictitious forces this +concept of them is so + + align:start position:0% +concept of them is so + + + align:start position:0% +concept of them is so +dangerous is because it's it's really + + align:start position:0% +dangerous is because it's it's really + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous is because it's it's really +tempting to start thinking of them like + + align:start position:0% +tempting to start thinking of them like + + + align:start position:0% +tempting to start thinking of them like +real forces so anytime you get + + align:start position:0% +real forces so anytime you get + + + align:start position:0% +real forces so anytime you get +stuck you go back to the basics and you + + align:start position:0% +stuck you go back to the basics and you + + + align:start position:0% +stuck you go back to the basics and you +say Newton's law e ALS Ma you see Torx + + align:start position:0% +say Newton's law e ALS Ma you see Torx + + + align:start position:0% +say Newton's law e ALS Ma you see Torx +is dhdt plus that V cross P term if you + + align:start position:0% +is dhdt plus that V cross P term if you + + + align:start position:0% +is dhdt plus that V cross P term if you +need it and you work it out carefully + + align:start position:0% +need it and you work it out carefully + + + align:start position:0% +need it and you work it out carefully +using all the vector + + align:start position:0% +using all the vector + + + align:start position:0% +using all the vector +math and then you are dealing only and + + align:start position:0% +math and then you are dealing only and + + + align:start position:0% +math and then you are dealing only and +then cholis centripetal Oiler terms are + + align:start position:0% +then cholis centripetal Oiler terms are + + + align:start position:0% +then cholis centripetal Oiler terms are +only accelerations you treat them as + + align:start position:0% +only accelerations you treat them as + + + align:start position:0% +only accelerations you treat them as +pure accelerations that's all they + + align:start position:0% +pure accelerations that's all they + + + align:start position:0% +pure accelerations that's all they +are okay now to cause acceleration + + align:start position:0% +are okay now to cause acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +are okay now to cause acceleration +you need to apply + + align:start position:0% +you need to apply + + + align:start position:0% +you need to apply +forces and these are and these we give + + align:start position:0% +forces and these are and these we give + + + align:start position:0% +forces and these are and these we give +these forces names because it's helpful + + align:start position:0% +these forces names because it's helpful + + + align:start position:0% +these forces names because it's helpful +conceptually to think about these things + + align:start position:0% +conceptually to think about these things + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually to think about these things +as forces sometimes but they are not + + align:start position:0% +as forces sometimes but they are not + + + align:start position:0% +as forces sometimes but they are not +real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces okay but you can but it's quick + + align:start position:0% +forces okay but you can but it's quick + + + align:start position:0% +forces okay but you can but it's quick +and easy if you get to comfortable with + + align:start position:0% +and easy if you get to comfortable with + + + align:start position:0% +and easy if you get to comfortable with +them they are great assets to your + + align:start position:0% +them they are great assets to your + + + align:start position:0% +them they are great assets to your +intuition so I know IM immediately just + + align:start position:0% +intuition so I know IM immediately just + + + align:start position:0% +intuition so I know IM immediately just +looking at this thing as soon as I see a + + align:start position:0% +looking at this thing as soon as I see a + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this thing as soon as I see a +machine that has a part that rotates + + align:start position:0% +machine that has a part that rotates + + + align:start position:0% +machine that has a part that rotates +like this I say rotational motion that + + align:start position:0% +like this I say rotational motion that + + + align:start position:0% +like this I say rotational motion that +Central you know circular + + align:start position:0% +Central you know circular + + + align:start position:0% +Central you know circular +motion must be the equivalent of a + + align:start position:0% +motion must be the equivalent of a + + + align:start position:0% +motion must be the equivalent of a +centrifugal force pull that this mass is + + align:start position:0% +centrifugal force pull that this mass is + + + align:start position:0% +centrifugal force pull that this mass is +going to pull in that direction because + + align:start position:0% +going to pull in that direction because + + + align:start position:0% +going to pull in that direction because +it's going round and round and it's + + align:start position:0% +it's going round and round and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's going round and round and it's +going to cause a moment about this thing + + align:start position:0% +going to cause a moment about this thing + + + align:start position:0% +going to cause a moment about this thing +I know for sure that's got to be there + + align:start position:0% +I know for sure that's got to be there + + + align:start position:0% +I know for sure that's got to be there +if I going to do it rigorously I call it + + align:start position:0% +if I going to do it rigorously I call it + + + align:start position:0% +if I going to do it rigorously I call it +centripetal acceleration and I compute + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration and I compute + + + align:start position:0% +centripetal acceleration and I compute +it's really the force that this bar puts + + align:start position:0% +it's really the force that this bar puts + + + align:start position:0% +it's really the force that this bar puts +on that Mass to make it go in a + + align:start position:0% +on that Mass to make it go in a + + + align:start position:0% +on that Mass to make it go in a +circle but it's handy to think of it as + + align:start position:0% +circle but it's handy to think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +circle but it's handy to think of it as +a force if what I'm interested in is the + + align:start position:0% +a force if what I'm interested in is the + + + align:start position:0% +a force if what I'm interested in is the +force the other better just go back to + + align:start position:0% +force the other better just go back to + + + align:start position:0% +force the other better just go back to +the old really simple demonstration this + + align:start position:0% +the old really simple demonstration this + + + align:start position:0% +the old really simple demonstration this +thing going around constant speed I am + + align:start position:0% +thing going around constant speed I am + + + align:start position:0% +thing going around constant speed I am +definitely there's definitely a tension + + align:start position:0% +definitely there's definitely a tension + + + align:start position:0% +definitely there's definitely a tension +in the string and I am pulling tension + + align:start position:0% +in the string and I am pulling tension + + + align:start position:0% +in the string and I am pulling tension +is inward right that tension causes an + + align:start position:0% +is inward right that tension causes an + + + align:start position:0% +is inward right that tension causes an +acceleration of R Theta do^ s and that + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of R Theta do^ s and that + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of R Theta do^ s and that +acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is +inward but it's easy if I if you but if + + align:start position:0% +inward but it's easy if I if you but if + + + align:start position:0% +inward but it's easy if I if you but if +you ask me you know come on Kim quick + + align:start position:0% +you ask me you know come on Kim quick + + + align:start position:0% +you ask me you know come on Kim quick +tell me what's the tension in the + + align:start position:0% +tell me what's the tension in the + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what's the tension in the +string I you say that's easy Mr theta. + + align:start position:0% +string I you say that's easy Mr theta. + + + align:start position:0% +string I you say that's easy Mr theta. +squ centrifical + + align:start position:0% +squ centrifical + + + align:start position:0% +squ centrifical +Force + + align:start position:0% +Force + + + align:start position:0% +Force +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're handy but anytime you get stuck + + align:start position:0% +they're handy but anytime you get stuck + + + align:start position:0% +they're handy but anytime you get stuck +go back and be really be really strict + + align:start position:0% +go back and be really be really strict + + + align:start position:0% +go back and be really be really strict +and say what's + + align:start position:0% +and say what's + + + align:start position:0% +and say what's +acceleration and what's real external + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and what's real external + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and what's real external +forces gravity is an external + + align:start position:0% +forces gravity is an external + + + align:start position:0% +forces gravity is an external +Force okay the force that the bar puts + + align:start position:0% +Force okay the force that the bar puts + + + align:start position:0% +Force okay the force that the bar puts +on the mass that's a real Force but + + align:start position:0% +on the mass that's a real Force but + + + align:start position:0% +on the mass that's a real Force but +these other things are just + + align:start position:0% +these other things are just + + + align:start position:0% +these other things are just +accelerations all + + align:start position:0% +accelerations all + + + align:start position:0% +accelerations all +right okay hey perfect I didn't get to + + align:start position:0% +right okay hey perfect I didn't get to + + + align:start position:0% +right okay hey perfect I didn't get to +the thing I really wanted to do so I'll + + align:start position:0% +the thing I really wanted to do so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the thing I really wanted to do so I'll +do it next time that's I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +do it next time that's I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +do it next time that's I'm going to show +you this thing and I want you to fill + + align:start position:0% +you this thing and I want you to fill + + + align:start position:0% +you this thing and I want you to fill +out your muddy cards I'm giving you a + + align:start position:0% +out your muddy cards I'm giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +out your muddy cards I'm giving you a +couple minutes so this is a mechanical + + align:start position:0% +couple minutes so this is a mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +couple minutes so this is a mechanical +Shaker you see it moving already and + + align:start position:0% +Shaker you see it moving already and + + + align:start position:0% +Shaker you see it moving already and +we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about +that next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6Tm4bHa28Ck.txt b/6Tm4bHa28Ck.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebecd7e0c0a28bd0324f0cfefe5f2cc837a9ca37 --- /dev/null +++ b/6Tm4bHa28Ck.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome everybody today + + align:start position:0% +welcome everybody today + + + align:start position:0% +welcome everybody today +for the next segment of the class uh + + align:start position:0% +for the next segment of the class uh + + + align:start position:0% +for the next segment of the class uh +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +this is literally a continuation it's + + align:start position:0% +this is literally a continuation it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is literally a continuation it's +not a sharp break between the last + + align:start position:0% +not a sharp break between the last + + + align:start position:0% +not a sharp break between the last +lecture and today fortunately the + + align:start position:0% +lecture and today fortunately the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and today fortunately the +lecture today has some repeat of the + + align:start position:0% +lecture today has some repeat of the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture today has some repeat of the +equations or at least a version of those + + align:start position:0% +equations or at least a version of those + + + align:start position:0% +equations or at least a version of those +equations so plus i know you're all just + + align:start position:0% +equations so plus i know you're all just + + + align:start position:0% +equations so plus i know you're all just +totally fresh from the exam so + + align:start position:0% +totally fresh from the exam so + + + align:start position:0% +totally fresh from the exam so +you know what the last lecture was + + align:start position:0% +you know what the last lecture was + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the last lecture was +anyway + + align:start position:0% +anyway + + + align:start position:0% +anyway +just teasing you a little bit sorry + + align:start position:0% +just teasing you a little bit sorry + + + align:start position:0% +just teasing you a little bit sorry +just say a few words about the calendar + + align:start position:0% +just say a few words about the calendar + + + align:start position:0% +just say a few words about the calendar +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we are + + align:start position:0% +we are + + + align:start position:0% +we are +right here today thursday 10 1 oh my + + align:start position:0% +right here today thursday 10 1 oh my + + + align:start position:0% +right here today thursday 10 1 oh my +goodness it is october + + align:start position:0% +goodness it is october + + + align:start position:0% +goodness it is october +and we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +and we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and we're gonna +do uh risk sharing applications today + + align:start position:0% +do uh risk sharing applications today + + + align:start position:0% +do uh risk sharing applications today +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +also nine although this says we're + + align:start position:0% +also nine although this says we're + + + align:start position:0% +also nine although this says we're +sharing applications i want a feature + + align:start position:0% +sharing applications i want a feature + + + align:start position:0% +sharing applications i want a feature +that will combine it with a production + + align:start position:0% +that will combine it with a production + + + align:start position:0% +that will combine it with a production +even in a more direct way than we will + + align:start position:0% +even in a more direct way than we will + + + align:start position:0% +even in a more direct way than we will +today so two + + align:start position:0% +today so two + + + align:start position:0% +today so two +lectures today thursday and tuesday on + + align:start position:0% +lectures today thursday and tuesday on + + + align:start position:0% +lectures today thursday and tuesday on +risk sharing + + align:start position:0% +risk sharing + + + align:start position:0% +risk sharing +so that's the calendar + + align:start position:0% +so that's the calendar + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the calendar +the second thing would be the + + align:start position:0% +the second thing would be the + + + align:start position:0% +the second thing would be the +reading list + + align:start position:0% +reading list + + + align:start position:0% +reading list +and we are here at lecture eight so the + + align:start position:0% +and we are here at lecture eight so the + + + align:start position:0% +and we are here at lecture eight so the +two readings today are risk and + + align:start position:0% +two readings today are risk and + + + align:start position:0% +two readings today are risk and +insurance in village india my paper in + + align:start position:0% +insurance in village india my paper in + + + align:start position:0% +insurance in village india my paper in +econometrica and we will cover that in a + + align:start position:0% +econometrica and we will cover that in a + + + align:start position:0% +econometrica and we will cover that in a +fair amount of detail today although not + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of detail today although not + + + align:start position:0% +fair amount of detail today although not +every word obviously and also the + + align:start position:0% +every word obviously and also the + + + align:start position:0% +every word obviously and also the +chapter 2 in medieval village economy so + + align:start position:0% +chapter 2 in medieval village economy so + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 2 in medieval village economy so +that's the reading list + + align:start position:0% +that's the reading list + + + align:start position:0% +that's the reading list +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +today is lecture eight + + align:start position:0% +today is lecture eight + + + align:start position:0% +today is lecture eight +and that is here + + align:start position:0% +and that is here + + + align:start position:0% +and that is here +so risk sharing applications + + align:start position:0% +so risk sharing applications + + + align:start position:0% +so risk sharing applications +we're going to do two different + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do two different + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do two different +economies using the same theory although + + align:start position:0% +economies using the same theory although + + + align:start position:0% +economies using the same theory although +the questions to be asked though related + + align:start position:0% +the questions to be asked though related + + + align:start position:0% +the questions to be asked though related +are a little bit different one is + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different one is + + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different one is +village india + + align:start position:0% +village india + + + align:start position:0% +village india +using consumption and income data + + align:start position:0% +using consumption and income data + + + align:start position:0% +using consumption and income data +which i referred to as an ex-post + + align:start position:0% +which i referred to as an ex-post + + + align:start position:0% +which i referred to as an ex-post +version of the implications of the risk + + align:start position:0% +version of the implications of the risk + + + align:start position:0% +version of the implications of the risk +sharing model and also + + align:start position:0% +sharing model and also + + + align:start position:0% +sharing model and also +as anticipated the medieval village + + align:start position:0% +as anticipated the medieval village + + + align:start position:0% +as anticipated the medieval village +economy where we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +economy where we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +economy where we're going to talk about +dividing up the land + + align:start position:0% +dividing up the land + + + align:start position:0% +dividing up the land +and you've seen maps of this before but + + align:start position:0% +and you've seen maps of this before but + + + align:start position:0% +and you've seen maps of this before but +we didn't have all of the tools we + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have all of the tools we + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have all of the tools we +needed to really do a good job that we + + align:start position:0% +needed to really do a good job that we + + + align:start position:0% +needed to really do a good job that we +do now + + align:start position:0% +do now + + + align:start position:0% +do now +okay so for india + + align:start position:0% +okay so for india + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for india +here's the motivation from my paper + + align:start position:0% +here's the motivation from my paper + + + align:start position:0% +here's the motivation from my paper +a large part of the population in + + align:start position:0% +a large part of the population in + + + align:start position:0% +a large part of the population in +developing countries + + align:start position:0% +developing countries + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries +live in high risk environments + + align:start position:0% +live in high risk environments + + + align:start position:0% +live in high risk environments +that said there are numerous ways to + + align:start position:0% +that said there are numerous ways to + + + align:start position:0% +that said there are numerous ways to +cope with it + + align:start position:0% +cope with it + + + align:start position:0% +cope with it +uh one is to diversify the activities + + align:start position:0% +uh one is to diversify the activities + + + align:start position:0% +uh one is to diversify the activities +you're undertaking + + align:start position:0% +you're undertaking + + + align:start position:0% +you're undertaking +trying to have a portfolio as it were + + align:start position:0% +trying to have a portfolio as it were + + + align:start position:0% +trying to have a portfolio as it were +or x post + + align:start position:0% +or x post + + + align:start position:0% +or x post +after incomes get realized to engage in + + align:start position:0% +after incomes get realized to engage in + + + align:start position:0% +after incomes get realized to engage in +financial transactions including gifts + + align:start position:0% +financial transactions including gifts + + + align:start position:0% +financial transactions including gifts +and transfers among family and family + + align:start position:0% +and transfers among family and family + + + align:start position:0% +and transfers among family and family +networks + + align:start position:0% +networks + + + align:start position:0% +networks +how well do any one of these ex-poster + + align:start position:0% +how well do any one of these ex-poster + + + align:start position:0% +how well do any one of these ex-poster +ex-ante mechanisms work + + align:start position:0% +ex-ante mechanisms work + + + align:start position:0% +ex-ante mechanisms work +well the main quote inside of the paper + + align:start position:0% +well the main quote inside of the paper + + + align:start position:0% +well the main quote inside of the paper +was that we really don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +was that we really don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +was that we really don't necessarily +have to enumerate the mechanism we just + + align:start position:0% +have to enumerate the mechanism we just + + + align:start position:0% +have to enumerate the mechanism we just +look at the outcome + + align:start position:0% +look at the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +look at the outcome +i'll qualify that a little bit and we + + align:start position:0% +i'll qualify that a little bit and we + + + align:start position:0% +i'll qualify that a little bit and we +can keep coming back to this + + align:start position:0% +can keep coming back to this + + + align:start position:0% +can keep coming back to this +if they diversified perfectly + + align:start position:0% +if they diversified perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +if they diversified perfectly +and everyone had a balanced portfolio + + align:start position:0% +and everyone had a balanced portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +and everyone had a balanced portfolio +then they would all have the same + + align:start position:0% +then they would all have the same + + + align:start position:0% +then they would all have the same +outcome and there'd be no further risk + + align:start position:0% +outcome and there'd be no further risk + + + align:start position:0% +outcome and there'd be no further risk +to share + + align:start position:0% +to share + + + align:start position:0% +to share +so in some sense what we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense what we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense what we're going to go +through today would not have much + + align:start position:0% +through today would not have much + + + align:start position:0% +through today would not have much +content + + align:start position:0% +content + + + align:start position:0% +content +in the sense that today we're referring + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that today we're referring + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that today we're referring +to risk sharing + + align:start position:0% +to risk sharing + + + align:start position:0% +to risk sharing +but it's not done per se by sharing risk + + align:start position:0% +but it's not done per se by sharing risk + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not done per se by sharing risk +after the fact it's done by + + align:start position:0% +after the fact it's done by + + + align:start position:0% +after the fact it's done by +ex-anti-diversification + + align:start position:0% +ex-anti-diversification + + + align:start position:0% +ex-anti-diversification +anyway those two strands to repeat are + + align:start position:0% +anyway those two strands to repeat are + + + align:start position:0% +anyway those two strands to repeat are +going to be in today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +going to be in today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in today's lecture +we're going to do the x-post part first + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the x-post part first + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the x-post part first +which assumes partial but not complete + + align:start position:0% +which assumes partial but not complete + + + align:start position:0% +which assumes partial but not complete +diversification and then look at how + + align:start position:0% +diversification and then look at how + + + align:start position:0% +diversification and then look at how +they could do it ex-ante with partial + + align:start position:0% +they could do it ex-ante with partial + + + align:start position:0% +they could do it ex-ante with partial +but potentially not complete + + align:start position:0% +but potentially not complete + + + align:start position:0% +but potentially not complete +diversification + + align:start position:0% +diversification + + + align:start position:0% +diversification +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +characteristics of village economies as + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of village economies as + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of village economies as +in india + + align:start position:0% +in india + + + align:start position:0% +in india +very risky place + + align:start position:0% +very risky place + + + align:start position:0% +very risky place +in large part because agriculture + + align:start position:0% +in large part because agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +in large part because agriculture +does not provide a stable source of + + align:start position:0% +does not provide a stable source of + + + align:start position:0% +does not provide a stable source of +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +there's a lot of risk + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of risk + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of risk +idiosyncratic and aggregate risk + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic and aggregate risk + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic and aggregate risk +households diversify in many ways one + + align:start position:0% +households diversify in many ways one + + + align:start position:0% +households diversify in many ways one +not planting all of the same crop + + align:start position:0% +not planting all of the same crop + + + align:start position:0% +not planting all of the same crop +and we are going to use this benchmark + + align:start position:0% +and we are going to use this benchmark + + + align:start position:0% +and we are going to use this benchmark +which assumes there's no information + + align:start position:0% +which assumes there's no information + + + align:start position:0% +which assumes there's no information +problem no moral hazard problem + + align:start position:0% +problem no moral hazard problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem no moral hazard problem +no contract enforcement problem + + align:start position:0% +no contract enforcement problem + + + align:start position:0% +no contract enforcement problem +all of those words at this point in the + + align:start position:0% +all of those words at this point in the + + + align:start position:0% +all of those words at this point in the +class don't make a whole lot of sense + + align:start position:0% +class don't make a whole lot of sense + + + align:start position:0% +class don't make a whole lot of sense +because we haven't studied + + align:start position:0% +because we haven't studied + + + align:start position:0% +because we haven't studied +anything but these sort of frictionless + + align:start position:0% +anything but these sort of frictionless + + + align:start position:0% +anything but these sort of frictionless +economies but that was the premise and + + align:start position:0% +economies but that was the premise and + + + align:start position:0% +economies but that was the premise and +again to anticipate subsequent lectures + + align:start position:0% +again to anticipate subsequent lectures + + + align:start position:0% +again to anticipate subsequent lectures +today we'll see how well this theory + + align:start position:0% +today we'll see how well this theory + + + align:start position:0% +today we'll see how well this theory +does without any of these frictions + + align:start position:0% +does without any of these frictions + + + align:start position:0% +does without any of these frictions +and then subsequent literature has + + align:start position:0% +and then subsequent literature has + + + align:start position:0% +and then subsequent literature has +started to assume things like contract + + align:start position:0% +started to assume things like contract + + + align:start position:0% +started to assume things like contract +enforcement and information asymmetries + + align:start position:0% +enforcement and information asymmetries + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement and information asymmetries +but we are not going to do that today + + align:start position:0% +but we are not going to do that today + + + align:start position:0% +but we are not going to do that today +so how do they diversify + + align:start position:0% +so how do they diversify + + + align:start position:0% +so how do they diversify +well in a village our apolly which was + + align:start position:0% +well in a village our apolly which was + + + align:start position:0% +well in a village our apolly which was +under the auspices of a crop institute + + align:start position:0% +under the auspices of a crop institute + + + align:start position:0% +under the auspices of a crop institute +for crops under the semi-aritropics + + align:start position:0% +for crops under the semi-aritropics + + + align:start position:0% +for crops under the semi-aritropics +across our poly farmers in our are a + + align:start position:0% +across our poly farmers in our are a + + + align:start position:0% +across our poly farmers in our are a +poly grow sorghum they grow caster + + align:start position:0% +poly grow sorghum they grow caster + + + align:start position:0% +poly grow sorghum they grow caster +sorghum is a grain like wheat castor you + + align:start position:0% +sorghum is a grain like wheat castor you + + + align:start position:0% +sorghum is a grain like wheat castor you +may have heard of as in castor oil it's + + align:start position:0% +may have heard of as in castor oil it's + + + align:start position:0% +may have heard of as in castor oil it's +both used in diet but also it turns out + + align:start position:0% +both used in diet but also it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +both used in diet but also it turns out +to be a lubricant for jet engines anyway + + align:start position:0% +to be a lubricant for jet engines anyway + + + align:start position:0% +to be a lubricant for jet engines anyway +the coefficients of variation are 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients of variation are 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients of variation are 0.5 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and about one + + align:start position:0% +and about one + + + align:start position:0% +and about one +now you may not remember that in + + align:start position:0% +now you may not remember that in + + + align:start position:0% +now you may not remember that in +medieval villages we talked about a very + + align:start position:0% +medieval villages we talked about a very + + + align:start position:0% +medieval villages we talked about a very +risky environment with a coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +risky environment with a coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +risky environment with a coefficient of +variation of yields of about 0.35 or + + align:start position:0% +variation of yields of about 0.35 or + + + align:start position:0% +variation of yields of about 0.35 or +something like that which delivered you + + align:start position:0% +something like that which delivered you + + + align:start position:0% +something like that which delivered you +know a disaster every 12 years so it's + + align:start position:0% +know a disaster every 12 years so it's + + + align:start position:0% +know a disaster every 12 years so it's +more risky than that taking any one crop + + align:start position:0% +more risky than that taking any one crop + + + align:start position:0% +more risky than that taking any one crop +one at a time but they can diversify + + align:start position:0% +one at a time but they can diversify + + + align:start position:0% +one at a time but they can diversify +over crops so looking at the cross crop + + align:start position:0% +over crops so looking at the cross crop + + + align:start position:0% +over crops so looking at the cross crop +correlation those numbers range from + + align:start position:0% +correlation those numbers range from + + + align:start position:0% +correlation those numbers range from +0.09 to 0.81 of 0.09 it's almost the + + align:start position:0% +0.09 to 0.81 of 0.09 it's almost the + + + align:start position:0% +0.09 to 0.81 of 0.09 it's almost the +case that the yields on one type of crop + + align:start position:0% +case that the yields on one type of crop + + + align:start position:0% +case that the yields on one type of crop +are independent of the yields on the + + align:start position:0% +are independent of the yields on the + + + align:start position:0% +are independent of the yields on the +other one + + align:start position:0% +other one + + + align:start position:0% +other one +again you can go back and look at the + + align:start position:0% +again you can go back and look at the + + + align:start position:0% +again you can go back and look at the +lecture under consumer preferences where + + align:start position:0% +lecture under consumer preferences where + + + align:start position:0% +lecture under consumer preferences where +we were introducing risk and derived + + align:start position:0% +we were introducing risk and derived + + + align:start position:0% +we were introducing risk and derived +these kinds of statistics soil isn't + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of statistics soil isn't + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of statistics soil isn't +uniform either so even taking as given + + align:start position:0% +uniform either so even taking as given + + + align:start position:0% +uniform either so even taking as given +that they're going to do caster they can + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to do caster they can + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to do caster they can +plant it in one type of soil or another + + align:start position:0% +plant it in one type of soil or another + + + align:start position:0% +plant it in one type of soil or another +each type is risky with a coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +each type is risky with a coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +each type is risky with a coefficient of +variation from 0.7 to again a little + + align:start position:0% +variation from 0.7 to again a little + + + align:start position:0% +variation from 0.7 to again a little +over one but that you can diversify over + + align:start position:0% +over one but that you can diversify over + + + align:start position:0% +over one but that you can diversify over +soil as well + + align:start position:0% +soil as well + + + align:start position:0% +soil as well +with a correlation of only 0.37 so + + align:start position:0% +with a correlation of only 0.37 so + + + align:start position:0% +with a correlation of only 0.37 so +pretty good diversification + + align:start position:0% +pretty good diversification + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good diversification +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +that said households don't hold + + align:start position:0% +that said households don't hold + + + align:start position:0% +that said households don't hold +completely balanced portfolios across + + align:start position:0% +completely balanced portfolios across + + + align:start position:0% +completely balanced portfolios across +soils and crops one household will plant + + align:start position:0% +soils and crops one household will plant + + + align:start position:0% +soils and crops one household will plant +more of one crop than the other or for + + align:start position:0% +more of one crop than the other or for + + + align:start position:0% +more of one crop than the other or for +castor have more of one type of soil + + align:start position:0% +castor have more of one type of soil + + + align:start position:0% +castor have more of one type of soil +than the other despite all the + + align:start position:0% +than the other despite all the + + + align:start position:0% +than the other despite all the +diversification possibilities + + align:start position:0% +diversification possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +diversification possibilities +and going + + align:start position:0% +and going + + + align:start position:0% +and going +outwards from crops to other + + align:start position:0% +outwards from crops to other + + + align:start position:0% +outwards from crops to other +income generating activities + + align:start position:0% +income generating activities + + + align:start position:0% +income generating activities +they can engage in wage labor + + align:start position:0% +they can engage in wage labor + + + align:start position:0% +they can engage in wage labor +they can do trade in handicrafts + + align:start position:0% +they can do trade in handicrafts + + + align:start position:0% +they can do trade in handicrafts +or animal husbandry + + align:start position:0% +or animal husbandry + + + align:start position:0% +or animal husbandry +so for example + + align:start position:0% +so for example + + + align:start position:0% +so for example +trade and handicrafts in our poly + + align:start position:0% +trade and handicrafts in our poly + + + align:start position:0% +trade and handicrafts in our poly +consists of + + align:start position:0% +consists of + + + align:start position:0% +consists of +climbing palm trees to get the fruit + + align:start position:0% +climbing palm trees to get the fruit + + + align:start position:0% +climbing palm trees to get the fruit +from which they will make palm liquor + + align:start position:0% +from which they will make palm liquor + + + align:start position:0% +from which they will make palm liquor +for example and it's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +for example and it's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +for example and it's a pretty +specialized activity it looks like uh + + align:start position:0% +specialized activity it looks like uh + + + align:start position:0% +specialized activity it looks like uh +telephone repairman climbing poles with + + align:start position:0% +telephone repairman climbing poles with + + + align:start position:0% +telephone repairman climbing poles with +pretty pretty heavy and fancy equipment + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty heavy and fancy equipment + + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty heavy and fancy equipment +animal husbandry consists of grazing + + align:start position:0% +animal husbandry consists of grazing + + + align:start position:0% +animal husbandry consists of grazing +animals and so on anyway + + align:start position:0% +animals and so on anyway + + + align:start position:0% +animals and so on anyway +if you look at how much land they hold + + align:start position:0% +if you look at how much land they hold + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at how much land they hold +it varies from no land at all to being a + + align:start position:0% +it varies from no land at all to being a + + + align:start position:0% +it varies from no land at all to being a +small holder or medium or large holder + + align:start position:0% +small holder or medium or large holder + + + align:start position:0% +small holder or medium or large holder +and so for example not surprisingly + + align:start position:0% +and so for example not surprisingly + + + align:start position:0% +and so for example not surprisingly +the more land they have the more is + + align:start position:0% +the more land they have the more is + + + align:start position:0% +the more land they have the more is +their income from crops + + align:start position:0% +their income from crops + + + align:start position:0% +their income from crops +going from about two percent to 56 + + align:start position:0% +going from about two percent to 56 + + + align:start position:0% +going from about two percent to 56 +percent of the total income likewise + + align:start position:0% +percent of the total income likewise + + + align:start position:0% +percent of the total income likewise +when they hold very little land most of + + align:start position:0% +when they hold very little land most of + + + align:start position:0% +when they hold very little land most of +the income is from labor + + align:start position:0% +the income is from labor + + + align:start position:0% +the income is from labor +wage labor and that drops + + align:start position:0% +wage labor and that drops + + + align:start position:0% +wage labor and that drops +to four percent for the rich guys large + + align:start position:0% +to four percent for the rich guys large + + + align:start position:0% +to four percent for the rich guys large +land holders in the village and so on + + align:start position:0% +land holders in the village and so on + + + align:start position:0% +land holders in the village and so on +those patterns are pretty much repeated + + align:start position:0% +those patterns are pretty much repeated + + + align:start position:0% +those patterns are pretty much repeated +in the the other two villages in kanzara + + align:start position:0% +in the the other two villages in kanzara + + + align:start position:0% +in the the other two villages in kanzara +especially shirapoor is much flatter in + + align:start position:0% +especially shirapoor is much flatter in + + + align:start position:0% +especially shirapoor is much flatter in +the sense that we don't see + + align:start position:0% +the sense that we don't see + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that we don't see +very sharp gradients in terms of income + + align:start position:0% +very sharp gradients in terms of income + + + align:start position:0% +very sharp gradients in terms of income +percentage of income from various + + align:start position:0% +percentage of income from various + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of income from various +sources as we move from small so + + align:start position:0% +sources as we move from small so + + + align:start position:0% +sources as we move from small so +villages are kind of a metaphor villages + + align:start position:0% +villages are kind of a metaphor villages + + + align:start position:0% +villages are kind of a metaphor villages +are not all alike + + align:start position:0% +are not all alike + + + align:start position:0% +are not all alike +but the techniques we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +but the techniques we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +but the techniques we're going to use +today do take into account the + + align:start position:0% +today do take into account the + + + align:start position:0% +today do take into account the +differences + + align:start position:0% +differences + + + align:start position:0% +differences +now let's look at diversification over + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at diversification over + + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at diversification over +income sources the way we did for crops + + align:start position:0% +income sources the way we did for crops + + + align:start position:0% +income sources the way we did for crops +and soil types + + align:start position:0% +and soil types + + + align:start position:0% +and soil types +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is a little bit difficult to read and + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit difficult to read and + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit difficult to read and +i'll tell you why + + align:start position:0% +i'll tell you why + + + align:start position:0% +i'll tell you why +going down the diagonal here + + align:start position:0% +going down the diagonal here + + + align:start position:0% +going down the diagonal here +is the coefficient of variation of each + + align:start position:0% +is the coefficient of variation of each + + + align:start position:0% +is the coefficient of variation of each +income source so for example + + align:start position:0% +income source so for example + + + align:start position:0% +income source so for example +profits from crop production is quite + + align:start position:0% +profits from crop production is quite + + + align:start position:0% +profits from crop production is quite +risky with a coefficient of 4.42 which + + align:start position:0% +risky with a coefficient of 4.42 which + + + align:start position:0% +risky with a coefficient of 4.42 which +we almost said a minute ago + + align:start position:0% +we almost said a minute ago + + + align:start position:0% +we almost said a minute ago +uh of livestock income + + align:start position:0% +uh of livestock income + + + align:start position:0% +uh of livestock income +cov + + align:start position:0% +cov + + + align:start position:0% +cov +the cv is 0.21 etc now these other + + align:start position:0% +the cv is 0.21 etc now these other + + + align:start position:0% +the cv is 0.21 etc now these other +off-diagonal elements here + + align:start position:0% +off-diagonal elements here + + + align:start position:0% +off-diagonal elements here +represent the co-variation so what would + + align:start position:0% +represent the co-variation so what would + + + align:start position:0% +represent the co-variation so what would +have been better + + align:start position:0% +have been better + + + align:start position:0% +have been better +would have been to list profits + + align:start position:0% +would have been to list profits + + + align:start position:0% +would have been to list profits +livestock income earned wages and trade + + align:start position:0% +livestock income earned wages and trade + + + align:start position:0% +livestock income earned wages and trade +in handicrafts going down the rows + + align:start position:0% +in handicrafts going down the rows + + + align:start position:0% +in handicrafts going down the rows +and then picking a row + + align:start position:0% +and then picking a row + + + align:start position:0% +and then picking a row +move across the column to find the + + align:start position:0% +move across the column to find the + + + align:start position:0% +move across the column to find the +covariance so for example this guy here + + align:start position:0% +covariance so for example this guy here + + + align:start position:0% +covariance so for example this guy here +is the covariance between + + align:start position:0% +is the covariance between + + + align:start position:0% +is the covariance between +profits from crop production and + + align:start position:0% +profits from crop production and + + + align:start position:0% +profits from crop production and +livestock income and it's actually + + align:start position:0% +livestock income and it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +livestock income and it's actually +negative so huge diversification + + align:start position:0% +negative so huge diversification + + + align:start position:0% +negative so huge diversification +possibilities for a household if they + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for a household if they + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for a household if they +were doing both crops and livestock + + align:start position:0% +were doing both crops and livestock + + + align:start position:0% +were doing both crops and livestock +these uh + + align:start position:0% +these uh + + + align:start position:0% +these uh +lower off diagonal elements are not + + align:start position:0% +lower off diagonal elements are not + + + align:start position:0% +lower off diagonal elements are not +filled in because the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +filled in because the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +filled in because the matrix is +symmetric the corvic covariation of + + align:start position:0% +symmetric the corvic covariation of + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric the corvic covariation of +activity i with activity j is the same + + align:start position:0% +activity i with activity j is the same + + + align:start position:0% +activity i with activity j is the same +as the covariation of j with i + + align:start position:0% +as the covariation of j with i + + + align:start position:0% +as the covariation of j with i +so it would be redundant to fill them + + align:start position:0% +so it would be redundant to fill them + + + align:start position:0% +so it would be redundant to fill them +all in and they were deleted to kind of + + align:start position:0% +all in and they were deleted to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +all in and they were deleted to kind of +make it easier to read + + align:start position:0% +make it easier to read + + + align:start position:0% +make it easier to read +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +taking into account different soils + + align:start position:0% +taking into account different soils + + + align:start position:0% +taking into account different soils +different crops different income sources + + align:start position:0% +different crops different income sources + + + align:start position:0% +different crops different income sources +piling them all together and plotting + + align:start position:0% +piling them all together and plotting + + + align:start position:0% +piling them all together and plotting +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +over the 10 years for which we have the + + align:start position:0% +over the 10 years for which we have the + + + align:start position:0% +over the 10 years for which we have the +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +look what happens over time + + align:start position:0% +look what happens over time + + + align:start position:0% +look what happens over time +from 1976 to 1985 essentially + + align:start position:0% +from 1976 to 1985 essentially + + + align:start position:0% +from 1976 to 1985 essentially +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what's getting plotted is not just the + + align:start position:0% +what's getting plotted is not just the + + + align:start position:0% +what's getting plotted is not just the +time series of one household + + align:start position:0% +time series of one household + + + align:start position:0% +time series of one household +all of them are getting plotted here in + + align:start position:0% +all of them are getting plotted here in + + + align:start position:0% +all of them are getting plotted here in +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +the way the data were + + align:start position:0% +the way the data were + + + align:start position:0% +the way the data were +coded + + align:start position:0% +coded + + + align:start position:0% +coded +low numbers correspond to little or no + + align:start position:0% +low numbers correspond to little or no + + + align:start position:0% +low numbers correspond to little or no +land and high numbers correspond to lots + + align:start position:0% +land and high numbers correspond to lots + + + align:start position:0% +land and high numbers correspond to lots +of land + + align:start position:0% +of land + + + align:start position:0% +of land +so as we move backwards along the + + align:start position:0% +so as we move backwards along the + + + align:start position:0% +so as we move backwards along the +household number + + align:start position:0% +household number + + + align:start position:0% +household number +the households are getting more and more + + align:start position:0% +the households are getting more and more + + + align:start position:0% +the households are getting more and more +land and + + align:start position:0% +land and + + + align:start position:0% +land and +and are actually you know net worth is + + align:start position:0% +and are actually you know net worth is + + + align:start position:0% +and are actually you know net worth is +going up + + align:start position:0% +going up + + + align:start position:0% +going up +you know so that one percent of the + + align:start position:0% +you know so that one percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know so that one percent of the +population that owns 50 of the wealth + + align:start position:0% +population that owns 50 of the wealth + + + align:start position:0% +population that owns 50 of the wealth +that's this guy back here + + align:start position:0% +that's this guy back here + + + align:start position:0% +that's this guy back here +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +i refer to this + + align:start position:0% +i refer to this + + + align:start position:0% +i refer to this +graph as the rocky mountains + + align:start position:0% +graph as the rocky mountains + + + align:start position:0% +graph as the rocky mountains +because you can see all the peop + + align:start position:0% +because you can see all the peop + + + align:start position:0% +because you can see all the peop +well not quite i was going to say you + + align:start position:0% +well not quite i was going to say you + + + align:start position:0% +well not quite i was going to say you +can see all the peaks and valleys + + align:start position:0% +can see all the peaks and valleys + + + align:start position:0% +can see all the peaks and valleys +that's wrong + + align:start position:0% +that's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +that's wrong +when you have a peak + + align:start position:0% +when you have a peak + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a peak +you can't see the valley behind it + + align:start position:0% +you can't see the valley behind it + + + align:start position:0% +you can't see the valley behind it +if all these incomes co-moved with each + + align:start position:0% +if all these incomes co-moved with each + + + align:start position:0% +if all these incomes co-moved with each +other then everyone's peak would happen + + align:start position:0% +other then everyone's peak would happen + + + align:start position:0% +other then everyone's peak would happen +at the same time and it would look like + + align:start position:0% +at the same time and it would look like + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time and it would look like +waves instead we see this rather jagged + + align:start position:0% +waves instead we see this rather jagged + + + align:start position:0% +waves instead we see this rather jagged +sharp picture + + align:start position:0% +sharp picture + + + align:start position:0% +sharp picture +and again when when you're able to see + + align:start position:0% +and again when when you're able to see + + + align:start position:0% +and again when when you're able to see +the valley behind it's because there's + + align:start position:0% +the valley behind it's because there's + + + align:start position:0% +the valley behind it's because there's +not a peak in front of it now the other + + align:start position:0% +not a peak in front of it now the other + + + align:start position:0% +not a peak in front of it now the other +thing is moving along this gradient i + + align:start position:0% +thing is moving along this gradient i + + + align:start position:0% +thing is moving along this gradient i +should have pointed this out earlier + + align:start position:0% +should have pointed this out earlier + + + align:start position:0% +should have pointed this out earlier +there is a zero here + + align:start position:0% +there is a zero here + + + align:start position:0% +there is a zero here +this zero corresponds + + align:start position:0% +this zero corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +this zero corresponds +to the overall average of income both + + align:start position:0% +to the overall average of income both + + + align:start position:0% +to the overall average of income both +over households and over time + + align:start position:0% +over households and over time + + + align:start position:0% +over households and over time +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +these guys are below average income + + align:start position:0% +these guys are below average income + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are below average income +these guys behind it are higher average + + align:start position:0% +these guys behind it are higher average + + + align:start position:0% +these guys behind it are higher average +income and again you can see that that's + + align:start position:0% +income and again you can see that that's + + + align:start position:0% +income and again you can see that that's +quite a salient gradient + + align:start position:0% +quite a salient gradient + + + align:start position:0% +quite a salient gradient +here is the corresponding picture for + + align:start position:0% +here is the corresponding picture for + + + align:start position:0% +here is the corresponding picture for +grain + + align:start position:0% +grain + + + align:start position:0% +grain +and i could have plotted all consumption + + align:start position:0% +and i could have plotted all consumption + + + align:start position:0% +and i could have plotted all consumption +items but it would have looked similar + + align:start position:0% +items but it would have looked similar + + + align:start position:0% +items but it would have looked similar +the paper actually does that + + align:start position:0% +the paper actually does that + + + align:start position:0% +the paper actually does that +when i say corresponding i mean the + + align:start position:0% +when i say corresponding i mean the + + + align:start position:0% +when i say corresponding i mean the +scale hasn't changed + + align:start position:0% +scale hasn't changed + + + align:start position:0% +scale hasn't changed +the scale that was used to plot income + + align:start position:0% +the scale that was used to plot income + + + align:start position:0% +the scale that was used to plot income +4 000 at the peak + + align:start position:0% +4 000 at the peak + + + align:start position:0% +4 000 at the peak +is the same as the scale that's being + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the scale that's being + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the scale that's being +used to plot consumption + + align:start position:0% +used to plot consumption + + + align:start position:0% +used to plot consumption +so you can see everybody's consumption + + align:start position:0% +so you can see everybody's consumption + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see everybody's consumption +is compressed + + align:start position:0% +is compressed + + + align:start position:0% +is compressed +so they're smoothing + + align:start position:0% +so they're smoothing + + + align:start position:0% +so they're smoothing +they're smoothing over time + + align:start position:0% +they're smoothing over time + + + align:start position:0% +they're smoothing over time +and to a degree they're on a large + + align:start position:0% +and to a degree they're on a large + + + align:start position:0% +and to a degree they're on a large +degree they're actually smoothing over + + align:start position:0% +degree they're actually smoothing over + + + align:start position:0% +degree they're actually smoothing over +households as + + align:start position:0% +households as + + + align:start position:0% +households as +well those + + align:start position:0% +well those + + + align:start position:0% +well those +very wealthy guys are consuming more + + align:start position:0% +very wealthy guys are consuming more + + + align:start position:0% +very wealthy guys are consuming more +than the poor guys but not nearly as + + align:start position:0% +than the poor guys but not nearly as + + + align:start position:0% +than the poor guys but not nearly as +much as income is higher + + align:start position:0% +much as income is higher + + + align:start position:0% +much as income is higher +for them relative to income of low guys + + align:start position:0% +for them relative to income of low guys + + + align:start position:0% +for them relative to income of low guys +the main point of the picture however + + align:start position:0% +the main point of the picture however + + + align:start position:0% +the main point of the picture however +is that here you can almost see the + + align:start position:0% +is that here you can almost see the + + + align:start position:0% +is that here you can almost see the +waves + + align:start position:0% +waves + + + align:start position:0% +waves +grain consumption is kind of co-moving + + align:start position:0% +grain consumption is kind of co-moving + + + align:start position:0% +grain consumption is kind of co-moving +that would be easier to see if we kind + + align:start position:0% +that would be easier to see if we kind + + + align:start position:0% +that would be easier to see if we kind +of blew it up but we will look at this + + align:start position:0% +of blew it up but we will look at this + + + align:start position:0% +of blew it up but we will look at this +statistically as well + + align:start position:0% +statistically as well + + + align:start position:0% +statistically as well +in a few subsequent slides + + align:start position:0% +in a few subsequent slides + + + align:start position:0% +in a few subsequent slides +and i refer to this as kansas i don't + + align:start position:0% +and i refer to this as kansas i don't + + + align:start position:0% +and i refer to this as kansas i don't +know if you any of you have ever been in + + align:start position:0% +know if you any of you have ever been in + + + align:start position:0% +know if you any of you have ever been in +kansas + + align:start position:0% +kansas + + + align:start position:0% +kansas +i ask this every time i teach this + + align:start position:0% +i ask this every time i teach this + + + align:start position:0% +i ask this every time i teach this +diagram + + align:start position:0% +diagram + + + align:start position:0% +diagram +at one point some student in the class + + align:start position:0% +at one point some student in the class + + + align:start position:0% +at one point some student in the class +said i'm from kansas and i said oh i'm + + align:start position:0% +said i'm from kansas and i said oh i'm + + + align:start position:0% +said i'm from kansas and i said oh i'm +sorry i hope i haven't insulted you he + + align:start position:0% +sorry i hope i haven't insulted you he + + + align:start position:0% +sorry i hope i haven't insulted you he +said no no it is really boring there + + align:start position:0% +said no no it is really boring there + + + align:start position:0% +said no no it is really boring there +okay well i like kansas i'm not saying + + align:start position:0% +okay well i like kansas i'm not saying + + + align:start position:0% +okay well i like kansas i'm not saying +that but anyway + + align:start position:0% +that but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +that but anyway +amber waves of grain + + align:start position:0% +amber waves of grain + + + align:start position:0% +amber waves of grain +so consumption versus income + + align:start position:0% +so consumption versus income + + + align:start position:0% +so consumption versus income +well let's think about a theory to try + + align:start position:0% +well let's think about a theory to try + + + align:start position:0% +well let's think about a theory to try +to explain the difference between those + + align:start position:0% +to explain the difference between those + + + align:start position:0% +to explain the difference between those +two diagrams + + align:start position:0% +two diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +two diagrams +and this is the bit that's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and this is the bit that's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the bit that's a little bit +of a review but i think a useful one so + + align:start position:0% +of a review but i think a useful one so + + + align:start position:0% +of a review but i think a useful one so +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +talk about individual + + align:start position:0% +talk about individual + + + align:start position:0% +talk about individual +k + + align:start position:0% +k + + + align:start position:0% +k +a live at day t + + align:start position:0% +a live at day t + + + align:start position:0% +a live at day t +that has experienced the history of + + align:start position:0% +that has experienced the history of + + + align:start position:0% +that has experienced the history of +shocks ht with this history is the shock + + align:start position:0% +shocks ht with this history is the shock + + + align:start position:0% +shocks ht with this history is the shock +at day one the shock at day two and the + + align:start position:0% +at day one the shock at day two and the + + + align:start position:0% +at day one the shock at day two and the +shock at day three + + align:start position:0% +shock at day three + + + align:start position:0% +shock at day three +so again this is the + + align:start position:0% +so again this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so again this is the +state space representation of the tree + + align:start position:0% +state space representation of the tree + + + align:start position:0% +state space representation of the tree +that you saw in the brew and i featured + + align:start position:0% +that you saw in the brew and i featured + + + align:start position:0% +that you saw in the brew and i featured +at least twice already + + align:start position:0% +at least twice already + + + align:start position:0% +at least twice already +what is the objective function we're + + align:start position:0% +what is the objective function we're + + + align:start position:0% +what is the objective function we're +going to solve that programming problem + + align:start position:0% +going to solve that programming problem + + + align:start position:0% +going to solve that programming problem +to go back and forth between solutions + + align:start position:0% +to go back and forth between solutions + + + align:start position:0% +to go back and forth between solutions +to that problem and pareto optimal + + align:start position:0% +to that problem and pareto optimal + + + align:start position:0% +to that problem and pareto optimal +allocations so we're going to maximize a + + align:start position:0% +allocations so we're going to maximize a + + + align:start position:0% +allocations so we're going to maximize a +lambda weighted sum of discounted + + align:start position:0% +lambda weighted sum of discounted + + + align:start position:0% +lambda weighted sum of discounted +expected utilities + + align:start position:0% +expected utilities + + + align:start position:0% +expected utilities +weighted lambda k for weight k over all + + align:start position:0% +weighted lambda k for weight k over all + + + align:start position:0% +weighted lambda k for weight k over all +the individuals in their capital m of + + align:start position:0% +the individuals in their capital m of + + + align:start position:0% +the individuals in their capital m of +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +the contemporary utility functions + + align:start position:0% +the contemporary utility functions + + + align:start position:0% +the contemporary utility functions +have its arguments the consumption of + + align:start position:0% +have its arguments the consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +have its arguments the consumption of +individual k at day t ht which we just + + align:start position:0% +individual k at day t ht which we just + + + align:start position:0% +individual k at day t ht which we just +did and then this sort of age gender + + align:start position:0% +did and then this sort of age gender + + + align:start position:0% +did and then this sort of age gender +index so not everyone is the same age + + align:start position:0% +index so not everyone is the same age + + + align:start position:0% +index so not everyone is the same age +not everyone is the same gender + + align:start position:0% +not everyone is the same gender + + + align:start position:0% +not everyone is the same gender +18 year old males eat you know twice as + + align:start position:0% +18 year old males eat you know twice as + + + align:start position:0% +18 year old males eat you know twice as +much as anybody else essentially so we + + align:start position:0% +much as anybody else essentially so we + + + align:start position:0% +much as anybody else essentially so we +want to adjust the utility for these + + align:start position:0% +want to adjust the utility for these + + + align:start position:0% +want to adjust the utility for these +metabolic requirements + + align:start position:0% +metabolic requirements + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic requirements +and they may not be treating the women + + align:start position:0% +and they may not be treating the women + + + align:start position:0% +and they may not be treating the women +very equitably either + + align:start position:0% +very equitably either + + + align:start position:0% +very equitably either +but we are going to take these as + + align:start position:0% +but we are going to take these as + + + align:start position:0% +but we are going to take these as +metabolic weights that were measured in + + align:start position:0% +metabolic weights that were measured in + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic weights that were measured in +the dietary survey + + align:start position:0% +the dietary survey + + + align:start position:0% +the dietary survey +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +the other objects here are + + align:start position:0% +the other objects here are + + + align:start position:0% +the other objects here are +the probability of that history actually + + align:start position:0% +the probability of that history actually + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of that history actually +happening + + align:start position:0% +happening + + + align:start position:0% +happening +note that for any day t + + align:start position:0% +note that for any day t + + + align:start position:0% +note that for any day t +we sum over all possible histories that + + align:start position:0% +we sum over all possible histories that + + + align:start position:0% +we sum over all possible histories that +could have given generated that node at + + align:start position:0% +could have given generated that node at + + + align:start position:0% +could have given generated that node at +day t + + align:start position:0% +day t + + + align:start position:0% +day t +and then in addition there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +and then in addition there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +and then in addition there are multiple +dates so we sum over those dates and + + align:start position:0% +dates so we sum over those dates and + + + align:start position:0% +dates so we sum over those dates and +discount them by beta + + align:start position:0% +discount them by beta + + + align:start position:0% +discount them by beta +and again the lambdas are the pareto + + align:start position:0% +and again the lambdas are the pareto + + + align:start position:0% +and again the lambdas are the pareto +weights that vary between 0 and 1 and + + align:start position:0% +weights that vary between 0 and 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +weights that vary between 0 and 1 and +they sum to 1 and we take the weighted + + align:start position:0% +they sum to 1 and we take the weighted + + + align:start position:0% +they sum to 1 and we take the weighted +sum + + align:start position:0% +sum + + + align:start position:0% +sum +there are many many resource constraints + + align:start position:0% +there are many many resource constraints + + + align:start position:0% +there are many many resource constraints +there is a particular constraint for + + align:start position:0% +there is a particular constraint for + + + align:start position:0% +there is a particular constraint for +everyday t and all possible histories + + align:start position:0% +everyday t and all possible histories + + + align:start position:0% +everyday t and all possible histories +that could have led to t that simply + + align:start position:0% +that could have led to t that simply + + + align:start position:0% +that could have led to t that simply +says that the way you hand out + + align:start position:0% +says that the way you hand out + + + align:start position:0% +says that the way you hand out +consumption must not sum to something + + align:start position:0% +consumption must not sum to something + + + align:start position:0% +consumption must not sum to something +greater than the total that's available + + align:start position:0% +greater than the total that's available + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the total that's available +so usually we talk about income now we + + align:start position:0% +so usually we talk about income now we + + + align:start position:0% +so usually we talk about income now we +just kind of went to total expenditure + + align:start position:0% +just kind of went to total expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of went to total expenditure +but obviously whatever + + align:start position:0% +but obviously whatever + + + align:start position:0% +but obviously whatever +income is if it were spent it would lead + + align:start position:0% +income is if it were spent it would lead + + + align:start position:0% +income is if it were spent it would lead +to expenditure and then you could + + align:start position:0% +to expenditure and then you could + + + align:start position:0% +to expenditure and then you could +reallocate it and some people might be + + align:start position:0% +reallocate it and some people might be + + + align:start position:0% +reallocate it and some people might be +consuming more than others + + align:start position:0% +consuming more than others + + + align:start position:0% +consuming more than others +but here we take the total aggregate + + align:start position:0% +but here we take the total aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +but here we take the total aggregate +consumption as fixed + + align:start position:0% +consumption as fixed + + + align:start position:0% +consumption as fixed +we're not going to put labor in here + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to put labor in here + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to put labor in here +there's just consumption + + align:start position:0% +there's just consumption + + + align:start position:0% +there's just consumption +and we get first order conditions so + + align:start position:0% +and we get first order conditions so + + + align:start position:0% +and we get first order conditions so +if you picked a particular consumption + + align:start position:0% +if you picked a particular consumption + + + align:start position:0% +if you picked a particular consumption +for household k at day t + + align:start position:0% +for household k at day t + + + align:start position:0% +for household k at day t +as a function of a particular history ht + + align:start position:0% +as a function of a particular history ht + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of a particular history ht +it would appear in the w contemporary + + align:start position:0% +it would appear in the w contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +it would appear in the w contemporary +utility function + + align:start position:0% +utility function + + + align:start position:0% +utility function +with a prime for the derivative + + align:start position:0% +with a prime for the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +with a prime for the derivative +weighted by lambda k + + align:start position:0% +weighted by lambda k + + + align:start position:0% +weighted by lambda k +and that beta to the t probability of h + + align:start position:0% +and that beta to the t probability of h + + + align:start position:0% +and that beta to the t probability of h +t would also be over there but we've + + align:start position:0% +t would also be over there but we've + + + align:start position:0% +t would also be over there but we've +multiplied through so that now becomes a + + align:start position:0% +multiplied through so that now becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied through so that now becomes a +term in the denominator and the + + align:start position:0% +term in the denominator and the + + + align:start position:0% +term in the denominator and the +numerator term here is mu + + align:start position:0% +numerator term here is mu + + + align:start position:0% +numerator term here is mu +so let me go back so the the mu + + align:start position:0% +so let me go back so the the mu + + + align:start position:0% +so let me go back so the the mu +is the lagrange multiplier on this + + align:start position:0% +is the lagrange multiplier on this + + + align:start position:0% +is the lagrange multiplier on this +resource constraint + + align:start position:0% +resource constraint + + + align:start position:0% +resource constraint +and it really should have a mu index by + + align:start position:0% +and it really should have a mu index by + + + align:start position:0% +and it really should have a mu index by +t and the history h of t because there + + align:start position:0% +t and the history h of t because there + + + align:start position:0% +t and the history h of t because there +is a constraint like this for every + + align:start position:0% +is a constraint like this for every + + + align:start position:0% +is a constraint like this for every +single possible history and date so + + align:start position:0% +single possible history and date so + + + align:start position:0% +single possible history and date so +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +many many constraints that's why i + + align:start position:0% +many many constraints that's why i + + + align:start position:0% +many many constraints that's why i +caught myself when i said subject to one + + align:start position:0% +caught myself when i said subject to one + + + align:start position:0% +caught myself when i said subject to one +constraint that's wrong there's only one + + align:start position:0% +constraint that's wrong there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +constraint that's wrong there's only one +good but there's many dates and many + + align:start position:0% +good but there's many dates and many + + + align:start position:0% +good but there's many dates and many +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +the mu that's appearing here didn't + + align:start position:0% +the mu that's appearing here didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the mu that's appearing here didn't +write an additional little t + + align:start position:0% +write an additional little t + + + align:start position:0% +write an additional little t +which ought to be there probably but + + align:start position:0% +which ought to be there probably but + + + align:start position:0% +which ought to be there probably but +anyway mutilda is the normalized version + + align:start position:0% +anyway mutilda is the normalized version + + + align:start position:0% +anyway mutilda is the normalized version +after dividing through by the discount + + align:start position:0% +after dividing through by the discount + + + align:start position:0% +after dividing through by the discount +rate and the probability + + align:start position:0% +rate and the probability + + + align:start position:0% +rate and the probability +and if you started with particular + + align:start position:0% +and if you started with particular + + + align:start position:0% +and if you started with particular +utility functions like one of our + + align:start position:0% +utility functions like one of our + + + align:start position:0% +utility functions like one of our +favorite constant exponential utility + + align:start position:0% +favorite constant exponential utility + + + align:start position:0% +favorite constant exponential utility +where sigma is the degree of risk + + align:start position:0% +where sigma is the degree of risk + + + align:start position:0% +where sigma is the degree of risk +aversion + + align:start position:0% +aversion + + + align:start position:0% +aversion +it is of this form now there is a step + + align:start position:0% +it is of this form now there is a step + + + align:start position:0% +it is of this form now there is a step +that's happening here which is imposing + + align:start position:0% +that's happening here which is imposing + + + align:start position:0% +that's happening here which is imposing +the way that these age and gender + + align:start position:0% +the way that these age and gender + + + align:start position:0% +the way that these age and gender +weights are entering into the utility + + align:start position:0% +weights are entering into the utility + + + align:start position:0% +weights are entering into the utility +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +namely its consumption per unit index + + align:start position:0% +namely its consumption per unit index + + + align:start position:0% +namely its consumption per unit index +you know so pick a you know 30 year old + + align:start position:0% +you know so pick a you know 30 year old + + + align:start position:0% +you know so pick a you know 30 year old +male and then look at the other age + + align:start position:0% +male and then look at the other age + + + align:start position:0% +male and then look at the other age +groups and the other genders and the + + align:start position:0% +groups and the other genders and the + + + align:start position:0% +groups and the other genders and the +question is whether they're consuming + + align:start position:0% +question is whether they're consuming + + + align:start position:0% +question is whether they're consuming +more or consuming less than that + + align:start position:0% +more or consuming less than that + + + align:start position:0% +more or consuming less than that +baseline case so we you know for short + + align:start position:0% +baseline case so we you know for short + + + align:start position:0% +baseline case so we you know for short +can talk about this consumption per unit + + align:start position:0% +can talk about this consumption per unit + + + align:start position:0% +can talk about this consumption per unit +h that's really the object that's + + align:start position:0% +h that's really the object that's + + + align:start position:0% +h that's really the object that's +entering into individual k's utility + + align:start position:0% +entering into individual k's utility + + + align:start position:0% +entering into individual k's utility +function and c tilde then replaces that + + align:start position:0% +function and c tilde then replaces that + + + align:start position:0% +function and c tilde then replaces that +normalized consumption c over a + + align:start position:0% +normalized consumption c over a + + + align:start position:0% +normalized consumption c over a +and when you do the math you'll get the + + align:start position:0% +and when you do the math you'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +and when you do the math you'll get the +consumption formula the risk sharing + + align:start position:0% +consumption formula the risk sharing + + + align:start position:0% +consumption formula the risk sharing +formula as it were + + align:start position:0% +formula as it were + + + align:start position:0% +formula as it were +so this is the per unit consumption of + + align:start position:0% +so this is the per unit consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the per unit consumption of +household individual k a day t + + align:start position:0% +household individual k a day t + + + align:start position:0% +household individual k a day t +it has an intercept term a term that + + align:start position:0% +it has an intercept term a term that + + + align:start position:0% +it has an intercept term a term that +depends on the demographics and a term + + align:start position:0% +depends on the demographics and a term + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the demographics and a term +that depends on this pareto this shadow + + align:start position:0% +that depends on this pareto this shadow + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on this pareto this shadow +price mu + + align:start position:0% +price mu + + + align:start position:0% +price mu +you've kind of seen this before but let + + align:start position:0% +you've kind of seen this before but let + + + align:start position:0% +you've kind of seen this before but let +me remind you this intercept term quite + + align:start position:0% +me remind you this intercept term quite + + + align:start position:0% +me remind you this intercept term quite +logically has to do with the pareto + + align:start position:0% +logically has to do with the pareto + + + align:start position:0% +logically has to do with the pareto +weight the higher is the pareto weight + + align:start position:0% +weight the higher is the pareto weight + + + align:start position:0% +weight the higher is the pareto weight +of individual k the higher is the log of + + align:start position:0% +of individual k the higher is the log of + + + align:start position:0% +of individual k the higher is the log of +the pareto weight it's normalized by + + align:start position:0% +the pareto weight it's normalized by + + + align:start position:0% +the pareto weight it's normalized by +this degree of risk aversion if we move + + align:start position:0% +this degree of risk aversion if we move + + + align:start position:0% +this degree of risk aversion if we move +over here to the + + align:start position:0% +over here to the + + + align:start position:0% +over here to the +mu term + + align:start position:0% +mu term + + + align:start position:0% +mu term +mu is the shadow price of consumption + + align:start position:0% +mu is the shadow price of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +mu is the shadow price of consumption +it's how much the objective function + + align:start position:0% +it's how much the objective function + + + align:start position:0% +it's how much the objective function +would increase if you increase + + align:start position:0% +would increase if you increase + + + align:start position:0% +would increase if you increase +consumption by an infinitesimally small + + align:start position:0% +consumption by an infinitesimally small + + + align:start position:0% +consumption by an infinitesimally small +amount in the aggregate + + align:start position:0% +amount in the aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +amount in the aggregate +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +as mu goes up consumption is going down + + align:start position:0% +as mu goes up consumption is going down + + + align:start position:0% +as mu goes up consumption is going down +why is that mu is the shadow price so + + align:start position:0% +why is that mu is the shadow price so + + + align:start position:0% +why is that mu is the shadow price so +the lower is aggregate consumption the + + align:start position:0% +the lower is aggregate consumption the + + + align:start position:0% +the lower is aggregate consumption the +higher will be the shadow price so as mu + + align:start position:0% +higher will be the shadow price so as mu + + + align:start position:0% +higher will be the shadow price so as mu +goes up there's less consumption to go + + align:start position:0% +goes up there's less consumption to go + + + align:start position:0% +goes up there's less consumption to go +around so individual consumption is also + + align:start position:0% +around so individual consumption is also + + + align:start position:0% +around so individual consumption is also +dropping + + align:start position:0% +dropping + + + align:start position:0% +dropping +and we'll replace this by aggregate + + align:start position:0% +and we'll replace this by aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll replace this by aggregate +consumption and get a positive sign + + align:start position:0% +consumption and get a positive sign + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and get a positive sign +momentarily + + align:start position:0% +momentarily + + + align:start position:0% +momentarily +the other interesting thing about this + + align:start position:0% +the other interesting thing about this + + + align:start position:0% +the other interesting thing about this +equation is again this one over sigma + + align:start position:0% +equation is again this one over sigma + + + align:start position:0% +equation is again this one over sigma +which i feature in this term although + + align:start position:0% +which i feature in this term although + + + align:start position:0% +which i feature in this term although +it's on all the other ones as well and + + align:start position:0% +it's on all the other ones as well and + + + align:start position:0% +it's on all the other ones as well and +that is if individual risk aversion goes + + align:start position:0% +that is if individual risk aversion goes + + + align:start position:0% +that is if individual risk aversion goes +up this coefficient is going down + + align:start position:0% +up this coefficient is going down + + + align:start position:0% +up this coefficient is going down +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +as risk aversion goes up this individual + + align:start position:0% +as risk aversion goes up this individual + + + align:start position:0% +as risk aversion goes up this individual +k should not experience too much + + align:start position:0% +k should not experience too much + + + align:start position:0% +k should not experience too much +variation in his or her consumption when + + align:start position:0% +variation in his or her consumption when + + + align:start position:0% +variation in his or her consumption when +the aggregate is moving because other + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate is moving because other + + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate is moving because other +people would be in a better position to + + align:start position:0% +people would be in a better position to + + + align:start position:0% +people would be in a better position to +absorb the aggregate shock if they were + + align:start position:0% +absorb the aggregate shock if they were + + + align:start position:0% +absorb the aggregate shock if they were +less risk-averse than individual k and + + align:start position:0% +less risk-averse than individual k and + + + align:start position:0% +less risk-averse than individual k and +again you'll see that momentarily + + align:start position:0% +again you'll see that momentarily + + + align:start position:0% +again you'll see that momentarily +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +my question is why + + align:start position:0% +my question is why + + + align:start position:0% +my question is why +there was a negative sign before the a + + align:start position:0% +there was a negative sign before the a + + + align:start position:0% +there was a negative sign before the a +log a the + + align:start position:0% +log a the + + + align:start position:0% +log a the +age and + + align:start position:0% +age and + + + align:start position:0% +age and +sex index + + align:start position:0% +sex index + + + align:start position:0% +sex index +it looks like + + align:start position:0% +it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like +in the utility function when a goes up + + align:start position:0% +in the utility function when a goes up + + + align:start position:0% +in the utility function when a goes up +your tutu will goes up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when a is going up though consum uh + + align:start position:0% +when a is going up though consum uh + + + align:start position:0% +when a is going up though consum uh +consumption per unit age is going down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but in the utility function + + align:start position:0% +but in the utility function + + + align:start position:0% +but in the utility function +so they're becoming more + + align:start position:0% +so they're becoming more + + + align:start position:0% +so they're becoming more +urgent so to speak + + align:start position:0% +urgent so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +urgent so to speak +other things equal + + align:start position:0% +other things equal + + + align:start position:0% +other things equal +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know i'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +you know i'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +you know i'm sorry +i think i said it right the first time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +holding can holding aggregate + + align:start position:0% +holding can holding aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +holding can holding aggregate +consumption fixed for example + + align:start position:0% +consumption fixed for example + + + align:start position:0% +consumption fixed for example +as their index is going up + + align:start position:0% +as their index is going up + + + align:start position:0% +as their index is going up +the consumption per unit index is going + + align:start position:0% +the consumption per unit index is going + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption per unit index is going +down and that's the negative sign it's + + align:start position:0% +down and that's the negative sign it's + + + align:start position:0% +down and that's the negative sign it's +really just that simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +but thank you for asking a question um + + align:start position:0% +but thank you for asking a question um + + + align:start position:0% +but thank you for asking a question um +all right now + + align:start position:0% +all right now + + + align:start position:0% +all right now +that was just one individual we can put + + align:start position:0% +that was just one individual we can put + + + align:start position:0% +that was just one individual we can put +all the individuals together + + align:start position:0% +all the individuals together + + + align:start position:0% +all the individuals together +and allow explicitly for different risk + + align:start position:0% +and allow explicitly for different risk + + + align:start position:0% +and allow explicitly for different risk +aversion and this formula appears in the + + align:start position:0% +aversion and this formula appears in the + + + align:start position:0% +aversion and this formula appears in the +paper and i'm not going to try to derive + + align:start position:0% +paper and i'm not going to try to derive + + + align:start position:0% +paper and i'm not going to try to derive +it it's + + align:start position:0% +it it's + + + align:start position:0% +it it's +somewhat tedious algebra + + align:start position:0% +somewhat tedious algebra + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat tedious algebra +but the interpretation is easy namely + + align:start position:0% +but the interpretation is easy namely + + + align:start position:0% +but the interpretation is easy namely +there's an intercept something to do + + align:start position:0% +there's an intercept something to do + + + align:start position:0% +there's an intercept something to do +with demographics + + align:start position:0% +with demographics + + + align:start position:0% +with demographics +and something to do with aggregate + + align:start position:0% +and something to do with aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +and something to do with aggregate +consumption + + align:start position:0% +consumption + + + align:start position:0% +consumption +in a little bit more detail + + align:start position:0% +in a little bit more detail + + + align:start position:0% +in a little bit more detail +this is no longer individual k + + align:start position:0% +this is no longer individual k + + + align:start position:0% +this is no longer individual k +consumption it's all the individuals in + + align:start position:0% +consumption it's all the individuals in + + + align:start position:0% +consumption it's all the individuals in +a household j + + align:start position:0% +a household j + + + align:start position:0% +a household j +and unfortunately that's all we see in + + align:start position:0% +and unfortunately that's all we see in + + + align:start position:0% +and unfortunately that's all we see in +the data we don't see individual + + align:start position:0% +the data we don't see individual + + + align:start position:0% +the data we don't see individual +eating apart from that dietary survey we + + align:start position:0% +eating apart from that dietary survey we + + + align:start position:0% +eating apart from that dietary survey we +just see aggregate household consumption + + align:start position:0% +just see aggregate household consumption + + + align:start position:0% +just see aggregate household consumption +but that functional form allowed us to + + align:start position:0% +but that functional form allowed us to + + + align:start position:0% +but that functional form allowed us to +sum up over all the consumptions and + + align:start position:0% +sum up over all the consumptions and + + + align:start position:0% +sum up over all the consumptions and +that's what we see and we also have the + + align:start position:0% +that's what we see and we also have the + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we see and we also have the +age and sex uh of all the members so we + + align:start position:0% +age and sex uh of all the members so we + + + align:start position:0% +age and sex uh of all the members so we +also have the denominator so this is + + align:start position:0% +also have the denominator so this is + + + align:start position:0% +also have the denominator so this is +household level consumption per unit h + + align:start position:0% +household level consumption per unit h + + + align:start position:0% +household level consumption per unit h +and that should be higher the higher is + + align:start position:0% +and that should be higher the higher is + + + align:start position:0% +and that should be higher the higher is +household j's lambda weight relative to + + align:start position:0% +household j's lambda weight relative to + + + align:start position:0% +household j's lambda weight relative to +the lambda weights of the other people + + align:start position:0% +the lambda weights of the other people + + + align:start position:0% +the lambda weights of the other people +in the village + + align:start position:0% +in the village + + + align:start position:0% +in the village +it's a bit more complicated because + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit more complicated because + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit more complicated because +these lambda weights are weighted by the + + align:start position:0% +these lambda weights are weighted by the + + + align:start position:0% +these lambda weights are weighted by the +degree of risk aversion so it's a + + align:start position:0% +degree of risk aversion so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +degree of risk aversion so it's a +risk-aversion weighted version of the + + align:start position:0% +risk-aversion weighted version of the + + + align:start position:0% +risk-aversion weighted version of the +lambda that we care about + + align:start position:0% +lambda that we care about + + + align:start position:0% +lambda that we care about +comparing it to lambda j + + align:start position:0% +comparing it to lambda j + + + align:start position:0% +comparing it to lambda j +okay this is the demographics i may come + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the demographics i may come + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the demographics i may come +back to that this is the formula now in + + align:start position:0% +back to that this is the formula now in + + + align:start position:0% +back to that this is the formula now in +terms of aggregate consumption this is + + align:start position:0% +terms of aggregate consumption this is + + + align:start position:0% +terms of aggregate consumption this is +the consumption of individual k in + + align:start position:0% +the consumption of individual k in + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption of individual k in +household j + + align:start position:0% +household j + + + align:start position:0% +household j +i actually but then summing over all + + align:start position:0% +i actually but then summing over all + + + align:start position:0% +i actually but then summing over all +households i so this is aggregate + + align:start position:0% +households i so this is aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +households i so this is aggregate +consumption per unit age in the whole + + align:start position:0% +consumption per unit age in the whole + + + align:start position:0% +consumption per unit age in the whole +village and again you can see quite + + align:start position:0% +village and again you can see quite + + + align:start position:0% +village and again you can see quite +explicitly that j's consumption will + + align:start position:0% +explicitly that j's consumption will + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly that j's consumption will +move with that + + align:start position:0% +move with that + + + align:start position:0% +move with that +when sigma j is going down or the other + + align:start position:0% +when sigma j is going down or the other + + + align:start position:0% +when sigma j is going down or the other +way around when hassle j is very + + align:start position:0% +way around when hassle j is very + + + align:start position:0% +way around when hassle j is very +risk-averse this coefficient is going to + + align:start position:0% +risk-averse this coefficient is going to + + + align:start position:0% +risk-averse this coefficient is going to +zero and individual consumption would + + align:start position:0% +zero and individual consumption would + + + align:start position:0% +zero and individual consumption would +not vary much with the aggregate that's + + align:start position:0% +not vary much with the aggregate that's + + + align:start position:0% +not vary much with the aggregate that's +kind of the aggregate allocation of risk + + align:start position:0% +kind of the aggregate allocation of risk + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the aggregate allocation of risk +bearing + + align:start position:0% +bearing + + + align:start position:0% +bearing +because the theory has those age and + + align:start position:0% +because the theory has those age and + + + align:start position:0% +because the theory has those age and +gender weights in it + + align:start position:0% +gender weights in it + + + align:start position:0% +gender weights in it +you can treat those as shocks even + + align:start position:0% +you can treat those as shocks even + + + align:start position:0% +you can treat those as shocks even +though they're quite not moving in a + + align:start position:0% +though they're quite not moving in a + + + align:start position:0% +though they're quite not moving in a +surprise way they are moving over time + + align:start position:0% +surprise way they are moving over time + + + align:start position:0% +surprise way they are moving over time +they're moving intertemporally and maybe + + align:start position:0% +they're moving intertemporally and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +they're moving intertemporally and maybe +the whole village is getting older maybe + + align:start position:0% +the whole village is getting older maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the whole village is getting older maybe +one household + + align:start position:0% +one household + + + align:start position:0% +one household +is moving across metabolic categories + + align:start position:0% +is moving across metabolic categories + + + align:start position:0% +is moving across metabolic categories +faster than the other households are and + + align:start position:0% +faster than the other households are and + + + align:start position:0% +faster than the other households are and +so the formula allows for that + + align:start position:0% +so the formula allows for that + + + align:start position:0% +so the formula allows for that +adjustment comparing household j to the + + align:start position:0% +adjustment comparing household j to the + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment comparing household j to the +other ones so let's look at an empirical + + align:start position:0% +other ones so let's look at an empirical + + + align:start position:0% +other ones so let's look at an empirical +implication a linear equation + + align:start position:0% +implication a linear equation + + + align:start position:0% +implication a linear equation +the consumption + + align:start position:0% +the consumption + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption +the aggregate consumption age weighted + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate consumption age weighted + + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate consumption age weighted +of household j + + align:start position:0% +of household j + + + align:start position:0% +of household j +has an intercept + + align:start position:0% +has an intercept + + + align:start position:0% +has an intercept +depends on aggregate consumption + + align:start position:0% +depends on aggregate consumption + + + align:start position:0% +depends on aggregate consumption +depends on the + + align:start position:0% +depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the +index of household j + + align:start position:0% +index of household j + + + align:start position:0% +index of household j +and maybe on other things + + align:start position:0% +and maybe on other things + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe on other things +this is just a version of this household + + align:start position:0% +this is just a version of this household + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a version of this household +j's consumption depends on an intercept + + align:start position:0% +j's consumption depends on an intercept + + + align:start position:0% +j's consumption depends on an intercept +it's age and aggregate consumption it's + + align:start position:0% +it's age and aggregate consumption it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's age and aggregate consumption it's +just much easier to write this way and + + align:start position:0% +just much easier to write this way and + + + align:start position:0% +just much easier to write this way and +the theory has implications namely if + + align:start position:0% +the theory has implications namely if + + + align:start position:0% +the theory has implications namely if +everyone had the same risk aversion then + + align:start position:0% +everyone had the same risk aversion then + + + align:start position:0% +everyone had the same risk aversion then +this beta j on aggregate consumption + + align:start position:0% +this beta j on aggregate consumption + + + align:start position:0% +this beta j on aggregate consumption +would be one you can convince yourself + + align:start position:0% +would be one you can convince yourself + + + align:start position:0% +would be one you can convince yourself +this would be one + + align:start position:0% +this would be one + + + align:start position:0% +this would be one +because the sigmas are all alike for + + align:start position:0% +because the sigmas are all alike for + + + align:start position:0% +because the sigmas are all alike for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +likewise this demographic thing would + + align:start position:0% +likewise this demographic thing would + + + align:start position:0% +likewise this demographic thing would +have a coefficient of one over sigma the + + align:start position:0% +have a coefficient of one over sigma the + + + align:start position:0% +have a coefficient of one over sigma the +common sigma and this other stuff i + + align:start position:0% +common sigma and this other stuff i + + + align:start position:0% +common sigma and this other stuff i +saved the best for last + + align:start position:0% +saved the best for last + + + align:start position:0% +saved the best for last +this is any other variable including + + align:start position:0% +this is any other variable including + + + align:start position:0% +this is any other variable including +household income and the theory is + + align:start position:0% +household income and the theory is + + + align:start position:0% +household income and the theory is +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +that this coefficient should be zero + + align:start position:0% +that this coefficient should be zero + + + align:start position:0% +that this coefficient should be zero +now that's very counter-intuitive + + align:start position:0% +now that's very counter-intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +now that's very counter-intuitive +how could i possibly be claiming that + + align:start position:0% +how could i possibly be claiming that + + + align:start position:0% +how could i possibly be claiming that +household consumption + + align:start position:0% +household consumption + + + align:start position:0% +household consumption +doesn't depend on household income + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on household income + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on household income +what about marginal propensity to + + align:start position:0% +what about marginal propensity to + + + align:start position:0% +what about marginal propensity to +consume and all of that + + align:start position:0% +consume and all of that + + + align:start position:0% +consume and all of that +well the answer is they're pooling their + + align:start position:0% +well the answer is they're pooling their + + + align:start position:0% +well the answer is they're pooling their +incomes together + + align:start position:0% +incomes together + + + align:start position:0% +incomes together +as if in a mutual fund and then + + align:start position:0% +as if in a mutual fund and then + + + align:start position:0% +as if in a mutual fund and then +redistributing it as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +redistributing it as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +redistributing it as a function of the +pareto wage + + align:start position:0% +pareto wage + + + align:start position:0% +pareto wage +so household j's income is kind of in + + align:start position:0% +so household j's income is kind of in + + + align:start position:0% +so household j's income is kind of in +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +but it's in the pooled version and it + + align:start position:0% +but it's in the pooled version and it + + + align:start position:0% +but it's in the pooled version and it +shows up in aggregate consumption and if + + align:start position:0% +shows up in aggregate consumption and if + + + align:start position:0% +shows up in aggregate consumption and if +you control for that + + align:start position:0% +you control for that + + + align:start position:0% +you control for that +then there's nothing left over there's + + align:start position:0% +then there's nothing left over there's + + + align:start position:0% +then there's nothing left over there's +no idiosyncratic risk for household j to + + align:start position:0% +no idiosyncratic risk for household j to + + + align:start position:0% +no idiosyncratic risk for household j to +bear + + align:start position:0% +bear + + + align:start position:0% +bear +another way to say that is we're going + + align:start position:0% +another way to say that is we're going + + + align:start position:0% +another way to say that is we're going +to get perfect consumption insurance + + align:start position:0% +to get perfect consumption insurance + + + align:start position:0% +to get perfect consumption insurance +because like a large mutual fund + + align:start position:0% +because like a large mutual fund + + + align:start position:0% +because like a large mutual fund +all the individual shocks go to zero + + align:start position:0% +all the individual shocks go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +all the individual shocks go to zero +a version of this in china that i'm + + align:start position:0% +a version of this in china that i'm + + + align:start position:0% +a version of this in china that i'm +becoming aware of ali alibaba runs a + + align:start position:0% +becoming aware of ali alibaba runs a + + + align:start position:0% +becoming aware of ali alibaba runs a +mutual fund over health shocks there's a + + align:start position:0% +mutual fund over health shocks there's a + + + align:start position:0% +mutual fund over health shocks there's a +hundred million households joining and + + align:start position:0% +hundred million households joining and + + + align:start position:0% +hundred million households joining and +they pay exposed premium + + align:start position:0% +they pay exposed premium + + + align:start position:0% +they pay exposed premium +typical medical expense must be as high + + align:start position:0% +typical medical expense must be as high + + + align:start position:0% +typical medical expense must be as high +as twenty thousand dollars how much do + + align:start position:0% +as twenty thousand dollars how much do + + + align:start position:0% +as twenty thousand dollars how much do +they pay in nine dollars in you an + + align:start position:0% +they pay in nine dollars in you an + + + align:start position:0% +they pay in nine dollars in you an +equivalent + + align:start position:0% +equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent +so when you spread that damage of an + + align:start position:0% +so when you spread that damage of an + + + align:start position:0% +so when you spread that damage of an +individual household which is high over + + align:start position:0% +individual household which is high over + + + align:start position:0% +individual household which is high over +all the + + align:start position:0% +all the + + + align:start position:0% +all the +you know hundreds of thousands of + + align:start position:0% +you know hundreds of thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +you know hundreds of thousands of +households it almost goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +households it almost goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +households it almost goes to zero +and this is the extreme version of + + align:start position:0% +and this is the extreme version of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the extreme version of +perfect pooling + + align:start position:0% +perfect pooling + + + align:start position:0% +perfect pooling +that's contemporary china not a village + + align:start position:0% +that's contemporary china not a village + + + align:start position:0% +that's contemporary china not a village +in india in 1985. + + align:start position:0% +in india in 1985. + + + align:start position:0% +in india in 1985. +so we can test the theory by looking at + + align:start position:0% +so we can test the theory by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +so we can test the theory by looking at +each household one at a time over the 10 + + align:start position:0% +each household one at a time over the 10 + + + align:start position:0% +each household one at a time over the 10 +years and we can test the theory by + + align:start position:0% +years and we can test the theory by + + + align:start position:0% +years and we can test the theory by +pooling households together into one big + + align:start position:0% +pooling households together into one big + + + align:start position:0% +pooling households together into one big +cross-sectional time dependent + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional time dependent +regression + + align:start position:0% +regression + + + align:start position:0% +regression +this is a little hard to see + + align:start position:0% +this is a little hard to see + + + align:start position:0% +this is a little hard to see +but what's going on here statistically + + align:start position:0% +but what's going on here statistically + + + align:start position:0% +but what's going on here statistically +is testing these coefficients xe which + + align:start position:0% +is testing these coefficients xe which + + + align:start position:0% +is testing these coefficients xe which +should be zero to see whether they + + align:start position:0% +should be zero to see whether they + + + align:start position:0% +should be zero to see whether they +actually are in practice under the null + + align:start position:0% +actually are in practice under the null + + + align:start position:0% +actually are in practice under the null +hypothesis that it's zero + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that it's zero + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that it's zero +can you reject in a statistically + + align:start position:0% +can you reject in a statistically + + + align:start position:0% +can you reject in a statistically +significant way that is greater than + + align:start position:0% +significant way that is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +significant way that is greater than +zero or less than zero + + align:start position:0% +zero or less than zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero or less than zero +and for most households you can you know + + align:start position:0% +and for most households you can you know + + + align:start position:0% +and for most households you can you know +the bulk of the households you can't + + align:start position:0% +the bulk of the households you can't + + + align:start position:0% +the bulk of the households you can't +reject much one way or the other there's + + align:start position:0% +reject much one way or the other there's + + + align:start position:0% +reject much one way or the other there's +just a handful of households on either + + align:start position:0% +just a handful of households on either + + + align:start position:0% +just a handful of households on either +side of the null + + align:start position:0% +side of the null + + + align:start position:0% +side of the null +this test has power + + align:start position:0% +this test has power + + + align:start position:0% +this test has power +this thing is oh well maybe it's just + + align:start position:0% +this thing is oh well maybe it's just + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is oh well maybe it's just +noisy data and we can't infer much of + + align:start position:0% +noisy data and we can't infer much of + + + align:start position:0% +noisy data and we can't infer much of +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +maybe they're literally hand to mouth + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're literally hand to mouth + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're literally hand to mouth +and they're eating entirely their income + + align:start position:0% +and they're eating entirely their income + + + align:start position:0% +and they're eating entirely their income +which case the coefficient would be one + + align:start position:0% +which case the coefficient would be one + + + align:start position:0% +which case the coefficient would be one +and we can't reject that for all of them + + align:start position:0% +and we can't reject that for all of them + + + align:start position:0% +and we can't reject that for all of them +for half of them + + align:start position:0% +for half of them + + + align:start position:0% +for half of them +but for the other half we can you know + + align:start position:0% +but for the other half we can you know + + + align:start position:0% +but for the other half we can you know +statistically reject that it's one + + align:start position:0% +statistically reject that it's one + + + align:start position:0% +statistically reject that it's one +so there is a lot of smoothing going on + + align:start position:0% +so there is a lot of smoothing going on + + + align:start position:0% +so there is a lot of smoothing going on +and this is for the other two villages + + align:start position:0% +and this is for the other two villages + + + align:start position:0% +and this is for the other two villages +down here + + align:start position:0% +down here + + + align:start position:0% +down here +uh now let's talk about pooling it + + align:start position:0% +uh now let's talk about pooling it + + + align:start position:0% +uh now let's talk about pooling it +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +actually let's just jump here and then + + align:start position:0% +actually let's just jump here and then + + + align:start position:0% +actually let's just jump here and then +i'll go back + + align:start position:0% +i'll go back + + + align:start position:0% +i'll go back +so here's the villages are pali shirapor + + align:start position:0% +so here's the villages are pali shirapor + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the villages are pali shirapor +and kanzara + + align:start position:0% +and kanzara + + + align:start position:0% +and kanzara +and we're going to somehow take each + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to somehow take each + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to somehow take each +household over time + + align:start position:0% +household over time + + + align:start position:0% +household over time +and take households in the cross section + + align:start position:0% +and take households in the cross section + + + align:start position:0% +and take households in the cross section +and come up with a coefficient on how + + align:start position:0% +and come up with a coefficient on how + + + align:start position:0% +and come up with a coefficient on how +much consumption is moving on average + + align:start position:0% +much consumption is moving on average + + + align:start position:0% +much consumption is moving on average +with household income + + align:start position:0% +with household income + + + align:start position:0% +with household income +and the answer is roughly + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is roughly + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is roughly +should be in rupees seven cents for the + + align:start position:0% +should be in rupees seven cents for the + + + align:start position:0% +should be in rupees seven cents for the +dollar + + align:start position:0% +dollar + + + align:start position:0% +dollar +so for every dollar change in income + + align:start position:0% +so for every dollar change in income + + + align:start position:0% +so for every dollar change in income +consumption is moving by only seven + + align:start position:0% +consumption is moving by only seven + + + align:start position:0% +consumption is moving by only seven +cents + + align:start position:0% +cents + + + align:start position:0% +cents +it's positive it's statistically + + align:start position:0% +it's positive it's statistically + + + align:start position:0% +it's positive it's statistically +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +we now reject the model + + align:start position:0% +we now reject the model + + + align:start position:0% +we now reject the model +but as an approximation we're doing + + align:start position:0% +but as an approximation we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +but as an approximation we're doing +quite well + + align:start position:0% +quite well + + + align:start position:0% +quite well +because these coefficients are small so + + align:start position:0% +because these coefficients are small so + + + align:start position:0% +because these coefficients are small so +most although not all + + align:start position:0% +most although not all + + + align:start position:0% +most although not all +of the household specific idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +of the household specific idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +of the household specific idiosyncratic +risk is being pooled + + align:start position:0% +risk is being pooled + + + align:start position:0% +risk is being pooled +and you can peruse this table and see + + align:start position:0% +and you can peruse this table and see + + + align:start position:0% +and you can peruse this table and see +you know this is crop profits as opposed + + align:start position:0% +you know this is crop profits as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is crop profits as opposed +to all income + + align:start position:0% +to all income + + + align:start position:0% +to all income +labor income profits from trade and + + align:start position:0% +labor income profits from trade and + + + align:start position:0% +labor income profits from trade and +handicraft + + align:start position:0% +handicraft + + + align:start position:0% +handicraft +you know you can look for the high + + align:start position:0% +you know you can look for the high + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can look for the high +numbers so there are certain activities + + align:start position:0% +numbers so there are certain activities + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so there are certain activities +in certain villages that look relatively + + align:start position:0% +in certain villages that look relatively + + + align:start position:0% +in certain villages that look relatively +underinsured this is like who's the most + + align:start position:0% +underinsured this is like who's the most + + + align:start position:0% +underinsured this is like who's the most +vulnerable + + align:start position:0% +vulnerable + + + align:start position:0% +vulnerable +you know if we had the ability to come + + align:start position:0% +you know if we had the ability to come + + + align:start position:0% +you know if we had the ability to come +in externally and introduce a better + + align:start position:0% +in externally and introduce a better + + + align:start position:0% +in externally and introduce a better +insurance product we would want to offer + + align:start position:0% +insurance product we would want to offer + + + align:start position:0% +insurance product we would want to offer +it to households that need it or if no + + align:start position:0% +it to households that need it or if no + + + align:start position:0% +it to households that need it or if no +one needed it we would expect take up to + + align:start position:0% +one needed it we would expect take up to + + + align:start position:0% +one needed it we would expect take up to +be zero so you know labor income is + + align:start position:0% +be zero so you know labor income is + + + align:start position:0% +be zero so you know labor income is +got a pretty high coefficient in shear + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty high coefficient in shear + + + align:start position:0% +got a pretty high coefficient in shear +poor and so on but a lot of these are + + align:start position:0% +poor and so on but a lot of these are + + + align:start position:0% +poor and so on but a lot of these are +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +uh that is to say not statistically + + align:start position:0% +uh that is to say not statistically + + + align:start position:0% +uh that is to say not statistically +different from zero so in that sense + + align:start position:0% +different from zero so in that sense + + + align:start position:0% +different from zero so in that sense +it's a good approximation + + align:start position:0% +it's a good approximation + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good approximation +remember according to lucas models are + + align:start position:0% +remember according to lucas models are + + + align:start position:0% +remember according to lucas models are +abstractions they're meant to be + + align:start position:0% +abstractions they're meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +abstractions they're meant to be +stylized versions of reality + + align:start position:0% +stylized versions of reality + + + align:start position:0% +stylized versions of reality +because we have a model we have an exact + + align:start position:0% +because we have a model we have an exact + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a model we have an exact +prediction of what we should expect to + + align:start position:0% +prediction of what we should expect to + + + align:start position:0% +prediction of what we should expect to +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +and through the lens of the model we can + + align:start position:0% +and through the lens of the model we can + + + align:start position:0% +and through the lens of the model we can +decide how reality is doing relative to + + align:start position:0% +decide how reality is doing relative to + + + align:start position:0% +decide how reality is doing relative to +the model + + align:start position:0% +the model + + + align:start position:0% +the model +so i'm not overly alarmed that we're + + align:start position:0% +so i'm not overly alarmed that we're + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm not overly alarmed that we're +going to get statistical rejections + + align:start position:0% +going to get statistical rejections + + + align:start position:0% +going to get statistical rejections +the question is is it a useful starting + + align:start position:0% +the question is is it a useful starting + + + align:start position:0% +the question is is it a useful starting +point as an approximation + + align:start position:0% +point as an approximation + + + align:start position:0% +point as an approximation +and the answer seems to be yes + + align:start position:0% +and the answer seems to be yes + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer seems to be yes +i mean i will share with you that when i + + align:start position:0% +i mean i will share with you that when i + + + align:start position:0% +i mean i will share with you that when i +wrote this paper + + align:start position:0% +wrote this paper + + + align:start position:0% +wrote this paper +it kind of created a firestorm of alarm + + align:start position:0% +it kind of created a firestorm of alarm + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of created a firestorm of alarm +among policymakers who were astounded + + align:start position:0% +among policymakers who were astounded + + + align:start position:0% +among policymakers who were astounded +that poor households in villages in the + + align:start position:0% +that poor households in villages in the + + + align:start position:0% +that poor households in villages in the +caste system and so on could ever + + align:start position:0% +caste system and so on could ever + + + align:start position:0% +caste system and so on could ever +possibly be achieving anything close to + + align:start position:0% +possibly be achieving anything close to + + + align:start position:0% +possibly be achieving anything close to +an optimum + + align:start position:0% +an optimum + + + align:start position:0% +an optimum +it just went against the grain of their + + align:start position:0% +it just went against the grain of their + + + align:start position:0% +it just went against the grain of their +prior presumptions + + align:start position:0% +prior presumptions + + + align:start position:0% +prior presumptions +but it doesn't fit perfectly + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't fit perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't fit perfectly +so this slide which i deliberately + + align:start position:0% +so this slide which i deliberately + + + align:start position:0% +so this slide which i deliberately +skipped over just now is to say look you + + align:start position:0% +skipped over just now is to say look you + + + align:start position:0% +skipped over just now is to say look you +know maybe + + align:start position:0% +know maybe + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe +i'm getting into a statistical stuff a + + align:start position:0% +i'm getting into a statistical stuff a + + + align:start position:0% +i'm getting into a statistical stuff a +bit and we can follow up later + + align:start position:0% +bit and we can follow up later + + + align:start position:0% +bit and we can follow up later +one reason why this coefficient might be + + align:start position:0% +one reason why this coefficient might be + + + align:start position:0% +one reason why this coefficient might be +low is because this variable x is very + + align:start position:0% +low is because this variable x is very + + + align:start position:0% +low is because this variable x is very +poorly measured + + align:start position:0% +poorly measured + + + align:start position:0% +poorly measured +say it's just got a lot of measurement + + align:start position:0% +say it's just got a lot of measurement + + + align:start position:0% +say it's just got a lot of measurement +error that is not real then it's moving + + align:start position:0% +error that is not real then it's moving + + + align:start position:0% +error that is not real then it's moving +around a lot for spurious reasons and + + align:start position:0% +around a lot for spurious reasons and + + + align:start position:0% +around a lot for spurious reasons and +you would not expect that to influence + + align:start position:0% +you would not expect that to influence + + + align:start position:0% +you would not expect that to influence +consumption so that biases this + + align:start position:0% +consumption so that biases this + + + align:start position:0% +consumption so that biases this +coefficient to something close to zero + + align:start position:0% +coefficient to something close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient to something close to zero +fortunately we can correct for it with + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we can correct for it with + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we can correct for it with +the panel + + align:start position:0% +the panel + + + align:start position:0% +the panel +and it's putting explicitly this + + align:start position:0% +and it's putting explicitly this + + + align:start position:0% +and it's putting explicitly this +measurement error into + + align:start position:0% +measurement error into + + + align:start position:0% +measurement error into +in this case idiosyncratic income + + align:start position:0% +in this case idiosyncratic income + + + align:start position:0% +in this case idiosyncratic income +and then substituting that into those + + align:start position:0% +and then substituting that into those + + + align:start position:0% +and then substituting that into those +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +we now see a correlation between the + + align:start position:0% +we now see a correlation between the + + + align:start position:0% +we now see a correlation between the +measurement error and the measured + + align:start position:0% +measurement error and the measured + + + align:start position:0% +measurement error and the measured +version of income + + align:start position:0% +version of income + + + align:start position:0% +version of income +which means you can't run an ols + + align:start position:0% +which means you can't run an ols + + + align:start position:0% +which means you can't run an ols +regression + + align:start position:0% +regression + + + align:start position:0% +regression +but on the other hand another way to do + + align:start position:0% +but on the other hand another way to do + + + align:start position:0% +but on the other hand another way to do +this is just to take first differences + + align:start position:0% +this is just to take first differences + + + align:start position:0% +this is just to take first differences +differences over time over households + + align:start position:0% +differences over time over households + + + align:start position:0% +differences over time over households +gives you another version and it turns + + align:start position:0% +gives you another version and it turns + + + align:start position:0% +gives you another version and it turns +out this within + + align:start position:0% +out this within + + + align:start position:0% +out this within +coefficient and this across time + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and this across time + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and this across time +coefficient + + align:start position:0% +coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient +allow you to essentially get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +allow you to essentially get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to essentially get rid of the +measurement error so this + + align:start position:0% +measurement error so this + + + align:start position:0% +measurement error so this +you know that that's this iv gorilla + + align:start position:0% +you know that that's this iv gorilla + + + align:start position:0% +you know that that's this iv gorilla +just houseman thing which i'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +just houseman thing which i'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +just houseman thing which i'm not gonna +go over + + align:start position:0% +go over + + + align:start position:0% +go over +i still don't know what the re + + align:start position:0% +i still don't know what the re + + + align:start position:0% +i still don't know what the re +the best strategy is for me if i skip + + align:start position:0% +the best strategy is for me if i skip + + + align:start position:0% +the best strategy is for me if i skip +stuff then it looks like it came out of + + align:start position:0% +stuff then it looks like it came out of + + + align:start position:0% +stuff then it looks like it came out of +nowhere you don't really understand it + + align:start position:0% +nowhere you don't really understand it + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere you don't really understand it +hence i try in all these slides to show + + align:start position:0% +hence i try in all these slides to show + + + align:start position:0% +hence i try in all these slides to show +you the steps that are being taken i'm + + align:start position:0% +you the steps that are being taken i'm + + + align:start position:0% +you the steps that are being taken i'm +deliberately not concealing something + + align:start position:0% +deliberately not concealing something + + + align:start position:0% +deliberately not concealing something +from you but on the other hand this + + align:start position:0% +from you but on the other hand this + + + align:start position:0% +from you but on the other hand this +particular sequence involves statistical + + align:start position:0% +particular sequence involves statistical + + + align:start position:0% +particular sequence involves statistical +material you may not have seen something + + align:start position:0% +material you may not have seen something + + + align:start position:0% +material you may not have seen something +similar to before so if it's still quite + + align:start position:0% +similar to before so if it's still quite + + + align:start position:0% +similar to before so if it's still quite +opaque don't worry too much about it i'm + + align:start position:0% +opaque don't worry too much about it i'm + + + align:start position:0% +opaque don't worry too much about it i'm +just trying to be clearer + + align:start position:0% +just trying to be clearer + + + align:start position:0% +just trying to be clearer +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +that's summary risk and insurance in + + align:start position:0% +that's summary risk and insurance in + + + align:start position:0% +that's summary risk and insurance in +village india these villages are doing + + align:start position:0% +village india these villages are doing + + + align:start position:0% +village india these villages are doing +reasonably well although not perfectly + + align:start position:0% +reasonably well although not perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably well although not perfectly +they're sharing a lot of the risk the + + align:start position:0% +they're sharing a lot of the risk the + + + align:start position:0% +they're sharing a lot of the risk the +reason that consumption looks so flat + + align:start position:0% +reason that consumption looks so flat + + + align:start position:0% +reason that consumption looks so flat +relative to income is because they're + + align:start position:0% +relative to income is because they're + + + align:start position:0% +relative to income is because they're +actively somehow or another engaged in + + align:start position:0% +actively somehow or another engaged in + + + align:start position:0% +actively somehow or another engaged in +borrowing and lending or transfers to + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending or transfers to + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending or transfers to +bridge the gap between consumption and + + align:start position:0% +bridge the gap between consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +bridge the gap between consumption and +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +now another way they could handle the + + align:start position:0% +now another way they could handle the + + + align:start position:0% +now another way they could handle the +situation so for this we're going to + + align:start position:0% +situation so for this we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +situation so for this we're going to +jump to + + align:start position:0% +jump to + + + align:start position:0% +jump to +medieval villages is to + + align:start position:0% +medieval villages is to + + + align:start position:0% +medieval villages is to +potentially divide up the land so this + + align:start position:0% +potentially divide up the land so this + + + align:start position:0% +potentially divide up the land so this +is the diversification part + + align:start position:0% +is the diversification part + + + align:start position:0% +is the diversification part +whether land holdings of a typical + + align:start position:0% +whether land holdings of a typical + + + align:start position:0% +whether land holdings of a typical +village would be consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +village would be consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +village would be consistent with the +optimal allocation of risk predicted in + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocation of risk predicted in + + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocation of risk predicted in +that model just now + + align:start position:0% +that model just now + + + align:start position:0% +that model just now +on the premise that what you get is what + + align:start position:0% +on the premise that what you get is what + + + align:start position:0% +on the premise that what you get is what +you eat you have these strips the strips + + align:start position:0% +you eat you have these strips the strips + + + align:start position:0% +you eat you have these strips the strips +are subject to risk you add it all up + + align:start position:0% +are subject to risk you add it all up + + + align:start position:0% +are subject to risk you add it all up +across all your land holdings and you + + align:start position:0% +across all your land holdings and you + + + align:start position:0% +across all your land holdings and you +eat it so this is the other extreme no + + align:start position:0% +eat it so this is the other extreme no + + + align:start position:0% +eat it so this is the other extreme no +exposed smoothing no credit markets + + align:start position:0% +exposed smoothing no credit markets + + + align:start position:0% +exposed smoothing no credit markets +even going back you know to lecture one + + align:start position:0% +even going back you know to lecture one + + + align:start position:0% +even going back you know to lecture one +or something where i presented all the + + align:start position:0% +or something where i presented all the + + + align:start position:0% +or something where i presented all the +different economies we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +different economies we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +different economies we talked about the +medieval village economy we're about to + + align:start position:0% +medieval village economy we're about to + + + align:start position:0% +medieval village economy we're about to +do it now in terms of dividing up the + + align:start position:0% +do it now in terms of dividing up the + + + align:start position:0% +do it now in terms of dividing up the +land + + align:start position:0% +land + + + align:start position:0% +land +you also talked about thai village + + align:start position:0% +you also talked about thai village + + + align:start position:0% +you also talked about thai village +economy with that temple where + + align:start position:0% +economy with that temple where + + + align:start position:0% +economy with that temple where +households did not diversify some had + + align:start position:0% +households did not diversify some had + + + align:start position:0% +households did not diversify some had +low land some had high land + + align:start position:0% +low land some had high land + + + align:start position:0% +low land some had high land +they made donations to the temple and + + align:start position:0% +they made donations to the temple and + + + align:start position:0% +they made donations to the temple and +people that had a bad year god gives + + align:start position:0% +people that had a bad year god gives + + + align:start position:0% +people that had a bad year god gives +back so this that thing is the second + + align:start position:0% +back so this that thing is the second + + + align:start position:0% +back so this that thing is the second +thing is what's going on + + align:start position:0% +thing is what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +thing is what's going on +in the first + + align:start position:0% +in the first + + + align:start position:0% +in the first +some mechanism for risk sharing exposed + + align:start position:0% +some mechanism for risk sharing exposed + + + align:start position:0% +some mechanism for risk sharing exposed +this is the mechanism in the second + + align:start position:0% +this is the mechanism in the second + + + align:start position:0% +this is the mechanism in the second +which is ex-ante division of land + + align:start position:0% +which is ex-ante division of land + + + align:start position:0% +which is ex-ante division of land +i said that in reverse order but anyway + + align:start position:0% +i said that in reverse order but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +i said that in reverse order but anyway +so you've seen this picture twice before + + align:start position:0% +so you've seen this picture twice before + + + align:start position:0% +so you've seen this picture twice before +this is alfred stratfordshire mr + + align:start position:0% +this is alfred stratfordshire mr + + + align:start position:0% +this is alfred stratfordshire mr +darlingston's land is shaded in black + + align:start position:0% +darlingston's land is shaded in black + + + align:start position:0% +darlingston's land is shaded in black +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know he's got something like 50 + + align:start position:0% +you know he's got something like 50 + + + align:start position:0% +you know he's got something like 50 +strips + + align:start position:0% +strips + + + align:start position:0% +strips +throughout the village + + align:start position:0% +throughout the village + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the village +so why were they doing that + + align:start position:0% +so why were they doing that + + + align:start position:0% +so why were they doing that +not just mr darlistan but all of them to + + align:start position:0% +not just mr darlistan but all of them to + + + align:start position:0% +not just mr darlistan but all of them to +some degree + + align:start position:0% +some degree + + + align:start position:0% +some degree +so if you think about + + align:start position:0% +so if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +so if you think about +this map for example + + align:start position:0% +this map for example + + + align:start position:0% +this map for example +are these types of land + + align:start position:0% +are these types of land + + + align:start position:0% +are these types of land +differ in some way from these types of + + align:start position:0% +differ in some way from these types of + + + align:start position:0% +differ in some way from these types of +land + + align:start position:0% +land + + + align:start position:0% +land +in terms of soil or slope or elevation + + align:start position:0% +in terms of soil or slope or elevation + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of soil or slope or elevation +or alternatively land is all alike + + align:start position:0% +or alternatively land is all alike + + + align:start position:0% +or alternatively land is all alike +and then the question is you know + + align:start position:0% +and then the question is you know + + + align:start position:0% +and then the question is you know +when the storm comes and destroys crops + + align:start position:0% +when the storm comes and destroys crops + + + align:start position:0% +when the storm comes and destroys crops +you know it could destroy these crops + + align:start position:0% +you know it could destroy these crops + + + align:start position:0% +you know it could destroy these crops +and not these so there's really two + + align:start position:0% +and not these so there's really two + + + align:start position:0% +and not these so there's really two +different models and we're only going to + + align:start position:0% +different models and we're only going to + + + align:start position:0% +different models and we're only going to +have time to do one + + align:start position:0% +have time to do one + + + align:start position:0% +have time to do one +although the other one is covered in + + align:start position:0% +although the other one is covered in + + + align:start position:0% +although the other one is covered in +that missing medieval village chapter + + align:start position:0% +that missing medieval village chapter + + + align:start position:0% +that missing medieval village chapter +we're gonna do uniform shocks on + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do uniform shocks on + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do uniform shocks on +non-uniform land + + align:start position:0% +non-uniform land + + + align:start position:0% +non-uniform land +and the non-uniform shocks will stay for + + align:start position:0% +and the non-uniform shocks will stay for + + + align:start position:0% +and the non-uniform shocks will stay for +another time + + align:start position:0% +another time + + + align:start position:0% +another time +okay so there are two types of land + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are two types of land + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are two types of land +start off keeping this simple say high + + align:start position:0% +start off keeping this simple say high + + + align:start position:0% +start off keeping this simple say high +low or clay sandy + + align:start position:0% +low or clay sandy + + + align:start position:0% +low or clay sandy +there's only two households + + align:start position:0% +there's only two households + + + align:start position:0% +there's only two households +another abstraction + + align:start position:0% +another abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +another abstraction +and there's only one date + + align:start position:0% +and there's only one date + + + align:start position:0% +and there's only one date +and land type k + + align:start position:0% +and land type k + + + align:start position:0% +and land type k +has a yield vector which varies with the + + align:start position:0% +has a yield vector which varies with the + + + align:start position:0% +has a yield vector which varies with the +shock epsilon + + align:start position:0% +shock epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +shock epsilon +and epsilon can take on capital s values + + align:start position:0% +and epsilon can take on capital s values + + + align:start position:0% +and epsilon can take on capital s values +so this epsilon is a measure of rainfall + + align:start position:0% +so this epsilon is a measure of rainfall + + + align:start position:0% +so this epsilon is a measure of rainfall +temperature humidity + + align:start position:0% +temperature humidity + + + align:start position:0% +temperature humidity +or other events + + align:start position:0% +or other events + + + align:start position:0% +or other events +which have beneficial or adverse + + align:start position:0% +which have beneficial or adverse + + + align:start position:0% +which have beneficial or adverse +consequences for the yield as captured + + align:start position:0% +consequences for the yield as captured + + + align:start position:0% +consequences for the yield as captured +by the way which the yield of type k + + align:start position:0% +by the way which the yield of type k + + + align:start position:0% +by the way which the yield of type k +land varies with those shocks + + align:start position:0% +land varies with those shocks + + + align:start position:0% +land varies with those shocks +you've again seen this before a bit when + + align:start position:0% +you've again seen this before a bit when + + + align:start position:0% +you've again seen this before a bit when +we did the dynamics we planted land with + + align:start position:0% +we did the dynamics we planted land with + + + align:start position:0% +we did the dynamics we planted land with +seed and talked about how the yield + + align:start position:0% +seed and talked about how the yield + + + align:start position:0% +seed and talked about how the yield +could vary + + align:start position:0% +could vary + + + align:start position:0% +could vary +with low medium and high shocks so this + + align:start position:0% +with low medium and high shocks so this + + + align:start position:0% +with low medium and high shocks so this +is very similar notation + + align:start position:0% +is very similar notation + + + align:start position:0% +is very similar notation +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +let's be serious even though we're + + align:start position:0% +let's be serious even though we're + + + align:start position:0% +let's be serious even though we're +trying to keep this simple what numbers + + align:start position:0% +trying to keep this simple what numbers + + + align:start position:0% +trying to keep this simple what numbers +do we use for this vector + + align:start position:0% +do we use for this vector + + + align:start position:0% +do we use for this vector +uh one thing we want to capture is + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing we want to capture is + + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing we want to capture is +how much + + align:start position:0% +how much + + + align:start position:0% +how much +that yield is varying + + align:start position:0% +that yield is varying + + + align:start position:0% +that yield is varying +as measured by the coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +as measured by the coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +as measured by the coefficient of +variation + + align:start position:0% +variation + + + align:start position:0% +variation +and in medieval villages it was about + + align:start position:0% +and in medieval villages it was about + + + align:start position:0% +and in medieval villages it was about +0.35 + + align:start position:0% +0.35 + + + align:start position:0% +0.35 +which we've covered before and i'm not + + align:start position:0% +which we've covered before and i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +which we've covered before and i'm not +going to go back and dig up those slides + + align:start position:0% +going to go back and dig up those slides + + + align:start position:0% +going to go back and dig up those slides +for you but but that was the number we + + align:start position:0% +for you but but that was the number we + + + align:start position:0% +for you but but that was the number we +used before the other one + + align:start position:0% +used before the other one + + + align:start position:0% +used before the other one +is the there's two types of land here k + + align:start position:0% +is the there's two types of land here k + + + align:start position:0% +is the there's two types of land here k +equal one or two + + align:start position:0% +equal one or two + + + align:start position:0% +equal one or two +and we want to choose vectors of returns + + align:start position:0% +and we want to choose vectors of returns + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to choose vectors of returns +for both + + align:start position:0% +for both + + + align:start position:0% +for both +so we want to capture the covariance in + + align:start position:0% +so we want to capture the covariance in + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to capture the covariance in +the two types of land how different are + + align:start position:0% +the two types of land how different are + + + align:start position:0% +the two types of land how different are +they from one another + + align:start position:0% +they from one another + + + align:start position:0% +they from one another +and again going back in earlier lecture + + align:start position:0% +and again going back in earlier lecture + + + align:start position:0% +and again going back in earlier lecture +the estates of the bishop of winchester + + align:start position:0% +the estates of the bishop of winchester + + + align:start position:0% +the estates of the bishop of winchester +we had a + + align:start position:0% +we had a + + + align:start position:0% +we had a +cross space correlation of 0.6 so we're + + align:start position:0% +cross space correlation of 0.6 so we're + + + align:start position:0% +cross space correlation of 0.6 so we're +going to take those numbers 0.6 and + + align:start position:0% +going to take those numbers 0.6 and + + + align:start position:0% +going to take those numbers 0.6 and +0.347 as givens + + align:start position:0% +0.347 as givens + + + align:start position:0% +0.347 as givens +but here's a simple you know + + align:start position:0% +but here's a simple you know + + + align:start position:0% +but here's a simple you know +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +type lum let's take again only two types + + align:start position:0% +type lum let's take again only two types + + + align:start position:0% +type lum let's take again only two types +of land one or two + + align:start position:0% +of land one or two + + + align:start position:0% +of land one or two +only three events epsilon equal one two + + align:start position:0% +only three events epsilon equal one two + + + align:start position:0% +only three events epsilon equal one two +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +type one land has the highest return in + + align:start position:0% +type one land has the highest return in + + + align:start position:0% +type one land has the highest return in +event one + + align:start position:0% +event one + + + align:start position:0% +event one +then medium then low + + align:start position:0% +then medium then low + + + align:start position:0% +then medium then low +type two land + + align:start position:0% +type two land + + + align:start position:0% +type two land +has uh the highest return at the event + + align:start position:0% +has uh the highest return at the event + + + align:start position:0% +has uh the highest return at the event +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +surrounded by + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by + + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by +the lower numbers three and 2. so if you + + align:start position:0% +the lower numbers three and 2. so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the lower numbers three and 2. so if you +aggregated up the total yield over all + + align:start position:0% +aggregated up the total yield over all + + + align:start position:0% +aggregated up the total yield over all +types + + align:start position:0% +types + + + align:start position:0% +types +it would just be the sum of those + + align:start position:0% +it would just be the sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +it would just be the sum of those +columns and it would go + + align:start position:0% +columns and it would go + + + align:start position:0% +columns and it would go +12 10 7. + + align:start position:0% +12 10 7. + + + align:start position:0% +12 10 7. +now suppose + + align:start position:0% +now suppose + + + align:start position:0% +now suppose +we divided up the types of land in a + + align:start position:0% +we divided up the types of land in a + + + align:start position:0% +we divided up the types of land in a +very extreme way we let household one + + align:start position:0% +very extreme way we let household one + + + align:start position:0% +very extreme way we let household one +have all of type one land + + align:start position:0% +have all of type one land + + + align:start position:0% +have all of type one land +and household two all of type two land + + align:start position:0% +and household two all of type two land + + + align:start position:0% +and household two all of type two land +and the question for you is whether that + + align:start position:0% +and the question for you is whether that + + + align:start position:0% +and the question for you is whether that +would be an optimal allocation of land + + align:start position:0% +would be an optimal allocation of land + + + align:start position:0% +would be an optimal allocation of land +if we did it that way + + align:start position:0% +if we did it that way + + + align:start position:0% +if we did it that way +and they were forced to eat the grain + + align:start position:0% +and they were forced to eat the grain + + + align:start position:0% +and they were forced to eat the grain +off their strips would the consumption + + align:start position:0% +off their strips would the consumption + + + align:start position:0% +off their strips would the consumption +that we see correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +that we see correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +that we see correspond to the +implications of the model + + align:start position:0% +implications of the model + + + align:start position:0% +implications of the model +and the answer is going to be no + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is going to be no + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is going to be no +because the aggregate is going down as + + align:start position:0% +because the aggregate is going down as + + + align:start position:0% +because the aggregate is going down as +epsilon is going up + + align:start position:0% +epsilon is going up + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon is going up +and that's true of household one's + + align:start position:0% +and that's true of household one's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's true of household one's +consumption but it is not true of + + align:start position:0% +consumption but it is not true of + + + align:start position:0% +consumption but it is not true of +household two consumption this proposal + + align:start position:0% +household two consumption this proposal + + + align:start position:0% +household two consumption this proposal +fails the monotonicity requirement of + + align:start position:0% +fails the monotonicity requirement of + + + align:start position:0% +fails the monotonicity requirement of +the theory + + align:start position:0% +the theory + + + align:start position:0% +the theory +that as aggregate consumption goes down + + align:start position:0% +that as aggregate consumption goes down + + + align:start position:0% +that as aggregate consumption goes down +everybody's consumption ought to go down + + align:start position:0% +everybody's consumption ought to go down + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's consumption ought to go down +although some people's consumption could + + align:start position:0% +although some people's consumption could + + + align:start position:0% +although some people's consumption could +down more than others + + align:start position:0% +down more than others + + + align:start position:0% +down more than others +so we reject this proposal for the + + align:start position:0% +so we reject this proposal for the + + + align:start position:0% +so we reject this proposal for the +allocation of land if the goal is to + + align:start position:0% +allocation of land if the goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +allocation of land if the goal is to +achieve an optimal allocation of risk + + align:start position:0% +achieve an optimal allocation of risk + + + align:start position:0% +achieve an optimal allocation of risk +bearing + + align:start position:0% +bearing + + + align:start position:0% +bearing +by land division alone + + align:start position:0% +by land division alone + + + align:start position:0% +by land division alone +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +you know there are other ways to do it + + align:start position:0% +you know there are other ways to do it + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are other ways to do it +let's take the land type and give + + align:start position:0% +let's take the land type and give + + + align:start position:0% +let's take the land type and give +household j + + align:start position:0% +household j + + + align:start position:0% +household j +proportional number of shares in the + + align:start position:0% +proportional number of shares in the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional number of shares in the +output of type of each type of land so + + align:start position:0% +output of type of each type of land so + + + align:start position:0% +output of type of each type of land so +that means household j would get + + align:start position:0% +that means household j would get + + + align:start position:0% +that means household j would get +fraction alpha j of the output over each + + align:start position:0% +fraction alpha j of the output over each + + + align:start position:0% +fraction alpha j of the output over each +type of land so we're we're kind of + + align:start position:0% +type of land so we're we're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +type of land so we're we're kind of +redividing things here we're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +redividing things here we're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +redividing things here we're gonna have +household one + + align:start position:0% +household one + + + align:start position:0% +household one +getting some proportion of this column + + align:start position:0% +getting some proportion of this column + + + align:start position:0% +getting some proportion of this column +but also some proportion not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +but also some proportion not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +but also some proportion not necessarily +this yes in this case the same of the + + align:start position:0% +this yes in this case the same of the + + + align:start position:0% +this yes in this case the same of the +other type of land so this alpha j + + align:start position:0% +other type of land so this alpha j + + + align:start position:0% +other type of land so this alpha j +doesn't have a k on it the shares depend + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a k on it the shares depend + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a k on it the shares depend +only on the household not on the type of + + align:start position:0% +only on the household not on the type of + + + align:start position:0% +only on the household not on the type of +land the shares can depend on the + + align:start position:0% +land the shares can depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +land the shares can depend on the +household + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so it's linear in the + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's linear in the + + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's linear in the +aggregate + + align:start position:0% +aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate +if we were over at school you come up to + + align:start position:0% +if we were over at school you come up to + + + align:start position:0% +if we were over at school you come up to +my office and you'll see my bookshelf + + align:start position:0% +my office and you'll see my bookshelf + + + align:start position:0% +my office and you'll see my bookshelf +filled with stacks of books + + align:start position:0% +filled with stacks of books + + + align:start position:0% +filled with stacks of books +devoted to medieval english villages i + + align:start position:0% +devoted to medieval english villages i + + + align:start position:0% +devoted to medieval english villages i +had a happy time + + align:start position:0% +had a happy time + + + align:start position:0% +had a happy time +doing a lot of research and you just + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of research and you just + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of research and you just +discovered these amazing things + + align:start position:0% +discovered these amazing things + + + align:start position:0% +discovered these amazing things +holdings were scattered over fields so + + align:start position:0% +holdings were scattered over fields so + + + align:start position:0% +holdings were scattered over fields so +that each household partook in equal + + align:start position:0% +that each household partook in equal + + + align:start position:0% +that each household partook in equal +proportion + + align:start position:0% +proportion + + + align:start position:0% +proportion +of fertilizer and poor + + align:start position:0% +of fertilizer and poor + + + align:start position:0% +of fertilizer and poor +soils + + align:start position:0% +soils + + + align:start position:0% +soils +dividing up the land in accordance with + + align:start position:0% +dividing up the land in accordance with + + + align:start position:0% +dividing up the land in accordance with +drainage and exposure resources were + + align:start position:0% +drainage and exposure resources were + + + align:start position:0% +drainage and exposure resources were +divided into shares + + align:start position:0% +divided into shares + + + align:start position:0% +divided into shares +one man might have more shares than + + align:start position:0% +one man might have more shares than + + + align:start position:0% +one man might have more shares than +another but the share of them shares + + align:start position:0% +another but the share of them shares + + + align:start position:0% +another but the share of them shares +themselves were equal + + align:start position:0% +themselves were equal + + + align:start position:0% +themselves were equal +now there are potential problems + + align:start position:0% +now there are potential problems + + + align:start position:0% +now there are potential problems +for the theory to fit exactly we gotta + + align:start position:0% +for the theory to fit exactly we gotta + + + align:start position:0% +for the theory to fit exactly we gotta +worry a little bit about the intercepts + + align:start position:0% +worry a little bit about the intercepts + + + align:start position:0% +worry a little bit about the intercepts +because those divisions did not allow + + align:start position:0% +because those divisions did not allow + + + align:start position:0% +because those divisions did not allow +the intercepts to be other than zero if + + align:start position:0% +the intercepts to be other than zero if + + + align:start position:0% +the intercepts to be other than zero if +you go back to where we first introduced + + align:start position:0% +you go back to where we first introduced + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to where we first introduced +risk sharing + + align:start position:0% +risk sharing + + + align:start position:0% +risk sharing +and looked at particular utility + + align:start position:0% +and looked at particular utility + + + align:start position:0% +and looked at particular utility +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +i showed you as example of the risk + + align:start position:0% +i showed you as example of the risk + + + align:start position:0% +i showed you as example of the risk +sharing rules + + align:start position:0% +sharing rules + + + align:start position:0% +sharing rules +two equations constant relative risk + + align:start position:0% +two equations constant relative risk + + + align:start position:0% +two equations constant relative risk +aversion constant absolute risk aversion + + align:start position:0% +aversion constant absolute risk aversion + + + align:start position:0% +aversion constant absolute risk aversion +and the intercepts will be zero under + + align:start position:0% +and the intercepts will be zero under + + + align:start position:0% +and the intercepts will be zero under +these various types of conditions so + + align:start position:0% +these various types of conditions so + + + align:start position:0% +these various types of conditions so +it's not like they can't be zero + + align:start position:0% +it's not like they can't be zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like they can't be zero +but it does require certain parameters + + align:start position:0% +but it does require certain parameters + + + align:start position:0% +but it does require certain parameters +to hold in order for that to be the case + + align:start position:0% +to hold in order for that to be the case + + + align:start position:0% +to hold in order for that to be the case +so a little bit of a qualification + + align:start position:0% +so a little bit of a qualification + + + align:start position:0% +so a little bit of a qualification +but we're all is not lost + + align:start position:0% +but we're all is not lost + + + align:start position:0% +but we're all is not lost +we can even do more + + align:start position:0% +we can even do more + + + align:start position:0% +we can even do more +and namely we don't have to have a given + + align:start position:0% +and namely we don't have to have a given + + + align:start position:0% +and namely we don't have to have a given +household + + align:start position:0% +household + + + align:start position:0% +household +having the same number of shares in + + align:start position:0% +having the same number of shares in + + + align:start position:0% +having the same number of shares in +every type of land + + align:start position:0% +every type of land + + + align:start position:0% +every type of land +and that's going to allow + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to allow + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to allow +various kinds of intercepts and so on + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of intercepts and so on + + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of intercepts and so on +so here's the ig idea finally + + align:start position:0% +so here's the ig idea finally + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the ig idea finally +suppose there are at least as many land + + align:start position:0% +suppose there are at least as many land + + + align:start position:0% +suppose there are at least as many land +types + + align:start position:0% +types + + + align:start position:0% +types +with independent return vectors as there + + align:start position:0% +with independent return vectors as there + + + align:start position:0% +with independent return vectors as there +are states of nature + + align:start position:0% +are states of nature + + + align:start position:0% +are states of nature +so what i showed you just now violated + + align:start position:0% +so what i showed you just now violated + + + align:start position:0% +so what i showed you just now violated +that there were three states of nature + + align:start position:0% +that there were three states of nature + + + align:start position:0% +that there were three states of nature +and two types of land + + align:start position:0% +and two types of land + + + align:start position:0% +and two types of land +but if we had three + + align:start position:0% +but if we had three + + + align:start position:0% +but if we had three +three states of nature we'd have to have + + align:start position:0% +three states of nature we'd have to have + + + align:start position:0% +three states of nature we'd have to have +three types of land + + align:start position:0% +three types of land + + + align:start position:0% +three types of land +with independent return streams and + + align:start position:0% +with independent return streams and + + + align:start position:0% +with independent return streams and +likewise + + align:start position:0% +likewise + + + align:start position:0% +likewise +s types of land we need + + align:start position:0% +s types of land we need + + + align:start position:0% +s types of land we need +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +dimensional return vector + + align:start position:0% +dimensional return vector + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional return vector +so one column cannot be derived as a + + align:start position:0% +so one column cannot be derived as a + + + align:start position:0% +so one column cannot be derived as a +linear combination of the other columns + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the other columns + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the other columns +now let's solve the risk sharing problem + + align:start position:0% +now let's solve the risk sharing problem + + + align:start position:0% +now let's solve the risk sharing problem +and take this consumption to be the + + align:start position:0% +and take this consumption to be the + + + align:start position:0% +and take this consumption to be the +target this is consumption of household + + align:start position:0% +target this is consumption of household + + + align:start position:0% +target this is consumption of household +j in state epsilon and we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +j in state epsilon and we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +j in state epsilon and we're going to do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +obviously over all states epsilon in all + + align:start position:0% +obviously over all states epsilon in all + + + align:start position:0% +obviously over all states epsilon in all +households j + + align:start position:0% +households j + + + align:start position:0% +households j +say their little n of them + + align:start position:0% +say their little n of them + + + align:start position:0% +say their little n of them +we get an equation of this form + + align:start position:0% +we get an equation of this form + + + align:start position:0% +we get an equation of this form +so don't get lost in the notation i'll + + align:start position:0% +so don't get lost in the notation i'll + + + align:start position:0% +so don't get lost in the notation i'll +help + + align:start position:0% +help + + + align:start position:0% +help +this is consumption of household j in + + align:start position:0% +this is consumption of household j in + + + align:start position:0% +this is consumption of household j in +state one + + align:start position:0% +state one + + + align:start position:0% +state one +consumption of household j and state 2 + + align:start position:0% +consumption of household j and state 2 + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of household j and state 2 +likewise in state capital s + + align:start position:0% +likewise in state capital s + + + align:start position:0% +likewise in state capital s +that's a target and just imagine it + + align:start position:0% +that's a target and just imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +that's a target and just imagine it +solves the pareto problem how can we + + align:start position:0% +solves the pareto problem how can we + + + align:start position:0% +solves the pareto problem how can we +achieve it + + align:start position:0% +achieve it + + + align:start position:0% +achieve it +we have his controls the fraction of + + align:start position:0% +we have his controls the fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +we have his controls the fraction of +type k land held by household j + + align:start position:0% +type k land held by household j + + + align:start position:0% +type k land held by household j +and now those fractions alpha j vary + + align:start position:0% +and now those fractions alpha j vary + + + align:start position:0% +and now those fractions alpha j vary +with k + + align:start position:0% +with k + + + align:start position:0% +with k +so we're allowing + + align:start position:0% +so we're allowing + + + align:start position:0% +so we're allowing +land type specific allocation of shares + + align:start position:0% +land type specific allocation of shares + + + align:start position:0% +land type specific allocation of shares +anyway if you do the linear algebra here + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you do the linear algebra here + + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you do the linear algebra here +here's the yield of type one land and + + align:start position:0% +here's the yield of type one land and + + + align:start position:0% +here's the yield of type one land and +date state one + + align:start position:0% +date state one + + + align:start position:0% +date state one +the yield of type two land in state one + + align:start position:0% +the yield of type two land in state one + + + align:start position:0% +the yield of type two land in state one +etc these alphas would then multiply + + align:start position:0% +etc these alphas would then multiply + + + align:start position:0% +etc these alphas would then multiply +1 alpha 1 e 2 alpha 2 etc + + align:start position:0% +1 alpha 1 e 2 alpha 2 etc + + + align:start position:0% +1 alpha 1 e 2 alpha 2 etc +so adding it up like a dot product we + + align:start position:0% +so adding it up like a dot product we + + + align:start position:0% +so adding it up like a dot product we +would get consumption + + align:start position:0% +would get consumption + + + align:start position:0% +would get consumption +consumption is coming from a share + + align:start position:0% +consumption is coming from a share + + + align:start position:0% +consumption is coming from a share +weighted version of the yields + + align:start position:0% +weighted version of the yields + + + align:start position:0% +weighted version of the yields +hopefully the algebra is clear + + align:start position:0% +hopefully the algebra is clear + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully the algebra is clear +writing it in matrix notation we just + + align:start position:0% +writing it in matrix notation we just + + + align:start position:0% +writing it in matrix notation we just +want to get this quote endowment matrix + + align:start position:0% +want to get this quote endowment matrix + + + align:start position:0% +want to get this quote endowment matrix +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +times the share vector for household j + + align:start position:0% +times the share vector for household j + + + align:start position:0% +times the share vector for household j +varying over type k land it's a vector + + align:start position:0% +varying over type k land it's a vector + + + align:start position:0% +varying over type k land it's a vector +equal to the state dependent + + align:start position:0% +equal to the state dependent + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the state dependent +consumptions so e times alpha equals c j + + align:start position:0% +consumptions so e times alpha equals c j + + + align:start position:0% +consumptions so e times alpha equals c j +so then the question is to achieve this + + align:start position:0% +so then the question is to achieve this + + + align:start position:0% +so then the question is to achieve this +target can we find alphas that do it and + + align:start position:0% +target can we find alphas that do it and + + + align:start position:0% +target can we find alphas that do it and +that's like solving this equation so + + align:start position:0% +that's like solving this equation so + + + align:start position:0% +that's like solving this equation so +essentially you know take an inverse or + + align:start position:0% +essentially you know take an inverse or + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you know take an inverse or +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +if there are as many + + align:start position:0% +if there are as many + + + align:start position:0% +if there are as many +return vectors over types of land that + + align:start position:0% +return vectors over types of land that + + + align:start position:0% +return vectors over types of land that +are independent of each other as there + + align:start position:0% +are independent of each other as there + + + align:start position:0% +are independent of each other as there +are states then this matrix has an + + align:start position:0% +are states then this matrix has an + + + align:start position:0% +are states then this matrix has an +inverse + + align:start position:0% +inverse + + + align:start position:0% +inverse +it's non-singular + + align:start position:0% +it's non-singular + + + align:start position:0% +it's non-singular +so you can solve this equation so now + + align:start position:0% +so you can solve this equation so now + + + align:start position:0% +so you can solve this equation so now +we'll have you know solutions for the + + align:start position:0% +we'll have you know solutions for the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have you know solutions for the +alphas and it turns out if you do that + + align:start position:0% +alphas and it turns out if you do that + + + align:start position:0% +alphas and it turns out if you do that +not just for household j but over all of + + align:start position:0% +not just for household j but over all of + + + align:start position:0% +not just for household j but over all of +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +you'll get an implication + + align:start position:0% +you'll get an implication + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get an implication +that the sum of the alphas will add up + + align:start position:0% +that the sum of the alphas will add up + + + align:start position:0% +that the sum of the alphas will add up +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +2 1. + + align:start position:0% +2 1. + + + align:start position:0% +2 1. +so they do look like shares + + align:start position:0% +so they do look like shares + + + align:start position:0% +so they do look like shares +type + + align:start position:0% +type + + + align:start position:0% +type +k land held in fraction alpha j + + align:start position:0% +k land held in fraction alpha j + + + align:start position:0% +k land held in fraction alpha j +by the j th household when summed over + + align:start position:0% +by the j th household when summed over + + + align:start position:0% +by the j th household when summed over +there should be a sum here + + align:start position:0% +there should be a sum here + + + align:start position:0% +there should be a sum here +there was one there + + align:start position:0% +there was one there + + + align:start position:0% +there was one there +when summed over j would equal one so + + align:start position:0% +when summed over j would equal one so + + + align:start position:0% +when summed over j would equal one so +all the land is divided + + align:start position:0% +all the land is divided + + + align:start position:0% +all the land is divided +all the land of each type k is totally + + align:start position:0% +all the land of each type k is totally + + + align:start position:0% +all the land of each type k is totally +divided among all the households + + align:start position:0% +divided among all the households + + + align:start position:0% +divided among all the households +you could run into a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +you could run into a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +you could run into a little bit of +problem if the alphas went negative + + align:start position:0% +problem if the alphas went negative + + + align:start position:0% +problem if the alphas went negative +because then you know that's like trying + + align:start position:0% +because then you know that's like trying + + + align:start position:0% +because then you know that's like trying +to go short we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +to go short we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +to go short we're not going to +allow + + align:start position:0% +allow + + + align:start position:0% +allow +that to happen so there's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that to happen so there's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that to happen so there's a little bit +of a fly in the ointment but roughly + + align:start position:0% +of a fly in the ointment but roughly + + + align:start position:0% +of a fly in the ointment but roughly +speaking there's a way to achieve an + + align:start position:0% +speaking there's a way to achieve an + + + align:start position:0% +speaking there's a way to achieve an +optimal allocation a risk sharing just + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocation a risk sharing just + + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocation a risk sharing just +by shares + + align:start position:0% +by shares + + + align:start position:0% +by shares +so they don't need to transfer risk + + align:start position:0% +so they don't need to transfer risk + + + align:start position:0% +so they don't need to transfer risk +around x post + + align:start position:0% +around x post + + + align:start position:0% +around x post +they can do it all + + align:start position:0% +they can do it all + + + align:start position:0% +they can do it all +ex-ante now in order to achieve that we + + align:start position:0% +ex-ante now in order to achieve that we + + + align:start position:0% +ex-ante now in order to achieve that we +had to ignore the negative alphas but + + align:start position:0% +had to ignore the negative alphas but + + + align:start position:0% +had to ignore the negative alphas but +more to the point + + align:start position:0% +more to the point + + + align:start position:0% +more to the point +we had to assume there are as many types + + align:start position:0% +we had to assume there are as many types + + + align:start position:0% +we had to assume there are as many types +of land as there are states of the world + + align:start position:0% +of land as there are states of the world + + + align:start position:0% +of land as there are states of the world +maybe that's not true i don't know you + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's not true i don't know you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's not true i don't know you +could go both ways how many different + + align:start position:0% +could go both ways how many different + + + align:start position:0% +could go both ways how many different +types of land are there and how many + + align:start position:0% +types of land are there and how many + + + align:start position:0% +types of land are there and how many +different states can a given land type + + align:start position:0% +different states can a given land type + + + align:start position:0% +different states can a given land type +take on if there's incredible + + align:start position:0% +take on if there's incredible + + + align:start position:0% +take on if there's incredible +heterogeneity over land you know it's + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity over land you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity over land you know it's +entirely possible that the number of + + align:start position:0% +entirely possible that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +entirely possible that the number of +types was + + align:start position:0% +types was + + + align:start position:0% +types was +equal if not greater than the number of + + align:start position:0% +equal if not greater than the number of + + + align:start position:0% +equal if not greater than the number of +states but i could also imagine the + + align:start position:0% +states but i could also imagine the + + + align:start position:0% +states but i could also imagine the +other way around like the thai village + + align:start position:0% +other way around like the thai village + + + align:start position:0% +other way around like the thai village +you've got low land and high land you + + align:start position:0% +you've got low land and high land you + + + align:start position:0% +you've got low land and high land you +put them in two categories and then you + + align:start position:0% +put them in two categories and then you + + + align:start position:0% +put them in two categories and then you +have multiple states you'd have an + + align:start position:0% +have multiple states you'd have an + + + align:start position:0% +have multiple states you'd have an +incomplete version + + align:start position:0% +incomplete version + + + align:start position:0% +incomplete version +let's see how bad it is though maybe as + + align:start position:0% +let's see how bad it is though maybe as + + + align:start position:0% +let's see how bad it is though maybe as +an approximation + + align:start position:0% +an approximation + + + align:start position:0% +an approximation +they were doing pretty well by dividing + + align:start position:0% +they were doing pretty well by dividing + + + align:start position:0% +they were doing pretty well by dividing +up the land even if they couldn't + + align:start position:0% +up the land even if they couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +up the land even if they couldn't +achieve + + align:start position:0% +achieve + + + align:start position:0% +achieve +the optimal allocation perfectly + + align:start position:0% +the optimal allocation perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal allocation perfectly +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's put in two different utility + + align:start position:0% +let's put in two different utility + + + align:start position:0% +let's put in two different utility +functions for household one we have + + align:start position:0% +functions for household one we have + + + align:start position:0% +functions for household one we have +constant relative risk aversion and for + + align:start position:0% +constant relative risk aversion and for + + + align:start position:0% +constant relative risk aversion and for +household two it's a quadratic function + + align:start position:0% +household two it's a quadratic function + + + align:start position:0% +household two it's a quadratic function +this quadratic thing is a pain and + + align:start position:0% +this quadratic thing is a pain and + + + align:start position:0% +this quadratic thing is a pain and +always scary when you see it it's like + + align:start position:0% +always scary when you see it it's like + + + align:start position:0% +always scary when you see it it's like +there's a bliss point we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +there's a bliss point we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bliss point we've talked about +this consumption is less than the bliss + + align:start position:0% +this consumption is less than the bliss + + + align:start position:0% +this consumption is less than the bliss +point assumed so that the margin utility + + align:start position:0% +point assumed so that the margin utility + + + align:start position:0% +point assumed so that the margin utility +of consumption is always positive + + align:start position:0% +of consumption is always positive + + + align:start position:0% +of consumption is always positive +otherwise you see a lot of negative + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you see a lot of negative + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you see a lot of negative +signs and it's kind of disturbing is + + align:start position:0% +signs and it's kind of disturbing is + + + align:start position:0% +signs and it's kind of disturbing is +this cons can consumption be higher than + + align:start position:0% +this cons can consumption be higher than + + + align:start position:0% +this cons can consumption be higher than +the bliss point + + align:start position:0% +the bliss point + + + align:start position:0% +the bliss point +no you because you'll get marginal + + align:start position:0% +no you because you'll get marginal + + + align:start position:0% +no you because you'll get marginal +utility being negative + + align:start position:0% +utility being negative + + + align:start position:0% +utility being negative +moving negatively with consumption so + + align:start position:0% +moving negatively with consumption so + + + align:start position:0% +moving negatively with consumption so +anyway just so you feel a bit more + + align:start position:0% +anyway just so you feel a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +anyway just so you feel a bit more +comfortable let's put in alpha equal to + + align:start position:0% +comfortable let's put in alpha equal to + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable let's put in alpha equal to +0.5 k equal + + align:start position:0% +0.5 k equal + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 k equal +0.002 and b equal to + + align:start position:0% +0.002 and b equal to + + + align:start position:0% +0.002 and b equal to +80. so we have completely parametrized + + align:start position:0% +80. so we have completely parametrized + + + align:start position:0% +80. so we have completely parametrized +this family of utility functions and + + align:start position:0% +this family of utility functions and + + + align:start position:0% +this family of utility functions and +again we have different preferences here + + align:start position:0% +again we have different preferences here + + + align:start position:0% +again we have different preferences here +but nice concave utility strictly for + + align:start position:0% +but nice concave utility strictly for + + + align:start position:0% +but nice concave utility strictly for +both we've got two types of land and + + align:start position:0% +both we've got two types of land and + + + align:start position:0% +both we've got two types of land and +we're back to say having + + align:start position:0% +we're back to say having + + + align:start position:0% +we're back to say having +three or more states of the world so + + align:start position:0% +three or more states of the world so + + + align:start position:0% +three or more states of the world so +x anti-division into shares cannot work + + align:start position:0% +x anti-division into shares cannot work + + + align:start position:0% +x anti-division into shares cannot work +perfectly + + align:start position:0% +perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly +to see how far we get we constrain the + + align:start position:0% +to see how far we get we constrain the + + + align:start position:0% +to see how far we get we constrain the +programming problem + + align:start position:0% +programming problem + + + align:start position:0% +programming problem +to nevertheless + + align:start position:0% +to nevertheless + + + align:start position:0% +to nevertheless +search over these shares + + align:start position:0% +search over these shares + + + align:start position:0% +search over these shares +alpha j k of household j share of type k + + align:start position:0% +alpha j k of household j share of type k + + + align:start position:0% +alpha j k of household j share of type k +land + + align:start position:0% +land + + + align:start position:0% +land +and we maximize a lambda weighted sum of + + align:start position:0% +and we maximize a lambda weighted sum of + + + align:start position:0% +and we maximize a lambda weighted sum of +x and t expected utilities oh well + + align:start position:0% +x and t expected utilities oh well + + + align:start position:0% +x and t expected utilities oh well +there's only one date here so ignore the + + align:start position:0% +there's only one date here so ignore the + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one date here so ignore the +dynamics + + align:start position:0% +dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics +but there are multiple states + + align:start position:0% +but there are multiple states + + + align:start position:0% +but there are multiple states +and we're going to max this thing + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to max this thing + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to max this thing +subject to shares can't go negative and + + align:start position:0% +subject to shares can't go negative and + + + align:start position:0% +subject to shares can't go negative and +they have to add up to one + + align:start position:0% +they have to add up to one + + + align:start position:0% +they have to add up to one +so it's a constrained programming + + align:start position:0% +so it's a constrained programming + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a constrained programming +problem we could call the solution to + + align:start position:0% +problem we could call the solution to + + + align:start position:0% +problem we could call the solution to +this constrained optimal it's + + align:start position:0% +this constrained optimal it's + + + align:start position:0% +this constrained optimal it's +constrained by the premise that the + + align:start position:0% +constrained by the premise that the + + + align:start position:0% +constrained by the premise that the +mechanism only allows + + align:start position:0% +mechanism only allows + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism only allows +x anti-division into shares and not + + align:start position:0% +x anti-division into shares and not + + + align:start position:0% +x anti-division into shares and not +exposed consumption transfers + + align:start position:0% +exposed consumption transfers + + + align:start position:0% +exposed consumption transfers +not gifts not + + align:start position:0% +not gifts not + + + align:start position:0% +not gifts not +borrowing and lending nothing + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending nothing + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending nothing +now you know from our work on pareto + + align:start position:0% +now you know from our work on pareto + + + align:start position:0% +now you know from our work on pareto +optimal allocations there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocations there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocations there's going to be +a pareto frontier so it's not like + + align:start position:0% +a pareto frontier so it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +a pareto frontier so it's not like +there's one solution + + align:start position:0% +there's one solution + + + align:start position:0% +there's one solution +it's going to vary with the lambdas + + align:start position:0% +it's going to vary with the lambdas + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to vary with the lambdas +so we'll do something special as an + + align:start position:0% +so we'll do something special as an + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll do something special as an +example which is to maximize the utility + + align:start position:0% +example which is to maximize the utility + + + align:start position:0% +example which is to maximize the utility +of household one subject to the utility + + align:start position:0% +of household one subject to the utility + + + align:start position:0% +of household one subject to the utility +of household 2 + + align:start position:0% +of household 2 + + + align:start position:0% +of household 2 +at an arbitrary constant + + align:start position:0% +at an arbitrary constant + + + align:start position:0% +at an arbitrary constant +so let me show you + + align:start position:0% +so let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +so let me show you +a picture and then i'll go back + + align:start position:0% +a picture and then i'll go back + + + align:start position:0% +a picture and then i'll go back +we're in utility space so we have the + + align:start position:0% +we're in utility space so we have the + + + align:start position:0% +we're in utility space so we have the +utilities of household 1 in household 2 + + align:start position:0% +utilities of household 1 in household 2 + + + align:start position:0% +utilities of household 1 in household 2 +and we have sort of if we didn't have a + + align:start position:0% +and we have sort of if we didn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +and we have sort of if we didn't have a +con strain problem we'd have this outer + + align:start position:0% +con strain problem we'd have this outer + + + align:start position:0% +con strain problem we'd have this outer +frontier + + align:start position:0% +frontier + + + align:start position:0% +frontier +of the set of all possible utilities on + + align:start position:0% +of the set of all possible utilities on + + + align:start position:0% +of the set of all possible utilities on +the boundary + + align:start position:0% +the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary +and we'll call that the utility at the + + align:start position:0% +and we'll call that the utility at the + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll call that the utility at the +full risk sharing + + align:start position:0% +full risk sharing + + + align:start position:0% +full risk sharing +there are many solutions we got these + + align:start position:0% +there are many solutions we got these + + + align:start position:0% +there are many solutions we got these +through hyper planes previously + + align:start position:0% +through hyper planes previously + + + align:start position:0% +through hyper planes previously +there's an equivalent way to do it + + align:start position:0% +there's an equivalent way to do it + + + align:start position:0% +there's an equivalent way to do it +which is to fix the utility of one + + align:start position:0% +which is to fix the utility of one + + + align:start position:0% +which is to fix the utility of one +household namely two + + align:start position:0% +household namely two + + + align:start position:0% +household namely two +and maximize the utility of the other + + align:start position:0% +and maximize the utility of the other + + + align:start position:0% +and maximize the utility of the other +one so we would end up right here + + align:start position:0% +one so we would end up right here + + + align:start position:0% +one so we would end up right here +but in the constrained problem we're + + align:start position:0% +but in the constrained problem we're + + + align:start position:0% +but in the constrained problem we're +limited to dividing up land by shares + + align:start position:0% +limited to dividing up land by shares + + + align:start position:0% +limited to dividing up land by shares +that constrained pareto frontier is + + align:start position:0% +that constrained pareto frontier is + + + align:start position:0% +that constrained pareto frontier is +interior + + align:start position:0% +interior + + + align:start position:0% +interior +still a bit concave + + align:start position:0% +still a bit concave + + + align:start position:0% +still a bit concave +and we would move therefore from where + + align:start position:0% +and we would move therefore from where + + + align:start position:0% +and we would move therefore from where +that horizontal utility level for + + align:start position:0% +that horizontal utility level for + + + align:start position:0% +that horizontal utility level for +household 2 hits the outer frontier + + align:start position:0% +household 2 hits the outer frontier + + + align:start position:0% +household 2 hits the outer frontier +versus the inner frontier well let's + + align:start position:0% +versus the inner frontier well let's + + + align:start position:0% +versus the inner frontier well let's +focus on the inner frontier the + + align:start position:0% +focus on the inner frontier the + + + align:start position:0% +focus on the inner frontier the +constrained problem and then see how + + align:start position:0% +constrained problem and then see how + + + align:start position:0% +constrained problem and then see how +close they're going to get to the outer + + align:start position:0% +close they're going to get to the outer + + + align:start position:0% +close they're going to get to the outer +frontier + + align:start position:0% +frontier + + + align:start position:0% +frontier +i solved that thing numerically i was + + align:start position:0% +i solved that thing numerically i was + + + align:start position:0% +i solved that thing numerically i was +trying to give you all the parameters + + align:start position:0% +trying to give you all the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +trying to give you all the parameters +for utility functions + + align:start position:0% +for utility functions + + + align:start position:0% +for utility functions +some of it's missing here covariance is + + align:start position:0% +some of it's missing here covariance is + + + align:start position:0% +some of it's missing here covariance is +coefficient of variation + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of variation + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of variation +and you get a solution + + align:start position:0% +and you get a solution + + + align:start position:0% +and you get a solution +that household one has about three + + align:start position:0% +that household one has about three + + + align:start position:0% +that household one has about three +quarters 72 percent of land type one + + align:start position:0% +quarters 72 percent of land type one + + + align:start position:0% +quarters 72 percent of land type one +and about a quarter of land type two + + align:start position:0% +and about a quarter of land type two + + + align:start position:0% +and about a quarter of land type two +and household two would be the on the + + align:start position:0% +and household two would be the on the + + + align:start position:0% +and household two would be the on the +other side of this + + align:start position:0% +other side of this + + + align:start position:0% +other side of this +at roughly one-quarters three-quarters + + align:start position:0% +at roughly one-quarters three-quarters + + + align:start position:0% +at roughly one-quarters three-quarters +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +one thing to note is that that generates + + align:start position:0% +one thing to note is that that generates + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to note is that that generates +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +non-linear sharing rule + + align:start position:0% +non-linear sharing rule + + + align:start position:0% +non-linear sharing rule +but non-optimal rule i think i missed + + align:start position:0% +but non-optimal rule i think i missed + + + align:start position:0% +but non-optimal rule i think i missed +when i presented this constrained + + align:start position:0% +when i presented this constrained + + + align:start position:0% +when i presented this constrained +problem i neglected the little paragraph + + align:start position:0% +problem i neglected the little paragraph + + + align:start position:0% +problem i neglected the little paragraph +at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom +uh no it's not there + + align:start position:0% +uh no it's not there + + + align:start position:0% +uh no it's not there +well let me remind you + + align:start position:0% +well let me remind you + + + align:start position:0% +well let me remind you +again back to the preference lecture + + align:start position:0% +again back to the preference lecture + + + align:start position:0% +again back to the preference lecture +where we did risk and i showed you two + + align:start position:0% +where we did risk and i showed you two + + + align:start position:0% +where we did risk and i showed you two +particular utility functions + + align:start position:0% +particular utility functions + + + align:start position:0% +particular utility functions +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +exponential and constant relative risk + + align:start position:0% +exponential and constant relative risk + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and constant relative risk +aversion with linear schedules but then + + align:start position:0% +aversion with linear schedules but then + + + align:start position:0% +aversion with linear schedules but then +i showed you sure + + align:start position:0% +i showed you sure + + + align:start position:0% +i showed you sure +another figure which was non-linear + + align:start position:0% +another figure which was non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +another figure which was non-linear +monotone increasing for both households + + align:start position:0% +monotone increasing for both households + + + align:start position:0% +monotone increasing for both households +but non-linear + + align:start position:0% +but non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +but non-linear +that's came from this specification of + + align:start position:0% +that's came from this specification of + + + align:start position:0% +that's came from this specification of +utilities oh that's what i was looking + + align:start position:0% +utilities oh that's what i was looking + + + align:start position:0% +utilities oh that's what i was looking +for seen in previous lecture seven + + align:start position:0% +for seen in previous lecture seven + + + align:start position:0% +for seen in previous lecture seven +so we know the optimal sharing rules + + align:start position:0% +so we know the optimal sharing rules + + + align:start position:0% +so we know the optimal sharing rules +are non-linear + + align:start position:0% +are non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +are non-linear +dividing up into shares + + align:start position:0% +dividing up into shares + + + align:start position:0% +dividing up into shares +suggests we're going to end up with + + align:start position:0% +suggests we're going to end up with + + + align:start position:0% +suggests we're going to end up with +linear rules + + align:start position:0% +linear rules + + + align:start position:0% +linear rules +so we're not going to end up with the + + align:start position:0% +so we're not going to end up with the + + + align:start position:0% +so we're not going to end up with the +optimum + + align:start position:0% +optimum + + + align:start position:0% +optimum +but we can still try to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +but we can still try to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +but we can still try to figure out how +close the inner frontier is to the outer + + align:start position:0% +close the inner frontier is to the outer + + + align:start position:0% +close the inner frontier is to the outer +frontier + + align:start position:0% +frontier + + + align:start position:0% +frontier +so let's look at the transfers + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at the transfers + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at the transfers +let me state this clearly + + align:start position:0% +let me state this clearly + + + align:start position:0% +let me state this clearly +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +try to do it x anti by division of + + align:start position:0% +try to do it x anti by division of + + + align:start position:0% +try to do it x anti by division of +shares + + align:start position:0% +shares + + + align:start position:0% +shares +get the constrained optimum + + align:start position:0% +get the constrained optimum + + + align:start position:0% +get the constrained optimum +and then look at + + align:start position:0% +and then look at + + + align:start position:0% +and then look at +transfers across the two households + + align:start position:0% +transfers across the two households + + + align:start position:0% +transfers across the two households +who's paying who depending on the state + + align:start position:0% +who's paying who depending on the state + + + align:start position:0% +who's paying who depending on the state +and then finally how those transfers + + align:start position:0% +and then finally how those transfers + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally how those transfers +would need potentially to be + + align:start position:0% +would need potentially to be + + + align:start position:0% +would need potentially to be +augmented + + align:start position:0% +augmented + + + align:start position:0% +augmented +so here's the aggregate endowment this + + align:start position:0% +so here's the aggregate endowment this + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the aggregate endowment this +is the sum of the yields over the + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the yields over the + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the yields over the +two types of land that's also aggregate + + align:start position:0% +two types of land that's also aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +two types of land that's also aggregate +consumption because this is a static + + align:start position:0% +consumption because this is a static + + + align:start position:0% +consumption because this is a static +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +here is consumption of the individual + + align:start position:0% +here is consumption of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +here is consumption of the individual +agents both of them + + align:start position:0% +agents both of them + + + align:start position:0% +agents both of them +this is the consumption of person one + + align:start position:0% +this is the consumption of person one + + + align:start position:0% +this is the consumption of person one +constrained linear dotted line here's + + align:start position:0% +constrained linear dotted line here's + + + align:start position:0% +constrained linear dotted line here's +the consumption of person two + + align:start position:0% +the consumption of person two + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption of person two +constrained is this dot dash line for + + align:start position:0% +constrained is this dot dash line for + + + align:start position:0% +constrained is this dot dash line for +person 2 + + align:start position:0% +person 2 + + + align:start position:0% +person 2 +constrained is the dot dot line for + + align:start position:0% +constrained is the dot dot line for + + + align:start position:0% +constrained is the dot dot line for +person 1. + + align:start position:0% +person 1. + + + align:start position:0% +person 1. +they're both linear schedules now + + align:start position:0% +they're both linear schedules now + + + align:start position:0% +they're both linear schedules now +remember they're not doing this with + + align:start position:0% +remember they're not doing this with + + + align:start position:0% +remember they're not doing this with +transfers i kind of misspoke a minute + + align:start position:0% +transfers i kind of misspoke a minute + + + align:start position:0% +transfers i kind of misspoke a minute +ago because they're doing it with x + + align:start position:0% +ago because they're doing it with x + + + align:start position:0% +ago because they're doing it with x +antidivision into shares but + + align:start position:0% +antidivision into shares but + + + align:start position:0% +antidivision into shares but +nevertheless it's not the full-blown + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless it's not the full-blown + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless it's not the full-blown +optimum it's not the outer frontier in + + align:start position:0% +optimum it's not the outer frontier in + + + align:start position:0% +optimum it's not the outer frontier in +which you can not only have division but + + align:start position:0% +which you can not only have division but + + + align:start position:0% +which you can not only have division but +also exposed transfers + + align:start position:0% +also exposed transfers + + + align:start position:0% +also exposed transfers +to get to the full optimum and those + + align:start position:0% +to get to the full optimum and those + + + align:start position:0% +to get to the full optimum and those +schedules are listed here as + + align:start position:0% +schedules are listed here as + + + align:start position:0% +schedules are listed here as +unconstrained and they are non-linear as + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained and they are non-linear as + + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained and they are non-linear as +i was trying to say earlier so + + align:start position:0% +i was trying to say earlier so + + + align:start position:0% +i was trying to say earlier so +if we look at these states say five + + align:start position:0% +if we look at these states say five + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at these states say five +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +and look at consumption under ex-ante + + align:start position:0% +and look at consumption under ex-ante + + + align:start position:0% +and look at consumption under ex-ante +division of land versus consumption + + align:start position:0% +division of land versus consumption + + + align:start position:0% +division of land versus consumption +under the full optimum + + align:start position:0% +under the full optimum + + + align:start position:0% +under the full optimum +for household one + + align:start position:0% +for household one + + + align:start position:0% +for household one +you can see household one it's monotonic + + align:start position:0% +you can see household one it's monotonic + + + align:start position:0% +you can see household one it's monotonic +household consumption is logically + + align:start position:0% +household consumption is logically + + + align:start position:0% +household consumption is logically +increasing with the aggregate + + align:start position:0% +increasing with the aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +increasing with the aggregate +but it's a bit different although + + align:start position:0% +but it's a bit different although + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a bit different although +monotonic from what it would be under + + align:start position:0% +monotonic from what it would be under + + + align:start position:0% +monotonic from what it would be under +the full optimum and here you can see + + align:start position:0% +the full optimum and here you can see + + + align:start position:0% +the full optimum and here you can see +at the lowest state household one would + + align:start position:0% +at the lowest state household one would + + + align:start position:0% +at the lowest state household one would +be consuming more under the full optimum + + align:start position:0% +be consuming more under the full optimum + + + align:start position:0% +be consuming more under the full optimum +but then + + align:start position:0% +but then + + + align:start position:0% +but then +less + + align:start position:0% +less + + + align:start position:0% +less +under the full optimum relative to the + + align:start position:0% +under the full optimum relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +under the full optimum relative to the +division less + + align:start position:0% +division less + + + align:start position:0% +division less +and then back to being + + align:start position:0% +and then back to being + + + align:start position:0% +and then back to being +more okay so here it is over here why am + + align:start position:0% +more okay so here it is over here why am + + + align:start position:0% +more okay so here it is over here why am +i struggling so hard + + align:start position:0% +i struggling so hard + + + align:start position:0% +i struggling so hard +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +the amount of the transfer from + + align:start position:0% +the amount of the transfer from + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of the transfer from +household 2 to household one + + align:start position:0% +household 2 to household one + + + align:start position:0% +household 2 to household one +that is necessary to add on to the + + align:start position:0% +that is necessary to add on to the + + + align:start position:0% +that is necessary to add on to the +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +from the ex-ante division of land shares + + align:start position:0% +from the ex-ante division of land shares + + + align:start position:0% +from the ex-ante division of land shares +only + + align:start position:0% +only + + + align:start position:0% +only +if you wanted to look at it in a picture + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to look at it in a picture + + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to look at it in a picture +the picture + + align:start position:0% +the picture + + + align:start position:0% +the picture +is literally + + align:start position:0% +is literally + + + align:start position:0% +is literally +the difference between these two lines + + align:start position:0% +the difference between these two lines + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between these two lines +so here + + align:start position:0% +so here + + + align:start position:0% +so here +the amount that household one ought to + + align:start position:0% +the amount that household one ought to + + + align:start position:0% +the amount that household one ought to +be getting + + align:start position:0% +be getting + + + align:start position:0% +be getting +under the full optimum + + align:start position:0% +under the full optimum + + + align:start position:0% +under the full optimum +would be higher + + align:start position:0% +would be higher + + + align:start position:0% +would be higher +and therefore ought to get a positive + + align:start position:0% +and therefore ought to get a positive + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore ought to get a positive +transfer here it would be lower hence a + + align:start position:0% +transfer here it would be lower hence a + + + align:start position:0% +transfer here it would be lower hence a +negative transfer + + align:start position:0% +negative transfer + + + align:start position:0% +negative transfer +and finally at the end positive again so + + align:start position:0% +and finally at the end positive again so + + + align:start position:0% +and finally at the end positive again so +that's consistent with these numbers + + align:start position:0% +that's consistent with these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +that's consistent with these numbers +where these states going from one to + + align:start position:0% +where these states going from one to + + + align:start position:0% +where these states going from one to +five + + align:start position:0% +five + + + align:start position:0% +five +is like moving across the different + + align:start position:0% +is like moving across the different + + + align:start position:0% +is like moving across the different +values of the aggregate endowment + + align:start position:0% +values of the aggregate endowment + + + align:start position:0% +values of the aggregate endowment +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in summary + + align:start position:0% +in summary + + + align:start position:0% +in summary +i guess there's a couple of takeaways + + align:start position:0% +i guess there's a couple of takeaways + + + align:start position:0% +i guess there's a couple of takeaways +from the second half of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +from the second half of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +from the second half of this lecture +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +we looked at special mechanisms in this + + align:start position:0% +we looked at special mechanisms in this + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at special mechanisms in this +case ex-anti-division of land + + align:start position:0% +case ex-anti-division of land + + + align:start position:0% +case ex-anti-division of land +and whether or not we could get to an + + align:start position:0% +and whether or not we could get to an + + + align:start position:0% +and whether or not we could get to an +optimal allocation of risk bearing that + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocation of risk bearing that + + + align:start position:0% +optimal allocation of risk bearing that +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +and we saw some special cases where we + + align:start position:0% +and we saw some special cases where we + + + align:start position:0% +and we saw some special cases where we +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +we had to make the shares different + + align:start position:0% +we had to make the shares different + + + align:start position:0% +we had to make the shares different +across the different households + + align:start position:0% +across the different households + + + align:start position:0% +across the different households +and maybe different across the different + + align:start position:0% +and maybe different across the different + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe different across the different +land types + + align:start position:0% +land types + + + align:start position:0% +land types +especially so if we accommodated more + + align:start position:0% +especially so if we accommodated more + + + align:start position:0% +especially so if we accommodated more +and more diversity and preferences the + + align:start position:0% +and more diversity and preferences the + + + align:start position:0% +and more diversity and preferences the +second kind of takeaway from the second + + align:start position:0% +second kind of takeaway from the second + + + align:start position:0% +second kind of takeaway from the second +part is + + align:start position:0% +part is + + + align:start position:0% +part is +we might not achieve a full optimum + + align:start position:0% +we might not achieve a full optimum + + + align:start position:0% +we might not achieve a full optimum +so we would have expected some kind of + + align:start position:0% +so we would have expected some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so we would have expected some kind of +borrowing and lending and gift giving in + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending and gift giving in + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending and gift giving in +that medieval village economy even if we + + align:start position:0% +that medieval village economy even if we + + + align:start position:0% +that medieval village economy even if we +can't find it in the historical records + + align:start position:0% +can't find it in the historical records + + + align:start position:0% +can't find it in the historical records +or we could just say evidently for + + align:start position:0% +or we could just say evidently for + + + align:start position:0% +or we could just say evidently for +institutional reasons we don't + + align:start position:0% +institutional reasons we don't + + + align:start position:0% +institutional reasons we don't +understand they just weren't doing it + + align:start position:0% +understand they just weren't doing it + + + align:start position:0% +understand they just weren't doing it +but we don't lose our tools not all is + + align:start position:0% +but we don't lose our tools not all is + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't lose our tools not all is +lost we are still able to solve for a + + align:start position:0% +lost we are still able to solve for a + + + align:start position:0% +lost we are still able to solve for a +constrained optimal allocation + + align:start position:0% +constrained optimal allocation + + + align:start position:0% +constrained optimal allocation +solving the so-called pareto problem or + + align:start position:0% +solving the so-called pareto problem or + + + align:start position:0% +solving the so-called pareto problem or +programming problem + + align:start position:0% +programming problem + + + align:start position:0% +programming problem +maximizing lambda weighted sums of + + align:start position:0% +maximizing lambda weighted sums of + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing lambda weighted sums of +utilities subject to constraints with + + align:start position:0% +utilities subject to constraints with + + + align:start position:0% +utilities subject to constraints with +the appropriate control variables in + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate control variables in + + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate control variables in +this case shares + + align:start position:0% +this case shares + + + align:start position:0% +this case shares +and then the big picture of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +and then the big picture of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +and then the big picture of this lecture +is we're looking at the application + + align:start position:0% +is we're looking at the application + + + align:start position:0% +is we're looking at the application +of the theory of the optimal allocation + + align:start position:0% +of the theory of the optimal allocation + + + align:start position:0% +of the theory of the optimal allocation +of risk bearing we did that in villages + + align:start position:0% +of risk bearing we did that in villages + + + align:start position:0% +of risk bearing we did that in villages +in india looking at consumption and + + align:start position:0% +in india looking at consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +in india looking at consumption and +income data so from a science point of + + align:start position:0% +income data so from a science point of + + + align:start position:0% +income data so from a science point of +view we have a model we have data the + + align:start position:0% +view we have a model we have data the + + + align:start position:0% +view we have a model we have data the +data can vary across the applications we + + align:start position:0% +data can vary across the applications we + + + align:start position:0% +data can vary across the applications we +can still ask even if we don't have the + + align:start position:0% +can still ask even if we don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +can still ask even if we don't have the +data on everything whether we can see + + align:start position:0% +data on everything whether we can see + + + align:start position:0% +data on everything whether we can see +how well the theory fits and we could do + + align:start position:0% +how well the theory fits and we could do + + + align:start position:0% +how well the theory fits and we could do +that in cons + + align:start position:0% +that in cons + + + align:start position:0% +that in cons +in the medieval villages we don't even + + align:start position:0% +in the medieval villages we don't even + + + align:start position:0% +in the medieval villages we don't even +have data on consumption of individual + + align:start position:0% +have data on consumption of individual + + + align:start position:0% +have data on consumption of individual +households and all we see are pictures + + align:start position:0% +households and all we see are pictures + + + align:start position:0% +households and all we see are pictures +of land but we do have the covariance + + align:start position:0% +of land but we do have the covariance + + + align:start position:0% +of land but we do have the covariance +and variance statistics so we're kind of + + align:start position:0% +and variance statistics so we're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and variance statistics so we're kind of +able to calibrate the model a bit the + + align:start position:0% +able to calibrate the model a bit the + + + align:start position:0% +able to calibrate the model a bit the +way we are calibrating the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +way we are calibrating the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +way we are calibrating the dynamic +storage model but in this case not to + + align:start position:0% +storage model but in this case not to + + + align:start position:0% +storage model but in this case not to +try to explain why they didn't store + + align:start position:0% +try to explain why they didn't store + + + align:start position:0% +try to explain why they didn't store +very often but rather to explain this + + align:start position:0% +very often but rather to explain this + + + align:start position:0% +very often but rather to explain this +very salient pattern of dividing land + + align:start position:0% +very salient pattern of dividing land + + + align:start position:0% +very salient pattern of dividing land +into different strips + + align:start position:0% +into different strips + + + align:start position:0% +into different strips +okay so that's all i have for today all + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all i have for today all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all i have for today all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +see you soon thank you so much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6fzBJ8nuuzk.txt b/6fzBJ8nuuzk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..001a5f9170e23558d34ad13a051602b3aa9ba949 --- /dev/null +++ b/6fzBJ8nuuzk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3331 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chromatography the purification of + + align:start position:0% +chromatography the purification of + + + align:start position:0% +chromatography the purification of +chemicals is one of the most important + + align:start position:0% +chemicals is one of the most important + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals is one of the most important +jobs of a research chemist perhaps the + + align:start position:0% +jobs of a research chemist perhaps the + + + align:start position:0% +jobs of a research chemist perhaps the +most common purification technique in an + + align:start position:0% +most common purification technique in an + + + align:start position:0% +most common purification technique in an +organic laboratory is colum + + align:start position:0% +organic laboratory is colum + + + align:start position:0% +organic laboratory is colum +chromatography this technique takes + + align:start position:0% +chromatography this technique takes + + + align:start position:0% +chromatography this technique takes +advantage of the different polarities of + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the different polarities of + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the different polarities of +different compounds to separate mixtures + + align:start position:0% +different compounds to separate mixtures + + + align:start position:0% +different compounds to separate mixtures +frequently on the gram scale technically + + align:start position:0% +frequently on the gram scale technically + + + align:start position:0% +frequently on the gram scale technically +column chromatography can be challenging + + align:start position:0% +column chromatography can be challenging + + + align:start position:0% +column chromatography can be challenging +but with a little practice you will be + + align:start position:0% +but with a little practice you will be + + + align:start position:0% +but with a little practice you will be +able to separate mixtures of compounds + + align:start position:0% +able to separate mixtures of compounds + + + align:start position:0% +able to separate mixtures of compounds +consistently and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +successfully as the name suggests a + + align:start position:0% +successfully as the name suggests a + + + align:start position:0% +successfully as the name suggests a +column of absorbent either silica or + + align:start position:0% +column of absorbent either silica or + + + align:start position:0% +column of absorbent either silica or +alumina is packed into a glass tube with + + align:start position:0% +alumina is packed into a glass tube with + + + align:start position:0% +alumina is packed into a glass tube with +a stopcock at the bottom the sample is + + align:start position:0% +a stopcock at the bottom the sample is + + + align:start position:0% +a stopcock at the bottom the sample is +applied to the top of the absorbent and + + align:start position:0% +applied to the top of the absorbent and + + + align:start position:0% +applied to the top of the absorbent and +solvent is run through the column until + + align:start position:0% +solvent is run through the column until + + + align:start position:0% +solvent is run through the column until +the compound is flushed out of the + + align:start position:0% +the compound is flushed out of the + + + align:start position:0% +the compound is flushed out of the +bottom in most cases flash column + + align:start position:0% +bottom in most cases flash column + + + align:start position:0% +bottom in most cases flash column +chromatography is used meaning that + + align:start position:0% +chromatography is used meaning that + + + align:start position:0% +chromatography is used meaning that +pressure is applied to the top of the + + align:start position:0% +pressure is applied to the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is applied to the top of the +column resulting in faster running times + + align:start position:0% +column resulting in faster running times + + + align:start position:0% +column resulting in faster running times +and better + + align:start position:0% +and better + + + align:start position:0% +and better +separation before you can run a column + + align:start position:0% +separation before you can run a column + + + align:start position:0% +separation before you can run a column +you need to decide on the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +you need to decide on the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +you need to decide on the appropriate +conditions it is vital that you pick a + + align:start position:0% +conditions it is vital that you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +conditions it is vital that you pick a +solvent system that will provide good + + align:start position:0% +solvent system that will provide good + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system that will provide good +separation in general you will use a + + align:start position:0% +separation in general you will use a + + + align:start position:0% +separation in general you will use a +mixture of two missable solvents one + + align:start position:0% +mixture of two missable solvents one + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of two missable solvents one +polar and one + + align:start position:0% +polar and one + + + align:start position:0% +polar and one +non-polar luckily TLC is an effective + + align:start position:0% +non-polar luckily TLC is an effective + + + align:start position:0% +non-polar luckily TLC is an effective +tool for deciding on the optimal solvent + + align:start position:0% +tool for deciding on the optimal solvent + + + align:start position:0% +tool for deciding on the optimal solvent +system for your + + align:start position:0% +system for your + + + align:start position:0% +system for your +sample make a TLC sample by dissolving a + + align:start position:0% +sample make a TLC sample by dissolving a + + + align:start position:0% +sample make a TLC sample by dissolving a +small amount of your material in + + align:start position:0% +small amount of your material in + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of your material in +approximately 1 ml of solvent use this + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 ml of solvent use this + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 ml of solvent use this +sample to spot several TLC plates and + + align:start position:0% +sample to spot several TLC plates and + + + align:start position:0% +sample to spot several TLC plates and +develop each plate in a different + + align:start position:0% +develop each plate in a different + + + align:start position:0% +develop each plate in a different +solvent system make sure that the + + align:start position:0% +solvent system make sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system make sure that the +absorbent on your TLC plates is the same + + align:start position:0% +absorbent on your TLC plates is the same + + + align:start position:0% +absorbent on your TLC plates is the same +as the absorbent you will use in the + + align:start position:0% +as the absorbent you will use in the + + + align:start position:0% +as the absorbent you will use in the +column either silica or + + align:start position:0% +column either silica or + + + align:start position:0% +column either silica or +alumina most commonly you will use a + + align:start position:0% +alumina most commonly you will use a + + + align:start position:0% +alumina most commonly you will use a +solvent system composed of a mixture of + + align:start position:0% +solvent system composed of a mixture of + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system composed of a mixture of +ethylacetate and + + align:start position:0% +ethylacetate and + + + align:start position:0% +ethylacetate and +hexane but when you are purifying a + + align:start position:0% +hexane but when you are purifying a + + + align:start position:0% +hexane but when you are purifying a +volatile compound it is a good idea to + + align:start position:0% +volatile compound it is a good idea to + + + align:start position:0% +volatile compound it is a good idea to +use a lower boiling solvent system such + + align:start position:0% +use a lower boiling solvent system such + + + align:start position:0% +use a lower boiling solvent system such +as a mixture of ether and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pentane mixtures of methanol and D + + align:start position:0% +pentane mixtures of methanol and D + + + align:start position:0% +pentane mixtures of methanol and D +chloromethane are frequently used to + + align:start position:0% +chloromethane are frequently used to + + + align:start position:0% +chloromethane are frequently used to +purify highly polar + + align:start position:0% +purify highly polar + + + align:start position:0% +purify highly polar +compounds when you are removing small + + align:start position:0% +compounds when you are removing small + + + align:start position:0% +compounds when you are removing small +amounts of impurities from a sample + + align:start position:0% +amounts of impurities from a sample + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of impurities from a sample +Focus on the major + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constituent once you have found a + + align:start position:0% +constituent once you have found a + + + align:start position:0% +constituent once you have found a +solvent system that separates the + + align:start position:0% +solvent system that separates the + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system that separates the +components of your sample adjust the + + align:start position:0% +components of your sample adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +components of your sample adjust the +polarity so that the major and hopefully + + align:start position:0% +polarity so that the major and hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +polarity so that the major and hopefully +the desired constituent has an RF of + + align:start position:0% +the desired constituent has an RF of + + + align:start position:0% +the desired constituent has an RF of +approximately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.3 if the RF is too low then the + + align:start position:0% +0.3 if the RF is too low then the + + + align:start position:0% +0.3 if the RF is too low then the +solvent system is too non-polar and it + + align:start position:0% +solvent system is too non-polar and it + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system is too non-polar and it +will take a very long time for the + + align:start position:0% +will take a very long time for the + + + align:start position:0% +will take a very long time for the +material to come off of the + + align:start position:0% +material to come off of the + + + align:start position:0% +material to come off of the +column Al alternatively if the RF is too + + align:start position:0% +column Al alternatively if the RF is too + + + align:start position:0% +column Al alternatively if the RF is too +high then the solvent system is too + + align:start position:0% +high then the solvent system is too + + + align:start position:0% +high then the solvent system is too +polar and the material will come off of + + align:start position:0% +polar and the material will come off of + + + align:start position:0% +polar and the material will come off of +the column very quickly with poor + + align:start position:0% +the column very quickly with poor + + + align:start position:0% +the column very quickly with poor +separation when you are separating a + + align:start position:0% +separation when you are separating a + + + align:start position:0% +separation when you are separating a +mixture of two or more compounds adjust + + align:start position:0% +mixture of two or more compounds adjust + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of two or more compounds adjust +the solvent polarity such that the + + align:start position:0% +the solvent polarity such that the + + + align:start position:0% +the solvent polarity such that the +midpoint between the spots is at an RF + + align:start position:0% +midpoint between the spots is at an RF + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint between the spots is at an RF +of approximately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.3 when you are separating two or more + + align:start position:0% +0.3 when you are separating two or more + + + align:start position:0% +0.3 when you are separating two or more +compounds with very different polarity + + align:start position:0% +compounds with very different polarity + + + align:start position:0% +compounds with very different polarity +it will save you time to increase the + + align:start position:0% +it will save you time to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +it will save you time to increase the +polarity of the solvent as the column + + align:start position:0% +polarity of the solvent as the column + + + align:start position:0% +polarity of the solvent as the column +proceeds begin the column with a solvent + + align:start position:0% +proceeds begin the column with a solvent + + + align:start position:0% +proceeds begin the column with a solvent +system that puts the least polar + + align:start position:0% +system that puts the least polar + + + align:start position:0% +system that puts the least polar +compound at an RF of approximately + + align:start position:0% +compound at an RF of approximately + + + align:start position:0% +compound at an RF of approximately +0.3 once that compound has completely + + align:start position:0% +0.3 once that compound has completely + + + align:start position:0% +0.3 once that compound has completely +come off of the column slowly increase + + align:start position:0% +come off of the column slowly increase + + + align:start position:0% +come off of the column slowly increase +the polarity of the solvent to a mixture + + align:start position:0% +the polarity of the solvent to a mixture + + + align:start position:0% +the polarity of the solvent to a mixture +that puts the next spot at an RF of + + align:start position:0% +that puts the next spot at an RF of + + + align:start position:0% +that puts the next spot at an RF of +0.3 continue this until all desired + + align:start position:0% +0.3 continue this until all desired + + + align:start position:0% +0.3 continue this until all desired +spots have come off of the column + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once you have picked an appropriate + + align:start position:0% +once you have picked an appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +once you have picked an appropriate +solvent system you need to decide how + + align:start position:0% +solvent system you need to decide how + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system you need to decide how +much absorbent to use this video will + + align:start position:0% +much absorbent to use this video will + + + align:start position:0% +much absorbent to use this video will +illustrate the use of a silica gel + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the use of a silica gel + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the use of a silica gel +column but the same procedure can be + + align:start position:0% +column but the same procedure can be + + + align:start position:0% +column but the same procedure can be +followed using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alumina caution silica and alumina are + + align:start position:0% +alumina caution silica and alumina are + + + align:start position:0% +alumina caution silica and alumina are +highly toxic when inhaled handle + + align:start position:0% +highly toxic when inhaled handle + + + align:start position:0% +highly toxic when inhaled handle +absorbance in the + + align:start position:0% +absorbance in the + + + align:start position:0% +absorbance in the +hood in cases with good separation a + + align:start position:0% +hood in cases with good separation a + + + align:start position:0% +hood in cases with good separation a +20:1 mass ratio of silica gel to + + align:start position:0% +20:1 mass ratio of silica gel to + + + align:start position:0% +20:1 mass ratio of silica gel to +compound is usually adequate this means + + align:start position:0% +compound is usually adequate this means + + + align:start position:0% +compound is usually adequate this means +that for one gram of compound you would + + align:start position:0% +that for one gram of compound you would + + + align:start position:0% +that for one gram of compound you would +use 20 G of + + align:start position:0% +use 20 G of + + + align:start position:0% +use 20 G of +silica it is good to use as little + + align:start position:0% +silica it is good to use as little + + + align:start position:0% +silica it is good to use as little +absorbent as possible but when the + + align:start position:0% +absorbent as possible but when the + + + align:start position:0% +absorbent as possible but when the +separation is more difficult ratios of + + align:start position:0% +separation is more difficult ratios of + + + align:start position:0% +separation is more difficult ratios of +50 or 100:1 may be necessary choosing + + align:start position:0% +50 or 100:1 may be necessary choosing + + + align:start position:0% +50 or 100:1 may be necessary choosing +the appropriate amount of absorbent + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate amount of absorbent + + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate amount of absorbent +takes practice until you have developed + + align:start position:0% +takes practice until you have developed + + + align:start position:0% +takes practice until you have developed +your own intuition it is a good idea to + + align:start position:0% +your own intuition it is a good idea to + + + align:start position:0% +your own intuition it is a good idea to +ask a more experienced chemist for + + align:start position:0% +ask a more experienced chemist for + + + align:start position:0% +ask a more experienced chemist for +advice weigh the silica into an Erin + + align:start position:0% +advice weigh the silica into an Erin + + + align:start position:0% +advice weigh the silica into an Erin +Meer flask in the hood use a flask large + + align:start position:0% +Meer flask in the hood use a flask large + + + align:start position:0% +Meer flask in the hood use a flask large +enough that you don't fill it more than + + align:start position:0% +enough that you don't fill it more than + + + align:start position:0% +enough that you don't fill it more than +1/3 + + align:start position:0% +1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 +full the last major decision to make is + + align:start position:0% +full the last major decision to make is + + + align:start position:0% +full the last major decision to make is +what diameter of column to use different + + align:start position:0% +what diameter of column to use different + + + align:start position:0% +what diameter of column to use different +people have very different opinions + + align:start position:0% +people have very different opinions + + + align:start position:0% +people have very different opinions +about this but in general it is a good + + align:start position:0% +about this but in general it is a good + + + align:start position:0% +about this but in general it is a good +idea to choose a column that will fill 6 + + align:start position:0% +idea to choose a column that will fill 6 + + + align:start position:0% +idea to choose a column that will fill 6 +to 7 in with the chosen amount of + + align:start position:0% +to 7 in with the chosen amount of + + + align:start position:0% +to 7 in with the chosen amount of +silica + + align:start position:0% +silica + + + align:start position:0% +silica +in a taller column the different bands + + align:start position:0% +in a taller column the different bands + + + align:start position:0% +in a taller column the different bands +of compounds will disperse and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overlap but a shorter column will not + + align:start position:0% +overlap but a shorter column will not + + + align:start position:0% +overlap but a shorter column will not +have enough surface area to give good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +separation packing a column with + + align:start position:0% +separation packing a column with + + + align:start position:0% +separation packing a column with +absorbent can be fairly tricky and it + + align:start position:0% +absorbent can be fairly tricky and it + + + align:start position:0% +absorbent can be fairly tricky and it +takes practice to be able to do it well + + align:start position:0% +takes practice to be able to do it well + + + align:start position:0% +takes practice to be able to do it well +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +time the first step involves plugging + + align:start position:0% +time the first step involves plugging + + + align:start position:0% +time the first step involves plugging +the bottom of the column with a small + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of the column with a small + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of the column with a small +piece of of cotton to prevent loss of + + align:start position:0% +piece of of cotton to prevent loss of + + + align:start position:0% +piece of of cotton to prevent loss of +silica gel roll a small piece of cotton + + align:start position:0% +silica gel roll a small piece of cotton + + + align:start position:0% +silica gel roll a small piece of cotton +between your fingers and drop it into + + align:start position:0% +between your fingers and drop it into + + + align:start position:0% +between your fingers and drop it into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +column tilt and tap the column until the + + align:start position:0% +column tilt and tap the column until the + + + align:start position:0% +column tilt and tap the column until the +cotton settles into the center + + align:start position:0% +cotton settles into the center + + + align:start position:0% +cotton settles into the center +depression using a long stick gently + + align:start position:0% +depression using a long stick gently + + + align:start position:0% +depression using a long stick gently +pack the cotton into the hole don't pack + + align:start position:0% +pack the cotton into the hole don't pack + + + align:start position:0% +pack the cotton into the hole don't pack +the cotton too tightly or it will be + + align:start position:0% +the cotton too tightly or it will be + + + align:start position:0% +the cotton too tightly or it will be +difficult to force solvent through the + + align:start position:0% +difficult to force solvent through the + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to force solvent through the +plug to continue packing the column you + + align:start position:0% +plug to continue packing the column you + + + align:start position:0% +plug to continue packing the column you +will need an empty Beaker a pipe pet a + + align:start position:0% +will need an empty Beaker a pipe pet a + + + align:start position:0% +will need an empty Beaker a pipe pet a +supply of your chosen solvent mixture a + + align:start position:0% +supply of your chosen solvent mixture a + + + align:start position:0% +supply of your chosen solvent mixture a +funnel your pre-weighed silica gel some + + align:start position:0% +funnel your pre-weighed silica gel some + + + align:start position:0% +funnel your pre-weighed silica gel some +sand and a flash pressure + + align:start position:0% +sand and a flash pressure + + + align:start position:0% +sand and a flash pressure +apparatus with the cotton in place clamp + + align:start position:0% +apparatus with the cotton in place clamp + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus with the cotton in place clamp +the column in a straight vertical + + align:start position:0% +the column in a straight vertical + + + align:start position:0% +the column in a straight vertical +position and use a funnel to pour in a + + align:start position:0% +position and use a funnel to pour in a + + + align:start position:0% +position and use a funnel to pour in a +small layer of sand approximately 1 to 2 + + align:start position:0% +small layer of sand approximately 1 to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +small layer of sand approximately 1 to 2 +mm now fill the column with + + align:start position:0% +mm now fill the column with + + + align:start position:0% +mm now fill the column with +approximately 5 in of solvent mixture + + align:start position:0% +approximately 5 in of solvent mixture + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 5 in of solvent mixture +make sure that the sand layer is flat + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the sand layer is flat + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the sand layer is flat +and no sand is stuck to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sides pour enough of the solvent mixture + + align:start position:0% +sides pour enough of the solvent mixture + + + align:start position:0% +sides pour enough of the solvent mixture +into the silica gel to form a mobile + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slurry swirl the silica and carefully + + align:start position:0% +slurry swirl the silica and carefully + + + align:start position:0% +slurry swirl the silica and carefully +pour it into the column making sure that + + align:start position:0% +pour it into the column making sure that + + + align:start position:0% +pour it into the column making sure that +you do not disturb the sand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +layer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use additional solvent to add the + + align:start position:0% +use additional solvent to add the + + + align:start position:0% +use additional solvent to add the +remaining + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +silica once you have added all of the + + align:start position:0% +silica once you have added all of the + + + align:start position:0% +silica once you have added all of the +silica rinse the funnel and sides of the + + align:start position:0% +silica rinse the funnel and sides of the + + + align:start position:0% +silica rinse the funnel and sides of the +column with a small amount of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solvent apply pressure to the top of the + + align:start position:0% +solvent apply pressure to the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +solvent apply pressure to the top of the +column and open the stop coock tapping + + align:start position:0% +column and open the stop coock tapping + + + align:start position:0% +column and open the stop coock tapping +the sides of the column gently to make + + align:start position:0% +the sides of the column gently to make + + + align:start position:0% +the sides of the column gently to make +sure that the silic layer is + + align:start position:0% +sure that the silic layer is + + + align:start position:0% +sure that the silic layer is +flat drain the solvent until 2 or 3 in + + align:start position:0% +flat drain the solvent until 2 or 3 in + + + align:start position:0% +flat drain the solvent until 2 or 3 in +remain above the silica + + align:start position:0% +remain above the silica + + + align:start position:0% +remain above the silica +layer then close the stopcock and remove + + align:start position:0% +layer then close the stopcock and remove + + + align:start position:0% +layer then close the stopcock and remove +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure caution make sure there are no + + align:start position:0% +pressure caution make sure there are no + + + align:start position:0% +pressure caution make sure there are no +bubbles before you add + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sand Bubbles and inconsistencies in your + + align:start position:0% +sand Bubbles and inconsistencies in your + + + align:start position:0% +sand Bubbles and inconsistencies in your +column will cause serious problems + + align:start position:0% +column will cause serious problems + + + align:start position:0% +column will cause serious problems +later to avoid bubbles use a very wet + + align:start position:0% +later to avoid bubbles use a very wet + + + align:start position:0% +later to avoid bubbles use a very wet +slurry of silica gel gently tap the + + align:start position:0% +slurry of silica gel gently tap the + + + align:start position:0% +slurry of silica gel gently tap the +sides of the column while packing the + + align:start position:0% +sides of the column while packing the + + + align:start position:0% +sides of the column while packing the +silica and apply pressure before opening + + align:start position:0% +silica and apply pressure before opening + + + align:start position:0% +silica and apply pressure before opening +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stopcock when you have achieved a + + align:start position:0% +stopcock when you have achieved a + + + align:start position:0% +stopcock when you have achieved a +uniform layer of absorbent use a pipet + + align:start position:0% +uniform layer of absorbent use a pipet + + + align:start position:0% +uniform layer of absorbent use a pipet +to rinse any excess silica down from the + + align:start position:0% +to rinse any excess silica down from the + + + align:start position:0% +to rinse any excess silica down from the +sides of the + + align:start position:0% +sides of the + + + align:start position:0% +sides of the +column using the funnel carefully add a + + align:start position:0% +column using the funnel carefully add a + + + align:start position:0% +column using the funnel carefully add a +small layer of sand careful not to + + align:start position:0% +small layer of sand careful not to + + + align:start position:0% +small layer of sand careful not to +disturb the top of the silica + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gel use a small amount of solvent to + + align:start position:0% +gel use a small amount of solvent to + + + align:start position:0% +gel use a small amount of solvent to +wash the excess sand from the sides of + + align:start position:0% +wash the excess sand from the sides of + + + align:start position:0% +wash the excess sand from the sides of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +column apply + + align:start position:0% +column apply + + + align:start position:0% +column apply +pressure open the + + align:start position:0% +pressure open the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure open the +stopcock and drain the solvent to just + + align:start position:0% +stopcock and drain the solvent to just + + + align:start position:0% +stopcock and drain the solvent to just +above the silica + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +caution never let the solvent layer drop + + align:start position:0% +caution never let the solvent layer drop + + + align:start position:0% +caution never let the solvent layer drop +below the top of the + + align:start position:0% +below the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +below the top of the +column now you're ready to load your + + align:start position:0% +column now you're ready to load your + + + align:start position:0% +column now you're ready to load your +sample onto the column there are a + + align:start position:0% +sample onto the column there are a + + + align:start position:0% +sample onto the column there are a +couple of ways to do + + align:start position:0% +couple of ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +couple of ways to do +this if your sample is soluble in the + + align:start position:0% +this if your sample is soluble in the + + + align:start position:0% +this if your sample is soluble in the +chosen solvent system then it is easiest + + align:start position:0% +chosen solvent system then it is easiest + + + align:start position:0% +chosen solvent system then it is easiest +to load your sample as a + + align:start position:0% +to load your sample as a + + + align:start position:0% +to load your sample as a +solution dissolve your sample Le in the + + align:start position:0% +solution dissolve your sample Le in the + + + align:start position:0% +solution dissolve your sample Le in the +smallest possible volume of the chosen + + align:start position:0% +smallest possible volume of the chosen + + + align:start position:0% +smallest possible volume of the chosen +solvent mixture if you have trouble + + align:start position:0% +solvent mixture if you have trouble + + + align:start position:0% +solvent mixture if you have trouble +getting it to dissolve try adding a few + + align:start position:0% +getting it to dissolve try adding a few + + + align:start position:0% +getting it to dissolve try adding a few +drops of methylene chloride it is vital + + align:start position:0% +drops of methylene chloride it is vital + + + align:start position:0% +drops of methylene chloride it is vital +that your sample is completely dissolved + + align:start position:0% +that your sample is completely dissolved + + + align:start position:0% +that your sample is completely dissolved +before you add it to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +column slowly drip the solution of + + align:start position:0% +column slowly drip the solution of + + + align:start position:0% +column slowly drip the solution of +sample around the edges of the column + + align:start position:0% +sample around the edges of the column + + + align:start position:0% +sample around the edges of the column +being careful not to disturb the sand + + align:start position:0% +being careful not to disturb the sand + + + align:start position:0% +being careful not to disturb the sand +layer lower the solvent level to just + + align:start position:0% +layer lower the solvent level to just + + + align:start position:0% +layer lower the solvent level to just +above the silica rinse the flask with a + + align:start position:0% +above the silica rinse the flask with a + + + align:start position:0% +above the silica rinse the flask with a +small amount of solvent and add the + + align:start position:0% +small amount of solvent and add the + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of solvent and add the +rinse in the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fashion lower the solvent level again + + align:start position:0% +fashion lower the solvent level again + + + align:start position:0% +fashion lower the solvent level again +and repeat the rinse one or two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times it is a good idea to rinse any + + align:start position:0% +times it is a good idea to rinse any + + + align:start position:0% +times it is a good idea to rinse any +residual sample from the sides of the + + align:start position:0% +residual sample from the sides of the + + + align:start position:0% +residual sample from the sides of the +column lowering the solvent level in + + align:start position:0% +column lowering the solvent level in + + + align:start position:0% +column lowering the solvent level in +between each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rinse now you're ready to fill the + + align:start position:0% +rinse now you're ready to fill the + + + align:start position:0% +rinse now you're ready to fill the +column with solvent start by slowly + + align:start position:0% +column with solvent start by slowly + + + align:start position:0% +column with solvent start by slowly +adding solvent with a + + align:start position:0% +adding solvent with a + + + align:start position:0% +adding solvent with a +pipet once you have added a nice cushion + + align:start position:0% +pipet once you have added a nice cushion + + + align:start position:0% +pipet once you have added a nice cushion +slowly pour the remaining solvent into + + align:start position:0% +slowly pour the remaining solvent into + + + align:start position:0% +slowly pour the remaining solvent into +the column being careful not to disturb + + align:start position:0% +the column being careful not to disturb + + + align:start position:0% +the column being careful not to disturb +the sand or the silic + + align:start position:0% +the sand or the silic + + + align:start position:0% +the sand or the silic +done correctly you should end up with a + + align:start position:0% +done correctly you should end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +done correctly you should end up with a +thin band of sample just below the + + align:start position:0% +thin band of sample just below the + + + align:start position:0% +thin band of sample just below the +sand when your sample is largely + + align:start position:0% +sand when your sample is largely + + + align:start position:0% +sand when your sample is largely +insoluble in the chosen solvent mixture + + align:start position:0% +insoluble in the chosen solvent mixture + + + align:start position:0% +insoluble in the chosen solvent mixture +it is more effective to pre- absorb the + + align:start position:0% +it is more effective to pre- absorb the + + + align:start position:0% +it is more effective to pre- absorb the +sample onto a small quantity of silica + + align:start position:0% +sample onto a small quantity of silica + + + align:start position:0% +sample onto a small quantity of silica +and add it as a dry mixture to do this + + align:start position:0% +and add it as a dry mixture to do this + + + align:start position:0% +and add it as a dry mixture to do this +you will need some methylene chloride a + + align:start position:0% +you will need some methylene chloride a + + + align:start position:0% +you will need some methylene chloride a +round bottom flask and some silica + + align:start position:0% +round bottom flask and some silica + + + align:start position:0% +round bottom flask and some silica +gel + + align:start position:0% +gel + + + align:start position:0% +gel +start by dissolving your sample in + + align:start position:0% +start by dissolving your sample in + + + align:start position:0% +start by dissolving your sample in +methylene chloride and transferring it + + align:start position:0% +methylene chloride and transferring it + + + align:start position:0% +methylene chloride and transferring it +to the round bottom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flask make sure you complete the + + align:start position:0% +flask make sure you complete the + + + align:start position:0% +flask make sure you complete the +transfer with a few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rinses then add a small amount of silica + + align:start position:0% +rinses then add a small amount of silica + + + align:start position:0% +rinses then add a small amount of silica +gel to the flask and swirl to + + align:start position:0% +gel to the flask and swirl to + + + align:start position:0% +gel to the flask and swirl to +mix before you can remove the solvent on + + align:start position:0% +mix before you can remove the solvent on + + + align:start position:0% +mix before you can remove the solvent on +the rotovap stuff a few Kim wipes into + + align:start position:0% +the rotovap stuff a few Kim wipes into + + + align:start position:0% +the rotovap stuff a few Kim wipes into +the bump trap to prevent contamination + + align:start position:0% +the bump trap to prevent contamination + + + align:start position:0% +the bump trap to prevent contamination +of the rotovap with the very fine silica + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +powder attach your flask to the bump + + align:start position:0% +powder attach your flask to the bump + + + align:start position:0% +powder attach your flask to the bump +trap and concentrate it on the rotap + + align:start position:0% +trap and concentrate it on the rotap + + + align:start position:0% +trap and concentrate it on the rotap +until you obtain a fine free flowing + + align:start position:0% +until you obtain a fine free flowing + + + align:start position:0% +until you obtain a fine free flowing +powder if the mix mixture remains clumpy + + align:start position:0% +powder if the mix mixture remains clumpy + + + align:start position:0% +powder if the mix mixture remains clumpy +or sticky you may need to redissolve the + + align:start position:0% +or sticky you may need to redissolve the + + + align:start position:0% +or sticky you may need to redissolve the +sample and add more silica + + align:start position:0% +sample and add more silica + + + align:start position:0% +sample and add more silica +gel don't add it to your column until it + + align:start position:0% +gel don't add it to your column until it + + + align:start position:0% +gel don't add it to your column until it +is a free flowing + + align:start position:0% +is a free flowing + + + align:start position:0% +is a free flowing +powder to dry load your sample pack the + + align:start position:0% +powder to dry load your sample pack the + + + align:start position:0% +powder to dry load your sample pack the +column as before but leave a small layer + + align:start position:0% +column as before but leave a small layer + + + align:start position:0% +column as before but leave a small layer +of solvent above the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sand pour the pre-absorbed silica onto + + align:start position:0% +sand pour the pre-absorbed silica onto + + + align:start position:0% +sand pour the pre-absorbed silica onto +the top of the + + align:start position:0% +the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +the top of the +sand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use a small amount of the solvent + + align:start position:0% +use a small amount of the solvent + + + align:start position:0% +use a small amount of the solvent +mixture to rinse the flask and wash the + + align:start position:0% +mixture to rinse the flask and wash the + + + align:start position:0% +mixture to rinse the flask and wash the +silica down from the sides of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +column drain the solvent to the top of + + align:start position:0% +column drain the solvent to the top of + + + align:start position:0% +column drain the solvent to the top of +the silica and add a small layer of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sand carefully fill the column with + + align:start position:0% +sand carefully fill the column with + + + align:start position:0% +sand carefully fill the column with +solvent as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before one alternative to dry loading is + + align:start position:0% +before one alternative to dry loading is + + + align:start position:0% +before one alternative to dry loading is +loading your sample as a solution in a + + align:start position:0% +loading your sample as a solution in a + + + align:start position:0% +loading your sample as a solution in a +solvent that is more polar than the + + align:start position:0% +solvent that is more polar than the + + + align:start position:0% +solvent that is more polar than the +solvent system you're using for your + + align:start position:0% +solvent system you're using for your + + + align:start position:0% +solvent system you're using for your +column you will end up with a thick band + + align:start position:0% +column you will end up with a thick band + + + align:start position:0% +column you will end up with a thick band +of compound and Poe + + align:start position:0% +of compound and Poe + + + align:start position:0% +of compound and Poe +separation once your sample is loaded on + + align:start position:0% +separation once your sample is loaded on + + + align:start position:0% +separation once your sample is loaded on +the column you must begin running it + + align:start position:0% +the column you must begin running it + + + align:start position:0% +the column you must begin running it +immediately and it's a good idea not to + + align:start position:0% +immediately and it's a good idea not to + + + align:start position:0% +immediately and it's a good idea not to +take any breaks until it's + + align:start position:0% +take any breaks until it's + + + align:start position:0% +take any breaks until it's +through before you start make sure you + + align:start position:0% +through before you start make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +through before you start make sure you +have an adequate supply of your your + + align:start position:0% +have an adequate supply of your your + + + align:start position:0% +have an adequate supply of your your +chosen solvent mixture and a nice big + + align:start position:0% +chosen solvent mixture and a nice big + + + align:start position:0% +chosen solvent mixture and a nice big +rack of test + + align:start position:0% +rack of test + + + align:start position:0% +rack of test +tubes begin running the column by + + align:start position:0% +tubes begin running the column by + + + align:start position:0% +tubes begin running the column by +placing a test tube at the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +placing a test tube at the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +placing a test tube at the bottom of the +column applying pressure to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +top and opening the stop + + align:start position:0% +top and opening the stop + + + align:start position:0% +top and opening the stop +coock if the pressure is right you + + align:start position:0% +coock if the pressure is right you + + + align:start position:0% +coock if the pressure is right you +should have a fairly rapid flow of + + align:start position:0% +should have a fairly rapid flow of + + + align:start position:0% +should have a fairly rapid flow of +solvent out of the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +solvent out of the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +solvent out of the bottom of the +column you may have to adjust the + + align:start position:0% +column you may have to adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +column you may have to adjust the +pressure so that the flow rate isn't a + + align:start position:0% +pressure so that the flow rate isn't a + + + align:start position:0% +pressure so that the flow rate isn't a +slow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drip or an Out of Control + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stream but something right in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +middle don't forget to continually + + align:start position:0% +middle don't forget to continually + + + align:start position:0% +middle don't forget to continually +collect the eluent in test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tubes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you have to pay attention so that the + + align:start position:0% +you have to pay attention so that the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to pay attention so that the +solvent doesn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overflow caution pay close attention to + + align:start position:0% +overflow caution pay close attention to + + + align:start position:0% +overflow caution pay close attention to +the solvent level and refill + + align:start position:0% +the solvent level and refill + + + align:start position:0% +the solvent level and refill +frequently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now your hard work is over and it's time + + align:start position:0% +now your hard work is over and it's time + + + align:start position:0% +now your hard work is over and it's time +to see if it paid + + align:start position:0% +to see if it paid + + + align:start position:0% +to see if it paid +off when your compound is colored it can + + align:start position:0% +off when your compound is colored it can + + + align:start position:0% +off when your compound is colored it can +be easy to find it in the fractions but + + align:start position:0% +be easy to find it in the fractions but + + + align:start position:0% +be easy to find it in the fractions but +a more reliable method for monitoring + + align:start position:0% +a more reliable method for monitoring + + + align:start position:0% +a more reliable method for monitoring +your column is with + + align:start position:0% +your column is with + + + align:start position:0% +your column is with +TLC you can easily spot five or six + + align:start position:0% +TLC you can easily spot five or six + + + align:start position:0% +TLC you can easily spot five or six +fractions per TLC plate make sure you + + align:start position:0% +fractions per TLC plate make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +fractions per TLC plate make sure you +rinse your spotter in between fractions + + align:start position:0% +rinse your spotter in between fractions + + + align:start position:0% +rinse your spotter in between fractions +develop the plates with a solvent + + align:start position:0% +develop the plates with a solvent + + + align:start position:0% +develop the plates with a solvent +mixture that spreads the spots out on on + + align:start position:0% +mixture that spreads the spots out on on + + + align:start position:0% +mixture that spreads the spots out on on +the plate it does not have to be the + + align:start position:0% +the plate it does not have to be the + + + align:start position:0% +the plate it does not have to be the +same solvent system you use for the + + align:start position:0% +same solvent system you use for the + + + align:start position:0% +same solvent system you use for the +column if it goes well you will end up + + align:start position:0% +column if it goes well you will end up + + + align:start position:0% +column if it goes well you will end up +with a maximum of one compound per + + align:start position:0% +with a maximum of one compound per + + + align:start position:0% +with a maximum of one compound per +fraction with a few clean fractions in + + align:start position:0% +fraction with a few clean fractions in + + + align:start position:0% +fraction with a few clean fractions in +between the compounds you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +between the compounds you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +between the compounds you're trying to +separate unfortunately it doesn't always + + align:start position:0% +separate unfortunately it doesn't always + + + align:start position:0% +separate unfortunately it doesn't always +work out so + + align:start position:0% +work out so + + + align:start position:0% +work out so +well overlapping fractions containing + + align:start position:0% +well overlapping fractions containing + + + align:start position:0% +well overlapping fractions containing +more than one compound are the sign of a + + align:start position:0% +more than one compound are the sign of a + + + align:start position:0% +more than one compound are the sign of a +failed + + align:start position:0% +failed + + + align:start position:0% +failed +separation + + align:start position:0% +separation + + + align:start position:0% +separation +so what went + + align:start position:0% +so what went + + + align:start position:0% +so what went +wrong if all of the material elutes in + + align:start position:0% +wrong if all of the material elutes in + + + align:start position:0% +wrong if all of the material elutes in +just a few fractions then the column may + + align:start position:0% +just a few fractions then the column may + + + align:start position:0% +just a few fractions then the column may +have been too small or the developing + + align:start position:0% +have been too small or the developing + + + align:start position:0% +have been too small or the developing +solvent too + + align:start position:0% +solvent too + + + align:start position:0% +solvent too +polar on the other hand if the compounds + + align:start position:0% +polar on the other hand if the compounds + + + align:start position:0% +polar on the other hand if the compounds +are spread out over many fractions then + + align:start position:0% +are spread out over many fractions then + + + align:start position:0% +are spread out over many fractions then +the column may have been too tall or you + + align:start position:0% +the column may have been too tall or you + + + align:start position:0% +the column may have been too tall or you +used Too Much solvent to load your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sample once the last compound has come + + align:start position:0% +sample once the last compound has come + + + align:start position:0% +sample once the last compound has come +off of the column and you have analyzed + + align:start position:0% +off of the column and you have analyzed + + + align:start position:0% +off of the column and you have analyzed +your TLC plates it is time to combine + + align:start position:0% +your TLC plates it is time to combine + + + align:start position:0% +your TLC plates it is time to combine +the desired + + align:start position:0% +the desired + + + align:start position:0% +the desired +fractions combine all of the fractions + + align:start position:0% +fractions combine all of the fractions + + + align:start position:0% +fractions combine all of the fractions +containing the same pure compound in a + + align:start position:0% +containing the same pure compound in a + + + align:start position:0% +containing the same pure compound in a +round bottom + + align:start position:0% +round bottom + + + align:start position:0% +round bottom +flask fractions containing more than one + + align:start position:0% +flask fractions containing more than one + + + align:start position:0% +flask fractions containing more than one +compound should be set aside for further + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +purification it is a good idea to rinse + + align:start position:0% +purification it is a good idea to rinse + + + align:start position:0% +purification it is a good idea to rinse +the test tubes two or three times with a + + align:start position:0% +the test tubes two or three times with a + + + align:start position:0% +the test tubes two or three times with a +little bit of clean solvent and add + + align:start position:0% +little bit of clean solvent and add + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of clean solvent and add +those rinses to the flask as + + align:start position:0% +those rinses to the flask as + + + align:start position:0% +those rinses to the flask as +well don't fill the flask more than half + + align:start position:0% +well don't fill the flask more than half + + + align:start position:0% +well don't fill the flask more than half +full remember you need to concentrate it + + align:start position:0% +full remember you need to concentrate it + + + align:start position:0% +full remember you need to concentrate it +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +rotovap removing solvent from your + + align:start position:0% +rotovap removing solvent from your + + + align:start position:0% +rotovap removing solvent from your +compound is the last step in a + + align:start position:0% +compound is the last step in a + + + align:start position:0% +compound is the last step in a +chromatographic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +purification caution never discard any + + align:start position:0% +purification caution never discard any + + + align:start position:0% +purification caution never discard any +fractions until you recover the desired + + align:start position:0% +fractions until you recover the desired + + + align:start position:0% +fractions until you recover the desired +material it is a good idea to clean up + + align:start position:0% +material it is a good idea to clean up + + + align:start position:0% +material it is a good idea to clean up +the silica before you discard it in the + + align:start position:0% +the silica before you discard it in the + + + align:start position:0% +the silica before you discard it in the +appropriate waste + + align:start position:0% +appropriate waste + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate waste +container when you are sure that there + + align:start position:0% +container when you are sure that there + + + align:start position:0% +container when you are sure that there +is no more desired material on the + + align:start position:0% +is no more desired material on the + + + align:start position:0% +is no more desired material on the +column fill the column with ethanol + + align:start position:0% +column fill the column with ethanol + + + align:start position:0% +column fill the column with ethanol +place a flask underneath and push air + + align:start position:0% +place a flask underneath and push air + + + align:start position:0% +place a flask underneath and push air +through the column until the silica is + + align:start position:0% +through the column until the silica is + + + align:start position:0% +through the column until the silica is +dry and free + + align:start position:0% +dry and free + + + align:start position:0% +dry and free +flowing at this point it will be easy to + + align:start position:0% +flowing at this point it will be easy to + + + align:start position:0% +flowing at this point it will be easy to +discard the silica by pouring it into + + align:start position:0% +discard the silica by pouring it into + + + align:start position:0% +discard the silica by pouring it into +the proper waste + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +container when you need to purify a + + align:start position:0% +container when you need to purify a + + + align:start position:0% +container when you need to purify a +small amount of compound it is sometimes + + align:start position:0% +small amount of compound it is sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of compound it is sometimes +easier to run a micro column in a + + align:start position:0% +easier to run a micro column in a + + + align:start position:0% +easier to run a micro column in a +pipet on small scale the packing and + + align:start position:0% +pipet on small scale the packing and + + + align:start position:0% +pipet on small scale the packing and +Sample loading steps are greatly + + align:start position:0% +Sample loading steps are greatly + + + align:start position:0% +Sample loading steps are greatly +simplified it is easiest to pack a + + align:start position:0% +simplified it is easiest to pack a + + + align:start position:0% +simplified it is easiest to pack a +microc column completely dry without any + + align:start position:0% +microc column completely dry without any + + + align:start position:0% +microc column completely dry without any +solvent plug the end of the pipet with a + + align:start position:0% +solvent plug the end of the pipet with a + + + align:start position:0% +solvent plug the end of the pipet with a +small piece of cotton then add a couple + + align:start position:0% +small piece of cotton then add a couple + + + align:start position:0% +small piece of cotton then add a couple +of inches of absorbent and a thin layer + + align:start position:0% +of inches of absorbent and a thin layer + + + align:start position:0% +of inches of absorbent and a thin layer +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +sand next add your sample pre-absorbed + + align:start position:0% +sand next add your sample pre-absorbed + + + align:start position:0% +sand next add your sample pre-absorbed +onto a small amount of + + align:start position:0% +onto a small amount of + + + align:start position:0% +onto a small amount of +absorbent top it off with a thin layer + + align:start position:0% +absorbent top it off with a thin layer + + + align:start position:0% +absorbent top it off with a thin layer +of sand and you're ready to + + align:start position:0% +of sand and you're ready to + + + align:start position:0% +of sand and you're ready to +go to run the column place a collection + + align:start position:0% +go to run the column place a collection + + + align:start position:0% +go to run the column place a collection +flask or a test tube underneath the + + align:start position:0% +flask or a test tube underneath the + + + align:start position:0% +flask or a test tube underneath the +pipet and use another pipet to add + + align:start position:0% +pipet and use another pipet to add + + + align:start position:0% +pipet and use another pipet to add +solvent to the top of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +column keep adding solvent until your + + align:start position:0% +column keep adding solvent until your + + + align:start position:0% +column keep adding solvent until your +compound has come off of the column make + + align:start position:0% +compound has come off of the column make + + + align:start position:0% +compound has come off of the column make +sure you don't let the column run dry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this video has outlined the basic steps + + align:start position:0% +this video has outlined the basic steps + + + align:start position:0% +this video has outlined the basic steps +that you will use to perform a + + align:start position:0% +that you will use to perform a + + + align:start position:0% +that you will use to perform a +purification using column chromatography + + align:start position:0% +purification using column chromatography + + + align:start position:0% +purification using column chromatography +now it's time to get in the lab and try + + align:start position:0% +now it's time to get in the lab and try + + + align:start position:0% +now it's time to get in the lab and try +it for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yourself remember this video is intended + + align:start position:0% +yourself remember this video is intended + + + align:start position:0% +yourself remember this video is intended +to help you prepare for lab by providing + + align:start position:0% +to help you prepare for lab by providing + + + align:start position:0% +to help you prepare for lab by providing +a demonstration of the proper + + align:start position:0% +a demonstration of the proper + + + align:start position:0% +a demonstration of the proper +experimental technique it is not + + align:start position:0% +experimental technique it is not + + + align:start position:0% +experimental technique it is not +intended as a replacement for reading + + align:start position:0% +intended as a replacement for reading + + + align:start position:0% +intended as a replacement for reading +your lab manual or the supplementary + + align:start position:0% +your lab manual or the supplementary + + + align:start position:0% +your lab manual or the supplementary +material in order to become a great + + align:start position:0% +material in order to become a great + + + align:start position:0% +material in order to become a great +experimentalist it is important that you + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist it is important that you + + + align:start position:0% +experimentalist it is important that you +understand both Theory and technique now + + align:start position:0% +understand both Theory and technique now + + + align:start position:0% +understand both Theory and technique now +it's your turn good luck + + align:start position:0% +it's your turn good luck + + + align:start position:0% +it's your turn good luck +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6v3Ln2ACtqI.txt b/6v3Ln2ACtqI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff250d59176e652548fc91b624161605c82dae42 --- /dev/null +++ b/6v3Ln2ACtqI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16827 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu we'll be talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about I heard last time I had bad + + align:start position:0% +about I heard last time I had bad + + + align:start position:0% +about I heard last time I had bad +handwriting and I guess this isn't much + + align:start position:0% +handwriting and I guess this isn't much + + + align:start position:0% +handwriting and I guess this isn't much +improved yet but I will try to be more + + align:start position:0% +improved yet but I will try to be more + + + align:start position:0% +improved yet but I will try to be more +uh deliberate if not more skilled + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stochastic all + + align:start position:0% +stochastic all + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic all +right all + + align:start position:0% +right all + + + align:start position:0% +right all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so as + + align:start position:0% +so as + + + align:start position:0% +so as +uh as you may remember last time um we + + align:start position:0% +uh as you may remember last time um we + + + align:start position:0% +uh as you may remember last time um we +were talking about different assumptions + + align:start position:0% +were talking about different assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about different assumptions +um that we've used in all the techniques + + align:start position:0% +um that we've used in all the techniques + + + align:start position:0% +um that we've used in all the techniques +we've applied so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now we assume that we have model of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system that the system is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deterministic um that's not really any + + align:start position:0% +deterministic um that's not really any + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic um that's not really any +bit handwriting but this is the one that + + align:start position:0% +bit handwriting but this is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +bit handwriting but this is the one that +last time we talked about getting rid of + + align:start position:0% +last time we talked about getting rid of + + + align:start position:0% +last time we talked about getting rid of +anyway right stochastic system + + align:start position:0% +anyway right stochastic system + + + align:start position:0% +anyway right stochastic system +stochastic Dynamics so that's one we're + + align:start position:0% +stochastic Dynamics so that's one we're + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic Dynamics so that's one we're +trying to remove and then the state is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +known so sort of already gotten rid of + + align:start position:0% +known so sort of already gotten rid of + + + align:start position:0% +known so sort of already gotten rid of +this one in some of our discussions and + + align:start position:0% +this one in some of our discussions and + + + align:start position:0% +this one in some of our discussions and +today we're going to talk about what you + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about what you + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about what you +do if you don't have a + + align:start position:0% +do if you don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +do if you don't have a +model and this is something that's + + align:start position:0% +model and this is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +model and this is something that's +actually very important in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +actually very important in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +actually very important in a lot of +interesting systems and the systems that + + align:start position:0% +interesting systems and the systems that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting systems and the systems that +we work on in lab um some of them we try + + align:start position:0% +we work on in lab um some of them we try + + + align:start position:0% +we work on in lab um some of them we try +to model but but some of them are + + align:start position:0% +to model but but some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +to model but but some of them are +hopeless to model so + + align:start position:0% +hopeless to model so + + + align:start position:0% +hopeless to model so +this dealing without this is a very + + align:start position:0% +this dealing without this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +this dealing without this is a very +useful thing to be able to do so + + align:start position:0% +useful thing to be able to do so + + + align:start position:0% +useful thing to be able to do so +hopefully you'll uh you'll all at the + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you'll uh you'll all at the + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you'll uh you'll all at the +end appreciate the tremendous power of + + align:start position:0% +end appreciate the tremendous power of + + + align:start position:0% +end appreciate the tremendous power of +model free reinforcement learning so + + align:start position:0% +model free reinforcement learning so + + + align:start position:0% +model free reinforcement learning so +um all right yeah so the basic idea is + + align:start position:0% +um all right yeah so the basic idea is + + + align:start position:0% +um all right yeah so the basic idea is +again we have this policy + + align:start position:0% +again we have this policy + + + align:start position:0% +again we have this policy +parameterization Alpha which somehow + + align:start position:0% +parameterization Alpha which somehow + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization Alpha which somehow +defines our uh our policy and the + + align:start position:0% +defines our uh our policy and the + + + align:start position:0% +defines our uh our policy and the +problem sets recently did that's open + + align:start position:0% +problem sets recently did that's open + + + align:start position:0% +problem sets recently did that's open +loop so you just have one alpha for + + align:start position:0% +loop so you just have one alpha for + + + align:start position:0% +loop so you just have one alpha for +every time step you also can imagine + + align:start position:0% +every time step you also can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +every time step you also can imagine +these are gains on a feedback policy + + align:start position:0% +these are gains on a feedback policy + + + align:start position:0% +these are gains on a feedback policy +entries of the K Matrix or you know PD + + align:start position:0% +entries of the K Matrix or you know PD + + + align:start position:0% +entries of the K Matrix or you know PD +gains any way you want to parameterize + + align:start position:0% +gains any way you want to parameterize + + + align:start position:0% +gains any way you want to parameterize +it and you think about you use these + + align:start position:0% +it and you think about you use these + + + align:start position:0% +it and you think about you use these +parameters now this is the most simple + + align:start position:0% +parameters now this is the most simple + + + align:start position:0% +parameters now this is the most simple +interpretation there's a lot more sort + + align:start position:0% +interpretation there's a lot more sort + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation there's a lot more sort +of complicated ways of looking at it but + + align:start position:0% +of complicated ways of looking at it but + + + align:start position:0% +of complicated ways of looking at it but +I'm going to look at the most simple way + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to look at the most simple way + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to look at the most simple way +first you send this into your system so + + align:start position:0% +first you send this into your system so + + + align:start position:0% +first you send this into your system so +you can run your system with these + + align:start position:0% +you can run your system with these + + + align:start position:0% +you can run your system with these +parameters now this is again sort of + + align:start position:0% +parameters now this is again sort of + + + align:start position:0% +parameters now this is again sort of +like what you did in the problem set you + + align:start position:0% +like what you did in the problem set you + + + align:start position:0% +like what you did in the problem set you +have a fixed initial condition fixed + + align:start position:0% +have a fixed initial condition fixed + + + align:start position:0% +have a fixed initial condition fixed +cost function you give it a policy you + + align:start position:0% +cost function you give it a policy you + + + align:start position:0% +cost function you give it a policy you +run it and you see how it does and so + + align:start position:0% +run it and you see how it does and so + + + align:start position:0% +run it and you see how it does and so +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +get you get J right you get the the cost + + align:start position:0% +get you get J right you get the the cost + + + align:start position:0% +get you get J right you get the the cost +of running that + + align:start position:0% +of running that + + + align:start position:0% +of running that +policy so the question is that you know + + align:start position:0% +policy so the question is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +policy so the question is that you know +previously we've talked about okay well + + align:start position:0% +previously we've talked about okay well + + + align:start position:0% +previously we've talked about okay well +if you have a model of the system + + align:start position:0% +if you have a model of the system + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a model of the system +there's a lot of things you can do you + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of things you can do you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of things you can do you +can do back prop to get the specific + + align:start position:0% +can do back prop to get the specific + + + align:start position:0% +can do back prop to get the specific +gradient do something like snop or you + + align:start position:0% +gradient do something like snop or you + + + align:start position:0% +gradient do something like snop or you +do gradient descent using that um you + + align:start position:0% +do gradient descent using that um you + + + align:start position:0% +do gradient descent using that um you +can do um depending on the + + align:start position:0% +can do um depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +can do um depending on the +dimensionality you can do value + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality you can do value + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality you can do value +iteration so there's a lot of options + + align:start position:0% +iteration so there's a lot of options + + + align:start position:0% +iteration so there's a lot of options +when you have a model but if you don't + + align:start position:0% +when you have a model but if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a model but if you don't +if you don't know how the system works + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know how the system works + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't know how the system works +if it's really just a black box where I + + align:start position:0% +if it's really just a black box where I + + + align:start position:0% +if it's really just a black box where I +have a policy + + align:start position:0% +have a policy + + + align:start position:0% +have a policy +parameterization I get a + + align:start position:0% +parameterization I get a + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization I get a +cost how do we how do we achieve + + align:start position:0% +cost how do we how do we achieve + + + align:start position:0% +cost how do we how do we achieve +anything in that context where we don't + + align:start position:0% +anything in that context where we don't + + + align:start position:0% +anything in that context where we don't +have any sort of information about how + + align:start position:0% +have any sort of information about how + + + align:start position:0% +have any sort of information about how +these things relate to each other well + + align:start position:0% +these things relate to each other well + + + align:start position:0% +these things relate to each other well +thing is we do have some information and + + align:start position:0% +thing is we do have some information and + + + align:start position:0% +thing is we do have some information and +that we can execute this black box we + + align:start position:0% +that we can execute this black box we + + + align:start position:0% +that we can execute this black box we +can test it right we can run our policy + + align:start position:0% +can test it right we can run our policy + + + align:start position:0% +can test it right we can run our policy +and see how well it does so what would + + align:start position:0% +and see how well it does so what would + + + align:start position:0% +and see how well it does so what would +you say is the crudest thing you could + + align:start position:0% +you say is the crudest thing you could + + + align:start position:0% +you say is the crudest thing you could +do if you if you had a system like this + + align:start position:0% +do if you if you had a system like this + + + align:start position:0% +do if you if you had a system like this +a black box you give it an open loop + + align:start position:0% +a black box you give it an open loop + + + align:start position:0% +a black box you give it an open loop +tape let's say you run it and it tells + + align:start position:0% +tape let's say you run it and it tells + + + align:start position:0% +tape let's say you run it and it tells +you the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost what can we do SN could also well + + align:start position:0% +cost what can we do SN could also well + + + align:start position:0% +cost what can we do SN could also well +not that we'll do this sned but SN could + + align:start position:0% +not that we'll do this sned but SN could + + + align:start position:0% +not that we'll do this sned but SN could +also or you have methods for estimating + + align:start position:0% +also or you have methods for estimating + + + align:start position:0% +also or you have methods for estimating +the gradient you can do finite + + align:start position:0% +the gradient you can do finite + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient you can do finite +differences right yeah so finite + + align:start position:0% +differences right yeah so finite + + + align:start position:0% +differences right yeah so finite +differences exactly so what you can do + + align:start position:0% +differences exactly so what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +differences exactly so what you can do +is you can say let's talk about again + + align:start position:0% +is you can say let's talk about again + + + align:start position:0% +is you can say let's talk about again +this is uh the notation stff I'm using + + align:start position:0% +this is uh the notation stff I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh the notation stff I'm using +is simple a lot of times they paramet in + + align:start position:0% +is simple a lot of times they paramet in + + + align:start position:0% +is simple a lot of times they paramet in +a different way but yeah so you have + + align:start position:0% +a different way but yeah so you have + + + align:start position:0% +a different way but yeah so you have +pretty much in this context let's say we + + align:start position:0% +pretty much in this context let's say we + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much in this context let's say we +have a deterministic cost so we don't + + align:start position:0% +have a deterministic cost so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +have a deterministic cost so we don't +have a random system we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +have a random system we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +have a random system we'll talk about +random systems later let's say we have a + + align:start position:0% +random systems later let's say we have a + + + align:start position:0% +random systems later let's say we have a +deterministic cost which is a function + + align:start position:0% +deterministic cost which is a function + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic cost which is a function +of our Alpha so what our parameter is + + align:start position:0% +of our Alpha so what our parameter is + + + align:start position:0% +of our Alpha so what our parameter is +all right or our parameter Vector so + + align:start position:0% +all right or our parameter Vector so + + + align:start position:0% +all right or our parameter Vector so +what we do is we'd say okay let's say I + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we'd say okay let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we'd say okay let's say I +have a uh a 2d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +system alpha 1 Alpha 2 now we don't know + + align:start position:0% +system alpha 1 Alpha 2 now we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +system alpha 1 Alpha 2 now we don't know +what this function is right now but + + align:start position:0% +what this function is right now but + + + align:start position:0% +what this function is right now but +let's just say it's a simple + + align:start position:0% +let's just say it's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +let's just say it's a simple +function like this convex + + align:start position:0% +function like this convex + + + align:start position:0% +function like this convex +where these are s the Contra lines and + + align:start position:0% +where these are s the Contra lines and + + + align:start position:0% +where these are s the Contra lines and +what we want is we want to get to the + + align:start position:0% +what we want is we want to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +what we want is we want to get to the +middle so this is sort of like the local + + align:start position:0% +middle so this is sort of like the local + + + align:start position:0% +middle so this is sort of like the local +men and we start here right now what how + + align:start position:0% +men and we start here right now what how + + + align:start position:0% +men and we start here right now what how +SN to get these gradients and it's sort + + align:start position:0% +SN to get these gradients and it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +SN to get these gradients and it's sort +of the simplest thing you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +of the simplest thing you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +of the simplest thing you can imagine +doing would be all right well one of the + + align:start position:0% +doing would be all right well one of the + + + align:start position:0% +doing would be all right well one of the +simplest things you can imagine doing + + align:start position:0% +simplest things you can imagine doing + + + align:start position:0% +simplest things you can imagine doing +there's actually another very simple + + align:start position:0% +there's actually another very simple + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually another very simple +thing um you measure here right so you + + align:start position:0% +thing um you measure here right so you + + + align:start position:0% +thing um you measure here right so you +you run the system you get J at this + + align:start position:0% +you run the system you get J at this + + + align:start position:0% +you run the system you get J at this +point so you run the system you get J at + + align:start position:0% +point so you run the system you get J at + + + align:start position:0% +point so you run the system you get J at +this point you this when you get J at + + align:start position:0% +this point you this when you get J at + + + align:start position:0% +this point you this when you get J at +this point right you take these + + align:start position:0% +this point right you take these + + + align:start position:0% +this point right you take these +differences divide by your displacement + + align:start position:0% +differences divide by your displacement + + + align:start position:0% +differences divide by your displacement +and what you get is you get some + + align:start position:0% +and what you get is you get some + + + align:start position:0% +and what you get is you get some +estimate of the local gradient right and + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the local gradient right and + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the local gradient right and +if those distances are small enough and + + align:start position:0% +if those distances are small enough and + + + align:start position:0% +if those distances are small enough and +your evaluation sort of you know nice + + align:start position:0% +your evaluation sort of you know nice + + + align:start position:0% +your evaluation sort of you know nice +enough you can get arbitrarily close to + + align:start position:0% +enough you can get arbitrarily close to + + + align:start position:0% +enough you can get arbitrarily close to +the true gradient there and this will + + align:start position:0% +the true gradient there and this will + + + align:start position:0% +the true gradient there and this will +tell you okay you want to move in this + + align:start position:0% +tell you okay you want to move in this + + + align:start position:0% +tell you okay you want to move in this +direction right now the problem with is + + align:start position:0% +direction right now the problem with is + + + align:start position:0% +direction right now the problem with is +is that you have to do n plus one where + + align:start position:0% +is that you have to do n plus one where + + + align:start position:0% +is that you have to do n plus one where +n is the number of Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +n is the number of Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +n is the number of Dimensions +evaluations to get this so you sort of + + align:start position:0% +evaluations to get this so you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations to get this so you sort of +have to evaluate at Alpha then at Alpha + + align:start position:0% +have to evaluate at Alpha then at Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +have to evaluate at Alpha then at Alpha +plus you know Delta 0 0 0 dot dot dot + + align:start position:0% +plus you know Delta 0 0 0 dot dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +plus you know Delta 0 0 0 dot dot dot +Alpha plus 0 Delta 0 0 dot dot dot Etc + + align:start position:0% +Alpha plus 0 Delta 0 0 dot dot dot Etc + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha plus 0 Delta 0 0 dot dot dot Etc +now obviously these things just have to + + align:start position:0% +now obviously these things just have to + + + align:start position:0% +now obviously these things just have to +be linearly independent actually um but + + align:start position:0% +be linearly independent actually um but + + + align:start position:0% +be linearly independent actually um but +you might as well do it this way do + + align:start position:0% +you might as well do it this way do + + + align:start position:0% +you might as well do it this way do +these finite difference is you get an + + align:start position:0% +these finite difference is you get an + + + align:start position:0% +these finite difference is you get an +estim the gradient you can hand that to + + align:start position:0% +estim the gradient you can hand that to + + + align:start position:0% +estim the gradient you can hand that to +snop and stop can try to do fancier + + align:start position:0% +snop and stop can try to do fancier + + + align:start position:0% +snop and stop can try to do fancier +things um or you can do gradient descent + + align:start position:0% +things um or you can do gradient descent + + + align:start position:0% +things um or you can do gradient descent +where you get this gradient you compute + + align:start position:0% +where you get this gradient you compute + + + align:start position:0% +where you get this gradient you compute +it and then you do an update where I say + + align:start position:0% +it and then you do an update where I say + + + align:start position:0% +it and then you do an update where I say +okay now my + + align:start position:0% +okay now my + + + align:start position:0% +okay now my +Alpha at n + + align:start position:0% +Alpha at n + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha at n ++1 equals my Alpha at n plus + + align:start position:0% ++1 equals my Alpha at n plus + + + align:start position:0% ++1 equals my Alpha at n plus +some Delta Alpha right and we can say + + align:start position:0% +some Delta Alpha right and we can say + + + align:start position:0% +some Delta Alpha right and we can say +Okay Delta Alpha equals negative + + align:start position:0% +Okay Delta Alpha equals negative + + + align:start position:0% +Okay Delta Alpha equals negative +a and then + + align:start position:0% +a and then + + + align:start position:0% +a and then +DJ d alpha right now that's a vector and + + align:start position:0% +DJ d alpha right now that's a vector and + + + align:start position:0% +DJ d alpha right now that's a vector and +so this is our learning rate that says + + align:start position:0% +so this is our learning rate that says + + + align:start position:0% +so this is our learning rate that says +okay we have the gradient here how far + + align:start position:0% +okay we have the gradient here how far + + + align:start position:0% +okay we have the gradient here how far +we going to move right setting that is a + + align:start position:0% +we going to move right setting that is a + + + align:start position:0% +we going to move right setting that is a +can be an issue but you update your + + align:start position:0% +can be an issue but you update your + + + align:start position:0% +can be an issue but you update your +Alpha like this and you can just keep + + align:start position:0% +Alpha like this and you can just keep + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha like this and you can just keep +doing that over and over again keep + + align:start position:0% +doing that over and over again keep + + + align:start position:0% +doing that over and over again keep +evaluating it over and over again + + align:start position:0% +evaluating it over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating it over and over again +and eventually you'll should move in to + + align:start position:0% +and eventually you'll should move in to + + + align:start position:0% +and eventually you'll should move in to +the zero right you should get to a local + + align:start position:0% +the zero right you should get to a local + + + align:start position:0% +the zero right you should get to a local +Min the thing is that doing n plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one evaluations every time is expensive + + align:start position:0% +one evaluations every time is expensive + + + align:start position:0% +one evaluations every time is expensive +now you can you could say you could cut + + align:start position:0% +now you can you could say you could cut + + + align:start position:0% +now you can you could say you could cut +that down a bit if you were to reuse + + align:start position:0% +that down a bit if you were to reuse + + + align:start position:0% +that down a bit if you were to reuse +some evaluations stuff like that but the + + align:start position:0% +some evaluations stuff like that but the + + + align:start position:0% +some evaluations stuff like that but the +point is that you have to do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +point is that you have to do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +point is that you have to do a lot of +evaluations to get this local + + align:start position:0% +evaluations to get this local + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations to get this local +information and if you move very far you + + align:start position:0% +information and if you move very far you + + + align:start position:0% +information and if you move very far you +sort of have to discard those and do all + + align:start position:0% +sort of have to discard those and do all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have to discard those and do all +those evaluations again right so you're + + align:start position:0% +those evaluations again right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +those evaluations again right so you're +sort of doing a lot of evaluations to + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing a lot of evaluations to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing a lot of evaluations to +get sort of an accurate estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +get sort of an accurate estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +get sort of an accurate estimate of the +gradient right here but then you're + + align:start position:0% +gradient right here but then you're + + + align:start position:0% +gradient right here but then you're +throwing a lot of away when you move and + + align:start position:0% +throwing a lot of away when you move and + + + align:start position:0% +throwing a lot of away when you move and +the gradient could change right and so + + align:start position:0% +the gradient could change right and so + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient could change right and so +in that sense doing all these + + align:start position:0% +in that sense doing all these + + + align:start position:0% +in that sense doing all these +evaluations maybe is wasteful because + + align:start position:0% +evaluations maybe is wasteful because + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations maybe is wasteful because +you're getting more you're sort of being + + align:start position:0% +you're getting more you're sort of being + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting more you're sort of being +more careful than you have to and then + + align:start position:0% +more careful than you have to and then + + + align:start position:0% +more careful than you have to and then +you're just going to lose that + + align:start position:0% +you're just going to lose that + + + align:start position:0% +you're just going to lose that +information once you move somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +information once you move somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +information once you move somewhere else +and have to evaluate it again so there + + align:start position:0% +and have to evaluate it again so there + + + align:start position:0% +and have to evaluate it again so there +another thing this one you could say is + + align:start position:0% +another thing this one you could say is + + + align:start position:0% +another thing this one you could say is +even more crude this is at least in The + + align:start position:0% +even more crude this is at least in The + + + align:start position:0% +even more crude this is at least in The +evolutionary algorith commun I think + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary algorith commun I think + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary algorith commun I think +they call it just hill climbing I mean + + align:start position:0% +they call it just hill climbing I mean + + + align:start position:0% +they call it just hill climbing I mean +all these things are sort of hill + + align:start position:0% +all these things are sort of hill + + + align:start position:0% +all these things are sort of hill +climbing or Valley descending um but + + align:start position:0% +climbing or Valley descending um but + + + align:start position:0% +climbing or Valley descending um but +what you can also Imagine doing is just + + align:start position:0% +what you can also Imagine doing is just + + + align:start position:0% +what you can also Imagine doing is just +having a point here and I just randomly + + align:start position:0% +having a point here and I just randomly + + + align:start position:0% +having a point here and I just randomly +perturb that okay so I don't do this is + + align:start position:0% +perturb that okay so I don't do this is + + + align:start position:0% +perturb that okay so I don't do this is +deterministic right I could randomly + + align:start position:0% +deterministic right I could randomly + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic right I could randomly +perturb and just be like okay well what + + align:start position:0% +perturb and just be like okay well what + + + align:start position:0% +perturb and just be like okay well what +if I'm here that's worse right the cost + + align:start position:0% +if I'm here that's worse right the cost + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm here that's worse right the cost +is higher so we just throw it out don't + + align:start position:0% +is higher so we just throw it out don't + + + align:start position:0% +is higher so we just throw it out don't +use it do it again here that's better so + + align:start position:0% +use it do it again here that's better so + + + align:start position:0% +use it do it again here that's better so +now we just keep this and we just do + + align:start position:0% +now we just keep this and we just do + + + align:start position:0% +now we just keep this and we just do +this over and over discarding bad ones + + align:start position:0% +this over and over discarding bad ones + + + align:start position:0% +this over and over discarding bad ones +keeping good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ones until we get back there right but + + align:start position:0% +ones until we get back there right but + + + align:start position:0% +ones until we get back there right but +the thing is is that they're doing all + + align:start position:0% +the thing is is that they're doing all + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is is that they're doing all +these evaluations when they get worse + + align:start position:0% +these evaluations when they get worse + + + align:start position:0% +these evaluations when they get worse +you're just throwing them out and you're + + align:start position:0% +you're just throwing them out and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're just throwing them out and you're +acting like that gives you no + + align:start position:0% +acting like that gives you no + + + align:start position:0% +acting like that gives you no +information but there is information in + + align:start position:0% +information but there is information in + + + align:start position:0% +information but there is information in +that right even if it gets worse and by + + align:start position:0% +that right even if it gets worse and by + + + align:start position:0% +that right even if it gets worse and by +how much it gets worse how much it gets + + align:start position:0% +how much it gets worse how much it gets + + + align:start position:0% +how much it gets worse how much it gets +better there's information in in all of + + align:start position:0% +better there's information in in all of + + + align:start position:0% +better there's information in in all of +that and you're getting that information + + align:start position:0% +that and you're getting that information + + + align:start position:0% +that and you're getting that information +when you do the evaluation so I throw it + + align:start position:0% +when you do the evaluation so I throw it + + + align:start position:0% +when you do the evaluation so I throw it +away and just sort of like cast out + + align:start position:0% +away and just sort of like cast out + + + align:start position:0% +away and just sort of like cast out +these things that do worse so that's + + align:start position:0% +these things that do worse so that's + + + align:start position:0% +these things that do worse so that's +sort of the idea of um of this + + align:start position:0% +sort of the idea of um of this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the idea of um of this +stochastic gradient descent is that + + align:start position:0% +stochastic gradient descent is that + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic gradient descent is that +we're going to follow this sort of like + + align:start position:0% +we're going to follow this sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to follow this sort of like +random kind of idea instead of doing + + align:start position:0% +random kind of idea instead of doing + + + align:start position:0% +random kind of idea instead of doing +this deterministic evaluation of the + + align:start position:0% +this deterministic evaluation of the + + + align:start position:0% +this deterministic evaluation of the +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +gradient we're going to randomize the + + align:start position:0% +gradient we're going to randomize the + + + align:start position:0% +gradient we're going to randomize the +system we're going to get an estimate + + align:start position:0% +system we're going to get an estimate + + + align:start position:0% +system we're going to get an estimate +the gradient uh stochastically and then + + align:start position:0% +the gradient uh stochastically and then + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient uh stochastically and then +we're going to follow that and we're + + align:start position:0% +we're going to follow that and we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to follow that and we're +going to get as much information that is + + align:start position:0% +going to get as much information that is + + + align:start position:0% +going to get as much information that is +possible that's one of the important + + align:start position:0% +possible that's one of the important + + + align:start position:0% +possible that's one of the important +things is generally in these systems + + align:start position:0% +things is generally in these systems + + + align:start position:0% +things is generally in these systems +this evaluation is all the cost right + + align:start position:0% +this evaluation is all the cost right + + + align:start position:0% +this evaluation is all the cost right +pretty much everything is dominated by + + align:start position:0% +pretty much everything is dominated by + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much everything is dominated by +checking your cost of a certain policy + + align:start position:0% +checking your cost of a certain policy + + + align:start position:0% +checking your cost of a certain policy +so you want to get as much as you can + + align:start position:0% +so you want to get as much as you can + + + align:start position:0% +so you want to get as much as you can +out of each one and sastic gradi descend + + align:start position:0% +out of each one and sastic gradi descend + + + align:start position:0% +out of each one and sastic gradi descend +is sort of a power way powerful way of + + align:start position:0% +is sort of a power way powerful way of + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of a power way powerful way of +doing that when you have no model that's + + align:start position:0% +doing that when you have no model that's + + + align:start position:0% +doing that when you have no model that's +definitely more efficient than hill + + align:start position:0% +definitely more efficient than hill + + + align:start position:0% +definitely more efficient than hill +climbing + + align:start position:0% +climbing + + + align:start position:0% +climbing +so now the question + + align:start position:0% +so now the question + + + align:start position:0% +so now the question +is what + + align:start position:0% +is what + + + align:start position:0% +is what +uh like what is the appropriate process + + align:start position:0% +uh like what is the appropriate process + + + align:start position:0% +uh like what is the appropriate process +for doing this right like how do we how + + align:start position:0% +for doing this right like how do we how + + + align:start position:0% +for doing this right like how do we how +do we randomly sample these guys and + + align:start position:0% +do we randomly sample these guys and + + + align:start position:0% +do we randomly sample these guys and +actually improve our policy so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +actually improve our policy so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +actually improve our policy so I'm going +to write down an update this is a common + + align:start position:0% +to write down an update this is a common + + + align:start position:0% +to write down an update this is a common +update it's the weight perturbation + + align:start position:0% +update it's the weight perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +update it's the weight perturbation +update it also shows up in an identical + + align:start position:0% +update it also shows up in an identical + + + align:start position:0% +update it also shows up in an identical +form and reinforce you seen any of those + + align:start position:0% +form and reinforce you seen any of those + + + align:start position:0% +form and reinforce you seen any of those +we'll talk about all those but would you + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about all those but would you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about all those but would you +can look at the form of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +update is my handwriting at all + + align:start position:0% +update is my handwriting at all + + + align:start position:0% +update is my handwriting at all +legible yeah okay um so you can look at + + align:start position:0% +legible yeah okay um so you can look at + + + align:start position:0% +legible yeah okay um so you can look at +this form of this + + align:start position:0% +this form of this + + + align:start position:0% +this form of this +update + + align:start position:0% +update + + + align:start position:0% +update +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +now take my word for now that this makes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense well changing my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alphabets okay so I'm saying change your + + align:start position:0% +alphabets okay so I'm saying change your + + + align:start position:0% +alphabets okay so I'm saying change your +Alpha here we have the same learning + + align:start position:0% +Alpha here we have the same learning + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha here we have the same learning +rate so this is like in the + + align:start position:0% +rate so this is like in the + + + align:start position:0% +rate so this is like in the +deterministic gradient descent and then + + align:start position:0% +deterministic gradient descent and then + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic gradient descent and then +here's where you evaluate and this Z is + + align:start position:0% +here's where you evaluate and this Z is + + + align:start position:0% +here's where you evaluate and this Z is +noise so when you perturb your policy + + align:start position:0% +noise so when you perturb your policy + + + align:start position:0% +noise so when you perturb your policy +this is sort of the vector of how you + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the vector of how you + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the vector of how you +perturb that Alpha vector so right this + + align:start position:0% +perturb that Alpha vector so right this + + + align:start position:0% +perturb that Alpha vector so right this +is sort of you know this is a z this is + + align:start position:0% +is sort of you know this is a z this is + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of you know this is a z this is +a z this is a z right those Z are these + + align:start position:0% +a z this is a z right those Z are these + + + align:start position:0% +a z this is a z right those Z are these +perturbations to + + align:start position:0% +perturbations to + + + align:start position:0% +perturbations to +this so what you can do is we can say a + + align:start position:0% +this so what you can do is we can say a + + + align:start position:0% +this so what you can do is we can say a +simple and a very common way is to have + + align:start position:0% +simple and a very common way is to have + + + align:start position:0% +simple and a very common way is to have +the vector Z is distributed as a + + align:start position:0% +the vector Z is distributed as a + + + align:start position:0% +the vector Z is distributed as a +multivariate + + align:start position:0% +multivariate + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate +gaussian so where each element of Z is + + align:start position:0% +gaussian so where each element of Z is + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian so where each element of Z is +IID with the same uh standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +IID with the same uh standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +IID with the same uh standard deviation +mean zero um and so you sort of draw + + align:start position:0% +mean zero um and so you sort of draw + + + align:start position:0% +mean zero um and so you sort of draw +this Z from your uh you draw a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +this Z from your uh you draw a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +this Z from your uh you draw a sort of a +sample Z you evaluate how well it does + + align:start position:0% +sample Z you evaluate how well it does + + + align:start position:0% +sample Z you evaluate how well it does +you evaluate how well you do with your + + align:start position:0% +you evaluate how well you do with your + + + align:start position:0% +you evaluate how well you do with your +sort of nominal policy right now + + align:start position:0% +sort of nominal policy right now + + + align:start position:0% +sort of nominal policy right now +calculate this difference and then you + + align:start position:0% +calculate this difference and then you + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this difference and then you +move in the direction of Z all right so + + align:start position:0% +move in the direction of Z all right so + + + align:start position:0% +move in the direction of Z all right so +I'll try to draw this in 1D and then 2D + + align:start position:0% +I'll try to draw this in 1D and then 2D + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try to draw this in 1D and then 2D +so it makes uh perfect sense so here in + + align:start position:0% +so it makes uh perfect sense so here in + + + align:start position:0% +so it makes uh perfect sense so here in +1D you can say this is our 1 Alpha right + + align:start position:0% +1D you can say this is our 1 Alpha right + + + align:start position:0% +1D you can say this is our 1 Alpha right +if this is + + align:start position:0% +if this is + + + align:start position:0% +if this is +J so here's + + align:start position:0% +J so here's + + + align:start position:0% +J so here's +our cost function + + align:start position:0% +our cost function + + + align:start position:0% +our cost function +so it'll be here right now our Z in this + + align:start position:0% +so it'll be here right now our Z in this + + + align:start position:0% +so it'll be here right now our Z in this +case is just a scaler but so our Z is + + align:start position:0% +case is just a scaler but so our Z is + + + align:start position:0% +case is just a scaler but so our Z is +going to be mean z and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +going to be mean z and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be mean z and it's going to +have a ging + + align:start position:0% +have a ging + + + align:start position:0% +have a ging +distribution well it's but when you + + align:start position:0% +distribution well it's but when you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution well it's but when you +sample from this you + + align:start position:0% +sample from this you + + + align:start position:0% +sample from this you +evaluate right I should actually + + align:start position:0% +evaluate right I should actually + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate right I should actually +probably keep that update up at the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time right so you sample you get this + + align:start position:0% +time right so you sample you get this + + + align:start position:0% +time right so you sample you get this +change so this is sort of my J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Alpha this right here is my J Alpha plus + + align:start position:0% +Alpha this right here is my J Alpha plus + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha this right here is my J Alpha plus +Z I'm going to measure this change it's + + align:start position:0% +Z I'm going to measure this change it's + + + align:start position:0% +Z I'm going to measure this change it's +going to say okay the cost went up it + + align:start position:0% +going to say okay the cost went up it + + + align:start position:0% +going to say okay the cost went up it +went up by some amount that's the + + align:start position:0% +went up by some amount that's the + + + align:start position:0% +went up by some amount that's the +difference I'm going to move in the + + align:start position:0% +difference I'm going to move in the + + + align:start position:0% +difference I'm going to move in the +direction of Z so Z is just the scalar + + align:start position:0% +direction of Z so Z is just the scalar + + + align:start position:0% +direction of Z so Z is just the scalar +here it's just going to be sort of the + + align:start position:0% +here it's just going to be sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +here it's just going to be sort of the +sign and the magnitude of it and then + + align:start position:0% +sign and the magnitude of it and then + + + align:start position:0% +sign and the magnitude of it and then +I'm going to move sort of opposite this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to move sort of opposite this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to move sort of opposite this +so I perturbed z z went in this + + align:start position:0% +so I perturbed z z went in this + + + align:start position:0% +so I perturbed z z went in this +direction it got bigger that change then + + align:start position:0% +direction it got bigger that change then + + + align:start position:0% +direction it got bigger that change then +is a positive number so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +is a positive number so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +is a positive number so we're going to +move down + + align:start position:0% +move down + + + align:start position:0% +move down +by amount sort of ADA that change right + + align:start position:0% +by amount sort of ADA that change right + + + align:start position:0% +by amount sort of ADA that change right +and so if it gets a lot worse we move + + align:start position:0% +and so if it gets a lot worse we move + + + align:start position:0% +and so if it gets a lot worse we move +down farther if it gets a bit worse we + + align:start position:0% +down farther if it gets a bit worse we + + + align:start position:0% +down farther if it gets a bit worse we +move down a bit does that make sense and + + align:start position:0% +move down a bit does that make sense and + + + align:start position:0% +move down a bit does that make sense and +so when you're measuring here you're + + align:start position:0% +so when you're measuring here you're + + + align:start position:0% +so when you're measuring here you're +going to get a small change for the same + + align:start position:0% +going to get a small change for the same + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a small change for the same +Z when you again you draw your gine + + align:start position:0% +Z when you again you draw your gine + + + align:start position:0% +Z when you again you draw your gine +around that you're going a small change + + align:start position:0% +around that you're going a small change + + + align:start position:0% +around that you're going a small change +is you're going to move a bit but when + + align:start position:0% +is you're going to move a bit but when + + + align:start position:0% +is you're going to move a bit but when +I'm here where it's really steep I'll + + align:start position:0% +I'm here where it's really steep I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I'm here where it's really steep I'll +get the same peration I'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +get the same peration I'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +get the same peration I'm going to get +bigger change I'm going to move even + + align:start position:0% +bigger change I'm going to move even + + + align:start position:0% +bigger change I'm going to move even +farther right and I'll update here and + + align:start position:0% +farther right and I'll update here and + + + align:start position:0% +farther right and I'll update here and +so if I do this much of time times you + + align:start position:0% +so if I do this much of time times you + + + align:start position:0% +so if I do this much of time times you +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +imagine I'll descend into the local Min + + align:start position:0% +imagine I'll descend into the local Min + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I'll descend into the local Min +does that make sense and this is every + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense and this is every + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense and this is every +time you're drawing this stochastically + + align:start position:0% +time you're drawing this stochastically + + + align:start position:0% +time you're drawing this stochastically +so you're not doing this time of determ + + align:start position:0% +so you're not doing this time of determ + + + align:start position:0% +so you're not doing this time of determ +thing every time you do it you could be + + align:start position:0% +thing every time you do it you could be + + + align:start position:0% +thing every time you do it you could be +updating you could try worse you could + + align:start position:0% +updating you could try worse you could + + + align:start position:0% +updating you could try worse you could +try better but stochastically you can + + align:start position:0% +try better but stochastically you can + + + align:start position:0% +try better but stochastically you can +sort of intuitively see why it's going + + align:start position:0% +sort of intuitively see why it's going + + + align:start position:0% +sort of intuitively see why it's going +to sort of descend does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +to sort of descend does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of descend does that make sense +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dep Direction a sort of what it is like + + align:start position:0% +dep Direction a sort of what it is like + + + align:start position:0% +dep Direction a sort of what it is like +a function that you're looking at if you + + align:start position:0% +a function that you're looking at if you + + + align:start position:0% +a function that you're looking at if you +look at one if you increase like in this + + align:start position:0% +look at one if you increase like in this + + + align:start position:0% +look at one if you increase like in this +case like Alpha in One Direction verus + + align:start position:0% +case like Alpha in One Direction verus + + + align:start position:0% +case like Alpha in One Direction verus +the other one the changes are sort of + + align:start position:0% +the other one the changes are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the other one the changes are sort of +similar in both ways uh no I mean that + + align:start position:0% +similar in both ways uh no I mean that + + + align:start position:0% +similar in both ways uh no I mean that +can affect the performance of the + + align:start position:0% +can affect the performance of the + + + align:start position:0% +can affect the performance of the +algorithm but yeah I I can draw that + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but yeah I I can draw that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but yeah I I can draw that +these are sort of common pathological + + align:start position:0% +these are sort of common pathological + + + align:start position:0% +these are sort of common pathological +cases um let's look at in 2D so this is + + align:start position:0% +cases um let's look at in 2D so this is + + + align:start position:0% +cases um let's look at in 2D so this is +what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying +right now the ideal one would be again + + align:start position:0% +right now the ideal one would be again + + + align:start position:0% +right now the ideal one would be again +we can draw our contour map + + align:start position:0% +we can draw our contour map + + + align:start position:0% +we can draw our contour map +again now you'd be this is about the + + align:start position:0% +again now you'd be this is about the + + + align:start position:0% +again now you'd be this is about the +same right you're saying this is about + + align:start position:0% +same right you're saying this is about + + + align:start position:0% +same right you're saying this is about +sort of isotropic or whatever you're + + align:start position:0% +sort of isotropic or whatever you're + + + align:start position:0% +sort of isotropic or whatever you're +here you you perturb yourself randomly + + align:start position:0% +here you you perturb yourself randomly + + + align:start position:0% +here you you perturb yourself randomly +so your G is going to put you anywhere + + align:start position:0% +so your G is going to put you anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +so your G is going to put you anywhere +here you know you measure somewhere you + + align:start position:0% +here you know you measure somewhere you + + + align:start position:0% +here you know you measure somewhere you +get better so you're going to move in + + align:start position:0% +get better so you're going to move in + + + align:start position:0% +get better so you're going to move in +that direction depending on what eight + + align:start position:0% +that direction depending on what eight + + + align:start position:0% +that direction depending on what eight +is now you got an update you're saying + + align:start position:0% +is now you got an update you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +is now you got an update you're saying +well what happens if we're actually in + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if we're actually in + + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if we're actually in +trouble and we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we have something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +uh we have something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have something that looks like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +right saying that's a problem well that + + align:start position:0% +right saying that's a problem well that + + + align:start position:0% +right saying that's a problem well that +can hurt the convergence of it it can be + + align:start position:0% +can hurt the convergence of it it can be + + + align:start position:0% +can hurt the convergence of it it can be +slower but it still works because you + + align:start position:0% +slower but it still works because you + + + align:start position:0% +slower but it still works because you +can see like let's say I'm here right + + align:start position:0% +can see like let's say I'm here right + + + align:start position:0% +can see like let's say I'm here right +now it's really steep here and it's + + align:start position:0% +now it's really steep here and it's + + + align:start position:0% +now it's really steep here and it's +really shallow here so what's going to + + align:start position:0% +really shallow here so what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +really shallow here so what's going to +happen is when I perturb it I'm still + + align:start position:0% +happen is when I perturb it I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +happen is when I perturb it I'm still +going to I'm going to my perturbation in + + align:start position:0% +going to I'm going to my perturbation in + + + align:start position:0% +going to I'm going to my perturbation in +this direction isn't going to have any + + align:start position:0% +this direction isn't going to have any + + + align:start position:0% +this direction isn't going to have any +effect maybe it's relatively shallow but + + align:start position:0% +effect maybe it's relatively shallow but + + + align:start position:0% +effect maybe it's relatively shallow but +then in this direction it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +then in this direction it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +then in this direction it's going to be +very sensitive and so when I move it + + align:start position:0% +very sensitive and so when I move it + + + align:start position:0% +very sensitive and so when I move it +more in this direction I'm going to move + + align:start position:0% +more in this direction I'm going to move + + + align:start position:0% +more in this direction I'm going to move +very far and I'm going to go down here + + align:start position:0% +very far and I'm going to go down here + + + align:start position:0% +very far and I'm going to go down here +first I'm going to sort of descend the + + align:start position:0% +first I'm going to sort of descend the + + + align:start position:0% +first I'm going to sort of descend the +Steep part and then slowly converge in + + align:start position:0% +Steep part and then slowly converge in + + + align:start position:0% +Steep part and then slowly converge in +on the sh part that's sort of called the + + align:start position:0% +on the sh part that's sort of called the + + + align:start position:0% +on the sh part that's sort of called the +I think the banana problem um where you + + align:start position:0% +I think the banana problem um where you + + + align:start position:0% +I think the banana problem um where you +sort of have this massive bowl and you + + align:start position:0% +sort of have this massive bowl and you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have this massive bowl and you +you go like really quick right down here + + align:start position:0% +you go like really quick right down here + + + align:start position:0% +you go like really quick right down here +and then really slowly and so the thing + + align:start position:0% +and then really slowly and so the thing + + + align:start position:0% +and then really slowly and so the thing +is that if it's if it's all very shallow + + align:start position:0% +is that if it's if it's all very shallow + + + align:start position:0% +is that if it's if it's all very shallow +that's not a problem you can make your + + align:start position:0% +that's not a problem you can make your + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a problem you can make your +learning rate bigger you can make your + + align:start position:0% +learning rate bigger you can make your + + + align:start position:0% +learning rate bigger you can make your +sample further out and then it sort of + + align:start position:0% +sample further out and then it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sample further out and then it sort of +just doesn't matter right but this a + + align:start position:0% +just doesn't matter right but this a + + + align:start position:0% +just doesn't matter right but this a +this asymmetry in these things is is an + + align:start position:0% +this asymmetry in these things is is an + + + align:start position:0% +this asymmetry in these things is is an +issue now there are some ways of dealing + + align:start position:0% +issue now there are some ways of dealing + + + align:start position:0% +issue now there are some ways of dealing +with that if you have an idea of how + + align:start position:0% +with that if you have an idea of how + + + align:start position:0% +with that if you have an idea of how +asymmetric it is we can talk about those + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric it is we can talk about those + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric it is we can talk about those +later but it'll still descend and + + align:start position:0% +later but it'll still descend and + + + align:start position:0% +later but it'll still descend and +actually you can show and I I'm about to + + align:start position:0% +actually you can show and I I'm about to + + + align:start position:0% +actually you can show and I I'm about to +show um that this update actually + + align:start position:0% +show um that this update actually + + + align:start position:0% +show um that this update actually +follows in expectation it moves in the + + align:start position:0% +follows in expectation it moves in the + + + align:start position:0% +follows in expectation it moves in the +direction of the true gradient + + align:start position:0% +direction of the true gradient + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the true gradient +all right so I mean randomly it can + + align:start position:0% +all right so I mean randomly it can + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I mean randomly it can +bounce all around but in expectation + + align:start position:0% +bounce all around but in expectation + + + align:start position:0% +bounce all around but in expectation +it'll move in the right direction um and + + align:start position:0% +it'll move in the right direction um and + + + align:start position:0% +it'll move in the right direction um and +if you're having deterministic + + align:start position:0% +if you're having deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +if you're having deterministic +evaluations um well we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +evaluations um well we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations um well we're going to do a +linear analysis it first but you + + align:start position:0% +linear analysis it first but you + + + align:start position:0% +linear analysis it first but you +actually can show that + + align:start position:0% +actually can show that + + + align:start position:0% +actually can show that +um it'll always move within 90 degrees + + align:start position:0% +um it'll always move within 90 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +um it'll always move within 90 degrees +of the true gradient if you have + + align:start position:0% +of the true gradient if you have + + + align:start position:0% +of the true gradient if you have +deterministic + + align:start position:0% +deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic +evaluations so you'll never you'll never + + align:start position:0% +evaluations so you'll never you'll never + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations so you'll never you'll never +actually get worse you can move parallel + + align:start position:0% +actually get worse you can move parallel + + + align:start position:0% +actually get worse you can move parallel +and not improve but you'll never move + + align:start position:0% +and not improve but you'll never move + + + align:start position:0% +and not improve but you'll never move +sort of in the wrong sign of some + + align:start position:0% +sort of in the wrong sign of some + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in the wrong sign of some +parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters +um all + + align:start position:0% +um all + + + align:start position:0% +um all +right so then yeah let's uh let's look + + align:start position:0% +right so then yeah let's uh let's look + + + align:start position:0% +right so then yeah let's uh let's look +at why that is in some detail + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again um our Delta Alpha same up + + align:start position:0% +so again um our Delta Alpha same up + + + align:start position:0% +so again um our Delta Alpha same up +there so I just won't waste time re + + align:start position:0% +there so I just won't waste time re + + + align:start position:0% +there so I just won't waste time re +writing it and then let's do a let's + + align:start position:0% +writing it and then let's do a let's + + + align:start position:0% +writing it and then let's do a let's +look at it in a tail A first order + + align:start position:0% +look at it in a tail A first order + + + align:start position:0% +look at it in a tail A first order +tailor expansion of our cost function so + + align:start position:0% +tailor expansion of our cost function so + + + align:start position:0% +tailor expansion of our cost function so +look at it locally where we look at for + + align:start position:0% +look at it locally where we look at for + + + align:start position:0% +look at it locally where we look at for +like the linear + + align:start position:0% +like the linear + + + align:start position:0% +like the linear +uh the linear term so our J and we + + align:start position:0% +uh the linear term so our J and we + + + align:start position:0% +uh the linear term so our J and we +linearize around Alpha + + align:start position:0% +linearize around Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +linearize around Alpha +so our J of alpha plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z well that is approximately equal to + + align:start position:0% +Z well that is approximately equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Z well that is approximately equal to +for small for small z + + align:start position:0% +for small for small z + + + align:start position:0% +for small for small z +um J + + align:start position:0% +um J + + + align:start position:0% +um J +Alpha + + align:start position:0% +Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha +plus DJ + + align:start position:0% +plus DJ + + + align:start position:0% +plus DJ +a d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alpha + + align:start position:0% +alpha + + + align:start position:0% +alpha +transpose Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so that's the first order tailor + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the first order tailor + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the first order tailor +expansion now if we examine this then we + + align:start position:0% +expansion now if we examine this then we + + + align:start position:0% +expansion now if we examine this then we +plug this in for G uh for J Alpha plus Z + + align:start position:0% +plug this in for G uh for J Alpha plus Z + + + align:start position:0% +plug this in for G uh for J Alpha plus Z +in that update we're going to cancel out + + align:start position:0% +in that update we're going to cancel out + + + align:start position:0% +in that update we're going to cancel out +this term with um our J Alpha term and + + align:start position:0% +this term with um our J Alpha term and + + + align:start position:0% +this term with um our J Alpha term and +we're going to get that Delta + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get that Delta + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get that Delta +Alpha approximately + + align:start position:0% +Alpha approximately + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha approximately +um negative + + align:start position:0% +um negative + + + align:start position:0% +um negative +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +DJ d + + align:start position:0% +DJ d + + + align:start position:0% +DJ d +alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so now what does this look like + + align:start position:0% +right so now what does this look like + + + align:start position:0% +right so now what does this look like +this uh this is sort of like a DOT + + align:start position:0% +this uh this is sort of like a DOT + + + align:start position:0% +this uh this is sort of like a DOT +product between the gradient with + + align:start position:0% +product between the gradient with + + + align:start position:0% +product between the gradient with +respect to Alpha and our noise Vector + + align:start position:0% +respect to Alpha and our noise Vector + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Alpha and our noise Vector +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so this is going to be about equal to + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be about equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be about equal to +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +a um this thing we can then write that + + align:start position:0% +a um this thing we can then write that + + + align:start position:0% +a um this thing we can then write that +pract is I 1 n of uh + + align:start position:0% +pract is I 1 n of uh + + + align:start position:0% +pract is I 1 n of uh +DJ d alpha + + align:start position:0% +DJ d alpha + + + align:start position:0% +DJ d alpha +i + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z + + align:start position:0% +Z + + + align:start position:0% +Z +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so here then if we uh multiply that out + + align:start position:0% +so here then if we uh multiply that out + + + align:start position:0% +so here then if we uh multiply that out +so we we're going to get this Vector um + + align:start position:0% +so we we're going to get this Vector um + + + align:start position:0% +so we we're going to get this Vector um +again Ada sort of multiplying that + + align:start position:0% +again Ada sort of multiplying that + + + align:start position:0% +again Ada sort of multiplying that +coefficient times each term + + align:start position:0% +coefficient times each term + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient times each term +individually you're going to get the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the same thing this one's going + + align:start position:0% +and then the same thing this one's going + + + align:start position:0% +and then the same thing this one's going +to be you know the + + align:start position:0% +to be you know the + + + align:start position:0% +to be you know the +sum + + align:start position:0% +sum + + + align:start position:0% +sum +DJ d alpha d i + + align:start position:0% +DJ d alpha d i + + + align:start position:0% +DJ d alpha d i +DN + + align:start position:0% +DN + + + align:start position:0% +DN +right now if we take expectation of + + align:start position:0% +right now if we take expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +right now if we take expectation of +this um we again know the distribution + + align:start position:0% +this um we again know the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +this um we again know the distribution +we know that each Z is IID do you know + + align:start position:0% +we know that each Z is IID do you know + + + align:start position:0% +we know that each Z is IID do you know +IID that they're all they're all + + align:start position:0% +IID that they're all they're all + + + align:start position:0% +IID that they're all they're all +distributed with the exact same + + align:start position:0% +distributed with the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +distributed with the exact same +distribution all this sort of mean zero + + align:start position:0% +distribution all this sort of mean zero + + + align:start position:0% +distribution all this sort of mean zero +gy and standard deviation Sigma and + + align:start position:0% +gy and standard deviation Sigma and + + + align:start position:0% +gy and standard deviation Sigma and +they're all + + align:start position:0% +they're all + + + align:start position:0% +they're all +independent so if we do that we can then + + align:start position:0% +independent so if we do that we can then + + + align:start position:0% +independent so if we do that we can then +take the expectation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Delta + + align:start position:0% +Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Delta +Alpha now we can pull that a to out + + align:start position:0% +Alpha now we can pull that a to out + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha now we can pull that a to out +front because expectation is + + align:start position:0% +front because expectation is + + + align:start position:0% +front because expectation is +linear and then what you'll get is + + align:start position:0% +linear and then what you'll get is + + + align:start position:0% +linear and then what you'll get is +you'll get the uh + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the uh + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the uh +then then again DJ d i is not uh a + + align:start position:0% +then then again DJ d i is not uh a + + + align:start position:0% +then then again DJ d i is not uh a +random variable pull that + + align:start position:0% +random variable pull that + + + align:start position:0% +random variable pull that +out DJ d alpha I again the + + align:start position:0% +out DJ d alpha I again the + + + align:start position:0% +out DJ d alpha I again the +sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of +Z then Z1 + + align:start position:0% +Z then Z1 + + + align:start position:0% +Z then Z1 +now this sum goes through all the uh all + + align:start position:0% +now this sum goes through all the uh all + + + align:start position:0% +now this sum goes through all the uh all +the I but the first one only has that Z1 + + align:start position:0% +the I but the first one only has that Z1 + + + align:start position:0% +the I but the first one only has that Z1 +right now Z Z1 they're independent mean + + align:start position:0% +right now Z Z1 they're independent mean + + + align:start position:0% +right now Z Z1 they're independent mean +zero right so you can sort of split + + align:start position:0% +zero right so you can sort of split + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so you can sort of split +these up and you're going to get that uh + + align:start position:0% +these up and you're going to get that uh + + + align:start position:0% +these up and you're going to get that uh +there's zero for every term except for + + align:start position:0% +there's zero for every term except for + + + align:start position:0% +there's zero for every term except for +the term where I equals 1 and the second + + align:start position:0% +the term where I equals 1 and the second + + + align:start position:0% +the term where I equals 1 and the second +one where I equals 2 Etc right all the + + align:start position:0% +one where I equals 2 Etc right all the + + + align:start position:0% +one where I equals 2 Etc right all the +other terms you're going to go to zero + + align:start position:0% +other terms you're going to go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +other terms you're going to go to zero +so it's easy than to do that + + align:start position:0% +so it's easy than to do that + + + align:start position:0% +so it's easy than to do that +expectations you go through the sum and + + align:start position:0% +expectations you go through the sum and + + + align:start position:0% +expectations you go through the sum and +you're going to see that you only have + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see that you only have + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see that you only have +the one where you have expectation of uh + + align:start position:0% +the one where you have expectation of uh + + + align:start position:0% +the one where you have expectation of uh +Z1 squ expectation of Z2 squ + + align:start position:0% +Z1 squ expectation of Z2 squ + + + align:start position:0% +Z1 squ expectation of Z2 squ +right now the expectation um again maybe + + align:start position:0% +right now the expectation um again maybe + + + align:start position:0% +right now the expectation um again maybe +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +remember uh + + align:start position:0% +remember uh + + + align:start position:0% +remember uh +variance equals expected value of x^2 + + align:start position:0% +variance equals expected value of x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +variance equals expected value of x^2 +minus expected value of x squared right + + align:start position:0% +minus expected value of x squared right + + + align:start position:0% +minus expected value of x squared right +now we're mean zero so this is zero our + + align:start position:0% +now we're mean zero so this is zero our + + + align:start position:0% +now we're mean zero so this is zero our +variance is sigma squar so our expected + + align:start position:0% +variance is sigma squar so our expected + + + align:start position:0% +variance is sigma squar so our expected +value of x^ s is Sigma squ so means that + + align:start position:0% +value of x^ s is Sigma squ so means that + + + align:start position:0% +value of x^ s is Sigma squ so means that +each one of these expectations is going + + align:start position:0% +each one of these expectations is going + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these expectations is going +to be Sigma squ so you're going to end + + align:start position:0% +to be Sigma squ so you're going to end + + + align:start position:0% +to be Sigma squ so you're going to end +up where you have negative Ada now they + + align:start position:0% +up where you have negative Ada now they + + + align:start position:0% +up where you have negative Ada now they +all have the same Sigma so you can pull + + align:start position:0% +all have the same Sigma so you can pull + + + align:start position:0% +all have the same Sigma so you can pull +that out Sigma squar and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +that out Sigma squar and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that out Sigma squar and you're going to +have the vector of this DJ d alpha 1 DJ + + align:start position:0% +have the vector of this DJ d alpha 1 DJ + + + align:start position:0% +have the vector of this DJ d alpha 1 DJ +d alpha 2 Etc so you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +d alpha 2 Etc so you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +d alpha 2 Etc so you're going to get +you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get +DJ d + + align:start position:0% +DJ d + + + align:start position:0% +DJ d +alpha right here so the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +alpha right here so the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +alpha right here so the expectation of +this update when we look it in this sort + + align:start position:0% +this update when we look it in this sort + + + align:start position:0% +this update when we look it in this sort +of linear sense is a to Sigma Square so + + align:start position:0% +of linear sense is a to Sigma Square so + + + align:start position:0% +of linear sense is a to Sigma Square so +just this these are scalers they just + + align:start position:0% +just this these are scalers they just + + + align:start position:0% +just this these are scalers they just +change the magnitude of it but it is in + + align:start position:0% +change the magnitude of it but it is in + + + align:start position:0% +change the magnitude of it but it is in +the direction of the gradient and a to + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the gradient and a to + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the gradient and a to +sort of our parameter you can control it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that make sense that's a Sig squ + + align:start position:0% +right that make sense that's a Sig squ + + + align:start position:0% +right that make sense that's a Sig squ +yes yes + + align:start position:0% +yes yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes +sorry sorry yeah so the noise you use + + align:start position:0% +sorry sorry yeah so the noise you use + + + align:start position:0% +sorry sorry yeah so the noise you use +pops out here comment actually + + align:start position:0% +pops out here comment actually + + + align:start position:0% +pops out here comment actually +oftentimes and in one of the other uh + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes and in one of the other uh + + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes and in one of the other uh +when we look at this algorith in a + + align:start position:0% +when we look at this algorith in a + + + align:start position:0% +when we look at this algorith in a +different way um they write the update + + align:start position:0% +different way um they write the update + + + align:start position:0% +different way um they write the update +where it's a over Sigma squ of your + + align:start position:0% +where it's a over Sigma squ of your + + + align:start position:0% +where it's a over Sigma squ of your +noise and then it cancels out that Sigma + + align:start position:0% +noise and then it cancels out that Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +noise and then it cancels out that Sigma +squ and you purely just get Ada djd + + align:start position:0% +squ and you purely just get Ada djd + + + align:start position:0% +squ and you purely just get Ada djd +Alpha so you can put that in too if you + + align:start position:0% +Alpha so you can put that in too if you + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha so you can put that in too if you +want it to really just be a to times + + align:start position:0% +want it to really just be a to times + + + align:start position:0% +want it to really just be a to times +your true gradient um + + align:start position:0% +your true gradient um + + + align:start position:0% +your true gradient um +but important thing is that you'll move + + align:start position:0% +but important thing is that you'll move + + + align:start position:0% +but important thing is that you'll move +an expectation in the true direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so um there's a couple interesting + + align:start position:0% +so um there's a couple interesting + + + align:start position:0% +so um there's a couple interesting +properties to this right here you see we + + align:start position:0% +properties to this right here you see we + + + align:start position:0% +properties to this right here you see we +still have to do uh we still have to do + + align:start position:0% +still have to do uh we still have to do + + + align:start position:0% +still have to do uh we still have to do +two evaluations to get rid of every + + align:start position:0% +two evaluations to get rid of every + + + align:start position:0% +two evaluations to get rid of every +update right if we want to cancel out + + align:start position:0% +update right if we want to cancel out + + + align:start position:0% +update right if we want to cancel out +that J Alpha + + align:start position:0% +that J Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +that J Alpha +term we're going to have to evaluate it + + align:start position:0% +term we're going to have to evaluate it + + + align:start position:0% +term we're going to have to evaluate it +twice now it doesn't matter if we're 30 + + align:start position:0% +twice now it doesn't matter if we're 30 + + + align:start position:0% +twice now it doesn't matter if we're 30 +dimensional we only have to evaluate it + + align:start position:0% +dimensional we only have to evaluate it + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional we only have to evaluate it +twice but we still have to evaluate it + + align:start position:0% +twice but we still have to evaluate it + + + align:start position:0% +twice but we still have to evaluate it +two times and the question is + + align:start position:0% +two times and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +two times and the question is +well what happens if you don't evaluate + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if you don't evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if you don't evaluate +it at J Alpha what happens if you only + + align:start position:0% +it at J Alpha what happens if you only + + + align:start position:0% +it at J Alpha what happens if you only +evaluate it once well that's a very + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it once well that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it once well that's a very +common thing to do actually and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +common thing to do actually and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +common thing to do actually and doesn't +actually affect your expectation at all + + align:start position:0% +actually affect your expectation at all + + + align:start position:0% +actually affect your expectation at all +okay lots of times in instead of this + + align:start position:0% +okay lots of times in instead of this + + + align:start position:0% +okay lots of times in instead of this +sort of like your perfect Baseline where + + align:start position:0% +sort of like your perfect Baseline where + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like your perfect Baseline where +you evaluate it people will sometimes + + align:start position:0% +you evaluate it people will sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +you evaluate it people will sometimes +average the last several evaluations to + + align:start position:0% +average the last several evaluations to + + + align:start position:0% +average the last several evaluations to +get that Baseline oh sorry I don't think + + align:start position:0% +get that Baseline oh sorry I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +get that Baseline oh sorry I don't think +I to find Baseline this right here + + align:start position:0% +I to find Baseline this right here + + + align:start position:0% +I to find Baseline this right here +whatever it is is your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Baseline now that doesn't have to be J + + align:start position:0% +Baseline now that doesn't have to be J + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline now that doesn't have to be J +of alpha it can be an exponentially + + align:start position:0% +of alpha it can be an exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +of alpha it can be an exponentially +decaying average of your last several + + align:start position:0% +decaying average of your last several + + + align:start position:0% +decaying average of your last several +evaluations that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +evaluations that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations that's going to be +approximately J of Alpha and uh it won't + + align:start position:0% +approximately J of Alpha and uh it won't + + + align:start position:0% +approximately J of Alpha and uh it won't +be perfect but the point is is that it's + + align:start position:0% +be perfect but the point is is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +be perfect but the point is is that it's +not going to effect it we're going to + + align:start position:0% +not going to effect it we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +not going to effect it we're going to +see that maybe you'd expect that you + + align:start position:0% +see that maybe you'd expect that you + + + align:start position:0% +see that maybe you'd expect that you +need to get rid of that term for you're + + align:start position:0% +need to get rid of that term for you're + + + align:start position:0% +need to get rid of that term for you're +still moveing the direction of two + + align:start position:0% +still moveing the direction of two + + + align:start position:0% +still moveing the direction of two +gradient because you can imagine if uh + + align:start position:0% +gradient because you can imagine if uh + + + align:start position:0% +gradient because you can imagine if uh +if you don't have that if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have that if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have that if you don't have +that term you could evaluate um if it's + + align:start position:0% +that term you could evaluate um if it's + + + align:start position:0% +that term you could evaluate um if it's +always positive you'll I'll draw a + + align:start position:0% +always positive you'll I'll draw a + + + align:start position:0% +always positive you'll I'll draw a +diagram it's + + align:start position:0% +diagram it's + + + align:start position:0% +diagram it's +clear if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +clear if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +clear if you don't have +that right and you're here if I let's + + align:start position:0% +that right and you're here if I let's + + + align:start position:0% +that right and you're here if I let's +say I just make that zero I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +say I just make that zero I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +say I just make that zero I'm going to +evaluate here and it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +evaluate here and it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate here and it's going to be a +positive number so I'm move in the + + align:start position:0% +positive number so I'm move in the + + + align:start position:0% +positive number so I'm move in the +opposite direction evaluated here it's + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction evaluated here it's + + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction evaluated here it's +going to be a positive number it's going + + align:start position:0% +going to be a positive number it's going + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a positive number it's going +to move in the opposite direction so + + align:start position:0% +to move in the opposite direction so + + + align:start position:0% +to move in the opposite direction so +maybe You' think like oh without that + + align:start position:0% +maybe You' think like oh without that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe You' think like oh without that +Baseline we could be in bad shape but + + align:start position:0% +Baseline we could be in bad shape but + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline we could be in bad shape but +actually you'll move more in this + + align:start position:0% +actually you'll move more in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually you'll move more in this +direction when you do that sample then + + align:start position:0% +direction when you do that sample then + + + align:start position:0% +direction when you do that sample then +you move in this direction when you do + + align:start position:0% +you move in this direction when you do + + + align:start position:0% +you move in this direction when you do +the other sample right and so so that + + align:start position:0% +the other sample right and so so that + + + align:start position:0% +the other sample right and so so that +scale here the fact that you uh you move + + align:start position:0% +scale here the fact that you uh you move + + + align:start position:0% +scale here the fact that you uh you move +proportional to how big the change is in + + align:start position:0% +proportional to how big the change is in + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to how big the change is in +your cost means that in expectation + + align:start position:0% +your cost means that in expectation + + + align:start position:0% +your cost means that in expectation +you'll still move in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +you'll still move in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll still move in the direction of +the true gradient now in practice you + + align:start position:0% +the true gradient now in practice you + + + align:start position:0% +the true gradient now in practice you +won't do as well um it makes sense that + + align:start position:0% +won't do as well um it makes sense that + + + align:start position:0% +won't do as well um it makes sense that +you won't do as well really you think + + align:start position:0% +you won't do as well really you think + + + align:start position:0% +you won't do as well really you think +about that's going to be bouncing all + + align:start position:0% +about that's going to be bouncing all + + + align:start position:0% +about that's going to be bouncing all +around crazily but it'll still move in + + align:start position:0% +around crazily but it'll still move in + + + align:start position:0% +around crazily but it'll still move in +the direction of the gradient um and you + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the gradient um and you + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the gradient um and you +don't just have to take my word for that + + align:start position:0% +don't just have to take my word for that + + + align:start position:0% +don't just have to take my word for that +um if you look at this update + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again now we can do the linear expansion + + align:start position:0% +again now we can do the linear expansion + + + align:start position:0% +again now we can do the linear expansion +again and you'll get this + + align:start position:0% +again and you'll get this + + + align:start position:0% +again and you'll get this +DJ d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alpha + + align:start position:0% +alpha + + + align:start position:0% +alpha +z um plus say some scaler this is + + align:start position:0% +z um plus say some scaler this is + + + align:start position:0% +z um plus say some scaler this is +uncorrelated with the noise that's an + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated with the noise that's an + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated with the noise that's an +important thing though this uncorrelated + + align:start position:0% +important thing though this uncorrelated + + + align:start position:0% +important thing though this uncorrelated +with the noise is z right now we do the + + align:start position:0% +with the noise is z right now we do the + + + align:start position:0% +with the noise is z right now we do the +expectation again expectation is linear + + align:start position:0% +expectation again expectation is linear + + + align:start position:0% +expectation again expectation is linear +so we have the expectation of this term + + align:start position:0% +so we have the expectation of this term + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the expectation of this term +that's the same as it was before that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the same as it was before that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same as it was before that's +the gradient and then we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expectation of negative Ada E Z all + + align:start position:0% +expectation of negative Ada E Z all + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of negative Ada E Z all +right now e is uncorrelated with a noise + + align:start position:0% +right now e is uncorrelated with a noise + + + align:start position:0% +right now e is uncorrelated with a noise +these are both scalers so you can + + align:start position:0% +these are both scalers so you can + + + align:start position:0% +these are both scalers so you can +actually pull them out expectation of Z + + align:start position:0% +actually pull them out expectation of Z + + + align:start position:0% +actually pull them out expectation of Z +it's mean zero so this won't affect it + + align:start position:0% +it's mean zero so this won't affect it + + + align:start position:0% +it's mean zero so this won't affect it +at all so really your expected update + + align:start position:0% +at all so really your expected update + + + align:start position:0% +at all so really your expected update +will not depend at all on what you use + + align:start position:0% +will not depend at all on what you use + + + align:start position:0% +will not depend at all on what you use +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so you could put a constant there you + + align:start position:0% +so you could put a constant there you + + + align:start position:0% +so you could put a constant there you +could put in the exact one you could put + + align:start position:0% +could put in the exact one you could put + + + align:start position:0% +could put in the exact one you could put +in you know some some decaying average + + align:start position:0% +in you know some some decaying average + + + align:start position:0% +in you know some some decaying average +anything you want um it'll still move in + + align:start position:0% +anything you want um it'll still move in + + + align:start position:0% +anything you want um it'll still move in +the an expectation in the right + + align:start position:0% +the an expectation in the right + + + align:start position:0% +the an expectation in the right +direction but in practice um it can make + + align:start position:0% +direction but in practice um it can make + + + align:start position:0% +direction but in practice um it can make +a huge difference I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +a huge difference I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +a huge difference I don't know if +anyone's implemented these things um but + + align:start position:0% +anyone's implemented these things um but + + + align:start position:0% +anyone's implemented these things um but +a good Baseline can be the difference + + align:start position:0% +a good Baseline can be the difference + + + align:start position:0% +a good Baseline can be the difference +between success and a like getting + + align:start position:0% +between success and a like getting + + + align:start position:0% +between success and a like getting +completely stuck and not moving anywhere + + align:start position:0% +completely stuck and not moving anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +completely stuck and not moving anywhere +so if you do uh small updates you should + + align:start position:0% +so if you do uh small updates you should + + + align:start position:0% +so if you do uh small updates you should +still be okay but performance depends a + + align:start position:0% +still be okay but performance depends a + + + align:start position:0% +still be okay but performance depends a +lot on giving a baseline or it can + + align:start position:0% +lot on giving a baseline or it can + + + align:start position:0% +lot on giving a baseline or it can +depend a lot sometimes it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +depend a lot sometimes it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +depend a lot sometimes it doesn't matter +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +right so the + + align:start position:0% +right so the + + + align:start position:0% +right so the +uh yeah so again a common uh a common + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so again a common uh a common + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so again a common uh a common +thing to use here is that you know + + align:start position:0% +thing to use here is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +thing to use here is that you know +you're evaluating you're updating let's + + align:start position:0% +you're evaluating you're updating let's + + + align:start position:0% +you're evaluating you're updating let's +say every time I I do one evaluation and + + align:start position:0% +say every time I I do one evaluation and + + + align:start position:0% +say every time I I do one evaluation and +I update if I took my last 10 of them I + + align:start position:0% +I update if I took my last 10 of them I + + + align:start position:0% +I update if I took my last 10 of them I +average them with decaying sort of + + align:start position:0% +average them with decaying sort of + + + align:start position:0% +average them with decaying sort of +Weights so that the most recent one is + + align:start position:0% +Weights so that the most recent one is + + + align:start position:0% +Weights so that the most recent one is +the most heavily weighted then I'm going + + align:start position:0% +the most heavily weighted then I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +the most heavily weighted then I'm going +to get an approximation of like how much + + align:start position:0% +to get an approximation of like how much + + + align:start position:0% +to get an approximation of like how much +should it be around here right and then + + align:start position:0% +should it be around here right and then + + + align:start position:0% +should it be around here right and then +I update based on that and that way you + + align:start position:0% +I update based on that and that way you + + + align:start position:0% +I update based on that and that way you +don't have to evaluate it twice every + + align:start position:0% +don't have to evaluate it twice every + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to evaluate it twice every +time and so that that way you can + + align:start position:0% +time and so that that way you can + + + align:start position:0% +time and so that that way you can +actually get sort of improved + + align:start position:0% +actually get sort of improved + + + align:start position:0% +actually get sort of improved +performance and it's still going to work + + align:start position:0% +performance and it's still going to work + + + align:start position:0% +performance and it's still going to work +um ah and another cool thing this sort + + align:start position:0% +um ah and another cool thing this sort + + + align:start position:0% +um ah and another cool thing this sort +of when we go back to our assumptions + + align:start position:0% +of when we go back to our assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +of when we go back to our assumptions +about deterministic it doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +about deterministic it doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +about deterministic it doesn't have to +be deterministic either let's say in the + + align:start position:0% +be deterministic either let's say in the + + + align:start position:0% +be deterministic either let's say in the +same way we put in this + + align:start position:0% +same way we put in this + + + align:start position:0% +same way we put in this +instead let's say we put in noise um + + align:start position:0% +instead let's say we put in noise um + + + align:start position:0% +instead let's say we put in noise um +like again like a scalar noise to + + align:start position:0% +like again like a scalar noise to + + + align:start position:0% +like again like a scalar noise to +evaluation uh + + align:start position:0% +evaluation uh + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation uh +W oh I just got color + + align:start position:0% +W oh I just got color + + + align:start position:0% +W oh I just got color +um now that's going to show up in here + + align:start position:0% +um now that's going to show up in here + + + align:start position:0% +um now that's going to show up in here +again now it's not a it's now it's a + + align:start position:0% +again now it's not a it's now it's a + + + align:start position:0% +again now it's not a it's now it's a +random variable so it has some + + align:start position:0% +random variable so it has some + + + align:start position:0% +random variable so it has some +expectation but if they're uncorrelated + + align:start position:0% +expectation but if they're uncorrelated + + + align:start position:0% +expectation but if they're uncorrelated +right we can split them up we can uh + + align:start position:0% +right we can split them up we can uh + + + align:start position:0% +right we can split them up we can uh +that'll be equal to + + align:start position:0% +that'll be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be equal to +a expectation + + align:start position:0% +a expectation + + + align:start position:0% +a expectation +W expectation + + align:start position:0% +W expectation + + + align:start position:0% +W expectation +Z now we know that Z is mean zero again + + align:start position:0% +Z now we know that Z is mean zero again + + + align:start position:0% +Z now we know that Z is mean zero again +that's zero so it's not going to affect + + align:start position:0% +that's zero so it's not going to affect + + + align:start position:0% +that's zero so it's not going to affect +either we're still just going to get + + align:start position:0% +either we're still just going to get + + + align:start position:0% +either we're still just going to get +this term and so you can add sort of + + align:start position:0% +this term and so you can add sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this term and so you can add sort of +additive random noise and you'll still + + align:start position:0% +additive random noise and you'll still + + + align:start position:0% +additive random noise and you'll still +moveing the true expected direction of + + align:start position:0% +moveing the true expected direction of + + + align:start position:0% +moveing the true expected direction of +the gradient right so that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +the gradient right so that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient right so that's sort of +cool this is quite robust you can have + + align:start position:0% +cool this is quite robust you can have + + + align:start position:0% +cool this is quite robust you can have +these airs in this Baseline you you can + + align:start position:0% +these airs in this Baseline you you can + + + align:start position:0% +these airs in this Baseline you you can +have nois evaluations you can have all + + align:start position:0% +have nois evaluations you can have all + + + align:start position:0% +have nois evaluations you can have all +sorts of these things and still an + + align:start position:0% +sorts of these things and still an + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of these things and still an +expectation you'll move in the right + + align:start position:0% +expectation you'll move in the right + + + align:start position:0% +expectation you'll move in the right +direction so that's + + align:start position:0% +direction so that's + + + align:start position:0% +direction so that's +nice um you'll see that that has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a a lot of practical benefits um is + + align:start position:0% +a a lot of practical benefits um is + + + align:start position:0% +a a lot of practical benefits um is +everybody with me here I don't know if I + + align:start position:0% +everybody with me here I don't know if I + + + align:start position:0% +everybody with me here I don't know if I +went through this quickly or + + align:start position:0% +went through this quickly or + + + align:start position:0% +went through this quickly or +if is everyone sort of being quiet they + + align:start position:0% +if is everyone sort of being quiet they + + + align:start position:0% +if is everyone sort of being quiet they +look sort of use W as a baseline there + + align:start position:0% +look sort of use W as a baseline there + + + align:start position:0% +look sort of use W as a baseline there +no no no sorry this W I changed it to + + align:start position:0% +no no no sorry this W I changed it to + + + align:start position:0% +no no no sorry this W I changed it to +noise sorry this is a noise maybe you'd + + align:start position:0% +noise sorry this is a noise maybe you'd + + + align:start position:0% +noise sorry this is a noise maybe you'd +prefer to be called like C or something + + align:start position:0% +prefer to be called like C or something + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to be called like C or something +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that but this is just additive noise + + align:start position:0% +that but this is just additive noise + + + align:start position:0% +that but this is just additive noise +right so you could say that Z is drawn + + align:start position:0% +right so you could say that Z is drawn + + + align:start position:0% +right so you could say that Z is drawn +from it doesn't really matter the + + align:start position:0% +from it doesn't really matter the + + + align:start position:0% +from it doesn't really matter the +distribution so long as it's + + align:start position:0% +distribution so long as it's + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so long as it's +uncorrelated we could say you know it's + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated we could say you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated we could say you know it's +drawn from + + align:start position:0% +drawn from + + + align:start position:0% +drawn from +some some other gaussian and so it's + + align:start position:0% +some some other gaussian and so it's + + + align:start position:0% +some some other gaussian and so it's +expectation I mean the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +expectation I mean the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +expectation I mean the expectation of +this really can be zero to because if + + align:start position:0% +this really can be zero to because if + + + align:start position:0% +this really can be zero to because if +it's not non zero it's not mean zero + + align:start position:0% +it's not non zero it's not mean zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's not non zero it's not mean zero +noise then you might as well just put + + align:start position:0% +noise then you might as well just put + + + align:start position:0% +noise then you might as well just put +that in your cost function and make it + + align:start position:0% +that in your cost function and make it + + + align:start position:0% +that in your cost function and make it +mean zero again right + + align:start position:0% +mean zero again right + + + align:start position:0% +mean zero again right +yes so the idea is to add this into the + + align:start position:0% +yes so the idea is to add this into the + + + align:start position:0% +yes so the idea is to add this into the +term J alpha or replace the term J Alpha + + align:start position:0% +term J alpha or replace the term J Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +term J alpha or replace the term J Alpha +with a different Base Line replace it + + align:start position:0% +with a different Base Line replace it + + + align:start position:0% +with a different Base Line replace it +right okay and then so what cancel when + + align:start position:0% +right okay and then so what cancel when + + + align:start position:0% +right okay and then so what cancel when +we talk about uh like the tailor + + align:start position:0% +we talk about uh like the tailor + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about uh like the tailor +expansion What cancels or there nothing + + align:start position:0% +expansion What cancels or there nothing + + + align:start position:0% +expansion What cancels or there nothing +nothing cancels it you see that's the + + align:start position:0% +nothing cancels it you see that's the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing cancels it you see that's the +thing yeah so um I put an e here maybe + + align:start position:0% +thing yeah so um I put an e here maybe + + + align:start position:0% +thing yeah so um I put an e here maybe +I'm I'm reusing too many things but + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm reusing too many things but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm reusing too many things but +right is + + align:start position:0% +right is + + + align:start position:0% +right is +also uncorrelated with Z so well J Alpha + + align:start position:0% +also uncorrelated with Z so well J Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +also uncorrelated with Z so well J Alpha +J Alpha is just a scaler right I mean it + + align:start position:0% +J Alpha is just a scaler right I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +J Alpha is just a scaler right I mean it +it is some number right so it is z mean + + align:start position:0% +it is some number right so it is z mean + + + align:start position:0% +it is some number right so it is z mean +yeah so Z is z mean so whether we we + + align:start position:0% +yeah so Z is z mean so whether we we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so Z is z mean so whether we we +could put in J Alpha we could put in an + + align:start position:0% +could put in J Alpha we could put in an + + + align:start position:0% +could put in J Alpha we could put in an +estimate of J Alpha that has some air + + align:start position:0% +estimate of J Alpha that has some air + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of J Alpha that has some air +and then our J Alpha minus this is going + + align:start position:0% +and then our J Alpha minus this is going + + + align:start position:0% +and then our J Alpha minus this is going +to be some number doesn't matter we can + + align:start position:0% +to be some number doesn't matter we can + + + align:start position:0% +to be some number doesn't matter we can +just put in nothing at all then our air + + align:start position:0% +just put in nothing at all then our air + + + align:start position:0% +just put in nothing at all then our air +is sort of that J Alpha term that J + + align:start position:0% +is sort of that J Alpha term that J + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of that J Alpha term that J +Alpha term is just again some number + + align:start position:0% +Alpha term is just again some number + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha term is just again some number +that's uncorrelated gets rid of it does + + align:start position:0% +that's uncorrelated gets rid of it does + + + align:start position:0% +that's uncorrelated gets rid of it does +that make sense everyone looks sort + + align:start position:0% +that make sense everyone looks sort + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense everyone looks sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +just so putting another constant that + + align:start position:0% +just so putting another constant that + + + align:start position:0% +just so putting another constant that +equation for the update makes you move + + align:start position:0% +equation for the update makes you move + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the update makes you move +more in some random Z Direction but on + + align:start position:0% +more in some random Z Direction but on + + + align:start position:0% +more in some random Z Direction but on +average is still going down the gradient + + align:start position:0% +average is still going down the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +average is still going down the gradient +the same way yeah I mean you could you + + align:start position:0% +the same way yeah I mean you could you + + + align:start position:0% +the same way yeah I mean you could you +could move more right yeah I mean if you + + align:start position:0% +could move more right yeah I mean if you + + + align:start position:0% +could move more right yeah I mean if you +put some if you put some giant constant + + align:start position:0% +put some if you put some giant constant + + + align:start position:0% +put some if you put some giant constant +every time you update maybe you'll + + align:start position:0% +every time you update maybe you'll + + + align:start position:0% +every time you update maybe you'll +you'll Bounce Around farther right but + + align:start position:0% +you'll Bounce Around farther right but + + + align:start position:0% +you'll Bounce Around farther right but +on average you'll still move in the + + align:start position:0% +on average you'll still move in the + + + align:start position:0% +on average you'll still move in the +right direction because you'll move + + align:start position:0% +right direction because you'll move + + + align:start position:0% +right direction because you'll move +farther than the right direction than + + align:start position:0% +farther than the right direction than + + + align:start position:0% +farther than the right direction than +you move in the wrong direction so they + + align:start position:0% +you move in the wrong direction so they + + + align:start position:0% +you move in the wrong direction so they +sort of cancel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out everybody's on board + + align:start position:0% +out everybody's on board + + + align:start position:0% +out everybody's on board +here really wants wouldn't you include + + align:start position:0% +here really wants wouldn't you include + + + align:start position:0% +here really wants wouldn't you include +the actual J Alp well because if you get + + align:start position:0% +the actual J Alp well because if you get + + + align:start position:0% +the actual J Alp well because if you get +it by evaluating the function if you if + + align:start position:0% +it by evaluating the function if you if + + + align:start position:0% +it by evaluating the function if you if +you run a policy it can be expensive to + + align:start position:0% +you run a policy it can be expensive to + + + align:start position:0% +you run a policy it can be expensive to +get that J Alpha right because for + + align:start position:0% +get that J Alpha right because for + + + align:start position:0% +get that J Alpha right because for +example um I used this in some work I + + align:start position:0% +example um I used this in some work I + + + align:start position:0% +example um I used this in some work I +did where we had this flapping thing + + align:start position:0% +did where we had this flapping thing + + + align:start position:0% +did where we had this flapping thing +I'll show you videos of it maybe I'll + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you videos of it maybe I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you videos of it maybe I'll +start saying that right now um but so we + + align:start position:0% +start saying that right now um but so we + + + align:start position:0% +start saying that right now um but so we +have this flapping system and we get we + + align:start position:0% +have this flapping system and we get we + + + align:start position:0% +have this flapping system and we get we +we sort of have souped it up now so it's + + align:start position:0% +we sort of have souped it up now so it's + + + align:start position:0% +we sort of have souped it up now so it's +a bit quicker but it used to be every + + align:start position:0% +a bit quicker but it used to be every + + + align:start position:0% +a bit quicker but it used to be every +time I wanted to evaluate the function I + + align:start position:0% +time I wanted to evaluate the function I + + + align:start position:0% +time I wanted to evaluate the function I +had to sit there for 4 minutes and have + + align:start position:0% +had to sit there for 4 minutes and have + + + align:start position:0% +had to sit there for 4 minutes and have +this sort of plate flap in this water + + align:start position:0% +this sort of plate flap in this water + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of plate flap in this water +and measure how quick it was going all + + align:start position:0% +and measure how quick it was going all + + + align:start position:0% +and measure how quick it was going all +these things and so to evaluate that + + align:start position:0% +these things and so to evaluate that + + + align:start position:0% +these things and so to evaluate that +function once it took me four minutes + + align:start position:0% +function once it took me four minutes + + + align:start position:0% +function once it took me four minutes +right and so avoiding evaluations is + + align:start position:0% +right and so avoiding evaluations is + + + align:start position:0% +right and so avoiding evaluations is +important and so if you can just take + + align:start position:0% +important and so if you can just take + + + align:start position:0% +important and so if you can just take +your several previous evaluations um + + align:start position:0% +your several previous evaluations um + + + align:start position:0% +your several previous evaluations um +average them together now it's not going + + align:start position:0% +average them together now it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +average them together now it's not going +to be a perfect estimate but it maybe + + align:start position:0% +to be a perfect estimate but it maybe + + + align:start position:0% +to be a perfect estimate but it maybe +it's an okay estimate and then you don't + + align:start position:0% +it's an okay estimate and then you don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's an okay estimate and then you don't +have to spend any more time and so in + + align:start position:0% +have to spend any more time and so in + + + align:start position:0% +have to spend any more time and so in +that sense it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +that sense it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that sense it's sort of +Cheaper please ask as many questions as + + align:start position:0% +Cheaper please ask as many questions as + + + align:start position:0% +Cheaper please ask as many questions as +possible this is um but at some point + + align:start position:0% +possible this is um but at some point + + + align:start position:0% +possible this is um but at some point +you have to + + align:start position:0% +you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you have to +measure you have to yeah you have to + + align:start position:0% +measure you have to yeah you have to + + + align:start position:0% +measure you have to yeah you have to +measure every time when you want to do + + align:start position:0% +measure every time when you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +measure every time when you want to do +an update but the thing is is that here + + align:start position:0% +an update but the thing is is that here + + + align:start position:0% +an update but the thing is is that here +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say I need a tiny one but the question + + align:start position:0% +say I need a tiny one but the question + + + align:start position:0% +say I need a tiny one but the question +is is if I have some estimate of that + + align:start position:0% +is is if I have some estimate of that + + + align:start position:0% +is is if I have some estimate of that +let's say my current sort of alpha is + + align:start position:0% +let's say my current sort of alpha is + + + align:start position:0% +let's say my current sort of alpha is +here right now I need to randomly sample + + align:start position:0% +here right now I need to randomly sample + + + align:start position:0% +here right now I need to randomly sample +something so I have to do that + + align:start position:0% +something so I have to do that + + + align:start position:0% +something so I have to do that +evaluation now the question is do I have + + align:start position:0% +evaluation now the question is do I have + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation now the question is do I have +to evaluate it here too because this is + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate it here too because this is + + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate it here too because this is +my J Alpha do I evaluate that + + align:start position:0% +my J Alpha do I evaluate that + + + align:start position:0% +my J Alpha do I evaluate that +right now I could estimate this because + + align:start position:0% +right now I could estimate this because + + + align:start position:0% +right now I could estimate this because +I have a bunch of other evaluations from + + align:start position:0% +I have a bunch of other evaluations from + + + align:start position:0% +I have a bunch of other evaluations from +however I got here right so I've already + + align:start position:0% +however I got here right so I've already + + + align:start position:0% +however I got here right so I've already +evaluated if I average those together + + align:start position:0% +evaluated if I average those together + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated if I average those together +I'll get a pretty good idea of what this + + align:start position:0% +I'll get a pretty good idea of what this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get a pretty good idea of what this +is if I wanted to get it exactly I'd + + align:start position:0% +is if I wanted to get it exactly I'd + + + align:start position:0% +is if I wanted to get it exactly I'd +have to run my system here and then run + + align:start position:0% +have to run my system here and then run + + + align:start position:0% +have to run my system here and then run +it again here and so every update would + + align:start position:0% +it again here and so every update would + + + align:start position:0% +it again here and so every update would +require two + + align:start position:0% +require two + + + align:start position:0% +require two +evaluations as opposed to just one now + + align:start position:0% +evaluations as opposed to just one now + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations as opposed to just one now +sometimes it still makes sense to do + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it still makes sense to do + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it still makes sense to do +that evaluation though depending on how + + align:start position:0% +that evaluation though depending on how + + + align:start position:0% +that evaluation though depending on how +your system is if it's really noisy if + + align:start position:0% +your system is if it's really noisy if + + + align:start position:0% +your system is if it's really noisy if +uh if you have to do really big updates + + align:start position:0% +uh if you have to do really big updates + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you have to do really big updates +um makes sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pard yeah yes I'm sorry I didn't hear + + align:start position:0% +Pard yeah yes I'm sorry I didn't hear + + + align:start position:0% +Pard yeah yes I'm sorry I didn't hear +what you said new have but you don't + + align:start position:0% +what you said new have but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +what you said new have but you don't +have the evalu yeah you by having a + + align:start position:0% +have the evalu yeah you by having a + + + align:start position:0% +have the evalu yeah you by having a +previous and then you did this thing and + + align:start position:0% +previous and then you did this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +previous and then you did this thing and +I moved in that direction right right + + align:start position:0% +I moved in that direction right right + + + align:start position:0% +I moved in that direction right right +but you were saying that you don't want + + align:start position:0% +but you were saying that you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +but you were saying that you don't want +to calculate the value for this new + + align:start position:0% +to calculate the value for this new + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate the value for this new +Alpha instead we use like for example 10 + + align:start position:0% +Alpha instead we use like for example 10 + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha instead we use like for example 10 +past + + align:start position:0% +past + + + align:start position:0% +past +history and it as an estimate yeah + + align:start position:0% +history and it as an estimate yeah + + + align:start position:0% +history and it as an estimate yeah +saying that doesn't make sense to you it + + align:start position:0% +saying that doesn't make sense to you it + + + align:start position:0% +saying that doesn't make sense to you it +does make sense in some cases I can + + align:start position:0% +does make sense in some cases I can + + + align:start position:0% +does make sense in some cases I can +think that it would actually act very + + align:start position:0% +think that it would actually act very + + + align:start position:0% +think that it would actually act very +bad like um if if the change the small + + align:start position:0% +bad like um if if the change the small + + + align:start position:0% +bad like um if if the change the small +change in Alpha would have a huge effect + + align:start position:0% +change in Alpha would have a huge effect + + + align:start position:0% +change in Alpha would have a huge effect +and that value would be from J like if + + align:start position:0% +and that value would be from J like if + + + align:start position:0% +and that value would be from J like if +you have a very discreet like you + + align:start position:0% +you have a very discreet like you + + + align:start position:0% +you have a very discreet like you +have if you move very violently yeah so + + align:start position:0% +have if you move very violently yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +have if you move very violently yeah so +I mean that's that's a good example in + + align:start position:0% +I mean that's that's a good example in + + + align:start position:0% +I mean that's that's a good example in +practice I mean these there's things + + align:start position:0% +practice I mean these there's things + + + align:start position:0% +practice I mean these there's things +that we have in the theory like this + + align:start position:0% +that we have in the theory like this + + + align:start position:0% +that we have in the theory like this +expectation stuff and there's things + + align:start position:0% +expectation stuff and there's things + + + align:start position:0% +expectation stuff and there's things +that I've applied these several systems + + align:start position:0% +that I've applied these several systems + + + align:start position:0% +that I've applied these several systems +and in practice when you have like sort + + align:start position:0% +and in practice when you have like sort + + + align:start position:0% +and in practice when you have like sort +of really bad policies and you need to + + align:start position:0% +of really bad policies and you need to + + + align:start position:0% +of really bad policies and you need to +move really far in state space let's say + + align:start position:0% +move really far in state space let's say + + + align:start position:0% +move really far in state space let's say +that right now you're trying to swing up + + align:start position:0% +that right now you're trying to swing up + + + align:start position:0% +that right now you're trying to swing up +a cart pole and you're not getting + + align:start position:0% +a cart pole and you're not getting + + + align:start position:0% +a cart pole and you're not getting +anywhere near the top and your reward + + align:start position:0% +anywhere near the top and your reward + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere near the top and your reward +function doesn't have very smooth + + align:start position:0% +function doesn't have very smooth + + + align:start position:0% +function doesn't have very smooth +gradients and so you can't just sort of + + align:start position:0% +gradients and so you can't just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +gradients and so you can't just sort of +swing up a bit by bit by bit well a good + + align:start position:0% +swing up a bit by bit by bit well a good + + + align:start position:0% +swing up a bit by bit by bit well a good +thing is is to put in possibly very big + + align:start position:0% +thing is is to put in possibly very big + + + align:start position:0% +thing is is to put in possibly very big +noise a very big Ada and then do these + + align:start position:0% +noise a very big Ada and then do these + + + align:start position:0% +noise a very big Ada and then do these +two evaluations because if you they're + + align:start position:0% +two evaluations because if you they're + + + align:start position:0% +two evaluations because if you they're +it's going to change so much every time + + align:start position:0% +it's going to change so much every time + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to change so much every time +you do it like for example if you jump + + align:start position:0% +you do it like for example if you jump + + + align:start position:0% +you do it like for example if you jump +and suddenly you're doing a lot better + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly you're doing a lot better + + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly you're doing a lot better +right then you're previous average is + + align:start position:0% +right then you're previous average is + + + align:start position:0% +right then you're previous average is +not going to be representative and then + + align:start position:0% +not going to be representative and then + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be representative and then +you can actually bounce around you can + + align:start position:0% +you can actually bounce around you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually bounce around you can +bounce around so violently in this big + + align:start position:0% +bounce around so violently in this big + + + align:start position:0% +bounce around so violently in this big +space of policy that you never improve + + align:start position:0% +space of policy that you never improve + + + align:start position:0% +space of policy that you never improve +right um I don't I maybe I should draw a + + align:start position:0% +right um I don't I maybe I should draw a + + + align:start position:0% +right um I don't I maybe I should draw a +diagram to make this more clear what I'm + + align:start position:0% +diagram to make this more clear what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +diagram to make this more clear what I'm +saying but the the key thing is is that + + align:start position:0% +saying but the the key thing is is that + + + align:start position:0% +saying but the the key thing is is that +yeah if you're moving these really big + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you're moving these really big + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you're moving these really big +jumps and your cost is changing a lot + + align:start position:0% +jumps and your cost is changing a lot + + + align:start position:0% +jumps and your cost is changing a lot +every time and you still want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +every time and you still want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +every time and you still want to sort of +move in the right direction doing two + + align:start position:0% +move in the right direction doing two + + + align:start position:0% +move in the right direction doing two +evaluations can make sense because if + + align:start position:0% +evaluations can make sense because if + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations can make sense because if +you're stuck to where you don't have + + align:start position:0% +you're stuck to where you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +you're stuck to where you don't have +good gradients in your cost function a + + align:start position:0% +good gradients in your cost function a + + + align:start position:0% +good gradients in your cost function a +bunch of little updates which like + + align:start position:0% +bunch of little updates which like + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of little updates which like +slowly would climb aren't going to give + + align:start position:0% +slowly would climb aren't going to give + + + align:start position:0% +slowly would climb aren't going to give +you anything because maybe they're not + + align:start position:0% +you anything because maybe they're not + + + align:start position:0% +you anything because maybe they're not +even differentiable maybe you have some + + align:start position:0% +even differentiable maybe you have some + + + align:start position:0% +even differentiable maybe you have some +sort of discrete way of measuring a + + align:start position:0% +sort of discrete way of measuring a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of discrete way of measuring a +reward like how many time steps you + + align:start position:0% +reward like how many time steps you + + + align:start position:0% +reward like how many time steps you +spend in some goal region or something + + align:start position:0% +spend in some goal region or something + + + align:start position:0% +spend in some goal region or something +and you don't have any time steps there + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have any time steps there + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have any time steps there +there's no gradients at all right now + + align:start position:0% +there's no gradients at all right now + + + align:start position:0% +there's no gradients at all right now +and so you need to be violent enough in + + align:start position:0% +and so you need to be violent enough in + + + align:start position:0% +and so you need to be violent enough in +sort of your policy changes that you + + align:start position:0% +sort of your policy changes that you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of your policy changes that you +eventually get it to where you're into + + align:start position:0% +eventually get it to where you're into + + + align:start position:0% +eventually get it to where you're into +that goal region and once you get in + + align:start position:0% +that goal region and once you get in + + + align:start position:0% +that goal region and once you get in +that goal region now you have some + + align:start position:0% +that goal region now you have some + + + align:start position:0% +that goal region now you have some +gradients in your good shape so that's + + align:start position:0% +gradients in your good shape so that's + + + align:start position:0% +gradients in your good shape so that's +actually another thing that I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +actually another thing that I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +actually another thing that I wasn't +going to talk about but designing your + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about but designing your + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about but designing your +cost function um is extremely important + + align:start position:0% +cost function um is extremely important + + + align:start position:0% +cost function um is extremely important +uh there are cost functions that can be + + align:start position:0% +uh there are cost functions that can be + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are cost functions that can be +extremely poor and doing this can work + + align:start position:0% +extremely poor and doing this can work + + + align:start position:0% +extremely poor and doing this can work +really poorly on and there's cost + + align:start position:0% +really poorly on and there's cost + + + align:start position:0% +really poorly on and there's cost +functions that can make it a lot easier + + align:start position:0% +functions that can make it a lot easier + + + align:start position:0% +functions that can make it a lot easier +so if you have a cost function which is + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a cost function which is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a cost function which is +um relatively smooth if it's IDE doesn't + + align:start position:0% +um relatively smooth if it's IDE doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +um relatively smooth if it's IDE doesn't +have this this sort of banana problem if + + align:start position:0% +have this this sort of banana problem if + + + align:start position:0% +have this this sort of banana problem if +it if it's relatively same in all + + align:start position:0% +it if it's relatively same in all + + + align:start position:0% +it if it's relatively same in all +different parameters it can work a lot + + align:start position:0% +different parameters it can work a lot + + + align:start position:0% +different parameters it can work a lot +better and you can sort of formulate the + + align:start position:0% +better and you can sort of formulate the + + + align:start position:0% +better and you can sort of formulate the +same task um lots of times since lots of + + align:start position:0% +same task um lots of times since lots of + + + align:start position:0% +same task um lots of times since lots of +times your your cost function isn't + + align:start position:0% +times your your cost function isn't + + + align:start position:0% +times your your cost function isn't +isn't what you really want to optimize + + align:start position:0% +isn't what you really want to optimize + + + align:start position:0% +isn't what you really want to optimize +it's just sort of a proxy for trying to + + align:start position:0% +it's just sort of a proxy for trying to + + + align:start position:0% +it's just sort of a proxy for trying to +get something done I that's what Russ + + align:start position:0% +get something done I that's what Russ + + + align:start position:0% +get something done I that's what Russ +talks about right doesn't care about + + align:start position:0% +talks about right doesn't care about + + + align:start position:0% +talks about right doesn't care about +optimality it's like here's a cost + + align:start position:0% +optimality it's like here's a cost + + + align:start position:0% +optimality it's like here's a cost +function that gives us a means of + + align:start position:0% +function that gives us a means of + + + align:start position:0% +function that gives us a means of +solving how to do this right and so + + align:start position:0% +solving how to do this right and so + + + align:start position:0% +solving how to do this right and so +there's sort of a whole bunch of cost + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of a whole bunch of cost + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of a whole bunch of cost +functions you can imagine coming up that + + align:start position:0% +functions you can imagine coming up that + + + align:start position:0% +functions you can imagine coming up that +try to encapsulate that task now if you + + align:start position:0% +try to encapsulate that task now if you + + + align:start position:0% +try to encapsulate that task now if you +come up with for the perch one for + + align:start position:0% +come up with for the perch one for + + + align:start position:0% +come up with for the perch one for +example if this plane perching which is + + align:start position:0% +example if this plane perching which is + + + align:start position:0% +example if this plane perching which is +um a problem and a problem where the + + align:start position:0% +um a problem and a problem where the + + + align:start position:0% +um a problem and a problem where the +models are very bad I mean the + + align:start position:0% +models are very bad I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +models are very bad I mean the +aerodynamic models of this of this plane + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic models of this of this plane + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamic models of this of this plane +flying like that are extremely poor um + + align:start position:0% +flying like that are extremely poor um + + + align:start position:0% +flying like that are extremely poor um +Ian we have some actually we have some + + align:start position:0% +Ian we have some actually we have some + + + align:start position:0% +Ian we have some actually we have some +decent ones uh we spent a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +decent ones uh we spent a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +decent ones uh we spent a lot of work +trying to get decent ones but sort of + + align:start position:0% +trying to get decent ones but sort of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get decent ones but sort of +the High Fidelity kind of region where + + align:start position:0% +the High Fidelity kind of region where + + + align:start position:0% +the High Fidelity kind of region where +you really want to just get it at the + + align:start position:0% +you really want to just get it at the + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to just get it at the +end it's hard to model that so the uh + + align:start position:0% +end it's hard to model that so the uh + + + align:start position:0% +end it's hard to model that so the uh +the thing is that what if you had a cost + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that what if you had a cost + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that what if you had a cost +function like what we really care about + + align:start position:0% +function like what we really care about + + + align:start position:0% +function like what we really care about +is hitting that perch so let's say that + + align:start position:0% +is hitting that perch so let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +is hitting that perch so let's say that +we give you a one if you hit the perch + + align:start position:0% +we give you a one if you hit the perch + + + align:start position:0% +we give you a one if you hit the perch +and a zero everywhere else right now + + align:start position:0% +and a zero everywhere else right now + + + align:start position:0% +and a zero everywhere else right now +that means until we hit the perch we're + + align:start position:0% +that means until we hit the perch we're + + + align:start position:0% +that means until we hit the perch we're +getting no information we could be + + align:start position:0% +getting no information we could be + + + align:start position:0% +getting no information we could be +getting really close we could be really + + align:start position:0% +getting really close we could be really + + + align:start position:0% +getting really close we could be really +far away and it's not going to tell us + + align:start position:0% +far away and it's not going to tell us + + + align:start position:0% +far away and it's not going to tell us +anything right now a lot of actually + + align:start position:0% +anything right now a lot of actually + + + align:start position:0% +anything right now a lot of actually +like reinforcement learning work has + + align:start position:0% +like reinforcement learning work has + + + align:start position:0% +like reinforcement learning work has +these sort of rewards like these sort of + + align:start position:0% +these sort of rewards like these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +these sort of rewards like these sort of +delayed dist rewards where you get it + + align:start position:0% +delayed dist rewards where you get it + + + align:start position:0% +delayed dist rewards where you get it +here and then you have to sort of + + align:start position:0% +here and then you have to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +here and then you have to sort of +propagate that back but when you're + + align:start position:0% +propagate that back but when you're + + + align:start position:0% +propagate that back but when you're +trying to accomplish a task like that + + align:start position:0% +trying to accomplish a task like that + + + align:start position:0% +trying to accomplish a task like that +that doesn't necessarily work that well + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't necessarily work that well + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't necessarily work that well +right if you if you imagine something + + align:start position:0% +right if you if you imagine something + + + align:start position:0% +right if you if you imagine something +like distance from the perch or distance + + align:start position:0% +like distance from the perch or distance + + + align:start position:0% +like distance from the perch or distance +from your desired state if you get a + + align:start position:0% +from your desired state if you get a + + + align:start position:0% +from your desired state if you get a +little bit closer to desired State you + + align:start position:0% +little bit closer to desired State you + + + align:start position:0% +little bit closer to desired State you +sort of get a little bit better and then + + align:start position:0% +sort of get a little bit better and then + + + align:start position:0% +sort of get a little bit better and then +you can measure the gradient and so + + align:start position:0% +you can measure the gradient and so + + + align:start position:0% +you can measure the gradient and so +that'll make a big difference right and + + align:start position:0% +that'll make a big difference right and + + + align:start position:0% +that'll make a big difference right and +so if you had something where you have + + align:start position:0% +so if you had something where you have + + + align:start position:0% +so if you had something where you have +yeah a region of state where you have a + + align:start position:0% +yeah a region of state where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a region of state where you have a +good gradient in your cost function and + + align:start position:0% +good gradient in your cost function and + + + align:start position:0% +good gradient in your cost function and +you're out here and you're not getting + + align:start position:0% +you're out here and you're not getting + + + align:start position:0% +you're out here and you're not getting +any gradient the little perturbations + + align:start position:0% +any gradient the little perturbations + + + align:start position:0% +any gradient the little perturbations +you're gonna have to random walk sort of + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to random walk sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to random walk sort of +or you may do no updates at all because + + align:start position:0% +or you may do no updates at all because + + + align:start position:0% +or you may do no updates at all because +you may get no change um but if you do + + align:start position:0% +you may get no change um but if you do + + + align:start position:0% +you may get no change um but if you do +really big ones maybe you'll bounce into + + align:start position:0% +really big ones maybe you'll bounce into + + + align:start position:0% +really big ones maybe you'll bounce into +where you get this region where you're + + align:start position:0% +where you get this region where you're + + + align:start position:0% +where you get this region where you're +getting some reward and in that case + + align:start position:0% +getting some reward and in that case + + + align:start position:0% +getting some reward and in that case +these updates are so big that averaging + + align:start position:0% +these updates are so big that averaging + + + align:start position:0% +these updates are so big that averaging +doesn't make sense a baseline still + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense a baseline still + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense a baseline still +gives you a big advantage and maybe two + + align:start position:0% +gives you a big advantage and maybe two + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a big advantage and maybe two +evaluations is worth it um some of the + + align:start position:0% +evaluations is worth it um some of the + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations is worth it um some of the +flapping stuff I did I did two + + align:start position:0% +flapping stuff I did I did two + + + align:start position:0% +flapping stuff I did I did two +evaluations because I when I was moving + + align:start position:0% +evaluations because I when I was moving + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations because I when I was moving +very violently because averaging didn't + + align:start position:0% +very violently because averaging didn't + + + align:start position:0% +very violently because averaging didn't +work that well and getting a good + + align:start position:0% +work that well and getting a good + + + align:start position:0% +work that well and getting a good +getting a good Baseline was worth the + + align:start position:0% +getting a good Baseline was worth the + + + align:start position:0% +getting a good Baseline was worth the +extra time but when we ended up getting + + align:start position:0% +extra time but when we ended up getting + + + align:start position:0% +extra time but when we ended up getting +it working we put it online and we + + align:start position:0% +it working we put it online and we + + + align:start position:0% +it working we put it online and we +actually uh we updated every time we we + + align:start position:0% +actually uh we updated every time we we + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh we updated every time we we +flapped so it was just one second flap + + align:start position:0% +flapped so it was just one second flap + + + align:start position:0% +flapped so it was just one second flap +update flap update and that way we + + align:start position:0% +update flap update and that way we + + + align:start position:0% +update flap update and that way we +pretty much able to sort of cut our time + + align:start position:0% +pretty much able to sort of cut our time + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much able to sort of cut our time +in half because our policies were very + + align:start position:0% +in half because our policies were very + + + align:start position:0% +in half because our policies were very +similar average was a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +similar average was a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +similar average was a pretty good +estimate there it's so noisy that one + + align:start position:0% +estimate there it's so noisy that one + + + align:start position:0% +estimate there it's so noisy that one +evaluation anyway isn't necessarily that + + align:start position:0% +evaluation anyway isn't necessarily that + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation anyway isn't necessarily that +great of an estimate of your local value + + align:start position:0% +great of an estimate of your local value + + + align:start position:0% +great of an estimate of your local value +function um and so yeah we just did an + + align:start position:0% +function um and so yeah we just did an + + + align:start position:0% +function um and so yeah we just did an +average Baseline and that's sort of Hal + + align:start position:0% +average Baseline and that's sort of Hal + + + align:start position:0% +average Baseline and that's sort of Hal +the running time right and that can be a + + align:start position:0% +the running time right and that can be a + + + align:start position:0% +the running time right and that can be a +big win and so it there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +big win and so it there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +big win and so it there's a lot of +details when you implement it about the + + align:start position:0% +details when you implement it about the + + + align:start position:0% +details when you implement it about the +right way to sort of put this together + + align:start position:0% +right way to sort of put this together + + + align:start position:0% +right way to sort of put this together +and depending what your cost function is + + align:start position:0% +and depending what your cost function is + + + align:start position:0% +and depending what your cost function is +and how good of initial policy what + + align:start position:0% +and how good of initial policy what + + + align:start position:0% +and how good of initial policy what +condition on your policy is but yeah + + align:start position:0% +condition on your policy is but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +condition on your policy is but yeah +there's uh there's a lot of factors like + + align:start position:0% +there's uh there's a lot of factors like + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh there's a lot of factors like +that um all right + + align:start position:0% +that um all right + + + align:start position:0% +that um all right +so now we can + + align:start position:0% +so now we can + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +some of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry now we can do an example of + + align:start position:0% +sorry now we can do an example of + + + align:start position:0% +sorry now we can do an example of +this so I keep on talking about this + + align:start position:0% +this so I keep on talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +this so I keep on talking about this +flapping system that's uh + + align:start position:0% +flapping system that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +flapping system that's uh +that's what I worked on for my Master's + + align:start position:0% +that's what I worked on for my Master's + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I worked on for my Master's +thesis and so that's sort of what my + + align:start position:0% +thesis and so that's sort of what my + + + align:start position:0% +thesis and so that's sort of what my +brain always goes back to particularly + + align:start position:0% +brain always goes back to particularly + + + align:start position:0% +brain always goes back to particularly +since we used all these methods but all + + align:start position:0% +since we used all these methods but all + + + align:start position:0% +since we used all these methods but all +right so now I wonder if I can do rust's + + align:start position:0% +right so now I wonder if I can do rust's + + + align:start position:0% +right so now I wonder if I can do rust's +thing where he makes the font really big + + align:start position:0% +thing where he makes the font really big + + + align:start position:0% +thing where he makes the font really big +that's also the thing I'm about to run + + align:start position:0% +that's also the thing I'm about to run + + + align:start position:0% +that's also the thing I'm about to run +it's this uh sort of relatively simple + + align:start position:0% +it's this uh sort of relatively simple + + + align:start position:0% +it's this uh sort of relatively simple +lumped parameter lumped parameter + + align:start position:0% +lumped parameter lumped parameter + + + align:start position:0% +lumped parameter lumped parameter +simulation of the flapping + + align:start position:0% +simulation of the flapping + + + align:start position:0% +simulation of the flapping +system this is a lump perimeter model of + + align:start position:0% +system this is a lump perimeter model of + + + align:start position:0% +system this is a lump perimeter model of +let me show you it's pretty cool of this + + align:start position:0% +let me show you it's pretty cool of this + + + align:start position:0% +let me show you it's pretty cool of this +system which uh a guy NYU named Jun Zang + + align:start position:0% +system which uh a guy NYU named Jun Zang + + + align:start position:0% +system which uh a guy NYU named Jun Zang +built this + + align:start position:0% +built this + + + align:start position:0% +built this +robot um that effectively models + + align:start position:0% +robot um that effectively models + + + align:start position:0% +robot um that effectively models +flapping flight it's a very simple model + + align:start position:0% +flapping flight it's a very simple model + + + align:start position:0% +flapping flight it's a very simple model +um I'll show it to you in a second but + + align:start position:0% +um I'll show it to you in a second but + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll show it to you in a second but +it has a lot of the same Dynamics and a + + align:start position:0% +it has a lot of the same Dynamics and a + + + align:start position:0% +it has a lot of the same Dynamics and a +lot of the same issues as as sort of a + + align:start position:0% +lot of the same issues as as sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the same issues as as sort of a +bird + + align:start position:0% +bird + + + align:start position:0% +bird +so this system it's a uh sort of a rigid + + align:start position:0% +so this system it's a uh sort of a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +so this system it's a uh sort of a rigid +plate well the one you see here we + + align:start position:0% +plate well the one you see here we + + + align:start position:0% +plate well the one you see here we +attached a rubber tail to it um but it's + + align:start position:0% +attached a rubber tail to it um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +attached a rubber tail to it um but it's +it's the one most of these results are + + align:start position:0% +it's the one most of these results are + + + align:start position:0% +it's the one most of these results are +on actually a rigid plate where it + + align:start position:0% +on actually a rigid plate where it + + + align:start position:0% +on actually a rigid plate where it +heaves up and down and what we can do is + + align:start position:0% +heaves up and down and what we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +heaves up and down and what we can do is +control sort of the motion it + + align:start position:0% +control sort of the motion it + + + align:start position:0% +control sort of the motion it +follows hope that the camera can see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it moonight mood Moonlight oh Moonlight + + align:start position:0% +it moonight mood Moonlight oh Moonlight + + + align:start position:0% +it moonight mood Moonlight oh Moonlight +yeah it's like mood lighting okay make + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's like mood lighting okay make + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's like mood lighting okay make +my lecture more + + align:start position:0% +my lecture more + + + align:start position:0% +my lecture more +enjoyable all right um all right so so + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable all right um all right so so + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable all right um all right so so +this is the system um you can see we + + align:start position:0% +this is the system um you can see we + + + align:start position:0% +this is the system um you can see we +drive it up and down that big uh like + + align:start position:0% +drive it up and down that big uh like + + + align:start position:0% +drive it up and down that big uh like +cylindrical disc right there is a load + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical disc right there is a load + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical disc right there is a load +cell so that measures the force we're + + align:start position:0% +cell so that measures the force we're + + + align:start position:0% +cell so that measures the force we're +applying and then what we do is we + + align:start position:0% +applying and then what we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +applying and then what we do is we +control this vertical motion how we + + align:start position:0% +control this vertical motion how we + + + align:start position:0% +control this vertical motion how we +control it is that's another important + + align:start position:0% +control it is that's another important + + + align:start position:0% +control it is that's another important +thing I talked about how the cost + + align:start position:0% +thing I talked about how the cost + + + align:start position:0% +thing I talked about how the cost +function matters a lot well another + + align:start position:0% +function matters a lot well another + + + align:start position:0% +function matters a lot well another +thing that matters a lot is the + + align:start position:0% +thing that matters a lot is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that matters a lot is the +parameterization of your policy right + + align:start position:0% +parameterization of your policy right + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization of your policy right +now in the last few problems we had uh + + align:start position:0% +now in the last few problems we had uh + + + align:start position:0% +now in the last few problems we had uh +we had open loop policies right you're + + align:start position:0% +we had open loop policies right you're + + + align:start position:0% +we had open loop policies right you're +pretty simple you have like 251 + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple you have like 251 + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple you have like 251 +parameters though or something like that + + align:start position:0% +parameters though or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +parameters though or something like that +right now when you're doing gr descent + + align:start position:0% +right now when you're doing gr descent + + + align:start position:0% +right now when you're doing gr descent +using back propop or snop you have the + + align:start position:0% +using back propop or snop you have the + + + align:start position:0% +using back propop or snop you have the +exact gradient it's cheap to compute the + + align:start position:0% +exact gradient it's cheap to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +exact gradient it's cheap to compute the +exact gradient so you can sort of file + + align:start position:0% +exact gradient so you can sort of file + + + align:start position:0% +exact gradient so you can sort of file +this pretty nicely but when you do + + align:start position:0% +this pretty nicely but when you do + + + align:start position:0% +this pretty nicely but when you do +stochastic gradient descent the + + align:start position:0% +stochastic gradient descent the + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic gradient descent the +probability of being perpendicular sort + + align:start position:0% +probability of being perpendicular sort + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being perpendicular sort +of to your gradient or nearly + + align:start position:0% +of to your gradient or nearly + + + align:start position:0% +of to your gradient or nearly +perpendicular to the gradient increases + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the gradient increases + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the gradient increases +the number of parameters goes up right + + align:start position:0% +the number of parameters goes up right + + + align:start position:0% +the number of parameters goes up right +so you can think if you're on uh if + + align:start position:0% +so you can think if you're on uh if + + + align:start position:0% +so you can think if you're on uh if +you're doing a 1D thing you're always + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a 1D thing you're always + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a 1D thing you're always +going to move pretty much it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +going to move pretty much it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +going to move pretty much it doesn't +matter if you move in the right + + align:start position:0% +matter if you move in the right + + + align:start position:0% +matter if you move in the right +direction or the wrong direction that's + + align:start position:0% +direction or the wrong direction that's + + + align:start position:0% +direction or the wrong direction that's +one benefits of this instead of that + + align:start position:0% +one benefits of this instead of that + + + align:start position:0% +one benefits of this instead of that +hill climbing but you're always going to + + align:start position:0% +hill climbing but you're always going to + + + align:start position:0% +hill climbing but you're always going to +moving in the right direction to get + + align:start position:0% +moving in the right direction to get + + + align:start position:0% +moving in the right direction to get +this measurement does that make sense if + + align:start position:0% +this measurement does that make sense if + + + align:start position:0% +this measurement does that make sense if +you're thinking 2D you got the circle + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking 2D you got the circle + + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking 2D you got the circle +right you're going to be moving around + + align:start position:0% +right you're going to be moving around + + + align:start position:0% +right you're going to be moving around +you know you're you're going to be along + + align:start position:0% +you know you're you're going to be along + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're you're going to be along +close to the direction of your gradient + + align:start position:0% +close to the direction of your gradient + + + align:start position:0% +close to the direction of your gradient +pretty often a sphere it's a lot easier + + align:start position:0% +pretty often a sphere it's a lot easier + + + align:start position:0% +pretty often a sphere it's a lot easier +to be pretty far away I mean sort of a + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty far away I mean sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +to be pretty far away I mean sort of a +lot more of the of the um of the samples + + align:start position:0% +lot more of the of the um of the samples + + + align:start position:0% +lot more of the of the um of the samples +you do are going to be uh relatively + + align:start position:0% +you do are going to be uh relatively + + + align:start position:0% +you do are going to be uh relatively +perpendicular to your to your true + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to your to your true + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to your to your true +gradient and as your dimension now that + + align:start position:0% +gradient and as your dimension now that + + + align:start position:0% +gradient and as your dimension now that +gets very high a lot of your samples are + + align:start position:0% +gets very high a lot of your samples are + + + align:start position:0% +gets very high a lot of your samples are +relatively perpendicular and the thing + + align:start position:0% +relatively perpendicular and the thing + + + align:start position:0% +relatively perpendicular and the thing +is that whether you go in the right + + align:start position:0% +is that whether you go in the right + + + align:start position:0% +is that whether you go in the right +direction or wrong direction doesn't + + align:start position:0% +direction or wrong direction doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +direction or wrong direction doesn't +matter you'll get the same information + + align:start position:0% +matter you'll get the same information + + + align:start position:0% +matter you'll get the same information +either way going perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +either way going perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +either way going perpendicular to the +gradient gives you no information right + + align:start position:0% +gradient gives you no information right + + + align:start position:0% +gradient gives you no information right +because you you'll get no change and + + align:start position:0% +because you you'll get no change and + + + align:start position:0% +because you you'll get no change and +there's no update so it's still the C + + align:start position:0% +there's no update so it's still the C + + + align:start position:0% +there's no update so it's still the C +dimensionality is alive and well um and + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality is alive and well um and + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality is alive and well um and +very high dimensional policies can be + + align:start position:0% +very high dimensional policies can be + + + align:start position:0% +very high dimensional policies can be +slower to learn and so those 251 + + align:start position:0% +slower to learn and so those 251 + + + align:start position:0% +slower to learn and so those 251 +dimensional policies you use may not be + + align:start position:0% +dimensional policies you use may not be + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional policies you use may not be +the best + + align:start position:0% +the best + + + align:start position:0% +the best +representation because they sort of uh I + + align:start position:0% +representation because they sort of uh I + + + align:start position:0% +representation because they sort of uh I +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +they you probably don't need that many + + align:start position:0% +they you probably don't need that many + + + align:start position:0% +they you probably don't need that many +parameters to represent what you want to + + align:start position:0% +parameters to represent what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +parameters to represent what you want to +do so for this what we had and this made + + align:start position:0% +do so for this what we had and this made + + + align:start position:0% +do so for this what we had and this made +a big difference we tried different + + align:start position:0% +a big difference we tried different + + + align:start position:0% +a big difference we tried different +things this one worked really nicely was + + align:start position:0% +things this one worked really nicely was + + + align:start position:0% +things this one worked really nicely was +the spline so we said all + + align:start position:0% +the spline so we said all + + + align:start position:0% +the spline so we said all +right if you have time I'm going to set + + align:start position:0% +right if you have time I'm going to set + + + align:start position:0% +right if you have time I'm going to set +the final time here now that's a + + align:start position:0% +the final time here now that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the final time here now that's a +parameter too then this is the Z height + + align:start position:0% +parameter too then this is the Z height + + + align:start position:0% +parameter too then this is the Z height +say in millimeters or whatever you want + + align:start position:0% +say in millimeters or whatever you want + + + align:start position:0% +say in millimeters or whatever you want +and we're going to say okay we're going + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say okay we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say okay we're going +to force it to be at the beginning in + + align:start position:0% +to force it to be at the beginning in + + + align:start position:0% +to force it to be at the beginning in +the middle at the end well that's + + align:start position:0% +the middle at the end well that's + + + align:start position:0% +the middle at the end well that's +nowhere near the middle is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +shouldn't be a carpenter in the 1200s + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be a carpenter in the 1200s + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be a carpenter in the 1200s +all right so what we do then we then + + align:start position:0% +all right so what we do then we then + + + align:start position:0% +all right so what we do then we then +have five parameters now we've done + + align:start position:0% +have five parameters now we've done + + + align:start position:0% +have five parameters now we've done +several versions but simple one right + + align:start position:0% +several versions but simple one right + + + align:start position:0% +several versions but simple one right +here five parameters that Define a + + align:start position:0% +here five parameters that Define a + + + align:start position:0% +here five parameters that Define a +spline so this is going to be smooth you + + align:start position:0% +spline so this is going to be smooth you + + + align:start position:0% +spline so this is going to be smooth you +can enforce it to be a periodic spline + + align:start position:0% +can enforce it to be a periodic spline + + + align:start position:0% +can enforce it to be a periodic spline +which means that the knot at the ends + + align:start position:0% +which means that the knot at the ends + + + align:start position:0% +which means that the knot at the ends +the connection here is uh is + + align:start position:0% +the connection here is uh is + + + align:start position:0% +the connection here is uh is +continuously differentiable as well and + + align:start position:0% +continuously differentiable as well and + + + align:start position:0% +continuously differentiable as well and +then we force that this parameter so + + align:start position:0% +then we force that this parameter so + + + align:start position:0% +then we force that this parameter so +this number P1 this one is going to + + align:start position:0% +this number P1 this one is going to + + + align:start position:0% +this number P1 this one is going to +be the opposite of + + align:start position:0% +be the opposite of + + + align:start position:0% +be the opposite of +it so ative P1 and that's true for all + + align:start position:0% +it so ative P1 and that's true for all + + + align:start position:0% +it so ative P1 and that's true for all +of these so this way we have this + + align:start position:0% +of these so this way we have this + + + align:start position:0% +of these so this way we have this +relatively uh Rich policy class that has + + align:start position:0% +relatively uh Rich policy class that has + + + align:start position:0% +relatively uh Rich policy class that has +sort of the right kind of properties but + + align:start position:0% +sort of the right kind of properties but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the right kind of properties but +we do it with only five parameters so + + align:start position:0% +we do it with only five parameters so + + + align:start position:0% +we do it with only five parameters so +you can imagine if we want it to be + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine if we want it to be + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine if we want it to be +asymmetric top and bottom that would + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric top and bottom that would + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric top and bottom that would +double our parameters and we probably + + align:start position:0% +double our parameters and we probably + + + align:start position:0% +double our parameters and we probably +wouldn't want to tie this guy to zero so + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to tie this guy to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to tie this guy to zero so +it even add one more right and when we + + align:start position:0% +it even add one more right and when we + + + align:start position:0% +it even add one more right and when we +have the amplitude you can either fix it + + align:start position:0% +have the amplitude you can either fix it + + + align:start position:0% +have the amplitude you can either fix it +or make it free I can add another + + align:start position:0% +or make it free I can add another + + + align:start position:0% +or make it free I can add another +parameter so you can see that as you add + + align:start position:0% +parameter so you can see that as you add + + + align:start position:0% +parameter so you can see that as you add +this richness you're going to add all + + align:start position:0% +this richness you're going to add all + + + align:start position:0% +this richness you're going to add all +these different parameters but getting + + align:start position:0% +these different parameters but getting + + + align:start position:0% +these different parameters but getting +like using a spline rather than this is + + align:start position:0% +like using a spline rather than this is + + + align:start position:0% +like using a spline rather than this is +the height right now this is the height + + align:start position:0% +the height right now this is the height + + + align:start position:0% +the height right now this is the height +right then it's it's a huge Advantage + + align:start position:0% +right then it's it's a huge Advantage + + + align:start position:0% +right then it's it's a huge Advantage +because what's the chance that you're + + align:start position:0% +because what's the chance that you're + + + align:start position:0% +because what's the chance that you're +going to want it to move very violently + + align:start position:0% +going to want it to move very violently + + + align:start position:0% +going to want it to move very violently +on the sort of like 1 DT time scale and + + align:start position:0% +on the sort of like 1 DT time scale and + + + align:start position:0% +on the sort of like 1 DT time scale and +if you tried to do that it could + + align:start position:0% +if you tried to do that it could + + + align:start position:0% +if you tried to do that it could +actually damage your system some of the + + align:start position:0% +actually damage your system some of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually damage your system some of the +policies I when I was working on this + + align:start position:0% +policies I when I was working on this + + + align:start position:0% +policies I when I was working on this +parameterization I had the load cell + + align:start position:0% +parameterization I had the load cell + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization I had the load cell +break off and fall into the tank once + + align:start position:0% +break off and fall into the tank once + + + align:start position:0% +break off and fall into the tank once +luckily it broke off the wires and lost + + align:start position:0% +luckily it broke off the wires and lost + + + align:start position:0% +luckily it broke off the wires and lost +its electric connection before it fell + + align:start position:0% +its electric connection before it fell + + + align:start position:0% +its electric connection before it fell +in there but uh yeah so if you come with + + align:start position:0% +in there but uh yeah so if you come with + + + align:start position:0% +in there but uh yeah so if you come with +a parameterization that um appropriately + + align:start position:0% +a parameterization that um appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +a parameterization that um appropriately +captures the kind of uh the kind of + + align:start position:0% +captures the kind of uh the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +captures the kind of uh the kind of +behaviors you expect to see it can be a + + align:start position:0% +behaviors you expect to see it can be a + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors you expect to see it can be a +lot faster to learn now sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +lot faster to learn now sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +lot faster to learn now sort of the the +warning then is that you're only going + + align:start position:0% +warning then is that you're only going + + + align:start position:0% +warning then is that you're only going +to be optimal the only thing you're + + align:start position:0% +to be optimal the only thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +to be optimal the only thing you're +going to get to a local minimum in this + + align:start position:0% +going to get to a local minimum in this + + + align:start position:0% +going to get to a local minimum in this +sort of parameterization space right so + + align:start position:0% +sort of parameterization space right so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of parameterization space right so +if you parameterize if I were to + + align:start position:0% +if you parameterize if I were to + + + align:start position:0% +if you parameterize if I were to +parameterize this by saying okay well + + align:start position:0% +parameterize this by saying okay well + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize this by saying okay well +I'm only going to let it be you know + + align:start position:0% +I'm only going to let it be you know + + + align:start position:0% +I'm only going to let it be you know +some like you know well let's say I was + + align:start position:0% +some like you know well let's say I was + + + align:start position:0% +some like you know well let's say I was +going to do like a F series kind of + + align:start position:0% +going to do like a F series kind of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do like a F series kind of +thing okay it's adds + + align:start position:0% +thing okay it's adds + + + align:start position:0% +thing okay it's adds +this this and this right now that's not + + align:start position:0% +this this and this right now that's not + + + align:start position:0% +this this and this right now that's not +very rich it's only three parameters + + align:start position:0% +very rich it's only three parameters + + + align:start position:0% +very rich it's only three parameters +that's good but I'm going to do all + + align:start position:0% +that's good but I'm going to do all + + + align:start position:0% +that's good but I'm going to do all +sorts of things that are probably + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things that are probably + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things that are probably +extremely suboptimal now it's still + + align:start position:0% +extremely suboptimal now it's still + + + align:start position:0% +extremely suboptimal now it's still +going to find the best kind of behavior + + align:start position:0% +going to find the best kind of behavior + + + align:start position:0% +going to find the best kind of behavior +or the locally best kind of behavior it + + align:start position:0% +or the locally best kind of behavior it + + + align:start position:0% +or the locally best kind of behavior it +can using these kind of beh like this + + align:start position:0% +can using these kind of beh like this + + + align:start position:0% +can using these kind of beh like this +kind of policy but it could be quite bad + + align:start position:0% +kind of policy but it could be quite bad + + + align:start position:0% +kind of policy but it could be quite bad +right so the actual Optimum could be + + align:start position:0% +right so the actual Optimum could be + + + align:start position:0% +right so the actual Optimum could be +very different so your policy class + + align:start position:0% +very different so your policy class + + + align:start position:0% +very different so your policy class +you'd like it to um include the the + + align:start position:0% +you'd like it to um include the the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like it to um include the the +optimum and so that sort of is uh + + align:start position:0% +optimum and so that sort of is uh + + + align:start position:0% +optimum and so that sort of is uh +depends on what the question is you sort + + align:start position:0% +depends on what the question is you sort + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what the question is you sort +of have to just have a feel for what is + + align:start position:0% +of have to just have a feel for what is + + + align:start position:0% +of have to just have a feel for what is +a good policy class how do I get the my + + align:start position:0% +a good policy class how do I get the my + + + align:start position:0% +a good policy class how do I get the my +Dimension as low as possible while still + + align:start position:0% +Dimension as low as possible while still + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension as low as possible while still +having the richness to represent a wide + + align:start position:0% +having the richness to represent a wide + + + align:start position:0% +having the richness to represent a wide +variety of viable + + align:start position:0% +variety of viable + + + align:start position:0% +variety of viable +policies so when you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +policies so when you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +policies so when you're trying to +implement these things that can make a + + align:start position:0% +implement these things that can make a + + + align:start position:0% +implement these things that can make a +big difference + + align:start position:0% +big difference + + + align:start position:0% +big difference +um so yeah so we set up that and we can + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah so we set up that and we can + + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah so we set up that and we can +control uh control the shape of that + + align:start position:0% +control uh control the shape of that + + + align:start position:0% +control uh control the shape of that +curve and so that is the policy + + align:start position:0% +curve and so that is the policy + + + align:start position:0% +curve and so that is the policy +parameterization we chose so going back + + align:start position:0% +parameterization we chose so going back + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization we chose so going back +to this uh code here + + align:start position:0% +to this uh code here + + + align:start position:0% +to this uh code here +now um I think I can just run + + align:start position:0% +now um I think I can just run + + + align:start position:0% +now um I think I can just run +this here + + align:start position:0% +this here + + + align:start position:0% +this here +this is going to be doing um we talked + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be doing um we talked + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be doing um we talked +about on a again a simple lumped + + align:start position:0% +about on a again a simple lumped + + + align:start position:0% +about on a again a simple lumped +parameter model of that flapping + + align:start position:0% +parameter model of that flapping + + + align:start position:0% +parameter model of that flapping +system right so here's our + + align:start position:0% +system right so here's our + + + align:start position:0% +system right so here's our +curve this you see this + + align:start position:0% +curve this you see this + + + align:start position:0% +curve this you see this +one this is the um forward motion of the + + align:start position:0% +one this is the um forward motion of the + + + align:start position:0% +one this is the um forward motion of the +thing as it's flapping this is the + + align:start position:0% +thing as it's flapping this is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing as it's flapping this is the +vertical motion so this is where the + + align:start position:0% +vertical motion so this is where the + + + align:start position:0% +vertical motion so this is where the +waveform it's following this is where it + + align:start position:0% +waveform it's following this is where it + + + align:start position:0% +waveform it's following this is where it +is in X position you can see it sort of + + align:start position:0% +is in X position you can see it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is in X position you can see it sort of +goes fast like bounc around a bit sorry + + align:start position:0% +goes fast like bounc around a bit sorry + + + align:start position:0% +goes fast like bounc around a bit sorry +this is the speed not the position so + + align:start position:0% +this is the speed not the position so + + + align:start position:0% +this is the speed not the position so +you can see it accelerates from zero and + + align:start position:0% +you can see it accelerates from zero and + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it accelerates from zero and +then as it's pumping it sort of + + align:start position:0% +then as it's pumping it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +then as it's pumping it sort of +oscillates a bit in practice there's + + align:start position:0% +oscillates a bit in practice there's + + + align:start position:0% +oscillates a bit in practice there's +more inertia and everything so you don't + + align:start position:0% +more inertia and everything so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +more inertia and everything so you don't +see these high frequency oscillations + + align:start position:0% +see these high frequency oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +see these high frequency oscillations +but this is just a relatively simple + + align:start position:0% +but this is just a relatively simple + + + align:start position:0% +but this is just a relatively simple +explicit model this is the shape we + + align:start position:0% +explicit model this is the shape we + + + align:start position:0% +explicit model this is the shape we +follow so we're following that curve and + + align:start position:0% +follow so we're following that curve and + + + align:start position:0% +follow so we're following that curve and +we have a little bit of noise to it and + + align:start position:0% +we have a little bit of noise to it and + + + align:start position:0% +we have a little bit of noise to it and +let me so now we're going to perturb it + + align:start position:0% +let me so now we're going to perturb it + + + align:start position:0% +let me so now we're going to perturb it +measure again turn measure again and + + align:start position:0% +measure again turn measure again and + + + align:start position:0% +measure again turn measure again and +boom there we are we got a little bit + + align:start position:0% +boom there we are we got a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +boom there we are we got a little bit +better this is our reward and then we + + align:start position:0% +better this is our reward and then we + + + align:start position:0% +better this is our reward and then we +did another sample and that's our reward + + align:start position:0% +did another sample and that's our reward + + + align:start position:0% +did another sample and that's our reward +let's do again better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see we improve quite nicely and also + + align:start position:0% +you see we improve quite nicely and also + + + align:start position:0% +you see we improve quite nicely and also +notice relatively monotonically right + + align:start position:0% +notice relatively monotonically right + + + align:start position:0% +notice relatively monotonically right +now you might be surprised by that + + align:start position:0% +now you might be surprised by that + + + align:start position:0% +now you might be surprised by that +because even though we're moving we have + + align:start position:0% +because even though we're moving we have + + + align:start position:0% +because even though we're moving we have +sort of guarantee we'll move within 90 + + align:start position:0% +sort of guarantee we'll move within 90 + + + align:start position:0% +sort of guarantee we'll move within 90 +de of the gradient right that's what I + + align:start position:0% +de of the gradient right that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +de of the gradient right that's what I +was talking about sort of if um you'll + + align:start position:0% +was talking about sort of if um you'll + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about sort of if um you'll +always be within 90° if it's + + align:start position:0% +always be within 90° if it's + + + align:start position:0% +always be within 90° if it's +deterministic and this is deterministic + + align:start position:0% +deterministic and this is deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic and this is deterministic +but it also sort of is This linear kind + + align:start position:0% +but it also sort of is This linear kind + + + align:start position:0% +but it also sort of is This linear kind +of interpretation right so as you run it + + align:start position:0% +of interpretation right so as you run it + + + align:start position:0% +of interpretation right so as you run it +you'd imagine that you could perturb + + align:start position:0% +you'd imagine that you could perturb + + + align:start position:0% +you'd imagine that you could perturb +yourself far enough that you got that + + align:start position:0% +yourself far enough that you got that + + + align:start position:0% +yourself far enough that you got that +you got worse now the reason that's not + + align:start position:0% +you got worse now the reason that's not + + + align:start position:0% +you got worse now the reason that's not +happening is because I'm perturbing + + align:start position:0% +happening is because I'm perturbing + + + align:start position:0% +happening is because I'm perturbing +myself very small amounts and I'm + + align:start position:0% +myself very small amounts and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +myself very small amounts and I'm +updating very small amounts so all the + + align:start position:0% +updating very small amounts so all the + + + align:start position:0% +updating very small amounts so all the +sort of linear analysis is appropriate + + align:start position:0% +sort of linear analysis is appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +sort of linear analysis is appropriate +and actually you can see that what I + + align:start position:0% +and actually you can see that what I + + + align:start position:0% +and actually you can see that what I +talked about that you're with you always + + align:start position:0% +talked about that you're with you always + + + align:start position:0% +talked about that you're with you always +get pretty close to the true gradient is + + align:start position:0% +get pretty close to the true gradient is + + + align:start position:0% +get pretty close to the true gradient is +there sometimes it moves up a lot + + align:start position:0% +there sometimes it moves up a lot + + + align:start position:0% +there sometimes it moves up a lot +sometimes it's steep sometimes it moves + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's steep sometimes it moves + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's steep sometimes it moves +up shallowly but it does a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +up shallowly but it does a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +up shallowly but it does a pretty good +job now we can change that and try to + + align:start position:0% +job now we can change that and try to + + + align:start position:0% +job now we can change that and try to +sabotage our little code here or + + align:start position:0% +sabotage our little code here or + + + align:start position:0% +sabotage our little code here or +sometimes you're okay actually that's + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you're okay actually that's + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you're okay actually that's +the thing is that in practice lots of + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that in practice lots of + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that in practice lots of +times it's okay if it gets worse + + align:start position:0% +times it's okay if it gets worse + + + align:start position:0% +times it's okay if it gets worse +sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes +because allowing it to get worse being + + align:start position:0% +because allowing it to get worse being + + + align:start position:0% +because allowing it to get worse being +violent enough to get worse it'll reach + + align:start position:0% +violent enough to get worse it'll reach + + + align:start position:0% +violent enough to get worse it'll reach +the optimum a lot faster so here this is + + align:start position:0% +the optimum a lot faster so here this is + + + align:start position:0% +the optimum a lot faster so here this is +our Ada parameter let's make it bigger a + + align:start position:0% +our Ada parameter let's make it bigger a + + + align:start position:0% +our Ada parameter let's make it bigger a +factor of let's make it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +20.5 I don't want to risk having it not + + align:start position:0% +20.5 I don't want to risk having it not + + + align:start position:0% +20.5 I don't want to risk having it not +get worse pardon no that that is the + + align:start position:0% +get worse pardon no that that is the + + + align:start position:0% +get worse pardon no that that is the +update so the noise is the same this + + align:start position:0% +update so the noise is the same this + + + align:start position:0% +update so the noise is the same this +noise is still local but now we're + + align:start position:0% +noise is still local but now we're + + + align:start position:0% +noise is still local but now we're +jumping really far and so you can + + align:start position:0% +jumping really far and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +jumping really far and so you can +imagine we're measuring the gradient + + align:start position:0% +imagine we're measuring the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +imagine we're measuring the gradient +we're moving really far and now where + + align:start position:0% +we're moving really far and now where + + + align:start position:0% +we're moving really far and now where +we've moved to that gradient may be a + + align:start position:0% +we've moved to that gradient may be a + + + align:start position:0% +we've moved to that gradient may be a +poor measurement of sort of the update + + align:start position:0% +poor measurement of sort of the update + + + align:start position:0% +poor measurement of sort of the update +over that long of a scale + + align:start position:0% +over that long of a scale + + + align:start position:0% +over that long of a scale +so let's do this + + align:start position:0% +so let's do this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do this +again this is always fun oh there you go + + align:start position:0% +again this is always fun oh there you go + + + align:start position:0% +again this is always fun oh there you go +already that's + + align:start position:0% +already that's + + + align:start position:0% +already that's +better W yeah see now but see that's a + + align:start position:0% +better W yeah see now but see that's a + + + align:start position:0% +better W yeah see now but see that's a +huge increase then that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +huge increase then that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +huge increase then that's what I'm +talking about is that they're sort of a + + align:start position:0% +talking about is that they're sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is that they're sort of a +sweet spot and you don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +sweet spot and you don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +sweet spot and you don't necessarily +want monotonic increasing like there's + + align:start position:0% +want monotonic increasing like there's + + + align:start position:0% +want monotonic increasing like there's +limitations on how violent you want it + + align:start position:0% +limitations on how violent you want it + + + align:start position:0% +limitations on how violent you want it +to be in practice because on a robot a + + align:start position:0% +to be in practice because on a robot a + + + align:start position:0% +to be in practice because on a robot a +very violent policy could break your + + align:start position:0% +very violent policy could break your + + + align:start position:0% +very violent policy could break your +load sell off and have it almost cost + + align:start position:0% +load sell off and have it almost cost + + + align:start position:0% +load sell off and have it almost cost +you $400 right so you don't want to do + + align:start position:0% +you $400 right so you don't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +you $400 right so you don't want to do +something crazy but there's also the + + align:start position:0% +something crazy but there's also the + + + align:start position:0% +something crazy but there's also the +willingness that oh that's ugly but you + + align:start position:0% +willingness that oh that's ugly but you + + + align:start position:0% +willingness that oh that's ugly but you +see I mean if you bounce pretty far you + + align:start position:0% +see I mean if you bounce pretty far you + + + align:start position:0% +see I mean if you bounce pretty far you +can also get huge improvements and so + + align:start position:0% +can also get huge improvements and so + + + align:start position:0% +can also get huge improvements and so +there's sort of this mon monotonicity in + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of this mon monotonicity in + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of this mon monotonicity in +your increasing reward is not + + align:start position:0% +your increasing reward is not + + + align:start position:0% +your increasing reward is not +necessarily the best way to learn I + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the best way to learn I + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the best way to learn I +suppose that's that's From The Trenches + + align:start position:0% +suppose that's that's From The Trenches + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that's that's From The Trenches +I learned that the hard way with many + + align:start position:0% +I learned that the hard way with many + + + align:start position:0% +I learned that the hard way with many +many hours sitting in front of a + + align:start position:0% +many hours sitting in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +many hours sitting in front of a +machine so then the other thing that we + + align:start position:0% +machine so then the other thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +machine so then the other thing that we +can do is this Ada let's decrease the + + align:start position:0% +can do is this Ada let's decrease the + + + align:start position:0% +can do is this Ada let's decrease the +Ada and now let's make our Sigma really + + align:start position:0% +Ada and now let's make our Sigma really + + + align:start position:0% +Ada and now let's make our Sigma really +big now this is going to be really crazy + + align:start position:0% +big now this is going to be really crazy + + + align:start position:0% +big now this is going to be really crazy +stuff probably but you see now we're + + align:start position:0% +stuff probably but you see now we're + + + align:start position:0% +stuff probably but you see now we're +going to measure so far and we're still + + align:start position:0% +going to measure so far and we're still + + + align:start position:0% +going to measure so far and we're still +going to get this sort of we're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to get this sort of we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to get this sort of we're going to +try to measure the gradient but it's + + align:start position:0% +try to measure the gradient but it's + + + align:start position:0% +try to measure the gradient but it's +going to be just way off because it's + + align:start position:0% +going to be just way off because it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be just way off because it's +it's moving so far that the local + + align:start position:0% +it's moving so far that the local + + + align:start position:0% +it's moving so far that the local +structure is completely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ignored + + align:start position:0% +ignored + + + align:start position:0% +ignored +yeah I probably don't have to be nearly + + align:start position:0% +yeah I probably don't have to be nearly + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I probably don't have to be nearly +as dramatic as this to make my point but + + align:start position:0% +as dramatic as this to make my point but + + + align:start position:0% +as dramatic as this to make my point but +now it's just completely falling apart + + align:start position:0% +now it's just completely falling apart + + + align:start position:0% +now it's just completely falling apart +yeah that's doing as badly as I can I + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's doing as badly as I can I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's doing as badly as I can I +guess I think it's like almost no net + + align:start position:0% +guess I think it's like almost no net + + + align:start position:0% +guess I think it's like almost no net +motion so yeah so The Sweet Spot then is + + align:start position:0% +motion so yeah so The Sweet Spot then is + + + align:start position:0% +motion so yeah so The Sweet Spot then is +somewhere in between where maybe you + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in between where maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in between where maybe you +want an eight of say + + align:start position:0% +want an eight of say + + + align:start position:0% +want an eight of say +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +sigma I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know1 oh it's probably still too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +violent yeah + + align:start position:0% +violent yeah + + + align:start position:0% +violent yeah +definitely but I think that + + align:start position:0% +definitely but I think that + + + align:start position:0% +definitely but I think that +is that's the sort of game you have to + + align:start position:0% +is that's the sort of game you have to + + + align:start position:0% +is that's the sort of game you have to +play and how big all these things are + + align:start position:0% +play and how big all these things are + + + align:start position:0% +play and how big all these things are +depend on a number of factors specific + + align:start position:0% +depend on a number of factors specific + + + align:start position:0% +depend on a number of factors specific +to your system like if you + + align:start position:0% +to your system like if you + + + align:start position:0% +to your system like if you +uh if your system if the change is very + + align:start position:0% +uh if your system if the change is very + + + align:start position:0% +uh if your system if the change is very +small in magnitude if your cost function + + align:start position:0% +small in magnitude if your cost function + + + align:start position:0% +small in magnitude if your cost function +is such that it's changing between 10 + + align:start position:0% +is such that it's changing between 10 + + + align:start position:0% +is such that it's changing between 10 +the5th and 10 the5 plus 1 * 106 if if + + align:start position:0% +the5th and 10 the5 plus 1 * 106 if if + + + align:start position:0% +the5th and 10 the5 plus 1 * 106 if if +it's changing by very small amounts + + align:start position:0% +it's changing by very small amounts + + + align:start position:0% +it's changing by very small amounts +right you could need a very large Ada + + align:start position:0% +right you could need a very large Ada + + + align:start position:0% +right you could need a very large Ada +just to make up for the fact that your + + align:start position:0% +just to make up for the fact that your + + + align:start position:0% +just to make up for the fact that your +change is so small right so a big Ada + + align:start position:0% +change is so small right so a big Ada + + + align:start position:0% +change is so small right so a big Ada +like there's no absolute perception on + + align:start position:0% +like there's no absolute perception on + + + align:start position:0% +like there's no absolute perception on +like what is a big Ada it's not like 10 + + align:start position:0% +like what is a big Ada it's not like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +like what is a big Ada it's not like 10 +to the like 10,000 is a huge adaa 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +to the like 10,000 is a huge adaa 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +to the like 10,000 is a huge adaa 10,000 +could be very small a depending on what + + align:start position:0% +could be very small a depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +could be very small a depending on what +your rewards are same thing with Sigma + + align:start position:0% +your rewards are same thing with Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +your rewards are same thing with Sigma +it depends on how big your uh your + + align:start position:0% +it depends on how big your uh your + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on how big your uh your +parameters are cuz I mean my parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters are cuz I mean my parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters are cuz I mean my parameters +here are of order one which is sort of + + align:start position:0% +here are of order one which is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +here are of order one which is sort of +convenient + + align:start position:0% +convenient + + + align:start position:0% +convenient +yeah so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there yeah so here we're learning pretty + + align:start position:0% +there yeah so here we're learning pretty + + + align:start position:0% +there yeah so here we're learning pretty +quickly right and so all those sort of + + align:start position:0% +quickly right and so all those sort of + + + align:start position:0% +quickly right and so all those sort of +things that's sort of the disadvantage + + align:start position:0% +things that's sort of the disadvantage + + + align:start position:0% +things that's sort of the disadvantage +of this technique is that there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +of this technique is that there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +of this technique is that there's a lot +of tuning to sort of solve these things + + align:start position:0% +of tuning to sort of solve these things + + + align:start position:0% +of tuning to sort of solve these things +is that um um where snapped you don't + + align:start position:0% +is that um um where snapped you don't + + + align:start position:0% +is that um um where snapped you don't +have to set snapped you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +have to set snapped you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to set snapped you don't have to +set a um learning rate here you have to + + align:start position:0% +set a um learning rate here you have to + + + align:start position:0% +set a um learning rate here you have to +set a learning rate you have to set your + + align:start position:0% +set a learning rate you have to set your + + + align:start position:0% +set a learning rate you have to set your +Sigma and when you have really sort of + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and when you have really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma and when you have really sort of +hard problems there's even more things + + align:start position:0% +hard problems there's even more things + + + align:start position:0% +hard problems there's even more things +you have to do like your policy + + align:start position:0% +you have to do like your policy + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do like your policy +parameterization can affect a lot of + + align:start position:0% +parameterization can affect a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization can affect a lot of +things there's a lot of issues but + + align:start position:0% +things there's a lot of issues but + + + align:start position:0% +things there's a lot of issues but +sometimes that's sometimes it's the only + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's sometimes it's the only + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's sometimes it's the only +sort of Route you have like the best + + align:start position:0% +sort of Route you have like the best + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Route you have like the best +this can ever do is gradient descent + + align:start position:0% +this can ever do is gradient descent + + + align:start position:0% +this can ever do is gradient descent +it's never going to do better than + + align:start position:0% +it's never going to do better than + + + align:start position:0% +it's never going to do better than +gradient descent right and so there's + + align:start position:0% +gradient descent right and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +gradient descent right and so there's +sort of a lot of fancier packages out + + align:start position:0% +sort of a lot of fancier packages out + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a lot of fancier packages out +there when you have better models and + + align:start position:0% +there when you have better models and + + + align:start position:0% +there when you have better models and +stuff like that you can do better than + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that you can do better than + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that you can do better than +grading descent right but but while even + + align:start position:0% +grading descent right but but while even + + + align:start position:0% +grading descent right but but while even +though you're only going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +though you're only going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +though you're only going to be able to +achieve great incent you can achieve it + + align:start position:0% +achieve great incent you can achieve it + + + align:start position:0% +achieve great incent you can achieve it +despite the fact that you know nothing + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that you know nothing + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that you know nothing +about your system and your system is + + align:start position:0% +about your system and your system is + + + align:start position:0% +about your system and your system is +stochastic and it's noisy anything like + + align:start position:0% +stochastic and it's noisy anything like + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic and it's noisy anything like +that and so in those cases it can be a + + align:start position:0% +that and so in those cases it can be a + + + align:start position:0% +that and so in those cases it can be a +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +win so in when you were doing this in + + align:start position:0% +win so in when you were doing this in + + + align:start position:0% +win so in when you were doing this in +real life instead of hitting space each + + align:start position:0% +real life instead of hitting space each + + + align:start position:0% +real life instead of hitting space each +time you were sitting for 4 minutes in + + align:start position:0% +time you were sitting for 4 minutes in + + + align:start position:0% +time you were sitting for 4 minutes in +front of a clapping I automated pretty + + align:start position:0% +front of a clapping I automated pretty + + + align:start position:0% +front of a clapping I automated pretty +much everything yeah so I wasn't I mean + + align:start position:0% +much everything yeah so I wasn't I mean + + + align:start position:0% +much everything yeah so I wasn't I mean +yeah I mean this is a little simulation + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean this is a little simulation + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean this is a little simulation +every interval was like actually running + + align:start position:0% +every interval was like actually running + + + align:start position:0% +every interval was like actually running +oh yeah when I when I press space it + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah when I when I press space it + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah when I when I press space it +actually does two cuz this is using a + + align:start position:0% +actually does two cuz this is using a + + + align:start position:0% +actually does two cuz this is using a +true Baseline um I didn't put in an + + align:start position:0% +true Baseline um I didn't put in an + + + align:start position:0% +true Baseline um I didn't put in an +average Baseline so this is running it + + align:start position:0% +average Baseline so this is running it + + + align:start position:0% +average Baseline so this is running it +twice every time I press space but yeah + + align:start position:0% +twice every time I press space but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +twice every time I press space but yeah +you can imagine every time I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine every time I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine every time I'm doing +space it does this one update and gives + + align:start position:0% +space it does this one update and gives + + + align:start position:0% +space it does this one update and gives +me that new Point what I was doing is I + + align:start position:0% +me that new Point what I was doing is I + + + align:start position:0% +me that new Point what I was doing is I +sat there and it would run and I'd + + align:start position:0% +sat there and it would run and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +sat there and it would run and I'd +babysit to make sure it wasn't broken um + + align:start position:0% +babysit to make sure it wasn't broken um + + + align:start position:0% +babysit to make sure it wasn't broken um +and it would you know throw up the curve + + align:start position:0% +and it would you know throw up the curve + + + align:start position:0% +and it would you know throw up the curve +as it was running so I could make sure + + align:start position:0% +as it was running so I could make sure + + + align:start position:0% +as it was running so I could make sure +that the encoders weren't off you know I + + align:start position:0% +that the encoders weren't off you know I + + + align:start position:0% +that the encoders weren't off you know I +was just sort of sitting there keeping + + align:start position:0% +was just sort of sitting there keeping + + + align:start position:0% +was just sort of sitting there keeping +track of all these things I was like a + + align:start position:0% +track of all these things I was like a + + + align:start position:0% +track of all these things I was like a +nuclear safety technician I just had to + + align:start position:0% +nuclear safety technician I just had to + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear safety technician I just had to +eat some donuts and go to Moe and I + + align:start position:0% +eat some donuts and go to Moe and I + + + align:start position:0% +eat some donuts and go to Moe and I +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +have good sitcom character um but yeah + + align:start position:0% +have good sitcom character um but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +have good sitcom character um but yeah +so I mean pretty much just babysitting + + align:start position:0% +so I mean pretty much just babysitting + + + align:start position:0% +so I mean pretty much just babysitting +it but yeah every time you did it every + + align:start position:0% +it but yeah every time you did it every + + + align:start position:0% +it but yeah every time you did it every +time you got a new update like every one + + align:start position:0% +time you got a new update like every one + + + align:start position:0% +time you got a new update like every one +of these points cost me 6 minutes or + + align:start position:0% +of these points cost me 6 minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +of these points cost me 6 minutes or +something CU like a 3 minute run for + + align:start position:0% +something CU like a 3 minute run for + + + align:start position:0% +something CU like a 3 minute run for +Baseline 3 minute run for an update cuz + + align:start position:0% +Baseline 3 minute run for an update cuz + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline 3 minute run for an update cuz +I was using average Baseline then either + + align:start position:0% +I was using average Baseline then either + + + align:start position:0% +I was using average Baseline then either +I was trying to be more violent um yeah + + align:start position:0% +I was trying to be more violent um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +I was trying to be more violent um yeah +and so that's the thing is that that's + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the thing is that that's + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the thing is that that's +that is the sort of the perfect + + align:start position:0% +that is the sort of the perfect + + + align:start position:0% +that is the sort of the perfect +encapsulation of why you want to use + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation of why you want to use + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation of why you want to use +this information as carefully as + + align:start position:0% +this information as carefully as + + + align:start position:0% +this information as carefully as +possible it's because it's very + + align:start position:0% +possible it's because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +possible it's because it's very +expensive to get a point like here it + + align:start position:0% +expensive to get a point like here it + + + align:start position:0% +expensive to get a point like here it +costs nothing if I if I were to turn off + + align:start position:0% +costs nothing if I if I were to turn off + + + align:start position:0% +costs nothing if I if I were to turn off +the pause like this thing would climb up + + align:start position:0% +the pause like this thing would climb up + + + align:start position:0% +the pause like this thing would climb up +like that if you uh if you're running on + + align:start position:0% +like that if you uh if you're running on + + + align:start position:0% +like that if you uh if you're running on +a robot like we want to use this on the + + align:start position:0% +a robot like we want to use this on the + + + align:start position:0% +a robot like we want to use this on the +glider every time you launch that glid + + align:start position:0% +glider every time you launch that glid + + + align:start position:0% +glider every time you launch that glid +you're going have to set up the glider + + align:start position:0% +you're going have to set up the glider + + + align:start position:0% +you're going have to set up the glider +fire it off you know take all this data + + align:start position:0% +fire it off you know take all this data + + + align:start position:0% +fire it off you know take all this data +and reset it by hand and launch it again + + align:start position:0% +and reset it by hand and launch it again + + + align:start position:0% +and reset it by hand and launch it again +so getting a data point there is going + + align:start position:0% +so getting a data point there is going + + + align:start position:0% +so getting a data point there is going +to be extremely expensive and so we've + + align:start position:0% +to be extremely expensive and so we've + + + align:start position:0% +to be extremely expensive and so we've +actually done some work on the right + + align:start position:0% +actually done some work on the right + + + align:start position:0% +actually done some work on the right +ways to sample um you can imagine trying + + align:start position:0% +ways to sample um you can imagine trying + + + align:start position:0% +ways to sample um you can imagine trying +to come with the right ways to have a + + align:start position:0% +to come with the right ways to have a + + + align:start position:0% +to come with the right ways to have a +policy but sampling intelligently can + + align:start position:0% +policy but sampling intelligently can + + + align:start position:0% +policy but sampling intelligently can +save you a lot of time we sort of look + + align:start position:0% +save you a lot of time we sort of look + + + align:start position:0% +save you a lot of time we sort of look +at the signal and noise ratio of these + + align:start position:0% +at the signal and noise ratio of these + + + align:start position:0% +at the signal and noise ratio of these +updates um I don't know if anyone some + + align:start position:0% +updates um I don't know if anyone some + + + align:start position:0% +updates um I don't know if anyone some +people here have probably at least heard + + align:start position:0% +people here have probably at least heard + + + align:start position:0% +people here have probably at least heard +about that stuff since they're in my + + align:start position:0% +about that stuff since they're in my + + + align:start position:0% +about that stuff since they're in my +group but um I mean probably talk about + + align:start position:0% +group but um I mean probably talk about + + + align:start position:0% +group but um I mean probably talk about +that maybe tomorrow um but there's sort + + align:start position:0% +that maybe tomorrow um but there's sort + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe tomorrow um but there's sort +of these different things you can do + + align:start position:0% +of these different things you can do + + + align:start position:0% +of these different things you can do +that can improve the uh the quality of + + align:start position:0% +that can improve the uh the quality of + + + align:start position:0% +that can improve the uh the quality of +your performance a lot um and actually I + + align:start position:0% +your performance a lot um and actually I + + + align:start position:0% +your performance a lot um and actually I +tested on this exact system I got put on + + align:start position:0% +tested on this exact system I got put on + + + align:start position:0% +tested on this exact system I got put on +the system and I ran it with uh with the + + align:start position:0% +the system and I ran it with uh with the + + + align:start position:0% +the system and I ran it with uh with the +sort of results we had this just this is + + align:start position:0% +sort of results we had this just this is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of results we had this just this is +a better way to sample and then just + + align:start position:0% +a better way to sample and then just + + + align:start position:0% +a better way to sample and then just +with the naive gaussian kind of sampling + + align:start position:0% +with the naive gaussian kind of sampling + + + align:start position:0% +with the naive gaussian kind of sampling +and you learn you learn faster and in + + align:start position:0% +and you learn you learn faster and in + + + align:start position:0% +and you learn you learn faster and in +the context of me sitting there and + + align:start position:0% +the context of me sitting there and + + + align:start position:0% +the context of me sitting there and +spending my days in New York City + + align:start position:0% +spending my days in New York City + + + align:start position:0% +spending my days in New York City +huddled in front of a computer that was + + align:start position:0% +huddled in front of a computer that was + + + align:start position:0% +huddled in front of a computer that was +a big win so question so when you say + + align:start position:0% +a big win so question so when you say + + + align:start position:0% +a big win so question so when you say +you changed the sampling you didn't just + + align:start position:0% +you changed the sampling you didn't just + + + align:start position:0% +you changed the sampling you didn't just +change the variants like you would do + + align:start position:0% +change the variants like you would do + + + align:start position:0% +change the variants like you would do +the n + + align:start position:0% +the n + + + align:start position:0% +the n +right yeah so that yeah in fact we used + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so that yeah in fact we used + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so that yeah in fact we used +a very different kind of distribution um + + align:start position:0% +a very different kind of distribution um + + + align:start position:0% +a very different kind of distribution um +overall you can still the linear + + align:start position:0% +overall you can still the linear + + + align:start position:0% +overall you can still the linear +analysis will still work um but it's + + align:start position:0% +analysis will still work um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +analysis will still work um but it's +it's still local um but yeah there's + + align:start position:0% +it's still local um but yeah there's + + + align:start position:0% +it's still local um but yeah there's +there's work where they change the V we + + align:start position:0% +there's work where they change the V we + + + align:start position:0% +there's work where they change the V we +also have something where you change the + + align:start position:0% +also have something where you change the + + + align:start position:0% +also have something where you change the +variance still the gaussian but your + + align:start position:0% +variance still the gaussian but your + + + align:start position:0% +variance still the gaussian but your +different uh different directions have + + align:start position:0% +different uh different directions have + + + align:start position:0% +different uh different directions have +different variances and so if you you + + align:start position:0% +different variances and so if you you + + + align:start position:0% +different variances and so if you you +sort of need an estimate the gradient + + align:start position:0% +sort of need an estimate the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +sort of need an estimate the gradient +then but use an estimate of the gradient + + align:start position:0% +then but use an estimate of the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +then but use an estimate of the gradient +to bias your sampling more in the + + align:start position:0% +to bias your sampling more in the + + + align:start position:0% +to bias your sampling more in the +directions where you think the gradient + + align:start position:0% +directions where you think the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +directions where you think the gradient +is so that more of your sampling is + + align:start position:0% +is so that more of your sampling is + + + align:start position:0% +is so that more of your sampling is +along the the direction you think are + + align:start position:0% +along the the direction you think are + + + align:start position:0% +along the the direction you think are +most interesting and so that can be a + + align:start position:0% +most interesting and so that can be a + + + align:start position:0% +most interesting and so that can be a +win when you have + + align:start position:0% +win when you have + + + align:start position:0% +win when you have +uh when you have a lot of parameters + + align:start position:0% +uh when you have a lot of parameters + + + align:start position:0% +uh when you have a lot of parameters +that aren't well correlated like if you + + align:start position:0% +that aren't well correlated like if you + + + align:start position:0% +that aren't well correlated like if you +imagine if you had a feedback policy + + align:start position:0% +imagine if you had a feedback policy + + + align:start position:0% +imagine if you had a feedback policy +that was dependent on like a parameter + + align:start position:0% +that was dependent on like a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +that was dependent on like a parameter +is active in a certain State like if I + + align:start position:0% +is active in a certain State like if I + + + align:start position:0% +is active in a certain State like if I +was you know at negative2 to neg5 I do + + align:start position:0% +was you know at negative2 to neg5 I do + + + align:start position:0% +was you know at negative2 to neg5 I do +this and let's say I never get there + + align:start position:0% +this and let's say I never get there + + + align:start position:0% +this and let's say I never get there +then that parameter has nothing to do + + align:start position:0% +then that parameter has nothing to do + + + align:start position:0% +then that parameter has nothing to do +with how well I perform and so if you + + align:start position:0% +with how well I perform and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +with how well I perform and so if you +know that you can sort of there's + + align:start position:0% +know that you can sort of there's + + + align:start position:0% +know that you can sort of there's +something called an eligibility you can + + align:start position:0% +something called an eligibility you can + + + align:start position:0% +something called an eligibility you can +track and you cannot update that + + align:start position:0% +track and you cannot update that + + + align:start position:0% +track and you cannot update that +parameter there's no reason to sort of + + align:start position:0% +parameter there's no reason to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +parameter there's no reason to sort of +be fooling around with that parameter + + align:start position:0% +be fooling around with that parameter + + + align:start position:0% +be fooling around with that parameter +when it's not affecting your output and + + align:start position:0% +when it's not affecting your output and + + + align:start position:0% +when it's not affecting your output and +if you know that you can do things like + + align:start position:0% +if you know that you can do things like + + + align:start position:0% +if you know that you can do things like +that and we sort of have a way a more + + align:start position:0% +that and we sort of have a way a more + + + align:start position:0% +that and we sort of have a way a more +careful way of of uh shaping all these + + align:start position:0% +careful way of of uh shaping all these + + + align:start position:0% +careful way of of uh shaping all these +um of shaping this Gan to learn faster + + align:start position:0% +um of shaping this Gan to learn faster + + + align:start position:0% +um of shaping this Gan to learn faster +and it can um and also just completely + + align:start position:0% +and it can um and also just completely + + + align:start position:0% +and it can um and also just completely +very different kind of sampling like + + align:start position:0% +very different kind of sampling like + + + align:start position:0% +very different kind of sampling like +it's well I maybe I I'll try to talk + + align:start position:0% +it's well I maybe I I'll try to talk + + + align:start position:0% +it's well I maybe I I'll try to talk +about because I think it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +about because I think it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +about because I think it's pretty +interesting stuff the math is a little + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff the math is a little + + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff the math is a little +bit nasty but I'll I'll skip the really + + align:start position:0% +bit nasty but I'll I'll skip the really + + + align:start position:0% +bit nasty but I'll I'll skip the really +ugly steps um and actually and actually + + align:start position:0% +ugly steps um and actually and actually + + + align:start position:0% +ugly steps um and actually and actually +the one with the the different + + align:start position:0% +the one with the the different + + + align:start position:0% +the one with the the different +distribution isn't even that nasty but + + align:start position:0% +distribution isn't even that nasty but + + + align:start position:0% +distribution isn't even that nasty but +yeah I mean we ran it here and it it was + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean we ran it here and it it was + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean we ran it here and it it was +Improvement yeah so did I answer your + + align:start position:0% +Improvement yeah so did I answer your + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement yeah so did I answer your +question yeah yeah it's not just + + align:start position:0% +question yeah yeah it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah yeah it's not just +changing the variances it's it's more + + align:start position:0% +changing the variances it's it's more + + + align:start position:0% +changing the variances it's it's more +complicated than that although changing + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that although changing + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that although changing +the variances can be a big win for + + align:start position:0% +the variances can be a big win for + + + align:start position:0% +the variances can be a big win for +example if you knew you had this + + align:start position:0% +example if you knew you had this + + + align:start position:0% +example if you knew you had this +anisotropy right and if you were to have + + align:start position:0% +anisotropy right and if you were to have + + + align:start position:0% +anisotropy right and if you were to have +different Adas and different uh if you + + align:start position:0% +different Adas and different uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +different Adas and different uh if you +were to scale everything in your Sigma + + align:start position:0% +were to scale everything in your Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +were to scale everything in your Sigma +you could effectively make it squashed + + align:start position:0% +you could effectively make it squashed + + + align:start position:0% +you could effectively make it squashed +in right I mean just a rescaling of this + + align:start position:0% +in right I mean just a rescaling of this + + + align:start position:0% +in right I mean just a rescaling of this +anisotropic bowl will make it right so + + align:start position:0% +anisotropic bowl will make it right so + + + align:start position:0% +anisotropic bowl will make it right so +if you can evaluate that you can fix it + + align:start position:0% +if you can evaluate that you can fix it + + + align:start position:0% +if you can evaluate that you can fix it +but you sort of have to know that that's + + align:start position:0% +but you sort of have to know that that's + + + align:start position:0% +but you sort of have to know that that's +going on that's L the times you have + + align:start position:0% +going on that's L the times you have + + + align:start position:0% +going on that's L the times you have +adaptive learning rates and stuff great + + align:start position:0% +adaptive learning rates and stuff great + + + align:start position:0% +adaptive learning rates and stuff great +to sent like if you keep moving the same + + align:start position:0% +to sent like if you keep moving the same + + + align:start position:0% +to sent like if you keep moving the same +direction you have a bigger learning + + align:start position:0% +direction you have a bigger learning + + + align:start position:0% +direction you have a bigger learning +rate um you can have different learning + + align:start position:0% +rate um you can have different learning + + + align:start position:0% +rate um you can have different learning +rates or different parameters um this + + align:start position:0% +rates or different parameters um this + + + align:start position:0% +rates or different parameters um this +one as you get close to a local Min + + align:start position:0% +one as you get close to a local Min + + + align:start position:0% +one as you get close to a local Min +you'll decrease your learning R in your + + align:start position:0% +you'll decrease your learning R in your + + + align:start position:0% +you'll decrease your learning R in your +noise because you want to sort bounce + + align:start position:0% +noise because you want to sort bounce + + + align:start position:0% +noise because you want to sort bounce +around you don't want to be jumping all + + align:start position:0% +around you don't want to be jumping all + + + align:start position:0% +around you don't want to be jumping all +across this this mid so IDE you talk + + align:start position:0% +across this this mid so IDE you talk + + + align:start position:0% +across this this mid so IDE you talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +basically yeah no yeah I mean there is + + align:start position:0% +basically yeah no yeah I mean there is + + + align:start position:0% +basically yeah no yeah I mean there is +uh it's definitely exactly that it's + + align:start position:0% +uh it's definitely exactly that it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's definitely exactly that it's +just stochastic gradient but yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +just stochastic gradient but yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +just stochastic gradient but yeah it's +all policy gradient ideas because we + + align:start position:0% +all policy gradient ideas because we + + + align:start position:0% +all policy gradient ideas because we +don't I mean these things don't have a + + align:start position:0% +don't I mean these things don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +don't I mean these things don't have a +Critic right + + align:start position:0% +Critic right + + + align:start position:0% +Critic right +uh but you can combine this with some + + align:start position:0% +uh but you can combine this with some + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you can combine this with some +policy valuation techniques and you can + + align:start position:0% +policy valuation techniques and you can + + + align:start position:0% +policy valuation techniques and you can +turn them into actor critic algorithms a + + align:start position:0% +turn them into actor critic algorithms a + + + align:start position:0% +turn them into actor critic algorithms a +very simple critic does any do people + + align:start position:0% +very simple critic does any do people + + + align:start position:0% +very simple critic does any do people +know about actor critic algorithms + + align:start position:0% +know about actor critic algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +know about actor critic algorithms +that's going to be a subject I think + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a subject I think + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a subject I think +Russ talks about the end but the thing + + align:start position:0% +Russ talks about the end but the thing + + + align:start position:0% +Russ talks about the end but the thing +is that right now well I I'll motivate + + align:start position:0% +is that right now well I I'll motivate + + + align:start position:0% +is that right now well I I'll motivate +it in a completely different way um we + + align:start position:0% +it in a completely different way um we + + + align:start position:0% +it in a completely different way um we +talked about how this Basel line can + + align:start position:0% +talked about how this Basel line can + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how this Basel line can +affect your performance a lot right now + + align:start position:0% +affect your performance a lot right now + + + align:start position:0% +affect your performance a lot right now +a good Baseline can make you do a lot + + align:start position:0% +a good Baseline can make you do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +a good Baseline can make you do a lot +better now the thing is is that what + + align:start position:0% +better now the thing is is that what + + + align:start position:0% +better now the thing is is that what +happens if here we said we same initial + + align:start position:0% +happens if here we said we same initial + + + align:start position:0% +happens if here we said we same initial +same initial condition every time but + + align:start position:0% +same initial condition every time but + + + align:start position:0% +same initial condition every time but +let's say that I actually could be in + + align:start position:0% +let's say that I actually could be in + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that I actually could be in +one of two initial conditions I can + + align:start position:0% +one of two initial conditions I can + + + align:start position:0% +one of two initial conditions I can +measure this right and then I run it and + + align:start position:0% +measure this right and then I run it and + + + align:start position:0% +measure this right and then I run it and +the uh the system behaves very + + align:start position:0% +the uh the system behaves very + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the system behaves very +differently or the costs are very + + align:start position:0% +differently or the costs are very + + + align:start position:0% +differently or the costs are very +differently depending on my initial + + align:start position:0% +differently depending on my initial + + + align:start position:0% +differently depending on my initial +condition right but I want s the same + + align:start position:0% +condition right but I want s the same + + + align:start position:0% +condition right but I want s the same +policy to cover both of these okay so + + align:start position:0% +policy to cover both of these okay so + + + align:start position:0% +policy to cover both of these okay so +the thing is if I just did this and I + + align:start position:0% +the thing is if I just did this and I + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is if I just did this and I +had one Baseline for both of them and I + + align:start position:0% +had one Baseline for both of them and I + + + align:start position:0% +had one Baseline for both of them and I +and I could randomly be put in these + + align:start position:0% +and I could randomly be put in these + + + align:start position:0% +and I could randomly be put in these +different initial conditions or whatever + + align:start position:0% +different initial conditions or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +different initial conditions or whatever +or I mean I could there's there's + + align:start position:0% +or I mean I could there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +or I mean I could there's there's +probably a more sensible way of of + + align:start position:0% +probably a more sensible way of of + + + align:start position:0% +probably a more sensible way of of +saying this but I don't want to confuse + + align:start position:0% +saying this but I don't want to confuse + + + align:start position:0% +saying this but I don't want to confuse +the issue + + align:start position:0% +the issue + + + align:start position:0% +the issue +so if you could have different + + align:start position:0% +so if you could have different + + + align:start position:0% +so if you could have different +conditions you can make your Baseline a + + align:start position:0% +conditions you can make your Baseline a + + + align:start position:0% +conditions you can make your Baseline a +function of your initial condition does + + align:start position:0% +function of your initial condition does + + + align:start position:0% +function of your initial condition does +that make sense so instead of just + + align:start position:0% +that make sense so instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense so instead of just +having b instead of evaluating twice I + + align:start position:0% +having b instead of evaluating twice I + + + align:start position:0% +having b instead of evaluating twice I +could have my you know B of X and if my + + align:start position:0% +could have my you know B of X and if my + + + align:start position:0% +could have my you know B of X and if my +X is here I'm going to say okay my cost + + align:start position:0% +X is here I'm going to say okay my cost + + + align:start position:0% +X is here I'm going to say okay my cost +should be like this and if my X is here + + align:start position:0% +should be like this and if my X is here + + + align:start position:0% +should be like this and if my X is here +that's like oh my cost should be like + + align:start position:0% +that's like oh my cost should be like + + + align:start position:0% +that's like oh my cost should be like +this and then when I evaluate my cost + + align:start position:0% +this and then when I evaluate my cost + + + align:start position:0% +this and then when I evaluate my cost +when I perur my policy I'll have a + + align:start position:0% +when I perur my policy I'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +when I perur my policy I'll have a +better idea of how well I'm doing does + + align:start position:0% +better idea of how well I'm doing does + + + align:start position:0% +better idea of how well I'm doing does +that make + + align:start position:0% +that make + + + align:start position:0% +that make +sense probably doesn't so all + + align:start position:0% +sense probably doesn't so all + + + align:start position:0% +sense probably doesn't so all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so let's say now this is Phase space now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's say that I can start you know + + align:start position:0% +now let's say that I can start you know + + + align:start position:0% +now let's say that I can start you know +in either of these right and let's say + + align:start position:0% +in either of these right and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +in either of these right and let's say +that I'm trying to get to um okay let's + + align:start position:0% +that I'm trying to get to um okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm trying to get to um okay let's +draw this here I'm trying to get to zero + + align:start position:0% +draw this here I'm trying to get to zero + + + align:start position:0% +draw this here I'm trying to get to zero +that's my goal and I can measure this + + align:start position:0% +that's my goal and I can measure this + + + align:start position:0% +that's my goal and I can measure this +but then one of them I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +but then one of them I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +but then one of them I'm going to +go like that and the other one I'm going + + align:start position:0% +go like that and the other one I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +go like that and the other one I'm going +to have to go I don't know for whatever + + align:start position:0% +to have to go I don't know for whatever + + + align:start position:0% +to have to go I don't know for whatever +limited reasons like that or something + + align:start position:0% +limited reasons like that or something + + + align:start position:0% +limited reasons like that or something +right so this one always cost more than + + align:start position:0% +right so this one always cost more than + + + align:start position:0% +right so this one always cost more than +this one all right do doesn't matter how + + align:start position:0% +this one all right do doesn't matter how + + + align:start position:0% +this one all right do doesn't matter how +good my policy is like you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +good my policy is like you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +good my policy is like you can imagine +just have a feedback policy doesn't + + align:start position:0% +just have a feedback policy doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +just have a feedback policy doesn't +matter how bad it is how good it is I + + align:start position:0% +matter how bad it is how good it is I + + + align:start position:0% +matter how bad it is how good it is I +mean same policy is always going to do + + align:start position:0% +mean same policy is always going to do + + + align:start position:0% +mean same policy is always going to do +worse here now if you believe that a + + align:start position:0% +worse here now if you believe that a + + + align:start position:0% +worse here now if you believe that a +good Baseline improves the performance + + align:start position:0% +good Baseline improves the performance + + + align:start position:0% +good Baseline improves the performance +and trust me it does then I don't want + + align:start position:0% +and trust me it does then I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +and trust me it does then I don't want +the same Baseline I don't want the same + + align:start position:0% +the same Baseline I don't want the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same Baseline I don't want the same +B for both of these situations cuz this + + align:start position:0% +B for both of these situations cuz this + + + align:start position:0% +B for both of these situations cuz this +guy should always be around 50 and this + + align:start position:0% +guy should always be around 50 and this + + + align:start position:0% +guy should always be around 50 and this +guy should always be around 20 right so + + align:start position:0% +guy should always be around 20 right so + + + align:start position:0% +guy should always be around 20 right so +what I could do is I could my Baseline + + align:start position:0% +what I could do is I could my Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +what I could do is I could my Baseline +be a function of X and I could be like + + align:start position:0% +be a function of X and I could be like + + + align:start position:0% +be a function of X and I could be like +okay here my Baseline is 50 here my + + align:start position:0% +okay here my Baseline is 50 here my + + + align:start position:0% +okay here my Baseline is 50 here my +Baseline is 20 right and let's say I + + align:start position:0% +Baseline is 20 right and let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline is 20 right and let's say I +don't know that from the start I can + + align:start position:0% +don't know that from the start I can + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that from the start I can +learn my Baseline while I'm learning my + + align:start position:0% +learn my Baseline while I'm learning my + + + align:start position:0% +learn my Baseline while I'm learning my +policy right so I can use the same + + align:start position:0% +policy right so I can use the same + + + align:start position:0% +policy right so I can use the same +policy for both situation and then over + + align:start position:0% +policy for both situation and then over + + + align:start position:0% +policy for both situation and then over +here I measure my state and I'm like o + + align:start position:0% +here I measure my state and I'm like o + + + align:start position:0% +here I measure my state and I'm like o +over here I'm doing bad all the time so + + align:start position:0% +over here I'm doing bad all the time so + + + align:start position:0% +over here I'm doing bad all the time so +my Baseline is going to be high and over + + align:start position:0% +my Baseline is going to be high and over + + + align:start position:0% +my Baseline is going to be high and over +here I'm always doing well so my + + align:start position:0% +here I'm always doing well so my + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm always doing well so my +Baseline is going to be low and so that + + align:start position:0% +Baseline is going to be low and so that + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline is going to be low and so that +way you + + align:start position:0% +way you + + + align:start position:0% +way you +can take uh you can take that into + + align:start position:0% +can take uh you can take that into + + + align:start position:0% +can take uh you can take that into +account does that make + + align:start position:0% +account does that make + + + align:start position:0% +account does that make +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +does this is basically Mon and + + align:start position:0% +does this is basically Mon and + + + align:start position:0% +does this is basically Mon and +because each each time that you set your + + align:start position:0% +because each each time that you set your + + + align:start position:0% +because each each time that you set your +so your policy is defined by set of + + align:start position:0% +so your policy is defined by set of + + + align:start position:0% +so your policy is defined by set of +alphas and then you fix it you run it + + align:start position:0% +alphas and then you fix it you run it + + + align:start position:0% +alphas and then you fix it you run it +and you get a sample which says what is + + align:start position:0% +and you get a sample which says what is + + + align:start position:0% +and you get a sample which says what is +the value associated with this starting + + align:start position:0% +the value associated with this starting + + + align:start position:0% +the value associated with this starting +point given this fixed policy well are + + align:start position:0% +point given this fixed policy well are + + + align:start position:0% +point given this fixed policy well are +you talking about Mone for policy + + align:start position:0% +you talking about Mone for policy + + + align:start position:0% +you talking about Mone for policy +evaluation because mon car to talk about + + align:start position:0% +evaluation because mon car to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation because mon car to talk about +that's like TD infinity or whatever it + + align:start position:0% +that's like TD infinity or whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +that's like TD infinity or whatever it +is and that's for policy evaluation + + align:start position:0% +is and that's for policy evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +is and that's for policy evaluation +that's how you make a Critic that's that + + align:start position:0% +that's how you make a Critic that's that + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you make a Critic that's that +the policy is different right the policy + + align:start position:0% +the policy is different right the policy + + + align:start position:0% +the policy is different right the policy +you're doing this update and then you're + + align:start position:0% +you're doing this update and then you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing this update and then you're +you're advancing it a bit you're critic + + align:start position:0% +you're advancing it a bit you're critic + + + align:start position:0% +you're advancing it a bit you're critic +the way I just described making the + + align:start position:0% +the way I just described making the + + + align:start position:0% +the way I just described making the +Baseline for this that would be a mon + + align:start position:0% +Baseline for this that would be a mon + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline for this that would be a mon +Carlo interpretation you could do it + + align:start position:0% +Carlo interpretation you could do it + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo interpretation you could do it +with TD Lambda anything you wanted to um + + align:start position:0% +with TD Lambda anything you wanted to um + + + align:start position:0% +with TD Lambda anything you wanted to um +but yeah + + align:start position:0% +but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah +so the uh the important thing is I mean + + align:start position:0% +so the uh the important thing is I mean + + + align:start position:0% +so the uh the important thing is I mean +it looks like that sort of blank faces + + align:start position:0% +it looks like that sort of blank faces + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like that sort of blank faces +after I talked about that + + align:start position:0% +after I talked about that + + + align:start position:0% +after I talked about that +but I mean Russ I think is going to go + + align:start position:0% +but I mean Russ I think is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean Russ I think is going to go +into more detail and actor critic + + align:start position:0% +into more detail and actor critic + + + align:start position:0% +into more detail and actor critic +um but maybe maybe I can talk about that + + align:start position:0% +um but maybe maybe I can talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +um but maybe maybe I can talk about that +more tomorrow if you want but yeah I + + align:start position:0% +more tomorrow if you want but yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +more tomorrow if you want but yeah I +mean the important thing is that right + + align:start position:0% +mean the important thing is that right + + + align:start position:0% +mean the important thing is that right +now this is a very simple kind of idea + + align:start position:0% +now this is a very simple kind of idea + + + align:start position:0% +now this is a very simple kind of idea +we talked about where you you run the + + align:start position:0% +we talked about where you you run the + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about where you you run the +alpha and then if you ran the same Alpha + + align:start position:0% +alpha and then if you ran the same Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +alpha and then if you ran the same Alpha +it would always do the same right or + + align:start position:0% +it would always do the same right or + + + align:start position:0% +it would always do the same right or +maybe just has a little bit of additive + + align:start position:0% +maybe just has a little bit of additive + + + align:start position:0% +maybe just has a little bit of additive +noise but if actually you're running the + + align:start position:0% +noise but if actually you're running the + + + align:start position:0% +noise but if actually you're running the +same Alpha from different states which + + align:start position:0% +same Alpha from different states which + + + align:start position:0% +same Alpha from different states which +happens a lot in a lot of systems + + align:start position:0% +happens a lot in a lot of systems + + + align:start position:0% +happens a lot in a lot of systems +different states could have sort of + + align:start position:0% +different states could have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +different states could have sort of +different expected performance and so + + align:start position:0% +different expected performance and so + + + align:start position:0% +different expected performance and so +while you'll still learn without the + + align:start position:0% +while you'll still learn without the + + + align:start position:0% +while you'll still learn without the +Baseline having a good Baseline + + align:start position:0% +Baseline having a good Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline having a good Baseline +everywhere will make you learn lot + + align:start position:0% +everywhere will make you learn lot + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere will make you learn lot +faster and so it's worth learning a + + align:start position:0% +faster and so it's worth learning a + + + align:start position:0% +faster and so it's worth learning a +Baseline and + + align:start position:0% +Baseline and + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline and +learning and learning the policy + + align:start position:0% +learning and learning the policy + + + align:start position:0% +learning and learning the policy +simultaneously and sort of the the thing + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and sort of the the thing + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and sort of the the thing +we talked about where you just a your + + align:start position:0% +we talked about where you just a your + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about where you just a your +last several samples right to get your + + align:start position:0% +last several samples right to get your + + + align:start position:0% +last several samples right to get your +Baseline that's already we're learning a + + align:start position:0% +Baseline that's already we're learning a + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline that's already we're learning a +baseline right we're just learning it + + align:start position:0% +baseline right we're just learning it + + + align:start position:0% +baseline right we're just learning it +for everywhere in state space we're + + align:start position:0% +for everywhere in state space we're + + + align:start position:0% +for everywhere in state space we're +saying this is the same everywhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right I that idea of sampling can we do + + align:start position:0% +right I that idea of sampling can we do + + + align:start position:0% +right I that idea of sampling can we do +something like SM using Gan processes to + + align:start position:0% +something like SM using Gan processes to + + + align:start position:0% +something like SM using Gan processes to +do Active Learning on top of it to + + align:start position:0% +do Active Learning on top of it to + + + align:start position:0% +do Active Learning on top of it to +sample in areas that are more promising + + align:start position:0% +sample in areas that are more promising + + + align:start position:0% +sample in areas that are more promising +instead of just randomly moving + + align:start position:0% +instead of just randomly moving + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just randomly moving +somewhere I mean there are ways of + + align:start position:0% +somewhere I mean there are ways of + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere I mean there are ways of +biasing your sampling based on how what + + align:start position:0% +biasing your sampling based on how what + + + align:start position:0% +biasing your sampling based on how what +you think the gradient is I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +you think the gradient is I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +you think the gradient is I mean that's +that's one of the things we worked on + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the things we worked on + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the things we worked on +with the signal noise ratio um I'm not + + align:start position:0% +with the signal noise ratio um I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +with the signal noise ratio um I'm not +sure exactly what because I I know like + + align:start position:0% +sure exactly what because I I know like + + + align:start position:0% +sure exactly what because I I know like +U some people worked on eyeballs walking + + align:start position:0% +U some people worked on eyeballs walking + + + align:start position:0% +U some people worked on eyeballs walking +and they wanted to find a game which + + align:start position:0% +and they wanted to find a game which + + + align:start position:0% +and they wanted to find a game which +maximizes speed of the eyeballs and they + + align:start position:0% +maximizes speed of the eyeballs and they + + + align:start position:0% +maximizes speed of the eyeballs and they +walking well I think I read that paper + + align:start position:0% +walking well I think I read that paper + + + align:start position:0% +walking well I think I read that paper +yeah yeah there are like 12 or 13 + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah there are like 12 or 13 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah there are like 12 or 13 +Dimensions yeah and well it it seems + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions yeah and well it it seems + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions yeah and well it it seems +like a similar problem no I think I + + align:start position:0% +like a similar problem no I think I + + + align:start position:0% +like a similar problem no I think I +think they use a very similar algorith + + align:start position:0% +think they use a very similar algorith + + + align:start position:0% +think they use a very similar algorith +they I think they had a different update + + align:start position:0% +they I think they had a different update + + + align:start position:0% +they I think they had a different update +though it was the same kind of idea I + + align:start position:0% +though it was the same kind of idea I + + + align:start position:0% +though it was the same kind of idea I +think that their update structure was + + align:start position:0% +think that their update structure was + + + align:start position:0% +think that their update structure was +maybe different than that um yeah so I + + align:start position:0% +maybe different than that um yeah so I + + + align:start position:0% +maybe different than that um yeah so I +won I won't dwell on critic stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +won I won't dwell on critic stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +won I won't dwell on critic stuff that's +I think the last lecture in the class or + + align:start position:0% +I think the last lecture in the class or + + + align:start position:0% +I think the last lecture in the class or +something like that but um yeah + + align:start position:0% +something like that but um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +something like that but um yeah +so so here I mean this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +so so here I mean this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +so so here I mean this is sort of the +sample system and you can see sort of + + align:start position:0% +sample system and you can see sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sample system and you can see sort of +how this thing is robust to really noisy + + align:start position:0% +how this thing is robust to really noisy + + + align:start position:0% +how this thing is robust to really noisy +systems in practice because when I ran + + align:start position:0% +systems in practice because when I ran + + + align:start position:0% +systems in practice because when I ran +it on the the flapping thing um down + + align:start position:0% +it on the the flapping thing um down + + + align:start position:0% +it on the the flapping thing um down +NYU + + align:start position:0% +NYU + + + align:start position:0% +NYU +the the consecutive value ation could be + + align:start position:0% +the the consecutive value ation could be + + + align:start position:0% +the the consecutive value ation could be +very different um not because of any + + align:start position:0% +very different um not because of any + + + align:start position:0% +very different um not because of any +change in policy you run the same policy + + align:start position:0% +change in policy you run the same policy + + + align:start position:0% +change in policy you run the same policy +you get a big variance and that's just + + align:start position:0% +you get a big variance and that's just + + + align:start position:0% +you get a big variance and that's just +because you're running on this physical + + align:start position:0% +because you're running on this physical + + + align:start position:0% +because you're running on this physical +robot with this fluid system and you're + + align:start position:0% +robot with this fluid system and you're + + + align:start position:0% +robot with this fluid system and you're +measuring the forces in an analog sensor + + align:start position:0% +measuring the forces in an analog sensor + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the forces in an analog sensor +and so it's just very noisy but it's + + align:start position:0% +and so it's just very noisy but it's + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's just very noisy but it's +robust to that and that's s it's so + + align:start position:0% +robust to that and that's s it's so + + + align:start position:0% +robust to that and that's s it's so +nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so look at that right I mean this + + align:start position:0% +here so look at that right I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +here so look at that right I mean this +one these luckily didn't take 3 minutes + + align:start position:0% +one these luckily didn't take 3 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +one these luckily didn't take 3 minutes +anymore it took 1 second so wasn't + + align:start position:0% +anymore it took 1 second so wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +anymore it took 1 second so wasn't +nearly as bad um but I mean look how + + align:start position:0% +nearly as bad um but I mean look how + + + align:start position:0% +nearly as bad um but I mean look how +much it's changing I mean it's changing + + align:start position:0% +much it's changing I mean it's changing + + + align:start position:0% +much it's changing I mean it's changing +a significant percentage every time + + align:start position:0% +a significant percentage every time + + + align:start position:0% +a significant percentage every time +right these are all with the same tap + + align:start position:0% +right these are all with the same tap + + + align:start position:0% +right these are all with the same tap +yeah yeah I mean no this is playing it + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I mean no this is playing it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I mean no this is playing it +different this is this is learning so + + align:start position:0% +different this is this is learning so + + + align:start position:0% +different this is this is learning so +the thing is that you I mean I showed + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that you I mean I showed + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that you I mean I showed +you how it wasn't monotonic before but + + align:start position:0% +you how it wasn't monotonic before but + + + align:start position:0% +you how it wasn't monotonic before but +this you can run the same tape I mean up + + align:start position:0% +this you can run the same tape I mean up + + + align:start position:0% +this you can run the same tape I mean up +there it's pretty much running the same + + align:start position:0% +there it's pretty much running the same + + + align:start position:0% +there it's pretty much running the same +tape so up there you get an idea of what + + align:start position:0% +tape so up there you get an idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +tape so up there you get an idea of what +the noise looks like when you're running + + align:start position:0% +the noise looks like when you're running + + + align:start position:0% +the noise looks like when you're running +the same policy right and so you can + + align:start position:0% +the same policy right and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +the same policy right and so you can +imagine yes just this is cost and then + + align:start position:0% +imagine yes just this is cost and then + + + align:start position:0% +imagine yes just this is cost and then +what was blue with red oh blue and red + + align:start position:0% +what was blue with red oh blue and red + + + align:start position:0% +what was blue with red oh blue and red +are are different ways of of keeping + + align:start position:0% +are are different ways of of keeping + + + align:start position:0% +are are different ways of of keeping +track of my Baseline all right um so I + + align:start position:0% +track of my Baseline all right um so I + + + align:start position:0% +track of my Baseline all right um so I +mean yeah don't worry about the + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah don't worry about the + + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah don't worry about the +different blue and red they're just + + align:start position:0% +different blue and red they're just + + + align:start position:0% +different blue and red they're just +they're just sort of an internal test to + + align:start position:0% +they're just sort of an internal test to + + + align:start position:0% +they're just sort of an internal test to +see the right way to WR make these + + align:start position:0% +see the right way to WR make these + + + align:start position:0% +see the right way to WR make these +things and we determined that it didn't + + align:start position:0% +things and we determined that it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +things and we determined that it didn't +make a difference but is much smother + + align:start position:0% +make a difference but is much smother + + + align:start position:0% +make a difference but is much smother +um I it may be a plotting I may have + + align:start position:0% +um I it may be a plotting I may have + + + align:start position:0% +um I it may be a plotting I may have +plotted blue on top of red or something + + align:start position:0% +plotted blue on top of red or something + + + align:start position:0% +plotted blue on top of red or something +too you know I don't know I remember we + + align:start position:0% +too you know I don't know I remember we + + + align:start position:0% +too you know I don't know I remember we +we decided didn't make much of a + + align:start position:0% +we decided didn't make much of a + + + align:start position:0% +we decided didn't make much of a +difference yeah I see what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +difference yeah I see what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +difference yeah I see what you're saying +it does look like the variance is a bit + + align:start position:0% +it does look like the variance is a bit + + + align:start position:0% +it does look like the variance is a bit +less but I don't think it would well but + + align:start position:0% +less but I don't think it would well but + + + align:start position:0% +less but I don't think it would well but +these are these are trials on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +these are these are trials on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +these are these are trials on the bottom +so that's every second we sort of did + + align:start position:0% +so that's every second we sort of did + + + align:start position:0% +so that's every second we sort of did +another flap we did another update so + + align:start position:0% +another flap we did another update so + + + align:start position:0% +another flap we did another update so +this is updates on the bottom and yeah + + align:start position:0% +this is updates on the bottom and yeah + + + align:start position:0% +this is updates on the bottom and yeah +this is we actually have a reward + + align:start position:0% +this is we actually have a reward + + + align:start position:0% +this is we actually have a reward +instead of cost here so it's we want it + + align:start position:0% +instead of cost here so it's we want it + + + align:start position:0% +instead of cost here so it's we want it +to go up instead of down but yeah so + + align:start position:0% +to go up instead of down but yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +to go up instead of down but yeah so +despite the fact that this is really + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that this is really + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that this is really +noisy despite the fact that we had this + + align:start position:0% +noisy despite the fact that we had this + + + align:start position:0% +noisy despite the fact that we had this +average Baseline um which I was talking + + align:start position:0% +average Baseline um which I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +average Baseline um which I was talking +about so our BAS wasn't perfect it still + + align:start position:0% +about so our BAS wasn't perfect it still + + + align:start position:0% +about so our BAS wasn't perfect it still +learned it learned pretty quickly I mean + + align:start position:0% +learned it learned pretty quickly I mean + + + align:start position:0% +learned it learned pretty quickly I mean +400 samples maybe doesn't seem very good + + align:start position:0% +400 samples maybe doesn't seem very good + + + align:start position:0% +400 samples maybe doesn't seem very good +but that's also less than 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +but that's also less than 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +but that's also less than 10 minutes +that's like 7 + + align:start position:0% +that's like 7 + + + align:start position:0% +that's like 7 +minutes so it uh in practice it can work + + align:start position:0% +minutes so it uh in practice it can work + + + align:start position:0% +minutes so it uh in practice it can work +pretty pretty darn well and solving this + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty darn well and solving this + + + align:start position:0% +pretty pretty darn well and solving this +thing with other techniques would be + + align:start position:0% +thing with other techniques would be + + + align:start position:0% +thing with other techniques would be +very tricky well I mean you could build + + align:start position:0% +very tricky well I mean you could build + + + align:start position:0% +very tricky well I mean you could build +a a model like this model we have and + + align:start position:0% +a a model like this model we have and + + + align:start position:0% +a a model like this model we have and +stuff like that you can try to solve it + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that you can try to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that you can try to solve it +with a simulation that's generally how + + align:start position:0% +with a simulation that's generally how + + + align:start position:0% +with a simulation that's generally how +they solve a lot of these problems is + + align:start position:0% +they solve a lot of these problems is + + + align:start position:0% +they solve a lot of these problems is +they'll do the optimization on a uh a + + align:start position:0% +they'll do the optimization on a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +they'll do the optimization on a uh a +model so um there's this fly um Jane + + align:start position:0% +model so um there's this fly um Jane + + + align:start position:0% +model so um there's this fly um Jane +Wang at Cornell tries to optimize the + + align:start position:0% +Wang at Cornell tries to optimize the + + + align:start position:0% +Wang at Cornell tries to optimize the +stroke form for a fly like a fruit fly I + + align:start position:0% +stroke form for a fly like a fruit fly I + + + align:start position:0% +stroke form for a fly like a fruit fly I +think it's a fruit fly scale um and so + + align:start position:0% +think it's a fruit fly scale um and so + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a fruit fly scale um and so +she is built a sort of pretty fancy + + align:start position:0% +she is built a sort of pretty fancy + + + align:start position:0% +she is built a sort of pretty fancy +model of this thing and then simulates + + align:start position:0% +model of this thing and then simulates + + + align:start position:0% +model of this thing and then simulates +it and does the optimization on a a + + align:start position:0% +it and does the optimization on a a + + + align:start position:0% +it and does the optimization on a a +computational fluid dynamics simulation + + align:start position:0% +computational fluid dynamics simulation + + + align:start position:0% +computational fluid dynamics simulation +and so that's some one way you can you + + align:start position:0% +and so that's some one way you can you + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's some one way you can you +can and there you can get the gradients + + align:start position:0% +can and there you can get the gradients + + + align:start position:0% +can and there you can get the gradients +you can do all the sort of things you've + + align:start position:0% +you can do all the sort of things you've + + + align:start position:0% +you can do all the sort of things you've +already talked about right because you + + align:start position:0% +already talked about right because you + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about right because you +have the model you can you can do all + + align:start position:0% +have the model you can you can do all + + + align:start position:0% +have the model you can you can do all +these things explicitly but the model + + align:start position:0% +these things explicitly but the model + + + align:start position:0% +these things explicitly but the model +takes a long time to run I think the + + align:start position:0% +takes a long time to run I think the + + + align:start position:0% +takes a long time to run I think the +optimization took months um of computer + + align:start position:0% +optimization took months um of computer + + + align:start position:0% +optimization took months um of computer +time so if you that's that's the thing + + align:start position:0% +time so if you that's that's the thing + + + align:start position:0% +time so if you that's that's the thing +here is that the full simulation of this + + align:start position:0% +here is that the full simulation of this + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the full simulation of this +system where it took me one second to + + align:start position:0% +system where it took me one second to + + + align:start position:0% +system where it took me one second to +get an update um it takes I think about + + align:start position:0% +get an update um it takes I think about + + + align:start position:0% +get an update um it takes I think about +an hour per flap so an hour on a + + align:start position:0% +an hour per flap so an hour on a + + + align:start position:0% +an hour per flap so an hour on a +Computing cluster to get one full cftd + + align:start position:0% +Computing cluster to get one full cftd + + + align:start position:0% +Computing cluster to get one full cftd +simulation of one flap right and that's + + align:start position:0% +simulation of one flap right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +simulation of one flap right and that's +even the simpler one we can we working + + align:start position:0% +even the simpler one we can we working + + + align:start position:0% +even the simpler one we can we working +on other ones too that have sort of Aero + + align:start position:0% +on other ones too that have sort of Aero + + + align:start position:0% +on other ones too that have sort of Aero +elastic effects which are where sort of + + align:start position:0% +elastic effects which are where sort of + + + align:start position:0% +elastic effects which are where sort of +the the body deforms in response to the + + align:start position:0% +the the body deforms in response to the + + + align:start position:0% +the the body deforms in response to the +fluid forces and simulating those is + + align:start position:0% +fluid forces and simulating those is + + + align:start position:0% +fluid forces and simulating those is +even harder um and so where it takes an + + align:start position:0% +even harder um and so where it takes an + + + align:start position:0% +even harder um and so where it takes an +hour to get an update I can get it in a + + align:start position:0% +hour to get an update I can get it in a + + + align:start position:0% +hour to get an update I can get it in a +second and the thing is my update is + + align:start position:0% +second and the thing is my update is + + + align:start position:0% +second and the thing is my update is +going to be noisier and I don't get the + + align:start position:0% +going to be noisier and I don't get the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be noisier and I don't get the +true gradient but when you can get 3600 + + align:start position:0% +true gradient but when you can get 3600 + + + align:start position:0% +true gradient but when you can get 3600 +updates per update I mean you're going + + align:start position:0% +updates per update I mean you're going + + + align:start position:0% +updates per update I mean you're going +to win I mean like I'll get one flap in + + align:start position:0% +to win I mean like I'll get one flap in + + + align:start position:0% +to win I mean like I'll get one flap in +the time it takes me to optimize and sit + + align:start position:0% +the time it takes me to optimize and sit + + + align:start position:0% +the time it takes me to optimize and sit +there for most of an hour you know so + + align:start position:0% +there for most of an hour you know so + + + align:start position:0% +there for most of an hour you know so +you can see those kind of in those kind + + align:start position:0% +you can see those kind of in those kind + + + align:start position:0% +you can see those kind of in those kind +of problems can be a big win especially + + align:start position:0% +of problems can be a big win especially + + + align:start position:0% +of problems can be a big win especially +when a simulation is extremely expensive + + align:start position:0% +when a simulation is extremely expensive + + + align:start position:0% +when a simulation is extremely expensive +or Computing the gradients is extremely + + align:start position:0% +or Computing the gradients is extremely + + + align:start position:0% +or Computing the gradients is extremely +expensive but you have the robot right + + align:start position:0% +expensive but you have the robot right + + + align:start position:0% +expensive but you have the robot right +in front of you you can just take that + + align:start position:0% +in front of you you can just take that + + + align:start position:0% +in front of you you can just take that +data accept the noise do model free + + align:start position:0% +data accept the noise do model free + + + align:start position:0% +data accept the noise do model free +green + + align:start position:0% +green + + + align:start position:0% +green +descent + + align:start position:0% +descent + + + align:start position:0% +descent +um I think that's what I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +um I think that's what I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +um I think that's what I want to talk +about um if you have any questions if + + align:start position:0% +about um if you have any questions if + + + align:start position:0% +about um if you have any questions if +anything didn't make sense at all please + + align:start position:0% +anything didn't make sense at all please + + + align:start position:0% +anything didn't make sense at all please +let me know otherwise maybe I'll + + align:start position:0% +let me know otherwise maybe I'll + + + align:start position:0% +let me know otherwise maybe I'll +introduce something that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +introduce something that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +introduce something that I'm going to +talk about tomorrow with different + + align:start position:0% +talk about tomorrow with different + + + align:start position:0% +talk about tomorrow with different +interpretation I'll just try to get your + + align:start position:0% +interpretation I'll just try to get your + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation I'll just try to get your +brain ready for it I guess but um if + + align:start position:0% +brain ready for it I guess but um if + + + align:start position:0% +brain ready for it I guess but um if +there's any other questions on this + + align:start position:0% +there's any other questions on this + + + align:start position:0% +there's any other questions on this +please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ask what was the reward function uh the + + align:start position:0% +ask what was the reward function uh the + + + align:start position:0% +ask what was the reward function uh the +reward function for this was the + + align:start position:0% +reward function for this was the + + + align:start position:0% +reward function for this was the +integral of velocity of spin velocity + + align:start position:0% +integral of velocity of spin velocity + + + align:start position:0% +integral of velocity of spin velocity +over the integral of power input so it + + align:start position:0% +over the integral of power input so it + + + align:start position:0% +over the integral of power input so it +measured the uh the force on it multiply + + align:start position:0% +measured the uh the force on it multiply + + + align:start position:0% +measured the uh the force on it multiply +that by the vertical velocity that gives + + align:start position:0% +that by the vertical velocity that gives + + + align:start position:0% +that by the vertical velocity that gives +you the the rate of power right and that + + align:start position:0% +you the the rate of power right and that + + + align:start position:0% +you the the rate of power right and that +gives you power which is the rate of + + align:start position:0% +gives you power which is the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +gives you power which is the rate of +work um and then it just sort of + + align:start position:0% +work um and then it just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +work um and then it just sort of +calculates the distance and so that + + align:start position:0% +calculates the distance and so that + + + align:start position:0% +calculates the distance and so that +ratio is what we tried to optimize so it + + align:start position:0% +ratio is what we tried to optimize so it + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is what we tried to optimize so it +tries to figure out sort of the minimum + + align:start position:0% +tries to figure out sort of the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +tries to figure out sort of the minimum +energy per unit distance and so it spins + + align:start position:0% +energy per unit distance and so it spins + + + align:start position:0% +energy per unit distance and so it spins +around in a circle but it's a model of + + align:start position:0% +around in a circle but it's a model of + + + align:start position:0% +around in a circle but it's a model of +it going forward so you know we did it + + align:start position:0% +it going forward so you know we did it + + + align:start position:0% +it going forward so you know we did it +for an angle but you can do it just as + + align:start position:0% +for an angle but you can do it just as + + + align:start position:0% +for an angle but you can do it just as +easily for if you had a linear test it's + + align:start position:0% +easily for if you had a linear test it's + + + align:start position:0% +easily for if you had a linear test it's +just harder experimentally yeah so it's + + align:start position:0% +just harder experimentally yeah so it's + + + align:start position:0% +just harder experimentally yeah so it's +try it's sort of an efficiency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +metric + + align:start position:0% +metric + + + align:start position:0% +metric +yeah all right um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +turn lights back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up make sure I crossed all my + + align:start position:0% +up make sure I crossed all my + + + align:start position:0% +up make sure I crossed all my +te's that on my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eyes oh yeah and actually there's one + + align:start position:0% +eyes oh yeah and actually there's one + + + align:start position:0% +eyes oh yeah and actually there's one +story too um before I get into the other + + align:start position:0% +story too um before I get into the other + + + align:start position:0% +story too um before I get into the other +thing so the uh like a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +thing so the uh like a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +thing so the uh like a lot of these +things originated like a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +things originated like a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +things originated like a lot of the +things we've seen for neural networks + + align:start position:0% +things we've seen for neural networks + + + align:start position:0% +things we've seen for neural networks +right like back prop that green scent I + + align:start position:0% +right like back prop that green scent I + + + align:start position:0% +right like back prop that green scent I +mean we learned about that originated in + + align:start position:0% +mean we learned about that originated in + + + align:start position:0% +mean we learned about that originated in +the context of neural networks um rtrl + + align:start position:0% +the context of neural networks um rtrl + + + align:start position:0% +the context of neural networks um rtrl +did and a lot of this did the reinforce + + align:start position:0% +did and a lot of this did the reinforce + + + align:start position:0% +did and a lot of this did the reinforce +algorithm which is thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +algorithm which is thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm which is thing we're going to +talk about originated with neural + + align:start position:0% +talk about originated with neural + + + align:start position:0% +talk about originated with neural +networks um and one of the reasons they + + align:start position:0% +networks um and one of the reasons they + + + align:start position:0% +networks um and one of the reasons they +found so appealing particularly like + + align:start position:0% +found so appealing particularly like + + + align:start position:0% +found so appealing particularly like +this kind of stochastic work is that it + + align:start position:0% +this kind of stochastic work is that it + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of stochastic work is that it +seemed biologically plausible that it + + align:start position:0% +seemed biologically plausible that it + + + align:start position:0% +seemed biologically plausible that it +could be like you know what is the + + align:start position:0% +could be like you know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +could be like you know what is the +chance that a human brain is doing back + + align:start position:0% +chance that a human brain is doing back + + + align:start position:0% +chance that a human brain is doing back +propop I mean it could be doing some + + align:start position:0% +propop I mean it could be doing some + + + align:start position:0% +propop I mean it could be doing some +sort of like approximate back propop or + + align:start position:0% +sort of like approximate back propop or + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like approximate back propop or +something like that I actually don't + + align:start position:0% +something like that I actually don't + + + align:start position:0% +something like that I actually don't +know that much about Neuroscience but + + align:start position:0% +know that much about Neuroscience but + + + align:start position:0% +know that much about Neuroscience but +the uh the thing is that the these sort + + align:start position:0% +the uh the thing is that the these sort + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the thing is that the these sort +of computationally involved um + + align:start position:0% +of computationally involved um + + + align:start position:0% +of computationally involved um +techniques for solving these problems + + align:start position:0% +techniques for solving these problems + + + align:start position:0% +techniques for solving these problems +don't seem like they're reasonable as + + align:start position:0% +don't seem like they're reasonable as + + + align:start position:0% +don't seem like they're reasonable as +sort of postulations on how the human + + align:start position:0% +sort of postulations on how the human + + + align:start position:0% +sort of postulations on how the human +brain or how you know neurons solve + + align:start position:0% +brain or how you know neurons solve + + + align:start position:0% +brain or how you know neurons solve +these problems but this one you can see + + align:start position:0% +these problems but this one you can see + + + align:start position:0% +these problems but this one you can see +it's so simple and the little Randomness + + align:start position:0% +it's so simple and the little Randomness + + + align:start position:0% +it's so simple and the little Randomness +being part of it and just the sort of + + align:start position:0% +being part of it and just the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +being part of it and just the sort of +like simple update structure does seem + + align:start position:0% +like simple update structure does seem + + + align:start position:0% +like simple update structure does seem +biologically plausible right just sort + + align:start position:0% +biologically plausible right just sort + + + align:start position:0% +biologically plausible right just sort +of intuitively it makes more sense but + + align:start position:0% +of intuitively it makes more sense but + + + align:start position:0% +of intuitively it makes more sense but +even more than that there's examples of + + align:start position:0% +even more than that there's examples of + + + align:start position:0% +even more than that there's examples of +there's data an evidence that suggests + + align:start position:0% +there's data an evidence that suggests + + + align:start position:0% +there's data an evidence that suggests +that these kind of things could be one + + align:start position:0% +that these kind of things could be one + + + align:start position:0% +that these kind of things could be one +of the aspects of how animals learn and + + align:start position:0% +of the aspects of how animals learn and + + + align:start position:0% +of the aspects of how animals learn and +the coolest one I think is there's these + + align:start position:0% +the coolest one I think is there's these + + + align:start position:0% +the coolest one I think is there's these +song birds that learn how to sing like + + align:start position:0% +song birds that learn how to sing like + + + align:start position:0% +song birds that learn how to sing like +they don't they don't like they're not + + align:start position:0% +they don't they don't like they're not + + + align:start position:0% +they don't they don't like they're not +born knowing a certain way to sing but + + align:start position:0% +born knowing a certain way to sing but + + + align:start position:0% +born knowing a certain way to sing but +they hear their parents sing as they're + + align:start position:0% +they hear their parents sing as they're + + + align:start position:0% +they hear their parents sing as they're +growing up and they start singing more + + align:start position:0% +growing up and they start singing more + + + align:start position:0% +growing up and they start singing more +and more and they like get better and + + align:start position:0% +and more and they like get better and + + + align:start position:0% +and more and they like get better and +better and actually you can like hear + + align:start position:0% +better and actually you can like hear + + + align:start position:0% +better and actually you can like hear +them getting better until they sing like + + align:start position:0% +them getting better until they sing like + + + align:start position:0% +them getting better until they sing like +their parents did and like they can you + + align:start position:0% +their parents did and like they can you + + + align:start position:0% +their parents did and like they can you +can raise them in captivity and play + + align:start position:0% +can raise them in captivity and play + + + align:start position:0% +can raise them in captivity and play +them like Elvis all the time and they'll + + align:start position:0% +them like Elvis all the time and they'll + + + align:start position:0% +them like Elvis all the time and they'll +do like a song Berg impression of Elvis + + align:start position:0% +do like a song Berg impression of Elvis + + + align:start position:0% +do like a song Berg impression of Elvis +which I'm surprised you can't buy the CD + + align:start position:0% +which I'm surprised you can't buy the CD + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm surprised you can't buy the CD +of that on uh late night TV + + align:start position:0% +of that on uh late night TV + + + align:start position:0% +of that on uh late night TV +but the uh + + align:start position:0% +but the uh + + + align:start position:0% +but the uh +right but so really cool thing though is + + align:start position:0% +right but so really cool thing though is + + + align:start position:0% +right but so really cool thing though is +that there's this part of the brain + + align:start position:0% +that there's this part of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +that there's this part of the brain +where if you measure sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +where if you measure sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +where if you measure sort of the the +signals um they seem to be completely + + align:start position:0% +signals um they seem to be completely + + + align:start position:0% +signals um they seem to be completely +random like they just seem to be random + + align:start position:0% +random like they just seem to be random + + + align:start position:0% +random like they just seem to be random +noise right and so it's like it's + + align:start position:0% +noise right and so it's like it's + + + align:start position:0% +noise right and so it's like it's +strange that there's not the structure + + align:start position:0% +strange that there's not the structure + + + align:start position:0% +strange that there's not the structure +it's like what could this part of the + + align:start position:0% +it's like what could this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's like what could this part of the +brain be doing why would it need to be + + align:start position:0% +brain be doing why would it need to be + + + align:start position:0% +brain be doing why would it need to be +producing random noise what they did and + + align:start position:0% +producing random noise what they did and + + + align:start position:0% +producing random noise what they did and +this is your maybe your bird lovers out + + align:start position:0% +this is your maybe your bird lovers out + + + align:start position:0% +this is your maybe your bird lovers out +there won't like it um they took one of + + align:start position:0% +there won't like it um they took one of + + + align:start position:0% +there won't like it um they took one of +these birds and while it was learning + + align:start position:0% +these birds and while it was learning + + + align:start position:0% +these birds and while it was learning +like they waited till a burn a bird + + align:start position:0% +like they waited till a burn a bird + + + align:start position:0% +like they waited till a burn a bird +learned like the full song and then they + + align:start position:0% +learned like the full song and then they + + + align:start position:0% +learned like the full song and then they +deactivated through some means the part + + align:start position:0% +deactivated through some means the part + + + align:start position:0% +deactivated through some means the part +of the brain that produced a random + + align:start position:0% +of the brain that produced a random + + + align:start position:0% +of the brain that produced a random +noise right and nothing happened like + + align:start position:0% +noise right and nothing happened like + + + align:start position:0% +noise right and nothing happened like +the bird apparently the bird wasn't like + + align:start position:0% +the bird apparently the bird wasn't like + + + align:start position:0% +the bird apparently the bird wasn't like +entirely the same but it still could + + align:start position:0% +entirely the same but it still could + + + align:start position:0% +entirely the same but it still could +sing the songs fine everything like that + + align:start position:0% +sing the songs fine everything like that + + + align:start position:0% +sing the songs fine everything like that +then they took a bird who was in the + + align:start position:0% +then they took a bird who was in the + + + align:start position:0% +then they took a bird who was in the +process of learning the song um and like + + align:start position:0% +process of learning the song um and like + + + align:start position:0% +process of learning the song um and like +you know had learned some of it but like + + align:start position:0% +you know had learned some of it but like + + + align:start position:0% +you know had learned some of it but like +you know wasn't perfect yet and was + + align:start position:0% +you know wasn't perfect yet and was + + + align:start position:0% +you know wasn't perfect yet and was +still like getting better and they + + align:start position:0% +still like getting better and they + + + align:start position:0% +still like getting better and they +deactivated that part of the brain and + + align:start position:0% +deactivated that part of the brain and + + + align:start position:0% +deactivated that part of the brain and +uh and it started just singing the same + + align:start position:0% +uh and it started just singing the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it started just singing the same +song like what how it been singing it + + align:start position:0% +song like what how it been singing it + + + align:start position:0% +song like what how it been singing it +kept singing it didn't get any better + + align:start position:0% +kept singing it didn't get any better + + + align:start position:0% +kept singing it didn't get any better +and so that is sort of some sort of + + align:start position:0% +and so that is sort of some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and so that is sort of some sort of +proxy evidence that this random noise + + align:start position:0% +proxy evidence that this random noise + + + align:start position:0% +proxy evidence that this random noise +was related towards ability to improve + + align:start position:0% +was related towards ability to improve + + + align:start position:0% +was related towards ability to improve +that it's not storing the signal that + + align:start position:0% +that it's not storing the signal that + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not storing the signal that +it's not even necessarily like the you + + align:start position:0% +it's not even necessarily like the you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not even necessarily like the you +know The Descent itself but just this + + align:start position:0% +know The Descent itself but just this + + + align:start position:0% +know The Descent itself but just this +random noise could be how it's you know + + align:start position:0% +random noise could be how it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +random noise could be how it's you know +just screwing up its song in an effort + + align:start position:0% +just screwing up its song in an effort + + + align:start position:0% +just screwing up its song in an effort +to sort of get better and better you + + align:start position:0% +to sort of get better and better you + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of get better and better you +know it screws up a bit listens and + + align:start position:0% +know it screws up a bit listens and + + + align:start position:0% +know it screws up a bit listens and +maybe it's a little bit better and does + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a little bit better and does + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a little bit better and does +that so that's sort of uh pretty I mean + + align:start position:0% +that so that's sort of uh pretty I mean + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's sort of uh pretty I mean +in some s compelling evidence that I + + align:start position:0% +in some s compelling evidence that I + + + align:start position:0% +in some s compelling evidence that I +mean biology could at least use this as + + align:start position:0% +mean biology could at least use this as + + + align:start position:0% +mean biology could at least use this as +some aspect of its Improvement that you + + align:start position:0% +some aspect of its Improvement that you + + + align:start position:0% +some aspect of its Improvement that you +know you shut down the random noise and + + align:start position:0% +know you shut down the random noise and + + + align:start position:0% +know you shut down the random noise and +it stops learning I mean if you get the + + align:start position:0% +it stops learning I mean if you get the + + + align:start position:0% +it stops learning I mean if you get the +variance to zero you're not going to get + + align:start position:0% +variance to zero you're not going to get + + + align:start position:0% +variance to zero you're not going to get +worse you're just not going to do + + align:start position:0% +worse you're just not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +worse you're just not going to do +anything you're just going to keep + + align:start position:0% +anything you're just going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +anything you're just going to keep +singing the same song right so that's + + align:start position:0% +singing the same song right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +singing the same song right so that's +sort of cool I + + align:start position:0% +sort of cool I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of cool I +think all right so just give you + + align:start position:0% +think all right so just give you + + + align:start position:0% +think all right so just give you +something to chew + + align:start position:0% +something to chew + + + align:start position:0% +something to chew +on um there's another interpretation of + + align:start position:0% +on um there's another interpretation of + + + align:start position:0% +on um there's another interpretation of +this so here we sort of talked about um + + align:start position:0% +this so here we sort of talked about um + + + align:start position:0% +this so here we sort of talked about um +this one you think our idea was this + + align:start position:0% +this one you think our idea was this + + + align:start position:0% +this one you think our idea was this +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +sampling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where you know we have some nominal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +policy um we perturb + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it um you know measure how good we did + + align:start position:0% +it um you know measure how good we did + + + align:start position:0% +it um you know measure how good we did +how well we + + align:start position:0% +how well we + + + align:start position:0% +how well we +did measure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +performance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +update right so this is pretty much what + + align:start position:0% +update right so this is pretty much what + + + align:start position:0% +update right so this is pretty much what +we have is we have got some policy that + + align:start position:0% +we have is we have got some policy that + + + align:start position:0% +we have is we have got some policy that +we're working at we add this Z to it + + align:start position:0% +we're working at we add this Z to it + + + align:start position:0% +we're working at we add this Z to it +that changes it a bit we run it and then + + align:start position:0% +that changes it a bit we run it and then + + + align:start position:0% +that changes it a bit we run it and then +we update there's a different + + align:start position:0% +we update there's a different + + + align:start position:0% +we update there's a different +interpretation my performance got too + + align:start position:0% +interpretation my performance got too + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation my performance got too +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +um there's a stochastic policy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interpretation now in this + + align:start position:0% +interpretation now in this + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation now in this +the way you think about it isn't that we + + align:start position:0% +the way you think about it isn't that we + + + align:start position:0% +the way you think about it isn't that we +have uh that we have some nominal policy + + align:start position:0% +have uh that we have some nominal policy + + + align:start position:0% +have uh that we have some nominal policy +we're adding noise to it is that your + + align:start position:0% +we're adding noise to it is that your + + + align:start position:0% +we're adding noise to it is that your +policy itself acts stochastically + + align:start position:0% +policy itself acts stochastically + + + align:start position:0% +policy itself acts stochastically +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +actions are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +random right that doesn't mean that + + align:start position:0% +random right that doesn't mean that + + + align:start position:0% +random right that doesn't mean that +they're completely random I mean they're + + align:start position:0% +they're completely random I mean they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're completely random I mean they're +random with some distribution but you're + + align:start position:0% +random with some distribution but you're + + + align:start position:0% +random with some distribution but you're +not saying exactly what you do and so + + align:start position:0% +not saying exactly what you do and so + + + align:start position:0% +not saying exactly what you do and so +you can imagine this is sort of a like + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine this is sort of a like + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine this is sort of a like +if you're playing liars poker you know + + align:start position:0% +if you're playing liars poker you know + + + align:start position:0% +if you're playing liars poker you know +where you hold the card above your head + + align:start position:0% +where you hold the card above your head + + + align:start position:0% +where you hold the card above your head +and then like you you can see everyone + + align:start position:0% +and then like you you can see everyone + + + align:start position:0% +and then like you you can see everyone +else's card but not your own and then + + align:start position:0% +else's card but not your own and then + + + align:start position:0% +else's card but not your own and then +you sort of bet on these things to you + + align:start position:0% +you sort of bet on these things to you + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of bet on these things to you +know the game maybe that game doesn't + + align:start position:0% +know the game maybe that game doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +know the game maybe that game doesn't +have enough cultural penetration to be a + + align:start position:0% +have enough cultural penetration to be a + + + align:start position:0% +have enough cultural penetration to be a +good example but if you're playing + + align:start position:0% +good example but if you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +good example but if you're playing +normal poker any these sort of gambling + + align:start position:0% +normal poker any these sort of gambling + + + align:start position:0% +normal poker any these sort of gambling +games um if every time you had the same + + align:start position:0% +games um if every time you had the same + + + align:start position:0% +games um if every time you had the same +cards if you made the exact same bet + + align:start position:0% +cards if you made the exact same bet + + + align:start position:0% +cards if you made the exact same bet +people could eventually sort of figure + + align:start position:0% +people could eventually sort of figure + + + align:start position:0% +people could eventually sort of figure +that out and maybe they could use it to + + align:start position:0% +that out and maybe they could use it to + + + align:start position:0% +that out and maybe they could use it to +beat you right there's plenty of games + + align:start position:0% +beat you right there's plenty of games + + + align:start position:0% +beat you right there's plenty of games +like that where you know like say every + + align:start position:0% +like that where you know like say every + + + align:start position:0% +like that where you know like say every +time you know I had a certain card I + + align:start position:0% +time you know I had a certain card I + + + align:start position:0% +time you know I had a certain card I +always bet this then if I bet that way + + align:start position:0% +always bet this then if I bet that way + + + align:start position:0% +always bet this then if I bet that way +they're like oh he has good cards I'm to + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh he has good cards I'm to + + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh he has good cards I'm to +fold oh you know he always Bluffs when + + align:start position:0% +fold oh you know he always Bluffs when + + + align:start position:0% +fold oh you know he always Bluffs when +he has this card so that sort of + + align:start position:0% +he has this card so that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +he has this card so that sort of +deterministic policy doesn't make sense + + align:start position:0% +deterministic policy doesn't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic policy doesn't make sense +the stochastic policy um is exactly what + + align:start position:0% +the stochastic policy um is exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +the stochastic policy um is exactly what +you do so your policy is going to be + + align:start position:0% +you do so your policy is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you do so your policy is going to be +like oh I've got like pocket kings 95% + + align:start position:0% +like oh I've got like pocket kings 95% + + + align:start position:0% +like oh I've got like pocket kings 95% +of the time I'm going to raise whatever + + align:start position:0% +of the time I'm going to raise whatever + + + align:start position:0% +of the time I'm going to raise whatever +and you know or% of the time I'm going + + align:start position:0% +and you know or% of the time I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and you know or% of the time I'm going +to check you know those kind of things + + align:start position:0% +to check you know those kind of things + + + align:start position:0% +to check you know those kind of things +where you're sort of there's there's + + align:start position:0% +where you're sort of there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +where you're sort of there's there's +some noise in what you do right now you + + align:start position:0% +some noise in what you do right now you + + + align:start position:0% +some noise in what you do right now you +can question whether or not that makes + + align:start position:0% +can question whether or not that makes + + + align:start position:0% +can question whether or not that makes +sense as a as whether optimal policies + + align:start position:0% +sense as a as whether optimal policies + + + align:start position:0% +sense as a as whether optimal policies +would be stochastic in the kind of + + align:start position:0% +would be stochastic in the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +would be stochastic in the kind of +problems we look at um but the important + + align:start position:0% +problems we look at um but the important + + + align:start position:0% +problems we look at um but the important +thing is just to realize that your + + align:start position:0% +thing is just to realize that your + + + align:start position:0% +thing is just to realize that your +policy don't think of it as you know + + align:start position:0% +policy don't think of it as you know + + + align:start position:0% +policy don't think of it as you know +it's doing the these things it is these + + align:start position:0% +it's doing the these things it is these + + + align:start position:0% +it's doing the these things it is these +sort of distributions of what you do all + + align:start position:0% +sort of distributions of what you do all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of distributions of what you do all +right so um the parameterization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controls + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +oh my fifth grade teacher would not have + + align:start position:0% +oh my fifth grade teacher would not have + + + align:start position:0% +oh my fifth grade teacher would not have +liked that but + + align:start position:0% +liked that but + + + align:start position:0% +liked that but +um so what you do then you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +um so what you do then you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +um so what you do then you can imagine +you control perhaps the mean of a + + align:start position:0% +you control perhaps the mean of a + + + align:start position:0% +you control perhaps the mean of a +distribution so where over here we have + + align:start position:0% +distribution so where over here we have + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so where over here we have +this it's you can think of it's really + + align:start position:0% +this it's you can think of it's really + + + align:start position:0% +this it's you can think of it's really +sort of exactly the same where my other + + align:start position:0% +sort of exactly the same where my other + + + align:start position:0% +sort of exactly the same where my other +interpretation said okay my policy is + + align:start position:0% +interpretation said okay my policy is + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation said okay my policy is +Alpha and then I add random noise of Z + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and then I add random noise of Z + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and then I add random noise of Z +to it well here my policy is + + align:start position:0% +to it well here my policy is + + + align:start position:0% +to it well here my policy is +parameterized by Alpha and my action is + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by Alpha and my action is + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by Alpha and my action is +the same thing it's just that it's not + + align:start position:0% +the same thing it's just that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing it's just that it's not +this is what I'm doing and I'm sampling + + align:start position:0% +this is what I'm doing and I'm sampling + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I'm doing and I'm sampling +something else it's that this is + + align:start position:0% +something else it's that this is + + + align:start position:0% +something else it's that this is +actually my policy if I ran the same + + align:start position:0% +actually my policy if I ran the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually my policy if I ran the same +policy I would just do all these things + + align:start position:0% +policy I would just do all these things + + + align:start position:0% +policy I would just do all these things +with these + + align:start position:0% +with these + + + align:start position:0% +with these +probabilities right so your it's your + + align:start position:0% +probabilities right so your it's your + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities right so your it's your +actions are stochastic right now that's + + align:start position:0% +actions are stochastic right now that's + + + align:start position:0% +actions are stochastic right now that's +sort of something that uh isn't always + + align:start position:0% +sort of something that uh isn't always + + + align:start position:0% +sort of something that uh isn't always +completely uh when I first saw it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +completely uh when I first saw it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +completely uh when I first saw it wasn't +complet easy for me to get my head + + align:start position:0% +complet easy for me to get my head + + + align:start position:0% +complet easy for me to get my head +around all what that meant but you so + + align:start position:0% +around all what that meant but you so + + + align:start position:0% +around all what that meant but you so +this is uh we're going to look at this + + align:start position:0% +this is uh we're going to look at this + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh we're going to look at this +yeah I won't go into any more detail but + + align:start position:0% +yeah I won't go into any more detail but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I won't go into any more detail but +tomorrow we'll look at this sort of + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we'll look at this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we'll look at this sort of +different interpretation of how to do + + align:start position:0% +different interpretation of how to do + + + align:start position:0% +different interpretation of how to do +this and you can get the same learning + + align:start position:0% +this and you can get the same learning + + + align:start position:0% +this and you can get the same learning +we'll actually show that the up upd's + + align:start position:0% +we'll actually show that the up upd's + + + align:start position:0% +we'll actually show that the up upd's +the same the behavior is very similar + + align:start position:0% +the same the behavior is very similar + + + align:start position:0% +the same the behavior is very similar +but the properties are a little bit + + align:start position:0% +but the properties are a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +but the properties are a little bit +different and you the big thing is that + + align:start position:0% +different and you the big thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +different and you the big thing is that +you don't have to do this linearization + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to do this linearization + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to do this linearization +right here we did this sort of linear + + align:start position:0% +right here we did this sort of linear + + + align:start position:0% +right here we did this sort of linear +expansion we say okay so this is true + + align:start position:0% +expansion we say okay so this is true + + + align:start position:0% +expansion we say okay so this is true +locally and when you look at it in this + + align:start position:0% +locally and when you look at it in this + + + align:start position:0% +locally and when you look at it in this +context you can show that you'll always + + align:start position:0% +context you can show that you'll always + + + align:start position:0% +context you can show that you'll always +follow the gradient of the expected + + align:start position:0% +follow the gradient of the expected + + + align:start position:0% +follow the gradient of the expected +value of the policy all right and so + + align:start position:0% +value of the policy all right and so + + + align:start position:0% +value of the policy all right and so +that's a big difference right here we're + + align:start position:0% +that's a big difference right here we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's a big difference right here we're +saying okay it's we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +saying okay it's we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +saying okay it's we're looking at the +local gradient we're going to follow the + + align:start position:0% +local gradient we're going to follow the + + + align:start position:0% +local gradient we're going to follow the +local gradient here but let's say that + + align:start position:0% +local gradient here but let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +local gradient here but let's say that +you have a very broad policy or a very + + align:start position:0% +you have a very broad policy or a very + + + align:start position:0% +you have a very broad policy or a very +sort of violent value function let's + + align:start position:0% +sort of violent value function let's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of violent value function let's +look at this 1 D1 again where my value + + align:start position:0% +look at this 1 D1 again where my value + + + align:start position:0% +look at this 1 D1 again where my value +function has something like this right + + align:start position:0% +function has something like this right + + + align:start position:0% +function has something like this right +extremely violent well when I put this + + align:start position:0% +extremely violent well when I put this + + + align:start position:0% +extremely violent well when I put this +random stochastic policy that Smooths it + + align:start position:0% +random stochastic policy that Smooths it + + + align:start position:0% +random stochastic policy that Smooths it +out right and so even though because I + + align:start position:0% +out right and so even though because I + + + align:start position:0% +out right and so even though because I +have a stochastic policy running my + + align:start position:0% +have a stochastic policy running my + + + align:start position:0% +have a stochastic policy running my +policy the cost is a random variable now + + align:start position:0% +policy the cost is a random variable now + + + align:start position:0% +policy the cost is a random variable now +depending on what my actions are even if + + align:start position:0% +depending on what my actions are even if + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what my actions are even if +my Dynamics are deterministic because + + align:start position:0% +my Dynamics are deterministic because + + + align:start position:0% +my Dynamics are deterministic because +I've have my policy stochastic my cost + + align:start position:0% +I've have my policy stochastic my cost + + + align:start position:0% +I've have my policy stochastic my cost +is stochastic I'm going to get some + + align:start position:0% +is stochastic I'm going to get some + + + align:start position:0% +is stochastic I'm going to get some +there's if you look at this there's some + + align:start position:0% +there's if you look at this there's some + + + align:start position:0% +there's if you look at this there's some +expected cost for running this policy on + + align:start position:0% +expected cost for running this policy on + + + align:start position:0% +expected cost for running this policy on +this and you do this you're going to + + align:start position:0% +this and you do this you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this and you do this you're going to +sort of you can imagine sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you can imagine sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you can imagine sort of +smoothing out some of this right sort of + + align:start position:0% +smoothing out some of this right sort of + + + align:start position:0% +smoothing out some of this right sort of +averaging over all of these and what you + + align:start position:0% +averaging over all of these and what you + + + align:start position:0% +averaging over all of these and what you +follow when you do this and the update + + align:start position:0% +follow when you do this and the update + + + align:start position:0% +follow when you do this and the update +is is really identical like it's + + align:start position:0% +is is really identical like it's + + + align:start position:0% +is is really identical like it's +actually just the exact same update um + + align:start position:0% +actually just the exact same update um + + + align:start position:0% +actually just the exact same update um +you know possibly there's a coefficient + + align:start position:0% +you know possibly there's a coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +you know possibly there's a coefficient +up front that you could put in or not + + align:start position:0% +up front that you could put in or not + + + align:start position:0% +up front that you could put in or not +but the structure is the same and the + + align:start position:0% +but the structure is the same and the + + + align:start position:0% +but the structure is the same and the +thing is that it'll follow the expected + + align:start position:0% +thing is that it'll follow the expected + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that it'll follow the expected +value of the performance of the + + align:start position:0% +value of the performance of the + + + align:start position:0% +value of the performance of the +stochastic policy so it's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +stochastic policy so it's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic policy so it's sort of a +different way of thinking I think that + + align:start position:0% +different way of thinking I think that + + + align:start position:0% +different way of thinking I think that +this way is sort of the easier way to + + align:start position:0% +this way is sort of the easier way to + + + align:start position:0% +this way is sort of the easier way to +sort of first thing about it but + + align:start position:0% +sort of first thing about it but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of first thing about it but +tomorrow we'll be have more probability + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we'll be have more probability + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we'll be have more probability +kind of things and we'll talk about the + + align:start position:0% +kind of things and we'll talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of things and we'll talk about the +stochastic policy interpret ation and + + align:start position:0% +stochastic policy interpret ation and + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic policy interpret ation and +some of the ramifications of that um + + align:start position:0% +some of the ramifications of that um + + + align:start position:0% +some of the ramifications of that um +yeah and maybe some + + align:start position:0% +yeah and maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and maybe some +other interesting side notes so + + align:start position:0% +other interesting side notes so + + + align:start position:0% +other interesting side notes so +yeah \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7EXcHqLg7BI.txt b/7EXcHqLg7BI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc1113205cf9bfa0c660a323531c3c8e77c666cf --- /dev/null +++ b/7EXcHqLg7BI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12147 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're gonna turn back to I cos and spend + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna turn back to I cos and spend + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna turn back to I cos and spend +a little bit more time on initial coin + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more time on initial coin + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more time on initial coin +offerings and the markets and the + + align:start position:0% +offerings and the markets and the + + + align:start position:0% +offerings and the markets and the +regulation of initial coin offerings + + align:start position:0% +regulation of initial coin offerings + + + align:start position:0% +regulation of initial coin offerings +today but before I did that I was going + + align:start position:0% +today but before I did that I was going + + + align:start position:0% +today but before I did that I was going +to talk about one short announcement + + align:start position:0% +to talk about one short announcement + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about one short announcement +that happened was in this in the US + + align:start position:0% +that happened was in this in the US + + + align:start position:0% +that happened was in this in the US +we've talked about fiat currencies are + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about fiat currencies are + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about fiat currencies are +accepted for taxes Ohio James what do + + align:start position:0% +accepted for taxes Ohio James what do + + + align:start position:0% +accepted for taxes Ohio James what do +you want to tell me about Ohio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that so you want to say a little + + align:start position:0% +what's that so you want to say a little + + + align:start position:0% +what's that so you want to say a little +bit more about a Hugo Ross so the state + + align:start position:0% +bit more about a Hugo Ross so the state + + + align:start position:0% +bit more about a Hugo Ross so the state +of Ohio I guess it was the treasurer Tom + + align:start position:0% +of Ohio I guess it was the treasurer Tom + + + align:start position:0% +of Ohio I guess it was the treasurer Tom +you're shaking your head so oh hi oh + + align:start position:0% +you're shaking your head so oh hi oh + + + align:start position:0% +you're shaking your head so oh hi oh +breaks your heart because they're + + align:start position:0% +breaks your heart because they're + + + align:start position:0% +breaks your heart because they're +accepting Bitcoin for taxes unrelated do + + align:start position:0% +accepting Bitcoin for taxes unrelated do + + + align:start position:0% +accepting Bitcoin for taxes unrelated do +you want to share for the class or so + + align:start position:0% +you want to share for the class or so + + + align:start position:0% +you want to share for the class or so +the state of Ohio has decided announced + + align:start position:0% +the state of Ohio has decided announced + + + align:start position:0% +the state of Ohio has decided announced +the the the state treasurer is this an + + align:start position:0% +the the the state treasurer is this an + + + align:start position:0% +the the the state treasurer is this an +elected office - state treasurer so he + + align:start position:0% +elected office - state treasurer so he + + + align:start position:0% +elected office - state treasurer so he +saw that it would be good for Ohio for + + align:start position:0% +saw that it would be good for Ohio for + + + align:start position:0% +saw that it would be good for Ohio for +the economics and for the job creation + + align:start position:0% +the economics and for the job creation + + + align:start position:0% +the economics and for the job creation +in Ohio and maybe for his politics to + + align:start position:0% +in Ohio and maybe for his politics to + + + align:start position:0% +in Ohio and maybe for his politics to +move forward and say the state of Ohio + + align:start position:0% +move forward and say the state of Ohio + + + align:start position:0% +move forward and say the state of Ohio +would accept Bitcoin for taxes it's the + + align:start position:0% +would accept Bitcoin for taxes it's the + + + align:start position:0% +would accept Bitcoin for taxes it's the +only US jurisdiction that I know that + + align:start position:0% +only US jurisdiction that I know that + + + align:start position:0% +only US jurisdiction that I know that +has done that now you can think of them + + align:start position:0% +has done that now you can think of them + + + align:start position:0% +has done that now you can think of them +as a vendor like they're saying they + + align:start position:0% +as a vendor like they're saying they + + + align:start position:0% +as a vendor like they're saying they +will take it and they've arranged it as + + align:start position:0% +will take it and they've arranged it as + + + align:start position:0% +will take it and they've arranged it as +Hugo said through bit-by-bit pay is an + + align:start position:0% +Hugo said through bit-by-bit pay is an + + + align:start position:0% +Hugo said through bit-by-bit pay is an +application where whether you're + + align:start position:0% +application where whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +application where whether you're +Starbucks or the state of Ohio that you + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks or the state of Ohio that you + + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks or the state of Ohio that you +can take a crypto currency like Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +can take a crypto currency like Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +can take a crypto currency like Bitcoin +and they will take that Bitcoin sell it + + align:start position:0% +and they will take that Bitcoin sell it + + + align:start position:0% +and they will take that Bitcoin sell it +quickly on an exchange + + align:start position:0% +quickly on an exchange + + + align:start position:0% +quickly on an exchange +take some price risk bit paper takes a + + align:start position:0% +take some price risk bit paper takes a + + + align:start position:0% +take some price risk bit paper takes a +little bit of price risk and for a 1% + + align:start position:0% +little bit of price risk and for a 1% + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of price risk and for a 1% +fee give you fiat currency now it's 1% + + align:start position:0% +fee give you fiat currency now it's 1% + + + align:start position:0% +fee give you fiat currency now it's 1% +and whatever exchange rate because I + + align:start position:0% +and whatever exchange rate because I + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever exchange rate because I +don't know how much Vig or margin is in + + align:start position:0% +don't know how much Vig or margin is in + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how much Vig or margin is in +the exchange rate transaction but but + + align:start position:0% +the exchange rate transaction but but + + + align:start position:0% +the exchange rate transaction but but +their stated fee is 1% Hugo so you just + + align:start position:0% +their stated fee is 1% Hugo so you just + + + align:start position:0% +their stated fee is 1% Hugo so you just +raised the question is the sale of the + + align:start position:0% +raised the question is the sale of the + + + align:start position:0% +raised the question is the sale of the +Bitcoin to Fiat because the Fiat is in + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin to Fiat because the Fiat is in + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin to Fiat because the Fiat is in +essence being used to pay the state of + + align:start position:0% +essence being used to pay the state of + + + align:start position:0% +essence being used to pay the state of +Ohio taxes is the sale of that Bitcoin a + + align:start position:0% +Ohio taxes is the sale of that Bitcoin a + + + align:start position:0% +Ohio taxes is the sale of that Bitcoin a +taxable event and I think somebody in + + align:start position:0% +taxable event and I think somebody in + + + align:start position:0% +taxable event and I think somebody in +the class will know it + + align:start position:0% +the class will know it + + + align:start position:0% +the class will know it +it's know they are acquiring bitcoins + + align:start position:0% +it's know they are acquiring bitcoins + + + align:start position:0% +it's know they are acquiring bitcoins +and then paying the government where you + + align:start position:0% +and then paying the government where you + + + align:start position:0% +and then paying the government where you +bought Bitcoin at 3700 and the day you + + align:start position:0% +bought Bitcoin at 3700 and the day you + + + align:start position:0% +bought Bitcoin at 3700 and the day you +sent in your taxes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's correct so the at least here in + + align:start position:0% +that's correct so the at least here in + + + align:start position:0% +that's correct so the at least here in +the US the u.s. the IRS has spoken to + + align:start position:0% +the US the u.s. the IRS has spoken to + + + align:start position:0% +the US the u.s. the IRS has spoken to +this if you acquire Bitcoin and then you + + align:start position:0% +this if you acquire Bitcoin and then you + + + align:start position:0% +this if you acquire Bitcoin and then you +use the Bitcoin in commerce if you + + align:start position:0% +use the Bitcoin in commerce if you + + + align:start position:0% +use the Bitcoin in commerce if you +you're using it to fulfill an obligation + + align:start position:0% +you're using it to fulfill an obligation + + + align:start position:0% +you're using it to fulfill an obligation +and that's in this case a debt to the + + align:start position:0% +and that's in this case a debt to the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's in this case a debt to the +Ohio government and if it moved from + + align:start position:0% +Ohio government and if it moved from + + + align:start position:0% +Ohio government and if it moved from +3700 to 3800 you would yes you would + + align:start position:0% +3700 to 3800 you would yes you would + + + align:start position:0% +3700 to 3800 you would yes you would +have a short-term capital gains on the + + align:start position:0% +have a short-term capital gains on the + + + align:start position:0% +have a short-term capital gains on the +$100 difference whether everybody will + + align:start position:0% +$100 difference whether everybody will + + + align:start position:0% +$100 difference whether everybody will +comply and report properly is another + + align:start position:0% +comply and report properly is another + + + align:start position:0% +comply and report properly is another +thing with that that is that's certainly + + align:start position:0% +thing with that that is that's certainly + + + align:start position:0% +thing with that that is that's certainly +my reading of US law at this time Ross + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it strikes me it would be taxable if + + align:start position:0% +it strikes me it would be taxable if + + + align:start position:0% +it strikes me it would be taxable if +instead it really is just changing this + + align:start position:0% +instead it really is just changing this + + + align:start position:0% +instead it really is just changing this +it's just a just a structure really but + + align:start position:0% +it's just a just a structure really but + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a just a structure really but +what might make it seem more interesting + + align:start position:0% +what might make it seem more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +what might make it seem more interesting +or gain a little traction is if Ohio if + + align:start position:0% +or gain a little traction is if Ohio if + + + align:start position:0% +or gain a little traction is if Ohio if +they have a state income tax not to tax + + align:start position:0% +they have a state income tax not to tax + + + align:start position:0% +they have a state income tax not to tax +the game not Georgia taxes your what in + + align:start position:0% +the game not Georgia taxes your what in + + + align:start position:0% +the game not Georgia taxes your what in +this announcement if you read the fine + + align:start position:0% +this announcement if you read the fine + + + align:start position:0% +this announcement if you read the fine +print as I was want to do because I was + + align:start position:0% +print as I was want to do because I was + + + align:start position:0% +print as I was want to do because I was +fascinated by this for the first three + + align:start position:0% +fascinated by this for the first three + + + align:start position:0% +fascinated by this for the first three +months of the program Ohio negotiated + + align:start position:0% +months of the program Ohio negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +months of the program Ohio negotiated +with bitpay + + align:start position:0% +with bitpay + + + align:start position:0% +with bitpay +that bit pay which are at zero percent + + align:start position:0% +that bit pay which are at zero percent + + + align:start position:0% +that bit pay which are at zero percent +fee for the first three months but this + + align:start position:0% +fee for the first three months but this + + + align:start position:0% +fee for the first three months but this +was bit pay for going it appears that + + align:start position:0% +was bit pay for going it appears that + + + align:start position:0% +was bit pay for going it appears that +that was their you know their their + + align:start position:0% +that was their you know their their + + + align:start position:0% +that was their you know their their +bonus to the state of Ohio + + align:start position:0% +bonus to the state of Ohio + + + align:start position:0% +bonus to the state of Ohio +0% fee for 3 months again not knowing + + align:start position:0% +0% fee for 3 months again not knowing + + + align:start position:0% +0% fee for 3 months again not knowing +exactly what exchange rates you're + + align:start position:0% +exactly what exchange rates you're + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what exchange rates you're +getting and so forth the cannabis + + align:start position:0% +getting and so forth the cannabis + + + align:start position:0% +getting and so forth the cannabis +industry marijuana legalization subject + + align:start position:0% +industry marijuana legalization subject + + + align:start position:0% +industry marijuana legalization subject +I think some time delay a regulatory + + align:start position:0% +I think some time delay a regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +I think some time delay a regulatory +approval marijuana still restricted in + + align:start position:0% +approval marijuana still restricted in + + + align:start position:0% +approval marijuana still restricted in +accessing an alternate Okoye carrying + + align:start position:0% +accessing an alternate Okoye carrying + + + align:start position:0% +accessing an alternate Okoye carrying +large sums of cash this carry the value + + align:start position:0% +large sums of cash this carry the value + + + align:start position:0% +large sums of cash this carry the value +in cryptocurrency and do you think + + align:start position:0% +in cryptocurrency and do you think + + + align:start position:0% +in cryptocurrency and do you think +that's what motivated the Ohio State + + align:start position:0% +that's what motivated the Ohio State + + + align:start position:0% +that's what motivated the Ohio State +Treasurer just as if you bought apples + + align:start position:0% +Treasurer just as if you bought apples + + + align:start position:0% +Treasurer just as if you bought apples +stock and had a loss on Apple stock + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +under US law I can't speak to other + + align:start position:0% +under US law I can't speak to other + + + align:start position:0% +under US law I can't speak to other +jurisdictions tax but you you can apply + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions tax but you you can apply + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions tax but you you can apply +losses against gains and to the extent + + align:start position:0% +losses against gains and to the extent + + + align:start position:0% +losses against gains and to the extent +you have greater losses in the gains you + + align:start position:0% +you have greater losses in the gains you + + + align:start position:0% +you have greater losses in the gains you +can actually take some of those losses + + align:start position:0% +can actually take some of those losses + + + align:start position:0% +can actually take some of those losses +against your income I don't remember the + + align:start position:0% +against your income I don't remember the + + + align:start position:0% +against your income I don't remember the +limit any longer + + align:start position:0% +limit any longer + + + align:start position:0% +limit any longer +it's 3 3 thousand US dollars and then + + align:start position:0% +it's 3 3 thousand US dollars and then + + + align:start position:0% +it's 3 3 thousand US dollars and then +otherwise carry it forward so for most + + align:start position:0% +otherwise carry it forward so for most + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise carry it forward so for most +citizens they would just take that loss + + align:start position:0% +citizens they would just take that loss + + + align:start position:0% +citizens they would just take that loss +if if we had greater than that you carry + + align:start position:0% +if if we had greater than that you carry + + + align:start position:0% +if if we had greater than that you carry +it forward any other thoughts on Ohio I + + align:start position:0% +it forward any other thoughts on Ohio I + + + align:start position:0% +it forward any other thoughts on Ohio I +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +just wondering sort of philosophically + + align:start position:0% +just wondering sort of philosophically + + + align:start position:0% +just wondering sort of philosophically +Ohio isn't actually carrying the cross + + align:start position:0% +Ohio isn't actually carrying the cross + + + align:start position:0% +Ohio isn't actually carrying the cross +was like given the big converting it's a + + align:start position:0% +was like given the big converting it's a + + + align:start position:0% +was like given the big converting it's a +figure instantaneously other really + + align:start position:0% +figure instantaneously other really + + + align:start position:0% +figure instantaneously other really +except I feel something the other really + + align:start position:0% +except I feel something the other really + + + align:start position:0% +except I feel something the other really +accepting Bitcoin is pine into Texas I + + align:start position:0% +accepting Bitcoin is pine into Texas I + + + align:start position:0% +accepting Bitcoin is pine into Texas I +don't know I mean what would any other + + align:start position:0% +don't know I mean what would any other + + + align:start position:0% +don't know I mean what would any other +views on that's the question is is Ohio + + align:start position:0% +views on that's the question is is Ohio + + + align:start position:0% +views on that's the question is is Ohio +really taking crypto currencies Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +really taking crypto currencies Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +really taking crypto currencies Bitcoin +or this is just marketing wallet be fine + + align:start position:0% +or this is just marketing wallet be fine + + + align:start position:0% +or this is just marketing wallet be fine +and they would accept those be points + + align:start position:0% +and they would accept those be points + + + align:start position:0% +and they would accept those be points +into their wallet and hold those + + align:start position:0% +into their wallet and hold those + + + align:start position:0% +into their wallet and hold those +proceedings in their wallet that they + + align:start position:0% +proceedings in their wallet that they + + + align:start position:0% +proceedings in their wallet that they +wouldn't be formally accepted b-24 taxes + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be formally accepted b-24 taxes + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be formally accepted b-24 taxes +and you will not need to pay taxes on + + align:start position:0% +and you will not need to pay taxes on + + + align:start position:0% +and you will not need to pay taxes on +that transaction but I would raise + + align:start position:0% +that transaction but I would raise + + + align:start position:0% +that transaction but I would raise +question what's the relevant with all + + align:start position:0% +question what's the relevant with all + + + align:start position:0% +question what's the relevant with all +respect what's the relevance why does it + + align:start position:0% +respect what's the relevance why does it + + + align:start position:0% +respect what's the relevance why does it +matter to a to a tax payer in Ohio + + align:start position:0% +matter to a to a tax payer in Ohio + + + align:start position:0% +matter to a to a tax payer in Ohio +if this facilitates my paying my taxes + + align:start position:0% +if this facilitates my paying my taxes + + + align:start position:0% +if this facilitates my paying my taxes +whether it's in the cannabis trade or + + align:start position:0% +whether it's in the cannabis trade or + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's in the cannabis trade or +some other trade they're facilitating + + align:start position:0% +some other trade they're facilitating + + + align:start position:0% +some other trade they're facilitating +another means of paying my taxes + + align:start position:0% +another means of paying my taxes + + + align:start position:0% +another means of paying my taxes +fulfilling my obligation to society yeah + + align:start position:0% +fulfilling my obligation to society yeah + + + align:start position:0% +fulfilling my obligation to society yeah +so my response to that would be you know + + align:start position:0% +so my response to that would be you know + + + align:start position:0% +so my response to that would be you know +one of those Tom do you want to defend + + align:start position:0% +one of those Tom do you want to defend + + + align:start position:0% +one of those Tom do you want to defend +your fellow Ohioans to my best my + + align:start position:0% +your fellow Ohioans to my best my + + + align:start position:0% +your fellow Ohioans to my best my +knowledge now so even for the short term + + align:start position:0% +knowledge now so even for the short term + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge now so even for the short term +transporter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's a bit of a hybrid I guess is + + align:start position:0% +so it's a bit of a hybrid I guess is + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a bit of a hybrid I guess is +what Tom say for us I'm not it's there's + + align:start position:0% +what Tom say for us I'm not it's there's + + + align:start position:0% +what Tom say for us I'm not it's there's +a real question about whether they + + align:start position:0% +a real question about whether they + + + align:start position:0% +a real question about whether they +quickly take it directly for taxes + + align:start position:0% +quickly take it directly for taxes + + + align:start position:0% +quickly take it directly for taxes +because under the Constitution the + + align:start position:0% +because under the Constitution the + + + align:start position:0% +because under the Constitution the +states cannot make anything legal tender + + align:start position:0% +states cannot make anything legal tender + + + align:start position:0% +states cannot make anything legal tender +only the federal government can make + + align:start position:0% +only the federal government can make + + + align:start position:0% +only the federal government can make +determination + + align:start position:0% +determination + + + align:start position:0% +determination +only the federal government can + + align:start position:0% +only the federal government can + + + align:start position:0% +only the federal government can +establish legal tender not the states + + align:start position:0% +establish legal tender not the states + + + align:start position:0% +establish legal tender not the states +other than gold so you'd actually be a + + align:start position:0% +other than gold so you'd actually be a + + + align:start position:0% +other than gold so you'd actually be a +question about whether Ohio is another + + align:start position:0% +question about whether Ohio is another + + + align:start position:0% +question about whether Ohio is another +question but it's an issue + + align:start position:0% +question but it's an issue + + + align:start position:0% +question but it's an issue +what they're doing is marketing I think + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing is marketing I think + + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing is marketing I think +what they could for example though I I'm + + align:start position:0% +what they could for example though I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what they could for example though I I'm +not studied in the law of legal tender I + + align:start position:0% +not studied in the law of legal tender I + + + align:start position:0% +not studied in the law of legal tender I +could see it a case that says this is + + align:start position:0% +could see it a case that says this is + + + align:start position:0% +could see it a case that says this is +not making it legal tender this is just + + align:start position:0% +not making it legal tender this is just + + + align:start position:0% +not making it legal tender this is just +saying you can pay your taxes in another + + align:start position:0% +saying you can pay your taxes in another + + + align:start position:0% +saying you can pay your taxes in another +form of property now is that make it + + align:start position:0% +form of property now is that make it + + + align:start position:0% +form of property now is that make it +legal tender no it just makes it that we + + align:start position:0% +legal tender no it just makes it that we + + + align:start position:0% +legal tender no it just makes it that we +the government of Ohio will accept it + + align:start position:0% +the government of Ohio will accept it + + + align:start position:0% +the government of Ohio will accept it +for taxes but it doesn't mean that we + + align:start position:0% +for taxes but it doesn't mean that we + + + align:start position:0% +for taxes but it doesn't mean that we +are saying that Starbucks has to take it + + align:start position:0% +are saying that Starbucks has to take it + + + align:start position:0% +are saying that Starbucks has to take it +for a cup of coffee + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they won't eventually avoid the piece of + + align:start position:0% +they won't eventually avoid the piece of + + + align:start position:0% +they won't eventually avoid the piece of +the processing service they could + + align:start position:0% +the processing service they could + + + align:start position:0% +the processing service they could +eventually rule that out of it if it + + align:start position:0% +eventually rule that out of it if it + + + align:start position:0% +eventually rule that out of it if it +they said it as a precedent now and + + align:start position:0% +they said it as a precedent now and + + + align:start position:0% +they said it as a precedent now and +whether or not they're converting it + + align:start position:0% +whether or not they're converting it + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not they're converting it +immediately it doesn't really have an + + align:start position:0% +immediately it doesn't really have an + + + align:start position:0% +immediately it doesn't really have an +effect as to whether it sets the + + align:start position:0% +effect as to whether it sets the + + + align:start position:0% +effect as to whether it sets the +precedent for future years I mean they + + align:start position:0% +precedent for future years I mean they + + + align:start position:0% +precedent for future years I mean they +might just be testing it out James we're + + align:start position:0% +might just be testing it out James we're + + + align:start position:0% +might just be testing it out James we're +talking money you're paying taxes which + + align:start position:0% +talking money you're paying taxes which + + + align:start position:0% +talking money you're paying taxes which +in this case situation where it's not a + + align:start position:0% +in this case situation where it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +in this case situation where it's not a +cow it's not some porn but it's only + + align:start position:0% +cow it's not some porn but it's only + + + align:start position:0% +cow it's not some porn but it's only +campaign text that the Texas Violence + + align:start position:0% +campaign text that the Texas Violence + + + align:start position:0% +campaign text that the Texas Violence +kameen so it kind of make it more and + + align:start position:0% +kameen so it kind of make it more and + + + align:start position:0% +kameen so it kind of make it more and +more like a puppy we're about is equal + + align:start position:0% +more like a puppy we're about is equal + + + align:start position:0% +more like a puppy we're about is equal +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I think whether whether you can get + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think whether whether you can get + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think whether whether you can get +to a hybrid using this and they're + + align:start position:0% +to a hybrid using this and they're + + + align:start position:0% +to a hybrid using this and they're +testing it out and maybe this state + + align:start position:0% +testing it out and maybe this state + + + align:start position:0% +testing it out and maybe this state +treasurer feels that it's good for his + + align:start position:0% +treasurer feels that it's good for his + + + align:start position:0% +treasurer feels that it's good for his +politics it will appeal to some portion + + align:start position:0% +politics it will appeal to some portion + + + align:start position:0% +politics it will appeal to some portion +of the electorate whether it's + + align:start position:0% +of the electorate whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the electorate whether it's +Millennials whether it's Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +Millennials whether it's Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +Millennials whether it's Bitcoin +maximalist whether it's the cannabis + + align:start position:0% +maximalist whether it's the cannabis + + + align:start position:0% +maximalist whether it's the cannabis +trade I or maybe he just looks more + + align:start position:0% +trade I or maybe he just looks more + + + align:start position:0% +trade I or maybe he just looks more +tech-savvy that they can put an + + align:start position:0% +tech-savvy that they can put an + + + align:start position:0% +tech-savvy that they can put an +announcement saying we are the only + + align:start position:0% +announcement saying we are the only + + + align:start position:0% +announcement saying we are the only +state in the land the website says that + + align:start position:0% +state in the land the website says that + + + align:start position:0% +state in the land the website says that +they're promoting it to to lower fees + + align:start position:0% +they're promoting it to to lower fees + + + align:start position:0% +they're promoting it to to lower fees +but now I don't know how many people + + align:start position:0% +but now I don't know how many people + + + align:start position:0% +but now I don't know how many people +would pay their taxes in Ohio using the + + align:start position:0% +would pay their taxes in Ohio using the + + + align:start position:0% +would pay their taxes in Ohio using the +credit card rails but literally on the + + align:start position:0% +credit card rails but literally on the + + + align:start position:0% +credit card rails but literally on the +website they talk about well this is + + align:start position:0% +website they talk about well this is + + + align:start position:0% +website they talk about well this is +lower fees than the two and a half or + + align:start position:0% +lower fees than the two and a half or + + + align:start position:0% +lower fees than the two and a half or +three percent you get charged and your + + align:start position:0% +three percent you get charged and your + + + align:start position:0% +three percent you get charged and your +credit cards but I think that that would + + align:start position:0% +credit cards but I think that that would + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards but I think that that would +only be a very small portion of + + align:start position:0% +only be a very small portion of + + + align:start position:0% +only be a very small portion of +taxpayers and they're accepting it for + + align:start position:0% +taxpayers and they're accepting it for + + + align:start position:0% +taxpayers and they're accepting it for +sales tax they're accepting it for all + + align:start position:0% +sales tax they're accepting it for all + + + align:start position:0% +sales tax they're accepting it for all +forms of tax it's not just income tax so + + align:start position:0% +forms of tax it's not just income tax so + + + align:start position:0% +forms of tax it's not just income tax so +it's all the small transactional taxes + + align:start position:0% +it's all the small transactional taxes + + + align:start position:0% +it's all the small transactional taxes +as well as as income tax and real estate + + align:start position:0% +as well as as income tax and real estate + + + align:start position:0% +as well as as income tax and real estate +tax no it's just a interesting thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a good question what's the + + align:start position:0% +this is a good question what's the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a good question what's the +benefit for the taxpayer is the same + + align:start position:0% +benefit for the taxpayer is the same + + + align:start position:0% +benefit for the taxpayer is the same +question as what's the benefit for any + + align:start position:0% +question as what's the benefit for any + + + align:start position:0% +question as what's the benefit for any +consumer if I want to use Bitcoin maybe + + align:start position:0% +consumer if I want to use Bitcoin maybe + + + align:start position:0% +consumer if I want to use Bitcoin maybe +to buy a store box so any vendor could + + align:start position:0% +to buy a store box so any vendor could + + + align:start position:0% +to buy a store box so any vendor could +say we'll accept Bitcoin here the + + align:start position:0% +say we'll accept Bitcoin here the + + + align:start position:0% +say we'll accept Bitcoin here the +benefit for the consumer or tax payer is + + align:start position:0% +benefit for the consumer or tax payer is + + + align:start position:0% +benefit for the consumer or tax payer is +if they find it more convenient if it's + + align:start position:0% +if they find it more convenient if it's + + + align:start position:0% +if they find it more convenient if it's +lower fees if this is where they're + + align:start position:0% +lower fees if this is where they're + + + align:start position:0% +lower fees if this is where they're +storing their value rather than Fiat not + + align:start position:0% +storing their value rather than Fiat not + + + align:start position:0% +storing their value rather than Fiat not +many people or but that would be and + + align:start position:0% +many people or but that would be and + + + align:start position:0% +many people or but that would be and +maybe maybe as as Tom pointed out that + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe as as Tom pointed out that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe as as Tom pointed out that +there's a specific you + + align:start position:0% +there's a specific you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a specific you +you're syncretic thing in Ohio that + + align:start position:0% +you're syncretic thing in Ohio that + + + align:start position:0% +you're syncretic thing in Ohio that +they've just moved forward and they + + align:start position:0% +they've just moved forward and they + + + align:start position:0% +they've just moved forward and they +legalized marijuana trade in Ohio so + + align:start position:0% +legalized marijuana trade in Ohio so + + + align:start position:0% +legalized marijuana trade in Ohio so +they're in the process and Tom has a + + align:start position:0% +they're in the process and Tom has a + + + align:start position:0% +they're in the process and Tom has a +theory that maybe there's some that + + align:start position:0% +theory that maybe there's some that + + + align:start position:0% +theory that maybe there's some that +can't access the banking system of the + + align:start position:0% +can't access the banking system of the + + + align:start position:0% +can't access the banking system of the +Fiat in essence they're they're all Fiat + + align:start position:0% +Fiat in essence they're they're all Fiat + + + align:start position:0% +Fiat in essence they're they're all Fiat +rails + + align:start position:0% +rails + + + align:start position:0% +rails +so here's at least Tom's theory of the + + align:start position:0% +so here's at least Tom's theory of the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's at least Tom's theory of the +case so remember those might be some of + + align:start position:0% +case so remember those might be some of + + + align:start position:0% +case so remember those might be some of +that any mats it what else happened in + + align:start position:0% +that any mats it what else happened in + + + align:start position:0% +that any mats it what else happened in +the last week by the way since we came + + align:start position:0% +the last week by the way since we came + + + align:start position:0% +the last week by the way since we came +together anything else in the crypto + + align:start position:0% +together anything else in the crypto + + + align:start position:0% +together anything else in the crypto +space 30 30 percent drop I haven't + + align:start position:0% +space 30 30 percent drop I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +space 30 30 percent drop I haven't +checked recently but yeah do you have + + align:start position:0% +checked recently but yeah do you have + + + align:start position:0% +checked recently but yeah do you have +any theories on that before we go to + + align:start position:0% +any theories on that before we go to + + + align:start position:0% +any theories on that before we go to +crypto exchanges and icos and everything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no theories oh well British we haven't + + align:start position:0% +no theories oh well British we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +no theories oh well British we haven't +heard from produce you have a theory + + align:start position:0% +heard from produce you have a theory + + + align:start position:0% +heard from produce you have a theory +theory as to the 30 percent drop since + + align:start position:0% +theory as to the 30 percent drop since + + + align:start position:0% +theory as to the 30 percent drop since +we were last together saw the news + + align:start position:0% +we were last together saw the news + + + align:start position:0% +we were last together saw the news +article about pack postponing their + + align:start position:0% +article about pack postponing their + + + align:start position:0% +article about pack postponing their +launch of the Bitcoin future to February + + align:start position:0% +launch of the Bitcoin future to February + + + align:start position:0% +launch of the Bitcoin future to February +which was supposed to happen in other do + + align:start position:0% +which was supposed to happen in other do + + + align:start position:0% +which was supposed to happen in other do +you think that is because they were here + + align:start position:0% +you think that is because they were here + + + align:start position:0% +you think that is because they were here +to talk with us I mean your questions + + align:start position:0% +to talk with us I mean your questions + + + align:start position:0% +to talk with us I mean your questions +were good do you have any views oh I + + align:start position:0% +were good do you have any views oh I + + + align:start position:0% +were good do you have any views oh I +will come back to the back so there was + + align:start position:0% +will come back to the back so there was + + + align:start position:0% +will come back to the back so there was +a there was a hard fork in Bitcoin cash + + align:start position:0% +a there was a hard fork in Bitcoin cash + + + align:start position:0% +a there was a hard fork in Bitcoin cash +the Bitcoin cash split into yet Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin cash split into yet Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin cash split into yet Bitcoin +cash and is it now come settled as + + align:start position:0% +cash and is it now come settled as + + + align:start position:0% +cash and is it now come settled as +Bitcoin sv s what's that the Toshi's + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin sv s what's that the Toshi's + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin sv s what's that the Toshi's +division says Toshi's mission is it so + + align:start position:0% +division says Toshi's mission is it so + + + align:start position:0% +division says Toshi's mission is it so +sv couldn't make this stuff up + + align:start position:0% +sv couldn't make this stuff up + + + align:start position:0% +sv couldn't make this stuff up +but but that hard fork was timing-wise + + align:start position:0% +but but that hard fork was timing-wise + + + align:start position:0% +but but that hard fork was timing-wise +right at the center of break in the + + align:start position:0% +right at the center of break in the + + + align:start position:0% +right at the center of break in the +markets but I and so there's some that + + align:start position:0% +markets but I and so there's some that + + + align:start position:0% +markets but I and so there's some that +have written well is that the reason + + align:start position:0% +have written well is that the reason + + + align:start position:0% +have written well is that the reason +I've been around + + align:start position:0% +I've been around + + + align:start position:0% +I've been around +Marcus long enough to think that might + + align:start position:0% +Marcus long enough to think that might + + + align:start position:0% +Marcus long enough to think that might +be a news event but I don't think that + + align:start position:0% +be a news event but I don't think that + + + align:start position:0% +be a news event but I don't think that +was the reason they were such a softness + + align:start position:0% +was the reason they were such a softness + + + align:start position:0% +was the reason they were such a softness +and demand the news event like that + + align:start position:0% +and demand the news event like that + + + align:start position:0% +and demand the news event like that +comes along and then market breaks and + + align:start position:0% +comes along and then market breaks and + + + align:start position:0% +comes along and then market breaks and +finds no support you know it just it + + align:start position:0% +finds no support you know it just it + + + align:start position:0% +finds no support you know it just it +drops from what was it around sixty + + align:start position:0% +drops from what was it around sixty + + + align:start position:0% +drops from what was it around sixty +three hundred all the way through to 37 + + align:start position:0% +three hundred all the way through to 37 + + + align:start position:0% +three hundred all the way through to 37 +or 38 hundred I don't know where it's + + align:start position:0% +or 38 hundred I don't know where it's + + + align:start position:0% +or 38 hundred I don't know where it's +trading right now but it's somewhere + + align:start position:0% +trading right now but it's somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +trading right now but it's somewhere +that I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +that I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm sorry +the Ohioan is spoken 37 14 so that type + + align:start position:0% +the Ohioan is spoken 37 14 so that type + + + align:start position:0% +the Ohioan is spoken 37 14 so that type +of not finding a price support there's + + align:start position:0% +of not finding a price support there's + + + align:start position:0% +of not finding a price support there's +other reasons I pie which I would think + + align:start position:0% +other reasons I pie which I would think + + + align:start position:0% +other reasons I pie which I would think +to the heart and soul of valuation yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is also news which we're going to + + align:start position:0% +there is also news which we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +there is also news which we're going to +review today that the Securities and + + align:start position:0% +review today that the Securities and + + + align:start position:0% +review today that the Securities and +Exchange Commission took two additional + + align:start position:0% +Exchange Commission took two additional + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange Commission took two additional +actions in the initial coin offering + + align:start position:0% +actions in the initial coin offering + + + align:start position:0% +actions in the initial coin offering +space but these actions were a little + + align:start position:0% +space but these actions were a little + + + align:start position:0% +space but these actions were a little +different than the past actions so + + align:start position:0% +different than the past actions so + + + align:start position:0% +different than the past actions so +they've already taken about a dozen + + align:start position:0% +they've already taken about a dozen + + + align:start position:0% +they've already taken about a dozen +enforcement actions or settlements or + + align:start position:0% +enforcement actions or settlements or + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement actions or settlements or +orders in the initial coin offering + + align:start position:0% +orders in the initial coin offering + + + align:start position:0% +orders in the initial coin offering +space but these two Paragon and arefox + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +were different in that one they weren't + + align:start position:0% +were different in that one they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +were different in that one they weren't +you know surrounded by obvious scam or + + align:start position:0% +you know surrounded by obvious scam or + + + align:start position:0% +you know surrounded by obvious scam or +fraud + + align:start position:0% +fraud + + + align:start position:0% +fraud +I'm not gonna speak to their motivations + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna speak to their motivations + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna speak to their motivations +but they were more traditional 12 15 18 + + align:start position:0% +but they were more traditional 12 15 18 + + + align:start position:0% +but they were more traditional 12 15 18 +million dollars raised in each of them + + align:start position:0% +million dollars raised in each of them + + + align:start position:0% +million dollars raised in each of them +situations - they're about a year old + + align:start position:0% +situations - they're about a year old + + + align:start position:0% +situations - they're about a year old +and here they are finally coming to a + + align:start position:0% +and here they are finally coming to a + + + align:start position:0% +and here they are finally coming to a +settlement where the entrepreneurs the + + align:start position:0% +settlement where the entrepreneurs the + + + align:start position:0% +settlement where the entrepreneurs the +venture capitalists behind it said all + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalists behind it said all + + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalists behind it said all +right we get it we're gonna come into + + align:start position:0% +right we get it we're gonna come into + + + align:start position:0% +right we get it we're gonna come into +compliance we're gonna do an offering + + align:start position:0% +compliance we're gonna do an offering + + + align:start position:0% +compliance we're gonna do an offering +statement we're gonna put out the full + + align:start position:0% +statement we're gonna put out the full + + + align:start position:0% +statement we're gonna put out the full +and fair information about this but also + + align:start position:0% +and fair information about this but also + + + align:start position:0% +and fair information about this but also +we're gonna be willing to give back + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna be willing to give back + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna be willing to give back +money you know to people who were so + + align:start position:0% +money you know to people who were so + + + align:start position:0% +money you know to people who were so +they're not fighting in a court so some + + align:start position:0% +they're not fighting in a court so some + + + align:start position:0% +they're not fighting in a court so some +have gone into court against the SEC but + + align:start position:0% +have gone into court against the SEC but + + + align:start position:0% +have gone into court against the SEC but +here also the other thing was the first + + align:start position:0% +here also the other thing was the first + + + align:start position:0% +here also the other thing was the first +time they pay penalties I think they + + align:start position:0% +time they pay penalties I think they + + + align:start position:0% +time they pay penalties I think they +were modest relatively modest quarter + + align:start position:0% +were modest relatively modest quarter + + + align:start position:0% +were modest relatively modest quarter +million dollars if I saw but that also + + align:start position:0% +million dollars if I saw but that also + + + align:start position:0% +million dollars if I saw but that also +happened in the midst of this you know + + align:start position:0% +happened in the midst of this you know + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the midst of this you know +the SEC for the first time actually + + align:start position:0% +the SEC for the first time actually + + + align:start position:0% +the SEC for the first time actually +assessed penalties had settlements they + + align:start position:0% +assessed penalties had settlements they + + + align:start position:0% +assessed penalties had settlements they +were also not the sort of clear obvious + + align:start position:0% +were also not the sort of clear obvious + + + align:start position:0% +were also not the sort of clear obvious +scam and fraud cases they were simply + + align:start position:0% +scam and fraud cases they were simply + + + align:start position:0% +scam and fraud cases they were simply +hey you didn't register and you were + + align:start position:0% +hey you didn't register and you were + + + align:start position:0% +hey you didn't register and you were +supposed to register you're in essence + + align:start position:0% +supposed to register you're in essence + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to register you're in essence +an illegal securities offering but now + + align:start position:0% +an illegal securities offering but now + + + align:start position:0% +an illegal securities offering but now +come into compliance pay a penalty move + + align:start position:0% +come into compliance pay a penalty move + + + align:start position:0% +come into compliance pay a penalty move +forward as well so a lot going on so + + align:start position:0% +forward as well so a lot going on so + + + align:start position:0% +forward as well so a lot going on so +today we already did Ohio which was more + + align:start position:0% +today we already did Ohio which was more + + + align:start position:0% +today we already did Ohio which was more +fun than the rest of this stuff we're + + align:start position:0% +fun than the rest of this stuff we're + + + align:start position:0% +fun than the rest of this stuff we're +gonna talk a little bit about the Howey + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk a little bit about the Howey + + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk a little bit about the Howey +test again which we talked about about a + + align:start position:0% +test again which we talked about about a + + + align:start position:0% +test again which we talked about about a +month ago but I wanted to bring it back + + align:start position:0% +month ago but I wanted to bring it back + + + align:start position:0% +month ago but I wanted to bring it back +into the discussion about initial coin + + align:start position:0% +into the discussion about initial coin + + + align:start position:0% +into the discussion about initial coin +offerings we're gonna talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +offerings we're gonna talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +offerings we're gonna talk a little bit +about some realities Ernst & Young put + + align:start position:0% +about some realities Ernst & Young put + + + align:start position:0% +about some realities Ernst & Young put +out a recent report that wasn't in your + + align:start position:0% +out a recent report that wasn't in your + + + align:start position:0% +out a recent report that wasn't in your +readings it just came out last week but + + align:start position:0% +readings it just came out last week but + + + align:start position:0% +readings it just came out last week but +I want to review some of the findings + + align:start position:0% +I want to review some of the findings + + + align:start position:0% +I want to review some of the findings +that Ernst and Young did on what they + + align:start position:0% +that Ernst and Young did on what they + + + align:start position:0% +that Ernst and Young did on what they +call the class of 2017 they look at the + + align:start position:0% +call the class of 2017 they look at the + + + align:start position:0% +call the class of 2017 they look at the +top hundred and forty I CEOs from 2017 + + align:start position:0% +top hundred and forty I CEOs from 2017 + + + align:start position:0% +top hundred and forty I CEOs from 2017 +and where are they as of the end of + + align:start position:0% +and where are they as of the end of + + + align:start position:0% +and where are they as of the end of +September this year not even speaking + + align:start position:0% +September this year not even speaking + + + align:start position:0% +September this year not even speaking +about the last six or eight weeks some + + align:start position:0% +about the last six or eight weeks some + + + align:start position:0% +about the last six or eight weeks some +SEC enforcement actions I want to walk + + align:start position:0% +SEC enforcement actions I want to walk + + + align:start position:0% +SEC enforcement actions I want to walk +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +to give you a flavor for at least this + + align:start position:0% +to give you a flavor for at least this + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a flavor for at least this +country's approach to initial coin + + align:start position:0% +country's approach to initial coin + + + align:start position:0% +country's approach to initial coin +offerings how you can actually comply + + align:start position:0% +offerings how you can actually comply + + + align:start position:0% +offerings how you can actually comply +with securities law I promise you that + + align:start position:0% +with securities law I promise you that + + + align:start position:0% +with securities law I promise you that +I'm not going to go deep diving and and + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go deep diving and and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to go deep diving and and +but I want to give you a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +but I want to give you a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +but I want to give you a little bit of a +flavor for how to actually if you were + + align:start position:0% +flavor for how to actually if you were + + + align:start position:0% +flavor for how to actually if you were +to be involved in an initial point + + align:start position:0% +to be involved in an initial point + + + align:start position:0% +to be involved in an initial point +offering how to do it in a compliant way + + align:start position:0% +offering how to do it in a compliant way + + + align:start position:0% +offering how to do it in a compliant way +and some personal thoughts on the path + + align:start position:0% +and some personal thoughts on the path + + + align:start position:0% +and some personal thoughts on the path +forward and I see olya so that's what + + align:start position:0% +forward and I see olya so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +forward and I see olya so that's what +we're going to do the study questions + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the study questions + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the study questions +we'll get to but I just want to ask the + + align:start position:0% +we'll get to but I just want to ask the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get to but I just want to ask the +class the middle the middle question + + align:start position:0% +class the middle the middle question + + + align:start position:0% +class the middle the middle question +which is the easiest is maybe the horse + + align:start position:0% +which is the easiest is maybe the horse + + + align:start position:0% +which is the easiest is maybe the horse +why is this market so rife with skin + + align:start position:0% +why is this market so rife with skin + + + align:start position:0% +why is this market so rife with skin +scams and fraud whether it's Christian + + align:start position:0% +scams and fraud whether it's Christian + + + align:start position:0% +scams and fraud whether it's Christian +cattle Edie's work that said 25 percent + + align:start position:0% +cattle Edie's work that said 25 percent + + + align:start position:0% +cattle Edie's work that said 25 percent +of the market or this smaller + + align:start position:0% +of the market or this smaller + + + align:start position:0% +of the market or this smaller +survey status group that was part of + + align:start position:0% +survey status group that was part of + + + align:start position:0% +survey status group that was part of +today's readings up to 80 percent why do + + align:start position:0% +today's readings up to 80 percent why do + + + align:start position:0% +today's readings up to 80 percent why do +you think this market has so many scams + + align:start position:0% +you think this market has so many scams + + + align:start position:0% +you think this market has so many scams +the lean what do you want the question + + align:start position:0% +the lean what do you want the question + + + align:start position:0% +the lean what do you want the question +is easy or the getting scamming the + + align:start position:0% +is easy or the getting scamming the + + + align:start position:0% +is easy or the getting scamming the +markets easy I'm sorry the first part I + + align:start position:0% +markets easy I'm sorry the first part I + + + align:start position:0% +markets easy I'm sorry the first part I +got remember we're on video all right + + align:start position:0% +got remember we're on video all right + + + align:start position:0% +got remember we're on video all right +it's a rhetorical question it's so easy + + align:start position:0% +it's a rhetorical question it's so easy + + + align:start position:0% +it's a rhetorical question it's so easy +and thus it's easy for bad actors you + + align:start position:0% +and thus it's easy for bad actors you + + + align:start position:0% +and thus it's easy for bad actors you +know and they're like ways of raising + + align:start position:0% +know and they're like ways of raising + + + align:start position:0% +know and they're like ways of raising +fun and I think the second one is it's + + align:start position:0% +fun and I think the second one is it's + + + align:start position:0% +fun and I think the second one is it's +like a leading pointed out I think it's + + align:start position:0% +like a leading pointed out I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +like a leading pointed out I think it's +very easy to just go through like oh so + + align:start position:0% +very easy to just go through like oh so + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to just go through like oh so +I'm gonna do our CEO when there's only + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do our CEO when there's only + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do our CEO when there's only +an idea so I think that's why a lot of + + align:start position:0% +an idea so I think that's why a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +an idea so I think that's why a lot of +investors or like consumer just fall + + align:start position:0% +investors or like consumer just fall + + + align:start position:0% +investors or like consumer just fall +into this here's a broad and I think you + + align:start position:0% +into this here's a broad and I think you + + + align:start position:0% +into this here's a broad and I think you +have balmy I mean the fact that you're + + align:start position:0% +have balmy I mean the fact that you're + + + align:start position:0% +have balmy I mean the fact that you're +just publishing a white paper that no + + align:start position:0% +just publishing a white paper that no + + + align:start position:0% +just publishing a white paper that no +one no one actually is interacting with + + align:start position:0% +one no one actually is interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +one no one actually is interacting with +you unless it's on a blog or something + + align:start position:0% +you unless it's on a blog or something + + + align:start position:0% +you unless it's on a blog or something +like that they're publishing a white + + align:start position:0% +like that they're publishing a white + + + align:start position:0% +like that they're publishing a white +paper that could have this gray + + align:start position:0% +paper that could have this gray + + + align:start position:0% +paper that could have this gray +idea and then all of a sudden they just + + align:start position:0% +idea and then all of a sudden they just + + + align:start position:0% +idea and then all of a sudden they just +they just run and there's really nothing + + align:start position:0% +they just run and there's really nothing + + + align:start position:0% +they just run and there's really nothing +stopping them from doing that hopping so + + align:start position:0% +stopping them from doing that hopping so + + + align:start position:0% +stopping them from doing that hopping so +so so I've heard it's easy it's not yet + + align:start position:0% +so so I've heard it's easy it's not yet + + + align:start position:0% +so so I've heard it's easy it's not yet +in a regulatory space it's it's it's at + + align:start position:0% +in a regulatory space it's it's it's at + + + align:start position:0% +in a regulatory space it's it's it's at +a distance it's just a publishing of a + + align:start position:0% +a distance it's just a publishing of a + + + align:start position:0% +a distance it's just a publishing of a +white paper with the big coin going up + + align:start position:0% +white paper with the big coin going up + + + align:start position:0% +white paper with the big coin going up +20,000 last year + + align:start position:0% +20,000 last year + + + align:start position:0% +20,000 last year +there's the man to get in get into the + + align:start position:0% +there's the man to get in get into the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the man to get in get into the +bottom of one of these IPOs I hope to + + align:start position:0% +bottom of one of these IPOs I hope to + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of one of these IPOs I hope to +get the same character so there's + + align:start position:0% +get the same character so there's + + + align:start position:0% +get the same character so there's +tremendous demand and related to demand + + align:start position:0% +tremendous demand and related to demand + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous demand and related to demand +you know fear of missing out so whether + + align:start position:0% +you know fear of missing out so whether + + + align:start position:0% +you know fear of missing out so whether +it's greed you know the animal spirits + + align:start position:0% +it's greed you know the animal spirits + + + align:start position:0% +it's greed you know the animal spirits +the human spirits of markets around fear + + align:start position:0% +the human spirits of markets around fear + + + align:start position:0% +the human spirits of markets around fear +and greed the greed of participating or + + align:start position:0% +and greed the greed of participating or + + + align:start position:0% +and greed the greed of participating or +the fear of missing out was certainly + + align:start position:0% +the fear of missing out was certainly + + + align:start position:0% +the fear of missing out was certainly +part of I agree but I think the cord + + align:start position:0% +part of I agree but I think the cord + + + align:start position:0% +part of I agree but I think the cord +Kelly's touching I was wondering given + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's touching I was wondering given + + + align:start position:0% +Kelly's touching I was wondering given +that this is a very early stage venture + + align:start position:0% +that this is a very early stage venture + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a very early stage venture +how much is really people who + + align:start position:0% +how much is really people who + + + align:start position:0% +how much is really people who +maliciously run away with the money or + + align:start position:0% +maliciously run away with the money or + + + align:start position:0% +maliciously run away with the money or +that just try something and fail they + + align:start position:0% +that just try something and fail they + + + align:start position:0% +that just try something and fail they +just raise money try because they do it + + align:start position:0% +just raise money try because they do it + + + align:start position:0% +just raise money try because they do it +with a PowerPoint they realize it's not + + align:start position:0% +with a PowerPoint they realize it's not + + + align:start position:0% +with a PowerPoint they realize it's not +going to be a good business I think + + align:start position:0% +going to be a good business I think + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a good business I think +Jeremy raises the right questions why + + align:start position:0% +Jeremy raises the right questions why + + + align:start position:0% +Jeremy raises the right questions why +one study says it's 5 to 25% scams or + + align:start position:0% +one study says it's 5 to 25% scams or + + + align:start position:0% +one study says it's 5 to 25% scams or +frauds and another study says + + align:start position:0% +frauds and another study says + + + align:start position:0% +frauds and another study says +eighty percent its what what's in the + + align:start position:0% +eighty percent its what what's in the + + + align:start position:0% +eighty percent its what what's in the +definition a good faith actor could say + + align:start position:0% +definition a good faith actor could say + + + align:start position:0% +definition a good faith actor could say +this is easy money the good faith actor + + align:start position:0% +this is easy money the good faith actor + + + align:start position:0% +this is easy money the good faith actor +could say this is cheap money I can + + align:start position:0% +could say this is cheap money I can + + + align:start position:0% +could say this is cheap money I can +raise money fast just on the backs of a + + align:start position:0% +raise money fast just on the backs of a + + + align:start position:0% +raise money fast just on the backs of a +white paper in the middle of a bull + + align:start position:0% +white paper in the middle of a bull + + + align:start position:0% +white paper in the middle of a bull +market uh maybe even a bubble and then + + align:start position:0% +market uh maybe even a bubble and then + + + align:start position:0% +market uh maybe even a bubble and then +find out three months later that their + + align:start position:0% +find out three months later that their + + + align:start position:0% +find out three months later that their +idea doesn't work out and I I accept + + align:start position:0% +idea doesn't work out and I I accept + + + align:start position:0% +idea doesn't work out and I I accept +that they're probably a lot of good + + align:start position:0% +that they're probably a lot of good + + + align:start position:0% +that they're probably a lot of good +faith actors that raised tens of + + align:start position:0% +faith actors that raised tens of + + + align:start position:0% +faith actors that raised tens of +millions of dollars and I wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +millions of dollars and I wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +millions of dollars and I wouldn't +necessarily personally call that a scam + + align:start position:0% +necessarily personally call that a scam + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily personally call that a scam +but nonetheless somebody else might call + + align:start position:0% +but nonetheless somebody else might call + + + align:start position:0% +but nonetheless somebody else might call +that a scam so telegram raised 1.7 + + align:start position:0% +that a scam so telegram raised 1.7 + + + align:start position:0% +that a scam so telegram raised 1.7 +billion dollars in February of this year + + align:start position:0% +billion dollars in February of this year + + + align:start position:0% +billion dollars in February of this year +I don't know is how many people have + + align:start position:0% +I don't know is how many people have + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know is how many people have +ever read the white paper I mean not + + align:start position:0% +ever read the white paper I mean not + + + align:start position:0% +ever read the white paper I mean not +that it was ever a sign but all right + + align:start position:0% +that it was ever a sign but all right + + + align:start position:0% +that it was ever a sign but all right +all right so alright I've read the white + + align:start position:0% +all right so alright I've read the white + + + align:start position:0% +all right so alright I've read the white +paper I couldn't figure out in February + + align:start position:0% +paper I couldn't figure out in February + + + align:start position:0% +paper I couldn't figure out in February +when they raised the money what they + + align:start position:0% +when they raised the money what they + + + align:start position:0% +when they raised the money what they +were gonna use that 1.7 billion dollars + + align:start position:0% +were gonna use that 1.7 billion dollars + + + align:start position:0% +were gonna use that 1.7 billion dollars +for no it's a remarkable technology and + + align:start position:0% +for no it's a remarkable technology and + + + align:start position:0% +for no it's a remarkable technology and +they have I think somewhere around 200 + + align:start position:0% +they have I think somewhere around 200 + + + align:start position:0% +they have I think somewhere around 200 +million users in their non blockchain + + align:start position:0% +million users in their non blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +million users in their non blockchain +use and so they were able to raise a lot + + align:start position:0% +use and so they were able to raise a lot + + + align:start position:0% +use and so they were able to raise a lot +of money with a lot of fancy words but + + align:start position:0% +of money with a lot of fancy words but + + + align:start position:0% +of money with a lot of fancy words but +they still haven't gone live they + + align:start position:0% +they still haven't gone live they + + + align:start position:0% +they still haven't gone live they +haven't taken the 1.7 billion and + + align:start position:0% +haven't taken the 1.7 billion and + + + align:start position:0% +haven't taken the 1.7 billion and +created a network + + align:start position:0% +created a network + + + align:start position:0% +created a network +Wow coin that I it seemed to be a good + + align:start position:0% +Wow coin that I it seemed to be a good + + + align:start position:0% +Wow coin that I it seemed to be a good +faith concept about using a token to + + align:start position:0% +faith concept about using a token to + + + align:start position:0% +faith concept about using a token to +motivate the exchange of file storage + + align:start position:0% +motivate the exchange of file storage + + + align:start position:0% +motivate the exchange of file storage +assume for a moment it's good-faith + + align:start position:0% +assume for a moment it's good-faith + + + align:start position:0% +assume for a moment it's good-faith +actors they raised the money in October + + align:start position:0% +actors they raised the money in October + + + align:start position:0% +actors they raised the money in October +of 2017 it's 13 months later they still + + align:start position:0% +of 2017 it's 13 months later they still + + + align:start position:0% +of 2017 it's 13 months later they still +do not have a live network and they've + + align:start position:0% +do not have a live network and they've + + + align:start position:0% +do not have a live network and they've +announced the latest announcements is it + + align:start position:0% +announced the latest announcements is it + + + align:start position:0% +announced the latest announcements is it +will come either in the first or second + + align:start position:0% +will come either in the first or second + + + align:start position:0% +will come either in the first or second +quarter of 2019 some people might call + + align:start position:0% +quarter of 2019 some people might call + + + align:start position:0% +quarter of 2019 some people might call +that a scam I wouldn't but so I think + + align:start position:0% +that a scam I wouldn't but so I think + + + align:start position:0% +that a scam I wouldn't but so I think +you're right there's a range of activity + + align:start position:0% +you're right there's a range of activity + + + align:start position:0% +you're right there's a range of activity +but there's one other thing about why I + + align:start position:0% +but there's one other thing about why I + + + align:start position:0% +but there's one other thing about why I +think this has been an easy place for + + align:start position:0% +think this has been an easy place for + + + align:start position:0% +think this has been an easy place for +scams and frauds and it's the technical + + align:start position:0% +scams and frauds and it's the technical + + + align:start position:0% +scams and frauds and it's the technical +nature of it as well like I hope at the + + align:start position:0% +nature of it as well like I hope at the + + + align:start position:0% +nature of it as well like I hope at the +end of this class whatever you think of + + align:start position:0% +end of this class whatever you think of + + + align:start position:0% +end of this class whatever you think of +the lectures whatever you think of the + + align:start position:0% +the lectures whatever you think of the + + + align:start position:0% +the lectures whatever you think of the +assignments you come away with some + + align:start position:0% +assignments you come away with some + + + align:start position:0% +assignments you come away with some +critical reasoning skills that the 80 or + + align:start position:0% +critical reasoning skills that the 80 or + + + align:start position:0% +critical reasoning skills that the 80 or +so of you who have you know been on this + + align:start position:0% +so of you who have you know been on this + + + align:start position:0% +so of you who have you know been on this +journey together will leave and say all + + align:start position:0% +journey together will leave and say all + + + align:start position:0% +journey together will leave and say all +right I get it + + align:start position:0% +right I get it + + + align:start position:0% +right I get it +but for most for the hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +but for most for the hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +but for most for the hundreds of +thousands or even millions of people + + align:start position:0% +thousands or even millions of people + + + align:start position:0% +thousands or even millions of people +that have invested there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that have invested there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that have invested there's a lot of +technical you know whether it's hash + + align:start position:0% +technical you know whether it's hash + + + align:start position:0% +technical you know whether it's hash +functions or digital signatures or you + + align:start position:0% +functions or digital signatures or you + + + align:start position:0% +functions or digital signatures or you +know and so I think it's easier to scam + + align:start position:0% +know and so I think it's easier to scam + + + align:start position:0% +know and so I think it's easier to scam +the public when it's shrouded in jargon + + align:start position:0% +the public when it's shrouded in jargon + + + align:start position:0% +the public when it's shrouded in jargon +and so maybe it's a it's a lesson for + + align:start position:0% +and so maybe it's a it's a lesson for + + + align:start position:0% +and so maybe it's a it's a lesson for +all of us to always be careful about our + + align:start position:0% +all of us to always be careful about our + + + align:start position:0% +all of us to always be careful about our +own investments when something is + + align:start position:0% +own investments when something is + + + align:start position:0% +own investments when something is +shrouded in jargon and it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +shrouded in jargon and it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +shrouded in jargon and it doesn't have +to be cryptographic jargon it could be + + align:start position:0% +to be cryptographic jargon it could be + + + align:start position:0% +to be cryptographic jargon it could be +other types of jargon as well I think + + align:start position:0% +other types of jargon as well I think + + + align:start position:0% +other types of jargon as well I think +that's also one of the reasons why it's + + align:start position:0% +that's also one of the reasons why it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's also one of the reasons why it's +been easier to kind of scam and fleece + + align:start position:0% +been easier to kind of scam and fleece + + + align:start position:0% +been easier to kind of scam and fleece +the public in the midst of a bubble in + + align:start position:0% +the public in the midst of a bubble in + + + align:start position:0% +the public in the midst of a bubble in +the midst of a non regulated space in + + align:start position:0% +the midst of a non regulated space in + + + align:start position:0% +the midst of a non regulated space in +the midst of just throw a white paper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you don't have regular right so it's + + align:start position:0% +you don't have regular right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have regular right so it's +also very early stage investing which is + + align:start position:0% +also very early stage investing which is + + + align:start position:0% +also very early stage investing which is +a good point so I want to skip over + + align:start position:0% +a good point so I want to skip over + + + align:start position:0% +a good point so I want to skip over +there reading so investor protection I + + align:start position:0% +there reading so investor protection I + + + align:start position:0% +there reading so investor protection I +found at a conference in in Paris an + + align:start position:0% +found at a conference in in Paris an + + + align:start position:0% +found at a conference in in Paris an +OECD conference we got into a debate + + align:start position:0% +OECD conference we got into a debate + + + align:start position:0% +OECD conference we got into a debate +there were there were regulators I was + + align:start position:0% +there were there were regulators I was + + + align:start position:0% +there were there were regulators I was +not a regulator at the time this was + + align:start position:0% +not a regulator at the time this was + + + align:start position:0% +not a regulator at the time this was +earlier this year regulators from 30 or + + align:start position:0% +earlier this year regulators from 30 or + + + align:start position:0% +earlier this year regulators from 30 or +40 countries and we got it into + + align:start position:0% +40 countries and we got it into + + + align:start position:0% +40 countries and we got it into +they of what's the difference between + + align:start position:0% +they of what's the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +they of what's the difference between +investor protection and consumer + + align:start position:0% +investor protection and consumer + + + align:start position:0% +investor protection and consumer +protection and so these are some + + align:start position:0% +protection and so these are some + + + align:start position:0% +protection and so these are some +thoughts but investor protection which + + align:start position:0% +thoughts but investor protection which + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts but investor protection which +has been the hallmark of the US markets + + align:start position:0% +has been the hallmark of the US markets + + + align:start position:0% +has been the hallmark of the US markets +that's in 1930s and in other + + align:start position:0% +that's in 1930s and in other + + + align:start position:0% +that's in 1930s and in other +jurisdictions other decades it's been + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions other decades it's been + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions other decades it's been +adopted I think it's part of why the + + align:start position:0% +adopted I think it's part of why the + + + align:start position:0% +adopted I think it's part of why the +u.s. capital markets were really at the + + align:start position:0% +u.s. capital markets were really at the + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. capital markets were really at the +forefront of this incredible economy for + + align:start position:0% +forefront of this incredible economy for + + + align:start position:0% +forefront of this incredible economy for +70 or 80 years here in the US and it's + + align:start position:0% +70 or 80 years here in the US and it's + + + align:start position:0% +70 or 80 years here in the US and it's +helped other economies subsequently but + + align:start position:0% +helped other economies subsequently but + + + align:start position:0% +helped other economies subsequently but +it's for big things investors do take + + align:start position:0% +it's for big things investors do take + + + align:start position:0% +it's for big things investors do take +risk but they get full and fair + + align:start position:0% +risk but they get full and fair + + + align:start position:0% +risk but they get full and fair +disclosure from an issuer and there's a + + align:start position:0% +disclosure from an issuer and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +disclosure from an issuer and there's a +concept that there's asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +concept that there's asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +concept that there's asymmetric +knowledge then an issuer has a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +knowledge then an issuer has a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge then an issuer has a bunch of +information and an investor does not + + align:start position:0% +information and an investor does not + + + align:start position:0% +information and an investor does not +through the laws of the land can we + + align:start position:0% +through the laws of the land can we + + + align:start position:0% +through the laws of the land can we +balance that a little bit investors + + align:start position:0% +balance that a little bit investors + + + align:start position:0% +balance that a little bit investors +still have every opportunity to take + + align:start position:0% +still have every opportunity to take + + + align:start position:0% +still have every opportunity to take +risk but can we address the asymmetry of + + align:start position:0% +risk but can we address the asymmetry of + + + align:start position:0% +risk but can we address the asymmetry of +information and that's the that's a + + align:start position:0% +information and that's the that's a + + + align:start position:0% +information and that's the that's a +really a core part of investor + + align:start position:0% +really a core part of investor + + + align:start position:0% +really a core part of investor +protection a little bit different than + + align:start position:0% +protection a little bit different than + + + align:start position:0% +protection a little bit different than +consumer protection you still want to be + + align:start position:0% +consumer protection you still want to be + + + align:start position:0% +consumer protection you still want to be +protected that a crib that you buy isn't + + align:start position:0% +protected that a crib that you buy isn't + + + align:start position:0% +protected that a crib that you buy isn't +not going to hurt your child or that the + + align:start position:0% +not going to hurt your child or that the + + + align:start position:0% +not going to hurt your child or that the +clothing you put on an infant does it + + align:start position:0% +clothing you put on an infant does it + + + align:start position:0% +clothing you put on an infant does it +isn't instantly flammable those are + + align:start position:0% +isn't instantly flammable those are + + + align:start position:0% +isn't instantly flammable those are +important consumer protections and often + + align:start position:0% +important consumer protections and often + + + align:start position:0% +important consumer protections and often +we protect them and the laws as well but + + align:start position:0% +we protect them and the laws as well but + + + align:start position:0% +we protect them and the laws as well but +information asymmetry and the difference + + align:start position:0% +information asymmetry and the difference + + + align:start position:0% +information asymmetry and the difference +between information between an issuer + + align:start position:0% +between information between an issuer + + + align:start position:0% +between information between an issuer +somebody raising money and an investor + + align:start position:0% +somebody raising money and an investor + + + align:start position:0% +somebody raising money and an investor +is something we try to embed in + + align:start position:0% +is something we try to embed in + + + align:start position:0% +is something we try to embed in +securities laws around the globe too is + + align:start position:0% +securities laws around the globe too is + + + align:start position:0% +securities laws around the globe too is +the concept of sales practices various + + align:start position:0% +the concept of sales practices various + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of sales practices various +fraud and sales practices are prohibited + + align:start position:0% +fraud and sales practices are prohibited + + + align:start position:0% +fraud and sales practices are prohibited +sometimes you hear this around + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you hear this around + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you hear this around +securities laws about the marketing + + align:start position:0% +securities laws about the marketing + + + align:start position:0% +securities laws about the marketing +information what information you need to + + align:start position:0% +information what information you need to + + + align:start position:0% +information what information you need to +to provide so the first and second are + + align:start position:0% +to provide so the first and second are + + + align:start position:0% +to provide so the first and second are +principles that go into why there's + + align:start position:0% +principles that go into why there's + + + align:start position:0% +principles that go into why there's +information statements or securities + + align:start position:0% +information statements or securities + + + align:start position:0% +information statements or securities +offerings come with all that boilerplate + + align:start position:0% +offerings come with all that boilerplate + + + align:start position:0% +offerings come with all that boilerplate +and sometimes it's you might say it's + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes it's you might say it's + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes it's you might say it's +too much but but all of that is to + + align:start position:0% +too much but but all of that is to + + + align:start position:0% +too much but but all of that is to +address information asymmetries and try + + align:start position:0% +address information asymmetries and try + + + align:start position:0% +address information asymmetries and try +to lessen or make it harder to have + + align:start position:0% +to lessen or make it harder to have + + + align:start position:0% +to lessen or make it harder to have +fraud and deceptive practices + + align:start position:0% +fraud and deceptive practices + + + align:start position:0% +fraud and deceptive practices +then we have something called secondary + + align:start position:0% +then we have something called secondary + + + align:start position:0% +then we have something called secondary +markets where buyers and sellers meet + + align:start position:0% +markets where buyers and sellers meet + + + align:start position:0% +markets where buyers and sellers meet +like on the New York Stock Exchange or + + align:start position:0% +like on the New York Stock Exchange or + + + align:start position:0% +like on the New York Stock Exchange or +one a crypto exchange and the concept + + align:start position:0% +one a crypto exchange and the concept + + + align:start position:0% +one a crypto exchange and the concept +being can we promote market integrity + + align:start position:0% +being can we promote market integrity + + + align:start position:0% +being can we promote market integrity +can we promote those markets by either + + align:start position:0% +can we promote those markets by either + + + align:start position:0% +can we promote those markets by either +through transparency transparency is + + align:start position:0% +through transparency transparency is + + + align:start position:0% +through transparency transparency is +really being able to see what buy orders + + align:start position:0% +really being able to see what buy orders + + + align:start position:0% +really being able to see what buy orders +and sell orders what's that what's the + + align:start position:0% +and sell orders what's that what's the + + + align:start position:0% +and sell orders what's that what's the +what's the price that people are willing + + align:start position:0% +what's the price that people are willing + + + align:start position:0% +what's the price that people are willing +to pay what's the amount they're willing + + align:start position:0% +to pay what's the amount they're willing + + + align:start position:0% +to pay what's the amount they're willing +to buy or sell so pre trade transparency + + align:start position:0% +to buy or sell so pre trade transparency + + + align:start position:0% +to buy or sell so pre trade transparency +says I'm going to share in the + + align:start position:0% +says I'm going to share in the + + + align:start position:0% +says I'm going to share in the +marketplace that there's not somebody + + align:start position:0% +marketplace that there's not somebody + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace that there's not somebody +over here some high-frequency traders + + align:start position:0% +over here some high-frequency traders + + + align:start position:0% +over here some high-frequency traders +that get transparency but retail public + + align:start position:0% +that get transparency but retail public + + + align:start position:0% +that get transparency but retail public +does not get transparency you know that + + align:start position:0% +does not get transparency you know that + + + align:start position:0% +does not get transparency you know that +brings it into one market and some rules + + align:start position:0% +brings it into one market and some rules + + + align:start position:0% +brings it into one market and some rules +against manipulation now the word + + align:start position:0% +against manipulation now the word + + + align:start position:0% +against manipulation now the word +manipulations another person's market + + align:start position:0% +manipulations another person's market + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations another person's market +practice I respect that that too just + + align:start position:0% +practice I respect that that too just + + + align:start position:0% +practice I respect that that too just +like the word scam but there's + + align:start position:0% +like the word scam but there's + + + align:start position:0% +like the word scam but there's +traditional things about manipulation + + align:start position:0% +traditional things about manipulation + + + align:start position:0% +traditional things about manipulation +that have come to be no we should we + + align:start position:0% +that have come to be no we should we + + + align:start position:0% +that have come to be no we should we +should forbid certain practices + + align:start position:0% +should forbid certain practices + + + align:start position:0% +should forbid certain practices +front-running is one where a customer + + align:start position:0% +front-running is one where a customer + + + align:start position:0% +front-running is one where a customer +gives you a sell order and you say well + + align:start position:0% +gives you a sell order and you say well + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a sell order and you say well +the customers sell it are good I'll sell + + align:start position:0% +the customers sell it are good I'll sell + + + align:start position:0% +the customers sell it are good I'll sell +in front of them because I know that + + align:start position:0% +in front of them because I know that + + + align:start position:0% +in front of them because I know that +when they sell it's going to push them + + align:start position:0% +when they sell it's going to push them + + + align:start position:0% +when they sell it's going to push them +it's going to be market pressure either + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be market pressure either + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be market pressure either +a pressure with a buy order or down + + align:start position:0% +a pressure with a buy order or down + + + align:start position:0% +a pressure with a buy order or down +pressure with a sell order so one is + + align:start position:0% +pressure with a sell order so one is + + + align:start position:0% +pressure with a sell order so one is +address asymmetries through information + + align:start position:0% +address asymmetries through information + + + align:start position:0% +address asymmetries through information +prohibit or limit fraud and deceptive + + align:start position:0% +prohibit or limit fraud and deceptive + + + align:start position:0% +prohibit or limit fraud and deceptive +sales practices and marketing lying sort + + align:start position:0% +sales practices and marketing lying sort + + + align:start position:0% +sales practices and marketing lying sort +of promote the integrity of the + + align:start position:0% +of promote the integrity of the + + + align:start position:0% +of promote the integrity of the +secondary markets through first price + + align:start position:0% +secondary markets through first price + + + align:start position:0% +secondary markets through first price +transparency and secondly anti + + align:start position:0% +transparency and secondly anti + + + align:start position:0% +transparency and secondly anti +manipulation and then lastly recognizing + + align:start position:0% +manipulation and then lastly recognizing + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation and then lastly recognizing +that all financial markets have + + align:start position:0% +that all financial markets have + + + align:start position:0% +that all financial markets have +conflicts and we are not going to repeal + + align:start position:0% +conflicts and we are not going to repeal + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts and we are not going to repeal +conflicts anytime any one of you goes to + + align:start position:0% +conflicts anytime any one of you goes to + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts anytime any one of you goes to +a broker that broker doesn't want you to + + align:start position:0% +a broker that broker doesn't want you to + + + align:start position:0% +a broker that broker doesn't want you to +transact so that they earn more money + + align:start position:0% +transact so that they earn more money + + + align:start position:0% +transact so that they earn more money +but by the way when you sit down at a + + align:start position:0% +but by the way when you sit down at a + + + align:start position:0% +but by the way when you sit down at a +restaurant and they ask you if you want + + align:start position:0% +restaurant and they ask you if you want + + + align:start position:0% +restaurant and they ask you if you want +to drink before you order + + align:start position:0% +to drink before you order + + + align:start position:0% +to drink before you order +a bit of a conflict - they want you to + + align:start position:0% +a bit of a conflict - they want you to + + + align:start position:0% +a bit of a conflict - they want you to +buy the drink because your tip amount is + + align:start position:0% +buy the drink because your tip amount is + + + align:start position:0% +buy the drink because your tip amount is +is a percent of your final bill well in + + align:start position:0% +is a percent of your final bill well in + + + align:start position:0% +is a percent of your final bill well in +most countries I can't speak for every + + align:start position:0% +most countries I can't speak for every + + + align:start position:0% +most countries I can't speak for every +country yeah but in finance those + + align:start position:0% +country yeah but in finance those + + + align:start position:0% +country yeah but in finance those +conflicts are so evident that there are + + align:start position:0% +conflicts are so evident that there are + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts are so evident that there are +sets of rules usually that usually they + + align:start position:0% +sets of rules usually that usually they + + + align:start position:0% +sets of rules usually that usually they +promote some transparency that you know + + align:start position:0% +promote some transparency that you know + + + align:start position:0% +promote some transparency that you know +what the adviser is getting but some + + align:start position:0% +what the adviser is getting but some + + + align:start position:0% +what the adviser is getting but some +practices are prohibited so these are + + align:start position:0% +practices are prohibited so these are + + + align:start position:0% +practices are prohibited so these are +kind of some of the core things that at + + align:start position:0% +kind of some of the core things that at + + + align:start position:0% +kind of some of the core things that at +least I think are embedded is concepts + + align:start position:0% +least I think are embedded is concepts + + + align:start position:0% +least I think are embedded is concepts +in our securities laws and and not just + + align:start position:0% +in our securities laws and and not just + + + align:start position:0% +in our securities laws and and not just +here in the US but but around the globe + + align:start position:0% +here in the US but but around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +here in the US but but around the globe +any questions on that before British so + + align:start position:0% +any questions on that before British so + + + align:start position:0% +any questions on that before British so +on the first point ladies we are saying + + align:start position:0% +on the first point ladies we are saying + + + align:start position:0% +on the first point ladies we are saying +that we have some sort of a minimum + + align:start position:0% +that we have some sort of a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +that we have some sort of a minimum +disclosure requirement for I feels do + + align:start position:0% +disclosure requirement for I feels do + + + align:start position:0% +disclosure requirement for I feels do +you think like in this kind of a field + + align:start position:0% +you think like in this kind of a field + + + align:start position:0% +you think like in this kind of a field +to judge whether those requirements are + + align:start position:0% +to judge whether those requirements are + + + align:start position:0% +to judge whether those requirements are +met whether the investors will have the + + align:start position:0% +met whether the investors will have the + + + align:start position:0% +met whether the investors will have the +expertise or the regulator's it's a good + + align:start position:0% +expertise or the regulator's it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +expertise or the regulator's it's a good +question I think that the concept is is + + align:start position:0% +question I think that the concept is is + + + align:start position:0% +question I think that the concept is is +that issuers should share a certain + + align:start position:0% +that issuers should share a certain + + + align:start position:0% +that issuers should share a certain +level of material information with + + align:start position:0% +level of material information with + + + align:start position:0% +level of material information with +potential investors and then investors + + align:start position:0% +potential investors and then investors + + + align:start position:0% +potential investors and then investors +assess the risk not that the regulator + + align:start position:0% +assess the risk not that the regulator + + + align:start position:0% +assess the risk not that the regulator +assesses the risk but the investors so + + align:start position:0% +assesses the risk but the investors so + + + align:start position:0% +assesses the risk but the investors so +the question is what is material and + + align:start position:0% +the question is what is material and + + + align:start position:0% +the question is what is material and +what needs to be shared in what readable + + align:start position:0% +what needs to be shared in what readable + + + align:start position:0% +what needs to be shared in what readable +fashion and maybe it's the case in this + + align:start position:0% +fashion and maybe it's the case in this + + + align:start position:0% +fashion and maybe it's the case in this +this ecosystem this that the information + + align:start position:0% +this ecosystem this that the information + + + align:start position:0% +this ecosystem this that the information +should be a little different + + align:start position:0% +should be a little different + + + align:start position:0% +should be a little different +historically you'd have to share three + + align:start position:0% +historically you'd have to share three + + + align:start position:0% +historically you'd have to share three +years of financials or two years of + + align:start position:0% +years of financials or two years of + + + align:start position:0% +years of financials or two years of +financials but what if financials mean + + align:start position:0% +financials but what if financials mean + + + align:start position:0% +financials but what if financials mean +if it's a new concept a new idea so I + + align:start position:0% +if it's a new concept a new idea so I + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a new concept a new idea so I +think you raise a good point that it + + align:start position:0% +think you raise a good point that it + + + align:start position:0% +think you raise a good point that it +might need to shift a little bit but the + + align:start position:0% +might need to shift a little bit but the + + + align:start position:0% +might need to shift a little bit but the +core concept is is that the material + + align:start position:0% +core concept is is that the material + + + align:start position:0% +core concept is is that the material +information to make an investment + + align:start position:0% +information to make an investment + + + align:start position:0% +information to make an investment +decision should be shared and then + + align:start position:0% +decision should be shared and then + + + align:start position:0% +decision should be shared and then +investors have an opportunity to assess + + align:start position:0% +investors have an opportunity to assess + + + align:start position:0% +investors have an opportunity to assess +that risk and you're right the + + align:start position:0% +that risk and you're right the + + + align:start position:0% +that risk and you're right the +regulators are less experienced in this + + align:start position:0% +regulators are less experienced in this + + + align:start position:0% +regulators are less experienced in this +space to say what is a material bit of + + align:start position:0% +space to say what is a material bit of + + + align:start position:0% +space to say what is a material bit of +information beyond who here's the team + + align:start position:0% +information beyond who here's the team + + + align:start position:0% +information beyond who here's the team +and here's the concept the Howey test so + + align:start position:0% +and here's the concept the Howey test so + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the concept the Howey test so +there was an individual in Florida he + + align:start position:0% +there was an individual in Florida he + + + align:start position:0% +there was an individual in Florida he +ran for governor twice in Florida and + + align:start position:0% +ran for governor twice in Florida and + + + align:start position:0% +ran for governor twice in Florida and +lost twice just a little background + + align:start position:0% +lost twice just a little background + + + align:start position:0% +lost twice just a little background +William Howie he was also very + + align:start position:0% +William Howie he was also very + + + align:start position:0% +William Howie he was also very +successful in real estate and he had a + + align:start position:0% +successful in real estate and he had a + + + align:start position:0% +successful in real estate and he had a +hotel and he had a something called how + + align:start position:0% +hotel and he had a something called how + + + align:start position:0% +hotel and he had a something called how +he owned the hills and he started buying + + align:start position:0% +he owned the hills and he started buying + + + align:start position:0% +he owned the hills and he started buying +a bunch of land and then he thought well + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of land and then he thought well + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of land and then he thought well +I'll sell some of the land and and grow + + align:start position:0% +I'll sell some of the land and and grow + + + align:start position:0% +I'll sell some of the land and and grow +oranges orange groves and when he sold + + align:start position:0% +oranges orange groves and when he sold + + + align:start position:0% +oranges orange groves and when he sold +the land he op he gave the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +the land he op he gave the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +the land he op he gave the opportunity +to investors in the land to enter into a + + align:start position:0% +to investors in the land to enter into a + + + align:start position:0% +to investors in the land to enter into a +separate contract with a company he had + + align:start position:0% +separate contract with a company he had + + + align:start position:0% +separate contract with a company he had +but it was not required you could buy + + align:start position:0% +but it was not required you could buy + + + align:start position:0% +but it was not required you could buy +the land you know an acre 3 acres but he + + align:start position:0% +the land you know an acre 3 acres but he + + + align:start position:0% +the land you know an acre 3 acres but he +said if you want you could enter into a + + align:start position:0% +said if you want you could enter into a + + + align:start position:0% +said if you want you could enter into a +contract with my affiliate how we owned + + align:start position:0% +contract with my affiliate how we owned + + + align:start position:0% +contract with my affiliate how we owned +the hills I think was the affiliate as + + align:start position:0% +the hills I think was the affiliate as + + + align:start position:0% +the hills I think was the affiliate as +well but and will grow your oranges for + + align:start position:0% +well but and will grow your oranges for + + + align:start position:0% +well but and will grow your oranges for +you and give you the the revenues from + + align:start position:0% +you and give you the the revenues from + + + align:start position:0% +you and give you the the revenues from +growing the oranges so the question + + align:start position:0% +growing the oranges so the question + + + align:start position:0% +growing the oranges so the question +there was a new law in the US in the + + align:start position:0% +there was a new law in the US in the + + + align:start position:0% +there was a new law in the US in the +1930s he was doing this in the late + + align:start position:0% +1930s he was doing this in the late + + + align:start position:0% +1930s he was doing this in the late +1930s and the new law was called the + + align:start position:0% +1930s and the new law was called the + + + align:start position:0% +1930s and the new law was called the +securities laws of 33 and 34 the + + align:start position:0% +securities laws of 33 and 34 the + + + align:start position:0% +securities laws of 33 and 34 the +question was was what William how he was + + align:start position:0% +question was was what William how he was + + + align:start position:0% +question was was what William how he was +doing and then he passed away was his + + align:start position:0% +doing and then he passed away was his + + + align:start position:0% +doing and then he passed away was his +his estate what they were doing a + + align:start position:0% +his estate what they were doing a + + + align:start position:0% +his estate what they were doing a +security under the US securities law + + align:start position:0% +security under the US securities law + + + align:start position:0% +security under the US securities law +well in the US the word security was + + align:start position:0% +well in the US the word security was + + + align:start position:0% +well in the US the word security was +defined by our Congress to include + + align:start position:0% +defined by our Congress to include + + + align:start position:0% +defined by our Congress to include +equity bonds options and there was a + + align:start position:0% +equity bonds options and there was a + + + align:start position:0% +equity bonds options and there was a +comma and said investment contracts so + + align:start position:0% +comma and said investment contracts so + + + align:start position:0% +comma and said investment contracts so +the real question was what was the + + align:start position:0% +the real question was what was the + + + align:start position:0% +the real question was what was the +definition of this two words investment + + align:start position:0% +definition of this two words investment + + + align:start position:0% +definition of this two words investment +contracts in 1946 it went to our US + + align:start position:0% +contracts in 1946 it went to our US + + + align:start position:0% +contracts in 1946 it went to our US +Supreme Court and this was the four-part + + align:start position:0% +Supreme Court and this was the four-part + + + align:start position:0% +Supreme Court and this was the four-part +test and this four-part test is going + + align:start position:0% +test and this four-part test is going + + + align:start position:0% +test and this four-part test is going +back to the US Supreme Court three or + + align:start position:0% +back to the US Supreme Court three or + + + align:start position:0% +back to the US Supreme Court three or +four of times since that and it's been + + align:start position:0% +four of times since that and it's been + + + align:start position:0% +four of times since that and it's been +affirmed every time in the Edwards case + + align:start position:0% +affirmed every time in the Edwards case + + + align:start position:0% +affirmed every time in the Edwards case +and other cases and so forth over 70 + + align:start position:0% +and other cases and so forth over 70 + + + align:start position:0% +and other cases and so forth over 70 +years it this same four-part test + + align:start position:0% +years it this same four-part test + + + align:start position:0% +years it this same four-part test +went to the Taiwanese High Court in 2011 + + align:start position:0% +went to the Taiwanese High Court in 2011 + + + align:start position:0% +went to the Taiwanese High Court in 2011 +and they adopted it I don't know enough + + align:start position:0% +and they adopted it I don't know enough + + + align:start position:0% +and they adopted it I don't know enough +about Taiwan law but it was adopted in + + align:start position:0% +about Taiwan law but it was adopted in + + + align:start position:0% +about Taiwan law but it was adopted in +Taiwan in 2011 and it's the similar test + + align:start position:0% +Taiwan in 2011 and it's the similar test + + + align:start position:0% +Taiwan in 2011 and it's the similar test +is in Canada there's three jurisdictions + + align:start position:0% +is in Canada there's three jurisdictions + + + align:start position:0% +is in Canada there's three jurisdictions +that basically have this is it an + + align:start position:0% +that basically have this is it an + + + align:start position:0% +that basically have this is it an +investment of money or assets is an + + align:start position:0% +investment of money or assets is an + + + align:start position:0% +investment of money or assets is an +investment in a common enterprise do you + + align:start position:0% +investment in a common enterprise do you + + + align:start position:0% +investment in a common enterprise do you +have a reasonable expectation of profits + + align:start position:0% +have a reasonable expectation of profits + + + align:start position:0% +have a reasonable expectation of profits +and is it based on the efforts of others + + align:start position:0% +and is it based on the efforts of others + + + align:start position:0% +and is it based on the efforts of others +so they determined that William Howie + + align:start position:0% +so they determined that William Howie + + + align:start position:0% +so they determined that William Howie +and then his his estate afterwards it + + align:start position:0% +and then his his estate afterwards it + + + align:start position:0% +and then his his estate afterwards it +was basically a common enterprise + + align:start position:0% +was basically a common enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +was basically a common enterprise +growing all these oranges and so it was + + align:start position:0% +growing all these oranges and so it was + + + align:start position:0% +growing all these oranges and so it was +the expectation of profits that's the + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of profits that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of profits that's the +Howey test I've talked to you before + + align:start position:0% +Howey test I've talked to you before + + + align:start position:0% +Howey test I've talked to you before +about the duck test but when when I see + + align:start position:0% +about the duck test but when when I see + + + align:start position:0% +about the duck test but when when I see +an investment that walks like a dock + + align:start position:0% +an investment that walks like a dock + + + align:start position:0% +an investment that walks like a dock +swims like a duck and quacks like a duck + + align:start position:0% +swims like a duck and quacks like a duck + + + align:start position:0% +swims like a duck and quacks like a duck +I call that investment a security in a + + align:start position:0% +I call that investment a security in a + + + align:start position:0% +I call that investment a security in a +way but that's really it no using your + + align:start position:0% +way but that's really it no using your + + + align:start position:0% +way but that's really it no using your +common sense he theory him when it was + + align:start position:0% +common sense he theory him when it was + + + align:start position:0% +common sense he theory him when it was +first promoted in 2014 I believe passed + + align:start position:0% +first promoted in 2014 I believe passed + + + align:start position:0% +first promoted in 2014 I believe passed +this test and the word pass means that + + align:start position:0% +this test and the word pass means that + + + align:start position:0% +this test and the word pass means that +you are a security just a little + + align:start position:0% +you are a security just a little + + + align:start position:0% +you are a security just a little +vocabulary thing you want to fail the + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary thing you want to fail the + + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary thing you want to fail the +Howey test by the way like if you are a + + align:start position:0% +Howey test by the way like if you are a + + + align:start position:0% +Howey test by the way like if you are a +venture capitalist you you and don't + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalist you you and don't + + + align:start position:0% +venture capitalist you you and don't +want to be regulated you want to fail + + align:start position:0% +want to be regulated you want to fail + + + align:start position:0% +want to be regulated you want to fail +this test but to pass the Howey test the + + align:start position:0% +this test but to pass the Howey test the + + + align:start position:0% +this test but to pass the Howey test the +theorem in 2014 + + align:start position:0% +theorem in 2014 + + + align:start position:0% +theorem in 2014 +exchange Bitcoin for a thief it was an + + align:start position:0% +exchange Bitcoin for a thief it was an + + + align:start position:0% +exchange Bitcoin for a thief it was an +investment in a common enterprise at + + align:start position:0% +investment in a common enterprise at + + + align:start position:0% +investment in a common enterprise at +that point in time a 20 or 21 year old + + align:start position:0% +that point in time a 20 or 21 year old + + + align:start position:0% +that point in time a 20 or 21 year old +metallic Buddha ran running us the + + align:start position:0% +metallic Buddha ran running us the + + + align:start position:0% +metallic Buddha ran running us the +theorem foundation out of Switzerland + + align:start position:0% +theorem foundation out of Switzerland + + + align:start position:0% +theorem foundation out of Switzerland +but it was one group there an + + align:start position:0% +but it was one group there an + + + align:start position:0% +but it was one group there an +expectation of profits they had no + + align:start position:0% +expectation of profits they had no + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of profits they had no +functioning Network it was just an idea + + align:start position:0% +functioning Network it was just an idea + + + align:start position:0% +functioning Network it was just an idea +in a white paper a really good idea and + + align:start position:0% +in a white paper a really good idea and + + + align:start position:0% +in a white paper a really good idea and +good faith actors and it was reliant on + + align:start position:0% +good faith actors and it was reliant on + + + align:start position:0% +good faith actors and it was reliant on +weather vitalik and his you know team of + + align:start position:0% +weather vitalik and his you know team of + + + align:start position:0% +weather vitalik and his you know team of +coders were gonna stand this project up + + align:start position:0% +coders were gonna stand this project up + + + align:start position:0% +coders were gonna stand this project up +to me I don't even think there's much + + align:start position:0% +to me I don't even think there's much + + + align:start position:0% +to me I don't even think there's much +doubt what this was in 2014 when they + + align:start position:0% +doubt what this was in 2014 when they + + + align:start position:0% +doubt what this was in 2014 when they +raised the 18 million dollars now it was + + align:start position:0% +raised the 18 million dollars now it was + + + align:start position:0% +raised the 18 million dollars now it was +the largest ICO done at the time there + + align:start position:0% +the largest ICO done at the time there + + + align:start position:0% +the largest ICO done at the time there +hadn't been anything of its size at 18 + + align:start position:0% +hadn't been anything of its size at 18 + + + align:start position:0% +hadn't been anything of its size at 18 +million dollars and our US securities + + align:start position:0% +million dollars and our US securities + + + align:start position:0% +million dollars and our US securities +agency and others around the globe + + align:start position:0% +agency and others around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +agency and others around the globe +really weren't looking and watching + + align:start position:0% +really weren't looking and watching + + + align:start position:0% +really weren't looking and watching +until the Dow happened in 2016 and + + align:start position:0% +until the Dow happened in 2016 and + + + align:start position:0% +until the Dow happened in 2016 and +raised 160 or so million and then that + + align:start position:0% +raised 160 or so million and then that + + + align:start position:0% +raised 160 or so million and then that +sort of caught the attention so + + align:start position:0% +sort of caught the attention so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of caught the attention so +regulators start to wake up and think + + align:start position:0% +regulators start to wake up and think + + + align:start position:0% +regulators start to wake up and think +about it after that so initial coin + + align:start position:0% +about it after that so initial coin + + + align:start position:0% +about it after that so initial coin +offerings we've already talked about + + align:start position:0% +offerings we've already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +offerings we've already talked about +this but it if the proceeds are used to + + align:start position:0% +this but it if the proceeds are used to + + + align:start position:0% +this but it if the proceeds are used to +build networks and purchasers anticipate + + align:start position:0% +build networks and purchasers anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +build networks and purchasers anticipate +profits through appreciation so that's + + align:start position:0% +profits through appreciation so that's + + + align:start position:0% +profits through appreciation so that's +like the core of the Howey test now some + + align:start position:0% +like the core of the Howey test now some + + + align:start position:0% +like the core of the Howey test now some +jurisdictions don't have the Howey test + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions don't have the Howey test + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions don't have the Howey test +and some jurisdictions don't have those + + align:start position:0% +and some jurisdictions don't have those + + + align:start position:0% +and some jurisdictions don't have those +two words in the definition of security + + align:start position:0% +two words in the definition of security + + + align:start position:0% +two words in the definition of security +investment contract so I actually think + + align:start position:0% +investment contract so I actually think + + + align:start position:0% +investment contract so I actually think +in a lot of jurisdictions and an initial + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of jurisdictions and an initial + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of jurisdictions and an initial +point offering may not be a security + + align:start position:0% +point offering may not be a security + + + align:start position:0% +point offering may not be a security +because it's not defined in their their + + align:start position:0% +because it's not defined in their their + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not defined in their their +statutes it's not some legislative body + + align:start position:0% +statutes it's not some legislative body + + + align:start position:0% +statutes it's not some legislative body +like ours in the 1930s included it in a + + align:start position:0% +like ours in the 1930s included it in a + + + align:start position:0% +like ours in the 1930s included it in a +definition but I believe if this market + + align:start position:0% +definition but I believe if this market + + + align:start position:0% +definition but I believe if this market +were to grow it it might not grow but if + + align:start position:0% +were to grow it it might not grow but if + + + align:start position:0% +were to grow it it might not grow but if +it were to grow other countries might + + align:start position:0% +it were to grow other countries might + + + align:start position:0% +it were to grow other countries might +want to address that and change their + + align:start position:0% +want to address that and change their + + + align:start position:0% +want to address that and change their +statutory language because investors + + align:start position:0% +statutory language because investors + + + align:start position:0% +statutory language because investors +still have an asymmetry and could + + align:start position:0% +still have an asymmetry and could + + + align:start position:0% +still have an asymmetry and could +benefit with more disclosure as we've + + align:start position:0% +benefit with more disclosure as we've + + + align:start position:0% +benefit with more disclosure as we've +talked about the tokens are usually + + align:start position:0% +talked about the tokens are usually + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the tokens are usually +prior to being functional what was this + + align:start position:0% +prior to being functional what was this + + + align:start position:0% +prior to being functional what was this +statistic does anybody remember how many + + align:start position:0% +statistic does anybody remember how many + + + align:start position:0% +statistic does anybody remember how many +in the LAT into the third quarter of + + align:start position:0% +in the LAT into the third quarter of + + + align:start position:0% +in the LAT into the third quarter of +2018 what was the percent that was + + align:start position:0% +2018 what was the percent that was + + + align:start position:0% +2018 what was the percent that was +functional anybody what said alpha 5% + + align:start position:0% +functional anybody what said alpha 5% + + + align:start position:0% +functional anybody what said alpha 5% +you're a little high yeah 1.4 percent + + align:start position:0% +you're a little high yeah 1.4 percent + + + align:start position:0% +you're a little high yeah 1.4 percent +1.3 7% was fully ready product or 1.7 + + align:start position:0% +1.3 7% was fully ready product or 1.7 + + + align:start position:0% +1.3 7% was fully ready product or 1.7 +was code so we'll round up but 76 + + align:start position:0% +was code so we'll round up but 76 + + + align:start position:0% +was code so we'll round up but 76 +percent were on ideas and this is in the + + align:start position:0% +percent were on ideas and this is in the + + + align:start position:0% +percent were on ideas and this is in the +third quarter of 2018 by crypto compare + + align:start position:0% +third quarter of 2018 by crypto compare + + + align:start position:0% +third quarter of 2018 by crypto compare +and here are some large tokens that + + align:start position:0% +and here are some large tokens that + + + align:start position:0% +and here are some large tokens that +offerings that have yet to go live and I + + align:start position:0% +offerings that have yet to go live and I + + + align:start position:0% +offerings that have yet to go live and I +just picked five really big ones that + + align:start position:0% +just picked five really big ones that + + + align:start position:0% +just picked five really big ones that +doesn't mean that all big ones haven't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that all big ones haven't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that all big ones haven't +gone live but you were asking me about + + align:start position:0% +gone live but you were asking me about + + + align:start position:0% +gone live but you were asking me about +fall point in our last class I think + + align:start position:0% +fall point in our last class I think + + + align:start position:0% +fall point in our last class I think +fall coin if I went back and I looked at + + align:start position:0% +fall coin if I went back and I looked at + + + align:start position:0% +fall coin if I went back and I looked at +the white paper I've looked at a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the white paper I've looked at a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the white paper I've looked at a lot of +things about fall points since last + + align:start position:0% +things about fall points since last + + + align:start position:0% +things about fall points since last +Tuesday fall coin is basically a coin + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday fall coin is basically a coin + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday fall coin is basically a coin +that says you can use this coin when we + + align:start position:0% +that says you can use this coin when we + + + align:start position:0% +that says you can use this coin when we +go live which hopefully will be by the + + align:start position:0% +go live which hopefully will be by the + + + align:start position:0% +go live which hopefully will be by the +same quarter of 19 to file storage from + + align:start position:0% +same quarter of 19 to file storage from + + + align:start position:0% +same quarter of 19 to file storage from +others that are on the network their + + align:start position:0% +others that are on the network their + + + align:start position:0% +others that are on the network their +business model file coin sold 10% of the + + align:start position:0% +business model file coin sold 10% of the + + + align:start position:0% +business model file coin sold 10% of the +token so if it was truly worth 257 + + align:start position:0% +token so if it was truly worth 257 + + + align:start position:0% +token so if it was truly worth 257 +million at the time they in essence had + + align:start position:0% +million at the time they in essence had + + + align:start position:0% +million at the time they in essence had +a total value of two and a half billion + + align:start position:0% +a total value of two and a half billion + + + align:start position:0% +a total value of two and a half billion +some of the tokens were kept by the + + align:start position:0% +some of the tokens were kept by the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the tokens were kept by the +company some of the tokens were kept by + + align:start position:0% +company some of the tokens were kept by + + + align:start position:0% +company some of the tokens were kept by +founders but in essence capitalized the + + align:start position:0% +founders but in essence capitalized the + + + align:start position:0% +founders but in essence capitalized the +total stock at ten times that so in that + + align:start position:0% +total stock at ten times that so in that + + + align:start position:0% +total stock at ten times that so in that +model they the usage of the coin was + + align:start position:0% +model they the usage of the coin was + + + align:start position:0% +model they the usage of the coin was +amongst the community to answer I think + + align:start position:0% +amongst the community to answer I think + + + align:start position:0% +amongst the community to answer I think +that was a question you asked me to go + + align:start position:0% +that was a question you asked me to go + + + align:start position:0% +that was a question you asked me to go +back but that's not the case for every + + align:start position:0% +back but that's not the case for every + + + align:start position:0% +back but that's not the case for every +ICL there's two stark variations one is + + align:start position:0% +ICL there's two stark variations one is + + + align:start position:0% +ICL there's two stark variations one is +one where you use the token to buy good + + align:start position:0% +one where you use the token to buy good + + + align:start position:0% +one where you use the token to buy good +or service from a service provider + + align:start position:0% +or service from a service provider + + + align:start position:0% +or service from a service provider +that's in the case of file coins a it's + + align:start position:0% +that's in the case of file coins a it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's in the case of file coins a it's +directly from file point or you use the + + align:start position:0% +directly from file point or you use the + + + align:start position:0% +directly from file point or you use the +token to buy a good or service from + + align:start position:0% +token to buy a good or service from + + + align:start position:0% +token to buy a good or service from +other people in the community the file + + align:start position:0% +other people in the community the file + + + align:start position:0% +other people in the community the file +coin white paper suggests it's a year + + align:start position:0% +coin white paper suggests it's a year + + + align:start position:0% +coin white paper suggests it's a year +since they wrote it that it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +since they wrote it that it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +since they wrote it that it's it's a +token to be used amongst the community + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which I think was your it's a little + + align:start position:0% +which I think was your it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +which I think was your it's a little +confusing because they haven't gone live + + align:start position:0% +confusing because they haven't gone live + + + align:start position:0% +confusing because they haven't gone live +we don't really know you go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes and if you have an opinion on + + align:start position:0% +yes and if you have an opinion on + + + align:start position:0% +yes and if you have an opinion on +whether xrp is a security it was + + align:start position:0% +whether xrp is a security it was + + + align:start position:0% +whether xrp is a security it was +installed by recalled or currently + + align:start position:0% +installed by recalled or currently + + + align:start position:0% +installed by recalled or currently +continuing to be so variable as they own + + align:start position:0% +continuing to be so variable as they own + + + align:start position:0% +continuing to be so variable as they own +like 55 billion of the clients because + + align:start position:0% +like 55 billion of the clients because + + + align:start position:0% +like 55 billion of the clients because +also like their product like what they + + align:start position:0% +also like their product like what they + + + align:start position:0% +also like their product like what they +want except needs to be used on X rapid + + align:start position:0% +want except needs to be used on X rapid + + + align:start position:0% +want except needs to be used on X rapid +isn't really live X current is the thing + + align:start position:0% +isn't really live X current is the thing + + + align:start position:0% +isn't really live X current is the thing +that they're using most look most right + + align:start position:0% +that they're using most look most right + + + align:start position:0% +that they're using most look most right +now and that's just an alternate for + + align:start position:0% +now and that's just an alternate for + + + align:start position:0% +now and that's just an alternate for +Swift it doesn't even use their client + + align:start position:0% +Swift it doesn't even use their client + + + align:start position:0% +Swift it doesn't even use their client +so Hugo was asked about the token XRP + + align:start position:0% +so Hugo was asked about the token XRP + + + align:start position:0% +so Hugo was asked about the token XRP +and whether I think it's a non compliant + + align:start position:0% +and whether I think it's a non compliant + + + align:start position:0% +and whether I think it's a non compliant +security I've spoken publicly yes I do + + align:start position:0% +security I've spoken publicly yes I do + + + align:start position:0% +security I've spoken publicly yes I do +think it's a non compliant security but + + align:start position:0% +think it's a non compliant security but + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a non compliant security but +this will not be resolved just by the + + align:start position:0% +this will not be resolved just by the + + + align:start position:0% +this will not be resolved just by the +Securities and Exchange Commission it + + align:start position:0% +Securities and Exchange Commission it + + + align:start position:0% +Securities and Exchange Commission it +will be resolved by some courts whether + + align:start position:0% +will be resolved by some courts whether + + + align:start position:0% +will be resolved by some courts whether +it's appellate courts or the Supreme + + align:start position:0% +it's appellate courts or the Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +it's appellate courts or the Supreme +Court so what I believe is just that + + align:start position:0% +Court so what I believe is just that + + + align:start position:0% +Court so what I believe is just that +it's a belief but why would I say that I + + align:start position:0% +it's a belief but why would I say that I + + + align:start position:0% +it's a belief but why would I say that I +think back to the Howey test I think + + align:start position:0% +think back to the Howey test I think + + + align:start position:0% +think back to the Howey test I think +they are exchanging XRP ripple the + + align:start position:0% +they are exchanging XRP ripple the + + + align:start position:0% +they are exchanging XRP ripple the +company's exchanging XRP for something + + align:start position:0% +company's exchanging XRP for something + + + align:start position:0% +company's exchanging XRP for something +of value and they're using it right now + + align:start position:0% +of value and they're using it right now + + + align:start position:0% +of value and they're using it right now +they sell it every month it's in a + + align:start position:0% +they sell it every month it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +they sell it every month it's in a +lock-up there's an an escrow and they + + align:start position:0% +lock-up there's an an escrow and they + + + align:start position:0% +lock-up there's an an escrow and they +sell XRP every month ripple the company + + align:start position:0% +sell XRP every month ripple the company + + + align:start position:0% +sell XRP every month ripple the company +initially did the Genesis block back in + + align:start position:0% +initially did the Genesis block back in + + + align:start position:0% +initially did the Genesis block back in +2013 but kept 80% of the tokens now they + + align:start position:0% +2013 but kept 80% of the tokens now they + + + align:start position:0% +2013 but kept 80% of the tokens now they +have about 60 percent of the token but + + align:start position:0% +have about 60 percent of the token but + + + align:start position:0% +have about 60 percent of the token but +they sell it on our continuous but a + + align:start position:0% +they sell it on our continuous but a + + + align:start position:0% +they sell it on our continuous but a +hundred million to two hundred million + + align:start position:0% +hundred million to two hundred million + + + align:start position:0% +hundred million to two hundred million +or so a month of value to I think it is + + align:start position:0% +or so a month of value to I think it is + + + align:start position:0% +or so a month of value to I think it is +relying on a common enterprise + + align:start position:0% +relying on a common enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +relying on a common enterprise +I think Ripple the company XRP investors + + align:start position:0% +I think Ripple the company XRP investors + + + align:start position:0% +I think Ripple the company XRP investors +are very much reliant on Ripple the + + align:start position:0% +are very much reliant on Ripple the + + + align:start position:0% +are very much reliant on Ripple the +company and that if ripple the company + + align:start position:0% +company and that if ripple the company + + + align:start position:0% +company and that if ripple the company +went away as you noted there's not much + + align:start position:0% +went away as you noted there's not much + + + align:start position:0% +went away as you noted there's not much +use of XRP in fact for the first three + + align:start position:0% +use of XRP in fact for the first three + + + align:start position:0% +use of XRP in fact for the first three +or four years or five years even there + + align:start position:0% +or four years or five years even there + + + align:start position:0% +or four years or five years even there +was no use and then they prototype + + align:start position:0% +was no use and then they prototype + + + align:start position:0% +was no use and then they prototype +something called X X rapid X current the + + align:start position:0% +something called X X rapid X current the + + + align:start position:0% +something called X X rapid X current the +main product of ripple the company is a + + align:start position:0% +main product of ripple the company is a + + + align:start position:0% +main product of ripple the company is a +messaging and + + align:start position:0% +messaging and + + + align:start position:0% +messaging and +and apparently a clever one it's + + align:start position:0% +and apparently a clever one it's + + + align:start position:0% +and apparently a clever one it's +competing with Swift but X rapid the + + align:start position:0% +competing with Swift but X rapid the + + + align:start position:0% +competing with Swift but X rapid the +prototype doesn't have a large community + + align:start position:0% +prototype doesn't have a large community + + + align:start position:0% +prototype doesn't have a large community +right now so it's highly centralized + + align:start position:0% +right now so it's highly centralized + + + align:start position:0% +right now so it's highly centralized +around ripple the company the + + align:start position:0% +around ripple the company the + + + align:start position:0% +around ripple the company the +development the node network the + + align:start position:0% +development the node network the + + + align:start position:0% +development the node network the +ownership is 55 or 60 percent owned by + + align:start position:0% +ownership is 55 or 60 percent owned by + + + align:start position:0% +ownership is 55 or 60 percent owned by +them if they're promoting it as such but + + align:start position:0% +them if they're promoting it as such but + + + align:start position:0% +them if they're promoting it as such but +it will be it will be settled in some + + align:start position:0% +it will be it will be settled in some + + + align:start position:0% +it will be it will be settled in some +court at some point in time and there + + align:start position:0% +court at some point in time and there + + + align:start position:0% +court at some point in time and there +might be regulatory forbearance and they + + align:start position:0% +might be regulatory forbearance and they + + + align:start position:0% +might be regulatory forbearance and they +will be determined not to be but I've + + align:start position:0% +will be determined not to be but I've + + + align:start position:0% +will be determined not to be but I've +expressed my thoughts I don't own any of + + align:start position:0% +expressed my thoughts I don't own any of + + + align:start position:0% +expressed my thoughts I don't own any of +this stuff I don't have any particular + + align:start position:0% +this stuff I don't have any particular + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff I don't have any particular +conflict I'm just speaking as I believe + + align:start position:0% +conflict I'm just speaking as I believe + + + align:start position:0% +conflict I'm just speaking as I believe +Catalina very good question so + + align:start position:0% +Catalina very good question so + + + align:start position:0% +Catalina very good question so +jurisdiction when when does any country + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction when when does any country + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction when when does any country +have jurisdiction or maybe I should ask + + align:start position:0% +have jurisdiction or maybe I should ask + + + align:start position:0% +have jurisdiction or maybe I should ask +it differently when do you think + + align:start position:0% +it differently when do you think + + + align:start position:0% +it differently when do you think +countries try to exert their + + align:start position:0% +countries try to exert their + + + align:start position:0% +countries try to exert their +jurisdiction in the context of capital + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction in the context of capital + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction in the context of capital +markets we're not talking about the + + align:start position:0% +markets we're not talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +markets we're not talking about the +context of consumable goods but in terms + + align:start position:0% +context of consumable goods but in terms + + + align:start position:0% +context of consumable goods but in terms +of the capital markets where did + + align:start position:0% +of the capital markets where did + + + align:start position:0% +of the capital markets where did +jurisdictions usually exert their + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions usually exert their + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions usually exert their +jurisdiction so one approach theory is + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction so one approach theory is + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction so one approach theory is +it's where the investors are and you + + align:start position:0% +it's where the investors are and you + + + align:start position:0% +it's where the investors are and you +even use the word a majority of + + align:start position:0% +even use the word a majority of + + + align:start position:0% +even use the word a majority of +investors are just where the investors + + align:start position:0% +investors are just where the investors + + + align:start position:0% +investors are just where the investors +are alright so there's all right so + + align:start position:0% +are alright so there's all right so + + + align:start position:0% +are alright so there's all right so +where the investors are and then the + + align:start position:0% +where the investors are and then the + + + align:start position:0% +where the investors are and then the +question is how many investors + + align:start position:0% +question is how many investors + + + align:start position:0% +question is how many investors +minority-majority de minimis so forth + + align:start position:0% +minority-majority de minimis so forth + + + align:start position:0% +minority-majority de minimis so forth +another point of view and he just + + align:start position:0% +another point of view and he just + + + align:start position:0% +another point of view and he just +counter + + align:start position:0% +counter + + + align:start position:0% +counter +we're accompanying with corporate all + + align:start position:0% +we're accompanying with corporate all + + + align:start position:0% +we're accompanying with corporate all +right so we're the company's legal + + align:start position:0% +right so we're the company's legal + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're the company's legal +jurisdiction s maybe the companies + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction s maybe the companies + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction s maybe the companies +incorporated somewhere so in essence + + align:start position:0% +incorporated somewhere so in essence + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated somewhere so in essence +we're the issuer is and there's a third + + align:start position:0% +we're the issuer is and there's a third + + + align:start position:0% +we're the issuer is and there's a third +one tax considerations can you you know + + align:start position:0% +one tax considerations can you you know + + + align:start position:0% +one tax considerations can you you know +can you collect taxes team the physical + + align:start position:0% +can you collect taxes team the physical + + + align:start position:0% +can you collect taxes team the physical +team so you might legally incorporate in + + align:start position:0% +team so you might legally incorporate in + + + align:start position:0% +team so you might legally incorporate in +the Cayman Islands but your executive + + align:start position:0% +the Cayman Islands but your executive + + + align:start position:0% +the Cayman Islands but your executive +team might be in New York or in Beijing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and the one other which I think all + + align:start position:0% +and and the one other which I think all + + + align:start position:0% +and and the one other which I think all +of these go in the exchange + + align:start position:0% +of these go in the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +of these go in the exchange +all right the secondary markets so all + + align:start position:0% +all right the secondary markets so all + + + align:start position:0% +all right the secondary markets so all +of these things somehow influence the + + align:start position:0% +of these things somehow influence the + + + align:start position:0% +of these things somehow influence the +concept of jurisdiction and there's + + align:start position:0% +concept of jurisdiction and there's + + + align:start position:0% +concept of jurisdiction and there's +various laws and each country has their + + align:start position:0% +various laws and each country has their + + + align:start position:0% +various laws and each country has their +own different I'm not going to do a + + align:start position:0% +own different I'm not going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +own different I'm not going to do a +whole review of this but usually + + align:start position:0% +whole review of this but usually + + + align:start position:0% +whole review of this but usually +countries want to exert their + + align:start position:0% +countries want to exert their + + + align:start position:0% +countries want to exert their +jurisdiction if if their citizens and + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction if if their citizens and + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction if if their citizens and +somehow are affected for if their tax + + align:start position:0% +somehow are affected for if their tax + + + align:start position:0% +somehow are affected for if their tax +bases except somehow affect it so in the + + align:start position:0% +bases except somehow affect it so in the + + + align:start position:0% +bases except somehow affect it so in the +u.s. securities laws if it's affecting + + align:start position:0% +u.s. securities laws if it's affecting + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. securities laws if it's affecting +US citizens or if the exchange or + + align:start position:0% +US citizens or if the exchange or + + + align:start position:0% +US citizens or if the exchange or +secondary markets are in our physical + + align:start position:0% +secondary markets are in our physical + + + align:start position:0% +secondary markets are in our physical +jurisdiction in the fifty states and so + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction in the fifty states and so + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction in the fifty states and so +forth where the issuer so it's all three + + align:start position:0% +forth where the issuer so it's all three + + + align:start position:0% +forth where the issuer so it's all three +of these often there's some exertion of + + align:start position:0% +of these often there's some exertion of + + + align:start position:0% +of these often there's some exertion of +jurisdiction and and it's and it's + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction and and it's and it's + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction and and it's and it's +upheld in the courts and then you get to + + align:start position:0% +upheld in the courts and then you get to + + + align:start position:0% +upheld in the courts and then you get to +some issuers have to deal with multiple + + align:start position:0% +some issuers have to deal with multiple + + + align:start position:0% +some issuers have to deal with multiple +jurisdictions and almost every large + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions and almost every large + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions and almost every large +corporation that has investors in + + align:start position:0% +corporation that has investors in + + + align:start position:0% +corporation that has investors in +multiple jurisdictions has to deal with + + align:start position:0% +multiple jurisdictions has to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +multiple jurisdictions has to deal with +the investor laws in multiple + + align:start position:0% +the investor laws in multiple + + + align:start position:0% +the investor laws in multiple +jurisdictions so initial coin offerings + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions so initial coin offerings + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions so initial coin offerings +they want to tap in the u.s. three + + align:start position:0% +they want to tap in the u.s. three + + + align:start position:0% +they want to tap in the u.s. three +hundred and twenty eight million people + + align:start position:0% +hundred and twenty eight million people + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and twenty eight million people +to buy some of these more than a de + + align:start position:0% +to buy some of these more than a de + + + align:start position:0% +to buy some of these more than a de +minimis it's not a majority US law + + align:start position:0% +minimis it's not a majority US law + + + align:start position:0% +minimis it's not a majority US law +doesn't need a majority it just has to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't need a majority it just has to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't need a majority it just has to +be more than a handful + + align:start position:0% +be more than a handful + + + align:start position:0% +be more than a handful +they'll be US Securities and Exchange + + align:start position:0% +they'll be US Securities and Exchange + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be US Securities and Exchange +Commission what might exert its + + align:start position:0% +Commission what might exert its + + + align:start position:0% +Commission what might exert its +jurisdiction doesn't always + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction doesn't always + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction doesn't always +so please so some of these ICS file coin + + align:start position:0% +so please so some of these ICS file coin + + + align:start position:0% +so please so some of these ICS file coin +I think included only sold to accredited + + align:start position:0% +I think included only sold to accredited + + + align:start position:0% +I think included only sold to accredited +investors in my mind that doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +investors in my mind that doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +investors in my mind that doesn't really +change the definition of security or the + + align:start position:0% +change the definition of security or the + + + align:start position:0% +change the definition of security or the +hobby tax or jurisdictions like what is + + align:start position:0% +hobby tax or jurisdictions like what is + + + align:start position:0% +hobby tax or jurisdictions like what is +the benefit of only selling - can I hold + + align:start position:0% +the benefit of only selling - can I hold + + + align:start position:0% +the benefit of only selling - can I hold +that because I'm gonna slide on that but + + align:start position:0% +that because I'm gonna slide on that but + + + align:start position:0% +that because I'm gonna slide on that but +it's a very good question so so the + + align:start position:0% +it's a very good question so so the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very good question so so the +Ernst & Young study and I promise we'll + + align:start position:0% +Ernst & Young study and I promise we'll + + + align:start position:0% +Ernst & Young study and I promise we'll +get to it so one year later this is they + + align:start position:0% +get to it so one year later this is they + + + align:start position:0% +get to it so one year later this is they +looked at the top hundred and forty-one + + align:start position:0% +looked at the top hundred and forty-one + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the top hundred and forty-one +icos + + align:start position:0% +icos + + + align:start position:0% +icos +of 2017 I haven't looked at the whole + + align:start position:0% +of 2017 I haven't looked at the whole + + + align:start position:0% +of 2017 I haven't looked at the whole +list but I think they pretty much got + + align:start position:0% +list but I think they pretty much got + + + align:start position:0% +list but I think they pretty much got +the top end 86% are trading below listed + + align:start position:0% +the top end 86% are trading below listed + + + align:start position:0% +the top end 86% are trading below listed +price as of September 30th + + align:start position:0% +price as of September 30th + + + align:start position:0% +price as of September 30th +this does not take into consideration + + align:start position:0% +this does not take into consideration + + + align:start position:0% +this does not take into consideration +the last week but the number would go up + + align:start position:0% +the last week but the number would go up + + + align:start position:0% +the last week but the number would go up +86% nine months later 30% have lost + + align:start position:0% +86% nine months later 30% have lost + + + align:start position:0% +86% nine months later 30% have lost +substantially all their value and not + + align:start position:0% +substantially all their value and not + + + align:start position:0% +substantially all their value and not +necessarily scams and frauds but it's + + align:start position:0% +necessarily scams and frauds but it's + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily scams and frauds but it's +interesting to compare that to Christian + + align:start position:0% +interesting to compare that to Christian + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to compare that to Christian +Catalina's 25% scam or fraud number but + + align:start position:0% +Catalina's 25% scam or fraud number but + + + align:start position:0% +Catalina's 25% scam or fraud number but +these are the top 141 in size these + + align:start position:0% +these are the top 141 in size these + + + align:start position:0% +these are the top 141 in size these +aren't the kind of small riffraff sized + + align:start position:0% +aren't the kind of small riffraff sized + + + align:start position:0% +aren't the kind of small riffraff sized +collectively the portfolio's down 66% I + + align:start position:0% +collectively the portfolio's down 66% I + + + align:start position:0% +collectively the portfolio's down 66% I +didn't go back to compare what that + + align:start position:0% +didn't go back to compare what that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't go back to compare what that +would be versus Bitcoin because some of + + align:start position:0% +would be versus Bitcoin because some of + + + align:start position:0% +would be versus Bitcoin because some of +these were issued in October some + + align:start position:0% +these were issued in October some + + + align:start position:0% +these were issued in October some +December but collectively if you invest + + align:start position:0% +December but collectively if you invest + + + align:start position:0% +December but collectively if you invest +it in the port it's not January 1st to + + align:start position:0% +it in the port it's not January 1st to + + + align:start position:0% +it in the port it's not January 1st to +September 30th it's from investment day + + align:start position:0% +September 30th it's from investment day + + + align:start position:0% +September 30th it's from investment day +and only 13% have working products and + + align:start position:0% +and only 13% have working products and + + + align:start position:0% +and only 13% have working products and +16% have prototypes another interesting + + align:start position:0% +16% have prototypes another interesting + + + align:start position:0% +16% have prototypes another interesting +thing is the 13% that have working + + align:start position:0% +thing is the 13% that have working + + + align:start position:0% +thing is the 13% that have working +products which is about 25 of these is + + align:start position:0% +products which is about 25 of these is + + + align:start position:0% +products which is about 25 of these is +that right roughly yeah about 25 or so + + align:start position:0% +that right roughly yeah about 25 or so + + + align:start position:0% +that right roughly yeah about 25 or so +20 to 25 seven of them have decided + + align:start position:0% +20 to 25 seven of them have decided + + + align:start position:0% +20 to 25 seven of them have decided +subsequent to Laurence to accept fiat + + align:start position:0% +subsequent to Laurence to accept fiat + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent to Laurence to accept fiat +currency - to get the good or service so + + align:start position:0% +currency - to get the good or service so + + + align:start position:0% +currency - to get the good or service so +literally if you dig into the Ernst & + + align:start position:0% +literally if you dig into the Ernst & + + + align:start position:0% +literally if you dig into the Ernst & +Young report they've chosen + + align:start position:0% +Young report they've chosen + + + align:start position:0% +Young report they've chosen +to take something else and you go back + + align:start position:0% +to take something else and you go back + + + align:start position:0% +to take something else and you go back +to your question about x-bar P as I + + align:start position:0% +to your question about x-bar P as I + + + align:start position:0% +to your question about x-bar P as I +understand it as I studied it I might be + + align:start position:0% +understand it as I studied it I might be + + + align:start position:0% +understand it as I studied it I might be +mistaken but X rapid you can actually + + align:start position:0% +mistaken but X rapid you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +mistaken but X rapid you can actually +use something other than X R P as the + + align:start position:0% +use something other than X R P as the + + + align:start position:0% +use something other than X R P as the +bridge currency to give it more it has + + align:start position:0% +bridge currency to give it more it has + + + align:start position:0% +bridge currency to give it more it has +to be another crypto but 7 of 25 live + + align:start position:0% +to be another crypto but 7 of 25 live + + + align:start position:0% +to be another crypto but 7 of 25 live +projects that ernst & young followed has + + align:start position:0% +projects that ernst & young followed has + + + align:start position:0% +projects that ernst & young followed has +have decided subsequently maybe to take + + align:start position:0% +have decided subsequently maybe to take + + + align:start position:0% +have decided subsequently maybe to take +a fiat currency for the good or service + + align:start position:0% +a fiat currency for the good or service + + + align:start position:0% +a fiat currency for the good or service +as well so that kind of gives you the + + align:start position:0% +as well so that kind of gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +as well so that kind of gives you the +sense this is a note that about catalina + + align:start position:0% +sense this is a note that about catalina + + + align:start position:0% +sense this is a note that about catalina +report and that status report as well + + align:start position:0% +report and that status report as well + + + align:start position:0% +report and that status report as well +what's going on on ethereal just as this + + align:start position:0% +what's going on on ethereal just as this + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on on ethereal just as this +is a most recent report i summarize + + align:start position:0% +is a most recent report i summarize + + + align:start position:0% +is a most recent report i summarize +something from a site these are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exchanges there's a hundred and seventy + + align:start position:0% +exchanges there's a hundred and seventy + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges there's a hundred and seventy +nine gaps that this is just looking at + + align:start position:0% +nine gaps that this is just looking at + + + align:start position:0% +nine gaps that this is just looking at +theoria but there's only twenty five + + align:start position:0% +theoria but there's only twenty five + + + align:start position:0% +theoria but there's only twenty five +thousand uses a day for a hundred and + + align:start position:0% +thousand uses a day for a hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +thousand uses a day for a hundred and +seventy nine sites seventeen thousand + + align:start position:0% +seventy nine sites seventeen thousand + + + align:start position:0% +seventy nine sites seventeen thousand +and gambling but it's exchanges gambling + + align:start position:0% +and gambling but it's exchanges gambling + + + align:start position:0% +and gambling but it's exchanges gambling +games finance forth and then you can go + + align:start position:0% +games finance forth and then you can go + + + align:start position:0% +games finance forth and then you can go +down the other category which only has + + align:start position:0% +down the other category which only has + + + align:start position:0% +down the other category which only has +two hundred and seventy five daily uses + + align:start position:0% +two hundred and seventy five daily uses + + + align:start position:0% +two hundred and seventy five daily uses +covers governance identity security + + align:start position:0% +covers governance identity security + + + align:start position:0% +covers governance identity security +energy insurance and health all six of + + align:start position:0% +energy insurance and health all six of + + + align:start position:0% +energy insurance and health all six of +those use cases 218 gaps which means + + align:start position:0% +those use cases 218 gaps which means + + + align:start position:0% +those use cases 218 gaps which means +they're all being used like zero or once + + align:start position:0% +they're all being used like zero or once + + + align:start position:0% +they're all being used like zero or once +a day this is i believe i pull this for + + align:start position:0% +a day this is i believe i pull this for + + + align:start position:0% +a day this is i believe i pull this for +the month of october i think these all + + align:start position:0% +the month of october i think these all + + + align:start position:0% +the month of october i think these all +these stats are yeah this was for the + + align:start position:0% +these stats are yeah this was for the + + + align:start position:0% +these stats are yeah this was for the +month of october so it's it's it might + + align:start position:0% +month of october so it's it's it might + + + align:start position:0% +month of october so it's it's it might +be september but it's all current + + align:start position:0% +be september but it's all current + + + align:start position:0% +be september but it's all current +information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does the sec done in this space + + align:start position:0% +so what does the sec done in this space + + + align:start position:0% +so what does the sec done in this space +well they brought the dow report in July + + align:start position:0% +well they brought the dow report in July + + + align:start position:0% +well they brought the dow report in July +of 2017 if you remember that this was + + align:start position:0% +of 2017 if you remember that this was + + + align:start position:0% +of 2017 if you remember that this was +the big hundred and fifty hundred and + + align:start position:0% +the big hundred and fifty hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +the big hundred and fifty hundred and +sixty million dollar big ICO in 2016 a + + align:start position:0% +sixty million dollar big ICO in 2016 a + + + align:start position:0% +sixty million dollar big ICO in 2016 a +third of it was hacked it led to the the + + align:start position:0% +third of it was hacked it led to the the + + + align:start position:0% +third of it was hacked it led to the the +break-in the etherium network between + + align:start position:0% +break-in the etherium network between + + + align:start position:0% +break-in the etherium network between +aetherium classic the hard fork and + + align:start position:0% +aetherium classic the hard fork and + + + align:start position:0% +aetherium classic the hard fork and +aetherium dow actually shut down it kind + + align:start position:0% +aetherium dow actually shut down it kind + + + align:start position:0% +aetherium dow actually shut down it kind +of it didn't take off and a year later + + align:start position:0% +of it didn't take off and a year later + + + align:start position:0% +of it didn't take off and a year later +the sec did not bring an enforcement + + align:start position:0% +the sec did not bring an enforcement + + + align:start position:0% +the sec did not bring an enforcement +action they chose not to penalize + + align:start position:0% +action they chose not to penalize + + + align:start position:0% +action they chose not to penalize +anybody but they laid out in pretty good + + align:start position:0% +anybody but they laid out in pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +anybody but they laid out in pretty good +detail as to why these things were + + align:start position:0% +detail as to why these things were + + + align:start position:0% +detail as to why these things were +securities I don't think they had + + align:start position:0% +securities I don't think they had + + + align:start position:0% +securities I don't think they had +planned for what was gonna happen next + + align:start position:0% +planned for what was gonna happen next + + + align:start position:0% +planned for what was gonna happen next +but the ICO boom took off I don't think + + align:start position:0% +but the ICO boom took off I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +but the ICO boom took off I don't think +because of the dow report but it's an + + align:start position:0% +because of the dow report but it's an + + + align:start position:0% +because of the dow report but it's an +interesting coincidence whether this + + align:start position:0% +interesting coincidence whether this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting coincidence whether this +kind of gave a bunch of lawyers and + + align:start position:0% +kind of gave a bunch of lawyers and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gave a bunch of lawyers and +entrepreneurs a sense all right if i + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs a sense all right if i + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs a sense all right if i +avoid doing what they did specifically + + align:start position:0% +avoid doing what they did specifically + + + align:start position:0% +avoid doing what they did specifically +and the dow they actually paid part of + + align:start position:0% +and the dow they actually paid part of + + + align:start position:0% +and the dow they actually paid part of +the revenues to the token holders and + + align:start position:0% +the revenues to the token holders and + + + align:start position:0% +the revenues to the token holders and +they gave a sense of voting rights so it + + align:start position:0% +they gave a sense of voting rights so it + + + align:start position:0% +they gave a sense of voting rights so it +was also security looking because there + + align:start position:0% +was also security looking because there + + + align:start position:0% +was also security looking because there +were a form of participation in + + align:start position:0% +were a form of participation in + + + align:start position:0% +were a form of participation in +governance and a form of participation + + align:start position:0% +governance and a form of participation + + + align:start position:0% +governance and a form of participation +in profits that everything took off then + + align:start position:0% +in profits that everything took off then + + + align:start position:0% +in profits that everything took off then +then the SEC did two other things one + + align:start position:0% +then the SEC did two other things one + + + align:start position:0% +then the SEC did two other things one +was kind of the Oracle the re coin + + align:start position:0% +was kind of the Oracle the re coin + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of the Oracle the re coin +complaint was real fraudulent player and + + align:start position:0% +complaint was real fraudulent player and + + + align:start position:0% +complaint was real fraudulent player and +the Munchie order in December last year + + align:start position:0% +the Munchie order in December last year + + + align:start position:0% +the Munchie order in December last year +I read that in January February I + + align:start position:0% +I read that in January February I + + + align:start position:0% +I read that in January February I +thought well that's pretty clear + + align:start position:0% +thought well that's pretty clear + + + align:start position:0% +thought well that's pretty clear +and Jake late and he runs the SEC then + + align:start position:0% +and Jake late and he runs the SEC then + + + align:start position:0% +and Jake late and he runs the SEC then +and is setting congressional testimony + + align:start position:0% +and is setting congressional testimony + + + align:start position:0% +and is setting congressional testimony +in February that he hadn't met a ICO + + align:start position:0% +in February that he hadn't met a ICO + + + align:start position:0% +in February that he hadn't met a ICO +that he didn't think was a security his + + align:start position:0% +that he didn't think was a security his + + + align:start position:0% +that he didn't think was a security his +words were a little different but I + + align:start position:0% +words were a little different but I + + + align:start position:0% +words were a little different but I +thought between the Munchie order and + + align:start position:0% +thought between the Munchie order and + + + align:start position:0% +thought between the Munchie order and +chairman Clayton's statement in February + + align:start position:0% +chairman Clayton's statement in February + + + align:start position:0% +chairman Clayton's statement in February +he had really said it but it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +he had really said it but it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +he had really said it but it wasn't +quite enough it was and the Munchie + + align:start position:0% +quite enough it was and the Munchie + + + align:start position:0% +quite enough it was and the Munchie +order again they didn't assess penalties + + align:start position:0% +order again they didn't assess penalties + + + align:start position:0% +order again they didn't assess penalties +but it was an offering I can't remember + + align:start position:0% +but it was an offering I can't remember + + + align:start position:0% +but it was an offering I can't remember +the size twenty to thirty million + + align:start position:0% +the size twenty to thirty million + + + align:start position:0% +the size twenty to thirty million +they they knocked on munchies it was + + align:start position:0% +they they knocked on munchies it was + + + align:start position:0% +they they knocked on munchies it was +Munchie by the way does anybody know + + align:start position:0% +Munchie by the way does anybody know + + + align:start position:0% +Munchie by the way does anybody know +what the coin did for restaurant reviews + + align:start position:0% +what the coin did for restaurant reviews + + + align:start position:0% +what the coin did for restaurant reviews +Munchie food yeah but they knocked on + + align:start position:0% +Munchie food yeah but they knocked on + + + align:start position:0% +Munchie food yeah but they knocked on +the Munchie folks door right as they + + align:start position:0% +the Munchie folks door right as they + + + align:start position:0% +the Munchie folks door right as they +were doing the offering and they + + align:start position:0% +were doing the offering and they + + + align:start position:0% +were doing the offering and they +basically shut down the offering but + + align:start position:0% +basically shut down the offering but + + + align:start position:0% +basically shut down the offering but +then they did like a whole bunch of the + + align:start position:0% +then they did like a whole bunch of the + + + align:start position:0% +then they did like a whole bunch of the +there's five or six of these almost all + + align:start position:0% +there's five or six of these almost all + + + align:start position:0% +there's five or six of these almost all +of which are really scammy fraud ii type + + align:start position:0% +of which are really scammy fraud ii type + + + align:start position:0% +of which are really scammy fraud ii type +things I mean I can't speak to each one + + align:start position:0% +things I mean I can't speak to each one + + + align:start position:0% +things I mean I can't speak to each one +but they'd have some celebrity that it + + align:start position:0% +but they'd have some celebrity that it + + + align:start position:0% +but they'd have some celebrity that it +was paid a lot of money to go out to + + align:start position:0% +was paid a lot of money to go out to + + + align:start position:0% +was paid a lot of money to go out to +hawk the coins and there wasn't much + + align:start position:0% +hawk the coins and there wasn't much + + + align:start position:0% +hawk the coins and there wasn't much +behind it and so forth + + align:start position:0% +behind it and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +behind it and so forth +asset freeze is filing complaints in + + align:start position:0% +asset freeze is filing complaints in + + + align:start position:0% +asset freeze is filing complaints in +courts emergency court order as one + + align:start position:0% +courts emergency court order as one + + + align:start position:0% +courts emergency court order as one +settlement it takes a long time to build + + align:start position:0% +settlement it takes a long time to build + + + align:start position:0% +settlement it takes a long time to build +a case having been the chairman of a + + align:start position:0% +a case having been the chairman of a + + + align:start position:0% +a case having been the chairman of a +smaller regulatory agency I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +smaller regulatory agency I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +smaller regulatory agency I can tell you +it just takes a long time to build cases + + align:start position:0% +it just takes a long time to build cases + + + align:start position:0% +it just takes a long time to build cases +it's not like three months sometimes + + align:start position:0% +it's not like three months sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like three months sometimes +it's a year sometimes it's even three + + align:start position:0% +it's a year sometimes it's even three + + + align:start position:0% +it's a year sometimes it's even three +years but the last two arefox and + + align:start position:0% +years but the last two arefox and + + + align:start position:0% +years but the last two arefox and +paragon orders were two offerings that + + align:start position:0% +paragon orders were two offerings that + + + align:start position:0% +paragon orders were two offerings that +were done 12 to 15 months ago so a long + + align:start position:0% +were done 12 to 15 months ago so a long + + + align:start position:0% +were done 12 to 15 months ago so a long +time to bring it together but they were + + align:start position:0% +time to bring it together but they were + + + align:start position:0% +time to bring it together but they were +settlements and Paragon and arefox which + + align:start position:0% +settlements and Paragon and arefox which + + + align:start position:0% +settlements and Paragon and arefox which +each race I don't know twelve or + + align:start position:0% +each race I don't know twelve or + + + align:start position:0% +each race I don't know twelve or +eighteen million each or 15 or 18 + + align:start position:0% +eighteen million each or 15 or 18 + + + align:start position:0% +eighteen million each or 15 or 18 +million age appeared on the surface to + + align:start position:0% +million age appeared on the surface to + + + align:start position:0% +million age appeared on the surface to +be more good-faith actors but I can't + + align:start position:0% +be more good-faith actors but I can't + + + align:start position:0% +be more good-faith actors but I can't +speak I don't I don't know for sure + + align:start position:0% +speak I don't I don't know for sure + + + align:start position:0% +speak I don't I don't know for sure +but they're really first time the sec + + align:start position:0% +but they're really first time the sec + + + align:start position:0% +but they're really first time the sec +has gotten penalties first time they've + + align:start position:0% +has gotten penalties first time they've + + + align:start position:0% +has gotten penalties first time they've +gotten somebody to say yes if somebody + + align:start position:0% +gotten somebody to say yes if somebody + + + align:start position:0% +gotten somebody to say yes if somebody +wants their money back a year later well + + align:start position:0% +wants their money back a year later well + + + align:start position:0% +wants their money back a year later well +we'll do that and yes we'll come into + + align:start position:0% +we'll do that and yes we'll come into + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do that and yes we'll come into +compliance and we'll do offering + + align:start position:0% +compliance and we'll do offering + + + align:start position:0% +compliance and we'll do offering +documents so now I'm going to talk a + + align:start position:0% +documents so now I'm going to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +documents so now I'm going to talk a +little bit about what can you do and I + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what can you do and I + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what can you do and I +think zon you ask this question what can + + align:start position:0% +think zon you ask this question what can + + + align:start position:0% +think zon you ask this question what can +you do and I'm gonna do it in two + + align:start position:0% +you do and I'm gonna do it in two + + + align:start position:0% +you do and I'm gonna do it in two +different charts but the first one is + + align:start position:0% +different charts but the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +different charts but the first one is +called restricted offerings this is not + + align:start position:0% +called restricted offerings this is not + + + align:start position:0% +called restricted offerings this is not +a securities law class this is just to + + align:start position:0% +a securities law class this is just to + + + align:start position:0% +a securities law class this is just to +give you a sense of what are the + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of what are the + + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of what are the +potentials a restricted offering which + + align:start position:0% +potentials a restricted offering which + + + align:start position:0% +potentials a restricted offering which +comes out kind of 30-plus years ago + + align:start position:0% +comes out kind of 30-plus years ago + + + align:start position:0% +comes out kind of 30-plus years ago +first was the concept is I'm not doing a + + align:start position:0% +first was the concept is I'm not doing a + + + align:start position:0% +first was the concept is I'm not doing a +public offering I'm only selling these + + align:start position:0% +public offering I'm only selling these + + + align:start position:0% +public offering I'm only selling these +securities in a private placement and my + + align:start position:0% +securities in a private placement and my + + + align:start position:0% +securities in a private placement and my +day when I was in Wall Street we call + + align:start position:0% +day when I was in Wall Street we call + + + align:start position:0% +day when I was in Wall Street we call +these private placements but a + + align:start position:0% +these private placements but a + + + align:start position:0% +these private placements but a +restricted offering and there's three + + align:start position:0% +restricted offering and there's three + + + align:start position:0% +restricted offering and there's three +different ones the the most likely one + + align:start position:0% +different ones the the most likely one + + + align:start position:0% +different ones the the most likely one +is the five OC 506 C which came out of a + + align:start position:0% +is the five OC 506 C which came out of a + + + align:start position:0% +is the five OC 506 C which came out of a +recent law passed in 2012 called the + + align:start position:0% +recent law passed in 2012 called the + + + align:start position:0% +recent law passed in 2012 called the +JOBS Act in Congress and you love how we + + align:start position:0% +JOBS Act in Congress and you love how we + + + align:start position:0% +JOBS Act in Congress and you love how we +name our laws in the US the JOBS Act in + + align:start position:0% +name our laws in the US the JOBS Act in + + + align:start position:0% +name our laws in the US the JOBS Act in +credit accredited investors only and an + + align:start position:0% +credit accredited investors only and an + + + align:start position:0% +credit accredited investors only and an +accredited investor and every + + align:start position:0% +accredited investor and every + + + align:start position:0% +accredited investor and every +jurisdiction is different the concept is + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction is different the concept is + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdiction is different the concept is +is you have a little bit of net worth or + + align:start position:0% +is you have a little bit of net worth or + + + align:start position:0% +is you have a little bit of net worth or +a lot of net worth depending upon your + + align:start position:0% +a lot of net worth depending upon your + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of net worth depending upon your +view about money but you have enough net + + align:start position:0% +view about money but you have enough net + + + align:start position:0% +view about money but you have enough net +worth that you supposedly are + + align:start position:0% +worth that you supposedly are + + + align:start position:0% +worth that you supposedly are +sophisticated or accredited or you can + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated or accredited or you can + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated or accredited or you can +have less protection under the + + align:start position:0% +have less protection under the + + + align:start position:0% +have less protection under the +securities law unless you need less + + align:start position:0% +securities law unless you need less + + + align:start position:0% +securities law unless you need less +information so 506 C says credit + + align:start position:0% +information so 506 C says credit + + + align:start position:0% +information so 506 C says credit +investors if that's all it is + + align:start position:0% +investors if that's all it is + + + align:start position:0% +investors if that's all it is +it's a restricted security restricted + + align:start position:0% +it's a restricted security restricted + + + align:start position:0% +it's a restricted security restricted +meaning you cannot sell it publicly for + + align:start position:0% +meaning you cannot sell it publicly for + + + align:start position:0% +meaning you cannot sell it publicly for +either six months or 12 months depending + + align:start position:0% +either six months or 12 months depending + + + align:start position:0% +either six months or 12 months depending +upon how you structure these things and + + align:start position:0% +upon how you structure these things and + + + align:start position:0% +upon how you structure these things and +the big thing about all of the + + align:start position:0% +the big thing about all of the + + + align:start position:0% +the big thing about all of the +restricted offerings is you don't have + + align:start position:0% +restricted offerings is you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +restricted offerings is you don't have +to do one of those detail information + + align:start position:0% +to do one of those detail information + + + align:start position:0% +to do one of those detail information +statements so the SEC says all right if + + align:start position:0% +statements so the SEC says all right if + + + align:start position:0% +statements so the SEC says all right if +you keep it restricted it's only + + align:start position:0% +you keep it restricted it's only + + + align:start position:0% +you keep it restricted it's only +accredited investors or the 506 B + + align:start position:0% +accredited investors or the 506 B + + + align:start position:0% +accredited investors or the 506 B +accredited investors but 35 people can + + align:start position:0% +accredited investors but 35 people can + + + align:start position:0% +accredited investors but 35 people can +be sophisticated rather than accredited + + align:start position:0% +be sophisticated rather than accredited + + + align:start position:0% +be sophisticated rather than accredited +please don't challenge me on the + + align:start position:0% +please don't challenge me on the + + + align:start position:0% +please don't challenge me on the +definitions of what's sophisticated and + + align:start position:0% +definitions of what's sophisticated and + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of what's sophisticated and +not accredited it's basically you can + + align:start position:0% +not accredited it's basically you can + + + align:start position:0% +not accredited it's basically you can +show sophistication even if you don't + + align:start position:0% +show sophistication even if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +show sophistication even if you don't +have money accredited is about how much + + align:start position:0% +have money accredited is about how much + + + align:start position:0% +have money accredited is about how much +money you have sophisticated is + + align:start position:0% +money you have sophisticated is + + + align:start position:0% +money you have sophisticated is +knowledge but not money roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +knowledge but not money roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge but not money roughly speaking +and then there's a small thing for small + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a small thing for small + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a small thing for small +offerings Regulation D is what most of + + align:start position:0% +offerings Regulation D is what most of + + + align:start position:0% +offerings Regulation D is what most of +them telegram did a regulation DS done + + align:start position:0% +them telegram did a regulation DS done + + + align:start position:0% +them telegram did a regulation DS done +to let you know I think Falcone did a + + align:start position:0% +to let you know I think Falcone did a + + + align:start position:0% +to let you know I think Falcone did a +reg did + + align:start position:0% +reg did + + + align:start position:0% +reg did +offering generally speaking it's like + + align:start position:0% +offering generally speaking it's like + + + align:start position:0% +offering generally speaking it's like +quote accredited investors meaning they + + align:start position:0% +quote accredited investors meaning they + + + align:start position:0% +quote accredited investors meaning they +have enough money they have over I can't + + align:start position:0% +have enough money they have over I can't + + + align:start position:0% +have enough money they have over I can't +remember a million bucks or whatever the + + align:start position:0% +remember a million bucks or whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +remember a million bucks or whatever the +number is regulation a is offering + + align:start position:0% +number is regulation a is offering + + + align:start position:0% +number is regulation a is offering +statement so you have to give a + + align:start position:0% +statement so you have to give a + + + align:start position:0% +statement so you have to give a +statement you have to give something + + align:start position:0% +statement you have to give something + + + align:start position:0% +statement you have to give something +with the financials not many i ce o--'s + + align:start position:0% +with the financials not many i ce o--'s + + + align:start position:0% +with the financials not many i ce o--'s +want to do a reggae offering but if you + + align:start position:0% +want to do a reggae offering but if you + + + align:start position:0% +want to do a reggae offering but if you +were doing a startup if you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +were doing a startup if you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +were doing a startup if you're thinking +about like you're in one of the + + align:start position:0% +about like you're in one of the + + + align:start position:0% +about like you're in one of the +wonderful venture classes FinTech + + align:start position:0% +wonderful venture classes FinTech + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful venture classes FinTech +ventures or other venture classes you + + align:start position:0% +ventures or other venture classes you + + + align:start position:0% +ventures or other venture classes you +might consider doing a reggae offering + + align:start position:0% +might consider doing a reggae offering + + + align:start position:0% +might consider doing a reggae offering +rather than a reg D the benefit of + + align:start position:0% +rather than a reg D the benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +rather than a reg D the benefit of +reggae regulation a is you can go to any + + align:start position:0% +reggae regulation a is you can go to any + + + align:start position:0% +reggae regulation a is you can go to any +investors you don't have to only limit + + align:start position:0% +investors you don't have to only limit + + + align:start position:0% +investors you don't have to only limit +to accredited investors so Regulation D + + align:start position:0% +to accredited investors so Regulation D + + + align:start position:0% +to accredited investors so Regulation D +only accredited investors generally with + + align:start position:0% +only accredited investors generally with + + + align:start position:0% +only accredited investors generally with +a little footnote about sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +a little footnote about sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +a little footnote about sophisticated +investors regulation a you've got to + + align:start position:0% +investors regulation a you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +investors regulation a you've got to +give them more information you have to + + align:start position:0% +give them more information you have to + + + align:start position:0% +give them more information you have to +address some of that information + + align:start position:0% +address some of that information + + + align:start position:0% +address some of that information +asymmetry there's two tiers twenty + + align:start position:0% +asymmetry there's two tiers twenty + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetry there's two tiers twenty +million and fifty million the fifty + + align:start position:0% +million and fifty million the fifty + + + align:start position:0% +million and fifty million the fifty +million dollar offering you have one + + align:start position:0% +million dollar offering you have one + + + align:start position:0% +million dollar offering you have one +going reporting obligations the twenty + + align:start position:0% +going reporting obligations the twenty + + + align:start position:0% +going reporting obligations the twenty +million you just have to get yourself + + align:start position:0% +million you just have to get yourself + + + align:start position:0% +million you just have to get yourself +around doing something at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +around doing something at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +around doing something at the beginning +but how do you do financials for an ICO + + align:start position:0% +but how do you do financials for an ICO + + + align:start position:0% +but how do you do financials for an ICO +and there's well I guess you just say + + align:start position:0% +and there's well I guess you just say + + + align:start position:0% +and there's well I guess you just say +you have no revenues no income etc + + align:start position:0% +you have no revenues no income etc + + + align:start position:0% +you have no revenues no income etc +there's something very new called + + align:start position:0% +there's something very new called + + + align:start position:0% +there's something very new called +regulation CF or crowd funding unless + + align:start position:0% +regulation CF or crowd funding unless + + + align:start position:0% +regulation CF or crowd funding unless +you're raising less than a million + + align:start position:0% +you're raising less than a million + + + align:start position:0% +you're raising less than a million +dollars you wouldn't put it on your list + + align:start position:0% +dollars you wouldn't put it on your list + + + align:start position:0% +dollars you wouldn't put it on your list +so all of us know initial coin offerings + + align:start position:0% +so all of us know initial coin offerings + + + align:start position:0% +so all of us know initial coin offerings +are looking at reg CF they're basically + + align:start position:0% +are looking at reg CF they're basically + + + align:start position:0% +are looking at reg CF they're basically +looking mostly at the what we used to + + align:start position:0% +looking mostly at the what we used to + + + align:start position:0% +looking mostly at the what we used to +call you know private placements or + + align:start position:0% +call you know private placements or + + + align:start position:0% +call you know private placements or +restricted offerings Regulation D that's + + align:start position:0% +restricted offerings Regulation D that's + + + align:start position:0% +restricted offerings Regulation D that's +where most of them are and you have to + + align:start position:0% +where most of them are and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +where most of them are and you have to +use good faith efforts to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +use good faith efforts to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +use good faith efforts to make sure that +every one of your investors is in fact + + align:start position:0% +every one of your investors is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +every one of your investors is in fact +an accredited investor and that's where + + align:start position:0% +an accredited investor and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +an accredited investor and that's where +it is questions do all these regulations + + align:start position:0% +it is questions do all these regulations + + + align:start position:0% +it is questions do all these regulations +be yes entail okay what the naml + + align:start position:0% +be yes entail okay what the naml + + + align:start position:0% +be yes entail okay what the naml +yes so the question is do you have to do + + align:start position:0% +yes so the question is do you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +yes so the question is do you have to do +know your customer and any money + + align:start position:0% +know your customer and any money + + + align:start position:0% +know your customer and any money +laundering and the answer is yes because + + align:start position:0% +laundering and the answer is yes because + + + align:start position:0% +laundering and the answer is yes because +over the last couple of decades what's + + align:start position:0% +over the last couple of decades what's + + + align:start position:0% +over the last couple of decades what's +happened is Finance Ministry's around + + align:start position:0% +happened is Finance Ministry's around + + + align:start position:0% +happened is Finance Ministry's around +the globe and this is not just here in + + align:start position:0% +the globe and this is not just here in + + + align:start position:0% +the globe and this is not just here in +the US we've kind of layered on top of + + align:start position:0% +the US we've kind of layered on top of + + + align:start position:0% +the US we've kind of layered on top of +securities laws hey we need your help + + align:start position:0% +securities laws hey we need your help + + + align:start position:0% +securities laws hey we need your help +here because there's this public policy + + align:start position:0% +here because there's this public policy + + + align:start position:0% +here because there's this public policy +goal of making sure that you can't money + + align:start position:0% +goal of making sure that you can't money + + + align:start position:0% +goal of making sure that you can't money +launder so yes but in varying degrees so + + align:start position:0% +launder so yes but in varying degrees so + + + align:start position:0% +launder so yes but in varying degrees so +in the Regulation D requirements you + + align:start position:0% +in the Regulation D requirements you + + + align:start position:0% +in the Regulation D requirements you +have to make the good-faith efforts when + + align:start position:0% +have to make the good-faith efforts when + + + align:start position:0% +have to make the good-faith efforts when +you do the initial sale and purportedly + + align:start position:0% +you do the initial sale and purportedly + + + align:start position:0% +you do the initial sale and purportedly +it's restricted and it's not supposed to + + align:start position:0% +it's restricted and it's not supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +it's restricted and it's not supposed to +be resold for either six or twelve + + align:start position:0% +be resold for either six or twelve + + + align:start position:0% +be resold for either six or twelve +months but on the resale the issuer + + align:start position:0% +months but on the resale the issuer + + + align:start position:0% +months but on the resale the issuer +doesn't have the same obligations where + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have the same obligations where + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have the same obligations where +some of the others you have more + + align:start position:0% +some of the others you have more + + + align:start position:0% +some of the others you have more +continuing obligations on the resale so + + align:start position:0% +continuing obligations on the resale so + + + align:start position:0% +continuing obligations on the resale so +I think that some have tried to get + + align:start position:0% +I think that some have tried to get + + + align:start position:0% +I think that some have tried to get +around this and doing a reg D offering + + align:start position:0% +around this and doing a reg D offering + + + align:start position:0% +around this and doing a reg D offering +and then said can I get some crypto + + align:start position:0% +and then said can I get some crypto + + + align:start position:0% +and then said can I get some crypto +exchange to list this ICL and I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +exchange to list this ICL and I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +exchange to list this ICL and I'm gonna +turn a blind eye I think it's bad legal + + align:start position:0% +turn a blind eye I think it's bad legal + + + align:start position:0% +turn a blind eye I think it's bad legal +advice they're taking but turn a blind + + align:start position:0% +advice they're taking but turn a blind + + + align:start position:0% +advice they're taking but turn a blind +eye as to where it gets sold on that I + + align:start position:0% +eye as to where it gets sold on that I + + + align:start position:0% +eye as to where it gets sold on that I +wouldn't recommend it but I think some + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't recommend it but I think some + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't recommend it but I think some +are doing that on the resale and not + + align:start position:0% +are doing that on the resale and not + + + align:start position:0% +are doing that on the resale and not +maybe doing kyc or AML on the resale at + + align:start position:0% +maybe doing kyc or AML on the resale at + + + align:start position:0% +maybe doing kyc or AML on the resale at +least that's what some tell me please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +investable assets doesn't make you well + + align:start position:0% +investable assets doesn't make you well + + + align:start position:0% +investable assets doesn't make you well +place to understand technical skills any + + align:start position:0% +place to understand technical skills any + + + align:start position:0% +place to understand technical skills any +other rate of white paper is a more + + align:start position:0% +other rate of white paper is a more + + + align:start position:0% +other rate of white paper is a more +relevant sort of qualification to allow + + align:start position:0% +relevant sort of qualification to allow + + + align:start position:0% +relevant sort of qualification to allow +you to invest and then by having these + + align:start position:0% +you to invest and then by having these + + + align:start position:0% +you to invest and then by having these +regulations in the way you're + + align:start position:0% +regulations in the way you're + + + align:start position:0% +regulations in the way you're +restricting access that promotes + + align:start position:0% +restricting access that promotes + + + align:start position:0% +restricting access that promotes +inequality and only rich people are + + align:start position:0% +inequality and only rich people are + + + align:start position:0% +inequality and only rich people are +getting these investment opportunities + + align:start position:0% +getting these investment opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +getting these investment opportunities +so I think crypto people make this + + align:start position:0% +so I think crypto people make this + + + align:start position:0% +so I think crypto people make this +argument so I guess what would your + + align:start position:0% +argument so I guess what would your + + + align:start position:0% +argument so I guess what would your +response to that and here are your cut + + align:start position:0% +response to that and here are your cut + + + align:start position:0% +response to that and here are your cut +your classmates response yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the law exists - it does because of + + align:start position:0% +the law exists - it does because of + + + align:start position:0% +the law exists - it does because of +diversification because of asset + + align:start position:0% +diversification because of asset + + + align:start position:0% +diversification because of asset +allocation theory and the idea that + + align:start position:0% +allocation theory and the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +allocation theory and the idea that +people don't understand that I think + + align:start position:0% +people don't understand that I think + + + align:start position:0% +people don't understand that I think +that even if you have you may not + + align:start position:0% +that even if you have you may not + + + align:start position:0% +that even if you have you may not +understand asset allocation theory and + + align:start position:0% +understand asset allocation theory and + + + align:start position:0% +understand asset allocation theory and +able to balance what you need when and + + align:start position:0% +able to balance what you need when and + + + align:start position:0% +able to balance what you need when and +basically the law is set up such that + + align:start position:0% +basically the law is set up such that + + + align:start position:0% +basically the law is set up such that +you can resolve that and even if you're + + align:start position:0% +you can resolve that and even if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can resolve that and even if you're +very savvy you can be very savvy and + + align:start position:0% +very savvy you can be very savvy and + + + align:start position:0% +very savvy you can be very savvy and +still be bought and you've lost more + + align:start position:0% +still be bought and you've lost more + + + align:start position:0% +still be bought and you've lost more +than you know I would just respond to + + align:start position:0% +than you know I would just respond to + + + align:start position:0% +than you know I would just respond to +sit down can you speak up I was just + + align:start position:0% +sit down can you speak up I was just + + + align:start position:0% +sit down can you speak up I was just +gonna I think both the points are right + + align:start position:0% +gonna I think both the points are right + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I think both the points are right +I just don't think it's my and yet that + + align:start position:0% +I just don't think it's my and yet that + + + align:start position:0% +I just don't think it's my and yet that +it's not the government's role to decide + + align:start position:0% +it's not the government's role to decide + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the government's role to decide +that you don't get to invest in + + align:start position:0% +that you don't get to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't get to invest in +something that you believe in or work + + align:start position:0% +something that you believe in or work + + + align:start position:0% +something that you believe in or work +done because you don't you may not + + align:start position:0% +done because you don't you may not + + + align:start position:0% +done because you don't you may not +understand portfolio theory just because + + align:start position:0% +understand portfolio theory just because + + + align:start position:0% +understand portfolio theory just because +you don't have you know no it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +you don't have you know no it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have you know no it's a it's a +very good question and there's this + + align:start position:0% +very good question and there's this + + + align:start position:0% +very good question and there's this +public policy debate as to if you have a + + align:start position:0% +public policy debate as to if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +public policy debate as to if you have a +belief that investor protection helps + + align:start position:0% +belief that investor protection helps + + + align:start position:0% +belief that investor protection helps +promote markets and investor protection + + align:start position:0% +promote markets and investor protection + + + align:start position:0% +promote markets and investor protection +is about addressing some information + + align:start position:0% +is about addressing some information + + + align:start position:0% +is about addressing some information +asymmetries and protecting against fraud + + align:start position:0% +asymmetries and protecting against fraud + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetries and protecting against fraud +and and bad actors do you tear it now in + + align:start position:0% +and and bad actors do you tear it now in + + + align:start position:0% +and and bad actors do you tear it now in +the u.s. we've decided on some multiple + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. we've decided on some multiple + + + align:start position:0% +the u.s. we've decided on some multiple +decade multiple Republicans and + + align:start position:0% +decade multiple Republicans and + + + align:start position:0% +decade multiple Republicans and +Democrats alike somehow we've come to a + + align:start position:0% +Democrats alike somehow we've come to a + + + align:start position:0% +Democrats alike somehow we've come to a +tiered system meaning that there's more + + align:start position:0% +tiered system meaning that there's more + + + align:start position:0% +tiered system meaning that there's more +investor protection more rules and + + align:start position:0% +investor protection more rules and + + + align:start position:0% +investor protection more rules and +regulations for what's usually called + + align:start position:0% +regulations for what's usually called + + + align:start position:0% +regulations for what's usually called +the retail public than some tearing of + + align:start position:0% +the retail public than some tearing of + + + align:start position:0% +the retail public than some tearing of +usually higher net worth individuals + + align:start position:0% +usually higher net worth individuals + + + align:start position:0% +usually higher net worth individuals +this term accredited investor and that + + align:start position:0% +this term accredited investor and that + + + align:start position:0% +this term accredited investor and that +tearing you could come to a point of + + align:start position:0% +tearing you could come to a point of + + + align:start position:0% +tearing you could come to a point of +view that we shouldn't have any tearing + + align:start position:0% +view that we shouldn't have any tearing + + + align:start position:0% +view that we shouldn't have any tearing +that everybody should have the same + + align:start position:0% +that everybody should have the same + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody should have the same +protections and it should be maybe + + align:start position:0% +protections and it should be maybe + + + align:start position:0% +protections and it should be maybe +somewhere in the middle of the two or + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the middle of the two or + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the middle of the two or +you might be + + align:start position:0% +you might be + + + align:start position:0% +you might be +or crow protection or less Pro + + align:start position:0% +or crow protection or less Pro + + + align:start position:0% +or crow protection or less Pro +protection but we have come to a place + + align:start position:0% +protection but we have come to a place + + + align:start position:0% +protection but we have come to a place +in the US over multiple decades of this + + align:start position:0% +in the US over multiple decades of this + + + align:start position:0% +in the US over multiple decades of this +tearing where the quote accredited + + align:start position:0% +tearing where the quote accredited + + + align:start position:0% +tearing where the quote accredited +investors get a little less they they're + + align:start position:0% +investors get a little less they they're + + + align:start position:0% +investors get a little less they they're +allowed to risk their capital with less + + align:start position:0% +allowed to risk their capital with less + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to risk their capital with less +information that's that's in essence + + align:start position:0% +information that's that's in essence + + + align:start position:0% +information that's that's in essence +what happens in a system and Congress + + align:start position:0% +what happens in a system and Congress + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in a system and Congress +even pressed harder because the + + align:start position:0% +even pressed harder because the + + + align:start position:0% +even pressed harder because the +regulation D restricted offerings the + + align:start position:0% +regulation D restricted offerings the + + + align:start position:0% +regulation D restricted offerings the +506 C was added in this thing called the + + align:start position:0% +506 C was added in this thing called the + + + align:start position:0% +506 C was added in this thing called the +JOBS Act in 2012 it was like some of the + + align:start position:0% +JOBS Act in 2012 it was like some of the + + + align:start position:0% +JOBS Act in 2012 it was like some of the +politics behind it was a venture capital + + align:start position:0% +politics behind it was a venture capital + + + align:start position:0% +politics behind it was a venture capital +space and a lot of entrepreneurial space + + align:start position:0% +space and a lot of entrepreneurial space + + + align:start position:0% +space and a lot of entrepreneurial space +were saying we'd like a less restrictive + + align:start position:0% +were saying we'd like a less restrictive + + + align:start position:0% +were saying we'd like a less restrictive +less regulated restricted offering + + align:start position:0% +less regulated restricted offering + + + align:start position:0% +less regulated restricted offering +exemption remember these are all called + + align:start position:0% +exemption remember these are all called + + + align:start position:0% +exemption remember these are all called +exempt security offerings they're exempt + + align:start position:0% +exempt security offerings they're exempt + + + align:start position:0% +exempt security offerings they're exempt +from the traditional rules and that + + align:start position:0% +from the traditional rules and that + + + align:start position:0% +from the traditional rules and that +there was a coalition that came together + + align:start position:0% +there was a coalition that came together + + + align:start position:0% +there was a coalition that came together +in Congress with the support of + + align:start position:0% +in Congress with the support of + + + align:start position:0% +in Congress with the support of +President Obama actually not with the + + align:start position:0% +President Obama actually not with the + + + align:start position:0% +President Obama actually not with the +support of the head of his Securities + + align:start position:0% +support of the head of his Securities + + + align:start position:0% +support of the head of his Securities +and Exchange Commission Mary Schapiro at + + align:start position:0% +and Exchange Commission Mary Schapiro at + + + align:start position:0% +and Exchange Commission Mary Schapiro at +the time was not fit for some of this it + + align:start position:0% +the time was not fit for some of this it + + + align:start position:0% +the time was not fit for some of this it +was an interesting event in 2012 but I + + align:start position:0% +was an interesting event in 2012 but I + + + align:start position:0% +was an interesting event in 2012 but I +think 506 C if I remember was either + + align:start position:0% +think 506 C if I remember was either + + + align:start position:0% +think 506 C if I remember was either +expanded or was added to say well if + + align:start position:0% +expanded or was added to say well if + + + align:start position:0% +expanded or was added to say well if +it's accredited investors there will be + + align:start position:0% +it's accredited investors there will be + + + align:start position:0% +it's accredited investors there will be +no limitation on general solicitation if + + align:start position:0% +no limitation on general solicitation if + + + align:start position:0% +no limitation on general solicitation if +you see 506 B traditionally there was a + + align:start position:0% +you see 506 B traditionally there was a + + + align:start position:0% +you see 506 B traditionally there was a +limitation on general solicitation and + + align:start position:0% +limitation on general solicitation and + + + align:start position:0% +limitation on general solicitation and +the thought was in 2012 know with the + + align:start position:0% +the thought was in 2012 know with the + + + align:start position:0% +the thought was in 2012 know with the +internet we should be able to and + + align:start position:0% +internet we should be able to and + + + align:start position:0% +internet we should be able to and +crowdsourcing had started and + + align:start position:0% +crowdsourcing had started and + + + align:start position:0% +crowdsourcing had started and +Kickstarter and GoFundMe it started so + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter and GoFundMe it started so + + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter and GoFundMe it started so +maybe we can have quote general + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can have quote general + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can have quote general +solicitation if it's only accredited + + align:start position:0% +solicitation if it's only accredited + + + align:start position:0% +solicitation if it's only accredited +investors so it was a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +investors so it was a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +investors so it was a bit of a +compromise legislative and policy + + align:start position:0% +compromise legislative and policy + + + align:start position:0% +compromise legislative and policy +compromise but you could take the other + + align:start position:0% +compromise but you could take the other + + + align:start position:0% +compromise but you could take the other +side and said everybody should have the + + align:start position:0% +side and said everybody should have the + + + align:start position:0% +side and said everybody should have the +same one way or the other + + align:start position:0% +same one way or the other + + + align:start position:0% +same one way or the other +but if you are whether you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +but if you are whether you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +but if you are whether you're thinking +about blockchain or you're think about + + align:start position:0% +about blockchain or you're think about + + + align:start position:0% +about blockchain or you're think about +all the other wonderful things you're + + align:start position:0% +all the other wonderful things you're + + + align:start position:0% +all the other wonderful things you're +thinking about as startups these are + + align:start position:0% +thinking about as startups these are + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about as startups these are +your kind of + + align:start position:0% +your kind of + + + align:start position:0% +your kind of +three main ways and really probably + + align:start position:0% +three main ways and really probably + + + align:start position:0% +three main ways and really probably +regulation to you in regulation a more + + align:start position:0% +regulation to you in regulation a more + + + align:start position:0% +regulation to you in regulation a more +than the small million I have high hopes + + align:start position:0% +than the small million I have high hopes + + + align:start position:0% +than the small million I have high hopes +for all of you that you'll be raising + + align:start position:0% +for all of you that you'll be raising + + + align:start position:0% +for all of you that you'll be raising +more than a million dollars in your + + align:start position:0% +more than a million dollars in your + + + align:start position:0% +more than a million dollars in your +startups this is just this is a much + + align:start position:0% +startups this is just this is a much + + + align:start position:0% +startups this is just this is a much +more detailed I'm not gonna go through + + align:start position:0% +more detailed I'm not gonna go through + + + align:start position:0% +more detailed I'm not gonna go through +it but it's going to be in canvas I + + align:start position:0% +it but it's going to be in canvas I + + + align:start position:0% +it but it's going to be in canvas I +decided to throw it in the slide deck so + + align:start position:0% +decided to throw it in the slide deck so + + + align:start position:0% +decided to throw it in the slide deck so +you have it but this really is a much + + align:start position:0% +you have it but this really is a much + + + align:start position:0% +you have it but this really is a much +more detailed review of the crowd check + + align:start position:0% +more detailed review of the crowd check + + + align:start position:0% +more detailed review of the crowd check +put together and I thought was a good + + align:start position:0% +put together and I thought was a good + + + align:start position:0% +put together and I thought was a good +review of all these so what do I think + + align:start position:0% +review of all these so what do I think + + + align:start position:0% +review of all these so what do I think +the path forward is and then we'll wrap + + align:start position:0% +the path forward is and then we'll wrap + + + align:start position:0% +the path forward is and then we'll wrap +so I think we're going to continue to + + align:start position:0% +so I think we're going to continue to + + + align:start position:0% +so I think we're going to continue to +see high failure rates that something + + align:start position:0% +see high failure rates that something + + + align:start position:0% +see high failure rates that something +like 3,000 I CEOs have raised some bits + + align:start position:0% +like 3,000 I CEOs have raised some bits + + + align:start position:0% +like 3,000 I CEOs have raised some bits +of money I mean some of them only raised + + align:start position:0% +of money I mean some of them only raised + + + align:start position:0% +of money I mean some of them only raised +$200,000 but you can only find about 700 + + align:start position:0% +$200,000 but you can only find about 700 + + + align:start position:0% +$200,000 but you can only find about 700 +or 800 of them listed on various + + align:start position:0% +or 800 of them listed on various + + + align:start position:0% +or 800 of them listed on various +websites if you want to see where + + align:start position:0% +websites if you want to see where + + + align:start position:0% +websites if you want to see where +they're traded but there's probably more + + align:start position:0% +they're traded but there's probably more + + + align:start position:0% +they're traded but there's probably more +than 700 that are still around but I + + align:start position:0% +than 700 that are still around but I + + + align:start position:0% +than 700 that are still around but I +think you're gonna continue to see high + + align:start position:0% +think you're gonna continue to see high + + + align:start position:0% +think you're gonna continue to see high +failure rates like the Ernst & Young + + align:start position:0% +failure rates like the Ernst & Young + + + align:start position:0% +failure rates like the Ernst & Young +study showed I think it's gonna lead to + + align:start position:0% +study showed I think it's gonna lead to + + + align:start position:0% +study showed I think it's gonna lead to +a further decline in funding totals + + align:start position:0% +a further decline in funding totals + + + align:start position:0% +a further decline in funding totals +we've already seen that we were running + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen that we were running + + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen that we were running +one and a half to three billion dollars + + align:start position:0% +one and a half to three billion dollars + + + align:start position:0% +one and a half to three billion dollars +a month earlier this year and now we're + + align:start position:0% +a month earlier this year and now we're + + + align:start position:0% +a month earlier this year and now we're +less than a billion dollars a month but + + align:start position:0% +less than a billion dollars a month but + + + align:start position:0% +less than a billion dollars a month but +I think high failure rates will probably + + align:start position:0% +I think high failure rates will probably + + + align:start position:0% +I think high failure rates will probably +lead to lower funding totals + + align:start position:0% +lead to lower funding totals + + + align:start position:0% +lead to lower funding totals +it's just Dennis lers view predicting + + align:start position:0% +it's just Dennis lers view predicting + + + align:start position:0% +it's just Dennis lers view predicting +markets it's always a treacherous thing + + align:start position:0% +markets it's always a treacherous thing + + + align:start position:0% +markets it's always a treacherous thing +to do I think that there'll be an + + align:start position:0% +to do I think that there'll be an + + + align:start position:0% +to do I think that there'll be an +increased number of enforcement cases in + + align:start position:0% +increased number of enforcement cases in + + + align:start position:0% +increased number of enforcement cases in +private litigation we've seen only 11 or + + align:start position:0% +private litigation we've seen only 11 or + + + align:start position:0% +private litigation we've seen only 11 or +12 actually at the SEC these cases are + + align:start position:0% +12 actually at the SEC these cases are + + + align:start position:0% +12 actually at the SEC these cases are +hard to put together they take a long + + align:start position:0% +hard to put together they take a long + + + align:start position:0% +hard to put together they take a long +time a lot of evidence and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +time a lot of evidence and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +time a lot of evidence and a lot of +paper trails to put together and so + + align:start position:0% +paper trails to put together and so + + + align:start position:0% +paper trails to put together and so +forth and and even a civil law + + align:start position:0% +forth and and even a civil law + + + align:start position:0% +forth and and even a civil law +enforcement agency like the SEC I don't + + align:start position:0% +enforcement agency like the SEC I don't + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement agency like the SEC I don't +know their headcount right now the whole + + align:start position:0% +know their headcount right now the whole + + + align:start position:0% +know their headcount right now the whole +agency might be about 4,000 people their + + align:start position:0% +agency might be about 4,000 people their + + + align:start position:0% +agency might be about 4,000 people their +enforcement arm might be a thousand + + align:start position:0% +enforcement arm might be a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement arm might be a thousand +people they can't dedicate you know what + + align:start position:0% +people they can't dedicate you know what + + + align:start position:0% +people they can't dedicate you know what +are they dedicating to this I don't know + + align:start position:0% +are they dedicating to this I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +are they dedicating to this I don't know +the number it's not a public figure but + + align:start position:0% +the number it's not a public figure but + + + align:start position:0% +the number it's not a public figure but +to be fifty or a hundred people at most + + align:start position:0% +to be fifty or a hundred people at most + + + align:start position:0% +to be fifty or a hundred people at most +to this whole world which probably has + + align:start position:0% +to this whole world which probably has + + + align:start position:0% +to this whole world which probably has +hundreds of frauds and scams and and a + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of frauds and scams and and a + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of frauds and scams and and a +couple thousand of unregistered + + align:start position:0% +couple thousand of unregistered + + + align:start position:0% +couple thousand of unregistered +basically illegal offerings so you get + + align:start position:0% +basically illegal offerings so you get + + + align:start position:0% +basically illegal offerings so you get +so but I do think the enforcement + + align:start position:0% +so but I do think the enforcement + + + align:start position:0% +so but I do think the enforcement +actions will pick up and you'll see more + + align:start position:0% +actions will pick up and you'll see more + + + align:start position:0% +actions will pick up and you'll see more +and also private litigation which is + + align:start position:0% +and also private litigation which is + + + align:start position:0% +and also private litigation which is +also what you have in the XRP case but + + align:start position:0% +also what you have in the XRP case but + + + align:start position:0% +also what you have in the XRP case but +you you have it in other cases as well + + align:start position:0% +you you have it in other cases as well + + + align:start position:0% +you you have it in other cases as well +I think regulators and courts will bring + + align:start position:0% +I think regulators and courts will bring + + + align:start position:0% +I think regulators and courts will bring +greater clarity to the security + + align:start position:0% +greater clarity to the security + + + align:start position:0% +greater clarity to the security +definition at some point in time things + + align:start position:0% +definition at some point in time things + + + align:start position:0% +definition at some point in time things +like XRP will decided it might be + + align:start position:0% +like XRP will decided it might be + + + align:start position:0% +like XRP will decided it might be +decided it's not a security you know but + + align:start position:0% +decided it's not a security you know but + + + align:start position:0% +decided it's not a security you know but +you know that but I think that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +you know that but I think that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you know that but I think that's gonna +roll out over the next 18 to 36 months + + align:start position:0% +roll out over the next 18 to 36 months + + + align:start position:0% +roll out over the next 18 to 36 months +it's not like the next three weeks or + + align:start position:0% +it's not like the next three weeks or + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like the next three weeks or +six weeks but I think that even the + + align:start position:0% +six weeks but I think that even the + + + align:start position:0% +six weeks but I think that even the +Securities and Exchange Commission will + + align:start position:0% +Securities and Exchange Commission will + + + align:start position:0% +Securities and Exchange Commission will +speak more definitively than bill + + align:start position:0% +speak more definitively than bill + + + align:start position:0% +speak more definitively than bill +Hinman's + + align:start position:0% +Hinman's + + + align:start position:0% +Hinman's +speech he gave in was it June yeah June + + align:start position:0% +speech he gave in was it June yeah June + + + align:start position:0% +speech he gave in was it June yeah June +there was one of the readings right + + align:start position:0% +there was one of the readings right + + + align:start position:0% +there was one of the readings right +director Hitman's I like that he used my + + align:start position:0% +director Hitman's I like that he used my + + + align:start position:0% +director Hitman's I like that he used my +name in the speech the title he was + + align:start position:0% +name in the speech the title he was + + + align:start position:0% +name in the speech the title he was +talking about Gary Indiana though but I + + align:start position:0% +talking about Gary Indiana though but I + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Gary Indiana though but I +do think just like what happened with + + align:start position:0% +do think just like what happened with + + + align:start position:0% +do think just like what happened with +arefox and paragon more icos will be + + align:start position:0% +arefox and paragon more icos will be + + + align:start position:0% +arefox and paragon more icos will be +brought into compliance either by + + align:start position:0% +brought into compliance either by + + + align:start position:0% +brought into compliance either by +registering in the US under reg D or + + align:start position:0% +registering in the US under reg D or + + + align:start position:0% +registering in the US under reg D or +maybe regulation a or they'll just come + + align:start position:0% +maybe regulation a or they'll just come + + + align:start position:0% +maybe regulation a or they'll just come +into compliance even if they didn't + + align:start position:0% +into compliance even if they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +into compliance even if they didn't +earlier come into compliance I think + + align:start position:0% +earlier come into compliance I think + + + align:start position:0% +earlier come into compliance I think +that the early tokens will be tested as + + align:start position:0% +that the early tokens will be tested as + + + align:start position:0% +that the early tokens will be tested as +some platforms become functional most + + align:start position:0% +some platforms become functional most + + + align:start position:0% +some platforms become functional most +will fail most will we'll never hear + + align:start position:0% +will fail most will we'll never hear + + + align:start position:0% +will fail most will we'll never hear +from but what happens when foul coin + + align:start position:0% +from but what happens when foul coin + + + align:start position:0% +from but what happens when foul coin +actually they raised a quarter of a + + align:start position:0% +actually they raised a quarter of a + + + align:start position:0% +actually they raised a quarter of a +billion dollars let's let's at least for + + align:start position:0% +billion dollars let's let's at least for + + + align:start position:0% +billion dollars let's let's at least for +now presume they will become functional + + align:start position:0% +now presume they will become functional + + + align:start position:0% +now presume they will become functional +sometime in 2019 or telegram they will + + align:start position:0% +sometime in 2019 or telegram they will + + + align:start position:0% +sometime in 2019 or telegram they will +be interesting to see what the tests of + + align:start position:0% +be interesting to see what the tests of + + + align:start position:0% +be interesting to see what the tests of +these large-cap i ce o--'s are will + + align:start position:0% +these large-cap i ce o--'s are will + + + align:start position:0% +these large-cap i ce o--'s are will +learn from that I also think markets + + align:start position:0% +learn from that I also think markets + + + align:start position:0% +learn from that I also think markets +will better differentiate viability + + align:start position:0% +will better differentiate viability + + + align:start position:0% +will better differentiate viability +they'll go through when do you need an + + align:start position:0% +they'll go through when do you need an + + + align:start position:0% +they'll go through when do you need an +append-only log can + + align:start position:0% +append-only log can + + + align:start position:0% +append-only log can +census among multiple parties and a + + align:start position:0% +census among multiple parties and a + + + align:start position:0% +census among multiple parties and a +native token on a distributed ledger + + align:start position:0% +native token on a distributed ledger + + + align:start position:0% +native token on a distributed ledger +that wasn't happening probably enough in + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't happening probably enough in + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't happening probably enough in +late 2017 and early 2018 I don't think + + align:start position:0% +late 2017 and early 2018 I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +late 2017 and early 2018 I don't think +they had to take this class even though + + align:start position:0% +they had to take this class even though + + + align:start position:0% +they had to take this class even though +we'll put it out live and people will be + + align:start position:0% +we'll put it out live and people will be + + + align:start position:0% +we'll put it out live and people will be +able to see it but I think markets will + + align:start position:0% +able to see it but I think markets will + + + align:start position:0% +able to see it but I think markets will +start to differentiate viability of ico + + align:start position:0% +start to differentiate viability of ico + + + align:start position:0% +start to differentiate viability of ico +use cases a little better than they have + + align:start position:0% +use cases a little better than they have + + + align:start position:0% +use cases a little better than they have +the last 12 months so any questions Eric + + align:start position:0% +the last 12 months so any questions Eric + + + align:start position:0% +the last 12 months so any questions Eric +yeah there's a bunch of startups with + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's a bunch of startups with + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's a bunch of startups with +being checking out their financing stage + + align:start position:0% +being checking out their financing stage + + + align:start position:0% +being checking out their financing stage +pre IC o---- to help the startup build + + align:start position:0% +pre IC o---- to help the startup build + + + align:start position:0% +pre IC o---- to help the startup build +the actual network and in that case when + + align:start position:0% +the actual network and in that case when + + + align:start position:0% +the actual network and in that case when +they go host IC o---- the IC o---- that + + align:start position:0% +they go host IC o---- the IC o---- that + + + align:start position:0% +they go host IC o---- the IC o---- that +you could argue that they that helped + + align:start position:0% +you could argue that they that helped + + + align:start position:0% +you could argue that they that helped +building the network before the ice + + align:start position:0% +building the network before the ice + + + align:start position:0% +building the network before the ice +heroes can actually make them failed how + + align:start position:0% +heroes can actually make them failed how + + + align:start position:0% +heroes can actually make them failed how +we can because there's no in a sense you + + align:start position:0% +we can because there's no in a sense you + + + align:start position:0% +we can because there's no in a sense you +have a network at the centralized + + align:start position:0% +have a network at the centralized + + + align:start position:0% +have a network at the centralized +arrangement that you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +arrangement that you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +arrangement that you don't have the +single so I think you're you're raising + + align:start position:0% +single so I think you're you're raising + + + align:start position:0% +single so I think you're you're raising +two questions is there ways to stage + + align:start position:0% +two questions is there ways to stage + + + align:start position:0% +two questions is there ways to stage +your financing to help build a network + + align:start position:0% +your financing to help build a network + + + align:start position:0% +your financing to help build a network +just as a pure money and finance and + + align:start position:0% +just as a pure money and finance and + + + align:start position:0% +just as a pure money and finance and +secondly what is the regulatory + + align:start position:0% +secondly what is the regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +secondly what is the regulatory +implication because I think it's to to + + align:start position:0% +implication because I think it's to to + + + align:start position:0% +implication because I think it's to to +pork I think like in any form of venture + + align:start position:0% +pork I think like in any form of venture + + + align:start position:0% +pork I think like in any form of venture +you might stage your financing and in + + align:start position:0% +you might stage your financing and in + + + align:start position:0% +you might stage your financing and in +this case sort of address the network + + align:start position:0% +this case sort of address the network + + + align:start position:0% +this case sort of address the network +possibility before you do the the + + align:start position:0% +possibility before you do the the + + + align:start position:0% +possibility before you do the the +regulatory and it may be enough I mean + + align:start position:0% +regulatory and it may be enough I mean + + + align:start position:0% +regulatory and it may be enough I mean +the the US Securities and Exchange + + align:start position:0% +the the US Securities and Exchange + + + align:start position:0% +the the US Securities and Exchange +Commission in the Hinman speech sort of + + align:start position:0% +Commission in the Hinman speech sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Commission in the Hinman speech sort of +said you could be sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +said you could be sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +said you could be sufficiently +decentralized as ethereal they they in + + align:start position:0% +decentralized as ethereal they they in + + + align:start position:0% +decentralized as ethereal they they in +essence had some regulatory forbearance + + align:start position:0% +essence had some regulatory forbearance + + + align:start position:0% +essence had some regulatory forbearance +and there's a key sentence in that + + align:start position:0% +and there's a key sentence in that + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a key sentence in that +speech as to who is I think the words + + align:start position:0% +speech as to who is I think the words + + + align:start position:0% +speech as to who is I think the words +were regardless of what aetherium might + + align:start position:0% +were regardless of what aetherium might + + + align:start position:0% +were regardless of what aetherium might +have been in 2014 like Kinmen kind of + + align:start position:0% +have been in 2014 like Kinmen kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have been in 2014 like Kinmen kind of +pushed that to the side so I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +pushed that to the side so I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +pushed that to the side so I'm not going +to address that question implicitly but + + align:start position:0% +to address that question implicitly but + + + align:start position:0% +to address that question implicitly but +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +decentralised that's the debate that's + + align:start position:0% +decentralised that's the debate that's + + + align:start position:0% +decentralised that's the debate that's +going on now between a bunch of venture + + align:start position:0% +going on now between a bunch of venture + + + align:start position:0% +going on now between a bunch of venture +firms and the SEC when are you + + align:start position:0% +firms and the SEC when are you + + + align:start position:0% +firms and the SEC when are you +sufficiently decentralized and so that + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently decentralized and so that + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently decentralized and so that +form that you just mentioned might get + + align:start position:0% +form that you just mentioned might get + + + align:start position:0% +form that you just mentioned might get +us there might I don't know did you have + + align:start position:0% +us there might I don't know did you have + + + align:start position:0% +us there might I don't know did you have +one last question is there any research + + align:start position:0% +one last question is there any research + + + align:start position:0% +one last question is there any research +or just a prediction I'll bet on how + + align:start position:0% +or just a prediction I'll bet on how + + + align:start position:0% +or just a prediction I'll bet on how +much of the ICO funding was crypto to + + align:start position:0% +much of the ICO funding was crypto to + + + align:start position:0% +much of the ICO funding was crypto to +Fiat crypto people selling appreciated + + align:start position:0% +Fiat crypto people selling appreciated + + + align:start position:0% +Fiat crypto people selling appreciated +acquaintance terrific question + + align:start position:0% +acquaintance terrific question + + + align:start position:0% +acquaintance terrific question +almost all icos + + align:start position:0% +almost all icos + + + align:start position:0% +almost all icos +or priced crypto - Krypto so if you look + + align:start position:0% +or priced crypto - Krypto so if you look + + + align:start position:0% +or priced crypto - Krypto so if you look +at whether the initial ones all the way + + align:start position:0% +at whether the initial ones all the way + + + align:start position:0% +at whether the initial ones all the way +back when the theory and was priced + + align:start position:0% +back when the theory and was priced + + + align:start position:0% +back when the theory and was priced +these of the Bitcoin or the most recent + + align:start position:0% +these of the Bitcoin or the most recent + + + align:start position:0% +these of the Bitcoin or the most recent +eeo so that raise 4.2 billion their + + align:start position:0% +eeo so that raise 4.2 billion their + + + align:start position:0% +eeo so that raise 4.2 billion their +actual pricing mechanism I'm not + + align:start position:0% +actual pricing mechanism I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +actual pricing mechanism I'm not +familiar with any of it price versus + + align:start position:0% +familiar with any of it price versus + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with any of it price versus +Fiat like their pricing mechanism right + + align:start position:0% +Fiat like their pricing mechanism right + + + align:start position:0% +Fiat like their pricing mechanism right +in there + + align:start position:0% +in there + + + align:start position:0% +in there +auction or offering it's almost always + + align:start position:0% +auction or offering it's almost always + + + align:start position:0% +auction or offering it's almost always +crypto to crypto but somebody might be + + align:start position:0% +crypto to crypto but somebody might be + + + align:start position:0% +crypto to crypto but somebody might be +funding at Fiat - crypto but I think to + + align:start position:0% +funding at Fiat - crypto but I think to + + + align:start position:0% +funding at Fiat - crypto but I think to +answer your question you should assume + + align:start position:0% +answer your question you should assume + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question you should assume +99 percent IRR the actual exchange is + + align:start position:0% +99 percent IRR the actual exchange is + + + align:start position:0% +99 percent IRR the actual exchange is +crypto decrypt L it has to has to put + + align:start position:0% +crypto decrypt L it has to has to put + + + align:start position:0% +crypto decrypt L it has to has to put +pressure on it but I also think the + + align:start position:0% +pressure on it but I also think the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure on it but I also think the +decline it is likely that the decline in + + align:start position:0% +decline it is likely that the decline in + + + align:start position:0% +decline it is likely that the decline in +the ICO market has put price pressure + + align:start position:0% +the ICO market has put price pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the ICO market has put price pressure +downward on aetherium for sure and yes + + align:start position:0% +downward on aetherium for sure and yes + + + align:start position:0% +downward on aetherium for sure and yes +so aetherium was the second most valued + + align:start position:0% +so aetherium was the second most valued + + + align:start position:0% +so aetherium was the second most valued +crypto + + align:start position:0% +crypto + + + align:start position:0% +crypto +and now it's third and it's had more + + align:start position:0% +and now it's third and it's had more + + + align:start position:0% +and now it's third and it's had more +price decline than Bitcoin or XRP I + + align:start position:0% +price decline than Bitcoin or XRP I + + + align:start position:0% +price decline than Bitcoin or XRP I +think part of that's narrative part of + + align:start position:0% +think part of that's narrative part of + + + align:start position:0% +think part of that's narrative part of +that story is the decline in ICO space + + align:start position:0% +that story is the decline in ICO space + + + align:start position:0% +that story is the decline in ICO space +is likely to put a little decline on + + align:start position:0% +is likely to put a little decline on + + + align:start position:0% +is likely to put a little decline on +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7XvgBI2KV28.txt b/7XvgBI2KV28.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0636de626208d1be0e9860bb915bb78d0b0ab8f --- /dev/null +++ b/7XvgBI2KV28.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10267 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +oh how to start I am have been on the + + align:start position:0% +oh how to start I am have been on the + + + align:start position:0% +oh how to start I am have been on the +Navy Science Board for a couple of + + align:start position:0% +Navy Science Board for a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +Navy Science Board for a couple of +decades and so as a consequence I've had + + align:start position:0% +decades and so as a consequence I've had + + + align:start position:0% +decades and so as a consequence I've had +an opportunity to spend two weeks for a + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity to spend two weeks for a + + + align:start position:0% +an opportunity to spend two weeks for a +couple of decades in San Diego and the + + align:start position:0% +couple of decades in San Diego and the + + + align:start position:0% +couple of decades in San Diego and the +first thing I do when I get to San Diego + + align:start position:0% +first thing I do when I get to San Diego + + + align:start position:0% +first thing I do when I get to San Diego +is I go to the zoo + + align:start position:0% +is I go to the zoo + + + align:start position:0% +is I go to the zoo +and I look at the orangutans and I ask + + align:start position:0% +and I look at the orangutans and I ask + + + align:start position:0% +and I look at the orangutans and I ask +myself how come I'm out here and they're + + align:start position:0% +myself how come I'm out here and they're + + + align:start position:0% +myself how come I'm out here and they're +in there how come you're not all covered + + align:start position:0% +in there how come you're not all covered + + + align:start position:0% +in there how come you're not all covered +with orange hair instead of hardly any + + align:start position:0% +with orange hair instead of hardly any + + + align:start position:0% +with orange hair instead of hardly any +hair at all well my answer that is is + + align:start position:0% +hair at all well my answer that is is + + + align:start position:0% +hair at all well my answer that is is +that we can tell stories and they can't + + align:start position:0% +that we can tell stories and they can't + + + align:start position:0% +that we can tell stories and they can't +so this is the center of my talk that's + + align:start position:0% +so this is the center of my talk that's + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the center of my talk that's +what that's what I have come to believe + + align:start position:0% +what that's what I have come to believe + + + align:start position:0% +what that's what I have come to believe +after after a long time so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +after after a long time so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +after after a long time so I'm going to +be talking about stories and to give you + + align:start position:0% +be talking about stories and to give you + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about stories and to give you +a preview of where I'm going to go with + + align:start position:0% +a preview of where I'm going to go with + + + align:start position:0% +a preview of where I'm going to go with +this I'll like to just show you some of + + align:start position:0% +this I'll like to just show you some of + + + align:start position:0% +this I'll like to just show you some of +the questions that I proposed to address + + align:start position:0% +the questions that I proposed to address + + + align:start position:0% +the questions that I proposed to address +in the course of the next hour I want to + + align:start position:0% +in the course of the next hour I want to + + + align:start position:0% +in the course of the next hour I want to +start talking about this by way of + + align:start position:0% +start talking about this by way of + + + align:start position:0% +start talking about this by way of +history I've been an artificial + + align:start position:0% +history I've been an artificial + + + align:start position:0% +history I've been an artificial +intelligence almost since the beginning + + align:start position:0% +intelligence almost since the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence almost since the beginning +and so I was a student of Marvin Minsky + + align:start position:0% +and so I was a student of Marvin Minsky + + + align:start position:0% +and so I was a student of Marvin Minsky +and it's interesting that the field + + align:start position:0% +and it's interesting that the field + + + align:start position:0% +and it's interesting that the field +started a long time ago 55 years ago + + align:start position:0% +started a long time ago 55 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +started a long time ago 55 years ago +with perhaps the most important paper in + + align:start position:0% +with perhaps the most important paper in + + + align:start position:0% +with perhaps the most important paper in +the field steps toward artificial + + align:start position:0% +the field steps toward artificial + + + align:start position:0% +the field steps toward artificial +intelligence it was + + align:start position:0% +intelligence it was + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence it was +about that time that the first + + align:start position:0% +about that time that the first + + + align:start position:0% +about that time that the first +intelligent program was written it was a + + align:start position:0% +intelligent program was written it was a + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent program was written it was a +program that could do calculus problems + + align:start position:0% +program that could do calculus problems + + + align:start position:0% +program that could do calculus problems +as well as an MIT freshman a very good + + align:start position:0% +as well as an MIT freshman a very good + + + align:start position:0% +as well as an MIT freshman a very good +MIT freshman that was done in 1961 and + + align:start position:0% +MIT freshman that was done in 1961 and + + + align:start position:0% +MIT freshman that was done in 1961 and +those programs led to a half century of + + align:start position:0% +those programs led to a half century of + + + align:start position:0% +those programs led to a half century of +enormous progress in the field all sorts + + align:start position:0% +enormous progress in the field all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +enormous progress in the field all sorts +of ideas subfields like machine learning + + align:start position:0% +of ideas subfields like machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +of ideas subfields like machine learning +or spawn useful applications but as you + + align:start position:0% +or spawn useful applications but as you + + + align:start position:0% +or spawn useful applications but as you +know there's been an explosion in these + + align:start position:0% +know there's been an explosion in these + + + align:start position:0% +know there's been an explosion in these +useful applications in recent years I've + + align:start position:0% +useful applications in recent years I've + + + align:start position:0% +useful applications in recent years I've +stolen this slide from Tomaso but I + + align:start position:0% +stolen this slide from Tomaso but I + + + align:start position:0% +stolen this slide from Tomaso but I +added a couple of things that I + + align:start position:0% +added a couple of things that I + + + align:start position:0% +added a couple of things that I +particularly think are of a special + + align:start position:0% +particularly think are of a special + + + align:start position:0% +particularly think are of a special +importance like echo you all know why + + align:start position:0% +importance like echo you all know why + + + align:start position:0% +importance like echo you all know why +Amazon echo of course right + + align:start position:0% +Amazon echo of course right + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon echo of course right +that's what astonishes me many people + + align:start position:0% +that's what astonishes me many people + + + align:start position:0% +that's what astonishes me many people +don't know about Amazon echo it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +don't know about Amazon echo it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +don't know about Amazon echo it's it's a +Syrian a beer can + + align:start position:0% +Syrian a beer can + + + align:start position:0% +Syrian a beer can +it's a Syria that you can talk to across + + align:start position:0% +it's a Syria that you can talk to across + + + align:start position:0% +it's a Syria that you can talk to across +the room and say how long should I boil + + align:start position:0% +the room and say how long should I boil + + + align:start position:0% +the room and say how long should I boil +a hard-boiled egg or I've fallen down + + align:start position:0% +a hard-boiled egg or I've fallen down + + + align:start position:0% +a hard-boiled egg or I've fallen down +please call for an ambulance so it's a + + align:start position:0% +please call for an ambulance so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +please call for an ambulance so it's a +wonderful thing I think most people + + align:start position:0% +wonderful thing I think most people + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful thing I think most people +don't know about it because of privacy + + align:start position:0% +don't know about it because of privacy + + + align:start position:0% +don't know about it because of privacy +concerns having something listening to + + align:start position:0% +concerns having something listening to + + + align:start position:0% +concerns having something listening to +you all the time in your home may not be + + align:start position:0% +you all the time in your home may not be + + + align:start position:0% +you all the time in your home may not be +the most comfortable kind of thing but + + align:start position:0% +the most comfortable kind of thing but + + + align:start position:0% +the most comfortable kind of thing but +anyhow it's there so this um this is + + align:start position:0% +anyhow it's there so this um this is + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow it's there so this um this is +caused quite a lot of interest in the + + align:start position:0% +caused quite a lot of interest in the + + + align:start position:0% +caused quite a lot of interest in the +field lately + + align:start position:0% +field lately + + + align:start position:0% +field lately +Boris has just talked about Siri and + + align:start position:0% +Boris has just talked about Siri and + + + align:start position:0% +Boris has just talked about Siri and +jeopardy but maybe the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +jeopardy but maybe the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +jeopardy but maybe the thing that's +astonished the world the most is this + + align:start position:0% +astonished the world the most is this + + + align:start position:0% +astonished the world the most is this +captioning program I think you've + + align:start position:0% +captioning program I think you've + + + align:start position:0% +captioning program I think you've +probably seen before last week or two + + align:start position:0% +probably seen before last week or two + + + align:start position:0% +probably seen before last week or two +and man I I don't know what to think of + + align:start position:0% +and man I I don't know what to think of + + + align:start position:0% +and man I I don't know what to think of +this I don't know why it's created such + + align:start position:0% +this I don't know why it's created such + + + align:start position:0% +this I don't know why it's created such +a stir except that that caption makes it + + align:start position:0% +a stir except that that caption makes it + + + align:start position:0% +a stir except that that caption makes it +look like that system knows a lot that + + align:start position:0% +look like that system knows a lot that + + + align:start position:0% +look like that system knows a lot that +it doesn't actually know first of all + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't actually know first of all + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't actually know first of all +it's trained on still photos so it + + align:start position:0% +it's trained on still photos so it + + + align:start position:0% +it's trained on still photos so it +doesn't know about motion it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know about motion it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know about motion it doesn't +know about play it doesn't know what it + + align:start position:0% +know about play it doesn't know what it + + + align:start position:0% +know about play it doesn't know what it +means to be young it would probably say + + align:start position:0% +means to be young it would probably say + + + align:start position:0% +means to be young it would probably say +the same thing if we replace those faces + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if we replace those faces + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if we replace those faces +with geriatrics yet when we see that we + + align:start position:0% +with geriatrics yet when we see that we + + + align:start position:0% +with geriatrics yet when we see that we +we presume that it knows a lot it's sort + + align:start position:0% +we presume that it knows a lot it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +we presume that it knows a lot it's sort +of parasitic semantics the the + + align:start position:0% +of parasitic semantics the the + + + align:start position:0% +of parasitic semantics the the +intelligence is coming from our + + align:start position:0% +intelligence is coming from our + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence is coming from our +interpretation of the sentence not from + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of the sentence not from + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of the sentence not from +it producing the sentence so yeah it's a + + align:start position:0% +it producing the sentence so yeah it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it producing the sentence so yeah it's a +great engineering achievement but + + align:start position:0% +great engineering achievement but + + + align:start position:0% +great engineering achievement but +it's not as smart as it looks and of + + align:start position:0% +it's not as smart as it looks and of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as smart as it looks and of +course there's been a hole as you know + + align:start position:0% +course there's been a hole as you know + + + align:start position:0% +course there's been a hole as you know +there's been a whole industry of fooling + + align:start position:0% +there's been a whole industry of fooling + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a whole industry of fooling +papers there's a fooling example one of + + align:start position:0% +papers there's a fooling example one of + + + align:start position:0% +papers there's a fooling example one of +those is considered by a standard deep + + align:start position:0% +those is considered by a standard deep + + + align:start position:0% +those is considered by a standard deep +neural net to be a school bus and the + + align:start position:0% +neural net to be a school bus and the + + + align:start position:0% +neural net to be a school bus and the +other is not considered to be a school + + align:start position:0% +other is not considered to be a school + + + align:start position:0% +other is not considered to be a school +bus and just a few pixels have been + + align:start position:0% +bus and just a few pixels have been + + + align:start position:0% +bus and just a few pixels have been +changed imperceptible to us still looks + + align:start position:0% +changed imperceptible to us still looks + + + align:start position:0% +changed imperceptible to us still looks +like a school bus but not to the knots + + align:start position:0% +like a school bus but not to the knots + + + align:start position:0% +like a school bus but not to the knots +of the deep neural net and of course + + align:start position:0% +of the deep neural net and of course + + + align:start position:0% +of the deep neural net and of course +these things are considered school buses + + align:start position:0% +these things are considered school buses + + + align:start position:0% +these things are considered school buses +in another fooling paper find a world + + align:start position:0% +in another fooling paper find a world + + + align:start position:0% +in another fooling paper find a world +with those be considered school buses + + align:start position:0% +with those be considered school buses + + + align:start position:0% +with those be considered school buses +presumably because of some sharing of + + align:start position:0% +presumably because of some sharing of + + + align:start position:0% +presumably because of some sharing of +texture well anyhow people gotten all + + align:start position:0% +texture well anyhow people gotten all + + + align:start position:0% +texture well anyhow people gotten all +excited and especially Elon Musk has + + align:start position:0% +excited and especially Elon Musk has + + + align:start position:0% +excited and especially Elon Musk has +gotten all excited we are summoning the + + align:start position:0% +gotten all excited we are summoning the + + + align:start position:0% +gotten all excited we are summoning the +demon so musk said that in a + + align:start position:0% +demon so musk said that in a + + + align:start position:0% +demon so musk said that in a +off-the-cuff answer to a question at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see a anniversary of the MIT + + align:start position:0% +let's see a anniversary of the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +let's see a anniversary of the MIT +aero-astro department someone asked him + + align:start position:0% +aero-astro department someone asked him + + + align:start position:0% +aero-astro department someone asked him +if he was addressed in a and that's his + + align:start position:0% +if he was addressed in a and that's his + + + align:start position:0% +if he was addressed in a and that's his +off-the-cuff response so it's + + align:start position:0% +off-the-cuff response so it's + + + align:start position:0% +off-the-cuff response so it's +interesting that those of us have been + + align:start position:0% +interesting that those of us have been + + + align:start position:0% +interesting that those of us have been +around for a while find us beyond + + align:start position:0% +around for a while find us beyond + + + align:start position:0% +around for a while find us beyond +interesting it's curious because a long + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's curious because a long + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's curious because a long +time ago philosophers like Hubert + + align:start position:0% +time ago philosophers like Hubert + + + align:start position:0% +time ago philosophers like Hubert +Dreyfus were saying that it was not + + align:start position:0% +Dreyfus were saying that it was not + + + align:start position:0% +Dreyfus were saying that it was not +possible and so now we've shifted from + + align:start position:0% +possible and so now we've shifted from + + + align:start position:0% +possible and so now we've shifted from +not possible to the scariest thing + + align:start position:0% +not possible to the scariest thing + + + align:start position:0% +not possible to the scariest thing +imaginable we we can't stop ourselves + + align:start position:0% +imaginable we we can't stop ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +imaginable we we can't stop ourselves +from chuckling maybe well Dreyfus must + + align:start position:0% +from chuckling maybe well Dreyfus must + + + align:start position:0% +from chuckling maybe well Dreyfus must +know that he's wrong but maybe he's + + align:start position:0% +know that he's wrong but maybe he's + + + align:start position:0% +know that he's wrong but maybe he's +right too what we really had to wait for + + align:start position:0% +right too what we really had to wait for + + + align:start position:0% +right too what we really had to wait for +for all of these achievements was was + + align:start position:0% +for all of these achievements was was + + + align:start position:0% +for all of these achievements was was +massive amounts on computing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I like to go a little further back in + + align:start position:0% +so I like to go a little further back in + + + align:start position:0% +so I like to go a little further back in +history while I'm talking about history + + align:start position:0% +history while I'm talking about history + + + align:start position:0% +history while I'm talking about history +and the next thing back there is 65 + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing back there is 65 + + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing back there is 65 +years ago Turing's paper on machine + + align:start position:0% +years ago Turing's paper on machine + + + align:start position:0% +years ago Turing's paper on machine +intelligence it's interesting that that + + align:start position:0% +intelligence it's interesting that that + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence it's interesting that that +paper is widely assumed to be about the + + align:start position:0% +paper is widely assumed to be about the + + + align:start position:0% +paper is widely assumed to be about the +Turing test and it isn't if you look at + + align:start position:0% +Turing test and it isn't if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +Turing test and it isn't if you look at +the actual paper content what you find + + align:start position:0% +the actual paper content what you find + + + align:start position:0% +the actual paper content what you find +is that only a couple of pages were + + align:start position:0% +is that only a couple of pages were + + + align:start position:0% +is that only a couple of pages were +devoted to the test + + align:start position:0% +devoted to the test + + + align:start position:0% +devoted to the test +most of it was devoted to discussion of + + align:start position:0% +most of it was devoted to discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +most of it was devoted to discussion of +arguments for and against the + + align:start position:0% +arguments for and against the + + + align:start position:0% +arguments for and against the +possibility of artificial intelligence + + align:start position:0% +possibility of artificial intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of artificial intelligence +I've read that paper 20 times because I + + align:start position:0% +I've read that paper 20 times because I + + + align:start position:0% +I've read that paper 20 times because I +prescribed it in my course so I have to + + align:start position:0% +prescribed it in my course so I have to + + + align:start position:0% +prescribed it in my course so I have to +read it every year and every time I read + + align:start position:0% +read it every year and every time I read + + + align:start position:0% +read it every year and every time I read +it I become more convinced that what + + align:start position:0% +it I become more convinced that what + + + align:start position:0% +it I become more convinced that what +Turing was talking about is arguments + + align:start position:0% +Turing was talking about is arguments + + + align:start position:0% +Turing was talking about is arguments +against AI not about the tests so why + + align:start position:0% +against AI not about the tests so why + + + align:start position:0% +against AI not about the tests so why +the test well he's a mathematician and a + + align:start position:0% +the test well he's a mathematician and a + + + align:start position:0% +the test well he's a mathematician and a +philosopher and no mathematician or + + align:start position:0% +philosopher and no mathematician or + + + align:start position:0% +philosopher and no mathematician or +philosopher would write a paper without + + align:start position:0% +philosopher would write a paper without + + + align:start position:0% +philosopher would write a paper without +defining their terms + + align:start position:0% +defining their terms + + + align:start position:0% +defining their terms +so he's squeezed into some kind of + + align:start position:0% +so he's squeezed into some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so he's squeezed into some kind of +definition counter-arguments took up a + + align:start position:0% +definition counter-arguments took up a + + + align:start position:0% +definition counter-arguments took up a +lot of space but they didn't have to if + + align:start position:0% +lot of space but they didn't have to if + + + align:start position:0% +lot of space but they didn't have to if +if if Turing had taken Marvin Minsky's + + align:start position:0% +if if Turing had taken Marvin Minsky's + + + align:start position:0% +if if Turing had taken Marvin Minsky's +course in the last couple of years he + + align:start position:0% +course in the last couple of years he + + + align:start position:0% +course in the last couple of years he +wouldn't have bothered with that with + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have bothered with that with + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have bothered with that with +that test because Minsky introduced the + + align:start position:0% +that test because Minsky introduced the + + + align:start position:0% +that test because Minsky introduced the +notion of a suitcase word that's a + + align:start position:0% +notion of a suitcase word that's a + + + align:start position:0% +notion of a suitcase word that's a +that's a word he likes it that term + + align:start position:0% +that's a word he likes it that term + + + align:start position:0% +that's a word he likes it that term +because what he means by that is that + + align:start position:0% +because what he means by that is that + + + align:start position:0% +because what he means by that is that +the word is so big like a big suitcase + + align:start position:0% +the word is so big like a big suitcase + + + align:start position:0% +the word is so big like a big suitcase +you can stuff anything into it so for me + + align:start position:0% +you can stuff anything into it so for me + + + align:start position:0% +you can stuff anything into it so for me +this has been a great a great thought + + align:start position:0% +this has been a great a great thought + + + align:start position:0% +this has been a great a great thought +because if you ask me is Watson + + align:start position:0% +because if you ask me is Watson + + + align:start position:0% +because if you ask me is Watson +intelligent this jeopardy is the + + align:start position:0% +intelligent this jeopardy is the + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent this jeopardy is the +jeopardy playing system intelligent my + + align:start position:0% +jeopardy playing system intelligent my + + + align:start position:0% +jeopardy playing system intelligent my +immediate response is sure it has a kind + + align:start position:0% +immediate response is sure it has a kind + + + align:start position:0% +immediate response is sure it has a kind +of intelligence as Boris points out it's + + align:start position:0% +of intelligence as Boris points out it's + + + align:start position:0% +of intelligence as Boris points out it's +not every kind of intelligence and it + + align:start position:0% +not every kind of intelligence and it + + + align:start position:0% +not every kind of intelligence and it +doesn't think like we do and there's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't think like we do and there's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't think like we do and there's +some kinds of thinking that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +some kinds of thinking that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +some kinds of thinking that it doesn't +do that we do quite handily but it's + + align:start position:0% +do that we do quite handily but it's + + + align:start position:0% +do that we do quite handily but it's +silly to argue about whether it's + + align:start position:0% +silly to argue about whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +silly to argue about whether it's +intelligent or not it has aspects some + + align:start position:0% +intelligent or not it has aspects some + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent or not it has aspects some +kinds of intelligence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so but really what what what touring + + align:start position:0% +so but really what what what touring + + + align:start position:0% +so but really what what what touring +really did was established that this is + + align:start position:0% +really did was established that this is + + + align:start position:0% +really did was established that this is +something as serious people couldn't + + align:start position:0% +something as serious people couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +something as serious people couldn't +think about and suggest that there's no + + align:start position:0% +think about and suggest that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +think about and suggest that there's no +reason to believe that it won't happen + + align:start position:0% +reason to believe that it won't happen + + + align:start position:0% +reason to believe that it won't happen +someday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and he centered that whole paper on + + align:start position:0% +and he centered that whole paper on + + + align:start position:0% +and he centered that whole paper on +these counter arguments to the arguments + + align:start position:0% +these counter arguments to the arguments + + + align:start position:0% +these counter arguments to the arguments +against AI it's fun to talk about those + + align:start position:0% +against AI it's fun to talk about those + + + align:start position:0% +against AI it's fun to talk about those +each of Emma's deserves attention I'll + + align:start position:0% +each of Emma's deserves attention I'll + + + align:start position:0% +each of Emma's deserves attention I'll +just say a word or two about number four + + align:start position:0% +just say a word or two about number four + + + align:start position:0% +just say a word or two about number four +there lady Lovelace's objection she was + + align:start position:0% +there lady Lovelace's objection she was + + + align:start position:0% +there lady Lovelace's objection she was +as you all know the sponsor and + + align:start position:0% +as you all know the sponsor and + + + align:start position:0% +as you all know the sponsor and +programmer of Charles Babbage when he + + align:start position:0% +programmer of Charles Babbage when he + + + align:start position:0% +programmer of Charles Babbage when he +attempted to make a computer + + align:start position:0% +attempted to make a computer + + + align:start position:0% +attempted to make a computer +mechanically and what she said she was + + align:start position:0% +mechanically and what she said she was + + + align:start position:0% +mechanically and what she said she was +obviously pestered with the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +obviously pestered with the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +obviously pestered with the same kind of +things that everybody in AI is always + + align:start position:0% +things that everybody in AI is always + + + align:start position:0% +things that everybody in AI is always +pestered with and at one point she was + + align:start position:0% +pestered with and at one point she was + + + align:start position:0% +pestered with and at one point she was +reported to have said let me use and put + + align:start position:0% +reported to have said let me use and put + + + align:start position:0% +reported to have said let me use and put +it in my patois don't worry about a + + align:start position:0% +it in my patois don't worry about a + + + align:start position:0% +it in my patois don't worry about a +thing they can only do what they're + + align:start position:0% +thing they can only do what they're + + + align:start position:0% +thing they can only do what they're +programmed to do and of course what she + + align:start position:0% +programmed to do and of course what she + + + align:start position:0% +programmed to do and of course what she +should have said is that they can only + + align:start position:0% +should have said is that they can only + + + align:start position:0% +should have said is that they can only +do what they've been programmed to do + + align:start position:0% +do what they've been programmed to do + + + align:start position:0% +do what they've been programmed to do +and what we've taught them to do and + + align:start position:0% +and what we've taught them to do and + + + align:start position:0% +and what we've taught them to do and +what they've learned how to do on their + + align:start position:0% +what they've learned how to do on their + + + align:start position:0% +what they've learned how to do on their +own but maybe that wouldn't have had the + + align:start position:0% +own but maybe that wouldn't have had the + + + align:start position:0% +own but maybe that wouldn't have had the +soothing effect she was looking for they + + align:start position:0% +soothing effect she was looking for they + + + align:start position:0% +soothing effect she was looking for they +then this is when people started + + align:start position:0% +then this is when people started + + + align:start position:0% +then this is when people started +thinking about when computers could + + align:start position:0% +thinking about when computers could + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about when computers could +whether computers could think but it's + + align:start position:0% +whether computers could think but it's + + + align:start position:0% +whether computers could think but it's +not the first time people thought about + + align:start position:0% +not the first time people thought about + + + align:start position:0% +not the first time people thought about +thinking that we have to go back 2,400 + + align:start position:0% +thinking that we have to go back 2,400 + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that we have to go back 2,400 +years or so to get to that and when we + + align:start position:0% +years or so to get to that and when we + + + align:start position:0% +years or so to get to that and when we +do we think about Plato's most famous + + align:start position:0% +do we think about Plato's most famous + + + align:start position:0% +do we think about Plato's most famous +work the Republic which was clearly a + + align:start position:0% +work the Republic which was clearly a + + + align:start position:0% +work the Republic which was clearly a +metaphor to what goes on in our and our + + align:start position:0% +metaphor to what goes on in our and our + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor to what goes on in our and our +brains and our minds in our thinking he + + align:start position:0% +brains and our minds in our thinking he + + + align:start position:0% +brains and our minds in our thinking he +couched in terms of a metaphor with how + + align:start position:0% +couched in terms of a metaphor with how + + + align:start position:0% +couched in terms of a metaphor with how +a state is organized with philosopher + + align:start position:0% +a state is organized with philosopher + + + align:start position:0% +a state is organized with philosopher +Kings and merchants and soldiers and + + align:start position:0% +Kings and merchants and soldiers and + + + align:start position:0% +Kings and merchants and soldiers and +stuff but he was clearly talking about a + + align:start position:0% +stuff but he was clearly talking about a + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but he was clearly talking about a +kind of theory of brain mind thinking + + align:start position:0% +kind of theory of brain mind thinking + + + align:start position:0% +kind of theory of brain mind thinking +that suggested there are agents in there + + align:start position:0% +that suggested there are agents in there + + + align:start position:0% +that suggested there are agents in there +that were kind of all working together + + align:start position:0% +that were kind of all working together + + + align:start position:0% +that were kind of all working together +but it's important to note I think that + + align:start position:0% +but it's important to note I think that + + + align:start position:0% +but it's important to note I think that +the Republic is a good translation of + + align:start position:0% +the Republic is a good translation of + + + align:start position:0% +the Republic is a good translation of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +de república which is a bad translation + + align:start position:0% +de república which is a bad translation + + + align:start position:0% +de república which is a bad translation +of the Greek Pilate and Pilate ax + + align:start position:0% +of the Greek Pilate and Pilate ax + + + align:start position:0% +of the Greek Pilate and Pilate ax +interestingly is a Greek word that my + + align:start position:0% +interestingly is a Greek word that my + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly is a Greek word that my +Greek friends tell me is untranslatable + + align:start position:0% +Greek friends tell me is untranslatable + + + align:start position:0% +Greek friends tell me is untranslatable +but it means something like a society or + + align:start position:0% +but it means something like a society or + + + align:start position:0% +but it means something like a society or +community or something like that and the + + align:start position:0% +community or something like that and the + + + align:start position:0% +community or something like that and the +book was about the mind so Plato it + + align:start position:0% +book was about the mind so Plato it + + + align:start position:0% +book was about the mind so Plato it +could have been translated as the + + align:start position:0% +could have been translated as the + + + align:start position:0% +could have been translated as the +society of mind in which case it would + + align:start position:0% +society of mind in which case it would + + + align:start position:0% +society of mind in which case it would +have anticipated Marvin Minsky's book + + align:start position:0% +have anticipated Marvin Minsky's book + + + align:start position:0% +have anticipated Marvin Minsky's book +with the same title by twenty four + + align:start position:0% +with the same title by twenty four + + + align:start position:0% +with the same title by twenty four +hundred years well maybe that was not + + align:start position:0% +hundred years well maybe that was not + + + align:start position:0% +hundred years well maybe that was not +the first time that humans thought about + + align:start position:0% +the first time that humans thought about + + + align:start position:0% +the first time that humans thought about +thinking but it was an early an early + + align:start position:0% +thinking but it was an early an early + + + align:start position:0% +thinking but it was an early an early +landmark and and now it's I think useful + + align:start position:0% +landmark and and now it's I think useful + + + align:start position:0% +landmark and and now it's I think useful +to go back to when humans started + + align:start position:0% +to go back to when humans started + + + align:start position:0% +to go back to when humans started +thinking and that takes us back about + + align:start position:0% +thinking and that takes us back about + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and that takes us back about +fifty thousand years not millions of + + align:start position:0% +fifty thousand years not millions of + + + align:start position:0% +fifty thousand years not millions of +years a few tens of thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +years a few tens of thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +years a few tens of thousands of years +so what probably happened in southern + + align:start position:0% +so what probably happened in southern + + + align:start position:0% +so what probably happened in southern +Africa it was probably sixty or seventy + + align:start position:0% +Africa it was probably sixty or seventy + + + align:start position:0% +Africa it was probably sixty or seventy +thousand years ago that the started + + align:start position:0% +thousand years ago that the started + + + align:start position:0% +thousand years ago that the started +happening it probably happened in a + + align:start position:0% +happening it probably happened in a + + + align:start position:0% +happening it probably happened in a +neck-down population because if the + + align:start position:0% +neck-down population because if the + + + align:start position:0% +neck-down population because if the +population is too big innovation can't + + align:start position:0% +population is too big innovation can't + + + align:start position:0% +population is too big innovation can't +can't take hold it was about that time + + align:start position:0% +can't take hold it was about that time + + + align:start position:0% +can't take hold it was about that time +that people us we started drilling + + align:start position:0% +that people us we started drilling + + + align:start position:0% +that people us we started drilling +seashell sheet holes and sea shells + + align:start position:0% +seashell sheet holes and sea shells + + + align:start position:0% +seashell sheet holes and sea shells +presumably for making jewelry and then + + align:start position:0% +presumably for making jewelry and then + + + align:start position:0% +presumably for making jewelry and then +it wasn't long after that that we + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't long after that that we + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't long after that that we +departed from those Neanderthal guys in + + align:start position:0% +departed from those Neanderthal guys in + + + align:start position:0% +departed from those Neanderthal guys in +a big way and we started painting caves + + align:start position:0% +a big way and we started painting caves + + + align:start position:0% +a big way and we started painting caves +like the ones that let's go carving + + align:start position:0% +like the ones that let's go carving + + + align:start position:0% +like the ones that let's go carving +figurines like the one at breast simply + + align:start position:0% +figurines like the one at breast simply + + + align:start position:0% +figurines like the one at breast simply +and I think the most important question + + align:start position:0% +and I think the most important question + + + align:start position:0% +and I think the most important question +we can ask in a eye is what makes us + + align:start position:0% +we can ask in a eye is what makes us + + + align:start position:0% +we can ask in a eye is what makes us +different from that Neanderthal who + + align:start position:0% +different from that Neanderthal who + + + align:start position:0% +different from that Neanderthal who +couldn't do these things see that's not + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do these things see that's not + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do these things see that's not +the question that Turing asked the + + align:start position:0% +the question that Turing asked the + + + align:start position:0% +the question that Turing asked the +question Turing asked was how can we + + align:start position:0% +question Turing asked was how can we + + + align:start position:0% +question Turing asked was how can we +make a computer reason because as a + + align:start position:0% +make a computer reason because as a + + + align:start position:0% +make a computer reason because as a +mathematician he thought that was the + + align:start position:0% +mathematician he thought that was the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematician he thought that was the +kind of supreme capability of human + + align:start position:0% +kind of supreme capability of human + + + align:start position:0% +kind of supreme capability of human +thinking and so for 30 20 30 years AI + + align:start position:0% +thinking and so for 30 20 30 years AI + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and so for 30 20 30 years AI +people focused on reasoning as the + + align:start position:0% +people focused on reasoning as the + + + align:start position:0% +people focused on reasoning as the +center of AI and what they should have + + align:start position:0% +center of AI and what they should have + + + align:start position:0% +center of AI and what they should have +been asking is what makes us different + + align:start position:0% +been asking is what makes us different + + + align:start position:0% +been asking is what makes us different +from the Andrew Tolleson chimpanzees and + + align:start position:0% +from the Andrew Tolleson chimpanzees and + + + align:start position:0% +from the Andrew Tolleson chimpanzees and +other species causes a decrease of + + align:start position:0% +other species causes a decrease of + + + align:start position:0% +other species causes a decrease of +different research agenda well I'm much + + align:start position:0% +different research agenda well I'm much + + + align:start position:0% +different research agenda well I'm much +influenced by the paleoanthropologists + + align:start position:0% +influenced by the paleoanthropologists + + + align:start position:0% +influenced by the paleoanthropologists +Ian Tattersall who writes extensively + + align:start position:0% +Ian Tattersall who writes extensively + + + align:start position:0% +Ian Tattersall who writes extensively +about this and says that it didn't + + align:start position:0% +about this and says that it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +about this and says that it didn't +evolve it was more of a discovery than + + align:start position:0% +evolve it was more of a discovery than + + + align:start position:0% +evolve it was more of a discovery than +an evolution our brains came to be what + + align:start position:0% +an evolution our brains came to be what + + + align:start position:0% +an evolution our brains came to be what +they are for other reasons for reasons + + align:start position:0% +they are for other reasons for reasons + + + align:start position:0% +they are for other reasons for reasons +other than human intelligence so he + + align:start position:0% +other than human intelligence so he + + + align:start position:0% +other than human intelligence so he +thinks of it as a minor change or even a + + align:start position:0% +thinks of it as a minor change or even a + + + align:start position:0% +thinks of it as a minor change or even a +discovery of something we didn't know we + + align:start position:0% +discovery of something we didn't know we + + + align:start position:0% +discovery of something we didn't know we +had in an event he talks about becoming + + align:start position:0% +had in an event he talks about becoming + + + align:start position:0% +had in an event he talks about becoming +symbolic but of course there's a + + align:start position:0% +symbolic but of course there's a + + + align:start position:0% +symbolic but of course there's a +paleoanthropologist and not a + + align:start position:0% +paleoanthropologist and not a + + + align:start position:0% +paleoanthropologist and not a +computational aesthetic AB you Larry for + + align:start position:0% +computational aesthetic AB you Larry for + + + align:start position:0% +computational aesthetic AB you Larry for +talking about that in computational + + align:start position:0% +talking about that in computational + + + align:start position:0% +talking about that in computational +terms so you have to go to someone like + + align:start position:0% +terms so you have to go to someone like + + + align:start position:0% +terms so you have to go to someone like +Noam Chomsky to get a more computational + + align:start position:0% +Noam Chomsky to get a more computational + + + align:start position:0% +Noam Chomsky to get a more computational +perspective on this and what Chomsky + + align:start position:0% +perspective on this and what Chomsky + + + align:start position:0% +perspective on this and what Chomsky +says is that who was also by the way a + + align:start position:0% +says is that who was also by the way a + + + align:start position:0% +says is that who was also by the way a +fan of Tattersall what Chomsky says is + + align:start position:0% +fan of Tattersall what Chomsky says is + + + align:start position:0% +fan of Tattersall what Chomsky says is +that what happened is that we acquired + + align:start position:0% +that what happened is that we acquired + + + align:start position:0% +that what happened is that we acquired +the ability to take two concepts and put + + align:start position:0% +the ability to take two concepts and put + + + align:start position:0% +the ability to take two concepts and put +them together and make a third concept + + align:start position:0% +them together and make a third concept + + + align:start position:0% +them together and make a third concept +and do that without limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an AI person would say Oh Chomsky is + + align:start position:0% +an AI person would say Oh Chomsky is + + + align:start position:0% +an AI person would say Oh Chomsky is +talking about semantic nets a linguist + + align:start position:0% +talking about semantic nets a linguist + + + align:start position:0% +talking about semantic nets a linguist +would say he's talking about the merge + + align:start position:0% +would say he's talking about the merge + + + align:start position:0% +would say he's talking about the merge +operation there's the same thing as an + + align:start position:0% +operation there's the same thing as an + + + align:start position:0% +operation there's the same thing as an +aside I'll set I'll tell you that a very + + align:start position:0% +aside I'll set I'll tell you that a very + + + align:start position:0% +aside I'll set I'll tell you that a very +important book will come out in January + + align:start position:0% +important book will come out in January + + + align:start position:0% +important book will come out in January +I think by Berwick and Chomsky and + + align:start position:0% +I think by Berwick and Chomsky and + + + align:start position:0% +I think by Berwick and Chomsky and +addresses two questions why do we have + + align:start position:0% +addresses two questions why do we have + + + align:start position:0% +addresses two questions why do we have +any language and why do we have more + + align:start position:0% +any language and why do we have more + + + align:start position:0% +any language and why do we have more +than one yeah when you think about it's + + align:start position:0% +than one yeah when you think about it's + + + align:start position:0% +than one yeah when you think about it's +weird why should we have a language and + + align:start position:0% +weird why should we have a language and + + + align:start position:0% +weird why should we have a language and +now that we have one why should we all + + align:start position:0% +now that we have one why should we all + + + align:start position:0% +now that we have one why should we all +have different ones and their answer is + + align:start position:0% +have different ones and their answer is + + + align:start position:0% +have different ones and their answer is +roughly that this innovation made + + align:start position:0% +roughly that this innovation made + + + align:start position:0% +roughly that this innovation made +language possible but once you've got + + align:start position:0% +language possible but once you've got + + + align:start position:0% +language possible but once you've got +that once you've got the competence that + + align:start position:0% +that once you've got the competence that + + + align:start position:0% +that once you've got the competence that +can manifest itself in many engineering + + align:start position:0% +can manifest itself in many engineering + + + align:start position:0% +can manifest itself in many engineering +solutions they also talk a lot about + + align:start position:0% +solutions they also talk a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +solutions they also talk a lot about +how we're different from other species + + align:start position:0% +how we're different from other species + + + align:start position:0% +how we're different from other species +and they like to talk about the fact + + align:start position:0% +and they like to talk about the fact + + + align:start position:0% +and they like to talk about the fact +that we can think about stuff that isn't + + align:start position:0% +that we can think about stuff that isn't + + + align:start position:0% +that we can think about stuff that isn't +there so we can think about apples even + + align:start position:0% +there so we can think about apples even + + + align:start position:0% +there so we can think about apples even +when we're not looking at an apple but + + align:start position:0% +when we're not looking at an apple but + + + align:start position:0% +when we're not looking at an apple but +back to the main line when smokey talked + + align:start position:0% +back to the main line when smokey talked + + + align:start position:0% +back to the main line when smokey talked +to you she didn't talk to you about what + + align:start position:0% +to you she didn't talk to you about what + + + align:start position:0% +to you she didn't talk to you about what +I consider to be the greatest experiment + + align:start position:0% +I consider to be the greatest experiment + + + align:start position:0% +I consider to be the greatest experiment +in developmental psychology ever even + + align:start position:0% +in developmental psychology ever even + + + align:start position:0% +in developmental psychology ever even +though it wasn't necessarily well I + + align:start position:0% +though it wasn't necessarily well I + + + align:start position:0% +though it wasn't necessarily well I +confused myself let me tell you about + + align:start position:0% +confused myself let me tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +confused myself let me tell you about +the experiment smokey doesn't do rats + + align:start position:0% +the experiment smokey doesn't do rats + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment smokey doesn't do rats +but other people do rats with the + + align:start position:0% +but other people do rats with the + + + align:start position:0% +but other people do rats with the +following observation take a rectangular + + align:start position:0% +following observation take a rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +following observation take a rectangular +room and there are hiding places in all + + align:start position:0% +room and there are hiding places in all + + + align:start position:0% +room and there are hiding places in all +four corners that are identical while + + align:start position:0% +four corners that are identical while + + + align:start position:0% +four corners that are identical while +the rat is watching you put food in one + + align:start position:0% +the rat is watching you put food in one + + + align:start position:0% +the rat is watching you put food in one +of these places a box cloth over it and + + align:start position:0% +of these places a box cloth over it and + + + align:start position:0% +of these places a box cloth over it and +then you disorient the rat by spinning + + align:start position:0% +then you disorient the rat by spinning + + + align:start position:0% +then you disorient the rat by spinning +it around and you watch what the rat + + align:start position:0% +it around and you watch what the rat + + + align:start position:0% +it around and you watch what the rat +does and rats are pretty smart they do + + align:start position:0% +does and rats are pretty smart they do + + + align:start position:0% +does and rats are pretty smart they do +the right thing + + align:start position:0% +the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +the right thing +those those opposite corners are the + + align:start position:0% +those those opposite corners are the + + + align:start position:0% +those those opposite corners are the +right answer right because the room is + + align:start position:0% +right answer right because the room is + + + align:start position:0% +right answer right because the room is +rectangular those are the two possible + + align:start position:0% +rectangular those are the two possible + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular those are the two possible +places that the food could be so then + + align:start position:0% +places that the food could be so then + + + align:start position:0% +places that the food could be so then +you can repeat this experiment with a + + align:start position:0% +you can repeat this experiment with a + + + align:start position:0% +you can repeat this experiment with a +small child you get the same answer or + + align:start position:0% +small child you get the same answer or + + + align:start position:0% +small child you get the same answer or +with a intelligent adult like me and you + + align:start position:0% +with a intelligent adult like me and you + + + align:start position:0% +with a intelligent adult like me and you +get the same answer because it's the + + align:start position:0% +get the same answer because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +get the same answer because it's the +right answer but now the next thing is + + align:start position:0% +right answer but now the next thing is + + + align:start position:0% +right answer but now the next thing is +you paint one wall blue and repeat the + + align:start position:0% +you paint one wall blue and repeat the + + + align:start position:0% +you paint one wall blue and repeat the +experiment what do you think a rat does + + align:start position:0% +experiment what do you think a rat does + + + align:start position:0% +experiment what do you think a rat does +both ways you repeat the experiment with + + align:start position:0% +both ways you repeat the experiment with + + + align:start position:0% +both ways you repeat the experiment with +a small child both ways repeat the + + align:start position:0% +a small child both ways repeat the + + + align:start position:0% +a small child both ways repeat the +experiment with me ah finally we get it + + align:start position:0% +experiment with me ah finally we get it + + + align:start position:0% +experiment with me ah finally we get it +right what's the difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and when does it happen when does a + + align:start position:0% +and when does it happen when does a + + + align:start position:0% +and when does it happen when does a +small child become an adult after + + align:start position:0% +small child become an adult after + + + align:start position:0% +small child become an adult after +elaborate and careful experiments of the + + align:start position:0% +elaborate and careful experiments of the + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate and careful experiments of the +kind that spell key is noted for she has + + align:start position:0% +kind that spell key is noted for she has + + + align:start position:0% +kind that spell key is noted for she has +determined that the onset of this + + align:start position:0% +determined that the onset of this + + + align:start position:0% +determined that the onset of this +capability arises when the child starts + + align:start position:0% +capability arises when the child starts + + + align:start position:0% +capability arises when the child starts +using the words left and right in their + + align:start position:0% +using the words left and right in their + + + align:start position:0% +using the words left and right in their +own descriptions of the world they + + align:start position:0% +own descriptions of the world they + + + align:start position:0% +own descriptions of the world they +understand left and right before that + + align:start position:0% +understand left and right before that + + + align:start position:0% +understand left and right before that +but this is when they start using those + + align:start position:0% +but this is when they start using those + + + align:start position:0% +but this is when they start using those +words that's what happens now we + + align:start position:0% +words that's what happens now we + + + align:start position:0% +words that's what happens now we +introduced the notion of verbal + + align:start position:0% +introduced the notion of verbal + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the notion of verbal +shadowing so I read to you the + + align:start position:0% +shadowing so I read to you the + + + align:start position:0% +shadowing so I read to you the +Declaration of Independence or something + + align:start position:0% +Declaration of Independence or something + + + align:start position:0% +Declaration of Independence or something +else and and as I say it you say it back + + align:start position:0% +else and and as I say it you say it back + + + align:start position:0% +else and and as I say it you say it back +to me it's sort of like simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +to me it's sort of like simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +to me it's sort of like simultaneous +translation only English to English and + + align:start position:0% +translation only English to English and + + + align:start position:0% +translation only English to English and +now you take an adult human and even + + align:start position:0% +now you take an adult human and even + + + align:start position:0% +now you take an adult human and even +while they're walking into the room you + + align:start position:0% +while they're walking into the room you + + + align:start position:0% +while they're walking into the room you +they're doing this verbal shadowing and + + align:start position:0% +they're doing this verbal shadowing and + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing this verbal shadowing and +what happens in that circumstance that + + align:start position:0% +what happens in that circumstance that + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in that circumstance that +reduces the adult to the level of a rat + + align:start position:0% +reduces the adult to the level of a rat + + + align:start position:0% +reduces the adult to the level of a rat +they can't do it and you say well didn't + + align:start position:0% +they can't do it and you say well didn't + + + align:start position:0% +they can't do it and you say well didn't +you see the blue wall and they'll say + + align:start position:0% +you see the blue wall and they'll say + + + align:start position:0% +you see the blue wall and they'll say +yeah we saw the blue wall but couldn't + + align:start position:0% +yeah we saw the blue wall but couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we saw the blue wall but couldn't +use it + + align:start position:0% +use it + + + align:start position:0% +use it +so Smokey's spoke ease interpretation of + + align:start position:0% +so Smokey's spoke ease interpretation of + + + align:start position:0% +so Smokey's spoke ease interpretation of +this is that the words have jammed the + + align:start position:0% +this is that the words have jammed the + + + align:start position:0% +this is that the words have jammed the +processor that's why we don't use our + + align:start position:0% +processor that's why we don't use our + + + align:start position:0% +processor that's why we don't use our +laptops in class right because we only + + align:start position:0% +laptops in class right because we only + + + align:start position:0% +laptops in class right because we only +have one language processor and it can + + align:start position:0% +have one language processor and it can + + + align:start position:0% +have one language processor and it can +be jammed it's jammed by email as jam by + + align:start position:0% +be jammed it's jammed by email as jam by + + + align:start position:0% +be jammed it's jammed by email as jam by +used-car salesmen talking fast it's easy + + align:start position:0% +used-car salesmen talking fast it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +used-car salesmen talking fast it's easy +to jam it and when we jam it it can't do + + align:start position:0% +to jam it and when we jam it it can't do + + + align:start position:0% +to jam it and when we jam it it can't do +what you would think it can do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if spunky has an interpretation to + + align:start position:0% +so if spunky has an interpretation to + + + align:start position:0% +so if spunky has an interpretation to +this it says what we what we humans have + + align:start position:0% +this it says what we what we humans have + + + align:start position:0% +this it says what we what we humans have +is Combinator's the ability to take + + align:start position:0% +is Combinator's the ability to take + + + align:start position:0% +is Combinator's the ability to take +information from different kinds and put + + align:start position:0% +information from different kinds and put + + + align:start position:0% +information from different kinds and put +it together I have a different + + align:start position:0% +it together I have a different + + + align:start position:0% +it together I have a different +interpretation which I'll tell you about + + align:start position:0% +interpretation which I'll tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation which I'll tell you about +at the end if you ask me why I think + + align:start position:0% +at the end if you ask me why I think + + + align:start position:0% +at the end if you ask me why I think +spell key has it why I have a different + + align:start position:0% +spell key has it why I have a different + + + align:start position:0% +spell key has it why I have a different +interpretation from spell key for this + + align:start position:0% +interpretation from spell key for this + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation from spell key for this +this experiment and then Yvette what + + align:start position:0% +this experiment and then Yvette what + + + align:start position:0% +this experiment and then Yvette what +we've got is we got the ability to make + + align:start position:0% +we've got is we got the ability to make + + + align:start position:0% +we've got is we got the ability to make +build descriptions that seem to be the + + align:start position:0% +build descriptions that seem to be the + + + align:start position:0% +build descriptions that seem to be the +defining characteristic of human + + align:start position:0% +defining characteristic of human + + + align:start position:0% +defining characteristic of human +intelligence we got it in the caves that + + align:start position:0% +intelligence we got it in the caves that + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence we got it in the caves that +last go we've got into the thoughts of + + align:start position:0% +last go we've got into the thoughts of + + + align:start position:0% +last go we've got into the thoughts of +Chomsky we've got in these experiments + + align:start position:0% +Chomsky we've got in these experiments + + + align:start position:0% +Chomsky we've got in these experiments +of spell key we've got descriptions and + + align:start position:0% +of spell key we've got descriptions and + + + align:start position:0% +of spell key we've got descriptions and +so that's what those are the influences + + align:start position:0% +so that's what those are the influences + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what those are the influences +that led me to this thing I call the + + align:start position:0% +that led me to this thing I call the + + + align:start position:0% +that led me to this thing I call the +strong story hypothesis and when you + + align:start position:0% +strong story hypothesis and when you + + + align:start position:0% +strong story hypothesis and when you +think about almost all of education is + + align:start position:0% +think about almost all of education is + + + align:start position:0% +think about almost all of education is +about stories you know they start with + + align:start position:0% +about stories you know they start with + + + align:start position:0% +about stories you know they start with +fairy tea start with fairy tales to keep + + align:start position:0% +fairy tea start with fairy tales to keep + + + align:start position:0% +fairy tea start with fairy tales to keep +you from running away in the mall you'll + + align:start position:0% +you from running away in the mall you'll + + + align:start position:0% +you from running away in the mall you'll +be hit by a big bad wolf if you do and + + align:start position:0% +be hit by a big bad wolf if you do and + + + align:start position:0% +be hit by a big bad wolf if you do and +you end up with all these professional + + align:start position:0% +you end up with all these professional + + + align:start position:0% +you end up with all these professional +schools that people go to law business + + align:start position:0% +schools that people go to law business + + + align:start position:0% +schools that people go to law business +medicine and even engineering you might + + align:start position:0% +medicine and even engineering you might + + + align:start position:0% +medicine and even engineering you might +say well the engineering is that's not + + align:start position:0% +say well the engineering is that's not + + + align:start position:0% +say well the engineering is that's not +really is that case studies and the + + align:start position:0% +really is that case studies and the + + + align:start position:0% +really is that case studies and the +answer is if you talk to somebody knows + + align:start position:0% +answer is if you talk to somebody knows + + + align:start position:0% +answer is if you talk to somebody knows +what they're doing what they do is very + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing what they do is very + + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing what they do is very +often telling a story my friend Jerry + + align:start position:0% +often telling a story my friend Jerry + + + align:start position:0% +often telling a story my friend Jerry +assessment computer scientists whose + + align:start position:0% +assessment computer scientists whose + + + align:start position:0% +assessment computer scientists whose +work I use is fond of teaching circuit + + align:start position:0% +work I use is fond of teaching circuit + + + align:start position:0% +work I use is fond of teaching circuit +theory as a hobby and when you hear him + + align:start position:0% +theory as a hobby and when you hear him + + + align:start position:0% +theory as a hobby and when you hear him +talk about this circuit he talks about a + + align:start position:0% +talk about this circuit he talks about a + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this circuit he talks about a +signal coming in from the left migrating + + align:start position:0% +signal coming in from the left migrating + + + align:start position:0% +signal coming in from the left migrating +through that capacitor and going into + + align:start position:0% +through that capacitor and going into + + + align:start position:0% +through that capacitor and going into +the base of a transistor I'm causing a + + align:start position:0% +the base of a transistor I'm causing a + + + align:start position:0% +the base of a transistor I'm causing a +voltage drop across the emitter which + + align:start position:0% +voltage drop across the emitter which + + + align:start position:0% +voltage drop across the emitter which +creates a current that flows into the + + align:start position:0% +creates a current that flows into the + + + align:start position:0% +creates a current that flows into the +collector and that causes and you know + + align:start position:0% +collector and that causes and you know + + + align:start position:0% +collector and that causes and you know +he's just basically telling the story of + + align:start position:0% +he's just basically telling the story of + + + align:start position:0% +he's just basically telling the story of +how that signal flows through the + + align:start position:0% +how that signal flows through the + + + align:start position:0% +how that signal flows through the +network it's storytelling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you believe that then these are + + align:start position:0% +so if you believe that then these are + + + align:start position:0% +so if you believe that then these are +the steps that were prescribed by Marv + + align:start position:0% +the steps that were prescribed by Marv + + + align:start position:0% +the steps that were prescribed by Marv +and I and Tommaso as well and in the + + align:start position:0% +and I and Tommaso as well and in the + + + align:start position:0% +and I and Tommaso as well and in the +early days of their presence at MIT + + align:start position:0% +early days of their presence at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +early days of their presence at MIT +these are the things you need to do if + + align:start position:0% +these are the things you need to do if + + + align:start position:0% +these are the things you need to do if +you if you believe that want to do + + align:start position:0% +you if you believe that want to do + + + align:start position:0% +you if you believe that want to do +something about it and they and these + + align:start position:0% +something about it and they and these + + + align:start position:0% +something about it and they and these +steps were were articulated in at the + + align:start position:0% +steps were were articulated in at the + + + align:start position:0% +steps were were articulated in at the +time in part because people and + + align:start position:0% +time in part because people and + + + align:start position:0% +time in part because people and +artificial intelligence were in Mars + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence were in Mars + + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence were in Mars +words too mechanistic I talked about + + align:start position:0% +words too mechanistic I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +words too mechanistic I talked about +this on the first day people would fall + + align:start position:0% +this on the first day people would fall + + + align:start position:0% +this on the first day people would fall +in love with a particular mechanism a + + align:start position:0% +in love with a particular mechanism a + + + align:start position:0% +in love with a particular mechanism a +hammer and try to use it for everything + + align:start position:0% +hammer and try to use it for everything + + + align:start position:0% +hammer and try to use it for everything +instead of understanding what the + + align:start position:0% +instead of understanding what the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of understanding what the +problem is before you select me the + + align:start position:0% +problem is before you select me the + + + align:start position:0% +problem is before you select me the +tools to bring to bear on providing I'm + + align:start position:0% +tools to bring to bear on providing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +tools to bring to bear on providing I'm +producing a solution and so being an + + align:start position:0% +producing a solution and so being an + + + align:start position:0% +producing a solution and so being an +engineer one of the steps here that I'm + + align:start position:0% +engineer one of the steps here that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +engineer one of the steps here that I'm +particularly fond of once you've got the + + align:start position:0% +particularly fond of once you've got the + + + align:start position:0% +particularly fond of once you've got the +behavior articulate articulated behavior + + align:start position:0% +behavior articulate articulated behavior + + + align:start position:0% +behavior articulate articulated behavior +110 eventually you have to build + + align:start position:0% +110 eventually you have to build + + + align:start position:0% +110 eventually you have to build +something because as an engineer I think + + align:start position:0% +something because as an engineer I think + + + align:start position:0% +something because as an engineer I think +I don't really understand it unless I + + align:start position:0% +I don't really understand it unless I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't really understand it unless I +can build it and in building it things + + align:start position:0% +can build it and in building it things + + + align:start position:0% +can build it and in building it things +emerge that I wouldn't have thought + + align:start position:0% +emerge that I wouldn't have thought + + + align:start position:0% +emerge that I wouldn't have thought +about if I hadn't tried to build it well + + align:start position:0% +about if I hadn't tried to build it well + + + align:start position:0% +about if I hadn't tried to build it well +anyhow let's see step one characterize + + align:start position:0% +anyhow let's see step one characterize + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow let's see step one characterize +the behavior the behaviors the baby has + + align:start position:0% +the behavior the behaviors the baby has + + + align:start position:0% +the behavior the behaviors the baby has +to do a story understanding so we need + + align:start position:0% +to do a story understanding so we need + + + align:start position:0% +to do a story understanding so we need +some stories and so I tend to work with + + align:start position:0% +some stories and so I tend to work with + + + align:start position:0% +some stories and so I tend to work with +short summaries of Shakespearean plays + + align:start position:0% +short summaries of Shakespearean plays + + + align:start position:0% +short summaries of Shakespearean plays +medical cases cyberwarfare + + align:start position:0% +medical cases cyberwarfare + + + align:start position:0% +medical cases cyberwarfare +classical social studies and psychology + + align:start position:0% +classical social studies and psychology + + + align:start position:0% +classical social studies and psychology +and these stories are written by us so + + align:start position:0% +and these stories are written by us so + + + align:start position:0% +and these stories are written by us so +as to get through Boris's parser so + + align:start position:0% +as to get through Boris's parser so + + + align:start position:0% +as to get through Boris's parser so +they're careful they are carefully + + align:start position:0% +they're careful they are carefully + + + align:start position:0% +they're careful they are carefully +prepared but they're they they're human + + align:start position:0% +prepared but they're they they're human + + + align:start position:0% +prepared but they're they they're human +readable we're not encoding this stuff + + align:start position:0% +readable we're not encoding this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +readable we're not encoding this stuff +up this is sort of thing you could read + + align:start position:0% +up this is sort of thing you could read + + + align:start position:0% +up this is sort of thing you could read +and if you read that you said yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +and if you read that you said yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +and if you read that you said yeah it's +kind of funny but it's you can + + align:start position:0% +kind of funny but it's you can + + + align:start position:0% +kind of funny but it's you can +understand summary of Macbeth I'll hear + + align:start position:0% +understand summary of Macbeth I'll hear + + + align:start position:0% +understand summary of Macbeth I'll hear +it here's a little fragment of it and + + align:start position:0% +it here's a little fragment of it and + + + align:start position:0% +it here's a little fragment of it and +that is easier to read + + align:start position:0% +that is easier to read + + + align:start position:0% +that is easier to read +so what do we want to do what can we + + align:start position:0% +so what do we want to do what can we + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we want to do what can we +bring to bear on understanding the story + + align:start position:0% +bring to bear on understanding the story + + + align:start position:0% +bring to bear on understanding the story +if you read that story you'd see I could + + align:start position:0% +if you read that story you'd see I could + + + align:start position:0% +if you read that story you'd see I could +ask you a question is is Duncan dead at + + align:start position:0% +ask you a question is is Duncan dead at + + + align:start position:0% +ask you a question is is Duncan dead at +the end and how would you know it + + align:start position:0% +the end and how would you know it + + + align:start position:0% +the end and how would you know it +doesn't say he's dead at the end he's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say he's dead at the end he's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say he's dead at the end he's +murdered but I could ask you is this a + + align:start position:0% +murdered but I could ask you is this a + + + align:start position:0% +murdered but I could ask you is this a +story about revenge word revenge is + + align:start position:0% +story about revenge word revenge is + + + align:start position:0% +story about revenge word revenge is +never mentioned and you'd have to think + + align:start position:0% +never mentioned and you'd have to think + + + align:start position:0% +never mentioned and you'd have to think +about it a little bit but you'd probably + + align:start position:0% +about it a little bit but you'd probably + + + align:start position:0% +about it a little bit but you'd probably +conclude in the end of it it's about + + align:start position:0% +conclude in the end of it it's about + + + align:start position:0% +conclude in the end of it it's about +revenge so now we ask ourselves what is + + align:start position:0% +revenge so now we ask ourselves what is + + + align:start position:0% +revenge so now we ask ourselves what is +that what kinds of knowledge is required + + align:start position:0% +that what kinds of knowledge is required + + + align:start position:0% +that what kinds of knowledge is required +to know that make that Duncan is dead at + + align:start position:0% +to know that make that Duncan is dead at + + + align:start position:0% +to know that make that Duncan is dead at +the end and that it's about revenge well + + align:start position:0% +the end and that it's about revenge well + + + align:start position:0% +the end and that it's about revenge well +first of all we need some common sense + + align:start position:0% +first of all we need some common sense + + + align:start position:0% +first of all we need some common sense +we need some common sense and what we've + + align:start position:0% +we need some common sense and what we've + + + align:start position:0% +we need some common sense and what we've +found somewhat to our surprise is that + + align:start position:0% +found somewhat to our surprise is that + + + align:start position:0% +found somewhat to our surprise is that +much of that can be expressed in terms + + align:start position:0% +much of that can be expressed in terms + + + align:start position:0% +much of that can be expressed in terms +of simple offend rules and these seven + + align:start position:0% +of simple offend rules and these seven + + + align:start position:0% +of simple offend rules and these seven +rule types arose because people building + + align:start position:0% +rule types arose because people building + + + align:start position:0% +rule types arose because people building +software to understand stories found + + align:start position:0% +software to understand stories found + + + align:start position:0% +software to understand stories found +that they were necessary we did meet we + + align:start position:0% +that they were necessary we did meet we + + + align:start position:0% +that they were necessary we did meet we +knew would need the first kind if you + + align:start position:0% +knew would need the first kind if you + + + align:start position:0% +knew would need the first kind if you +kill someone then they then they're dead + + align:start position:0% +kill someone then they then they're dead + + + align:start position:0% +kill someone then they then they're dead +every every other one here arose because + + align:start position:0% +every every other one here arose because + + + align:start position:0% +every every other one here arose because +we reached an impasse in our + + align:start position:0% +we reached an impasse in our + + + align:start position:0% +we reached an impasse in our +construction of our story understanding + + align:start position:0% +construction of our story understanding + + + align:start position:0% +construction of our story understanding +system so the may rules if I anger you + + align:start position:0% +system so the may rules if I anger you + + + align:start position:0% +system so the may rules if I anger you +you may kill me thank God we don't + + align:start position:0% +you may kill me thank God we don't + + + align:start position:0% +you may kill me thank God we don't +always kill people who anger us but we + + align:start position:0% +always kill people who anger us but we + + + align:start position:0% +always kill people who anger us but we +humans always are searching for ant for + + align:start position:0% +humans always are searching for ant for + + + align:start position:0% +humans always are searching for ant for +explanations + + align:start position:0% +explanations + + + align:start position:0% +explanations +so if you kill me and I've previously + + align:start position:0% +so if you kill me and I've previously + + + align:start position:0% +so if you kill me and I've previously +angered you and you can't think of any + + align:start position:0% +angered you and you can't think of any + + + align:start position:0% +angered you and you can't think of any +other reason for why the killing took + + align:start position:0% +other reason for why the killing took + + + align:start position:0% +other reason for why the killing took +place then the anger is is supposed so + + align:start position:0% +place then the anger is is supposed so + + + align:start position:0% +place then the anger is is supposed so +that's the explanation for rule type + + align:start position:0% +that's the explanation for rule type + + + align:start position:0% +that's the explanation for rule type +number two sometimes we use abduction + + align:start position:0% +number two sometimes we use abduction + + + align:start position:0% +number two sometimes we use abduction +you might have a firm belief that + + align:start position:0% +you might have a firm belief that + + + align:start position:0% +you might have a firm belief that +anybody who kills somebody is crazy + + align:start position:0% +anybody who kills somebody is crazy + + + align:start position:0% +anybody who kills somebody is crazy +that's abduction you're presuming the + + align:start position:0% +that's abduction you're presuming the + + + align:start position:0% +that's abduction you're presuming the +antecedent from the presence of a + + align:start position:0% +antecedent from the presence of a + + + align:start position:0% +antecedent from the presence of a +consequent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so those are kinds of rules that work in + + align:start position:0% +so those are kinds of rules that work in + + + align:start position:0% +so those are kinds of rules that work in +the background to deal with the story + + align:start position:0% +the background to deal with the story + + + align:start position:0% +the background to deal with the story +and of course there are things that are + + align:start position:0% +and of course there are things that are + + + align:start position:0% +and of course there are things that are +explicit in the story too here are some + + align:start position:0% +explicit in the story too here are some + + + align:start position:0% +explicit in the story too here are some +examples of things that are causal + + align:start position:0% +examples of things that are causal + + + align:start position:0% +examples of things that are causal +relations are explicit in the story + + align:start position:0% +relations are explicit in the story + + + align:start position:0% +relations are explicit in the story +first kind says that this happens + + align:start position:0% +first kind says that this happens + + + align:start position:0% +first kind says that this happens +because that happened a close tight + + align:start position:0% +because that happened a close tight + + + align:start position:0% +because that happened a close tight +causal connection second kind we know + + align:start position:0% +causal connection second kind we know + + + align:start position:0% +causal connection second kind we know +there's a causal connection but it might + + align:start position:0% +there's a causal connection but it might + + + align:start position:0% +there's a causal connection but it might +be lengthy the third time the strangely + + align:start position:0% +be lengthy the third time the strangely + + + align:start position:0% +be lengthy the third time the strangely +kind arose when one of my students was + + align:start position:0% +kind arose when one of my students was + + + align:start position:0% +kind arose when one of my students was +working on crow creation myths he + + align:start position:0% +working on crow creation myths he + + + align:start position:0% +working on crow creation myths he +happened to be a crow Indian and so a + + align:start position:0% +happened to be a crow Indian and so a + + + align:start position:0% +happened to be a crow Indian and so a +natural interest in that mythology and + + align:start position:0% +natural interest in that mythology and + + + align:start position:0% +natural interest in that mythology and +what he noted was that in pro mythology + + align:start position:0% +what he noted was that in pro mythology + + + align:start position:0% +what he noted was that in pro mythology +you're often told something is connected + + align:start position:0% +you're often told something is connected + + + align:start position:0% +you're often told something is connected +causally and also told that you'll never + + align:start position:0% +causally and also told that you'll never + + + align:start position:0% +causally and also told that you'll never +understand it old man coyote reached + + align:start position:0% +understand it old man coyote reached + + + align:start position:0% +understand it old man coyote reached +into the lake and pulled up a handful of + + align:start position:0% +into the lake and pulled up a handful of + + + align:start position:0% +into the lake and pulled up a handful of +mud and made the world and you will + + align:start position:0% +mud and made the world and you will + + + align:start position:0% +mud and made the world and you will +never understand how that happened + + align:start position:0% +never understand how that happened + + + align:start position:0% +never understand how that happened +there's a kind of typical expression in + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of typical expression in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of typical expression in +preperation creationist with us so all + + align:start position:0% +preperation creationist with us so all + + + align:start position:0% +preperation creationist with us so all +these arose because we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +these arose because we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +these arose because we're trying to +understand particular kinds of stories + + align:start position:0% +understand particular kinds of stories + + + align:start position:0% +understand particular kinds of stories +okay so that's all background here it is + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all background here it is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all background here it is +in operation and that's about the speed + + align:start position:0% +in operation and that's about the speed + + + align:start position:0% +in operation and that's about the speed +that it goes that is reading the story + + align:start position:0% +that it goes that is reading the story + + + align:start position:0% +that it goes that is reading the story +that the summary will make that that you + + align:start position:0% +that the summary will make that that you + + + align:start position:0% +that the summary will make that that you +saw on the screen a few moments ago but + + align:start position:0% +saw on the screen a few moments ago but + + + align:start position:0% +saw on the screen a few moments ago but +of course it's invisible at that scale + + align:start position:0% +of course it's invisible at that scale + + + align:start position:0% +of course it's invisible at that scale +so let me blow a piece of it up there + + align:start position:0% +so let me blow a piece of it up there + + + align:start position:0% +so let me blow a piece of it up there +you see the piece that says Oh + + align:start position:0% +you see the piece that says Oh + + + align:start position:0% +you see the piece that says Oh +Macbeth murdered Duncan Duncan becomes + + align:start position:0% +Macbeth murdered Duncan Duncan becomes + + + align:start position:0% +Macbeth murdered Duncan Duncan becomes +dead too so that yellow the yellow parts + + align:start position:0% +dead too so that yellow the yellow parts + + + align:start position:0% +dead too so that yellow the yellow parts +are inserted by background knowledge the + + align:start position:0% +are inserted by background knowledge the + + + align:start position:0% +are inserted by background knowledge the +white parts are explicit in the story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you may have also noted now you + + align:start position:0% +so you may have also noted now you + + + align:start position:0% +so you may have also noted now you +wouldn't never without my drawing + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't never without my drawing + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't never without my drawing +attention to it we have not only the + + align:start position:0% +attention to it we have not only the + + + align:start position:0% +attention to it we have not only the +concept that the yellow parts the yes + + align:start position:0% +concept that the yellow parts the yes + + + align:start position:0% +concept that the yellow parts the yes +the yellow parts there are conclusions + + align:start position:0% +the yellow parts there are conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +the yellow parts there are conclusions +the white parts are explicit and what + + align:start position:0% +the white parts are explicit and what + + + align:start position:0% +the white parts are explicit and what +you can see it steadily is that just + + align:start position:0% +you can see it steadily is that just + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it steadily is that just +from the colors that much of the + + align:start position:0% +from the colors that much of the + + + align:start position:0% +from the colors that much of the +understanding the story is inferred from + + align:start position:0% +understanding the story is inferred from + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the story is inferred from +what is there it's a funny kind of way + + align:start position:0% +what is there it's a funny kind of way + + + align:start position:0% +what is there it's a funny kind of way +of saying it but you've seen in computer + + align:start position:0% +of saying it but you've seen in computer + + + align:start position:0% +of saying it but you've seen in computer +vision or you will see in computer + + align:start position:0% +vision or you will see in computer + + + align:start position:0% +vision or you will see in computer +vision that what you think you see is + + align:start position:0% +vision that what you think you see is + + + align:start position:0% +vision that what you think you see is +half hallucination and and what you + + align:start position:0% +half hallucination and and what you + + + align:start position:0% +half hallucination and and what you +think you see in the story is also half + + align:start position:0% +think you see in the story is also half + + + align:start position:0% +think you see in the story is also half +hallucinating it seems that the authors + + align:start position:0% +hallucinating it seems that the authors + + + align:start position:0% +hallucinating it seems that the authors +just tell us enough to keep us on track + + align:start position:0% +just tell us enough to keep us on track + + + align:start position:0% +just tell us enough to keep us on track +and the event we have not only the + + align:start position:0% +and the event we have not only the + + + align:start position:0% +and the event we have not only the +yellow parts that are inferred but we + + align:start position:0% +yellow parts that are inferred but we + + + align:start position:0% +yellow parts that are inferred but we +also have the observation that one piece + + align:start position:0% +also have the observation that one piece + + + align:start position:0% +also have the observation that one piece +may be connected to another and that can + + align:start position:0% +may be connected to another and that can + + + align:start position:0% +may be connected to another and that can +only be determined by doing a search + + align:start position:0% +only be determined by doing a search + + + align:start position:0% +only be determined by doing a search +through that so called the elaboration + + align:start position:0% +through that so called the elaboration + + + align:start position:0% +through that so called the elaboration +graph so here there's sorts of things + + align:start position:0% +graph so here there's sorts of things + + + align:start position:0% +graph so here there's sorts of things +that you can search for there's a + + align:start position:0% +that you can search for there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that you can search for there's a +definition of period victory you do + + align:start position:0% +definition of period victory you do + + + align:start position:0% +definition of period victory you do +something rather you want something at + + align:start position:0% +something rather you want something at + + + align:start position:0% +something rather you want something at +least you becoming happy but ultimately + + align:start position:0% +least you becoming happy but ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +least you becoming happy but ultimately +the same wanting leads to disaster so + + align:start position:0% +the same wanting leads to disaster so + + + align:start position:0% +the same wanting leads to disaster so +there it is that green thing down there + + align:start position:0% +there it is that green thing down there + + + align:start position:0% +there it is that green thing down there +is reflected in the green elements up + + align:start position:0% +is reflected in the green elements up + + + align:start position:0% +is reflected in the green elements up +there that have picked out of the entire + + align:start position:0% +there that have picked out of the entire + + + align:start position:0% +there that have picked out of the entire +graph because they're connected and I'll + + align:start position:0% +graph because they're connected and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +graph because they're connected and I'll +show you how they're connected in this + + align:start position:0% +show you how they're connected in this + + + align:start position:0% +show you how they're connected in this +one so this is how this is the Pyrrhic + + align:start position:0% +one so this is how this is the Pyrrhic + + + align:start position:0% +one so this is how this is the Pyrrhic +victory concept that has been extracted + + align:start position:0% +victory concept that has been extracted + + + align:start position:0% +victory concept that has been extracted +from the story by a search program so we + + align:start position:0% +from the story by a search program so we + + + align:start position:0% +from the story by a search program so we +start with Macbeth wanting to be King he + + align:start position:0% +start with Macbeth wanting to be King he + + + align:start position:0% +start with Macbeth wanting to be King he +murders Duncan because of that he + + align:start position:0% +murders Duncan because of that he + + + align:start position:0% +murders Duncan because of that he +becomes happy because he eventually ends + + align:start position:0% +becomes happy because he eventually ends + + + align:start position:0% +becomes happy because he eventually ends +up being king himself but downstream + + align:start position:0% +up being king himself but downstream + + + align:start position:0% +up being king himself but downstream +he's harmed so it's a kind of Pyrrhic + + align:start position:0% +he's harmed so it's a kind of Pyrrhic + + + align:start position:0% +he's harmed so it's a kind of Pyrrhic +victory and now you say to me well + + align:start position:0% +victory and now you say to me well + + + align:start position:0% +victory and now you say to me well +that's not my definition of Pyrrhic + + align:start position:0% +that's not my definition of Pyrrhic + + + align:start position:0% +that's not my definition of Pyrrhic +victory and that's okay because we all + + align:start position:0% +victory and that's okay because we all + + + align:start position:0% +victory and that's okay because we all +have different we all have nuanced + + align:start position:0% +have different we all have nuanced + + + align:start position:0% +have different we all have nuanced +differences in our concept in our + + align:start position:0% +differences in our concept in our + + + align:start position:0% +differences in our concept in our +concept so this is just one computers + + align:start position:0% +concept so this is just one computers + + + align:start position:0% +concept so this is just one computers +idea what a Pyrrhic victory is here are + + align:start position:0% +idea what a Pyrrhic victory is here are + + + align:start position:0% +idea what a Pyrrhic victory is here are +the kinds of things we've been able to + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things we've been able to + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things we've been able to +do as a consequence of to our surprise + + align:start position:0% +do as a consequence of to our surprise + + + align:start position:0% +do as a consequence of to our surprise +just having a suite of rules on a suite + + align:start position:0% +just having a suite of rules on a suite + + + align:start position:0% +just having a suite of rules on a suite +of concepts and what I'm going to spend + + align:start position:0% +of concepts and what I'm going to spend + + + align:start position:0% +of concepts and what I'm going to spend +the next few minutes doing is just + + align:start position:0% +the next few minutes doing is just + + + align:start position:0% +the next few minutes doing is just +taking you quickly through a few + + align:start position:0% +taking you quickly through a few + + + align:start position:0% +taking you quickly through a few +examples of the + + align:start position:0% +examples of the + + + align:start position:0% +examples of the +kinds of things this is reading Macbeth + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things this is reading Macbeth + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things this is reading Macbeth +from two different cultural points of + + align:start position:0% +from two different cultural points of + + + align:start position:0% +from two different cultural points of +view an Asian point of view and a u.s. + + align:start position:0% +view an Asian point of view and a u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +view an Asian point of view and a u.s. +point of view there was some fabulous + + align:start position:0% +point of view there was some fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +point of view there was some fabulous +experiments conducted in the 90s in a + + align:start position:0% +experiments conducted in the 90s in a + + + align:start position:0% +experiments conducted in the 90s in a +high school in the outskirts of Beijing + + align:start position:0% +high school in the outskirts of Beijing + + + align:start position:0% +high school in the outskirts of Beijing +and in a high school in Wisconsin and + + align:start position:0% +and in a high school in Wisconsin and + + + align:start position:0% +and in a high school in Wisconsin and +these experiments involved having the + + align:start position:0% +these experiments involved having the + + + align:start position:0% +these experiments involved having the +students read stories about violence and + + align:start position:0% +students read stories about violence and + + + align:start position:0% +students read stories about violence and +observing the reaction of the students + + align:start position:0% +observing the reaction of the students + + + align:start position:0% +observing the reaction of the students +to those stories and what they found was + + align:start position:0% +to those stories and what they found was + + + align:start position:0% +to those stories and what they found was +that at a statistically significant + + align:start position:0% +that at a statistically significant + + + align:start position:0% +that at a statistically significant +level not not this or that but a + + align:start position:0% +level not not this or that but a + + + align:start position:0% +level not not this or that but a +statistically significant level the + + align:start position:0% +statistically significant level the + + + align:start position:0% +statistically significant level the +Asian students outside of Beijing + + align:start position:0% +Asian students outside of Beijing + + + align:start position:0% +Asian students outside of Beijing +attributed violence to situations and + + align:start position:0% +attributed violence to situations and + + + align:start position:0% +attributed violence to situations and +they would ask what made that person + + align:start position:0% +they would ask what made that person + + + align:start position:0% +they would ask what made that person +want to do that whereas the kids in + + align:start position:0% +want to do that whereas the kids in + + + align:start position:0% +want to do that whereas the kids in +Wisconsin had a greater tendency to say + + align:start position:0% +Wisconsin had a greater tendency to say + + + align:start position:0% +Wisconsin had a greater tendency to say +that person must be completely crazy + + align:start position:0% +that person must be completely crazy + + + align:start position:0% +that person must be completely crazy +so one attributed to the situation the + + align:start position:0% +so one attributed to the situation the + + + align:start position:0% +so one attributed to the situation the +other was dispositional to use the text + + align:start position:0% +other was dispositional to use the text + + + align:start position:0% +other was dispositional to use the text +to use the technical term so here we see + + align:start position:0% +to use the technical term so here we see + + + align:start position:0% +to use the technical term so here we see +in one we reading of Macbeth how let me + + align:start position:0% +in one we reading of Macbeth how let me + + + align:start position:0% +in one we reading of Macbeth how let me +show it blowing up in the top version + + align:start position:0% +show it blowing up in the top version + + + align:start position:0% +show it blowing up in the top version +Macduff kills Macbeth because there's a + + align:start position:0% +Macduff kills Macbeth because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Macduff kills Macbeth because there's a +revenge situation that forces it any + + align:start position:0% +revenge situation that forces it any + + + align:start position:0% +revenge situation that forces it any +other interpretation is because Macduff + + align:start position:0% +other interpretation is because Macduff + + + align:start position:0% +other interpretation is because Macduff +is crazy so another kind of similar + + align:start position:0% +is crazy so another kind of similar + + + align:start position:0% +is crazy so another kind of similar +pairing oh wow that was fast this is um + + align:start position:0% +pairing oh wow that was fast this is um + + + align:start position:0% +pairing oh wow that was fast this is um +this is a story about the Estonian + + align:start position:0% +this is a story about the Estonian + + + align:start position:0% +this is a story about the Estonian +Russian cyber war of 2007 could you + + align:start position:0% +Russian cyber war of 2007 could you + + + align:start position:0% +Russian cyber war of 2007 could you +probably didn't hear the rules of + + align:start position:0% +probably didn't hear the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +probably didn't hear the rules of +engagement but I'll talk to the back of + + align:start position:0% +engagement but I'll talk to the back of + + + align:start position:0% +engagement but I'll talk to the back of +locked laptop so he put that away + + align:start position:0% +locked laptop so he put that away + + + align:start position:0% +locked laptop so he put that away +appreciate so in 2007 the Estonians + + align:start position:0% +appreciate so in 2007 the Estonians + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate so in 2007 the Estonians +moved a war memorial from the Soviet era + + align:start position:0% +moved a war memorial from the Soviet era + + + align:start position:0% +moved a war memorial from the Soviet era +out of the center of talent to a + + align:start position:0% +out of the center of talent to a + + + align:start position:0% +out of the center of talent to a +cemetery in the outskirts and they're + + align:start position:0% +cemetery in the outskirts and they're + + + align:start position:0% +cemetery in the outskirts and they're +about 30% of the Estonian population is + + align:start position:0% +about 30% of the Estonian population is + + + align:start position:0% +about 30% of the Estonian population is +Russian and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they were irritated by this and never + + align:start position:0% +they were irritated by this and never + + + align:start position:0% +they were irritated by this and never +been proven but the next day the + + align:start position:0% +been proven but the next day the + + + align:start position:0% +been proven but the next day the +Estonian national network went down and + + align:start position:0% +Estonian national network went down and + + + align:start position:0% +Estonian national network went down and +government websites were defaced and + + align:start position:0% +government websites were defaced and + + + align:start position:0% +government websites were defaced and +this was hurtful because the Estonians + + align:start position:0% +this was hurtful because the Estonians + + + align:start position:0% +this was hurtful because the Estonians +pride themselves on being very + + align:start position:0% +pride themselves on being very + + + align:start position:0% +pride themselves on being very +technically advanced in Estonia it's a + + align:start position:0% +technically advanced in Estonia it's a + + + align:start position:0% +technically advanced in Estonia it's a +right to be educated on how to use the + + align:start position:0% +right to be educated on how to use the + + + align:start position:0% +right to be educated on how to use the +Internet + + align:start position:0% +Internet + + + align:start position:0% +Internet +they have a national ID card they have a + + align:start position:0% +they have a national ID card they have a + + + align:start position:0% +they have a national ID card they have a +law that says if anybody looks at your + + align:start position:0% +law that says if anybody looks at your + + + align:start position:0% +law that says if anybody looks at your +data they've got to explain why they're + + align:start position:0% +data they've got to explain why they're + + + align:start position:0% +data they've got to explain why they're +very technically sophisticated country + + align:start position:0% +very technically sophisticated country + + + align:start position:0% +very technically sophisticated country +and so what's the interpretation of this + + align:start position:0% +and so what's the interpretation of this + + + align:start position:0% +and so what's the interpretation of this +of this attack which was presumed to be + + align:start position:0% +of this attack which was presumed to be + + + align:start position:0% +of this attack which was presumed to be +done by either ethnic Russians in + + align:start position:0% +done by either ethnic Russians in + + + align:start position:0% +done by either ethnic Russians in +Estonia or by people from Russia well + + align:start position:0% +Estonia or by people from Russia well + + + align:start position:0% +Estonia or by people from Russia well +was it was it revant was it was it an + + align:start position:0% +was it was it revant was it was it an + + + align:start position:0% +was it was it revant was it was it an +aggressive revenge or was it teaching + + align:start position:0% +aggressive revenge or was it teaching + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive revenge or was it teaching +the Estonians a lesson it depends on + + align:start position:0% +the Estonians a lesson it depends on + + + align:start position:0% +the Estonians a lesson it depends on +what it depends on whose side you're on + + align:start position:0% +what it depends on whose side you're on + + + align:start position:0% +what it depends on whose side you're on +that's the only difference and that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the only difference and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the only difference and that's +what produced the difference in + + align:start position:0% +what produced the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +what produced the difference in +interpretation on those two sides one + + align:start position:0% +interpretation on those two sides one + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation on those two sides one +being aggressive revenge and the other + + align:start position:0% +being aggressive revenge and the other + + + align:start position:0% +being aggressive revenge and the other +being teaching the Estonians a lesson by + + align:start position:0% +being teaching the Estonians a lesson by + + + align:start position:0% +being teaching the Estonians a lesson by +the way I was in Estonia in January + + align:start position:0% +the way I was in Estonia in January + + + align:start position:0% +the way I was in Estonia in January +that's where the that's the statue that + + align:start position:0% +that's where the that's the statue that + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the that's the statue that +wasn't there give me another example I + + align:start position:0% +wasn't there give me another example I + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't there give me another example I +just tried to show you some of the + + align:start position:0% +just tried to show you some of the + + + align:start position:0% +just tried to show you some of the +breadth of our story understanding + + align:start position:0% +breadth of our story understanding + + + align:start position:0% +breadth of our story understanding +activity so the next example comes about + + align:start position:0% +activity so the next example comes about + + + align:start position:0% +activity so the next example comes about +because shortly after the terrorist + + align:start position:0% +because shortly after the terrorist + + + align:start position:0% +because shortly after the terrorist +attack on the World Trade Center there + + align:start position:0% +attack on the World Trade Center there + + + align:start position:0% +attack on the World Trade Center there +was a strong interest in bringing + + align:start position:0% +was a strong interest in bringing + + + align:start position:0% +was a strong interest in bringing +political science and artificial + + align:start position:0% +political science and artificial + + + align:start position:0% +political science and artificial +intelligence together to make it + + align:start position:0% +intelligence together to make it + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence together to make it +possible to understand how the other how + + align:start position:0% +possible to understand how the other how + + + align:start position:0% +possible to understand how the other how +other people think when they're not + + align:start position:0% +other people think when they're not + + + align:start position:0% +other people think when they're not +necessarily crazy they just got + + align:start position:0% +necessarily crazy they just got + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily crazy they just got +different backgrounds the thesis is that + + align:start position:0% +different backgrounds the thesis is that + + + align:start position:0% +different backgrounds the thesis is that +we are the stories in our culture so I + + align:start position:0% +we are the stories in our culture so I + + + align:start position:0% +we are the stories in our culture so I +was at a meeting in Washington and the + + align:start position:0% +was at a meeting in Washington and the + + + align:start position:0% +was at a meeting in Washington and the +only thing I remember from that meeting + + align:start position:0% +only thing I remember from that meeting + + + align:start position:0% +only thing I remember from that meeting +is that one of the participants drew a + + align:start position:0% +is that one of the participants drew a + + + align:start position:0% +is that one of the participants drew a +parallel between the Tet Offensive in + + align:start position:0% +parallel between the Tet Offensive in + + + align:start position:0% +parallel between the Tet Offensive in +Vietnam and the arab-israeli war that + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam and the arab-israeli war that + + + align:start position:0% +Vietnam and the arab-israeli war that +took place about + + align:start position:0% +took place about + + + align:start position:0% +took place about +six or seven years later and here's that + + align:start position:0% +six or seven years later and here's that + + + align:start position:0% +six or seven years later and here's that +here's the story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and here's what happened seven + + align:start position:0% +okay and here's what happened seven + + + align:start position:0% +okay and here's what happened seven +years later + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you suppose happen next and of + + align:start position:0% +what do you suppose happen next and of + + + align:start position:0% +what do you suppose happen next and of +course the answer is quite clear and + + align:start position:0% +course the answer is quite clear and + + + align:start position:0% +course the answer is quite clear and +when we feel like talking about the + + align:start position:0% +when we feel like talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +when we feel like talking about the +practical uses of the long range + + align:start position:0% +practical uses of the long range + + + align:start position:0% +practical uses of the long range +eventual practical uses of the stuff + + align:start position:0% +eventual practical uses of the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +eventual practical uses of the stuff +we're talking about this is the kind of + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about this is the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about this is the kind of +thing we say well we don't want to do is + + align:start position:0% +thing we say well we don't want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +thing we say well we don't want to do is +we want to build for political analysts + + align:start position:0% +we want to build for political analysts + + + align:start position:0% +we want to build for political analysts +tools that would be as important to them + + align:start position:0% +tools that would be as important to them + + + align:start position:0% +tools that would be as important to them +as spreadsheets are to a financial + + align:start position:0% +as spreadsheets are to a financial + + + align:start position:0% +as spreadsheets are to a financial +analyst tools that can able to you to + + align:start position:0% +analyst tools that can able to you to + + + align:start position:0% +analyst tools that can able to you to +predict or expect or understand the + + align:start position:0% +predict or expect or understand the + + + align:start position:0% +predict or expect or understand the +unintended consequence of actions you + + align:start position:0% +unintended consequence of actions you + + + align:start position:0% +unintended consequence of actions you +might perform so this is a this is a gap + + align:start position:0% +might perform so this is a this is a gap + + + align:start position:0% +might perform so this is a this is a gap +a line a gap an alignment problem and + + align:start position:0% +a line a gap an alignment problem and + + + align:start position:0% +a line a gap an alignment problem and +here is one case in which we have + + align:start position:0% +here is one case in which we have + + + align:start position:0% +here is one case in which we have +departed from modeling humans and we did + + align:start position:0% +departed from modeling humans and we did + + + align:start position:0% +departed from modeling humans and we did +it because one of our students was a + + align:start position:0% +it because one of our students was a + + + align:start position:0% +it because one of our students was a +from was a refugee from bioengineering + + align:start position:0% +from was a refugee from bioengineering + + + align:start position:0% +from was a refugee from bioengineering +and he knew a lot about aligning + + align:start position:0% +and he knew a lot about aligning + + + align:start position:0% +and he knew a lot about aligning +proteins sequences and DNA sequences and + + align:start position:0% +proteins sequences and DNA sequences and + + + align:start position:0% +proteins sequences and DNA sequences and +so he brought to our group the + + align:start position:0% +so he brought to our group the + + + align:start position:0% +so he brought to our group the +needleman-wunsch algorithm for doing + + align:start position:0% +needleman-wunsch algorithm for doing + + + align:start position:0% +needleman-wunsch algorithm for doing +alignment and we use that to align those + + align:start position:0% +alignment and we use that to align those + + + align:start position:0% +alignment and we use that to align those +stories so they're there they are with + + align:start position:0% +stories so they're there they are with + + + align:start position:0% +stories so they're there they are with +the gaps in on the we we took those two + + align:start position:0% +the gaps in on the we we took those two + + + align:start position:0% +the gaps in on the we we took those two +stories I showed you in our previous so + + align:start position:0% +stories I showed you in our previous so + + + align:start position:0% +stories I showed you in our previous so +I would put a couple of gaps in the + + align:start position:0% +I would put a couple of gaps in the + + + align:start position:0% +I would put a couple of gaps in the +needleman-wunsch algorithm aligned them + + align:start position:0% +needleman-wunsch algorithm aligned them + + + align:start position:0% +needleman-wunsch algorithm aligned them +and then we were able to fill in the + + align:start position:0% +and then we were able to fill in the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we were able to fill in the +gaps using one to fill in the gap and + + align:start position:0% +gaps using one to fill in the gap and + + + align:start position:0% +gaps using one to fill in the gap and +the other and since you can't see it + + align:start position:0% +the other and since you can't see it + + + align:start position:0% +the other and since you can't see it +here's what it what it filled in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's um that's an example of how we + + align:start position:0% +so that's um that's an example of how we + + + align:start position:0% +so that's um that's an example of how we +can use precedents to think about what + + align:start position:0% +can use precedents to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +can use precedents to think about what +happens next to what happened in a + + align:start position:0% +happens next to what happened in a + + + align:start position:0% +happens next to what happened in a +missing piece or what led to this or + + align:start position:0% +missing piece or what led to this or + + + align:start position:0% +missing piece or what led to this or +it's a kind of analogical reasoning my + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of analogical reasoning my + + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of analogical reasoning my +next example is putting on this system + + align:start position:0% +next example is putting on this system + + + align:start position:0% +next example is putting on this system +and teaching mode we have a system we + + align:start position:0% +and teaching mode we have a system we + + + align:start position:0% +and teaching mode we have a system we +have a student we want to teach the + + align:start position:0% +have a student we want to teach the + + + align:start position:0% +have a student we want to teach the +students something maybe the students + + align:start position:0% +students something maybe the students + + + align:start position:0% +students something maybe the students +from Mars and doesn't know anything so + + align:start position:0% +from Mars and doesn't know anything so + + + align:start position:0% +from Mars and doesn't know anything so +this is an example of how a sister + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of how a sister + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of how a sister +Genesis system can watch another version + + align:start position:0% +Genesis system can watch another version + + + align:start position:0% +Genesis system can watch another version +of itself not understand a story and + + align:start position:0% +of itself not understand a story and + + + align:start position:0% +of itself not understand a story and +supply the nut the missing knowledge so + + align:start position:0% +supply the nut the missing knowledge so + + + align:start position:0% +supply the nut the missing knowledge so +this is a hint at how it might be used + + align:start position:0% +this is a hint at how it might be used + + + align:start position:0% +this is a hint at how it might be used +in an educational context and once you + + align:start position:0% +in an educational context and once you + + + align:start position:0% +in an educational context and once you +can have a model of the listener then + + align:start position:0% +can have a model of the listener then + + + align:start position:0% +can have a model of the listener then +you can also think about how you can + + align:start position:0% +you can also think about how you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can also think about how you can +shape the story so as to make some + + align:start position:0% +shape the story so as to make some + + + align:start position:0% +shape the story so as to make some +aspect of it more or less believable so + + align:start position:0% +aspect of it more or less believable so + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of it more or less believable so +you know so I'm carefully avoiding the + + align:start position:0% +you know so I'm carefully avoiding the + + + align:start position:0% +you know so I'm carefully avoiding the +word propaganda which puts a pejorative + + align:start position:0% +word propaganda which puts a pejorative + + + align:start position:0% +word propaganda which puts a pejorative +spin on it but if you're just trying to + + align:start position:0% +spin on it but if you're just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +spin on it but if you're just trying to +teach somebody values that's another way + + align:start position:0% +teach somebody values that's another way + + + align:start position:0% +teach somebody values that's another way +of thinking about it so this is the + + align:start position:0% +of thinking about it so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking about it so this is the +Hansel and Gretel story and the system + + align:start position:0% +Hansel and Gretel story and the system + + + align:start position:0% +Hansel and Gretel story and the system +has been ordered to make the woodcutter + + align:start position:0% +has been ordered to make the woodcutter + + + align:start position:0% +has been ordered to make the woodcutter +be likable because he does some good + + align:start position:0% +be likable because he does some good + + + align:start position:0% +be likable because he does some good +things and bad things some when we do + + align:start position:0% +things and bad things some when we do + + + align:start position:0% +things and bad things some when we do +that you'll note that there's some + + align:start position:0% +that you'll note that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll note that there's some +things that are struck out to stuff in + + align:start position:0% +things that are struck out to stuff in + + + align:start position:0% +things that are struck out to stuff in +red and some things that are marked in + + align:start position:0% +red and some things that are marked in + + + align:start position:0% +red and some things that are marked in +green for emphasis and let me blow those + + align:start position:0% +green for emphasis and let me blow those + + + align:start position:0% +green for emphasis and let me blow those +up so you can see us see them so the + + align:start position:0% +up so you can see us see them so the + + + align:start position:0% +up so you can see us see them so the +stuff that the woodcutter does that it's + + align:start position:0% +stuff that the woodcutter does that it's + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that the woodcutter does that it's +good are highlighted and bolded and the + + align:start position:0% +good are highlighted and bolded and the + + + align:start position:0% +good are highlighted and bolded and the +things that we don't want to say about + + align:start position:0% +things that we don't want to say about + + + align:start position:0% +things that we don't want to say about +the woodcutter because it makes them + + align:start position:0% +the woodcutter because it makes them + + + align:start position:0% +the woodcutter because it makes them +look bad if we strike those out and of + + align:start position:0% +look bad if we strike those out and of + + + align:start position:0% +look bad if we strike those out and of +course another way of making somebody + + align:start position:0% +course another way of making somebody + + + align:start position:0% +course another way of making somebody +what's the other way of making somebody + + align:start position:0% +what's the other way of making somebody + + + align:start position:0% +what's the other way of making somebody +look good just make everybody else look + + align:start position:0% +look good just make everybody else look + + + align:start position:0% +look good just make everybody else look +bad right so we can flip a switch and + + align:start position:0% +bad right so we can flip a switch and + + + align:start position:0% +bad right so we can flip a switch and +have it make comments about the witch + + align:start position:0% +have it make comments about the witch + + + align:start position:0% +have it make comments about the witch +too so that the woodcutter looks even + + align:start position:0% +too so that the woodcutter looks even + + + align:start position:0% +too so that the woodcutter looks even +better because the behavior the witch + + align:start position:0% +better because the behavior the witch + + + align:start position:0% +better because the behavior the witch +the bad behavior of the witch is + + align:start position:0% +the bad behavior of the witch is + + + align:start position:0% +the bad behavior of the witch is +highlighted so these are just some + + align:start position:0% +highlighted so these are just some + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted so these are just some +examples of the kinds of things we can + + align:start position:0% +examples of the kinds of things we can + + + align:start position:0% +examples of the kinds of things we can +do here's another one this is that + + align:start position:0% +do here's another one this is that + + + align:start position:0% +do here's another one this is that +Macbeth story played out in a it's about + + align:start position:0% +Macbeth story played out in a it's about + + + align:start position:0% +Macbeth story played out in a it's about +a hun + + align:start position:0% +a hun + + + align:start position:0% +a hun +it's 80 or 100 sentences and we can + + align:start position:0% +it's 80 or 100 sentences and we can + + + align:start position:0% +it's 80 or 100 sentences and we can +summarize it so we can use our + + align:start position:0% +summarize it so we can use our + + + align:start position:0% +summarize it so we can use our +understanding of the story to trim away + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the story to trim away + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the story to trim away +all the stuff that is not particularly + + align:start position:0% +all the stuff that is not particularly + + + align:start position:0% +all the stuff that is not particularly +important so what is not particularly + + align:start position:0% +important so what is not particularly + + + align:start position:0% +important so what is not particularly +important anything that's not connected + + align:start position:0% +important anything that's not connected + + + align:start position:0% +important anything that's not connected +to something else is not particularly + + align:start position:0% +to something else is not particularly + + + align:start position:0% +to something else is not particularly +important you think about it this way + + align:start position:0% +important you think about it this way + + + align:start position:0% +important you think about it this way +the only reason you you read a story if + + align:start position:0% +the only reason you you read a story if + + + align:start position:0% +the only reason you you read a story if +it's not just for fun the only reason + + align:start position:0% +it's not just for fun the only reason + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just for fun the only reason +you read a story a case study is because + + align:start position:0% +you read a story a case study is because + + + align:start position:0% +you read a story a case study is because +you think it'll be useful later and it's + + align:start position:0% +you think it'll be useful later and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you think it'll be useful later and it's +only useful later if it exerts + + align:start position:0% +only useful later if it exerts + + + align:start position:0% +only useful later if it exerts +constraint and the only exerts + + align:start position:0% +constraint and the only exerts + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and the only exerts +constraint if they're connections causal + + align:start position:0% +constraint if they're connections causal + + + align:start position:0% +constraint if they're connections causal +connections in this case so we take all + + align:start position:0% +connections in this case so we take all + + + align:start position:0% +connections in this case so we take all +the stuff that's not connected and we + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that's not connected and we + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that's not connected and we +get rid of it then we get rid of + + align:start position:0% +get rid of it then we get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of it then we get rid of +anything that doesn't lead to a central + + align:start position:0% +anything that doesn't lead to a central + + + align:start position:0% +anything that doesn't lead to a central +concept so in this case we say that the + + align:start position:0% +concept so in this case we say that the + + + align:start position:0% +concept so in this case we say that the +thing is about Pyrrhic victory that's a + + align:start position:0% +thing is about Pyrrhic victory that's a + + + align:start position:0% +thing is about Pyrrhic victory that's a +central concept we get rid of everything + + align:start position:0% +central concept we get rid of everything + + + align:start position:0% +central concept we get rid of everything +it doesn't bear on on that concept + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't bear on on that concept + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't bear on on that concept +pattern instantiation and then we can + + align:start position:0% +pattern instantiation and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +pattern instantiation and then we can +squeeze this thing down to about 20% of + + align:start position:0% +squeeze this thing down to about 20% of + + + align:start position:0% +squeeze this thing down to about 20% of +its original size and now I come to the + + align:start position:0% +its original size and now I come to the + + + align:start position:0% +its original size and now I come to the +thing that we were talking about before + + align:start position:0% +thing that we were talking about before + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we were talking about before +and that is how do you find the right + + align:start position:0% +and that is how do you find the right + + + align:start position:0% +and that is how do you find the right +precedent well if you do it if you do a + + align:start position:0% +precedent well if you do it if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +precedent well if you do it if you do a +Google searches mostly well they're + + align:start position:0% +Google searches mostly well they're + + + align:start position:0% +Google searches mostly well they're +getting more and more sophisticated but + + align:start position:0% +getting more and more sophisticated but + + + align:start position:0% +getting more and more sophisticated but +most searches are mostly keywords but + + align:start position:0% +most searches are mostly keywords but + + + align:start position:0% +most searches are mostly keywords but +now we've got something better than + + align:start position:0% +now we've got something better than + + + align:start position:0% +now we've got something better than +keywords we've got concepts so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +keywords we've got concepts so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +keywords we've got concepts so what I'm +going to show you now is a is a + + align:start position:0% +going to show you now is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +going to show you now is a is a +portrayal of an information retrieval + + align:start position:0% +portrayal of an information retrieval + + + align:start position:0% +portrayal of an information retrieval +test case that we did with 14 or 15 + + align:start position:0% +test case that we did with 14 or 15 + + + align:start position:0% +test case that we did with 14 or 15 +conflict stories we're interested in how + + align:start position:0% +conflict stories we're interested in how + + + align:start position:0% +conflict stories we're interested in how +closely were they were together because + + align:start position:0% +closely were they were together because + + + align:start position:0% +closely were they were together because +the closer they are together the more of + + align:start position:0% +the closer they are together the more of + + + align:start position:0% +the closer they are together the more of +one was likely to be a useful precedent + + align:start position:0% +one was likely to be a useful precedent + + + align:start position:0% +one was likely to be a useful precedent +for another so in one of these matrices + + align:start position:0% +for another so in one of these matrices + + + align:start position:0% +for another so in one of these matrices +what you see is how close they are when + + align:start position:0% +what you see is how close they are when + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is how close they are when +viewed from the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +viewed from the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +viewed from the point of view of +keywords that's the one that's the one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the bottom of the one on the top is + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom of the one on the top is + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom of the one on the top is +how close they are with respects to the + + align:start position:0% +how close they are with respects to the + + + align:start position:0% +how close they are with respects to the +concepts that they contain to stuff you + + align:start position:0% +concepts that they contain to stuff you + + + align:start position:0% +concepts that they contain to stuff you +know the words like revenge attack not + + align:start position:0% +know the words like revenge attack not + + + align:start position:0% +know the words like revenge attack not +not present in the story as words but + + align:start position:0% +not present in the story as words but + + + align:start position:0% +not present in the story as words but +are present there anyway as concepts and + + align:start position:0% +are present there anyway as concepts and + + + align:start position:0% +are present there anyway as concepts and +and the only point of this pairing is to + + align:start position:0% +and the only point of this pairing is to + + + align:start position:0% +and the only point of this pairing is to +show that the consideration of + + align:start position:0% +show that the consideration of + + + align:start position:0% +show that the consideration of +similarity is different depending on + + align:start position:0% +similarity is different depending on + + + align:start position:0% +similarity is different depending on +whether you're thinking in terms of + + align:start position:0% +whether you're thinking in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're thinking in terms of +concepts or thinking in terms of of + + align:start position:0% +concepts or thinking in terms of of + + + align:start position:0% +concepts or thinking in terms of of +words so here's a story a young man went + + align:start position:0% +words so here's a story a young man went + + + align:start position:0% +words so here's a story a young man went +to work for company his boss was pretty + + align:start position:0% +to work for company his boss was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +to work for company his boss was pretty +mean wouldn't let him go to conferences + + align:start position:0% +mean wouldn't let him go to conferences + + + align:start position:0% +mean wouldn't let him go to conferences +one day somebody else in the company + + align:start position:0% +one day somebody else in the company + + + align:start position:0% +one day somebody else in the company +arranged for him to go to a conference + + align:start position:0% +arranged for him to go to a conference + + + align:start position:0% +arranged for him to go to a conference +anyhow provided transportation he went + + align:start position:0% +anyhow provided transportation he went + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow provided transportation he went +to the conference and he met some + + align:start position:0% +to the conference and he met some + + + align:start position:0% +to the conference and he met some +interesting people but unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +interesting people but unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +interesting people but unfortunately +circumstances were that he had to leave + + align:start position:0% +circumstances were that he had to leave + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances were that he had to leave +early catch a flight back home and then + + align:start position:0% +early catch a flight back home and then + + + align:start position:0% +early catch a flight back home and then +these some of the people he met at the + + align:start position:0% +these some of the people he met at the + + + align:start position:0% +these some of the people he met at the +conference started looking for him + + align:start position:0% +conference started looking for him + + + align:start position:0% +conference started looking for him +because he was so so what story am I + + align:start position:0% +because he was so so what story am I + + + align:start position:0% +because he was so so what story am I +telling it's pretty obviously a + + align:start position:0% +telling it's pretty obviously a + + + align:start position:0% +telling it's pretty obviously a +Cinderella story right now but there's + + align:start position:0% +Cinderella story right now but there's + + + align:start position:0% +Cinderella story right now but there's +no there's no there's no pumpkin there's + + align:start position:0% +no there's no there's no pumpkin there's + + + align:start position:0% +no there's no there's no pumpkin there's +no fairy godmother it's just it just + + align:start position:0% +no fairy godmother it's just it just + + + align:start position:0% +no fairy godmother it's just it just +even though the agents are very + + align:start position:0% +even though the agents are very + + + align:start position:0% +even though the agents are very +different in terms of their descriptions + + align:start position:0% +different in terms of their descriptions + + + align:start position:0% +different in terms of their descriptions +the relationships between them are + + align:start position:0% +the relationships between them are + + + align:start position:0% +the relationships between them are +pretty much the same so over the years + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same so over the years + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same so over the years +what we've done quite without intending + + align:start position:0% +what we've done quite without intending + + + align:start position:0% +what we've done quite without intending +it or expecting it or realizing it is + + align:start position:0% +it or expecting it or realizing it is + + + align:start position:0% +it or expecting it or realizing it is +that we have duplicated in Genesis the + + align:start position:0% +that we have duplicated in Genesis the + + + align:start position:0% +that we have duplicated in Genesis the +kinds of thinking that Marvin Minsky + + align:start position:0% +kinds of thinking that Marvin Minsky + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of thinking that Marvin Minsky +talks a lot about in his most recent + + align:start position:0% +talks a lot about in his most recent + + + align:start position:0% +talks a lot about in his most recent +book the emotion machine he likes to + + align:start position:0% +book the emotion machine he likes to + + + align:start position:0% +book the emotion machine he likes to +talk in terms of multiplicities we have + + align:start position:0% +talk in terms of multiplicities we have + + + align:start position:0% +talk in terms of multiplicities we have +multiple ways of thinking we have + + align:start position:0% +multiple ways of thinking we have + + + align:start position:0% +multiple ways of thinking we have +multiple representations and those kinds + + align:start position:0% +multiple representations and those kinds + + + align:start position:0% +multiple representations and those kinds +of reasoning occur on multiple levels + + align:start position:0% +of reasoning occur on multiple levels + + + align:start position:0% +of reasoning occur on multiple levels +from instinctive reactions at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +from instinctive reactions at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +from instinctive reactions at the bottom +the self conscious reflection on the top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so quite without our attending it when + + align:start position:0% +so quite without our attending it when + + + align:start position:0% +so quite without our attending it when +we thought about it one day by accident + + align:start position:0% +we thought about it one day by accident + + + align:start position:0% +we thought about it one day by accident +we had this epiphany that we've been + + align:start position:0% +we had this epiphany that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +we had this epiphany that we've been +working people meant much of what is in + + align:start position:0% +working people meant much of what is in + + + align:start position:0% +working people meant much of what is in +that book so so far and I'm glad apart + + align:start position:0% +that book so so far and I'm glad apart + + + align:start position:0% +that book so so far and I'm glad apart +from story understanding that a little + + align:start position:0% +from story understanding that a little + + + align:start position:0% +from story understanding that a little +bit to talk to you about some other + + align:start position:0% +bit to talk to you about some other + + + align:start position:0% +bit to talk to you about some other +hypotheses of mine so far there are two + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses of mine so far there are two + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses of mine so far there are two +the strong story hypothesis and then and + + align:start position:0% +the strong story hypothesis and then and + + + align:start position:0% +the strong story hypothesis and then and +then in there there there's this inner + + align:start position:0% +then in there there there's this inner + + + align:start position:0% +then in there there there's this inner +language hypothesis that Chomsky likes + + align:start position:0% +language hypothesis that Chomsky likes + + + align:start position:0% +language hypothesis that Chomsky likes +to talk a lot about we have an inner + + align:start position:0% +to talk a lot about we have an inner + + + align:start position:0% +to talk a lot about we have an inner +language and our inner language came + + align:start position:0% +language and our inner language came + + + align:start position:0% +language and our inner language came +before our outer language and it's + + align:start position:0% +before our outer language and it's + + + align:start position:0% +before our outer language and it's +what's makes it possible to think so + + align:start position:0% +what's makes it possible to think so + + + align:start position:0% +what's makes it possible to think so +those are two hypotheses in our language + + align:start position:0% +those are two hypotheses in our language + + + align:start position:0% +those are two hypotheses in our language +and strong story here's another one it's + + align:start position:0% +and strong story here's another one it's + + + align:start position:0% +and strong story here's another one it's +important that we're social animals and + + align:start position:0% +important that we're social animals and + + + align:start position:0% +important that we're social animals and +it's actually important that we talk to + + align:start position:0% +it's actually important that we talk to + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually important that we talk to +each other once a Danny Hillis of famous + + align:start position:0% +each other once a Danny Hillis of famous + + + align:start position:0% +each other once a Danny Hillis of famous +sky graduate of ours came into my office + + align:start position:0% +sky graduate of ours came into my office + + + align:start position:0% +sky graduate of ours came into my office +and said have you ever had the + + align:start position:0% +and said have you ever had the + + + align:start position:0% +and said have you ever had the +experience of oh you've you often talked + + align:start position:0% +experience of oh you've you often talked + + + align:start position:0% +experience of oh you've you often talked +to Marvin yeah I do and have you ever + + align:start position:0% +to Marvin yeah I do and have you ever + + + align:start position:0% +to Marvin yeah I do and have you ever +had the experience he said of having + + align:start position:0% +had the experience he said of having + + + align:start position:0% +had the experience he said of having +Marvin guess he's very short attention + + align:start position:0% +Marvin guess he's very short attention + + + align:start position:0% +Marvin guess he's very short attention +span Marvin and he'll often guess your + + align:start position:0% +span Marvin and he'll often guess your + + + align:start position:0% +span Marvin and he'll often guess your +idea before you've fully explained it + + align:start position:0% +idea before you've fully explained it + + + align:start position:0% +idea before you've fully explained it +yes I said it happens all the time isn't + + align:start position:0% +yes I said it happens all the time isn't + + + align:start position:0% +yes I said it happens all the time isn't +that the case that he said that the idea + + align:start position:0% +that the case that he said that the idea + + + align:start position:0% +that the case that he said that the idea +that he guesses you have is better than + + align:start position:0% +that he guesses you have is better than + + + align:start position:0% +that he guesses you have is better than +the idea you're actually trying to tell + + align:start position:0% +the idea you're actually trying to tell + + + align:start position:0% +the idea you're actually trying to tell +him about yes and then he's pointed out + + align:start position:0% +him about yes and then he's pointed out + + + align:start position:0% +him about yes and then he's pointed out +well maybe when we talk to our self it's + + align:start position:0% +well maybe when we talk to our self it's + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe when we talk to our self it's +doing the same kind of thing it's + + align:start position:0% +doing the same kind of thing it's + + + align:start position:0% +doing the same kind of thing it's +accessing ideas and putting them + + align:start position:0% +accessing ideas and putting them + + + align:start position:0% +accessing ideas and putting them +together in ways that wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +together in ways that wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +together in ways that wouldn't be +possible if we weren't talking so it + + align:start position:0% +possible if we weren't talking so it + + + align:start position:0% +possible if we weren't talking so it +often happens that ideas come about when + + align:start position:0% +often happens that ideas come about when + + + align:start position:0% +often happens that ideas come about when +we talk to each other because it forces + + align:start position:0% +we talk to each other because it forces + + + align:start position:0% +we talk to each other because it forces +the rendering of our thoughts and + + align:start position:0% +the rendering of our thoughts and + + + align:start position:0% +the rendering of our thoughts and +language and if we don't have a friend + + align:start position:0% +language and if we don't have a friend + + + align:start position:0% +language and if we don't have a friend +or don't happen to have anybody around + + align:start position:0% +or don't happen to have anybody around + + + align:start position:0% +or don't happen to have anybody around +we can talk to her I feel like I talk to + + align:start position:0% +we can talk to her I feel like I talk to + + + align:start position:0% +we can talk to her I feel like I talk to +myself all the time and maybe that's an + + align:start position:0% +myself all the time and maybe that's an + + + align:start position:0% +myself all the time and maybe that's an +important consequence or important + + align:start position:0% +important consequence or important + + + align:start position:0% +important consequence or important +aspect of our intelligence this + + align:start position:0% +aspect of our intelligence this + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of our intelligence this +conversation that we carry on with our + + align:start position:0% +conversation that we carry on with our + + + align:start position:0% +conversation that we carry on with our +self + + align:start position:0% +self + + + align:start position:0% +self +if you be careful doing this out loud + + align:start position:0% +if you be careful doing this out loud + + + align:start position:0% +if you be careful doing this out loud +some people will think you're screwed + + align:start position:0% +some people will think you're screwed + + + align:start position:0% +some people will think you're screwed +let me let me show you a experiment I + + align:start position:0% +let me let me show you a experiment I + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me show you a experiment I +consider to be extraordinarily + + align:start position:0% +consider to be extraordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +consider to be extraordinarily +interesting along these lines it was + + align:start position:0% +interesting along these lines it was + + + align:start position:0% +interesting along these lines it was +done by a friend of mine at Universe + + align:start position:0% +done by a friend of mine at Universe + + + align:start position:0% +done by a friend of mine at Universe +Berg Mitchell and she she Mickey is + + align:start position:0% +Berg Mitchell and she she Mickey is + + + align:start position:0% +Berg Mitchell and she she Mickey is +she's called was working with students + + align:start position:0% +she's called was working with students + + + align:start position:0% +she's called was working with students +on physics problems you've all done this + + align:start position:0% +on physics problems you've all done this + + + align:start position:0% +on physics problems you've all done this +kind of problem and it's about pulleys + + align:start position:0% +kind of problem and it's about pulleys + + + align:start position:0% +kind of problem and it's about pulleys +and weights and the forces and stuff and + + align:start position:0% +and weights and the forces and stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +and weights and the forces and stuff and +so these students were learning the + + align:start position:0% +so these students were learning the + + + align:start position:0% +so these students were learning the +subject and so she gave him a quiz and + + align:start position:0% +subject and so she gave him a quiz and + + + align:start position:0% +subject and so she gave him a quiz and +she had them talk out loud as they were + + align:start position:0% +she had them talk out loud as they were + + + align:start position:0% +she had them talk out loud as they were +working on the quiz and she took she + + align:start position:0% +working on the quiz and she took she + + + align:start position:0% +working on the quiz and she took she +kept track of how many things the best + + align:start position:0% +kept track of how many things the best + + + align:start position:0% +kept track of how many things the best +students said to themselves and how many + + align:start position:0% +students said to themselves and how many + + + align:start position:0% +students said to themselves and how many +things the worst student said to + + align:start position:0% +things the worst student said to + + + align:start position:0% +things the worst student said to +themselves so in this particular + + align:start position:0% +themselves so in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +themselves so in this particular +experiment there weren't many students I + + align:start position:0% +experiment there weren't many students I + + + align:start position:0% +experiment there weren't many students I +think eight four good ones and four bad + + align:start position:0% +think eight four good ones and four bad + + + align:start position:0% +think eight four good ones and four bad +ones and the good ones scored twice as + + align:start position:0% +ones and the good ones scored twice as + + + align:start position:0% +ones and the good ones scored twice as +high as the bad ones and here the here's + + align:start position:0% +high as the bad ones and here the here's + + + align:start position:0% +high as the bad ones and here the here's +the data the better students talked to + + align:start position:0% +the data the better students talked to + + + align:start position:0% +the data the better students talked to +them said about three and a half times + + align:start position:0% +them said about three and a half times + + + align:start position:0% +them said about three and a half times +more stuff to themselves than the other + + align:start position:0% +more stuff to themselves than the other + + + align:start position:0% +more stuff to themselves than the other +ones so unfortunately this is backwards + + align:start position:0% +ones so unfortunately this is backwards + + + align:start position:0% +ones so unfortunately this is backwards +we don't know if we took the bad + + align:start position:0% +we don't know if we took the bad + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know if we took the bad +students and encourage them to talk more + + align:start position:0% +students and encourage them to talk more + + + align:start position:0% +students and encourage them to talk more +if they become smarter so we're not + + align:start position:0% +if they become smarter so we're not + + + align:start position:0% +if they become smarter so we're not +saying that but it is interesting + + align:start position:0% +saying that but it is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +saying that but it is interesting +observation that the ones who talk to + + align:start position:0% +observation that the ones who talk to + + + align:start position:0% +observation that the ones who talk to +themselves more were actually better at + + align:start position:0% +themselves more were actually better at + + + align:start position:0% +themselves more were actually better at +it and what they were saying was a + + align:start position:0% +it and what they were saying was a + + + align:start position:0% +it and what they were saying was a +mixture of problem solving things and + + align:start position:0% +mixture of problem solving things and + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of problem solving things and +physics things like I'm stuck or maybe I + + align:start position:0% +physics things like I'm stuck or maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +physics things like I'm stuck or maybe I +should try that again or physics things + + align:start position:0% +should try that again or physics things + + + align:start position:0% +should try that again or physics things +like I think I have to do a force + + align:start position:0% +like I think I have to do a force + + + align:start position:0% +like I think I have to do a force +diagram mixture of those kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +diagram mixture of those kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +diagram mixture of those kinds of things +so talking talking seems to surface a + + align:start position:0% +so talking talking seems to surface a + + + align:start position:0% +so talking talking seems to surface a +kind of capability that not every animal + + align:start position:0% +kind of capability that not every animal + + + align:start position:0% +kind of capability that not every animal +has and then there's this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it isn't just that we have a + + align:start position:0% +so it isn't just that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +so it isn't just that we have a +perceptual apparatus is it's that we can + + align:start position:0% +perceptual apparatus is it's that we can + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual apparatus is it's that we can +direct it to do stuff in our behalf + + align:start position:0% +direct it to do stuff in our behalf + + + align:start position:0% +direct it to do stuff in our behalf +that's what I think that is part of the + + align:start position:0% +that's what I think that is part of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I think that is part of the +magic so my standard examples John + + align:start position:0% +magic so my standard examples John + + + align:start position:0% +magic so my standard examples John +kissed Mary did John touch Mary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody knows that the answer is yes + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows that the answer is yes + + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows that the answer is yes +how do you know it because you imagine + + align:start position:0% +how do you know it because you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +how do you know it because you imagine +it and you see it so there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it and you see it so there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it and you see it so there's a lot of +talk in a yawn about how you gather + + align:start position:0% +talk in a yawn about how you gather + + + align:start position:0% +talk in a yawn about how you gather +common sense knowledge and how you can + + align:start position:0% +common sense knowledge and how you can + + + align:start position:0% +common sense knowledge and how you can +only know a limited number of facts I + + align:start position:0% +only know a limited number of facts I + + + align:start position:0% +only know a limited number of facts I +think it's all security because I think + + align:start position:0% +think it's all security because I think + + + align:start position:0% +think it's all security because I think +a lot of our common sense comes just in + + align:start position:0% +a lot of our common sense comes just in + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of our common sense comes just in +time by the engagement of our perceptual + + align:start position:0% +time by the engagement of our perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +time by the engagement of our perceptual +apparatus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there's done kissing Mary and now I + + align:start position:0% +so there's done kissing Mary and now I + + + align:start position:0% +so there's done kissing Mary and now I +want to give you another puzzle and and + + align:start position:0% +want to give you another puzzle and and + + + align:start position:0% +want to give you another puzzle and and +the next puzzle is how many countries in + + align:start position:0% +the next puzzle is how many countries in + + + align:start position:0% +the next puzzle is how many countries in +Africa does the equator go through any I + + align:start position:0% +Africa does the equator go through any I + + + align:start position:0% +Africa does the equator go through any I +know I've asked students who come to MIT + + align:start position:0% +know I've asked students who come to MIT + + + align:start position:0% +know I've asked students who come to MIT +from Africa and they don't know I and + + align:start position:0% +from Africa and they don't know I and + + + align:start position:0% +from Africa and they don't know I and +some of them come from countries that + + align:start position:0% +some of them come from countries that + + + align:start position:0% +some of them come from countries that +are on the equator and they don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but now you know and what's happened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your eyes scan across that red line in + + align:start position:0% +your eyes scan across that red line in + + + align:start position:0% +your eyes scan across that red line in +your count + + align:start position:0% +your count + + + align:start position:0% +your count +shamone omen we call it a visual routine + + align:start position:0% +shamone omen we call it a visual routine + + + align:start position:0% +shamone omen we call it a visual routine +so your former you're creating a little + + align:start position:0% +so your former you're creating a little + + + align:start position:0% +so your former you're creating a little +program your language system is + + align:start position:0% +program your language system is + + + align:start position:0% +program your language system is +demanding that your visual system run a + + align:start position:0% +demanding that your visual system run a + + + align:start position:0% +demanding that your visual system run a +little program that scans across and + + align:start position:0% +little program that scans across and + + + align:start position:0% +little program that scans across and +counts and your vision system reports + + align:start position:0% +counts and your vision system reports + + + align:start position:0% +counts and your vision system reports +back the answer and that I think is a + + align:start position:0% +back the answer and that I think is a + + + align:start position:0% +back the answer and that I think is a +miracle + + align:start position:0% +miracle + + + align:start position:0% +miracle +so one more example it's a little grisly + + align:start position:0% +so one more example it's a little grisly + + + align:start position:0% +so one more example it's a little grisly +I hope you don't mind + + align:start position:0% +I hope you don't mind + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you don't mind +so I a couple years ago I installed the + + align:start position:0% +so I a couple years ago I installed the + + + align:start position:0% +so I a couple years ago I installed the +table saw I'm a I like to edmond + + align:start position:0% +table saw I'm a I like to edmond + + + align:start position:0% +table saw I'm a I like to edmond +engineer I like to build stuff I like to + + align:start position:0% +engineer I like to build stuff I like to + + + align:start position:0% +engineer I like to build stuff I like to +make stuff and I had a friend of mine as + + align:start position:0% +make stuff and I had a friend of mine as + + + align:start position:0% +make stuff and I had a friend of mine as +a cabinet maker a good cabinet maker + + align:start position:0% +a cabinet maker a good cabinet maker + + + align:start position:0% +a cabinet maker a good cabinet maker +helped me to install the saw and he said + + align:start position:0% +helped me to install the saw and he said + + + align:start position:0% +helped me to install the saw and he said +you must never wear gloves when you + + align:start position:0% +you must never wear gloves when you + + + align:start position:0% +you must never wear gloves when you +operate this tool and I said what and + + align:start position:0% +operate this tool and I said what and + + + align:start position:0% +operate this tool and I said what and +before I got first word out I knew why + + align:start position:0% +before I got first word out I knew why + + + align:start position:0% +before I got first word out I knew why +no one had ever told me I had never + + align:start position:0% +no one had ever told me I had never + + + align:start position:0% +no one had ever told me I had never +witnessed an experience that would + + align:start position:0% +witnessed an experience that would + + + align:start position:0% +witnessed an experience that would +suggest that should be a rule but I + + align:start position:0% +suggest that should be a rule but I + + + align:start position:0% +suggest that should be a rule but I +imagined it can you imagine it what I + + align:start position:0% +imagined it can you imagine it what I + + + align:start position:0% +imagined it can you imagine it what I +need you to imagine it is that you're + + align:start position:0% +need you to imagine it is that you're + + + align:start position:0% +need you to imagine it is that you're +wearing the kind of fluffy cotton gloves + + align:start position:0% +wearing the kind of fluffy cotton gloves + + + align:start position:0% +wearing the kind of fluffy cotton gloves +got it now and the fluffy cotton glove + + align:start position:0% +got it now and the fluffy cotton glove + + + align:start position:0% +got it now and the fluffy cotton glove +gets caught in the blade and and now you + + align:start position:0% +gets caught in the blade and and now you + + + align:start position:0% +gets caught in the blade and and now you +know why he would never I don't think + + align:start position:0% +know why he would never I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +know why he would never I don't think +any of you would ever use gloves when + + align:start position:0% +any of you would ever use gloves when + + + align:start position:0% +any of you would ever use gloves when +you operate a table saw now because you + + align:start position:0% +you operate a table saw now because you + + + align:start position:0% +you operate a table saw now because you +can imagine the grisly result so it's + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the grisly result so it's + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the grisly result so it's +not just our perceptual apparatus it's + + align:start position:0% +not just our perceptual apparatus it's + + + align:start position:0% +not just our perceptual apparatus it's +our ability to deploy our perceptual + + align:start position:0% +our ability to deploy our perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +our ability to deploy our perceptual +apparatus in our imagination I think + + align:start position:0% +apparatus in our imagination I think + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus in our imagination I think +it's a great miracle that vision is + + align:start position:0% +it's a great miracle that vision is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great miracle that vision is +still hard as everyone in vision will + + align:start position:0% +still hard as everyone in vision will + + + align:start position:0% +still hard as everyone in vision will +tell you some years ago I was involved + + align:start position:0% +tell you some years ago I was involved + + + align:start position:0% +tell you some years ago I was involved +in a DARPA program that had as its + + align:start position:0% +in a DARPA program that had as its + + + align:start position:0% +in a DARPA program that had as its +objective recognizing 48 activities 47 + + align:start position:0% +objective recognizing 48 activities 47 + + + align:start position:0% +objective recognizing 48 activities 47 +of which can be performed by humans one + + align:start position:0% +of which can be performed by humans one + + + align:start position:0% +of which can be performed by humans one +of them is fly so that doesn't count I + + align:start position:0% +of them is fly so that doesn't count I + + + align:start position:0% +of them is fly so that doesn't count I +guess after a couple years into the + + align:start position:0% +guess after a couple years into the + + + align:start position:0% +guess after a couple years into the +program they retrenched a 17 at the end + + align:start position:0% +program they retrenched a 17 at the end + + + align:start position:0% +program they retrenched a 17 at the end +of the program they said if you could do + + align:start position:0% +of the program they said if you could do + + + align:start position:0% +of the program they said if you could do +six reliably you'll be a hero and my + + align:start position:0% +six reliably you'll be a hero and my + + + align:start position:0% +six reliably you'll be a hero and my +team + + align:start position:0% +team + + + align:start position:0% +team +caught everyone's attention by saying we + + align:start position:0% +caught everyone's attention by saying we + + + align:start position:0% +caught everyone's attention by saying we +wouldn't we wouldn't recognize any + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't we wouldn't recognize any + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't we wouldn't recognize any +actions would just track people so + + align:start position:0% +actions would just track people so + + + align:start position:0% +actions would just track people so +vision is is very hard and then stories + + align:start position:0% +vision is is very hard and then stories + + + align:start position:0% +vision is is very hard and then stories +do of course come together with + + align:start position:0% +do of course come together with + + + align:start position:0% +do of course come together with +perception right you at some point + + align:start position:0% +perception right you at some point + + + align:start position:0% +perception right you at some point +you've doubtlessly and of course the + + align:start position:0% +you've doubtlessly and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +you've doubtlessly and of course the +last two weeks seen this example what am + + align:start position:0% +last two weeks seen this example what am + + + align:start position:0% +last two weeks seen this example what am +i doing what am i doing + + align:start position:0% +i doing what am i doing + + + align:start position:0% +i doing what am i doing +and then there's almonds cap what's it + + align:start position:0% +and then there's almonds cap what's it + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's almonds cap what's it +doing so my interpretation is is that + + align:start position:0% +doing so my interpretation is is that + + + align:start position:0% +doing so my interpretation is is that +that cat and I are tell it's the same + + align:start position:0% +that cat and I are tell it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +that cat and I are tell it's the same +story you can imagine that there's + + align:start position:0% +story you can imagine that there's + + + align:start position:0% +story you can imagine that there's +thirst that there are activities that + + align:start position:0% +thirst that there are activities that + + + align:start position:0% +thirst that there are activities that +lead to water liquid passing into the + + align:start position:0% +lead to water liquid passing into the + + + align:start position:0% +lead to water liquid passing into the +mouth so we give them the same label + + align:start position:0% +mouth so we give them the same label + + + align:start position:0% +mouth so we give them the same label +even though visually they're as + + align:start position:0% +even though visually they're as + + + align:start position:0% +even though visually they're as +different as anything could be you would + + align:start position:0% +different as anything could be you would + + + align:start position:0% +different as anything could be you would +never get a deep neural in that program + + align:start position:0% +never get a deep neural in that program + + + align:start position:0% +never get a deep neural in that program +that's been trained on me - breaking ice + + align:start position:0% +that's been trained on me - breaking ice + + + align:start position:0% +that's been trained on me - breaking ice +if that's a cat drinking it's just + + align:start position:0% +if that's a cat drinking it's just + + + align:start position:0% +if that's a cat drinking it's just +there's nothing visually nothing similar + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing visually nothing similar + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing visually nothing similar +it's all alright but we might ask this + + align:start position:0% +it's all alright but we might ask this + + + align:start position:0% +it's all alright but we might ask this +question can we have an intelligent + + align:start position:0% +question can we have an intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +question can we have an intelligent +machine without a perceptual system you + + align:start position:0% +machine without a perceptual system you + + + align:start position:0% +machine without a perceptual system you +know that think that Genesis system I + + align:start position:0% +know that think that Genesis system I + + + align:start position:0% +know that think that Genesis system I +think Beth and all that does it really + + align:start position:0% +think Beth and all that does it really + + + align:start position:0% +think Beth and all that does it really +is it really intelligent when it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +is it really intelligent when it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +is it really intelligent when it doesn't +have any perceptual apparatus at all + + align:start position:0% +have any perceptual apparatus at all + + + align:start position:0% +have any perceptual apparatus at all +can't see anything doesn't know what it + + align:start position:0% +can't see anything doesn't know what it + + + align:start position:0% +can't see anything doesn't know what it +feels like to be stabbed I think it's an + + align:start position:0% +feels like to be stabbed I think it's an + + + align:start position:0% +feels like to be stabbed I think it's an +interesting philosophical question and + + align:start position:0% +interesting philosophical question and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting philosophical question and +and I'm a little agnostic on this right + + align:start position:0% +and I'm a little agnostic on this right + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm a little agnostic on this right +now a little more agnostic than I was + + align:start position:0% +now a little more agnostic than I was + + + align:start position:0% +now a little more agnostic than I was +half a year ago because um III when I + + align:start position:0% +half a year ago because um III when I + + + align:start position:0% +half a year ago because um III when I +went back to the Republic remember that + + align:start position:0% +went back to the Republic remember that + + + align:start position:0% +went back to the Republic remember that +metaphor of the cave and the Republic + + align:start position:0% +metaphor of the cave and the Republic + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor of the cave and the Republic +there's a metaphor of the cave you have + + align:start position:0% +there's a metaphor of the cave you have + + + align:start position:0% +there's a metaphor of the cave you have +some prisoners and they're chained in + + align:start position:0% +some prisoners and they're chained in + + + align:start position:0% +some prisoners and they're chained in +this cave and there's a fire somewhere + + align:start position:0% +this cave and there's a fire somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +this cave and there's a fire somewhere +and all the they can see is their own + + align:start position:0% +and all the they can see is their own + + + align:start position:0% +and all the they can see is their own +shadows against a wall that's all + + align:start position:0% +shadows against a wall that's all + + + align:start position:0% +shadows against a wall that's all +they've got for reality and so their + + align:start position:0% +they've got for reality and so their + + + align:start position:0% +they've got for reality and so their +reality is extremely limited + + align:start position:0% +reality is extremely limited + + + align:start position:0% +reality is extremely limited +so they're intelligent but they're + + align:start position:0% +so they're intelligent but they're + + + align:start position:0% +so they're intelligent but they're +limited so I think you know generalize + + align:start position:0% +limited so I think you know generalize + + + align:start position:0% +limited so I think you know generalize +that metaphor I think a machine without + + align:start position:0% +that metaphor I think a machine without + + + align:start position:0% +that metaphor I think a machine without +a perceptual system has extraordinarily + + align:start position:0% +a perceptual system has extraordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +a perceptual system has extraordinarily +limited reality and maybe maybe we need + + align:start position:0% +limited reality and maybe maybe we need + + + align:start position:0% +limited reality and maybe maybe we need +a little bit of perception to have any + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of perception to have any + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of perception to have any +any kind it takes to have it we would be + + align:start position:0% +any kind it takes to have it we would be + + + align:start position:0% +any kind it takes to have it we would be +comfortable to calling intelligence but + + align:start position:0% +comfortable to calling intelligence but + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable to calling intelligence but +we don't need much and another way of + + align:start position:0% +we don't need much and another way of + + + align:start position:0% +we don't need much and another way of +thinking about is consider the fact that + + align:start position:0% +thinking about is consider the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about is consider the fact that +our own reality is limited you know if + + align:start position:0% +our own reality is limited you know if + + + align:start position:0% +our own reality is limited you know if +you compare our visual system to that of + + align:start position:0% +you compare our visual system to that of + + + align:start position:0% +you compare our visual system to that of +a bee they have a much broader spectrum + + align:start position:0% +a bee they have a much broader spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +a bee they have a much broader spectrum +of wavelengths that they can make use of + + align:start position:0% +of wavelengths that they can make use of + + + align:start position:0% +of wavelengths that they can make use of +because they don't have do you know why + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have do you know why + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have do you know why +we're limited because we have water in + + align:start position:0% +we're limited because we have water in + + + align:start position:0% +we're limited because we have water in +our eyeballs and so some of that stuff + + align:start position:0% +our eyeballs and so some of that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +our eyeballs and so some of that stuff +and the far ultraviolet can't get + + align:start position:0% +and the far ultraviolet can't get + + + align:start position:0% +and the far ultraviolet can't get +through but bees can see it and then + + align:start position:0% +through but bees can see it and then + + + align:start position:0% +through but bees can see it and then +that's comparing us humans with with + + align:start position:0% +that's comparing us humans with with + + + align:start position:0% +that's comparing us humans with with +bees how about comparing one human + + align:start position:0% +bees how about comparing one human + + + align:start position:0% +bees how about comparing one human +against another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at this distance I can hardly see it can + + align:start position:0% +at this distance I can hardly see it can + + + align:start position:0% +at this distance I can hardly see it can +you see it it's a boat but some people + + align:start position:0% +you see it it's a boat but some people + + + align:start position:0% +you see it it's a boat but some people +can't see it because they're they have + + align:start position:0% +can't see it because they're they have + + + align:start position:0% +can't see it because they're they have +they're colorblind so for them there's a + + align:start position:0% +they're colorblind so for them there's a + + + align:start position:0% +they're colorblind so for them there's a +slight impairment of reality just just + + align:start position:0% +slight impairment of reality just just + + + align:start position:0% +slight impairment of reality just just +like a computer without a perceptual + + align:start position:0% +like a computer without a perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +like a computer without a perceptual +system would have a big impairment of + + align:start position:0% +system would have a big impairment of + + + align:start position:0% +system would have a big impairment of +reality so it's been said many times + + align:start position:0% +reality so it's been said many times + + + align:start position:0% +reality so it's been said many times +that what we're doing here is we're + + align:start position:0% +that what we're doing here is we're + + + align:start position:0% +that what we're doing here is we're +trying to understand the science side of + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand the science side of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand the science side of +things and we think that that will lead + + align:start position:0% +things and we think that that will lead + + + align:start position:0% +things and we think that that will lead +to engineering advances and people often + + align:start position:0% +to engineering advances and people often + + + align:start position:0% +to engineering advances and people often +ask this and those who don't believe + + align:start position:0% +ask this and those who don't believe + + + align:start position:0% +ask this and those who don't believe +that human intelligence is relevant I'll + + align:start position:0% +that human intelligence is relevant I'll + + + align:start position:0% +that human intelligence is relevant I'll +say well airplanes don't fly like birds + + align:start position:0% +say well airplanes don't fly like birds + + + align:start position:0% +say well airplanes don't fly like birds +what do you think of that argument I + + align:start position:0% +what do you think of that argument I + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think of that argument I +think it's full full that is a gigantic + + align:start position:0% +think it's full full that is a gigantic + + + align:start position:0% +think it's full full that is a gigantic +hole and it turns out that the Wright + + align:start position:0% +hole and it turns out that the Wright + + + align:start position:0% +hole and it turns out that the Wright +brothers were extremely interested in + + align:start position:0% +brothers were extremely interested in + + + align:start position:0% +brothers were extremely interested in +birds because they knew that birds could + + align:start position:0% +birds because they knew that birds could + + + align:start position:0% +birds because they knew that birds could +tell them something about the secrets of + + align:start position:0% +tell them something about the secrets of + + + align:start position:0% +tell them something about the secrets of +aerodynamics and they're all all flying + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics and they're all all flying + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics and they're all all flying +machines have to deal with the secrets + + align:start position:0% +machines have to deal with the secrets + + + align:start position:0% +machines have to deal with the secrets +of that kind of physics so we study + + align:start position:0% +of that kind of physics so we study + + + align:start position:0% +of that kind of physics so we study +humans not because we're going to build + + align:start position:0% +humans not because we're going to build + + + align:start position:0% +humans not because we're going to build +a machine and it has neurons in it but + + align:start position:0% +a machine and it has neurons in it but + + + align:start position:0% +a machine and it has neurons in it but +because we want to understand the + + align:start position:0% +because we want to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to understand the +computational imperatives that human + + align:start position:0% +computational imperatives that human + + + align:start position:0% +computational imperatives that human +intelligence can shed light on it that's + + align:start position:0% +intelligence can shed light on it that's + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence can shed light on it that's +why we think it says engineering value + + align:start position:0% +why we think it says engineering value + + + align:start position:0% +why we think it says engineering value +even though we won't in any likely + + align:start position:0% +even though we won't in any likely + + + align:start position:0% +even though we won't in any likely +future be building computers with the + + align:start position:0% +future be building computers with the + + + align:start position:0% +future be building computers with the +synapses of the kind we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when I would come to the dangers that we + + align:start position:0% +when I would come to the dangers that we + + + align:start position:0% +when I would come to the dangers that we +started out with what do you think we + + align:start position:0% +started out with what do you think we + + + align:start position:0% +started out with what do you think we +should suppose that machines can become + + align:start position:0% +should suppose that machines can become + + + align:start position:0% +should suppose that machines can become +they do become really smart and not it + + align:start position:0% +they do become really smart and not it + + + align:start position:0% +they do become really smart and not it +you know we've got machine learning what + + align:start position:0% +you know we've got machine learning what + + + align:start position:0% +you know we've got machine learning what +is that that's modern statistics and of + + align:start position:0% +is that that's modern statistics and of + + + align:start position:0% +is that that's modern statistics and of +course it's useful + + align:start position:0% +course it's useful + + + align:start position:0% +course it's useful +what if they became really smart in the + + align:start position:0% +what if they became really smart in the + + + align:start position:0% +what if they became really smart in the +same ways that were smart what would we + + align:start position:0% +same ways that were smart what would we + + + align:start position:0% +same ways that were smart what would we +want to do to protect ourselves well for + + align:start position:0% +want to do to protect ourselves well for + + + align:start position:0% +want to do to protect ourselves well for +this I'd like to introduce the subject + + align:start position:0% +this I'd like to introduce the subject + + + align:start position:0% +this I'd like to introduce the subject +by asking to read the following this + + align:start position:0% +by asking to read the following this + + + align:start position:0% +by asking to read the following this +story this was a part of that + + align:start position:0% +story this was a part of that + + + align:start position:0% +story this was a part of that +Morrison paying suite of experiments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm sorry these are so full of violence + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry these are so full of violence + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry these are so full of violence +this happens to be what they worked with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so after the students read this story + + align:start position:0% +so after the students read this story + + + align:start position:0% +so after the students read this story +they were asked asked did Lu kill Shawn + + align:start position:0% +they were asked asked did Lu kill Shawn + + + align:start position:0% +they were asked asked did Lu kill Shawn +because America is individualistic and + + align:start position:0% +because America is individualistic and + + + align:start position:0% +because America is individualistic and +the Asian students would have a tendency + + align:start position:0% +the Asian students would have a tendency + + + align:start position:0% +the Asian students would have a tendency +to say yes so how can we model that in + + align:start position:0% +to say yes so how can we model that in + + + align:start position:0% +to say yes so how can we model that in +our system well to start out with this + + align:start position:0% +our system well to start out with this + + + align:start position:0% +our system well to start out with this +is the original interpretation of the + + align:start position:0% +is the original interpretation of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the original interpretation of the +story as told and if you look at where + + align:start position:0% +story as told and if you look at where + + + align:start position:0% +story as told and if you look at where +that arrow is you see that that's where + + align:start position:0% +that arrow is you see that that's where + + + align:start position:0% +that arrow is you see that that's where +Luke kills Shan and just in back of it + + align:start position:0% +Luke kills Shan and just in back of it + + + align:start position:0% +Luke kills Shan and just in back of it +is the means he shot him with a gun but + + align:start position:0% +is the means he shot him with a gun but + + + align:start position:0% +is the means he shot him with a gun but +it's not connected anything and so the + + align:start position:0% +it's not connected anything and so the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not connected anything and so the +instantaneous response is we don't know + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous response is we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous response is we don't know +why Luke killed Xiang but what the what + + align:start position:0% +why Luke killed Xiang but what the what + + + align:start position:0% +why Luke killed Xiang but what the what +Genesis does at this point is when asked + + align:start position:0% +Genesis does at this point is when asked + + + align:start position:0% +Genesis does at this point is when asked +the question did Luke kill Shawn because + + align:start position:0% +the question did Luke kill Shawn because + + + align:start position:0% +the question did Luke kill Shawn because +America is individualistic it goes into + + align:start position:0% +America is individualistic it goes into + + + align:start position:0% +America is individualistic it goes into +its own memory and said I am modeling an + + align:start position:0% +its own memory and said I am modeling an + + + align:start position:0% +its own memory and said I am modeling an +Asian reader I believe that America's + + align:start position:0% +Asian reader I believe that America's + + + align:start position:0% +Asian reader I believe that America's +individualistic I will insert that into + + align:start position:0% +individualistic I will insert that into + + + align:start position:0% +individualistic I will insert that into +the story I will examine the + + align:start position:0% +the story I will examine the + + + align:start position:0% +the story I will examine the +consequences of that insertion and then + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that insertion and then + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that insertion and then +see what happens and this is what + + align:start position:0% +see what happens and this is what + + + align:start position:0% +see what happens and this is what +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +the question is asking certs into the + + align:start position:0% +the question is asking certs into the + + + align:start position:0% +the question is asking certs into the +story boom-boom-boom + + align:start position:0% +story boom-boom-boom + + + align:start position:0% +story boom-boom-boom +and now Luke kills Shen is connected all + + align:start position:0% +and now Luke kills Shen is connected all + + + align:start position:0% +and now Luke kills Shen is connected all +the way back to America's + + align:start position:0% +the way back to America's + + + align:start position:0% +the way back to America's +individualistic and so the Machine can + + align:start position:0% +individualistic and so the Machine can + + + align:start position:0% +individualistic and so the Machine can +say yes but that's not the interesting + + align:start position:0% +say yes but that's not the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +say yes but that's not the interesting +part well this is what it says but + + align:start position:0% +part well this is what it says but + + + align:start position:0% +part well this is what it says but +that's not the interesting part the + + align:start position:0% +that's not the interesting part the + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the interesting part the +interesting part is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it describes to itself what it's doing + + align:start position:0% +it describes to itself what it's doing + + + align:start position:0% +it describes to itself what it's doing +in its own language which it treats as + + align:start position:0% +in its own language which it treats as + + + align:start position:0% +in its own language which it treats as +its story of its own behavior so and how + + align:start position:0% +its story of its own behavior so and how + + + align:start position:0% +its story of its own behavior so and how +now has the capacity to introspect into + + align:start position:0% +now has the capacity to introspect into + + + align:start position:0% +now has the capacity to introspect into +what it is self is doing and I think + + align:start position:0% +what it is self is doing and I think + + + align:start position:0% +what it is self is doing and I think +that's pretty cool it's a kind of okay + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool it's a kind of okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool it's a kind of okay +it's a suitcase where self awareness + + align:start position:0% +it's a suitcase where self awareness + + + align:start position:0% +it's a suitcase where self awareness +consciousness big suitcase word but you + + align:start position:0% +consciousness big suitcase word but you + + + align:start position:0% +consciousness big suitcase word but you +can say that this system is aware of its + + align:start position:0% +can say that this system is aware of its + + + align:start position:0% +can say that this system is aware of its +own behavior by the way this is one of + + align:start position:0% +own behavior by the way this is one of + + + align:start position:0% +own behavior by the way this is one of +the things that Turing addressed in his + + align:start position:0% +the things that Turing addressed in his + + + align:start position:0% +the things that Turing addressed in his +original paper one of the arguments + + align:start position:0% +original paper one of the arguments + + + align:start position:0% +original paper one of the arguments +against AI was some I forgot what Turing + + align:start position:0% +against AI was some I forgot what Turing + + + align:start position:0% +against AI was some I forgot what Turing +call that the Disabilities argument and + + align:start position:0% +call that the Disabilities argument and + + + align:start position:0% +call that the Disabilities argument and +people were saying computers can never + + align:start position:0% +people were saying computers can never + + + align:start position:0% +people were saying computers can never +do these kinds of things one of which is + + align:start position:0% +do these kinds of things one of which is + + + align:start position:0% +do these kinds of things one of which is +be the subject of its own thought but + + align:start position:0% +be the subject of its own thought but + + + align:start position:0% +be the subject of its own thought but +Genesis is now this reading it's the + + align:start position:0% +Genesis is now this reading it's the + + + align:start position:0% +Genesis is now this reading it's the +story of its own behavior and being the + + align:start position:0% +story of its own behavior and being the + + + align:start position:0% +story of its own behavior and being the +subject of its own thought okay so what + + align:start position:0% +subject of its own thought okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +subject of its own thought okay so what +if they really become smart now I will + + align:start position:0% +if they really become smart now I will + + + align:start position:0% +if they really become smart now I will +become a little bit on a whimsical side + + align:start position:0% +become a little bit on a whimsical side + + + align:start position:0% +become a little bit on a whimsical side +suppose they really get smart what will + + align:start position:0% +suppose they really get smart what will + + + align:start position:0% +suppose they really get smart what will +we want to do maybe we ought to simulate + + align:start position:0% +we want to do maybe we ought to simulate + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do maybe we ought to simulate +these suckers first before we turn them + + align:start position:0% +these suckers first before we turn them + + + align:start position:0% +these suckers first before we turn them +loose in the world do you agree with + + align:start position:0% +loose in the world do you agree with + + + align:start position:0% +loose in the world do you agree with +that after all simulation is now well + + align:start position:0% +that after all simulation is now well + + + align:start position:0% +that after all simulation is now well +developed art so we can take these + + align:start position:0% +developed art so we can take these + + + align:start position:0% +developed art so we can take these +machines maybe there will be robots + + align:start position:0% +machines maybe there will be robots + + + align:start position:0% +machines maybe there will be robots +maybe logistic programs and we can do + + align:start position:0% +maybe logistic programs and we can do + + + align:start position:0% +maybe logistic programs and we can do +elaborate simulations to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +elaborate simulations to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate simulations to make sure that +they're not dangerous and we would want + + align:start position:0% +they're not dangerous and we would want + + + align:start position:0% +they're not dangerous and we would want +to do that as natural worlds as possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we want to do these experiments for + + align:start position:0% +and we want to do these experiments for + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to do these experiments for +a long time before we turn them loose + + align:start position:0% +a long time before we turn them loose + + + align:start position:0% +a long time before we turn them loose +see what kinds of behaviors were to be + + align:start position:0% +see what kinds of behaviors were to be + + + align:start position:0% +see what kinds of behaviors were to be +expected you see where I'm going with + + align:start position:0% +expected you see where I'm going with + + + align:start position:0% +expected you see where I'm going with +this maybe we're it I think it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +this maybe we're it I think it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe we're it I think it's pretty +interesting possibility I'm not sure any + + align:start position:0% +interesting possibility I'm not sure any + + + align:start position:0% +interesting possibility I'm not sure any +of you are yet but I know that I might + + align:start position:0% +of you are yet but I know that I might + + + align:start position:0% +of you are yet but I know that I might +be it the great simulation to see if + + align:start position:0% +be it the great simulation to see if + + + align:start position:0% +be it the great simulation to see if +we're dangerous and I must say if if we + + align:start position:0% +we're dangerous and I must say if if we + + + align:start position:0% +we're dangerous and I must say if if we +are a simulation to see if we're + + align:start position:0% +are a simulation to see if we're + + + align:start position:0% +are a simulation to see if we're +dangerous it's not going very well + + align:start position:0% +dangerous it's not going very well + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous it's not going very well +key questions we visited why is AI made + + align:start position:0% +key questions we visited why is AI made + + + align:start position:0% +key questions we visited why is AI made +so little progress because for too many + + align:start position:0% +so little progress because for too many + + + align:start position:0% +so little progress because for too many +years it was about reasoning instead of + + align:start position:0% +years it was about reasoning instead of + + + align:start position:0% +years it was about reasoning instead of +about what's different how can we make + + align:start position:0% +about what's different how can we make + + + align:start position:0% +about what's different how can we make +progress now by focusing on what it is + + align:start position:0% +progress now by focusing on what it is + + + align:start position:0% +progress now by focusing on what it is +that makes human intelligence unique how + + align:start position:0% +that makes human intelligence unique how + + + align:start position:0% +that makes human intelligence unique how +can a computer be really smart without a + + align:start position:0% +can a computer be really smart without a + + + align:start position:0% +can a computer be really smart without a +perceptual system or can it be and I + + align:start position:0% +perceptual system or can it be and I + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual system or can it be and I +think yes but a little bit agnostic + + align:start position:0% +think yes but a little bit agnostic + + + align:start position:0% +think yes but a little bit agnostic +should engineers care absolutely because + + align:start position:0% +should engineers care absolutely because + + + align:start position:0% +should engineers care absolutely because +it's not the it's not the hardware that + + align:start position:0% +it's not the it's not the hardware that + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the it's not the hardware that +we're trying to replicate it's the + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to replicate it's the + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to replicate it's the +understanding of the computational + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the computational + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the computational +imperatives what are the dangers in + + align:start position:0% +imperatives what are the dangers in + + + align:start position:0% +imperatives what are the dangers in +which we do about them we need to make + + align:start position:0% +which we do about them we need to make + + + align:start position:0% +which we do about them we need to make +any system that we depend on capable + + align:start position:0% +any system that we depend on capable + + + align:start position:0% +any system that we depend on capable +their explaining itself it needs to have + + align:start position:0% +their explaining itself it needs to have + + + align:start position:0% +their explaining itself it needs to have +a kind of ability to explain what it's + + align:start position:0% +a kind of ability to explain what it's + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of ability to explain what it's +doing in our in our terms no no so just + + align:start position:0% +doing in our in our terms no no so just + + + align:start position:0% +doing in our in our terms no no so just +tell me it's a school bus tell me why + + align:start position:0% +tell me it's a school bus tell me why + + + align:start position:0% +tell me it's a school bus tell me why +you think it's a school bus you did this + + align:start position:0% +you think it's a school bus you did this + + + align:start position:0% +you think it's a school bus you did this +thing you better be able to defend + + align:start position:0% +thing you better be able to defend + + + align:start position:0% +thing you better be able to defend +yourself and in something analogous to a + + align:start position:0% +yourself and in something analogous to a + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and in something analogous to a +court of law these are the things we + + align:start position:0% +court of law these are the things we + + + align:start position:0% +court of law these are the things we +need to do and finally my final slide is + + align:start position:0% +need to do and finally my final slide is + + + align:start position:0% +need to do and finally my final slide is +this one this is just a summary of the + + align:start position:0% +this one this is just a summary of the + + + align:start position:0% +this one this is just a summary of the +things I've tried to cover this morning + + align:start position:0% +things I've tried to cover this morning + + + align:start position:0% +things I've tried to cover this morning +and one last thing I think it was Cato + + align:start position:0% +and one last thing I think it was Cato + + + align:start position:0% +and one last thing I think it was Cato +the Elder who said + + align:start position:0% +the Elder who said + + + align:start position:0% +the Elder who said +Carthago Atalanta messed every speech to + + align:start position:0% +Carthago Atalanta messed every speech to + + + align:start position:0% +Carthago Atalanta messed every speech to +the Roman Senate ended with Carthage + + align:start position:0% +the Roman Senate ended with Carthage + + + align:start position:0% +the Roman Senate ended with Carthage +must be destroyed he could be talking + + align:start position:0% +must be destroyed he could be talking + + + align:start position:0% +must be destroyed he could be talking +about the sewer system and the final + + align:start position:0% +about the sewer system and the final + + + align:start position:0% +about the sewer system and the final +words would be Carthage must be + + align:start position:0% +words would be Carthage must be + + + align:start position:0% +words would be Carthage must be +destroyed well here's my analogue to + + align:start position:0% +destroyed well here's my analogue to + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed well here's my analogue to +Carthage there must be under destroyed I + + align:start position:0% +Carthage there must be under destroyed I + + + align:start position:0% +Carthage there must be under destroyed I +think this is so because I think well + + align:start position:0% +think this is so because I think well + + + align:start position:0% +think this is so because I think well +many people consider + + align:start position:0% +many people consider + + + align:start position:0% +many people consider +artificial intelligence products to be + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence products to be + + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence products to be +dangerous I think understanding our own + + align:start position:0% +dangerous I think understanding our own + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous I think understanding our own +intelligence is essential to the + + align:start position:0% +intelligence is essential to the + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence is essential to the +survival of the species we really do + + align:start position:0% +survival of the species we really do + + + align:start position:0% +survival of the species we really do +need to understand ourselves better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/7xJPSuSVmSk.txt b/7xJPSuSVmSk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b47191acb3c9a9cf1744acc8cb8430d72cff799 --- /dev/null +++ b/7xJPSuSVmSk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7603 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so what we're gonna talk about today and + + align:start position:0% +so what we're gonna talk about today and + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're gonna talk about today and +I'm gonna do something a little annoying + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do something a little annoying + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do something a little annoying +as usual I want to take you somewhere + + align:start position:0% +as usual I want to take you somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +as usual I want to take you somewhere +here yes you're back to carbon that's + + align:start position:0% +here yes you're back to carbon that's + + + align:start position:0% +here yes you're back to carbon that's +fine but what I want to show you is the + + align:start position:0% +fine but what I want to show you is the + + + align:start position:0% +fine but what I want to show you is the +sizes of the molecular players in + + align:start position:0% +sizes of the molecular players in + + + align:start position:0% +sizes of the molecular players in +translation because we're going here now + + align:start position:0% +translation because we're going here now + + + align:start position:0% +translation because we're going here now +from the smallest carbon atom and we + + align:start position:0% +from the smallest carbon atom and we + + + align:start position:0% +from the smallest carbon atom and we +spent the first four lectures on amino + + align:start position:0% +spent the first four lectures on amino + + + align:start position:0% +spent the first four lectures on amino +acids and nucleotides sugars + + align:start position:0% +acids and nucleotides sugars + + + align:start position:0% +acids and nucleotides sugars +phospholipids but we're entering new + + align:start position:0% +phospholipids but we're entering new + + + align:start position:0% +phospholipids but we're entering new +territory here + + align:start position:0% +territory here + + + align:start position:0% +territory here +and I'm just going to do this in such a + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just going to do this in such a + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just going to do this in such a +way that it comes on to the sconce or + + align:start position:0% +way that it comes on to the sconce or + + + align:start position:0% +way that it comes on to the sconce or +the screens + + align:start position:0% +the screens + + + align:start position:0% +the screens +what you can see here is in order to + + align:start position:0% +what you can see here is in order to + + + align:start position:0% +what you can see here is in order to +make proteins like hemoglobin and + + align:start position:0% +make proteins like hemoglobin and + + + align:start position:0% +make proteins like hemoglobin and +antibodies these are made up of amino + + align:start position:0% +antibodies these are made up of amino + + + align:start position:0% +antibodies these are made up of amino +acids the really tinier things that are + + align:start position:0% +acids the really tinier things that are + + + align:start position:0% +acids the really tinier things that are +out of view right now we need large + + align:start position:0% +out of view right now we need large + + + align:start position:0% +out of view right now we need large +entities that are made up of either + + align:start position:0% +entities that are made up of either + + + align:start position:0% +entities that are made up of either +nucleic acids alone or nucleic acids + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids alone or nucleic acids + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids alone or nucleic acids +plus proteins and so the things that + + align:start position:0% +plus proteins and so the things that + + + align:start position:0% +plus proteins and so the things that +we'll feature today and the transfer + + align:start position:0% +we'll feature today and the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +we'll feature today and the transfer +RNAs and the ribosome and I want you to + + align:start position:0% +RNAs and the ribosome and I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +RNAs and the ribosome and I want you to +look at the size of this molecular + + align:start position:0% +look at the size of this molecular + + + align:start position:0% +look at the size of this molecular +machine this is we're getting pretty + + align:start position:0% +machine this is we're getting pretty + + + align:start position:0% +machine this is we're getting pretty +large now we're needing to use large + + align:start position:0% +large now we're needing to use large + + + align:start position:0% +large now we're needing to use large +machines to make the smaller catalysts + + align:start position:0% +machines to make the smaller catalysts + + + align:start position:0% +machines to make the smaller catalysts +that are essential in the cell and just + + align:start position:0% +that are essential in the cell and just + + + align:start position:0% +that are essential in the cell and just +so you sort of maybe size doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +so you sort of maybe size doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +so you sort of maybe size doesn't seem +so important but let's just go a little + + align:start position:0% +so important but let's just go a little + + + align:start position:0% +so important but let's just go a little +bit further here and what to me is + + align:start position:0% +bit further here and what to me is + + + align:start position:0% +bit further here and what to me is +intriguing is that the size of the + + align:start position:0% +intriguing is that the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +intriguing is that the size of the +ribosome is pretty similar to the size + + align:start position:0% +ribosome is pretty similar to the size + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome is pretty similar to the size +of the brain of iris a little smaller + + align:start position:0% +of the brain of iris a little smaller + + + align:start position:0% +of the brain of iris a little smaller +than the hepatitis virus but quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +than the hepatitis virus but quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +than the hepatitis virus but quite a bit +smaller than some of these other viruses + + align:start position:0% +smaller than some of these other viruses + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than some of these other viruses +so the ribosome organelle is a large + + align:start position:0% +so the ribosome organelle is a large + + + align:start position:0% +so the ribosome organelle is a large +entity in the cell and when you do do + + align:start position:0% +entity in the cell and when you do do + + + align:start position:0% +entity in the cell and when you do do +look at electron micrographs of cells + + align:start position:0% +look at electron micrographs of cells + + + align:start position:0% +look at electron micrographs of cells +you can see these dark dots which + + align:start position:0% +you can see these dark dots which + + + align:start position:0% +you can see these dark dots which +represent ribosomes they're big enough + + align:start position:0% +represent ribosomes they're big enough + + + align:start position:0% +represent ribosomes they're big enough +to see whereas the proteins themselves + + align:start position:0% +to see whereas the proteins themselves + + + align:start position:0% +to see whereas the proteins themselves +are not big enough to see so that's what + + align:start position:0% +are not big enough to see so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +are not big enough to see so that's what +you're you're destined for today all + + align:start position:0% +you're you're destined for today all + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're destined for today all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I've started to place on this + + align:start position:0% +okay so I've started to place on this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I've started to place on this +board some of the molecular players the + + align:start position:0% +board some of the molecular players the + + + align:start position:0% +board some of the molecular players the +messenger RNA the transfer RNA and the + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA the transfer RNA and the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA the transfer RNA and the +ribosomes which are made up of ribosomal + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes which are made up of ribosomal + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes which are made up of ribosomal +RNA plus protein and I want to just + + align:start position:0% +RNA plus protein and I want to just + + + align:start position:0% +RNA plus protein and I want to just +remind you about the structure of the + + align:start position:0% +remind you about the structure of the + + + align:start position:0% +remind you about the structure of the +mature messenger RNA just for a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because in the last class we talked + + align:start position:0% +because in the last class we talked + + + align:start position:0% +because in the last class we talked +about a lot of manipulations of that + + align:start position:0% +about a lot of manipulations of that + + + align:start position:0% +about a lot of manipulations of that +message that pre messenger RNA the fresh + + align:start position:0% +message that pre messenger RNA the fresh + + + align:start position:0% +message that pre messenger RNA the fresh +thing out of transcription and now I + + align:start position:0% +thing out of transcription and now I + + + align:start position:0% +thing out of transcription and now I +just want to remind you that the + + align:start position:0% +just want to remind you that the + + + align:start position:0% +just want to remind you that the +messenger is single-stranded RNA + + align:start position:0% +messenger is single-stranded RNA + + + align:start position:0% +messenger is single-stranded RNA +obviously it has a five prime cap which + + align:start position:0% +obviously it has a five prime cap which + + + align:start position:0% +obviously it has a five prime cap which +has got this moons funky 5 prime 5 prime + + align:start position:0% +has got this moons funky 5 prime 5 prime + + + align:start position:0% +has got this moons funky 5 prime 5 prime +bridge that's resistant to exonucleases + + align:start position:0% +bridge that's resistant to exonucleases + + + align:start position:0% +bridge that's resistant to exonucleases +somewhere in that sequence is a start + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in that sequence is a start + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in that sequence is a start +codon it's something that says this is + + align:start position:0% +codon it's something that says this is + + + align:start position:0% +codon it's something that says this is +the bit I want to translate you often + + align:start position:0% +the bit I want to translate you often + + + align:start position:0% +the bit I want to translate you often +there's a lot of stuff here that you + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of stuff here that you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of stuff here that you +don't translate it's part of what's + + align:start position:0% +don't translate it's part of what's + + + align:start position:0% +don't translate it's part of what's +known as the ribosome binding site and + + align:start position:0% +known as the ribosome binding site and + + + align:start position:0% +known as the ribosome binding site and +there are many features in this part of + + align:start position:0% +there are many features in this part of + + + align:start position:0% +there are many features in this part of +the sequence that a very important for + + align:start position:0% +the sequence that a very important for + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence that a very important for +translation they contribute to the + + align:start position:0% +translation they contribute to the + + + align:start position:0% +translation they contribute to the +efficiency of translation generically + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of translation generically + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of translation generically +we'd call it the ribosome binding site + + align:start position:0% +we'd call it the ribosome binding site + + + align:start position:0% +we'd call it the ribosome binding site +but they're funny things called + + align:start position:0% +but they're funny things called + + + align:start position:0% +but they're funny things called +shine-dalgarno sequences and stuff don't + + align:start position:0% +shine-dalgarno sequences and stuff don't + + + align:start position:0% +shine-dalgarno sequences and stuff don't +worry about any of that I just want you + + align:start position:0% +worry about any of that I just want you + + + align:start position:0% +worry about any of that I just want you +to appreciate that the mature transcript + + align:start position:0% +to appreciate that the mature transcript + + + align:start position:0% +to appreciate that the mature transcript +you don't translate the whole thing a + + align:start position:0% +you don't translate the whole thing a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't translate the whole thing a +lot of this stuff is structural + + align:start position:0% +lot of this stuff is structural + + + align:start position:0% +lot of this stuff is structural +functional for other reasons that + + align:start position:0% +functional for other reasons that + + + align:start position:0% +functional for other reasons that +contribute to the success of translation + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the success of translation + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the success of translation +once you see one of these the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +once you see one of these the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +once you see one of these the ribosome +owes its way through and reads the + + align:start position:0% +owes its way through and reads the + + + align:start position:0% +owes its way through and reads the +nucleic acids in the message so the + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids in the message so the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids in the message so the +message is being conveyed over to the + + align:start position:0% +message is being conveyed over to the + + + align:start position:0% +message is being conveyed over to the +new machinery and then when you hit one + + align:start position:0% +new machinery and then when you hit one + + + align:start position:0% +new machinery and then when you hit one +of these three codons and we'll discuss + + align:start position:0% +of these three codons and we'll discuss + + + align:start position:0% +of these three codons and we'll discuss +these properly when we get to them it's + + align:start position:0% +these properly when we get to them it's + + + align:start position:0% +these properly when we get to them it's +time to stop and finish translating the + + align:start position:0% +time to stop and finish translating the + + + align:start position:0% +time to stop and finish translating the +other end of the message has a poly + + align:start position:0% +other end of the message has a poly + + + align:start position:0% +other end of the message has a poly +adenine tail remember that once again is + + align:start position:0% +adenine tail remember that once again is + + + align:start position:0% +adenine tail remember that once again is +structural to protect the ends + + align:start position:0% +structural to protect the ends + + + align:start position:0% +structural to protect the ends +that transcript even if some of the + + align:start position:0% +that transcript even if some of the + + + align:start position:0% +that transcript even if some of the +hundreds of adenine nucleotides I'd + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of adenine nucleotides I'd + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of adenine nucleotides I'd +nibbled off you don't get into the part + + align:start position:0% +nibbled off you don't get into the part + + + align:start position:0% +nibbled off you don't get into the part +of the gene that's critical to be + + align:start position:0% +of the gene that's critical to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the gene that's critical to be +translated at a certain stage though you + + align:start position:0% +translated at a certain stage though you + + + align:start position:0% +translated at a certain stage though you +might get in exonucleases might chew up + + align:start position:0% +might get in exonucleases might chew up + + + align:start position:0% +might get in exonucleases might chew up +enough and they may end up chewing up + + align:start position:0% +enough and they may end up chewing up + + + align:start position:0% +enough and they may end up chewing up +your transcript but that probably + + align:start position:0% +your transcript but that probably + + + align:start position:0% +your transcript but that probably +suggests that the messenger has been + + align:start position:0% +suggests that the messenger has been + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that the messenger has been +around too long and it's time for it to + + align:start position:0% +around too long and it's time for it to + + + align:start position:0% +around too long and it's time for it to +retire to a better life okay so remember + + align:start position:0% +retire to a better life okay so remember + + + align:start position:0% +retire to a better life okay so remember +the poly a tail and this once again + + align:start position:0% +the poly a tail and this once again + + + align:start position:0% +the poly a tail and this once again +plays other functional roles with + + align:start position:0% +plays other functional roles with + + + align:start position:0% +plays other functional roles with +respect to being recognized as a + + align:start position:0% +respect to being recognized as a + + + align:start position:0% +respect to being recognized as a +transcript and being helped to get out + + align:start position:0% +transcript and being helped to get out + + + align:start position:0% +transcript and being helped to get out +of the nucleus so this was really what + + align:start position:0% +of the nucleus so this was really what + + + align:start position:0% +of the nucleus so this was really what +we talked about last week there's one + + align:start position:0% +we talked about last week there's one + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about last week there's one +more feature in here I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +more feature in here I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +more feature in here I'm just going to +remind you that the final mature + + align:start position:0% +remind you that the final mature + + + align:start position:0% +remind you that the final mature +transcript has also been through + + align:start position:0% +transcript has also been through + + + align:start position:0% +transcript has also been through +splicing with removal of introns and the + + align:start position:0% +splicing with removal of introns and the + + + align:start position:0% +splicing with removal of introns and the +pasting together of exons which is a + + align:start position:0% +pasting together of exons which is a + + + align:start position:0% +pasting together of exons which is a +wonderful way to diversify transcripts + + align:start position:0% +wonderful way to diversify transcripts + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful way to diversify transcripts +of translation and give you much more + + align:start position:0% +of translation and give you much more + + + align:start position:0% +of translation and give you much more +proteins than one gene can encode okay + + align:start position:0% +proteins than one gene can encode okay + + + align:start position:0% +proteins than one gene can encode okay +and we talked about that last time great + + align:start position:0% +and we talked about that last time great + + + align:start position:0% +and we talked about that last time great +so the first thing we have to think + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing we have to think + + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing we have to think +about here is how do we go from core + + align:start position:0% +about here is how do we go from core + + + align:start position:0% +about here is how do we go from core +bases to a language that includes 20 + + align:start position:0% +bases to a language that includes 20 + + + align:start position:0% +bases to a language that includes 20 +letters right oh yeah it's better really + + align:start position:0% +letters right oh yeah it's better really + + + align:start position:0% +letters right oh yeah it's better really +more precise for me to call them + + align:start position:0% +more precise for me to call them + + + align:start position:0% +more precise for me to call them +nucleotides it's more precise because + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides it's more precise because + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides it's more precise because +the base just represents the the ring + + align:start position:0% +the base just represents the the ring + + + align:start position:0% +the base just represents the the ring +system that's attached to the ribose + + align:start position:0% +system that's attached to the ribose + + + align:start position:0% +system that's attached to the ribose +nucleotide means the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide means the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide means the whole thing +including a phosphate so we go from four + + align:start position:0% +including a phosphate so we go from four + + + align:start position:0% +including a phosphate so we go from four +bases to including 20 amino acids now + + align:start position:0% +bases to including 20 amino acids now + + + align:start position:0% +bases to including 20 amino acids now +there are a few organisms and in fact we + + align:start position:0% +there are a few organisms and in fact we + + + align:start position:0% +there are a few organisms and in fact we +have one spare one as well Celino + + align:start position:0% +have one spare one as well Celino + + + align:start position:0% +have one spare one as well Celino +cysteine there are a couple of other + + align:start position:0% +cysteine there are a couple of other + + + align:start position:0% +cysteine there are a couple of other +amino acids that might be designated as + + align:start position:0% +amino acids that might be designated as + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids that might be designated as +the so-called 21st 22nd amino acid + + align:start position:0% +the so-called 21st 22nd amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +the so-called 21st 22nd amino acid +they're not found globally in all + + align:start position:0% +they're not found globally in all + + + align:start position:0% +they're not found globally in all +organisms we have Celino cysteine in + + align:start position:0% +organisms we have Celino cysteine in + + + align:start position:0% +organisms we have Celino cysteine in +just very very few proteins + + align:start position:0% +just very very few proteins + + + align:start position:0% +just very very few proteins +so it's something beyond the list of 20 + + align:start position:0% +so it's something beyond the list of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +so it's something beyond the list of 20 +that you saw there are other organisms + + align:start position:0% +that you saw there are other organisms + + + align:start position:0% +that you saw there are other organisms +for example in our care these guys who + + align:start position:0% +for example in our care these guys who + + + align:start position:0% +for example in our care these guys who +hang out in bubbling hot pots in + + align:start position:0% +hang out in bubbling hot pots in + + + align:start position:0% +hang out in bubbling hot pots in +Yellowstone for example that have + + align:start position:0% +Yellowstone for example that have + + + align:start position:0% +Yellowstone for example that have +another amino acid known as pure lysine + + align:start position:0% +another amino acid known as pure lysine + + + align:start position:0% +another amino acid known as pure lysine +I'm gonna mention that a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna mention that a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna mention that a little bit +later on but the ones you really need to + + align:start position:0% +later on but the ones you really need to + + + align:start position:0% +later on but the ones you really need to +think about are the ones we're encoding + + align:start position:0% +think about are the ones we're encoding + + + align:start position:0% +think about are the ones we're encoding +in the global genetic code this is the + + align:start position:0% +in the global genetic code this is the + + + align:start position:0% +in the global genetic code this is the +ones that are common to everybody + + align:start position:0% +ones that are common to everybody + + + align:start position:0% +ones that are common to everybody +alright so obviously when you look at + + align:start position:0% +alright so obviously when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +alright so obviously when you look at +the language of bases one base if the + + align:start position:0% +the language of bases one base if the + + + align:start position:0% +the language of bases one base if the +language translated directly one base + + align:start position:0% +language translated directly one base + + + align:start position:0% +language translated directly one base +it's one amino acid we could only encode + + align:start position:0% +it's one amino acid we could only encode + + + align:start position:0% +it's one amino acid we could only encode +four amino acids so we know it's not one + + align:start position:0% +four amino acids so we know it's not one + + + align:start position:0% +four amino acids so we know it's not one +base one amino acid and I know at this + + align:start position:0% +base one amino acid and I know at this + + + align:start position:0% +base one amino acid and I know at this +stage you know that it's three bases but + + align:start position:0% +stage you know that it's three bases but + + + align:start position:0% +stage you know that it's three bases but +let's just go through the math or the + + align:start position:0% +let's just go through the math or the + + + align:start position:0% +let's just go through the math or the +original questions that were sort of + + align:start position:0% +original questions that were sort of + + + align:start position:0% +original questions that were sort of +circulating like how do we go from this + + align:start position:0% +circulating like how do we go from this + + + align:start position:0% +circulating like how do we go from this +language to the other language if two + + align:start position:0% +language to the other language if two + + + align:start position:0% +language to the other language if two +bases encoded each amino acid we could + + align:start position:0% +bases encoded each amino acid we could + + + align:start position:0% +bases encoded each amino acid we could +only encode eight amino acids that's not + + align:start position:0% +only encode eight amino acids that's not + + + align:start position:0% +only encode eight amino acids that's not +enough still 16 I mean oh wait a minute + + align:start position:0% +enough still 16 I mean oh wait a minute + + + align:start position:0% +enough still 16 I mean oh wait a minute +16 amino acids sorry + + align:start position:0% +16 amino acids sorry + + + align:start position:0% +16 amino acids sorry +I can never anyway that's four to the + + align:start position:0% +I can never anyway that's four to the + + + align:start position:0% +I can never anyway that's four to the +two it's pretty good if I can't get sort + + align:start position:0% +two it's pretty good if I can't get sort + + + align:start position:0% +two it's pretty good if I can't get sort +of the two up at the blackboard this + + align:start position:0% +of the two up at the blackboard this + + + align:start position:0% +of the two up at the blackboard this +would be 4 to the 1 power and then so + + align:start position:0% +would be 4 to the 1 power and then so + + + align:start position:0% +would be 4 to the 1 power and then so +what that came down to realizing there + + align:start position:0% +what that came down to realizing there + + + align:start position:0% +what that came down to realizing there +were not enough + + align:start position:0% +were not enough + + + align:start position:0% +were not enough +that wouldn't be a sufficient language + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't be a sufficient language + + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't be a sufficient language +to encode the 20 amino acids so it's + + align:start position:0% +to encode the 20 amino acids so it's + + + align:start position:0% +to encode the 20 amino acids so it's +finally deduced that 3 bases encoded + + align:start position:0% +finally deduced that 3 bases encoded + + + align:start position:0% +finally deduced that 3 bases encoded +each amino acid that would give us 64 + + align:start position:0% +each amino acid that would give us 64 + + + align:start position:0% +each amino acid that would give us 64 +possible words in the in the language + + align:start position:0% +possible words in the in the language + + + align:start position:0% +possible words in the in the language +for the that needs to be translated + + align:start position:0% +for the that needs to be translated + + + align:start position:0% +for the that needs to be translated +that's a lot more than we need we only + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot more than we need we only + + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot more than we need we only +need 24 the encoded amino acids so 64 + + align:start position:0% +need 24 the encoded amino acids so 64 + + + align:start position:0% +need 24 the encoded amino acids so 64 +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +but what else do we need in the language + + align:start position:0% +but what else do we need in the language + + + align:start position:0% +but what else do we need in the language +we need a few more things anyway yeah + + align:start position:0% +we need a few more things anyway yeah + + + align:start position:0% +we need a few more things anyway yeah +how there oh you bet so exactly so here + + align:start position:0% +how there oh you bet so exactly so here + + + align:start position:0% +how there oh you bet so exactly so here +this is am unnecessarily one of the ones + + align:start position:0% +this is am unnecessarily one of the ones + + + align:start position:0% +this is am unnecessarily one of the ones +that uniformly codes amino acids through + + align:start position:0% +that uniformly codes amino acids through + + + align:start position:0% +that uniformly codes amino acids through +the sequence we need a precise way to + + align:start position:0% +the sequence we need a precise way to + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence we need a precise way to +say start and in fact we need a way to + + align:start position:0% +say start and in fact we need a way to + + + align:start position:0% +say start and in fact we need a way to +stay safe stop and there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +stay safe stop and there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +stay safe stop and there are multiple +three-letter words that say stop so it + + align:start position:0% +three-letter words that say stop so it + + + align:start position:0% +three-letter words that say stop so it +turns out that the genetic code which + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the genetic code which + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the genetic code which +forms the basis of this entire concept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has some features to it where it does + + align:start position:0% +has some features to it where it does + + + align:start position:0% +has some features to it where it does +have some degeneracy but we'll go + + align:start position:0% +have some degeneracy but we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +have some degeneracy but we'll go +through the degeneracy and we'll take a + + align:start position:0% +through the degeneracy and we'll take a + + + align:start position:0% +through the degeneracy and we'll take a +look at the genetic code because it will + + align:start position:0% +look at the genetic code because it will + + + align:start position:0% +look at the genetic code because it will +tell us exactly how the three-letter the + + align:start position:0% +tell us exactly how the three-letter the + + + align:start position:0% +tell us exactly how the three-letter the +the words made of three bases encode + + align:start position:0% +the words made of three bases encode + + + align:start position:0% +the words made of three bases encode +everything we need for translation all + + align:start position:0% +everything we need for translation all + + + align:start position:0% +everything we need for translation all +right so let's just go back and take a + + align:start position:0% +right so let's just go back and take a + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's just go back and take a +look at this so we've looked at the + + align:start position:0% +look at this so we've looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +look at this so we've looked at the +messenger + + align:start position:0% +messenger + + + align:start position:0% +messenger +I've told you a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +I've told you a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +I've told you a little bit about the +tRNAs and the proteins but then we just + + align:start position:0% +tRNAs and the proteins but then we just + + + align:start position:0% +tRNAs and the proteins but then we just +sort of give you a little bit of the + + align:start position:0% +sort of give you a little bit of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of give you a little bit of the +back history once the structure of + + align:start position:0% +back history once the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +back history once the structure of +double-stranded DNA was deduced really + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA was deduced really + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA was deduced really +everyone was moving on to trying to + + align:start position:0% +everyone was moving on to trying to + + + align:start position:0% +everyone was moving on to trying to +understand how that converted to the + + align:start position:0% +understand how that converted to the + + + align:start position:0% +understand how that converted to the +translation to proteins and there were a + + align:start position:0% +translation to proteins and there were a + + + align:start position:0% +translation to proteins and there were a +lot of workers deeply involved in this + + align:start position:0% +lot of workers deeply involved in this + + + align:start position:0% +lot of workers deeply involved in this +Creek and Brenner realized it was three + + align:start position:0% +Creek and Brenner realized it was three + + + align:start position:0% +Creek and Brenner realized it was three +bases to code for one a one amino acid + + align:start position:0% +bases to code for one a one amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +bases to code for one a one amino acid +butcan karana nirenberg and Holly Kurama + + align:start position:0% +butcan karana nirenberg and Holly Kurama + + + align:start position:0% +butcan karana nirenberg and Holly Kurama +who was part of our faculty for many + + align:start position:0% +who was part of our faculty for many + + + align:start position:0% +who was part of our faculty for many +many years actually defined that genetic + + align:start position:0% +many years actually defined that genetic + + + align:start position:0% +many years actually defined that genetic +code and got all of the details + + align:start position:0% +code and got all of the details + + + align:start position:0% +code and got all of the details +been a-been and Crick started to have + + align:start position:0% +been a-been and Crick started to have + + + align:start position:0% +been a-been and Crick started to have +the ideas but really the definition by + + align:start position:0% +the ideas but really the definition by + + + align:start position:0% +the ideas but really the definition by +doing a process known as cell-free + + align:start position:0% +doing a process known as cell-free + + + align:start position:0% +doing a process known as cell-free +translation where they could very + + align:start position:0% +translation where they could very + + + align:start position:0% +translation where they could very +carefully add components to understand + + align:start position:0% +carefully add components to understand + + + align:start position:0% +carefully add components to understand +how the the code the genetic code was + + align:start position:0% +how the the code the genetic code was + + + align:start position:0% +how the the code the genetic code was +formulated where they put in specific + + align:start position:0% +formulated where they put in specific + + + align:start position:0% +formulated where they put in specific +messenger rna's and amino acids and + + align:start position:0% +messenger rna's and amino acids and + + + align:start position:0% +messenger rna's and amino acids and +transfer RNAs and actually made proteins + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs and actually made proteins + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs and actually made proteins +from that + + align:start position:0% +from that + + + align:start position:0% +from that +so that's what the work that Khurana and + + align:start position:0% +so that's what the work that Khurana and + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what the work that Khurana and +the others did and that was awarded them + + align:start position:0% +the others did and that was awarded them + + + align:start position:0% +the others did and that was awarded them +a Nobel Prize for that work and then + + align:start position:0% +a Nobel Prize for that work and then + + + align:start position:0% +a Nobel Prize for that work and then +later on things started to get you know + + align:start position:0% +later on things started to get you know + + + align:start position:0% +later on things started to get you know +these are decades of work I want to + + align:start position:0% +these are decades of work I want to + + + align:start position:0% +these are decades of work I want to +point out to you the ribosomes were + + align:start position:0% +point out to you the ribosomes were + + + align:start position:0% +point out to you the ribosomes were +discovered that was you know a decade + + align:start position:0% +discovered that was you know a decade + + + align:start position:0% +discovered that was you know a decade +later that's the sort of details of the + + align:start position:0% +later that's the sort of details of the + + + align:start position:0% +later that's the sort of details of the +structure but not the structure itself + + align:start position:0% +structure but not the structure itself + + + align:start position:0% +structure but not the structure itself +and it was really exciting in the 2000's + + align:start position:0% +and it was really exciting in the 2000's + + + align:start position:0% +and it was really exciting in the 2000's +when Ramakrishnan states and yo Nath + + align:start position:0% +when Ramakrishnan states and yo Nath + + + align:start position:0% +when Ramakrishnan states and yo Nath +solved the structure of the right the + + align:start position:0% +solved the structure of the right the + + + align:start position:0% +solved the structure of the right the +prokaryotic ribosomes so each of these + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotic ribosomes so each of these + + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotic ribosomes so each of these +things has taken a decade to happen but + + align:start position:0% +things has taken a decade to happen but + + + align:start position:0% +things has taken a decade to happen but +they are fundamental major important + + align:start position:0% +they are fundamental major important + + + align:start position:0% +they are fundamental major important +things that we can act on and move + + align:start position:0% +things that we can act on and move + + + align:start position:0% +things that we can act on and move +forward to understand more all right + + align:start position:0% +forward to understand more all right + + + align:start position:0% +forward to understand more all right +so let's move to the transfer RNAs and + + align:start position:0% +so let's move to the transfer RNAs and + + + align:start position:0% +so let's move to the transfer RNAs and +I've flashed up this slide a couple of + + align:start position:0% +I've flashed up this slide a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +I've flashed up this slide a couple of +times but I actually now have the movie + + align:start position:0% +times but I actually now have the movie + + + align:start position:0% +times but I actually now have the movie +of the structure of a transfer RNA so + + align:start position:0% +of the structure of a transfer RNA so + + + align:start position:0% +of the structure of a transfer RNA so +the transfer RNA is a linear segment of + + align:start position:0% +the transfer RNA is a linear segment of + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer RNA is a linear segment of +RNA but it's folded up the way ribose + + align:start position:0% +RNA but it's folded up the way ribose + + + align:start position:0% +RNA but it's folded up the way ribose +the way ribonucleic acids are with three + + align:start position:0% +the way ribonucleic acids are with three + + + align:start position:0% +the way ribonucleic acids are with three +four stretches of double strand coming + + align:start position:0% +four stretches of double strand coming + + + align:start position:0% +four stretches of double strand coming +together and loops in between them and + + align:start position:0% +together and loops in between them and + + + align:start position:0% +together and loops in between them and +the one end this is the three prime end + + align:start position:0% +the one end this is the three prime end + + + align:start position:0% +the one end this is the three prime end +I always try to draw it on the left + + align:start position:0% +I always try to draw it on the left + + + align:start position:0% +I always try to draw it on the left +because otherwise things get confusing + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise things get confusing + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise things get confusing +it's much easier to sort of see where + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to sort of see where + + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to sort of see where +everything ends up if you put the long + + align:start position:0% +everything ends up if you put the long + + + align:start position:0% +everything ends up if you put the long +arm on the three prime side to the left + + align:start position:0% +arm on the three prime side to the left + + + align:start position:0% +arm on the three prime side to the left +of your picture and what I think is cool + + align:start position:0% +of your picture and what I think is cool + + + align:start position:0% +of your picture and what I think is cool +when you look at the structure of RNA we + + align:start position:0% +when you look at the structure of RNA we + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at the structure of RNA we +think of messenger RNA as being a sort + + align:start position:0% +think of messenger RNA as being a sort + + + align:start position:0% +think of messenger RNA as being a sort +of rather floppy entity but it actually + + align:start position:0% +of rather floppy entity but it actually + + + align:start position:0% +of rather floppy entity but it actually +really likes to form short segments of + + align:start position:0% +really likes to form short segments of + + + align:start position:0% +really likes to form short segments of +double helix it just doesn't do well + + align:start position:0% +double helix it just doesn't do well + + + align:start position:0% +double helix it just doesn't do well +with the really long double-stranded + + align:start position:0% +with the really long double-stranded + + + align:start position:0% +with the really long double-stranded +structure the same way that DNA does but + + align:start position:0% +structure the same way that DNA does but + + + align:start position:0% +structure the same way that DNA does but +this folded up structure is very + + align:start position:0% +this folded up structure is very + + + align:start position:0% +this folded up structure is very +important and it was on the observation + + align:start position:0% +important and it was on the observation + + + align:start position:0% +important and it was on the observation +of these folded structures that the + + align:start position:0% +of these folded structures that the + + + align:start position:0% +of these folded structures that the +ribosome hypothesis was formulated but + + align:start position:0% +ribosome hypothesis was formulated but + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome hypothesis was formulated but +the two things that you want to remember + + align:start position:0% +the two things that you want to remember + + + align:start position:0% +the two things that you want to remember +about the ribosome are that the three + + align:start position:0% +about the ribosome are that the three + + + align:start position:0% +about the ribosome are that the three +prime hydroxyl group of the last ribose + + align:start position:0% +prime hydroxyl group of the last ribose + + + align:start position:0% +prime hydroxyl group of the last ribose +within this ribosomal sequence is where + + align:start position:0% +within this ribosomal sequence is where + + + align:start position:0% +within this ribosomal sequence is where +the amino acid that's going to be loaded + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid that's going to be loaded + + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid that's going to be loaded +into your protein is attached so that's + + align:start position:0% +into your protein is attached so that's + + + align:start position:0% +into your protein is attached so that's +one point and then + + align:start position:0% +one point and then + + + align:start position:0% +one point and then +is another landmark on this structure + + align:start position:0% +is another landmark on this structure + + + align:start position:0% +is another landmark on this structure +and that's what's called an one of the + + align:start position:0% +and that's what's called an one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what's called an one of the +loops has a special name it's called the + + align:start position:0% +loops has a special name it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +loops has a special name it's called the +anticodon loop it comprises three + + align:start position:0% +anticodon loop it comprises three + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon loop it comprises three +nucleotides that are complementary to + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides that are complementary to + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides that are complementary to +the nucleotides in your messenger + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotides in your messenger + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotides in your messenger +sequence so this really is a decoder + + align:start position:0% +sequence so this really is a decoder + + + align:start position:0% +sequence so this really is a decoder +because at one end it's carrying an + + align:start position:0% +because at one end it's carrying an + + + align:start position:0% +because at one end it's carrying an +amino acid but it's carrying the amino + + align:start position:0% +amino acid but it's carrying the amino + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid but it's carrying the amino +acid that corresponds to the code that's + + align:start position:0% +acid that corresponds to the code that's + + + align:start position:0% +acid that corresponds to the code that's +in messenger via that anticodon loop so + + align:start position:0% +in messenger via that anticodon loop so + + + align:start position:0% +in messenger via that anticodon loop so +it's a large structure but don't mistake + + align:start position:0% +it's a large structure but don't mistake + + + align:start position:0% +it's a large structure but don't mistake +it for being something that's just sort + + align:start position:0% +it for being something that's just sort + + + align:start position:0% +it for being something that's just sort +of amino acid and anticodon a lot goes + + align:start position:0% +of amino acid and anticodon a lot goes + + + align:start position:0% +of amino acid and anticodon a lot goes +on with the rest of the structure it's a + + align:start position:0% +on with the rest of the structure it's a + + + align:start position:0% +on with the rest of the structure it's a +very important structure in in + + align:start position:0% +very important structure in in + + + align:start position:0% +very important structure in in +mechanisms of protein translation and + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms of protein translation and + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms of protein translation and +synthesis okay so here I've got some + + align:start position:0% +synthesis okay so here I've got some + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis okay so here I've got some +that up with a couple more of the ways + + align:start position:0% +that up with a couple more of the ways + + + align:start position:0% +that up with a couple more of the ways +that you would see the transfer RNAs you + + align:start position:0% +that you would see the transfer RNAs you + + + align:start position:0% +that you would see the transfer RNAs you +might see it in this globular form and I + + align:start position:0% +might see it in this globular form and I + + + align:start position:0% +might see it in this globular form and I +pointed out the anticodon loop the place + + align:start position:0% +pointed out the anticodon loop the place + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out the anticodon loop the place +where the amino acid gets linked is also + + align:start position:0% +where the amino acid gets linked is also + + + align:start position:0% +where the amino acid gets linked is also +called the acceptor stem and up here I + + align:start position:0% +called the acceptor stem and up here I + + + align:start position:0% +called the acceptor stem and up here I +show you that linkage and you should yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah in a moment not quite yet I will + + align:start position:0% +yeah in a moment not quite yet I will + + + align:start position:0% +yeah in a moment not quite yet I will +show you structures of tRNA is bound to + + align:start position:0% +show you structures of tRNA is bound to + + + align:start position:0% +show you structures of tRNA is bound to +there there synthetases which are the + + align:start position:0% +there there synthetases which are the + + + align:start position:0% +there there synthetases which are the +enzymes that load them so there is + + align:start position:0% +enzymes that load them so there is + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes that load them so there is +specificity throughout that whole thing + + align:start position:0% +specificity throughout that whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +specificity throughout that whole thing +it's not just bystander stuffing it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not just bystander stuffing it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just bystander stuffing it's +it's really involved and it's a great + + align:start position:0% +it's really involved and it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +it's really involved and it's a great +question and I think I hope you'll get + + align:start position:0% +question and I think I hope you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +question and I think I hope you'll get +an answer that's reasonably satisfied + + align:start position:0% +an answer that's reasonably satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +an answer that's reasonably satisfied +from the structure perspective and so if + + align:start position:0% +from the structure perspective and so if + + + align:start position:0% +from the structure perspective and so if +you look up here the acceptor stem the + + align:start position:0% +you look up here the acceptor stem the + + + align:start position:0% +you look up here the acceptor stem the +amino acid is joined by an ester bond to + + align:start position:0% +amino acid is joined by an ester bond to + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid is joined by an ester bond to +the 3 prime end of the mess of the + + align:start position:0% +the 3 prime end of the mess of the + + + align:start position:0% +the 3 prime end of the mess of the +transfer RNA but hopefully you can see + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNA but hopefully you can see + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNA but hopefully you can see +in here there's the carboxyl there's the + + align:start position:0% +in here there's the carboxyl there's the + + + align:start position:0% +in here there's the carboxyl there's the +amine and CHR designates the amino acid + + align:start position:0% +amine and CHR designates the amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +amine and CHR designates the amino acid +where R would be the sidechain of your + + align:start position:0% +where R would be the sidechain of your + + + align:start position:0% +where R would be the sidechain of your +amino acid so that's what that looks + + align:start position:0% +amino acid so that's what that looks + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid so that's what that looks +like at that end of the transfer RNA and + + align:start position:0% +like at that end of the transfer RNA and + + + align:start position:0% +like at that end of the transfer RNA and +coming down to the anticodon loop + + align:start position:0% +coming down to the anticodon loop + + + align:start position:0% +coming down to the anticodon loop +you're gonna read the messenger five + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna read the messenger five + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna read the messenger five +prime to three prime that's and the + + align:start position:0% +prime to three prime that's and the + + + align:start position:0% +prime to three prime that's and the +anticodon loop when you draw this in + + align:start position:0% +anticodon loop when you draw this in + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon loop when you draw this in +this configuration actually shows you + + align:start position:0% +this configuration actually shows you + + + align:start position:0% +this configuration actually shows you +that the anticodon loop is anti parallel + + align:start position:0% +that the anticodon loop is anti parallel + + + align:start position:0% +that the anticodon loop is anti parallel +to the codon loop to make that good + + align:start position:0% +to the codon loop to make that good + + + align:start position:0% +to the codon loop to make that good +hydrogen bonding network so that's why I + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonding network so that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonding network so that's why I +like to be consistent in the way I + + align:start position:0% +like to be consistent in the way I + + + align:start position:0% +like to be consistent in the way I +render this structure so the anticodon + + align:start position:0% +render this structure so the anticodon + + + align:start position:0% +render this structure so the anticodon +loop of the RNA complements that triplet + + align:start position:0% +loop of the RNA complements that triplet + + + align:start position:0% +loop of the RNA complements that triplet +codon in the messenger RNA alright + + align:start position:0% +codon in the messenger RNA alright + + + align:start position:0% +codon in the messenger RNA alright +yes well it's between the gene the T + + align:start position:0% +yes well it's between the gene the T + + + align:start position:0% +yes well it's between the gene the T +hold on I'm gonna what's between the G + + align:start position:0% +hold on I'm gonna what's between the G + + + align:start position:0% +hold on I'm gonna what's between the G +and the over here on the left + + align:start position:0% +and the over here on the left + + + align:start position:0% +and the over here on the left +oh this wheel this white this this guy + + align:start position:0% +oh this wheel this white this this guy + + + align:start position:0% +oh this wheel this white this this guy +so cool you asked that so this guy is um + + align:start position:0% +so cool you asked that so this guy is um + + + align:start position:0% +so cool you asked that so this guy is um +what's known as a funny base it's + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a funny base it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a funny base it's +actually that's the symbol for it that + + align:start position:0% +actually that's the symbol for it that + + + align:start position:0% +actually that's the symbol for it that +you picked out and it's a base known as + + align:start position:0% +you picked out and it's a base known as + + + align:start position:0% +you picked out and it's a base known as +pseudo uridine and it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +pseudo uridine and it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo uridine and it turns out that +these unusual bases show up in RNA + + align:start position:0% +these unusual bases show up in RNA + + + align:start position:0% +these unusual bases show up in RNA +sequences pseudo uridine has an + + align:start position:0% +sequences pseudo uridine has an + + + align:start position:0% +sequences pseudo uridine has an +interesting structure where the the bond + + align:start position:0% +interesting structure where the the bond + + + align:start position:0% +interesting structure where the the bond +to the ribose ring is not a carbon + + align:start position:0% +to the ribose ring is not a carbon + + + align:start position:0% +to the ribose ring is not a carbon +nitrogen bond but rather a carbon-carbon + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen bond but rather a carbon-carbon + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen bond but rather a carbon-carbon +bond and it's a bit more stable so in + + align:start position:0% +bond and it's a bit more stable so in + + + align:start position:0% +bond and it's a bit more stable so in +RNA there's a some of these other + + align:start position:0% +RNA there's a some of these other + + + align:start position:0% +RNA there's a some of these other +unusual bases and pseudo uridine is the + + align:start position:0% +unusual bases and pseudo uridine is the + + + align:start position:0% +unusual bases and pseudo uridine is the +most common of the unusual ones it can + + align:start position:0% +most common of the unusual ones it can + + + align:start position:0% +most common of the unusual ones it can +still hydrogen bond but it tends to show + + align:start position:0% +still hydrogen bond but it tends to show + + + align:start position:0% +still hydrogen bond but it tends to show +up in these sort of different loops and + + align:start position:0% +up in these sort of different loops and + + + align:start position:0% +up in these sort of different loops and +tone type places okay thanks for + + align:start position:0% +tone type places okay thanks for + + + align:start position:0% +tone type places okay thanks for +noticing yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the G is which is in parentheses + + align:start position:0% +the G is which is in parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +the G is which is in parentheses +designates that even those sort of + + align:start position:0% +designates that even those sort of + + + align:start position:0% +designates that even those sort of +bulges between the real loops can vary + + align:start position:0% +bulges between the real loops can vary + + + align:start position:0% +bulges between the real loops can vary +in length so it could be more than one + + align:start position:0% +in length so it could be more than one + + + align:start position:0% +in length so it could be more than one +so that addresses comes back to that + + align:start position:0% +so that addresses comes back to that + + + align:start position:0% +so that addresses comes back to that +other question but that stuff in between + + align:start position:0% +other question but that stuff in between + + + align:start position:0% +other question but that stuff in between +has variables it has variable bungee + + align:start position:0% +has variables it has variable bungee + + + align:start position:0% +has variables it has variable bungee +bulges and variable shapes associated + + align:start position:0% +bulges and variable shapes associated + + + align:start position:0% +bulges and variable shapes associated +with the synthetase enzymes that I'll + + align:start position:0% +with the synthetase enzymes that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +with the synthetase enzymes that I'll +introduce in a minute that it recognizes + + align:start position:0% +introduce in a minute that it recognizes + + + align:start position:0% +introduce in a minute that it recognizes +all great questions okay all right cool + + align:start position:0% +all great questions okay all right cool + + + align:start position:0% +all great questions okay all right cool +okay so we've got all of that so now + + align:start position:0% +okay so we've got all of that so now + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we've got all of that so now +let's move ourselves so we've looked at + + align:start position:0% +let's move ourselves so we've looked at + + + align:start position:0% +let's move ourselves so we've looked at +we know the messenger well we're + + align:start position:0% +we know the messenger well we're + + + align:start position:0% +we know the messenger well we're +starting to understand the tRNAs what we + + align:start position:0% +starting to understand the tRNAs what we + + + align:start position:0% +starting to understand the tRNAs what we +need to move on to now is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +need to move on to now is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +need to move on to now is sort of the +most important part of the game which is + + align:start position:0% +most important part of the game which is + + + align:start position:0% +most important part of the game which is +really taking a look at the genetic code + + align:start position:0% +really taking a look at the genetic code + + + align:start position:0% +really taking a look at the genetic code +so this table is but one rendition of + + align:start position:0% +so this table is but one rendition of + + + align:start position:0% +so this table is but one rendition of +the genetic code sometimes you'll see it + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code sometimes you'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code sometimes you'll see it +in different shapes and sizes in a + + align:start position:0% +in different shapes and sizes in a + + + align:start position:0% +in different shapes and sizes in a +second I'll show you one of the other + + align:start position:0% +second I'll show you one of the other + + + align:start position:0% +second I'll show you one of the other +renditions but it is the absolute the + + align:start position:0% +renditions but it is the absolute the + + + align:start position:0% +renditions but it is the absolute the +sort of rosetta stone for translating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +messenger RNA to amino acid sequence + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA to amino acid sequence + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA to amino acid sequence +okay using codons so this sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay using codons so this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay using codons so this sort of +getting allele of translation + + align:start position:0% +getting allele of translation + + + align:start position:0% +getting allele of translation +translation okay + + align:start position:0% +translation okay + + + align:start position:0% +translation okay +so there are a few features of this + + align:start position:0% +so there are a few features of this + + + align:start position:0% +so there are a few features of this +genetic code number one you won't have + + align:start position:0% +genetic code number one you won't have + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code number one you won't have +to remember it it would be foolish for + + align:start position:0% +to remember it it would be foolish for + + + align:start position:0% +to remember it it would be foolish for +us to think you could but there are + + align:start position:0% +us to think you could but there are + + + align:start position:0% +us to think you could but there are +characteristics about the genetic code + + align:start position:0% +characteristics about the genetic code + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics about the genetic code +that are very important but first of all + + align:start position:0% +that are very important but first of all + + + align:start position:0% +that are very important but first of all +let me sort of calibrate you this would + + align:start position:0% +let me sort of calibrate you this would + + + align:start position:0% +let me sort of calibrate you this would +be the first of the three letters in the + + align:start position:0% +be the first of the three letters in the + + + align:start position:0% +be the first of the three letters in the +codon and by the way the genetic code + + align:start position:0% +codon and by the way the genetic code + + + align:start position:0% +codon and by the way the genetic code +gives you the identities of what are + + align:start position:0% +gives you the identities of what are + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the identities of what are +known as the codons which are that which + + align:start position:0% +known as the codons which are that which + + + align:start position:0% +known as the codons which are that which +is how we designate the triplet of + + align:start position:0% +is how we designate the triplet of + + + align:start position:0% +is how we designate the triplet of +nucleotides + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you'll hear a lot about codons and + + align:start position:0% +so you'll hear a lot about codons and + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll hear a lot about codons and +allergy codons of course so the way you + + align:start position:0% +allergy codons of course so the way you + + + align:start position:0% +allergy codons of course so the way you +read this table is you read the first + + align:start position:0% +read this table is you read the first + + + align:start position:0% +read this table is you read the first +letter so all of these begin with you + + align:start position:0% +letter so all of these begin with you + + + align:start position:0% +letter so all of these begin with you +all of these begin with C and so on then + + align:start position:0% +all of these begin with C and so on then + + + align:start position:0% +all of these begin with C and so on then +you read the second letter and there's + + align:start position:0% +you read the second letter and there's + + + align:start position:0% +you read the second letter and there's +those designations so if I'm going here + + align:start position:0% +those designations so if I'm going here + + + align:start position:0% +those designations so if I'm going here +here it's going to be starting you you + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to be starting you you + + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to be starting you you +and then within each block there are the + + align:start position:0% +and then within each block there are the + + + align:start position:0% +and then within each block there are the +four alternatives for the other four + + align:start position:0% +four alternatives for the other four + + + align:start position:0% +four alternatives for the other four +bases there's another and then the third + + align:start position:0% +bases there's another and then the third + + + align:start position:0% +bases there's another and then the third +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +basically just designates those so you + + align:start position:0% +basically just designates those so you + + + align:start position:0% +basically just designates those so you +can read for each amino acid what + + align:start position:0% +can read for each amino acid what + + + align:start position:0% +can read for each amino acid what +three-letter code on would correspond to + + align:start position:0% +three-letter code on would correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +three-letter code on would correspond to +it some people quite like oops got rid + + align:start position:0% +it some people quite like oops got rid + + + align:start position:0% +it some people quite like oops got rid +of it too fast + + align:start position:0% +of it too fast + + + align:start position:0% +of it too fast +some people quite like this other + + align:start position:0% +some people quite like this other + + + align:start position:0% +some people quite like this other +rendition where the first of the three + + align:start position:0% +rendition where the first of the three + + + align:start position:0% +rendition where the first of the three +letters is in the center so it's either + + align:start position:0% +letters is in the center so it's either + + + align:start position:0% +letters is in the center so it's either +GU a or C then the second one comes out + + align:start position:0% +GU a or C then the second one comes out + + + align:start position:0% +GU a or C then the second one comes out +it's in the brown circle and then the + + align:start position:0% +it's in the brown circle and then the + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the brown circle and then the +third one is the third letter in the + + align:start position:0% +third one is the third letter in the + + + align:start position:0% +third one is the third letter in the +anti in the codon and then that tells + + align:start position:0% +anti in the codon and then that tells + + + align:start position:0% +anti in the codon and then that tells +you what amino acid that corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +you what amino acid that corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +you what amino acid that corresponds to +will generally tend to just stick with + + align:start position:0% +will generally tend to just stick with + + + align:start position:0% +will generally tend to just stick with +this one this one table and and stick + + align:start position:0% +this one this one table and and stick + + + align:start position:0% +this one this one table and and stick +with it so you might as well get used to + + align:start position:0% +with it so you might as well get used to + + + align:start position:0% +with it so you might as well get used to +that particular table now there's a + + align:start position:0% +that particular table now there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that particular table now there's a +couple of characteristics in the table + + align:start position:0% +couple of characteristics in the table + + + align:start position:0% +couple of characteristics in the table +the first thing to notice is that within + + align:start position:0% +the first thing to notice is that within + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing to notice is that within +that table there is a codon to start and + + align:start position:0% +that table there is a codon to start and + + + align:start position:0% +that table there is a codon to start and +it's Aug and the one thing that's sort + + align:start position:0% +it's Aug and the one thing that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +it's Aug and the one thing that's sort +of sent to drive you crazy is that Aug + + align:start position:0% +of sent to drive you crazy is that Aug + + + align:start position:0% +of sent to drive you crazy is that Aug +codon equal start but it also equals + + align:start position:0% +codon equal start but it also equals + + + align:start position:0% +codon equal start but it also equals +methionine and in bacteria it equals a + + align:start position:0% +methionine and in bacteria it equals a + + + align:start position:0% +methionine and in bacteria it equals a +modified version of methionine so if the + + align:start position:0% +modified version of methionine so if the + + + align:start position:0% +modified version of methionine so if the +ribosome is reading the messenger RNA it + + align:start position:0% +ribosome is reading the messenger RNA it + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome is reading the messenger RNA it +will look for the first one of these and + + align:start position:0% +will look for the first one of these and + + + align:start position:0% +will look for the first one of these and +start reading but once you find another + + align:start position:0% +start reading but once you find another + + + align:start position:0% +start reading but once you find another +one of these further into the sequence + + align:start position:0% +one of these further into the sequence + + + align:start position:0% +one of these further into the sequence +it will put in the firing Metheny is + + align:start position:0% +it will put in the firing Metheny is + + + align:start position:0% +it will put in the firing Metheny is +fairly rare there may only be one or two + + align:start position:0% +fairly rare there may only be one or two + + + align:start position:0% +fairly rare there may only be one or two +more in the protein and I hate the logic + + align:start position:0% +more in the protein and I hate the logic + + + align:start position:0% +more in the protein and I hate the logic +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +but nevertheless it is the case in some + + align:start position:0% +but nevertheless it is the case in some + + + align:start position:0% +but nevertheless it is the case in some +organisms you start with different amino + + align:start position:0% +organisms you start with different amino + + + align:start position:0% +organisms you start with different amino +acids but the most common start is the + + align:start position:0% +acids but the most common start is the + + + align:start position:0% +acids but the most common start is the +codon for methionine as the start so + + align:start position:0% +codon for methionine as the start so + + + align:start position:0% +codon for methionine as the start so +what that means is that every protein + + align:start position:0% +what that means is that every protein + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is that every protein +you translate has a methionine at one of + + align:start position:0% +you translate has a methionine at one of + + + align:start position:0% +you translate has a methionine at one of +the terminus would it be at yeah okay so + + align:start position:0% +the terminus would it be at yeah okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the terminus would it be at yeah okay so +that's the details with Matheny and the + + align:start position:0% +that's the details with Matheny and the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the details with Matheny and the +start codon then there are several stop + + align:start position:0% +start codon then there are several stop + + + align:start position:0% +start codon then there are several stop +codons and I've shown you the three of + + align:start position:0% +codons and I've shown you the three of + + + align:start position:0% +codons and I've shown you the three of +them there the stop codons tend to be + + align:start position:0% +them there the stop codons tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +them there the stop codons tend to be +used variously some are more predominant + + align:start position:0% +used variously some are more predominant + + + align:start position:0% +used variously some are more predominant +in some organisms than other and some of + + align:start position:0% +in some organisms than other and some of + + + align:start position:0% +in some organisms than other and some of +them respond differently when the + + align:start position:0% +them respond differently when the + + + align:start position:0% +them respond differently when the +process of stopping occurs which we'll + + align:start position:0% +process of stopping occurs which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +process of stopping occurs which we'll +talk about in a second but the next + + align:start position:0% +talk about in a second but the next + + + align:start position:0% +talk about in a second but the next +important thing to notice about the + + align:start position:0% +important thing to notice about the + + + align:start position:0% +important thing to notice about the +genetic code is that it's what's called + + align:start position:0% +genetic code is that it's what's called + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code is that it's what's called +degenerate now when you call something + + align:start position:0% +degenerate now when you call something + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate now when you call something +degenerate it seems like a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +degenerate it seems like a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate it seems like a sort of a +really nasty thing to call them and it + + align:start position:0% +really nasty thing to call them and it + + + align:start position:0% +really nasty thing to call them and it +doesn't mean it's so bad it's just a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean it's so bad it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean it's so bad it's just a +degenerate it just means it is specific + + align:start position:0% +degenerate it just means it is specific + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate it just means it is specific +but it's not what I mean I've got the + + align:start position:0% +but it's not what I mean I've got the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not what I mean I've got the +right wording here because I always get + + align:start position:0% +right wording here because I always get + + + align:start position:0% +right wording here because I always get +this sort of degenerate me oh it's it's + + align:start position:0% +this sort of degenerate me oh it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of degenerate me oh it's it's +not ambiguous its degenerate that's the + + align:start position:0% +not ambiguous its degenerate that's the + + + align:start position:0% +not ambiguous its degenerate that's the +best thing but it's not ambiguous what + + align:start position:0% +best thing but it's not ambiguous what + + + align:start position:0% +best thing but it's not ambiguous what +this means is there are four several + + align:start position:0% +this means is there are four several + + + align:start position:0% +this means is there are four several +amino acids more than one codon that's + + align:start position:0% +amino acids more than one codon that's + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids more than one codon that's +specified and let's take a look at some + + align:start position:0% +specified and let's take a look at some + + + align:start position:0% +specified and let's take a look at some +of the examples of that degeneracy it's + + align:start position:0% +of the examples of that degeneracy it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the examples of that degeneracy it's +most excrete extreme with residues such + + align:start position:0% +most excrete extreme with residues such + + + align:start position:0% +most excrete extreme with residues such +as leucine where there are six codons + + align:start position:0% +as leucine where there are six codons + + + align:start position:0% +as leucine where there are six codons +that specify leucine alanine has four + + align:start position:0% +that specify leucine alanine has four + + + align:start position:0% +that specify leucine alanine has four +different codons they all specify + + align:start position:0% +different codons they all specify + + + align:start position:0% +different codons they all specify +alanine lysine has two codons and it's + + align:start position:0% +alanine lysine has two codons and it's + + + align:start position:0% +alanine lysine has two codons and it's +generally appreciated that the residues + + align:start position:0% +generally appreciated that the residues + + + align:start position:0% +generally appreciated that the residues +that have more codons tend to be the + + align:start position:0% +that have more codons tend to be the + + + align:start position:0% +that have more codons tend to be the +more common in your messenger + + align:start position:0% +more common in your messenger + + + align:start position:0% +more common in your messenger +in your final protein sequence because + + align:start position:0% +in your final protein sequence because + + + align:start position:0% +in your final protein sequence because +you'll find in your protein a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you'll find in your protein a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find in your protein a lot of +loose scenes so we need a few more + + align:start position:0% +loose scenes so we need a few more + + + align:start position:0% +loose scenes so we need a few more +codons to stack the deck in favor of + + align:start position:0% +codons to stack the deck in favor of + + + align:start position:0% +codons to stack the deck in favor of +putting in more lue scenes but so it's + + align:start position:0% +putting in more lue scenes but so it's + + + align:start position:0% +putting in more lue scenes but so it's +ambiguous it's some degenerate but what + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous it's some degenerate but what + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous it's some degenerate but what +I mean by it's not ambiguous you know + + align:start position:0% +I mean by it's not ambiguous you know + + + align:start position:0% +I mean by it's not ambiguous you know +what it's going to code for the other + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to code for the other + + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to code for the other +place where degenerate codons become + + align:start position:0% +place where degenerate codons become + + + align:start position:0% +place where degenerate codons become +becoming important is that there is + + align:start position:0% +becoming important is that there is + + + align:start position:0% +becoming important is that there is +species specificity write that in here + + align:start position:0% +species specificity write that in here + + + align:start position:0% +species specificity write that in here +and explain what I mean and what that + + align:start position:0% +and explain what I mean and what that + + + align:start position:0% +and explain what I mean and what that +means is that some organisms might + + align:start position:0% +means is that some organisms might + + + align:start position:0% +means is that some organisms might +prefer two or three of the degenerate + + align:start position:0% +prefer two or three of the degenerate + + + align:start position:0% +prefer two or three of the degenerate +codons and the others may prefer a + + align:start position:0% +codons and the others may prefer a + + + align:start position:0% +codons and the others may prefer a +couple of the others and what that means + + align:start position:0% +couple of the others and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +couple of the others and what that means +to us in the laboratory is it's really + + align:start position:0% +to us in the laboratory is it's really + + + align:start position:0% +to us in the laboratory is it's really +annoying if we want to express a protein + + align:start position:0% +annoying if we want to express a protein + + + align:start position:0% +annoying if we want to express a protein +in a really convenient bacterial system + + align:start position:0% +in a really convenient bacterial system + + + align:start position:0% +in a really convenient bacterial system +that we've taken from a mammalian system + + align:start position:0% +that we've taken from a mammalian system + + + align:start position:0% +that we've taken from a mammalian system +our codon mix may not be the same and so + + align:start position:0% +our codon mix may not be the same and so + + + align:start position:0% +our codon mix may not be the same and so +there are companies now that actually + + align:start position:0% +there are companies now that actually + + + align:start position:0% +there are companies now that actually +will fix the codons in a gene for you to + + align:start position:0% +will fix the codons in a gene for you to + + + align:start position:0% +will fix the codons in a gene for you to +make them compatible with a different + + align:start position:0% +make them compatible with a different + + + align:start position:0% +make them compatible with a different +organism for expression so it has huge + + align:start position:0% +organism for expression so it has huge + + + align:start position:0% +organism for expression so it has huge +practical implications to be quite + + align:start position:0% +practical implications to be quite + + + align:start position:0% +practical implications to be quite +honest and it can be very annoying in + + align:start position:0% +honest and it can be very annoying in + + + align:start position:0% +honest and it can be very annoying in +the laboratory okay and then so codon + + align:start position:0% +the laboratory okay and then so codon + + + align:start position:0% +the laboratory okay and then so codon +usage varies amongst organisms alright + + align:start position:0% +usage varies amongst organisms alright + + + align:start position:0% +usage varies amongst organisms alright +so now let's one last thing so we've + + align:start position:0% +so now let's one last thing so we've + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's one last thing so we've +talked about the genetic code it's the + + align:start position:0% +talked about the genetic code it's the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the genetic code it's the +code that's going to be with embedded + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to be with embedded + + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to be with embedded +within the messenger RNA then the last + + align:start position:0% +within the messenger RNA then the last + + + align:start position:0% +within the messenger RNA then the last +thing I want to do is basically explain + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to do is basically explain + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to do is basically explain +to you one more time when you're looking + + align:start position:0% +to you one more time when you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +to you one more time when you're looking +to read what your amino acids that get + + align:start position:0% +to read what your amino acids that get + + + align:start position:0% +to read what your amino acids that get +put in maybe you're going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +put in maybe you're going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +put in maybe you're going to look at the +codon and it will tell you exactly the + + align:start position:0% +codon and it will tell you exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +codon and it will tell you exactly the +amino acid some a long time ago I used + + align:start position:0% +amino acid some a long time ago I used + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid some a long time ago I used +to be confused cuz I thought I should be + + align:start position:0% +to be confused cuz I thought I should be + + + align:start position:0% +to be confused cuz I thought I should be +looking at the anticodon and I was + + align:start position:0% +looking at the anticodon and I was + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the anticodon and I was +trying to translate everything and it + + align:start position:0% +trying to translate everything and it + + + align:start position:0% +trying to translate everything and it +was a real mess but it's the genetic + + align:start position:0% +was a real mess but it's the genetic + + + align:start position:0% +was a real mess but it's the genetic +code in that box that I just showed you + + align:start position:0% +code in that box that I just showed you + + + align:start position:0% +code in that box that I just showed you +is written down for maximum clarity and + + align:start position:0% +is written down for maximum clarity and + + + align:start position:0% +is written down for maximum clarity and +ease of use so whenever you see a + + align:start position:0% +ease of use so whenever you see a + + + align:start position:0% +ease of use so whenever you see a +particular three-letter code + + align:start position:0% +particular three-letter code + + + align:start position:0% +particular three-letter code +on the messenger you will then be able + + align:start position:0% +on the messenger you will then be able + + + align:start position:0% +on the messenger you will then be able +to know what amino acid it would code so + + align:start position:0% +to know what amino acid it would code so + + + align:start position:0% +to know what amino acid it would code so +this is kind of interesting it just + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of interesting it just + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of interesting it just +reinforces to you that the codon and the + + align:start position:0% +reinforces to you that the codon and the + + + align:start position:0% +reinforces to you that the codon and the +anticodon are anti-parallel and so what + + align:start position:0% +anticodon are anti-parallel and so what + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon are anti-parallel and so what +I want to do is basically in this + + align:start position:0% +I want to do is basically in this + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do is basically in this +diagram you would be reading from the + + align:start position:0% +diagram you would be reading from the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram you would be reading from the +five prime to the three prime end as the + + align:start position:0% +five prime to the three prime end as the + + + align:start position:0% +five prime to the three prime end as the +transfer RNAs attached to the messenger + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs attached to the messenger + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs attached to the messenger +RNA and that would give you a codon here + + align:start position:0% +RNA and that would give you a codon here + + + align:start position:0% +RNA and that would give you a codon here +that would be a you see if you'd written + + align:start position:0% +that would be a you see if you'd written + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a you see if you'd written +this the wrong way round it would look + + align:start position:0% +this the wrong way round it would look + + + align:start position:0% +this the wrong way round it would look +like CUA so you really want to be + + align:start position:0% +like CUA so you really want to be + + + align:start position:0% +like CUA so you really want to be +reading five prime to three prime in the + + align:start position:0% +reading five prime to three prime in the + + + align:start position:0% +reading five prime to three prime in the +codon and then you can go to your + + align:start position:0% +codon and then you can go to your + + + align:start position:0% +codon and then you can go to your +favorite genetic code map and say this + + align:start position:0% +favorite genetic code map and say this + + + align:start position:0% +favorite genetic code map and say this +thing is read five prime to three prime + + align:start position:0% +thing is read five prime to three prime + + + align:start position:0% +thing is read five prime to three prime +and the amino acid that gets put in is + + align:start position:0% +and the amino acid that gets put in is + + + align:start position:0% +and the amino acid that gets put in is +Lucy's isoleucine okay so you'll need to + + align:start position:0% +Lucy's isoleucine okay so you'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +Lucy's isoleucine okay so you'll need to +do that be able to do that quite readily + + align:start position:0% +do that be able to do that quite readily + + + align:start position:0% +do that be able to do that quite readily +alright next part portion those monster + + align:start position:0% +alright next part portion those monster + + + align:start position:0% +alright next part portion those monster +the loading the amino acid okay so there + + align:start position:0% +the loading the amino acid okay so there + + + align:start position:0% +the loading the amino acid okay so there +as I said this is a many building block + + align:start position:0% +as I said this is a many building block + + + align:start position:0% +as I said this is a many building block +of many parts things so we've got the + + align:start position:0% +of many parts things so we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +of many parts things so we've got the +transfer RNAs we know where we load them + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs we know where we load them + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs we know where we load them +onto the transfer are the amino acids we + + align:start position:0% +onto the transfer are the amino acids we + + + align:start position:0% +onto the transfer are the amino acids we +know where we load the amino acids onto + + align:start position:0% +know where we load the amino acids onto + + + align:start position:0% +know where we load the amino acids onto +the transfer RNA but we do not know how + + align:start position:0% +the transfer RNA but we do not know how + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer RNA but we do not know how +that is done so I want to show you + + align:start position:0% +that is done so I want to show you + + + align:start position:0% +that is done so I want to show you +briefly how that occurs so let me just + + align:start position:0% +briefly how that occurs so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +briefly how that occurs so let me just +start by drawing transfer RNAs the way I + + align:start position:0% +start by drawing transfer RNAs the way I + + + align:start position:0% +start by drawing transfer RNAs the way I +usually draw them in a very sort of + + align:start position:0% +usually draw them in a very sort of + + + align:start position:0% +usually draw them in a very sort of +cartoon form and to attach an amino acid + + align:start position:0% +cartoon form and to attach an amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon form and to attach an amino acid +to the three prime end of the transfer + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime end of the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime end of the transfer +RNA you have an amino acid residue we're + + align:start position:0% +RNA you have an amino acid residue we're + + + align:start position:0% +RNA you have an amino acid residue we're +just gonna go on here + + align:start position:0% +just gonna go on here + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna go on here +carboxylic acid I mean actually I'm + + align:start position:0% +carboxylic acid I mean actually I'm + + + align:start position:0% +carboxylic acid I mean actually I'm +gonna draw them in their appropriate + + align:start position:0% +gonna draw them in their appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +gonna draw them in their appropriate +charge states and what I need to be able + + align:start position:0% +charge states and what I need to be able + + + align:start position:0% +charge states and what I need to be able +to do is faithfully fix this amino acid + + align:start position:0% +to do is faithfully fix this amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +to do is faithfully fix this amino acid +to the three prime Oh H of the transfer + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime Oh H of the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime Oh H of the transfer +RNA and what we do is we need adenosine + + align:start position:0% +RNA and what we do is we need adenosine + + + align:start position:0% +RNA and what we do is we need adenosine +triphosphate to activate this pajama + + align:start position:0% +triphosphate to activate this pajama + + + align:start position:0% +triphosphate to activate this pajama +stree + + align:start position:0% +stree + + + align:start position:0% +stree +and then the OAH and the three prime end + + align:start position:0% +and then the OAH and the three prime end + + + align:start position:0% +and then the OAH and the three prime end +reacts with the amino acid so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +reacts with the amino acid so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +reacts with the amino acid so I'm just +gonna draw that I'm leaving out steps + + align:start position:0% +gonna draw that I'm leaving out steps + + + align:start position:0% +gonna draw that I'm leaving out steps +because otherwise it's too many and + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise it's too many and + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise it's too many and +you'll be cross with me so you attach + + align:start position:0% +you'll be cross with me so you attach + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be cross with me so you attach +through an ester to the amino acid from + + align:start position:0% +through an ester to the amino acid from + + + align:start position:0% +through an ester to the amino acid from +the three prime end of these transfer + + align:start position:0% +the three prime end of these transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the three prime end of these transfer +RNA that's what's done the ATP makes + + align:start position:0% +RNA that's what's done the ATP makes + + + align:start position:0% +RNA that's what's done the ATP makes +this chemistry feasible but there's one + + align:start position:0% +this chemistry feasible but there's one + + + align:start position:0% +this chemistry feasible but there's one +more player here and that's the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +more player here and that's the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +more player here and that's the enzyme +that brings them all together which is + + align:start position:0% +that brings them all together which is + + + align:start position:0% +that brings them all together which is +known as an amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning it's an enzyme that makes an + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's an enzyme that makes an + + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's an enzyme that makes an +amino acyl tRNA and it's simply chases + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA and it's simply chases + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA and it's simply chases +it so that's how its name gets gets + + align:start position:0% +it so that's how its name gets gets + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's how its name gets gets +subtracted so with reference to an + + align:start position:0% +subtracted so with reference to an + + + align:start position:0% +subtracted so with reference to an +earlier question what I'm showing you + + align:start position:0% +earlier question what I'm showing you + + + align:start position:0% +earlier question what I'm showing you +here are different synthetases for + + align:start position:0% +here are different synthetases for + + + align:start position:0% +here are different synthetases for +different amino acids that show you that + + align:start position:0% +different amino acids that show you that + + + align:start position:0% +different amino acids that show you that +there's a recognition not just for the + + align:start position:0% +there's a recognition not just for the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a recognition not just for the +amino acid that's being loaded but + + align:start position:0% +amino acid that's being loaded but + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid that's being loaded but +rather for the entire transfer RNA so + + align:start position:0% +rather for the entire transfer RNA so + + + align:start position:0% +rather for the entire transfer RNA so +some of these look quite different + + align:start position:0% +some of these look quite different + + + align:start position:0% +some of these look quite different +the isoleucine one interacts in one way + + align:start position:0% +the isoleucine one interacts in one way + + + align:start position:0% +the isoleucine one interacts in one way +the valine one is a little different and + + align:start position:0% +the valine one is a little different and + + + align:start position:0% +the valine one is a little different and +the glutamine one is different again so + + align:start position:0% +the glutamine one is different again so + + + align:start position:0% +the glutamine one is different again so +they they're e + + align:start position:0% +they they're e + + + align:start position:0% +they they're e +in the way they interact with the + + align:start position:0% +in the way they interact with the + + + align:start position:0% +in the way they interact with the +transfer RNAs so the transfer RNAs are + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs so the transfer RNAs are + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs so the transfer RNAs are +specific for the amino acid that is + + align:start position:0% +specific for the amino acid that is + + + align:start position:0% +specific for the amino acid that is +loaded onto them but also for the + + align:start position:0% +loaded onto them but also for the + + + align:start position:0% +loaded onto them but also for the +synthetase that does the loading that's + + align:start position:0% +synthetase that does the loading that's + + + align:start position:0% +synthetase that does the loading that's +how you get the specificity does that + + align:start position:0% +how you get the specificity does that + + + align:start position:0% +how you get the specificity does that +address your question from earlier hello + + align:start position:0% +address your question from earlier hello + + + align:start position:0% +address your question from earlier hello +okay that makes sense right so they fall + + align:start position:0% +okay that makes sense right so they fall + + + align:start position:0% +okay that makes sense right so they fall +into a lot of different families but + + align:start position:0% +into a lot of different families but + + + align:start position:0% +into a lot of different families but +they're they're quite varied when you + + align:start position:0% +they're they're quite varied when you + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're quite varied when you +look at specific interactions between + + align:start position:0% +look at specific interactions between + + + align:start position:0% +look at specific interactions between +the synthetase and the amino acid and on + + align:start position:0% +the synthetase and the amino acid and on + + + align:start position:0% +the synthetase and the amino acid and on +those synthetases there will also be + + align:start position:0% +those synthetases there will also be + + + align:start position:0% +those synthetases there will also be +specificity for the amino acid side + + align:start position:0% +specificity for the amino acid side + + + align:start position:0% +specificity for the amino acid side +chain + + align:start position:0% +chain + + + align:start position:0% +chain +the amino acid that gets loaded let's + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid that gets loaded let's + + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid that gets loaded let's +look at the ribosome components because + + align:start position:0% +look at the ribosome components because + + + align:start position:0% +look at the ribosome components because +they're the last big monsters ribosomes + + align:start position:0% +they're the last big monsters ribosomes + + + align:start position:0% +they're the last big monsters ribosomes +have a small and a large + + align:start position:0% +have a small and a large + + + align:start position:0% +have a small and a large +that's the large and a small subunit + + align:start position:0% +that's the large and a small subunit + + + align:start position:0% +that's the large and a small subunit +they are made up as I mentioned over + + align:start position:0% +they are made up as I mentioned over + + + align:start position:0% +they are made up as I mentioned over +here of RNA and protein so small and + + align:start position:0% +here of RNA and protein so small and + + + align:start position:0% +here of RNA and protein so small and +large subunits and I've shown them + + align:start position:0% +large subunits and I've shown them + + + align:start position:0% +large subunits and I've shown them +they're in two different colors the + + align:start position:0% +they're in two different colors the + + + align:start position:0% +they're in two different colors the +prokaryotic ribosomes are pretty + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotic ribosomes are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotic ribosomes are pretty +different from the eukaryotic ones + + align:start position:0% +different from the eukaryotic ones + + + align:start position:0% +different from the eukaryotic ones +there's a higher proportion of RNA in + + align:start position:0% +there's a higher proportion of RNA in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a higher proportion of RNA in +the prokaryotic ones the new eukaryotic + + align:start position:0% +the prokaryotic ones the new eukaryotic + + + align:start position:0% +the prokaryotic ones the new eukaryotic +ones which is kind of interesting and + + align:start position:0% +ones which is kind of interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +ones which is kind of interesting and +these complexes are so big and they're + + align:start position:0% +these complexes are so big and they're + + + align:start position:0% +these complexes are so big and they're +made up of so many protein and RNA + + align:start position:0% +made up of so many protein and RNA + + + align:start position:0% +made up of so many protein and RNA +strands that we don't so much measure + + align:start position:0% +strands that we don't so much measure + + + align:start position:0% +strands that we don't so much measure +them by the number of those components + + align:start position:0% +them by the number of those components + + + align:start position:0% +them by the number of those components +but rather by what's known as their + + align:start position:0% +but rather by what's known as their + + + align:start position:0% +but rather by what's known as their +sedimentation coefficient which gives us + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient which gives us + + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient which gives us +a sense of the weight of the of the + + align:start position:0% +a sense of the weight of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of the weight of the of the +module of the complex so the small + + align:start position:0% +module of the complex so the small + + + align:start position:0% +module of the complex so the small +subunit oh he's back the small sub yet + + align:start position:0% +subunit oh he's back the small sub yet + + + align:start position:0% +subunit oh he's back the small sub yet +the subunit would have a 30s + + align:start position:0% +the subunit would have a 30s + + + align:start position:0% +the subunit would have a 30s +sedimentation coefficient the S stands + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient the S stands + + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient the S stands +for steady burg units it's how fast it + + align:start position:0% +for steady burg units it's how fast it + + + align:start position:0% +for steady burg units it's how fast it +sediments in an ultracentrifuge and the + + align:start position:0% +sediments in an ultracentrifuge and the + + + align:start position:0% +sediments in an ultracentrifuge and the +large subunit would have a 50s + + align:start position:0% +large subunit would have a 50s + + + align:start position:0% +large subunit would have a 50s +sedimentation coefficient and those + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient and those + + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient and those +correspond to a certain number of + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a certain number of + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a certain number of +Dalton's if you see that s gnam that s + + align:start position:0% +Dalton's if you see that s gnam that s + + + align:start position:0% +Dalton's if you see that s gnam that s +term after a number that's what it's + + align:start position:0% +term after a number that's what it's + + + align:start position:0% +term after a number that's what it's +talking about it's talking about the + + align:start position:0% +talking about it's talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about it's talking about the +sedimentation coefficient which gives us + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient which gives us + + + align:start position:0% +sedimentation coefficient which gives us +a sense of the size of the complex and + + align:start position:0% +a sense of the size of the complex and + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of the size of the complex and +when you bring start to bring all the + + align:start position:0% +when you bring start to bring all the + + + align:start position:0% +when you bring start to bring all the +pieces together now what we can see on + + align:start position:0% +pieces together now what we can see on + + + align:start position:0% +pieces together now what we can see on +this slide is the messenger the transfer + + align:start position:0% +this slide is the messenger the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +this slide is the messenger the transfer +RNAs and there and the ribosome all to + + align:start position:0% +RNAs and there and the ribosome all to + + + align:start position:0% +RNAs and there and the ribosome all to +scale in such a way that it can really + + align:start position:0% +scale in such a way that it can really + + + align:start position:0% +scale in such a way that it can really +explain it so what I show you here is + + align:start position:0% +explain it so what I show you here is + + + align:start position:0% +explain it so what I show you here is +the small and large subunit in orange so + + align:start position:0% +the small and large subunit in orange so + + + align:start position:0% +the small and large subunit in orange so +well that's kind of a burnt orange is a + + align:start position:0% +well that's kind of a burnt orange is a + + + align:start position:0% +well that's kind of a burnt orange is a +sneaky little bit of the mess + + align:start position:0% +sneaky little bit of the mess + + + align:start position:0% +sneaky little bit of the mess +Jinja in yellow are the transfer RNAs + + align:start position:0% +Jinja in yellow are the transfer RNAs + + + align:start position:0% +Jinja in yellow are the transfer RNAs +and there's one more unit on here that I + + align:start position:0% +and there's one more unit on here that I + + + align:start position:0% +and there's one more unit on here that I +won't describe too much it's a protein + + align:start position:0% +won't describe too much it's a protein + + + align:start position:0% +won't describe too much it's a protein +factor that helps all the processes + + align:start position:0% +factor that helps all the processes + + + align:start position:0% +factor that helps all the processes +occur + + align:start position:0% +occur + + + align:start position:0% +occur +generally it's thoughts to help the + + align:start position:0% +generally it's thoughts to help the + + + align:start position:0% +generally it's thoughts to help the +loaded tRNA come to the ribosome get it + + align:start position:0% +loaded tRNA come to the ribosome get it + + + align:start position:0% +loaded tRNA come to the ribosome get it +in place and then go away so it's some + + align:start position:0% +in place and then go away so it's some + + + align:start position:0% +in place and then go away so it's some +of these extra helper proteins that are + + align:start position:0% +of these extra helper proteins that are + + + align:start position:0% +of these extra helper proteins that are +involved okay + + align:start position:0% +involved okay + + + align:start position:0% +involved okay +so let's build a protein because I know + + align:start position:0% +so let's build a protein because I know + + + align:start position:0% +so let's build a protein because I know +it's the moment we've all been waiting + + align:start position:0% +it's the moment we've all been waiting + + + align:start position:0% +it's the moment we've all been waiting +for and we're gonna walk through how + + align:start position:0% +for and we're gonna walk through how + + + align:start position:0% +for and we're gonna walk through how +those pieces come together it's a very + + align:start position:0% +those pieces come together it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +those pieces come together it's a very +clunky animation but I'm very proud of + + align:start position:0% +clunky animation but I'm very proud of + + + align:start position:0% +clunky animation but I'm very proud of +myself because I did it myself + + align:start position:0% +myself because I did it myself + + + align:start position:0% +myself because I did it myself +so I'm just gonna show you how these + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just gonna show you how these + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just gonna show you how these +things happen as you assemble a chunk of + + align:start position:0% +things happen as you assemble a chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +things happen as you assemble a chunk of +polypeptide chain from a messenger and + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain from a messenger and + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain from a messenger and +I'm so the here's the messenger it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm so the here's the messenger it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm so the here's the messenger it's +being read five prime to three prime + + align:start position:0% +being read five prime to three prime + + + align:start position:0% +being read five prime to three prime +what happens first of all is that the + + align:start position:0% +what happens first of all is that the + + + align:start position:0% +what happens first of all is that the +small subunit kind of floats her along + + align:start position:0% +small subunit kind of floats her along + + + align:start position:0% +small subunit kind of floats her along +looking for the place that would be the + + align:start position:0% +looking for the place that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the place that would be the +ribosome binding site that I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +ribosome binding site that I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome binding site that I mentioned +here and then sliding its way to + + align:start position:0% +here and then sliding its way to + + + align:start position:0% +here and then sliding its way to +position the start codon in the right + + align:start position:0% +position the start codon in the right + + + align:start position:0% +position the start codon in the right +place to start the synthesis once that + + align:start position:0% +place to start the synthesis once that + + + align:start position:0% +place to start the synthesis once that +happens the methionine that's on its + + align:start position:0% +happens the methionine that's on its + + + align:start position:0% +happens the methionine that's on its +tRNA the start one gets into place and + + align:start position:0% +tRNA the start one gets into place and + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA the start one gets into place and +at the same time the large subunit + + align:start position:0% +at the same time the large subunit + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time the large subunit +completing the ribosome complex comes + + align:start position:0% +completing the ribosome complex comes + + + align:start position:0% +completing the ribosome complex comes +together so you now have large and small + + align:start position:0% +together so you now have large and small + + + align:start position:0% +together so you now have large and small +ribosomal complexes stuck on to that + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal complexes stuck on to that + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal complexes stuck on to that +messenger ready to carry on and in each + + align:start position:0% +messenger ready to carry on and in each + + + align:start position:0% +messenger ready to carry on and in each +case your translocating through the + + align:start position:0% +case your translocating through the + + + align:start position:0% +case your translocating through the +messenger RNA and in each step you're + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and in each step you're + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and in each step you're +bringing in a tRNA that's loaded with an + + align:start position:0% +bringing in a tRNA that's loaded with an + + + align:start position:0% +bringing in a tRNA that's loaded with an +amino acid where these the anticodon of + + align:start position:0% +amino acid where these the anticodon of + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid where these the anticodon of +the amino acid and I've got those little + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid and I've got those little + + + align:start position:0% +the amino acid and I've got those little +letters shown on the bottom here is + + align:start position:0% +letters shown on the bottom here is + + + align:start position:0% +letters shown on the bottom here is +complementary to the codon that's within + + align:start position:0% +complementary to the codon that's within + + + align:start position:0% +complementary to the codon that's within +the messenger RNA so we can start + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA so we can start + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA so we can start +building this protein Aug is the start + + align:start position:0% +building this protein Aug is the start + + + align:start position:0% +building this protein Aug is the start +codon methylenes the first amino acid + + align:start position:0% +codon methylenes the first amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +codon methylenes the first amino acid +and it's always at the end terminus then + + align:start position:0% +and it's always at the end terminus then + + + align:start position:0% +and it's always at the end terminus then +there's another amino acid comes in the + + align:start position:0% +there's another amino acid comes in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's another amino acid comes in the +codon was uuu and that corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +codon was uuu and that corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +codon was uuu and that corresponds to +phenylalanine and then the next thing + + align:start position:0% +phenylalanine and then the next thing + + + align:start position:0% +phenylalanine and then the next thing +that happens is there's a movement such + + align:start position:0% +that happens is there's a movement such + + + align:start position:0% +that happens is there's a movement such +that a new bond gets a new amide bond is + + align:start position:0% +that a new bond gets a new amide bond is + + + align:start position:0% +that a new bond gets a new amide bond is +formed between the methionine and the + + align:start position:0% +formed between the methionine and the + + + align:start position:0% +formed between the methionine and the +phenylalanine + + align:start position:0% +phenylalanine + + + align:start position:0% +phenylalanine +and and that new bond is an amide bond + + align:start position:0% +and and that new bond is an amide bond + + + align:start position:0% +and and that new bond is an amide bond +it's not any of the others so you're + + align:start position:0% +it's not any of the others so you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's not any of the others so you're +literally intercepting this complex on + + align:start position:0% +literally intercepting this complex on + + + align:start position:0% +literally intercepting this complex on +the transfer RNA with the amine of a new + + align:start position:0% +the transfer RNA with the amine of a new + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer RNA with the amine of a new +amino acid that's how that comes + + align:start position:0% +amino acid that's how that comes + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid that's how that comes +together I'm not gonna worry you too + + align:start position:0% +together I'm not gonna worry you too + + + align:start position:0% +together I'm not gonna worry you too +much with the chemical details but a lot + + align:start position:0% +much with the chemical details but a lot + + + align:start position:0% +much with the chemical details but a lot +of them have been illuminated by having + + align:start position:0% +of them have been illuminated by having + + + align:start position:0% +of them have been illuminated by having +the structure of the ribosome and it + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the ribosome and it + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the ribosome and it +shows you in fact that not it's not + + align:start position:0% +shows you in fact that not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +shows you in fact that not it's not +proteins that are catalyzing that + + align:start position:0% +proteins that are catalyzing that + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that are catalyzing that +reaction its nucleic acids so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +reaction its nucleic acids so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +reaction its nucleic acids so now I'm +just gonna move you on through the + + align:start position:0% +just gonna move you on through the + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna move you on through the +synthesis in each case building that + + align:start position:0% +synthesis in each case building that + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis in each case building that +polypeptide chain and then moving + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain and then moving + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain and then moving +translocating this guy leaves the + + align:start position:0% +translocating this guy leaves the + + + align:start position:0% +translocating this guy leaves the +ribosome moves along this was a good + + align:start position:0% +ribosome moves along this was a good + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome moves along this was a good +Saturday afternoons work we've got to + + align:start position:0% +Saturday afternoons work we've got to + + + align:start position:0% +Saturday afternoons work we've got to +use up all those trna s it doesn't get + + align:start position:0% +use up all those trna s it doesn't get + + + align:start position:0% +use up all those trna s it doesn't get +interesting till you get to the end so + + align:start position:0% +interesting till you get to the end so + + + align:start position:0% +interesting till you get to the end so +what we were using up but now we come + + align:start position:0% +what we were using up but now we come + + + align:start position:0% +what we were using up but now we come +and hit a stop codon we have you AG so + + align:start position:0% +and hit a stop codon we have you AG so + + + align:start position:0% +and hit a stop codon we have you AG so +what happens here the whole process + + align:start position:0% +what happens here the whole process + + + align:start position:0% +what happens here the whole process +slows down because you can either load + + align:start position:0% +slows down because you can either load + + + align:start position:0% +slows down because you can either load +what's known as a suppressor tRNA that's + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a suppressor tRNA that's + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a suppressor tRNA that's +the one that the magenta one that went + + align:start position:0% +the one that the magenta one that went + + + align:start position:0% +the one that the magenta one that went +up there or a protein release factor can + + align:start position:0% +up there or a protein release factor can + + + align:start position:0% +up there or a protein release factor can +come in and bind but in either case + + align:start position:0% +come in and bind but in either case + + + align:start position:0% +come in and bind but in either case +there's no new amino acid to come in and + + align:start position:0% +there's no new amino acid to come in and + + + align:start position:0% +there's no new amino acid to come in and +translation finishes and releases the + + align:start position:0% +translation finishes and releases the + + + align:start position:0% +translation finishes and releases the +protein the in in its complete form now + + align:start position:0% +protein the in in its complete form now + + + align:start position:0% +protein the in in its complete form now +the reason I want to differentiate + + align:start position:0% +the reason I want to differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +the reason I want to differentiate +between the release factor and the me an + + align:start position:0% +between the release factor and the me an + + + align:start position:0% +between the release factor and the me an +RNA that has the complimentary stop + + align:start position:0% +RNA that has the complimentary stop + + + align:start position:0% +RNA that has the complimentary stop +codon is because the RNAs that are known + + align:start position:0% +codon is because the RNAs that are known + + + align:start position:0% +codon is because the RNAs that are known +as the suppressor RNAs have now been + + align:start position:0% +as the suppressor RNAs have now been + + + align:start position:0% +as the suppressor RNAs have now been +completely hijacked to make an enhanced + + align:start position:0% +completely hijacked to make an enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +completely hijacked to make an enhanced +genetic code where we can load lots of + + align:start position:0% +genetic code where we can load lots of + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code where we can load lots of +different amino acids using the + + align:start position:0% +different amino acids using the + + + align:start position:0% +different amino acids using the +suppressor RNAs and if anyone would like + + align:start position:0% +suppressor RNAs and if anyone would like + + + align:start position:0% +suppressor RNAs and if anyone would like +to chat to me about this and I'd love to + + align:start position:0% +to chat to me about this and I'd love to + + + align:start position:0% +to chat to me about this and I'd love to +because I think it's a fascinating field + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's a fascinating field + + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's a fascinating field +but it's a bit beyond the scope of okay + + align:start position:0% +but it's a bit beyond the scope of okay + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a bit beyond the scope of okay +so this entire process took the + + align:start position:0% +so this entire process took the + + + align:start position:0% +so this entire process took the +following we've got small and large + + align:start position:0% +following we've got small and large + + + align:start position:0% +following we've got small and large +subunits all the elongation factors and + + align:start position:0% +subunits all the elongation factors and + + + align:start position:0% +subunits all the elongation factors and +initiation really + + align:start position:0% +initiation really + + + align:start position:0% +initiation really +and then in each case the energy is + + align:start position:0% +and then in each case the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +and then in each case the energy is +actually not provided by ATP is provided + + align:start position:0% +actually not provided by ATP is provided + + + align:start position:0% +actually not provided by ATP is provided +by GTP but where ATP is important is + + align:start position:0% +by GTP but where ATP is important is + + + align:start position:0% +by GTP but where ATP is important is +unloading the amino acids onto the + + align:start position:0% +unloading the amino acids onto the + + + align:start position:0% +unloading the amino acids onto the +transfer RNAs this occurs at about a + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs this occurs at about a + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNAs this occurs at about a +rate of 20 amino acids per second + + align:start position:0% +rate of 20 amino acids per second + + + align:start position:0% +rate of 20 amino acids per second +meaning you're reading about 60 base + + align:start position:0% +meaning you're reading about 60 base + + + align:start position:0% +meaning you're reading about 60 base +bases per per second which is pretty + + align:start position:0% +bases per per second which is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +bases per per second which is pretty +consistent with the rate of + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the rate of +transcription not the rate of + + align:start position:0% +transcription not the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +transcription not the rate of +replication that's far faster okay + + align:start position:0% +replication that's far faster okay + + + align:start position:0% +replication that's far faster okay +sometimes when you're making a lot of a + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you're making a lot of a + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you're making a lot of a +protein you will see that ribosomes line + + align:start position:0% +protein you will see that ribosomes line + + + align:start position:0% +protein you will see that ribosomes line +up on the met on the transcript on the + + align:start position:0% +up on the met on the transcript on the + + + align:start position:0% +up on the met on the transcript on the +messenger RNA and you'll have many + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and you'll have many + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and you'll have many +proteins being made at once and at + + align:start position:0% +proteins being made at once and at + + + align:start position:0% +proteins being made at once and at +different stages in the game and this is + + align:start position:0% +different stages in the game and this is + + + align:start position:0% +different stages in the game and this is +a lovely electron micrograph that + + align:start position:0% +a lovely electron micrograph that + + + align:start position:0% +a lovely electron micrograph that +actually shows this process in action + + align:start position:0% +actually shows this process in action + + + align:start position:0% +actually shows this process in action +and when you have a lot of ribosomes on + + align:start position:0% +and when you have a lot of ribosomes on + + + align:start position:0% +and when you have a lot of ribosomes on +one messenger we call them polysomes + + align:start position:0% +one messenger we call them polysomes + + + align:start position:0% +one messenger we call them polysomes +they have that name okay good all right + + align:start position:0% +they have that name okay good all right + + + align:start position:0% +they have that name okay good all right +so what I want to do now so does + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do now so does + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do now so does +everyone feel good about how you + + align:start position:0% +everyone feel good about how you + + + align:start position:0% +everyone feel good about how you +translate a messenger into a protein and + + align:start position:0% +translate a messenger into a protein and + + + align:start position:0% +translate a messenger into a protein and +the various moving parts you would + + align:start position:0% +the various moving parts you would + + + align:start position:0% +the various moving parts you would +always know the amino acid structures + + align:start position:0% +always know the amino acid structures + + + align:start position:0% +always know the amino acid structures +have the genetic code just be familiar + + align:start position:0% +have the genetic code just be familiar + + + align:start position:0% +have the genetic code just be familiar +with reading it or making sure you could + + align:start position:0% +with reading it or making sure you could + + + align:start position:0% +with reading it or making sure you could +pick out which amino acid might be + + align:start position:0% +pick out which amino acid might be + + + align:start position:0% +pick out which amino acid might be +incorporated in response to which + + align:start position:0% +incorporated in response to which + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated in response to which +particular codon so when proteins are + + align:start position:0% +particular codon so when proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +particular codon so when proteins are +made on the ribosome they have a bit of + + align:start position:0% +made on the ribosome they have a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +made on the ribosome they have a bit of +a choice they can get made and fold + + align:start position:0% +a choice they can get made and fold + + + align:start position:0% +a choice they can get made and fold +beautifully into active proteins those + + align:start position:0% +beautifully into active proteins those + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully into active proteins those +proteins could be modified they could go + + align:start position:0% +proteins could be modified they could go + + + align:start position:0% +proteins could be modified they could go +to different places in the cell + + align:start position:0% +to different places in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +to different places in the cell +occasionally proteins miss fold may be + + align:start position:0% +occasionally proteins miss fold may be + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally proteins miss fold may be +the rate of synthesis is too fast or the + + align:start position:0% +the rate of synthesis is too fast or the + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of synthesis is too fast or the +environment isn't right so there will + + align:start position:0% +environment isn't right so there will + + + align:start position:0% +environment isn't right so there will +need to be mechanisms whereby proteins + + align:start position:0% +need to be mechanisms whereby proteins + + + align:start position:0% +need to be mechanisms whereby proteins +get degraded if they're not folded + + align:start position:0% +get degraded if they're not folded + + + align:start position:0% +get degraded if they're not folded +properly but that's the story for + + align:start position:0% +properly but that's the story for + + + align:start position:0% +properly but that's the story for +another day it's not always perfect but + + align:start position:0% +another day it's not always perfect but + + + align:start position:0% +another day it's not always perfect but +what is known now is that as proteins + + align:start position:0% +what is known now is that as proteins + + + align:start position:0% +what is known now is that as proteins +are emerging from the ribosome they + + align:start position:0% +are emerging from the ribosome they + + + align:start position:0% +are emerging from the ribosome they +starting to fold almost immediately from + + align:start position:0% +starting to fold almost immediately from + + + align:start position:0% +starting to fold almost immediately from +that end terminus and to ultimately + + align:start position:0% +that end terminus and to ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +that end terminus and to ultimately +attain their compact shape the last + + align:start position:0% +attain their compact shape the last + + + align:start position:0% +attain their compact shape the last +thing I want to talk to you about today + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to talk to you about today + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to talk to you about today +is what happens what are the types of + + align:start position:0% +is what happens what are the types of + + + align:start position:0% +is what happens what are the types of +errors we get in translation now + + align:start position:0% +errors we get in translation now + + + align:start position:0% +errors we get in translation now +translation + + align:start position:0% +translation + + + align:start position:0% +translation +transcription and regulation has some + + align:start position:0% +transcription and regulation has some + + + align:start position:0% +transcription and regulation has some +editing mechanisms to fix errors but + + align:start position:0% +editing mechanisms to fix errors but + + + align:start position:0% +editing mechanisms to fix errors but +occasionally there are errors in the DNA + + align:start position:0% +occasionally there are errors in the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally there are errors in the DNA +that put different amino acids and the + + align:start position:0% +that put different amino acids and the + + + align:start position:0% +that put different amino acids and the +editing at that stage by the way to fix + + align:start position:0% +editing at that stage by the way to fix + + + align:start position:0% +editing at that stage by the way to fix +errors is editing when you've loaded the + + align:start position:0% +errors is editing when you've loaded the + + + align:start position:0% +errors is editing when you've loaded the +wrong amino acid onto a tRNA but what + + align:start position:0% +wrong amino acid onto a tRNA but what + + + align:start position:0% +wrong amino acid onto a tRNA but what +happens when the DNA message the DNA + + align:start position:0% +happens when the DNA message the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +happens when the DNA message the DNA +starting point is wrong which means the + + align:start position:0% +starting point is wrong which means the + + + align:start position:0% +starting point is wrong which means the +messenger is wrong which then means we + + align:start position:0% +messenger is wrong which then means we + + + align:start position:0% +messenger is wrong which then means we +get a different translated protein so + + align:start position:0% +get a different translated protein so + + + align:start position:0% +get a different translated protein so +I'm just gonna give you a couple of + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna give you a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna give you a couple of +terms here where do we have here and on + + align:start position:0% +terms here where do we have here and on + + + align:start position:0% +terms here where do we have here and on +all these slides I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +all these slides I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +all these slides I'm going to show you +the double-stranded DNA I'm gonna show + + align:start position:0% +the double-stranded DNA I'm gonna show + + + align:start position:0% +the double-stranded DNA I'm gonna show +you the messenger that gets made and the + + align:start position:0% +you the messenger that gets made and the + + + align:start position:0% +you the messenger that gets made and the +protein that comes for it and they're + + align:start position:0% +protein that comes for it and they're + + + align:start position:0% +protein that comes for it and they're +all lined up so you can follow them + + align:start position:0% +all lined up so you can follow them + + + align:start position:0% +all lined up so you can follow them +really nicely always writing five prime + + align:start position:0% +really nicely always writing five prime + + + align:start position:0% +really nicely always writing five prime +to three prime except when we have + + align:start position:0% +to three prime except when we have + + + align:start position:0% +to three prime except when we have +double stranded because we have to put + + align:start position:0% +double stranded because we have to put + + + align:start position:0% +double stranded because we have to put +the bottom strand in a different order + + align:start position:0% +the bottom strand in a different order + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom strand in a different order +first of all this entire chunk would be + + align:start position:0% +first of all this entire chunk would be + + + align:start position:0% +first of all this entire chunk would be +called the reading frame it's the + + align:start position:0% +called the reading frame it's the + + + align:start position:0% +called the reading frame it's the +portion of DNA that's going to be read + + align:start position:0% +portion of DNA that's going to be read + + + align:start position:0% +portion of DNA that's going to be read +and track and transcribed into the + + align:start position:0% +and track and transcribed into the + + + align:start position:0% +and track and transcribed into the +messenger RNA and when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA and when you look at the +two strands you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +two strands you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +two strands you're going to have to +figure out which one is the template + + align:start position:0% +figure out which one is the template + + + align:start position:0% +figure out which one is the template +strand and you would figure that out by + + align:start position:0% +strand and you would figure that out by + + + align:start position:0% +strand and you would figure that out by +knowing that you read three prime to + + align:start position:0% +knowing that you read three prime to + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that you read three prime to +five prime but you Tran that you + + align:start position:0% +five prime but you Tran that you + + + align:start position:0% +five prime but you Tran that you +transcribe five prime to three prime + + align:start position:0% +transcribe five prime to three prime + + + align:start position:0% +transcribe five prime to three prime +right so you could recognize which of + + align:start position:0% +right so you could recognize which of + + + align:start position:0% +right so you could recognize which of +the two strands you're going to make the + + align:start position:0% +the two strands you're going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +the two strands you're going to make the +messenger out of once you get the + + align:start position:0% +messenger out of once you get the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger out of once you get the +messenger you come straight to the + + align:start position:0% +messenger you come straight to the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger you come straight to the +genetic code because you can use the + + align:start position:0% +genetic code because you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code because you can use the +genetic code to translate each of these + + align:start position:0% +genetic code to translate each of these + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code to translate each of these +does that make sense so this would be a + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so this would be a + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so this would be a +situation where you have a wild type + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have a wild type + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have a wild type +enzyme everything is transcribed and + + align:start position:0% +enzyme everything is transcribed and + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme everything is transcribed and +translated properly occasionally though + + align:start position:0% +translated properly occasionally though + + + align:start position:0% +translated properly occasionally though +there are errors that will introduce + + align:start position:0% +there are errors that will introduce + + + align:start position:0% +there are errors that will introduce +defects into the ultimate protein the + + align:start position:0% +defects into the ultimate protein the + + + align:start position:0% +defects into the ultimate protein the +first type of error is a nonsense + + align:start position:0% +first type of error is a nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +first type of error is a nonsense +mutation which might be leaving out a + + align:start position:0% +mutation which might be leaving out a + + + align:start position:0% +mutation which might be leaving out a +base pair inserting one substituting one + + align:start position:0% +base pair inserting one substituting one + + + align:start position:0% +base pair inserting one substituting one +and this would ultimately cause an error + + align:start position:0% +and this would ultimately cause an error + + + align:start position:0% +and this would ultimately cause an error +in the DNA that then causes an error in + + align:start position:0% +in the DNA that then causes an error in + + + align:start position:0% +in the DNA that then causes an error in +the messenger + + align:start position:0% +the messenger + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger +so let's say we delete by mistake that's + + align:start position:0% +so let's say we delete by mistake that's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say we delete by mistake that's +all we're missing the CG base-pair then + + align:start position:0% +all we're missing the CG base-pair then + + + align:start position:0% +all we're missing the CG base-pair then +the messenger RNA is now different a lot + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA is now different a lot + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA is now different a lot +of the the the base pairs the bases + + align:start position:0% +of the the the base pairs the bases + + + align:start position:0% +of the the the base pairs the bases +slide up to fill the gap so we have + + align:start position:0% +slide up to fill the gap so we have + + + align:start position:0% +slide up to fill the gap so we have +what's known as a frameshift mutation + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a frameshift mutation + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a frameshift mutation +we've shifted things and what we've done + + align:start position:0% +we've shifted things and what we've done + + + align:start position:0% +we've shifted things and what we've done +by doing that is introduce wrong codons + + align:start position:0% +by doing that is introduce wrong codons + + + align:start position:0% +by doing that is introduce wrong codons +so the first codon was read properly the + + align:start position:0% +so the first codon was read properly the + + + align:start position:0% +so the first codon was read properly the +next one was read properly even though + + align:start position:0% +next one was read properly even though + + + align:start position:0% +next one was read properly even though +there was a mistake but then all of a + + align:start position:0% +there was a mistake but then all of a + + + align:start position:0% +there was a mistake but then all of a +sudden we get in this mess where one of + + align:start position:0% +sudden we get in this mess where one of + + + align:start position:0% +sudden we get in this mess where one of +the later codons carries a mistake and + + align:start position:0% +the later codons carries a mistake and + + + align:start position:0% +the later codons carries a mistake and +becomes a stop codon okay does everybody + + align:start position:0% +becomes a stop codon okay does everybody + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a stop codon okay does everybody +see that + + align:start position:0% +see that + + + align:start position:0% +see that +so that would be called a frameshift + + align:start position:0% +so that would be called a frameshift + + + align:start position:0% +so that would be called a frameshift +mutation that introduces a nonsense + + align:start position:0% +mutation that introduces a nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +mutation that introduces a nonsense +mutation and puts a stop codon into your + + align:start position:0% +mutation and puts a stop codon into your + + + align:start position:0% +mutation and puts a stop codon into your +messenger RNA okay the next types of + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA okay the next types of + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA okay the next types of +mistakes are ones that are what are + + align:start position:0% +mistakes are ones that are what are + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes are ones that are what are +called silent mutations it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +called silent mutations it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +called silent mutations it doesn't +matter for example if you made a an + + align:start position:0% +matter for example if you made a an + + + align:start position:0% +matter for example if you made a an +error in the DNA which ended up with an + + align:start position:0% +error in the DNA which ended up with an + + + align:start position:0% +error in the DNA which ended up with an +error in the messenger RNA if you still + + align:start position:0% +error in the messenger RNA if you still + + + align:start position:0% +error in the messenger RNA if you still +code the same amino acid right I go to + + align:start position:0% +code the same amino acid right I go to + + + align:start position:0% +code the same amino acid right I go to +the genetic code I'm like oh my goodness + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code I'm like oh my goodness + + + align:start position:0% +the genetic code I'm like oh my goodness +I've got a mutation oh it's fine CCC + + align:start position:0% +I've got a mutation oh it's fine CCC + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a mutation oh it's fine CCC +codes for prolene + + align:start position:0% +codes for prolene + + + align:start position:0% +codes for prolene +but CCA also codes for prolene so that's + + align:start position:0% +but CCA also codes for prolene so that's + + + align:start position:0% +but CCA also codes for prolene so that's +called a silent mutation okay there the + + align:start position:0% +called a silent mutation okay there the + + + align:start position:0% +called a silent mutation okay there the +last the last ones are the ones where we + + align:start position:0% +last the last ones are the ones where we + + + align:start position:0% +last the last ones are the ones where we +starts to encounter errors in DNA that + + align:start position:0% +starts to encounter errors in DNA that + + + align:start position:0% +starts to encounter errors in DNA that +results in errors in proteins that may + + align:start position:0% +results in errors in proteins that may + + + align:start position:0% +results in errors in proteins that may +cause genetically inherited diseases so + + align:start position:0% +cause genetically inherited diseases so + + + align:start position:0% +cause genetically inherited diseases so +let's take a look at that here + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at that here + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at that here +it's a missense mutation where we've got + + align:start position:0% +it's a missense mutation where we've got + + + align:start position:0% +it's a missense mutation where we've got +an error in the DNA which has resulted + + align:start position:0% +an error in the DNA which has resulted + + + align:start position:0% +an error in the DNA which has resulted +in an error in the messenger RNA so + + align:start position:0% +in an error in the messenger RNA so + + + align:start position:0% +in an error in the messenger RNA so +instead of valine instead of leucine + + align:start position:0% +instead of valine instead of leucine + + + align:start position:0% +instead of valine instead of leucine +we've put in valine that's not so bad + + align:start position:0% +we've put in valine that's not so bad + + + align:start position:0% +we've put in valine that's not so bad +because it's quite what we would call + + align:start position:0% +because it's quite what we would call + + + align:start position:0% +because it's quite what we would call +conservative they're sort of similar + + align:start position:0% +conservative they're sort of similar + + + align:start position:0% +conservative they're sort of similar +amino acids they have similar + + align:start position:0% +amino acids they have similar + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids they have similar +personalities so this is a missense + + align:start position:0% +personalities so this is a missense + + + align:start position:0% +personalities so this is a missense +mutation but it doesn't cause any + + align:start position:0% +mutation but it doesn't cause any + + + align:start position:0% +mutation but it doesn't cause any +dramatic changes probably in the D + + align:start position:0% +dramatic changes probably in the D + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic changes probably in the D +and then the last one I want to show you + + align:start position:0% +and then the last one I want to show you + + + align:start position:0% +and then the last one I want to show you +is a missense mutation that is non + + align:start position:0% +is a missense mutation that is non + + + align:start position:0% +is a missense mutation that is non +conservative and causes a serious defect + + align:start position:0% +conservative and causes a serious defect + + + align:start position:0% +conservative and causes a serious defect +and this takes you back to the beginning + + align:start position:0% +and this takes you back to the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +and this takes you back to the beginning +of the class where we put a mistake in + + align:start position:0% +of the class where we put a mistake in + + + align:start position:0% +of the class where we put a mistake in +the sequence where we've changed a + + align:start position:0% +the sequence where we've changed a + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence where we've changed a +glycine to an arginine that's a big + + align:start position:0% +glycine to an arginine that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +glycine to an arginine that's a big +change and I just want to remind you of + + align:start position:0% +change and I just want to remind you of + + + align:start position:0% +change and I just want to remind you of +the situation in hemoglobin where we had + + align:start position:0% +the situation in hemoglobin where we had + + + align:start position:0% +the situation in hemoglobin where we had +a missense mutation and we incorporated + + align:start position:0% +a missense mutation and we incorporated + + + align:start position:0% +a missense mutation and we incorporated +a valine instead of a glutamic acid just + + align:start position:0% +a valine instead of a glutamic acid just + + + align:start position:0% +a valine instead of a glutamic acid just +through one change in the DNA which made + + align:start position:0% +through one change in the DNA which made + + + align:start position:0% +through one change in the DNA which made +one change in the messenger which put a + + align:start position:0% +one change in the messenger which put a + + + align:start position:0% +one change in the messenger which put a +drastic change in the protein that + + align:start position:0% +drastic change in the protein that + + + align:start position:0% +drastic change in the protein that +caused sickle-cell anemia so missense + + align:start position:0% +caused sickle-cell anemia so missense + + + align:start position:0% +caused sickle-cell anemia so missense +mutations are where you put in the wrong + + align:start position:0% +mutations are where you put in the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +mutations are where you put in the wrong +amino acids and those are the ones where + + align:start position:0% +amino acids and those are the ones where + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids and those are the ones where +you end up in a lot of cases with + + align:start position:0% +you end up in a lot of cases with + + + align:start position:0% +you end up in a lot of cases with +inherited diseases nonsense mutations + + align:start position:0% +inherited diseases nonsense mutations + + + align:start position:0% +inherited diseases nonsense mutations +are not so bad because you probably just + + align:start position:0% +are not so bad because you probably just + + + align:start position:0% +are not so bad because you probably just +truncate the protein you don't nonsense + + align:start position:0% +truncate the protein you don't nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +truncate the protein you don't nonsense +mutations aren't so bad because you end + + align:start position:0% +mutations aren't so bad because you end + + + align:start position:0% +mutations aren't so bad because you end +up with a truncated protein which would + + align:start position:0% +up with a truncated protein which would + + + align:start position:0% +up with a truncated protein which would +be degraded the missense mutations are + + align:start position:0% +be degraded the missense mutations are + + + align:start position:0% +be degraded the missense mutations are +the more serious ones because you end up + + align:start position:0% +the more serious ones because you end up + + + align:start position:0% +the more serious ones because you end up +with a full-length protein that might + + align:start position:0% +with a full-length protein that might + + + align:start position:0% +with a full-length protein that might +have a mistake in it and then that would + + align:start position:0% +have a mistake in it and then that would + + + align:start position:0% +have a mistake in it and then that would +affect the function am I being clear + + align:start position:0% +affect the function am I being clear + + + align:start position:0% +affect the function am I being clear +enough to everyone yep good okay I am + + align:start position:0% +enough to everyone yep good okay I am + + + align:start position:0% +enough to everyone yep good okay I am +going to tell you that I'm handing over + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you that I'm handing over + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you that I'm handing over +the baton to my colleague Professor + + align:start position:0% +the baton to my colleague Professor + + + align:start position:0% +the baton to my colleague Professor +Martin he'll take over on Monday Mouse's + + align:start position:0% +Martin he'll take over on Monday Mouse's + + + align:start position:0% +Martin he'll take over on Monday Mouse's +pretty happy is it pretty excited about + + align:start position:0% +pretty happy is it pretty excited about + + + align:start position:0% +pretty happy is it pretty excited about +genetics and these will be the lectures + + align:start position:0% +genetics and these will be the lectures + + + align:start position:0% +genetics and these will be the lectures +that will occur in what you haven't seen + + align:start position:0% +that will occur in what you haven't seen + + + align:start position:0% +that will occur in what you haven't seen +him here he's keen on genetics yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +him here he's keen on genetics yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +him here he's keen on genetics yeah okay +and that's it don't forget my office + + align:start position:0% +and that's it don't forget my office + + + align:start position:0% +and that's it don't forget my office +hours on Monday if you need them I think + + align:start position:0% +hours on Monday if you need them I think + + + align:start position:0% +hours on Monday if you need them I think +this field is fascinating once you get + + align:start position:0% +this field is fascinating once you get + + + align:start position:0% +this field is fascinating once you get +used to the mechanics of it it's really + + align:start position:0% +used to the mechanics of it it's really + + + align:start position:0% +used to the mechanics of it it's really +cool to think of how you go from DNA to + + align:start position:0% +cool to think of how you go from DNA to + + + align:start position:0% +cool to think of how you go from DNA to +RNA to folded proteins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8o5Cmfpeo6g.txt b/8o5Cmfpeo6g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28304e05c46828e329bad2d924aa0b1793820ba6 --- /dev/null +++ b/8o5Cmfpeo6g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6824 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay this is uh lecture six in linear + + align:start position:0% +okay this is uh lecture six in linear + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is uh lecture six in linear +algebra and uh we're at the start of + + align:start position:0% +algebra and uh we're at the start of + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and uh we're at the start of +this new chapter chapter three in the + + align:start position:0% +this new chapter chapter three in the + + + align:start position:0% +this new chapter chapter three in the +text which is really getting to the + + align:start position:0% +text which is really getting to the + + + align:start position:0% +text which is really getting to the +center of linear algebra and uh I had + + align:start position:0% +center of linear algebra and uh I had + + + align:start position:0% +center of linear algebra and uh I had +time to make a first start on it at the + + align:start position:0% +time to make a first start on it at the + + + align:start position:0% +time to make a first start on it at the +end of lecture five but now is lecture + + align:start position:0% +end of lecture five but now is lecture + + + align:start position:0% +end of lecture five but now is lecture +six uh is officially the lecture on + + align:start position:0% +six uh is officially the lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +six uh is officially the lecture on +Vector spaces and + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces and + + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces and +subspaces and then especially there are + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and then especially there are + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and then especially there are +two ve two subspaces that we're + + align:start position:0% +two ve two subspaces that we're + + + align:start position:0% +two ve two subspaces that we're +specially interested in one is the + + align:start position:0% +specially interested in one is the + + + align:start position:0% +specially interested in one is the +column space of a matrix the other is + + align:start position:0% +column space of a matrix the other is + + + align:start position:0% +column space of a matrix the other is +the null space of the Matrix so I got to + + align:start position:0% +the null space of the Matrix so I got to + + + align:start position:0% +the null space of the Matrix so I got to +tell you what those are okay + + align:start position:0% +tell you what those are okay + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what those are okay +so first to remember from lecture + + align:start position:0% +so first to remember from lecture + + + align:start position:0% +so first to remember from lecture +five what is a vector space it's a bunch + + align:start position:0% +five what is a vector space it's a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +five what is a vector space it's a bunch +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +vectors that where I'm allowed where I + + align:start position:0% +vectors that where I'm allowed where I + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that where I'm allowed where I +can add I can add any two vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +can add I can add any two vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +can add I can add any two vectors in the +space and the answer it stays in the + + align:start position:0% +space and the answer it stays in the + + + align:start position:0% +space and the answer it stays in the +space or I can multiply any Vector in + + align:start position:0% +space or I can multiply any Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +space or I can multiply any Vector in +the space By Any constant and the result + + align:start position:0% +the space By Any constant and the result + + + align:start position:0% +the space By Any constant and the result +stays in the space + + align:start position:0% +stays in the space + + + align:start position:0% +stays in the space +so that's in fact if I combine those two + + align:start position:0% +so that's in fact if I combine those two + + + align:start position:0% +so that's in fact if I combine those two +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +one you can see that if I can add and I + + align:start position:0% +one you can see that if I can add and I + + + align:start position:0% +one you can see that if I can add and I +can multiply by by numbers that really + + align:start position:0% +can multiply by by numbers that really + + + align:start position:0% +can multiply by by numbers that really +means that I can take linear + + align:start position:0% +means that I can take linear + + + align:start position:0% +means that I can take linear +combinations so the quick way to say it + + align:start position:0% +combinations so the quick way to say it + + + align:start position:0% +combinations so the quick way to say it +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +all linear combinations C any multiple + + align:start position:0% +all linear combinations C any multiple + + + align:start position:0% +all linear combinations C any multiple +of V plus any multiple of w stay in the + + align:start position:0% +of V plus any multiple of w stay in the + + + align:start position:0% +of V plus any multiple of w stay in the +space so can I give you examples that + + align:start position:0% +space so can I give you examples that + + + align:start position:0% +space so can I give you examples that +our Vector spaces + + align:start position:0% +our Vector spaces + + + align:start position:0% +our Vector spaces +and also some examples that are not to + + align:start position:0% +and also some examples that are not to + + + align:start position:0% +and also some examples that are not to +to make that point clear so suppose I'm + + align:start position:0% +to make that point clear so suppose I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to make that point clear so suppose I'm +in uh three + + align:start position:0% +in uh three + + + align:start position:0% +in uh three +dimensions then uh one way to get us + + align:start position:0% +dimensions then uh one way to get us + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions then uh one way to get us +one uh one space is the whole + + align:start position:0% +one uh one space is the whole + + + align:start position:0% +one uh one space is the whole +three-dimensional space so the whole + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space so the whole +Space + + align:start position:0% +Space + + + align:start position:0% +Space +R3 threedimensional + + align:start position:0% +R3 threedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +R3 threedimensional +space would be a vector space because if + + align:start position:0% +space would be a vector space because if + + + align:start position:0% +space would be a vector space because if +I have a couple of vectors I can add + + align:start position:0% +I have a couple of vectors I can add + + + align:start position:0% +I have a couple of vectors I can add +them and I'm certainly okay and they + + align:start position:0% +them and I'm certainly okay and they + + + align:start position:0% +them and I'm certainly okay and they +follow all the + + align:start position:0% +follow all the + + + align:start position:0% +follow all the +rules so R3 is easy now I'm interested + + align:start position:0% +rules so R3 is easy now I'm interested + + + align:start position:0% +rules so R3 is easy now I'm interested +also in + + align:start position:0% +also in + + + align:start position:0% +also in +subspaces so there's this key word + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so there's this key word + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so there's this key word +subspaces that's a space of that's some + + align:start position:0% +subspaces that's a space of that's some + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces that's a space of that's some +vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors +inside the given space inside R3 that + + align:start position:0% +inside the given space inside R3 that + + + align:start position:0% +inside the given space inside R3 that +still make up a vector space of their of + + align:start position:0% +still make up a vector space of their of + + + align:start position:0% +still make up a vector space of their of +their own it's a vector space inside a + + align:start position:0% +their own it's a vector space inside a + + + align:start position:0% +their own it's a vector space inside a +vector space and the simplest example + + align:start position:0% +vector space and the simplest example + + + align:start position:0% +vector space and the simplest example +was a plane so like can I just sketch it + + align:start position:0% +was a plane so like can I just sketch it + + + align:start position:0% +was a plane so like can I just sketch it +there there is a plane it's got to go + + align:start position:0% +there there is a plane it's got to go + + + align:start position:0% +there there is a plane it's got to go +through the origin and of course it goes + + align:start position:0% +through the origin and of course it goes + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin and of course it goes +infinitely far that's a that's a + + align:start position:0% +infinitely far that's a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely far that's a that's a +Subspace now do you see that if I have + + align:start position:0% +Subspace now do you see that if I have + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace now do you see that if I have +two vectors on the plane and I add them + + align:start position:0% +two vectors on the plane and I add them + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors on the plane and I add them +the result stays in the plane if I take + + align:start position:0% +the result stays in the plane if I take + + + align:start position:0% +the result stays in the plane if I take +a vector in the plane and I multiply by + + align:start position:0% +a vector in the plane and I multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +a vector in the plane and I multiply by +min-2 I'm still in the plane so that + + align:start position:0% +min-2 I'm still in the plane so that + + + align:start position:0% +min-2 I'm still in the plane so that +plane is a Subspace so let me just make + + align:start position:0% +plane is a Subspace so let me just make + + + align:start position:0% +plane is a Subspace so let me just make +that point + + align:start position:0% +that point + + + align:start position:0% +that point +plane through + + align:start position:0% +plane through + + + align:start position:0% +plane through +zero through that 0 0 0 is a + + align:start position:0% +zero through that 0 0 0 is a + + + align:start position:0% +zero through that 0 0 0 is a +Subspace okay and + + align:start position:0% +Subspace okay and + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace okay and +also uh another Subspace would be a + + align:start position:0% +also uh another Subspace would be a + + + align:start position:0% +also uh another Subspace would be a +line a line through 0000 yeah the line + + align:start position:0% +line a line through 0000 yeah the line + + + align:start position:0% +line a line through 0000 yeah the line +has to go through the origin all + + align:start position:0% +has to go through the origin all + + + align:start position:0% +has to go through the origin all +subspaces have got to contain the origin + + align:start position:0% +subspaces have got to contain the origin + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces have got to contain the origin +contain zero the zero Vector so this + + align:start position:0% +contain zero the zero Vector so this + + + align:start position:0% +contain zero the zero Vector so this +line is a Subs line is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Subspace really if + + align:start position:0% +Subspace really if + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace really if +I if I want to say it really correctly I + + align:start position:0% +I if I want to say it really correctly I + + + align:start position:0% +I if I want to say it really correctly I +should say a Subspace of R3 that's I + + align:start position:0% +should say a Subspace of R3 that's I + + + align:start position:0% +should say a Subspace of R3 that's I +that of R3 was like understood there now + + align:start position:0% +that of R3 was like understood there now + + + align:start position:0% +that of R3 was like understood there now +so let me call this plane P and let me + + align:start position:0% +so let me call this plane P and let me + + + align:start position:0% +so let me call this plane P and let me +call this line L + + align:start position:0% +call this line L + + + align:start position:0% +call this line L +and let me ask you + + align:start position:0% +and let me ask you + + + align:start position:0% +and let me ask you +about other uh set + + align:start position:0% +about other uh set + + + align:start position:0% +about other uh set +other sets of vectors suppose I + + align:start position:0% +other sets of vectors suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +other sets of vectors suppose I +took yeah here here so here's a first + + align:start position:0% +took yeah here here so here's a first + + + align:start position:0% +took yeah here here so here's a first +question suppose I take two subspaces + + align:start position:0% +question suppose I take two subspaces + + + align:start position:0% +question suppose I take two subspaces +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +p&l and I just put them together take + + align:start position:0% +p&l and I just put them together take + + + align:start position:0% +p&l and I just put them together take +their Union take all the vectors so so + + align:start position:0% +their Union take all the vectors so so + + + align:start position:0% +their Union take all the vectors so so +now I you've got P and L in mind here so + + align:start position:0% +now I you've got P and L in mind here so + + + align:start position:0% +now I you've got P and L in mind here so +I have two + + align:start position:0% +I have two + + + align:start position:0% +I have two +subspaces I have two + + align:start position:0% +subspaces I have two + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces I have two +subspaces and for + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and for + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and for +example p a plane and L A Line okay now + + align:start position:0% +example p a plane and L A Line okay now + + + align:start position:0% +example p a plane and L A Line okay now +I want to ask you about the union of + + align:start position:0% +I want to ask you about the union of + + + align:start position:0% +I want to ask you about the union of +those so P Union L this is all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors +in P or l or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MO is that a + + align:start position:0% +MO is that a + + + align:start position:0% +MO is that a +Subspace is this a Subspace + + align:start position:0% +Subspace is this a Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace is this a Subspace +this is or is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not a + + align:start position:0% +not a + + + align:start position:0% +not a +Subspace because we I just want to be + + align:start position:0% +Subspace because we I just want to be + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace because we I just want to be +sure that I've got the central + + align:start position:0% +sure that I've got the central + + + align:start position:0% +sure that I've got the central +idea suppose I take the vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +idea suppose I take the vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +idea suppose I take the vectors in the +plane and also the vectors on that + + align:start position:0% +plane and also the vectors on that + + + align:start position:0% +plane and also the vectors on that +line put them together so I've got a + + align:start position:0% +line put them together so I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +line put them together so I've got a +bunch of vectors is it a Subspace can + + align:start position:0% +bunch of vectors is it a Subspace can + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of vectors is it a Subspace can +you give me like so the camera can hear + + align:start position:0% +you give me like so the camera can hear + + + align:start position:0% +you give me like so the camera can hear +it or maybe the tape can you say yes or + + align:start position:0% +it or maybe the tape can you say yes or + + + align:start position:0% +it or maybe the tape can you say yes or +no do I have a Subspace if I put if I + + align:start position:0% +no do I have a Subspace if I put if I + + + align:start position:0% +no do I have a Subspace if I put if I +take all the vectors on the plane plus + + align:start position:0% +take all the vectors on the plane plus + + + align:start position:0% +take all the vectors on the plane plus +all and all the ones on the line and + + align:start position:0% +all and all the ones on the line and + + + align:start position:0% +all and all the ones on the line and +just join them together but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +just join them together but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +just join them together but I'm not +taking this guy that's + + align:start position:0% +taking this guy that's + + + align:start position:0% +taking this guy that's +actually I'm not taking most of them + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm not taking most of them + + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm not taking most of them +because most vectors are not on the line + + align:start position:0% +because most vectors are not on the line + + + align:start position:0% +because most vectors are not on the line +or the plane they're off somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +or the plane they're off somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +or the plane they're off somewhere else +do I have a + + align:start position:0% +do I have a + + + align:start position:0% +do I have a +Subspace no right thank you no because + + align:start position:0% +Subspace no right thank you no because + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace no right thank you no because +why not because I can't add because if I + + align:start position:0% +why not because I can't add because if I + + + align:start position:0% +why not because I can't add because if I +that that requirement isn't satisfied if + + align:start position:0% +that that requirement isn't satisfied if + + + align:start position:0% +that that requirement isn't satisfied if +I take one vector like this guy and + + align:start position:0% +I take one vector like this guy and + + + align:start position:0% +I take one vector like this guy and +another Vector that happens to come from + + align:start position:0% +another Vector that happens to come from + + + align:start position:0% +another Vector that happens to come from +L and add I'm off somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +L and add I'm off somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +L and add I'm off somewhere else +you see that I that I've gone + + align:start position:0% +you see that I that I've gone + + + align:start position:0% +you see that I that I've gone +outside the union if I just add + + align:start position:0% +outside the union if I just add + + + align:start position:0% +outside the union if I just add +something from p and something from L uh + + align:start position:0% +something from p and something from L uh + + + align:start position:0% +something from p and something from L uh +then normally what'll happen is I'm + + align:start position:0% +then normally what'll happen is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +then normally what'll happen is I'm +outside the Union uh the and I don't + + align:start position:0% +outside the Union uh the and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +outside the Union uh the and I don't +have a Subspace so the correct answer is + + align:start position:0% +have a Subspace so the correct answer is + + + align:start position:0% +have a Subspace so the correct answer is +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +not okay now let me ask you about the + + align:start position:0% +not okay now let me ask you about the + + + align:start position:0% +not okay now let me ask you about the +other thing we do is take the + + align:start position:0% +other thing we do is take the + + + align:start position:0% +other thing we do is take the +intersection so what does intersection + + align:start position:0% +intersection so what does intersection + + + align:start position:0% +intersection so what does intersection +mean mean intersection means all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors that are in + + align:start position:0% +vectors that are in + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that are in +both P and + + align:start position:0% +both P and + + + align:start position:0% +both P and +L is this a + + align:start position:0% +L is this a + + + align:start position:0% +L is this a +Subspace yeah so I guess I want to go + + align:start position:0% +Subspace yeah so I guess I want to go + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace yeah so I guess I want to go +back up to the same question this is or + + align:start position:0% +back up to the same question this is or + + + align:start position:0% +back up to the same question this is or +is not a Subspace and you can answer me + + align:start position:0% +is not a Subspace and you can answer me + + + align:start position:0% +is not a Subspace and you can answer me +answer the question first for this + + align:start position:0% +answer the question first for this + + + align:start position:0% +answer the question first for this +particular example this picture I drew + + align:start position:0% +particular example this picture I drew + + + align:start position:0% +particular example this picture I drew +what's what is p intersect L for this + + align:start position:0% +what's what is p intersect L for this + + + align:start position:0% +what's what is p intersect L for this +case it's only + + align:start position:0% +case it's only + + + align:start position:0% +case it's only +zero at least sort of this was the + + align:start position:0% +zero at least sort of this was the + + + align:start position:0% +zero at least sort of this was the +artist's idea as he drew it that uh that + + align:start position:0% +artist's idea as he drew it that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +artist's idea as he drew it that uh that +that line L was not in the + + align:start position:0% +that line L was not in the + + + align:start position:0% +that line L was not in the +plane and uh went off somewhere else and + + align:start position:0% +plane and uh went off somewhere else and + + + align:start position:0% +plane and uh went off somewhere else and +then the only point that was in common + + align:start position:0% +then the only point that was in common + + + align:start position:0% +then the only point that was in common +was the zero Vector is the zero vector + + align:start position:0% +was the zero Vector is the zero vector + + + align:start position:0% +was the zero Vector is the zero vector +by itself a Subspace yes absolutely and + + align:start position:0% +by itself a Subspace yes absolutely and + + + align:start position:0% +by itself a Subspace yes absolutely and +what about uh uh if I if if I don't have + + align:start position:0% +what about uh uh if I if if I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +what about uh uh if I if if I don't have +this plane and this line but any + + align:start position:0% +this plane and this line but any + + + align:start position:0% +this plane and this line but any +Subspace and any other + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and any other + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and any other +Subspace so now can can I ask that + + align:start position:0% +Subspace so now can can I ask that + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace so now can can I ask that +question for any two + + align:start position:0% +question for any two + + + align:start position:0% +question for any two +subspaces so maybe I'll write it up + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so maybe I'll write it up + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so maybe I'll write it up +here if I'm strong enough okay so this + + align:start position:0% +here if I'm strong enough okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +here if I'm strong enough okay so this +is the general question I have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subspaces say + + align:start position:0% +subspaces say + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces say +S&T + + align:start position:0% +S&T + + + align:start position:0% +S&T +and I want to ask you about their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersection s intersect T and I want it + + align:start position:0% +intersection s intersect T and I want it + + + align:start position:0% +intersection s intersect T and I want it +is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Subspace do you see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why do you see why if I take the vectors + + align:start position:0% +why do you see why if I take the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +why do you see why if I take the vectors +that are in both one that are in both of + + align:start position:0% +that are in both one that are in both of + + + align:start position:0% +that are in both one that are in both of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +subspaces so that's like a smaller set + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so that's like a smaller set + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so that's like a smaller set +of vectors probably because it's we've + + align:start position:0% +of vectors probably because it's we've + + + align:start position:0% +of vectors probably because it's we've +added requirements it has to be in s and + + align:start position:0% +added requirements it has to be in s and + + + align:start position:0% +added requirements it has to be in s and +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +t how do I know that's a Subspace can we + + align:start position:0% +t how do I know that's a Subspace can we + + + align:start position:0% +t how do I know that's a Subspace can we +just think through that abstract stuff + + align:start position:0% +just think through that abstract stuff + + + align:start position:0% +just think through that abstract stuff +and then I get to the + + align:start position:0% +and then I get to the + + + align:start position:0% +and then I get to the +examples okay so why suppose I take a + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so why suppose I take a + + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so why suppose I take a +couple of vectors that are in the + + align:start position:0% +couple of vectors that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +couple of vectors that are in the +intersection why is the sum also in the + + align:start position:0% +intersection why is the sum also in the + + + align:start position:0% +intersection why is the sum also in the +intersection okay so let me give a name + + align:start position:0% +intersection okay so let me give a name + + + align:start position:0% +intersection okay so let me give a name +to these vectors say V and + + align:start position:0% +to these vectors say V and + + + align:start position:0% +to these vectors say V and +W they're in the intersection so that + + align:start position:0% +W they're in the intersection so that + + + align:start position:0% +W they're in the intersection so that +means they're both in + + align:start position:0% +means they're both in + + + align:start position:0% +means they're both in +s also means they're both in + + align:start position:0% +s also means they're both in + + + align:start position:0% +s also means they're both in +t so what can I say about v+ + + align:start position:0% +t so what can I say about v+ + + + align:start position:0% +t so what can I say about v+ +W is it in + + align:start position:0% +W is it in + + + align:start position:0% +W is it in +s yes right if if I take two vectors V + + align:start position:0% +s yes right if if I take two vectors V + + + align:start position:0% +s yes right if if I take two vectors V +and W that are both in s then the sum is + + align:start position:0% +and W that are both in s then the sum is + + + align:start position:0% +and W that are both in s then the sum is +in s because s was a + + align:start position:0% +in s because s was a + + + align:start position:0% +in s because s was a +Subspace and if they're both in T and I + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and if they're both in T and I + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and if they're both in T and I +add them then the result is also in in t + + align:start position:0% +add them then the result is also in in t + + + align:start position:0% +add them then the result is also in in t +because T was a Subspace so the + + align:start position:0% +because T was a Subspace so the + + + align:start position:0% +because T was a Subspace so the +result V + W is in the intersection it's + + align:start position:0% +result V + W is in the intersection it's + + + align:start position:0% +result V + W is in the intersection it's +in both and requirement one is + + align:start position:0% +in both and requirement one is + + + align:start position:0% +in both and requirement one is +satisfied requirement two is the same if + + align:start position:0% +satisfied requirement two is the same if + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied requirement two is the same if +I take a vector that's in both I + + align:start position:0% +I take a vector that's in both I + + + align:start position:0% +I take a vector that's in both I +multiply by seven 7even times that + + align:start position:0% +multiply by seven 7even times that + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by seven 7even times that +Vector is in s because the vector was in + + align:start position:0% +Vector is in s because the vector was in + + + align:start position:0% +Vector is in s because the vector was in +s seven times that Vector is in t + + align:start position:0% +s seven times that Vector is in t + + + align:start position:0% +s seven times that Vector is in t +because the the original one was in t so + + align:start position:0% +because the the original one was in t so + + + align:start position:0% +because the the original one was in t so +stimes that vector is in the + + align:start position:0% +stimes that vector is in the + + + align:start position:0% +stimes that vector is in the +intersection in other + + align:start position:0% +intersection in other + + + align:start position:0% +intersection in other +words when you take the intersection of + + align:start position:0% +words when you take the intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +words when you take the intersection of +two subspaces you get probably a smaller + + align:start position:0% +two subspaces you get probably a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +two subspaces you get probably a smaller +Subspace but it is a Subspace okay so + + align:start position:0% +Subspace but it is a Subspace okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace but it is a Subspace okay so +that's like sort + + align:start position:0% +that's like sort + + + align:start position:0% +that's like sort +of just emphasizing what these two + + align:start position:0% +of just emphasizing what these two + + + align:start position:0% +of just emphasizing what these two +requirements + + align:start position:0% +requirements + + + align:start position:0% +requirements +mean again to to to to let me Circle + + align:start position:0% +mean again to to to to let me Circle + + + align:start position:0% +mean again to to to to let me Circle +those because those are so important the + + align:start position:0% +those because those are so important the + + + align:start position:0% +those because those are so important the +the sum and the scalar multiplication + + align:start position:0% +the sum and the scalar multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +the sum and the scalar multiplication +which which combines into linear + + align:start position:0% +which which combines into linear + + + align:start position:0% +which which combines into linear +combinations that's what you have to do + + align:start position:0% +combinations that's what you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +combinations that's what you have to do +inside the Subspace okay on to the + + align:start position:0% +inside the Subspace okay on to the + + + align:start position:0% +inside the Subspace okay on to the +column + + align:start position:0% +column + + + align:start position:0% +column +space okay so my lecture last time + + align:start position:0% +space okay so my lecture last time + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so my lecture last time +started that and I want to continue it + + align:start position:0% +started that and I want to continue it + + + align:start position:0% +started that and I want to continue it +okay column space of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrix of a okay can I can I take an + + align:start position:0% +matrix of a okay can I can I take an + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of a okay can I can I take an +example say say 1 2 3 + + align:start position:0% +example say say 1 2 3 + + + align:start position:0% +example say say 1 2 3 +4 1 1 1 + + align:start position:0% +4 1 1 1 + + + align:start position:0% +4 1 1 1 +1 2 3 4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five + + align:start position:0% +five + + + align:start position:0% +five +okay that's my Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a so it's got columns three + + align:start position:0% +a so it's got columns three + + + align:start position:0% +a so it's got columns three +columns those columns are vectors so the + + align:start position:0% +columns those columns are vectors so the + + + align:start position:0% +columns those columns are vectors so the +columns so the column space of this a + + align:start position:0% +columns so the column space of this a + + + align:start position:0% +columns so the column space of this a +of this a let me let's stay with this + + align:start position:0% +of this a let me let's stay with this + + + align:start position:0% +of this a let me let's stay with this +example for a while the column space of + + align:start position:0% +example for a while the column space of + + + align:start position:0% +example for a while the column space of +this Matrix is a Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix is a Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix is a Subspace of +r r what so what space are we in if I'm + + align:start position:0% +r r what so what space are we in if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +r r what so what space are we in if I'm +looking at The Columns of this + + align:start position:0% +looking at The Columns of this + + + align:start position:0% +looking at The Columns of this +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +R4 right these These are vectors in R4 + + align:start position:0% +R4 right these These are vectors in R4 + + + align:start position:0% +R4 right these These are vectors in R4 +they're four-dimensional vectors so it + + align:start position:0% +they're four-dimensional vectors so it + + + align:start position:0% +they're four-dimensional vectors so it +say column space of a is uh is a + + align:start position:0% +say column space of a is uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +say column space of a is uh is a +Subspace + + align:start position:0% +Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace +of R4 + + align:start position:0% +of R4 + + + align:start position:0% +of R4 +here because a was 4 by a is a 4x3 + + align:start position:0% +here because a was 4 by a is a 4x3 + + + align:start position:0% +here because a was 4 by a is a 4x3 +matrix this tells me how many rows there + + align:start position:0% +matrix this tells me how many rows there + + + align:start position:0% +matrix this tells me how many rows there +are how many components in a column and + + align:start position:0% +are how many components in a column and + + + align:start position:0% +are how many components in a column and +so we're in R4 Okay now what's in that + + align:start position:0% +so we're in R4 Okay now what's in that + + + align:start position:0% +so we're in R4 Okay now what's in that +Subspace what's so the column space of a + + align:start position:0% +Subspace what's so the column space of a + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace what's so the column space of a +it's a Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +it's a Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a Subspace of +R4 I call it the column space of a like + + align:start position:0% +R4 I call it the column space of a like + + + align:start position:0% +R4 I call it the column space of a like +that so that's that's my little symbol + + align:start position:0% +that so that's that's my little symbol + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's that's my little symbol +for some Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +for some Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +for some Subspace of +R4 what's in R what's in that Subspace + + align:start position:0% +R4 what's in R what's in that Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +R4 what's in R what's in that Subspace +well that column certainly is 1 2 3 4 + + align:start position:0% +well that column certainly is 1 2 3 4 + + + align:start position:0% +well that column certainly is 1 2 3 4 +this column is in this column is in and + + align:start position:0% +this column is in this column is in and + + + align:start position:0% +this column is in this column is in and +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +else so it's got The Columns of a in it + + align:start position:0% +else so it's got The Columns of a in it + + + align:start position:0% +else so it's got The Columns of a in it +but that's not enough + + align:start position:0% +but that's not enough + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not enough +certainly right I don't have a Subspace + + align:start position:0% +certainly right I don't have a Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +certainly right I don't have a Subspace +if I just put in three vectors so how do + + align:start position:0% +if I just put in three vectors so how do + + + align:start position:0% +if I just put in three vectors so how do +I fill that out to be a Subspace I + + align:start position:0% +I fill that out to be a Subspace I + + + align:start position:0% +I fill that out to be a Subspace I +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +their linear + + align:start position:0% +their linear + + + align:start position:0% +their linear +combinations so the column space of a is + + align:start position:0% +combinations so the column space of a is + + + align:start position:0% +combinations so the column space of a is +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +combinations combinations of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colors and that does give me a Subspace + + align:start position:0% +colors and that does give me a Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +colors and that does give me a Subspace +it does give me a vector space because + + align:start position:0% +it does give me a vector space because + + + align:start position:0% +it does give me a vector space because +if I have one linear combination and I + + align:start position:0% +if I have one linear combination and I + + + align:start position:0% +if I have one linear combination and I +multiply by 11 I've got another lar + + align:start position:0% +multiply by 11 I've got another lar + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by 11 I've got another lar +combination if I have a linear + + align:start position:0% +combination if I have a linear + + + align:start position:0% +combination if I have a linear +combination I add to another linear + + align:start position:0% +combination I add to another linear + + + align:start position:0% +combination I add to another linear +combination I get a third + + align:start position:0% +combination I get a third + + + align:start position:0% +combination I get a third +combination so that this is like the + + align:start position:0% +combination so that this is like the + + + align:start position:0% +combination so that this is like the +smallest + + align:start position:0% +smallest + + + align:start position:0% +smallest +space like it it's got to have those + + align:start position:0% +space like it it's got to have those + + + align:start position:0% +space like it it's got to have those +three columns in it and it has to have + + align:start position:0% +three columns in it and it has to have + + + align:start position:0% +three columns in it and it has to have +their combinations and that's where we + + align:start position:0% +their combinations and that's where we + + + align:start position:0% +their combinations and that's where we +stop okay now I I'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +stop okay now I I'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +stop okay now I I'm going to be +interested in that + + align:start position:0% +interested in that + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that +space so like get some idea what's in + + align:start position:0% +space so like get some idea what's in + + + align:start position:0% +space so like get some idea what's in +that space how big is that space is that + + align:start position:0% +that space how big is that space is that + + + align:start position:0% +that space how big is that space is that +space the whole four dimensional + + align:start position:0% +space the whole four dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +space the whole four dimensional +space or is it a Subspace inside can you + + align:start position:0% +space or is it a Subspace inside can you + + + align:start position:0% +space or is it a Subspace inside can you +let me just see if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can I mean we can get a yes or no answer + + align:start position:0% +can I mean we can get a yes or no answer + + + align:start position:0% +can I mean we can get a yes or no answer +sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes +without without being ready for the + + align:start position:0% +without without being ready for the + + + align:start position:0% +without without being ready for the +complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proof what do you think is the Subspace + + align:start position:0% +proof what do you think is the Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +proof what do you think is the Subspace +that I'm talking about here the + + align:start position:0% +that I'm talking about here the + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm talking about here the +combinations of those three guys does + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those three guys does + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those three guys does +that fill the full four-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +that fill the full four-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +that fill the full four-dimensional +space maybe yes or no on that one no no + + align:start position:0% +space maybe yes or no on that one no no + + + align:start position:0% +space maybe yes or no on that one no no +somehow our feeling + + align:start position:0% +somehow our feeling + + + align:start position:0% +somehow our feeling +is and it happens to be right that if we + + align:start position:0% +is and it happens to be right that if we + + + align:start position:0% +is and it happens to be right that if we +start with three vectors and take their + + align:start position:0% +start with three vectors and take their + + + align:start position:0% +start with three vectors and take their +combinations we can't get the whole + + align:start position:0% +combinations we can't get the whole + + + align:start position:0% +combinations we can't get the whole +four-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional +Space uh + + align:start position:0% +Space uh + + + align:start position:0% +Space uh +now so somehow we get a smaller space + + align:start position:0% +now so somehow we get a smaller space + + + align:start position:0% +now so somehow we get a smaller space +but how much + + align:start position:0% +but how much + + + align:start position:0% +but how much +smaller uh that's okay that's going to + + align:start position:0% +smaller uh that's okay that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +smaller uh that's okay that's going to +come up here that's not so immediate + + align:start position:0% +come up here that's not so immediate + + + align:start position:0% +come up here that's not so immediate +uh let me let me uh first make this + + align:start position:0% +uh let me let me uh first make this + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me let me uh first make this +critical connection + + align:start position:0% +critical connection + + + align:start position:0% +critical connection +with with um linear equations because + + align:start position:0% +with with um linear equations because + + + align:start position:0% +with with um linear equations because +behind our abstract definition we have a + + align:start position:0% +behind our abstract definition we have a + + + align:start position:0% +behind our abstract definition we have a +purpose and that is to understand ax + + align:start position:0% +purpose and that is to understand ax + + + align:start position:0% +purpose and that is to understand ax +equal B so suppose I make the + + align:start position:0% +equal B so suppose I make the + + + align:start position:0% +equal B so suppose I make the +connection + + align:start position:0% +connection + + + align:start position:0% +connection +does + + align:start position:0% +does + + + align:start position:0% +does +axal B + + align:start position:0% +axal B + + + align:start position:0% +axal B +always have have a solution for every + + align:start position:0% +always have have a solution for every + + + align:start position:0% +always have have a solution for every +B have a have + + align:start position:0% +B have a have + + + align:start position:0% +B have a have +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution for every right hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side I guess that's going to be a yes or + + align:start position:0% +side I guess that's going to be a yes or + + + align:start position:0% +side I guess that's going to be a yes or +no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question and then I'm going to ask which + + align:start position:0% +question and then I'm going to ask which + + + align:start position:0% +question and then I'm going to ask which +right hand sides are okay + + align:start position:0% +right hand sides are okay + + + align:start position:0% +right hand sides are okay +that that's really the question I'm + + align:start position:0% +that that's really the question I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that that's really the question I'm +after is which right hand sides + + align:start position:0% +after is which right hand sides + + + align:start position:0% +after is which right hand sides +B do make a you can see from the way I'm + + align:start position:0% +B do make a you can see from the way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +B do make a you can see from the way I'm +speaking what's the answer to this + + align:start position:0% +speaking what's the answer to this + + + align:start position:0% +speaking what's the answer to this +question as it is the answer is + + align:start position:0% +question as it is the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +question as it is the answer is +no ax equal B does not have a solution + + align:start position:0% +no ax equal B does not have a solution + + + align:start position:0% +no ax equal B does not have a solution +for every + + align:start position:0% +for every + + + align:start position:0% +for every +B why why do you say why do I say + + align:start position:0% +B why why do you say why do I say + + + align:start position:0% +B why why do you say why do I say +no because ax equal B is it's really + + align:start position:0% +no because ax equal B is it's really + + + align:start position:0% +no because ax equal B is it's really +this is like this is four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations and only three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unknowns right X is let me let let me + + align:start position:0% +unknowns right X is let me let let me + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns right X is let me let let me +let me write out that whole what the + + align:start position:0% +let me write out that whole what the + + + align:start position:0% +let me write out that whole what the +whole thing looks + + align:start position:0% +whole thing looks + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing looks +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah let me write out ax equal B ax + + align:start position:0% +yeah let me write out ax equal B ax + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let me write out ax equal B ax +is these columns are 1 2 3 4 1 one one 1 + + align:start position:0% +is these columns are 1 2 3 4 1 one one 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is these columns are 1 2 3 4 1 one one 1 +and 2 3 4 + + align:start position:0% +and 2 3 4 + + + align:start position:0% +and 2 3 4 +5 then X of course has three components + + align:start position:0% +5 then X of course has three components + + + align:start position:0% +5 then X of course has three components +X1 X2 X3 and I'm trying to get + + align:start position:0% +X1 X2 X3 and I'm trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +X1 X2 X3 and I'm trying to get +the hit the right right hand side B1 B2 + + align:start position:0% +the hit the right right hand side B1 B2 + + + align:start position:0% +the hit the right right hand side B1 B2 +B3 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B4 so my first point is I can't always + + align:start position:0% +B4 so my first point is I can't always + + + align:start position:0% +B4 so my first point is I can't always +do it + + align:start position:0% +do it + + + align:start position:0% +do it +in a way that just says again what you + + align:start position:0% +in a way that just says again what you + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that just says again what you +told me five minutes + + align:start position:0% +told me five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +told me five minutes +ago that the + + align:start position:0% +ago that the + + + align:start position:0% +ago that the +combinations of these columns don't fill + + align:start position:0% +combinations of these columns don't fill + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of these columns don't fill +the whole four-dimensional Space there's + + align:start position:0% +the whole four-dimensional Space there's + + + align:start position:0% +the whole four-dimensional Space there's +going to be some vectors b a lot of + + align:start position:0% +going to be some vectors b a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some vectors b a lot of +vectors B that are not combinations of + + align:start position:0% +vectors B that are not combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors B that are not combinations of +those of these three + + align:start position:0% +those of these three + + + align:start position:0% +those of these three +columns because the combinations of + + align:start position:0% +columns because the combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +columns because the combinations of +those columns are like going to be just + + align:start position:0% +those columns are like going to be just + + + align:start position:0% +those columns are like going to be just +a little plane or something inside + + align:start position:0% +a little plane or something inside + + + align:start position:0% +a little plane or something inside +inside + + align:start position:0% +inside + + + align:start position:0% +inside +R4 now so and you see that I do have + + align:start position:0% +R4 now so and you see that I do have + + + align:start position:0% +R4 now so and you see that I do have +four equations and only three unknowns + + align:start position:0% +four equations and only three unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +four equations and only three unknowns +so like anybody is going to say no you + + align:start position:0% +so like anybody is going to say no you + + + align:start position:0% +so like anybody is going to say no you +dope you can't usually solve four + + align:start position:0% +dope you can't usually solve four + + + align:start position:0% +dope you can't usually solve four +equations with only three unknowns but + + align:start position:0% +equations with only three unknowns but + + + align:start position:0% +equations with only three unknowns but +now I want to + + align:start position:0% +now I want to + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to +say sometimes you can for some right + + align:start position:0% +say sometimes you can for some right + + + align:start position:0% +say sometimes you can for some right +hand sides I can solve + + align:start position:0% +hand sides I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +hand sides I can solve +this so that's the that's the bunch of + + align:start position:0% +this so that's the that's the bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +this so that's the that's the bunch of +right hand sides that I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +right hand sides that I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +right hand sides that I'm interested in +right now which right hand + + align:start position:0% +right now which right hand + + + align:start position:0% +right now which right hand +sides allow me to solve this this is the + + align:start position:0% +sides allow me to solve this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +sides allow me to solve this this is the +question for today it's going to have + + align:start position:0% +question for today it's going to have + + + align:start position:0% +question for today it's going to have +like a nice clear + + align:start position:0% +like a nice clear + + + align:start position:0% +like a nice clear +answer so my my question is that so my + + align:start position:0% +answer so my my question is that so my + + + align:start position:0% +answer so my my question is that so my +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +which B's which vectors B allow + + align:start position:0% +which B's which vectors B allow + + + align:start position:0% +which B's which vectors B allow +me allow this system to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solved + + align:start position:0% +solved + + + align:start position:0% +solved +and I I want to ask you so that's + + align:start position:0% +and I I want to ask you so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and I I want to ask you so that's +like gets two question marks to indicate + + align:start position:0% +like gets two question marks to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +like gets two question marks to indicate +that's this is the important question + + align:start position:0% +that's this is the important question + + + align:start position:0% +that's this is the important question +okay first before we give a give a total + + align:start position:0% +okay first before we give a give a total + + + align:start position:0% +okay first before we give a give a total +answer give me just a partial + + align:start position:0% +answer give me just a partial + + + align:start position:0% +answer give me just a partial +answer tell me one right hand side that + + align:start position:0% +answer tell me one right hand side that + + + align:start position:0% +answer tell me one right hand side that +I know I can solve this thing for so all + + align:start position:0% +I know I can solve this thing for so all + + + align:start position:0% +I know I can solve this thing for so all +zeros okay that's the like guaranteed if + + align:start position:0% +zeros okay that's the like guaranteed if + + + align:start position:0% +zeros okay that's the like guaranteed if +B's were all zero then I know I can + + align:start position:0% +B's were all zero then I know I can + + + align:start position:0% +B's were all zero then I know I can +solve it let the X's all be zero no + + align:start position:0% +solve it let the X's all be zero no + + + align:start position:0% +solve it let the X's all be zero no +problem okay + + align:start position:0% +problem okay + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay +so that's that's always okay ax equals z + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's always okay ax equals z + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's always okay ax equals z +i can always solve now tell me another + + align:start position:0% +i can always solve now tell me another + + + align:start position:0% +i can always solve now tell me another +right hand side just a specific set of + + align:start position:0% +right hand side just a specific set of + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side just a specific set of +numbers for which I can solve + + align:start position:0% +numbers for which I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +numbers for which I can solve +this this these three these four + + align:start position:0% +this this these three these four + + + align:start position:0% +this this these three these four +equations with only three unknowns but + + align:start position:0% +equations with only three unknowns but + + + align:start position:0% +equations with only three unknowns but +if you give me the a good right hand + + align:start position:0% +if you give me the a good right hand + + + align:start position:0% +if you give me the a good right hand +side I can do it so tell me + + align:start position:0% +side I can do it so tell me + + + align:start position:0% +side I can do it so tell me +one 1 2 3 + + align:start position:0% +one 1 2 3 + + + align:start position:0% +one 1 2 3 +4 if I can I solve is this a is that a + + align:start position:0% +4 if I can I solve is this a is that a + + + align:start position:0% +4 if I can I solve is this a is that a +good right hand + + align:start position:0% +good right hand + + + align:start position:0% +good right hand +side can you solve can you find a + + align:start position:0% +side can you solve can you find a + + + align:start position:0% +side can you solve can you find a +solution that X1 + X2 + 2 X3 is 1 2 X1 + + + align:start position:0% +solution that X1 + X2 + 2 X3 is 1 2 X1 + + + + align:start position:0% +solution that X1 + X2 + 2 X3 is 1 2 X1 + +X2 + 3x3 is 2 and two more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations so I'm asking you to solve in + + align:start position:0% +equations so I'm asking you to solve in + + + align:start position:0% +equations so I'm asking you to solve in +your head in within 5 + + align:start position:0% +your head in within 5 + + + align:start position:0% +your head in within 5 +Seconds uh four equations and three + + align:start position:0% +Seconds uh four equations and three + + + align:start position:0% +Seconds uh four equations and three +unknowns but you can do it because the + + align:start position:0% +unknowns but you can do it because the + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns but you can do it because the +right hand side is + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is +like showing up here it's it's it's one + + align:start position:0% +like showing up here it's it's it's one + + + align:start position:0% +like showing up here it's it's it's one +of the columns so tell me what's the x + + align:start position:0% +of the columns so tell me what's the x + + + align:start position:0% +of the columns so tell me what's the x +that does solve + + align:start position:0% +that does solve + + + align:start position:0% +that does solve +it one 0 one 0 0 solves + + align:start position:0% +it one 0 one 0 0 solves + + + align:start position:0% +it one 0 one 0 0 solves +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +because well you can multiply this out + + align:start position:0% +because well you can multiply this out + + + align:start position:0% +because well you can multiply this out +by rows but oh God it's much nicer to + + align:start position:0% +by rows but oh God it's much nicer to + + + align:start position:0% +by rows but oh God it's much nicer to +say okay this is one of this column zero + + align:start position:0% +say okay this is one of this column zero + + + align:start position:0% +say okay this is one of this column zero +of this zero of this so it's one of that + + align:start position:0% +of this zero of this so it's one of that + + + align:start position:0% +of this zero of this so it's one of that +column which is exactly what we + + align:start position:0% +column which is exactly what we + + + align:start position:0% +column which is exactly what we +wanted okay so there is a b that's + + align:start position:0% +wanted okay so there is a b that's + + + align:start position:0% +wanted okay so there is a b that's +okay now tell me another B that's okay + + align:start position:0% +okay now tell me another B that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay now tell me another B that's okay +another right hand side that would be + + align:start position:0% +another right hand side that would be + + + align:start position:0% +another right hand side that would be +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right well all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ones + + align:start position:0% +ones + + + align:start position:0% +ones +actually and then what's the solution in + + align:start position:0% +actually and then what's the solution in + + + align:start position:0% +actually and then what's the solution in +that case 0 one0 + + align:start position:0% +that case 0 one0 + + + align:start position:0% +that case 0 one0 +thanks + + align:start position:0% +thanks + + + align:start position:0% +thanks +and in fact it's much like one way to do + + align:start position:0% +and in fact it's much like one way to do + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact it's much like one way to do +it is think of a solution first right + + align:start position:0% +it is think of a solution first right + + + align:start position:0% +it is think of a solution first right +and then just see + + align:start position:0% +and then just see + + + align:start position:0% +and then just see +what B turns out to + + align:start position:0% +what B turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +what B turns out to +be what B turns out to be right okay uh + + align:start position:0% +be what B turns out to be right okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +be what B turns out to be right okay uh +so I think of a solution so I think of + + align:start position:0% +so I think of a solution so I think of + + + align:start position:0% +so I think of a solution so I think of +an X I think of any X1 X2 X3 I do this + + align:start position:0% +an X I think of any X1 X2 X3 I do this + + + align:start position:0% +an X I think of any X1 X2 X3 I do this +multiplication and what have I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got where now now I'm ready to answer + + align:start position:0% +got where now now I'm ready to answer + + + align:start position:0% +got where now now I'm ready to answer +the big + + align:start position:0% +the big + + + align:start position:0% +the big +question I can solve axal B exactly when + + align:start position:0% +question I can solve axal B exactly when + + + align:start position:0% +question I can solve axal B exactly when +the right hand side B is a vector + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side B is a vector + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side B is a vector +in the column space good I can solve + + align:start position:0% +in the column space good I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +in the column space good I can solve +axal B B when B is a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +axal B B when B is a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +axal B B when B is a combination of the +columns when it's in the column space so + + align:start position:0% +columns when it's in the column space so + + + align:start position:0% +columns when it's in the column space so +let me write that answer + + align:start position:0% +let me write that answer + + + align:start position:0% +let me write that answer +down I can I can + + align:start position:0% +down I can I can + + + align:start position:0% +down I can I can +solve axal B exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when B is in the column + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space let me just say again why that + + align:start position:0% +space let me just say again why that + + + align:start position:0% +space let me just say again why that +is because it the column Space by its + + align:start position:0% +is because it the column Space by its + + + align:start position:0% +is because it the column Space by its +definition contains all the combinations + + align:start position:0% +definition contains all the combinations + + + align:start position:0% +definition contains all the combinations +it contains all the + + align:start position:0% +it contains all the + + + align:start position:0% +it contains all the +AXS the column space really consists of + + align:start position:0% +AXS the column space really consists of + + + align:start position:0% +AXS the column space really consists of +all vectors A * n + + align:start position:0% +all vectors A * n + + + align:start position:0% +all vectors A * n +x so that's those are the B's that I can + + align:start position:0% +x so that's those are the B's that I can + + + align:start position:0% +x so that's those are the B's that I can +deal + + align:start position:0% +deal + + + align:start position:0% +deal +with if B is a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +with if B is a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +with if B is a combination of the +columns then that combination tells me + + align:start position:0% +columns then that combination tells me + + + align:start position:0% +columns then that combination tells me +what x should + + align:start position:0% +what x should + + + align:start position:0% +what x should +be if B is not a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +be if B is not a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +be if B is not a combination of the +columns then there is no X there's no + + align:start position:0% +columns then there is no X there's no + + + align:start position:0% +columns then there is no X there's no +way to solve ax equal B + + align:start position:0% +way to solve ax equal B + + + align:start position:0% +way to solve ax equal B +okay so the column Space is really the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the column Space is really the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the column Space is really the +that's that's really why we're + + align:start position:0% +that's that's really why we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's really why we're +interested in this column space because + + align:start position:0% +interested in this column space because + + + align:start position:0% +interested in this column space because +it's the central guy it says when we can + + align:start position:0% +it's the central guy it says when we can + + + align:start position:0% +it's the central guy it says when we can +solve and and + + align:start position:0% +solve and and + + + align:start position:0% +solve and and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so we got to understand this column + + align:start position:0% +so we got to understand this column + + + align:start position:0% +so we got to understand this column +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better let's see do I do I want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think yeah + + align:start position:0% +think yeah + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah +somehow oh well let's just as long as + + align:start position:0% +somehow oh well let's just as long as + + + align:start position:0% +somehow oh well let's just as long as +we've got it here what do I get for this + + align:start position:0% +we've got it here what do I get for this + + + align:start position:0% +we've got it here what do I get for this +particular example if I take + + align:start position:0% +particular example if I take + + + align:start position:0% +particular example if I take +combinations of this and this and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I I'll tell you the question that's + + align:start position:0% +this I I'll tell you the question that's + + + align:start position:0% +this I I'll tell you the question that's +in my + + align:start position:0% +in my + + + align:start position:0% +in my +mind it's it's not even proper to use + + align:start position:0% +mind it's it's not even proper to use + + + align:start position:0% +mind it's it's not even proper to use +this word yet but you'll know what it + + align:start position:0% +this word yet but you'll know what it + + + align:start position:0% +this word yet but you'll know what it +means are those three columns + + align:start position:0% +means are those three columns + + + align:start position:0% +means are those three columns +independent if I take the combinations + + align:start position:0% +independent if I take the combinations + + + align:start position:0% +independent if I take the combinations +of the three columns does it does each + + align:start position:0% +of the three columns does it does each + + + align:start position:0% +of the three columns does it does each +column contribute something + + align:start position:0% +column contribute something + + + align:start position:0% +column contribute something +new or not so that if I take the + + align:start position:0% +new or not so that if I take the + + + align:start position:0% +new or not so that if I take the +combinations of those three columns do I + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those three columns do I + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those three columns do I +like get some three-dimensional Subspace + + align:start position:0% +like get some three-dimensional Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +like get some three-dimensional Subspace +do I have three vectors that are like + + align:start position:0% +do I have three vectors that are like + + + align:start position:0% +do I have three vectors that are like +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +know independent whatever that + + align:start position:0% +know independent whatever that + + + align:start position:0% +know independent whatever that +means or do I do a or do or does is one + + align:start position:0% +means or do I do a or do or does is one + + + align:start position:0% +means or do I do a or do or does is one +of those columns like contributing + + align:start position:0% +of those columns like contributing + + + align:start position:0% +of those columns like contributing +nothing new so that actually only two of + + align:start position:0% +nothing new so that actually only two of + + + align:start position:0% +nothing new so that actually only two of +The Columns would have given the same + + align:start position:0% +The Columns would have given the same + + + align:start position:0% +The Columns would have given the same +column space yeah that's a good way to + + align:start position:0% +column space yeah that's a good way to + + + align:start position:0% +column space yeah that's a good way to +ask the question finally I think of it + + align:start position:0% +ask the question finally I think of it + + + align:start position:0% +ask the question finally I think of it +can I throw away any + + align:start position:0% +can I throw away any + + + align:start position:0% +can I throw away any +columns and have the same column space + + align:start position:0% +columns and have the same column space + + + align:start position:0% +columns and have the same column space +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +and which one do you suggest I throw + + align:start position:0% +and which one do you suggest I throw + + + align:start position:0% +and which one do you suggest I throw +away well three is the natural like guy + + align:start position:0% +away well three is the natural like guy + + + align:start position:0% +away well three is the natural like guy +to Target so if I and why + + align:start position:0% +to Target so if I and why + + + align:start position:0% +to Target so if I and why +because what what did you what's so bad + + align:start position:0% +because what what did you what's so bad + + + align:start position:0% +because what what did you what's so bad +about three here column three it's it's + + align:start position:0% +about three here column three it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +about three here column three it's it's +the sum of these right so it's not if + + align:start position:0% +the sum of these right so it's not if + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of these right so it's not if +I'm taking if I have combinations of + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking if I have combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking if I have combinations of +these two and I put in this one actually + + align:start position:0% +these two and I put in this one actually + + + align:start position:0% +these two and I put in this one actually +I don't get anything more so later on I + + align:start position:0% +I don't get anything more so later on I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't get anything more so later on I +will call these pivot + + align:start position:0% +will call these pivot + + + align:start position:0% +will call these pivot +columns and the third guy will not be a + + align:start position:0% +columns and the third guy will not be a + + + align:start position:0% +columns and the third guy will not be a +pivot column in this with that with + + align:start position:0% +pivot column in this with that with + + + align:start position:0% +pivot column in this with that with +those numbers now actually but honesty + + align:start position:0% +those numbers now actually but honesty + + + align:start position:0% +those numbers now actually but honesty +makes me ask you this question could I + + align:start position:0% +makes me ask you this question could I + + + align:start position:0% +makes me ask you this question could I +have thrown away column + + align:start position:0% +have thrown away column + + + align:start position:0% +have thrown away column +one yes I could I + + align:start position:0% +one yes I could I + + + align:start position:0% +one yes I could I +could so when I'd say pivot columns my + + align:start position:0% +could so when I'd say pivot columns my + + + align:start position:0% +could so when I'd say pivot columns my +convention is okay I'll keep the first + + align:start position:0% +convention is okay I'll keep the first + + + align:start position:0% +convention is okay I'll keep the first +ones as long as they're not dependent so + + align:start position:0% +ones as long as they're not dependent so + + + align:start position:0% +ones as long as they're not dependent so +like keep this guy he's fine he's Al + + align:start position:0% +like keep this guy he's fine he's Al + + + align:start position:0% +like keep this guy he's fine he's Al +line I keep the second guy it's in a + + align:start position:0% +line I keep the second guy it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +line I keep the second guy it's in a +second Direction but the third one which + + align:start position:0% +second Direction but the third one which + + + align:start position:0% +second Direction but the third one which +is in the same plane as the first two + + align:start position:0% +is in the same plane as the first two + + + align:start position:0% +is in the same plane as the first two +gives me nothing new it's dependent in + + align:start position:0% +gives me nothing new it's dependent in + + + align:start position:0% +gives me nothing new it's dependent in +the in the language that we will use and + + align:start position:0% +the in the language that we will use and + + + align:start position:0% +the in the language that we will use and +I don't need it + + align:start position:0% +I don't need it + + + align:start position:0% +I don't need it +okay so I would describe the column + + align:start position:0% +okay so I would describe the column + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I would describe the column +space of this Matrix as a + + align:start position:0% +space of this Matrix as a + + + align:start position:0% +space of this Matrix as a +two-dimensional Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional Subspace of +R4 a two-dimensional Subspace of R4 okay + + align:start position:0% +R4 a two-dimensional Subspace of R4 okay + + + align:start position:0% +R4 a two-dimensional Subspace of R4 okay +so you're seeing how these Vector spaces + + align:start position:0% +so you're seeing how these Vector spaces + + + align:start position:0% +so you're seeing how these Vector spaces +work and you you're seeing that we some + + align:start position:0% +work and you you're seeing that we some + + + align:start position:0% +work and you you're seeing that we some +idea of dependence or Independence is is + + align:start position:0% +idea of dependence or Independence is is + + + align:start position:0% +idea of dependence or Independence is is +in our future okay now I want to speak + + align:start position:0% +in our future okay now I want to speak + + + align:start position:0% +in our future okay now I want to speak +about another Vector space the null + + align:start position:0% +about another Vector space the null + + + align:start position:0% +about another Vector space the null +space so again I'm getting a little + + align:start position:0% +space so again I'm getting a little + + + align:start position:0% +space so again I'm getting a little +ahead because it's in section 3.2 but + + align:start position:0% +ahead because it's in section 3.2 but + + + align:start position:0% +ahead because it's in section 3.2 but +that's okay all right now so I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +that's okay all right now so I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay all right now so I'm I'm +ready for the null + + align:start position:0% +ready for the null + + + align:start position:0% +ready for the null +space let me keep the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix and this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and this is going to be a +different totally different Subspace + + align:start position:0% +different totally different Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +different totally different Subspace +totally different + + align:start position:0% +totally different + + + align:start position:0% +totally different +okay now so let me make space for now + + align:start position:0% +okay now so let me make space for now + + + align:start position:0% +okay now so let me make space for now +here here comes a completely different + + align:start position:0% +here here comes a completely different + + + align:start position:0% +here here comes a completely different +Subspace the null + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it it + + align:start position:0% +it it + + + align:start position:0% +it it +contains not right hand sides + + align:start position:0% +contains not right hand sides + + + align:start position:0% +contains not right hand sides +B it contains + + align:start position:0% +B it contains + + + align:start position:0% +B it contains +X's it contains all X's that solve this + + align:start position:0% +X's it contains all X's that solve this + + + align:start position:0% +X's it contains all X's that solve this +word null is going to I mean that's the + + align:start position:0% +word null is going to I mean that's the + + + align:start position:0% +word null is going to I mean that's the +key word here meaning zero so this + + align:start position:0% +key word here meaning zero so this + + + align:start position:0% +key word here meaning zero so this +contains this is all + + align:start position:0% +contains this is all + + + align:start position:0% +contains this is all +solutions + + align:start position:0% +solutions + + + align:start position:0% +solutions +X and of course X's our vectors X1 X2 + + align:start position:0% +X and of course X's our vectors X1 X2 + + + align:start position:0% +X and of course X's our vectors X1 X2 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +X3 to the equation a x = + + align:start position:0% +X3 to the equation a x = + + + align:start position:0% +X3 to the equation a x = +z well four + + align:start position:0% +z well four + + + align:start position:0% +z well four +equations because we got so you see what + + align:start position:0% +equations because we got so you see what + + + align:start position:0% +equations because we got so you see what +I'm doing I'm now saying okay columns + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing I'm now saying okay columns + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing I'm now saying okay columns +were great the column space we + + align:start position:0% +were great the column space we + + + align:start position:0% +were great the column space we +understood now I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +understood now I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +understood now I'm interested in +X's I'm not the only B I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +X's I'm not the only B I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +X's I'm not the only B I'm interested in +now is the B of all zeros the right hand + + align:start position:0% +now is the B of all zeros the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +now is the B of all zeros the right hand +side is now + + align:start position:0% +side is now + + + align:start position:0% +side is now +zero and I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Solutions X's so where is this null + + align:start position:0% +Solutions X's so where is this null + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions X's so where is this null +space for for this + + align:start position:0% +space for for this + + + align:start position:0% +space for for this +example these X's are have three + + align:start position:0% +example these X's are have three + + + align:start position:0% +example these X's are have three +components so the null space is a + + align:start position:0% +components so the null space is a + + + align:start position:0% +components so the null space is a +Subspace we still have to show it is a + + align:start position:0% +Subspace we still have to show it is a + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace we still have to show it is a +Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace of +R + + align:start position:0% +R + + + align:start position:0% +R +three so this is and and we will show so + + align:start position:0% +three so this is and and we will show so + + + align:start position:0% +three so this is and and we will show so +these these vectors X this is + + align:start position:0% +these these vectors X this is + + + align:start position:0% +these these vectors X this is +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R3 where the column space was in R4 in + + align:start position:0% +R3 where the column space was in R4 in + + + align:start position:0% +R3 where the column space was in R4 in +our example in in for an M byn Matrix + + align:start position:0% +our example in in for an M byn Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +our example in in for an M byn Matrix +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +M and this is + + align:start position:0% +M and this is + + + align:start position:0% +M and this is +m because the number of columns n tells + + align:start position:0% +m because the number of columns n tells + + + align:start position:0% +m because the number of columns n tells +me how many unknowns how many X's + + align:start position:0% +me how many unknowns how many X's + + + align:start position:0% +me how many unknowns how many X's +multiply those columns so it tells me + + align:start position:0% +multiply those columns so it tells me + + + align:start position:0% +multiply those columns so it tells me +the big space in this case R3 that I'm + + align:start position:0% +the big space in this case R3 that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the big space in this case R3 that I'm +in now tell me why don't we figure out + + align:start position:0% +in now tell me why don't we figure out + + + align:start position:0% +in now tell me why don't we figure out +what the null space is for this + + align:start position:0% +what the null space is for this + + + align:start position:0% +what the null space is for this +example uh just by looking at it I mean + + align:start position:0% +example uh just by looking at it I mean + + + align:start position:0% +example uh just by looking at it I mean +that's the beauty of small + + align:start position:0% +that's the beauty of small + + + align:start position:0% +that's the beauty of small +examples that my official way to find + + align:start position:0% +examples that my official way to find + + + align:start position:0% +examples that my official way to find +null space + + align:start position:0% +null space + + + align:start position:0% +null space +and column spaces and and and get all + + align:start position:0% +and column spaces and and and get all + + + align:start position:0% +and column spaces and and and get all +the facts straight would be elimination + + align:start position:0% +the facts straight would be elimination + + + align:start position:0% +the facts straight would be elimination +and we'll do that but with a small + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do that but with a small + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do that but with a small +example we can see see what's going on + + align:start position:0% +example we can see see what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +example we can see see what's going on +without going through the mechanics of + + align:start position:0% +without going through the mechanics of + + + align:start position:0% +without going through the mechanics of +elimination so so this null + + align:start position:0% +elimination so so this null + + + align:start position:0% +elimination so so this null +space so I'm talking about the again the + + align:start position:0% +space so I'm talking about the again the + + + align:start position:0% +space so I'm talking about the again the +null space and let me copy Again The + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 1 one one and 2 3 4 + + align:start position:0% +Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 1 one one and 2 3 4 + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 1 one one and 2 3 4 +5 what's in the null space so I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +5 what's in the null space so I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +5 what's in the null space so I'm I'm +taking a * + + align:start position:0% +taking a * + + + align:start position:0% +taking a * +X so let me I'm me write it again and I + + align:start position:0% +X so let me I'm me write it again and I + + + align:start position:0% +X so let me I'm me write it again and I +want you to + + align:start position:0% +want you to + + + align:start position:0% +want you to +solve those four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations in fact I want you to find all + + align:start position:0% +equations in fact I want you to find all + + + align:start position:0% +equations in fact I want you to find all +solutions to those four + + align:start position:0% +solutions to those four + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to those four +equations well actually first of all + + align:start position:0% +equations well actually first of all + + + align:start position:0% +equations well actually first of all +find one I why should I ask you for all + + align:start position:0% +find one I why should I ask you for all + + + align:start position:0% +find one I why should I ask you for all +of them tell me one well tell me one + + align:start position:0% +of them tell me one well tell me one + + + align:start position:0% +of them tell me one well tell me one +solution that you you don't even have to + + align:start position:0% +solution that you you don't even have to + + + align:start position:0% +solution that you you don't even have to +have to look at the Matrix to know one + + align:start position:0% +have to look at the Matrix to know one + + + align:start position:0% +have to look at the Matrix to know one +solution to this set of equations it + + align:start position:0% +solution to this set of equations it + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this set of equations it +is zero Vector whatever that Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +is zero Vector whatever that Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +is zero Vector whatever that Matrix is +it's null space contains zero because a + + align:start position:0% +it's null space contains zero because a + + + align:start position:0% +it's null space contains zero because a +times the zero Vector sure gives the + + align:start position:0% +times the zero Vector sure gives the + + + align:start position:0% +times the zero Vector sure gives the +zero right hand side so the null space + + align:start position:0% +zero right hand side so the null space + + + align:start position:0% +zero right hand side so the null space +certainly contains + + align:start position:0% +certainly contains + + + align:start position:0% +certainly contains +zero so it's got a chance to be a vector + + align:start position:0% +zero so it's got a chance to be a vector + + + align:start position:0% +zero so it's got a chance to be a vector +space now and it and it will turn out it + + align:start position:0% +space now and it and it will turn out it + + + align:start position:0% +space now and it and it will turn out it +is okay tell me the tell me another + + align:start position:0% +is okay tell me the tell me another + + + align:start position:0% +is okay tell me the tell me another +solution so this particular null space + + align:start position:0% +solution so this particular null space + + + align:start position:0% +solution so this particular null space +and of course I'm going to call it n of + + align:start position:0% +and of course I'm going to call it n of + + + align:start position:0% +and of course I'm going to call it n of +a for null + + align:start position:0% +a for null + + + align:start position:0% +a for null +space this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contains well we've already located the + + align:start position:0% +contains well we've already located the + + + align:start position:0% +contains well we've already located the +zero vector and now you're going to tell + + align:start position:0% +zero vector and now you're going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +zero vector and now you're going to tell +me another Vector that's in the null + + align:start position:0% +me another Vector that's in the null + + + align:start position:0% +me another Vector that's in the null +space another solution another X another + + align:start position:0% +space another solution another X another + + + align:start position:0% +space another solution another X another +you see what I'm asking you for is a + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm asking you for is a + + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm asking you for is a +combination of those columns that's what + + align:start position:0% +combination of those columns that's what + + + align:start position:0% +combination of those columns that's what +I'm I'm always looking at combinations + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm always looking at combinations + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm always looking at combinations +of columns but now I'm looking at the + + align:start position:0% +of columns but now I'm looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +of columns but now I'm looking at the +X the the the the the weights the + + align:start position:0% +X the the the the the weights the + + + align:start position:0% +X the the the the the weights the +coefficients in the combination so tell + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in the combination so tell + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in the combination so tell +me a good set of numbers to put in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there one + + align:start position:0% +there one + + + align:start position:0% +there one +one one one minus one + + align:start position:0% +one one one minus one + + + align:start position:0% +one one one minus one +thanks 1 one minus one so there's a + + align:start position:0% +thanks 1 one minus one so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +thanks 1 one minus one so there's a +vector that's in it + + align:start position:0% +vector that's in it + + + align:start position:0% +vector that's in it +okay but have I got a Subspace at this + + align:start position:0% +okay but have I got a Subspace at this + + + align:start position:0% +okay but have I got a Subspace at this +point certainly not right I got just a + + align:start position:0% +point certainly not right I got just a + + + align:start position:0% +point certainly not right I got just a +couple of vectors no way they make a + + align:start position:0% +couple of vectors no way they make a + + + align:start position:0% +couple of vectors no way they make a +Subspace tell me actually why don't I + + align:start position:0% +Subspace tell me actually why don't I + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace tell me actually why don't I +jump the whole way now tell + + align:start position:0% +jump the whole way now tell + + + align:start position:0% +jump the whole way now tell +me well tell me one more + + align:start position:0% +me well tell me one more + + + align:start position:0% +me well tell me one more +Solution One More X that would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work 22 + + align:start position:0% +work 22 + + + align:start position:0% +work 22 +-2 oh well tell me all of them that + + align:start position:0% +-2 oh well tell me all of them that + + + align:start position:0% +-2 oh well tell me all of them that +would have been easier tell me the whole + + align:start position:0% +would have been easier tell me the whole + + + align:start position:0% +would have been easier tell me the whole +lot now what what is the null space for + + align:start position:0% +lot now what what is the null space for + + + align:start position:0% +lot now what what is the null space for +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +matrix it's all vectors of the form so + + align:start position:0% +matrix it's all vectors of the form so + + + align:start position:0% +matrix it's all vectors of the form so +what what could what could this be it + + align:start position:0% +what what could what could this be it + + + align:start position:0% +what what could what could this be it +could be 1 one minus one it could be any + + align:start position:0% +could be 1 one minus one it could be any + + + align:start position:0% +could be 1 one minus one it could be any +it could be any number + + align:start position:0% +it could be any number + + + align:start position:0% +it could be any number +c any number the same number again + + align:start position:0% +c any number the same number again + + + align:start position:0% +c any number the same number again +and minus C in other words + + align:start position:0% +and minus C in other words + + + align:start position:0% +and minus C in other words +actually and any multiple of this guy oh + + align:start position:0% +actually and any multiple of this guy oh + + + align:start position:0% +actually and any multiple of this guy oh +that's that's the perfect description + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the perfect description + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the perfect description +because now the zero vectors + + align:start position:0% +because now the zero vectors + + + align:start position:0% +because now the zero vectors +automatically included because C could + + align:start position:0% +automatically included because C could + + + align:start position:0% +automatically included because C could +be zero the vector I had is included cuz + + align:start position:0% +be zero the vector I had is included cuz + + + align:start position:0% +be zero the vector I had is included cuz +C could be one but now any vector and + + align:start position:0% +C could be one but now any vector and + + + align:start position:0% +C could be one but now any vector and +that's actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it and do I have a do I have a + + align:start position:0% +it and do I have a do I have a + + + align:start position:0% +it and do I have a do I have a +Subspace and what does it look like it's + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and what does it look like it's + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and what does it look like it's +in so what what how would you describe + + align:start position:0% +in so what what how would you describe + + + align:start position:0% +in so what what how would you describe +this the null space this all these + + align:start position:0% +this the null space this all these + + + align:start position:0% +this the null space this all these +vectors of this form c c minus C like 7 + + align:start position:0% +vectors of this form c c minus C like 7 + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of this form c c minus C like 7 +7 - + + align:start position:0% +7 - + + + align:start position:0% +7 - +7 - 11 - 11 + 11 what have I got + + align:start position:0% +7 - 11 - 11 + 11 what have I got + + + align:start position:0% +7 - 11 - 11 + 11 what have I got +here if it describe that whole null + + align:start position:0% +here if it describe that whole null + + + align:start position:0% +here if it describe that whole null +space what if I drew + + align:start position:0% +space what if I drew + + + align:start position:0% +space what if I drew +it what do I + + align:start position:0% +it what do I + + + align:start position:0% +it what do I +draw a line right the null space is a + + align:start position:0% +draw a line right the null space is a + + + align:start position:0% +draw a line right the null space is a +line it's the line through it's it's in + + align:start position:0% +line it's the line through it's it's in + + + align:start position:0% +line it's the line through it's it's in +R3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the vector 1 one1 maybe goes down + + align:start position:0% +and the vector 1 one1 maybe goes down + + + align:start position:0% +and the vector 1 one1 maybe goes down +here I don't know where it goes they + + align:start position:0% +here I don't know where it goes they + + + align:start position:0% +here I don't know where it goes they +down here there's the vector 1 one1 that + + align:start position:0% +down here there's the vector 1 one1 that + + + align:start position:0% +down here there's the vector 1 one1 that +you gave + + align:start position:0% +you gave + + + align:start position:0% +you gave +me and where is the vector c c c it's on + + align:start position:0% +me and where is the vector c c c it's on + + + align:start position:0% +me and where is the vector c c c it's on +this line of course there's 0 0 that we + + align:start position:0% +this line of course there's 0 0 that we + + + align:start position:0% +this line of course there's 0 0 that we +had and what we've got is that whole + + align:start position:0% +had and what we've got is that whole + + + align:start position:0% +had and what we've got is that whole +whoops that whole line going both ways + + align:start position:0% +whoops that whole line going both ways + + + align:start position:0% +whoops that whole line going both ways +through the origin + + align:start position:0% +through the origin + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin +the null space is a line in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R3 + + align:start position:0% +R3 + + + align:start position:0% +R3 +okay for that example we we could find + + align:start position:0% +okay for that example we we could find + + + align:start position:0% +okay for that example we we could find +all the combinations of the columns that + + align:start position:0% +all the combinations of the columns that + + + align:start position:0% +all the combinations of the columns that +gave zero at site now can I just take + + align:start position:0% +gave zero at site now can I just take + + + align:start position:0% +gave zero at site now can I just take +one more time to go back to the + + align:start position:0% +one more time to go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +one more time to go back to the +definition of + + align:start position:0% +definition of + + + align:start position:0% +definition of +Subspace Vector space + + align:start position:0% +Subspace Vector space + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace Vector space +and ask you to why how do I know that + + align:start position:0% +and ask you to why how do I know that + + + align:start position:0% +and ask you to why how do I know that +the null space is a vector space how am + + align:start position:0% +the null space is a vector space how am + + + align:start position:0% +the null space is a vector space how am +I entitled to use this word space I'll + + align:start position:0% +I entitled to use this word space I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I entitled to use this word space I'll +never use that word space without + + align:start position:0% +never use that word space without + + + align:start position:0% +never use that word space without +meaning that the two requirements are + + align:start position:0% +meaning that the two requirements are + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that the two requirements are +satisfied can we just check that they + + align:start position:0% +satisfied can we just check that they + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied can we just check that they +are so I'm going to check that look can + + align:start position:0% +are so I'm going to check that look can + + + align:start position:0% +are so I'm going to check that look can +I just continue here check + + align:start position:0% +I just continue here check + + + align:start position:0% +I just continue here check +that that the solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to ax = 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +give a + + align:start position:0% +give a + + + align:start position:0% +give a +Subspace and the course the keyword + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and the course the keyword + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and the course the keyword +is that space so what do I have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +check what I have to show that if I have + + align:start position:0% +check what I have to show that if I have + + + align:start position:0% +check what I have to show that if I have +one solution call it X and another + + align:start position:0% +one solution call it X and another + + + align:start position:0% +one solution call it X and another +solution call it + + align:start position:0% +solution call it + + + align:start position:0% +solution call it +xar that their sum is also a solution + + align:start position:0% +xar that their sum is also a solution + + + align:start position:0% +xar that their sum is also a solution +right that's the that's a requirement to + + align:start position:0% +right that's the that's a requirement to + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the that's a requirement to +use that word space I have to say I have + + align:start position:0% +use that word space I have to say I have + + + align:start position:0% +use that word space I have to say I have +to convince myself that if ax is + + align:start position:0% +to convince myself that if ax is + + + align:start position:0% +to convince myself that if ax is +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +and also an ax star is zero or maybe I + + align:start position:0% +and also an ax star is zero or maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +and also an ax star is zero or maybe I +should have said if AV is zero and a w + + align:start position:0% +should have said if AV is zero and a w + + + align:start position:0% +should have said if AV is zero and a w +is zero then and what about V + W so I + + align:start position:0% +is zero then and what about V + W so I + + + align:start position:0% +is zero then and what about V + W so I +let me use those letters if a v is zero + + align:start position:0% +let me use those letters if a v is zero + + + align:start position:0% +let me use those letters if a v is zero +and a w is + + align:start position:0% +and a w is + + + align:start position:0% +and a w is +zero then what then what is it what's + + align:start position:0% +zero then what then what is it what's + + + align:start position:0% +zero then what then what is it what's +the if that and that then what's my + + align:start position:0% +the if that and that then what's my + + + align:start position:0% +the if that and that then what's my +point here that a * V + W must + + align:start position:0% +point here that a * V + W must + + + align:start position:0% +point here that a * V + W must +be zero that says that if V is in the n + + align:start position:0% +be zero that says that if V is in the n + + + align:start position:0% +be zero that says that if V is in the n +space and W is in the null space then + + align:start position:0% +space and W is in the null space then + + + align:start position:0% +space and W is in the null space then +there some V plus W is in the null space + + align:start position:0% +there some V plus W is in the null space + + + align:start position:0% +there some V plus W is in the null space +and of course now that I've written it + + align:start position:0% +and of course now that I've written it + + + align:start position:0% +and of course now that I've written it +down it's totally absurd ridiculously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +because matrix multiplication allows me + + align:start position:0% +because matrix multiplication allows me + + + align:start position:0% +because matrix multiplication allows me +to separate that out into AV plus a + + align:start position:0% +to separate that out into AV plus a + + + align:start position:0% +to separate that out into AV plus a +w i shouldn't say absurdly simple that + + align:start position:0% +w i shouldn't say absurdly simple that + + + align:start position:0% +w i shouldn't say absurdly simple that +was a dumb thing to say we've used here + + align:start position:0% +was a dumb thing to say we've used here + + + align:start position:0% +was a dumb thing to say we've used here +a base basic law of matrix + + align:start position:0% +a base basic law of matrix + + + align:start position:0% +a base basic law of matrix +multiplication actually we've used it + + align:start position:0% +multiplication actually we've used it + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication actually we've used it +without proving it but that's okay we + + align:start position:0% +without proving it but that's okay we + + + align:start position:0% +without proving it but that's okay we +only live so long and just skip that + + align:start position:0% +only live so long and just skip that + + + align:start position:0% +only live so long and just skip that +proof uh I think it's called the + + align:start position:0% +proof uh I think it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +proof uh I think it's called the +distributive law that I can split these + + align:start position:0% +distributive law that I can split these + + + align:start position:0% +distributive law that I can split these +split this into two pieces but but now + + align:start position:0% +split this into two pieces but but now + + + align:start position:0% +split this into two pieces but but now +you see the point that that AV is zero + + align:start position:0% +you see the point that that AV is zero + + + align:start position:0% +you see the point that that AV is zero +and a w is z so I have 0 plus 0 and I do + + align:start position:0% +and a w is z so I have 0 plus 0 and I do + + + align:start position:0% +and a w is z so I have 0 plus 0 and I do +get zero it + + align:start position:0% +get zero it + + + align:start position:0% +get zero it +checks and similarly I have to to show + + align:start position:0% +checks and similarly I have to to show + + + align:start position:0% +checks and similarly I have to to show +that if AV is zero then a * any multiple + + align:start position:0% +that if AV is zero then a * any multiple + + + align:start position:0% +that if AV is zero then a * any multiple +say 12 V is also zero and how do I know + + align:start position:0% +say 12 V is also zero and how do I know + + + align:start position:0% +say 12 V is also zero and how do I know +that because I'm allowed to bring that + + align:start position:0% +that because I'm allowed to bring that + + + align:start position:0% +that because I'm allowed to bring that +12 outside a number a scaler can move + + align:start position:0% +12 outside a number a scaler can move + + + align:start position:0% +12 outside a number a scaler can move +outside so I have 12 AVS 12 zeros I have + + align:start position:0% +outside so I have 12 AVS 12 zeros I have + + + align:start position:0% +outside so I have 12 AVS 12 zeros I have +zero that's check to okay just + + align:start position:0% +zero that's check to okay just + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's check to okay just +to it it's really critical to understand + + align:start position:0% +to it it's really critical to understand + + + align:start position:0% +to it it's really critical to understand +the oh yeah here under what am I what I + + align:start position:0% +the oh yeah here under what am I what I + + + align:start position:0% +the oh yeah here under what am I what I +was going to say understand what's the + + align:start position:0% +was going to say understand what's the + + + align:start position:0% +was going to say understand what's the +point of a vector space let me make that + + align:start position:0% +point of a vector space let me make that + + + align:start position:0% +point of a vector space let me make that +point by changing the right hand + + align:start position:0% +point by changing the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +point by changing the right hand +side oops okay let me change the right + + align:start position:0% +side oops okay let me change the right + + + align:start position:0% +side oops okay let me change the right +hand side to 1 two 3 4 oh okay why don't + + align:start position:0% +hand side to 1 two 3 4 oh okay why don't + + + align:start position:0% +hand side to 1 two 3 4 oh okay why don't +we do all of linear algebra in one + + align:start position:0% +we do all of linear algebra in one + + + align:start position:0% +we do all of linear algebra in one +lecture then we we okay I would like to + + align:start position:0% +lecture then we we okay I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture then we we okay I would like to +know solutions to this + + align:start position:0% +know solutions to this + + + align:start position:0% +know solutions to this +equation to those four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations so I have four equations I + + align:start position:0% +equations so I have four equations I + + + align:start position:0% +equations so I have four equations I +have only three unknowns so if I don't + + align:start position:0% +have only three unknowns so if I don't + + + align:start position:0% +have only three unknowns so if I don't +have a pretty special right hand side + + align:start position:0% +have a pretty special right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +have a pretty special right hand side +there won't be any solution at all but + + align:start position:0% +there won't be any solution at all but + + + align:start position:0% +there won't be any solution at all but +that is a very special right hand + + align:start position:0% +that is a very special right hand + + + align:start position:0% +that is a very special right hand +side and we know that there is a + + align:start position:0% +side and we know that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +side and we know that there is a +solution one were there any more + + align:start position:0% +solution one were there any more + + + align:start position:0% +solution one were there any more +solutions and did they form a vector + + align:start position:0% +solutions and did they form a vector + + + align:start position:0% +solutions and did they form a vector +space okay so I'm asking two questions + + align:start position:0% +space okay so I'm asking two questions + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so I'm asking two questions +there one is do so my right hand side + + align:start position:0% +there one is do so my right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +there one is do so my right hand side +now is not zero anymore I'm not looking + + align:start position:0% +now is not zero anymore I'm not looking + + + align:start position:0% +now is not zero anymore I'm not looking +at the null space because I I changed + + align:start position:0% +at the null space because I I changed + + + align:start position:0% +at the null space because I I changed +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +zeros so my first question is do the + + align:start position:0% +zeros so my first question is do the + + + align:start position:0% +zeros so my first question is do the +solutions if there are any and there are + + align:start position:0% +solutions if there are any and there are + + + align:start position:0% +solutions if there are any and there are +do they form a + + align:start position:0% +do they form a + + + align:start position:0% +do they form a +Subspace let's answer that question + + align:start position:0% +Subspace let's answer that question + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace let's answer that question +first yes or no do I get a + + align:start position:0% +first yes or no do I get a + + + align:start position:0% +first yes or no do I get a +Subspace if I look at at the solutions + + align:start position:0% +Subspace if I look at at the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace if I look at at the solutions +to let me let me go back to X1 X2 + + align:start position:0% +to let me let me go back to X1 X2 + + + align:start position:0% +to let me let me go back to X1 X2 +X3 I'm looking at all the X's at all + + align:start position:0% +X3 I'm looking at all the X's at all + + + align:start position:0% +X3 I'm looking at all the X's at all +those vectors in R3 that solve axal B + + align:start position:0% +those vectors in R3 that solve axal B + + + align:start position:0% +those vectors in R3 that solve axal B +the only thing I've changed is B isn't + + align:start position:0% +the only thing I've changed is B isn't + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing I've changed is B isn't +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anymore do the X's the solutions form a + + align:start position:0% +anymore do the X's the solutions form a + + + align:start position:0% +anymore do the X's the solutions form a +vector space no they don't they + + align:start position:0% +vector space no they don't they + + + align:start position:0% +vector space no they don't they +absolutely don't why what's an easy way + + align:start position:0% +absolutely don't why what's an easy way + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely don't why what's an easy way +to see that I don't have a the solutions + + align:start position:0% +to see that I don't have a the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +to see that I don't have a the solutions +to this do not form a + + align:start position:0% +to this do not form a + + + align:start position:0% +to this do not form a +Subspace the solutions don't because + + align:start position:0% +Subspace the solutions don't because + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace the solutions don't because +what how shall I see that the zero + + align:start position:0% +what how shall I see that the zero + + + align:start position:0% +what how shall I see that the zero +Vector is not a solution so I never even + + align:start position:0% +Vector is not a solution so I never even + + + align:start position:0% +Vector is not a solution so I never even +got started the zero Vector doesn't + + align:start position:0% +got started the zero Vector doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +got started the zero Vector doesn't +solve this system I can't the solutions + + align:start position:0% +solve this system I can't the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +solve this system I can't the solutions +can't be a vector + + align:start position:0% +can't be a vector + + + align:start position:0% +can't be a vector +SP + + align:start position:0% +SP + + + align:start position:0% +SP +now what are they like well we'll see + + align:start position:0% +now what are they like well we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +now what are they like well we'll see +this but let's do it for this example so + + align:start position:0% +this but let's do it for this example so + + + align:start position:0% +this but let's do it for this example so +one 0 was a + + align:start position:0% +one 0 was a + + + align:start position:0% +one 0 was a +solution you saw that right away are + + align:start position:0% +solution you saw that right away are + + + align:start position:0% +solution you saw that right away are +there any other Solutions can you tell + + align:start position:0% +there any other Solutions can you tell + + + align:start position:0% +there any other Solutions can you tell +me a a second solution to this system of + + align:start position:0% +me a a second solution to this system of + + + align:start position:0% +me a a second solution to this system of +equations 0 ne1 1 boy that's + + align:start position:0% +equations 0 ne1 1 boy that's + + + align:start position:0% +equations 0 ne1 1 boy that's + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1 yes because that says I take minus + + align:start position:0% +1 yes because that says I take minus + + + align:start position:0% +1 yes because that says I take minus +this column plus this one and sure + + align:start position:0% +this column plus this one and sure + + + align:start position:0% +this column plus this one and sure +enough that's + + align:start position:0% +enough that's + + + align:start position:0% +enough that's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so there are there's a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +so there are there's a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +so there are there's a bunch of +solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here but they're not a Subspace I'll + + align:start position:0% +here but they're not a Subspace I'll + + + align:start position:0% +here but they're not a Subspace I'll +tell you what it's like it's like a + + align:start position:0% +tell you what it's like it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what it's like it's like a +plane that doesn't go through the origin + + align:start position:0% +plane that doesn't go through the origin + + + align:start position:0% +plane that doesn't go through the origin +or a line that doesn't go through the + + align:start position:0% +or a line that doesn't go through the + + + align:start position:0% +or a line that doesn't go through the +origin maybe in this case it's a line + + align:start position:0% +origin maybe in this case it's a line + + + align:start position:0% +origin maybe in this case it's a line +that doesn't go through the origin if I + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't go through the origin if I + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't go through the origin if I +graph the solutions to ax equal B so you + + align:start position:0% +graph the solutions to ax equal B so you + + + align:start position:0% +graph the solutions to ax equal B so you +I I think you've got the idea subspaces + + align:start position:0% +I I think you've got the idea subspaces + + + align:start position:0% +I I think you've got the idea subspaces +have to go through the origin if I'm + + align:start position:0% +have to go through the origin if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have to go through the origin if I'm +looking at X's then they better solve ax + + align:start position:0% +looking at X's then they better solve ax + + + align:start position:0% +looking at X's then they better solve ax +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +z in a way I've got my two subspaces + + align:start position:0% +z in a way I've got my two subspaces + + + align:start position:0% +z in a way I've got my two subspaces +that I talking about today + + align:start position:0% +that I talking about today + + + align:start position:0% +that I talking about today +are kind of the two ways I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +are kind of the two ways I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of the two ways I can tell you +what a sub about a about a + + align:start position:0% +what a sub about a about a + + + align:start position:0% +what a sub about a about a +Subspace if I want to tell you about the + + align:start position:0% +Subspace if I want to tell you about the + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace if I want to tell you about the +column space I tell you a few columns + + align:start position:0% +column space I tell you a few columns + + + align:start position:0% +column space I tell you a few columns +and I say take their combinations like I + + align:start position:0% +and I say take their combinations like I + + + align:start position:0% +and I say take their combinations like I +build up this Subspace I put in a few + + align:start position:0% +build up this Subspace I put in a few + + + align:start position:0% +build up this Subspace I put in a few +vectors their combinations make a + + align:start position:0% +vectors their combinations make a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors their combinations make a +Subspace now when I went to let me come + + align:start position:0% +Subspace now when I went to let me come + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace now when I went to let me come +back to the one that is a Subspace + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here here when I talked about the null + + align:start position:0% +here here when I talked about the null + + + align:start position:0% +here here when I talked about the null +space I didn't tell you what's in it we + + align:start position:0% +space I didn't tell you what's in it we + + + align:start position:0% +space I didn't tell you what's in it we +had to figure out what was in it what I + + align:start position:0% +had to figure out what was in it what I + + + align:start position:0% +had to figure out what was in it what I +told you was the equations that I'm that + + align:start position:0% +told you was the equations that I'm that + + + align:start position:0% +told you was the equations that I'm that +has to be satisfied you see those like + + align:start position:0% +has to be satisfied you see those like + + + align:start position:0% +has to be satisfied you see those like +those are the two natural ways to tell + + align:start position:0% +those are the two natural ways to tell + + + align:start position:0% +those are the two natural ways to tell +you what's what's in this what's in a + + align:start position:0% +you what's what's in this what's in a + + + align:start position:0% +you what's what's in this what's in a +Subspace I can either give you a few + + align:start position:0% +Subspace I can either give you a few + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace I can either give you a few +vectors and say fill it out take + + align:start position:0% +vectors and say fill it out take + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and say fill it out take +combinations or I can give you a system + + align:start position:0% +combinations or I can give you a system + + + align:start position:0% +combinations or I can give you a system +of equations the requirements that the + + align:start position:0% +of equations the requirements that the + + + align:start position:0% +of equations the requirements that the +X's have to + + align:start position:0% +X's have to + + + align:start position:0% +X's have to +satisfy and both of those ways produce + + align:start position:0% +satisfy and both of those ways produce + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy and both of those ways produce +subspaces and they're the important ways + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and they're the important ways + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and they're the important ways +to construct + + align:start position:0% +to construct + + + align:start position:0% +to construct +Subspace okay so today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +Subspace okay so today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace okay so today's lecture +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +got uh the essentials of + + align:start position:0% +got uh the essentials of + + + align:start position:0% +got uh the essentials of +3.2 the idea of the null space now we + + align:start position:0% +3.2 the idea of the null space now we + + + align:start position:0% +3.2 the idea of the null space now we +have to tackle Wednesday the job of how + + align:start position:0% +have to tackle Wednesday the job of how + + + align:start position:0% +have to tackle Wednesday the job of how +do we actually get hold of that Subspace + + align:start position:0% +do we actually get hold of that Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +do we actually get hold of that Subspace +in an example that's bigger and we can't + + align:start position:0% +in an example that's bigger and we can't + + + align:start position:0% +in an example that's bigger and we can't +see it just by ey okay see you Wednesday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/8rAQBnhbjms.txt b/8rAQBnhbjms.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5456f298114f3072d20d904df2875c53dea748a --- /dev/null +++ b/8rAQBnhbjms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3009 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, last time we +were talking about uncertainty. + +We gave a picture +for uncertainty-- + +it was a neat picture, I +think of the uncertainty, + +refer to the uncertainty +measuring an operator + +A that was a Hermitian operator. + +And that uncertainty +depended on the state + +that you were measuring. + +If the state was +an eigenstate of A, + +there would be no uncertainty. + +If the state is not +an eigenstate of A, + +there was an uncertainty. + +And this uncertainty +was defined as the norm + +of A minus the expectation +value of A acting on psi. + +So that was our +definition of uncertainty. + +And it had nice properties. + +In fact, it was zero if +and only if the state was + +an eigenstate of the operator. + +We proved a couple +of things as well-- + +that, in particular, one +that is kind of practical + +is that delta A of psi +squared is the expectation + +value of A squared on the +state psi minus the expectation + +value of A on the +state psi squared. + +So that was also proven, +which, since this number is + +greater than or equal to 0, this +is greater than or equal to 0. + +And in particular, the +expectation value of A squared + +is bigger than the +expectation of A squared. + +So let's do a trivial +example for a computation. + +Suppose somebody tells +you in an example + +that the spin is in +an eigenstate of Sz. + +So the state psi it's what we +called the plus state, or the z + +plus state. + +And you want to know what +is uncertainty delta of Sx. + +So you know if you're +in an eigenstate of z, + +you are not in an +eigenstate of x-- in fact, + +you're in a superposition +of two eigenstates of Sx. + +Therefore, there should +be some uncertainty here. + +And the question is, what is +the quickest way in which you + +compute this uncertainty, +and how much is it? + +So many times, the simplest way +is to just use this formula. + +So let's do that. + +So what is the expectation +value of Sx in that state? + +So it's Sx expectation +value would + +be given by Sx on this thing. + +Now, actually, it's +relatively clear + +to see that this expectation +value is going to be 0, + +because Sx really +in the state plus + +is equal amplitude to be +Sx equal plus h bar over 2, + +or minus h bar over 2. + +But suppose you +don't remember that. + +In order to compute +this, it may come + +handy to recall the matrix +presentation of Sx, which + +you don't need to know by heart. + +So this state plus +is the first state, + +and the basis state +is the state 1 0. + +And then we have Sx on plus +is equal to h bar over 2 0 + +1 1 0, acting on 1 0. + +Zero and that's equal +to h bar over 2. + +The first thing gives you 0, +and the second one gives you 1. + +So that's, in fact, equal to h +bar over 2, the state of minus. + +So here you go to h +bar over 2 plus minus, + +and you know plus and minus are +orthogonal, so 0 is expected. + +Well, are we going to +get zero uncertainty? + +No, because Sx +squared, however, does + +have some expectation value. + +So what is the expectation +value of Sx squared? + +Well, there's an advantage here. + +You may remember that this +Sx squared is a funny matrix. + +It's a multiple of the +identity, because if you square + +this matrix, you get the +multiple of the identity. + +So Sx squared is h over 2 +squared times the identity + +matrix-- the two by +two identity matrix. + +So the expectation +value of Sx squared + +is h bar over 2 squared +times expectation value + +of the identity. + +And on any state, +the expectation value + +on any normalized state, +the expectation value + +of the identity +will be equal to 1. + +So this is just h +squared over 2 squared. + +So back to our uncertainty, +delta Sx squared + +would be equal to the +expectation value of Sx squared + +minus the expectation +value of Sx squared. + +This was 0. + +This thing was equal to +h bar over 2 squared, + +and therefore, delta Sx +is equal to h bar over 2. + +So just I wanted to make +you familiar with that. + +You can compute these +things-- these norms and all + +these equations are pretty +practical, and easy to use. + +So today what we have +to do is the following-- + +we're going to establish +the uncertainty principle. + +We're going to just prove it. + +And then, once we have +the uncertainty principle, + +we'll try to find some +applications for it. + +So before doing +an application, we + +will discuss the case of +the energy time uncertainty + +principle, which is +slightly more subtle + +and has interestingly +connotations that we + +will develop today. + +And finally, we'll use +the uncertainty principle + +to learn how to find bounds +for energies of ground states. + +So we might make a rigorous +application of the uncertainty + +principle. + +So the uncertainty principle +talks about two operators + +that are both +Hermitian, and states + +the following-- so given +the theorem, or uncertainty + +principle, given two +Hermitian operators A and B, + +and a state psi normalized, then +the following inequality holds. + +And we're going to write it in +one way, then in another way. + +Delta A psi squared times +delta B-- sometimes people + +in order to avoid cluttering +don't put the psi. + +I don't know whether +to put it or not. + +It does look a little more +messy with the psi there, + +but it's something you +have to keep in mind. + +Each time you have +an uncertainty, + +you are talking about +some specific state + +that should not be forgotten. + +So maybe I'll erase it to +make it look a little nicer. + +Delta B squared-- now +it's an inequality. + +So not just equality, +but inequality. + +That product of uncertainties +must exceed a number-- + +a computable number-- which is +given by the following thing. + +OK, so here it is. + +This is a number, is +the expectation value + +of this strange operator +in the state psi squared. + +So even such a statement is +somewhat quite confusing, + +because you wish to know +what kind of number is this. + +Could this be a complex number? + +If it were a complex +number, why am I squaring? + +That doesn't make any sense. + +Inequalities-- these +are real numbers. + +Deltas are defined +to be real numbers. + +They're the norms. + +So this is real positive. + +This would make no sense if +this would be a complex number. + +So this number better be real. + +And the way it's +written, it seems + +to be particularly +confusing, because there + +seems to be an i here. + +So at first sight, you might +say, well, can it be real? + +But the thing that you +should really focus here + +is this whole thing. + +This is some operator. + +And against all first +impressions, this operator + +formed by taking the +commutator of A and B-- + +this is the +commutator A B minus B + +A-- is Hermitian, +because, in fact, + +if you have two +operators, and you take + +the commutator, if the +two of them are Hermitian, + +the answer is not Hermitian. + +And that you know already-- +x with p is equal to i h bar. + +These are Hermitian operators, +and suddenly the commutator + +is not a Hermitian operator. + +You have the unit here. + +A Hermitian operator +with a number + +here would have to +be a real things. + +So there's an extra i, +that's your first hint + +that this i is important. + +So the fact is that +this operator as defind + +here is Hermitian, because +if you take 1 over i A B-- + +and we're going to try to +take its Hermitian conjugate-- + +we have 1 over i A B +minus B A. And we're + +taking the Hermitian conjugate. + +Now, the i is going to +get complex conjugated, + +so you're going to +get 1 over minus i. + +The Hermitian +conjugate of a product + +is the Hermitian conjugate +in opposite order. + +So it would be B dagger A +dagger minus A dagger B dagger. + +And of course, these +operators are Hermitian, + +so 1 over minus i +is minus 1 over i. + +And here I get B A minus +A B. So with a minus sign, + +this is 1 over i A B again. + +So the operator is equal to +its dagger-- its adjoint. + +And therefore, this +operator is Hermitian. + +And as we proved, +the expectation value + +of any Hermitian +operator is real. + +And we're in good shape. + +We have a real number. + +This could be negative. + +And a number, when +you square it, + +is going to be a +positive number. + +So this makes sense. + +We're writing something +that at least makes sense. + +Another way, of course, +to write this equation, + +if you prefer-- +this inequality, I + +mean-- is to take +the square root. + +So you could write it +delta A times delta + +B. Since this is a real number, +I can take the square root + +and write just this as absolute +value of psi, 1 over 2i i + +A B psi. + +And these bars here +are absolute value. + +They're not norm of a vector. + +They are not norm +of a complex number. + +They are just absolute value, +because the thing inside + +is a real thing. + +So if you prefer, +whatever you like better, + +you've got here the statement +of the uncertainty principle. + +So the good thing about +this uncertainty principle + +formulated this way is that +it's completely precise, + +because you've defined +uncertainties precisely. + +Many times, when you first +study the uncertainty principle, + +you don't define +uncertainties precisely, + +and the uncertainty +principle is something + +that goes with [? sim ?] is +approximately equal to this. + +And you make statements that +are intuitively interesting, + +but are not thoroughly precise. + +Yes, question, yes. + +AUDIENCE: Should that +be greater or equal? + +PROFESSOR: Greater than or equal +to, yes-- no miracles here. + +Other question? + +Other question? + +So we have to prove this. + +And why do you +have to prove this? + +This is a case, +actually, in which + +many interesting questions +are based on the proof. + +Why would that be the case? + +Well, a question that is +always of great interest + +is reducing uncertainties. + +Now, if two operators commute, +this right-hand side is 0 + +and it just says +that the uncertainty + +could be made +perhaps equal to 0. + +It doesn't mean that +the uncertainty is 0. + +It may depend on the state, +even if the operators commute. + +This is just telling +you it's bigger than 0, + +and perhaps by being clever, +you can make it equal to 0. + +Similarly, when you +have two operators that + +just don't commute, it +is of great importance + +to try to figure out if there +is some states for which + +the uncertainty +relation is saturated. + +So this is the question +that, in fact, you could not + +answer if you just know this +theorem written like this, + +because there's +no statement here + +of what are the conditions +for which this inequality is + +saturated. + +So as we'll do the proof, +we'll find those conditions. + +And in fact, they go +a little beyond what + +the Schwarz +inequality would say. + +I mentioned last time that +this is a classic example + +of something that looks +like the Schwarz inequality, + +and indeed, that will +be the central part + +of the demonstration. + +But there's one extra step +there that we will have to do. + +And therefore, if you +want to understand + +when this is saturated, when +do you have minimum uncertainty + +states, then you need +to know the proof. + +So before we do, of +course, even the proof, + +there's an example-- +the classic illustration + +that should be mentioned-- +A equal x and B equals p, + +xp equal i h bar. + +That's the identity. + +So delta x squared +delta p squared + +is greater or equal than psi 1 +over 2i-- the commutator-- i h + +bar 1 psi squared. + +And what do we get here? + +We get the i's cancel, the h bar +over 2 goes out, gets squared, + +and everything else is equal +to 1, because h is normalized. + +So the precise version of +the uncertainty principle + +is this one for x and p. + +And we will, of course, +try to figure out + +when we can saturate this. + +What kind of wave +functions saturate them? + +You know the ones that are +just sort of strange-- if x + +is totally localized, the +uncertainty of momentum + +must be infinite, because +if delta x is 0, well, + +to make this something that +at least doesn't contradict + +the identity, delta +p better be infinite. + +Similarly, if you +have an eigenstate + +of p, which is a wave, +is totally delocalized, + +and you have infinite +here and 0 here. + +Well, they're interesting +states that have both, + +and we're going to +try to find the ones + +of minimum uncertainty. + +So OK, we've stated +the principle. + +We've given an example. + +We've calculated an uncertainty. + +Let us prove the theorem. + +So as we mentioned before, this +idea that the uncertainty is + +a norm, is a good one. + +So let's define two +auxilliary variables-- + +f, a state f, which is going +to be A minus the expectation + +value of A on psi. + +And we can put the ket here. + +And g, which is going to +be B minus the expectation + +value of B, psi. + +Now what do we know about this? + +Well the uncertainties are +the norms of these states, + +so the norm squared +of these states + +are the uncertainty squared. + +So delta A squared is +f f, the norm squared. + +And delta B squared is g g. + +And Schwarz' inequality +says that the norm + +of f times the normal +of g is greater than + +or equal than the absolute +value of the inner product of f + +with g. + +So squaring this thing, +which is convenient perhaps + +at this moment, we have f +f-- norm squared of f-- norm + +squared of g must be greater +than or equal than f g squared, + +absolute value squared. + +So this is Schwarz. + +And this is going to +just make a note-- here + +we know when this is saturated. + +It will be saturated +if f is parallel to g. + +If these two vectors are +parallel to each other, + +the Schwarz inequality +is saturated. + +So that's something +to keep in mind. + +We'll use it soon enough. + +But at this moment, we can +simply rewrite this as delta + +A squared times delta B +squared-- after all, those + +were definitions-- are +greater than or equal-- + +and this is going to be a +complex number in general, + +so f g in Schwarz' inequality +is just a complex number. + +So this is real of f g squared, +plus the imaginary part + +of f g squared. + +So that's what we have-- +real and imaginary part. + +So let's try to get what f g is. + +So what is f g? + +Let's compute it. + +Well we must take the bra +corresponding to this, + +so this is psi. + +Since the operator +is Hermitian, you + +have A minus +expectation value of A, + +and here you have B minus +expectation value of B psi. + +Now we can expand this, and +it will be useful to expand. + +But at the same time, I will +invent a little notation here. + +I'll call this A check, +and this B check. + +And for reference, I'll put +that this is psi A check B check + +psi. + +On the other hand, let's +just compute what we get. + +So what do we get? + +Well, let's expand this. + +Well, the first term is +A times B on psi psi, + +and we're not going +to be able to do + +much about that-- A B psi. + +And then we start getting +funny terms-- A cross with B, + +and that's-- if you +think about it a second, + +this is just going to be equal +to the expectation value of A + +times the expectation of B, +because the expectation value + +of B is a number, and then A +is sandwich between two psi. + +So from this cross product, +you get expectation value + +of A, expectation value +of B, with a minus sign. + +From this cross product, you +get the expectation value of A + +and expectation value of B-- +another one with a minus sign. + +And then one with a plus sign. + +So the end result is a +single one with a minus sign. + +So expectation value of A, +expectation value of B. Now, + +if I change f and +g, I would like + +to compute not only fg inner +product, but gf inner product. + +And you may say why? + +Well, I want it because +I need the real part + +and the imaginary parts, and +gf is the complex conjugate + +of f g, so might +as well compute it. + +So what is gf? + +Now you don't have to do +the calculation again, + +because basically you +change g to f or f + +to g by exchanging A +and B. So I can just + +say that this is psi +B A psi minus A B. + +And if I write it +this way, I say + +it's just psi B +check A check psi. + +OK so we've done some work, and +the reason we've done this work + +is because we +actually need to write + +the right-hand side +of the inequality. + +And let's, therefore, +explore what these ones are. + +So for example, the +imaginary part of f g + +is 1 over 2i f g minus its +complex conjugate-- gf. + +Imaginary part of +a complex number + +is z minus z star divided by 2i. + +now, fg minus gf +is actually simple, + +because this product of +expectation values cancel, + +and this gives me the +commutator of A with B. + +So this is 1 over 2i, and +you have psi expectation + +value of A B commutator. + +So actually, that looks +exactly like what we want. + +And we're not going to be +able to simplify it more. + +We can put the 1 over 2i inside. + +That fine. + +It's sort of in the operator. + +It can go out, but we're not +going to do better than that. + +You already recognize, +in some sense, + +the inequality we want +to prove, because if this + +is that, you could ignore +this and say, well, + +it's anyway greater +than this thing. + +And that's this term. + +But let's write the other one, +at least for a little while. + +Real of fg would be +1/2 of fg plus gf. + +And now it is your choice +how you write this. + +There's nothing great +that you can do. + +The sum of these two things +have AB plus BA and then twice + +of this expectation +value, so it's not + +nothing particularly inspiring. + +So you put these +two terms and just + +write it like this-- 1/2 +of psi anti-commutator + +off A check with B check. + +Anti-commutator, remember, +is this combination + +of operators in which you +take the product in one way, + +and add the product +in the other way. + +So I've used this +formula to write this, + +and you could write it as an +anti-commutator of A and B + +minus 2 times the +expectation values, + +or whichever way you want it. + +But at the end of the +day, that's what it is. + +And you cannot simplify it much. + +So your uncertainty +principle has become delta + +A squared delta +B squared greater + +than or equal to expectation +value of psi 1 over 2i A B psi + +squared plus expectation +value of psi 1 over 2 + +A check B check psi squared. + +And some people call this +the generalized uncertainty + +principle. + +You may find some +textbooks that tell you + +"Prove the generalized +uncertainty principle," + +because that's +really what you get + +if you follow the rules +and Schwarz' inequality. + +So it is of some interest. + +It is conceivable that sometimes +you may want to use this. + +But the fact is that +this is a real number. + +This is a Hermitian +operator as well. + +This is a real number. + +This is a positive number. + +So if you ignore it, you still +have the inequality holding. + +And many times-- and that's +the interesting thing-- + +you really are +justified to ignore it. + +In fact, I don't know +of a single example-- + +perhaps somebody can tell me-- +in which that second term is + +useful. + +So what you say at this moment +is go ahead, drop that term, + +and get an inequality. + +So it follows directly from +that, from this inequality, + +that delta A squared +delta B squared + +is greater than or equal-- +you might say, well, + +how do you know it's equal? + +Maybe that thing cannot be 0. + +Well, it can be 0 +in some examples. + +So it's still greater than +or equal to psi 1 over 2i + +A B psi squared. + +And that's by ignoring +the positive quantity. + +So that is really the proof +of the uncertainty principle. + +But now we can ask what +are the things that + +have to happen for the +uncertainty principle + +to be saturated? + +That you really have delta A +delta B equal to this quantity, + +so when can we saturate? + +OK, what do we need? + +First we need Schwarz +inequality saturation. + +So f and g must be states that +are proportional to each other. + +So we need one, that +Schwarz is saturated. + +Which means that g is +some number times f, + +where beta is a complex number. + +This is complex vector +space, so parallel + +means multiply by +a complex number. + +That's still a parallel vector. + +So this is the +saturation of Schwarz. + +Now, what else do we need? + +Well, we need that +this quantity be + +0 as well, that the real part +of this thing is equal to 0. + +Otherwise, you really +cannot reach it. + +The true inequality is this, +so if you have Schwarz, + +you've saturated. + +This thing is equal +to this thing. + +The left-hand side is equal +to this whole right-hand side. + +Schwarz buys you that. + +But now we want this to +be just equal to that. + +So this thing must be +0, so the real part of f + +overlap g-- of fg must be 0. + +What does that mean? + +It means that fg +plus gf has to be 0. + +But now we know what g is, +so we can plug it here. + +So g is beta times f. + +Beta goes out, and +you get beta f f. + +Now when you form the bra +g, beta becomes beta star. + +So you get beta +star f f equals 0. + +And since f need not have +zero norm, because there + +is some uncertainty +presumably, you + +have that beta plus beta star +is equal to 0, or real of beta + +is equal to 0. + +So that said, it's not that bad. + +You need two things-- +that the f and g vectors + +be parallel with a +complex constant, + +but actually, that constant +must be purely imaginary. + +So beta is purely +imaginary-- that this beta + +is equal to i lambda, +with lambda real. + +And we then are in shape. + +So for saturation, +we need just g + +to be that, and g to be beta f. + +So let me write that +equation over here. + +So g-- what was g? + +It's B, B minus absolute +value of B on psi, which is g, + +must be equal to beta, +which is i lambda + +A minus absolute +value of A on psi. + +Condition-- so this is the +final condition for saturation. + +now, that's a +strange-looking equation. + +It's not all that +obvious how you're even + +supposed to begin solving it. + +Why is that? + +Well, you're trying +to look for a psi, + +and you have a +constraint on the psi. + +The psi must satisfy this. + +I actually will tell +both Arum and Will + +to discuss some of these +things in recitation-- + +how to calculate minimum +uncertainty wave packets based + +on this equation, +and what it means. + +But in principle, what +do you have to do? + +You have some kind of +differential equation, + +because you have, say, x and +p, and you want to saturate. + +So this is x, and this is p. + +Since p, you want to use a +coordinate representation, + +this will be a derivative, and +this will be a multiplication, + +so you'll get a differential +equation on the wave function. + +So you write an answer +for the wave function. + +You must calculate the +expectation value of B. + +You must calculate the +expectation value of A, + +and then plug into +this equation, + +and try to see if +your answer allows + +a solution-- and a solution +with some number here, lambda. + +At least one thing +I can tell you + +before you try this too hard-- +this lambda is essentially + +fixed, because we can take +the norm of this equation. + +And that's an interesting +fact-- take the norm. + +And what is the norm of this? + +This is delta B, the +norm of this state. + +And the norm of i lambda--, +well norm of i is 1. + +Norm of lambda is +absolute value of lambda, + +because lambda was real. + +And you have delta A +here of psi, of course. + +So lambda can be either +plus or minus delta B + +of psi over delta A of psi. + +So that's not an +arbitrary constant. + +It's fixed by the +equation already, + +in terms of things +that you know. + +And therefore, this +will be a subject + +of problems in a little bit of +your recitation, in which you, + +hopefully, discuss how to find +minimum uncertainty packets. + +All right, so that's +it for the proof + +of the uncertainty principle. + +And as I told you, the proof +is useful in particular + +to find those special states +of saturated uncertainty. + +We'll have a lot to say +about them for the harmonic + +oscillator later on, and in +fact throughout the course. + +So are there any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So if we have one of +the states and an eigenstate, + +we know that [INAUDIBLE] +is 0 and we then + +mandate that the uncertainty +of the other variable + +must be infinite. + +But is it even possible to +talk about the uncertainty? + +And if so, are we +still guaranteed-- + +we know that it's +infinite, but it's + +possible for 0 and an infinite +number to multiply [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Right, so you're in a +somewhat uncomfortable position + +if you have zero uncertainty. + +Then you need the other +one to be infinite. + +So the way, presumably, +you should think of that, + +is that you should take limits +of sequences of wave functions + +in which the uncertainty +in x is going to 0, + +and you will find that +as you take the limit, + +and delta x is going to 0, and +delta p is going to infinity, + +you can still have that. + +Other questions? + +Well, having done this, let's +try the more subtle case + +of the uncertainty principle +for energy and time. + +So that is a pretty +interesting subject, actually. + +And should I erase here? + +Yes, I think so. + +Actually, [? Griffith ?] +says that it's usually + +badly misunderstood, this +energy-time uncertainty + +principle, but seldom +your misunderstanding + +leads to a serious mistake. + +So you're saved. + +It's used in a hand-wavy way, +and it's roughly correct, + +although people say all +kinds of funny things + +that are not exactly right. + +So energy time +uncertainty-- so let + +me give a small motivation-- +a hand-wavy motivation, + +so it doesn't get us +very far, but at least it + +gives you a picture +of what's going on. + +And these uncertainty +relations, in some sense, + +have a basis on some +simple statements that + +are totally classical, and +maybe a little imprecise, + +but incontrovertible, +about looking at waveforms, + +and trying to figure +out what's going on. + +So for example, suppose in +time you detect a fluctuation + +that as time progresses, +just suddenly turns on. + +Some wave that just dies +off after a little while. + +And you have a +good understanding + +of when it started, +and when it ended. + +And there's a time T. + +So whenever you have +a situation like that, + +you can try to count the +number of waves-- full waves + +that you see here. + +So the number of waves +would be equal to-- + +or periods, number +of full waves-- + +would be the total time divided +by the period of this wave. + +So sometimes T is +called the period. + +But here, T is the +total time here, + +and the period is +2 pi over omega. + +So we say this is +omega t over 2 pi. + +Now, the problem with these +waves that begin and end, + +is that you can't +quite see or make + +sure that you've got +the full wave here. + +So in the hand-wavy +way, we say that even + +as we looked at the +perfectly well-defined, + +and you know the +shape exactly-- it's + +been measured-- you can't +quite tell whether you've + +got the full wave here or +a quarter of a wave more, + +so there's an uncertainty in +delta n which is of order 1. + +You miss half on one side, +and half on the other side. + +So if you have an +uncertainty here of order 1, + +and you have no +uncertainty in T, + +you would claim that +you have, actually, + +in some sense, an +uncertainty in what omega is. + +Omega might be well +measured here, but somehow + +towards the end you +can't quite see. + +T we said was precise, so +over 2 pi is equal to 1. + +I just took a delta of here, +and I said P is precise, + +so it's delta omega. + +So this is a +classical statement. + +An electrical engineer +would not need + +to know any quantum mechanics +to say that's about right, + +and you can make it +more or less precise. + +But that's a +classical statement. + +In quantum mechanics, +all that happens + +is that something has +become quantum, and the idea + +that you have +something like this, + +we can associate it with +a particle, a photon, + +and in which case, the +uncertainty in omega + +is uncertainty in energy. + +So for a photon, the uncertainty +is equal to h bar omega, + +so delta omega times h bar +is equal to the uncertainty + +in energy. + +So if you plug it in here, +you multiply it by h bar here, + +and you would get delta E +times T is equal to 2 pi h bar. + +And then you have to add words. + +What is T? + +Well, this T is the +time it takes the photon + +to go through your detector. + +You've been seeing it. + +You saw a wave. + +You recorded it, and took +a time T-- began, ended. + +And it so it's the +time it took you + +to have the pulse go through. + +And that time is related +to an uncertainty + +in the energy of the photon. + +And that's sort of the beginning +of a time energy uncertainty + +relationship. + +This is quantum, +because the idea + +that photons carry energies +and they're quantized-- + +this is a single photon-- and +this connection with energy + +is quantum mechanics. + +So this is good and +reasonable intuition, perhaps. + +And it can be the basis +of all kinds of things. + +But it points out the fact that +the more delicate part here + +is T. How could I speak +of a time uncertainty? + +And the fact is that you can't +speak of a time uncertainty + +really precisely. + +And the reason is, +because there's + +no Hermitian operator +for which we could say, + +OK the eigenstates of this +Hermitian operator are times, + +and then you have a norm, +and it's an uncertainty. + +So you can't do it. + +So you have to do something +different this time. + +And happily, there's +something you + +can do that is precise +and makes sense. + +So we'll do it. + +So what we have to do is just +try to use the uncertainty + +principle that we have, +and at least one operator. + +We can use something +that is good for us. + +We want uncertainty in energy, +and we have the Hamiltonian. + +It's an operator. + +So for that one, we can use +it, and that's the clue. + +So you'll take A to be +the Hamiltonian, and B + +to be some operator +Q that may depend + +on some things-- for example, +x and p, or whatever you want. + +But the one thing I want +to ask from this operator + +is that Q has no explicit time +dependence-- no explicit time + +dependence whatsoever. + +So let's see what this gives us +as an uncertainty relationship. + +Well, it would give us +that delta H squared-- + +that's delta Q +squared-- would be + +greater than or equal +to the square of psi 1 + +over 2i H with Q psi. + +OK, that's it. + +Well, but in order to get +some intuition from here, + +we better be able +to interpret this. + +This doesn't seem +to have anything + +to do with energy and time. + +So is there something +to do with time here? + +That is, in fact, a +very well-known result + +in quantum mechanics-- +that somehow commutators + +with the Hamiltonian test the +time derivative of operators. + +So whenever you see an +H with Q commutator, + +you think ah, that's +roughly dQ dt. + +And we'll see what +happens with that. + +And say, oh, dQ +dt, but it doesn't + +depend on T-- you said 0. + +No it's not 0. + +There's no explicit dependence, +but we'll see what happens. + +So at this moment, you really +have to stop for one second + +and derive a familiar +result-- that may or may not + +be that familiar +to you from 804. + +I don't think it was +all that emphasized. + +Consider expectation value of Q. + +And then the +expectation of Q-- let + +me write it as psi +Q psi, like this. + +Now let's try to take the +time derivative of this thing. + +So what is the time derivative +of the expectation value of q? + +And the idea being +that look, the operator + +depends on some +things, and it can + +have time-dependent +expectation value, + +because the state +is changing in time. + +So operators can have +time-dependent expectation + +values even though the +operators don't depend on time. + +So for example, this +depends on x and p, + +and the x and p in a harmonic +oscillator are time dependent. + +They're moving around, and this +could have time dependence. + +So what do we get from here? + +Well, if I have to take the +time derivative of this, + +I have d psi dt here, Q +psi, plus psi Q d psi dt. + +And in doing this, and not +differentiating Q itself, + +I've used the fact that +this is an operator + +and there's no time +anywhere there. + +I didn't have to +differentiate Q. + +So how do we evaluate this? + +Well, you remember the +Schrodinger equation. + +Here the Schrodinger +equation comes in, + +because you have time +derivatives of your state. + +So i d psi dt, i H bar d +psi dt is equal to H psi. + +That's a full time-dependent +Schrodinger equation. + +So here, maybe, I +should write this + +like that-- this is all +time-dependent stuff. + +At this moment, I don't +ignore the time dependence. + +The states are not +stationary states. + +If they would be +stationary states, + +there would be no +energy uncertainty. + +So I have this, and therefore, +I plug this in here, + +and what do we get? i H +bar h psi Q psi plus psi + +Q i H bar H psi. + +Now, I got the i H in the +wrong place-- sorry-- 1 + +over i H bar, and +1 over i H bar. + +Now the first term-- +this thing comes out + +as its complex +conjugate-- 1 minus i H + +bar, because it's +on the first input. + +H is Hermitian, so I can +send it to the other side, + +so psi, HQ psi. + +Second term-- the 1 +over i H just goes out, + +and I don't have +to move anybody. + +QH is there, psi. + +So actually, this +is i over H bar, + +because minus i +down goes up with i. + +And I have here psi +HQ, and this is minus i + +over H bar, so I +get HQ minus QH psi. + +So this is your final result-- +the expectation value d + +dt of the expectation value +of Q is equal to i over H bar, + +expectation value of the +commutator of H with Q. + +So this is neat, and it should +always stick in your mind. + +This is true. + +We will see the +Heisenberg way of writing + +this equation in a +little while-- not today, + +but in a couple of weeks. + +But maybe even write +it even more briefly + +as i over H bar +expectation value of HQ. + +So what do we get from here? + +Well, we can go back to +our uncertainty principle, + +and rewrite it, having learned +that we have time derivative. + +So time finally showed +up, and that's good news. + +So we're maybe not too far +from a clear interpretation + +of the uncertainty principle. + +So we're going back +to that top equation, + +so that what we +have now is delta + +H squared delta Q squared +is that thing over there, + +the expectation +value of 1 over 2i. + +There's some signs +there, so what + +do we have-- equals 1 over +2i H bar over i d dt of Q. + +So what I did here was to say +that this expectation value was + +H bar over i d dt of Q, +and I plugged it in there. + +So you square this thing, so +there's not too much really + +to be done. + +The i don't matter at +the end of the day. + +It's a minus 1 +that gets squared. + +So the H bar over 2-- I'm +sorry-- the H bar over 2 + +does remain here, squared. + +And you have dQ dt squared. + +Q is a Hermitian operator. + +B was supposed to be Hermitian. + +The expectation value is real. + +The time derivative is real. + +It could be going up or down. + +So at the end of +the day, you have + +delta H delta Q is greater +than or equal to H bar + +over 2, the absolute +value of dQ over dt. + +There we go. + +This is, in a sense, +the best you can do. + +Let's try to interpret +what we've got. + +Well, we've got something +that still doesn't quite + +look like a time +uncertainty relationship, + +but there's time in there. + +But it's a matter +of a definition now. + +You see, if you have delta Q, +and you divide it by dQ dt, + +first it is some sort of time. + +It has the units of time. + +And we can define it, if +you wish, to be sub delta t. + +And what physically, does +this delta t represent? + +Well, it's roughly-- you +see, things change in time. + +The rate of change of the +expectation value of Q + +may not be uniform. + +It make change fast, or +it may change slowly. + +But suppose it's changing. + +Roughly, this ratio, of +this would be constant, + +is the time it takes the +expectation value of Q + +to change by delta Q. It +is like a distance divided + +by a velocity. + +So this is roughly the time +needed for the expectation + +value of Q to change by +delta Q, by the uncertainty. + +So it's a measure +of the time needed + +for a significant change, +if the expectation + +value, if the uncertainty +of Q is significant, and is + +comparable to Q. Well, +this is the time needed + +for significant change. + +Now this is pretty much all you +can do, except that of course, + +once you write it like +that, you pull this down, + +and you go up now, +delta H delta t + +is greater or equal +than H bar over 2. + +And this is the best you can +do with this kind of approach. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, I +simply define this, + +which is a time that has +some meaning if you know what + +the uncertainty of the operator +is and how fast it's changing-- + +is the time needed for a change. + +Once I defined this, I simply +brought this factor down here, + +so that delta Q over this +derivative is delta t, + +and the equation just +became this equation. + +So we'll try to figure out a +little more of what this means + +right away, but you can +make a few criticisms + +about this thing. + +You can say, look, +this delta time + +uncertainty is not universal. + +It depends which +operator Q you took. + +True enough. + +I cannot prove that it's +independent of the operator Q, + +and many times I cannot even +tell you which operator Q is + +the best operator +to think about. + +But you can try. + +And it does give +you-- first, it's + +a mathematical statement about +how fast things can change. + +And that contains physics, and +it contains a very precise fact + +as well. + +Actually, there's a version +of the uncertainty principle + +that you will explore in +the homework that is, maybe, + +an alternative picture of this, +and asks the following thing-- + +if you have a state +and a stationary state, + +nothing changes in the state. + +But if it's a stationary +state, the energy uncertainty + +is 0, because the energy is +an eigenstate of the energy. + +So nothing changes. + +So you have to wait infinite +time for there to be a change, + +and this makes sense. + +Now you can ask the +following question-- suppose + +I have a state that is not +an eigenstate of energy. + +So therefore, for example, +the simplest thing + +would be a superposition +of two eigenstates + +of different energies. + +You can ask, well, there +will be time evolution + +and this state will +change in time. + +So how can I get a +constraint on changes? + +How can I approach changes? + +And people discovered the +following interesting fact-- + +that if you have a state, it has +unit norm, and if it evolves, + +it may happen that +at some stage, + +it becomes orthogonal to +itself-- to the original one. + +And that is a big change. + +You become orthogonal +to what you used to be. + +That's as big a +change as can happen. + +And then you can ask, +is there a minimum time + +for which this can happen? + +What is the minimum +time in which + +a state can change +so much that it + +becomes orthogonal to itself? + +And there is such an +uncertainty principle. + +It's derived a little +differently from that. + +And it says that if you +take delta t to be the time + +it takes psi of x and t to +become orthogonal to psi of x0, + +then this delta +t times delta E-- + +the uncertainty of the energies +is the uncertainty in h-- + +is greater than or +equal to h bar over 4. + +Now a state may never +become orthogonal to itself, + +but that's OK. + +Then it's a big number +on the left-hand side. + +But the quickest it +can do it is that. + +And that's an interesting thing. + +And it's a version of the +uncertainty principle. + +I want to make a +couple more remarks, + +because this thing +is mysterious enough + +that it requires thinking. + +So let's make some precise +claims about energy + +uncertainties and then +give an example of what's + +happening in the +physical situation. + +Was there a question? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: You're going to +explore that in the homework. + +Actually, I don't think +you're going to show it, but-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +H bar [INAUDIBLE] + +it's even less than the +uncertainty [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's a +different statement. + +It's a very precise way of +measuring, creating a time. + +It's a precise +definition of time, + +and therefore, +there's no reason why + +it would have been the same. + +So here is a statement +that is interesting-- is + +that the uncertainty delta +E in an isolated system + +is constant-- doesn't change. + +And by an isolated +system, a system + +in which there's no +influences on it, + +a system in which you have +actually time independent + +Hamiltonians. + +So H is a time +independent Hamiltonian. + +Now that, of course, doesn't +mean the physics is boring. + +Time- independent Hamiltonians +are quite interesting, + +but you have a whole system. + +Let's take it to be isolated. + +There's no time dependent +things acting on it, + +and H should be a time +independent Hamiltonian. + +So I want to use +this statement to say + +the following-- +if I take Q equals + +H in that theorem +over there, I get + +that d dt of the expectation +value of H would be what? + +It would be i over H bar. + +Since H is time +independent-- the condition + +here was that Q had +no time dependence. + +But then I get H +commutator with H. + +So I get here H commutator with +H. And that commutator is 0. + +However complicated an operator +is, it commutes with itself. + +So the expectation value of +the energy doesn't change. + +We call that energy +conservation. + +But still, if you take Q +now equal to H squared, + +the time derivative of +the expectation value of H + +squared, you get i over H bar. + +You're supposed to be +H commutator with Q, + +which is H squared, now. + +And that's also 0. + +So no power of the expectation +value of H vanishes. + +And therefore, we have +that the time derivative + +of the uncertainty +of H squared-- + +which is the time derivative +of the expectation value of H + +squared minus the expectation +value of H squared-- well, + +we've shown each one of the +things on the right-hand side + +are 0, so this is 0. + +So delta H is constant. + +So the uncertainty-- delta +E or delta H of the system + +is constant. + +So what do we do with that? + +Well it helps us think a little +about time dependent processes. + +And the example we +must have in mind + +is perhaps the one +of a decay that + +leads to a radiation of +a photon, so a transition + +that leads to a +photon radiation. + +So let's consider that example. + +So we have an atom in +some excited state, + +decays to the ground state +and shoots out the photon. + +Then it's an unstable state, +because if it would be stable, + +it wouldn't change in time. + +And the excited state of an +atom is an unstable state, + +decays into-- goes +into the ground state. + +And it makes a photon. + +Now this idea of +the conservation + +of energy uncertainty at least +helps you in this situation + +that you would typically do +it with a lot of hand-waving, + +organize your thoughts. + +So what happens in such decay? + +There's a lifetime, which +is a typical time you + +have to wait for that +excited state to decay. + +And these lifetime +is called tau. + +And certainly as the +lifetime goes through, + +and the decay happens, some +observable changes a lot. + +Some observable Q +must change a lot. + +Maybe a position of the +electron in an orbit, + +or the angular momentum +of it, or some squared + +of the momentum-- +some observable + +that we could do an atomic +calculation in more detail + +must change a lot. + +So there will be associated +with some observable that + +changes a lot +during the lifetime, + +because it takes that long +for this thing to change. + +There will be an +energy uncertainty + +associated to a lifetime. + +So how does the energy +uncertainty reflect itself? + +Well, you have a ground state. + +And you have this excited state. + +But generally, when you +have an excited state + +due to some interactions +that produce instability, + +you actually have a +lot of states here + +that are part of +the excited state. + +So you have an excited +state, but you do have, + +typically, a lot of +uncertainty-- but not + +a lot-- some uncertainty +of the energy here. + +The state is not +a particular one. + +If it would be a +particular one, it + +would be a stationary state-- +would stay there forever. + +Nevertheless, it's a +combination of some things, + +so it's not quite +a stationary state. + +It couldn't be a +stationary state, + +because it would be eternal. + +So somehow, the +dynamics of this atom + +must be such that there's +interactions between, say, + +the electron and the nucleus, or +possibly a radiation field that + +makes the state of +this electron unstable, + +and associated to it an +uncertainty in the energy. + +So there's an uncertainty +here, and this particle-- + +this electron goes eventually +to the ground state, + +and it meets a photon. + +So there is, associated to this +lifetime, an uncertainty delta + +E times tau, and I will put +similar to H bar over 2. + +And this would be +the delta E here, + +because your state +must be a superposition + +of some states over there. + +And then what happens later? + +Well, this particle goes +to the ground state-- + +no uncertainty any more +about what its energy is. + +So the only possibility +at this moment + +consistent with the conservation +of uncertainty in the system + +is that the photon +carries the uncertainty. + +So that photon must have +an uncertainty as well. + +So delta energy +of the photon will + +be equal to h bar delta +omega, or h delta nu. + +So the end result is that +in a physical decay process, + +there are uncertainties. + +And the uncertainty +gets carried out, + +and it's always there-- +the delta E here + +and the photon having +some uncertainty. + +Now one of the most famous +applications of this thing + +is related to the hyperfine +transition of hydrogen. + +And we're very lucky in physics. + +Physicists are very lucky. + +This is a great break for +astronomy and cosmology, + +and it's all based on this +uncertainty principle. + +You have the hyperfine +transition of hydrogen. + +So we will study +later in this course + +that because of the +proton and electron + +spins in the hydrogen +atom, there's + +a splitting of +energies having to do + +with the hyperfine interaction. + +It's a magnetic +dipole interaction + +between the proton +and the electron. + +And there's going +to be a splitting. + +And there's a transition +associated with this splitting. + +So there's a hyperfine +splitting-- the ground state + +of the hyperfine +splitting of some states. + +And it's the top state +and the bottom state. + +And as the system decays, +it emits a photon. + +This photon is approximately +a 21 centimeter wavelength-- + +is the famous 21 centimeter +line of hydrogen. + +And it corresponds to +about 1420 megahertz. + +So how about so far so good. + +There's an energy +splitting here, + +21 centimeters wavelength, +5.9 times 10 to the minus 6 + +eV in here. + +But that's not the +energy difference + +that matters for +the uncertainty, + +just like this is not the +energy difference that + +matters for the uncertainty. + +What matters for the uncertainty +is how broad this state + +is, due to interactions +that will produce the decay. + +It's a very funny, +magnetic transition. + +And how long is the +lifetime of this state? + +Anybody know? + +A second, a millisecond, a day? + +Nobody? + +Ten million years-- a long +time-- 10 million years-- + +lifetime tau. + +A year is about pi times +10 to the 7 seconds + +is pretty accurate. + +Anyway, 10 million +years is a lot of time. + +It's such a large time +that it corresponds + +to an energy uncertainty +that is so extraordinarily + +small, that the wavelength +uncertainty, or the frequency + +uncertainty, is so small that +corresponding to this 1420, + +it's I think, the uncertainty +in lambda-- and lambda + +is of the order of +10 to the minus 8. + +The line is extremely sharp, +so it's not a fussy line + +that it's hard to measure. + +It's the sharpest possible line. + +And it's so sharp because of +this 10 million years lifetime, + +and the energy time +uncertainty relationship. + +That's it for today. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/97G6FGS2JC0.txt b/97G6FGS2JC0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4488da31ebb1b60bedffc16c1a7f0f531ecd83a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/97G6FGS2JC0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1650 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hello and welcome to Lab One my name is + + align:start position:0% +hello and welcome to Lab One my name is + + + align:start position:0% +hello and welcome to Lab One my name is +yugu and I will be walking you through + + align:start position:0% +yugu and I will be walking you through + + + align:start position:0% +yugu and I will be walking you through +the important steps of this + + align:start position:0% +the important steps of this + + + align:start position:0% +the important steps of this +lab let's go over the components you + + align:start position:0% +lab let's go over the components you + + + align:start position:0% +lab let's go over the components you +will need for the lab one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +preab you will need two paper clips a + + align:start position:0% +preab you will need two paper clips a + + + align:start position:0% +preab you will need two paper clips a +standard paper + + align:start position:0% +standard paper + + + align:start position:0% +standard paper +cup + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a desize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +battery about a meter of Armature wire + + align:start position:0% +battery about a meter of Armature wire + + + align:start position:0% +battery about a meter of Armature wire +which is copper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wire one bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +magnet piece of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sandpaper a pair of wire cut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ERS a 9V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +battery and of course a battery + + align:start position:0% +battery and of course a battery + + + align:start position:0% +battery and of course a battery +strap now you are all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set Begin by placing the paper cup + + align:start position:0% +set Begin by placing the paper cup + + + align:start position:0% +set Begin by placing the paper cup +upside down and squeezing the magnet + + align:start position:0% +upside down and squeezing the magnet + + + align:start position:0% +upside down and squeezing the magnet +between the ledges this should hold the + + align:start position:0% +between the ledges this should hold the + + + align:start position:0% +between the ledges this should hold the +magnet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tightly + + align:start position:0% +tightly + + + align:start position:0% +tightly +now bend the paper clips as + + align:start position:0% +now bend the paper clips as + + + align:start position:0% +now bend the paper clips as +shown these will provide both support + + align:start position:0% +shown these will provide both support + + + align:start position:0% +shown these will provide both support +for the rotor as well as electrical + + align:start position:0% +for the rotor as well as electrical + + + align:start position:0% +for the rotor as well as electrical +contacts for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +battery + + align:start position:0% +battery + + + align:start position:0% +battery +insert the paper clips between the ledge + + align:start position:0% +insert the paper clips between the ledge + + + align:start position:0% +insert the paper clips between the ledge +and the side of the magnet as shown do + + align:start position:0% +and the side of the magnet as shown do + + + align:start position:0% +and the side of the magnet as shown do +the same for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both you done with the first part of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assembly to make the rotor you will need + + align:start position:0% +assembly to make the rotor you will need + + + align:start position:0% +assembly to make the rotor you will need +the D sized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +battery take the Armature wire and wind + + align:start position:0% +battery take the Armature wire and wind + + + align:start position:0% +battery take the Armature wire and wind +it around the battery about 10 to 15 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +secure the Armature loops with the + + align:start position:0% +secure the Armature loops with the + + + align:start position:0% +secure the Armature loops with the +remaining + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wire + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you will need to strip the ends of the + + align:start position:0% +you will need to strip the ends of the + + + align:start position:0% +you will need to strip the ends of the +rotor before placing it on the paper + + align:start position:0% +rotor before placing it on the paper + + + align:start position:0% +rotor before placing it on the paper +clips to achieve an electrical + + align:start position:0% +clips to achieve an electrical + + + align:start position:0% +clips to achieve an electrical +connection the easiest way to do this is + + align:start position:0% +connection the easiest way to do this is + + + align:start position:0% +connection the easiest way to do this is +to place the wire on a table and sand + + align:start position:0% +to place the wire on a table and sand + + + align:start position:0% +to place the wire on a table and sand +away the dark red + + align:start position:0% +away the dark red + + + align:start position:0% +away the dark red +insulation on one side the wies should + + align:start position:0% +insulation on one side the wies should + + + align:start position:0% +insulation on one side the wies should +be stripped + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entirely the other side will be the + + align:start position:0% +entirely the other side will be the + + + align:start position:0% +entirely the other side will be the +commutator and you should only strip a + + align:start position:0% +commutator and you should only strip a + + + align:start position:0% +commutator and you should only strip a +90 to 180° + + align:start position:0% +90 to 180° + + + align:start position:0% +90 to 180° +Arc think about how current flows + + align:start position:0% +Arc think about how current flows + + + align:start position:0% +Arc think about how current flows +through the wire and the force acting on + + align:start position:0% +through the wire and the force acting on + + + align:start position:0% +through the wire and the force acting on +the rotor this will tell you which part + + align:start position:0% +the rotor this will tell you which part + + + align:start position:0% +the rotor this will tell you which part +of the wire should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stripped now attach a small flag to one + + align:start position:0% +stripped now attach a small flag to one + + + align:start position:0% +stripped now attach a small flag to one +end of the rotor which will be used to + + align:start position:0% +end of the rotor which will be used to + + + align:start position:0% +end of the rotor which will be used to +measure its rotational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speed finally attach the battery using + + align:start position:0% +speed finally attach the battery using + + + align:start position:0% +speed finally attach the battery using +the battery straps to the ends of the + + align:start position:0% +the battery straps to the ends of the + + + align:start position:0% +the battery straps to the ends of the +two paper + + align:start position:0% +two paper + + + align:start position:0% +two paper +clips + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now place the rotor if everything's done + + align:start position:0% +now place the rotor if everything's done + + + align:start position:0% +now place the rotor if everything's done +correctly your motor should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spin use the photo resistor setup shown + + align:start position:0% +spin use the photo resistor setup shown + + + align:start position:0% +spin use the photo resistor setup shown +in your lab handout to measure the + + align:start position:0% +in your lab handout to measure the + + + align:start position:0% +in your lab handout to measure the +frequency of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motor position the flock such that it's + + align:start position:0% +motor position the flock such that it's + + + align:start position:0% +motor position the flock such that it's +right between the photo resistor and + + align:start position:0% +right between the photo resistor and + + + align:start position:0% +right between the photo resistor and +your laser + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pointer periodic waveform should appear + + align:start position:0% +pointer periodic waveform should appear + + + align:start position:0% +pointer periodic waveform should appear +on the oscilloscope use the Run Stop + + align:start position:0% +on the oscilloscope use the Run Stop + + + align:start position:0% +on the oscilloscope use the Run Stop +button to capture this waveform and + + align:start position:0% +button to capture this waveform and + + + align:start position:0% +button to capture this waveform and +measure the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequency +for this part of the lab you will need a + + align:start position:0% +for this part of the lab you will need a + + + align:start position:0% +for this part of the lab you will need a +geared DC + + align:start position:0% +geared DC + + + align:start position:0% +geared DC +motor as well as some banana + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jacks in addition you will need a power + + align:start position:0% +Jacks in addition you will need a power + + + align:start position:0% +Jacks in addition you will need a power +supply which operates in constant + + align:start position:0% +supply which operates in constant + + + align:start position:0% +supply which operates in constant +current and constant voltage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modes connect the geared motor to to a + + align:start position:0% +modes connect the geared motor to to a + + + align:start position:0% +modes connect the geared motor to to a +constant voltage input because the + + align:start position:0% +constant voltage input because the + + + align:start position:0% +constant voltage input because the +voltage sets the rotational speed it + + align:start position:0% +voltage sets the rotational speed it + + + align:start position:0% +voltage sets the rotational speed it +should be nearly impossible to stop the + + align:start position:0% +should be nearly impossible to stop the + + + align:start position:0% +should be nearly impossible to stop the +shaft with your hand notice the current + + align:start position:0% +shaft with your hand notice the current + + + align:start position:0% +shaft with your hand notice the current +will increase as the resistance is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +increased now put the power supply in + + align:start position:0% +increased now put the power supply in + + + align:start position:0% +increased now put the power supply in +constant current + + align:start position:0% +constant current + + + align:start position:0% +constant current +mode when the motor constant is + + align:start position:0% +mode when the motor constant is + + + align:start position:0% +mode when the motor constant is +unchanging current will set the torque + + align:start position:0% +unchanging current will set the torque + + + align:start position:0% +unchanging current will set the torque +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +motor it should be easy for you to apply + + align:start position:0% +motor it should be easy for you to apply + + + align:start position:0% +motor it should be easy for you to apply +an equal torque in the opposite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction in this part of the lab you + + align:start position:0% +direction in this part of the lab you + + + align:start position:0% +direction in this part of the lab you +will be characterizing especially built + + align:start position:0% +will be characterizing especially built + + + align:start position:0% +will be characterizing especially built +DC + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's start with a wound field motor you + + align:start position:0% +let's start with a wound field motor you + + + align:start position:0% +let's start with a wound field motor you +will need a constant 5vt power supply + + align:start position:0% +will need a constant 5vt power supply + + + align:start position:0% +will need a constant 5vt power supply +and a variable power + + align:start position:0% +and a variable power + + + align:start position:0% +and a variable power +supply start by connecting the two + + align:start position:0% +supply start by connecting the two + + + align:start position:0% +supply start by connecting the two +solenoids in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +series connect the multimeter in series + + align:start position:0% +series connect the multimeter in series + + + align:start position:0% +series connect the multimeter in series +so it will be used as an ammeter + + align:start position:0% +so it will be used as an ammeter + + + align:start position:0% +so it will be used as an ammeter +before connecting everything to the + + align:start position:0% +before connecting everything to the + + + align:start position:0% +before connecting everything to the +power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +supply use the 5vt power supply to power + + align:start position:0% +supply use the 5vt power supply to power + + + align:start position:0% +supply use the 5vt power supply to power +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +adjust the variable power supply so the + + align:start position:0% +adjust the variable power supply so the + + + align:start position:0% +adjust the variable power supply so the +current in the solenoids is about5 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now you will take a series of steps to + + align:start position:0% +now you will take a series of steps to + + + align:start position:0% +now you will take a series of steps to +find the optimal motor constant k for + + align:start position:0% +find the optimal motor constant k for + + + align:start position:0% +find the optimal motor constant k for +the wound field motor the first step is + + align:start position:0% +the wound field motor the first step is + + + align:start position:0% +the wound field motor the first step is +finding the motor constant of the + + align:start position:0% +finding the motor constant of the + + + align:start position:0% +finding the motor constant of the +permanent magnet motor or + + align:start position:0% +permanent magnet motor or + + + align:start position:0% +permanent magnet motor or +KPM after you have verified the wound + + align:start position:0% +KPM after you have verified the wound + + + align:start position:0% +KPM after you have verified the wound +field motor is working turn off the + + align:start position:0% +field motor is working turn off the + + + align:start position:0% +field motor is working turn off the +current in the solenoids + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this case the power supply displays + + align:start position:0% +in this case the power supply displays + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the power supply displays +the current reading so we no longer need + + align:start position:0% +the current reading so we no longer need + + + align:start position:0% +the current reading so we no longer need +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +multimeter the current through the + + align:start position:0% +multimeter the current through the + + + align:start position:0% +multimeter the current through the +solenoids should be constant at5 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +connect the rotor now to a variable + + align:start position:0% +connect the rotor now to a variable + + + align:start position:0% +connect the rotor now to a variable +voltage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +output set the multimeter in voltage + + align:start position:0% +output set the multimeter in voltage + + + align:start position:0% +output set the multimeter in voltage +mode and use it to measure the back EMF + + align:start position:0% +mode and use it to measure the back EMF + + + align:start position:0% +mode and use it to measure the back EMF +from the permanent magnet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we can turn the motor shaft at a + + align:start position:0% +if we can turn the motor shaft at a + + + align:start position:0% +if we can turn the motor shaft at a +known rotational speed and measure the + + align:start position:0% +known rotational speed and measure the + + + align:start position:0% +known rotational speed and measure the +back EMF KPM is found by taking the + + align:start position:0% +back EMF KPM is found by taking the + + + align:start position:0% +back EMF KPM is found by taking the +ratio you will collect this data for + + align:start position:0% +ratio you will collect this data for + + + align:start position:0% +ratio you will collect this data for +four different rotor + + align:start position:0% +four different rotor + + + align:start position:0% +four different rotor +voltages use the same photo resistor + + align:start position:0% +voltages use the same photo resistor + + + align:start position:0% +voltages use the same photo resistor +setup described in lab one to measure + + align:start position:0% +setup described in lab one to measure + + + align:start position:0% +setup described in lab one to measure +the rotational + + align:start position:0% +the rotational + + + align:start position:0% +the rotational +frequency it is convenient to use the 5V + + align:start position:0% +frequency it is convenient to use the 5V + + + align:start position:0% +frequency it is convenient to use the 5V +constant voltage output to bias the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circuit set up the oscilloscope to take + + align:start position:0% +circuit set up the oscilloscope to take + + + align:start position:0% +circuit set up the oscilloscope to take +the voltage across the photo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resistor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generate the signal using a laser + + align:start position:0% +generate the signal using a laser + + + align:start position:0% +generate the signal using a laser +pointer and measure both the frequency + + align:start position:0% +pointer and measure both the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +pointer and measure both the frequency +and back EMF for wound field rotor + + align:start position:0% +and back EMF for wound field rotor + + + align:start position:0% +and back EMF for wound field rotor +voltages four five 6 and + + align:start position:0% +voltages four five 6 and + + + align:start position:0% +voltages four five 6 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now you will find the constant C which + + align:start position:0% +now you will find the constant C which + + + align:start position:0% +now you will find the constant C which +relates the W field motor constant to + + align:start position:0% +relates the W field motor constant to + + + align:start position:0% +relates the W field motor constant to +the current in the solenoids also known + + align:start position:0% +the current in the solenoids also known + + + align:start position:0% +the current in the solenoids also known +as I + + align:start position:0% +as I + + + align:start position:0% +as I +st the 5vt constant voltage Supply + + align:start position:0% +st the 5vt constant voltage Supply + + + align:start position:0% +st the 5vt constant voltage Supply +should now be connected to the PM + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motor the multimeter should now be used + + align:start position:0% +motor the multimeter should now be used + + + align:start position:0% +motor the multimeter should now be used +to measure the back EMF from the rotor + + align:start position:0% +to measure the back EMF from the rotor + + + align:start position:0% +to measure the back EMF from the rotor +terminals of the wound field + + align:start position:0% +terminals of the wound field + + + align:start position:0% +terminals of the wound field +motor first measure the rotational speed + + align:start position:0% +motor first measure the rotational speed + + + align:start position:0% +motor first measure the rotational speed +with no current appli to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stats + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then turn on the current to the + + align:start position:0% +then turn on the current to the + + + align:start position:0% +then turn on the current to the +solenoids and measure the back EMF and + + align:start position:0% +solenoids and measure the back EMF and + + + align:start position:0% +solenoids and measure the back EMF and +rotational speed for currents ranging + + align:start position:0% +rotational speed for currents ranging + + + align:start position:0% +rotational speed for currents ranging +from. 3 to .9 + + align:start position:0% +from. 3 to .9 + + + align:start position:0% +from. 3 to .9 +amps the particular range of current may + + align:start position:0% +amps the particular range of current may + + + align:start position:0% +amps the particular range of current may +be different according to your motor + + align:start position:0% +be different according to your motor + + + align:start position:0% +be different according to your motor +note that to observe the periodic + + align:start position:0% +note that to observe the periodic + + + align:start position:0% +note that to observe the periodic +waveform on the oscilloscope you may + + align:start position:0% +waveform on the oscilloscope you may + + + align:start position:0% +waveform on the oscilloscope you may +need to adjust the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you're done calculate the motor + + align:start position:0% +when you're done calculate the motor + + + align:start position:0% +when you're done calculate the motor +constant of the wound field motor from + + align:start position:0% +constant of the wound field motor from + + + align:start position:0% +constant of the wound field motor from +the back EMF and plot K wound field as a + + align:start position:0% +the back EMF and plot K wound field as a + + + align:start position:0% +the back EMF and plot K wound field as a +function of I stat determine C from the + + align:start position:0% +function of I stat determine C from the + + + align:start position:0% +function of I stat determine C from the +slope of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line now you will find the optimal wound + + align:start position:0% +line now you will find the optimal wound + + + align:start position:0% +line now you will find the optimal wound +field motor constant the one which + + align:start position:0% +field motor constant the one which + + + align:start position:0% +field motor constant the one which +maximizes its rotational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +velocity connect the 5vt power supply + + align:start position:0% +velocity connect the 5vt power supply + + + align:start position:0% +velocity connect the 5vt power supply +again to the rotor of the wound field + + align:start position:0% +again to the rotor of the wound field + + + align:start position:0% +again to the rotor of the wound field +motor and use use the multimeter to + + align:start position:0% +motor and use use the multimeter to + + + align:start position:0% +motor and use use the multimeter to +measure the back EMF of the PM + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now you will change the wound field + + align:start position:0% +now you will change the wound field + + + align:start position:0% +now you will change the wound field +motor constant by changing I statter you + + align:start position:0% +motor constant by changing I statter you + + + align:start position:0% +motor constant by changing I statter you +can observe the result either by + + align:start position:0% +can observe the result either by + + + align:start position:0% +can observe the result either by +measuring the back EMF and finding the + + align:start position:0% +measuring the back EMF and finding the + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the back EMF and finding the +corresponding rotational speed or + + align:start position:0% +corresponding rotational speed or + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding rotational speed or +measuring the rotational speed + + align:start position:0% +measuring the rotational speed + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the rotational speed +directly from my stat you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +directly from my stat you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +directly from my stat you can calculate +the value of the motor constant using + + align:start position:0% +the value of the motor constant using + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the motor constant using +the data acquired + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +previously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what when you're finished with + + align:start position:0% +what when you're finished with + + + align:start position:0% +what when you're finished with +collecting data plot rotational speed + + align:start position:0% +collecting data plot rotational speed + + + align:start position:0% +collecting data plot rotational speed +versus the motor constant you should see + + align:start position:0% +versus the motor constant you should see + + + align:start position:0% +versus the motor constant you should see +an optimal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9BYsNpTCZGg.txt b/9BYsNpTCZGg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7998f61373371f503b1f5dfb136dd76deff04ad6 --- /dev/null +++ b/9BYsNpTCZGg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6275 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so let me use the mic to introduce Alex + + align:start position:0% +so let me use the mic to introduce Alex + + + align:start position:0% +so let me use the mic to introduce Alex +Townsend who taught here at MIT taught + + align:start position:0% +Townsend who taught here at MIT taught + + + align:start position:0% +Townsend who taught here at MIT taught +linear algebra 1806 very successfully + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra 1806 very successfully + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra 1806 very successfully +and now he's at Cornell on the faculty + + align:start position:0% +and now he's at Cornell on the faculty + + + align:start position:0% +and now he's at Cornell on the faculty +still teaching very successfully and + + align:start position:0% +still teaching very successfully and + + + align:start position:0% +still teaching very successfully and +he's he was invited here yesterday for a + + align:start position:0% +he's he was invited here yesterday for a + + + align:start position:0% +he's he was invited here yesterday for a +big event over in engineering and and he + + align:start position:0% +big event over in engineering and and he + + + align:start position:0% +big event over in engineering and and he +agreed to give a talk about a section of + + align:start position:0% +agreed to give a talk about a section of + + + align:start position:0% +agreed to give a talk about a section of +the book section 4.33 which if you look + + align:start position:0% +the book section 4.33 which if you look + + + align:start position:0% +the book section 4.33 which if you look +at it you'll see is all about his work + + align:start position:0% +at it you'll see is all about his work + + + align:start position:0% +at it you'll see is all about his work +and now you get to hear from the creator + + align:start position:0% +and now you get to hear from the creator + + + align:start position:0% +and now you get to hear from the creator +himself okay okay thanks thank you thank + + align:start position:0% +himself okay okay thanks thank you thank + + + align:start position:0% +himself okay okay thanks thank you thank +you for inviting me here I hope you're + + align:start position:0% +you for inviting me here I hope you're + + + align:start position:0% +you for inviting me here I hope you're +enjoying the course today I want to tell + + align:start position:0% +enjoying the course today I want to tell + + + align:start position:0% +enjoying the course today I want to tell +you a little about why there are so many + + align:start position:0% +you a little about why there are so many + + + align:start position:0% +you a little about why there are so many +matrices that are low ranked in the + + align:start position:0% +matrices that are low ranked in the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices that are low ranked in the +world + + align:start position:0% +world + + + align:start position:0% +world +so as computational mathematicians Gail + + align:start position:0% +so as computational mathematicians Gail + + + align:start position:0% +so as computational mathematicians Gail +and myself we come across low rank + + align:start position:0% +and myself we come across low rank + + + align:start position:0% +and myself we come across low rank +matrices all the time and we started + + align:start position:0% +matrices all the time and we started + + + align:start position:0% +matrices all the time and we started +wondering as a community why why is what + + align:start position:0% +wondering as a community why why is what + + + align:start position:0% +wondering as a community why why is what +is it about the matrices that the + + align:start position:0% +is it about the matrices that the + + + align:start position:0% +is it about the matrices that the +problems that we're looking at what + + align:start position:0% +problems that we're looking at what + + + align:start position:0% +problems that we're looking at what +makes low rank matrices appear and today + + align:start position:0% +makes low rank matrices appear and today + + + align:start position:0% +makes low rank matrices appear and today +I want to kind of give you that story or + + align:start position:0% +I want to kind of give you that story or + + + align:start position:0% +I want to kind of give you that story or +at least an overview of that story so + + align:start position:0% +at least an overview of that story so + + + align:start position:0% +at least an overview of that story so +further for this class X is going to be + + align:start position:0% +further for this class X is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +further for this class X is going to be +n by n real matrix so nice and square + + align:start position:0% +n by n real matrix so nice and square + + + align:start position:0% +n by n real matrix so nice and square +and you already know or very comfortable + + align:start position:0% +and you already know or very comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +and you already know or very comfortable +with the singular values of a matrix so + + align:start position:0% +with the singular values of a matrix so + + + align:start position:0% +with the singular values of a matrix so +the singular values of a matrix as you + + align:start position:0% +the singular values of a matrix as you + + + align:start position:0% +the singular values of a matrix as you +know are a sequence of numbers that are + + align:start position:0% +know are a sequence of numbers that are + + + align:start position:0% +know are a sequence of numbers that are +monotonically non-increasing that tell + + align:start position:0% +monotonically non-increasing that tell + + + align:start position:0% +monotonically non-increasing that tell +us all kinds of things about the matrix + + align:start position:0% +us all kinds of things about the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +us all kinds of things about the matrix +X for example the number of nonzero + + align:start position:0% +X for example the number of nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +X for example the number of nonzero +singular values tell us the rank of the + + align:start position:0% +singular values tell us the rank of the + + + align:start position:0% +singular values tell us the rank of the +matrix X and they also you probably know + + align:start position:0% +matrix X and they also you probably know + + + align:start position:0% +matrix X and they also you probably know +tell us how well a matrix X can be + + align:start position:0% +tell us how well a matrix X can be + + + align:start position:0% +tell us how well a matrix X can be +approximated by a low rank matrix so let + + align:start position:0% +approximated by a low rank matrix so let + + + align:start position:0% +approximated by a low rank matrix so let +me just write two facts down that you + + align:start position:0% +me just write two facts down that you + + + align:start position:0% +me just write two facts down that you +already are familiar with so here's a + + align:start position:0% +already are familiar with so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +already are familiar with so here's a +fact that if I look at the number of + + align:start position:0% +fact that if I look at the number of + + + align:start position:0% +fact that if I look at the number of +nonzero singular values in X so I'm + + align:start position:0% +nonzero singular values in X so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero singular values in X so I'm +imagining there's going to be K nonzero + + align:start position:0% +imagining there's going to be K nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +imagining there's going to be K nonzero +singular values then we can say a few + + align:start position:0% +singular values then we can say a few + + + align:start position:0% +singular values then we can say a few +things about X for example X the rank of + + align:start position:0% +things about X for example X the rank of + + + align:start position:0% +things about X for example X the rank of +X as we know is K the number of nonzero + + align:start position:0% +X as we know is K the number of nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +X as we know is K the number of nonzero +singular values but we also know from + + align:start position:0% +singular values but we also know from + + + align:start position:0% +singular values but we also know from +the SVD that we can decompose X into a + + align:start position:0% +the SVD that we can decompose X into a + + + align:start position:0% +the SVD that we can decompose X into a +sum of rank one matrices in fact a sum + + align:start position:0% +sum of rank one matrices in fact a sum + + + align:start position:0% +sum of rank one matrices in fact a sum +of K of them so because X is rank K we + + align:start position:0% +of K of them so because X is rank K we + + + align:start position:0% +of K of them so because X is rank K we +can write down a low rank representation + + align:start position:0% +can write down a low rank representation + + + align:start position:0% +can write down a low rank representation +for X and it involves K terms like this + + align:start position:0% +for X and it involves K terms like this + + + align:start position:0% +for X and it involves K terms like this +each one of these vectors here is a + + align:start position:0% +each one of these vectors here is a + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these vectors here is a +column vector so if I draw this + + align:start position:0% +column vector so if I draw this + + + align:start position:0% +column vector so if I draw this +pictorially this guy looks like this + + align:start position:0% +pictorially this guy looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +pictorially this guy looks like this +right we have K of them so because X is + + align:start position:0% +right we have K of them so because X is + + + align:start position:0% +right we have K of them so because X is +rank okay we can write X as a sum of K + + align:start position:0% +rank okay we can write X as a sum of K + + + align:start position:0% +rank okay we can write X as a sum of K +rank one matrices and we also have + + align:start position:0% +rank one matrices and we also have + + + align:start position:0% +rank one matrices and we also have +initial fact that we already know that + + align:start position:0% +initial fact that we already know that + + + align:start position:0% +initial fact that we already know that +the dimension of the column space of X + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of the column space of X + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of the column space of X +is equal to K and the same with the row + + align:start position:0% +is equal to K and the same with the row + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to K and the same with the row +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +so the Col space of X equals the row + + align:start position:0% +so the Col space of X equals the row + + + align:start position:0% +so the Col space of X equals the row +space of X the dimension and that they + + align:start position:0% +space of X the dimension and that they + + + align:start position:0% +space of X the dimension and that they +all equal K okay so there are three + + align:start position:0% +all equal K okay so there are three + + + align:start position:0% +all equal K okay so there are three +facts we can determine from looking at + + align:start position:0% +facts we can determine from looking at + + + align:start position:0% +facts we can determine from looking at +this sequence of singular values of a + + align:start position:0% +this sequence of singular values of a + + + align:start position:0% +this sequence of singular values of a +matrix X of course the singular value + + align:start position:0% +matrix X of course the singular value + + + align:start position:0% +matrix X of course the singular value +sequence is unique + + align:start position:0% +sequence is unique + + + align:start position:0% +sequence is unique +X defines that singular about this its + + align:start position:0% +X defines that singular about this its + + + align:start position:0% +X defines that singular about this its +own singular values okay what we're + + align:start position:0% +own singular values okay what we're + + + align:start position:0% +own singular values okay what we're +interested in here is what makes X what + + align:start position:0% +interested in here is what makes X what + + + align:start position:0% +interested in here is what makes X what +are the properties of X that make sure + + align:start position:0% +are the properties of X that make sure + + + align:start position:0% +are the properties of X that make sure +that the singular values have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that the singular values have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that the singular values have a lot of +zeros in that sequence can we try to + + align:start position:0% +zeros in that sequence can we try to + + + align:start position:0% +zeros in that sequence can we try to +understand what kind of X makes that + + align:start position:0% +understand what kind of X makes that + + + align:start position:0% +understand what kind of X makes that +happen and we really like matrices that + + align:start position:0% +happen and we really like matrices that + + + align:start position:0% +happen and we really like matrices that +have a lot of zeros here for the + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of zeros here for the + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of zeros here for the +following read reason if X is we say X + + align:start position:0% +following read reason if X is we say X + + + align:start position:0% +following read reason if X is we say X +is low rank if the following holds right + + align:start position:0% +is low rank if the following holds right + + + align:start position:0% +is low rank if the following holds right +because we if we wanted to send X to our + + align:start position:0% +because we if we wanted to send X to our + + + align:start position:0% +because we if we wanted to send X to our +friend we're imagining X is a picture + + align:start position:0% +friend we're imagining X is a picture + + + align:start position:0% +friend we're imagining X is a picture +where each entry is a pixel of that + + align:start position:0% +where each entry is a pixel of that + + + align:start position:0% +where each entry is a pixel of that +image if that matrix that image was low + + align:start position:0% +image if that matrix that image was low + + + align:start position:0% +image if that matrix that image was low +rank we could send the picture to our + + align:start position:0% +rank we could send the picture to our + + + align:start position:0% +rank we could send the picture to our +friend in two ways we could send one + + align:start position:0% +friend in two ways we could send one + + + align:start position:0% +friend in two ways we could send one +every single entry of X and for us to do + + align:start position:0% +every single entry of X and for us to do + + + align:start position:0% +every single entry of X and for us to do +that we would have to send N squared + + align:start position:0% +that we would have to send N squared + + + align:start position:0% +that we would have to send N squared +pieces of information because we'd have + + align:start position:0% +pieces of information because we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of information because we'd have +to send every entry but if X is + + align:start position:0% +to send every entry but if X is + + + align:start position:0% +to send every entry but if X is +sufficiently low rank we could also send + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently low rank we could also send + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently low rank we could also send +them our friend the vectors u u 1 V 1 u + + align:start position:0% +them our friend the vectors u u 1 V 1 u + + + align:start position:0% +them our friend the vectors u u 1 V 1 u +K up to VK + + align:start position:0% +K up to VK + + + align:start position:0% +K up to VK +and how many how much pieces of data + + align:start position:0% +and how many how much pieces of data + + + align:start position:0% +and how many how much pieces of data +would we have to send our friend to get + + align:start position:0% +would we have to send our friend to get + + + align:start position:0% +would we have to send our friend to get +X to them if we sent in the low rank + + align:start position:0% +X to them if we sent in the low rank + + + align:start position:0% +X to them if we sent in the low rank +form well here there's to this to n here + + align:start position:0% +form well here there's to this to n here + + + align:start position:0% +form well here there's to this to n here +too and here numbers this K of them so + + align:start position:0% +too and here numbers this K of them so + + + align:start position:0% +too and here numbers this K of them so +we'd have to send to K n numbers and we + + align:start position:0% +we'd have to send to K n numbers and we + + + align:start position:0% +we'd have to send to K n numbers and we +strictly say a matrix is low rank if + + align:start position:0% +strictly say a matrix is low rank if + + + align:start position:0% +strictly say a matrix is low rank if +it's more efficient to send X to our + + align:start position:0% +it's more efficient to send X to our + + + align:start position:0% +it's more efficient to send X to our +friend in low rank form than in full + + align:start position:0% +friend in low rank form than in full + + + align:start position:0% +friend in low rank form than in full +rank form okay so this of course by a + + align:start position:0% +rank form okay so this of course by a + + + align:start position:0% +rank form okay so this of course by a +little calculation just shows us that + + align:start position:0% +little calculation just shows us that + + + align:start position:0% +little calculation just shows us that +provided the rank is less than half the + + align:start position:0% +provided the rank is less than half the + + + align:start position:0% +provided the rank is less than half the +size of the matrix we are calling the + + align:start position:0% +size of the matrix we are calling the + + + align:start position:0% +size of the matrix we are calling the +matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrix +ranked now often in practice we demand + + align:start position:0% +ranked now often in practice we demand + + + align:start position:0% +ranked now often in practice we demand +more we demand that K is much smaller + + align:start position:0% +more we demand that K is much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +more we demand that K is much smaller +than this number so that it's far more + + align:start position:0% +than this number so that it's far more + + + align:start position:0% +than this number so that it's far more +efficient to send our friend the matrix + + align:start position:0% +efficient to send our friend the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +efficient to send our friend the matrix +X in low rank form than in foreign form + + align:start position:0% +X in low rank form than in foreign form + + + align:start position:0% +X in low rank form than in foreign form +okay so the Kuo creel use of the word + + align:start position:0% +okay so the Kuo creel use of the word + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the Kuo creel use of the word +low rank is it's kind of this situation + + align:start position:0% +low rank is it's kind of this situation + + + align:start position:0% +low rank is it's kind of this situation +but this is the strict definition of it + + align:start position:0% +but this is the strict definition of it + + + align:start position:0% +but this is the strict definition of it +okay so what do low rank matrices look + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do low rank matrices look + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do low rank matrices look +like and to do that I have some pictures + + align:start position:0% +like and to do that I have some pictures + + + align:start position:0% +like and to do that I have some pictures +for you I have some flags the world + + align:start position:0% +for you I have some flags the world + + + align:start position:0% +for you I have some flags the world +flags so these are all matrices X these + + align:start position:0% +flags so these are all matrices X these + + + align:start position:0% +flags so these are all matrices X these +examples because they're Flags happen to + + align:start position:0% +examples because they're Flags happen to + + + align:start position:0% +examples because they're Flags happen to +not be square I hope you can all see + + align:start position:0% +not be square I hope you can all see + + + align:start position:0% +not be square I hope you can all see +this but what the top row here are all + + align:start position:0% +this but what the top row here are all + + + align:start position:0% +this but what the top row here are all +matrices there are extremely low rank + + align:start position:0% +matrices there are extremely low rank + + + align:start position:0% +matrices there are extremely low rank +for example the Austria flag if you want + + align:start position:0% +for example the Austria flag if you want + + + align:start position:0% +for example the Austria flag if you want +to send that to your friend that matrix + + align:start position:0% +to send that to your friend that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +to send that to your friend that matrix +is of Rank 1 so all you have to do is + + align:start position:0% +is of Rank 1 so all you have to do is + + + align:start position:0% +is of Rank 1 so all you have to do is +send your friend two vectors you have to + + align:start position:0% +send your friend two vectors you have to + + + align:start position:0% +send your friend two vectors you have to +tell your friend the column space and + + align:start position:0% +tell your friend the column space and + + + align:start position:0% +tell your friend the column space and +the row space and there's only the + + align:start position:0% +the row space and there's only the + + + align:start position:0% +the row space and there's only the +dimensions are one of both for the + + align:start position:0% +dimensions are one of both for the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions are one of both for the +English flag you need to send them two + + align:start position:0% +English flag you need to send them two + + + align:start position:0% +English flag you need to send them two +column vectors and two row vectors u 1 V + + align:start position:0% +column vectors and two row vectors u 1 V + + + align:start position:0% +column vectors and two row vectors u 1 V +1 u 2 and V 2 and as we go down this row + + align:start position:0% +1 u 2 and V 2 and as we go down this row + + + align:start position:0% +1 u 2 and V 2 and as we go down this row +they get slowly full and full of rank so + + align:start position:0% +they get slowly full and full of rank so + + + align:start position:0% +they get slowly full and full of rank so +the Japanese flag for example is low + + align:start position:0% +the Japanese flag for example is low + + + align:start position:0% +the Japanese flag for example is low +rank but not us not that small the + + align:start position:0% +rank but not us not that small the + + + align:start position:0% +rank but not us not that small the +Scottish flag is essentially full rank + + align:start position:0% +Scottish flag is essentially full rank + + + align:start position:0% +Scottish flag is essentially full rank +so it's very inefficient to send your + + align:start position:0% +so it's very inefficient to send your + + + align:start position:0% +so it's very inefficient to send your +friend the Scottish flag in low rank + + align:start position:0% +friend the Scottish flag in low rank + + + align:start position:0% +friend the Scottish flag in low rank +form you're better off sending almost + + align:start position:0% +form you're better off sending almost + + + align:start position:0% +form you're better off sending almost +every single entry so what do low rank + + align:start position:0% +every single entry so what do low rank + + + align:start position:0% +every single entry so what do low rank +matrices look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well if the matrix is extremely low rank + + align:start position:0% +well if the matrix is extremely low rank + + + align:start position:0% +well if the matrix is extremely low rank +like rank one then when you look at that + + align:start position:0% +like rank one then when you look at that + + + align:start position:0% +like rank one then when you look at that +matrix like here like the flag it's a + + align:start position:0% +matrix like here like the flag it's a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix like here like the flag it's a +highly aligned with the the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +highly aligned with the the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +highly aligned with the the coordinates +with the rows and columns so if it's + + align:start position:0% +with the rows and columns so if it's + + + align:start position:0% +with the rows and columns so if it's +rank one the matrix is highly aligned + + align:start position:0% +rank one the matrix is highly aligned + + + align:start position:0% +rank one the matrix is highly aligned +like the Austria flag and of course as + + align:start position:0% +like the Austria flag and of course as + + + align:start position:0% +like the Austria flag and of course as +we adding more and more rank here the + + align:start position:0% +we adding more and more rank here the + + + align:start position:0% +we adding more and more rank here the +situation gets a bit blurry for example + + align:start position:0% +situation gets a bit blurry for example + + + align:start position:0% +situation gets a bit blurry for example +once we get into the medium rank + + align:start position:0% +once we get into the medium rank + + + align:start position:0% +once we get into the medium rank +situation which is a circle it's very + + align:start position:0% +situation which is a circle it's very + + + align:start position:0% +situation which is a circle it's very +hard to see that the circle is actually + + align:start position:0% +hard to see that the circle is actually + + + align:start position:0% +hard to see that the circle is actually +a fact low rank but what I wanted to do + + align:start position:0% +a fact low rank but what I wanted to do + + + align:start position:0% +a fact low rank but what I wanted to do +was try to understand why the Scottish + + align:start position:0% +was try to understand why the Scottish + + + align:start position:0% +was try to understand why the Scottish +Frank the Scottish flag or diagonal + + align:start position:0% +Frank the Scottish flag or diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +Frank the Scottish flag or diagonal +patterns are particularly a bad example + + align:start position:0% +patterns are particularly a bad example + + + align:start position:0% +patterns are particularly a bad example +for low rank so I'm going to take the + + align:start position:0% +for low rank so I'm going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +for low rank so I'm going to take the +triangular flag to examine that more + + align:start position:0% +triangular flag to examine that more + + + align:start position:0% +triangular flag to examine that more +carefully so the triangular flag it + + align:start position:0% +carefully so the triangular flag it + + + align:start position:0% +carefully so the triangular flag it +looks like I take a square matrix and + + align:start position:0% +looks like I take a square matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +looks like I take a square matrix and +our color in the bottom half okay so + + align:start position:0% +our color in the bottom half okay so + + + align:start position:0% +our color in the bottom half okay so +this matrix is the matrix of ones in + + align:start position:0% +this matrix is the matrix of ones in + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix is the matrix of ones in +below the diagonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm interested in this matrix and in + + align:start position:0% +and I'm interested in this matrix and in + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm interested in this matrix and in +particular its singular values to try to + + align:start position:0% +particular its singular values to try to + + + align:start position:0% +particular its singular values to try to +understand why diagonal patterns are not + + align:start position:0% +understand why diagonal patterns are not + + + align:start position:0% +understand why diagonal patterns are not +particularly useful for low rank + + align:start position:0% +particularly useful for low rank + + + align:start position:0% +particularly useful for low rank +compression and this this matrix of all + + align:start position:0% +compression and this this matrix of all + + + align:start position:0% +compression and this this matrix of all +ones has a really nice property that if + + align:start position:0% +ones has a really nice property that if + + + align:start position:0% +ones has a really nice property that if +I take its inverse it looks a lot like + + align:start position:0% +I take its inverse it looks a lot like + + + align:start position:0% +I take its inverse it looks a lot like +getting close to gills favorite matrix + + align:start position:0% +getting close to gills favorite matrix + + + align:start position:0% +getting close to gills favorite matrix +so if I take the inverse of this matrix + + align:start position:0% +so if I take the inverse of this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +so if I take the inverse of this matrix +it has an inverse because it's got ones + + align:start position:0% +it has an inverse because it's got ones + + + align:start position:0% +it has an inverse because it's got ones +on the diagonal then its inverse is the + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal then its inverse is the + + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal then its inverse is the +following matrix which people familiar + + align:start position:0% +following matrix which people familiar + + + align:start position:0% +following matrix which people familiar +with finite difference schemes will + + align:start position:0% +with finite difference schemes will + + + align:start position:0% +with finite difference schemes will +notice the familiarity between that and + + align:start position:0% +notice the familiarity between that and + + + align:start position:0% +notice the familiarity between that and +the first order finite difference + + align:start position:0% +the first order finite difference + + + align:start position:0% +the first order finite difference +approximation in particular if I go a + + align:start position:0% +approximation in particular if I go a + + + align:start position:0% +approximation in particular if I go a +bit further in times two of these + + align:start position:0% +bit further in times two of these + + + align:start position:0% +bit further in times two of these +together and do this then this is + + align:start position:0% +together and do this then this is + + + align:start position:0% +together and do this then this is +essentially Gil's favourite matrix + + align:start position:0% +essentially Gil's favourite matrix + + + align:start position:0% +essentially Gil's favourite matrix +except one entry happens to be different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ends up being this matrix okay which is + + align:start position:0% +ends up being this matrix okay which is + + + align:start position:0% +ends up being this matrix okay which is +very close to the second order central + + align:start position:0% +very close to the second order central + + + align:start position:0% +very close to the second order central +finite difference matrix and people have + + align:start position:0% +finite difference matrix and people have + + + align:start position:0% +finite difference matrix and people have +very well studied that matrix and just + + align:start position:0% +very well studied that matrix and just + + + align:start position:0% +very well studied that matrix and just +know it's I gain values its singular + + align:start position:0% +know it's I gain values its singular + + + align:start position:0% +know it's I gain values its singular +values they know everything about that + + align:start position:0% +values they know everything about that + + + align:start position:0% +values they know everything about that +matrix and you'll remember that if we + + align:start position:0% +matrix and you'll remember that if we + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and you'll remember that if we +know the eigenvalues of a matrix like x + + align:start position:0% +know the eigenvalues of a matrix like x + + + align:start position:0% +know the eigenvalues of a matrix like x +transpose x we know the singular values + + align:start position:0% +transpose x we know the singular values + + + align:start position:0% +transpose x we know the singular values +of x so this allows us to show by the + + align:start position:0% +of x so this allows us to show by the + + + align:start position:0% +of x so this allows us to show by the +fact that we know that that the singular + + align:start position:0% +fact that we know that that the singular + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we know that that the singular +values of this matrix are not very + + align:start position:0% +values of this matrix are not very + + + align:start position:0% +values of this matrix are not very +amenable to low rank they're all nonzero + + align:start position:0% +amenable to low rank they're all nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +amenable to low rank they're all nonzero +and they don't even decay so I'm getting + + align:start position:0% +and they don't even decay so I'm getting + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't even decay so I'm getting +this phone I rang up Gil and Gil tells + + align:start position:0% +this phone I rang up Gil and Gil tells + + + align:start position:0% +this phone I rang up Gil and Gil tells +me these numbers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that allows us to work out exactly what + + align:start position:0% +that allows us to work out exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +that allows us to work out exactly what +the singular values of this matrix are + + align:start position:0% +the singular values of this matrix are + + + align:start position:0% +the singular values of this matrix are +from the connection to finite + + align:start position:0% +from the connection to finite + + + align:start position:0% +from the connection to finite +differences and so we can understand why + + align:start position:0% +differences and so we can understand why + + + align:start position:0% +differences and so we can understand why +this is not good by looking at the + + align:start position:0% +this is not good by looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +this is not good by looking at the +singular values so the first singular + + align:start position:0% +singular values so the first singular + + + align:start position:0% +singular values so the first singular +value of x is from this expression is + + align:start position:0% +value of x is from this expression is + + + align:start position:0% +value of x is from this expression is +going to be approximately like 2n over + + align:start position:0% +going to be approximately like 2n over + + + align:start position:0% +going to be approximately like 2n over +pi and from this expression again the + + align:start position:0% +pi and from this expression again the + + + align:start position:0% +pi and from this expression again the +last guy + + align:start position:0% +last guy + + + align:start position:0% +last guy +the last angular value of x is going to + + align:start position:0% +the last angular value of x is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the last angular value of x is going to +be approximately 1/2 so these singular + + align:start position:0% +be approximately 1/2 so these singular + + + align:start position:0% +be approximately 1/2 so these singular +values are all large they're not getting + + align:start position:0% +values are all large they're not getting + + + align:start position:0% +values are all large they're not getting +close to 0 if I plotted these singular + + align:start position:0% +close to 0 if I plotted these singular + + + align:start position:0% +close to 0 if I plotted these singular +values on a graph right so here's the + + align:start position:0% +values on a graph right so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +values on a graph right so here's the +first singular value the second and the + + align:start position:0% +first singular value the second and the + + + align:start position:0% +first singular value the second and the +N then what would the graph look like + + align:start position:0% +N then what would the graph look like + + + align:start position:0% +N then what would the graph look like +well plot these numbers are divided by + + align:start position:0% +well plot these numbers are divided by + + + align:start position:0% +well plot these numbers are divided by +this guy so that they all are bounded + + align:start position:0% +this guy so that they all are bounded + + + align:start position:0% +this guy so that they all are bounded +between 1 and 0 because of the + + align:start position:0% +between 1 and 0 because of the + + + align:start position:0% +between 1 and 0 because of the +normalization because I divided by Sigma + + align:start position:0% +normalization because I divided by Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +normalization because I divided by Sigma +1 of X and so we can plot them and they + + align:start position:0% +1 of X and so we can plot them and they + + + align:start position:0% +1 of X and so we can plot them and they +will look like this kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +will look like this kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +will look like this kind of thing +okay this number happens to be here + + align:start position:0% +okay this number happens to be here + + + align:start position:0% +okay this number happens to be here +where they they come to be PI over 4 M + + align:start position:0% +where they they come to be PI over 4 M + + + align:start position:0% +where they they come to be PI over 4 M +okay which is me dividing this number by + + align:start position:0% +okay which is me dividing this number by + + + align:start position:0% +okay which is me dividing this number by +this number approximately okay so + + align:start position:0% +this number approximately okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this number approximately okay so +triangular patterns are extremely bad + + align:start position:0% +triangular patterns are extremely bad + + + align:start position:0% +triangular patterns are extremely bad +for low rank we need things or we least + + align:start position:0% +for low rank we need things or we least + + + align:start position:0% +for low rank we need things or we least +intuitively think that we need things + + align:start position:0% +intuitively think that we need things + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively think that we need things +aligned with the rows and columns but + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the rows and columns but + + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the rows and columns but +the circle case is happens to also be + + align:start position:0% +the circle case is happens to also be + + + align:start position:0% +the circle case is happens to also be +low rank and so what happened to the + + align:start position:0% +low rank and so what happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +low rank and so what happened to the +Japanese flag why is the Japanese flag + + align:start position:0% +Japanese flag why is the Japanese flag + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese flag why is the Japanese flag +convenient for low rank well it's the + + align:start position:0% +convenient for low rank well it's the + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for low rank well it's the +fact that it's a circle and there's lots + + align:start position:0% +fact that it's a circle and there's lots + + + align:start position:0% +fact that it's a circle and there's lots +of symmetry in a circle so if I try to + + align:start position:0% +of symmetry in a circle so if I try to + + + align:start position:0% +of symmetry in a circle so if I try to +look at the rank of a circle the + + align:start position:0% +look at the rank of a circle the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the rank of a circle the +Japanese flag then I can bound this rank + + align:start position:0% +Japanese flag then I can bound this rank + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese flag then I can bound this rank +by decomposing the Japanese flag into + + align:start position:0% +by decomposing the Japanese flag into + + + align:start position:0% +by decomposing the Japanese flag into +two things so this is going to be less + + align:start position:0% +two things so this is going to be less + + + align:start position:0% +two things so this is going to be less +than or equal to the rank of sum of two + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to the rank of sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to the rank of sum of two +matrices and I'll do it so that the + + align:start position:0% +matrices and I'll do it so that the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and I'll do it so that the +decomposition works out I have the + + align:start position:0% +decomposition works out I have the + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition works out I have the +circle I'm going to cut out a rank one + + align:start position:0% +circle I'm going to cut out a rank one + + + align:start position:0% +circle I'm going to cut out a rank one +piece that lives in the middle of this + + align:start position:0% +piece that lives in the middle of this + + + align:start position:0% +piece that lives in the middle of this +circle okay and I'm gonna cut out a + + align:start position:0% +circle okay and I'm gonna cut out a + + + align:start position:0% +circle okay and I'm gonna cut out a +square from the interior of that circle + + align:start position:0% +square from the interior of that circle + + + align:start position:0% +square from the interior of that circle +okay and I can figure out of course the + + align:start position:0% +okay and I can figure out of course the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I can figure out of course the +rank is just bounded by the sum of those + + align:start position:0% +rank is just bounded by the sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +rank is just bounded by the sum of those +two ranks this guy is bounded by rank + + align:start position:0% +two ranks this guy is bounded by rank + + + align:start position:0% +two ranks this guy is bounded by rank +one because it's highly aligned with the + + align:start position:0% +one because it's highly aligned with the + + + align:start position:0% +one because it's highly aligned with the +grid so this guy is bounded by rank one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this thing yeah plus one and now I have + + align:start position:0% +this thing yeah plus one and now I have + + + align:start position:0% +this thing yeah plus one and now I have +to try to understand the rank of this + + align:start position:0% +to try to understand the rank of this + + + align:start position:0% +to try to understand the rank of this +piece now this piece has lots of + + align:start position:0% +piece now this piece has lots of + + + align:start position:0% +piece now this piece has lots of +symmetry for example we know that the + + align:start position:0% +symmetry for example we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry for example we know that the +rank of that matrix is the dimension of + + align:start position:0% +rank of that matrix is the dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +rank of that matrix is the dimension of +the Coast the column space and the + + align:start position:0% +the Coast the column space and the + + + align:start position:0% +the Coast the column space and the +dimension of the row space so when we + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the row space so when we + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the row space so when we +look at this matrix because of symmetry + + align:start position:0% +look at this matrix because of symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +look at this matrix because of symmetry +if I divide this matrix in half along + + align:start position:0% +if I divide this matrix in half along + + + align:start position:0% +if I divide this matrix in half along +the columns all the columns on the left + + align:start position:0% +the columns all the columns on the left + + + align:start position:0% +the columns all the columns on the left +appear on the right so the columns for + + align:start position:0% +appear on the right so the columns for + + + align:start position:0% +appear on the right so the columns for +example the rank of this matrix is the + + align:start position:0% +example the rank of this matrix is the + + + align:start position:0% +example the rank of this matrix is the +same as the rank of that matrix because + + align:start position:0% +same as the rank of that matrix because + + + align:start position:0% +same as the rank of that matrix because +I didn't change the column space okay + + align:start position:0% +I didn't change the column space okay + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't change the column space okay +now I go again and divide along the rows + + align:start position:0% +now I go again and divide along the rows + + + align:start position:0% +now I go again and divide along the rows +and now the road dimension of this + + align:start position:0% +and now the road dimension of this + + + align:start position:0% +and now the road dimension of this +matrix is the same as the top half + + align:start position:0% +matrix is the same as the top half + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is the same as the top half +because as I wipe out those I didn't + + align:start position:0% +because as I wipe out those I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +because as I wipe out those I didn't +change the dimension of the row space + + align:start position:0% +change the dimension of the row space + + + align:start position:0% +change the dimension of the row space +because the rows are the same top bottom + + align:start position:0% +because the rows are the same top bottom + + + align:start position:0% +because the rows are the same top bottom +and so this becomes the rank of that + + align:start position:0% +and so this becomes the rank of that + + + align:start position:0% +and so this becomes the rank of that +tiny little matrix there and because + + align:start position:0% +tiny little matrix there and because + + + align:start position:0% +tiny little matrix there and because +it's small it won't have to larger rank + + align:start position:0% +it's small it won't have to larger rank + + + align:start position:0% +it's small it won't have to larger rank +so this is definitely less than if I + + align:start position:0% +so this is definitely less than if I + + + align:start position:0% +so this is definitely less than if I +divide that up a little guy here it + + align:start position:0% +divide that up a little guy here it + + + align:start position:0% +divide that up a little guy here it +looks like that plus the other guy there + + align:start position:0% +looks like that plus the other guy there + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that plus the other guy there +looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that plus one and so of course the rows + + align:start position:0% +that plus one and so of course the rows + + + align:start position:0% +that plus one and so of course the rows +the column the row space of this matrix + + align:start position:0% +the column the row space of this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the column the row space of this matrix +cannot be very high because this is a + + align:start position:0% +cannot be very high because this is a + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be very high because this is a +very thin matrix there's lots of zeros + + align:start position:0% +very thin matrix there's lots of zeros + + + align:start position:0% +very thin matrix there's lots of zeros +in that matrix only a few ones and so + + align:start position:0% +in that matrix only a few ones and so + + + align:start position:0% +in that matrix only a few ones and so +you can go along and do a bit of trick + + align:start position:0% +you can go along and do a bit of trick + + + align:start position:0% +you can go along and do a bit of trick +to try to figure out what how many rows + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out what how many rows + + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out what how many rows +are nonzero in this matrix and a bit of + + align:start position:0% +are nonzero in this matrix and a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +are nonzero in this matrix and a bit of +trick tells you well it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +trick tells you well it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +trick tells you well it depends on the +radius of this original circle so if I + + align:start position:0% +radius of this original circle so if I + + + align:start position:0% +radius of this original circle so if I +make the original radius R of this + + align:start position:0% +make the original radius R of this + + + align:start position:0% +make the original radius R of this +Japanese flag then the bound that you + + align:start position:0% +Japanese flag then the bound that you + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese flag then the bound that you +end up getting will be for this matrix R + + align:start position:0% +end up getting will be for this matrix R + + + align:start position:0% +end up getting will be for this matrix R +1 minus square root 2 over 2 for this + + align:start position:0% +1 minus square root 2 over 2 for this + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus square root 2 over 2 for this +guy a bit of trig better make sure + + align:start position:0% +guy a bit of trig better make sure + + + align:start position:0% +guy a bit of trig better make sure +that's an integer and then again here + + align:start position:0% +that's an integer and then again here + + + align:start position:0% +that's an integer and then again here +it's the same but for the column space + + align:start position:0% +it's the same but for the column space + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same but for the column space +so this is me just doing trick ok and + + align:start position:0% +so this is me just doing trick ok and + + + align:start position:0% +so this is me just doing trick ok and +that's a bound on the rank it happens to + + align:start position:0% +that's a bound on the rank it happens to + + + align:start position:0% +that's a bound on the rank it happens to +be extremely good and if you work out + + align:start position:0% +be extremely good and if you work out + + + align:start position:0% +be extremely good and if you work out +what that rank is and try to look back + + align:start position:0% +what that rank is and try to look back + + + align:start position:0% +what that rank is and try to look back +you'll find it's extremely efficient to + + align:start position:0% +you'll find it's extremely efficient to + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find it's extremely efficient to +send the Japanese flag to your friend in + + align:start position:0% +send the Japanese flag to your friend in + + + align:start position:0% +send the Japanese flag to your friend in +low rank form because it's not full rank + + align:start position:0% +low rank form because it's not full rank + + + align:start position:0% +low rank form because it's not full rank +because these numbers are so small so + + align:start position:0% +because these numbers are so small so + + + align:start position:0% +because these numbers are so small so +this this comes out to be like + + align:start position:0% +this this comes out to be like + + + align:start position:0% +this this comes out to be like +approximately 1/2 so much smaller than + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1/2 so much smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1/2 so much smaller than +what you would expect because remember a + + align:start position:0% +what you would expect because remember a + + + align:start position:0% +what you would expect because remember a +circle is almost the anti version of + + align:start position:0% +circle is almost the anti version of + + + align:start position:0% +circle is almost the anti version of +aligned with the grid but yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the grid but yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the grid but yeah it's +still low rank ok + + align:start position:0% +still low rank ok + + + align:start position:0% +still low rank ok +now most matrices that we come up with + + align:start position:0% +now most matrices that we come up with + + + align:start position:0% +now most matrices that we come up with +in computational math are not exactly a + + align:start position:0% +in computational math are not exactly a + + + align:start position:0% +in computational math are not exactly a +finite rank they are of numerical rank + + align:start position:0% +finite rank they are of numerical rank + + + align:start position:0% +finite rank they are of numerical rank +and so I just defined that so the + + align:start position:0% +and so I just defined that so the + + + align:start position:0% +and so I just defined that so the +numerical rank of a matrix it's very + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank of a matrix it's very + + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank of a matrix it's very +similar to the rank except we allow + + align:start position:0% +similar to the rank except we allow + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the rank except we allow +ourselves a little bit of wiggle room + + align:start position:0% +ourselves a little bit of wiggle room + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves a little bit of wiggle room +when we define it and so that amount of + + align:start position:0% +when we define it and so that amount of + + + align:start position:0% +when we define it and so that amount of +wiggle room will be a parameter called + + align:start position:0% +wiggle room will be a parameter called + + + align:start position:0% +wiggle room will be a parameter called +hole called Epsilon okay that's a + + align:start position:0% +hole called Epsilon okay that's a + + + align:start position:0% +hole called Epsilon okay that's a +tolerance I'm thinking of epsilon as a + + align:start position:0% +tolerance I'm thinking of epsilon as a + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance I'm thinking of epsilon as a +tolerance that's the amount of wiggle + + align:start position:0% +tolerance that's the amount of wiggle + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance that's the amount of wiggle +room I'm gonna give myself okay and we + + align:start position:0% +room I'm gonna give myself okay and we + + + align:start position:0% +room I'm gonna give myself okay and we +say that the numerical rank + + align:start position:0% +say that the numerical rank + + + align:start position:0% +say that the numerical rank +I'll put an epsilon there to denote a + + align:start position:0% +I'll put an epsilon there to denote a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put an epsilon there to denote a +numerical rank is K if K is the first + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank is K if K is the first + + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank is K if K is the first +singular value or the last singular + + align:start position:0% +singular value or the last singular + + + align:start position:0% +singular value or the last singular +value above epsilon in the following + + align:start position:0% +value above epsilon in the following + + + align:start position:0% +value above epsilon in the following +sense I'm copying the definition above + + align:start position:0% +sense I'm copying the definition above + + + align:start position:0% +sense I'm copying the definition above +but with epsilon is instead of zeros if + + align:start position:0% +but with epsilon is instead of zeros if + + + align:start position:0% +but with epsilon is instead of zeros if +this singular value is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relatively and the case one was not + + align:start position:0% +relatively and the case one was not + + + align:start position:0% +relatively and the case one was not +below so k plus 1 is the first singular + + align:start position:0% +below so k plus 1 is the first singular + + + align:start position:0% +below so k plus 1 is the first singular +value below epsilon in this relative + + align:start position:0% +value below epsilon in this relative + + + align:start position:0% +value below epsilon in this relative +sense so of course the rank of 0x if + + align:start position:0% +sense so of course the rank of 0x if + + + align:start position:0% +sense so of course the rank of 0x if +that was defined it's the same as the + + align:start position:0% +that was defined it's the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +that was defined it's the same as the +rank of X so this is just allowing + + align:start position:0% +rank of X so this is just allowing + + + align:start position:0% +rank of X so this is just allowing +ourselves some wiggle room but this is + + align:start position:0% +ourselves some wiggle room but this is + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves some wiggle room but this is +actually what we're interested more in + + align:start position:0% +actually what we're interested more in + + + align:start position:0% +actually what we're interested more in +in practice I don't want to necessarily + + align:start position:0% +in practice I don't want to necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +in practice I don't want to necessarily +send my friend the flag to exact + + align:start position:0% +send my friend the flag to exact + + + align:start position:0% +send my friend the flag to exact +precision I would actually be happy to + + align:start position:0% +precision I would actually be happy to + + + align:start position:0% +precision I would actually be happy to +send my friend the flag up to 16 digits + + align:start position:0% +send my friend the flag up to 16 digits + + + align:start position:0% +send my friend the flag up to 16 digits +of precision for example they're not + + align:start position:0% +of precision for example they're not + + + align:start position:0% +of precision for example they're not +going to tell the difference between + + align:start position:0% +going to tell the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell the difference between +those two flags and if I can get away + + align:start position:0% +those two flags and if I can get away + + + align:start position:0% +those two flags and if I can get away +with compressing the matrix a lot more + + align:start position:0% +with compressing the matrix a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +with compressing the matrix a lot more +once I have a little bit of wiggle room + + align:start position:0% +once I have a little bit of wiggle room + + + align:start position:0% +once I have a little bit of wiggle room +that would be a good thing so what so we + + align:start position:0% +that would be a good thing so what so we + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a good thing so what so we +know from the ark a kin-yuen that the + + align:start position:0% +know from the ark a kin-yuen that the + + + align:start position:0% +know from the ark a kin-yuen that the +singular values tell us how well we can + + align:start position:0% +singular values tell us how well we can + + + align:start position:0% +singular values tell us how well we can +approximate X by a low rank matrix in + + align:start position:0% +approximate X by a low rank matrix in + + + align:start position:0% +approximate X by a low rank matrix in +particular we know that the k plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +particular we know that the k plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +particular we know that the k plus 1 +singular value of x tells us how well X + + align:start position:0% +singular value of x tells us how well X + + + align:start position:0% +singular value of x tells us how well X +can be approximated by a rank K matrix + + align:start position:0% +can be approximated by a rank K matrix + + + align:start position:0% +can be approximated by a rank K matrix +okay for example when the rank was + + align:start position:0% +okay for example when the rank was + + + align:start position:0% +okay for example when the rank was +exactly K the Sigma K plus 1 was 0 and + + align:start position:0% +exactly K the Sigma K plus 1 was 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly K the Sigma K plus 1 was 0 and +then this came out to be 0 and we found + + align:start position:0% +then this came out to be 0 and we found + + + align:start position:0% +then this came out to be 0 and we found +there X was exactly a rank K matrix here + + align:start position:0% +there X was exactly a rank K matrix here + + + align:start position:0% +there X was exactly a rank K matrix here +because we have the wiggle room the + + align:start position:0% +because we have the wiggle room the + + + align:start position:0% +because we have the wiggle room the +epsilon we get an approximation not an + + align:start position:0% +epsilon we get an approximation not an + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon we get an approximation not an +exact so this is telling us how well we + + align:start position:0% +exact so this is telling us how well we + + + align:start position:0% +exact so this is telling us how well we +can approximate X by a rank K matrix + + align:start position:0% +can approximate X by a rank K matrix + + + align:start position:0% +can approximate X by a rank K matrix +okay that's what the singular values are + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what the singular values are + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what the singular values are +telling us and so this allows us to try + + align:start position:0% +telling us and so this allows us to try + + + align:start position:0% +telling us and so this allows us to try +our best to compress matrices but use + + align:start position:0% +our best to compress matrices but use + + + align:start position:0% +our best to compress matrices but use +low-rank approximation rather than doing + + align:start position:0% +low-rank approximation rather than doing + + + align:start position:0% +low-rank approximation rather than doing +things exactly and of course on a + + align:start position:0% +things exactly and of course on a + + + align:start position:0% +things exactly and of course on a +computer when we're using floating-point + + align:start position:0% +computer when we're using floating-point + + + align:start position:0% +computer when we're using floating-point +arithmetic or on a computer because we + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic or on a computer because we + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic or on a computer because we +always round numbers to the nearest 16 + + align:start position:0% +always round numbers to the nearest 16 + + + align:start position:0% +always round numbers to the nearest 16 +digit number if epsilon was 16 digits + + align:start position:0% +digit number if epsilon was 16 digits + + + align:start position:0% +digit number if epsilon was 16 digits +your computer wouldn't be able to tell + + align:start position:0% +your computer wouldn't be able to tell + + + align:start position:0% +your computer wouldn't be able to tell +the difference between X or X the rank K + + align:start position:0% +the difference between X or X the rank K + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between X or X the rank K +approximation if this number was + + align:start position:0% +approximation if this number was + + + align:start position:0% +approximation if this number was +satisfied this expression your computer + + align:start position:0% +satisfied this expression your computer + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied this expression your computer +would think of x and XK as the same + + align:start position:0% +would think of x and XK as the same + + + align:start position:0% +would think of x and XK as the same +matrix because it would inevitably round + + align:start position:0% +matrix because it would inevitably round + + + align:start position:0% +matrix because it would inevitably round +both to epsilon within Epsilon okay so + + align:start position:0% +both to epsilon within Epsilon okay so + + + align:start position:0% +both to epsilon within Epsilon okay so +what kind of matrices are numerically of + + align:start position:0% +what kind of matrices are numerically of + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of matrices are numerically of +lower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of course all low rank matrices are + + align:start position:0% +of course all low rank matrices are + + + align:start position:0% +of course all low rank matrices are +numerically of low rank because absolute + + align:start position:0% +numerically of low rank because absolute + + + align:start position:0% +numerically of low rank because absolute +the wiggle room can only help you but + + align:start position:0% +the wiggle room can only help you but + + + align:start position:0% +the wiggle room can only help you but +it's far more than that + + align:start position:0% +it's far more than that + + + align:start position:0% +it's far more than that +there are many full rank matrices + + align:start position:0% +there are many full rank matrices + + + align:start position:0% +there are many full rank matrices +matrices that don't have any singular + + align:start position:0% +matrices that don't have any singular + + + align:start position:0% +matrices that don't have any singular +values that are 0 but the singular + + align:start position:0% +values that are 0 but the singular + + + align:start position:0% +values that are 0 but the singular +values decay rapidly to zero that are + + align:start position:0% +values decay rapidly to zero that are + + + align:start position:0% +values decay rapidly to zero that are +full rank matrices with low numerical + + align:start position:0% +full rank matrices with low numerical + + + align:start position:0% +full rank matrices with low numerical +rank because of the wiggle room so for + + align:start position:0% +rank because of the wiggle room so for + + + align:start position:0% +rank because of the wiggle room so for +example here is the classic matrix that + + align:start position:0% +example here is the classic matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +example here is the classic matrix that +fits this regime if I give you this this + + align:start position:0% +fits this regime if I give you this this + + + align:start position:0% +fits this regime if I give you this this +is called the Hilbert matrix this is a + + align:start position:0% +is called the Hilbert matrix this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is called the Hilbert matrix this is a +matrix that happens to have extremely + + align:start position:0% +matrix that happens to have extremely + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that happens to have extremely +low numerical rank but it's actually + + align:start position:0% +low numerical rank but it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +low numerical rank but it's actually +full rank which means that I can + + align:start position:0% +full rank which means that I can + + + align:start position:0% +full rank which means that I can +approximate h2 by a rank K matrix where + + align:start position:0% +approximate h2 by a rank K matrix where + + + align:start position:0% +approximate h2 by a rank K matrix where +K is quite small very well but why did + + align:start position:0% +K is quite small very well but why did + + + align:start position:0% +K is quite small very well but why did +you give me some wiggle room but it's + + align:start position:0% +you give me some wiggle room but it's + + + align:start position:0% +you give me some wiggle room but it's +not a low rank matrix in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +not a low rank matrix in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +not a low rank matrix in the sense that +if epsilon was 0 here you didn't allow + + align:start position:0% +if epsilon was 0 here you didn't allow + + + align:start position:0% +if epsilon was 0 here you didn't allow +me the wriggle room all the singular + + align:start position:0% +me the wriggle room all the singular + + + align:start position:0% +me the wriggle room all the singular +values of this matrix are positive so + + align:start position:0% +values of this matrix are positive so + + + align:start position:0% +values of this matrix are positive so +it's of low numerical rank but not of + + align:start position:0% +it's of low numerical rank but not of + + + align:start position:0% +it's of low numerical rank but not of +it's not a low rank matrix the other + + align:start position:0% +it's not a low rank matrix the other + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a low rank matrix the other +classical case the classic example which + + align:start position:0% +classical case the classic example which + + + align:start position:0% +classical case the classic example which +motivated a lot of the research in this + + align:start position:0% +motivated a lot of the research in this + + + align:start position:0% +motivated a lot of the research in this +area was the random on matrix so here is + + align:start position:0% +area was the random on matrix so here is + + + align:start position:0% +area was the random on matrix so here is +the vandermonde matrix an N by n version + + align:start position:0% +the vandermonde matrix an N by n version + + + align:start position:0% +the vandermonde matrix an N by n version +of it I think of the excise is real this + + align:start position:0% +of it I think of the excise is real this + + + align:start position:0% +of it I think of the excise is real this +is very much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the matrix that comes up when + + align:start position:0% +this is the matrix that comes up when + + + align:start position:0% +this is the matrix that comes up when +you try to do polynomial interpolation + + align:start position:0% +you try to do polynomial interpolation + + + align:start position:0% +you try to do polynomial interpolation +at real points this is an extremely bad + + align:start position:0% +at real points this is an extremely bad + + + align:start position:0% +at real points this is an extremely bad +matrix to deal with because it's + + align:start position:0% +matrix to deal with because it's + + + align:start position:0% +matrix to deal with because it's +numerically low rank and often you + + align:start position:0% +numerically low rank and often you + + + align:start position:0% +numerically low rank and often you +actually want to solve a linear system + + align:start position:0% +actually want to solve a linear system + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to solve a linear system +with this matrix and numerical low rank + + align:start position:0% +with this matrix and numerical low rank + + + align:start position:0% +with this matrix and numerical low rank +implies that it's extremely hard to + + align:start position:0% +implies that it's extremely hard to + + + align:start position:0% +implies that it's extremely hard to +invert so this is low rank numerical low + + align:start position:0% +invert so this is low rank numerical low + + + align:start position:0% +invert so this is low rank numerical low +rank is not always good for you + + align:start position:0% +rank is not always good for you + + + align:start position:0% +rank is not always good for you +okay often we want we want the inverse + + align:start position:0% +okay often we want we want the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +okay often we want we want the inverse +which exists but it's difficult because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because he has low okay so people have + + align:start position:0% +because he has low okay so people have + + + align:start position:0% +because he has low okay so people have +been trying to understand why these + + align:start position:0% +been trying to understand why these + + + align:start position:0% +been trying to understand why these +matrices are numerically of low rank for + + align:start position:0% +matrices are numerically of low rank for + + + align:start position:0% +matrices are numerically of low rank for +a number of years and the classic reason + + align:start position:0% +a number of years and the classic reason + + + align:start position:0% +a number of years and the classic reason +why there are so many low rank matrices + + align:start position:0% +why there are so many low rank matrices + + + align:start position:0% +why there are so many low rank matrices +is because the the world is smooth as + + align:start position:0% +is because the the world is smooth as + + + align:start position:0% +is because the the world is smooth as +people say they say the world is smooth + + align:start position:0% +people say they say the world is smooth + + + align:start position:0% +people say they say the world is smooth +that's why matrices of numerical low + + align:start position:0% +that's why matrices of numerical low + + + align:start position:0% +that's why matrices of numerical low +rank and to illustrate that point I will + + align:start position:0% +rank and to illustrate that point I will + + + align:start position:0% +rank and to illustrate that point I will +do an example + + align:start position:0% +do an example + + + align:start position:0% +do an example +this is classically understood + + align:start position:0% +this is classically understood + + + align:start position:0% +this is classically understood +a man called Reid 1983 and that's this + + align:start position:0% +a man called Reid 1983 and that's this + + + align:start position:0% +a man called Reid 1983 and that's this +this is what his reason was I have a + + align:start position:0% +this is what his reason was I have a + + + align:start position:0% +this is what his reason was I have a +picture of John Reid he doesn't he's not + + align:start position:0% +picture of John Reid he doesn't he's not + + + align:start position:0% +picture of John Reid he doesn't he's not +very famous so I like try to make sure + + align:start position:0% +very famous so I like try to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +very famous so I like try to make sure +his picture gets around + + align:start position:0% +his picture gets around + + + align:start position:0% +his picture gets around +it's playing the piano that's like one + + align:start position:0% +it's playing the piano that's like one + + + align:start position:0% +it's playing the piano that's like one +of the only pictures that could find of + + align:start position:0% +of the only pictures that could find of + + + align:start position:0% +of the only pictures that could find of +him so what is in this reason why do + + align:start position:0% +him so what is in this reason why do + + + align:start position:0% +him so what is in this reason why do +people say this well here's an example + + align:start position:0% +people say this well here's an example + + + align:start position:0% +people say this well here's an example +that illustrates it if I take a + + align:start position:0% +that illustrates it if I take a + + + align:start position:0% +that illustrates it if I take a +polynomial in two variables and I for + + align:start position:0% +polynomial in two variables and I for + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial in two variables and I for +example this is a polynomial of two + + align:start position:0% +example this is a polynomial of two + + + align:start position:0% +example this is a polynomial of two +variables and my X matrix comes from + + align:start position:0% +variables and my X matrix comes from + + + align:start position:0% +variables and my X matrix comes from +sampling that polynomial are integers + + align:start position:0% +sampling that polynomial are integers + + + align:start position:0% +sampling that polynomial are integers +for example this matrix then that matrix + + align:start position:0% +for example this matrix then that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +for example this matrix then that matrix +happens to be of low rank mathematically + + align:start position:0% +happens to be of low rank mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be of low rank mathematically +of low rank with epsilon equals zero why + + align:start position:0% +of low rank with epsilon equals zero why + + + align:start position:0% +of low rank with epsilon equals zero why +is that well if I write down X as a as + + align:start position:0% +is that well if I write down X as a as + + + align:start position:0% +is that well if I write down X as a as +in terms of matrices you can easily see + + align:start position:0% +in terms of matrices you can easily see + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of matrices you can easily see +it so this is made up of a matrix of all + + align:start position:0% +it so this is made up of a matrix of all + + + align:start position:0% +it so this is made up of a matrix of all +ones plus a matrix of J's so that's 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +ones plus a matrix of J's so that's 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +ones plus a matrix of J's so that's 1 2 +up to n 1 2 up to n because the every + + align:start position:0% +up to n 1 2 up to n because the every + + + align:start position:0% +up to n 1 2 up to n because the every +entry of that matrix just depends on the + + align:start position:0% +entry of that matrix just depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +entry of that matrix just depends on the +row index and then this guy depends on + + align:start position:0% +row index and then this guy depends on + + + align:start position:0% +row index and then this guy depends on +both J and K so this is a multiplication + + align:start position:0% +both J and K so this is a multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +both J and K so this is a multiplication +table right so this is n 2 4 up to 2 N n + + align:start position:0% +table right so this is n 2 4 up to 2 N n + + + align:start position:0% +table right so this is n 2 4 up to 2 N n +2n n square ok clearly the matrix of all + + align:start position:0% +2n n square ok clearly the matrix of all + + + align:start position:0% +2n n square ok clearly the matrix of all +ones is a rank one matrix the same with + + align:start position:0% +ones is a rank one matrix the same with + + + align:start position:0% +ones is a rank one matrix the same with +this guy the column space is just of + + align:start position:0% +this guy the column space is just of + + + align:start position:0% +this guy the column space is just of +dimension 1 and this guy happens that + + align:start position:0% +dimension 1 and this guy happens that + + + align:start position:0% +dimension 1 and this guy happens that +the last guy also happens to be of rank + + align:start position:0% +the last guy also happens to be of rank + + + align:start position:0% +the last guy also happens to be of rank +1 because I can write this matrix in + + align:start position:0% +1 because I can write this matrix in + + + align:start position:0% +1 because I can write this matrix in +Rank 1 form which is a column vector Rho + + align:start position:0% +Rank 1 form which is a column vector Rho + + + align:start position:0% +Rank 1 form which is a column vector Rho +vector so this matrix X is of rank 3 + + align:start position:0% +vector so this matrix X is of rank 3 + + + align:start position:0% +vector so this matrix X is of rank 3 +I guess at most Mike 3 is what about + + align:start position:0% +I guess at most Mike 3 is what about + + + align:start position:0% +I guess at most Mike 3 is what about +Shoshone okay now of course this isn't + + align:start position:0% +Shoshone okay now of course this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +Shoshone okay now of course this isn't +got to numerical low rank yet so let's + + align:start position:0% +got to numerical low rank yet so let's + + + align:start position:0% +got to numerical low rank yet so let's +get ourselves there so Reid Reid knew + + align:start position:0% +get ourselves there so Reid Reid knew + + + align:start position:0% +get ourselves there so Reid Reid knew +this and he said to himself okay well if + + align:start position:0% +this and he said to himself okay well if + + + align:start position:0% +this and he said to himself okay well if +I can approximate if X is actually + + align:start position:0% +I can approximate if X is actually + + + align:start position:0% +I can approximate if X is actually +coming from sampling a function and I + + align:start position:0% +coming from sampling a function and I + + + align:start position:0% +coming from sampling a function and I +approximate that function by polynomial + + align:start position:0% +approximate that function by polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +approximate that function by polynomial +then I'm going to get myself a low-rank + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to get myself a low-rank + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to get myself a low-rank +approximation and get a bound on the + + align:start position:0% +approximation and get a bound on the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and get a bound on the +numerical rank so so in general if I + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank so so in general if I + + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank so so in general if I +give you a polynomial of two variables + + align:start position:0% +give you a polynomial of two variables + + + align:start position:0% +give you a polynomial of two variables +which can be written down its degree M + + align:start position:0% +which can be written down its degree M + + + align:start position:0% +which can be written down its degree M +in both x and y let's say keep these + + align:start position:0% +in both x and y let's say keep these + + + align:start position:0% +in both x and y let's say keep these +indexes away from the matrix index I + + align:start position:0% +indexes away from the matrix index I + + + align:start position:0% +indexes away from the matrix index I +give you this such polynomial and I go + + align:start position:0% +give you this such polynomial and I go + + + align:start position:0% +give you this such polynomial and I go +away and I sample it and make a matrix X + + align:start position:0% +away and I sample it and make a matrix X + + + align:start position:0% +away and I sample it and make a matrix X +then X by looking at each term + + align:start position:0% +then X by looking at each term + + + align:start position:0% +then X by looking at each term +individually like I did there we'll have + + align:start position:0% +individually like I did there we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +individually like I did there we'll have +low rank mathematically with epsilon + + align:start position:0% +low rank mathematically with epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +low rank mathematically with epsilon +equals zero we have at most M Squared + + align:start position:0% +equals zero we have at most M Squared + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero we have at most M Squared +rank and if M is three or four or ten it + + align:start position:0% +rank and if M is three or four or ten it + + + align:start position:0% +rank and if M is three or four or ten it +possibly could be low because this X + + align:start position:0% +possibly could be low because this X + + + align:start position:0% +possibly could be low because this X +could be a large matrix okay so what we + + align:start position:0% +could be a large matrix okay so what we + + + align:start position:0% +could be a large matrix okay so what we +did for the Hilbert matrix was said okay + + align:start position:0% +did for the Hilbert matrix was said okay + + + align:start position:0% +did for the Hilbert matrix was said okay +well look at that guy that guy looks + + align:start position:0% +well look at that guy that guy looks + + + align:start position:0% +well look at that guy that guy looks +like it's sampling a function it looks + + align:start position:0% +like it's sampling a function it looks + + + align:start position:0% +like it's sampling a function it looks +like it's sampling the function 1 over X + + align:start position:0% +like it's sampling the function 1 over X + + + align:start position:0% +like it's sampling the function 1 over X +plus y minus 1 so he said to himself + + align:start position:0% +plus y minus 1 so he said to himself + + + align:start position:0% +plus y minus 1 so he said to himself +well that X if I look at the Hilbert + + align:start position:0% +well that X if I look at the Hilbert + + + align:start position:0% +well that X if I look at the Hilbert +matrix then that is sampling a function + + align:start position:0% +matrix then that is sampling a function + + + align:start position:0% +matrix then that is sampling a function +it happens to not be a polynomial it + + align:start position:0% +it happens to not be a polynomial it + + + align:start position:0% +it happens to not be a polynomial it +happens to be this function but that's + + align:start position:0% +happens to be this function but that's + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be this function but that's +okay because sampling polynomials are + + align:start position:0% +okay because sampling polynomials are + + + align:start position:0% +okay because sampling polynomials are +integer integers gives + + align:start position:0% +integer integers gives + + + align:start position:0% +integer integers gives +low rank exactly maybe sampling smooth + + align:start position:0% +low rank exactly maybe sampling smooth + + + align:start position:0% +low rank exactly maybe sampling smooth +functions functions like this can be + + align:start position:0% +functions functions like this can be + + + align:start position:0% +functions functions like this can be +well approximated by polynomials and + + align:start position:0% +well approximated by polynomials and + + + align:start position:0% +well approximated by polynomials and +therefore have low numerical rank and + + align:start position:0% +therefore have low numerical rank and + + + align:start position:0% +therefore have low numerical rank and +that's that's what he did in this case + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what he did in this case + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what he did in this case +so here's he did fine he tried to find a + + align:start position:0% +so here's he did fine he tried to find a + + + align:start position:0% +so here's he did fine he tried to find a +P a polynomial approximation to F in + + align:start position:0% +P a polynomial approximation to F in + + + align:start position:0% +P a polynomial approximation to F in +particular he looked at exactly this + + align:start position:0% +particular he looked at exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +particular he looked at exactly this +kind of approximation so he has some + + align:start position:0% +kind of approximation so he has some + + + align:start position:0% +kind of approximation so he has some +numbers here so that things get resolved + + align:start position:0% +numbers here so that things get resolved + + + align:start position:0% +numbers here so that things get resolved +later he tried to find a P that did this + + align:start position:0% +later he tried to find a P that did this + + + align:start position:0% +later he tried to find a P that did this +kind of approximation and then he would + + align:start position:0% +kind of approximation and then he would + + + align:start position:0% +kind of approximation and then he would +develop a low-rank approximation to X by + + align:start position:0% +develop a low-rank approximation to X by + + + align:start position:0% +develop a low-rank approximation to X by +sampling P so he would say okay well Y + + align:start position:0% +sampling P so he would say okay well Y + + + align:start position:0% +sampling P so he would say okay well Y +if I let Y be a sampling of P then from + + align:start position:0% +if I let Y be a sampling of P then from + + + align:start position:0% +if I let Y be a sampling of P then from +the fact that F is a good approximation + + align:start position:0% +the fact that F is a good approximation + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that F is a good approximation +to P X is a good Y is a good + + align:start position:0% +to P X is a good Y is a good + + + align:start position:0% +to P X is a good Y is a good +approximation to X and so this has + + align:start position:0% +approximation to X and so this has + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to X and so this has +finite rank you wrote down that this + + align:start position:0% +finite rank you wrote down that this + + + align:start position:0% +finite rank you wrote down that this +must hold and the epsilon comes out here + + align:start position:0% +must hold and the epsilon comes out here + + + align:start position:0% +must hold and the epsilon comes out here +because I do these factors were chosen + + align:start position:0% +because I do these factors were chosen + + + align:start position:0% +because I do these factors were chosen +just right the divided by n was chosen + + align:start position:0% +just right the divided by n was chosen + + + align:start position:0% +just right the divided by n was chosen +so that the epsilon came out just there + + align:start position:0% +so that the epsilon came out just there + + + align:start position:0% +so that the epsilon came out just there +okay so for many years that was kind of + + align:start position:0% +okay so for many years that was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for many years that was kind of +the canonical reason that people would + + align:start position:0% +the canonical reason that people would + + + align:start position:0% +the canonical reason that people would +give that well if the matrix X is + + align:start position:0% +give that well if the matrix X is + + + align:start position:0% +give that well if the matrix X is +sampled from a smooth function then we + + align:start position:0% +sampled from a smooth function then we + + + align:start position:0% +sampled from a smooth function then we +can approximate that function by a + + align:start position:0% +can approximate that function by a + + + align:start position:0% +can approximate that function by a +polynomial and get polynomial rank + + align:start position:0% +polynomial and get polynomial rank + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial and get polynomial rank +approximations and therefore the matrix + + align:start position:0% +approximations and therefore the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +approximations and therefore the matrix +X will be of low numerical rank there's + + align:start position:0% +X will be of low numerical rank there's + + + align:start position:0% +X will be of low numerical rank there's +an issue with this reasoning + + align:start position:0% +an issue with this reasoning + + + align:start position:0% +an issue with this reasoning +especially for the Hilbert matrix that + + align:start position:0% +especially for the Hilbert matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +especially for the Hilbert matrix that +it doesn't actually work that well so + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't actually work that well so + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't actually work that well so +for example if I take the 1000 by 1000 + + align:start position:0% +for example if I take the 1000 by 1000 + + + align:start position:0% +for example if I take the 1000 by 1000 +Hilbert matrix and I look at its rank + + align:start position:0% +Hilbert matrix and I look at its rank + + + align:start position:0% +Hilbert matrix and I look at its rank +okay well I've already told you this is + + align:start position:0% +okay well I've already told you this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay well I've already told you this is +full rank you'll get a thousand all the + + align:start position:0% +full rank you'll get a thousand all the + + + align:start position:0% +full rank you'll get a thousand all the +singular values are positive if I look + + align:start position:0% +singular values are positive if I look + + + align:start position:0% +singular values are positive if I look +at the numerical rank of this 1000 by + + align:start position:0% +at the numerical rank of this 1000 by + + + align:start position:0% +at the numerical rank of this 1000 by +1000 Hilbert matrix and I compute it I + + align:start position:0% +1000 Hilbert matrix and I compute it I + + + align:start position:0% +1000 Hilbert matrix and I compute it I +compute the SVD and I look at how many + + align:start position:0% +compute the SVD and I look at how many + + + align:start position:0% +compute the SVD and I look at how many +are above epsilon where epsilon is 10 to + + align:start position:0% +are above epsilon where epsilon is 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +are above epsilon where epsilon is 10 to +the minus 15 so that means I can + + align:start position:0% +the minus 15 so that means I can + + + align:start position:0% +the minus 15 so that means I can +approximate the 1,000 by 1,000 Hilbert + + align:start position:0% +approximate the 1,000 by 1,000 Hilbert + + + align:start position:0% +approximate the 1,000 by 1,000 Hilbert +matrix by rank 28 matrix and only give + + align:start position:0% +matrix by rank 28 matrix and only give + + + align:start position:0% +matrix by rank 28 matrix and only give +up a digit that will be exact to 15 + + align:start position:0% +up a digit that will be exact to 15 + + + align:start position:0% +up a digit that will be exact to 15 +digits which is a huge amount so this is + + align:start position:0% +digits which is a huge amount so this is + + + align:start position:0% +digits which is a huge amount so this is +what we get from in practice but weeds + + align:start position:0% +what we get from in practice but weeds + + + align:start position:0% +what we get from in practice but weeds +argument here shows that the rank of + + align:start position:0% +argument here shows that the rank of + + + align:start position:0% +argument here shows that the rank of +this matrix the numerical rank is that + + align:start position:0% +this matrix the numerical rank is that + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix the numerical rank is that +most so it doesn't do a very good job on + + align:start position:0% +most so it doesn't do a very good job on + + + align:start position:0% +most so it doesn't do a very good job on +the Hilbert matrix for bounding the rank + + align:start position:0% +the Hilbert matrix for bounding the rank + + + align:start position:0% +the Hilbert matrix for bounding the rank +right so Reed comes along takes this + + align:start position:0% +right so Reed comes along takes this + + + align:start position:0% +right so Reed comes along takes this +function he tries to find a polynomial + + align:start position:0% +function he tries to find a polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +function he tries to find a polynomial +that does this + + align:start position:0% +that does this + + + align:start position:0% +that does this +whereas 10 to the minus 15 he finds that + + align:start position:0% +whereas 10 to the minus 15 he finds that + + + align:start position:0% +whereas 10 to the minus 15 he finds that +he needs the number of terms that he + + align:start position:0% +he needs the number of terms that he + + + align:start position:0% +he needs the number of terms that he +needs in this expression here is around + + align:start position:0% +needs in this expression here is around + + + align:start position:0% +needs in this expression here is around +719 and therefore that's the rank that + + align:start position:0% +719 and therefore that's the rank that + + + align:start position:0% +719 and therefore that's the rank that +he gets the bound on the numerical rank + + align:start position:0% +he gets the bound on the numerical rank + + + align:start position:0% +he gets the bound on the numerical rank +the trouble is that 719 tells us that + + align:start position:0% +the trouble is that 719 tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +the trouble is that 719 tells us that +the numerical this is not of low + + align:start position:0% +the numerical this is not of low + + + align:start position:0% +the numerical this is not of low +numerical rank but we know it it so it's + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank but we know it it so it's + + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank but we know it it so it's +it's unsatisfactory reason so there's + + align:start position:0% +it's unsatisfactory reason so there's + + + align:start position:0% +it's unsatisfactory reason so there's +been several people trying to come up + + align:start position:0% +been several people trying to come up + + + align:start position:0% +been several people trying to come up +with more appropriate reasons that + + align:start position:0% +with more appropriate reasons that + + + align:start position:0% +with more appropriate reasons that +Blayne the twenty-eighth here and so one + + align:start position:0% +Blayne the twenty-eighth here and so one + + + align:start position:0% +Blayne the twenty-eighth here and so one +reason that has I've started to use is + + align:start position:0% +reason that has I've started to use is + + + align:start position:0% +reason that has I've started to use is +that another slightly different way of + + align:start position:0% +that another slightly different way of + + + align:start position:0% +that another slightly different way of +looking at things which is to say the + + align:start position:0% +looking at things which is to say the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at things which is to say the +world is semester now Sylvester what + + align:start position:0% +world is semester now Sylvester what + + + align:start position:0% +world is semester now Sylvester what +does that mean what is the word + + align:start position:0% +does that mean what is the word + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean what is the word +Sylvester mean in this case it means + + align:start position:0% +Sylvester mean in this case it means + + + align:start position:0% +Sylvester mean in this case it means +that the matrices satisfy a certain type + + align:start position:0% +that the matrices satisfy a certain type + + + align:start position:0% +that the matrices satisfy a certain type +of equation called the Sylvester + + align:start position:0% +of equation called the Sylvester + + + align:start position:0% +of equation called the Sylvester +equation and so the reason is really + + align:start position:0% +equation and so the reason is really + + + align:start position:0% +equation and so the reason is really +many of these matrices satisfy a + + align:start position:0% +many of these matrices satisfy a + + + align:start position:0% +many of these matrices satisfy a +Sylvester equation and that takes the + + align:start position:0% +Sylvester equation and that takes the + + + align:start position:0% +Sylvester equation and that takes the +form okay for some a B and C so X is + + align:start position:0% +form okay for some a B and C so X is + + + align:start position:0% +form okay for some a B and C so X is +your matrix of interest you want to show + + align:start position:0% +your matrix of interest you want to show + + + align:start position:0% +your matrix of interest you want to show +X's of numerical low rank and the task + + align:start position:0% +X's of numerical low rank and the task + + + align:start position:0% +X's of numerical low rank and the task +at hand is to find an a B and C so that + + align:start position:0% +at hand is to find an a B and C so that + + + align:start position:0% +at hand is to find an a B and C so that +X satisfies that equation okay for + + align:start position:0% +X satisfies that equation okay for + + + align:start position:0% +X satisfies that equation okay for +example all the matrices the two + + align:start position:0% +example all the matrices the two + + + align:start position:0% +example all the matrices the two +matrices I've had on the board + + align:start position:0% +matrices I've had on the board + + + align:start position:0% +matrices I've had on the board +satisfy a semestre equation a sylvester + + align:start position:0% +satisfy a semestre equation a sylvester + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy a semestre equation a sylvester +matrix equation there is an a a B and a + + align:start position:0% +matrix equation there is an a a B and a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix equation there is an a a B and a +C for which they do this for example + + align:start position:0% +C for which they do this for example + + + align:start position:0% +C for which they do this for example +remember the Hilbert matrix which we + + align:start position:0% +remember the Hilbert matrix which we + + + align:start position:0% +remember the Hilbert matrix which we +have there I'll write it down again + + align:start position:0% +have there I'll write it down again + + + align:start position:0% +have there I'll write it down again +satisfies has these entries so all we + + align:start position:0% +satisfies has these entries so all we + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies has these entries so all we +need to do is to try to figure out an a + + align:start position:0% +need to do is to try to figure out an a + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is to try to figure out an a +and B and then a C so that we can make + + align:start position:0% +and B and then a C so that we can make + + + align:start position:0% +and B and then a C so that we can make +it fit a Sylvester equation there's many + + align:start position:0% +it fit a Sylvester equation there's many + + + align:start position:0% +it fit a Sylvester equation there's many +different ways of doing this the one + + align:start position:0% +different ways of doing this the one + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of doing this the one +that I like is the following + + align:start position:0% +that I like is the following + + + align:start position:0% +that I like is the following +what if I put a half here and three over + + align:start position:0% +what if I put a half here and three over + + + align:start position:0% +what if I put a half here and three over +to here all the way down to n minus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times this matrix and I so this is + + align:start position:0% +times this matrix and I so this is + + + align:start position:0% +times this matrix and I so this is +timesing the top of this matrix by 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +timesing the top of this matrix by 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +timesing the top of this matrix by 1/2 +and then 3 over 2 and then 5 over 2 + + align:start position:0% +and then 3 over 2 and then 5 over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +and then 3 over 2 and then 5 over 2 +so we're basically timesing that matrix + + align:start position:0% +so we're basically timesing that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +so we're basically timesing that matrix +each entry of this matrix by J minus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +each entry of this matrix by J minus 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +each entry of this matrix by J minus 1/2 +and then I do something on the right if + + align:start position:0% +and then I do something on the right if + + + align:start position:0% +and then I do something on the right if +here which I'm allowed to do because + + align:start position:0% +here which I'm allowed to do because + + + align:start position:0% +here which I'm allowed to do because +I've got the B freedom and I choose this + + align:start position:0% +I've got the B freedom and I choose this + + + align:start position:0% +I've got the B freedom and I choose this +to be the same up to a minus sign then + + align:start position:0% +to be the same up to a minus sign then + + + align:start position:0% +to be the same up to a minus sign then +when you think about this what is it + + align:start position:0% +when you think about this what is it + + + align:start position:0% +when you think about this what is it +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +it's timesing the JK entry this is by j + + align:start position:0% +it's timesing the JK entry this is by j + + + align:start position:0% +it's timesing the JK entry this is by j +minus 1/2 that's what this is doing and + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 that's what this is doing and + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 that's what this is doing and +what's this doing its timesing the JK + + align:start position:0% +what's this doing its timesing the JK + + + align:start position:0% +what's this doing its timesing the JK +entry by K minus 1/2 so this is in total + + align:start position:0% +entry by K minus 1/2 so this is in total + + + align:start position:0% +entry by K minus 1/2 so this is in total +timesing the JK entry by J plus K minus + + align:start position:0% +timesing the JK entry by J plus K minus + + + align:start position:0% +timesing the JK entry by J plus K minus +1/2 minus 1/2 which is minus 1 so this + + align:start position:0% +1/2 minus 1/2 which is minus 1 so this + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 minus 1/2 which is minus 1 so this +is timesing the JK entry by J plus K + + align:start position:0% +is timesing the JK entry by J plus K + + + align:start position:0% +is timesing the JK entry by J plus K +minus 1 so it knocks out the denominator + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so it knocks out the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so it knocks out the denominator +and what we get from this equation is a + + align:start position:0% +and what we get from this equation is a + + + align:start position:0% +and what we get from this equation is a +bunch of ones so in this case a and B + + align:start position:0% +bunch of ones so in this case a and B + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of ones so in this case a and B +are diagonal and C is the matrix of all + + align:start position:0% +are diagonal and C is the matrix of all + + + align:start position:0% +are diagonal and C is the matrix of all +ones ok we can also do this for vandeman + + align:start position:0% +ones ok we can also do this for vandeman + + + align:start position:0% +ones ok we can also do this for vandeman +so vanaman you'll remember looks like + + align:start position:0% +so vanaman you'll remember looks like + + + align:start position:0% +so vanaman you'll remember looks like +this and then over here we have this guy + + align:start position:0% +this and then over here we have this guy + + + align:start position:0% +this and then over here we have this guy +the matrix that appears with polynomial + + align:start position:0% +the matrix that appears with polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix that appears with polynomial +interpolation ok so if I think about + + align:start position:0% +interpolation ok so if I think about + + + align:start position:0% +interpolation ok so if I think about +this I can also come up with an a B and + + align:start position:0% +this I can also come up with an a B and + + + align:start position:0% +this I can also come up with an a B and +C and for example here's one that works + + align:start position:0% +C and for example here's one that works + + + align:start position:0% +C and for example here's one that works +I can stick the X's on the diagonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is if you imagine what that + + align:start position:0% +so this is if you imagine what that + + + align:start position:0% +so this is if you imagine what that +matrix on the left is doing it's + + align:start position:0% +matrix on the left is doing it's + + + align:start position:0% +matrix on the left is doing it's +timesing each column by the vector X ok + + align:start position:0% +timesing each column by the vector X ok + + + align:start position:0% +timesing each column by the vector X ok +so the first column of this matrix + + align:start position:0% +so the first column of this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +so the first column of this matrix +becomes X the vector X the second + + align:start position:0% +becomes X the vector X the second + + + align:start position:0% +becomes X the vector X the second +becomes the vector x squared where + + align:start position:0% +becomes the vector x squared where + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the vector x squared where +squared is done entry wise and then the + + align:start position:0% +squared is done entry wise and then the + + + align:start position:0% +squared is done entry wise and then the +third entry is now X cubed and when we + + align:start position:0% +third entry is now X cubed and when we + + + align:start position:0% +third entry is now X cubed and when we +get to the last is X to the n ok so + + align:start position:0% +get to the last is X to the n ok so + + + align:start position:0% +get to the last is X to the n ok so +that's like multiplied each column by + + align:start position:0% +that's like multiplied each column by + + + align:start position:0% +that's like multiplied each column by +the vector X so if I want to try to come + + align:start position:0% +the vector X so if I want to try to come + + + align:start position:0% +the vector X so if I want to try to come +up with a matrix so what's left is of + + align:start position:0% +up with a matrix so what's left is of + + + align:start position:0% +up with a matrix so what's left is of +low rank is like of this form what I can + + align:start position:0% +low rank is like of this form what I can + + + align:start position:0% +low rank is like of this form what I can +do is shift the columns so I've noticed + + align:start position:0% +do is shift the columns so I've noticed + + + align:start position:0% +do is shift the columns so I've noticed +that this product here this diagonal + + align:start position:0% +that this product here this diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +that this product here this diagonal +matrix has made the first column X so if + + align:start position:0% +matrix has made the first column X so if + + + align:start position:0% +matrix has made the first column X so if +I want to kill off that column I can + + align:start position:0% +I want to kill off that column I can + + + align:start position:0% +I want to kill off that column I can +take the second column and permute it to + + align:start position:0% +take the second column and permute it to + + + align:start position:0% +take the second column and permute it to +the first column I can take the third + + align:start position:0% +the first column I can take the third + + + align:start position:0% +the first column I can take the third +column and permute it to the second the + + align:start position:0% +column and permute it to the second the + + + align:start position:0% +column and permute it to the second the +last column imputed permute it to the + + align:start position:0% +last column imputed permute it to the + + + align:start position:0% +last column imputed permute it to the +penultimate column here and that will + + align:start position:0% +penultimate column here and that will + + + align:start position:0% +penultimate column here and that will +actually kill off a lot of what I've + + align:start position:0% +actually kill off a lot of what I've + + + align:start position:0% +actually kill off a lot of what I've +created in this matrix right here so let + + align:start position:0% +created in this matrix right here so let + + + align:start position:0% +created in this matrix right here so let +me write that down this is a circumflex + + align:start position:0% +me write that down this is a circumflex + + + align:start position:0% +me write that down this is a circumflex +this does that permutation this does + + align:start position:0% +this does that permutation this does + + + align:start position:0% +this does that permutation this does +that permutation I've put a minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +that permutation I've put a minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +that permutation I've put a minus 1 +there I could have put any number there + + align:start position:0% +there I could have put any number there + + + align:start position:0% +there I could have put any number there +it doesn't make any difference but this + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make any difference but this + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make any difference but this +is the one that works out really nicely + + align:start position:0% +is the one that works out really nicely + + + align:start position:0% +is the one that works out really nicely +now this 0 is out lots of things because + + align:start position:0% +now this 0 is out lots of things because + + + align:start position:0% +now this 0 is out lots of things because +of the way I've done the multiplication + + align:start position:0% +of the way I've done the multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +of the way I've done the multiplication +by X and the circum shift of the columns + + align:start position:0% +by X and the circum shift of the columns + + + align:start position:0% +by X and the circum shift of the columns +and so the first column is 0 because + + align:start position:0% +and so the first column is 0 because + + + align:start position:0% +and so the first column is 0 because +this first column is X this first column + + align:start position:0% +this first column is X this first column + + + align:start position:0% +this first column is X this first column +is X so I've got X minus X this column + + align:start position:0% +is X so I've got X minus X this column + + + align:start position:0% +is X so I've got X minus X this column +was x squared minus x squared so I got 0 + + align:start position:0% +was x squared minus x squared so I got 0 + + + align:start position:0% +was x squared minus x squared so I got 0 +and I just keep going along until that + + align:start position:0% +and I just keep going along until that + + + align:start position:0% +and I just keep going along until that +last column that last column is a + + align:start position:0% +last column that last column is a + + + align:start position:0% +last column that last column is a +problem because the last column of this + + align:start position:0% +problem because the last column of this + + + align:start position:0% +problem because the last column of this +guy is X to the N whereas I don't have X + + align:start position:0% +guy is X to the N whereas I don't have X + + + align:start position:0% +guy is X to the N whereas I don't have X +to the N and V so there's some numbers + + align:start position:0% +to the N and V so there's some numbers + + + align:start position:0% +to the N and V so there's some numbers +here ok + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you'll notice that see in both cases + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that see in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that see in both cases +happens to be a low rank matrix in these + + align:start position:0% +happens to be a low rank matrix in these + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be a low rank matrix in these +cases that happens to be of Rank 1 and + + align:start position:0% +cases that happens to be of Rank 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +cases that happens to be of Rank 1 and +so people were wondering maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +so people were wondering maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +so people were wondering maybe it's +something to do with satisfying these + + align:start position:0% +something to do with satisfying these + + + align:start position:0% +something to do with satisfying these +kind of equations that makes these + + align:start position:0% +kind of equations that makes these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of equations that makes these +matrices that appear in practice + + align:start position:0% +matrices that appear in practice + + + align:start position:0% +matrices that appear in practice +numerically of low rank and after a lot + + align:start position:0% +numerically of low rank and after a lot + + + align:start position:0% +numerically of low rank and after a lot +of work in this area people have come up + + align:start position:0% +of work in this area people have come up + + + align:start position:0% +of work in this area people have come up +with a bound that demonstrates that this + + align:start position:0% +with a bound that demonstrates that this + + + align:start position:0% +with a bound that demonstrates that this +these kind of equations are key to + + align:start position:0% +these kind of equations are key to + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of equations are key to +understanding the numerical low rank so + + align:start position:0% +understanding the numerical low rank so + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the numerical low rank so +if X satisfies a semester equation like + + align:start position:0% +if X satisfies a semester equation like + + + align:start position:0% +if X satisfies a semester equation like +this and a is normal + + align:start position:0% +this and a is normal + + + align:start position:0% +this and a is normal +B is normal I don't really want to + + align:start position:0% +B is normal I don't really want to + + + align:start position:0% +B is normal I don't really want to +concentrate on that those two conditions + + align:start position:0% +concentrate on that those two conditions + + + align:start position:0% +concentrate on that those two conditions +it's a little bit academic then people + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit academic then people + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit academic then people +have found a bound on the singular + + align:start position:0% +have found a bound on the singular + + + align:start position:0% +have found a bound on the singular +values of any matrix that satisfies this + + align:start position:0% +values of any matrix that satisfies this + + + align:start position:0% +values of any matrix that satisfies this +kind of expression and they found this + + align:start position:0% +kind of expression and they found this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of expression and they found this +fuller and bound ok so here the rank of + + align:start position:0% +fuller and bound ok so here the rank of + + + align:start position:0% +fuller and bound ok so here the rank of +C is off so that goes there so in our + + align:start position:0% +C is off so that goes there so in our + + + align:start position:0% +C is off so that goes there so in our +cases the two examples we have R is 1 so + + align:start position:0% +cases the two examples we have R is 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +cases the two examples we have R is 1 so +we can forget about our this nasty guy + + align:start position:0% +we can forget about our this nasty guy + + + align:start position:0% +we can forget about our this nasty guy +here is called Ghazala tariff number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e is a set that contains the eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +e is a set that contains the eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +e is a set that contains the eigenvalues +of a and F is the set that contains the + + align:start position:0% +of a and F is the set that contains the + + + align:start position:0% +of a and F is the set that contains the +eigenvalues of B okay now it looks like + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of B okay now it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of B okay now it looks like +we have gained absolutely nothing by + + align:start position:0% +we have gained absolutely nothing by + + + align:start position:0% +we have gained absolutely nothing by +this down because I've just told you + + align:start position:0% +this down because I've just told you + + + align:start position:0% +this down because I've just told you +singular values are bound by Zola tariff + + align:start position:0% +singular values are bound by Zola tariff + + + align:start position:0% +singular values are bound by Zola tariff +numbers that doesn't mean anything to + + align:start position:0% +numbers that doesn't mean anything to + + + align:start position:0% +numbers that doesn't mean anything to +anyone it means a little bit to me but + + align:start position:0% +anyone it means a little bit to me but + + + align:start position:0% +anyone it means a little bit to me but +not that much so the key to this bound + + align:start position:0% +not that much so the key to this bound + + + align:start position:0% +not that much so the key to this bound +the reason this is useful is that so + + align:start position:0% +the reason this is useful is that so + + + align:start position:0% +the reason this is useful is that so +many people have worked out what these + + align:start position:0% +many people have worked out what these + + + align:start position:0% +many people have worked out what these +zola tariff numbers actually mean okay + + align:start position:0% +zola tariff numbers actually mean okay + + + align:start position:0% +zola tariff numbers actually mean okay +so these are two key people that worked + + align:start position:0% +so these are two key people that worked + + + align:start position:0% +so these are two key people that worked +out what this bound means and we have + + align:start position:0% +out what this bound means and we have + + + align:start position:0% +out what this bound means and we have +gained a lot because people have been + + align:start position:0% +gained a lot because people have been + + + align:start position:0% +gained a lot because people have been +studying this number this is like a + + align:start position:0% +studying this number this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +studying this number this is like a +number that people cared about from 1870 + + align:start position:0% +number that people cared about from 1870 + + + align:start position:0% +number that people cared about from 1870 +onwards to the present day and people + + align:start position:0% +onwards to the present day and people + + + align:start position:0% +onwards to the present day and people +have studied this number extremely well + + align:start position:0% +have studied this number extremely well + + + align:start position:0% +have studied this number extremely well +so we've gained something by turning it + + align:start position:0% +so we've gained something by turning it + + + align:start position:0% +so we've gained something by turning it +into a more abstract problem that people + + align:start position:0% +into a more abstract problem that people + + + align:start position:0% +into a more abstract problem that people +have thought about previously and now we + + align:start position:0% +have thought about previously and now we + + + align:start position:0% +have thought about previously and now we +can go to the literature on zola tariff + + align:start position:0% +can go to the literature on zola tariff + + + align:start position:0% +can go to the literature on zola tariff +numbers whatever they are and discover + + align:start position:0% +numbers whatever they are and discover + + + align:start position:0% +numbers whatever they are and discover +this whole literature of work on this or + + align:start position:0% +this whole literature of work on this or + + + align:start position:0% +this whole literature of work on this or +a tariff number and the key part I'll + + align:start position:0% +a tariff number and the key part I'll + + + align:start position:0% +a tariff number and the key part I'll +just tell you the key is that the sets E + + align:start position:0% +just tell you the key is that the sets E + + + align:start position:0% +just tell you the key is that the sets E +and F are separated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for example in the Hilbert matrix the + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the Hilbert matrix the + + + align:start position:0% +so for example in the Hilbert matrix the +eigen values of a can be read off the + + align:start position:0% +eigen values of a can be read off the + + + align:start position:0% +eigen values of a can be read off the +diagonal what are they they are between + + align:start position:0% +diagonal what are they they are between + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal what are they they are between +minus 1/2 and n minus 1/2 and the + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 and n minus 1/2 and the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 and n minus 1/2 and the +eigenvalues of b lie in the set minus + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of b lie in the set minus + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues of b lie in the set minus +1/2 minus n plus 1 and the key reason + + align:start position:0% +1/2 minus n plus 1 and the key reason + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 minus n plus 1 and the key reason +why the hilbert matrix is of low + + align:start position:0% +why the hilbert matrix is of low + + + align:start position:0% +why the hilbert matrix is of low +numerical rank is the fact that these + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank is the fact that these + + + align:start position:0% +numerical rank is the fact that these +two sets are separated and that makes + + align:start position:0% +two sets are separated and that makes + + + align:start position:0% +two sets are separated and that makes +this is all a tariff number gets small + + align:start position:0% +this is all a tariff number gets small + + + align:start position:0% +this is all a tariff number gets small +extremely quickly with k now you might + + align:start position:0% +extremely quickly with k now you might + + + align:start position:0% +extremely quickly with k now you might +wonder why there's a question mark on + + align:start position:0% +wonder why there's a question mark on + + + align:start position:0% +wonder why there's a question mark on +pencils name there is unofficial curse + + align:start position:0% +pencils name there is unofficial curse + + + align:start position:0% +pencils name there is unofficial curse +that's been going on for a while both + + align:start position:0% +that's been going on for a while both + + + align:start position:0% +that's been going on for a while both +these men died while working on the + + align:start position:0% +these men died while working on the + + + align:start position:0% +these men died while working on the +solitaire problem they both died at the + + align:start position:0% +solitaire problem they both died at the + + + align:start position:0% +solitaire problem they both died at the +age of 31 one died by being hit by a + + align:start position:0% +age of 31 one died by being hit by a + + + align:start position:0% +age of 31 one died by being hit by a +train it's unclear whether he does + + align:start position:0% +train it's unclear whether he does + + + align:start position:0% +train it's unclear whether he does +suicidal or is accidental pencil died at + + align:start position:0% +suicidal or is accidental pencil died at + + + align:start position:0% +suicidal or is accidental pencil died at +the age of 31 in the Canadian mountains + + align:start position:0% +the age of 31 in the Canadian mountains + + + align:start position:0% +the age of 31 in the Canadian mountains +by an avalanche + + align:start position:0% +by an avalanche + + + align:start position:0% +by an avalanche +I am currently not yet 31 but going to + + align:start position:0% +I am currently not yet 31 but going to + + + align:start position:0% +I am currently not yet 31 but going to +be 31 very soon and I'm scared that I + + align:start position:0% +be 31 very soon and I'm scared that I + + + align:start position:0% +be 31 very soon and I'm scared that I +may join this list ok but for the Hubert + + align:start position:0% +may join this list ok but for the Hubert + + + align:start position:0% +may join this list ok but for the Hubert +matrix what you get from this analysis + + align:start position:0% +matrix what you get from this analysis + + + align:start position:0% +matrix what you get from this analysis +based on these two people's work is + + align:start position:0% +based on these two people's work is + + + align:start position:0% +based on these two people's work is +abound on the numerical rank and the + + align:start position:0% +abound on the numerical rank and the + + + align:start position:0% +abound on the numerical rank and the +rank that you get is let's say a world + + align:start position:0% +rank that you get is let's say a world + + + align:start position:0% +rank that you get is let's say a world +record bound for the Hilbert matrix is + + align:start position:0% +record bound for the Hilbert matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +record bound for the Hilbert matrix is +34 which is not quite 28 not yet but + + align:start position:0% +34 which is not quite 28 not yet but + + + align:start position:0% +34 which is not quite 28 not yet but +it's far more descriptive of 28 than 790 + + align:start position:0% +it's far more descriptive of 28 than 790 + + + align:start position:0% +it's far more descriptive of 28 than 790 +and so this technique of bounding + + align:start position:0% +and so this technique of bounding + + + align:start position:0% +and so this technique of bounding +singular values by using these solar + + align:start position:0% +singular values by using these solar + + + align:start position:0% +singular values by using these solar +tariff numbers is starting to gain + + align:start position:0% +tariff numbers is starting to gain + + + align:start position:0% +tariff numbers is starting to gain +popularity because we can finally answer + + align:start position:0% +popularity because we can finally answer + + + align:start position:0% +popularity because we can finally answer +to ourselves why there are so many low + + align:start position:0% +to ourselves why there are so many low + + + align:start position:0% +to ourselves why there are so many low +rank matrices that appear in + + align:start position:0% +rank matrices that appear in + + + align:start position:0% +rank matrices that appear in +computational math and it's all based on + + align:start position:0% +computational math and it's all based on + + + align:start position:0% +computational math and it's all based on +231 year olds that died and so if you + + align:start position:0% +231 year olds that died and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +231 year olds that died and so if you +ever wonder when you're doing + + align:start position:0% +ever wonder when you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +ever wonder when you're doing +computational science when a lower rank + + align:start position:0% +computational science when a lower rank + + + align:start position:0% +computational science when a lower rank +appears and the smoothness argument does + + align:start position:0% +appears and the smoothness argument does + + + align:start position:0% +appears and the smoothness argument does +not work for you you might like to think + + align:start position:0% +not work for you you might like to think + + + align:start position:0% +not work for you you might like to think +about Zola tariffs and the curse okay + + align:start position:0% +about Zola tariffs and the curse okay + + + align:start position:0% +about Zola tariffs and the curse okay +thank you very much how does it work now + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much how does it work now + + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much how does it work now +okay I'm happy to take questions if we + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm happy to take questions if we + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm happy to take questions if we +have a minute if you have any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well then I get a spotlight on I'm 31 in + + align:start position:0% +well then I get a spotlight on I'm 31 in + + + align:start position:0% +well then I get a spotlight on I'm 31 in +December so they died at the age of 31 + + align:start position:0% +December so they died at the age of 31 + + + align:start position:0% +December so they died at the age of 31 +so you know next year is the scary year + + align:start position:0% +so you know next year is the scary year + + + align:start position:0% +so you know next year is the scary year +for me so I will be not driving anywhere + + align:start position:0% +for me so I will be not driving anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +for me so I will be not driving anywhere +not leaving my house until I become 32 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9WthWtTxdj0.txt b/9WthWtTxdj0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7639de7f84a78c548e90d47421a07f10287a75e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/9WthWtTxdj0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the outline for today is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the outline for today is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the outline for today is a little bit +more review of feeling the power of the + + align:start position:0% +more review of feeling the power of the + + + align:start position:0% +more review of feeling the power of the +creation annihilation operators it + + align:start position:0% +creation annihilation operators it + + + align:start position:0% +creation annihilation operators it +enables you they enable you to do + + align:start position:0% +enables you they enable you to do + + + align:start position:0% +enables you they enable you to do +anything with harmonic oscillators + + align:start position:0% +anything with harmonic oscillators + + + align:start position:0% +anything with harmonic oscillators +really fast and and so you don't spend + + align:start position:0% +really fast and and so you don't spend + + + align:start position:0% +really fast and and so you don't spend +time thinking about how to do the math + + align:start position:0% +time thinking about how to do the math + + + align:start position:0% +time thinking about how to do the math +you think about the meaning of the + + align:start position:0% +you think about the meaning of the + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the meaning of the +problem and understanding how to + + align:start position:0% +problem and understanding how to + + + align:start position:0% +problem and understanding how to +manipulate or how to understand harmonic + + align:start position:0% +manipulate or how to understand harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate or how to understand harmonic +oscillators okay and then the exciting + + align:start position:0% +oscillators okay and then the exciting + + + align:start position:0% +oscillators okay and then the exciting +thing it's the real shorter equation is + + align:start position:0% +thing it's the real shorter equation is + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's the real shorter equation is +not the one we've been playing with its + + align:start position:0% +not the one we've been playing with its + + + align:start position:0% +not the one we've been playing with its +the time-dependent schrodinger equation + + align:start position:0% +the time-dependent schrodinger equation + + + align:start position:0% +the time-dependent schrodinger equation +and I like to introduce the + + align:start position:0% +and I like to introduce the + + + align:start position:0% +and I like to introduce the +time-independent one first because it + + align:start position:0% +time-independent one first because it + + + align:start position:0% +time-independent one first because it +enables you to sort of develop some + + align:start position:0% +enables you to sort of develop some + + + align:start position:0% +enables you to sort of develop some +insight and assemble some of the tools + + align:start position:0% +insight and assemble some of the tools + + + align:start position:0% +insight and assemble some of the tools +before we hit the really serious stuff + + align:start position:0% +before we hit the really serious stuff + + + align:start position:0% +before we hit the really serious stuff +and so I will talk about this and use + + align:start position:0% +and so I will talk about this and use + + + align:start position:0% +and so I will talk about this and use +the time-dependent schrodinger equation + + align:start position:0% +the time-dependent schrodinger equation + + + align:start position:0% +the time-dependent schrodinger equation +to say so that what it takes to get a + + align:start position:0% +to say so that what it takes to get a + + + align:start position:0% +to say so that what it takes to get a +motion of this product of the the the + + align:start position:0% +motion of this product of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +motion of this product of the the the +sly star sigh what does it take it takes + + align:start position:0% +sly star sigh what does it take it takes + + + align:start position:0% +sly star sigh what does it take it takes +a superposition state consisting of at + + align:start position:0% +a superposition state consisting of at + + + align:start position:0% +a superposition state consisting of at +least two different energies then this + + align:start position:0% +least two different energies then this + + + align:start position:0% +least two different energies then this +normalization integral well you'd expect + + align:start position:0% +normalization integral well you'd expect + + + align:start position:0% +normalization integral well you'd expect +normalization or something like this to + + align:start position:0% +normalization or something like this to + + + align:start position:0% +normalization or something like this to +be preserved and and in fact the + + align:start position:0% +be preserved and and in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +be preserved and and in fact the +normalization is time independent then + + align:start position:0% +normalization is time independent then + + + align:start position:0% +normalization is time independent then +if we calculate the now this is a vector + + align:start position:0% +if we calculate the now this is a vector + + + align:start position:0% +if we calculate the now this is a vector +rather than just a simple coordinate if + + align:start position:0% +rather than just a simple coordinate if + + + align:start position:0% +rather than just a simple coordinate if +we calculate the expectation value of + + align:start position:0% +we calculate the expectation value of + + + align:start position:0% +we calculate the expectation value of +the position and the expectation value + + align:start position:0% +the position and the expectation value + + + align:start position:0% +the position and the expectation value +of the momentum ehrenfest theorem tells + + align:start position:0% +of the momentum ehrenfest theorem tells + + + align:start position:0% +of the momentum ehrenfest theorem tells +you that well this is going to describe + + align:start position:0% +you that well this is going to describe + + + align:start position:0% +you that well this is going to describe +the motion of the center of the wave + + align:start position:0% +the motion of the center of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +the motion of the center of the wave +packet and the motion of the center of + + align:start position:0% +packet and the motion of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +packet and the motion of the center of +the wave packet is following Newton's + + align:start position:0% +the wave packet is following Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +the wave packet is following Newton's +laws no surprise + + align:start position:0% +laws no surprise + + + align:start position:0% +laws no surprise +and so we're seeing how quantum + + align:start position:0% +and so we're seeing how quantum + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're seeing how quantum +mechanical mechanics is given back to + + align:start position:0% +mechanical mechanics is given back to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical mechanics is given back to +you once we start making particle-like + + align:start position:0% +you once we start making particle-like + + + align:start position:0% +you once we start making particle-like +states we can see how these particle + + align:start position:0% +states we can see how these particle + + + align:start position:0% +states we can see how these particle +like states evolve but there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +like states evolve but there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +like states evolve but there's a lot +more than just particle-like behavior + + align:start position:0% +more than just particle-like behavior + + + align:start position:0% +more than just particle-like behavior +you would perhaps challenge any + + align:start position:0% +you would perhaps challenge any + + + align:start position:0% +you would perhaps challenge any +outfielder for the the Red Sox to to go + + align:start position:0% +outfielder for the the Red Sox to to go + + + align:start position:0% +outfielder for the the Red Sox to to go +beyond calculating the center of the + + align:start position:0% +beyond calculating the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +beyond calculating the center of the +wave packet that's what they know to do + + align:start position:0% +wave packet that's what they know to do + + + align:start position:0% +wave packet that's what they know to do +but they don't know some other things + + align:start position:0% +but they don't know some other things + + + align:start position:0% +but they don't know some other things +like survival probability how fast does + + align:start position:0% +like survival probability how fast does + + + align:start position:0% +like survival probability how fast does +the wave packet move away from its + + align:start position:0% +the wave packet move away from its + + + align:start position:0% +the wave packet move away from its +birthplace or the wave packet does stuff + + align:start position:0% +birthplace or the wave packet does stuff + + + align:start position:0% +birthplace or the wave packet does stuff +and wanders around and comes back and + + align:start position:0% +and wanders around and comes back and + + + align:start position:0% +and wanders around and comes back and +reef aces sometimes and sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +reef aces sometimes and sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +reef aces sometimes and sometimes it's +just de phases and these are things the + + align:start position:0% +just de phases and these are things the + + + align:start position:0% +just de phases and these are things the +these are words that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +these are words that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +these are words that you're going to +want to put into your vocabulary so + + align:start position:0% +want to put into your vocabulary so + + + align:start position:0% +want to put into your vocabulary so +there's a lot of really beautiful stuff + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of really beautiful stuff + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of really beautiful stuff +when we start looking at the + + align:start position:0% +when we start looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +when we start looking at the +time-dependent schrodinger equation and + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent schrodinger equation and + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent schrodinger equation and +we are going to mostly consider the + + align:start position:0% +we are going to mostly consider the + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to mostly consider the +time-dependent schrodinger equation when + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent schrodinger equation when + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent schrodinger equation when +the Hamiltonian is independent of time + + align:start position:0% +the Hamiltonian is independent of time + + + align:start position:0% +the Hamiltonian is independent of time +because we can get our arms around that + + align:start position:0% +because we can get our arms around that + + + align:start position:0% +because we can get our arms around that +really easily but when the Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +really easily but when the Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +really easily but when the Hamiltonian +is dependent on time then it opens up a + + align:start position:0% +is dependent on time then it opens up a + + + align:start position:0% +is dependent on time then it opens up a +world of complexity that is really best + + align:start position:0% +world of complexity that is really best + + + align:start position:0% +world of complexity that is really best +left to a more advanced course but how + + align:start position:0% +left to a more advanced course but how + + + align:start position:0% +left to a more advanced course but how +do molecules get excited from one state + + align:start position:0% +do molecules get excited from one state + + + align:start position:0% +do molecules get excited from one state +to another a time-dependent Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +to another a time-dependent Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +to another a time-dependent Hamiltonian +so we are going to have to it least + + align:start position:0% +so we are going to have to it least + + + align:start position:0% +so we are going to have to it least +briefly talk about time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +briefly talk about time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +briefly talk about time-dependent +Hamiltonian and what it does and you'll + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and what it does and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and what it does and you'll +see that eventually okay so I first + + align:start position:0% +see that eventually okay so I first + + + align:start position:0% +see that eventually okay so I first +going to do a little bit of review of + + align:start position:0% +going to do a little bit of review of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do a little bit of review of +the A's and a daggers so the most + + align:start position:0% +the A's and a daggers so the most + + + align:start position:0% +the A's and a daggers so the most +important thing is we're gonna have some + + align:start position:0% +important thing is we're gonna have some + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is we're gonna have some +problem where we have this X operator to + + align:start position:0% +problem where we have this X operator to + + + align:start position:0% +problem where we have this X operator to +some power integer power and so we need + + align:start position:0% +some power integer power and so we need + + + align:start position:0% +some power integer power and so we need +to be able to relate + + align:start position:0% +to be able to relate + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to relate +to the A's and a daggers I'll drop the + + align:start position:0% +to the A's and a daggers I'll drop the + + + align:start position:0% +to the A's and a daggers I'll drop the +hats because we know they're there and + + align:start position:0% +hats because we know they're there and + + + align:start position:0% +hats because we know they're there and +one of the nice things is if we have + + align:start position:0% +one of the nice things is if we have + + + align:start position:0% +one of the nice things is if we have +this operator to the F power we have + + align:start position:0% +this operator to the F power we have + + + align:start position:0% +this operator to the F power we have +this cofactor to the M power so we don't + + align:start position:0% +this cofactor to the M power so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +this cofactor to the M power so we don't +ever have to deal with it until the end + + align:start position:0% +ever have to deal with it until the end + + + align:start position:0% +ever have to deal with it until the end +of the problem we say oh we had X to the + + align:start position:0% +of the problem we say oh we had X to the + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem we say oh we had X to the +N well we have then an H bar I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +N well we have then an H bar I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +N well we have then an H bar I'm sorry +we have H bar over 2 mu N and over to so + + align:start position:0% +we have H bar over 2 mu N and over to so + + + align:start position:0% +we have H bar over 2 mu N and over to so +it's really saves a lot of writing and + + align:start position:0% +it's really saves a lot of writing and + + + align:start position:0% +it's really saves a lot of writing and +it it means you solve one problem for a + + align:start position:0% +it it means you solve one problem for a + + + align:start position:0% +it it means you solve one problem for a +harmonic oscillator and you've solved it + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator and you've solved it + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator and you've solved it +for all harmonic oscillators and this is + + align:start position:0% +for all harmonic oscillators and this is + + + align:start position:0% +for all harmonic oscillators and this is +just details about what is the mass and + + align:start position:0% +just details about what is the mass and + + + align:start position:0% +just details about what is the mass and +what is the force constant which it's + + align:start position:0% +what is the force constant which it's + + + align:start position:0% +what is the force constant which it's +you need to know and there's a similar + + align:start position:0% +you need to know and there's a similar + + + align:start position:0% +you need to know and there's a similar +thing for P so that's the most if it + + align:start position:0% +thing for P so that's the most if it + + + align:start position:0% +thing for P so that's the most if it +opens the door it says okay we have some + + align:start position:0% +opens the door it says okay we have some + + + align:start position:0% +opens the door it says okay we have some +problem involving the coordinate and the + + align:start position:0% +problem involving the coordinate and the + + + align:start position:0% +problem involving the coordinate and the +momentum sum function of the coordinate + + align:start position:0% +momentum sum function of the coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +momentum sum function of the coordinate +of momentum and we want to know things + + align:start position:0% +of momentum and we want to know things + + + align:start position:0% +of momentum and we want to know things +about the coordinate and momentum and so + + align:start position:0% +about the coordinate and momentum and so + + + align:start position:0% +about the coordinate and momentum and so +we we use this operator algebra and so a + + align:start position:0% +we we use this operator algebra and so a + + + align:start position:0% +we we use this operator algebra and so a +operating up side V gives v square root + + align:start position:0% +operating up side V gives v square root + + + align:start position:0% +operating up side V gives v square root +B minus 1 & a dagger we know that those + + align:start position:0% +B minus 1 & a dagger we know that those + + + align:start position:0% +B minus 1 & a dagger we know that those +so that's hardwired but suppose we + + align:start position:0% +so that's hardwired but suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +so that's hardwired but suppose we +wanted a 2 v operating on side v well + + align:start position:0% +wanted a 2 v operating on side v well + + + align:start position:0% +wanted a 2 v operating on side v well +what do we do well we start and we start + + align:start position:0% +what do we do well we start and we start + + + align:start position:0% +what do we do well we start and we start +operating on you know if this were a + + align:start position:0% +operating on you know if this were a + + + align:start position:0% +operating on you know if this were a +complicated operator we would take the + + align:start position:0% +complicated operator we would take the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated operator we would take the +rightmost piece of that operator and + + align:start position:0% +rightmost piece of that operator and + + + align:start position:0% +rightmost piece of that operator and +operate on the wave function and that + + align:start position:0% +operate on the wave function and that + + + align:start position:0% +operate on the wave function and that +will give us V and then V minus 1 and + + align:start position:0% +will give us V and then V minus 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +will give us V and then V minus 1 and +then ignited + + align:start position:0% +then ignited + + + align:start position:0% +then ignited +V minus three I got five of the one + + align:start position:0% +V minus three I got five of the one + + + align:start position:0% +V minus three I got five of the one +three three four or five B minus four + + align:start position:0% +three three four or five B minus four + + + align:start position:0% +three three four or five B minus four +square root by B minus five okay + + align:start position:0% +square root by B minus five okay + + + align:start position:0% +square root by B minus five okay +it's mechanical you don't remember this + + align:start position:0% +it's mechanical you don't remember this + + + align:start position:0% +it's mechanical you don't remember this +you generate this one step at a time and + + align:start position:0% +you generate this one step at a time and + + + align:start position:0% +you generate this one step at a time and +it's automatic and and so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it's automatic and and so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's automatic and and so it doesn't +stress your brain you can be thinking + + align:start position:0% +stress your brain you can be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +stress your brain you can be thinking +about the next thing while you're + + align:start position:0% +about the next thing while you're + + + align:start position:0% +about the next thing while you're +writing that garbage okay we have this + + align:start position:0% +writing that garbage okay we have this + + + align:start position:0% +writing that garbage okay we have this +number operator which is a friend + + align:start position:0% +number operator which is a friend + + + align:start position:0% +number operator which is a friend +because it enables you to just get rid + + align:start position:0% +because it enables you to just get rid + + + align:start position:0% +because it enables you to just get rid +of a bunch of terms the number operator + + align:start position:0% +of a bunch of terms the number operator + + + align:start position:0% +of a bunch of terms the number operator +is a dagger a and the number operator + + align:start position:0% +is a dagger a and the number operator + + + align:start position:0% +is a dagger a and the number operator +operating on side B gives V I V if we + + align:start position:0% +operating on side B gives V I V if we + + + align:start position:0% +operating on side B gives V I V if we +want any harmonic oscillator function we + + align:start position:0% +want any harmonic oscillator function we + + + align:start position:0% +want any harmonic oscillator function we +can operate on size zero with a dagger + + align:start position:0% +can operate on size zero with a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +can operate on size zero with a dagger +to the V to the V power and then we have + + align:start position:0% +to the V to the V power and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +to the V to the V power and then we have +to correct because so that you know that + + align:start position:0% +to correct because so that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +to correct because so that you know that +this operating V times on this will give + + align:start position:0% +this operating V times on this will give + + + align:start position:0% +this operating V times on this will give +sigh V but it'll also give a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +sigh V but it'll also give a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +sigh V but it'll also give a bunch of +garbage right and you want to cancel + + align:start position:0% +garbage right and you want to cancel + + + align:start position:0% +garbage right and you want to cancel +that garbage and so you're right V + + align:start position:0% +that garbage and so you're right V + + + align:start position:0% +that garbage and so you're right V +factorial minus 1/2 and so that gives + + align:start position:0% +factorial minus 1/2 and so that gives + + + align:start position:0% +factorial minus 1/2 and so that gives +you at the normalized function so this + + align:start position:0% +you at the normalized function so this + + + align:start position:0% +you at the normalized function so this +is these are really really simple things + + align:start position:0% +is these are really really simple things + + + align:start position:0% +is these are really really simple things +and most of them you could once you've + + align:start position:0% +and most of them you could once you've + + + align:start position:0% +and most of them you could once you've +thought about it a little bit you could + + align:start position:0% +thought about it a little bit you could + + + align:start position:0% +thought about it a little bit you could +figure out yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now many problems involve X X cubed + + align:start position:0% +okay now many problems involve X X cubed + + + align:start position:0% +okay now many problems involve X X cubed +x to the fourth and we know that X is + + align:start position:0% +x to the fourth and we know that X is + + + align:start position:0% +x to the fourth and we know that X is +this an x squared is this squared and X + + align:start position:0% +this an x squared is this squared and X + + + align:start position:0% +this an x squared is this squared and X +cubed is this cubed and so we have to do + + align:start position:0% +cubed is this cubed and so we have to do + + + align:start position:0% +cubed is this cubed and so we have to do +a little algebra to simplify and what we + + align:start position:0% +a little algebra to simplify and what we + + + align:start position:0% +a little algebra to simplify and what we +want to do is simplify + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to sum of terms according to Delta V + + align:start position:0% +to sum of terms according to Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +to sum of terms according to Delta V +selectional so there's some algebra that + + align:start position:0% +selectional so there's some algebra that + + + align:start position:0% +selectional so there's some algebra that +we do when we have say a dagger a dagger + + align:start position:0% +we do when we have say a dagger a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +we do when we have say a dagger a dagger +a a a dagger well we know that three a + + align:start position:0% +a a a dagger well we know that three a + + + align:start position:0% +a a a dagger well we know that three a +daggers and two ace means Delta V of + + align:start position:0% +daggers and two ace means Delta V of + + + align:start position:0% +daggers and two ace means Delta V of +plus one and but and that came from X to + + align:start position:0% +plus one and but and that came from X to + + + align:start position:0% +plus one and but and that came from X to +the fifth power + + align:start position:0% +the fifth power + + + align:start position:0% +the fifth power +but you get a lot of terms from X to the + + align:start position:0% +but you get a lot of terms from X to the + + + align:start position:0% +but you get a lot of terms from X to the +fifth power and you have to simplify + + align:start position:0% +fifth power and you have to simplify + + + align:start position:0% +fifth power and you have to simplify +them and in order to do that you use + + align:start position:0% +them and in order to do that you use + + + align:start position:0% +them and in order to do that you use +this commutation rule a a dagger is + + align:start position:0% +this commutation rule a a dagger is + + + align:start position:0% +this commutation rule a a dagger is +equal to 1 and that rearranges terms so + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 and that rearranges terms so + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 and that rearranges terms so +all of the work you do when you're faced + + align:start position:0% +all of the work you do when you're faced + + + align:start position:0% +all of the work you do when you're faced +with a problem involving matron Tugrul + + align:start position:0% +with a problem involving matron Tugrul + + + align:start position:0% +with a problem involving matron Tugrul +x' of integer powers of x and p for a + + align:start position:0% +x' of integer powers of x and p for a + + + align:start position:0% +x' of integer powers of x and p for a +harmonic oscillator is playing around + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator is playing around + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator is playing around +with moving the a's and a daggers around + + align:start position:0% +with moving the a's and a daggers around + + + align:start position:0% +with moving the a's and a daggers around +so that you have all the terms that have + + align:start position:0% +so that you have all the terms that have + + + align:start position:0% +so that you have all the terms that have +the same selection rule compressed into + + align:start position:0% +the same selection rule compressed into + + + align:start position:0% +the same selection rule compressed into +one term that's the work it's not much + + align:start position:0% +one term that's the work it's not much + + + align:start position:0% +one term that's the work it's not much +and once you've done it for x squared X + + align:start position:0% +and once you've done it for x squared X + + + align:start position:0% +and once you've done it for x squared X +cubed and X fourth you've done it as + + align:start position:0% +cubed and X fourth you've done it as + + + align:start position:0% +cubed and X fourth you've done it as +much as you'll ever need to do and + + align:start position:0% +much as you'll ever need to do and + + + align:start position:0% +much as you'll ever need to do and +that's it that's the end ok now here's + + align:start position:0% +that's it that's the end ok now here's + + + align:start position:0% +that's it that's the end ok now here's +an example of a problem that's a little + + align:start position:0% +an example of a problem that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +an example of a problem that's a little +bit tricky and it's sort of right at the + + align:start position:0% +bit tricky and it's sort of right at the + + + align:start position:0% +bit tricky and it's sort of right at the +borderline of what I might use on the + + align:start position:0% +borderline of what I might use on the + + + align:start position:0% +borderline of what I might use on the +exam so we have this we have a tagger + + align:start position:0% +exam so we have this we have a tagger + + + align:start position:0% +exam so we have this we have a tagger +the M power a to the N power bi okay + + align:start position:0% +the M power a to the N power bi okay + + + align:start position:0% +the M power a to the N power bi okay +now here what V is going to give a + + align:start position:0% +now here what V is going to give a + + + align:start position:0% +now here what V is going to give a +nonzero integral we have a dagger to the + + align:start position:0% +nonzero integral we have a dagger to the + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero integral we have a dagger to the +M + + align:start position:0% +M + + + align:start position:0% +M +and we have a to the end and so that's + + align:start position:0% +and we have a to the end and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a to the end and so that's +going to be V minus n plus M right + + align:start position:0% +going to be V minus n plus M right + + + align:start position:0% +going to be V minus n plus M right +because we lose in quanta because of + + align:start position:0% +because we lose in quanta because of + + + align:start position:0% +because we lose in quanta because of +this and we gain M quanta because of + + align:start position:0% +this and we gain M quanta because of + + + align:start position:0% +this and we gain M quanta because of +that okay and now well that's good you + + align:start position:0% +that okay and now well that's good you + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and now well that's good you +know you've used the selection rule now + + align:start position:0% +know you've used the selection rule now + + + align:start position:0% +know you've used the selection rule now +how do we write out this integral and + + align:start position:0% +how do we write out this integral and + + + align:start position:0% +how do we write out this integral and +there's a little bit of art there too + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of art there too + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of art there too +because we have a whole bunch of terms + + align:start position:0% +because we have a whole bunch of terms + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a whole bunch of terms +we have n plus m terms in the square + + align:start position:0% +we have n plus m terms in the square + + + align:start position:0% +we have n plus m terms in the square +root and how do you generate them + + align:start position:0% +root and how do you generate them + + + align:start position:0% +root and how do you generate them +without getting lost + + align:start position:0% +without getting lost + + + align:start position:0% +without getting lost +well what yes yes yes I wonder what I + + align:start position:0% +well what yes yes yes I wonder what I + + + align:start position:0% +well what yes yes yes I wonder what I +had in my notes + + align:start position:0% +had in my notes + + + align:start position:0% +had in my notes +it's wrong okay so we have to this has + + align:start position:0% +it's wrong okay so we have to this has + + + align:start position:0% +it's wrong okay so we have to this has +to withstand this and and this and so + + align:start position:0% +to withstand this and and this and so + + + align:start position:0% +to withstand this and and this and so +yes okay however you remember it you've + + align:start position:0% +yes okay however you remember it you've + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay however you remember it you've +got to do it right and now we have the + + align:start position:0% +got to do it right and now we have the + + + align:start position:0% +got to do it right and now we have the +writing the actual matrix element and so + + align:start position:0% +writing the actual matrix element and so + + + align:start position:0% +writing the actual matrix element and so +the first term is going to be what does + + align:start position:0% +the first term is going to be what does + + + align:start position:0% +the first term is going to be what does +am due to that so you start on the right + + align:start position:0% +am due to that so you start on the right + + + align:start position:0% +am due to that so you start on the right +and you start building up this way and + + align:start position:0% +and you start building up this way and + + + align:start position:0% +and you start building up this way and +so the first term is going to be what + + align:start position:0% +so the first term is going to be what + + + align:start position:0% +so the first term is going to be what +does a do to this well it's going to + + align:start position:0% +does a do to this well it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +does a do to this well it's going to +leave it alone right but it's going to + + align:start position:0% +leave it alone right but it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +leave it alone right but it's going to +lower V so we have B plus M minus M and + + align:start position:0% +lower V so we have B plus M minus M and + + + align:start position:0% +lower V so we have B plus M minus M and +then we have V Plus n minus M minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +then we have V Plus n minus M minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +then we have V Plus n minus M minus 1 +etc until we have n terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we start going back up because + + align:start position:0% +and then we start going back up because + + + align:start position:0% +and then we start going back up because +we're now dealing with this and so I'm + + align:start position:0% +we're now dealing with this and so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we're now dealing with this and so I'm +not gonna write the rest of this maybe + + align:start position:0% +not gonna write the rest of this maybe + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna write the rest of this maybe +this is going to be a problem I start + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a problem I start + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a problem I start +the exam with okay so you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +the exam with okay so you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +the exam with okay so you don't want to +get lost and the main thing is you have + + align:start position:0% +get lost and the main thing is you have + + + align:start position:0% +get lost and the main thing is you have +these operators and you start operating + + align:start position:0% +these operators and you start operating + + + align:start position:0% +these operators and you start operating +on the right on the right and one step + + align:start position:0% +on the right on the right and one step + + + align:start position:0% +on the right on the right and one step +at a time and this is a little tricky + + align:start position:0% +at a time and this is a little tricky + + + align:start position:0% +at a time and this is a little tricky +because you're changing the quantum + + align:start position:0% +because you're changing the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +because you're changing the quantum +number and you're changing the + + align:start position:0% +number and you're changing the + + + align:start position:0% +number and you're changing the +wavefunction and you have to keep both + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction and you have to keep both + + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction and you have to keep both +in mind but you're only writing down + + align:start position:0% +in mind but you're only writing down + + + align:start position:0% +in mind but you're only writing down +this okay all right all right I want to + + align:start position:0% +this okay all right all right I want to + + + align:start position:0% +this okay all right all right I want to +save enough time so that we can actually + + align:start position:0% +save enough time so that we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +save enough time so that we can actually +do the time-dependent schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +do the time-dependent schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +do the time-dependent schrodinger +equation okay + + align:start position:0% +equation okay + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay +the time-dependent schrodinger crisis H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it still looks pretty simple + + align:start position:0% +it still looks pretty simple + + + align:start position:0% +it still looks pretty simple +instead of e sy here we have this thing + + align:start position:0% +instead of e sy here we have this thing + + + align:start position:0% +instead of e sy here we have this thing +this is the time-dependent equation this + + align:start position:0% +this is the time-dependent equation this + + + align:start position:0% +this is the time-dependent equation this +is it this is quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +is it this is quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +is it this is quantum mechanics +everything that he comes from quantum + + align:start position:0% +everything that he comes from quantum + + + align:start position:0% +everything that he comes from quantum +mechanics starts with this when we don't + + align:start position:0% +mechanics starts with this when we don't + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics starts with this when we don't +care about time we can use the time + + align:start position:0% +care about time we can use the time + + + align:start position:0% +care about time we can use the time +independent order equation but when we + + align:start position:0% +independent order equation but when we + + + align:start position:0% +independent order equation but when we +do care about time we have to be a + + align:start position:0% +do care about time we have to be a + + + align:start position:0% +do care about time we have to be a +little bit careful so this is the real + + align:start position:0% +little bit careful so this is the real + + + align:start position:0% +little bit careful so this is the real +Schrodinger equation and notice that I'm + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation and notice that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation and notice that I'm +using a capital of sy not rather than a + + align:start position:0% +using a capital of sy not rather than a + + + align:start position:0% +using a capital of sy not rather than a +lowercase or less decorated side and so + + align:start position:0% +lowercase or less decorated side and so + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase or less decorated side and so +this is usually used to indicate the + + align:start position:0% +this is usually used to indicate the + + + align:start position:0% +this is usually used to indicate the +time dependence or equation that's time + + align:start position:0% +time dependence or equation that's time + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence or equation that's time +dependent wave function this is used to + + align:start position:0% +dependent wave function this is used to + + + align:start position:0% +dependent wave function this is used to +indicate the time independent equation + + align:start position:0% +indicate the time independent equation + + + align:start position:0% +indicate the time independent equation +now it's the Hamiltonian and this is + + align:start position:0% +now it's the Hamiltonian and this is + + + align:start position:0% +now it's the Hamiltonian and this is +wonderful if the Hamiltonian is + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if the Hamiltonian is + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if the Hamiltonian is +independent of time then + + align:start position:0% +independent of time then + + + align:start position:0% +independent of time then +if we know the solutions sigh and en if + + align:start position:0% +if we know the solutions sigh and en if + + + align:start position:0% +if we know the solutions sigh and en if +we know all of these solutions then + + align:start position:0% +we know all of these solutions then + + + align:start position:0% +we know all of these solutions then +there's nothing new we just are + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing new we just are + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing new we just are +repackaging the stuff that we know from + + align:start position:0% +repackaging the stuff that we know from + + + align:start position:0% +repackaging the stuff that we know from +the time-independent shorter equation so + + align:start position:0% +the time-independent shorter equation so + + + align:start position:0% +the time-independent shorter equation so +the first thing I want to do is to show + + align:start position:0% +the first thing I want to do is to show + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing I want to do is to show +you that if the Hamiltonian is + + align:start position:0% +you that if the Hamiltonian is + + + align:start position:0% +you that if the Hamiltonian is +independent we can always write the a + + align:start position:0% +independent we can always write the a + + + align:start position:0% +independent we can always write the a +solution to the time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +solution to the time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the time-dependent +schrodinger equation e to the minus i e + + align:start position:0% +schrodinger equation e to the minus i e + + + align:start position:0% +schrodinger equation e to the minus i e +and T H bar sy and so this for a + + align:start position:0% +and T H bar sy and so this for a + + + align:start position:0% +and T H bar sy and so this for a +time-dependent Hamiltonian is always + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent Hamiltonian is always + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent Hamiltonian is always +time independent Hamiltonian is always a + + align:start position:0% +time independent Hamiltonian is always a + + + align:start position:0% +time independent Hamiltonian is always a +solution of the time dependent + + align:start position:0% +solution of the time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the time dependent +Schrodinger equation so we're just using + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation so we're just using + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation so we're just using +the stuff that we know or at least we + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that we know or at least we + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that we know or at least we +barely know because we just started + + align:start position:0% +barely know because we just started + + + align:start position:0% +barely know because we just started +playing the game but we can manipulate + + align:start position:0% +playing the game but we can manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +playing the game but we can manipulate +to see all sorts of useful stuff + + align:start position:0% +to see all sorts of useful stuff + + + align:start position:0% +to see all sorts of useful stuff +okay so let's show that this form + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's show that this form + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's show that this form +satisfies the Schrodinger equation so we + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the Schrodinger equation so we + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the Schrodinger equation so we +have IH bar partial Phi with respect to + + align:start position:0% +have IH bar partial Phi with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +have IH bar partial Phi with respect to +T so we get an IH bar and then we we + + align:start position:0% +T so we get an IH bar and then we we + + + align:start position:0% +T so we get an IH bar and then we we +take the partial with respect to T this + + align:start position:0% +take the partial with respect to T this + + + align:start position:0% +take the partial with respect to T this +is independent of time this has time in + + align:start position:0% +is independent of time this has time in + + + align:start position:0% +is independent of time this has time in +this and so we get a minus i e and over + + align:start position:0% +this and so we get a minus i e and over + + + align:start position:0% +this and so we get a minus i e and over +H bar and then we get e to the minus I + + align:start position:0% +H bar and then we get e to the minus I + + + align:start position:0% +H bar and then we get e to the minus I +am ET over H bar and ok well so let's + + align:start position:0% +am ET over H bar and ok well so let's + + + align:start position:0% +am ET over H bar and ok well so let's +put this together we have an I times I + + align:start position:0% +put this together we have an I times I + + + align:start position:0% +put this together we have an I times I +times minus 1 so that's plus 1 we have + + align:start position:0% +times minus 1 so that's plus 1 we have + + + align:start position:0% +times minus 1 so that's plus 1 we have +an H bar in the numerator and H bar on + + align:start position:0% +an H bar in the numerator and H bar on + + + align:start position:0% +an H bar in the numerator and H bar on +the denominator + + align:start position:0% +the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +the denominator +that's one and so what we end up getting + + align:start position:0% +that's one and so what we end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +that's one and so what we end up getting +is E and E by E and P over H bar science + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well this is sy this is this function + + align:start position:0% +well this is sy this is this function + + + align:start position:0% +well this is sy this is this function +here is the eigen function they've the + + align:start position:0% +here is the eigen function they've the + + + align:start position:0% +here is the eigen function they've the +solution to the time-dependent equation + + align:start position:0% +solution to the time-dependent equation + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the time-dependent equation +and now how do we know that + + align:start position:0% +and now how do we know that + + + align:start position:0% +and now how do we know that +well we have this factor H sigh well H + + align:start position:0% +well we have this factor H sigh well H + + + align:start position:0% +well we have this factor H sigh well H +doesn't operate it on e to the i omega + + align:start position:0% +doesn't operate it on e to the i omega + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't operate it on e to the i omega +TI en k so what we have is that we get 8 + + align:start position:0% +TI en k so what we have is that we get 8 + + + align:start position:0% +TI en k so what we have is that we get 8 +en e to the I Omega T sorry I'm jumping + + align:start position:0% +en e to the I Omega T sorry I'm jumping + + + align:start position:0% +en e to the I Omega T sorry I'm jumping +ad i e n th bar alright so if we apply + + align:start position:0% +ad i e n th bar alright so if we apply + + + align:start position:0% +ad i e n th bar alright so if we apply +the Hamiltonian to the this function we + + align:start position:0% +the Hamiltonian to the this function we + + + align:start position:0% +the Hamiltonian to the this function we +get just en times the function and so + + align:start position:0% +get just en times the function and so + + + align:start position:0% +get just en times the function and so +and that's what we got when we did I + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we got when we did I + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we got when we did I +h-bar times the partial with respect to + + align:start position:0% +h-bar times the partial with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +h-bar times the partial with respect to +T so what that shows is that this form + + align:start position:0% +T so what that shows is that this form + + + align:start position:0% +T so what that shows is that this form +always satisfies the time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +always satisfies the time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +always satisfies the time-dependent +schrodinger equation provided that the + + align:start position:0% +schrodinger equation provided that the + + + align:start position:0% +schrodinger equation provided that the +Hamiltonian is independent of time now + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian is independent of time now + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian is independent of time now +that's a large range of problems things + + align:start position:0% +that's a large range of problems things + + + align:start position:0% +that's a large range of problems things +that we need to understand but it's not + + align:start position:0% +that we need to understand but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to understand but it's not +the whole potato because the Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +the whole potato because the Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +the whole potato because the Hamiltonian +is often dependent on time but it + + align:start position:0% +is often dependent on time but it + + + align:start position:0% +is often dependent on time but it +enables us to build up insight and then + + align:start position:0% +enables us to build up insight and then + + + align:start position:0% +enables us to build up insight and then +treat the time dependence as a + + align:start position:0% +treat the time dependence as a + + + align:start position:0% +treat the time dependence as a +perturbation and we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +perturbation and we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation and we're going to do +perturbation theory in the time + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory in the time + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory in the time +independent world and then we're going + + align:start position:0% +independent world and then we're going + + + align:start position:0% +independent world and then we're going +to do perturbation theory a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to do perturbation theory a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to do perturbation theory a little bit +in the time-dependent world okay so what + + align:start position:0% +in the time-dependent world okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +in the time-dependent world okay so what +we always do here as we solve a familiar + + align:start position:0% +we always do here as we solve a familiar + + + align:start position:0% +we always do here as we solve a familiar +problem and then we say okay well + + align:start position:0% +problem and then we say okay well + + + align:start position:0% +problem and then we say okay well +there's something more to this familiar + + align:start position:0% +there's something more to this familiar + + + align:start position:0% +there's something more to this familiar +problem and so we treat that as + + align:start position:0% +problem and so we treat that as + + + align:start position:0% +problem and so we treat that as +something extra and we work out the + + align:start position:0% +something extra and we work out the + + + align:start position:0% +something extra and we work out the +formalism for dealing with that extra + + align:start position:0% +formalism for dealing with that extra + + + align:start position:0% +formalism for dealing with that extra +thing but before we do the extra thing + + align:start position:0% +thing but before we do the extra thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing but before we do the extra thing +we have to really kill the problem that + + align:start position:0% +we have to really kill the problem that + + + align:start position:0% +we have to really kill the problem that +is within our grasp + + align:start position:0% +is within our grasp + + + align:start position:0% +is within our grasp +okay so now our job is to just explore + + align:start position:0% +okay so now our job is to just explore + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now our job is to just explore +what we've really got here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so first problem is motion so we have + + align:start position:0% +so first problem is motion so we have + + + align:start position:0% +so first problem is motion so we have +Phi star X and T outside X and T so we + + align:start position:0% +Phi star X and T outside X and T so we + + + align:start position:0% +Phi star X and T outside X and T so we +have this thing which we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +have this thing which we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +have this thing which we're not going to +integrate yet and well when is this + + align:start position:0% +integrate yet and well when is this + + + align:start position:0% +integrate yet and well when is this +thing going to move well the only way + + align:start position:0% +thing going to move well the only way + + + align:start position:0% +thing going to move well the only way +this probability density is going to + + align:start position:0% +this probability density is going to + + + align:start position:0% +this probability density is going to +evolve in time is going to be if we have + + align:start position:0% +evolve in time is going to be if we have + + + align:start position:0% +evolve in time is going to be if we have +a wave function Phi which is of X and T + + align:start position:0% +a wave function Phi which is of X and T + + + align:start position:0% +a wave function Phi which is of X and T +which is equal to c1 so i1 e to the + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to c1 so i1 e to the + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to c1 so i1 e to the +minus ie 1 P over H bar plus C 2 sy 2 e + + align:start position:0% +minus ie 1 P over H bar plus C 2 sy 2 e + + + align:start position:0% +minus ie 1 P over H bar plus C 2 sy 2 e +to the minus I P 2 P over H bar where e + + align:start position:0% +to the minus I P 2 P over H bar where e + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus I P 2 P over H bar where e +1 is not equal to e 2 so this is the + + align:start position:0% +1 is not equal to e 2 so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +1 is not equal to e 2 so this is the +first most elementary step and remember + + align:start position:0% +first most elementary step and remember + + + align:start position:0% +first most elementary step and remember +we have this notation e to the I + + align:start position:0% +we have this notation e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +we have this notation e to the I +something and even to the minus I + + align:start position:0% +something and even to the minus I + + + align:start position:0% +something and even to the minus I +something and when we take it plus 1 and + + align:start position:0% +something and when we take it plus 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +something and when we take it plus 1 and +I minus and put them together we get 1 + + align:start position:0% +I minus and put them together we get 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I minus and put them together we get 1 +so this notation this exponential + + align:start position:0% +so this notation this exponential + + + align:start position:0% +so this notation this exponential +notation is really valuable ok so now + + align:start position:0% +notation is really valuable ok so now + + + align:start position:0% +notation is really valuable ok so now +let's just look at + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at +this quantity psystar sigh okay so I + + align:start position:0% +this quantity psystar sigh okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity psystar sigh okay so I +star side well it's going to be C 1 + + align:start position:0% +star side well it's going to be C 1 + + + align:start position:0% +star side well it's going to be C 1 +squared so I 1 squared square modulus + + align:start position:0% +squared so I 1 squared square modulus + + + align:start position:0% +squared so I 1 squared square modulus +and we get C 2 square modulus sy 2 + + align:start position:0% +and we get C 2 square modulus sy 2 + + + align:start position:0% +and we get C 2 square modulus sy 2 +square modulus are we done + + align:start position:0% +square modulus are we done + + + align:start position:0% +square modulus are we done +no so what we did is I wrote I put in c1 + + align:start position:0% +no so what we did is I wrote I put in c1 + + + align:start position:0% +no so what we did is I wrote I put in c1 +Phi 1 plus c2 side two and I looked at + + align:start position:0% +Phi 1 plus c2 side two and I looked at + + + align:start position:0% +Phi 1 plus c2 side two and I looked at +the easy terms the terms where the + + align:start position:0% +the easy terms the terms where the + + + align:start position:0% +the easy terms the terms where the +exponential factor goes away and then + + align:start position:0% +exponential factor goes away and then + + + align:start position:0% +exponential factor goes away and then +there's two cross terms those two cross + + align:start position:0% +there's two cross terms those two cross + + + align:start position:0% +there's two cross terms those two cross +terms are C 1 star whoops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cu 2 of e to the minus i e 2 minus e 1 P + + align:start position:0% +cu 2 of e to the minus i e 2 minus e 1 P + + + align:start position:0% +cu 2 of e to the minus i e 2 minus e 1 P +over H bar sy 1 star by 2 and we have C + + align:start position:0% +over H bar sy 1 star by 2 and we have C + + + align:start position:0% +over H bar sy 1 star by 2 and we have C +1 C 2 star needs the plus I need to lens + + align:start position:0% +1 C 2 star needs the plus I need to lens + + + align:start position:0% +1 C 2 star needs the plus I need to lens +e 1 over H bar side to side 1 star no sy + + align:start position:0% +e 1 over H bar side to side 1 star no sy + + + align:start position:0% +e 1 over H bar side to side 1 star no sy +1 side 2 star this is just automatic + + align:start position:0% +1 side 2 star this is just automatic + + + align:start position:0% +1 side 2 star this is just automatic +writing okay so we have two terms that + + align:start position:0% +writing okay so we have two terms that + + + align:start position:0% +writing okay so we have two terms that +are time independent so this is no big + + align:start position:0% +are time independent so this is no big + + + align:start position:0% +are time independent so this is no big +surprise but then we have this stuff + + align:start position:0% +surprise but then we have this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +surprise but then we have this stuff +here and if we say e 2 minus T 1 or H + + align:start position:0% +here and if we say e 2 minus T 1 or H + + + align:start position:0% +here and if we say e 2 minus T 1 or H +power is Omega 2 1 everything becomes + + align:start position:0% +power is Omega 2 1 everything becomes + + + align:start position:0% +power is Omega 2 1 everything becomes +very transparent because now we have + + align:start position:0% +very transparent because now we have + + + align:start position:0% +very transparent because now we have +something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like +if it looks like it's trying to be a + + align:start position:0% +if it looks like it's trying to be a + + + align:start position:0% +if it looks like it's trying to be a +cosine Omega T we have to be a little + + align:start position:0% +cosine Omega T we have to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Omega T we have to be a little +bit careful these are the two + + align:start position:0% +bit careful these are the two + + + align:start position:0% +bit careful these are the two +time-dependent terms and they are the + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent terms and they are the + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent terms and they are the +complex conjugate of each other and so + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate of each other and so + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate of each other and so +we know that if we that if we have two + + align:start position:0% +we know that if we that if we have two + + + align:start position:0% +we know that if we that if we have two +complex numbers C plus C star we're + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers C plus C star we're + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers C plus C star we're +going to get twice the real part of C so + + align:start position:0% +going to get twice the real part of C so + + + align:start position:0% +going to get twice the real part of C so +this enables us to take these two terms + + align:start position:0% +this enables us to take these two terms + + + align:start position:0% +this enables us to take these two terms +and combine them and we know it better + + align:start position:0% +and combine them and we know it better + + + align:start position:0% +and combine them and we know it better +had better be real right because we're + + align:start position:0% +had better be real right because we're + + + align:start position:0% +had better be real right because we're +talking about a probability here this + + align:start position:0% +talking about a probability here this + + + align:start position:0% +talking about a probability here this +probability is got to be real and it's + + align:start position:0% +probability is got to be real and it's + + + align:start position:0% +probability is got to be real and it's +got to be positive it's got to be real + + align:start position:0% +got to be positive it's got to be real + + + align:start position:0% +got to be positive it's got to be real +and positive everywhere and forever + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because there's no such thing as a + + align:start position:0% +because there's no such thing as a + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no such thing as a +negative probability there's no such + + align:start position:0% +negative probability there's no such + + + align:start position:0% +negative probability there's no such +thing as a negative probability in a + + align:start position:0% +thing as a negative probability in a + + + align:start position:0% +thing as a negative probability in a +little region of space and we say well + + align:start position:0% +little region of space and we say well + + + align:start position:0% +little region of space and we say well +we integrate over all space and so that + + align:start position:0% +we integrate over all space and so that + + + align:start position:0% +we integrate over all space and so that +goes away the this psystar sy is going + + align:start position:0% +goes away the this psystar sy is going + + + align:start position:0% +goes away the this psystar sy is going +to be real everywhere for all time and + + align:start position:0% +to be real everywhere for all time and + + + align:start position:0% +to be real everywhere for all time and +so that's a good thing because we have a + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good thing because we have a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good thing because we have a +sum of the number times it's complex + + align:start position:0% +sum of the number times it's complex + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the number times it's complex +plus it's complex conjugate and so this + + align:start position:0% +plus it's complex conjugate and so this + + + align:start position:0% +plus it's complex conjugate and so this +is real and we can simplify everything + + align:start position:0% +is real and we can simplify everything + + + align:start position:0% +is real and we can simplify everything +and we can write it as just well we can + + align:start position:0% +and we can write it as just well we can + + + align:start position:0% +and we can write it as just well we can +we can write it simply but suppose we + + align:start position:0% +we can write it simply but suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +we can write it simply but suppose we +choose a particular case C 1 star is + + align:start position:0% +choose a particular case C 1 star is + + + align:start position:0% +choose a particular case C 1 star is +equal to C 1 which is equal to 1 over + + align:start position:0% +equal to C 1 which is equal to 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +equal to C 1 which is equal to 1 over +square root 2 and we could save sy 1 and + + align:start position:0% +square root 2 and we could save sy 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +square root 2 and we could save sy 1 and +I 2 are real when we do that then this + + align:start position:0% +I 2 are real when we do that then this + + + align:start position:0% +I 2 are real when we do that then this +complicated looking things I star 5 + + align:start position:0% +complicated looking things I star 5 + + + align:start position:0% +complicated looking things I star 5 +becomes + + align:start position:0% +becomes + + + align:start position:0% +becomes +one half so I won squared plus one half + + align:start position:0% +one half so I won squared plus one half + + + align:start position:0% +one half so I won squared plus one half +so I 2 squared plus cosine Omega 1 2 T + + align:start position:0% +so I 2 squared plus cosine Omega 1 2 T + + + align:start position:0% +so I 2 squared plus cosine Omega 1 2 T +so I 1 I 2 ok well these two guys aren't + + align:start position:0% +so I 1 I 2 ok well these two guys aren't + + + align:start position:0% +so I 1 I 2 ok well these two guys aren't +moving and they're real and positive + + align:start position:0% +moving and they're real and positive + + + align:start position:0% +moving and they're real and positive +yeah I wanted what I had 1 over square + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wanted what I had 1 over square + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I wanted what I had 1 over square +root of 2 1 over square root of 2 that's + + align:start position:0% +root of 2 1 over square root of 2 that's + + + align:start position:0% +root of 2 1 over square root of 2 that's +1/2 and but then when you add the two + + align:start position:0% +1/2 and but then when you add the two + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 and but then when you add the two +terms you get twice the real part so we + + align:start position:0% +terms you get twice the real part so we + + + align:start position:0% +terms you get twice the real part so we +get 1/2 times 2 and so this is not a + + align:start position:0% +get 1/2 times 2 and so this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +get 1/2 times 2 and so this is not a +mistake + + align:start position:0% +mistake + + + align:start position:0% +mistake +this is it comes out this way okay C 2 C + + align:start position:0% +this is it comes out this way okay C 2 C + + + align:start position:0% +this is it comes out this way okay C 2 C +1 star and see what we got ladies + + align:start position:0% +1 star and see what we got ladies + + + align:start position:0% +1 star and see what we got ladies +anything let's see - oh ok I want C 1 + + align:start position:0% +anything let's see - oh ok I want C 1 + + + align:start position:0% +anything let's see - oh ok I want C 1 +and C 2 - that's what I wanted + + align:start position:0% +and C 2 - that's what I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +and C 2 - that's what I wanted +okay thank you + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you +that shows you're listening and and it + + align:start position:0% +that shows you're listening and and it + + + align:start position:0% +that shows you're listening and and it +shows that I'm sufficiently here to + + align:start position:0% +shows that I'm sufficiently here to + + + align:start position:0% +shows that I'm sufficiently here to +understand your questions which is + + align:start position:0% +understand your questions which is + + + align:start position:0% +understand your questions which is +another wonderful thing okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +another wonderful thing okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +another wonderful thing okay so this is +now we have something that's positive + + align:start position:0% +now we have something that's positive + + + align:start position:0% +now we have something that's positive +everywhere it's time independent and we + + align:start position:0% +everywhere it's time independent and we + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere it's time independent and we +have something that's oscillating and so + + align:start position:0% +have something that's oscillating and so + + + align:start position:0% +have something that's oscillating and so +this term can be negative but you can + + align:start position:0% +this term can be negative but you can + + + align:start position:0% +this term can be negative but you can +show I don't choose to do that you can + + align:start position:0% +show I don't choose to do that you can + + + align:start position:0% +show I don't choose to do that you can +show that this term is never larger than + + align:start position:0% +show that this term is never larger than + + + align:start position:0% +show that this term is never larger than +Phi 1 squared plus Phi 2 squared and so + + align:start position:0% +Phi 1 squared plus Phi 2 squared and so + + + align:start position:0% +Phi 1 squared plus Phi 2 squared and so +even though this term can be negative at + + align:start position:0% +even though this term can be negative at + + + align:start position:0% +even though this term can be negative at +some points it never is negative enough + + align:start position:0% +some points it never is negative enough + + + align:start position:0% +some points it never is negative enough +to make the probability that evolving + + align:start position:0% +to make the probability that evolving + + + align:start position:0% +to make the probability that evolving +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +negative so that's that's now you may + + align:start position:0% +negative so that's that's now you may + + + align:start position:0% +negative so that's that's now you may +want to play with that just to convince + + align:start position:0% +want to play with that just to convince + + + align:start position:0% +want to play with that just to convince +yourself and it's an easy proof and I'm + + align:start position:0% +yourself and it's an easy proof and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and it's an easy proof and I'm +just not gonna do it okay so we we have + + align:start position:0% +just not gonna do it okay so we we have + + + align:start position:0% +just not gonna do it okay so we we have +something that says just like for the + + align:start position:0% +something that says just like for the + + + align:start position:0% +something that says just like for the +wave equation what does it take to get + + align:start position:0% +wave equation what does it take to get + + + align:start position:0% +wave equation what does it take to get +motion and to get motion you have to had + + align:start position:0% +motion and to get motion you have to had + + + align:start position:0% +motion and to get motion you have to had +a super have a superposition of two + + align:start position:0% +a super have a superposition of two + + + align:start position:0% +a super have a superposition of two +waves of different energy or different + + align:start position:0% +waves of different energy or different + + + align:start position:0% +waves of different energy or different +wave vector and so here we we have if e1 + + align:start position:0% +wave vector and so here we we have if e1 + + + align:start position:0% +wave vector and so here we we have if e1 +is not equal to e2 we have a nonzero + + align:start position:0% +is not equal to e2 we have a nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +is not equal to e2 we have a nonzero +Omega one two doesn't matter whether 2 + + align:start position:0% +Omega one two doesn't matter whether 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Omega one two doesn't matter whether 2 +Omega 1 to Omega 2 1 because it's cosine + + align:start position:0% +Omega 1 to Omega 2 1 because it's cosine + + + align:start position:0% +Omega 1 to Omega 2 1 because it's cosine +and so that's that's motion so we get we + + align:start position:0% +and so that's that's motion so we get we + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's that's motion so we get we +get a standing wave sort of situation + + align:start position:0% +get a standing wave sort of situation + + + align:start position:0% +get a standing wave sort of situation +and then we get this motion ok now the + + align:start position:0% +and then we get this motion ok now the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we get this motion ok now the +fun begins suppose we have we want to + + align:start position:0% +fun begins suppose we have we want to + + + align:start position:0% +fun begins suppose we have we want to +calculate expectation value of x and ok + + align:start position:0% +calculate expectation value of x and ok + + + align:start position:0% +calculate expectation value of x and ok +and let's let's just take it as a 1d + + align:start position:0% +and let's let's just take it as a 1d + + + align:start position:0% +and let's let's just take it as a 1d +problem and so X of T no there was no + + align:start position:0% +problem and so X of T no there was no + + + align:start position:0% +problem and so X of T no there was no +question all right we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and again we take this thing apart + + align:start position:0% +okay and again we take this thing apart + + + align:start position:0% +okay and again we take this thing apart +and we say all right suppose we have the + + align:start position:0% +and we say all right suppose we have the + + + align:start position:0% +and we say all right suppose we have the +same superposition side is equal to c1 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay actually you should be these should + + align:start position:0% +okay actually you should be these should + + + align:start position:0% +okay actually you should be these should +be the time-independent okay so when we + + align:start position:0% +be the time-independent okay so when we + + + align:start position:0% +be the time-independent okay so when we +get is let me do this integral we get c1 + + align:start position:0% +get is let me do this integral we get c1 + + + align:start position:0% +get is let me do this integral we get c1 +squared integral psy star X 1 DX and we + + align:start position:0% +squared integral psy star X 1 DX and we + + + align:start position:0% +squared integral psy star X 1 DX and we +get c2 squared integral side 2 star X by + + align:start position:0% +get c2 squared integral side 2 star X by + + + align:start position:0% +get c2 squared integral side 2 star X by +2 DX and then we get to cross terms C 1 + + align:start position:0% +2 DX and then we get to cross terms C 1 + + + align:start position:0% +2 DX and then we get to cross terms C 1 +star C 2 e to the minus I Omega 2 1 T + + align:start position:0% +star C 2 e to the minus I Omega 2 1 T + + + align:start position:0% +star C 2 e to the minus I Omega 2 1 T +times the integral psy 2 1 star X 2 D X + + align:start position:0% +times the integral psy 2 1 star X 2 D X + + + align:start position:0% +times the integral psy 2 1 star X 2 D X +then we have C 1 C 2 star e to the plus + + align:start position:0% +then we have C 1 C 2 star e to the plus + + + align:start position:0% +then we have C 1 C 2 star e to the plus +I Omega 2 1 T integral sine u star X + + align:start position:0% +I Omega 2 1 T integral sine u star X + + + align:start position:0% +I Omega 2 1 T integral sine u star X +side 1 X a lot of stuff here now we're + + align:start position:0% +side 1 X a lot of stuff here now we're + + + align:start position:0% +side 1 X a lot of stuff here now we're +talking about the harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this integral is 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because X is a plus a dagger the + + align:start position:0% +because X is a plus a dagger the + + + align:start position:0% +because X is a plus a dagger the +selection rules Delta V of plus and + + align:start position:0% +selection rules Delta V of plus and + + + align:start position:0% +selection rules Delta V of plus and +minus one so this one is zero further + + align:start position:0% +minus one so this one is zero further + + + align:start position:0% +minus one so this one is zero further +for the particle in a box one can also + + align:start position:0% +for the particle in a box one can also + + + align:start position:0% +for the particle in a box one can also +ask what about this integral and for the + + align:start position:0% +ask what about this integral and for the + + + align:start position:0% +ask what about this integral and for the +particle in a box it's a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box it's a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box it's a little bit more +complicated because we've chosen a + + align:start position:0% +complicated because we've chosen a + + + align:start position:0% +complicated because we've chosen a +mathematically simple way to solve the + + align:start position:0% +mathematically simple way to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically simple way to solve the +particle a box with the box having a + + align:start position:0% +particle a box with the box having a + + + align:start position:0% +particle a box with the box having a +zero left edge if we make the Box + + align:start position:0% +zero left edge if we make the Box + + + align:start position:0% +zero left edge if we make the Box +symmetric then we can make judgments and + + align:start position:0% +symmetric then we can make judgments and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric then we can make judgments and +say oh yeah this integral is also zero + + align:start position:0% +say oh yeah this integral is also zero + + + align:start position:0% +say oh yeah this integral is also zero +for the particle of the box and that's a + + align:start position:0% +for the particle of the box and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +for the particle of the box and that's a +little bit more complicated the argument + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complicated the argument + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complicated the argument +than what I just did okay + + align:start position:0% +than what I just did okay + + + align:start position:0% +than what I just did okay +so these two terms are zero and now we + + align:start position:0% +so these two terms are zero and now we + + + align:start position:0% +so these two terms are zero and now we +have motion of the expectation value + + align:start position:0% +have motion of the expectation value + + + align:start position:0% +have motion of the expectation value +which is described by these two terms + + align:start position:0% +which is described by these two terms + + + align:start position:0% +which is described by these two terms +and again they're the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +and again they're the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +and again they're the complex conjugate +of each other and so what we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is X T is equal to twice the real part + + align:start position:0% +is X T is equal to twice the real part + + + align:start position:0% +is X T is equal to twice the real part +of C 1 star C 2 e to the minus I Omega 2 + + align:start position:0% +of C 1 star C 2 e to the minus I Omega 2 + + + align:start position:0% +of C 1 star C 2 e to the minus I Omega 2 +1 times X 1 - okay this X 1 2 is an + + align:start position:0% +1 times X 1 - okay this X 1 2 is an + + + align:start position:0% +1 times X 1 - okay this X 1 2 is an +integral so X 1 2 if if these are the + + align:start position:0% +integral so X 1 2 if if these are the + + + align:start position:0% +integral so X 1 2 if if these are the +vibrational quantum numbers well then + + align:start position:0% +vibrational quantum numbers well then + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational quantum numbers well then +this is nonzero + + align:start position:0% +this is nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +this is nonzero +it's just square root of 2 or square + + align:start position:0% +it's just square root of 2 or square + + + align:start position:0% +it's just square root of 2 or square +root of 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well you want to be okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +well you want to be okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +well you want to be okay so we have +motion described by this and so the only + + align:start position:0% +motion described by this and so the only + + + align:start position:0% +motion described by this and so the only +time we get motion is if V 1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +time we get motion is if V 1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +time we get motion is if V 1 is equal to +V 2 plus or minus 1 for the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +V 2 plus or minus 1 for the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +V 2 plus or minus 1 for the harmonic +oscillator for the particle a box + + align:start position:0% +oscillator for the particle a box + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator for the particle a box +there's different rules but and often + + align:start position:0% +there's different rules but and often + + + align:start position:0% +there's different rules but and often +for these simple problems you want to go + + align:start position:0% +for these simple problems you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +for these simple problems you want to go +through in your head all of the simple + + align:start position:0% +through in your head all of the simple + + + align:start position:0% +through in your head all of the simple +cases ok all right now we already can + + align:start position:0% +cases ok all right now we already can + + + align:start position:0% +cases ok all right now we already can +see that I don't want to I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +see that I don't want to I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +see that I don't want to I don't want to +talk about it about the particle in a + + align:start position:0% +talk about it about the particle in a + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it about the particle in a +box so now let's just take another step + + align:start position:0% +box so now let's just take another step + + + align:start position:0% +box so now let's just take another step +and we're have ehrenfest theorem which + + align:start position:0% +and we're have ehrenfest theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +and we're have ehrenfest theorem which +you can you can prove says that M times + + align:start position:0% +you can you can prove says that M times + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can prove says that M times +the derivative of vector P so this is a + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of vector P so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of vector P so this is a +time-dependent expectation value is + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent expectation value is + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent expectation value is +equal to I'm sorry this is not vector P + + align:start position:0% +equal to I'm sorry this is not vector P + + + align:start position:0% +equal to I'm sorry this is not vector P +this is vector R is equal to so this is + + align:start position:0% +this is vector R is equal to so this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is vector R is equal to so this is +the vector P so this is the derivative + + align:start position:0% +the vector P so this is the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +the vector P so this is the derivative +of the coordinate with respect to time + + align:start position:0% +of the coordinate with respect to time + + + align:start position:0% +of the coordinate with respect to time +that's velocity velocity times mass is + + align:start position:0% +that's velocity velocity times mass is + + + align:start position:0% +that's velocity velocity times mass is +momentum and so we have a relationship + + align:start position:0% +momentum and so we have a relationship + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and so we have a relationship +between the expectation value of the + + align:start position:0% +between the expectation value of the + + + align:start position:0% +between the expectation value of the +position and the expectation value of + + align:start position:0% +position and the expectation value of + + + align:start position:0% +position and the expectation value of +the momentum and that's for Newton's + + align:start position:0% +the momentum and that's for Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum and that's for Newton's +first law and + + align:start position:0% +first law and + + + align:start position:0% +first law and +there's another Newton's equation + + align:start position:0% +there's another Newton's equation + + + align:start position:0% +there's another Newton's equation +translated into quantum mechanics so we + + align:start position:0% +translated into quantum mechanics so we + + + align:start position:0% +translated into quantum mechanics so we +have the expectation value of the + + align:start position:0% +have the expectation value of the + + + align:start position:0% +have the expectation value of the +momentum DT is equal to minus the + + align:start position:0% +momentum DT is equal to minus the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum DT is equal to minus the +expectation value of the potential well + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of the potential well + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of the potential well +this is acceleration times mass and this + + align:start position:0% +this is acceleration times mass and this + + + align:start position:0% +this is acceleration times mass and this +is force minus the gradient of a + + align:start position:0% +is force minus the gradient of a + + + align:start position:0% +is force minus the gradient of a +potential is a force and these are + + align:start position:0% +potential is a force and these are + + + align:start position:0% +potential is a force and these are +Newton's two equations and what they're + + align:start position:0% +Newton's two equations and what they're + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's two equations and what they're +saying is if we know if we know these + + align:start position:0% +saying is if we know if we know these + + + align:start position:0% +saying is if we know if we know these +things we know something about the + + align:start position:0% +things we know something about the + + + align:start position:0% +things we know something about the +center of the wave packet and how the + + align:start position:0% +center of the wave packet and how the + + + align:start position:0% +center of the wave packet and how the +center the wave packet moves now the + + align:start position:0% +center the wave packet moves now the + + + align:start position:0% +center the wave packet moves now the +wave packet might be localized at one + + align:start position:0% +wave packet might be localized at one + + + align:start position:0% +wave packet might be localized at one +time it might be pushed out at another + + align:start position:0% +time it might be pushed out at another + + + align:start position:0% +time it might be pushed out at another +time but you can always calculate the + + align:start position:0% +time but you can always calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +time but you can always calculate the +center of the wave packet it's just that + + align:start position:0% +center of the wave packet it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +center of the wave packet it's just that +there are only certain times that it + + align:start position:0% +there are only certain times that it + + + align:start position:0% +there are only certain times that it +looks like a particle and but this thing + + align:start position:0% +looks like a particle and but this thing + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a particle and but this thing +this is these quantities which is + + align:start position:0% +this is these quantities which is + + + align:start position:0% +this is these quantities which is +defined by an integral they evolve + + align:start position:0% +defined by an integral they evolve + + + align:start position:0% +defined by an integral they evolve +classically so I told you at the + + align:start position:0% +classically so I told you at the + + + align:start position:0% +classically so I told you at the +beginning you have to give up classical + + align:start position:0% +beginning you have to give up classical + + + align:start position:0% +beginning you have to give up classical +mechanics it's all coming back but it's + + align:start position:0% +mechanics it's all coming back but it's + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics it's all coming back but it's +coming back in a quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +coming back in a quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +coming back in a quantum mechanical +framework because we're talking now + + align:start position:0% +framework because we're talking now + + + align:start position:0% +framework because we're talking now +about wave functions which have + + align:start position:0% +about wave functions which have + + + align:start position:0% +about wave functions which have +amplitudes and phases and can do + + align:start position:0% +amplitudes and phases and can do + + + align:start position:0% +amplitudes and phases and can do +terrible things but it's learn at + + align:start position:0% +terrible things but it's learn at + + + align:start position:0% +terrible things but it's learn at +certain limits they're going to act like + + align:start position:0% +certain limits they're going to act like + + + align:start position:0% +certain limits they're going to act like +particles but if you were to ask your + + align:start position:0% +particles but if you were to ask your + + + align:start position:0% +particles but if you were to ask your +question well I mean suppose we do this + + align:start position:0% +question well I mean suppose we do this + + + align:start position:0% +question well I mean suppose we do this +experiment and so here we have a + + align:start position:0% +experiment and so here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and so here we have a +electronic ground state potential + + align:start position:0% +electronic ground state potential + + + align:start position:0% +electronic ground state potential +surface now I'm jumping way ahead but + + align:start position:0% +surface now I'm jumping way ahead but + + + align:start position:0% +surface now I'm jumping way ahead but +this is the wave function for that + + align:start position:0% +this is the wave function for that + + + align:start position:0% +this is the wave function for that +vibrational level and you excite the + + align:start position:0% +vibrational level and you excite the + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational level and you excite the +molecule with a time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +molecule with a time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +molecule with a time-dependent +Hamiltonian a time-dependent radiation + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian a time-dependent radiation + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian a time-dependent radiation +field why + + align:start position:0% +field why + + + align:start position:0% +field why +and you vertically transport this + + align:start position:0% +and you vertically transport this + + + align:start position:0% +and you vertically transport this +wavefunction upward to the upper State + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction upward to the upper State + + + align:start position:0% +wavefunction upward to the upper State +and so you get something which is not an + + align:start position:0% +and so you get something which is not an + + + align:start position:0% +and so you get something which is not an +eigenstate + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate +it's a pluck this pluck it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a pluck this pluck it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pluck this pluck it's a +superposition of eigenstates and we can + + align:start position:0% +superposition of eigenstates and we can + + + align:start position:0% +superposition of eigenstates and we can +ask how does this evolve and what it's + + align:start position:0% +ask how does this evolve and what it's + + + align:start position:0% +ask how does this evolve and what it's +going to do is it's going to start out + + align:start position:0% +going to do is it's going to start out + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is it's going to start out +localized and at some point it'll do + + align:start position:0% +localized and at some point it'll do + + + align:start position:0% +localized and at some point it'll do +terrible things and then at some other + + align:start position:0% +terrible things and then at some other + + + align:start position:0% +terrible things and then at some other +time it'll be localized again at the + + align:start position:0% +time it'll be localized again at the + + + align:start position:0% +time it'll be localized again at the +other turning point and it'll come back + + align:start position:0% +other turning point and it'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +other turning point and it'll come back +and forth and now if it's not a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +and forth and now if it's not a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +and forth and now if it's not a harmonic +oscillator it won't quite real ocol eyes + + align:start position:0% +oscillator it won't quite real ocol eyes + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator it won't quite real ocol eyes +it'll push out a little bit and they'll + + align:start position:0% +it'll push out a little bit and they'll + + + align:start position:0% +it'll push out a little bit and they'll +come back and push out more and so again + + align:start position:0% +come back and push out more and so again + + + align:start position:0% +come back and push out more and so again +we can use the evolution of the wave + + align:start position:0% +we can use the evolution of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +we can use the evolution of the wave +packet to sample the shape of the + + align:start position:0% +packet to sample the shape of the + + + align:start position:0% +packet to sample the shape of the +potential we can measure the n-terminus + + align:start position:0% +potential we can measure the n-terminus + + + align:start position:0% +potential we can measure the n-terminus +'ti and so let's now talk about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well there are other quantities that we + + align:start position:0% +well there are other quantities that we + + + align:start position:0% +well there are other quantities that we +can calculate from the time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +can calculate from the time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate from the time-dependent +schrodinger equation and of the + + align:start position:0% +schrodinger equation and of the + + + align:start position:0% +schrodinger equation and of the +time-dependent equation and so let's + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent equation and so let's + + + align:start position:0% +time-dependent equation and so let's +talk about the survival probability so + + align:start position:0% +talk about the survival probability so + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the survival probability so +this is a capital P survival probability + + align:start position:0% +this is a capital P survival probability + + + align:start position:0% +this is a capital P survival probability +it's going to be the wave function the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the wave function the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the wave function the +wave the time-dependent wave function is + + align:start position:0% +wave the time-dependent wave function is + + + align:start position:0% +wave the time-dependent wave function is +created at T equals 0 it has some shape + + align:start position:0% +created at T equals 0 it has some shape + + + align:start position:0% +created at T equals 0 it has some shape +now we always like to have it have a + + align:start position:0% +now we always like to have it have a + + + align:start position:0% +now we always like to have it have a +simple shape in the T equals 0 and we'd + + align:start position:0% +simple shape in the T equals 0 and we'd + + + align:start position:0% +simple shape in the T equals 0 and we'd +like to know how fast that thing moves + + align:start position:0% +like to know how fast that thing moves + + + align:start position:0% +like to know how fast that thing moves +away from its birthplace so we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this survival probability it's a + + align:start position:0% +this survival probability it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this survival probability it's a +probability so we're gonna have an + + align:start position:0% +probability so we're gonna have an + + + align:start position:0% +probability so we're gonna have an +integral sign star sign X D X gonna look + + align:start position:0% +integral sign star sign X D X gonna look + + + align:start position:0% +integral sign star sign X D X gonna look +like that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now oops I knew I was going to screw up + + align:start position:0% +now oops I knew I was going to screw up + + + align:start position:0% +now oops I knew I was going to screw up +if I put a T here then it would just be + + align:start position:0% +if I put a T here then it would just be + + + align:start position:0% +if I put a T here then it would just be +the normalization interval and we + + align:start position:0% +the normalization interval and we + + + align:start position:0% +the normalization interval and we +already know what that is but this is + + align:start position:0% +already know what that is but this is + + + align:start position:0% +already know what that is but this is +the birthplace this is what was created + + align:start position:0% +the birthplace this is what was created + + + align:start position:0% +the birthplace this is what was created +at T equals zero and this is the time + + align:start position:0% +at T equals zero and this is the time + + + align:start position:0% +at T equals zero and this is the time +evolving thing and so we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +evolving thing and so we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +evolving thing and so we can calculate +how that behaves and I'm just gonna + + align:start position:0% +how that behaves and I'm just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +how that behaves and I'm just gonna +write the solution because we're + + align:start position:0% +write the solution because we're + + + align:start position:0% +write the solution because we're +actually I have plenty of love still no + + align:start position:0% +actually I have plenty of love still no + + + align:start position:0% +actually I have plenty of love still no +we don't so the result is if we have the + + align:start position:0% +we don't so the result is if we have the + + + align:start position:0% +we don't so the result is if we have the +same kind of to state C once I won these + + align:start position:0% +same kind of to state C once I won these + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of to state C once I won these +in my vibe + + align:start position:0% +in my vibe + + + align:start position:0% +in my vibe +any one key H bar plus C to decide to + + align:start position:0% +any one key H bar plus C to decide to + + + align:start position:0% +any one key H bar plus C to decide to +leave the minus 2h bar well then what we + + align:start position:0% +leave the minus 2h bar well then what we + + + align:start position:0% +leave the minus 2h bar well then what we +get is C 1 to the fourth power plus C 2 + + align:start position:0% +get is C 1 to the fourth power plus C 2 + + + align:start position:0% +get is C 1 to the fourth power plus C 2 +to the fourth power plus C 1 squared C 2 + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth power plus C 1 squared C 2 + + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth power plus C 1 squared C 2 +squared times e to the I Omega 2 1 D + + align:start position:0% +squared times e to the I Omega 2 1 D + + + align:start position:0% +squared times e to the I Omega 2 1 D +plus e to the minus I Omega 2 1 T now + + align:start position:0% +plus e to the minus I Omega 2 1 T now + + + align:start position:0% +plus e to the minus I Omega 2 1 T now +we're integrating when we integrate the + + align:start position:0% +we're integrating when we integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +we're integrating when we integrate the +wave functions go away right the wave + + align:start position:0% +wave functions go away right the wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions go away right the wave +functions become either 1 or 0 and so + + align:start position:0% +functions become either 1 or 0 and so + + + align:start position:0% +functions become either 1 or 0 and so +we're integrating over the making the + + align:start position:0% +we're integrating over the making the + + + align:start position:0% +we're integrating over the making the +wave functions go away and we have some + + align:start position:0% +wave functions go away and we have some + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions go away and we have some +probability the amplitudes of the wave + + align:start position:0% +probability the amplitudes of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +probability the amplitudes of the wave +functions and we have a time independent + + align:start position:0% +functions and we have a time independent + + + align:start position:0% +functions and we have a time independent +part and a time dependent part and this + + align:start position:0% +part and a time dependent part and this + + + align:start position:0% +part and a time dependent part and this +is 2 cosine Omega 2 1 + + align:start position:0% +is 2 cosine Omega 2 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is 2 cosine Omega 2 1 +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +so what we see is this part of this + + align:start position:0% +so what we see is this part of this + + + align:start position:0% +so what we see is this part of this +survival probability the wave function + + align:start position:0% +survival probability the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +survival probability the wave function +starts out at someplace and it goes away + + align:start position:0% +starts out at someplace and it goes away + + + align:start position:0% +starts out at someplace and it goes away +and it comes back and it goes away and + + align:start position:0% +and it comes back and it goes away and + + + align:start position:0% +and it comes back and it goes away and +it comes back and it does that it + + align:start position:0% +it comes back and it does that it + + + align:start position:0% +it comes back and it does that it +completely reef aces because there's + + align:start position:0% +completely reef aces because there's + + + align:start position:0% +completely reef aces because there's +only two terms but if there were three + + align:start position:0% +only two terms but if there were three + + + align:start position:0% +only two terms but if there were three +terms and they're not satisfying a + + align:start position:0% +terms and they're not satisfying a + + + align:start position:0% +terms and they're not satisfying a +certain requirement well then it when it + + align:start position:0% +certain requirement well then it when it + + + align:start position:0% +certain requirement well then it when it +comes back it can't completely + + align:start position:0% +comes back it can't completely + + + align:start position:0% +comes back it can't completely +reconstruct itself and this is this is + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct itself and this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct itself and this is this is +the basis for doing experiments one can + + align:start position:0% +the basis for doing experiments one can + + + align:start position:0% +the basis for doing experiments one can +one can observe the periodic refacing of + + align:start position:0% +one can observe the periodic refacing of + + + align:start position:0% +one can observe the periodic refacing of +some initial pluck and you can look at + + align:start position:0% +some initial pluck and you can look at + + + align:start position:0% +some initial pluck and you can look at +the decay of them and that gives you + + align:start position:0% +the decay of them and that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +the decay of them and that gives you +something about the shape of the + + align:start position:0% +something about the shape of the + + + align:start position:0% +something about the shape of the +potential Yemeni city and you can do all + + align:start position:0% +potential Yemeni city and you can do all + + + align:start position:0% +potential Yemeni city and you can do all +sorts of fantastic things you can create + + align:start position:0% +sorts of fantastic things you can create + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of fantastic things you can create +a wave packet and you can wait till it + + align:start position:0% +a wave packet and you can wait till it + + + align:start position:0% +a wave packet and you can wait till it +reaches the other turning point and at + + align:start position:0% +reaches the other turning point and at + + + align:start position:0% +reaches the other turning point and at +the other turning point it's possible + + align:start position:0% +the other turning point it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +the other turning point it's possible +that you could excite it to a different + + align:start position:0% +that you could excite it to a different + + + align:start position:0% +that you could excite it to a different +higher excited state Ovid's the whale + + align:start position:0% +higher excited state Ovid's the whale + + + align:start position:0% +higher excited state Ovid's the whale +got the Nobel Prize for that so it's you + + align:start position:0% +got the Nobel Prize for that so it's you + + + align:start position:0% +got the Nobel Prize for that so it's you +know there's we're right at the front of + + align:start position:0% +know there's we're right at the front of + + + align:start position:0% +know there's we're right at the front of +the yeah this the frontier of what you + + align:start position:0% +the yeah this the frontier of what you + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah this the frontier of what you +can do and what you can understand using + + align:start position:0% +can do and what you can understand using + + + align:start position:0% +can do and what you can understand using +this very simple problem of a time + + align:start position:0% +this very simple problem of a time + + + align:start position:0% +this very simple problem of a time +independent Hamiltonian and a two or a + + align:start position:0% +independent Hamiltonian and a two or a + + + align:start position:0% +independent Hamiltonian and a two or a +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +Turner superposition okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recurrence this is a special property + + align:start position:0% +recurrence this is a special property + + + align:start position:0% +recurrence this is a special property +when all of the wave functions or all of + + align:start position:0% +when all of the wave functions or all of + + + align:start position:0% +when all of the wave functions or all of +the difference all of the energy levels + + align:start position:0% +the difference all of the energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +the difference all of the energy levels +or differences energy levels are integer + + align:start position:0% +or differences energy levels are integer + + + align:start position:0% +or differences energy levels are integer +multiples of a common factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well then any coherent superposition + + align:start position:0% +well then any coherent superposition + + + align:start position:0% +well then any coherent superposition +state you make will rephase and a + + align:start position:0% +state you make will rephase and a + + + align:start position:0% +state you make will rephase and a +special time and so what we can do is + + align:start position:0% +special time and so what we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +special time and so what we can do is +say okay for a particle in a box the + + align:start position:0% +say okay for a particle in a box the + + + align:start position:0% +say okay for a particle in a box the +energy levels are a1 times N squared for + + align:start position:0% +energy levels are a1 times N squared for + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels are a1 times N squared for +our harmonic oscillator the energy level + + align:start position:0% +our harmonic oscillator the energy level + + + align:start position:0% +our harmonic oscillator the energy level +difference is e b + 10 as e v RN h-bar + + align:start position:0% +difference is e b + 10 as e v RN h-bar + + + align:start position:0% +difference is e b + 10 as e v RN h-bar +Omega for a rigid rotor which we haven't + + align:start position:0% +Omega for a rigid rotor which we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +Omega for a rigid rotor which we haven't +seen yet the energy levels are function + + align:start position:0% +seen yet the energy levels are function + + + align:start position:0% +seen yet the energy levels are function +of this quantum number J HC B this is + + align:start position:0% +of this quantum number J HC B this is + + + align:start position:0% +of this quantum number J HC B this is +the rotational constant times J plus 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all of the energy levels are related + + align:start position:0% +so all of the energy levels are related + + + align:start position:0% +so all of the energy levels are related +to I'm jumping ahead sorry + + align:start position:0% +to I'm jumping ahead sorry + + + align:start position:0% +to I'm jumping ahead sorry +so the energy levels are J times J plus + + align:start position:0% +so the energy levels are J times J plus + + + align:start position:0% +so the energy levels are J times J plus +1 and the difference is EJ plus 1 - EJ + + align:start position:0% +1 and the difference is EJ plus 1 - EJ + + + align:start position:0% +1 and the difference is EJ plus 1 - EJ +are given by 2 H CB times J plus 1 so + + align:start position:0% +are given by 2 H CB times J plus 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +are given by 2 H CB times J plus 1 so +for these three problems we have this + + align:start position:0% +for these three problems we have this + + + align:start position:0% +for these three problems we have this +perfect situation where one can have + + align:start position:0% +perfect situation where one can have + + + align:start position:0% +perfect situation where one can have +these oscillating terms all have a + + align:start position:0% +these oscillating terms all have a + + + align:start position:0% +these oscillating terms all have a +common factor and at certain times + + align:start position:0% +common factor and at certain times + + + align:start position:0% +common factor and at certain times +the oscillating terms are all won or + + align:start position:0% +the oscillating terms are all won or + + + align:start position:0% +the oscillating terms are all won or +some are won and some are minus one and + + align:start position:0% +some are won and some are minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +some are won and some are minus one and +we get a really wonderful simplification + + align:start position:0% +we get a really wonderful simplification + + + align:start position:0% +we get a really wonderful simplification +so at a time which we call the or I call + + align:start position:0% +so at a time which we call the or I call + + + align:start position:0% +so at a time which we call the or I call +the grand recurrence time where it's + + align:start position:0% +the grand recurrence time where it's + + + align:start position:0% +the grand recurrence time where it's +equal to H over T 1 for this case of the + + align:start position:0% +equal to H over T 1 for this case of the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to H over T 1 for this case of the +particle in a box or H H over H bar + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box or H H over H bar + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box or H H over H bar +Omega Rho ver 2 HC B we get all of the + + align:start position:0% +Omega Rho ver 2 HC B we get all of the + + + align:start position:0% +Omega Rho ver 2 HC B we get all of the +phase factors becoming 1 and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +phase factors becoming 1 and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +phase factors becoming 1 and sometimes +something special happens at the grand + + align:start position:0% +something special happens at the grand + + + align:start position:0% +something special happens at the grand +recurrence time divided by 2 and that's + + align:start position:0% +recurrence time divided by 2 and that's + + + align:start position:0% +recurrence time divided by 2 and that's +you know that's a little bit like this + + align:start position:0% +you know that's a little bit like this + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's a little bit like this +we have wave function here and at half + + align:start position:0% +we have wave function here and at half + + + align:start position:0% +we have wave function here and at half +the recurrence time it's over here and + + align:start position:0% +the recurrence time it's over here and + + + align:start position:0% +the recurrence time it's over here and +so you want to work your way through the + + align:start position:0% +so you want to work your way through the + + + align:start position:0% +so you want to work your way through the +algebra to convince yourself that that + + align:start position:0% +algebra to convince yourself that that + + + align:start position:0% +algebra to convince yourself that that +is in fact true and in between if you + + align:start position:0% +is in fact true and in between if you + + + align:start position:0% +is in fact true and in between if you +have enough terms in your superposition + + align:start position:0% +have enough terms in your superposition + + + align:start position:0% +have enough terms in your superposition +which is usually the case in between you + + align:start position:0% +which is usually the case in between you + + + align:start position:0% +which is usually the case in between you +get this you get garbage looking it's + + align:start position:0% +get this you get garbage looking it's + + + align:start position:0% +get this you get garbage looking it's +still moving it still has it's still + + align:start position:0% +still moving it still has it's still + + + align:start position:0% +still moving it still has it's still +satisfying the ehrenfest theorem but it + + align:start position:0% +satisfying the ehrenfest theorem but it + + + align:start position:0% +satisfying the ehrenfest theorem but it +doesn't look like a particle it just + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like a particle it just + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like a particle it just +looks like garbage but you get these + + align:start position:0% +looks like garbage but you get these + + + align:start position:0% +looks like garbage but you get these +wonderful things happening and now if + + align:start position:0% +wonderful things happening and now if + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful things happening and now if +they're not perfectly satisfying this + + align:start position:0% +they're not perfectly satisfying this + + + align:start position:0% +they're not perfectly satisfying this +integer rule then each time you get to a + + align:start position:0% +integer rule then each time you get to a + + + align:start position:0% +integer rule then each time you get to a +turning point the amplitude has + + align:start position:0% +turning point the amplitude has + + + align:start position:0% +turning point the amplitude has +decreased and decreased decreased and at + + align:start position:0% +decreased and decreased decreased and at + + + align:start position:0% +decreased and decreased decreased and at +infinite time it might recur but nobody + + align:start position:0% +infinite time it might recur but nobody + + + align:start position:0% +infinite time it might recur but nobody +it's around for infinite time because + + align:start position:0% +it's around for infinite time because + + + align:start position:0% +it's around for infinite time because +other things happen and destroy the + + align:start position:0% +other things happen and destroy the + + + align:start position:0% +other things happen and destroy the +coherence that you built so this is a + + align:start position:0% +coherence that you built so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +coherence that you built so this is a +glimpse you know we you know quantum + + align:start position:0% +glimpse you know we you know quantum + + + align:start position:0% +glimpse you know we you know quantum +mechanics time your pendant time + + align:start position:0% +mechanics time your pendant time + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics time your pendant time +independent quantum mechanics is + + align:start position:0% +independent quantum mechanics is + + + align:start position:0% +independent quantum mechanics is +complicated enough well we can embed + + align:start position:0% +complicated enough well we can embed + + + align:start position:0% +complicated enough well we can embed +what we understand in the time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +what we understand in the time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +what we understand in the time-dependent +quantum mechanics and there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics and there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics and there are a lot of +beautiful things that we can anticipate + + align:start position:0% +beautiful things that we can anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful things that we can anticipate +now we can we can use these beautiful + + align:start position:0% +now we can we can use these beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +now we can we can use these beautiful +things to do experiments which measure + + align:start position:0% +things to do experiments which measure + + + align:start position:0% +things to do experiments which measure +stuff that is related to how does energy + + align:start position:0% +stuff that is related to how does energy + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that is related to how does energy +move in the molecule what is going on in + + align:start position:0% +move in the molecule what is going on in + + + align:start position:0% +move in the molecule what is going on in +the molecule what are the mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +the molecule what are the mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule what are the mechanisms +first for stuff happening and in + + align:start position:0% +first for stuff happening and in + + + align:start position:0% +first for stuff happening and in +magnetic resonance there are all sorts + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance there are all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance there are all sorts +of pulse sequences that interrogate + + align:start position:0% +of pulse sequences that interrogate + + + align:start position:0% +of pulse sequences that interrogate +distances and correlate correlated + + align:start position:0% +distances and correlate correlated + + + align:start position:0% +distances and correlate correlated +motions and it is really a laboratory + + align:start position:0% +motions and it is really a laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +motions and it is really a laboratory +for time-dependent quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +for time-dependent quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +for time-dependent quantum mechanics +with a time-dependent Hamiltonian but a + + align:start position:0% +with a time-dependent Hamiltonian but a + + + align:start position:0% +with a time-dependent Hamiltonian but a +lot of stuff that we do with ordinary + + align:start position:0% +lot of stuff that we do with ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +lot of stuff that we do with ordinary +laser experiments are usually time + + align:start position:0% +laser experiments are usually time + + + align:start position:0% +laser experiments are usually time +usually understandable in a time + + align:start position:0% +usually understandable in a time + + + align:start position:0% +usually understandable in a time +independent way now we want to get rid + + align:start position:0% +independent way now we want to get rid + + + align:start position:0% +independent way now we want to get rid +of things that are complicated and so + + align:start position:0% +of things that are complicated and so + + + align:start position:0% +of things that are complicated and so +one of the things that we do is we map a + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that we do is we map a + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that we do is we map a +problem on to something which is time + + align:start position:0% +problem on to something which is time + + + align:start position:0% +problem on to something which is time +independent and so one of the one of the + + align:start position:0% +independent and so one of the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +independent and so one of the one of the +tricks that you will see is that if we + + align:start position:0% +tricks that you will see is that if we + + + align:start position:0% +tricks that you will see is that if we +go into what's called a rotating + + align:start position:0% +go into what's called a rotating + + + align:start position:0% +go into what's called a rotating +coordinate system this rotating + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system this rotating + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system this rotating +coordinate system is rotating at an + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is rotating at an + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is rotating at an +energy level different the free the + + align:start position:0% +energy level different the free the + + + align:start position:0% +energy level different the free the +energy level difference divided by h-bar + + align:start position:0% +energy level difference divided by h-bar + + + align:start position:0% +energy level difference divided by h-bar +and that converts the problem into a + + align:start position:0% +and that converts the problem into a + + + align:start position:0% +and that converts the problem into a +time independent problem in the rotating + + align:start position:0% +time independent problem in the rotating + + + align:start position:0% +time independent problem in the rotating +coordinate system so that you're in a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so that you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so that you're in a +rotating coordinate system and basically + + align:start position:0% +rotating coordinate system and basically + + + align:start position:0% +rotating coordinate system and basically +using ordinary perturbation theory and + + align:start position:0% +using ordinary perturbation theory and + + + align:start position:0% +using ordinary perturbation theory and +then you go back to the non rotating + + align:start position:0% +then you go back to the non rotating + + + align:start position:0% +then you go back to the non rotating +coordinate system and so there's all + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and so there's all + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and so there's all +sorts of tricks where we build on the + + align:start position:0% +sorts of tricks where we build on the + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of tricks where we build on the +stuff that we understood and we can have + + align:start position:0% +stuff that we understood and we can have + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that we understood and we can have +a picture which is intuitive because we + + align:start position:0% +a picture which is intuitive because we + + + align:start position:0% +a picture which is intuitive because we +strip away a lot of the mathematics and + + align:start position:0% +strip away a lot of the mathematics and + + + align:start position:0% +strip away a lot of the mathematics and +see the view the universal stuff and so + + align:start position:0% +see the view the universal stuff and so + + + align:start position:0% +see the view the universal stuff and so +I'm going to try to present as much of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try to present as much of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try to present as much of +that as I can during this course but a + + align:start position:0% +that as I can during this course but a + + + align:start position:0% +that as I can during this course but a +lot of the time-independent stuff is + + align:start position:0% +lot of the time-independent stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the time-independent stuff is +heavy lifting and I'm gonna have to do a + + align:start position:0% +heavy lifting and I'm gonna have to do a + + + align:start position:0% +heavy lifting and I'm gonna have to do a +lot of that too okay have a nice long + + align:start position:0% +lot of that too okay have a nice long + + + align:start position:0% +lot of that too okay have a nice long +weekend I'll see you on Monday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9w73uiDyLHo.txt b/9w73uiDyLHo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1c2718b2e3367246a537da8df0c9fbfbd1a69ca --- /dev/null +++ b/9w73uiDyLHo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so the reality of design analysis is + + align:start position:0% +so the reality of design analysis is + + + align:start position:0% +so the reality of design analysis is +that the inputs and the context that is + + align:start position:0% +that the inputs and the context that is + + + align:start position:0% +that the inputs and the context that is +demand for whatever the system is + + align:start position:0% +demand for whatever the system is + + + align:start position:0% +demand for whatever the system is +producing or delivering are uncertain + + align:start position:0% +producing or delivering are uncertain + + + align:start position:0% +producing or delivering are uncertain +they have distributions we don't really + + align:start position:0% +they have distributions we don't really + + + align:start position:0% +they have distributions we don't really +know we can't predict exactly how the + + align:start position:0% +know we can't predict exactly how the + + + align:start position:0% +know we can't predict exactly how the +system will perform because we don't + + align:start position:0% +system will perform because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +system will perform because we don't +exactly know what the costs are we don't + + align:start position:0% +exactly know what the costs are we don't + + + align:start position:0% +exactly know what the costs are we don't +know what the demands are we don't know + + align:start position:0% +know what the demands are we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +know what the demands are we don't know +other things about it so we won't be + + align:start position:0% +other things about it so we won't be + + + align:start position:0% +other things about it so we won't be +able to predict it exactly + + align:start position:0% +able to predict it exactly + + + align:start position:0% +able to predict it exactly +so the performance of a system when we + + align:start position:0% +so the performance of a system when we + + + align:start position:0% +so the performance of a system when we +calculated has to be some kind of + + align:start position:0% +calculated has to be some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +calculated has to be some kind of +distribution some kind of plus range of + + align:start position:0% +distribution some kind of plus range of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution some kind of plus range of +possibility from the lowest to the best + + align:start position:0% +possibility from the lowest to the best + + + align:start position:0% +possibility from the lowest to the best +with different possibilities of uh + + align:start position:0% +with different possibilities of uh + + + align:start position:0% +with different possibilities of uh +different points along the distribution + + align:start position:0% +different points along the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +different points along the distribution +and it's important to realize that the + + align:start position:0% +and it's important to realize that the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's important to realize that the +outcomes of a system are not + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of a system are not + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of a system are not +the same as the inputs to the system + + align:start position:0% +the same as the inputs to the system + + + align:start position:0% +the same as the inputs to the system +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +the if you put in a normal distribution + + align:start position:0% +the if you put in a normal distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the if you put in a normal distribution +you don't necessarily get a normal + + align:start position:0% +you don't necessarily get a normal + + + align:start position:0% +you don't necessarily get a normal +distribution out you're almost certain + + align:start position:0% +distribution out you're almost certain + + + align:start position:0% +distribution out you're almost certain +not to get a normal distribution out + + align:start position:0% +not to get a normal distribution out + + + align:start position:0% +not to get a normal distribution out +why is this is because we have complex + + align:start position:0% +why is this is because we have complex + + + align:start position:0% +why is this is because we have complex +systems they perform nonlinearly + + align:start position:0% +systems they perform nonlinearly + + + align:start position:0% +systems they perform nonlinearly +there'll be capacity constraints so that + + align:start position:0% +there'll be capacity constraints so that + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be capacity constraints so that +you can get the downside but not the + + align:start position:0% +you can get the downside but not the + + + align:start position:0% +you can get the downside but not the +upside there's all kinds of reasons why + + align:start position:0% +upside there's all kinds of reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +upside there's all kinds of reasons why +what goes in gets mixed up in terms of + + align:start position:0% +what goes in gets mixed up in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +what goes in gets mixed up in terms of +the system and you get a different kind + + align:start position:0% +the system and you get a different kind + + + align:start position:0% +the system and you get a different kind +of distribution outside afterwards so + + align:start position:0% +of distribution outside afterwards so + + + align:start position:0% +of distribution outside afterwards so +keep that in mind now let me give you a + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind now let me give you a + + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind now let me give you a +generic view of the kind of distribution + + align:start position:0% +generic view of the kind of distribution + + + align:start position:0% +generic view of the kind of distribution +that can occur and let's see what we're + + align:start position:0% +that can occur and let's see what we're + + + align:start position:0% +that can occur and let's see what we're +going to be doing about it + + align:start position:0% +going to be doing about it + + + align:start position:0% +going to be doing about it +so in general we have a distribution for + + align:start position:0% +so in general we have a distribution for + + + align:start position:0% +so in general we have a distribution for +the design outcomes represented here in + + align:start position:0% +the design outcomes represented here in + + + align:start position:0% +the design outcomes represented here in +terms of a probability distribution + + align:start position:0% +terms of a probability distribution + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a probability distribution +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +not a portable document + + align:start position:0% +not a portable document + + + align:start position:0% +not a portable document +so we have the possibility that things + + align:start position:0% +so we have the possibility that things + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the possibility that things +don't go so well that there are losses + + align:start position:0% +don't go so well that there are losses + + + align:start position:0% +don't go so well that there are losses +it's poor performance some way that's on + + align:start position:0% +it's poor performance some way that's on + + + align:start position:0% +it's poor performance some way that's on +the left hand side of the graph and we + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side of the graph and we + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side of the graph and we +have some medium perhaps it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +have some medium perhaps it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +have some medium perhaps it doesn't have +to be unimodal but there's various high + + align:start position:0% +to be unimodal but there's various high + + + align:start position:0% +to be unimodal but there's various high +points and more likely situations and + + align:start position:0% +points and more likely situations and + + + align:start position:0% +points and more likely situations and +then we have uh the possible upsides may + + align:start position:0% +then we have uh the possible upsides may + + + align:start position:0% +then we have uh the possible upsides may +occur if everything goes really well and + + align:start position:0% +occur if everything goes really well and + + + align:start position:0% +occur if everything goes really well and +if people really like the product that + + align:start position:0% +if people really like the product that + + + align:start position:0% +if people really like the product that +you might be managing and so forth so + + align:start position:0% +you might be managing and so forth so + + + align:start position:0% +you might be managing and so forth so +there's some kind of distribution + + align:start position:0% +there's some kind of distribution + + + align:start position:0% +there's some kind of distribution +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +what do we do about it + + align:start position:0% +what do we do about it + + + align:start position:0% +what do we do about it +well what we want to do is to have a + + align:start position:0% +well what we want to do is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +well what we want to do is to have a +proactive design that is the objective + + align:start position:0% +proactive design that is the objective + + + align:start position:0% +proactive design that is the objective +is that we don't have to accept + + align:start position:0% +is that we don't have to accept + + + align:start position:0% +is that we don't have to accept +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +the distribution that may come from the + + align:start position:0% +the distribution that may come from the + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution that may come from the +base case design we can say right + + align:start position:0% +base case design we can say right + + + align:start position:0% +base case design we can say right +if this is what's happening what can we + + align:start position:0% +if this is what's happening what can we + + + align:start position:0% +if this is what's happening what can we +do to improve the design + + align:start position:0% +do to improve the design + + + align:start position:0% +do to improve the design +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +what can we do proactively is first of + + align:start position:0% +what can we do proactively is first of + + + align:start position:0% +what can we do proactively is first of +all to reduce the downside risks + + align:start position:0% +all to reduce the downside risks + + + align:start position:0% +all to reduce the downside risks +how could you make it so those downside + + align:start position:0% +how could you make it so those downside + + + align:start position:0% +how could you make it so those downside +risks that you anticipated in your first + + align:start position:0% +risks that you anticipated in your first + + + align:start position:0% +risks that you anticipated in your first +design that don't occur well one way to + + align:start position:0% +design that don't occur well one way to + + + align:start position:0% +design that don't occur well one way to +do it not the only way is to say we're + + align:start position:0% +do it not the only way is to say we're + + + align:start position:0% +do it not the only way is to say we're +going to build the system smaller so if + + align:start position:0% +going to build the system smaller so if + + + align:start position:0% +going to build the system smaller so if +it's built smaller and it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's built smaller and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's built smaller and it's not +succeeding then you can lose less so + + align:start position:0% +succeeding then you can lose less so + + + align:start position:0% +succeeding then you can lose less so +that's one way to do it but there are + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to do it but there are + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to do it but there are +other ways but in any case we can think + + align:start position:0% +other ways but in any case we can think + + + align:start position:0% +other ways but in any case we can think +about ways to reduce the downside + + align:start position:0% +about ways to reduce the downside + + + align:start position:0% +about ways to reduce the downside +complementarily we can take advantage of + + align:start position:0% +complementarily we can take advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +complementarily we can take advantage of +opportunities so for example if the + + align:start position:0% +opportunities so for example if the + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities so for example if the +product does really well and if there's + + align:start position:0% +product does really well and if there's + + + align:start position:0% +product does really well and if there's +a high demand for it we may be able to + + align:start position:0% +a high demand for it we may be able to + + + align:start position:0% +a high demand for it we may be able to +expand our our facilities our system so + + align:start position:0% +expand our our facilities our system so + + + align:start position:0% +expand our our facilities our system so +that we can rapidly take advantage of it + + align:start position:0% +that we can rapidly take advantage of it + + + align:start position:0% +that we can rapidly take advantage of it +we've developed a new gizmo or toy in + + align:start position:0% +we've developed a new gizmo or toy in + + + align:start position:0% +we've developed a new gizmo or toy in +advance of the christmas season it's + + align:start position:0% +advance of the christmas season it's + + + align:start position:0% +advance of the christmas season it's +very popular how do we go through and + + align:start position:0% +very popular how do we go through and + + + align:start position:0% +very popular how do we go through and +ramp up the production and sales to take + + align:start position:0% +ramp up the production and sales to take + + + align:start position:0% +ramp up the production and sales to take +advantage of it for example + + align:start position:0% +advantage of it for example + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of it for example +and at the same time what we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time what we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +and at the same time what we'd like to +do is certainly reduce the overall cost + + align:start position:0% +do is certainly reduce the overall cost + + + align:start position:0% +do is certainly reduce the overall cost +at least the beginning costs so that we + + align:start position:0% +at least the beginning costs so that we + + + align:start position:0% +at least the beginning costs so that we +have the wind of avoiding the downside + + align:start position:0% +have the wind of avoiding the downside + + + align:start position:0% +have the wind of avoiding the downside +the wind of taking advantage of the + + align:start position:0% +the wind of taking advantage of the + + + align:start position:0% +the wind of taking advantage of the +upside at a lesser cost + + align:start position:0% +upside at a lesser cost + + + align:start position:0% +upside at a lesser cost +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +what do we then do + + align:start position:0% +what do we then do + + + align:start position:0% +what do we then do +so here's what i've been suggesting the + + align:start position:0% +so here's what i've been suggesting the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's what i've been suggesting the +proactive design shifts the distribution + + align:start position:0% +proactive design shifts the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +proactive design shifts the distribution +right so if you had your base case + + align:start position:0% +right so if you had your base case + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you had your base case +design which was like this + + align:start position:0% +design which was like this + + + align:start position:0% +design which was like this +that somehow + + align:start position:0% +that somehow + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow +you have gone through things which shift + + align:start position:0% +you have gone through things which shift + + + align:start position:0% +you have gone through things which shift +the distribution towards the positive + + align:start position:0% +the distribution towards the positive + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution towards the positive +side both by cutting the downside tail + + align:start position:0% +side both by cutting the downside tail + + + align:start position:0% +side both by cutting the downside tail +and by extending the upside tail + + align:start position:0% +and by extending the upside tail + + + align:start position:0% +and by extending the upside tail +and you do that by exploring the various + + align:start position:0% +and you do that by exploring the various + + + align:start position:0% +and you do that by exploring the various +ranges of possible things that you could + + align:start position:0% +ranges of possible things that you could + + + align:start position:0% +ranges of possible things that you could +do the flexibilities that might + + align:start position:0% +do the flexibilities that might + + + align:start position:0% +do the flexibilities that might +help you do that + + align:start position:0% +help you do that + + + align:start position:0% +help you do that +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we want to end up then with the win-win + + align:start position:0% +we want to end up then with the win-win + + + align:start position:0% +we want to end up then with the win-win +solution at lower cost + + align:start position:0% +solution at lower cost + + + align:start position:0% +solution at lower cost +less loss more gain less investment + + align:start position:0% +less loss more gain less investment + + + align:start position:0% +less loss more gain less investment +compared the alternatives at least at + + align:start position:0% +compared the alternatives at least at + + + align:start position:0% +compared the alternatives at least at +the start + + align:start position:0% +the start + + + align:start position:0% +the start +in a graph form what we have here is the + + align:start position:0% +in a graph form what we have here is the + + + align:start position:0% +in a graph form what we have here is the +curve that we have we try to chop the + + align:start position:0% +curve that we have we try to chop the + + + align:start position:0% +curve that we have we try to chop the +downside + + align:start position:0% +downside + + + align:start position:0% +downside +do things that + + align:start position:0% +do things that + + + align:start position:0% +do things that +reduce the possibilities that we have + + align:start position:0% +reduce the possibilities that we have + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the possibilities that we have +really big losses while at the same time + + align:start position:0% +really big losses while at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +really big losses while at the same time +being able to extend the upside if + + align:start position:0% +being able to extend the upside if + + + align:start position:0% +being able to extend the upside if +things go really well so that is the + + align:start position:0% +things go really well so that is the + + + align:start position:0% +things go really well so that is the +essence of what flexibility design + + align:start position:0% +essence of what flexibility design + + + align:start position:0% +essence of what flexibility design +attempts to do and very often succeeds + + align:start position:0% +attempts to do and very often succeeds + + + align:start position:0% +attempts to do and very often succeeds +thank goodness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AByfsx3Dkek.txt b/AByfsx3Dkek.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..347467b94229be1863e4aef23917dc921e46dac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/AByfsx3Dkek.txt @@ -0,0 +1,883 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this recitation we will be going over + + align:start position:0% +in this recitation we will be going over + + + align:start position:0% +in this recitation we will be going over +the basic steps in building solving + + align:start position:0% +the basic steps in building solving + + + align:start position:0% +the basic steps in building solving +optimization model the problem we will + + align:start position:0% +optimization model the problem we will + + + align:start position:0% +optimization model the problem we will +use to demonstrate this comes from + + align:start position:0% +use to demonstrate this comes from + + + align:start position:0% +use to demonstrate this comes from +Google AdWords which is the advertising + + align:start position:0% +Google AdWords which is the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +Google AdWords which is the advertising +system used by Google let's begin by + + align:start position:0% +system used by Google let's begin by + + + align:start position:0% +system used by Google let's begin by +talking a little bit about Google as you + + align:start position:0% +talking a little bit about Google as you + + + align:start position:0% +talking a little bit about Google as you +may know Google is a major company in + + align:start position:0% +may know Google is a major company in + + + align:start position:0% +may know Google is a major company in +the United States that provides products + + align:start position:0% +the United States that provides products + + + align:start position:0% +the United States that provides products +and services related to the Internet + + align:start position:0% +and services related to the Internet + + + align:start position:0% +and services related to the Internet +Google's official mission statement is + + align:start position:0% +Google's official mission statement is + + + align:start position:0% +Google's official mission statement is +to organize the world's information and + + align:start position:0% +to organize the world's information and + + + align:start position:0% +to organize the world's information and +to make it universally accessible and + + align:start position:0% +to make it universally accessible and + + + align:start position:0% +to make it universally accessible and +useful although Google today develops a + + align:start position:0% +useful although Google today develops a + + + align:start position:0% +useful although Google today develops a +variety of products that includes things + + align:start position:0% +variety of products that includes things + + + align:start position:0% +variety of products that includes things +such as the Android operating system the + + align:start position:0% +such as the Android operating system the + + + align:start position:0% +such as the Android operating system the +Google glass wearable computer and even + + align:start position:0% +Google glass wearable computer and even + + + align:start position:0% +Google glass wearable computer and even +self-driving cars Google became famous + + align:start position:0% +self-driving cars Google became famous + + + align:start position:0% +self-driving cars Google became famous +and is still most widely known for its + + align:start position:0% +and is still most widely known for its + + + align:start position:0% +and is still most widely known for its +search engine which can be found at WWE + + align:start position:0% +search engine which can be found at WWE + + + align:start position:0% +search engine which can be found at WWE +--gel comm the search engine lets the + + align:start position:0% +--gel comm the search engine lets the + + + align:start position:0% +--gel comm the search engine lets the +user enter a query Google then searches + + align:start position:0% +user enter a query Google then searches + + + align:start position:0% +user enter a query Google then searches +through the webpage is accessible on the + + align:start position:0% +through the webpage is accessible on the + + + align:start position:0% +through the webpage is accessible on the +Internet to return links to websites + + align:start position:0% +Internet to return links to websites + + + align:start position:0% +Internet to return links to websites +that best fit the search query now how + + align:start position:0% +that best fit the search query now how + + + align:start position:0% +that best fit the search query now how +did Google come about well the idea of + + align:start position:0% +did Google come about well the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +did Google come about well the idea of +Google originated as a research project + + align:start position:0% +Google originated as a research project + + + align:start position:0% +Google originated as a research project +of two people Sergey Brin and Larry Page + + align:start position:0% +of two people Sergey Brin and Larry Page + + + align:start position:0% +of two people Sergey Brin and Larry Page +this was in 1996 while they were still + + align:start position:0% +this was in 1996 while they were still + + + align:start position:0% +this was in 1996 while they were still +graduate students at Stanford University + + align:start position:0% +graduate students at Stanford University + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students at Stanford University +their idea in a nutshell was to measure + + align:start position:0% +their idea in a nutshell was to measure + + + align:start position:0% +their idea in a nutshell was to measure +the importance of a webpage to a + + align:start position:0% +the importance of a webpage to a + + + align:start position:0% +the importance of a webpage to a +particular query not just by measuring + + align:start position:0% +particular query not just by measuring + + + align:start position:0% +particular query not just by measuring +how much that query occurs in that web + + align:start position:0% +how much that query occurs in that web + + + align:start position:0% +how much that query occurs in that web +page but also by considering the links + + align:start position:0% +page but also by considering the links + + + align:start position:0% +page but also by considering the links +that I went page from other webpages + + align:start position:0% +that I went page from other webpages + + + align:start position:0% +that I went page from other webpages +they quickly found that this idea could + + align:start position:0% +they quickly found that this idea could + + + align:start position:0% +they quickly found that this idea could +form the core of a search engine and + + align:start position:0% +form the core of a search engine and + + + align:start position:0% +form the core of a search engine and +they found that the search engine + + align:start position:0% +they found that the search engine + + + align:start position:0% +they found that the search engine +actually worked quite well + + align:start position:0% +actually worked quite well + + + align:start position:0% +actually worked quite well +they eventually named it Google and in + + align:start position:0% +they eventually named it Google and in + + + align:start position:0% +they eventually named it Google and in +1998 they incorporated Google as a + + align:start position:0% +1998 they incorporated Google as a + + + align:start position:0% +1998 they incorporated Google as a +company in the same year they received + + align:start position:0% +company in the same year they received + + + align:start position:0% +company in the same year they received +their first funding at the time they had + + align:start position:0% +their first funding at the time they had + + + align:start position:0% +their first funding at the time they had +a database of 60 million web pages 6 + + align:start position:0% +a database of 60 million web pages 6 + + + align:start position:0% +a database of 60 million web pages 6 +years later + + align:start position:0% +years later + + + align:start position:0% +years later +Google's initial public offering took + + align:start position:0% +Google's initial public offering took + + + align:start position:0% +Google's initial public offering took +place and Google became a publicly + + align:start position:0% +place and Google became a publicly + + + align:start position:0% +place and Google became a publicly +traded company after going public Google + + align:start position:0% +traded company after going public Google + + + align:start position:0% +traded company after going public Google +has continued to grow at an immense pace + + align:start position:0% +has continued to grow at an immense pace + + + align:start position:0% +has continued to grow at an immense pace +acquiring other internet companies like + + align:start position:0% +acquiring other internet companies like + + + align:start position:0% +acquiring other internet companies like +YouTube in 2007 in 2013 + + align:start position:0% +YouTube in 2007 in 2013 + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube in 2007 in 2013 +Google's traffic reached more than a + + align:start position:0% +Google's traffic reached more than a + + + align:start position:0% +Google's traffic reached more than a +billion unique monthly visitors today + + align:start position:0% +billion unique monthly visitors today + + + align:start position:0% +billion unique monthly visitors today +more than two-thirds of all the searches + + align:start position:0% +more than two-thirds of all the searches + + + align:start position:0% +more than two-thirds of all the searches +done in the Internet + + align:start position:0% +done in the Internet + + + align:start position:0% +done in the Internet +powered by Google's search engine now + + align:start position:0% +powered by Google's search engine now + + + align:start position:0% +powered by Google's search engine now +you may be rather surprised to hear that + + align:start position:0% +you may be rather surprised to hear that + + + align:start position:0% +you may be rather surprised to hear that +Google does not actually make any money + + align:start position:0% +Google does not actually make any money + + + align:start position:0% +Google does not actually make any money +directly for its search engine in fact + + align:start position:0% +directly for its search engine in fact + + + align:start position:0% +directly for its search engine in fact +Google search engine is free for anyone + + align:start position:0% +Google search engine is free for anyone + + + align:start position:0% +Google search engine is free for anyone +to use so then how does Google make + + align:start position:0% +to use so then how does Google make + + + align:start position:0% +to use so then how does Google make +money and the answer is through online + + align:start position:0% +money and the answer is through online + + + align:start position:0% +money and the answer is through online +advertising + + align:start position:0% +advertising + + + align:start position:0% +advertising +basically Google sells space on its web + + align:start position:0% +basically Google sells space on its web + + + align:start position:0% +basically Google sells space on its web +pages in particular results of its + + align:start position:0% +pages in particular results of its + + + align:start position:0% +pages in particular results of its +search queries to outside companies + + align:start position:0% +search queries to outside companies + + + align:start position:0% +search queries to outside companies +these companies can then place + + align:start position:0% +these companies can then place + + + align:start position:0% +these companies can then place +advertisements or ads on these spaces + + align:start position:0% +advertisements or ads on these spaces + + + align:start position:0% +advertisements or ads on these spaces +let's take a look at a concrete example + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at a concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at a concrete example +so here we have a screenshot of the + + align:start position:0% +so here we have a screenshot of the + + + align:start position:0% +so here we have a screenshot of the +results of a Google search the query + + align:start position:0% +results of a Google search the query + + + align:start position:0% +results of a Google search the query +here was nine snails tickets nine inch + + align:start position:0% +here was nine snails tickets nine inch + + + align:start position:0% +here was nine snails tickets nine inch +nails if you're not familiar with it is + + align:start position:0% +nails if you're not familiar with it is + + + align:start position:0% +nails if you're not familiar with it is +a critically acclaimed industrial rock + + align:start position:0% +a critically acclaimed industrial rock + + + align:start position:0% +a critically acclaimed industrial rock +band from the United States their + + align:start position:0% +band from the United States their + + + align:start position:0% +band from the United States their +recently toured North America on this + + align:start position:0% +recently toured North America on this + + + align:start position:0% +recently toured North America on this +page there are only two search results + + align:start position:0% +page there are only two search results + + + align:start position:0% +page there are only two search results +here and here the first is a link to + + align:start position:0% +here and here the first is a link to + + + align:start position:0% +here and here the first is a link to +Ticketmaster which is a company that + + align:start position:0% +Ticketmaster which is a company that + + + align:start position:0% +Ticketmaster which is a company that +sells concert tickets the second is to + + align:start position:0% +sells concert tickets the second is to + + + align:start position:0% +sells concert tickets the second is to +the tour page of Nine Inch Nails + + align:start position:0% +the tour page of Nine Inch Nails + + + align:start position:0% +the tour page of Nine Inch Nails +official website all the remaining links + + align:start position:0% +official website all the remaining links + + + align:start position:0% +official website all the remaining links +on this webpage are ads in this case + + align:start position:0% +on this webpage are ads in this case + + + align:start position:0% +on this webpage are ads in this case +these are mostly links to other third + + align:start position:0% +these are mostly links to other third + + + align:start position:0% +these are mostly links to other third +party companies that resell tickets now + + align:start position:0% +party companies that resell tickets now + + + align:start position:0% +party companies that resell tickets now +you may be asking why do companies + + align:start position:0% +you may be asking why do companies + + + align:start position:0% +you may be asking why do companies +advertise for Google well there are + + align:start position:0% +advertise for Google well there are + + + align:start position:0% +advertise for Google well there are +several reasons as we saw a few slides + + align:start position:0% +several reasons as we saw a few slides + + + align:start position:0% +several reasons as we saw a few slides +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +Google's receives a lot of Internet + + align:start position:0% +Google's receives a lot of Internet + + + align:start position:0% +Google's receives a lot of Internet +traffic as a lot of users conduct + + align:start position:0% +traffic as a lot of users conduct + + + align:start position:0% +traffic as a lot of users conduct +searches in Google so an ad placed on + + align:start position:0% +searches in Google so an ad placed on + + + align:start position:0% +searches in Google so an ad placed on +Google could be seen by a very large + + align:start position:0% +Google could be seen by a very large + + + align:start position:0% +Google could be seen by a very large +number of users at the same time + + align:start position:0% +number of users at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +number of users at the same time +Google's web pages and the ads in them + + align:start position:0% +Google's web pages and the ads in them + + + align:start position:0% +Google's web pages and the ads in them +are formatted in a very clean visually + + align:start position:0% +are formatted in a very clean visually + + + align:start position:0% +are formatted in a very clean visually +appealing way lastly companies that + + align:start position:0% +appealing way lastly companies that + + + align:start position:0% +appealing way lastly companies that +advertise or Google can select which + + align:start position:0% +advertise or Google can select which + + + align:start position:0% +advertise or Google can select which +queries their ads will be displayed for + + align:start position:0% +queries their ads will be displayed for + + + align:start position:0% +queries their ads will be displayed for +this is a very useful feature because + + align:start position:0% +this is a very useful feature because + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very useful feature because +the company can then target specific + + align:start position:0% +the company can then target specific + + + align:start position:0% +the company can then target specific +customers that they think are likely to + + align:start position:0% +customers that they think are likely to + + + align:start position:0% +customers that they think are likely to +buy their product or to use their + + align:start position:0% +buy their product or to use their + + + align:start position:0% +buy their product or to use their +service Google's online advertising + + align:start position:0% +service Google's online advertising + + + align:start position:0% +service Google's online advertising +system is known as Adwords and is + + align:start position:0% +system is known as Adwords and is + + + align:start position:0% +system is known as Adwords and is +responsible for more than 97% of + + align:start position:0% +responsible for more than 97% of + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for more than 97% of +Google's revenues in the next video + + align:start position:0% +Google's revenues in the next video + + + align:start position:0% +Google's revenues in the next video +we'll go into more detail about the + + align:start position:0% +we'll go into more detail about the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go into more detail about the +components of the AdWords system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AbyrF4VtlYY.txt b/AbyrF4VtlYY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a75fd3bd61b541a53e0c2a69b344662825024e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/AbyrF4VtlYY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to just start by + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to just start by + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to just start by +talking about what glass is and what its + + align:start position:0% +talking about what glass is and what its + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what glass is and what its +properties are + + align:start position:0% +properties are + + + align:start position:0% +properties are +um and uh but before we do uh + + align:start position:0% +um and uh but before we do uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh but before we do uh +this came in you know we've been talking + + align:start position:0% +this came in you know we've been talking + + + align:start position:0% +this came in you know we've been talking +about defects okay + + align:start position:0% +about defects okay + + + align:start position:0% +about defects okay +and what vacancies + + align:start position:0% +and what vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +and what vacancies +point defects and then and then on + + align:start position:0% +point defects and then and then on + + + align:start position:0% +point defects and then and then on +wednesday we did line defects remember + + align:start position:0% +wednesday we did line defects remember + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday we did line defects remember +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +right and and they create these these + + align:start position:0% +right and and they create these these + + + align:start position:0% +right and and they create these these +planes that come in they're slip planes + + align:start position:0% +planes that come in they're slip planes + + + align:start position:0% +planes that come in they're slip planes +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +allow atoms to slide across each other + + align:start position:0% +allow atoms to slide across each other + + + align:start position:0% +allow atoms to slide across each other +that allows you to plastically deform a + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to plastically deform a + + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to plastically deform a +material + + align:start position:0% +material + + + align:start position:0% +material +uh and so okay but with with regards to + + align:start position:0% +uh and so okay but with with regards to + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so okay but with with regards to +vacancies i got this + + align:start position:0% +vacancies i got this + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies i got this +in in by email i'm at the heathrow + + align:start position:0% +in in by email i'm at the heathrow + + + align:start position:0% +in in by email i'm at the heathrow +airport in london + + align:start position:0% +airport in london + + + align:start position:0% +airport in london +and even this aerial sculpture has + + align:start position:0% +and even this aerial sculpture has + + + align:start position:0% +and even this aerial sculpture has +vacancy point defects in its pattern + + align:start position:0% +vacancy point defects in its pattern + + + align:start position:0% +vacancy point defects in its pattern +look at that there you go and there you + + align:start position:0% +look at that there you go and there you + + + align:start position:0% +look at that there you go and there you +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +this is a beautiful thing right thank + + align:start position:0% +this is a beautiful thing right thank + + + align:start position:0% +this is a beautiful thing right thank +you sophia + + align:start position:0% +you sophia + + + align:start position:0% +you sophia +um this uh and notice that she's looking + + align:start position:0% +um this uh and notice that she's looking + + + align:start position:0% +um this uh and notice that she's looking +at it with her periodic table + + align:start position:0% +at it with her periodic table + + + align:start position:0% +at it with her periodic table +of course right uh that that's a + + align:start position:0% +of course right uh that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +of course right uh that that's a +no-brainer + + align:start position:0% +no-brainer + + + align:start position:0% +no-brainer +um but even even such structures can't + + align:start position:0% +um but even even such structures can't + + + align:start position:0% +um but even even such structures can't +escape the fact that you always have + + align:start position:0% +escape the fact that you always have + + + align:start position:0% +escape the fact that you always have +vacancies + + align:start position:0% +vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies +that was cool okay now where were we + + align:start position:0% +that was cool okay now where were we + + + align:start position:0% +that was cool okay now where were we +right so um + + align:start position:0% +right so um + + + align:start position:0% +right so um +we're going to talk about glass now this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about glass now this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about glass now this +is glass and i + + align:start position:0% +is glass and i + + + align:start position:0% +is glass and i +i'll start with just how cool glass is + + align:start position:0% +i'll start with just how cool glass is + + + align:start position:0% +i'll start with just how cool glass is +but this is also + + align:start position:0% +but this is also + + + align:start position:0% +but this is also +not just this isn't all that glass is + + align:start position:0% +not just this isn't all that glass is + + + align:start position:0% +not just this isn't all that glass is +and i want to make sure we get that by + + align:start position:0% +and i want to make sure we get that by + + + align:start position:0% +and i want to make sure we get that by +the end of this lecture this is not the + + align:start position:0% +the end of this lecture this is not the + + + align:start position:0% +the end of this lecture this is not the +only thing + + align:start position:0% +only thing + + + align:start position:0% +only thing +that glass means but this is what we + + align:start position:0% +that glass means but this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +that glass means but this is what we +think of so here's a really cool video + + align:start position:0% +think of so here's a really cool video + + + align:start position:0% +think of so here's a really cool video +oh okay no + + align:start position:0% +oh okay no + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay no +and they're there look at that molten + + align:start position:0% +and they're there look at that molten + + + align:start position:0% +and they're there look at that molten +table and back away oh he's added + + align:start position:0% +table and back away oh he's added + + + align:start position:0% +table and back away oh he's added +something we'll talk about that + + align:start position:0% +something we'll talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +something we'll talk about that +oh and that is mixing it table man + + align:start position:0% +oh and that is mixing it table man + + + align:start position:0% +oh and that is mixing it table man +carefully mixes his glass to the two + + align:start position:0% +carefully mixes his glass to the two + + + align:start position:0% +carefully mixes his glass to the two +problems work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there it is is it a liquid he picks + + align:start position:0% +okay there it is is it a liquid he picks + + + align:start position:0% +okay there it is is it a liquid he picks +that up into the solid + + align:start position:0% +that up into the solid + + + align:start position:0% +that up into the solid +and he feeds it between two rollers and + + align:start position:0% +and he feeds it between two rollers and + + + align:start position:0% +and he feeds it between two rollers and +then he just puts it through + + align:start position:0% +then he just puts it through + + + align:start position:0% +then he just puts it through +and pins it together a little roller + + align:start position:0% +and pins it together a little roller + + + align:start position:0% +and pins it together a little roller +smash that glass flat + + align:start position:0% +smash that glass flat + + + align:start position:0% +smash that glass flat +smash it flat and there's your piece of + + align:start position:0% +smash it flat and there's your piece of + + + align:start position:0% +smash it flat and there's your piece of +glass + + align:start position:0% +glass + + + align:start position:0% +glass +okay and we'll see another one i'll show + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll see another one i'll show + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll see another one i'll show +you another video of a + + align:start position:0% +you another video of a + + + align:start position:0% +you another video of a +larger scale don't don't keep going + + align:start position:0% +larger scale don't don't keep going + + + align:start position:0% +larger scale don't don't keep going +okay so what was it that they were just + + align:start position:0% +okay so what was it that they were just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what was it that they were just +mixing + + align:start position:0% +mixing + + + align:start position:0% +mixing +why does it have the properties that it + + align:start position:0% +why does it have the properties that it + + + align:start position:0% +why does it have the properties that it +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +why can they just kind of take this + + align:start position:0% +why can they just kind of take this + + + align:start position:0% +why can they just kind of take this +thing that's not really liquid and not + + align:start position:0% +thing that's not really liquid and not + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's not really liquid and not +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +solid it's some viscous thing and and + + align:start position:0% +solid it's some viscous thing and and + + + align:start position:0% +solid it's some viscous thing and and +roll it through and then it comes into + + align:start position:0% +roll it through and then it comes into + + + align:start position:0% +roll it through and then it comes into +this really beautiful + + align:start position:0% +this really beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +this really beautiful +sheet that we all call glass + + align:start position:0% +sheet that we all call glass + + + align:start position:0% +sheet that we all call glass +and it all has to do with what what + + align:start position:0% +and it all has to do with what what + + + align:start position:0% +and it all has to do with what what +i showed you before and what we've been + + align:start position:0% +i showed you before and what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +i showed you before and what we've been +talking about which is order + + align:start position:0% +talking about which is order + + + align:start position:0% +talking about which is order +or disorder okay and and so we did this + + align:start position:0% +or disorder okay and and so we did this + + + align:start position:0% +or disorder okay and and so we did this +already we covered + + align:start position:0% +already we covered + + + align:start position:0% +already we covered +uh okay solid as a dimensionally stable + + align:start position:0% +uh okay solid as a dimensionally stable + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay solid as a dimensionally stable +that's cool uh classification oh + + align:start position:0% +that's cool uh classification oh + + + align:start position:0% +that's cool uh classification oh +ordered regular long-range order + + align:start position:0% +ordered regular long-range order + + + align:start position:0% +ordered regular long-range order +bcc fcc + + align:start position:0% +bcc fcc + + + align:start position:0% +bcc fcc +right okay long range remember we said + + align:start position:0% +right okay long range remember we said + + + align:start position:0% +right okay long range remember we said +it just keeps going + + align:start position:0% +it just keeps going + + + align:start position:0% +it just keeps going +and going and going and then we say well + + align:start position:0% +and going and going and then we say well + + + align:start position:0% +and going and going and then we say well +maybe once in a while once every + + align:start position:0% +maybe once in a while once every + + + align:start position:0% +maybe once in a while once every +thousand ten thousand a hundred thousand + + align:start position:0% +thousand ten thousand a hundred thousand + + + align:start position:0% +thousand ten thousand a hundred thousand +there's a vacancy okay so we started + + align:start position:0% +there's a vacancy okay so we started + + + align:start position:0% +there's a vacancy okay so we started +messing with it but it still had this + + align:start position:0% +messing with it but it still had this + + + align:start position:0% +messing with it but it still had this +long-range gazentine order + + align:start position:0% +long-range gazentine order + + + align:start position:0% +long-range gazentine order +and so they were called crystalline + + align:start position:0% +and so they were called crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +and so they were called crystalline +crystalline with defects maybe but still + + align:start position:0% +crystalline with defects maybe but still + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline with defects maybe but still +crystalline + + align:start position:0% +crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline +that is not what glass is glass + + align:start position:0% +that is not what glass is glass + + + align:start position:0% +that is not what glass is glass +is disordered and so that is the topic + + align:start position:0% +is disordered and so that is the topic + + + align:start position:0% +is disordered and so that is the topic +of today and next + + align:start position:0% +of today and next + + + align:start position:0% +of today and next +wednesday what happens when you go from + + align:start position:0% +wednesday what happens when you go from + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday what happens when you go from +an ordered structure like this or maybe + + align:start position:0% +an ordered structure like this or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +an ordered structure like this or maybe +it's got some + + align:start position:0% +it's got some + + + align:start position:0% +it's got some +some oh these are 2d defects right two + + align:start position:0% +some oh these are 2d defects right two + + + align:start position:0% +some oh these are 2d defects right two +whole things are kind of so it's + + align:start position:0% +whole things are kind of so it's + + + align:start position:0% +whole things are kind of so it's +polycrystalline but it's still kind of + + align:start position:0% +polycrystalline but it's still kind of + + + align:start position:0% +polycrystalline but it's still kind of +crystalline it's very order + + align:start position:0% +crystalline it's very order + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline it's very order +to totally disordered right + + align:start position:0% +to totally disordered right + + + align:start position:0% +to totally disordered right +and so a disordered solid + + align:start position:0% +and so a disordered solid + + + align:start position:0% +and so a disordered solid +looks random certainly over long range + + align:start position:0% +looks random certainly over long range + + + align:start position:0% +looks random certainly over long range +there might be short range order there + + align:start position:0% +there might be short range order there + + + align:start position:0% +there might be short range order there +might be some short range order but over + + align:start position:0% +might be some short range order but over + + + align:start position:0% +might be some short range order but over +a long range + + align:start position:0% +a long range + + + align:start position:0% +a long range +it's going to be disordered it's going + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be disordered it's going + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be disordered it's going +to look random + + align:start position:0% +to look random + + + align:start position:0% +to look random +this is called amorphous as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +this is called amorphous as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +this is called amorphous as opposed to +crystalline + + align:start position:0% +crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline +this is also called glass + + align:start position:0% +this is also called glass + + + align:start position:0% +this is also called glass +this is also called glass so one of the + + align:start position:0% +this is also called glass so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is also called glass so one of the +first things we have yeah + + align:start position:0% +first things we have yeah + + + align:start position:0% +first things we have yeah +this is really important glass is not + + align:start position:0% +this is really important glass is not + + + align:start position:0% +this is really important glass is not +just the window or the thing on your + + align:start position:0% +just the window or the thing on your + + + align:start position:0% +just the window or the thing on your +phone that keeps cracking + + align:start position:0% +phone that keeps cracking + + + align:start position:0% +phone that keeps cracking +no glass + + align:start position:0% +no glass + + + align:start position:0% +no glass +is equal to an amorphous solid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and well you know it's so it's bigger + + align:start position:0% +and well you know it's so it's bigger + + + align:start position:0% +and well you know it's so it's bigger +it's broader + + align:start position:0% +it's broader + + + align:start position:0% +it's broader +it's bolder you can have glass metal + + align:start position:0% +it's bolder you can have glass metal + + + align:start position:0% +it's bolder you can have glass metal +metallic glass it's a thing + + align:start position:0% +metallic glass it's a thing + + + align:start position:0% +metallic glass it's a thing +any solid that doesn't have long range + + align:start position:0% +any solid that doesn't have long range + + + align:start position:0% +any solid that doesn't have long range +order that's amorphous + + align:start position:0% +order that's amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +order that's amorphous +is a glass okay now + + align:start position:0% +is a glass okay now + + + align:start position:0% +is a glass okay now +in this class uh uh we will use + + align:start position:0% +in this class uh uh we will use + + + align:start position:0% +in this class uh uh we will use +sio2 as so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +sio2 as so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +sio2 as so what we're going to do +is we're going to talk about glass with + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to talk about glass with + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to talk about glass with +an example + + align:start position:0% +an example + + + align:start position:0% +an example +we will use the kind that winds up being + + align:start position:0% +we will use the kind that winds up being + + + align:start position:0% +we will use the kind that winds up being +on the windshield in the windshield of + + align:start position:0% +on the windshield in the windshield of + + + align:start position:0% +on the windshield in the windshield of +your car + + align:start position:0% +your car + + + align:start position:0% +your car +in the window of your house and on your + + align:start position:0% +in the window of your house and on your + + + align:start position:0% +in the window of your house and on your +phone and that is called quartz + + align:start position:0% +phone and that is called quartz + + + align:start position:0% +phone and that is called quartz +so the chemistry that we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +so the chemistry that we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +so the chemistry that we're going to use +is quartz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or sio2 okay + + align:start position:0% +or sio2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +or sio2 okay +and what we're going to talk about is + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to talk about is + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to talk about is +how processing + + align:start position:0% +how processing + + + align:start position:0% +how processing +affects that chemistry affects the sorry + + align:start position:0% +affects that chemistry affects the sorry + + + align:start position:0% +affects that chemistry affects the sorry +the solid + + align:start position:0% +the solid + + + align:start position:0% +the solid +that forms so processing and there's + + align:start position:0% +that forms so processing and there's + + + align:start position:0% +that forms so processing and there's +lots of processing + + align:start position:0% +lots of processing + + + align:start position:0% +lots of processing +parameters we could talk about what i + + align:start position:0% +parameters we could talk about what i + + + align:start position:0% +parameters we could talk about what i +want to focus on today + + align:start position:0% +want to focus on today + + + align:start position:0% +want to focus on today +is the cooling the cooling rate in + + align:start position:0% +is the cooling the cooling rate in + + + align:start position:0% +is the cooling the cooling rate in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +so that's going to be the focus today + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be the focus today + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be the focus today +we'll talk about the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the chemistry +we'll talk about the processing and + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the processing and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the processing and +we'll talk about how those go back and + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about how those go back and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about how those go back and +forth + + align:start position:0% +forth + + + align:start position:0% +forth +to create glass + + align:start position:0% +to create glass + + + align:start position:0% +to create glass +now okay what am i starting with i'm + + align:start position:0% +now okay what am i starting with i'm + + + align:start position:0% +now okay what am i starting with i'm +starting + + align:start position:0% +starting + + + align:start position:0% +starting +with a crystal this is quartz + + align:start position:0% +with a crystal this is quartz + + + align:start position:0% +with a crystal this is quartz +this is how you see now quartz is this + + align:start position:0% +this is how you see now quartz is this + + + align:start position:0% +this is how you see now quartz is this +beautiful + + align:start position:0% +beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful +beautiful crystal and it is ordered + + align:start position:0% +beautiful crystal and it is ordered + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful crystal and it is ordered +that's why i'm saying the word crystal + + align:start position:0% +that's why i'm saying the word crystal + + + align:start position:0% +that's why i'm saying the word crystal +i'm not saying the word glass all right + + align:start position:0% +i'm not saying the word glass all right + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not saying the word glass all right +this is an + + align:start position:0% +this is an + + + align:start position:0% +this is an +ordered solid it's not cubic so it's not + + align:start position:0% +ordered solid it's not cubic so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +ordered solid it's not cubic so it's not +one of the ones we've learned + + align:start position:0% +one of the ones we've learned + + + align:start position:0% +one of the ones we've learned +but it's still periodically repeating + + align:start position:0% +but it's still periodically repeating + + + align:start position:0% +but it's still periodically repeating +right and and so it's a crystal it's got + + align:start position:0% +right and and so it's a crystal it's got + + + align:start position:0% +right and and so it's a crystal it's got +long-range order it's called quartz + + align:start position:0% +long-range order it's called quartz + + + align:start position:0% +long-range order it's called quartz +it's it's sio2 so i'm going to hand this + + align:start position:0% +it's it's sio2 so i'm going to hand this + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's sio2 so i'm going to hand this +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +so you can just see it and that's what i + + align:start position:0% +so you can just see it and that's what i + + + align:start position:0% +so you can just see it and that's what i +want to start i want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +want to start i want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +want to start i want to talk about +is that crystal okay because that's + + align:start position:0% +is that crystal okay because that's + + + align:start position:0% +is that crystal okay because that's +what we're going to be messing up + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to be messing up + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to be messing up +and creating short range we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and creating short range we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and creating short range we're going to +go from + + align:start position:0% +go from + + + align:start position:0% +go from +long range to short range okay so what + + align:start position:0% +long range to short range okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +long range to short range okay so what +is it well let's see + + align:start position:0% +is it well let's see + + + align:start position:0% +is it well let's see +now we think in this class how do we + + align:start position:0% +now we think in this class how do we + + + align:start position:0% +now we think in this class how do we +think about chemistry + + align:start position:0% +think about chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +think about chemistry +well we can we can think about it now in + + align:start position:0% +well we can we can think about it now in + + + align:start position:0% +well we can we can think about it now in +different ways let's pick + + align:start position:0% +different ways let's pick + + + align:start position:0% +different ways let's pick +lewis all right okay so + + align:start position:0% +lewis all right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +lewis all right okay so +i said okay i've got silicon silicon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +silicon if i think about silicon as its + + align:start position:0% +silicon if i think about silicon as its + + + align:start position:0% +silicon if i think about silicon as its +lewis + + align:start position:0% +lewis + + + align:start position:0% +lewis +uh you know dots then it's got four + + align:start position:0% +uh you know dots then it's got four + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know dots then it's got four +it's got four uh valence electrons ready + + align:start position:0% +it's got four uh valence electrons ready + + + align:start position:0% +it's got four uh valence electrons ready +to bond + + align:start position:0% +to bond + + + align:start position:0% +to bond +well you you can see that now if i have + + align:start position:0% +well you you can see that now if i have + + + align:start position:0% +well you you can see that now if i have +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +what does oxygen look okay so oxygen has + + align:start position:0% +what does oxygen look okay so oxygen has + + + align:start position:0% +what does oxygen look okay so oxygen has +has six i'm going to put those like that + + align:start position:0% +has six i'm going to put those like that + + + align:start position:0% +has six i'm going to put those like that +so oxygen has six maybe it's got a + + align:start position:0% +so oxygen has six maybe it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +so oxygen has six maybe it's got a +couple of lone pairs + + align:start position:0% +couple of lone pairs + + + align:start position:0% +couple of lone pairs +it's got six valence electrons not four + + align:start position:0% +it's got six valence electrons not four + + + align:start position:0% +it's got six valence electrons not four +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now but so if i had so when you look at + + align:start position:0% +now but so if i had so when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +now but so if i had so when you look at +this you think + + align:start position:0% +this you think + + + align:start position:0% +this you think +you know silicon looks like it wants + + align:start position:0% +you know silicon looks like it wants + + + align:start position:0% +you know silicon looks like it wants +four uh bonds when you look at it and in + + align:start position:0% +four uh bonds when you look at it and in + + + align:start position:0% +four uh bonds when you look at it and in +fact we know that + + align:start position:0% +fact we know that + + + align:start position:0% +fact we know that +the crystalline silicon as we've talked + + align:start position:0% +the crystalline silicon as we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +the crystalline silicon as we've talked +about gazunty is + + align:start position:0% +about gazunty is + + + align:start position:0% +about gazunty is +is tetrahedral because of this right + + align:start position:0% +is tetrahedral because of this right + + + align:start position:0% +is tetrahedral because of this right +it's tetrahedral remember + + align:start position:0% +it's tetrahedral remember + + + align:start position:0% +it's tetrahedral remember +it's a two atom basis fcc lattice which + + align:start position:0% +it's a two atom basis fcc lattice which + + + align:start position:0% +it's a two atom basis fcc lattice which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +is diamond now but what if i just + + align:start position:0% +is diamond now but what if i just + + + align:start position:0% +is diamond now but what if i just +look at it with oxygen i'm gonna come at + + align:start position:0% +look at it with oxygen i'm gonna come at + + + align:start position:0% +look at it with oxygen i'm gonna come at +this without say well you know + + align:start position:0% +this without say well you know + + + align:start position:0% +this without say well you know +i want to have four bonds uh one way to + + align:start position:0% +i want to have four bonds uh one way to + + + align:start position:0% +i want to have four bonds uh one way to +do that + + align:start position:0% +do that + + + align:start position:0% +do that +would be to add four oxygens so what if + + align:start position:0% +would be to add four oxygens so what if + + + align:start position:0% +would be to add four oxygens so what if +i did this what if i did + + align:start position:0% +i did this what if i did + + + align:start position:0% +i did this what if i did +uh silicon and oxygen and + + align:start position:0% +uh silicon and oxygen and + + + align:start position:0% +uh silicon and oxygen and +i did plus four times the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +i did plus four times the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +i did plus four times the oxygen +well then you could see what what could + + align:start position:0% +well then you could see what what could + + + align:start position:0% +well then you could see what what could +you do you could do this + + align:start position:0% +you do you could do this + + + align:start position:0% +you do you could do this +okay and this and this + + align:start position:0% +okay and this and this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this and this +and this but now the okay the oxygens + + align:start position:0% +and this but now the okay the oxygens + + + align:start position:0% +and this but now the okay the oxygens +how would they be left + + align:start position:0% +how would they be left + + + align:start position:0% +how would they be left +they'd be left like this and you'll see + + align:start position:0% +they'd be left like this and you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +they'd be left like this and you'll see +why i'm focusing on this + + align:start position:0% +why i'm focusing on this + + + align:start position:0% +why i'm focusing on this +sio4 group in a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's what i got now see okay if i go + + align:start position:0% +that's what i got now see okay if i go + + + align:start position:0% +that's what i got now see okay if i go +back and i + + align:start position:0% +back and i + + + align:start position:0% +back and i +put my lewis cap on silicon is very + + align:start position:0% +put my lewis cap on silicon is very + + + align:start position:0% +put my lewis cap on silicon is very +happy it's it's obeying octet + + align:start position:0% +happy it's it's obeying octet + + + align:start position:0% +happy it's it's obeying octet +and but but the oxygens aren't quite + + align:start position:0% +and but but the oxygens aren't quite + + + align:start position:0% +and but but the oxygens aren't quite +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +so they need one more electron + + align:start position:0% +so they need one more electron + + + align:start position:0% +so they need one more electron +one more electron i'm gonna make it a + + align:start position:0% +one more electron i'm gonna make it a + + + align:start position:0% +one more electron i'm gonna make it a +little bolder because i've added it + + align:start position:0% +little bolder because i've added it + + + align:start position:0% +little bolder because i've added it +right so i've added an electron to each + + align:start position:0% +right so i've added an electron to each + + + align:start position:0% +right so i've added an electron to each +of those so if i had + + align:start position:0% +of those so if i had + + + align:start position:0% +of those so if i had +sio4 and i added four + + align:start position:0% +sio4 and i added four + + + align:start position:0% +sio4 and i added four +if i had sio4 and i added + + align:start position:0% +if i had sio4 and i added + + + align:start position:0% +if i had sio4 and i added +four electrons to it might get a really + + align:start position:0% +four electrons to it might get a really + + + align:start position:0% +four electrons to it might get a really +nice stable + + align:start position:0% +nice stable + + + align:start position:0% +nice stable +lewis structure right oh and that's + + align:start position:0% +lewis structure right oh and that's + + + align:start position:0% +lewis structure right oh and that's +called a silicate + + align:start position:0% +called a silicate + + + align:start position:0% +called a silicate +that's a silicate group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sio4 and and i need those four electrons + + align:start position:0% +sio4 and and i need those four electrons + + + align:start position:0% +sio4 and and i need those four electrons +as you can see just from looking at the + + align:start position:0% +as you can see just from looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see just from looking at the +simple dot diagram i need those four + + align:start position:0% +simple dot diagram i need those four + + + align:start position:0% +simple dot diagram i need those four +electrons to make it happy + + align:start position:0% +electrons to make it happy + + + align:start position:0% +electrons to make it happy +okay by the way just speaking of naming + + align:start position:0% +okay by the way just speaking of naming + + + align:start position:0% +okay by the way just speaking of naming +okay so let's see + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's see +silicate right silica + + align:start position:0% +silicate right silica + + + align:start position:0% +silicate right silica +sio2 we've talked about so what we do is + + align:start position:0% +sio2 we've talked about so what we do is + + + align:start position:0% +sio2 we've talked about so what we do is +when we have oxides + + align:start position:0% +when we have oxides + + + align:start position:0% +when we have oxides +silicon oxide just in terms of naming + + align:start position:0% +silicon oxide just in terms of naming + + + align:start position:0% +silicon oxide just in terms of naming +you know like if you have an oxide often + + align:start position:0% +you know like if you have an oxide often + + + align:start position:0% +you know like if you have an oxide often +you add you kind of add an a right so + + align:start position:0% +you add you kind of add an a right so + + + align:start position:0% +you add you kind of add an a right so +so like silicon went from s i + + align:start position:0% +so like silicon went from s i + + + align:start position:0% +so like silicon went from s i +o two we call it silica + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you know so in al2o3 + + align:start position:0% +but you know so in al2o3 + + + align:start position:0% +but you know so in al2o3 +let's see al2o3 is also an oxide right + + align:start position:0% +let's see al2o3 is also an oxide right + + + align:start position:0% +let's see al2o3 is also an oxide right +and so we called that this is something + + align:start position:0% +and so we called that this is something + + + align:start position:0% +and so we called that this is something +we've already done + + align:start position:0% +we've already done + + + align:start position:0% +we've already done +alumina all right + + align:start position:0% +alumina all right + + + align:start position:0% +alumina all right +and so on except for sometimes and so + + align:start position:0% +and so on except for sometimes and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so on except for sometimes and so +sometimes like for example + + align:start position:0% +sometimes like for example + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes like for example +if you do if you do calcium oxide + + align:start position:0% +if you do if you do calcium oxide + + + align:start position:0% +if you do if you do calcium oxide +uh well that's called lime + + align:start position:0% +uh well that's called lime + + + align:start position:0% +uh well that's called lime +it's called lime calcium oxide + + align:start position:0% +it's called lime calcium oxide + + + align:start position:0% +it's called lime calcium oxide +oh what about sodium well sodium if you + + align:start position:0% +oh what about sodium well sodium if you + + + align:start position:0% +oh what about sodium well sodium if you +do sodium + + align:start position:0% +do sodium + + + align:start position:0% +do sodium +you're gonna need it i'm assuming the + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna need it i'm assuming the + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna need it i'm assuming the +oxygen might break off and become too + + align:start position:0% +oxygen might break off and become too + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen might break off and become too +mind you also + + align:start position:0% +mind you also + + + align:start position:0% +mind you also +got to think about the charge again so + + align:start position:0% +got to think about the charge again so + + + align:start position:0% +got to think about the charge again so +na2o + + align:start position:0% +na2o + + + align:start position:0% +na2o +would be the one that works there right + + align:start position:0% +would be the one that works there right + + + align:start position:0% +would be the one that works there right +and and this is sodium oxide ah but see + + align:start position:0% +and and this is sodium oxide ah but see + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is sodium oxide ah but see +sodium oxide but sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sodium oxide but sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sodium oxide but sometimes +it's called soda because + + align:start position:0% +it's called soda because + + + align:start position:0% +it's called soda because +and this is an extra step because soda + + align:start position:0% +and this is an extra step because soda + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an extra step because soda +comes from calcium from let's see n a + + align:start position:0% +comes from calcium from let's see n a + + + align:start position:0% +comes from calcium from let's see n a +two o from how do you make it you make + + align:start position:0% +two o from how do you make it you make + + + align:start position:0% +two o from how do you make it you make +it from + + align:start position:0% +it from + + + align:start position:0% +it from +na to co3 + + align:start position:0% +na to co3 + + + align:start position:0% +na to co3 +which is actually what is soda + + align:start position:0% +which is actually what is soda + + + align:start position:0% +which is actually what is soda +calcium sodium carbonate + + align:start position:0% +calcium sodium carbonate + + + align:start position:0% +calcium sodium carbonate +but because we make na2o + + align:start position:0% +but because we make na2o + + + align:start position:0% +but because we make na2o +that oxide from something that we call + + align:start position:0% +that oxide from something that we call + + + align:start position:0% +that oxide from something that we call +soda sometimes people just call in a20 + + align:start position:0% +soda sometimes people just call in a20 + + + align:start position:0% +soda sometimes people just call in a20 +soda + + align:start position:0% +soda + + + align:start position:0% +soda +but it's not but sometimes you see that + + align:start position:0% +but it's not but sometimes you see that + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not but sometimes you see that +so i just want to + + align:start position:0% +so i just want to + + + align:start position:0% +so i just want to +kind of make you aware of some of these + + align:start position:0% +kind of make you aware of some of these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of make you aware of some of these +names why am i writing it there we're + + align:start position:0% +names why am i writing it there we're + + + align:start position:0% +names why am i writing it there we're +coming back to that + + align:start position:0% +coming back to that + + + align:start position:0% +coming back to that +we're going to use those later that's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use those later that's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use those later that's +partly why i want them to be on the + + align:start position:0% +partly why i want them to be on the + + + align:start position:0% +partly why i want them to be on the +board + + align:start position:0% +board + + + align:start position:0% +board +and also tell you about the names so + + align:start position:0% +and also tell you about the names so + + + align:start position:0% +and also tell you about the names so +na2o is sodium + + align:start position:0% +na2o is sodium + + + align:start position:0% +na2o is sodium +oxide but it's made from sodium + + align:start position:0% +oxide but it's made from sodium + + + align:start position:0% +oxide but it's made from sodium +carbonate which is soda + + align:start position:0% +carbonate which is soda + + + align:start position:0% +carbonate which is soda +okay all right now okay now here's the + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now okay now here's the + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now okay now here's the +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +that's an isolated molecule + + align:start position:0% +that's an isolated molecule + + + align:start position:0% +that's an isolated molecule +look at what i'm passing around here oh + + align:start position:0% +look at what i'm passing around here oh + + + align:start position:0% +look at what i'm passing around here oh +i wanted to tell you about the window + + align:start position:0% +i wanted to tell you about the window + + + align:start position:0% +i wanted to tell you about the window +huh i almost forgot + + align:start position:0% +huh i almost forgot + + + align:start position:0% +huh i almost forgot +in this class in this class we don't go + + align:start position:0% +in this class in this class we don't go + + + align:start position:0% +in this class in this class we don't go +around saying + + align:start position:0% +around saying + + + align:start position:0% +around saying +that windows are thicker on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +that windows are thicker on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +that windows are thicker on the bottom +than on the top because glass + + align:start position:0% +than on the top because glass + + + align:start position:0% +than on the top because glass +flows like a liquid no + + align:start position:0% +flows like a liquid no + + + align:start position:0% +flows like a liquid no +that is not true that is not true + + align:start position:0% +that is not true that is not true + + + align:start position:0% +that is not true that is not true +that may be true down the street that is + + align:start position:0% +that may be true down the street that is + + + align:start position:0% +that may be true down the street that is +not true here + + align:start position:0% +not true here + + + align:start position:0% +not true here +we do the calculation glass is not a + + align:start position:0% +we do the calculation glass is not a + + + align:start position:0% +we do the calculation glass is not a +liquid + + align:start position:0% +liquid + + + align:start position:0% +liquid +not once it's cooled down into a solid + + align:start position:0% +not once it's cooled down into a solid + + + align:start position:0% +not once it's cooled down into a solid +it's so it's a solid if you do the + + align:start position:0% +it's so it's a solid if you do the + + + align:start position:0% +it's so it's a solid if you do the +calculation + + align:start position:0% +calculation + + + align:start position:0% +calculation +and it's a centimeter thick a window + + align:start position:0% +and it's a centimeter thick a window + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a centimeter thick a window +pane + + align:start position:0% +pane + + + align:start position:0% +pane +for that piece of glass under + + align:start position:0% +for that piece of glass under + + + align:start position:0% +for that piece of glass under +normal diffusion and temperature + + align:start position:0% +normal diffusion and temperature + + + align:start position:0% +normal diffusion and temperature +conditions for that piece of glass at + + align:start position:0% +conditions for that piece of glass at + + + align:start position:0% +conditions for that piece of glass at +the bottom to become + + align:start position:0% +the bottom to become + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom to become +thicker by one nanometer would take 10 + + align:start position:0% +thicker by one nanometer would take 10 + + + align:start position:0% +thicker by one nanometer would take 10 +billion years + + align:start position:0% +billion years + + + align:start position:0% +billion years +okay so so no it's not flowing + + align:start position:0% +okay so so no it's not flowing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so no it's not flowing +under its own weight in a window what + + align:start position:0% +under its own weight in a window what + + + align:start position:0% +under its own weight in a window what +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +what happened is people didn't know how + + align:start position:0% +what happened is people didn't know how + + + align:start position:0% +what happened is people didn't know how +to make glass + + align:start position:0% +to make glass + + + align:start position:0% +to make glass +uniformly way back when and so they came + + align:start position:0% +uniformly way back when and so they came + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly way back when and so they came +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +on uniform non-uniform + + align:start position:0% +on uniform non-uniform + + + align:start position:0% +on uniform non-uniform +what's easier to install it with the + + align:start position:0% +what's easier to install it with the + + + align:start position:0% +what's easier to install it with the +heavier side up or the heavier side down + + align:start position:0% +heavier side up or the heavier side down + + + align:start position:0% +heavier side up or the heavier side down +right it's easier to install it if it's + + align:start position:0% +right it's easier to install it if it's + + + align:start position:0% +right it's easier to install it if it's +heavier on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +heavier on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +heavier on the bottom +glass doesn't flow okay all right i + + align:start position:0% +glass doesn't flow okay all right i + + + align:start position:0% +glass doesn't flow okay all right i +wanted to get that done + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get that done + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to get that done +early yeah now oh here we go this is + + align:start position:0% +early yeah now oh here we go this is + + + align:start position:0% +early yeah now oh here we go this is +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +okay so this is quartz this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is quartz this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is quartz this is +crystalline silica this is this is + + align:start position:0% +crystalline silica this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline silica this is this is +groups of + + align:start position:0% +groups of + + + align:start position:0% +groups of +sio s-i-o-s sio2 not sio4 + + align:start position:0% +sio s-i-o-s sio2 not sio4 + + + align:start position:0% +sio s-i-o-s sio2 not sio4 +this was how we made a molecule happy + + align:start position:0% +this was how we made a molecule happy + + + align:start position:0% +this was how we made a molecule happy +but watch what happens now when i go + + align:start position:0% +but watch what happens now when i go + + + align:start position:0% +but watch what happens now when i go +from that picture + + align:start position:0% +from that picture + + + align:start position:0% +from that picture +to sio2 so now + + align:start position:0% +to sio2 so now + + + align:start position:0% +to sio2 so now +i've got these let's suppose i've got + + align:start position:0% +i've got these let's suppose i've got + + + align:start position:0% +i've got these let's suppose i've got +these molecules + + align:start position:0% +these molecules + + + align:start position:0% +these molecules +of and i'm just going to not draw it 3d + + align:start position:0% +of and i'm just going to not draw it 3d + + + align:start position:0% +of and i'm just going to not draw it 3d +but i'm going to draw it 2d + + align:start position:0% +but i'm going to draw it 2d + + + align:start position:0% +but i'm going to draw it 2d +and okay there's because then tight + + align:start position:0% +and okay there's because then tight + + + align:start position:0% +and okay there's because then tight +there's all these charges there so now + + align:start position:0% +there's all these charges there so now + + + align:start position:0% +there's all these charges there so now +these are + + align:start position:0% +these are + + + align:start position:0% +these are +these are these molecules these silicate + + align:start position:0% +these are these molecules these silicate + + + align:start position:0% +these are these molecules these silicate +groups + + align:start position:0% +groups + + + align:start position:0% +groups +and they're kind of happy and they're on + + align:start position:0% +and they're kind of happy and they're on + + + align:start position:0% +and they're kind of happy and they're on +their own but now look at what happens + + align:start position:0% +their own but now look at what happens + + + align:start position:0% +their own but now look at what happens +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see those two oxygen it what if instead + + align:start position:0% +see those two oxygen it what if instead + + + align:start position:0% +see those two oxygen it what if instead +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +each of these being separate they came + + align:start position:0% +each of these being separate they came + + + align:start position:0% +each of these being separate they came +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +right well you can see that you see if + + align:start position:0% +right well you can see that you see if + + + align:start position:0% +right well you can see that you see if +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +shared the same oxygen here + + align:start position:0% +shared the same oxygen here + + + align:start position:0% +shared the same oxygen here +if they shared the same oxygen here then + + align:start position:0% +if they shared the same oxygen here then + + + align:start position:0% +if they shared the same oxygen here then +that oxygen is actually now + + align:start position:0% +that oxygen is actually now + + + align:start position:0% +that oxygen is actually now +lewis happy without the extra charge + + align:start position:0% +lewis happy without the extra charge + + + align:start position:0% +lewis happy without the extra charge +you see so so this oxygen + + align:start position:0% +you see so so this oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +you see so so this oxygen +this bridge + + align:start position:0% +this bridge + + + align:start position:0% +this bridge +oxygen doesn't need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that extra electron + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to be happy what is to be happy mean + + align:start position:0% +to be happy what is to be happy mean + + + align:start position:0% +to be happy what is to be happy mean +well we know what that means + + align:start position:0% +well we know what that means + + + align:start position:0% +well we know what that means +and we're talking about lewis and + + align:start position:0% +and we're talking about lewis and + + + align:start position:0% +and we're talking about lewis and +speaking in in those terms it means you + + align:start position:0% +speaking in in those terms it means you + + + align:start position:0% +speaking in in those terms it means you +got your octet + + align:start position:0% +got your octet + + + align:start position:0% +got your octet +right so now the bridge oxygen oh but + + align:start position:0% +right so now the bridge oxygen oh but + + + align:start position:0% +right so now the bridge oxygen oh but +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +is what i'm passing around that is what + + align:start position:0% +is what i'm passing around that is what + + + align:start position:0% +is what i'm passing around that is what +quartz is it's + + align:start position:0% +quartz is it's + + + align:start position:0% +quartz is it's +all the oxygen's happy without needing + + align:start position:0% +all the oxygen's happy without needing + + + align:start position:0% +all the oxygen's happy without needing +the extra charge + + align:start position:0% +the extra charge + + + align:start position:0% +the extra charge +because they're all bridged + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's what we've done we've made + + align:start position:0% +so that's what we've done we've made + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what we've done we've made +silica + + align:start position:0% +silica + + + align:start position:0% +silica +by thinking about it in terms of these + + align:start position:0% +by thinking about it in terms of these + + + align:start position:0% +by thinking about it in terms of these +silicate groups + + align:start position:0% +silicate groups + + + align:start position:0% +silicate groups +okay and just bridging them all together + + align:start position:0% +okay and just bridging them all together + + + align:start position:0% +okay and just bridging them all together +and i can't draw it + + align:start position:0% +and i can't draw it + + + align:start position:0% +and i can't draw it +but you you have it there and 3d models + + align:start position:0% +but you you have it there and 3d models + + + align:start position:0% +but you you have it there and 3d models +are the easiest way to see it + + align:start position:0% +are the easiest way to see it + + + align:start position:0% +are the easiest way to see it +and they all act as bridges between + + align:start position:0% +and they all act as bridges between + + + align:start position:0% +and they all act as bridges between +silicate groups + + align:start position:0% +silicate groups + + + align:start position:0% +silicate groups +okay so why am i why do i keep the + + align:start position:0% +okay so why am i why do i keep the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so why am i why do i keep the +silicate group so + + align:start position:0% +silicate group so + + + align:start position:0% +silicate group so +so a lot of times if you look up the + + align:start position:0% +so a lot of times if you look up the + + + align:start position:0% +so a lot of times if you look up the +structure and this is the 3d structure + + align:start position:0% +structure and this is the 3d structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure and this is the 3d structure +you can see every single oxygen + + align:start position:0% +you can see every single oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +you can see every single oxygen +is a bridge every single oxygen is a + + align:start position:0% +is a bridge every single oxygen is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a bridge every single oxygen is a +bridge + + align:start position:0% +bridge + + + align:start position:0% +bridge +and it's nice to think about it in terms + + align:start position:0% +and it's nice to think about it in terms + + + align:start position:0% +and it's nice to think about it in terms +of the silicate groups + + align:start position:0% +of the silicate groups + + + align:start position:0% +of the silicate groups +why why did i start with that i started + + align:start position:0% +why why did i start with that i started + + + align:start position:0% +why why did i start with that i started +with that because + + align:start position:0% +with that because + + + align:start position:0% +with that because +these groups are very strong they stay + + align:start position:0% +these groups are very strong they stay + + + align:start position:0% +these groups are very strong they stay +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +right and they kind of act as building + + align:start position:0% +right and they kind of act as building + + + align:start position:0% +right and they kind of act as building +blocks for + + align:start position:0% +blocks for + + + align:start position:0% +blocks for +the glass and for the quartz and you now + + align:start position:0% +the glass and for the quartz and you now + + + align:start position:0% +the glass and for the quartz and you now +know those are two different things + + align:start position:0% +know those are two different things + + + align:start position:0% +know those are two different things +quartz is is silicate groups ordered in + + align:start position:0% +quartz is is silicate groups ordered in + + + align:start position:0% +quartz is is silicate groups ordered in +a crystal + + align:start position:0% +a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +a crystal +glass is what we're gonna get to it's + + align:start position:0% +glass is what we're gonna get to it's + + + align:start position:0% +glass is what we're gonna get to it's +when they're disordered + + align:start position:0% +when they're disordered + + + align:start position:0% +when they're disordered +okay and and why is that well because + + align:start position:0% +okay and and why is that well because + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and why is that well because +these oxygen you see all the + + align:start position:0% +these oxygen you see all the + + + align:start position:0% +these oxygen you see all the +the silica the tetrahedron with the + + align:start position:0% +the silica the tetrahedron with the + + + align:start position:0% +the silica the tetrahedron with the +silicon atom and those oxygens is pretty + + align:start position:0% +silicon atom and those oxygens is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +silicon atom and those oxygens is pretty +robust + + align:start position:0% +robust + + + align:start position:0% +robust +but the bond between the oxygens well + + align:start position:0% +but the bond between the oxygens well + + + align:start position:0% +but the bond between the oxygens well +there's a whole lot of rotation that can + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole lot of rotation that can + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole lot of rotation that can +happen here + + align:start position:0% +happen here + + + align:start position:0% +happen here +you see that that thing can rotate + + align:start position:0% +you see that that thing can rotate + + + align:start position:0% +you see that that thing can rotate +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +so that's a good way to picture this + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good way to picture this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a good way to picture this +that's a good way to picture + + align:start position:0% +that's a good way to picture + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good way to picture +quartz is these silicate groups that are + + align:start position:0% +quartz is these silicate groups that are + + + align:start position:0% +quartz is these silicate groups that are +bonded together through these bridge + + align:start position:0% +bonded together through these bridge + + + align:start position:0% +bonded together through these bridge +oxygens but they have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +oxygens but they have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +oxygens but they have a lot of +rotational and distortion + + align:start position:0% +rotational and distortion + + + align:start position:0% +rotational and distortion +relative one and with respect to one + + align:start position:0% +relative one and with respect to one + + + align:start position:0% +relative one and with respect to one +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +that is possible so + + align:start position:0% +that is possible so + + + align:start position:0% +that is possible so +i take those silicate groups okay + + align:start position:0% +i take those silicate groups okay + + + align:start position:0% +i take those silicate groups okay +here they are up top and i bring them + + align:start position:0% +here they are up top and i bring them + + + align:start position:0% +here they are up top and i bring them +together and i make a perfect crystal + + align:start position:0% +together and i make a perfect crystal + + + align:start position:0% +together and i make a perfect crystal +that is what's being passed around but + + align:start position:0% +that is what's being passed around but + + + align:start position:0% +that is what's being passed around but +look because there's so much possibility + + align:start position:0% +look because there's so much possibility + + + align:start position:0% +look because there's so much possibility +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +rotation and distortion maybe that + + align:start position:0% +rotation and distortion maybe that + + + align:start position:0% +rotation and distortion maybe that +didn't happen + + align:start position:0% +didn't happen + + + align:start position:0% +didn't happen +maybe as they as they start to form or + + align:start position:0% +maybe as they as they start to form or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe as they as they start to form or +they find each other and they start + + align:start position:0% +they find each other and they start + + + align:start position:0% +they find each other and they start +bridging + + align:start position:0% +bridging + + + align:start position:0% +bridging +maybe they they didn't quite make it + + align:start position:0% +maybe they they didn't quite make it + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they they didn't quite make it +i mean you can you can imagine these + + align:start position:0% +i mean you can you can imagine these + + + align:start position:0% +i mean you can you can imagine these +things are kind of + + align:start position:0% +things are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +things are kind of +these bulky groups coming together and + + align:start position:0% +these bulky groups coming together and + + + align:start position:0% +these bulky groups coming together and +twisting around + + align:start position:0% +twisting around + + + align:start position:0% +twisting around +you know you miss the mark it might be + + align:start position:0% +you know you miss the mark it might be + + + align:start position:0% +you know you miss the mark it might be +hard to get back + + align:start position:0% +hard to get back + + + align:start position:0% +hard to get back +so how how does one happen over the + + align:start position:0% +so how how does one happen over the + + + align:start position:0% +so how how does one happen over the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +right that's the crystal that's the not + + align:start position:0% +right that's the crystal that's the not + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the crystal that's the not +crystal + + align:start position:0% +crystal + + + align:start position:0% +crystal +the glass and it depends on a couple + + align:start position:0% +the glass and it depends on a couple + + + align:start position:0% +the glass and it depends on a couple +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +and that's what i want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +and that's what i want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what i want to talk about +next it depends on the temperature + + align:start position:0% +next it depends on the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +next it depends on the temperature +and the cooling depends on the + + align:start position:0% +and the cooling depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +and the cooling depends on the +temperature and the cooling + + align:start position:0% +temperature and the cooling + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and the cooling +so how does temperature come in so + + align:start position:0% +so how does temperature come in so + + + align:start position:0% +so how does temperature come in so +temperature comes in + + align:start position:0% +temperature comes in + + + align:start position:0% +temperature comes in +because temperature makes everything + + align:start position:0% +because temperature makes everything + + + align:start position:0% +because temperature makes everything +vibrate + + align:start position:0% +vibrate + + + align:start position:0% +vibrate +right it it gives these atoms in these + + align:start position:0% +right it it gives these atoms in these + + + align:start position:0% +right it it gives these atoms in these +groups + + align:start position:0% +groups + + + align:start position:0% +groups +kinetic energy okay so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy okay so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy okay so let's look at +that so if we were to plot for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature versus the volume + + align:start position:0% +temperature versus the volume + + + align:start position:0% +temperature versus the volume +per mole so this is you know for a given + + align:start position:0% +per mole so this is you know for a given + + + align:start position:0% +per mole so this is you know for a given +number of these atoms + + align:start position:0% +number of these atoms + + + align:start position:0% +number of these atoms +how many how much volume do they take + + align:start position:0% +how many how much volume do they take + + + align:start position:0% +how many how much volume do they take +well you can imagine that that is + + align:start position:0% +well you can imagine that that is + + + align:start position:0% +well you can imagine that that is +actually related + + align:start position:0% +actually related + + + align:start position:0% +actually related +to how much energy they have right so + + align:start position:0% +to how much energy they have right so + + + align:start position:0% +to how much energy they have right so +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +you know if i had like a crystal you + + align:start position:0% +you know if i had like a crystal you + + + align:start position:0% +you know if i had like a crystal you +know maybe i'll start it here + + align:start position:0% +know maybe i'll start it here + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe i'll start it here +and if i have a crystal you know and i + + align:start position:0% +and if i have a crystal you know and i + + + align:start position:0% +and if i have a crystal you know and i +increase the temperature a little bit + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature a little bit +maybe they're going to move more and and + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're going to move more and and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're going to move more and and +as they move more + + align:start position:0% +as they move more + + + align:start position:0% +as they move more +they need more room + + align:start position:0% +they need more room + + + align:start position:0% +they need more room +right and this is just a simple you can + + align:start position:0% +right and this is just a simple you can + + + align:start position:0% +right and this is just a simple you can +just think of like a simple + + align:start position:0% +just think of like a simple + + + align:start position:0% +just think of like a simple +atom connected to another atom on a + + align:start position:0% +atom connected to another atom on a + + + align:start position:0% +atom connected to another atom on a +spring + + align:start position:0% +spring + + + align:start position:0% +spring +and more kinetic energy more temperature + + align:start position:0% +and more kinetic energy more temperature + + + align:start position:0% +and more kinetic energy more temperature +it goes further + + align:start position:0% +it goes further + + + align:start position:0% +it goes further +and now you're all thinking but wait a + + align:start position:0% +and now you're all thinking but wait a + + + align:start position:0% +and now you're all thinking but wait a +second doesn't it go in + + align:start position:0% +second doesn't it go in + + + align:start position:0% +second doesn't it go in +as far as it goes out why does it need + + align:start position:0% +as far as it goes out why does it need + + + align:start position:0% +as far as it goes out why does it need +more volume + + align:start position:0% +more volume + + + align:start position:0% +more volume +well that is because of what we have + + align:start position:0% +well that is because of what we have + + + align:start position:0% +well that is because of what we have +already talked about which is this + + align:start position:0% +already talked about which is this + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about which is this +energy curve + + align:start position:0% +energy curve + + + align:start position:0% +energy curve +between between + + align:start position:0% +between between + + + align:start position:0% +between between +two atoms or two silicate groups + + align:start position:0% +two atoms or two silicate groups + + + align:start position:0% +two atoms or two silicate groups +this potential energy curve be that + + align:start position:0% +this potential energy curve be that + + + align:start position:0% +this potential energy curve be that +plots the energy between those two + + align:start position:0% +plots the energy between those two + + + align:start position:0% +plots the energy between those two +groups + + align:start position:0% +groups + + + align:start position:0% +groups +and say the distance between them has + + align:start position:0% +and say the distance between them has + + + align:start position:0% +and say the distance between them has +something very important about it has + + align:start position:0% +something very important about it has + + + align:start position:0% +something very important about it has +something very important + + align:start position:0% +something very important + + + align:start position:0% +something very important +this is this is a spring okay so i'm in + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a spring okay so i'm in + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a spring okay so i'm in +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +and and i'm at t equals zero here + + align:start position:0% +and and i'm at t equals zero here + + + align:start position:0% +and and i'm at t equals zero here +that would be like t equals zero at the + + align:start position:0% +that would be like t equals zero at the + + + align:start position:0% +that would be like t equals zero at the +absolute ground state the place where + + align:start position:0% +absolute ground state the place where + + + align:start position:0% +absolute ground state the place where +everything is just in its minimum energy + + align:start position:0% +everything is just in its minimum energy + + + align:start position:0% +everything is just in its minimum energy +but now i start + + align:start position:0% +but now i start + + + align:start position:0% +but now i start +making things move right i put kinetic + + align:start position:0% +making things move right i put kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +making things move right i put kinetic +energy into it + + align:start position:0% +energy into it + + + align:start position:0% +energy into it +i increase the temperature what happens + + align:start position:0% +i increase the temperature what happens + + + align:start position:0% +i increase the temperature what happens +the energy goes up but look it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the energy goes up but look it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the energy goes up but look it doesn't +go up + + align:start position:0% +go up + + + align:start position:0% +go up +it goes like this the average i'm a + + align:start position:0% +it goes like this the average i'm a + + + align:start position:0% +it goes like this the average i'm a +little bit higher in energy + + align:start position:0% +little bit higher in energy + + + align:start position:0% +little bit higher in energy +right i'm a little bit higher in energy + + align:start position:0% +right i'm a little bit higher in energy + + + align:start position:0% +right i'm a little bit higher in energy +so where i am is there + + align:start position:0% +so where i am is there + + + align:start position:0% +so where i am is there +on average now i'm a little bit higher + + align:start position:0% +on average now i'm a little bit higher + + + align:start position:0% +on average now i'm a little bit higher +in energy and so where i am is there + + align:start position:0% +in energy and so where i am is there + + + align:start position:0% +in energy and so where i am is there +and now i'm a little bit higher and + + align:start position:0% +and now i'm a little bit higher and + + + align:start position:0% +and now i'm a little bit higher and +where i am is there this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is what happens to the average that's + + align:start position:0% +is what happens to the average that's + + + align:start position:0% +is what happens to the average that's +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +solids expand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's because of the asymmetry in this + + align:start position:0% +it's because of the asymmetry in this + + + align:start position:0% +it's because of the asymmetry in this +potential energy curve + + align:start position:0% +potential energy curve + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy curve +which we have already talked about it's + + align:start position:0% +which we have already talked about it's + + + align:start position:0% +which we have already talked about it's +because of the asymmetry + + align:start position:0% +because of the asymmetry + + + align:start position:0% +because of the asymmetry +you see this is going out differently + + align:start position:0% +you see this is going out differently + + + align:start position:0% +you see this is going out differently +than this goes up that's why you have + + align:start position:0% +than this goes up that's why you have + + + align:start position:0% +than this goes up that's why you have +thermal expansion + + align:start position:0% +thermal expansion + + + align:start position:0% +thermal expansion +right things are vibrating + + align:start position:0% +right things are vibrating + + + align:start position:0% +right things are vibrating +but more often than not they're going to + + align:start position:0% +but more often than not they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +but more often than not they're going to +be farther apart and so this happens + + align:start position:0% +be farther apart and so this happens + + + align:start position:0% +be farther apart and so this happens +and so this happens so we've just + + align:start position:0% +and so this happens so we've just + + + align:start position:0% +and so this happens so we've just +understood this from an atomic + + align:start position:0% +understood this from an atomic + + + align:start position:0% +understood this from an atomic +so this would be like if i had a crystal + + align:start position:0% +so this would be like if i had a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +so this would be like if i had a crystal +and i'm going to save three letters + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to save three letters + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to save three letters +and write excel that's so efficient + + align:start position:0% +and write excel that's so efficient + + + align:start position:0% +and write excel that's so efficient +yeah and then i keep going and and this + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then i keep going and and this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then i keep going and and this +by the way the slope of this + + align:start position:0% +by the way the slope of this + + + align:start position:0% +by the way the slope of this +is called slope + + align:start position:0% +is called slope + + + align:start position:0% +is called slope +is called the thermal expansion + + align:start position:0% +is called the thermal expansion + + + align:start position:0% +is called the thermal expansion +coefficient thermal + + align:start position:0% +coefficient thermal + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient thermal +expansion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that is the definition of the thermal + + align:start position:0% +that is the definition of the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +that is the definition of the thermal +expansion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +expansion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +expansion coefficient +sometimes sometimes we use alpha + + align:start position:0% +sometimes sometimes we use alpha + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes sometimes we use alpha +right that's the slope of this line it's + + align:start position:0% +right that's the slope of this line it's + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the slope of this line it's +the volume per mole divided by + + align:start position:0% +the volume per mole divided by + + + align:start position:0% +the volume per mole divided by +right over the temperature the change in + + align:start position:0% +right over the temperature the change in + + + align:start position:0% +right over the temperature the change in +the volume of the change in temperature + + align:start position:0% +the volume of the change in temperature + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of the change in temperature +just the thermal expansion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +just the thermal expansion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +just the thermal expansion coefficient +of the material + + align:start position:0% +of the material + + + align:start position:0% +of the material +okay so i'm adding temperature and i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so i'm adding temperature and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i'm adding temperature and i'm +expanding and i'm expanding and then i + + align:start position:0% +expanding and i'm expanding and then i + + + align:start position:0% +expanding and i'm expanding and then i +get to this point + + align:start position:0% +get to this point + + + align:start position:0% +get to this point +i get to this point this point here + + align:start position:0% +i get to this point this point here + + + align:start position:0% +i get to this point this point here +is where everything changes + + align:start position:0% +is where everything changes + + + align:start position:0% +is where everything changes +everything changes that's the melting + + align:start position:0% +everything changes that's the melting + + + align:start position:0% +everything changes that's the melting +point of the solid + + align:start position:0% +point of the solid + + + align:start position:0% +point of the solid +that's the melting point now at the + + align:start position:0% +that's the melting point now at the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the melting point now at the +melting point + + align:start position:0% +melting point + + + align:start position:0% +melting point +as we know the whole thing goes through + + align:start position:0% +as we know the whole thing goes through + + + align:start position:0% +as we know the whole thing goes through +a transition + + align:start position:0% +a transition + + + align:start position:0% +a transition +it goes through a phase transition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it becomes a liquid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and and the thermal expansion of + + align:start position:0% +right and and the thermal expansion of + + + align:start position:0% +right and and the thermal expansion of +the liquid is different than the solid + + align:start position:0% +the liquid is different than the solid + + + align:start position:0% +the liquid is different than the solid +because those now you think about you + + align:start position:0% +because those now you think about you + + + align:start position:0% +because those now you think about you +know they're + + align:start position:0% +know they're + + + align:start position:0% +know they're +those are those molecules are not + + align:start position:0% +those are those molecules are not + + + align:start position:0% +those are those molecules are not +rigidly bonded to each other anymore + + align:start position:0% +rigidly bonded to each other anymore + + + align:start position:0% +rigidly bonded to each other anymore +they're more weakly bonded and they're + + align:start position:0% +they're more weakly bonded and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're more weakly bonded and they're +moving around with a lot of kinetic + + align:start position:0% +moving around with a lot of kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +moving around with a lot of kinetic +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +and so when they get more kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +and so when they get more kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +and so when they get more kinetic energy +they can expand even more + + align:start position:0% +they can expand even more + + + align:start position:0% +they can expand even more +that's why those slopes are different + + align:start position:0% +that's why those slopes are different + + + align:start position:0% +that's why those slopes are different +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but as we know there's also a big volume + + align:start position:0% +but as we know there's also a big volume + + + align:start position:0% +but as we know there's also a big volume +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +there's a sudden volume change right and + + align:start position:0% +there's a sudden volume change right and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sudden volume change right and +going from a solid + + align:start position:0% +going from a solid + + + align:start position:0% +going from a solid +to a liquid there's a sudden volume + + align:start position:0% +to a liquid there's a sudden volume + + + align:start position:0% +to a liquid there's a sudden volume +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +yeah and it would be the same thing if i + + align:start position:0% +yeah and it would be the same thing if i + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and it would be the same thing if i +went back the other way + + align:start position:0% +went back the other way + + + align:start position:0% +went back the other way +right yeah i'm cooling it down and + + align:start position:0% +right yeah i'm cooling it down and + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah i'm cooling it down and +cooling it down and + + align:start position:0% +cooling it down and + + + align:start position:0% +cooling it down and +and all of a sudden i get to the + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden i get to the + + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden i get to the +solidification temperature + + align:start position:0% +solidification temperature + + + align:start position:0% +solidification temperature +of the material and i become a crystal + + align:start position:0% +of the material and i become a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +of the material and i become a crystal +i except when i don't + + align:start position:0% +i except when i don't + + + align:start position:0% +i except when i don't +accept when i don't and when i don't + + align:start position:0% +accept when i don't and when i don't + + + align:start position:0% +accept when i don't and when i don't +that's when i become a glass and that's + + align:start position:0% +that's when i become a glass and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's when i become a glass and that's +what we have to talk about now is how + + align:start position:0% +what we have to talk about now is how + + + align:start position:0% +what we have to talk about now is how +do we go from this very simple picture + + align:start position:0% +do we go from this very simple picture + + + align:start position:0% +do we go from this very simple picture +of being a glass adversary being a + + align:start position:0% +of being a glass adversary being a + + + align:start position:0% +of being a glass adversary being a +liquid or being a solid + + align:start position:0% +liquid or being a solid + + + align:start position:0% +liquid or being a solid +a crystalline solid how do we go from + + align:start position:0% +a crystalline solid how do we go from + + + align:start position:0% +a crystalline solid how do we go from +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +to being a glass and + + align:start position:0% +to being a glass and + + + align:start position:0% +to being a glass and +uh and and to explain this to start i + + align:start position:0% +uh and and to explain this to start i + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and to explain this to start i +want to show you something really cool + + align:start position:0% +want to show you something really cool + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you something really cool +that can happen + + align:start position:0% +that can happen + + + align:start position:0% +that can happen +that actually wasn't an intentional pun + + align:start position:0% +that actually wasn't an intentional pun + + + align:start position:0% +that actually wasn't an intentional pun +but it has to do with cooling + + align:start position:0% +but it has to do with cooling + + + align:start position:0% +but it has to do with cooling +and it's really cool because sometimes + + align:start position:0% +and it's really cool because sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +and it's really cool because sometimes +if you cool a liquid down it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +if you cool a liquid down it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +if you cool a liquid down it doesn't +solidify right there + + align:start position:0% +solidify right there + + + align:start position:0% +solidify right there +and that's called super cooling so you + + align:start position:0% +and that's called super cooling so you + + + align:start position:0% +and that's called super cooling so you +can actually cool a liquid down like + + align:start position:0% +can actually cool a liquid down like + + + align:start position:0% +can actually cool a liquid down like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and have it stay a liquid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that would be called that's called super + + align:start position:0% +that would be called that's called super + + + align:start position:0% +that would be called that's called super +cooling by the way + + align:start position:0% +cooling by the way + + + align:start position:0% +cooling by the way +so this is called super cooling + + align:start position:0% +so this is called super cooling + + + align:start position:0% +so this is called super cooling +by the way you can do that with water + + align:start position:0% +by the way you can do that with water + + + align:start position:0% +by the way you can do that with water +and so i wanted to show you like one of + + align:start position:0% +and so i wanted to show you like one of + + + align:start position:0% +and so i wanted to show you like one of +the coolest things you could do tonight + + align:start position:0% +the coolest things you could do tonight + + + align:start position:0% +the coolest things you could do tonight +it's a friday night you're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +it's a friday night you're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +it's a friday night you're gonna have +guests over or + + align:start position:0% +guests over or + + + align:start position:0% +guests over or +you'll be out at that same restaurant + + align:start position:0% +you'll be out at that same restaurant + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be out at that same restaurant +that knows about you + + align:start position:0% +that knows about you + + + align:start position:0% +that knows about you +because you asked them already all about + + align:start position:0% +because you asked them already all about + + + align:start position:0% +because you asked them already all about +the candle + + align:start position:0% +the candle + + + align:start position:0% +the candle +and the oxygen and you always come with + + align:start position:0% +and the oxygen and you always come with + + + align:start position:0% +and the oxygen and you always come with +your periodic table and this time you + + align:start position:0% +your periodic table and this time you + + + align:start position:0% +your periodic table and this time you +sit down and you say i don't want water + + align:start position:0% +sit down and you say i don't want water + + + align:start position:0% +sit down and you say i don't want water +do you want sparkling or regular i want + + align:start position:0% +do you want sparkling or regular i want + + + align:start position:0% +do you want sparkling or regular i want +super cooled + + align:start position:0% +super cooled + + + align:start position:0% +super cooled +this is what you're gonna get this is + + align:start position:0% +this is what you're gonna get this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is what you're gonna get this is +what they'll bring you they should if + + align:start position:0% +what they'll bring you they should if + + + align:start position:0% +what they'll bring you they should if +it's a good restaurant this is what they + + align:start position:0% +it's a good restaurant this is what they + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good restaurant this is what they +would bring you + + align:start position:0% +would bring you + + + align:start position:0% +would bring you +um you know so here's a here's who is + + align:start position:0% +um you know so here's a here's who is + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so here's a here's who is +super cool water being poured + + align:start position:0% +super cool water being poured + + + align:start position:0% +super cool water being poured +okay this is what you should see in your + + align:start position:0% +okay this is what you should see in your + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is what you should see in your +glass + + align:start position:0% +glass + + + align:start position:0% +glass +now that is a + + align:start position:0% +now that is a + + + align:start position:0% +now that is a +that is a liquid that is stable + + align:start position:0% +that is a liquid that is stable + + + align:start position:0% +that is a liquid that is stable +for now below its melting point below + + align:start position:0% +for now below its melting point below + + + align:start position:0% +for now below its melting point below +solidification point so what happens is + + align:start position:0% +solidification point so what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +solidification point so what happens is +as soon as it hits the glass it's like + + align:start position:0% +as soon as it hits the glass it's like + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as it hits the glass it's like +whoa wait a second + + align:start position:0% +whoa wait a second + + + align:start position:0% +whoa wait a second +i i'm supposed to be a crystal and it + + align:start position:0% +i i'm supposed to be a crystal and it + + + align:start position:0% +i i'm supposed to be a crystal and it +immediately solidifies + + align:start position:0% +immediately solidifies + + + align:start position:0% +immediately solidifies +right so it immediately went like this + + align:start position:0% +right so it immediately went like this + + + align:start position:0% +right so it immediately went like this +now by the way it's not that hard to + + align:start position:0% +now by the way it's not that hard to + + + align:start position:0% +now by the way it's not that hard to +make super cool water if anybody's + + align:start position:0% +make super cool water if anybody's + + + align:start position:0% +make super cool water if anybody's +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +i'd be happy to tell you how to do it + + align:start position:0% +i'd be happy to tell you how to do it + + + align:start position:0% +i'd be happy to tell you how to do it +you can't just put bottles in a freezer + + align:start position:0% +you can't just put bottles in a freezer + + + align:start position:0% +you can't just put bottles in a freezer +that won't work but it's not that hard + + align:start position:0% +that won't work but it's not that hard + + + align:start position:0% +that won't work but it's not that hard +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +um now okay + + align:start position:0% +um now okay + + + align:start position:0% +um now okay +back and forth melting point super + + align:start position:0% +back and forth melting point super + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth melting point super +oh it's playing again and it starts + + align:start position:0% +oh it's playing again and it starts + + + align:start position:0% +oh it's playing again and it starts +freezing + + align:start position:0% +freezing + + + align:start position:0% +freezing +you can also take a bottle of super cold + + align:start position:0% +you can also take a bottle of super cold + + + align:start position:0% +you can also take a bottle of super cold +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +and just go like this it's liquid inside + + align:start position:0% +and just go like this it's liquid inside + + + align:start position:0% +and just go like this it's liquid inside +and just tap it and the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +and just tap it and the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +and just tap it and the whole thing +freezes instantly + + align:start position:0% +freezes instantly + + + align:start position:0% +freezes instantly +it's really cool it's really cool + + align:start position:0% +it's really cool it's really cool + + + align:start position:0% +it's really cool it's really cool +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now uh okay + + align:start position:0% +now uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +now uh okay +now why am i talking about this + + align:start position:0% +now why am i talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +now why am i talking about this +because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can super cool and go down + + align:start position:0% +you can super cool and go down + + + align:start position:0% +you can super cool and go down +you can go below that transition uh + + align:start position:0% +you can go below that transition uh + + + align:start position:0% +you can go below that transition uh +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +and go and go down like i just did there + + align:start position:0% +and go and go down like i just did there + + + align:start position:0% +and go and go down like i just did there +and become + + align:start position:0% +and become + + + align:start position:0% +and become +a crystal right away now but you could + + align:start position:0% +a crystal right away now but you could + + + align:start position:0% +a crystal right away now but you could +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +not you could also become + + align:start position:0% +not you could also become + + + align:start position:0% +not you could also become +a solid so you could become a crystal + + align:start position:0% +a solid so you could become a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +a solid so you could become a crystal +or you could also become a solid and i'm + + align:start position:0% +or you could also become a solid and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +or you could also become a solid and i'm +going to need another + + align:start position:0% +going to need another + + + align:start position:0% +going to need another +plot to do this and and you could become + + align:start position:0% +plot to do this and and you could become + + + align:start position:0% +plot to do this and and you could become +a solid right where you were + + align:start position:0% +a solid right where you were + + + align:start position:0% +a solid right where you were +you might not go down to the crystal + + align:start position:0% +you might not go down to the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +you might not go down to the crystal +curve + + align:start position:0% +curve + + + align:start position:0% +curve +but you might start a new curve and that + + align:start position:0% +but you might start a new curve and that + + + align:start position:0% +but you might start a new curve and that +will be a glass + + align:start position:0% +will be a glass + + + align:start position:0% +will be a glass +and so you know and so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and so you know and so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know and so we're going to +draw this again and show you + + align:start position:0% +draw this again and show you + + + align:start position:0% +draw this again and show you +a glass but this is what we need is this + + align:start position:0% +a glass but this is what we need is this + + + align:start position:0% +a glass but this is what we need is this +framework + + align:start position:0% +framework + + + align:start position:0% +framework +to understand when a glass forms so this + + align:start position:0% +to understand when a glass forms so this + + + align:start position:0% +to understand when a glass forms so this +was our picture + + align:start position:0% +was our picture + + + align:start position:0% +was our picture +crystalline crystalline glass amorphous + + align:start position:0% +crystalline crystalline glass amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline crystalline glass amorphous +equals glass + + align:start position:0% +equals glass + + + align:start position:0% +equals glass +when does it form now i think the best + + align:start position:0% +when does it form now i think the best + + + align:start position:0% +when does it form now i think the best +i'll show you that one in a sec + + align:start position:0% +i'll show you that one in a sec + + + align:start position:0% +i'll show you that one in a sec +i think the best way to think about it + + align:start position:0% +i think the best way to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +i think the best way to think about it +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +let's let's draw the plot again and i + + align:start position:0% +let's let's draw the plot again and i + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's draw the plot again and i +think the best way to think about it is + + align:start position:0% +think the best way to think about it is + + + align:start position:0% +think the best way to think about it is +an analogy + + align:start position:0% +an analogy + + + align:start position:0% +an analogy +that has been used before + + align:start position:0% +that has been used before + + + align:start position:0% +that has been used before +um and let's see + + align:start position:0% +um and let's see + + + align:start position:0% +um and let's see +and this is temperature this is volume + + align:start position:0% +and this is temperature this is volume + + + align:start position:0% +and this is temperature this is volume +per mole by the way that could be + + align:start position:0% +per mole by the way that could be + + + align:start position:0% +per mole by the way that could be +energy right enthalpy yeah because + + align:start position:0% +energy right enthalpy yeah because + + + align:start position:0% +energy right enthalpy yeah because +because as the as the atoms aren't + + align:start position:0% +because as the as the atoms aren't + + + align:start position:0% +because as the as the atoms aren't +packed in as well we know this right as + + align:start position:0% +packed in as well we know this right as + + + align:start position:0% +packed in as well we know this right as +they're not packed in as well + + align:start position:0% +they're not packed in as well + + + align:start position:0% +they're not packed in as well +they're also going to be you know higher + + align:start position:0% +they're also going to be you know higher + + + align:start position:0% +they're also going to be you know higher +in energy + + align:start position:0% +in energy + + + align:start position:0% +in energy +right the bonding won't be as strong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but i think that one of the best + + align:start position:0% +but i think that one of the best + + + align:start position:0% +but i think that one of the best +analogies to think about is so i'm + + align:start position:0% +analogies to think about is so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +analogies to think about is so i'm +coming in as a liquid + + align:start position:0% +coming in as a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +coming in as a liquid +so i'm now a liquid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here's my here's my melting point + + align:start position:0% +and here's my here's my melting point + + + align:start position:0% +and here's my here's my melting point +for the crystal + + align:start position:0% +for the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +for the crystal +for the crystal but i won't i went past + + align:start position:0% +for the crystal but i won't i went past + + + align:start position:0% +for the crystal but i won't i went past +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +and i went past it and now instead of + + align:start position:0% +and i went past it and now instead of + + + align:start position:0% +and i went past it and now instead of +i'm just going to draw this out here + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to draw this out here + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just going to draw this out here +there's the crystal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instead of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going down to become a crystal suddenly + + align:start position:0% +going down to become a crystal suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +going down to become a crystal suddenly +or super cooling and then becoming a + + align:start position:0% +or super cooling and then becoming a + + + align:start position:0% +or super cooling and then becoming a +crystal no + + align:start position:0% +crystal no + + + align:start position:0% +crystal no +i super cool and then i just become a + + align:start position:0% +i super cool and then i just become a + + + align:start position:0% +i super cool and then i just become a +solid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then i just become a solid + + align:start position:0% +and then i just become a solid + + + align:start position:0% +and then i just become a solid +okay now that this + + align:start position:0% +okay now that this + + + align:start position:0% +okay now that this +is a glass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know that it's a solid + + align:start position:0% +you know that it's a solid + + + align:start position:0% +you know that it's a solid +it's got the same slope as the crystal + + align:start position:0% +it's got the same slope as the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +it's got the same slope as the crystal +the thermal expansion of this thing + + align:start position:0% +the thermal expansion of this thing + + + align:start position:0% +the thermal expansion of this thing +is the same as the crystal or very + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the crystal or very + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the crystal or very +similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so that's enough to tell you this + + align:start position:0% +right so that's enough to tell you this + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's enough to tell you this +is this is a solid + + align:start position:0% +is this is a solid + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a solid +right it should be a good indicator it + + align:start position:0% +right it should be a good indicator it + + + align:start position:0% +right it should be a good indicator it +should have been a + + align:start position:0% +should have been a + + + align:start position:0% +should have been a +nice straight line just for now + + align:start position:0% +nice straight line just for now + + + align:start position:0% +nice straight line just for now +okay yeah but but um + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah but but um + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah but but um +but it didn't get those silicate blocks + + align:start position:0% +but it didn't get those silicate blocks + + + align:start position:0% +but it didn't get those silicate blocks +didn't find the lattice they didn't find + + align:start position:0% +didn't find the lattice they didn't find + + + align:start position:0% +didn't find the lattice they didn't find +the lattice they didn't + + align:start position:0% +the lattice they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the lattice they didn't +as you're here they've got all this + + align:start position:0% +as you're here they've got all this + + + align:start position:0% +as you're here they've got all this +freedom + + align:start position:0% +freedom + + + align:start position:0% +freedom +yeah they're a liquid silicate happy + + align:start position:0% +yeah they're a liquid silicate happy + + + align:start position:0% +yeah they're a liquid silicate happy +maybe it's even higher temperature and + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's even higher temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's even higher temperature and +the silicons are even dissociated from + + align:start position:0% +the silicons are even dissociated from + + + align:start position:0% +the silicons are even dissociated from +the oxygen but let's just assume + + align:start position:0% +the oxygen but let's just assume + + + align:start position:0% +the oxygen but let's just assume +they're in these silicate groups and + + align:start position:0% +they're in these silicate groups and + + + align:start position:0% +they're in these silicate groups and +they're floating around in a liquid + + align:start position:0% +they're floating around in a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +they're floating around in a liquid +and i start cooling it i think one of + + align:start position:0% +and i start cooling it i think one of + + + align:start position:0% +and i start cooling it i think one of +the best analogies that i've heard + + align:start position:0% +the best analogies that i've heard + + + align:start position:0% +the best analogies that i've heard +is that of musical chairs how many of + + align:start position:0% +is that of musical chairs how many of + + + align:start position:0% +is that of musical chairs how many of +you have played musical chairs + + align:start position:0% +you have played musical chairs + + + align:start position:0% +you have played musical chairs +okay you've got to fix this tonight for + + align:start position:0% +okay you've got to fix this tonight for + + + align:start position:0% +okay you've got to fix this tonight for +those of you who didn't raise your hand + + align:start position:0% +those of you who didn't raise your hand + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who didn't raise your hand +that's going on the menu tonight + + align:start position:0% +that's going on the menu tonight + + + align:start position:0% +that's going on the menu tonight +because it's a really fun game + + align:start position:0% +because it's a really fun game + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a really fun game +with supercooled water of course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you line up some chairs and you get + + align:start position:0% +you line up some chairs and you get + + + align:start position:0% +you line up some chairs and you get +around in a group + + align:start position:0% +around in a group + + + align:start position:0% +around in a group +and you walk around it as the music + + align:start position:0% +and you walk around it as the music + + + align:start position:0% +and you walk around it as the music +plays + + align:start position:0% +plays + + + align:start position:0% +plays +and then the music stops and everybody + + align:start position:0% +and then the music stops and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +and then the music stops and everybody +has to find a chair + + align:start position:0% +has to find a chair + + + align:start position:0% +has to find a chair +but there's a chair missing so you got + + align:start position:0% +but there's a chair missing so you got + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a chair missing so you got +to go fast + + align:start position:0% +to go fast + + + align:start position:0% +to go fast +or you might not get to a chair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well you see the the silicates + + align:start position:0% +okay well you see the the silicates + + + align:start position:0% +okay well you see the the silicates +let's put it below here the silicates + + align:start position:0% +let's put it below here the silicates + + + align:start position:0% +let's put it below here the silicates +are you + + align:start position:0% +are you + + + align:start position:0% +are you +you are the silicates people + + align:start position:0% +you are the silicates people + + + align:start position:0% +you are the silicates people +equal silicate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the chair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal lattice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sights + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now you can really feel it you can + + align:start position:0% +and now you can really feel it you can + + + align:start position:0% +and now you can really feel it you can +really feel it because the speed + + align:start position:0% +really feel it because the speed + + + align:start position:0% +really feel it because the speed +around the chairs how fast are you + + align:start position:0% +around the chairs how fast are you + + + align:start position:0% +around the chairs how fast are you +moving + + align:start position:0% +moving + + + align:start position:0% +moving +right so the speed + + align:start position:0% +right so the speed + + + align:start position:0% +right so the speed +well if it's if it's uh speed around + + align:start position:0% +well if it's if it's uh speed around + + + align:start position:0% +well if it's if it's uh speed around +the chair okay if that's fast + + align:start position:0% +the chair okay if that's fast + + + align:start position:0% +the chair okay if that's fast +then um then it's you know high mobility + + align:start position:0% +then um then it's you know high mobility + + + align:start position:0% +then um then it's you know high mobility +so so let's see speed around chair let's + + align:start position:0% +so so let's see speed around chair let's + + + align:start position:0% +so so let's see speed around chair let's +do this + + align:start position:0% +do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this +high mobility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe you'd find you know find + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'd find you know find + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'd find you know find +lattice sights easier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or faster at least but see + + align:start position:0% +or faster at least but see + + + align:start position:0% +or faster at least but see +if you have a high one over mobility + + align:start position:0% +if you have a high one over mobility + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a high one over mobility +by the way that's also viscosity if you + + align:start position:0% +by the way that's also viscosity if you + + + align:start position:0% +by the way that's also viscosity if you +have a high one over mobility + + align:start position:0% +have a high one over mobility + + + align:start position:0% +have a high one over mobility +so if you have a high viscosity + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a high viscosity + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a high viscosity +viscosity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +high one over mobility high viscosity + + align:start position:0% +high one over mobility high viscosity + + + align:start position:0% +high one over mobility high viscosity +then it's slow and that's how + + align:start position:0% +then it's slow and that's how + + + align:start position:0% +then it's slow and that's how +you have a higher chance of forming + + align:start position:0% +you have a higher chance of forming + + + align:start position:0% +you have a higher chance of forming +glass so i'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +glass so i'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +glass so i'm going to talk about +why right what would make a glass form + + align:start position:0% +why right what would make a glass form + + + align:start position:0% +why right what would make a glass form +if you're just walking around slowly + + align:start position:0% +if you're just walking around slowly + + + align:start position:0% +if you're just walking around slowly +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +everyone else is running but maybe + + align:start position:0% +everyone else is running but maybe + + + align:start position:0% +everyone else is running but maybe +you're all walking slowly and now the + + align:start position:0% +you're all walking slowly and now the + + + align:start position:0% +you're all walking slowly and now the +music stops and i'm like + + align:start position:0% +music stops and i'm like + + + align:start position:0% +music stops and i'm like +you know i'll take my time it's going to + + align:start position:0% +you know i'll take my time it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +you know i'll take my time it's going to +be hard to get to the open lattice + + align:start position:0% +be hard to get to the open lattice + + + align:start position:0% +be hard to get to the open lattice +site right i might just get stuck + + align:start position:0% +site right i might just get stuck + + + align:start position:0% +site right i might just get stuck +okay so what else well okay so how about + + align:start position:0% +okay so what else well okay so how about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what else well okay so how about +the arrangement + + align:start position:0% +the arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +the arrangement +so the chair arrangement + + align:start position:0% +so the chair arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +so the chair arrangement +that has to do with the crystal + + align:start position:0% +that has to do with the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +that has to do with the crystal +complexity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you can imagine that if the chairs + + align:start position:0% +and you can imagine that if the chairs + + + align:start position:0% +and you can imagine that if the chairs +are arranged in a straight line and + + align:start position:0% +are arranged in a straight line and + + + align:start position:0% +are arranged in a straight line and +you're going around the chairs and it's + + align:start position:0% +you're going around the chairs and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're going around the chairs and it's +kind of an easy + + align:start position:0% +kind of an easy + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an easy +loop right now i don't have to + + align:start position:0% +loop right now i don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +loop right now i don't have to +concentrate too much on where i'm going + + align:start position:0% +concentrate too much on where i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +concentrate too much on where i'm going +and it's kind of there's nothing really + + align:start position:0% +and it's kind of there's nothing really + + + align:start position:0% +and it's kind of there's nothing really +blocking me i hope + + align:start position:0% +blocking me i hope + + + align:start position:0% +blocking me i hope +but what if those chairs were arranged + + align:start position:0% +but what if those chairs were arranged + + + align:start position:0% +but what if those chairs were arranged +in a really complicated way + + align:start position:0% +in a really complicated way + + + align:start position:0% +in a really complicated way +right so how hard is it to get around + + align:start position:0% +right so how hard is it to get around + + + align:start position:0% +right so how hard is it to get around +these chairs how is it is to find them + + align:start position:0% +these chairs how is it is to find them + + + align:start position:0% +these chairs how is it is to find them +how complex is the lattice and you can + + align:start position:0% +how complex is the lattice and you can + + + align:start position:0% +how complex is the lattice and you can +imagine + + align:start position:0% +imagine + + + align:start position:0% +imagine +that it is higher so uh + + align:start position:0% +that it is higher so uh + + + align:start position:0% +that it is higher so uh +let's see um more i'll just draw an + + align:start position:0% +let's see um more i'll just draw an + + + align:start position:0% +let's see um more i'll just draw an +arrow higher + + align:start position:0% +arrow higher + + + align:start position:0% +arrow higher +would lead to glass okay so it fits + + align:start position:0% +would lead to glass okay so it fits + + + align:start position:0% +would lead to glass okay so it fits +higher complexity of the lattice + + align:start position:0% +higher complexity of the lattice + + + align:start position:0% +higher complexity of the lattice +it might be harder to find the lattice + + align:start position:0% +it might be harder to find the lattice + + + align:start position:0% +it might be harder to find the lattice +sights in this musical chairs + + align:start position:0% +sights in this musical chairs + + + align:start position:0% +sights in this musical chairs +okay one more and i'll put it here so + + align:start position:0% +okay one more and i'll put it here so + + + align:start position:0% +okay one more and i'll put it here so +that it's close by + + align:start position:0% +that it's close by + + + align:start position:0% +that it's close by +because i got no more room on that board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the third one is how fast you stop the + + align:start position:0% +the third one is how fast you stop the + + + align:start position:0% +the third one is how fast you stop the +music so this would be like one + + align:start position:0% +music so this would be like one + + + align:start position:0% +music so this would be like one +two and then three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how fast we stop music + + align:start position:0% +how fast we stop music + + + align:start position:0% +how fast we stop music +okay so you can imagine if i you know + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can imagine if i you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can imagine if i you know +i if i slowly we're playing musical + + align:start position:0% +i if i slowly we're playing musical + + + align:start position:0% +i if i slowly we're playing musical +chairs + + align:start position:0% +chairs + + + align:start position:0% +chairs +and i am walking around and i i slowly + + align:start position:0% +and i am walking around and i i slowly + + + align:start position:0% +and i am walking around and i i slowly +fade the music + + align:start position:0% +fade the music + + + align:start position:0% +fade the music +right well then you got lots of time you + + align:start position:0% +right well then you got lots of time you + + + align:start position:0% +right well then you got lots of time you +got lots of time but what if i just + + align:start position:0% +got lots of time but what if i just + + + align:start position:0% +got lots of time but what if i just +stop it everybody's scrambling + + align:start position:0% +stop it everybody's scrambling + + + align:start position:0% +stop it everybody's scrambling +right so how fast you stop the music is + + align:start position:0% +right so how fast you stop the music is + + + align:start position:0% +right so how fast you stop the music is +the cooling rate + + align:start position:0% +the cooling rate + + + align:start position:0% +the cooling rate +it's how quickly you cool this material + + align:start position:0% +it's how quickly you cool this material + + + align:start position:0% +it's how quickly you cool this material +it's how fast you stop the music and you + + align:start position:0% +it's how fast you stop the music and you + + + align:start position:0% +it's how fast you stop the music and you +can imagine + + align:start position:0% +can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine +that if it's faster faster + + align:start position:0% +that if it's faster faster + + + align:start position:0% +that if it's faster faster +you are more likely to form a glass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're more likely to form a glass and + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to form a glass and + + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to form a glass and +so we go back to our picture + + align:start position:0% +so we go back to our picture + + + align:start position:0% +so we go back to our picture +well maybe i'll draw one over here + + align:start position:0% +well maybe i'll draw one over here + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe i'll draw one over here +because i need more room + + align:start position:0% +because i need more room + + + align:start position:0% +because i need more room +and i don't want to block what's there + + align:start position:0% +and i don't want to block what's there + + + align:start position:0% +and i don't want to block what's there +we go back to our picture and here it is + + align:start position:0% +we go back to our picture and here it is + + + align:start position:0% +we go back to our picture and here it is +drawn out for you + + align:start position:0% +drawn out for you + + + align:start position:0% +drawn out for you +you see that is okay there's the liquid + + align:start position:0% +you see that is okay there's the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +you see that is okay there's the liquid +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +coming in volume okay enthalpy + + align:start position:0% +coming in volume okay enthalpy + + + align:start position:0% +coming in volume okay enthalpy +we'll keep thinking about is volume the + + align:start position:0% +we'll keep thinking about is volume the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll keep thinking about is volume the +liquid line comes in + + align:start position:0% +liquid line comes in + + + align:start position:0% +liquid line comes in +you're cooling it down there's the + + align:start position:0% +you're cooling it down there's the + + + align:start position:0% +you're cooling it down there's the +thermal expansion it's reducing reducing + + align:start position:0% +thermal expansion it's reducing reducing + + + align:start position:0% +thermal expansion it's reducing reducing +and now i get to the melting temperature + + align:start position:0% +and now i get to the melting temperature + + + align:start position:0% +and now i get to the melting temperature +and i become a crystal + + align:start position:0% +and i become a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +and i become a crystal +that's if it can become a crystal but + + align:start position:0% +that's if it can become a crystal but + + + align:start position:0% +that's if it can become a crystal but +all of these factors now + + align:start position:0% +all of these factors now + + + align:start position:0% +all of these factors now +matter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the melting point of the crystal is + + align:start position:0% +the melting point of the crystal is + + + align:start position:0% +the melting point of the crystal is +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +the same number it's always the same + + align:start position:0% +the same number it's always the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same number it's always the same +number the melting point + + align:start position:0% +number the melting point + + + align:start position:0% +number the melting point +where the crystal melts and because the + + align:start position:0% +where the crystal melts and because the + + + align:start position:0% +where the crystal melts and because the +crystal is always the same + + align:start position:0% +crystal is always the same + + + align:start position:0% +crystal is always the same +right where that melts is always the + + align:start position:0% +right where that melts is always the + + + align:start position:0% +right where that melts is always the +same temperature + + align:start position:0% +same temperature + + + align:start position:0% +same temperature +but notice now what have i done i've + + align:start position:0% +but notice now what have i done i've + + + align:start position:0% +but notice now what have i done i've +supercooled the + + align:start position:0% +supercooled the + + + align:start position:0% +supercooled the +liquid down and on a + + align:start position:0% +liquid down and on a + + + align:start position:0% +liquid down and on a +i've got a glass that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +i've got a glass that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +i've got a glass that looks like this +these are glasses + + align:start position:0% +these are glasses + + + align:start position:0% +these are glasses +and on b i've got a glass that looks + + align:start position:0% +and on b i've got a glass that looks + + + align:start position:0% +and on b i've got a glass that looks +like that those are different + + align:start position:0% +like that those are different + + + align:start position:0% +like that those are different +and they have different solidification + + align:start position:0% +and they have different solidification + + + align:start position:0% +and they have different solidification +temperatures + + align:start position:0% +temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures +and what do we call it we have a special + + align:start position:0% +and what do we call it we have a special + + + align:start position:0% +and what do we call it we have a special +name for it too + + align:start position:0% +name for it too + + + align:start position:0% +name for it too +we have a special name for it because + + align:start position:0% +we have a special name for it because + + + align:start position:0% +we have a special name for it because +it's not crystallizing right so if this + + align:start position:0% +it's not crystallizing right so if this + + + align:start position:0% +it's not crystallizing right so if this +is the volume per mole + + align:start position:0% +is the volume per mole + + + align:start position:0% +is the volume per mole +and this is the temperature it's not + + align:start position:0% +and this is the temperature it's not + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the temperature it's not +crystallizing no what is it doing so + + align:start position:0% +crystallizing no what is it doing so + + + align:start position:0% +crystallizing no what is it doing so +that would be the melting point + + align:start position:0% +that would be the melting point + + + align:start position:0% +that would be the melting point +it is turning into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a glass and so we call this the glass + + align:start position:0% +a glass and so we call this the glass + + + align:start position:0% +a glass and so we call this the glass +transition temperature + + align:start position:0% +transition temperature + + + align:start position:0% +transition temperature +it's a glass transition what that means + + align:start position:0% +it's a glass transition what that means + + + align:start position:0% +it's a glass transition what that means +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +it is still becoming because in tight + + align:start position:0% +it is still becoming because in tight + + + align:start position:0% +it is still becoming because in tight +a solid but it's an amorphous solid + + align:start position:0% +a solid but it's an amorphous solid + + + align:start position:0% +a solid but it's an amorphous solid +it's not a crystal why did it become an + + align:start position:0% +it's not a crystal why did it become an + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a crystal why did it become an +amorphous solid well maybe i cooled it + + align:start position:0% +amorphous solid well maybe i cooled it + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous solid well maybe i cooled it +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +fast or maybe it's a really complex + + align:start position:0% +fast or maybe it's a really complex + + + align:start position:0% +fast or maybe it's a really complex +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +right or maybe the viscosity of the + + align:start position:0% +right or maybe the viscosity of the + + + align:start position:0% +right or maybe the viscosity of the +material is very high and it just + + align:start position:0% +material is very high and it just + + + align:start position:0% +material is very high and it just +as i'm cooling it down it just couldn't + + align:start position:0% +as i'm cooling it down it just couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +as i'm cooling it down it just couldn't +find the crystal lattice which is all + + align:start position:0% +find the crystal lattice which is all + + + align:start position:0% +find the crystal lattice which is all +the way down here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you can see from this that you know + + align:start position:0% +and you can see from this that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see from this that you know +imagine i take the extreme limit + + align:start position:0% +imagine i take the extreme limit + + + align:start position:0% +imagine i take the extreme limit +and i got my liquid of my silicate + + align:start position:0% +and i got my liquid of my silicate + + + align:start position:0% +and i got my liquid of my silicate +groups + + align:start position:0% +groups + + + align:start position:0% +groups +and right as i get below here i'm like + + align:start position:0% +and right as i get below here i'm like + + + align:start position:0% +and right as i get below here i'm like +you're all frozen + + align:start position:0% +you're all frozen + + + align:start position:0% +you're all frozen +i'd literally i'd make a glass right + + align:start position:0% +i'd literally i'd make a glass right + + + align:start position:0% +i'd literally i'd make a glass right +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +right up there right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i can make glasses that are different + + align:start position:0% +so i can make glasses that are different + + + align:start position:0% +so i can make glasses that are different +from each other + + align:start position:0% +from each other + + + align:start position:0% +from each other +and you can see that the volume + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that the volume + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that the volume +per mole is increasing as i go up and + + align:start position:0% +per mole is increasing as i go up and + + + align:start position:0% +per mole is increasing as i go up and +you can understand that + + align:start position:0% +you can understand that + + + align:start position:0% +you can understand that +because look i took a glass i didn't let + + align:start position:0% +because look i took a glass i didn't let + + + align:start position:0% +because look i took a glass i didn't let +i took a liquid here + + align:start position:0% +i took a liquid here + + + align:start position:0% +i took a liquid here +this is the liquid i didn't let any of + + align:start position:0% +this is the liquid i didn't let any of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the liquid i didn't let any of +it find crystal sites + + align:start position:0% +it find crystal sites + + + align:start position:0% +it find crystal sites +it's a liquid but i said ha you're + + align:start position:0% +it's a liquid but i said ha you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's a liquid but i said ha you're +frozen + + align:start position:0% +frozen + + + align:start position:0% +frozen +and it became frozen and stuck at a high + + align:start position:0% +and it became frozen and stuck at a high + + + align:start position:0% +and it became frozen and stuck at a high +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +per mole because it's totally random and + + align:start position:0% +per mole because it's totally random and + + + align:start position:0% +per mole because it's totally random and +amorphous + + align:start position:0% +amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous +it's coming right from all those all + + align:start position:0% +it's coming right from all those all + + + align:start position:0% +it's coming right from all those all +those random liquid degrees of + + align:start position:0% +those random liquid degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +those random liquid degrees of +freedom are just frozen in yeah but now + + align:start position:0% +freedom are just frozen in yeah but now + + + align:start position:0% +freedom are just frozen in yeah but now +i cool it + + align:start position:0% +i cool it + + + align:start position:0% +i cool it +i cool it slower maybe that's what + + align:start position:0% +i cool it slower maybe that's what + + + align:start position:0% +i cool it slower maybe that's what +happened here right + + align:start position:0% +happened here right + + + align:start position:0% +happened here right +and i give it more time and i give it + + align:start position:0% +and i give it more time and i give it + + + align:start position:0% +and i give it more time and i give it +more time to find + + align:start position:0% +more time to find + + + align:start position:0% +more time to find +some of those lattice sites and it finds + + align:start position:0% +some of those lattice sites and it finds + + + align:start position:0% +some of those lattice sites and it finds +some lattice lights but then + + align:start position:0% +some lattice lights but then + + + align:start position:0% +some lattice lights but then +it it it became a glass at this + + align:start position:0% +it it it became a glass at this + + + align:start position:0% +it it it became a glass at this +temperature the glass transition + + align:start position:0% +temperature the glass transition + + + align:start position:0% +temperature the glass transition +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +and everything else is frozen in + + align:start position:0% +and everything else is frozen in + + + align:start position:0% +and everything else is frozen in +right so so if i label this so let's + + align:start position:0% +right so so if i label this so let's + + + align:start position:0% +right so so if i label this so let's +label it the same as there + + align:start position:0% +label it the same as there + + + align:start position:0% +label it the same as there +if i label a as this one + + align:start position:0% +if i label a as this one + + + align:start position:0% +if i label a as this one +and b is this one and this is the + + align:start position:0% +and b is this one and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and b is this one and this is the +crystal + + align:start position:0% +crystal + + + align:start position:0% +crystal +nope that's the crystal would have to go + + align:start position:0% +nope that's the crystal would have to go + + + align:start position:0% +nope that's the crystal would have to go +all the way up to here + + align:start position:0% +all the way up to here + + + align:start position:0% +all the way up to here +there we go right + + align:start position:0% +there we go right + + + align:start position:0% +there we go right +so if that's if that's a that's glass + + align:start position:0% +so if that's if that's a that's glass + + + align:start position:0% +so if that's if that's a that's glass +and that's class b + + align:start position:0% +and that's class b + + + align:start position:0% +and that's class b +then which one did i cool faster + + align:start position:0% +then which one did i cool faster + + + align:start position:0% +then which one did i cool faster +well i had to cool this one slower if if + + align:start position:0% +well i had to cool this one slower if if + + + align:start position:0% +well i had to cool this one slower if if +all i changed between them is cooling + + align:start position:0% +all i changed between them is cooling + + + align:start position:0% +all i changed between them is cooling +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +then then this one is cooled faster + + align:start position:0% +then then this one is cooled faster + + + align:start position:0% +then then this one is cooled faster +cool so let me write it here a + + align:start position:0% +cool so let me write it here a + + + align:start position:0% +cool so let me write it here a +cooled slower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than b + + align:start position:0% +than b + + + align:start position:0% +than b +right because i get and that's that's + + align:start position:0% +right because i get and that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +right because i get and that's that's +this one here how fast did you stop the + + align:start position:0% +this one here how fast did you stop the + + + align:start position:0% +this one here how fast did you stop the +music + + align:start position:0% +music + + + align:start position:0% +music +right it's the cooling rate okay + + align:start position:0% +right it's the cooling rate okay + + + align:start position:0% +right it's the cooling rate okay +so this plot this volume versus + + align:start position:0% +so this plot this volume versus + + + align:start position:0% +so this plot this volume versus +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +really allows us to understand how + + align:start position:0% +really allows us to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +really allows us to understand how +glass forms or at least we can plot + + align:start position:0% +glass forms or at least we can plot + + + align:start position:0% +glass forms or at least we can plot +you know what what happened and then try + + align:start position:0% +you know what what happened and then try + + + align:start position:0% +you know what what happened and then try +to understand it + + align:start position:0% +to understand it + + + align:start position:0% +to understand it +and if it did get all the way to the + + align:start position:0% +and if it did get all the way to the + + + align:start position:0% +and if it did get all the way to the +crystal then maybe it means that + + align:start position:0% +crystal then maybe it means that + + + align:start position:0% +crystal then maybe it means that +it's not very viscous as a liquid it + + align:start position:0% +it's not very viscous as a liquid it + + + align:start position:0% +it's not very viscous as a liquid it +doesn't have a complex lattice site + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a complex lattice site + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a complex lattice site +and maybe it didn't even matter how + + align:start position:0% +and maybe it didn't even matter how + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe it didn't even matter how +quickly oh metals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's why it's hard to make glasses out + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's hard to make glasses out + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's hard to make glasses out +of metals + + align:start position:0% +of metals + + + align:start position:0% +of metals +because metals have an easy time finding + + align:start position:0% +because metals have an easy time finding + + + align:start position:0% +because metals have an easy time finding +their lattice sites metals + + align:start position:0% +their lattice sites metals + + + align:start position:0% +their lattice sites metals +as liquids typically aren't very viscous + + align:start position:0% +as liquids typically aren't very viscous + + + align:start position:0% +as liquids typically aren't very viscous +and so even if you cool it you know kind + + align:start position:0% +and so even if you cool it you know kind + + + align:start position:0% +and so even if you cool it you know kind +of faster + + align:start position:0% +of faster + + + align:start position:0% +of faster +it's got time the musical chairs of + + align:start position:0% +it's got time the musical chairs of + + + align:start position:0% +it's got time the musical chairs of +metals is easy + + align:start position:0% +metals is easy + + + align:start position:0% +metals is easy +it's an easy game that's why + + align:start position:0% +it's an easy game that's why + + + align:start position:0% +it's an easy game that's why +the silicates never play musical chairs + + align:start position:0% +the silicates never play musical chairs + + + align:start position:0% +the silicates never play musical chairs +with metals + + align:start position:0% +with metals + + + align:start position:0% +with metals +yeah but but i can still do it and the + + align:start position:0% +yeah but but i can still do it and the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but but i can still do it and the +way you make a glass out of a metal the + + align:start position:0% +way you make a glass out of a metal the + + + align:start position:0% +way you make a glass out of a metal the +way you make a metallic glass which is a + + align:start position:0% +way you make a metallic glass which is a + + + align:start position:0% +way you make a metallic glass which is a +really cool material + + align:start position:0% +really cool material + + + align:start position:0% +really cool material +is you you freeze it really quickly + + align:start position:0% +is you you freeze it really quickly + + + align:start position:0% +is you you freeze it really quickly +you lower the temperature as quickly as + + align:start position:0% +you lower the temperature as quickly as + + + align:start position:0% +you lower the temperature as quickly as +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +really really fast and you freeze in the + + align:start position:0% +really really fast and you freeze in the + + + align:start position:0% +really really fast and you freeze in the +disorder and you make a metallic glass + + align:start position:0% +disorder and you make a metallic glass + + + align:start position:0% +disorder and you make a metallic glass +okay and so those are the two curves i + + align:start position:0% +okay and so those are the two curves i + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so those are the two curves i +just talked about there + + align:start position:0% +just talked about there + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about there +that's the glass curve this would be the + + align:start position:0% +that's the glass curve this would be the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the glass curve this would be the +crystal curve + + align:start position:0% +crystal curve + + + align:start position:0% +crystal curve +okay two different cooling rates + + align:start position:0% +okay two different cooling rates + + + align:start position:0% +okay two different cooling rates +on here okay now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's a picture of float glass this is + + align:start position:0% +here's a picture of float glass this is + + + align:start position:0% +here's a picture of float glass this is +the kind of glass you know + + align:start position:0% +the kind of glass you know + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of glass you know +we're going to move from understanding + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move from understanding + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move from understanding +what glass + + align:start position:0% +what glass + + + align:start position:0% +what glass +is an understanding in terms of you know + + align:start position:0% +is an understanding in terms of you know + + + align:start position:0% +is an understanding in terms of you know +this temperature versus volume plot + + align:start position:0% +this temperature versus volume plot + + + align:start position:0% +this temperature versus volume plot +and amorphous solids and and we're going + + align:start position:0% +and amorphous solids and and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and amorphous solids and and we're going +to move towards understanding how to + + align:start position:0% +to move towards understanding how to + + + align:start position:0% +to move towards understanding how to +modify it how to control + + align:start position:0% +modify it how to control + + + align:start position:0% +modify it how to control +it because we do a lot of that here's an + + align:start position:0% +it because we do a lot of that here's an + + + align:start position:0% +it because we do a lot of that here's an +example of a factor + + align:start position:0% +example of a factor + + + align:start position:0% +example of a factor +i like this this is float glass so this + + align:start position:0% +i like this this is float glass so this + + + align:start position:0% +i like this this is float glass so this +is like when you buy you know your + + align:start position:0% +is like when you buy you know your + + + align:start position:0% +is like when you buy you know your +windows + + align:start position:0% +windows + + + align:start position:0% +windows +or you know a lot of a lot of times when + + align:start position:0% +or you know a lot of a lot of times when + + + align:start position:0% +or you know a lot of a lot of times when +you need a very clear + + align:start position:0% +you need a very clear + + + align:start position:0% +you need a very clear +beautiful piece of glass you go up to + + align:start position:0% +beautiful piece of glass you go up to + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful piece of glass you go up to +very high temperatures + + align:start position:0% +very high temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +very high temperatures +right so you're taking those silicates + + align:start position:0% +right so you're taking those silicates + + + align:start position:0% +right so you're taking those silicates +you make them into a liquid here he is + + align:start position:0% +you make them into a liquid here he is + + + align:start position:0% +you make them into a liquid here he is +measuring the temperature i don't know + + align:start position:0% +measuring the temperature i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the temperature i don't know +what he's doing actually + + align:start position:0% +what he's doing actually + + + align:start position:0% +what he's doing actually +whatever oh and uh this isn't showing up + + align:start position:0% +whatever oh and uh this isn't showing up + + + align:start position:0% +whatever oh and uh this isn't showing up +very well + + align:start position:0% +very well + + + align:start position:0% +very well +and there's no volume so double okay + + align:start position:0% +and there's no volume so double okay + + + align:start position:0% +and there's no volume so double okay +there it is right so there's the liquid + + align:start position:0% +there it is right so there's the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +there it is right so there's the liquid +glass + + align:start position:0% +glass + + + align:start position:0% +glass +why is it called float class the process + + align:start position:0% +why is it called float class the process + + + align:start position:0% +why is it called float class the process +is monitored continuously by technicians + + align:start position:0% +is monitored continuously by technicians + + + align:start position:0% +is monitored continuously by technicians +to ensure quality + + align:start position:0% +to ensure quality + + + align:start position:0% +to ensure quality +but because it floats on top + + align:start position:0% +but because it floats on top + + + align:start position:0% +but because it floats on top +of another liquid layer that's how you + + align:start position:0% +of another liquid layer that's how you + + + align:start position:0% +of another liquid layer that's how you +get the glass + + align:start position:0% +get the glass + + + align:start position:0% +get the glass +to control the stress on the glass and + + align:start position:0% +to control the stress on the glass and + + + align:start position:0% +to control the stress on the glass and +ensure uniformity and there it is coming + + align:start position:0% +ensure uniformity and there it is coming + + + align:start position:0% +ensure uniformity and there it is coming +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +there's a nice wide piece of glass + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice wide piece of glass + + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice wide piece of glass +coming out and what he says + + align:start position:0% +coming out and what he says + + + align:start position:0% +coming out and what he says +at the end of this there it is coming + + align:start position:0% +at the end of this there it is coming + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of this there it is coming +out they do they can do kilometers and + + align:start position:0% +out they do they can do kilometers and + + + align:start position:0% +out they do they can do kilometers and +kilometers per day + + align:start position:0% +kilometers per day + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers per day +of this float glass you float it over + + align:start position:0% +of this float glass you float it over + + + align:start position:0% +of this float glass you float it over +molten tin + + align:start position:0% +molten tin + + + align:start position:0% +molten tin +the tin acts like this really nice + + align:start position:0% +the tin acts like this really nice + + + align:start position:0% +the tin acts like this really nice +smooth + + align:start position:0% +smooth + + + align:start position:0% +smooth +surface that you put the glass on on top + + align:start position:0% +surface that you put the glass on on top + + + align:start position:0% +surface that you put the glass on on top +of so one liquid on top of another + + align:start position:0% +of so one liquid on top of another + + + align:start position:0% +of so one liquid on top of another +makes a very nice smooth interface and + + align:start position:0% +makes a very nice smooth interface and + + + align:start position:0% +makes a very nice smooth interface and +what he talks about which is what i + + align:start position:0% +what he talks about which is what i + + + align:start position:0% +what he talks about which is what i +wanted to capture is how important + + align:start position:0% +wanted to capture is how important + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to capture is how important +that cooling is so the line has to go + + align:start position:0% +that cooling is so the line has to go + + + align:start position:0% +that cooling is so the line has to go +in a very particular way after it comes + + align:start position:0% +in a very particular way after it comes + + + align:start position:0% +in a very particular way after it comes +out as you cool it + + align:start position:0% +out as you cool it + + + align:start position:0% +out as you cool it +and because it's all about the cooling + + align:start position:0% +and because it's all about the cooling + + + align:start position:0% +and because it's all about the cooling +right as you come all the way back down + + align:start position:0% +right as you come all the way back down + + + align:start position:0% +right as you come all the way back down +to here room temperature right or as i + + align:start position:0% +to here room temperature right or as i + + + align:start position:0% +to here room temperature right or as i +as i maybe as i went through this + + align:start position:0% +as i maybe as i went through this + + + align:start position:0% +as i maybe as i went through this +transition + + align:start position:0% +transition + + + align:start position:0% +transition +what's happening inside am i creating a + + align:start position:0% +what's happening inside am i creating a + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening inside am i creating a +lot of stress + + align:start position:0% +lot of stress + + + align:start position:0% +lot of stress +we just learned about stress am i + + align:start position:0% +we just learned about stress am i + + + align:start position:0% +we just learned about stress am i +creating a lot of stress right or is it + + align:start position:0% +creating a lot of stress right or is it + + + align:start position:0% +creating a lot of stress right or is it +is it going to cool in a nice way + + align:start position:0% +is it going to cool in a nice way + + + align:start position:0% +is it going to cool in a nice way +are there going to be cracks that form + + align:start position:0% +are there going to be cracks that form + + + align:start position:0% +are there going to be cracks that form +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +is one of the most important processing + + align:start position:0% +is one of the most important processing + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the most important processing +parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters +what we'll learn next week is that is + + align:start position:0% +what we'll learn next week is that is + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll learn next week is that is +that chemistry is also a really + + align:start position:0% +that chemistry is also a really + + + align:start position:0% +that chemistry is also a really +important processing power + + align:start position:0% +important processing power + + + align:start position:0% +important processing power +and that's why you have such good phone + + align:start position:0% +and that's why you have such good phone + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why you have such good phone +screens actually + + align:start position:0% +screens actually + + + align:start position:0% +screens actually +you don't really because they always + + align:start position:0% +you don't really because they always + + + align:start position:0% +you don't really because they always +break but they would break even more if + + align:start position:0% +break but they would break even more if + + + align:start position:0% +break but they would break even more if +it weren't for chemistry + + align:start position:0% +it weren't for chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +it weren't for chemistry +okay but but certainly cooling speed is + + align:start position:0% +okay but but certainly cooling speed is + + + align:start position:0% +okay but but certainly cooling speed is +a really important one so so let's go to + + align:start position:0% +a really important one so so let's go to + + + align:start position:0% +a really important one so so let's go to +the camera so + + align:start position:0% +the camera so + + + align:start position:0% +the camera so +okay now how okay if you look at glass + + align:start position:0% +okay now how okay if you look at glass + + + align:start position:0% +okay now how okay if you look at glass +everybody said that it's it's got order + + align:start position:0% +everybody said that it's it's got order + + + align:start position:0% +everybody said that it's it's got order +or no order crystalline + + align:start position:0% +or no order crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +or no order crystalline +amorphous crystalline amorphous how do + + align:start position:0% +amorphous crystalline amorphous how do + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous crystalline amorphous how do +you tell which one you have + + align:start position:0% +you tell which one you have + + + align:start position:0% +you tell which one you have +who can tell me you + + align:start position:0% +who can tell me you + + + align:start position:0% +who can tell me you +just learned about it + + align:start position:0% +just learned about it + + + align:start position:0% +just learned about it +what do you do to see if something is a + + align:start position:0% +what do you do to see if something is a + + + align:start position:0% +what do you do to see if something is a +crystal and which crystal it is + + align:start position:0% +crystal and which crystal it is + + + align:start position:0% +crystal and which crystal it is +you shine x-rays on it you go to your + + align:start position:0% +you shine x-rays on it you go to your + + + align:start position:0% +you shine x-rays on it you go to your +x-ray source and you just shine it on + + align:start position:0% +x-ray source and you just shine it on + + + align:start position:0% +x-ray source and you just shine it on +and you + + align:start position:0% +and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you +measure where it bounces off but see now + + align:start position:0% +measure where it bounces off but see now + + + align:start position:0% +measure where it bounces off but see now +so if you did that so if you look in the + + align:start position:0% +so if you did that so if you look in the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you did that so if you look in the +circle they look the same + + align:start position:0% +circle they look the same + + + align:start position:0% +circle they look the same +they look the same that's crystalline + + align:start position:0% +they look the same that's crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +they look the same that's crystalline +that's quartz + + align:start position:0% +that's quartz + + + align:start position:0% +that's quartz +this is glass quartz glass crystalline + + align:start position:0% +this is glass quartz glass crystalline + + + align:start position:0% +this is glass quartz glass crystalline +amorphous + + align:start position:0% +amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous +right but if you go to the long range + + align:start position:0% +right but if you go to the long range + + + align:start position:0% +right but if you go to the long range +order there isn't any so if i shine + + align:start position:0% +order there isn't any so if i shine + + + align:start position:0% +order there isn't any so if i shine +x-rays + + align:start position:0% +x-rays + + + align:start position:0% +x-rays +these are two different types of solids + + align:start position:0% +these are two different types of solids + + + align:start position:0% +these are two different types of solids +think about it like bccfcc but they're + + align:start position:0% +think about it like bccfcc but they're + + + align:start position:0% +think about it like bccfcc but they're +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +they're more complicated of of uh of + + align:start position:0% +they're more complicated of of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +they're more complicated of of uh of +quartz + + align:start position:0% +quartz + + + align:start position:0% +quartz +and or of silicates this is what glass + + align:start position:0% +and or of silicates this is what glass + + + align:start position:0% +and or of silicates this is what glass +would look like + + align:start position:0% +would look like + + + align:start position:0% +would look like +look at that yeah but so there's still + + align:start position:0% +look at that yeah but so there's still + + + align:start position:0% +look at that yeah but so there's still +like a little bit of a peak there but + + align:start position:0% +like a little bit of a peak there but + + + align:start position:0% +like a little bit of a peak there but +not really right + + align:start position:0% +not really right + + + align:start position:0% +not really right +this is from the short range order but + + align:start position:0% +this is from the short range order but + + + align:start position:0% +this is from the short range order but +here's the most + + align:start position:0% +here's the most + + + align:start position:0% +here's the most +here's the important part which is why + + align:start position:0% +here's the important part which is why + + + align:start position:0% +here's the important part which is why +you can still + + align:start position:0% +you can still + + + align:start position:0% +you can still +even though it's not that everything is + + align:start position:0% +even though it's not that everything is + + + align:start position:0% +even though it's not that everything is +where you think it is + + align:start position:0% +where you think it is + + + align:start position:0% +where you think it is +right because in a crystal you know + + align:start position:0% +right because in a crystal you know + + + align:start position:0% +right because in a crystal you know +everything's bcc + + align:start position:0% +everything's bcc + + + align:start position:0% +everything's bcc +or fcc every lattice is the same you + + align:start position:0% +or fcc every lattice is the same you + + + align:start position:0% +or fcc every lattice is the same you +know you can count on it for 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +know you can count on it for 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +know you can count on it for 10 to the +20 second + + align:start position:0% +20 second + + + align:start position:0% +20 second +repetitions here you can't you can still + + align:start position:0% +repetitions here you can't you can still + + + align:start position:0% +repetitions here you can't you can still +control the properties + + align:start position:0% +control the properties + + + align:start position:0% +control the properties +you can still control the properties so + + align:start position:0% +you can still control the properties so + + + align:start position:0% +you can still control the properties so +the properties can be highly engineered + + align:start position:0% +the properties can be highly engineered + + + align:start position:0% +the properties can be highly engineered +and here's an example so um + + align:start position:0% +and here's an example so um + + + align:start position:0% +and here's an example so um +this is these are different types of + + align:start position:0% +this is these are different types of + + + align:start position:0% +this is these are different types of +glass this is a glass cup + + align:start position:0% +glass this is a glass cup + + + align:start position:0% +glass this is a glass cup +and this is a glass bottle and and you + + align:start position:0% +and this is a glass bottle and and you + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a glass bottle and and you +might think it's just glass + + align:start position:0% +might think it's just glass + + + align:start position:0% +might think it's just glass +no it's not just glass it's + + align:start position:0% +no it's not just glass it's + + + align:start position:0% +no it's not just glass it's +very complicated mixtures of silica + + align:start position:0% +very complicated mixtures of silica + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated mixtures of silica +with other things notice it's got soda + + align:start position:0% +with other things notice it's got soda + + + align:start position:0% +with other things notice it's got soda +this is like i said this is not soda but + + align:start position:0% +this is like i said this is not soda but + + + align:start position:0% +this is like i said this is not soda but +it comes from soda so it's called soda + + align:start position:0% +it comes from soda so it's called soda + + + align:start position:0% +it comes from soda so it's called soda +sodium oxide + + align:start position:0% +sodium oxide + + + align:start position:0% +sodium oxide +na2o lime cao + + align:start position:0% +na2o lime cao + + + align:start position:0% +na2o lime cao +magnesia alumina + + align:start position:0% +magnesia alumina + + + align:start position:0% +magnesia alumina +all the glass you know unless you pay a + + align:start position:0% +all the glass you know unless you pay a + + + align:start position:0% +all the glass you know unless you pay a +whole lot of money for something made of + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of money for something made of + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of money for something made of +quartz + + align:start position:0% +quartz + + + align:start position:0% +quartz +almost all the glass you buy has this + + align:start position:0% +almost all the glass you buy has this + + + align:start position:0% +almost all the glass you buy has this +kind of stuff in it + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff in it + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff in it +in fact 90 of all glass is is called + + align:start position:0% +in fact 90 of all glass is is called + + + align:start position:0% +in fact 90 of all glass is is called +soda glass + + align:start position:0% +soda glass + + + align:start position:0% +soda glass +because it's got that's this one here + + align:start position:0% +because it's got that's this one here + + + align:start position:0% +because it's got that's this one here +that's this cup because it's got + + align:start position:0% +that's this cup because it's got + + + align:start position:0% +that's this cup because it's got +sodium oxide in it and the question is + + align:start position:0% +sodium oxide in it and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +sodium oxide in it and the question is +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +why do we put these things in glass why + + align:start position:0% +why do we put these things in glass why + + + align:start position:0% +why do we put these things in glass why +did we used to put lead in glass + + align:start position:0% +did we used to put lead in glass + + + align:start position:0% +did we used to put lead in glass +in fact the history is is uh is pretty + + align:start position:0% +in fact the history is is uh is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the history is is uh is pretty +good goes back thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +good goes back thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +good goes back thousands of years +and i found this if you go to ancient + + align:start position:0% +and i found this if you go to ancient + + + align:start position:0% +and i found this if you go to ancient +rome they made glass + + align:start position:0% +rome they made glass + + + align:start position:0% +rome they made glass +and and you can look at what they made + + align:start position:0% +and and you can look at what they made + + + align:start position:0% +and and you can look at what they made +glass out of they had a little bit less + + align:start position:0% +glass out of they had a little bit less + + + align:start position:0% +glass out of they had a little bit less +silica + + align:start position:0% +silica + + + align:start position:0% +silica +but they mixed all sorts of things in + + align:start position:0% +but they mixed all sorts of things in + + + align:start position:0% +but they mixed all sorts of things in +they did not have + + align:start position:0% +they did not have + + + align:start position:0% +they did not have +uh 3091 back then so they didn't really + + align:start position:0% +uh 3091 back then so they didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +uh 3091 back then so they didn't really +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +why this was doing something useful but + + align:start position:0% +why this was doing something useful but + + + align:start position:0% +why this was doing something useful but +it was + + align:start position:0% +it was + + + align:start position:0% +it was +right now we mix all these oxides + + align:start position:0% +right now we mix all these oxides + + + align:start position:0% +right now we mix all these oxides +remember i wrote some of them up here + + align:start position:0% +remember i wrote some of them up here + + + align:start position:0% +remember i wrote some of them up here +lime soda we mix those in and we mix all + + align:start position:0% +lime soda we mix those in and we mix all + + + align:start position:0% +lime soda we mix those in and we mix all +sorts of other things in + + align:start position:0% +sorts of other things in + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of other things in +but now we know why and and the reason + + align:start position:0% +but now we know why and and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +but now we know why and and the reason +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +is all about the chemistry and it all + + align:start position:0% +is all about the chemistry and it all + + + align:start position:0% +is all about the chemistry and it all +goes back + + align:start position:0% +goes back + + + align:start position:0% +goes back +to this picture right here it all goes + + align:start position:0% +to this picture right here it all goes + + + align:start position:0% +to this picture right here it all goes +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +to exactly this lewis structure that i + + align:start position:0% +to exactly this lewis structure that i + + + align:start position:0% +to exactly this lewis structure that i +started with which is not on the + + align:start position:0% +started with which is not on the + + + align:start position:0% +started with which is not on the +ah stop it no + + align:start position:0% +ah stop it no + + + align:start position:0% +ah stop it no +it's not here maybe it's here + + align:start position:0% +it's not here maybe it's here + + + align:start position:0% +it's not here maybe it's here +yes that made me happy + + align:start position:0% +yes that made me happy + + + align:start position:0% +yes that made me happy +this all goes back to the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +this all goes back to the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +this all goes back to the chemistry +if i deliver if i deliver + + align:start position:0% +if i deliver if i deliver + + + align:start position:0% +if i deliver if i deliver +into this system + + align:start position:0% +into this system + + + align:start position:0% +into this system +something that gives me charged oxygens + + align:start position:0% +something that gives me charged oxygens + + + align:start position:0% +something that gives me charged oxygens +something that provides a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +something that provides a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +something that provides a little bit of +o minus or + + align:start position:0% +o minus or + + + align:start position:0% +o minus or +two minus then i could cut this bond + + align:start position:0% +two minus then i could cut this bond + + + align:start position:0% +two minus then i could cut this bond +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +i can cut this all the way back to the + + align:start position:0% +i can cut this all the way back to the + + + align:start position:0% +i can cut this all the way back to the +original silicate + + align:start position:0% +original silicate + + + align:start position:0% +original silicate +sort of i could if i had an oxygen with + + align:start position:0% +sort of i could if i had an oxygen with + + + align:start position:0% +sort of i could if i had an oxygen with +charge on it + + align:start position:0% +charge on it + + + align:start position:0% +charge on it +i could go from here back to where i + + align:start position:0% +i could go from here back to where i + + + align:start position:0% +i could go from here back to where i +started + + align:start position:0% +started + + + align:start position:0% +started +right there at least for that bond right + + align:start position:0% +right there at least for that bond right + + + align:start position:0% +right there at least for that bond right +and so what every single one of these + + align:start position:0% +and so what every single one of these + + + align:start position:0% +and so what every single one of these +things has in common + + align:start position:0% +things has in common + + + align:start position:0% +things has in common +is that it can provide into the system + + align:start position:0% +is that it can provide into the system + + + align:start position:0% +is that it can provide into the system +a charged oxygen a charged oxygen atom + + align:start position:0% +a charged oxygen a charged oxygen atom + + + align:start position:0% +a charged oxygen a charged oxygen atom +if this dissociates + + align:start position:0% +if this dissociates + + + align:start position:0% +if this dissociates +it gives me ca2 plus and o2 minus if + + align:start position:0% +it gives me ca2 plus and o2 minus if + + + align:start position:0% +it gives me ca2 plus and o2 minus if +this dissociates it gives me two na + + align:start position:0% +this dissociates it gives me two na + + + align:start position:0% +this dissociates it gives me two na +pluses and an o2 minus + + align:start position:0% +pluses and an o2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +pluses and an o2 minus +oh a pattern is forming here o two minus + + align:start position:0% +oh a pattern is forming here o two minus + + + align:start position:0% +oh a pattern is forming here o two minus +o two minus o two minus + + align:start position:0% +o two minus o two minus + + + align:start position:0% +o two minus o two minus +all the way down so these modifiers + + align:start position:0% +all the way down so these modifiers + + + align:start position:0% +all the way down so these modifiers +these things + + align:start position:0% +these things + + + align:start position:0% +these things +that we use to engineer glass they give + + align:start position:0% +that we use to engineer glass they give + + + align:start position:0% +that we use to engineer glass they give +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +the o2 minus and and and that + + align:start position:0% +the o2 minus and and and that + + + align:start position:0% +the o2 minus and and and that +is the the the knife that i use to cut + + align:start position:0% +is the the the knife that i use to cut + + + align:start position:0% +is the the the knife that i use to cut +this this glass apart and and modify its + + align:start position:0% +this this glass apart and and modify its + + + align:start position:0% +this this glass apart and and modify its +properties + + align:start position:0% +properties + + + align:start position:0% +properties +and it's where we're going to pick up on + + align:start position:0% +and it's where we're going to pick up on + + + align:start position:0% +and it's where we're going to pick up on +wednesday but because it's a friday i + + align:start position:0% +wednesday but because it's a friday i + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday but because it's a friday i +want to throw t-shirts out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we'll do more next week have a really + + align:start position:0% +we'll do more next week have a really + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do more next week have a really +good holiday weekend + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AcNtVgOp0bI.txt b/AcNtVgOp0bI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe731059866acff93b1d17bc498441a5deb3be21 --- /dev/null +++ b/AcNtVgOp0bI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2144 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +many laboratory procedures especially + + align:start position:0% +many laboratory procedures especially + + + align:start position:0% +many laboratory procedures especially +biological and biochemical ones require + + align:start position:0% +biological and biochemical ones require + + + align:start position:0% +biological and biochemical ones require +the precise transfer of small quantities + + align:start position:0% +the precise transfer of small quantities + + + align:start position:0% +the precise transfer of small quantities +of liquids glass pipettes which are + + align:start position:0% +of liquids glass pipettes which are + + + align:start position:0% +of liquids glass pipettes which are +commonly used in chemistry labs are + + align:start position:0% +commonly used in chemistry labs are + + + align:start position:0% +commonly used in chemistry labs are +simply not accurate when working with + + align:start position:0% +simply not accurate when working with + + + align:start position:0% +simply not accurate when working with +volumes that are less than one + + align:start position:0% +volumes that are less than one + + + align:start position:0% +volumes that are less than one +milliliter the best method of + + align:start position:0% +milliliter the best method of + + + align:start position:0% +milliliter the best method of +transferring small volumes of liquids + + align:start position:0% +transferring small volumes of liquids + + + align:start position:0% +transferring small volumes of liquids +involves the use of an automatic pipette + + align:start position:0% +involves the use of an automatic pipette + + + align:start position:0% +involves the use of an automatic pipette +an automatic pipette consists of a + + align:start position:0% +an automatic pipette consists of a + + + align:start position:0% +an automatic pipette consists of a +piston that displaces air to create a + + align:start position:0% +piston that displaces air to create a + + + align:start position:0% +piston that displaces air to create a +vacuum when it's plunger is pressed the + + align:start position:0% +vacuum when it's plunger is pressed the + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum when it's plunger is pressed the +tip of the automatic pipette is then + + align:start position:0% +tip of the automatic pipette is then + + + align:start position:0% +tip of the automatic pipette is then +placed into the sample vial and the + + align:start position:0% +placed into the sample vial and the + + + align:start position:0% +placed into the sample vial and the +plunger is slowly released this action + + align:start position:0% +plunger is slowly released this action + + + align:start position:0% +plunger is slowly released this action +draws liquid into the tip finally this + + align:start position:0% +draws liquid into the tip finally this + + + align:start position:0% +draws liquid into the tip finally this +liquid is expelled into the desired + + align:start position:0% +liquid is expelled into the desired + + + align:start position:0% +liquid is expelled into the desired +container by slowly depressing the + + align:start position:0% +container by slowly depressing the + + + align:start position:0% +container by slowly depressing the +plunger a second time as shown a variety + + align:start position:0% +plunger a second time as shown a variety + + + align:start position:0% +plunger a second time as shown a variety +of automatic pipettes exist this video + + align:start position:0% +of automatic pipettes exist this video + + + align:start position:0% +of automatic pipettes exist this video +will demonstrate automatic pipetting + + align:start position:0% +will demonstrate automatic pipetting + + + align:start position:0% +will demonstrate automatic pipetting +technique using the pipette men using + + align:start position:0% +technique using the pipette men using + + + align:start position:0% +technique using the pipette men using +good technique will ensure accuracy + + align:start position:0% +good technique will ensure accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +good technique will ensure accuracy +which is defined as the closeness of the + + align:start position:0% +which is defined as the closeness of the + + + align:start position:0% +which is defined as the closeness of the +dispensed volume to the set volume and + + align:start position:0% +dispensed volume to the set volume and + + + align:start position:0% +dispensed volume to the set volume and +precision which is defined as the + + align:start position:0% +precision which is defined as the + + + align:start position:0% +precision which is defined as the +reproducibility of individual + + align:start position:0% +reproducibility of individual + + + align:start position:0% +reproducibility of individual +measurements between your samples a + + align:start position:0% +measurements between your samples a + + + align:start position:0% +measurements between your samples a +pipette 'men consists of a plunger + + align:start position:0% +pipette 'men consists of a plunger + + + align:start position:0% +pipette 'men consists of a plunger +button a tip ejector button a volume + + align:start position:0% +button a tip ejector button a volume + + + align:start position:0% +button a tip ejector button a volume +adjustment knob a volume indicator and + + align:start position:0% +adjustment knob a volume indicator and + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment knob a volume indicator and +the plastic shaft pipette men are + + align:start position:0% +the plastic shaft pipette men are + + + align:start position:0% +the plastic shaft pipette men are +available in six different sizes five of + + align:start position:0% +available in six different sizes five of + + + align:start position:0% +available in six different sizes five of +them are depicted here the number on the + + align:start position:0% +them are depicted here the number on the + + + align:start position:0% +them are depicted here the number on the +plunger button indicates the maximum + + align:start position:0% +plunger button indicates the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +plunger button indicates the maximum +volume in microliters that each pipette + + align:start position:0% +volume in microliters that each pipette + + + align:start position:0% +volume in microliters that each pipette +Minh is capable of transferring for + + align:start position:0% +Minh is capable of transferring for + + + align:start position:0% +Minh is capable of transferring for +example the p20 has a possible volume + + align:start position:0% +example the p20 has a possible volume + + + align:start position:0% +example the p20 has a possible volume +range of 0 to 20 microliters + + align:start position:0% +range of 0 to 20 microliters + + + align:start position:0% +range of 0 to 20 microliters +however transferring volumes at the low + + align:start position:0% +however transferring volumes at the low + + + align:start position:0% +however transferring volumes at the low +end of the range is not recommended + + align:start position:0% +end of the range is not recommended + + + align:start position:0% +end of the range is not recommended +because the standard deviation is too + + align:start position:0% +because the standard deviation is too + + + align:start position:0% +because the standard deviation is too +high to ensure precision thus the + + align:start position:0% +high to ensure precision thus the + + + align:start position:0% +high to ensure precision thus the +minimum amount of liquid that can be + + align:start position:0% +minimum amount of liquid that can be + + + align:start position:0% +minimum amount of liquid that can be +transferred in microliters is 0.14 the + + align:start position:0% +transferred in microliters is 0.14 the + + + align:start position:0% +transferred in microliters is 0.14 the +p2 0.5 for the p10 2 for the p20 10 for + + align:start position:0% +p2 0.5 for the p10 2 for the p20 10 for + + + align:start position:0% +p2 0.5 for the p10 2 for the p20 10 for +the P 150 for the P 200 and 100 + + align:start position:0% +the P 150 for the P 200 and 100 + + + align:start position:0% +the P 150 for the P 200 and 100 +microliters for the p1000 now that we've + + align:start position:0% +microliters for the p1000 now that we've + + + align:start position:0% +microliters for the p1000 now that we've +covered what an automatic pipette is and + + align:start position:0% +covered what an automatic pipette is and + + + align:start position:0% +covered what an automatic pipette is and +how it works we'll take a detailed look + + align:start position:0% +how it works we'll take a detailed look + + + align:start position:0% +how it works we'll take a detailed look +into how the pipette 'men is used in the + + align:start position:0% +into how the pipette 'men is used in the + + + align:start position:0% +into how the pipette 'men is used in the +laboratory let's say for example your + + align:start position:0% +laboratory let's say for example your + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory let's say for example your +procedure requires you to transfer 150 + + align:start position:0% +procedure requires you to transfer 150 + + + align:start position:0% +procedure requires you to transfer 150 +3.5 microliters of sample the first step + + align:start position:0% +3.5 microliters of sample the first step + + + align:start position:0% +3.5 microliters of sample the first step +involves the selection of the pipette + + align:start position:0% +involves the selection of the pipette + + + align:start position:0% +involves the selection of the pipette +Minh with an appropriate volume range in + + align:start position:0% +Minh with an appropriate volume range in + + + align:start position:0% +Minh with an appropriate volume range in +this example a couple of choices exist + + align:start position:0% +this example a couple of choices exist + + + align:start position:0% +this example a couple of choices exist +the pea 200 has a recommended volume + + align:start position:0% +the pea 200 has a recommended volume + + + align:start position:0% +the pea 200 has a recommended volume +range of 50 to 200 microliters while the + + align:start position:0% +range of 50 to 200 microliters while the + + + align:start position:0% +range of 50 to 200 microliters while the +p1000 has a recommended range of 100 to + + align:start position:0% +p1000 has a recommended range of 100 to + + + align:start position:0% +p1000 has a recommended range of 100 to +1000 microliters remember the lower end + + align:start position:0% +1000 microliters remember the lower end + + + align:start position:0% +1000 microliters remember the lower end +of a volume range always has a higher + + align:start position:0% +of a volume range always has a higher + + + align:start position:0% +of a volume range always has a higher +standard deviation therefore the pea 200 + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation therefore the pea 200 + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation therefore the pea 200 +is the better choice the second step is + + align:start position:0% +is the better choice the second step is + + + align:start position:0% +is the better choice the second step is +the selection of the proper disposable + + align:start position:0% +the selection of the proper disposable + + + align:start position:0% +the selection of the proper disposable +plastic tip 3 tip sizes exist the large + + align:start position:0% +plastic tip 3 tip sizes exist the large + + + align:start position:0% +plastic tip 3 tip sizes exist the large +blue tips which fit the p1000 the medium + + align:start position:0% +blue tips which fit the p1000 the medium + + + align:start position:0% +blue tips which fit the p1000 the medium +yellow tips which fit the pea 200 P 100 + + align:start position:0% +yellow tips which fit the pea 200 P 100 + + + align:start position:0% +yellow tips which fit the pea 200 P 100 +and peat wente and the small white tips + + align:start position:0% +and peat wente and the small white tips + + + align:start position:0% +and peat wente and the small white tips +which fit the P 10 and P 2 because we're + + align:start position:0% +which fit the P 10 and P 2 because we're + + + align:start position:0% +which fit the P 10 and P 2 because we're +using the P 200 we're going to need the + + align:start position:0% +using the P 200 we're going to need the + + + align:start position:0% +using the P 200 we're going to need the +yellow tips using the proper tip is + + align:start position:0% +yellow tips using the proper tip is + + + align:start position:0% +yellow tips using the proper tip is +essential for preventing leaks and + + align:start position:0% +essential for preventing leaks and + + + align:start position:0% +essential for preventing leaks and +promoting accurate delivery of liquids + + align:start position:0% +promoting accurate delivery of liquids + + + align:start position:0% +promoting accurate delivery of liquids +after selecting the correct pipette min + + align:start position:0% +after selecting the correct pipette min + + + align:start position:0% +after selecting the correct pipette min +and tip set the desired transfer volume + + align:start position:0% +and tip set the desired transfer volume + + + align:start position:0% +and tip set the desired transfer volume +for the smaller pipette Minh P - 2 P 200 + + align:start position:0% +for the smaller pipette Minh P - 2 P 200 + + + align:start position:0% +for the smaller pipette Minh P - 2 P 200 +the volume set on the indicator + + align:start position:0% +the volume set on the indicator + + + align:start position:0% +the volume set on the indicator +translates exactly into the volume that + + align:start position:0% +translates exactly into the volume that + + + align:start position:0% +translates exactly into the volume that +will be delivered this p 200 is set to + + align:start position:0% +will be delivered this p 200 is set to + + + align:start position:0% +will be delivered this p 200 is set to +deliver our volume of 125 point 9 + + align:start position:0% +deliver our volume of 125 point 9 + + + align:start position:0% +deliver our volume of 125 point 9 +microliters for the p1000 the volume set + + align:start position:0% +microliters for the p1000 the volume set + + + align:start position:0% +microliters for the p1000 the volume set +on the indicator must be multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +on the indicator must be multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +on the indicator must be multiplied by +10 to determine the actual volume that + + align:start position:0% +10 to determine the actual volume that + + + align:start position:0% +10 to determine the actual volume that +will be transferred this P 1000 is set + + align:start position:0% +will be transferred this P 1000 is set + + + align:start position:0% +will be transferred this P 1000 is set +to deliver a volume of 1 + + align:start position:0% +to deliver a volume of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to deliver a volume of 1 +thousand two hundred fifty nine + + align:start position:0% +thousand two hundred fifty nine + + + align:start position:0% +thousand two hundred fifty nine +microliters to correctly adjust the + + align:start position:0% +microliters to correctly adjust the + + + align:start position:0% +microliters to correctly adjust the +volume setting turn the volume + + align:start position:0% +volume setting turn the volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume setting turn the volume +adjustment knob to one-third of a + + align:start position:0% +adjustment knob to one-third of a + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment knob to one-third of a +revolution past the desired volume then + + align:start position:0% +revolution past the desired volume then + + + align:start position:0% +revolution past the desired volume then +slowly move the dial back down to the + + align:start position:0% +slowly move the dial back down to the + + + align:start position:0% +slowly move the dial back down to the +desired setting always approach the + + align:start position:0% +desired setting always approach the + + + align:start position:0% +desired setting always approach the +desired volume by dialing downwards to + + align:start position:0% +desired volume by dialing downwards to + + + align:start position:0% +desired volume by dialing downwards to +prevent mechanical backlash and to + + align:start position:0% +prevent mechanical backlash and to + + + align:start position:0% +prevent mechanical backlash and to +ensure precise volume transfer when + + align:start position:0% +ensure precise volume transfer when + + + align:start position:0% +ensure precise volume transfer when +adjusting the volume of a pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the volume of a pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the volume of a pipette Minh +take care not to rotate the dial past + + align:start position:0% +take care not to rotate the dial past + + + align:start position:0% +take care not to rotate the dial past +the maximum you cannot transfer volumes + + align:start position:0% +the maximum you cannot transfer volumes + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum you cannot transfer volumes +above the range of the pipette Minh now + + align:start position:0% +above the range of the pipette Minh now + + + align:start position:0% +above the range of the pipette Minh now +it's time to transfer your sample you + + align:start position:0% +it's time to transfer your sample you + + + align:start position:0% +it's time to transfer your sample you +will need your appropriately sized + + align:start position:0% +will need your appropriately sized + + + align:start position:0% +will need your appropriately sized +pipette Minh set to the desired volume + + align:start position:0% +pipette Minh set to the desired volume + + + align:start position:0% +pipette Minh set to the desired volume +the correctly sized tips iraq the new + + align:start position:0% +the correctly sized tips iraq the new + + + align:start position:0% +the correctly sized tips iraq the new +container a kimwipe and a waste + + align:start position:0% +container a kimwipe and a waste + + + align:start position:0% +container a kimwipe and a waste +container attach a disposable tip to the + + align:start position:0% +container attach a disposable tip to the + + + align:start position:0% +container attach a disposable tip to the +pipette Minh by pressing its plastic + + align:start position:0% +pipette Minh by pressing its plastic + + + align:start position:0% +pipette Minh by pressing its plastic +shaft firmly into the tip with a + + align:start position:0% +shaft firmly into the tip with a + + + align:start position:0% +shaft firmly into the tip with a +twisting motion this action should + + align:start position:0% +twisting motion this action should + + + align:start position:0% +twisting motion this action should +ensure an airtight seal and prevent + + align:start position:0% +ensure an airtight seal and prevent + + + align:start position:0% +ensure an airtight seal and prevent +leaks from occurring always use a new + + align:start position:0% +leaks from occurring always use a new + + + align:start position:0% +leaks from occurring always use a new +sterile tip for each sample and never + + align:start position:0% +sterile tip for each sample and never + + + align:start position:0% +sterile tip for each sample and never +let the tip touch anything except sample + + align:start position:0% +let the tip touch anything except sample + + + align:start position:0% +let the tip touch anything except sample +to draw a sample into the plastic tip + + align:start position:0% +to draw a sample into the plastic tip + + + align:start position:0% +to draw a sample into the plastic tip +depress the plunger until resistance is + + align:start position:0% +depress the plunger until resistance is + + + align:start position:0% +depress the plunger until resistance is +felt + + align:start position:0% +felt + + + align:start position:0% +felt +hold the pipette Minh vertically and + + align:start position:0% +hold the pipette Minh vertically and + + + align:start position:0% +hold the pipette Minh vertically and +immerse it into the sample after the tip + + align:start position:0% +immerse it into the sample after the tip + + + align:start position:0% +immerse it into the sample after the tip +is immersed slowly release the plunger + + align:start position:0% +is immersed slowly release the plunger + + + align:start position:0% +is immersed slowly release the plunger +to draw liquid into the tip wait a few + + align:start position:0% +to draw liquid into the tip wait a few + + + align:start position:0% +to draw liquid into the tip wait a few +seconds to ensure that the full volume + + align:start position:0% +seconds to ensure that the full volume + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to ensure that the full volume +of sample is drawn into the tip as a + + align:start position:0% +of sample is drawn into the tip as a + + + align:start position:0% +of sample is drawn into the tip as a +guide wait one second for the p2 to p200 + + align:start position:0% +guide wait one second for the p2 to p200 + + + align:start position:0% +guide wait one second for the p2 to p200 +pipette Minh and two to three seconds + + align:start position:0% +pipette Minh and two to three seconds + + + align:start position:0% +pipette Minh and two to three seconds +for the p1000 the larger the volume or + + align:start position:0% +for the p1000 the larger the volume or + + + align:start position:0% +for the p1000 the larger the volume or +the more viscous the sample the longer + + align:start position:0% +the more viscous the sample the longer + + + align:start position:0% +the more viscous the sample the longer +you should wait + + align:start position:0% +you should wait + + + align:start position:0% +you should wait +remove the pipette Minh from the sample + + align:start position:0% +remove the pipette Minh from the sample + + + align:start position:0% +remove the pipette Minh from the sample +and carefully wipe excess liquids from + + align:start position:0% +and carefully wipe excess liquids from + + + align:start position:0% +and carefully wipe excess liquids from +the sides of the tip to dispense the + + align:start position:0% +the sides of the tip to dispense the + + + align:start position:0% +the sides of the tip to dispense the +liquid in the pipe hetman touches tip to + + align:start position:0% +liquid in the pipe hetman touches tip to + + + align:start position:0% +liquid in the pipe hetman touches tip to +the sidewall of a new container and + + align:start position:0% +the sidewall of a new container and + + + align:start position:0% +the sidewall of a new container and +slowly depress the plunger to the first + + align:start position:0% +slowly depress the plunger to the first + + + align:start position:0% +slowly depress the plunger to the first +stop wait a few seconds to ensure + + align:start position:0% +stop wait a few seconds to ensure + + + align:start position:0% +stop wait a few seconds to ensure +complete sample flow + + align:start position:0% +complete sample flow + + + align:start position:0% +complete sample flow +and press the plunger to the second stop + + align:start position:0% +and press the plunger to the second stop + + + align:start position:0% +and press the plunger to the second stop +to expel any remaining liquid with the + + align:start position:0% +to expel any remaining liquid with the + + + align:start position:0% +to expel any remaining liquid with the +plunger fully depressed carefully remove + + align:start position:0% +plunger fully depressed carefully remove + + + align:start position:0% +plunger fully depressed carefully remove +the tip from the container by sliding it + + align:start position:0% +the tip from the container by sliding it + + + align:start position:0% +the tip from the container by sliding it +up the container wall the importance of + + align:start position:0% +up the container wall the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +up the container wall the importance of +sliding the tip along the wall increases + + align:start position:0% +sliding the tip along the wall increases + + + align:start position:0% +sliding the tip along the wall increases +as the volumes become smaller finally + + align:start position:0% +as the volumes become smaller finally + + + align:start position:0% +as the volumes become smaller finally +allow the plunger to return to the up + + align:start position:0% +allow the plunger to return to the up + + + align:start position:0% +allow the plunger to return to the up +position if you are done working with a + + align:start position:0% +position if you are done working with a + + + align:start position:0% +position if you are done working with a +particular sample press the tip ejector + + align:start position:0% +particular sample press the tip ejector + + + align:start position:0% +particular sample press the tip ejector +button to release the tip into the + + align:start position:0% +button to release the tip into the + + + align:start position:0% +button to release the tip into the +proper waste receptacle several other + + align:start position:0% +proper waste receptacle several other + + + align:start position:0% +proper waste receptacle several other +guidelines will help to ensure accuracy + + align:start position:0% +guidelines will help to ensure accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +guidelines will help to ensure accuracy +and precision when transferring liquids + + align:start position:0% +and precision when transferring liquids + + + align:start position:0% +and precision when transferring liquids +first use a fresh tip for each sample to + + align:start position:0% +first use a fresh tip for each sample to + + + align:start position:0% +first use a fresh tip for each sample to +avoid contamination second pre rinse + + align:start position:0% +avoid contamination second pre rinse + + + align:start position:0% +avoid contamination second pre rinse +each new tip most liquids leave a film + + align:start position:0% +each new tip most liquids leave a film + + + align:start position:0% +each new tip most liquids leave a film +on the inside wall of a new tip which + + align:start position:0% +on the inside wall of a new tip which + + + align:start position:0% +on the inside wall of a new tip which +affects the actual volume that can be + + align:start position:0% +affects the actual volume that can be + + + align:start position:0% +affects the actual volume that can be +transferred by pre rinsing a tip these + + align:start position:0% +transferred by pre rinsing a tip these + + + align:start position:0% +transferred by pre rinsing a tip these +volume variances are eliminated to pre + + align:start position:0% +volume variances are eliminated to pre + + + align:start position:0% +volume variances are eliminated to pre +rinse a tip simply draw a solution into + + align:start position:0% +rinse a tip simply draw a solution into + + + align:start position:0% +rinse a tip simply draw a solution into +the tip and expel it into a waste + + align:start position:0% +the tip and expel it into a waste + + + align:start position:0% +the tip and expel it into a waste +container third check the immersion + + align:start position:0% +container third check the immersion + + + align:start position:0% +container third check the immersion +depth if the immersion depth is too deep + + align:start position:0% +depth if the immersion depth is too deep + + + align:start position:0% +depth if the immersion depth is too deep +liquid may get into the plastic shaft + + align:start position:0% +liquid may get into the plastic shaft + + + align:start position:0% +liquid may get into the plastic shaft +and damage the mechanics of the pipette + + align:start position:0% +and damage the mechanics of the pipette + + + align:start position:0% +and damage the mechanics of the pipette +Minh if the immersion depth is too + + align:start position:0% +Minh if the immersion depth is too + + + align:start position:0% +Minh if the immersion depth is too +shallow air may be drawn into the tip + + align:start position:0% +shallow air may be drawn into the tip + + + align:start position:0% +shallow air may be drawn into the tip +which greatly affects accuracy as a + + align:start position:0% +which greatly affects accuracy as a + + + align:start position:0% +which greatly affects accuracy as a +general rule immerse the white tips to a + + align:start position:0% +general rule immerse the white tips to a + + + align:start position:0% +general rule immerse the white tips to a +depth of one to two milliliters the + + align:start position:0% +depth of one to two milliliters the + + + align:start position:0% +depth of one to two milliliters the +yellow tips to a depth of two to three + + align:start position:0% +yellow tips to a depth of two to three + + + align:start position:0% +yellow tips to a depth of two to three +milliliters and the blue tips to a depth + + align:start position:0% +milliliters and the blue tips to a depth + + + align:start position:0% +milliliters and the blue tips to a depth +of two to four millimeters if you do + + align:start position:0% +of two to four millimeters if you do + + + align:start position:0% +of two to four millimeters if you do +find an air bubble in the tip dispense + + align:start position:0% +find an air bubble in the tip dispense + + + align:start position:0% +find an air bubble in the tip dispense +the sample into a waste container + + align:start position:0% +the sample into a waste container + + + align:start position:0% +the sample into a waste container +check your immersion level and pipette + + align:start position:0% +check your immersion level and pipette + + + align:start position:0% +check your immersion level and pipette +more slowly if you still see an air + + align:start position:0% +more slowly if you still see an air + + + align:start position:0% +more slowly if you still see an air +bubble discard your current tip and use + + align:start position:0% +bubble discard your current tip and use + + + align:start position:0% +bubble discard your current tip and use +a new one fourth release the plunger + + align:start position:0% +a new one fourth release the plunger + + + align:start position:0% +a new one fourth release the plunger +button slowly do not let the plunger + + align:start position:0% +button slowly do not let the plunger + + + align:start position:0% +button slowly do not let the plunger +snap up this violent action may force + + align:start position:0% +snap up this violent action may force + + + align:start position:0% +snap up this violent action may force +liquid into the plastic shaft fifth when + + align:start position:0% +liquid into the plastic shaft fifth when + + + align:start position:0% +liquid into the plastic shaft fifth when +wiping excess liquid off the sides of + + align:start position:0% +wiping excess liquid off the sides of + + + align:start position:0% +wiping excess liquid off the sides of +the tip avoid touching the tip opening + + align:start position:0% +the tip avoid touching the tip opening + + + align:start position:0% +the tip avoid touching the tip opening +because some of the sample may be lost + + align:start position:0% +because some of the sample may be lost + + + align:start position:0% +because some of the sample may be lost + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +when liquid is in its tip never allow + + align:start position:0% +when liquid is in its tip never allow + + + align:start position:0% +when liquid is in its tip never allow +the pipette Minh to tilt more than 20 + + align:start position:0% +the pipette Minh to tilt more than 20 + + + align:start position:0% +the pipette Minh to tilt more than 20 +degrees from vertical and never lay the + + align:start position:0% +degrees from vertical and never lay the + + + align:start position:0% +degrees from vertical and never lay the +pipe Patman on its side for optimum + + align:start position:0% +pipe Patman on its side for optimum + + + align:start position:0% +pipe Patman on its side for optimum +reproducibility it is important to be + + align:start position:0% +reproducibility it is important to be + + + align:start position:0% +reproducibility it is important to be +consistent with your samples + + align:start position:0% +consistent with your samples + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with your samples +specifically use a consistent speed and + + align:start position:0% +specifically use a consistent speed and + + + align:start position:0% +specifically use a consistent speed and +smoothness when pressing and releasing + + align:start position:0% +smoothness when pressing and releasing + + + align:start position:0% +smoothness when pressing and releasing +the push-button use consistent pressure + + align:start position:0% +the push-button use consistent pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the push-button use consistent pressure +at the first stop immerse the tip to a + + align:start position:0% +at the first stop immerse the tip to a + + + align:start position:0% +at the first stop immerse the tip to a +consistent depth and hold the pipette + + align:start position:0% +consistent depth and hold the pipette + + + align:start position:0% +consistent depth and hold the pipette +min at a consistent angle that is less + + align:start position:0% +min at a consistent angle that is less + + + align:start position:0% +min at a consistent angle that is less +than 20 degrees from vertical if you are + + align:start position:0% +than 20 degrees from vertical if you are + + + align:start position:0% +than 20 degrees from vertical if you are +confident that you used good technique + + align:start position:0% +confident that you used good technique + + + align:start position:0% +confident that you used good technique +and are still seeing errors with + + align:start position:0% +and are still seeing errors with + + + align:start position:0% +and are still seeing errors with +accuracy or precision the following + + align:start position:0% +accuracy or precision the following + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy or precision the following +troubleshooting guidelines may fix your + + align:start position:0% +troubleshooting guidelines may fix your + + + align:start position:0% +troubleshooting guidelines may fix your +problem to ensure that your pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +problem to ensure that your pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +problem to ensure that your pipette Minh +is actually delivering the desired + + align:start position:0% +is actually delivering the desired + + + align:start position:0% +is actually delivering the desired +volume you should periodically calibrate + + align:start position:0% +volume you should periodically calibrate + + + align:start position:0% +volume you should periodically calibrate +it to calibrate a pipette Minh determine + + align:start position:0% +it to calibrate a pipette Minh determine + + + align:start position:0% +it to calibrate a pipette Minh determine +how many grams of your liquid equals one + + align:start position:0% +how many grams of your liquid equals one + + + align:start position:0% +how many grams of your liquid equals one +milliliter from its density for example + + align:start position:0% +milliliter from its density for example + + + align:start position:0% +milliliter from its density for example +if water is the solvent then one + + align:start position:0% +if water is the solvent then one + + + align:start position:0% +if water is the solvent then one +milliliter of water equals one gram of + + align:start position:0% +milliliter of water equals one gram of + + + align:start position:0% +milliliter of water equals one gram of +water tare a small container on an + + align:start position:0% +water tare a small container on an + + + align:start position:0% +water tare a small container on an +analytical balance and set the pipette + + align:start position:0% +analytical balance and set the pipette + + + align:start position:0% +analytical balance and set the pipette +Minh at a volume near the top of its + + align:start position:0% +Minh at a volume near the top of its + + + align:start position:0% +Minh at a volume near the top of its +range transfer the set volume of liquid + + align:start position:0% +range transfer the set volume of liquid + + + align:start position:0% +range transfer the set volume of liquid +to the tared container on the balance + + align:start position:0% +to the tared container on the balance + + + align:start position:0% +to the tared container on the balance +and note the mass of the liquid + + align:start position:0% +and note the mass of the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +and note the mass of the liquid +repeat this step five more times and + + align:start position:0% +repeat this step five more times and + + + align:start position:0% +repeat this step five more times and +determine the mean weight and standard + + align:start position:0% +determine the mean weight and standard + + + align:start position:0% +determine the mean weight and standard +deviation from your measurements repeat + + align:start position:0% +deviation from your measurements repeat + + + align:start position:0% +deviation from your measurements repeat +the entire process with the pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +the entire process with the pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +the entire process with the pipette Minh +set at a volume near the bottom of its + + align:start position:0% +set at a volume near the bottom of its + + + align:start position:0% +set at a volume near the bottom of its +range if these values deviate from what + + align:start position:0% +range if these values deviate from what + + + align:start position:0% +range if these values deviate from what +you expect adjust the pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +you expect adjust the pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +you expect adjust the pipette Minh +accordingly when you transfer liquid + + align:start position:0% +accordingly when you transfer liquid + + + align:start position:0% +accordingly when you transfer liquid +occasionally the pipette Minh will begin + + align:start position:0% +occasionally the pipette Minh will begin + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally the pipette Minh will begin +to leak due to improperly fitted tips or + + align:start position:0% +to leak due to improperly fitted tips or + + + align:start position:0% +to leak due to improperly fitted tips or +worn or ings + + align:start position:0% +worn or ings + + + align:start position:0% +worn or ings +to check for leaks put a fresh tip on + + align:start position:0% +to check for leaks put a fresh tip on + + + align:start position:0% +to check for leaks put a fresh tip on +the pipette Minh pre rinse the tip and + + align:start position:0% +the pipette Minh pre rinse the tip and + + + align:start position:0% +the pipette Minh pre rinse the tip and +draw up liquid keep the pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +draw up liquid keep the pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +draw up liquid keep the pipette Minh +vertical and wait about 20 seconds if + + align:start position:0% +vertical and wait about 20 seconds if + + + align:start position:0% +vertical and wait about 20 seconds if +you see a droplet then the pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +you see a droplet then the pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +you see a droplet then the pipette Minh +is leaking two final things that + + align:start position:0% +is leaking two final things that + + + align:start position:0% +is leaking two final things that +decrease the accuracy and precision of + + align:start position:0% +decrease the accuracy and precision of + + + align:start position:0% +decrease the accuracy and precision of +the pipette Minh involved pipetting + + align:start position:0% +the pipette Minh involved pipetting + + + align:start position:0% +the pipette Minh involved pipetting +samples below four or above 70 degrees + + align:start position:0% +samples below four or above 70 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +samples below four or above 70 degrees +Celsius + + align:start position:0% +Celsius + + + align:start position:0% +Celsius +and using the pipette Minh with acids + + align:start position:0% +and using the pipette Minh with acids + + + align:start position:0% +and using the pipette Minh with acids +and corrosives if you absolutely must + + align:start position:0% +and corrosives if you absolutely must + + + align:start position:0% +and corrosives if you absolutely must +pipette an acid or corrosive then you + + align:start position:0% +pipette an acid or corrosive then you + + + align:start position:0% +pipette an acid or corrosive then you +should disassemble the pipette Minh + + align:start position:0% +should disassemble the pipette Minh + + + align:start position:0% +should disassemble the pipette Minh +immediately to inspect and clean the + + align:start position:0% +immediately to inspect and clean the + + + align:start position:0% +immediately to inspect and clean the +piston shaft seal assemblies and/or ings + + align:start position:0% +piston shaft seal assemblies and/or ings + + + align:start position:0% +piston shaft seal assemblies and/or ings +to summarize using proper technique with + + align:start position:0% +to summarize using proper technique with + + + align:start position:0% +to summarize using proper technique with +an automatic pipette is essential for + + align:start position:0% +an automatic pipette is essential for + + + align:start position:0% +an automatic pipette is essential for +ensuring accuracy and precision a few + + align:start position:0% +ensuring accuracy and precision a few + + + align:start position:0% +ensuring accuracy and precision a few +key points to remember include the + + align:start position:0% +key points to remember include the + + + align:start position:0% +key points to remember include the +following be consistent with plunger + + align:start position:0% +following be consistent with plunger + + + align:start position:0% +following be consistent with plunger +timing and pressure as well as immersion + + align:start position:0% +timing and pressure as well as immersion + + + align:start position:0% +timing and pressure as well as immersion +time and depth + + align:start position:0% +time and depth + + + align:start position:0% +time and depth +use a fresh pre rinse tip for each new + + align:start position:0% +use a fresh pre rinse tip for each new + + + align:start position:0% +use a fresh pre rinse tip for each new +sample check for air bubbles and leaks + + align:start position:0% +sample check for air bubbles and leaks + + + align:start position:0% +sample check for air bubbles and leaks +during each transfer and calibrate the + + align:start position:0% +during each transfer and calibrate the + + + align:start position:0% +during each transfer and calibrate the +automatic pipette periodically in + + align:start position:0% +automatic pipette periodically in + + + align:start position:0% +automatic pipette periodically in +addition take care not to drop the + + align:start position:0% +addition take care not to drop the + + + align:start position:0% +addition take care not to drop the +expense of an easily damaged pipette + + align:start position:0% +expense of an easily damaged pipette + + + align:start position:0% +expense of an easily damaged pipette +Minh do not allow the tip to touch + + align:start position:0% +Minh do not allow the tip to touch + + + align:start position:0% +Minh do not allow the tip to touch +anything except sample do not introduce + + align:start position:0% +anything except sample do not introduce + + + align:start position:0% +anything except sample do not introduce +liquid into the plastic shaft by letting + + align:start position:0% +liquid into the plastic shaft by letting + + + align:start position:0% +liquid into the plastic shaft by letting +the plungers snap up or by laying the + + align:start position:0% +the plungers snap up or by laying the + + + align:start position:0% +the plungers snap up or by laying the +pipette men on its side finally avoid + + align:start position:0% +pipette men on its side finally avoid + + + align:start position:0% +pipette men on its side finally avoid +using the pipette Minh under extreme + + align:start position:0% +using the pipette Minh under extreme + + + align:start position:0% +using the pipette Minh under extreme +temperature conditions or with acids and + + align:start position:0% +temperature conditions or with acids and + + + align:start position:0% +temperature conditions or with acids and +corrosives + + align:start position:0% +corrosives + + + align:start position:0% +corrosives +when used with consistency and care an + + align:start position:0% +when used with consistency and care an + + + align:start position:0% +when used with consistency and care an +automatic pipette is an excellent means + + align:start position:0% +automatic pipette is an excellent means + + + align:start position:0% +automatic pipette is an excellent means +of transferring microliter quantities of + + align:start position:0% +of transferring microliter quantities of + + + align:start position:0% +of transferring microliter quantities of +liquid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AjK2zF9yN0k.txt b/AjK2zF9yN0k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..595ac17680a60ad76b531765ae6b36bd18dc53a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/AjK2zF9yN0k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26539 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu um okay so this is our plan + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um okay so this is our plan + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um okay so this is our plan +um I'm going to talk a bit about writing + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to talk a bit about writing + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm going to talk a bit about writing +we're g to practice some writing with + + align:start position:0% +we're g to practice some writing with + + + align:start position:0% +we're g to practice some writing with +the examples that you uploaded uh and + + align:start position:0% +the examples that you uploaded uh and + + + align:start position:0% +the examples that you uploaded uh and +then some other examples that are not + + align:start position:0% +then some other examples that are not + + + align:start position:0% +then some other examples that are not +yours uh and then I'll talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +yours uh and then I'll talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +yours uh and then I'll talk a little bit +about hosting and then if we have time I + + align:start position:0% +about hosting and then if we have time I + + + align:start position:0% +about hosting and then if we have time I +don't know if we will at the end we'll + + align:start position:0% +don't know if we will at the end we'll + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if we will at the end we'll +do a little bit of Hosting practice but + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit of Hosting practice but + + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit of Hosting practice but +part of the hosting practice will come + + align:start position:0% +part of the hosting practice will come + + + align:start position:0% +part of the hosting practice will come +with the Writing Practice it's it's hard + + align:start position:0% +with the Writing Practice it's it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +with the Writing Practice it's it's hard +to separate them um I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +to separate them um I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +to separate them um I'm going to talk +for like maybe 10 minutes about writing + + align:start position:0% +for like maybe 10 minutes about writing + + + align:start position:0% +for like maybe 10 minutes about writing +uh and then we'll just get right into + + align:start position:0% +uh and then we'll just get right into + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then we'll just get right into +the practice I'm going to like overload + + align:start position:0% +the practice I'm going to like overload + + + align:start position:0% +the practice I'm going to like overload +you with a bunch of guidelines or rules + + align:start position:0% +you with a bunch of guidelines or rules + + + align:start position:0% +you with a bunch of guidelines or rules +or you want to think about it uh don't + + align:start position:0% +or you want to think about it uh don't + + + align:start position:0% +or you want to think about it uh don't +worry about remembering them or writing + + align:start position:0% +worry about remembering them or writing + + + align:start position:0% +worry about remembering them or writing +them down but we'll come back to them + + align:start position:0% +them down but we'll come back to them + + + align:start position:0% +them down but we'll come back to them +all as we do the practice because that's + + align:start position:0% +all as we do the practice because that's + + + align:start position:0% +all as we do the practice because that's +really how you learn is by + + align:start position:0% +really how you learn is by + + + align:start position:0% +really how you learn is by +doing um this is one way to write it's + + align:start position:0% +doing um this is one way to write it's + + + align:start position:0% +doing um this is one way to write it's +kind of how how I approach writing you + + align:start position:0% +kind of how how I approach writing you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of how how I approach writing you +start with an idea like hey it'd be + + align:start position:0% +start with an idea like hey it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +start with an idea like hey it'd be +great to have a video about whatever X + + align:start position:0% +great to have a video about whatever X + + + align:start position:0% +great to have a video about whatever X +um and then the explosion phase is the + + align:start position:0% +um and then the explosion phase is the + + + align:start position:0% +um and then the explosion phase is the +I'm going to think about everything that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to think about everything that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to think about everything that +could possibly relate to this idea I'm + + align:start position:0% +could possibly relate to this idea I'm + + + align:start position:0% +could possibly relate to this idea I'm +going to write it all down I think you + + align:start position:0% +going to write it all down I think you + + + align:start position:0% +going to write it all down I think you +saw an example of that with Elizabeth's + + align:start position:0% +saw an example of that with Elizabeth's + + + align:start position:0% +saw an example of that with Elizabeth's +not brainstorm brainstorm is another + + align:start position:0% +not brainstorm brainstorm is another + + + align:start position:0% +not brainstorm brainstorm is another +word for it um and then from there you + + align:start position:0% +word for it um and then from there you + + + align:start position:0% +word for it um and then from there you +sort of go outward and then you distill + + align:start position:0% +sort of go outward and then you distill + + + align:start position:0% +sort of go outward and then you distill +it down to the essence like what is the + + align:start position:0% +it down to the essence like what is the + + + align:start position:0% +it down to the essence like what is the +actual point of the video who what uh + + align:start position:0% +actual point of the video who what uh + + + align:start position:0% +actual point of the video who what uh +how why where is sometimes important but + + align:start position:0% +how why where is sometimes important but + + + align:start position:0% +how why where is sometimes important but +not usually um and then the stuff that + + align:start position:0% +not usually um and then the stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +not usually um and then the stuff that +we're going to talk about today this is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today this is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today this is +the the writing um piece of it so when + + align:start position:0% +the the writing um piece of it so when + + + align:start position:0% +the the writing um piece of it so when +you write a script you want to pay + + align:start position:0% +you write a script you want to pay + + + align:start position:0% +you write a script you want to pay +attention to structure so uh what do you + + align:start position:0% +attention to structure so uh what do you + + + align:start position:0% +attention to structure so uh what do you +talk about first what's in the middle + + align:start position:0% +talk about first what's in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +talk about first what's in the middle +how do you end it that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +how do you end it that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +how do you end it that kind of thing +tone are you going for funny are you + + align:start position:0% +tone are you going for funny are you + + + align:start position:0% +tone are you going for funny are you +going for dry are you going for um + + align:start position:0% +going for dry are you going for um + + + align:start position:0% +going for dry are you going for um +informal are you going for formal um + + align:start position:0% +informal are you going for formal um + + + align:start position:0% +informal are you going for formal um +jargon you want to generally you try and + + align:start position:0% +jargon you want to generally you try and + + + align:start position:0% +jargon you want to generally you try and +avoid jargon if especially if you're + + align:start position:0% +avoid jargon if especially if you're + + + align:start position:0% +avoid jargon if especially if you're +shooting for like high school middle + + align:start position:0% +shooting for like high school middle + + + align:start position:0% +shooting for like high school middle +school that that um that range by the + + align:start position:0% +school that that um that range by the + + + align:start position:0% +school that that um that range by the +way uh it's ironic that I'm using the + + align:start position:0% +way uh it's ironic that I'm using the + + + align:start position:0% +way uh it's ironic that I'm using the +word jargon um jargon is a technical + + align:start position:0% +word jargon um jargon is a technical + + + align:start position:0% +word jargon um jargon is a technical +language which jargon is itself a + + align:start position:0% +language which jargon is itself a + + + align:start position:0% +language which jargon is itself a +technical word so that's sort of an + + align:start position:0% +technical word so that's sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +technical word so that's sort of an +ironic thing there um visuals you always + + align:start position:0% +ironic thing there um visuals you always + + + align:start position:0% +ironic thing there um visuals you always +want to write the script cuz video is a + + align:start position:0% +want to write the script cuz video is a + + + align:start position:0% +want to write the script cuz video is a +weird medium I mean you've got the image + + align:start position:0% +weird medium I mean you've got the image + + + align:start position:0% +weird medium I mean you've got the image +and then you've got the soundtrack and + + align:start position:0% +and then you've got the soundtrack and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you've got the soundtrack and +you want to make sure that they are + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that they are + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that they are +related and not don't duplicate each + + align:start position:0% +related and not don't duplicate each + + + align:start position:0% +related and not don't duplicate each +other so that is a a trick that we'll + + align:start position:0% +other so that is a a trick that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +other so that is a a trick that we'll +we'll get into I saw I was reading some + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into I saw I was reading some + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into I saw I was reading some +of your examples and there are um + + align:start position:0% +of your examples and there are um + + + align:start position:0% +of your examples and there are um +particular uh uh sentences where this is + + align:start position:0% +particular uh uh sentences where this is + + + align:start position:0% +particular uh uh sentences where this is +going to be really important so if I + + align:start position:0% +going to be really important so if I + + + align:start position:0% +going to be really important so if I +don't talk about that on my own remind + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about that on my own remind + + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about that on my own remind +me um metaphors and jokes uh it's really + + align:start position:0% +me um metaphors and jokes uh it's really + + + align:start position:0% +me um metaphors and jokes uh it's really +hard to be funny um so uh if you if you + + align:start position:0% +hard to be funny um so uh if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +hard to be funny um so uh if you if you +think you can and you want to try then + + align:start position:0% +think you can and you want to try then + + + align:start position:0% +think you can and you want to try then +I'd say go for it but uh generally I try + + align:start position:0% +I'd say go for it but uh generally I try + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say go for it but uh generally I try +and avoid jokes um metaphors are similar + + align:start position:0% +and avoid jokes um metaphors are similar + + + align:start position:0% +and avoid jokes um metaphors are similar +it's it's kind of hard to write a good + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of hard to write a good + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of hard to write a good +metaphor do we all know what a metaphor + + align:start position:0% +metaphor do we all know what a metaphor + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor do we all know what a metaphor +is by the way I showed them the plants + + align:start position:0% +is by the way I showed them the plants + + + align:start position:0% +is by the way I showed them the plants +video yesterday okay cool um and uh so + + align:start position:0% +video yesterday okay cool um and uh so + + + align:start position:0% +video yesterday okay cool um and uh so +those are sort of the the stuff on the + + align:start position:0% +those are sort of the the stuff on the + + + align:start position:0% +those are sort of the the stuff on the +left is in every video you got to pay + + align:start position:0% +left is in every video you got to pay + + + align:start position:0% +left is in every video you got to pay +attention to the stuff on the right the + + align:start position:0% +attention to the stuff on the right the + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the stuff on the right the +metaphors and the jokes are sort of + + align:start position:0% +metaphors and the jokes are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +metaphors and the jokes are sort of +advanced anyway then once you sort of + + align:start position:0% +advanced anyway then once you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +advanced anyway then once you sort of +get your first draft together have you + + align:start position:0% +get your first draft together have you + + + align:start position:0% +get your first draft together have you +you explode you distill down to your + + align:start position:0% +you explode you distill down to your + + + align:start position:0% +you explode you distill down to your +essence then you condense it and you uh + + align:start position:0% +essence then you condense it and you uh + + + align:start position:0% +essence then you condense it and you uh +you write your script and this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you write your script and this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you write your script and this doesn't +happen once this happens many many times + + align:start position:0% +happen once this happens many many times + + + align:start position:0% +happen once this happens many many times +typically a script will go + + align:start position:0% +typically a script will go + + + align:start position:0% +typically a script will go +through between four and like 12 + + align:start position:0% +through between four and like 12 + + + align:start position:0% +through between four and like 12 +revisions before we actually shoot it up + + align:start position:0% +revisions before we actually shoot it up + + + align:start position:0% +revisions before we actually shoot it up +to and including uh we're rewriting like + + align:start position:0% +to and including uh we're rewriting like + + + align:start position:0% +to and including uh we're rewriting like +five minutes before we shoot because you + + align:start position:0% +five minutes before we shoot because you + + + align:start position:0% +five minutes before we shoot because you +say it out loud and something just + + align:start position:0% +say it out loud and something just + + + align:start position:0% +say it out loud and something just +doesn't sound right um and you feel like + + align:start position:0% +doesn't sound right um and you feel like + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't sound right um and you feel like +you have to change it so this is + + align:start position:0% +you have to change it so this is + + + align:start position:0% +you have to change it so this is +generally how my writing process works + + align:start position:0% +generally how my writing process works + + + align:start position:0% +generally how my writing process works +other people do it completely + + align:start position:0% +other people do it completely + + + align:start position:0% +other people do it completely +differently this is sort of an MIT + + align:start position:0% +differently this is sort of an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +differently this is sort of an MIT +approach it's very sort of structured + + align:start position:0% +approach it's very sort of structured + + + align:start position:0% +approach it's very sort of structured +and logical but it doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +and logical but it doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +and logical but it doesn't have to be +this way if you don't want to write like + + align:start position:0% +this way if you don't want to write like + + + align:start position:0% +this way if you don't want to write like +this you absolutely don't have to do um + + align:start position:0% +this you absolutely don't have to do um + + + align:start position:0% +this you absolutely don't have to do um +the first writing guideline this is in + + align:start position:0% +the first writing guideline this is in + + + align:start position:0% +the first writing guideline this is in +addition to the the flowchart is and I + + align:start position:0% +addition to the the flowchart is and I + + + align:start position:0% +addition to the the flowchart is and I +think you guys talked about this a + + align:start position:0% +think you guys talked about this a + + + align:start position:0% +think you guys talked about this a +little bit already um know your audience + + align:start position:0% +little bit already um know your audience + + + align:start position:0% +little bit already um know your audience +and write for them and I had this note + + align:start position:0% +and write for them and I had this note + + + align:start position:0% +and write for them and I had this note +down there not necessarily to them so + + align:start position:0% +down there not necessarily to them so + + + align:start position:0% +down there not necessarily to them so +you know most of the videos that you're + + align:start position:0% +you know most of the videos that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you know most of the videos that you're +going to be working for are aimed at + + align:start position:0% +going to be working for are aimed at + + + align:start position:0% +going to be working for are aimed at +people younger than than you um and + + align:start position:0% +people younger than than you um and + + + align:start position:0% +people younger than than you um and +sometimes people a lot a lot younger + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people a lot a lot younger + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people a lot a lot younger +than you I mean maybe even down to like + + align:start position:0% +than you I mean maybe even down to like + + + align:start position:0% +than you I mean maybe even down to like +sixth seventh grade middle school uh so + + align:start position:0% +sixth seventh grade middle school uh so + + + align:start position:0% +sixth seventh grade middle school uh so +you want to write to their level of + + align:start position:0% +you want to write to their level of + + + align:start position:0% +you want to write to their level of +education but not + + align:start position:0% +education but not + + + align:start position:0% +education but not +necessarily talk as if you were talking + + align:start position:0% +necessarily talk as if you were talking + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily talk as if you were talking +to a middle schooler uh does anyone know + + align:start position:0% +to a middle schooler uh does anyone know + + + align:start position:0% +to a middle schooler uh does anyone know +what I mean by that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distinction I'll cold call if people + + align:start position:0% +distinction I'll cold call if people + + + align:start position:0% +distinction I'll cold call if people +don't speak + + align:start position:0% +don't speak + + + align:start position:0% +don't speak +up like don't baby talk exactly yeah + + align:start position:0% +up like don't baby talk exactly yeah + + + align:start position:0% +up like don't baby talk exactly yeah +exactly don't baby talk so give me an + + align:start position:0% +exactly don't baby talk so give me an + + + align:start position:0% +exactly don't baby talk so give me an +example of like pick a sentence any + + align:start position:0% +example of like pick a sentence any + + + align:start position:0% +example of like pick a sentence any +sentence you can read it off the + + align:start position:0% +sentence you can read it off the + + + align:start position:0% +sentence you can read it off the +intellectual property form in front of + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property form in front of + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property form in front of +you if you want but give me the non the + + align:start position:0% +you if you want but give me the non the + + + align:start position:0% +you if you want but give me the non the +like just the ver the regular version + + align:start position:0% +like just the ver the regular version + + + align:start position:0% +like just the ver the regular version +and give me the baby Talk version just + + align:start position:0% +and give me the baby Talk version just + + + align:start position:0% +and give me the baby Talk version just +so we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense I choose to have my name you + + align:start position:0% +sense I choose to have my name you + + + align:start position:0% +sense I choose to have my name you +choose to have your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +name so you may want to choose + + align:start position:0% +name so you may want to choose + + + align:start position:0% +name so you may want to choose +to maybe it might be problem no that's + + align:start position:0% +to maybe it might be problem no that's + + + align:start position:0% +to maybe it might be problem no that's +exactly right and you guys notice that + + align:start position:0% +exactly right and you guys notice that + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right and you guys notice that +it's funny when he does that like it's + + align:start position:0% +it's funny when he does that like it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's funny when he does that like it's +there's just something ridiculous about + + align:start position:0% +there's just something ridiculous about + + + align:start position:0% +there's just something ridiculous about +um you call it baby talk or talking down + + align:start position:0% +um you call it baby talk or talking down + + + align:start position:0% +um you call it baby talk or talking down +to your audience or something that you + + align:start position:0% +to your audience or something that you + + + align:start position:0% +to your audience or something that you +immediately don't pay attention to what + + align:start position:0% +immediately don't pay attention to what + + + align:start position:0% +immediately don't pay attention to what +he's saying you pay attention to how + + align:start position:0% +he's saying you pay attention to how + + + align:start position:0% +he's saying you pay attention to how +he's saying it and you've lost your + + align:start position:0% +he's saying it and you've lost your + + + align:start position:0% +he's saying it and you've lost your +audience immediately so that's a really + + align:start position:0% +audience immediately so that's a really + + + align:start position:0% +audience immediately so that's a really +important distinction um by the way this + + align:start position:0% +important distinction um by the way this + + + align:start position:0% +important distinction um by the way this +holds true if you're just interacting + + align:start position:0% +holds true if you're just interacting + + + align:start position:0% +holds true if you're just interacting +with kids anyway um most kids are + + align:start position:0% +with kids anyway um most kids are + + + align:start position:0% +with kids anyway um most kids are +smarter than we give them credit for and + + align:start position:0% +smarter than we give them credit for and + + + align:start position:0% +smarter than we give them credit for and +you know you know people baby talk kids + + align:start position:0% +you know you know people baby talk kids + + + align:start position:0% +you know you know people baby talk kids +all the time but if you just straight + + align:start position:0% +all the time but if you just straight + + + align:start position:0% +all the time but if you just straight +talk to them you'll be surprised at the + + align:start position:0% +talk to them you'll be surprised at the + + + align:start position:0% +talk to them you'll be surprised at the +kind of responses that you get + + align:start position:0% +kind of responses that you get + + + align:start position:0% +kind of responses that you get +um rule number two or guideline sorry + + align:start position:0% +um rule number two or guideline sorry + + + align:start position:0% +um rule number two or guideline sorry +number two is write it like you would + + align:start position:0% +number two is write it like you would + + + align:start position:0% +number two is write it like you would +say it because you will be saying it + + align:start position:0% +say it because you will be saying it + + + align:start position:0% +say it because you will be saying it +what I mean here is your script is a + + align:start position:0% +what I mean here is your script is a + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean here is your script is a +draft and it will always be a draft you + + align:start position:0% +draft and it will always be a draft you + + + align:start position:0% +draft and it will always be a draft you +will never have a final script because + + align:start position:0% +will never have a final script because + + + align:start position:0% +will never have a final script because +nobody's going to log on to the internet + + align:start position:0% +nobody's going to log on to the internet + + + align:start position:0% +nobody's going to log on to the internet +and read your script what they're going + + align:start position:0% +and read your script what they're going + + + align:start position:0% +and read your script what they're going +to do is hear you say the words that are + + align:start position:0% +to do is hear you say the words that are + + + align:start position:0% +to do is hear you say the words that are +on your script so even if a sentence is + + align:start position:0% +on your script so even if a sentence is + + + align:start position:0% +on your script so even if a sentence is +great on paper and you read it in your + + align:start position:0% +great on paper and you read it in your + + + align:start position:0% +great on paper and you read it in your +head and it sounds awesome if when you + + align:start position:0% +head and it sounds awesome if when you + + + align:start position:0% +head and it sounds awesome if when you +say it out loud it sounds weird or it's + + align:start position:0% +say it out loud it sounds weird or it's + + + align:start position:0% +say it out loud it sounds weird or it's +not it's hard to understand or whatever + + align:start position:0% +not it's hard to understand or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +not it's hard to understand or whatever +then it doesn't matter how great it + + align:start position:0% +then it doesn't matter how great it + + + align:start position:0% +then it doesn't matter how great it +looked on paper it's not an effective + + align:start position:0% +looked on paper it's not an effective + + + align:start position:0% +looked on paper it's not an effective +sentence um and we will come back to + + align:start position:0% +sentence um and we will come back to + + + align:start position:0% +sentence um and we will come back to +this is the most important thing we'll + + align:start position:0% +this is the most important thing we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this is the most important thing we'll +talk about today we'll come back to that + + align:start position:0% +talk about today we'll come back to that + + + align:start position:0% +talk about today we'll come back to that +when we when we do the practice um this + + align:start position:0% +when we when we do the practice um this + + + align:start position:0% +when we when we do the practice um this +is another version of the previous slide + + align:start position:0% +is another version of the previous slide + + + align:start position:0% +is another version of the previous slide +when you and and you guys are all know + + align:start position:0% +when you and and you guys are all know + + + align:start position:0% +when you and and you guys are all know +this because you read scientific journal + + align:start position:0% +this because you read scientific journal + + + align:start position:0% +this because you read scientific journal +articles and stuff when you read that + + align:start position:0% +articles and stuff when you read that + + + align:start position:0% +articles and stuff when you read that +kind of text it's very dense it's + + align:start position:0% +kind of text it's very dense it's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of text it's very dense it's +extremely well structured and log Ally + + align:start position:0% +extremely well structured and log Ally + + + align:start position:0% +extremely well structured and log Ally +laid out it has a lot of jargon it's + + align:start position:0% +laid out it has a lot of jargon it's + + + align:start position:0% +laid out it has a lot of jargon it's +very precise um there's very little + + align:start position:0% +very precise um there's very little + + + align:start position:0% +very precise um there's very little +ambiguity uh and it's understated and + + align:start position:0% +ambiguity uh and it's understated and + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguity uh and it's understated and +it's elegant meaning like it they + + align:start position:0% +it's elegant meaning like it they + + + align:start position:0% +it's elegant meaning like it they +usually people take the fewest possible + + align:start position:0% +usually people take the fewest possible + + + align:start position:0% +usually people take the fewest possible +words to say something and that means + + align:start position:0% +words to say something and that means + + + align:start position:0% +words to say something and that means +using long and complex words um and it + + align:start position:0% +using long and complex words um and it + + + align:start position:0% +using long and complex words um and it +is beautiful to read it's great English + + align:start position:0% +is beautiful to read it's great English + + + align:start position:0% +is beautiful to read it's great English +uh but if you try and read it out loud + + align:start position:0% +uh but if you try and read it out loud + + + align:start position:0% +uh but if you try and read it out loud +and you do it on video again you'll lose + + align:start position:0% +and you do it on video again you'll lose + + + align:start position:0% +and you do it on video again you'll lose +your audience instantly it's just as bad + + align:start position:0% +your audience instantly it's just as bad + + + align:start position:0% +your audience instantly it's just as bad +as baby talk um when you talk you you + + align:start position:0% +as baby talk um when you talk you you + + + align:start position:0% +as baby talk um when you talk you you +know people talk in people are very + + align:start position:0% +know people talk in people are very + + + align:start position:0% +know people talk in people are very +repetitive they say uh they say um they + + align:start position:0% +repetitive they say uh they say um they + + + align:start position:0% +repetitive they say uh they say um they +uh like I just did they um don't really + + align:start position:0% +uh like I just did they um don't really + + + align:start position:0% +uh like I just did they um don't really +use fancy words if if Their audience + + align:start position:0% +use fancy words if if Their audience + + + align:start position:0% +use fancy words if if Their audience +doesn't understand they say oh stop they + + align:start position:0% +doesn't understand they say oh stop they + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't understand they say oh stop they +stop and they try another approach um + + align:start position:0% +stop and they try another approach um + + + align:start position:0% +stop and they try another approach um +it's a lot more free form a lot more + + align:start position:0% +it's a lot more free form a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +it's a lot more free form a lot more +inconsistent a lot fluffier uh and + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent a lot fluffier uh and + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent a lot fluffier uh and +that's what you want to shoot for + + align:start position:0% +that's what you want to shoot for + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you want to shoot for +because you will be on screen talking to + + align:start position:0% +because you will be on screen talking to + + + align:start position:0% +because you will be on screen talking to +the camera as if that camera is another + + align:start position:0% +the camera as if that camera is another + + + align:start position:0% +the camera as if that camera is another +person and so that's kind of what that's + + align:start position:0% +person and so that's kind of what that's + + + align:start position:0% +person and so that's kind of what that's +the the write it like you say it that's + + align:start position:0% +the the write it like you say it that's + + + align:start position:0% +the the write it like you say it that's +what I mean when I say write it like you + + align:start position:0% +what I mean when I say write it like you + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean when I say write it like you +would say + + align:start position:0% +would say + + + align:start position:0% +would say +it um another and I think this is the + + align:start position:0% +it um another and I think this is the + + + align:start position:0% +it um another and I think this is the +last guideline is um you really want to + + align:start position:0% +last guideline is um you really want to + + + align:start position:0% +last guideline is um you really want to +be accurate because obviously you don't + + align:start position:0% +be accurate because obviously you don't + + + align:start position:0% +be accurate because obviously you don't +want to say things that are wrong in + + align:start position:0% +want to say things that are wrong in + + + align:start position:0% +want to say things that are wrong in +your videos uh but accuracy is not the + + align:start position:0% +your videos uh but accuracy is not the + + + align:start position:0% +your videos uh but accuracy is not the +same thing as detail so this is the + + align:start position:0% +same thing as detail so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as detail so this is the +difference between going back to the + + align:start position:0% +difference between going back to the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between going back to the +last slide um being extreme like being + + align:start position:0% +last slide um being extreme like being + + + align:start position:0% +last slide um being extreme like being +very very very precise usually requires + + align:start position:0% +very very very precise usually requires + + + align:start position:0% +very very very precise usually requires +a lot of detail if you want to say + + align:start position:0% +a lot of detail if you want to say + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of detail if you want to say +exactly what you mean it probably will + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you mean it probably will + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you mean it probably will +take you a couple sentences to say it + + align:start position:0% +take you a couple sentences to say it + + + align:start position:0% +take you a couple sentences to say it +but if you want to be + + align:start position:0% +but if you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +but if you want to be +accurate that is going to and especially + + align:start position:0% +accurate that is going to and especially + + + align:start position:0% +accurate that is going to and especially +if you want to be accurate for a short + + align:start position:0% +if you want to be accurate for a short + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to be accurate for a short +five-minute video that's going to mean + + align:start position:0% +five-minute video that's going to mean + + + align:start position:0% +five-minute video that's going to mean +leaving information out and that's okay + + align:start position:0% +leaving information out and that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +leaving information out and that's okay +um the the test that I like to subject + + align:start position:0% +um the the test that I like to subject + + + align:start position:0% +um the the test that I like to subject +scripts to is can an eighth grader + + align:start position:0% +scripts to is can an eighth grader + + + align:start position:0% +scripts to is can an eighth grader +understand it if so great and can a PhD + + align:start position:0% +understand it if so great and can a PhD + + + align:start position:0% +understand it if so great and can a PhD +in the subject matter of that script + + align:start position:0% +in the subject matter of that script + + + align:start position:0% +in the subject matter of that script +read the script and if their reaction is + + align:start position:0% +read the script and if their reaction is + + + align:start position:0% +read the script and if their reaction is +wow this is surprising accurate then + + align:start position:0% +wow this is surprising accurate then + + + align:start position:0% +wow this is surprising accurate then +you've done a good job um and that is + + align:start position:0% +you've done a good job um and that is + + + align:start position:0% +you've done a good job um and that is +that's all that's it for my rules um + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's it for my rules um + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's it for my rules um +hopefully that was less than 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that was less than 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that was less than 10 minutes +uh what I want to do now is put these + + align:start position:0% +uh what I want to do now is put these + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I want to do now is put these +rules into practice + + align:start position:0% +rules into practice + + + align:start position:0% +rules into practice +um I'm GNA we're going to start with a + + align:start position:0% +um I'm GNA we're going to start with a + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm GNA we're going to start with a +quote that uh is not one of yours and + + align:start position:0% +quote that uh is not one of yours and + + + align:start position:0% +quote that uh is not one of yours and +then we'll move into your scripts um so + + align:start position:0% +then we'll move into your scripts um so + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll move into your scripts um so +I'm going to go ahead and let me pick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let's do the first + + align:start position:0% +uh let's do the first + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's do the first +one um okay + + align:start position:0% +one um okay + + + align:start position:0% +one um okay +so let's see everyone take a second and + + align:start position:0% +so let's see everyone take a second and + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see everyone take a second and +just read + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so you'll notice the citation this + + align:start position:0% +this so you'll notice the citation this + + + align:start position:0% +this so you'll notice the citation this +is from a paper uh it's written English + + align:start position:0% +is from a paper uh it's written English + + + align:start position:0% +is from a paper uh it's written English +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +can someone just shot out some of the + + align:start position:0% +can someone just shot out some of the + + + align:start position:0% +can someone just shot out some of the +rules that would make this bad for + + align:start position:0% +rules that would make this bad for + + + align:start position:0% +rules that would make this bad for +speaking and reading aloud in fact why + + align:start position:0% +speaking and reading aloud in fact why + + + align:start position:0% +speaking and reading aloud in fact why +don't we let's actually read this aloud + + align:start position:0% +don't we let's actually read this aloud + + + align:start position:0% +don't we let's actually read this aloud +just to see how it sounds so um + + align:start position:0% +just to see how it sounds so um + + + align:start position:0% +just to see how it sounds so um +anthropogenic CO2 emissions are + + align:start position:0% +anthropogenic CO2 emissions are + + + align:start position:0% +anthropogenic CO2 emissions are +contributing to global climate change + + align:start position:0% +contributing to global climate change + + + align:start position:0% +contributing to global climate change +and could negatively impact our way of + + align:start position:0% +and could negatively impact our way of + + + align:start position:0% +and could negatively impact our way of +life if serious action is further + + align:start position:0% +life if serious action is further + + + align:start position:0% +life if serious action is further +delayed okay so what rules are we + + align:start position:0% +delayed okay so what rules are we + + + align:start position:0% +delayed okay so what rules are we +breaking or what guidelines are we + + align:start position:0% +breaking or what guidelines are we + + + align:start position:0% +breaking or what guidelines are we +breaking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think just hearing it out loud it + + align:start position:0% +I think just hearing it out loud it + + + align:start position:0% +I think just hearing it out loud it +seems kind of like if you were + + align:start position:0% +seems kind of like if you were + + + align:start position:0% +seems kind of like if you were +presenting it to some someone it be a + + align:start position:0% +presenting it to some someone it be a + + + align:start position:0% +presenting it to some someone it be a +long sentence and it's very statement + + align:start position:0% +long sentence and it's very statement + + + align:start position:0% +long sentence and it's very statement +it's not like a it's not conversational + + align:start position:0% +it's not like a it's not conversational + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like a it's not conversational +it's not like you're you know so it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not like you're you know so it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like you're you know so it's +it's not written like who would speak + + align:start position:0% +it's not written like who would speak + + + align:start position:0% +it's not written like who would speak +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +what the word anagenic is difficult to + + align:start position:0% +what the word anagenic is difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +what the word anagenic is difficult to +hear and remember exactly it's also it's + + align:start position:0% +hear and remember exactly it's also it's + + + align:start position:0% +hear and remember exactly it's also it's +also jargon it means um human made it's + + align:start position:0% +also jargon it means um human made it's + + + align:start position:0% +also jargon it means um human made it's +a very passive sentence it is it is a + + align:start position:0% +a very passive sentence it is it is a + + + align:start position:0% +a very passive sentence it is it is a +very passive what do you mean by that + + align:start position:0% +very passive what do you mean by that + + + align:start position:0% +very passive what do you mean by that +explain well it further delayed I mean + + align:start position:0% +explain well it further delayed I mean + + + align:start position:0% +explain well it further delayed I mean +what you really mean is this is this + + align:start position:0% +what you really mean is this is this + + + align:start position:0% +what you really mean is this is this +this could be Troublesome this is bad + + align:start position:0% +this could be Troublesome this is bad + + + align:start position:0% +this could be Troublesome this is bad +right or it could be bad right but the + + align:start position:0% +right or it could be bad right but the + + + align:start position:0% +right or it could be bad right but the +way of stating it as further delayed is + + align:start position:0% +way of stating it as further delayed is + + + align:start position:0% +way of stating it as further delayed is +a very um it's a very not a very active + + align:start position:0% +a very um it's a very not a very active + + + align:start position:0% +a very um it's a very not a very active +way of saying the same thing and um what + + align:start position:0% +way of saying the same thing and um what + + + align:start position:0% +way of saying the same thing and um what +so here's another interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +so here's another interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +so here's another interesting thing +negatively impact those are you know + + align:start position:0% +negatively impact those are you know + + + align:start position:0% +negatively impact those are you know +those are not difficult words it's easy + + align:start position:0% +those are not difficult words it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +those are not difficult words it's easy +to understand what they mean but let's + + align:start position:0% +to understand what they mean but let's + + + align:start position:0% +to understand what they mean but let's +think about that for a second so what + + align:start position:0% +think about that for a second so what + + + align:start position:0% +think about that for a second so what +does negatively impact our way of life + + align:start position:0% +does negatively impact our way of life + + + align:start position:0% +does negatively impact our way of life +mean in colloquial language what would + + align:start position:0% +mean in colloquial language what would + + + align:start position:0% +mean in colloquial language what would +you say to someone if you were going to + + align:start position:0% +you say to someone if you were going to + + + align:start position:0% +you say to someone if you were going to +say in 100 years climate change will do + + align:start position:0% +say in 100 years climate change will do + + + align:start position:0% +say in 100 years climate change will do +what yeah will it negatively impact our + + align:start position:0% +what yeah will it negatively impact our + + + align:start position:0% +what yeah will it negatively impact our +way of life no it's going to kill us all + + align:start position:0% +way of life no it's going to kill us all + + + align:start position:0% +way of life no it's going to kill us all +you know that's the the sort of the real + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the the sort of the real + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the the sort of the real +life subtext of this sentence what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else there are a lot of complicated + + align:start position:0% +else there are a lot of complicated + + + align:start position:0% +else there are a lot of complicated +grammar structures our contributing is + + align:start position:0% +grammar structures our contributing is + + + align:start position:0% +grammar structures our contributing is +delayed mhm + + align:start position:0% +delayed mhm + + + align:start position:0% +delayed mhm +you have to I mean you wait till the end + + align:start position:0% +you have to I mean you wait till the end + + + align:start position:0% +you have to I mean you wait till the end +of the sentence before you get the + + align:start position:0% +of the sentence before you get the + + + align:start position:0% +of the sentence before you get the +payoff right you don't even you don't + + align:start position:0% +payoff right you don't even you don't + + + align:start position:0% +payoff right you don't even you don't +understand what the point of the + + align:start position:0% +understand what the point of the + + + align:start position:0% +understand what the point of the +sentence is until uh you get to + + align:start position:0% +sentence is until uh you get to + + + align:start position:0% +sentence is until uh you get to +negatively impact our way of life if + + align:start position:0% +negatively impact our way of life if + + + align:start position:0% +negatively impact our way of life if +serious action is further delayed and + + align:start position:0% +serious action is further delayed and + + + align:start position:0% +serious action is further delayed and +really you don't understand I mean the + + align:start position:0% +really you don't understand I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +really you don't understand I mean the +point is we need to act now that's what + + align:start position:0% +point is we need to act now that's what + + + align:start position:0% +point is we need to act now that's what +the sentence is saying if we act later + + align:start position:0% +the sentence is saying if we act later + + + align:start position:0% +the sentence is saying if we act later +we're screwed uh and you don't get that + + align:start position:0% +we're screwed uh and you don't get that + + + align:start position:0% +we're screwed uh and you don't get that +until if serious action is further + + align:start position:0% +until if serious action is further + + + align:start position:0% +until if serious action is further +delayed so yeah this the payoff really + + align:start position:0% +delayed so yeah this the payoff really + + + align:start position:0% +delayed so yeah this the payoff really +comes at the very very end it's a fun + + align:start position:0% +comes at the very very end it's a fun + + + align:start position:0% +comes at the very very end it's a fun +exercise to eliminate all of the + + align:start position:0% +exercise to eliminate all of the + + + align:start position:0% +exercise to eliminate all of the +adjectives and look at the nouns and + + align:start position:0% +adjectives and look at the nouns and + + + align:start position:0% +adjectives and look at the nouns and +verbs right just take a second and see + + align:start position:0% +verbs right just take a second and see + + + align:start position:0% +verbs right just take a second and see +if you can do that it actually makes it + + align:start position:0% +if you can do that it actually makes it + + + align:start position:0% +if you can do that it actually makes it +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +simple emissions are contributing to + + align:start position:0% +simple emissions are contributing to + + + align:start position:0% +simple emissions are contributing to +change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and um impact like like picking out all + + align:start position:0% +and um impact like like picking out all + + + align:start position:0% +and um impact like like picking out all +of the things it suddenly simplifies + + align:start position:0% +of the things it suddenly simplifies + + + align:start position:0% +of the things it suddenly simplifies +everything there's a lot of descriptors + + align:start position:0% +everything there's a lot of descriptors + + + align:start position:0% +everything there's a lot of descriptors +in there that are very distracting so + + align:start position:0% +in there that are very distracting so + + + align:start position:0% +in there that are very distracting so +now that we've done this uh let's + + align:start position:0% +now that we've done this uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +now that we've done this uh let's +rephrase it as if we were saying it to + + align:start position:0% +rephrase it as if we were saying it to + + + align:start position:0% +rephrase it as if we were saying it to +someone on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +camera or what if just to someone in + + align:start position:0% +camera or what if just to someone in + + + align:start position:0% +camera or what if just to someone in +general okay yeah to someone in general + + align:start position:0% +general okay yeah to someone in general + + + align:start position:0% +general okay yeah to someone in general +say it to + + align:start position:0% +say it to + + + align:start position:0% +say it to +me anyone if you + + align:start position:0% +me anyone if you + + + align:start position:0% +me anyone if you +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +just right another + + align:start position:0% +just right another + + + align:start position:0% +just right another +version and made CO2 emissions are + + align:start position:0% +version and made CO2 emissions are + + + align:start position:0% +version and made CO2 emissions are +hurting + + align:start position:0% +hurting + + + align:start position:0% +hurting +us okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another um humans create CO2 emissions + + align:start position:0% +another um humans create CO2 emissions + + + align:start position:0% +another um humans create CO2 emissions +we must act now or suffer I like that we + + align:start position:0% +we must act now or suffer I like that we + + + align:start position:0% +we must act now or suffer I like that we +must act now or suffer that's good + + align:start position:0% +must act now or suffer that's good + + + align:start position:0% +must act now or suffer that's good +anyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else someone who hasn't said anything + + align:start position:0% +else someone who hasn't said anything + + + align:start position:0% +else someone who hasn't said anything +yet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we don't stop emitting + + align:start position:0% +if we don't stop emitting + + + align:start position:0% +if we don't stop emitting +CO2 life will look very different + + align:start position:0% +CO2 life will look very different + + + align:start position:0% +CO2 life will look very different +soon good okay + + align:start position:0% +soon good okay + + + align:start position:0% +soon good okay +um that is so the point I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +um that is so the point I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +um that is so the point I'm trying to +make by having five or six of you say it + + align:start position:0% +make by having five or six of you say it + + + align:start position:0% +make by having five or six of you say it +each a different way is that there's no + + align:start position:0% +each a different way is that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +each a different way is that there's no +one right way to to to write a script um + + align:start position:0% +one right way to to to write a script um + + + align:start position:0% +one right way to to to write a script um +there are lots of + + align:start position:0% +there are lots of + + + align:start position:0% +there are lots of +interesting engaging dramatic ways to + + align:start position:0% +interesting engaging dramatic ways to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting engaging dramatic ways to +say the same thing uh and we are going + + align:start position:0% +say the same thing uh and we are going + + + align:start position:0% +say the same thing uh and we are going +to get into that now with your examples + + align:start position:0% +to get into that now with your examples + + + align:start position:0% +to get into that now with your examples +which we're going to spend considerably + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to spend considerably + + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to spend considerably +more time on + + align:start position:0% +more time on + + + align:start position:0% +more time on +um oh before you move on yes um so it's + + align:start position:0% +um oh before you move on yes um so it's + + + align:start position:0% +um oh before you move on yes um so it's +always an interesting challenge + + align:start position:0% +always an interesting challenge + + + align:start position:0% +always an interesting challenge +balancing avoiding being too jargony and + + align:start position:0% +balancing avoiding being too jargony and + + + align:start position:0% +balancing avoiding being too jargony and +ending up babying your audience right + + align:start position:0% +ending up babying your audience right + + + align:start position:0% +ending up babying your audience right +like there's no reason why you can't say + + align:start position:0% +like there's no reason why you can't say + + + align:start position:0% +like there's no reason why you can't say +the words climate change um even though + + align:start position:0% +the words climate change um even though + + + align:start position:0% +the words climate change um even though +those are technical terms or even what + + align:start position:0% +those are technical terms or even what + + + align:start position:0% +those are technical terms or even what +was it anthrop anthropogenic + + align:start position:0% +was it anthrop anthropogenic + + + align:start position:0% +was it anthrop anthropogenic +anthropogenic um I mean we talk about + + align:start position:0% +anthropogenic um I mean we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +anthropogenic um I mean we talk about +this with science alloud scripts all the + + align:start position:0% +this with science alloud scripts all the + + + align:start position:0% +this with science alloud scripts all the +time the way you deliver a word for + + align:start position:0% +time the way you deliver a word for + + + align:start position:0% +time the way you deliver a word for +instance um Can can help a lot with + + align:start position:0% +instance um Can can help a lot with + + + align:start position:0% +instance um Can can help a lot with +conveying what was the word that we had + + align:start position:0% +conveying what was the word that we had + + + align:start position:0% +conveying what was the word that we had +in not I mean if you want to if you're + + align:start position:0% +in not I mean if you want to if you're + + + align:start position:0% +in not I mean if you want to if you're +going to use that same word four or five + + align:start position:0% +going to use that same word four or five + + + align:start position:0% +going to use that same word four or five +times throughout the script and it's an + + align:start position:0% +times throughout the script and it's an + + + align:start position:0% +times throughout the script and it's an +important word and it's like relates to + + align:start position:0% +important word and it's like relates to + + + align:start position:0% +important word and it's like relates to +a demo or something if there's some + + align:start position:0% +a demo or something if there's some + + + align:start position:0% +a demo or something if there's some +reason for you to use jargon it's okay + + align:start position:0% +reason for you to use jargon it's okay + + + align:start position:0% +reason for you to use jargon it's okay +to Define it as long as you just Define + + align:start position:0% +to Define it as long as you just Define + + + align:start position:0% +to Define it as long as you just Define +it like you would you know to another + + align:start position:0% +it like you would you know to another + + + align:start position:0% +it like you would you know to another +person like you say anthropogenic uh + + align:start position:0% +person like you say anthropogenic uh + + + align:start position:0% +person like you say anthropogenic uh +means um you know human-made and then + + align:start position:0% +means um you know human-made and then + + + align:start position:0% +means um you know human-made and then +you go on and use it later on that's + + align:start position:0% +you go on and use it later on that's + + + align:start position:0% +you go on and use it later on that's +fine you don't want to do that like six + + align:start position:0% +fine you don't want to do that like six + + + align:start position:0% +fine you don't want to do that like six +times in the video and Define six + + align:start position:0% +times in the video and Define six + + + align:start position:0% +times in the video and Define six +different words because then you + + align:start position:0% +different words because then you + + + align:start position:0% +different words because then you +overload your audience but that's true + + align:start position:0% +overload your audience but that's true + + + align:start position:0% +overload your audience but that's true +there is you know if you find yourself + + align:start position:0% +there is you know if you find yourself + + + align:start position:0% +there is you know if you find yourself +having to say human-made man-made Woman + + align:start position:0% +having to say human-made man-made Woman + + + align:start position:0% +having to say human-made man-made Woman +made like if you have like are + + align:start position:0% +made like if you have like are + + + align:start position:0% +made like if you have like are +stretching to try and find alternatives + + align:start position:0% +stretching to try and find alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +stretching to try and find alternatives +to to a word five or six times that you + + align:start position:0% +to to a word five or six times that you + + + align:start position:0% +to to a word five or six times that you +could just Define and get it over with + + align:start position:0% +could just Define and get it over with + + + align:start position:0% +could just Define and get it over with +that's fine I would limit that probably + + align:start position:0% +that's fine I would limit that probably + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine I would limit that probably +to like one or two words a video you or + + align:start position:0% +to like one or two words a video you or + + + align:start position:0% +to like one or two words a video you or +one or two words per like 3 four minute + + align:start position:0% +one or two words per like 3 four minute + + + align:start position:0% +one or two words per like 3 four minute +video and the other reason why it's + + align:start position:0% +video and the other reason why it's + + + align:start position:0% +video and the other reason why it's +really important to actually do the + + align:start position:0% +really important to actually do the + + + align:start position:0% +really important to actually do the +exercise of reading your script out loud + + align:start position:0% +exercise of reading your script out loud + + + align:start position:0% +exercise of reading your script out loud +or um even just flipping your script + + align:start position:0% +or um even just flipping your script + + + align:start position:0% +or um even just flipping your script +over and not looking at it and trying to + + align:start position:0% +over and not looking at it and trying to + + + align:start position:0% +over and not looking at it and trying to +describe the concepts to the person next + + align:start position:0% +describe the concepts to the person next + + + align:start position:0% +describe the concepts to the person next +to you is that a very bad habit of mind + + align:start position:0% +to you is that a very bad habit of mind + + + align:start position:0% +to you is that a very bad habit of mind +which I am constantly finding and annoy + + align:start position:0% +which I am constantly finding and annoy + + + align:start position:0% +which I am constantly finding and annoy +toward toward with a lot is that I get + + align:start position:0% +toward toward with a lot is that I get + + + align:start position:0% +toward toward with a lot is that I get +very news casy so I may end up having a + + align:start position:0% +very news casy so I may end up having a + + + align:start position:0% +very news casy so I may end up having a +script that sounds good when you say it + + align:start position:0% +script that sounds good when you say it + + + align:start position:0% +script that sounds good when you say it +out loud um but it sounds like you're a + + align:start position:0% +out loud um but it sounds like you're a + + + align:start position:0% +out loud um but it sounds like you're a +reporter talking about the latest news + + align:start position:0% +reporter talking about the latest news + + + align:start position:0% +reporter talking about the latest news +update at MIT you know CO2 emission can + + align:start position:0% +update at MIT you know CO2 emission can + + + align:start position:0% +update at MIT you know CO2 emission can +you go back to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quote Yeah like the middle part isn't + + align:start position:0% +quote Yeah like the middle part isn't + + + align:start position:0% +quote Yeah like the middle part isn't +actually that crazy to say out loud it's + + align:start position:0% +actually that crazy to say out loud it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually that crazy to say out loud it's +contributing to global climate change + + align:start position:0% +contributing to global climate change + + + align:start position:0% +contributing to global climate change +and could negatively impact our way of + + align:start position:0% +and could negatively impact our way of + + + align:start position:0% +and could negatively impact our way of +life right like that doesn't sound too + + align:start position:0% +life right like that doesn't sound too + + + align:start position:0% +life right like that doesn't sound too +crazy to say out loud but it sounds like + + align:start position:0% +crazy to say out loud but it sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +crazy to say out loud but it sounds like +some someone is saying that in the + + align:start position:0% +some someone is saying that in the + + + align:start position:0% +some someone is saying that in the +context of I'm here at the MIT course + + align:start position:0% +context of I'm here at the MIT course + + + align:start position:0% +context of I'm here at the MIT course +one lab where researchers are finding a + + align:start position:0% +one lab where researchers are finding a + + + align:start position:0% +one lab where researchers are finding a +way to prevent global climate change + + align:start position:0% +way to prevent global climate change + + + align:start position:0% +way to prevent global climate change +from negatively impacting our life right + + align:start position:0% +from negatively impacting our life right + + + align:start position:0% +from negatively impacting our life right +it doesn't sound like I'm just talking + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't sound like I'm just talking + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't sound like I'm just talking +to anything being like a lot of man-made + + align:start position:0% +to anything being like a lot of man-made + + + align:start position:0% +to anything being like a lot of man-made +admissions are harming you know our + + align:start position:0% +admissions are harming you know our + + + align:start position:0% +admissions are harming you know our +everyday life or something like that I + + align:start position:0% +everyday life or something like that I + + + align:start position:0% +everyday life or something like that I +also wouldn't say that lot yeah there + + align:start position:0% +also wouldn't say that lot yeah there + + + align:start position:0% +also wouldn't say that lot yeah there +there is I mean the way you write + + align:start position:0% +there is I mean the way you write + + + align:start position:0% +there is I mean the way you write +influences the way you're going to + + align:start position:0% +influences the way you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +influences the way you're going to +naturally say something and you could + + align:start position:0% +naturally say something and you could + + + align:start position:0% +naturally say something and you could +say the sentence both ways so you could + + align:start position:0% +say the sentence both ways so you could + + + align:start position:0% +say the sentence both ways so you could +say it you know anthropogenic CO2 + + align:start position:0% +say it you know anthropogenic CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +say it you know anthropogenic CO2 +emissions are contributing to global + + align:start position:0% +emissions are contributing to global + + + align:start position:0% +emissions are contributing to global +climate change and could negatively + + align:start position:0% +climate change and could negatively + + + align:start position:0% +climate change and could negatively +impact our way of life if serious action + + align:start position:0% +impact our way of life if serious action + + + align:start position:0% +impact our way of life if serious action +is further delayed that sounds like the + + align:start position:0% +is further delayed that sounds like the + + + align:start position:0% +is further delayed that sounds like the +7 o'cl news right you could say it you + + align:start position:0% +7 o'cl news right you could say it you + + + align:start position:0% +7 o'cl news right you could say it you +know you could say it like this look + + align:start position:0% +know you could say it like this look + + + align:start position:0% +know you could say it like this look +anthropogenic CO2 emissions are + + align:start position:0% +anthropogenic CO2 emissions are + + + align:start position:0% +anthropogenic CO2 emissions are +contribute into global climate change + + align:start position:0% +contribute into global climate change + + + align:start position:0% +contribute into global climate change +and that could really negatively impact + + align:start position:0% +and that could really negatively impact + + + align:start position:0% +and that could really negatively impact +our life if we don't do something right + + align:start position:0% +our life if we don't do something right + + + align:start position:0% +our life if we don't do something right +now I mean there it's basically the same + + align:start position:0% +now I mean there it's basically the same + + + align:start position:0% +now I mean there it's basically the same +line but it's said to completely + + align:start position:0% +line but it's said to completely + + + align:start position:0% +line but it's said to completely +different ways and uh it's it's much + + align:start position:0% +different ways and uh it's it's much + + + align:start position:0% +different ways and uh it's it's much +harder to say a line like this naturally + + align:start position:0% +harder to say a line like this naturally + + + align:start position:0% +harder to say a line like this naturally +um but it's possible so the way you + + align:start position:0% +um but it's possible so the way you + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's possible so the way you +write can can impact how you end up + + align:start position:0% +write can can impact how you end up + + + align:start position:0% +write can can impact how you end up +saying something and that's important + + align:start position:0% +saying something and that's important + + + align:start position:0% +saying something and that's important +too we will you know when whoever of you + + align:start position:0% +too we will you know when whoever of you + + + align:start position:0% +too we will you know when whoever of you +ends up shooting with us in the last + + align:start position:0% +ends up shooting with us in the last + + + align:start position:0% +ends up shooting with us in the last +week of January we are going to + + align:start position:0% +week of January we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +week of January we are going to +guaranteed say no try that again it + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed say no try that again it + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed say no try that again it +sounds too new newscaster because the + + align:start position:0% +sounds too new newscaster because the + + + align:start position:0% +sounds too new newscaster because the +and this is a style choice but for + + align:start position:0% +and this is a style choice but for + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a style choice but for +science out loud we it's not news we + + align:start position:0% +science out loud we it's not news we + + + align:start position:0% +science out loud we it's not news we +don't want it to come across like you + + align:start position:0% +don't want it to come across like you + + + align:start position:0% +don't want it to come across like you +know here at MIT we're talking to you + + align:start position:0% +know here at MIT we're talking to you + + + align:start position:0% +know here at MIT we're talking to you +about whatever because MIT already has a + + align:start position:0% +about whatever because MIT already has a + + + align:start position:0% +about whatever because MIT already has a +news office they do that well um our + + align:start position:0% +news office they do that well um our + + + align:start position:0% +news office they do that well um our +goal is different and so + + align:start position:0% +goal is different and so + + + align:start position:0% +goal is different and so +it you know that that's making that + + align:start position:0% +it you know that that's making that + + + align:start position:0% +it you know that that's making that +style Choice consciously from the + + align:start position:0% +style Choice consciously from the + + + align:start position:0% +style Choice consciously from the +beginning is important um but if you + + align:start position:0% +beginning is important um but if you + + + align:start position:0% +beginning is important um but if you +want to write like a newscaster I mean + + align:start position:0% +want to write like a newscaster I mean + + + align:start position:0% +want to write like a newscaster I mean +if you're writing for a news show if the + + align:start position:0% +if you're writing for a news show if the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're writing for a news show if the +point of the show is news then this that + + align:start position:0% +point of the show is news then this that + + + align:start position:0% +point of the show is news then this that +could be perfectly + + align:start position:0% +could be perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +could be perfectly +fine good were you going to show the + + align:start position:0% +fine good were you going to show the + + + align:start position:0% +fine good were you going to show the +irog glass clip later for hosting yeah + + align:start position:0% +irog glass clip later for hosting yeah + + + align:start position:0% +irog glass clip later for hosting yeah +um it might actually be fine to show + + align:start position:0% +um it might actually be fine to show + + + align:start position:0% +um it might actually be fine to show +that now while we're talking about it um + + align:start position:0% +that now while we're talking about it um + + + align:start position:0% +that now while we're talking about it um +let me find + + align:start position:0% +let me find + + + align:start position:0% +let me find +it yep here we + + align:start position:0% +it yep here we + + + align:start position:0% +it yep here we +go um + + align:start position:0% +go um + + + align:start position:0% +go um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +your oh + + align:start position:0% +your oh + + + align:start position:0% +your oh +yeah here we + + align:start position:0% +yeah here we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah here we +go I don't know why always imagined look + + align:start position:0% +go I don't know why always imagined look + + + align:start position:0% +go I don't know why always imagined look +different you guys know who IRG glass is + + align:start position:0% +different you guys know who IRG glass is + + + align:start position:0% +different you guys know who IRG glass is +This American Life um he's a radio he's + + align:start position:0% +This American Life um he's a radio he's + + + align:start position:0% +This American Life um he's a radio he's +a radio personality he's been doing this + + align:start position:0% +a radio personality he's been doing this + + + align:start position:0% +a radio personality he's been doing this +for many many + + align:start position:0% +for many many + + + align:start position:0% +for many many +years this totally different really yeah + + align:start position:0% +years this totally different really yeah + + + align:start position:0% +years this totally different really yeah +I'm going to pray you a cup of tape from + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pray you a cup of tape from + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pray you a cup of tape from +from my eighth year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not such a long way from the local + + align:start position:0% +it's not such a long way from the local + + + align:start position:0% +it's not such a long way from the local +grocery store to the international + + align:start position:0% +grocery store to the international + + + align:start position:0% +grocery store to the international +debate over whether sorghum and meek + + align:start position:0% +debate over whether sorghum and meek + + + align:start position:0% +debate over whether sorghum and meek +production are causing corn to decline + + align:start position:0% +production are causing corn to decline + + + align:start position:0% +production are causing corn to decline +in Latin America there's a general air + + align:start position:0% +in Latin America there's a general air + + + align:start position:0% +in Latin America there's a general air +of prosperity here partly thanks to + + align:start position:0% +of prosperity here partly thanks to + + + align:start position:0% +of prosperity here partly thanks to +Mexican Imports of us grains which + + align:start position:0% +Mexican Imports of us grains which + + + align:start position:0% +Mexican Imports of us grains which +helped boost our farm economy Mexico is + + align:start position:0% +helped boost our farm economy Mexico is + + + align:start position:0% +helped boost our farm economy Mexico is +now one of our biggest grain customers + + align:start position:0% +now one of our biggest grain customers + + + align:start position:0% +now one of our biggest grain customers +buying a half billion to a billion + + align:start position:0% +buying a half billion to a billion + + + align:start position:0% +buying a half billion to a billion +dollars worth every year including corn + + align:start position:0% +dollars worth every year including corn + + + align:start position:0% +dollars worth every year including corn +to feed its people and sorghum to feed + + align:start position:0% +to feed its people and sorghum to feed + + + align:start position:0% +to feed its people and sorghum to feed +its livestock like what am I talking + + align:start position:0% +its livestock like what am I talking + + + align:start position:0% +its livestock like what am I talking +about like I don't even understand like + + align:start position:0% +about like I don't even understand like + + + align:start position:0% +about like I don't even understand like +I wrote this I don't even understand + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this I don't even understand + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this I don't even understand +what it is and like and um and and okay + + align:start position:0% +what it is and like and um and and okay + + + align:start position:0% +what it is and like and um and and okay +also like like every part of this is is + + align:start position:0% +also like like every part of this is is + + + align:start position:0% +also like like every part of this is is +illc conceived okay um like like the + + align:start position:0% +illc conceived okay um like like the + + + align:start position:0% +illc conceived okay um like like the +writing is horrible you can't even + + align:start position:0% +writing is horrible you can't even + + + align:start position:0% +writing is horrible you can't even +follow what I'm talking about and then + + align:start position:0% +follow what I'm talking about and then + + + align:start position:0% +follow what I'm talking about and then +the performance like okay just a little + + align:start position:0% +the performance like okay just a little + + + align:start position:0% +the performance like okay just a little +tip if you're you know performing for + + align:start position:0% +tip if you're you know performing for + + + align:start position:0% +tip if you're you know performing for +broadcast you don't underline every + + align:start position:0% +broadcast you don't underline every + + + align:start position:0% +broadcast you don't underline every +third word for emphasis because it + + align:start position:0% +third word for emphasis because it + + + align:start position:0% +third word for emphasis because it +sounds really unnatural what you want to + + align:start position:0% +sounds really unnatural what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +sounds really unnatural what you want to +do is you want to talk the way people + + align:start position:0% +do is you want to talk the way people + + + align:start position:0% +do is you want to talk the way people +normally talk um this helps cut our own + + align:start position:0% +normally talk um this helps cut our own + + + align:start position:0% +normally talk um this helps cut our own +trade deficit and benefits everyone in + + align:start position:0% +trade deficit and benefits everyone in + + + align:start position:0% +trade deficit and benefits everyone in +the US economy but in Mexico this policy + + align:start position:0% +the US economy but in Mexico this policy + + + align:start position:0% +the US economy but in Mexico this policy +has led to fewer tortillas for the poor + + align:start position:0% +has led to fewer tortillas for the poor + + + align:start position:0% +has led to fewer tortillas for the poor +and on appetizing tortillas for everyone + + align:start position:0% +and on appetizing tortillas for everyone + + + align:start position:0% +and on appetizing tortillas for everyone +else again like this is like the most + + align:start position:0% +else again like this is like the most + + + align:start position:0% +else again like this is like the most +moronic kind of like you know it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +moronic kind of like you know it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +moronic kind of like you know it doesn't +mean anything and and it's hard it's + + align:start position:0% +mean anything and and it's hard it's + + + align:start position:0% +mean anything and and it's hard it's +actually kind of an interesting story + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of an interesting story + + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of an interesting story +which I'll say to you in a sentence + + align:start position:0% +which I'll say to you in a sentence + + + align:start position:0% +which I'll say to you in a sentence +which is um because Mexico produces a + + align:start position:0% +which is um because Mexico produces a + + + align:start position:0% +which is um because Mexico produces a +lot of stuff that they ship to the + + align:start position:0% +lot of stuff that they ship to the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of stuff that they ship to the +United States tomatoes and all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +United States tomatoes and all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +United States tomatoes and all sorts of +really like wonderful food that we eat + + align:start position:0% +really like wonderful food that we eat + + + align:start position:0% +really like wonderful food that we eat +here um they don't make enough corn for + + align:start position:0% +here um they don't make enough corn for + + + align:start position:0% +here um they don't make enough corn for +their own people that's the story so we + + align:start position:0% +their own people that's the story so we + + + align:start position:0% +their own people that's the story so we +be because for us to get really great + + align:start position:0% +be because for us to get really great + + + align:start position:0% +be because for us to get really great +tomatoes or semi- great tomatoes year + + align:start position:0% +tomatoes or semi- great tomatoes year + + + align:start position:0% +tomatoes or semi- great tomatoes year +round basically Mexicans eat worse + + align:start position:0% +round basically Mexicans eat worse + + + align:start position:0% +round basically Mexicans eat worse +that's the story and it's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +that's the story and it's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +that's the story and it's kind of an +interesting idea right like that's + + align:start position:0% +interesting idea right like that's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting idea right like that's +actually sort of like a cool idea + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of like a cool idea + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of like a cool idea +executed in the worst possible way so + + align:start position:0% +executed in the worst possible way so + + + align:start position:0% +executed in the worst possible way so +he's talking about two things there the + + align:start position:0% +he's talking about two things there the + + + align:start position:0% +he's talking about two things there the +first is the how he wrote the story and + + align:start position:0% +first is the how he wrote the story and + + + align:start position:0% +first is the how he wrote the story and +the second is how he delivered the story + + align:start position:0% +the second is how he delivered the story + + + align:start position:0% +the second is how he delivered the story +right so in the second part of the clip + + align:start position:0% +right so in the second part of the clip + + + align:start position:0% +right so in the second part of the clip +where he where he tells you the point of + + align:start position:0% +where he where he tells you the point of + + + align:start position:0% +where he where he tells you the point of +the story in like two sentences and you + + align:start position:0% +the story in like two sentences and you + + + align:start position:0% +the story in like two sentences and you +can actually understand what saying + + align:start position:0% +can actually understand what saying + + + align:start position:0% +can actually understand what saying +that's a writing issue and then the + + align:start position:0% +that's a writing issue and then the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a writing issue and then the +point that he makes about you know don't + + align:start position:0% +point that he makes about you know don't + + + align:start position:0% +point that he makes about you know don't +underline every third word um uh once + + align:start position:0% +underline every third word um uh once + + + align:start position:0% +underline every third word um uh once +you hear that like if you listen to the + + align:start position:0% +you hear that like if you listen to the + + + align:start position:0% +you hear that like if you listen to the +local news or even the national news I + + align:start position:0% +local news or even the national news I + + + align:start position:0% +local news or even the national news I +mean once you hear that you can't unhear + + align:start position:0% +mean once you hear that you can't unhear + + + align:start position:0% +mean once you hear that you can't unhear +that it's it's incredible how pervasive + + align:start position:0% +that it's it's incredible how pervasive + + + align:start position:0% +that it's it's incredible how pervasive +that tone is um because it makes people + + align:start position:0% +that tone is um because it makes people + + + align:start position:0% +that tone is um because it makes people +sound very important and official when + + align:start position:0% +sound very important and official when + + + align:start position:0% +sound very important and official when +they choose certain words to underline + + align:start position:0% +they choose certain words to underline + + + align:start position:0% +they choose certain words to underline +and deliver correctly and you know like + + align:start position:0% +and deliver correctly and you know like + + + align:start position:0% +and deliver correctly and you know like +that is something that is it's fine for + + align:start position:0% +that is something that is it's fine for + + + align:start position:0% +that is something that is it's fine for +the news cu has a purpose but it's just + + align:start position:0% +the news cu has a purpose but it's just + + + align:start position:0% +the news cu has a purpose but it's just +I mean you know it it's I think it's + + align:start position:0% +I mean you know it it's I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you know it it's I think it's +terrible and irog glass does too um if + + align:start position:0% +terrible and irog glass does too um if + + + align:start position:0% +terrible and irog glass does too um if +you listen to his show is this it's + + align:start position:0% +you listen to his show is this it's + + + align:start position:0% +you listen to his show is this it's +called This American Life um and if you + + align:start position:0% +called This American Life um and if you + + + align:start position:0% +called This American Life um and if you +can just listen to the first like three + + align:start position:0% +can just listen to the first like three + + + align:start position:0% +can just listen to the first like three +four minutes of any show it's a great + + align:start position:0% +four minutes of any show it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +four minutes of any show it's a great +example of of of really good hosting um + + align:start position:0% +example of of of really good hosting um + + + align:start position:0% +example of of of really good hosting um +Marketplace is another show that has a + + align:start position:0% +Marketplace is another show that has a + + + align:start position:0% +Marketplace is another show that has a +similar style and feel to it that's good + + align:start position:0% +similar style and feel to it that's good + + + align:start position:0% +similar style and feel to it that's good +to listen to um and then uh every every + + align:start position:0% +to listen to um and then uh every every + + + align:start position:0% +to listen to um and then uh every every +I think I think 8 minutes past the hour + + align:start position:0% +I think I think 8 minutes past the hour + + + align:start position:0% +I think I think 8 minutes past the hour +or something NPR or every hour NPR goes + + align:start position:0% +or something NPR or every hour NPR goes + + + align:start position:0% +or something NPR or every hour NPR goes +back to their local news stations so you + + align:start position:0% +back to their local news stations so you + + + align:start position:0% +back to their local news stations so you +can hear the difference between newscast + + align:start position:0% +can hear the difference between newscast + + + align:start position:0% +can hear the difference between newscast +delivery and natural delivery it's a + + align:start position:0% +delivery and natural delivery it's a + + + align:start position:0% +delivery and natural delivery it's a +really good exercise like I said once + + align:start position:0% +really good exercise like I said once + + + align:start position:0% +really good exercise like I said once +you once you hear it you can't unhear + + align:start position:0% +you once you hear it you can't unhear + + + align:start position:0% +you once you hear it you can't unhear +it um okay so let's go back to writing + + align:start position:0% +it um okay so let's go back to writing + + + align:start position:0% +it um okay so let's go back to writing +um what we're going to do now is I'm + + align:start position:0% +um what we're going to do now is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um what we're going to do now is I'm +going to have I picked I think three or + + align:start position:0% +going to have I picked I think three or + + + align:start position:0% +going to have I picked I think three or +four scripts at random and uh I'm going + + align:start position:0% +four scripts at random and uh I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +four scripts at random and uh I'm going +to have whoever wrote the script come up + + align:start position:0% +to have whoever wrote the script come up + + + align:start position:0% +to have whoever wrote the script come up +here and read it and then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +here and read it and then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +here and read it and then we're going to +do a group critique of the script this + + align:start position:0% +do a group critique of the script this + + + align:start position:0% +do a group critique of the script this +is a humbling experience we are going to + + align:start position:0% +is a humbling experience we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +is a humbling experience we are going to +say um we're going to point out ways + + align:start position:0% +say um we're going to point out ways + + + align:start position:0% +say um we're going to point out ways +that your script has been better but + + align:start position:0% +that your script has been better but + + + align:start position:0% +that your script has been better but +that's okay that's how you get better um + + align:start position:0% +that's okay that's how you get better um + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay that's how you get better um +and uh it's an experience that we will + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's an experience that we will + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's an experience that we will +go through again and again well I won't + + align:start position:0% +go through again and again well I won't + + + align:start position:0% +go through again and again well I won't +uh because I won't be here but you will + + align:start position:0% +uh because I won't be here but you will + + + align:start position:0% +uh because I won't be here but you will +with Elizabeth again and again + + align:start position:0% +with Elizabeth again and again + + + align:start position:0% +with Elizabeth again and again +throughout the rest of the course and + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the course and + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the course and +especially in January um because we are + + align:start position:0% +especially in January um because we are + + + align:start position:0% +especially in January um because we are +going to be very anal about you know + + align:start position:0% +going to be very anal about you know + + + align:start position:0% +going to be very anal about you know +does this make sense does this convey + + align:start position:0% +does this make sense does this convey + + + align:start position:0% +does this make sense does this convey +the idea we wanted to convey uh does it + + align:start position:0% +the idea we wanted to convey uh does it + + + align:start position:0% +the idea we wanted to convey uh does it +do it effectively so this is I think + + align:start position:0% +do it effectively so this is I think + + + align:start position:0% +do it effectively so this is I think +going to be your first experience with + + align:start position:0% +going to be your first experience with + + + align:start position:0% +going to be your first experience with +that so who who wrote that by the way I + + align:start position:0% +that so who who wrote that by the way I + + + align:start position:0% +that so who who wrote that by the way I +picked random all right come on up I + + align:start position:0% +picked random all right come on up I + + + align:start position:0% +picked random all right come on up I +picked random sections of the script uh + + align:start position:0% +picked random sections of the script uh + + + align:start position:0% +picked random sections of the script uh +to to talk through do you want do you + + align:start position:0% +to to talk through do you want do you + + + align:start position:0% +to to talk through do you want do you +want him to put on a + + align:start position:0% +want him to put on a + + + align:start position:0% +want him to put on a +mic do you want do him to wear a mic yes + + align:start position:0% +mic do you want do him to wear a mic yes + + + align:start position:0% +mic do you want do him to wear a mic yes +does it matter does matter okay all + + align:start position:0% +does it matter does matter okay all + + + align:start position:0% +does it matter does matter okay all +right come on what's your name again D + + align:start position:0% +right come on what's your name again D + + + align:start position:0% +right come on what's your name again D +David nice to meet you I'm sorry you're + + align:start position:0% +David nice to meet you I'm sorry you're + + + align:start position:0% +David nice to meet you I'm sorry you're +going first all right so stand up there + + align:start position:0% +going first all right so stand up there + + + align:start position:0% +going first all right so stand up there +you you can read the text here um + + align:start position:0% +you you can read the text here um + + + align:start position:0% +you you can read the text here um +deliver it like you would like you would + + align:start position:0% +deliver it like you would like you would + + + align:start position:0% +deliver it like you would like you would +deliver it if you know you were being + + align:start position:0% +deliver it if you know you were being + + + align:start position:0% +deliver it if you know you were being +recorded which you are being recorded + + align:start position:0% +recorded which you are being recorded + + + align:start position:0% +recorded which you are being recorded +and I'm going to sit in your place and + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to sit in your place and + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to sit in your place and +we're all going to have a conversation + + align:start position:0% +we're all going to have a conversation + + + align:start position:0% +we're all going to have a conversation +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay so uh when I was writing this I + + align:start position:0% +it okay so uh when I was writing this I + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so uh when I was writing this I +was actually writing on my bit then like + + align:start position:0% +was actually writing on my bit then like + + + align:start position:0% +was actually writing on my bit then like +I was sitting next to my roommate so I + + align:start position:0% +I was sitting next to my roommate so I + + + align:start position:0% +I was sitting next to my roommate so I +was actually kind of shy about reading + + align:start position:0% +was actually kind of shy about reading + + + align:start position:0% +was actually kind of shy about reading +out loud so actually I tried to read it + + align:start position:0% +out loud so actually I tried to read it + + + align:start position:0% +out loud so actually I tried to read it +out a lot but I read it like semi + + align:start position:0% +out a lot but I read it like semi + + + align:start position:0% +out a lot but I read it like semi +internally so maybe that's why some this + + align:start position:0% +internally so maybe that's why some this + + + align:start position:0% +internally so maybe that's why some this +would sound a be odd that's okay let's + + align:start position:0% +would sound a be odd that's okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +would sound a be odd that's okay let's +no judgment yet let's just let's get it + + align:start position:0% +no judgment yet let's just let's get it + + + align:start position:0% +no judgment yet let's just let's get it +out there yeah no judgment ever the same + + align:start position:0% +out there yeah no judgment ever the same + + + align:start position:0% +out there yeah no judgment ever the same +space okay so so my topic is about uh + + align:start position:0% +space okay so so my topic is about uh + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so so my topic is about uh +why some people why do some people + + align:start position:0% +why some people why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +why some people why do some people +handle Cod better than others so what I + + align:start position:0% +handle Cod better than others so what I + + + align:start position:0% +handle Cod better than others so what I +was interested is that why is it that + + align:start position:0% +was interested is that why is it that + + + align:start position:0% +was interested is that why is it that +some people are more fearful about the C + + align:start position:0% +some people are more fearful about the C + + + align:start position:0% +some people are more fearful about the C +that they rather die than be caught + + align:start position:0% +that they rather die than be caught + + + align:start position:0% +that they rather die than be caught +outside without all the winter gear + + align:start position:0% +outside without all the winter gear + + + align:start position:0% +outside without all the winter gear +masks and all but others can wear one + + align:start position:0% +masks and all but others can wear one + + + align:start position:0% +masks and all but others can wear one +layer for morning Dr actually I saw that + + align:start position:0% +layer for morning Dr actually I saw that + + + align:start position:0% +layer for morning Dr actually I saw that +this uh yesterday morning and what makes + + align:start position:0% +this uh yesterday morning and what makes + + + align:start position:0% +this uh yesterday morning and what makes +all the difference so to understand this + + align:start position:0% +all the difference so to understand this + + + align:start position:0% +all the difference so to understand this +we first need to find out how our body + + align:start position:0% +we first need to find out how our body + + + align:start position:0% +we first need to find out how our body +reacts to co the first point is that our + + align:start position:0% +reacts to co the first point is that our + + + align:start position:0% +reacts to co the first point is that our +body changes the way it burns energy + + align:start position:0% +body changes the way it burns energy + + + align:start position:0% +body changes the way it burns energy +more efficiently we actually burn more + + align:start position:0% +more efficiently we actually burn more + + + align:start position:0% +more efficiently we actually burn more +carbohydrates through our metabolic + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates through our metabolic + + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates through our metabolic +system to generate more heat imagine a + + align:start position:0% +system to generate more heat imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +system to generate more heat imagine a +giant furnace within our + + align:start position:0% +giant furnace within our + + + align:start position:0% +giant furnace within our +bodies as winter starts to come we throw + + align:start position:0% +bodies as winter starts to come we throw + + + align:start position:0% +bodies as winter starts to come we throw +more bits of carbohydrates and store + + align:start position:0% +more bits of carbohydrates and store + + + align:start position:0% +more bits of carbohydrates and store +energy to burn and create more heat to + + align:start position:0% +energy to burn and create more heat to + + + align:start position:0% +energy to burn and create more heat to +warm up our bodies then we kill pictures + + align:start position:0% +warm up our bodies then we kill pictures + + + align:start position:0% +warm up our bodies then we kill pictures +of furnace and burning stuff okay great + + align:start position:0% +of furnace and burning stuff okay great + + + align:start position:0% +of furnace and burning stuff okay great +okay you can come back and sit down + + align:start position:0% +okay you can come back and sit down + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can come back and sit down +thank you excellent um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go I want to point out something that + + align:start position:0% +go I want to point out something that + + + align:start position:0% +go I want to point out something that +actually has nothing to do with writing + + align:start position:0% +actually has nothing to do with writing + + + align:start position:0% +actually has nothing to do with writing +uh when you were very similar to how um + + align:start position:0% +uh when you were very similar to how um + + + align:start position:0% +uh when you were very similar to how um +there is a there is a newscaster tone to + + align:start position:0% +there is a there is a newscaster tone to + + + align:start position:0% +there is a there is a newscaster tone to +to deliver things especially when you're + + align:start position:0% +to deliver things especially when you're + + + align:start position:0% +to deliver things especially when you're +reading off a teleprompter there is also + + align:start position:0% +reading off a teleprompter there is also + + + align:start position:0% +reading off a teleprompter there is also +a reading tone to deliver things versus + + align:start position:0% +a reading tone to deliver things versus + + + align:start position:0% +a reading tone to deliver things versus +you know reading something out loud + + align:start position:0% +you know reading something out loud + + + align:start position:0% +you know reading something out loud +versus saying it to someone and when you + + align:start position:0% +versus saying it to someone and when you + + + align:start position:0% +versus saying it to someone and when you +got to the end of your first paragraph + + align:start position:0% +got to the end of your first paragraph + + + align:start position:0% +got to the end of your first paragraph +so you said um you know without all all + + align:start position:0% +so you said um you know without all all + + + align:start position:0% +so you said um you know without all all +the winter gear on mask and all While + + align:start position:0% +the winter gear on mask and all While + + + align:start position:0% +the winter gear on mask and all While +others can wear one layer for a morning + + align:start position:0% +others can wear one layer for a morning + + + align:start position:0% +others can wear one layer for a morning +jog I saw that yesterday actually did + + align:start position:0% +jog I saw that yesterday actually did + + + align:start position:0% +jog I saw that yesterday actually did +anyone else notice how when he switched + + align:start position:0% +anyone else notice how when he switched + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else notice how when he switched +from Reading to talking you instantly + + align:start position:0% +from Reading to talking you instantly + + + align:start position:0% +from Reading to talking you instantly +snap to + + align:start position:0% +snap to + + + align:start position:0% +snap to +attention because I mean here his focus + + align:start position:0% +attention because I mean here his focus + + + align:start position:0% +attention because I mean here his focus +is there and then when he switches over + + align:start position:0% +is there and then when he switches over + + + align:start position:0% +is there and then when he switches over +to I saw that yesterday by the way he + + align:start position:0% +to I saw that yesterday by the way he + + + align:start position:0% +to I saw that yesterday by the way he +looks at you all he makes that + + align:start position:0% +looks at you all he makes that + + + align:start position:0% +looks at you all he makes that +connection with you and you respond + + align:start position:0% +connection with you and you respond + + + align:start position:0% +connection with you and you respond +instantly right so that's something that + + align:start position:0% +instantly right so that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +instantly right so that's something that +is maybe better we talk about when we + + align:start position:0% +is maybe better we talk about when we + + + align:start position:0% +is maybe better we talk about when we +talk about hosting but since you since + + align:start position:0% +talk about hosting but since you since + + + align:start position:0% +talk about hosting but since you since +you did it right there I wanted to point + + align:start position:0% +you did it right there I wanted to point + + + align:start position:0% +you did it right there I wanted to point +it out uh okay so now um + + align:start position:0% +it out uh okay so now um + + + align:start position:0% +it out uh okay so now um +in one sentence someone summarized the + + align:start position:0% +in one sentence someone summarized the + + + align:start position:0% +in one sentence someone summarized the +sort of main point of this part of the + + align:start position:0% +sort of main point of this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of main point of this part of the +script for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me without without rereading it sorry + + align:start position:0% +me without without rereading it sorry + + + align:start position:0% +me without without rereading it sorry +that was a crucial piece of information + + align:start position:0% +that was a crucial piece of information + + + align:start position:0% +that was a crucial piece of information +don't read it + + align:start position:0% +don't read it + + + align:start position:0% +don't read it +again carbohydrates generate he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay carbohydrates are the fuel to + + align:start position:0% +okay carbohydrates are the fuel to + + + align:start position:0% +okay carbohydrates are the fuel to +generate heat okay yeah that's a little + + align:start position:0% +generate heat okay yeah that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +generate heat okay yeah that's a little +more specific um someone else have a + + align:start position:0% +more specific um someone else have a + + + align:start position:0% +more specific um someone else have a +different sentence they we're thinking + + align:start position:0% +different sentence they we're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +different sentence they we're thinking +of yeah um our bodies process + + align:start position:0% +of yeah um our bodies process + + + align:start position:0% +of yeah um our bodies process +carbohydrates differently so we um react + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates differently so we um react + + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates differently so we um react +differently to the Cal okay cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what technique is used + + align:start position:0% +um what technique is used + + + align:start position:0% +um what technique is used +here to explain how we process carbohy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +carbohydrates metaphor explain where the + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates metaphor explain where the + + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates metaphor explain where the +giant fairness within our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bodies does it work uh yeah I think uh + + align:start position:0% +bodies does it work uh yeah I think uh + + + align:start position:0% +bodies does it work uh yeah I think uh +it makes you know makes you understand + + align:start position:0% +it makes you know makes you understand + + + align:start position:0% +it makes you know makes you understand +something that's Technical and + + align:start position:0% +something that's Technical and + + + align:start position:0% +something that's Technical and +scientific in a more uh relatable way + + align:start position:0% +scientific in a more uh relatable way + + + align:start position:0% +scientific in a more uh relatable way +what do you mean by Rel relatable well + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean by Rel relatable well + + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean by Rel relatable well +um you know if you have a like a oil + + align:start position:0% +um you know if you have a like a oil + + + align:start position:0% +um you know if you have a like a oil +furnace at home and you're used to that + + align:start position:0% +furnace at home and you're used to that + + + align:start position:0% +furnace at home and you're used to that +thing cranking on in the winter then you + + align:start position:0% +thing cranking on in the winter then you + + + align:start position:0% +thing cranking on in the winter then you +can kind of relate to that right so your + + align:start position:0% +can kind of relate to that right so your + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of relate to that right so your +body is a an incredibly complex piece of + + align:start position:0% +body is a an incredibly complex piece of + + + align:start position:0% +body is a an incredibly complex piece of +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +uh it is basically unlike anything else + + align:start position:0% +uh it is basically unlike anything else + + + align:start position:0% +uh it is basically unlike anything else +that we're used to in our world right + + align:start position:0% +that we're used to in our world right + + + align:start position:0% +that we're used to in our world right +but uh a furnace right an oil furnace or + + align:start position:0% +but uh a furnace right an oil furnace or + + + align:start position:0% +but uh a furnace right an oil furnace or +even a fireplace or whatever something + + align:start position:0% +even a fireplace or whatever something + + + align:start position:0% +even a fireplace or whatever something +that burns stuff is something that every + + align:start position:0% +that burns stuff is something that every + + + align:start position:0% +that burns stuff is something that every +your your audience pretty much you can + + align:start position:0% +your your audience pretty much you can + + + align:start position:0% +your your audience pretty much you can +count on will have seen that so relating + + align:start position:0% +count on will have seen that so relating + + + align:start position:0% +count on will have seen that so relating +this very complex piece of Machinery to + + align:start position:0% +this very complex piece of Machinery to + + + align:start position:0% +this very complex piece of Machinery to +something that's much simpler is a great + + align:start position:0% +something that's much simpler is a great + + + align:start position:0% +something that's much simpler is a great +way to clue your audience in immediately + + align:start position:0% +way to clue your audience in immediately + + + align:start position:0% +way to clue your audience in immediately +on you know what what's going on um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the we can talk about metaphors more + + align:start position:0% +the we can talk about metaphors more + + + align:start position:0% +the we can talk about metaphors more +later and like what the tricky parts of + + align:start position:0% +later and like what the tricky parts of + + + align:start position:0% +later and like what the tricky parts of +metaphors are but what else here makes + + align:start position:0% +metaphors are but what else here makes + + + align:start position:0% +metaphors are but what else here makes +this effective what else makes the um + + align:start position:0% +this effective what else makes the um + + + align:start position:0% +this effective what else makes the um +what else makes you want to listen makes + + align:start position:0% +what else makes you want to listen makes + + + align:start position:0% +what else makes you want to listen makes +you interested to know more what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +techniques yeah so the first paragraph + + align:start position:0% +techniques yeah so the first paragraph + + + align:start position:0% +techniques yeah so the first paragraph +is all questions that's all it is it's + + align:start position:0% +is all questions that's all it is it's + + + align:start position:0% +is all questions that's all it is it's +just sentences of questions so how does + + align:start position:0% +just sentences of questions so how does + + + align:start position:0% +just sentences of questions so how does +that why is that useful why does that + + align:start position:0% +that why is that useful why does that + + + align:start position:0% +that why is that useful why does that +help start the + + align:start position:0% +help start the + + + align:start position:0% +help start the +Curiosity + + align:start position:0% +Curiosity + + + align:start position:0% +Curiosity +audience they have to know the they so + + align:start position:0% +audience they have to know the they so + + + align:start position:0% +audience they have to know the they so +so when the curiosity is pick they will + + align:start position:0% +so when the curiosity is pick they will + + + align:start position:0% +so when the curiosity is pick they will +want to continue watching exactly and + + align:start position:0% +want to continue watching exactly and + + + align:start position:0% +want to continue watching exactly and +that's a really common technique you + + align:start position:0% +that's a really common technique you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really common technique you +start off the question with you start + + align:start position:0% +start off the question with you start + + + align:start position:0% +start off the question with you start +off the video excuse me with either one + + align:start position:0% +off the video excuse me with either one + + + align:start position:0% +off the video excuse me with either one +or more questions uh what else is + + align:start position:0% +or more questions uh what else is + + + align:start position:0% +or more questions uh what else is +effective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here you to say I mean the questions + + align:start position:0% +here you to say I mean the questions + + + align:start position:0% +here you to say I mean the questions +themselves were it's not that you just + + align:start position:0% +themselves were it's not that you just + + + align:start position:0% +themselves were it's not that you just +pose you could have posed much bigger + + align:start position:0% +pose you could have posed much bigger + + + align:start position:0% +pose you could have posed much bigger +questions like why why do I get cold + + align:start position:0% +questions like why why do I get cold + + + align:start position:0% +questions like why why do I get cold +right that's not a really compelling + + align:start position:0% +right that's not a really compelling + + + align:start position:0% +right that's not a really compelling +question but it's a the second question + + align:start position:0% +question but it's a the second question + + + align:start position:0% +question but it's a the second question +why is it that some people are so + + align:start position:0% +why is it that some people are so + + + align:start position:0% +why is it that some people are so +fearful of the cold that they would + + align:start position:0% +fearful of the cold that they would + + + align:start position:0% +fearful of the cold that they would +rather be caught dead than go outside + + align:start position:0% +rather be caught dead than go outside + + + align:start position:0% +rather be caught dead than go outside +and when you said like I just saw this + + align:start position:0% +and when you said like I just saw this + + + align:start position:0% +and when you said like I just saw this +outside I mean I see it all the I see it + + align:start position:0% +outside I mean I see it all the I see it + + + align:start position:0% +outside I mean I see it all the I see it +outside all the time too um so the the + + align:start position:0% +outside all the time too um so the the + + + align:start position:0% +outside all the time too um so the the +questions themselves immediately jump + + align:start position:0% +questions themselves immediately jump + + + align:start position:0% +questions themselves immediately jump +into relating to the + + align:start position:0% +into relating to the + + + align:start position:0% +into relating to the +and it's something that that uh is a + + align:start position:0% +and it's something that that uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's something that that uh is a +common I mean you know having a good we + + align:start position:0% +common I mean you know having a good we + + + align:start position:0% +common I mean you know having a good we +didn't talk about like your idea should + + align:start position:0% +didn't talk about like your idea should + + + align:start position:0% +didn't talk about like your idea should +be good right um but having a good idea + + align:start position:0% +be good right um but having a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +be good right um but having a good idea +is an important part of making an + + align:start position:0% +is an important part of making an + + + align:start position:0% +is an important part of making an +interesting and readable script and this + + align:start position:0% +interesting and readable script and this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and readable script and this +is something that we've all experienced + + align:start position:0% +is something that we've all experienced + + + align:start position:0% +is something that we've all experienced +I mean you walk around MIT and you see + + align:start position:0% +I mean you walk around MIT and you see + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you walk around MIT and you see +people walking around with shorts in the + + align:start position:0% +people walking around with shorts in the + + + align:start position:0% +people walking around with shorts in the +what it's the weather outside it's like + + align:start position:0% +what it's the weather outside it's like + + + align:start position:0% +what it's the weather outside it's like +12 degrees outside or whatever um and + + align:start position:0% +12 degrees outside or whatever um and + + + align:start position:0% +12 degrees outside or whatever um and +you think my God they must be insane um + + align:start position:0% +you think my God they must be insane um + + + align:start position:0% +you think my God they must be insane um +but no maybe they actually don't feel + + align:start position:0% +but no maybe they actually don't feel + + + align:start position:0% +but no maybe they actually don't feel +cold like we do and that that is + + align:start position:0% +cold like we do and that that is + + + align:start position:0% +cold like we do and that that is +something that is um it's one of those + + align:start position:0% +something that is um it's one of those + + + align:start position:0% +something that is um it's one of those +things that you see a lot and you don't + + align:start position:0% +things that you see a lot and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +things that you see a lot and you don't +really process it but when you really + + align:start position:0% +really process it but when you really + + + align:start position:0% +really process it but when you really +stop to think about it you're like wow + + align:start position:0% +stop to think about it you're like wow + + + align:start position:0% +stop to think about it you're like wow +that is really bizarre I want to know + + align:start position:0% +that is really bizarre I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +that is really bizarre I want to know +more so it you're right it's not just + + align:start position:0% +more so it you're right it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +more so it you're right it's not just +asking questions in and of itself + + align:start position:0% +asking questions in and of itself + + + align:start position:0% +asking questions in and of itself +themselves but it's what are those + + align:start position:0% +themselves but it's what are those + + + align:start position:0% +themselves but it's what are those +questions and do they point you + + align:start position:0% +questions and do they point you + + + align:start position:0% +questions and do they point you +somewhere + + align:start position:0% +somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere +interesting what else is effective here + + align:start position:0% +interesting what else is effective here + + + align:start position:0% +interesting what else is effective here +there's a we right there that I feel + + align:start position:0% +there's a we right there that I feel + + + align:start position:0% +there's a we right there that I feel +like is absolutely essential which which + + align:start position:0% +like is absolutely essential which which + + + align:start position:0% +like is absolutely essential which which +one right in the very middle of the very + + align:start position:0% +one right in the very middle of the very + + + align:start position:0% +one right in the very middle of the very +of the page there is like middle middle + + align:start position:0% +of the page there is like middle middle + + + align:start position:0% +of the page there is like middle middle +middle middle mhm to understand this we + + align:start position:0% +middle middle mhm to understand this we + + + align:start position:0% +middle middle mhm to understand this we +first need to find out how our body + + align:start position:0% +first need to find out how our body + + + align:start position:0% +first need to find out how our body +reacts to the cold that we I think is so + + align:start position:0% +reacts to the cold that we I think is so + + + align:start position:0% +reacts to the cold that we I think is so +essential because if it were a you or a + + align:start position:0% +essential because if it were a you or a + + + align:start position:0% +essential because if it were a you or a +me it wouldn't work but the wi is very + + align:start position:0% +me it wouldn't work but the wi is very + + + align:start position:0% +me it wouldn't work but the wi is very +appropriately engaging what does it do + + align:start position:0% +appropriately engaging what does it do + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately engaging what does it do +it it means that you and I together are + + align:start position:0% +it it means that you and I together are + + + align:start position:0% +it it means that you and I together are +going to face this out I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +going to face this out I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to face this out I'm not going to +tell you but we're going to explore this + + align:start position:0% +tell you but we're going to explore this + + + align:start position:0% +tell you but we're going to explore this +together and that's like the perfect + + align:start position:0% +together and that's like the perfect + + + align:start position:0% +together and that's like the perfect +tone for this piece yeah you were + + align:start position:0% +tone for this piece yeah you were + + + align:start position:0% +tone for this piece yeah you were +leading your audience on an adventure of + + align:start position:0% +leading your audience on an adventure of + + + align:start position:0% +leading your audience on an adventure of +understanding I mean you're the guide + + align:start position:0% +understanding I mean you're the guide + + + align:start position:0% +understanding I mean you're the guide +because you're on camera but you're + + align:start position:0% +because you're on camera but you're + + + align:start position:0% +because you're on camera but you're +bringing them with you versus you know + + align:start position:0% +bringing them with you versus you know + + + align:start position:0% +bringing them with you versus you know +I'm just going to open your head and + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to open your head and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to open your head and +dump this information in your head and + + align:start position:0% +dump this information in your head and + + + align:start position:0% +dump this information in your head and +then you're going to know it that's not + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to know it that's not + + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to know it that's not +what this is this is an odyssey of + + align:start position:0% +what this is this is an odyssey of + + + align:start position:0% +what this is this is an odyssey of +exploration that we're going to go on + + align:start position:0% +exploration that we're going to go on + + + align:start position:0% +exploration that we're going to go on +together anything else that we want to + + align:start position:0% +together anything else that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +together anything else that we want to +point out is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effective okay uh what could be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +improved um I think the basing uh would + + align:start position:0% +improved um I think the basing uh would + + + align:start position:0% +improved um I think the basing uh would +make it easier + + align:start position:0% +make it easier + + + align:start position:0% +make it easier +uh for for the host to read so just have + + align:start position:0% +uh for for the host to read so just have + + + align:start position:0% +uh for for the host to read so just have +less Comas but meing more periods kind + + align:start position:0% +less Comas but meing more periods kind + + + align:start position:0% +less Comas but meing more periods kind +of split it up into shorter sentences M + + align:start position:0% +of split it up into shorter sentences M + + + align:start position:0% +of split it up into shorter sentences M +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +there's you don't have to keep the in + + align:start position:0% +there's you don't have to keep the in + + + align:start position:0% +there's you don't have to keep the in +your head for a long time right yeah the + + align:start position:0% +your head for a long time right yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +your head for a long time right yeah the +sentences are do get kind of long um the + + align:start position:0% +sentences are do get kind of long um the + + + align:start position:0% +sentences are do get kind of long um the +last paragraph is just two sentences and + + align:start position:0% +last paragraph is just two sentences and + + + align:start position:0% +last paragraph is just two sentences and +then the middle question in the in the + + align:start position:0% +then the middle question in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +then the middle question in the in the +first paragraph is a very long sentence + + align:start position:0% +first paragraph is a very long sentence + + + align:start position:0% +first paragraph is a very long sentence +so I agree um that is one of the that's + + align:start position:0% +so I agree um that is one of the that's + + + align:start position:0% +so I agree um that is one of the that's +one of the just the the default patterns + + align:start position:0% +one of the just the the default patterns + + + align:start position:0% +one of the just the the default patterns +that you fall into when you're writing + + align:start position:0% +that you fall into when you're writing + + + align:start position:0% +that you fall into when you're writing +something without when you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +something without when you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +something without when you're thinking +of something in your head you tend to + + align:start position:0% +of something in your head you tend to + + + align:start position:0% +of something in your head you tend to +think in sort of long unbroken streams + + align:start position:0% +think in sort of long unbroken streams + + + align:start position:0% +think in sort of long unbroken streams +of thought and that tends to manifest + + align:start position:0% +of thought and that tends to manifest + + + align:start position:0% +of thought and that tends to manifest +itself on the page um whereas when you + + align:start position:0% +itself on the page um whereas when you + + + align:start position:0% +itself on the page um whereas when you +talk usually uh there may not be may not + + align:start position:0% +talk usually uh there may not be may not + + + align:start position:0% +talk usually uh there may not be may not +be sentences in the traditional sense of + + align:start position:0% +be sentences in the traditional sense of + + + align:start position:0% +be sentences in the traditional sense of +like okay I'm going to stop talking now + + align:start position:0% +like okay I'm going to stop talking now + + + align:start position:0% +like okay I'm going to stop talking now +there's a period and now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +there's a period and now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +there's a period and now I'm going to +start again but you do have pauses in + + align:start position:0% +start again but you do have pauses in + + + align:start position:0% +start again but you do have pauses in +your speech that let your audience + + align:start position:0% +your speech that let your audience + + + align:start position:0% +your speech that let your audience +understand what's going on and you can + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on and you can + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on and you can +count those as + + align:start position:0% +count those as + + + align:start position:0% +count those as +sentences what else else maybe putting + + align:start position:0% +sentences what else else maybe putting + + + align:start position:0% +sentences what else else maybe putting +the metaphor before the + + align:start position:0% +the metaphor before the + + + align:start position:0% +the metaphor before the +Scientific mentioning the giant furn + + align:start position:0% +Scientific mentioning the giant furn + + + align:start position:0% +Scientific mentioning the giant furn +picturing the giant F before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mentioning so give us a um uh give us a + + align:start position:0% +mentioning so give us a um uh give us a + + + align:start position:0% +mentioning so give us a um uh give us a +version of how you would imagine that + + align:start position:0% +version of how you would imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +version of how you would imagine that +would go um imagine a giant furnace in + + align:start position:0% +would go um imagine a giant furnace in + + + align:start position:0% +would go um imagine a giant furnace in +the winter burning coal and charcoal to + + align:start position:0% +the winter burning coal and charcoal to + + + align:start position:0% +the winter burning coal and charcoal to +generate now imagine the body your + + align:start position:0% +generate now imagine the body your + + + align:start position:0% +generate now imagine the body your +metabolic system as a giant but stand of + + align:start position:0% +metabolic system as a giant but stand of + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic system as a giant but stand of +Co chco couple + + align:start position:0% +Co chco couple + + + align:start position:0% +Co chco couple +Hy yeah great that's a that's an + + align:start position:0% +Hy yeah great that's a that's an + + + align:start position:0% +Hy yeah great that's a that's an +excellent point so the way this script + + align:start position:0% +excellent point so the way this script + + + align:start position:0% +excellent point so the way this script +is written you have uh the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +is written you have uh the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +is written you have uh the sort of the +simple answer the simple technical uh + + align:start position:0% +simple answer the simple technical uh + + + align:start position:0% +simple answer the simple technical uh +answer that has no metaphor comes first + + align:start position:0% +answer that has no metaphor comes first + + + align:start position:0% +answer that has no metaphor comes first +and then you have the metaphor but the + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the metaphor but the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the metaphor but the +way that remind me your name kenth + + align:start position:0% +way that remind me your name kenth + + + align:start position:0% +way that remind me your name kenth +Kenneth the way that Kenneth said it is + + align:start position:0% +Kenneth the way that Kenneth said it is + + + align:start position:0% +Kenneth the way that Kenneth said it is +okay we're going to start simple we're + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to start simple we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to start simple we're +going to start with something you know a + + align:start position:0% +going to start with something you know a + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with something you know a +giant furnace got that in your head + + align:start position:0% +giant furnace got that in your head + + + align:start position:0% +giant furnace got that in your head +great now imagine that your body is that + + align:start position:0% +great now imagine that your body is that + + + align:start position:0% +great now imagine that your body is that +furnace and instead of coal you've got + + align:start position:0% +furnace and instead of coal you've got + + + align:start position:0% +furnace and instead of coal you've got +sugar Etc ET ET and you build the + + align:start position:0% +sugar Etc ET ET and you build the + + + align:start position:0% +sugar Etc ET ET and you build the +metaphor like that um and that is that's + + align:start position:0% +metaphor like that um and that is that's + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor like that um and that is that's +sort of a principle of start small start + + align:start position:0% +sort of a principle of start small start + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a principle of start small start +easy start with something you know and + + align:start position:0% +easy start with something you know and + + + align:start position:0% +easy start with something you know and +then build layer by layer on that um and + + align:start position:0% +then build layer by layer on that um and + + + align:start position:0% +then build layer by layer on that um and +that is something that is not one of my + + align:start position:0% +that is something that is not one of my + + + align:start position:0% +that is something that is not one of my +rules but easily could be um it's a + + align:start position:0% +rules but easily could be um it's a + + + align:start position:0% +rules but easily could be um it's a +great everywhere except the very first + + align:start position:0% +great everywhere except the very first + + + align:start position:0% +great everywhere except the very first +sentence of the video it's a great + + align:start position:0% +sentence of the video it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +sentence of the video it's a great +technique to make sure that your + + align:start position:0% +technique to make sure that your + + + align:start position:0% +technique to make sure that your +audience is caught up with you all the + + align:start position:0% +audience is caught up with you all the + + + align:start position:0% +audience is caught up with you all the +time and I say everywhere except the + + align:start position:0% +time and I say everywhere except the + + + align:start position:0% +time and I say everywhere except the +first bit because the exception is that + + align:start position:0% +first bit because the exception is that + + + align:start position:0% +first bit because the exception is that +you know if you want to start with a + + align:start position:0% +you know if you want to start with a + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you want to start with a +compelling hook uh you might start + + align:start position:0% +compelling hook uh you might start + + + align:start position:0% +compelling hook uh you might start +completely out of order and then come + + align:start position:0% +completely out of order and then come + + + align:start position:0% +completely out of order and then come +back to something later in the video + + align:start position:0% +back to something later in the video + + + align:start position:0% +back to something later in the video +just for the purposes of hooking your + + align:start position:0% +just for the purposes of hooking your + + + align:start position:0% +just for the purposes of hooking your +audience and and getting them through + + align:start position:0% +audience and and getting them through + + + align:start position:0% +audience and and getting them through +the first 10 seconds um but other than + + align:start position:0% +the first 10 seconds um but other than + + + align:start position:0% +the first 10 seconds um but other than +that that that sort of expansion I I + + align:start position:0% +that that that sort of expansion I I + + + align:start position:0% +that that that sort of expansion I I +sort of look at it as a funnel of like + + align:start position:0% +sort of look at it as a funnel of like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of look at it as a funnel of like +you start really you know simple and + + align:start position:0% +you start really you know simple and + + + align:start position:0% +you start really you know simple and +then work your way out to + + align:start position:0% +then work your way out to + + + align:start position:0% +then work your way out to +complicated uh what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else I have no pretty sure whether you + + align:start position:0% +else I have no pretty sure whether you + + + align:start position:0% +else I have no pretty sure whether you +need the sentence the middle sentence in + + align:start position:0% +need the sentence the middle sentence in + + + align:start position:0% +need the sentence the middle sentence in +which one this one yeah let's try it so + + align:start position:0% +which one this one yeah let's try it so + + + align:start position:0% +which one this one yeah let's try it so +give us a read read the last few lines + + align:start position:0% +give us a read read the last few lines + + + align:start position:0% +give us a read read the last few lines +here and then go right into the why + + align:start position:0% +here and then go right into the why + + + align:start position:0% +here and then go right into the why +don't you go into Kenneth's version of + + align:start position:0% +don't you go into Kenneth's version of + + + align:start position:0% +don't you go into Kenneth's version of +it so read the last couple of lines here + + align:start position:0% +it so read the last couple of lines here + + + align:start position:0% +it so read the last couple of lines here +and then go into the furnace and we'll + + align:start position:0% +and then go into the furnace and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and then go into the furnace and we'll +see how it sounds okay so what others + + align:start position:0% +see how it sounds okay so what others + + + align:start position:0% +see how it sounds okay so what others +can wear one layer or more layers for + + align:start position:0% +can wear one layer or more layers for + + + align:start position:0% +can wear one layer or more layers for +morning job what makes all the + + align:start position:0% +morning job what makes all the + + + align:start position:0% +morning job what makes all the +difference so body changes oh sorry uh + + align:start position:0% +difference so body changes oh sorry uh + + + align:start position:0% +difference so body changes oh sorry uh +what makes all the difference imagine + + align:start position:0% +what makes all the difference imagine + + + align:start position:0% +what makes all the difference imagine +Giant within our bodies our bodies + + align:start position:0% +Giant within our bodies our bodies + + + align:start position:0% +Giant within our bodies our bodies +changes and burns energy great that's + + align:start position:0% +changes and burns energy great that's + + + align:start position:0% +changes and burns energy great that's +perfect so uh I would agree with you I + + align:start position:0% +perfect so uh I would agree with you I + + + align:start position:0% +perfect so uh I would agree with you I +think you're absolutely right I don't + + align:start position:0% +think you're absolutely right I don't + + + align:start position:0% +think you're absolutely right I don't +think we need the middle sentence + + align:start position:0% +think we need the middle sentence + + + align:start position:0% +think we need the middle sentence +because you're asking a question and + + align:start position:0% +because you're asking a question and + + + align:start position:0% +because you're asking a question and +then you go right into this image and + + align:start position:0% +then you go right into this image and + + + align:start position:0% +then you go right into this image and +it's clear that you're not immediately + + align:start position:0% +it's clear that you're not immediately + + + align:start position:0% +it's clear that you're not immediately +answering the question right um because + + align:start position:0% +answering the question right um because + + + align:start position:0% +answering the question right um because +imagine a giant furnace is not the + + align:start position:0% +imagine a giant furnace is not the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a giant furnace is not the +answer to what makes the difference + + align:start position:0% +answer to what makes the difference + + + align:start position:0% +answer to what makes the difference +right um but it's clear that from your + + align:start position:0% +right um but it's clear that from your + + + align:start position:0% +right um but it's clear that from your +tone the way you said it so you say + + align:start position:0% +tone the way you said it so you say + + + align:start position:0% +tone the way you said it so you say +What's the difference well imagine your + + align:start position:0% +What's the difference well imagine your + + + align:start position:0% +What's the difference well imagine your +body is a giant furnace so the way that + + align:start position:0% +body is a giant furnace so the way that + + + align:start position:0% +body is a giant furnace so the way that +you say something uh can uh essentially + + align:start position:0% +you say something uh can uh essentially + + + align:start position:0% +you say something uh can uh essentially +you're you're saying this sentence in + + align:start position:0% +you're you're saying this sentence in + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're saying this sentence in +the tone of your voice so you don't + + align:start position:0% +the tone of your voice so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +the tone of your voice so you don't +actually need to say that sentence out + + align:start position:0% +actually need to say that sentence out + + + align:start position:0% +actually need to say that sentence out +loud great anything else we can + + align:start position:0% +loud great anything else we can + + + align:start position:0% +loud great anything else we can +eliminate by the way what can we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cut I think we already mentioned it um + + align:start position:0% +cut I think we already mentioned it um + + + align:start position:0% +cut I think we already mentioned it um +but the second sentence uh + + align:start position:0% +but the second sentence uh + + + align:start position:0% +but the second sentence uh +I think you could say that a little less + + align:start position:0% +I think you could say that a little less + + + align:start position:0% +I think you could say that a little less +wor give shot um so why do people hate + + align:start position:0% +wor give shot um so why do people hate + + + align:start position:0% +wor give shot um so why do people hate +the cold + + align:start position:0% +the cold + + + align:start position:0% +the cold +um that they rather uh die than be + + align:start position:0% +um that they rather uh die than be + + + align:start position:0% +um that they rather uh die than be +caught outside without all winter + + align:start position:0% +caught outside without all winter + + + align:start position:0% +caught outside without all winter +clothes on I I don't know so you're the + + align:start position:0% +clothes on I I don't know so you're the + + + align:start position:0% +clothes on I I don't know so you're the +way you're doing it is to sort of pce + + align:start position:0% +way you're doing it is to sort of pce + + + align:start position:0% +way you're doing it is to sort of pce +me'll try and chop out certain words + + align:start position:0% +me'll try and chop out certain words + + + align:start position:0% +me'll try and chop out certain words +right but take a step back look at the + + align:start position:0% +right but take a step back look at the + + + align:start position:0% +right but take a step back look at the +meaning of yeah like look at the meaning + + align:start position:0% +meaning of yeah like look at the meaning + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of yeah like look at the meaning +of the sentence reformulate it and just + + align:start position:0% +of the sentence reformulate it and just + + + align:start position:0% +of the sentence reformulate it and just +say it as if you were saying it to + + align:start position:0% +say it as if you were saying it to + + + align:start position:0% +say it as if you were saying it to +me actually do say it to + + align:start position:0% +me actually do say it to + + + align:start position:0% +me actually do say it to +me so why do we hate the cold why does + + align:start position:0% +me so why do we hate the cold why does + + + align:start position:0% +me so why do we hate the cold why does +some people have to bundle up and others + + align:start position:0% +some people have to bundle up and others + + + align:start position:0% +some people have to bundle up and others +don't have to + + align:start position:0% +don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to +wear as much clothes or something like + + align:start position:0% +wear as much clothes or something like + + + align:start position:0% +wear as much clothes or something like +that yeah I think you're on to something + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I think you're on to something + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I think you're on to something +like why + + align:start position:0% +like why + + + align:start position:0% +like why +do you walk around on a cold Winter's + + align:start position:0% +do you walk around on a cold Winter's + + + align:start position:0% +do you walk around on a cold Winter's +day why why are some people bundled up + + align:start position:0% +day why why are some people bundled up + + + align:start position:0% +day why why are some people bundled up +and some people wearing shorts what's + + align:start position:0% +and some people wearing shorts what's + + + align:start position:0% +and some people wearing shorts what's +the deal right that's a much shter way + + align:start position:0% +the deal right that's a much shter way + + + align:start position:0% +the deal right that's a much shter way +of saying essentially that there is a + + align:start position:0% +of saying essentially that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +of saying essentially that there is a +theatricality in the in the way that the + + align:start position:0% +theatricality in the in the way that the + + + align:start position:0% +theatricality in the in the way that the +the the first paragraph is written um + + align:start position:0% +the the first paragraph is written um + + + align:start position:0% +the the first paragraph is written um +that you lose by changing it to the to + + align:start position:0% +that you lose by changing it to the to + + + align:start position:0% +that you lose by changing it to the to +the shorter version but that comes at + + align:start position:0% +the shorter version but that comes at + + + align:start position:0% +the shorter version but that comes at +the at the from the benefit of you know + + align:start position:0% +the at the from the benefit of you know + + + align:start position:0% +the at the from the benefit of you know +you're getting into the material faster + + align:start position:0% +you're getting into the material faster + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting into the material faster +but there is a trade-off + + align:start position:0% +but there is a trade-off + + + align:start position:0% +but there is a trade-off +there oh you can also accomplish like + + align:start position:0% +there oh you can also accomplish like + + + align:start position:0% +there oh you can also accomplish like +all you say in with the extra detail + + align:start position:0% +all you say in with the extra detail + + + align:start position:0% +all you say in with the extra detail +with your images so if you show an + + align:start position:0% +with your images so if you show an + + + align:start position:0% +with your images so if you show an +example of someone bumbled up with all + + align:start position:0% +example of someone bumbled up with all + + + align:start position:0% +example of someone bumbled up with all +the layers and then a jogger with barely + + align:start position:0% +the layers and then a jogger with barely + + + align:start position:0% +the layers and then a jogger with barely +anything on those shorts then you have + + align:start position:0% +anything on those shorts then you have + + + align:start position:0% +anything on those shorts then you have +all the content that was in that + + align:start position:0% +all the content that was in that + + + align:start position:0% +all the content that was in that +sentence but you're using the rest of + + align:start position:0% +sentence but you're using the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +sentence but you're using the rest of +the medium that you have to work with + + align:start position:0% +the medium that you have to work with + + + align:start position:0% +the medium that you have to work with +you reminded me of the thing that I was + + align:start position:0% +you reminded me of the thing that I was + + + align:start position:0% +you reminded me of the thing that I was +going to talk about thank you that's + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about thank you that's + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about thank you that's +that's exactly what I wanted to talk + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly what I wanted to talk + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly what I wanted to talk +about um yeah so yeah and this is really + + align:start position:0% +about um yeah so yeah and this is really + + + align:start position:0% +about um yeah so yeah and this is really +really really easy to forget when you're + + align:start position:0% +really really easy to forget when you're + + + align:start position:0% +really really easy to forget when you're +writing a script is that there's going + + align:start position:0% +writing a script is that there's going + + + align:start position:0% +writing a script is that there's going +to be a whole other layer of information + + align:start position:0% +to be a whole other layer of information + + + align:start position:0% +to be a whole other layer of information +that is available to you is available to + + align:start position:0% +that is available to you is available to + + + align:start position:0% +that is available to you is available to +your audience in the final product so to + + align:start position:0% +your audience in the final product so to + + + align:start position:0% +your audience in the final product so to +the extent that you can um I would + + align:start position:0% +the extent that you can um I would + + + align:start position:0% +the extent that you can um I would +absolutely encourage use of visuals that + + align:start position:0% +absolutely encourage use of visuals that + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely encourage use of visuals that +are complimentary to the script so the + + align:start position:0% +are complimentary to the script so the + + + align:start position:0% +are complimentary to the script so the +way that I I don't have the slides for + + align:start position:0% +way that I I don't have the slides for + + + align:start position:0% +way that I I don't have the slides for +this but + + align:start position:0% +this but + + + align:start position:0% +this but +um let's say that you wanted to show a + + align:start position:0% +um let's say that you wanted to show a + + + align:start position:0% +um let's say that you wanted to show a +synapse you guys know what a synapse is + + align:start position:0% +synapse you guys know what a synapse is + + + align:start position:0% +synapse you guys know what a synapse is +the part in your brain where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um where neurotransmitters go so you've + + align:start position:0% +um where neurotransmitters go so you've + + + align:start position:0% +um where neurotransmitters go so you've +got + + align:start position:0% +got + + + align:start position:0% +got +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this uh and then + + align:start position:0% +this uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +this uh and then +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +okay so this is one nerve this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is one nerve this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is one nerve this is +another nerve this is just the space in + + align:start position:0% +another nerve this is just the space in + + + align:start position:0% +another nerve this is just the space in +between the nerves um and these dots are + + align:start position:0% +between the nerves um and these dots are + + + align:start position:0% +between the nerves um and these dots are +chemicals that this nerve is + + align:start position:0% +chemicals that this nerve is + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals that this nerve is +transmitting to this nerve these U sort + + align:start position:0% +transmitting to this nerve these U sort + + + align:start position:0% +transmitting to this nerve these U sort +of like Poseidon Spears uh are U + + align:start position:0% +of like Poseidon Spears uh are U + + + align:start position:0% +of like Poseidon Spears uh are U +receptors for these chemicals um now the + + align:start position:0% +receptors for these chemicals um now the + + + align:start position:0% +receptors for these chemicals um now the +way that I said that notice how I you + + align:start position:0% +way that I said that notice how I you + + + align:start position:0% +way that I said that notice how I you +know if you were to write down what I + + align:start position:0% +know if you were to write down what I + + + align:start position:0% +know if you were to write down what I +just said these dots this nerve the + + align:start position:0% +just said these dots this nerve the + + + align:start position:0% +just said these dots this nerve the +space this area is the space between the + + align:start position:0% +space this area is the space between the + + + align:start position:0% +space this area is the space between the +nerve you'd have absolutely no idea what + + align:start position:0% +nerve you'd have absolutely no idea what + + + align:start position:0% +nerve you'd have absolutely no idea what +I was talking about without the image + + align:start position:0% +I was talking about without the image + + + align:start position:0% +I was talking about without the image +right whereas if you didn't have this + + align:start position:0% +right whereas if you didn't have this + + + align:start position:0% +right whereas if you didn't have this +image and you were just writing a script + + align:start position:0% +image and you were just writing a script + + + align:start position:0% +image and you were just writing a script +trying to explain what a synapse is you + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain what a synapse is you + + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain what a synapse is you +would have to say uh a synapse is the + + align:start position:0% +would have to say uh a synapse is the + + + align:start position:0% +would have to say uh a synapse is the +space between two nerves uh one nerve + + align:start position:0% +space between two nerves uh one nerve + + + align:start position:0% +space between two nerves uh one nerve +releases chemicals uh that trans that + + align:start position:0% +releases chemicals uh that trans that + + + align:start position:0% +releases chemicals uh that trans that +that cross that space and get captured + + align:start position:0% +that cross that space and get captured + + + align:start position:0% +that cross that space and get captured +by receptors on the other nerve and + + align:start position:0% +by receptors on the other nerve and + + + align:start position:0% +by receptors on the other nerve and +that's how one nerve transmits data from + + align:start position:0% +that's how one nerve transmits data from + + + align:start position:0% +that's how one nerve transmits data from +from That's How data is transmitted from + + align:start position:0% +from That's How data is transmitted from + + + align:start position:0% +from That's How data is transmitted from +one nerve to another right so if you're + + align:start position:0% +one nerve to another right so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +one nerve to another right so if you're +writing a script without the visuals in + + align:start position:0% +writing a script without the visuals in + + + align:start position:0% +writing a script without the visuals in +mind you can very easily fall into the + + align:start position:0% +mind you can very easily fall into the + + + align:start position:0% +mind you can very easily fall into the +Trap of doing what I just did and + + align:start position:0% +Trap of doing what I just did and + + + align:start position:0% +Trap of doing what I just did and +writing writing a script that stands + + align:start position:0% +writing writing a script that stands + + + align:start position:0% +writing writing a script that stands +alone whereas if you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +alone whereas if you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +alone whereas if you're thinking +images it's going to be mostly like look + + align:start position:0% +images it's going to be mostly like look + + + align:start position:0% +images it's going to be mostly like look +at this check this out this spaghetti + + align:start position:0% +at this check this out this spaghetti + + + align:start position:0% +at this check this out this spaghetti +shaped thing those dots that kind of + + align:start position:0% +shaped thing those dots that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +shaped thing those dots that kind of +language and that's totally okay and + + align:start position:0% +language and that's totally okay and + + + align:start position:0% +language and that's totally okay and +even encouraged when you're doing video + + align:start position:0% +even encouraged when you're doing video + + + align:start position:0% +even encouraged when you're doing video +um so that and that's exactly what you + + align:start position:0% +um so that and that's exactly what you + + + align:start position:0% +um so that and that's exactly what you +said another example is + + align:start position:0% +said another example is + + + align:start position:0% +said another example is +to basically talk in general terms and + + align:start position:0% +to basically talk in general terms and + + + align:start position:0% +to basically talk in general terms and +put specific visuals that + + align:start position:0% +put specific visuals that + + + align:start position:0% +put specific visuals that +complement the script you were G to say + + align:start position:0% +complement the script you were G to say + + + align:start position:0% +complement the script you were G to say +something yeah just that it's not just + + align:start position:0% +something yeah just that it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +something yeah just that it's not just +that someone can wear less clothes it's + + align:start position:0% +that someone can wear less clothes it's + + + align:start position:0% +that someone can wear less clothes it's +that they're comfortable wearing less + + align:start position:0% +that they're comfortable wearing less + + + align:start position:0% +that they're comfortable wearing less +clothes and to me that's an important + + align:start position:0% +clothes and to me that's an important + + + align:start position:0% +clothes and to me that's an important +concept that we can't lose in that first + + align:start position:0% +concept that we can't lose in that first + + + align:start position:0% +concept that we can't lose in that first +paragraph cuz um like my husband's like + + align:start position:0% +paragraph cuz um like my husband's like + + + align:start position:0% +paragraph cuz um like my husband's like +this where he can be wearing you know + + align:start position:0% +this where he can be wearing you know + + + align:start position:0% +this where he can be wearing you know +half the clothes and he's happy that way + + align:start position:0% +half the clothes and he's happy that way + + + align:start position:0% +half the clothes and he's happy that way +right it's one thing to wear less + + align:start position:0% +right it's one thing to wear less + + + align:start position:0% +right it's one thing to wear less +clothes and be miserable but it's + + align:start position:0% +clothes and be miserable but it's + + + align:start position:0% +clothes and be miserable but it's +another thing to be comfortable with + + align:start position:0% +another thing to be comfortable with + + + align:start position:0% +another thing to be comfortable with +that choice right like I see students on + + align:start position:0% +that choice right like I see students on + + + align:start position:0% +that choice right like I see students on +campus without shoes on and I'm like + + align:start position:0% +campus without shoes on and I'm like + + + align:start position:0% +campus without shoes on and I'm like +going on there right but but like but + + align:start position:0% +going on there right but but like but + + + align:start position:0% +going on there right but but like but +the fact that they you know it's one + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they you know it's one + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they you know it's one +thing to wear less clothes and be + + align:start position:0% +thing to wear less clothes and be + + + align:start position:0% +thing to wear less clothes and be +shivering and cold and miserable but + + align:start position:0% +shivering and cold and miserable but + + + align:start position:0% +shivering and cold and miserable but +it's another thing to have less clothes + + align:start position:0% +it's another thing to have less clothes + + + align:start position:0% +it's another thing to have less clothes +and actually be okay with them and + + align:start position:0% +and actually be okay with them and + + + align:start position:0% +and actually be okay with them and +following that even further that gets + + align:start position:0% +following that even further that gets + + + align:start position:0% +following that even further that gets +you to I just had you know a question in + + align:start position:0% +you to I just had you know a question in + + + align:start position:0% +you to I just had you know a question in +my mind like let's say you took two + + align:start position:0% +my mind like let's say you took two + + + align:start position:0% +my mind like let's say you took two +people um one who can wear shorts in the + + align:start position:0% +people um one who can wear shorts in the + + + align:start position:0% +people um one who can wear shorts in the +debt of winter and one who has to be + + align:start position:0% +debt of winter and one who has to be + + + align:start position:0% +debt of winter and one who has to be +completely B bundled up if you transport + + align:start position:0% +completely B bundled up if you transport + + + align:start position:0% +completely B bundled up if you transport +them into the Antarctic or the Arctic + + align:start position:0% +them into the Antarctic or the Arctic + + + align:start position:0% +them into the Antarctic or the Arctic +where it's I don't know pick a really + + align:start position:0% +where it's I don't know pick a really + + + align:start position:0% +where it's I don't know pick a really +cold temperature Sub sub + + align:start position:0% +cold temperature Sub sub + + + align:start position:0% +cold temperature Sub sub +and just let them stand there for um you + + align:start position:0% +and just let them stand there for um you + + + align:start position:0% +and just let them stand there for um you +know like naked for like 20 days who + + align:start position:0% +know like naked for like 20 days who + + + align:start position:0% +know like naked for like 20 days who +dies first right is it that is it the + + align:start position:0% +dies first right is it that is it the + + + align:start position:0% +dies first right is it that is it the +person's Comfort or are they actually + + align:start position:0% +person's Comfort or are they actually + + + align:start position:0% +person's Comfort or are they actually +better adapted to survive in the cold um + + align:start position:0% +better adapted to survive in the cold um + + + align:start position:0% +better adapted to survive in the cold um +which is a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +which is a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +which is a really interesting +distinction because I mean if someone's + + align:start position:0% +distinction because I mean if someone's + + + align:start position:0% +distinction because I mean if someone's +comfortable in the cold but they're + + align:start position:0% +comfortable in the cold but they're + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable in the cold but they're +still going to die at the exact same + + align:start position:0% +still going to die at the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +still going to die at the exact same +time then like yeah okay Comfort is + + align:start position:0% +time then like yeah okay Comfort is + + + align:start position:0% +time then like yeah okay Comfort is +great but we haven't as a species + + align:start position:0% +great but we haven't as a species + + + align:start position:0% +great but we haven't as a species +adapted to better you know overcome the + + align:start position:0% +adapted to better you know overcome the + + + align:start position:0% +adapted to better you know overcome the +cold whereas if it's really your body is + + align:start position:0% +cold whereas if it's really your body is + + + align:start position:0% +cold whereas if it's really your body is +substantially different um in a in a way + + align:start position:0% +substantially different um in a in a way + + + align:start position:0% +substantially different um in a in a way +that could help the human race survive + + align:start position:0% +that could help the human race survive + + + align:start position:0% +that could help the human race survive +the next ice age that's cool so that's a + + align:start position:0% +the next ice age that's cool so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the next ice age that's cool so that's a +really interesting point and that's + + align:start position:0% +really interesting point and that's + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting point and that's +taking the familiar and making Chris was + + align:start position:0% +taking the familiar and making Chris was + + + align:start position:0% +taking the familiar and making Chris was +talking about that the other day it's + + align:start position:0% +talking about that the other day it's + + + align:start position:0% +talking about that the other day it's +taking an instance that you see and a + + align:start position:0% +taking an instance that you see and a + + + align:start position:0% +taking an instance that you see and a +question that maybe you very fleetingly + + align:start position:0% +question that maybe you very fleetingly + + + align:start position:0% +question that maybe you very fleetingly +have which is how is it that some people + + align:start position:0% +have which is how is it that some people + + + align:start position:0% +have which is how is it that some people +don't have to put on a huge winter + + align:start position:0% +don't have to put on a huge winter + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to put on a huge winter +jacket and can walk outside in the snow + + align:start position:0% +jacket and can walk outside in the snow + + + align:start position:0% +jacket and can walk outside in the snow +fine whereas I have to layer up it's + + align:start position:0% +fine whereas I have to layer up it's + + + align:start position:0% +fine whereas I have to layer up it's +taking that familiar question and slowly + + align:start position:0% +taking that familiar question and slowly + + + align:start position:0% +taking that familiar question and slowly +building out to this like pretty + + align:start position:0% +building out to this like pretty + + + align:start position:0% +building out to this like pretty +epic you know concept of like are + + align:start position:0% +epic you know concept of like are + + + align:start position:0% +epic you know concept of like are +certain people within our human race + + align:start position:0% +certain people within our human race + + + align:start position:0% +certain people within our human race +like better adapted for total + + align:start position:0% +like better adapted for total + + + align:start position:0% +like better adapted for total +catastrophe than others right like I'm + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe than others right like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe than others right like I'm +not saying that you have to go that + + align:start position:0% +not saying that you have to go that + + + align:start position:0% +not saying that you have to go that +route but I mean I think that um that's + + align:start position:0% +route but I mean I think that um that's + + + align:start position:0% +route but I mean I think that um that's +why people watch some of these viral + + align:start position:0% +why people watch some of these viral + + + align:start position:0% +why people watch some of these viral +videos right because it takes the + + align:start position:0% +videos right because it takes the + + + align:start position:0% +videos right because it takes the +familiar and makes it unfamiliar + + align:start position:0% +familiar and makes it unfamiliar + + + align:start position:0% +familiar and makes it unfamiliar +it also I mean not to totally go a + + align:start position:0% +it also I mean not to totally go a + + + align:start position:0% +it also I mean not to totally go a +totally different route but a question + + align:start position:0% +totally different route but a question + + + align:start position:0% +totally different route but a question +that this could go into is you know are + + align:start position:0% +that this could go into is you know are + + + align:start position:0% +that this could go into is you know are +skinny people versus fat people like + + align:start position:0% +skinny people versus fat people like + + + align:start position:0% +skinny people versus fat people like +does it have anything to do with your + + align:start position:0% +does it have anything to do with your + + + align:start position:0% +does it have anything to do with your +physical being or is it your chemical + + align:start position:0% +physical being or is it your chemical + + + align:start position:0% +physical being or is it your chemical +being that makes you be able to handle + + align:start position:0% +being that makes you be able to handle + + + align:start position:0% +being that makes you be able to handle +the situation better and can you change + + align:start position:0% +the situation better and can you change + + + align:start position:0% +the situation better and can you change +that or is it just how you're built but + + align:start position:0% +that or is it just how you're built but + + + align:start position:0% +that or is it just how you're built but +if you tighten this first part of it + + align:start position:0% +if you tighten this first part of it + + + align:start position:0% +if you tighten this first part of it +leaves you the room to explore the + + align:start position:0% +leaves you the room to explore the + + + align:start position:0% +leaves you the room to explore the +really cool questions right like we we + + align:start position:0% +really cool questions right like we we + + + align:start position:0% +really cool questions right like we we +could easily cut all this text down into + + align:start position:0% +could easily cut all this text down into + + + align:start position:0% +could easily cut all this text down into +half half explain right why do some + + align:start position:0% +half half explain right why do some + + + align:start position:0% +half half explain right why do some +people handle the FL better than others + + align:start position:0% +people handle the FL better than others + + + align:start position:0% +people handle the FL better than others +how is it that this person is wearing + + align:start position:0% +how is it that this person is wearing + + + align:start position:0% +how is it that this person is wearing +shorts and the winter is fine where this + + align:start position:0% +shorts and the winter is fine where this + + + align:start position:0% +shorts and the winter is fine where this +person is wearing like five jackets + + align:start position:0% +person is wearing like five jackets + + + align:start position:0% +person is wearing like five jackets +what's like what's making the difference + + align:start position:0% +what's like what's making the difference + + + align:start position:0% +what's like what's making the difference +well imagine a giant + + align:start position:0% +well imagine a giant + + + align:start position:0% +well imagine a giant +furnace that furnace is actually us + + align:start position:0% +furnace that furnace is actually us + + + align:start position:0% +furnace that furnace is actually us +right you're taking out the whole middle + + align:start position:0% +right you're taking out the whole middle + + + align:start position:0% +right you're taking out the whole middle +Chun I also think you can highlight the + + align:start position:0% +Chun I also think you can highlight the + + + align:start position:0% +Chun I also think you can highlight the +unexpected nature of the Furnace + + align:start position:0% +unexpected nature of the Furnace + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected nature of the Furnace +metaphor right you're taking the + + align:start position:0% +metaphor right you're taking the + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor right you're taking the +familiar once again and turning it + + align:start position:0% +familiar once again and turning it + + + align:start position:0% +familiar once again and turning it +unfamiliar imagine a furnace everyone + + align:start position:0% +unfamiliar imagine a furnace everyone + + + align:start position:0% +unfamiliar imagine a furnace everyone +can picture that but the crazy thing is + + align:start position:0% +can picture that but the crazy thing is + + + align:start position:0% +can picture that but the crazy thing is +that like our bodies are we kind of did + + align:start position:0% +that like our bodies are we kind of did + + + align:start position:0% +that like our bodies are we kind of did +that with the farts episode um and then + + align:start position:0% +that with the farts episode um and then + + + align:start position:0% +that with the farts episode um and then +uh the whole at the end as winter starts + + align:start position:0% +uh the whole at the end as winter starts + + + align:start position:0% +uh the whole at the end as winter starts +to come and we throw more bits of + + align:start position:0% +to come and we throw more bits of + + + align:start position:0% +to come and we throw more bits of +carbohydrates and stored + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates and stored + + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrates and stored +energy I mean carbohydrates and stored + + align:start position:0% +energy I mean carbohydrates and stored + + + align:start position:0% +energy I mean carbohydrates and stored +energy are similar enough things that + + align:start position:0% +energy are similar enough things that + + + align:start position:0% +energy are similar enough things that +you can distill it down into one phrase + + align:start position:0% +you can distill it down into one phrase + + + align:start position:0% +you can distill it down into one phrase +um sugars sugars yeah + + align:start position:0% +um sugars sugars yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um sugars sugars yeah +but by tightening all this intro stuff + + align:start position:0% +but by tightening all this intro stuff + + + align:start position:0% +but by tightening all this intro stuff +up into like maybe two concepts it + + align:start position:0% +up into like maybe two concepts it + + + align:start position:0% +up into like maybe two concepts it +leaves you the rest of the episode to + + align:start position:0% +leaves you the rest of the episode to + + + align:start position:0% +leaves you the rest of the episode to +explore the cooler + + align:start position:0% +explore the cooler + + + align:start position:0% +explore the cooler +questions and then you can go with you + + align:start position:0% +questions and then you can go with you + + + align:start position:0% +questions and then you can go with you +know you can the metaphor you can take + + align:start position:0% +know you can the metaphor you can take + + + align:start position:0% +know you can the metaphor you can take +as far as you want you can um you can + + align:start position:0% +as far as you want you can um you can + + + align:start position:0% +as far as you want you can um you can +say okay well uh are some people's + + align:start position:0% +say okay well uh are some people's + + + align:start position:0% +say okay well uh are some people's +furnaces more efficient do some burn + + align:start position:0% +furnaces more efficient do some burn + + + align:start position:0% +furnaces more efficient do some burn +different types of sugar whatever + + align:start position:0% +different types of sugar whatever + + + align:start position:0% +different types of sugar whatever +whatever the answer ends up being I + + align:start position:0% +whatever the answer ends up being I + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the answer ends up being I +don't actually know what the answer is + + align:start position:0% +don't actually know what the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually know what the answer is +um I really want to know but um whatever + + align:start position:0% +um I really want to know but um whatever + + + align:start position:0% +um I really want to know but um whatever +that is you can you can develop the + + align:start position:0% +that is you can you can develop the + + + align:start position:0% +that is you can you can develop the +metaphor or not uh depending on whether + + align:start position:0% +metaphor or not uh depending on whether + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor or not uh depending on whether +it fits uh and and really explore this + + align:start position:0% +it fits uh and and really explore this + + + align:start position:0% +it fits uh and and really explore this +this fundamental this question that's + + align:start position:0% +this fundamental this question that's + + + align:start position:0% +this fundamental this question that's +fundamental to the nature of our + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to the nature of our + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to the nature of our +survival because there will be another + + align:start position:0% +survival because there will be another + + + align:start position:0% +survival because there will be another +Ice Age it's coming we just don't know + + align:start position:0% +Ice Age it's coming we just don't know + + + align:start position:0% +Ice Age it's coming we just don't know +when so we took this + + align:start position:0% +when so we took this + + + align:start position:0% +when so we took this +really you know this experience that + + align:start position:0% +really you know this experience that + + + align:start position:0% +really you know this experience that +we've all had and we turned it into an + + align:start position:0% +we've all had and we turned it into an + + + align:start position:0% +we've all had and we turned it into an +existential crisis which is great so + + align:start position:0% +existential crisis which is great so + + + align:start position:0% +existential crisis which is great so +thank you okay uh + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay uh +next uh I was going to do two examples + + align:start position:0% +next uh I was going to do two examples + + + align:start position:0% +next uh I was going to do two examples +from from each script but I think we + + align:start position:0% +from from each script but I think we + + + align:start position:0% +from from each script but I think we +should just move on because we're + + align:start position:0% +should just move on because we're + + + align:start position:0% +should just move on because we're +running short on time uh okay whose + + align:start position:0% +running short on time uh okay whose + + + align:start position:0% +running short on time uh okay whose +script is this all right come on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up all right so you know the drill give + + align:start position:0% +up all right so you know the drill give + + + align:start position:0% +up all right so you know the drill give +us a read right so um once upon a time + + align:start position:0% +us a read right so um once upon a time + + + align:start position:0% +us a read right so um once upon a time +in the year 2009 actually Steven Hawking + + align:start position:0% +in the year 2009 actually Steven Hawking + + + align:start position:0% +in the year 2009 actually Steven Hawking +held aart with all the usual stuff wines + + align:start position:0% +held aart with all the usual stuff wines + + + align:start position:0% +held aart with all the usual stuff wines +oror and yet no one turned up and you + + align:start position:0% +oror and yet no one turned up and you + + + align:start position:0% +oror and yet no one turned up and you +thought he'll be upset but in fact he + + align:start position:0% +thought he'll be upset but in fact he + + + align:start position:0% +thought he'll be upset but in fact he +was actually quite happy because he had + + align:start position:0% +was actually quite happy because he had + + + align:start position:0% +was actually quite happy because he had +just proven his own belief that it was + + align:start position:0% +just proven his own belief that it was + + + align:start position:0% +just proven his own belief that it was +impossible to travel back in time he had + + align:start position:0% +impossible to travel back in time he had + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to travel back in time he had +in fact sent out the invitations for the + + align:start position:0% +in fact sent out the invitations for the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact sent out the invitations for the +party to to Time Travelers after the + + align:start position:0% +party to to Time Travelers after the + + + align:start position:0% +party to to Time Travelers after the +party I didn't mention that a lack of + + align:start position:0% +party I didn't mention that a lack of + + + align:start position:0% +party I didn't mention that a lack of +party goers actually meant that time + + align:start position:0% +party goers actually meant that time + + + align:start position:0% +party goers actually meant that time +travel was probably impossible or just + + align:start position:0% +travel was probably impossible or just + + + align:start position:0% +travel was probably impossible or just +that people thought that Steven Hawking + + align:start position:0% +that people thought that Steven Hawking + + + align:start position:0% +that people thought that Steven Hawking +was lame and didn't really want to go to + + align:start position:0% +was lame and didn't really want to go to + + + align:start position:0% +was lame and didn't really want to go to +his party so was time travel really + + align:start position:0% +his party so was time travel really + + + align:start position:0% +his party so was time travel really +possible then not possible yeah great + + align:start position:0% +possible then not possible yeah great + + + align:start position:0% +possible then not possible yeah great +all right come on + + align:start position:0% +all right come on + + + align:start position:0% +all right come on +back um okay so what is effective in + + align:start position:0% +back um okay so what is effective in + + + align:start position:0% +back um okay so what is effective in +this script introduction really it's not + + align:start position:0% +this script introduction really it's not + + + align:start position:0% +this script introduction really it's not +a full + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +script yeah you don't have to raise your + + align:start position:0% +script yeah you don't have to raise your + + + align:start position:0% +script yeah you don't have to raise your +hand just yell it up yeah um well he + + align:start position:0% +hand just yell it up yeah um well he + + + align:start position:0% +hand just yell it up yeah um well he +introduces a cool character who we know + + align:start position:0% +introduces a cool character who we know + + + align:start position:0% +introduces a cool character who we know +but here he's doing this party thing + + align:start position:0% +but here he's doing this party thing + + + align:start position:0% +but here he's doing this party thing +that's just like us right so we all we + + align:start position:0% +that's just like us right so we all we + + + align:start position:0% +that's just like us right so we all we +all love Stephen Hawking uh if you don't + + align:start position:0% +all love Stephen Hawking uh if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +all love Stephen Hawking uh if you don't +leave immediately um no uh so right + + align:start position:0% +leave immediately um no uh so right + + + align:start position:0% +leave immediately um no uh so right +right off the bat uh Stephen Hawking is + + align:start position:0% +right off the bat uh Stephen Hawking is + + + align:start position:0% +right off the bat uh Stephen Hawking is +invoked and um that's great now we know + + align:start position:0% +invoked and um that's great now we know + + + align:start position:0% +invoked and um that's great now we know +exactly who we're talking about we're + + align:start position:0% +exactly who we're talking about we're + + + align:start position:0% +exactly who we're talking about we're +all on the same page uh and we all love + + align:start position:0% +all on the same page uh and we all love + + + align:start position:0% +all on the same page uh and we all love +Stephen Hawking at least let me your + + align:start position:0% +Stephen Hawking at least let me your + + + align:start position:0% +Stephen Hawking at least let me your +audience for this video is most likely + + align:start position:0% +audience for this video is most likely + + + align:start position:0% +audience for this video is most likely +going to know and love Stephen Hawking + + align:start position:0% +going to know and love Stephen Hawking + + + align:start position:0% +going to know and love Stephen Hawking +not everyone does and even if they don't + + align:start position:0% +not everyone does and even if they don't + + + align:start position:0% +not everyone does and even if they don't +it's still a cool enough premise it's + + align:start position:0% +it's still a cool enough premise it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's still a cool enough premise it's +this one's doing the opposite thing + + align:start position:0% +this one's doing the opposite thing + + + align:start position:0% +this one's doing the opposite thing +taking something un familiar and you're + + align:start position:0% +taking something un familiar and you're + + + align:start position:0% +taking something un familiar and you're +going to spend the adventure + + align:start position:0% +going to spend the adventure + + + align:start position:0% +going to spend the adventure +familiarizing audience with it that + + align:start position:0% +familiarizing audience with it that + + + align:start position:0% +familiarizing audience with it that +someone had a party in uh intending to + + align:start position:0% +someone had a party in uh intending to + + + align:start position:0% +someone had a party in uh intending to +have no one show up because he was + + align:start position:0% +have no one show up because he was + + + align:start position:0% +have no one show up because he was +proving that time travel wasn't possible + + align:start position:0% +proving that time travel wasn't possible + + + align:start position:0% +proving that time travel wasn't possible +it's like this pop culture Fascination + + align:start position:0% +it's like this pop culture Fascination + + + align:start position:0% +it's like this pop culture Fascination +it's like very Hollywood science um it's + + align:start position:0% +it's like very Hollywood science um it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's like very Hollywood science um it's +what it's the reason why so many of the + + align:start position:0% +what it's the reason why so many of the + + + align:start position:0% +what it's the reason why so many of the +specials that do happen on TV and so + + align:start position:0% +specials that do happen on TV and so + + + align:start position:0% +specials that do happen on TV and so +much of the science that does end up + + align:start position:0% +much of the science that does end up + + + align:start position:0% +much of the science that does end up +getting broadcast on that on major + + align:start position:0% +getting broadcast on that on major + + + align:start position:0% +getting broadcast on that on major +networks they're all about + + align:start position:0% +networks they're all about + + + align:start position:0% +networks they're all about +you know astrophysics stuff and it's + + align:start position:0% +you know astrophysics stuff and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know astrophysics stuff and it's +because it's commercializable it's just + + align:start position:0% +because it's commercializable it's just + + + align:start position:0% +because it's commercializable it's just +cool it's just I mean we have in who + + align:start position:0% +cool it's just I mean we have in who + + + align:start position:0% +cool it's just I mean we have in who +here has watched + + align:start position:0% +here has watched + + + align:start position:0% +here has watched +Cosmos New or Old new both um so there + + align:start position:0% +Cosmos New or Old new both um so there + + + align:start position:0% +Cosmos New or Old new both um so there +is I mean at one point in one of the + + align:start position:0% +is I mean at one point in one of the + + + align:start position:0% +is I mean at one point in one of the +episodes either Carl Sean or Neil grass + + align:start position:0% +episodes either Carl Sean or Neil grass + + + align:start position:0% +episodes either Carl Sean or Neil grass +Tyson or probably both say that you know + + align:start position:0% +Tyson or probably both say that you know + + + align:start position:0% +Tyson or probably both say that you know +that we have this inbuilt Fascination + + align:start position:0% +that we have this inbuilt Fascination + + + align:start position:0% +that we have this inbuilt Fascination +looking up at the stars and wondering + + align:start position:0% +looking up at the stars and wondering + + + align:start position:0% +looking up at the stars and wondering +what are places in the universe um and + + align:start position:0% +what are places in the universe um and + + + align:start position:0% +what are places in the universe um and +that is absolutely true and and and um + + align:start position:0% +that is absolutely true and and and um + + + align:start position:0% +that is absolutely true and and and um +shows and movies capitalize on that all + + align:start position:0% +shows and movies capitalize on that all + + + align:start position:0% +shows and movies capitalize on that all +the time Interstellar gravity I mean uh + + align:start position:0% +the time Interstellar gravity I mean uh + + + align:start position:0% +the time Interstellar gravity I mean uh +are two of the most recent ones but + + align:start position:0% +are two of the most recent ones but + + + align:start position:0% +are two of the most recent ones but +we've always we've always looked up and + + align:start position:0% +we've always we've always looked up and + + + align:start position:0% +we've always we've always looked up and +wondered and written stories about it um + + align:start position:0% +wondered and written stories about it um + + + align:start position:0% +wondered and written stories about it um +okay what else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +works so what's what's instantly + + align:start position:0% +works so what's what's instantly + + + align:start position:0% +works so what's what's instantly +different about this script this + + align:start position:0% +different about this script this + + + align:start position:0% +different about this script this +introduction versus the last + + align:start position:0% +introduction versus the last + + + align:start position:0% +introduction versus the last +introduction there something visual that + + align:start position:0% +introduction there something visual that + + + align:start position:0% +introduction there something visual that +it's Soo think a famous character with + + align:start position:0% +it's Soo think a famous character with + + + align:start position:0% +it's Soo think a famous character with +something something very visual I in my + + align:start position:0% +something something very visual I in my + + + align:start position:0% +something something very visual I in my +mind thinking of this like sad face and + + align:start position:0% +mind thinking of this like sad face and + + + align:start position:0% +mind thinking of this like sad face and +smiley face it's going to be quite funny + + align:start position:0% +smiley face it's going to be quite funny + + + align:start position:0% +smiley face it's going to be quite funny +okay take that take that even further + + align:start position:0% +okay take that take that even further + + + align:start position:0% +okay take that take that even further +it's visual but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's visual but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's visual but it's +also what what are so when when Kenneth + + align:start position:0% +also what what are so when when Kenneth + + + align:start position:0% +also what what are so when when Kenneth +Kenneth got up here and started talking + + align:start position:0% +Kenneth got up here and started talking + + + align:start position:0% +Kenneth got up here and started talking +to you what was he doing he was was + + align:start position:0% +to you what was he doing he was was + + + align:start position:0% +to you what was he doing he was was +still showing you a said sming face he + + align:start position:0% +still showing you a said sming face he + + + align:start position:0% +still showing you a said sming face he +was he was what sorry he was yeah he was + + align:start position:0% +was he was what sorry he was yeah he was + + + align:start position:0% +was he was what sorry he was yeah he was +expressive right right but setone and + + align:start position:0% +expressive right right but setone and + + + align:start position:0% +expressive right right but setone and +but even before that once upon a time + + align:start position:0% +but even before that once upon a time + + + align:start position:0% +but even before that once upon a time +what's that once upon a time it's a + + align:start position:0% +what's that once upon a time it's a + + + align:start position:0% +what's that once upon a time it's a +story right you're telling a story and + + align:start position:0% +story right you're telling a story and + + + align:start position:0% +story right you're telling a story and +uh you know eventually in this in this + + align:start position:0% +uh you know eventually in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know eventually in this in this +intro I mean this is also a story that + + align:start position:0% +intro I mean this is also a story that + + + align:start position:0% +intro I mean this is also a story that +you're telling but once upon a time is + + align:start position:0% +you're telling but once upon a time is + + + align:start position:0% +you're telling but once upon a time is +right off the bat everybody knows that's + + align:start position:0% +right off the bat everybody knows that's + + + align:start position:0% +right off the bat everybody knows that's +story time um and just like we're + + align:start position:0% +story time um and just like we're + + + align:start position:0% +story time um and just like we're +hardwired to sort of look up at the + + align:start position:0% +hardwired to sort of look up at the + + + align:start position:0% +hardwired to sort of look up at the +stars and wonder where we came from + + align:start position:0% +stars and wonder where we came from + + + align:start position:0% +stars and wonder where we came from +We're hardwired to love stories when you + + align:start position:0% +We're hardwired to love stories when you + + + align:start position:0% +We're hardwired to love stories when you +start a sentence with Once Upon a Time + + align:start position:0% +start a sentence with Once Upon a Time + + + align:start position:0% +start a sentence with Once Upon a Time +you're listening that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you're listening that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you're listening that doesn't +necessarily mean you should you should + + align:start position:0% +necessarily mean you should you should + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily mean you should you should +yeah and again like take everything we + + align:start position:0% +yeah and again like take everything we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and again like take everything we +say with a grain of salt it's not the + + align:start position:0% +say with a grain of salt it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +say with a grain of salt it's not the +tools that you use that make things work + + align:start position:0% +tools that you use that make things work + + + align:start position:0% +tools that you use that make things work +it's the reason why you use the tools so + + align:start position:0% +it's the reason why you use the tools so + + + align:start position:0% +it's the reason why you use the tools so +you don't have to say once upon a time + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to say once upon a time + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to say once upon a time +here to know that it's a story right cuz + + align:start position:0% +here to know that it's a story right cuz + + + align:start position:0% +here to know that it's a story right cuz +you say even if you didn't say it you'd + + align:start position:0% +you say even if you didn't say it you'd + + + align:start position:0% +you say even if you didn't say it you'd +say in 2009 step Hawking held a party no + + align:start position:0% +say in 2009 step Hawking held a party no + + + align:start position:0% +say in 2009 step Hawking held a party no +showed up but he was thrilled why + + align:start position:0% +showed up but he was thrilled why + + + align:start position:0% +showed up but he was thrilled why +because he just proved time travel let + + align:start position:0% +because he just proved time travel let + + + align:start position:0% +because he just proved time travel let +me explain to you how that works blah + + align:start position:0% +me explain to you how that works blah + + + align:start position:0% +me explain to you how that works blah +blah blah blah blah right I didn't I + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah blah right I didn't I + + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah blah right I didn't I +didn't say once upon a time but even + + align:start position:0% +didn't say once upon a time but even + + + align:start position:0% +didn't say once upon a time but even +though I didn't say it my first two + + align:start position:0% +though I didn't say it my first two + + + align:start position:0% +though I didn't say it my first two +sentences are still this like click I'm + + align:start position:0% +sentences are still this like click I'm + + + align:start position:0% +sentences are still this like click I'm +going to tell you a + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you a +story um what else is effective actually + + align:start position:0% +story um what else is effective actually + + + align:start position:0% +story um what else is effective actually +effective or what you would improve I + + align:start position:0% +effective or what you would improve I + + + align:start position:0% +effective or what you would improve I +think the last sentence kind of um + + align:start position:0% +think the last sentence kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +think the last sentence kind of um +throws a loop in and I'm unsure about + + align:start position:0% +throws a loop in and I'm unsure about + + + align:start position:0% +throws a loop in and I'm unsure about +what the the body of it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +what the the body of it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +what the the body of it's going to be +because is you take this really smart + + align:start position:0% +because is you take this really smart + + + align:start position:0% +because is you take this really smart +guy like Stephen Hawking he just proved + + align:start position:0% +guy like Stephen Hawking he just proved + + + align:start position:0% +guy like Stephen Hawking he just proved +that he can't travel back in time so is + + align:start position:0% +that he can't travel back in time so is + + + align:start position:0% +that he can't travel back in time so is +this going to explain why that's true or + + align:start position:0% +this going to explain why that's true or + + + align:start position:0% +this going to explain why that's true or +is this the next breakthrough in astrop + + align:start position:0% +is this the next breakthrough in astrop + + + align:start position:0% +is this the next breakthrough in astrop +physics where it actually is true like + + align:start position:0% +physics where it actually is true like + + + align:start position:0% +physics where it actually is true like +I'm kind of unsure you know what what's + + align:start position:0% +I'm kind of unsure you know what what's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm kind of unsure you know what what's +going to happen there anybody else a + + align:start position:0% +going to happen there anybody else a + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen there anybody else a +little bit are you saying that as a as + + align:start position:0% +little bit are you saying that as a as + + + align:start position:0% +little bit are you saying that as a as +something that works or something that + + align:start position:0% +something that works or something that + + + align:start position:0% +something that works or something that +could be improved or what to clarify I + + align:start position:0% +could be improved or what to clarify I + + + align:start position:0% +could be improved or what to clarify I +guess okay was anybody else a little bit + + align:start position:0% +guess okay was anybody else a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +guess okay was anybody else a little bit +hazy on where the script is going or + + align:start position:0% +hazy on where the script is going or + + + align:start position:0% +hazy on where the script is going or +what's been said + + align:start position:0% +what's been said + + + align:start position:0% +what's been said +already yeah um so when I read this I + + align:start position:0% +already yeah um so when I read this I + + + align:start position:0% +already yeah um so when I read this I +was a little bit confused so explain + + align:start position:0% +was a little bit confused so explain + + + align:start position:0% +was a little bit confused so explain +like what's the answer to his question + + align:start position:0% +like what's the answer to his question + + + align:start position:0% +like what's the answer to his question +tell me in a couple sentences and what + + align:start position:0% +tell me in a couple sentences and what + + + align:start position:0% +tell me in a couple sentences and what +happens after yeah like what summarize + + align:start position:0% +happens after yeah like what summarize + + + align:start position:0% +happens after yeah like what summarize +your script for me in like two three + + align:start position:0% +your script for me in like two three + + + align:start position:0% +your script for me in like two three +sentences after that we talk about what + + align:start position:0% +sentences after that we talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +sentences after that we talk about what +time travel I said how is it maybe + + align:start position:0% +time travel I said how is it maybe + + + align:start position:0% +time travel I said how is it maybe +possible time travel and why so far we + + align:start position:0% +possible time travel and why so far we + + + align:start position:0% +possible time travel and why so far we +haven't been able or why theoretically + + align:start position:0% +haven't been able or why theoretically + + + align:start position:0% +haven't been able or why theoretically +it's not possible to do that yeah so but + + align:start position:0% +it's not possible to do that yeah so but + + + align:start position:0% +it's not possible to do that yeah so but +at the end of it all we ended off like + + align:start position:0% +at the end of it all we ended off like + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of it all we ended off like +maybe we just haven't explored enough + + align:start position:0% +maybe we just haven't explored enough + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we just haven't explored enough +yet we are not we don't understand + + align:start position:0% +yet we are not we don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +yet we are not we don't understand +enough of + + align:start position:0% +enough of + + + align:start position:0% +enough of +the have time Trav so the conclusion the + + align:start position:0% +the have time Trav so the conclusion the + + + align:start position:0% +the have time Trav so the conclusion the +bottom line main point of the video is + + align:start position:0% +bottom line main point of the video is + + + align:start position:0% +bottom line main point of the video is +we're not sure if time travel is + + align:start position:0% +we're not sure if time travel is + + + align:start position:0% +we're not sure if time travel is +possible that currently it points to the + + align:start position:0% +possible that currently it points to the + + + align:start position:0% +possible that currently it points to the +fact that we are unable but but most + + align:start position:0% +fact that we are unable but but most + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we are unable but but most +science says that it's it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +science says that it's it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +science says that it's it's not going to +be possible yeah so we think it's not + + align:start position:0% +be possible yeah so we think it's not + + + align:start position:0% +be possible yeah so we think it's not +going to be possible + + align:start position:0% +going to be possible + + + align:start position:0% +going to be possible +ever but yeah still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +asking I think to fix out instead of + + align:start position:0% +asking I think to fix out instead of + + + align:start position:0% +asking I think to fix out instead of +maybe Pro I don't know you could just + + align:start position:0% +maybe Pro I don't know you could just + + + align:start position:0% +maybe Pro I don't know you could just +take a less qualifying word like the + + align:start position:0% +take a less qualifying word like the + + + align:start position:0% +take a less qualifying word like the +possibility that he just proven or + + align:start position:0% +possibility that he just proven or + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that he just proven or +something that gives in like some sort + + align:start position:0% +something that gives in like some sort + + + align:start position:0% +something that gives in like some sort +of a that there is possibility that it + + align:start position:0% +of a that there is possibility that it + + + align:start position:0% +of a that there is possibility that it +isn't true or you know so yeah let me + + align:start position:0% +isn't true or you know so yeah let me + + + align:start position:0% +isn't true or you know so yeah let me +ask you how does the um without without + + align:start position:0% +ask you how does the um without without + + + align:start position:0% +ask you how does the um without without +going back to this intro tell me again + + align:start position:0% +going back to this intro tell me again + + + align:start position:0% +going back to this intro tell me again +the the the underlying Theory behind the + + align:start position:0% +the the the underlying Theory behind the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the underlying Theory behind the +party and what it proves that no one + + align:start position:0% +party and what it proves that no one + + + align:start position:0% +party and what it proves that no one +showed up or doesn't prove or we think + + align:start position:0% +showed up or doesn't prove or we think + + + align:start position:0% +showed up or doesn't prove or we think +or whatever um prior to this Hawkings + + align:start position:0% +or whatever um prior to this Hawkings + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever um prior to this Hawkings +has said his own empirical data not sure + + align:start position:0% +has said his own empirical data not sure + + + align:start position:0% +has said his own empirical data not sure +about exactly but um he believes that um + + align:start position:0% +about exactly but um he believes that um + + + align:start position:0% +about exactly but um he believes that um +it's not possible so he set up this + + align:start position:0% +it's not possible so he set up this + + + align:start position:0% +it's not possible so he set up this +extra experiment he believes that time + + align:start position:0% +extra experiment he believes that time + + + align:start position:0% +extra experiment he believes that time +travel is not possible okay so he set up + + align:start position:0% +travel is not possible okay so he set up + + + align:start position:0% +travel is not possible okay so he set up +this extra experiment he posted a ma + + align:start position:0% +this extra experiment he posted a ma + + + align:start position:0% +this extra experiment he posted a ma +heils on YouTube if I remember right um + + align:start position:0% +heils on YouTube if I remember right um + + + align:start position:0% +heils on YouTube if I remember right um +then he was he sent out the invitations + + align:start position:0% +then he was he sent out the invitations + + + align:start position:0% +then he was he sent out the invitations +after the party to Time Travelers so he + + align:start position:0% +after the party to Time Travelers so he + + + align:start position:0% +after the party to Time Travelers so he +even included like specific coordinates + + align:start position:0% +even included like specific coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +even included like specific coordinates +a specific date and time so when no one + + align:start position:0% +a specific date and time so when no one + + + align:start position:0% +a specific date and time so when no one +showed up then he was like oh so + + align:start position:0% +showed up then he was like oh so + + + align:start position:0% +showed up then he was like oh so +it's I see okay all right now I get it + + align:start position:0% +it's I see okay all right now I get it + + + align:start position:0% +it's I see okay all right now I get it +so uh when you read the script the first + + align:start position:0% +so uh when you read the script the first + + + align:start position:0% +so uh when you read the script the first +time did who who's understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +time did who who's understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +time did who who's understanding of the +script changed based on hearing that + + align:start position:0% +script changed based on hearing that + + + align:start position:0% +script changed based on hearing that +explanation I'm must say that I I + + align:start position:0% +explanation I'm must say that I I + + + align:start position:0% +explanation I'm must say that I I +actually know this point but reading + + align:start position:0% +actually know this point but reading + + + align:start position:0% +actually know this point but reading +this I didn't understand until I + + align:start position:0% +this I didn't understand until I + + + align:start position:0% +this I didn't understand until I +recollected what I did and it actually + + align:start position:0% +recollected what I did and it actually + + + align:start position:0% +recollected what I did and it actually +happens to be a Big Bang Theory joke oh + + align:start position:0% +happens to be a Big Bang Theory joke oh + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be a Big Bang Theory joke oh +yeah a Big Bang Theory joke where they + + align:start position:0% +yeah a Big Bang Theory joke where they + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a Big Bang Theory joke where they +were like they sat together and they + + align:start position:0% +were like they sat together and they + + + align:start position:0% +were like they sat together and they +said let's let's swear to this day that + + align:start position:0% +said let's let's swear to this day that + + + align:start position:0% +said let's let's swear to this day that +we will come back to this exact same + + align:start position:0% +we will come back to this exact same + + + align:start position:0% +we will come back to this exact same +moment if we do invent a time machine + + align:start position:0% +moment if we do invent a time machine + + + align:start position:0% +moment if we do invent a time machine +and then they wrote this letter and + + align:start position:0% +and then they wrote this letter and + + + align:start position:0% +and then they wrote this letter and +swore on it and they waited for one + + align:start position:0% +swore on it and they waited for one + + + align:start position:0% +swore on it and they waited for one +second and no one came and they were + + align:start position:0% +second and no one came and they were + + + align:start position:0% +second and no one came and they were +really sad okay so it's it's a that's + + align:start position:0% +really sad okay so it's it's a that's + + + align:start position:0% +really sad okay so it's it's a that's +another version of the same of the same + + align:start position:0% +another version of the same of the same + + + align:start position:0% +another version of the same of the same +okay all right yeah so um so now now I + + align:start position:0% +okay all right yeah so um so now now I + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right yeah so um so now now I +totally get this um let's think about + + align:start position:0% +totally get this um let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +totally get this um let's think about +other creative ways to you don't I still + + align:start position:0% +other creative ways to you don't I still + + + align:start position:0% +other creative ways to you don't I still +don't get it I'm really really sorry but + + align:start position:0% +don't get it I'm really really sorry but + + + align:start position:0% +don't get it I'm really really sorry but +I still don't get it I I I don't + + align:start position:0% +I still don't get it I I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +I still don't get it I I I don't +understand the concept that he sent + + align:start position:0% +understand the concept that he sent + + + align:start position:0% +understand the concept that he sent +invitations after a party and no one + + align:start position:0% +invitations after a party and no one + + + align:start position:0% +invitations after a party and no one +showed up okay so someone else explain + + align:start position:0% +showed up okay so someone else explain + + + align:start position:0% +showed up okay so someone else explain +it in a different way than than has + + align:start position:0% +it in a different way than than has + + + align:start position:0% +it in a different way than than has +already been explained okay so it's like + + align:start position:0% +already been explained okay so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +already been explained okay so it's like +if if I were to swear to myself right + + align:start position:0% +if if I were to swear to myself right + + + align:start position:0% +if if I were to swear to myself right +now that uh in the future if I do invent + + align:start position:0% +now that uh in the future if I do invent + + + align:start position:0% +now that uh in the future if I do invent +a time machine and if I do I will come + + align:start position:0% +a time machine and if I do I will come + + + align:start position:0% +a time machine and if I do I will come +back to the time when I'm writing this + + align:start position:0% +back to the time when I'm writing this + + + align:start position:0% +back to the time when I'm writing this +right now so theoretically speaking that + + align:start position:0% +right now so theoretically speaking that + + + align:start position:0% +right now so theoretically speaking that +that will mean that as I'm writing this + + align:start position:0% +that will mean that as I'm writing this + + + align:start position:0% +that will mean that as I'm writing this +my future my future will come right now + + align:start position:0% +my future my future will come right now + + + align:start position:0% +my future my future will come right now +okay yeah but actually now that you say + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah but actually now that you say + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah but actually now that you say +that that brings up a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +that that brings up a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that that brings up a really interesting +point your version just proves that + + align:start position:0% +point your version just proves that + + + align:start position:0% +point your version just proves that +you're not going to invent a time + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to invent a time + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to invent a time +machine but Kenneth's version proves + + align:start position:0% +machine but Kenneth's version proves + + + align:start position:0% +machine but Kenneth's version proves +that no one all the time travels + + align:start position:0% +that no one all the time travels + + + align:start position:0% +that no one all the time travels +possible that he sent to not right sorry + + align:start position:0% +possible that he sent to not right sorry + + + align:start position:0% +possible that he sent to not right sorry +that so sorry so Ken's version proves + + align:start position:0% +that so sorry so Ken's version proves + + + align:start position:0% +that so sorry so Ken's version proves +that everyone that Stephen Hawkings + + align:start position:0% +that everyone that Stephen Hawkings + + + align:start position:0% +that everyone that Stephen Hawkings +sends an invite to will not invent a + + align:start position:0% +sends an invite to will not invent a + + + align:start position:0% +sends an invite to will not invent a +time machine doesn't necessarily prove + + align:start position:0% +time machine doesn't necessarily prove + + + align:start position:0% +time machine doesn't necessarily prove +that no one will ever invent a time + + align:start position:0% +that no one will ever invent a time + + + align:start position:0% +that no one will ever invent a time +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +right it's just an interesting point + + align:start position:0% +right it's just an interesting point + + + align:start position:0% +right it's just an interesting point +yeah there was also a Time Travelers + + align:start position:0% +yeah there was also a Time Travelers + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there was also a Time Travelers +convention in the 9s on East Campus so + + align:start position:0% +convention in the 9s on East Campus so + + + align:start position:0% +convention in the 9s on East Campus so +this happened at MIT okay um + + align:start position:0% +this happened at MIT okay um + + + align:start position:0% +this happened at MIT okay um +so that's just another thing you could + + align:start position:0% +so that's just another thing you could + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just another thing you could +kind of mention you know other people + + align:start position:0% +kind of mention you know other people + + + align:start position:0% +kind of mention you know other people +have tried to do it um and that supports + + align:start position:0% +have tried to do it um and that supports + + + align:start position:0% +have tried to do it um and that supports +the claim but also + + align:start position:0% +the claim but also + + + align:start position:0% +the claim but also +it's nicer to say that MIT students are + + align:start position:0% +it's nicer to say that MIT students are + + + align:start position:0% +it's nicer to say that MIT students are +lame than stepen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hawkins um I mean that's a good example + + align:start position:0% +Hawkins um I mean that's a good example + + + align:start position:0% +Hawkins um I mean that's a good example +but we're still missing what the big + + align:start position:0% +but we're still missing what the big + + + align:start position:0% +but we're still missing what the big +like we're coming up with examples um + + align:start position:0% +like we're coming up with examples um + + + align:start position:0% +like we're coming up with examples um +and sort of accessories when we don't + + align:start position:0% +and sort of accessories when we don't + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of accessories when we don't +have the core point of of the video and + + align:start position:0% +have the core point of of the video and + + + align:start position:0% +have the core point of of the video and +I I really feel like taking the last + + align:start position:0% +I I really feel like taking the last + + + align:start position:0% +I I really feel like taking the last +question completely scrapping it and + + align:start position:0% +question completely scrapping it and + + + align:start position:0% +question completely scrapping it and +trying to figure out how to best set up + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out how to best set up + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out how to best set up +the rest of the episode is what's going + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the episode is what's going + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the episode is what's going +to help you the most when when you + + align:start position:0% +to help you the most when when you + + + align:start position:0% +to help you the most when when you +explained all that stuff to me um I + + align:start position:0% +explained all that stuff to me um I + + + align:start position:0% +explained all that stuff to me um I +totally read your intro completely + + align:start position:0% +totally read your intro completely + + + align:start position:0% +totally read your intro completely +different and the question that I came + + align:start position:0% +different and the question that I came + + + align:start position:0% +different and the question that I came +up with in my head before you asked your + + align:start position:0% +up with in my head before you asked your + + + align:start position:0% +up with in my head before you asked your +question like so you read through the + + align:start position:0% +question like so you read through the + + + align:start position:0% +question like so you read through the +whole thing you said or maybe Stephen + + align:start position:0% +whole thing you said or maybe Stephen + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing you said or maybe Stephen +Hawking was too lame my initial question + + align:start position:0% +Hawking was too lame my initial question + + + align:start position:0% +Hawking was too lame my initial question +as an audience member was okay well then + + align:start position:0% +as an audience member was okay well then + + + align:start position:0% +as an audience member was okay well then +how did he prove that like how did that + + align:start position:0% +how did he prove that like how did that + + + align:start position:0% +how did he prove that like how did that +party prove it and if it did prove it + + align:start position:0% +party prove it and if it did prove it + + + align:start position:0% +party prove it and if it did prove it +why are we still asking ourselves if + + align:start position:0% +why are we still asking ourselves if + + + align:start position:0% +why are we still asking ourselves if +time travel is possible + + align:start position:0% +time travel is possible + + + align:start position:0% +time travel is possible +um I I guess that's like how I I + + align:start position:0% +um I I guess that's like how I I + + + align:start position:0% +um I I guess that's like how I I +initially reacted and that sets up a + + align:start position:0% +initially reacted and that sets up a + + + align:start position:0% +initially reacted and that sets up a +very very different episode than the + + align:start position:0% +very very different episode than the + + + align:start position:0% +very very different episode than the +question that's up there right now yeah + + align:start position:0% +question that's up there right now yeah + + + align:start position:0% +question that's up there right now yeah +I I also want to give so um this kind of + + align:start position:0% +I I also want to give so um this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +I I also want to give so um this kind of +discussion is exactly the kind of + + align:start position:0% +discussion is exactly the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +discussion is exactly the kind of +discussion + + align:start position:0% +discussion + + + align:start position:0% +discussion +that happens with every script that we + + align:start position:0% +that happens with every script that we + + + align:start position:0% +that happens with every script that we +do for science out loud um and I want to + + align:start position:0% +do for science out loud um and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +do for science out loud um and I want to +I know it seems like we're piling on but + + align:start position:0% +I know it seems like we're piling on but + + + align:start position:0% +I know it seems like we're piling on but +I really want to give you props for + + align:start position:0% +I really want to give you props for + + + align:start position:0% +I really want to give you props for +doing like taking a chance and doing + + align:start position:0% +doing like taking a chance and doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing like taking a chance and doing +this sort of creative intro because + + align:start position:0% +this sort of creative intro because + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of creative intro because +where we're going with this I think is + + align:start position:0% +where we're going with this I think is + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going with this I think is +really interesting so um your two + + align:start position:0% +really interesting so um your two + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting so um your two +questions at the end are what were they + + align:start position:0% +questions at the end are what were they + + + align:start position:0% +questions at the end are what were they +again it was it was well then like how + + align:start position:0% +again it was it was well then like how + + + align:start position:0% +again it was it was well then like how +did this actually prove it right and if + + align:start position:0% +did this actually prove it right and if + + + align:start position:0% +did this actually prove it right and if +it's proven why are we still asking + + align:start position:0% +it's proven why are we still asking + + + align:start position:0% +it's proven why are we still asking +ourselves yeah so if we could have an + + align:start position:0% +ourselves yeah so if we could have an + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves yeah so if we could have an +infinite party where we send out + + align:start position:0% +infinite party where we send out + + + align:start position:0% +infinite party where we send out +Infinity invitations to everybody on the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity invitations to everybody on the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity invitations to everybody on the +planet in the future would that prove + + align:start position:0% +planet in the future would that prove + + + align:start position:0% +planet in the future would that prove +and then no one shows up at this party + + align:start position:0% +and then no one shows up at this party + + + align:start position:0% +and then no one shows up at this party +would that prove that um that time + + align:start position:0% +would that prove that um that time + + + align:start position:0% +would that prove that um that time +travel is impossible so so let me let me + + align:start position:0% +travel is impossible so so let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +travel is impossible so so let me let me +back up then going from The Big Bang + + align:start position:0% +back up then going from The Big Bang + + + align:start position:0% +back up then going from The Big Bang +example which is or no actually your + + align:start position:0% +example which is or no actually your + + + align:start position:0% +example which is or no actually your +example which is you proving to yourself + + align:start position:0% +example which is you proving to yourself + + + align:start position:0% +example which is you proving to yourself +like you say all right if I invent a + + align:start position:0% +like you say all right if I invent a + + + align:start position:0% +like you say all right if I invent a +time machine then I'm going to come I + + align:start position:0% +time machine then I'm going to come I + + + align:start position:0% +time machine then I'm going to come I +swear to myself I'm going to come back + + align:start position:0% +swear to myself I'm going to come back + + + align:start position:0% +swear to myself I'm going to come back +to this moment I don't come back so I + + align:start position:0% +to this moment I don't come back so I + + + align:start position:0% +to this moment I don't come back so I +didn't invent a time machine then to + + align:start position:0% +didn't invent a time machine then to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't invent a time machine then to +Kenneth's version stepen Hawkings sends + + align:start position:0% +Kenneth's version stepen Hawkings sends + + + align:start position:0% +Kenneth's version stepen Hawkings sends +an in invitation to like let's say 20 + + align:start position:0% +an in invitation to like let's say 20 + + + align:start position:0% +an in invitation to like let's say 20 +people right no one shows up means those + + align:start position:0% +people right no one shows up means those + + + align:start position:0% +people right no one shows up means those +20 people didn't come back in time + + align:start position:0% +20 people didn't come back in time + + + align:start position:0% +20 people didn't come back in time +actually um it was more like an open + + align:start position:0% +actually um it was more like an open + + + align:start position:0% +actually um it was more like an open +invitation to the Future + + align:start position:0% +invitation to the Future + + + align:start position:0% +invitation to the Future +like it was like a well not even like a + + align:start position:0% +like it was like a well not even like a + + + align:start position:0% +like it was like a well not even like a +effect that he had the party so in + + align:start position:0% +effect that he had the party so in + + + align:start position:0% +effect that he had the party so in +future was like + + align:start position:0% +future was like + + + align:start position:0% +future was like +anyone who is in that line will probably + + align:start position:0% +anyone who is in that line will probably + + + align:start position:0% +anyone who is in that line will probably +know of this party so but conceivably + + align:start position:0% +know of this party so but conceivably + + + align:start position:0% +know of this party so but conceivably +right you could I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +right you could I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +right you could I mean it's +it's I get what you're saying it is I + + align:start position:0% +it's I get what you're saying it is I + + + align:start position:0% +it's I get what you're saying it is I +think as a thought experiment like + + align:start position:0% +think as a thought experiment like + + + align:start position:0% +think as a thought experiment like +you're going to miss somebody in your + + align:start position:0% +you're going to miss somebody in your + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to miss somebody in your +invite if you send out a finite number + + align:start position:0% +invite if you send out a finite number + + + align:start position:0% +invite if you send out a finite number +of invitations no matter how like broad + + align:start position:0% +of invitations no matter how like broad + + + align:start position:0% +of invitations no matter how like broad +your spectrum is um but yeah I mean you + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum is um but yeah I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +your spectrum is um but yeah I mean you +could you could pick something in + + align:start position:0% +could you could pick something in + + + align:start position:0% +could you could pick something in +between where you you send out I don't + + align:start position:0% +between where you you send out I don't + + + align:start position:0% +between where you you send out I don't +know a million invites but there are + + align:start position:0% +know a million invites but there are + + + align:start position:0% +know a million invites but there are +still billion people on the planet right + + align:start position:0% +still billion people on the planet right + + + align:start position:0% +still billion people on the planet right +so so the only and then then the + + align:start position:0% +so so the only and then then the + + + align:start position:0% +so so the only and then then the +question is like okay if you send out if + + align:start position:0% +question is like okay if you send out if + + + align:start position:0% +question is like okay if you send out if +you send an invitation to not just + + align:start position:0% +you send an invitation to not just + + + align:start position:0% +you send an invitation to not just +everybody who's alive right now but + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's alive right now but + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's alive right now but +everybody who will ever be born from + + align:start position:0% +everybody who will ever be born from + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who will ever be born from +this moment forward everybody whatever + + align:start position:0% +this moment forward everybody whatever + + + align:start position:0% +this moment forward everybody whatever +number of billion or hundreds a billion + + align:start position:0% +number of billion or hundreds a billion + + + align:start position:0% +number of billion or hundreds a billion +of people that is theoretically if + + align:start position:0% +of people that is theoretically if + + + align:start position:0% +of people that is theoretically if +someone invents a time machine and + + align:start position:0% +someone invents a time machine and + + + align:start position:0% +someone invents a time machine and +decides to go to your party they would + + align:start position:0% +decides to go to your party they would + + + align:start position:0% +decides to go to your party they would +come back in time and go to your party + + align:start position:0% +come back in time and go to your party + + + align:start position:0% +come back in time and go to your party +right so um so then if you you set that + + align:start position:0% +right so um so then if you you set that + + + align:start position:0% +right so um so then if you you set that +up that story up with the audience and + + align:start position:0% +up that story up with the audience and + + + align:start position:0% +up that story up with the audience and +that's a long setup right you've got + + align:start position:0% +that's a long setup right you've got + + + align:start position:0% +that's a long setup right you've got +three separate scenarios either between + + align:start position:0% +three separate scenarios either between + + + align:start position:0% +three separate scenarios either between +one and three you could do two scenarios + + align:start position:0% +one and three you could do two scenarios + + + align:start position:0% +one and three you could do two scenarios +but it's a long setup but the story + + align:start position:0% +but it's a long setup but the story + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a long setup but the story +element of it means that your audience + + align:start position:0% +element of it means that your audience + + + align:start position:0% +element of it means that your audience +will probably stick with you especially + + align:start position:0% +will probably stick with you especially + + + align:start position:0% +will probably stick with you especially +because it's an unusual story it's like + + align:start position:0% +because it's an unusual story it's like + + + align:start position:0% +because it's an unusual story it's like +a weird thing and there's confusion at + + align:start position:0% +a weird thing and there's confusion at + + + align:start position:0% +a weird thing and there's confusion at +the beginning right you know you're + + align:start position:0% +the beginning right you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning right you know you're +saying like hold on I didn't get it your + + align:start position:0% +saying like hold on I didn't get it your + + + align:start position:0% +saying like hold on I didn't get it your +audience is going to be in that space + + align:start position:0% +audience is going to be in that space + + + align:start position:0% +audience is going to be in that space +for the first 30 seconds of the video + + align:start position:0% +for the first 30 seconds of the video + + + align:start position:0% +for the first 30 seconds of the video +and there's a fine line between I don't + + align:start position:0% +and there's a fine line between I don't + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a fine line between I don't +get it I'm going to turn off this video + + align:start position:0% +get it I'm going to turn off this video + + + align:start position:0% +get it I'm going to turn off this video +and I don't get it I'm interested I want + + align:start position:0% +and I don't get it I'm interested I want + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't get it I'm interested I want +to keep watching um but if you can stay + + align:start position:0% +to keep watching um but if you can stay + + + align:start position:0% +to keep watching um but if you can stay +on the line of I'm interested I'm going + + align:start position:0% +on the line of I'm interested I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +on the line of I'm interested I'm going +to keep watching that I don't get it can + + align:start position:0% +to keep watching that I don't get it can + + + align:start position:0% +to keep watching that I don't get it can +be an okay thing to do uh and then after + + align:start position:0% +be an okay thing to do uh and then after + + + align:start position:0% +be an okay thing to do uh and then after +that you get into Elizabeth's question + + align:start position:0% +that you get into Elizabeth's question + + + align:start position:0% +that you get into Elizabeth's question +of you know what what do this exp what + + align:start position:0% +of you know what what do this exp what + + + align:start position:0% +of you know what what do this exp what +does this thought experiment actually + + align:start position:0% +does this thought experiment actually + + + align:start position:0% +does this thought experiment actually +mean and does it does it prove anything + + align:start position:0% +mean and does it does it prove anything + + + align:start position:0% +mean and does it does it prove anything +and how do we + + align:start position:0% +and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +and how do we +know which I think is a fascinating + + align:start position:0% +know which I think is a fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +know which I think is a fascinating +video yeah conceptually it's I think + + align:start position:0% +video yeah conceptually it's I think + + + align:start position:0% +video yeah conceptually it's I think +it's really hard the the double negative + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard the the double negative + + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard the the double negative +to either choose to say that is time + + align:start position:0% +to either choose to say that is time + + + align:start position:0% +to either choose to say that is time +travel possible or not not the opposite + + align:start position:0% +travel possible or not not the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +travel possible or not not the opposite +which is is time travel not pop like + + align:start position:0% +which is is time travel not pop like + + + align:start position:0% +which is is time travel not pop like +it's just harder to + + align:start position:0% +it's just harder to + + + align:start position:0% +it's just harder to +conceptualize so when you do go down + + align:start position:0% +conceptualize so when you do go down + + + align:start position:0% +conceptualize so when you do go down +this road I would just see if you can + + align:start position:0% +this road I would just see if you can + + + align:start position:0% +this road I would just see if you can +pick the the affirmative approach which + + align:start position:0% +pick the the affirmative approach which + + + align:start position:0% +pick the the affirmative approach which +is is time travel really possible yeah I + + align:start position:0% +is is time travel really possible yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +is is time travel really possible yeah I +would wait to ask that question though + + align:start position:0% +would wait to ask that question though + + + align:start position:0% +would wait to ask that question though +cuz that's actually not the question + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's actually not the question + + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's actually not the question +that's relevant to this intro the + + align:start position:0% +that's relevant to this intro the + + + align:start position:0% +that's relevant to this intro the +question is how did that prove + + align:start position:0% +question is how did that prove + + + align:start position:0% +question is how did that prove +it then the next question is why why are + + align:start position:0% +it then the next question is why why are + + + align:start position:0% +it then the next question is why why are +people still looking and then the + + align:start position:0% +people still looking and then the + + + align:start position:0% +people still looking and then the +immediate question that follows is well + + align:start position:0% +immediate question that follows is well + + + align:start position:0% +immediate question that follows is well +is time travel possible like that's + + align:start position:0% +is time travel possible like that's + + + align:start position:0% +is time travel possible like that's +that's the core question but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that's the core question but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's the core question but it doesn't +show up um it's too big to spring it on + + align:start position:0% +show up um it's too big to spring it on + + + align:start position:0% +show up um it's too big to spring it on +the audience at the beginning you kind + + align:start position:0% +the audience at the beginning you kind + + + align:start position:0% +the audience at the beginning you kind +of have to lead up to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question this is great this is a + + align:start position:0% +question this is great this is a + + + align:start position:0% +question this is great this is a +fascinating good + + align:start position:0% +fascinating good + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating good +job uh anything else before you question + + align:start position:0% +job uh anything else before you question + + + align:start position:0% +job uh anything else before you question +on like so there was that bit of + + align:start position:0% +on like so there was that bit of + + + align:start position:0% +on like so there was that bit of +discussion where there was a detail on + + align:start position:0% +discussion where there was a detail on + + + align:start position:0% +discussion where there was a detail on +how many people step hopin actually send + + align:start position:0% +how many people step hopin actually send + + + align:start position:0% +how many people step hopin actually send +out invitation but that kind of detail + + align:start position:0% +out invitation but that kind of detail + + + align:start position:0% +out invitation but that kind of detail +doesn't really affect the knowledge + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really affect the knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really affect the knowledge +they're trying to disate it's it okay if + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to disate it's it okay if + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to disate it's it okay if +we were + + align:start position:0% +we were + + + align:start position:0% +we were +to well because it's not really a + + align:start position:0% +to well because it's not really a + + + align:start position:0% +to well because it's not really a +official history point so I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +official history point so I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +official history point so I'm not sure +whether are we allowed to devate no + + align:start position:0% +whether are we allowed to devate no + + + align:start position:0% +whether are we allowed to devate no +that's a great that's a great point I + + align:start position:0% +that's a great that's a great point I + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great that's a great point I +mean in writing your scripts you will + + align:start position:0% +mean in writing your scripts you will + + + align:start position:0% +mean in writing your scripts you will +generate more material Than You'll Use + + align:start position:0% +generate more material Than You'll Use + + + align:start position:0% +generate more material Than You'll Use +and probably going through you know I + + align:start position:0% +and probably going through you know I + + + align:start position:0% +and probably going through you know I +had the three scenarios probably the + + align:start position:0% +had the three scenarios probably the + + + align:start position:0% +had the three scenarios probably the +middle scenario is just not worth doing + + align:start position:0% +middle scenario is just not worth doing + + + align:start position:0% +middle scenario is just not worth doing +because it takes up a lot of time there + + align:start position:0% +because it takes up a lot of time there + + + align:start position:0% +because it takes up a lot of time there +are a lot of like subtleties to it how + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of like subtleties to it how + + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of like subtleties to it how +many invitations exactly who gets the + + align:start position:0% +many invitations exactly who gets the + + + align:start position:0% +many invitations exactly who gets the +invitations etc etc that is not + + align:start position:0% +invitations etc etc that is not + + + align:start position:0% +invitations etc etc that is not +important for the for the subject matter + + align:start position:0% +important for the for the subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +important for the for the subject matter +of the video so being able to edit + + align:start position:0% +of the video so being able to edit + + + align:start position:0% +of the video so being able to edit +yourself or edit others uh on that stuff + + align:start position:0% +yourself or edit others uh on that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +yourself or edit others uh on that stuff +is really good so yeah absolutely great + + align:start position:0% +is really good so yeah absolutely great + + + align:start position:0% +is really good so yeah absolutely great +point you can also gloss over it pretty + + align:start position:0% +point you can also gloss over it pretty + + + align:start position:0% +point you can also gloss over it pretty +fast you can be like okay so when you're + + align:start position:0% +fast you can be like okay so when you're + + + align:start position:0% +fast you can be like okay so when you're +explaining the actual details of the + + align:start position:0% +explaining the actual details of the + + + align:start position:0% +explaining the actual details of the +party you say he sent out an open + + align:start position:0% +party you say he sent out an open + + + align:start position:0% +party you say he sent out an open +invitation no one came so the conclusion + + align:start position:0% +invitation no one came so the conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +invitation no one came so the conclusion +was that no one invented a time machine + + align:start position:0% +was that no one invented a time machine + + + align:start position:0% +was that no one invented a time machine +well I guess you could say you know + + align:start position:0% +well I guess you could say you know + + + align:start position:0% +well I guess you could say you know +maybe someone in Antarctica like wasn't + + align:start position:0% +maybe someone in Antarctica like wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +maybe someone in Antarctica like wasn't +aware of the open invitation so that's + + align:start position:0% +aware of the open invitation so that's + + + align:start position:0% +aware of the open invitation so that's +why they didn't come so what if we could + + align:start position:0% +why they didn't come so what if we could + + + align:start position:0% +why they didn't come so what if we could +ensure that every single human being on + + align:start position:0% +ensure that every single human being on + + + align:start position:0% +ensure that every single human being on +Earth who will ever exist in the future + + align:start position:0% +Earth who will ever exist in the future + + + align:start position:0% +Earth who will ever exist in the future +somehow got this invitation then would + + align:start position:0% +somehow got this invitation then would + + + align:start position:0% +somehow got this invitation then would +the arguments still hold up you know + + align:start position:0% +the arguments still hold up you know + + + align:start position:0% +the arguments still hold up you know +then you're glossing over each + + align:start position:0% +then you're glossing over each + + + align:start position:0% +then you're glossing over each +incremental example um and sort of + + align:start position:0% +incremental example um and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +incremental example um and sort of +addressing the Crux of of the loophole + + align:start position:0% +addressing the Crux of of the loophole + + + align:start position:0% +addressing the Crux of of the loophole +that's in that + + align:start position:0% +that's in that + + + align:start position:0% +that's in that +scenario yeah um also I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +scenario yeah um also I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +scenario yeah um also I wanted to +mention humor um so kind of saying that + + align:start position:0% +mention humor um so kind of saying that + + + align:start position:0% +mention humor um so kind of saying that +Hawking was too lame um while the other + + align:start position:0% +Hawking was too lame um while the other + + + align:start position:0% +Hawking was too lame um while the other +humorous parts are very effective that + + align:start position:0% +humorous parts are very effective that + + + align:start position:0% +humorous parts are very effective that +one may be kind of edgy especially + + align:start position:0% +one may be kind of edgy especially + + + align:start position:0% +one may be kind of edgy especially +people who don't know who Hawking is + + align:start position:0% +people who don't know who Hawking is + + + align:start position:0% +people who don't know who Hawking is +maybe like oh this person is lame and + + align:start position:0% +maybe like oh this person is lame and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe like oh this person is lame and +know yeah um I actually so that reminds + + align:start position:0% +know yeah um I actually so that reminds + + + align:start position:0% +know yeah um I actually so that reminds +me of your earlier point which is that + + align:start position:0% +me of your earlier point which is that + + + align:start position:0% +me of your earlier point which is that +this actually happened at MIT that EC + + align:start position:0% +this actually happened at MIT that EC + + + align:start position:0% +this actually happened at MIT that EC +had a time travel and one of the things + + align:start position:0% +had a time travel and one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +had a time travel and one of the things +that we try and do with the science + + align:start position:0% +that we try and do with the science + + + align:start position:0% +that we try and do with the science +Outlaw videos is establish a relevant + + align:start position:0% +Outlaw videos is establish a relevant + + + align:start position:0% +Outlaw videos is establish a relevant +MIT connection um and so that would be a + + align:start position:0% +MIT connection um and so that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +MIT connection um and so that would be a +great way to do that and then you get + + align:start position:0% +great way to do that and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +great way to do that and then you get +around the whole Steven Hawking thing um + + align:start position:0% +around the whole Steven Hawking thing um + + + align:start position:0% +around the whole Steven Hawking thing um +I like the humor point though I do too I + + align:start position:0% +I like the humor point though I do too I + + + align:start position:0% +I like the humor point though I do too I +I I mean I the word lame like maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +I I mean I the word lame like maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +I I mean I the word lame like maybe it's +like not as P completely forgot but I + + align:start position:0% +like not as P completely forgot but I + + + align:start position:0% +like not as P completely forgot but I +mean the whole concept of like + + align:start position:0% +mean the whole concept of like + + + align:start position:0% +mean the whole concept of like +well what other possibility but like + + align:start position:0% +well what other possibility but like + + + align:start position:0% +well what other possibility but like +maybe Steph Hawkings rival just didn't + + align:start position:0% +maybe Steph Hawkings rival just didn't + + + align:start position:0% +maybe Steph Hawkings rival just didn't +want to show up to spite him you know + + align:start position:0% +want to show up to spite him you know + + + align:start position:0% +want to show up to spite him you know +like maybe like he's like well I've + + align:start position:0% +like maybe like he's like well I've + + + align:start position:0% +like maybe like he's like well I've +invented a time machine but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +invented a time machine but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +invented a time machine but I'm not +going to let you know about it cuz I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to let you know about it cuz I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to let you know about it cuz I'm +cool for you or whatever like there are + + align:start position:0% +cool for you or whatever like there are + + + align:start position:0% +cool for you or whatever like there are +ways to to get that exact same humor + + align:start position:0% +ways to to get that exact same humor + + + align:start position:0% +ways to to get that exact same humor +thing without using lame yeah but I like + + align:start position:0% +thing without using lame yeah but I like + + + align:start position:0% +thing without using lame yeah but I like +it like yeah I like it + + align:start position:0% +it like yeah I like it + + + align:start position:0% +it like yeah I like it +too uh all right anything + + align:start position:0% +too uh all right anything + + + align:start position:0% +too uh all right anything +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +cool um who's is this all right come on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up so so as long as people have lived on + + align:start position:0% +up so so as long as people have lived on + + + align:start position:0% +up so so as long as people have lived on +this planet there have been boats many + + align:start position:0% +this planet there have been boats many + + + align:start position:0% +this planet there have been boats many +of the model boats shown this Museum + + align:start position:0% +of the model boats shown this Museum + + + align:start position:0% +of the model boats shown this Museum +this is at the U like the ship museum at + + align:start position:0% +this is at the U like the ship museum at + + + align:start position:0% +this is at the U like the ship museum at +MIT um are over 100 years old but + + align:start position:0% +MIT um are over 100 years old but + + + align:start position:0% +MIT um are over 100 years old but +evidence suggests that the oldest ones + + align:start position:0% +evidence suggests that the oldest ones + + + align:start position:0% +evidence suggests that the oldest ones +date back to logos almost 10,000 years + + align:start position:0% +date back to logos almost 10,000 years + + + align:start position:0% +date back to logos almost 10,000 years +ago but now when we look at onto the + + align:start position:0% +ago but now when we look at onto the + + + align:start position:0% +ago but now when we look at onto the +harbor it is clear that we have advanced + + align:start position:0% +harbor it is clear that we have advanced + + + align:start position:0% +harbor it is clear that we have advanced +since the times of hollowed out trees + + align:start position:0% +since the times of hollowed out trees + + + align:start position:0% +since the times of hollowed out trees +today there are all types of ships such + + align:start position:0% +today there are all types of ships such + + + align:start position:0% +today there are all types of ships such +as container ships oil tankers and + + align:start position:0% +as container ships oil tankers and + + + align:start position:0% +as container ships oil tankers and +cruise ships among others great thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what works actually uh we're not + + align:start position:0% +okay what works actually uh we're not + + + align:start position:0% +okay what works actually uh we're not +going to just comments in general good + + align:start position:0% +going to just comments in general good + + + align:start position:0% +going to just comments in general good +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +whatever yes feels a lot like a document + + align:start position:0% +whatever yes feels a lot like a document + + + align:start position:0% +whatever yes feels a lot like a document +what do you mean by that uh kind of like + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean by that uh kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean by that uh kind of like +the the image I get like kind of walking + + align:start position:0% +the the image I get like kind of walking + + + align:start position:0% +the the image I get like kind of walking +through a + + align:start position:0% +through a + + + align:start position:0% +through a +museum uh and then like look around us + + align:start position:0% +museum uh and then like look around us + + + align:start position:0% +museum uh and then like look around us +and kind of like I don't know just + + align:start position:0% +and kind of like I don't know just + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of like I don't know just +that's the feel I get okay + + align:start position:0% +that's the feel I get okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's the feel I get okay +I think you're not wrong it does feel + + align:start position:0% +I think you're not wrong it does feel + + + align:start position:0% +I think you're not wrong it does feel +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that oh what's your + + align:start position:0% +that oh what's your + + + align:start position:0% +that oh what's your +question um + + align:start position:0% +question um + + + align:start position:0% +question um +so what three was it kind of gets to + + align:start position:0% +so what three was it kind of gets to + + + align:start position:0% +so what three was it kind of gets to +that so I I think you're right it does + + align:start position:0% +that so I I think you're right it does + + + align:start position:0% +that so I I think you're right it does +kind of there a lot of words before I + + align:start position:0% +kind of there a lot of words before I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of there a lot of words before I +get to + + align:start position:0% +get to + + + align:start position:0% +get to +the what I'm presting what is the tell + + align:start position:0% +the what I'm presting what is the tell + + + align:start position:0% +the what I'm presting what is the tell +us what what it is so it's it's about + + align:start position:0% +us what what it is so it's it's about + + + align:start position:0% +us what what it is so it's it's about +subdivisions uh subdivision in ships so + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions uh subdivision in ships so + + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions uh subdivision in ships so +if you take something that floats like a + + align:start position:0% +if you take something that floats like a + + + align:start position:0% +if you take something that floats like a +shoe box yeah and put a hole in it it'll + + align:start position:0% +shoe box yeah and put a hole in it it'll + + + align:start position:0% +shoe box yeah and put a hole in it it'll +sink right but if you divide that shoe + + align:start position:0% +sink right but if you divide that shoe + + + align:start position:0% +sink right but if you divide that shoe +box into you know watertight sections + + align:start position:0% +box into you know watertight sections + + + align:start position:0% +box into you know watertight sections +you know this one compartment might not + + align:start position:0% +you know this one compartment might not + + + align:start position:0% +you know this one compartment might not +cause it to to sink and how we've + + align:start position:0% +cause it to to sink and how we've + + + align:start position:0% +cause it to to sink and how we've +advance to you know a time where a ship + + align:start position:0% +advance to you know a time where a ship + + + align:start position:0% +advance to you know a time where a ship +can be extensively damaged it can still + + align:start position:0% +can be extensively damaged it can still + + + align:start position:0% +can be extensively damaged it can still +stay stay a float and keep you + + align:start position:0% +stay stay a float and keep you + + + align:start position:0% +stay stay a float and keep you +on uh what you just did right there is a + + align:start position:0% +on uh what you just did right there is a + + + align:start position:0% +on uh what you just did right there is a +fantastic pitch for a video like the way + + align:start position:0% +fantastic pitch for a video like the way + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic pitch for a video like the way +that you explained it to us right now + + align:start position:0% +that you explained it to us right now + + + align:start position:0% +that you explained it to us right now +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get you get into the subject matter + + align:start position:0% +get you get into the subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +get you get into the subject matter +quickly you use you use something that + + align:start position:0% +quickly you use you use something that + + + align:start position:0% +quickly you use you use something that +we're all familiar with shoe box right + + align:start position:0% +we're all familiar with shoe box right + + + align:start position:0% +we're all familiar with shoe box right +um you start simple and you expand out + + align:start position:0% +um you start simple and you expand out + + + align:start position:0% +um you start simple and you expand out +you you know start with a shoe box + + align:start position:0% +you you know start with a shoe box + + + align:start position:0% +you you know start with a shoe box +expand out to a ship and you have the + + align:start position:0% +expand out to a ship and you have the + + + align:start position:0% +expand out to a ship and you have the +potential for a an example that is super + + align:start position:0% +potential for a an example that is super + + + align:start position:0% +potential for a an example that is super +relatable like that Italian Cru was it + + align:start position:0% +relatable like that Italian Cru was it + + + align:start position:0% +relatable like that Italian Cru was it +an Italian cruise ship that like it + + align:start position:0% +an Italian cruise ship that like it + + + align:start position:0% +an Italian cruise ship that like it +didn't sink but it like turned sideways + + align:start position:0% +didn't sink but it like turned sideways + + + align:start position:0% +didn't sink but it like turned sideways +right you could use something like that + + align:start position:0% +right you could use something like that + + + align:start position:0% +right you could use something like that +I'm sure there's a more appropriate + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure there's a more appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure there's a more appropriate +example right but you just add that and + + align:start position:0% +example right but you just add that and + + + align:start position:0% +example right but you just add that and +you have the perfect pitch and also a + + align:start position:0% +you have the perfect pitch and also a + + + align:start position:0% +you have the perfect pitch and also a +great uction to a video + + align:start position:0% +great uction to a video + + + align:start position:0% +great uction to a video +too I also really like what he says in + + align:start position:0% +too I also really like what he says in + + + align:start position:0% +too I also really like what he says in +the second part where he says he's a + + align:start position:0% +the second part where he says he's a + + + align:start position:0% +the second part where he says he's a +coast guard Marine inspector and naal + + align:start position:0% +coast guard Marine inspector and naal + + + align:start position:0% +coast guard Marine inspector and naal +architect a ship designer and he loses + + align:start position:0% +architect a ship designer and he loses + + + align:start position:0% +architect a ship designer and he loses +sleep over this subject so that to me + + align:start position:0% +sleep over this subject so that to me + + + align:start position:0% +sleep over this subject so that to me +sounds pretty cool cuz first of all + + align:start position:0% +sounds pretty cool cuz first of all + + + align:start position:0% +sounds pretty cool cuz first of all +those are awesome jobs and also you are + + align:start position:0% +those are awesome jobs and also you are + + + align:start position:0% +those are awesome jobs and also you are +saying that you have an emotional + + align:start position:0% +saying that you have an emotional + + + align:start position:0% +saying that you have an emotional +connection you're an expert and you + + align:start position:0% +connection you're an expert and you + + + align:start position:0% +connection you're an expert and you +really enjoy this yeah and the other + + align:start position:0% +really enjoy this yeah and the other + + + align:start position:0% +really enjoy this yeah and the other +thing is that you know we we don't so + + align:start position:0% +thing is that you know we we don't so + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that you know we we don't so +science out loud doesn't put random + + align:start position:0% +science out loud doesn't put random + + + align:start position:0% +science out loud doesn't put random +people on camera whoever we put on + + align:start position:0% +people on camera whoever we put on + + + align:start position:0% +people on camera whoever we put on +camera is going to have some connection + + align:start position:0% +camera is going to have some connection + + + align:start position:0% +camera is going to have some connection +to the material whether it's you know + + align:start position:0% +to the material whether it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +to the material whether it's you know +this is my lab that we're working in or + + align:start position:0% +this is my lab that we're working in or + + + align:start position:0% +this is my lab that we're working in or +you know I I am a a member of the Coast + + align:start position:0% +you know I I am a a member of the Coast + + + align:start position:0% +you know I I am a a member of the Coast +Guard or whatever it is uh and that + + align:start position:0% +Guard or whatever it is uh and that + + + align:start position:0% +Guard or whatever it is uh and that +highlighting that is highlighting that + + align:start position:0% +highlighting that is highlighting that + + + align:start position:0% +highlighting that is highlighting that +in a way that is not newscaster right + + align:start position:0% +in a way that is not newscaster right + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that is not newscaster right +because it's hard that's hard to do but + + align:start position:0% +because it's hard that's hard to do but + + + align:start position:0% +because it's hard that's hard to do but +highlighting that um it can be really + + align:start position:0% +highlighting that um it can be really + + + align:start position:0% +highlighting that um it can be really +can be can draw the audience into the + + align:start position:0% +can be can draw the audience into the + + + align:start position:0% +can be can draw the audience into the +material lot better than po day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah go with one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so honestly I would if I were you I + + align:start position:0% +so honestly I would if I were you I + + + align:start position:0% +so honestly I would if I were you I +would cut the intro and go with what you + + align:start position:0% +would cut the intro and go with what you + + + align:start position:0% +would cut the intro and go with what you +just said + + align:start position:0% +just said + + + align:start position:0% +just said +okay the other the other nice thing + + align:start position:0% +okay the other the other nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +okay the other the other nice thing +about the what you said is that you can + + align:start position:0% +about the what you said is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +about the what you said is that you can +do it with a shoe box in front like you + + align:start position:0% +do it with a shoe box in front like you + + + align:start position:0% +do it with a shoe box in front like you +can it's a demo you can do um so it has + + align:start position:0% +can it's a demo you can do um so it has + + + align:start position:0% +can it's a demo you can do um so it has +a visual that goes along with it really + + align:start position:0% +a visual that goes along with it really + + + align:start position:0% +a visual that goes along with it really +easily and since you're actually doing + + align:start position:0% +easily and since you're actually doing + + + align:start position:0% +easily and since you're actually doing +that I mean there's potential for a + + align:start position:0% +that I mean there's potential for a + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean there's potential for a +really big visual Ral where we have you + + align:start position:0% +really big visual Ral where we have you + + + align:start position:0% +really big visual Ral where we have you +framed with a shoe box and then cut you + + align:start position:0% +framed with a shoe box and then cut you + + + align:start position:0% +framed with a shoe box and then cut you +to a wide shot and reveal you in front + + align:start position:0% +to a wide shot and reveal you in front + + + align:start position:0% +to a wide shot and reveal you in front +of an actual sh so there's a lot a lot + + align:start position:0% +of an actual sh so there's a lot a lot + + + align:start position:0% +of an actual sh so there's a lot a lot +of potential to play with the visuals + + align:start position:0% +of potential to play with the visuals + + + align:start position:0% +of potential to play with the visuals +there where you don't have to say all + + align:start position:0% +there where you don't have to say all + + + align:start position:0% +there where you don't have to say all +the boats here right like we don't even + + align:start position:0% +the boats here right like we don't even + + + align:start position:0% +the boats here right like we don't even +have to go in the museum we could + + align:start position:0% +have to go in the museum we could + + + align:start position:0% +have to go in the museum we could +actually go to your wh you work um but I + + align:start position:0% +actually go to your wh you work um but I + + + align:start position:0% +actually go to your wh you work um but I +agree with with George that I when you + + align:start position:0% +agree with with George that I when you + + + align:start position:0% +agree with with George that I when you +were talking about The Shoe Box stuff um + + align:start position:0% +were talking about The Shoe Box stuff um + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about The Shoe Box stuff um +I didn't even realize that that was a + + align:start position:0% +I didn't even realize that that was a + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't even realize that that was a +question that I had but then you made me + + align:start position:0% +question that I had but then you made me + + + align:start position:0% +question that I had but then you made me +think just like how David made me think + + align:start position:0% +think just like how David made me think + + + align:start position:0% +think just like how David made me think +about the whole like why do some people + + align:start position:0% +about the whole like why do some people + + + align:start position:0% +about the whole like why do some people +feel colder than others like how does a + + align:start position:0% +feel colder than others like how does a + + + align:start position:0% +feel colder than others like how does a +giant ship not sink if there's a little + + align:start position:0% +giant ship not sink if there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +giant ship not sink if there's a little +hole in it whereas like on a toy boat if + + align:start position:0% +hole in it whereas like on a toy boat if + + + align:start position:0% +hole in it whereas like on a toy boat if +there's a hole then it then it's just + + align:start position:0% +there's a hole then it then it's just + + + align:start position:0% +there's a hole then it then it's just +catastrophe another question I have + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe another question I have + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophe another question I have +about shifts is that you see like a + + align:start position:0% +about shifts is that you see like a + + + align:start position:0% +about shifts is that you see like a +giant Cruise liner and like a what + + align:start position:0% +giant Cruise liner and like a what + + + align:start position:0% +giant Cruise liner and like a what +percentage of it is underwater is it 10% + + align:start position:0% +percentage of it is underwater is it 10% + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of it is underwater is it 10% +or is it 50% and B how the hell does + + align:start position:0% +or is it 50% and B how the hell does + + + align:start position:0% +or is it 50% and B how the hell does +that thing not just tip over yeah + + align:start position:0% +that thing not just tip over yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that thing not just tip over yeah +actually asked that yesterday okay so + + align:start position:0% +actually asked that yesterday okay so + + + align:start position:0% +actually asked that yesterday okay so +you wondering yeah okay well they have + + align:start position:0% +you wondering yeah okay well they have + + + align:start position:0% +you wondering yeah okay well they have +uh there is a lot of draft on a so the + + align:start position:0% +uh there is a lot of draft on a so the + + + align:start position:0% +uh there is a lot of draft on a so the +the the distance below the water line is + + align:start position:0% +the the distance below the water line is + + + align:start position:0% +the the distance below the water line is +substantial so it's not uncommon to be + + align:start position:0% +substantial so it's not uncommon to be + + + align:start position:0% +substantial so it's not uncommon to be +40 to 60 ft under the water okay but + + align:start position:0% +40 to 60 ft under the water okay but + + + align:start position:0% +40 to 60 ft under the water okay but +they have fin + + align:start position:0% +they have fin + + + align:start position:0% +they have fin +stabilizers which they use when a lot of + + align:start position:0% +stabilizers which they use when a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +stabilizers which they use when a lot of +people are on board they're just pretty + + align:start position:0% +people are on board they're just pretty + + + align:start position:0% +people are on board they're just pretty +much wings that go on the side of the + + align:start position:0% +much wings that go on the side of the + + + align:start position:0% +much wings that go on the side of the +ship and with that they're able to + + align:start position:0% +ship and with that they're able to + + + align:start position:0% +ship and with that they're able to +adjust their attitude to provide more + + align:start position:0% +adjust their attitude to provide more + + + align:start position:0% +adjust their attitude to provide more +comfortable are they wings like as big + + align:start position:0% +comfortable are they wings like as big + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable are they wings like as big +as an airplane wing or is it shorter um + + align:start position:0% +as an airplane wing or is it shorter um + + + align:start position:0% +as an airplane wing or is it shorter um +they're a little bit shorter and they're + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit shorter and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're a little bit shorter and they're +they're like kind of stubbier but + + align:start position:0% +they're like kind of stubbier but + + + align:start position:0% +they're like kind of stubbier but +they're they are pretty big so if you + + align:start position:0% +they're they are pretty big so if you + + + align:start position:0% +they're they are pretty big so if you +took a cruise ship out of the water it + + align:start position:0% +took a cruise ship out of the water it + + + align:start position:0% +took a cruise ship out of the water it +would look like a deformed penguin kind + + align:start position:0% +would look like a deformed penguin kind + + + align:start position:0% +would look like a deformed penguin kind +of uh I guess you could + + align:start position:0% +of uh I guess you could + + + align:start position:0% +of uh I guess you could +think okay Mo most have them newer ones + + align:start position:0% +think okay Mo most have them newer ones + + + align:start position:0% +think okay Mo most have them newer ones +all have them so yeah okay that may be + + align:start position:0% +all have them so yeah okay that may be + + + align:start position:0% +all have them so yeah okay that may be +this is this is again that like idea + + align:start position:0% +this is this is again that like idea + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is again that like idea +explosion phase you know where you + + align:start position:0% +explosion phase you know where you + + + align:start position:0% +explosion phase you know where you +you're you're talking about Bo you know + + align:start position:0% +you're you're talking about Bo you know + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're talking about Bo you know +you talking about compartmentalization + + align:start position:0% +you talking about compartmentalization + + + align:start position:0% +you talking about compartmentalization +and that's the core of the video but + + align:start position:0% +and that's the core of the video but + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the core of the video but +there may be other things that I don't + + align:start position:0% +there may be other things that I don't + + + align:start position:0% +there may be other things that I don't +know if this would would actually make + + align:start position:0% +know if this would would actually make + + + align:start position:0% +know if this would would actually make +it into your video or not but that is + + align:start position:0% +it into your video or not but that is + + + align:start position:0% +it into your video or not but that is +something that you wonder when you look + + align:start position:0% +something that you wonder when you look + + + align:start position:0% +something that you wonder when you look +at a cruise ship like what like how does + + align:start position:0% +at a cruise ship like what like how does + + + align:start position:0% +at a cruise ship like what like how does +that thing possibly stay afloat is most + + align:start position:0% +that thing possibly stay afloat is most + + + align:start position:0% +that thing possibly stay afloat is most +of the mass + + align:start position:0% +of the mass + + + align:start position:0% +of the mass +underwater + + align:start position:0% +underwater + + + align:start position:0% +underwater +um I I can't really say like + + align:start position:0% +um I I can't really say like + + + align:start position:0% +um I I can't really say like +quantitatively I'm not sure but um I + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively I'm not sure but um I + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively I'm not sure but um I +know that that's one of the big parts of + + align:start position:0% +know that that's one of the big parts of + + + align:start position:0% +know that that's one of the big parts of +is having uh appendages that are able to + + align:start position:0% +is having uh appendages that are able to + + + align:start position:0% +is having uh appendages that are able to +reduce the ru so if you have you know if + + align:start position:0% +reduce the ru so if you have you know if + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the ru so if you have you know if +you have a cylinder and it's in water + + align:start position:0% +you have a cylinder and it's in water + + + align:start position:0% +you have a cylinder and it's in water +and you're trying to pitch it or just + + align:start position:0% +and you're trying to pitch it or just + + + align:start position:0% +and you're trying to pitch it or just +like have it roll it's going to go + + align:start position:0% +like have it roll it's going to go + + + align:start position:0% +like have it roll it's going to go +forever but if you put these two Wings + + align:start position:0% +forever but if you put these two Wings + + + align:start position:0% +forever but if you put these two Wings +on it you know the the inertia of + + align:start position:0% +on it you know the the inertia of + + + align:start position:0% +on it you know the the inertia of +actually rolling it is a lot harder + + align:start position:0% +actually rolling it is a lot harder + + + align:start position:0% +actually rolling it is a lot harder +because it has you know these arms to I + + align:start position:0% +because it has you know these arms to I + + + align:start position:0% +because it has you know these arms to I +think you've actually got material for + + align:start position:0% +think you've actually got material for + + + align:start position:0% +think you've actually got material for +two separate videos in there I mean I + + align:start position:0% +two separate videos in there I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +two separate videos in there I mean I +think the compartmentalization is one + + align:start position:0% +think the compartmentalization is one + + + align:start position:0% +think the compartmentalization is one +really it could be a short video I mean + + align:start position:0% +really it could be a short video I mean + + + align:start position:0% +really it could be a short video I mean +it doesn't have to be long right um and + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have to be long right um and + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have to be long right um and +then there's this whole + + align:start position:0% +then there's this whole + + + align:start position:0% +then there's this whole +other I mean you know boats and ship + + align:start position:0% +other I mean you know boats and ship + + + align:start position:0% +other I mean you know boats and ship +building and how how do these things how + + align:start position:0% +building and how how do these things how + + + align:start position:0% +building and how how do these things how +do these giant because they're they've + + align:start position:0% +do these giant because they're they've + + + align:start position:0% +do these giant because they're they've +gotten big enough now that you can have + + align:start position:0% +gotten big enough now that you can have + + + align:start position:0% +gotten big enough now that you can have +two 3,000 people on on a ship um how do + + align:start position:0% +two 3,000 people on on a ship um how do + + + align:start position:0% +two 3,000 people on on a ship um how do +these things stay afloat it' be really + + align:start position:0% +these things stay afloat it' be really + + + align:start position:0% +these things stay afloat it' be really +cool I think from an educational context + + align:start position:0% +cool I think from an educational context + + + align:start position:0% +cool I think from an educational context +point of view with a K videos program in + + align:start position:0% +point of view with a K videos program in + + + align:start position:0% +point of view with a K videos program in +its old iteration where people made + + align:start position:0% +its old iteration where people made + + + align:start position:0% +its old iteration where people made +their own episodes there were like 10 + + align:start position:0% +their own episodes there were like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +their own episodes there were like 10 +episodes on buoyancy I don't know why + + align:start position:0% +episodes on buoyancy I don't know why + + + align:start position:0% +episodes on buoyancy I don't know why +people are so obsessed with explaining + + align:start position:0% +people are so obsessed with explaining + + + align:start position:0% +people are so obsessed with explaining +it but I think it's because it's a topic + + align:start position:0% +it but I think it's because it's a topic + + + align:start position:0% +it but I think it's because it's a topic +that maybe people struggled with in + + align:start position:0% +that maybe people struggled with in + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe people struggled with in +school I no it's a framework plus so so + + align:start position:0% +school I no it's a framework plus so so + + + align:start position:0% +school I no it's a framework plus so so +so second graders it's like the + + align:start position:0% +so second graders it's like the + + + align:start position:0% +so second graders it's like the +essential question that is asked in + + align:start position:0% +essential question that is asked in + + + align:start position:0% +essential question that is asked in +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +curriculum yes SN or float what sinks + + align:start position:0% +curriculum yes SN or float what sinks + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum yes SN or float what sinks +what floats and why and it's it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +what floats and why and it's it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +what floats and why and it's it's it's a +question that's intended to get them + + align:start position:0% +question that's intended to get them + + + align:start position:0% +question that's intended to get them +thinking scientifically and so that big + + align:start position:0% +thinking scientifically and so that big + + + align:start position:0% +thinking scientifically and so that big +buoyancy question is like when I was + + align:start position:0% +buoyancy question is like when I was + + + align:start position:0% +buoyancy question is like when I was +learning to be a teacher that was like + + align:start position:0% +learning to be a teacher that was like + + + align:start position:0% +learning to be a teacher that was like +the core question in even schools that + + align:start position:0% +the core question in even schools that + + + align:start position:0% +the core question in even schools that +had no science curriculum whatsoever + + align:start position:0% +had no science curriculum whatsoever + + + align:start position:0% +had no science curriculum whatsoever +that like at that age that's when they + + align:start position:0% +that like at that age that's when they + + + align:start position:0% +that like at that age that's when they +begin asking scientific questions and + + align:start position:0% +begin asking scientific questions and + + + align:start position:0% +begin asking scientific questions and +that experiment is something you can do + + align:start position:0% +that experiment is something you can do + + + align:start position:0% +that experiment is something you can do +no matter where you are you're a small + + align:start position:0% +no matter where you are you're a small + + + align:start position:0% +no matter where you are you're a small +bucket any kid can do it regardless of + + align:start position:0% +bucket any kid can do it regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +bucket any kid can do it regardless of +what class I mean I taught in some inner + + align:start position:0% +what class I mean I taught in some inner + + + align:start position:0% +what class I mean I taught in some inner +city schools where there were no + + align:start position:0% +city schools where there were no + + + align:start position:0% +city schools where there were no +resources but you can still do that + + align:start position:0% +resources but you can still do that + + + align:start position:0% +resources but you can still do that +experiment you know do they figure out + + align:start position:0% +experiment you know do they figure out + + + align:start position:0% +experiment you know do they figure out +at that age like do they teach like why + + align:start position:0% +at that age like do they teach like why + + + align:start position:0% +at that age like do they teach like why +like a syncable object like steel can V + + align:start position:0% +like a syncable object like steel can V + + + align:start position:0% +like a syncable object like steel can V +well the idea is that students can + + align:start position:0% +well the idea is that students can + + + align:start position:0% +well the idea is that students can +construct truth themselves by + + align:start position:0% +construct truth themselves by + + + align:start position:0% +construct truth themselves by +experimenting right so the teacher if + + align:start position:0% +experimenting right so the teacher if + + + align:start position:0% +experimenting right so the teacher if +it's a great teacher will put a bucket + + align:start position:0% +it's a great teacher will put a bucket + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great teacher will put a bucket +of water and a whole bunch of objects + + align:start position:0% +of water and a whole bunch of objects + + + align:start position:0% +of water and a whole bunch of objects +and encourage students to eventually + + align:start position:0% +and encourage students to eventually + + + align:start position:0% +and encourage students to eventually +come up with some truths themselves + + align:start position:0% +come up with some truths themselves + + + align:start position:0% +come up with some truths themselves +about what sinks and what floats through + + align:start position:0% +about what sinks and what floats through + + + align:start position:0% +about what sinks and what floats through +Hands-On experimentation and that's sort + + align:start position:0% +Hands-On experimentation and that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +Hands-On experimentation and that's sort +of the Crux of the most early science + + align:start position:0% +of the Crux of the most early science + + + align:start position:0% +of the Crux of the most early science +exploration in our curriculum which is + + align:start position:0% +exploration in our curriculum which is + + + align:start position:0% +exploration in our curriculum which is +why there's so much on SED float and + + align:start position:0% +why there's so much on SED float and + + + align:start position:0% +why there's so much on SED float and +that's why I was like the kids were all + + align:start position:0% +that's why I was like the kids were all + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I was like the kids were all +they all were interested in that when we + + align:start position:0% +they all were interested in that when we + + + align:start position:0% +they all were interested in that when we +talk to them because they it was drilled + + align:start position:0% +talk to them because they it was drilled + + + align:start position:0% +talk to them because they it was drilled +into them at least in our educational + + align:start position:0% +into them at least in our educational + + + align:start position:0% +into them at least in our educational +system the idea sinking and floating as + + align:start position:0% +system the idea sinking and floating as + + + align:start position:0% +system the idea sinking and floating as +this like very + + align:start position:0% +this like very + + + align:start position:0% +this like very +very like very um Elementary concept + + align:start position:0% +very like very um Elementary concept + + + align:start position:0% +very like very um Elementary concept +that is the beginning of their + + align:start position:0% +that is the beginning of their + + + align:start position:0% +that is the beginning of their +scientific GRS but the reason why I + + align:start position:0% +scientific GRS but the reason why I + + + align:start position:0% +scientific GRS but the reason why I +bring it up is that there are a 100 + + align:start position:0% +bring it up is that there are a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +bring it up is that there are a 100 +videos on sinking and floating and + + align:start position:0% +videos on sinking and floating and + + + align:start position:0% +videos on sinking and floating and +they're all the exact same thing um and + + align:start position:0% +they're all the exact same thing um and + + + align:start position:0% +they're all the exact same thing um and +every lesson on buoyancy because I mean + + align:start position:0% +every lesson on buoyancy because I mean + + + align:start position:0% +every lesson on buoyancy because I mean +you learn you learn it in more detail in + + align:start position:0% +you learn you learn it in more detail in + + + align:start position:0% +you learn you learn it in more detail in +high school it's still on the same thing + + align:start position:0% +high school it's still on the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +high school it's still on the same thing +um and this is presenting it in a way + + align:start position:0% +um and this is presenting it in a way + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is presenting it in a way +that's very very different and I I + + align:start position:0% +that's very very different and I I + + + align:start position:0% +that's very very different and I I +hesitated to bring it up at all cuz I + + align:start position:0% +hesitated to bring it up at all cuz I + + + align:start position:0% +hesitated to bring it up at all cuz I +don't want you to look at those videos + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to look at those videos + + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to look at those videos +and I don't want you to look at the + + align:start position:0% +and I don't want you to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't want you to look at the +standards and like accidentally default + + align:start position:0% +standards and like accidentally default + + + align:start position:0% +standards and like accidentally default +to that style I think you should totally + + align:start position:0% +to that style I think you should totally + + + align:start position:0% +to that style I think you should totally +keep going the way you're going um I + + align:start position:0% +keep going the way you're going um I + + + align:start position:0% +keep going the way you're going um I +only wanted to bring it up because I + + align:start position:0% +only wanted to bring it up because I + + + align:start position:0% +only wanted to bring it up because I +think that there's definitely an + + align:start position:0% +think that there's definitely an + + + align:start position:0% +think that there's definitely an +appetite for it in an educational + + align:start position:0% +appetite for it in an educational + + + align:start position:0% +appetite for it in an educational +context I also wanted to bring up that + + align:start position:0% +context I also wanted to bring up that + + + align:start position:0% +context I also wanted to bring up that +um it's funny I wish like we could have + + align:start position:0% +um it's funny I wish like we could have + + + align:start position:0% +um it's funny I wish like we could have +the raw footage from all the classes + + align:start position:0% +the raw footage from all the classes + + + align:start position:0% +the raw footage from all the classes +just to post day of because when you + + align:start position:0% +just to post day of because when you + + + align:start position:0% +just to post day of because when you +explained the technical components of + + align:start position:0% +explained the technical components of + + + align:start position:0% +explained the technical components of +the Wings and stuff like we could have + + align:start position:0% +the Wings and stuff like we could have + + + align:start position:0% +the Wings and stuff like we could have +use that footage and it's very different + + align:start position:0% +use that footage and it's very different + + + align:start position:0% +use that footage and it's very different +from when you read this aloud and the + + align:start position:0% +from when you read this aloud and the + + + align:start position:0% +from when you read this aloud and the +script also like doesn't sound like you + + align:start position:0% +script also like doesn't sound like you + + + align:start position:0% +script also like doesn't sound like you +at all when you talk um and it's a very + + align:start position:0% +at all when you talk um and it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +at all when you talk um and it's a very +difficult thing to do I like I + + align:start position:0% +difficult thing to do I like I + + + align:start position:0% +difficult thing to do I like I +sympathize with you guys completely it's + + align:start position:0% +sympathize with you guys completely it's + + + align:start position:0% +sympathize with you guys completely it's +really hard to become self-aware of your + + align:start position:0% +really hard to become self-aware of your + + + align:start position:0% +really hard to become self-aware of your +natural talking style and so some of it + + align:start position:0% +natural talking style and so some of it + + + align:start position:0% +natural talking style and so some of it +will be just um like maybe you want to + + align:start position:0% +will be just um like maybe you want to + + + align:start position:0% +will be just um like maybe you want to +record a conversation that you have with + + align:start position:0% +record a conversation that you have with + + + align:start position:0% +record a conversation that you have with +someone else that might not be the best + + align:start position:0% +someone else that might not be the best + + + align:start position:0% +someone else that might not be the best +thing for everyone um one of the things + + align:start position:0% +thing for everyone um one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +thing for everyone um one of the things +you could do is instead of recording + + align:start position:0% +you could do is instead of recording + + + align:start position:0% +you could do is instead of recording +yourself on camera record just audio cuz + + align:start position:0% +yourself on camera record just audio cuz + + + align:start position:0% +yourself on camera record just audio cuz +the visual part of like if you're + + align:start position:0% +the visual part of like if you're + + + align:start position:0% +the visual part of like if you're +conscious that there's a lens looking at + + align:start position:0% +conscious that there's a lens looking at + + + align:start position:0% +conscious that there's a lens looking at +you it's very hard to be natural yeah + + align:start position:0% +you it's very hard to be natural yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you it's very hard to be natural yeah +and I'm not very good in front of well + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not very good in front of well + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not very good in front of well +that I mean getting rid of that + + align:start position:0% +that I mean getting rid of that + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean getting rid of that +misconception is a whole other thing + + align:start position:0% +misconception is a whole other thing + + + align:start position:0% +misconception is a whole other thing +we'll get into in a second but it's much + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into in a second but it's much + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into in a second but it's much +easier to just be yourself if like if + + align:start position:0% +easier to just be yourself if like if + + + align:start position:0% +easier to just be yourself if like if +you just have a mic and you're not + + align:start position:0% +you just have a mic and you're not + + + align:start position:0% +you just have a mic and you're not +really you sort of forget that the mic's + + align:start position:0% +really you sort of forget that the mic's + + + align:start position:0% +really you sort of forget that the mic's +there you're not looking into a lens or + + align:start position:0% +there you're not looking into a lens or + + + align:start position:0% +there you're not looking into a lens or +whatever so so um having that so so it's + + align:start position:0% +whatever so so um having that so so it's + + + align:start position:0% +whatever so so um having that so so it's +easier to record yourself and see hear + + align:start position:0% +easier to record yourself and see hear + + + align:start position:0% +easier to record yourself and see hear +what you really sound like if you just + + align:start position:0% +what you really sound like if you just + + + align:start position:0% +what you really sound like if you just +use audio versus you know video as well + + align:start position:0% +use audio versus you know video as well + + + align:start position:0% +use audio versus you know video as well +now so say you have you're trying to um + + align:start position:0% +now so say you have you're trying to um + + + align:start position:0% +now so say you have you're trying to um +simplify something a complicated concept + + align:start position:0% +simplify something a complicated concept + + + align:start position:0% +simplify something a complicated concept +so you're talking about wings and + + align:start position:0% +so you're talking about wings and + + + align:start position:0% +so you're talking about wings and +there's a lot of different technical + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of different technical + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of different technical +reasons that + + align:start position:0% +reasons that + + + align:start position:0% +reasons that +like you have these fin stabilizers + + align:start position:0% +like you have these fin stabilizers + + + align:start position:0% +like you have these fin stabilizers +there so just being able to say that + + align:start position:0% +there so just being able to say that + + + align:start position:0% +there so just being able to say that +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +stopping like + + align:start position:0% +stopping like + + + align:start position:0% +stopping like +the ship from from roll it it's true but + + align:start position:0% +the ship from from roll it it's true but + + + align:start position:0% +the ship from from roll it it's true but +there's there's other aspects to it so + + align:start position:0% +there's there's other aspects to it so + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's other aspects to it so +this gets into the the accuracy portion + + align:start position:0% +this gets into the the accuracy portion + + + align:start position:0% +this gets into the the accuracy portion +sure like you could have a naval + + align:start position:0% +sure like you could have a naval + + + align:start position:0% +sure like you could have a naval +architect go on K through2 and be like + + align:start position:0% +architect go on K through2 and be like + + + align:start position:0% +architect go on K through2 and be like +yeah but there's there's more to it than + + align:start position:0% +yeah but there's there's more to it than + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but there's there's more to it than +that sure so at what point do you like + + align:start position:0% +that sure so at what point do you like + + + align:start position:0% +that sure so at what point do you like +are you + + align:start position:0% +are you + + + align:start position:0% +are you +oversimplifying I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you can't there's no harm in alluding + + align:start position:0% +um you can't there's no harm in alluding + + + align:start position:0% +um you can't there's no harm in alluding +to the fact that there that that that + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that there that that that + + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that there that that that +you are just at the tip of the iceberg + + align:start position:0% +you are just at the tip of the iceberg + + + align:start position:0% +you are just at the tip of the iceberg +of information so you could say + + align:start position:0% +of information so you could say + + + align:start position:0% +of information so you could say +something like you know the way you said + + align:start position:0% +something like you know the way you said + + + align:start position:0% +something like you know the way you said +it was if you take a cylinder put it in + + align:start position:0% +it was if you take a cylinder put it in + + + align:start position:0% +it was if you take a cylinder put it in +water and spin it it'll spin you take a + + align:start position:0% +water and spin it it'll spin you take a + + + align:start position:0% +water and spin it it'll spin you take a +cylinder attach some wings put it in + + align:start position:0% +cylinder attach some wings put it in + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder attach some wings put it in +water it's much harder to spin it right + + align:start position:0% +water it's much harder to spin it right + + + align:start position:0% +water it's much harder to spin it right +that is all 100% accurate and true but + + align:start position:0% +that is all 100% accurate and true but + + + align:start position:0% +that is all 100% accurate and true but +you don't get into any of the technical + + align:start position:0% +you don't get into any of the technical + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get into any of the technical +reasons as to why that's the case right + + align:start position:0% +reasons as to why that's the case right + + + align:start position:0% +reasons as to why that's the case right +that's one way to do it the the other + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to do it the the other + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way to do it the the other +way to do it is if you want to start + + align:start position:0% +way to do it is if you want to start + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it is if you want to start +talking about wise and I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +talking about wise and I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +talking about wise and I don't know what +the Y's are so you have to help me but + + align:start position:0% +the Y's are so you have to help me but + + + align:start position:0% +the Y's are so you have to help me but +um you can start off your sentences with + + align:start position:0% +um you can start off your sentences with + + + align:start position:0% +um you can start off your sentences with +look this is a really simple way of + + align:start position:0% +look this is a really simple way of + + + align:start position:0% +look this is a really simple way of +explaining it but basically blah blah + + align:start position:0% +explaining it but basically blah blah + + + align:start position:0% +explaining it but basically blah blah +blah blah blah blah blah right so you + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah blah blah right so you + + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah blah blah right so you +you just sort of allude to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +you just sort of allude to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +you just sort of allude to the fact that +like I'm giving you the super simple + + align:start position:0% +like I'm giving you the super simple + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm giving you the super simple +version of it it's much more complicated + + align:start position:0% +version of it it's much more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +version of it it's much more complicated +than this in real life uh and you can + + align:start position:0% +than this in real life uh and you can + + + align:start position:0% +than this in real life uh and you can +even explain what those complications + + align:start position:0% +even explain what those complications + + + align:start position:0% +even explain what those complications +are so you know like if you had wings + + align:start position:0% +are so you know like if you had wings + + + align:start position:0% +are so you know like if you had wings +with a bunch of holes in them you know + + align:start position:0% +with a bunch of holes in them you know + + + align:start position:0% +with a bunch of holes in them you know +they wouldn't be as effective as as + + align:start position:0% +they wouldn't be as effective as as + + + align:start position:0% +they wouldn't be as effective as as +Wings you know solid Wings because X Y + + align:start position:0% +Wings you know solid Wings because X Y + + + align:start position:0% +Wings you know solid Wings because X Y +or Z or um you know if your if your + + align:start position:0% +or Z or um you know if your if your + + + align:start position:0% +or Z or um you know if your if your +ship's Wings need to be able to do this + + align:start position:0% +ship's Wings need to be able to do this + + + align:start position:0% +ship's Wings need to be able to do this +and that for whatever reason it is I + + align:start position:0% +and that for whatever reason it is I + + + align:start position:0% +and that for whatever reason it is I +mean you can you can allude to stuff + + align:start position:0% +mean you can you can allude to stuff + + + align:start position:0% +mean you can you can allude to stuff +without actually explaining it and + + align:start position:0% +without actually explaining it and + + + align:start position:0% +without actually explaining it and +that's okay because you do that in real + + align:start position:0% +that's okay because you do that in real + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay because you do that in real +life if you're if you're sitting across + + align:start position:0% +life if you're if you're sitting across + + + align:start position:0% +life if you're if you're sitting across +the table from someone and explaining + + align:start position:0% +the table from someone and explaining + + + align:start position:0% +the table from someone and explaining +something to them you don't the first + + align:start position:0% +something to them you don't the first + + + align:start position:0% +something to them you don't the first +time you do it you're not going to be + + align:start position:0% +time you do it you're not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +time you do it you're not going to be +like you know uh Roman numeral one part + + align:start position:0% +like you know uh Roman numeral one part + + + align:start position:0% +like you know uh Roman numeral one part +A subsection B you know you're not going + + align:start position:0% +A subsection B you know you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +A subsection B you know you're not going +to like go super in you're just being + + align:start position:0% +to like go super in you're just being + + + align:start position:0% +to like go super in you're just being +like look here's the important thing to + + align:start position:0% +like look here's the important thing to + + + align:start position:0% +like look here's the important thing to +get right now here are some of the + + align:start position:0% +get right now here are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +get right now here are some of the +details we can talk about the details + + align:start position:0% +details we can talk about the details + + + align:start position:0% +details we can talk about the details +later but this is the This Is The + + align:start position:0% +later but this is the This Is The + + + align:start position:0% +later but this is the This Is The +crucial thing so more like the result + + align:start position:0% +crucial thing so more like the result + + + align:start position:0% +crucial thing so more like the result +and not everything that got to that + + align:start position:0% +and not everything that got to that + + + align:start position:0% +and not everything that got to that +result um I don't know that I would if + + align:start position:0% +result um I don't know that I would if + + + align:start position:0% +result um I don't know that I would if +it's a little too tricky then kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's a little too tricky then kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little too tricky then kind of +mention it but you know focus on what + + align:start position:0% +mention it but you know focus on what + + + align:start position:0% +mention it but you know focus on what +the the main reason yeah I mean I think + + align:start position:0% +the the main reason yeah I mean I think + + + align:start position:0% +the the main reason yeah I mean I think +just being conscious of the fact that + + align:start position:0% +just being conscious of the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +just being conscious of the fact that +what you're presenting isn't all of the + + align:start position:0% +what you're presenting isn't all of the + + + align:start position:0% +what you're presenting isn't all of the +information it is an accurate portion of + + align:start position:0% +information it is an accurate portion of + + + align:start position:0% +information it is an accurate portion of +the information yeah and that's actually + + align:start position:0% +the information yeah and that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +the information yeah and that's actually +what we want with science out loud um + + align:start position:0% +what we want with science out loud um + + + align:start position:0% +what we want with science out loud um +and keep in mind it's a very different + + align:start position:0% +and keep in mind it's a very different + + + align:start position:0% +and keep in mind it's a very different +style than some of the other videos that + + align:start position:0% +style than some of the other videos that + + + align:start position:0% +style than some of the other videos that +I was talking about in the first day of + + align:start position:0% +I was talking about in the first day of + + + align:start position:0% +I was talking about in the first day of +class but we want to Peak curiosity + + align:start position:0% +class but we want to Peak curiosity + + + align:start position:0% +class but we want to Peak curiosity +right like we want people to finish + + align:start position:0% +right like we want people to finish + + + align:start position:0% +right like we want people to finish +watching the video and ask themselves + + align:start position:0% +watching the video and ask themselves + + + align:start position:0% +watching the video and ask themselves +those questions and try to figure it out + + align:start position:0% +those questions and try to figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +those questions and try to figure it out +on their own and explore the other + + align:start position:0% +on their own and explore the other + + + align:start position:0% +on their own and explore the other +resources and that's a very different + + align:start position:0% +resources and that's a very different + + + align:start position:0% +resources and that's a very different +objective than say a lecture video um or + + align:start position:0% +objective than say a lecture video um or + + + align:start position:0% +objective than say a lecture video um or +a technical video so just keep that in + + align:start position:0% +a technical video so just keep that in + + + align:start position:0% +a technical video so just keep that in +mind again like whatever best practices + + align:start position:0% +mind again like whatever best practices + + + align:start position:0% +mind again like whatever best practices +we're establishing here aren't + + align:start position:0% +we're establishing here aren't + + + align:start position:0% +we're establishing here aren't +necessarily ones that you'll carry over + + align:start position:0% +necessarily ones that you'll carry over + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily ones that you'll carry over +to every single educational video + + align:start position:0% +to every single educational video + + + align:start position:0% +to every single educational video +educational video incompass is such a + + align:start position:0% +educational video incompass is such a + + + align:start position:0% +educational video incompass is such a +huge variety right um but I think that's + + align:start position:0% +huge variety right um but I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +huge variety right um but I think that's +true of even the most technical video + + align:start position:0% +true of even the most technical video + + + align:start position:0% +true of even the most technical video +and again this goes back to the whole + + align:start position:0% +and again this goes back to the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and again this goes back to the whole +Rabbit Hole litness test like once you + + align:start position:0% +Rabbit Hole litness test like once you + + + align:start position:0% +Rabbit Hole litness test like once you +find + + align:start position:0% +find + + + align:start position:0% +find +yourself clarifying more and more to the + + align:start position:0% +yourself clarifying more and more to the + + + align:start position:0% +yourself clarifying more and more to the +point where you found yourself on a + + align:start position:0% +point where you found yourself on a + + + align:start position:0% +point where you found yourself on a +topic that is tangential to the main + + align:start position:0% +topic that is tangential to the main + + + align:start position:0% +topic that is tangential to the main +point of your video or the main point of + + align:start position:0% +point of your video or the main point of + + + align:start position:0% +point of your video or the main point of +your lesson um then it's time to + + align:start position:0% +your lesson um then it's time to + + + align:start position:0% +your lesson um then it's time to +backtrack a little bit and that's okay + + align:start position:0% +backtrack a little bit and that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +backtrack a little bit and that's okay +um no video under an hour no semester + + align:start position:0% +um no video under an hour no semester + + + align:start position:0% +um no video under an hour no semester +long class is going to answer every + + align:start position:0% +long class is going to answer every + + + align:start position:0% +long class is going to answer every +single question that's related to the + + align:start position:0% +single question that's related to the + + + align:start position:0% +single question that's related to the +topic of the class + + align:start position:0% +topic of the class + + + align:start position:0% +topic of the class +right but this gets back to like we were + + align:start position:0% +right but this gets back to like we were + + + align:start position:0% +right but this gets back to like we were +talking about the broccoli that like by + + align:start position:0% +talking about the broccoli that like by + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the broccoli that like by +by going deeply and and narrowing your + + align:start position:0% +by going deeply and and narrowing your + + + align:start position:0% +by going deeply and and narrowing your +focus actually allows you to allude to a + + align:start position:0% +focus actually allows you to allude to a + + + align:start position:0% +focus actually allows you to allude to a +lot of much larger topics superficially + + align:start position:0% +lot of much larger topics superficially + + + align:start position:0% +lot of much larger topics superficially +and people get it more concretely the + + align:start position:0% +and people get it more concretely the + + + align:start position:0% +and people get it more concretely the +more narrow you are in your examples and + + align:start position:0% +more narrow you are in your examples and + + + align:start position:0% +more narrow you are in your examples and +and that's I think if there were a truth + + align:start position:0% +and that's I think if there were a truth + + + align:start position:0% +and that's I think if there were a truth +in here that's the truth to sort of + + align:start position:0% +in here that's the truth to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in here that's the truth to sort of +apply is that the more specific and + + align:start position:0% +apply is that the more specific and + + + align:start position:0% +apply is that the more specific and +narrow you can be without giving people + + align:start position:0% +narrow you can be without giving people + + + align:start position:0% +narrow you can be without giving people +that extra information the easier it is + + align:start position:0% +that extra information the easier it is + + + align:start position:0% +that extra information the easier it is +to allude to that extra information + + align:start position:0% +to allude to that extra information + + + align:start position:0% +to allude to that extra information +without it like a story you want it to + + align:start position:0% +without it like a story you want it to + + + align:start position:0% +without it like a story you want it to +always move forward and if this + + align:start position:0% +always move forward and if this + + + align:start position:0% +always move forward and if this +information is so little that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +information is so little that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +information is so little that it doesn't +doesn't prevent the forward motion of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't prevent the forward motion of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't prevent the forward motion of +your storyline then you know you're + + align:start position:0% +your storyline then you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +your storyline then you know you're +you're doing a good job of including + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a good job of including + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a good job of including +that what you don't want is for this + + align:start position:0% +that what you don't want is for this + + + align:start position:0% +that what you don't want is for this +information to take you backwards or + + align:start position:0% +information to take you backwards or + + + align:start position:0% +information to take you backwards or +sideways I mean I guess I should + + align:start position:0% +sideways I mean I guess I should + + + align:start position:0% +sideways I mean I guess I should +rephrase that it's not necessarily a + + align:start position:0% +rephrase that it's not necessarily a + + + align:start position:0% +rephrase that it's not necessarily a +rabbit hole you don't want to Branch out + + align:start position:0% +rabbit hole you don't want to Branch out + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit hole you don't want to Branch out +too much right you want + + align:start position:0% +too much right you want + + + align:start position:0% +too much right you want +accuracy um specificity to a certain + + align:start position:0% +accuracy um specificity to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy um specificity to a certain +degree like you could very well do a + + align:start position:0% +degree like you could very well do a + + + align:start position:0% +degree like you could very well do a +video on why do boats float right but + + align:start position:0% +video on why do boats float right but + + + align:start position:0% +video on why do boats float right but +that wouldn't really be a good video it + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't really be a good video it + + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't really be a good video it +wouldn't be a very compelling video if + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be a very compelling video if + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be a very compelling video if +you're going to make a video about like + + align:start position:0% +you're going to make a video about like + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to make a video about like +the wings on a boat you're going to hit + + align:start position:0% +the wings on a boat you're going to hit + + + align:start position:0% +the wings on a boat you're going to hit +the bigger topic of how things float but + + align:start position:0% +the bigger topic of how things float but + + + align:start position:0% +the bigger topic of how things float but +that's not the thing that's driving your + + align:start position:0% +that's not the thing that's driving your + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the thing that's driving your +video Rec and that's why your topic is + + align:start position:0% +video Rec and that's why your topic is + + + align:start position:0% +video Rec and that's why your topic is +perfectly narrow of being like you know + + align:start position:0% +perfectly narrow of being like you know + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly narrow of being like you know +imagining three Smo um three differ + + align:start position:0% +imagining three Smo um three differ + + + align:start position:0% +imagining three Smo um three differ +smooshed uh shoe boxes why does this one + + align:start position:0% +smooshed uh shoe boxes why does this one + + + align:start position:0% +smooshed uh shoe boxes why does this one +versus this one and and it's a narrow + + align:start position:0% +versus this one and and it's a narrow + + + align:start position:0% +versus this one and and it's a narrow +enough topic and concrete enough that + + align:start position:0% +enough topic and concrete enough that + + + align:start position:0% +enough topic and concrete enough that +will allow you to get to some of those + + align:start position:0% +will allow you to get to some of those + + + align:start position:0% +will allow you to get to some of those +bigger Sy float buoyancy design issues + + align:start position:0% +bigger Sy float buoyancy design issues + + + align:start position:0% +bigger Sy float buoyancy design issues +but using this very small way of getting + + align:start position:0% +but using this very small way of getting + + + align:start position:0% +but using this very small way of getting +access to that information by the way I + + align:start position:0% +access to that information by the way I + + + align:start position:0% +access to that information by the way I +wanted to um I wanted to come back to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to um I wanted to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to um I wanted to come back to +something that is T tangential + + align:start position:0% +something that is T tangential + + + align:start position:0% +something that is T tangential +ironically um you said you know it's + + align:start position:0% +ironically um you said you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +ironically um you said you know it's +maybe it's better than to just tell the + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's better than to just tell the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's better than to just tell the +results and leave out the process and I + + align:start position:0% +results and leave out the process and I + + + align:start position:0% +results and leave out the process and I +said no maybe not the reason that I said + + align:start position:0% +said no maybe not the reason that I said + + + align:start position:0% +said no maybe not the reason that I said +no is because sometimes times you're + + align:start position:0% +no is because sometimes times you're + + + align:start position:0% +no is because sometimes times you're +going to like sometimes taking your + + align:start position:0% +going to like sometimes taking your + + + align:start position:0% +going to like sometimes taking your +audience through the experimentation + + align:start position:0% +audience through the experimentation + + + align:start position:0% +audience through the experimentation +that was done to get to a result is just + + align:start position:0% +that was done to get to a result is just + + + align:start position:0% +that was done to get to a result is just +as interesting or even more interesting + + align:start position:0% +as interesting or even more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +as interesting or even more interesting +as the result itself so like in the + + align:start position:0% +as the result itself so like in the + + + align:start position:0% +as the result itself so like in the +stepen Hawking example you know the the + + align:start position:0% +stepen Hawking example you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +stepen Hawking example you know the the +time travel experiment and the + + align:start position:0% +time travel experiment and the + + + align:start position:0% +time travel experiment and the +intricacies of the time travel + + align:start position:0% +intricacies of the time travel + + + align:start position:0% +intricacies of the time travel +experiment are just as interesting to me + + align:start position:0% +experiment are just as interesting to me + + + align:start position:0% +experiment are just as interesting to me +anyway as the the result of that + + align:start position:0% +anyway as the the result of that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway as the the result of that +experiment right whatever it is so + + align:start position:0% +experiment right whatever it is so + + + align:start position:0% +experiment right whatever it is so +that's why I would just caution against + + align:start position:0% +that's why I would just caution against + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I would just caution against +using that you know sometimes + + align:start position:0% +using that you know sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +using that you know sometimes +like uh how did you know how did people + + align:start position:0% +like uh how did you know how did people + + + align:start position:0% +like uh how did you know how did people +first invent compartmental + + align:start position:0% +first invent compartmental + + + align:start position:0% +first invent compartmental +compartmentalizing both sometime I'm not + + align:start position:0% +compartmentalizing both sometime I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +compartmentalizing both sometime I'm not +saying that is an interesting answer it + + align:start position:0% +saying that is an interesting answer it + + + align:start position:0% +saying that is an interesting answer it +may not be but sometimes that process is + + align:start position:0% +may not be but sometimes that process is + + + align:start position:0% +may not be but sometimes that process is +just as interesting as the fact that + + align:start position:0% +just as interesting as the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +just as interesting as the fact that +there are compartmentalized boats and + + align:start position:0% +there are compartmentalized boats and + + + align:start position:0% +there are compartmentalized boats and +why they work you know what one thing + + align:start position:0% +why they work you know what one thing + + + align:start position:0% +why they work you know what one thing +that I mentioned there I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned there I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned there I don't know if +it's worth kind of exploiting is uh I + + align:start position:0% +it's worth kind of exploiting is uh I + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth kind of exploiting is uh I +mean the whole reason why I thought it + + align:start position:0% +mean the whole reason why I thought it + + + align:start position:0% +mean the whole reason why I thought it +was like I know that floating is + + align:start position:0% +was like I know that floating is + + + align:start position:0% +was like I know that floating is +obviously a big uh kind of teaching + + align:start position:0% +obviously a big uh kind of teaching + + + align:start position:0% +obviously a big uh kind of teaching +point but if you open with like why did + + align:start position:0% +point but if you open with like why did + + + align:start position:0% +point but if you open with like why did +the Titanic sink which has exactly to do + + align:start position:0% +the Titanic sink which has exactly to do + + + align:start position:0% +the Titanic sink which has exactly to do +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +compartmentalization is that something + + align:start position:0% +compartmentalization is that something + + + align:start position:0% +compartmentalization is that something +that'd be a a better hook I you know I + + align:start position:0% +that'd be a a better hook I you know I + + + align:start position:0% +that'd be a a better hook I you know I +honestly like your shoe box just kind of + + align:start position:0% +honestly like your shoe box just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +honestly like your shoe box just kind of +explain better I'll tell you why because + + align:start position:0% +explain better I'll tell you why because + + + align:start position:0% +explain better I'll tell you why because +it's more visual I mean sorry it's more + + align:start position:0% +it's more visual I mean sorry it's more + + + align:start position:0% +it's more visual I mean sorry it's more +visual because it has you in it there's + + align:start position:0% +visual because it has you in it there's + + + align:start position:0% +visual because it has you in it there's +a demo there's a thing that someone can + + align:start position:0% +a demo there's a thing that someone can + + + align:start position:0% +a demo there's a thing that someone can +look at and it's directly accessible + + align:start position:0% +look at and it's directly accessible + + + align:start position:0% +look at and it's directly accessible +with the Titanic like yeah everyone it's + + align:start position:0% +with the Titanic like yeah everyone it's + + + align:start position:0% +with the Titanic like yeah everyone it's +an example that everyone knows and you + + align:start position:0% +an example that everyone knows and you + + + align:start position:0% +an example that everyone knows and you +could maybe use stock footage of the + + align:start position:0% +could maybe use stock footage of the + + + align:start position:0% +could maybe use stock footage of the +movie Titanic or whatever right but the + + align:start position:0% +movie Titanic or whatever right but the + + + align:start position:0% +movie Titanic or whatever right but the +it's one degree of complexity it starts + + align:start position:0% +it's one degree of complexity it starts + + + align:start position:0% +it's one degree of complexity it starts +at a higher level of complexity than + + align:start position:0% +at a higher level of complexity than + + + align:start position:0% +at a higher level of complexity than +your shoe box example I'm saying you + + align:start position:0% +your shoe box example I'm saying you + + + align:start position:0% +your shoe box example I'm saying you +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +do first shoe box then Titanic no how + + align:start position:0% +do first shoe box then Titanic no how + + + align:start position:0% +do first shoe box then Titanic no how +the Titanic did their + + align:start position:0% +the Titanic did their + + + align:start position:0% +the Titanic did their +compartmentalization with a shoe box you + + align:start position:0% +compartmentalization with a shoe box you + + + align:start position:0% +compartmentalization with a shoe box you +can like so they didn't finish their + + align:start position:0% +can like so they didn't finish their + + + align:start position:0% +can like so they didn't finish their +bulkheads to the deck which you could + + align:start position:0% +bulkheads to the deck which you could + + + align:start position:0% +bulkheads to the deck which you could +actually easily build with a shoe box + + align:start position:0% +actually easily build with a shoe box + + + align:start position:0% +actually easily build with a shoe box +and then to see how progressively fls so + + align:start position:0% +and then to see how progressively fls so + + + align:start position:0% +and then to see how progressively fls so +the problem with the T Titanic was that + + align:start position:0% +the problem with the T Titanic was that + + + align:start position:0% +the problem with the T Titanic was that +their compartments did not extend all + + align:start position:0% +their compartments did not extend all + + + align:start position:0% +their compartments did not extend all +the way through the hull all the way up + + align:start position:0% +the way through the hull all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +the way through the hull all the way up +to the to the web why seems dumb I have + + align:start position:0% +to the to the web why seems dumb I have + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the web why seems dumb I have +no idea okay but then the video becomes + + align:start position:0% +no idea okay but then the video becomes + + + align:start position:0% +no idea okay but then the video becomes +about why did the Titanic sink instead + + align:start position:0% +about why did the Titanic sink instead + + + align:start position:0% +about why did the Titanic sink instead +of about how do I prevent boats from + + align:start position:0% +of about how do I prevent boats from + + + align:start position:0% +of about how do I prevent boats from +sinking as a coast guard I think it's + + align:start position:0% +sinking as a coast guard I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +sinking as a coast guard I think it's +distracting I think it's distracting and + + align:start position:0% +distracting I think it's distracting and + + + align:start position:0% +distracting I think it's distracting and +I think that like I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +I think that like I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +I think that like I don't know the +Simplicity of this shoe box allows you + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity of this shoe box allows you + + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity of this shoe box allows you +to gain access to the concepts more + + align:start position:0% +to gain access to the concepts more + + + align:start position:0% +to gain access to the concepts more +easily without getting the story of a + + align:start position:0% +easily without getting the story of a + + + align:start position:0% +easily without getting the story of a +Titanic in the other thing is if you + + align:start position:0% +Titanic in the other thing is if you + + + align:start position:0% +Titanic in the other thing is if you +were not at MIT studying Naval + + align:start position:0% +were not at MIT studying Naval + + + align:start position:0% +were not at MIT studying Naval +architecture or whatever and if you + + align:start position:0% +architecture or whatever and if you + + + align:start position:0% +architecture or whatever and if you +weren't actually an engineer just like + + align:start position:0% +weren't actually an engineer just like + + + align:start position:0% +weren't actually an engineer just like +maybe be officer hate green then I'd say + + align:start position:0% +maybe be officer hate green then I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +maybe be officer hate green then I'd say +yeah talk about why the Titanic but it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah talk about why the Titanic but it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah talk about why the Titanic but it's +like a story that's already been told + + align:start position:0% +like a story that's already been told + + + align:start position:0% +like a story that's already been told +and it's a story that can be told by + + align:start position:0% +and it's a story that can be told by + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a story that can be told by +anyone you have this opportunity to tell + + align:start position:0% +anyone you have this opportunity to tell + + + align:start position:0% +anyone you have this opportunity to tell +a story from a perspective that not very + + align:start position:0% +a story from a perspective that not very + + + align:start position:0% +a story from a perspective that not very +many people can and that's what I was + + align:start position:0% +many people can and that's what I was + + + align:start position:0% +many people can and that's what I was +trying to get out on the first day about + + align:start position:0% +trying to get out on the first day about + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get out on the first day about +like being able to take yourself out of + + align:start position:0% +like being able to take yourself out of + + + align:start position:0% +like being able to take yourself out of +the perspective that you're used to + + align:start position:0% +the perspective that you're used to + + + align:start position:0% +the perspective that you're used to +having like I think that is an + + align:start position:0% +having like I think that is an + + + align:start position:0% +having like I think that is an +opportunity to capitalize upon for sure + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to capitalize upon for sure + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to capitalize upon for sure +so it's not that I think that the + + align:start position:0% +so it's not that I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not that I think that the +Titanic thing is a bad hook necessarily + + align:start position:0% +Titanic thing is a bad hook necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +Titanic thing is a bad hook necessarily +it's just that the one you have is so + + align:start position:0% +it's just that the one you have is so + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that the one you have is so +much better and one that not other + + align:start position:0% +much better and one that not other + + + align:start position:0% +much better and one that not other +people can do okay can I also say that + + align:start position:0% +people can do okay can I also say that + + + align:start position:0% +people can do okay can I also say that +you had mentioned about + + align:start position:0% +you had mentioned about + + + align:start position:0% +you had mentioned about +process in my lab the work that I see + + align:start position:0% +process in my lab the work that I see + + + align:start position:0% +process in my lab the work that I see +predominant I would actually argue that + + align:start position:0% +predominant I would actually argue that + + + align:start position:0% +predominant I would actually argue that +it's extremely hard for scientists to + + align:start position:0% +it's extremely hard for scientists to + + + align:start position:0% +it's extremely hard for scientists to +share process in an interesting way that + + align:start position:0% +share process in an interesting way that + + + align:start position:0% +share process in an interesting way that +scientists typically and I'm + + align:start position:0% +scientists typically and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +scientists typically and I'm +generalizing and this is not really + + align:start position:0% +generalizing and this is not really + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing and this is not really +but because you spend so much time dayto + + align:start position:0% +but because you spend so much time dayto + + + align:start position:0% +but because you spend so much time dayto +day going through a process you want to + + align:start position:0% +day going through a process you want to + + + align:start position:0% +day going through a process you want to +share it very chronologically and that's + + align:start position:0% +share it very chronologically and that's + + + align:start position:0% +share it very chronologically and that's +your default is to go through from start + + align:start position:0% +your default is to go through from start + + + align:start position:0% +your default is to go through from start +to finish telling people what you did + + align:start position:0% +to finish telling people what you did + + + align:start position:0% +to finish telling people what you did +painstakingly detailed and that's boring + + align:start position:0% +painstakingly detailed and that's boring + + + align:start position:0% +painstakingly detailed and that's boring +and so it's really really hard if any of + + align:start position:0% +and so it's really really hard if any of + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's really really hard if any of +you end up doing a process where you're + + align:start position:0% +you end up doing a process where you're + + + align:start position:0% +you end up doing a process where you're +sharing a process it's really hard to to + + align:start position:0% +sharing a process it's really hard to to + + + align:start position:0% +sharing a process it's really hard to to +figure out the big picture within the + + align:start position:0% +figure out the big picture within the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the big picture within the +process so that an outsider actually + + align:start position:0% +process so that an outsider actually + + + align:start position:0% +process so that an outsider actually +finds your process interesting as + + align:start position:0% +finds your process interesting as + + + align:start position:0% +finds your process interesting as +opposed to just sharing that I did this + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just sharing that I did this + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just sharing that I did this +then I did this then I did explaining + + align:start position:0% +then I did this then I did explaining + + + align:start position:0% +then I did this then I did explaining +why I did what I did each way what + + align:start position:0% +why I did what I did each way what + + + align:start position:0% +why I did what I did each way what +people care well the interesting part is + + align:start position:0% +people care well the interesting part is + + + align:start position:0% +people care well the interesting part is +is uh the moment of Ingenuity that led + + align:start position:0% +is uh the moment of Ingenuity that led + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the moment of Ingenuity that led +to an experiment designed the way it was + + align:start position:0% +to an experiment designed the way it was + + + align:start position:0% +to an experiment designed the way it was +designed not the like daytoday exactly + + align:start position:0% +designed not the like daytoday exactly + + + align:start position:0% +designed not the like daytoday exactly +and I feel like because people in their + + align:start position:0% +and I feel like because people in their + + + align:start position:0% +and I feel like because people in their +labs are like someone needs to listen to + + align:start position:0% +labs are like someone needs to listen to + + + align:start position:0% +labs are like someone needs to listen to +me I did this it didn't work and I spent + + align:start position:0% +me I did this it didn't work and I spent + + + align:start position:0% +me I did this it didn't work and I spent +hours and hours working on this thing it + + align:start position:0% +hours and hours working on this thing it + + + align:start position:0% +hours and hours working on this thing it +didn't work they feel like they want to + + align:start position:0% +didn't work they feel like they want to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work they feel like they want to +share that with people but that people + + align:start position:0% +share that with people but that people + + + align:start position:0% +share that with people but that people +don't actually usually care about that + + align:start position:0% +don't actually usually care about that + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually usually care about that +they care about the why you designed the + + align:start position:0% +they care about the why you designed the + + + align:start position:0% +they care about the why you designed the +experiment that way and why it didn't + + align:start position:0% +experiment that way and why it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that way and why it didn't +work as opposed to the what you actually + + align:start position:0% +work as opposed to the what you actually + + + align:start position:0% +work as opposed to the what you actually +did the who cares kind of + + align:start position:0% +did the who cares kind of + + + align:start position:0% +did the who cares kind of +concept actually well so I agree with + + align:start position:0% +concept actually well so I agree with + + + align:start position:0% +concept actually well so I agree with +you on the Titanic idea but um you + + align:start position:0% +you on the Titanic idea but um you + + + align:start position:0% +you on the Titanic idea but um you +mentioned that you could build um these + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that you could build um these + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that you could build um these +compartments out of shoe boxes and I + + align:start position:0% +compartments out of shoe boxes and I + + + align:start position:0% +compartments out of shoe boxes and I +think that at least the the kids that we + + align:start position:0% +think that at least the the kids that we + + + align:start position:0% +think that at least the the kids that we +talked to yesterday they really like the + + align:start position:0% +talked to yesterday they really like the + + + align:start position:0% +talked to yesterday they really like the +idea of Destruction + + align:start position:0% +idea of Destruction + + + align:start position:0% +idea of Destruction +something burning and being crushed so + + align:start position:0% +something burning and being crushed so + + + align:start position:0% +something burning and being crushed so +if you could kind of talk about those + + align:start position:0% +if you could kind of talk about those + + + align:start position:0% +if you could kind of talk about those +Concepts and in the end you could sync + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and in the end you could sync + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and in the end you could sync +this some random ship that would kind of + + align:start position:0% +this some random ship that would kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this some random ship that would kind of +show oh well first of all it's cool but + + align:start position:0% +show oh well first of all it's cool but + + + align:start position:0% +show oh well first of all it's cool but +also it shows that what you're talking + + align:start position:0% +also it shows that what you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +also it shows that what you're talking +about is right yeah don't get me wrong + + align:start position:0% +about is right yeah don't get me wrong + + + align:start position:0% +about is right yeah don't get me wrong +you can totally bring up the Titanic at + + align:start position:0% +you can totally bring up the Titanic at + + + align:start position:0% +you can totally bring up the Titanic at +the end it's like the bigger picture + + align:start position:0% +the end it's like the bigger picture + + + align:start position:0% +the end it's like the bigger picture +application that's awesome it's just the + + align:start position:0% +application that's awesome it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +application that's awesome it's just the +hook isn't the place for it I think + + align:start position:0% +hook isn't the place for it I think + + + align:start position:0% +hook isn't the place for it I think +personally been done before + + align:start position:0% +personally been done before + + + align:start position:0% +personally been done before +yeah I agree great anything else on this + + align:start position:0% +yeah I agree great anything else on this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I agree great anything else on this +script going once going twice before you + + align:start position:0% +script going once going twice before you + + + align:start position:0% +script going once going twice before you +go to the next one I mean I do just want + + align:start position:0% +go to the next one I mean I do just want + + + align:start position:0% +go to the next one I mean I do just want +to mention sorry I'm just kidding go + + align:start position:0% +to mention sorry I'm just kidding go + + + align:start position:0% +to mention sorry I'm just kidding go +ahead um I do want to mention that you + + align:start position:0% +ahead um I do want to mention that you + + + align:start position:0% +ahead um I do want to mention that you +guys came up with like really + + align:start position:0% +guys came up with like really + + + align:start position:0% +guys came up with like really +fascinating topics I mean George and I + + align:start position:0% +fascinating topics I mean George and I + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating topics I mean George and I +were talking about it this morning um so + + align:start position:0% +were talking about it this morning um so + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about it this morning um so +I I mean we're even though we're + + align:start position:0% +I I mean we're even though we're + + + align:start position:0% +I I mean we're even though we're +critiquing things um the the topics at + + align:start position:0% +critiquing things um the the topics at + + + align:start position:0% +critiquing things um the the topics at +the core I I think are there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the core I I think are there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the core I I think are there's a lot of +potential for it so so just like a word + + align:start position:0% +potential for it so so just like a word + + + align:start position:0% +potential for it so so just like a word +of encouragement I guess yeah no I would + + align:start position:0% +of encouragement I guess yeah no I would + + + align:start position:0% +of encouragement I guess yeah no I would +I would totally watch all of these + + align:start position:0% +I would totally watch all of these + + + align:start position:0% +I would totally watch all of these +videos so just I mean I don't know where + + align:start position:0% +videos so just I mean I don't know where + + + align:start position:0% +videos so just I mean I don't know where +we're going quite yet but we've been + + align:start position:0% +we're going quite yet but we've been + + + align:start position:0% +we're going quite yet but we've been +going for a while I suspect people might + + align:start position:0% +going for a while I suspect people might + + + align:start position:0% +going for a while I suspect people might +need a bathroom oh yeah good idea yeah I + + align:start position:0% +need a bathroom oh yeah good idea yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +need a bathroom oh yeah good idea yeah I +need a bathroom Okay so maybe we should + + align:start position:0% +need a bathroom Okay so maybe we should + + + align:start position:0% +need a bathroom Okay so maybe we should +before we dive into the next one give + + align:start position:0% +before we dive into the next one give + + + align:start position:0% +before we dive into the next one give +people a chance to like stretch and do + + align:start position:0% +people a chance to like stretch and do + + + align:start position:0% +people a chance to like stretch and do +that we've been going for a while okay + + align:start position:0% +that we've been going for a while okay + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been going for a while okay +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +wrote + + align:start position:0% +wrote + + + align:start position:0% +wrote +this come on up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm cold I want to + + align:start position:0% +I'm cold I want to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm cold I want to +know it's really cold in here I'm warm + + align:start position:0% +know it's really cold in here I'm warm + + + align:start position:0% +know it's really cold in here I'm warm +I'm pretty warm yeah I think it's where + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty warm yeah I think it's where + + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty warm yeah I think it's where +you're sitting partly like I was under a + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting partly like I was under a + + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting partly like I was under a +vent and it was freezing + + align:start position:0% +vent and it was freezing + + + align:start position:0% +vent and it was freezing +yeah okay whenever you're ready okay uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay whenever you're ready okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay whenever you're ready okay uh +few th things strike more dread than + + align:start position:0% +few th things strike more dread than + + + align:start position:0% +few th things strike more dread than +hearing you have to get braces right + + align:start position:0% +hearing you have to get braces right + + + align:start position:0% +hearing you have to get braces right +whether it's weing about how much it + + align:start position:0% +whether it's weing about how much it + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's weing about how much it +will hurt what happens if a wire pops + + align:start position:0% +will hurt what happens if a wire pops + + + align:start position:0% +will hurt what happens if a wire pops +out how you're going to talk or how much + + align:start position:0% +out how you're going to talk or how much + + + align:start position:0% +out how you're going to talk or how much +your friends will make fun of you it's + + align:start position:0% +your friends will make fun of you it's + + + align:start position:0% +your friends will make fun of you it's +kind of an awkward experience so why + + align:start position:0% +kind of an awkward experience so why + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an awkward experience so why +even get braces in the first place cut + + align:start position:0% +even get braces in the first place cut + + + align:start position:0% +even get braces in the first place cut +to pictures of famous stars who have had + + align:start position:0% +to pictures of famous stars who have had + + + align:start position:0% +to pictures of famous stars who have had +braces for the + + align:start position:0% +braces for the + + + align:start position:0% +braces for the +voiceover + + align:start position:0% +voiceover + + + align:start position:0% +voiceover +um should I keep y just uh Studies have + + align:start position:0% +um should I keep y just uh Studies have + + + align:start position:0% +um should I keep y just uh Studies have +shown that having a beautiful smile with + + align:start position:0% +shown that having a beautiful smile with + + + align:start position:0% +shown that having a beautiful smile with +even white teeth conveys health and + + align:start position:0% +even white teeth conveys health and + + + align:start position:0% +even white teeth conveys health and +youth and makes people like you even a + + align:start position:0% +youth and makes people like you even a + + + align:start position:0% +youth and makes people like you even a +little bit more cool thanks who uh who + + align:start position:0% +little bit more cool thanks who uh who + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more cool thanks who uh who +are the famous stars that you were + + align:start position:0% +are the famous stars that you were + + + align:start position:0% +are the famous stars that you were +thinking of + + align:start position:0% +thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of +here um that'll be tricky cuz it has to + + align:start position:0% +here um that'll be tricky cuz it has to + + + align:start position:0% +here um that'll be tricky cuz it has to +be people that they're used to seeing + + align:start position:0% +be people that they're used to seeing + + + align:start position:0% +be people that they're used to seeing +but I know Tom Cruz was one who actually + + align:start position:0% +but I know Tom Cruz was one who actually + + + align:start position:0% +but I know Tom Cruz was one who actually +had them as an adult + + align:start position:0% +had them as an adult + + + align:start position:0% +had them as an adult +W + + align:start position:0% +W + + + align:start position:0% +W +um but you had braces why not talk about + + align:start position:0% +um but you had braces why not talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um but you had braces why not talk about +you don't you have a picture of you with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +braces but this video is about you um + + align:start position:0% +braces but this video is about you um + + + align:start position:0% +braces but this video is about you um +the way that well the way that I + + align:start position:0% +the way that well the way that I + + + align:start position:0% +the way that well the way that I +structured it is to have as little of me + + align:start position:0% +structured it is to have as little of me + + + align:start position:0% +structured it is to have as little of me +in it as possible which is why I had so + + align:start position:0% +in it as possible which is why I had so + + + align:start position:0% +in it as possible which is why I had so +much of like that animation there would + + align:start position:0% +much of like that animation there would + + + align:start position:0% +much of like that animation there would +only be like one just out of curiosity + + align:start position:0% +only be like one just out of curiosity + + + align:start position:0% +only be like one just out of curiosity +why why did you structure it that way um + + align:start position:0% +why why did you structure it that way um + + + align:start position:0% +why why did you structure it that way um +I like the animation aspect I also know + + align:start position:0% +I like the animation aspect I also know + + + align:start position:0% +I like the animation aspect I also know +I don't look good on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +camera no one sounds like no one knows + + align:start position:0% +camera no one sounds like no one knows + + + align:start position:0% +camera no one sounds like no one knows +that they don't look good on camera I + + align:start position:0% +that they don't look good on camera I + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't look good on camera I +will like I I feel like this is the fear + + align:start position:0% +will like I I feel like this is the fear + + + align:start position:0% +will like I I feel like this is the fear +that every person comes into a science + + align:start position:0% +that every person comes into a science + + + align:start position:0% +that every person comes into a science +outloud episode with is like we want to + + align:start position:0% +outloud episode with is like we want to + + + align:start position:0% +outloud episode with is like we want to +animate this cuz like I I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +animate this cuz like I I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +animate this cuz like I I don't want to +explain it on camera or I can't like say + + align:start position:0% +explain it on camera or I can't like say + + + align:start position:0% +explain it on camera or I can't like say +this long of a paragraph Without + + align:start position:0% +this long of a paragraph Without + + + align:start position:0% +this long of a paragraph Without +stumbling or or we'll take their script + + align:start position:0% +stumbling or or we'll take their script + + + align:start position:0% +stumbling or or we'll take their script +away and they'll be like I can't act + + align:start position:0% +away and they'll be like I can't act + + + align:start position:0% +away and they'll be like I can't act +like I need to have it I can't do it + + align:start position:0% +like I need to have it I can't do it + + + align:start position:0% +like I need to have it I can't do it +right that is so not true like you can't + + align:start position:0% +right that is so not true like you can't + + + align:start position:0% +right that is so not true like you can't +actually prove that you do it um and we + + align:start position:0% +actually prove that you do it um and we + + + align:start position:0% +actually prove that you do it um and we +want your faces to be on camera like I + + align:start position:0% +want your faces to be on camera like I + + + align:start position:0% +want your faces to be on camera like I +and we can talk about this more but + + align:start position:0% +and we can talk about this more but + + + align:start position:0% +and we can talk about this more but +I I think that if you do too much of the + + align:start position:0% +I I think that if you do too much of the + + + align:start position:0% +I I think that if you do too much of the +pictures and the voiceovers and + + align:start position:0% +pictures and the voiceovers and + + + align:start position:0% +pictures and the voiceovers and +animations then we go back to that uh + + align:start position:0% +animations then we go back to that uh + + + align:start position:0% +animations then we go back to that uh +Siri litness test we like if we swap you + + align:start position:0% +Siri litness test we like if we swap you + + + align:start position:0% +Siri litness test we like if we swap you +out for anyone else to do this + + align:start position:0% +out for anyone else to do this + + + align:start position:0% +out for anyone else to do this +video it's not going to make a big + + align:start position:0% +video it's not going to make a big + + + align:start position:0% +video it's not going to make a big +difference and I don't know if you're + + align:start position:0% +difference and I don't know if you're + + + align:start position:0% +difference and I don't know if you're +okay with that but I certainly feel like + + align:start position:0% +okay with that but I certainly feel like + + + align:start position:0% +okay with that but I certainly feel like +you have compelling enough of a + + align:start position:0% +you have compelling enough of a + + + align:start position:0% +you have compelling enough of a +perspective didn't you say you used to + + align:start position:0% +perspective didn't you say you used to + + + align:start position:0% +perspective didn't you say you used to +work for an orthodontics company yeah + + align:start position:0% +work for an orthodontics company yeah + + + align:start position:0% +work for an orthodontics company yeah +like that isn't a really unique + + align:start position:0% +like that isn't a really unique + + + align:start position:0% +like that isn't a really unique +perspective both from the industry um + + align:start position:0% +perspective both from the industry um + + + align:start position:0% +perspective both from the industry um +and I my mom's a dentist so I used to + + align:start position:0% +and I my mom's a dentist so I used to + + + align:start position:0% +and I my mom's a dentist so I used to +work at her office and I had braces + + align:start position:0% +work at her office and I had braces + + + align:start position:0% +work at her office and I had braces +twice and like I I know for sure that + + align:start position:0% +twice and like I I know for sure that + + + align:start position:0% +twice and like I I know for sure that +like there's so much fascinating + + align:start position:0% +like there's so much fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +like there's so much fascinating +information about that that you would + + align:start position:0% +information about that that you would + + + align:start position:0% +information about that that you would +know from that perspective that most + + align:start position:0% +know from that perspective that most + + + align:start position:0% +know from that perspective that most +people don't + + align:start position:0% +people don't + + + align:start position:0% +people don't +um like you can make a video that a lot + + align:start position:0% +um like you can make a video that a lot + + + align:start position:0% +um like you can make a video that a lot +of people can't and I I would hesitate + + align:start position:0% +of people can't and I I would hesitate + + + align:start position:0% +of people can't and I I would hesitate +to let you go on thinking that that your + + align:start position:0% +to let you go on thinking that that your + + + align:start position:0% +to let you go on thinking that that your +video should be the way that you you're + + align:start position:0% +video should be the way that you you're + + + align:start position:0% +video should be the way that you you're +planning to have be right now and that's + + align:start position:0% +planning to have be right now and that's + + + align:start position:0% +planning to have be right now and that's +not to say that + + align:start position:0% +not to say that + + + align:start position:0% +not to say that +like it's just going to be you on camera + + align:start position:0% +like it's just going to be you on camera + + + align:start position:0% +like it's just going to be you on camera +or any of you right it's not to say like + + align:start position:0% +or any of you right it's not to say like + + + align:start position:0% +or any of you right it's not to say like +the entire video is going to be from + + align:start position:0% +the entire video is going to be from + + + align:start position:0% +the entire video is going to be from +here to here 100% of the time talking + + align:start position:0% +here to here 100% of the time talking + + + align:start position:0% +here to here 100% of the time talking +right that we I mean we know that that + + align:start position:0% +right that we I mean we know that that + + + align:start position:0% +right that we I mean we know that that +doesn't make for compelling video right + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make for compelling video right + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make for compelling video right +you want to have the person doing + + align:start position:0% +you want to have the person doing + + + align:start position:0% +you want to have the person doing +something interacting with their + + align:start position:0% +something interacting with their + + + align:start position:0% +something interacting with their +environment being in an interesting + + align:start position:0% +environment being in an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +environment being in an interesting +place uh whatever there are lots of ways + + align:start position:0% +place uh whatever there are lots of ways + + + align:start position:0% +place uh whatever there are lots of ways +to complement the fact that I mean that + + align:start position:0% +to complement the fact that I mean that + + + align:start position:0% +to complement the fact that I mean that +because I mean let me back up a second + + align:start position:0% +because I mean let me back up a second + + + align:start position:0% +because I mean let me back up a second +the the human to human I mean ideally + + align:start position:0% +the the human to human I mean ideally + + + align:start position:0% +the the human to human I mean ideally +you want to transmit information + + align:start position:0% +you want to transmit information + + + align:start position:0% +you want to transmit information +one person sits down and talks to + + align:start position:0% +one person sits down and talks to + + + align:start position:0% +one person sits down and talks to +another that's like the idealized way to + + align:start position:0% +another that's like the idealized way to + + + align:start position:0% +another that's like the idealized way to +to engage someone convey information + + align:start position:0% +to engage someone convey information + + + align:start position:0% +to engage someone convey information +talk about an interesting subject + + align:start position:0% +talk about an interesting subject + + + align:start position:0% +talk about an interesting subject +whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is +um you know obviously video gives you + + align:start position:0% +um you know obviously video gives you + + + align:start position:0% +um you know obviously video gives you +the power to do that to a wide audience + + align:start position:0% +the power to do that to a wide audience + + + align:start position:0% +the power to do that to a wide audience +at once and it's remote but there is + + align:start position:0% +at once and it's remote but there is + + + align:start position:0% +at once and it's remote but there is +something about seeing someone's + + align:start position:0% +something about seeing someone's + + + align:start position:0% +something about seeing someone's +face and and expressions and intonations + + align:start position:0% +face and and expressions and intonations + + + align:start position:0% +face and and expressions and intonations +and something that that really draws you + + align:start position:0% +and something that that really draws you + + + align:start position:0% +and something that that really draws you +into the material um but that having + + align:start position:0% +into the material um but that having + + + align:start position:0% +into the material um but that having +been + + align:start position:0% +been + + + align:start position:0% +been +said you don't want to just stay on that + + align:start position:0% +said you don't want to just stay on that + + + align:start position:0% +said you don't want to just stay on that +person's face for the whole video and + + align:start position:0% +person's face for the whole video and + + + align:start position:0% +person's face for the whole video and +not show anything else right um so uh + + align:start position:0% +not show anything else right um so uh + + + align:start position:0% +not show anything else right um so uh +but that's our job um as you know + + align:start position:0% +but that's our job um as you know + + + align:start position:0% +but that's our job um as you know +producers and directors is to is to + + align:start position:0% +producers and directors is to is to + + + align:start position:0% +producers and directors is to is to +figure out where it makes sense to just + + align:start position:0% +figure out where it makes sense to just + + + align:start position:0% +figure out where it makes sense to just +do a simple headshot of someone talking + + align:start position:0% +do a simple headshot of someone talking + + + align:start position:0% +do a simple headshot of someone talking +versus where it makes sense to cut away + + align:start position:0% +versus where it makes sense to cut away + + + align:start position:0% +versus where it makes sense to cut away +for an animation if you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +for an animation if you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +for an animation if you're talking about +like Teeth moving that might be a + + align:start position:0% +like Teeth moving that might be a + + + align:start position:0% +like Teeth moving that might be a +perfect place to do it um versus where + + align:start position:0% +perfect place to do it um versus where + + + align:start position:0% +perfect place to do it um versus where +to do a demo or or whatever it is to + + align:start position:0% +to do a demo or or whatever it is to + + + align:start position:0% +to do a demo or or whatever it is to +keep visual variety and interest + + align:start position:0% +keep visual variety and interest + + + align:start position:0% +keep visual variety and interest +throughout the video but um yes that was + + align:start position:0% +throughout the video but um yes that was + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the video but um yes that was +a tangent an important one but I think + + align:start position:0% +a tangent an important one but I think + + + align:start position:0% +a tangent an important one but I think +it's actually really important well it's + + align:start position:0% +it's actually really important well it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually really important well it's +also a Segway + + align:start position:0% +also a Segway + + + align:start position:0% +also a Segway +the yeah because I mean like like you + + align:start position:0% +the yeah because I mean like like you + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah because I mean like like you +know I have all these these graduate + + align:start position:0% +know I have all these these graduate + + + align:start position:0% +know I have all these these graduate +fellows who work for me we give + + align:start position:0% +fellows who work for me we give + + + align:start position:0% +fellows who work for me we give +workshops all over campus and our and + + align:start position:0% +workshops all over campus and our and + + + align:start position:0% +workshops all over campus and our and +our our biggest credibility in sort of + + align:start position:0% +our our biggest credibility in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +our our biggest credibility in sort of +why we can give our workshops and why + + align:start position:0% +why we can give our workshops and why + + + align:start position:0% +why we can give our workshops and why +people here and listen to them is + + align:start position:0% +people here and listen to them is + + + align:start position:0% +people here and listen to them is +because we give workshops on how to + + align:start position:0% +because we give workshops on how to + + + align:start position:0% +because we give workshops on how to +succeed at the National Science + + align:start position:0% +succeed at the National Science + + + align:start position:0% +succeed at the National Science +Foundation awards from people who have + + align:start position:0% +Foundation awards from people who have + + + align:start position:0% +Foundation awards from people who have +actually earned them right we're + + align:start position:0% +actually earned them right we're + + + align:start position:0% +actually earned them right we're +authentic I did this I'm going to tell + + align:start position:0% +authentic I did this I'm going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +authentic I did this I'm going to tell +you what I did to be successful + + align:start position:0% +you what I did to be successful + + + align:start position:0% +you what I did to be successful +that's what you have that's so powerful + + align:start position:0% +that's what you have that's so powerful + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you have that's so powerful +I'm a student I'm studying this at this + + align:start position:0% +I'm a student I'm studying this at this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a student I'm studying this at this +really great Institute and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +really great Institute and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +really great Institute and I'm going to +share with you how I think about + + align:start position:0% +share with you how I think about + + + align:start position:0% +share with you how I think about +something I mean that's like the most + + align:start position:0% +something I mean that's like the most + + + align:start position:0% +something I mean that's like the most +authentic you can be is being you you + + align:start position:0% +authentic you can be is being you you + + + align:start position:0% +authentic you can be is being you you +know not it would be a shame to to go to + + align:start position:0% +know not it would be a shame to to go to + + + align:start position:0% +know not it would be a shame to to go to +someone who's inauthentic like someone + + align:start position:0% +someone who's inauthentic like someone + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's inauthentic like someone +we don't know like a movie star when you + + align:start position:0% +we don't know like a movie star when you + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know like a movie star when you +have this this like incredible + + align:start position:0% +have this this like incredible + + + align:start position:0% +have this this like incredible +credibility by just being you it's so + + align:start position:0% +credibility by just being you it's so + + + align:start position:0% +credibility by just being you it's so +powerful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um sorry it's just you guys are so + + align:start position:0% +okay um sorry it's just you guys are so + + + align:start position:0% +okay um sorry it's just you guys are so +cool no no you're no you're absolutely + + align:start position:0% +cool no no you're no you're absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +cool no no you're no you're absolutely +right that's that is correct uh + + align:start position:0% +right that's that is correct uh + + + align:start position:0% +right that's that is correct uh +I but now it's about how to structure + + align:start position:0% +I but now it's about how to structure + + + align:start position:0% +I but now it's about how to structure +the script in which you can feel most + + align:start position:0% +the script in which you can feel most + + + align:start position:0% +the script in which you can feel most +comfortable being that yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +comfortable being that yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable being that yeah yeah yeah +um there was something I wanted to say + + align:start position:0% +um there was something I wanted to say + + + align:start position:0% +um there was something I wanted to say +about this but I forgot maybe it'll come + + align:start position:0% +about this but I forgot maybe it'll come + + + align:start position:0% +about this but I forgot maybe it'll come +back to me anyway uh comments on the + + align:start position:0% +back to me anyway uh comments on the + + + align:start position:0% +back to me anyway uh comments on the +script before we get into the hosting + + align:start position:0% +script before we get into the hosting + + + align:start position:0% +script before we get into the hosting +side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I like the the first especially what do + + align:start position:0% +I like the the first especially what do + + + align:start position:0% +I like the the first especially what do +you like about it I felt that when she + + align:start position:0% +you like about it I felt that when she + + + align:start position:0% +you like about it I felt that when she +was saying is I imagine her like sing + + align:start position:0% +was saying is I imagine her like sing + + + align:start position:0% +was saying is I imagine her like sing +this to a bunch of girls in front of + + align:start position:0% +this to a bunch of girls in front of + + + align:start position:0% +this to a bunch of girls in front of +five + + align:start position:0% +five + + + align:start position:0% +five +days a story about her life and saying + + align:start position:0% +days a story about her life and saying + + + align:start position:0% +days a story about her life and saying +like oh I used to have bra and I didn't + + align:start position:0% +like oh I used to have bra and I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +like oh I used to have bra and I didn't +like it so why do you want to get bra + + align:start position:0% +like it so why do you want to get bra + + + align:start position:0% +like it so why do you want to get bra +after that you go to the next part as to + + align:start position:0% +after that you go to the next part as to + + + align:start position:0% +after that you go to the next part as to +why is important why not yeah so she + + align:start position:0% +why is important why not yeah so she + + + align:start position:0% +why is important why not yeah so she +gives um very specific examples about + + align:start position:0% +gives um very specific examples about + + + align:start position:0% +gives um very specific examples about +realistic fears that people will have + + align:start position:0% +realistic fears that people will have + + + align:start position:0% +realistic fears that people will have +about braces and that makes it relatable + + align:start position:0% +about braces and that makes it relatable + + + align:start position:0% +about braces and that makes it relatable +it's going to hurt uh you know you've + + align:start position:0% +it's going to hurt uh you know you've + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to hurt uh you know you've +got these like metal wires in your mouth + + align:start position:0% +got these like metal wires in your mouth + + + align:start position:0% +got these like metal wires in your mouth +what happens if they poke you in the gum + + align:start position:0% +what happens if they poke you in the gum + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if they poke you in the gum +uh how you going to talk with all this + + align:start position:0% +uh how you going to talk with all this + + + align:start position:0% +uh how you going to talk with all this +stuff in your face uh people are going + + align:start position:0% +stuff in your face uh people are going + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in your face uh people are going +to make fun of you um you know those are + + align:start position:0% +to make fun of you um you know those are + + + align:start position:0% +to make fun of you um you know those are +actual real fears that you get when you + + align:start position:0% +actual real fears that you get when you + + + align:start position:0% +actual real fears that you get when you +had braces so you know um pointing them + + align:start position:0% +had braces so you know um pointing them + + + align:start position:0% +had braces so you know um pointing them +out like that is is effective what else + + align:start position:0% +out like that is is effective what else + + + align:start position:0% +out like that is is effective what else +check is the content the question or the + + align:start position:0% +check is the content the question or the + + + align:start position:0% +check is the content the question or the +video why we get + + align:start position:0% +video why we get + + + align:start position:0% +video why we get +it the actual video itself is about how + + align:start position:0% +it the actual video itself is about how + + + align:start position:0% +it the actual video itself is about how +how what happens when the braces move + + align:start position:0% +how what happens when the braces move + + + align:start position:0% +how what happens when the braces move +your teeth on a cellular + + align:start position:0% +your teeth on a cellular + + + align:start position:0% +your teeth on a cellular +level what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happened um + + align:start position:0% +happened um + + + align:start position:0% +happened um +as as the forces applied to your + + align:start position:0% +as as the forces applied to your + + + align:start position:0% +as as the forces applied to your +tooth um there are two different types + + align:start position:0% +tooth um there are two different types + + + align:start position:0% +tooth um there are two different types +of cells uh one of which actually + + align:start position:0% +of cells uh one of which actually + + + align:start position:0% +of cells uh one of which actually +dissolves some of the bone in your jaw + + align:start position:0% +dissolves some of the bone in your jaw + + + align:start position:0% +dissolves some of the bone in your jaw +to make a little bit more room and + + align:start position:0% +to make a little bit more room and + + + align:start position:0% +to make a little bit more room and +another one that actually builds the + + align:start position:0% +another one that actually builds the + + + align:start position:0% +another one that actually builds the +bone to be able to hold the two Place + + align:start position:0% +bone to be able to hold the two Place + + + align:start position:0% +bone to be able to hold the two Place +wow I had no idea that's cool um and + + align:start position:0% +wow I had no idea that's cool um and + + + align:start position:0% +wow I had no idea that's cool um and +that I think like that's like the The + + align:start position:0% +that I think like that's like the The + + + align:start position:0% +that I think like that's like the The +Shoe Box thing that's the reaction you + + align:start position:0% +Shoe Box thing that's the reaction you + + + align:start position:0% +Shoe Box thing that's the reaction you +want from an audience yeah that what I + + align:start position:0% +want from an audience yeah that what I + + + align:start position:0% +want from an audience yeah that what I +just did which I wasn't faking it that's + + align:start position:0% +just did which I wasn't faking it that's + + + align:start position:0% +just did which I wasn't faking it that's +an authentic reaction that's the + + align:start position:0% +an authentic reaction that's the + + + align:start position:0% +an authentic reaction that's the +reaction that you want yeah I mean later + + align:start position:0% +reaction that you want yeah I mean later + + + align:start position:0% +reaction that you want yeah I mean later +on in the script I say yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +on in the script I say yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +on in the script I say yeah it's +actually dissolving your job yeah um I + + align:start position:0% +actually dissolving your job yeah um I + + + align:start position:0% +actually dissolving your job yeah um I +had a question how so the braces are + + align:start position:0% +had a question how so the braces are + + + align:start position:0% +had a question how so the braces are +attached they're not attached they're + + align:start position:0% +attached they're not attached they're + + + align:start position:0% +attached they're not attached they're +attached to your teeth right so normally + + align:start position:0% +attached to your teeth right so normally + + + align:start position:0% +attached to your teeth right so normally +when you want to move something like I + + align:start position:0% +when you want to move something like I + + + align:start position:0% +when you want to move something like I +want to move this table my foot's attach + + align:start position:0% +want to move this table my foot's attach + + + align:start position:0% +want to move this table my foot's attach +or not attached but my foot's on the + + align:start position:0% +or not attached but my foot's on the + + + align:start position:0% +or not attached but my foot's on the +floor and I push against my foot to like + + align:start position:0% +floor and I push against my foot to like + + + align:start position:0% +floor and I push against my foot to like +pull the table right whereas with + + align:start position:0% +pull the table right whereas with + + + align:start position:0% +pull the table right whereas with +braces I'm not holding some external + + align:start position:0% +braces I'm not holding some external + + + align:start position:0% +braces I'm not holding some external +object to like pull teeth in a certain + + align:start position:0% +object to like pull teeth in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +object to like pull teeth in a certain +direction so how is it that by head gear + + align:start position:0% +direction so how is it that by head gear + + + align:start position:0% +direction so how is it that by head gear +huh head gear Head gear yeah but most + + align:start position:0% +huh head gear Head gear yeah but most + + + align:start position:0% +huh head gear Head gear yeah but most +people don't yeah I think most I I don't + + align:start position:0% +people don't yeah I think most I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +people don't yeah I think most I I don't +know correct me if I'm wrong but I think + + align:start position:0% +know correct me if I'm wrong but I think + + + align:start position:0% +know correct me if I'm wrong but I think +people when you get braces usually it's + + align:start position:0% +people when you get braces usually it's + + + align:start position:0% +people when you get braces usually it's +just the metal the wire in Toth um but + + align:start position:0% +just the metal the wire in Toth um but + + + align:start position:0% +just the metal the wire in Toth um but +there's no external support there so H + + align:start position:0% +there's no external support there so H + + + align:start position:0% +there's no external support there so H +how does it how does it move your teeth + + align:start position:0% +how does it how does it move your teeth + + + align:start position:0% +how does it how does it move your teeth +so that's a that's a physics question + + align:start position:0% +so that's a that's a physics question + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a that's a physics question +and we went over this yesterday because + + align:start position:0% +and we went over this yesterday because + + + align:start position:0% +and we went over this yesterday because +there are sort of very different there + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of very different there + + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of very different there +are different aspects there's the sort + + align:start position:0% +are different aspects there's the sort + + + align:start position:0% +are different aspects there's the sort +of what's happening on the cellular + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening on the cellular + + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening on the cellular +level yeah which is one approach you can + + align:start position:0% +level yeah which is one approach you can + + + align:start position:0% +level yeah which is one approach you can +also do it from the um Material Science + + align:start position:0% +also do it from the um Material Science + + + align:start position:0% +also do it from the um Material Science +basically what moves your teeth is the + + align:start position:0% +basically what moves your teeth is the + + + align:start position:0% +basically what moves your teeth is the +wire itself and its weird shape that's + + align:start position:0% +wire itself and its weird shape that's + + + align:start position:0% +wire itself and its weird shape that's +constantly applying pressure is that why + + align:start position:0% +constantly applying pressure is that why + + + align:start position:0% +constantly applying pressure is that why +you get your wire changed yes okay I + + align:start position:0% +you get your wire changed yes okay I + + + align:start position:0% +you get your wire changed yes okay I +mean imagine being one person who has + + align:start position:0% +mean imagine being one person who has + + + align:start position:0% +mean imagine being one person who has +two boxes on either side of them and + + align:start position:0% +two boxes on either side of them and + + + align:start position:0% +two boxes on either side of them and +they would have bring them closer + + align:start position:0% +they would have bring them closer + + + align:start position:0% +they would have bring them closer +together right there's the external + + align:start position:0% +together right there's the external + + + align:start position:0% +together right there's the external +force is the the person in pulling them + + align:start position:0% +force is the the person in pulling them + + + align:start position:0% +force is the the person in pulling them +together yeah yeah yeah but the but the + + align:start position:0% +together yeah yeah yeah but the but the + + + align:start position:0% +together yeah yeah yeah but the but the +tension in the wires that's the right + + align:start position:0% +tension in the wires that's the right + + + align:start position:0% +tension in the wires that's the right +yeah okay but don't like when I have + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay but don't like when I have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay but don't like when I have +braces they had like my MERS I don't + + align:start position:0% +braces they had like my MERS I don't + + + align:start position:0% +braces they had like my MERS I don't +know if they're using it as mounting + + align:start position:0% +know if they're using it as mounting + + + align:start position:0% +know if they're using it as mounting +points or not but they you have the + + align:start position:0% +points or not but they you have the + + + align:start position:0% +points or not but they you have the +metal kind of + + align:start position:0% +metal kind of + + + align:start position:0% +metal kind of +like just put a whole band around your + + align:start position:0% +like just put a whole band around your + + + align:start position:0% +like just put a whole band around your +oh they don't they don't don't back in + + align:start position:0% +oh they don't they don't don't back in + + + align:start position:0% +oh they don't they don't don't back in +my day they they have much better + + align:start position:0% +my day they they have much better + + + align:start position:0% +my day they they have much better +adhesives now so that was another like + + align:start position:0% +adhesives now so that was another like + + + align:start position:0% +adhesives now so that was another like +the chemistry of the epoxy that actually + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry of the epoxy that actually + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry of the epoxy that actually +I mean there's a lot of science that + + align:start position:0% +I mean there's a lot of science that + + + align:start position:0% +I mean there's a lot of science that +goes into and when you think about it + + align:start position:0% +goes into and when you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +goes into and when you think about it +like I would have this discussion with + + align:start position:0% +like I would have this discussion with + + + align:start position:0% +like I would have this discussion with +my mother all the time cuz I had to have + + align:start position:0% +my mother all the time cuz I had to have + + + align:start position:0% +my mother all the time cuz I had to have +braces twice and I was like Mom braces + + align:start position:0% +braces twice and I was like Mom braces + + + align:start position:0% +braces twice and I was like Mom braces +when you think about it they're like + + align:start position:0% +when you think about it they're like + + + align:start position:0% +when you think about it they're like +barbaric I can't believe we're living in + + align:start position:0% +barbaric I can't believe we're living in + + + align:start position:0% +barbaric I can't believe we're living in +the 21st century and I go to a I pay + + align:start position:0% +the 21st century and I go to a I pay + + + align:start position:0% +the 21st century and I go to a I pay +money for a person to glue metal to my + + align:start position:0% +money for a person to glue metal to my + + + align:start position:0% +money for a person to glue metal to my +mouth and take wires to yank my teeth + + align:start position:0% +mouth and take wires to yank my teeth + + + align:start position:0% +mouth and take wires to yank my teeth +together because I have too much Gap in + + align:start position:0% +together because I have too much Gap in + + + align:start position:0% +together because I have too much Gap in +between like that's so barbaric when you + + align:start position:0% +between like that's so barbaric when you + + + align:start position:0% +between like that's so barbaric when you +think about it that your jaw is + + align:start position:0% +think about it that your jaw is + + + align:start position:0% +think about it that your jaw is +dissolving but like barbaric in a way + + align:start position:0% +dissolving but like barbaric in a way + + + align:start position:0% +dissolving but like barbaric in a way +that's like fascinating to watch on + + align:start position:0% +that's like fascinating to watch on + + + align:start position:0% +that's like fascinating to watch on +video right and I feel like that's such + + align:start position:0% +video right and I feel like that's such + + + align:start position:0% +video right and I feel like that's such +a more high + + align:start position:0% +a more high + + + align:start position:0% +a more high +stakes drama driven hook + + align:start position:0% +stakes drama driven hook + + + align:start position:0% +stakes drama driven hook +then you woring if braces will hurt or + + align:start position:0% +then you woring if braces will hurt or + + + align:start position:0% +then you woring if braces will hurt or +how you'll look it's interesting too + + align:start position:0% +how you'll look it's interesting too + + + align:start position:0% +how you'll look it's interesting too +because the bottom question gets up the + + align:start position:0% +because the bottom question gets up the + + + align:start position:0% +because the bottom question gets up the +like what sort of the anthropological + + align:start position:0% +like what sort of the anthropological + + + align:start position:0% +like what sort of the anthropological +question of what is beauty yeah but but + + align:start position:0% +question of what is beauty yeah but but + + + align:start position:0% +question of what is beauty yeah but but +really I think it's much more I mean if + + align:start position:0% +really I think it's much more I mean if + + + align:start position:0% +really I think it's much more I mean if +we're going to get back to like the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get back to like the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get back to like the +evolutionary question of what what makes + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary question of what what makes + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary question of what what makes +someone Cold versus hot and will they + + align:start position:0% +someone Cold versus hot and will they + + + align:start position:0% +someone Cold versus hot and will they +die sooner or not like if all of us have + + align:start position:0% +die sooner or not like if all of us have + + + align:start position:0% +die sooner or not like if all of us have +evolved to the point where what like 80% + + align:start position:0% +evolved to the point where what like 80% + + + align:start position:0% +evolved to the point where what like 80% +of your of like twins end up getting + + align:start position:0% +of your of like twins end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +of your of like twins end up getting +braces like what's wrong with our + + align:start position:0% +braces like what's wrong with our + + + align:start position:0% +braces like what's wrong with our +society and like why do we have to keep + + align:start position:0% +society and like why do we have to keep + + + align:start position:0% +society and like why do we have to keep +fixing these key is it actually going to + + align:start position:0% +fixing these key is it actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +fixing these key is it actually going to +make us die sooner if you don't fix your + + align:start position:0% +make us die sooner if you don't fix your + + + align:start position:0% +make us die sooner if you don't fix your +teeth or is it just because we look + + align:start position:0% +teeth or is it just because we look + + + align:start position:0% +teeth or is it just because we look +prettier yeah is it cosmetic + + align:start position:0% +prettier yeah is it cosmetic + + + align:start position:0% +prettier yeah is it cosmetic +yeah I mean like I know that I will at + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean like I know that I will at + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean like I know that I will at +some point have to deal with some more + + align:start position:0% +some point have to deal with some more + + + align:start position:0% +some point have to deal with some more +significant Dental issues that are + + align:start position:0% +significant Dental issues that are + + + align:start position:0% +significant Dental issues that are +actually about like my functioning but + + align:start position:0% +actually about like my functioning but + + + align:start position:0% +actually about like my functioning but +but like what proportion of this is + + align:start position:0% +but like what proportion of this is + + + align:start position:0% +but like what proportion of this is +actually I don't know like and and I + + align:start position:0% +actually I don't know like and and I + + + align:start position:0% +actually I don't know like and and I +don't know if that's a question that + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's a question that + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's a question that +you're even going to get into but like + + align:start position:0% +you're even going to get into but like + + + align:start position:0% +you're even going to get into but like +why do so many teenagers end up getting + + align:start position:0% +why do so many teenagers end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +why do so many teenagers end up getting +res yeah so um that so that and and + + align:start position:0% +res yeah so um that so that and and + + + align:start position:0% +res yeah so um that so that and and +Elizabeth's Point are are related I when + + align:start position:0% +Elizabeth's Point are are related I when + + + align:start position:0% +Elizabeth's Point are are related I when +when she was describing the barbar + + align:start position:0% +when she was describing the barbar + + + align:start position:0% +when she was describing the barbar +barbarity of like you get these metal + + align:start position:0% +barbarity of like you get these metal + + + align:start position:0% +barbarity of like you get these metal +blocks and a wire in your mouth and all + + align:start position:0% +blocks and a wire in your mouth and all + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and a wire in your mouth and all +sort stuff what technique is that what + + align:start position:0% +sort stuff what technique is that what + + + align:start position:0% +sort stuff what technique is that what +is that it's not a metaphor right what + + align:start position:0% +is that it's not a metaphor right what + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's not a metaphor right what +what is she doing there inducing pain + + align:start position:0% +what is she doing there inducing pain + + + align:start position:0% +what is she doing there inducing pain +yeah okay so she's inducing emotional + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so she's inducing emotional + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so she's inducing emotional +Pain by asking you to put yourself in in + + align:start position:0% +Pain by asking you to put yourself in in + + + align:start position:0% +Pain by asking you to put yourself in in +her shoes and getting this but like + + align:start position:0% +her shoes and getting this but like + + + align:start position:0% +her shoes and getting this but like +specifically when she says like okay you + + align:start position:0% +specifically when she says like okay you + + + align:start position:0% +specifically when she says like okay you +get braces you're going to go and have + + align:start position:0% +get braces you're going to go and have + + + align:start position:0% +get braces you're going to go and have +someone you're going to pay them to glue + + align:start position:0% +someone you're going to pay them to glue + + + align:start position:0% +someone you're going to pay them to glue +metal stuff to every one of your teeth + + align:start position:0% +metal stuff to every one of your teeth + + + align:start position:0% +metal stuff to every one of your teeth +then take a wire that is not in the + + align:start position:0% +then take a wire that is not in the + + + align:start position:0% +then take a wire that is not in the +shape of your mouth bend it to that diff + + align:start position:0% +shape of your mouth bend it to that diff + + + align:start position:0% +shape of your mouth bend it to that diff +fits your and then like it forces your + + align:start position:0% +fits your and then like it forces your + + + align:start position:0% +fits your and then like it forces your +teeth to move around like what is that + + align:start position:0% +teeth to move around like what is that + + + align:start position:0% +teeth to move around like what is that +that she's doing who here has seen Robin + + align:start position:0% +that she's doing who here has seen Robin + + + align:start position:0% +that she's doing who here has seen Robin +Williams um comedy sketch on golf + + align:start position:0% +Williams um comedy sketch on golf + + + align:start position:0% +Williams um comedy sketch on golf +anyone okay um you have it has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +anyone okay um you have it has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +anyone okay um you have it has a lot of +bad language in it but it is hilarious + + align:start position:0% +bad language in it but it is hilarious + + + align:start position:0% +bad language in it but it is hilarious +and I can't do it here for that reason + + align:start position:0% +and I can't do it here for that reason + + + align:start position:0% +and I can't do it here for that reason +but you should watch it um tonight he + + align:start position:0% +but you should watch it um tonight he + + + align:start position:0% +but you should watch it um tonight he +basically says like look + + align:start position:0% +basically says like look + + + align:start position:0% +basically says like look +golf you take a stick with a really tiny + + align:start position:0% +golf you take a stick with a really tiny + + + align:start position:0% +golf you take a stick with a really tiny +metal thing on the end of it and you + + align:start position:0% +metal thing on the end of it and you + + + align:start position:0% +metal thing on the end of it and you +have a small ball and the goal is is + + align:start position:0% +have a small ball and the goal is is + + + align:start position:0% +have a small ball and the goal is is +without touching the ball to beat it + + align:start position:0% +without touching the ball to beat it + + + align:start position:0% +without touching the ball to beat it +with the stick until you get close + + align:start position:0% +with the stick until you get close + + + align:start position:0% +with the stick until you get close +enough to a tiny hole in the ground that + + align:start position:0% +enough to a tiny hole in the ground that + + + align:start position:0% +enough to a tiny hole in the ground that +you can take another stick and then + + align:start position:0% +you can take another stick and then + + + align:start position:0% +you can take another stick and then +gently tap the ball into the hole not + + align:start position:0% +gently tap the ball into the hole not + + + align:start position:0% +gently tap the ball into the hole not +once but 18 times like what that's the + + align:start position:0% +once but 18 times like what that's the + + + align:start position:0% +once but 18 times like what that's the +same technique as Elizabeth's using what + + align:start position:0% +same technique as Elizabeth's using what + + + align:start position:0% +same technique as Elizabeth's using what +is that what's why is that interesting + + align:start position:0% +is that what's why is that interesting + + + align:start position:0% +is that what's why is that interesting +why why does that make us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +listen yeah well it's humorous because + + align:start position:0% +listen yeah well it's humorous because + + + align:start position:0% +listen yeah well it's humorous because +you described like you get used to the + + align:start position:0% +you described like you get used to the + + + align:start position:0% +you described like you get used to the +jargon and turns but it's the sort of + + align:start position:0% +jargon and turns but it's the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +jargon and turns but it's the sort of +thing if you're trying to describe it to + + align:start position:0% +thing if you're trying to describe it to + + + align:start position:0% +thing if you're trying to describe it to +someone who has no clue what you're + + align:start position:0% +someone who has no clue what you're + + + align:start position:0% +someone who has no clue what you're +talking about it just sounds so utterly + + align:start position:0% +talking about it just sounds so utterly + + + align:start position:0% +talking about it just sounds so utterly +exactly so it is the humor is actually + + align:start position:0% +exactly so it is the humor is actually + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so it is the humor is actually +I'd argue as a secondary component the + + align:start position:0% +I'd argue as a secondary component the + + + align:start position:0% +I'd argue as a secondary component the +really the Crux of it is what you said + + align:start position:0% +really the Crux of it is what you said + + + align:start position:0% +really the Crux of it is what you said +about being used to something it is + + align:start position:0% +about being used to something it is + + + align:start position:0% +about being used to something it is +taking something that's familiar and and + + align:start position:0% +taking something that's familiar and and + + + align:start position:0% +taking something that's familiar and and +describing it from a completely + + align:start position:0% +describing it from a completely + + + align:start position:0% +describing it from a completely +different vantage point and you can do + + align:start position:0% +different vantage point and you can do + + + align:start position:0% +different vantage point and you can do +that with you can you can only do that + + align:start position:0% +that with you can you can only do that + + + align:start position:0% +that with you can you can only do that +with things that are familiar enough + + align:start position:0% +with things that are familiar enough + + + align:start position:0% +with things that are familiar enough +that people are so used to them that you + + align:start position:0% +that people are so used to them that you + + + align:start position:0% +that people are so used to them that you +know it just sort of they don't think + + align:start position:0% +know it just sort of they don't think + + + align:start position:0% +know it just sort of they don't think +about it braces oh yeah braces whatever + + align:start position:0% +about it braces oh yeah braces whatever + + + align:start position:0% +about it braces oh yeah braces whatever +um but when you shift that perspective + + align:start position:0% +um but when you shift that perspective + + + align:start position:0% +um but when you shift that perspective +you do inject humor you can inject drama + + align:start position:0% +you do inject humor you can inject drama + + + align:start position:0% +you do inject humor you can inject drama +um you can inject mainly humor and + + align:start position:0% +um you can inject mainly humor and + + + align:start position:0% +um you can inject mainly humor and +drama yeah humor and drama um and you + + align:start position:0% +drama yeah humor and drama um and you + + + align:start position:0% +drama yeah humor and drama um and you +force people to sort of step out of + + align:start position:0% +force people to sort of step out of + + + align:start position:0% +force people to sort of step out of +their comfort zone and consider + + align:start position:0% +their comfort zone and consider + + + align:start position:0% +their comfort zone and consider +something that they have NE they just + + align:start position:0% +something that they have NE they just + + + align:start position:0% +something that they have NE they just +look at it a totally different way + + align:start position:0% +look at it a totally different way + + + align:start position:0% +look at it a totally different way +um which is an alternative opening right + + align:start position:0% +um which is an alternative opening right + + + align:start position:0% +um which is an alternative opening right +so that's another thing that you could + + align:start position:0% +so that's another thing that you could + + + align:start position:0% +so that's another thing that you could +consider like if I to tell you and the + + align:start position:0% +consider like if I to tell you and the + + + align:start position:0% +consider like if I to tell you and the +way to do it would be to do it as a + + align:start position:0% +way to do it would be to do it as a + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it would be to do it as a +reveal if I were to tell you that you're + + align:start position:0% +reveal if I were to tell you that you're + + + align:start position:0% +reveal if I were to tell you that you're +going to go to someone's place of + + align:start position:0% +going to go to someone's place of + + + align:start position:0% +going to go to someone's place of +business pay the money to fill your + + align:start position:0% +business pay the money to fill your + + + align:start position:0% +business pay the money to fill your +mouth with a bunch of metal and plastic + + align:start position:0% +mouth with a bunch of metal and plastic + + + align:start position:0% +mouth with a bunch of metal and plastic +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +chemicals uh would you do you know would + + align:start position:0% +chemicals uh would you do you know would + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals uh would you do you know would +you do it and then like no but people do + + align:start position:0% +you do it and then like no but people do + + + align:start position:0% +you do it and then like no but people do +this every day it's called getting + + align:start position:0% +this every day it's called getting + + + align:start position:0% +this every day it's called getting +braces I mean that I the way I just did + + align:start position:0% +braces I mean that I the way I just did + + + align:start position:0% +braces I mean that I the way I just did +it was not very good um but you get the + + align:start position:0% +it was not very good um but you get the + + + align:start position:0% +it was not very good um but you get the +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +idea uh okay other comments um I also + + align:start position:0% +idea uh okay other comments um I also + + + align:start position:0% +idea uh okay other comments um I also +like yesterday I was actually with + + align:start position:0% +like yesterday I was actually with + + + align:start position:0% +like yesterday I was actually with +Andrea when she was pring her idea to um + + align:start position:0% +Andrea when she was pring her idea to um + + + align:start position:0% +Andrea when she was pring her idea to um +sixth graders and her first question was + + align:start position:0% +sixth graders and her first question was + + + align:start position:0% +sixth graders and her first question was +you know do you have + + align:start position:0% +you know do you have + + + align:start position:0% +you know do you have +braces + + align:start position:0% +braces + + + align:start position:0% +braces +and this one girl who did she was really + + align:start position:0% +and this one girl who did she was really + + + align:start position:0% +and this one girl who did she was really +excited about that like yes this is + + align:start position:0% +excited about that like yes this is + + + align:start position:0% +excited about that like yes this is +about me and then the next question was + + align:start position:0% +about me and then the next question was + + + align:start position:0% +about me and then the next question was +well do you know what they do and she + + align:start position:0% +well do you know what they do and she + + + align:start position:0% +well do you know what they do and she +started you know pitching all these + + align:start position:0% +started you know pitching all these + + + align:start position:0% +started you know pitching all these +ideas you know this is what I think they + + align:start position:0% +ideas you know this is what I think they + + + align:start position:0% +ideas you know this is what I think they +do um but then the answer was very + + align:start position:0% +do um but then the answer was very + + + align:start position:0% +do um but then the answer was very +different kind of um but um the D was + + align:start position:0% +different kind of um but um the D was + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of um but um the D was +very excited about it the sorry the + + align:start position:0% +very excited about it the sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +very excited about it the sorry the +girls answer the girl thought they did + + align:start position:0% +girls answer the girl thought they did + + + align:start position:0% +girls answer the girl thought they did +something completely different than they + + align:start position:0% +something completely different than they + + + align:start position:0% +something completely different than they +actually did what did she think they did + + align:start position:0% +actually did what did she think they did + + + align:start position:0% +actually did what did she think they did +um she just kind of said you know + + align:start position:0% +um she just kind of said you know + + + align:start position:0% +um she just kind of said you know +pushing teeth whatever just a really + + align:start position:0% +pushing teeth whatever just a really + + + align:start position:0% +pushing teeth whatever just a really +basic answer uh but then was saying you + + align:start position:0% +basic answer uh but then was saying you + + + align:start position:0% +basic answer uh but then was saying you +know there's so much they actually do um + + align:start position:0% +know there's so much they actually do um + + + align:start position:0% +know there's so much they actually do um +and I thought that was um a really cool + + align:start position:0% +and I thought that was um a really cool + + + align:start position:0% +and I thought that was um a really cool +way to get into it because they got + + align:start position:0% +way to get into it because they got + + + align:start position:0% +way to get into it because they got +really excited and they started talking + + align:start position:0% +really excited and they started talking + + + align:start position:0% +really excited and they started talking +about their experience with braces so + + align:start position:0% +about their experience with braces so + + + align:start position:0% +about their experience with braces so +here it's kind of if you say maybe + + align:start position:0% +here it's kind of if you say maybe + + + align:start position:0% +here it's kind of if you say maybe +instead of whether it's worrying you + + align:start position:0% +instead of whether it's worrying you + + + align:start position:0% +instead of whether it's worrying you +could say you know do you worry about + + align:start position:0% +could say you know do you worry about + + + align:start position:0% +could say you know do you worry about +how much it'll hurt and all these things + + align:start position:0% +how much it'll hurt and all these things + + + align:start position:0% +how much it'll hurt and all these things +and kind of + + align:start position:0% +and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of +get the audience thinking maybe offering + + align:start position:0% +get the audience thinking maybe offering + + + align:start position:0% +get the audience thinking maybe offering +their own ideas but also it connects + + align:start position:0% +their own ideas but also it connects + + + align:start position:0% +their own ideas but also it connects +them to you know this is something that + + align:start position:0% +them to you know this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +them to you know this is something that +I have yeah so the that approach is + + align:start position:0% +I have yeah so the that approach is + + + align:start position:0% +I have yeah so the that approach is +generally I would call it the like + + align:start position:0% +generally I would call it the like + + + align:start position:0% +generally I would call it the like +preconceived notion approach so you + + align:start position:0% +preconceived notion approach so you + + + align:start position:0% +preconceived notion approach so you +basically guess or know what your + + align:start position:0% +basically guess or know what your + + + align:start position:0% +basically guess or know what your +audience thinks about something uh and + + align:start position:0% +audience thinks about something uh and + + + align:start position:0% +audience thinks about something uh and +usually that is either entirely wrong or + + align:start position:0% +usually that is either entirely wrong or + + + align:start position:0% +usually that is either entirely wrong or +parts of it or wrong or not complete or + + align:start position:0% +parts of it or wrong or not complete or + + + align:start position:0% +parts of it or wrong or not complete or +whatever and you say you know you start + + align:start position:0% +whatever and you say you know you start + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and you say you know you start +the video by saying you probably think + + align:start position:0% +the video by saying you probably think + + + align:start position:0% +the video by saying you probably think +that but actually y you know uh or Z or + + align:start position:0% +that but actually y you know uh or Z or + + + align:start position:0% +that but actually y you know uh or Z or +whatever um and so that is another it's + + align:start position:0% +whatever um and so that is another it's + + + align:start position:0% +whatever um and so that is another it's +it's very different than the fill your + + align:start position:0% +it's very different than the fill your + + + align:start position:0% +it's very different than the fill your +mouth with a bunch of metal and wires + + align:start position:0% +mouth with a bunch of metal and wires + + + align:start position:0% +mouth with a bunch of metal and wires +and stuff but it can be just as engaging + + align:start position:0% +and stuff but it can be just as engaging + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff but it can be just as engaging +and interesting depending on what the + + align:start position:0% +and interesting depending on what the + + + align:start position:0% +and interesting depending on what the +subject matter is um the the only + + align:start position:0% +subject matter is um the the only + + + align:start position:0% +subject matter is um the the only +difference and this is where you got to + + align:start position:0% +difference and this is where you got to + + + align:start position:0% +difference and this is where you got to +be careful is that when you're actually + + align:start position:0% +be careful is that when you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +be careful is that when you're actually +in a room interacting with people going + + align:start position:0% +in a room interacting with people going + + + align:start position:0% +in a room interacting with people going +back and forth with the Socratic method + + align:start position:0% +back and forth with the Socratic method + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth with the Socratic method +is great and is a perfect way to get + + align:start position:0% +is great and is a perfect way to get + + + align:start position:0% +is great and is a perfect way to get +into the topic but you can't do that + + align:start position:0% +into the topic but you can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +into the topic but you can't do that +with video um and so what you don't want + + align:start position:0% +with video um and so what you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +with video um and so what you don't want +to do is take is make that + + align:start position:0% +to do is take is make that + + + align:start position:0% +to do is take is make that +two-dimensional conversational sorry + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional conversational sorry + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional conversational sorry +make that two-dimensional conversation + + align:start position:0% +make that two-dimensional conversation + + + align:start position:0% +make that two-dimensional conversation +one dimension by sort of just stripping + + align:start position:0% +one dimension by sort of just stripping + + + align:start position:0% +one dimension by sort of just stripping +the way away the kids answers and and + + align:start position:0% +the way away the kids answers and and + + + align:start position:0% +the way away the kids answers and and +just putting in the questions right um + + align:start position:0% +just putting in the questions right um + + + align:start position:0% +just putting in the questions right um +that I think + + align:start position:0% +that I think + + + align:start position:0% +that I think +gets it it it's it's kind of like trying + + align:start position:0% +gets it it it's it's kind of like trying + + + align:start position:0% +gets it it it's it's kind of like trying +to fit a square peg into a round hole or + + align:start position:0% +to fit a square peg into a round hole or + + + align:start position:0% +to fit a square peg into a round hole or +the other way around um in the sense + + align:start position:0% +the other way around um in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +the other way around um in the sense +that it's designed for one medium and + + align:start position:0% +that it's designed for one medium and + + + align:start position:0% +that it's designed for one medium and +you're trying to use it in another and I + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to use it in another and I + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to use it in another and I +I know that's not a great way of + + align:start position:0% +I know that's not a great way of + + + align:start position:0% +I know that's not a great way of +explaining why it doesn't fully work and + + align:start position:0% +explaining why it doesn't fully work and + + + align:start position:0% +explaining why it doesn't fully work and +I don't necessarily have a better way of + + align:start position:0% +I don't necessarily have a better way of + + + align:start position:0% +I don't necessarily have a better way of +explaining like like Dora and why Blues + + align:start position:0% +explaining like like Dora and why Blues + + + align:start position:0% +explaining like like Dora and why Blues +Clues are developed the way that they + + align:start position:0% +Clues are developed the way that they + + + align:start position:0% +Clues are developed the way that they +are right it's like these rhetorical + + align:start position:0% +are right it's like these rhetorical + + + align:start position:0% +are right it's like these rhetorical +questions that they leave space for the + + align:start position:0% +questions that they leave space for the + + + align:start position:0% +questions that they leave space for the +kids I mean like my son will actually + + align:start position:0% +kids I mean like my son will actually + + + align:start position:0% +kids I mean like my son will actually +answer the television and that's like + + align:start position:0% +answer the television and that's like + + + align:start position:0% +answer the television and that's like +the the educational best practices for + + align:start position:0% +the the educational best practices for + + + align:start position:0% +the the educational best practices for +educational video that I was talking + + align:start position:0% +educational video that I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +educational video that I was talking +about the first day that you acknowledge + + align:start position:0% +about the first day that you acknowledge + + + align:start position:0% +about the first day that you acknowledge +your audience that you give them for + + align:start position:0% +your audience that you give them for + + + align:start position:0% +your audience that you give them for +interaction I will say about um going + + align:start position:0% +interaction I will say about um going + + + align:start position:0% +interaction I will say about um going +off of your comment um and sort of like + + align:start position:0% +off of your comment um and sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +off of your comment um and sort of like +addressing the kids where they are don't + + align:start position:0% +addressing the kids where they are don't + + + align:start position:0% +addressing the kids where they are don't +forget about George's point of + + align:start position:0% +forget about George's point of + + + align:start position:0% +forget about George's point of +talking for the audience not to them yet + + align:start position:0% +talking for the audience not to them yet + + + align:start position:0% +talking for the audience not to them yet +not to them um because the only um I I + + align:start position:0% +not to them um because the only um I I + + + align:start position:0% +not to them um because the only um I I +guess like the overall point I would say + + align:start position:0% +guess like the overall point I would say + + + align:start position:0% +guess like the overall point I would say +about the wording and the setup of this + + align:start position:0% +about the wording and the setup of this + + + align:start position:0% +about the wording and the setup of this +opening is that um a sixth grade kid + + align:start position:0% +opening is that um a sixth grade kid + + + align:start position:0% +opening is that um a sixth grade kid +would be interested in this but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +would be interested in this but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +would be interested in this but I'm not +sure that their parent would necessarily + + align:start position:0% +sure that their parent would necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +sure that their parent would necessarily +relate right um and maybe it's just the + + align:start position:0% +relate right um and maybe it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +relate right um and maybe it's just the +way the questions are posed um or the + + align:start position:0% +way the questions are posed um or the + + + align:start position:0% +way the questions are posed um or the +types of questions that are asked um but + + align:start position:0% +types of questions that are asked um but + + + align:start position:0% +types of questions that are asked um but +there's a risk of falling into this tone + + align:start position:0% +there's a risk of falling into this tone + + + align:start position:0% +there's a risk of falling into this tone +of like after school special right + + align:start position:0% +of like after school special right + + + align:start position:0% +of like after school special right +um I don't know George do you have like + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know George do you have like + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know George do you have like +tangible feedback that you can give + + align:start position:0% +tangible feedback that you can give + + + align:start position:0% +tangible feedback that you can give +about that I I can't identify exactly + + align:start position:0% +about that I I can't identify exactly + + + align:start position:0% +about that I I can't identify exactly +what it + + align:start position:0% +what it + + + align:start position:0% +what it +is let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe the question of so why even get + + align:start position:0% +maybe the question of so why even get + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the question of so why even get +braces like the way how that follows + + align:start position:0% +braces like the way how that follows + + + align:start position:0% +braces like the way how that follows +this list of examples of like how much + + align:start position:0% +this list of examples of like how much + + + align:start position:0% +this list of examples of like how much +it'll hurt and depending on the delivery + + align:start position:0% +it'll hurt and depending on the delivery + + + align:start position:0% +it'll hurt and depending on the delivery +it can really change how this reads but + + align:start position:0% +it can really change how this reads but + + + align:start position:0% +it can really change how this reads but +so why I even get braces leads me to + + align:start position:0% +so why I even get braces leads me to + + + align:start position:0% +so why I even get braces leads me to +think that this is the type of video + + align:start position:0% +think that this is the type of video + + + align:start position:0% +think that this is the type of video +that they'll show at a dentist's office + + align:start position:0% +that they'll show at a dentist's office + + + align:start position:0% +that they'll show at a dentist's office +cuz I feel like maybe what you're + + align:start position:0% +cuz I feel like maybe what you're + + + align:start position:0% +cuz I feel like maybe what you're +getting back to is + + align:start position:0% +getting back to is + + + align:start position:0% +getting back to is +the this is the first the first + + align:start position:0% +the this is the first the first + + + align:start position:0% +the this is the first the first +um example that we've seen where she's + + align:start position:0% +um example that we've seen where she's + + + align:start position:0% +um example that we've seen where she's +directly talking to you mhm whereas the + + align:start position:0% +directly talking to you mhm whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +directly talking to you mhm whereas the +other ones it's more either uh the voice + + align:start position:0% +other ones it's more either uh the voice + + + align:start position:0% +other ones it's more either uh the voice +is different in all the other ones this + + align:start position:0% +is different in all the other ones this + + + align:start position:0% +is different in all the other ones this +is the first one where she's talking + + align:start position:0% +is the first one where she's talking + + + align:start position:0% +is the first one where she's talking +directly to the audience and it's + + align:start position:0% +directly to the audience and it's + + + align:start position:0% +directly to the audience and it's +abstract like um you were using yourself + + align:start position:0% +abstract like um you were using yourself + + + align:start position:0% +abstract like um you were using yourself +to say you know this is what I do I'm a + + align:start position:0% +to say you know this is what I do I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +to say you know this is what I do I'm a +boat you know like this is a boat and + + align:start position:0% +boat you know like this is a boat and + + + align:start position:0% +boat you know like this is a boat and +then this is back to me my voice and you + + align:start position:0% +then this is back to me my voice and you + + + align:start position:0% +then this is back to me my voice and you +were talking about you know time travel + + align:start position:0% +were talking about you know time travel + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about you know time travel +and Stephen Hawkin is his third third + + align:start position:0% +and Stephen Hawkin is his third third + + + align:start position:0% +and Stephen Hawkin is his third third +you know third third voice um but this + + align:start position:0% +you know third third voice um but this + + + align:start position:0% +you know third third voice um but this +is the first time we've seen a sort of + + align:start position:0% +is the first time we've seen a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is the first time we've seen a sort of +an abstract you in there that makes + + align:start position:0% +an abstract you in there that makes + + + align:start position:0% +an abstract you in there that makes +it I think a little a little fuzzy in + + align:start position:0% +it I think a little a little fuzzy in + + + align:start position:0% +it I think a little a little fuzzy in +that way that and I'm not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +that way that and I'm not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +that way that and I'm not necessarily +sure that it would help to just switch + + align:start position:0% +sure that it would help to just switch + + + align:start position:0% +sure that it would help to just switch +out the U with the Wii you know because + + align:start position:0% +out the U with the Wii you know because + + + align:start position:0% +out the U with the Wii you know because +it's it is a Wii but it's also sort of a + + align:start position:0% +it's it is a Wii but it's also sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +it's it is a Wii but it's also sort of a +royal feeling we rather than a you know + + align:start position:0% +royal feeling we rather than a you know + + + align:start position:0% +royal feeling we rather than a you know +we're we're going to do this um Royal by + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to do this um Royal by + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to do this um Royal by +the way I I don't want to I realize I'm + + align:start position:0% +the way I I don't want to I realize I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the way I I don't want to I realize I'm +like lacing this with jargon but Royal + + align:start position:0% +like lacing this with jargon but Royal + + + align:start position:0% +like lacing this with jargon but Royal +we means basically just I like you say + + align:start position:0% +we means basically just I like you say + + + align:start position:0% +we means basically just I like you say +we but you mean I + + align:start position:0% +we but you mean I + + + align:start position:0% +we but you mean I +um so I don't know I think this is a + + align:start position:0% +um so I don't know I think this is a + + + align:start position:0% +um so I don't know I think this is a +really interesting problem does anyone + + align:start position:0% +really interesting problem does anyone + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting problem does anyone +have thoughts on how to + + align:start position:0% +have thoughts on how to + + + align:start position:0% +have thoughts on how to +reword without without going the sort of + + align:start position:0% +reword without without going the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +reword without without going the sort of +dramatic dentist route because I think + + align:start position:0% +dramatic dentist route because I think + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic dentist route because I think +this is this is interesting yeah we + + align:start position:0% +this is this is interesting yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is interesting yeah we +mentioned like uh the personal aspect of + + align:start position:0% +mentioned like uh the personal aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned like uh the personal aspect of +it I mean you had Grace stuff in this + + align:start position:0% +it I mean you had Grace stuff in this + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean you had Grace stuff in this +that kind of invites everyone so you + + align:start position:0% +that kind of invites everyone so you + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of invites everyone so you +know we can say us because I experienced + + align:start position:0% +know we can say us because I experienced + + + align:start position:0% +know we can say us because I experienced +it just as you might be experiencing + + align:start position:0% +it just as you might be experiencing + + + align:start position:0% +it just as you might be experiencing +right now uhhuh I I kind of think it'd + + align:start position:0% +right now uhhuh I I kind of think it'd + + + align:start position:0% +right now uhhuh I I kind of think it'd +be even better if I know you don't have + + align:start position:0% +be even better if I know you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +be even better if I know you don't have +braces now but I would almost want the + + align:start position:0% +braces now but I would almost want the + + + align:start position:0% +braces now but I would almost want the +host of the video to either actually + + align:start position:0% +host of the video to either actually + + + align:start position:0% +host of the video to either actually +have braces or + + align:start position:0% +have braces or + + + align:start position:0% +have braces or +um I don't know if it's even possible to + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know if it's even possible to + + + align:start position:0% +um I don't know if it's even possible to +like put fake braces in your mouth like + + align:start position:0% +like put fake braces in your mouth like + + + align:start position:0% +like put fake braces in your mouth like +temporary braces that you could just + + align:start position:0% +temporary braces that you could just + + + align:start position:0% +temporary braces that you could just +have in there for a day and to just + + align:start position:0% +have in there for a day and to just + + + align:start position:0% +have in there for a day and to just +start with something like like they did + + align:start position:0% +start with something like like they did + + + align:start position:0% +start with something like like they did +it on Ugly Betty for all those seasons + + align:start position:0% +it on Ugly Betty for all those seasons + + + align:start position:0% +it on Ugly Betty for all those seasons +did they + + align:start position:0% +did they + + + align:start position:0% +did they +really I thought she actually had braces + + align:start position:0% +really I thought she actually had braces + + + align:start position:0% +really I thought she actually had braces +I don't know anyway um but uh but to + + align:start position:0% +I don't know anyway um but uh but to + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know anyway um but uh but to +start with something like see the metal + + align:start position:0% +start with something like see the metal + + + align:start position:0% +start with something like see the metal +stuff in my teeth this called bracers + + align:start position:0% +stuff in my teeth this called bracers + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in my teeth this called bracers +and you have this you have this like you + + align:start position:0% +and you have this you have this like you + + + align:start position:0% +and you have this you have this like you +know um they're a piece of metal is + + align:start position:0% +know um they're a piece of metal is + + + align:start position:0% +know um they're a piece of metal is +glued to my teeth this wire is bent and + + align:start position:0% +glued to my teeth this wire is bent and + + + align:start position:0% +glued to my teeth this wire is bent and +it's forcing my teeth around so you're + + align:start position:0% +it's forcing my teeth around so you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's forcing my teeth around so you're +not you're kind of doing the sort of + + align:start position:0% +not you're kind of doing the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +not you're kind of doing the sort of +dramatic dentist approach but not not as + + align:start position:0% +dramatic dentist approach but not not as + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic dentist approach but not not as +storified um and you + + align:start position:0% +storified um and you + + + align:start position:0% +storified um and you +are um inad you're sort of sideways + + align:start position:0% +are um inad you're sort of sideways + + + align:start position:0% +are um inad you're sort of sideways +hitting these points like you know I've + + align:start position:0% +hitting these points like you know I've + + + align:start position:0% +hitting these points like you know I've +got all this stuff in my mouth it's + + align:start position:0% +got all this stuff in my mouth it's + + + align:start position:0% +got all this stuff in my mouth it's +going to is it going to hurt um you know + + align:start position:0% +going to is it going to hurt um you know + + + align:start position:0% +going to is it going to hurt um you know +what happens if this wire pops out like + + align:start position:0% +what happens if this wire pops out like + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if this wire pops out like +clearly I have a bit of trouble talking + + align:start position:0% +clearly I have a bit of trouble talking + + + align:start position:0% +clearly I have a bit of trouble talking +or whatever whatever the issues are um + + align:start position:0% +or whatever whatever the issues are um + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever whatever the issues are um +but you but you do it in a way that is + + align:start position:0% +but you but you do it in a way that is + + + align:start position:0% +but you but you do it in a way that is +because you're pointing at something + + align:start position:0% +because you're pointing at something + + + align:start position:0% +because you're pointing at something +because it's kind of a demo it's more + + align:start position:0% +because it's kind of a demo it's more + + + align:start position:0% +because it's kind of a demo it's more +conversational more relat relatable I + + align:start position:0% +conversational more relat relatable I + + + align:start position:0% +conversational more relat relatable I +don't know that's my thought on it what + + align:start position:0% +don't know that's my thought on it what + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that's my thought on it what +do you guys think I was thinking maybe + + align:start position:0% +do you guys think I was thinking maybe + + + align:start position:0% +do you guys think I was thinking maybe +you know like how inal they always like + + align:start position:0% +you know like how inal they always like + + + align:start position:0% +you know like how inal they always like +they always ask you have you ever had + + align:start position:0% +they always ask you have you ever had + + + align:start position:0% +they always ask you have you ever had +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +problem so maybe like start off with + + align:start position:0% +problem so maybe like start off with + + + align:start position:0% +problem so maybe like start off with +like have you ever had braces or heard + + align:start position:0% +like have you ever had braces or heard + + + align:start position:0% +like have you ever had braces or heard +from a friend who had braces like how + + align:start position:0% +from a friend who had braces like how + + + align:start position:0% +from a friend who had braces like how +much it hurts what happen St side M so + + align:start position:0% +much it hurts what happen St side M so + + + align:start position:0% +much it hurts what happen St side M so +it relates back to them were the braces + + align:start position:0% +it relates back to them were the braces + + + align:start position:0% +it relates back to them were the braces +your second time having them or your + + align:start position:0% +your second time having them or your + + + align:start position:0% +your second time having them or your +first it was your first + + align:start position:0% +first it was your first + + + align:start position:0% +first it was your first +time you could show crazy teeth + + align:start position:0% +time you could show crazy teeth + + + align:start position:0% +time you could show crazy teeth +David bu's te right yeah any English + + align:start position:0% +David bu's te right yeah any English + + + align:start position:0% +David bu's te right yeah any English +person um yeah you know you could uh you + + align:start position:0% +person um yeah you know you could uh you + + + align:start position:0% +person um yeah you know you could uh you +know I think maybe we've all seen the + + align:start position:0% +know I think maybe we've all seen the + + + align:start position:0% +know I think maybe we've all seen the +bubba teeth enough times that we know + + align:start position:0% +bubba teeth enough times that we know + + + align:start position:0% +bubba teeth enough times that we know +what they are when we see them but maybe + + align:start position:0% +what they are when we see them but maybe + + + align:start position:0% +what they are when we see them but maybe +many eth eth graders haven't seen them + + align:start position:0% +many eth eth graders haven't seen them + + + align:start position:0% +many eth eth graders haven't seen them +and you could like start talking with + + align:start position:0% +and you could like start talking with + + + align:start position:0% +and you could like start talking with +this horrible mouth the + + align:start position:0% +this horrible mouth the + + + align:start position:0% +this horrible mouth the +teeth and then pull them + + align:start position:0% +teeth and then pull them + + + align:start position:0% +teeth and then pull them +out what I like that idea well I feel + + align:start position:0% +out what I like that idea well I feel + + + align:start position:0% +out what I like that idea well I feel +like this is backing out a lot um from + + align:start position:0% +like this is backing out a lot um from + + + align:start position:0% +like this is backing out a lot um from +what we're talking about but my big + + align:start position:0% +what we're talking about but my big + + + align:start position:0% +what we're talking about but my big +question is why we're even have the + + align:start position:0% +question is why we're even have the + + + align:start position:0% +question is why we're even have the +first section because to my + + align:start position:0% +first section because to my + + + align:start position:0% +first section because to my +understanding the video is about how + + align:start position:0% +understanding the video is about how + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the video is about how +braces work but in this first section + + align:start position:0% +braces work but in this first section + + + align:start position:0% +braces work but in this first section +it's more about why would you get them + + align:start position:0% +it's more about why would you get them + + + align:start position:0% +it's more about why would you get them +but I kind of get the feeling that the + + align:start position:0% +but I kind of get the feeling that the + + + align:start position:0% +but I kind of get the feeling that the +video isn't really about why you get + + align:start position:0% +video isn't really about why you get + + + align:start position:0% +video isn't really about why you get +them it's just how they do that I don't + + align:start position:0% +them it's just how they do that I don't + + + align:start position:0% +them it's just how they do that I don't +know yeah going off of that I was trying + + align:start position:0% +know yeah going off of that I was trying + + + align:start position:0% +know yeah going off of that I was trying +to ra like figure out what my main + + align:start position:0% +to ra like figure out what my main + + + align:start position:0% +to ra like figure out what my main +concerns with this were and I I didn't + + align:start position:0% +concerns with this were and I I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +concerns with this were and I I didn't +like have a mental grasp on it until you + + align:start position:0% +like have a mental grasp on it until you + + + align:start position:0% +like have a mental grasp on it until you +mentioned tone was because like I + + align:start position:0% +mentioned tone was because like I + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned tone was because like I +haven't had races I don't plan on + + align:start position:0% +haven't had races I don't plan on + + + align:start position:0% +haven't had races I don't plan on +getting races and I don't so I felt + + align:start position:0% +getting races and I don't so I felt + + + align:start position:0% +getting races and I don't so I felt +really alienated by the you in this + + align:start position:0% +really alienated by the you in this + + + align:start position:0% +really alienated by the you in this +because I would probably realistically + + align:start position:0% +because I would probably realistically + + + align:start position:0% +because I would probably realistically +turn this video off because I'm not + + align:start position:0% +turn this video off because I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +turn this video off because I'm not +interested in why people get races + + align:start position:0% +interested in why people get races + + + align:start position:0% +interested in why people get races +because that's not relevant to my life + + align:start position:0% +because that's not relevant to my life + + + align:start position:0% +because that's not relevant to my life +but if you post the question have you + + align:start position:0% +but if you post the question have you + + + align:start position:0% +but if you post the question have you +ever thought about exactly what braces + + align:start position:0% +ever thought about exactly what braces + + + align:start position:0% +ever thought about exactly what braces +do um that's a much more interesting + + align:start position:0% +do um that's a much more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +do um that's a much more interesting +question to me and to probably a broader + + align:start position:0% +question to me and to probably a broader + + + align:start position:0% +question to me and to probably a broader +audience and would fix your tone with + + align:start position:0% +audience and would fix your tone with + + + align:start position:0% +audience and would fix your tone with +whatever intro you decide because that + + align:start position:0% +whatever intro you decide because that + + + align:start position:0% +whatever intro you decide because that +seems to be what your video is going to + + align:start position:0% +seems to be what your video is going to + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be what your video is going to +be about and especially if you phrase it + + align:start position:0% +be about and especially if you phrase it + + + align:start position:0% +be about and especially if you phrase it +like races are much more scientific than + + align:start position:0% +like races are much more scientific than + + + align:start position:0% +like races are much more scientific than +we think they are they're not + + align:start position:0% +we think they are they're not + + + align:start position:0% +we think they are they're not +just like magically mushing your teeth + + align:start position:0% +just like magically mushing your teeth + + + align:start position:0% +just like magically mushing your teeth +into the correct place there's actually + + align:start position:0% +into the correct place there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +into the correct place there's actually +a lot of things going on in your mouth + + align:start position:0% +a lot of things going on in your mouth + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of things going on in your mouth +that people don't think about and like + + align:start position:0% +that people don't think about and like + + + align:start position:0% +that people don't think about and like +thousands of people have braces every + + align:start position:0% +thousands of people have braces every + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of people have braces every +day I mean the other thing is like I + + align:start position:0% +day I mean the other thing is like I + + + align:start position:0% +day I mean the other thing is like I +don't actually think that the point of + + align:start position:0% +don't actually think that the point of + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually think that the point of +your video should be how braces work + + align:start position:0% +your video should be how braces work + + + align:start position:0% +your video should be how braces work +right because that's an instructional + + align:start position:0% +right because that's an instructional + + + align:start position:0% +right because that's an instructional +video that like invisaline could make + + align:start position:0% +video that like invisaline could make + + + align:start position:0% +video that like invisaline could make +you know and has made so many times I've + + align:start position:0% +you know and has made so many times I've + + + align:start position:0% +you know and has made so many times I've +seen them so many + + align:start position:0% +seen them so many + + + align:start position:0% +seen them so many +times um like the there's no spark or + + align:start position:0% +times um like the there's no spark or + + + align:start position:0% +times um like the there's no spark or +wonder or curiosity in that whatsoever + + align:start position:0% +wonder or curiosity in that whatsoever + + + align:start position:0% +wonder or curiosity in that whatsoever +and I'm not saying that every video has + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not saying that every video has + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not saying that every video has +to be Neil degrass Tyson contemplating + + align:start position:0% +to be Neil degrass Tyson contemplating + + + align:start position:0% +to be Neil degrass Tyson contemplating +on the philosophies of our existence or + + align:start position:0% +on the philosophies of our existence or + + + align:start position:0% +on the philosophies of our existence or +whatever but like when you think about + + align:start position:0% +whatever but like when you think about + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but like when you think about +it we can have like you can be born with + + align:start position:0% +it we can have like you can be born with + + + align:start position:0% +it we can have like you can be born with +bubba teeth right and we have the + + align:start position:0% +bubba teeth right and we have the + + + align:start position:0% +bubba teeth right and we have the +ability to know how to + + align:start position:0% +ability to know how to + + + align:start position:0% +ability to know how to +craft bones in our body like your teeth + + align:start position:0% +craft bones in our body like your teeth + + + align:start position:0% +craft bones in our body like your teeth +are the only exposed bone in your entire + + align:start position:0% +are the only exposed bone in your entire + + + align:start position:0% +are the only exposed bone in your entire +body and we have figured out a way to + + align:start position:0% +body and we have figured out a way to + + + align:start position:0% +body and we have figured out a way to +alter that um in such a way that we can + + align:start position:0% +alter that um in such a way that we can + + + align:start position:0% +alter that um in such a way that we can +still continue to use them so it's not + + align:start position:0% +still continue to use them so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +still continue to use them so it's not +like you break a bone and try to uh like + + align:start position:0% +like you break a bone and try to uh like + + + align:start position:0% +like you break a bone and try to uh like +align a crooked finger or something + + align:start position:0% +align a crooked finger or something + + + align:start position:0% +align a crooked finger or something +you're we've adapted in such a way like + + align:start position:0% +you're we've adapted in such a way like + + + align:start position:0% +you're we've adapted in such a way like +we've loopholed around bubba teeth and + + align:start position:0% +we've loopholed around bubba teeth and + + + align:start position:0% +we've loopholed around bubba teeth and +the bones that we have been born with + + align:start position:0% +the bones that we have been born with + + + align:start position:0% +the bones that we have been born with +and can actually dissolve the osteoblast + + align:start position:0% +and can actually dissolve the osteoblast + + + align:start position:0% +and can actually dissolve the osteoblast +or osteoclast or like get them to + + align:start position:0% +or osteoclast or like get them to + + + align:start position:0% +or osteoclast or like get them to +dissolve bone and restructure it and we + + align:start position:0% +dissolve bone and restructure it and we + + + align:start position:0% +dissolve bone and restructure it and we +can manipulate essentially um I don't + + align:start position:0% +can manipulate essentially um I don't + + + align:start position:0% +can manipulate essentially um I don't +know like I think what you're saying is + + align:start position:0% +know like I think what you're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +know like I think what you're saying is +braces shouldn't work like just by by + + align:start position:0% +braces shouldn't work like just by by + + + align:start position:0% +braces shouldn't work like just by by +reasonable or not even that they + + align:start position:0% +reasonable or not even that they + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable or not even that they +shouldn't work but like we shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't work but like we shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't work but like we shouldn't be +able to do the things that we can do + + align:start position:0% +able to do the things that we can do + + + align:start position:0% +able to do the things that we can do +with braces right yeah like they they + + align:start position:0% +with braces right yeah like they they + + + align:start position:0% +with braces right yeah like they they +like braces shouldn't exist no well I + + align:start position:0% +like braces shouldn't exist no well I + + + align:start position:0% +like braces shouldn't exist no well I +don't know that they shouldn't exist + + align:start position:0% +don't know that they shouldn't exist + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that they shouldn't exist +they just shouldn't they just shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +they just shouldn't they just shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +they just shouldn't they just shouldn't +like the fact that you can basically + + align:start position:0% +like the fact that you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +like the fact that you can basically +blunt Trum move teeth around and then + + align:start position:0% +blunt Trum move teeth around and then + + + align:start position:0% +blunt Trum move teeth around and then +your body gets them to stay where you + + align:start position:0% +your body gets them to stay where you + + + align:start position:0% +your body gets them to stay where you +put them is really weird right that + + align:start position:0% +put them is really weird right that + + + align:start position:0% +put them is really weird right that +that's something that + + align:start position:0% +that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that +is I mean I don't I I don't know about + + align:start position:0% +is I mean I don't I I don't know about + + + align:start position:0% +is I mean I don't I I don't know about +if you were to break an arm and and like + + align:start position:0% +if you were to break an arm and and like + + + align:start position:0% +if you were to break an arm and and like +what the difference is between like + + align:start position:0% +what the difference is between like + + + align:start position:0% +what the difference is between like +braces and a cast for example that might + + align:start position:0% +braces and a cast for example that might + + + align:start position:0% +braces and a cast for example that might +be another analogy like simile or + + align:start position:0% +be another analogy like simile or + + + align:start position:0% +be another analogy like simile or +whatever but I don't I mean it is + + align:start position:0% +whatever but I don't I mean it is + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but I don't I mean it is +bizarre you know when you said the thing + + align:start position:0% +bizarre you know when you said the thing + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre you know when you said the thing +about it one type of cell dissolves the + + align:start position:0% +about it one type of cell dissolves the + + + align:start position:0% +about it one type of cell dissolves the +bone and then the other one like put + + align:start position:0% +bone and then the other one like put + + + align:start position:0% +bone and then the other one like put +I guess re bonies it uh in the right + + align:start position:0% +I guess re bonies it uh in the right + + + align:start position:0% +I guess re bonies it uh in the right +place um to me that's the weirdest and + + align:start position:0% +place um to me that's the weirdest and + + + align:start position:0% +place um to me that's the weirdest and +coolest part of the braces thing and so + + align:start position:0% +coolest part of the braces thing and so + + + align:start position:0% +coolest part of the braces thing and so +you know incidentally why like why does + + align:start position:0% +you know incidentally why like why does + + + align:start position:0% +you know incidentally why like why does +your body even do that I mean it's not + + align:start position:0% +your body even do that I mean it's not + + + align:start position:0% +your body even do that I mean it's not +something that your body came up with in + + align:start position:0% +something that your body came up with in + + + align:start position:0% +something that your body came up with in +response to braces this is an ability + + align:start position:0% +response to braces this is an ability + + + align:start position:0% +response to braces this is an ability +that it has right yeah this is in your + + align:start position:0% +that it has right yeah this is in your + + + align:start position:0% +that it has right yeah this is in your +entire so what like what H what happens + + align:start position:0% +entire so what like what H what happens + + + align:start position:0% +entire so what like what H what happens +in our natural experience where our + + align:start position:0% +in our natural experience where our + + + align:start position:0% +in our natural experience where our +mouth would need to do that you get a + + align:start position:0% +mouth would need to do that you get a + + + align:start position:0% +mouth would need to do that you get a +tooth knocked out or or + + align:start position:0% +tooth knocked out or or + + + align:start position:0% +tooth knocked out or or +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +um like why can we do + + align:start position:0% +um like why can we do + + + align:start position:0% +um like why can we do +that is it only teeth or is is it only + + align:start position:0% +that is it only teeth or is is it only + + + align:start position:0% +that is it only teeth or is is it only +gums or is it elsewhere in our body too + + align:start position:0% +gums or is it elsewhere in our body too + + + align:start position:0% +gums or is it elsewhere in our body too +it's in your entire body because you + + align:start position:0% +it's in your entire body because you + + + align:start position:0% +it's in your entire body because you +have you you very rarely have two hard + + align:start position:0% +have you you very rarely have two hard + + + align:start position:0% +have you you very rarely have two hard +substances butting up against each other + + align:start position:0% +substances butting up against each other + + + align:start position:0% +substances butting up against each other +they have usually some covering that's + + align:start position:0% +they have usually some covering that's + + + align:start position:0% +they have usually some covering that's +mediating + + align:start position:0% +mediating + + + align:start position:0% +mediating +that relationship yeah and then if + + align:start position:0% +that relationship yeah and then if + + + align:start position:0% +that relationship yeah and then if +something happens to like permanently + + align:start position:0% +something happens to like permanently + + + align:start position:0% +something happens to like permanently +mean that okay this these two pieces of + + align:start position:0% +mean that okay this these two pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +mean that okay this these two pieces of +hard substance now have to be in this + + align:start position:0% +hard substance now have to be in this + + + align:start position:0% +hard substance now have to be in this +orientation as opposed to this one how + + align:start position:0% +orientation as opposed to this one how + + + align:start position:0% +orientation as opposed to this one how +do you get it to stay that + + align:start position:0% +do you get it to stay that + + + align:start position:0% +do you get it to stay that +way so this is more about how the body + + align:start position:0% +way so this is more about how the body + + + align:start position:0% +way so this is more about how the body +heals itself then it is about braces + + align:start position:0% +heals itself then it is about braces + + + align:start position:0% +heals itself then it is about braces +it's yeah although the word isn't even + + align:start position:0% +it's yeah although the word isn't even + + + align:start position:0% +it's yeah although the word isn't even +heal it's more like how your body deals + + align:start position:0% +heal it's more like how your body deals + + + align:start position:0% +heal it's more like how your body deals +with something it can't change anymore + + align:start position:0% +with something it can't change anymore + + + align:start position:0% +with something it can't change anymore +because healing implies that like it + + align:start position:0% +because healing implies that like it + + + align:start position:0% +because healing implies that like it +puts it back the way it was which is not + + align:start position:0% +puts it back the way it was which is not + + + align:start position:0% +puts it back the way it was which is not +what it's doing right it's like we are + + align:start position:0% +what it's doing right it's like we are + + + align:start position:0% +what it's doing right it's like we are +we are brute changing our bodies and + + align:start position:0% +we are brute changing our bodies and + + + align:start position:0% +we are brute changing our bodies and +it's adapting to what we're doing did + + align:start position:0% +it's adapting to what we're doing did + + + align:start position:0% +it's adapting to what we're doing did +you to ra your + + align:start position:0% +you to ra your + + + align:start position:0% +you to ra your +hand I think there's some uh + + align:start position:0% +hand I think there's some uh + + + align:start position:0% +hand I think there's some uh +experimental thing on how like Bic Bic + + align:start position:0% +experimental thing on how like Bic Bic + + + align:start position:0% +experimental thing on how like Bic Bic +to make a taller what they do is they + + align:start position:0% +to make a taller what they do is they + + + align:start position:0% +to make a taller what they do is they +break the bones in your your legs then + + align:start position:0% +break the bones in your your legs then + + + align:start position:0% +break the bones in your your legs then +your again to make yourself + + align:start position:0% +your again to make yourself + + + align:start position:0% +your again to make yourself +taller so maybe for one year they keep + + align:start position:0% +taller so maybe for one year they keep + + + align:start position:0% +taller so maybe for one year they keep +breaking a bone your leg then they + + align:start position:0% +breaking a bone your leg then they + + + align:start position:0% +breaking a bone your leg then they +stretch it slightly like a few I don't + + align:start position:0% +stretch it slightly like a few I don't + + + align:start position:0% +stretch it slightly like a few I don't +know M something how many inches can + + align:start position:0% +know M something how many inches can + + + align:start position:0% +know M something how many inches can +they e out of you that + + align:start position:0% +they e out of you that + + + align:start position:0% +they e out of you that +way in is it really worth one + + align:start position:0% +way in is it really worth one + + + align:start position:0% +way in is it really worth one +in so so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +keep sorry the the point of the video + + align:start position:0% +keep sorry the the point of the video + + + align:start position:0% +keep sorry the the point of the video +though this is what going back to + + align:start position:0% +though this is what going back to + + + align:start position:0% +though this is what going back to +Jamie's point of like you hone in on + + align:start position:0% +Jamie's point of like you hone in on + + + align:start position:0% +Jamie's point of like you hone in on +something very specific like braces but + + align:start position:0% +something very specific like braces but + + + align:start position:0% +something very specific like braces but +the point of the video is not really + + align:start position:0% +the point of the video is not really + + + align:start position:0% +the point of the video is not really +just this is what happens when you get + + align:start position:0% +just this is what happens when you get + + + align:start position:0% +just this is what happens when you get +braces it points to this bigger thing + + align:start position:0% +braces it points to this bigger thing + + + align:start position:0% +braces it points to this bigger thing +that we're actually ulating natural + + align:start position:0% +that we're actually ulating natural + + + align:start position:0% +that we're actually ulating natural +processes that happen in our bodies that + + align:start position:0% +processes that happen in our bodies that + + + align:start position:0% +processes that happen in our bodies that +are important like your bones have to + + align:start position:0% +are important like your bones have to + + + align:start position:0% +are important like your bones have to +break down and remodel all the time like + + align:start position:0% +break down and remodel all the time like + + + align:start position:0% +break down and remodel all the time like +that is actually an essential process of + + align:start position:0% +that is actually an essential process of + + + align:start position:0% +that is actually an essential process of +like osteoclast you know dissolving old + + align:start position:0% +like osteoclast you know dissolving old + + + align:start position:0% +like osteoclast you know dissolving old +bone and osteoblasts forming new bone if + + align:start position:0% +bone and osteoblasts forming new bone if + + + align:start position:0% +bone and osteoblasts forming new bone if +that doesn't happen like your body like + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't happen like your body like + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't happen like your body like +can't exist that's like actually an + + align:start position:0% +can't exist that's like actually an + + + align:start position:0% +can't exist that's like actually an +essential process and with braces you're + + align:start position:0% +essential process and with braces you're + + + align:start position:0% +essential process and with braces you're +manipulating that you're like tricking + + align:start position:0% +manipulating that you're like tricking + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating that you're like tricking +your body in a way to adapt to these + + align:start position:0% +your body in a way to adapt to these + + + align:start position:0% +your body in a way to adapt to these +like blunt forces that you otherwise + + align:start position:0% +like blunt forces that you otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +like blunt forces that you otherwise +wouldn't be able to do we had no idea + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be able to do we had no idea + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be able to do we had no idea +when we invented braces that that's what + + align:start position:0% +when we invented braces that that's what + + + align:start position:0% +when we invented braces that that's what +was happening right this was discovered + + align:start position:0% +was happening right this was discovered + + + align:start position:0% +was happening right this was discovered +afterwards or or did we know yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +afterwards or or did we know yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards or or did we know yeah yeah +and I think kind of like taking those to + + align:start position:0% +and I think kind of like taking those to + + + align:start position:0% +and I think kind of like taking those to +what you were saying earlier about like + + align:start position:0% +what you were saying earlier about like + + + align:start position:0% +what you were saying earlier about like +how can we do this and what you were + + align:start position:0% +how can we do this and what you were + + + align:start position:0% +how can we do this and what you were +just saying like um like we're we're + + align:start position:0% +just saying like um like we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +just saying like um like we're we're +manipulating a natural thing um I think + + align:start position:0% +manipulating a natural thing um I think + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating a natural thing um I think +part of what you can do is like I was + + align:start position:0% +part of what you can do is like I was + + + align:start position:0% +part of what you can do is like I was +talking about how you know how your + + align:start position:0% +talking about how you know how your + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how you know how your +teeth slip your teeth want to go back to + + align:start position:0% +teeth slip your teeth want to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +teeth slip your teeth want to go back to +its natural state they don't want to be + + align:start position:0% +its natural state they don't want to be + + + align:start position:0% +its natural state they don't want to be +straight you want to be whatever you're + + align:start position:0% +straight you want to be whatever you're + + + align:start position:0% +straight you want to be whatever you're +born with um and how that I don't know + + align:start position:0% +born with um and how that I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +born with um and how that I don't know +if it's possible you might be a play + + align:start position:0% +if it's possible you might be a play + + + align:start position:0% +if it's possible you might be a play +that angle like you know we're made as + + align:start position:0% +that angle like you know we're made as + + + align:start position:0% +that angle like you know we're made as +how we're made and we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +how we're made and we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +how we're made and we're trying to +manipulate this but in the end we just + + align:start position:0% +manipulate this but in the end we just + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate this but in the end we just +want to go back to originally how work + + align:start position:0% +want to go back to originally how work + + + align:start position:0% +want to go back to originally how work +and how this this uh process of using + + align:start position:0% +and how this this uh process of using + + + align:start position:0% +and how this this uh process of using +braces is kind of uh at first it can + + align:start position:0% +braces is kind of uh at first it can + + + align:start position:0% +braces is kind of uh at first it can +seem like it's barbaric but trying to + + align:start position:0% +seem like it's barbaric but trying to + + + align:start position:0% +seem like it's barbaric but trying to +manipulate this process I don't know + + align:start position:0% +manipulate this process I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate this process I don't know +this is such an interesting challenge + + align:start position:0% +this is such an interesting challenge + + + align:start position:0% +this is such an interesting challenge +because we were talking about this + + align:start position:0% +because we were talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +because we were talking about this +yesterday how Andreas is struggling with + + align:start position:0% +yesterday how Andreas is struggling with + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday how Andreas is struggling with +the opposite issue that almost all the + + align:start position:0% +the opposite issue that almost all the + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite issue that almost all the +rest your your scripts you're struggling + + align:start position:0% +rest your your scripts you're struggling + + + align:start position:0% +rest your your scripts you're struggling +with which is she has the very concrete + + align:start position:0% +with which is she has the very concrete + + + align:start position:0% +with which is she has the very concrete +thing she's not sure what the big + + align:start position:0% +thing she's not sure what the big + + + align:start position:0% +thing she's not sure what the big +question is but this is the example for + + align:start position:0% +question is but this is the example for + + + align:start position:0% +question is but this is the example for +that big question right and we're + + align:start position:0% +that big question right and we're + + + align:start position:0% +that big question right and we're +struggling right now to help her figure + + align:start position:0% +struggling right now to help her figure + + + align:start position:0% +struggling right now to help her figure +out what is that question that allows + + align:start position:0% +out what is that question that allows + + + align:start position:0% +out what is that question that allows +her to use what she knows about braces + + align:start position:0% +her to use what she knows about braces + + + align:start position:0% +her to use what she knows about braces +is a cool way of illustrating some very + + align:start position:0% +is a cool way of illustrating some very + + + align:start position:0% +is a cool way of illustrating some very +cool concept and I feel like most of you + + align:start position:0% +cool concept and I feel like most of you + + + align:start position:0% +cool concept and I feel like most of you +are actually struggling with the + + align:start position:0% +are actually struggling with the + + + align:start position:0% +are actually struggling with the +opposite right is you have some cool + + align:start position:0% +opposite right is you have some cool + + + align:start position:0% +opposite right is you have some cool +concept and you're trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +concept and you're trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +concept and you're trying to figure out +what's the specific story I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +what's the specific story I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +what's the specific story I'm going to +tell to illustrate that and so we've + + align:start position:0% +tell to illustrate that and so we've + + + align:start position:0% +tell to illustrate that and so we've +actually got like a reverse engineering + + align:start position:0% +actually got like a reverse engineering + + + align:start position:0% +actually got like a reverse engineering +problem here which is we don't know what + + align:start position:0% +problem here which is we don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +problem here which is we don't know what +the question is that she wants to ask + + align:start position:0% +the question is that she wants to ask + + + align:start position:0% +the question is that she wants to ask +that allows her to tell us cool story + + align:start position:0% +that allows her to tell us cool story + + + align:start position:0% +that allows her to tell us cool story +about braces in a way that that example + + align:start position:0% +about braces in a way that that example + + + align:start position:0% +about braces in a way that that example +is a perfect example for this larger + + align:start position:0% +is a perfect example for this larger + + + align:start position:0% +is a perfect example for this larger +concept and the problem is right now + + align:start position:0% +concept and the problem is right now + + + align:start position:0% +concept and the problem is right now +there there are a bunch of ways there + + align:start position:0% +there there are a bunch of ways there + + + align:start position:0% +there there are a bunch of ways there +are a bunch of different ways questions + + align:start position:0% +are a bunch of different ways questions + + + align:start position:0% +are a bunch of different ways questions +we could ask but it's good it's a good + + align:start position:0% +we could ask but it's good it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +we could ask but it's good it's a good +exercise to throw out all these bigger + + align:start position:0% +exercise to throw out all these bigger + + + align:start position:0% +exercise to throw out all these bigger +questions cuz that gets you out of the + + align:start position:0% +questions cuz that gets you out of the + + + align:start position:0% +questions cuz that gets you out of the +after school special right that gets you + + align:start position:0% +after school special right that gets you + + + align:start position:0% +after school special right that gets you +out of why do we get braces so that you + + align:start position:0% +out of why do we get braces so that you + + + align:start position:0% +out of why do we get braces so that you +put up with this trauma so that you can + + align:start position:0% +put up with this trauma so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +put up with this trauma so that you can +have a healthy shiny smile and then like + + align:start position:0% +have a healthy shiny smile and then like + + + align:start position:0% +have a healthy shiny smile and then like +thumbs up and and credits right like + + align:start position:0% +thumbs up and and credits right like + + + align:start position:0% +thumbs up and and credits right like +that's what you don't want to have a + + align:start position:0% +that's what you don't want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you don't want to have a +video that's like that to play The + + align:start position:0% +video that's like that to play The + + + align:start position:0% +video that's like that to play The +Devil's Advocate you don't want to have + + align:start position:0% +Devil's Advocate you don't want to have + + + align:start position:0% +Devil's Advocate you don't want to have +a video you I agree no no no no I agree + + align:start position:0% +a video you I agree no no no no I agree + + + align:start position:0% +a video you I agree no no no no I agree +I agree with you I agree with you but um + + align:start position:0% +I agree with you I agree with you but um + + + align:start position:0% +I agree with you I agree with you but um +you can play off that expectation in fun + + align:start position:0% +you can play off that expectation in fun + + + align:start position:0% +you can play off that expectation in fun +and interesting ways like I would be + + align:start position:0% +and interesting ways like I would be + + + align:start position:0% +and interesting ways like I would be +perfectly happy to start a video as a + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy to start a video as a + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy to start a video as a +parody of an infomercial like I bet + + align:start position:0% +parody of an infomercial like I bet + + + align:start position:0% +parody of an infomercial like I bet +parody is different parody of an + + align:start position:0% +parody is different parody of an + + + align:start position:0% +parody is different parody of an +infomercial yes yes yes yes um I mean to + + align:start position:0% +infomercial yes yes yes yes um I mean to + + + align:start position:0% +infomercial yes yes yes yes um I mean to +do the infomercial and then reveal it a + + align:start position:0% +do the infomercial and then reveal it a + + + align:start position:0% +do the infomercial and then reveal it a +parody yeah right but um but yeah like + + align:start position:0% +parody yeah right but um but yeah like + + + align:start position:0% +parody yeah right but um but yeah like +you wouldn't actually go with the + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't actually go with the + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't actually go with the +intention of like the the the + + align:start position:0% +intention of like the the the + + + align:start position:0% +intention of like the the the +infomercial as your tone no I mean no + + align:start position:0% +infomercial as your tone no I mean no + + + align:start position:0% +infomercial as your tone no I mean no +but we'd shoot it and deliver it as it + + align:start position:0% +but we'd shoot it and deliver it as it + + + align:start position:0% +but we'd shoot it and deliver it as it +as like we'd honest to God infomercial + + align:start position:0% +as like we'd honest to God infomercial + + + align:start position:0% +as like we'd honest to God infomercial +for the first 20 seconds or whatever you + + align:start position:0% +for the first 20 seconds or whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +for the first 20 seconds or whatever you +know until you establish that you're + + align:start position:0% +know until you establish that you're + + + align:start position:0% +know until you establish that you're +more than 20 seconds the crap out of + + align:start position:0% +more than 20 seconds the crap out of + + + align:start position:0% +more than 20 seconds the crap out of +your audience yeah and you actually have + + align:start position:0% +your audience yeah and you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +your audience yeah and you actually have +to go a bit over the top of what the + + align:start position:0% +to go a bit over the top of what the + + + align:start position:0% +to go a bit over the top of what the +normal tone would be to sort of signal + + align:start position:0% +normal tone would be to sort of signal + + + align:start position:0% +normal tone would be to sort of signal +that you're yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +that you're yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that you're yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah +um yeah um so when I first um heard + + align:start position:0% +um yeah um so when I first um heard + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah um so when I first um heard +Andrea say that you know your jaw + + align:start position:0% +Andrea say that you know your jaw + + + align:start position:0% +Andrea say that you know your jaw +dissolves that kind of brings up a lot + + align:start position:0% +dissolves that kind of brings up a lot + + + align:start position:0% +dissolves that kind of brings up a lot +of images there's so many movies where + + align:start position:0% +of images there's so many movies where + + + align:start position:0% +of images there's so many movies where +there's a focus on teeth destroying + + align:start position:0% +there's a focus on teeth destroying + + + align:start position:0% +there's a focus on teeth destroying +mankind so there's Jaws there's piranas + + align:start position:0% +mankind so there's Jaws there's piranas + + + align:start position:0% +mankind so there's Jaws there's piranas +there's just just random people with + + align:start position:0% +there's just just random people with + + + align:start position:0% +there's just just random people with +teeth walking around and that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +teeth walking around and that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +teeth walking around and that's kind of +their main feature zombie zombie movies + + align:start position:0% +their main feature zombie zombie movies + + + align:start position:0% +their main feature zombie zombie movies +yeah and we watched a mov a movie um a + + align:start position:0% +yeah and we watched a mov a movie um a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and we watched a mov a movie um a +video about you know what makes things + + align:start position:0% +video about you know what makes things + + + align:start position:0% +video about you know what makes things +creepy and one of the images was was + + align:start position:0% +creepy and one of the images was was + + + align:start position:0% +creepy and one of the images was was +just a teddy bear with teeth and that + + align:start position:0% +just a teddy bear with teeth and that + + + align:start position:0% +just a teddy bear with teeth and that +was horrifying okay so I think the idea + + align:start position:0% +was horrifying okay so I think the idea + + + align:start position:0% +was horrifying okay so I think the idea +um so she's kind of making the familiar + + align:start position:0% +um so she's kind of making the familiar + + + align:start position:0% +um so she's kind of making the familiar +thing I'm familiar so um you can even + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm familiar so um you can even + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm familiar so um you can even +get away from the idea of you know + + align:start position:0% +get away from the idea of you know + + + align:start position:0% +get away from the idea of you know +getting braces this is something we do + + align:start position:0% +getting braces this is something we do + + + align:start position:0% +getting braces this is something we do +but rather start you know with this this + + align:start position:0% +but rather start you know with this this + + + align:start position:0% +but rather start you know with this this +monstrous thing that you know we + + align:start position:0% +monstrous thing that you know we + + + align:start position:0% +monstrous thing that you know we +dissolve our jaw um and that's a really + + align:start position:0% +dissolve our jaw um and that's a really + + + align:start position:0% +dissolve our jaw um and that's a really +cool image and maybe you put it on a + + align:start position:0% +cool image and maybe you put it on a + + + align:start position:0% +cool image and maybe you put it on a +teddy bear um you don't even have to + + align:start position:0% +teddy bear um you don't even have to + + + align:start position:0% +teddy bear um you don't even have to +kind of associate it with humankind and + + align:start position:0% +kind of associate it with humankind and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of associate it with humankind and +then at the end you come back to the + + align:start position:0% +then at the end you come back to the + + + align:start position:0% +then at the end you come back to the +familiar this is what we do and let the + + align:start position:0% +familiar this is what we do and let the + + + align:start position:0% +familiar this is what we do and let the +viewer kind of think back and say oh wow + + align:start position:0% +viewer kind of think back and say oh wow + + + align:start position:0% +viewer kind of think back and say oh wow +this is me doing really cool things + + align:start position:0% +this is me doing really cool things + + + align:start position:0% +this is me doing really cool things +inside my body yeah I think you know + + align:start position:0% +inside my body yeah I think you know + + + align:start position:0% +inside my body yeah I think you know +figuring out other examples where + + align:start position:0% +figuring out other examples where + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out other examples where +essentially bone is dissolved and and + + align:start position:0% +essentially bone is dissolved and and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially bone is dissolved and and +basically listing all those out seeing + + align:start position:0% +basically listing all those out seeing + + + align:start position:0% +basically listing all those out seeing +what the differences are what the + + align:start position:0% +what the differences are what the + + + align:start position:0% +what the differences are what the +commonalities are and then from there I + + align:start position:0% +commonalities are and then from there I + + + align:start position:0% +commonalities are and then from there I +think you will have a better sense of + + align:start position:0% +think you will have a better sense of + + + align:start position:0% +think you will have a better sense of +what the overall story or big question + + align:start position:0% +what the overall story or big question + + + align:start position:0% +what the overall story or big question +of the video is whether it's whether + + align:start position:0% +of the video is whether it's whether + + + align:start position:0% +of the video is whether it's whether +it's infomercial parody you know horror + + align:start position:0% +it's infomercial parody you know horror + + + align:start position:0% +it's infomercial parody you know horror +at the dentist bub teeth um Teddy bear + + align:start position:0% +at the dentist bub teeth um Teddy bear + + + align:start position:0% +at the dentist bub teeth um Teddy bear +with a creepy smile whatever it ends up + + align:start position:0% +with a creepy smile whatever it ends up + + + align:start position:0% +with a creepy smile whatever it ends up +being + + align:start position:0% +being + + + align:start position:0% +being +um I think the I think you you know + + align:start position:0% +um I think the I think you you know + + + align:start position:0% +um I think the I think you you know +you're absolutely write the challenges + + align:start position:0% +you're absolutely write the challenges + + + align:start position:0% +you're absolutely write the challenges +you know you have the you have you have + + align:start position:0% +you know you have the you have you have + + + align:start position:0% +you know you have the you have you have +one concrete example one really + + align:start position:0% +one concrete example one really + + + align:start position:0% +one concrete example one really +interesting good concrete example uh and + + align:start position:0% +interesting good concrete example uh and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting good concrete example uh and +the question is how to how to get to it + + align:start position:0% +the question is how to how to get to it + + + align:start position:0% +the question is how to how to get to it +in a way that is you know authentic and + + align:start position:0% +in a way that is you know authentic and + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that is you know authentic and +engaging yeah the body morphing concept + + align:start position:0% +engaging yeah the body morphing concept + + + align:start position:0% +engaging yeah the body morphing concept +is very interesting yeah like breaking + + align:start position:0% +is very interesting yeah like breaking + + + align:start position:0% +is very interesting yeah like breaking +oh that's the other one breaking your + + align:start position:0% +oh that's the other one breaking your + + + align:start position:0% +oh that's the other one breaking your +legs and to get taller and stuff the + + align:start position:0% +legs and to get taller and stuff the + + + align:start position:0% +legs and to get taller and stuff the +idea of + + align:start position:0% +idea of + + + align:start position:0% +idea of +like because this is this is a it's a + + align:start position:0% +like because this is this is a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +like because this is this is a it's a +very everyday example of something + + align:start position:0% +very everyday example of something + + + align:start position:0% +very everyday example of something +that's actually like really bizarre of + + align:start position:0% +that's actually like really bizarre of + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually like really bizarre of +us physically altering our own like + + align:start position:0% +us physically altering our own like + + + align:start position:0% +us physically altering our own like +image right for one reason or another + + align:start position:0% +image right for one reason or another + + + align:start position:0% +image right for one reason or another +and people have experimented with like + + align:start position:0% +and people have experimented with like + + + align:start position:0% +and people have experimented with like +you know in certain countries big feet + + align:start position:0% +you know in certain countries big feet + + + align:start position:0% +you know in certain countries big feet +are not attractive and try to like + + align:start position:0% +are not attractive and try to like + + + align:start position:0% +are not attractive and try to like +swaddle their feet in order to protect + + align:start position:0% +swaddle their feet in order to protect + + + align:start position:0% +swaddle their feet in order to protect +them from like women's feet from getting + + align:start position:0% +them from like women's feet from getting + + + align:start position:0% +them from like women's feet from getting +too big or you know and I mean thinking + + align:start position:0% +too big or you know and I mean thinking + + + align:start position:0% +too big or you know and I mean thinking +of what are the ways in which we have + + align:start position:0% +of what are the ways in which we have + + + align:start position:0% +of what are the ways in which we have +either for beauty or for function found + + align:start position:0% +either for beauty or for function found + + + align:start position:0% +either for beauty or for function found +ways to manipulate our physical + + align:start position:0% +ways to manipulate our physical + + + align:start position:0% +ways to manipulate our physical +appearance on a structural or like + + align:start position:0% +appearance on a structural or like + + + align:start position:0% +appearance on a structural or like +cellular level not just on a like going + + align:start position:0% +cellular level not just on a like going + + + align:start position:0% +cellular level not just on a like going +to the plastic surgeon and getting them + + align:start position:0% +to the plastic surgeon and getting them + + + align:start position:0% +to the plastic surgeon and getting them +to fix my nose bar and kind of like you + + align:start position:0% +to fix my nose bar and kind of like you + + + align:start position:0% +to fix my nose bar and kind of like you +know in a weird way some of the some of + + align:start position:0% +know in a weird way some of the some of + + + align:start position:0% +know in a weird way some of the some of +the body modifications + + align:start position:0% +the body modifications + + + align:start position:0% +the body modifications +that we associate with extremism are the + + align:start position:0% +that we associate with extremism are the + + + align:start position:0% +that we associate with extremism are the +easiest like you get a piercing I mean + + align:start position:0% +easiest like you get a piercing I mean + + + align:start position:0% +easiest like you get a piercing I mean +like you know you just that's you're + + align:start position:0% +like you know you just that's you're + + + align:start position:0% +like you know you just that's you're +just driving a nail through your ear so + + align:start position:0% +just driving a nail through your ear so + + + align:start position:0% +just driving a nail through your ear so +what big deal braces which everybody + + align:start position:0% +what big deal braces which everybody + + + align:start position:0% +what big deal braces which everybody +thinks are like you know yeah Everyone + + align:start position:0% +thinks are like you know yeah Everyone + + + align:start position:0% +thinks are like you know yeah Everyone +Gets Braces are actually this incredibly + + align:start position:0% +Gets Braces are actually this incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +Gets Braces are actually this incredibly +complicated biochemical process that's + + align:start position:0% +complicated biochemical process that's + + + align:start position:0% +complicated biochemical process that's +happening that's a a team effort between + + align:start position:0% +happening that's a a team effort between + + + align:start position:0% +happening that's a a team effort between +the hunk of metal in your teeth and your + + align:start position:0% +the hunk of metal in your teeth and your + + + align:start position:0% +the hunk of metal in your teeth and your +body to reshape the only exposed bones + + align:start position:0% +body to reshape the only exposed bones + + + align:start position:0% +body to reshape the only exposed bones +that you have on you you know like that + + align:start position:0% +that you have on you you know like that + + + align:start position:0% +that you have on you you know like that +is and it's more than just Brute Force + + align:start position:0% +is and it's more than just Brute Force + + + align:start position:0% +is and it's more than just Brute Force +pulling them together but you're + + align:start position:0% +pulling them together but you're + + + align:start position:0% +pulling them together but you're +actually like affecting the biochemical + + align:start position:0% +actually like affecting the biochemical + + + align:start position:0% +actually like affecting the biochemical +interactions that are happening within + + align:start position:0% +interactions that are happening within + + + align:start position:0% +interactions that are happening within +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +body I maybe start off with that like + + align:start position:0% +body I maybe start off with that like + + + align:start position:0% +body I maybe start off with that like +say that the common misconception + + align:start position:0% +say that the common misconception + + + align:start position:0% +say that the common misconception +of but until you know where you're going + + align:start position:0% +of but until you know where you're going + + + align:start position:0% +of but until you know where you're going +that doesn't help right so I wonder if + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't help right so I wonder if + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't help right so I wonder if +since it kind of feels we're circling + + align:start position:0% +since it kind of feels we're circling + + + align:start position:0% +since it kind of feels we're circling +that maybe maybe what we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +that maybe maybe what we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe maybe what we need to do is +like either have Andre or all of us come + + align:start position:0% +like either have Andre or all of us come + + + align:start position:0% +like either have Andre or all of us come +up with a couple on our own of like + + align:start position:0% +up with a couple on our own of like + + + align:start position:0% +up with a couple on our own of like +questions that the braces could be the + + align:start position:0% +questions that the braces could be the + + + align:start position:0% +questions that the braces could be the +answer to I think yeah also coming up + + align:start position:0% +answer to I think yeah also coming up + + + align:start position:0% +answer to I think yeah also coming up +with a list of other examples that are + + align:start position:0% +with a list of other examples that are + + + align:start position:0% +with a list of other examples that are +similar yeah and then maybe tomorrow we + + align:start position:0% +similar yeah and then maybe tomorrow we + + + align:start position:0% +similar yeah and then maybe tomorrow we +Circle back and see if we or you know + + align:start position:0% +Circle back and see if we or you know + + + align:start position:0% +Circle back and see if we or you know +can can better better explore this + + align:start position:0% +can can better better explore this + + + align:start position:0% +can can better better explore this +because I don't know that right now + + align:start position:0% +because I don't know that right now + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't know that right now +we're going to get there I mean we have + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get there I mean we have + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get there I mean we have +a lot of options that you can toy with + + align:start position:0% +a lot of options that you can toy with + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of options that you can toy with +the point of the conversation is that + + align:start position:0% +the point of the conversation is that + + + align:start position:0% +the point of the conversation is that +the point of the video shouldn't be this + + align:start position:0% +the point of the video shouldn't be this + + + align:start position:0% +the point of the video shouldn't be this +is how braces work it's a a tool that + + align:start position:0% +is how braces work it's a a tool that + + + align:start position:0% +is how braces work it's a a tool that +you use to reach the bigger point and + + align:start position:0% +you use to reach the bigger point and + + + align:start position:0% +you use to reach the bigger point and +the bigger point is not been established + + align:start position:0% +the bigger point is not been established + + + align:start position:0% +the bigger point is not been established +yet but there are lots of opportunities + + align:start position:0% +yet but there are lots of opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +yet but there are lots of opportunities +that or lots of possibilities that + + align:start position:0% +that or lots of possibilities that + + + align:start position:0% +that or lots of possibilities that +hopefully we've been throwing out and + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we've been throwing out and + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we've been throwing out and +This Thread of like body modification is + + align:start position:0% +This Thread of like body modification is + + + align:start position:0% +This Thread of like body modification is +a different thread than the whole making + + align:start position:0% +a different thread than the whole making + + + align:start position:0% +a different thread than the whole making +the familiar unfamiliar um and I'm not + + align:start position:0% +the familiar unfamiliar um and I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +the familiar unfamiliar um and I'm not +sure that you can address all of them in + + align:start position:0% +sure that you can address all of them in + + + align:start position:0% +sure that you can address all of them in +a single video but they're all possible + + align:start position:0% +a single video but they're all possible + + + align:start position:0% +a single video but they're all possible +options they're all equally viable + + align:start position:0% +options they're all equally viable + + + align:start position:0% +options they're all equally viable +options I would say that on a practical + + align:start position:0% +options I would say that on a practical + + + align:start position:0% +options I would say that on a practical +level how that relates to the script + + align:start position:0% +level how that relates to the script + + + align:start position:0% +level how that relates to the script +that you've written here I mean the + + align:start position:0% +that you've written here I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +that you've written here I mean the +Studies have shown that having a + + align:start position:0% +Studies have shown that having a + + + align:start position:0% +Studies have shown that having a +beautiful smile like that's a sentence + + align:start position:0% +beautiful smile like that's a sentence + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful smile like that's a sentence +that's um sort of explaining why it's + + align:start position:0% +that's um sort of explaining why it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's um sort of explaining why it's +explaining why we get braces but um and + + align:start position:0% +explaining why we get braces but um and + + + align:start position:0% +explaining why we get braces but um and +that's not necessarily a point that I + + align:start position:0% +that's not necessarily a point that I + + + align:start position:0% +that's not necessarily a point that I +think you should eliminate from the + + align:start position:0% +think you should eliminate from the + + + align:start position:0% +think you should eliminate from the +video it's just a point that can come + + align:start position:0% +video it's just a point that can come + + + align:start position:0% +video it's just a point that can come +much much later right that it's a I'd + + align:start position:0% +much much later right that it's a I'd + + + align:start position:0% +much much later right that it's a I'd +actually argue that that's its own video + + align:start position:0% +actually argue that that's its own video + + + align:start position:0% +actually argue that that's its own video +because the the whole I mean the this um + + align:start position:0% +because the the whole I mean the this um + + + align:start position:0% +because the the whole I mean the this um +is kind of this like philosophical point + + align:start position:0% +is kind of this like philosophical point + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of this like philosophical point +that uh you know it raises so many + + align:start position:0% +that uh you know it raises so many + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you know it raises so many +interesting questions like you know like + + align:start position:0% +interesting questions like you know like + + + align:start position:0% +interesting questions like you know like +well how important is a smile to the to + + align:start position:0% +well how important is a smile to the to + + + align:start position:0% +well how important is a smile to the to +you know the rest of your face is is + + align:start position:0% +you know the rest of your face is is + + + align:start position:0% +you know the rest of your face is is +symmetry important you know like is like + + align:start position:0% +symmetry important you know like is like + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry important you know like is like +does it does it really actually make + + align:start position:0% +does it does it really actually make + + + align:start position:0% +does it does it really actually make +people like you more if your teeth are + + align:start position:0% +people like you more if your teeth are + + + align:start position:0% +people like you more if your teeth are +whiter like that so that for me it's + + align:start position:0% +whiter like that so that for me it's + + + align:start position:0% +whiter like that so that for me it's +almost like a psychology yeah it's a + + align:start position:0% +almost like a psychology yeah it's a + + + align:start position:0% +almost like a psychology yeah it's a +whole separate video time has done a + + align:start position:0% +whole separate video time has done a + + + align:start position:0% +whole separate video time has done a +whole bunch of different I think Time + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of different I think Time + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of different I think Time +Magazine has done like a whole series on + + align:start position:0% +Magazine has done like a whole series on + + + align:start position:0% +Magazine has done like a whole series on +beauty and and and sort of the physical + + align:start position:0% +beauty and and and sort of the physical + + + align:start position:0% +beauty and and and sort of the physical +nature of beauty and that I think tons + + align:start position:0% +nature of beauty and that I think tons + + + align:start position:0% +nature of beauty and that I think tons +of popular magazines have really tried + + align:start position:0% +of popular magazines have really tried + + + align:start position:0% +of popular magazines have really tried +to explore this topic I always get + + align:start position:0% +to explore this topic I always get + + + align:start position:0% +to explore this topic I always get +nervous when we say studies too because + + align:start position:0% +nervous when we say studies too because + + + align:start position:0% +nervous when we say studies too because +like the critical scientist in all of us + + align:start position:0% +like the critical scientist in all of us + + + align:start position:0% +like the critical scientist in all of us +is like who right how legit are they and + + align:start position:0% +is like who right how legit are they and + + + align:start position:0% +is like who right how legit are they and +are they at Harvard or are they at you + + align:start position:0% +are they at Harvard or are they at you + + + align:start position:0% +are they at Harvard or are they at you +know podum somewhere and the only person + + align:start position:0% +know podum somewhere and the only person + + + align:start position:0% +know podum somewhere and the only person +in the universe who thinks this so + + align:start position:0% +in the universe who thinks this so + + + align:start position:0% +in the universe who thinks this so +that's just something I always think + + align:start position:0% +that's just something I always think + + + align:start position:0% +that's just something I always think +about but I mean just saying that that + + align:start position:0% +about but I mean just saying that that + + + align:start position:0% +about but I mean just saying that that +sentence you can either get rid of + + align:start position:0% +sentence you can either get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +sentence you can either get rid of +entirely in the open I mean I would get + + align:start position:0% +entirely in the open I mean I would get + + + align:start position:0% +entirely in the open I mean I would get +rid of it entirely in the opening yeah I + + align:start position:0% +rid of it entirely in the opening yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +rid of it entirely in the opening yeah I +think I think like if if if it were me + + align:start position:0% +think I think like if if if it were me + + + align:start position:0% +think I think like if if if it were me +at this point I would want to actually + + align:start position:0% +at this point I would want to actually + + + align:start position:0% +at this point I would want to actually +this is what I tell a lot of people who + + align:start position:0% +this is what I tell a lot of people who + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I tell a lot of people who +come in my lab for a variety of + + align:start position:0% +come in my lab for a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +come in my lab for a variety of +different communication tasks is to + + align:start position:0% +different communication tasks is to + + + align:start position:0% +different communication tasks is to +actually minimize this and not look at + + align:start position:0% +actually minimize this and not look at + + + align:start position:0% +actually minimize this and not look at +it and see if you can come up with an + + align:start position:0% +it and see if you can come up with an + + + align:start position:0% +it and see if you can come up with an +idea that this fits under and then come + + align:start position:0% +idea that this fits under and then come + + + align:start position:0% +idea that this fits under and then come +back to this idea and see if you can + + align:start position:0% +back to this idea and see if you can + + + align:start position:0% +back to this idea and see if you can +somehow repurpose it but the idea of + + align:start position:0% +somehow repurpose it but the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +somehow repurpose it but the idea of +trying to repurpose this without that + + align:start position:0% +trying to repurpose this without that + + + align:start position:0% +trying to repurpose this without that +bigger concept is not really going to + + align:start position:0% +bigger concept is not really going to + + + align:start position:0% +bigger concept is not really going to +allow your mind to to get yeah actually + + align:start position:0% +allow your mind to to get yeah actually + + + align:start position:0% +allow your mind to to get yeah actually +that leads me to another point which is + + align:start position:0% +that leads me to another point which is + + + align:start position:0% +that leads me to another point which is +everyone who's gone today and almost + + align:start position:0% +everyone who's gone today and almost + + + align:start position:0% +everyone who's gone today and almost +certainly the people who have not been + + align:start position:0% +certainly the people who have not been + + + align:start position:0% +certainly the people who have not been +subjected to this horrifying treatment + + align:start position:0% +subjected to this horrifying treatment + + + align:start position:0% +subjected to this horrifying treatment +um uh you will all need to completely + + align:start position:0% +um uh you will all need to completely + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you will all need to completely +rewrite your next draft from scratch so + + align:start position:0% +rewrite your next draft from scratch so + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite your next draft from scratch so +when we say redraft a script we're not + + align:start position:0% +when we say redraft a script we're not + + + align:start position:0% +when we say redraft a script we're not +saying like change a few words here or + + align:start position:0% +saying like change a few words here or + + + align:start position:0% +saying like change a few words here or +there we're saying start with a blank + + align:start position:0% +there we're saying start with a blank + + + align:start position:0% +there we're saying start with a blank +you know Word document and start from + + align:start position:0% +you know Word document and start from + + + align:start position:0% +you know Word document and start from +scratch because otherwise you're going + + align:start position:0% +scratch because otherwise you're going + + + align:start position:0% +scratch because otherwise you're going +to end up with the same all the same + + align:start position:0% +to end up with the same all the same + + + align:start position:0% +to end up with the same all the same +issues that you know we talked about but + + align:start position:0% +issues that you know we talked about but + + + align:start position:0% +issues that you know we talked about but +if you end up loving like a phrase that + + align:start position:0% +if you end up loving like a phrase that + + + align:start position:0% +if you end up loving like a phrase that +you used we can you can do what we call + + align:start position:0% +you used we can you can do what we call + + + align:start position:0% +you used we can you can do what we call +lifting a line which is to just copy and + + align:start position:0% +lifting a line which is to just copy and + + + align:start position:0% +lifting a line which is to just copy and +paste that line once you've got your new + + align:start position:0% +paste that line once you've got your new + + + align:start position:0% +paste that line once you've got your new +structure in place and that that keeps + + align:start position:0% +structure in place and that that keeps + + + align:start position:0% +structure in place and that that keeps +you from sticking to something that + + align:start position:0% +you from sticking to something that + + + align:start position:0% +you from sticking to something that +doesn't really work and trying to step + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really work and trying to step + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really work and trying to step +it into something that's going to work a + + align:start position:0% +it into something that's going to work a + + + align:start position:0% +it into something that's going to work a +little better yeah um keeps your mind + + align:start position:0% +little better yeah um keeps your mind + + + align:start position:0% +little better yeah um keeps your mind +open that way do with rewrite if there's + + align:start position:0% +open that way do with rewrite if there's + + + align:start position:0% +open that way do with rewrite if there's +a line that really sticks with you often + + align:start position:0% +a line that really sticks with you often + + + align:start position:0% +a line that really sticks with you often +times you will just of your own will + + align:start position:0% +times you will just of your own will + + + align:start position:0% +times you will just of your own will +rewrite it you don't even need to copy + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it you don't even need to copy + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it you don't even need to copy +and paste it but um but yeah um we won't + + align:start position:0% +and paste it but um but yeah um we won't + + + align:start position:0% +and paste it but um but yeah um we won't +get a chance to hit everyone's scripts + + align:start position:0% +get a chance to hit everyone's scripts + + + align:start position:0% +get a chance to hit everyone's scripts +today but uh George can stay until 5:00 + + align:start position:0% +today but uh George can stay until 5:00 + + + align:start position:0% +today but uh George can stay until 5:00 +and I can stick around as well um it's + + align:start position:0% +and I can stick around as well um it's + + + align:start position:0% +and I can stick around as well um it's +about 3:30 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hos I have to apologize because I have + + align:start position:0% +hos I have to apologize because I have + + + align:start position:0% +hos I have to apologize because I have +to leave every day at 3:30 to get my son + + align:start position:0% +to leave every day at 3:30 to get my son + + + align:start position:0% +to leave every day at 3:30 to get my son +and so I am sorry this is my moment I + + align:start position:0% +and so I am sorry this is my moment I + + + align:start position:0% +and so I am sorry this is my moment I +have to leave but if any of you need to + + align:start position:0% +have to leave but if any of you need to + + + align:start position:0% +have to leave but if any of you need to +reach me or want to connect with me + + align:start position:0% +reach me or want to connect with me + + + align:start position:0% +reach me or want to connect with me +email I'll totally get back to you + + align:start position:0% +email I'll totally get back to you + + + align:start position:0% +email I'll totally get back to you +tonight but I'm sorry that this is + + align:start position:0% +tonight but I'm sorry that this is + + + align:start position:0% +tonight but I'm sorry that this is +always the moment of the day where I + + align:start position:0% +always the moment of the day where I + + + align:start position:0% +always the moment of the day where I +have to leaveit all right so awesome + + align:start position:0% +have to leaveit all right so awesome + + + align:start position:0% +have to leaveit all right so awesome +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +verybody this is also totally normal + + align:start position:0% +verybody this is also totally normal + + + align:start position:0% +verybody this is also totally normal +process I mean George your script was + + align:start position:0% +process I mean George your script was + + + align:start position:0% +process I mean George your script was +terrible + + align:start position:0% +terrible + + + align:start position:0% +terrible +yeah no we went back and forth actually + + align:start position:0% +yeah no we went back and forth actually + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no we went back and forth actually +three or four times where she kept being + + align:start position:0% +three or four times where she kept being + + + align:start position:0% +three or four times where she kept being +like this is all fascinating information + + align:start position:0% +like this is all fascinating information + + + align:start position:0% +like this is all fascinating information +but what is the point of your script and + + align:start position:0% +but what is the point of your script and + + + align:start position:0% +but what is the point of your script and +as the writer you are the worst person + + align:start position:0% +as the writer you are the worst person + + + align:start position:0% +as the writer you are the worst person +to like objectively assess what the + + align:start position:0% +to like objectively assess what the + + + align:start position:0% +to like objectively assess what the +point of your script is so having other + + align:start position:0% +point of your script is so having other + + + align:start position:0% +point of your script is so having other +people talk about it as helpful and it's + + align:start position:0% +people talk about it as helpful and it's + + + align:start position:0% +people talk about it as helpful and it's +a lot easier to edit someone else's work + + align:start position:0% +a lot easier to edit someone else's work + + + align:start position:0% +a lot easier to edit someone else's work +exists than to come up with it on your + + align:start position:0% +exists than to come up with it on your + + + align:start position:0% +exists than to come up with it on your +own it's totally normal yeah I think we + + align:start position:0% +own it's totally normal yeah I think we + + + align:start position:0% +own it's totally normal yeah I think we +we did eight revisions of my script and + + align:start position:0% +we did eight revisions of my script and + + + align:start position:0% +we did eight revisions of my script and +I'm a professional writer so yeah + + align:start position:0% +I'm a professional writer so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a professional writer so yeah +about defining the point before you get + + align:start position:0% +about defining the point before you get + + + align:start position:0% +about defining the point before you get +started like particular if you're doing + + align:start position:0% +started like particular if you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +started like particular if you're doing +a series you probably want some common + + align:start position:0% +a series you probably want some common + + + align:start position:0% +a series you probably want some common +theme and then each episode has a + + align:start position:0% +theme and then each episode has a + + + align:start position:0% +theme and then each episode has a +particular point or I don't know yeah + + align:start position:0% +particular point or I don't know yeah + + + align:start position:0% +particular point or I don't know yeah +often times you know that you you you + + align:start position:0% +often times you know that you you you + + + align:start position:0% +often times you know that you you you +have a point in your mind when you start + + align:start position:0% +have a point in your mind when you start + + + align:start position:0% +have a point in your mind when you start +writing but then as the scrip script + + align:start position:0% +writing but then as the scrip script + + + align:start position:0% +writing but then as the scrip script +comes out maybe there's a there's a + + align:start position:0% +comes out maybe there's a there's a + + + align:start position:0% +comes out maybe there's a there's a +better point maybe you know you + + align:start position:0% +better point maybe you know you + + + align:start position:0% +better point maybe you know you +discussions like these you you discover + + align:start position:0% +discussions like these you you discover + + + align:start position:0% +discussions like these you you discover +that you know what actually this this + + align:start position:0% +that you know what actually this this + + + align:start position:0% +that you know what actually this this +point that I had was thinking of when I + + align:start position:0% +point that I had was thinking of when I + + + align:start position:0% +point that I had was thinking of when I +wrote the script isn't what I want to + + align:start position:0% +wrote the script isn't what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +wrote the script isn't what I want to +talk about this other point really is um + + align:start position:0% +talk about this other point really is um + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this other point really is um +and that usually happens no matter how + + align:start position:0% +and that usually happens no matter how + + + align:start position:0% +and that usually happens no matter how +diligent you are about like picking the + + align:start position:0% +diligent you are about like picking the + + + align:start position:0% +diligent you are about like picking the +best point that you can before you start + + align:start position:0% +best point that you can before you start + + + align:start position:0% +best point that you can before you start +writing and again it's a slightly + + align:start position:0% +writing and again it's a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +writing and again it's a slightly +different process for like purely + + align:start position:0% +different process for like purely + + + align:start position:0% +different process for like purely +technical instructional like Linda + + align:start position:0% +technical instructional like Linda + + + align:start position:0% +technical instructional like Linda +videos cuz I remember you had emailed me + + align:start position:0% +videos cuz I remember you had emailed me + + + align:start position:0% +videos cuz I remember you had emailed me +about that um I don't know if you guys + + align:start position:0% +about that um I don't know if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +about that um I don't know if you guys +have checked it out yet but we're not + + align:start position:0% +have checked it out yet but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +have checked it out yet but we're not +going to teach like technical how to use + + align:start position:0% +going to teach like technical how to use + + + align:start position:0% +going to teach like technical how to use +Final Cut Pro how to use iMovie but you + + align:start position:0% +Final Cut Pro how to use iMovie but you + + + align:start position:0% +Final Cut Pro how to use iMovie but you +can go on linda.com and all MIT students + + align:start position:0% +can go on linda.com and all MIT students + + + align:start position:0% +can go on linda.com and all MIT students +have access to and they're just purely + + align:start position:0% +have access to and they're just purely + + + align:start position:0% +have access to and they're just purely +technical videos I've listed all the + + align:start position:0% +technical videos I've listed all the + + + align:start position:0% +technical videos I've listed all the +helpful ones in the syllabus um but the + + align:start position:0% +helpful ones in the syllabus um but the + + + align:start position:0% +helpful ones in the syllabus um but the +objective of that is basically like open + + align:start position:0% +objective of that is basically like open + + + align:start position:0% +objective of that is basically like open +your brain dump the information in and + + align:start position:0% +your brain dump the information in and + + + align:start position:0% +your brain dump the information in and +close the brain and I mean that in like + + align:start position:0% +close the brain and I mean that in like + + + align:start position:0% +close the brain and I mean that in like +a very positive way they're very very + + align:start position:0% +a very positive way they're very very + + + align:start position:0% +a very positive way they're very very +good videos um but that's a totally + + align:start position:0% +good videos um but that's a totally + + + align:start position:0% +good videos um but that's a totally +different objective than like maybe + + align:start position:0% +different objective than like maybe + + + align:start position:0% +different objective than like maybe +doing a whole series on um time travel + + align:start position:0% +doing a whole series on um time travel + + + align:start position:0% +doing a whole series on um time travel +because there's so much you can talk + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much you can talk + + + align:start position:0% +because there's so much you can talk +about that right um the objective of a + + align:start position:0% +about that right um the objective of a + + + align:start position:0% +about that right um the objective of a +series on time travel to PE C osity + + align:start position:0% +series on time travel to PE C osity + + + align:start position:0% +series on time travel to PE C osity +among people can also include informing + + align:start position:0% +among people can also include informing + + + align:start position:0% +among people can also include informing +them and transferring knowledge to them + + align:start position:0% +them and transferring knowledge to them + + + align:start position:0% +them and transferring knowledge to them +but it's going to be a very different + + align:start position:0% +but it's going to be a very different + + + align:start position:0% +but it's going to be a very different +scripting + + align:start position:0% +scripting + + + align:start position:0% +scripting +process well I I hesitate to say a very + + align:start position:0% +process well I I hesitate to say a very + + + align:start position:0% +process well I I hesitate to say a very +different scripting process but you know + + align:start position:0% +different scripting process but you know + + + align:start position:0% +different scripting process but you know +um the the priorities that you're going + + align:start position:0% +um the the priorities that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +um the the priorities that you're going +to have are going to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to have are going to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to have are going to be a little bit +different than a Linda series for + + align:start position:0% +different than a Linda series for + + + align:start position:0% +different than a Linda series for +example \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/B7JpJiAGxVc.txt b/B7JpJiAGxVc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5a17729c47617556895918a06c2c97a49c1c847 --- /dev/null +++ b/B7JpJiAGxVc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15619 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay uh thanks so much for being here I + + align:start position:0% +okay uh thanks so much for being here I + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh thanks so much for being here I +know it's a very busy time of the + + align:start position:0% +know it's a very busy time of the + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a very busy time of the +semester um so I'm going to talk a + + align:start position:0% +semester um so I'm going to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +semester um so I'm going to talk a +little bit more uh about search models + + align:start position:0% +little bit more uh about search models + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more uh about search models +uh and I know that Glenn has already + + align:start position:0% +uh and I know that Glenn has already + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I know that Glenn has already +uh introdu you both to the theory side + + align:start position:0% +uh introdu you both to the theory side + + + align:start position:0% +uh introdu you both to the theory side +and some empirics so I'm going to be + + align:start position:0% +and some empirics so I'm going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and some empirics so I'm going to be +brief in in motivating the topic okay + + align:start position:0% +brief in in motivating the topic okay + + + align:start position:0% +brief in in motivating the topic okay +but um so there was a famous uh article + + align:start position:0% +but um so there was a famous uh article + + + align:start position:0% +but um so there was a famous uh article +uh published by dror Stigler in in + + align:start position:0% +uh published by dror Stigler in in + + + align:start position:0% +uh published by dror Stigler in in +1961 uh where he made the observation + + align:start position:0% +1961 uh where he made the observation + + + align:start position:0% +1961 uh where he made the observation +that you know in many markets uh it's + + align:start position:0% +that you know in many markets uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +that you know in many markets uh it's +not the case that you know there's sort + + align:start position:0% +not the case that you know there's sort + + + align:start position:0% +not the case that you know there's sort +of a central marketplace where everybody + + align:start position:0% +of a central marketplace where everybody + + + align:start position:0% +of a central marketplace where everybody +observes the relevant prices but you + + align:start position:0% +observes the relevant prices but you + + + align:start position:0% +observes the relevant prices but you +know often times you actually have to uh + + align:start position:0% +know often times you actually have to uh + + + align:start position:0% +know often times you actually have to uh +uh move around you know go to different + + align:start position:0% +uh move around you know go to different + + + align:start position:0% +uh move around you know go to different +places incur sort of physical search + + align:start position:0% +places incur sort of physical search + + + align:start position:0% +places incur sort of physical search +cost to you know figure out what prices + + align:start position:0% +cost to you know figure out what prices + + + align:start position:0% +cost to you know figure out what prices +are or maybe it's sort of uh uh you know + + align:start position:0% +are or maybe it's sort of uh uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +are or maybe it's sort of uh uh you know +mentally costly to figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +mentally costly to figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +mentally costly to figure out what the +right price is right and so uh that + + align:start position:0% +right price is right and so uh that + + + align:start position:0% +right price is right and so uh that +introduces uh frictions which he termed + + align:start position:0% +introduces uh frictions which he termed + + + align:start position:0% +introduces uh frictions which he termed +uh search okay and so he in this in this + + align:start position:0% +uh search okay and so he in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh search okay and so he in this in this +quote here he says that you know we can + + align:start position:0% +quote here he says that you know we can + + + align:start position:0% +quote here he says that you know we can +look at the dispersion in prices and in + + align:start position:0% +look at the dispersion in prices and in + + + align:start position:0% +look at the dispersion in prices and in +some sense they're a measure of the + + align:start position:0% +some sense they're a measure of the + + + align:start position:0% +some sense they're a measure of the +amount of ignorance uh in the market + + align:start position:0% +amount of ignorance uh in the market + + + align:start position:0% +amount of ignorance uh in the market +okay so so why do we want want to uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so so why do we want want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so why do we want want to uh +look at uh uh look at economic settings + + align:start position:0% +look at uh uh look at economic settings + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh uh look at economic settings +through the lens of a search model well + + align:start position:0% +through the lens of a search model well + + + align:start position:0% +through the lens of a search model well +uh so first of all there's several + + align:start position:0% +uh so first of all there's several + + + align:start position:0% +uh so first of all there's several +positive arguments why we may want to do + + align:start position:0% +positive arguments why we may want to do + + + align:start position:0% +positive arguments why we may want to do +that so first of all you know in many + + align:start position:0% +that so first of all you know in many + + + align:start position:0% +that so first of all you know in many +settings we do see that products that + + align:start position:0% +settings we do see that products that + + + align:start position:0% +settings we do see that products that +are very similar or essentially + + align:start position:0% +are very similar or essentially + + + align:start position:0% +are very similar or essentially +identical are sold for very different + + align:start position:0% +identical are sold for very different + + + align:start position:0% +identical are sold for very different +prices okay and so as researchers we + + align:start position:0% +prices okay and so as researchers we + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay and so as researchers we +would like to make sense of that uh uh + + align:start position:0% +would like to make sense of that uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +would like to make sense of that uh uh +observation how can how can this be okay + + align:start position:0% +observation how can how can this be okay + + + align:start position:0% +observation how can how can this be okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and you know again the uh the uh so one + + align:start position:0% +and you know again the uh the uh so one + + + align:start position:0% +and you know again the uh the uh so one +potential explanation which we will + + align:start position:0% +potential explanation which we will + + + align:start position:0% +potential explanation which we will +explore today empirically is that you + + align:start position:0% +explore today empirically is that you + + + align:start position:0% +explore today empirically is that you +know with search frictions it could be + + align:start position:0% +know with search frictions it could be + + + align:start position:0% +know with search frictions it could be +that that you get a mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +that that you get a mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +that that you get a mixed strategy +pricing equilibrium which leads to + + align:start position:0% +pricing equilibrium which leads to + + + align:start position:0% +pricing equilibrium which leads to +equilibrium price dispersion but then um + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium price dispersion but then um + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium price dispersion but then um +sort of you know in within the theme of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know in within the theme of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know in within the theme of +sort of empirical IO it's also uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of empirical IO it's also uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of empirical IO it's also uh +normatively important so when we + + align:start position:0% +normatively important so when we + + + align:start position:0% +normatively important so when we +quantify let's say welfare in markets + + align:start position:0% +quantify let's say welfare in markets + + + align:start position:0% +quantify let's say welfare in markets +right we might um want to take suchar + + align:start position:0% +right we might um want to take suchar + + + align:start position:0% +right we might um want to take suchar +frictions into account for most because + + align:start position:0% +frictions into account for most because + + + align:start position:0% +frictions into account for most because +they're actually a source of Market + + align:start position:0% +they're actually a source of Market + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually a source of Market +power okay so in IO we we are + + align:start position:0% +power okay so in IO we we are + + + align:start position:0% +power okay so in IO we we are +predominantly concerned with various + + align:start position:0% +predominantly concerned with various + + + align:start position:0% +predominantly concerned with various +ways that that firms gain Market power + + align:start position:0% +ways that that firms gain Market power + + + align:start position:0% +ways that that firms gain Market power +search frictions are one potential + + align:start position:0% +search frictions are one potential + + + align:start position:0% +search frictions are one potential +source of Market + + align:start position:0% +source of Market + + + align:start position:0% +source of Market +power um they also uh depending on how + + align:start position:0% +power um they also uh depending on how + + + align:start position:0% +power um they also uh depending on how +you think about them a social cost okay + + align:start position:0% +you think about them a social cost okay + + + align:start position:0% +you think about them a social cost okay +so if people have to you know engage in + + align:start position:0% +so if people have to you know engage in + + + align:start position:0% +so if people have to you know engage in +wasteful effort to drive around to + + align:start position:0% +wasteful effort to drive around to + + + align:start position:0% +wasteful effort to drive around to +various car dealerships uh to figure out + + align:start position:0% +various car dealerships uh to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +various car dealerships uh to figure out +what the right car prices are right + + align:start position:0% +what the right car prices are right + + + align:start position:0% +what the right car prices are right +that's that's socially costly and uh if + + align:start position:0% +that's that's socially costly and uh if + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's socially costly and uh if +we do welfare calculations we may + + align:start position:0% +we do welfare calculations we may + + + align:start position:0% +we do welfare calculations we may +perhaps want to account for those + + align:start position:0% +perhaps want to account for those + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps want to account for those +costs search costs can also lead to + + align:start position:0% +costs search costs can also lead to + + + align:start position:0% +costs search costs can also lead to +misallocation okay so if you think about + + align:start position:0% +misallocation okay so if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +misallocation okay so if you think about +you're looking for let's say a hotel for + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for let's say a hotel for + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for let's say a hotel for +your vacation or let's say a car or + + align:start position:0% +your vacation or let's say a car or + + + align:start position:0% +your vacation or let's say a car or +something else right you might not in + + align:start position:0% +something else right you might not in + + + align:start position:0% +something else right you might not in +fact find the product that you would + + align:start position:0% +fact find the product that you would + + + align:start position:0% +fact find the product that you would +like to purchase the most at a given + + align:start position:0% +like to purchase the most at a given + + + align:start position:0% +like to purchase the most at a given +price point right and similarly if you + + align:start position:0% +price point right and similarly if you + + + align:start position:0% +price point right and similarly if you +think about a firm let's say purchasing + + align:start position:0% +think about a firm let's say purchasing + + + align:start position:0% +think about a firm let's say purchasing +inputs from A supplier The Firm might + + align:start position:0% +inputs from A supplier The Firm might + + + align:start position:0% +inputs from A supplier The Firm might +not find a supplier that can offer the + + align:start position:0% +not find a supplier that can offer the + + + align:start position:0% +not find a supplier that can offer the +specific product the lowest cost okay + + align:start position:0% +specific product the lowest cost okay + + + align:start position:0% +specific product the lowest cost okay +and so that leads to uh welfare losses + + align:start position:0% +and so that leads to uh welfare losses + + + align:start position:0% +and so that leads to uh welfare losses +uh that uh again we might want to + + align:start position:0% +uh that uh again we might want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh that uh again we might want to +quantify + + align:start position:0% +quantify + + + align:start position:0% +quantify +okay so so this is sort of General um + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is sort of General um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is sort of General um +for the second paper that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +for the second paper that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +for the second paper that I'm going to +discuss today um I will look at markets + + align:start position:0% +discuss today um I will look at markets + + + align:start position:0% +discuss today um I will look at markets +in which prices are not posted but + + align:start position:0% +in which prices are not posted but + + + align:start position:0% +in which prices are not posted but +negotiated and these are very + + align:start position:0% +negotiated and these are very + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated and these are very +interesting markets and we have sort of + + align:start position:0% +interesting markets and we have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting markets and we have sort of +recently much more data uh which allow + + align:start position:0% +recently much more data uh which allow + + + align:start position:0% +recently much more data uh which allow +us to you know make some empirical + + align:start position:0% +us to you know make some empirical + + + align:start position:0% +us to you know make some empirical +progress on these kinds of markets so if + + align:start position:0% +progress on these kinds of markets so if + + + align:start position:0% +progress on these kinds of markets so if +you think uh in many settings right + + align:start position:0% +you think uh in many settings right + + + align:start position:0% +you think uh in many settings right +people negotiate prices with the uh with + + align:start position:0% +people negotiate prices with the uh with + + + align:start position:0% +people negotiate prices with the uh with +the sellers so if you buy a car uh a + + align:start position:0% +the sellers so if you buy a car uh a + + + align:start position:0% +the sellers so if you buy a car uh a +house a mortgage so many many kinds of + + align:start position:0% +house a mortgage so many many kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +house a mortgage so many many kinds of +consumer financial markets have this + + align:start position:0% +consumer financial markets have this + + + align:start position:0% +consumer financial markets have this +feature that prices are uh somehow + + align:start position:0% +feature that prices are uh somehow + + + align:start position:0% +feature that prices are uh somehow +negotiated and you know various kinds of + + align:start position:0% +negotiated and you know various kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated and you know various kinds of +services so if you want to you know if + + align:start position:0% +services so if you want to you know if + + + align:start position:0% +services so if you want to you know if +you uh get a contractor for your home or + + align:start position:0% +you uh get a contractor for your home or + + + align:start position:0% +you uh get a contractor for your home or +let's say a plumber or something like + + align:start position:0% +let's say a plumber or something like + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a plumber or something like +that right so in the these markets it's + + align:start position:0% +that right so in the these markets it's + + + align:start position:0% +that right so in the these markets it's +often times particularly hard for + + align:start position:0% +often times particularly hard for + + + align:start position:0% +often times particularly hard for +consumers to know what is the fair or + + align:start position:0% +consumers to know what is the fair or + + + align:start position:0% +consumers to know what is the fair or +the right price okay because searching + + align:start position:0% +the right price okay because searching + + + align:start position:0% +the right price okay because searching +is particularly costly and you have to + + align:start position:0% +is particularly costly and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +is particularly costly and you have to +go through some process you know and + + align:start position:0% +go through some process you know and + + + align:start position:0% +go through some process you know and +there is often times this sort of + + align:start position:0% +there is often times this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there is often times this sort of +element of ideosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +element of ideosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +element of ideosyncratic +pricing that makes that even more + + align:start position:0% +pricing that makes that even more + + + align:start position:0% +pricing that makes that even more +difficult what makes this also very + + align:start position:0% +difficult what makes this also very + + + align:start position:0% +difficult what makes this also very +interesting and this is something that + + align:start position:0% +interesting and this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and this is something that +we will explore today is that there + + align:start position:0% +we will explore today is that there + + + align:start position:0% +we will explore today is that there +potential uh distributional implications + + align:start position:0% +potential uh distributional implications + + + align:start position:0% +potential uh distributional implications +of pricing and uh policies such as + + align:start position:0% +of pricing and uh policies such as + + + align:start position:0% +of pricing and uh policies such as +mergers that we think about as + + align:start position:0% +mergers that we think about as + + + align:start position:0% +mergers that we think about as +uh as + + align:start position:0% +uh as + + + align:start position:0% +uh as +economists um an empirical challenge + + align:start position:0% +economists um an empirical challenge + + + align:start position:0% +economists um an empirical challenge +that arises when looking at those + + align:start position:0% +that arises when looking at those + + + align:start position:0% +that arises when looking at those +markets is that you know if if sellers + + align:start position:0% +markets is that you know if if sellers + + + align:start position:0% +markets is that you know if if sellers +are quoting different prices to buyers + + align:start position:0% +are quoting different prices to buyers + + + align:start position:0% +are quoting different prices to buyers +right but we only observe the + + align:start position:0% +right but we only observe the + + + align:start position:0% +right but we only observe the +transaction prices right this is a + + align:start position:0% +transaction prices right this is a + + + align:start position:0% +transaction prices right this is a +selected set of + + align:start position:0% +selected set of + + + align:start position:0% +selected set of +prices and so you know we need to know + + align:start position:0% +prices and so you know we need to know + + + align:start position:0% +prices and so you know we need to know +how we can map this back to the prices + + align:start position:0% +how we can map this back to the prices + + + align:start position:0% +how we can map this back to the prices +that are actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +offered okay so here's the here's the + + align:start position:0% +offered okay so here's the here's the + + + align:start position:0% +offered okay so here's the here's the +road map for today uh I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +road map for today uh I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +road map for today uh I'm going to talk +uh first about uh paper it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh first about uh paper it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh first about uh paper it's kind of +conceptually uh very interesting and + + align:start position:0% +conceptually uh very interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually uh very interesting and +ties back to the theory uh uh lecture + + align:start position:0% +ties back to the theory uh uh lecture + + + align:start position:0% +ties back to the theory uh uh lecture +that uh that Glenn held on search um and + + align:start position:0% +that uh that Glenn held on search um and + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that Glenn held on search um and +then um a more sort of empirically + + align:start position:0% +then um a more sort of empirically + + + align:start position:0% +then um a more sort of empirically +oriented applications on mergers and + + align:start position:0% +oriented applications on mergers and + + + align:start position:0% +oriented applications on mergers and +search markets and if I have time I'll + + align:start position:0% +search markets and if I have time I'll + + + align:start position:0% +search markets and if I have time I'll +probably not have too much time I'm also + + align:start position:0% +probably not have too much time I'm also + + + align:start position:0% +probably not have too much time I'm also +going to talk about my drop Market paper + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about my drop Market paper + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about my drop Market paper +for a little bit + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit +okay which is in this space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me talk about uh this paper + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me talk about uh this paper + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me talk about uh this paper +by uh Hong and + + align:start position:0% +by uh Hong and + + + align:start position:0% +by uh Hong and +sham so it's it's really an interesting + + align:start position:0% +sham so it's it's really an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +sham so it's it's really an interesting +exercise uh and you know one thing that + + align:start position:0% +exercise uh and you know one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +exercise uh and you know one thing that +sort of makes it interesting it takes + + align:start position:0% +sort of makes it interesting it takes + + + align:start position:0% +sort of makes it interesting it takes +really this idea that was in stigler's + + align:start position:0% +really this idea that was in stigler's + + + align:start position:0% +really this idea that was in stigler's +quote to the extreme okay so it asks + + align:start position:0% +quote to the extreme okay so it asks + + + align:start position:0% +quote to the extreme okay so it asks +sort of what what can we learn from a + + align:start position:0% +sort of what what can we learn from a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what what can we learn from a +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +distribution um and it imposes um an a + + align:start position:0% +distribution um and it imposes um an a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution um and it imposes um an a +specific equilibrium namely that firms + + align:start position:0% +specific equilibrium namely that firms + + + align:start position:0% +specific equilibrium namely that firms +are playing mix strategy mix strategy + + align:start position:0% +are playing mix strategy mix strategy + + + align:start position:0% +are playing mix strategy mix strategy +pricing okay the model that it builds on + + align:start position:0% +pricing okay the model that it builds on + + + align:start position:0% +pricing okay the model that it builds on +is bat and jut this is uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +is bat and jut this is uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is bat and jut this is uh sort of +conceptually quite close to the style + + align:start position:0% +conceptually quite close to the style + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually quite close to the style +model that you had seen in Glenn's + + align:start position:0% +model that you had seen in Glenn's + + + align:start position:0% +model that you had seen in Glenn's +lecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this data only this paper only uses + + align:start position:0% +okay this data only this paper only uses + + + align:start position:0% +okay this data only this paper only uses +data on + + align:start position:0% +data on + + + align:start position:0% +data on +prices okay no no quantity + + align:start position:0% +prices okay no no quantity + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay no no quantity +data okay and so uh again sort of the + + align:start position:0% +data okay and so uh again sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +data okay and so uh again sort of the +idea here is you know we we take these + + align:start position:0% +idea here is you know we we take these + + + align:start position:0% +idea here is you know we we take these +mixed strategy pricing equilibria very + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy pricing equilibria very + + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy pricing equilibria very +very seriously and see how far this gets + + align:start position:0% +very seriously and see how far this gets + + + align:start position:0% +very seriously and see how far this gets +us empirically and at the end we can + + align:start position:0% +us empirically and at the end we can + + + align:start position:0% +us empirically and at the end we can +discuss a little bit whether you know + + align:start position:0% +discuss a little bit whether you know + + + align:start position:0% +discuss a little bit whether you know +this is is sort of a sensible way to to + + align:start position:0% +this is is sort of a sensible way to to + + + align:start position:0% +this is is sort of a sensible way to to +go about + + align:start position:0% +go about + + + align:start position:0% +go about +this um the other interesting thing that + + align:start position:0% +this um the other interesting thing that + + + align:start position:0% +this um the other interesting thing that +this paper does it it looks at basically + + align:start position:0% +this paper does it it looks at basically + + + align:start position:0% +this paper does it it looks at basically +the same problem with two different + + align:start position:0% +the same problem with two different + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem with two different +models a sequential and a non-sequential + + align:start position:0% +models a sequential and a non-sequential + + + align:start position:0% +models a sequential and a non-sequential +search model and it it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +search model and it it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +search model and it it turns out that +empirically it matters which one you use + + align:start position:0% +empirically it matters which one you use + + + align:start position:0% +empirically it matters which one you use +and I think that's sort of a good + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's sort of a good + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's sort of a good +exercise to go through to think a little + + align:start position:0% +exercise to go through to think a little + + + align:start position:0% +exercise to go through to think a little +bit about you know like you're you're + + align:start position:0% +bit about you know like you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +bit about you know like you're you're +conceptually interested in something + + align:start position:0% +conceptually interested in something + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually interested in something +they different kinds of models uh slight + + align:start position:0% +they different kinds of models uh slight + + + align:start position:0% +they different kinds of models uh slight +variations that you know might allow you + + align:start position:0% +variations that you know might allow you + + + align:start position:0% +variations that you know might allow you +to you know in in some cases recover + + align:start position:0% +to you know in in some cases recover + + + align:start position:0% +to you know in in some cases recover +Primitives better than in other cases + + align:start position:0% +Primitives better than in other cases + + + align:start position:0% +Primitives better than in other cases +right and so I think in that the paper + + align:start position:0% +right and so I think in that the paper + + + align:start position:0% +right and so I think in that the paper +is is quite nice that it it helps you + + align:start position:0% +is is quite nice that it it helps you + + + align:start position:0% +is is quite nice that it it helps you +sort of uh sort through these things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um in this uh in this setting consumers + + align:start position:0% +um in this uh in this setting consumers + + + align:start position:0% +um in this uh in this setting consumers +are taking uh nonsequential so in the in + + align:start position:0% +are taking uh nonsequential so in the in + + + align:start position:0% +are taking uh nonsequential so in the in +the in the first version of the paper + + align:start position:0% +the in the first version of the paper + + + align:start position:0% +the in the first version of the paper +nonsequential + + align:start position:0% +nonsequential + + + align:start position:0% +nonsequential +draws uh from the price distribution so + + align:start position:0% +draws uh from the price distribution so + + + align:start position:0% +draws uh from the price distribution so +they're basically committing X Ane to + + align:start position:0% +they're basically committing X Ane to + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically committing X Ane to +you know l number of + + align:start position:0% +you know l number of + + + align:start position:0% +you know l number of +draws and the way they do this is by + + align:start position:0% +draws and the way they do this is by + + + align:start position:0% +draws and the way they do this is by +minimizing their total cost which is + + align:start position:0% +minimizing their total cost which is + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing their total cost which is +their search cost + + align:start position:0% +their search cost + + + align:start position:0% +their search cost +each consumer has an ideosyncratic cost + + align:start position:0% +each consumer has an ideosyncratic cost + + + align:start position:0% +each consumer has an ideosyncratic cost +for searching that's constant across + + align:start position:0% +for searching that's constant across + + + align:start position:0% +for searching that's constant across +searches uh and then there's an + + align:start position:0% +searches uh and then there's an + + + align:start position:0% +searches uh and then there's an +expected uh price that results from + + align:start position:0% +expected uh price that results from + + + align:start position:0% +expected uh price that results from +taking L draws from the price + + align:start position:0% +taking L draws from the price + + + align:start position:0% +taking L draws from the price +distribution and one of the draws is is + + align:start position:0% +distribution and one of the draws is is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and one of the draws is is +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +free so um so one thing I I should have + + align:start position:0% +free so um so one thing I I should have + + + align:start position:0% +free so um so one thing I I should have +mentioned is that consumers in this + + align:start position:0% +mentioned is that consumers in this + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned is that consumers in this +market um they have uh unit uh in + + align:start position:0% +market um they have uh unit uh in + + + align:start position:0% +market um they have uh unit uh in +elastic demand that means they purchase + + align:start position:0% +elastic demand that means they purchase + + + align:start position:0% +elastic demand that means they purchase +is one product for sure but not more + + align:start position:0% +is one product for sure but not more + + + align:start position:0% +is one product for sure but not more +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um right and so this year is the price + + align:start position:0% +um right and so this year is the price + + + align:start position:0% +um right and so this year is the price +distribution that comes out of the mix + + align:start position:0% +distribution that comes out of the mix + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that comes out of the mix +strategy pricing + + align:start position:0% +strategy pricing + + + align:start position:0% +strategy pricing +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +so again this um this expression here is + + align:start position:0% +so again this um this expression here is + + + align:start position:0% +so again this um this expression here is +um is just uh the expected uh lowest + + align:start position:0% +um is just uh the expected uh lowest + + + align:start position:0% +um is just uh the expected uh lowest +price out of taking L draws + + align:start position:0% +price out of taking L draws + + + align:start position:0% +price out of taking L draws +right any questions about what consumers + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about what consumers + + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about what consumers +are doing + + align:start position:0% +are doing + + + align:start position:0% +are doing +here okay so so how how can we think + + align:start position:0% +here okay so so how how can we think + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so so how how can we think +about this so consumers are comparing + + align:start position:0% +about this so consumers are comparing + + + align:start position:0% +about this so consumers are comparing +the marginal cost of searching which is + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost of searching which is + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost of searching which is +CI to the marginal benefit of searching + + align:start position:0% +CI to the marginal benefit of searching + + + align:start position:0% +CI to the marginal benefit of searching +what is the marginal benefit of + + align:start position:0% +what is the marginal benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the marginal benefit of +searching well it's the you know if I + + align:start position:0% +searching well it's the you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +searching well it's the you know if I +think about going from I to i+1 + + align:start position:0% +think about going from I to i+1 + + + align:start position:0% +think about going from I to i+1 +draws it's you know how much lower the + + align:start position:0% +draws it's you know how much lower the + + + align:start position:0% +draws it's you know how much lower the +price is if I take an extra draw okay so + + align:start position:0% +price is if I take an extra draw okay so + + + align:start position:0% +price is if I take an extra draw okay so +the marginal benefit of searching is the + + align:start position:0% +the marginal benefit of searching is the + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal benefit of searching is the +difference in expected prices from + + align:start position:0% +difference in expected prices from + + + align:start position:0% +difference in expected prices from +taking another draw from the price + + align:start position:0% +taking another draw from the price + + + align:start position:0% +taking another draw from the price +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +okay and so you know they're comparing + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you know they're comparing + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so you know they're comparing +marginal cost and marginal benefit as + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost and marginal benefit as + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost and marginal benefit as +long as the marginal benefit is higher + + align:start position:0% +long as the marginal benefit is higher + + + align:start position:0% +long as the marginal benefit is higher +than the marginal cost the price + + align:start position:0% +than the marginal cost the price + + + align:start position:0% +than the marginal cost the price +reduction they're going to you know + + align:start position:0% +reduction they're going to you know + + + align:start position:0% +reduction they're going to you know +increase the number of draws by + + align:start position:0% +increase the number of draws by + + + align:start position:0% +increase the number of draws by +one okay it's going to be helpful to + + align:start position:0% +one okay it's going to be helpful to + + + align:start position:0% +one okay it's going to be helpful to +keep track of these types here the Delta + + align:start position:0% +keep track of these types here the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of these types here the Delta +I because these are consumer you know + + align:start position:0% +I because these are consumer you know + + + align:start position:0% +I because these are consumer you know +consumers again have heterogeneous + + align:start position:0% +consumers again have heterogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +consumers again have heterogeneous +search cost who is just indifferent + + align:start position:0% +search cost who is just indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +search cost who is just indifferent +between drawing I and i+ 1 times from + + align:start position:0% +between drawing I and i+ 1 times from + + + align:start position:0% +between drawing I and i+ 1 times from +the price + + align:start position:0% +the price + + + align:start position:0% +the price +distribution okay so we get this kind of + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so we get this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so we get this kind of +sequence of of marginal benefits now + + align:start position:0% +sequence of of marginal benefits now + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of of marginal benefits now +with this in mind there's actually a + + align:start position:0% +with this in mind there's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +with this in mind there's actually a +really nice way of uh displaying what uh + + align:start position:0% +really nice way of uh displaying what uh + + + align:start position:0% +really nice way of uh displaying what uh +consumers are doing in this market so + + align:start position:0% +consumers are doing in this market so + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are doing in this market so +this year shows the uh CDF of sorry the + + align:start position:0% +this year shows the uh CDF of sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +this year shows the uh CDF of sorry the +density of the search cost distribution + + align:start position:0% +density of the search cost distribution + + + align:start position:0% +density of the search cost distribution +and consumers are ordered in terms of + + align:start position:0% +and consumers are ordered in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +and consumers are ordered in terms of +how many draws they're taking from the + + align:start position:0% +how many draws they're taking from the + + + align:start position:0% +how many draws they're taking from the +price distribution okay consumers with a + + align:start position:0% +price distribution okay consumers with a + + + align:start position:0% +price distribution okay consumers with a +very high search cost with a very high + + align:start position:0% +very high search cost with a very high + + + align:start position:0% +very high search cost with a very high +search cost they only take their free + + align:start position:0% +search cost they only take their free + + + align:start position:0% +search cost they only take their free +draw okay and as the lower search cost + + align:start position:0% +draw okay and as the lower search cost + + + align:start position:0% +draw okay and as the lower search cost +that take more and more draws from the + + align:start position:0% +that take more and more draws from the + + + align:start position:0% +that take more and more draws from the +price distribution and again these are + + align:start position:0% +price distribution and again these are + + + align:start position:0% +price distribution and again these are +sort of the the indifference types that + + align:start position:0% +sort of the the indifference types that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the the indifference types that +sort of segment these different bins uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of segment these different bins uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of segment these different bins uh +of of the distribution of search cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we get these kind of uh you know Mass + + align:start position:0% +so we get these kind of uh you know Mass + + + align:start position:0% +so we get these kind of uh you know Mass +points of consumers that uh that take uh + + align:start position:0% +points of consumers that uh that take uh + + + align:start position:0% +points of consumers that uh that take uh +ey draws from from the + + align:start position:0% +ey draws from from the + + + align:start position:0% +ey draws from from the +distribution okay so and and we call + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so and and we call + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so and and we call +those Q + + align:start position:0% +those Q + + + align:start position:0% +those Q +Tilda any any questions on this right + + align:start position:0% +Tilda any any questions on this right + + + align:start position:0% +Tilda any any questions on this right +sort of in this direction search costs + + align:start position:0% +sort of in this direction search costs + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in this direction search costs +are increasing right with lower search + + align:start position:0% +are increasing right with lower search + + + align:start position:0% +are increasing right with lower search +cost you're taking more draws from the + + align:start position:0% +cost you're taking more draws from the + + + align:start position:0% +cost you're taking more draws from the +price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution okay so let's now think + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so let's now think + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so let's now think +about uh what firms are doing so this is + + align:start position:0% +about uh what firms are doing so this is + + + align:start position:0% +about uh what firms are doing so this is +again based on uh a model by berett and + + align:start position:0% +again based on uh a model by berett and + + + align:start position:0% +again based on uh a model by berett and +jut from uh + + align:start position:0% +jut from uh + + + align:start position:0% +jut from uh +1983 firms are posting prices + + align:start position:0% +1983 firms are posting prices + + + align:start position:0% +1983 firms are posting prices +here okay and they're doing so + + align:start position:0% +here okay and they're doing so + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and they're doing so +maximizing their + + align:start position:0% +maximizing their + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing their +margin times the probability uh of + + align:start position:0% +margin times the probability uh of + + + align:start position:0% +margin times the probability uh of +selling to a + + align:start position:0% +selling to a + + + align:start position:0% +selling to a +consumer okay um these qas remember + + align:start position:0% +consumer okay um these qas remember + + + align:start position:0% +consumer okay um these qas remember +where you know how many consumers are + + align:start position:0% +where you know how many consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +where you know how many consumers are +taking kraws from the price distribution + + align:start position:0% +taking kraws from the price distribution + + + align:start position:0% +taking kraws from the price distribution +okay so they're Q tiller K of them they + + align:start position:0% +okay so they're Q tiller K of them they + + + align:start position:0% +okay so they're Q tiller K of them they +take K + + align:start position:0% +take K + + + align:start position:0% +take K +draws and I'm selling to them if I'm + + align:start position:0% +draws and I'm selling to them if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +draws and I'm selling to them if I'm +offering them the lowest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +price okay and so again you have to + + align:start position:0% +price okay and so again you have to + + + align:start position:0% +price okay and so again you have to +think of this year as the price + + align:start position:0% +think of this year as the price + + + align:start position:0% +think of this year as the price +distribution that comes out of the mix + + align:start position:0% +distribution that comes out of the mix + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that comes out of the mix +strategy pricing equilibrium okay this + + align:start position:0% +strategy pricing equilibrium okay this + + + align:start position:0% +strategy pricing equilibrium okay this +is a smooth atom list + + align:start position:0% +is a smooth atom list + + + align:start position:0% +is a smooth atom list +distribution uh has some support points + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh has some support points + + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh has some support points +that that will be important in a second + + align:start position:0% +that that will be important in a second + + + align:start position:0% +that that will be important in a second +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so how can we um how can we get some + + align:start position:0% +so how can we um how can we get some + + + align:start position:0% +so how can we um how can we get some +traction on this + + align:start position:0% +traction on this + + + align:start position:0% +traction on this +empirically the Restriction that's that + + align:start position:0% +empirically the Restriction that's that + + + align:start position:0% +empirically the Restriction that's that +we're going to use here is the fact that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use here is the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use here is the fact that +firms have to be + + align:start position:0% +firms have to be + + + align:start position:0% +firms have to be +indifferent between offering all the + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between offering all the + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between offering all the +prices that are in the support of the + + align:start position:0% +prices that are in the support of the + + + align:start position:0% +prices that are in the support of the +price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution okay as is uh you know the + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay as is uh you know the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay as is uh you know the +standard condition in a mixed strategy + + align:start position:0% +standard condition in a mixed strategy + + + align:start position:0% +standard condition in a mixed strategy +pricing equilibrium right every + + align:start position:0% +pricing equilibrium right every + + + align:start position:0% +pricing equilibrium right every +everything that's in the support uh you + + align:start position:0% +everything that's in the support uh you + + + align:start position:0% +everything that's in the support uh you +you you have to be uh indifferent + + align:start position:0% +you you have to be uh indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +you you have to be uh indifferent +between those strategies and so in + + align:start position:0% +between those strategies and so in + + + align:start position:0% +between those strategies and so in +particular firms have to be indifferent + + align:start position:0% +particular firms have to be indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +particular firms have to be indifferent +between offering any price + + align:start position:0% +between offering any price + + + align:start position:0% +between offering any price +p and offering the highest price and + + align:start position:0% +p and offering the highest price and + + + align:start position:0% +p and offering the highest price and +only sell to Consumers that are not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +searching okay so now let's stare at + + align:start position:0% +searching okay so now let's stare at + + + align:start position:0% +searching okay so now let's stare at +this for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second so what are the things that we do + + align:start position:0% +second so what are the things that we do + + + align:start position:0% +second so what are the things that we do +know and what are the things that we do + + align:start position:0% +know and what are the things that we do + + + align:start position:0% +know and what are the things that we do +not know in this + + align:start position:0% +not know in this + + + align:start position:0% +not know in this +equation okay we we we do know the + + align:start position:0% +equation okay we we we do know the + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay we we we do know the +prices again I as I told you earlier you + + align:start position:0% +prices again I as I told you earlier you + + + align:start position:0% +prices again I as I told you earlier you +know they they're studying from the + + align:start position:0% +know they they're studying from the + + + align:start position:0% +know they they're studying from the +assumption that the researcher observes + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the researcher observes + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the researcher observes +prices in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +market uh but we do not know how many + + align:start position:0% +market uh but we do not know how many + + + align:start position:0% +market uh but we do not know how many +consumers are searching how many + + align:start position:0% +consumers are searching how many + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are searching how many +times as well as what the marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +times as well as what the marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +times as well as what the marginal cost +is of + + align:start position:0% +is of + + + align:start position:0% +is of +firms okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this uh gives us + + align:start position:0% +so this uh gives us + + + align:start position:0% +so this uh gives us +conditions um linear equations in fact + + align:start position:0% +conditions um linear equations in fact + + + align:start position:0% +conditions um linear equations in fact +that allow us to figure out what q and R + + align:start position:0% +that allow us to figure out what q and R + + + align:start position:0% +that allow us to figure out what q and R +are okay again we because we observe + + align:start position:0% +are okay again we because we observe + + + align:start position:0% +are okay again we because we observe +prices we can construct this this CDF of + + align:start position:0% +prices we can construct this this CDF of + + + align:start position:0% +prices we can construct this this CDF of +prices here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay so um so as long as we + + align:start position:0% +right okay so um so as long as we + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so um so as long as we +observe more + + align:start position:0% +observe more + + + align:start position:0% +observe more +prices than the maximum number of draws + + align:start position:0% +prices than the maximum number of draws + + + align:start position:0% +prices than the maximum number of draws +that consumers can take in this + + align:start position:0% +that consumers can take in this + + + align:start position:0% +that consumers can take in this +market okay or um we have to observe + + align:start position:0% +market okay or um we have to observe + + + align:start position:0% +market okay or um we have to observe +more prices than k+ one of that okay um + + align:start position:0% +more prices than k+ one of that okay um + + + align:start position:0% +more prices than k+ one of that okay um +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +can build moment conditions or equations + + align:start position:0% +can build moment conditions or equations + + + align:start position:0% +can build moment conditions or equations +from which we simply back out uh these + + align:start position:0% +from which we simply back out uh these + + + align:start position:0% +from which we simply back out uh these +unknown qes and R okay so this just + + align:start position:0% +unknown qes and R okay so this just + + + align:start position:0% +unknown qes and R okay so this just +amounts to basically counting the number + + align:start position:0% +amounts to basically counting the number + + + align:start position:0% +amounts to basically counting the number +of equations + + align:start position:0% +of equations + + + align:start position:0% +of equations +relative to the number of + + align:start position:0% +relative to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the number of +unknowns okay so these are these are + + align:start position:0% +unknowns okay so these are these are + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns okay so these are these are +sets of linear equations the way this + + align:start position:0% +sets of linear equations the way this + + + align:start position:0% +sets of linear equations the way this +actually works in the paper is that um + + align:start position:0% +actually works in the paper is that um + + + align:start position:0% +actually works in the paper is that um +you know you typically are + + align:start position:0% +you know you typically are + + + align:start position:0% +you know you typically are +overidentified because you know uh n + + align:start position:0% +overidentified because you know uh n + + + align:start position:0% +overidentified because you know uh n +minus one is much larger than K and so + + align:start position:0% +minus one is much larger than K and so + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is much larger than K and so +you use let's say a moment based method + + align:start position:0% +you use let's say a moment based method + + + align:start position:0% +you use let's say a moment based method +or in fact in the paper they use + + align:start position:0% +or in fact in the paper they use + + + align:start position:0% +or in fact in the paper they use +empirical likelihood uh to back out uh + + align:start position:0% +empirical likelihood uh to back out uh + + + align:start position:0% +empirical likelihood uh to back out uh +uh these unknowns okay again so what are + + align:start position:0% +uh these unknowns okay again so what are + + + align:start position:0% +uh these unknowns okay again so what are +the unknowns right I have uh K minus one + + align:start position:0% +the unknowns right I have uh K minus one + + + align:start position:0% +the unknowns right I have uh K minus one +of these known cutias remember this was + + align:start position:0% +of these known cutias remember this was + + + align:start position:0% +of these known cutias remember this was +this partition of the search cost + + align:start position:0% +this partition of the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +this partition of the search cost +distribution right and you have uh the + + align:start position:0% +distribution right and you have uh the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right and you have uh the +unobserved marginal cost of firms which + + align:start position:0% +unobserved marginal cost of firms which + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved marginal cost of firms which +is r and assumed to be constant across + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +firms just so a place where sort H and + + align:start position:0% +firms just so a place where sort H and + + + align:start position:0% +firms just so a place where sort H and +some are cheating a little bit is + + align:start position:0% +some are cheating a little bit is + + + align:start position:0% +some are cheating a little bit is +they've got that F of + + align:start position:0% +they've got that F of + + + align:start position:0% +they've got that F of +Pi the CDF evaluated in pi and there a + + align:start position:0% +Pi the CDF evaluated in pi and there a + + + align:start position:0% +Pi the CDF evaluated in pi and there a +setting that CDF valuated Pi the + + align:start position:0% +setting that CDF valuated Pi the + + + align:start position:0% +setting that CDF valuated Pi the +empirical CDF evaluated at Pi so it's as + + align:start position:0% +empirical CDF evaluated at Pi so it's as + + + align:start position:0% +empirical CDF evaluated at Pi so it's as +if it's not the prices are drawn from a + + align:start position:0% +if it's not the prices are drawn from a + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not the prices are drawn from a +distribution they're assuming that that + + align:start position:0% +distribution they're assuming that that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution they're assuming that that +is the true CDF at every observed price + + align:start position:0% +is the true CDF at every observed price + + + align:start position:0% +is the true CDF at every observed price +the number of prices less than the right + + align:start position:0% +the number of prices less than the right + + + align:start position:0% +the number of prices less than the right +and that that's where their in equations + + align:start position:0% +and that that's where their in equations + + + align:start position:0% +and that that's where their in equations +come from because at every observed + + align:start position:0% +come from because at every observed + + + align:start position:0% +come from because at every observed +price they assume they know F + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at yeah I'll I'll come back to this + + align:start position:0% +at yeah I'll I'll come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +at yeah I'll I'll come back to this +because if you if you actually look at + + align:start position:0% +because if you if you actually look at + + + align:start position:0% +because if you if you actually look at +the price distribution they look sort of + + align:start position:0% +the price distribution they look sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the price distribution they look sort of +a little bit uh you know funny they have + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh you know funny they have + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh you know funny they have +mass points and + + align:start position:0% +mass points and + + + align:start position:0% +mass points and +so you know it doesn't look super + + align:start position:0% +so you know it doesn't look super + + + align:start position:0% +so you know it doesn't look super +consistent with sort of an atom atomless + + align:start position:0% +consistent with sort of an atom atomless + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with sort of an atom atomless +kind of smooth price + + align:start position:0% +kind of smooth price + + + align:start position:0% +kind of smooth price +distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay uh so so you know the the the + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh so so you know the the the + + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh so so you know the the the +bottom line here is that you know we can + + align:start position:0% +bottom line here is that you know we can + + + align:start position:0% +bottom line here is that you know we can +uh you know as long as we have more + + align:start position:0% +uh you know as long as we have more + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know as long as we have more +observed prices then K and you know they + + align:start position:0% +observed prices then K and you know they + + + align:start position:0% +observed prices then K and you know they +haven't really told us where K is coming + + align:start position:0% +haven't really told us where K is coming + + + align:start position:0% +haven't really told us where K is coming +from I'm going to talk about this uh + + align:start position:0% +from I'm going to talk about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +from I'm going to talk about this uh +later on right but as long as n minus + + align:start position:0% +later on right but as long as n minus + + + align:start position:0% +later on right but as long as n minus +one is larger than the the maximum + + align:start position:0% +one is larger than the the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +one is larger than the the maximum +number of draws that consumers can take + + align:start position:0% +number of draws that consumers can take + + + align:start position:0% +number of draws that consumers can take +you can sort of use these uh uh these + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of use these uh uh these + + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of use these uh uh these +equations here and simply solve a system + + align:start position:0% +equations here and simply solve a system + + + align:start position:0% +equations here and simply solve a system +of equations for these unknowns okay + + align:start position:0% +of equations for these unknowns okay + + + align:start position:0% +of equations for these unknowns okay +then again practically uh this is is + + align:start position:0% +then again practically uh this is is + + + align:start position:0% +then again practically uh this is is +going to boil down to a moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition okay so um let's now move to + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so um let's now move to + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so um let's now move to +the sequential search model the + + align:start position:0% +the sequential search model the + + + align:start position:0% +the sequential search model the +sequential search model um is using um a + + align:start position:0% +sequential search model um is using um a + + + align:start position:0% +sequential search model um is using um a +solution that you might see might have + + align:start position:0% +solution that you might see might have + + + align:start position:0% +solution that you might see might have +seen from let's say the mall model I'm + + align:start position:0% +seen from let's say the mall model I'm + + + align:start position:0% +seen from let's say the mall model I'm +assuming you have seen uh the labor + + align:start position:0% +assuming you have seen uh the labor + + + align:start position:0% +assuming you have seen uh the labor +search Mall model in in macro or + + align:start position:0% +search Mall model in in macro or + + + align:start position:0% +search Mall model in in macro or +somewhere but let me kind of remind you + + align:start position:0% +somewhere but let me kind of remind you + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere but let me kind of remind you +how this works okay so instead of a + + align:start position:0% +how this works okay so instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +how this works okay so instead of a +committing exante to a certain number of + + align:start position:0% +committing exante to a certain number of + + + align:start position:0% +committing exante to a certain number of +draws from from the price distribution + + align:start position:0% +draws from from the price distribution + + + align:start position:0% +draws from from the price distribution +you're going to you know draw draw a + + align:start position:0% +you're going to you know draw draw a + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to you know draw draw a +price and decide whether or not to draw + + align:start position:0% +price and decide whether or not to draw + + + align:start position:0% +price and decide whether or not to draw +again okay and uh how do you make this + + align:start position:0% +again okay and uh how do you make this + + + align:start position:0% +again okay and uh how do you make this +decision well um the the typical + + align:start position:0% +decision well um the the typical + + + align:start position:0% +decision well um the the typical +solution to this kind of problem is a + + align:start position:0% +solution to this kind of problem is a + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this kind of problem is a +cutoff rule so there's a reservation + + align:start position:0% +cutoff rule so there's a reservation + + + align:start position:0% +cutoff rule so there's a reservation +price as long as your the prices that + + align:start position:0% +price as long as your the prices that + + + align:start position:0% +price as long as your the prices that +you're drawing from the price + + align:start position:0% +you're drawing from the price + + + align:start position:0% +you're drawing from the price +distribution are higher than the + + align:start position:0% +distribution are higher than the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution are higher than the +reservation price you keep on searching + + align:start position:0% +reservation price you keep on searching + + + align:start position:0% +reservation price you keep on searching +but once it falls you know uh below that + + align:start position:0% +but once it falls you know uh below that + + + align:start position:0% +but once it falls you know uh below that +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +stop okay and so now the question is how + + align:start position:0% +stop okay and so now the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +stop okay and so now the question is how +do you actually set this uh this + + align:start position:0% +do you actually set this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +do you actually set this uh this +reservation value right and so here + + align:start position:0% +reservation value right and so here + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value right and so here +again the same idea as before you're + + align:start position:0% +again the same idea as before you're + + + align:start position:0% +again the same idea as before you're +thinking about what is the marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what is the marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what is the marginal cost +of searching again this is constant and + + align:start position:0% +of searching again this is constant and + + + align:start position:0% +of searching again this is constant and +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +CI right and what is the the marginal + + align:start position:0% +CI right and what is the the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +CI right and what is the the marginal +benefit of + + align:start position:0% +benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of +searching which is basically you know + + align:start position:0% +searching which is basically you know + + + align:start position:0% +searching which is basically you know +the weighted average of price + + align:start position:0% +the weighted average of price + + + align:start position:0% +the weighted average of price +improvements that I could + + align:start position:0% +improvements that I could + + + align:start position:0% +improvements that I could +get where Z is my reservation value + + align:start position:0% +get where Z is my reservation value + + + align:start position:0% +get where Z is my reservation value +again this is implicitly a function of + + align:start position:0% +again this is implicitly a function of + + + align:start position:0% +again this is implicitly a function of +my uh search + + align:start position:0% +my uh search + + + align:start position:0% +my uh search +cost okay and so you get this this sort + + align:start position:0% +cost okay and so you get this this sort + + + align:start position:0% +cost okay and so you get this this sort +of weighted average of price + + align:start position:0% +of weighted average of price + + + align:start position:0% +of weighted average of price +improvements this this here is the + + align:start position:0% +improvements this this here is the + + + align:start position:0% +improvements this this here is the +marginal benefit of searching and CI the + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of searching and CI the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of searching and CI the +marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost +okay so Z is set so such that these two + + align:start position:0% +okay so Z is set so such that these two + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Z is set so such that these two +are equal to each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other is does + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody uh may I ask have you seen the + + align:start position:0% +everybody uh may I ask have you seen the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody uh may I ask have you seen the +meall model or + + align:start position:0% +meall model or + + + align:start position:0% +meall model or +yeah some some of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you okay so so w with with this + + align:start position:0% +you okay so so w with with this + + + align:start position:0% +you okay so so w with with this +solution it turns out the + + align:start position:0% +solution it turns out the + + + align:start position:0% +solution it turns out the +um uh it turns out that empirically you + + align:start position:0% +um uh it turns out that empirically you + + + align:start position:0% +um uh it turns out that empirically you +can uh make make much less progress uh + + align:start position:0% +can uh make make much less progress uh + + + align:start position:0% +can uh make make much less progress uh +and in fact not rely on the same + + align:start position:0% +and in fact not rely on the same + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact not rely on the same +argument as we did before okay so um why + + align:start position:0% +argument as we did before okay so um why + + + align:start position:0% +argument as we did before okay so um why +is that the case so first let's think + + align:start position:0% +is that the case so first let's think + + + align:start position:0% +is that the case so first let's think +about um the reservation prices so one + + align:start position:0% +about um the reservation prices so one + + + align:start position:0% +about um the reservation prices so one +thing that's different here right is + + align:start position:0% +thing that's different here right is + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's different here right is +that beforehand we had this sort of + + align:start position:0% +that beforehand we had this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that beforehand we had this sort of +discrete number of things that consumers + + align:start position:0% +discrete number of things that consumers + + + align:start position:0% +discrete number of things that consumers +could do right so they were taking uh + + align:start position:0% +could do right so they were taking uh + + + align:start position:0% +could do right so they were taking uh +you know a continuous draw on the price + + align:start position:0% +you know a continuous draw on the price + + + align:start position:0% +you know a continuous draw on the price +from the search cost distribution right + + align:start position:0% +from the search cost distribution right + + + align:start position:0% +from the search cost distribution right +but uh but still in the end there are + + align:start position:0% +but uh but still in the end there are + + + align:start position:0% +but uh but still in the end there are +only finitely many things that they + + align:start position:0% +only finitely many things that they + + + align:start position:0% +only finitely many things that they +could do right so you get these kind of + + align:start position:0% +could do right so you get these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +could do right so you get these kind of +bins of uh of the search cost + + align:start position:0% +bins of uh of the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +bins of uh of the search cost +distribution and we were identifying + + align:start position:0% +distribution and we were identifying + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and we were identifying +these bins okay + + align:start position:0% +these bins okay + + + align:start position:0% +these bins okay +here what is different is that the + + align:start position:0% +here what is different is that the + + + align:start position:0% +here what is different is that the +optimal + + align:start position:0% +optimal + + + align:start position:0% +optimal +strategy right is a function of CI and + + align:start position:0% +strategy right is a function of CI and + + + align:start position:0% +strategy right is a function of CI and +every unique suchar cost type has a + + align:start position:0% +every unique suchar cost type has a + + + align:start position:0% +every unique suchar cost type has a +unique reservation value strategy + + align:start position:0% +unique reservation value strategy + + + align:start position:0% +unique reservation value strategy +right except for those that that + + align:start position:0% +right except for those that that + + + align:start position:0% +right except for those that that +potentially bunch at the top okay so if + + align:start position:0% +potentially bunch at the top okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +potentially bunch at the top okay so if +you have a higher uh higher reservation + + align:start position:0% +you have a higher uh higher reservation + + + align:start position:0% +you have a higher uh higher reservation +value than the highest possible price in + + align:start position:0% +value than the highest possible price in + + + align:start position:0% +value than the highest possible price in +the support of the price distribution + + align:start position:0% +the support of the price distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the support of the price distribution +right then of course you stop searching + + align:start position:0% +right then of course you stop searching + + + align:start position:0% +right then of course you stop searching +when you when you reach uh when you draw + + align:start position:0% +when you when you reach uh when you draw + + + align:start position:0% +when you when you reach uh when you draw +P bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now let's think about the demand + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's think about the demand + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's think about the demand +of firms uh with uh with this kind of + + align:start position:0% +of firms uh with uh with this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of firms uh with uh with this kind of +strategy um so S4 we can construct in + + align:start position:0% +strategy um so S4 we can construct in + + + align:start position:0% +strategy um so S4 we can construct in +difference conditions okay so what is + + align:start position:0% +difference conditions okay so what is + + + align:start position:0% +difference conditions okay so what is +the demand of a firm uh I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the demand of a firm uh I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the demand of a firm uh I'm going to +sell only to Consumers that have a + + align:start position:0% +sell only to Consumers that have a + + + align:start position:0% +sell only to Consumers that have a +reservation value higher than the price + + align:start position:0% +reservation value higher than the price + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value higher than the price +P that I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +setting + + align:start position:0% +setting + + + align:start position:0% +setting +right so the demand is proportional to + + align:start position:0% +right so the demand is proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +right so the demand is proportional to +the mass of consumers above the price P + + align:start position:0% +the mass of consumers above the price P + + + align:start position:0% +the mass of consumers above the price P +that I that I include okay uh that I + + align:start position:0% +that I that I include okay uh that I + + + align:start position:0% +that I that I include okay uh that I +charge okay so now um again we can try + + align:start position:0% +charge okay so now um again we can try + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay so now um again we can try +and construct these indifference + + align:start position:0% +and construct these indifference + + + align:start position:0% +and construct these indifference +conditions uh for any given price + + align:start position:0% +conditions uh for any given price + + + align:start position:0% +conditions uh for any given price +PI right firms need to be indifferent + + align:start position:0% +PI right firms need to be indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +PI right firms need to be indifferent +between charging that price reaching + + align:start position:0% +between charging that price reaching + + + align:start position:0% +between charging that price reaching +consumers only above that that have a + + align:start position:0% +consumers only above that that have a + + + align:start position:0% +consumers only above that that have a +reservation value above that price and + + align:start position:0% +reservation value above that price and + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value above that price and +uh and and um the the maximum possible + + align:start position:0% +uh and and um the the maximum possible + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and um the the maximum possible +price and the support of the price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution can you kind of see what + + align:start position:0% +distribution can you kind of see what + + + align:start position:0% +distribution can you kind of see what +what the issue here + + align:start position:0% +what the issue here + + + align:start position:0% +what the issue here +is okay so the problem is we a sort of + + align:start position:0% +is okay so the problem is we a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so the problem is we a sort of +incidental parameter problem right for + + align:start position:0% +incidental parameter problem right for + + + align:start position:0% +incidental parameter problem right for +any new uh for any new of those + + align:start position:0% +any new uh for any new of those + + + align:start position:0% +any new uh for any new of those +indifference conditions that I introduce + + align:start position:0% +indifference conditions that I introduce + + + align:start position:0% +indifference conditions that I introduce +right I'm also introducing a new unknown + + align:start position:0% +right I'm also introducing a new unknown + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm also introducing a new unknown +which is the mass of consumers above + + align:start position:0% +which is the mass of consumers above + + + align:start position:0% +which is the mass of consumers above +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +right so in other words you know this + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words you know this + + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words you know this +sort of simple moment counting versus uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of simple moment counting versus uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of simple moment counting versus uh +uh unknowns no longer works because I + + align:start position:0% +uh unknowns no longer works because I + + + align:start position:0% +uh unknowns no longer works because I +have n plus one + + align:start position:0% +have n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +have n plus one +unknowns right the mass of consumers + + align:start position:0% +unknowns right the mass of consumers + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns right the mass of consumers +below uh pi and also the unknown cost of + + align:start position:0% +below uh pi and also the unknown cost of + + + align:start position:0% +below uh pi and also the unknown cost of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +firm but I have n minus one in + + align:start position:0% +firm but I have n minus one in + + + align:start position:0% +firm but I have n minus one in +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +conditions so uh so basically you know + + align:start position:0% +conditions so uh so basically you know + + + align:start position:0% +conditions so uh so basically you know +we can no longer use the this argument + + align:start position:0% +we can no longer use the this argument + + + align:start position:0% +we can no longer use the this argument +so in the paper they say you know to + + align:start position:0% +so in the paper they say you know to + + + align:start position:0% +so in the paper they say you know to +non-parametrically identify the search + + align:start position:0% +non-parametrically identify the search + + + align:start position:0% +non-parametrically identify the search +cost distribution you know in the + + align:start position:0% +cost distribution you know in the + + + align:start position:0% +cost distribution you know in the +previous case we also didn't quite + + align:start position:0% +previous case we also didn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +previous case we also didn't quite +non-parametrically identify the search + + align:start position:0% +non-parametrically identify the search + + + align:start position:0% +non-parametrically identify the search +cost distribution because we only got + + align:start position:0% +cost distribution because we only got + + + align:start position:0% +cost distribution because we only got +this sort of partition right into into + + align:start position:0% +this sort of partition right into into + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of partition right into into +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +bins um uh but here we we basically you + + align:start position:0% +bins um uh but here we we basically you + + + align:start position:0% +bins um uh but here we we basically you +know with with this strategy can't learn + + align:start position:0% +know with with this strategy can't learn + + + align:start position:0% +know with with this strategy can't learn +anything about the search cost + + align:start position:0% +anything about the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +anything about the search cost +distribution unless we're willing to + + align:start position:0% +distribution unless we're willing to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution unless we're willing to +impose uh some parametric form okay and + + align:start position:0% +impose uh some parametric form okay and + + + align:start position:0% +impose uh some parametric form okay and +so that's what they're going to do in + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they're going to do in + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what they're going to do in +the end they basically assume that um + + align:start position:0% +the end they basically assume that um + + + align:start position:0% +the end they basically assume that um +that the search cost distribution takes + + align:start position:0% +that the search cost distribution takes + + + align:start position:0% +that the search cost distribution takes +on a specific uh parametric distribution + + align:start position:0% +on a specific uh parametric distribution + + + align:start position:0% +on a specific uh parametric distribution +right and then simply estimate it based + + align:start position:0% +right and then simply estimate it based + + + align:start position:0% +right and then simply estimate it based +off of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so so this comes uh back to Glen + + align:start position:0% +that so so this comes uh back to Glen + + + align:start position:0% +that so so this comes uh back to Glen +Point what is the application here the + + align:start position:0% +Point what is the application here the + + + align:start position:0% +Point what is the application here the +application is uh you know perhaps not + + align:start position:0% +application is uh you know perhaps not + + + align:start position:0% +application is uh you know perhaps not +the most inspiring but you know maybe in + + align:start position:0% +the most inspiring but you know maybe in + + + align:start position:0% +the most inspiring but you know maybe in +In This Crowd which is the uh you know + + align:start position:0% +In This Crowd which is the uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +In This Crowd which is the uh you know +different sets of uh econ gradate + + align:start position:0% +different sets of uh econ gradate + + + align:start position:0% +different sets of uh econ gradate +textbooks so stoky Lucas Lazer you know + + align:start position:0% +textbooks so stoky Lucas Lazer you know + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks so stoky Lucas Lazer you know +binkle probability and measure so if you + + align:start position:0% +binkle probability and measure so if you + + + align:start position:0% +binkle probability and measure so if you +sort of stare at these price + + align:start position:0% +sort of stare at these price + + + align:start position:0% +sort of stare at these price +distributions you know you can ask + + align:start position:0% +distributions you know you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +distributions you know you can ask +yourself whether you think it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +yourself whether you think it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +yourself whether you think it's sort of +plausible that these are coming out of + + align:start position:0% +plausible that these are coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +plausible that these are coming out of +you know this mixed strategy pricing + + align:start position:0% +you know this mixed strategy pricing + + + align:start position:0% +you know this mixed strategy pricing +equilibrium so one thing that I for + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so one thing that I for + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so one thing that I for +example find somewhat curious right is + + align:start position:0% +example find somewhat curious right is + + + align:start position:0% +example find somewhat curious right is +that you know you get these sort of very + + align:start position:0% +that you know you get these sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you get these sort of very +large mass points here right and that + + align:start position:0% +large mass points here right and that + + + align:start position:0% +large mass points here right and that +that you know remember from from sty but + + align:start position:0% +that you know remember from from sty but + + + align:start position:0% +that you know remember from from sty but +also from for that and jut right we + + align:start position:0% +also from for that and jut right we + + + align:start position:0% +also from for that and jut right we +would expect sort of an atomless smooth + + align:start position:0% +would expect sort of an atomless smooth + + + align:start position:0% +would expect sort of an atomless smooth +distribution of + + align:start position:0% +distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of +prices right so yeah + + align:start position:0% +prices right so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +prices right so yeah +um let me show you some of the + + align:start position:0% +um let me show you some of the + + + align:start position:0% +um let me show you some of the +results um so so first they have to + + align:start position:0% +results um so so first they have to + + + align:start position:0% +results um so so first they have to +figure out what K is remember K was the + + align:start position:0% +figure out what K is remember K was the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what K is remember K was the +number of draws from the the maximum + + align:start position:0% +number of draws from the the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +number of draws from the the maximum +number of draws that consumers take from + + align:start position:0% +number of draws that consumers take from + + + align:start position:0% +number of draws that consumers take from +the price distribution the way they do + + align:start position:0% +the price distribution the way they do + + + align:start position:0% +the price distribution the way they do +this is somewhat hacky they basically + + align:start position:0% +this is somewhat hacky they basically + + + align:start position:0% +this is somewhat hacky they basically +just uh you know look at you know what + + align:start position:0% +just uh you know look at you know what + + + align:start position:0% +just uh you know look at you know what +is the highest k for which my model + + align:start position:0% +is the highest k for which my model + + + align:start position:0% +is the highest k for which my model +converges right so estimate uh the model + + align:start position:0% +converges right so estimate uh the model + + + align:start position:0% +converges right so estimate uh the model +with that and so one striking thing that + + align:start position:0% +with that and so one striking thing that + + + align:start position:0% +with that and so one striking thing that +they find is that you know for most of + + align:start position:0% +they find is that you know for most of + + + align:start position:0% +they find is that you know for most of +these uh different markets + + align:start position:0% +these uh different markets + + + align:start position:0% +these uh different markets +consumers uh or you know sort of the + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh or you know sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh or you know sort of the +average consumer only searches once okay + + align:start position:0% +average consumer only searches once okay + + + align:start position:0% +average consumer only searches once okay +so about 50% of consumers only take one + + align:start position:0% +so about 50% of consumers only take one + + + align:start position:0% +so about 50% of consumers only take one +draw from the price + + align:start position:0% +draw from the price + + + align:start position:0% +draw from the price +distribution and in fact you know only + + align:start position:0% +distribution and in fact you know only + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and in fact you know only +for one of the tax books L there you + + align:start position:0% +for one of the tax books L there you + + + align:start position:0% +for one of the tax books L there you +actually have um you know consumers that + + align:start position:0% +actually have um you know consumers that + + + align:start position:0% +actually have um you know consumers that +take three draws from the price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +so you know if you sort of think about + + align:start position:0% +so you know if you sort of think about + + + align:start position:0% +so you know if you sort of think about +this here one potential issue with + + align:start position:0% +this here one potential issue with + + + align:start position:0% +this here one potential issue with +having you know 50% of consumers only + + align:start position:0% +having you know 50% of consumers only + + + align:start position:0% +having you know 50% of consumers only +searching once which remember the cut + + align:start position:0% +searching once which remember the cut + + + align:start position:0% +searching once which remember the cut +you know you get these cut off points + + align:start position:0% +you know you get these cut off points + + + align:start position:0% +you know you get these cut off points +for consumers right let me just sort of + + align:start position:0% +for consumers right let me just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +for consumers right let me just sort of +go back to this briefly to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +go back to this briefly to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +go back to this briefly to illustrate +this point right + + align:start position:0% +this point right + + + align:start position:0% +this point right +so what I'm identifying here right are + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm identifying here right are + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm identifying here right are +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +partitions right so I'm getting out of + + align:start position:0% +partitions right so I'm getting out of + + + align:start position:0% +partitions right so I'm getting out of +the model a partition of the search cost + + align:start position:0% +the model a partition of the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +the model a partition of the search cost +distribution now if let's say Delta 1 + + align:start position:0% +distribution now if let's say Delta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +distribution now if let's say Delta 1 +lies very very + + align:start position:0% +lies very very + + + align:start position:0% +lies very very +low right and most consumers only search + + align:start position:0% +low right and most consumers only search + + + align:start position:0% +low right and most consumers only search +Once right then you know I don't + + align:start position:0% +Once right then you know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +Once right then you know I don't +actually learn all that much about the + + align:start position:0% +actually learn all that much about the + + + align:start position:0% +actually learn all that much about the +price distribution above that point + + align:start position:0% +price distribution above that point + + + align:start position:0% +price distribution above that point +about the search cost distribution above + + align:start position:0% +about the search cost distribution above + + + align:start position:0% +about the search cost distribution above +that point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so so the the the problem right is + + align:start position:0% +right so so the the the problem right is + + + align:start position:0% +right so so the the the problem right is +that what we're really recovering here + + align:start position:0% +that what we're really recovering here + + + align:start position:0% +that what we're really recovering here +is not a + + align:start position:0% +is not a + + + align:start position:0% +is not a +primitive but uh an endogenous object + + align:start position:0% +primitive but uh an endogenous object + + + align:start position:0% +primitive but uh an endogenous object +which is this the search strategy of + + align:start position:0% +which is this the search strategy of + + + align:start position:0% +which is this the search strategy of +consumers right and so we have to sort + + align:start position:0% +consumers right and so we have to sort + + + align:start position:0% +consumers right and so we have to sort +of in some sense cross our fingers and + + align:start position:0% +of in some sense cross our fingers and + + + align:start position:0% +of in some sense cross our fingers and +hope that you know you know how + + align:start position:0% +hope that you know you know how + + + align:start position:0% +hope that you know you know how +consumers are searching in the market + + align:start position:0% +consumers are searching in the market + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are searching in the market +tells us enough about the search cost + + align:start position:0% +tells us enough about the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +tells us enough about the search cost +distribution right but it could just be + + align:start position:0% +distribution right but it could just be + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right but it could just be +that you know + + align:start position:0% +that you know + + + align:start position:0% +that you know +most consumers don't search at all and + + align:start position:0% +most consumers don't search at all and + + + align:start position:0% +most consumers don't search at all and +then I don't really learn + + align:start position:0% +then I don't really learn + + + align:start position:0% +then I don't really learn +anything so that's kind of one one + + align:start position:0% +anything so that's kind of one one + + + align:start position:0% +anything so that's kind of one one +potential shortcoming uh of this + + align:start position:0% +potential shortcoming uh of this + + + align:start position:0% +potential shortcoming uh of this +approach is that you know we sort of you + + align:start position:0% +approach is that you know we sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +approach is that you know we sort of you +know this identification argument + + align:start position:0% +know this identification argument + + + align:start position:0% +know this identification argument +doesn't sort of directly map to the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't sort of directly map to the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't sort of directly map to the +distribution but it maps to you know + + align:start position:0% +distribution but it maps to you know + + + align:start position:0% +distribution but it maps to you know +what consumers are doing in the + + align:start position:0% +what consumers are doing in the + + + align:start position:0% +what consumers are doing in the +market if you sort of think uh about + + align:start position:0% +market if you sort of think uh about + + + align:start position:0% +market if you sort of think uh about +this paper and you know let me sort of + + align:start position:0% +this paper and you know let me sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this paper and you know let me sort of +comment a little bit on this you know + + align:start position:0% +comment a little bit on this you know + + + align:start position:0% +comment a little bit on this you know +this is of + + align:start position:0% +this is of + + + align:start position:0% +this is of +course you know if you think about the + + align:start position:0% +course you know if you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +course you know if you think about the +exercise just using price data is sort + + align:start position:0% +exercise just using price data is sort + + + align:start position:0% +exercise just using price data is sort +of a somewhat uh you know heroic + + align:start position:0% +of a somewhat uh you know heroic + + + align:start position:0% +of a somewhat uh you know heroic +exercise um and you sort of have to + + align:start position:0% +exercise um and you sort of have to + + + align:start position:0% +exercise um and you sort of have to +think about this as being you know this + + align:start position:0% +think about this as being you know this + + + align:start position:0% +think about this as being you know this +was one of the very first empirical + + align:start position:0% +was one of the very first empirical + + + align:start position:0% +was one of the very first empirical +papers on search or papers that use the + + align:start position:0% +papers on search or papers that use the + + + align:start position:0% +papers on search or papers that use the +equilibrium conditions that you get out + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium conditions that you get out + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium conditions that you get out +of a search model to say something + + align:start position:0% +of a search model to say something + + + align:start position:0% +of a search model to say something +empirically um but you know you so one + + align:start position:0% +empirically um but you know you so one + + + align:start position:0% +empirically um but you know you so one +thing you may want to ask yourself is + + align:start position:0% +thing you may want to ask yourself is + + + align:start position:0% +thing you may want to ask yourself is +how plausible you find it that firms are + + align:start position:0% +how plausible you find it that firms are + + + align:start position:0% +how plausible you find it that firms are +really you know setting prices by by + + align:start position:0% +really you know setting prices by by + + + align:start position:0% +really you know setting prices by by +mixing right + + align:start position:0% +mixing right + + + align:start position:0% +mixing right +um and you know whether there are + + align:start position:0% +um and you know whether there are + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know whether there are +alternative explanations why we see + + align:start position:0% +alternative explanations why we see + + + align:start position:0% +alternative explanations why we see +different prices right + + align:start position:0% +different prices right + + + align:start position:0% +different prices right +um you know this wouldn't be sort of on + + align:start position:0% +um you know this wouldn't be sort of on + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this wouldn't be sort of on +on the top of my list of complaints but + + align:start position:0% +on the top of my list of complaints but + + + align:start position:0% +on the top of my list of complaints but +you know the uh the marginal cost of + + align:start position:0% +you know the uh the marginal cost of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the uh the marginal cost of +firms are assume to be constant here so + + align:start position:0% +firms are assume to be constant here so + + + align:start position:0% +firms are assume to be constant here so +you could take some issue with + + align:start position:0% +you could take some issue with + + + align:start position:0% +you could take some issue with +that and then I want to point out uh + + align:start position:0% +that and then I want to point out uh + + + align:start position:0% +that and then I want to point out uh +something that is sort of more of a + + align:start position:0% +something that is sort of more of a + + + align:start position:0% +something that is sort of more of a +common critique of many papers in the + + align:start position:0% +common critique of many papers in the + + + align:start position:0% +common critique of many papers in the +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +literature uh so first you know most + + align:start position:0% +literature uh so first you know most + + + align:start position:0% +literature uh so first you know most +papers find very large search cost and + + align:start position:0% +papers find very large search cost and + + + align:start position:0% +papers find very large search cost and +you know one sort of one issue is that + + align:start position:0% +you know one sort of one issue is that + + + align:start position:0% +you know one sort of one issue is that +you know you look at the dispersion of + + align:start position:0% +you know you look at the dispersion of + + + align:start position:0% +you know you look at the dispersion of +prices and you say that all of this + + align:start position:0% +prices and you say that all of this + + + align:start position:0% +prices and you say that all of this +dispersion all those differences across + + align:start position:0% +dispersion all those differences across + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion all those differences across +prices is really kind of structural + + align:start position:0% +prices is really kind of structural + + + align:start position:0% +prices is really kind of structural +variation in the sense that it has all + + align:start position:0% +variation in the sense that it has all + + + align:start position:0% +variation in the sense that it has all +of that variation has an economic + + align:start position:0% +of that variation has an economic + + + align:start position:0% +of that variation has an economic +interpretation right as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +interpretation right as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation right as opposed to +things that happen with data you know it + + align:start position:0% +things that happen with data you know it + + + align:start position:0% +things that happen with data you know it +could be that there's let's say + + align:start position:0% +could be that there's let's say + + + align:start position:0% +could be that there's let's say +measurement error in prices right or + + align:start position:0% +measurement error in prices right or + + + align:start position:0% +measurement error in prices right or +other reasons why prices you know the + + align:start position:0% +other reasons why prices you know the + + + align:start position:0% +other reasons why prices you know the +prices that you observe are not exactly + + align:start position:0% +prices that you observe are not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +prices that you observe are not exactly +equal to each other right and so in + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other right and so in + + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other right and so in +these models you sort of load typically + + align:start position:0% +these models you sort of load typically + + + align:start position:0% +these models you sort of load typically +almost the entire variation of prices + + align:start position:0% +almost the entire variation of prices + + + align:start position:0% +almost the entire variation of prices +onto the search cost uh + + align:start position:0% +onto the search cost uh + + + align:start position:0% +onto the search cost uh +distribution right and so you know + + align:start position:0% +distribution right and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right and so you know +that's why you know or that's part of + + align:start position:0% +that's why you know or that's part of + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you know or that's part of +the reason why in many of these uh + + align:start position:0% +the reason why in many of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why in many of these uh +papers you find you know somewhat + + align:start position:0% +papers you find you know somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +papers you find you know somewhat +excessively large search cost okay and + + align:start position:0% +excessively large search cost okay and + + + align:start position:0% +excessively large search cost okay and +so I think that's something that um this + + align:start position:0% +so I think that's something that um this + + + align:start position:0% +so I think that's something that um this +literature has to Grapple with a little + + align:start position:0% +literature has to Grapple with a little + + + align:start position:0% +literature has to Grapple with a little +bit but it's it's actually common to + + align:start position:0% +bit but it's it's actually common to + + + align:start position:0% +bit but it's it's actually common to +other literatures that sort of interpret + + align:start position:0% +other literatures that sort of interpret + + + align:start position:0% +other literatures that sort of interpret +all price variation as structural which + + align:start position:0% +all price variation as structural which + + + align:start position:0% +all price variation as structural which +is for example also true in + + align:start position:0% +is for example also true in + + + align:start position:0% +is for example also true in +auctions okay so the other thing that + + align:start position:0% +auctions okay so the other thing that + + + align:start position:0% +auctions okay so the other thing that +you could you know potentially complain + + align:start position:0% +you could you know potentially complain + + + align:start position:0% +you could you know potentially complain +about here is that you know that these + + align:start position:0% +about here is that you know that these + + + align:start position:0% +about here is that you know that these +sellers of textbooks there might be + + align:start position:0% +sellers of textbooks there might be + + + align:start position:0% +sellers of textbooks there might be +differentiated in other ways right they + + align:start position:0% +differentiated in other ways right they + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated in other ways right they +might have some of them might have funny + + align:start position:0% +might have some of them might have funny + + + align:start position:0% +might have some of them might have funny +names or located in places that + + align:start position:0% +names or located in places that + + + align:start position:0% +names or located in places that +people I don't know don't like that much + + align:start position:0% +people I don't know don't like that much + + + align:start position:0% +people I don't know don't like that much +right and so for that reason they have + + align:start position:0% +right and so for that reason they have + + + align:start position:0% +right and so for that reason they have +to charge different prices for the same + + align:start position:0% +to charge different prices for the same + + + align:start position:0% +to charge different prices for the same +kind of product okay so although these + + align:start position:0% +kind of product okay so although these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of product okay so although these +are principle very homogeneous products + + align:start position:0% +are principle very homogeneous products + + + align:start position:0% +are principle very homogeneous products +you could sort of think there are other + + align:start position:0% +you could sort of think there are other + + + align:start position:0% +you could sort of think there are other +unobserved uh uh differentiating factors + + align:start position:0% +unobserved uh uh differentiating factors + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved uh uh differentiating factors +right that lead to to differences in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prices okay so so again this is you know + + align:start position:0% +prices okay so so again this is you know + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay so so again this is you know +the way you have to think about this + + align:start position:0% +the way you have to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +the way you have to think about this +paper this is um I would say mostly kind + + align:start position:0% +paper this is um I would say mostly kind + + + align:start position:0% +paper this is um I would say mostly kind +of a conceptually interesting exercise + + align:start position:0% +of a conceptually interesting exercise + + + align:start position:0% +of a conceptually interesting exercise +it teaches us something about using + + align:start position:0% +it teaches us something about using + + + align:start position:0% +it teaches us something about using +these equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +these equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +these equilibrium +restrictions perhaps not a paper that + + align:start position:0% +restrictions perhaps not a paper that + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions perhaps not a paper that +you know you would sort of uh use + + align:start position:0% +you know you would sort of uh use + + + align:start position:0% +you know you would sort of uh use +nowadays to really think about search + + align:start position:0% +nowadays to really think about search + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays to really think about search +fractions in part because of this very + + align:start position:0% +fractions in part because of this very + + + align:start position:0% +fractions in part because of this very +strong equilibrium restriction that + + align:start position:0% +strong equilibrium restriction that + + + align:start position:0% +strong equilibrium restriction that +perms are playing mixed strategies right + + align:start position:0% +perms are playing mixed strategies right + + + align:start position:0% +perms are playing mixed strategies right +which in some settings we know is is + + align:start position:0% +which in some settings we know is is + + + align:start position:0% +which in some settings we know is is +sensible uh so you know let's think + + align:start position:0% +sensible uh so you know let's think + + + align:start position:0% +sensible uh so you know let's think +about for instance uh uh you know Sports + + align:start position:0% +about for instance uh uh you know Sports + + + align:start position:0% +about for instance uh uh you know Sports +and other places where we know that + + align:start position:0% +and other places where we know that + + + align:start position:0% +and other places where we know that +mixing makes sense but here you know you + + align:start position:0% +mixing makes sense but here you know you + + + align:start position:0% +mixing makes sense but here you know you +can sort of do some introspection I find + + align:start position:0% +can sort of do some introspection I find + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of do some introspection I find +it somewhat less + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plausible okay so uh what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +plausible okay so uh what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +plausible okay so uh what I'm going to +talk about next uh is a paper that is + + align:start position:0% +talk about next uh is a paper that is + + + align:start position:0% +talk about next uh is a paper that is +what much more empirically uh uh + + align:start position:0% +what much more empirically uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +what much more empirically uh uh +motivated um uh by Jason Allen Rob Clark + + align:start position:0% +motivated um uh by Jason Allen Rob Clark + + + align:start position:0% +motivated um uh by Jason Allen Rob Clark +and Jean fut um it came out in the AR in + + align:start position:0% +and Jean fut um it came out in the AR in + + + align:start position:0% +and Jean fut um it came out in the AR in +2013 and it it basically asks um you + + align:start position:0% +2013 and it it basically asks um you + + + align:start position:0% +2013 and it it basically asks um you +know what are the implications of a + + align:start position:0% +know what are the implications of a + + + align:start position:0% +know what are the implications of a +merger in a in a market where prices are + + align:start position:0% +merger in a in a market where prices are + + + align:start position:0% +merger in a in a market where prices are +uh negotiated okay so just to sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +uh negotiated okay so just to sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh negotiated okay so just to sort of uh +remind you a little bit so the in IO we + + align:start position:0% +remind you a little bit so the in IO we + + + align:start position:0% +remind you a little bit so the in IO we +have a very developed machinery for + + align:start position:0% +have a very developed machinery for + + + align:start position:0% +have a very developed machinery for +thinking about mergers in posted price + + align:start position:0% +thinking about mergers in posted price + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about mergers in posted price +markets okay so we estimate demand we + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so we estimate demand we + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so we estimate demand we +have some ownership Matrix with demand + + align:start position:0% +have some ownership Matrix with demand + + + align:start position:0% +have some ownership Matrix with demand +and the ownership Matrix we can compute + + align:start position:0% +and the ownership Matrix we can compute + + + align:start position:0% +and the ownership Matrix we can compute +first order conditions right and uh can + + align:start position:0% +first order conditions right and uh can + + + align:start position:0% +first order conditions right and uh can +recover costs and once we have costs we + + align:start position:0% +recover costs and once we have costs we + + + align:start position:0% +recover costs and once we have costs we +can let's say change uh the ownership + + align:start position:0% +can let's say change uh the ownership + + + align:start position:0% +can let's say change uh the ownership +Matrix and recompute prices right um up + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and recompute prices right um up + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and recompute prices right um up +until very recently there was not a lot + + align:start position:0% +until very recently there was not a lot + + + align:start position:0% +until very recently there was not a lot +of work + + align:start position:0% +of work + + + align:start position:0% +of work +uh that thinks about what are some of + + align:start position:0% +uh that thinks about what are some of + + + align:start position:0% +uh that thinks about what are some of +the implications of mergers in markets + + align:start position:0% +the implications of mergers in markets + + + align:start position:0% +the implications of mergers in markets +where different consumers pay different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prices okay so they they're going to + + align:start position:0% +prices okay so they they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay so they they're going to +look at this uh in the in the Canadian + + align:start position:0% +look at this uh in the in the Canadian + + + align:start position:0% +look at this uh in the in the Canadian +mortgage + + align:start position:0% +mortgage + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage +Market uh they have some great data on + + align:start position:0% +Market uh they have some great data on + + + align:start position:0% +Market uh they have some great data on +uh insured mortgage contracts which are + + align:start position:0% +uh insured mortgage contracts which are + + + align:start position:0% +uh insured mortgage contracts which are +collected from uh from directly from the + + align:start position:0% +collected from uh from directly from the + + + align:start position:0% +collected from uh from directly from the +insurer and what is nice about the fact + + align:start position:0% +insurer and what is nice about the fact + + + align:start position:0% +insurer and what is nice about the fact +that these mortgages are insured is that + + align:start position:0% +that these mortgages are insured is that + + + align:start position:0% +that these mortgages are insured is that +they can claim that these are + + align:start position:0% +they can claim that these are + + + align:start position:0% +they can claim that these are +you know uh that these contracts are + + align:start position:0% +you know uh that these contracts are + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh that these contracts are +very very homogeneous that you know + + align:start position:0% +very very homogeneous that you know + + + align:start position:0% +very very homogeneous that you know +consumer risk is not playing a large + + align:start position:0% +consumer risk is not playing a large + + + align:start position:0% +consumer risk is not playing a large +role in explaining price differentiation + + align:start position:0% +role in explaining price differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +role in explaining price differentiation +okay so they claim that this is a very + + align:start position:0% +okay so they claim that this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +okay so they claim that this is a very +very homogeneous product uh because + + align:start position:0% +very homogeneous product uh because + + + align:start position:0% +very homogeneous product uh because +syncretic risk here is insured + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away so part uh part of why I like this + + align:start position:0% +away so part uh part of why I like this + + + align:start position:0% +away so part uh part of why I like this +paper is it it it provides a very nice + + align:start position:0% +paper is it it it provides a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +paper is it it it provides a very nice +uh combination of sort of treatment + + align:start position:0% +uh combination of sort of treatment + + + align:start position:0% +uh combination of sort of treatment +effect analysis of an actual merger that + + align:start position:0% +effect analysis of an actual merger that + + + align:start position:0% +effect analysis of an actual merger that +happened in the + + align:start position:0% +happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the +data uh and um + + align:start position:0% +data uh and um + + + align:start position:0% +data uh and um +interpreting this variation through a + + align:start position:0% +interpreting this variation through a + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting this variation through a +structural + + align:start position:0% +structural + + + align:start position:0% +structural +model okay and so um I I'll try to make + + align:start position:0% +model okay and so um I I'll try to make + + + align:start position:0% +model okay and so um I I'll try to make +this clear today but there's basically a + + align:start position:0% +this clear today but there's basically a + + + align:start position:0% +this clear today but there's basically a +very nice connection between the + + align:start position:0% +very nice connection between the + + + align:start position:0% +very nice connection between the +treatment effect analysis and the + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect analysis and the + + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect analysis and the +structural analysis okay so there's + + align:start position:0% +structural analysis okay so there's + + + align:start position:0% +structural analysis okay so there's +there's a there's a merger between two + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a merger between two + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a merger between two +large uh lenders that happens in the + + align:start position:0% +large uh lenders that happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +large uh lenders that happens in the +data which has uh you know implications + + align:start position:0% +data which has uh you know implications + + + align:start position:0% +data which has uh you know implications +for uh for different markets and some + + align:start position:0% +for uh for different markets and some + + + align:start position:0% +for uh for different markets and some +markets the you know you have branches + + align:start position:0% +markets the you know you have branches + + + align:start position:0% +markets the you know you have branches +from both lenders in some other markets + + align:start position:0% +from both lenders in some other markets + + + align:start position:0% +from both lenders in some other markets +you uh you know none of the lenders have + + align:start position:0% +you uh you know none of the lenders have + + + align:start position:0% +you uh you know none of the lenders have +branches and then that changes the + + align:start position:0% +branches and then that changes the + + + align:start position:0% +branches and then that changes the +choice set of consumers different + + align:start position:0% +choice set of consumers different + + + align:start position:0% +choice set of consumers different +differentially across markets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so here's uh here's a a picture of + + align:start position:0% +right so here's uh here's a a picture of + + + align:start position:0% +right so here's uh here's a a picture of +what happened uh in this market over + + align:start position:0% +what happened uh in this market over + + + align:start position:0% +what happened uh in this market over +time okay so uh one thing that's that's + + align:start position:0% +time okay so uh one thing that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so uh one thing that's that's +uh pretty clear and visible is that you + + align:start position:0% +uh pretty clear and visible is that you + + + align:start position:0% +uh pretty clear and visible is that you +know over time time this Market has + + align:start position:0% +know over time time this Market has + + + align:start position:0% +know over time time this Market has +become much much more + + align:start position:0% +become much much more + + + align:start position:0% +become much much more +Consolidated so initially there were you + + align:start position:0% +Consolidated so initially there were you + + + align:start position:0% +Consolidated so initially there were you +know Banks and Credit + + align:start position:0% +know Banks and Credit + + + align:start position:0% +know Banks and Credit +Unions trust shairs so these are + + align:start position:0% +Unions trust shairs so these are + + + align:start position:0% +Unions trust shairs so these are +basically uh lenders that are owned by + + align:start position:0% +basically uh lenders that are owned by + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh lenders that are owned by +by their + + align:start position:0% +by their + + + align:start position:0% +by their +members and then there is what they + + align:start position:0% +members and then there is what they + + + align:start position:0% +members and then there is what they +refer to as the big eight these are the + + align:start position:0% +refer to as the big eight these are the + + + align:start position:0% +refer to as the big eight these are the +largest banks such as TD Bank uh uh Nova + + align:start position:0% +largest banks such as TD Bank uh uh Nova + + + align:start position:0% +largest banks such as TD Bank uh uh Nova +Scotia uh the Royal Bank and others and + + align:start position:0% +Scotia uh the Royal Bank and others and + + + align:start position:0% +Scotia uh the Royal Bank and others and +these have been subsequently sort of + + align:start position:0% +these have been subsequently sort of + + + align:start position:0% +these have been subsequently sort of +overtaking trusts there were there were + + align:start position:0% +overtaking trusts there were there were + + + align:start position:0% +overtaking trusts there were there were +also some regulator changes okay and so + + align:start position:0% +also some regulator changes okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +also some regulator changes okay and so +the market has + + align:start position:0% +the market has + + + align:start position:0% +the market has +Consolidated uh uh over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time okay so um some institutional + + align:start position:0% +time okay so um some institutional + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so um some institutional +details that are going to be uh relevant + + align:start position:0% +details that are going to be uh relevant + + + align:start position:0% +details that are going to be uh relevant +um so consumers here have to go to a + + align:start position:0% +um so consumers here have to go to a + + + align:start position:0% +um so consumers here have to go to a +lender to figure out you know what uh + + align:start position:0% +lender to figure out you know what uh + + + align:start position:0% +lender to figure out you know what uh +the the price of their mortgage is so + + align:start position:0% +the the price of their mortgage is so + + + align:start position:0% +the the price of their mortgage is so +they have to talk to the local branch + + align:start position:0% +they have to talk to the local branch + + + align:start position:0% +they have to talk to the local branch +managers uh and uh the local branches + + align:start position:0% +managers uh and uh the local branches + + + align:start position:0% +managers uh and uh the local branches +they're posting prices but the the + + align:start position:0% +they're posting prices but the the + + + align:start position:0% +they're posting prices but the the +consumers can negotiate discounts uh uh + + align:start position:0% +consumers can negotiate discounts uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +consumers can negotiate discounts uh uh +from those + + align:start position:0% +from those + + + align:start position:0% +from those +prices okay and they have explicit + + align:start position:0% +prices okay and they have explicit + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay and they have explicit +incentives to you know + + align:start position:0% +incentives to you know + + + align:start position:0% +incentives to you know +not uh give too many discounts okay + + align:start position:0% +not uh give too many discounts okay + + + align:start position:0% +not uh give too many discounts okay +because their compensation is affected + + align:start position:0% +because their compensation is affected + + + align:start position:0% +because their compensation is affected +by the level of discounts and as as they + + align:start position:0% +by the level of discounts and as as they + + + align:start position:0% +by the level of discounts and as as they +claim uh in the paper they also are + + align:start position:0% +claim uh in the paper they also are + + + align:start position:0% +claim uh in the paper they also are +explicitly told not to compete with + + align:start position:0% +explicitly told not to compete with + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly told not to compete with +other branches within you know they're + + align:start position:0% +other branches within you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +other branches within you know they're +owned by the same lender + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um because the because the data + + align:start position:0% +okay so um because the because the data + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um because the because the data +here you know has you know it's + + align:start position:0% +here you know has you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +here you know has you know it's +essentially um sort of administrative uh + + align:start position:0% +essentially um sort of administrative uh + + + align:start position:0% +essentially um sort of administrative uh +data that comes from these insurers + + align:start position:0% +data that comes from these insurers + + + align:start position:0% +data that comes from these insurers +right they see very very rich + + align:start position:0% +right they see very very rich + + + align:start position:0% +right they see very very rich +information about both the consumers and + + align:start position:0% +information about both the consumers and + + + align:start position:0% +information about both the consumers and +the type of contract that they get okay + + align:start position:0% +the type of contract that they get okay + + + align:start position:0% +the type of contract that they get okay +so they they see for instance the + + align:start position:0% +so they they see for instance the + + + align:start position:0% +so they they see for instance the +consumer's home + + align:start position:0% +consumer's home + + + align:start position:0% +consumer's home +location uh the the loan size house + + align:start position:0% +location uh the the loan size house + + + align:start position:0% +location uh the the loan size house +price uh things like loan to + + align:start position:0% +price uh things like loan to + + + align:start position:0% +price uh things like loan to +value uh and you know demographic such + + align:start position:0% +value uh and you know demographic such + + + align:start position:0% +value uh and you know demographic such +as income and even whether or not they + + align:start position:0% +as income and even whether or not they + + + align:start position:0% +as income and even whether or not they +had a prior relationship with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lender another nice thing that they can + + align:start position:0% +lender another nice thing that they can + + + align:start position:0% +lender another nice thing that they can +do is because they see the consumer's + + align:start position:0% +do is because they see the consumer's + + + align:start position:0% +do is because they see the consumer's +home location they can actually Define + + align:start position:0% +home location they can actually Define + + + align:start position:0% +home location they can actually Define +markets around uh around consumer's home + + align:start position:0% +markets around uh around consumer's home + + + align:start position:0% +markets around uh around consumer's home +address right and that's uh in terms of + + align:start position:0% +address right and that's uh in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +address right and that's uh in terms of +market definition uh usually pretty good + + align:start position:0% +market definition uh usually pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +market definition uh usually pretty good +because then you don't get these weird + + align:start position:0% +because then you don't get these weird + + + align:start position:0% +because then you don't get these weird +sort of cases where somebody lives at + + align:start position:0% +sort of cases where somebody lives at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of cases where somebody lives at +the border of a market and you know + + align:start position:0% +the border of a market and you know + + + align:start position:0% +the border of a market and you know +would potentially sho from uh you know a + + align:start position:0% +would potentially sho from uh you know a + + + align:start position:0% +would potentially sho from uh you know a +market that's defined as a separate one + + align:start position:0% +market that's defined as a separate one + + + align:start position:0% +market that's defined as a separate one +in your data okay and so because they're + + align:start position:0% +in your data okay and so because they're + + + align:start position:0% +in your data okay and so because they're +Canadians they do this in kilometers + + align:start position:0% +Canadians they do this in kilometers + + + align:start position:0% +Canadians they do this in kilometers +it's of course more + + align:start position:0% +it's of course more + + + align:start position:0% +it's of course more +sensible um so what are the treatment + + align:start position:0% +sensible um so what are the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +sensible um so what are the treatment +and control groups here so they're going + + align:start position:0% +and control groups here so they're going + + + align:start position:0% +and control groups here so they're going +to only focus on the short run effect of + + align:start position:0% +to only focus on the short run effect of + + + align:start position:0% +to only focus on the short run effect of +the merger okay so that means that + + align:start position:0% +the merger okay so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +the merger okay so that means that +they're not going to look at entry and + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to look at entry and + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to look at entry and +exit but only at these sort of immediate + + align:start position:0% +exit but only at these sort of immediate + + + align:start position:0% +exit but only at these sort of immediate +change in prices that the year after the + + align:start position:0% +change in prices that the year after the + + + align:start position:0% +change in prices that the year after the +merger happened + + align:start position:0% +merger happened + + + align:start position:0% +merger happened +okay and so I'm only talking about the + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I'm only talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I'm only talking about the +merger here because I cannot actually + + align:start position:0% +merger here because I cannot actually + + + align:start position:0% +merger here because I cannot actually +disclose who the lenders were that + + align:start position:0% +disclose who the lenders were that + + + align:start position:0% +disclose who the lenders were that +merged okay so there these were two two + + align:start position:0% +merged okay so there these were two two + + + align:start position:0% +merged okay so there these were two two +larger + + align:start position:0% +larger + + + align:start position:0% +larger +lenders okay and so what are uh what are + + align:start position:0% +lenders okay and so what are uh what are + + + align:start position:0% +lenders okay and so what are uh what are +the control markets um you know there + + align:start position:0% +the control markets um you know there + + + align:start position:0% +the control markets um you know there +there's some markets in which uh neither + + align:start position:0% +there's some markets in which uh neither + + + align:start position:0% +there's some markets in which uh neither +of the lenders or only one of them were + + align:start position:0% +of the lenders or only one of them were + + + align:start position:0% +of the lenders or only one of them were +present these are the control markets + + align:start position:0% +present these are the control markets + + + align:start position:0% +present these are the control markets +and then there are markets in which both + + align:start position:0% +and then there are markets in which both + + + align:start position:0% +and then there are markets in which both +both of the uh merging lenders had a + + align:start position:0% +both of the uh merging lenders had a + + + align:start position:0% +both of the uh merging lenders had a +Branch right and in those markets + + align:start position:0% +Branch right and in those markets + + + align:start position:0% +Branch right and in those markets +competition is now reduced because again + + align:start position:0% +competition is now reduced because again + + + align:start position:0% +competition is now reduced because again +according to this uh this story that + + align:start position:0% +according to this uh this story that + + + align:start position:0% +according to this uh this story that +lenders are internalizing and not + + align:start position:0% +lenders are internalizing and not + + + align:start position:0% +lenders are internalizing and not +competing against um branches in their + + align:start position:0% +competing against um branches in their + + + align:start position:0% +competing against um branches in their +own network right the choice set has now + + align:start position:0% +own network right the choice set has now + + + align:start position:0% +own network right the choice set has now +been reduced so consumers cannot compare + + align:start position:0% +been reduced so consumers cannot compare + + + align:start position:0% +been reduced so consumers cannot compare +as many prices as before any any + + align:start position:0% +as many prices as before any any + + + align:start position:0% +as many prices as before any any +questions about institutional details + + align:start position:0% +questions about institutional details + + + align:start position:0% +questions about institutional details +here so so here's what they do they + + align:start position:0% +here so so here's what they do they + + + align:start position:0% +here so so here's what they do they +first have a descriptive exercise where + + align:start position:0% +first have a descriptive exercise where + + + align:start position:0% +first have a descriptive exercise where +they um look at + + align:start position:0% +they um look at + + + align:start position:0% +they um look at +the the uh the price variation that they + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the price variation that they + + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the price variation that they +observe in the data and again what's + + align:start position:0% +observe in the data and again what's + + + align:start position:0% +observe in the data and again what's +important here is that they can credibly + + align:start position:0% +important here is that they can credibly + + + align:start position:0% +important here is that they can credibly +claim that you know most of that is not + + align:start position:0% +claim that you know most of that is not + + + align:start position:0% +claim that you know most of that is not +because of risk variation across + + align:start position:0% +because of risk variation across + + + align:start position:0% +because of risk variation across +consumers okay so they they first uh run + + align:start position:0% +consumers okay so they they first uh run + + + align:start position:0% +consumers okay so they they first uh run +a regression of the margin of a consumer + + align:start position:0% +a regression of the margin of a consumer + + + align:start position:0% +a regression of the margin of a consumer +that's uh the rate that they observe in + + align:start position:0% +that's uh the rate that they observe in + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh the rate that they observe in +the data minus the bond rate on a set of + + align:start position:0% +the data minus the bond rate on a set of + + + align:start position:0% +the data minus the bond rate on a set of +uh control variables so you know how + + align:start position:0% +uh control variables so you know how + + + align:start position:0% +uh control variables so you know how +long the mortgage was how large the size + + align:start position:0% +long the mortgage was how large the size + + + align:start position:0% +long the mortgage was how large the size +of the mortgage was so the idea here of + + align:start position:0% +of the mortgage was so the idea here of + + + align:start position:0% +of the mortgage was so the idea here of +this regression is that you really want + + align:start position:0% +this regression is that you really want + + + align:start position:0% +this regression is that you really want +to get at the unobserved component of + + align:start position:0% +to get at the unobserved component of + + + align:start position:0% +to get at the unobserved component of +the price okay so there could still be + + align:start position:0% +the price okay so there could still be + + + align:start position:0% +the price okay so there could still be +differences across consumers because + + align:start position:0% +differences across consumers because + + + align:start position:0% +differences across consumers because +against one consumer gets a larger + + align:start position:0% +against one consumer gets a larger + + + align:start position:0% +against one consumer gets a larger +mortgage than another right or there + + align:start position:0% +mortgage than another right or there + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage than another right or there +could be differences in FICO scores so + + align:start position:0% +could be differences in FICO scores so + + + align:start position:0% +could be differences in FICO scores so +there could be some sort of perceived + + align:start position:0% +there could be some sort of perceived + + + align:start position:0% +there could be some sort of perceived +residual risk of a consumer but they + + align:start position:0% +residual risk of a consumer but they + + + align:start position:0% +residual risk of a consumer but they +want to sort of look at you know once we + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of look at you know once we + + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of look at you know once we +control for all these things like how + + align:start position:0% +control for all these things like how + + + align:start position:0% +control for all these things like how +much price variation is left after that + + align:start position:0% +much price variation is left after that + + + align:start position:0% +much price variation is left after that +and so the key object of Interest here + + align:start position:0% +and so the key object of Interest here + + + align:start position:0% +and so the key object of Interest here +is this what they call negotiated margin + + align:start position:0% +is this what they call negotiated margin + + + align:start position:0% +is this what they call negotiated margin +it's the residual from this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regression so this this is what they're + + align:start position:0% +regression so this this is what they're + + + align:start position:0% +regression so this this is what they're +mostly analyze okay so again control + + align:start position:0% +mostly analyze okay so again control + + + align:start position:0% +mostly analyze okay so again control +variables here also account for time + + align:start position:0% +variables here also account for time + + + align:start position:0% +variables here also account for time +variation and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on so here's a uh here are some summary + + align:start position:0% +on so here's a uh here are some summary + + + align:start position:0% +on so here's a uh here are some summary +tables there's a lot going on but I want + + align:start position:0% +tables there's a lot going on but I want + + + align:start position:0% +tables there's a lot going on but I want +to point out a few + + align:start position:0% +to point out a few + + + align:start position:0% +to point out a few +things so up here we have + + align:start position:0% +things so up here we have + + + align:start position:0% +things so up here we have +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +markets and down here we have treatment + + align:start position:0% +markets and down here we have treatment + + + align:start position:0% +markets and down here we have treatment +markets okay and so both before and + + align:start position:0% +markets okay and so both before and + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay and so both before and +after uh so one + + align:start position:0% +after uh so one + + + align:start position:0% +after uh so one +thing that's true is that the control + + align:start position:0% +thing that's true is that the control + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's true is that the control +markets are have somewhat different + + align:start position:0% +markets are have somewhat different + + + align:start position:0% +markets are have somewhat different +consumers than treatment markets so for + + align:start position:0% +consumers than treatment markets so for + + + align:start position:0% +consumers than treatment markets so for +instance in the control markets consumer + + align:start position:0% +instance in the control markets consumer + + + align:start position:0% +instance in the control markets consumer +house value is somewhat lower consumers + + align:start position:0% +house value is somewhat lower consumers + + + align:start position:0% +house value is somewhat lower consumers +also have somewhat lower income than in + + align:start position:0% +also have somewhat lower income than in + + + align:start position:0% +also have somewhat lower income than in +the treatment markets but on other + + align:start position:0% +the treatment markets but on other + + + align:start position:0% +the treatment markets but on other +variables they're fairly balanced so for + + align:start position:0% +variables they're fairly balanced so for + + + align:start position:0% +variables they're fairly balanced so for +instance loan to value + + align:start position:0% +instance loan to value + + + align:start position:0% +instance loan to value +is almost + + align:start position:0% +is almost + + + align:start position:0% +is almost +identical uh FICO scores are quite + + align:start position:0% +identical uh FICO scores are quite + + + align:start position:0% +identical uh FICO scores are quite +similar okay the number of renters is + + align:start position:0% +similar okay the number of renters is + + + align:start position:0% +similar okay the number of renters is +pretty similar and so on okay so they + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar and so on okay so they + + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar and so on okay so they +appear to be quite balanced on on + + align:start position:0% +appear to be quite balanced on on + + + align:start position:0% +appear to be quite balanced on on +observables okay um again the key object + + align:start position:0% +observables okay um again the key object + + + align:start position:0% +observables okay um again the key object +of interest is this negotiated margin + + align:start position:0% +of interest is this negotiated margin + + + align:start position:0% +of interest is this negotiated margin +here and the the initial negotiated + + align:start position:0% +here and the the initial negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +here and the the initial negotiated +margin is very similar across both + + align:start position:0% +margin is very similar across both + + + align:start position:0% +margin is very similar across both +markets okay so this is here again + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so this is here again + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so this is here again +control treatment in the before period + + align:start position:0% +control treatment in the before period + + + align:start position:0% +control treatment in the before period +and it's 106 and 107 basis points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +respectively so now we can look at uh + + align:start position:0% +respectively so now we can look at uh + + + align:start position:0% +respectively so now we can look at uh +this negotiated margin in the after + + align:start position:0% +this negotiated margin in the after + + + align:start position:0% +this negotiated margin in the after +period right and it in both markets it + + align:start position:0% +period right and it in both markets it + + + align:start position:0% +period right and it in both markets it +goes up to 167 in the control markets + + align:start position:0% +goes up to 167 in the control markets + + + align:start position:0% +goes up to 167 in the control markets +and a bit more than that to + + align:start position:0% +and a bit more than that to + + + align:start position:0% +and a bit more than that to +172 in the in the treatment + + align:start position:0% +172 in the in the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +172 in the in the treatment +markets okay where where we had uh where + + align:start position:0% +markets okay where where we had uh where + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay where where we had uh where +both uh lenders both merging lenders had + + align:start position:0% +both uh lenders both merging lenders had + + + align:start position:0% +both uh lenders both merging lenders had +a branch and therefore the choice set + + align:start position:0% +a branch and therefore the choice set + + + align:start position:0% +a branch and therefore the choice set +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +reduced + + align:start position:0% +reduced + + + align:start position:0% +reduced +right okay so one thing that is that is + + align:start position:0% +right okay so one thing that is that is + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so one thing that is that is +sort of interesting you see it directly + + align:start position:0% +sort of interesting you see it directly + + + align:start position:0% +sort of interesting you see it directly +in a summary statistics here is the + + align:start position:0% +in a summary statistics here is the + + + align:start position:0% +in a summary statistics here is the +following which is that if you look at + + align:start position:0% +following which is that if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +following which is that if you look at +you know this was the average effect + + align:start position:0% +you know this was the average effect + + + align:start position:0% +you know this was the average effect +that I just pointed out in the + + align:start position:0% +that I just pointed out in the + + + align:start position:0% +that I just pointed out in the +negotiated margin but if you look at + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin but if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin but if you look at +across the distribution of prices you + + align:start position:0% +across the distribution of prices you + + + align:start position:0% +across the distribution of prices you +see that the 75th percentile of the + + align:start position:0% +see that the 75th percentile of the + + + align:start position:0% +see that the 75th percentile of the +negotiated margin is again very very + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin is again very very + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin is again very very +close to each other they're very close + + align:start position:0% +close to each other they're very close + + + align:start position:0% +close to each other they're very close +in the after period okay but their + + align:start position:0% +in the after period okay but their + + + align:start position:0% +in the after period okay but their +larger difference about eight basis + + align:start position:0% +larger difference about eight basis + + + align:start position:0% +larger difference about eight basis +points in the 25th + + align:start position:0% +points in the 25th + + + align:start position:0% +points in the 25th +percentile okay so it appears that sort + + align:start position:0% +percentile okay so it appears that sort + + + align:start position:0% +percentile okay so it appears that sort +of most of this effect of higher average + + align:start position:0% +of most of this effect of higher average + + + align:start position:0% +of most of this effect of higher average +negotiated margin is coming from the + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin is coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin is coming from the +fact that consumers at the low end of + + align:start position:0% +fact that consumers at the low end of + + + align:start position:0% +fact that consumers at the low end of +the price distribution are now paying + + align:start position:0% +the price distribution are now paying + + + align:start position:0% +the price distribution are now paying +higher prices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so this is kind of a theme that + + align:start position:0% +okay and so this is kind of a theme that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so this is kind of a theme that +will run through this I I told you at + + align:start position:0% +will run through this I I told you at + + + align:start position:0% +will run through this I I told you at +the beginning right that what makes this + + align:start position:0% +the beginning right that what makes this + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning right that what makes this +paper interesting is that they want to + + align:start position:0% +paper interesting is that they want to + + + align:start position:0% +paper interesting is that they want to +look at the distributional effects of + + align:start position:0% +look at the distributional effects of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the distributional effects of +mergers right and you know it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +mergers right and you know it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +mergers right and you know it's sort of +tying this back to the theme of this + + align:start position:0% +tying this back to the theme of this + + + align:start position:0% +tying this back to the theme of this +class which is search uh cost right the + + align:start position:0% +class which is search uh cost right the + + + align:start position:0% +class which is search uh cost right the +idea is that different consumers search + + align:start position:0% +idea is that different consumers search + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that different consumers search +differently right as a function of their + + align:start position:0% +differently right as a function of their + + + align:start position:0% +differently right as a function of their +search cost and you know what this + + align:start position:0% +search cost and you know what this + + + align:start position:0% +search cost and you know what this +implies for their search strategy they + + align:start position:0% +implies for their search strategy they + + + align:start position:0% +implies for their search strategy they +get different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +get different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +get different kinds of +prices right and if I'm a consumer who + + align:start position:0% +prices right and if I'm a consumer who + + + align:start position:0% +prices right and if I'm a consumer who +basically never searches then you know + + align:start position:0% +basically never searches then you know + + + align:start position:0% +basically never searches then you know +the merger will probably not have as big + + align:start position:0% +the merger will probably not have as big + + + align:start position:0% +the merger will probably not have as big +of an effect on me if I'm a consumer + + align:start position:0% +of an effect on me if I'm a consumer + + + align:start position:0% +of an effect on me if I'm a consumer +that searches a lot then having an extra + + align:start position:0% +that searches a lot then having an extra + + + align:start position:0% +that searches a lot then having an extra +lender that I can go to right is going + + align:start position:0% +lender that I can go to right is going + + + align:start position:0% +lender that I can go to right is going +to affect uh is going to potentially + + align:start position:0% +to affect uh is going to potentially + + + align:start position:0% +to affect uh is going to potentially +affect my price and so what is nice that + + align:start position:0% +affect my price and so what is nice that + + + align:start position:0% +affect my price and so what is nice that +is you know sort of this idea is already + + align:start position:0% +is you know sort of this idea is already + + + align:start position:0% +is you know sort of this idea is already +visible here directly in the summary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +statistics okay so this would normally + + align:start position:0% +statistics okay so this would normally + + + align:start position:0% +statistics okay so this would normally +be now a great table to ask my uh 1403 + + align:start position:0% +be now a great table to ask my uh 1403 + + + align:start position:0% +be now a great table to ask my uh 1403 +undergrads to compute the difference in + + align:start position:0% +undergrads to compute the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +undergrads to compute the difference in +difference treatment uh effect from this + + align:start position:0% +difference treatment uh effect from this + + + align:start position:0% +difference treatment uh effect from this +okay but I'm going to just show it to + + align:start position:0% +okay but I'm going to just show it to + + + align:start position:0% +okay but I'm going to just show it to +you um so it's it's it's not very large + + align:start position:0% +you um so it's it's it's not very large + + + align:start position:0% +you um so it's it's it's not very large +it's you know if depending on how you + + align:start position:0% +it's you know if depending on how you + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know if depending on how you +look at it whether you account for + + align:start position:0% +look at it whether you account for + + + align:start position:0% +look at it whether you account for +Trends or not and you can you know do + + align:start position:0% +Trends or not and you can you know do + + + align:start position:0% +Trends or not and you can you know do +this either with a matching estimator or + + align:start position:0% +this either with a matching estimator or + + + align:start position:0% +this either with a matching estimator or +not but the results are fairly + + align:start position:0% +not but the results are fairly + + + align:start position:0% +not but the results are fairly +consistent it's about seven basis points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so I think um in the paper they + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I think um in the paper they + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I think um in the paper they +say for for the uh for the average + + align:start position:0% +say for for the uh for the average + + + align:start position:0% +say for for the uh for the average +mortgage in this + + align:start position:0% +mortgage in this + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage in this +data you know this implies uh about an + + align:start position:0% +data you know this implies uh about an + + + align:start position:0% +data you know this implies uh about an +additional $5 of extra payments per + + align:start position:0% +additional $5 of extra payments per + + + align:start position:0% +additional $5 of extra payments per +month okay so it's not it's not sort of + + align:start position:0% +month okay so it's not it's not sort of + + + align:start position:0% +month okay so it's not it's not sort of +the average effect is not large and you + + align:start position:0% +the average effect is not large and you + + + align:start position:0% +the average effect is not large and you +know it sort of suggests that this is a + + align:start position:0% +know it sort of suggests that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +know it sort of suggests that this is a +a fairly uh you know sort of to begin + + align:start position:0% +a fairly uh you know sort of to begin + + + align:start position:0% +a fairly uh you know sort of to begin +with a fairly competitive market + + align:start position:0% +with a fairly competitive market + + + align:start position:0% +with a fairly competitive market +okay okay but what it tells us is is + + align:start position:0% +okay okay but what it tells us is is + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay but what it tells us is is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um you know that kind of at least you + + align:start position:0% +um you know that kind of at least you + + + align:start position:0% +um you know that kind of at least you +know um before sort of IO people started + + align:start position:0% +know um before sort of IO people started + + + align:start position:0% +know um before sort of IO people started +looking at these markets you know one uh + + align:start position:0% +looking at these markets you know one uh + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these markets you know one uh +view of the world could be that you know + + align:start position:0% +view of the world could be that you know + + + align:start position:0% +view of the world could be that you know +most of the variation that we see in + + align:start position:0% +most of the variation that we see in + + + align:start position:0% +most of the variation that we see in +these kinds of markets is due to risk or + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of markets is due to risk or + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of markets is due to risk or +cost differences and what this shows is + + align:start position:0% +cost differences and what this shows is + + + align:start position:0% +cost differences and what this shows is +that potentially there's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +that potentially there's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +that potentially there's sort of a +market power explanation here + + align:start position:0% +market power explanation here + + + align:start position:0% +market power explanation here +right um I think I said this right and + + align:start position:0% +right um I think I said this right and + + + align:start position:0% +right um I think I said this right and +again for people who search a lot you + + align:start position:0% +again for people who search a lot you + + + align:start position:0% +again for people who search a lot you +know you would expect this to be a + + align:start position:0% +know you would expect this to be a + + + align:start position:0% +know you would expect this to be a +fairly competitive market + + align:start position:0% +fairly competitive market + + + align:start position:0% +fairly competitive market +okay so so this was the average + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this was the average + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this was the average +treatment effect so next we're going to + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect so next we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect so next we're going to +look at uh the treatment effects at + + align:start position:0% +look at uh the treatment effects at + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh the treatment effects at +different points of the price + + align:start position:0% +different points of the price + + + align:start position:0% +different points of the price +distribution okay so for that I have to + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so for that I have to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so for that I have to +uh introduce some uh some additional + + align:start position:0% +uh introduce some uh some additional + + + align:start position:0% +uh introduce some uh some additional +notation here okay so again we're + + align:start position:0% +notation here okay so again we're + + + align:start position:0% +notation here okay so again we're +interested in the + + align:start position:0% +interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the +distribution of uh negotiated + + align:start position:0% +distribution of uh negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of uh negotiated +margins right and they're going to index + + align:start position:0% +margins right and they're going to index + + + align:start position:0% +margins right and they're going to index +those here with g&t where G stands for + + align:start position:0% +those here with g&t where G stands for + + + align:start position:0% +those here with g&t where G stands for +whether or not your part of the + + align:start position:0% +whether or not your part of the + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not your part of the +treatment of the of a treatment or + + align:start position:0% +treatment of the of a treatment or + + + align:start position:0% +treatment of the of a treatment or +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +market and T stands for whether or not + + align:start position:0% +market and T stands for whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +market and T stands for whether or not +it was before after the merger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happened what we + + align:start position:0% +happened what we + + + align:start position:0% +happened what we +want to make this comparison is a + + align:start position:0% +want to make this comparison is a + + + align:start position:0% +want to make this comparison is a +counterfactual distribution of + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution of +negotiated margins for the treated + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margins for the treated + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margins for the treated +markets okay so we would like to know + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so we would like to know + + + align:start position:0% +markets okay so we would like to know +what just as as you would in your + + align:start position:0% +what just as as you would in your + + + align:start position:0% +what just as as you would in your +typical difference and difference + + align:start position:0% +typical difference and difference + + + align:start position:0% +typical difference and difference +analysis right you make some assumptions + + align:start position:0% +analysis right you make some assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +analysis right you make some assumptions +to sort of know what would the + + align:start position:0% +to sort of know what would the + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of know what would the +counterfactual market have looked like + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual market have looked like + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual market have looked like +so similarly here we want to construct a + + align:start position:0% +so similarly here we want to construct a + + + align:start position:0% +so similarly here we want to construct a +full counterfactual distribution of + + align:start position:0% +full counterfactual distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +full counterfactual distribution of +prices for markets that for markets that + + align:start position:0% +prices for markets that for markets that + + + align:start position:0% +prices for markets that for markets that +were treated you know for the + + align:start position:0% +were treated you know for the + + + align:start position:0% +were treated you know for the +counterfactual where where the merger + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual where where the merger + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual where where the merger +didn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen so what they're going to use is + + align:start position:0% +happen so what they're going to use is + + + align:start position:0% +happen so what they're going to use is +is uh something that Athan imit proposed + + align:start position:0% +is uh something that Athan imit proposed + + + align:start position:0% +is uh something that Athan imit proposed +in 2006 it's called the changes and + + align:start position:0% +in 2006 it's called the changes and + + + align:start position:0% +in 2006 it's called the changes and +changes estimator it's basically a + + align:start position:0% +changes estimator it's basically a + + + align:start position:0% +changes estimator it's basically a +generalization of of difference and + + align:start position:0% +generalization of of difference and + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of of difference and +differences where you basically look at + + align:start position:0% +differences where you basically look at + + + align:start position:0% +differences where you basically look at +treatment effects we can look at uh you + + align:start position:0% +treatment effects we can look at uh you + + + align:start position:0% +treatment effects we can look at uh you +know treatments effects at different + + align:start position:0% +know treatments effects at different + + + align:start position:0% +know treatments effects at different +points of of the + + align:start position:0% +points of of the + + + align:start position:0% +points of of the +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um so the way this works I always + + align:start position:0% +so um so the way this works I always + + + align:start position:0% +so um so the way this works I always +always have to write it like this to + + align:start position:0% +always have to write it like this to + + + align:start position:0% +always have to write it like this to +remind myself okay so the the way this + + align:start position:0% +remind myself okay so the the way this + + + align:start position:0% +remind myself okay so the the way this +works is we're sort of + + align:start position:0% +works is we're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +works is we're sort of +asking right take take some + + align:start position:0% +asking right take take some + + + align:start position:0% +asking right take take some +margin right and look at basically + + align:start position:0% +margin right and look at basically + + + align:start position:0% +margin right and look at basically +remember here T stands for before and + + align:start position:0% +remember here T stands for before and + + + align:start position:0% +remember here T stands for before and +after G stands for whether or not + + align:start position:0% +after G stands for whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +after G stands for whether or not +this is is a is a treated market right + + align:start position:0% +this is is a is a treated market right + + + align:start position:0% +this is is a is a treated market right +so we want to look um for those markets + + align:start position:0% +so we want to look um for those markets + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to look um for those markets +that were not + + align:start position:0% +that were not + + + align:start position:0% +that were not +treated right where did you know how + + align:start position:0% +treated right where did you know how + + + align:start position:0% +treated right where did you know how +large was the change in the margin at a + + align:start position:0% +large was the change in the margin at a + + + align:start position:0% +large was the change in the margin at a +specific point of the distribution + + align:start position:0% +specific point of the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +specific point of the distribution +okay and we basically want that the + + align:start position:0% +okay and we basically want that the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we basically want that the +before margin that gives rise to this + + align:start position:0% +before margin that gives rise to this + + + align:start position:0% +before margin that gives rise to this +right across both + + align:start position:0% +right across both + + + align:start position:0% +right across both +markets is the same + + align:start position:0% +markets is the same + + + align:start position:0% +markets is the same +because that defines the counterfactual + + align:start position:0% +because that defines the counterfactual + + + align:start position:0% +because that defines the counterfactual +distribution right so across all points + + align:start position:0% +distribution right so across all points + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right so across all points +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +distribution we want to map + + align:start position:0% +distribution we want to map + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we want to map +from prices after the merger has + + align:start position:0% +from prices after the merger has + + + align:start position:0% +from prices after the merger has +happened to a set of prices before the + + align:start position:0% +happened to a set of prices before the + + + align:start position:0% +happened to a set of prices before the +merger and under under the + + align:start position:0% +merger and under under the + + + align:start position:0% +merger and under under the +counterfactual distribution those have + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution those have + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution those have +to be the + + align:start position:0% +to be the + + + align:start position:0% +to be the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +right why is the first subscript a 01 + + align:start position:0% +right why is the first subscript a 01 + + + align:start position:0% +right why is the first subscript a 01 +and not a 1 + + align:start position:0% +and not a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and not a 1 +z um let me see so this here + + align:start position:0% +z um let me see so this here + + + align:start position:0% +z um let me see so this here +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah this has to be one zero good + + align:start position:0% +um yeah this has to be one zero good + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah this has to be one zero good +catch apologize for that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay sorry about that okay so again + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay sorry about that okay so again + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay sorry about that okay so again +we're looking on both sides here at the + + align:start position:0% +we're looking on both sides here at the + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking on both sides here at the +change right and um and again the + + align:start position:0% +change right and um and again the + + + align:start position:0% +change right and um and again the +counterfactual distribution is defined + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution is defined + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution is defined +such that you know from any point that I + + align:start position:0% +such that you know from any point that I + + + align:start position:0% +such that you know from any point that I +look in the after distribution the + + align:start position:0% +look in the after distribution the + + + align:start position:0% +look in the after distribution the +margin that maps to this point has to be + + align:start position:0% +margin that maps to this point has to be + + + align:start position:0% +margin that maps to this point has to be +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +same okay so now I can sort of use this + + align:start position:0% +same okay so now I can sort of use this + + + align:start position:0% +same okay so now I can sort of use this +condition here right this is the object + + align:start position:0% +condition here right this is the object + + + align:start position:0% +condition here right this is the object +that I do not know which is the + + align:start position:0% +that I do not know which is the + + + align:start position:0% +that I do not know which is the +counterfactual distribution of + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual distribution of +prices right and I can apply basically + + align:start position:0% +prices right and I can apply basically + + + align:start position:0% +prices right and I can apply basically +you know uh and yeah here it's correct + + align:start position:0% +you know uh and yeah here it's correct + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh and yeah here it's correct +so yeah + + align:start position:0% +so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah +um so I can apply F10 to both sides + + align:start position:0% +um so I can apply F10 to both sides + + + align:start position:0% +um so I can apply F10 to both sides +right and I back out the the the + + align:start position:0% +right and I back out the the the + + + align:start position:0% +right and I back out the the the +uh the counterfactual distribution of + + align:start position:0% +uh the counterfactual distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the counterfactual distribution of +prices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is nice about this right is + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is nice about this right is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is nice about this right is +you know once I have this this object + + align:start position:0% +you know once I have this this object + + + align:start position:0% +you know once I have this this object +here which is again constructed from + + align:start position:0% +here which is again constructed from + + + align:start position:0% +here which is again constructed from +three observed + + align:start position:0% +three observed + + + align:start position:0% +three observed +distributions right I can look at + + align:start position:0% +distributions right I can look at + + + align:start position:0% +distributions right I can look at +different points of the distribution you + + align:start position:0% +different points of the distribution you + + + align:start position:0% +different points of the distribution you +know how how were consumers treated + + align:start position:0% +know how how were consumers treated + + + align:start position:0% +know how how were consumers treated +right and in particular I can come back + + align:start position:0% +right and in particular I can come back + + + align:start position:0% +right and in particular I can come back +to this idea that you know consumers + + align:start position:0% +to this idea that you know consumers + + + align:start position:0% +to this idea that you know consumers +that I expect to search a lot should you + + align:start position:0% +that I expect to search a lot should you + + + align:start position:0% +that I expect to search a lot should you +know hurt should be hurt more by the + + align:start position:0% +know hurt should be hurt more by the + + + align:start position:0% +know hurt should be hurt more by the +merger than consumers who do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not any any questions on on this this + + align:start position:0% +not any any questions on on this this + + + align:start position:0% +not any any questions on on this this +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +here right so again you know + + align:start position:0% +here right so again you know + + + align:start position:0% +here right so again you know +conceptually it's like difference in + + align:start position:0% +conceptually it's like difference in + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually it's like difference in +differences but you you look at + + align:start position:0% +differences but you you look at + + + align:start position:0% +differences but you you look at +different points of the of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution okay so here the uh that + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so here the uh that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so here the uh that +the results that we get out of + + align:start position:0% +the results that we get out of + + + align:start position:0% +the results that we get out of +this um again you can look at those + + align:start position:0% +this um again you can look at those + + + align:start position:0% +this um again you can look at those +either you know what they call baseline + + align:start position:0% +either you know what they call baseline + + + align:start position:0% +either you know what they call baseline +or adjusting uh for + + align:start position:0% +or adjusting uh for + + + align:start position:0% +or adjusting uh for +Trends uh and what you find here is that + + align:start position:0% +Trends uh and what you find here is that + + + align:start position:0% +Trends uh and what you find here is that +you know if you look at the top end of + + align:start position:0% +you know if you look at the top end of + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you look at the top end of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +distribution right the confidence uh uh + + align:start position:0% +distribution right the confidence uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right the confidence uh uh +uh bands they cross zero so these are + + align:start position:0% +uh bands they cross zero so these are + + + align:start position:0% +uh bands they cross zero so these are +all not + + align:start position:0% +all not + + + align:start position:0% +all not +significant but at the lower end of the + + align:start position:0% +significant but at the lower end of the + + + align:start position:0% +significant but at the lower end of the +price distribution you get significant + + align:start position:0% +price distribution you get significant + + + align:start position:0% +price distribution you get significant +effects at the order of sort of s to 10 + + align:start position:0% +effects at the order of sort of s to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +effects at the order of sort of s to 10 +basis + + align:start position:0% +basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis +points okay so again what is the + + align:start position:0% +points okay so again what is the + + + align:start position:0% +points okay so again what is the +interpretation here right there's some + + align:start position:0% +interpretation here right there's some + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation here right there's some +consumers in the market that you know + + align:start position:0% +consumers in the market that you know + + + align:start position:0% +consumers in the market that you know +that are searching a + + align:start position:0% +that are searching a + + + align:start position:0% +that are searching a +lot right and once their choice set is + + align:start position:0% +lot right and once their choice set is + + + align:start position:0% +lot right and once their choice set is +reduced their prices go up but consumers + + align:start position:0% +reduced their prices go up but consumers + + + align:start position:0% +reduced their prices go up but consumers +who were not chopping around to begin + + align:start position:0% +who were not chopping around to begin + + + align:start position:0% +who were not chopping around to begin +with right they're unaffected by this by + + align:start position:0% +with right they're unaffected by this by + + + align:start position:0% +with right they're unaffected by this by +this price change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um this leads uh to dispersion + + align:start position:0% +okay so um this leads uh to dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um this leads uh to dispersion +to to reduction dispersion in prices + + align:start position:0% +to to reduction dispersion in prices + + + align:start position:0% +to to reduction dispersion in prices +right so different measures different + + align:start position:0% +right so different measures different + + + align:start position:0% +right so different measures different +dispersion measures such as standard + + align:start position:0% +dispersion measures such as standard + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion measures such as standard +deviation coefficient of variation and + + align:start position:0% +deviation coefficient of variation and + + + align:start position:0% +deviation coefficient of variation and +Inter quartel range all tell a + + align:start position:0% +Inter quartel range all tell a + + + align:start position:0% +Inter quartel range all tell a +consistent story that prices are getting + + align:start position:0% +consistent story that prices are getting + + + align:start position:0% +consistent story that prices are getting +compressed once the merger happens okay + + align:start position:0% +compressed once the merger happens okay + + + align:start position:0% +compressed once the merger happens okay +what they also do is they're looking at + + align:start position:0% +what they also do is they're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +what they also do is they're looking at +whether or not this counterfactual + + align:start position:0% +whether or not this counterfactual + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not this counterfactual +distribution of prices that they back + + align:start position:0% +distribution of prices that they back + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of prices that they back +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +is um equal or not to the actual price + + align:start position:0% +is um equal or not to the actual price + + + align:start position:0% +is um equal or not to the actual price +distribution that they + + align:start position:0% +distribution that they + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that they +observe + + align:start position:0% +observe + + + align:start position:0% +observe +right so and they they can reject this + + align:start position:0% +right so and they they can reject this + + + align:start position:0% +right so and they they can reject this +with a KAG kagor smof test right so um + + align:start position:0% +with a KAG kagor smof test right so um + + + align:start position:0% +with a KAG kagor smof test right so um +basically sort of looking over the full + + align:start position:0% +basically sort of looking over the full + + + align:start position:0% +basically sort of looking over the full +distribution of prices reject the N + + align:start position:0% +distribution of prices reject the N + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of prices reject the N +hypothesis that uh the price + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that uh the price + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that uh the price +distribution didn't change relative to + + align:start position:0% +distribution didn't change relative to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution didn't change relative to +the counterfactual price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution so I think this is this is + + align:start position:0% +distribution so I think this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so I think this is this is +uh nice because again it sort of tells + + align:start position:0% +uh nice because again it sort of tells + + + align:start position:0% +uh nice because again it sort of tells +um uh a story that's sort of quite + + align:start position:0% +um uh a story that's sort of quite + + + align:start position:0% +um uh a story that's sort of quite +consistent with the idea of you know + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the idea of you know + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the idea of you know +different consumers fairing very + + align:start position:0% +different consumers fairing very + + + align:start position:0% +different consumers fairing very +different in these markets and you know + + align:start position:0% +different in these markets and you know + + + align:start position:0% +different in these markets and you know +you can kind of observe it in those uh + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of observe it in those uh + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of observe it in those uh +in those heterogeneous treatment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effects okay so they now construct uh a + + align:start position:0% +effects okay so they now construct uh a + + + align:start position:0% +effects okay so they now construct uh a +search model to sort of make uh sense of + + align:start position:0% +search model to sort of make uh sense of + + + align:start position:0% +search model to sort of make uh sense of +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +results + + align:start position:0% +results + + + align:start position:0% +results +um and the model is constructed so that + + align:start position:0% +um and the model is constructed so that + + + align:start position:0% +um and the model is constructed so that +in the end it sort of maps back to these + + align:start position:0% +in the end it sort of maps back to these + + + align:start position:0% +in the end it sort of maps back to these +negotiated margins in the after period + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margins in the after period + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margins in the after period +okay so we have n plus1 lenders uh in + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have n plus1 lenders uh in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have n plus1 lenders uh in +this market and there are three stages + + align:start position:0% +this market and there are three stages + + + align:start position:0% +this market and there are three stages +to the model okay so + + align:start position:0% +to the model okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to the model okay so +initially as in Hong and Sham consumers + + align:start position:0% +initially as in Hong and Sham consumers + + + align:start position:0% +initially as in Hong and Sham consumers +get a free price quote okay so you can + + align:start position:0% +get a free price quote okay so you can + + + align:start position:0% +get a free price quote okay so you can +think of this maybe from their home + + align:start position:0% +think of this maybe from their home + + + align:start position:0% +think of this maybe from their home +lender right I get a free + + align:start position:0% +lender right I get a free + + + align:start position:0% +lender right I get a free +quote I can either accept this + + align:start position:0% +quote I can either accept this + + + align:start position:0% +quote I can either accept this +quote or I can reject the quote and + + align:start position:0% +quote or I can reject the quote and + + + align:start position:0% +quote or I can reject the quote and +engage in effort costly effort to gain + + align:start position:0% +engage in effort costly effort to gain + + + align:start position:0% +engage in effort costly effort to gain +additional + + align:start position:0% +additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional +quotes and so they're + + align:start position:0% +quotes and so they're + + + align:start position:0% +quotes and so they're +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +um a search search technology that's + + align:start position:0% +um a search search technology that's + + + align:start position:0% +um a search search technology that's +somewhat different from what you have + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different from what you have + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different from what you have +seen before so basically there's a + + align:start position:0% +seen before so basically there's a + + + align:start position:0% +seen before so basically there's a +continuous effort + + align:start position:0% +continuous effort + + + align:start position:0% +continuous effort +function and um you know as I increase + + align:start position:0% +function and um you know as I increase + + + align:start position:0% +function and um you know as I increase +my continuous effort I get a higher + + align:start position:0% +my continuous effort I get a higher + + + align:start position:0% +my continuous effort I get a higher +probability that I'm getting more quotes + + align:start position:0% +probability that I'm getting more quotes + + + align:start position:0% +probability that I'm getting more quotes +from The Price + + align:start position:0% +from The Price + + + align:start position:0% +from The Price +distribution and you know the way that + + align:start position:0% +distribution and you know the way that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and you know the way that +uh they construct is that with you know + + align:start position:0% +uh they construct is that with you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh they construct is that with you know +probability s i either get quotes from + + align:start position:0% +probability s i either get quotes from + + + align:start position:0% +probability s i either get quotes from +all the firms in the + + align:start position:0% +all the firms in the + + + align:start position:0% +all the firms in the +market and with probability 1 minus S I + + align:start position:0% +market and with probability 1 minus S I + + + align:start position:0% +market and with probability 1 minus S I +only get two quotes Okay so this turns + + align:start position:0% +only get two quotes Okay so this turns + + + align:start position:0% +only get two quotes Okay so this turns +out to be quite convenient because they + + align:start position:0% +out to be quite convenient because they + + + align:start position:0% +out to be quite convenient because they +can basically uh map this just in a sort + + align:start position:0% +can basically uh map this just in a sort + + + align:start position:0% +can basically uh map this just in a sort +of continuous effort problem right + + align:start position:0% +of continuous effort problem right + + + align:start position:0% +of continuous effort problem right +instead of dealing uh uh with something + + align:start position:0% +instead of dealing uh uh with something + + + align:start position:0% +instead of dealing uh uh with something +like a reservation uh price strategy in + + align:start position:0% +like a reservation uh price strategy in + + + align:start position:0% +like a reservation uh price strategy in +the sequential search model or you know + + align:start position:0% +the sequential search model or you know + + + align:start position:0% +the sequential search model or you know +having to compare uh you know different + + align:start position:0% +having to compare uh you know different + + + align:start position:0% +having to compare uh you know different +sort of bins and where consumers sought + + align:start position:0% +sort of bins and where consumers sought + + + align:start position:0% +sort of bins and where consumers sought +themselves into okay so this this is you + + align:start position:0% +themselves into okay so this this is you + + + align:start position:0% +themselves into okay so this this is you +know somewhat uh similar to what people + + align:start position:0% +know somewhat uh similar to what people + + + align:start position:0% +know somewhat uh similar to what people +do in labor search so I'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +do in labor search so I'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +do in labor search so I'll come back to +that comparison later on and it you know + + align:start position:0% +that comparison later on and it you know + + + align:start position:0% +that comparison later on and it you know +it's just makes the model uh uh slightly + + align:start position:0% +it's just makes the model uh uh slightly + + + align:start position:0% +it's just makes the model uh uh slightly +easier to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +handle okay so these are the three + + align:start position:0% +handle okay so these are the three + + + align:start position:0% +handle okay so these are the three +stages okay consumers get an initial + + align:start position:0% +stages okay consumers get an initial + + + align:start position:0% +stages okay consumers get an initial +quote they either search or not and when + + align:start position:0% +quote they either search or not and when + + + align:start position:0% +quote they either search or not and when +they search consumer the lenders compete + + align:start position:0% +they search consumer the lenders compete + + + align:start position:0% +they search consumer the lenders compete +uh you know for for their + + align:start position:0% +uh you know for for their + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know for for their +business okay so let's work backwards + + align:start position:0% +business okay so let's work backwards + + + align:start position:0% +business okay so let's work backwards +let's first go to stage three so this is + + align:start position:0% +let's first go to stage three so this is + + + align:start position:0% +let's first go to stage three so this is +where consumers went out and get + + align:start position:0% +where consumers went out and get + + + align:start position:0% +where consumers went out and get +additional quotes from the + + align:start position:0% +additional quotes from the + + + align:start position:0% +additional quotes from the +market uh they model this as an English + + align:start position:0% +market uh they model this as an English + + + align:start position:0% +market uh they model this as an English +auction again this is a fairly strong + + align:start position:0% +auction again this is a fairly strong + + + align:start position:0% +auction again this is a fairly strong +assumption but um it's it makes uh + + align:start position:0% +assumption but um it's it makes uh + + + align:start position:0% +assumption but um it's it makes uh +dealing with the model uh somewhat + + align:start position:0% +dealing with the model uh somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with the model uh somewhat +easier so lenders here have a common + + align:start position:0% +easier so lenders here have a common + + + align:start position:0% +easier so lenders here have a common +cost component C and an idey syncratic + + align:start position:0% +cost component C and an idey syncratic + + + align:start position:0% +cost component C and an idey syncratic +component Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +component Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +component Epsilon +J okay + + align:start position:0% +J okay + + + align:start position:0% +J okay +and as you know there's a weekly + + align:start position:0% +and as you know there's a weekly + + + align:start position:0% +and as you know there's a weekly +dominant strategy in English auctions + + align:start position:0% +dominant strategy in English auctions + + + align:start position:0% +dominant strategy in English auctions +which is to to bid your cost okay so the + + align:start position:0% +which is to to bid your cost okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +which is to to bid your cost okay so the +lowest cost lender wins and is p paid + + align:start position:0% +lowest cost lender wins and is p paid + + + align:start position:0% +lowest cost lender wins and is p paid +the price of the second lowest cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lender so with this they can then um + + align:start position:0% +lender so with this they can then um + + + align:start position:0% +lender so with this they can then um +Define an expected + + align:start position:0% +Define an expected + + + align:start position:0% +Define an expected +price which is or an expected negotiated + + align:start position:0% +price which is or an expected negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +price which is or an expected negotiated +margin which is again a function of this + + align:start position:0% +margin which is again a function of this + + + align:start position:0% +margin which is again a function of this +common part here as well as the expected + + align:start position:0% +common part here as well as the expected + + + align:start position:0% +common part here as well as the expected +second order statistic out of taking end + + align:start position:0% +second order statistic out of taking end + + + align:start position:0% +second order statistic out of taking end +draws from uh from the + + align:start position:0% +draws from uh from the + + + align:start position:0% +draws from uh from the +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +okay and since they make this assumption + + align:start position:0% +okay and since they make this assumption + + + align:start position:0% +okay and since they make this assumption +that consumers either take two draws or + + align:start position:0% +that consumers either take two draws or + + + align:start position:0% +that consumers either take two draws or +end draws depending or not on whether or + + align:start position:0% +end draws depending or not on whether or + + + align:start position:0% +end draws depending or not on whether or +not their search is successful right you + + align:start position:0% +not their search is successful right you + + + align:start position:0% +not their search is successful right you +get this difference in expected prices + + align:start position:0% +get this difference in expected prices + + + align:start position:0% +get this difference in expected prices +uh or Delta n right as a function of how + + align:start position:0% +uh or Delta n right as a function of how + + + align:start position:0% +uh or Delta n right as a function of how +many lenders there are in the market + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you can sort of if you thinking + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can sort of if you thinking + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can sort of if you thinking +about this you can already sort of see + + align:start position:0% +about this you can already sort of see + + + align:start position:0% +about this you can already sort of see +how this Maps back to the empirics right + + align:start position:0% +how this Maps back to the empirics right + + + align:start position:0% +how this Maps back to the empirics right +so you know in some markets the total + + align:start position:0% +so you know in some markets the total + + + align:start position:0% +so you know in some markets the total +number of firms that um that you can + + align:start position:0% +number of firms that um that you can + + + align:start position:0% +number of firms that um that you can +search from is reduced by + + align:start position:0% +search from is reduced by + + + align:start position:0% +search from is reduced by +one right and sort of of course under + + align:start position:0% +one right and sort of of course under + + + align:start position:0% +one right and sort of of course under +this specific search + + align:start position:0% +this specific search + + + align:start position:0% +this specific search +technology right some consumers would + + align:start position:0% +technology right some consumers would + + + align:start position:0% +technology right some consumers would +have taken usually n plus one draws and + + align:start position:0% +have taken usually n plus one draws and + + + align:start position:0% +have taken usually n plus one draws and +now only taking n draws when they search + + align:start position:0% +now only taking n draws when they search + + + align:start position:0% +now only taking n draws when they search +is successful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so this this was the last + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so this this was the last + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so this this was the last +stage where uh the lenders are competing + + align:start position:0% +stage where uh the lenders are competing + + + align:start position:0% +stage where uh the lenders are competing +against each other we now move to stage + + align:start position:0% +against each other we now move to stage + + + align:start position:0% +against each other we now move to stage +two where uh consumers are deciding you + + align:start position:0% +two where uh consumers are deciding you + + + align:start position:0% +two where uh consumers are deciding you +know how much to + + align:start position:0% +know how much to + + + align:start position:0% +know how much to +search and so their total search cost + + align:start position:0% +search and so their total search cost + + + align:start position:0% +search and so their total search cost +here which they call Kappa I is a + + align:start position:0% +here which they call Kappa I is a + + + align:start position:0% +here which they call Kappa I is a +function of how much effort they exert + + align:start position:0% +function of how much effort they exert + + + align:start position:0% +function of how much effort they exert +and in particular depends on an + + align:start position:0% +and in particular depends on an + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular depends on an +ideosyncratic cost for each consumer UI + + align:start position:0% +ideosyncratic cost for each consumer UI + + + align:start position:0% +ideosyncratic cost for each consumer UI +okay so this is the consumer's marginal + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the consumer's marginal + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the consumer's marginal +cost of of searching exerting more + + align:start position:0% +cost of of searching exerting more + + + align:start position:0% +cost of of searching exerting more +effort plus a fixed component Ada I okay + + align:start position:0% +effort plus a fixed component Ada I okay + + + align:start position:0% +effort plus a fixed component Ada I okay +so if you reject your initial quote and + + align:start position:0% +so if you reject your initial quote and + + + align:start position:0% +so if you reject your initial quote and +you go out to search you pay this fixed + + align:start position:0% +you go out to search you pay this fixed + + + align:start position:0% +you go out to search you pay this fixed +cost it will turn out I'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +cost it will turn out I'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +cost it will turn out I'll come back to +this that this they basically dropped + + align:start position:0% +this that this they basically dropped + + + align:start position:0% +this that this they basically dropped +this in the empirical application but + + align:start position:0% +this in the empirical application but + + + align:start position:0% +this in the empirical application but +I'll leave it in here for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now so an an important assumption and + + align:start position:0% +now so an an important assumption and + + + align:start position:0% +now so an an important assumption and +restriction in this model is that they + + align:start position:0% +restriction in this model is that they + + + align:start position:0% +restriction in this model is that they +assume that the marginal cost of + + align:start position:0% +assume that the marginal cost of + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the marginal cost of +searching of the consumer is publicly + + align:start position:0% +searching of the consumer is publicly + + + align:start position:0% +searching of the consumer is publicly +observed okay so in other words the + + align:start position:0% +observed okay so in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +observed okay so in other words the +lender kind of you know once you once + + align:start position:0% +lender kind of you know once you once + + + align:start position:0% +lender kind of you know once you once +you talk to the lender right you you + + align:start position:0% +you talk to the lender right you you + + + align:start position:0% +you talk to the lender right you you +walk into the branch they can actually + + align:start position:0% +walk into the branch they can actually + + + align:start position:0% +walk into the branch they can actually +somehow learn enough about you to know + + align:start position:0% +somehow learn enough about you to know + + + align:start position:0% +somehow learn enough about you to know +exactly what your cost of searching is + + align:start position:0% +exactly what your cost of searching is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what your cost of searching is +and this has quite strong implications + + align:start position:0% +and this has quite strong implications + + + align:start position:0% +and this has quite strong implications +I'll come back to this but this is + + align:start position:0% +I'll come back to this but this is + + + align:start position:0% +I'll come back to this but this is +something important to keep in mind here + + align:start position:0% +something important to keep in mind here + + + align:start position:0% +something important to keep in mind here +okay so um the marginal cost of + + align:start position:0% +okay so um the marginal cost of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um the marginal cost of +searching is publicly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +observed um they assume that there's + + align:start position:0% +observed um they assume that there's + + + align:start position:0% +observed um they assume that there's +matching probability so the chance the + + align:start position:0% +matching probability so the chance the + + + align:start position:0% +matching probability so the chance the +search is successful and I get end draws + + align:start position:0% +search is successful and I get end draws + + + align:start position:0% +search is successful and I get end draws +from the price distribution has this + + align:start position:0% +from the price distribution has this + + + align:start position:0% +from the price distribution has this +Paro distribution here okay and so with + + align:start position:0% +Paro distribution here okay and so with + + + align:start position:0% +Paro distribution here okay and so with +that consumers um compute their + + align:start position:0% +that consumers um compute their + + + align:start position:0% +that consumers um compute their +reservation value which is uh the + + align:start position:0% +reservation value which is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value which is uh the +minimizer of the search + + align:start position:0% +minimizer of the search + + + align:start position:0% +minimizer of the search +Cost Plus the expected price that I get + + align:start position:0% +Cost Plus the expected price that I get + + + align:start position:0% +Cost Plus the expected price that I get +okay so again this here is a common cost + + align:start position:0% +okay so again this here is a common cost + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again this here is a common cost +component if I'm not successful I'm + + align:start position:0% +component if I'm not successful I'm + + + align:start position:0% +component if I'm not successful I'm +getting the second order statistics out + + align:start position:0% +getting the second order statistics out + + + align:start position:0% +getting the second order statistics out +of taking two + + align:start position:0% +of taking two + + + align:start position:0% +of taking two +draws and when I'm successful I'm sort + + align:start position:0% +draws and when I'm successful I'm sort + + + align:start position:0% +draws and when I'm successful I'm sort +of replacing this with the with the + + align:start position:0% +of replacing this with the with the + + + align:start position:0% +of replacing this with the with the +second statistic out of end + + align:start position:0% +second statistic out of end + + + align:start position:0% +second statistic out of end +draws okay this is this Delta n that we + + align:start position:0% +draws okay this is this Delta n that we + + + align:start position:0% +draws okay this is this Delta n that we +defined + + align:start position:0% +defined + + + align:start position:0% +defined +beforehand the difference the difference + + align:start position:0% +beforehand the difference the difference + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand the difference the difference +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +expectations okay so um it will be + + align:start position:0% +expectations okay so um it will be + + + align:start position:0% +expectations okay so um it will be +useful to keep track of this reservation + + align:start position:0% +useful to keep track of this reservation + + + align:start position:0% +useful to keep track of this reservation +value as a part that is common to all + + align:start position:0% +value as a part that is common to all + + + align:start position:0% +value as a part that is common to all +consumers and this ideosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +consumers and this ideosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and this ideosyncratic +component here which depends on the + + align:start position:0% +component here which depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +component here which depends on the +consumer ideosyncratic search cost as + + align:start position:0% +consumer ideosyncratic search cost as + + + align:start position:0% +consumer ideosyncratic search cost as +well as the number of lenders in the + + align:start position:0% +well as the number of lenders in the + + + align:start position:0% +well as the number of lenders in the +market okay so so so in other words you + + align:start position:0% +market okay so so so in other words you + + + align:start position:0% +market okay so so so in other words you +know consumers you are different in + + align:start position:0% +know consumers you are different in + + + align:start position:0% +know consumers you are different in +terms of how costly it is to search for + + align:start position:0% +terms of how costly it is to search for + + + align:start position:0% +terms of how costly it is to search for +them right they exert in this continuous + + align:start position:0% +them right they exert in this continuous + + + align:start position:0% +them right they exert in this continuous +effort this gives them some reservation + + align:start position:0% +effort this gives them some reservation + + + align:start position:0% +effort this gives them some reservation +value comes out of this optimization + + align:start position:0% +value comes out of this optimization + + + align:start position:0% +value comes out of this optimization +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +okay and there's some consumers who will + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's some consumers who will + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's some consumers who will +not search at all right uh if their + + align:start position:0% +not search at all right uh if their + + + align:start position:0% +not search at all right uh if their +search cost is too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +high okay so we're now moving to stage + + align:start position:0% +high okay so we're now moving to stage + + + align:start position:0% +high okay so we're now moving to stage +one which is the lender who gives the + + align:start position:0% +one which is the lender who gives the + + + align:start position:0% +one which is the lender who gives the +initial quote where the lender who gives + + align:start position:0% +initial quote where the lender who gives + + + align:start position:0% +initial quote where the lender who gives +the initial quote decides what that + + align:start position:0% +the initial quote decides what that + + + align:start position:0% +the initial quote decides what that +quote should + + align:start position:0% +quote should + + + align:start position:0% +quote should +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +okay so for that we Define the + + align:start position:0% +okay so for that we Define the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for that we Define the +distribution of ADA which was this fixed + + align:start position:0% +distribution of ADA which was this fixed + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of ADA which was this fixed +cost of searching okay so the the + + align:start position:0% +cost of searching okay so the the + + + align:start position:0% +cost of searching okay so the the +consumer uh who decides whether or not + + align:start position:0% +consumer uh who decides whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +consumer uh who decides whether or not +to take more + + align:start position:0% +to take more + + + align:start position:0% +to take more +draws privately observes this fixed + + align:start position:0% +draws privately observes this fixed + + + align:start position:0% +draws privately observes this fixed +cost yeah and the probability that I'm + + align:start position:0% +cost yeah and the probability that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +cost yeah and the probability that I'm +that the consumer goes out to take more + + align:start position:0% +that the consumer goes out to take more + + + align:start position:0% +that the consumer goes out to take more +draws is the probability + + align:start position:0% +draws is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +draws is the probability +that ADA I plus the reservation value is + + align:start position:0% +that ADA I plus the reservation value is + + + align:start position:0% +that ADA I plus the reservation value is +lower than the initial quote that I + + align:start position:0% +lower than the initial quote that I + + + align:start position:0% +lower than the initial quote that I +get right the lender observes UI so the + + align:start position:0% +get right the lender observes UI so the + + + align:start position:0% +get right the lender observes UI so the +lender knows what your reservation value + + align:start position:0% +lender knows what your reservation value + + + align:start position:0% +lender knows what your reservation value +is right but the lender does not know + + align:start position:0% +is right but the lender does not know + + + align:start position:0% +is right but the lender does not know +Adai so this is privately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +observed okay so the the this the lender + + align:start position:0% +observed okay so the the this the lender + + + align:start position:0% +observed okay so the the this the lender +who sets the initial quote maximizes + + align:start position:0% +who sets the initial quote maximizes + + + align:start position:0% +who sets the initial quote maximizes +again the margin times the probability + + align:start position:0% +again the margin times the probability + + + align:start position:0% +again the margin times the probability +that the consumer does not walk away and + + align:start position:0% +that the consumer does not walk away and + + + align:start position:0% +that the consumer does not walk away and +there an implicit assumption here that + + align:start position:0% +there an implicit assumption here that + + + align:start position:0% +there an implicit assumption here that +when the consumer walks away then I'm + + align:start position:0% +when the consumer walks away then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +when the consumer walks away then I'm +losing the business of the consumer for + + align:start position:0% +losing the business of the consumer for + + + align:start position:0% +losing the business of the consumer for +sure right so the consumer then takes uh + + align:start position:0% +sure right so the consumer then takes uh + + + align:start position:0% +sure right so the consumer then takes uh +one of the offers from the other lenders + + align:start position:0% +one of the offers from the other lenders + + + align:start position:0% +one of the offers from the other lenders +and doesn't compare this to my initial M + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't compare this to my initial M + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't compare this to my initial M +m0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quote so so this is uh basically a + + align:start position:0% +quote so so this is uh basically a + + + align:start position:0% +quote so so this is uh basically a +monopo monopoly pricing problem right + + align:start position:0% +monopo monopoly pricing problem right + + + align:start position:0% +monopo monopoly pricing problem right +where I'm sort of pricing against this + + align:start position:0% +where I'm sort of pricing against this + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm sort of pricing against this +uh residual demand curve here which is + + align:start position:0% +uh residual demand curve here which is + + + align:start position:0% +uh residual demand curve here which is +whether or not the consumer walks away + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the consumer walks away + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the consumer walks away +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +not and you get this solution here where + + align:start position:0% +not and you get this solution here where + + + align:start position:0% +not and you get this solution here where +the margin is equal to the inverse + + align:start position:0% +the margin is equal to the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +the margin is equal to the inverse +Hazard rate okay so a pretty standard + + align:start position:0% +Hazard rate okay so a pretty standard + + + align:start position:0% +Hazard rate okay so a pretty standard +solution for these problems where + + align:start position:0% +solution for these problems where + + + align:start position:0% +solution for these problems where +consumers have private information right + + align:start position:0% +consumers have private information right + + + align:start position:0% +consumers have private information right +so the consumer earns some information + + align:start position:0% +so the consumer earns some information + + + align:start position:0% +so the consumer earns some information +rent uh and that leads in principle to + + align:start position:0% +rent uh and that leads in principle to + + + align:start position:0% +rent uh and that leads in principle to +uh somewhat lower prices than the + + align:start position:0% +uh somewhat lower prices than the + + + align:start position:0% +uh somewhat lower prices than the +reservation value would imply okay in + + align:start position:0% +reservation value would imply okay in + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value would imply okay in +the empirical application + + align:start position:0% +the empirical application + + + align:start position:0% +the empirical application +however uh they're going to just set Ada + + align:start position:0% +however uh they're going to just set Ada + + + align:start position:0% +however uh they're going to just set Ada +I to + + align:start position:0% +I to + + + align:start position:0% +I to +zero so the empirical application they + + align:start position:0% +zero so the empirical application they + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the empirical application they +assume the consumers do not earn any + + align:start position:0% +assume the consumers do not earn any + + + align:start position:0% +assume the consumers do not earn any +information rent and lenders are + + align:start position:0% +information rent and lenders are + + + align:start position:0% +information rent and lenders are +therefore just paying them their + + align:start position:0% +therefore just paying them their + + + align:start position:0% +therefore just paying them their +reservation value which is because they + + align:start position:0% +reservation value which is because they + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value which is because they +observe UI publicly + + align:start position:0% +observe UI publicly + + + align:start position:0% +observe UI publicly +observed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so so with this solution right + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so so with this solution right + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so so with this solution right +where there is basically now uh + + align:start position:0% +where there is basically now uh + + + align:start position:0% +where there is basically now uh +according to this very uh Stark + + align:start position:0% +according to this very uh Stark + + + align:start position:0% +according to this very uh Stark +restriction no more uh any private + + align:start position:0% +restriction no more uh any private + + + align:start position:0% +restriction no more uh any private +information of consumers you can + + align:start position:0% +information of consumers you can + + + align:start position:0% +information of consumers you can +directly map what comes out of this uh + + align:start position:0% +directly map what comes out of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +directly map what comes out of this uh +um search problem of the consumer to The + + align:start position:0% +um search problem of the consumer to The + + + align:start position:0% +um search problem of the consumer to The +observed distribution of negotiated + + align:start position:0% +observed distribution of negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +observed distribution of negotiated +margins in the after period okay so + + align:start position:0% +margins in the after period okay so + + + align:start position:0% +margins in the after period okay so +remember this year is just uh for the + + align:start position:0% +remember this year is just uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +remember this year is just uh for the +treated markets in the after period the + + align:start position:0% +treated markets in the after period the + + + align:start position:0% +treated markets in the after period the +fraction of consumers who get a + + align:start position:0% +fraction of consumers who get a + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of consumers who get a +negotiated margin uh less than M right + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin uh less than M right + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin uh less than M right +and we can write this as a probability + + align:start position:0% +and we can write this as a probability + + + align:start position:0% +and we can write this as a probability +that this reservation value again which + + align:start position:0% +that this reservation value again which + + + align:start position:0% +that this reservation value again which +had the common component and the cons + + align:start position:0% +had the common component and the cons + + + align:start position:0% +had the common component and the cons +consumer ID crit component is less than + + align:start position:0% +consumer ID crit component is less than + + + align:start position:0% +consumer ID crit component is less than +M and if we Define hu to be the + + align:start position:0% +M and if we Define hu to be the + + + align:start position:0% +M and if we Define hu to be the +distribution of these ideosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +distribution of these ideosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of these ideosyncratic +search cost we can instead rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +search cost we can instead rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +search cost we can instead rewrite this +as follows okay so we can write um the + + align:start position:0% +as follows okay so we can write um the + + + align:start position:0% +as follows okay so we can write um the +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +quantiles of the consumer types which is + + align:start position:0% +quantiles of the consumer types which is + + + align:start position:0% +quantiles of the consumer types which is +how costly it is to search for you have + + align:start position:0% +how costly it is to search for you have + + + align:start position:0% +how costly it is to search for you have +to correspond to the quantiles of the + + align:start position:0% +to correspond to the quantiles of the + + + align:start position:0% +to correspond to the quantiles of the +negotiated + + align:start position:0% +negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated +margin okay so this is something this is + + align:start position:0% +margin okay so this is something this is + + + align:start position:0% +margin okay so this is something this is +sort of a strategy that you will also + + align:start position:0% +sort of a strategy that you will also + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a strategy that you will also +see in auctions where there's something + + align:start position:0% +see in auctions where there's something + + + align:start position:0% +see in auctions where there's something +kind of ideosyncratic that's unobserved + + align:start position:0% +kind of ideosyncratic that's unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ideosyncratic that's unobserved +right and and consumers are ordered in + + align:start position:0% +right and and consumers are ordered in + + + align:start position:0% +right and and consumers are ordered in +some way and that's going to map to + + align:start position:0% +some way and that's going to map to + + + align:start position:0% +some way and that's going to map to +something observed that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +something observed that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +something observed that's kind of +ordered in this case the prices that + + align:start position:0% +ordered in this case the prices that + + + align:start position:0% +ordered in this case the prices that +consumers get right and again the way + + align:start position:0% +consumers get right and again the way + + + align:start position:0% +consumers get right and again the way +this works here is you know I have my + + align:start position:0% +this works here is you know I have my + + + align:start position:0% +this works here is you know I have my +priv I have my my search cost the lender + + align:start position:0% +priv I have my my search cost the lender + + + align:start position:0% +priv I have my my search cost the lender +observes that and just pays me off my + + align:start position:0% +observes that and just pays me off my + + + align:start position:0% +observes that and just pays me off my +reservation value right and so I guess + + align:start position:0% +reservation value right and so I guess + + + align:start position:0% +reservation value right and so I guess +you get this kind of perfect ordering of + + align:start position:0% +you get this kind of perfect ordering of + + + align:start position:0% +you get this kind of perfect ordering of +the negotiated margin that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +the negotiated margin that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +the negotiated margin that corresponds +to The Ordering of these unobserved + + align:start position:0% +to The Ordering of these unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +to The Ordering of these unobserved +types + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this uh of course this here only + + align:start position:0% +so this uh of course this here only + + + align:start position:0% +so this uh of course this here only +works for a given set of + + align:start position:0% +works for a given set of + + + align:start position:0% +works for a given set of +parameters of the remaining problem here + + align:start position:0% +parameters of the remaining problem here + + + align:start position:0% +parameters of the remaining problem here +which is uh which still includes the + + align:start position:0% +which is uh which still includes the + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh which still includes the +firm's um cost variation as well as um + + align:start position:0% +firm's um cost variation as well as um + + + align:start position:0% +firm's um cost variation as well as um +Lambda I which was determining how + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I which was determining how + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I which was determining how +costly it is for consumers to search + + align:start position:0% +costly it is for consumers to search + + + align:start position:0% +costly it is for consumers to search +okay so we can't quite directly back out + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can't quite directly back out + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can't quite directly back out +this distribution H H because we don't + + align:start position:0% +this distribution H H because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +this distribution H H because we don't +know yet the parameters the remaining + + align:start position:0% +know yet the parameters the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +know yet the parameters the remaining +parameters of this problem right which + + align:start position:0% +parameters of this problem right which + + + align:start position:0% +parameters of this problem right which +was uh which which are the uh the search + + align:start position:0% +was uh which which are the uh the search + + + align:start position:0% +was uh which which are the uh the search +effort uh parameters as well as the cost + + align:start position:0% +effort uh parameters as well as the cost + + + align:start position:0% +effort uh parameters as well as the cost +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lenders so so one thing that uh that you + + align:start position:0% +lenders so so one thing that uh that you + + + align:start position:0% +lenders so so one thing that uh that you +get out of this is that consumers that + + align:start position:0% +get out of this is that consumers that + + + align:start position:0% +get out of this is that consumers that +have higher search + + align:start position:0% +have higher search + + + align:start position:0% +have higher search +cost uh benefit less from the merger + + align:start position:0% +cost uh benefit less from the merger + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh benefit less from the merger +than consumers with lower search cost + + align:start position:0% +than consumers with lower search cost + + + align:start position:0% +than consumers with lower search cost +okay so for you prime larger U you get a + + align:start position:0% +okay so for you prime larger U you get a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for you prime larger U you get a +difference in reservation values for + + align:start position:0% +difference in reservation values for + + + align:start position:0% +difference in reservation values for +Less sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +Less sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +Less sophisticated +consumers that's uh smaller than for + + align:start position:0% +consumers that's uh smaller than for + + + align:start position:0% +consumers that's uh smaller than for +consumers that have a lower search cost + + align:start position:0% +consumers that have a lower search cost + + + align:start position:0% +consumers that have a lower search cost +okay so in other words what this model + + align:start position:0% +okay so in other words what this model + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in other words what this model +here generates is this uh this + + align:start position:0% +here generates is this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +here generates is this uh this +difference that we already saw in the + + align:start position:0% +difference that we already saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +difference that we already saw in the +data that we see larger treatment + + align:start position:0% +data that we see larger treatment + + + align:start position:0% +data that we see larger treatment +effects at the lower end of the price + + align:start position:0% +effects at the lower end of the price + + + align:start position:0% +effects at the lower end of the price +distribution where we would expect to be + + align:start position:0% +distribution where we would expect to be + + + align:start position:0% +distribution where we would expect to be +the consumers that have lower search + + align:start position:0% +the consumers that have lower search + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers that have lower search +costs relative to at the high end of the + + align:start position:0% +costs relative to at the high end of the + + + align:start position:0% +costs relative to at the high end of the +price distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so in other + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so in other + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so in other +words this uh pricing function you know + + align:start position:0% +words this uh pricing function you know + + + align:start position:0% +words this uh pricing function you know +under symmetric information basically + + align:start position:0% +under symmetric information basically + + + align:start position:0% +under symmetric information basically +leads to um you know it's monotonically + + align:start position:0% +leads to um you know it's monotonically + + + align:start position:0% +leads to um you know it's monotonically +increasing in uh UI it's weakly + + align:start position:0% +increasing in uh UI it's weakly + + + align:start position:0% +increasing in uh UI it's weakly +decreasing in N so you know competition + + align:start position:0% +decreasing in N so you know competition + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing in N so you know competition +helps and there are these increasing + + align:start position:0% +helps and there are these increasing + + + align:start position:0% +helps and there are these increasing +marginal effects of the merger when you + + align:start position:0% +marginal effects of the merger when you + + + align:start position:0% +marginal effects of the merger when you +get to Consumers of lower search cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so with all of this uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay so so with all of this uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so with all of this uh sort of +put + + align:start position:0% +put + + + align:start position:0% +put +together what they're doing is they're + + align:start position:0% +together what they're doing is they're + + + align:start position:0% +together what they're doing is they're +now want to explain the actual observed + + align:start position:0% +now want to explain the actual observed + + + align:start position:0% +now want to explain the actual observed +differences in the treatment + + align:start position:0% +differences in the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +differences in the treatment +effects okay so we had basically you + + align:start position:0% +effects okay so we had basically you + + + align:start position:0% +effects okay so we had basically you +know large treatment effects at the + + align:start position:0% +know large treatment effects at the + + + align:start position:0% +know large treatment effects at the +bottom of the of the price distribution + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the of the price distribution + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the of the price distribution +small treatment effects at the top right + + align:start position:0% +small treatment effects at the top right + + + align:start position:0% +small treatment effects at the top right +and they're going to find parameters + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to find parameters + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to find parameters +which is the common cost of uh lenders + + align:start position:0% +which is the common cost of uh lenders + + + align:start position:0% +which is the common cost of uh lenders +the consumer search strategy as well as + + align:start position:0% +the consumer search strategy as well as + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer search strategy as well as +the variation of the ideosyncratic cost + + align:start position:0% +the variation of the ideosyncratic cost + + + align:start position:0% +the variation of the ideosyncratic cost +uh of lenders that best + + align:start position:0% +uh of lenders that best + + + align:start position:0% +uh of lenders that best +explain the differences in negotiated + + align:start position:0% +explain the differences in negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +explain the differences in negotiated +margins going from before to after the + + align:start position:0% +margins going from before to after the + + + align:start position:0% +margins going from before to after the +merger okay so this is uh I think uh + + align:start position:0% +merger okay so this is uh I think uh + + + align:start position:0% +merger okay so this is uh I think uh +quite nice because you know they + + align:start position:0% +quite nice because you know they + + + align:start position:0% +quite nice because you know they +basically let the model be informed by + + align:start position:0% +basically let the model be informed by + + + align:start position:0% +basically let the model be informed by +this treatment effect that they observe + + align:start position:0% +this treatment effect that they observe + + + align:start position:0% +this treatment effect that they observe +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +data right and so you know + + align:start position:0% +data right and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +data right and so you know +because of you know admitted the a + + align:start position:0% +because of you know admitted the a + + + align:start position:0% +because of you know admitted the a +fairly Stark assumption they get this + + align:start position:0% +fairly Stark assumption they get this + + + align:start position:0% +fairly Stark assumption they get this +this direct mapping between the observed + + align:start position:0% +this direct mapping between the observed + + + align:start position:0% +this direct mapping between the observed +negotiated margin and this you know what + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin and this you know what + + + align:start position:0% +negotiated margin and this you know what +is unobserved to the researcher which is + + align:start position:0% +is unobserved to the researcher which is + + + align:start position:0% +is unobserved to the researcher which is +the type distribution of consumers right + + align:start position:0% +the type distribution of consumers right + + + align:start position:0% +the type distribution of consumers right +they can impose basically that + + align:start position:0% +they can impose basically that + + + align:start position:0% +they can impose basically that +quantiles of uh consumer types you know + + align:start position:0% +quantiles of uh consumer types you know + + + align:start position:0% +quantiles of uh consumer types you know +have to correspond to this object that + + align:start position:0% +have to correspond to this object that + + + align:start position:0% +have to correspond to this object that +they get out of the model okay so + + align:start position:0% +they get out of the model okay so + + + align:start position:0% +they get out of the model okay so +they're basically directly imposing the + + align:start position:0% +they're basically directly imposing the + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically directly imposing the +fact that these observed margins have to + + align:start position:0% +fact that these observed margins have to + + + align:start position:0% +fact that these observed margins have to +be equal to uh to these unobserved + + align:start position:0% +be equal to uh to these unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to uh to these unobserved +consumer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +types okay so so again the the the way + + align:start position:0% +types okay so so again the the the way + + + align:start position:0% +types okay so so again the the the way +this works right is they have they only + + align:start position:0% +this works right is they have they only + + + align:start position:0% +this works right is they have they only +have these uh these three parameters + + align:start position:0% +have these uh these three parameters + + + align:start position:0% +have these uh these three parameters +here okay this is a method of moments + + align:start position:0% +here okay this is a method of moments + + + align:start position:0% +here okay this is a method of moments +problem right and for each time they + + align:start position:0% +problem right and for each time they + + + align:start position:0% +problem right and for each time they +evaluate the objective function they + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the objective function they + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the objective function they +directly impose this correspondence + + align:start position:0% +directly impose this correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +directly impose this correspondence +between observed margins and unobserved + + align:start position:0% +between observed margins and unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +between observed margins and unobserved +consumer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +types so what do they get out of this in + + align:start position:0% +types so what do they get out of this in + + + align:start position:0% +types so what do they get out of this in +the end okay so one thing that's uh you + + align:start position:0% +the end okay so one thing that's uh you + + + align:start position:0% +the end okay so one thing that's uh you +know typically of course you know when + + align:start position:0% +know typically of course you know when + + + align:start position:0% +know typically of course you know when +people compute structural models they + + align:start position:0% +people compute structural models they + + + align:start position:0% +people compute structural models they +you know they use them to compute + + align:start position:0% +you know they use them to compute + + + align:start position:0% +you know they use them to compute +counterfactuals here the contact is + + align:start position:0% +counterfactuals here the contact is + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactuals here the contact is +already observed in the data so the + + align:start position:0% +already observed in the data so the + + + align:start position:0% +already observed in the data so the +additional thing that you get out of you + + align:start position:0% +additional thing that you get out of you + + + align:start position:0% +additional thing that you get out of you +know Computing this model is that you + + align:start position:0% +know Computing this model is that you + + + align:start position:0% +know Computing this model is that you +can learn something about the unobserved + + align:start position:0% +can learn something about the unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +can learn something about the unobserved +search cost of consumers okay they + + align:start position:0% +search cost of consumers okay they + + + align:start position:0% +search cost of consumers okay they +estimate that this is about 1,700 + + align:start position:0% +estimate that this is about 1,700 + + + align:start position:0% +estimate that this is about 1,700 +for an average loan size of about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +$152,000 um and because they also get + + align:start position:0% +$152,000 um and because they also get + + + align:start position:0% +$152,000 um and because they also get +lenders cost from this they can compute + + align:start position:0% +lenders cost from this they can compute + + + align:start position:0% +lenders cost from this they can compute +their markups which are at the order of + + align:start position:0% +their markups which are at the order of + + + align:start position:0% +their markups which are at the order of +uh 5 to 10% okay and so again this model + + align:start position:0% +uh 5 to 10% okay and so again this model + + + align:start position:0% +uh 5 to 10% okay and so again this model +I mean it's constructed in this way but + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's constructed in this way but + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's constructed in this way but +it directly maps to this empirical + + align:start position:0% +it directly maps to this empirical + + + align:start position:0% +it directly maps to this empirical +observation right the consumers uh at + + align:start position:0% +observation right the consumers uh at + + + align:start position:0% +observation right the consumers uh at +the bottom end of the price distribution + + align:start position:0% +the bottom end of the price distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom end of the price distribution +uh are Hur more by the merger than + + align:start position:0% +uh are Hur more by the merger than + + + align:start position:0% +uh are Hur more by the merger than +consumers who who are searching much + + align:start position:0% +consumers who who are searching much + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who who are searching much +less + + align:start position:0% +less + + + align:start position:0% +less +okay okay + + align:start position:0% +okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay +so um I think this is a very nice paper + + align:start position:0% +so um I think this is a very nice paper + + + align:start position:0% +so um I think this is a very nice paper +because again it it sort of uses you + + align:start position:0% +because again it it sort of uses you + + + align:start position:0% +because again it it sort of uses you +know an + + align:start position:0% +know an + + + align:start position:0% +know an +actual change in Market structure that's + + align:start position:0% +actual change in Market structure that's + + + align:start position:0% +actual change in Market structure that's +observed in the data so an actual + + align:start position:0% +observed in the data so an actual + + + align:start position:0% +observed in the data so an actual +merger uh it highlights what I think is + + align:start position:0% +merger uh it highlights what I think is + + + align:start position:0% +merger uh it highlights what I think is +sort of a new angle on the effects of + + align:start position:0% +sort of a new angle on the effects of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a new angle on the effects of +mergers is that different consumers Fair + + align:start position:0% +mergers is that different consumers Fair + + + align:start position:0% +mergers is that different consumers Fair +very differently and that could + + align:start position:0% +very differently and that could + + + align:start position:0% +very differently and that could +potentially mean that we underestimate + + align:start position:0% +potentially mean that we underestimate + + + align:start position:0% +potentially mean that we underestimate +the market power effect of a merger + + align:start position:0% +the market power effect of a merger + + + align:start position:0% +the market power effect of a merger +right because if let's say uh consumers + + align:start position:0% +right because if let's say uh consumers + + + align:start position:0% +right because if let's say uh consumers +don't search very much or we have + + align:start position:0% +don't search very much or we have + + + align:start position:0% +don't search very much or we have +markets in which search costs are very + + align:start position:0% +markets in which search costs are very + + + align:start position:0% +markets in which search costs are very +high you know and we sort of do let's + + align:start position:0% +high you know and we sort of do let's + + + align:start position:0% +high you know and we sort of do let's +say a simple before after merger + + align:start position:0% +say a simple before after merger + + + align:start position:0% +say a simple before after merger +analysis we might observe that you know + + align:start position:0% +analysis we might observe that you know + + + align:start position:0% +analysis we might observe that you know +prices don't change all that much but + + align:start position:0% +prices don't change all that much but + + + align:start position:0% +prices don't change all that much but +that could be because consumers you know + + align:start position:0% +that could be because consumers you know + + + align:start position:0% +that could be because consumers you know +are just not searching very much okay + + align:start position:0% +are just not searching very much okay + + + align:start position:0% +are just not searching very much okay +and so to the extent that we want to + + align:start position:0% +and so to the extent that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +and so to the extent that we want to +learn what's the market power effect of + + align:start position:0% +learn what's the market power effect of + + + align:start position:0% +learn what's the market power effect of +a merger right it's important to account + + align:start position:0% +a merger right it's important to account + + + align:start position:0% +a merger right it's important to account +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +that and you know it provides this uh + + align:start position:0% +that and you know it provides this uh + + + align:start position:0% +that and you know it provides this uh +what I think is very tight link between + + align:start position:0% +what I think is very tight link between + + + align:start position:0% +what I think is very tight link between +the treatment effect analysis and the + + align:start position:0% +the treatment effect analysis and the + + + align:start position:0% +the treatment effect analysis and the +structural model and that of course + + align:start position:0% +structural model and that of course + + + align:start position:0% +structural model and that of course +required some uh as I I think I've + + align:start position:0% +required some uh as I I think I've + + + align:start position:0% +required some uh as I I think I've +pointed out fairly strong + + align:start position:0% +pointed out fairly strong + + + align:start position:0% +pointed out fairly strong +assumptions okay uh in particular to + + align:start position:0% +assumptions okay uh in particular to + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions okay uh in particular to +sort of come back to those right the + + align:start position:0% +sort of come back to those right the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of come back to those right the +fact that they know as information of + + align:start position:0% +fact that they know as information of + + + align:start position:0% +fact that they know as information of +symmetries between the borrowers and the + + align:start position:0% +symmetries between the borrowers and the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries between the borrowers and the +lenders means that search is actually + + align:start position:0% +lenders means that search is actually + + + align:start position:0% +lenders means that search is actually +not happening in + + align:start position:0% +not happening in + + + align:start position:0% +not happening in +equilibrium right so the lenders you + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right so the lenders you + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right so the lenders you +know think about this this the quote of + + align:start position:0% +know think about this this the quote of + + + align:start position:0% +know think about this this the quote of +the the initial lender the lenders is + + align:start position:0% +the the initial lender the lenders is + + + align:start position:0% +the the initial lender the lenders is +always paying consumers such that they + + align:start position:0% +always paying consumers such that they + + + align:start position:0% +always paying consumers such that they +do not find it worth their while to go + + align:start position:0% +do not find it worth their while to go + + + align:start position:0% +do not find it worth their while to go +out and get additional + + align:start position:0% +out and get additional + + + align:start position:0% +out and get additional +quotes Okay so that means if you want to + + align:start position:0% +quotes Okay so that means if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +quotes Okay so that means if you want to +for instance + + align:start position:0% +for instance + + + align:start position:0% +for instance +quantify you know sort of the uh let's + + align:start position:0% +quantify you know sort of the uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +quantify you know sort of the uh let's +say l lost economic surplus due to + + align:start position:0% +say l lost economic surplus due to + + + align:start position:0% +say l lost economic surplus due to +suchar cost you know this wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +suchar cost you know this wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +suchar cost you know this wouldn't be +the right model for that right and you + + align:start position:0% +the right model for that right and you + + + align:start position:0% +the right model for that right and you +know we might think that in some + + align:start position:0% +know we might think that in some + + + align:start position:0% +know we might think that in some +markets the fact that some consumers + + align:start position:0% +markets the fact that some consumers + + + align:start position:0% +markets the fact that some consumers +have lower search cost than others can + + align:start position:0% +have lower search cost than others can + + + align:start position:0% +have lower search cost than others can +disciplines prices in the market + + align:start position:0% +disciplines prices in the market + + + align:start position:0% +disciplines prices in the market +overall right so you had seen this + + align:start position:0% +overall right so you had seen this + + + align:start position:0% +overall right so you had seen this +effect for instance in a style model + + align:start position:0% +effect for instance in a style model + + + align:start position:0% +effect for instance in a style model +that if you get more sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +that if you get more sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +that if you get more sophisticated +consumers in the market you know we we + + align:start position:0% +consumers in the market you know we we + + + align:start position:0% +consumers in the market you know we we +move towards more competitive + + align:start position:0% +move towards more competitive + + + align:start position:0% +move towards more competitive +pricing right so and this this kind of + + align:start position:0% +pricing right so and this this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pricing right so and this this kind of +effect you don't get here because of + + align:start position:0% +effect you don't get here because of + + + align:start position:0% +effect you don't get here because of +this perfect price discrimination where + + align:start position:0% +this perfect price discrimination where + + + align:start position:0% +this perfect price discrimination where +every type gets kind of his + + align:start position:0% +every type gets kind of his + + + align:start position:0% +every type gets kind of his +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +right uh so I think that's you know + + align:start position:0% +right uh so I think that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +right uh so I think that's you know +potential shortcoming of this model uh + + align:start position:0% +potential shortcoming of this model uh + + + align:start position:0% +potential shortcoming of this model uh +that um you know + + align:start position:0% +that um you know + + + align:start position:0% +that um you know +uh would is kind of interesting to + + align:start position:0% +uh would is kind of interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +uh would is kind of interesting to +explore but know I think they had sort + + align:start position:0% +explore but know I think they had sort + + + align:start position:0% +explore but know I think they had sort +of good reasons to construct it this way + + align:start position:0% +of good reasons to construct it this way + + + align:start position:0% +of good reasons to construct it this way +because it provided this titling to to + + align:start position:0% +because it provided this titling to to + + + align:start position:0% +because it provided this titling to to +to the empirical uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +specification any any questions or + + align:start position:0% +specification any any questions or + + + align:start position:0% +specification any any questions or +comments about this + + align:start position:0% +comments about this + + + align:start position:0% +comments about this +paper yes I guess here the search costs + + align:start position:0% +paper yes I guess here the search costs + + + align:start position:0% +paper yes I guess here the search costs +are just based on each consumer like + + align:start position:0% +are just based on each consumer like + + + align:start position:0% +are just based on each consumer like +there's nothing that the firm does to + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that the firm does to + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that the firm does to +change search costs but it seems like in + + align:start position:0% +change search costs but it seems like in + + + align:start position:0% +change search costs but it seems like in +a mortgage Market I could imagine that + + align:start position:0% +a mortgage Market I could imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +a mortgage Market I could imagine that +maybe the firm does less advertising or + + align:start position:0% +maybe the firm does less advertising or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the firm does less advertising or +I make you walk into my office rather + + align:start position:0% +I make you walk into my office rather + + + align:start position:0% +I make you walk into my office rather +than call me and that would be like a + + align:start position:0% +than call me and that would be like a + + + align:start position:0% +than call me and that would be like a +choose a different strategy for changing + + align:start position:0% +choose a different strategy for changing + + + align:start position:0% +choose a different strategy for changing +the search cost depending on how much + + align:start position:0% +the search cost depending on how much + + + align:start position:0% +the search cost depending on how much +competition there is and so like what is + + align:start position:0% +competition there is and so like what is + + + align:start position:0% +competition there is and so like what is +the reasoning for trying to think of + + align:start position:0% +the reasoning for trying to think of + + + align:start position:0% +the reasoning for trying to think of +firm strategies just in the prices that + + align:start position:0% +firm strategies just in the prices that + + + align:start position:0% +firm strategies just in the prices that +they give consumers rather than any way + + align:start position:0% +they give consumers rather than any way + + + align:start position:0% +they give consumers rather than any way +in which they could be changing the + + align:start position:0% +in which they could be changing the + + + align:start position:0% +in which they could be changing the +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +costs um so so first of all um there are + + align:start position:0% +costs um so so first of all um there are + + + align:start position:0% +costs um so so first of all um there are +papers mostly in the marketing + + align:start position:0% +papers mostly in the marketing + + + align:start position:0% +papers mostly in the marketing +literature that + + align:start position:0% +literature that + + + align:start position:0% +literature that +actually uh do what you suggest they + + align:start position:0% +actually uh do what you suggest they + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh do what you suggest they +think about you know advertising is + + align:start position:0% +think about you know advertising is + + + align:start position:0% +think about you know advertising is +basically firms providing a search a + + align:start position:0% +basically firms providing a search a + + + align:start position:0% +basically firms providing a search a +free quote to + + align:start position:0% +free quote to + + + align:start position:0% +free quote to +um to Consumers there's actually fairly + + align:start position:0% +um to Consumers there's actually fairly + + + align:start position:0% +um to Consumers there's actually fairly +recent paper by Andre simonov and Ruka + + align:start position:0% +recent paper by Andre simonov and Ruka + + + align:start position:0% +recent paper by Andre simonov and Ruka +Oro and some others that do exactly that + + align:start position:0% +Oro and some others that do exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +Oro and some others that do exactly that +where they try to see like you know how + + align:start position:0% +where they try to see like you know how + + + align:start position:0% +where they try to see like you know how +how does sort of a free quote or free uh + + align:start position:0% +how does sort of a free quote or free uh + + + align:start position:0% +how does sort of a free quote or free uh +um you know presentation of a product + + align:start position:0% +um you know presentation of a product + + + align:start position:0% +um you know presentation of a product +influence consumer search strategy and + + align:start position:0% +influence consumer search strategy and + + + align:start position:0% +influence consumer search strategy and +they do this with online data okay so + + align:start position:0% +they do this with online data okay so + + + align:start position:0% +they do this with online data okay so +people have thought about + + align:start position:0% +people have thought about + + + align:start position:0% +people have thought about +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um and I I think I think it's + + align:start position:0% +um and I I think I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +um and I I think I think it's +interesting um you know I think in part + + align:start position:0% +interesting um you know I think in part + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um you know I think in part +this is just you know it's + + align:start position:0% +this is just you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is just you know it's +tractability um but yeah that's a good + + align:start position:0% +tractability um but yeah that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +tractability um but yeah that's a good +thought + + align:start position:0% +thought + + + align:start position:0% +thought +uh any any other questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um I'll I'll probably not get + + align:start position:0% +okay so um I'll I'll probably not get + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um I'll I'll probably not get +through uh all of this but I just want + + align:start position:0% +through uh all of this but I just want + + + align:start position:0% +through uh all of this but I just want +to very briefly talk about my job market + + align:start position:0% +to very briefly talk about my job market + + + align:start position:0% +to very briefly talk about my job market +paper um which sort of ties in uh um + + align:start position:0% +paper um which sort of ties in uh um + + + align:start position:0% +paper um which sort of ties in uh um +quite nicely with this previous paper + + align:start position:0% +quite nicely with this previous paper + + + align:start position:0% +quite nicely with this previous paper +that we discussed because in some sense + + align:start position:0% +that we discussed because in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +that we discussed because in some sense +you know one of the kind of economic + + align:start position:0% +you know one of the kind of economic + + + align:start position:0% +you know one of the kind of economic +differences that uh that uh I'm after + + align:start position:0% +differences that uh that uh I'm after + + + align:start position:0% +differences that uh that uh I'm after +here is you know precisely getting at + + align:start position:0% +here is you know precisely getting at + + + align:start position:0% +here is you know precisely getting at +this kind of the spillover effects of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of the spillover effects of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of the spillover effects of +having more sophist ticated consumers in + + align:start position:0% +having more sophist ticated consumers in + + + align:start position:0% +having more sophist ticated consumers in +the market okay so again the idea you + + align:start position:0% +the market okay so again the idea you + + + align:start position:0% +the market okay so again the idea you +know which is for instance in uh in in + + align:start position:0% +know which is for instance in uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +know which is for instance in uh in in +salop stiglets model also right that uh + + align:start position:0% +salop stiglets model also right that uh + + + align:start position:0% +salop stiglets model also right that uh +when when they're sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +when when they're sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +when when they're sophisticated +consumers in the market you know both + + align:start position:0% +consumers in the market you know both + + + align:start position:0% +consumers in the market you know both +sophisticated and unsophisticated ones + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated and unsophisticated ones + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated and unsophisticated ones +and firms can actually not tell them + + align:start position:0% +and firms can actually not tell them + + + align:start position:0% +and firms can actually not tell them +apart right then the fact that some + + align:start position:0% +apart right then the fact that some + + + align:start position:0% +apart right then the fact that some +consumers are + + align:start position:0% +consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are +searching disciplines the firms pricing + + align:start position:0% +searching disciplines the firms pricing + + + align:start position:0% +searching disciplines the firms pricing +because they don't know which kinds of + + align:start position:0% +because they don't know which kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't know which kinds of +consumers they're dealing with and this + + align:start position:0% +consumers they're dealing with and this + + + align:start position:0% +consumers they're dealing with and this +effect was kind of completely shut down + + align:start position:0% +effect was kind of completely shut down + + + align:start position:0% +effect was kind of completely shut down +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +in the in the previous paper right and + + align:start position:0% +in the in the previous paper right and + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the previous paper right and +so in particular I'm I want to look at + + align:start position:0% +so in particular I'm I want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular I'm I want to look at +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +effect um with an application to + + align:start position:0% +effect um with an application to + + + align:start position:0% +effect um with an application to +intermediaries okay so intermediaries + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries okay so intermediaries + + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries okay so intermediaries +are in this setting firms that help + + align:start position:0% +are in this setting firms that help + + + align:start position:0% +are in this setting firms that help +buyer + + align:start position:0% +buyer + + + align:start position:0% +buyer +search right and if you think about who + + align:start position:0% +search right and if you think about who + + + align:start position:0% +search right and if you think about who +are the buyers that would you know kind + + align:start position:0% +are the buyers that would you know kind + + + align:start position:0% +are the buyers that would you know kind +of hire somebody else to conduct their + + align:start position:0% +of hire somebody else to conduct their + + + align:start position:0% +of hire somebody else to conduct their +search for them right it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +search for them right it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +search for them right it's going to be +buyers that have very very high search + + align:start position:0% +buyers that have very very high search + + + align:start position:0% +buyers that have very very high search +cost right so you could kind of + + align:start position:0% +cost right so you could kind of + + + align:start position:0% +cost right so you could kind of +construct a model where there's some + + align:start position:0% +construct a model where there's some + + + align:start position:0% +construct a model where there's some +sorting + + align:start position:0% +sorting + + + align:start position:0% +sorting +very close uh closely related to the + + align:start position:0% +very close uh closely related to the + + + align:start position:0% +very close uh closely related to the +hung and Sham model that I showed you + + align:start position:0% +hung and Sham model that I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +hung and Sham model that I showed you +right where you have basically these + + align:start position:0% +right where you have basically these + + + align:start position:0% +right where you have basically these +different sort of consumer bins + + align:start position:0% +different sort of consumer bins + + + align:start position:0% +different sort of consumer bins +consumers with higher search cost take + + align:start position:0% +consumers with higher search cost take + + + align:start position:0% +consumers with higher search cost take +more draws from the price distribution + + align:start position:0% +more draws from the price distribution + + + align:start position:0% +more draws from the price distribution +sorry take fewer draws from the price + + align:start position:0% +sorry take fewer draws from the price + + + align:start position:0% +sorry take fewer draws from the price +distribution once your search cost + + align:start position:0% +distribution once your search cost + + + align:start position:0% +distribution once your search cost +becomes too high you instead use an + + align:start position:0% +becomes too high you instead use an + + + align:start position:0% +becomes too high you instead use an +intermediary okay and so uh what we get + + align:start position:0% +intermediary okay and so uh what we get + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary okay and so uh what we get +out of this is that you know the the + + align:start position:0% +out of this is that you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +out of this is that you know the the +highest search cost types are kind of + + align:start position:0% +highest search cost types are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +highest search cost types are kind of +leaving the market right they they're + + align:start position:0% +leaving the market right they they're + + + align:start position:0% +leaving the market right they they're +going instead through the intermediary + + align:start position:0% +going instead through the intermediary + + + align:start position:0% +going instead through the intermediary +and you know + + align:start position:0% +and you know + + + align:start position:0% +and you know +firms in their pricing will kind of + + align:start position:0% +firms in their pricing will kind of + + + align:start position:0% +firms in their pricing will kind of +condition on the fact that you know in + + align:start position:0% +condition on the fact that you know in + + + align:start position:0% +condition on the fact that you know in +equilibrium they're not encountering the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they're not encountering the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they're not encountering the +very highest search cost + + align:start position:0% +very highest search cost + + + align:start position:0% +very highest search cost +types okay so um again think think about + + align:start position:0% +types okay so um again think think about + + + align:start position:0% +types okay so um again think think about +the hung and Sham search cost + + align:start position:0% +the hung and Sham search cost + + + align:start position:0% +the hung and Sham search cost +distribution right you have sort of at + + align:start position:0% +distribution right you have sort of at + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right you have sort of at +the very top the people that that leave + + align:start position:0% +the very top the people that that leave + + + align:start position:0% +the very top the people that that leave +the market right and that could lead to + + align:start position:0% +the market right and that could lead to + + + align:start position:0% +the market right and that could lead to +lower prices for all consumers in the + + align:start position:0% +lower prices for all consumers in the + + + align:start position:0% +lower prices for all consumers in the +market okay and so this of course only + + align:start position:0% +market okay and so this of course only + + + align:start position:0% +market okay and so this of course only +works if you now do have this private + + align:start position:0% +works if you now do have this private + + + align:start position:0% +works if you now do have this private +information if firms do not know whom + + align:start position:0% +information if firms do not know whom + + + align:start position:0% +information if firms do not know whom +they're dealing with right and that + + align:start position:0% +they're dealing with right and that + + + align:start position:0% +they're dealing with right and that +introduces some technical + + align:start position:0% +introduces some technical + + + align:start position:0% +introduces some technical +challenges uh in how to deal with + + align:start position:0% +challenges uh in how to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +challenges uh in how to deal with +that um and so basically what I do uh in + + align:start position:0% +that um and so basically what I do uh in + + + align:start position:0% +that um and so basically what I do uh in +this paper is construct a model that + + align:start position:0% +this paper is construct a model that + + + align:start position:0% +this paper is construct a model that +essentially puts together kind of the + + align:start position:0% +essentially puts together kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially puts together kind of the +Hong and Sham uh you know search + + align:start position:0% +Hong and Sham uh you know search + + + align:start position:0% +Hong and Sham uh you know search +strategy of + + align:start position:0% +strategy of + + + align:start position:0% +strategy of +consumers where you know consumers have + + align:start position:0% +consumers where you know consumers have + + + align:start position:0% +consumers where you know consumers have +heterogeneous search costs and decide + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous search costs and decide + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous search costs and decide +how many draws it take from the price + + align:start position:0% +how many draws it take from the price + + + align:start position:0% +how many draws it take from the price +distribution with a model of suppliers + + align:start position:0% +distribution with a model of suppliers + + + align:start position:0% +distribution with a model of suppliers +that also have heterogeneous cost uh for + + align:start position:0% +that also have heterogeneous cost uh for + + + align:start position:0% +that also have heterogeneous cost uh for +providing Services okay so and in in in + + align:start position:0% +providing Services okay so and in in in + + + align:start position:0% +providing Services okay so and in in in +in these kinds of settings you now have + + align:start position:0% +in these kinds of settings you now have + + + align:start position:0% +in these kinds of settings you now have +um unobserved source of variation on + + align:start position:0% +um unobserved source of variation on + + + align:start position:0% +um unobserved source of variation on +both sides of the market okay so um you + + align:start position:0% +both sides of the market okay so um you + + + align:start position:0% +both sides of the market okay so um you +know again uh one contribution is here + + align:start position:0% +know again uh one contribution is here + + + align:start position:0% +know again uh one contribution is here +to uh to construct a model for these + + align:start position:0% +to uh to construct a model for these + + + align:start position:0% +to uh to construct a model for these +kinds of decentralized markets where + + align:start position:0% +kinds of decentralized markets where + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of decentralized markets where +firms don't know what type of consumer + + align:start position:0% +firms don't know what type of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +firms don't know what type of consumer +they're dealing with and one data + + align:start position:0% +they're dealing with and one data + + + align:start position:0% +they're dealing with and one data +contribution is to find a setting where + + align:start position:0% +contribution is to find a setting where + + + align:start position:0% +contribution is to find a setting where +you actually uh you know find prices for + + align:start position:0% +you actually uh you know find prices for + + + align:start position:0% +you actually uh you know find prices for +decentralized markets so the typically + + align:start position:0% +decentralized markets so the typically + + + align:start position:0% +decentralized markets so the typically +good settings are those that are + + align:start position:0% +good settings are those that are + + + align:start position:0% +good settings are those that are +regulated so previously in the case of + + align:start position:0% +regulated so previously in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +regulated so previously in the case of +um uh the mortgage paper right the the + + align:start position:0% +um uh the mortgage paper right the the + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the mortgage paper right the the +reason that they had this data is + + align:start position:0% +reason that they had this data is + + + align:start position:0% +reason that they had this data is +because people needed to get insurance + + align:start position:0% +because people needed to get insurance + + + align:start position:0% +because people needed to get insurance +they collected what is essentially + + align:start position:0% +they collected what is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +they collected what is essentially +administrative data right because uh the + + align:start position:0% +administrative data right because uh the + + + align:start position:0% +administrative data right because uh the +the lenders had to uh you know submit + + align:start position:0% +the lenders had to uh you know submit + + + align:start position:0% +the lenders had to uh you know submit +this to to to a regulator and so the sim + + align:start position:0% +this to to to a regulator and so the sim + + + align:start position:0% +this to to to a regulator and so the sim +a similar thing uh in my setting here + + align:start position:0% +a similar thing uh in my setting here + + + align:start position:0% +a similar thing uh in my setting here +where going to uh use data from the New + + align:start position:0% +where going to uh use data from the New + + + align:start position:0% +where going to uh use data from the New +York City trade waste Market which for + + align:start position:0% +York City trade waste Market which for + + + align:start position:0% +York City trade waste Market which for +very ideosyncratic reasons which is + + align:start position:0% +very ideosyncratic reasons which is + + + align:start position:0% +very ideosyncratic reasons which is +basically organized crime uh in the city + + align:start position:0% +basically organized crime uh in the city + + + align:start position:0% +basically organized crime uh in the city +of New York uh was starting to be + + align:start position:0% +of New York uh was starting to be + + + align:start position:0% +of New York uh was starting to be +regulated and all the firms have to + + align:start position:0% +regulated and all the firms have to + + + align:start position:0% +regulated and all the firms have to +submit their data to a kind of to a + + align:start position:0% +submit their data to a kind of to a + + + align:start position:0% +submit their data to a kind of to a +central regulator right and so you can + + align:start position:0% +central regulator right and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +central regulator right and so you can +actually see kind of individual level uh + + align:start position:0% +actually see kind of individual level uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually see kind of individual level uh +uh contract + + align:start position:0% +uh contract + + + align:start position:0% +uh contract +data uh that that allow you to make some + + align:start position:0% +data uh that that allow you to make some + + + align:start position:0% +data uh that that allow you to make some +progress on on these kinds of markets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so this is uh the the + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so this is uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so this is uh the the +non-residential waste disposal market so + + align:start position:0% +non-residential waste disposal market so + + + align:start position:0% +non-residential waste disposal market so +trade waste Market is a fancy name for + + align:start position:0% +trade waste Market is a fancy name for + + + align:start position:0% +trade waste Market is a fancy name for +that okay and so what is really striking + + align:start position:0% +that okay and so what is really striking + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and so what is really striking +about this Market is that there are a + + align:start position:0% +about this Market is that there are a + + + align:start position:0% +about this Market is that there are a +lot of sellers in New York City relative + + align:start position:0% +lot of sellers in New York City relative + + + align:start position:0% +lot of sellers in New York City relative +to most other cities in the US okay so + + align:start position:0% +to most other cities in the US okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to most other cities in the US okay so +in most other cities you have large sort + + align:start position:0% +in most other cities you have large sort + + + align:start position:0% +in most other cities you have large sort +of uh uh companies like waste management + + align:start position:0% +of uh uh companies like waste management + + + align:start position:0% +of uh uh companies like waste management +and others that are supplying the entire + + align:start position:0% +and others that are supplying the entire + + + align:start position:0% +and others that are supplying the entire +city uh here you have you know uh about + + align:start position:0% +city uh here you have you know uh about + + + align:start position:0% +city uh here you have you know uh about +100 sellers in some zip codes of + + align:start position:0% +100 sellers in some zip codes of + + + align:start position:0% +100 sellers in some zip codes of +Manhattan you have sort of you can call + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan you have sort of you can call + + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan you have sort of you can call +up to 35 + + align:start position:0% +up to 35 + + + align:start position:0% +up to 35 +Carters okay so there seems to be this + + align:start position:0% +Carters okay so there seems to be this + + + align:start position:0% +Carters okay so there seems to be this +sort of very fragmented and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of very fragmented and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of very fragmented and uh you know +from an outset observer's point of view + + align:start position:0% +from an outset observer's point of view + + + align:start position:0% +from an outset observer's point of view +redundant uh uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Supply um the market is regulated by the + + align:start position:0% +Supply um the market is regulated by the + + + align:start position:0% +Supply um the market is regulated by the +business Integrity commission which was + + align:start position:0% +business Integrity commission which was + + + align:start position:0% +business Integrity commission which was +established by the city in uh + + align:start position:0% +established by the city in uh + + + align:start position:0% +established by the city in uh +1995 uh and again was a response to the + + align:start position:0% +1995 uh and again was a response to the + + + align:start position:0% +1995 uh and again was a response to the +property and uh racketeer racketeering + + align:start position:0% +property and uh racketeer racketeering + + + align:start position:0% +property and uh racketeer racketeering +system that has been place in New York + + align:start position:0% +system that has been place in New York + + + align:start position:0% +system that has been place in New York +you know famously many crime shows and + + align:start position:0% +you know famously many crime shows and + + + align:start position:0% +you know famously many crime shows and +and movies you know that the waste + + align:start position:0% +and movies you know that the waste + + + align:start position:0% +and movies you know that the waste +Market was sort of one of the you know + + align:start position:0% +Market was sort of one of the you know + + + align:start position:0% +Market was sort of one of the you know +sort of predominant Industries where + + align:start position:0% +sort of predominant Industries where + + + align:start position:0% +sort of predominant Industries where +where organized crime was active and + + align:start position:0% +where organized crime was active and + + + align:start position:0% +where organized crime was active and +that led the city to actually collect + + align:start position:0% +that led the city to actually collect + + + align:start position:0% +that led the city to actually collect +all this + + align:start position:0% +all this + + + align:start position:0% +all this +data okay so I want to use my last few + + align:start position:0% +data okay so I want to use my last few + + + align:start position:0% +data okay so I want to use my last few +minutes to just kind of show you uh + + align:start position:0% +minutes to just kind of show you uh + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to just kind of show you uh +quickly the model and and how it works + + align:start position:0% +quickly the model and and how it works + + + align:start position:0% +quickly the model and and how it works +just so you get kind of a sense it's + + align:start position:0% +just so you get kind of a sense it's + + + align:start position:0% +just so you get kind of a sense it's +it's a bit fast but just to get you the + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit fast but just to get you the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit fast but just to get you the +idea of what is sort of different about + + align:start position:0% +idea of what is sort of different about + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what is sort of different about +this model okay so here again we we have + + align:start position:0% +this model okay so here again we we have + + + align:start position:0% +this model okay so here again we we have +uh we have + + align:start position:0% +uh we have + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have +buyers these are businesses in New York + + align:start position:0% +buyers these are businesses in New York + + + align:start position:0% +buyers these are businesses in New York +City that need to contract for their + + align:start position:0% +City that need to contract for their + + + align:start position:0% +City that need to contract for their +Waste Disposal Services we have sellers + + align:start position:0% +Waste Disposal Services we have sellers + + + align:start position:0% +Waste Disposal Services we have sellers +these are uh carting companies and then + + align:start position:0% +these are uh carting companies and then + + + align:start position:0% +these are uh carting companies and then +we have sort of brokers in the middle + + align:start position:0% +we have sort of brokers in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +we have sort of brokers in the middle +you know and some buyers could decide to + + align:start position:0% +you know and some buyers could decide to + + + align:start position:0% +you know and some buyers could decide to +delegate to a broker and the broker + + align:start position:0% +delegate to a broker and the broker + + + align:start position:0% +delegate to a broker and the broker +instead searches for them where + + align:start position:0% +instead searches for them where + + + align:start position:0% +instead searches for them where +searching here means it's an + + align:start position:0% +searching here means it's an + + + align:start position:0% +searching here means it's an +auction okay and so what is challenging + + align:start position:0% +auction okay and so what is challenging + + + align:start position:0% +auction okay and so what is challenging +about this model is that you know we + + align:start position:0% +about this model is that you know we + + + align:start position:0% +about this model is that you know we +have basically two sources of unobserved + + align:start position:0% +have basically two sources of unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +have basically two sources of unobserved +variation that gives rise to prices + + align:start position:0% +variation that gives rise to prices + + + align:start position:0% +variation that gives rise to prices +which are unobserved cost uh of + + align:start position:0% +which are unobserved cost uh of + + + align:start position:0% +which are unobserved cost uh of +businesses to provide service and the + + align:start position:0% +businesses to provide service and the + + + align:start position:0% +businesses to provide service and the +unobserved search cost of buyers to to + + align:start position:0% +unobserved search cost of buyers to to + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved search cost of buyers to to +search okay which are here called + + align:start position:0% +search okay which are here called + + + align:start position:0% +search okay which are here called +Kaa okay and so if you sort of for + + align:start position:0% +Kaa okay and so if you sort of for + + + align:start position:0% +Kaa okay and so if you sort of for +instance contrast this with the Hong and + + align:start position:0% +instance contrast this with the Hong and + + + align:start position:0% +instance contrast this with the Hong and +Sham model right in Hong and Sham the + + align:start position:0% +Sham model right in Hong and Sham the + + + align:start position:0% +Sham model right in Hong and Sham the +the cost of sellers was assumed to be + + align:start position:0% +the cost of sellers was assumed to be + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of sellers was assumed to be +constant right and sort of the + + align:start position:0% +constant right and sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant right and sort of the +heterogenity That You observe in prices + + align:start position:0% +heterogenity That You observe in prices + + + align:start position:0% +heterogenity That You observe in prices +basically Maps uh to an unobserved + + align:start position:0% +basically Maps uh to an unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +basically Maps uh to an unobserved +distribution of of search cost okay so + + align:start position:0% +distribution of of search cost okay so + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of of search cost okay so +here you have to kind of disentangle the + + align:start position:0% +here you have to kind of disentangle the + + + align:start position:0% +here you have to kind of disentangle the +two so let me kind of skip some of this + + align:start position:0% +two so let me kind of skip some of this + + + align:start position:0% +two so let me kind of skip some of this +I I told you about this I just want to + + align:start position:0% +I I told you about this I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +I I told you about this I just want to +briefly kind of show you how the model + + align:start position:0% +briefly kind of show you how the model + + + align:start position:0% +briefly kind of show you how the model +works okay so we have um buyers that + + align:start position:0% +works okay so we have um buyers that + + + align:start position:0% +works okay so we have um buyers that +have uh heterogeneous search uh expenses + + align:start position:0% +have uh heterogeneous search uh expenses + + + align:start position:0% +have uh heterogeneous search uh expenses +right and they can like in Hong and Sham + + align:start position:0% +right and they can like in Hong and Sham + + + align:start position:0% +right and they can like in Hong and Sham +decide how many draws to take from the + + align:start position:0% +decide how many draws to take from the + + + align:start position:0% +decide how many draws to take from the +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +distribution or whether or not they're + + align:start position:0% +distribution or whether or not they're + + + align:start position:0% +distribution or whether or not they're +using a broker + + align:start position:0% +using a broker + + + align:start position:0% +using a broker +instead okay and because you know the + + align:start position:0% +instead okay and because you know the + + + align:start position:0% +instead okay and because you know the +Hong and Sham model I can sort of skip + + align:start position:0% +Hong and Sham model I can sort of skip + + + align:start position:0% +Hong and Sham model I can sort of skip +ahead a bit here right so you get again + + align:start position:0% +ahead a bit here right so you get again + + + align:start position:0% +ahead a bit here right so you get again +a partition of the search cost + + align:start position:0% +a partition of the search cost + + + align:start position:0% +a partition of the search cost +distribution but those with the very + + align:start position:0% +distribution but those with the very + + + align:start position:0% +distribution but those with the very +highest cost they're going to use a + + align:start position:0% +highest cost they're going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +highest cost they're going to use a +broker + + align:start position:0% +broker + + + align:start position:0% +broker +instead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so as before we want to keep + + align:start position:0% +okay so so as before we want to keep + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so as before we want to keep +track of buyers that are sort of you + + align:start position:0% +track of buyers that are sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +track of buyers that are sort of you +know the massive buyers between these + + align:start position:0% +know the massive buyers between these + + + align:start position:0% +know the massive buyers between these +marginal types this gives rise to these + + align:start position:0% +marginal types this gives rise to these + + + align:start position:0% +marginal types this gives rise to these +search weights so these are the buyers + + align:start position:0% +search weights so these are the buyers + + + align:start position:0% +search weights so these are the buyers +that search m times from the price + + align:start position:0% +that search m times from the price + + + align:start position:0% +that search m times from the price +distribution okay + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay +and so because the sellers cost is Al + + align:start position:0% +and so because the sellers cost is Al + + + align:start position:0% +and so because the sellers cost is Al +also heterogeneous right we don't get a + + align:start position:0% +also heterogeneous right we don't get a + + + align:start position:0% +also heterogeneous right we don't get a +mixed strategy pricing equilibrium but + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy pricing equilibrium but + + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy pricing equilibrium but +we instead get for any different cost + + align:start position:0% +we instead get for any different cost + + + align:start position:0% +we instead get for any different cost +that a seller could draw right we get a + + align:start position:0% +that a seller could draw right we get a + + + align:start position:0% +that a seller could draw right we get a +bidding + + align:start position:0% +bidding + + + align:start position:0% +bidding +function that Maps the sell unobserved + + align:start position:0% +function that Maps the sell unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +function that Maps the sell unobserved +cost to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +price and so just to sort of uh show you + + align:start position:0% +price and so just to sort of uh show you + + + align:start position:0% +price and so just to sort of uh show you +this briefly I know I'm going fast here + + align:start position:0% +this briefly I know I'm going fast here + + + align:start position:0% +this briefly I know I'm going fast here +but you know we we now get a profit Max + + align:start position:0% +but you know we we now get a profit Max + + + align:start position:0% +but you know we we now get a profit Max +Max imization problem that looks like + + align:start position:0% +Max imization problem that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +Max imization problem that looks like +this the sellers are maximizing for any + + align:start position:0% +this the sellers are maximizing for any + + + align:start position:0% +this the sellers are maximizing for any +given consumer that contacts them their + + align:start position:0% +given consumer that contacts them their + + + align:start position:0% +given consumer that contacts them their +margin times a weighted average across + + align:start position:0% +margin times a weighted average across + + + align:start position:0% +margin times a weighted average across +different consumers that they could + + align:start position:0% +different consumers that they could + + + align:start position:0% +different consumers that they could +encounter who take end draws from the + + align:start position:0% +encounter who take end draws from the + + + align:start position:0% +encounter who take end draws from the +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +distribution right times the probability + + align:start position:0% +distribution right times the probability + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right times the probability +that they're selling to that + + align:start position:0% +that they're selling to that + + + align:start position:0% +that they're selling to that +consumer now what is different here is + + align:start position:0% +consumer now what is different here is + + + align:start position:0% +consumer now what is different here is +that these marginal costs are not + + align:start position:0% +that these marginal costs are not + + + align:start position:0% +that these marginal costs are not +uniform as before as in Hong and Sham + + align:start position:0% +uniform as before as in Hong and Sham + + + align:start position:0% +uniform as before as in Hong and Sham +but they're drawn from a + + align:start position:0% +but they're drawn from a + + + align:start position:0% +but they're drawn from a +distribution and so what's nice about + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so what's nice about + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so what's nice about +sort of thinking about this problem is + + align:start position:0% +sort of thinking about this problem is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of thinking about this problem is +that this actually leads to a uh to a uh + + align:start position:0% +that this actually leads to a uh to a uh + + + align:start position:0% +that this actually leads to a uh to a uh +close from solution for the bidding + + align:start position:0% +close from solution for the bidding + + + align:start position:0% +close from solution for the bidding +function that is like in a first price + + align:start position:0% +function that is like in a first price + + + align:start position:0% +function that is like in a first price +procurement + + align:start position:0% +procurement + + + align:start position:0% +procurement +auction um I know we'll do auctions + + align:start position:0% +auction um I know we'll do auctions + + + align:start position:0% +auction um I know we'll do auctions +later in the semester but this is a a + + align:start position:0% +later in the semester but this is a a + + + align:start position:0% +later in the semester but this is a a +first price procurement auction solution + + align:start position:0% +first price procurement auction solution + + + align:start position:0% +first price procurement auction solution +to you know uh to um ipv problem right + + align:start position:0% +to you know uh to um ipv problem right + + + align:start position:0% +to you know uh to um ipv problem right +and this is essentially just a weighted + + align:start position:0% +and this is essentially just a weighted + + + align:start position:0% +and this is essentially just a weighted +average across what you would bit if uh + + align:start position:0% +average across what you would bit if uh + + + align:start position:0% +average across what you would bit if uh +if the number of competitors were known + + align:start position:0% +if the number of competitors were known + + + align:start position:0% +if the number of competitors were known +okay and so here the number of + + align:start position:0% +okay and so here the number of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so here the number of +competitors depends on the consumer + + align:start position:0% +competitors depends on the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +competitors depends on the consumer +search strategy so just to kind of wrap + + align:start position:0% +search strategy so just to kind of wrap + + + align:start position:0% +search strategy so just to kind of wrap +up and sort of put the pieces together + + align:start position:0% +up and sort of put the pieces together + + + align:start position:0% +up and sort of put the pieces together +so basically this kind of takes the hung + + align:start position:0% +so basically this kind of takes the hung + + + align:start position:0% +so basically this kind of takes the hung +and Cham model and then introduces + + align:start position:0% +and Cham model and then introduces + + + align:start position:0% +and Cham model and then introduces +hyrogen on the supply side right and + + align:start position:0% +hyrogen on the supply side right and + + + align:start position:0% +hyrogen on the supply side right and +kind of maps this essentially back to + + align:start position:0% +kind of maps this essentially back to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of maps this essentially back to +what is an auction + + align:start position:0% +what is an auction + + + align:start position:0% +what is an auction +problem and uh I'll leave it here I'll + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh I'll leave it here I'll + + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh I'll leave it here I'll +probably tell you tell you of those who + + align:start position:0% +probably tell you tell you of those who + + + align:start position:0% +probably tell you tell you of those who +come to 273 some more about this but um + + align:start position:0% +come to 273 some more about this but um + + + align:start position:0% +come to 273 some more about this but um +yeah that's it for today thank you for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BkCyJ6Nr7qU.txt b/BkCyJ6Nr7qU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7df077bd37e6968b81b5c0733096f5db972b7bf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/BkCyJ6Nr7qU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's do it burn geometrically there's a + + align:start position:0% +let's do it burn geometrically there's a + + + align:start position:0% +let's do it burn geometrically there's a +nice geometric interpretation to this + + align:start position:0% +nice geometric interpretation to this + + + align:start position:0% +nice geometric interpretation to this +state so it comes from thinking of this + + align:start position:0% +state so it comes from thinking of this + + + align:start position:0% +state so it comes from thinking of this +in phase space phase space so this is + + align:start position:0% +in phase space phase space so this is + + + align:start position:0% +in phase space phase space so this is +motion in the X P plane so let's think + + align:start position:0% +motion in the X P plane so let's think + + + align:start position:0% +motion in the X P plane so let's think +of the motion of this oscillator in the + + align:start position:0% +of the motion of this oscillator in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the motion of this oscillator in the +XP plane here we have that the energy is + + align:start position:0% +XP plane here we have that the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +XP plane here we have that the energy is +equal to P squared over 2m plus 1/2 M + + align:start position:0% +equal to P squared over 2m plus 1/2 M + + + align:start position:0% +equal to P squared over 2m plus 1/2 M +Omega squared x squared so this is an + + align:start position:0% +Omega squared x squared so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +Omega squared x squared so this is an +ellipse in the X a closed orbit a + + align:start position:0% +ellipse in the X a closed orbit a + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse in the X a closed orbit a +constant Omega solution is an ellipse in + + align:start position:0% +constant Omega solution is an ellipse in + + + align:start position:0% +constant Omega solution is an ellipse in +this plane that's because it's sum of + + align:start position:0% +this plane that's because it's sum of + + + align:start position:0% +this plane that's because it's sum of +something squared plus something squared + + align:start position:0% +something squared plus something squared + + + align:start position:0% +something squared plus something squared +with different coefficients so here it + + align:start position:0% +with different coefficients so here it + + + align:start position:0% +with different coefficients so here it +is it's some sort of ellipse like that + + align:start position:0% +is it's some sort of ellipse like that + + + align:start position:0% +is it's some sort of ellipse like that +semi-major axis semi minor axis actually + + align:start position:0% +semi-major axis semi minor axis actually + + + align:start position:0% +semi-major axis semi minor axis actually +don't know which is the major which is a + + align:start position:0% +don't know which is the major which is a + + + align:start position:0% +don't know which is the major which is a +minor but two semi access + + align:start position:0% +minor but two semi access + + + align:start position:0% +minor but two semi access +well when P is equal to 0 what is the + + align:start position:0% +well when P is equal to 0 what is the + + + align:start position:0% +well when P is equal to 0 what is the +value of x defines this so a is the + + align:start position:0% +value of x defines this so a is the + + + align:start position:0% +value of x defines this so a is the +value of x when P is 0 so it's 2 square + + align:start position:0% +value of x when P is 0 so it's 2 square + + + align:start position:0% +value of x when P is 0 so it's 2 square +root of 2 e over m Omega squared and B + + align:start position:0% +root of 2 e over m Omega squared and B + + + align:start position:0% +root of 2 e over m Omega squared and B +is the value of P when X is equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +is the value of P when X is equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +is the value of P when X is equal to 0 +so it's just square root of 2m e + + align:start position:0% +so it's just square root of 2m e + + + align:start position:0% +so it's just square root of 2m e +and here is the particle doing this + + align:start position:0% +and here is the particle doing this + + + align:start position:0% +and here is the particle doing this +motion in this orbit as time goes by the + + align:start position:0% +motion in this orbit as time goes by the + + + align:start position:0% +motion in this orbit as time goes by the +position edge goes from a maximum to a + + align:start position:0% +position edge goes from a maximum to a + + + align:start position:0% +position edge goes from a maximum to a +minimum and returned with the momentum + + align:start position:0% +minimum and returned with the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum and returned with the momentum +going like that it's a nice + + align:start position:0% +going like that it's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +going like that it's a nice +representation of the physical motion as + + align:start position:0% +representation of the physical motion as + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the physical motion as +moving on the lips that's what the + + align:start position:0% +moving on the lips that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +moving on the lips that's what the +system is doing so you could ask when + + align:start position:0% +system is doing so you could ask when + + + align:start position:0% +system is doing so you could ask when +you have something like that you with us + + align:start position:0% +you have something like that you with us + + + align:start position:0% +you have something like that you with us +okay you have an ellipse what's the area + + align:start position:0% +okay you have an ellipse what's the area + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have an ellipse what's the area +of their lips area is PI a B that's the + + align:start position:0% +of their lips area is PI a B that's the + + + align:start position:0% +of their lips area is PI a B that's the +formula for the area of an ellipse pi + + align:start position:0% +formula for the area of an ellipse pi + + + align:start position:0% +formula for the area of an ellipse pi +times the product of the semi and major + + align:start position:0% +times the product of the semi and major + + + align:start position:0% +times the product of the semi and major +semi minor axis that clearly generalizes + + align:start position:0% +semi minor axis that clearly generalizes + + + align:start position:0% +semi minor axis that clearly generalizes +correctly to a circle and it's the right + + align:start position:0% +correctly to a circle and it's the right + + + align:start position:0% +correctly to a circle and it's the right +formula and then when we multiply it + + align:start position:0% +formula and then when we multiply it + + + align:start position:0% +formula and then when we multiply it +look what happens there is a do I have + + align:start position:0% +look what happens there is a do I have + + + align:start position:0% +look what happens there is a do I have +yup I think I have everything here maybe + + align:start position:0% +yup I think I have everything here maybe + + + align:start position:0% +yup I think I have everything here maybe +I get 2 pi the M scan so the easel has + + align:start position:0% +I get 2 pi the M scan so the easel has + + + align:start position:0% +I get 2 pi the M scan so the easel has +an e over Omega hey that's our adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +an e over Omega hey that's our adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +an e over Omega hey that's our adiabatic +invariant 2 PI over Omega the area of + + align:start position:0% +invariant 2 PI over Omega the area of + + + align:start position:0% +invariant 2 PI over Omega the area of +this thing is our adiabatic invariant + + align:start position:0% +this thing is our adiabatic invariant + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is our adiabatic invariant +that's a very nice classical picture you + + align:start position:0% +that's a very nice classical picture you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very nice classical picture you +have motion in phase space and as Omega + + align:start position:0% +have motion in phase space and as Omega + + + align:start position:0% +have motion in phase space and as Omega +changes maybe the lips will change but + + align:start position:0% +changes maybe the lips will change but + + + align:start position:0% +changes maybe the lips will change but +the area tends to keep constant that's + + align:start position:0% +the area tends to keep constant that's + + + align:start position:0% +the area tends to keep constant that's +what's happening that's a statement of + + align:start position:0% +what's happening that's a statement of + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening that's a statement of +this result so that's nice it also can + + align:start position:0% +this result so that's nice it also can + + + align:start position:0% +this result so that's nice it also can +be written as a as a formula which is + + align:start position:0% +be written as a as a formula which is + + + align:start position:0% +be written as a as a formula which is +kind of neat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the area of the lips is this but the + + align:start position:0% +so the area of the lips is this but the + + + align:start position:0% +so the area of the lips is this but the +area of the lips really lives it can + + align:start position:0% +area of the lips really lives it can + + + align:start position:0% +area of the lips really lives it can +also be written in a slightly different + + align:start position:0% +also be written in a slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +also be written in a slightly different +way let's assume the orbit is going like + + align:start position:0% +way let's assume the orbit is going like + + + align:start position:0% +way let's assume the orbit is going like +this for example the motion is going + + align:start position:0% +this for example the motion is going + + + align:start position:0% +this for example the motion is going +like that and then what is the area of + + align:start position:0% +like that and then what is the area of + + + align:start position:0% +like that and then what is the area of +the lips we the area of this top part is + + align:start position:0% +the lips we the area of this top part is + + + align:start position:0% +the lips we the area of this top part is +the integral of pdx is the Enduro of the + + align:start position:0% +the integral of pdx is the Enduro of the + + + align:start position:0% +the integral of pdx is the Enduro of the +top part but we'll write it off that's + + align:start position:0% +top part but we'll write it off that's + + + align:start position:0% +top part but we'll write it off that's +just the top but if I think of this as a + + align:start position:0% +just the top but if I think of this as a + + + align:start position:0% +just the top but if I think of this as a +integral over the whole counter I would + + align:start position:0% +integral over the whole counter I would + + + align:start position:0% +integral over the whole counter I would +be having the whole integral of pdx like + + align:start position:0% +be having the whole integral of pdx like + + + align:start position:0% +be having the whole integral of pdx like +that integral over the whole Thunder I + + align:start position:0% +that integral over the whole Thunder I + + + align:start position:0% +that integral over the whole Thunder I +integrate here and I get the area of the + + align:start position:0% +integrate here and I get the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +integrate here and I get the area of the +top and when I integrate down here + + align:start position:0% +top and when I integrate down here + + + align:start position:0% +top and when I integrate down here +I'm having the X's that are negative and + + align:start position:0% +I'm having the X's that are negative and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm having the X's that are negative and +peas that are negative so I'm getting + + align:start position:0% +peas that are negative so I'm getting + + + align:start position:0% +peas that are negative so I'm getting +the area of the bottom part so actually + + align:start position:0% +the area of the bottom part so actually + + + align:start position:0% +the area of the bottom part so actually +this full counter integral over the + + align:start position:0% +this full counter integral over the + + + align:start position:0% +this full counter integral over the +whole boundary gives you the full area + + align:start position:0% +whole boundary gives you the full area + + + align:start position:0% +whole boundary gives you the full area +of the thing the top area in one part + + align:start position:0% +of the thing the top area in one part + + + align:start position:0% +of the thing the top area in one part +the bottom area in the bottom part so + + align:start position:0% +the bottom area in the bottom part so + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom area in the bottom part so +that's the area of the ellipse so we get + + align:start position:0% +that's the area of the ellipse so we get + + + align:start position:0% +that's the area of the ellipse so we get +of the idea that the integral of P the X + + align:start position:0% +of the idea that the integral of P the X + + + align:start position:0% +of the idea that the integral of P the X +is roughly equal to 2 pi e over Omega + + align:start position:0% +is roughly equal to 2 pi e over Omega + + + align:start position:0% +is roughly equal to 2 pi e over Omega +that's exactly it + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly it + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly it +when the system is time independent but + + align:start position:0% +when the system is time independent but + + + align:start position:0% +when the system is time independent but +then if it's not time independent this + + align:start position:0% +then if it's not time independent this + + + align:start position:0% +then if it's not time independent this +is an equation that can help us think of + + align:start position:0% +is an equation that can help us think of + + + align:start position:0% +is an equation that can help us think of +this system and identify an adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +this system and identify an adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +this system and identify an adiabatic +invariant because we identified this + + align:start position:0% +invariant because we identified this + + + align:start position:0% +invariant because we identified this +quantity as an adiabatic invariant the + + align:start position:0% +quantity as an adiabatic invariant the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity as an adiabatic invariant the +more general statement in classical + + align:start position:0% +more general statement in classical + + + align:start position:0% +more general statement in classical +mechanics is that this kind of integral + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is that this kind of integral + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is that this kind of integral +is an adiabatic invariant environment so + + align:start position:0% +is an adiabatic invariant environment so + + + align:start position:0% +is an adiabatic invariant environment so +in classical mechanics people search + + align:start position:0% +in classical mechanics people search + + + align:start position:0% +in classical mechanics people search +from adiabatic invariants by integrals + + align:start position:0% +from adiabatic invariants by integrals + + + align:start position:0% +from adiabatic invariants by integrals +over face space it's a nice way to think + + align:start position:0% +over face space it's a nice way to think + + + align:start position:0% +over face space it's a nice way to think +of them but let's go quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +of them but let's go quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +of them but let's go quantum mechanical +it's the analogy that we mentioned + + align:start position:0% +it's the analogy that we mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +it's the analogy that we mentioned +before let's use them so here we go + + align:start position:0% +before let's use them so here we go + + + align:start position:0% +before let's use them so here we go +we've said a little about this and we'll + + align:start position:0% +we've said a little about this and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we've said a little about this and we'll +say a bit more so for quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do we have well we had the + + align:start position:0% +what do we have well we had the + + + align:start position:0% +what do we have well we had the +oscillator we mention it and we said + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we mention it and we said + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator we mention it and we said +that e over Omega was h-bar Omega + + align:start position:0% +that e over Omega was h-bar Omega + + + align:start position:0% +that e over Omega was h-bar Omega +occupation number plus 1/2 over Omega + + align:start position:0% +occupation number plus 1/2 over Omega + + + align:start position:0% +occupation number plus 1/2 over Omega +and it's therefore H n plus 1/2 so in + + align:start position:0% +and it's therefore H n plus 1/2 so in + + + align:start position:0% +and it's therefore H n plus 1/2 so in +quantum mechanics the adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics the adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics the adiabatic +invariant becomes a quantum number and + + align:start position:0% +invariant becomes a quantum number and + + + align:start position:0% +invariant becomes a quantum number and +the adiabatic theorem in quantum + + align:start position:0% +the adiabatic theorem in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +the adiabatic theorem in quantum +mechanics is essentially gonna say that + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is essentially gonna say that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is essentially gonna say that +if you have quantum numbers you are + + align:start position:0% +if you have quantum numbers you are + + + align:start position:0% +if you have quantum numbers you are +almost guaranteed if the system is + + align:start position:0% +almost guaranteed if the system is + + + align:start position:0% +almost guaranteed if the system is +slowly varying to remain + + align:start position:0% +slowly varying to remain + + + align:start position:0% +slowly varying to remain +in that quantum state we're gonna try to + + align:start position:0% +in that quantum state we're gonna try to + + + align:start position:0% +in that quantum state we're gonna try to +make that clearer but that's the spirit + + align:start position:0% +make that clearer but that's the spirit + + + align:start position:0% +make that clearer but that's the spirit +you quantum numbers don't change under + + align:start position:0% +you quantum numbers don't change under + + + align:start position:0% +you quantum numbers don't change under +adiabatic approximation numbers don't + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic approximation numbers don't + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic approximation numbers don't +change so in some sense this whole story + + align:start position:0% +change so in some sense this whole story + + + align:start position:0% +change so in some sense this whole story +with developed today the classical + + align:start position:0% +with developed today the classical + + + align:start position:0% +with developed today the classical +intuition maybe it's a little less + + align:start position:0% +intuition maybe it's a little less + + + align:start position:0% +intuition maybe it's a little less +obvious is integrals over phase space a + + align:start position:0% +obvious is integrals over phase space a + + + align:start position:0% +obvious is integrals over phase space a +trajectory in phase space of a particle + + align:start position:0% +trajectory in phase space of a particle + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory in phase space of a particle +conserves the area and here in quantum + + align:start position:0% +conserves the area and here in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +conserves the area and here in quantum +mechanics is the idea that if you have a + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is the idea that if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics is the idea that if you have a +quantum number you're gonna find it + + align:start position:0% +quantum number you're gonna find it + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number you're gonna find it +difficult to have a change in quantum + + align:start position:0% +difficult to have a change in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to have a change in quantum +numbers but that's all we've been doing + + align:start position:0% +numbers but that's all we've been doing + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but that's all we've been doing +with time-dependent perturbation Theory + + align:start position:0% +with time-dependent perturbation Theory + + + align:start position:0% +with time-dependent perturbation Theory +change of quantum number so we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +change of quantum number so we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +change of quantum number so we'll we'll +think a little bit about it why that + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about it why that + + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about it why that +happened now there's more here that is + + align:start position:0% +happened now there's more here that is + + + align:start position:0% +happened now there's more here that is +interesting you remember your wkb + + align:start position:0% +interesting you remember your wkb + + + align:start position:0% +interesting you remember your wkb +approximation you did the quantization + + align:start position:0% +approximation you did the quantization + + + align:start position:0% +approximation you did the quantization +when you had a system say with two + + align:start position:0% +when you had a system say with two + + + align:start position:0% +when you had a system say with two +turning points a and B Bohr Sommerfeld + + align:start position:0% +turning points a and B Bohr Sommerfeld + + + align:start position:0% +turning points a and B Bohr Sommerfeld +quantization remember you assume there's + + align:start position:0% +quantization remember you assume there's + + + align:start position:0% +quantization remember you assume there's +a decaying thing here therefore a closed + + align:start position:0% +a decaying thing here therefore a closed + + + align:start position:0% +a decaying thing here therefore a closed +sign in the middle with a PI over four a + + align:start position:0% +sign in the middle with a PI over four a + + + align:start position:0% +sign in the middle with a PI over four a +decaying fear another closed end with a + + align:start position:0% +decaying fear another closed end with a + + + align:start position:0% +decaying fear another closed end with a +PI over four and the compatibility gave + + align:start position:0% +PI over four and the compatibility gave + + + align:start position:0% +PI over four and the compatibility gave +you the quantization condition now what + + align:start position:0% +you the quantization condition now what + + + align:start position:0% +you the quantization condition now what +was that quantization condition it was 1 + + align:start position:0% +was that quantization condition it was 1 + + + align:start position:0% +was that quantization condition it was 1 +over H bar integral of the local + + align:start position:0% +over H bar integral of the local + + + align:start position:0% +over H bar integral of the local +momentum DX a over B equals n plus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +momentum DX a over B equals n plus 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +momentum DX a over B equals n plus 1/2 +pi so if you multiply by 2 this integral + + align:start position:0% +pi so if you multiply by 2 this integral + + + align:start position:0% +pi so if you multiply by 2 this integral +that is the full integral over the + + align:start position:0% +that is the full integral over the + + + align:start position:0% +that is the full integral over the +back-and-forth of P of X + + align:start position:0% +back-and-forth of P of X + + + align:start position:0% +back-and-forth of P of X +the X is equal to 2 pi H Bar n plus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that formula if you remember gave their + + align:start position:0% +that formula if you remember gave their + + + align:start position:0% +that formula if you remember gave their +oscillator exactly but look how nice you + + align:start position:0% +oscillator exactly but look how nice you + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator exactly but look how nice you +see the intuition that this quantity of + + align:start position:0% +see the intuition that this quantity of + + + align:start position:0% +see the intuition that this quantity of +classical mechanics that we said is the + + align:start position:0% +classical mechanics that we said is the + + + align:start position:0% +classical mechanics that we said is the +adiabatic environment also shows in + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic environment also shows in + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic environment also shows in +semi-classical quantization telling you + + align:start position:0% +semi-classical quantization telling you + + + align:start position:0% +semi-classical quantization telling you +that that quantity yes doesn't want to + + align:start position:0% +that that quantity yes doesn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +that that quantity yes doesn't want to +change because in fact it represents a + + align:start position:0% +change because in fact it represents a + + + align:start position:0% +change because in fact it represents a +quantum number so the wkb approximation + + align:start position:0% +quantum number so the wkb approximation + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number so the wkb approximation +is also reinforcing the idea that first + + align:start position:0% +is also reinforcing the idea that first + + + align:start position:0% +is also reinforcing the idea that first +this quantity this integral over phase + + align:start position:0% +this quantity this integral over phase + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity this integral over phase +space is an aerobatic invariant and + + align:start position:0% +space is an aerobatic invariant and + + + align:start position:0% +space is an aerobatic invariant and +second that it represents a quantum + + align:start position:0% +second that it represents a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +second that it represents a quantum +number that doesn't want to change let + + align:start position:0% +number that doesn't want to change let + + + align:start position:0% +number that doesn't want to change let +me make one last comment before we start + + align:start position:0% +me make one last comment before we start + + + align:start position:0% +me make one last comment before we start +a real calculation in quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +a real calculation in quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +a real calculation in quantum mechanics +about this transitions we study + + align:start position:0% +about this transitions we study + + + align:start position:0% +about this transitions we study +transitions and transitions are the kind + + align:start position:0% +transitions and transitions are the kind + + + align:start position:0% +transitions and transitions are the kind +of things that don't happen easily when + + align:start position:0% +of things that don't happen easily when + + + align:start position:0% +of things that don't happen easily when +you have an adiabatic approximation so + + align:start position:0% +you have an adiabatic approximation so + + + align:start position:0% +you have an adiabatic approximation so +what did we have for transitions for + + align:start position:0% +what did we have for transitions for + + + align:start position:0% +what did we have for transitions for +transitions we had the probability too + + align:start position:0% +transitions we had the probability too + + + align:start position:0% +transitions we had the probability too +low from some initial to some final + + align:start position:0% +low from some initial to some final + + + align:start position:0% +low from some initial to some final +state was the integral from 0 to T e to + + align:start position:0% +state was the integral from 0 to T e to + + + align:start position:0% +state was the integral from 0 to T e to +the I Omega F Phi T prime Delta H of T + + align:start position:0% +the I Omega F Phi T prime Delta H of T + + + align:start position:0% +the I Omega F Phi T prime Delta H of T +prime F I over I h-bar VT prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assume you have a constant perturbation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perturbation so you can take this + + align:start position:0% +perturbation so you can take this + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation so you can take this +quantity out of the integral Delta H F I + + align:start position:0% +quantity out of the integral Delta H F I + + + align:start position:0% +quantity out of the integral Delta H F I +of T prime squared over H squared and + + align:start position:0% +of T prime squared over H squared and + + + align:start position:0% +of T prime squared over H squared and +you get this integral of e to the I + + align:start position:0% +you get this integral of e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +you get this integral of e to the I +Omega F Phi T Prime and that integral + + align:start position:0% +Omega F Phi T Prime and that integral + + + align:start position:0% +Omega F Phi T Prime and that integral +can roughly be done and it's you've done + + align:start position:0% +can roughly be done and it's you've done + + + align:start position:0% +can roughly be done and it's you've done +it a few times fi t minus one over Omega + + align:start position:0% +it a few times fi t minus one over Omega + + + align:start position:0% +it a few times fi t minus one over Omega +F I squared so this is what we got for a + + align:start position:0% +F I squared so this is what we got for a + + + align:start position:0% +F I squared so this is what we got for a +constant perturbation and a constant + + align:start position:0% +constant perturbation and a constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant perturbation and a constant +perturbation finds it hard to induce + + align:start position:0% +perturbation finds it hard to induce + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation finds it hard to induce +energy jumping transitions so if you + + align:start position:0% +energy jumping transitions so if you + + + align:start position:0% +energy jumping transitions so if you +have a discrete system making a + + align:start position:0% +have a discrete system making a + + + align:start position:0% +have a discrete system making a +transition is hard because however time + + align:start position:0% +transition is hard because however time + + + align:start position:0% +transition is hard because however time +you let go this quantity is maybe + + align:start position:0% +you let go this quantity is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you let go this quantity is maybe +there's a square here yes there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a square here yes there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a square here yes there's a +square this quantity is bounded in time + + align:start position:0% +square this quantity is bounded in time + + + align:start position:0% +square this quantity is bounded in time +this doesn't grow beyond the particular + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't grow beyond the particular + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't grow beyond the particular +quantity but here you have a suppression + + align:start position:0% +quantity but here you have a suppression + + + align:start position:0% +quantity but here you have a suppression +because the energies are different and + + align:start position:0% +because the energies are different and + + + align:start position:0% +because the energies are different and +if the energies are fairly different + + align:start position:0% +if the energies are fairly different + + + align:start position:0% +if the energies are fairly different +this is very suppressed the way this our + + align:start position:0% +this is very suppressed the way this our + + + align:start position:0% +this is very suppressed the way this our +calculations escaped that was saying oh + + align:start position:0% +calculations escaped that was saying oh + + + align:start position:0% +calculations escaped that was saying oh +if you have a continuum behind these + + align:start position:0% +if you have a continuum behind these + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a continuum behind these +discrete states then you can make a + + align:start position:0% +discrete states then you can make a + + + align:start position:0% +discrete states then you can make a +transition because you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +transition because you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +transition because you don't have to +have a large change of energy so our + + align:start position:0% +have a large change of energy so our + + + align:start position:0% +have a large change of energy so our +transitions are things that illustrate a + + align:start position:0% +transitions are things that illustrate a + + + align:start position:0% +transitions are things that illustrate a +little bit what we're getting to that + + align:start position:0% +little bit what we're getting to that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit what we're getting to that +it's difficult to change energy levels + + align:start position:0% +it's difficult to change energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +it's difficult to change energy levels +for slowly varying processes in fact if + + align:start position:0% +for slowly varying processes in fact if + + + align:start position:0% +for slowly varying processes in fact if +this Hamiltonian was + + align:start position:0% +this Hamiltonian was + + + align:start position:0% +this Hamiltonian was +not exactly a time constant it's still + + align:start position:0% +not exactly a time constant it's still + + + align:start position:0% +not exactly a time constant it's still +difficult to make a transition because + + align:start position:0% +difficult to make a transition because + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to make a transition because +you know if it very slowly this is still + + align:start position:0% +you know if it very slowly this is still + + + align:start position:0% +you know if it very slowly this is still +roughly true over some period of time + + align:start position:0% +roughly true over some period of time + + + align:start position:0% +roughly true over some period of time +you could say well it's the average + + align:start position:0% +you could say well it's the average + + + align:start position:0% +you could say well it's the average +value in order to get an efficient + + align:start position:0% +value in order to get an efficient + + + align:start position:0% +value in order to get an efficient +transition between two energy levels you + + align:start position:0% +transition between two energy levels you + + + align:start position:0% +transition between two energy levels you +had to put a Hamiltonian I've had a + + align:start position:0% +had to put a Hamiltonian I've had a + + + align:start position:0% +had to put a Hamiltonian I've had a +cosine of Omega T at the right frequency + + align:start position:0% +cosine of Omega T at the right frequency + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of Omega T at the right frequency +and then you induce the transition but + + align:start position:0% +and then you induce the transition but + + + align:start position:0% +and then you induce the transition but +they're slowly varying Hamiltonian finds + + align:start position:0% +they're slowly varying Hamiltonian finds + + + align:start position:0% +they're slowly varying Hamiltonian finds +it difficult to induce transitions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright so this is our end of our + + align:start position:0% +alright so this is our end of our + + + align:start position:0% +alright so this is our end of our +introduction to the subject of adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the subject of adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the subject of adiabatic +evolution and now we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +evolution and now we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +evolution and now we're going to try to +calculate how a quantum state changes + + align:start position:0% +calculate how a quantum state changes + + + align:start position:0% +calculate how a quantum state changes +under adiabatic evolution \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Br1zazcSI4M.txt b/Br1zazcSI4M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17b1970c2d2bafad944af3b3b9323a99491538c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Br1zazcSI4M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18776 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a creative commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license your support +will help mit opencourseware continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help mit opencourseware continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help mit opencourseware continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses +visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right everyone let's get started + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get started + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get started +uh i'm ramish raskar and this is uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh mass 131 and 531 + + align:start position:0% +uh mass 131 and 531 + + + align:start position:0% +uh mass 131 and 531 +computational camera and photography + + align:start position:0% +computational camera and photography + + + align:start position:0% +computational camera and photography +uh and we have about + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have about + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have about +i think about 50 to 60 000 worth of + + align:start position:0% +i think about 50 to 60 000 worth of + + + align:start position:0% +i think about 50 to 60 000 worth of +equipment right here + + align:start position:0% +equipment right here + + + align:start position:0% +equipment right here +so please hold on to the door if + + align:start position:0% +so please hold on to the door if + + + align:start position:0% +so please hold on to the door if +something goes on i really need your + + align:start position:0% +something goes on i really need your + + + align:start position:0% +something goes on i really need your +help + + align:start position:0% +help + + + align:start position:0% +help +to protect all these things + + align:start position:0% +to protect all these things + + + align:start position:0% +to protect all these things +it's going to be a lot of fun uh we're + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a lot of fun uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a lot of fun uh we're +going to see you know crazy kinds of + + align:start position:0% +going to see you know crazy kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +going to see you know crazy kinds of +cameras crazy kind of photography + + align:start position:0% +cameras crazy kind of photography + + + align:start position:0% +cameras crazy kind of photography +medical imaging and applications in + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging and applications in + + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging and applications in +different domains + + align:start position:0% +different domains + + + align:start position:0% +different domains +and i just wanted to show this really + + align:start position:0% +and i just wanted to show this really + + + align:start position:0% +and i just wanted to show this really +beautiful picture that some of you may + + align:start position:0% +beautiful picture that some of you may + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful picture that some of you may +have seen + + align:start position:0% +have seen + + + align:start position:0% +have seen +uh on on blogs + + align:start position:0% +uh on on blogs + + + align:start position:0% +uh on on blogs +this is a real photo + + align:start position:0% +this is a real photo + + + align:start position:0% +this is a real photo +uh taken by an iphone camera + + align:start position:0% +uh taken by an iphone camera + + + align:start position:0% +uh taken by an iphone camera +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +popular blitz on an aircraft + + align:start position:0% +popular blitz on an aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +popular blitz on an aircraft +anybody knows what's going on + + align:start position:0% +anybody knows what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +anybody knows what's going on +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +the sensor takes line by line images and + + align:start position:0% +the sensor takes line by line images and + + + align:start position:0% +the sensor takes line by line images and +by the time it goes to the next line + + align:start position:0% +by the time it goes to the next line + + + align:start position:0% +by the time it goes to the next line +next vertical line the propellers have + + align:start position:0% +next vertical line the propellers have + + + align:start position:0% +next vertical line the propellers have +moved so it traces the population move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly so when you think about an image + + align:start position:0% +exactly so when you think about an image + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so when you think about an image +we think of it as some kind of a + + align:start position:0% +we think of it as some kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +we think of it as some kind of a +snapshot + + align:start position:0% +snapshot + + + align:start position:0% +snapshot +uh some kind of a progressive photo but + + align:start position:0% +uh some kind of a progressive photo but + + + align:start position:0% +uh some kind of a progressive photo but +there are two motions going on here one + + align:start position:0% +there are two motions going on here one + + + align:start position:0% +there are two motions going on here one +is the motion of the blade which is + + align:start position:0% +is the motion of the blade which is + + + align:start position:0% +is the motion of the blade which is +which is uh circular uh and with with + + align:start position:0% +which is uh circular uh and with with + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh circular uh and with with +radial blades and then there is uh is a + + align:start position:0% +radial blades and then there is uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +radial blades and then there is uh is a +motion effectively of the sampler which + + align:start position:0% +motion effectively of the sampler which + + + align:start position:0% +motion effectively of the sampler which +is moving from up to down you know it's + + align:start position:0% +is moving from up to down you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +is moving from up to down you know it's +the rolling shutter so when you + + align:start position:0% +the rolling shutter so when you + + + align:start position:0% +the rolling shutter so when you +there's a very nice animation + + align:start position:0% +there's a very nice animation + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very nice animation +of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the rolling shutter + + align:start position:0% +so this is the rolling shutter + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the rolling shutter +the camera is exposing + + align:start position:0% +the camera is exposing + + + align:start position:0% +the camera is exposing +approximately just one line at a time + + align:start position:0% +approximately just one line at a time + + + align:start position:0% +approximately just one line at a time +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +as the blades + + align:start position:0% +as the blades + + + align:start position:0% +as the blades +rotate around you can see that it's + + align:start position:0% +rotate around you can see that it's + + + align:start position:0% +rotate around you can see that it's +tracing this curves + + align:start position:0% +tracing this curves + + + align:start position:0% +tracing this curves +so so this example should show you that + + align:start position:0% +so so this example should show you that + + + align:start position:0% +so so this example should show you that +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +we can't take anything for + + align:start position:0% +we can't take anything for + + + align:start position:0% +we can't take anything for +for granted when it comes to when it + + align:start position:0% +for granted when it comes to when it + + + align:start position:0% +for granted when it comes to when it +comes to today's modern photography + + align:start position:0% +comes to today's modern photography + + + align:start position:0% +comes to today's modern photography +and this almost an artifact of a really + + align:start position:0% +and this almost an artifact of a really + + + align:start position:0% +and this almost an artifact of a really +cheap sensor that cell phone cameras use + + align:start position:0% +cheap sensor that cell phone cameras use + + + align:start position:0% +cheap sensor that cell phone cameras use +because of bandwidth constraints it's + + align:start position:0% +because of bandwidth constraints it's + + + align:start position:0% +because of bandwidth constraints it's +much easier to roll and read one line at + + align:start position:0% +much easier to roll and read one line at + + + align:start position:0% +much easier to roll and read one line at +a time than reading the whole buffer of + + align:start position:0% +a time than reading the whole buffer of + + + align:start position:0% +a time than reading the whole buffer of +the camera at the same time so you know + + align:start position:0% +the camera at the same time so you know + + + align:start position:0% +the camera at the same time so you know +you get these beautiful artifacts so + + align:start position:0% +you get these beautiful artifacts so + + + align:start position:0% +you get these beautiful artifacts so +kind of one + + align:start position:0% +kind of one + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one +open question is if camera makers start + + align:start position:0% +open question is if camera makers start + + + align:start position:0% +open question is if camera makers start +supporting or start rather + + align:start position:0% +supporting or start rather + + + align:start position:0% +supporting or start rather +chipping out on rather than just one + + align:start position:0% +chipping out on rather than just one + + + align:start position:0% +chipping out on rather than just one +line at a time if they come up with even + + align:start position:0% +line at a time if they come up with even + + + align:start position:0% +line at a time if they come up with even +cheaper mechanisms where they're playing + + align:start position:0% +cheaper mechanisms where they're playing + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper mechanisms where they're playing +you know in some random sequence or you + + align:start position:0% +you know in some random sequence or you + + + align:start position:0% +you know in some random sequence or you +know you know any artifacts they create + + align:start position:0% +know you know any artifacts they create + + + align:start position:0% +know you know any artifacts they create +how will photographers export exploit + + align:start position:0% +how will photographers export exploit + + + align:start position:0% +how will photographers export exploit +that to create you know this stunning + + align:start position:0% +that to create you know this stunning + + + align:start position:0% +that to create you know this stunning +and beautiful imagery + + align:start position:0% +and beautiful imagery + + + align:start position:0% +and beautiful imagery +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +more on the scientific side let's see + + align:start position:0% +more on the scientific side let's see + + + align:start position:0% +more on the scientific side let's see +the lightning is strange here + + align:start position:0% +the lightning is strange here + + + align:start position:0% +the lightning is strange here +see if you can play with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to learn a lot about uh + + align:start position:0% +we're going to learn a lot about uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to learn a lot about uh +computational illumination in this class + + align:start position:0% +computational illumination in this class + + + align:start position:0% +computational illumination in this class +that may be okay for now and we'll + + align:start position:0% +that may be okay for now and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that may be okay for now and we'll +switch back + + align:start position:0% +switch back + + + align:start position:0% +switch back +so uh imagine you have uh somebody out + + align:start position:0% +so uh imagine you have uh somebody out + + + align:start position:0% +so uh imagine you have uh somebody out +here behind a shower curtain + + align:start position:0% +here behind a shower curtain + + + align:start position:0% +here behind a shower curtain +and you want to take a photo + + align:start position:0% +and you want to take a photo + + + align:start position:0% +and you want to take a photo +and you may be able to come with a photo + + align:start position:0% +and you may be able to come with a photo + + + align:start position:0% +and you may be able to come with a photo +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +you just see the shower curtain behind + + align:start position:0% +you just see the shower curtain behind + + + align:start position:0% +you just see the shower curtain behind +the person behind + + align:start position:0% +the person behind + + + align:start position:0% +the person behind +we have without the without the person + + align:start position:0% +we have without the without the person + + + align:start position:0% +we have without the without the person +behind the shop curtain + + align:start position:0% +behind the shop curtain + + + align:start position:0% +behind the shop curtain +but maybe you can also create a photo + + align:start position:0% +but maybe you can also create a photo + + + align:start position:0% +but maybe you can also create a photo +where you realize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +who's behind the shower curtain + + align:start position:0% +who's behind the shower curtain + + + align:start position:0% +who's behind the shower curtain +and this is the trick + + align:start position:0% +and this is the trick + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the trick +that's expo that's achieved using a + + align:start position:0% +that's expo that's achieved using a + + + align:start position:0% +that's expo that's achieved using a +special type of a flash + + align:start position:0% +special type of a flash + + + align:start position:0% +special type of a flash +as you'll see we will generalize the + + align:start position:0% +as you'll see we will generalize the + + + align:start position:0% +as you'll see we will generalize the +flash to a very highly programmable + + align:start position:0% +flash to a very highly programmable + + + align:start position:0% +flash to a very highly programmable +illumination + + align:start position:0% +illumination + + + align:start position:0% +illumination +and with that photography of this kind + + align:start position:0% +and with that photography of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +and with that photography of this kind +is also possible + + align:start position:0% +is also possible + + + align:start position:0% +is also possible +what else uh here's a great example i + + align:start position:0% +what else uh here's a great example i + + + align:start position:0% +what else uh here's a great example i +like to show + + align:start position:0% +like to show + + + align:start position:0% +like to show +imagine you have a scene + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have a scene + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have a scene +and instead of a camera you just have a + + align:start position:0% +and instead of a camera you just have a + + + align:start position:0% +and instead of a camera you just have a +single photo detector + + align:start position:0% +single photo detector + + + align:start position:0% +single photo detector +okay it could be light sensor of your of + + align:start position:0% +okay it could be light sensor of your of + + + align:start position:0% +okay it could be light sensor of your of +your slr camera + + align:start position:0% +your slr camera + + + align:start position:0% +your slr camera +or those of you who like to think about + + align:start position:0% +or those of you who like to think about + + + align:start position:0% +or those of you who like to think about +this photo diets + + align:start position:0% +this photo diets + + + align:start position:0% +this photo diets +just one photo diet and instead of + + align:start position:0% +just one photo diet and instead of + + + align:start position:0% +just one photo diet and instead of +taking a photo + + align:start position:0% +taking a photo + + + align:start position:0% +taking a photo +what i'm going to do is turn on one + + align:start position:0% +what i'm going to do is turn on one + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm going to do is turn on one +pixel of this projector at a time + + align:start position:0% +pixel of this projector at a time + + + align:start position:0% +pixel of this projector at a time +and record this if the projector has 1 + + align:start position:0% +and record this if the projector has 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and record this if the projector has 1 +million pixels + + align:start position:0% +million pixels + + + align:start position:0% +million pixels +i'm going to take 1 million measurements + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take 1 million measurements + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take 1 million measurements +by turning on one at a time what picture + + align:start position:0% +by turning on one at a time what picture + + + align:start position:0% +by turning on one at a time what picture +will i get here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +will i get a picture from those 1 + + align:start position:0% +will i get a picture from those 1 + + + align:start position:0% +will i get a picture from those 1 +million measurements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody + + align:start position:0% +anybody + + + align:start position:0% +anybody +you know you'll get a photo that looks + + align:start position:0% +you know you'll get a photo that looks + + + align:start position:0% +you know you'll get a photo that looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +a camera was placed here + + align:start position:0% +a camera was placed here + + + align:start position:0% +a camera was placed here +instead of over here + + align:start position:0% +instead of over here + + + align:start position:0% +instead of over here +uh and this is exactly how a barcode + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is exactly how a barcode + + + align:start position:0% +uh and this is exactly how a barcode +scanner + + align:start position:0% +scanner + + + align:start position:0% +scanner +at checkout counter works as well the + + align:start position:0% +at checkout counter works as well the + + + align:start position:0% +at checkout counter works as well the +barcode scanner doesn't have a camera + + align:start position:0% +barcode scanner doesn't have a camera + + + align:start position:0% +barcode scanner doesn't have a camera +it just has a + + align:start position:0% +it just has a + + + align:start position:0% +it just has a +sweeping laser + + align:start position:0% +sweeping laser + + + align:start position:0% +sweeping laser +and and the same apparatus there is also + + align:start position:0% +and and the same apparatus there is also + + + align:start position:0% +and and the same apparatus there is also +a single photo detector so the barcode + + align:start position:0% +a single photo detector so the barcode + + + align:start position:0% +a single photo detector so the barcode +scanner hits the one zero one zero + + align:start position:0% +scanner hits the one zero one zero + + + align:start position:0% +scanner hits the one zero one zero +patterns of the printed code uh when it + + align:start position:0% +patterns of the printed code uh when it + + + align:start position:0% +patterns of the printed code uh when it +hits the black spot it doesn't reflect + + align:start position:0% +hits the black spot it doesn't reflect + + + align:start position:0% +hits the black spot it doesn't reflect +much light and it hits the white spot it + + align:start position:0% +much light and it hits the white spot it + + + align:start position:0% +much light and it hits the white spot it +reflects much light + + align:start position:0% +reflects much light + + + align:start position:0% +reflects much light +and in this way uh a parkour scanner + + align:start position:0% +and in this way uh a parkour scanner + + + align:start position:0% +and in this way uh a parkour scanner +without having to worry about focus + + align:start position:0% +without having to worry about focus + + + align:start position:0% +without having to worry about focus +and dynamic range and all those issues + + align:start position:0% +and dynamic range and all those issues + + + align:start position:0% +and dynamic range and all those issues +can figure out what the barcode is is + + align:start position:0% +can figure out what the barcode is is + + + align:start position:0% +can figure out what the barcode is is +isn't it important though that the + + align:start position:0% +isn't it important though that the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it important though that the +barcode scanner is a laser which keeps + + align:start position:0% +barcode scanner is a laser which keeps + + + align:start position:0% +barcode scanner is a laser which keeps +the pixels spatially + + align:start position:0% +the pixels spatially + + + align:start position:0% +the pixels spatially +localized very focused right whereas + + align:start position:0% +localized very focused right whereas + + + align:start position:0% +localized very focused right whereas +here if you have an incoherent light + + align:start position:0% +here if you have an incoherent light + + + align:start position:0% +here if you have an incoherent light +source + + align:start position:0% +source + + + align:start position:0% +source +and you're illuminating a real scene + + align:start position:0% +and you're illuminating a real scene + + + align:start position:0% +and you're illuminating a real scene +you'll illuminate the whole scene kind + + align:start position:0% +you'll illuminate the whole scene kind + + + align:start position:0% +you'll illuminate the whole scene kind +of diffusely and that's a very good + + align:start position:0% +of diffusely and that's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +of diffusely and that's a very good +point so that's why we have to use a + + align:start position:0% +point so that's why we have to use a + + + align:start position:0% +point so that's why we have to use a +projector so we are turning on only one + + align:start position:0% +projector so we are turning on only one + + + align:start position:0% +projector so we are turning on only one +pixel of the projector so as if in very + + align:start position:0% +pixel of the projector so as if in very + + + align:start position:0% +pixel of the projector so as if in very +simple words it's turning only one rail + + align:start position:0% +simple words it's turning only one rail + + + align:start position:0% +simple words it's turning only one rail +in the scene you're not the projector is + + align:start position:0% +in the scene you're not the projector is + + + align:start position:0% +in the scene you're not the projector is +not flat field okay not all the pixels + + align:start position:0% +not flat field okay not all the pixels + + + align:start position:0% +not flat field okay not all the pixels +are on + + align:start position:0% +are on + + + align:start position:0% +are on +at the time that's why we have to take + + align:start position:0% +at the time that's why we have to take + + + align:start position:0% +at the time that's why we have to take +one million readings by turning on one + + align:start position:0% +one million readings by turning on one + + + align:start position:0% +one million readings by turning on one +pixel at a time + + align:start position:0% +pixel at a time + + + align:start position:0% +pixel at a time +so so that's that's straightforward this + + align:start position:0% +so so that's that's straightforward this + + + align:start position:0% +so so that's that's straightforward this +is uh very well known uh what are some + + align:start position:0% +is uh very well known uh what are some + + + align:start position:0% +is uh very well known uh what are some +other things you can do with this + + align:start position:0% +other things you can do with this + + + align:start position:0% +other things you can do with this +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +duality + + align:start position:0% +duality + + + align:start position:0% +duality +uh if you replace the photo detector + + align:start position:0% +uh if you replace the photo detector + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you replace the photo detector +with a camera + + align:start position:0% +with a camera + + + align:start position:0% +with a camera +uh you can do something similar you can + + align:start position:0% +uh you can do something similar you can + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can do something similar you can +turn on one pixel at a time + + align:start position:0% +turn on one pixel at a time + + + align:start position:0% +turn on one pixel at a time +and take a full photo so again i'm going + + align:start position:0% +and take a full photo so again i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and take a full photo so again i'm going +to turn on one pixel of the projector at + + align:start position:0% +to turn on one pixel of the projector at + + + align:start position:0% +to turn on one pixel of the projector at +a time and in this case take one million + + align:start position:0% +a time and in this case take one million + + + align:start position:0% +a time and in this case take one million +photos + + align:start position:0% +photos + + + align:start position:0% +photos +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now once you do that what i will be able + + align:start position:0% +now once you do that what i will be able + + + align:start position:0% +now once you do that what i will be able +to do is create a relationship between + + align:start position:0% +to do is create a relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +to do is create a relationship between +what happens when i turn on exactly one + + align:start position:0% +what happens when i turn on exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when i turn on exactly one +pixel of this projector + + align:start position:0% +pixel of this projector + + + align:start position:0% +pixel of this projector +one pixel is turned on a photo is taken + + align:start position:0% +one pixel is turned on a photo is taken + + + align:start position:0% +one pixel is turned on a photo is taken +i can measure what happens to this + + align:start position:0% +i can measure what happens to this + + + align:start position:0% +i can measure what happens to this +particular pixel of the camera + + align:start position:0% +particular pixel of the camera + + + align:start position:0% +particular pixel of the camera +and in this way you will create a four + + align:start position:0% +and in this way you will create a four + + + align:start position:0% +and in this way you will create a four +dimensional relationship + + align:start position:0% +dimensional relationship + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional relationship +2d for the camera and 2d for + + align:start position:0% +2d for the camera and 2d for + + + align:start position:0% +2d for the camera and 2d for +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +sorry 2d for the projector and 2d for + + align:start position:0% +sorry 2d for the projector and 2d for + + + align:start position:0% +sorry 2d for the projector and 2d for +the camera so a million photos here and + + align:start position:0% +the camera so a million photos here and + + + align:start position:0% +the camera so a million photos here and +a million pixels here so you're going to + + align:start position:0% +a million pixels here so you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a million pixels here so you're going to +have you know a trillion + + align:start position:0% +have you know a trillion + + + align:start position:0% +have you know a trillion +measurements 10 to the 12. + + align:start position:0% +measurements 10 to the 12. + + + align:start position:0% +measurements 10 to the 12. +now you can invert that + + align:start position:0% +now you can invert that + + + align:start position:0% +now you can invert that +and ask + + align:start position:0% +and ask + + + align:start position:0% +and ask +for a single + + align:start position:0% +for a single + + + align:start position:0% +for a single +pixel of the camera + + align:start position:0% +pixel of the camera + + + align:start position:0% +pixel of the camera +which projector pixels are contributing + + align:start position:0% +which projector pixels are contributing + + + align:start position:0% +which projector pixels are contributing +so the question to ask is i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so the question to ask is i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so the question to ask is i'm going to +turn on one pixel at a time uh if i turn + + align:start position:0% +turn on one pixel at a time uh if i turn + + + align:start position:0% +turn on one pixel at a time uh if i turn +on just this array for example it will + + align:start position:0% +on just this array for example it will + + + align:start position:0% +on just this array for example it will +only contribute to say this pixel but if + + align:start position:0% +only contribute to say this pixel but if + + + align:start position:0% +only contribute to say this pixel but if +there was some inter reflection it will + + align:start position:0% +there was some inter reflection it will + + + align:start position:0% +there was some inter reflection it will +also contribute to some other pixel and + + align:start position:0% +also contribute to some other pixel and + + + align:start position:0% +also contribute to some other pixel and +so on so you're going to have this + + align:start position:0% +so on so you're going to have this + + + align:start position:0% +so on so you're going to have this +global transport + + align:start position:0% +global transport + + + align:start position:0% +global transport +of light and from that you can ask this + + align:start position:0% +of light and from that you can ask this + + + align:start position:0% +of light and from that you can ask this +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +which project for a given camera pixel + + align:start position:0% +which project for a given camera pixel + + + align:start position:0% +which project for a given camera pixel +what are the other projector pixels that + + align:start position:0% +what are the other projector pixels that + + + align:start position:0% +what are the other projector pixels that +are contributing to it + + align:start position:0% +are contributing to it + + + align:start position:0% +are contributing to it +and so you can do this this inversion + + align:start position:0% +and so you can do this this inversion + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can do this this inversion +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +uh is is + + align:start position:0% +uh is is + + + align:start position:0% +uh is is +a little straightforward to do + + align:start position:0% +a little straightforward to do + + + align:start position:0% +a little straightforward to do +and then you can do experiments like + + align:start position:0% +and then you can do experiments like + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can do experiments like +this you know how can you read your + + align:start position:0% +this you know how can you read your + + + align:start position:0% +this you know how can you read your +opponent's cards uh you know from across + + align:start position:0% +opponent's cards uh you know from across + + + align:start position:0% +opponent's cards uh you know from across +the table uh you can turn on a projector + + align:start position:0% +the table uh you can turn on a projector + + + align:start position:0% +the table uh you can turn on a projector +one pixel at a time uh look at the + + align:start position:0% +one pixel at a time uh look at the + + + align:start position:0% +one pixel at a time uh look at the +reflection and see the camera then on + + align:start position:0% +reflection and see the camera then on + + + align:start position:0% +reflection and see the camera then on +the next pixel + + align:start position:0% +the next pixel + + + align:start position:0% +the next pixel +um and so on and after you allow your + + align:start position:0% +um and so on and after you allow your + + + align:start position:0% +um and so on and after you allow your +opponent to take a million photos + + align:start position:0% +opponent to take a million photos + + + align:start position:0% +opponent to take a million photos +of him uh you'll be able to read the + + align:start position:0% +of him uh you'll be able to read the + + + align:start position:0% +of him uh you'll be able to read the +card although it was not directly + + align:start position:0% +card although it was not directly + + + align:start position:0% +card although it was not directly +visible from your + + align:start position:0% +visible from your + + + align:start position:0% +visible from your +point of view + + align:start position:0% +point of view + + + align:start position:0% +point of view +so you can + + align:start position:0% +so you can + + + align:start position:0% +so you can +kind of look around + + align:start position:0% +kind of look around + + + align:start position:0% +kind of look around +an occluder and what's behind + + align:start position:0% +an occluder and what's behind + + + align:start position:0% +an occluder and what's behind +a corner what's the what's the flaw in + + align:start position:0% +a corner what's the what's the flaw in + + + align:start position:0% +a corner what's the what's the flaw in +this argument + + align:start position:0% +this argument + + + align:start position:0% +this argument +that you can look around the corner + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +exactly there's some device that you + + align:start position:0% +exactly there's some device that you + + + align:start position:0% +exactly there's some device that you +have to place + + align:start position:0% +have to place + + + align:start position:0% +have to place +that's actually looking at looking at + + align:start position:0% +that's actually looking at looking at + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually looking at looking at +uh looking at that card so you know this + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at that card so you know this + + + align:start position:0% +uh looking at that card so you know this +is a beautiful project from from + + align:start position:0% +is a beautiful project from from + + + align:start position:0% +is a beautiful project from from +stanford + + align:start position:0% +stanford + + + align:start position:0% +stanford +and one of their funding agencies of + + align:start position:0% +and one of their funding agencies of + + + align:start position:0% +and one of their funding agencies of +course the army and they would like to + + align:start position:0% +course the army and they would like to + + + align:start position:0% +course the army and they would like to +know what's around the corner but of + + align:start position:0% +know what's around the corner but of + + + align:start position:0% +know what's around the corner but of +course you have to go and place a + + align:start position:0% +course you have to go and place a + + + align:start position:0% +course you have to go and place a +projector in the enemy land + + align:start position:0% +projector in the enemy land + + + align:start position:0% +projector in the enemy land +to be able to figure out whose are there + + align:start position:0% +to be able to figure out whose are there + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to figure out whose are there +so um this is the message of this class + + align:start position:0% +so um this is the message of this class + + + align:start position:0% +so um this is the message of this class +pure digital cameras are extremely + + align:start position:0% +pure digital cameras are extremely + + + align:start position:0% +pure digital cameras are extremely +boring + + align:start position:0% +boring + + + align:start position:0% +boring +um and if you look at these two cameras + + align:start position:0% +um and if you look at these two cameras + + + align:start position:0% +um and if you look at these two cameras +one of them is digital one of them is + + align:start position:0% +one of them is digital one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is digital one of them is +phone + + align:start position:0% +phone + + + align:start position:0% +phone +can you really figure out which one is + + align:start position:0% +can you really figure out which one is + + + align:start position:0% +can you really figure out which one is +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +left is digital + + align:start position:0% +left is digital + + + align:start position:0% +left is digital +right is digital + + align:start position:0% +right is digital + + + align:start position:0% +right is digital +okay and rest are confused right + + align:start position:0% +okay and rest are confused right + + + align:start position:0% +okay and rest are confused right +so hardly any difference between them + + align:start position:0% +so hardly any difference between them + + + align:start position:0% +so hardly any difference between them +you know zoom focus aperture exposure + + align:start position:0% +you know zoom focus aperture exposure + + + align:start position:0% +you know zoom focus aperture exposure +all the same old boring stuff there's + + align:start position:0% +all the same old boring stuff there's + + + align:start position:0% +all the same old boring stuff there's +not much extra going on and if somebody + + align:start position:0% +not much extra going on and if somebody + + + align:start position:0% +not much extra going on and if somebody +claims that digital camera have spawned + + align:start position:0% +claims that digital camera have spawned + + + align:start position:0% +claims that digital camera have spawned +a new art form probably not i mean you + + align:start position:0% +a new art form probably not i mean you + + + align:start position:0% +a new art form probably not i mean you +could just take film cameras scan them + + align:start position:0% +could just take film cameras scan them + + + align:start position:0% +could just take film cameras scan them +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +and and play with them + + align:start position:0% +and and play with them + + + align:start position:0% +and and play with them +they're just faster better + + align:start position:0% +they're just faster better + + + align:start position:0% +they're just faster better +and cheaper + + align:start position:0% +and cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +and cheaper +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +when when people think about um + + align:start position:0% +when when people think about um + + + align:start position:0% +when when people think about um +computational photography and + + align:start position:0% +computational photography and + + + align:start position:0% +computational photography and +computational camera + + align:start position:0% +computational camera + + + align:start position:0% +computational camera +uh they start thinking about wow okay i + + align:start position:0% +uh they start thinking about wow okay i + + + align:start position:0% +uh they start thinking about wow okay i +have this camera that doesn't do a very + + align:start position:0% +have this camera that doesn't do a very + + + align:start position:0% +have this camera that doesn't do a very +good job of dynamic range and field of + + align:start position:0% +good job of dynamic range and field of + + + align:start position:0% +good job of dynamic range and field of +view + + align:start position:0% +view + + + align:start position:0% +view +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +so what i'm going to do is somehow + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm going to do is somehow + + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm going to do is somehow +improve the performance of this camera + + align:start position:0% +improve the performance of this camera + + + align:start position:0% +improve the performance of this camera +one common is by boosting the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +one common is by boosting the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +one common is by boosting the dynamic +range by taking multiple photo by + + align:start position:0% +range by taking multiple photo by + + + align:start position:0% +range by taking multiple photo by +exposure bracketing + + align:start position:0% +exposure bracketing + + + align:start position:0% +exposure bracketing +or having a larger depth of field by + + align:start position:0% +or having a larger depth of field by + + + align:start position:0% +or having a larger depth of field by +taking multiple photo by taking focus + + align:start position:0% +taking multiple photo by taking focus + + + align:start position:0% +taking multiple photo by taking focus +bracketing and so on if you want to + + align:start position:0% +bracketing and so on if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +bracketing and so on if you want to +increase the field of view you're going + + align:start position:0% +increase the field of view you're going + + + align:start position:0% +increase the field of view you're going +to do a panorama and then stitch it + + align:start position:0% +to do a panorama and then stitch it + + + align:start position:0% +to do a panorama and then stitch it +together uh if you want to increase the + + align:start position:0% +together uh if you want to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +together uh if you want to increase the +frame rate you're going to play with the + + align:start position:0% +frame rate you're going to play with the + + + align:start position:0% +frame rate you're going to play with the +exposure time and so on + + align:start position:0% +exposure time and so on + + + align:start position:0% +exposure time and so on +so this is what a lot of people think + + align:start position:0% +so this is what a lot of people think + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what a lot of people think +about as computational camera and + + align:start position:0% +about as computational camera and + + + align:start position:0% +about as computational camera and +photography and i just want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +photography and i just want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +photography and i just want to emphasize +that this is not what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that this is not what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that this is not what we're going to +talk about in this class + + align:start position:0% +talk about in this class + + + align:start position:0% +talk about in this class +these are + + align:start position:0% +these are + + + align:start position:0% +these are +concepts little easy to understand + + align:start position:0% +concepts little easy to understand + + + align:start position:0% +concepts little easy to understand +understand and a lot of lecture notes + + align:start position:0% +understand and a lot of lecture notes + + + align:start position:0% +understand and a lot of lecture notes +and videos online you can look it up you + + align:start position:0% +and videos online you can look it up you + + + align:start position:0% +and videos online you can look it up you +know in a couple of hours you'll get a + + align:start position:0% +know in a couple of hours you'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +know in a couple of hours you'll get a +pretty good overview of all the things + + align:start position:0% +pretty good overview of all the things + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good overview of all the things +that can be done + + align:start position:0% +that can be done + + + align:start position:0% +that can be done +in this space and if you go to flickr uh + + align:start position:0% +in this space and if you go to flickr uh + + + align:start position:0% +in this space and if you go to flickr uh +you know there are + + align:start position:0% +you know there are + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are +groups that are just exploiting high + + align:start position:0% +groups that are just exploiting high + + + align:start position:0% +groups that are just exploiting high +dynamic range imaging + + align:start position:0% +dynamic range imaging + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic range imaging +so we are not really going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so we are not really going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so we are not really going to talk about +that because all these techniques are + + align:start position:0% +that because all these techniques are + + + align:start position:0% +that because all these techniques are +just trying to improve + + align:start position:0% +just trying to improve + + + align:start position:0% +just trying to improve +the performance of a camera it's not + + align:start position:0% +the performance of a camera it's not + + + align:start position:0% +the performance of a camera it's not +trying to change the game off the rocker + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +generalizing it even further what we're + + align:start position:0% +generalizing it even further what we're + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing it even further what we're +going to look at is scanners that are + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is scanners that are + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is scanners that are +not just 2d sensors + + align:start position:0% +not just 2d sensors + + + align:start position:0% +not just 2d sensors +making the film + + align:start position:0% +making the film + + + align:start position:0% +making the film +but they could be zero dimensional + + align:start position:0% +but they could be zero dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +but they could be zero dimensional +sensors that are as i said in barcode + + align:start position:0% +sensors that are as i said in barcode + + + align:start position:0% +sensors that are as i said in barcode +scanner and we'll look at time of flight + + align:start position:0% +scanner and we'll look at time of flight + + + align:start position:0% +scanner and we'll look at time of flight +uh motion detection 1d sensors that you + + align:start position:0% +uh motion detection 1d sensors that you + + + align:start position:0% +uh motion detection 1d sensors that you +see in flatbed scanners or fax machines + + align:start position:0% +see in flatbed scanners or fax machines + + + align:start position:0% +see in flatbed scanners or fax machines +or line scan cameras that are used in + + align:start position:0% +or line scan cameras that are used in + + + align:start position:0% +or line scan cameras that are used in +photo finish at sports events + + align:start position:0% +photo finish at sports events + + + align:start position:0% +photo finish at sports events +two and a half day sensors 3d sensors of + + align:start position:0% +two and a half day sensors 3d sensors of + + + align:start position:0% +two and a half day sensors 3d sensors of +different kind and very quickly into 4d + + align:start position:0% +different kind and very quickly into 4d + + + align:start position:0% +different kind and very quickly into 4d +and 6d devices that are + + align:start position:0% +and 6d devices that are + + + align:start position:0% +and 6d devices that are +exploiting deconvolution and tomography + + align:start position:0% +exploiting deconvolution and tomography + + + align:start position:0% +exploiting deconvolution and tomography +in medical imaging or scientific imaging + + align:start position:0% +in medical imaging or scientific imaging + + + align:start position:0% +in medical imaging or scientific imaging +and also displays that are + + align:start position:0% +and also displays that are + + + align:start position:0% +and also displays that are +four-dimensional and six-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional and six-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional and six-dimensional +so uh earlier we saw that you can look + + align:start position:0% +so uh earlier we saw that you can look + + + align:start position:0% +so uh earlier we saw that you can look +around the corner by placing a device in + + align:start position:0% +around the corner by placing a device in + + + align:start position:0% +around the corner by placing a device in +the linux site which is the projector + + align:start position:0% +the linux site which is the projector + + + align:start position:0% +the linux site which is the projector +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +but that was done three years ago or + + align:start position:0% +but that was done three years ago or + + + align:start position:0% +but that was done three years ago or +four years ago 2005. + + align:start position:0% +four years ago 2005. + + + align:start position:0% +four years ago 2005. +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +do we have some new machinery now + + align:start position:0% +do we have some new machinery now + + + align:start position:0% +do we have some new machinery now +that will allow us to look around the + + align:start position:0% +that will allow us to look around the + + + align:start position:0% +that will allow us to look around the +corner so you have you're out here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the meetings are cancelled + + align:start position:0% +the meetings are cancelled + + + align:start position:0% +the meetings are cancelled +it's a good day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know you're out here and you want to + + align:start position:0% +you know you're out here and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're out here and you want to +see what's inside + + align:start position:0% +see what's inside + + + align:start position:0% +see what's inside +with a door that partially open this is + + align:start position:0% +with a door that partially open this is + + + align:start position:0% +with a door that partially open this is +possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or imagine your + + align:start position:0% +or imagine your + + + align:start position:0% +or imagine your +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +cameras + + align:start position:0% +cameras + + + align:start position:0% +cameras +that are right now in mobile devices you + + align:start position:0% +that are right now in mobile devices you + + + align:start position:0% +that are right now in mobile devices you +know you have this this thing that's + + align:start position:0% +know you have this this thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +know you have this this thing that's +shrinking + + align:start position:0% +shrinking + + + align:start position:0% +shrinking +every day uh getting cheaper but also + + align:start position:0% +every day uh getting cheaper but also + + + align:start position:0% +every day uh getting cheaper but also +shrinking and actually degrading + + align:start position:0% +shrinking and actually degrading + + + align:start position:0% +shrinking and actually degrading +its signal to noise ratio performance + + align:start position:0% +its signal to noise ratio performance + + + align:start position:0% +its signal to noise ratio performance +but imagine if your whole + + align:start position:0% +but imagine if your whole + + + align:start position:0% +but imagine if your whole +lcd + + align:start position:0% +lcd + + + align:start position:0% +lcd +becomes photo sensor so every pixel + + align:start position:0% +becomes photo sensor so every pixel + + + align:start position:0% +becomes photo sensor so every pixel +that's emitting on your lcd + + align:start position:0% +that's emitting on your lcd + + + align:start position:0% +that's emitting on your lcd +also becomes photo sensor + + align:start position:0% +also becomes photo sensor + + + align:start position:0% +also becomes photo sensor +and companies like sharp and planar are + + align:start position:0% +and companies like sharp and planar are + + + align:start position:0% +and companies like sharp and planar are +already doing that so they have this + + align:start position:0% +already doing that so they have this + + + align:start position:0% +already doing that so they have this +lcd array uh where if you put a finger + + align:start position:0% +lcd array uh where if you put a finger + + + align:start position:0% +lcd array uh where if you put a finger +directly on top of the cd uh you can + + align:start position:0% +directly on top of the cd uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +directly on top of the cd uh you can +even look at the ridges + + align:start position:0% +even look at the ridges + + + align:start position:0% +even look at the ridges +uh in on this on this uh on this finger + + align:start position:0% +uh in on this on this uh on this finger + + + align:start position:0% +uh in on this on this uh on this finger +so there's some very beautiful + + align:start position:0% +so there's some very beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some very beautiful +opportunities and i just saw kimo and + + align:start position:0% +opportunities and i just saw kimo and + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities and i just saw kimo and +ted here they have also very exciting + + align:start position:0% +ted here they have also very exciting + + + align:start position:0% +ted here they have also very exciting +project where they can use an ordinary + + align:start position:0% +project where they can use an ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +project where they can use an ordinary +camera to look at you know right down to + + align:start position:0% +camera to look at you know right down to + + + align:start position:0% +camera to look at you know right down to +the resolution of of your of your ridges + + align:start position:0% +the resolution of of your of your ridges + + + align:start position:0% +the resolution of of your of your ridges +now the question is + + align:start position:0% +now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +now the question is +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +we redefine a camera not to be this + + align:start position:0% +we redefine a camera not to be this + + + align:start position:0% +we redefine a camera not to be this +perspective device that behaves like a + + align:start position:0% +perspective device that behaves like a + + + align:start position:0% +perspective device that behaves like a +pinhole camera but the whole screen + + align:start position:0% +pinhole camera but the whole screen + + + align:start position:0% +pinhole camera but the whole screen +is light sensing + + align:start position:0% +is light sensing + + + align:start position:0% +is light sensing +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +there's a fusion of + + align:start position:0% +there's a fusion of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a fusion of +uh sensor and optics + + align:start position:0% +uh sensor and optics + + + align:start position:0% +uh sensor and optics +you know think about uh in the display + + align:start position:0% +you know think about uh in the display + + + align:start position:0% +you know think about uh in the display +domain a crt there is an emitter the the + + align:start position:0% +domain a crt there is an emitter the the + + + align:start position:0% +domain a crt there is an emitter the the +electron beam and then the receiver + + align:start position:0% +electron beam and then the receiver + + + align:start position:0% +electron beam and then the receiver +which is the phosphorus and screen + + align:start position:0% +which is the phosphorus and screen + + + align:start position:0% +which is the phosphorus and screen +there's always this separation between + + align:start position:0% +there's always this separation between + + + align:start position:0% +there's always this separation between +what's emitting it and what's receiving + + align:start position:0% +what's emitting it and what's receiving + + + align:start position:0% +what's emitting it and what's receiving +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +and over time of course + + align:start position:0% +and over time of course + + + align:start position:0% +and over time of course +uh we have a cities where everything is + + align:start position:0% +uh we have a cities where everything is + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have a cities where everything is +fused together and if you think about + + align:start position:0% +fused together and if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +fused together and if you think about +cameras it's the same right you have a + + align:start position:0% +cameras it's the same right you have a + + + align:start position:0% +cameras it's the same right you have a +lens that's collecting and then you have + + align:start position:0% +lens that's collecting and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +lens that's collecting and then you have +a sensor that's receiving + + align:start position:0% +a sensor that's receiving + + + align:start position:0% +a sensor that's receiving +and you know we have been taught that + + align:start position:0% +and you know we have been taught that + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we have been taught that +there always has to be some distance + + align:start position:0% +there always has to be some distance + + + align:start position:0% +there always has to be some distance +sufficient distance if you have a 35 + + align:start position:0% +sufficient distance if you have a 35 + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient distance if you have a 35 +millimeter camera you have to have + + align:start position:0% +millimeter camera you have to have + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter camera you have to have +roughly 35 millimeters between your + + align:start position:0% +roughly 35 millimeters between your + + + align:start position:0% +roughly 35 millimeters between your +lens and your sensor + + align:start position:0% +lens and your sensor + + + align:start position:0% +lens and your sensor +and you know we can throw away all those + + align:start position:0% +and you know we can throw away all those + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we can throw away all those +constraints and all those assumptions + + align:start position:0% +constraints and all those assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and all those assumptions +and we might be able to come up with + + align:start position:0% +and we might be able to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +and we might be able to come up with +devices where the lens and optics and + + align:start position:0% +devices where the lens and optics and + + + align:start position:0% +devices where the lens and optics and +the sensor is all just one thing + + align:start position:0% +the sensor is all just one thing + + + align:start position:0% +the sensor is all just one thing +and that would be kind of the lcd + + align:start position:0% +and that would be kind of the lcd + + + align:start position:0% +and that would be kind of the lcd +equivalent of a camera + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a camera + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a camera +so this is something we can we can think + + align:start position:0% +so this is something we can we can think + + + align:start position:0% +so this is something we can we can think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +and these devices are coming mainly + + align:start position:0% +and these devices are coming mainly + + + align:start position:0% +and these devices are coming mainly +because they want to support touch + + align:start position:0% +because they want to support touch + + + align:start position:0% +because they want to support touch +sensing + + align:start position:0% +sensing + + + align:start position:0% +sensing +uh but imagine the future if you have + + align:start position:0% +uh but imagine the future if you have + + + align:start position:0% +uh but imagine the future if you have +your mobile device and you can just wave + + align:start position:0% +your mobile device and you can just wave + + + align:start position:0% +your mobile device and you can just wave +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +and take a picture and because your + + align:start position:0% +and take a picture and because your + + + align:start position:0% +and take a picture and because your +sensor is so large you know you'll be + + align:start position:0% +sensor is so large you know you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +sensor is so large you know you'll be +able to collect a lot of light + + align:start position:0% +able to collect a lot of light + + + align:start position:0% +able to collect a lot of light +and right now this is you know it's not + + align:start position:0% +and right now this is you know it's not + + + align:start position:0% +and right now this is you know it's not +even megapixel yet but this will be a + + align:start position:0% +even megapixel yet but this will be a + + + align:start position:0% +even megapixel yet but this will be a +megapixel 10 megapixel and you'll be + + align:start position:0% +megapixel 10 megapixel and you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +megapixel 10 megapixel and you'll be +able to multiplex those pixels for + + align:start position:0% +able to multiplex those pixels for + + + align:start position:0% +able to multiplex those pixels for +color and and infrared and and all kinds + + align:start position:0% +color and and infrared and and all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +color and and infrared and and all kinds +of beautiful things + + align:start position:0% +of beautiful things + + + align:start position:0% +of beautiful things +different speeds and so on + + align:start position:0% +different speeds and so on + + + align:start position:0% +different speeds and so on +so that's how we're going to think about + + align:start position:0% +so that's how we're going to think about + + + align:start position:0% +so that's how we're going to think about +in this class + + align:start position:0% +in this class + + + align:start position:0% +in this class +about cameras and photography + + align:start position:0% +about cameras and photography + + + align:start position:0% +about cameras and photography +and same with uh medical imaging uh + + align:start position:0% +and same with uh medical imaging uh + + + align:start position:0% +and same with uh medical imaging uh +right now medical imaging is thought of + + align:start position:0% +right now medical imaging is thought of + + + align:start position:0% +right now medical imaging is thought of +you know medical imaging today is very + + align:start position:0% +you know medical imaging today is very + + + align:start position:0% +you know medical imaging today is very +similar to photography in the 1930s + + align:start position:0% +similar to photography in the 1930s + + + align:start position:0% +similar to photography in the 1930s +uh the guy who took the photo + + align:start position:0% +uh the guy who took the photo + + + align:start position:0% +uh the guy who took the photo +uh was more important than the people + + align:start position:0% +uh was more important than the people + + + align:start position:0% +uh was more important than the people +whose photo was being taken sometimes + + align:start position:0% +whose photo was being taken sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +whose photo was being taken sometimes +because those people have to go to this + + align:start position:0% +because those people have to go to this + + + align:start position:0% +because those people have to go to this +guy + + align:start position:0% +guy + + + align:start position:0% +guy +and stand for some time and he had this + + align:start position:0% +and stand for some time and he had this + + + align:start position:0% +and stand for some time and he had this +one specialized device called the camera + + align:start position:0% +one specialized device called the camera + + + align:start position:0% +one specialized device called the camera +everybody has to stand still for a few + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to stand still for a few + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to stand still for a few +seconds you take a picture and then you + + align:start position:0% +seconds you take a picture and then you + + + align:start position:0% +seconds you take a picture and then you +go home and after a couple of days you + + align:start position:0% +go home and after a couple of days you + + + align:start position:0% +go home and after a couple of days you +get your photo back and that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +get your photo back and that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +get your photo back and that's exactly +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +medical imaging is all about today + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging is all about today + + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging is all about today +we have to go to a special location + + align:start position:0% +we have to go to a special location + + + align:start position:0% +we have to go to a special location +to get our cat scan or ultrasound scan + + align:start position:0% +to get our cat scan or ultrasound scan + + + align:start position:0% +to get our cat scan or ultrasound scan +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +and our time is completely uh + + align:start position:0% +and our time is completely uh + + + align:start position:0% +and our time is completely uh +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +our time is considered you know not so + + align:start position:0% +our time is considered you know not so + + + align:start position:0% +our time is considered you know not so +important the guy who's running the + + align:start position:0% +important the guy who's running the + + + align:start position:0% +important the guy who's running the +machine he's very born because we have + + align:start position:0% +machine he's very born because we have + + + align:start position:0% +machine he's very born because we have +to make an appointment with this guy + + align:start position:0% +to make an appointment with this guy + + + align:start position:0% +to make an appointment with this guy +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +can we bring + + align:start position:0% +can we bring + + + align:start position:0% +can we bring +will medical imaging involve evolve to a + + align:start position:0% +will medical imaging involve evolve to a + + + align:start position:0% +will medical imaging involve evolve to a +stage where it's like photography today + + align:start position:0% +stage where it's like photography today + + + align:start position:0% +stage where it's like photography today +uh you know clearly when we take a photo + + align:start position:0% +uh you know clearly when we take a photo + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know clearly when we take a photo +you know if somebody spills the coffee + + align:start position:0% +you know if somebody spills the coffee + + + align:start position:0% +you know if somebody spills the coffee +we take a photo it's very casual way of + + align:start position:0% +we take a photo it's very casual way of + + + align:start position:0% +we take a photo it's very casual way of +thinking about photography and will + + align:start position:0% +thinking about photography and will + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about photography and will +medical imaging evolve to a stage where + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging evolve to a stage where + + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging evolve to a stage where +we can do that + + align:start position:0% +we can do that + + + align:start position:0% +we can do that +and it turns out we can there are + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out we can there are + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out we can there are +certain directions certain computational + + align:start position:0% +certain directions certain computational + + + align:start position:0% +certain directions certain computational +methods that we will be able to develop + + align:start position:0% +methods that we will be able to develop + + + align:start position:0% +methods that we will be able to develop +that will get rid of + + align:start position:0% +that will get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +that will get rid of +older mindsets of how medical devices + + align:start position:0% +older mindsets of how medical devices + + + align:start position:0% +older mindsets of how medical devices +are being built + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so a very brief introduction of + + align:start position:0% +uh so a very brief introduction of + + + align:start position:0% +uh so a very brief introduction of +uh where i come from + + align:start position:0% +uh where i come from + + + align:start position:0% +uh where i come from +and our group here camera culture + + align:start position:0% +and our group here camera culture + + + align:start position:0% +and our group here camera culture +so in the past i have worked a lot on + + align:start position:0% +so in the past i have worked a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +so in the past i have worked a lot on +computational illumination different + + align:start position:0% +computational illumination different + + + align:start position:0% +computational illumination different +types of projectors creating + + align:start position:0% +types of projectors creating + + + align:start position:0% +types of projectors creating +multi-projector displays + + align:start position:0% +multi-projector displays + + + align:start position:0% +multi-projector displays +creating virtual reality + + align:start position:0% +creating virtual reality + + + align:start position:0% +creating virtual reality +setups + + align:start position:0% +setups + + + align:start position:0% +setups +augmented reality a lot of work on + + align:start position:0% +augmented reality a lot of work on + + + align:start position:0% +augmented reality a lot of work on +pocket projectors and augmented reality + + align:start position:0% +pocket projectors and augmented reality + + + align:start position:0% +pocket projectors and augmented reality +with pocket projectors + + align:start position:0% +with pocket projectors + + + align:start position:0% +with pocket projectors +interaction paradigms + + align:start position:0% +interaction paradigms + + + align:start position:0% +interaction paradigms +work with rfids and so on + + align:start position:0% +work with rfids and so on + + + align:start position:0% +work with rfids and so on +and in the last eight years or so + + align:start position:0% +and in the last eight years or so + + + align:start position:0% +and in the last eight years or so +a lot of work in cameras playing with + + align:start position:0% +a lot of work in cameras playing with + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of work in cameras playing with +shutter aperture + + align:start position:0% +shutter aperture + + + align:start position:0% +shutter aperture +light fades + + align:start position:0% +light fades + + + align:start position:0% +light fades +illumination wavelength + + align:start position:0% +illumination wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +illumination wavelength +and sensors and so on + + align:start position:0% +and sensors and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and sensors and so on +and some of the questions we we discuss + + align:start position:0% +and some of the questions we we discuss + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the questions we we discuss +in our group are are this what does the + + align:start position:0% +in our group are are this what does the + + + align:start position:0% +in our group are are this what does the +camera look like + + align:start position:0% +camera look like + + + align:start position:0% +camera look like +in 10 or 20 years from now + + align:start position:0% +in 10 or 20 years from now + + + align:start position:0% +in 10 or 20 years from now +i already gave you uh one kind of + + align:start position:0% +i already gave you uh one kind of + + + align:start position:0% +i already gave you uh one kind of +possible direction where it might be + + align:start position:0% +possible direction where it might be + + + align:start position:0% +possible direction where it might be +just a flat screen + + align:start position:0% +just a flat screen + + + align:start position:0% +just a flat screen +or maybe it's just your credit card but + + align:start position:0% +or maybe it's just your credit card but + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe it's just your credit card but +you know it could even be + + align:start position:0% +you know it could even be + + + align:start position:0% +you know it could even be +a retinal display retinal sensor and + + align:start position:0% +a retinal display retinal sensor and + + + align:start position:0% +a retinal display retinal sensor and +digital sensors you know how will the + + align:start position:0% +digital sensors you know how will the + + + align:start position:0% +digital sensors you know how will the +next billion cameras change our social + + align:start position:0% +next billion cameras change our social + + + align:start position:0% +next billion cameras change our social +fabric or social culture + + align:start position:0% +fabric or social culture + + + align:start position:0% +fabric or social culture +uh if you think about the + + align:start position:0% +uh if you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you think about the +if you think about the internet it has + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the internet it has + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about the internet it has +been transformed + + align:start position:0% +been transformed + + + align:start position:0% +been transformed +by the ability to search + + align:start position:0% +by the ability to search + + + align:start position:0% +by the ability to search +that includes + + align:start position:0% +that includes + + + align:start position:0% +that includes +indexing and segmenting and sorting and + + align:start position:0% +indexing and segmenting and sorting and + + + align:start position:0% +indexing and segmenting and sorting and +all those beautiful problems + + align:start position:0% +all those beautiful problems + + + align:start position:0% +all those beautiful problems +but image search even today remains an + + align:start position:0% +but image search even today remains an + + + align:start position:0% +but image search even today remains an +extremely challenging problem + + align:start position:0% +extremely challenging problem + + + align:start position:0% +extremely challenging problem +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +maybe we can change the game + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can change the game + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can change the game +and modify our devices + + align:start position:0% +and modify our devices + + + align:start position:0% +and modify our devices +modify our cameras modify our displays + + align:start position:0% +modify our cameras modify our displays + + + align:start position:0% +modify our cameras modify our displays +modify our storage devices and so on so + + align:start position:0% +modify our storage devices and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +modify our storage devices and so on so +that image search can become simpler + + align:start position:0% +that image search can become simpler + + + align:start position:0% +that image search can become simpler +if say magically i have a camera that's + + align:start position:0% +if say magically i have a camera that's + + + align:start position:0% +if say magically i have a camera that's +100 megapixel when i take your photo + + align:start position:0% +100 megapixel when i take your photo + + + align:start position:0% +100 megapixel when i take your photo +uh i can zoom in all the way down to + + align:start position:0% +uh i can zoom in all the way down to + + + align:start position:0% +uh i can zoom in all the way down to +your iris + + align:start position:0% +your iris + + + align:start position:0% +your iris +and if i have a iris detector then i + + align:start position:0% +and if i have a iris detector then i + + + align:start position:0% +and if i have a iris detector then i +have very easy identification and all + + align:start position:0% +have very easy identification and all + + + align:start position:0% +have very easy identification and all +the photos i take of dina for example + + align:start position:0% +the photos i take of dina for example + + + align:start position:0% +the photos i take of dina for example +they're all indexed with her with her + + align:start position:0% +they're all indexed with her with her + + + align:start position:0% +they're all indexed with her with her +iris + + align:start position:0% +iris + + + align:start position:0% +iris +code so that's kind of a very + + align:start position:0% +code so that's kind of a very + + + align:start position:0% +code so that's kind of a very +zeroth level way of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +zeroth level way of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +zeroth level way of thinking about +simplifying image search but we look at + + align:start position:0% +simplifying image search but we look at + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying image search but we look at +very interesting examples that exploit + + align:start position:0% +very interesting examples that exploit + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting examples that exploit +thermal ir imaging uh lightfoot cameras + + align:start position:0% +thermal ir imaging uh lightfoot cameras + + + align:start position:0% +thermal ir imaging uh lightfoot cameras +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +uh what will happen when progressive + + align:start position:0% +uh what will happen when progressive + + + align:start position:0% +uh what will happen when progressive +recording is being used not just by the + + align:start position:0% +recording is being used not just by the + + + align:start position:0% +recording is being used not just by the +big brother but it's actually being used + + align:start position:0% +big brother but it's actually being used + + + align:start position:0% +big brother but it's actually being used +for some beneficial purposes in + + align:start position:0% +for some beneficial purposes in + + + align:start position:0% +for some beneficial purposes in +commercial settings so + + align:start position:0% +commercial settings so + + + align:start position:0% +commercial settings so +imagine a scenario something like google + + align:start position:0% +imagine a scenario something like google + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a scenario something like google +earth live + + align:start position:0% +earth live + + + align:start position:0% +earth live +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +right now you can go to google earth and + + align:start position:0% +right now you can go to google earth and + + + align:start position:0% +right now you can go to google earth and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +fire up the the browser you can go to + + align:start position:0% +fire up the the browser you can go to + + + align:start position:0% +fire up the the browser you can go to +any part of the world and see how you + + align:start position:0% +any part of the world and see how you + + + align:start position:0% +any part of the world and see how you +how it looks + + align:start position:0% +how it looks + + + align:start position:0% +how it looks +about six months ago or a year ago + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but imagine if you can just fire up your + + align:start position:0% +but imagine if you can just fire up your + + + align:start position:0% +but imagine if you can just fire up your +browser + + align:start position:0% +browser + + + align:start position:0% +browser +and go to this location live + + align:start position:0% +and go to this location live + + + align:start position:0% +and go to this location live +as it's happening now + + align:start position:0% +as it's happening now + + + align:start position:0% +as it's happening now +and of course you can move your slider + + align:start position:0% +and of course you can move your slider + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you can move your slider +and go back and forth + + align:start position:0% +and go back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +and go back and forth +so if you have a camera on every street + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a camera on every street + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a camera on every street +pole every bus every taxi every person + + align:start position:0% +pole every bus every taxi every person + + + align:start position:0% +pole every bus every taxi every person +and all those data all the data is being + + align:start position:0% +and all those data all the data is being + + + align:start position:0% +and all those data all the data is being +streamed uh on the on the network so you + + align:start position:0% +streamed uh on the on the network so you + + + align:start position:0% +streamed uh on the on the network so you +can go to any part of the world and see + + align:start position:0% +can go to any part of the world and see + + + align:start position:0% +can go to any part of the world and see +it how will that + + align:start position:0% +it how will that + + + align:start position:0% +it how will that +how will that world look like + + align:start position:0% +how will that world look like + + + align:start position:0% +how will that world look like +uh i'm sure many of you are you know + + align:start position:0% +uh i'm sure many of you are you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh i'm sure many of you are you know +are definitely scared and + + align:start position:0% +are definitely scared and + + + align:start position:0% +are definitely scared and +given all the privacy and security + + align:start position:0% +given all the privacy and security + + + align:start position:0% +given all the privacy and security +motions of it + + align:start position:0% +motions of it + + + align:start position:0% +motions of it +but this could become very similar to + + align:start position:0% +but this could become very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +but this could become very similar to +uh the safety we have + + align:start position:0% +uh the safety we have + + + align:start position:0% +uh the safety we have +a little bit in our financial system or + + align:start position:0% +a little bit in our financial system or + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit in our financial system or +financial transactions you know when i + + align:start position:0% +financial transactions you know when i + + + align:start position:0% +financial transactions you know when i +use my card + + align:start position:0% +use my card + + + align:start position:0% +use my card +in a restaurant a bunch of people + + align:start position:0% +in a restaurant a bunch of people + + + align:start position:0% +in a restaurant a bunch of people +actually see my credit card number and + + align:start position:0% +actually see my credit card number and + + + align:start position:0% +actually see my credit card number and +all the information you know the + + align:start position:0% +all the information you know the + + + align:start position:0% +all the information you know the +waitress looks at another card and the + + align:start position:0% +waitress looks at another card and the + + + align:start position:0% +waitress looks at another card and the +owner knows it the bank knows it the + + align:start position:0% +owner knows it the bank knows it the + + + align:start position:0% +owner knows it the bank knows it the +credit card company knows it + + align:start position:0% +credit card company knows it + + + align:start position:0% +credit card company knows it +the government of course knows it and so + + align:start position:0% +the government of course knows it and so + + + align:start position:0% +the government of course knows it and so +on and a lot of people know about your + + align:start position:0% +on and a lot of people know about your + + + align:start position:0% +on and a lot of people know about your +financial transactions but somehow you + + align:start position:0% +financial transactions but somehow you + + + align:start position:0% +financial transactions but somehow you +are completely comfortable uh sharing + + align:start position:0% +are completely comfortable uh sharing + + + align:start position:0% +are completely comfortable uh sharing +your financial data + + align:start position:0% +your financial data + + + align:start position:0% +your financial data +and similarly + + align:start position:0% +and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly +can we create cameras and photography + + align:start position:0% +can we create cameras and photography + + + align:start position:0% +can we create cameras and photography +and imaging + + align:start position:0% +and imaging + + + align:start position:0% +and imaging +infrastructure so if you walk down the + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure so if you walk down the + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure so if you walk down the +street + + align:start position:0% +street + + + align:start position:0% +street +and all these cameras are looking at you + + align:start position:0% +and all these cameras are looking at you + + + align:start position:0% +and all these cameras are looking at you +anybody in the world could be looking at + + align:start position:0% +anybody in the world could be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +anybody in the world could be looking at +you live you feel completely secure + + align:start position:0% +you live you feel completely secure + + + align:start position:0% +you live you feel completely secure +that's being used only by the right + + align:start position:0% +that's being used only by the right + + + align:start position:0% +that's being used only by the right +people for the right reasons and if you + + align:start position:0% +people for the right reasons and if you + + + align:start position:0% +people for the right reasons and if you +don't want them to see it you have some + + align:start position:0% +don't want them to see it you have some + + + align:start position:0% +don't want them to see it you have some +switch on you says i'm completely + + align:start position:0% +switch on you says i'm completely + + + align:start position:0% +switch on you says i'm completely +invisible and you should be able to walk + + align:start position:0% +invisible and you should be able to walk + + + align:start position:0% +invisible and you should be able to walk +down the street + + align:start position:0% +down the street + + + align:start position:0% +down the street +can we create such a imaging + + align:start position:0% +can we create such a imaging + + + align:start position:0% +can we create such a imaging +infrastructure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think about high speed cameras and high + + align:start position:0% +think about high speed cameras and high + + + align:start position:0% +think about high speed cameras and high +resolution cameras maybe we'll have + + align:start position:0% +resolution cameras maybe we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +resolution cameras maybe we'll have +microscopes and nanoscopes with us that + + align:start position:0% +microscopes and nanoscopes with us that + + + align:start position:0% +microscopes and nanoscopes with us that +will again change the way we think about + + align:start position:0% +will again change the way we think about + + + align:start position:0% +will again change the way we think about +medical imaging + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging + + + align:start position:0% +medical imaging +and what about movie making and news + + align:start position:0% +and what about movie making and news + + + align:start position:0% +and what about movie making and news +reporting + + align:start position:0% +reporting + + + align:start position:0% +reporting +as you know it has dramatically changed + + align:start position:0% +as you know it has dramatically changed + + + align:start position:0% +as you know it has dramatically changed +over the last uh three or four years + + align:start position:0% +over the last uh three or four years + + + align:start position:0% +over the last uh three or four years +because again a billion people have + + align:start position:0% +because again a billion people have + + + align:start position:0% +because again a billion people have +cameras out there you know whether there + + align:start position:0% +cameras out there you know whether there + + + align:start position:0% +cameras out there you know whether there +is an event in uh in in tibet or there's + + align:start position:0% +is an event in uh in in tibet or there's + + + align:start position:0% +is an event in uh in in tibet or there's +a satellite imagery of what's going on + + align:start position:0% +a satellite imagery of what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +a satellite imagery of what's going on +in burma uh or you know a plane that's + + align:start position:0% +in burma uh or you know a plane that's + + + align:start position:0% +in burma uh or you know a plane that's +about to crash you get amazing videos + + align:start position:0% +about to crash you get amazing videos + + + align:start position:0% +about to crash you get amazing videos +and that's they're not captured by cnn + + align:start position:0% +and that's they're not captured by cnn + + + align:start position:0% +and that's they're not captured by cnn +they're captured by other people so how + + align:start position:0% +they're captured by other people so how + + + align:start position:0% +they're captured by other people so how +are we going to + + align:start position:0% +are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +are we going to +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +uh change this imaging infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +uh change this imaging infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +uh change this imaging infrastructure +uh the whole pipeline to + + align:start position:0% +uh the whole pipeline to + + + align:start position:0% +uh the whole pipeline to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +think about the future of movie making + + align:start position:0% +think about the future of movie making + + + align:start position:0% +think about the future of movie making +and and new support + + align:start position:0% +and and new support + + + align:start position:0% +and and new support +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +overall in this course we're not going + + align:start position:0% +overall in this course we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +overall in this course we're not going +to think about + + align:start position:0% +to think about + + + align:start position:0% +to think about +purely our software we're going to think + + align:start position:0% +purely our software we're going to think + + + align:start position:0% +purely our software we're going to think +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how we can change the camera not just + + align:start position:0% +how we can change the camera not just + + + align:start position:0% +how we can change the camera not just +use the camera so that involves optics + + align:start position:0% +use the camera so that involves optics + + + align:start position:0% +use the camera so that involves optics +and illumination and sensor and motion + + align:start position:0% +and illumination and sensor and motion + + + align:start position:0% +and illumination and sensor and motion +of the sensor motion of the optics + + align:start position:0% +of the sensor motion of the optics + + + align:start position:0% +of the sensor motion of the optics +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +different wavelengths uh 3d cameras + + align:start position:0% +different wavelengths uh 3d cameras + + + align:start position:0% +different wavelengths uh 3d cameras +polarization + + align:start position:0% +polarization + + + align:start position:0% +polarization +uh probes and actuators and also + + align:start position:0% +uh probes and actuators and also + + + align:start position:0% +uh probes and actuators and also +priors and online collections + + align:start position:0% +priors and online collections + + + align:start position:0% +priors and online collections +the network there + + align:start position:0% +the network there + + + align:start position:0% +the network there +and one + + align:start position:0% +and one + + + align:start position:0% +and one +uh one kind of theme you'll see is + + align:start position:0% +uh one kind of theme you'll see is + + + align:start position:0% +uh one kind of theme you'll see is +after years of research in computer + + align:start position:0% +after years of research in computer + + + align:start position:0% +after years of research in computer +vision + + align:start position:0% +vision + + + align:start position:0% +vision +one can argue that + + align:start position:0% +one can argue that + + + align:start position:0% +one can argue that +we have exhausted the bits that are + + align:start position:0% +we have exhausted the bits that are + + + align:start position:0% +we have exhausted the bits that are +available in pixels there's still a lot + + align:start position:0% +available in pixels there's still a lot + + + align:start position:0% +available in pixels there's still a lot +to be done there's a lot to be done but + + align:start position:0% +to be done there's a lot to be done but + + + align:start position:0% +to be done there's a lot to be done but +still there's a lot there's + + align:start position:0% +still there's a lot there's + + + align:start position:0% +still there's a lot there's +scene challenging even today with + + align:start position:0% +scene challenging even today with + + + align:start position:0% +scene challenging even today with +sophisticated computing algorithms is + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated computing algorithms is + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated computing algorithms is +challenging + + align:start position:0% +challenging + + + align:start position:0% +challenging +so maybe we can build feature revealing + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we can build feature revealing + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we can build feature revealing +cameras that will go hand in hand with + + align:start position:0% +cameras that will go hand in hand with + + + align:start position:0% +cameras that will go hand in hand with +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +existing or modern + + align:start position:0% +existing or modern + + + align:start position:0% +existing or modern +scene understanding algorithms so that + + align:start position:0% +scene understanding algorithms so that + + + align:start position:0% +scene understanding algorithms so that +we can process photons and create this + + align:start position:0% +we can process photons and create this + + + align:start position:0% +we can process photons and create this +meta structure for our imaging pipeline + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we're going to do today + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do today + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do today +is uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh +i'll briefly describe what what this + + align:start position:0% +i'll briefly describe what what this + + + align:start position:0% +i'll briefly describe what what this +course is about do some introductions + + align:start position:0% +course is about do some introductions + + + align:start position:0% +course is about do some introductions +and the second half we will come around + + align:start position:0% +and the second half we will come around + + + align:start position:0% +and the second half we will come around +and do a fast forward preview + + align:start position:0% +and do a fast forward preview + + + align:start position:0% +and do a fast forward preview +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +the whole course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in the next few slides i'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +in the next few slides i'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +in the next few slides i'm just going to +give you a quick + + align:start position:0% +give you a quick + + + align:start position:0% +give you a quick +kind of rundown of what this course is + + align:start position:0% +kind of rundown of what this course is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of rundown of what this course is +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +the layout + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's a nice uh + + align:start position:0% +here's a nice uh + + + align:start position:0% +here's a nice uh +nice overview of + + align:start position:0% +nice overview of + + + align:start position:0% +nice overview of +the biological successful vision uh in + + align:start position:0% +the biological successful vision uh in + + + align:start position:0% +the biological successful vision uh in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +animal eyes and there's a nice paper + + align:start position:0% +animal eyes and there's a nice paper + + + align:start position:0% +animal eyes and there's a nice paper +in science + + align:start position:0% +in science + + + align:start position:0% +in science +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you can you can take all the successful + + align:start position:0% +you can you can take all the successful + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can take all the successful +biological vision and uh place that in + + align:start position:0% +biological vision and uh place that in + + + align:start position:0% +biological vision and uh place that in +kind of eight categories + + align:start position:0% +kind of eight categories + + + align:start position:0% +kind of eight categories +you have eyes based on shadows based on + + align:start position:0% +you have eyes based on shadows based on + + + align:start position:0% +you have eyes based on shadows based on +reflection + + align:start position:0% +reflection + + + align:start position:0% +reflection +based on reflection + + align:start position:0% +based on reflection + + + align:start position:0% +based on reflection +uh single chambered eyes uh or compound + + align:start position:0% +uh single chambered eyes uh or compound + + + align:start position:0% +uh single chambered eyes uh or compound +eyes sometimes + + align:start position:0% +eyes sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +eyes sometimes +with opposition sometimes a + + align:start position:0% +with opposition sometimes a + + + align:start position:0% +with opposition sometimes a +superposition + + align:start position:0% +superposition + + + align:start position:0% +superposition +and so on we'll come back and discuss + + align:start position:0% +and so on we'll come back and discuss + + + align:start position:0% +and so on we'll come back and discuss +this more uh you know if you look at + + align:start position:0% +this more uh you know if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +this more uh you know if you look at +the eyes of a scallop + + align:start position:0% +the eyes of a scallop + + + align:start position:0% +the eyes of a scallop +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it's based on a mirror not on a lens so + + align:start position:0% +it's based on a mirror not on a lens so + + + align:start position:0% +it's based on a mirror not on a lens so +you have a mirror down here and the + + align:start position:0% +you have a mirror down here and the + + + align:start position:0% +you have a mirror down here and the +sensor is up here + + align:start position:0% +sensor is up here + + + align:start position:0% +sensor is up here +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +light actually reflects from this + + align:start position:0% +light actually reflects from this + + + align:start position:0% +light actually reflects from this +concave mirror and the image is formed + + align:start position:0% +concave mirror and the image is formed + + + align:start position:0% +concave mirror and the image is formed +on the detector and you know the future + + align:start position:0% +on the detector and you know the future + + + align:start position:0% +on the detector and you know the future +camera in your + + align:start position:0% +camera in your + + + align:start position:0% +camera in your +mobile device on the flight sensor could + + align:start position:0% +mobile device on the flight sensor could + + + align:start position:0% +mobile device on the flight sensor could +be on this architecture it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +be on this architecture it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +be on this architecture it doesn't have +to be on the single chambered eye with + + align:start position:0% +to be on the single chambered eye with + + + align:start position:0% +to be on the single chambered eye with +refraction so the human vision + + align:start position:0% +refraction so the human vision + + + align:start position:0% +refraction so the human vision +is you know in this corner here + + align:start position:0% +is you know in this corner here + + + align:start position:0% +is you know in this corner here +it's a single chambered up single + + align:start position:0% +it's a single chambered up single + + + align:start position:0% +it's a single chambered up single +chamber design with uh with lenses and + + align:start position:0% +chamber design with uh with lenses and + + + align:start position:0% +chamber design with uh with lenses and +all the cameras + + align:start position:0% +all the cameras + + + align:start position:0% +all the cameras +at least all the standard cameras that + + align:start position:0% +at least all the standard cameras that + + + align:start position:0% +at least all the standard cameras that +we know of are in this particular + + align:start position:0% +we know of are in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +we know of are in this particular +part + + align:start position:0% +part + + + align:start position:0% +part +but there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot +to explore and that doesn't even explode + + align:start position:0% +to explore and that doesn't even explode + + + align:start position:0% +to explore and that doesn't even explode +computation this is pretty much raw + + align:start position:0% +computation this is pretty much raw + + + align:start position:0% +computation this is pretty much raw +imaging + + align:start position:0% +imaging + + + align:start position:0% +imaging +that these animals are using + + align:start position:0% +that these animals are using + + + align:start position:0% +that these animals are using +so you know film like traditional + + align:start position:0% +so you know film like traditional + + + align:start position:0% +so you know film like traditional +photography + + align:start position:0% +photography + + + align:start position:0% +photography +light comes in through the lens it falls + + align:start position:0% +light comes in through the lens it falls + + + align:start position:0% +light comes in through the lens it falls +on the detector of the film and that's + + align:start position:0% +on the detector of the film and that's + + + align:start position:0% +on the detector of the film and that's +end of the story that's your fault you + + align:start position:0% +end of the story that's your fault you + + + align:start position:0% +end of the story that's your fault you +just transfer it digitally or by by + + align:start position:0% +just transfer it digitally or by by + + + align:start position:0% +just transfer it digitally or by by +chemical processing and you just see it + + align:start position:0% +chemical processing and you just see it + + + align:start position:0% +chemical processing and you just see it +computational camera is is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +computational camera is is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +computational camera is is a little bit +different we're going to have some crazy + + align:start position:0% +different we're going to have some crazy + + + align:start position:0% +different we're going to have some crazy +optics + + align:start position:0% +optics + + + align:start position:0% +optics +that's going to think about how rays and + + align:start position:0% +that's going to think about how rays and + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to think about how rays and +wavefronts are manipulated uh we're + + align:start position:0% +wavefronts are manipulated uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +wavefronts are manipulated uh we're +going to have a sensor that's not just + + align:start position:0% +going to have a sensor that's not just + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a sensor that's not just +mimicking film it's not going to be a + + align:start position:0% +mimicking film it's not going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +mimicking film it's not going to be a +flat sensor + + align:start position:0% +flat sensor + + + align:start position:0% +flat sensor +uh it will have its own geometry and + + align:start position:0% +uh it will have its own geometry and + + + align:start position:0% +uh it will have its own geometry and +spectrum and so on uh and your uh what + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and so on uh and your uh what + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and so on uh and your uh what +you see finally will not be just the raw + + align:start position:0% +you see finally will not be just the raw + + + align:start position:0% +you see finally will not be just the raw +image + + align:start position:0% +image + + + align:start position:0% +image +but it'll have some reconstruction and + + align:start position:0% +but it'll have some reconstruction and + + + align:start position:0% +but it'll have some reconstruction and +computation uh on top so that's + + align:start position:0% +computation uh on top so that's + + + align:start position:0% +computation uh on top so that's +computational camera + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that's that would be what's in the in + + align:start position:0% +that's that would be what's in the in + + + align:start position:0% +that's that would be what's in the in +computational camera but there's also an + + align:start position:0% +computational camera but there's also an + + + align:start position:0% +computational camera but there's also an +element that's outside the camera which + + align:start position:0% +element that's outside the camera which + + + align:start position:0% +element that's outside the camera which +is lighting and instead of just a + + align:start position:0% +is lighting and instead of just a + + + align:start position:0% +is lighting and instead of just a +flashlight you're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +flashlight you're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +flashlight you're going to have a +flashlight with sophisticated modulators + + align:start position:0% +flashlight with sophisticated modulators + + + align:start position:0% +flashlight with sophisticated modulators +that are changing the intensity and + + align:start position:0% +that are changing the intensity and + + + align:start position:0% +that are changing the intensity and +phase and polarization of light + + align:start position:0% +phase and polarization of light + + + align:start position:0% +phase and polarization of light +in different directions uh uh different + + align:start position:0% +in different directions uh uh different + + + align:start position:0% +in different directions uh uh different +kinds of additional optics and so on so + + align:start position:0% +kinds of additional optics and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of additional optics and so on so +once you have a programmable light and a + + align:start position:0% +once you have a programmable light and a + + + align:start position:0% +once you have a programmable light and a +computational camera we have a framework + + align:start position:0% +computational camera we have a framework + + + align:start position:0% +computational camera we have a framework +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +really exploit and understand the light + + align:start position:0% +really exploit and understand the light + + + align:start position:0% +really exploit and understand the light +transport in the scene + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +something interesting is happening in + + align:start position:0% +something interesting is happening in + + + align:start position:0% +something interesting is happening in +the camerawork + + align:start position:0% +the camerawork + + + align:start position:0% +the camerawork +we are here 2008 2009 + + align:start position:0% +we are here 2008 2009 + + + align:start position:0% +we are here 2008 2009 +about a billion cameras are being sold + + align:start position:0% +about a billion cameras are being sold + + + align:start position:0% +about a billion cameras are being sold +every year + + align:start position:0% +every year + + + align:start position:0% +every year +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +which is fine + + align:start position:0% +which is fine + + + align:start position:0% +which is fine +most people know that but if you just go + + align:start position:0% +most people know that but if you just go + + + align:start position:0% +most people know that but if you just go +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +about six years + + align:start position:0% +about six years + + + align:start position:0% +about six years +2001 2002 + + align:start position:0% +2001 2002 + + + align:start position:0% +2001 2002 +zero cameras were sold + + align:start position:0% +zero cameras were sold + + + align:start position:0% +zero cameras were sold +embedded in the mobile phone + + align:start position:0% +embedded in the mobile phone + + + align:start position:0% +embedded in the mobile phone +so we have gone from a zero to a billion + + align:start position:0% +so we have gone from a zero to a billion + + + align:start position:0% +so we have gone from a zero to a billion +in just six years + + align:start position:0% +in just six years + + + align:start position:0% +in just six years +uh so it's just an amazing time to think + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's just an amazing time to think + + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's just an amazing time to think +about think about imaging + + align:start position:0% +about think about imaging + + + align:start position:0% +about think about imaging +um and this is very much like uh you + + align:start position:0% +um and this is very much like uh you + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is very much like uh you +know all the fun in networking and + + align:start position:0% +know all the fun in networking and + + + align:start position:0% +know all the fun in networking and +communication back in the 90s when + + align:start position:0% +communication back in the 90s when + + + align:start position:0% +communication back in the 90s when +millions of people were coming on board + + align:start position:0% +millions of people were coming on board + + + align:start position:0% +millions of people were coming on board +and thousands of websites were + + align:start position:0% +and thousands of websites were + + + align:start position:0% +and thousands of websites were +you know going on board and this is this + + align:start position:0% +you know going on board and this is this + + + align:start position:0% +you know going on board and this is this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +this is that was computing and this is + + align:start position:0% +this is that was computing and this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is that was computing and this is +the time for visual computing + + align:start position:0% +the time for visual computing + + + align:start position:0% +the time for visual computing +uh and because this game is changing so + + align:start position:0% +uh and because this game is changing so + + + align:start position:0% +uh and because this game is changing so +fast in terms of cost uh in terms of + + align:start position:0% +fast in terms of cost uh in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +fast in terms of cost uh in terms of +performance uh applications where + + align:start position:0% +performance uh applications where + + + align:start position:0% +performance uh applications where +imaging was considered uh + + align:start position:0% +imaging was considered uh + + + align:start position:0% +imaging was considered uh +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +not the perfect solution uh is is + + align:start position:0% +not the perfect solution uh is is + + + align:start position:0% +not the perfect solution uh is is +changing because we're seeing cameras + + align:start position:0% +changing because we're seeing cameras + + + align:start position:0% +changing because we're seeing cameras +being used in some some really casual + + align:start position:0% +being used in some some really casual + + + align:start position:0% +being used in some some really casual +and and very strange ways + + align:start position:0% +and and very strange ways + + + align:start position:0% +and and very strange ways +and and here's an indication of where + + align:start position:0% +and and here's an indication of where + + + align:start position:0% +and and here's an indication of where +where that's going so where are these + + align:start position:0% +where that's going so where are these + + + align:start position:0% +where that's going so where are these +cameras remember cameras aren't just 2d + + align:start position:0% +cameras remember cameras aren't just 2d + + + align:start position:0% +cameras remember cameras aren't just 2d +sensors but for photography + + align:start position:0% +sensors but for photography + + + align:start position:0% +sensors but for photography +but they're used in various ways + + align:start position:0% +but they're used in various ways + + + align:start position:0% +but they're used in various ways +so uh we are here 2008 2009 + + align:start position:0% +so uh we are here 2008 2009 + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we are here 2008 2009 +um the pink here is uh because of mobile + + align:start position:0% +um the pink here is uh because of mobile + + + align:start position:0% +um the pink here is uh because of mobile +phones about a billion sensors + + align:start position:0% +phones about a billion sensors + + + align:start position:0% +phones about a billion sensors +are being sold + + align:start position:0% +are being sold + + + align:start position:0% +are being sold +any guesses about + + align:start position:0% +any guesses about + + + align:start position:0% +any guesses about +what this other slivers are the blue one + + align:start position:0% +what this other slivers are the blue one + + + align:start position:0% +what this other slivers are the blue one +the green one and so on + + align:start position:0% +the green one and so on + + + align:start position:0% +the green one and so on +there are all this you know a couple of + + align:start position:0% +there are all this you know a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +there are all this you know a couple of +hundred million here + + align:start position:0% +hundred million here + + + align:start position:0% +hundred million here +about 100 million here are being sold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +optical mouse very good very good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gaming so you know if you think about we + + align:start position:0% +gaming so you know if you think about we + + + align:start position:0% +gaming so you know if you think about we +uh i think sold 30 million + + align:start position:0% +uh i think sold 30 million + + + align:start position:0% +uh i think sold 30 million +we more 30 million viewers were sold and + + align:start position:0% +we more 30 million viewers were sold and + + + align:start position:0% +we more 30 million viewers were sold and +this chart was actually made before that + + align:start position:0% +this chart was actually made before that + + + align:start position:0% +this chart was actually made before that +so that's not even here but that's going + + align:start position:0% +so that's not even here but that's going + + + align:start position:0% +so that's not even here but that's going +to be there yes + + align:start position:0% +to be there yes + + + align:start position:0% +to be there yes +and of course there's traditional + + align:start position:0% +and of course there's traditional + + + align:start position:0% +and of course there's traditional +photography right so + + align:start position:0% +photography right so + + + align:start position:0% +photography right so +but i'm glad you are talking too much + + align:start position:0% +but i'm glad you are talking too much + + + align:start position:0% +but i'm glad you are talking too much +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +that's one of the largest markets it's + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the largest markets it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the largest markets it's +basically a very low resolution usually + + align:start position:0% +basically a very low resolution usually + + + align:start position:0% +basically a very low resolution usually +20 by 20 or 32 by 32 pixel camera that's + + align:start position:0% +20 by 20 or 32 by 32 pixel camera that's + + + align:start position:0% +20 by 20 or 32 by 32 pixel camera that's +running a thousand or 2000 hertz + + align:start position:0% +running a thousand or 2000 hertz + + + align:start position:0% +running a thousand or 2000 hertz +it's a high speed camera that's doing + + align:start position:0% +it's a high speed camera that's doing + + + align:start position:0% +it's a high speed camera that's doing +optical flow to figure out where your + + align:start position:0% +optical flow to figure out where your + + + align:start position:0% +optical flow to figure out where your +mouse is even if you put it on a + + align:start position:0% +mouse is even if you put it on a + + + align:start position:0% +mouse is even if you put it on a +very clear surface + + align:start position:0% +very clear surface + + + align:start position:0% +very clear surface +and then mobile phones and digital + + align:start position:0% +and then mobile phones and digital + + + align:start position:0% +and then mobile phones and digital +cameras and you know all this all this + + align:start position:0% +cameras and you know all this all this + + + align:start position:0% +cameras and you know all this all this +worry about big brother you think about + + align:start position:0% +worry about big brother you think about + + + align:start position:0% +worry about big brother you think about +security + + align:start position:0% +security + + + align:start position:0% +security +it's very very tiny sliver out here + + align:start position:0% +it's very very tiny sliver out here + + + align:start position:0% +it's very very tiny sliver out here +and if you think about the first three + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about the first three + + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about the first three +criter first three categories here + + align:start position:0% +criter first three categories here + + + align:start position:0% +criter first three categories here +optical mouse mobile phones and uh + + align:start position:0% +optical mouse mobile phones and uh + + + align:start position:0% +optical mouse mobile phones and uh +digital and video cameras these are all + + align:start position:0% +digital and video cameras these are all + + + align:start position:0% +digital and video cameras these are all +personal devices and this is going to + + align:start position:0% +personal devices and this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +personal devices and this is going to +scale with the number of people in the + + align:start position:0% +scale with the number of people in the + + + align:start position:0% +scale with the number of people in the +world so you know this will easily + + align:start position:0% +world so you know this will easily + + + align:start position:0% +world so you know this will easily +become 6 billion or 6.5 billion whatever + + align:start position:0% +become 6 billion or 6.5 billion whatever + + + align:start position:0% +become 6 billion or 6.5 billion whatever +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +but this other slivers may or may not + + align:start position:0% +but this other slivers may or may not + + + align:start position:0% +but this other slivers may or may not +grow gaming for example could still grow + + align:start position:0% +grow gaming for example could still grow + + + align:start position:0% +grow gaming for example could still grow +very rapidly because almost every person + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly because almost every person + + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly because almost every person +individually might own + + align:start position:0% +individually might own + + + align:start position:0% +individually might own +a game console so very interesting here + + align:start position:0% +a game console so very interesting here + + + align:start position:0% +a game console so very interesting here +uh you know if you look around the + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if you look around the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if you look around the +internet uh cameras are being + + align:start position:0% +internet uh cameras are being + + + align:start position:0% +internet uh cameras are being +sometimes it's just silly + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's just silly + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's just silly +you may know about this uh + + align:start position:0% +you may know about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +you may know about this uh +do-it-yourself green screen effects + + align:start position:0% +do-it-yourself green screen effects + + + align:start position:0% +do-it-yourself green screen effects +company ustar + + align:start position:0% +company ustar + + + align:start position:0% +company ustar +uh and they want to be the guitar hero + + align:start position:0% +uh and they want to be the guitar hero + + + align:start position:0% +uh and they want to be the guitar hero +uh in the visual domain so instead of + + align:start position:0% +uh in the visual domain so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the visual domain so instead of +playing music that's synchronized with + + align:start position:0% +playing music that's synchronized with + + + align:start position:0% +playing music that's synchronized with +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +pre-recorded data + + align:start position:0% +pre-recorded data + + + align:start position:0% +pre-recorded data +here they have pre-recorded video + + align:start position:0% +here they have pre-recorded video + + + align:start position:0% +here they have pre-recorded video +segments and then you can star in this + + align:start position:0% +segments and then you can star in this + + + align:start position:0% +segments and then you can star in this +movie it's pretty big + + align:start position:0% +movie it's pretty big + + + align:start position:0% +movie it's pretty big +uh it's you know if you go to their + + align:start position:0% +uh it's you know if you go to their + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's you know if you go to their +website a lot of people are uploading + + align:start position:0% +website a lot of people are uploading + + + align:start position:0% +website a lot of people are uploading +their videos + + align:start position:0% +their videos + + + align:start position:0% +their videos +uh with their software and there's a + + align:start position:0% +uh with their software and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh with their software and there's a +green screen all they give you is a + + align:start position:0% +green screen all they give you is a + + + align:start position:0% +green screen all they give you is a +camera simple camera not even a stereo + + align:start position:0% +camera simple camera not even a stereo + + + align:start position:0% +camera simple camera not even a stereo +pair just a simple camera and a big + + align:start position:0% +pair just a simple camera and a big + + + align:start position:0% +pair just a simple camera and a big +plastic green screen + + align:start position:0% +plastic green screen + + + align:start position:0% +plastic green screen +and they have some software for + + align:start position:0% +and they have some software for + + + align:start position:0% +and they have some software for +green screen mounting and so on + + align:start position:0% +green screen mounting and so on + + + align:start position:0% +green screen mounting and so on +um you may be familiar with this + + align:start position:0% +um you may be familiar with this + + + align:start position:0% +um you may be familiar with this +we merio + + align:start position:0% +we merio + + + align:start position:0% +we merio +which company is that i forgot starts + + align:start position:0% +which company is that i forgot starts + + + align:start position:0% +which company is that i forgot starts +with and + + align:start position:0% +with and + + + align:start position:0% +with and +it's a stereo webcam + + align:start position:0% +it's a stereo webcam + + + align:start position:0% +it's a stereo webcam +they don't know it's a japanese company + + align:start position:0% +they don't know it's a japanese company + + + align:start position:0% +they don't know it's a japanese company +i forget + + align:start position:0% +i forget + + + align:start position:0% +i forget +some some other interesting ones look at + + align:start position:0% +some some other interesting ones look at + + + align:start position:0% +some some other interesting ones look at +this one here panasonic beauty appliance + + align:start position:0% +this one here panasonic beauty appliance + + + align:start position:0% +this one here panasonic beauty appliance +what does it do any kisses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a pretty big camera + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty big camera + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty big camera +it's a personal beauty appliance where + + align:start position:0% +it's a personal beauty appliance where + + + align:start position:0% +it's a personal beauty appliance where +it provides a humidification in a very + + align:start position:0% +it provides a humidification in a very + + + align:start position:0% +it provides a humidification in a very +local spot + + align:start position:0% +local spot + + + align:start position:0% +local spot +so you know you can sit there and sit + + align:start position:0% +so you know you can sit there and sit + + + align:start position:0% +so you know you can sit there and sit +all day around and you know it i guess + + align:start position:0% +all day around and you know it i guess + + + align:start position:0% +all day around and you know it i guess +maintains the right level of + + align:start position:0% +maintains the right level of + + + align:start position:0% +maintains the right level of +moisture and humidity around + + align:start position:0% +moisture and humidity around + + + align:start position:0% +moisture and humidity around +so your skin won't get very dry + + align:start position:0% +so your skin won't get very dry + + + align:start position:0% +so your skin won't get very dry +what about this one the camera is not + + align:start position:0% +what about this one the camera is not + + + align:start position:0% +what about this one the camera is not +anywhere near the eyesight but the + + align:start position:0% +anywhere near the eyesight but the + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere near the eyesight but the +camera is actually on the ear + + align:start position:0% +camera is actually on the ear + + + align:start position:0% +camera is actually on the ear +canal looking cyclists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i was reading up on this it was not very + + align:start position:0% +i was reading up on this it was not very + + + align:start position:0% +i was reading up on this it was not very +clear what the applications are but you + + align:start position:0% +clear what the applications are but you + + + align:start position:0% +clear what the applications are but you +know you can think of it i mean if + + align:start position:0% +know you can think of it i mean if + + + align:start position:0% +know you can think of it i mean if +you're walking down the street and you + + align:start position:0% +you're walking down the street and you + + + align:start position:0% +you're walking down the street and you +want to be safe something's coming at + + align:start position:0% +want to be safe something's coming at + + + align:start position:0% +want to be safe something's coming at +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +maybe maybe it tells you or you know if + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe it tells you or you know if + + + align:start position:0% +maybe maybe it tells you or you know if +there's somebody you don't like they're + + align:start position:0% +there's somebody you don't like they're + + + align:start position:0% +there's somebody you don't like they're +walking towards you + + align:start position:0% +walking towards you + + + align:start position:0% +walking towards you +don't turn around + + align:start position:0% +don't turn around + + + align:start position:0% +don't turn around +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +and that's going to happen more and more + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to happen more and more + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to happen more and more +more crazy places + + align:start position:0% +more crazy places + + + align:start position:0% +more crazy places +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i like this gigapan epic 100 which is + + align:start position:0% +i like this gigapan epic 100 which is + + + align:start position:0% +i like this gigapan epic 100 which is +for creating panoramic imagery but it's + + align:start position:0% +for creating panoramic imagery but it's + + + align:start position:0% +for creating panoramic imagery but it's +actually a basically a rainy tiny + + align:start position:0% +actually a basically a rainy tiny + + + align:start position:0% +actually a basically a rainy tiny +robotic platform about three hundred + + align:start position:0% +robotic platform about three hundred + + + align:start position:0% +robotic platform about three hundred +dollars or you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign that presses on the shuttle + + align:start position:0% +foreign that presses on the shuttle + + + align:start position:0% +foreign that presses on the shuttle +as it rotates around right it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +as it rotates around right it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +as it rotates around right it's pretty +amazing + + align:start position:0% +amazing + + + align:start position:0% +amazing +and of course uh fuji has uh is doing + + align:start position:0% +and of course uh fuji has uh is doing + + + align:start position:0% +and of course uh fuji has uh is doing +some fantastic work just starting with + + align:start position:0% +some fantastic work just starting with + + + align:start position:0% +some fantastic work just starting with +the stereo pair + + align:start position:0% +the stereo pair + + + align:start position:0% +the stereo pair +and they're trying to provide the whole + + align:start position:0% +and they're trying to provide the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and they're trying to provide the whole +pipeline all the way down to printing on + + align:start position:0% +pipeline all the way down to printing on + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline all the way down to printing on +a lenticular screen so you can enjoy + + align:start position:0% +a lenticular screen so you can enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +a lenticular screen so you can enjoy +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this studio works + + align:start position:0% +this studio works + + + align:start position:0% +this studio works +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +after you look at all this all these + + align:start position:0% +after you look at all this all these + + + align:start position:0% +after you look at all this all these +cameras okay what else is there to do + + align:start position:0% +cameras okay what else is there to do + + + align:start position:0% +cameras okay what else is there to do +because i just you don't have to do much + + align:start position:0% +because i just you don't have to do much + + + align:start position:0% +because i just you don't have to do much +research to do any one of these projects + + align:start position:0% +research to do any one of these projects + + + align:start position:0% +research to do any one of these projects +you don't have to take a class + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to take a class + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to take a class +to you know build these + + align:start position:0% +to you know build these + + + align:start position:0% +to you know build these +applications uh so let's think about + + align:start position:0% +applications uh so let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +applications uh so let's think about +something trying to improve the camera + + align:start position:0% +something trying to improve the camera + + + align:start position:0% +something trying to improve the camera +just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +just a little bit +all i want + + align:start position:0% +all i want + + + align:start position:0% +all i want +is depth per pixel something humans + + align:start position:0% +is depth per pixel something humans + + + align:start position:0% +is depth per pixel something humans +seem to be doing very well you know we + + align:start position:0% +seem to be doing very well you know we + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be doing very well you know we +can we can use our two eyes and figure + + align:start position:0% +can we can use our two eyes and figure + + + align:start position:0% +can we can use our two eyes and figure +out how far things are uh at least we + + align:start position:0% +out how far things are uh at least we + + + align:start position:0% +out how far things are uh at least we +think we know how things are uh there's + + align:start position:0% +think we know how things are uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +think we know how things are uh there's +a lot of prior information but for the + + align:start position:0% +a lot of prior information but for the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of prior information but for the +camera just to get + + align:start position:0% +camera just to get + + + align:start position:0% +camera just to get +depth is extremely challenging after 30 + + align:start position:0% +depth is extremely challenging after 30 + + + align:start position:0% +depth is extremely challenging after 30 +40 years of research + + align:start position:0% +40 years of research + + + align:start position:0% +40 years of research +in computer revision still you can't go + + align:start position:0% +in computer revision still you can't go + + + align:start position:0% +in computer revision still you can't go +out there and buy a camera + + align:start position:0% +out there and buy a camera + + + align:start position:0% +out there and buy a camera +that's a reasonable cost which runs at a + + align:start position:0% +that's a reasonable cost which runs at a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a reasonable cost which runs at a +reasonable speed and gives you depth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's amazing + + align:start position:0% +uh it's amazing + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's amazing +so we'll show you what the state of the + + align:start position:0% +so we'll show you what the state of the + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll show you what the state of the +art is + + align:start position:0% +art is + + + align:start position:0% +art is +using uh this multi thousand dollar + + align:start position:0% +using uh this multi thousand dollar + + + align:start position:0% +using uh this multi thousand dollar +camera uh which is important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +like kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of stuff +and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the camera that uses + + align:start position:0% +so this is the camera that uses + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the camera that uses +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that uses time of flight + + align:start position:0% +that uses time of flight + + + align:start position:0% +that uses time of flight +to uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is +uh time of flight all those leds are + + align:start position:0% +uh time of flight all those leds are + + + align:start position:0% +uh time of flight all those leds are +being those of you who have a cell phone + + align:start position:0% +being those of you who have a cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +being those of you who have a cell phone +camera uh just look at these lights + + align:start position:0% +camera uh just look at these lights + + + align:start position:0% +camera uh just look at these lights +through your uh through your camera + + align:start position:0% +through your uh through your camera + + + align:start position:0% +through your uh through your camera +you'll see all of them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +as you can see here + + align:start position:0% +as you can see here + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see here +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the people in the front are are + + align:start position:0% +okay so the people in the front are are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the people in the front are are +marked in green and somewhere in the + + align:start position:0% +marked in green and somewhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +marked in green and somewhere in the +back over there + + align:start position:0% +back over there + + + align:start position:0% +back over there +yeah are marking the other so you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah are marking the other so you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah are marking the other so you know +it's giving you + + align:start position:0% +it's giving you + + + align:start position:0% +it's giving you +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +estimate of depth uh by during a time of + + align:start position:0% +estimate of depth uh by during a time of + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of depth uh by during a time of +flood calculation + + align:start position:0% +flood calculation + + + align:start position:0% +flood calculation +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +and it works okay but as you can see the + + align:start position:0% +and it works okay but as you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +and it works okay but as you can see the +quality + + align:start position:0% +quality + + + align:start position:0% +quality +even in this + + align:start position:0% +even in this + + + align:start position:0% +even in this +relatively + + align:start position:0% +relatively + + + align:start position:0% +relatively +easy configuration most of the objects + + align:start position:0% +easy configuration most of the objects + + + align:start position:0% +easy configuration most of the objects +are diffused there is no resistance the + + align:start position:0% +are diffused there is no resistance the + + + align:start position:0% +are diffused there is no resistance the +room it doesn't have sunlight to + + align:start position:0% +room it doesn't have sunlight to + + + align:start position:0% +room it doesn't have sunlight to +overwhelm this active light and even + + align:start position:0% +overwhelm this active light and even + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelm this active light and even +then the quality is okay it's not that + + align:start position:0% +then the quality is okay it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +then the quality is okay it's not that +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +uh and i forget the exact cost of this + + align:start position:0% +uh and i forget the exact cost of this + + + align:start position:0% +uh and i forget the exact cost of this +one but you know they cost about ten + + align:start position:0% +one but you know they cost about ten + + + align:start position:0% +one but you know they cost about ten +thousand dollars + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah but during the during the during + + align:start position:0% +yeah but during the during the during + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but during the during the during +the later classes + + align:start position:0% +the later classes + + + align:start position:0% +the later classes +we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll +learn about all the different 3d cameras + + align:start position:0% +learn about all the different 3d cameras + + + align:start position:0% +learn about all the different 3d cameras +whether they're based on active light + + align:start position:0% +whether they're based on active light + + + align:start position:0% +whether they're based on active light +or stereo or structured light + + align:start position:0% +or stereo or structured light + + + align:start position:0% +or stereo or structured light +polarization and so on + + align:start position:0% +polarization and so on + + + align:start position:0% +polarization and so on +so this one's going to start the other + + align:start position:0% +so this one's going to start the other + + + align:start position:0% +so this one's going to start the other +company is 3 db + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which was recently bought by microsoft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +couple of companies in germany + + align:start position:0% +couple of companies in germany + + + align:start position:0% +couple of companies in germany +who are building 3d cameras + + align:start position:0% +who are building 3d cameras + + + align:start position:0% +who are building 3d cameras +and apparently this market is now + + align:start position:0% +and apparently this market is now + + + align:start position:0% +and apparently this market is now +being driven by game consoles because + + align:start position:0% +being driven by game consoles because + + + align:start position:0% +being driven by game consoles because +playstation and xbox are all interested + + align:start position:0% +playstation and xbox are all interested + + + align:start position:0% +playstation and xbox are all interested +in using 3d cameras + + align:start position:0% +in using 3d cameras + + + align:start position:0% +in using 3d cameras +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +in the house for + + align:start position:0% +in the house for + + + align:start position:0% +in the house for +for gaming for interacting with gestures + + align:start position:0% +for gaming for interacting with gestures + + + align:start position:0% +for gaming for interacting with gestures +so they want to distinguish this from + + align:start position:0% +so they want to distinguish this from + + + align:start position:0% +so they want to distinguish this from +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +for example because right now all the + + align:start position:0% +for example because right now all the + + + align:start position:0% +for example because right now all the +games are in the guru number right the + + align:start position:0% +games are in the guru number right the + + + align:start position:0% +games are in the guru number right the +hands have to be away from your body to + + align:start position:0% +hands have to be away from your body to + + + align:start position:0% +hands have to be away from your body to +play the games uh i toy and xbox and so + + align:start position:0% +play the games uh i toy and xbox and so + + + align:start position:0% +play the games uh i toy and xbox and so +on but the new ones will allow you to do + + align:start position:0% +on but the new ones will allow you to do + + + align:start position:0% +on but the new ones will allow you to do +gestures that are + + align:start position:0% +gestures that are + + + align:start position:0% +gestures that are +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +more more intricate + + align:start position:0% +more more intricate + + + align:start position:0% +more more intricate +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +the two main challenges just to get 3d + + align:start position:0% +the two main challenges just to get 3d + + + align:start position:0% +the two main challenges just to get 3d +you know because you have you have to + + align:start position:0% +you know because you have you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you know because you have you have to +use some kind of active light to + + align:start position:0% +use some kind of active light to + + + align:start position:0% +use some kind of active light to +compensate for for ambient scenes + + align:start position:0% +compensate for for ambient scenes + + + align:start position:0% +compensate for for ambient scenes +you have to stitch + + align:start position:0% +you have to stitch + + + align:start position:0% +you have to stitch +geometry capture from multiple views + + align:start position:0% +geometry capture from multiple views + + + align:start position:0% +geometry capture from multiple views +if you have something like marble or + + align:start position:0% +if you have something like marble or + + + align:start position:0% +if you have something like marble or +skin + + align:start position:0% +skin + + + align:start position:0% +skin +it has subsurface scattering so that's + + align:start position:0% +it has subsurface scattering so that's + + + align:start position:0% +it has subsurface scattering so that's +difficult to deal with + + align:start position:0% +difficult to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to deal with +you cannot do good triangulation and + + align:start position:0% +you cannot do good triangulation and + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot do good triangulation and +these at least objects that are diffuse + + align:start position:0% +these at least objects that are diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +these at least objects that are diffuse +have diffuse reflection component if you + + align:start position:0% +have diffuse reflection component if you + + + align:start position:0% +have diffuse reflection component if you +go into something that has glass + + align:start position:0% +go into something that has glass + + + align:start position:0% +go into something that has glass +or a dark it's just out of caution + + align:start position:0% +or a dark it's just out of caution + + + align:start position:0% +or a dark it's just out of caution +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +computational camera it should do + + align:start position:0% +computational camera it should do + + + align:start position:0% +computational camera it should do +something more than just capturing a 2d + + align:start position:0% +something more than just capturing a 2d + + + align:start position:0% +something more than just capturing a 2d +image + + align:start position:0% +image + + + align:start position:0% +image +uh and those of you who are here uh you + + align:start position:0% +uh and those of you who are here uh you + + + align:start position:0% +uh and those of you who are here uh you +know building real-time nci applications + + align:start position:0% +know building real-time nci applications + + + align:start position:0% +know building real-time nci applications +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +or for robotics anything like that + + align:start position:0% +or for robotics anything like that + + + align:start position:0% +or for robotics anything like that +there's no there's no camera + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no camera + + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no camera +right now that can deal with objects + + align:start position:0% +right now that can deal with objects + + + align:start position:0% +right now that can deal with objects +like this this is amazing you know so we + + align:start position:0% +like this this is amazing you know so we + + + align:start position:0% +like this this is amazing you know so we +have a billion cameras out there but + + align:start position:0% +have a billion cameras out there but + + + align:start position:0% +have a billion cameras out there but +none of those cameras can solve these + + align:start position:0% +none of those cameras can solve these + + + align:start position:0% +none of those cameras can solve these +problems so that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +problems so that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +problems so that's what we're going to +look at uh in this class can i ask a + + align:start position:0% +look at uh in this class can i ask a + + + align:start position:0% +look at uh in this class can i ask a +question about that yeah so i'm just + + align:start position:0% +question about that yeah so i'm just + + + align:start position:0% +question about that yeah so i'm just +thinking back to the traditional + + align:start position:0% +thinking back to the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +thinking back to the traditional +film type camera that has autofocus + + align:start position:0% +film type camera that has autofocus + + + align:start position:0% +film type camera that has autofocus +sensors right that are contrast based or + + align:start position:0% +sensors right that are contrast based or + + + align:start position:0% +sensors right that are contrast based or +like rangefinder type thing right so + + align:start position:0% +like rangefinder type thing right so + + + align:start position:0% +like rangefinder type thing right so +that in a way gives you depth by moving + + align:start position:0% +that in a way gives you depth by moving + + + align:start position:0% +that in a way gives you depth by moving +optical elements + + align:start position:0% +optical elements + + + align:start position:0% +optical elements +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +but this doesn't have any moving parts i + + align:start position:0% +but this doesn't have any moving parts i + + + align:start position:0% +but this doesn't have any moving parts i +guess + + align:start position:0% +guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess +does does that count as a way to try to + + align:start position:0% +does does that count as a way to try to + + + align:start position:0% +does does that count as a way to try to +make a + + align:start position:0% +make a + + + align:start position:0% +make a +camera that receives depth by having + + align:start position:0% +camera that receives depth by having + + + align:start position:0% +camera that receives depth by having +something that scans + + align:start position:0% +something that scans + + + align:start position:0% +something that scans +physical optics exactly i think you're + + align:start position:0% +physical optics exactly i think you're + + + align:start position:0% +physical optics exactly i think you're +asking a very important question you + + align:start position:0% +asking a very important question you + + + align:start position:0% +asking a very important question you +know there's uh let's see how slide so + + align:start position:0% +know there's uh let's see how slide so + + + align:start position:0% +know there's uh let's see how slide so +you know uh if you think about a + + align:start position:0% +you know uh if you think about a + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh if you think about a +different way of scanning in 3d and this + + align:start position:0% +different way of scanning in 3d and this + + + align:start position:0% +different way of scanning in 3d and this +is by the way uh it's one of our uh + + align:start position:0% +is by the way uh it's one of our uh + + + align:start position:0% +is by the way uh it's one of our uh +visiting student doug landmann and and + + align:start position:0% +visiting student doug landmann and and + + + align:start position:0% +visiting student doug landmann and and +gabriel torbin they have a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +gabriel torbin they have a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +gabriel torbin they have a beautiful +course at siggraph on all different ways + + align:start position:0% +course at siggraph on all different ways + + + align:start position:0% +course at siggraph on all different ways +of doing 3d scanning + + align:start position:0% +of doing 3d scanning + + + align:start position:0% +of doing 3d scanning +um and you know they're contact-based + + align:start position:0% +um and you know they're contact-based + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know they're contact-based +and they're non-contact-based on right + + align:start position:0% +and they're non-contact-based on right + + + align:start position:0% +and they're non-contact-based on right +now we're talking about mostly active uh + + align:start position:0% +now we're talking about mostly active uh + + + align:start position:0% +now we're talking about mostly active uh +by using you know time of flight and so + + align:start position:0% +by using you know time of flight and so + + + align:start position:0% +by using you know time of flight and so +on but then of course passive as well + + align:start position:0% +on but then of course passive as well + + + align:start position:0% +on but then of course passive as well +stereo + + align:start position:0% +stereo + + + align:start position:0% +stereo +uh and motion and so on based on focus + + align:start position:0% +uh and motion and so on based on focus + + + align:start position:0% +uh and motion and so on based on focus +and the focus okay that may be a good + + align:start position:0% +and the focus okay that may be a good + + + align:start position:0% +and the focus okay that may be a good +segue to actually look at this camera + + align:start position:0% +segue to actually look at this camera + + + align:start position:0% +segue to actually look at this camera +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and it's mmd or do you want to run it + + align:start position:0% +and it's mmd or do you want to run it + + + align:start position:0% +and it's mmd or do you want to run it +yes yeah so this camera is completely + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah so this camera is completely + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah so this camera is completely +passive okay it's a light free camera + + align:start position:0% +passive okay it's a light free camera + + + align:start position:0% +passive okay it's a light free camera +which has + + align:start position:0% +which has + + + align:start position:0% +which has +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you want to talk over it + + align:start position:0% +you want to talk over it + + + align:start position:0% +you want to talk over it +yeah basically it's 25 separate images + + align:start position:0% +yeah basically it's 25 separate images + + + align:start position:0% +yeah basically it's 25 separate images +each one of these is a separate camera + + align:start position:0% +each one of these is a separate camera + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these is a separate camera +we're talking a single chassis yeah and + + align:start position:0% +we're talking a single chassis yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking a single chassis yeah and +there's just 25 different images + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but each one is from a slightly + + align:start position:0% +but each one is from a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +but each one is from a slightly +different perspective + + align:start position:0% +different perspective + + + align:start position:0% +different perspective +so you can do things like add all the + + align:start position:0% +so you can do things like add all the + + + align:start position:0% +so you can do things like add all the +images together but slightly shift them + + align:start position:0% +images together but slightly shift them + + + align:start position:0% +images together but slightly shift them +so i can focus down at infinity towards + + align:start position:0% +so i can focus down at infinity towards + + + align:start position:0% +so i can focus down at infinity towards +the end of the table + + align:start position:0% +the end of the table + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the table +or i can change the focus + + align:start position:0% +or i can change the focus + + + align:start position:0% +or i can change the focus +but just simply by shifting or moving + + align:start position:0% +but just simply by shifting or moving + + + align:start position:0% +but just simply by shifting or moving +the images to focus right there + + align:start position:0% +the images to focus right there + + + align:start position:0% +the images to focus right there +so remember he's doing all this + + align:start position:0% +so remember he's doing all this + + + align:start position:0% +so remember he's doing all this +operation in software yeah you can take + + align:start position:0% +operation in software yeah you can take + + + align:start position:0% +operation in software yeah you can take +those 25 images and then software you + + align:start position:0% +those 25 images and then software you + + + align:start position:0% +those 25 images and then software you +can refocus it anywhere you want and + + align:start position:0% +can refocus it anywhere you want and + + + align:start position:0% +can refocus it anywhere you want and +then again based on + + align:start position:0% +then again based on + + + align:start position:0% +then again based on +based on a maximum contrast or one of + + align:start position:0% +based on a maximum contrast or one of + + + align:start position:0% +based on a maximum contrast or one of +those operators you could potentially + + align:start position:0% +those operators you could potentially + + + align:start position:0% +those operators you could potentially +figure out uh what's + + align:start position:0% +figure out uh what's + + + align:start position:0% +figure out uh what's +in front or what's behind but of course + + align:start position:0% +in front or what's behind but of course + + + align:start position:0% +in front or what's behind but of course +if you put you know some transparent + + align:start position:0% +if you put you know some transparent + + + align:start position:0% +if you put you know some transparent +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +it's going to be quite challenging to + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be quite challenging to + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be quite challenging to +figure out where this is or if i just + + align:start position:0% +figure out where this is or if i just + + + align:start position:0% +figure out where this is or if i just +put something that's really flat + + align:start position:0% +put something that's really flat + + + align:start position:0% +put something that's really flat +then it wouldn't know whether it's in + + align:start position:0% +then it wouldn't know whether it's in + + + align:start position:0% +then it wouldn't know whether it's in +focus or not in focus in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +focus or not in focus in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +focus or not in focus in the middle of +the paper it might be able to do an okay + + align:start position:0% +the paper it might be able to do an okay + + + align:start position:0% +the paper it might be able to do an okay +job on the on the boundaries of the + + align:start position:0% +job on the on the boundaries of the + + + align:start position:0% +job on the on the boundaries of the +paper but in the middle of the paper it + + align:start position:0% +paper but in the middle of the paper it + + + align:start position:0% +paper but in the middle of the paper it +always looks like it's low frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so + + align:start position:0% +right so + + + align:start position:0% +right so +this kind of cameras + + align:start position:0% +this kind of cameras + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of cameras +are coming you know you can buy this + + align:start position:0% +are coming you know you can buy this + + + align:start position:0% +are coming you know you can buy this +camera for over twenty thousand dollars + + align:start position:0% +camera for over twenty thousand dollars + + + align:start position:0% +camera for over twenty thousand dollars +from viewplus + + align:start position:0% +from viewplus + + + align:start position:0% +from viewplus +uh so far we have up to about 30. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very quickly 60k + + align:start position:0% +very quickly 60k + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly 60k +um and if you if you + + align:start position:0% +um and if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +um and if you if you +if you again think about your your cell + + align:start position:0% +if you again think about your your cell + + + align:start position:0% +if you again think about your your cell +phone camera uh the current mindset in + + align:start position:0% +phone camera uh the current mindset in + + + align:start position:0% +phone camera uh the current mindset in +camera makers is that they want to + + align:start position:0% +camera makers is that they want to + + + align:start position:0% +camera makers is that they want to +shrink it something that's smaller and + + align:start position:0% +shrink it something that's smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +shrink it something that's smaller and +smaller and smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller +but you know if you want to create + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you want to create + + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you want to create +enough baseline create you know some + + align:start position:0% +enough baseline create you know some + + + align:start position:0% +enough baseline create you know some +kind of focus based uh depth extraction + + align:start position:0% +kind of focus based uh depth extraction + + + align:start position:0% +kind of focus based uh depth extraction +for example as we're looking at here we + + align:start position:0% +for example as we're looking at here we + + + align:start position:0% +for example as we're looking at here we +must have some baseline between them and + + align:start position:0% +must have some baseline between them and + + + align:start position:0% +must have some baseline between them and +that's what this camera does it's still + + align:start position:0% +that's what this camera does it's still + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this camera does it's still +pretty compact i forget i think six + + align:start position:0% +pretty compact i forget i think six + + + align:start position:0% +pretty compact i forget i think six +centimeters total something like that + + align:start position:0% +centimeters total something like that + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters total something like that +uh and you know it could be on your + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know it could be on your + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know it could be on your +phone it does have that much space so if + + align:start position:0% +phone it does have that much space so if + + + align:start position:0% +phone it does have that much space so if +they would just turn it around + + align:start position:0% +they would just turn it around + + + align:start position:0% +they would just turn it around +and make all of these + + align:start position:0% +and make all of these + + + align:start position:0% +and make all of these +all the pixels as sensing pixels + + align:start position:0% +all the pixels as sensing pixels + + + align:start position:0% +all the pixels as sensing pixels +you have in a baseline from the left + + align:start position:0% +you have in a baseline from the left + + + align:start position:0% +you have in a baseline from the left +edge of the camera + + align:start position:0% +edge of the camera + + + align:start position:0% +edge of the camera +left edge of this + + align:start position:0% +left edge of this + + + align:start position:0% +left edge of this +cell phone camera to the right edge of + + align:start position:0% +cell phone camera to the right edge of + + + align:start position:0% +cell phone camera to the right edge of +the cell phone camera to create those + + align:start position:0% +the cell phone camera to create those + + + align:start position:0% +the cell phone camera to create those +effects right but that mindset has to + + align:start position:0% +effects right but that mindset has to + + + align:start position:0% +effects right but that mindset has to +change right now as we will see in the + + align:start position:0% +change right now as we will see in the + + + align:start position:0% +change right now as we will see in the +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +uh later on uh on the section on on on + + align:start position:0% +uh later on uh on the section on on on + + + align:start position:0% +uh later on uh on the section on on on +sensors + + align:start position:0% +sensors + + + align:start position:0% +sensors +there is tremendous innovation + + align:start position:0% +there is tremendous innovation + + + align:start position:0% +there is tremendous innovation +uh in how + + align:start position:0% +uh in how + + + align:start position:0% +uh in how +uh photos are sorry image sensors are + + align:start position:0% +uh photos are sorry image sensors are + + + align:start position:0% +uh photos are sorry image sensors are +being built there are way for level + + align:start position:0% +being built there are way for level + + + align:start position:0% +being built there are way for level +cameras uh backside elimination + + align:start position:0% +cameras uh backside elimination + + + align:start position:0% +cameras uh backside elimination +3d vlsi and so on + + align:start position:0% +3d vlsi and so on + + + align:start position:0% +3d vlsi and so on +but unfortunately all i mean it's all + + align:start position:0% +but unfortunately all i mean it's all + + + align:start position:0% +but unfortunately all i mean it's all +great and it's going to help us but + + align:start position:0% +great and it's going to help us but + + + align:start position:0% +great and it's going to help us but +unfortunately all of them have a single + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately all of them have a single + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately all of them have a single +track mind + + align:start position:0% +track mind + + + align:start position:0% +track mind +they just want to make a higher signal + + align:start position:0% +they just want to make a higher signal + + + align:start position:0% +they just want to make a higher signal +to noise ratio that means collect as + + align:start position:0% +to noise ratio that means collect as + + + align:start position:0% +to noise ratio that means collect as +many photon as you can and they want to + + align:start position:0% +many photon as you can and they want to + + + align:start position:0% +many photon as you can and they want to +shrink the sensor as small as you can so + + align:start position:0% +shrink the sensor as small as you can so + + + align:start position:0% +shrink the sensor as small as you can so +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +they can select for a cheap cost + + align:start position:0% +they can select for a cheap cost + + + align:start position:0% +they can select for a cheap cost +uh but you know if you think about if + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know if you think about if + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know if you think about if +somebody had told you 30 years ago + + align:start position:0% +somebody had told you 30 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +somebody had told you 30 years ago +that you know the tvs are really + + align:start position:0% +that you know the tvs are really + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the tvs are really +expensive uh so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +expensive uh so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +expensive uh so what we're going to do +is try to start building tvs that are + + align:start position:0% +is try to start building tvs that are + + + align:start position:0% +is try to start building tvs that are +smaller and smaller because they'll be + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller because they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller because they'll be +cheaper and cheaper + + align:start position:0% +cheaper and cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper and cheaper +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but that's that's not how it works + + align:start position:0% +but that's that's not how it works + + + align:start position:0% +but that's that's not how it works +people want larger and larger tvs + + align:start position:0% +people want larger and larger tvs + + + align:start position:0% +people want larger and larger tvs +and they're willing to pay for 40 inch + + align:start position:0% +and they're willing to pay for 40 inch + + + align:start position:0% +and they're willing to pay for 40 inch +and 15 inch tvs and there will come a + + align:start position:0% +and 15 inch tvs and there will come a + + + align:start position:0% +and 15 inch tvs and there will come a +time when people say it's okay + + align:start position:0% +time when people say it's okay + + + align:start position:0% +time when people say it's okay +if i have to pay a little bit more but + + align:start position:0% +if i have to pay a little bit more but + + + align:start position:0% +if i have to pay a little bit more but +make my sensor and make my sensor array + + align:start position:0% +make my sensor and make my sensor array + + + align:start position:0% +make my sensor and make my sensor array +larger and larger so that it's almost + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger so that it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger so that it's almost +the size of the whole device + + align:start position:0% +the size of the whole device + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the whole device +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +even for even for a camera like an slr + + align:start position:0% +even for even for a camera like an slr + + + align:start position:0% +even for even for a camera like an slr +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +not the whole camera is a sensing only + + align:start position:0% +not the whole camera is a sensing only + + + align:start position:0% +not the whole camera is a sensing only +small part of it is sensing uh but once + + align:start position:0% +small part of it is sensing uh but once + + + align:start position:0% +small part of it is sensing uh but once +we get around this notion that you know + + align:start position:0% +we get around this notion that you know + + + align:start position:0% +we get around this notion that you know +silicon is really expensive i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +silicon is really expensive i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +silicon is really expensive i'm going to +shrink it and we have to create this + + align:start position:0% +shrink it and we have to create this + + + align:start position:0% +shrink it and we have to create this +wafer we can slice and dice it into + + align:start position:0% +wafer we can slice and dice it into + + + align:start position:0% +wafer we can slice and dice it into +millions of tiny sensor sensors for + + align:start position:0% +millions of tiny sensor sensors for + + + align:start position:0% +millions of tiny sensor sensors for +uh cameras hopefully things will change + + align:start position:0% +uh cameras hopefully things will change + + + align:start position:0% +uh cameras hopefully things will change +around and + + align:start position:0% +around and + + + align:start position:0% +around and +you know we won't be watching those tiny + + align:start position:0% +you know we won't be watching those tiny + + + align:start position:0% +you know we won't be watching those tiny +tvs + + align:start position:0% +tvs + + + align:start position:0% +tvs +as they had predicted some time ago + + align:start position:0% +as they had predicted some time ago + + + align:start position:0% +as they had predicted some time ago +um so so that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +um so so that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um so so that's kind of +you know where some of these things are + + align:start position:0% +you know where some of these things are + + + align:start position:0% +you know where some of these things are +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +let me go back + + align:start position:0% +let me go back + + + align:start position:0% +let me go back +so getting 3d very challenging um and + + align:start position:0% +so getting 3d very challenging um and + + + align:start position:0% +so getting 3d very challenging um and +that i would say is kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +that i would say is kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +that i would say is kind of you know +version 0.1 of a computation camera i + + align:start position:0% +version 0.1 of a computation camera i + + + align:start position:0% +version 0.1 of a computation camera i +mean it has to sense + + align:start position:0% +mean it has to sense + + + align:start position:0% +mean it has to sense +you know the three-dimensional world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it is being used in other scenarios + + align:start position:0% +and it is being used in other scenarios + + + align:start position:0% +and it is being used in other scenarios +i mean darpa grand challenge + + align:start position:0% +i mean darpa grand challenge + + + align:start position:0% +i mean darpa grand challenge +uh this such an animation for no reason + + align:start position:0% +uh this such an animation for no reason + + + align:start position:0% +uh this such an animation for no reason +uh where you can build uh + + align:start position:0% +uh where you can build uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh where you can build uh +vehicles that can navigate through + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that can navigate through + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that can navigate through +um through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any kind of terrain including + + align:start position:0% +any kind of terrain including + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of terrain including +urban neighborhoods + + align:start position:0% +urban neighborhoods + + + align:start position:0% +urban neighborhoods +uh so the first version of the darpa + + align:start position:0% +uh so the first version of the darpa + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the first version of the darpa +grand challenge actually had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +grand challenge actually had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +grand challenge actually had a lot of +cameras + + align:start position:0% +cameras + + + align:start position:0% +cameras +but the sad aspect + + align:start position:0% +but the sad aspect + + + align:start position:0% +but the sad aspect +from a camera point of view is that the + + align:start position:0% +from a camera point of view is that the + + + align:start position:0% +from a camera point of view is that the +second version that + + align:start position:0% +second version that + + + align:start position:0% +second version that +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +stanford + + align:start position:0% +stanford + + + align:start position:0% +stanford +was the winner in that one + + align:start position:0% +was the winner in that one + + + align:start position:0% +was the winner in that one +in the traditional definition of a + + align:start position:0% +in the traditional definition of a + + + align:start position:0% +in the traditional definition of a +camera there were no cameras + + align:start position:0% +camera there were no cameras + + + align:start position:0% +camera there were no cameras +on the whole week + + align:start position:0% +on the whole week + + + align:start position:0% +on the whole week +there were zero cameras + + align:start position:0% +there were zero cameras + + + align:start position:0% +there were zero cameras +on a car that's built to navigate + + align:start position:0% +on a car that's built to navigate + + + align:start position:0% +on a car that's built to navigate +in a city + + align:start position:0% +in a city + + + align:start position:0% +in a city +it's pretty sad i mean if you think + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty sad i mean if you think + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty sad i mean if you think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +a human + + align:start position:0% +a human + + + align:start position:0% +a human +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +driver driving through a city + + align:start position:0% +driver driving through a city + + + align:start position:0% +driver driving through a city +i would say almost + + align:start position:0% +i would say almost + + + align:start position:0% +i would say almost +all our input all our actions are based + + align:start position:0% +all our input all our actions are based + + + align:start position:0% +all our input all our actions are based +on visual input + + align:start position:0% +on visual input + + + align:start position:0% +on visual input +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +cameras are so primitive + + align:start position:0% +cameras are so primitive + + + align:start position:0% +cameras are so primitive +to build this + + align:start position:0% +to build this + + + align:start position:0% +to build this +self-navigating vehicle that no + + align:start position:0% +self-navigating vehicle that no + + + align:start position:0% +self-navigating vehicle that no +traditional cameras were used now of + + align:start position:0% +traditional cameras were used now of + + + align:start position:0% +traditional cameras were used now of +course i'm taking to the extreme because + + align:start position:0% +course i'm taking to the extreme because + + + align:start position:0% +course i'm taking to the extreme because +the kind of devices they did use were + + align:start position:0% +the kind of devices they did use were + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of devices they did use were +similar to + + align:start position:0% +similar to + + + align:start position:0% +similar to +uh range scanning devices they had laser + + align:start position:0% +uh range scanning devices they had laser + + + align:start position:0% +uh range scanning devices they had laser +scanners lidar that reducing time of + + align:start position:0% +scanners lidar that reducing time of + + + align:start position:0% +scanners lidar that reducing time of +flight and so on and in a way they're + + align:start position:0% +flight and so on and in a way they're + + + align:start position:0% +flight and so on and in a way they're +capturing + + align:start position:0% +capturing + + + align:start position:0% +capturing +uh information that's sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +uh information that's sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +uh information that's sensitive to +different directions + + align:start position:0% +different directions + + + align:start position:0% +different directions +so you know in a way it's a camera but + + align:start position:0% +so you know in a way it's a camera but + + + align:start position:0% +so you know in a way it's a camera but +it's not a traditional + + align:start position:0% +it's not a traditional + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a traditional +visible range camera + + align:start position:0% +visible range camera + + + align:start position:0% +visible range camera +that they're using it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +that they're using it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that they're using it's a it's a +detector single pixel detector that's + + align:start position:0% +detector single pixel detector that's + + + align:start position:0% +detector single pixel detector that's +measuring light coming from from + + align:start position:0% +measuring light coming from from + + + align:start position:0% +measuring light coming from from +different directions + + align:start position:0% +different directions + + + align:start position:0% +different directions +um and on the other extreme that's one + + align:start position:0% +um and on the other extreme that's one + + + align:start position:0% +um and on the other extreme that's one +extreme where cameras are not good + + align:start position:0% +extreme where cameras are not good + + + align:start position:0% +extreme where cameras are not good +enough to self navigate on the other + + align:start position:0% +enough to self navigate on the other + + + align:start position:0% +enough to self navigate on the other +extreme you have you know + + align:start position:0% +extreme you have you know + + + align:start position:0% +extreme you have you know +lots of people online again this is a + + align:start position:0% +lots of people online again this is a + + + align:start position:0% +lots of people online again this is a +slide from from doug landmann + + align:start position:0% +slide from from doug landmann + + + align:start position:0% +slide from from doug landmann +building their own + + align:start position:0% +building their own + + + align:start position:0% +building their own +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +3d scan so of course you can take a + + align:start position:0% +3d scan so of course you can take a + + + align:start position:0% +3d scan so of course you can take a +logitech webcam and put some fiducials + + align:start position:0% +logitech webcam and put some fiducials + + + align:start position:0% +logitech webcam and put some fiducials +you can calibrate that and move it + + align:start position:0% +you can calibrate that and move it + + + align:start position:0% +you can calibrate that and move it +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +to create 3d models um + + align:start position:0% +to create 3d models um + + + align:start position:0% +to create 3d models um +and a whole bunch uh + + align:start position:0% +and a whole bunch uh + + + align:start position:0% +and a whole bunch uh +we'll look at this during the thing + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at this during the thing + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at this during the thing +people are using + + align:start position:0% +people are using + + + align:start position:0% +people are using +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +just a wine glass + + align:start position:0% +just a wine glass + + + align:start position:0% +just a wine glass +to create laser stripes so you know i + + align:start position:0% +to create laser stripes so you know i + + + align:start position:0% +to create laser stripes so you know i +can take a laser pointer + + align:start position:0% +can take a laser pointer + + + align:start position:0% +can take a laser pointer +uh and shine it at a wine glass to + + align:start position:0% +uh and shine it at a wine glass to + + + align:start position:0% +uh and shine it at a wine glass to +create a laser strike i don't even know + + align:start position:0% +create a laser strike i don't even know + + + align:start position:0% +create a laser strike i don't even know +how to buy expensive optics and we just + + align:start position:0% +how to buy expensive optics and we just + + + align:start position:0% +how to buy expensive optics and we just +scan it and you know + + align:start position:0% +scan it and you know + + + align:start position:0% +scan it and you know +achieve db cam to create 3d scanners + + align:start position:0% +achieve db cam to create 3d scanners + + + align:start position:0% +achieve db cam to create 3d scanners +this one is probably most interesting + + align:start position:0% +this one is probably most interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this one is probably most interesting +they want to create + + align:start position:0% +they want to create + + + align:start position:0% +they want to create +again a very accurate 3d model uh from a + + align:start position:0% +again a very accurate 3d model uh from a + + + align:start position:0% +again a very accurate 3d model uh from a +lego rig + + align:start position:0% +lego rig + + + align:start position:0% +lego rig +and this is how it works + + align:start position:0% +and this is how it works + + + align:start position:0% +and this is how it works +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you could probably guess it from the + + align:start position:0% +you could probably guess it from the + + + align:start position:0% +you could probably guess it from the +picture there is a milk bath they want + + align:start position:0% +picture there is a milk bath they want + + + align:start position:0% +picture there is a milk bath they want +to take a character and scan it they'll + + align:start position:0% +to take a character and scan it they'll + + + align:start position:0% +to take a character and scan it they'll +put this character in milk path and take + + align:start position:0% +put this character in milk path and take + + + align:start position:0% +put this character in milk path and take +a photo from above doing a very simple + + align:start position:0% +a photo from above doing a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +a photo from above doing a very simple +segmentation and then over time they're + + align:start position:0% +segmentation and then over time they're + + + align:start position:0% +segmentation and then over time they're +going to put a little bit more milk + + align:start position:0% +going to put a little bit more milk + + + align:start position:0% +going to put a little bit more milk +so that the level of + + align:start position:0% +so that the level of + + + align:start position:0% +so that the level of +the fluid will rise in this square + + align:start position:0% +the fluid will rise in this square + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid will rise in this square +bucket this rectangular bucket + + align:start position:0% +bucket this rectangular bucket + + + align:start position:0% +bucket this rectangular bucket +and they'll continue to take pictures + + align:start position:0% +and they'll continue to take pictures + + + align:start position:0% +and they'll continue to take pictures +and they'll create this 3d model section + + align:start position:0% +and they'll create this 3d model section + + + align:start position:0% +and they'll create this 3d model section +bus section + + align:start position:0% +bus section + + + align:start position:0% +bus section +pretty amazing + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing + + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing +they did it in new york with humans + + align:start position:0% +they did it in new york with humans + + + align:start position:0% +they did it in new york with humans +sorry they did it in new york with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +almost constant rate it's true that's + + align:start position:0% +almost constant rate it's true that's + + + align:start position:0% +almost constant rate it's true that's +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +but yeah this could be a great great + + align:start position:0% +but yeah this could be a great great + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah this could be a great great +class project + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so here's a + + align:start position:0% +so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a +here's a slightly different direction + + align:start position:0% +here's a slightly different direction + + + align:start position:0% +here's a slightly different direction +that some people are taking and i really + + align:start position:0% +that some people are taking and i really + + + align:start position:0% +that some people are taking and i really +like this work from university of + + align:start position:0% +like this work from university of + + + align:start position:0% +like this work from university of +washington + + align:start position:0% +washington + + + align:start position:0% +washington +uh some of your uh okay let me let me + + align:start position:0% +uh some of your uh okay let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of your uh okay let me let me +state the question first and see if any + + align:start position:0% +state the question first and see if any + + + align:start position:0% +state the question first and see if any +one of you has an answer to that let's + + align:start position:0% +one of you has an answer to that let's + + + align:start position:0% +one of you has an answer to that let's +say you go to rome and you're in front + + align:start position:0% +say you go to rome and you're in front + + + align:start position:0% +say you go to rome and you're in front +of the gravy fountain + + align:start position:0% +of the gravy fountain + + + align:start position:0% +of the gravy fountain +uh you take a photo + + align:start position:0% +uh you take a photo + + + align:start position:0% +uh you take a photo +and you you don't know anything about + + align:start position:0% +and you you don't know anything about + + + align:start position:0% +and you you don't know anything about +revi fontan and all the hype about it + + align:start position:0% +revi fontan and all the hype about it + + + align:start position:0% +revi fontan and all the hype about it +you want to take a photo and figure out + + align:start position:0% +you want to take a photo and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +you want to take a photo and figure out +which part of this photo is interesting + + align:start position:0% +which part of this photo is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +which part of this photo is interesting +according to everybody else + + align:start position:0% +according to everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +according to everybody else +so why why am i here should i be looking + + align:start position:0% +so why why am i here should i be looking + + + align:start position:0% +so why why am i here should i be looking +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +uh if i go to you know the the old town + + align:start position:0% +uh if i go to you know the the old town + + + align:start position:0% +uh if i go to you know the the old town +square in prague uh i'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +square in prague uh i'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +square in prague uh i'm not going to +look at a fountain here i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +look at a fountain here i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +look at a fountain here i'm going to +look at you know the upper part of the + + align:start position:0% +look at you know the upper part of the + + + align:start position:0% +look at you know the upper part of the +of the of the castle but somehow when + + align:start position:0% +of the of the castle but somehow when + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the castle but somehow when +i'm at trevi fountain i'm not looking at + + align:start position:0% +i'm at trevi fountain i'm not looking at + + + align:start position:0% +i'm at trevi fountain i'm not looking at +the buildings i'm looking at the founder + + align:start position:0% +the buildings i'm looking at the founder + + + align:start position:0% +the buildings i'm looking at the founder +so how would i determine + + align:start position:0% +so how would i determine + + + align:start position:0% +so how would i determine +without looking in my guidebook + + align:start position:0% +without looking in my guidebook + + + align:start position:0% +without looking in my guidebook +which part is most interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any clues any answers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one thing you could perhaps do is uh + + align:start position:0% +one thing you could perhaps do is uh + + + align:start position:0% +one thing you could perhaps do is uh +take a consensus for all the photos that + + align:start position:0% +take a consensus for all the photos that + + + align:start position:0% +take a consensus for all the photos that +have been taken of this object and + + align:start position:0% +have been taken of this object and + + + align:start position:0% +have been taken of this object and +basically see where the feature tracks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +excellent excellent so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +excellent excellent so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +excellent excellent so this is actually +an offshoot of the phototourism + + align:start position:0% +an offshoot of the phototourism + + + align:start position:0% +an offshoot of the phototourism +microsoft photosynth project where you + + align:start position:0% +microsoft photosynth project where you + + + align:start position:0% +microsoft photosynth project where you +know you have millions of photos of the + + align:start position:0% +know you have millions of photos of the + + + align:start position:0% +know you have millions of photos of the +same tourist location uh and once you + + align:start position:0% +same tourist location uh and once you + + + align:start position:0% +same tourist location uh and once you +have registered them uh in 3d then you + + align:start position:0% +have registered them uh in 3d then you + + + align:start position:0% +have registered them uh in 3d then you +can just shoot the rays back to see + + align:start position:0% +can just shoot the rays back to see + + + align:start position:0% +can just shoot the rays back to see +which rays will intersect uh the pixels + + align:start position:0% +which rays will intersect uh the pixels + + + align:start position:0% +which rays will intersect uh the pixels +if most of the resistors seem to be + + align:start position:0% +if most of the resistors seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +if most of the resistors seem to be +shooting uh you know just kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +shooting uh you know just kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +shooting uh you know just kind of uh +just just uh just a histogram uh you'll + + align:start position:0% +just just uh just a histogram uh you'll + + + align:start position:0% +just just uh just a histogram uh you'll +realize that most of the photos are + + align:start position:0% +realize that most of the photos are + + + align:start position:0% +realize that most of the photos are +looking at the fountain and in this case + + align:start position:0% +looking at the fountain and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the fountain and in this case +most of the photos are looking up at the + + align:start position:0% +most of the photos are looking up at the + + + align:start position:0% +most of the photos are looking up at the +top part of the camera so maybe what is + + align:start position:0% +top part of the camera so maybe what is + + + align:start position:0% +top part of the camera so maybe what is +poker down here + + align:start position:0% +poker down here + + + align:start position:0% +poker down here +i think might be + + align:start position:0% +i think might be + + + align:start position:0% +i think might be +so the next question is how can we it's + + align:start position:0% +so the next question is how can we it's + + + align:start position:0% +so the next question is how can we it's +like popular versus interesting on + + align:start position:0% +like popular versus interesting on + + + align:start position:0% +like popular versus interesting on +flickr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so here's a research question how can we + + align:start position:0% +so here's a research question how can we + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a research question how can we +ask + + align:start position:0% +ask + + + align:start position:0% +ask +how can we answer this question + + align:start position:0% +how can we answer this question + + + align:start position:0% +how can we answer this question +there may be certain features that human + + align:start position:0% +there may be certain features that human + + + align:start position:0% +there may be certain features that human +visual system finds particularly + + align:start position:0% +visual system finds particularly + + + align:start position:0% +visual system finds particularly +interesting things with high levels of + + align:start position:0% +interesting things with high levels of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things with high levels of +non-repetitive detail or + + align:start position:0% +non-repetitive detail or + + + align:start position:0% +non-repetitive detail or +certain shapes or ratios or + + align:start position:0% +certain shapes or ratios or + + + align:start position:0% +certain shapes or ratios or +yeah certainly so i think there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +yeah certainly so i think there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +yeah certainly so i think there's a lot +to be done + + align:start position:0% +to be done + + + align:start position:0% +to be done +so maybe we want to build a camera that + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we want to build a camera that + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we want to build a camera that +directly detects the repeating pattern + + align:start position:0% +directly detects the repeating pattern + + + align:start position:0% +directly detects the repeating pattern +it doesn't care about finding it + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't care about finding it + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't care about finding it +capturing a real photo but does a very + + align:start position:0% +capturing a real photo but does a very + + + align:start position:0% +capturing a real photo but does a very +good job of finding out if there are + + align:start position:0% +good job of finding out if there are + + + align:start position:0% +good job of finding out if there are +patterns we find interesting whether + + align:start position:0% +patterns we find interesting whether + + + align:start position:0% +patterns we find interesting whether +it's symmetry or repetition or the right + + align:start position:0% +it's symmetry or repetition or the right + + + align:start position:0% +it's symmetry or repetition or the right +scales right + + align:start position:0% +scales right + + + align:start position:0% +scales right +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +aspect ratio and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +and the same project + + align:start position:0% +and the same project + + + align:start position:0% +and the same project +so these are this is the pantheon again + + align:start position:0% +so these are this is the pantheon again + + + align:start position:0% +so these are this is the pantheon again +in rome uh these are all the places from + + align:start position:0% +in rome uh these are all the places from + + + align:start position:0% +in rome uh these are all the places from +which people take photos uh and if i + + align:start position:0% +which people take photos uh and if i + + + align:start position:0% +which people take photos uh and if i +just tell you this is the top view of + + align:start position:0% +just tell you this is the top view of + + + align:start position:0% +just tell you this is the top view of +the of the pantheon uh and you usually + + align:start position:0% +the of the pantheon uh and you usually + + + align:start position:0% +the of the pantheon uh and you usually +are up here there's a fountain + + align:start position:0% +are up here there's a fountain + + + align:start position:0% +are up here there's a fountain +people start from here and then go in + + align:start position:0% +people start from here and then go in + + + align:start position:0% +people start from here and then go in +and roam around + + align:start position:0% +and roam around + + + align:start position:0% +and roam around +and take a picture of this big hole + + align:start position:0% +and take a picture of this big hole + + + align:start position:0% +and take a picture of this big hole +in the pantheon + + align:start position:0% +in the pantheon + + + align:start position:0% +in the pantheon +so the question is if i take uh a + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if i take uh a + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if i take uh a +picture here at the entrance + + align:start position:0% +picture here at the entrance + + + align:start position:0% +picture here at the entrance +uh and sorry from from inside the + + align:start position:0% +uh and sorry from from inside the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and sorry from from inside the +pantheon looking out at the door uh and + + align:start position:0% +pantheon looking out at the door uh and + + + align:start position:0% +pantheon looking out at the door uh and +a picture from outside + + align:start position:0% +a picture from outside + + + align:start position:0% +a picture from outside +what's the part that would connect these + + align:start position:0% +what's the part that would connect these + + + align:start position:0% +what's the part that would connect these +two photos + + align:start position:0% +two photos + + + align:start position:0% +two photos +right it's not a straight line part + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a straight line part + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a straight line part +but if i + + align:start position:0% +but if i + + + align:start position:0% +but if i +don't have an animation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't have it + + align:start position:0% +i don't have it + + + align:start position:0% +i don't have it +but if you actually have + + align:start position:0% +but if you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +but if you actually have +uh this again voting scheme you realize + + align:start position:0% +uh this again voting scheme you realize + + + align:start position:0% +uh this again voting scheme you realize +the best way to go from this view to + + align:start position:0% +the best way to go from this view to + + + align:start position:0% +the best way to go from this view to +this view is follow this particular path + + align:start position:0% +this view is follow this particular path + + + align:start position:0% +this view is follow this particular path +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +data that's being captured from visual + + align:start position:0% +data that's being captured from visual + + + align:start position:0% +data that's being captured from visual +media like photographs but inherently + + align:start position:0% +media like photographs but inherently + + + align:start position:0% +media like photographs but inherently +it's more about geometry and i would + + align:start position:0% +it's more about geometry and i would + + + align:start position:0% +it's more about geometry and i would +call it it's almost non-visual + + align:start position:0% +call it it's almost non-visual + + + align:start position:0% +call it it's almost non-visual +so that was computational camera + + align:start position:0% +so that was computational camera + + + align:start position:0% +so that was computational camera +and let's think about computational + + align:start position:0% +and let's think about computational + + + align:start position:0% +and let's think about computational +photography now + + align:start position:0% +photography now + + + align:start position:0% +photography now +um and uh + + align:start position:0% +um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh +commercial photography i and my + + align:start position:0% +commercial photography i and my + + + align:start position:0% +commercial photography i and my +my uh + + align:start position:0% +my uh + + + align:start position:0% +my uh +collaborator jack tumblin at + + align:start position:0% +collaborator jack tumblin at + + + align:start position:0% +collaborator jack tumblin at +northwestern this is how we like to + + align:start position:0% +northwestern this is how we like to + + + align:start position:0% +northwestern this is how we like to +define the two parts we want to capture + + align:start position:0% +define the two parts we want to capture + + + align:start position:0% +define the two parts we want to capture +the scene and we want to synthesize this + + align:start position:0% +the scene and we want to synthesize this + + + align:start position:0% +the scene and we want to synthesize this +thing and when we capture we want to + + align:start position:0% +thing and when we capture we want to + + + align:start position:0% +thing and when we capture we want to +capture it in an extremely rich fashion + + align:start position:0% +capture it in an extremely rich fashion + + + align:start position:0% +capture it in an extremely rich fashion +so that is machine readable and machine + + align:start position:0% +so that is machine readable and machine + + + align:start position:0% +so that is machine readable and machine +can understand what's out there + + align:start position:0% +can understand what's out there + + + align:start position:0% +can understand what's out there +and when you synthesize + + align:start position:0% +and when you synthesize + + + align:start position:0% +and when you synthesize +we want to synthesize in a hyper + + align:start position:0% +we want to synthesize in a hyper + + + align:start position:0% +we want to synthesize in a hyper +realistic manner so that it it + + align:start position:0% +realistic manner so that it it + + + align:start position:0% +realistic manner so that it it +represents the essence of our visual + + align:start position:0% +represents the essence of our visual + + + align:start position:0% +represents the essence of our visual +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +and within that there are three three + + align:start position:0% +and within that there are three three + + + align:start position:0% +and within that there are three three +major themes + + align:start position:0% +major themes + + + align:start position:0% +major themes +one is epsilon photography + + align:start position:0% +one is epsilon photography + + + align:start position:0% +one is epsilon photography +which is basically generalized + + align:start position:0% +which is basically generalized + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically generalized +bracketing so whether i want + + align:start position:0% +bracketing so whether i want + + + align:start position:0% +bracketing so whether i want +hdr or panorama i'm going to take my + + align:start position:0% +hdr or panorama i'm going to take my + + + align:start position:0% +hdr or panorama i'm going to take my +camera do exposure bracketing or focus + + align:start position:0% +camera do exposure bracketing or focus + + + align:start position:0% +camera do exposure bracketing or focus +bracketing or view bracketing + + align:start position:0% +bracketing or view bracketing + + + align:start position:0% +bracketing or view bracketing +and so on and just create a very nice + + align:start position:0% +and so on and just create a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and just create a very nice +picture and mostly to overcome the + + align:start position:0% +picture and mostly to overcome the + + + align:start position:0% +picture and mostly to overcome the +limitations of a camera + + align:start position:0% +limitations of a camera + + + align:start position:0% +limitations of a camera +that's just epsilon photography i'm + + align:start position:0% +that's just epsilon photography i'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's just epsilon photography i'm +going to change the parameters of the + + align:start position:0% +going to change the parameters of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to change the parameters of the +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +within an epsilon neighborhood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then people think of that as the + + align:start position:0% +and then people think of that as the + + + align:start position:0% +and then people think of that as the +ultimate camera but again we are not + + align:start position:0% +ultimate camera but again we are not + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate camera but again we are not +going to focus much on this part in this + + align:start position:0% +going to focus much on this part in this + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus much on this part in this +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +the next part that's quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +the next part that's quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the next part that's quite interesting +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +so-called coded photography so the the + + align:start position:0% +so-called coded photography so the the + + + align:start position:0% +so-called coded photography so the the +comment we had earlier and i really i + + align:start position:0% +comment we had earlier and i really i + + + align:start position:0% +comment we had earlier and i really i +really care about some mid-level + + align:start position:0% +really care about some mid-level + + + align:start position:0% +really care about some mid-level +feature i want to know if they're + + align:start position:0% +feature i want to know if they're + + + align:start position:0% +feature i want to know if they're +symmetry i want to know if there's a + + align:start position:0% +symmetry i want to know if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry i want to know if there's a +repeating pattern i want to know where + + align:start position:0% +repeating pattern i want to know where + + + align:start position:0% +repeating pattern i want to know where +the regions of where the edges are i + + align:start position:0% +the regions of where the edges are i + + + align:start position:0% +the regions of where the edges are i +want to know how the regions can be + + align:start position:0% +want to know how the regions can be + + + align:start position:0% +want to know how the regions can be +segmented and so on and instead of + + align:start position:0% +segmented and so on and instead of + + + align:start position:0% +segmented and so on and instead of +taking multiple photos such as in + + align:start position:0% +taking multiple photos such as in + + + align:start position:0% +taking multiple photos such as in +bracketing i just want to take one or + + align:start position:0% +bracketing i just want to take one or + + + align:start position:0% +bracketing i just want to take one or +maybe two photos + + align:start position:0% +maybe two photos + + + align:start position:0% +maybe two photos +which reversibly encodes information + + align:start position:0% +which reversibly encodes information + + + align:start position:0% +which reversibly encodes information +about the world + + align:start position:0% +about the world + + + align:start position:0% +about the world +in my image + + align:start position:0% +in my image + + + align:start position:0% +in my image +and the image may not be a single 2d + + align:start position:0% +and the image may not be a single 2d + + + align:start position:0% +and the image may not be a single 2d +image it could be a light filled camera + + align:start position:0% +image it could be a light filled camera + + + align:start position:0% +image it could be a light filled camera +where you actually have 25 images or a + + align:start position:0% +where you actually have 25 images or a + + + align:start position:0% +where you actually have 25 images or a +single snapshot or you could have a + + align:start position:0% +single snapshot or you could have a + + + align:start position:0% +single snapshot or you could have a +time-of-flight camera where + + align:start position:0% +time-of-flight camera where + + + align:start position:0% +time-of-flight camera where +you really can't call it a photo because + + align:start position:0% +you really can't call it a photo because + + + align:start position:0% +you really can't call it a photo because +actually measuring + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring + + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring +the the the + + align:start position:0% +the the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the +amount of time it takes for light to + + align:start position:0% +amount of time it takes for light to + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time it takes for light to +travel back and forth in a given + + align:start position:0% +travel back and forth in a given + + + align:start position:0% +travel back and forth in a given +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +uh and so on + + align:start position:0% +uh and so on + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so on +um and it will be very useful for scene + + align:start position:0% +um and it will be very useful for scene + + + align:start position:0% +um and it will be very useful for scene +analysis so a lot of our course will be + + align:start position:0% +analysis so a lot of our course will be + + + align:start position:0% +analysis so a lot of our course will be +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +uh discussing uh this this part uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh discussing uh this this part uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh discussing uh this this part uh and +the last part is essence photography + + align:start position:0% +the last part is essence photography + + + align:start position:0% +the last part is essence photography +which is really + + align:start position:0% +which is really + + + align:start position:0% +which is really +to see if we can go beyond this low + + align:start position:0% +to see if we can go beyond this low + + + align:start position:0% +to see if we can go beyond this low +level features which is pixels and + + align:start position:0% +level features which is pixels and + + + align:start position:0% +level features which is pixels and +mid-level features such as + + align:start position:0% +mid-level features such as + + + align:start position:0% +mid-level features such as +motion and foreground and background and + + align:start position:0% +motion and foreground and background and + + + align:start position:0% +motion and foreground and background and +symmetry and so on to a high level + + align:start position:0% +symmetry and so on to a high level + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry and so on to a high level +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +so that it's not just mimicking human + + align:start position:0% +so that it's not just mimicking human + + + align:start position:0% +so that it's not just mimicking human +eye + + align:start position:0% +eye + + + align:start position:0% +eye +but it's doing possibly things like this + + align:start position:0% +but it's doing possibly things like this + + + align:start position:0% +but it's doing possibly things like this +you know telling me what's what's + + align:start position:0% +you know telling me what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +you know telling me what's what's +popular + + align:start position:0% +popular + + + align:start position:0% +popular +for example + + align:start position:0% +for example + + + align:start position:0% +for example +uh and and + + align:start position:0% +uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and +i claim that + + align:start position:0% +i claim that + + + align:start position:0% +i claim that +only when we have computational cameras + + align:start position:0% +only when we have computational cameras + + + align:start position:0% +only when we have computational cameras +and computational photography supporting + + align:start position:0% +and computational photography supporting + + + align:start position:0% +and computational photography supporting +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +we'll be able to create new + + align:start position:0% +we'll be able to create new + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be able to create new +visual platforms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so within that + + align:start position:0% +so so within that + + + align:start position:0% +so so within that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +this is this is the chart that we'll be + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the chart that we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the chart that we'll be +talking about throughout this class so i + + align:start position:0% +talking about throughout this class so i + + + align:start position:0% +talking about throughout this class so i +won't go into too much detail right now + + align:start position:0% +won't go into too much detail right now + + + align:start position:0% +won't go into too much detail right now +but we have certain goals the mid-level + + align:start position:0% +but we have certain goals the mid-level + + + align:start position:0% +but we have certain goals the mid-level +features low level features high level + + align:start position:0% +features low level features high level + + + align:start position:0% +features low level features high level +features and so on and we have certain + + align:start position:0% +features and so on and we have certain + + + align:start position:0% +features and so on and we have certain +tools we can capture the raw image we + + align:start position:0% +tools we can capture the raw image we + + + align:start position:0% +tools we can capture the raw image we +can capture the incident angle and + + align:start position:0% +can capture the incident angle and + + + align:start position:0% +can capture the incident angle and +spectrum such as uv and thermal ir we + + align:start position:0% +spectrum such as uv and thermal ir we + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum such as uv and thermal ir we +can capture high dimensional reflectance + + align:start position:0% +can capture high dimensional reflectance + + + align:start position:0% +can capture high dimensional reflectance +field we have non-visual data such as + + align:start position:0% +field we have non-visual data such as + + + align:start position:0% +field we have non-visual data such as +gps and identity + + align:start position:0% +gps and identity + + + align:start position:0% +gps and identity +metadata image priors and so on + + align:start position:0% +metadata image priors and so on + + + align:start position:0% +metadata image priors and so on +and with that we're going to explore + + align:start position:0% +and with that we're going to explore + + + align:start position:0% +and with that we're going to explore +this whole space of camera and + + align:start position:0% +this whole space of camera and + + + align:start position:0% +this whole space of camera and +photography you know of course high + + align:start position:0% +photography you know of course high + + + align:start position:0% +photography you know of course high +dynamic range and so on is right here + + align:start position:0% +dynamic range and so on is right here + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic range and so on is right here +we're not going to spend too much time + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to spend too much time + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to spend too much time +on that + + align:start position:0% +on that + + + align:start position:0% +on that +but we're going to think about in how + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to think about in how + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to think about in how +can you insert a virtual object how can + + align:start position:0% +can you insert a virtual object how can + + + align:start position:0% +can you insert a virtual object how can +you take a photo and relight change the + + align:start position:0% +you take a photo and relight change the + + + align:start position:0% +you take a photo and relight change the +lighting in the scene + + align:start position:0% +lighting in the scene + + + align:start position:0% +lighting in the scene +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +uh material editing for example from a + + align:start position:0% +uh material editing for example from a + + + align:start position:0% +uh material editing for example from a +single folder + + align:start position:0% +single folder + + + align:start position:0% +single folder +that erson is here and he's done a lot + + align:start position:0% +that erson is here and he's done a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that erson is here and he's done a lot +of work + + align:start position:0% +of work + + + align:start position:0% +of work +in this space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at this +look at this chart you realize that + + align:start position:0% +look at this chart you realize that + + + align:start position:0% +look at this chart you realize that +even the human vision + + align:start position:0% +even the human vision + + + align:start position:0% +even the human vision +is not at the top right of this diagram + + align:start position:0% +is not at the top right of this diagram + + + align:start position:0% +is not at the top right of this diagram +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +with human vision + + align:start position:0% +with human vision + + + align:start position:0% +with human vision +i cannot look around the corner i cannot + + align:start position:0% +i cannot look around the corner i cannot + + + align:start position:0% +i cannot look around the corner i cannot +see what's inside the body i cannot tell + + align:start position:0% +see what's inside the body i cannot tell + + + align:start position:0% +see what's inside the body i cannot tell +you what's behind the curtain + + align:start position:0% +you what's behind the curtain + + + align:start position:0% +you what's behind the curtain +you know i cannot tell you uh when i'm + + align:start position:0% +you know i cannot tell you uh when i'm + + + align:start position:0% +you know i cannot tell you uh when i'm +in rome what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +in rome what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +in rome what's interesting +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +so you really want to create this + + align:start position:0% +so you really want to create this + + + align:start position:0% +so you really want to create this +augmented human experience + + align:start position:0% +augmented human experience + + + align:start position:0% +augmented human experience +using these tools and using the + + align:start position:0% +using these tools and using the + + + align:start position:0% +using these tools and using the +mechanisms that we have available so + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms that we have available so + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms that we have available so +we'll be coming back to this + + align:start position:0% +we'll be coming back to this + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be coming back to this +uh just just keep this in mind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a lot of this is actually available + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of this is actually available + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of this is actually available +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +the book that i and jack tumbling have + + align:start position:0% +the book that i and jack tumbling have + + + align:start position:0% +the book that i and jack tumbling have +published + + align:start position:0% +published + + + align:start position:0% +published +the pdf of this book will be available + + align:start position:0% +the pdf of this book will be available + + + align:start position:0% +the pdf of this book will be available +throughout the course and the real book + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course and the real book + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course and the real book +should be out anytime now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's see all right so just a couple + + align:start position:0% +so let's see all right so just a couple + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see all right so just a couple +of more slides and we'll take a break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me skip over this one for now it's + + align:start position:0% +let me skip over this one for now it's + + + align:start position:0% +let me skip over this one for now it's +one of my favorite examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh we also want to spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +uh we also want to spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +uh we also want to spend a lot of time +thinking about + + align:start position:0% +thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about +cameras that again + + align:start position:0% +cameras that again + + + align:start position:0% +cameras that again +show what's not seen and i realized that + + align:start position:0% +show what's not seen and i realized that + + + align:start position:0% +show what's not seen and i realized that +mathias is here that's his company he's + + align:start position:0% +mathias is here that's his company he's + + + align:start position:0% +mathias is here that's his company he's +the founder of redshift + + align:start position:0% +the founder of redshift + + + align:start position:0% +the founder of redshift +thermal imaging + + align:start position:0% +thermal imaging + + + align:start position:0% +thermal imaging +company + + align:start position:0% +company + + + align:start position:0% +company +and uh you want to say a couple of words + + align:start position:0% +and uh you want to say a couple of words + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you want to say a couple of words +how this works all right + + align:start position:0% +how this works all right + + + align:start position:0% +how this works all right +so this was my second startup + + align:start position:0% +so this was my second startup + + + align:start position:0% +so this was my second startup +uh and the idea was to build an ultra + + align:start position:0% +uh and the idea was to build an ultra + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the idea was to build an ultra +low cost thermal imaging camera uh and + + align:start position:0% +low cost thermal imaging camera uh and + + + align:start position:0% +low cost thermal imaging camera uh and +use do it using a standard + + align:start position:0% +use do it using a standard + + + align:start position:0% +use do it using a standard +cell phone camera is actually the image + + align:start position:0% +cell phone camera is actually the image + + + align:start position:0% +cell phone camera is actually the image +sensor + + align:start position:0% +sensor + + + align:start position:0% +sensor +and using a + + align:start position:0% +and using a + + + align:start position:0% +and using a +little thermally tunable film + + align:start position:0% +little thermally tunable film + + + align:start position:0% +little thermally tunable film +as a translator between infrared and + + align:start position:0% +as a translator between infrared and + + + align:start position:0% +as a translator between infrared and +visible exactly + + align:start position:0% +visible exactly + + + align:start position:0% +visible exactly +and the goal is to dramatically bring + + align:start position:0% +and the goal is to dramatically bring + + + align:start position:0% +and the goal is to dramatically bring +down the cost + + align:start position:0% +down the cost + + + align:start position:0% +down the cost +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +of of a thermal camera so let's bring in + + align:start position:0% +of of a thermal camera so let's bring in + + + align:start position:0% +of of a thermal camera so let's bring in +our next toy + + align:start position:0% +our next toy + + + align:start position:0% +our next toy +will you need some time to set up + + align:start position:0% +will you need some time to set up + + + align:start position:0% +will you need some time to set up +okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah +we will set up this other toy which will + + align:start position:0% +we will set up this other toy which will + + + align:start position:0% +we will set up this other toy which will +very quickly take us towards the 60k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and but you know you can do some amazing + + align:start position:0% +and but you know you can do some amazing + + + align:start position:0% +and but you know you can do some amazing +things so this is not from uh matthias + + align:start position:0% +things so this is not from uh matthias + + + align:start position:0% +things so this is not from uh matthias +company uh is that a maker or just a + + align:start position:0% +company uh is that a maker or just a + + + align:start position:0% +company uh is that a maker or just a +they actually make cameras so that is + + align:start position:0% +they actually make cameras so that is + + + align:start position:0% +they actually make cameras so that is +integrated + + align:start position:0% +integrated + + + align:start position:0% +integrated +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +uh and you know they can use it in + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know they can use it in + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know they can use it in +sports analysis uh this is a game of + + align:start position:0% +sports analysis uh this is a game of + + + align:start position:0% +sports analysis uh this is a game of +cricket where + + align:start position:0% +cricket where + + + align:start position:0% +cricket where +uh you know you want to figure out if + + align:start position:0% +uh you know you want to figure out if + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know you want to figure out if +the ball was hitting the bat or the pad + + align:start position:0% +the ball was hitting the bat or the pad + + + align:start position:0% +the ball was hitting the bat or the pad +it's a very difficult call for the + + align:start position:0% +it's a very difficult call for the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very difficult call for the +referee but if they have a thermal + + align:start position:0% +referee but if they have a thermal + + + align:start position:0% +referee but if they have a thermal +imaging + + align:start position:0% +imaging + + + align:start position:0% +imaging +camera + + align:start position:0% +camera + + + align:start position:0% +camera +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +the ball here if it hits the back + + align:start position:0% +the ball here if it hits the back + + + align:start position:0% +the ball here if it hits the back +it will leave a hot spot on the back but + + align:start position:0% +it will leave a hot spot on the back but + + + align:start position:0% +it will leave a hot spot on the back but +if it hits the pad to leave a hot spot + + align:start position:0% +if it hits the pad to leave a hot spot + + + align:start position:0% +if it hits the pad to leave a hot spot +on the pad so just by looking at an + + align:start position:0% +on the pad so just by looking at an + + + align:start position:0% +on the pad so just by looking at an +image a couple of seconds after the ball + + align:start position:0% +image a couple of seconds after the ball + + + align:start position:0% +image a couple of seconds after the ball +has left + + align:start position:0% +has left + + + align:start position:0% +has left +the player you can figure out where you + + align:start position:0% +the player you can figure out where you + + + align:start position:0% +the player you can figure out where you +know if the ball hit the + + align:start position:0% +know if the ball hit the + + + align:start position:0% +know if the ball hit the +ball hit the the bad or or the bad and + + align:start position:0% +ball hit the the bad or or the bad and + + + align:start position:0% +ball hit the the bad or or the bad and +this this is major you know people get + + align:start position:0% +this this is major you know people get + + + align:start position:0% +this this is major you know people get +really angry and all the sports analysts + + align:start position:0% +really angry and all the sports analysts + + + align:start position:0% +really angry and all the sports analysts +will be writing and and and you know uh + + align:start position:0% +will be writing and and and you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +will be writing and and and you know uh +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +of the of the referee next day in the in + + align:start position:0% +of the of the referee next day in the in + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the referee next day in the in +the press so you know this really saves + + align:start position:0% +the press so you know this really saves + + + align:start position:0% +the press so you know this really saves +their life + + align:start position:0% +their life + + + align:start position:0% +their life +but the goal for for mathias and other + + align:start position:0% +but the goal for for mathias and other + + + align:start position:0% +but the goal for for mathias and other +companies is to make it available + + align:start position:0% +companies is to make it available + + + align:start position:0% +companies is to make it available +you know possibly at the same cost as + + align:start position:0% +you know possibly at the same cost as + + + align:start position:0% +you know possibly at the same cost as +your traditional camera i mean if you + + align:start position:0% +your traditional camera i mean if you + + + align:start position:0% +your traditional camera i mean if you +think about a cost of a digital slr it + + align:start position:0% +think about a cost of a digital slr it + + + align:start position:0% +think about a cost of a digital slr it +was several thousand dollars and now + + align:start position:0% +was several thousand dollars and now + + + align:start position:0% +was several thousand dollars and now +it's what about 500 + + align:start position:0% +it's what about 500 + + + align:start position:0% +it's what about 500 +you know it's just silicon it's not that + + align:start position:0% +you know it's just silicon it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's just silicon it's not that +expensive if if uh + + align:start position:0% +expensive if if uh + + + align:start position:0% +expensive if if uh +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +canon or nokia decides to have a thermal + + align:start position:0% +canon or nokia decides to have a thermal + + + align:start position:0% +canon or nokia decides to have a thermal +camera in every cell phone they will be + + align:start position:0% +camera in every cell phone they will be + + + align:start position:0% +camera in every cell phone they will be +available for very low cost + + align:start position:0% +available for very low cost + + + align:start position:0% +available for very low cost +very extremely low cost what is your + + align:start position:0% +very extremely low cost what is your + + + align:start position:0% +very extremely low cost what is your +guess what would they cost in five years + + align:start position:0% +guess what would they cost in five years + + + align:start position:0% +guess what would they cost in five years +five years + + align:start position:0% +five years + + + align:start position:0% +five years +still still 500 500 that's that's not + + align:start position:0% +still still 500 500 that's that's not + + + align:start position:0% +still still 500 500 that's that's not +bad right and as you'll see later in the + + align:start position:0% +bad right and as you'll see later in the + + + align:start position:0% +bad right and as you'll see later in the +class uh and you'll see this demo uh we + + align:start position:0% +class uh and you'll see this demo uh we + + + align:start position:0% +class uh and you'll see this demo uh we +can we can do this in the break as well + + align:start position:0% +can we can do this in the break as well + + + align:start position:0% +can we can do this in the break as well +so thank you take your time + + align:start position:0% +so thank you take your time + + + align:start position:0% +so thank you take your time +um you know it can do some amazing + + align:start position:0% +um you know it can do some amazing + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it can do some amazing +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +all right so that was computational + + align:start position:0% +all right so that was computational + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that was computational +camera and computational photography and + + align:start position:0% +camera and computational photography and + + + align:start position:0% +camera and computational photography and +in this class we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +in this class we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +in this class we're going to look at +both aspects this is how we're going to + + align:start position:0% +both aspects this is how we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +both aspects this is how we're going to +do it + + align:start position:0% +do it + + + align:start position:0% +do it +uh we have two numbers 131 for + + align:start position:0% +uh we have two numbers 131 for + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have two numbers 131 for +undergraduate and 531 for for graduate + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate and 531 for for graduate + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate and 531 for for graduate +the main difference is + + align:start position:0% +the main difference is + + + align:start position:0% +the main difference is +we have four assignments for the + + align:start position:0% +we have four assignments for the + + + align:start position:0% +we have four assignments for the +graduate version and three assignments + + align:start position:0% +graduate version and three assignments + + + align:start position:0% +graduate version and three assignments +for the undergraduate version + + align:start position:0% +for the undergraduate version + + + align:start position:0% +for the undergraduate version +and we have a midterm exam where there + + align:start position:0% +and we have a midterm exam where there + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a midterm exam where there +will be fewer questions for the + + align:start position:0% +will be fewer questions for the + + + align:start position:0% +will be fewer questions for the +undergraduate version other than that + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate version other than that + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate version other than that +rest of the course uh is is very similar + + align:start position:0% +rest of the course uh is is very similar + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the course uh is is very similar +so in the assignments you'll be playing + + align:start position:0% +so in the assignments you'll be playing + + + align:start position:0% +so in the assignments you'll be playing +with you know + + align:start position:0% +with you know + + + align:start position:0% +with you know +hands-on with optics and elimination and + + align:start position:0% +hands-on with optics and elimination and + + + align:start position:0% +hands-on with optics and elimination and +sensors and and other elements + + align:start position:0% +sensors and and other elements + + + align:start position:0% +sensors and and other elements +and we'll have you know all these toys + + align:start position:0% +and we'll have you know all these toys + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll have you know all these toys +available for you will have uh + + align:start position:0% +available for you will have uh + + + align:start position:0% +available for you will have uh +projectors + + align:start position:0% +projectors + + + align:start position:0% +projectors +uh different light sources lasers and + + align:start position:0% +uh different light sources lasers and + + + align:start position:0% +uh different light sources lasers and +and things like that uh to play with + + align:start position:0% +and things like that uh to play with + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that uh to play with +i will also have a uh + + align:start position:0% +i will also have a uh + + + align:start position:0% +i will also have a uh +best project award at the end last year + + align:start position:0% +best project award at the end last year + + + align:start position:0% +best project award at the end last year +there was exactly one + + align:start position:0% +there was exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +there was exactly one +undergraduate student and he won the + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate student and he won the + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate student and he won the +best best project award + + align:start position:0% +best best project award + + + align:start position:0% +best best project award +uh pretty impressive pretty impressive + + align:start position:0% +uh pretty impressive pretty impressive + + + align:start position:0% +uh pretty impressive pretty impressive +he did an amazing job because last year + + align:start position:0% +he did an amazing job because last year + + + align:start position:0% +he did an amazing job because last year +we did not have an undergraduate version + + align:start position:0% +we did not have an undergraduate version + + + align:start position:0% +we did not have an undergraduate version +it was only a graduate version + + align:start position:0% +it was only a graduate version + + + align:start position:0% +it was only a graduate version +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +midterm exam + + align:start position:0% +midterm exam + + + align:start position:0% +midterm exam +will be early november + + align:start position:0% +will be early november + + + align:start position:0% +will be early november +um a big component of the class uh and + + align:start position:0% +um a big component of the class uh and + + + align:start position:0% +um a big component of the class uh and +and your your work would be a final + + align:start position:0% +and your your work would be a final + + + align:start position:0% +and your your work would be a final +project which should be novel as well as + + align:start position:0% +project which should be novel as well as + + + align:start position:0% +project which should be novel as well as +cool unlike a lot of other fields + + align:start position:0% +cool unlike a lot of other fields + + + align:start position:0% +cool unlike a lot of other fields +it is possible to come up with an idea + + align:start position:0% +it is possible to come up with an idea + + + align:start position:0% +it is possible to come up with an idea +that nobody else has ever thought about + + align:start position:0% +that nobody else has ever thought about + + + align:start position:0% +that nobody else has ever thought about +in this in this field + + align:start position:0% +in this in this field + + + align:start position:0% +in this in this field +so you you could come up with ideas that + + align:start position:0% +so you you could come up with ideas that + + + align:start position:0% +so you you could come up with ideas that +are not incremental but that could be + + align:start position:0% +are not incremental but that could be + + + align:start position:0% +are not incremental but that could be +game changing and + + align:start position:0% +game changing and + + + align:start position:0% +game changing and +i'll tell you later that + + align:start position:0% +i'll tell you later that + + + align:start position:0% +i'll tell you later that +three uh + + align:start position:0% +three uh + + + align:start position:0% +three uh +three uh projects final projects from + + align:start position:0% +three uh projects final projects from + + + align:start position:0% +three uh projects final projects from +last year uh led to siggraph for iccb + + align:start position:0% +last year uh led to siggraph for iccb + + + align:start position:0% +last year uh led to siggraph for iccb +papers + + align:start position:0% +papers + + + align:start position:0% +papers +and and two of the projects are becoming + + align:start position:0% +and and two of the projects are becoming + + + align:start position:0% +and and two of the projects are becoming +you know multi hundred thousand dollar + + align:start position:0% +you know multi hundred thousand dollar + + + align:start position:0% +you know multi hundred thousand dollar +projects uh very soon + + align:start position:0% +projects uh very soon + + + align:start position:0% +projects uh very soon +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it is possible to come up in this class + + align:start position:0% +it is possible to come up in this class + + + align:start position:0% +it is possible to come up in this class +with ideas that are that are game + + align:start position:0% +with ideas that are that are game + + + align:start position:0% +with ideas that are that are game +changing + + align:start position:0% +changing + + + align:start position:0% +changing +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +if you are taking the class for credit + + align:start position:0% +if you are taking the class for credit + + + align:start position:0% +if you are taking the class for credit +uh you'll also take + + align:start position:0% +uh you'll also take + + + align:start position:0% +uh you'll also take +class notes for for one of the lectures + + align:start position:0% +class notes for for one of the lectures + + + align:start position:0% +class notes for for one of the lectures +uh we'll have plenty of guest talks uh + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll have plenty of guest talks uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll have plenty of guest talks uh +in-line and online discussion + + align:start position:0% +in-line and online discussion + + + align:start position:0% +in-line and online discussion +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +as this class most of the most of the + + align:start position:0% +as this class most of the most of the + + + align:start position:0% +as this class most of the most of the +material is on slides but starting next + + align:start position:0% +material is on slides but starting next + + + align:start position:0% +material is on slides but starting next +week + + align:start position:0% +week + + + align:start position:0% +week +about half the material will be on + + align:start position:0% +about half the material will be on + + + align:start position:0% +about half the material will be on +slides and other half will be just on + + align:start position:0% +slides and other half will be just on + + + align:start position:0% +slides and other half will be just on +whiteboards and demos and so on + + align:start position:0% +whiteboards and demos and so on + + + align:start position:0% +whiteboards and demos and so on +so if you're looking at the slides + + align:start position:0% +so if you're looking at the slides + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're looking at the slides +you'll get an idea of the type of + + align:start position:0% +you'll get an idea of the type of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get an idea of the type of +material you are covering but in + + align:start position:0% +material you are covering but in + + + align:start position:0% +material you are covering but in +what i realized last year was most of + + align:start position:0% +what i realized last year was most of + + + align:start position:0% +what i realized last year was most of +the discussion was actually not + + align:start position:0% +the discussion was actually not + + + align:start position:0% +the discussion was actually not +captured in the slides + + align:start position:0% +captured in the slides + + + align:start position:0% +captured in the slides +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and if you're a listener uh it's and i + + align:start position:0% +and if you're a listener uh it's and i + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're a listener uh it's and i +know a lot of a lot of you are going to + + align:start position:0% +know a lot of a lot of you are going to + + + align:start position:0% +know a lot of a lot of you are going to +be listeners in this class which is + + align:start position:0% +be listeners in this class which is + + + align:start position:0% +be listeners in this class which is +perfectly fine + + align:start position:0% +perfectly fine + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly fine +uh but what i would like you to do is + + align:start position:0% +uh but what i would like you to do is + + + align:start position:0% +uh but what i would like you to do is +participate in discussion uh + + align:start position:0% +participate in discussion uh + + + align:start position:0% +participate in discussion uh +you know bring in a new viewpoint i want + + align:start position:0% +you know bring in a new viewpoint i want + + + align:start position:0% +you know bring in a new viewpoint i want +to learn from you you know i'm glad + + align:start position:0% +to learn from you you know i'm glad + + + align:start position:0% +to learn from you you know i'm glad +mathias is here for example and you know + + align:start position:0% +mathias is here for example and you know + + + align:start position:0% +mathias is here for example and you know +he's the word expert world expert on + + align:start position:0% +he's the word expert world expert on + + + align:start position:0% +he's the word expert world expert on +thermal imaging so you know i i want i + + align:start position:0% +thermal imaging so you know i i want i + + + align:start position:0% +thermal imaging so you know i i want i +want all of you to who are who are + + align:start position:0% +want all of you to who are who are + + + align:start position:0% +want all of you to who are who are +taking it for who are just listening in + + align:start position:0% +taking it for who are just listening in + + + align:start position:0% +taking it for who are just listening in +to to contribute uh to the discussion + + align:start position:0% +to to contribute uh to the discussion + + + align:start position:0% +to to contribute uh to the discussion +and give a new viewpoint i will not be + + align:start position:0% +and give a new viewpoint i will not be + + + align:start position:0% +and give a new viewpoint i will not be +offended at all + + align:start position:0% +offended at all + + + align:start position:0% +offended at all +if you if you jump in and give a new + + align:start position:0% +if you if you jump in and give a new + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you jump in and give a new +perspective + + align:start position:0% +perspective + + + align:start position:0% +perspective +or a new reference about uh what we are + + align:start position:0% +or a new reference about uh what we are + + + align:start position:0% +or a new reference about uh what we are +discussing + + align:start position:0% +discussing + + + align:start position:0% +discussing +um and if you are + + align:start position:0% +um and if you are + + + align:start position:0% +um and if you are +a graduate student uh or or a postdoc + + align:start position:0% +a graduate student uh or or a postdoc + + + align:start position:0% +a graduate student uh or or a postdoc +then i would also like you to spend some + + align:start position:0% +then i would also like you to spend some + + + align:start position:0% +then i would also like you to spend some +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +in sharing with us + + align:start position:0% +in sharing with us + + + align:start position:0% +in sharing with us +uh you know one + + align:start position:0% +uh you know one + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know one +short presentation uh maybe a cool idea + + align:start position:0% +short presentation uh maybe a cool idea + + + align:start position:0% +short presentation uh maybe a cool idea +or some new work uh you're doing okay + + align:start position:0% +or some new work uh you're doing okay + + + align:start position:0% +or some new work uh you're doing okay +but that's what i would expect if you're + + align:start position:0% +but that's what i would expect if you're + + + align:start position:0% +but that's what i would expect if you're +not taking this class + + align:start position:0% +not taking this class + + + align:start position:0% +not taking this class +for credit + + align:start position:0% +for credit + + + align:start position:0% +for credit +uh in terms of uh the the credit + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of uh the the credit + + + align:start position:0% +uh in terms of uh the the credit +breakdown we have what four or three + + align:start position:0% +breakdown we have what four or three + + + align:start position:0% +breakdown we have what four or three +assignments depending on which version + + align:start position:0% +assignments depending on which version + + + align:start position:0% +assignments depending on which version +you're taking + + align:start position:0% +you're taking + + + align:start position:0% +you're taking +40 percent final project 30 + + align:start position:0% +40 percent final project 30 + + + align:start position:0% +40 percent final project 30 +midterm 20 percent and class + + align:start position:0% +midterm 20 percent and class + + + align:start position:0% +midterm 20 percent and class +participation that includes discussions + + align:start position:0% +participation that includes discussions + + + align:start position:0% +participation that includes discussions +often online as well as taking the notes + + align:start position:0% +often online as well as taking the notes + + + align:start position:0% +often online as well as taking the notes +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +predict visits + + align:start position:0% +predict visits + + + align:start position:0% +predict visits +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +let's see if i have a i'll come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the emphasis for this class is really on + + align:start position:0% +the emphasis for this class is really on + + + align:start position:0% +the emphasis for this class is really on +fundamental techniques in imaging + + align:start position:0% +fundamental techniques in imaging + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental techniques in imaging +is coming up it's gonna be fun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in um as well as in homework emphasis is + + align:start position:0% +in um as well as in homework emphasis is + + + align:start position:0% +in um as well as in homework emphasis is +on on on techniques uh and they includes + + align:start position:0% +on on on techniques uh and they includes + + + align:start position:0% +on on on techniques uh and they includes +all these keywords signal processing + + align:start position:0% +all these keywords signal processing + + + align:start position:0% +all these keywords signal processing +applied optics graphics vision online + + align:start position:0% +applied optics graphics vision online + + + align:start position:0% +applied optics graphics vision online +photo collection statistical techniques + + align:start position:0% +photo collection statistical techniques + + + align:start position:0% +photo collection statistical techniques +electronics uh visual arts and so on and + + align:start position:0% +electronics uh visual arts and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +electronics uh visual arts and so on and +so it's in that sense it's not a + + align:start position:0% +so it's in that sense it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +so it's in that sense it's not a +discussion class we're going to learn + + align:start position:0% +discussion class we're going to learn + + + align:start position:0% +discussion class we're going to learn +about techniques + + align:start position:0% +about techniques + + + align:start position:0% +about techniques +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +there is a + + align:start position:0% +there is a + + + align:start position:0% +there is a +different entertainment here + + align:start position:0% +different entertainment here + + + align:start position:0% +different entertainment here +yeah it's very addictive to play with + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's very addictive to play with + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's very addictive to play with +cameras + + align:start position:0% +cameras + + + align:start position:0% +cameras +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if you can just focus here for a + + align:start position:0% +so if you can just focus here for a + + + align:start position:0% +so if you can just focus here for a +couple of minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +there are three areas we're going to + + align:start position:0% +there are three areas we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +there are three areas we're going to +focus on + + align:start position:0% +focus on + + + align:start position:0% +focus on +and please keep this in mind and note + + align:start position:0% +and please keep this in mind and note + + + align:start position:0% +and please keep this in mind and note +this we're going to focus on photography + + align:start position:0% +this we're going to focus on photography + + + align:start position:0% +this we're going to focus on photography +we're going to focus on active + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on active + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on active +techniques + + align:start position:0% +techniques + + + align:start position:0% +techniques +real-time techniques and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +real-time techniques and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +real-time techniques and we're going to +focus on scientific imaging so within + + align:start position:0% +focus on scientific imaging so within + + + align:start position:0% +focus on scientific imaging so within +photography we're going to think in + + align:start position:0% +photography we're going to think in + + + align:start position:0% +photography we're going to think in +higher dimension we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +higher dimension we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +higher dimension we're not going to +think about just hdr or focus tag and so + + align:start position:0% +think about just hdr or focus tag and so + + + align:start position:0% +think about just hdr or focus tag and so +on we're going to think about + + align:start position:0% +on we're going to think about + + + align:start position:0% +on we're going to think about +high dimensional imaging light fields + + align:start position:0% +high dimensional imaging light fields + + + align:start position:0% +high dimensional imaging light fields +thermal imaging range cameras + + align:start position:0% +thermal imaging range cameras + + + align:start position:0% +thermal imaging range cameras +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +active computer vision we're going to + + align:start position:0% +active computer vision we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +active computer vision we're going to +think about hci applications robotics + + align:start position:0% +think about hci applications robotics + + + align:start position:0% +think about hci applications robotics +tracking and segmentation and how we can + + align:start position:0% +tracking and segmentation and how we can + + + align:start position:0% +tracking and segmentation and how we can +change the game by using future + + align:start position:0% +change the game by using future + + + align:start position:0% +change the game by using future +revealing canvas + + align:start position:0% +revealing canvas + + + align:start position:0% +revealing canvas +and a lot of concepts from scientific + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of concepts from scientific + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of concepts from scientific +imaging such as composite sensing + + align:start position:0% +imaging such as composite sensing + + + align:start position:0% +imaging such as composite sensing +wavefront coding deconvolution + + align:start position:0% +wavefront coding deconvolution + + + align:start position:0% +wavefront coding deconvolution +tomography point square function + + align:start position:0% +tomography point square function + + + align:start position:0% +tomography point square function +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +and at first class these three areas + + align:start position:0% +and at first class these three areas + + + align:start position:0% +and at first class these three areas +might look very distinct and have very + + align:start position:0% +might look very distinct and have very + + + align:start position:0% +might look very distinct and have very +different techniques + + align:start position:0% +different techniques + + + align:start position:0% +different techniques +but fortunately they all use very + + align:start position:0% +but fortunately they all use very + + + align:start position:0% +but fortunately they all use very +similar principles and what we'll + + align:start position:0% +similar principles and what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +similar principles and what we'll +realize over the course is that + + align:start position:0% +realize over the course is that + + + align:start position:0% +realize over the course is that +this fusion of this dissimilar ideas i + + align:start position:0% +this fusion of this dissimilar ideas i + + + align:start position:0% +this fusion of this dissimilar ideas i +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +tomography and wave recording seem very + + align:start position:0% +tomography and wave recording seem very + + + align:start position:0% +tomography and wave recording seem very +far away from traditional photography or + + align:start position:0% +far away from traditional photography or + + + align:start position:0% +far away from traditional photography or +at ci but you realize that many of the + + align:start position:0% +at ci but you realize that many of the + + + align:start position:0% +at ci but you realize that many of the +problems you may be encountering + + align:start position:0% +problems you may be encountering + + + align:start position:0% +problems you may be encountering +and many of the + + align:start position:0% +and many of the + + + align:start position:0% +and many of the +visual arts that you might be interested + + align:start position:0% +visual arts that you might be interested + + + align:start position:0% +visual arts that you might be interested +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +be impacted from some of these new + + align:start position:0% +be impacted from some of these new + + + align:start position:0% +be impacted from some of these new +techniques + + align:start position:0% +techniques + + + align:start position:0% +techniques +um so in terms of the prerequisites + + align:start position:0% +um so in terms of the prerequisites + + + align:start position:0% +um so in terms of the prerequisites +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +last time i i taught this course there + + align:start position:0% +last time i i taught this course there + + + align:start position:0% +last time i i taught this course there +was a request + + align:start position:0% +was a request + + + align:start position:0% +was a request +to be supportive of students with + + align:start position:0% +to be supportive of students with + + + align:start position:0% +to be supportive of students with +different backgrounds + + align:start position:0% +different backgrounds + + + align:start position:0% +different backgrounds +so this is what we're going to track + + align:start position:0% +so this is what we're going to track + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what we're going to track +we're going to try two trucks + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try two trucks + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try two trucks +uh a software on the track + + align:start position:0% +uh a software on the track + + + align:start position:0% +uh a software on the track +and a software hardware track + + align:start position:0% +and a software hardware track + + + align:start position:0% +and a software hardware track +and software intensive track is for + + align:start position:0% +and software intensive track is for + + + align:start position:0% +and software intensive track is for +those of you who are + + align:start position:0% +those of you who are + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who are +you know just because of your interests + + align:start position:0% +you know just because of your interests + + + align:start position:0% +you know just because of your interests +or want to do things in a particular way + + align:start position:0% +or want to do things in a particular way + + + align:start position:0% +or want to do things in a particular way +and you may be able to use some gui + + align:start position:0% +and you may be able to use some gui + + + align:start position:0% +and you may be able to use some gui +based software + + align:start position:0% +based software + + + align:start position:0% +based software +uh and the software hardware track you + + align:start position:0% +uh and the software hardware track you + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the software hardware track you +will be using a lot of programming + + align:start position:0% +will be using a lot of programming + + + align:start position:0% +will be using a lot of programming +opencv matlab + + align:start position:0% +opencv matlab + + + align:start position:0% +opencv matlab +c plus plus + + align:start position:0% +c plus plus + + + align:start position:0% +c plus plus +flash whatever you like java it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +flash whatever you like java it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +flash whatever you like java it doesn't +really matter to me but you'll be doing + + align:start position:0% +really matter to me but you'll be doing + + + align:start position:0% +really matter to me but you'll be doing +a lot of programming + + align:start position:0% +a lot of programming + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of programming +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and those of you who might be thinking + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who might be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who might be thinking +about the software only track + + align:start position:0% +about the software only track + + + align:start position:0% +about the software only track +and you might be trying to use gui + + align:start position:0% +and you might be trying to use gui + + + align:start position:0% +and you might be trying to use gui +actually it will be a lot of work also + + align:start position:0% +actually it will be a lot of work also + + + align:start position:0% +actually it will be a lot of work also +and those of you who use photoshop + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who use photoshop + + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who use photoshop +know very well that you want to do + + align:start position:0% +know very well that you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +know very well that you want to do +simple edits to a photo you take you + + align:start position:0% +simple edits to a photo you take you + + + align:start position:0% +simple edits to a photo you take you +know hour or two hours sometimes six + + align:start position:0% +know hour or two hours sometimes six + + + align:start position:0% +know hour or two hours sometimes six +hours + + align:start position:0% +hours + + + align:start position:0% +hours +uh and you realize that sometimes + + align:start position:0% +uh and you realize that sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you realize that sometimes +writing a small program + + align:start position:0% +writing a small program + + + align:start position:0% +writing a small program +you can do that task much faster but + + align:start position:0% +you can do that task much faster but + + + align:start position:0% +you can do that task much faster but +it's your call + + align:start position:0% +it's your call + + + align:start position:0% +it's your call +what is helpful but not absolutely + + align:start position:0% +what is helpful but not absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +what is helpful but not absolutely +necessary is + + align:start position:0% +necessary is + + + align:start position:0% +necessary is +some knowledge in linear algebra signal + + align:start position:0% +some knowledge in linear algebra signal + + + align:start position:0% +some knowledge in linear algebra signal +processing image processing + + align:start position:0% +processing image processing + + + align:start position:0% +processing image processing +but what's critical + + align:start position:0% +but what's critical + + + align:start position:0% +but what's critical +is that you should be able to think in + + align:start position:0% +is that you should be able to think in + + + align:start position:0% +is that you should be able to think in +3d + + align:start position:0% +3d + + + align:start position:0% +3d +and this is a skill that + + align:start position:0% +and this is a skill that + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a skill that +that's absolutely necessary if you're in + + align:start position:0% +that's absolutely necessary if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +that's absolutely necessary if you're in +if you're going to think about in higher + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to think about in higher + + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to think about in higher +dimensions + + align:start position:0% +dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions +3d is just the beginning but if you're + + align:start position:0% +3d is just the beginning but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +3d is just the beginning but if you're +thinking about 4d 60 80 and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +uh we'll try to keep the math to you + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll try to keep the math to you + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll try to keep the math to you +know basic essentials i like to use a + + align:start position:0% +know basic essentials i like to use a + + + align:start position:0% +know basic essentials i like to use a +lot of diagrams + + align:start position:0% +lot of diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +lot of diagrams +and and and visual uh analogies in the + + align:start position:0% +and and and visual uh analogies in the + + + align:start position:0% +and and and visual uh analogies in the +in the visual analogies to explain the + + align:start position:0% +in the visual analogies to explain the + + + align:start position:0% +in the visual analogies to explain the +concepts uh but when you're doing your + + align:start position:0% +concepts uh but when you're doing your + + + align:start position:0% +concepts uh but when you're doing your +own assignments you will have to go back + + align:start position:0% +own assignments you will have to go back + + + align:start position:0% +own assignments you will have to go back +to the equation so i might just flash + + align:start position:0% +to the equation so i might just flash + + + align:start position:0% +to the equation so i might just flash +the equation but i'll try to explain + + align:start position:0% +the equation but i'll try to explain + + + align:start position:0% +the equation but i'll try to explain +that again by + + align:start position:0% +that again by + + + align:start position:0% +that again by +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +drawing on the board + + align:start position:0% +drawing on the board + + + align:start position:0% +drawing on the board +but it's possible for you to go through + + align:start position:0% +but it's possible for you to go through + + + align:start position:0% +but it's possible for you to go through +the whole class without actually writing + + align:start position:0% +the whole class without actually writing + + + align:start position:0% +the whole class without actually writing +down a lot of equations + + align:start position:0% +down a lot of equations + + + align:start position:0% +down a lot of equations +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +at the same time + + align:start position:0% +at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time +many of these concepts are complex and + + align:start position:0% +many of these concepts are complex and + + + align:start position:0% +many of these concepts are complex and +they will arrive + + align:start position:0% +they will arrive + + + align:start position:0% +they will arrive +at a very fast pace we'll be discussing + + align:start position:0% +at a very fast pace we'll be discussing + + + align:start position:0% +at a very fast pace we'll be discussing +a lot of concepts + + align:start position:0% +a lot of concepts + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of concepts +now if you're the kind of person who can + + align:start position:0% +now if you're the kind of person who can + + + align:start position:0% +now if you're the kind of person who can +just sit back and watch a presentation + + align:start position:0% +just sit back and watch a presentation + + + align:start position:0% +just sit back and watch a presentation +and grasp a concept maybe ask questions + + align:start position:0% +and grasp a concept maybe ask questions + + + align:start position:0% +and grasp a concept maybe ask questions +it's interactive + + align:start position:0% +it's interactive + + + align:start position:0% +it's interactive +this is an ideal class + + align:start position:0% +this is an ideal class + + + align:start position:0% +this is an ideal class +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +on the other hand if you're the kind of + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand if you're the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand if you're the kind of +person who likes to look at the mat and + + align:start position:0% +person who likes to look at the mat and + + + align:start position:0% +person who likes to look at the mat and +and and see you know what the + + align:start position:0% +and and see you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +and and see you know what the +relationship between the variables is + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the variables is + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the variables is +and uh and so on that's fine as well so + + align:start position:0% +and uh and so on that's fine as well so + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and so on that's fine as well so +you need to have one of those two skills + + align:start position:0% +you need to have one of those two skills + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have one of those two skills +to be able to do well + + align:start position:0% +to be able to do well + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to do well +in this class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now assignment versus class is is also + + align:start position:0% +now assignment versus class is is also + + + align:start position:0% +now assignment versus class is is also +going to be a little bit different as i + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little bit different as i + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little bit different as i +said during the class you'll be + + align:start position:0% +said during the class you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +said during the class you'll be +listening to a lot of advanced and + + align:start position:0% +listening to a lot of advanced and + + + align:start position:0% +listening to a lot of advanced and +complex concepts + + align:start position:0% +complex concepts + + + align:start position:0% +complex concepts +but the assignments are structured in + + align:start position:0% +but the assignments are structured in + + + align:start position:0% +but the assignments are structured in +such a way that they have increasing + + align:start position:0% +such a way that they have increasing + + + align:start position:0% +such a way that they have increasing +level of sophistication so you can do + + align:start position:0% +level of sophistication so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +level of sophistication so you can do +pretty well without much background for + + align:start position:0% +pretty well without much background for + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well without much background for +up to the first 60 or 70 percent of the + + align:start position:0% +up to the first 60 or 70 percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +up to the first 60 or 70 percent of the +assignment but to do the last 10 or 20 + + align:start position:0% +assignment but to do the last 10 or 20 + + + align:start position:0% +assignment but to do the last 10 or 20 +percent you know you will need a good + + align:start position:0% +percent you know you will need a good + + + align:start position:0% +percent you know you will need a good +background in some of these areas so + + align:start position:0% +background in some of these areas so + + + align:start position:0% +background in some of these areas so +that's another way of thinking about how + + align:start position:0% +that's another way of thinking about how + + + align:start position:0% +that's another way of thinking about how +you might be able to take this class + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to take this class + + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to take this class +even if you don't have very strong + + align:start position:0% +even if you don't have very strong + + + align:start position:0% +even if you don't have very strong +mathematical linear algebra or single + + align:start position:0% +mathematical linear algebra or single + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical linear algebra or single +processing background so you can do + + align:start position:0% +processing background so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +processing background so you can do +pretty well up to the 60 or 70 percent + + align:start position:0% +pretty well up to the 60 or 70 percent + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well up to the 60 or 70 percent +of it and again in the spirit of + + align:start position:0% +of it and again in the spirit of + + + align:start position:0% +of it and again in the spirit of +supporting students with varying + + align:start position:0% +supporting students with varying + + + align:start position:0% +supporting students with varying +background what i will do is i will + + align:start position:0% +background what i will do is i will + + + align:start position:0% +background what i will do is i will +normalize + + align:start position:0% +normalize + + + align:start position:0% +normalize +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +performance in this homeworks based on + + align:start position:0% +performance in this homeworks based on + + + align:start position:0% +performance in this homeworks based on +what background you have + + align:start position:0% +what background you have + + + align:start position:0% +what background you have +so if if i know that you don't have + + align:start position:0% +so if if i know that you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +so if if i know that you don't have +linear algebra background and you're + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra background and you're + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra background and you're +taking this class + + align:start position:0% +taking this class + + + align:start position:0% +taking this class +i will think that if you reach 70 + + align:start position:0% +i will think that if you reach 70 + + + align:start position:0% +i will think that if you reach 70 +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +of that assignment you have done a + + align:start position:0% +of that assignment you have done a + + + align:start position:0% +of that assignment you have done a +pretty good job so i'll normalize it + + align:start position:0% +pretty good job so i'll normalize it + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good job so i'll normalize it +again by how much you know in that in + + align:start position:0% +again by how much you know in that in + + + align:start position:0% +again by how much you know in that in +that uh particular + + align:start position:0% +that uh particular + + + align:start position:0% +that uh particular +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the knowledge required for that + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge required for that + + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge required for that +particular assignment so so you know you + + align:start position:0% +particular assignment so so you know you + + + align:start position:0% +particular assignment so so you know you +can really pick your level of uh of how + + align:start position:0% +can really pick your level of uh of how + + + align:start position:0% +can really pick your level of uh of how +you want to do it + + align:start position:0% +you want to do it + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do it +uh and we did this last time and it + + align:start position:0% +uh and we did this last time and it + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we did this last time and it +worked out pretty well so we'll see if + + align:start position:0% +worked out pretty well so we'll see if + + + align:start position:0% +worked out pretty well so we'll see if +we can we can do the same thing and + + align:start position:0% +we can we can do the same thing and + + + align:start position:0% +we can we can do the same thing and +those of you who are uh taking the 131 + + align:start position:0% +those of you who are uh taking the 131 + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who are uh taking the 131 +class for undergraduate please come and + + align:start position:0% +class for undergraduate please come and + + + align:start position:0% +class for undergraduate please come and +talk to me and we can similarly figure + + align:start position:0% +talk to me and we can similarly figure + + + align:start position:0% +talk to me and we can similarly figure +out based on the classes you have + + align:start position:0% +out based on the classes you have + + + align:start position:0% +out based on the classes you have +already taken how we can structure those + + align:start position:0% +already taken how we can structure those + + + align:start position:0% +already taken how we can structure those +assignments + + align:start position:0% +assignments + + + align:start position:0% +assignments +and when i when i + + align:start position:0% +and when i when i + + + align:start position:0% +and when i when i +uh for all those assignments the four or + + align:start position:0% +uh for all those assignments the four or + + + align:start position:0% +uh for all those assignments the four or +three assignments there's always an + + align:start position:0% +three assignments there's always an + + + align:start position:0% +three assignments there's always an +option there are two assignments and you + + align:start position:0% +option there are two assignments and you + + + align:start position:0% +option there are two assignments and you +can pick any one of them + + align:start position:0% +can pick any one of them + + + align:start position:0% +can pick any one of them +so that gives you again an ability to + + align:start position:0% +so that gives you again an ability to + + + align:start position:0% +so that gives you again an ability to +pick + + align:start position:0% +pick + + + align:start position:0% +pick +an assignment that's appropriate for + + align:start position:0% +an assignment that's appropriate for + + + align:start position:0% +an assignment that's appropriate for +your level of understanding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's see + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's see +any programming environment is fine + + align:start position:0% +any programming environment is fine + + + align:start position:0% +any programming environment is fine +one class notes + + align:start position:0% +one class notes + + + align:start position:0% +one class notes +send me an email rascal + + align:start position:0% +send me an email rascal + + + align:start position:0% +send me an email rascal +media.mit.edu to put you on the mailing + + align:start position:0% +media.mit.edu to put you on the mailing + + + align:start position:0% +media.mit.edu to put you on the mailing +list and we also have a sign up sheet + + align:start position:0% +list and we also have a sign up sheet + + + align:start position:0% +list and we also have a sign up sheet +that i'll pass around in the break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and remember + + align:start position:0% +and remember + + + align:start position:0% +and remember +our class runs into the happy hour on + + align:start position:0% +our class runs into the happy hour on + + + align:start position:0% +our class runs into the happy hour on +friday so after the class we'll all go + + align:start position:0% +friday so after the class we'll all go + + + align:start position:0% +friday so after the class we'll all go +over to the model charles and continue + + align:start position:0% +over to the model charles and continue + + + align:start position:0% +over to the model charles and continue +our discussion over a beer if you are + + align:start position:0% +our discussion over a beer if you are + + + align:start position:0% +our discussion over a beer if you are +over 18 + + align:start position:0% +over 18 + + + align:start position:0% +over 18 +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +21 is it 21 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so that's at 4 30. + + align:start position:0% +so that's at 4 30. + + + align:start position:0% +so that's at 4 30. +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +an outline + + align:start position:0% +an outline + + + align:start position:0% +an outline +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +rough outline of how we're going to + + align:start position:0% +rough outline of how we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +rough outline of how we're going to +proceed + + align:start position:0% +proceed + + + align:start position:0% +proceed +we finish on december 4th + + align:start position:0% +we finish on december 4th + + + align:start position:0% +we finish on december 4th +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +it's funny because the classes end on + + align:start position:0% +it's funny because the classes end on + + + align:start position:0% +it's funny because the classes end on +december 10th + + align:start position:0% +december 10th + + + align:start position:0% +december 10th +and our last class would have been + + align:start position:0% +and our last class would have been + + + align:start position:0% +and our last class would have been +december 11th + + align:start position:0% +december 11th + + + align:start position:0% +december 11th +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +i think having a friday class with no + + align:start position:0% +i think having a friday class with no + + + align:start position:0% +i think having a friday class with no +final exam means you finish really + + align:start position:0% +final exam means you finish really + + + align:start position:0% +final exam means you finish really +really early so the semester ends on + + align:start position:0% +really early so the semester ends on + + + align:start position:0% +really early so the semester ends on +december 4th which will be final + + align:start position:0% +december 4th which will be final + + + align:start position:0% +december 4th which will be final +projects unfortunately the week before + + align:start position:0% +projects unfortunately the week before + + + align:start position:0% +projects unfortunately the week before +that is thanksgiving so + + align:start position:0% +that is thanksgiving so + + + align:start position:0% +that is thanksgiving so +many of you will be thanking me for + + align:start position:0% +many of you will be thanking me for + + + align:start position:0% +many of you will be thanking me for +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +for the delay and the procrastination + + align:start position:0% +for the delay and the procrastination + + + align:start position:0% +for the delay and the procrastination +that led you to work for the + + align:start position:0% +that led you to work for the + + + align:start position:0% +that led you to work for the +thanksgiving trade + + align:start position:0% +thanksgiving trade + + + align:start position:0% +thanksgiving trade +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah i'll use the list here + + align:start position:0% +yeah i'll use the list here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i'll use the list here +all right some of the things we will not + + align:start position:0% +all right some of the things we will not + + + align:start position:0% +all right some of the things we will not +cover + + align:start position:0% +cover + + + align:start position:0% +cover +um or cover + + align:start position:0% +um or cover + + + align:start position:0% +um or cover +in a + + align:start position:0% +in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a +you know not in detail are the art and + + align:start position:0% +you know not in detail are the art and + + + align:start position:0% +you know not in detail are the art and +aesthetics of photography uh the 4.3 + + align:start position:0% +aesthetics of photography uh the 4.3 + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetics of photography uh the 4.3 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +software image manipulation um there's a + + align:start position:0% +software image manipulation um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +software image manipulation um there's a +great course by uh fredo duran on + + align:start position:0% +great course by uh fredo duran on + + + align:start position:0% +great course by uh fredo duran on +digital computational photography which + + align:start position:0% +digital computational photography which + + + align:start position:0% +digital computational photography which +is completely focused on software so + + align:start position:0% +is completely focused on software so + + + align:start position:0% +is completely focused on software so +these two classes photos class and my + + align:start position:0% +these two classes photos class and my + + + align:start position:0% +these two classes photos class and my +class is actually a very good complement + + align:start position:0% +class is actually a very good complement + + + align:start position:0% +class is actually a very good complement +of each other because in this class the + + align:start position:0% +of each other because in this class the + + + align:start position:0% +of each other because in this class the +emphasis is more on hardware and optics + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is more on hardware and optics + + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is more on hardware and optics +and sensors and and of course software + + align:start position:0% +and sensors and and of course software + + + align:start position:0% +and sensors and and of course software +but emphasis is on the hands-on elements + + align:start position:0% +but emphasis is on the hands-on elements + + + align:start position:0% +but emphasis is on the hands-on elements +and i believe fred is not going to teach + + align:start position:0% +and i believe fred is not going to teach + + + align:start position:0% +and i believe fred is not going to teach +the class + + align:start position:0% +the class + + + align:start position:0% +the class +in in spring but bill freeman who's also + + align:start position:0% +in in spring but bill freeman who's also + + + align:start position:0% +in in spring but bill freeman who's also +a great instructor is going to teach the + + align:start position:0% +a great instructor is going to teach the + + + align:start position:0% +a great instructor is going to teach the +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +in in spring that's what i hear i + + align:start position:0% +in in spring that's what i hear i + + + align:start position:0% +in in spring that's what i hear i +haven't confirmed it + + align:start position:0% +haven't confirmed it + + + align:start position:0% +haven't confirmed it +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and there are excellent classes in + + align:start position:0% +and there are excellent classes in + + + align:start position:0% +and there are excellent classes in +computer vision i think that you're + + align:start position:0% +computer vision i think that you're + + + align:start position:0% +computer vision i think that you're +teaching the class on uh + + align:start position:0% +teaching the class on uh + + + align:start position:0% +teaching the class on uh +scene perception + + align:start position:0% +scene perception + + + align:start position:0% +scene perception +so shape perception that's on + + align:start position:0% +so shape perception that's on + + + align:start position:0% +so shape perception that's on +mondays just mondays + + align:start position:0% +mondays just mondays + + + align:start position:0% +mondays just mondays +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +first class + + align:start position:0% +first class + + + align:start position:0% +first class +okay but i already sent an email about + + align:start position:0% +okay but i already sent an email about + + + align:start position:0% +okay but i already sent an email about +uh ted's class on the mailing list so + + align:start position:0% +uh ted's class on the mailing list so + + + align:start position:0% +uh ted's class on the mailing list so +once i hear from you i'll send it out + + align:start position:0% +once i hear from you i'll send it out + + + align:start position:0% +once i hear from you i'll send it out +again uh there are a couple of great + + align:start position:0% +again uh there are a couple of great + + + align:start position:0% +again uh there are a couple of great +optics classes + + align:start position:0% +optics classes + + + align:start position:0% +optics classes +this class is not about optics you'll be + + align:start position:0% +this class is not about optics you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +this class is not about optics you'll be +learning a lot of concept but the + + align:start position:0% +learning a lot of concept but the + + + align:start position:0% +learning a lot of concept but the +emphasis is not an optics the emphasis + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is not an optics the emphasis + + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is not an optics the emphasis +is on imaging and photography here + + align:start position:0% +is on imaging and photography here + + + align:start position:0% +is on imaging and photography here +we will not learn about photoshop + + align:start position:0% +we will not learn about photoshop + + + align:start position:0% +we will not learn about photoshop +actually i don't even know photoshop + + align:start position:0% +actually i don't even know photoshop + + + align:start position:0% +actually i don't even know photoshop +that very well so you know if you're + + align:start position:0% +that very well so you know if you're + + + align:start position:0% +that very well so you know if you're +going to do your assignments in + + align:start position:0% +going to do your assignments in + + + align:start position:0% +going to do your assignments in +photoshop please come and tell me i'll + + align:start position:0% +photoshop please come and tell me i'll + + + align:start position:0% +photoshop please come and tell me i'll +be uh i look forward to it + + align:start position:0% +be uh i look forward to it + + + align:start position:0% +be uh i look forward to it +and we won't talk about anything that's + + align:start position:0% +and we won't talk about anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +and we won't talk about anything that's +included in the instruction manual of + + align:start position:0% +included in the instruction manual of + + + align:start position:0% +included in the instruction manual of +the camera so you will not learn about + + align:start position:0% +the camera so you will not learn about + + + align:start position:0% +the camera so you will not learn about +you know how to set the exposure and how + + align:start position:0% +you know how to set the exposure and how + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to set the exposure and how +to change the aperture and so on i can + + align:start position:0% +to change the aperture and so on i can + + + align:start position:0% +to change the aperture and so on i can +i'm happy to do a separate uh crash + + align:start position:0% +i'm happy to do a separate uh crash + + + align:start position:0% +i'm happy to do a separate uh crash +course one of the evenings and we cannot + + align:start position:0% +course one of the evenings and we cannot + + + align:start position:0% +course one of the evenings and we cannot +all sit together + + align:start position:0% +all sit together + + + align:start position:0% +all sit together +and and do do a do a course uh and there + + align:start position:0% +and and do do a do a course uh and there + + + align:start position:0% +and and do do a do a course uh and there +many people here ankit is a super expert + + align:start position:0% +many people here ankit is a super expert + + + align:start position:0% +many people here ankit is a super expert +with all kinds of cameras + + align:start position:0% +with all kinds of cameras + + + align:start position:0% +with all kinds of cameras +and he'll be happy to do that as well so + + align:start position:0% +and he'll be happy to do that as well so + + + align:start position:0% +and he'll be happy to do that as well so +there are a lot of resources available + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of resources available + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of resources available +if you have those questions but this + + align:start position:0% +if you have those questions but this + + + align:start position:0% +if you have those questions but this +class is not really important + + align:start position:0% +class is not really important + + + align:start position:0% +class is not really important +so i said a few classes i teach a class + + align:start position:0% +so i said a few classes i teach a class + + + align:start position:0% +so i said a few classes i teach a class +that's more discussion oriented in + + align:start position:0% +that's more discussion oriented in + + + align:start position:0% +that's more discussion oriented in +spring uh + + align:start position:0% +spring uh + + + align:start position:0% +spring uh +the completion photography class + + align:start position:0% +the completion photography class + + + align:start position:0% +the completion photography class +uh the optics class + + align:start position:0% +uh the optics class + + + align:start position:0% +uh the optics class +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +professor horn i don't know if he's + + align:start position:0% +professor horn i don't know if he's + + + align:start position:0% +professor horn i don't know if he's +teaching it in spring do you know + + align:start position:0% +teaching it in spring do you know + + + align:start position:0% +teaching it in spring do you know +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +alright so any questions about the + + align:start position:0% +alright so any questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +alright so any questions about the +structure of the class and + + align:start position:0% +structure of the class and + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the class and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +what you expect + + align:start position:0% +what you expect + + + align:start position:0% +what you expect +uh any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rules excellent excellent question the + + align:start position:0% +rules excellent excellent question the + + + align:start position:0% +rules excellent excellent question the +question was will i be posting + + align:start position:0% +question was will i be posting + + + align:start position:0% +question was will i be posting +assignments uh in advance what's going + + align:start position:0% +assignments uh in advance what's going + + + align:start position:0% +assignments uh in advance what's going +to happen is based on the feedback i + + align:start position:0% +to happen is based on the feedback i + + + align:start position:0% +to happen is based on the feedback i +received some of the assignments will + + align:start position:0% +received some of the assignments will + + + align:start position:0% +received some of the assignments will +change but if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +change but if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +change but if you look at the +ocw page from + + align:start position:0% +ocw page from + + + align:start position:0% +ocw page from +last year + + align:start position:0% +last year + + + align:start position:0% +last year +for this course which + + align:start position:0% +for this course which + + + align:start position:0% +for this course which +is only an indication by the way because + + align:start position:0% +is only an indication by the way because + + + align:start position:0% +is only an indication by the way because +the course is changing significantly + + align:start position:0% +the course is changing significantly + + + align:start position:0% +the course is changing significantly +this year you will see the + + align:start position:0% +this year you will see the + + + align:start position:0% +this year you will see the +uh let's see is it projects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you'll see the type of assignments + + align:start position:0% +uh you'll see the type of assignments + + + align:start position:0% +uh you'll see the type of assignments +that were given out and it has all the + + align:start position:0% +that were given out and it has all the + + + align:start position:0% +that were given out and it has all the +details as well so you know four + + align:start position:0% +details as well so you know four + + + align:start position:0% +details as well so you know four +assignments + + align:start position:0% +assignments + + + align:start position:0% +assignments +writing and + + align:start position:0% +writing and + + + align:start position:0% +writing and +and so on so you can already get a sense + + align:start position:0% +and so on so you can already get a sense + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so you can already get a sense +of the type of assignments + + align:start position:0% +of the type of assignments + + + align:start position:0% +of the type of assignments +that were given and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know again there are options + + align:start position:0% +so you know again there are options + + + align:start position:0% +so you know again there are options +there's 4a and 4b for example so you can + + align:start position:0% +there's 4a and 4b for example so you can + + + align:start position:0% +there's 4a and 4b for example so you can +you can choose which one you you like to + + align:start position:0% +you can choose which one you you like to + + + align:start position:0% +you can choose which one you you like to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +again the the open courseware page is + + align:start position:0% +again the the open courseware page is + + + align:start position:0% +again the the open courseware page is +for last year's course and we are + + align:start position:0% +for last year's course and we are + + + align:start position:0% +for last year's course and we are +recording it for this year but will not + + align:start position:0% +recording it for this year but will not + + + align:start position:0% +recording it for this year but will not +be it will not appear until next fall + + align:start position:0% +be it will not appear until next fall + + + align:start position:0% +be it will not appear until next fall +so there's a long delay before + + align:start position:0% +so there's a long delay before + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a long delay before +before the material appears and next + + align:start position:0% +before the material appears and next + + + align:start position:0% +before the material appears and next +year we'll be doing something entirely + + align:start position:0% +year we'll be doing something entirely + + + align:start position:0% +year we'll be doing something entirely +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's go around very + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's go around very + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's go around very +briefly uh i realized there are + + align:start position:0% +briefly uh i realized there are + + + align:start position:0% +briefly uh i realized there are +uh quality for people so maybe 30 + + align:start position:0% +uh quality for people so maybe 30 + + + align:start position:0% +uh quality for people so maybe 30 +seconds 30 seconds per person + + align:start position:0% +seconds 30 seconds per person + + + align:start position:0% +seconds 30 seconds per person +no more than that + + align:start position:0% +no more than that + + + align:start position:0% +no more than that +uh just to get a sense of who's here + + align:start position:0% +uh just to get a sense of who's here + + + align:start position:0% +uh just to get a sense of who's here +um and uh you know why you are here so + + align:start position:0% +um and uh you know why you are here so + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh you know why you are here so +before we get started uh are you a + + align:start position:0% +before we get started uh are you a + + + align:start position:0% +before we get started uh are you a +photographer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right almost everybody how many of + + align:start position:0% +all right almost everybody how many of + + + align:start position:0% +all right almost everybody how many of +you are videographer you create videos + + align:start position:0% +you are videographer you create videos + + + align:start position:0% +you are videographer you create videos +okay that's always it's funny right why + + align:start position:0% +okay that's always it's funny right why + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's always it's funny right why +is this a distinction between + + align:start position:0% +is this a distinction between + + + align:start position:0% +is this a distinction between +photographers and videographers + + align:start position:0% +photographers and videographers + + + align:start position:0% +photographers and videographers +um do you use cameras + + align:start position:0% +um do you use cameras + + + align:start position:0% +um do you use cameras +for computer vision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pretty good + + align:start position:0% +pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good +uh use cameras for + + align:start position:0% +uh use cameras for + + + align:start position:0% +uh use cameras for +real-time processing like hci robotics + + align:start position:0% +real-time processing like hci robotics + + + align:start position:0% +real-time processing like hci robotics +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um do you have background in optics or + + align:start position:0% +um do you have background in optics or + + + align:start position:0% +um do you have background in optics or +sensors + + align:start position:0% +sensors + + + align:start position:0% +sensors +okay all right so we have we have a + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we have we have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we have we have a +pretty good distribution here so so + + align:start position:0% +pretty good distribution here so so + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good distribution here so so +let's start and very quickly go through + + align:start position:0% +let's start and very quickly go through + + + align:start position:0% +let's start and very quickly go through +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +just your name department year and why + + align:start position:0% +just your name department year and why + + + align:start position:0% +just your name department year and why +you are here just 30 seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh just i'll take this opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +uh just i'll take this opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +uh just i'll take this opportunity to +say that uh professor olivier is the top + + align:start position:0% +say that uh professor olivier is the top + + + align:start position:0% +say that uh professor olivier is the top +scientist in graphics and vision from + + align:start position:0% +scientist in graphics and vision from + + + align:start position:0% +scientist in graphics and vision from +brazil and he'll be in our group and we + + align:start position:0% +brazil and he'll be in our group and we + + + align:start position:0% +brazil and he'll be in our group and we +are ascending him and uh professor + + align:start position:0% +are ascending him and uh professor + + + align:start position:0% +are ascending him and uh professor +mukaigawa who is a famous researcher + + align:start position:0% +mukaigawa who is a famous researcher + + + align:start position:0% +mukaigawa who is a famous researcher +from osaka university + + align:start position:0% +from osaka university + + + align:start position:0% +from osaka university +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +both of them as well as ankit mohan who + + align:start position:0% +both of them as well as ankit mohan who + + + align:start position:0% +both of them as well as ankit mohan who +is a scientist + + align:start position:0% +is a scientist + + + align:start position:0% +is a scientist +those three and some additional people + + align:start position:0% +those three and some additional people + + + align:start position:0% +those three and some additional people +will be the mentors for this class + + align:start position:0% +will be the mentors for this class + + + align:start position:0% +will be the mentors for this class +so if you have any questions you can + + align:start position:0% +so if you have any questions you can + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have any questions you can +come to me or if you have you want to + + align:start position:0% +come to me or if you have you want to + + + align:start position:0% +come to me or if you have you want to +brainstorm about projects or ideas or + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm about projects or ideas or + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm about projects or ideas or +have questions they'll be available as + + align:start position:0% +have questions they'll be available as + + + align:start position:0% +have questions they'll be available as +well during during the week + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah this is amazing just an amazing set + + align:start position:0% +ah this is amazing just an amazing set + + + align:start position:0% +ah this is amazing just an amazing set +of people chemistry arts + + align:start position:0% +of people chemistry arts + + + align:start position:0% +of people chemistry arts +uh communication + + align:start position:0% +uh communication + + + align:start position:0% +uh communication +vision hci + + align:start position:0% +vision hci + + + align:start position:0% +vision hci +it's going to be fun night vision + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be fun night vision + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be fun night vision +goggles + + align:start position:0% +goggles + + + align:start position:0% +goggles +night vision bloggers see that would + + align:start position:0% +night vision bloggers see that would + + + align:start position:0% +night vision bloggers see that would +have taken us over 100k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so let me just quickly uh + + align:start position:0% +um all right so let me just quickly uh + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so let me just quickly uh +make a couple of announcements and we'll + + align:start position:0% +make a couple of announcements and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +make a couple of announcements and we'll +break + + align:start position:0% +break + + + align:start position:0% +break +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so there's a great opportunity for + + align:start position:0% +so there's a great opportunity for + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a great opportunity for +those of you who are taking this class + + align:start position:0% +those of you who are taking this class + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who are taking this class +for credit there's a conference on + + align:start position:0% +for credit there's a conference on + + + align:start position:0% +for credit there's a conference on +computational photography + + align:start position:0% +computational photography + + + align:start position:0% +computational photography +which is the second + + align:start position:0% +which is the second + + + align:start position:0% +which is the second +edition fredo durant who some of you may + + align:start position:0% +edition fredo durant who some of you may + + + align:start position:0% +edition fredo durant who some of you may +know from csel + + align:start position:0% +know from csel + + + align:start position:0% +know from csel +and mark lavoy and + + align:start position:0% +and mark lavoy and + + + align:start position:0% +and mark lavoy and +rick zieliski from microsoft i did the + + align:start position:0% +rick zieliski from microsoft i did the + + + align:start position:0% +rick zieliski from microsoft i did the +first one which was this year in april + + align:start position:0% +first one which was this year in april + + + align:start position:0% +first one which was this year in april +and myself and hiros kutalaque was from + + align:start position:0% +and myself and hiros kutalaque was from + + + align:start position:0% +and myself and hiros kutalaque was from +toronto and rafael question from + + align:start position:0% +toronto and rafael question from + + + align:start position:0% +toronto and rafael question from +colorado who is one of the world's + + align:start position:0% +colorado who is one of the world's + + + align:start position:0% +colorado who is one of the world's +experts in wavefront coding + + align:start position:0% +experts in wavefront coding + + + align:start position:0% +experts in wavefront coding +three of us are + + align:start position:0% +three of us are + + + align:start position:0% +three of us are +doing the second edition of this + + align:start position:0% +doing the second edition of this + + + align:start position:0% +doing the second edition of this +conference and it will be held here + + align:start position:0% +conference and it will be held here + + + align:start position:0% +conference and it will be held here +in the new building + + align:start position:0% +in the new building + + + align:start position:0% +in the new building +in in + + align:start position:0% +in in + + + align:start position:0% +in in +last week of march + + align:start position:0% +last week of march + + + align:start position:0% +last week of march +and the papers are due + + align:start position:0% +and the papers are due + + + align:start position:0% +and the papers are due +in november so if you're doing well in + + align:start position:0% +in november so if you're doing well in + + + align:start position:0% +in november so if you're doing well in +this class and one of your project ideas + + align:start position:0% +this class and one of your project ideas + + + align:start position:0% +this class and one of your project ideas +uh is interesting you could even attempt + + align:start position:0% +uh is interesting you could even attempt + + + align:start position:0% +uh is interesting you could even attempt +to uh + + align:start position:0% +to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to uh +submit a paper for this uh for this + + align:start position:0% +submit a paper for this uh for this + + + align:start position:0% +submit a paper for this uh for this +particular conference or at least as a + + align:start position:0% +particular conference or at least as a + + + align:start position:0% +particular conference or at least as a +demo or a poster or something like that + + align:start position:0% +demo or a poster or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +demo or a poster or something like that +so it's right here on campus uh and most + + align:start position:0% +so it's right here on campus uh and most + + + align:start position:0% +so it's right here on campus uh and most +likely will have additional + + align:start position:0% +likely will have additional + + + align:start position:0% +likely will have additional +opportunities uh who are not in the in + + align:start position:0% +opportunities uh who are not in the in + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities uh who are not in the in +the peer review track to to show off + + align:start position:0% +the peer review track to to show off + + + align:start position:0% +the peer review track to to show off +your work as well so this is really + + align:start position:0% +your work as well so this is really + + + align:start position:0% +your work as well so this is really +catching on a lot of big companies like + + align:start position:0% +catching on a lot of big companies like + + + align:start position:0% +catching on a lot of big companies like +nokia and samsung and canon and + + align:start position:0% +nokia and samsung and canon and + + + align:start position:0% +nokia and samsung and canon and +hp all are have started big research + + align:start position:0% +hp all are have started big research + + + align:start position:0% +hp all are have started big research +groups in compression photography and + + align:start position:0% +groups in compression photography and + + + align:start position:0% +groups in compression photography and +computational cameras so + + align:start position:0% +computational cameras so + + + align:start position:0% +computational cameras so +it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a +there's a lot of interest + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of interest + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of interest +another thing we're going to do in this + + align:start position:0% +another thing we're going to do in this + + + align:start position:0% +another thing we're going to do in this +class is + + align:start position:0% +class is + + + align:start position:0% +class is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +as i said it is possible to come up with + + align:start position:0% +as i said it is possible to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +as i said it is possible to come up with +completely new ideas in this field it's + + align:start position:0% +completely new ideas in this field it's + + + align:start position:0% +completely new ideas in this field it's +such a new field + + align:start position:0% +such a new field + + + align:start position:0% +such a new field +because of the intersection of lots of + + align:start position:0% +because of the intersection of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +because of the intersection of lots of +uh interesting domains + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting domains + + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting domains +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we're going to learn how to come up with + + align:start position:0% +we're going to learn how to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to learn how to come up with +new ideas and we're going to learn how + + align:start position:0% +new ideas and we're going to learn how + + + align:start position:0% +new ideas and we're going to learn how +to write a good paper we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +to write a good paper we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +to write a good paper we're not going to +do exactly in the class + + align:start position:0% +do exactly in the class + + + align:start position:0% +do exactly in the class +but through throughout the semester + + align:start position:0% +but through throughout the semester + + + align:start position:0% +but through throughout the semester +during discussions with me and and your + + align:start position:0% +during discussions with me and and your + + + align:start position:0% +during discussions with me and and your +mentors + + align:start position:0% +mentors + + + align:start position:0% +mentors +will help you actually write a good + + align:start position:0% +will help you actually write a good + + + align:start position:0% +will help you actually write a good +quality paper + + align:start position:0% +quality paper + + + align:start position:0% +quality paper +and writing a good quality paper + + align:start position:0% +and writing a good quality paper + + + align:start position:0% +and writing a good quality paper +actually has you know really simple + + align:start position:0% +actually has you know really simple + + + align:start position:0% +actually has you know really simple +methodologies which is amazing we never + + align:start position:0% +methodologies which is amazing we never + + + align:start position:0% +methodologies which is amazing we never +learn about it in a formal class so + + align:start position:0% +learn about it in a formal class so + + + align:start position:0% +learn about it in a formal class so +we'll try to do that uh in this class uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll try to do that uh in this class uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll try to do that uh in this class uh +because the final project is really + + align:start position:0% +because the final project is really + + + align:start position:0% +because the final project is really +important so you know + + align:start position:0% +important so you know + + + align:start position:0% +important so you know +just deciding if an idea is worth + + align:start position:0% +just deciding if an idea is worth + + + align:start position:0% +just deciding if an idea is worth +pursuing + + align:start position:0% +pursuing + + + align:start position:0% +pursuing +is half the battle + + align:start position:0% +is half the battle + + + align:start position:0% +is half the battle +and will help you do that you know you + + align:start position:0% +and will help you do that you know you + + + align:start position:0% +and will help you do that you know you +can actually just use hulk meyer's rules + + align:start position:0% +can actually just use hulk meyer's rules + + + align:start position:0% +can actually just use hulk meyer's rules +which the military uses to decide + + align:start position:0% +which the military uses to decide + + + align:start position:0% +which the military uses to decide +whether they should push the project uh + + align:start position:0% +whether they should push the project uh + + + align:start position:0% +whether they should push the project uh +and very simple questions if you answer + + align:start position:0% +and very simple questions if you answer + + + align:start position:0% +and very simple questions if you answer +those questions you know you very + + align:start position:0% +those questions you know you very + + + align:start position:0% +those questions you know you very +quickly make a decision whether you + + align:start position:0% +quickly make a decision whether you + + + align:start position:0% +quickly make a decision whether you +should pursue that appropriate + + align:start position:0% +should pursue that appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +should pursue that appropriate +and as i said last year was extremely + + align:start position:0% +and as i said last year was extremely + + + align:start position:0% +and as i said last year was extremely +extremely beautiful there were papers + + align:start position:0% +extremely beautiful there were papers + + + align:start position:0% +extremely beautiful there were papers +that became uh siggraph submissions icc + + align:start position:0% +that became uh siggraph submissions icc + + + align:start position:0% +that became uh siggraph submissions icc +submissions uh + + align:start position:0% +submissions uh + + + align:start position:0% +submissions uh +matt hirsch who took this class last + + align:start position:0% +matt hirsch who took this class last + + + align:start position:0% +matt hirsch who took this class last +year went to siggraph and also in the + + align:start position:0% +year went to siggraph and also in the + + + align:start position:0% +year went to siggraph and also in the +student research + + align:start position:0% +student research + + + align:start position:0% +student research +competition this year based on the class + + align:start position:0% +competition this year based on the class + + + align:start position:0% +competition this year based on the class +project i did + + align:start position:0% +project i did + + + align:start position:0% +project i did +and there are two major research teams + + align:start position:0% +and there are two major research teams + + + align:start position:0% +and there are two major research teams +that are coming out one in mechanical + + align:start position:0% +that are coming out one in mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +that are coming out one in mechanical +engineering some students that are + + align:start position:0% +engineering some students that are + + + align:start position:0% +engineering some students that are +starting this multi hundred thousand + + align:start position:0% +starting this multi hundred thousand + + + align:start position:0% +starting this multi hundred thousand +dollar project based on the class + + align:start position:0% +dollar project based on the class + + + align:start position:0% +dollar project based on the class +project here and so on so we really want + + align:start position:0% +project here and so on so we really want + + + align:start position:0% +project here and so on so we really want +you to focus + + align:start position:0% +you to focus + + + align:start position:0% +you to focus +on novel ideas that are cool and and uh + + align:start position:0% +on novel ideas that are cool and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +on novel ideas that are cool and and uh +and and publishable of course those of + + align:start position:0% +and and publishable of course those of + + + align:start position:0% +and and publishable of course those of +you who have a design background or art + + align:start position:0% +you who have a design background or art + + + align:start position:0% +you who have a design background or art +background + + align:start position:0% +background + + + align:start position:0% +background +we also will try to think about how they + + align:start position:0% +we also will try to think about how they + + + align:start position:0% +we also will try to think about how they +can be given the right exposure + + align:start position:0% +can be given the right exposure + + + align:start position:0% +can be given the right exposure +and you know when it comes to technical + + align:start position:0% +and you know when it comes to technical + + + align:start position:0% +and you know when it comes to technical +publication there's some simple rules + + align:start position:0% +publication there's some simple rules + + + align:start position:0% +publication there's some simple rules +that you can follow uh to write a + + align:start position:0% +that you can follow uh to write a + + + align:start position:0% +that you can follow uh to write a +reasonable quality paper so we'll help + + align:start position:0% +reasonable quality paper so we'll help + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable quality paper so we'll help +you do that + + align:start position:0% +you do that + + + align:start position:0% +you do that +so uh let me stop there with this image + + align:start position:0% +so uh let me stop there with this image + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let me stop there with this image +to uh make go a little bit dizzy and + + align:start position:0% +to uh make go a little bit dizzy and + + + align:start position:0% +to uh make go a little bit dizzy and +then we'll reconvene in about 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +then we'll reconvene in about 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll reconvene in about 10 minutes +and in the second half we will have a + + align:start position:0% +and in the second half we will have a + + + align:start position:0% +and in the second half we will have a +fast forward preview of the whole class + + align:start position:0% +fast forward preview of the whole class + + + align:start position:0% +fast forward preview of the whole class +so we'll spend about two to three + + align:start position:0% +so we'll spend about two to three + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll spend about two to three +minutes uh on each of the projects we + + align:start position:0% +minutes uh on each of the projects we + + + align:start position:0% +minutes uh on each of the projects we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +12 classes we'll spend about five + + align:start position:0% +12 classes we'll spend about five + + + align:start position:0% +12 classes we'll spend about five +minutes on each class and you'll see all + + align:start position:0% +minutes on each class and you'll see all + + + align:start position:0% +minutes on each class and you'll see all +the teasing + + align:start position:0% +the teasing + + + align:start position:0% +the teasing +so in the break we'll also have the + + align:start position:0% +so in the break we'll also have the + + + align:start position:0% +so in the break we'll also have the +thermal ira from ir camera right you can + + align:start position:0% +thermal ira from ir camera right you can + + + align:start position:0% +thermal ira from ir camera right you can +try that + + align:start position:0% +try that + + + align:start position:0% +try that +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh dan sarkis uh + + align:start position:0% +uh dan sarkis uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh dan sarkis uh +suggested + + align:start position:0% +suggested + + + align:start position:0% +suggested +for all of us to build this what do you + + align:start position:0% +for all of us to build this what do you + + + align:start position:0% +for all of us to build this what do you +call it + + align:start position:0% +call it + + + align:start position:0% +call it +pinhole camera from just a piece of + + align:start position:0% +pinhole camera from just a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +pinhole camera from just a piece of +paper + + align:start position:0% +paper + + + align:start position:0% +paper +so you can just take a piece of paper + + align:start position:0% +so you can just take a piece of paper + + + align:start position:0% +so you can just take a piece of paper +cut it up + + align:start position:0% +cut it up + + + align:start position:0% +cut it up +and build a pinhole camera so + + align:start position:0% +and build a pinhole camera so + + + align:start position:0% +and build a pinhole camera so +if you want to do some projects in that + + align:start position:0% +if you want to do some projects in that + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to do some projects in that +space \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Btl0HCfSPuU.txt b/Btl0HCfSPuU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76039adea605a3e0b8cb976aa88268006a38ee14 --- /dev/null +++ b/Btl0HCfSPuU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9603 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right so I should + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so I should + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so I should +probably start um so last time we were + + align:start position:0% +probably start um so last time we were + + + align:start position:0% +probably start um so last time we were +talking about the Honeycombs and doing + + align:start position:0% +talking about the Honeycombs and doing + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the Honeycombs and doing +some modeling of the mechanical behavior + + align:start position:0% +some modeling of the mechanical behavior + + + align:start position:0% +some modeling of the mechanical behavior +and we started off talking about the + + align:start position:0% +and we started off talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +and we started off talking about the +inplane behavior so we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +inplane behavior so we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +inplane behavior so we're talking about +loading it in this direction or that + + align:start position:0% +loading it in this direction or that + + + align:start position:0% +loading it in this direction or that +direction there and we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +direction there and we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +direction there and we talked about the +elastic modules so I think I derived a + + align:start position:0% +elastic modules so I think I derived a + + + align:start position:0% +elastic modules so I think I derived a +Young's modulus for the One Direction a + + align:start position:0% +Young's modulus for the One Direction a + + + align:start position:0% +Young's modulus for the One Direction a +pom's ratio for loading in the One + + align:start position:0% +pom's ratio for loading in the One + + + align:start position:0% +pom's ratio for loading in the One +Direction and then we started talking + + align:start position:0% +Direction and then we started talking + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and then we started talking +about the stress plateau and we went + + align:start position:0% +about the stress plateau and we went + + + align:start position:0% +about the stress plateau and we went +over the elastic buckling stress like + + align:start position:0% +over the elastic buckling stress like + + + align:start position:0% +over the elastic buckling stress like +for one of these El last americ + + align:start position:0% +for one of these El last americ + + + align:start position:0% +for one of these El last americ +Honeycombs like this and we went through + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs like this and we went through + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs like this and we went through +the plastic collapse stress for say a + + align:start position:0% +the plastic collapse stress for say a + + + align:start position:0% +the plastic collapse stress for say a +metal honeycomb that would yield and I + + align:start position:0% +metal honeycomb that would yield and I + + + align:start position:0% +metal honeycomb that would yield and I +think I started talking about a brittle + + align:start position:0% +think I started talking about a brittle + + + align:start position:0% +think I started talking about a brittle +honeycomb and brittle crushing so the + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb and brittle crushing so the + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb and brittle crushing so the +idea with a brittle honeycomb like a + + align:start position:0% +idea with a brittle honeycomb like a + + + align:start position:0% +idea with a brittle honeycomb like a +ceramic Honeycombs is it could fail in a + + align:start position:0% +ceramic Honeycombs is it could fail in a + + + align:start position:0% +ceramic Honeycombs is it could fail in a +brittle Manner and the failure is going + + align:start position:0% +brittle Manner and the failure is going + + + align:start position:0% +brittle Manner and the failure is going +to be controlled by the cell wall in + + align:start position:0% +to be controlled by the cell wall in + + + align:start position:0% +to be controlled by the cell wall in +bending and when that bending stress + + align:start position:0% +bending and when that bending stress + + + align:start position:0% +bending and when that bending stress +reaches the modulus of rupture or the + + align:start position:0% +reaches the modulus of rupture or the + + + align:start position:0% +reaches the modulus of rupture or the +bending strength of the material then + + align:start position:0% +bending strength of the material then + + + align:start position:0% +bending strength of the material then +you get wall fracture so I think that's + + align:start position:0% +you get wall fracture so I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +you get wall fracture so I think that's +where we left it last time right we had + + align:start position:0% +where we left it last time right we had + + + align:start position:0% +where we left it last time right we had +written out something about cell wall + + align:start position:0% +written out something about cell wall + + + align:start position:0% +written out something about cell wall +fracture so now I wanted to to do the + + align:start position:0% +fracture so now I wanted to to do the + + + align:start position:0% +fracture so now I wanted to to do the +little derivation so uh here's our + + align:start position:0% +little derivation so uh here's our + + + align:start position:0% +little derivation so uh here's our +little schematic up here so here's the + + align:start position:0% +little schematic up here so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +little schematic up here so here's the +honeycomb you've loaded it in s with + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb you've loaded it in s with + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb you've loaded it in s with +Sigma one here um to such an extent that + + align:start position:0% +Sigma one here um to such an extent that + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma one here um to such an extent that +one of these cell walls has reached the + + align:start position:0% +one of these cell walls has reached the + + + align:start position:0% +one of these cell walls has reached the +modulus of rupture and has broken and + + align:start position:0% +modulus of rupture and has broken and + + + align:start position:0% +modulus of rupture and has broken and +this is the little free body diagram + + align:start position:0% +this is the little free body diagram + + + align:start position:0% +this is the little free body diagram +that corresponds I'm going to go through + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds I'm going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds I'm going to go through +Sigma one for loading in the One + + align:start position:0% +Sigma one for loading in the One + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma one for loading in the One +Direction This is the sort of same thing + + align:start position:0% +Direction This is the sort of same thing + + + align:start position:0% +Direction This is the sort of same thing +for loading in the two direction and the + + align:start position:0% +for loading in the two direction and the + + + align:start position:0% +for loading in the two direction and the +result for that's in the + + align:start position:0% +result for that's in the + + + align:start position:0% +result for that's in the +book okay so if I have loading in the + + align:start position:0% +book okay so if I have loading in the + + + align:start position:0% +book okay so if I have loading in the +One Direction + + align:start position:0% +One Direction + + + align:start position:0% +One Direction +I can relate that horizontal Force P to + + align:start position:0% +I can relate that horizontal Force P to + + + align:start position:0% +I can relate that horizontal Force P to +the stress in the One + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction so the load p is equal to + + align:start position:0% +Direction so the load p is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so the load p is equal to +Sigma 1 * H + L sin Theta * B and + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 * H + L sin Theta * B and + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 * H + L sin Theta * B and +remember B is the depth into the page + + align:start position:0% +remember B is the depth into the page + + + align:start position:0% +remember B is the depth into the page +and I'm going to Define Sigma FS is the + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to Define Sigma FS is the + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to Define Sigma FS is the +modulus of rupture of the cell wall + + align:start position:0% +modulus of rupture of the cell wall + + + align:start position:0% +modulus of rupture of the cell wall +material so it's the bending strength of + + align:start position:0% +material so it's the bending strength of + + + align:start position:0% +material so it's the bending strength of +the cell wall material + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to say that we get + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say that we get + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say that we get +fracture of that bent wall when the + + align:start position:0% +fracture of that bent wall when the + + + align:start position:0% +fracture of that bent wall when the +applied moment is equal to the fracture + + align:start position:0% +applied moment is equal to the fracture + + + align:start position:0% +applied moment is equal to the fracture +moment so from the plastic collapse + + align:start position:0% +moment so from the plastic collapse + + + align:start position:0% +moment so from the plastic collapse +stress from last time we had that the + + align:start position:0% +stress from last time we had that the + + + align:start position:0% +stress from last time we had that the +applied moment was equal to P * L sin + + align:start position:0% +applied moment was equal to P * L sin + + + align:start position:0% +applied moment was equal to P * L sin +Theta / 2 so that was just using static + + align:start position:0% +Theta / 2 so that was just using static + + + align:start position:0% +Theta / 2 so that was just using static +equilibrium looking at that free body + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium looking at that free body + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium looking at that free body +diagram of the beam and if I write p in + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the beam and if I write p in + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the beam and if I write p in +terms of Sigma one up here I can just + + align:start position:0% +terms of Sigma one up here I can just + + + align:start position:0% +terms of Sigma one up here I can just +write that like this Sigma 1 * H + L sin + + align:start position:0% +write that like this Sigma 1 * H + L sin + + + align:start position:0% +write that like this Sigma 1 * H + L sin +Theta * B and then I've got this other + + align:start position:0% +Theta * B and then I've got this other + + + align:start position:0% +Theta * B and then I've got this other +term of L sin + + align:start position:0% +term of L sin + + + align:start position:0% +term of L sin +Theta and we divide that whole thing by + + align:start position:0% +Theta and we divide that whole thing by + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and we divide that whole thing by +two so that's the applied moment and + + align:start position:0% +two so that's the applied moment and + + + align:start position:0% +two so that's the applied moment and +we're going to get fracture when we + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get fracture when we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get fracture when we +reach the fracture moment so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to call that MF the moment at + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call that MF the moment at + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call that MF the moment at +fractur so last time we figured out a + + align:start position:0% +fractur so last time we figured out a + + + align:start position:0% +fractur so last time we figured out a +plastic moment to form a plastic hinge + + align:start position:0% +plastic moment to form a plastic hinge + + + align:start position:0% +plastic moment to form a plastic hinge +and this is kind of an analogous + + align:start position:0% +and this is kind of an analogous + + + align:start position:0% +and this is kind of an analogous +thing but in this case remember if we + + align:start position:0% +thing but in this case remember if we + + + align:start position:0% +thing but in this case remember if we +have a a beam and we have the stress + + align:start position:0% +have a a beam and we have the stress + + + align:start position:0% +have a a beam and we have the stress +profile through the crosssection of the + + align:start position:0% +profile through the crosssection of the + + + align:start position:0% +profile through the crosssection of the +beam it's going to look something like + + align:start position:0% +beam it's going to look something like + + + align:start position:0% +beam it's going to look something like +that so for our beam that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +that so for our beam that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that so for our beam that's going to be +the thickness of the beam there so if + + align:start position:0% +the thickness of the beam there so if + + + align:start position:0% +the thickness of the beam there so if +it's linear elastic we get the maximum + + align:start position:0% +it's linear elastic we get the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +it's linear elastic we get the maximum +stress at the top and the bottom and the + + align:start position:0% +stress at the top and the bottom and the + + + align:start position:0% +stress at the top and the bottom and the +neutral axis is here in the middle + + align:start position:0% +neutral axis is here in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +neutral axis is here in the middle +there's no stress there so this is the + + align:start position:0% +there's no stress there so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no stress there so this is the +normal stress distribution here and as + + align:start position:0% +normal stress distribution here and as + + + align:start position:0% +normal stress distribution here and as +we increase the stress for a brittle + + align:start position:0% +we increase the stress for a brittle + + + align:start position:0% +we increase the stress for a brittle +material that's going to be linear + + align:start position:0% +material that's going to be linear + + + align:start position:0% +material that's going to be linear +elastic till fracture uh this is going + + align:start position:0% +elastic till fracture uh this is going + + + align:start position:0% +elastic till fracture uh this is going +to stay linear like this until we reach + + align:start position:0% +to stay linear like this until we reach + + + align:start position:0% +to stay linear like this until we reach +this modulus of rupture stress + + align:start position:0% +this modulus of rupture stress + + + align:start position:0% +this modulus of rupture stress +here so when we reach that stress then + + align:start position:0% +here so when we reach that stress then + + + align:start position:0% +here so when we reach that stress then +we're going to get fracture of the beam + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get fracture of the beam + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get fracture of the beam +and we can say that there's some moment + + align:start position:0% +and we can say that there's some moment + + + align:start position:0% +and we can say that there's some moment +associated with that um I could say that + + align:start position:0% +associated with that um I could say that + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that um I could say that +this stress block here is equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +this stress block here is equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +this stress block here is equivalent to +some concentrated force and this stress + + align:start position:0% +some concentrated force and this stress + + + align:start position:0% +some concentrated force and this stress +block down here is also equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +block down here is also equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +block down here is also equivalent to +the it's going to be the same magnitude + + align:start position:0% +the it's going to be the same magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +the it's going to be the same magnitude +but the opposite direction force and I + + align:start position:0% +but the opposite direction force and I + + + align:start position:0% +but the opposite direction force and I +can get the fracture + + align:start position:0% +can get the fracture + + + align:start position:0% +can get the fracture +Moment by figuring out how big those + + align:start position:0% +Moment by figuring out how big those + + + align:start position:0% +Moment by figuring out how big those +forces are and multiplying by this + + align:start position:0% +forces are and multiplying by this + + + align:start position:0% +forces are and multiplying by this +moment arm between the two forces okay + + align:start position:0% +moment arm between the two forces okay + + + align:start position:0% +moment arm between the two forces okay +so the magnitude of those forces is just + + align:start position:0% +so the magnitude of those forces is just + + + align:start position:0% +so the magnitude of those forces is just +going to be the volume essentially of + + align:start position:0% +going to be the volume essentially of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the volume essentially of +this stress block here so imagine + + align:start position:0% +this stress block here so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +this stress block here so imagine +there's stresses there so it's a + + align:start position:0% +there's stresses there so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's stresses there so it's a +triangle so the area of it going to be a + + align:start position:0% +triangle so the area of it going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +triangle so the area of it going to be a +half * t/ 2 * Sigma fs and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +half * t/ 2 * Sigma fs and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +half * t/ 2 * Sigma fs and it's going to +go B into the page so if you think of + + align:start position:0% +go B into the page so if you think of + + + align:start position:0% +go B into the page so if you think of +the force if this is the + + align:start position:0% +the force if this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the force if this is the +stress if that stress was constant it + + align:start position:0% +stress if that stress was constant it + + + align:start position:0% +stress if that stress was constant it +would just be Sigma FS * B * T but it's + + align:start position:0% +would just be Sigma FS * B * T but it's + + + align:start position:0% +would just be Sigma FS * B * T but it's +not constant it's a linear relationship + + align:start position:0% +not constant it's a linear relationship + + + align:start position:0% +not constant it's a linear relationship +so I'm taking the area of that triangle + + align:start position:0% +so I'm taking the area of that triangle + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm taking the area of that triangle +so that's the force + + align:start position:0% +so that's the force + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the force +and then I want to multiply that times + + align:start position:0% +and then I want to multiply that times + + + align:start position:0% +and then I want to multiply that times +the moment arm and the moment arm + + align:start position:0% +the moment arm and the moment arm + + + align:start position:0% +the moment arm and the moment arm +between those two forces each of these + + align:start position:0% +between those two forces each of these + + + align:start position:0% +between those two forces each of these +forces acts through the centroid of the + + align:start position:0% +forces acts through the centroid of the + + + align:start position:0% +forces acts through the centroid of the +area right so the the centroid of the + + align:start position:0% +area right so the the centroid of the + + + align:start position:0% +area right so the the centroid of the +area um is not in the middle for a + + align:start position:0% +area um is not in the middle for a + + + align:start position:0% +area um is not in the middle for a +triangle and that total distance is + + align:start position:0% +triangle and that total distance is + + + align:start position:0% +triangle and that total distance is +2/3 of the thickness t Okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +2/3 of the thickness t Okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 of the thickness t Okay so that's +the moment arm that you get by figuring + + align:start position:0% +the moment arm that you get by figuring + + + align:start position:0% +the moment arm that you get by figuring +out where the centroid of these areas + + align:start position:0% +out where the centroid of these areas + + + align:start position:0% +out where the centroid of these areas +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +so I multiply + + align:start position:0% +so I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +so I multiply +that * 2/3 + + align:start position:0% +that * 2/3 + + + align:start position:0% +that * 2/3 +T and one of the twos is going to cancel + + align:start position:0% +T and one of the twos is going to cancel + + + align:start position:0% +T and one of the twos is going to cancel +so I can rewrite that as Sigma FS * B * + + align:start position:0% +so I can rewrite that as Sigma FS * B * + + + align:start position:0% +so I can rewrite that as Sigma FS * B * +T ^2 over six okay so I think last time + + align:start position:0% +T ^2 over six okay so I think last time + + + align:start position:0% +T ^2 over six okay so I think last time +when we talked about the plastic moment + + align:start position:0% +when we talked about the plastic moment + + + align:start position:0% +when we talked about the plastic moment +we did a similar calculation and it + + align:start position:0% +we did a similar calculation and it + + + align:start position:0% +we did a similar calculation and it +worked out to Sigma y BT ^2 over 4 so + + align:start position:0% +worked out to Sigma y BT ^2 over 4 so + + + align:start position:0% +worked out to Sigma y BT ^2 over 4 so +now this is Sigma FS the modulus of + + align:start position:0% +now this is Sigma FS the modulus of + + + align:start position:0% +now this is Sigma FS the modulus of +rupture times bt^ 2 over six it's just + + align:start position:0% +rupture times bt^ 2 over six it's just + + + align:start position:0% +rupture times bt^ 2 over six it's just +the six is just slightly different + + align:start position:0% +the six is just slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +the six is just slightly different +because we've got a triangle here + + align:start position:0% +because we've got a triangle here + + + align:start position:0% +because we've got a triangle here +instead of a kind of square shape like + + align:start position:0% +instead of a kind of square shape like + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a kind of square shape like +we had + + align:start position:0% +we had + + + align:start position:0% +we had +before and now I can get the uh brittle + + align:start position:0% +before and now I can get the uh brittle + + + align:start position:0% +before and now I can get the uh brittle +crushing strength and compression by + + align:start position:0% +crushing strength and compression by + + + align:start position:0% +crushing strength and compression by +just equating that applied moment to + + align:start position:0% +just equating that applied moment to + + + align:start position:0% +just equating that applied moment to +this fracture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment and if you do that um the result + + align:start position:0% +moment and if you do that um the result + + + align:start position:0% +moment and if you do that um the result +you get is this + + align:start position:0% +you get is this + + + align:start position:0% +you get is this +um Plateau stress for brittle crushing + + align:start position:0% +um Plateau stress for brittle crushing + + + align:start position:0% +um Plateau stress for brittle crushing +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +compression in the One Direction it's + + align:start position:0% +compression in the One Direction it's + + + align:start position:0% +compression in the One Direction it's +Sigma FS the modulus of rupture of the + + align:start position:0% +Sigma FS the modulus of rupture of the + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma FS the modulus of rupture of the +cell + + align:start position:0% +cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell +wall * T l^ 2 and then divided by a + + align:start position:0% +wall * T l^ 2 and then divided by a + + + align:start position:0% +wall * T l^ 2 and then divided by a +geometrical Factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and for regular hexagons it works + + align:start position:0% +okay and for regular hexagons it works + + + align:start position:0% +okay and for regular hexagons it works +out to 49ths of the modulus of rupture + + align:start position:0% +out to 49ths of the modulus of rupture + + + align:start position:0% +out to 49ths of the modulus of rupture +time T l^ 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay are we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so we've got the inplane + + align:start position:0% +good so we've got the inplane + + + align:start position:0% +good so we've got the inplane +compressive properties now we've got the + + align:start position:0% +compressive properties now we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +compressive properties now we've got the +elastic moduli and we've got the three + + align:start position:0% +elastic moduli and we've got the three + + + align:start position:0% +elastic moduli and we've got the three +uh Plateau stresses that correspond to + + align:start position:0% +uh Plateau stresses that correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +uh Plateau stresses that correspond to +the three mechanisms to the elastic + + align:start position:0% +the three mechanisms to the elastic + + + align:start position:0% +the three mechanisms to the elastic +buckling failure mechanism the plastic + + align:start position:0% +buckling failure mechanism the plastic + + + align:start position:0% +buckling failure mechanism the plastic +yielding mechanism and then the fracture + + align:start position:0% +yielding mechanism and then the fracture + + + align:start position:0% +yielding mechanism and then the fracture +mechanism for brittle crushing + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for brittle crushing + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for brittle crushing +okay so if you think of the stress + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you think of the stress + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you think of the stress +strain curve of these materials in in + + align:start position:0% +strain curve of these materials in in + + + align:start position:0% +strain curve of these materials in in +compression the stress strain curves all + + align:start position:0% +compression the stress strain curves all + + + align:start position:0% +compression the stress strain curves all +look something like that and now we've + + align:start position:0% +look something like that and now we've + + + align:start position:0% +look something like that and now we've +figured out equations that give us the + + align:start position:0% +figured out equations that give us the + + + align:start position:0% +figured out equations that give us the +modulus here and our collapse stress + + align:start position:0% +modulus here and our collapse stress + + + align:start position:0% +modulus here and our collapse stress +there okay so we can kind of describe + + align:start position:0% +there okay so we can kind of describe + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so we can kind of describe +that stress strain + + align:start position:0% +that stress strain + + + align:start position:0% +that stress strain +curve all right so that's compression + + align:start position:0% +curve all right so that's compression + + + align:start position:0% +curve all right so that's compression +and the next thing I wanted to talk + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing I wanted to talk + + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing I wanted to talk +about is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tension and if we think about the + + align:start position:0% +tension and if we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +tension and if we think about the +tensile Behavior here the elastic modu + + align:start position:0% +tensile Behavior here the elastic modu + + + align:start position:0% +tensile Behavior here the elastic modu +are going to be just the same so the + + align:start position:0% +are going to be just the same so the + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be just the same so the +modu are the same in tension and + + align:start position:0% +modu are the same in tension and + + + align:start position:0% +modu are the same in tension and +compression and then if we think about + + align:start position:0% +compression and then if we think about + + + align:start position:0% +compression and then if we think about +the stress Plateau we don't really have + + align:start position:0% +the stress Plateau we don't really have + + + align:start position:0% +the stress Plateau we don't really have +a stress Plateau for an elastomeric + + align:start position:0% +a stress Plateau for an elastomeric + + + align:start position:0% +a stress Plateau for an elastomeric +material because there's no elastic + + align:start position:0% +material because there's no elastic + + + align:start position:0% +material because there's no elastic +buckling if you pull it in tension + + align:start position:0% +buckling if you pull it in tension + + + align:start position:0% +buckling if you pull it in tension +you're not going to get buckling in + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to get buckling in + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to get buckling in +tension you only get buckling if it's in + + align:start position:0% +tension you only get buckling if it's in + + + align:start position:0% +tension you only get buckling if it's in +compression if you have a material that + + align:start position:0% +compression if you have a material that + + + align:start position:0% +compression if you have a material that +yields like a metal you can get a + + align:start position:0% +yields like a metal you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +yields like a metal you can get a +plastic uh collapse stress and a plastic + + align:start position:0% +plastic uh collapse stress and a plastic + + + align:start position:0% +plastic uh collapse stress and a plastic +plateau and that's very similar in + + align:start position:0% +plateau and that's very similar in + + + align:start position:0% +plateau and that's very similar in +tension and compression there's a very + + align:start position:0% +tension and compression there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +tension and compression there's a very +small GE metrical difference but uh you + + align:start position:0% +small GE metrical difference but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +small GE metrical difference but uh you +can essentially ignore it if you're + + align:start position:0% +can essentially ignore it if you're + + + align:start position:0% +can essentially ignore it if you're +loading the material in compression and + + align:start position:0% +loading the material in compression and + + + align:start position:0% +loading the material in compression and +imagine this was a metal if you load it + + align:start position:0% +imagine this was a metal if you load it + + + align:start position:0% +imagine this was a metal if you load it +in compression the cell walls are + + align:start position:0% +in compression the cell walls are + + + align:start position:0% +in compression the cell walls are +getting a little further apart when I + + align:start position:0% +getting a little further apart when I + + + align:start position:0% +getting a little further apart when I +compress it and if you're loading it in + + align:start position:0% +compress it and if you're loading it in + + + align:start position:0% +compress it and if you're loading it in +tension like this the cell walls are + + align:start position:0% +tension like this the cell walls are + + + align:start position:0% +tension like this the cell walls are +getting a little closer together so + + align:start position:0% +getting a little closer together so + + + align:start position:0% +getting a little closer together so +there's a small geometrical difference + + align:start position:0% +there's a small geometrical difference + + + align:start position:0% +there's a small geometrical difference +but if we ignore that we can say that + + align:start position:0% +but if we ignore that we can say that + + + align:start position:0% +but if we ignore that we can say that +the plateau stress uh for plastic + + align:start position:0% +the plateau stress uh for plastic + + + align:start position:0% +the plateau stress uh for plastic +behavior is about the same in tension + + align:start position:0% +behavior is about the same in tension + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is about the same in tension +and compression and so really the only + + align:start position:0% +and compression and so really the only + + + align:start position:0% +and compression and so really the only +property that's left is is to look at a + + align:start position:0% +property that's left is is to look at a + + + align:start position:0% +property that's left is is to look at a +brittle honeycomb and for a brittle + + align:start position:0% +brittle honeycomb and for a brittle + + + align:start position:0% +brittle honeycomb and for a brittle +honeycomb you can have fast fra fracture + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb you can have fast fra fracture + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb you can have fast fra fracture +and uh we can calculate a fracture + + align:start position:0% +and uh we can calculate a fracture + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we can calculate a fracture +toughness so this next slide uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +toughness so this next slide uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +toughness so this next slide uh kind of +describes the fracture toughness + + align:start position:0% +describes the fracture toughness + + + align:start position:0% +describes the fracture toughness +calculation that we're going to do so + + align:start position:0% +calculation that we're going to do so + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that we're going to do so +here's our honeycomb I'm going to load + + align:start position:0% +here's our honeycomb I'm going to load + + + align:start position:0% +here's our honeycomb I'm going to load +it in the sigma One Direction here I've + + align:start position:0% +it in the sigma One Direction here I've + + + align:start position:0% +it in the sigma One Direction here I've +I've turned the honeycomb 90° so this is + + align:start position:0% +I've turned the honeycomb 90° so this is + + + align:start position:0% +I've turned the honeycomb 90° so this is +still Sigma one and imagine now that + + align:start position:0% +still Sigma one and imagine now that + + + align:start position:0% +still Sigma one and imagine now that +we've got a crack here and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +we've got a crack here and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a crack here and I'm going to +consider a situation where the crack is + + align:start position:0% +consider a situation where the crack is + + + align:start position:0% +consider a situation where the crack is +very large relative to the cell size so + + align:start position:0% +very large relative to the cell size so + + + align:start position:0% +very large relative to the cell size so +it's not a crack in the cell walls it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not a crack in the cell walls it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a crack in the cell walls it's +a crack that goes through multiple cells + + align:start position:0% +a crack that goes through multiple cells + + + align:start position:0% +a crack that goes through multiple cells +so I'm going to assume the crack is + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to assume the crack is + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to assume the crack is +large relative to the cell size I'm + + align:start position:0% +large relative to the cell size I'm + + + align:start position:0% +large relative to the cell size I'm +going to assume that the um bending is + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that the um bending is + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that the um bending is +the main kind of deformation mode and + + align:start position:0% +the main kind of deformation mode and + + + align:start position:0% +the main kind of deformation mode and +what I'm going to do is look at if I + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is look at if I + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is look at if I +have my crack tip here I'm going to look + + align:start position:0% +have my crack tip here I'm going to look + + + align:start position:0% +have my crack tip here I'm going to look +at this cell wall a just ahead of the + + align:start position:0% +at this cell wall a just ahead of the + + + align:start position:0% +at this cell wall a just ahead of the +crack tip and I'm going to say that cell + + align:start position:0% +crack tip and I'm going to say that cell + + + align:start position:0% +crack tip and I'm going to say that cell +wall is bent and I'm going to figure out + + align:start position:0% +wall is bent and I'm going to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +wall is bent and I'm going to figure out +something about the stress in that cell + + align:start position:0% +something about the stress in that cell + + + align:start position:0% +something about the stress in that cell +wall and look at when that + + align:start position:0% +wall and look at when that + + + align:start position:0% +wall and look at when that +fails and I'm going to assume that the + + align:start position:0% +fails and I'm going to assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +fails and I'm going to assume that the +cell wall has a constant modulus of + + align:start position:0% +cell wall has a constant modulus of + + + align:start position:0% +cell wall has a constant modulus of +rupture so the cell wall has a constant + + align:start position:0% +rupture so the cell wall has a constant + + + align:start position:0% +rupture so the cell wall has a constant +strength you could imagine the cell wall + + align:start position:0% +strength you could imagine the cell wall + + + align:start position:0% +strength you could imagine the cell wall +could have little tiny cracks in it too + + align:start position:0% +could have little tiny cracks in it too + + + align:start position:0% +could have little tiny cracks in it too +and you know if a cell wall has a bigger + + align:start position:0% +and you know if a cell wall has a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +and you know if a cell wall has a bigger +crack it's going to fail at a lower + + align:start position:0% +crack it's going to fail at a lower + + + align:start position:0% +crack it's going to fail at a lower +stress but let's imagine that the cell + + align:start position:0% +stress but let's imagine that the cell + + + align:start position:0% +stress but let's imagine that the cell +walls are all the same strength and they + + align:start position:0% +walls are all the same strength and they + + + align:start position:0% +walls are all the same strength and they +all have a constant modulus of rupture + + align:start position:0% +all have a constant modulus of rupture + + + align:start position:0% +all have a constant modulus of rupture +so let me write some of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down so in tension the elastic module + + align:start position:0% +down so in tension the elastic module + + + align:start position:0% +down so in tension the elastic module +you're going to be the same as in + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be the same as in + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be the same as in +compression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's no elastic buckling + + align:start position:0% +there's no elastic buckling + + + align:start position:0% +there's no elastic buckling +in tension so that's not going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen the plastic Plateau + + align:start position:0% +happen the plastic Plateau + + + align:start position:0% +happen the plastic Plateau +stress in tension is going to be very + + align:start position:0% +stress in tension is going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +stress in tension is going to be very +similar to that in compression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so as I mentioned there's a small + + align:start position:0% +so as I mentioned there's a small + + + align:start position:0% +so as I mentioned there's a small +geometrical difference but we're going + + align:start position:0% +geometrical difference but we're going + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical difference but we're going +to ignore that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then if we had a brittle honeycomb + + align:start position:0% +and then if we had a brittle honeycomb + + + align:start position:0% +and then if we had a brittle honeycomb +like one of those ceramic Honeycombs I + + align:start position:0% +like one of those ceramic Honeycombs I + + + align:start position:0% +like one of those ceramic Honeycombs I +showed you then we can have fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fracture so what we want to calculate is + + align:start position:0% +fracture so what we want to calculate is + + + align:start position:0% +fracture so what we want to calculate is +the fracture toughness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm going to make a few assumptions + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to make a few assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to make a few assumptions +here I'm going to assume that the crack + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to assume that the crack + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to assume that the crack +length is large compared to the cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size and if I do that I can say that I'm + + align:start position:0% +size and if I do that I can say that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +size and if I do that I can say that I'm +going to use the Continuum assumption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hello so we'll come back to that I'm + + align:start position:0% +hello so we'll come back to that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +hello so we'll come back to that I'm +going to say that axial forces can be + + align:start position:0% +going to say that axial forces can be + + + align:start position:0% +going to say that axial forces can be +neglected so we're just going to look at + + align:start position:0% +neglected so we're just going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +neglected so we're just going to look at +bending + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces and I'm also going to + + align:start position:0% +forces and I'm also going to + + + align:start position:0% +forces and I'm also going to +assume that the modulus of rupture is + + align:start position:0% +assume that the modulus of rupture is + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the modulus of rupture is +constant for the cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wall so first let's just think again + + align:start position:0% +wall so first let's just think again + + + align:start position:0% +wall so first let's just think again +about the Continuum so imagine we just + + align:start position:0% +about the Continuum so imagine we just + + + align:start position:0% +about the Continuum so imagine we just +had a + + align:start position:0% +had a + + + align:start position:0% +had a +solid and we have a say a plate of the + + align:start position:0% +solid and we have a say a plate of the + + + align:start position:0% +solid and we have a say a plate of the +solid and it's loaded in tension with + + align:start position:0% +solid and it's loaded in tension with + + + align:start position:0% +solid and it's loaded in tension with +some remote stress some Far Away stress + + align:start position:0% +some remote stress some Far Away stress + + + align:start position:0% +some remote stress some Far Away stress +Sigma 1 and the plate has a crack of + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 and the plate has a crack of + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 and the plate has a crack of +length 2 + + align:start position:0% +length 2 + + + align:start position:0% +length 2 +C perpendicular to that normal + + align:start position:0% +C perpendicular to that normal + + + align:start position:0% +C perpendicular to that normal +stress and we're going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +stress and we're going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +stress and we're going to look at the +stress um local stress at the crack tip + + align:start position:0% +stress um local stress at the crack tip + + + align:start position:0% +stress um local stress at the crack tip +some distance R ahead of the crack tip + + align:start position:0% +some distance R ahead of the crack tip + + + align:start position:0% +some distance R ahead of the crack tip +there so in fracture mechanics uh it's + + align:start position:0% +there so in fracture mechanics uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +there so in fracture mechanics uh it's +been worked out what that local stress + + align:start position:0% +been worked out what that local stress + + + align:start position:0% +been worked out what that local stress +field is and it depends depends on the + + align:start position:0% +field is and it depends depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +field is and it depends depends on the +crack length and then how far ahead of + + align:start position:0% +crack length and then how far ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +crack length and then how far ahead of +the crack tip you are so you can say + + align:start position:0% +the crack tip you are so you can say + + + align:start position:0% +the crack tip you are so you can say +that if you've got a crack length of 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C in a linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elastic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solid and the crack is + + align:start position:0% +solid and the crack is + + + align:start position:0% +solid and the crack is +normal to a remote tensile STP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which I'm going to call Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 then that crack is going to + + align:start position:0% +1 then that crack is going to + + + align:start position:0% +1 then that crack is going to +create a local stress field at the crack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tip and we're going to use this equation + + align:start position:0% +tip and we're going to use this equation + + + align:start position:0% +tip and we're going to use this equation +for the local stress field so the local + + align:start position:0% +for the local stress field so the local + + + align:start position:0% +for the local stress field so the local +stress field is equal to the far away + + align:start position:0% +stress field is equal to the far away + + + align:start position:0% +stress field is equal to the far away +field divided by or multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +field divided by or multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +field divided by or multiplied by the +square root of Pi C and divided by the < + + align:start position:0% +square root of Pi C and divided by the < + + + align:start position:0% +square root of Pi C and divided by the < +TK of 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +TK of 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +TK of 2 pi +r so there's a stress Singularity at the + + align:start position:0% +r so there's a stress Singularity at the + + + align:start position:0% +r so there's a stress Singularity at the +crack tip and then the stress the local + + align:start position:0% +crack tip and then the stress the local + + + align:start position:0% +crack tip and then the stress the local +stress decays As you move away from the + + align:start position:0% +stress decays As you move away from the + + + align:start position:0% +stress decays As you move away from the +crack + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tip r r is the distance from the crack + + align:start position:0% +tip r r is the distance from the crack + + + align:start position:0% +tip r r is the distance from the crack +tip so if that's the tip of my crack + + align:start position:0% +tip so if that's the tip of my crack + + + align:start position:0% +tip so if that's the tip of my crack +there that R is my distance out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so in the honeycomb wall if we look + + align:start position:0% +okay so in the honeycomb wall if we look + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in the honeycomb wall if we look +at the crack here and then we look at + + align:start position:0% +at the crack here and then we look at + + + align:start position:0% +at the crack here and then we look at +that cell wall a that's just ahead of + + align:start position:0% +that cell wall a that's just ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +that cell wall a that's just ahead of +the crack tip that cell wall is bent so + + align:start position:0% +the crack tip that cell wall is bent so + + + align:start position:0% +the crack tip that cell wall is bent so +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +honeycomb we're going to be looking at + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb we're going to be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb we're going to be looking at +the bent cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wall and that wall is going to fail when + + align:start position:0% +wall and that wall is going to fail when + + + align:start position:0% +wall and that wall is going to fail when +the applied moment equals the F fracture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment so if we look at wall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a we could say that the applied moment + + align:start position:0% +a we could say that the applied moment + + + align:start position:0% +a we could say that the applied moment +is going to be proportional to p uh time + + align:start position:0% +is going to be proportional to p uh time + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be proportional to p uh time +L getting ahead of myself + + align:start position:0% +L getting ahead of myself + + + align:start position:0% +L getting ahead of myself +there so I'm going to do this because + + align:start position:0% +there so I'm going to do this because + + + align:start position:0% +there so I'm going to do this because +it's hard to say exactly where the crack + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to say exactly where the crack + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to say exactly where the crack +tip is because there's kind of a void + + align:start position:0% +tip is because there's kind of a void + + + align:start position:0% +tip is because there's kind of a void +there so I'm going to use an argument + + align:start position:0% +there so I'm going to use an argument + + + align:start position:0% +there so I'm going to use an argument +here where I make everything + + align:start position:0% +here where I make everything + + + align:start position:0% +here where I make everything +proportional so the moment's going to be + + align:start position:0% +proportional so the moment's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +proportional so the moment's going to be +proportional to P * L on wall a + + align:start position:0% +proportional to P * L on wall a + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to P * L on wall a +and the fracture stress is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and the fracture stress is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the fracture stress is going to be +proportional to Sigma FS * bt^ + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Sigma FS * bt^ + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Sigma FS * bt^ +2 so last time we said it was Sigma FS + + align:start position:0% +2 so last time we said it was Sigma FS + + + align:start position:0% +2 so last time we said it was Sigma FS +BT ^2 over 6 the same thing I'm just + + align:start position:0% +BT ^2 over 6 the same thing I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +BT ^2 over 6 the same thing I'm just +dropping the six out and then I can also + + align:start position:0% +dropping the six out and then I can also + + + align:start position:0% +dropping the six out and then I can also +say that this applied moment if it goes + + align:start position:0% +say that this applied moment if it goes + + + align:start position:0% +say that this applied moment if it goes +as PL L well p is just going to be my + + align:start position:0% +as PL L well p is just going to be my + + + align:start position:0% +as PL L well p is just going to be my +local stress time + + align:start position:0% +local stress time + + + align:start position:0% +local stress time +lb and then I multiply times l so if you + + align:start position:0% +lb and then I multiply times l so if you + + + align:start position:0% +lb and then I multiply times l so if you +think of just thinking about if you've + + align:start position:0% +think of just thinking about if you've + + + align:start position:0% +think of just thinking about if you've +got a load p on this member here L + + align:start position:0% +got a load p on this member here L + + + align:start position:0% +got a load p on this member here L +there's going to be some local stress + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be some local stress + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be some local stress +there and P is just going to be that + + align:start position:0% +there and P is just going to be that + + + align:start position:0% +there and P is just going to be that +local stress times a cell wall length + + align:start position:0% +local stress times a cell wall length + + + align:start position:0% +local stress times a cell wall length +times a width into the + + align:start position:0% +times a width into the + + + align:start position:0% +times a width into the +page and then that local stress Sigma l + + align:start position:0% +page and then that local stress Sigma l + + + align:start position:0% +page and then that local stress Sigma l +i can replace with that equation over + + align:start position:0% +i can replace with that equation over + + + align:start position:0% +i can replace with that equation over +there so that local stress is going to + + align:start position:0% +there so that local stress is going to + + + align:start position:0% +there so that local stress is going to +go as Sigma 1 * the root of C over the + + align:start position:0% +go as Sigma 1 * the root of C over the + + + align:start position:0% +go as Sigma 1 * the root of C over the +root of R and I'm going to say the + + align:start position:0% +root of R and I'm going to say the + + + align:start position:0% +root of R and I'm going to say the +distance ahead of the crack tip go goes + + align:start position:0% +distance ahead of the crack tip go goes + + + align:start position:0% +distance ahead of the crack tip go goes +is L so instead of having R I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +is L so instead of having R I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +is L so instead of having R I'm going to +say it's l so it's not it's not + + align:start position:0% +say it's l so it's not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +say it's l so it's not it's not +necessarily exactly L but it's going to + + align:start position:0% +necessarily exactly L but it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily exactly L but it's going to +be some um um sort of fraction of + + align:start position:0% +be some um um sort of fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +be some um um sort of fraction of +L uh so that's my local stress there and + + align:start position:0% +L uh so that's my local stress there and + + + align:start position:0% +L uh so that's my local stress there and +then I've got an l^ S * + + align:start position:0% +then I've got an l^ S * + + + align:start position:0% +then I've got an l^ S * +B and if I set that equal to the + + align:start position:0% +B and if I set that equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +B and if I set that equal to the +fracture moment that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +fracture moment that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +fracture moment that's going to be +proportional to Sigma + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Sigma +FS bt^ + + align:start position:0% +FS bt^ + + + align:start position:0% +FS bt^ +2 so are we good here + + align:start position:0% +2 so are we good here + + + align:start position:0% +2 so are we good here +so you have to think of the crack tip + + align:start position:0% +so you have to think of the crack tip + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to think of the crack tip +and there's some local stress field + + align:start position:0% +and there's some local stress field + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some local stress field +ahead of the crack tip and we're saying + + align:start position:0% +ahead of the crack tip and we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of the crack tip and we're saying +that the load P um is equal to that + + align:start position:0% +that the load P um is equal to that + + + align:start position:0% +that the load P um is equal to that +local stress times a cell length times + + align:start position:0% +local stress times a cell length times + + + align:start position:0% +local stress times a cell length times +the depth into the board and then + + align:start position:0% +the depth into the board and then + + + align:start position:0% +the depth into the board and then +multiply times L to get the moment and + + align:start position:0% +multiply times L to get the moment and + + + align:start position:0% +multiply times L to get the moment and +then I replace that local stress with + + align:start position:0% +then I replace that local stress with + + + align:start position:0% +then I replace that local stress with +this standard equation for the remote + + align:start position:0% +this standard equation for the remote + + + align:start position:0% +this standard equation for the remote +stress and the crack length and the + + align:start position:0% +stress and the crack length and the + + + align:start position:0% +stress and the crack length and the +distance ahead of the crack tip so here + + align:start position:0% +distance ahead of the crack tip so here + + + align:start position:0% +distance ahead of the crack tip so here +the B's are going to cancel out and now + + align:start position:0% +the B's are going to cancel out and now + + + align:start position:0% +the B's are going to cancel out and now +I can + + align:start position:0% +I can + + + align:start position:0% +I can +Sol for a fracture stress in the One + + align:start position:0% +Sol for a fracture stress in the One + + + align:start position:0% +Sol for a fracture stress in the One +Direction and that's going to let me + + align:start position:0% +Direction and that's going to let me + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and that's going to let me +make it proportional that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +make it proportional that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +make it proportional that's going to be +proportional to Sigma + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Sigma +FS then there's going to be a t l squar + + align:start position:0% +FS then there's going to be a t l squar + + + align:start position:0% +FS then there's going to be a t l squar +and then this is going to go is the + + align:start position:0% +and then this is going to go is the + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is going to go is the +square root of L over C like that and + + align:start position:0% +square root of L over C like that and + + + align:start position:0% +square root of L over C like that and +now if I want to get a fracture + + align:start position:0% +now if I want to get a fracture + + + align:start position:0% +now if I want to get a fracture +toughness the fracture toughness is just + + align:start position:0% +toughness the fracture toughness is just + + + align:start position:0% +toughness the fracture toughness is just +the strength time the square root of Pi + + align:start position:0% +the strength time the square root of Pi + + + align:start position:0% +the strength time the square root of Pi +* the half crack length C so here here + + align:start position:0% +* the half crack length C so here here + + + align:start position:0% +* the half crack length C so here here +my fracture + + align:start position:0% +my fracture + + + align:start position:0% +my fracture +toughness is just that strength time the + + align:start position:0% +toughness is just that strength time the + + + align:start position:0% +toughness is just that strength time the +root of Pi + + align:start position:0% +root of Pi + + + align:start position:0% +root of Pi +C so I can say that's equal to a + + align:start position:0% +C so I can say that's equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +C so I can say that's equal to a +constant time Sigma + + align:start position:0% +constant time Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +constant time Sigma +FS time t l + + align:start position:0% +FS time t l + + + align:start position:0% +FS time t l +2 and now times the square root of L + + align:start position:0% +2 and now times the square root of L + + + align:start position:0% +2 and now times the square root of L +this this root of C's have canceled out + + align:start position:0% +this this root of C's have canceled out + + + align:start position:0% +this this root of C's have canceled out +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's my equation for the fracture + + align:start position:0% +so that's my equation for the fracture + + + align:start position:0% +so that's my equation for the fracture +toughness and one of the interesting + + align:start position:0% +toughness and one of the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +toughness and one of the interesting +things here is that the fracture + + align:start position:0% +things here is that the fracture + + + align:start position:0% +things here is that the fracture +toughness depends on the cell size so + + align:start position:0% +toughness depends on the cell size so + + + align:start position:0% +toughness depends on the cell size so +this is the first property that we've + + align:start position:0% +this is the first property that we've + + + align:start position:0% +this is the first property that we've +derived an equation for where it depends + + align:start position:0% +derived an equation for where it depends + + + align:start position:0% +derived an equation for where it depends +on the cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size okay and here C is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +size okay and here C is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +size okay and here C is just going to be +a constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so now we've got a set of + + align:start position:0% +all right so now we've got a set of + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now we've got a set of +equations that describe the inplane + + align:start position:0% +equations that describe the inplane + + + align:start position:0% +equations that describe the inplane +properties we've got equations that + + align:start position:0% +properties we've got equations that + + + align:start position:0% +properties we've got equations that +describe the linear elastic modui in the + + align:start position:0% +describe the linear elastic modui in the + + + align:start position:0% +describe the linear elastic modui in the +plane we've got three equations that + + align:start position:0% +plane we've got three equations that + + + align:start position:0% +plane we've got three equations that +describe the compressive stress for + + align:start position:0% +describe the compressive stress for + + + align:start position:0% +describe the compressive stress for +elastic buckling failure for plastic + + align:start position:0% +elastic buckling failure for plastic + + + align:start position:0% +elastic buckling failure for plastic +yielding failure and for a brittle + + align:start position:0% +yielding failure and for a brittle + + + align:start position:0% +yielding failure and for a brittle +crushing failure and we've got an + + align:start position:0% +crushing failure and we've got an + + + align:start position:0% +crushing failure and we've got an +equation for the fractur toughness as + + align:start position:0% +equation for the fractur toughness as + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the fractur toughness as +well Okay so we've got a description of + + align:start position:0% +well Okay so we've got a description of + + + align:start position:0% +well Okay so we've got a description of +the inplane behavior of these hexagonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Honeycombs so the next thing I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs so the next thing I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs so the next thing I wanted to +do was talk a little bit about um + + align:start position:0% +do was talk a little bit about um + + + align:start position:0% +do was talk a little bit about um +inplane Behavior but for a different + + align:start position:0% +inplane Behavior but for a different + + + align:start position:0% +inplane Behavior but for a different +cell shape for triangular Honeycombs + + align:start position:0% +cell shape for triangular Honeycombs + + + align:start position:0% +cell shape for triangular Honeycombs +because they deform by a different + + align:start position:0% +because they deform by a different + + + align:start position:0% +because they deform by a different +mechanism and they can be used to + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and they can be used to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and they can be used to +represent the lattice materials that we + + align:start position:0% +represent the lattice materials that we + + + align:start position:0% +represent the lattice materials that we +looked at earlier too so if we have a + + align:start position:0% +looked at earlier too so if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +looked at earlier too so if we have a +triangular honeycomb with triangular + + align:start position:0% +triangular honeycomb with triangular + + + align:start position:0% +triangular honeycomb with triangular +cells triangulated cells behave like a + + align:start position:0% +cells triangulated cells behave like a + + + align:start position:0% +cells triangulated cells behave like a +truss and you can analyze trusses by + + align:start position:0% +truss and you can analyze trusses by + + + align:start position:0% +truss and you can analyze trusses by +just saying that the joints are pin + + align:start position:0% +just saying that the joints are pin + + + align:start position:0% +just saying that the joints are pin +jointed there's no moments at the end of + + align:start position:0% +jointed there's no moments at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +jointed there's no moments at the end of +the joints or end of the members and the + + align:start position:0% +the joints or end of the members and the + + + align:start position:0% +the joints or end of the members and the +forces are all axial and so the behavior + + align:start position:0% +forces are all axial and so the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +forces are all axial and so the behavior +is a little bit different and so I + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit different and so I + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit different and so I +wanted to just show you how these + + align:start position:0% +wanted to just show you how these + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to just show you how these +triangular um Honeycombs work too so + + align:start position:0% +triangular um Honeycombs work too so + + + align:start position:0% +triangular um Honeycombs work too so +guess I can scoop this up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so imagine that you've got a honeycomb + + align:start position:0% +so imagine that you've got a honeycomb + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine that you've got a honeycomb +that's an array of triangular cells like + + align:start position:0% +that's an array of triangular cells like + + + align:start position:0% +that's an array of triangular cells like +this and say we're applying + + align:start position:0% +this and say we're applying + + + align:start position:0% +this and say we're applying +some bulk stress + + align:start position:0% +some bulk stress + + + align:start position:0% +some bulk stress +Sigma to it like that and say it's got a + + align:start position:0% +Sigma to it like that and say it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma to it like that and say it's got a +depth B into the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +page so when we have a triangulated + + align:start position:0% +page so when we have a triangulated + + + align:start position:0% +page so when we have a triangulated +structure like this it behaves like a + + align:start position:0% +structure like this it behaves like a + + + align:start position:0% +structure like this it behaves like a +truss and we can analyze it as being a + + align:start position:0% +truss and we can analyze it as being a + + + align:start position:0% +truss and we can analyze it as being a +pin jointed structure that there's no + + align:start position:0% +pin jointed structure that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +pin jointed structure that there's no +moments at the joint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if it's pin jointed and there's no + + align:start position:0% +and if it's pin jointed and there's no + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's pin jointed and there's no +moments at the nose then we just get + + align:start position:0% +moments at the nose then we just get + + + align:start position:0% +moments at the nose then we just get +axial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces along the members + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and even if the nodes were fixed as they + + align:start position:0% +and even if the nodes were fixed as they + + + align:start position:0% +and even if the nodes were fixed as they +are in these ceramic Honeycombs you can + + align:start position:0% +are in these ceramic Honeycombs you can + + + align:start position:0% +are in these ceramic Honeycombs you can +show that if it's triangulated even if + + align:start position:0% +show that if it's triangulated even if + + + align:start position:0% +show that if it's triangulated even if +you accounted for any bending it really + + align:start position:0% +you accounted for any bending it really + + + align:start position:0% +you accounted for any bending it really +is a very tiny contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +is a very tiny contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +is a very tiny contribution to the +deformation and the forces it's less + + align:start position:0% +deformation and the forces it's less + + + align:start position:0% +deformation and the forces it's less +than a couple of + + align:start position:0% +than a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +than a couple of +percent so I'll say um even if the ends + + align:start position:0% +percent so I'll say um even if the ends + + + align:start position:0% +percent so I'll say um even if the ends +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed I'll just say the bending + + align:start position:0% +fixed I'll just say the bending + + + align:start position:0% +fixed I'll just say the bending +contributes less than 2% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the forces in the + + align:start position:0% +to the forces in the + + + align:start position:0% +to the forces in the +deformation so if I have a a triangular + + align:start position:0% +deformation so if I have a a triangular + + + align:start position:0% +deformation so if I have a a triangular +cell like that and say I pick a unit + + align:start position:0% +cell like that and say I pick a unit + + + align:start position:0% +cell like that and say I pick a unit +cell like this and I say that the the + + align:start position:0% +cell like this and I say that the the + + + align:start position:0% +cell like this and I say that the the +bulk + + align:start position:0% +bulk + + + align:start position:0% +bulk +stress produces a load of p on the top + + align:start position:0% +stress produces a load of p on the top + + + align:start position:0% +stress produces a load of p on the top +and P over two at each of the bottom + + align:start position:0% +and P over two at each of the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +and P over two at each of the bottom +nodes there then the for in each member + + align:start position:0% +nodes there then the for in each member + + + align:start position:0% +nodes there then the for in each member +is going to be proportional to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p and for a given geometry of triangle + + align:start position:0% +p and for a given geometry of triangle + + + align:start position:0% +p and for a given geometry of triangle +you can figure out exactly what the + + align:start position:0% +you can figure out exactly what the + + + align:start position:0% +you can figure out exactly what the +force distribution would be in each of + + align:start position:0% +force distribution would be in each of + + + align:start position:0% +force distribution would be in each of +the members but I'm going to use one of + + align:start position:0% +the members but I'm going to use one of + + + align:start position:0% +the members but I'm going to use one of +these proportional arguments again just + + align:start position:0% +these proportional arguments again just + + + align:start position:0% +these proportional arguments again just +to get a general result um because I + + align:start position:0% +to get a general result um because I + + + align:start position:0% +to get a general result um because I +don't really care that much about the + + align:start position:0% +don't really care that much about the + + + align:start position:0% +don't really care that much about the +details of the geometry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if I have a a little setup like + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I have a a little setup like + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I have a a little setup like +like this I can say that the the overall + + align:start position:0% +like this I can say that the the overall + + + align:start position:0% +like this I can say that the the overall +stress is going to be proportional to P + + align:start position:0% +stress is going to be proportional to P + + + align:start position:0% +stress is going to be proportional to P +over lb + + align:start position:0% +over lb + + + align:start position:0% +over lb +okay and the stress in each U member is + + align:start position:0% +okay and the stress in each U member is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the stress in each U member is +going to be proportional to P over L * + + align:start position:0% +going to be proportional to P over L * + + + align:start position:0% +going to be proportional to P over L * +the thickness or B times of thickness so + + align:start position:0% +the thickness or B times of thickness so + + + align:start position:0% +the thickness or B times of thickness so +this is the overall stress the overall + + align:start position:0% +this is the overall stress the overall + + + align:start position:0% +this is the overall stress the overall +strain is going to be proportional to + + align:start position:0% +strain is going to be proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +strain is going to be proportional to +some deflection of the triangle divided + + align:start position:0% +some deflection of the triangle divided + + + align:start position:0% +some deflection of the triangle divided +by the length so if I said say this + + align:start position:0% +by the length so if I said say this + + + align:start position:0% +by the length so if I said say this +length here + + align:start position:0% +length here + + + align:start position:0% +length here +was a length + + align:start position:0% +was a length + + + align:start position:0% +was a length +L and then the deflection of each member + + align:start position:0% +L and then the deflection of each member + + + align:start position:0% +L and then the deflection of each member +is going to be proportional to P * L + + align:start position:0% +is going to be proportional to P * L + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be proportional to P * L +over es s time the area the + + align:start position:0% +over es s time the area the + + + align:start position:0% +over es s time the area the +cross-sectional area of the member and + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area of the member and + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional area of the member and +that's just B * + + align:start position:0% +that's just B * + + + align:start position:0% +that's just B * +t Okay so this is the stress on the + + align:start position:0% +t Okay so this is the stress on the + + + align:start position:0% +t Okay so this is the stress on the +whole thing The Strain on the whole + + align:start position:0% +whole thing The Strain on the whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing The Strain on the whole +thing and relating the Delta to the p + + align:start position:0% +thing and relating the Delta to the p + + + align:start position:0% +thing and relating the Delta to the p +and then the modulus of the whole + + align:start position:0% +and then the modulus of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and then the modulus of the whole +honeycomb is going to go as the stress + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb is going to go as the stress + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb is going to go as the stress +over the strain so that's p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lb / Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +l so these L's here + + align:start position:0% +l so these L's here + + + align:start position:0% +l so these L's here +cancel and Delta here is + + align:start position:0% +cancel and Delta here is + + + align:start position:0% +cancel and Delta here is +PL over es s BT and so the B's cancel + + align:start position:0% +PL over es s BT and so the B's cancel + + + align:start position:0% +PL over es s BT and so the B's cancel +and the P's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cancel and the modulus I get for the + + align:start position:0% +cancel and the modulus I get for the + + + align:start position:0% +cancel and the modulus I get for the +honeycomb is just some constant related + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb is just some constant related + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb is just some constant related +to the cell geometry times the modulus + + align:start position:0% +to the cell geometry times the modulus + + + align:start position:0% +to the cell geometry times the modulus +of of the solid time t + + align:start position:0% +of of the solid time t + + + align:start position:0% +of of the solid time t +l and if you did an exact calculation + + align:start position:0% +l and if you did an exact calculation + + + align:start position:0% +l and if you did an exact calculation +for equilateral triangles you find that + + align:start position:0% +for equilateral triangles you find that + + + align:start position:0% +for equilateral triangles you find that +that constant's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.15 so the interesting thing to note + + align:start position:0% +1.15 so the interesting thing to note + + + align:start position:0% +1.15 so the interesting thing to note +here is that the modulus for these + + align:start position:0% +here is that the modulus for these + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the modulus for these +triangular Honeycombs goes as T over L + + align:start position:0% +triangular Honeycombs goes as T over L + + + align:start position:0% +triangular Honeycombs goes as T over L +not as t l cub so for the hexagonal + + align:start position:0% +not as t l cub so for the hexagonal + + + align:start position:0% +not as t l cub so for the hexagonal +honeycomb it went as t l cubed uh and + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb it went as t l cubed uh and + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb it went as t l cubed uh and +here because the deorations are axial + + align:start position:0% +here because the deorations are axial + + + align:start position:0% +here because the deorations are axial +not bending it's much stiffer and it's + + align:start position:0% +not bending it's much stiffer and it's + + + align:start position:0% +not bending it's much stiffer and it's +much stiffer to have one of these + + align:start position:0% +much stiffer to have one of these + + + align:start position:0% +much stiffer to have one of these +triangulated + + align:start position:0% +triangulated + + + align:start position:0% +triangulated +structures so I'll just say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here T that the modulus goes as T over L + + align:start position:0% +here T that the modulus goes as T over L + + + align:start position:0% +here T that the modulus goes as T over L +cbed for the hexagonal Honeycombs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +due to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bending so one of the reasons that + + align:start position:0% +bending so one of the reasons that + + + align:start position:0% +bending so one of the reasons that +people are interested in those lattice + + align:start position:0% +people are interested in those lattice + + + align:start position:0% +people are interested in those lattice +materials is that they too have modui + + align:start position:0% +materials is that they too have modui + + + align:start position:0% +materials is that they too have modui +that go as T over L basically go um with + + align:start position:0% +that go as T over L basically go um with + + + align:start position:0% +that go as T over L basically go um with +the relative density rather than with + + align:start position:0% +the relative density rather than with + + + align:start position:0% +the relative density rather than with +the relative density cubed so they're + + align:start position:0% +the relative density cubed so they're + + + align:start position:0% +the relative density cubed so they're +much stiffer than say a hexagonal + + align:start position:0% +much stiffer than say a hexagonal + + + align:start position:0% +much stiffer than say a hexagonal +honeycomb + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb +okay so are we good with the + + align:start position:0% +okay so are we good with the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so are we good with the +triangulated + + align:start position:0% +triangulated + + + align:start position:0% +triangulated +Honeycombs + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs +yes C's just a constant related to the + + align:start position:0% +yes C's just a constant related to the + + + align:start position:0% +yes C's just a constant related to the +cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometry + + align:start position:0% +geometry + + + align:start position:0% +geometry +okay so for equilateral triangles it's + + align:start position:0% +okay so for equilateral triangles it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for equilateral triangles it's +1.15 so you could work it out but just + + align:start position:0% +1.15 so you could work it out but just + + + align:start position:0% +1.15 so you could work it out but just +makes the whole thing a little more + + align:start position:0% +makes the whole thing a little more + + + align:start position:0% +makes the whole thing a little more +complicated to do that okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +complicated to do that okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to do that okay so that's +the inplane + + align:start position:0% +the inplane + + + align:start position:0% +the inplane +behavior and next I wanted to talk about + + align:start position:0% +behavior and next I wanted to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and next I wanted to talk about +the outof plane Behavior so remember we + + align:start position:0% +the outof plane Behavior so remember we + + + align:start position:0% +the outof plane Behavior so remember we +said the hexagonal Honeycombs are + + align:start position:0% +said the hexagonal Honeycombs are + + + align:start position:0% +said the hexagonal Honeycombs are +orthotropic and the orthotropic + + align:start position:0% +orthotropic and the orthotropic + + + align:start position:0% +orthotropic and the orthotropic +materials have nine elastic constants + + align:start position:0% +materials have nine elastic constants + + + align:start position:0% +materials have nine elastic constants +and we figured out four so far we + + align:start position:0% +and we figured out four so far we + + + align:start position:0% +and we figured out four so far we +figured out the four inplane elastic + + align:start position:0% +figured out the four inplane elastic + + + align:start position:0% +figured out the four inplane elastic +constants so there's five outof plane + + align:start position:0% +constants so there's five outof plane + + + align:start position:0% +constants so there's five outof plane +elastic constants to describe the + + align:start position:0% +elastic constants to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +elastic constants to describe the +elastic Behavior completely um and so we + + align:start position:0% +elastic Behavior completely um and so we + + + align:start position:0% +elastic Behavior completely um and so we +want to talk about these other elastic + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about these other elastic + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about these other elastic +constants the Honeycombs are also I + + align:start position:0% +constants the Honeycombs are also I + + + align:start position:0% +constants the Honeycombs are also I +should just back up a little bit the + + align:start position:0% +should just back up a little bit the + + + align:start position:0% +should just back up a little bit the +Honeycombs are used in Sandwich panels + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs are used in Sandwich panels + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs are used in Sandwich panels +and when they're used in Sandwich panels + + align:start position:0% +and when they're used in Sandwich panels + + + align:start position:0% +and when they're used in Sandwich panels +so I brought a little panel in with + + align:start position:0% +so I brought a little panel in with + + + align:start position:0% +so I brought a little panel in with +carbon fiber faces and a NX core if you + + align:start position:0% +carbon fiber faces and a NX core if you + + + align:start position:0% +carbon fiber faces and a NX core if you +bend that panel like that um you're + + align:start position:0% +bend that panel like that um you're + + + align:start position:0% +bend that panel like that um you're +going to get sheer stresses in the core + + align:start position:0% +going to get sheer stresses in the core + + + align:start position:0% +going to get sheer stresses in the core +and the shear stresses are going to be + + align:start position:0% +and the shear stresses are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the shear stresses are going to be +kind of going this way this way on and + + align:start position:0% +kind of going this way this way on and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of going this way this way on and +that way that way on and so those Shear + + align:start position:0% +that way that way on and so those Shear + + + align:start position:0% +that way that way on and so those Shear +stresses are produ are out of plane + + align:start position:0% +stresses are produ are out of plane + + + align:start position:0% +stresses are produ are out of plane +they're sort of in the X1 X3 X2 X3 + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of in the X1 X3 X2 X3 + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of in the X1 X3 X2 X3 +planes and so you need the outer plane + + align:start position:0% +planes and so you need the outer plane + + + align:start position:0% +planes and so you need the outer plane +properties for the um sheer properties + + align:start position:0% +properties for the um sheer properties + + + align:start position:0% +properties for the um sheer properties +in the sandwich panels uh Honeycombs are + + align:start position:0% +in the sandwich panels uh Honeycombs are + + + align:start position:0% +in the sandwich panels uh Honeycombs are +also sometimes used as energy absorption + + align:start position:0% +also sometimes used as energy absorption + + + align:start position:0% +also sometimes used as energy absorption +devices so not these rubber ones but + + align:start position:0% +devices so not these rubber ones but + + + align:start position:0% +devices so not these rubber ones but +imagine there was a metal one and when + + align:start position:0% +imagine there was a metal one and when + + + align:start position:0% +imagine there was a metal one and when +they're used for energy absorption + + align:start position:0% +they're used for energy absorption + + + align:start position:0% +they're used for energy absorption +devices they're typically loaded this + + align:start position:0% +devices they're typically loaded this + + + align:start position:0% +devices they're typically loaded this +way on so again that's the outof plane + + align:start position:0% +way on so again that's the outof plane + + + align:start position:0% +way on so again that's the outof plane +direction and you need the out of plane + + align:start position:0% +direction and you need the out of plane + + + align:start position:0% +direction and you need the out of plane +properties and for the outer plane + + align:start position:0% +properties and for the outer plane + + + align:start position:0% +properties and for the outer plane +properties the cell walls don't tend to + + align:start position:0% +properties the cell walls don't tend to + + + align:start position:0% +properties the cell walls don't tend to +bend instead they just um extend or + + align:start position:0% +bend instead they just um extend or + + + align:start position:0% +bend instead they just um extend or +contract and you get uh stiffer and + + align:start position:0% +contract and you get uh stiffer and + + + align:start position:0% +contract and you get uh stiffer and +stronger uh properties so let me just + + align:start position:0% +stronger uh properties so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +stronger uh properties so let me just +write some of that down and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +write some of that down and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +write some of that down and then we'll +start to derive some of those properties + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the cell + + align:start position:0% +so the cell + + + align:start position:0% +so the cell +walls contract or expand instead of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bending and that gives stiffer and + + align:start position:0% +bending and that gives stiffer and + + + align:start position:0% +bending and that gives stiffer and +stronger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properties okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there's five elastic constants + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's five elastic constants + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's five elastic constants +in the outof plane directions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll start with the Young's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modulus and if I take my honeycomb and I + + align:start position:0% +modulus and if I take my honeycomb and I + + + align:start position:0% +modulus and if I take my honeycomb and I +load it in the X3 Direction it's like + + align:start position:0% +load it in the X3 Direction it's like + + + align:start position:0% +load it in the X3 Direction it's like +taking this thing here and just loading + + align:start position:0% +taking this thing here and just loading + + + align:start position:0% +taking this thing here and just loading +it like that the cell walls just + + align:start position:0% +it like that the cell walls just + + + align:start position:0% +it like that the cell walls just +actually contract and the stiffness just + + align:start position:0% +actually contract and the stiffness just + + + align:start position:0% +actually contract and the stiffness just +depends on how much cell wall I've got + + align:start position:0% +depends on how much cell wall I've got + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how much cell wall I've got +so the modulus in the three direction is + + align:start position:0% +so the modulus in the three direction is + + + align:start position:0% +so the modulus in the three direction is +just equal to the area fraction times + + align:start position:0% +just equal to the area fraction times + + + align:start position:0% +just equal to the area fraction times +the modulus of the solid that's just the + + align:start position:0% +the modulus of the solid that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +the modulus of the solid that's just the +same as the volume fraction or the + + align:start position:0% +same as the volume fraction or the + + + align:start position:0% +same as the volume fraction or the +relative density so it's quite um + + align:start position:0% +relative density so it's quite um + + + align:start position:0% +relative density so it's quite um +straightforward so the cell walls + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so the cell walls + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so the cell walls +contract or extend axially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so E3 is just estimes the relative + + align:start position:0% +so E3 is just estimes the relative + + + align:start position:0% +so E3 is just estimes the relative +density and that's just es s time t l + + align:start position:0% +density and that's just es s time t l + + + align:start position:0% +density and that's just es s time t l +and then there's a geometrical Factor + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a geometrical Factor + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a geometrical Factor +here H over L + 2 over 2 H over l+ sin + + align:start position:0% +here H over L + 2 over 2 H over l+ sin + + + align:start position:0% +here H over L + 2 over 2 H over l+ sin +Theta time cos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta so again a little bit like those + + align:start position:0% +Theta so again a little bit like those + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so again a little bit like those +triangular Honeycombs the thing to + + align:start position:0% +triangular Honeycombs the thing to + + + align:start position:0% +triangular Honeycombs the thing to +notice here is that in the three + + align:start position:0% +notice here is that in the three + + + align:start position:0% +notice here is that in the three +Direction the modulus goes linearly with + + align:start position:0% +Direction the modulus goes linearly with + + + align:start position:0% +Direction the modulus goes linearly with +t l whereas in the inplane directions + + align:start position:0% +t l whereas in the inplane directions + + + align:start position:0% +t l whereas in the inplane directions +that goes with TL cubed so there's a + + align:start position:0% +that goes with TL cubed so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that goes with TL cubed so there's a +huge anisotropy in the Honeycombs + + align:start position:0% +huge anisotropy in the Honeycombs + + + align:start position:0% +huge anisotropy in the Honeycombs +because of this difference so imagine a + + align:start position:0% +because of this difference so imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +because of this difference so imagine a +honeycomb might be 10% dense right so T + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb might be 10% dense right so T + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb might be 10% dense right so T +over L might be something like a tenth + + align:start position:0% +over L might be something like a tenth + + + align:start position:0% +over L might be something like a tenth +0.1 so e 3 is going to be 0.1 of es + + align:start position:0% +0.1 so e 3 is going to be 0.1 of es + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 so e 3 is going to be 0.1 of es +roughly and in the other direction it's + + align:start position:0% +roughly and in the other direction it's + + + align:start position:0% +roughly and in the other direction it's +going to be 1 1000 so there's a huge + + align:start position:0% +going to be 1 1000 so there's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 1 1000 so there's a huge +anisotropy because of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah let me just the square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Honeycombs so this just shows looking at + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs so this just shows looking at + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs so this just shows looking at +the outof plane directions and the + + align:start position:0% +the outof plane directions and the + + + align:start position:0% +the outof plane directions and the +different stresses and properties that + + align:start position:0% +different stresses and properties that + + + align:start position:0% +different stresses and properties that +we're going to look at here so the next + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at here so the next + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at here so the next +one we're going to look at is Plus's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ratio and first we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +ratio and first we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and first we're going to look at +loading in the X3 Direction and if we + + align:start position:0% +loading in the X3 Direction and if we + + + align:start position:0% +loading in the X3 Direction and if we +load it in the X3 Direction the cell + + align:start position:0% +load it in the X3 Direction the cell + + + align:start position:0% +load it in the X3 Direction the cell +walls just strain by whatever the poson + + align:start position:0% +walls just strain by whatever the poson + + + align:start position:0% +walls just strain by whatever the poson +ratio is for the solid times The Strain + + align:start position:0% +ratio is for the solid times The Strain + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is for the solid times The Strain +in the three Direction in the other two + + align:start position:0% +in the three Direction in the other two + + + align:start position:0% +in the three Direction in the other two +directions so we'll say for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looing in the X3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction the cell wall strain by new of + + align:start position:0% +Direction the cell wall strain by new of + + + align:start position:0% +Direction the cell wall strain by new of +the solid times whatever the strain is + + align:start position:0% +the solid times whatever the strain is + + + align:start position:0% +the solid times whatever the strain is +in the three Direction in the other two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directions so if we load it in the X + + align:start position:0% +directions so if we load it in the X + + + align:start position:0% +directions so if we load it in the X +three directions and everything + + align:start position:0% +three directions and everything + + + align:start position:0% +three directions and everything +contracts by that much + + align:start position:0% +contracts by that much + + + align:start position:0% +contracts by that much +in the other two directions that just + + align:start position:0% +in the other two directions that just + + + align:start position:0% +in the other two directions that just +means that the plus ratios new + + align:start position:0% +means that the plus ratios new + + + align:start position:0% +means that the plus ratios new +31 and new32 are going to be the same + + align:start position:0% +31 and new32 are going to be the same + + + align:start position:0% +31 and new32 are going to be the same +and they're just going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +and they're just going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +and they're just going to be equal to +the Plus's ratio of the solid so the if + + align:start position:0% +the Plus's ratio of the solid so the if + + + align:start position:0% +the Plus's ratio of the solid so the if +the if each wall is going to contract by + + align:start position:0% +the if each wall is going to contract by + + + align:start position:0% +the if each wall is going to contract by +that amount the whole thing's going to + + align:start position:0% +that amount the whole thing's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that amount the whole thing's going to +contract by that amount and that's going + + align:start position:0% +contract by that amount and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +contract by that amount and that's going +to give you that um plus ratio so let me + + align:start position:0% +to give you that um plus ratio so let me + + + align:start position:0% +to give you that um plus ratio so let me +just say here + + align:start position:0% +just say here + + + align:start position:0% +just say here +also and remember that I'm defining new + + align:start position:0% +also and remember that I'm defining new + + + align:start position:0% +also and remember that I'm defining new +I is minus Epsilon J over Epsilon I so + + align:start position:0% +I is minus Epsilon J over Epsilon I so + + + align:start position:0% +I is minus Epsilon J over Epsilon I so +we're loading in the three Direction + + align:start position:0% +we're loading in the three Direction + + + align:start position:0% +we're loading in the three Direction +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay and then you can get the other two + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you can get the other two + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you can get the other two +plus ratios using those reciprocal + + align:start position:0% +plus ratios using those reciprocal + + + align:start position:0% +plus ratios using those reciprocal +relationships so new + + align:start position:0% +relationships so new + + + align:start position:0% +relationships so new +13 and new + + align:start position:0% +13 and new + + + align:start position:0% +13 and new +23 can be found from the reciprocal + + align:start position:0% +23 can be found from the reciprocal + + + align:start position:0% +23 can be found from the reciprocal +relations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and those remember those relationships + + align:start position:0% +and those remember those relationships + + + align:start position:0% +and those remember those relationships +come from saying that the uh compliance + + align:start position:0% +come from saying that the uh compliance + + + align:start position:0% +come from saying that the uh compliance +tensor or the stiffness tensor is is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetric so we can write for instance + + align:start position:0% +symmetric so we can write for instance + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric so we can write for instance +that new 13 over E1 is equal to new + + align:start position:0% +that new 13 over E1 is equal to new + + + align:start position:0% +that new 13 over E1 is equal to new +31 over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E3 so I can write that like that + + align:start position:0% +E3 so I can write that like that + + + align:start position:0% +E3 so I can write that like that +and then I can say + + align:start position:0% +and then I can say + + + align:start position:0% +and then I can say +new 13 then is going to equal to + + align:start position:0% +new 13 then is going to equal to + + + align:start position:0% +new 13 then is going to equal to +new 31 * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E1 over E3 and we just saw that new 31 + + align:start position:0% +E1 over E3 and we just saw that new 31 + + + align:start position:0% +E1 over E3 and we just saw that new 31 +was equal to new s and we see from + + align:start position:0% +was equal to new s and we see from + + + align:start position:0% +was equal to new s and we see from +before that E1 is equal to some constant + + align:start position:0% +before that E1 is equal to some constant + + + align:start position:0% +before that E1 is equal to some constant +let me just call it C1 * e s * t l cubed + + align:start position:0% +let me just call it C1 * e s * t l cubed + + + align:start position:0% +let me just call it C1 * e s * t l cubed +and E3 is going to be some other + + align:start position:0% +and E3 is going to be some other + + + align:start position:0% +and E3 is going to be some other +constant time es * t l so the 's are + + align:start position:0% +constant time es * t l so the 's are + + + align:start position:0% +constant time es * t l so the 's are +going to go and if t l is small like + + align:start position:0% +going to go and if t l is small like + + + align:start position:0% +going to go and if t l is small like +even if it's say a tenth and this is + + align:start position:0% +even if it's say a tenth and this is + + + align:start position:0% +even if it's say a tenth and this is +going as t l cubed and that's going as T + + align:start position:0% +going as t l cubed and that's going as T + + + align:start position:0% +going as t l cubed and that's going as T +over L then I can say this thing is + + align:start position:0% +over L then I can say this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +over L then I can say this thing is +about equal to zero it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +about equal to zero it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +about equal to zero it's going to be +small okay it's not going to be exactly + + align:start position:0% +small okay it's not going to be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +small okay it's not going to be exactly +zero but it's going to be small so we're + + align:start position:0% +zero but it's going to be small so we're + + + align:start position:0% +zero but it's going to be small so we're +going to say it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so I'll just say for small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T over L and then similarly new um 23 is + + align:start position:0% +T over L and then similarly new um 23 is + + + align:start position:0% +T over L and then similarly new um 23 is +going to be close to zero as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well okay so there's the plus ratios + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we've got the young modulus the sheer + + align:start position:0% +so we've got the young modulus the sheer + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got the young modulus the sheer +the Plus on + + align:start position:0% +the Plus on + + + align:start position:0% +the Plus on +ratios and next we want to get the shear + + align:start position:0% +ratios and next we want to get the shear + + + align:start position:0% +ratios and next we want to get the shear +moduli + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the shear module is a little more + + align:start position:0% +and the shear module is a little more + + + align:start position:0% +and the shear module is a little more +complicated the shear the cell walls are + + align:start position:0% +complicated the shear the cell walls are + + + align:start position:0% +complicated the shear the cell walls are +loaded in Shear but the neighboring cell + + align:start position:0% +loaded in Shear but the neighboring cell + + + align:start position:0% +loaded in Shear but the neighboring cell +walls constrain them and they produce + + align:start position:0% +walls constrain them and they produce + + + align:start position:0% +walls constrain them and they produce +some non-uniform strains so I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +some non-uniform strains so I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +some non-uniform strains so I'm talking +about kind of shearing it this way on + + align:start position:0% +about kind of shearing it this way on + + + align:start position:0% +about kind of shearing it this way on +you can kind of see on this figure here + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of see on this figure here + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of see on this figure here +we're talking about shearing it like tow + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about shearing it like tow + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about shearing it like tow +2 three or tow 1 three this way and so + + align:start position:0% +2 three or tow 1 three this way and so + + + align:start position:0% +2 three or tow 1 three this way and so +each wall is going to Shear but the + + align:start position:0% +each wall is going to Shear but the + + + align:start position:0% +each wall is going to Shear but the +walls are attached to each other so they + + align:start position:0% +walls are attached to each other so they + + + align:start position:0% +walls are attached to each other so they +can't just do it sort of independently + + align:start position:0% +can't just do it sort of independently + + + align:start position:0% +can't just do it sort of independently +they have to kind of um be constrained + + align:start position:0% +they have to kind of um be constrained + + + align:start position:0% +they have to kind of um be constrained +by each other and the exact solution is + + align:start position:0% +by each other and the exact solution is + + + align:start position:0% +by each other and the exact solution is +a little bit complicated and I'm just + + align:start position:0% +a little bit complicated and I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit complicated and I'm just +going to give you an estimate of what + + align:start position:0% +going to give you an estimate of what + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you an estimate of what +that modulus is and we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +that modulus is and we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +that modulus is and we're going to see +that it depends linearly on T over L as + + align:start position:0% +that it depends linearly on T over L as + + + align:start position:0% +that it depends linearly on T over L as +well so I'll just say the cell walls are + + align:start position:0% +well so I'll just say the cell walls are + + + align:start position:0% +well so I'll just say the cell walls are +loaded in shear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so an estimate is gar + + align:start position:0% +so an estimate is gar + + + align:start position:0% +so an estimate is gar +13 is equal to G of the + + align:start position:0% +13 is equal to G of the + + + align:start position:0% +13 is equal to G of the +solid * t l times a geometric function + + align:start position:0% +solid * t l times a geometric function + + + align:start position:0% +solid * t l times a geometric function +it's cos Theta over h l + sin + + align:start position:0% +it's cos Theta over h l + sin + + + align:start position:0% +it's cos Theta over h l + sin +Theta and for regular hexagonal + + align:start position:0% +Theta and for regular hexagonal + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and for regular hexagonal +Honeycombs it's 1 / < tk3 * GS * t over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +l so again just note the linear + + align:start position:0% +l so again just note the linear + + + align:start position:0% +l so again just note the linear +dependence of the modulus on T over l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in the book there's a method uh + + align:start position:0% +and in the book there's a method uh + + + align:start position:0% +and in the book there's a method uh +using upper and lower bounds that gives + + align:start position:0% +using upper and lower bounds that gives + + + align:start position:0% +using upper and lower bounds that gives +um an estimate for + + align:start position:0% +um an estimate for + + + align:start position:0% +um an estimate for +G23 I'm not going to go into it I just + + align:start position:0% +G23 I'm not going to go into it I just + + + align:start position:0% +G23 I'm not going to go into it I just +want you to notice that the sheer modu + + align:start position:0% +want you to notice that the sheer modu + + + align:start position:0% +want you to notice that the sheer modu +go as T over L just like the young + + align:start position:0% +go as T over L just like the young + + + align:start position:0% +go as T over L just like the young +modulus does and Sardar who's sitting in + + align:start position:0% +modulus does and Sardar who's sitting in + + + align:start position:0% +modulus does and Sardar who's sitting in +the back there has done even more + + align:start position:0% +the back there has done even more + + + align:start position:0% +the back there has done even more +involved um calculations and Analysis of + + align:start position:0% +involved um calculations and Analysis of + + + align:start position:0% +involved um calculations and Analysis of +the sheer modu of the Honeycombs in this + + align:start position:0% +the sheer modu of the Honeycombs in this + + + align:start position:0% +the sheer modu of the Honeycombs in this +direction so I'm not going to go into + + align:start position:0% +direction so I'm not going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +direction so I'm not going to go into +all Theory details on that okay so that + + align:start position:0% +all Theory details on that okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +all Theory details on that okay so that +gives us the modu now so now we've got + + align:start position:0% +gives us the modu now so now we've got + + + align:start position:0% +gives us the modu now so now we've got +all nine elastic moduli + + align:start position:0% +all nine elastic moduli + + + align:start position:0% +all nine elastic moduli +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and the next thing to do is then to + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing to do is then to + + + align:start position:0% +and the next thing to do is then to +figure out the compressive strength so + + align:start position:0% +figure out the compressive strength so + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the compressive strength so +we're going to look at compression again + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at compression again + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at compression again +and then we'll look at tension so if we + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll look at tension so if we + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll look at tension so if we +look at compressive strengths again + + align:start position:0% +look at compressive strengths again + + + align:start position:0% +look at compressive strengths again +we've got different modes of failure and + + align:start position:0% +we've got different modes of failure and + + + align:start position:0% +we've got different modes of failure and +if I have an elastomeric honeycomb like + + align:start position:0% +if I have an elastomeric honeycomb like + + + align:start position:0% +if I have an elastomeric honeycomb like +this one here if these cell walls were a + + align:start position:0% +this one here if these cell walls were a + + + align:start position:0% +this one here if these cell walls were a +little longer I might be able to + + align:start position:0% +little longer I might be able to + + + align:start position:0% +little longer I might be able to +actually do it you if you compress this + + align:start position:0% +actually do it you if you compress this + + + align:start position:0% +actually do it you if you compress this +enough you produce buckling in the cell + + align:start position:0% +enough you produce buckling in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +enough you produce buckling in the cell +walls and this is kind of a schematic of + + align:start position:0% +walls and this is kind of a schematic of + + + align:start position:0% +walls and this is kind of a schematic of +this buckling pattern here you can see + + align:start position:0% +this buckling pattern here you can see + + + align:start position:0% +this buckling pattern here you can see +there kind of a diamond pattern where it + + align:start position:0% +there kind of a diamond pattern where it + + + align:start position:0% +there kind of a diamond pattern where it +alternates um up and down in the + + align:start position:0% +alternates um up and down in the + + + align:start position:0% +alternates um up and down in the +different cell + + align:start position:0% +different cell + + + align:start position:0% +different cell +walls so we're going to do some just + + align:start position:0% +walls so we're going to do some just + + + align:start position:0% +walls so we're going to do some just +approximate calculations but you can + + align:start position:0% +approximate calculations but you can + + + align:start position:0% +approximate calculations but you can +kind of see the idea of how the how the + + align:start position:0% +kind of see the idea of how the how the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of see the idea of how the how the +material behaves in this direction just + + align:start position:0% +material behaves in this direction just + + + align:start position:0% +material behaves in this direction just +from these approximate calculations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so say we have our honeycomb like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and here's the kind of prism axis + + align:start position:0% +this and here's the kind of prism axis + + + align:start position:0% +this and here's the kind of prism axis +this way and now we're going to load it + + align:start position:0% +this way and now we're going to load it + + + align:start position:0% +this way and now we're going to load it +with some stress in the three Direction + + align:start position:0% +with some stress in the three Direction + + + align:start position:0% +with some stress in the three Direction +so I'm going to call this Sigma star + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to call this Sigma star + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to call this Sigma star +elastic three when it when it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +buckles and what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +buckles and what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +buckles and what we're going to do is +just look at a single plate and look at + + align:start position:0% +just look at a single plate and look at + + + align:start position:0% +just look at a single plate and look at +the buckling of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plate so we're going to analyze it just + + align:start position:0% +plate so we're going to analyze it just + + + align:start position:0% +plate so we're going to analyze it just +looking at a single plate and then + + align:start position:0% +looking at a single plate and then + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a single plate and then +adding up how many plates we have per + + align:start position:0% +adding up how many plates we have per + + + align:start position:0% +adding up how many plates we have per +unit cell it's actually more complicated + + align:start position:0% +unit cell it's actually more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +unit cell it's actually more complicated +than this because obviously the plates + + align:start position:0% +than this because obviously the plates + + + align:start position:0% +than this because obviously the plates +are attached together and there's some + + align:start position:0% +are attached together and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +are attached together and there's some +con straint by attaching the ples but + + align:start position:0% +con straint by attaching the ples but + + + align:start position:0% +con straint by attaching the ples but +we're we're not going to worry about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so if you have a column just a say + + align:start position:0% +that so if you have a column just a say + + + align:start position:0% +that so if you have a column just a say +circular cross-section column and you + + align:start position:0% +circular cross-section column and you + + + align:start position:0% +circular cross-section column and you +apply compressive load to it it Buckles + + align:start position:0% +apply compressive load to it it Buckles + + + align:start position:0% +apply compressive load to it it Buckles +at the oiler load and similarly there's + + align:start position:0% +at the oiler load and similarly there's + + + align:start position:0% +at the oiler load and similarly there's +an oil load for plates and that equation + + align:start position:0% +an oil load for plates and that equation + + + align:start position:0% +an oil load for plates and that equation +is usually written as a p critical is + + align:start position:0% +is usually written as a p critical is + + + align:start position:0% +is usually written as a p critical is +equal to some in constraint factor for + + align:start position:0% +equal to some in constraint factor for + + + align:start position:0% +equal to some in constraint factor for +plates it's usually called K instead of + + align:start position:0% +plates it's usually called K instead of + + + align:start position:0% +plates it's usually called K instead of +of n so this is an N constraint Factor + + align:start position:0% +of n so this is an N constraint Factor + + + align:start position:0% +of n so this is an N constraint Factor +depends on the modulus of the plate goes + + align:start position:0% +depends on the modulus of the plate goes + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the modulus of the plate goes +as T cubed and there's a factor of 1 + + align:start position:0% +as T cubed and there's a factor of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +as T cubed and there's a factor of 1 +minus new of the solid squared and the + + align:start position:0% +minus new of the solid squared and the + + + align:start position:0% +minus new of the solid squared and the +length of the plate so say this plate + + align:start position:0% +length of the plate so say this plate + + + align:start position:0% +length of the plate so say this plate +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +oops it's actually the width of the + + align:start position:0% +oops it's actually the width of the + + + align:start position:0% +oops it's actually the width of the +plate there is H and the length here is + + align:start position:0% +plate there is H and the length here is + + + align:start position:0% +plate there is H and the length here is +B and this thickness here is T like + + align:start position:0% +B and this thickness here is T like + + + align:start position:0% +B and this thickness here is T like +that so here K is an end constraint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +factor and it's going to depend on the + + align:start position:0% +factor and it's going to depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +factor and it's going to depend on the +stiffness of the adjacent cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +walls so if I had a a a + + align:start position:0% +walls so if I had a a a + + + align:start position:0% +walls so if I had a a a +honeycomb and + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb and + + + align:start position:0% +honeycomb and +you know say it was um these walls here + + align:start position:0% +you know say it was um these walls here + + + align:start position:0% +you know say it was um these walls here +the adjacent walls were thicker then you + + align:start position:0% +the adjacent walls were thicker then you + + + align:start position:0% +the adjacent walls were thicker then you +can imagine those thicker walls it' be + + align:start position:0% +can imagine those thicker walls it' be + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine those thicker walls it' be +harder to get them to deform and the end + + align:start position:0% +harder to get them to deform and the end + + + align:start position:0% +harder to get them to deform and the end +constraint for the plate is going to + + align:start position:0% +constraint for the plate is going to + + + align:start position:0% +constraint for the plate is going to +depend on those thicker walls so that + + align:start position:0% +depend on those thicker walls so that + + + align:start position:0% +depend on those thicker walls so that +the end constraint K depends on these + + align:start position:0% +the end constraint K depends on these + + + align:start position:0% +the end constraint K depends on these +say I'm looking at this wall here of + + align:start position:0% +say I'm looking at this wall here of + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm looking at this wall here of +width H here then how stiff these other + + align:start position:0% +width H here then how stiff these other + + + align:start position:0% +width H here then how stiff these other +two walls are is going to affect that + + align:start position:0% +two walls are is going to affect that + + + align:start position:0% +two walls are is going to affect that +end constraint + + align:start position:0% +end constraint + + + align:start position:0% +end constraint +Factor so what we're going to do is just + + align:start position:0% +Factor so what we're going to do is just + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so what we're going to do is just +do something very approximate we're + + align:start position:0% +do something very approximate we're + + + align:start position:0% +do something very approximate we're +going to say if these vertical edges + + align:start position:0% +going to say if these vertical edges + + + align:start position:0% +going to say if these vertical edges +here if this edge here and that one + + align:start position:0% +here if this edge here and that one + + + align:start position:0% +here if this edge here and that one +there if they were simply supported so + + align:start position:0% +there if they were simply supported so + + + align:start position:0% +there if they were simply supported so +they're just sort of pinned to the next + + align:start position:0% +they're just sort of pinned to the next + + + align:start position:0% +they're just sort of pinned to the next +um column the next member then K has + + align:start position:0% +um column the next member then K has + + + align:start position:0% +um column the next member then K has +some value and if they're fixed it has + + align:start position:0% +some value and if they're fixed it has + + + align:start position:0% +some value and if they're fixed it has +some other value and we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +some other value and we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +some other value and we're just going to +pick a value in between so we're going + + align:start position:0% +pick a value in between so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +pick a value in between so we're going +to do something very approximate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'll say if those vertical edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are simply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +supported so that means they're free to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotate then K is equal to 2.0 and this + + align:start position:0% +rotate then K is equal to 2.0 and this + + + align:start position:0% +rotate then K is equal to 2.0 and this +is if B is bigger than three times the + + align:start position:0% +is if B is bigger than three times the + + + align:start position:0% +is if B is bigger than three times the +length so this is H here or we could say + + align:start position:0% +length so this is H here or we could say + + + align:start position:0% +length so this is H here or we could say +l either way + + align:start position:0% +l either way + + + align:start position:0% +l either way +so it's really the it's the length when + + align:start position:0% +so it's really the it's the length when + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really the it's the length when +we look at the honeycomb this way on but + + align:start position:0% +we look at the honeycomb this way on but + + + align:start position:0% +we look at the honeycomb this way on but +it's kind of the width in that picture + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of the width in that picture + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of the width in that picture +there and if the vertical edges are + + align:start position:0% +there and if the vertical edges are + + + align:start position:0% +there and if the vertical edges are +clamped or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed then K is equal to + + align:start position:0% +fixed then K is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +fixed then K is equal to +6.2 so these are values you can look up + + align:start position:0% +6.2 so these are values you can look up + + + align:start position:0% +6.2 so these are values you can look up +in tables of plate + + align:start position:0% +in tables of plate + + + align:start position:0% +in tables of plate +buckling and we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +buckling and we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +buckling and we're just going to +approximate it by saying K is equal to 4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're just picking a value that's in + + align:start position:0% +so we're just picking a value that's in + + + align:start position:0% +so we're just picking a value that's in +between those + + align:start position:0% +between those + + + align:start position:0% +between those +two and then the P total is going to be + + align:start position:0% +two and then the P total is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +two and then the P total is going to be +the sum of the P criticals for the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the P criticals for the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the P criticals for the +columns that make up a a unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell so for the unit cell I have one + + align:start position:0% +cell so for the unit cell I have one + + + align:start position:0% +cell so for the unit cell I have one +wall of length H and two length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L and so if you just take that total + + align:start position:0% +L and so if you just take that total + + + align:start position:0% +L and so if you just take that total +load and divide by the area of the cell + + align:start position:0% +load and divide by the area of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +load and divide by the area of the cell +you get the + + align:start position:0% +you get the + + + align:start position:0% +you get the +this compressive strength for elastic + + align:start position:0% +this compressive strength for elastic + + + align:start position:0% +this compressive strength for elastic +buckling is approximately equal to ES + + align:start position:0% +buckling is approximately equal to ES + + + align:start position:0% +buckling is approximately equal to ES +1 - New s^ + + align:start position:0% +1 - New s^ + + + align:start position:0% +1 - New s^ +2 * t + + align:start position:0% +2 * t + + + align:start position:0% +2 * t +l cubed and then there's a geometrical + + align:start position:0% +l cubed and then there's a geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +l cubed and then there's a geometrical +Factor here oops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you had regular hexagonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells this buckling stress works out to + + align:start position:0% +cells this buckling stress works out to + + + align:start position:0% +cells this buckling stress works out to +5.2 * es s * t l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cub so if you + + align:start position:0% +Cub so if you + + + align:start position:0% +Cub so if you +remember for loading in the two + + align:start position:0% +remember for loading in the two + + + align:start position:0% +remember for loading in the two +direction in the inplane direction it + + align:start position:0% +direction in the inplane direction it + + + align:start position:0% +direction in the inplane direction it +has the same form it goes as es s * t l + + align:start position:0% +has the same form it goes as es s * t l + + + align:start position:0% +has the same form it goes as es s * t l +cubed but it's much smaller this number + + align:start position:0% +cubed but it's much smaller this number + + + align:start position:0% +cubed but it's much smaller this number +here was I think two it was uh much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +smaller so it has the same form but it's + + align:start position:0% +smaller so it has the same form but it's + + + align:start position:0% +smaller so it has the same form but it's +a lot + + align:start position:0% +a lot + + + align:start position:0% +a lot +bigger okay are we good with that so the + + align:start position:0% +bigger okay are we good with that so the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger okay are we good with that so the +idea is we just use these standard + + align:start position:0% +idea is we just use these standard + + + align:start position:0% +idea is we just use these standard +equations for plate buckling we make + + align:start position:0% +equations for plate buckling we make + + + align:start position:0% +equations for plate buckling we make +some estimate what that n constraint + + align:start position:0% +some estimate what that n constraint + + + align:start position:0% +some estimate what that n constraint +factor is and we just have a sort of + + align:start position:0% +factor is and we just have a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +factor is and we just have a sort of +approximate um calculation here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's the elastic buckling if I + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the elastic buckling if I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the elastic buckling if I +had a a metal honeycomb then it might + + align:start position:0% +had a a metal honeycomb then it might + + + align:start position:0% +had a a metal honeycomb then it might +not fail by elastic buckling like that + + align:start position:0% +not fail by elastic buckling like that + + + align:start position:0% +not fail by elastic buckling like that +instead we'd probably get yielding if it + + align:start position:0% +instead we'd probably get yielding if it + + + align:start position:0% +instead we'd probably get yielding if it +was dense enough we could just get axial + + align:start position:0% +was dense enough we could just get axial + + + align:start position:0% +was dense enough we could just get axial +yielding that if you just loaded it + + align:start position:0% +yielding that if you just loaded it + + + align:start position:0% +yielding that if you just loaded it +you'd have axial forces and at some + + align:start position:0% +you'd have axial forces and at some + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have axial forces and at some +point you'd reach yield stress and so + + align:start position:0% +point you'd reach yield stress and so + + + align:start position:0% +point you'd reach yield stress and so +you can get failure by just uniaxial + + align:start position:0% +you can get failure by just uniaxial + + + align:start position:0% +you can get failure by just uniaxial +yield that's one kind of option + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you get that then it just depends + + align:start position:0% +and if you get that then it just depends + + + align:start position:0% +and if you get that then it just depends +on how much solid you've got again so + + align:start position:0% +on how much solid you've got again so + + + align:start position:0% +on how much solid you've got again so +it's just the yield strength of the + + align:start position:0% +it's just the yield strength of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the yield strength of the +solid times the relative density but + + align:start position:0% +solid times the relative density but + + + align:start position:0% +solid times the relative density but +usually the honeycomb is thinner walled + + align:start position:0% +usually the honeycomb is thinner walled + + + align:start position:0% +usually the honeycomb is thinner walled +than that and usually you get plastic + + align:start position:0% +than that and usually you get plastic + + + align:start position:0% +than that and usually you get plastic +buckling preceding that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in plastic buckling um you can think + + align:start position:0% +so in plastic buckling um you can think + + + align:start position:0% +so in plastic buckling um you can think +of it as say if you have a tube this is + + align:start position:0% +of it as say if you have a tube this is + + + align:start position:0% +of it as say if you have a tube this is +just shown for an individual tube here + + align:start position:0% +just shown for an individual tube here + + + align:start position:0% +just shown for an individual tube here +you can see how the tube kind of folds + + align:start position:0% +you can see how the tube kind of folds + + + align:start position:0% +you can see how the tube kind of folds +up and you can get that same kind of + + align:start position:0% +up and you can get that same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +up and you can get that same kind of +thing with the honeycomb so here's a + + align:start position:0% +thing with the honeycomb so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +thing with the honeycomb so here's a +single tube it's been loaded along the + + align:start position:0% +single tube it's been loaded along the + + + align:start position:0% +single tube it's been loaded along the +prism axis of the tube and you can see + + align:start position:0% +prism axis of the tube and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +prism axis of the tube and you can see +you get these folds and the more you + + align:start position:0% +you get these folds and the more you + + + align:start position:0% +you get these folds and the more you +load it the more number of folds you get + + align:start position:0% +load it the more number of folds you get + + + align:start position:0% +load it the more number of folds you get +and the more the folds uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +and the more the folds uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and the more the folds uh sort of +concertina up so to do an exact analysis + + align:start position:0% +concertina up so to do an exact analysis + + + align:start position:0% +concertina up so to do an exact analysis +for the Honeycombs you would have to + + align:start position:0% +for the Honeycombs you would have to + + + align:start position:0% +for the Honeycombs you would have to +take into account um not just one tube + + align:start position:0% +take into account um not just one tube + + + align:start position:0% +take into account um not just one tube +but the constraint of the neighboring + + align:start position:0% +but the constraint of the neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +but the constraint of the neighboring +tubes again and again that gets to be + + align:start position:0% +tubes again and again that gets to be + + + align:start position:0% +tubes again and again that gets to be +complicated messy thing so again we're + + align:start position:0% +complicated messy thing so again we're + + + align:start position:0% +complicated messy thing so again we're +going to do a more approximate thing + + align:start position:0% +going to do a more approximate thing + + + align:start position:0% +going to do a more approximate thing +what we're going to do is just say that + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is just say that + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is just say that +we have uh members that are folding up + + align:start position:0% +we have uh members that are folding up + + + align:start position:0% +we have uh members that are folding up +like that so the same kind of geometry + + align:start position:0% +like that so the same kind of geometry + + + align:start position:0% +like that so the same kind of geometry +but we're just going to look at a single + + align:start position:0% +but we're just going to look at a single + + + align:start position:0% +but we're just going to look at a single +cell wall and see what the single cell + + align:start position:0% +cell wall and see what the single cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell wall and see what the single cell +wall does and someone else has done the + + align:start position:0% +wall does and someone else has done the + + + align:start position:0% +wall does and someone else has done the +more uh exact calculation and we'll just + + align:start position:0% +more uh exact calculation and we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +more uh exact calculation and we'll just +compare our approximate calculation to + + align:start position:0% +compare our approximate calculation to + + + align:start position:0% +compare our approximate calculation to +the exact + + align:start position:0% +the exact + + + align:start position:0% +the exact +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we're going to consider an + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to consider an + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to consider an +approximate calculation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we're going to do is look at our + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do is look at our + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do is look at our +isolated cell wall and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +isolated cell wall and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +isolated cell wall and if you look at +the figure here the wall is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the figure here the wall is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the figure here the wall is going to be +vertical initially and as we load it + + align:start position:0% +vertical initially and as we load it + + + align:start position:0% +vertical initially and as we load it +eventually it's going to buckle and + + align:start position:0% +eventually it's going to buckle and + + + align:start position:0% +eventually it's going to buckle and +we're going to form one of those plastic + + align:start position:0% +we're going to form one of those plastic + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to form one of those plastic +hinges in the middle here and then the + + align:start position:0% +hinges in the middle here and then the + + + align:start position:0% +hinges in the middle here and then the +thing is then going to rotate about that + + align:start position:0% +thing is then going to rotate about that + + + align:start position:0% +thing is then going to rotate about that +plastic hinge and just kind of fold up + + align:start position:0% +plastic hinge and just kind of fold up + + + align:start position:0% +plastic hinge and just kind of fold up +so at the bottom here it's completely + + align:start position:0% +so at the bottom here it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +so at the bottom here it's completely +folded up okay and we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +folded up okay and we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +folded up okay and we're going to do a +little work calculation so we're going + + align:start position:0% +little work calculation so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +little work calculation so we're going +to look at the internal work done and + + align:start position:0% +to look at the internal work done and + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the internal work done and +we're going to look at the external work + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the external work + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the external work +done and so the external work is just + + align:start position:0% +done and so the external work is just + + + align:start position:0% +done and so the external work is just +going to be this load P times that + + align:start position:0% +going to be this load P times that + + + align:start position:0% +going to be this load P times that +deflection Delta that the p moves + + align:start position:0% +deflection Delta that the p moves + + + align:start position:0% +deflection Delta that the p moves +through and if we say this is um half of + + align:start position:0% +through and if we say this is um half of + + + align:start position:0% +through and if we say this is um half of +a wavelength so if you think of this + + align:start position:0% +a wavelength so if you think of this + + + align:start position:0% +a wavelength so if you think of this +thing kind of going through multiple + + align:start position:0% +thing kind of going through multiple + + + align:start position:0% +thing kind of going through multiple +wavelengths just consider when it folds + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths just consider when it folds + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths just consider when it folds +up like that that's a half of a + + align:start position:0% +up like that that's a half of a + + + align:start position:0% +up like that that's a half of a +wavelength right it would go two of + + align:start position:0% +wavelength right it would go two of + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength right it would go two of +those to get a full wavelength so that's + + align:start position:0% +those to get a full wavelength so that's + + + align:start position:0% +those to get a full wavelength so that's +Lambda over two and so to go from this + + align:start position:0% +Lambda over two and so to go from this + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda over two and so to go from this +stage to that stage over here the + + align:start position:0% +stage to that stage over here the + + + align:start position:0% +stage to that stage over here the +external work done is going to be + + align:start position:0% +external work done is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +external work done is going to be +approximately P * Lambda / 2 so say that + + align:start position:0% +approximately P * Lambda / 2 so say that + + + align:start position:0% +approximately P * Lambda / 2 so say that +it's thin and that 2T is small compared + + align:start position:0% +it's thin and that 2T is small compared + + + align:start position:0% +it's thin and that 2T is small compared +to Lambda so it's going to be about P * + + align:start position:0% +to Lambda so it's going to be about P * + + + align:start position:0% +to Lambda so it's going to be about P * +Lambda / 2 and then we're also going to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda / 2 and then we're also going to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda / 2 and then we're also going to +look at the uh work done by the plastic + + align:start position:0% +look at the uh work done by the plastic + + + align:start position:0% +look at the uh work done by the plastic +moment and when you we form the plastic + + align:start position:0% +moment and when you we form the plastic + + + align:start position:0% +moment and when you we form the plastic +hinge here there a plastic moment and + + align:start position:0% +hinge here there a plastic moment and + + + align:start position:0% +hinge here there a plastic moment and +that moment is going to rotate through + + align:start position:0% +that moment is going to rotate through + + + align:start position:0% +that moment is going to rotate through +an angle of Pi so we start out straight + + align:start position:0% +an angle of Pi so we start out straight + + + align:start position:0% +an angle of Pi so we start out straight +here we end up folded up like that and + + align:start position:0% +here we end up folded up like that and + + + align:start position:0% +here we end up folded up like that and +we've gone from straight to that we had + + align:start position:0% +we've gone from straight to that we had + + + align:start position:0% +we've gone from straight to that we had +to go through 180° to get there right so + + align:start position:0% +to go through 180° to get there right so + + + align:start position:0% +to go through 180° to get there right so +it goes through an angle of Pi and if + + align:start position:0% +it goes through an angle of Pi and if + + + align:start position:0% +it goes through an angle of Pi and if +you have a moment going through a + + align:start position:0% +you have a moment going through a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a moment going through a +rotation the work done is the moment + + align:start position:0% +rotation the work done is the moment + + + align:start position:0% +rotation the work done is the moment +time the + + align:start position:0% +time the + + + align:start position:0% +time the +rotation so we're going to equate those + + align:start position:0% +rotation so we're going to equate those + + + align:start position:0% +rotation so we're going to equate those +two Works + + align:start position:0% +two Works + + + align:start position:0% +two Works +done so we're going to look at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotation of the cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wall by an angle of Pi at the plastic + + align:start position:0% +wall by an angle of Pi at the plastic + + + align:start position:0% +wall by an angle of Pi at the plastic +hinge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so our plastic moment it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +so our plastic moment it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so our plastic moment it's going to be +the yeld strength of the solid again + + align:start position:0% +the yeld strength of the solid again + + + align:start position:0% +the yeld strength of the solid again +time T ^2 over 4 the same as when we + + align:start position:0% +time T ^2 over 4 the same as when we + + + align:start position:0% +time T ^2 over 4 the same as when we +were talking about the plastic moment + + align:start position:0% +were talking about the plastic moment + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about the plastic moment +before for the other loading Direction + + align:start position:0% +before for the other loading Direction + + + align:start position:0% +before for the other loading Direction +but now instead of multiplying this + + align:start position:0% +but now instead of multiplying this + + + align:start position:0% +but now instead of multiplying this +times B we're multiplying it time 2 L + + + align:start position:0% +times B we're multiplying it time 2 L + + + + align:start position:0% +times B we're multiplying it time 2 L + +H so those are the that's the length of + + align:start position:0% +H so those are the that's the length of + + + align:start position:0% +H so those are the that's the length of +the cell wall that's associated with one + + align:start position:0% +the cell wall that's associated with one + + + align:start position:0% +the cell wall that's associated with one +cell and now it's not B because now + + align:start position:0% +cell and now it's not B because now + + + align:start position:0% +cell and now it's not B because now +we've turned the thing the other way on + + align:start position:0% +we've turned the thing the other way on + + + align:start position:0% +we've turned the thing the other way on +on we're loading it the other way on and + + align:start position:0% +on we're loading it the other way on and + + + align:start position:0% +on we're loading it the other way on and +this plastic hinge you know if I think + + align:start position:0% +this plastic hinge you know if I think + + + align:start position:0% +this plastic hinge you know if I think +of you know if this was B before now + + align:start position:0% +of you know if this was B before now + + + align:start position:0% +of you know if this was B before now +that b is l+ 2 H or 2 L plus h rather + + align:start position:0% +that b is l+ 2 H or 2 L plus h rather + + + align:start position:0% +that b is l+ 2 H or 2 L plus h rather +you know that's the dimension of the let + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the dimension of the let + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the dimension of the let +me draw a little hexagon maybe you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see okay so now we're forming a plastic + + align:start position:0% +see okay so now we're forming a plastic + + + align:start position:0% +see okay so now we're forming a plastic +hinge sort of halfway down the board + + align:start position:0% +hinge sort of halfway down the board + + + align:start position:0% +hinge sort of halfway down the board +okay imagine that this has some length B + + align:start position:0% +okay imagine that this has some length B + + + align:start position:0% +okay imagine that this has some length B +that way and we're halfway down the + + align:start position:0% +that way and we're halfway down the + + + align:start position:0% +that way and we're halfway down the +board and now the plastic hinge has to + + align:start position:0% +board and now the plastic hinge has to + + + align:start position:0% +board and now the plastic hinge has to +form all the way around you know these + + align:start position:0% +form all the way around you know these + + + align:start position:0% +form all the way around you know these +members here for one cell or you could + + align:start position:0% +members here for one cell or you could + + + align:start position:0% +members here for one cell or you could +think about it as uh this guy plus these + + align:start position:0% +think about it as uh this guy plus these + + + align:start position:0% +think about it as uh this guy plus these +guys is one cell you can think about the + + align:start position:0% +guys is one cell you can think about the + + + align:start position:0% +guys is one cell you can think about the +unit cell different ways but it's 1 h + + align:start position:0% +unit cell different ways but it's 1 h + + + align:start position:0% +unit cell different ways but it's 1 h +plus 2 + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 +L's okay are we okay with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay so then the internal plastic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work is that plastic moment times the + + align:start position:0% +work is that plastic moment times the + + + align:start position:0% +work is that plastic moment times the +rotation fi or Pi rather sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so are we okay with this that the work + + align:start position:0% +so are we okay with this that the work + + + align:start position:0% +so are we okay with this that the work +done is M times an angle so imagine let + + align:start position:0% +done is M times an angle so imagine let + + + align:start position:0% +done is M times an angle so imagine let +me get rid of my honeycomb + + align:start position:0% +me get rid of my honeycomb + + + align:start position:0% +me get rid of my honeycomb +here imagine you have a point here and + + align:start position:0% +here imagine you have a point here and + + + align:start position:0% +here imagine you have a point here and +you have some force over here let's call + + align:start position:0% +you have some force over here let's call + + + align:start position:0% +you have some force over here let's call +that F and say the force is a distance R + + align:start position:0% +that F and say the force is a distance R + + + align:start position:0% +that F and say the force is a distance R +from F and say that it moves through + + align:start position:0% +from F and say that it moves through + + + align:start position:0% +from F and say that it moves through +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +distance the moment + + align:start position:0% +distance the moment + + + align:start position:0% +distance the moment +here would be R * F right and if that + + align:start position:0% +here would be R * F right and if that + + + align:start position:0% +here would be R * F right and if that +rotates say through some angle let's + + align:start position:0% +rotates say through some angle let's + + + align:start position:0% +rotates say through some angle let's +call it + + align:start position:0% +call it + + + align:start position:0% +call it +Alpha here's F here then this distance + + align:start position:0% +Alpha here's F here then this distance + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha here's F here then this distance +here that the force moves through is + + align:start position:0% +here that the force moves through is + + + align:start position:0% +here that the force moves through is +just R * Alpha so the work done is going + + align:start position:0% +just R * Alpha so the work done is going + + + align:start position:0% +just R * Alpha so the work done is going +to be R * Alpha * F or just the moment + + align:start position:0% +to be R * Alpha * F or just the moment + + + align:start position:0% +to be R * Alpha * F or just the moment +time Alpha okay so that's kind of all + + align:start position:0% +time Alpha okay so that's kind of all + + + align:start position:0% +time Alpha okay so that's kind of all +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +doing okay so that's the internal + + align:start position:0% +doing okay so that's the internal + + + align:start position:0% +doing okay so that's the internal +plastic work and now we have to look at + + align:start position:0% +plastic work and now we have to look at + + + align:start position:0% +plastic work and now we have to look at +the external work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done and + + align:start position:0% +done and + + + align:start position:0% +done and +that's equal to P * Lambda / 2 and here + + align:start position:0% +that's equal to P * Lambda / 2 and here + + + align:start position:0% +that's equal to P * Lambda / 2 and here +Lambda is the half wavelength of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +buckling and I'm going to say for these + + align:start position:0% +buckling and I'm going to say for these + + + align:start position:0% +buckling and I'm going to say for these +tubular kinds of things it's in the + + align:start position:0% +tubular kinds of things it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +tubular kinds of things it's in the +order of L + + align:start position:0% +order of L + + + align:start position:0% +order of L +so if you look at that + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at that + + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at that +last slide here oops ah rats how'd that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen let me scoop back down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here there if we look at that guy + + align:start position:0% +here there if we look at that guy + + + align:start position:0% +here there if we look at that guy +again the the magnitude of the buckling + + align:start position:0% +again the the magnitude of the buckling + + + align:start position:0% +again the the magnitude of the buckling +wavelength is on the order of of + + align:start position:0% +wavelength is on the order of of + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength is on the order of of +L and here the load P can be related to + + align:start position:0% +L and here the load P can be related to + + + align:start position:0% +L and here the load P can be related to +the stress in the three Direction this + + align:start position:0% +the stress in the three Direction this + + + align:start position:0% +the stress in the three Direction this +multiply it times the area of the unit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell and so if I equate the internal + + align:start position:0% +cell and so if I equate the internal + + + align:start position:0% +cell and so if I equate the internal +work and the external + + align:start position:0% +work and the external + + + align:start position:0% +work and the external +work I can say p * Lambda / + + align:start position:0% +work I can say p * Lambda / + + + align:start position:0% +work I can say p * Lambda / +2 is equal to Pi times my plastic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment and then for P I can write Sigma + + align:start position:0% +moment and then for P I can write Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +moment and then for P I can write Sigma +3 H + L sin + + align:start position:0% +3 H + L sin + + + align:start position:0% +3 H + L sin +Theta time 2 L cos + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta and then Lambda is L / 2 is equal + + align:start position:0% +Theta and then Lambda is L / 2 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and then Lambda is L / 2 is equal +to Pi and then I've got my plastic + + align:start position:0% +to Pi and then I've got my plastic + + + align:start position:0% +to Pi and then I've got my plastic +moment over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and then if I solve for Sigma 3 + + align:start position:0% +there and then if I solve for Sigma 3 + + + align:start position:0% +there and then if I solve for Sigma 3 +that's my compressive strength + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I've got Pi by4 Sig the strength of + + align:start position:0% +so I've got Pi by4 Sig the strength of + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got Pi by4 Sig the strength of +the solid Sigma + + align:start position:0% +the solid Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +the solid Sigma +Ys * t l + + align:start position:0% +Ys * t l + + + align:start position:0% +Ys * t l +2 then h l + 2 / h l + sin + + align:start position:0% +2 then h l + 2 / h l + sin + + + align:start position:0% +2 then h l + 2 / h l + sin +Theta time cos Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for regular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hexagons this works out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to works out to about two Sigma Ys * T + + align:start position:0% +to works out to about two Sigma Ys * T + + + align:start position:0% +to works out to about two Sigma Ys * T +l^ + + align:start position:0% +l^ + + + align:start position:0% +l^ +2 and the exact calculation for + + align:start position:0% +2 and the exact calculation for + + + align:start position:0% +2 and the exact calculation for +regular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Honeycombs is equal to 5.6 + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs is equal to 5.6 + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs is equal to 5.6 +time Sig y s * t l to the 5/3 power so + + align:start position:0% +time Sig y s * t l to the 5/3 power so + + + align:start position:0% +time Sig y s * t l to the 5/3 power so +this power here 5/3 is a little less + + align:start position:0% +this power here 5/3 is a little less + + + align:start position:0% +this power here 5/3 is a little less +than um than two uh and that's because + + align:start position:0% +than um than two uh and that's because + + + align:start position:0% +than um than two uh and that's because +the additional constraint of the + + align:start position:0% +the additional constraint of the + + + align:start position:0% +the additional constraint of the +neighboring cell walls but um the main + + align:start position:0% +neighboring cell walls but um the main + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring cell walls but um the main +thing we're sort of interested in these + + align:start position:0% +thing we're sort of interested in these + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're sort of interested in these +sorts of calculations is the power + + align:start position:0% +sorts of calculations is the power + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of calculations is the power +dependence on the density and this + + align:start position:0% +dependence on the density and this + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on the density and this +simple calculation obviously it's not + + align:start position:0% +simple calculation obviously it's not + + + align:start position:0% +simple calculation obviously it's not +exact but it gets you close + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm just going to wait for people to + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to wait for people to + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to wait for people to +catch up a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +little okay so the next property I'm + + align:start position:0% +little okay so the next property I'm + + + align:start position:0% +little okay so the next property I'm +going to look at is out of plain brittle + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is out of plain brittle + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is out of plain brittle +fracture so say we loaded in tension and + + align:start position:0% +fracture so say we loaded in tension and + + + align:start position:0% +fracture so say we loaded in tension and +if we had no crack then the walls would + + align:start position:0% +if we had no crack then the walls would + + + align:start position:0% +if we had no crack then the walls would +just see uni axial tension and the + + align:start position:0% +just see uni axial tension and the + + + align:start position:0% +just see uni axial tension and the +strength would just be the strength of + + align:start position:0% +strength would just be the strength of + + + align:start position:0% +strength would just be the strength of +the solid times the relative density + + align:start position:0% +the solid times the relative density + + + align:start position:0% +the solid times the relative density +times the amount of + + align:start position:0% +times the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +times the amount of +solid so we'll just say + + align:start position:0% +solid so we'll just say + + + align:start position:0% +solid so we'll just say +if defect + + align:start position:0% +if defect + + + align:start position:0% +if defect +free the walls + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see uni aial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tension and then the fracture stress in + + align:start position:0% +tension and then the fracture stress in + + + align:start position:0% +tension and then the fracture stress in +the three + + align:start position:0% +the three + + + align:start position:0% +the three +direction is just equal to the relative + + align:start position:0% +direction is just equal to the relative + + + align:start position:0% +direction is just equal to the relative +density times the fracture strength of + + align:start position:0% +density times the fracture strength of + + + align:start position:0% +density times the fracture strength of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solid so if the cell walls are cracked + + align:start position:0% +solid so if the cell walls are cracked + + + align:start position:0% +solid so if the cell walls are cracked +and if the crack length is very much + + align:start position:0% +and if the crack length is very much + + + align:start position:0% +and if the crack length is very much +bigger than the cell + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the cell + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than the cell +length and the crack propagates normal + + align:start position:0% +length and the crack propagates normal + + + align:start position:0% +length and the crack propagates normal +to X3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we can say the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +toughness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops GC Or the critical strain energy + + align:start position:0% +oops GC Or the critical strain energy + + + align:start position:0% +oops GC Or the critical strain energy +release rate rate is just equal to the + + align:start position:0% +release rate rate is just equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +release rate rate is just equal to the +volume fraction of solid times GC for + + align:start position:0% +volume fraction of solid times GC for + + + align:start position:0% +volume fraction of solid times GC for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +solid and then the fracture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +toughness k1c is equal to the sare root + + align:start position:0% +toughness k1c is equal to the sare root + + + align:start position:0% +toughness k1c is equal to the sare root +of the Young's modulus time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +GC and that's just equal to the relative + + align:start position:0% +GC and that's just equal to the relative + + + align:start position:0% +GC and that's just equal to the relative +density times the modulus of the solid + + align:start position:0% +density times the modulus of the solid + + + align:start position:0% +density times the modulus of the solid +and then the relative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density times + + align:start position:0% +density times + + + align:start position:0% +density times +the toughness of the + + align:start position:0% +the toughness of the + + + align:start position:0% +the toughness of the +solid so it's just equal to the relative + + align:start position:0% +solid so it's just equal to the relative + + + align:start position:0% +solid so it's just equal to the relative +density times the fracture toughness of + + align:start position:0% +density times the fracture toughness of + + + align:start position:0% +density times the fracture toughness of +the solid + + align:start position:0% +the solid + + + align:start position:0% +the solid +so it's just straightforward there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then we've got one last outof plane + + align:start position:0% +then we've got one last outof plane + + + align:start position:0% +then we've got one last outof plane +property and that's brittle crushing and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compression and if we have some + + align:start position:0% +compression and if we have some + + + align:start position:0% +compression and if we have some +compressive strength of the cell wall + + align:start position:0% +compressive strength of the cell wall + + + align:start position:0% +compressive strength of the cell wall +say I call it + + align:start position:0% +say I call it + + + align:start position:0% +say I call it +CS then it's just the relative density + + align:start position:0% +CS then it's just the relative density + + + align:start position:0% +CS then it's just the relative density +times that strength + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for brittle + + align:start position:0% +and for brittle + + + align:start position:0% +and for brittle +materials that crushing strength is + + align:start position:0% +materials that crushing strength is + + + align:start position:0% +materials that crushing strength is +typically around 12 times the um modulus + + align:start position:0% +typically around 12 times the um modulus + + + align:start position:0% +typically around 12 times the um modulus +of rupture or fracture strength + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we could say that's about equal to 12 + + align:start position:0% +so we could say that's about equal to 12 + + + align:start position:0% +so we could say that's about equal to 12 +times the relative + + align:start position:0% +times the relative + + + align:start position:0% +times the relative +density time Sigma FS of fracture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strength okay so that that's the + + align:start position:0% +strength okay so that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +strength okay so that that's the +modeling of the + + align:start position:0% +modeling of the + + + align:start position:0% +modeling of the +Honeycombs so I know there's been a lot + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs so I know there's been a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs so I know there's been a lot +of equations and derivations + + align:start position:0% +of equations and derivations + + + align:start position:0% +of equations and derivations +but that's kind of the basis of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +but that's kind of the basis of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +but that's kind of the basis of a lot of +the things we're going to do in the rest + + align:start position:0% +the things we're going to do in the rest + + + align:start position:0% +the things we're going to do in the rest +of the course so the modeling we're + + align:start position:0% +of the course so the modeling we're + + + align:start position:0% +of the course so the modeling we're +going to do on the Foams is based on + + align:start position:0% +going to do on the Foams is based on + + + align:start position:0% +going to do on the Foams is based on +this and the sort of mathematics is just + + align:start position:0% +this and the sort of mathematics is just + + + align:start position:0% +this and the sort of mathematics is just +easier because we're going to use these + + align:start position:0% +easier because we're going to use these + + + align:start position:0% +easier because we're going to use these +dimensional arguments we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +dimensional arguments we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional arguments we're not going to +figure out all these geometrical + + align:start position:0% +figure out all these geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +figure out all these geometrical +parameters so before we get to the Foams + + align:start position:0% +parameters so before we get to the Foams + + + align:start position:0% +parameters so before we get to the Foams +I wanted to talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to talk a little bit about +Honeycombs in nature and we've only got + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs in nature and we've only got + + + align:start position:0% +Honeycombs in nature and we've only got +a couple minutes left so I won't really + + align:start position:0% +a couple minutes left so I won't really + + + align:start position:0% +a couple minutes left so I won't really +get that far but I I wanted to talk a + + align:start position:0% +get that far but I I wanted to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +get that far but I I wanted to talk a +little bit about um honeycomb materials + + align:start position:0% +little bit about um honeycomb materials + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about um honeycomb materials +in nature and the two examples were + + align:start position:0% +in nature and the two examples were + + + align:start position:0% +in nature and the two examples were +we're going to talk about our wood and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about our wood and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about our wood and +Cork and so I'm going to talk a little + + align:start position:0% +Cork and so I'm going to talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +Cork and so I'm going to talk a little +bit about the structure of wood next + + align:start position:0% +bit about the structure of wood next + + + align:start position:0% +bit about the structure of wood next +time and we'll see how we can apply + + align:start position:0% +time and we'll see how we can apply + + + align:start position:0% +time and we'll see how we can apply +these models to understanding how wood + + align:start position:0% +these models to understanding how wood + + + align:start position:0% +these models to understanding how wood +behaves and we'll see how you can use + + align:start position:0% +behaves and we'll see how you can use + + + align:start position:0% +behaves and we'll see how you can use +these models to predict the density + + align:start position:0% +these models to predict the density + + + align:start position:0% +these models to predict the density +dependence of wood properties and also + + align:start position:0% +dependence of wood properties and also + + + align:start position:0% +dependence of wood properties and also +the anisotropy and wood properties and + + align:start position:0% +the anisotropy and wood properties and + + + align:start position:0% +the anisotropy and wood properties and +uh I don't know if I guess we'll + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know if I guess we'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know if I guess we'll +probably maybe start it Wednesday next + + align:start position:0% +probably maybe start it Wednesday next + + + align:start position:0% +probably maybe start it Wednesday next +week um we'll talk about cork as well so + + align:start position:0% +week um we'll talk about cork as well so + + + align:start position:0% +week um we'll talk about cork as well so +those of you who took 3032 know that I + + align:start position:0% +those of you who took 3032 know that I + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who took 3032 know that I +like cork because of Robert Hook and his + + align:start position:0% +like cork because of Robert Hook and his + + + align:start position:0% +like cork because of Robert Hook and his +drawing of course work and I made a new + + align:start position:0% +drawing of course work and I made a new + + + align:start position:0% +drawing of course work and I made a new +video that I'm going to show you so + + align:start position:0% +video that I'm going to show you so + + + align:start position:0% +video that I'm going to show you so +remember in 3032 I showed you the video + + align:start position:0% +remember in 3032 I showed you the video + + + align:start position:0% +remember in 3032 I showed you the video +from the bodan library where they had + + align:start position:0% +from the bodan library where they had + + + align:start position:0% +from the bodan library where they had +the first edition of hooks + + align:start position:0% +the first edition of hooks + + + align:start position:0% +the first edition of hooks +micrographia well it turns out Harvard + + align:start position:0% +micrographia well it turns out Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +micrographia well it turns out Harvard +has a first edition Harvard has three + + align:start position:0% +has a first edition Harvard has three + + + align:start position:0% +has a first edition Harvard has three +first editions yeah exactly MIT has zero + + align:start position:0% +first editions yeah exactly MIT has zero + + + align:start position:0% +first editions yeah exactly MIT has zero +first editions gee why does that + + align:start position:0% +first editions gee why does that + + + align:start position:0% +first editions gee why does that +surprise me um and I have a friend who's + + align:start position:0% +surprise me um and I have a friend who's + + + align:start position:0% +surprise me um and I have a friend who's +a librarian at Harvard and she arranged + + align:start position:0% +a librarian at Harvard and she arranged + + + align:start position:0% +a librarian at Harvard and she arranged +for me to go and make a little video + + align:start position:0% +for me to go and make a little video + + + align:start position:0% +for me to go and make a little video +with the first edition of micrographia + + align:start position:0% +with the first edition of micrographia + + + align:start position:0% +with the first edition of micrographia +so I can um I don't know if we'll play + + align:start position:0% +so I can um I don't know if we'll play + + + align:start position:0% +so I can um I don't know if we'll play +the whole thing but I'll I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing but I'll I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing but I'll I'll show you +the first little bit of it and you can + + align:start position:0% +the first little bit of it and you can + + + align:start position:0% +the first little bit of it and you can +watch it at your leisure and Sardar came + + align:start position:0% +watch it at your leisure and Sardar came + + + align:start position:0% +watch it at your leisure and Sardar came +you came and saw it right with me U you + + align:start position:0% +you came and saw it right with me U you + + + align:start position:0% +you came and saw it right with me U you +came and saw the first edition with me + + align:start position:0% +came and saw the first edition with me + + + align:start position:0% +came and saw the first edition with me +right yes yeah yeah so it's very + + align:start position:0% +right yes yeah yeah so it's very + + + align:start position:0% +right yes yeah yeah so it's very +beautiful and you'll see some of the + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and you'll see some of the + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and you'll see some of the +nice drawings and I talk about the + + align:start position:0% +nice drawings and I talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +nice drawings and I talk about the +cellular structure of some of the + + align:start position:0% +cellular structure of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +cellular structure of some of the +drawings so we'll we'll talk about wood + + align:start position:0% +drawings so we'll we'll talk about wood + + + align:start position:0% +drawings so we'll we'll talk about wood +and cork next time but I think I'm going + + align:start position:0% +and cork next time but I think I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and cork next time but I think I'm going +to stop there because that seems like + + align:start position:0% +to stop there because that seems like + + + align:start position:0% +to stop there because that seems like +enough equations for now \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CxlV7_w4TZQ.txt b/CxlV7_w4TZQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53e9230ea1ca14e2048a7028ec4abf9583c4ad4d --- /dev/null +++ b/CxlV7_w4TZQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,667 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu well the uh the course + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu well the uh the course + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu well the uh the course +generally gives an introduction to the + + align:start position:0% +generally gives an introduction to the + + + align:start position:0% +generally gives an introduction to the +concepts of + + align:start position:0% +concepts of + + + align:start position:0% +concepts of +patents and how we protect + + align:start position:0% +patents and how we protect + + + align:start position:0% +patents and how we protect +inventions and why they're necessary to + + align:start position:0% +inventions and why they're necessary to + + + align:start position:0% +inventions and why they're necessary to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +protected and indeed also examines the + + align:start position:0% +protected and indeed also examines the + + + align:start position:0% +protected and indeed also examines the +systems in other + + align:start position:0% +systems in other + + + align:start position:0% +systems in other +countries for doing this + + align:start position:0% +countries for doing this + + + align:start position:0% +countries for doing this +and how we Mel these so that American + + align:start position:0% +and how we Mel these so that American + + + align:start position:0% +and how we Mel these so that American +inventors can take advantage of world + + align:start position:0% +inventors can take advantage of world + + + align:start position:0% +inventors can take advantage of world +Protection Systems as well uh in the + + align:start position:0% +Protection Systems as well uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +Protection Systems as well uh in the +class we + + align:start position:0% +class we + + + align:start position:0% +class we +encourage challenge discussion + + align:start position:0% +encourage challenge discussion + + + align:start position:0% +encourage challenge discussion +and uh I think that uh it's good to have + + align:start position:0% +and uh I think that uh it's good to have + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I think that uh it's good to have +different approaches and it's good to + + align:start position:0% +different approaches and it's good to + + + align:start position:0% +different approaches and it's good to +have different philosophies lawyers who + + align:start position:0% +have different philosophies lawyers who + + + align:start position:0% +have different philosophies lawyers who +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +trying important cases in the patent + + align:start position:0% +trying important cases in the patent + + + align:start position:0% +trying important cases in the patent +field right now we've had them come and + + align:start position:0% +field right now we've had them come and + + + align:start position:0% +field right now we've had them come and +address the class we prepare the class + + align:start position:0% +address the class we prepare the class + + + align:start position:0% +address the class we prepare the class +first over the internet for the + + align:start position:0% +first over the internet for the + + + align:start position:0% +first over the internet for the +materials they understand it and they + + align:start position:0% +materials they understand it and they + + + align:start position:0% +materials they understand it and they +get firsthand contact with the people + + align:start position:0% +get firsthand contact with the people + + + align:start position:0% +get firsthand contact with the people +who are making things happen in the + + align:start position:0% +who are making things happen in the + + + align:start position:0% +who are making things happen in the +country that's just a couple of examples + + align:start position:0% +country that's just a couple of examples + + + align:start position:0% +country that's just a couple of examples +of exciting things and many of these + + align:start position:0% +of exciting things and many of these + + + align:start position:0% +of exciting things and many of these +things the students bring to + + align:start position:0% +things the students bring to + + + align:start position:0% +things the students bring to +me as a result I mean they're particular + + align:start position:0% +me as a result I mean they're particular + + + align:start position:0% +me as a result I mean they're particular +The Graduate students they're real + + align:start position:0% +The Graduate students they're real + + + align:start position:0% +The Graduate students they're real +people they're in the real world and + + align:start position:0% +people they're in the real world and + + + align:start position:0% +people they're in the real world and +they're doing real things and they tell + + align:start position:0% +they're doing real things and they tell + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing real things and they tell +their companies about it this or that + + align:start position:0% +their companies about it this or that + + + align:start position:0% +their companies about it this or that +hey can I come and talk to your your + + align:start position:0% +hey can I come and talk to your your + + + align:start position:0% +hey can I come and talk to your your +class about something maybe some student + + align:start position:0% +class about something maybe some student + + + align:start position:0% +class about something maybe some student +wants to help us on on some ideas that's + + align:start position:0% +wants to help us on on some ideas that's + + + align:start position:0% +wants to help us on on some ideas that's +the way it happens that's the way it + + align:start position:0% +the way it happens that's the way it + + + align:start position:0% +the way it happens that's the way it +builds as these courses have developed + + align:start position:0% +builds as these courses have developed + + + align:start position:0% +builds as these courses have developed +the world has changed + + align:start position:0% +the world has changed + + + align:start position:0% +the world has changed +China has become a tremendous giant he's + + align:start position:0% +China has become a tremendous giant he's + + + align:start position:0% +China has become a tremendous giant he's +become the world's manufacturer in in + + align:start position:0% +become the world's manufacturer in in + + + align:start position:0% +become the world's manufacturer in in +many many + + align:start position:0% +many many + + + align:start position:0% +many many +areas and Chinese philosophy is uh not + + align:start position:0% +areas and Chinese philosophy is uh not + + + align:start position:0% +areas and Chinese philosophy is uh not +the same as our + + align:start position:0% +the same as our + + + align:start position:0% +the same as our +philosophy and its culture is not the + + align:start position:0% +philosophy and its culture is not the + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy and its culture is not the +same and that's one of the reasons why + + align:start position:0% +same and that's one of the reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +same and that's one of the reasons why +we think things are piracy and they + + align:start position:0% +we think things are piracy and they + + + align:start position:0% +we think things are piracy and they +think things are their + + align:start position:0% +think things are their + + + align:start position:0% +think things are their +do and uh but there are things that we + + align:start position:0% +do and uh but there are things that we + + + align:start position:0% +do and uh but there are things that we +can't agree on in between well as that + + align:start position:0% +can't agree on in between well as that + + + align:start position:0% +can't agree on in between well as that +happened the course had to be + + align:start position:0% +happened the course had to be + + + align:start position:0% +happened the course had to be +expanded to show that a patent is not a + + align:start position:0% +expanded to show that a patent is not a + + + align:start position:0% +expanded to show that a patent is not a +sanr saac thing show that a contract + + align:start position:0% +sanr saac thing show that a contract + + + align:start position:0% +sanr saac thing show that a contract +that's made is not always + + align:start position:0% +that's made is not always + + + align:start position:0% +that's made is not always +respected and to deal with how do you + + align:start position:0% +respected and to deal with how do you + + + align:start position:0% +respected and to deal with how do you +approach these things how do you protect + + align:start position:0% +approach these things how do you protect + + + align:start position:0% +approach these things how do you protect +yourself as best you can we want our + + align:start position:0% +yourself as best you can we want our + + + align:start position:0% +yourself as best you can we want our +students to understand that everybody + + align:start position:0% +students to understand that everybody + + + align:start position:0% +students to understand that everybody +doesn't think like we do and the trick + + align:start position:0% +doesn't think like we do and the trick + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't think like we do and the trick +is to go into such a situation and and + + align:start position:0% +is to go into such a situation and and + + + align:start position:0% +is to go into such a situation and and +find the way that we are the same and + + align:start position:0% +find the way that we are the same and + + + align:start position:0% +find the way that we are the same and +where we are differences and how you + + align:start position:0% +where we are differences and how you + + + align:start position:0% +where we are differences and how you +compromise it so we live together and + + align:start position:0% +compromise it so we live together and + + + align:start position:0% +compromise it so we live together and +neither side has their own way and + + align:start position:0% +neither side has their own way and + + + align:start position:0% +neither side has their own way and +that's really the way the world always + + align:start position:0% +that's really the way the world always + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the way the world always +has been and that's the way this + + align:start position:0% +has been and that's the way this + + + align:start position:0% +has been and that's the way this +expanding world will have to develop and + + align:start position:0% +expanding world will have to develop and + + + align:start position:0% +expanding world will have to develop and +America will have to get on a stick and + + align:start position:0% +America will have to get on a stick and + + + align:start position:0% +America will have to get on a stick and +appreciate they aren't the only player + + align:start position:0% +appreciate they aren't the only player + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate they aren't the only player +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +world and uh it is not a course full of + + align:start position:0% +world and uh it is not a course full of + + + align:start position:0% +world and uh it is not a course full of +examinations but it is a course full of + + align:start position:0% +examinations but it is a course full of + + + align:start position:0% +examinations but it is a course full of +the students being required to do things + + align:start position:0% +the students being required to do things + + + align:start position:0% +the students being required to do things +and original things on the basis of the + + align:start position:0% +and original things on the basis of the + + + align:start position:0% +and original things on the basis of the +information that they learn it's a class + + align:start position:0% +information that they learn it's a class + + + align:start position:0% +information that they learn it's a class +that the students and I uh conduct \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/D3E5CKebKuQ.txt b/D3E5CKebKuQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4a3d7897ab647489b08cd4c8f504d390ab1d174 --- /dev/null +++ b/D3E5CKebKuQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,899 @@ +align:start position:0% + +understanding proofs includes the + + align:start position:0% +understanding proofs includes the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding proofs includes the +ability to spot mistakes in them and as + + align:start position:0% +ability to spot mistakes in them and as + + + align:start position:0% +ability to spot mistakes in them and as +a test of that skill and also your + + align:start position:0% +a test of that skill and also your + + + align:start position:0% +a test of that skill and also your +understanding of induction let me see if + + align:start position:0% +understanding of induction let me see if + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of induction let me see if +I can put one over on you um I'm going + + align:start position:0% +I can put one over on you um I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +I can put one over on you um I'm going +to show you a bogus proof by induction + + align:start position:0% +to show you a bogus proof by induction + + + align:start position:0% +to show you a bogus proof by induction +and I'm going to prove something that's + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to prove something that's + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to prove something that's +patently absurd namely that all horses + + align:start position:0% +patently absurd namely that all horses + + + align:start position:0% +patently absurd namely that all horses +have the same color say they're all + + align:start position:0% +have the same color say they're all + + + align:start position:0% +have the same color say they're all +black um so there's a bunch of black + + align:start position:0% +black um so there's a bunch of black + + + align:start position:0% +black um so there's a bunch of black +horses with maybe some highlighted Brown + + align:start position:0% +horses with maybe some highlighted Brown + + + align:start position:0% +horses with maybe some highlighted Brown +Mains all right um I'm GNA prove this by + + align:start position:0% +Mains all right um I'm GNA prove this by + + + align:start position:0% +Mains all right um I'm GNA prove this by +induction and for a start um there's no + + align:start position:0% +induction and for a start um there's no + + + align:start position:0% +induction and for a start um there's no +n mentioned in the theorem so that's + + align:start position:0% +n mentioned in the theorem so that's + + + align:start position:0% +n mentioned in the theorem so that's +common for various kinds of things uh + + align:start position:0% +common for various kinds of things uh + + + align:start position:0% +common for various kinds of things uh +that you need to prove by induction so I + + align:start position:0% +that you need to prove by induction so I + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to prove by induction so I +have to rephrase it in terms of n it's + + align:start position:0% +have to rephrase it in terms of n it's + + + align:start position:0% +have to rephrase it in terms of n it's +going to be by induction on N the + + align:start position:0% +going to be by induction on N the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be by induction on N the +induction hypothesis is going to be that + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis is going to be that + + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis is going to be that +any set consisting of exactly n horses + + align:start position:0% +any set consisting of exactly n horses + + + align:start position:0% +any set consisting of exactly n horses +will all have the same color all right + + align:start position:0% +will all have the same color all right + + + align:start position:0% +will all have the same color all right +let's proceed to prove this now I'm + + align:start position:0% +let's proceed to prove this now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +let's proceed to prove this now I'm +going to use the base case n equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +going to use the base case n equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the base case n equals 1 +just because I don't want to distract + + align:start position:0% +just because I don't want to distract + + + align:start position:0% +just because I don't want to distract +you with suspicions that the base case n + + align:start position:0% +you with suspicions that the base case n + + + align:start position:0% +you with suspicions that the base case n +equals 0 that is no horses uh is + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 that is no horses uh is + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 that is no horses uh is +cheating somehow it would be in fact be + + align:start position:0% +cheating somehow it would be in fact be + + + align:start position:0% +cheating somehow it would be in fact be +perfectly legitimate to start with n + + align:start position:0% +perfectly legitimate to start with n + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly legitimate to start with n +equals zero and argue that all the + + align:start position:0% +equals zero and argue that all the + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero and argue that all the +horses in the empty set have the same + + align:start position:0% +horses in the empty set have the same + + + align:start position:0% +horses in the empty set have the same +color uh because there's nothing in the + + align:start position:0% +color uh because there's nothing in the + + + align:start position:0% +color uh because there's nothing in the +empty set however let's not get into + + align:start position:0% +empty set however let's not get into + + + align:start position:0% +empty set however let's not get into +that we we'll start with n equals 1 and + + align:start position:0% +that we we'll start with n equals 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +that we we'll start with n equals 1 and +indeed if you look at any set of one + + align:start position:0% +indeed if you look at any set of one + + + align:start position:0% +indeed if you look at any set of one +horse it is the same color of it as + + align:start position:0% +horse it is the same color of it as + + + align:start position:0% +horse it is the same color of it as +itself and in fact I've proved the base + + align:start position:0% +itself and in fact I've proved the base + + + align:start position:0% +itself and in fact I've proved the base +case n equals 1 all right let's keep + + align:start position:0% +case n equals 1 all right let's keep + + + align:start position:0% +case n equals 1 all right let's keep +going now in the inductive step I'm + + align:start position:0% +going now in the inductive step I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going now in the inductive step I'm +allowed to assume that n horses have the + + align:start position:0% +allowed to assume that n horses have the + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to assume that n horses have the +same color where n is any number greater + + align:start position:0% +same color where n is any number greater + + + align:start position:0% +same color where n is any number greater +than or equal to zero now right here + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to zero now right here + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to zero now right here +students complain that that's not fair + + align:start position:0% +students complain that that's not fair + + + align:start position:0% +students complain that that's not fair +because you're already assuming + + align:start position:0% +because you're already assuming + + + align:start position:0% +because you're already assuming +something false and that's absurd well + + align:start position:0% +something false and that's absurd well + + + align:start position:0% +something false and that's absurd well +yeah uh it is absurd but that can't be + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh it is absurd but that can't be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh it is absurd but that can't be +the problem I'm just allowed to assume + + align:start position:0% +the problem I'm just allowed to assume + + + align:start position:0% +the problem I'm just allowed to assume +an induction hypothesis all I have to do + + align:start position:0% +an induction hypothesis all I have to do + + + align:start position:0% +an induction hypothesis all I have to do +is prove that n implies n+ one since + + align:start position:0% +is prove that n implies n+ one since + + + align:start position:0% +is prove that n implies n+ one since +it's absurd there ought to be some + + align:start position:0% +it's absurd there ought to be some + + + align:start position:0% +it's absurd there ought to be some +problem with the proof well let's watch + + align:start position:0% +problem with the proof well let's watch + + + align:start position:0% +problem with the proof well let's watch +and see if there's a problem with the + + align:start position:0% +and see if there's a problem with the + + + align:start position:0% +and see if there's a problem with the +proof so again I can assume that any set + + align:start position:0% +proof so again I can assume that any set + + + align:start position:0% +proof so again I can assume that any set +of n horses have the same color I have + + align:start position:0% +of n horses have the same color I have + + + align:start position:0% +of n horses have the same color I have +to prove that any set of n plus one + + align:start position:0% +to prove that any set of n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +to prove that any set of n plus one +horses have the same color how will I do + + align:start position:0% +horses have the same color how will I do + + + align:start position:0% +horses have the same color how will I do +that well there's a set of n plus1 + + align:start position:0% +that well there's a set of n plus1 + + + align:start position:0% +that well there's a set of n plus1 +horses and let's consider the first n of + + align:start position:0% +horses and let's consider the first n of + + + align:start position:0% +horses and let's consider the first n of +those horses now by induction hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +those horses now by induction hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +those horses now by induction hypothesis +the first n of them have the same color + + align:start position:0% +the first n of them have the same color + + + align:start position:0% +the first n of them have the same color +black maybe okay also by induction + + align:start position:0% +black maybe okay also by induction + + + align:start position:0% +black maybe okay also by induction +hypothesis the second set of n horses + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis the second set of n horses + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis the second set of n horses +that is all but the first horse have the + + align:start position:0% +that is all but the first horse have the + + + align:start position:0% +that is all but the first horse have the +same color + + align:start position:0% +same color + + + align:start position:0% +same color +yeah and what that tells me is that the + + align:start position:0% +yeah and what that tells me is that the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and what that tells me is that the +first and the last horse have the same + + align:start position:0% +first and the last horse have the same + + + align:start position:0% +first and the last horse have the same +color as all of the horses in the + + align:start position:0% +color as all of the horses in the + + + align:start position:0% +color as all of the horses in the +middle and therefore in fact they all + + align:start position:0% +middle and therefore in fact they all + + + align:start position:0% +middle and therefore in fact they all +have the same color end of proof + + align:start position:0% +have the same color end of proof + + + align:start position:0% +have the same color end of proof +QED all right so they're better be + + align:start position:0% +QED all right so they're better be + + + align:start position:0% +QED all right so they're better be +something wrong and what's wrong well + + align:start position:0% +something wrong and what's wrong well + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong and what's wrong well +what's wrong is that the proof that P of + + align:start position:0% +what's wrong is that the proof that P of + + + align:start position:0% +what's wrong is that the proof that P of +n implies P of n + one is wrong it + + align:start position:0% +n implies P of n + one is wrong it + + + align:start position:0% +n implies P of n + one is wrong it +looked good but the proof that P of n + + align:start position:0% +looked good but the proof that P of n + + + align:start position:0% +looked good but the proof that P of n +implies P of n plus 1 has to work for + + align:start position:0% +implies P of n plus 1 has to work for + + + align:start position:0% +implies P of n plus 1 has to work for +all n greater than or equal to the base + + align:start position:0% +all n greater than or equal to the base + + + align:start position:0% +all n greater than or equal to the base +case uh and if you look at this proof it + + align:start position:0% +case uh and if you look at this proof it + + + align:start position:0% +case uh and if you look at this proof it +doesn't work in in the base case when n + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work in in the base case when n + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work in in the base case when n +is one and you're trying to go from the + + align:start position:0% +is one and you're trying to go from the + + + align:start position:0% +is one and you're trying to go from the +base case to two and so on by + + align:start position:0% +base case to two and so on by + + + align:start position:0% +base case to two and so on by +implication the proof breaks down cuz + + align:start position:0% +implication the proof breaks down cuz + + + align:start position:0% +implication the proof breaks down cuz +what happens with our argument in the + + align:start position:0% +what happens with our argument in the + + + align:start position:0% +what happens with our argument in the +case that we're trying to prove that P + + align:start position:0% +case that we're trying to prove that P + + + align:start position:0% +case that we're trying to prove that P +of n implies P of n plus 1 in the case + + align:start position:0% +of n implies P of n plus 1 in the case + + + align:start position:0% +of n implies P of n plus 1 in the case +that n equals 1 well in that case there + + align:start position:0% +that n equals 1 well in that case there + + + align:start position:0% +that n equals 1 well in that case there +aren't any middle horses n plus one is + + align:start position:0% +aren't any middle horses n plus one is + + + align:start position:0% +aren't any middle horses n plus one is +two so there's a first horse and that's + + align:start position:0% +two so there's a first horse and that's + + + align:start position:0% +two so there's a first horse and that's +the first n horses and then the second + + align:start position:0% +the first n horses and then the second + + + align:start position:0% +the first n horses and then the second +set of end horses is the other horse and + + align:start position:0% +set of end horses is the other horse and + + + align:start position:0% +set of end horses is the other horse and +there are no middle horses that they + + align:start position:0% +there are no middle horses that they + + + align:start position:0% +there are no middle horses that they +both both have a color in common with so + + align:start position:0% +both both have a color in common with so + + + align:start position:0% +both both have a color in common with so +the proof just broke there um but you + + align:start position:0% +the proof just broke there um but you + + + align:start position:0% +the proof just broke there um but you +might not have noticed cuz that was the + + align:start position:0% +might not have noticed cuz that was the + + + align:start position:0% +might not have noticed cuz that was the +only place it was broken this is a case + + align:start position:0% +only place it was broken this is a case + + + align:start position:0% +only place it was broken this is a case +where we were misled by Ellipsis by the + + align:start position:0% +where we were misled by Ellipsis by the + + + align:start position:0% +where we were misled by Ellipsis by the +way where um uh because I was drawing n + + align:start position:0% +way where um uh because I was drawing n + + + align:start position:0% +way where um uh because I was drawing n +plus one horses with a lot showing a lot + + align:start position:0% +plus one horses with a lot showing a lot + + + align:start position:0% +plus one horses with a lot showing a lot +of horses with dots in the middle it + + align:start position:0% +of horses with dots in the middle it + + + align:start position:0% +of horses with dots in the middle it +looked like there were some but there + + align:start position:0% +looked like there were some but there + + + align:start position:0% +looked like there were some but there +weren't um and again the as I as I said + + align:start position:0% +weren't um and again the as I as I said + + + align:start position:0% +weren't um and again the as I as I said +the point though is that uh the the only + + align:start position:0% +the point though is that uh the the only + + + align:start position:0% +the point though is that uh the the only +fallacy in this proof was that um it + + align:start position:0% +fallacy in this proof was that um it + + + align:start position:0% +fallacy in this proof was that um it +didn't work when n was one but it + + align:start position:0% +didn't work when n was one but it + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work when n was one but it +certainly worked for implying that if + + align:start position:0% +certainly worked for implying that if + + + align:start position:0% +certainly worked for implying that if +all sets of two horses are the same that + + align:start position:0% +all sets of two horses are the same that + + + align:start position:0% +all sets of two horses are the same that +does imply that all sets of three horses + + align:start position:0% +does imply that all sets of three horses + + + align:start position:0% +does imply that all sets of three horses +are the same color and again it's a + + align:start position:0% +are the same color and again it's a + + + align:start position:0% +are the same color and again it's a +false will imply anything a kind of + + align:start position:0% +false will imply anything a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +false will imply anything a kind of +example but even here the uh the proof + + align:start position:0% +example but even here the uh the proof + + + align:start position:0% +example but even here the uh the proof +was logically okay but if it breaks at + + align:start position:0% +was logically okay but if it breaks at + + + align:start position:0% +was logically okay but if it breaks at +one place if there's one Domino that's + + align:start position:0% +one place if there's one Domino that's + + + align:start position:0% +one place if there's one Domino that's +missing from the line when the one + + align:start position:0% +missing from the line when the one + + + align:start position:0% +missing from the line when the one +before it falls the rest of them stop + + align:start position:0% +before it falls the rest of them stop + + + align:start position:0% +before it falls the rest of them stop +falling and the proof breaks down \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DRBREvFL19g.txt b/DRBREvFL19g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92bb9404bcab58514771860e953c8d2bce0fa37e --- /dev/null +++ b/DRBREvFL19g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1650 @@ +ERIC LANDER: And so the issue +became how does DNA + +replication work. + +And so I'm about +to go into it. + +Now, I'm going to note we're +going to be starting this DNA + +goes to RNA, goes to protein, +and DNA goes to itself. + +DNA is replicated. + +It makes RNA. + +The RNA is used to +make protein. + +This will be what +we'll be talking + +about today and tomorrow. + +So the first step of that +is, how does DNA give + +rise to more DNA? + +Well, how do you +find an enzyme? + +How do you do biochemistry? + +What do you do? + +AUDIENCE: Assays. + +ERIC LANDER: Assay. + +So you've got to grind +up the cell. + +I got to choose a cell in which +I'm likely to find an + +enzyme, grind it up, break it +up into different fractions, + +and test each fraction. + +That's all biochemists +do, right? + +So what cell might have the +enzyme we're looking for? + +What cells might be +able to copy DNA? + +How about all cells? + +So let's use a simple cell. + +What's a simple cell? + +Let's use bacteria. + +So we'll take some bacteria, +we'll grow it up, + +we'll grind it up. + +We'll fractionate it into +different fractions, and we'll + +see if one of those fractions +has the ability to copy DNA. + +If we're going to run +an assay, we have + +to give it a substrate. + +What substrate would you +like to give it? + +What do you think it needs? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: It better have +some free nucleotides + +otherwise, how are we +going to make DNA. + +What else? + +Are you going to ask it to +make DNA all by itself? + +We want something that can copy +one of the strands of a + +double helix. + +So what should we give it? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Half a helix. + +ERIC LANDER: Half a helix. + +A strand of DNA, the strand +to be used as a template. + +So let's give it a +template strand. + +So we'll take a template +strand of DNA. + +There's my template of DNA. + +Let's actually give it a little + +sequence actually, here. + +Let's say A phosphate, T +phosphate, G phosphate, C + +phosphate, A phosphate, T +phosphate, T phosphate, A + +phosphate, G phosphate, +G phosphate. + +I'm going to not write the +phosphates too much longer, + +guys, but anyway C phosphate, +C phosphate, T + +phosphate, like that. + +Pretty soon, in fact, almost +immediately, I'm going to + +start dropping the phosphates +in here. + +But that's the way it goes. + +All right. + +That's a template. + +We need floating around in the +solution some trinucleotides. + +We have some nucleotides +floating around. + +And now will this enzyme work? + +We would try different fractions +and see if it's able + +to just install the right +letters in the right place. + +Now, it turned out it needed one +more thing, and the person + +who discovered this, Arthur +Kornberg, thought of it. + +It needed a head start. + +It needed a primer. + +So the primer goes let's say, +phosphate T, phosphate A, + +phosphate C, phosphate G, +phosphate T, phosphate A, + +let's say like that. + +So this is the five +prime end of DNA. + +Remember the phosphate is +hanging off the five prime + +carbon, right? + +What's look at the other end. + +The other end ends in the +hydroxyl on the three prime + +end of the ribose. + +Since this is anti-parallel, +this strand is going five + +prime phosphate to three +prime hydroxyl. + +You're going to need to know +five prime and three prime. + +So I'm doing this so you +get used to five + +prime and three prime. + +There you go. + +If you're handed a primer to get +a head start, and you're + +handed a template, and you hand +it some nucleotides, you + +then assay different fractions +exactly as you suggested and + +we see is one of them capable +of extending this strand by + +putting in an A, putting in a T, +putting in a C, putting in + +a C, putting in a C, putting +in a G. That's the assay. + +And Arthur Kornberg discovered +an enzyme that could do this. + +And the biochemists went nuts. + +They thought, wow. + +This is so cool. + +Kornberg is able to discover +an enzyme that + +can accomplish this. + +The enzyme polymerizes DNA. + +Coincidentally, what is +the enzyme called? + +AUDIENCE: DNA polymerase. + +ERIC LANDER: DNA polymerase. + +Accidentally, has a nice name. + +Good. + +DNA polymerase. + +Excellent. + +Now, notice what it does. + +It takes this triphosphate, puts +it in here, and it joins + +it into a sugar phosphate +chain. + +Where does it get the energy +for that synthesis? + +Hydrolysis of the triphosphates, +right? + +It's the hydrolysis of +the triphosphate. + +That's the energy. + +What direction is the synthesis +proceeding? + +Starts here at the five prime +end, and it moves adding on to + +the three prime end. + +So it's five prime to three +prime direction. + +That's the direction it moves. + +It adds to the three +prime end. + +It adds to the free +nucleotides to + +the three prime end. + +Why not do it the other way? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Phosphates. + +ERIC LANDER: Can't hear you. + +Shout loud. + +AUDIENCE: Phosphates. + +ERIC LANDER: Phosphates, yes. + +You see, suppose we were +going the other way. + +Suppose the primer +was this way. + +Where would as we added each +base, the triphosphate would + +be on the strands, right? + +And we'd be adding to the +three prime end here. + +That means the energy supplied +by the triphosphate would be + +on the growing strands rather +than in the free nucleotides. + +Why would it be a terrible idea +to put your energy source + +on the growing strand? + +MIKE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Well Mike, you +know, those triphosphate bonds + +are pretty unstable. + +They hydrolyzed by themselves +at some frequency. + +If you're a free nucleotide +and the triphosphate + +hydrolyzes, big deal. + +That free nucleotide floating +around loses its triphosphate. + +But what if I'm the growing +strand, and I lose my + +triphosphate? + +AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS] + +ERIC LANDER: Exactly. + +AUDIENCE: There goes +your chain. + +ERIC LANDER: There +goes my chain. + +So you know, life's +not stupid. + +It doesn't do it that way. + +It does it this way. + +No one has ever found a +polymerase that goes this way. + +They find them all going that +way for just that reason. + +Exactly. + +Bingo. + +That was why life evolved it +that way, because you want + +your triphosphates, those +hydrolyzable triphosphates to + +be floating around freely +rather than investing. + +Now just think about that. + +It's a kind of cool thing. + +It doesn't matter. + +Your book doesn't +talk about it. + +But to me, it helps me remember +which way it's going + +and how it is, and it's +kind of interesting. + +Any way. + +All right. + +So Kornberg wins the Nobel +Prize for this. + +Good stuff. + +It's very deserved, but you +know, there's some questions. + +Where does the primer +come from in life? + +See, Kornberg gave this +test tube a primer. + +But suppose I'm replicating +some DNA. + +So let's suppose I have a double +strand of DNA, and I'm + +just going to open it up here, +five prime to three prime, + +five prime to three prime. + +I need to get like +a primer here. + +Then the primer can be extended +by polymerase. + +Well, where's the primer +come from? + +It turns out there is an enzyme +specially devoted to + +making those primers. + +Kornberg didn't know it, +but there's an enzyme. + +And by coincidence, it +is called primase. + +Exactly. + +Primase makes the primer. + +So you need a primer here, and +the primer is made by primase. + +Once primase makes a primer, +polymerase can chug along and + +do it just fine. + +Let's check out the +other strand. + +Primer here, polymerase +chugs along. + +But now as this double +helix opens up, what + +happens over here? + +The synthesis going this way. + +So what do I have to do here? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Another primer. + +Need another primer. + +Then as it opens up more, +what do I need? + +AUDIENCE: Another primer. + +ERIC LANDER: Another primer. + +So the two strands are +experiencing very different + +kind of replication. + +In one place, one primer in the +five prime to three prime + +direction is enough +to keep going. + +In the other strand, as it keeps +opening up, you gotta + +keep making primers. + +You have all these little +fragments there. + +Now, those little fragments were +discovered by Okazaki, + +and they are called +Okazaki fragments. + +Again, I just mention +these things. + +They are known to molecular +biologists. + +But these little guys are +Okazaki fragments, and they + +tell you that you're on +the right track here. + +This is indeed how +it's working. + +You can see those little +fragments there. + +But now, what's the problem with +the Okazaki fragments? + +They're not connected, right? + +The primase makes a primer. + +The polymerase copies the DNA, +it bumps into the next primer, + +but you've got to +connect them. + +So that's a problem. + +That's a real problem. + +I'll redraw that here. + +Here was my primer. + +I got a new primer over here. + +I got a new primer over here. + +Right there. + +Right there. + +They're not contiguous +connected. + +The word we use for connecting +two pieces of DNA, which is a + +standard English word not used +that often is to ligate two + +things together. + +Ligature, for example, +in music. + +You ligate things together. + +How do you think the cell deals +with ligating these + +things together? + +An enzyme called-- + +AUDIENCE: Ligase. + +ERIC LANDER: Exactly. + +So ligase does the ligation. + +Ligase ligates. + +It is so lucky that these +words turn out to have + +accidentally made sense. + +It's really cool. + +So ligase ligates. + +Now, I'll tell you a factoid, +but don't worry + +about it too much. + +Primase actually doesn't +make DNA. + +We haven't gotten there +yet, but it turns out + +primase makes RNA. + +Turns out to be easier +to start an RNA + +than a DNA from scratch. + +Cell doesn't like to start +DNA from scratch. + +It likes to start RNA from +scratch as we'll get to a + +moment with transcription. + +So as a factoid, I'll mention +to you that those little + +primers are actually RNA +primers, and what happens is + +they get extended into DNA, and +they bump into and kind of + +displace the previous RNA, so +it's slightly more complicated + +than I told you. + +You're welcome to forget that. + +If you would like to believe +that primase is actually + +making little segments of +DNA, it'll be just fine. + +But in fact, it doesn't +actually. + +It's making little segments of +RNA so there's a whole other + +machinery that has to +deal with that. + +But the basic concept five prime +to three prime, little + +primers, getting extended, +getting ligated, that's how + +you make your DNA. + +And you can check it +out, and it works. + +All right. + +Well, it turns out to even be +a little more complicated. + +That was how we got the +synthesis going, but we also + +have a little bit of a +topological problem. + +This again, says a lot about +how people do science. + +You gotta just like not worry +about certain things. + +If Kornberg had said, +oh my goodness. + +I can't give my test tube a +primer, because I don't know + +how the cell would make a +primer, he wouldn't have made + +any progress. + +So he throws in the primer +and says, the cell + +will figure it out. + +I'm just giving it a primer, +and I'll see what happens. + +Now, there's another problem, +this topological problem that + +also can make your head hurt. + +Let me try to explain what the +topological problem is. + +Suppose I have DNA like that. + +Make that a little prettier. + +So I have some DNA like that. + +And maybe it goes around for +a very long distance like a + +circle or something like that. + +I now want to copy that DNA. + +So I have one strand, +and I'm copying it. + +I have this other strand, +and I'm copying it. + +And remember, these two strands +are wrapped around, + +and around, and around, +and around each other. + +One is going like this. + +One is going like that, and +there's some wrapped around. + +And as I tug them apart to +make a new strand, to + +synthesize a new strand, those +two new double helices are so + +totally intertwined +with each other. + +Every turn that there was in +the double helix is now a + +twist and turn connecting the +two, sort of entangling the + +two helices. + +So I have the two new +double helices + +entangled with each other. + +Why is that going +to be a problem? + +I'm going to send these +to two daughter cells. + +These are the two genomes for +the two daughter cells. + +In fact in particular, if this +thing was a circle, the two + +new circles will be totally +wrapped around each other with + +a gazillion wraps. + +No way they're going to +two daughter cells. + +Now, here is where +mathematicians are very + +useful, because it is a theorem +that if I take two + +circles wrapped around each +other like that, there is no + +topological deformation +possible that + +can separate them. + +It's like these puzzles, you +get some strings wrapped + +around each other +separate them. + +It's a theorem that two circles +wrapped around each + +other like that cannot +be separated unless, + +of course, you cheat. + +What's cheating? + +AUDIENCE: You cut it. + +ERIC LANDER: You cut +it, obviously. + +If you cut it, then you +can separate it. + +But otherwise, it's +mathematically impossible to + +separate them. + +So this could concern people. + +How could a cell do this? + +So what does the cell do? + +AUDIENCE: It cuts it. + +ERIC LANDER: It cuts it. + +It's got no choice, right? + +It's a theorem, right? + +Even cells can't violate +theorems. + +So it cuts it. + +The only way to get these things +apart is to cut it. + +Now, what it does, is it takes +those double helices. + +I'll represent the double +helix as a thicker + +kind of thing now. + +That was my double helix, +this other double helix + +wrapped around it. + +It's got to cut it. + +Now, when I take two DNAs that +are wrapped around each other + +or two DNAs that are separate, +have I done any + +chemistry on them? + +I'm sorry. + +Are they chemically different? + +They're chemically the +same molecules. + +But they're topologically +different. + +Topologically means +wrapped around. + +In one case, they were +topologically entangled. + +In the other case, they're +topologically separated from + +each other. + +So they're still the same +chemical bonds, the same + +molecules, but when I separate +these two double helices now, + +the difference between these +is that they are what are + +called topoisomers. + +They are isomers because they're +exactly the same + +chemical formula. + +But they're topoisomers +because they + +have different topology. + +They're not wrapped around +each other anymore. + +So it turns out there is an +enzyme that just gets in there + +and makes a double stranded +cut in one of the double + +helices, grabs the two ends, +passes it around the other + +side, and ligates them back +together, and keeps doing that + +until they're disentangled. + +Pretty clever. + +Cut, paste, cut, paste till it +can separate those two double + +helices from each other. + +Remarkably, this enzyme is +called topoisomerase. + +This job is done by +topoisomerase, actually, by + +topoisomerase II. + +There's a couple of different +topoisomerases, and it's + +topoisomerase II that does this +particular job, cuts and + +seals up that double-stranded +break. + +All right. + +It is amazing how this works. + +Let's take another problem in +how we do DNA replication. + +So let's deal with fidelity. + +The fidelity, accuracy +of replication. + +I have my strand. + +Which direction do we go? + +We go, for this template, five +prime to three prime. + +This way goes five prime to +three prime, the opposite + +direction there. + +I now add on. + +If this is a T, what +do I add in? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: If it's a +GCGTAAT, et cetera. + +Why does the right base go in? + +Why does the right base go in? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Hydrogen bonding. + +ERIC LANDER: Hydrogen bonding. + +It's got that these +hydrogen bonds. + +AT makes two hydrogen bonds. + +GC makes three hydrogen bonds. + +The wrong base could +never go in. + +Sorry. + +In biochemistry, do you +ever say never? + +No, we say K equilibrium. + +We say how much more unfavored +is it for the + +wrong base to go in? + +It's not impossible, it's just +disfavored, because it's + +energetically less good. + +How much energetically +less good is it? + +What is the delta G for putting +in the wrong base? + +It's not infinity. + +It turns out that there is an +equilibrium constant for + +putting in the wrong base, and +that is K equilibrium is about + +10 to the third for the right +base, 10 to the minus third + +for the wrong base. + +Thank goodness. + +So only one time in 1,000 does +it put in the wrong base. + +That's what that has +to mean, right? + +If it's 1,000 times less favored +energetically, it + +means you only make a mistake +one letter in 1,000. + +How do you feel about that +for your own genomes? + +Is that a level of quality +control you + +are satisfied with? + +AUDIENCE: No. + +ERIC LANDER: No. + +How big is a typical gene? + +Typical gene is, in terms +of its protein coding + +information, you guys already +know about DNA goes to RNA + +goes to protein. + +It's about 2,000 bases of +protein coding information. + +That guarantees two mistakes +per cell division. + +Not good. + +Two mistakes per +cell division. + +That's not OK. + +That's two mistakes +per cell division. + +That would be two errors per +cell division, and you have a + +lot of cell divisions, you're +in a lot of trouble. + +So it turns out something +more is needed. + +Quality control is needed. + +So later, it was discovered +that the enzyme DNA + +polymerase, which has a five +prime to three prime + +polymerization activity also +does a second thing. + +That same enzyme, DNA +polymerase, is also a three + +prime to five prime +exonuclease. + +What do you think an +exonuclease is? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Take stuff out. + +So it adds bases in the forward +direction, but it also + +goes backwards and +takes bases out. + +Isn't that dumb? + +I thought we were trying to +synthesize, but we're also + +unsynthesizing. + +With some probability, it goes +backwards and takes out bases. + +Turns out that the probability +of taking out a base backwards + +is higher if it's +the wrong base. + +It's proofreading as it goes +as I hope you are. + +It's proofreading. + +It goes backwards and takes +bases out more often. + +Sometimes it takes out the +right bases, but it is + +proofreading its work. + +And more often when it's the +wrong base, it goes backwards, + +and so you get the benefit of +a K equilibrium from the + +original base. + +And then there's a separate +K equilibrium for the + +proofreading, and +that helps you. + +And when you combine the +proofreading with the original + +accuracy, now, we're down to +something like 10 to the minus + +five or 10 to the minus +six errors per + +base, per cell division. + +It's only making on the order +of one error per million. + +Now are we satisfied? + +No. + +You guys pretty hard nosed. + +Not good enough, because you +have 50 cell divisions to make + +more and some cells go +through many, many, + +many more cell divisions. + +Not acceptable. + +But it's a start. + +So proofreading helps. + +So we have the fidelity +of replication. + +Replication makes an error +at a rate of 10 + +to the minus third. + +Proofreading brings you down +to 10 to the minus six, and + +there's another process. + +There are a set of enzymes that +go around and feel the + +DNA double helix after it's +finished, and if you put in + +the wrong base, the width of +the helix is not right. + +The shape is wrong. + +It feels for mismatches. + +So there is a mismatch +repair system. + +Mismatch repair comes along, +and if there was an error + +right here, the helix bulges +out too much let's say. + +Mismatch repair cuts, removes +some DNA, and gives the cell + +another chance to do it again. + +Mismatch repair gets you down +to something in the + +neighborhood of 10 to +the minus eighth, 10 + +to the minus ninth. + +Let's say for the sake +of argument, 10 + +to the minus ninth. + +You're genome is about three +times 10 to the ninth. + +Now making that's one or +two errors per genome, + +that's not so bad. + +Why do we care? + +Why am I bothering +you with this? + +Who cares between 10 to minus +sixth, 10 to the minus ninth? + +Big deal. + +Well, a few percent of you in +this class are heterozygous + +for a mutation in the mismatch +repair enzymes. + +Don't worry. + +Your cells have the other +copy that's good. + +But suppose one of your cells +were to lose, by mutation, the + +good copy of the mismatch +repair enzyme? + +And now that cell in your body +had no copies of mismatch + +repair enzyme. + +What do you think is going +to happen to your DNA + +replication? + +Instead of being one in a +billion, it would be one in a + +million accuracy. + +Turns out you have +an extremely high + +risk of colon cancer. + +There are hereditary colon +cancer syndromes that are due + +to inherited defects in the +mismatch repair system. + +It is not at all trivial. + +Hereditary polyposis +coli is due to a + +defect in this enzyme. + +It matters. + +You've got to get it down to +that level because otherwise, + +you're getting mutations that +cause cancer, that is, when + +you lose both copies, if +you lost both copies. + +Most of your cells would be +fine, but if you'd lose the + +other good copy, by chance, +that cell can + +go on to cause cancer. + +So this stuff actually +matters. + +Finally, finally, speed. + +Kind of fun to talk +about speed. + +How fast does polymerase work? + +It turns out that polymerase +is able to polymerize 2,000 + +nucleotides per second. + +That's very impressive to me. + +It zips along at 2,000 +nucleotides per second, + +installing the right base, +getting it right only 99.9% of + +the time, proofreading as it +goes, and gets the whole thing + +done 2,000 letters +in a second. + +That is impressive +engineering. + +That is really impressive +engineering. + +So that's kind of how DNA +replication works well, except + +for one thing. + +Kornberg was a biochemist. + +Biochemists purify things +in test tubes. + +He discovered an enzyme, +Kornberg's polymerase. + +How do we know it's the enzyme +the cell actually + +uses to copy its DNA? + +See, I'm a geneticist. + +I look at Kornberg and +I say, nice job. + +You showed me an enzyme that in +a test tube is capable of + +polymerizing DNA. + +How do I know that's the enzyme +that's actually doing + +it from the cell copies +its whole genome? + +What does a geneticist +want to see? + +AUDIENCE: A mutant. + +ERIC LANDER: A mutant. + +Show me a mutant then +I'll believe. + +So someone went along and took +E. colis one at a time because + +what else could they do. + +And for every single E. coli +they grew up from a plate, + +they purified Kornberg's +enzyme. + +And you know what they found? + +They found a mutant E. coli that +lacked Kornberg's enzyme, + +and it could replicate +its DNA just fine. + +What does that tell us? + +Kornberg actually had +the wrong enzyme. + +He still deserves a Nobel Prize +for it because he got an + +enzyme that could copy DNA. + +It's actually not the main +enzyme that does the job. + +Because we can make a mutant +that lacks that enzyme and it + +can still copy the DNA, it +can't be the main enzyme. + +Turns out what Kornberg found +was a minor polymerase that + +was used in those mismatch +repair situations that would + +come along and do the tidying +and clean up. + +The main enzyme turned out to +be another enzyme, a more + +complicated enzyme. + +So my point about biochemistry +and genetics both having to + +talk to each other, you only +really know something when you + +have it from a biochemical point +of view and the genetic + +point of view. + +The two have to go together. + +Kornberg's enzyme is +a great enzyme, + +it's a fantastic enzyme. + +It just happens not to be the +main enzyme, and you can only + +know that by genetics. + +Of course, you can only purify +it by biochemistry. + +All right. + +So that's DNA replication. + +Any questions about DNA +replication before I go on? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Polymerase III or +polymerase II, depending on + +the organism. + +They're all called +polymerases. + +They're all DNA polymerases. + +They just get different +names and numbers. + +Turns out most cells have +multiple polymerases and + +Kornberg found the kind +of simpler polymerase. + +The main replication polymerase +also called + +polymerase but with a different +number, is a + +different more complicated +enzyme. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: How does the enzyme +know which one is the right..? + +ERIC LANDER: how does it know +which one is right? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ERIC LANDER: Because 50% of +the time you get it wrong. + +Do you know what bacteria do? + +What a great question. + +How would it know which +one to get right? + +Know what bacteria do? + +They're very tricky. + +They mark their DNA, don't +worry about this. + +They mark their DNA with +methyl groups. + +There is an enzyme that comes +along and put methyl groups at + +certain positions, but that +enzyme is kind of slow. + +So I have a methyl-marked +DNA double helix. + +When I replicate it, the new +strand is made, and what does + +the new strand lack? + +AUDIENCE: Little +methyl groups. + +ERIC LANDER: Little +methyl groups. + +It'll get them eventually +because that slow enzyme will + +come along and put them on, but +mismatch repair is fast. + +So what is mismatch repair +looking for? + +The little methyl groups that +are kind of breadcrumbs that + +say, this was the old strand, +and this guy is the new stand. + +It's thought of everything. + +It's really smart. + +Very, very smart. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DRYBVzVb_Fg.txt b/DRYBVzVb_Fg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aeab940819f7de1013567e5c6125c5275ff4fba --- /dev/null +++ b/DRYBVzVb_Fg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer high quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk +about a different kind of world than the + + align:start position:0% +about a different kind of world than the + + + align:start position:0% +about a different kind of world than the +Wordsworth World we're going to talk a + + align:start position:0% +Wordsworth World we're going to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +Wordsworth World we're going to talk a +little bit about Alice and + + align:start position:0% +little bit about Alice and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about Alice and +Wonderland um now this of course is + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland um now this of course is + + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland um now this of course is +oftentimes seen as a a a children's work + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes seen as a a a children's work + + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes seen as a a a children's work +but as we well all well know fantasy is + + align:start position:0% +but as we well all well know fantasy is + + + align:start position:0% +but as we well all well know fantasy is +of great interest to adults as + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to adults as + + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to adults as +uh as well as to children and the the + + align:start position:0% +uh as well as to children and the the + + + align:start position:0% +uh as well as to children and the the +world of fantasy is something that uh a + + align:start position:0% +world of fantasy is something that uh a + + + align:start position:0% +world of fantasy is something that uh a +lot of us spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +lot of us spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +lot of us spend a lot of time +in uh if we're just thinking about + + align:start position:0% +in uh if we're just thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +in uh if we're just thinking about +things fantasizing uh it's it it seems + + align:start position:0% +things fantasizing uh it's it it seems + + + align:start position:0% +things fantasizing uh it's it it seems +to be a a very um important part of uh + + align:start position:0% +to be a a very um important part of uh + + + align:start position:0% +to be a a very um important part of uh +people's uh lives Dodson Lewis Caroll + + align:start position:0% +people's uh lives Dodson Lewis Caroll + + + align:start position:0% +people's uh lives Dodson Lewis Caroll +was actually um uh published Alison + + align:start position:0% +was actually um uh published Alison + + + align:start position:0% +was actually um uh published Alison +Wonderland after the origin so this this + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland after the origin so this this + + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland after the origin so this this +work comes after the origin about six or + + align:start position:0% +work comes after the origin about six or + + + align:start position:0% +work comes after the origin about six or +seven years after the Origin of Species + + align:start position:0% +seven years after the Origin of Species + + + align:start position:0% +seven years after the Origin of Species +so we're already uh past Darwin here but + + align:start position:0% +so we're already uh past Darwin here but + + + align:start position:0% +so we're already uh past Darwin here but +um and some people have argued that this + + align:start position:0% +um and some people have argued that this + + + align:start position:0% +um and some people have argued that this +work has been influenced by darwinian + + align:start position:0% +work has been influenced by darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +work has been influenced by darwinian +thinking or by the kind of world of + + align:start position:0% +thinking or by the kind of world of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking or by the kind of world of +Darwin uh and maybe we can explore some + + align:start position:0% +Darwin uh and maybe we can explore some + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin uh and maybe we can explore some +of these uh possibilities during the + + align:start position:0% +of these uh possibilities during the + + + align:start position:0% +of these uh possibilities during the +class what do you think about this world + + align:start position:0% +class what do you think about this world + + + align:start position:0% +class what do you think about this world +is it uh is it reminiscent of anything + + align:start position:0% +is it uh is it reminiscent of anything + + + align:start position:0% +is it uh is it reminiscent of anything +that you would associate with Darwin is + + align:start position:0% +that you would associate with Darwin is + + + align:start position:0% +that you would associate with Darwin is +it or is it + + align:start position:0% +it or is it + + + align:start position:0% +it or is it +totally totally separate from the + + align:start position:0% +totally totally separate from the + + + align:start position:0% +totally totally separate from the +darwinian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world um well I think that if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +world um well I think that if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +world um well I think that if you wanted +to call it nonsense it wouldn't really + + align:start position:0% +to call it nonsense it wouldn't really + + + align:start position:0% +to call it nonsense it wouldn't really +make sense cuz like Alice in in this + + align:start position:0% +make sense cuz like Alice in in this + + + align:start position:0% +make sense cuz like Alice in in this +world she can she's also trying to + + align:start position:0% +world she can she's also trying to + + + align:start position:0% +world she can she's also trying to +figure out how things work and there is + + align:start position:0% +figure out how things work and there is + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how things work and there is +a certain way how things work like as + + align:start position:0% +a certain way how things work like as + + + align:start position:0% +a certain way how things work like as +she's falling through falling down the + + align:start position:0% +she's falling through falling down the + + + align:start position:0% +she's falling through falling down the +falling down the long tunnel like she + + align:start position:0% +falling down the long tunnel like she + + + align:start position:0% +falling down the long tunnel like she +notices that she can comfortably pick up + + align:start position:0% +notices that she can comfortably pick up + + + align:start position:0% +notices that she can comfortably pick up +stuff and put stuff back right um and so + + align:start position:0% +stuff and put stuff back right um and so + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and put stuff back right um and so +like that's so every her every exposure + + align:start position:0% +like that's so every her every exposure + + + align:start position:0% +like that's so every her every exposure +to the every the different aspects of + + align:start position:0% +to the every the different aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +to the every the different aspects of +this world um she's learning how things + + align:start position:0% +this world um she's learning how things + + + align:start position:0% +this world um she's learning how things +work and they work differently from + + align:start position:0% +work and they work differently from + + + align:start position:0% +work and they work differently from +everyday world so in a sense it's not + + align:start position:0% +everyday world so in a sense it's not + + + align:start position:0% +everyday world so in a sense it's not +really nonsense it's just that it + + align:start position:0% +really nonsense it's just that it + + + align:start position:0% +really nonsense it's just that it +doesn't work the way our world does does + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work the way our world does does + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work the way our world does does +you have to take the time to learn it + + align:start position:0% +you have to take the time to learn it + + + align:start position:0% +you have to take the time to learn it +even though it might be a little bit um + + align:start position:0% +even though it might be a little bit um + + + align:start position:0% +even though it might be a little bit um +just unpredictable sometimes nice + + align:start position:0% +just unpredictable sometimes nice + + + align:start position:0% +just unpredictable sometimes nice +observation what what uh have you I mean + + align:start position:0% +observation what what uh have you I mean + + + align:start position:0% +observation what what uh have you I mean +does this world remind you of anything + + align:start position:0% +does this world remind you of anything + + + align:start position:0% +does this world remind you of anything +uh that's very popular these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +days anybody here ever play computer + + align:start position:0% +days anybody here ever play computer + + + align:start position:0% +days anybody here ever play computer +games I mean what's the first thing you + + align:start position:0% +games I mean what's the first thing you + + + align:start position:0% +games I mean what's the first thing you +have to do when you start when you get + + align:start position:0% +have to do when you start when you get + + + align:start position:0% +have to do when you start when you get +into a game Space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry fall fall well there's something + + align:start position:0% +sorry fall fall well there's something + + + align:start position:0% +sorry fall fall well there's something +else you have to do in order to play a + + align:start position:0% +else you have to do in order to play a + + + align:start position:0% +else you have to do in order to play a +game uh any kind of a computer game what + + align:start position:0% +game uh any kind of a computer game what + + + align:start position:0% +game uh any kind of a computer game what +do you have to + + align:start position:0% +do you have to + + + align:start position:0% +do you have to +do to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +do to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +do to figure out the +controls okay + + align:start position:0% +controls okay + + + align:start position:0% +controls okay +controls + + align:start position:0% +controls + + + align:start position:0% +controls +and rules you know how does this how + + align:start position:0% +and rules you know how does this how + + + align:start position:0% +and rules you know how does this how +does this place operate I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +does this place operate I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +does this place operate I mean you know +what happens if I grab this object and + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I grab this object and + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I grab this object and +put it over here or if I do this or do + + align:start position:0% +put it over here or if I do this or do + + + align:start position:0% +put it over here or if I do this or do +that uh it's very much a world in which + + align:start position:0% +that uh it's very much a world in which + + + align:start position:0% +that uh it's very much a world in which +uh we sort of enter in in a sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +uh we sort of enter in in a sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh we sort of enter in in a sort of uh +willing + + align:start position:0% +willing + + + align:start position:0% +willing +fantasy and we begin to play with + + align:start position:0% +fantasy and we begin to play with + + + align:start position:0% +fantasy and we begin to play with +it we begin to see you know what's going + + align:start position:0% +it we begin to see you know what's going + + + align:start position:0% +it we begin to see you know what's going +on here how does this and of course this + + align:start position:0% +on here how does this and of course this + + + align:start position:0% +on here how does this and of course this +is what Alice is doing isn't + + align:start position:0% +is what Alice is doing isn't + + + align:start position:0% +is what Alice is doing isn't +it I mean what is she obsessed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with she wants to know the rules she's + + align:start position:0% +with she wants to know the rules she's + + + align:start position:0% +with she wants to know the rules she's +always asking you know what are the + + align:start position:0% +always asking you know what are the + + + align:start position:0% +always asking you know what are the +rules how does this work what's + + align:start position:0% +rules how does this work what's + + + align:start position:0% +rules how does this work what's +happening and how do I change size how + + align:start position:0% +happening and how do I change size how + + + align:start position:0% +happening and how do I change size how +do I interact uh you know how does this + + align:start position:0% +do I interact uh you know how does this + + + align:start position:0% +do I interact uh you know how does this +tea party work what are the rules of the + + align:start position:0% +tea party work what are the rules of the + + + align:start position:0% +tea party work what are the rules of the +Court you I mean this this is a book + + align:start position:0% +Court you I mean this this is a book + + + align:start position:0% +Court you I mean this this is a book +that's riddled with questions of you + + align:start position:0% +that's riddled with questions of you + + + align:start position:0% +that's riddled with questions of you +know uh what are the rules for + + align:start position:0% +know uh what are the rules for + + + align:start position:0% +know uh what are the rules for +life and of course with the caterpillar + + align:start position:0% +life and of course with the caterpillar + + + align:start position:0% +life and of course with the caterpillar +what do we associate with caterpillars + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change Big Time lots of change I mean + + align:start position:0% +change Big Time lots of change I mean + + + align:start position:0% +change Big Time lots of change I mean +caterpillars go through dramatic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +changes and isn't in some sense this uh + + align:start position:0% +changes and isn't in some sense this uh + + + align:start position:0% +changes and isn't in some sense this uh +you know associated with it's almost a + + align:start position:0% +you know associated with it's almost a + + + align:start position:0% +you know associated with it's almost a +metaphor for children is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not I mean you've all been through it + + align:start position:0% +not I mean you've all been through it + + + align:start position:0% +not I mean you've all been through it +it's not like I you know you're drawing + + align:start position:0% +it's not like I you know you're drawing + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like I you know you're drawing +uh what's the importance of rules to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Children what they can and can't + + align:start position:0% +Children what they can and can't + + + align:start position:0% +Children what they can and can't +do what they can and can't do um I mean + + align:start position:0% +do what they can and can't do um I mean + + + align:start position:0% +do what they can and can't do um I mean +why are children obsessed with rules I + + align:start position:0% +why are children obsessed with rules I + + + align:start position:0% +why are children obsessed with rules I +guess it like it teaches them how to + + align:start position:0% +guess it like it teaches them how to + + + align:start position:0% +guess it like it teaches them how to +grow up into an adult in + + align:start position:0% +grow up into an adult in + + + align:start position:0% +grow up into an adult in +society yeah I mean we all rebel against + + align:start position:0% +society yeah I mean we all rebel against + + + align:start position:0% +society yeah I mean we all rebel against +rules I mean we don't like rules rules + + align:start position:0% +rules I mean we don't like rules rules + + + align:start position:0% +rules I mean we don't like rules rules +constrain us you know and rules + + align:start position:0% +constrain us you know and rules + + + align:start position:0% +constrain us you know and rules +sometimes I mean what does Alice find + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I mean what does Alice find + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I mean what does Alice find +with rules well what are what are some + + align:start position:0% +with rules well what are what are some + + + align:start position:0% +with rules well what are what are some +of the ways in which she uh refers to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rules well there the lessons that she + + align:start position:0% +rules well there the lessons that she + + + align:start position:0% +rules well there the lessons that she +learns you know the the history the + + align:start position:0% +learns you know the the history the + + + align:start position:0% +learns you know the the history the +history book the dry history that she + + align:start position:0% +history book the dry history that she + + + align:start position:0% +history book the dry history that she +learns about William the + + align:start position:0% +learns about William the + + + align:start position:0% +learns about William the +Conqueror uh there are these uh uh these + + align:start position:0% +Conqueror uh there are these uh uh these + + + align:start position:0% +Conqueror uh there are these uh uh these +ideas she has about what you can do and + + align:start position:0% +ideas she has about what you can do and + + + align:start position:0% +ideas she has about what you can do and +what you should do and what you + + align:start position:0% +what you should do and what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you should do and what you +shouldn't do uh she's very much is this + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't do uh she's very much is this + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't do uh she's very much is this +typical of a of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +child I mean has it have you been + + align:start position:0% +child I mean has it have you been + + + align:start position:0% +child I mean has it have you been +through this stage see that's the + + align:start position:0% +through this stage see that's the + + + align:start position:0% +through this stage see that's the +interesting thing about rules is when + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing about rules is when + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing about rules is when +you internalize them you don't even + + align:start position:0% +you internalize them you don't even + + + align:start position:0% +you internalize them you don't even +realize how much you've been + + align:start position:0% +realize how much you've been + + + align:start position:0% +realize how much you've been +programmed and you know program is you + + align:start position:0% +programmed and you know program is you + + + align:start position:0% +programmed and you know program is you +know that's a loaded word but but you + + align:start position:0% +know that's a loaded word but but you + + + align:start position:0% +know that's a loaded word but but you +know to be members of our society how + + align:start position:0% +know to be members of our society how + + + align:start position:0% +know to be members of our society how +many rules do we have to know + + align:start position:0% +many rules do we have to know + + + align:start position:0% +many rules do we have to know +uh what do you think the what do you + + align:start position:0% +uh what do you think the what do you + + + align:start position:0% +uh what do you think the what do you +think the uh the the load or the + + align:start position:0% +think the uh the the load or the + + + align:start position:0% +think the uh the the load or the +requirement to become a functioning + + align:start position:0% +requirement to become a functioning + + + align:start position:0% +requirement to become a functioning +member of uh a culture actually is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how much learning yeah well I mean + + align:start position:0% +how much learning yeah well I mean + + + align:start position:0% +how much learning yeah well I mean +there's a there's a ton involved + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a ton involved + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a ton involved +obviously if you go to a different + + align:start position:0% +obviously if you go to a different + + + align:start position:0% +obviously if you go to a different +country you the first thing you have to + + align:start position:0% +country you the first thing you have to + + + align:start position:0% +country you the first thing you have to +do is pick up the Customs is everything + + align:start position:0% +do is pick up the Customs is everything + + + align:start position:0% +do is pick up the Customs is everything +is different every single place that's a + + align:start position:0% +is different every single place that's a + + + align:start position:0% +is different every single place that's a +nice uh observation because the way in + + align:start position:0% +nice uh observation because the way in + + + align:start position:0% +nice uh observation because the way in +which you realize how much rule bound + + align:start position:0% +which you realize how much rule bound + + + align:start position:0% +which you realize how much rule bound +living is is by going to another + + align:start position:0% +living is is by going to another + + + align:start position:0% +living is is by going to another +culture uh where the language is perhaps + + align:start position:0% +culture uh where the language is perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +culture uh where the language is perhaps +different the Customs are + + align:start position:0% +different the Customs are + + + align:start position:0% +different the Customs are +different uh the foods are different + + align:start position:0% +different uh the foods are different + + + align:start position:0% +different uh the foods are different +even the way in which + + align:start position:0% +even the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +even the way in which +you the way in which you do daily things + + align:start position:0% +you the way in which you do daily things + + + align:start position:0% +you the way in which you do daily things +can shift and change from culture to + + align:start position:0% +can shift and change from culture to + + + align:start position:0% +can shift and change from culture to +culture and that has got to make you + + align:start position:0% +culture and that has got to make you + + + align:start position:0% +culture and that has got to make you +think at some level about how much there + + align:start position:0% +think at some level about how much there + + + align:start position:0% +think at some level about how much there +is to learn in order to be a + + align:start position:0% +is to learn in order to be a + + + align:start position:0% +is to learn in order to be a +functioning ordinary average person + + align:start position:0% +functioning ordinary average person + + + align:start position:0% +functioning ordinary average person +within a culture forget the above + + align:start position:0% +within a culture forget the above + + + align:start position:0% +within a culture forget the above +average you know just just to operate + + align:start position:0% +average you know just just to operate + + + align:start position:0% +average you know just just to operate +within the culture + + align:start position:0% +within the culture + + + align:start position:0% +within the culture +in a you know a + + align:start position:0% +in a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +in a you know a +reasonably uh effective + + align:start position:0% +reasonably uh effective + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably uh effective +way driving + + align:start position:0% +way driving + + + align:start position:0% +way driving +rules rules for crossing the + + align:start position:0% +rules rules for crossing the + + + align:start position:0% +rules rules for crossing the +street what time do people eat when do + + align:start position:0% +street what time do people eat when do + + + align:start position:0% +street what time do people eat when do +they eat when of the you know I mean we + + align:start position:0% +they eat when of the you know I mean we + + + align:start position:0% +they eat when of the you know I mean we +are our society's + + align:start position:0% +are our society's + + + align:start position:0% +are our society's +absolutely filled with various kinds of + + align:start position:0% +absolutely filled with various kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely filled with various kinds of +rules and of course this is something + + align:start position:0% +rules and of course this is something + + + align:start position:0% +rules and of course this is something +that a child + + align:start position:0% +that a child + + + align:start position:0% +that a child +a child has to + + align:start position:0% +a child has to + + + align:start position:0% +a child has to +learn and when they talk about + + align:start position:0% +learn and when they talk about + + + align:start position:0% +learn and when they talk about +programming a computer or something to + + align:start position:0% +programming a computer or something to + + + align:start position:0% +programming a computer or something to +behave like a human people often times + + align:start position:0% +behave like a human people often times + + + align:start position:0% +behave like a human people often times +forget you know to behave like a human + + align:start position:0% +forget you know to behave like a human + + + align:start position:0% +forget you know to behave like a human +uh it takes a human with with the human + + align:start position:0% +uh it takes a human with with the human + + + align:start position:0% +uh it takes a human with with the human +brain uh something between 15 and 18 + + align:start position:0% +brain uh something between 15 and 18 + + + align:start position:0% +brain uh something between 15 and 18 +years maybe to just get up to + + align:start position:0% +years maybe to just get up to + + + align:start position:0% +years maybe to just get up to +speed think of the long childhood period + + align:start position:0% +speed think of the long childhood period + + + align:start position:0% +speed think of the long childhood period +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +humans I mean very few organisms have + + align:start position:0% +humans I mean very few organisms have + + + align:start position:0% +humans I mean very few organisms have +that kind of + + align:start position:0% +that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of +length of interaction with parents to + + align:start position:0% +length of interaction with parents to + + + align:start position:0% +length of interaction with parents to +learn I mean you can't just release a 12 + + align:start position:0% +learn I mean you can't just release a 12 + + + align:start position:0% +learn I mean you can't just release a 12 +or you shouldn't just release a + + align:start position:0% +or you shouldn't just release a + + + align:start position:0% +or you shouldn't just release a +12-year-old out into the world to say + + align:start position:0% +12-year-old out into the world to say + + + align:start position:0% +12-year-old out into the world to say +okay go seek your + + align:start position:0% +okay go seek your + + + align:start position:0% +okay go seek your +fortune I mean you know what are their + + align:start position:0% +fortune I mean you know what are their + + + align:start position:0% +fortune I mean you know what are their +chances going to + + align:start position:0% +chances going to + + + align:start position:0% +chances going to +be not very + + align:start position:0% +be not very + + + align:start position:0% +be not very +great so the amount of the amount that + + align:start position:0% +great so the amount of the amount that + + + align:start position:0% +great so the amount of the amount that +goes into the development of a human + + align:start position:0% +goes into the development of a human + + + align:start position:0% +goes into the development of a human +child child within a + + align:start position:0% +child child within a + + + align:start position:0% +child child within a +culture is + + align:start position:0% +culture is + + + align:start position:0% +culture is +profound just language learning itself + + align:start position:0% +profound just language learning itself + + + align:start position:0% +profound just language learning itself +as a rule system as a system of rules is + + align:start position:0% +as a rule system as a system of rules is + + + align:start position:0% +as a rule system as a system of rules is +a huge amount of some of this learning + + align:start position:0% +a huge amount of some of this learning + + + align:start position:0% +a huge amount of some of this learning +uh we know is unconscious or is picked + + align:start position:0% +uh we know is unconscious or is picked + + + align:start position:0% +uh we know is unconscious or is picked +up in sort of U non self-conscious + + align:start position:0% +up in sort of U non self-conscious + + + align:start position:0% +up in sort of U non self-conscious +ways other things are picked up through + + align:start position:0% +ways other things are picked up through + + + align:start position:0% +ways other things are picked up through +very deliberate study and scrutiny but + + align:start position:0% +very deliberate study and scrutiny but + + + align:start position:0% +very deliberate study and scrutiny but +we are all products of + + align:start position:0% +we are all products of + + + align:start position:0% +we are all products of +this and like as I said before the the + + align:start position:0% +this and like as I said before the the + + + align:start position:0% +this and like as I said before the the +brilliant the the amazing thing is we + + align:start position:0% +brilliant the the amazing thing is we + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant the the amazing thing is we +don't even remember it we say well I + + align:start position:0% +don't even remember it we say well I + + + align:start position:0% +don't even remember it we say well I +mean we're not aware that we have sort + + align:start position:0% +mean we're not aware that we have sort + + + align:start position:0% +mean we're not aware that we have sort +of accumulated this vast amount of uh + + align:start position:0% +of accumulated this vast amount of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of accumulated this vast amount of uh +behavioral intellectual + + align:start position:0% +behavioral intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral intellectual +emotional um this this world of of uh + + align:start position:0% +emotional um this this world of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +emotional um this this world of of uh +ways in which we + + align:start position:0% +ways in which we + + + align:start position:0% +ways in which we +expect behaviors and the rules of + + align:start position:0% +expect behaviors and the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +expect behaviors and the rules of +behavior so the the symbol of the cat + + align:start position:0% +behavior so the the symbol of the cat + + + align:start position:0% +behavior so the the symbol of the cat +the symbol of the cat caterpillar the + + align:start position:0% +the symbol of the cat caterpillar the + + + align:start position:0% +the symbol of the cat caterpillar the +metaphor of the caterpillar the the the + + align:start position:0% +metaphor of the caterpillar the the the + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor of the caterpillar the the the +caterpillar which goes into Crysis and + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar which goes into Crysis and + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar which goes into Crysis and +becomes a + + align:start position:0% +becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a +butterfly is in many ways uh sits at at + + align:start position:0% +butterfly is in many ways uh sits at at + + + align:start position:0% +butterfly is in many ways uh sits at at +at the heart I always think of it as at + + align:start position:0% +at the heart I always think of it as at + + + align:start position:0% +at the heart I always think of it as at +the heart of Alison Wonderland because + + align:start position:0% +the heart of Alison Wonderland because + + + align:start position:0% +the heart of Alison Wonderland because +it is it's a book about + + align:start position:0% +it is it's a book about + + + align:start position:0% +it is it's a book about +change and it's a book about the kind of + + align:start position:0% +change and it's a book about the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +change and it's a book about the kind of +change that we've all + + align:start position:0% +change that we've all + + + align:start position:0% +change that we've all +experienced what about concepts of + + align:start position:0% +experienced what about concepts of + + + align:start position:0% +experienced what about concepts of +children do you have any sense of what + + align:start position:0% +children do you have any sense of what + + + align:start position:0% +children do you have any sense of what +victorians might have thought of + + align:start position:0% +victorians might have thought of + + + align:start position:0% +victorians might have thought of +children as opposed to say you know + + align:start position:0% +children as opposed to say you know + + + align:start position:0% +children as opposed to say you know +after Dr Spock you know how to raise + + align:start position:0% +after Dr Spock you know how to raise + + + align:start position:0% +after Dr Spock you know how to raise +your your your your children in uh you + + align:start position:0% +your your your your children in uh you + + + align:start position:0% +your your your your children in uh you +know uh in in modern Western societies + + align:start position:0% +know uh in in modern Western societies + + + align:start position:0% +know uh in in modern Western societies +uh do you get any uh do you get any + + align:start position:0% +uh do you get any uh do you get any + + + align:start position:0% +uh do you get any uh do you get any +inkling as you read through sections of + + align:start position:0% +inkling as you read through sections of + + + align:start position:0% +inkling as you read through sections of +the book + + align:start position:0% +the book + + + align:start position:0% +the book +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +what Al you know what kind of world uh + + align:start position:0% +what Al you know what kind of world uh + + + align:start position:0% +what Al you know what kind of world uh +what kind of uh World Alice lives in in + + align:start position:0% +what kind of uh World Alice lives in in + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of uh World Alice lives in in +her everyday + + align:start position:0% +her everyday + + + align:start position:0% +her everyday +world yes she I think she's in a world + + align:start position:0% +world yes she I think she's in a world + + + align:start position:0% +world yes she I think she's in a world +full of expectations like when she falls + + align:start position:0% +full of expectations like when she falls + + + align:start position:0% +full of expectations like when she falls +down and she tries to figure out who she + + align:start position:0% +down and she tries to figure out who she + + + align:start position:0% +down and she tries to figure out who she +really is like whether or not she's mael + + align:start position:0% +really is like whether or not she's mael + + + align:start position:0% +really is like whether or not she's mael +whether or not she's some other girl um + + align:start position:0% +whether or not she's some other girl um + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not she's some other girl um +she can't make up her mind and like the + + align:start position:0% +she can't make up her mind and like the + + + align:start position:0% +she can't make up her mind and like the +way the author has the nabal is um + + align:start position:0% +way the author has the nabal is um + + + align:start position:0% +way the author has the nabal is um +portrayed as this other kid who is not + + align:start position:0% +portrayed as this other kid who is not + + + align:start position:0% +portrayed as this other kid who is not +very on top of things and who gets a lot + + align:start position:0% +very on top of things and who gets a lot + + + align:start position:0% +very on top of things and who gets a lot +of things from and so Alice feels like + + align:start position:0% +of things from and so Alice feels like + + + align:start position:0% +of things from and so Alice feels like +if she's Mabel then she doesn't want to + + align:start position:0% +if she's Mabel then she doesn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +if she's Mabel then she doesn't want to +go back out into the real world because + + align:start position:0% +go back out into the real world because + + + align:start position:0% +go back out into the real world because +back in the real world a kid like Mel + + align:start position:0% +back in the real world a kid like Mel + + + align:start position:0% +back in the real world a kid like Mel +would probably not be like probably not + + align:start position:0% +would probably not be like probably not + + + align:start position:0% +would probably not be like probably not +be thought of as well like just that + + align:start position:0% +be thought of as well like just that + + + align:start position:0% +be thought of as well like just that +expectation thing there and like she's + + align:start position:0% +expectation thing there and like she's + + + align:start position:0% +expectation thing there and like she's +hiding from the fact that in the Wonder + + align:start position:0% +hiding from the fact that in the Wonder + + + align:start position:0% +hiding from the fact that in the Wonder +World like everything different and she + + align:start position:0% +World like everything different and she + + + align:start position:0% +World like everything different and she +probably is getting as well okay uh I + + align:start position:0% +probably is getting as well okay uh I + + + align:start position:0% +probably is getting as well okay uh I +think I got that that's uh yeah there + + align:start position:0% +think I got that that's uh yeah there + + + align:start position:0% +think I got that that's uh yeah there +there's certainly this this sense of + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly this this sense of + + + align:start position:0% +there's certainly this this sense of +being in a in in these two + + align:start position:0% +being in a in in these two + + + align:start position:0% +being in a in in these two +worlds and that's pretty standard for + + align:start position:0% +worlds and that's pretty standard for + + + align:start position:0% +worlds and that's pretty standard for +children isn't it I mean children have + + align:start position:0% +children isn't it I mean children have + + + align:start position:0% +children isn't it I mean children have +fantasy worlds I don't know if any of + + align:start position:0% +fantasy worlds I don't know if any of + + + align:start position:0% +fantasy worlds I don't know if any of +you had a secret uh invisible friend + + align:start position:0% +you had a secret uh invisible friend + + + align:start position:0% +you had a secret uh invisible friend +when you were little some people do some + + align:start position:0% +when you were little some people do some + + + align:start position:0% +when you were little some people do some +people some people don't but uh we + + align:start position:0% +people some people don't but uh we + + + align:start position:0% +people some people don't but uh we +definitely in children there is this + + align:start position:0% +definitely in children there is this + + + align:start position:0% +definitely in children there is this +sort of tendency to integrate to see the + + align:start position:0% +sort of tendency to integrate to see the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tendency to integrate to see the +world of of of fantasy and Imagination + + align:start position:0% +world of of of fantasy and Imagination + + + align:start position:0% +world of of of fantasy and Imagination +as fully integrated with the world of + + align:start position:0% +as fully integrated with the world of + + + align:start position:0% +as fully integrated with the world of +reality they don't really necessarily + + align:start position:0% +reality they don't really necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +reality they don't really necessarily +make the distinct the distinction I mean + + align:start position:0% +make the distinct the distinction I mean + + + align:start position:0% +make the distinct the distinction I mean +just this weekend I was out one day I + + align:start position:0% +just this weekend I was out one day I + + + align:start position:0% +just this weekend I was out one day I +went out uh hiking it was a nice day and + + align:start position:0% +went out uh hiking it was a nice day and + + + align:start position:0% +went out uh hiking it was a nice day and +these people had this little boy and he + + align:start position:0% +these people had this little boy and he + + + align:start position:0% +these people had this little boy and he +was running around saying he was an + + align:start position:0% +was running around saying he was an + + + align:start position:0% +was running around saying he was an +astronaut and then + + align:start position:0% +astronaut and then + + + align:start position:0% +astronaut and then +five minutes later he said he was Darth + + align:start position:0% +five minutes later he said he was Darth + + + align:start position:0% +five minutes later he said he was Darth +Vader and you know he really this he had + + align:start position:0% +Vader and you know he really this he had + + + align:start position:0% +Vader and you know he really this he had +no problem integrating this with his + + align:start position:0% +no problem integrating this with his + + + align:start position:0% +no problem integrating this with his +everyday world of walking around out in + + align:start position:0% +everyday world of walking around out in + + + align:start position:0% +everyday world of walking around out in +outside so children don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +outside so children don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +outside so children don't necessarily +separate these + + align:start position:0% +separate these + + + align:start position:0% +separate these +things but the expectations of children + + align:start position:0% +things but the expectations of children + + + align:start position:0% +things but the expectations of children +in the Victorian + + align:start position:0% +in the Victorian + + + align:start position:0% +in the Victorian +era what do you do you think they were + + align:start position:0% +era what do you do you think they were + + + align:start position:0% +era what do you do you think they were +different than they + + align:start position:0% +different than they + + + align:start position:0% +different than they +are yeah well they were expect to be + + align:start position:0% +are yeah well they were expect to be + + + align:start position:0% +are yeah well they were expect to be +very proper she all says a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +very proper she all says a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +very proper she all says a whole bunch +of time that's not very polite to say + + align:start position:0% +of time that's not very polite to say + + + align:start position:0% +of time that's not very polite to say +when people talk to her because she's + + align:start position:0% +when people talk to her because she's + + + align:start position:0% +when people talk to her because she's +expectations of how wants to behave yeah + + align:start position:0% +expectations of how wants to behave yeah + + + align:start position:0% +expectations of how wants to behave yeah +yeah you can see you can see in her + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can see you can see in her + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can see you can see in her +world that uh just just from the book as + + align:start position:0% +world that uh just just from the book as + + + align:start position:0% +world that uh just just from the book as +it unfolds that you know she's she's + + align:start position:0% +it unfolds that you know she's she's + + + align:start position:0% +it unfolds that you know she's she's +been given a fairly not a a mean or in + + align:start position:0% +been given a fairly not a a mean or in + + + align:start position:0% +been given a fairly not a a mean or in +any nasty sense but uh there's a fairly + + align:start position:0% +any nasty sense but uh there's a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +any nasty sense but uh there's a fairly +stringent set of + + align:start position:0% +stringent set of + + + align:start position:0% +stringent set of +expectations and she's constantly saying + + align:start position:0% +expectations and she's constantly saying + + + align:start position:0% +expectations and she's constantly saying +well I didn't really get it right I mean + + align:start position:0% +well I didn't really get it right I mean + + + align:start position:0% +well I didn't really get it right I mean +she has a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +she has a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +she has a little bit of +um self-doubt at times is she + + align:start position:0% +um self-doubt at times is she + + + align:start position:0% +um self-doubt at times is she +not you know I'm I'm getting my history + + align:start position:0% +not you know I'm I'm getting my history + + + align:start position:0% +not you know I'm I'm getting my history +lesson mixed up uh my mathematic uh + + align:start position:0% +lesson mixed up uh my mathematic uh + + + align:start position:0% +lesson mixed up uh my mathematic uh +tables aren't really up to what they + + align:start position:0% +tables aren't really up to what they + + + align:start position:0% +tables aren't really up to what they +should be uh and uh you know she's she's + + align:start position:0% +should be uh and uh you know she's she's + + + align:start position:0% +should be uh and uh you know she's she's +definitely aware that she's + + align:start position:0% +definitely aware that she's + + + align:start position:0% +definitely aware that she's +not reaching the + + align:start position:0% +not reaching the + + + align:start position:0% +not reaching the +mark so yes the the Victorian world uh + + align:start position:0% +mark so yes the the Victorian world uh + + + align:start position:0% +mark so yes the the Victorian world uh +the the world of Victorian and the world + + align:start position:0% +the the world of Victorian and the world + + + align:start position:0% +the the world of Victorian and the world +in which Charles Darwin was + + align:start position:0% +in which Charles Darwin was + + + align:start position:0% +in which Charles Darwin was +raised was you know there were were + + align:start position:0% +raised was you know there were were + + + align:start position:0% +raised was you know there were were +there were very distinct + + align:start position:0% +there were very distinct + + + align:start position:0% +there were very distinct +expectations especially for sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +expectations especially for sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +expectations especially for sort of uh +middle class uh fairly well-off + + align:start position:0% +middle class uh fairly well-off + + + align:start position:0% +middle class uh fairly well-off +uh uh classes there were definitely sets + + align:start position:0% +uh uh classes there were definitely sets + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh classes there were definitely sets +of rules for + + align:start position:0% +of rules for + + + align:start position:0% +of rules for +behavior and um all the way across the + + align:start position:0% +behavior and um all the way across the + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and um all the way across the +culture children were seen more as + + align:start position:0% +culture children were seen more as + + + align:start position:0% +culture children were seen more as +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +adults they were little adults who + + align:start position:0% +adults they were little adults who + + + align:start position:0% +adults they were little adults who +hadn't quite made it + + align:start position:0% +hadn't quite made it + + + align:start position:0% +hadn't quite made it +into the adult + + align:start position:0% +into the adult + + + align:start position:0% +into the adult +world and this is a book partly about + + align:start position:0% +world and this is a book partly about + + + align:start position:0% +world and this is a book partly about +the traversing of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distance moving from a point of great + + align:start position:0% +distance moving from a point of great + + + align:start position:0% +distance moving from a point of great +self-doubt and uncertainty about the + + align:start position:0% +self-doubt and uncertainty about the + + + align:start position:0% +self-doubt and uncertainty about the +rules to a final outcome where there's a + + align:start position:0% +rules to a final outcome where there's a + + + align:start position:0% +rules to a final outcome where there's a +much stronger sense of self-confidence + + align:start position:0% +much stronger sense of self-confidence + + + align:start position:0% +much stronger sense of self-confidence +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +a much + + align:start position:0% +a much + + + align:start position:0% +a much +deeper understanding of the division + + align:start position:0% +deeper understanding of the division + + + align:start position:0% +deeper understanding of the division +between fantasy and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reality so this is this is the world of + + align:start position:0% +reality so this is this is the world of + + + align:start position:0% +reality so this is this is the world of +I mean Victorian children uh I mean this + + align:start position:0% +I mean Victorian children uh I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +I mean Victorian children uh I mean this +this is a big subject so we can only say + + align:start position:0% +this is a big subject so we can only say + + + align:start position:0% +this is a big subject so we can only say +a couple things here but uh many many + + align:start position:0% +a couple things here but uh many many + + + align:start position:0% +a couple things here but uh many many +children Victorian uh era were you know + + align:start position:0% +children Victorian uh era were you know + + + align:start position:0% +children Victorian uh era were you know +uh worked uh long days uh were were + + align:start position:0% +uh worked uh long days uh were were + + + align:start position:0% +uh worked uh long days uh were were +required to do all sorts of uh adult + + align:start position:0% +required to do all sorts of uh adult + + + align:start position:0% +required to do all sorts of uh adult +things that uh we wouldn't I mean the + + align:start position:0% +things that uh we wouldn't I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +things that uh we wouldn't I mean the +labor laws child laws things of that + + align:start position:0% +labor laws child laws things of that + + + align:start position:0% +labor laws child laws things of that +sort were all passed much much later + + align:start position:0% +sort were all passed much much later + + + align:start position:0% +sort were all passed much much later +much long + + align:start position:0% +much long + + + align:start position:0% +much long +after uh Carol was was was uh writing + + align:start position:0% +after uh Carol was was was uh writing + + + align:start position:0% +after uh Carol was was was uh writing +this book + + align:start position:0% +this book + + + align:start position:0% +this book +so um uh there is this this concept that + + align:start position:0% +so um uh there is this this concept that + + + align:start position:0% +so um uh there is this this concept that +children are sort of little Proto adults + + align:start position:0% +children are sort of little Proto adults + + + align:start position:0% +children are sort of little Proto adults +be uh you know but not the but not a + + align:start position:0% +be uh you know but not the but not a + + + align:start position:0% +be uh you know but not the but not a +concept of the child as a state in and + + align:start position:0% +concept of the child as a state in and + + + align:start position:0% +concept of the child as a state in and +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +itself that came much later I mean today + + align:start position:0% +itself that came much later I mean today + + + align:start position:0% +itself that came much later I mean today +we think of childhood as a legitimate + + align:start position:0% +we think of childhood as a legitimate + + + align:start position:0% +we think of childhood as a legitimate +stage in life and you know at least when + + align:start position:0% +stage in life and you know at least when + + + align:start position:0% +stage in life and you know at least when +we're uh thinking uh uh generously about + + align:start position:0% +we're uh thinking uh uh generously about + + + align:start position:0% +we're uh thinking uh uh generously about +it we try to create worlds for children + + align:start position:0% +it we try to create worlds for children + + + align:start position:0% +it we try to create worlds for children +to learn but we definitely see that as a + + align:start position:0% +to learn but we definitely see that as a + + + align:start position:0% +to learn but we definitely see that as a +legitimate stage in life and not a uh + + align:start position:0% +legitimate stage in life and not a uh + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate stage in life and not a uh +sort of uh deficient stage of uh not + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh deficient stage of uh not + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh deficient stage of uh not +quite being an adult so you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +quite being an adult so you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +quite being an adult so you know it's a +it's a it's a different type + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of okay so we start out with this uh + + align:start position:0% +of okay so we start out with this uh + + + align:start position:0% +of okay so we start out with this uh +scene the rabbit with the uh waste coat + + align:start position:0% +scene the rabbit with the uh waste coat + + + align:start position:0% +scene the rabbit with the uh waste coat +in the pocket + + align:start position:0% +in the pocket + + + align:start position:0% +in the pocket +watch so what kind of rabbit do we have + + align:start position:0% +watch so what kind of rabbit do we have + + + align:start position:0% +watch so what kind of rabbit do we have +here how does this tell us something + + align:start position:0% +here how does this tell us something + + + align:start position:0% +here how does this tell us something +about the world that we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entering would this uh rabbit see uh + + align:start position:0% +entering would this uh rabbit see uh + + + align:start position:0% +entering would this uh rabbit see uh +would you be able to uh would you expect + + align:start position:0% +would you be able to uh would you expect + + + align:start position:0% +would you be able to uh would you expect +to see this rabbit scurrying across + + align:start position:0% +to see this rabbit scurrying across + + + align:start position:0% +to see this rabbit scurrying across +tinter ABY uh up there in the hill + + align:start position:0% +tinter ABY uh up there in the hill + + + align:start position:0% +tinter ABY uh up there in the hill +someplace probably + + align:start position:0% +someplace probably + + + align:start position:0% +someplace probably +not so what is uh uh how does this + + align:start position:0% +not so what is uh uh how does this + + + align:start position:0% +not so what is uh uh how does this +strike you I mean this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +strike you I mean this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +strike you I mean this is sort of the +original this is the first really strong + + align:start position:0% +original this is the first really strong + + + align:start position:0% +original this is the first really strong +image + + align:start position:0% +image + + + align:start position:0% +image +and all the films almost always start + + align:start position:0% +and all the films almost always start + + + align:start position:0% +and all the films almost always start +out with this I mean it's it's a big so + + align:start position:0% +out with this I mean it's it's a big so + + + align:start position:0% +out with this I mean it's it's a big so +why is this so + + align:start position:0% +why is this so + + + align:start position:0% +why is this so +important what's important about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it I mean as a writer he's establishing + + align:start position:0% +it I mean as a writer he's establishing + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean as a writer he's establishing +some expectations is he + + align:start position:0% +some expectations is he + + + align:start position:0% +some expectations is he +not what are these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expectations that things are going to be + + align:start position:0% +expectations that things are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +expectations that things are going to be +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +mixture of different things you see in + + align:start position:0% +mixture of different things you see in + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of different things you see in +different places in real life kind of + + align:start position:0% +different places in real life kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different places in real life kind of +like in the dream or maybe like one part + + align:start position:0% +like in the dream or maybe like one part + + + align:start position:0% +like in the dream or maybe like one part +of your daily experience is merged with + + align:start position:0% +of your daily experience is merged with + + + align:start position:0% +of your daily experience is merged with +another part that's totally unrelated to + + align:start position:0% +another part that's totally unrelated to + + + align:start position:0% +another part that's totally unrelated to +produce something as um like kind of + + align:start position:0% +produce something as um like kind of + + + align:start position:0% +produce something as um like kind of +just something creative like that yeah + + align:start position:0% +just something creative like that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +just something creative like that yeah +so mhm + + align:start position:0% +so mhm + + + align:start position:0% +so mhm +okay yeah it's it's uh certainly a sort + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it's it's uh certainly a sort + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it's it's uh certainly a sort +of a jarring combination of images + + align:start position:0% +of a jarring combination of images + + + align:start position:0% +of a jarring combination of images +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +attractive uh fascinating in some ways + + align:start position:0% +attractive uh fascinating in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +attractive uh fascinating in some ways +but it's Aristotle's world of Art and + + align:start position:0% +but it's Aristotle's world of Art and + + + align:start position:0% +but it's Aristotle's world of Art and +the rabbit belongs fully to the World of + + align:start position:0% +the rabbit belongs fully to the World of + + + align:start position:0% +the rabbit belongs fully to the World of +Nature and so suddenly we've got this + + align:start position:0% +Nature and so suddenly we've got this + + + align:start position:0% +Nature and so suddenly we've got this +this crossover this is this separation I + + align:start position:0% +this crossover this is this separation I + + + align:start position:0% +this crossover this is this separation I +was talking about where you know uh + + align:start position:0% +was talking about where you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about where you know uh +children at certain ages this would make + + align:start position:0% +children at certain ages this would make + + + align:start position:0% +children at certain ages this would make +perfect + + align:start position:0% +perfect + + + align:start position:0% +perfect +sense I mean I have to admit when I I I + + align:start position:0% +sense I mean I have to admit when I I I + + + align:start position:0% +sense I mean I have to admit when I I I +first saw + + align:start position:0% +first saw + + + align:start position:0% +first saw +the first time I saw a film of + + align:start position:0% +the first time I saw a film of + + + align:start position:0% +the first time I saw a film of +Alice um I can't remember if the book + + align:start position:0% +Alice um I can't remember if the book + + + align:start position:0% +Alice um I can't remember if the book +was read to me before because I was very + + align:start position:0% +was read to me before because I was very + + + align:start position:0% +was read to me before because I was very +young but I saw the 1933 version and it + + align:start position:0% +young but I saw the 1933 version and it + + + align:start position:0% +young but I saw the 1933 version and it +really scared the Daylights out of me I + + align:start position:0% +really scared the Daylights out of me I + + + align:start position:0% +really scared the Daylights out of me I +saw these things changing and I thought + + align:start position:0% +saw these things changing and I thought + + + align:start position:0% +saw these things changing and I thought +the whole world was kind of made me feel + + align:start position:0% +the whole world was kind of made me feel + + + align:start position:0% +the whole world was kind of made me feel +queasy and so uh you + + align:start position:0% +queasy and so uh you + + + align:start position:0% +queasy and so uh you +know merging the world of + + align:start position:0% +know merging the world of + + + align:start position:0% +know merging the world of +Art and of course the the watch the + + align:start position:0% +Art and of course the the watch the + + + align:start position:0% +Art and of course the the watch the +pocket watch this is is almost it's one + + align:start position:0% +pocket watch this is is almost it's one + + + align:start position:0% +pocket watch this is is almost it's one +of the great symbols of human precision + + align:start position:0% +of the great symbols of human precision + + + align:start position:0% +of the great symbols of human precision +and the made world the constructed world + + align:start position:0% +and the made world the constructed world + + + align:start position:0% +and the made world the constructed world +the world that operates around time me + + align:start position:0% +the world that operates around time me + + + align:start position:0% +the world that operates around time me +think of how time bound we all are I + + align:start position:0% +think of how time bound we all are I + + + align:start position:0% +think of how time bound we all are I +mean we have to be one place at 8:30 + + align:start position:0% +mean we have to be one place at 8:30 + + + align:start position:0% +mean we have to be one place at 8:30 +another place at uh 10:45 and the whole + + align:start position:0% +another place at uh 10:45 and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +another place at uh 10:45 and the whole +day gets kind + + align:start position:0% +day gets kind + + + align:start position:0% +day gets kind +of layered into stages and units of + + align:start position:0% +of layered into stages and units of + + + align:start position:0% +of layered into stages and units of +time we almost think of time as a as an + + align:start position:0% +time we almost think of time as a as an + + + align:start position:0% +time we almost think of time as a as an +object it's so powerful a force in the + + align:start position:0% +object it's so powerful a force in the + + + align:start position:0% +object it's so powerful a force in the +way we organize our lives and this goes + + align:start position:0% +way we organize our lives and this goes + + + align:start position:0% +way we organize our lives and this goes +back to the rules it's another form of + + align:start position:0% +back to the rules it's another form of + + + align:start position:0% +back to the rules it's another form of +rule bound + + align:start position:0% +rule bound + + + align:start position:0% +rule bound +Behavior but here we have this this + + align:start position:0% +Behavior but here we have this this + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior but here we have this this +rabbit glancing as at its + + align:start position:0% +rabbit glancing as at its + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit glancing as at its +watch + + align:start position:0% +watch + + + align:start position:0% +watch +nervous with its umbrella with its uh + + align:start position:0% +nervous with its umbrella with its uh + + + align:start position:0% +nervous with its umbrella with its uh +little uh umbrella under its arm and a + + align:start position:0% +little uh umbrella under its arm and a + + + align:start position:0% +little uh umbrella under its arm and a +waist coat + + align:start position:0% +waist coat + + + align:start position:0% +waist coat +and runs off down the so immediately we + + align:start position:0% +and runs off down the so immediately we + + + align:start position:0% +and runs off down the so immediately we +have this this Duos of these two worlds + + align:start position:0% +have this this Duos of these two worlds + + + align:start position:0% +have this this Duos of these two worlds +the world of + + align:start position:0% +the world of + + + align:start position:0% +the world of +fantasy um in the world of U + + align:start position:0% +fantasy um in the world of U + + + align:start position:0% +fantasy um in the world of U +everyday uh ordinary + + align:start position:0% +everyday uh ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +everyday uh ordinary +behavior um so this is a symbol of of of + + align:start position:0% +behavior um so this is a symbol of of of + + + align:start position:0% +behavior um so this is a symbol of of of +the story itself too it's it's another + + align:start position:0% +the story itself too it's it's another + + + align:start position:0% +the story itself too it's it's another +sort of U Jos that is going to be played + + align:start position:0% +sort of U Jos that is going to be played + + + align:start position:0% +sort of U Jos that is going to be played +out over and over through through the + + align:start position:0% +out over and over through through the + + + align:start position:0% +out over and over through through the +book + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh by the way uh later in the term + + align:start position:0% +okay uh by the way uh later in the term + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh by the way uh later in the term +we're going to read a very famous book + + align:start position:0% +we're going to read a very famous book + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to read a very famous book +by Bishop paly which he uses a watch as + + align:start position:0% +by Bishop paly which he uses a watch as + + + align:start position:0% +by Bishop paly which he uses a watch as +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +symbol of + + align:start position:0% +symbol of + + + align:start position:0% +symbol of +a deliberately designed made + + align:start position:0% +a deliberately designed made + + + align:start position:0% +a deliberately designed made +object and he takes that + + align:start position:0% +object and he takes that + + + align:start position:0% +object and he takes that +watch and he uses it in as a sort of + + align:start position:0% +watch and he uses it in as a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +watch and he uses it in as a sort of +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +exle that he compares to the world + + align:start position:0% +exle that he compares to the world + + + align:start position:0% +exle that he compares to the world +itself which he argues quite believably + + align:start position:0% +itself which he argues quite believably + + + align:start position:0% +itself which he argues quite believably +is vastly more complicated and + + align:start position:0% +is vastly more complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +is vastly more complicated and +precise than the + + align:start position:0% +precise than the + + + align:start position:0% +precise than the +watches and that is his argument for why + + align:start position:0% +watches and that is his argument for why + + + align:start position:0% +watches and that is his argument for why +the world itself has been made by a + + align:start position:0% +the world itself has been made by a + + + align:start position:0% +the world itself has been made by a +Creator who intended to design it and + + align:start position:0% +Creator who intended to design it and + + + align:start position:0% +Creator who intended to design it and +make it operate according to certain + + align:start position:0% +make it operate according to certain + + + align:start position:0% +make it operate according to certain +rules so we're going to come back to + + align:start position:0% +rules so we're going to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +rules so we're going to come back to +this watch metaphor off and on through + + align:start position:0% +this watch metaphor off and on through + + + align:start position:0% +this watch metaphor off and on through +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +term change is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant I mean who are we I mean this + + align:start position:0% +constant I mean who are we I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +constant I mean who are we I mean this +this book really asks some fundamental + + align:start position:0% +this book really asks some fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +this book really asks some fundamental +questions I mean isn't she you remember + + align:start position:0% +questions I mean isn't she you remember + + + align:start position:0% +questions I mean isn't she you remember +what she says to the caterpillar what + + align:start position:0% +what she says to the caterpillar what + + + align:start position:0% +what she says to the caterpillar what +did she say to the caterpillar what's + + align:start position:0% +did she say to the caterpillar what's + + + align:start position:0% +did she say to the caterpillar what's +her big complaint with the caterpillar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well she she complains that she's too + + align:start position:0% +well she she complains that she's too + + + align:start position:0% +well she she complains that she's too +short yes yes she she says right at the + + align:start position:0% +short yes yes she she says right at the + + + align:start position:0% +short yes yes she she says right at the +start of the chapter this is chapter + + align:start position:0% +start of the chapter this is chapter + + + align:start position:0% +start of the chapter this is chapter +five advice from a caterpillar the + + align:start position:0% +five advice from a caterpillar the + + + align:start position:0% +five advice from a caterpillar the +caterpillar and Alice looked at each + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar and Alice looked at each + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar and Alice looked at each +other for some time in silence at last + + align:start position:0% +other for some time in silence at last + + + align:start position:0% +other for some time in silence at last +the caterpillar took the hookah out of + + align:start position:0% +the caterpillar took the hookah out of + + + align:start position:0% +the caterpillar took the hookah out of +its mouth and addressed her in a languid + + align:start position:0% +its mouth and addressed her in a languid + + + align:start position:0% +its mouth and addressed her in a languid +sleepy Voice who are you said the + + align:start position:0% +sleepy Voice who are you said the + + + align:start position:0% +sleepy Voice who are you said the +caterpillar that's that's the big + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar that's that's the big + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar that's that's the big +question of the book who are you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this was not an encouraging opening for + + align:start position:0% +this was not an encouraging opening for + + + align:start position:0% +this was not an encouraging opening for +a conversation Alice replied rather + + align:start position:0% +a conversation Alice replied rather + + + align:start position:0% +a conversation Alice replied rather +shily I I I hardly know sir just at + + align:start position:0% +shily I I I hardly know sir just at + + + align:start position:0% +shily I I I hardly know sir just at +present at least I know who I was when I + + align:start position:0% +present at least I know who I was when I + + + align:start position:0% +present at least I know who I was when I +got up this morning but I think I must + + align:start position:0% +got up this morning but I think I must + + + align:start position:0% +got up this morning but I think I must +have changed several time since + + align:start position:0% +have changed several time since + + + align:start position:0% +have changed several time since +then what do you mean by that said the + + align:start position:0% +then what do you mean by that said the + + + align:start position:0% +then what do you mean by that said the +caterpillar sternly explain + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar sternly explain + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar sternly explain +yourself I can't explain myself I'm + + align:start position:0% +yourself I can't explain myself I'm + + + align:start position:0% +yourself I can't explain myself I'm +afraid sir said Alice because I'm not + + align:start position:0% +afraid sir said Alice because I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +afraid sir said Alice because I'm not +myself you see I don't see said the + + align:start position:0% +myself you see I don't see said the + + + align:start position:0% +myself you see I don't see said the +caterpillar I'm afraid I can't put it + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar I'm afraid I can't put it + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar I'm afraid I can't put it +more clearly Ellis replied very politely + + align:start position:0% +more clearly Ellis replied very politely + + + align:start position:0% +more clearly Ellis replied very politely +for I can't understand it myself to + + align:start position:0% +for I can't understand it myself to + + + align:start position:0% +for I can't understand it myself to +begin with and being so many different + + align:start position:0% +begin with and being so many different + + + align:start position:0% +begin with and being so many different +sizes in a day is very + + align:start position:0% +sizes in a day is very + + + align:start position:0% +sizes in a day is very +confusing it isn't said the + + align:start position:0% +confusing it isn't said the + + + align:start position:0% +confusing it isn't said the +caterpillar well perhaps you haven't + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar well perhaps you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar well perhaps you haven't +found it so yet said Alice but when you + + align:start position:0% +found it so yet said Alice but when you + + + align:start position:0% +found it so yet said Alice but when you +turn into a chrysalis you will someday + + align:start position:0% +turn into a chrysalis you will someday + + + align:start position:0% +turn into a chrysalis you will someday +you know and then after that into a + + align:start position:0% +you know and then after that into a + + + align:start position:0% +you know and then after that into a +butterfly I should think you'll feel it + + align:start position:0% +butterfly I should think you'll feel it + + + align:start position:0% +butterfly I should think you'll feel it +a little queerer won't don't you not a + + align:start position:0% +a little queerer won't don't you not a + + + align:start position:0% +a little queerer won't don't you not a +bit said the + + align:start position:0% +bit said the + + + align:start position:0% +bit said the +caterpillar well perhaps your feelings + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar well perhaps your feelings + + + align:start position:0% +caterpillar well perhaps your feelings +may be different said Ellice all I know + + align:start position:0% +may be different said Ellice all I know + + + align:start position:0% +may be different said Ellice all I know +is it would feel very queer to + + align:start position:0% +is it would feel very queer to + + + align:start position:0% +is it would feel very queer to +me you said the caterpillar + + align:start position:0% +me you said the caterpillar + + + align:start position:0% +me you said the caterpillar +contemptuously who are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you you have the feeling this + + align:start position:0% +you you have the feeling this + + + align:start position:0% +you you have the feeling this +conversation could go on uh you know + + align:start position:0% +conversation could go on uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +conversation could go on uh you know +sort of infinitely uh but uh what do you + + align:start position:0% +sort of infinitely uh but uh what do you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of infinitely uh but uh what do you +what do you make of that little Exchange + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +she as you said she doesn't like her + + align:start position:0% +she as you said she doesn't like her + + + align:start position:0% +she as you said she doesn't like her +size she'd likeed to be a little + + align:start position:0% +size she'd likeed to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +size she'd likeed to be a little +bigger and the Cal caterpillar of course + + align:start position:0% +bigger and the Cal caterpillar of course + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and the Cal caterpillar of course +takes that as sort of an insult what + + align:start position:0% +takes that as sort of an insult what + + + align:start position:0% +takes that as sort of an insult what +about the way in which uh the the the + + align:start position:0% +about the way in which uh the the the + + + align:start position:0% +about the way in which uh the the the +polite or the what's the politeness + + align:start position:0% +polite or the what's the politeness + + + align:start position:0% +polite or the what's the politeness +level in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wonderland all all the animals are very + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland all all the animals are very + + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland all all the animals are very +free speak your mind yeah they're + + align:start position:0% +free speak your mind yeah they're + + + align:start position:0% +free speak your mind yeah they're +incredibly + + align:start position:0% +incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly +ious I mean she's constantly getting you + + align:start position:0% +ious I mean she's constantly getting you + + + align:start position:0% +ious I mean she's constantly getting you +know uh responses that are incredibly + + align:start position:0% +know uh responses that are incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +know uh responses that are incredibly +rude and sort of seem uh uh almost angry + + align:start position:0% +rude and sort of seem uh uh almost angry + + + align:start position:0% +rude and sort of seem uh uh almost angry +yeah I think in a way that they aren't + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think in a way that they aren't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think in a way that they aren't +necessarily being rude it's just the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily being rude it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily being rude it's just the +rules are different so them being blunt + + align:start position:0% +rules are different so them being blunt + + + align:start position:0% +rules are different so them being blunt +isn't something that's rude because they + + align:start position:0% +isn't something that's rude because they + + + align:start position:0% +isn't something that's rude because they +all do it okay speaking what they + + align:start position:0% +all do it okay speaking what they + + + align:start position:0% +all do it okay speaking what they +believe to be the + + align:start position:0% +believe to be the + + + align:start position:0% +believe to be the +truth yes that's that's good yeah there + + align:start position:0% +truth yes that's that's good yeah there + + + align:start position:0% +truth yes that's that's good yeah there +there there's a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +there there's a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there there's a certain kind of +bluntness that seems to + + align:start position:0% +bluntness that seems to + + + align:start position:0% +bluntness that seems to +reflect the sort of natural background + + align:start position:0% +reflect the sort of natural background + + + align:start position:0% +reflect the sort of natural background +of uh Wonderland this is not a place + + align:start position:0% +of uh Wonderland this is not a place + + + align:start position:0% +of uh Wonderland this is not a place +that's given + + align:start position:0% +that's given + + + align:start position:0% +that's given +to uh you + + align:start position:0% +to uh you + + + align:start position:0% +to uh you +know nice + + align:start position:0% +know nice + + + align:start position:0% +know nice +polight uh comfortable + + align:start position:0% +polight uh comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +polight uh comfortable +feelings + + align:start position:0% +feelings + + + align:start position:0% +feelings +is can you say any more about that + + align:start position:0% +is can you say any more about that + + + align:start position:0% +is can you say any more about that +anything about that what is it about the + + align:start position:0% +anything about that what is it about the + + + align:start position:0% +anything about that what is it about the +outside + + align:start position:0% +outside + + + align:start position:0% +outside +world yeah I think maybe there's like an + + align:start position:0% +world yeah I think maybe there's like an + + + align:start position:0% +world yeah I think maybe there's like an +element of harshness in the Wonderland + + align:start position:0% +element of harshness in the Wonderland + + + align:start position:0% +element of harshness in the Wonderland +like everything is very is at the same + + align:start position:0% +like everything is very is at the same + + + align:start position:0% +like everything is very is at the same +very Hands-On and um it's also very like + + align:start position:0% +very Hands-On and um it's also very like + + + align:start position:0% +very Hands-On and um it's also very like +it's almost like + + align:start position:0% +it's almost like + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost like +reality because like Alice is exposed to + + align:start position:0% +reality because like Alice is exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +reality because like Alice is exposed to +more of the reality in Wonderland um and + + align:start position:0% +more of the reality in Wonderland um and + + + align:start position:0% +more of the reality in Wonderland um and +so like if things were polite if all the + + align:start position:0% +so like if things were polite if all the + + + align:start position:0% +so like if things were polite if all the +animals were light like they would be + + align:start position:0% +animals were light like they would be + + + align:start position:0% +animals were light like they would be +distancing themselves from this like a + + align:start position:0% +distancing themselves from this like a + + + align:start position:0% +distancing themselves from this like a +foundamental harshness in this + + align:start position:0% +foundamental harshness in this + + + align:start position:0% +foundamental harshness in this +environment they would kind of like make + + align:start position:0% +environment they would kind of like make + + + align:start position:0% +environment they would kind of like make +things smooth so I think it's it's + + align:start position:0% +things smooth so I think it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +things smooth so I think it's it's +because like there's like some + + align:start position:0% +because like there's like some + + + align:start position:0% +because like there's like some +underlying + + align:start position:0% +underlying + + + align:start position:0% +underlying +harshness yeah and and maybe that's not + + align:start position:0% +harshness yeah and and maybe that's not + + + align:start position:0% +harshness yeah and and maybe that's not +a bad description for learning to + + align:start position:0% +a bad description for learning to + + + align:start position:0% +a bad description for learning to +conform to the rules of + + align:start position:0% +conform to the rules of + + + align:start position:0% +conform to the rules of +reality I mean you've all fallen down + + align:start position:0% +reality I mean you've all fallen down + + + align:start position:0% +reality I mean you've all fallen down +and scraped your knees or you know you + + align:start position:0% +and scraped your knees or you know you + + + align:start position:0% +and scraped your knees or you know you +you've come into contact with the world + + align:start position:0% +you've come into contact with the world + + + align:start position:0% +you've come into contact with the world +in various sort of abrupt ways and you + + align:start position:0% +in various sort of abrupt ways and you + + + align:start position:0% +in various sort of abrupt ways and you +realize you know this place doesn't + + align:start position:0% +realize you know this place doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +realize you know this place doesn't +doesn't operate the way I'd like it to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't operate the way I'd like it to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't operate the way I'd like it to +it operates very different and you know + + align:start position:0% +it operates very different and you know + + + align:start position:0% +it operates very different and you know +it doesn't stuff doesn't happen the way + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't stuff doesn't happen the way + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't stuff doesn't happen the way +I would like it to + + align:start position:0% +I would like it to + + + align:start position:0% +I would like it to +happen and there's this constant kind of + + align:start position:0% +happen and there's this constant kind of + + + align:start position:0% +happen and there's this constant kind of +uh confrontation if you will bumping up + + align:start position:0% +uh confrontation if you will bumping up + + + align:start position:0% +uh confrontation if you will bumping up +against the solidity of + + align:start position:0% +against the solidity of + + + align:start position:0% +against the solidity of +life that we can see all children have + + align:start position:0% +life that we can see all children have + + + align:start position:0% +life that we can see all children have +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +experience you know they they have to go + + align:start position:0% +experience you know they they have to go + + + align:start position:0% +experience you know they they have to go +through uh a period you know some and + + align:start position:0% +through uh a period you know some and + + + align:start position:0% +through uh a period you know some and +some people talk about oh you know let + + align:start position:0% +some people talk about oh you know let + + + align:start position:0% +some people talk about oh you know let +them go out and play and you know get + + align:start position:0% +them go out and play and you know get + + + align:start position:0% +them go out and play and you know get +hurt or whatever they'll learn lesson + + align:start position:0% +hurt or whatever they'll learn lesson + + + align:start position:0% +hurt or whatever they'll learn lesson +you know there there's this concept we + + align:start position:0% +you know there there's this concept we + + + align:start position:0% +you know there there's this concept we +have that you know you have to encounter + + align:start position:0% +have that you know you have to encounter + + + align:start position:0% +have that you know you have to encounter +life the reality qualities of life in + + align:start position:0% +life the reality qualities of life in + + + align:start position:0% +life the reality qualities of life in +order to become a functioning person if + + align:start position:0% +order to become a functioning person if + + + align:start position:0% +order to become a functioning person if +you don't know what those realities are + + align:start position:0% +you don't know what those realities are + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know what those realities are +you're really living in a world of + + align:start position:0% +you're really living in a world of + + + align:start position:0% +you're really living in a world of +fantasy and it's it's not okay to live + + align:start position:0% +fantasy and it's it's not okay to live + + + align:start position:0% +fantasy and it's it's not okay to live +in a world of fantasy when you're I mean + + align:start position:0% +in a world of fantasy when you're I mean + + + align:start position:0% +in a world of fantasy when you're I mean +as your main world it's okay to visit it + + align:start position:0% +as your main world it's okay to visit it + + + align:start position:0% +as your main world it's okay to visit it +but it's not it's not okay to kind of + + align:start position:0% +but it's not it's not okay to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not it's not okay to kind of +believe + + align:start position:0% +believe + + + align:start position:0% +believe +it's the way things work cuz you end up + + align:start position:0% +it's the way things work cuz you end up + + + align:start position:0% +it's the way things work cuz you end up +uh you know getting getting + + align:start position:0% +uh you know getting getting + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know getting getting +hurt so there's this kind of constant + + align:start position:0% +hurt so there's this kind of constant + + + align:start position:0% +hurt so there's this kind of constant +uh confrontation if you + + align:start position:0% +uh confrontation if you + + + align:start position:0% +uh confrontation if you +will so yeah it's a it's a natural world + + align:start position:0% +will so yeah it's a it's a natural world + + + align:start position:0% +will so yeah it's a it's a natural world +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +change and a natural world of U uh sort + + align:start position:0% +change and a natural world of U uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +change and a natural world of U uh sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +uh reality if you will in this in in in + + align:start position:0% +uh reality if you will in this in in in + + + align:start position:0% +uh reality if you will in this in in in +in the sense of reality as a kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +in the sense of reality as a kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense of reality as a kind of uh +a push back or reality as a uh a + + align:start position:0% +a push back or reality as a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +a push back or reality as a uh a +challenge to + + align:start position:0% +challenge to + + + align:start position:0% +challenge to +what we want + + align:start position:0% +what we want + + + align:start position:0% +what we want +or reality con confronting + + align:start position:0% +or reality con confronting + + + align:start position:0% +or reality con confronting +us okay it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +also a world of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nonsense so what + + align:start position:0% +nonsense so what + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense so what +is what is the what's happening now what + + align:start position:0% +is what is the what's happening now what + + + align:start position:0% +is what is the what's happening now what +do we mean by nonsense anybody have a + + align:start position:0% +do we mean by nonsense anybody have a + + + align:start position:0% +do we mean by nonsense anybody have a +just a + + align:start position:0% +just a + + + align:start position:0% +just a +everyday characterization of + + align:start position:0% +everyday characterization of + + + align:start position:0% +everyday characterization of +nonsense we know it's something that + + align:start position:0% +nonsense we know it's something that + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense we know it's something that +doesn't make sense but what else can we + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense but what else can we + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense but what else can we +say about nonsense the world of + + align:start position:0% +say about nonsense the world of + + + align:start position:0% +say about nonsense the world of +nonsense yes it's usually very + + align:start position:0% +nonsense yes it's usually very + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense yes it's usually very +extravagant whatever nonsensical it's + + align:start position:0% +extravagant whatever nonsensical it's + + + align:start position:0% +extravagant whatever nonsensical it's +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +usually + + align:start position:0% +usually + + + align:start position:0% +usually +overtly non conforming to the rules + + align:start position:0% +overtly non conforming to the rules + + + align:start position:0% +overtly non conforming to the rules +okay yes it it sort of plays with rules + + align:start position:0% +okay yes it it sort of plays with rules + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes it it sort of plays with rules +does it not + + align:start position:0% +does it not + + + align:start position:0% +does it not +nonsense it kind of sounds like uh when + + align:start position:0% +nonsense it kind of sounds like uh when + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense it kind of sounds like uh when +we're talking about linguistic nonsense + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about linguistic nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about linguistic nonsense +nonsense verbal + + align:start position:0% +nonsense verbal + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense verbal +nonsense uh usually the words are all + + align:start position:0% +nonsense uh usually the words are all + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense uh usually the words are all +there and they're being used as the + + align:start position:0% +there and they're being used as the + + + align:start position:0% +there and they're being used as the +right parts of speech but when you + + align:start position:0% +right parts of speech but when you + + + align:start position:0% +right parts of speech but when you +listen to it you can't figure out what + + align:start position:0% +listen to it you can't figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +listen to it you can't figure out what +the meaning + + align:start position:0% +the meaning + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning +is so it follows the rules but it lacks + + align:start position:0% +is so it follows the rules but it lacks + + + align:start position:0% +is so it follows the rules but it lacks +coherence I mean there are people who + + align:start position:0% +coherence I mean there are people who + + + align:start position:0% +coherence I mean there are people who +actually study nonsense just technically + + align:start position:0% +actually study nonsense just technically + + + align:start position:0% +actually study nonsense just technically +you know how do you construct nonsense + + align:start position:0% +you know how do you construct nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +you know how do you construct nonsense +what is what are different nonsense + + align:start position:0% +what is what are different nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +what is what are different nonsense +systems uh linguists are fascinated with + + align:start position:0% +systems uh linguists are fascinated with + + + align:start position:0% +systems uh linguists are fascinated with +nonsense iCal + + align:start position:0% +nonsense iCal + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense iCal +systems um and uh Carol was one of the + + align:start position:0% +systems um and uh Carol was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +systems um and uh Carol was one of the +you know he was he he created some of + + align:start position:0% +you know he was he he created some of + + + align:start position:0% +you know he was he he created some of +the greatest nonsense works of of the + + align:start position:0% +the greatest nonsense works of of the + + + align:start position:0% +the greatest nonsense works of of the +era and you know again I I see this as + + align:start position:0% +era and you know again I I see this as + + + align:start position:0% +era and you know again I I see this as +part of his Fascination his mathematical + + align:start position:0% +part of his Fascination his mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +part of his Fascination his mathematical +background he loved this kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +background he loved this kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +background he loved this kind of uh +world of play and seeing how you could + + align:start position:0% +world of play and seeing how you could + + + align:start position:0% +world of play and seeing how you could +bend the rules or or or follow the rules + + align:start position:0% +bend the rules or or or follow the rules + + + align:start position:0% +bend the rules or or or follow the rules +for partially but not completely + + align:start position:0% +for partially but not completely + + + align:start position:0% +for partially but not completely +and how you can make language so he's + + align:start position:0% +and how you can make language so he's + + + align:start position:0% +and how you can make language so he's +got uh you know the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +famous I mean he wrote his his nonsense + + align:start position:0% +famous I mean he wrote his his nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +famous I mean he wrote his his nonsense +poem is uh one of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let me see this little thing keeps on + + align:start position:0% +uh let me see this little thing keeps on + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me see this little thing keeps on +kicking in and out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is uh I won't read the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is uh I won't read the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is uh I won't read the +whole thing but you get uh you know the + + align:start position:0% +whole thing but you get uh you know the + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing but you get uh you know the +the Carol this this appears not in not + + align:start position:0% +the Carol this this appears not in not + + + align:start position:0% +the Carol this this appears not in not +in Allison Waterland but I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +in Allison Waterland but I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +in Allison Waterland but I wanted to +give you this the best example to + + align:start position:0% +give you this the best example to + + + align:start position:0% +give you this the best example to +brillig in the slyy toes did JY and + + align:start position:0% +brillig in the slyy toes did JY and + + + align:start position:0% +brillig in the slyy toes did JY and +jimble in the wob all Mimsy were the Bor + + align:start position:0% +jimble in the wob all Mimsy were the Bor + + + align:start position:0% +jimble in the wob all Mimsy were the Bor +Groves and the M Ras out + + align:start position:0% +Groves and the M Ras out + + + align:start position:0% +Groves and the M Ras out +Gro what's going on + + align:start position:0% +Gro what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +Gro what's going on +here beware the jabber walk my son the + + align:start position:0% +here beware the jabber walk my son the + + + align:start position:0% +here beware the jabber walk my son the +Jaws that bite the claws that catch + + align:start position:0% +Jaws that bite the claws that catch + + + align:start position:0% +Jaws that bite the claws that catch +beware the jbj bird and shun the frumina + + align:start position:0% +beware the jbj bird and shun the frumina + + + align:start position:0% +beware the jbj bird and shun the frumina +spender + + align:start position:0% +spender + + + align:start position:0% +spender +snatch I mean this language has been + + align:start position:0% +snatch I mean this language has been + + + align:start position:0% +snatch I mean this language has been +used everybody loves this poem + + align:start position:0% +used everybody loves this poem + + + align:start position:0% +used everybody loves this poem +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +nonsense what is it we like about + + align:start position:0% +nonsense what is it we like about + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense what is it we like about +nonsense and how does it uh it sort of + + align:start position:0% +nonsense and how does it uh it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense and how does it uh it sort of +suffuses this work does it not I mean + + align:start position:0% +suffuses this work does it not I mean + + + align:start position:0% +suffuses this work does it not I mean +you're never surprised when you're + + align:start position:0% +you're never surprised when you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're never surprised when you're +suddenly somebody's saying something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nonsensical so what is it that so + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical so what is it that so + + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical so what is it that so +interesting about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nonsense yeah it's it's almost like it + + align:start position:0% +nonsense yeah it's it's almost like it + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense yeah it's it's almost like it +because it has no clearcut meaning + + align:start position:0% +because it has no clearcut meaning + + + align:start position:0% +because it has no clearcut meaning +everyone can draw their own meaning out + + align:start position:0% +everyone can draw their own meaning out + + + align:start position:0% +everyone can draw their own meaning out +of it and so it's almost like it's their + + align:start position:0% +of it and so it's almost like it's their + + + align:start position:0% +of it and so it's almost like it's their +own personal + + align:start position:0% +own personal + + + align:start position:0% +own personal +world yeah there is something intimate + + align:start position:0% +world yeah there is something intimate + + + align:start position:0% +world yeah there is something intimate +if you will about nonsense because it's + + align:start position:0% +if you will about nonsense because it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you will about nonsense because it's +it sort of has its own meaning to you + + align:start position:0% +it sort of has its own meaning to you + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of has its own meaning to you +and nobody can really challenge what you + + align:start position:0% +and nobody can really challenge what you + + + align:start position:0% +and nobody can really challenge what you +take it to me because there is no basis + + align:start position:0% +take it to me because there is no basis + + + align:start position:0% +take it to me because there is no basis +for arguing it's it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +for arguing it's it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +for arguing it's it's it's it's +arbitrary and language + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary and language + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary and language +itself generally doesn't support that + + align:start position:0% +itself generally doesn't support that + + + align:start position:0% +itself generally doesn't support that +kind of that level of arbitrariness I + + align:start position:0% +kind of that level of arbitrariness I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of that level of arbitrariness I +mean there is something always uh + + align:start position:0% +mean there is something always uh + + + align:start position:0% +mean there is something always uh +possible in language in in the sense + + align:start position:0% +possible in language in in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +possible in language in in the sense +that you know it can always it it will + + align:start position:0% +that you know it can always it it will + + + align:start position:0% +that you know it can always it it will +support ambiguity there are things that + + align:start position:0% +support ambiguity there are things that + + + align:start position:0% +support ambiguity there are things that +are ambiguous but nonsense is just uh + + align:start position:0% +are ambiguous but nonsense is just uh + + + align:start position:0% +are ambiguous but nonsense is just uh +totally uh has no interest in + + align:start position:0% +totally uh has no interest in + + + align:start position:0% +totally uh has no interest in +communicating any specific thing other + + align:start position:0% +communicating any specific thing other + + + align:start position:0% +communicating any specific thing other +than a + + align:start position:0% +than a + + + align:start position:0% +than a +feeling of this + + align:start position:0% +feeling of this + + + align:start position:0% +feeling of this +arbitrary I mean children do this sort + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary I mean children do this sort + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary I mean children do this sort +of thing don't they they kind of make up + + align:start position:0% +of thing don't they they kind of make up + + + align:start position:0% +of thing don't they they kind of make up +nonsense + + align:start position:0% +nonsense + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense +Rhymes I mean uh when I was a little kid + + align:start position:0% +Rhymes I mean uh when I was a little kid + + + align:start position:0% +Rhymes I mean uh when I was a little kid +I know when I was learning to read I + + align:start position:0% +I know when I was learning to read I + + + align:start position:0% +I know when I was learning to read I +used to like to I know they used + + align:start position:0% +used to like to I know they used + + + align:start position:0% +used to like to I know they used +to where I where I went to school and + + align:start position:0% +to where I where I went to school and + + + align:start position:0% +to where I where I went to school and +first and second grade they used to have + + align:start position:0% +first and second grade they used to have + + + align:start position:0% +first and second grade they used to have +us get up and stand up in the front of + + align:start position:0% +us get up and stand up in the front of + + + align:start position:0% +us get up and stand up in the front of +the class and read the + + align:start position:0% +the class and read the + + + align:start position:0% +the class and read the +book and it was Dick and Jane in those + + align:start position:0% +book and it was Dick and Jane in those + + + align:start position:0% +book and it was Dick and Jane in those +days I don't know if you've ever heard + + align:start position:0% +days I don't know if you've ever heard + + + align:start position:0% +days I don't know if you've ever heard +of Dick and Jane but I remember once + + align:start position:0% +of Dick and Jane but I remember once + + + align:start position:0% +of Dick and Jane but I remember once +having the impulse of just sort of just + + align:start position:0% +having the impulse of just sort of just + + + align:start position:0% +having the impulse of just sort of just +starting to say anything and I just + + align:start position:0% +starting to say anything and I just + + + align:start position:0% +starting to say anything and I just +started making up stuff like I was + + align:start position:0% +started making up stuff like I was + + + align:start position:0% +started making up stuff like I was +treating and I know I got into a lot of + + align:start position:0% +treating and I know I got into a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +treating and I know I got into a lot of +trouble for it because I was to politely + + align:start position:0% +trouble for it because I was to politely + + + align:start position:0% +trouble for it because I was to politely +to sit down but uh the impulse was + + align:start position:0% +to sit down but uh the impulse was + + + align:start position:0% +to sit down but uh the impulse was +genuine I just started taking you know + + align:start position:0% +genuine I just started taking you know + + + align:start position:0% +genuine I just started taking you know +these the the little story of you know + + align:start position:0% +these the the little story of you know + + + align:start position:0% +these the the little story of you know +see dick run See Spot Run or whatever it + + align:start position:0% +see dick run See Spot Run or whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +see dick run See Spot Run or whatever it +was and you know throwing in words like + + align:start position:0% +was and you know throwing in words like + + + align:start position:0% +was and you know throwing in words like +uh car or house or whatever and uh so + + align:start position:0% +uh car or house or whatever and uh so + + + align:start position:0% +uh car or house or whatever and uh so +yeah we there there there's something + + align:start position:0% +yeah we there there there's something + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we there there there's something +fun there there's an element of fun in + + align:start position:0% +fun there there's an element of fun in + + + align:start position:0% +fun there there's an element of fun in +uh in in in nonsense and it um allows us + + align:start position:0% +uh in in in nonsense and it um allows us + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in in nonsense and it um allows us +to U you know + + align:start position:0% +to U you know + + + align:start position:0% +to U you know +play without you know any particular + + align:start position:0% +play without you know any particular + + + align:start position:0% +play without you know any particular +goal in the play other than to be + + align:start position:0% +goal in the play other than to be + + + align:start position:0% +goal in the play other than to be +nonsensical so the element of play is + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical so the element of play is + + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical so the element of play is +important in Alice is it not I mean what + + align:start position:0% +important in Alice is it not I mean what + + + align:start position:0% +important in Alice is it not I mean what +kind of a book would this + + align:start position:0% +kind of a book would this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a book would this +be without this element of uh humor I + + align:start position:0% +be without this element of uh humor I + + + align:start position:0% +be without this element of uh humor I +mean what kind of humor do we have in in + + align:start position:0% +mean what kind of humor do we have in in + + + align:start position:0% +mean what kind of humor do we have in in +in uh Allison Wonder what kind of humor + + align:start position:0% +in uh Allison Wonder what kind of humor + + + align:start position:0% +in uh Allison Wonder what kind of humor +is at play + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I mean it it does have humor it is + + align:start position:0% +here I mean it it does have humor it is + + + align:start position:0% +here I mean it it does have humor it is +a humorous book is it not yes uh part of + + align:start position:0% +a humorous book is it not yes uh part of + + + align:start position:0% +a humorous book is it not yes uh part of +the humor I'd say is satirical um just + + align:start position:0% +the humor I'd say is satirical um just + + + align:start position:0% +the humor I'd say is satirical um just +because a lot of the conversations that + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of the conversations that + + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of the conversations that +Alice has with the animals um goes + + align:start position:0% +Alice has with the animals um goes + + + align:start position:0% +Alice has with the animals um goes +against the rules of society and + + align:start position:0% +against the rules of society and + + + align:start position:0% +against the rules of society and +properness okay perhaps that's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +properness okay perhaps that's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +properness okay perhaps that's sort of a +jab + + align:start position:0% +jab + + + align:start position:0% +jab +sure absolutely there there is a there + + align:start position:0% +sure absolutely there there is a there + + + align:start position:0% +sure absolutely there there is a there +is an element of satire that runs + + align:start position:0% +is an element of satire that runs + + + align:start position:0% +is an element of satire that runs +through the book that challenges sort of + + align:start position:0% +through the book that challenges sort of + + + align:start position:0% +through the book that challenges sort of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +rigor and the stringency of uh rule + + align:start position:0% +rigor and the stringency of uh rule + + + align:start position:0% +rigor and the stringency of uh rule +bound uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experience there are other elements of + + align:start position:0% +experience there are other elements of + + + align:start position:0% +experience there are other elements of +of uh so satire is a is a kind of + + align:start position:0% +of uh so satire is a is a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of uh so satire is a is a kind of +directed humor but satire usually has a + + align:start position:0% +directed humor but satire usually has a + + + align:start position:0% +directed humor but satire usually has a +Target uh there can be there are other + + align:start position:0% +Target uh there can be there are other + + + align:start position:0% +Target uh there can be there are other +forms ofor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +too this is happening real kind of just + + align:start position:0% +too this is happening real kind of just + + + align:start position:0% +too this is happening real kind of just +lighted fun I guess yeah yeah Whimsy wh + + align:start position:0% +lighted fun I guess yeah yeah Whimsy wh + + + align:start position:0% +lighted fun I guess yeah yeah Whimsy wh +Whimsy Co is a is is the exact yeah + + align:start position:0% +Whimsy Co is a is is the exact yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Whimsy Co is a is is the exact yeah +exactly it's it's it's sort of there's a + + align:start position:0% +exactly it's it's it's sort of there's a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly it's it's it's sort of there's a +a Whimsical element in the background + + align:start position:0% +a Whimsical element in the background + + + align:start position:0% +a Whimsical element in the background +that's just kind of + + align:start position:0% +that's just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that's just kind of +funny humorous but you know not directed + + align:start position:0% +funny humorous but you know not directed + + + align:start position:0% +funny humorous but you know not directed +at any anything other than how odd + + align:start position:0% +at any anything other than how odd + + + align:start position:0% +at any anything other than how odd +things can + + align:start position:0% +things can + + + align:start position:0% +things can +be and of course uh we get that whole + + align:start position:0% +be and of course uh we get that whole + + + align:start position:0% +be and of course uh we get that whole +element in the famous one of the famous + + align:start position:0% +element in the famous one of the famous + + + align:start position:0% +element in the famous one of the famous +uh uh episodes of of the book The Mad + + align:start position:0% +uh uh episodes of of the book The Mad + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh episodes of of the book The Mad +tea + + align:start position:0% +tea + + + align:start position:0% +tea +party and um this is uh + + align:start position:0% +party and um this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +party and um this is uh +the uh whole set of scenes where uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh whole set of scenes where uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh whole set of scenes where uh +Alice arrives at the Mad Tea Party + + align:start position:0% +Alice arrives at the Mad Tea Party + + + align:start position:0% +Alice arrives at the Mad Tea Party +in the middle of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +woods and uh so this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +woods and uh so this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +woods and uh so this is this is a +chapter that everybody of course + + align:start position:0% +chapter that everybody of course + + + align:start position:0% +chapter that everybody of course +remembers and uh as one of the great + + align:start position:0% +remembers and uh as one of the great + + + align:start position:0% +remembers and uh as one of the great +sort of T to force chapters of the book + + align:start position:0% +sort of T to force chapters of the book + + + align:start position:0% +sort of T to force chapters of the book +but uh it's a uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +but uh it's a uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +but uh it's a uh it's a +party at which Alice encounter + + align:start position:0% +party at which Alice encounter + + + align:start position:0% +party at which Alice encounter +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +creatures one of them is actually + + align:start position:0% +creatures one of them is actually + + + align:start position:0% +creatures one of them is actually +a sort of Little Man the Mad + + align:start position:0% +a sort of Little Man the Mad + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of Little Man the Mad +Hatter probably one of the most famous + + align:start position:0% +Hatter probably one of the most famous + + + align:start position:0% +Hatter probably one of the most famous +characters of the 19th century the Mad + + align:start position:0% +characters of the 19th century the Mad + + + align:start position:0% +characters of the 19th century the Mad +Hatter + + align:start position:0% +Hatter + + + align:start position:0% +Hatter +everybody's and uh the door + + align:start position:0% +everybody's and uh the door + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's and uh the door +Mouse and the March hair so she + + align:start position:0% +Mouse and the March hair so she + + + align:start position:0% +Mouse and the March hair so she +encounters these three people at a at a + + align:start position:0% +encounters these three people at a at a + + + align:start position:0% +encounters these three people at a at a +tea party and uh what happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's what's uh what's happening at + + align:start position:0% +what's what's uh what's happening at + + + align:start position:0% +what's what's uh what's happening at +this tea party what what does she + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +encounter well you must have seen it how + + align:start position:0% +encounter well you must have seen it how + + + align:start position:0% +encounter well you must have seen it how +many have seen a film has anybody in + + align:start position:0% +many have seen a film has anybody in + + + align:start position:0% +many have seen a film has anybody in +here seen a film of Alis well you must + + align:start position:0% +here seen a film of Alis well you must + + + align:start position:0% +here seen a film of Alis well you must +have seen the one with Johnny Depp + + align:start position:0% +have seen the one with Johnny Depp + + + align:start position:0% +have seen the one with Johnny Depp +uh nowbody you've seen Disney yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh nowbody you've seen Disney yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh nowbody you've seen Disney yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um have you ever seen the Alice in uh + + align:start position:0% +um have you ever seen the Alice in uh + + + align:start position:0% +um have you ever seen the Alice in uh +how many people have seen the Disney + + align:start position:0% +how many people have seen the Disney + + + align:start position:0% +how many people have seen the Disney +Alice okay couple of people all + + align:start position:0% +Alice okay couple of people all + + + align:start position:0% +Alice okay couple of people all +right uh so what's what's interesting or + + align:start position:0% +right uh so what's what's interesting or + + + align:start position:0% +right uh so what's what's interesting or +different or odd or funny about the Tea + + align:start position:0% +different or odd or funny about the Tea + + + align:start position:0% +different or odd or funny about the Tea +Party + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the lack of etiquette it's usually + + align:start position:0% +yeah the lack of etiquette it's usually + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the lack of etiquette it's usually +present + + align:start position:0% +present + + + align:start position:0% +present +at the T parties of that Victorian time + + align:start position:0% +at the T parties of that Victorian time + + + align:start position:0% +at the T parties of that Victorian time +okay yeah it's it's a very messy tea + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it's it's a very messy tea + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it's it's a very messy tea +party isn't it it's sort of you know for + + align:start position:0% +party isn't it it's sort of you know for + + + align:start position:0% +party isn't it it's sort of you know for +one thing uh know who I mean how does + + align:start position:0% +one thing uh know who I mean how does + + + align:start position:0% +one thing uh know who I mean how does +the Tea Party operate how does it work + + align:start position:0% +the Tea Party operate how does it work + + + align:start position:0% +the Tea Party operate how does it work +what are the rules for the Tea Party + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Mad Hatter is gets the fresh he's + + align:start position:0% +the Mad Hatter is gets the fresh he's + + + align:start position:0% +the Mad Hatter is gets the fresh he's +he's at the new + + align:start position:0% +he's at the new + + + align:start position:0% +he's at the new +placing and then uh when they all shift + + align:start position:0% +placing and then uh when they all shift + + + align:start position:0% +placing and then uh when they all shift +everybody shifts around the + + align:start position:0% +everybody shifts around the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody shifts around the +table so he's constantly at the new + + align:start position:0% +table so he's constantly at the new + + + align:start position:0% +table so he's constantly at the new +setting but everybody else is at his old + + align:start position:0% +setting but everybody else is at his old + + + align:start position:0% +setting but everybody else is at his old +settings and so the Tea Party sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +settings and so the Tea Party sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +settings and so the Tea Party sort of uh +rotates and this is + + align:start position:0% +rotates and this is + + + align:start position:0% +rotates and this is +uh why is this so odd for a tea party + + align:start position:0% +uh why is this so odd for a tea party + + + align:start position:0% +uh why is this so odd for a tea party +what what do you think of it when you + + align:start position:0% +what what do you think of it when you + + + align:start position:0% +what what do you think of it when you +think of a a tea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +party you think of the most the elder or + + align:start position:0% +party you think of the most the elder or + + + align:start position:0% +party you think of the most the elder or +the most important person in that tea + + align:start position:0% +the most important person in that tea + + + align:start position:0% +the most important person in that tea +party to take the principal position in + + align:start position:0% +party to take the principal position in + + + align:start position:0% +party to take the principal position in +the table Yeah but they destroy that + + align:start position:0% +the table Yeah but they destroy that + + + align:start position:0% +the table Yeah but they destroy that +completely yeah yeah it's kind of a Mad + + align:start position:0% +completely yeah yeah it's kind of a Mad + + + align:start position:0% +completely yeah yeah it's kind of a Mad +scramble but uh usually you associate + + align:start position:0% +scramble but uh usually you associate + + + align:start position:0% +scramble but uh usually you associate +tea party with very highly appropriate + + align:start position:0% +tea party with very highly appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +tea party with very highly appropriate +behavior don't you I mean you can't just + + align:start position:0% +behavior don't you I mean you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +behavior don't you I mean you can't just +add a tea party you can't just grab I + + align:start position:0% +add a tea party you can't just grab I + + + align:start position:0% +add a tea party you can't just grab I +mean there's a whole etiquette tea + + align:start position:0% +mean there's a whole etiquette tea + + + align:start position:0% +mean there's a whole etiquette tea +parties are uh I don't know if you've + + align:start position:0% +parties are uh I don't know if you've + + + align:start position:0% +parties are uh I don't know if you've +ever had uh you can actually go to + + align:start position:0% +ever had uh you can actually go to + + + align:start position:0% +ever had uh you can actually go to +certain hotels in in London and in + + align:start position:0% +certain hotels in in London and in + + + align:start position:0% +certain hotels in in London and in +Britain and even in the US and some + + align:start position:0% +Britain and even in the US and some + + + align:start position:0% +Britain and even in the US and some +places and have high tea but it's always + + align:start position:0% +places and have high tea but it's always + + + align:start position:0% +places and have high tea but it's always +poured there's a certain way to pour tea + + align:start position:0% +poured there's a certain way to pour tea + + + align:start position:0% +poured there's a certain way to pour tea +there's a certain way to pass the tea to + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain way to pass the tea to + + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain way to pass the tea to +people there there's an an elaborate + + align:start position:0% +people there there's an an elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +people there there's an an elaborate +ceremony there's a ceremonial aspect to + + align:start position:0% +ceremony there's a ceremonial aspect to + + + align:start position:0% +ceremony there's a ceremonial aspect to +te + + align:start position:0% +te + + + align:start position:0% +te +and it's not only in British culture I + + align:start position:0% +and it's not only in British culture I + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not only in British culture I +mean tea ceremonies are known in other + + align:start position:0% +mean tea ceremonies are known in other + + + align:start position:0% +mean tea ceremonies are known in other +cultures + + align:start position:0% +cultures + + + align:start position:0% +cultures +too it's a way of behaving in + + align:start position:0% +too it's a way of behaving in + + + align:start position:0% +too it's a way of behaving in +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +certain uh set + + align:start position:0% +certain uh set + + + align:start position:0% +certain uh set +way to sort of + + align:start position:0% +way to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +way to sort of +reinforce the + + align:start position:0% +reinforce the + + + align:start position:0% +reinforce the +order of society particularly in The + + align:start position:0% +order of society particularly in The + + + align:start position:0% +order of society particularly in The +Taking of + + align:start position:0% +Taking of + + + align:start position:0% +Taking of +food I mean we have many many Traditions + + align:start position:0% +food I mean we have many many Traditions + + + align:start position:0% +food I mean we have many many Traditions +that emerge around food the way in which + + align:start position:0% +that emerge around food the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +that emerge around food the way in which +we eat + + align:start position:0% +we eat + + + align:start position:0% +we eat +food and this is something children have + + align:start position:0% +food and this is something children have + + + align:start position:0% +food and this is something children have +to learn isn't it I mean what do the + + align:start position:0% +to learn isn't it I mean what do the + + + align:start position:0% +to learn isn't it I mean what do the +little kids the littlest kids want to do + + align:start position:0% +little kids the littlest kids want to do + + + align:start position:0% +little kids the littlest kids want to do +is just grab go for it you know and you + + align:start position:0% +is just grab go for it you know and you + + + align:start position:0% +is just grab go for it you know and you +know they take each other's uh food away + + align:start position:0% +know they take each other's uh food away + + + align:start position:0% +know they take each other's uh food away +at certain AG I mean I don't know none + + align:start position:0% +at certain AG I mean I don't know none + + + align:start position:0% +at certain AG I mean I don't know none +of you have had kids but I've had kids + + align:start position:0% +of you have had kids but I've had kids + + + align:start position:0% +of you have had kids but I've had kids +and you know they uh you know there just + + align:start position:0% +and you know they uh you know there just + + + align:start position:0% +and you know they uh you know there just +certain stage where you just sort of go + + align:start position:0% +certain stage where you just sort of go + + + align:start position:0% +certain stage where you just sort of go +for it and you don't worry too much + + align:start position:0% +for it and you don't worry too much + + + align:start position:0% +for it and you don't worry too much +about uh how it's done and then uh you + + align:start position:0% +about uh how it's done and then uh you + + + align:start position:0% +about uh how it's done and then uh you +know sitting down at a table and you + + align:start position:0% +know sitting down at a table and you + + + align:start position:0% +know sitting down at a table and you +know it you know sometimes it seems + + align:start position:0% +know it you know sometimes it seems + + + align:start position:0% +know it you know sometimes it seems +totally crazy I mean we get so many + + align:start position:0% +totally crazy I mean we get so many + + + align:start position:0% +totally crazy I mean we get so many +rules around food + + align:start position:0% +rules around food + + + align:start position:0% +rules around food +but but indeed there they are and the + + align:start position:0% +but but indeed there they are and the + + + align:start position:0% +but but indeed there they are and the +Tea Party is one of the apexes of this + + align:start position:0% +Tea Party is one of the apexes of this + + + align:start position:0% +Tea Party is one of the apexes of this +kind of behavior because what's at stake + + align:start position:0% +kind of behavior because what's at stake + + + align:start position:0% +kind of behavior because what's at stake +is some tea and crumpets or whatever + + align:start position:0% +is some tea and crumpets or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +is some tea and crumpets or whatever +you're having but you know it's not + + align:start position:0% +you're having but you know it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you're having but you know it's not +exactly like it's a major meal that's + + align:start position:0% +exactly like it's a major meal that's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly like it's a major meal that's +going to get you through the + + align:start position:0% +going to get you through the + + + align:start position:0% +going to get you through the +day so the fact that the fair is often + + align:start position:0% +day so the fact that the fair is often + + + align:start position:0% +day so the fact that the fair is often +slight although it doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +slight although it doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +slight although it doesn't have to be +there are high tees in which they feed + + align:start position:0% +there are high tees in which they feed + + + align:start position:0% +there are high tees in which they feed +they give you all kinds of things but um + + align:start position:0% +they give you all kinds of things but um + + + align:start position:0% +they give you all kinds of things but um +certainly uh tea ceremonies and tea + + align:start position:0% +certainly uh tea ceremonies and tea + + + align:start position:0% +certainly uh tea ceremonies and tea +parties have this + + align:start position:0% +parties have this + + + align:start position:0% +parties have this +element of uh + + align:start position:0% +element of uh + + + align:start position:0% +element of uh +propriety and what do we have going on + + align:start position:0% +propriety and what do we have going on + + + align:start position:0% +propriety and what do we have going on +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +it's kind of a Mad Dash + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a Mad Dash + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a Mad Dash +free-for-all and + + align:start position:0% +free-for-all and + + + align:start position:0% +free-for-all and +rather so if we look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so here's a setting there was a table + + align:start position:0% +uh so here's a setting there was a table + + + align:start position:0% +uh so here's a setting there was a table +set out under a tree in front of the + + align:start position:0% +set out under a tree in front of the + + + align:start position:0% +set out under a tree in front of the +house can you read that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh out under out under a tree in front + + align:start position:0% +uh out under out under a tree in front + + + align:start position:0% +uh out under out under a tree in front +of the house and the March hair and the + + align:start position:0% +of the house and the March hair and the + + + align:start position:0% +of the house and the March hair and the +hatter were having tea at it a Dormouse + + align:start position:0% +hatter were having tea at it a Dormouse + + + align:start position:0% +hatter were having tea at it a Dormouse +was sitting between them fast asleep and + + align:start position:0% +was sitting between them fast asleep and + + + align:start position:0% +was sitting between them fast asleep and +the other two were using it as a + + align:start position:0% +the other two were using it as a + + + align:start position:0% +the other two were using it as a +cushion resting their elbows on it and + + align:start position:0% +cushion resting their elbows on it and + + + align:start position:0% +cushion resting their elbows on it and +talking over its head very uncomfortable + + align:start position:0% +talking over its head very uncomfortable + + + align:start position:0% +talking over its head very uncomfortable +for the Dormouse thought Alice only as + + align:start position:0% +for the Dormouse thought Alice only as + + + align:start position:0% +for the Dormouse thought Alice only as +it's asleep I suppose it doesn't mind + + align:start position:0% +it's asleep I suppose it doesn't mind + + + align:start position:0% +it's asleep I suppose it doesn't mind +the table was a large one but the three + + align:start position:0% +the table was a large one but the three + + + align:start position:0% +the table was a large one but the three +were all crowded together in one corner + + align:start position:0% +were all crowded together in one corner + + + align:start position:0% +were all crowded together in one corner +of it + + align:start position:0% +of it + + + align:start position:0% +of it +no room no room they cried when they saw + + align:start position:0% +no room no room they cried when they saw + + + align:start position:0% +no room no room they cried when they saw +Alice coming there's plenty of room said + + align:start position:0% +Alice coming there's plenty of room said + + + align:start position:0% +Alice coming there's plenty of room said +Alice indignantly and she sat down in a + + align:start position:0% +Alice indignantly and she sat down in a + + + align:start position:0% +Alice indignantly and she sat down in a +large armchair at one end of the table + + align:start position:0% +large armchair at one end of the table + + + align:start position:0% +large armchair at one end of the table +have some wine the marchare said in an + + align:start position:0% +have some wine the marchare said in an + + + align:start position:0% +have some wine the marchare said in an +encouraging tone Alice looked around the + + align:start position:0% +encouraging tone Alice looked around the + + + align:start position:0% +encouraging tone Alice looked around the +table but there was nothing on it but + + align:start position:0% +table but there was nothing on it but + + + align:start position:0% +table but there was nothing on it but +tea I don't see any wine she remarked + + align:start position:0% +tea I don't see any wine she remarked + + + align:start position:0% +tea I don't see any wine she remarked +there isn't any said the marchare then + + align:start position:0% +there isn't any said the marchare then + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't any said the marchare then +it wasn't very civil of you to offer it + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't very civil of you to offer it + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't very civil of you to offer it +said Alice angrily it wasn't very civil + + align:start position:0% +said Alice angrily it wasn't very civil + + + align:start position:0% +said Alice angrily it wasn't very civil +of you to sit down without being invited + + align:start position:0% +of you to sit down without being invited + + + align:start position:0% +of you to sit down without being invited +said the to march + + align:start position:0% +said the to march + + + align:start position:0% +said the to march +here I didn't know it was your table + + align:start position:0% +here I didn't know it was your table + + + align:start position:0% +here I didn't know it was your table +said Alice it's laid for a great many + + align:start position:0% +said Alice it's laid for a great many + + + align:start position:0% +said Alice it's laid for a great many +more than + + align:start position:0% +more than + + + align:start position:0% +more than +three your hair wants cutting said the + + align:start position:0% +three your hair wants cutting said the + + + align:start position:0% +three your hair wants cutting said the +hatter he had been looking at Alice for + + align:start position:0% +hatter he had been looking at Alice for + + + align:start position:0% +hatter he had been looking at Alice for +some time with great curiosity and this + + align:start position:0% +some time with great curiosity and this + + + align:start position:0% +some time with great curiosity and this +was his first speech you should learn + + align:start position:0% +was his first speech you should learn + + + align:start position:0% +was his first speech you should learn +not to make personal remarks said Alice + + align:start position:0% +not to make personal remarks said Alice + + + align:start position:0% +not to make personal remarks said Alice +with some severity it's very rude she's + + align:start position:0% +with some severity it's very rude she's + + + align:start position:0% +with some severity it's very rude she's +sort of acting she's taking on a kind of + + align:start position:0% +sort of acting she's taking on a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of acting she's taking on a kind of +a parental uh voice + + align:start position:0% +a parental uh voice + + + align:start position:0% +a parental uh voice +here so this goes on for a while so what + + align:start position:0% +here so this goes on for a while so what + + + align:start position:0% +here so this goes on for a while so what +do we have going on here at this at this + + align:start position:0% +do we have going on here at this at this + + + align:start position:0% +do we have going on here at this at this +uh mad tea + + align:start position:0% +uh mad tea + + + align:start position:0% +uh mad tea +party what's mad about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it all especially with those conventions + + align:start position:0% +it all especially with those conventions + + + align:start position:0% +it all especially with those conventions +that are normally associated with t + + align:start position:0% +that are normally associated with t + + + align:start position:0% +that are normally associated with t +party okay that's that's for sure it it + + align:start position:0% +party okay that's that's for sure it it + + + align:start position:0% +party okay that's that's for sure it it +sort of um breaks every conceivable + + align:start position:0% +sort of um breaks every conceivable + + + align:start position:0% +sort of um breaks every conceivable +convention and many more um so it uh it + + align:start position:0% +convention and many more um so it uh it + + + align:start position:0% +convention and many more um so it uh it +it's it's a I mean it's fun to it's fun + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a I mean it's fun to it's fun + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a I mean it's fun to it's fun +to kind of + + align:start position:0% +to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of +contemplate because it's so messy and + + align:start position:0% +contemplate because it's so messy and + + + align:start position:0% +contemplate because it's so messy and +you know these characters are behaving + + align:start position:0% +you know these characters are behaving + + + align:start position:0% +you know these characters are behaving +in such uh bad + + align:start position:0% +in such uh bad + + + align:start position:0% +in such uh bad +ways uh what else you notice about + + align:start position:0% +ways uh what else you notice about + + + align:start position:0% +ways uh what else you notice about +it how about some of the + + align:start position:0% +it how about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +it how about some of the +conversations yes I find it interesting + + align:start position:0% +conversations yes I find it interesting + + + align:start position:0% +conversations yes I find it interesting +how much word play there is going on + + align:start position:0% +how much word play there is going on + + + align:start position:0% +how much word play there is going on +like when they're talking about time and + + align:start position:0% +like when they're talking about time and + + + align:start position:0% +like when they're talking about time and +Al starts talking about she beats time + + align:start position:0% +Al starts talking about she beats time + + + align:start position:0% +Al starts talking about she beats time +and she plays music they take things + + align:start position:0% +and she plays music they take things + + + align:start position:0% +and she plays music they take things +very literally um or someone says + + align:start position:0% +very literally um or someone says + + + align:start position:0% +very literally um or someone says +something about murdering time and she + + align:start position:0% +something about murdering time and she + + + align:start position:0% +something about murdering time and she +says how Savage that is she's taking + + align:start position:0% +says how Savage that is she's taking + + + align:start position:0% +says how Savage that is she's taking +it yeah so time is uh as as we've said a + + align:start position:0% +it yeah so time is uh as as we've said a + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah so time is uh as as we've said a +couple of times already is a is a big + + align:start position:0% +couple of times already is a is a big + + + align:start position:0% +couple of times already is a is a big +convention and so this this banter + + align:start position:0% +convention and so this this banter + + + align:start position:0% +convention and so this this banter +around time is again partakes of the + + align:start position:0% +around time is again partakes of the + + + align:start position:0% +around time is again partakes of the +sort of nonsensical discussion but uh uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of nonsensical discussion but uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of nonsensical discussion but uh uh +there is this kind of Exchange in which + + align:start position:0% +there is this kind of Exchange in which + + + align:start position:0% +there is this kind of Exchange in which +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +uh uh reflect on time and in the end uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh reflect on time and in the end uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh reflect on time and in the end uh +say ridiculous things about it so it + + align:start position:0% +say ridiculous things about it so it + + + align:start position:0% +say ridiculous things about it so it +goes here Alice had been looking over + + align:start position:0% +goes here Alice had been looking over + + + align:start position:0% +goes here Alice had been looking over +his shoulder this this is the march here + + align:start position:0% +his shoulder this this is the march here + + + align:start position:0% +his shoulder this this is the march here +with some curiosity what a funny watch + + align:start position:0% +with some curiosity what a funny watch + + + align:start position:0% +with some curiosity what a funny watch +she remarked it tells the day of month + + align:start position:0% +she remarked it tells the day of month + + + align:start position:0% +she remarked it tells the day of month +and doesn't tell what o'clock it is why + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't tell what o'clock it is why + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't tell what o'clock it is why +should it muttered the hatter does your + + align:start position:0% +should it muttered the hatter does your + + + align:start position:0% +should it muttered the hatter does your +watch tell what year it is of course not + + align:start position:0% +watch tell what year it is of course not + + + align:start position:0% +watch tell what year it is of course not +Alis replied very readily that's because + + align:start position:0% +Alis replied very readily that's because + + + align:start position:0% +Alis replied very readily that's because +it stays the same year for such a long + + align:start position:0% +it stays the same year for such a long + + + align:start position:0% +it stays the same year for such a long +time altogether which is just the case + + align:start position:0% +time altogether which is just the case + + + align:start position:0% +time altogether which is just the case +with mine said the hatter Alice felt + + align:start position:0% +with mine said the hatter Alice felt + + + align:start position:0% +with mine said the hatter Alice felt +dreadfully puzzled the Hatter's remark + + align:start position:0% +dreadfully puzzled the Hatter's remark + + + align:start position:0% +dreadfully puzzled the Hatter's remark +seemed to have no sort of meaning in it + + align:start position:0% +seemed to have no sort of meaning in it + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to have no sort of meaning in it +and yet it was certainly + + align:start position:0% +and yet it was certainly + + + align:start position:0% +and yet it was certainly +English I don't quite understand you she + + align:start position:0% +English I don't quite understand you she + + + align:start position:0% +English I don't quite understand you she +said as politely as she could the + + align:start position:0% +said as politely as she could the + + + align:start position:0% +said as politely as she could the +doormouse is asleep again said the + + align:start position:0% +doormouse is asleep again said the + + + align:start position:0% +doormouse is asleep again said the +hatter and he poured a little hot tea + + align:start position:0% +hatter and he poured a little hot tea + + + align:start position:0% +hatter and he poured a little hot tea +upon his nose the doormouse shook his + + align:start position:0% +upon his nose the doormouse shook his + + + align:start position:0% +upon his nose the doormouse shook his +head impatiently and said without + + align:start position:0% +head impatiently and said without + + + align:start position:0% +head impatiently and said without +opening its eyes of course of course + + align:start position:0% +opening its eyes of course of course + + + align:start position:0% +opening its eyes of course of course +just what I was going to remark + + align:start position:0% +just what I was going to remark + + + align:start position:0% +just what I was going to remark +myself and then they go back to the + + align:start position:0% +myself and then they go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +myself and then they go back to the +riddle uh why is a raving raven like a + + align:start position:0% +riddle uh why is a raving raven like a + + + align:start position:0% +riddle uh why is a raving raven like a +writing table which doesn't really have + + align:start position:0% +writing table which doesn't really have + + + align:start position:0% +writing table which doesn't really have +a very good answer + + align:start position:0% +a very good answer + + + align:start position:0% +a very good answer +um and then + + align:start position:0% +um and then + + + align:start position:0% +um and then +uh Alice said weily I think you might do + + align:start position:0% +uh Alice said weily I think you might do + + + align:start position:0% +uh Alice said weily I think you might do +something better with the time she said + + align:start position:0% +something better with the time she said + + + align:start position:0% +something better with the time she said +than waste it in asking riddles that + + align:start position:0% +than waste it in asking riddles that + + + align:start position:0% +than waste it in asking riddles that +have no + + align:start position:0% +have no + + + align:start position:0% +have no +answers if you knew time as well as I do + + align:start position:0% +answers if you knew time as well as I do + + + align:start position:0% +answers if you knew time as well as I do +said the hatter you wouldn't talk about + + align:start position:0% +said the hatter you wouldn't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +said the hatter you wouldn't talk about +wasting it it's + + align:start position:0% +wasting it it's + + + align:start position:0% +wasting it it's +him I don't know what you mean said + + align:start position:0% +him I don't know what you mean said + + + align:start position:0% +him I don't know what you mean said +Alice of course you don't the hatter + + align:start position:0% +Alice of course you don't the hatter + + + align:start position:0% +Alice of course you don't the hatter +said tossing his head contemptuously I + + align:start position:0% +said tossing his head contemptuously I + + + align:start position:0% +said tossing his head contemptuously I +dare say you never even spoke to time + + align:start position:0% +dare say you never even spoke to time + + + align:start position:0% +dare say you never even spoke to time +perhaps not Alice replied cautiously + + align:start position:0% +perhaps not Alice replied cautiously + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps not Alice replied cautiously +replied but I know I have to beat time + + align:start position:0% +replied but I know I have to beat time + + + align:start position:0% +replied but I know I have to beat time +when I learn music ah that accounts for + + align:start position:0% +when I learn music ah that accounts for + + + align:start position:0% +when I learn music ah that accounts for +it said the hatter he wouldn't stand + + align:start position:0% +it said the hatter he wouldn't stand + + + align:start position:0% +it said the hatter he wouldn't stand +beating now if you only kept on good + + align:start position:0% +beating now if you only kept on good + + + align:start position:0% +beating now if you only kept on good +terms with him he'd do almost anything + + align:start position:0% +terms with him he'd do almost anything + + + align:start position:0% +terms with him he'd do almost anything +you liked with the clock for instance + + align:start position:0% +you liked with the clock for instance + + + align:start position:0% +you liked with the clock for instance +suppose and then he goes on and then you + + align:start position:0% +suppose and then he goes on and then you + + + align:start position:0% +suppose and then he goes on and then you +know he talks about how he has this + + align:start position:0% +know he talks about how he has this + + + align:start position:0% +know he talks about how he has this +personal relationship with time I mean + + align:start position:0% +personal relationship with time I mean + + + align:start position:0% +personal relationship with time I mean +it's all nonsense of course but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's all nonsense of course but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's all nonsense of course but it's +this banter that takes a place uh around + + align:start position:0% +this banter that takes a place uh around + + + align:start position:0% +this banter that takes a place uh around +the table and Alice is uh again kind of + + align:start position:0% +the table and Alice is uh again kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the table and Alice is uh again kind of +consternated over what what's happening + + align:start position:0% +consternated over what what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +consternated over what what's happening +what is you know what is actually at the + + align:start position:0% +what is you know what is actually at the + + + align:start position:0% +what is you know what is actually at the +bottom of this what does this book have + + align:start position:0% +bottom of this what does this book have + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of this what does this book have +to do with Evolution if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything yeah we see the recurring of + + align:start position:0% +anything yeah we see the recurring of + + + align:start position:0% +anything yeah we see the recurring of +adaptation + + align:start position:0% +adaptation + + + align:start position:0% +adaptation +situations okay this this whole sense of + + align:start position:0% +situations okay this this whole sense of + + + align:start position:0% +situations okay this this whole sense of +the need + + align:start position:0% +the need + + + align:start position:0% +the need +to adapt to one's environment and + + align:start position:0% +to adapt to one's environment and + + + align:start position:0% +to adapt to one's environment and +surroundings is absolutely crucial is it + + align:start position:0% +surroundings is absolutely crucial is it + + + align:start position:0% +surroundings is absolutely crucial is it +not humans are no + + align:start position:0% +not humans are no + + + align:start position:0% +not humans are no +different only she's adapting to + + align:start position:0% +different only she's adapting to + + + align:start position:0% +different only she's adapting to +what fanty yeah the fantasy world and in + + align:start position:0% +what fanty yeah the fantasy world and in + + + align:start position:0% +what fanty yeah the fantasy world and in +some sense she's by extension she's also + + align:start position:0% +some sense she's by extension she's also + + + align:start position:0% +some sense she's by extension she's also +adapting to the made world that humans + + align:start position:0% +adapting to the made world that humans + + + align:start position:0% +adapting to the made world that humans +construct but this is not just a casual + + align:start position:0% +construct but this is not just a casual + + + align:start position:0% +construct but this is not just a casual +thing I mean it's it's funny here and + + align:start position:0% +thing I mean it's it's funny here and + + + align:start position:0% +thing I mean it's it's funny here and +we're kind of seeing the color and the + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of seeing the color and the + + + align:start position:0% +we're kind of seeing the color and the +but if if this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +but if if this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +but if if this doesn't +happen something very seriously results + + align:start position:0% +happen something very seriously results + + + align:start position:0% +happen something very seriously results +so adaptation absolutely true adaptation + + align:start position:0% +so adaptation absolutely true adaptation + + + align:start position:0% +so adaptation absolutely true adaptation +is crucial what else yeah it questions a + + align:start position:0% +is crucial what else yeah it questions a + + + align:start position:0% +is crucial what else yeah it questions a +lot of the conventional thinking + + align:start position:0% +lot of the conventional thinking + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the conventional thinking +okay yeah it raises questions about why + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it raises questions about why + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah it raises questions about why +we do things and certainly that's + + align:start position:0% +we do things and certainly that's + + + align:start position:0% +we do things and certainly that's +something that's healthy and important + + align:start position:0% +something that's healthy and important + + + align:start position:0% +something that's healthy and important +and it's also something that in some + + align:start position:0% +and it's also something that in some + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also something that in some +ways Darwin himself self uh was a uh + + align:start position:0% +ways Darwin himself self uh was a uh + + + align:start position:0% +ways Darwin himself self uh was a uh +example of someone who questioned + + align:start position:0% +example of someone who questioned + + + align:start position:0% +example of someone who questioned +things yes it stops differentiating very + + align:start position:0% +things yes it stops differentiating very + + + align:start position:0% +things yes it stops differentiating very +clearly um human and animal + + align:start position:0% +clearly um human and animal + + + align:start position:0% +clearly um human and animal +behavior good point there is some kind + + align:start position:0% +behavior good point there is some kind + + + align:start position:0% +behavior good point there is some kind +of a Continuum on this scale between + + align:start position:0% +of a Continuum on this scale between + + + align:start position:0% +of a Continuum on this scale between +Alice and all these creatures I know + + align:start position:0% +Alice and all these creatures I know + + + align:start position:0% +Alice and all these creatures I know +it's it's fantasy to be sure but that's + + align:start position:0% +it's it's fantasy to be sure but that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's fantasy to be sure but that's +I hadn't thought of that but that's that + + align:start position:0% +I hadn't thought of that but that's that + + + align:start position:0% +I hadn't thought of that but that's that +that is a really important aspect here + + align:start position:0% +that is a really important aspect here + + + align:start position:0% +that is a really important aspect here +is this kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +is this kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +is this kind of uh +behavioral uh if you will + + align:start position:0% +behavioral uh if you will + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral uh if you will +Spectrum uh anything else yes + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum uh anything else yes + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum uh anything else yes +everything everything Wonderland kind of + + align:start position:0% +everything everything Wonderland kind of + + + align:start position:0% +everything everything Wonderland kind of +uh fits its purpose same way uh as for + + align:start position:0% +uh fits its purpose same way uh as for + + + align:start position:0% +uh fits its purpose same way uh as for +evolution everything evolves to fill fit + + align:start position:0% +evolution everything evolves to fill fit + + + align:start position:0% +evolution everything evolves to fill fit +some sort of need or fill some sort of + + align:start position:0% +some sort of need or fill some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of need or fill some sort of +Niche so even if it seems kind of + + align:start position:0% +Niche so even if it seems kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Niche so even if it seems kind of +nonsensical perspective in context of + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical perspective in context of + + + align:start position:0% +nonsensical perspective in context of +Wonderland everything in Wonderland does + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland everything in Wonderland does + + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland everything in Wonderland does +its job or fills its part to make + + align:start position:0% +its job or fills its part to make + + + align:start position:0% +its job or fills its part to make +Wonderland whole work + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland whole work + + + align:start position:0% +Wonderland whole work +okay yeah I I I I like that observation + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah I I I I like that observation + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah I I I I like that observation +because I think uh before natural + + align:start position:0% +because I think uh before natural + + + align:start position:0% +because I think uh before natural +selection you know people trying to + + align:start position:0% +selection you know people trying to + + + align:start position:0% +selection you know people trying to +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +how how organic life came into being + + align:start position:0% +how how organic life came into being + + + align:start position:0% +how how organic life came into being +came into existence we're really dealing + + align:start position:0% +came into existence we're really dealing + + + align:start position:0% +came into existence we're really dealing +with a world that was not fully + + align:start position:0% +with a world that was not fully + + + align:start position:0% +with a world that was not fully +understood I mean we can't say that + + align:start position:0% +understood I mean we can't say that + + + align:start position:0% +understood I mean we can't say that +Darwin brought full understanding either + + align:start position:0% +Darwin brought full understanding either + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin brought full understanding either +but this this whole question of how + + align:start position:0% +but this this whole question of how + + + align:start position:0% +but this this whole question of how +things operate in the outside world in + + align:start position:0% +things operate in the outside world in + + + align:start position:0% +things operate in the outside world in +the world of experience U is in some + + align:start position:0% +the world of experience U is in some + + + align:start position:0% +the world of experience U is in some +ways mirrored in this crazy little world + + align:start position:0% +ways mirrored in this crazy little world + + + align:start position:0% +ways mirrored in this crazy little world +of fantasy where you know uh Alice can't + + align:start position:0% +of fantasy where you know uh Alice can't + + + align:start position:0% +of fantasy where you know uh Alice can't +quite figure out how it + + align:start position:0% +quite figure out how it + + + align:start position:0% +quite figure out how it +works Darwin's contemporaries couldn't + + align:start position:0% +works Darwin's contemporaries couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +works Darwin's contemporaries couldn't +quite figure out how you know how did + + align:start position:0% +quite figure out how you know how did + + + align:start position:0% +quite figure out how you know how did +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +organic Realm + + align:start position:0% +organic Realm + + + align:start position:0% +organic Realm +emerge or come into + + align:start position:0% +emerge or come into + + + align:start position:0% +emerge or come into +existence I mean one solution was just + + align:start position:0% +existence I mean one solution was just + + + align:start position:0% +existence I mean one solution was just +to say it was created and therefore you + + align:start position:0% +to say it was created and therefore you + + + align:start position:0% +to say it was created and therefore you +know that's how it came into existence + + align:start position:0% +know that's how it came into existence + + + align:start position:0% +know that's how it came into existence +but that doesn't get us too far in our + + align:start position:0% +but that doesn't get us too far in our + + + align:start position:0% +but that doesn't get us too far in our +understanding of the actual + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the actual + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the actual +mechanisms and there's another topic so + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and there's another topic so + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and there's another topic so +I mean some people have argued that this + + align:start position:0% +I mean some people have argued that this + + + align:start position:0% +I mean some people have argued that this +book really is a post- darwinian book + + align:start position:0% +book really is a post- darwinian book + + + align:start position:0% +book really is a post- darwinian book +it's a book that is aware of a kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's a book that is aware of a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a book that is aware of a kind of +complex world of change and in in in + + align:start position:0% +complex world of change and in in in + + + align:start position:0% +complex world of change and in in in +Metamorphosis in a world + + align:start position:0% +Metamorphosis in a world + + + align:start position:0% +Metamorphosis in a world +that obeys some kind of rules but + + align:start position:0% +that obeys some kind of rules but + + + align:start position:0% +that obeys some kind of rules but +they're not necessarily clear totally + + align:start position:0% +they're not necessarily clear totally + + + align:start position:0% +they're not necessarily clear totally +clear now these rules like rule 42 no + + align:start position:0% +clear now these rules like rule 42 no + + + align:start position:0% +clear now these rules like rule 42 no +one can be two miles high in the court + + align:start position:0% +one can be two miles high in the court + + + align:start position:0% +one can be two miles high in the court +uh I mean that's nonsensical but it it + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean that's nonsensical but it it + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean that's nonsensical but it it +you know it again a point it points to + + align:start position:0% +you know it again a point it points to + + + align:start position:0% +you know it again a point it points to +the fact that there are um a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there are um a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there are um a lot of +things that don't make a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +things that don't make a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +things that don't make a whole lot of +sense to us even in an advanced stage of + + align:start position:0% +sense to us even in an advanced stage of + + + align:start position:0% +sense to us even in an advanced stage of +understanding of the world there are a + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the world there are a + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the world there are a +lot of things we just don't know how + + align:start position:0% +lot of things we just don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +lot of things we just don't know how +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +work and this world of Wonderland sort + + align:start position:0% +work and this world of Wonderland sort + + + align:start position:0% +work and this world of Wonderland sort +of puts that into a Perpetual + + align:start position:0% +of puts that into a Perpetual + + + align:start position:0% +of puts that into a Perpetual +State I mean the characters here never + + align:start position:0% +State I mean the characters here never + + + align:start position:0% +State I mean the characters here never +do understand each other perfectly and + + align:start position:0% +do understand each other perfectly and + + + align:start position:0% +do understand each other perfectly and +the book sort of always presents that + + align:start position:0% +the book sort of always presents that + + + align:start position:0% +the book sort of always presents that +unfinished state of + + align:start position:0% +unfinished state of + + + align:start position:0% +unfinished state of +understanding and that is a metaphor for + + align:start position:0% +understanding and that is a metaphor for + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and that is a metaphor for +human life and the other metaphor for + + align:start position:0% +human life and the other metaphor for + + + align:start position:0% +human life and the other metaphor for +human life is that we are constantly + + align:start position:0% +human life is that we are constantly + + + align:start position:0% +human life is that we are constantly +changing even if we're not aware of it + + align:start position:0% +changing even if we're not aware of it + + + align:start position:0% +changing even if we're not aware of it +and you think you're the same person you + + align:start position:0% +and you think you're the same person you + + + align:start position:0% +and you think you're the same person you +were two years + + align:start position:0% +were two years + + + align:start position:0% +were two years +ago I mean you've changed you're + + align:start position:0% +ago I mean you've changed you're + + + align:start position:0% +ago I mean you've changed you're +changing as you're sitting here but uh + + align:start position:0% +changing as you're sitting here but uh + + + align:start position:0% +changing as you're sitting here but uh +in in periods of time all humans change + + align:start position:0% +in in periods of time all humans change + + + align:start position:0% +in in periods of time all humans change +and U that's just the way it is so this + + align:start position:0% +and U that's just the way it is so this + + + align:start position:0% +and U that's just the way it is so this +book really captures some very deep and + + align:start position:0% +book really captures some very deep and + + + align:start position:0% +book really captures some very deep and +interesting and and profound themes for + + align:start position:0% +interesting and and profound themes for + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and and profound themes for +all its play with + + align:start position:0% +all its play with + + + align:start position:0% +all its play with +fantasy uh and for all its word play and + + align:start position:0% +fantasy uh and for all its word play and + + + align:start position:0% +fantasy uh and for all its word play and +nonsense it says something profound + + align:start position:0% +nonsense it says something profound + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense it says something profound +about The Human + + align:start position:0% +about The Human + + + align:start position:0% +about The Human +Experience and certainly about children \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Dlhma3z57SA.txt b/Dlhma3z57SA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b87bce23d53d38100d53aaa0eade6d3000cd5089 --- /dev/null +++ b/Dlhma3z57SA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12258 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today we are going to continue a + + align:start position:0% +today we are going to continue a + + + align:start position:0% +today we are going to continue a +discussion about two very important + + align:start position:0% +discussion about two very important + + + align:start position:0% +discussion about two very important +issues the first one is the + + align:start position:0% +issues the first one is the + + + align:start position:0% +issues the first one is the +understanding no so-called quarter webp + + align:start position:0% +understanding no so-called quarter webp + + + align:start position:0% +understanding no so-called quarter webp +rate that may not mean anything to you + + align:start position:0% +rate that may not mean anything to you + + + align:start position:0% +rate that may not mean anything to you +in the beginning but I hope after this + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning but I hope after this + + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning but I hope after this +lecture you would know what does that + + align:start position:0% +lecture you would know what does that + + + align:start position:0% +lecture you would know what does that +mean and why that is actually + + align:start position:0% +mean and why that is actually + + + align:start position:0% +mean and why that is actually +interesting the second thing is that is + + align:start position:0% +interesting the second thing is that is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting the second thing is that is +that the second happy we want to talk + + align:start position:0% +that the second happy we want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +that the second happy we want to talk +about in the lecture today is okay we + + align:start position:0% +about in the lecture today is okay we + + + align:start position:0% +about in the lecture today is okay we +have been talking about electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +have been talking about electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +have been talking about electromagnetic +waves for a long time already since last + + align:start position:0% +waves for a long time already since last + + + align:start position:0% +waves for a long time already since last +few lectures but we have never touched + + align:start position:0% +few lectures but we have never touched + + + align:start position:0% +few lectures but we have never touched +the topic how do we issue the create + + align:start position:0% +the topic how do we issue the create + + + align:start position:0% +the topic how do we issue the create +electromagnetic wave right and we are + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave right and we are + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave right and we are +going to answer that in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +going to answer that in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +going to answer that in the lecture +today so that's my print about these two + + align:start position:0% +today so that's my print about these two + + + align:start position:0% +today so that's my print about these two +topics okay so before we start it's a + + align:start position:0% +topics okay so before we start it's a + + + align:start position:0% +topics okay so before we start it's a +reminder about what we have learned last + + align:start position:0% +reminder about what we have learned last + + + align:start position:0% +reminder about what we have learned last +time so we have learned several + + align:start position:0% +time so we have learned several + + + align:start position:0% +time so we have learned several +situations related to correlation so we + + align:start position:0% +situations related to correlation so we + + + align:start position:0% +situations related to correlation so we +have learned linearly polarized wave + + align:start position:0% +have learned linearly polarized wave + + + align:start position:0% +have learned linearly polarized wave +what is linearly polarized wave you if + + align:start position:0% +what is linearly polarized wave you if + + + align:start position:0% +what is linearly polarized wave you if +you plot the wave amplitude as a + + align:start position:0% +you plot the wave amplitude as a + + + align:start position:0% +you plot the wave amplitude as a +function of time as a function of space + + align:start position:0% +function of time as a function of space + + + align:start position:0% +function of time as a function of space +it's going up and down up and down up + + align:start position:0% +it's going up and down up and down up + + + align:start position:0% +it's going up and down up and down up +and down and the direction of the field + + align:start position:0% +and down and the direction of the field + + + align:start position:0% +and down and the direction of the field +doesn't change as a function of time so + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change as a function of time so + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change as a function of time so +that is actually called linearly + + align:start position:0% +that is actually called linearly + + + align:start position:0% +that is actually called linearly +polarized light and we also learned + + align:start position:0% +polarized light and we also learned + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light and we also learned +circularly polarized light right when + + align:start position:0% +circularly polarized light right when + + + align:start position:0% +circularly polarized light right when +you have two components one is in the X + + align:start position:0% +you have two components one is in the X + + + align:start position:0% +you have two components one is in the X +direction the otherwise in the Y + + align:start position:0% +direction the otherwise in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +direction the otherwise in the Y +direction if the two components are out + + align:start position:0% +direction if the two components are out + + + align:start position:0% +direction if the two components are out +of phase okay say they are differ by 90 + + align:start position:0% +of phase okay say they are differ by 90 + + + align:start position:0% +of phase okay say they are differ by 90 +degree for example all right and they + + align:start position:0% +degree for example all right and they + + + align:start position:0% +degree for example all right and they +have the same amplitude then the + + align:start position:0% +have the same amplitude then the + + + align:start position:0% +have the same amplitude then the +superposition of these two waves will be + + align:start position:0% +superposition of these two waves will be + + + align:start position:0% +superposition of these two waves will be +a circularly polarized wave so basically + + align:start position:0% +a circularly polarized wave so basically + + + align:start position:0% +a circularly polarized wave so basically +we are the wave propagation looks like + + align:start position:0% +we are the wave propagation looks like + + + align:start position:0% +we are the wave propagation looks like +this so basically the the pointing angle + + align:start position:0% +this so basically the the pointing angle + + + align:start position:0% +this so basically the the pointing angle +of the electric field is rotating as a + + align:start position:0% +of the electric field is rotating as a + + + align:start position:0% +of the electric field is rotating as a +function of time as a function of + + align:start position:0% +function of time as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of time as a function of +distance in travel + + align:start position:0% +distance in travel + + + align:start position:0% +distance in travel +and the other case which is also + + align:start position:0% +and the other case which is also + + + align:start position:0% +and the other case which is also +interesting is that when you have okay + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that when you have okay + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that when you have okay +for example P from phase difference like + + align:start position:0% +for example P from phase difference like + + + align:start position:0% +for example P from phase difference like +delta v different from 90 degree or say + + align:start position:0% +delta v different from 90 degree or say + + + align:start position:0% +delta v different from 90 degree or say +you have different amplitude although + + align:start position:0% +you have different amplitude although + + + align:start position:0% +you have different amplitude although +the phase difference is ninety degree + + align:start position:0% +the phase difference is ninety degree + + + align:start position:0% +the phase difference is ninety degree +but you have different amplitude in the + + align:start position:0% +but you have different amplitude in the + + + align:start position:0% +but you have different amplitude in the +X and the y direction okay if that's the + + align:start position:0% +X and the y direction okay if that's the + + + align:start position:0% +X and the y direction okay if that's the +case then you have a situation which not + + align:start position:0% +case then you have a situation which not + + + align:start position:0% +case then you have a situation which not +only the direction is changing but also + + align:start position:0% +only the direction is changing but also + + + align:start position:0% +only the direction is changing but also +the amplitude is changing as a function + + align:start position:0% +the amplitude is changing as a function + + + align:start position:0% +the amplitude is changing as a function +of time and that we call it elliptically + + align:start position:0% +of time and that we call it elliptically + + + align:start position:0% +of time and that we call it elliptically +polarized okay so that's actually the + + align:start position:0% +polarized okay so that's actually the + + + align:start position:0% +polarized okay so that's actually the +three situation we learn and also we + + align:start position:0% +three situation we learn and also we + + + align:start position:0% +three situation we learn and also we +learned about how to make polarize the + + align:start position:0% +learned about how to make polarize the + + + align:start position:0% +learned about how to make polarize the +light right from during the class so + + align:start position:0% +light right from during the class so + + + align:start position:0% +light right from during the class so +usually the light source we are talking + + align:start position:0% +usually the light source we are talking + + + align:start position:0% +usually the light source we are talking +about our even present in in the in this + + align:start position:0% +about our even present in in the in this + + + align:start position:0% +about our even present in in the in this +room like the light from on the light + + align:start position:0% +room like the light from on the light + + + align:start position:0% +room like the light from on the light +board etc those are unpolarized light + + align:start position:0% +board etc those are unpolarized light + + + align:start position:0% +board etc those are unpolarized light +right so that means you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +right so that means you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +right so that means you have a lot of +different a lot of electromagnetic wave + + align:start position:0% +different a lot of electromagnetic wave + + + align:start position:0% +different a lot of electromagnetic wave +emitted from the light with different + + align:start position:0% +emitted from the light with different + + + align:start position:0% +emitted from the light with different +initial time in the emission time and + + align:start position:0% +initial time in the emission time and + + + align:start position:0% +initial time in the emission time and +also inside a different angular + + align:start position:0% +also inside a different angular + + + align:start position:0% +also inside a different angular +frequency slightly different pointing + + align:start position:0% +frequency slightly different pointing + + + align:start position:0% +frequency slightly different pointing +direction right so you can have all + + align:start position:0% +direction right so you can have all + + + align:start position:0% +direction right so you can have all +kinds of different emission and the sum + + align:start position:0% +kinds of different emission and the sum + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of different emission and the sum +of all those emission is unpolarized the + + align:start position:0% +of all those emission is unpolarized the + + + align:start position:0% +of all those emission is unpolarized the +light okay which is actually the light + + align:start position:0% +light okay which is actually the light + + + align:start position:0% +light okay which is actually the light +source were actually have here and you + + align:start position:0% +source were actually have here and you + + + align:start position:0% +source were actually have here and you +can use so-called polarizer + + align:start position:0% +can use so-called polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +can use so-called polarizer +right so the polarizer is can as ukyo + + align:start position:0% +right so the polarizer is can as ukyo + + + align:start position:0% +right so the polarizer is can as ukyo +one of the time one of the direction of + + align:start position:0% +one of the time one of the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the time one of the direction of +the direction and only keep all the + + align:start position:0% +the direction and only keep all the + + + align:start position:0% +the direction and only keep all the +projection to the easy axis and in this + + align:start position:0% +projection to the easy axis and in this + + + align:start position:0% +projection to the easy axis and in this +presentation the easy axis is in the X + + align:start position:0% +presentation the easy axis is in the X + + + align:start position:0% +presentation the easy axis is in the X +direction and you can see that if you + + align:start position:0% +direction and you can see that if you + + + align:start position:0% +direction and you can see that if you +start with unpolarized light and + + align:start position:0% +start with unpolarized light and + + + align:start position:0% +start with unpolarized light and +basically you have that passed through a + + align:start position:0% +basically you have that passed through a + + + align:start position:0% +basically you have that passed through a +polarizer then the resulting electric + + align:start position:0% +polarizer then the resulting electric + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer then the resulting electric +field will be pointing to the which so + + align:start position:0% +field will be pointing to the which so + + + align:start position:0% +field will be pointing to the which so +called easy axis right so the easier + + align:start position:0% +called easy axis right so the easier + + + align:start position:0% +called easy axis right so the easier +access to pass right so therefore all + + align:start position:0% +access to pass right so therefore all + + + align:start position:0% +access to pass right so therefore all +the electric field perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +the electric field perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field perpendicular to the +easy access is eliminated and what this + + align:start position:0% +easy access is eliminated and what this + + + align:start position:0% +easy access is eliminated and what this +lap over is the electric field which you + + align:start position:0% +lap over is the electric field which you + + + align:start position:0% +lap over is the electric field which you +said should be you know parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +said should be you know parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +said should be you know parallel to the +y-axis + + align:start position:0% +y-axis + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis +okay and of course you can rotate this + + align:start position:0% +okay and of course you can rotate this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and of course you can rotate this +polarizer and and you will see that okay + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and and you will see that okay + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and and you will see that okay +if you have a linearly polarized wave + + align:start position:0% +if you have a linearly polarized wave + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a linearly polarized wave +passing through a polarizer + + align:start position:0% +passing through a polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +passing through a polarizer +but as easy access is actually now in + + align:start position:0% +but as easy access is actually now in + + + align:start position:0% +but as easy access is actually now in +line with the polarization okay what is + + align:start position:0% +line with the polarization okay what is + + + align:start position:0% +line with the polarization okay what is +going to happen is as I said still only + + align:start position:0% +going to happen is as I said still only + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen is as I said still only +the component could you say should be + + align:start position:0% +the component could you say should be + + + align:start position:0% +the component could you say should be +parallel to the easy axis were passed + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the easy axis were passed + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the easy axis were passed +through and the resulting electric field + + align:start position:0% +through and the resulting electric field + + + align:start position:0% +through and the resulting electric field +will still be pointing to the the + + align:start position:0% +will still be pointing to the the + + + align:start position:0% +will still be pointing to the the +direction of the easy axis + + align:start position:0% +direction of the easy axis + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the easy axis +okay so that's actually what we have + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's actually what we have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's actually what we have +learned last time okay so that means we + + align:start position:0% +learned last time okay so that means we + + + align:start position:0% +learned last time okay so that means we +know how to generate linearly polarized + + align:start position:0% +know how to generate linearly polarized + + + align:start position:0% +know how to generate linearly polarized +wave right because you just need a + + align:start position:0% +wave right because you just need a + + + align:start position:0% +wave right because you just need a +polarizer and put it in front of your + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and put it in front of your + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and put it in front of your +light source then you could produce a + + align:start position:0% +light source then you could produce a + + + align:start position:0% +light source then you could produce a +linearly polarized wave but we didn't + + align:start position:0% +linearly polarized wave but we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +linearly polarized wave but we didn't +talk about how to produce circularly + + align:start position:0% +talk about how to produce circularly + + + align:start position:0% +talk about how to produce circularly +polarized wave right okay so that is + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave right okay so that is + + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave right okay so that is +actually the topic which I would like to + + align:start position:0% +actually the topic which I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +actually the topic which I would like to +talk about so so let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +talk about so so let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +talk about so so let's take a look at +the tag line here okay so I assuming + + align:start position:0% +the tag line here okay so I assuming + + + align:start position:0% +the tag line here okay so I assuming +that I have a single a herb of sheet + + align:start position:0% +that I have a single a herb of sheet + + + align:start position:0% +that I have a single a herb of sheet +okay which I call it WebP rate okay this + + align:start position:0% +okay which I call it WebP rate okay this + + + align:start position:0% +okay which I call it WebP rate okay this +is actually a uni and ruining of that + + align:start position:0% +is actually a uni and ruining of that + + + align:start position:0% +is actually a uni and ruining of that +sheet and the the interesting property + + align:start position:0% +sheet and the the interesting property + + + align:start position:0% +sheet and the the interesting property +of this WebP red sheet is that the + + align:start position:0% +of this WebP red sheet is that the + + + align:start position:0% +of this WebP red sheet is that the +refraction index an X and in the X + + align:start position:0% +refraction index an X and in the X + + + align:start position:0% +refraction index an X and in the X +direction and the refraction index for + + align:start position:0% +direction and the refraction index for + + + align:start position:0% +direction and the refraction index for +the for the for the linearly polarized + + align:start position:0% +the for the for the linearly polarized + + + align:start position:0% +the for the for the linearly polarized +wave in the Y direction they are + + align:start position:0% +wave in the Y direction they are + + + align:start position:0% +wave in the Y direction they are +different okay that can happen right + + align:start position:0% +different okay that can happen right + + + align:start position:0% +different okay that can happen right +because when when we were discussing two + + align:start position:0% +because when when we were discussing two + + + align:start position:0% +because when when we were discussing two +dimensional and three dimensional waves + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and three dimensional waves + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and three dimensional waves +right the dispersion relation can be + + align:start position:0% +right the dispersion relation can be + + + align:start position:0% +right the dispersion relation can be +dependent on the the K vector right so + + align:start position:0% +dependent on the the K vector right so + + + align:start position:0% +dependent on the the K vector right so +that should not surprise you by now and + + align:start position:0% +that should not surprise you by now and + + + align:start position:0% +that should not surprise you by now and +it depends on the structure of the the + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the structure of the the + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the structure of the the +material you + + align:start position:0% +material you + + + align:start position:0% +material you +use to make this away prey right so + + align:start position:0% +use to make this away prey right so + + + align:start position:0% +use to make this away prey right so +therefore you can have different + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can have different + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can have different +velocity when you have an incident we're + + align:start position:0% +velocity when you have an incident we're + + + align:start position:0% +velocity when you have an incident we're +pointing in the X direction and compared + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the X direction and compared + + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the X direction and compared +to an incident we're pointing in the Y + + align:start position:0% +to an incident we're pointing in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +to an incident we're pointing in the Y +direction okay + + align:start position:0% +direction okay + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay +so in short we can actually summarize + + align:start position:0% +so in short we can actually summarize + + + align:start position:0% +so in short we can actually summarize +this kind of information the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +this kind of information the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of information the dispersion +relation into two component Y is a + + align:start position:0% +relation into two component Y is a + + + align:start position:0% +relation into two component Y is a +velocity the phase velocity in the X + + align:start position:0% +velocity the phase velocity in the X + + + align:start position:0% +velocity the phase velocity in the X +direction which is denoted as an X just + + align:start position:0% +direction which is denoted as an X just + + + align:start position:0% +direction which is denoted as an X just +a reminder the speed of the light will + + align:start position:0% +a reminder the speed of the light will + + + align:start position:0% +a reminder the speed of the light will +be equal to C divided by an X right so + + align:start position:0% +be equal to C divided by an X right so + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to C divided by an X right so +larger and means smoother speed of light + + align:start position:0% +larger and means smoother speed of light + + + align:start position:0% +larger and means smoother speed of light +material okay and if that happens if an + + align:start position:0% +material okay and if that happens if an + + + align:start position:0% +material okay and if that happens if an +X is different from my what is going to + + align:start position:0% +X is different from my what is going to + + + align:start position:0% +X is different from my what is going to +happen is that if you have incident wave + + align:start position:0% +happen is that if you have incident wave + + + align:start position:0% +happen is that if you have incident wave +okay when it passes through this wave + + align:start position:0% +okay when it passes through this wave + + + align:start position:0% +okay when it passes through this wave +plate what is going to happen is that + + align:start position:0% +plate what is going to happen is that + + + align:start position:0% +plate what is going to happen is that +the X component the delay in phase in + + align:start position:0% +the X component the delay in phase in + + + align:start position:0% +the X component the delay in phase in +the X component would be different from + + align:start position:0% +the X component would be different from + + + align:start position:0% +the X component would be different from +the delay in phase in the Y component + + align:start position:0% +the delay in phase in the Y component + + + align:start position:0% +the delay in phase in the Y component +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and that is actually how we can actually + + align:start position:0% +and that is actually how we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +and that is actually how we can actually +make use of that to create elliptically + + align:start position:0% +make use of that to create elliptically + + + align:start position:0% +make use of that to create elliptically +polarized wave or circularly polarize + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave or circularly polarize + + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave or circularly polarize +the wave + + align:start position:0% +the wave + + + align:start position:0% +the wave +okay so let's take a look at this + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's take a look at this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's take a look at this +example together so suppose I have in + + align:start position:0% +example together so suppose I have in + + + align:start position:0% +example together so suppose I have in +certain light with angular frequency + + align:start position:0% +certain light with angular frequency + + + align:start position:0% +certain light with angular frequency +Omega okay since I give you already know + + align:start position:0% +Omega okay since I give you already know + + + align:start position:0% +Omega okay since I give you already know +megha and also what I really need is the + + align:start position:0% +megha and also what I really need is the + + + align:start position:0% +megha and also what I really need is the +speed of light then I can calculate the + + align:start position:0% +speed of light then I can calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light then I can calculate the +resulting wave number and wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +resulting wave number and wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +resulting wave number and wavelengths +right so this is actually the incident + + align:start position:0% +right so this is actually the incident + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is actually the incident +wave angular frequency and the lens of + + align:start position:0% +wave angular frequency and the lens of + + + align:start position:0% +wave angular frequency and the lens of +the also the thickness of the wave plate + + align:start position:0% +the also the thickness of the wave plate + + + align:start position:0% +the also the thickness of the wave plate +is called a little L and we can actually + + align:start position:0% +is called a little L and we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +is called a little L and we can actually +check to the immediately what would be + + align:start position:0% +check to the immediately what would be + + + align:start position:0% +check to the immediately what would be +the corresponding wave number in the + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding wave number in the + + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding wave number in the +medium in for the transport for the + + align:start position:0% +medium in for the transport for the + + + align:start position:0% +medium in for the transport for the +linearly polarized wave in the X + + align:start position:0% +linearly polarized wave in the X + + + align:start position:0% +linearly polarized wave in the X +direction and linearly polarized wave in + + align:start position:0% +direction and linearly polarized wave in + + + align:start position:0% +direction and linearly polarized wave in +the Y direction so we can actually + + align:start position:0% +the Y direction so we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +the Y direction so we can actually +calculate K X will be equal to an X over + + align:start position:0% +calculate K X will be equal to an X over + + + align:start position:0% +calculate K X will be equal to an X over +C Omega because this is as you just + + align:start position:0% +C Omega because this is as you just + + + align:start position:0% +C Omega because this is as you just +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +/ v right which is the phase velocity in + + align:start position:0% +/ v right which is the phase velocity in + + + align:start position:0% +/ v right which is the phase velocity in +the in the media in four waves in the + + align:start position:0% +the in the media in four waves in the + + + align:start position:0% +the in the media in four waves in the +you know X direction and that would be + + align:start position:0% +you know X direction and that would be + + + align:start position:0% +you know X direction and that would be +equal to two PI over lambda X similarly + + align:start position:0% +equal to two PI over lambda X similarly + + + align:start position:0% +equal to two PI over lambda X similarly +you can also conclude that KY can be + + align:start position:0% +you can also conclude that KY can be + + + align:start position:0% +you can also conclude that KY can be +written as and Y divided by C times + + align:start position:0% +written as and Y divided by C times + + + align:start position:0% +written as and Y divided by C times +Omega which is 2 PI over lambda y KX and + + align:start position:0% +Omega which is 2 PI over lambda y KX and + + + align:start position:0% +Omega which is 2 PI over lambda y KX and +KY are the wave numbers inside for the + + align:start position:0% +KY are the wave numbers inside for the + + + align:start position:0% +KY are the wave numbers inside for the +focusing harmonic waves inside the + + align:start position:0% +focusing harmonic waves inside the + + + align:start position:0% +focusing harmonic waves inside the +median okay okay why is in the X + + align:start position:0% +median okay okay why is in the X + + + align:start position:0% +median okay okay why is in the X +direction the other ones in the Y + + align:start position:0% +direction the other ones in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +direction the other ones in the Y +direction okay + + align:start position:0% +direction okay + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay +so if we keep those in mind okay you see + + align:start position:0% +so if we keep those in mind okay you see + + + align:start position:0% +so if we keep those in mind okay you see +that huh if I have different an s and my + + align:start position:0% +that huh if I have different an s and my + + + align:start position:0% +that huh if I have different an s and my +okay when the same frequency light goes + + align:start position:0% +okay when the same frequency light goes + + + align:start position:0% +okay when the same frequency light goes +through this median is X component will + + align:start position:0% +through this median is X component will + + + align:start position:0% +through this median is X component will +travel through different period amount + + align:start position:0% +travel through different period amount + + + align:start position:0% +travel through different period amount +of period right worse a different amount + + align:start position:0% +of period right worse a different amount + + + align:start position:0% +of period right worse a different amount +of phase difference compared to the + + align:start position:0% +of phase difference compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +of phase difference compared to the +light polarized okay compared to the + + align:start position:0% +light polarized okay compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +light polarized okay compared to the +component in the Y direction because as + + align:start position:0% +component in the Y direction because as + + + align:start position:0% +component in the Y direction because as +you can see from this demonstration + + align:start position:0% +you can see from this demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +you can see from this demonstration +right therefore we can actually conclude + + align:start position:0% +right therefore we can actually conclude + + + align:start position:0% +right therefore we can actually conclude +that there must be a phase difference + + align:start position:0% +that there must be a phase difference + + + align:start position:0% +that there must be a phase difference +between the X component Y component and + + align:start position:0% +between the X component Y component and + + + align:start position:0% +between the X component Y component and +we can calculate that this is actually + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate that this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate that this is actually +Delta Phi the phase difference between X + + align:start position:0% +Delta Phi the phase difference between X + + + align:start position:0% +Delta Phi the phase difference between X +direction and y direction will be equal + + align:start position:0% +direction and y direction will be equal + + + align:start position:0% +direction and y direction will be equal +to 2 pi times L divided by lambda X + + align:start position:0% +to 2 pi times L divided by lambda X + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 pi times L divided by lambda X +right so basically is the number of + + align:start position:0% +right so basically is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +right so basically is the number of +waves times 2 pi right L over Delta X is + + align:start position:0% +waves times 2 pi right L over Delta X is + + + align:start position:0% +waves times 2 pi right L over Delta X is +number or period past and the times 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +number or period past and the times 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +number or period past and the times 2 pi +translate Latu to face and the tip and + + align:start position:0% +translate Latu to face and the tip and + + + align:start position:0% +translate Latu to face and the tip and +that we are taking the difference + + align:start position:0% +that we are taking the difference + + + align:start position:0% +that we are taking the difference +between X and the y direction okay and + + align:start position:0% +between X and the y direction okay and + + + align:start position:0% +between X and the y direction okay and +we can conclude that based on what we + + align:start position:0% +we can conclude that based on what we + + + align:start position:0% +we can conclude that based on what we +have written here you can actually see + + align:start position:0% +have written here you can actually see + + + align:start position:0% +have written here you can actually see +that this - which is an x - + y divided + + align:start position:0% +that this - which is an x - + y divided + + + align:start position:0% +that this - which is an x - + y divided +by C times Omega times L ok so so this + + align:start position:0% +by C times Omega times L ok so so this + + + align:start position:0% +by C times Omega times L ok so so this +is actually how the wave prade works ok + + align:start position:0% +is actually how the wave prade works ok + + + align:start position:0% +is actually how the wave prade works ok +suppose I have a linearly polarized way + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have a linearly polarized way + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have a linearly polarized way +coming into this prayed and the and the + + align:start position:0% +coming into this prayed and the and the + + + align:start position:0% +coming into this prayed and the and the +the the direction of the polarization is + + align:start position:0% +the the direction of the polarization is + + + align:start position:0% +the the direction of the polarization is +not in the X direction or Y direction so + + align:start position:0% +not in the X direction or Y direction so + + + align:start position:0% +not in the X direction or Y direction so +they are position a lab component in the + + align:start position:0% +they are position a lab component in the + + + align:start position:0% +they are position a lab component in the +X direction and y direction + + align:start position:0% +X direction and y direction + + + align:start position:0% +X direction and y direction +okay for example I can have an incoming + + align:start position:0% +okay for example I can have an incoming + + + align:start position:0% +okay for example I can have an incoming +polarization like this okay and the + + align:start position:0% +polarization like this okay and the + + + align:start position:0% +polarization like this okay and the +disease issue the X Direction is + + align:start position:0% +disease issue the X Direction is + + + align:start position:0% +disease issue the X Direction is +essentially the white direction and I + + align:start position:0% +essentially the white direction and I + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the white direction and I +can now decompose this kind of be near + + align:start position:0% +can now decompose this kind of be near + + + align:start position:0% +can now decompose this kind of be near +the polarized wave into two component + + align:start position:0% +the polarized wave into two component + + + align:start position:0% +the polarized wave into two component +and after this wave passed through the + + align:start position:0% +and after this wave passed through the + + + align:start position:0% +and after this wave passed through the +way prayed okay s component will be the + + align:start position:0% +way prayed okay s component will be the + + + align:start position:0% +way prayed okay s component will be the +phase difference between x and y will be + + align:start position:0% +phase difference between x and y will be + + + align:start position:0% +phase difference between x and y will be +increased by Delta Phi okay so if there + + align:start position:0% +increased by Delta Phi okay so if there + + + align:start position:0% +increased by Delta Phi okay so if there +were no phase difference because this is + + align:start position:0% +were no phase difference because this is + + + align:start position:0% +were no phase difference because this is +a a linearly polarized wave and after it + + align:start position:0% +a a linearly polarized wave and after it + + + align:start position:0% +a a linearly polarized wave and after it +passes through the web pred you will be + + align:start position:0% +passes through the web pred you will be + + + align:start position:0% +passes through the web pred you will be +increased and that the phase difference + + align:start position:0% +increased and that the phase difference + + + align:start position:0% +increased and that the phase difference +between x and y will be Delta Phi okay + + align:start position:0% +between x and y will be Delta Phi okay + + + align:start position:0% +between x and y will be Delta Phi okay +all right so that's very nice tour and + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's very nice tour and + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's very nice tour and +so called quarter wave plate is a device + + align:start position:0% +so called quarter wave plate is a device + + + align:start position:0% +so called quarter wave plate is a device +which we intentionally set the Delta Phi + + align:start position:0% +which we intentionally set the Delta Phi + + + align:start position:0% +which we intentionally set the Delta Phi +to be PI over two + + align:start position:0% +to be PI over two + + + align:start position:0% +to be PI over two +okay why is that interesting that is + + align:start position:0% +okay why is that interesting that is + + + align:start position:0% +okay why is that interesting that is +because if initially you have px equal + + align:start position:0% +because if initially you have px equal + + + align:start position:0% +because if initially you have px equal +to zero cosine Omega t minus KZ and the + + align:start position:0% +to zero cosine Omega t minus KZ and the + + + align:start position:0% +to zero cosine Omega t minus KZ and the +disease actually the the white white + + align:start position:0% +disease actually the the white white + + + align:start position:0% +disease actually the the white white +white component okay if initially you + + align:start position:0% +white component okay if initially you + + + align:start position:0% +white component okay if initially you +have this kind of in certain wave that + + align:start position:0% +have this kind of in certain wave that + + + align:start position:0% +have this kind of in certain wave that +corresponds to a polarization which is a + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a polarization which is a + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a polarization which is a +to the 45 degree with respect to the x + + align:start position:0% +to the 45 degree with respect to the x + + + align:start position:0% +to the 45 degree with respect to the x +axis + + align:start position:0% +axis + + + align:start position:0% +axis +okay so this is actually the x axis and + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is actually the x axis and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is actually the x axis and +the disease has you the y axis + + align:start position:0% +the disease has you the y axis + + + align:start position:0% +the disease has you the y axis +okay when i have this kind of linearly + + align:start position:0% +okay when i have this kind of linearly + + + align:start position:0% +okay when i have this kind of linearly +polarized wave passed through the + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave passed through the + + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave passed through the +quarter wave plate what is going to + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate what is going to + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate what is going to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +what is going to happen is that one of + + align:start position:0% +what is going to happen is that one of + + + align:start position:0% +what is going to happen is that one of +the component will be delayed by Delta + + align:start position:0% +the component will be delayed by Delta + + + align:start position:0% +the component will be delayed by Delta +Phi of PI over 2 that will make you a + + align:start position:0% +Phi of PI over 2 that will make you a + + + align:start position:0% +Phi of PI over 2 that will make you a +circularly polarized wave right because + + align:start position:0% +circularly polarized wave right because + + + align:start position:0% +circularly polarized wave right because +that will become sine and the cosine + + align:start position:0% +that will become sine and the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +that will become sine and the cosine +right therefore if you proud that the + + align:start position:0% +right therefore if you proud that the + + + align:start position:0% +right therefore if you proud that the +locus of the electric field in + + align:start position:0% +locus of the electric field in + + + align:start position:0% +locus of the electric field in +two-dimensional XY print you will see a + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional XY print you will see a + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional XY print you will see a +circle right so that is actually why we + + align:start position:0% +circle right so that is actually why we + + + align:start position:0% +circle right so that is actually why we +want we are interested in a special + + align:start position:0% +want we are interested in a special + + + align:start position:0% +want we are interested in a special +setup which Delta Phi is equal to PI + + align:start position:0% +setup which Delta Phi is equal to PI + + + align:start position:0% +setup which Delta Phi is equal to PI +over 2 okay + + align:start position:0% +over 2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 okay +so Danny goes through a few example so + + align:start position:0% +so Danny goes through a few example so + + + align:start position:0% +so Danny goes through a few example so +that issue you deserve some feelings + + align:start position:0% +that issue you deserve some feelings + + + align:start position:0% +that issue you deserve some feelings +about what this issue the quarter wave + + align:start position:0% +about what this issue the quarter wave + + + align:start position:0% +about what this issue the quarter wave +plate okay usually instead of drawing + + align:start position:0% +plate okay usually instead of drawing + + + align:start position:0% +plate okay usually instead of drawing +this complicated diagram we issue the + + align:start position:0% +this complicated diagram we issue the + + + align:start position:0% +this complicated diagram we issue the +simplify the presentation into a diagram + + align:start position:0% +simplify the presentation into a diagram + + + align:start position:0% +simplify the presentation into a diagram +like this so basically you have a fast + + align:start position:0% +like this so basically you have a fast + + + align:start position:0% +like this so basically you have a fast +axis which is the axis with small the + + align:start position:0% +axis which is the axis with small the + + + align:start position:0% +axis which is the axis with small the +phase shift okay and you have slow axis + + align:start position:0% +phase shift okay and you have slow axis + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift okay and you have slow axis +okay which is actually the axis with + + align:start position:0% +okay which is actually the axis with + + + align:start position:0% +okay which is actually the axis with +larger phase shift okay so basically we + + align:start position:0% +larger phase shift okay so basically we + + + align:start position:0% +larger phase shift okay so basically we +just reduce the whole complicated setup + + align:start position:0% +just reduce the whole complicated setup + + + align:start position:0% +just reduce the whole complicated setup +to into a simple diagram like that okay + + align:start position:0% +to into a simple diagram like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +to into a simple diagram like that okay +so suppose I have incident wave which is + + align:start position:0% +so suppose I have incident wave which is + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose I have incident wave which is +actually linearly polarized in in this + + align:start position:0% +actually linearly polarized in in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually linearly polarized in in this +direction okay in this direction which + + align:start position:0% +direction okay in this direction which + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay in this direction which +I'll call it X direction and this is y + + align:start position:0% +I'll call it X direction and this is y + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call it X direction and this is y +direction okay and I have that passed + + align:start position:0% +direction okay and I have that passed + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay and I have that passed +through a quarter way pray where the + + align:start position:0% +through a quarter way pray where the + + + align:start position:0% +through a quarter way pray where the +fast axis is in the X direction and + + align:start position:0% +fast axis is in the X direction and + + + align:start position:0% +fast axis is in the X direction and +there's a slow axis is in y direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can somebody tell me what would be the + + align:start position:0% +can somebody tell me what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +can somebody tell me what would be the +resulting polarization after this + + align:start position:0% +resulting polarization after this + + + align:start position:0% +resulting polarization after this +electromagnetic wave pass through this + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave pass through this + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave pass through this +quarter wave plate somebody somebody + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate somebody somebody + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate somebody somebody +wants to try it yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polarizing what no basically okay maybe + + align:start position:0% +polarizing what no basically okay maybe + + + align:start position:0% +polarizing what no basically okay maybe +I didn't explain that clearly so all the + + align:start position:0% +I didn't explain that clearly so all the + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't explain that clearly so all the +so initially in this example all the all + + align:start position:0% +so initially in this example all the all + + + align:start position:0% +so initially in this example all the all +the electric field is in the X direction + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is in the X direction + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is in the X direction +okay therefore in the y direction is not + + align:start position:0% +okay therefore in the y direction is not + + + align:start position:0% +okay therefore in the y direction is not +seen there so that's actually a linearly + + align:start position:0% +seen there so that's actually a linearly + + + align:start position:0% +seen there so that's actually a linearly +polarized wave the direction is actually + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave the direction is actually + + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave the direction is actually +in the X direction and this quarter + + align:start position:0% +in the X direction and this quarter + + + align:start position:0% +in the X direction and this quarter +where pray is going to slow down the + + align:start position:0% +where pray is going to slow down the + + + align:start position:0% +where pray is going to slow down the +white component by a face of PI over two + + align:start position:0% +white component by a face of PI over two + + + align:start position:0% +white component by a face of PI over two +okay so what would be the resulting + + align:start position:0% +okay so what would be the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what would be the resulting +polarization yes yes that's right right + + align:start position:0% +polarization yes yes that's right right + + + align:start position:0% +polarization yes yes that's right right +so because we are dilating something + + align:start position:0% +so because we are dilating something + + + align:start position:0% +so because we are dilating something +which is zero right so but 0 is 0 so 0 + + align:start position:0% +which is zero right so but 0 is 0 so 0 + + + align:start position:0% +which is zero right so but 0 is 0 so 0 +is a 0 is a 0 right so therefore what + + align:start position:0% +is a 0 is a 0 right so therefore what + + + align:start position:0% +is a 0 is a 0 right so therefore what +you are going to get is this okay it's + + align:start position:0% +you are going to get is this okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +you are going to get is this okay it's +still or linearly polarized wave right + + align:start position:0% +still or linearly polarized wave right + + + align:start position:0% +still or linearly polarized wave right +okay doesn't surprise you after I + + align:start position:0% +okay doesn't surprise you after I + + + align:start position:0% +okay doesn't surprise you after I +explained you more clearly and then you + + align:start position:0% +explained you more clearly and then you + + + align:start position:0% +explained you more clearly and then you +can see that if you have this okay now I + + align:start position:0% +can see that if you have this okay now I + + + align:start position:0% +can see that if you have this okay now I +change the situation so this is the X + + align:start position:0% +change the situation so this is the X + + + align:start position:0% +change the situation so this is the X +direction this is a Y direction and I + + align:start position:0% +direction this is a Y direction and I + + + align:start position:0% +direction this is a Y direction and I +have something which is 45 degree + + align:start position:0% +have something which is 45 degree + + + align:start position:0% +have something which is 45 degree +okay and I have that passed through the + + align:start position:0% +okay and I have that passed through the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I have that passed through the +same set up slow axis is in the Y + + align:start position:0% +same set up slow axis is in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +same set up slow axis is in the Y +direction and the fast axis in the Sigma + + align:start position:0% +direction and the fast axis in the Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +direction and the fast axis in the Sigma +X direction what will we get what kind + + align:start position:0% +X direction what will we get what kind + + + align:start position:0% +X direction what will we get what kind +of polarized light where we get after it + + align:start position:0% +of polarized light where we get after it + + + align:start position:0% +of polarized light where we get after it +passes through the water after you pass + + align:start position:0% +passes through the water after you pass + + + align:start position:0% +passes through the water after you pass +through this quarter wave plate somebody + + align:start position:0% +through this quarter wave plate somebody + + + align:start position:0% +through this quarter wave plate somebody +can help me circular yes thank you very + + align:start position:0% +can help me circular yes thank you very + + + align:start position:0% +can help me circular yes thank you very +much right so that's actually exactly + + align:start position:0% +much right so that's actually exactly + + + align:start position:0% +much right so that's actually exactly +what I was talking about in the + + align:start position:0% +what I was talking about in the + + + align:start position:0% +what I was talking about in the +beginning right the Y component will be + + align:start position:0% +beginning right the Y component will be + + + align:start position:0% +beginning right the Y component will be +delayed by PI over 2 right therefore you + + align:start position:0% +delayed by PI over 2 right therefore you + + + align:start position:0% +delayed by PI over 2 right therefore you +will become a circularly polarized wave + + align:start position:0% +will become a circularly polarized wave + + + align:start position:0% +will become a circularly polarized wave +how about I change this to 30 degree + + align:start position:0% +how about I change this to 30 degree + + + align:start position:0% +how about I change this to 30 degree +what is going to happen + + align:start position:0% +what is going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +what is going to happen +yeah you will be elliptical depolarized + + align:start position:0% +yeah you will be elliptical depolarized + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you will be elliptical depolarized +right because now the projection to + + align:start position:0% +right because now the projection to + + + align:start position:0% +right because now the projection to +different component is different right + + align:start position:0% +different component is different right + + + align:start position:0% +different component is different right +so therefore you will be elliptically + + align:start position:0% +so therefore you will be elliptically + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore you will be elliptically +polarized wave okay very good + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave okay very good + + + align:start position:0% +polarized wave okay very good +it seems to me that most of us you + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me that most of us you + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me that most of us you +understand what we are doing and now + + align:start position:0% +understand what we are doing and now + + + align:start position:0% +understand what we are doing and now +it's time to do some experiment just to + + align:start position:0% +it's time to do some experiment just to + + + align:start position:0% +it's time to do some experiment just to +show you what we have that yes oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +show you what we have that yes oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +show you what we have that yes oh yeah +yeah that's right you are absolutely + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right you are absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right you are absolutely +right so it depends on the Delta Phi + + align:start position:0% +right so it depends on the Delta Phi + + + align:start position:0% +right so it depends on the Delta Phi +right so it's a Delta Phi is not PI over + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a Delta Phi is not PI over + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a Delta Phi is not PI over +2 then is it can be elliptically + + align:start position:0% +2 then is it can be elliptically + + + align:start position:0% +2 then is it can be elliptically +polarized right and in this setup I say + + align:start position:0% +polarized right and in this setup I say + + + align:start position:0% +polarized right and in this setup I say +that this is actually a quarter wave + + align:start position:0% +that this is actually a quarter wave + + + align:start position:0% +that this is actually a quarter wave +plate therefore the delay is always to + + align:start position:0% +plate therefore the delay is always to + + + align:start position:0% +plate therefore the delay is always to +alpha equal to PI over 2 yeah so so then + + align:start position:0% +alpha equal to PI over 2 yeah so so then + + + align:start position:0% +alpha equal to PI over 2 yeah so so then +thank you for that this is what we have + + align:start position:0% +thank you for that this is what we have + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for that this is what we have +been discussing it's always quarter wave + + align:start position:0% +been discussing it's always quarter wave + + + align:start position:0% +been discussing it's always quarter wave +pray therefore the Delta Phi between the + + align:start position:0% +pray therefore the Delta Phi between the + + + align:start position:0% +pray therefore the Delta Phi between the +slow and fast axis is always PI over 2 + + align:start position:0% +slow and fast axis is always PI over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +slow and fast axis is always PI over 2 +okay so that everybody is on the same + + align:start position:0% +okay so that everybody is on the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that everybody is on the same +page + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for that boat for example we were + + align:start position:0% +for that boat for example we were + + + align:start position:0% +for that boat for example we were +talking about materials or say the 2 + + align:start position:0% +talking about materials or say the 2 + + + align:start position:0% +talking about materials or say the 2 +dimensional discrete case right so we + + align:start position:0% +dimensional discrete case right so we + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional discrete case right so we +can have different so we can have little + + align:start position:0% +can have different so we can have little + + + align:start position:0% +can have different so we can have little +mass a range in the x and y direction + + align:start position:0% +mass a range in the x and y direction + + + align:start position:0% +mass a range in the x and y direction +but the space between X and the wider + + align:start position:0% +but the space between X and the wider + + + align:start position:0% +but the space between X and the wider +space between mass in the X direction + + align:start position:0% +space between mass in the X direction + + + align:start position:0% +space between mass in the X direction +and y direction are different then you + + align:start position:0% +and y direction are different then you + + + align:start position:0% +and y direction are different then you +have a dispersion relation which is + + align:start position:0% +have a dispersion relation which is + + + align:start position:0% +have a dispersion relation which is +actually different for the harmonic wave + + align:start position:0% +actually different for the harmonic wave + + + align:start position:0% +actually different for the harmonic wave +in the X direction compared to Y + + align:start position:0% +in the X direction compared to Y + + + align:start position:0% +in the X direction compared to Y +direction that such as around some + + align:start position:0% +direction that such as around some + + + align:start position:0% +direction that such as around some +random example and that can be achieved + + align:start position:0% +random example and that can be achieved + + + align:start position:0% +random example and that can be achieved +by engineering the material you use for + + align:start position:0% +by engineering the material you use for + + + align:start position:0% +by engineering the material you use for +for the web crate ok good question + + align:start position:0% +for the web crate ok good question + + + align:start position:0% +for the web crate ok good question +all right so we will go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +all right so we will go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we will go ahead and +they'll show you a San Tomas situation + + align:start position:0% +they'll show you a San Tomas situation + + + align:start position:0% +they'll show you a San Tomas situation +we prepare the first thing I have to do + + align:start position:0% +we prepare the first thing I have to do + + + align:start position:0% +we prepare the first thing I have to do +is to turn off the light ok to to have + + align:start position:0% +is to turn off the light ok to to have + + + align:start position:0% +is to turn off the light ok to to have +some more excitement okay I cannot even + + align:start position:0% +some more excitement okay I cannot even + + + align:start position:0% +some more excitement okay I cannot even +see where it's my experiment now oh + + align:start position:0% +see where it's my experiment now oh + + + align:start position:0% +see where it's my experiment now oh +right here yeah ok whoo ok so so look at + + align:start position:0% +right here yeah ok whoo ok so so look at + + + align:start position:0% +right here yeah ok whoo ok so so look at +what we have here this is a projector so + + align:start position:0% +what we have here this is a projector so + + + align:start position:0% +what we have here this is a projector so +what is the polarization of the light + + align:start position:0% +what is the polarization of the light + + + align:start position:0% +what is the polarization of the light +unpolarized yeah very good + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized yeah very good + + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized yeah very good +ok I'm very happy to hear that all right + + align:start position:0% +ok I'm very happy to hear that all right + + + align:start position:0% +ok I'm very happy to hear that all right +so now I have a polarizer and put it on + + align:start position:0% +so now I have a polarizer and put it on + + + align:start position:0% +so now I have a polarizer and put it on +it what is the polarization of this + + align:start position:0% +it what is the polarization of this + + + align:start position:0% +it what is the polarization of this +light I couldn't hear you + + align:start position:0% +light I couldn't hear you + + + align:start position:0% +light I couldn't hear you +linear yeah linear whip don't be afraid + + align:start position:0% +linear yeah linear whip don't be afraid + + + align:start position:0% +linear yeah linear whip don't be afraid +ok you can say that no this is an idiot + + align:start position:0% +ok you can say that no this is an idiot + + + align:start position:0% +ok you can say that no this is an idiot +the edge is not in here right but it's + + align:start position:0% +the edge is not in here right but it's + + + align:start position:0% +the edge is not in here right but it's +okay I'm talking about everything inside + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm talking about everything inside + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm talking about everything inside +of this material very good so now what + + align:start position:0% +of this material very good so now what + + + align:start position:0% +of this material very good so now what +I'm going to do is to to to put two + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is to to to put two + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is to to to put two +polarizers on top of each other ok and + + align:start position:0% +polarizers on top of each other ok and + + + align:start position:0% +polarizers on top of each other ok and +of course I can rotate such that they + + align:start position:0% +of course I can rotate such that they + + + align:start position:0% +of course I can rotate such that they +the polarizer the easy axis is + + align:start position:0% +the polarizer the easy axis is + + + align:start position:0% +the polarizer the easy axis is +perpendicular to each other ok so you + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other ok so you + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other ok so you +see that huh + + align:start position:0% +see that huh + + + align:start position:0% +see that huh +I almost black most of the light right + + align:start position:0% +I almost black most of the light right + + + align:start position:0% +I almost black most of the light right +so the first thing which I the evil + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing which I the evil + + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing which I the evil +thing which I have been doing + + align:start position:0% +thing which I have been doing + + + align:start position:0% +thing which I have been doing +that I first turned this unpolarized + + align:start position:0% +that I first turned this unpolarized + + + align:start position:0% +that I first turned this unpolarized +light polarized right and they see + + align:start position:0% +light polarized right and they see + + + align:start position:0% +light polarized right and they see +actually oscillating in one direction + + align:start position:0% +actually oscillating in one direction + + + align:start position:0% +actually oscillating in one direction +and I I block it again with the second + + align:start position:0% +and I I block it again with the second + + + align:start position:0% +and I I block it again with the second +one and you see that it's black right + + align:start position:0% +one and you see that it's black right + + + align:start position:0% +one and you see that it's black right +it's consistent with what we expect so + + align:start position:0% +it's consistent with what we expect so + + + align:start position:0% +it's consistent with what we expect so +we are happy right you are not happy no + + align:start position:0% +we are happy right you are not happy no + + + align:start position:0% +we are happy right you are not happy no +yes we are happy okay alright so + + align:start position:0% +yes we are happy okay alright so + + + align:start position:0% +yes we are happy okay alright so +remember the discussion we had before + + align:start position:0% +remember the discussion we had before + + + align:start position:0% +remember the discussion we had before +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so what I could do is to add a third one + + align:start position:0% +so what I could do is to add a third one + + + align:start position:0% +so what I could do is to add a third one +a third polarizer right so I can have + + align:start position:0% +a third polarizer right so I can have + + + align:start position:0% +a third polarizer right so I can have +the first polarizer which actually make + + align:start position:0% +the first polarizer which actually make + + + align:start position:0% +the first polarizer which actually make +the direction of the oscillation in this + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the oscillation in this + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the oscillation in this +direction okay then I put a second + + align:start position:0% +direction okay then I put a second + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay then I put a second +polarizer where the easy access is in + + align:start position:0% +polarizer where the easy access is in + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer where the easy access is in +this direction right then I actually I'm + + align:start position:0% +this direction right then I actually I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this direction right then I actually I'm +going to extract all the component which + + align:start position:0% +going to extract all the component which + + + align:start position:0% +going to extract all the component which +projected to this axis therefore after + + align:start position:0% +projected to this axis therefore after + + + align:start position:0% +projected to this axis therefore after +passing the second polarizer the + + align:start position:0% +passing the second polarizer the + + + align:start position:0% +passing the second polarizer the +oscillation of the wave will be in this + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the wave will be in this + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the wave will be in this +direction right + + align:start position:0% +direction right + + + align:start position:0% +direction right +therefore aha now I put it + + align:start position:0% +therefore aha now I put it + + + align:start position:0% +therefore aha now I put it +the third polarizer and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +the third polarizer and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +the third polarizer and you can see that +the in the middle because it changed the + + align:start position:0% +the in the middle because it changed the + + + align:start position:0% +the in the middle because it changed the +direction of the polarization by 45 + + align:start position:0% +direction of the polarization by 45 + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the polarization by 45 +degrees already by this polarizer right + + align:start position:0% +degrees already by this polarizer right + + + align:start position:0% +degrees already by this polarizer right +therefore you can see that there are + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can see that there are + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can see that there are +some residual light survived right and + + align:start position:0% +some residual light survived right and + + + align:start position:0% +some residual light survived right and +you can etch calculate what would be the + + align:start position:0% +you can etch calculate what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +you can etch calculate what would be the +intensity of the light surviving these + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the light surviving these + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the light surviving these +those three polarisers and you can see + + align:start position:0% +those three polarisers and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +those three polarisers and you can see +that the ones which didn't pass the + + align:start position:0% +that the ones which didn't pass the + + + align:start position:0% +that the ones which didn't pass the +second polarizer is actually completely + + align:start position:0% +second polarizer is actually completely + + + align:start position:0% +second polarizer is actually completely +plucked by the two polarizer which they + + align:start position:0% +plucked by the two polarizer which they + + + align:start position:0% +plucked by the two polarizer which they +are easy access are perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +are easy access are perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +are easy access are perpendicular to +each other right so now the interesting + + align:start position:0% +each other right so now the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +each other right so now the interesting +thing is that now I have a quarter wave + + align:start position:0% +thing is that now I have a quarter wave + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that now I have a quarter wave +plate here okay is here hope you can see + + align:start position:0% +plate here okay is here hope you can see + + + align:start position:0% +plate here okay is here hope you can see +it and I am going to insert this into + + align:start position:0% +it and I am going to insert this into + + + align:start position:0% +it and I am going to insert this into +this this experiment and see what is + + align:start position:0% +this this experiment and see what is + + + align:start position:0% +this this experiment and see what is +going to happen + + align:start position:0% +going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen +look at what we have here oh this is + + align:start position:0% +look at what we have here oh this is + + + align:start position:0% +look at what we have here oh this is +actually much brighter right so so + + align:start position:0% +actually much brighter right so so + + + align:start position:0% +actually much brighter right so so +basically this pole water with this + + align:start position:0% +basically this pole water with this + + + align:start position:0% +basically this pole water with this +quarter web braid so you're not waters + + align:start position:0% +quarter web braid so you're not waters + + + align:start position:0% +quarter web braid so you're not waters +quarter way prey okay cut away prey + + align:start position:0% +quarter way prey okay cut away prey + + + align:start position:0% +quarter way prey okay cut away prey +issue deep turn the polarizer light into + + align:start position:0% +issue deep turn the polarizer light into + + + align:start position:0% +issue deep turn the polarizer light into +a circle the polarizer light + + align:start position:0% +a circle the polarizer light + + + align:start position:0% +a circle the polarizer light +okay and after this circularly polarized + + align:start position:0% +okay and after this circularly polarized + + + align:start position:0% +okay and after this circularly polarized +like a path okay we'll continue and the + + align:start position:0% +like a path okay we'll continue and the + + + align:start position:0% +like a path okay we'll continue and the +pass through the last third polarizer + + align:start position:0% +pass through the last third polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +pass through the last third polarizer +you can see that ha the light pass + + align:start position:0% +you can see that ha the light pass + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that ha the light pass +through this this kind of combination is + + align:start position:0% +through this this kind of combination is + + + align:start position:0% +through this this kind of combination is +a lot more than you know this experiment + + align:start position:0% +a lot more than you know this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more than you know this experiment +which with three polarisers okay and we + + align:start position:0% +which with three polarisers okay and we + + + align:start position:0% +which with three polarisers okay and we +can also calculate what would be the + + align:start position:0% +can also calculate what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +can also calculate what would be the +expected intensity and the good news is + + align:start position:0% +expected intensity and the good news is + + + align:start position:0% +expected intensity and the good news is +that we are going to going to calculate + + align:start position:0% +that we are going to going to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +that we are going to going to calculate +that now but in your pset okay so you + + align:start position:0% +that now but in your pset okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +that now but in your pset okay so you +will be able to show that indeed the + + align:start position:0% +will be able to show that indeed the + + + align:start position:0% +will be able to show that indeed the +intensity you expect with quarter wave + + align:start position:0% +intensity you expect with quarter wave + + + align:start position:0% +intensity you expect with quarter wave +plate will be higher than what you + + align:start position:0% +plate will be higher than what you + + + align:start position:0% +plate will be higher than what you +expect with three polarisers okay so + + align:start position:0% +expect with three polarisers okay so + + + align:start position:0% +expect with three polarisers okay so +that's actually the first experiment I + + align:start position:0% +that's actually the first experiment I + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually the first experiment I +would like to show you the second + + align:start position:0% +would like to show you the second + + + align:start position:0% +would like to show you the second +experiment is also very interesting so I + + align:start position:0% +experiment is also very interesting so I + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is also very interesting so I +have here okay first I need to see if I + + align:start position:0% +have here okay first I need to see if I + + + align:start position:0% +have here okay first I need to see if I +can turn on the light + + align:start position:0% +can turn on the light + + + align:start position:0% +can turn on the light +okay turn on this light very good so + + align:start position:0% +okay turn on this light very good so + + + align:start position:0% +okay turn on this light very good so +look at this tube this tube is made of + + align:start position:0% +look at this tube this tube is made of + + + align:start position:0% +look at this tube this tube is made of +butter and the sugar okay so we all love + + align:start position:0% +butter and the sugar okay so we all love + + + align:start position:0% +butter and the sugar okay so we all love +sugar right and what I love it too much + + align:start position:0% +sugar right and what I love it too much + + + align:start position:0% +sugar right and what I love it too much +so I add too much into this tube so it's + + align:start position:0% +so I add too much into this tube so it's + + + align:start position:0% +so I add too much into this tube so it's +actually oversaturated sugar to water + + align:start position:0% +actually oversaturated sugar to water + + + align:start position:0% +actually oversaturated sugar to water +okay and and so there are suger inside + + align:start position:0% +okay and and so there are suger inside + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and so there are suger inside +and there are some sensing some and more + + align:start position:0% +and there are some sensing some and more + + + align:start position:0% +and there are some sensing some and more +whatsoever living inside also but is + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever living inside also but is + + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever living inside also but is +that we don't care we are not studying + + align:start position:0% +that we don't care we are not studying + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't care we are not studying +biology but what is actually interesting + + align:start position:0% +biology but what is actually interesting + + + align:start position:0% +biology but what is actually interesting +is that okay now I have a light source + + align:start position:0% +is that okay now I have a light source + + + align:start position:0% +is that okay now I have a light source +in from the lap inside a meeting what + + align:start position:0% +in from the lap inside a meeting what + + + align:start position:0% +in from the lap inside a meeting what +kind of polarize the light unpolarized a + + align:start position:0% +kind of polarize the light unpolarized a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of polarize the light unpolarized a +light right and I have that passed + + align:start position:0% +light right and I have that passed + + + align:start position:0% +light right and I have that passed +through a polarizer which is here okay + + align:start position:0% +through a polarizer which is here okay + + + align:start position:0% +through a polarizer which is here okay +there's a polarizer here and therefore + + align:start position:0% +there's a polarizer here and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +there's a polarizer here and therefore +what I want to say is that the incident + + align:start position:0% +what I want to say is that the incident + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to say is that the incident +light into this tube is polarized okay + + align:start position:0% +light into this tube is polarized okay + + + align:start position:0% +light into this tube is polarized okay +that's the first thing I want to say the + + align:start position:0% +that's the first thing I want to say the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first thing I want to say the +second thing one I want to say is that + + align:start position:0% +second thing one I want to say is that + + + align:start position:0% +second thing one I want to say is that +okay a linearly polarized light due to + + align:start position:0% +okay a linearly polarized light due to + + + align:start position:0% +okay a linearly polarized light due to +superposition principle actually you can + + align:start position:0% +superposition principle actually you can + + + align:start position:0% +superposition principle actually you can +decompose that into two circularly + + align:start position:0% +decompose that into two circularly + + + align:start position:0% +decompose that into two circularly +polarized the light with the possibly + + align:start position:0% +polarized the light with the possibly + + + align:start position:0% +polarized the light with the possibly +not HD rotating in different different + + align:start position:0% +not HD rotating in different different + + + align:start position:0% +not HD rotating in different different +direction you can actually work on the + + align:start position:0% +direction you can actually work on the + + + align:start position:0% +direction you can actually work on the +mass and you will see that hi indeed + + align:start position:0% +mass and you will see that hi indeed + + + align:start position:0% +mass and you will see that hi indeed +works okay so are linearly polarized + + align:start position:0% +works okay so are linearly polarized + + + align:start position:0% +works okay so are linearly polarized +light you can always write rewrite it it + + align:start position:0% +light you can always write rewrite it it + + + align:start position:0% +light you can always write rewrite it it +was a superposition of two circularly + + align:start position:0% +was a superposition of two circularly + + + align:start position:0% +was a superposition of two circularly +polarized light but rotating in + + align:start position:0% +polarized light but rotating in + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light but rotating in +different direction okay the interesting + + align:start position:0% +different direction okay the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +different direction okay the interesting +thing is the material which we use in + + align:start position:0% +thing is the material which we use in + + + align:start position:0% +thing is the material which we use in +this demonstration okay is oversaturated + + align:start position:0% +this demonstration okay is oversaturated + + + align:start position:0% +this demonstration okay is oversaturated +sugar and we know that the molecule for + + align:start position:0% +sugar and we know that the molecule for + + + align:start position:0% +sugar and we know that the molecule for +the SU sugar and the kind of material is + + align:start position:0% +the SU sugar and the kind of material is + + + align:start position:0% +the SU sugar and the kind of material is +a symmetric under Mero transformation + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric under Mero transformation + + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric under Mero transformation +okay it's a symmetric it's a cairo + + align:start position:0% +okay it's a symmetric it's a cairo + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's a symmetric it's a cairo +material okay Kara this is just some + + align:start position:0% +material okay Kara this is just some + + + align:start position:0% +material okay Kara this is just some +name but the firming anything to you but + + align:start position:0% +name but the firming anything to you but + + + align:start position:0% +name but the firming anything to you but +what is actually interesting is that + + align:start position:0% +what is actually interesting is that + + + align:start position:0% +what is actually interesting is that +this material is a symmetric if you have + + align:start position:0% +this material is a symmetric if you have + + + align:start position:0% +this material is a symmetric if you have +a mirror and this material is looking at + + align:start position:0% +a mirror and this material is looking at + + + align:start position:0% +a mirror and this material is looking at +the mirror in the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +the mirror in the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +the mirror in the other side of the +mirror it looks different + + align:start position:0% +mirror it looks different + + + align:start position:0% +mirror it looks different +okay it's like like it's like your hand + + align:start position:0% +okay it's like like it's like your hand + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's like like it's like your hand +right so it's so in the mirror it's a + + align:start position:0% +right so it's so in the mirror it's a + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's so in the mirror it's a +symmetric right okay so so what is + + align:start position:0% +symmetric right okay so so what is + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric right okay so so what is +interesting is that due to this kind of + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that due to this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that due to this kind of +structure in the material that the light + + align:start position:0% +structure in the material that the light + + + align:start position:0% +structure in the material that the light +pass through the the the circularly + + align:start position:0% +pass through the the the circularly + + + align:start position:0% +pass through the the the circularly +polarized the light okay clockwise the + + align:start position:0% +polarized the light okay clockwise the + + + align:start position:0% +polarized the light okay clockwise the +polarized light will have different + + align:start position:0% +polarized light will have different + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light will have different +refractive index compared to clockwise + + align:start position:0% +refractive index compared to clockwise + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index compared to clockwise +clockwise and counter clockwise + + align:start position:0% +clockwise and counter clockwise + + + align:start position:0% +clockwise and counter clockwise +light we have different refractive index + + align:start position:0% +light we have different refractive index + + + align:start position:0% +light we have different refractive index +okay therefore you see that now you can + + align:start position:0% +okay therefore you see that now you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay therefore you see that now you can +see some kind of some kind of rotation + + align:start position:0% +see some kind of some kind of rotation + + + align:start position:0% +see some kind of some kind of rotation +or it some kind of change in the + + align:start position:0% +or it some kind of change in the + + + align:start position:0% +or it some kind of change in the +polarization as a function of distance + + align:start position:0% +polarization as a function of distance + + + align:start position:0% +polarization as a function of distance +it travels to the light shahboz - so + + align:start position:0% +it travels to the light shahboz - so + + + align:start position:0% +it travels to the light shahboz - so +basically this material will rotate the + + align:start position:0% +basically this material will rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +basically this material will rotate the +linearly polarized light because the + + align:start position:0% +linearly polarized light because the + + + align:start position:0% +linearly polarized light because the +refractive index for the clockwise and + + align:start position:0% +refractive index for the clockwise and + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index for the clockwise and +counter-clockwise are different okay so + + align:start position:0% +counter-clockwise are different okay so + + + align:start position:0% +counter-clockwise are different okay so +if you accept that I would like to add + + align:start position:0% +if you accept that I would like to add + + + align:start position:0% +if you accept that I would like to add +another complication in addition to that + + align:start position:0% +another complication in addition to that + + + align:start position:0% +another complication in addition to that +the refractive index also depends on the + + align:start position:0% +the refractive index also depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +the refractive index also depends on the +frequency of the incident light okay + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the incident light okay + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the incident light okay +therefore you have different among of + + align:start position:0% +therefore you have different among of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you have different among of +rotation for different color right so + + align:start position:0% +rotation for different color right so + + + align:start position:0% +rotation for different color right so +therefore you can see that once I have + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can see that once I have + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can see that once I have +in certain light which is linearly + + align:start position:0% +in certain light which is linearly + + + align:start position:0% +in certain light which is linearly +polarized all the colors line up you can + + align:start position:0% +polarized all the colors line up you can + + + align:start position:0% +polarized all the colors line up you can +see that here what is the color here + + align:start position:0% +see that here what is the color here + + + align:start position:0% +see that here what is the color here +it's kind of bluish or white etc right + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of bluish or white etc right + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of bluish or white etc right +okay but if you move slightly more than + + align:start position:0% +okay but if you move slightly more than + + + align:start position:0% +okay but if you move slightly more than +it becomes pretty blue and if you move + + align:start position:0% +it becomes pretty blue and if you move + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes pretty blue and if you move +more because of the dependence of the + + align:start position:0% +more because of the dependence of the + + + align:start position:0% +more because of the dependence of the +refractive index as a function of + + align:start position:0% +refractive index as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index as a function of +wavelength therefore you can see that + + align:start position:0% +wavelength therefore you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength therefore you can see that +this whole thing is actually changing + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing is actually changing + + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing is actually changing +color and in the end I have another + + align:start position:0% +color and in the end I have another + + + align:start position:0% +color and in the end I have another +totalizer which filter one of the one + + align:start position:0% +totalizer which filter one of the one + + + align:start position:0% +totalizer which filter one of the one +over the direction and I can change the + + align:start position:0% +over the direction and I can change the + + + align:start position:0% +over the direction and I can change the +direction and you will see that I can + + align:start position:0% +direction and you will see that I can + + + align:start position:0% +direction and you will see that I can +filter out different color which color + + align:start position:0% +filter out different color which color + + + align:start position:0% +filter out different color which color +do you like + + align:start position:0% +do you like + + + align:start position:0% +do you like +now it's red + + align:start position:0% +now it's red + + + align:start position:0% +now it's red +alright and of course I can oh I can + + align:start position:0% +alright and of course I can oh I can + + + align:start position:0% +alright and of course I can oh I can +rotate this polarizer and I'm sampling + + align:start position:0% +rotate this polarizer and I'm sampling + + + align:start position:0% +rotate this polarizer and I'm sampling +different color because at the time + + align:start position:0% +different color because at the time + + + align:start position:0% +different color because at the time +different color of light pass through + + align:start position:0% +different color of light pass through + + + align:start position:0% +different color of light pass through +this material they had rotated by + + align:start position:0% +this material they had rotated by + + + align:start position:0% +this material they had rotated by +different amount of degree therefore I + + align:start position:0% +different amount of degree therefore I + + + align:start position:0% +different amount of degree therefore I +can actually filter out and create all + + align:start position:0% +can actually filter out and create all + + + align:start position:0% +can actually filter out and create all +kinds of different color and the war the + + align:start position:0% +kinds of different color and the war the + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of different color and the war the +other thing which is interesting how it + + align:start position:0% +other thing which is interesting how it + + + align:start position:0% +other thing which is interesting how it +I can do is + + align:start position:0% +I can do is + + + align:start position:0% +I can do is +I can now change the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +I can now change the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +I can now change the direction of the +incident light will the polarization of + + align:start position:0% +incident light will the polarization of + + + align:start position:0% +incident light will the polarization of +the direction of the polarization of the + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the polarization of the + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of the polarization of the +incident light right by rotating this + + align:start position:0% +incident light right by rotating this + + + align:start position:0% +incident light right by rotating this +one you can see that the whole tube is + + align:start position:0% +one you can see that the whole tube is + + + align:start position:0% +one you can see that the whole tube is +changing color like what you see in the + + align:start position:0% +changing color like what you see in the + + + align:start position:0% +changing color like what you see in the +bubble bubble short sharp right okay so + + align:start position:0% +bubble bubble short sharp right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +bubble bubble short sharp right okay so +maybe this is a fancy way to make that + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is a fancy way to make that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is a fancy way to make that +kind of tube no a physics barbershop + + align:start position:0% +kind of tube no a physics barbershop + + + align:start position:0% +kind of tube no a physics barbershop +maybe we should do that okay so I hope + + align:start position:0% +maybe we should do that okay so I hope + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we should do that okay so I hope +you enjoyed this demonstration and we + + align:start position:0% +you enjoyed this demonstration and we + + + align:start position:0% +you enjoyed this demonstration and we +will take a five-minute break to take + + align:start position:0% +will take a five-minute break to take + + + align:start position:0% +will take a five-minute break to take +questions and the next topic we are + + align:start position:0% +questions and the next topic we are + + + align:start position:0% +questions and the next topic we are +going to talk about is how do we + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about is how do we + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about is how do we +actually create electromagnetic wave at + + align:start position:0% +actually create electromagnetic wave at + + + align:start position:0% +actually create electromagnetic wave at +all all right so so that's a comeback in + + align:start position:0% +all all right so so that's a comeback in + + + align:start position:0% +all all right so so that's a comeback in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I hope you can hear me all right + + align:start position:0% +okay so I hope you can hear me all right + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I hope you can hear me all right +so so welcome back from the break so we + + align:start position:0% +so so welcome back from the break so we + + + align:start position:0% +so so welcome back from the break so we +are going to talk about the second topic + + align:start position:0% +are going to talk about the second topic + + + align:start position:0% +are going to talk about the second topic +we would like to cover in a lecture + + align:start position:0% +we would like to cover in a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +we would like to cover in a lecture +today the question we are asking is how + + align:start position:0% +today the question we are asking is how + + + align:start position:0% +today the question we are asking is how +do we actually create electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +do we actually create electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +do we actually create electromagnetic +waves and so called the radiation right + + align:start position:0% +waves and so called the radiation right + + + align:start position:0% +waves and so called the radiation right +okay so this is actually a picture from + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is actually a picture from + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is actually a picture from +Hubble telescope and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +Hubble telescope and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +Hubble telescope and you can see that +light can travel through billions or + + align:start position:0% +light can travel through billions or + + + align:start position:0% +light can travel through billions or +tens of billions of like year and + + align:start position:0% +tens of billions of like year and + + + align:start position:0% +tens of billions of like year and +arrived errors and you can issue the + + align:start position:0% +arrived errors and you can issue the + + + align:start position:0% +arrived errors and you can issue the +matcher then in the see what is actually + + align:start position:0% +matcher then in the see what is actually + + + align:start position:0% +matcher then in the see what is actually +going on in the past right and that + + align:start position:0% +going on in the past right and that + + + align:start position:0% +going on in the past right and that +means if you have a source and you have + + align:start position:0% +means if you have a source and you have + + + align:start position:0% +means if you have a source and you have +some kind of radiation and this source + + align:start position:0% +some kind of radiation and this source + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of radiation and this source +is going to emit energy to work + + align:start position:0% +is going to emit energy to work + + + align:start position:0% +is going to emit energy to work +somewhere which is actually really + + align:start position:0% +somewhere which is actually really + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere which is actually really +really far away toward the edge of the + + align:start position:0% +really far away toward the edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +really far away toward the edge of the +universe right so that is actually what + + align:start position:0% +universe right so that is actually what + + + align:start position:0% +universe right so that is actually what +we called electromagnetic wave and + + align:start position:0% +we called electromagnetic wave and + + + align:start position:0% +we called electromagnetic wave and +radiation but what is actually + + align:start position:0% +radiation but what is actually + + + align:start position:0% +radiation but what is actually +requirement for that to happen what is + + align:start position:0% +requirement for that to happen what is + + + align:start position:0% +requirement for that to happen what is +the requirement for us to be able to see + + align:start position:0% +the requirement for us to be able to see + + + align:start position:0% +the requirement for us to be able to see +the star which are so far away right + + align:start position:0% +the star which are so far away right + + + align:start position:0% +the star which are so far away right +that's the question okay so that me + + align:start position:0% +that's the question okay so that me + + + align:start position:0% +that's the question okay so that me +actually make a simple argument here + + align:start position:0% +actually make a simple argument here + + + align:start position:0% +actually make a simple argument here +suppose I have some kind of light source + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have some kind of light source + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have some kind of light source +okay it's a source in the center okay + + align:start position:0% +okay it's a source in the center okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's a source in the center okay +and we have learned about pointing + + align:start position:0% +and we have learned about pointing + + + align:start position:0% +and we have learned about pointing +vector right so what is a pointing + + align:start position:0% +vector right so what is a pointing + + + align:start position:0% +vector right so what is a pointing +vector is not really the pointing vector + + align:start position:0% +vector is not really the pointing vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector is not really the pointing vector +right so it's rate of energy transfer + + align:start position:0% +right so it's rate of energy transfer + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's rate of energy transfer +per unit area right so so it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +per unit area right so so it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +per unit area right so so it's kind of +pointing but it's pointing to the + + align:start position:0% +pointing but it's pointing to the + + + align:start position:0% +pointing but it's pointing to the +direction of the energy transfer right + + align:start position:0% +direction of the energy transfer right + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the energy transfer right +so is this as a vector and there is + + align:start position:0% +so is this as a vector and there is + + + align:start position:0% +so is this as a vector and there is +usually highly related to the direction + + align:start position:0% +usually highly related to the direction + + + align:start position:0% +usually highly related to the direction +of the electric field and the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +of the electric field and the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +of the electric field and the magnetic +field okay and now if I since this is + + align:start position:0% +field okay and now if I since this is + + + align:start position:0% +field okay and now if I since this is +actually the the energy transfer per + + align:start position:0% +actually the the energy transfer per + + + align:start position:0% +actually the the energy transfer per +area I + + align:start position:0% +area I + + + align:start position:0% +area I +now calculate the average Poynting + + align:start position:0% +now calculate the average Poynting + + + align:start position:0% +now calculate the average Poynting +vector times area right and what is + + align:start position:0% +vector times area right and what is + + + align:start position:0% +vector times area right and what is +going to happen is that if I do this + + align:start position:0% +going to happen is that if I do this + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen is that if I do this +calculation at this surface this is + + align:start position:0% +calculation at this surface this is + + + align:start position:0% +calculation at this surface this is +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +Saphir okay which is covering this + + align:start position:0% +Saphir okay which is covering this + + + align:start position:0% +Saphir okay which is covering this +source okay I can do this at this Saphir + + align:start position:0% +source okay I can do this at this Saphir + + + align:start position:0% +source okay I can do this at this Saphir +number one and I can actually also do + + align:start position:0% +number one and I can actually also do + + + align:start position:0% +number one and I can actually also do +that in the saffir number two okay since + + align:start position:0% +that in the saffir number two okay since + + + align:start position:0% +that in the saffir number two okay since +there are absolutely no other source + + align:start position:0% +there are absolutely no other source + + + align:start position:0% +there are absolutely no other source +okay i assuming that this only one + + align:start position:0% +okay i assuming that this only one + + + align:start position:0% +okay i assuming that this only one +source here there's only one light + + align:start position:0% +source here there's only one light + + + align:start position:0% +source here there's only one light +source in the universe which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +source in the universe which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +source in the universe which is kind of +lonely apparently it's not my universe + + align:start position:0% +lonely apparently it's not my universe + + + align:start position:0% +lonely apparently it's not my universe +but somebody else the problem okay and + + align:start position:0% +but somebody else the problem okay and + + + align:start position:0% +but somebody else the problem okay and +then i will conclude that since there's + + align:start position:0% +then i will conclude that since there's + + + align:start position:0% +then i will conclude that since there's +nothing outside I will conclude that s + + align:start position:0% +nothing outside I will conclude that s + + + align:start position:0% +nothing outside I will conclude that s +times a if I evaluate that in the first + + align:start position:0% +times a if I evaluate that in the first + + + align:start position:0% +times a if I evaluate that in the first +surface will be equal to s times a in + + align:start position:0% +surface will be equal to s times a in + + + align:start position:0% +surface will be equal to s times a in +the second surface that's equal to power + + align:start position:0% +the second surface that's equal to power + + + align:start position:0% +the second surface that's equal to power +okay so that should not surprise anybody + + align:start position:0% +okay so that should not surprise anybody + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that should not surprise anybody +so that means the pointing vector will + + align:start position:0% +so that means the pointing vector will + + + align:start position:0% +so that means the pointing vector will +be proportional to one over a which is + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to one over a which is + + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to one over a which is +the surface area okay and that means + + align:start position:0% +the surface area okay and that means + + + align:start position:0% +the surface area okay and that means +based on simple mathematics that would + + align:start position:0% +based on simple mathematics that would + + + align:start position:0% +based on simple mathematics that would +be proportional to one over R square + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to one over R square + + + align:start position:0% +be proportional to one over R square +okay for this constant power transfer to + + align:start position:0% +okay for this constant power transfer to + + + align:start position:0% +okay for this constant power transfer to +happen okay so this means that there's a + + align:start position:0% +happen okay so this means that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +happen okay so this means that there's a +source and if I integrate all the energy + + align:start position:0% +source and if I integrate all the energy + + + align:start position:0% +source and if I integrate all the energy +transfer to from some kind of surface + + align:start position:0% +transfer to from some kind of surface + + + align:start position:0% +transfer to from some kind of surface +it's going to be a constant okay no + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a constant okay no + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a constant okay no +matter what surface you are choosing + + align:start position:0% +matter what surface you are choosing + + + align:start position:0% +matter what surface you are choosing +okay so that means okay if I look at the + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means okay if I look at the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means okay if I look at the +structure of the s vector the pointing + + align:start position:0% +structure of the s vector the pointing + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the s vector the pointing +vector that we can conclude that okay at + + align:start position:0% +vector that we can conclude that okay at + + + align:start position:0% +vector that we can conclude that okay at +least the electric field and magnetic + + align:start position:0% +least the electric field and magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +least the electric field and magnetic +field has to be proportional to one over + + align:start position:0% +field has to be proportional to one over + + + align:start position:0% +field has to be proportional to one over +R which is the distance with respect to + + align:start position:0% +R which is the distance with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +R which is the distance with respect to +the source otherwise is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the source otherwise is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the source otherwise is going to be +decaying faster or reducing faster than + + align:start position:0% +decaying faster or reducing faster than + + + align:start position:0% +decaying faster or reducing faster than +1 over R then the total power will + + align:start position:0% +1 over R then the total power will + + + align:start position:0% +1 over R then the total power will +approach zero + + align:start position:0% +approach zero + + + align:start position:0% +approach zero +when you increase our enough then that + + align:start position:0% +when you increase our enough then that + + + align:start position:0% +when you increase our enough then that +means if you have that happen you will + + align:start position:0% +means if you have that happen you will + + + align:start position:0% +means if you have that happen you will +not see anything if you are far enough + + align:start position:0% +not see anything if you are far enough + + + align:start position:0% +not see anything if you are far enough +okay so if that's actually the case we + + align:start position:0% +okay so if that's actually the case we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if that's actually the case we +can now come back and the discuss the + + align:start position:0% +can now come back and the discuss the + + + align:start position:0% +can now come back and the discuss the +two situations which are great we are + + align:start position:0% +two situations which are great we are + + + align:start position:0% +two situations which are great we are +very familiar with for example you can + + align:start position:0% +very familiar with for example you can + + + align:start position:0% +very familiar with for example you can +say okay how about I can I have a + + align:start position:0% +say okay how about I can I have a + + + align:start position:0% +say okay how about I can I have a +stationery charge right so I can have a + + align:start position:0% +stationery charge right so I can have a + + + align:start position:0% +stationery charge right so I can have a +stationery charge and see what happened + + align:start position:0% +stationery charge and see what happened + + + align:start position:0% +stationery charge and see what happened +right and apparently if I have a charge + + align:start position:0% +right and apparently if I have a charge + + + align:start position:0% +right and apparently if I have a charge +here without actually moving it it's + + align:start position:0% +here without actually moving it it's + + + align:start position:0% +here without actually moving it it's +going to emit basically it is going to + + align:start position:0% +going to emit basically it is going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to emit basically it is going to +have electric field around this right + + align:start position:0% +have electric field around this right + + + align:start position:0% +have electric field around this right +the electric field based on what we + + align:start position:0% +the electric field based on what we + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field based on what we +learn from a o2 is going to be Q divided + + align:start position:0% +learn from a o2 is going to be Q divided + + + align:start position:0% +learn from a o2 is going to be Q divided +by four PI epsilon zero R square ahead + + align:start position:0% +by four PI epsilon zero R square ahead + + + align:start position:0% +by four PI epsilon zero R square ahead +it's going to be proportional to one + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be proportional to one + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be proportional to one +over R squared okay it's already not a + + align:start position:0% +over R squared okay it's already not a + + + align:start position:0% +over R squared okay it's already not a +very good news right because it's + + align:start position:0% +very good news right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +very good news right because it's +proportional to one over R square and + + align:start position:0% +proportional to one over R square and + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to one over R square and +this heated by this the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +this heated by this the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +this heated by this the magnetic field +is zero right if we have something times + + align:start position:0% +is zero right if we have something times + + + align:start position:0% +is zero right if we have something times +zero is zero then there will be no + + align:start position:0% +zero is zero then there will be no + + + align:start position:0% +zero is zero then there will be no +energy transfer if you have stationery + + align:start position:0% +energy transfer if you have stationery + + + align:start position:0% +energy transfer if you have stationery +charge just sitting there okay so + + align:start position:0% +charge just sitting there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +charge just sitting there okay so +apparently this is not a good way to + + align:start position:0% +apparently this is not a good way to + + + align:start position:0% +apparently this is not a good way to +create electromagnetic wave right based + + align:start position:0% +create electromagnetic wave right based + + + align:start position:0% +create electromagnetic wave right based +on our argument the pointing vector is + + align:start position:0% +on our argument the pointing vector is + + + align:start position:0% +on our argument the pointing vector is +actually equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to zero +okay so now you can say okay this is a + + align:start position:0% +okay so now you can say okay this is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now you can say okay this is a +little worried so let's introduce some + + align:start position:0% +little worried so let's introduce some + + + align:start position:0% +little worried so let's introduce some +excitement how about we make this charge + + align:start position:0% +excitement how about we make this charge + + + align:start position:0% +excitement how about we make this charge +moving at the constant speed + + align:start position:0% +moving at the constant speed + + + align:start position:0% +moving at the constant speed +what we can do is like this basically if + + align:start position:0% +what we can do is like this basically if + + + align:start position:0% +what we can do is like this basically if +you have a positively charged particle + + align:start position:0% +you have a positively charged particle + + + align:start position:0% +you have a positively charged particle +you can actually make it move at + + align:start position:0% +you can actually make it move at + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually make it move at +constant speed velocity equal to V and + + align:start position:0% +constant speed velocity equal to V and + + + align:start position:0% +constant speed velocity equal to V and +what you are going to see is that Oh + + align:start position:0% +what you are going to see is that Oh + + + align:start position:0% +what you are going to see is that Oh +indeed there will be some changes in the + + align:start position:0% +indeed there will be some changes in the + + + align:start position:0% +indeed there will be some changes in the +electric field and the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +electric field and the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and the magnetic field +and I am NOT going to go through the + + align:start position:0% +and I am NOT going to go through the + + + align:start position:0% +and I am NOT going to go through the +calculation of this kind of situation + + align:start position:0% +calculation of this kind of situation + + + align:start position:0% +calculation of this kind of situation +and I will leave that as an exercise but + + align:start position:0% +and I will leave that as an exercise but + + + align:start position:0% +and I will leave that as an exercise but +I would like to tell you what will be + + align:start position:0% +I would like to tell you what will be + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to tell you what will be +the time + + align:start position:0% +the time + + + align:start position:0% +the time +so if you have a single charge which is + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a single charge which is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a single charge which is +actually moving at a constant speed okay + + align:start position:0% +actually moving at a constant speed okay + + + align:start position:0% +actually moving at a constant speed okay +and what is going to happen is that the + + align:start position:0% +and what is going to happen is that the + + + align:start position:0% +and what is going to happen is that the +electric field tensity work or the field + + align:start position:0% +electric field tensity work or the field + + + align:start position:0% +electric field tensity work or the field +line density will change and you will be + + align:start position:0% +line density will change and you will be + + + align:start position:0% +line density will change and you will be +more concentrated in the direction which + + align:start position:0% +more concentrated in the direction which + + + align:start position:0% +more concentrated in the direction which +is actually perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +is actually perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +is actually perpendicular to the +direction of of the of the of the motion + + align:start position:0% +direction of of the of the of the motion + + + align:start position:0% +direction of of the of the of the motion +of this charge and we can actually + + align:start position:0% +of this charge and we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +of this charge and we can actually +calculate what will be the electric + + align:start position:0% +calculate what will be the electric + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what will be the electric +field the electric field will be equal + + align:start position:0% +field the electric field will be equal + + + align:start position:0% +field the electric field will be equal +to Q divided by four PI epsilon zero R + + align:start position:0% +to Q divided by four PI epsilon zero R + + + align:start position:0% +to Q divided by four PI epsilon zero R +square 1 minus beta square I will define + + align:start position:0% +square 1 minus beta square I will define + + + align:start position:0% +square 1 minus beta square I will define +beta in a moment 1 minus beta square + + align:start position:0% +beta in a moment 1 minus beta square + + + align:start position:0% +beta in a moment 1 minus beta square +sine square theta so 3 over 2 in the a + + align:start position:0% +sine square theta so 3 over 2 in the a + + + align:start position:0% +sine square theta so 3 over 2 in the a +direction and the where the beta is as + + align:start position:0% +direction and the where the beta is as + + + align:start position:0% +direction and the where the beta is as +you defined as u over C which is U is + + align:start position:0% +you defined as u over C which is U is + + + align:start position:0% +you defined as u over C which is U is +actually the velocity of this little + + align:start position:0% +actually the velocity of this little + + + align:start position:0% +actually the velocity of this little +charge okay + + align:start position:0% +charge okay + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay +and of course you can also calculate + + align:start position:0% +and of course you can also calculate + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you can also calculate +well be the corresponding P right the + + align:start position:0% +well be the corresponding P right the + + + align:start position:0% +well be the corresponding P right the +magnetic field will be equal to u cross + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field will be equal to u cross + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field will be equal to u cross +e divided by C square and that is + + align:start position:0% +e divided by C square and that is + + + align:start position:0% +e divided by C square and that is +actually proportional to 1 over R square + + align:start position:0% +actually proportional to 1 over R square + + + align:start position:0% +actually proportional to 1 over R square +as you can see from here the bad news is + + align:start position:0% +as you can see from here the bad news is + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see from here the bad news is +that okay you indeed now have both + + align:start position:0% +that okay you indeed now have both + + + align:start position:0% +that okay you indeed now have both +electric field and the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +electric field and the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and the magnetic field +there's an improvement but the problem + + align:start position:0% +there's an improvement but the problem + + + align:start position:0% +there's an improvement but the problem +is that that the the reduction of the + + align:start position:0% +is that that the the reduction of the + + + align:start position:0% +is that that the the reduction of the +electric field and magnetic field as a + + align:start position:0% +electric field and magnetic field as a + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and magnetic field as a +function of distance is too large both + + align:start position:0% +function of distance is too large both + + + align:start position:0% +function of distance is too large both +of them are proportional to 1 over R + + align:start position:0% +of them are proportional to 1 over R + + + align:start position:0% +of them are proportional to 1 over R +square proportional to 1 over R square + + align:start position:0% +square proportional to 1 over R square + + + align:start position:0% +square proportional to 1 over R square +therefore s with the magnitude of S will + + align:start position:0% +therefore s with the magnitude of S will + + + align:start position:0% +therefore s with the magnitude of S will +be proportional 1 over R to the 4 so if + + align:start position:0% +be proportional 1 over R to the 4 so if + + + align:start position:0% +be proportional 1 over R to the 4 so if +you are far enough you can conclude that + + align:start position:0% +you are far enough you can conclude that + + + align:start position:0% +you are far enough you can conclude that +the total power + + align:start position:0% +the total power + + + align:start position:0% +the total power +where will approach zero okay even if + + align:start position:0% +where will approach zero okay even if + + + align:start position:0% +where will approach zero okay even if +you integrate over the whole surface + + align:start position:0% +you integrate over the whole surface + + + align:start position:0% +you integrate over the whole surface +surrounding this moving charge okay so + + align:start position:0% +surrounding this moving charge okay so + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding this moving charge okay so +apparently nuts let's say she's not the + + align:start position:0% +apparently nuts let's say she's not the + + + align:start position:0% +apparently nuts let's say she's not the +solution we are seeking therefore we + + align:start position:0% +solution we are seeking therefore we + + + align:start position:0% +solution we are seeking therefore we +have to do something more aggressive to + + align:start position:0% +have to do something more aggressive to + + + align:start position:0% +have to do something more aggressive to +accelerate the charge right so you can + + align:start position:0% +accelerate the charge right so you can + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate the charge right so you can +now have a charge moving at constant + + align:start position:0% +now have a charge moving at constant + + + align:start position:0% +now have a charge moving at constant +speed we see that it doesn't do anything + + align:start position:0% +speed we see that it doesn't do anything + + + align:start position:0% +speed we see that it doesn't do anything +therefore we have to make the velocity + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have to make the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have to make the velocity +increase right and see what happened + + align:start position:0% +increase right and see what happened + + + align:start position:0% +increase right and see what happened +okay so what I am going to do now + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I am going to do now + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I am going to do now +require concentration so I will read + + align:start position:0% +require concentration so I will read + + + align:start position:0% +require concentration so I will read +that you don't take note just follow me + + align:start position:0% +that you don't take note just follow me + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't take note just follow me +and so that you get what I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +and so that you get what I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and so that you get what I'm trying to +argue and of course if you are really + + align:start position:0% +argue and of course if you are really + + + align:start position:0% +argue and of course if you are really +good in mathematics you can actually + + align:start position:0% +good in mathematics you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +good in mathematics you can actually +also go through page 33 55 to 360 in + + align:start position:0% +also go through page 33 55 to 360 in + + + align:start position:0% +also go through page 33 55 to 360 in +George's book there are some really + + align:start position:0% +George's book there are some really + + + align:start position:0% +George's book there are some really +mathematical deviation of the radiation + + align:start position:0% +mathematical deviation of the radiation + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical deviation of the radiation +from the accelerated charge okay so so + + align:start position:0% +from the accelerated charge okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +from the accelerated charge okay so so +that's try to see what how can we + + align:start position:0% +that's try to see what how can we + + + align:start position:0% +that's try to see what how can we +actually understand accelerated charge + + align:start position:0% +actually understand accelerated charge + + + align:start position:0% +actually understand accelerated charge +and what is issue the associative + + align:start position:0% +and what is issue the associative + + + align:start position:0% +and what is issue the associative +electromagnetic field so my goal is to + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field so my goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field so my goal is to +have some kind of acceleration so I + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of acceleration so I + + + align:start position:0% +have some kind of acceleration so I +would like to set up the stage so so + + align:start position:0% +would like to set up the stage so so + + + align:start position:0% +would like to set up the stage so so +let's take a look at the slide here in a + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the slide here in a + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the slide here in a +T equal to zero time equal to 0 + + align:start position:0% +T equal to zero time equal to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +T equal to zero time equal to 0 +okay before I introduce any excitement I + + align:start position:0% +okay before I introduce any excitement I + + + align:start position:0% +okay before I introduce any excitement I +have a charged particle okay initially + + align:start position:0% +have a charged particle okay initially + + + align:start position:0% +have a charged particle okay initially +at rest okay and it's sitting there what + + align:start position:0% +at rest okay and it's sitting there what + + + align:start position:0% +at rest okay and it's sitting there what +I'm going to do is that at some point at + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is that at some point at + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is that at some point at +T equal to zero I try to accelerate this + + align:start position:0% +T equal to zero I try to accelerate this + + + align:start position:0% +T equal to zero I try to accelerate this +charge okay until t equal to delta T + + align:start position:0% +charge okay until t equal to delta T + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay until t equal to delta T +okay the original position of that + + align:start position:0% +okay the original position of that + + + align:start position:0% +okay the original position of that +charged particle is at a okay and I try + + align:start position:0% +charged particle is at a okay and I try + + + align:start position:0% +charged particle is at a okay and I try +to accelerate this charge by a + + align:start position:0% +to accelerate this charge by a + + + align:start position:0% +to accelerate this charge by a +duration a-okay and that only happened + + align:start position:0% +duration a-okay and that only happened + + + align:start position:0% +duration a-okay and that only happened +in a very small amount of time which is + + align:start position:0% +in a very small amount of time which is + + + align:start position:0% +in a very small amount of time which is +Delta P okay so what is going to happen + + align:start position:0% +Delta P okay so what is going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +Delta P okay so what is going to happen +is that this charge will cut the + + align:start position:0% +is that this charge will cut the + + + align:start position:0% +is that this charge will cut the +accelerated and you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +accelerated and you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +accelerated and you can see that the +velocity of the charge you can see + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the charge you can see + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the charge you can see +velocity as a function of time here is + + align:start position:0% +velocity as a function of time here is + + + align:start position:0% +velocity as a function of time here is +increasing linearly in the spirit and + + align:start position:0% +increasing linearly in the spirit and + + + align:start position:0% +increasing linearly in the spirit and +the reaching Maxima which is a toe touch + + align:start position:0% +the reaching Maxima which is a toe touch + + + align:start position:0% +the reaching Maxima which is a toe touch +so after that I stop the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +so after that I stop the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +so after that I stop the acceleration +okay so originally the charge is + + align:start position:0% +okay so originally the charge is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so originally the charge is +addressed and I accelerate it for some + + align:start position:0% +addressed and I accelerate it for some + + + align:start position:0% +addressed and I accelerate it for some +period of time and I stop the + + align:start position:0% +period of time and I stop the + + + align:start position:0% +period of time and I stop the +acceleration at a prong or T equal to + + align:start position:0% +acceleration at a prong or T equal to + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration at a prong or T equal to +delta T okay and what is going to happen + + align:start position:0% +delta T okay and what is going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +delta T okay and what is going to happen +afterward to the charge everybody is + + align:start position:0% +afterward to the charge everybody is + + + align:start position:0% +afterward to the charge everybody is +following you will be moving at constant + + align:start position:0% +following you will be moving at constant + + + align:start position:0% +following you will be moving at constant +velocity very good right so that's + + align:start position:0% +velocity very good right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +velocity very good right so that's +actually what you see here right and the + + align:start position:0% +actually what you see here right and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually what you see here right and the +wave can actually this information can + + align:start position:0% +wave can actually this information can + + + align:start position:0% +wave can actually this information can +propagate as a function of time okay so + + align:start position:0% +propagate as a function of time okay so + + + align:start position:0% +propagate as a function of time okay so +that's actually the whole set up which I + + align:start position:0% +that's actually the whole set up which I + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually the whole set up which I +would like to discuss okay before that I + + align:start position:0% +would like to discuss okay before that I + + + align:start position:0% +would like to discuss okay before that I +would like to bring your attention to + + align:start position:0% +would like to bring your attention to + + + align:start position:0% +would like to bring your attention to +the graph I was trying to draw here so + + align:start position:0% +the graph I was trying to draw here so + + + align:start position:0% +the graph I was trying to draw here so +you can see that originally there is a + + align:start position:0% +you can see that originally there is a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that originally there is a +line which is pointing like 45 degree + + align:start position:0% +line which is pointing like 45 degree + + + align:start position:0% +line which is pointing like 45 degree +which spread to this charge right so + + align:start position:0% +which spread to this charge right so + + + align:start position:0% +which spread to this charge right so +that's actually one of the fuel line I + + align:start position:0% +that's actually one of the fuel line I + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually one of the fuel line I +was drawing here okay that's actually + + align:start position:0% +was drawing here okay that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +was drawing here okay that's actually +the electric field line okay and as you + + align:start position:0% +the electric field line okay and as you + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field line okay and as you +can see that as I am you Pele at this + + align:start position:0% +can see that as I am you Pele at this + + + align:start position:0% +can see that as I am you Pele at this +charged particle this this is a severe + + align:start position:0% +charged particle this this is a severe + + + align:start position:0% +charged particle this this is a severe +our circle actually in the slide which + + align:start position:0% +our circle actually in the slide which + + + align:start position:0% +our circle actually in the slide which +is actually telling you that where where + + align:start position:0% +is actually telling you that where where + + + align:start position:0% +is actually telling you that where where +when where this information already + + align:start position:0% +when where this information already + + + align:start position:0% +when where this information already +propagate in the space okay so for + + align:start position:0% +propagate in the space okay so for + + + align:start position:0% +propagate in the space okay so for +example I if I am sitting here okay in + + align:start position:0% +example I if I am sitting here okay in + + + align:start position:0% +example I if I am sitting here okay in +the position of my little mouse here can + + align:start position:0% +the position of my little mouse here can + + + align:start position:0% +the position of my little mouse here can +you see that no you cannot see it okay + + align:start position:0% +you see that no you cannot see it okay + + + align:start position:0% +you see that no you cannot see it okay +if I I'm sitting in the upper right + + align:start position:0% +if I I'm sitting in the upper right + + + align:start position:0% +if I I'm sitting in the upper right +corner okay of the slide okay + + align:start position:0% +corner okay of the slide okay + + + align:start position:0% +corner okay of the slide okay +and I try to then the + + align:start position:0% +and I try to then the + + + align:start position:0% +and I try to then the +and start and I'd move the charge okay + + align:start position:0% +and start and I'd move the charge okay + + + align:start position:0% +and start and I'd move the charge okay +the observer at the upper right corner + + align:start position:0% +the observer at the upper right corner + + + align:start position:0% +the observer at the upper right corner +will not feel anything right because it + + align:start position:0% +will not feel anything right because it + + + align:start position:0% +will not feel anything right because it +takes time for the fear or for the + + align:start position:0% +takes time for the fear or for the + + + align:start position:0% +takes time for the fear or for the +changes or for the information to to us + + align:start position:0% +changes or for the information to to us + + + align:start position:0% +changes or for the information to to us +be sent from the the position a to the + + align:start position:0% +be sent from the the position a to the + + + align:start position:0% +be sent from the the position a to the +observer which are far away from the + + align:start position:0% +observer which are far away from the + + + align:start position:0% +observer which are far away from the +fund the charged particle and the + + align:start position:0% +fund the charged particle and the + + + align:start position:0% +fund the charged particle and the +surface which is the surface essentially + + align:start position:0% +surface which is the surface essentially + + + align:start position:0% +surface which is the surface essentially +where the information has propagated + + align:start position:0% +where the information has propagated + + + align:start position:0% +where the information has propagated +okay so this information that my charge + + align:start position:0% +okay so this information that my charge + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this information that my charge +is accelerated okay this information + + align:start position:0% +is accelerated okay this information + + + align:start position:0% +is accelerated okay this information +have already propagated to a sphere + + align:start position:0% +have already propagated to a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +have already propagated to a sphere +which is actually far away by C times + + align:start position:0% +which is actually far away by C times + + + align:start position:0% +which is actually far away by C times +delta T where from the center which is + + align:start position:0% +delta T where from the center which is + + + align:start position:0% +delta T where from the center which is +the which is the location of the charged + + align:start position:0% +the which is the location of the charged + + + align:start position:0% +the which is the location of the charged +particle and you can see that as time + + align:start position:0% +particle and you can see that as time + + + align:start position:0% +particle and you can see that as time +goes up this black circle is actually + + align:start position:0% +goes up this black circle is actually + + + align:start position:0% +goes up this black circle is actually +becoming larger and larger which contain + + align:start position:0% +becoming larger and larger which contain + + + align:start position:0% +becoming larger and larger which contain +the information that okay I accelerated + + align:start position:0% +the information that okay I accelerated + + + align:start position:0% +the information that okay I accelerated +the charge okay this is actually where + + align:start position:0% +the charge okay this is actually where + + + align:start position:0% +the charge okay this is actually where +you can see that out of this circle is + + align:start position:0% +you can see that out of this circle is + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that out of this circle is +as if the charge is stationary right so + + align:start position:0% +as if the charge is stationary right so + + + align:start position:0% +as if the charge is stationary right so +you can see the field line is still + + align:start position:0% +you can see the field line is still + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the field line is still +linear and passing through this line + + align:start position:0% +linear and passing through this line + + + align:start position:0% +linear and passing through this line +were say this surface the information is + + align:start position:0% +were say this surface the information is + + + align:start position:0% +were say this surface the information is +already propagated if you are sliding + + align:start position:0% +already propagated if you are sliding + + + align:start position:0% +already propagated if you are sliding +inside this line okay + + align:start position:0% +inside this line okay + + + align:start position:0% +inside this line okay +like for example next to the question + + align:start position:0% +like for example next to the question + + + align:start position:0% +like for example next to the question +mark okay if you are there you feel that + + align:start position:0% +mark okay if you are there you feel that + + + align:start position:0% +mark okay if you are there you feel that +huh + + align:start position:0% +huh + + + align:start position:0% +huh +now I observe the acceleration to the + + align:start position:0% +now I observe the acceleration to the + + + align:start position:0% +now I observe the acceleration to the +charged particle okay finally if I go + + align:start position:0% +charged particle okay finally if I go + + + align:start position:0% +charged particle okay finally if I go +toward the toward the charged particle + + align:start position:0% +toward the toward the charged particle + + + align:start position:0% +toward the toward the charged particle +even more and I will see that huh if I + + align:start position:0% +even more and I will see that huh if I + + + align:start position:0% +even more and I will see that huh if I +ain't now inside the green circle I know + + align:start position:0% +ain't now inside the green circle I know + + + align:start position:0% +ain't now inside the green circle I know +that this charged particle already + + align:start position:0% +that this charged particle already + + + align:start position:0% +that this charged particle already +stopped the acceleration is now moving + + align:start position:0% +stopped the acceleration is now moving + + + align:start position:0% +stopped the acceleration is now moving +at constant speed okay so that's the + + align:start position:0% +at constant speed okay so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +at constant speed okay so that's the +meaning of these two little circles and + + align:start position:0% +meaning of these two little circles and + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of these two little circles and +now I am looking at the situation at + + align:start position:0% +now I am looking at the situation at + + + align:start position:0% +now I am looking at the situation at +time equal to T where the + + align:start position:0% +time equal to T where the + + + align:start position:0% +time equal to T where the +charge is at position B and and I + + align:start position:0% +charge is at position B and and I + + + align:start position:0% +charge is at position B and and I +actually see something really + + align:start position:0% +actually see something really + + + align:start position:0% +actually see something really +interesting okay as I mentioned before + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay as I mentioned before + + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay as I mentioned before +if you have a constantly propagating + + align:start position:0% +if you have a constantly propagating + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a constantly propagating +charge okay the field line is it should + + align:start position:0% +charge okay the field line is it should + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay the field line is it should +be a still a straight line okay as we + + align:start position:0% +be a still a straight line okay as we + + + align:start position:0% +be a still a straight line okay as we +actually write right there in the + + align:start position:0% +actually write right there in the + + + align:start position:0% +actually write right there in the +equation if you have a stationary charge + + align:start position:0% +equation if you have a stationary charge + + + align:start position:0% +equation if you have a stationary charge +it's also a linear straight line okay + + align:start position:0% +it's also a linear straight line okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's also a linear straight line okay +and you can see that you have two + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that you have two + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that you have two +straight line but in between there's a + + align:start position:0% +straight line but in between there's a + + + align:start position:0% +straight line but in between there's a +kink right which connect these two two + + align:start position:0% +kink right which connect these two two + + + align:start position:0% +kink right which connect these two two +lines so between these two lines + + align:start position:0% +lines so between these two lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines so between these two lines +basically what we this is what we have + + align:start position:0% +basically what we this is what we have + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we this is what we have +here so we have the original original + + align:start position:0% +here so we have the original original + + + align:start position:0% +here so we have the original original +particle and this is actually where the + + align:start position:0% +particle and this is actually where the + + + align:start position:0% +particle and this is actually where the +particle the particle have the fuel line + + align:start position:0% +particle the particle have the fuel line + + + align:start position:0% +particle the particle have the fuel line +is a moving charge and there's another + + align:start position:0% +is a moving charge and there's another + + + align:start position:0% +is a moving charge and there's another +earth surface which actually out of the + + align:start position:0% +earth surface which actually out of the + + + align:start position:0% +earth surface which actually out of the +surface is like you know there is no + + align:start position:0% +surface is like you know there is no + + + align:start position:0% +surface is like you know there is no +acceleration at all + + align:start position:0% +acceleration at all + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration at all +the charge is still stationary at a + + align:start position:0% +the charge is still stationary at a + + + align:start position:0% +the charge is still stationary at a +right you can see that these two field + + align:start position:0% +right you can see that these two field + + + align:start position:0% +right you can see that these two field +lines are linear and also it's actually + + align:start position:0% +lines are linear and also it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +lines are linear and also it's actually +in the radial direction okay but the + + align:start position:0% +in the radial direction okay but the + + + align:start position:0% +in the radial direction okay but the +excitement is that okay since the fuel + + align:start position:0% +excitement is that okay since the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +excitement is that okay since the fuel +line has to be continuous right the + + align:start position:0% +line has to be continuous right the + + + align:start position:0% +line has to be continuous right the +excitement is that I have successfully + + align:start position:0% +excitement is that I have successfully + + + align:start position:0% +excitement is that I have successfully +created a kink which is essentially + + align:start position:0% +created a kink which is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +created a kink which is essentially +propagating in the radial direction okay + + align:start position:0% +propagating in the radial direction okay + + + align:start position:0% +propagating in the radial direction okay +and this King is going to be your + + align:start position:0% +and this King is going to be your + + + align:start position:0% +and this King is going to be your +electromagnetic wave because it has a + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave because it has a + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave because it has a +component which is perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +component which is perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +component which is perpendicular to the +direction of propagation + + align:start position:0% +direction of propagation + + + align:start position:0% +direction of propagation +just a reminder what is actually a + + align:start position:0% +just a reminder what is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +just a reminder what is actually a +electromagnetic view looks like it looks + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic view looks like it looks + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic view looks like it looks +like this right so basically you have + + align:start position:0% +like this right so basically you have + + + align:start position:0% +like this right so basically you have +the electric field oscillating up and + + align:start position:0% +the electric field oscillating up and + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field oscillating up and +down okay in in one of the direction the + + align:start position:0% +down okay in in one of the direction the + + + align:start position:0% +down okay in in one of the direction the +polarization linearly polarized so + + align:start position:0% +polarization linearly polarized so + + + align:start position:0% +polarization linearly polarized so +magnetic wave and the whole wave is + + align:start position:0% +magnetic wave and the whole wave is + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic wave and the whole wave is +propagating toward the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +propagating toward the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +propagating toward the right hand side +were the port + + align:start position:0% +were the port + + + align:start position:0% +were the port +and the electric field is in the + + align:start position:0% +and the electric field is in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the electric field is in the +perpendicular direction of the direction + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular direction of the direction + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular direction of the direction +of publication and this king is actually + + align:start position:0% +of publication and this king is actually + + + align:start position:0% +of publication and this king is actually +what we are looking for okay + + align:start position:0% +what we are looking for okay + + + align:start position:0% +what we are looking for okay +and that really be can the the United + + align:start position:0% +and that really be can the the United + + + align:start position:0% +and that really be can the the United +magnetic wave radiative from the point + + align:start position:0% +magnetic wave radiative from the point + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic wave radiative from the point +source okay any questions so far + + align:start position:0% +source okay any questions so far + + + align:start position:0% +source okay any questions so far +everybody's following okay so now that's + + align:start position:0% +everybody's following okay so now that's + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's following okay so now that's +good we have managed to create this + + align:start position:0% +good we have managed to create this + + + align:start position:0% +good we have managed to create this +situation and I would like to be more + + align:start position:0% +situation and I would like to be more + + + align:start position:0% +situation and I would like to be more +concrete about several settings the + + align:start position:0% +concrete about several settings the + + + align:start position:0% +concrete about several settings the +first one is actually we have a constant + + align:start position:0% +first one is actually we have a constant + + + align:start position:0% +first one is actually we have a constant +acceleration a and the distill Totti is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration a and the distill Totti is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration a and the distill Totti is +really small okay very small delta T + + align:start position:0% +really small okay very small delta T + + + align:start position:0% +really small okay very small delta T +very small acceleration therefore I + + align:start position:0% +very small acceleration therefore I + + + align:start position:0% +very small acceleration therefore I +would assume that you define as a times + + align:start position:0% +would assume that you define as a times + + + align:start position:0% +would assume that you define as a times +delta T the resulting velocity is much + + align:start position:0% +delta T the resulting velocity is much + + + align:start position:0% +delta T the resulting velocity is much +much smaller than the speed of light + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than the speed of light + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than the speed of light +okay so that's actually the set up which + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's actually the set up which + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's actually the set up which +I would like to use okay then the + + align:start position:0% +I would like to use okay then the + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to use okay then the +question now is how do we actually + + align:start position:0% +question now is how do we actually + + + align:start position:0% +question now is how do we actually +evaluate what would be the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +evaluate what would be the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate what would be the magnitude of +this so-called king electric field right + + align:start position:0% +this so-called king electric field right + + + align:start position:0% +this so-called king electric field right +so for this actually is a ship also + + align:start position:0% +so for this actually is a ship also + + + align:start position:0% +so for this actually is a ship also +pretty easy so so now I would like to + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy so so now I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy so so now I would like to +copy that geometry which I have there + + align:start position:0% +copy that geometry which I have there + + + align:start position:0% +copy that geometry which I have there +okay I'm trying to draw that a copy of + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm trying to draw that a copy of + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm trying to draw that a copy of +that to my port here so basically + + align:start position:0% +that to my port here so basically + + + align:start position:0% +that to my port here so basically +originally the charge is stationary at a + + align:start position:0% +originally the charge is stationary at a + + + align:start position:0% +originally the charge is stationary at a +and this is actually emitting emitting + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually emitting emitting + + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually emitting emitting +electric field and which is actually + + align:start position:0% +electric field and which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and which is actually +only in the radial direction okay and it + + align:start position:0% +only in the radial direction okay and it + + + align:start position:0% +only in the radial direction okay and it +got accelerated by a pretty small time + + align:start position:0% +got accelerated by a pretty small time + + + align:start position:0% +got accelerated by a pretty small time +okay I'm exaggerating in that beaker + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm exaggerating in that beaker + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm exaggerating in that beaker +okay so it's exactly accelerated a + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's exactly accelerated a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's exactly accelerated a +really small amount of time and after + + align:start position:0% +really small amount of time and after + + + align:start position:0% +really small amount of time and after +that is reach April which is the exact + + align:start position:0% +that is reach April which is the exact + + + align:start position:0% +that is reach April which is the exact +Oh relative version is actually party + + align:start position:0% +Oh relative version is actually party + + + align:start position:0% +Oh relative version is actually party +there and that a and apron is in fact + + align:start position:0% +there and that a and apron is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +there and that a and apron is in fact +very very close to each other + + align:start position:0% +very very close to each other + + + align:start position:0% +very very close to each other +okay because this is actually just a + + align:start position:0% +okay because this is actually just a + + + align:start position:0% +okay because this is actually just a +very very similar Tati I can have delta + + align:start position:0% +very very similar Tati I can have delta + + + align:start position:0% +very very similar Tati I can have delta +T goes to zero right then a and apron + + align:start position:0% +T goes to zero right then a and apron + + + align:start position:0% +T goes to zero right then a and apron +would be very very similar okay and now + + align:start position:0% +would be very very similar okay and now + + + align:start position:0% +would be very very similar okay and now +I'll at the time goes on and now this + + align:start position:0% +I'll at the time goes on and now this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll at the time goes on and now this +election + + align:start position:0% +election + + + align:start position:0% +election +it is a charged particle it's now at + + align:start position:0% +it is a charged particle it's now at + + + align:start position:0% +it is a charged particle it's now at +Point okay it's moved to point B and I + + align:start position:0% +Point okay it's moved to point B and I + + + align:start position:0% +Point okay it's moved to point B and I +can connect P to a and a pram and I can + + align:start position:0% +can connect P to a and a pram and I can + + + align:start position:0% +can connect P to a and a pram and I can +as we conclude that okay since the + + align:start position:0% +as we conclude that okay since the + + + align:start position:0% +as we conclude that okay since the +resulting velocity of the charge + + align:start position:0% +resulting velocity of the charge + + + align:start position:0% +resulting velocity of the charge +particle after a prong is a should be + + align:start position:0% +particle after a prong is a should be + + + align:start position:0% +particle after a prong is a should be +equal to you defined as a times delta T + + align:start position:0% +equal to you defined as a times delta T + + + align:start position:0% +equal to you defined as a times delta T +and we are now at time equal to T okay + + align:start position:0% +and we are now at time equal to T okay + + + align:start position:0% +and we are now at time equal to T okay +therefore the distance these charged + + align:start position:0% +therefore the distance these charged + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the distance these charged +particles pass through or travel through + + align:start position:0% +particles pass through or travel through + + + align:start position:0% +particles pass through or travel through +is actually u times T right did I + + align:start position:0% +is actually u times T right did I + + + align:start position:0% +is actually u times T right did I +surprise you right so that's about a 30 + + align:start position:0% +surprise you right so that's about a 30 + + + align:start position:0% +surprise you right so that's about a 30 +times T okay and also we can actually + + align:start position:0% +times T okay and also we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +times T okay and also we can actually +calculate this let's write this lens + + align:start position:0% +calculate this let's write this lens + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this let's write this lens +essentially I call it this point D here + + align:start position:0% +essentially I call it this point D here + + + align:start position:0% +essentially I call it this point D here +which is the intersection between the + + align:start position:0% +which is the intersection between the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the intersection between the +the second surface and and the original + + align:start position:0% +the second surface and and the original + + + align:start position:0% +the second surface and and the original +field line and I call this one e + + align:start position:0% +field line and I call this one e + + + align:start position:0% +field line and I call this one e +which is the interception of the fuel + + align:start position:0% +which is the interception of the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +which is the interception of the fuel +line from the moving charge and the the + + align:start position:0% +line from the moving charge and the the + + + align:start position:0% +line from the moving charge and the the +second surface and finally I also have + + align:start position:0% +second surface and finally I also have + + + align:start position:0% +second surface and finally I also have +the interception of the which I call F + + align:start position:0% +the interception of the which I call F + + + align:start position:0% +the interception of the which I call F +which is actually where the field line + + align:start position:0% +which is actually where the field line + + + align:start position:0% +which is actually where the field line +and the surface as we join which is + + align:start position:0% +and the surface as we join which is + + + align:start position:0% +and the surface as we join which is +actually the information about the + + align:start position:0% +actually the information about the + + + align:start position:0% +actually the information about the +charges moved is essentially the surface + + align:start position:0% +charges moved is essentially the surface + + + align:start position:0% +charges moved is essentially the surface +which we within that surface people know + + align:start position:0% +which we within that surface people know + + + align:start position:0% +which we within that surface people know +the the charges that you already moved + + align:start position:0% +the the charges that you already moved + + + align:start position:0% +the the charges that you already moved +okay so once I have all these I can now + + align:start position:0% +okay so once I have all these I can now + + + align:start position:0% +okay so once I have all these I can now +evaluate what will be D and F right + + align:start position:0% +evaluate what will be D and F right + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate what will be D and F right +PNF is actually pretty straight forward + + align:start position:0% +PNF is actually pretty straight forward + + + align:start position:0% +PNF is actually pretty straight forward +as well because all those surfaces are + + align:start position:0% +as well because all those surfaces are + + + align:start position:0% +as well because all those surfaces are +traveling at the speed of what light + + align:start position:0% +traveling at the speed of what light + + + align:start position:0% +traveling at the speed of what light +right so so what is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +right so so what is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +right so so what is essentially the +delta T between these two surface + + align:start position:0% +delta T between these two surface + + + align:start position:0% +delta T between these two surface +it's 2:30 right just because I actually + + align:start position:0% +it's 2:30 right just because I actually + + + align:start position:0% +it's 2:30 right just because I actually +stopped the acceleration at delta T + + align:start position:0% +stopped the acceleration at delta T + + + align:start position:0% +stopped the acceleration at delta T +therefore the distance between this + + align:start position:0% +therefore the distance between this + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the distance between this +between T Point and F is as you just see + + align:start position:0% +between T Point and F is as you just see + + + align:start position:0% +between T Point and F is as you just see +times Delta okay and of course now I + + align:start position:0% +times Delta okay and of course now I + + + align:start position:0% +times Delta okay and of course now I +have this I can connect E and the B and + + align:start position:0% +have this I can connect E and the B and + + + align:start position:0% +have this I can connect E and the B and +the end roughly because a and a prime + + align:start position:0% +the end roughly because a and a prime + + + align:start position:0% +the end roughly because a and a prime +are very very close to each other okay + + align:start position:0% +are very very close to each other okay + + + align:start position:0% +are very very close to each other okay +and also a T is very large there and + + align:start position:0% +and also a T is very large there and + + + align:start position:0% +and also a T is very large there and +therefore the be and PE this line is + + align:start position:0% +therefore the be and PE this line is + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the be and PE this line is +roughly parallel to the AF line okay so + + align:start position:0% +roughly parallel to the AF line okay so + + + align:start position:0% +roughly parallel to the AF line okay so +these two line is roughly parallel to + + align:start position:0% +these two line is roughly parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +these two line is roughly parallel to +each other okay + + align:start position:0% +each other okay + + + align:start position:0% +each other okay +therefore I can now evaluate what will + + align:start position:0% +therefore I can now evaluate what will + + + align:start position:0% +therefore I can now evaluate what will +be this line t and the e okay well + + align:start position:0% +be this line t and the e okay well + + + align:start position:0% +be this line t and the e okay well +Peters the size of the distance between + + align:start position:0% +Peters the size of the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +Peters the size of the distance between +T and e okay and that can be evaluated + + align:start position:0% +T and e okay and that can be evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +T and e okay and that can be evaluated +and decisions just you perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +and decisions just you perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +and decisions just you perpendicular +times T right perpendicular to this + + align:start position:0% +times T right perpendicular to this + + + align:start position:0% +times T right perpendicular to this +direction lo golpeó and I can copy that + + align:start position:0% +direction lo golpeó and I can copy that + + + align:start position:0% +direction lo golpeó and I can copy that +here the distance between t and e is + + align:start position:0% +here the distance between t and e is + + + align:start position:0% +here the distance between t and e is +just u perpendicular x times T okay and + + align:start position:0% +just u perpendicular x times T okay and + + + align:start position:0% +just u perpendicular x times T okay and +of course I can approximate that this is + + align:start position:0% +of course I can approximate that this is + + + align:start position:0% +of course I can approximate that this is +actually just a line and I have a theta + + align:start position:0% +actually just a line and I have a theta + + + align:start position:0% +actually just a line and I have a theta +angle which is actually the EF okay so + + align:start position:0% +angle which is actually the EF okay so + + + align:start position:0% +angle which is actually the EF okay so +now I can actually try to use this + + align:start position:0% +now I can actually try to use this + + + align:start position:0% +now I can actually try to use this +information to this geometrical argument + + align:start position:0% +information to this geometrical argument + + + align:start position:0% +information to this geometrical argument +information to figure out what will be + + align:start position:0% +information to figure out what will be + + + align:start position:0% +information to figure out what will be +the electric field this kink okay so now + + align:start position:0% +the electric field this kink okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field this kink okay so now +I have I can have the electric field the + + align:start position:0% +I have I can have the electric field the + + + align:start position:0% +I have I can have the electric field the +same triangle here this is angle theta + + align:start position:0% +same triangle here this is angle theta + + + align:start position:0% +same triangle here this is angle theta +and this is the electric field parallel + + align:start position:0% +and this is the electric field parallel + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the electric field parallel +to the to the a times at a F line okay + + align:start position:0% +to the to the a times at a F line okay + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the a times at a F line okay +and that I can help also e e perp which + + align:start position:0% +and that I can help also e e perp which + + + align:start position:0% +and that I can help also e e perp which +is actually + + align:start position:0% +is actually + + + align:start position:0% +is actually +particular to have this line okay and + + align:start position:0% +particular to have this line okay and + + + align:start position:0% +particular to have this line okay and +the king eating is actually what we + + align:start position:0% +the king eating is actually what we + + + align:start position:0% +the king eating is actually what we +would like to figure out as well okay + + align:start position:0% +would like to figure out as well okay + + + align:start position:0% +would like to figure out as well okay +and the basically this eating is what we + + align:start position:0% +and the basically this eating is what we + + + align:start position:0% +and the basically this eating is what we +want to figure out and the e has the + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out and the e has the + + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out and the e has the +following two components one is the a + + align:start position:0% +following two components one is the a + + + align:start position:0% +following two components one is the a +parallel the otherwise e perp which is + + align:start position:0% +parallel the otherwise e perp which is + + + align:start position:0% +parallel the otherwise e perp which is +the perpendicular and parallel component + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular and parallel component + + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular and parallel component +to the AF line okay and we can already + + align:start position:0% +to the AF line okay and we can already + + + align:start position:0% +to the AF line okay and we can already +make use of the similarity of these two + + align:start position:0% +make use of the similarity of these two + + + align:start position:0% +make use of the similarity of these two +triangle right basically these field + + align:start position:0% +triangle right basically these field + + + align:start position:0% +triangle right basically these field +lines they should if you feel that you a + + align:start position:0% +lines they should if you feel that you a + + + align:start position:0% +lines they should if you feel that you a +metrical right therefore I know what is + + align:start position:0% +metrical right therefore I know what is + + + align:start position:0% +metrical right therefore I know what is +issue heceta from this geometrical + + align:start position:0% +issue heceta from this geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +issue heceta from this geometrical +argument so what is actually Seeta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically you can get that from from the + + align:start position:0% +basically you can get that from from the + + + align:start position:0% +basically you can get that from from the +information of C delta T and the you + + align:start position:0% +information of C delta T and the you + + + align:start position:0% +information of C delta T and the you +you've repeated you propensity right so + + align:start position:0% +you've repeated you propensity right so + + + align:start position:0% +you've repeated you propensity right so +therefore I can conclude that the + + align:start position:0% +therefore I can conclude that the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore I can conclude that the +magnitude of e perp divided by magnitude + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of e perp divided by magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of e perp divided by magnitude +of a parallel will be equal to U of T + + align:start position:0% +of a parallel will be equal to U of T + + + align:start position:0% +of a parallel will be equal to U of T +divided by C Delta P and this e king is + + align:start position:0% +divided by C Delta P and this e king is + + + align:start position:0% +divided by C Delta P and this e king is +like this it's actually have a direction + + align:start position:0% +like this it's actually have a direction + + + align:start position:0% +like this it's actually have a direction +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +however you can see that we wait a + + align:start position:0% +however you can see that we wait a + + + align:start position:0% +however you can see that we wait a +second you have this ratio right but the + + align:start position:0% +second you have this ratio right but the + + + align:start position:0% +second you have this ratio right but the +eqing is actually pointing to this + + align:start position:0% +eqing is actually pointing to this + + + align:start position:0% +eqing is actually pointing to this +direction right and this UT is pointing + + align:start position:0% +direction right and this UT is pointing + + + align:start position:0% +direction right and this UT is pointing +up to to upper the direction right + + align:start position:0% +up to to upper the direction right + + + align:start position:0% +up to to upper the direction right +therefore if you take this ratio and + + align:start position:0% +therefore if you take this ratio and + + + align:start position:0% +therefore if you take this ratio and +that each ink will be pointing to the + + align:start position:0% +that each ink will be pointing to the + + + align:start position:0% +that each ink will be pointing to the +upper left direction therefore you + + align:start position:0% +upper left direction therefore you + + + align:start position:0% +upper left direction therefore you +really need a minus sign here right + + align:start position:0% +really need a minus sign here right + + + align:start position:0% +really need a minus sign here right +therefore the the a perp will be + + align:start position:0% +therefore the the a perp will be + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the the a perp will be +pointing downward okay + + align:start position:0% +pointing downward okay + + + align:start position:0% +pointing downward okay +therefore that's actually how you + + align:start position:0% +therefore that's actually how you + + + align:start position:0% +therefore that's actually how you +actually get this minus sign there okay + + align:start position:0% +actually get this minus sign there okay + + + align:start position:0% +actually get this minus sign there okay +from this pure to a metrical argument + + align:start position:0% +from this pure to a metrical argument + + + align:start position:0% +from this pure to a metrical argument +you can actually conclude will be the + + align:start position:0% +you can actually conclude will be the + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually conclude will be the +ratio between epub and the perio which + + align:start position:0% +ratio between epub and the perio which + + + align:start position:0% +ratio between epub and the perio which +is actually equal to that and I can + + align:start position:0% +is actually equal to that and I can + + + align:start position:0% +is actually equal to that and I can +write it down explicitly right basically + + align:start position:0% +write it down explicitly right basically + + + align:start position:0% +write it down explicitly right basically +that's it we're going to be equal to a + + align:start position:0% +that's it we're going to be equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +that's it we're going to be equal to a +delta T + + align:start position:0% +delta T + + + align:start position:0% +delta T +as P divided by C Delta P remember U is + + align:start position:0% +as P divided by C Delta P remember U is + + + align:start position:0% +as P divided by C Delta P remember U is +equal to a times Delta P okay therefore + + align:start position:0% +equal to a times Delta P okay therefore + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a times Delta P okay therefore +I can now cancel delta T then basically + + align:start position:0% +I can now cancel delta T then basically + + + align:start position:0% +I can now cancel delta T then basically +what I get is minus a / t divided by C + + align:start position:0% +what I get is minus a / t divided by C + + + align:start position:0% +what I get is minus a / t divided by C +okay and and the lot is actually equal + + align:start position:0% +okay and and the lot is actually equal + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and the lot is actually equal +to minus a are divided by C squared + + align:start position:0% +to minus a are divided by C squared + + + align:start position:0% +to minus a are divided by C squared +where R is actually just C times T okay + + align:start position:0% +where R is actually just C times T okay + + + align:start position:0% +where R is actually just C times T okay +R is actually the distance between the + + align:start position:0% +R is actually the distance between the + + + align:start position:0% +R is actually the distance between the +position you are evaluating the sphere + + align:start position:0% +position you are evaluating the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +position you are evaluating the sphere +and the original origin which is a okay + + align:start position:0% +and the original origin which is a okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the original origin which is a okay +so you can now conclude that based on + + align:start position:0% +so you can now conclude that based on + + + align:start position:0% +so you can now conclude that based on +this geometrical argument you can + + align:start position:0% +this geometrical argument you can + + + align:start position:0% +this geometrical argument you can +conclude that epub is highly related to + + align:start position:0% +conclude that epub is highly related to + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that epub is highly related to +the parallel the epub is equal to minus + + align:start position:0% +the parallel the epub is equal to minus + + + align:start position:0% +the parallel the epub is equal to minus +a pub R divided by C square any + + align:start position:0% +a pub R divided by C square any + + + align:start position:0% +a pub R divided by C square any +questions so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are essentially that yeah so are + + align:start position:0% +are essentially that yeah so are + + + align:start position:0% +are essentially that yeah so are +essentially just see times team right so + + align:start position:0% +essentially just see times team right so + + + align:start position:0% +essentially just see times team right so +it's the whole the whole distance cool + + align:start position:0% +it's the whole the whole distance cool + + + align:start position:0% +it's the whole the whole distance cool +all right so so you can see that right + + align:start position:0% +all right so so you can see that right + + + align:start position:0% +all right so so you can see that right +now all those things are purely + + align:start position:0% +now all those things are purely + + + align:start position:0% +now all those things are purely +geometrical right so this is really no + + align:start position:0% +geometrical right so this is really no + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical right so this is really no +magic and no no even in the equation + + align:start position:0% +magic and no no even in the equation + + + align:start position:0% +magic and no no even in the equation +right so now we are going to do some + + align:start position:0% +right so now we are going to do some + + + align:start position:0% +right so now we are going to do some +integration okay so now we are almost + + align:start position:0% +integration okay so now we are almost + + + align:start position:0% +integration okay so now we are almost +there I would like to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +there I would like to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +there I would like to figure out what +would be the e King and I am especially + + align:start position:0% +would be the e King and I am especially + + + align:start position:0% +would be the e King and I am especially +interested in epub right because epub is + + align:start position:0% +interested in epub right because epub is + + + align:start position:0% +interested in epub right because epub is +the direction which is actually + + align:start position:0% +the direction which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the direction which is actually +perpendicular to a directional + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to a directional + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to a directional +publication it's really cool right so + + align:start position:0% +publication it's really cool right so + + + align:start position:0% +publication it's really cool right so +that I should be related to the + + align:start position:0% +that I should be related to the + + + align:start position:0% +that I should be related to the +magnitude of the electromagnetic field + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the electromagnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the electromagnetic field +radiated right so I would like to know + + align:start position:0% +radiated right so I would like to know + + + align:start position:0% +radiated right so I would like to know +epub but I don't know what is the + + align:start position:0% +epub but I don't know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +epub but I don't know what is the +parallel right so what we could do is to + + align:start position:0% +parallel right so what we could do is to + + + align:start position:0% +parallel right so what we could do is to +use Gauss law in this example okay so + + align:start position:0% +use Gauss law in this example okay so + + + align:start position:0% +use Gauss law in this example okay so +now what I could do is that I can draw a + + align:start position:0% +now what I could do is that I can draw a + + + align:start position:0% +now what I could do is that I can draw a +pure box which is actually through the + + align:start position:0% +pure box which is actually through the + + + align:start position:0% +pure box which is actually through the +surface number one this is a two surface + + align:start position:0% +surface number one this is a two surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface number one this is a two surface +number one right what I could do is I + + align:start position:0% +number one right what I could do is I + + + align:start position:0% +number one right what I could do is I +can draw a pure box which is actually + + align:start position:0% +can draw a pure box which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +can draw a pure box which is actually +passing through the surface number one + + align:start position:0% +passing through the surface number one + + + align:start position:0% +passing through the surface number one +okay out of surprise number one we know + + align:start position:0% +okay out of surprise number one we know + + + align:start position:0% +okay out of surprise number one we know +the physics very well which is actually + + align:start position:0% +the physics very well which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the physics very well which is actually +the electric field of a single + + align:start position:0% +the electric field of a single + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field of a single +stationery charge right so therefore I + + align:start position:0% +stationery charge right so therefore I + + + align:start position:0% +stationery charge right so therefore I +know what this issue is the electric + + align:start position:0% +know what this issue is the electric + + + align:start position:0% +know what this issue is the electric +field outside right which is actually + + align:start position:0% +field outside right which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +field outside right which is actually +pointing outward in the radial direction + + align:start position:0% +pointing outward in the radial direction + + + align:start position:0% +pointing outward in the radial direction +and the IPE rail is actually what we are + + align:start position:0% +and the IPE rail is actually what we are + + + align:start position:0% +and the IPE rail is actually what we are +as restocked with right so we don't know + + align:start position:0% +as restocked with right so we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +as restocked with right so we don't know +what this issue the the magnitude of a + + align:start position:0% +what this issue the the magnitude of a + + + align:start position:0% +what this issue the the magnitude of a +parallel that's the electric field + + align:start position:0% +parallel that's the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +parallel that's the electric field +inside the surface number one okay make + + align:start position:0% +inside the surface number one okay make + + + align:start position:0% +inside the surface number one okay make +sense all right so now we also have the + + align:start position:0% +sense all right so now we also have the + + + align:start position:0% +sense all right so now we also have the +that the component which is a should be + + align:start position:0% +that the component which is a should be + + + align:start position:0% +that the component which is a should be +perpendicular to the direction of + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the direction of +publication right so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +publication right so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +publication right so this is actually +the contribution of e pub and the + + align:start position:0% +the contribution of e pub and the + + + align:start position:0% +the contribution of e pub and the +contribution of epub which they go from + + align:start position:0% +contribution of epub which they go from + + + align:start position:0% +contribution of epub which they go from +the side to the side going from the side + + align:start position:0% +the side to the side going from the side + + + align:start position:0% +the side to the side going from the side +go out from the side of these pillbox + + align:start position:0% +go out from the side of these pillbox + + + align:start position:0% +go out from the side of these pillbox +okay so I can now immediately conclude + + align:start position:0% +okay so I can now immediately conclude + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I can now immediately conclude +that the total contribution of this + + align:start position:0% +that the total contribution of this + + + align:start position:0% +that the total contribution of this +surface integral will be equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +surface integral will be equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +surface integral will be equal to zero +because of cost alright there's no + + align:start position:0% +because of cost alright there's no + + + align:start position:0% +because of cost alright there's no +charge in my pure box right there for + + align:start position:0% +charge in my pure box right there for + + + align:start position:0% +charge in my pure box right there for +all those things to cancel like + + align:start position:0% +all those things to cancel like + + + align:start position:0% +all those things to cancel like +apparently this work ends though because + + align:start position:0% +apparently this work ends though because + + + align:start position:0% +apparently this work ends though because +site inside out to send magnitude which + + align:start position:0% +site inside out to send magnitude which + + + align:start position:0% +site inside out to send magnitude which +is epub right therefore that can so it's + + align:start position:0% +is epub right therefore that can so it's + + + align:start position:0% +is epub right therefore that can so it's +trivial and the interesting see is that + + align:start position:0% +trivial and the interesting see is that + + + align:start position:0% +trivial and the interesting see is that +we can also figure out that EP real will + + align:start position:0% +we can also figure out that EP real will + + + align:start position:0% +we can also figure out that EP real will +have to be equal to e out right so that + + align:start position:0% +have to be equal to e out right so that + + + align:start position:0% +have to be equal to e out right so that +that sum of all the integral will be + + align:start position:0% +that sum of all the integral will be + + + align:start position:0% +that sum of all the integral will be +equal to zero because of Gauss law okay + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero because of Gauss law okay + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero because of Gauss law okay +that's actually a very big amount of + + align:start position:0% +that's actually a very big amount of + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually a very big amount of +information because I know what this is + + align:start position:0% +information because I know what this is + + + align:start position:0% +information because I know what this is +should be how to write down e out so e + + align:start position:0% +should be how to write down e out so e + + + align:start position:0% +should be how to write down e out so e +pair L will be equal to e out right we + + align:start position:0% +pair L will be equal to e out right we + + + align:start position:0% +pair L will be equal to e out right we +learn from AO to this is actually just Q + + align:start position:0% +learn from AO to this is actually just Q + + + align:start position:0% +learn from AO to this is actually just Q +divided by four PI epsilon zero R + + align:start position:0% +divided by four PI epsilon zero R + + + align:start position:0% +divided by four PI epsilon zero R +squared right + + align:start position:0% +squared right + + + align:start position:0% +squared right +does that surprise you - not right + + align:start position:0% +does that surprise you - not right + + + align:start position:0% +does that surprise you - not right +because out of the surface people think + + align:start position:0% +because out of the surface people think + + + align:start position:0% +because out of the surface people think +nothing actually really happened to the + + align:start position:0% +nothing actually really happened to the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing actually really happened to the +charge particle right so it's actually + + align:start position:0% +charge particle right so it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +charge particle right so it's actually +still stationary sitting there okay so + + align:start position:0% +still stationary sitting there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +still stationary sitting there okay so +therefore I have the information of a + + align:start position:0% +therefore I have the information of a + + + align:start position:0% +therefore I have the information of a +parallel therefore I can now conclude + + align:start position:0% +parallel therefore I can now conclude + + + align:start position:0% +parallel therefore I can now conclude +that will be the epub the epub will be + + align:start position:0% +that will be the epub the epub will be + + + align:start position:0% +that will be the epub the epub will be +equal to minus Q a perp divided by four + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus Q a perp divided by four + + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus Q a perp divided by four +PI epsilon zero C square + + align:start position:0% +PI epsilon zero C square + + + align:start position:0% +PI epsilon zero C square +because this is actually just a - a / R + + align:start position:0% +because this is actually just a - a / R + + + align:start position:0% +because this is actually just a - a / R +divided by C square type lol look at + + align:start position:0% +divided by C square type lol look at + + + align:start position:0% +divided by C square type lol look at +what we have to achieve look at this + + align:start position:0% +what we have to achieve look at this + + + align:start position:0% +what we have to achieve look at this +this is actually proportional to what 1 + + align:start position:0% +this is actually proportional to what 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually proportional to what 1 +over R right so that means the decay + + align:start position:0% +over R right so that means the decay + + + align:start position:0% +over R right so that means the decay +speed of this paragraph is a verb is + + align:start position:0% +speed of this paragraph is a verb is + + + align:start position:0% +speed of this paragraph is a verb is +really slow compared to the electric + + align:start position:0% +really slow compared to the electric + + + align:start position:0% +really slow compared to the electric +field from a stationary charge so that + + align:start position:0% +field from a stationary charge so that + + + align:start position:0% +field from a stationary charge so that +is very encouraging and of course you + + align:start position:0% +is very encouraging and of course you + + + align:start position:0% +is very encouraging and of course you +can also write down what will be the + + align:start position:0% +can also write down what will be the + + + align:start position:0% +can also write down what will be the +rewriting magnetic field and is going to + + align:start position:0% +rewriting magnetic field and is going to + + + align:start position:0% +rewriting magnetic field and is going to +be also proportional to 1 over R okay + + align:start position:0% +be also proportional to 1 over R okay + + + align:start position:0% +be also proportional to 1 over R okay +so what we can issue the Kangoo is that + + align:start position:0% +so what we can issue the Kangoo is that + + + align:start position:0% +so what we can issue the Kangoo is that +the --red will be equal is a function of + + align:start position:0% +the --red will be equal is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the --red will be equal is a function of +direction of the proper direction are + + align:start position:0% +direction of the proper direction are + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the proper direction are +evaluating this + + align:start position:0% +evaluating this + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating this +radiated electric field is a function of + + align:start position:0% +radiated electric field is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +radiated electric field is a function of +T okay and we can actually based on this + + align:start position:0% +T okay and we can actually based on this + + + align:start position:0% +T okay and we can actually based on this +exercise this will become minus Q it's a + + align:start position:0% +exercise this will become minus Q it's a + + + align:start position:0% +exercise this will become minus Q it's a +vector but now I only take the + + align:start position:0% +vector but now I only take the + + + align:start position:0% +vector but now I only take the +perpendicular direction and and this + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular direction and and this + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular direction and and this +thing is actually evaluated at t minus R + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually evaluated at t minus R + + + align:start position:0% +thing is actually evaluated at t minus R +over c divided by 4 PI epsilon zero C + + align:start position:0% +over c divided by 4 PI epsilon zero C + + + align:start position:0% +over c divided by 4 PI epsilon zero C +square R okay let's take a look at this + + align:start position:0% +square R okay let's take a look at this + + + align:start position:0% +square R okay let's take a look at this +formula closely together okay since we + + align:start position:0% +formula closely together okay since we + + + align:start position:0% +formula closely together okay since we +have spent a lot of time trying to get + + align:start position:0% +have spent a lot of time trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +have spent a lot of time trying to get +this result so look at this structure so + + align:start position:0% +this result so look at this structure so + + + align:start position:0% +this result so look at this structure so +basically the radiative energy is have a + + align:start position:0% +basically the radiative energy is have a + + + align:start position:0% +basically the radiative energy is have a +minus sign in front of q and the a perp + + align:start position:0% +minus sign in front of q and the a perp + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign in front of q and the a perp +right because the e kink is actually + + align:start position:0% +right because the e kink is actually + + + align:start position:0% +right because the e kink is actually +pointing in the opposite direction + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the opposite direction + + + align:start position:0% +pointing in the opposite direction +compared to the direction of + + align:start position:0% +compared to the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the direction of +acceleration right as you can see from + + align:start position:0% +acceleration right as you can see from + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration right as you can see from +here the e kink and the e perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +here the e kink and the e perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +here the e kink and the e perpendicular +is pointing to the opposite direction of + + align:start position:0% +is pointing to the opposite direction of + + + align:start position:0% +is pointing to the opposite direction of +the acceleration okay + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration okay + + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration okay +therefore we have this minus sign there + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have this minus sign there + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we have this minus sign there +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +and only the perpendicular direction + + align:start position:0% +and only the perpendicular direction + + + align:start position:0% +and only the perpendicular direction +motion acceleration works okay and + + align:start position:0% +motion acceleration works okay and + + + align:start position:0% +motion acceleration works okay and +there's this little component here t + + align:start position:0% +there's this little component here t + + + align:start position:0% +there's this little component here t +minus R over C this is actually mod + + align:start position:0% +minus R over C this is actually mod + + + align:start position:0% +minus R over C this is actually mod +nom-nom multiplier in this factor is + + align:start position:0% +nom-nom multiplier in this factor is + + + align:start position:0% +nom-nom multiplier in this factor is +evaluated at the T equal to t minus over + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at the T equal to t minus over + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at the T equal to t minus over +c okay it's evaluated at that time so + + align:start position:0% +c okay it's evaluated at that time so + + + align:start position:0% +c okay it's evaluated at that time so +this is actually evaluated at + + align:start position:0% +this is actually evaluated at + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually evaluated at +time okay so that means I I'm really + + align:start position:0% +time okay so that means I I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so that means I I'm really +slow I need to wait for the information + + align:start position:0% +slow I need to wait for the information + + + align:start position:0% +slow I need to wait for the information +to arrive my detector so that I know + + align:start position:0% +to arrive my detector so that I know + + + align:start position:0% +to arrive my detector so that I know +their acceleration happening okay + + align:start position:0% +their acceleration happening okay + + + align:start position:0% +their acceleration happening okay +finally I can now also can conclude what + + align:start position:0% +finally I can now also can conclude what + + + align:start position:0% +finally I can now also can conclude what +will be the magnetic field the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +will be the magnetic field the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +will be the magnetic field the magnetic +field read as I mentioned will be + + align:start position:0% +field read as I mentioned will be + + + align:start position:0% +field read as I mentioned will be +proportional to 1 over R and of course I + + align:start position:0% +proportional to 1 over R and of course I + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to 1 over R and of course I +also give you the explicit formula in + + align:start position:0% +also give you the explicit formula in + + + align:start position:0% +also give you the explicit formula in +the in the lecture note ok and now we + + align:start position:0% +the in the lecture note ok and now we + + + align:start position:0% +the in the lecture note ok and now we +can actually conclude that S will be + + align:start position:0% +can actually conclude that S will be + + + align:start position:0% +can actually conclude that S will be +proportional to 1 over R square so that + + align:start position:0% +proportional to 1 over R square so that + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to 1 over R square so that +means I can now send energy to the edge + + align:start position:0% +means I can now send energy to the edge + + + align:start position:0% +means I can now send energy to the edge +of the universe right because of all + + align:start position:0% +of the universe right because of all + + + align:start position:0% +of the universe right because of all +this hard work we have been doing here + + align:start position:0% +this hard work we have been doing here + + + align:start position:0% +this hard work we have been doing here +ok any questions all right before the + + align:start position:0% +ok any questions all right before the + + + align:start position:0% +ok any questions all right before the +end of the lecture today I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +end of the lecture today I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +end of the lecture today I'm going to +show you an experiment here so here I + + align:start position:0% +show you an experiment here so here I + + + align:start position:0% +show you an experiment here so here I +have antenna which we can have electron + + align:start position:0% +have antenna which we can have electron + + + align:start position:0% +have antenna which we can have electron +going back and forth oscillating + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth oscillating +harmonically really really fast like + + align:start position:0% +harmonically really really fast like + + + align:start position:0% +harmonically really really fast like +this ok therefore there will be + + align:start position:0% +this ok therefore there will be + + + align:start position:0% +this ok therefore there will be +acceleration right because of this + + align:start position:0% +acceleration right because of this + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration right because of this +harmonic oscillation and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillation and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillation and I'm going to +turn off the light + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I was so probably height of image okay + + align:start position:0% +I was so probably height of image okay + + + align:start position:0% +I was so probably height of image okay +it's good but I have to be able to see + + align:start position:0% +it's good but I have to be able to see + + + align:start position:0% +it's good but I have to be able to see +the the button can I see it no oh in + + align:start position:0% +the the button can I see it no oh in + + + align:start position:0% +the the button can I see it no oh in +trouble huh here okay here I have a + + align:start position:0% +trouble huh here okay here I have a + + + align:start position:0% +trouble huh here okay here I have a +receiver + + align:start position:0% +receiver + + + align:start position:0% +receiver +it's also metal rod and I have a light + + align:start position:0% +it's also metal rod and I have a light + + + align:start position:0% +it's also metal rod and I have a light +ball in between okay which is actually + + align:start position:0% +ball in between okay which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +ball in between okay which is actually +trying to receive the information from I + + align:start position:0% +trying to receive the information from I + + + align:start position:0% +trying to receive the information from I +will say that it received the + + align:start position:0% +will say that it received the + + + align:start position:0% +will say that it received the +electromagnetic wave emitted from that + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave emitted from that + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave emitted from that +source okay which you have electrons + + align:start position:0% +source okay which you have electrons + + + align:start position:0% +source okay which you have electrons +going back and forth in that direction + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth in that direction + + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth in that direction +okay so now first I am trying to align + + align:start position:0% +okay so now first I am trying to align + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now first I am trying to align +my setup in this direction so that is + + align:start position:0% +my setup in this direction so that is + + + align:start position:0% +my setup in this direction so that is +really what will be the polarization of + + align:start position:0% +really what will be the polarization of + + + align:start position:0% +really what will be the polarization of +the electromagnetic wave the + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic wave the + + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic wave the +polarization is going to be in a + + align:start position:0% +polarization is going to be in a + + + align:start position:0% +polarization is going to be in a +horizontal direction yes very good + + align:start position:0% +horizontal direction yes very good + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal direction yes very good +well therefore now I I have this set up + + align:start position:0% +well therefore now I I have this set up + + + align:start position:0% +well therefore now I I have this set up +like this okay it's actually + + align:start position:0% +like this okay it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +like this okay it's actually +perpendicular to the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the direction of the +lapa violation therefore I see nothing + + align:start position:0% +lapa violation therefore I see nothing + + + align:start position:0% +lapa violation therefore I see nothing +here right it is also possible that the + + align:start position:0% +here right it is also possible that the + + + align:start position:0% +here right it is also possible that the +lipo is broken right but let's see okay + + align:start position:0% +lipo is broken right but let's see okay + + + align:start position:0% +lipo is broken right but let's see okay +so now what I'm going to do is to change + + align:start position:0% +so now what I'm going to do is to change + + + align:start position:0% +so now what I'm going to do is to change +the direction you see that okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +the direction you see that okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the direction you see that okay I'm +moving also closer really care for D now + + align:start position:0% +moving also closer really care for D now + + + align:start position:0% +moving also closer really care for D now +you can see what happened you can see + + align:start position:0% +you can see what happened you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you can see what happened you can see +that now I'd receive the signal from + + align:start position:0% +that now I'd receive the signal from + + + align:start position:0% +that now I'd receive the signal from +from this machine right the emitted + + align:start position:0% +from this machine right the emitted + + + align:start position:0% +from this machine right the emitted +light it's actually polarized in the + + align:start position:0% +light it's actually polarized in the + + + align:start position:0% +light it's actually polarized in the +horrendo direction and now I have also + + align:start position:0% +horrendo direction and now I have also + + + align:start position:0% +horrendo direction and now I have also +the electron going back and forth and + + align:start position:0% +the electron going back and forth and + + + align:start position:0% +the electron going back and forth and +that actually can light up the light + + align:start position:0% +that actually can light up the light + + + align:start position:0% +that actually can light up the light +board now if I change the direction you + + align:start position:0% +board now if I change the direction you + + + align:start position:0% +board now if I change the direction you +can see that business as you go right + + align:start position:0% +can see that business as you go right + + + align:start position:0% +can see that business as you go right +and you do this again and I can go + + align:start position:0% +and you do this again and I can go + + + align:start position:0% +and you do this again and I can go +further away from the source you can see + + align:start position:0% +further away from the source you can see + + + align:start position:0% +further away from the source you can see +that now the light is actually + + align:start position:0% +that now the light is actually + + + align:start position:0% +that now the light is actually +disappearing why that is because you get + + align:start position:0% +disappearing why that is because you get + + + align:start position:0% +disappearing why that is because you get +the 1 over R turn and therefore + + align:start position:0% +the 1 over R turn and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 over R turn and therefore +essentially disappearing and if I move + + align:start position:0% +essentially disappearing and if I move + + + align:start position:0% +essentially disappearing and if I move +closer to a source is a real PID okay so + + align:start position:0% +closer to a source is a real PID okay so + + + align:start position:0% +closer to a source is a real PID okay so +now I need a assistant to hold this + + align:start position:0% +now I need a assistant to hold this + + + align:start position:0% +now I need a assistant to hold this +thing for me who can buy the tear and I + + align:start position:0% +thing for me who can buy the tear and I + + + align:start position:0% +thing for me who can buy the tear and I +would like to rotate that I can actually + + align:start position:0% +would like to rotate that I can actually + + + align:start position:0% +would like to rotate that I can actually +also rotate my setup if you can can you + + align:start position:0% +also rotate my setup if you can can you + + + align:start position:0% +also rotate my setup if you can can you +help yes + + align:start position:0% +help yes + + + align:start position:0% +help yes +okay be careful and I hope you can + + align:start position:0% +okay be careful and I hope you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay be careful and I hope you can +survive this + + align:start position:0% +survive this + + + align:start position:0% +survive this +okay so now what I'm going to do okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I'm going to do okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what I'm going to do okay so +to stay there and I what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +to stay there and I what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +to stay there and I what I'm going to do +is to I can rotate the whole setup the + + align:start position:0% +is to I can rotate the whole setup the + + + align:start position:0% +is to I can rotate the whole setup the +same concept right okay if I rotate the + + align:start position:0% +same concept right okay if I rotate the + + + align:start position:0% +same concept right okay if I rotate the +setup I have to be careful so that I'm + + align:start position:0% +setup I have to be careful so that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +setup I have to be careful so that I'm +not touching this mark okay I want to + + align:start position:0% +not touching this mark okay I want to + + + align:start position:0% +not touching this mark okay I want to +survive okay and you can see now what + + align:start position:0% +survive okay and you can see now what + + + align:start position:0% +survive okay and you can see now what +this issue directional emission is + + align:start position:0% +this issue directional emission is + + + align:start position:0% +this issue directional emission is +actually in this direction right the + + align:start position:0% +actually in this direction right the + + + align:start position:0% +actually in this direction right the +direction of the polarization is see + + align:start position:0% +direction of the polarization is see + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the polarization is see +back in fourth direction and you see + + align:start position:0% +back in fourth direction and you see + + + align:start position:0% +back in fourth direction and you see +that a light Doughboy says she turned + + align:start position:0% +that a light Doughboy says she turned + + + align:start position:0% +that a light Doughboy says she turned +off and now I can turn it back on + + align:start position:0% +off and now I can turn it back on + + + align:start position:0% +off and now I can turn it back on +you can see that it's still there okay + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it's still there okay + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it's still there okay +thank you very much you survived not + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much you survived not + + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much you survived not +everybody issues about this all right so + + align:start position:0% +everybody issues about this all right so + + + align:start position:0% +everybody issues about this all right so +you can see that now I can really move + + align:start position:0% +you can see that now I can really move + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that now I can really move +really close to this thing and what is + + align:start position:0% +really close to this thing and what is + + + align:start position:0% +really close to this thing and what is +going to happen the amount of energy + + align:start position:0% +going to happen the amount of energy + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen the amount of energy +will be too high and probably this lipo + + align:start position:0% +will be too high and probably this lipo + + + align:start position:0% +will be too high and probably this lipo +will explore broken do you want to see + + align:start position:0% +will explore broken do you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +will explore broken do you want to see +that oh my god let's see oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay very good so now this experiment is + + align:start position:0% +okay very good so now this experiment is + + + align:start position:0% +okay very good so now this experiment is +dead and though and the weekend is a + + align:start position:0% +dead and though and the weekend is a + + + align:start position:0% +dead and though and the weekend is a +very good time to close the lecture + + align:start position:0% +very good time to close the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +very good time to close the lecture +today and thank you very much for + + align:start position:0% +today and thank you very much for + + + align:start position:0% +today and thank you very much for +attending the lecture today and I hope + + align:start position:0% +attending the lecture today and I hope + + + align:start position:0% +attending the lecture today and I hope +now you understand how we actually + + align:start position:0% +now you understand how we actually + + + align:start position:0% +now you understand how we actually +create light and enjoy the homework + + align:start position:0% +create light and enjoy the homework + + + align:start position:0% +create light and enjoy the homework +because you will be able to figure out + + align:start position:0% +because you will be able to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +because you will be able to figure out +why what why the quarter-way pray + + align:start position:0% +why what why the quarter-way pray + + + align:start position:0% +why what why the quarter-way pray +combination will give you a higher light + + align:start position:0% +combination will give you a higher light + + + align:start position:0% +combination will give you a higher light +intensity okay so you have any questions + + align:start position:0% +intensity okay so you have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +intensity okay so you have any questions +I will be here and this time you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay hello everybody today I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay hello everybody today I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay hello everybody today I'm going to +show you a demonstration which actually + + align:start position:0% +show you a demonstration which actually + + + align:start position:0% +show you a demonstration which actually +demonstrate the effect of polarizer and + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate the effect of polarizer and + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate the effect of polarizer and +quarter wave plate okay here is the + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate okay here is the + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate okay here is the +setup I have a porchetta here which in + + align:start position:0% +setup I have a porchetta here which in + + + align:start position:0% +setup I have a porchetta here which in +meat unpolarized light and if I put a + + align:start position:0% +meat unpolarized light and if I put a + + + align:start position:0% +meat unpolarized light and if I put a +sheet of a polarizer on top of it with + + align:start position:0% +sheet of a polarizer on top of it with + + + align:start position:0% +sheet of a polarizer on top of it with +easy access in the horizontal direction + + align:start position:0% +easy access in the horizontal direction + + + align:start position:0% +easy access in the horizontal direction +also in a birthing quarter action okay + + align:start position:0% +also in a birthing quarter action okay + + + align:start position:0% +also in a birthing quarter action okay +like my finger the direction oscillation + + align:start position:0% +like my finger the direction oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +like my finger the direction oscillation +along the direction of my finger then + + align:start position:0% +along the direction of my finger then + + + align:start position:0% +along the direction of my finger then +patient you will see that the intensity + + align:start position:0% +patient you will see that the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +patient you will see that the intensity +of the light is reduced because for for + + align:start position:0% +of the light is reduced because for for + + + align:start position:0% +of the light is reduced because for for +the unpolarized light light component + + align:start position:0% +the unpolarized light light component + + + align:start position:0% +the unpolarized light light component +which is oscillating along the z axis + + align:start position:0% +which is oscillating along the z axis + + + align:start position:0% +which is oscillating along the z axis +can pass through the polarizer but the + + align:start position:0% +can pass through the polarizer but the + + + align:start position:0% +can pass through the polarizer but the +component which is actually oscillating + + align:start position:0% +component which is actually oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +component which is actually oscillating +perpendicular to the easy axis like this + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the easy axis like this + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the easy axis like this +is not going to pass the polarizer + + align:start position:0% +is not going to pass the polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +is not going to pass the polarizer +therefore a large fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +therefore a large fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore a large fraction of the +unpolarized light easily filtered out + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized light easily filtered out + + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized light easily filtered out +and you will see a reduction in the + + align:start position:0% +and you will see a reduction in the + + + align:start position:0% +and you will see a reduction in the +intensity on the screen so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +intensity on the screen so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +intensity on the screen so what I'm +going to do now is to place another + + align:start position:0% +going to do now is to place another + + + align:start position:0% +going to do now is to place another +polarizer on top of the the first one so + + align:start position:0% +polarizer on top of the the first one so + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer on top of the the first one so +now we have two sheet and you can see + + align:start position:0% +now we have two sheet and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +now we have two sheet and you can see +that after adding a second street you + + align:start position:0% +that after adding a second street you + + + align:start position:0% +that after adding a second street you +see Sun changing the intensity if I + + align:start position:0% +see Sun changing the intensity if I + + + align:start position:0% +see Sun changing the intensity if I +rotate this sheet okay so that now the + + align:start position:0% +rotate this sheet okay so that now the + + + align:start position:0% +rotate this sheet okay so that now the +easy access of the first and the second + + align:start position:0% +easy access of the first and the second + + + align:start position:0% +easy access of the first and the second +sheet are perpendicular to each other + + align:start position:0% +sheet are perpendicular to each other + + + align:start position:0% +sheet are perpendicular to each other +you can see on the screen that all the + + align:start position:0% +you can see on the screen that all the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see on the screen that all the +light which are emitted from the + + align:start position:0% +light which are emitted from the + + + align:start position:0% +light which are emitted from the +projector is essentially filtered out + + align:start position:0% +projector is essentially filtered out + + + align:start position:0% +projector is essentially filtered out +what what is that why's that that is + + align:start position:0% +what what is that why's that that is + + + align:start position:0% +what what is that why's that that is +because now the first Street I should + + align:start position:0% +because now the first Street I should + + + align:start position:0% +because now the first Street I should +filter out all the light which + + align:start position:0% +filter out all the light which + + + align:start position:0% +filter out all the light which +essentially oscillating in the direction + + align:start position:0% +essentially oscillating in the direction + + + align:start position:0% +essentially oscillating in the direction +perpendicular to the z axis if I should + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the z axis if I should + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the z axis if I should +introduce another filter which have easy + + align:start position:0% +introduce another filter which have easy + + + align:start position:0% +introduce another filter which have easy +access now perpendicular to the one in + + align:start position:0% +access now perpendicular to the one in + + + align:start position:0% +access now perpendicular to the one in +from the LA from the first sheet then + + align:start position:0% +from the LA from the first sheet then + + + align:start position:0% +from the LA from the first sheet then +I'm going to filter our post direction + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to filter our post direction + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to filter our post direction +therefore all the light filtered out due + + align:start position:0% +therefore all the light filtered out due + + + align:start position:0% +therefore all the light filtered out due +to this particular setup now if I + + align:start position:0% +to this particular setup now if I + + + align:start position:0% +to this particular setup now if I +introduce you a third sheet okay instead + + align:start position:0% +introduce you a third sheet okay instead + + + align:start position:0% +introduce you a third sheet okay instead +that between the two existing sheet but + + align:start position:0% +that between the two existing sheet but + + + align:start position:0% +that between the two existing sheet but +now I'm trying to actually insert that + + align:start position:0% +now I'm trying to actually insert that + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm trying to actually insert that +such that the direction of the e z axis + + align:start position:0% +such that the direction of the e z axis + + + align:start position:0% +such that the direction of the e z axis +is a 45 degree with respect with the + + align:start position:0% +is a 45 degree with respect with the + + + align:start position:0% +is a 45 degree with respect with the +first the easy access of the first sheet + + align:start position:0% +first the easy access of the first sheet + + + align:start position:0% +first the easy access of the first sheet +according to our calculation in class + + align:start position:0% +according to our calculation in class + + + align:start position:0% +according to our calculation in class +also - in your homework you should see + + align:start position:0% +also - in your homework you should see + + + align:start position:0% +also - in your homework you should see +sunlight which will pass through this + + align:start position:0% +sunlight which will pass through this + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight which will pass through this +setup and that's take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +setup and that's take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +setup and that's take a look at the +experimental result you can see that + + align:start position:0% +experimental result you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +experimental result you can see that +indeed after you insert a third sheet + + align:start position:0% +indeed after you insert a third sheet + + + align:start position:0% +indeed after you insert a third sheet +you see that now the easy access is a 45 + + align:start position:0% +you see that now the easy access is a 45 + + + align:start position:0% +you see that now the easy access is a 45 +degree with respect to the first sheet + + align:start position:0% +degree with respect to the first sheet + + + align:start position:0% +degree with respect to the first sheet +and you to see the intensity of the + + align:start position:0% +and you to see the intensity of the + + + align:start position:0% +and you to see the intensity of the +light become larger or you see a + + align:start position:0% +light become larger or you see a + + + align:start position:0% +light become larger or you see a +brighter light output passing through + + align:start position:0% +brighter light output passing through + + + align:start position:0% +brighter light output passing through +these three polarisers and if I rotate + + align:start position:0% +these three polarisers and if I rotate + + + align:start position:0% +these three polarisers and if I rotate +it so that is a show-off so that + + align:start position:0% +it so that is a show-off so that + + + align:start position:0% +it so that is a show-off so that +actually the the axis of the the second + + align:start position:0% +actually the the axis of the the second + + + align:start position:0% +actually the the axis of the the second +sentence is changing you can see that in + + align:start position:0% +sentence is changing you can see that in + + + align:start position:0% +sentence is changing you can see that in +reach maximum at at roughly 45 degree + + align:start position:0% +reach maximum at at roughly 45 degree + + + align:start position:0% +reach maximum at at roughly 45 degree +which is actually consistent with what + + align:start position:0% +which is actually consistent with what + + + align:start position:0% +which is actually consistent with what +we printed front from your homework and + + align:start position:0% +we printed front from your homework and + + + align:start position:0% +we printed front from your homework and +that the other synchrony who predicted + + align:start position:0% +that the other synchrony who predicted + + + align:start position:0% +that the other synchrony who predicted +from the homework is that if we insert a + + align:start position:0% +from the homework is that if we insert a + + + align:start position:0% +from the homework is that if we insert a +quarter wave plate between these two + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate between these two + + + align:start position:0% +quarter wave plate between these two +sheet you are going to see a brighter + + align:start position:0% +sheet you are going to see a brighter + + + align:start position:0% +sheet you are going to see a brighter +light passing through this setup so + + align:start position:0% +light passing through this setup so + + + align:start position:0% +light passing through this setup so +that's actually take a look at what will + + align:start position:0% +that's actually take a look at what will + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually take a look at what will +happen by inserting the quarter wave + + align:start position:0% +happen by inserting the quarter wave + + + align:start position:0% +happen by inserting the quarter wave +plate between these two sheet and this + + align:start position:0% +plate between these two sheet and this + + + align:start position:0% +plate between these two sheet and this +essentially the result you can see that + + align:start position:0% +essentially the result you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the result you can see that +indeed the intensity is actually higher + + align:start position:0% +indeed the intensity is actually higher + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the intensity is actually higher +compared to the sri sri polarizer + + align:start position:0% +compared to the sri sri polarizer + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the sri sri polarizer +experiment and and also the intensity + + align:start position:0% +experiment and and also the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and and also the intensity +Asian reach Maxima when the axis the + + align:start position:0% +Asian reach Maxima when the axis the + + + align:start position:0% +Asian reach Maxima when the axis the +first axis of the polarizer is 45 degree + + align:start position:0% +first axis of the polarizer is 45 degree + + + align:start position:0% +first axis of the polarizer is 45 degree +which is spread to the in z axis as we + + align:start position:0% +which is spread to the in z axis as we + + + align:start position:0% +which is spread to the in z axis as we +actually pretty fun your homework and we + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty fun your homework and we + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty fun your homework and we +can adjust put post experimental result + + align:start position:0% +can adjust put post experimental result + + + align:start position:0% +can adjust put post experimental result +side by side indeed the result from the + + align:start position:0% +side by side indeed the result from the + + + align:start position:0% +side by side indeed the result from the +so now I'm inserting the polarizer also + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm inserting the polarizer also + + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm inserting the polarizer also +between the two sheet and you can see + + align:start position:0% +between the two sheet and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +between the two sheet and you can see +that indeed the light passing through + + align:start position:0% +that indeed the light passing through + + + align:start position:0% +that indeed the light passing through +three polarizer the intensity is + + align:start position:0% +three polarizer the intensity is + + + align:start position:0% +three polarizer the intensity is +actually lower that two polarizer and + + align:start position:0% +actually lower that two polarizer and + + + align:start position:0% +actually lower that two polarizer and +one quarter wave plate setup + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hello everybody so to + + align:start position:0% +hello everybody so to + + + align:start position:0% +hello everybody so to +we are going to show you a demonstration + + align:start position:0% +we are going to show you a demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to show you a demonstration +of type of radiation here is the setup + + align:start position:0% +of type of radiation here is the setup + + + align:start position:0% +of type of radiation here is the setup +so we have a radiator here with two + + align:start position:0% +so we have a radiator here with two + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a radiator here with two +antenna and when I turn it down there + + align:start position:0% +antenna and when I turn it down there + + + align:start position:0% +antenna and when I turn it down there +will be current going back and forth + + align:start position:0% +will be current going back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +will be current going back and forth +through these two antenna and therefore + + align:start position:0% +through these two antenna and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +through these two antenna and therefore +this setup is going to emit polarized + + align:start position:0% +this setup is going to emit polarized + + + align:start position:0% +this setup is going to emit polarized +electromagnetic wave and we are able to + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave and we are able to + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave and we are able to +detect those electromagnetic wave by + + align:start position:0% +detect those electromagnetic wave by + + + align:start position:0% +detect those electromagnetic wave by +using a detector here which consists of + + align:start position:0% +using a detector here which consists of + + + align:start position:0% +using a detector here which consists of +two antenna and and one lipo here when + + align:start position:0% +two antenna and and one lipo here when + + + align:start position:0% +two antenna and and one lipo here when +the there are current on this antenna + + align:start position:0% +the there are current on this antenna + + + align:start position:0% +the there are current on this antenna +this light pole will be you will see + + align:start position:0% +this light pole will be you will see + + + align:start position:0% +this light pole will be you will see +light emitting from the dipole and the + + align:start position:0% +light emitting from the dipole and the + + + align:start position:0% +light emitting from the dipole and the +intensity of the light pole she can help + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the light pole she can help + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of the light pole she can help +us to understand the structure of the + + align:start position:0% +us to understand the structure of the + + + align:start position:0% +us to understand the structure of the +radiation from the dipole radiator okay + + align:start position:0% +radiation from the dipole radiator okay + + + align:start position:0% +radiation from the dipole radiator okay +so what I'm going to do now is to turn + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do now is to turn + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do now is to turn +this setup on you can see now the setup + + align:start position:0% +this setup on you can see now the setup + + + align:start position:0% +this setup on you can see now the setup +is um the light is on and you will be + + align:start position:0% +is um the light is on and you will be + + + align:start position:0% +is um the light is on and you will be +current going back and forth through + + align:start position:0% +current going back and forth through + + + align:start position:0% +current going back and forth through +this two and Danna okay so so since the + + align:start position:0% +this two and Danna okay so so since the + + + align:start position:0% +this two and Danna okay so so since the +oscillation of the charge will generate + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the charge will generate + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the charge will generate +electromagnetic wave since the direction + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave since the direction + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave since the direction +of the oscillation is in the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation is in the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation is in the horizontal +direction therefore the electric field + + align:start position:0% +direction therefore the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +direction therefore the electric field +of the electromagnetic wave is going to + + align:start position:0% +of the electromagnetic wave is going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the electromagnetic wave is going to +be in that in the horizontal direction + + align:start position:0% +be in that in the horizontal direction + + + align:start position:0% +be in that in the horizontal direction +so this can be actually verified by + + align:start position:0% +so this can be actually verified by + + + align:start position:0% +so this can be actually verified by +using the D theta here when my detector + + align:start position:0% +using the D theta here when my detector + + + align:start position:0% +using the D theta here when my detector +that the direction of the antenna is + + align:start position:0% +that the direction of the antenna is + + + align:start position:0% +that the direction of the antenna is +perpendicular to the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the direction of the +oscillation you basically don't see any + + align:start position:0% +oscillation you basically don't see any + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation you basically don't see any +light emitting from the light bulb now + + align:start position:0% +light emitting from the light bulb now + + + align:start position:0% +light emitting from the light bulb now +I'm going to rotate my detector you can + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to rotate my detector you can + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to rotate my detector you can +see that as we actually wrote a so that + + align:start position:0% +see that as we actually wrote a so that + + + align:start position:0% +see that as we actually wrote a so that +the antenna is parallel to the direction + + align:start position:0% +the antenna is parallel to the direction + + + align:start position:0% +the antenna is parallel to the direction +of the oscillation then you see that + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation then you see that + + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation then you see that +hard when we see a large intensity of + + align:start position:0% +hard when we see a large intensity of + + + align:start position:0% +hard when we see a large intensity of +light emitted from an iPod and but on + + align:start position:0% +light emitted from an iPod and but on + + + align:start position:0% +light emitted from an iPod and but on +the other hand if we actually rotate + + align:start position:0% +the other hand if we actually rotate + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand if we actually rotate +such that the direction of the antenna + + align:start position:0% +such that the direction of the antenna + + + align:start position:0% +such that the direction of the antenna +is perpendicular to the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +is perpendicular to the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +is perpendicular to the direction of the +oscillation of the charges then you will + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the charges then you will + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation of the charges then you will +not see any light emitting from the + + align:start position:0% +not see any light emitting from the + + + align:start position:0% +not see any light emitting from the +dipole okay this can also be + + align:start position:0% +dipole okay this can also be + + + align:start position:0% +dipole okay this can also be +demonstrated from the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated from the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated from the other side of the +experiment so now instead of standing in + + align:start position:0% +experiment so now instead of standing in + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so now instead of standing in +front of the cell table I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +front of the cell table I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +front of the cell table I'm going to go +to the side of the of this type of + + align:start position:0% +to the side of the of this type of + + + align:start position:0% +to the side of the of this type of +radiator so here is actually roughly 90 + + align:start position:0% +radiator so here is actually roughly 90 + + + align:start position:0% +radiator so here is actually roughly 90 +degree which is pair to what I was + + align:start position:0% +degree which is pair to what I was + + + align:start position:0% +degree which is pair to what I was +standing and you can see that no matter + + align:start position:0% +standing and you can see that no matter + + + align:start position:0% +standing and you can see that no matter +which angle okay no matter which angle + + align:start position:0% +which angle okay no matter which angle + + + align:start position:0% +which angle okay no matter which angle +of the my D theta is in PCD you will + + align:start position:0% +of the my D theta is in PCD you will + + + align:start position:0% +of the my D theta is in PCD you will +never see light emitted from the light + + align:start position:0% +never see light emitted from the light + + + align:start position:0% +never see light emitted from the light +bulb right that is because the direction + + align:start position:0% +bulb right that is because the direction + + + align:start position:0% +bulb right that is because the direction +of the oscillation is in this direction + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation is in this direction + + + align:start position:0% +of the oscillation is in this direction +and according to our formula our + + align:start position:0% +and according to our formula our + + + align:start position:0% +and according to our formula our +prediction is that there will be no + + align:start position:0% +prediction is that there will be no + + + align:start position:0% +prediction is that there will be no +electromagnetic wave traveling in this + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave traveling in this + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave traveling in this +direction okay therefore no matter what + + align:start position:0% +direction okay therefore no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +direction okay therefore no matter what +which angle you are actually trying to + + align:start position:0% +which angle you are actually trying to + + + align:start position:0% +which angle you are actually trying to +detect the emitted light the light poles + + align:start position:0% +detect the emitted light the light poles + + + align:start position:0% +detect the emitted light the light poles +were never got like up okay so that is + + align:start position:0% +were never got like up okay so that is + + + align:start position:0% +were never got like up okay so that is +actually consistent with our calculation + + align:start position:0% +actually consistent with our calculation + + + align:start position:0% +actually consistent with our calculation +the second thing which I would like to + + align:start position:0% +the second thing which I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +the second thing which I would like to +actually show you is that we can + + align:start position:0% +actually show you is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +actually show you is that we can +actually also detect the nodal point of + + align:start position:0% +actually also detect the nodal point of + + + align:start position:0% +actually also detect the nodal point of +the of the + + align:start position:0% +the of the + + + align:start position:0% +the of the +emitted electromagnetic wave by scanning + + align:start position:0% +emitted electromagnetic wave by scanning + + + align:start position:0% +emitted electromagnetic wave by scanning +through by moving this this theater + + align:start position:0% +through by moving this this theater + + + align:start position:0% +through by moving this this theater +around in the classroom + + align:start position:0% +around in the classroom + + + align:start position:0% +around in the classroom +okay for example if a now I move further + + align:start position:0% +okay for example if a now I move further + + + align:start position:0% +okay for example if a now I move further +away from the from the typo + + align:start position:0% +away from the from the typo + + + align:start position:0% +away from the from the typo +now I'm here you can see + + align:start position:0% +now I'm here you can see + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm here you can see +the intensity goes to zero at this point + + align:start position:0% +the intensity goes to zero at this point + + + align:start position:0% +the intensity goes to zero at this point +okay because we are actually in one of + + align:start position:0% +okay because we are actually in one of + + + align:start position:0% +okay because we are actually in one of +the node of the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +the node of the electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +the node of the electromagnetic +radiation and if I now move further away + + align:start position:0% +radiation and if I now move further away + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and if I now move further away +from the setup you can see now the light + + align:start position:0% +from the setup you can see now the light + + + align:start position:0% +from the setup you can see now the light +is actually immediate again and those + + align:start position:0% +is actually immediate again and those + + + align:start position:0% +is actually immediate again and those +are the intensity increase and again if + + align:start position:0% +are the intensity increase and again if + + + align:start position:0% +are the intensity increase and again if +I move further and further away from the + + align:start position:0% +I move further and further away from the + + + align:start position:0% +I move further and further away from the +setup you can see that the light become + + align:start position:0% +setup you can see that the light become + + + align:start position:0% +setup you can see that the light become +dimmer and dimmer and the disappear + + align:start position:0% +dimmer and dimmer and the disappear + + + align:start position:0% +dimmer and dimmer and the disappear +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +here is actually they are not a node in + + align:start position:0% +here is actually they are not a node in + + + align:start position:0% +here is actually they are not a node in +the classroom and also you can see that + + align:start position:0% +the classroom and also you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +the classroom and also you can see that +in the as a function of distance + + align:start position:0% +in the as a function of distance + + + align:start position:0% +in the as a function of distance +okay the maxima intensity emitted by the + + align:start position:0% +okay the maxima intensity emitted by the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the maxima intensity emitted by the +light boat is also decreasing because of + + align:start position:0% +light boat is also decreasing because of + + + align:start position:0% +light boat is also decreasing because of +the larger and larger distance with + + align:start position:0% +the larger and larger distance with + + + align:start position:0% +the larger and larger distance with +respect to the source okay so this + + align:start position:0% +respect to the source okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the source okay so this +demonstration is should be shows that we + + align:start position:0% +demonstration is should be shows that we + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration is should be shows that we +can understand the type of radiation and + + align:start position:0% +can understand the type of radiation and + + + align:start position:0% +can understand the type of radiation and +the other experimental result are + + align:start position:0% +the other experimental result are + + + align:start position:0% +the other experimental result are +consistent with the calculation we have + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the calculation we have + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the calculation we have +done in class \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/E8BihX2hGss.txt b/E8BihX2hGss.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f14aea472d854d0c68f62d53bd531c307b1fd257 --- /dev/null +++ b/E8BihX2hGss.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8107 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay I want to walk us through a bit of + + align:start position:0% +okay I want to walk us through a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +okay I want to walk us through a bit of +an exercise to understand what happens + + align:start position:0% +an exercise to understand what happens + + + align:start position:0% +an exercise to understand what happens +when people become resistant to an + + align:start position:0% +when people become resistant to an + + + align:start position:0% +when people become resistant to an +antibiotic what are the molecular basis + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic what are the molecular basis + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic what are the molecular basis +for resistance + + align:start position:0% +for resistance + + + align:start position:0% +for resistance +it's nothing magical it's really things + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing magical it's really things + + + align:start position:0% +it's nothing magical it's really things +that you can understand based on what + + align:start position:0% +that you can understand based on what + + + align:start position:0% +that you can understand based on what +you've learned during various parts of + + align:start position:0% +you've learned during various parts of + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned during various parts of +the course but I just want to remind you + + align:start position:0% +the course but I just want to remind you + + + align:start position:0% +the course but I just want to remind you +about this sort of dreadful a schematic + + align:start position:0% +about this sort of dreadful a schematic + + + align:start position:0% +about this sort of dreadful a schematic +here which shows how rapidly resistance + + align:start position:0% +here which shows how rapidly resistance + + + align:start position:0% +here which shows how rapidly resistance +emerges two different antibiotics by + + align:start position:0% +emerges two different antibiotics by + + + align:start position:0% +emerges two different antibiotics by +showing you the year that the drugs are + + align:start position:0% +showing you the year that the drugs are + + + align:start position:0% +showing you the year that the drugs are +introduced and the year that resistance + + align:start position:0% +introduced and the year that resistance + + + align:start position:0% +introduced and the year that resistance +is development one of the newest + + align:start position:0% +is development one of the newest + + + align:start position:0% +is development one of the newest +antibiotics biotics to be introduced + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics biotics to be introduced + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics biotics to be introduced +people thought they're always different + + align:start position:0% +people thought they're always different + + + align:start position:0% +people thought they're always different +mechanism of action it should be pretty + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of action it should be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of action it should be pretty +resilient it should last for a while it + + align:start position:0% +resilient it should last for a while it + + + align:start position:0% +resilient it should last for a while it +should be useful with daptomycin it's a + + align:start position:0% +should be useful with daptomycin it's a + + + align:start position:0% +should be useful with daptomycin it's a +cyclic peptide antibiotic which has a + + align:start position:0% +cyclic peptide antibiotic which has a + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic peptide antibiotic which has a +particular structure that doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +particular structure that doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +particular structure that doesn't look +like a lot of the others and honestly it + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of the others and honestly it + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot of the others and honestly it +was two to three years before resistance + + align:start position:0% +was two to three years before resistance + + + align:start position:0% +was two to three years before resistance +emerged so what I want to do is think + + align:start position:0% +emerged so what I want to do is think + + + align:start position:0% +emerged so what I want to do is think +together about what what are the ways in + + align:start position:0% +together about what what are the ways in + + + align:start position:0% +together about what what are the ways in +which a bacterium could evolve to + + align:start position:0% +which a bacterium could evolve to + + + align:start position:0% +which a bacterium could evolve to +develop resistance against an antibiotic + + align:start position:0% +develop resistance against an antibiotic + + + align:start position:0% +develop resistance against an antibiotic +so here we've got the target + + align:start position:0% +so here we've got the target + + + align:start position:0% +so here we've got the target +we know that the antibiotic is very + + align:start position:0% +we know that the antibiotic is very + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the antibiotic is very +effective against the target what types + + align:start position:0% +effective against the target what types + + + align:start position:0% +effective against the target what types +of things could happen in the bacterium + + align:start position:0% +of things could happen in the bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +of things could happen in the bacterium +to make it manage to just ignore the + + align:start position:0% +to make it manage to just ignore the + + + align:start position:0% +to make it manage to just ignore the +antibiotic and resist the antibiotic any + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic and resist the antibiotic any + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic and resist the antibiotic any +suggestions so it's very simple there's + + align:start position:0% +suggestions so it's very simple there's + + + align:start position:0% +suggestions so it's very simple there's +a molecular target could be topos + + align:start position:0% +a molecular target could be topos + + + align:start position:0% +a molecular target could be topos +isomerize it could be it could be the + + align:start position:0% +isomerize it could be it could be the + + + align:start position:0% +isomerize it could be it could be the +impact the ribosome and the machinery + + align:start position:0% +impact the ribosome and the machinery + + + align:start position:0% +impact the ribosome and the machinery +for synthesizing proteins it could be + + align:start position:0% +for synthesizing proteins it could be + + + align:start position:0% +for synthesizing proteins it could be +the machinery the cross links + + align:start position:0% +the machinery the cross links + + + align:start position:0% +the machinery the cross links +peptidoglycan what sorts of approaches + + align:start position:0% +peptidoglycan what sorts of approaches + + + align:start position:0% +peptidoglycan what sorts of approaches +what sorts of strategies might evolve to + + align:start position:0% +what sorts of strategies might evolve to + + + align:start position:0% +what sorts of strategies might evolve to +make that antibiotic stop working okay + + align:start position:0% +make that antibiotic stop working okay + + + align:start position:0% +make that antibiotic stop working okay +fire yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right so antibiotic gets in the + + align:start position:0% +okay right so antibiotic gets in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so antibiotic gets in the +enzyme breaks up the antibiotics so + + align:start position:0% +enzyme breaks up the antibiotics so + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme breaks up the antibiotics so +evolution to destroy the antibiotic and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's very much what happens with + + align:start position:0% +that's very much what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +that's very much what happens with +penicillin the key aspect of the + + align:start position:0% +penicillin the key aspect of the + + + align:start position:0% +penicillin the key aspect of the +structure that so useful suddenly + + align:start position:0% +structure that so useful suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +structure that so useful suddenly +becomes invalidated through a + + align:start position:0% +becomes invalidated through a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes invalidated through a +degradation of the beta lactam bond so + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the beta lactam bond so + + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the beta lactam bond so +that's one of them what's next yeah ah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so maybe there could be uptake decreased + + align:start position:0% +so maybe there could be uptake decreased + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe there could be uptake decreased +so that's quite hard but there could be + + align:start position:0% +so that's quite hard but there could be + + + align:start position:0% +so that's quite hard but there could be +some evolution of the cell wall to make + + align:start position:0% +some evolution of the cell wall to make + + + align:start position:0% +some evolution of the cell wall to make +it less permeable to the antibiotic + + align:start position:0% +it less permeable to the antibiotic + + + align:start position:0% +it less permeable to the antibiotic +because we're usually relying on + + align:start position:0% +because we're usually relying on + + + align:start position:0% +because we're usually relying on +antibiotics to diffuse impassively + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if the membrane this could be them in + + align:start position:0% +so if the membrane this could be them in + + + align:start position:0% +so if the membrane this could be them in +a membrane of a gram-negative bacterium + + align:start position:0% +a membrane of a gram-negative bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +a membrane of a gram-negative bacterium +or the outer membrane of a gram-negative + + align:start position:0% +or the outer membrane of a gram-negative + + + align:start position:0% +or the outer membrane of a gram-negative +bacterium that has a slightly different + + align:start position:0% +bacterium that has a slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium that has a slightly different +composition could physically change its + + align:start position:0% +composition could physically change its + + + align:start position:0% +composition could physically change its +structure these are tough things to + + align:start position:0% +structure these are tough things to + + + align:start position:0% +structure these are tough things to +evolve all at once but it's certainly a + + align:start position:0% +evolve all at once but it's certainly a + + + align:start position:0% +evolve all at once but it's certainly a +possibility we talked about update what + + align:start position:0% +possibility we talked about update what + + + align:start position:0% +possibility we talked about update what +about what else could happen yes okay so + + align:start position:0% +about what else could happen yes okay so + + + align:start position:0% +about what else could happen yes okay so +this guy could just we've got a circular + + align:start position:0% +this guy could just we've got a circular + + + align:start position:0% +this guy could just we've got a circular +antibiotic usually but this just changes + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic usually but this just changes + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic usually but this just changes +the target just changes it can't bind + + align:start position:0% +the target just changes it can't bind + + + align:start position:0% +the target just changes it can't bind +anymore through mutation so that the + + align:start position:0% +anymore through mutation so that the + + + align:start position:0% +anymore through mutation so that the +antibiotic simply doesn't bind it gets + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic simply doesn't bind it gets + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic simply doesn't bind it gets +in but it's changed and that happens a + + align:start position:0% +in but it's changed and that happens a + + + align:start position:0% +in but it's changed and that happens a +lot it also happens a lot one can think + + align:start position:0% +lot it also happens a lot one can think + + + align:start position:0% +lot it also happens a lot one can think +of antibiotic resistance very much along + + align:start position:0% +of antibiotic resistance very much along + + + align:start position:0% +of antibiotic resistance very much along +the same veins as one thinks of + + align:start position:0% +the same veins as one thinks of + + + align:start position:0% +the same veins as one thinks of +to chemo therapeutic agents you're + + align:start position:0% +to chemo therapeutic agents you're + + + align:start position:0% +to chemo therapeutic agents you're +targeting a kinase your drug works great + + align:start position:0% +targeting a kinase your drug works great + + + align:start position:0% +targeting a kinase your drug works great +a year later the cancer comes back + + align:start position:0% +a year later the cancer comes back + + + align:start position:0% +a year later the cancer comes back +because there's a single mutation in + + align:start position:0% +because there's a single mutation in + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a single mutation in +your target this happens a lot with the + + align:start position:0% +your target this happens a lot with the + + + align:start position:0% +your target this happens a lot with the +the EGF kinase wrasses and so on there's + + align:start position:0% +the EGF kinase wrasses and so on there's + + + align:start position:0% +the EGF kinase wrasses and so on there's +a dramatic change so this change would + + align:start position:0% +a dramatic change so this change would + + + align:start position:0% +a dramatic change so this change would +be changing the target you mentioned two + + align:start position:0% +be changing the target you mentioned two + + + align:start position:0% +be changing the target you mentioned two +things right + + align:start position:0% +things right + + + align:start position:0% +things right +I thought maybe not on the surface okay + + align:start position:0% +I thought maybe not on the surface okay + + + align:start position:0% +I thought maybe not on the surface okay +so there could be some kind of import + + align:start position:0% +so there could be some kind of import + + + align:start position:0% +so there could be some kind of import +strategy so some antibiotics just + + align:start position:0% +strategy so some antibiotics just + + + align:start position:0% +strategy so some antibiotics just +diffuse some go in through targeted + + align:start position:0% +diffuse some go in through targeted + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse some go in through targeted +import and that might change so that the + + align:start position:0% +import and that might change so that the + + + align:start position:0% +import and that might change so that the +antibiotic can't get in anymore + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic can't get in anymore + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic can't get in anymore +other thoughts so there's a couple of + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts so there's a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts so there's a couple of +other sneaky ways I mean you've got to + + align:start position:0% +other sneaky ways I mean you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +other sneaky ways I mean you've got to +sort of give these bacteria credit for + + align:start position:0% +sort of give these bacteria credit for + + + align:start position:0% +sort of give these bacteria credit for +maximum sneakiness so if influx is an + + align:start position:0% +maximum sneakiness so if influx is an + + + align:start position:0% +maximum sneakiness so if influx is an +issue what about a phlox the biggest + + align:start position:0% +issue what about a phlox the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +issue what about a phlox the biggest +problem with antibiotics against gram + + align:start position:0% +problem with antibiotics against gram + + + align:start position:0% +problem with antibiotics against gram +negatives is that they weigh up regulate + + align:start position:0% +negatives is that they weigh up regulate + + + align:start position:0% +negatives is that they weigh up regulate +a flux pumps they just like cover their + + align:start position:0% +a flux pumps they just like cover their + + + align:start position:0% +a flux pumps they just like cover their +cells with pumps that just go you're + + align:start position:0% +cells with pumps that just go you're + + + align:start position:0% +cells with pumps that just go you're +gonna give me an antibiotic I'm just + + align:start position:0% +gonna give me an antibiotic I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +gonna give me an antibiotic I'm just +gonna lob it straight back out to you so + + align:start position:0% +gonna lob it straight back out to you so + + + align:start position:0% +gonna lob it straight back out to you so +the e flux pumps increase so then + + align:start position:0% +the e flux pumps increase so then + + + align:start position:0% +the e flux pumps increase so then +they're molecules we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they're molecules we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they're molecules we have a lot of +reflux pumps to just check out things + + align:start position:0% +reflux pumps to just check out things + + + align:start position:0% +reflux pumps to just check out things +that are not that we don't want in our + + align:start position:0% +that are not that we don't want in our + + + align:start position:0% +that are not that we don't want in our +cells the bacteria have similar things + + align:start position:0% +cells the bacteria have similar things + + + align:start position:0% +cells the bacteria have similar things +they will they're fairly promiscuous + + align:start position:0% +they will they're fairly promiscuous + + + align:start position:0% +they will they're fairly promiscuous +exporting pumps that will bind to things + + align:start position:0% +exporting pumps that will bind to things + + + align:start position:0% +exporting pumps that will bind to things +that don't look like things that should + + align:start position:0% +that don't look like things that should + + + align:start position:0% +that don't look like things that should +be in a cell and literally bind to them + + align:start position:0% +be in a cell and literally bind to them + + + align:start position:0% +be in a cell and literally bind to them +on the inside of the membrane send them + + align:start position:0% +on the inside of the membrane send them + + + align:start position:0% +on the inside of the membrane send them +back to the outside of the membrane so + + align:start position:0% +back to the outside of the membrane so + + + align:start position:0% +back to the outside of the membrane so +gram-negative bacteria can massively opt + + align:start position:0% +gram-negative bacteria can massively opt + + + align:start position:0% +gram-negative bacteria can massively opt +regulate the production of a pump that + + align:start position:0% +regulate the production of a pump that + + + align:start position:0% +regulate the production of a pump that +they already have but they just make + + align:start position:0% +they already have but they just make + + + align:start position:0% +they already have but they just make +much more of them so in many cases you + + align:start position:0% +much more of them so in many cases you + + + align:start position:0% +much more of them so in many cases you +can hardly test a new compound because + + align:start position:0% +can hardly test a new compound because + + + align:start position:0% +can hardly test a new compound because +it's getting pumped out as fast as it + + align:start position:0% +it's getting pumped out as fast as it + + + align:start position:0% +it's getting pumped out as fast as it +gets pumped + + align:start position:0% +gets pumped + + + align:start position:0% +gets pumped +what could be a strategy when this + + align:start position:0% +what could be a strategy when this + + + align:start position:0% +what could be a strategy when this +happens because people are doing this + + align:start position:0% +happens because people are doing this + + + align:start position:0% +happens because people are doing this +you inhibit the pump so you make your + + align:start position:0% +you inhibit the pump so you make your + + + align:start position:0% +you inhibit the pump so you make your +antibiotic it what it works great but + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic it what it works great but + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic it what it works great but +you stop the pump working so you have to + + align:start position:0% +you stop the pump working so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you stop the pump working so you have to +give to drugs the drug that's the + + align:start position:0% +give to drugs the drug that's the + + + align:start position:0% +give to drugs the drug that's the +antibiotic to the target and the drug + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic to the target and the drug + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic to the target and the drug +that inhibits the pump and that happens + + align:start position:0% +that inhibits the pump and that happens + + + align:start position:0% +that inhibits the pump and that happens +similarly with this mechanism where the + + align:start position:0% +similarly with this mechanism where the + + + align:start position:0% +similarly with this mechanism where the +antibiotic gets destroyed you can + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic gets destroyed you can + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic gets destroyed you can +recover from this by inhibiting the + + align:start position:0% +recover from this by inhibiting the + + + align:start position:0% +recover from this by inhibiting the +destroying enzyme and then your + + align:start position:0% +destroying enzyme and then your + + + align:start position:0% +destroying enzyme and then your +antibiotic doesn't get destroyed when it + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic doesn't get destroyed when it + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic doesn't get destroyed when it +gets into the cells so there's one + + align:start position:0% +gets into the cells so there's one + + + align:start position:0% +gets into the cells so there's one +extremely important formulation of + + align:start position:0% +extremely important formulation of + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important formulation of +antibiotic that is used + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic that is used + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic that is used +it's called augmentin and what it is is + + align:start position:0% +it's called augmentin and what it is is + + + align:start position:0% +it's called augmentin and what it is is +a penicillin plus a beta lactamase + + align:start position:0% +a penicillin plus a beta lactamase + + + align:start position:0% +a penicillin plus a beta lactamase +inhibitor it's the drug that works plus + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor it's the drug that works plus + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor it's the drug that works plus +a drug that inhibits the enzyme that + + align:start position:0% +a drug that inhibits the enzyme that + + + align:start position:0% +a drug that inhibits the enzyme that +destroys the drug people get this all + + align:start position:0% +destroys the drug people get this all + + + align:start position:0% +destroys the drug people get this all +the time every day of the week this + + align:start position:0% +the time every day of the week this + + + align:start position:0% +the time every day of the week this +stuff is prescribed it's a two compound + + align:start position:0% +stuff is prescribed it's a two compound + + + align:start position:0% +stuff is prescribed it's a two compound +cocktail that has something to overcome + + align:start position:0% +cocktail that has something to overcome + + + align:start position:0% +cocktail that has something to overcome +the resistance so that your drug still + + align:start position:0% +the resistance so that your drug still + + + align:start position:0% +the resistance so that your drug still +works in a cell all right and there's + + align:start position:0% +works in a cell all right and there's + + + align:start position:0% +works in a cell all right and there's +one more key mechanism and what bacteria + + align:start position:0% +one more key mechanism and what bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +one more key mechanism and what bacteria +will just do is they say well you know + + align:start position:0% +will just do is they say well you know + + + align:start position:0% +will just do is they say well you know +I'm getting dosed with this much + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting dosed with this much + + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting dosed with this much +antibiotic what's a good way around it + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic what's a good way around it + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic what's a good way around it +is to massively up regulate the + + align:start position:0% +is to massively up regulate the + + + align:start position:0% +is to massively up regulate the +biosynthesis of the target to a state + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis of the target to a state + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis of the target to a state +where you just can't saturate at all so + + align:start position:0% +where you just can't saturate at all so + + + align:start position:0% +where you just can't saturate at all so +up regulation of the target is a very + + align:start position:0% +up regulation of the target is a very + + + align:start position:0% +up regulation of the target is a very +very common thing so you you should have + + align:start position:0% +very common thing so you you should have + + + align:start position:0% +very common thing so you you should have +just increased the number of transcripts + + align:start position:0% +just increased the number of transcripts + + + align:start position:0% +just increased the number of transcripts +being made you increase the amount of + + align:start position:0% +being made you increase the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +being made you increase the amount of +target being made so that even if + + align:start position:0% +target being made so that even if + + + align:start position:0% +target being made so that even if +antibiotics are flooding into cells + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics are flooding into cells + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics are flooding into cells +there's just not enough to inhibit all + + align:start position:0% +there's just not enough to inhibit all + + + align:start position:0% +there's just not enough to inhibit all +of the target because it's been up + + align:start position:0% +of the target because it's been up + + + align:start position:0% +of the target because it's been up +regulated by ten or a hundredfold so + + align:start position:0% +regulated by ten or a hundredfold so + + + align:start position:0% +regulated by ten or a hundredfold so +what I think is cool about all these + + align:start position:0% +what I think is cool about all these + + + align:start position:0% +what I think is cool about all these +mechanisms they all make sense you just + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms they all make sense you just + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms they all make sense you just +kind of had to think of them + + align:start position:0% +kind of had to think of them + + + align:start position:0% +kind of had to think of them +do I stop the drug getting in do I stop + + align:start position:0% +do I stop the drug getting in do I stop + + + align:start position:0% +do I stop the drug getting in do I stop +it getting pumped out do I stop it + + align:start position:0% +it getting pumped out do I stop it + + + align:start position:0% +it getting pumped out do I stop it +getting degraded do I make more target + + align:start position:0% +getting degraded do I make more target + + + align:start position:0% +getting degraded do I make more target +all of those things are very viable and + + align:start position:0% +all of those things are very viable and + + + align:start position:0% +all of those things are very viable and +they are strategies that are used quite + + align:start position:0% +they are strategies that are used quite + + + align:start position:0% +they are strategies that are used quite +commonly so very commonly both in + + align:start position:0% +commonly so very commonly both in + + + align:start position:0% +commonly so very commonly both in +bacteria and in viruses we seldom give + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and in viruses we seldom give + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and in viruses we seldom give +one compound we commonly give multiple + + align:start position:0% +one compound we commonly give multiple + + + align:start position:0% +one compound we commonly give multiple +compounds to sort of hit multiple + + align:start position:0% +compounds to sort of hit multiple + + + align:start position:0% +compounds to sort of hit multiple +targets because if you gave a two drug + + align:start position:0% +targets because if you gave a two drug + + + align:start position:0% +targets because if you gave a two drug +cocktail to a bacterium but you knew + + align:start position:0% +cocktail to a bacterium but you knew + + + align:start position:0% +cocktail to a bacterium but you knew +there was going to be up regulation of a + + align:start position:0% +there was going to be up regulation of a + + + align:start position:0% +there was going to be up regulation of a +target you could hope that the other + + align:start position:0% +target you could hope that the other + + + align:start position:0% +target you could hope that the other +enzyme is still a target so you give + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is still a target so you give + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is still a target so you give +cocktails of Enza of drugs as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +cocktails of Enza of drugs as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +cocktails of Enza of drugs as opposed to +single drugs and you're gonna see that + + align:start position:0% +single drugs and you're gonna see that + + + align:start position:0% +single drugs and you're gonna see that +very relevantly + + align:start position:0% +very relevantly + + + align:start position:0% +very relevantly +when we talk about the HIV virus because + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about the HIV virus because + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about the HIV virus because +it's only been that HIV has become HIV + + align:start position:0% +it's only been that HIV has become HIV + + + align:start position:0% +it's only been that HIV has become HIV +AIDS has become a treatable condition + + align:start position:0% +AIDS has become a treatable condition + + + align:start position:0% +AIDS has become a treatable condition +because of drug cocktails not because of + + align:start position:0% +because of drug cocktails not because of + + + align:start position:0% +because of drug cocktails not because of +singular drugs that inhibit one step and + + align:start position:0% +singular drugs that inhibit one step and + + + align:start position:0% +singular drugs that inhibit one step and +you'll see it very very commonly there + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it very very commonly there + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see it very very commonly there +any questions about this stuff okay so + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this stuff okay so + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this stuff okay so +we're gonna move on to viruses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so I will actually update the slides + + align:start position:0% +and so I will actually update the slides + + + align:start position:0% +and so I will actually update the slides +that are on the web to give you this + + align:start position:0% +that are on the web to give you this + + + align:start position:0% +that are on the web to give you this +sort of set of information so you can + + align:start position:0% +sort of set of information so you can + + + align:start position:0% +sort of set of information so you can +see it in one place + + align:start position:0% +see it in one place + + + align:start position:0% +see it in one place +okay viruses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +viruses are fascinating organisms they + + align:start position:0% +viruses are fascinating organisms they + + + align:start position:0% +viruses are fascinating organisms they +they don't have the right to be alive + + align:start position:0% +they don't have the right to be alive + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have the right to be alive +because they don't have the machinery to + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have the machinery to + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have the machinery to +be alive but they exploit the hosts + + align:start position:0% +be alive but they exploit the hosts + + + align:start position:0% +be alive but they exploit the hosts +mechanisms for completing their + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for completing their + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for completing their +viability so viruses more or less I + + align:start position:0% +viability so viruses more or less I + + + align:start position:0% +viability so viruses more or less I +think we like to think of them as living + + align:start position:0% +think we like to think of them as living + + + align:start position:0% +think we like to think of them as living +a borrowed life and they only survive if + + align:start position:0% +a borrowed life and they only survive if + + + align:start position:0% +a borrowed life and they only survive if +they have spent some time inside a host + + align:start position:0% +they have spent some time inside a host + + + align:start position:0% +they have spent some time inside a host +cell so we will see with viruses some + + align:start position:0% +cell so we will see with viruses some + + + align:start position:0% +cell so we will see with viruses some +viruses specifically target humans other + + align:start position:0% +viruses specifically target humans other + + + align:start position:0% +viruses specifically target humans other +viruses may spend some time in different + + align:start position:0% +viruses may spend some time in different + + + align:start position:0% +viruses may spend some time in different +organisms and then target humans and be + + align:start position:0% +organisms and then target humans and be + + + align:start position:0% +organisms and then target humans and be +carried around amongst different + + align:start position:0% +carried around amongst different + + + align:start position:0% +carried around amongst different +organisms but the key thing is that + + align:start position:0% +organisms but the key thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +organisms but the key thing is that +viruses can only actually replicate once + + align:start position:0% +viruses can only actually replicate once + + + align:start position:0% +viruses can only actually replicate once +they're inside a host cell because they + + align:start position:0% +they're inside a host cell because they + + + align:start position:0% +they're inside a host cell because they +basically exploit all of the host cells + + align:start position:0% +basically exploit all of the host cells + + + align:start position:0% +basically exploit all of the host cells +machinery to do that so viruses don't + + align:start position:0% +machinery to do that so viruses don't + + + align:start position:0% +machinery to do that so viruses don't +make many of their own enzymes they + + align:start position:0% +make many of their own enzymes they + + + align:start position:0% +make many of their own enzymes they +don't have their own amino acid supplies + + align:start position:0% +don't have their own amino acid supplies + + + align:start position:0% +don't have their own amino acid supplies +or all the metabolic enzymes that are + + align:start position:0% +or all the metabolic enzymes that are + + + align:start position:0% +or all the metabolic enzymes that are +required for life all the replication + + align:start position:0% +required for life all the replication + + + align:start position:0% +required for life all the replication +transcription translation machinery they + + align:start position:0% +transcription translation machinery they + + + align:start position:0% +transcription translation machinery they +just borrow the host machinery but + + align:start position:0% +just borrow the host machinery but + + + align:start position:0% +just borrow the host machinery but +they're in Li individual components that + + align:start position:0% +they're in Li individual components that + + + align:start position:0% +they're in Li individual components that +the virus will bring along with it to to + + align:start position:0% +the virus will bring along with it to to + + + align:start position:0% +the virus will bring along with it to to +cover certain things that are not + + align:start position:0% +cover certain things that are not + + + align:start position:0% +cover certain things that are not +provided by the hosts but viral genomes + + align:start position:0% +provided by the hosts but viral genomes + + + align:start position:0% +provided by the hosts but viral genomes +are tiny they may comprise maybe eight + + align:start position:0% +are tiny they may comprise maybe eight + + + align:start position:0% +are tiny they may comprise maybe eight +genes some of them are bigger but they + + align:start position:0% +genes some of them are bigger but they + + + align:start position:0% +genes some of them are bigger but they +are very very small genomes they're very + + align:start position:0% +are very very small genomes they're very + + + align:start position:0% +are very very small genomes they're very +what we call parsimonious genomes so + + align:start position:0% +what we call parsimonious genomes so + + + align:start position:0% +what we call parsimonious genomes so +there's overlapping genes so you can + + align:start position:0% +there's overlapping genes so you can + + + align:start position:0% +there's overlapping genes so you can +keep the genome tiny by having + + align:start position:0% +keep the genome tiny by having + + + align:start position:0% +keep the genome tiny by having +compacting + + align:start position:0% +compacting + + + align:start position:0% +compacting +the size of the genome and then there + + align:start position:0% +the size of the genome and then there + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the genome and then there +are bigger viruses some of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +are bigger viruses some of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +are bigger viruses some of the biggest +viruses approached the sizes of bacteria + + align:start position:0% +viruses approached the sizes of bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +viruses approached the sizes of bacteria +like the mini viruses and they may have + + align:start position:0% +like the mini viruses and they may have + + + align:start position:0% +like the mini viruses and they may have +been an intermediate step from virus to + + align:start position:0% +been an intermediate step from virus to + + + align:start position:0% +been an intermediate step from virus to +more elaborated organisms and those + + align:start position:0% +more elaborated organisms and those + + + align:start position:0% +more elaborated organisms and those +viruses have a bit more machinery within + + align:start position:0% +viruses have a bit more machinery within + + + align:start position:0% +viruses have a bit more machinery within +their context people obviously there's + + align:start position:0% +their context people obviously there's + + + align:start position:0% +their context people obviously there's +no fossil record for viruses it's not + + align:start position:0% +no fossil record for viruses it's not + + + align:start position:0% +no fossil record for viruses it's not +like we can go sort of you know go + + align:start position:0% +like we can go sort of you know go + + + align:start position:0% +like we can go sort of you know go +exploring and find a fossil record but + + align:start position:0% +exploring and find a fossil record but + + + align:start position:0% +exploring and find a fossil record but +where these viruses are being found is + + align:start position:0% +where these viruses are being found is + + + align:start position:0% +where these viruses are being found is +in the permafrost so they're frozen + + align:start position:0% +in the permafrost so they're frozen + + + align:start position:0% +in the permafrost so they're frozen +they've been frozen there for centuries + + align:start position:0% +they've been frozen there for centuries + + + align:start position:0% +they've been frozen there for centuries +so people are finding really sort of + + align:start position:0% +so people are finding really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so people are finding really sort of +scary things in the Siberian permafrost + + align:start position:0% +scary things in the Siberian permafrost + + + align:start position:0% +scary things in the Siberian permafrost +because the viruses are preserved there + + align:start position:0% +because the viruses are preserved there + + + align:start position:0% +because the viruses are preserved there +and some of these giant viruses are + + align:start position:0% +and some of these giant viruses are + + + align:start position:0% +and some of these giant viruses are +being discovered in in those locations + + align:start position:0% +being discovered in in those locations + + + align:start position:0% +being discovered in in those locations +and if that's not the subjects a + + align:start position:0% +and if that's not the subjects a + + + align:start position:0% +and if that's not the subjects a +wonderful sci-fi book site I don't know + + align:start position:0% +wonderful sci-fi book site I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful sci-fi book site I don't know +what is because there are and I tend to + + align:start position:0% +what is because there are and I tend to + + + align:start position:0% +what is because there are and I tend to +read those things because my favorite + + align:start position:0% +read those things because my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +read those things because my favorite +thing is finding mistakes in them so + + align:start position:0% +thing is finding mistakes in them so + + + align:start position:0% +thing is finding mistakes in them so +there's there's a lot out there about + + align:start position:0% +there's there's a lot out there about + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's a lot out there about +those kinds of things so let me just + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of things so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of things so let me just +show you a tiny bit about you know this + + align:start position:0% +show you a tiny bit about you know this + + + align:start position:0% +show you a tiny bit about you know this +is that boring old learned genetics + + align:start position:0% +is that boring old learned genetics + + + align:start position:0% +is that boring old learned genetics +thing right from the beginning but I + + align:start position:0% +thing right from the beginning but I + + + align:start position:0% +thing right from the beginning but I +want to take you back to his sizes so we + + align:start position:0% +want to take you back to his sizes so we + + + align:start position:0% +want to take you back to his sizes so we +know all this stuff we've we've learnt + + align:start position:0% +know all this stuff we've we've learnt + + + align:start position:0% +know all this stuff we've we've learnt +it to death hemoglobin antibodies the + + align:start position:0% +it to death hemoglobin antibodies the + + + align:start position:0% +it to death hemoglobin antibodies the +ribosome but what I really want to point + + align:start position:0% +ribosome but what I really want to point + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome but what I really want to point +out on this slide + + align:start position:0% +out on this slide + + + align:start position:0% +out on this slide +is that the smallest viruses like the + + align:start position:0% +is that the smallest viruses like the + + + align:start position:0% +is that the smallest viruses like the +Rhino virus that's the common cold or + + align:start position:0% +Rhino virus that's the common cold or + + + align:start position:0% +Rhino virus that's the common cold or +the hepatitis virus and not barely any + + align:start position:0% +the hepatitis virus and not barely any + + + align:start position:0% +the hepatitis virus and not barely any +bigger than a ribosome okay so obviously + + align:start position:0% +bigger than a ribosome okay so obviously + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than a ribosome okay so obviously +there's not much in the virus but all + + align:start position:0% +there's not much in the virus but all + + + align:start position:0% +there's not much in the virus but all +the components of the virus have evolved + + align:start position:0% +the components of the virus have evolved + + + align:start position:0% +the components of the virus have evolved +to enable them to sneakily + + align:start position:0% +to enable them to sneakily + + + align:start position:0% +to enable them to sneakily +get into host cells exploit the host + + align:start position:0% +get into host cells exploit the host + + + align:start position:0% +get into host cells exploit the host +cell machinery and then replicate inside + + align:start position:0% +cell machinery and then replicate inside + + + align:start position:0% +cell machinery and then replicate inside +her cell and then get out of the host + + align:start position:0% +her cell and then get out of the host + + + align:start position:0% +her cell and then get out of the host +cell are ready to invest it in fact + + align:start position:0% +cell are ready to invest it in fact + + + align:start position:0% +cell are ready to invest it in fact +another host cell so I want you to + + align:start position:0% +another host cell so I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +another host cell so I want you to +really notice these sizes so the Rhino + + align:start position:0% +really notice these sizes so the Rhino + + + align:start position:0% +really notice these sizes so the Rhino +virus is similar to a ribosome but some + + align:start position:0% +virus is similar to a ribosome but some + + + align:start position:0% +virus is similar to a ribosome but some +viruses which we will talk about the + + align:start position:0% +viruses which we will talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +viruses which we will talk about the +influenza virus and the + + align:start position:0% +influenza virus and the + + + align:start position:0% +influenza virus and the +HIV virus are a little bigger but none + + align:start position:0% +HIV virus are a little bigger but none + + + align:start position:0% +HIV virus are a little bigger but none +of them compete up to the size of a + + align:start position:0% +of them compete up to the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +of them compete up to the size of a +bacterium and just to get you into that + + align:start position:0% +bacterium and just to get you into that + + + align:start position:0% +bacterium and just to get you into that +mode very there are the bacteria and + + align:start position:0% +mode very there are the bacteria and + + + align:start position:0% +mode very there are the bacteria and +there's the mitochondrion remember and a + + align:start position:0% +there's the mitochondrion remember and a + + + align:start position:0% +there's the mitochondrion remember and a +symbiont theory bacteria similar size to + + align:start position:0% +symbiont theory bacteria similar size to + + + align:start position:0% +symbiont theory bacteria similar size to +mitochondria and much much bigger than + + align:start position:0% +mitochondria and much much bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +mitochondria and much much bigger than +any typical virus but giant viruses + + align:start position:0% +any typical virus but giant viruses + + + align:start position:0% +any typical virus but giant viruses +approach some of these bigger sizes + + align:start position:0% +approach some of these bigger sizes + + + align:start position:0% +approach some of these bigger sizes +they're a different ball game altogether + + align:start position:0% +they're a different ball game altogether + + + align:start position:0% +they're a different ball game altogether +and we won't talk about them apart from + + align:start position:0% +and we won't talk about them apart from + + + align:start position:0% +and we won't talk about them apart from +the fact that they're really cool and + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they're really cool and + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they're really cool and +they're in the permafrost okay all right + + align:start position:0% +they're in the permafrost okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +they're in the permafrost okay all right +so another impressive thing about + + align:start position:0% +so another impressive thing about + + + align:start position:0% +so another impressive thing about +viruses because they look some of them + + align:start position:0% +viruses because they look some of them + + + align:start position:0% +viruses because they look some of them +like this phage a bacterial virus they + + align:start position:0% +like this phage a bacterial virus they + + + align:start position:0% +like this phage a bacterial virus they +look like things lunar landers for + + align:start position:0% +look like things lunar landers for + + + align:start position:0% +look like things lunar landers for +example or sort of other kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +example or sort of other kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +example or sort of other kinds of things +some of them a linear some of them sort + + align:start position:0% +some of them a linear some of them sort + + + align:start position:0% +some of them a linear some of them sort +of different kinds of shapes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of different kinds of shapes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of different kinds of shapes a lot of +viruses icosahedra we'll talk about that + + align:start position:0% +viruses icosahedra we'll talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +viruses icosahedra we'll talk about that +in a moment so the the but the fact + + align:start position:0% +in a moment so the the but the fact + + + align:start position:0% +in a moment so the the but the fact +sheet about viruses is first of all + + align:start position:0% +sheet about viruses is first of all + + + align:start position:0% +sheet about viruses is first of all +sizes and the typical viral size if + + align:start position:0% +sizes and the typical viral size if + + + align:start position:0% +sizes and the typical viral size if +there is something typical expand from + + align:start position:0% +there is something typical expand from + + + align:start position:0% +there is something typical expand from +20 to 400 nanometers in diameter so + + align:start position:0% +20 to 400 nanometers in diameter so + + + align:start position:0% +20 to 400 nanometers in diameter so +remember the ribosome sits right at this + + align:start position:0% +remember the ribosome sits right at this + + + align:start position:0% +remember the ribosome sits right at this +end with respect to size but bacteria + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can't come to a yellow lecture here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember a 1 to 10 micrometers in length + + align:start position:0% +remember a 1 to 10 micrometers in length + + + align:start position:0% +remember a 1 to 10 micrometers in length +depending on what dimension you're + + align:start position:0% +depending on what dimension you're + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what dimension you're +measuring so considerably smaller + + align:start position:0% +measuring so considerably smaller + + + align:start position:0% +measuring so considerably smaller +nanometer scale micrometer scale for + + align:start position:0% +nanometer scale micrometer scale for + + + align:start position:0% +nanometer scale micrometer scale for +bacteria so that's the first thing that + + align:start position:0% +bacteria so that's the first thing that + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria so that's the first thing that +it's important to know they're very + + align:start position:0% +it's important to know they're very + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to know they're very +small the next critical thing is what's + + align:start position:0% +small the next critical thing is what's + + + align:start position:0% +small the next critical thing is what's +in a virus what is it what's the blood + + align:start position:0% +in a virus what is it what's the blood + + + align:start position:0% +in a virus what is it what's the blood +and guts of a virus and it's either DNA + + align:start position:0% +and guts of a virus and it's either DNA + + + align:start position:0% +and guts of a virus and it's either DNA +or RNA and it can be single-stranded or + + align:start position:0% +or RNA and it can be single-stranded or + + + align:start position:0% +or RNA and it can be single-stranded or +double stranded so it has its genetic + + align:start position:0% +double stranded so it has its genetic + + + align:start position:0% +double stranded so it has its genetic +material its genetic material is usually + + align:start position:0% +material its genetic material is usually + + + align:start position:0% +material its genetic material is usually +dedicated to making more copies of + + align:start position:0% +dedicated to making more copies of + + + align:start position:0% +dedicated to making more copies of +itself so if the virus has a coat a coat + + align:start position:0% +itself so if the virus has a coat a coat + + + align:start position:0% +itself so if the virus has a coat a coat +of proteins the virus has to have a gene + + align:start position:0% +of proteins the virus has to have a gene + + + align:start position:0% +of proteins the virus has to have a gene +for that because the host isn't going to + + align:start position:0% +for that because the host isn't going to + + + align:start position:0% +for that because the host isn't going to +have a coat for a virus so the virus has + + align:start position:0% +have a coat for a virus so the virus has + + + align:start position:0% +have a coat for a virus so the virus has +to have certain specialized things that + + align:start position:0% +to have certain specialized things that + + + align:start position:0% +to have certain specialized things that +complete itself that can't be borrowed + + align:start position:0% +complete itself that can't be borrowed + + + align:start position:0% +complete itself that can't be borrowed +from the host cell so and they can be + + align:start position:0% +from the host cell so and they can be + + + align:start position:0% +from the host cell so and they can be +let's see they can be what are called + + align:start position:0% +let's see they can be what are called + + + align:start position:0% +let's see they can be what are called +capsid viruses or enveloped capsid + + align:start position:0% +capsid viruses or enveloped capsid + + + align:start position:0% +capsid viruses or enveloped capsid +viruses just have a protein coat the + + align:start position:0% +viruses just have a protein coat the + + + align:start position:0% +viruses just have a protein coat the +enveloped viruses have a membrane + + align:start position:0% +enveloped viruses have a membrane + + + align:start position:0% +enveloped viruses have a membrane +surrounding them with proteins stuck + + align:start position:0% +surrounding them with proteins stuck + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding them with proteins stuck +into them so the enveloped viruses have + + align:start position:0% +into them so the enveloped viruses have + + + align:start position:0% +into them so the enveloped viruses have +an outer membrane which is studded with + + align:start position:0% +an outer membrane which is studded with + + + align:start position:0% +an outer membrane which is studded with +proteins but what is cool about the + + align:start position:0% +proteins but what is cool about the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins but what is cool about the +virus is it never makes its own + + align:start position:0% +virus is it never makes its own + + + align:start position:0% +virus is it never makes its own +membranes it doesn't make its + + align:start position:0% +membranes it doesn't make its + + + align:start position:0% +membranes it doesn't make its +phospholipids it just as it emerges from + + align:start position:0% +phospholipids it just as it emerges from + + + align:start position:0% +phospholipids it just as it emerges from +a host cell pinches a piece of the cell + + align:start position:0% +a host cell pinches a piece of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +a host cell pinches a piece of the cell +surface it steals the cellular membrane + + align:start position:0% +surface it steals the cellular membrane + + + align:start position:0% +surface it steals the cellular membrane +with it as its emerging from a cell and + + align:start position:0% +with it as its emerging from a cell and + + + align:start position:0% +with it as its emerging from a cell and +you'll see this in a video how cool that + + align:start position:0% +you'll see this in a video how cool that + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see this in a video how cool that +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +all the proteins that all the components + + align:start position:0% +all the proteins that all the components + + + align:start position:0% +all the proteins that all the components +of the virus cluster near the surface of + + align:start position:0% +of the virus cluster near the surface of + + + align:start position:0% +of the virus cluster near the surface of +a membrane and then you have this + + align:start position:0% +a membrane and then you have this + + + align:start position:0% +a membrane and then you have this +wonderful endocytosis using the host + + align:start position:0% +wonderful endocytosis using the host + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful endocytosis using the host +membranes so the virus never has to make + + align:start position:0% +membranes so the virus never has to make + + + align:start position:0% +membranes so the virus never has to make +its its own membranes and not all + + align:start position:0% +its its own membranes and not all + + + align:start position:0% +its its own membranes and not all +viruses are enveloped just some of them + + align:start position:0% +viruses are enveloped just some of them + + + align:start position:0% +viruses are enveloped just some of them +and you'll see examples of each + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see examples of each + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see examples of each +so the definition really is that they're + + align:start position:0% +so the definition really is that they're + + + align:start position:0% +so the definition really is that they're +small infectious agents that they only + + align:start position:0% +small infectious agents that they only + + + align:start position:0% +small infectious agents that they only +replicate inside living cells because + + align:start position:0% +replicate inside living cells because + + + align:start position:0% +replicate inside living cells because +they have to exploit a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +they have to exploit a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +they have to exploit a lot of the +machinery of living and of living cells + + align:start position:0% +machinery of living and of living cells + + + align:start position:0% +machinery of living and of living cells +and they can infect humans other animals + + align:start position:0% +and they can infect humans other animals + + + align:start position:0% +and they can infect humans other animals +there are plant viruses bacteria have by + + align:start position:0% +there are plant viruses bacteria have by + + + align:start position:0% +there are plant viruses bacteria have by +so all living organisms have biros --is + + align:start position:0% +so all living organisms have biros --is + + + align:start position:0% +so all living organisms have biros --is +that infect them and but viruses are + + align:start position:0% +that infect them and but viruses are + + + align:start position:0% +that infect them and but viruses are +usually targeted very specifically to + + align:start position:0% +usually targeted very specifically to + + + align:start position:0% +usually targeted very specifically to +the cells that they infect and in fact + + align:start position:0% +the cells that they infect and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +the cells that they infect and in fact +you will see with HIV it's not just a + + align:start position:0% +you will see with HIV it's not just a + + + align:start position:0% +you will see with HIV it's not just a +virus that it infects a human host it + + align:start position:0% +virus that it infects a human host it + + + align:start position:0% +virus that it infects a human host it +infects specifically and that was why it + + align:start position:0% +infects specifically and that was why it + + + align:start position:0% +infects specifically and that was why it +was so so terrifying this action t-cells + + align:start position:0% +was so so terrifying this action t-cells + + + align:start position:0% +was so so terrifying this action t-cells +that's the one cell type in the host + + align:start position:0% +that's the one cell type in the host + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one cell type in the host +that it goes after so virus is very + + align:start position:0% +that it goes after so virus is very + + + align:start position:0% +that it goes after so virus is very +often target to particular organs we're + + align:start position:0% +often target to particular organs we're + + + align:start position:0% +often target to particular organs we're +within their hosts and that's why we + + align:start position:0% +within their hosts and that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +within their hosts and that's why we +know some of the viruses and you'll see + + align:start position:0% +know some of the viruses and you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +know some of the viruses and you'll see +that the names of the viruses are + + align:start position:0% +that the names of the viruses are + + + align:start position:0% +that the names of the viruses are +related to their organs that they may + + align:start position:0% +related to their organs that they may + + + align:start position:0% +related to their organs that they may +infect okay so I wanna just briefly + + align:start position:0% +infect okay so I wanna just briefly + + + align:start position:0% +infect okay so I wanna just briefly +describe the terms we talked about these + + align:start position:0% +describe the terms we talked about these + + + align:start position:0% +describe the terms we talked about these +with all infectious diseases that they + + align:start position:0% +with all infectious diseases that they + + + align:start position:0% +with all infectious diseases that they +may be endemic epidemic and pandemic + + align:start position:0% +may be endemic epidemic and pandemic + + + align:start position:0% +may be endemic epidemic and pandemic +endemic is the term that we use for + + align:start position:0% +endemic is the term that we use for + + + align:start position:0% +endemic is the term that we use for +there's a very low level of an + + align:start position:0% +there's a very low level of an + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very low level of an +infectious agent in the population it's + + align:start position:0% +infectious agent in the population it's + + + align:start position:0% +infectious agent in the population it's +completely out of control within control + + align:start position:0% +completely out of control within control + + + align:start position:0% +completely out of control within control +there's a few cases but there's not + + align:start position:0% +there's a few cases but there's not + + + align:start position:0% +there's a few cases but there's not +transfer from person to person or animal + + align:start position:0% +transfer from person to person or animal + + + align:start position:0% +transfer from person to person or animal +to animal we would call that endemic a + + align:start position:0% +to animal we would call that endemic a + + + align:start position:0% +to animal we would call that endemic a +very very low level of virus that + + align:start position:0% +very very low level of virus that + + + align:start position:0% +very very low level of virus that +doesn't cause any threat as soon as the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't cause any threat as soon as the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't cause any threat as soon as the +virus or bacterial infections agents + + align:start position:0% +virus or bacterial infections agents + + + align:start position:0% +virus or bacterial infections agents +starts spreading amongst a local + + align:start position:0% +starts spreading amongst a local + + + align:start position:0% +starts spreading amongst a local +population we would call that a local + + align:start position:0% +population we would call that a local + + + align:start position:0% +population we would call that a local +epidemic so all of a community all of a + + align:start position:0% +epidemic so all of a community all of a + + + align:start position:0% +epidemic so all of a community all of a +country so very much defined + + align:start position:0% +country so very much defined + + + align:start position:0% +country so very much defined +geographically into a particular space + + align:start position:0% +geographically into a particular space + + + align:start position:0% +geographically into a particular space +where there's transmission of viruses + + align:start position:0% +where there's transmission of viruses + + + align:start position:0% +where there's transmission of viruses +from person to person or animal to + + align:start position:0% +from person to person or animal to + + + align:start position:0% +from person to person or animal to +person within a community there has to + + align:start position:0% +person within a community there has to + + + align:start position:0% +person within a community there has to +be direct contact but now with travel + + align:start position:0% +be direct contact but now with travel + + + align:start position:0% +be direct contact but now with travel +the many viruses reach pandemic stages + + align:start position:0% +the many viruses reach pandemic stages + + + align:start position:0% +the many viruses reach pandemic stages +which means worldwide so plane travel + + align:start position:0% +which means worldwide so plane travel + + + align:start position:0% +which means worldwide so plane travel +really caused enormous trouble because + + align:start position:0% +really caused enormous trouble because + + + align:start position:0% +really caused enormous trouble because +you can have a virus in you know in + + align:start position:0% +you can have a virus in you know in + + + align:start position:0% +you can have a virus in you know in +Africa or Asia somebody gets on a plane + + align:start position:0% +Africa or Asia somebody gets on a plane + + + align:start position:0% +Africa or Asia somebody gets on a plane +and ends up + + align:start position:0% +and ends up + + + align:start position:0% +and ends up +somewhere else and the virus has been + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and the virus has been + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and the virus has been +moved to a new country I made the + + align:start position:0% +moved to a new country I made the + + + align:start position:0% +moved to a new country I made the +terrible mistake of reading hot zone on + + align:start position:0% +terrible mistake of reading hot zone on + + + align:start position:0% +terrible mistake of reading hot zone on +a plane one time which is about Marburg + + align:start position:0% +a plane one time which is about Marburg + + + align:start position:0% +a plane one time which is about Marburg +virus which is where people just sort of + + align:start position:0% +virus which is where people just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +virus which is where people just sort of +basically just stop bleeding out in the + + align:start position:0% +basically just stop bleeding out in the + + + align:start position:0% +basically just stop bleeding out in the +spot and I'm reading this book and it's + + align:start position:0% +spot and I'm reading this book and it's + + + align:start position:0% +spot and I'm reading this book and it's +describing the steps of someone who had + + align:start position:0% +describing the steps of someone who had + + + align:start position:0% +describing the steps of someone who had +Marburg and was just sort of bleeding + + align:start position:0% +Marburg and was just sort of bleeding + + + align:start position:0% +Marburg and was just sort of bleeding +out next to them are you crazy reading + + align:start position:0% +out next to them are you crazy reading + + + align:start position:0% +out next to them are you crazy reading +this book on a plane because they were + + align:start position:0% +this book on a plane because they were + + + align:start position:0% +this book on a plane because they were +describing how Marburg was just moved + + align:start position:0% +describing how Marburg was just moved + + + align:start position:0% +describing how Marburg was just moved +from its country of origin to you know + + align:start position:0% +from its country of origin to you know + + + align:start position:0% +from its country of origin to you know +to New York City or something like that + + align:start position:0% +to New York City or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +to New York City or something like that +so you remember when we had the Ebola + + align:start position:0% +so you remember when we had the Ebola + + + align:start position:0% +so you remember when we had the Ebola +concerns there was a real genuine worry + + align:start position:0% +concerns there was a real genuine worry + + + align:start position:0% +concerns there was a real genuine worry +that Ebola would jump through flight + + align:start position:0% +that Ebola would jump through flight + + + align:start position:0% +that Ebola would jump through flight +travel through people coming in at + + align:start position:0% +travel through people coming in at + + + align:start position:0% +travel through people coming in at +airports and end up with a pandemic of + + align:start position:0% +airports and end up with a pandemic of + + + align:start position:0% +airports and end up with a pandemic of +Ebola when there was a real problem with + + align:start position:0% +Ebola when there was a real problem with + + + align:start position:0% +Ebola when there was a real problem with +the avian flu in Asia Singapore that's + + align:start position:0% +the avian flu in Asia Singapore that's + + + align:start position:0% +the avian flu in Asia Singapore that's +very very protective of its territory + + align:start position:0% +very very protective of its territory + + + align:start position:0% +very very protective of its territory +had senses that would you would go into + + align:start position:0% +had senses that would you would go into + + + align:start position:0% +had senses that would you would go into +Singapore you go down this two huge + + align:start position:0% +Singapore you go down this two huge + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore you go down this two huge +escalators and they had sensors + + align:start position:0% +escalators and they had sensors + + + align:start position:0% +escalators and they had sensors +measuring people's temperature at a + + align:start position:0% +measuring people's temperature at a + + + align:start position:0% +measuring people's temperature at a +distance as they came down the escalator + + align:start position:0% +distance as they came down the escalator + + + align:start position:0% +distance as they came down the escalator +and hauling people over and you know + + align:start position:0% +and hauling people over and you know + + + align:start position:0% +and hauling people over and you know +sort of interrogating them where have + + align:start position:0% +sort of interrogating them where have + + + align:start position:0% +sort of interrogating them where have +you been to see whether they would be + + align:start position:0% +you been to see whether they would be + + + align:start position:0% +you been to see whether they would be +allowed to enter Singapore because the + + align:start position:0% +allowed to enter Singapore because the + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to enter Singapore because the +flight travel people getting on planes + + align:start position:0% +flight travel people getting on planes + + + align:start position:0% +flight travel people getting on planes +spreading a very contagious virus to a + + align:start position:0% +spreading a very contagious virus to a + + + align:start position:0% +spreading a very contagious virus to a +new country is very very realistic the + + align:start position:0% +new country is very very realistic the + + + align:start position:0% +new country is very very realistic the +issue with spreading - pandemic + + align:start position:0% +issue with spreading - pandemic + + + align:start position:0% +issue with spreading - pandemic +situations is very very important when + + align:start position:0% +situations is very very important when + + + align:start position:0% +situations is very very important when +one thinks of history because when the + + align:start position:0% +one thinks of history because when the + + + align:start position:0% +one thinks of history because when the +Europeans try to work on curring the + + align:start position:0% +Europeans try to work on curring the + + + align:start position:0% +Europeans try to work on curring the +Americas in particular South America and + + align:start position:0% +Americas in particular South America and + + + align:start position:0% +Americas in particular South America and +Central America they brought with them a + + align:start position:0% +Central America they brought with them a + + + align:start position:0% +Central America they brought with them a +lot of viruses but there was an innate + + align:start position:0% +lot of viruses but there was an innate + + + align:start position:0% +lot of viruses but there was an innate +sort of resistance to because of years + + align:start position:0% +sort of resistance to because of years + + + align:start position:0% +sort of resistance to because of years +and years of exposure but these + + align:start position:0% +and years of exposure but these + + + align:start position:0% +and years of exposure but these +communities have never seen these + + align:start position:0% +communities have never seen these + + + align:start position:0% +communities have never seen these +viruses so millions of people died + + align:start position:0% +viruses so millions of people died + + + align:start position:0% +viruses so millions of people died +because they were suddenly exposed to a + + align:start position:0% +because they were suddenly exposed to a + + + align:start position:0% +because they were suddenly exposed to a +human virus that they'd never seen + + align:start position:0% +human virus that they'd never seen + + + align:start position:0% +human virus that they'd never seen +before through transmission from a + + align:start position:0% +before through transmission from a + + + align:start position:0% +before through transmission from a +country + + align:start position:0% +country + + + align:start position:0% +country +where there wasn't such a problem with + + align:start position:0% +where there wasn't such a problem with + + + align:start position:0% +where there wasn't such a problem with +the virus so the indigenous peoples of + + align:start position:0% +the virus so the indigenous peoples of + + + align:start position:0% +the virus so the indigenous peoples of +the Americas Australia and New Zealand + + align:start position:0% +the Americas Australia and New Zealand + + + align:start position:0% +the Americas Australia and New Zealand +had terrible consequences there some of + + align:start position:0% +had terrible consequences there some of + + + align:start position:0% +had terrible consequences there some of +you have probably heard of the Spanish + + align:start position:0% +you have probably heard of the Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +you have probably heard of the Spanish +flu and that was towards the tail end of + + align:start position:0% +flu and that was towards the tail end of + + + align:start position:0% +flu and that was towards the tail end of +World War one and his thought to have + + align:start position:0% +World War one and his thought to have + + + align:start position:0% +World War one and his thought to have +killed as many as a hundred million + + align:start position:0% +killed as many as a hundred million + + + align:start position:0% +killed as many as a hundred million +people and that in fact is quite + + align:start position:0% +people and that in fact is quite + + + align:start position:0% +people and that in fact is quite +interesting it's called the Spanish flu + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's called the Spanish flu + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's called the Spanish flu +but there's some evidence that it might + + align:start position:0% +but there's some evidence that it might + + + align:start position:0% +but there's some evidence that it might +have originated in the Americas in the + + align:start position:0% +have originated in the Americas in the + + + align:start position:0% +have originated in the Americas in the +boats that took troops over to Europe to + + align:start position:0% +boats that took troops over to Europe to + + + align:start position:0% +boats that took troops over to Europe to +help at the tail end of the First World + + align:start position:0% +help at the tail end of the First World + + + align:start position:0% +help at the tail end of the First World +War and there's a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +War and there's a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +War and there's a really interesting +book about that whole story that the + + align:start position:0% +book about that whole story that the + + + align:start position:0% +book about that whole story that the +Spanish flu may not have originated in + + align:start position:0% +Spanish flu may not have originated in + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish flu may not have originated in +Spain and it's a it's definitely a + + align:start position:0% +Spain and it's a it's definitely a + + + align:start position:0% +Spain and it's a it's definitely a +worthwhile read so that tells you a lot + + align:start position:0% +worthwhile read so that tells you a lot + + + align:start position:0% +worthwhile read so that tells you a lot +about the statistics of viruses I just + + align:start position:0% +about the statistics of viruses I just + + + align:start position:0% +about the statistics of viruses I just +want to highlight here we talk about HIV + + align:start position:0% +want to highlight here we talk about HIV + + + align:start position:0% +want to highlight here we talk about HIV +is a very serious virus it emerged in + + align:start position:0% +is a very serious virus it emerged in + + + align:start position:0% +is a very serious virus it emerged in +the in the early 80s so there's this + + align:start position:0% +the in the early 80s so there's this + + + align:start position:0% +the in the early 80s so there's this +current well in the 2011 there were 35 + + align:start position:0% +current well in the 2011 there were 35 + + + align:start position:0% +current well in the 2011 there were 35 +million people infected there's about + + align:start position:0% +million people infected there's about + + + align:start position:0% +million people infected there's about +two and a half million new cases a year + + align:start position:0% +two and a half million new cases a year + + + align:start position:0% +two and a half million new cases a year +but what's fascinating about HIV there + + align:start position:0% +but what's fascinating about HIV there + + + align:start position:0% +but what's fascinating about HIV there +was a stage before the really good + + align:start position:0% +was a stage before the really good + + + align:start position:0% +was a stage before the really good +antivirals were available that if the + + align:start position:0% +antivirals were available that if the + + + align:start position:0% +antivirals were available that if the +mother had HIV the baby would get HIV + + align:start position:0% +mother had HIV the baby would get HIV + + + align:start position:0% +mother had HIV the baby would get HIV +but now if there's treatment of the + + align:start position:0% +but now if there's treatment of the + + + align:start position:0% +but now if there's treatment of the +mother and the baby is is delivered + + align:start position:0% +mother and the baby is is delivered + + + align:start position:0% +mother and the baby is is delivered +often by a caesarean section the baby + + align:start position:0% +often by a caesarean section the baby + + + align:start position:0% +often by a caesarean section the baby +can escape being infected with the virus + + align:start position:0% +can escape being infected with the virus + + + align:start position:0% +can escape being infected with the virus +due to the new antivirals so that's + + align:start position:0% +due to the new antivirals so that's + + + align:start position:0% +due to the new antivirals so that's +really important that the originally + + align:start position:0% +really important that the originally + + + align:start position:0% +really important that the originally +there were a lot of cases of newborns + + align:start position:0% +there were a lot of cases of newborns + + + align:start position:0% +there were a lot of cases of newborns +who simply got HIV during birth but now + + align:start position:0% +who simply got HIV during birth but now + + + align:start position:0% +who simply got HIV during birth but now +that can be there's escape from that + + align:start position:0% +that can be there's escape from that + + + align:start position:0% +that can be there's escape from that +which is really really cool the viral + + align:start position:0% +which is really really cool the viral + + + align:start position:0% +which is really really cool the viral +load can be brought really low with the + + align:start position:0% +load can be brought really low with the + + + align:start position:0% +load can be brought really low with the +common antivirals + + align:start position:0% +common antivirals + + + align:start position:0% +common antivirals +against HIV and that next generation + + align:start position:0% +against HIV and that next generation + + + align:start position:0% +against HIV and that next generation +isn't doesn't have that sentence okay so + + align:start position:0% +isn't doesn't have that sentence okay so + + + align:start position:0% +isn't doesn't have that sentence okay so +I mentioned to you that a lot of viruses + + align:start position:0% +I mentioned to you that a lot of viruses + + + align:start position:0% +I mentioned to you that a lot of viruses +are basically named after the organs + + align:start position:0% +are basically named after the organs + + + align:start position:0% +are basically named after the organs +that they hit so I've just got a human + + align:start position:0% +that they hit so I've just got a human + + + align:start position:0% +that they hit so I've just got a human +being here with a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +being here with a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +being here with a lot of different +viruses that hit different place + + align:start position:0% +viruses that hit different place + + + align:start position:0% +viruses that hit different place +and I just want to point out a few + + align:start position:0% +and I just want to point out a few + + + align:start position:0% +and I just want to point out a few +points viruses may be targets nowadays + + align:start position:0% +points viruses may be targets nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +points viruses may be targets nowadays +of childhood vaccinations and many of + + align:start position:0% +of childhood vaccinations and many of + + + align:start position:0% +of childhood vaccinations and many of +you I hope all of you have had + + align:start position:0% +you I hope all of you have had + + + align:start position:0% +you I hope all of you have had +vaccinations too many of these common + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations too many of these common + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations too many of these common +viruses there is a concern now through + + align:start position:0% +viruses there is a concern now through + + + align:start position:0% +viruses there is a concern now through +these other with communities that are + + align:start position:0% +these other with communities that are + + + align:start position:0% +these other with communities that are +deciding not to vaccinate children + + align:start position:0% +deciding not to vaccinate children + + + align:start position:0% +deciding not to vaccinate children +that's a huge social problem that may + + align:start position:0% +that's a huge social problem that may + + + align:start position:0% +that's a huge social problem that may +initially sort of people can get away + + align:start position:0% +initially sort of people can get away + + + align:start position:0% +initially sort of people can get away +with it because there's community + + align:start position:0% +with it because there's community + + + align:start position:0% +with it because there's community +vaccination you're sort of you're in a + + align:start position:0% +vaccination you're sort of you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination you're sort of you're in a +community where a lot of people have a + + align:start position:0% +community where a lot of people have a + + + align:start position:0% +community where a lot of people have a +resistance or some sort of immunity + + align:start position:0% +resistance or some sort of immunity + + + align:start position:0% +resistance or some sort of immunity +through a virus but as communities + + align:start position:0% +through a virus but as communities + + + align:start position:0% +through a virus but as communities +become less and less vaccinated then + + align:start position:0% +become less and less vaccinated then + + + align:start position:0% +become less and less vaccinated then +later generations will start to get the + + align:start position:0% +later generations will start to get the + + + align:start position:0% +later generations will start to get the +disease seriously and that's actually + + align:start position:0% +disease seriously and that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +disease seriously and that's actually +happening parts of the world where + + align:start position:0% +happening parts of the world where + + + align:start position:0% +happening parts of the world where +there's there used to be no polio and + + align:start position:0% +there's there used to be no polio and + + + align:start position:0% +there's there used to be no polio and +now there's polio emerging because the + + align:start position:0% +now there's polio emerging because the + + + align:start position:0% +now there's polio emerging because the +community immunity has been is fading + + align:start position:0% +community immunity has been is fading + + + align:start position:0% +community immunity has been is fading +away so we hope that people get + + align:start position:0% +away so we hope that people get + + + align:start position:0% +away so we hope that people get +vaccinated that's for sure the + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated that's for sure the + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinated that's for sure the +vaccinations work several vaccinations + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations work several vaccinations + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations work several vaccinations +several viruses were pretty much + + align:start position:0% +several viruses were pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +several viruses were pretty much +eradicated smallpox and polio were two + + align:start position:0% +eradicated smallpox and polio were two + + + align:start position:0% +eradicated smallpox and polio were two +of the the real booster examples of + + align:start position:0% +of the the real booster examples of + + + align:start position:0% +of the the real booster examples of +childhood vaccinations that worked and + + align:start position:0% +childhood vaccinations that worked and + + + align:start position:0% +childhood vaccinations that worked and +worked amazingly well but now there's a + + align:start position:0% +worked amazingly well but now there's a + + + align:start position:0% +worked amazingly well but now there's a +problem with failure to vaccinate in + + align:start position:0% +problem with failure to vaccinate in + + + align:start position:0% +problem with failure to vaccinate in +certain parts of the world so that's a + + align:start position:0% +certain parts of the world so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +certain parts of the world so that's a +concern and then another interesting + + align:start position:0% +concern and then another interesting + + + align:start position:0% +concern and then another interesting +thing is that some viruses whoops let's + + align:start position:0% +thing is that some viruses whoops let's + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that some viruses whoops let's +go back sorry I don't know it's all a + + align:start position:0% +go back sorry I don't know it's all a + + + align:start position:0% +go back sorry I don't know it's all a +secret you can't see that just yet okay + + align:start position:0% +secret you can't see that just yet okay + + + align:start position:0% +secret you can't see that just yet okay +some viruses lead to cancer so human + + align:start position:0% +some viruses lead to cancer so human + + + align:start position:0% +some viruses lead to cancer so human +papilloma virus where there is a vaccine + + align:start position:0% +papilloma virus where there is a vaccine + + + align:start position:0% +papilloma virus where there is a vaccine +that people who have HIV some of the + + align:start position:0% +that people who have HIV some of the + + + align:start position:0% +that people who have HIV some of the +types of efforts hepatitis and + + align:start position:0% +types of efforts hepatitis and + + + align:start position:0% +types of efforts hepatitis and +epstein-barr are all associated with + + align:start position:0% +epstein-barr are all associated with + + + align:start position:0% +epstein-barr are all associated with +later cases of cancer so that's + + align:start position:0% +later cases of cancer so that's + + + align:start position:0% +later cases of cancer so that's +important to know so often cancers are + + align:start position:0% +important to know so often cancers are + + + align:start position:0% +important to know so often cancers are +named by their organ that they attach so + + align:start position:0% +named by their organ that they attach so + + + align:start position:0% +named by their organ that they attach so +even though the three the five + + align:start position:0% +even though the three the five + + + align:start position:0% +even though the three the five +hepatitises all attacks the liver they + + align:start position:0% +hepatitises all attacks the liver they + + + align:start position:0% +hepatitises all attacks the liver they +not related there just five viruses that + + align:start position:0% +not related there just five viruses that + + + align:start position:0% +not related there just five viruses that +go after the liver so if you've had a + + align:start position:0% +go after the liver so if you've had a + + + align:start position:0% +go after the liver so if you've had a +vaccination against happy it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +vaccination against happy it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +vaccination against happy it doesn't +protect you from Hep B or C by a + + align:start position:0% +protect you from Hep B or C by a + + + align:start position:0% +protect you from Hep B or C by a +relationship they're very very different + + align:start position:0% +relationship they're very very different + + + align:start position:0% +relationship they're very very different +so you have to have different + + align:start position:0% +so you have to have different + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to have different +vaccinations so this just gives you a + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations so this just gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations so this just gives you a +nice view of human viruses what their + + align:start position:0% +nice view of human viruses what their + + + align:start position:0% +nice view of human viruses what their +names are what organs they may attack + + align:start position:0% +names are what organs they may attack + + + align:start position:0% +names are what organs they may attack +what sorts of things they might be + + align:start position:0% +what sorts of things they might be + + + align:start position:0% +what sorts of things they might be +associated with but the trouble is this + + align:start position:0% +associated with but the trouble is this + + + align:start position:0% +associated with but the trouble is this +nomenclature doesn't get you anywhere + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature doesn't get you anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature doesn't get you anywhere +towards understanding the mechanism of a + + align:start position:0% +towards understanding the mechanism of a + + + align:start position:0% +towards understanding the mechanism of a +virus so what we will focus on is a much + + align:start position:0% +virus so what we will focus on is a much + + + align:start position:0% +virus so what we will focus on is a much +better system for describing viruses + + align:start position:0% +better system for describing viruses + + + align:start position:0% +better system for describing viruses +that's based on whether they have DNA or + + align:start position:0% +that's based on whether they have DNA or + + + align:start position:0% +that's based on whether they have DNA or +RNA within the genomes that they import + + align:start position:0% +RNA within the genomes that they import + + + align:start position:0% +RNA within the genomes that they import +into her cells and whether that DNA or + + align:start position:0% +into her cells and whether that DNA or + + + align:start position:0% +into her cells and whether that DNA or +RNA is single-stranded or + + align:start position:0% +RNA is single-stranded or + + + align:start position:0% +RNA is single-stranded or +double-stranded because that truly tells + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded because that truly tells + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded because that truly tells +us a lot more about the virus and maybe + + align:start position:0% +us a lot more about the virus and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +us a lot more about the virus and maybe +the steps that could be inhibited to + + align:start position:0% +the steps that could be inhibited to + + + align:start position:0% +the steps that could be inhibited to +prevent the viral infections but first + + align:start position:0% +prevent the viral infections but first + + + align:start position:0% +prevent the viral infections but first +of all just a few pictures here some so + + align:start position:0% +of all just a few pictures here some so + + + align:start position:0% +of all just a few pictures here some so +viruses can be rod-shaped they can look + + align:start position:0% +viruses can be rod-shaped they can look + + + align:start position:0% +viruses can be rod-shaped they can look +like they can be icosahedra they can + + align:start position:0% +like they can be icosahedra they can + + + align:start position:0% +like they can be icosahedra they can +just have a capsid so I mentioned they + + align:start position:0% +just have a capsid so I mentioned they + + + align:start position:0% +just have a capsid so I mentioned they +may just have a protein coat that sets + + align:start position:0% +may just have a protein coat that sets + + + align:start position:0% +may just have a protein coat that sets +of idea of repeating proteins that pack + + align:start position:0% +of idea of repeating proteins that pack + + + align:start position:0% +of idea of repeating proteins that pack +into a beautiful structure very commonly + + align:start position:0% +into a beautiful structure very commonly + + + align:start position:0% +into a beautiful structure very commonly +an icosahedron and I'll show you why + + align:start position:0% +an icosahedron and I'll show you why + + + align:start position:0% +an icosahedron and I'll show you why +that is or they may be enveloped viruses + + align:start position:0% +that is or they may be enveloped viruses + + + align:start position:0% +that is or they may be enveloped viruses +like influenza has a membrane a surface + + align:start position:0% +like influenza has a membrane a surface + + + align:start position:0% +like influenza has a membrane a surface +around where the DNA is packaged all of + + align:start position:0% +around where the DNA is packaged all of + + + align:start position:0% +around where the DNA is packaged all of +these have nucleic acids packaged within + + align:start position:0% +these have nucleic acids packaged within + + + align:start position:0% +these have nucleic acids packaged within +them DNA or RNA single or double + + align:start position:0% +them DNA or RNA single or double + + + align:start position:0% +them DNA or RNA single or double +stranded and in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +stranded and in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +stranded and in the case of the +enveloped viruses that membrane it's a + + align:start position:0% +enveloped viruses that membrane it's a + + + align:start position:0% +enveloped viruses that membrane it's a +normal membrane it's just like your + + align:start position:0% +normal membrane it's just like your + + + align:start position:0% +normal membrane it's just like your +membrane in fact it is your membrane + + align:start position:0% +membrane in fact it is your membrane + + + align:start position:0% +membrane in fact it is your membrane +will have proteins dotted within it + + align:start position:0% +will have proteins dotted within it + + + align:start position:0% +will have proteins dotted within it +that's actually serve as recognition to + + align:start position:0% +that's actually serve as recognition to + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually serve as recognition to +the host cells they'll grab onto her + + align:start position:0% +the host cells they'll grab onto her + + + align:start position:0% +the host cells they'll grab onto her +cells and be the source of the infection + + align:start position:0% +cells and be the source of the infection + + + align:start position:0% +cells and be the source of the infection +into the host cells this is a bacterial + + align:start position:0% +into the host cells this is a bacterial + + + align:start position:0% +into the host cells this is a bacterial +virus unless I said I just love the way + + align:start position:0% +virus unless I said I just love the way + + + align:start position:0% +virus unless I said I just love the way +they I mean they really look like this + + align:start position:0% +they I mean they really look like this + + + align:start position:0% +they I mean they really look like this +this you know the cartoon is really the + + align:start position:0% +this you know the cartoon is really the + + + align:start position:0% +this you know the cartoon is really the +cartoon of what the + + align:start position:0% +cartoon of what the + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon of what the +looks like unless sort of pretty amazing + + align:start position:0% +looks like unless sort of pretty amazing + + + align:start position:0% +looks like unless sort of pretty amazing +and they kind of should they keep their + + align:start position:0% +and they kind of should they keep their + + + align:start position:0% +and they kind of should they keep their +nucleic acid in the head here they land + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid in the head here they land + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid in the head here they land +on their sort of feet and they shoot of + + align:start position:0% +on their sort of feet and they shoot of + + + align:start position:0% +on their sort of feet and they shoot of +the nucleic acid material into the host + + align:start position:0% +the nucleic acid material into the host + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleic acid material into the host +cells so that's a very interesting of + + align:start position:0% +cells so that's a very interesting of + + + align:start position:0% +cells so that's a very interesting of +course they're singers okay so why are + + align:start position:0% +course they're singers okay so why are + + + align:start position:0% +course they're singers okay so why are +many viruses that are capsid viruses + + align:start position:0% +many viruses that are capsid viruses + + + align:start position:0% +many viruses that are capsid viruses +icosahedra so it ends up being a problem + + align:start position:0% +icosahedra so it ends up being a problem + + + align:start position:0% +icosahedra so it ends up being a problem +of geometry so how can you make a + + align:start position:0% +of geometry so how can you make a + + + align:start position:0% +of geometry so how can you make a +perfect coat around something with very + + align:start position:0% +perfect coat around something with very + + + align:start position:0% +perfect coat around something with very +very few building blocks of different + + align:start position:0% +very few building blocks of different + + + align:start position:0% +very few building blocks of different +types like if every building block in + + align:start position:0% +types like if every building block in + + + align:start position:0% +types like if every building block in +that coat was different the virus would + + align:start position:0% +that coat was different the virus would + + + align:start position:0% +that coat was different the virus would +have to have genes for all of them what + + align:start position:0% +have to have genes for all of them what + + + align:start position:0% +have to have genes for all of them what +viruses can do is they can have genes + + align:start position:0% +viruses can do is they can have genes + + + align:start position:0% +viruses can do is they can have genes +for like three pieces of a module of the + + align:start position:0% +for like three pieces of a module of the + + + align:start position:0% +for like three pieces of a module of the +virus so I'm going to show you how these + + align:start position:0% +virus so I'm going to show you how these + + + align:start position:0% +virus so I'm going to show you how these +capsid viruses get assembled so here + + align:start position:0% +capsid viruses get assembled so here + + + align:start position:0% +capsid viruses get assembled so here +color coded is an icosahedral virus + + align:start position:0% +color coded is an icosahedral virus + + + align:start position:0% +color coded is an icosahedral virus +where I've coded in red yellow green and + + align:start position:0% +where I've coded in red yellow green and + + + align:start position:0% +where I've coded in red yellow green and +blue a triangular component this is + + align:start position:0% +blue a triangular component this is + + + align:start position:0% +blue a triangular component this is +really cool that is a single sort of + + align:start position:0% +really cool that is a single sort of + + + align:start position:0% +really cool that is a single sort of +panel on that icosahedral virus that + + align:start position:0% +panel on that icosahedral virus that + + + align:start position:0% +panel on that icosahedral virus that +comes together as a triangle through non + + align:start position:0% +comes together as a triangle through non + + + align:start position:0% +comes together as a triangle through non +covalent interactions between three + + align:start position:0% +covalent interactions between three + + + align:start position:0% +covalent interactions between three +proteins okay you see that panel there + + align:start position:0% +proteins okay you see that panel there + + + align:start position:0% +proteins okay you see that panel there +what you can then do is see how that + + align:start position:0% +what you can then do is see how that + + + align:start position:0% +what you can then do is see how that +panel would fit into a pentagon with an + + align:start position:0% +panel would fit into a pentagon with an + + + align:start position:0% +panel would fit into a pentagon with an +extra triangle stuck onto it and you can + + align:start position:0% +extra triangle stuck onto it and you can + + + align:start position:0% +extra triangle stuck onto it and you can +fit that triangle into the Pentagon and + + align:start position:0% +fit that triangle into the Pentagon and + + + align:start position:0% +fit that triangle into the Pentagon and +also into the additional piece then you + + align:start position:0% +also into the additional piece then you + + + align:start position:0% +also into the additional piece then you +can start to visualize how you could + + align:start position:0% +can start to visualize how you could + + + align:start position:0% +can start to visualize how you could +build an icosahedron + + align:start position:0% +build an icosahedron + + + align:start position:0% +build an icosahedron +from those pieces because they represent + + align:start position:0% +from those pieces because they represent + + + align:start position:0% +from those pieces because they represent +each of those phases within the virus so + + align:start position:0% +each of those phases within the virus so + + + align:start position:0% +each of those phases within the virus so +you can go from this which is a set of + + align:start position:0% +you can go from this which is a set of + + + align:start position:0% +you can go from this which is a set of +building blocks okay that I just showed + + align:start position:0% +building blocks okay that I just showed + + + align:start position:0% +building blocks okay that I just showed +you then you can assemble them like this + + align:start position:0% +you then you can assemble them like this + + + align:start position:0% +you then you can assemble them like this +and one of these would be this part of + + align:start position:0% +and one of these would be this part of + + + align:start position:0% +and one of these would be this part of +the icosahedron and then you just have a + + align:start position:0% +the icosahedron and then you just have a + + + align:start position:0% +the icosahedron and then you just have a +bunch of copies of it and you can see + + align:start position:0% +bunch of copies of it and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of copies of it and you can see +how you would assemble that and years + + align:start position:0% +how you would assemble that and years + + + align:start position:0% +how you would assemble that and years +ago I decided to decorate my Christmas + + align:start position:0% +ago I decided to decorate my Christmas + + + align:start position:0% +ago I decided to decorate my Christmas +free but icosahedra so I went through + + align:start position:0% +free but icosahedra so I went through + + + align:start position:0% +free but icosahedra so I went through +this geometrical thing and believe me it + + align:start position:0% +this geometrical thing and believe me it + + + align:start position:0% +this geometrical thing and believe me it +works really nicely you can put together + + align:start position:0% +works really nicely you can put together + + + align:start position:0% +works really nicely you can put together +an icosahedron and build an icosahedron + + align:start position:0% +an icosahedron and build an icosahedron + + + align:start position:0% +an icosahedron and build an icosahedron +you can spring in gold and put it on + + align:start position:0% +you can spring in gold and put it on + + + align:start position:0% +you can spring in gold and put it on +your Christmas tree it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +your Christmas tree it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +your Christmas tree it's kind of +fanatical but it really it's highly + + align:start position:0% +fanatical but it really it's highly + + + align:start position:0% +fanatical but it really it's highly +recommended ok all right so let's now + + align:start position:0% +recommended ok all right so let's now + + + align:start position:0% +recommended ok all right so let's now +get down to something a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +get down to something a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +get down to something a little bit more +serious than Christmas trees and things + + align:start position:0% +serious than Christmas trees and things + + + align:start position:0% +serious than Christmas trees and things +all right so I told you that the + + align:start position:0% +all right so I told you that the + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I told you that the +classification of viruses by what organ + + align:start position:0% +classification of viruses by what organ + + + align:start position:0% +classification of viruses by what organ +they attack or who discovered them or + + align:start position:0% +they attack or who discovered them or + + + align:start position:0% +they attack or who discovered them or +anything is it's just is a vagary that's + + align:start position:0% +anything is it's just is a vagary that's + + + align:start position:0% +anything is it's just is a vagary that's +not so useful to the non physicians + + align:start position:0% +not so useful to the non physicians + + + align:start position:0% +not so useful to the non physicians +because you can't immediately know oh + + align:start position:0% +because you can't immediately know oh + + + align:start position:0% +because you can't immediately know oh +this is how the virus gets into the host + + align:start position:0% +this is how the virus gets into the host + + + align:start position:0% +this is how the virus gets into the host +cell this is how the virus uses its + + align:start position:0% +cell this is how the virus uses its + + + align:start position:0% +cell this is how the virus uses its +genetic material to make new viruses so + + align:start position:0% +genetic material to make new viruses so + + + align:start position:0% +genetic material to make new viruses so +what was developed by Baltimore David + + align:start position:0% +what was developed by Baltimore David + + + align:start position:0% +what was developed by Baltimore David +Baltimore used to be um it was kind of + + align:start position:0% +Baltimore used to be um it was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Baltimore used to be um it was kind of +interesting David Baltimore very famous + + align:start position:0% +interesting David Baltimore very famous + + + align:start position:0% +interesting David Baltimore very famous +person and Nobel laureate used to be at + + align:start position:0% +person and Nobel laureate used to be at + + + align:start position:0% +person and Nobel laureate used to be at +MIT when I was at Caltech and we moved + + align:start position:0% +MIT when I was at Caltech and we moved + + + align:start position:0% +MIT when I was at Caltech and we moved +in opposite directions I'm not sure it + + align:start position:0% +in opposite directions I'm not sure it + + + align:start position:0% +in opposite directions I'm not sure it +was a great trade for MIT but it was a + + align:start position:0% +was a great trade for MIT but it was a + + + align:start position:0% +was a great trade for MIT but it was a +great trade for Caltech so I ended up + + align:start position:0% +great trade for Caltech so I ended up + + + align:start position:0% +great trade for Caltech so I ended up +with David Baltimore's labs in building + + align:start position:0% +with David Baltimore's labs in building + + + align:start position:0% +with David Baltimore's labs in building +68 because we did that swap in 1999 or + + align:start position:0% +68 because we did that swap in 1999 or + + + align:start position:0% +68 because we did that swap in 1999 or +something like that so I thought that + + align:start position:0% +something like that so I thought that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that so I thought that +was pretty interesting anyway so what + + align:start position:0% +was pretty interesting anyway so what + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty interesting anyway so what +Baltimore decided is was much better to + + align:start position:0% +Baltimore decided is was much better to + + + align:start position:0% +Baltimore decided is was much better to +classify viruses by the type of genetic + + align:start position:0% +classify viruses by the type of genetic + + + align:start position:0% +classify viruses by the type of genetic +material like are they DNA or RNA is + + align:start position:0% +material like are they DNA or RNA is + + + align:start position:0% +material like are they DNA or RNA is +that DNA or RNA single-stranded or + + align:start position:0% +that DNA or RNA single-stranded or + + + align:start position:0% +that DNA or RNA single-stranded or +double-stranded because depending on + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded because depending on + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded because depending on +what the genetic material in the virus + + align:start position:0% +what the genetic material in the virus + + + align:start position:0% +what the genetic material in the virus +is once that gets unloaded into a host + + align:start position:0% +is once that gets unloaded into a host + + + align:start position:0% +is once that gets unloaded into a host +cell certain steps have to happen in + + align:start position:0% +cell certain steps have to happen in + + + align:start position:0% +cell certain steps have to happen in +order for the virus to be able to + + align:start position:0% +order for the virus to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +order for the virus to be able to +replicate that genetic material to + + align:start position:0% +replicate that genetic material to + + + align:start position:0% +replicate that genetic material to +convert it ultimately into the proteins + + align:start position:0% +convert it ultimately into the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +convert it ultimately into the proteins +it needs and then to package up a new by + + align:start position:0% +it needs and then to package up a new by + + + align:start position:0% +it needs and then to package up a new by +new viral genetic material into viral + + align:start position:0% +new viral genetic material into viral + + + align:start position:0% +new viral genetic material into viral +capsids so that they can then be sprung + + align:start position:0% +capsids so that they can then be sprung + + + align:start position:0% +capsids so that they can then be sprung +out of the cell and go infect another + + align:start position:0% +out of the cell and go infect another + + + align:start position:0% +out of the cell and go infect another +sounds so the classification basically + + align:start position:0% +sounds so the classification basically + + + align:start position:0% +sounds so the classification basically +went this way + + align:start position:0% +went this way + + + align:start position:0% +went this way +think of it what the major goal in the + + align:start position:0% +think of it what the major goal in the + + + align:start position:0% +think of it what the major goal in the +impacted cell is to get the virus to a + + align:start position:0% +impacted cell is to get the virus to a + + + align:start position:0% +impacted cell is to get the virus to a +stage where the virus has plus messenger + + align:start position:0% +stage where the virus has plus messenger + + + align:start position:0% +stage where the virus has plus messenger +RNA it has RNA that can be read by the + + align:start position:0% +RNA it has RNA that can be read by the + + + align:start position:0% +RNA it has RNA that can be read by the +hosts ribosomes and converted into + + align:start position:0% +hosts ribosomes and converted into + + + align:start position:0% +hosts ribosomes and converted into +proteins so the overall goal of the + + align:start position:0% +proteins so the overall goal of the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins so the overall goal of the +virus if we give it sort of some you + + align:start position:0% +virus if we give it sort of some you + + + align:start position:0% +virus if we give it sort of some you +know conscience shall we say is to make + + align:start position:0% +know conscience shall we say is to make + + + align:start position:0% +know conscience shall we say is to make +its viral material into messenger RNA + + align:start position:0% +its viral material into messenger RNA + + + align:start position:0% +its viral material into messenger RNA +now the virus doesn't include messenger + + align:start position:0% +now the virus doesn't include messenger + + + align:start position:0% +now the virus doesn't include messenger +RNA that's just what is made transiently + + align:start position:0% +RNA that's just what is made transiently + + + align:start position:0% +RNA that's just what is made transiently +but the virus may have single-stranded + + align:start position:0% +but the virus may have single-stranded + + + align:start position:0% +but the virus may have single-stranded +DNA + + align:start position:0% +DNA + + + align:start position:0% +DNA +it may have plus sense RNA it may have + + align:start position:0% +it may have plus sense RNA it may have + + + align:start position:0% +it may have plus sense RNA it may have +negative sense RNA it could have + + align:start position:0% +negative sense RNA it could have + + + align:start position:0% +negative sense RNA it could have +double-stranded DNA or it could even + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA or it could even + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA or it could even +have double-stranded RNA and depending + + align:start position:0% +have double-stranded RNA and depending + + + align:start position:0% +have double-stranded RNA and depending +on what that genetic material is what + + align:start position:0% +on what that genetic material is what + + + align:start position:0% +on what that genetic material is what +the Baltimore classification of a virus + + align:start position:0% +the Baltimore classification of a virus + + + align:start position:0% +the Baltimore classification of a virus +would be so depending on what's inside + + align:start position:0% +would be so depending on what's inside + + + align:start position:0% +would be so depending on what's inside +the virus then they can be classified + + align:start position:0% +the virus then they can be classified + + + align:start position:0% +the virus then they can be classified +and what we're gonna go through today + + align:start position:0% +and what we're gonna go through today + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're gonna go through today +and and on Friday is examples of class 1 + + align:start position:0% +and and on Friday is examples of class 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and and on Friday is examples of class 1 +class 5 and class 6 viruses so we can + + align:start position:0% +class 5 and class 6 viruses so we can + + + align:start position:0% +class 5 and class 6 viruses so we can +see how that genetic material ultimately + + align:start position:0% +see how that genetic material ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +see how that genetic material ultimately +becomes a new viral organ is very thin a + + align:start position:0% +becomes a new viral organ is very thin a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a new viral organ is very thin a +host cell or at least the components + + align:start position:0% +host cell or at least the components + + + align:start position:0% +host cell or at least the components +thereof ready to be sprung out of a + + align:start position:0% +thereof ready to be sprung out of a + + + align:start position:0% +thereof ready to be sprung out of a +virus and there's one important point + + align:start position:0% +virus and there's one important point + + + align:start position:0% +virus and there's one important point +that I want to also address whoops + + align:start position:0% +that I want to also address whoops + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to also address whoops +body lytic all right there are two ways + + align:start position:0% +body lytic all right there are two ways + + + align:start position:0% +body lytic all right there are two ways +in which viruses escape their host cell + + align:start position:0% +in which viruses escape their host cell + + + align:start position:0% +in which viruses escape their host cell +they may be budding so here you have a + + align:start position:0% +they may be budding so here you have a + + + align:start position:0% +they may be budding so here you have a +host cell the viral components all + + align:start position:0% +host cell the viral components all + + + align:start position:0% +host cell the viral components all +congregate near the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +congregate near the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +congregate near the surface of the +membrane from the inside and then the + + align:start position:0% +membrane from the inside and then the + + + align:start position:0% +membrane from the inside and then the +host cell buds off the viral components + + align:start position:0% +host cell buds off the viral components + + + align:start position:0% +host cell buds off the viral components +go with it and the bud splits off so the + + align:start position:0% +go with it and the bud splits off so the + + + align:start position:0% +go with it and the bud splits off so the +host cell has its nucleus is still + + align:start position:0% +host cell has its nucleus is still + + + align:start position:0% +host cell has its nucleus is still +intact + + align:start position:0% +intact + + + align:start position:0% +intact +HIV is such a virus shoot HIV + + align:start position:0% +HIV is such a virus shoot HIV + + + align:start position:0% +HIV is such a virus shoot HIV +and kill its hosts that's the best sign + + align:start position:0% +and kill its hosts that's the best sign + + + align:start position:0% +and kill its hosts that's the best sign +of a parasite and wants the host to + + align:start position:0% +of a parasite and wants the host to + + + align:start position:0% +of a parasite and wants the host to +stick around so it just buds off the + + align:start position:0% +stick around so it just buds off the + + + align:start position:0% +stick around so it just buds off the +other types of viruses oolitic and + + align:start position:0% +other types of viruses oolitic and + + + align:start position:0% +other types of viruses oolitic and +basically the cell just busts open and + + align:start position:0% +basically the cell just busts open and + + + align:start position:0% +basically the cell just busts open and +throws out the virus so they're in two + + align:start position:0% +throws out the virus so they're in two + + + align:start position:0% +throws out the virus so they're in two +categories some of them are budding the + + align:start position:0% +categories some of them are budding the + + + align:start position:0% +categories some of them are budding the +enveloped viruses have to be budding + + align:start position:0% +enveloped viruses have to be budding + + + align:start position:0% +enveloped viruses have to be budding +because they're gonna take with them the + + align:start position:0% +because they're gonna take with them the + + + align:start position:0% +because they're gonna take with them the +membrane of the host cell all right + + align:start position:0% +membrane of the host cell all right + + + align:start position:0% +membrane of the host cell all right +so that's another important difference + + align:start position:0% +so that's another important difference + + + align:start position:0% +so that's another important difference +okay so what we got here so ultimately + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we got here so ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we got here so ultimately +the goal is to be able to make a plus + + align:start position:0% +the goal is to be able to make a plus + + + align:start position:0% +the goal is to be able to make a plus +strand mRNA for protein synthesis so we + + align:start position:0% +strand mRNA for protein synthesis so we + + + align:start position:0% +strand mRNA for protein synthesis so we +really need to have the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +really need to have the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +really need to have the appropriate +sense of the RNA that will dictate + + align:start position:0% +sense of the RNA that will dictate + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the RNA that will dictate +protein synthesis so let's first of all + + align:start position:0% +protein synthesis so let's first of all + + + align:start position:0% +protein synthesis so let's first of all +look at one of the simple versions a + + align:start position:0% +look at one of the simple versions a + + + align:start position:0% +look at one of the simple versions a +double-stranded DNA virus and this is + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA virus and this is + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA virus and this is +represented by the smallpox virus so + + align:start position:0% +represented by the smallpox virus so + + + align:start position:0% +represented by the smallpox virus so +everybody's heard of that and herpes + + align:start position:0% +everybody's heard of that and herpes + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's heard of that and herpes +simplex and these are both enveloped + + align:start position:0% +simplex and these are both enveloped + + + align:start position:0% +simplex and these are both enveloped +viruses so that means they have a + + align:start position:0% +viruses so that means they have a + + + align:start position:0% +viruses so that means they have a +membrane shell and so I'm just gonna + + align:start position:0% +membrane shell and so I'm just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +membrane shell and so I'm just gonna +walk you through the steps of going from + + align:start position:0% +walk you through the steps of going from + + + align:start position:0% +walk you through the steps of going from +the double-stranded DNA to make a new + + align:start position:0% +the double-stranded DNA to make a new + + + align:start position:0% +the double-stranded DNA to make a new +virus so here's the virus it has a + + align:start position:0% +virus so here's the virus it has a + + + align:start position:0% +virus so here's the virus it has a +capsid as well as a membrane envelope + + align:start position:0% +capsid as well as a membrane envelope + + + align:start position:0% +capsid as well as a membrane envelope +and there's recognition between the + + align:start position:0% +and there's recognition between the + + + align:start position:0% +and there's recognition between the +virus and the host cell + + align:start position:0% +virus and the host cell + + + align:start position:0% +virus and the host cell +we'll talk very specifically about what + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk very specifically about what + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk very specifically about what +that recognition is when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +that recognition is when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that recognition is when we talk about +HIV because that's very well categorized + + align:start position:0% +HIV because that's very well categorized + + + align:start position:0% +HIV because that's very well categorized +once the virus gets into the host cell + + align:start position:0% +once the virus gets into the host cell + + + align:start position:0% +once the virus gets into the host cell +is sort of spilled off all the coat and + + align:start position:0% +is sort of spilled off all the coat and + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of spilled off all the coat and +dumps out it's double-stranded DNA the + + align:start position:0% +dumps out it's double-stranded DNA the + + + align:start position:0% +dumps out it's double-stranded DNA the +viral DNA into the host cell and then + + align:start position:0% +viral DNA into the host cell and then + + + align:start position:0% +viral DNA into the host cell and then +that DNA can in the nucleus can + + align:start position:0% +that DNA can in the nucleus can + + + align:start position:0% +that DNA can in the nucleus can +replicate in two more copies of the + + align:start position:0% +replicate in two more copies of the + + + align:start position:0% +replicate in two more copies of the +viral DNA or it can be transcribed into + + align:start position:0% +viral DNA or it can be transcribed into + + + align:start position:0% +viral DNA or it can be transcribed into +messenger RNA which is then the code for + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA which is then the code for + + + align:start position:0% +messenger RNA which is then the code for +all those capsid proteins that the virus + + align:start position:0% +all those capsid proteins that the virus + + + align:start position:0% +all those capsid proteins that the virus +needs and then these start to self + + align:start position:0% +needs and then these start to self + + + align:start position:0% +needs and then these start to self +assemble within the host cell where the + + align:start position:0% +assemble within the host cell where the + + + align:start position:0% +assemble within the host cell where the +capsid proteins wrap around the buyer + + align:start position:0% +capsid proteins wrap around the buyer + + + align:start position:0% +capsid proteins wrap around the buyer +around the viral genetic material they + + align:start position:0% +around the viral genetic material they + + + align:start position:0% +around the viral genetic material they +accumulate near the surface of the cell + + align:start position:0% +accumulate near the surface of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +accumulate near the surface of the cell +and then they bud off from the cells so + + align:start position:0% +and then they bud off from the cells so + + + align:start position:0% +and then they bud off from the cells so +that's how you go from simple DNA so + + align:start position:0% +that's how you go from simple DNA so + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you go from simple DNA so +these these processes are completely + + align:start position:0% +these these processes are completely + + + align:start position:0% +these these processes are completely +based on the human enzymes that do those + + align:start position:0% +based on the human enzymes that do those + + + align:start position:0% +based on the human enzymes that do those +processes replication we got to + + align:start position:0% +processes replication we got to + + + align:start position:0% +processes replication we got to +replicate DNA we're going to have to do + + align:start position:0% +replicate DNA we're going to have to do + + + align:start position:0% +replicate DNA we're going to have to do +that in the nucleus transcription we're + + align:start position:0% +that in the nucleus transcription we're + + + align:start position:0% +that in the nucleus transcription we're +gonna have to ship out part of the DNA + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to ship out part of the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to ship out part of the DNA +from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and + + align:start position:0% +from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and + + + align:start position:0% +from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and +make we're gonna have to make a copy of + + align:start position:0% +make we're gonna have to make a copy of + + + align:start position:0% +make we're gonna have to make a copy of +the messenger RNA and ship it out of the + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA and ship it out of the + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger RNA and ship it out of the +nucleus and then we're gonna use the + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and then we're gonna use the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and then we're gonna use the +host right ribosomes the hosts amino + + align:start position:0% +host right ribosomes the hosts amino + + + align:start position:0% +host right ribosomes the hosts amino +acids the building blocks and everything + + align:start position:0% +acids the building blocks and everything + + + align:start position:0% +acids the building blocks and everything +to make a new protein that is not our + + align:start position:0% +to make a new protein that is not our + + + align:start position:0% +to make a new protein that is not our +host cell protein it's the capsid + + align:start position:0% +host cell protein it's the capsid + + + align:start position:0% +host cell protein it's the capsid +protein obviously the human cell isn't + + align:start position:0% +protein obviously the human cell isn't + + + align:start position:0% +protein obviously the human cell isn't +going to be making a capsid protein so + + align:start position:0% +going to be making a capsid protein so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be making a capsid protein so +that's the main thing that the virus had + + align:start position:0% +that's the main thing that the virus had + + + align:start position:0% +that's the main thing that the virus had +to encode right it had to have the DNA + + align:start position:0% +to encode right it had to have the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +to encode right it had to have the DNA +to make that so that all looks sort of + + align:start position:0% +to make that so that all looks sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to make that so that all looks sort of +fairly simple and the steps make sense + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple and the steps make sense + + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple and the steps make sense +this is why we covered this virus first + + align:start position:0% +this is why we covered this virus first + + + align:start position:0% +this is why we covered this virus first +because it really you know it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +because it really you know it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +because it really you know it's kind of +the most transparent to understand so + + align:start position:0% +the most transparent to understand so + + + align:start position:0% +the most transparent to understand so +this transient stage of sort of + + align:start position:0% +this transient stage of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this transient stage of sort of +borrowing machinery and as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +borrowing machinery and as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing machinery and as I mentioned +here the virus can spring out of the + + align:start position:0% +here the virus can spring out of the + + + align:start position:0% +here the virus can spring out of the +host cell yes they start to just be too + + align:start position:0% +host cell yes they start to just be too + + + align:start position:0% +host cell yes they start to just be too +much of a burden to the body so they're + + align:start position:0% +much of a burden to the body so they're + + + align:start position:0% +much of a burden to the body so they're +just you know if they're in side cells + + align:start position:0% +just you know if they're in side cells + + + align:start position:0% +just you know if they're in side cells +and exploiting the resources of the cell + + align:start position:0% +and exploiting the resources of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +and exploiting the resources of the cell +they're basically there harming it but + + align:start position:0% +they're basically there harming it but + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically there harming it but +they're not destroying it instantly + + align:start position:0% +they're not destroying it instantly + + + align:start position:0% +they're not destroying it instantly +every lifecycle they're just using + + align:start position:0% +every lifecycle they're just using + + + align:start position:0% +every lifecycle they're just using +resources to replicate and then go get + + align:start position:0% +resources to replicate and then go get + + + align:start position:0% +resources to replicate and then go get +spread to another cell and another cell + + align:start position:0% +spread to another cell and another cell + + + align:start position:0% +spread to another cell and another cell +where they'll keep using resources so + + align:start position:0% +where they'll keep using resources so + + + align:start position:0% +where they'll keep using resources so +it's really just an overload of the + + align:start position:0% +it's really just an overload of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's really just an overload of the +system it's a very good point but they + + align:start position:0% +system it's a very good point but they + + + align:start position:0% +system it's a very good point but they +can stick around a long time and with + + align:start position:0% +can stick around a long time and with + + + align:start position:0% +can stick around a long time and with +HIV you're gonna see what really sneaky + + align:start position:0% +HIV you're gonna see what really sneaky + + + align:start position:0% +HIV you're gonna see what really sneaky +thing they do is because they put their + + align:start position:0% +thing they do is because they put their + + + align:start position:0% +thing they do is because they put their +genome into the host genome and that's + + align:start position:0% +genome into the host genome and that's + + + align:start position:0% +genome into the host genome and that's +sort of really pretty terrifying + + align:start position:0% +sort of really pretty terrifying + + + align:start position:0% +sort of really pretty terrifying +I always ask this question but it's kind + + align:start position:0% +I always ask this question but it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +I always ask this question but it's kind +of a silly + + align:start position:0% +of a silly + + + align:start position:0% +of a silly +you know what is life viruses alive well + + align:start position:0% +you know what is life viruses alive well + + + align:start position:0% +you know what is life viruses alive well +they're kind of alive but they're not + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of alive but they're not + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of alive but they're not +really alive unless they have someplace + + align:start position:0% +really alive unless they have someplace + + + align:start position:0% +really alive unless they have someplace +to live but oh we all like that so + + align:start position:0% +to live but oh we all like that so + + + align:start position:0% +to live but oh we all like that so +that's very philosophical so we'll move + + align:start position:0% +that's very philosophical so we'll move + + + align:start position:0% +that's very philosophical so we'll move +right on here okay so when you think of + + align:start position:0% +right on here okay so when you think of + + + align:start position:0% +right on here okay so when you think of +a virus this is the original central + + align:start position:0% +a virus this is the original central + + + align:start position:0% +a virus this is the original central +dogma all the moving parts of the + + align:start position:0% +dogma all the moving parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +dogma all the moving parts of the +central dogma and note so that when you + + align:start position:0% +central dogma and note so that when you + + + align:start position:0% +central dogma and note so that when you +think of a virus what double what does + + align:start position:0% +think of a virus what double what does + + + align:start position:0% +think of a virus what double what does +double-stranded DNA + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA +need from the host it's got all of these + + align:start position:0% +need from the host it's got all of these + + + align:start position:0% +need from the host it's got all of these +things it's got the polymer the host has + + align:start position:0% +things it's got the polymer the host has + + + align:start position:0% +things it's got the polymer the host has +the polymerase it has the DNA dependent + + align:start position:0% +the polymerase it has the DNA dependent + + + align:start position:0% +the polymerase it has the DNA dependent +RNA polymerase it's got all the + + align:start position:0% +RNA polymerase it's got all the + + + align:start position:0% +RNA polymerase it's got all the +ribosomal machinery so the only thing + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal machinery so the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal machinery so the only thing +that the virus needs is the gene for its + + align:start position:0% +that the virus needs is the gene for its + + + align:start position:0% +that the virus needs is the gene for its +capsid proteins so you can peel out from + + align:start position:0% +capsid proteins so you can peel out from + + + align:start position:0% +capsid proteins so you can peel out from +that entire lifecycle the one unique + + align:start position:0% +that entire lifecycle the one unique + + + align:start position:0% +that entire lifecycle the one unique +thing about the virus so that's a + + align:start position:0% +thing about the virus so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +thing about the virus so that's a +double-stranded DNA okay let's now move + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA okay let's now move + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA okay let's now move +to a different type of Y which is a + + align:start position:0% +to a different type of Y which is a + + + align:start position:0% +to a different type of Y which is a +negative stranded RNA virus and these + + align:start position:0% +negative stranded RNA virus and these + + + align:start position:0% +negative stranded RNA virus and these +are quite important because these form + + align:start position:0% +are quite important because these form + + + align:start position:0% +are quite important because these form +the basis for let me just go to the + + align:start position:0% +the basis for let me just go to the + + + align:start position:0% +the basis for let me just go to the +diseases this is the influenza virus and + + align:start position:0% +diseases this is the influenza virus and + + + align:start position:0% +diseases this is the influenza virus and +I'm going to mention it's very important + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to mention it's very important + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to mention it's very important +points relative to influenza viruses so + + align:start position:0% +points relative to influenza viruses so + + + align:start position:0% +points relative to influenza viruses so +influenza virus is what's known as a + + align:start position:0% +influenza virus is what's known as a + + + align:start position:0% +influenza virus is what's known as a +segmented virus and what that means is + + align:start position:0% +segmented virus and what that means is + + + align:start position:0% +segmented virus and what that means is +is that it's genome in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +is that it's genome in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's genome in this case it's +negative stranded RNA is in pieces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a lot a lot of other viruses just have a + + align:start position:0% +a lot a lot of other viruses just have a + + + align:start position:0% +a lot a lot of other viruses just have a +single strand of genome single nucleic + + align:start position:0% +single strand of genome single nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +single strand of genome single nucleic +acid strand so it's just one piece where + + align:start position:0% +acid strand so it's just one piece where + + + align:start position:0% +acid strand so it's just one piece where +portions of that nucleic acid code for + + align:start position:0% +portions of that nucleic acid code for + + + align:start position:0% +portions of that nucleic acid code for +different proteins and they'll often + + align:start position:0% +different proteins and they'll often + + + align:start position:0% +different proteins and they'll often +code for initially poly proteins that + + align:start position:0% +code for initially poly proteins that + + + align:start position:0% +code for initially poly proteins that +get broken up and we'll see a virus with + + align:start position:0% +get broken up and we'll see a virus with + + + align:start position:0% +get broken up and we'll see a virus with +a single strand when we look at HIV but + + align:start position:0% +a single strand when we look at HIV but + + + align:start position:0% +a single strand when we look at HIV but +the influenza virus has a segmented + + align:start position:0% +the influenza virus has a segmented + + + align:start position:0% +the influenza virus has a segmented +genome and that's very relevant for its + + align:start position:0% +genome and that's very relevant for its + + + align:start position:0% +genome and that's very relevant for its +lifestyle because we'll see in a moment + + align:start position:0% +lifestyle because we'll see in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +lifestyle because we'll see in a moment +how influenza virus can can cause more + + align:start position:0% +how influenza virus can can cause more + + + align:start position:0% +how influenza virus can can cause more +damage than we anticipate because of + + align:start position:0% +damage than we anticipate because of + + + align:start position:0% +damage than we anticipate because of +recombination of different copies of the + + align:start position:0% +recombination of different copies of the + + + align:start position:0% +recombination of different copies of the +segmented virus through differences but + + align:start position:0% +segmented virus through differences but + + + align:start position:0% +segmented virus through differences but +let's first of all take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +let's first of all take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +let's first of all take a look at the +life cycle of this virus and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +life cycle of this virus and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +life cycle of this virus and then we'll +move on to dealing with the issue of the + + align:start position:0% +move on to dealing with the issue of the + + + align:start position:0% +move on to dealing with the issue of the +segmentation okay so here's a typical + + align:start position:0% +segmentation okay so here's a typical + + + align:start position:0% +segmentation okay so here's a typical +enveloped virus with a capsid inside + + align:start position:0% +enveloped virus with a capsid inside + + + align:start position:0% +enveloped virus with a capsid inside +there's the negative stranded RNA that + + align:start position:0% +there's the negative stranded RNA that + + + align:start position:0% +there's the negative stranded RNA that +gets into the host cell and you make a + + align:start position:0% +gets into the host cell and you make a + + + align:start position:0% +gets into the host cell and you make a +new hat you dump into the host cell + + align:start position:0% +new hat you dump into the host cell + + + align:start position:0% +new hat you dump into the host cell +the viral genomic RNA that can get + + align:start position:0% +the viral genomic RNA that can get + + + align:start position:0% +the viral genomic RNA that can get +copied the minus strand RNA gets copied + + align:start position:0% +copied the minus strand RNA gets copied + + + align:start position:0% +copied the minus strand RNA gets copied +to the plus strand RNA which becomes the + + align:start position:0% +to the plus strand RNA which becomes the + + + align:start position:0% +to the plus strand RNA which becomes the +messenger for protein synthesis in the + + align:start position:0% +messenger for protein synthesis in the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger for protein synthesis in the +cell so you've gone in with minus strand + + align:start position:0% +cell so you've gone in with minus strand + + + align:start position:0% +cell so you've gone in with minus strand +you've made the plus strand which is the + + align:start position:0% +you've made the plus strand which is the + + + align:start position:0% +you've made the plus strand which is the +messenger and that encodes all the + + align:start position:0% +messenger and that encodes all the + + + align:start position:0% +messenger and that encodes all the +proteins that are needed for a new virus + + align:start position:0% +proteins that are needed for a new virus + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that are needed for a new virus +okay and some of those proteins may have + + align:start position:0% +okay and some of those proteins may have + + + align:start position:0% +okay and some of those proteins may have +signal sequences they may be shipped to + + align:start position:0% +signal sequences they may be shipped to + + + align:start position:0% +signal sequences they may be shipped to +the surface of the cell and they may be + + align:start position:0% +the surface of the cell and they may be + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of the cell and they may be +planted in the outside cellular membrane + + align:start position:0% +planted in the outside cellular membrane + + + align:start position:0% +planted in the outside cellular membrane +of the host cells and what you see here + + align:start position:0% +of the host cells and what you see here + + + align:start position:0% +of the host cells and what you see here +is copies of those proteins actually in + + align:start position:0% +is copies of those proteins actually in + + + align:start position:0% +is copies of those proteins actually in +the surface of a cell so what happens + + align:start position:0% +the surface of a cell so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of a cell so what happens +with this virus is once all the moving + + align:start position:0% +with this virus is once all the moving + + + align:start position:0% +with this virus is once all the moving +parts are made + + align:start position:0% +parts are made + + + align:start position:0% +parts are made +they congregate at the surface of a cell + + align:start position:0% +they congregate at the surface of a cell + + + align:start position:0% +they congregate at the surface of a cell +get packaged and then bud off from the + + align:start position:0% +get packaged and then bud off from the + + + align:start position:0% +get packaged and then bud off from the +cell so remember all the rules you + + align:start position:0% +cell so remember all the rules you + + + align:start position:0% +cell so remember all the rules you +learned about where proteins end up in + + align:start position:0% +learned about where proteins end up in + + + align:start position:0% +learned about where proteins end up in +the cell are all good still here because + + align:start position:0% +the cell are all good still here because + + + align:start position:0% +the cell are all good still here because +the capsid proteins have to get to a + + align:start position:0% +the capsid proteins have to get to a + + + align:start position:0% +the capsid proteins have to get to a +cell membrane so they're translated with + + align:start position:0% +cell membrane so they're translated with + + + align:start position:0% +cell membrane so they're translated with +a signal sequence they congregate I + + align:start position:0% +a signal sequence they congregate I + + + align:start position:0% +a signal sequence they congregate I +don't know how this self-assembly occurs + + align:start position:0% +don't know how this self-assembly occurs + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how this self-assembly occurs +but it's a fascinating process so that + + align:start position:0% +but it's a fascinating process so that + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a fascinating process so that +ultimately you bud off an intact variant + + align:start position:0% +ultimately you bud off an intact variant + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately you bud off an intact variant +from the host cell but the key thing + + align:start position:0% +from the host cell but the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +from the host cell but the key thing +that the virus has to have is something + + align:start position:0% +that the virus has to have is something + + + align:start position:0% +that the virus has to have is something +that will copy negative stranded RNA to + + align:start position:0% +that will copy negative stranded RNA to + + + align:start position:0% +that will copy negative stranded RNA to +plus stranded RNA which is going to be + + align:start position:0% +plus stranded RNA which is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +plus stranded RNA which is going to be +the messenger so the virus also has to + + align:start position:0% +the messenger so the virus also has to + + + align:start position:0% +the messenger so the virus also has to +code for a particular protein that's + + align:start position:0% +code for a particular protein that's + + + align:start position:0% +code for a particular protein that's +unique to its lifestyle so it has an RA + + align:start position:0% +unique to its lifestyle so it has an RA + + + align:start position:0% +unique to its lifestyle so it has an RA +dependent RNA polymerase we don't use an + + align:start position:0% +dependent RNA polymerase we don't use an + + + align:start position:0% +dependent RNA polymerase we don't use an +RNA dependent RNA polymerase but the + + align:start position:0% +RNA dependent RNA polymerase but the + + + align:start position:0% +RNA dependent RNA polymerase but the +virus needs it to take its negative + + align:start position:0% +virus needs it to take its negative + + + align:start position:0% +virus needs it to take its negative +strand RNA to a plus strand RNA which + + align:start position:0% +strand RNA to a plus strand RNA which + + + align:start position:0% +strand RNA to a plus strand RNA which +will be the messenger so does that make + + align:start position:0% +will be the messenger so does that make + + + align:start position:0% +will be the messenger so does that make +sense so obviously that's a moving part + + align:start position:0% +sense so obviously that's a moving part + + + align:start position:0% +sense so obviously that's a moving part +that it needs to provide to the host now + + align:start position:0% +that it needs to provide to the host now + + + align:start position:0% +that it needs to provide to the host now +what's this about segmented viruses + + align:start position:0% +what's this about segmented viruses + + + align:start position:0% +what's this about segmented viruses +that's quite important so oh and I just + + align:start position:0% +that's quite important so oh and I just + + + align:start position:0% +that's quite important so oh and I just +want to underscore here what defines the + + align:start position:0% +want to underscore here what defines the + + + align:start position:0% +want to underscore here what defines the +destination of these proteins whether + + align:start position:0% +destination of these proteins whether + + + align:start position:0% +destination of these proteins whether +they're capsid proteins or proteins are + + align:start position:0% +they're capsid proteins or proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +they're capsid proteins or proteins are +going to be packaged within the virus is + + align:start position:0% +going to be packaged within the virus is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be packaged within the virus is +basically just the same rules that apply + + align:start position:0% +basically just the same rules that apply + + + align:start position:0% +basically just the same rules that apply +that we talked about when we talked + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about when we talked + + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about when we talked +about protein trafficking okay so every + + align:start position:0% +about protein trafficking okay so every + + + align:start position:0% +about protein trafficking okay so every +year has a whole panic did you get your + + align:start position:0% +year has a whole panic did you get your + + + align:start position:0% +year has a whole panic did you get your +flu shot is it gonna work this year oh + + align:start position:0% +flu shot is it gonna work this year oh + + + align:start position:0% +flu shot is it gonna work this year oh +my god millions of people are gonna get + + align:start position:0% +my god millions of people are gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +my god millions of people are gonna get +sick go get your flu shot it's + + align:start position:0% +sick go get your flu shot it's + + + align:start position:0% +sick go get your flu shot it's +tetravalent it's trivalent and so on so + + align:start position:0% +tetravalent it's trivalent and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +tetravalent it's trivalent and so on so +what we're trying to do every year is + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to do every year is + + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to do every year is +predict what the virus is gonna look + + align:start position:0% +predict what the virus is gonna look + + + align:start position:0% +predict what the virus is gonna look +like so we have to put there teams of + + align:start position:0% +like so we have to put there teams of + + + align:start position:0% +like so we have to put there teams of +people who sometimes get it wrong who + + align:start position:0% +people who sometimes get it wrong who + + + align:start position:0% +people who sometimes get it wrong who +predict the variation in these genes and + + align:start position:0% +predict the variation in these genes and + + + align:start position:0% +predict the variation in these genes and +they look at winter in the southern + + align:start position:0% +they look at winter in the southern + + + align:start position:0% +they look at winter in the southern +hemisphere because that precedes us and + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere because that precedes us and + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere because that precedes us and +try to guess what's gonna happen in + + align:start position:0% +try to guess what's gonna happen in + + + align:start position:0% +try to guess what's gonna happen in +winter in the northern hemisphere + + align:start position:0% +winter in the northern hemisphere + + + align:start position:0% +winter in the northern hemisphere +and we get to try and put together you + + align:start position:0% +and we get to try and put together you + + + align:start position:0% +and we get to try and put together you +know a vaccination package but the + + align:start position:0% +know a vaccination package but the + + + align:start position:0% +know a vaccination package but the +problem with the viral influenza virus + + align:start position:0% +problem with the viral influenza virus + + + align:start position:0% +problem with the viral influenza virus +is that there can be not just dressed + + align:start position:0% +is that there can be not just dressed + + + align:start position:0% +is that there can be not just dressed +like mutations small mutations happening + + align:start position:0% +like mutations small mutations happening + + + align:start position:0% +like mutations small mutations happening +a little bit of a time but there can be + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a time but there can be + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a time but there can be +recombination of the genes because they + + align:start position:0% +recombination of the genes because they + + + align:start position:0% +recombination of the genes because they +are segmented into totally new virus + + align:start position:0% +are segmented into totally new virus + + + align:start position:0% +are segmented into totally new virus +particles that have different properties + + align:start position:0% +particles that have different properties + + + align:start position:0% +particles that have different properties +so viruses don't just drift in their + + align:start position:0% +so viruses don't just drift in their + + + align:start position:0% +so viruses don't just drift in their +genomic sequence they can have dramatic + + align:start position:0% +genomic sequence they can have dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +genomic sequence they can have dramatic +shifts in their sequences that occur + + align:start position:0% +shifts in their sequences that occur + + + align:start position:0% +shifts in their sequences that occur +what's through combinations of viruses + + align:start position:0% +what's through combinations of viruses + + + align:start position:0% +what's through combinations of viruses +that come that have infected different + + align:start position:0% +that come that have infected different + + + align:start position:0% +that come that have infected different +animals so some of the common strains + + align:start position:0% +animals so some of the common strains + + + align:start position:0% +animals so some of the common strains +when we talk about certain strains that + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about certain strains that + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about certain strains that +have been very very troublesome to + + align:start position:0% +have been very very troublesome to + + + align:start position:0% +have been very very troublesome to +humans may result from such a + + align:start position:0% +humans may result from such a + + + align:start position:0% +humans may result from such a +combination so this would be the + + align:start position:0% +combination so this would be the + + + align:start position:0% +combination so this would be the +Eurasian Pig flu the classic Pig flu the + + align:start position:0% +Eurasian Pig flu the classic Pig flu the + + + align:start position:0% +Eurasian Pig flu the classic Pig flu the +human flu the bird flu is in certain + + align:start position:0% +human flu the bird flu is in certain + + + align:start position:0% +human flu the bird flu is in certain +communities where people often live with + + align:start position:0% +communities where people often live with + + + align:start position:0% +communities where people often live with +their livestock a cell gets infected + + align:start position:0% +their livestock a cell gets infected + + + align:start position:0% +their livestock a cell gets infected +with viruses a human virus the swine + + align:start position:0% +with viruses a human virus the swine + + + align:start position:0% +with viruses a human virus the swine +virus they can mix and match together + + align:start position:0% +virus they can mix and match together + + + align:start position:0% +virus they can mix and match together +and you can make a totally different + + align:start position:0% +and you can make a totally different + + + align:start position:0% +and you can make a totally different +viral composition where you've got one + + align:start position:0% +viral composition where you've got one + + + align:start position:0% +viral composition where you've got one +protein one piece of genetic information + + align:start position:0% +protein one piece of genetic information + + + align:start position:0% +protein one piece of genetic information +from the swine flu and seven more from + + align:start position:0% +from the swine flu and seven more from + + + align:start position:0% +from the swine flu and seven more from +the human flu and what that can suddenly + + align:start position:0% +the human flu and what that can suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +the human flu and what that can suddenly +mean is that first of all the bite the + + align:start position:0% +mean is that first of all the bite the + + + align:start position:0% +mean is that first of all the bite the +vaccines don't work at all but they may + + align:start position:0% +vaccines don't work at all but they may + + + align:start position:0% +vaccines don't work at all but they may +have very very different properties for + + align:start position:0% +have very very different properties for + + + align:start position:0% +have very very different properties for +infectivity the protein that is + + align:start position:0% +infectivity the protein that is + + + align:start position:0% +infectivity the protein that is +expressed that may cause that very first + + align:start position:0% +expressed that may cause that very first + + + align:start position:0% +expressed that may cause that very first +attack of the virus on yourselves in the + + align:start position:0% +attack of the virus on yourselves in the + + + align:start position:0% +attack of the virus on yourselves in the +upper lungs may be very different to the + + align:start position:0% +upper lungs may be very different to the + + + align:start position:0% +upper lungs may be very different to the +types of the protein that comes from the + + align:start position:0% +types of the protein that comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +types of the protein that comes from the +swine flu may give you much more serious + + align:start position:0% +swine flu may give you much more serious + + + align:start position:0% +swine flu may give you much more serious +lung infections because they can go + + align:start position:0% +lung infections because they can go + + + align:start position:0% +lung infections because they can go +deeper into the lungs so it can be very + + align:start position:0% +deeper into the lungs so it can be very + + + align:start position:0% +deeper into the lungs so it can be very +small changes but pulling an enzyme a + + align:start position:0% +small changes but pulling an enzyme a + + + align:start position:0% +small changes but pulling an enzyme a +piece of gene from a completely + + align:start position:0% +piece of gene from a completely + + + align:start position:0% +piece of gene from a completely +different organism and matching it up + + align:start position:0% +different organism and matching it up + + + align:start position:0% +different organism and matching it up +with the rest of the genes from the + + align:start position:0% +with the rest of the genes from the + + + align:start position:0% +with the rest of the genes from the +human virus that makes for dramatic + + align:start position:0% +human virus that makes for dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +human virus that makes for dramatic +shifts in viral infections that + + align:start position:0% +shifts in viral infections that + + + align:start position:0% +shifts in viral infections that +that cause these sorts of sudden + + align:start position:0% +that cause these sorts of sudden + + + align:start position:0% +that cause these sorts of sudden +tectonic shifts where we've really got a + + align:start position:0% +tectonic shifts where we've really got a + + + align:start position:0% +tectonic shifts where we've really got a +deal with a virus there are two terms up + + align:start position:0% +deal with a virus there are two terms up + + + align:start position:0% +deal with a virus there are two terms up +here there's H and n these are + + align:start position:0% +here there's H and n these are + + + align:start position:0% +here there's H and n these are +hemagglutinin and neuraminidase there + + align:start position:0% +hemagglutinin and neuraminidase there + + + align:start position:0% +hemagglutinin and neuraminidase there +are two proteins that are in the viral + + align:start position:0% +are two proteins that are in the viral + + + align:start position:0% +are two proteins that are in the viral +coat so you'll often hear viruses + + align:start position:0% +coat so you'll often hear viruses + + + align:start position:0% +coat so you'll often hear viruses +referred to as h1n1 h3 n3 and it's just + + align:start position:0% +referred to as h1n1 h3 n3 and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as h1n1 h3 n3 and it's just +the variant of those proteins that are + + align:start position:0% +the variant of those proteins that are + + + align:start position:0% +the variant of those proteins that are +in the viruses see these little terms + + align:start position:0% +in the viruses see these little terms + + + align:start position:0% +in the viruses see these little terms +here that's what that means + + align:start position:0% +here that's what that means + + + align:start position:0% +here that's what that means +what type of hemagglutinin what type of + + align:start position:0% +what type of hemagglutinin what type of + + + align:start position:0% +what type of hemagglutinin what type of +neuraminidase is on the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +neuraminidase is on the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +neuraminidase is on the surface of the +virus so I am done for today a next + + align:start position:0% +virus so I am done for today a next + + + align:start position:0% +virus so I am done for today a next +class will be exclusively about the AIDS + + align:start position:0% +class will be exclusively about the AIDS + + + align:start position:0% +class will be exclusively about the AIDS +HIV virus where we'll go into that life + + align:start position:0% +HIV virus where we'll go into that life + + + align:start position:0% +HIV virus where we'll go into that life +cycle and also talk about resistance + + align:start position:0% +cycle and also talk about resistance + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and also talk about resistance +therapeutic agents and combination + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic agents and combination + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutic agents and combination +therapies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/EIWhCCjSkPU.txt b/EIWhCCjSkPU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad97966410b554f39c4f51facad5110a90804dea --- /dev/null +++ b/EIWhCCjSkPU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,595 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this game is inspired by Super Monkey + + align:start position:0% +this game is inspired by Super Monkey + + + align:start position:0% +this game is inspired by Super Monkey +Ball I don't know whether you have brain + + align:start position:0% +Ball I don't know whether you have brain + + + align:start position:0% +Ball I don't know whether you have brain +over it + + align:start position:0% +over it + + + align:start position:0% +over it +so already yours but instead of a balls + + align:start position:0% +so already yours but instead of a balls + + + align:start position:0% +so already yours but instead of a balls +we have a real car come in like real + + align:start position:0% +we have a real car come in like real + + + align:start position:0% +we have a real car come in like real +physics in it but there's still the + + align:start position:0% +physics in it but there's still the + + + align:start position:0% +physics in it but there's still the +problem is because each exhibit is fun + + align:start position:0% +problem is because each exhibit is fun + + + align:start position:0% +problem is because each exhibit is fun +talk yeah so so I'm sometimes it it will + + align:start position:0% +talk yeah so so I'm sometimes it it will + + + align:start position:0% +talk yeah so so I'm sometimes it it will +be fair and balanced because of the hand + + align:start position:0% +be fair and balanced because of the hand + + + align:start position:0% +be fair and balanced because of the hand +positions are quite different and it + + align:start position:0% +positions are quite different and it + + + align:start position:0% +positions are quite different and it +will flee I tried I tried to medicate by + + align:start position:0% +will flee I tried I tried to medicate by + + + align:start position:0% +will flee I tried I tried to medicate by +your sings by attaching a weight so that + + align:start position:0% +your sings by attaching a weight so that + + + align:start position:0% +your sings by attaching a weight so that +we do I can lower the center of gravity + + align:start position:0% +we do I can lower the center of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +we do I can lower the center of gravity +but well it did some some job but it + + align:start position:0% +but well it did some some job but it + + + align:start position:0% +but well it did some some job but it +wasn't perfect and I think that this + + align:start position:0% +wasn't perfect and I think that this + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't perfect and I think that this +will work perfectly if the terrain was + + align:start position:0% +will work perfectly if the terrain was + + + align:start position:0% +will work perfectly if the terrain was +like the terrain that you will have in a + + align:start position:0% +like the terrain that you will have in a + + + align:start position:0% +like the terrain that you will have in a +car obviously the physical where we + + align:start position:0% +car obviously the physical where we + + + align:start position:0% +car obviously the physical where we +thought it would reconsider it this is + + align:start position:0% +thought it would reconsider it this is + + + align:start position:0% +thought it would reconsider it this is +like driving on a moon infer exactly and + + align:start position:0% +like driving on a moon infer exactly and + + + align:start position:0% +like driving on a moon infer exactly and +this is because when I was doing that + + align:start position:0% +this is because when I was doing that + + + align:start position:0% +this is because when I was doing that +there was a sign of testing I was still + + align:start position:0% +there was a sign of testing I was still + + + align:start position:0% +there was a sign of testing I was still +thinking about the ball if this was a + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the ball if this was a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the ball if this was a +ball rolling down it will be cute like + + align:start position:0% +ball rolling down it will be cute like + + + align:start position:0% +ball rolling down it will be cute like +dimple it's something what I need to do + + align:start position:0% +dimple it's something what I need to do + + + align:start position:0% +dimple it's something what I need to do +Thanks ooh this is I need to change the + + align:start position:0% +Thanks ooh this is I need to change the + + + align:start position:0% +Thanks ooh this is I need to change the +level design and make it just a track + + align:start position:0% +level design and make it just a track + + + align:start position:0% +level design and make it just a track +just a truck right oh that's it flipping + + align:start position:0% +just a truck right oh that's it flipping + + + align:start position:0% +just a truck right oh that's it flipping +there yeah + + align:start position:0% +there yeah + + + align:start position:0% +there yeah +it's looking too much okay it's all cop + + align:start position:0% +it's looking too much okay it's all cop + + + align:start position:0% +it's looking too much okay it's all cop +you think the level is makes in the ball + + align:start position:0% +you think the level is makes in the ball + + + align:start position:0% +you think the level is makes in the ball +like roll and do this pipes and holes + + align:start position:0% +like roll and do this pipes and holes + + + align:start position:0% +like roll and do this pipes and holes +and feels like that but a car has four + + align:start position:0% +and feels like that but a car has four + + + align:start position:0% +and feels like that but a car has four +walls are going single track right and + + align:start position:0% +walls are going single track right and + + + align:start position:0% +walls are going single track right and +it's possible for the car this is for + + align:start position:0% +it's possible for the car this is for + + + align:start position:0% +it's possible for the car this is for +all of this + + align:start position:0% +all of this + + + align:start position:0% +all of this +where you spent hours and hours + + align:start position:0% +where you spent hours and hours + + + align:start position:0% +where you spent hours and hours +designing your basic Ferrari yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +designing your basic Ferrari yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +designing your basic Ferrari yeah that's +that's he's getting somewhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah that's the let's probably the + + align:start position:0% +so yeah that's the let's probably the + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah that's the let's probably the +biggest problem you have to do a little + + align:start position:0% +biggest problem you have to do a little + + + align:start position:0% +biggest problem you have to do a little +and then I did a level that had a ball I + + align:start position:0% +and then I did a level that had a ball I + + + align:start position:0% +and then I did a level that had a ball I +didn't have the car because it was being + + align:start position:0% +didn't have the car because it was being + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have the car because it was being +worked on it I actually sat in a + + align:start position:0% +worked on it I actually sat in a + + + align:start position:0% +worked on it I actually sat in a +completely new level that is like great + + align:start position:0% +completely new level that is like great + + + align:start position:0% +completely new level that is like great +ol is ready to go but it's four cars + + align:start position:0% +ol is ready to go but it's four cars + + + align:start position:0% +ol is ready to go but it's four cars +which means that there's no big Rams and + + align:start position:0% +which means that there's no big Rams and + + + align:start position:0% +which means that there's no big Rams and +false or transported the shape it has + + align:start position:0% +false or transported the shape it has + + + align:start position:0% +false or transported the shape it has +it's like it's like a bowl + + align:start position:0% +it's like it's like a bowl + + + align:start position:0% +it's like it's like a bowl +you put a marble inside it's a three + + align:start position:0% +you put a marble inside it's a three + + + align:start position:0% +you put a marble inside it's a three +dimensional object that just has a rigid + + align:start position:0% +dimensional object that just has a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional object that just has a rigid +body attached to it yeah just some + + align:start position:0% +body attached to it yeah just some + + + align:start position:0% +body attached to it yeah just some +chemistry which that's a good discovery + + align:start position:0% +chemistry which that's a good discovery + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry which that's a good discovery +too because apparently there is a limit + + align:start position:0% +too because apparently there is a limit + + + align:start position:0% +too because apparently there is a limit +in polygons - what a mess rigid body can + + align:start position:0% +in polygons - what a mess rigid body can + + + align:start position:0% +in polygons - what a mess rigid body can +have but also it is too low resolution + + align:start position:0% +have but also it is too low resolution + + + align:start position:0% +have but also it is too low resolution +the physics of work you know like the + + align:start position:0% +the physics of work you know like the + + + align:start position:0% +the physics of work you know like the +edges are to three sharps so I'm + + align:start position:0% +edges are to three sharps so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +edges are to three sharps so I'm +assuming that if there's like the need + + align:start position:0% +assuming that if there's like the need + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that if there's like the need +to create a beautiful track a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +to create a beautiful track a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +to create a beautiful track a lot of the +objects that are actual terrain things + + align:start position:0% +objects that are actual terrain things + + + align:start position:0% +objects that are actual terrain things +we very low resolution and then they + + align:start position:0% +we very low resolution and then they + + + align:start position:0% +we very low resolution and then they +should be a very fancy image on top of + + align:start position:0% +should be a very fancy image on top of + + + align:start position:0% +should be a very fancy image on top of +it hiding mr. song is now you know by + + align:start position:0% +it hiding mr. song is now you know by + + + align:start position:0% +it hiding mr. song is now you know by +the time amusingly if you if you if your + + align:start position:0% +the time amusingly if you if you if your + + + align:start position:0% +the time amusingly if you if you if your +place place is tracking in a very high + + align:start position:0% +place place is tracking in a very high + + + align:start position:0% +place place is tracking in a very high +resolution one it also that's a crock it + + align:start position:0% +resolution one it also that's a crock it + + + align:start position:0% +resolution one it also that's a crock it +gets like really jittery so I took this + + align:start position:0% +gets like really jittery so I took this + + + align:start position:0% +gets like really jittery so I took this +online just to test my car and if I go + + align:start position:0% +online just to test my car and if I go + + + align:start position:0% +online just to test my car and if I go +for what I'll go crazy like the camera + + align:start position:0% +for what I'll go crazy like the camera + + + align:start position:0% +for what I'll go crazy like the camera +then because in higher so yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what for this but it seems much more + + align:start position:0% +what for this but it seems much more + + + align:start position:0% +what for this but it seems much more +likely should be the level arranged to + + align:start position:0% +likely should be the level arranged to + + + align:start position:0% +likely should be the level arranged to +be more like this yeah + + align:start position:0% +be more like this yeah + + + align:start position:0% +be more like this yeah +remarkable \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/EKBX3PB7DYg.txt b/EKBX3PB7DYg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd9cbac06f45f5f682ab76ad8c3c5503d641e279 --- /dev/null +++ b/EKBX3PB7DYg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +uh is the first of a couple of sessions + + align:start position:0% +uh is the first of a couple of sessions + + + align:start position:0% +uh is the first of a couple of sessions +uh revolving around decision + + align:start position:0% +uh revolving around decision + + + align:start position:0% +uh revolving around decision +analysis and what I want to do here is + + align:start position:0% +analysis and what I want to do here is + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and what I want to do here is +to introduce a useful + + align:start position:0% +to introduce a useful + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce a useful +technique uh in this way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +technique uh in this way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +technique uh in this way of thinking +about analyzing how we respond to + + align:start position:0% +about analyzing how we respond to + + + align:start position:0% +about analyzing how we respond to +uncertainties + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties +and it's appropriate for simple + + align:start position:0% +and it's appropriate for simple + + + align:start position:0% +and it's appropriate for simple +uncertain situations I emphasize that so + + align:start position:0% +uncertain situations I emphasize that so + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain situations I emphasize that so +um the other aspect I want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +um the other aspect I want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +um the other aspect I want to emphasize +is that this is a method that was uh + + align:start position:0% +is that this is a method that was uh + + + align:start position:0% +is that this is a method that was uh +largely popular uh starting around uh 40 + + align:start position:0% +largely popular uh starting around uh 40 + + + align:start position:0% +largely popular uh starting around uh 40 +50 years ago uh it was developed by a + + align:start position:0% +50 years ago uh it was developed by a + + + align:start position:0% +50 years ago uh it was developed by a +person called Howard Raa it was a great + + align:start position:0% +person called Howard Raa it was a great + + + align:start position:0% +person called Howard Raa it was a great +exponent of it and Ralph Keeny who I + + align:start position:0% +exponent of it and Ralph Keeny who I + + + align:start position:0% +exponent of it and Ralph Keeny who I +taught with um + + align:start position:0% +taught with um + + + align:start position:0% +taught with um +uh at at around that period in the 70s + + align:start position:0% +uh at at around that period in the 70s + + + align:start position:0% +uh at at around that period in the 70s +we did some work together and it was + + align:start position:0% +we did some work together and it was + + + align:start position:0% +we did some work together and it was +very popular uh and was a staple of most + + align:start position:0% +very popular uh and was a staple of most + + + align:start position:0% +very popular uh and was a staple of most +Business School courses analytic + + align:start position:0% +Business School courses analytic + + + align:start position:0% +Business School courses analytic +Business School courses which it is now + + align:start position:0% +Business School courses which it is now + + + align:start position:0% +Business School courses which it is now +not um + + align:start position:0% +not um + + + align:start position:0% +not um +that it took a while but uh what has + + align:start position:0% +that it took a while but uh what has + + + align:start position:0% +that it took a while but uh what has +happen happened is that a number of + + align:start position:0% +happen happened is that a number of + + + align:start position:0% +happen happened is that a number of +companies did address it and it is + + align:start position:0% +companies did address it and it is + + + align:start position:0% +companies did address it and it is +certainly an advantage over not + + align:start position:0% +certainly an advantage over not + + + align:start position:0% +certainly an advantage over not +addressing uncertainty and for example + + align:start position:0% +addressing uncertainty and for example + + + align:start position:0% +addressing uncertainty and for example +example um I know since I've been + + align:start position:0% +example um I know since I've been + + + align:start position:0% +example um I know since I've been +working with Chevron a bit that they + + align:start position:0% +working with Chevron a bit that they + + + align:start position:0% +working with Chevron a bit that they +have and I have a copy of their decision + + align:start position:0% +have and I have a copy of their decision + + + align:start position:0% +have and I have a copy of their decision +analysis manual and it's goes on + + align:start position:0% +analysis manual and it's goes on + + + align:start position:0% +analysis manual and it's goes on +to uh articulate why it is said that + + align:start position:0% +to uh articulate why it is said that + + + align:start position:0% +to uh articulate why it is said that +this is a to be a companywide approach + + align:start position:0% +this is a to be a companywide approach + + + align:start position:0% +this is a to be a companywide approach +to dealing with questions of + + align:start position:0% +to dealing with questions of + + + align:start position:0% +to dealing with questions of +uncertainty um I would be interested at + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty um I would be interested at + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty um I would be interested at +some point uh to discuss with the + + align:start position:0% +some point uh to discuss with the + + + align:start position:0% +some point uh to discuss with the +Chevron people to the extent to which + + align:start position:0% +Chevron people to the extent to which + + + align:start position:0% +Chevron people to the extent to which +they actually see it being applied + + align:start position:0% +they actually see it being applied + + + align:start position:0% +they actually see it being applied +because I have my doubts from the + + align:start position:0% +because I have my doubts from the + + + align:start position:0% +because I have my doubts from the +discussion so far but the point is it is + + align:start position:0% +discussion so far but the point is it is + + + align:start position:0% +discussion so far but the point is it is +a thing that you ought to know about and + + align:start position:0% +a thing that you ought to know about and + + + align:start position:0% +a thing that you ought to know about and +it C it has some advantages and provides + + align:start position:0% +it C it has some advantages and provides + + + align:start position:0% +it C it has some advantages and provides +you some insights that would not + + align:start position:0% +you some insights that would not + + + align:start position:0% +you some insights that would not +otherwise be available so I think that's + + align:start position:0% +otherwise be available so I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise be available so I think that's +useful to know about but in terms of + + align:start position:0% +useful to know about but in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +useful to know about but in terms of +practical applications it's inherently + + align:start position:0% +practical applications it's inherently + + + align:start position:0% +practical applications it's inherently +limited to uh some relatively simple + + align:start position:0% +limited to uh some relatively simple + + + align:start position:0% +limited to uh some relatively simple +cases that doesn't mean it's not + + align:start position:0% +cases that doesn't mean it's not + + + align:start position:0% +cases that doesn't mean it's not +important it's just that it is not a + + align:start position:0% +important it's just that it is not a + + + align:start position:0% +important it's just that it is not a +competitor in my mind with the kind of + + align:start position:0% +competitor in my mind with the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +competitor in my mind with the kind of +things which I've been trying to um + + align:start position:0% +things which I've been trying to um + + + align:start position:0% +things which I've been trying to um +share with + + align:start position:0% +share with + + + align:start position:0% +share with +you so I think it's + + align:start position:0% +you so I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +you so I think it's +important to think about the kind of + + align:start position:0% +important to think about the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +important to think about the kind of +things which are become fairly obvious + + align:start position:0% +things which are become fairly obvious + + + align:start position:0% +things which are become fairly obvious +when you use a decision analysis when + + align:start position:0% +when you use a decision analysis when + + + align:start position:0% +when you use a decision analysis when +you use decision analysis so I call them + + align:start position:0% +you use decision analysis so I call them + + + align:start position:0% +you use decision analysis so I call them +the three conclusions that your any + + align:start position:0% +the three conclusions that your any + + + align:start position:0% +the three conclusions that your any +decision analysis will basically lead + + align:start position:0% +decision analysis will basically lead + + + align:start position:0% +decision analysis will basically lead +you to or generally lead lead you to + + align:start position:0% +you to or generally lead lead you to + + + align:start position:0% +you to or generally lead lead you to +um and I think that they are also the + + align:start position:0% +um and I think that they are also the + + + align:start position:0% +um and I think that they are also the +ones that you see in um flexibility + + align:start position:0% +ones that you see in um flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +ones that you see in um flexibility +analysis I've been talking about it but + + align:start position:0% +analysis I've been talking about it but + + + align:start position:0% +analysis I've been talking about it but +it is not a something that is so obvious + + align:start position:0% +it is not a something that is so obvious + + + align:start position:0% +it is not a something that is so obvious +when you do a simulation and so forth + + align:start position:0% +when you do a simulation and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +when you do a simulation and so forth +you don't see the structure but you do + + align:start position:0% +you don't see the structure but you do + + + align:start position:0% +you don't see the structure but you do +see it in a um decision analysis so the + + align:start position:0% +see it in a um decision analysis so the + + + align:start position:0% +see it in a um decision analysis so the +first one is that you're uh that it is + + align:start position:0% +first one is that you're uh that it is + + + align:start position:0% +first one is that you're uh that it is +good to have a strategy for altering + + align:start position:0% +good to have a strategy for altering + + + align:start position:0% +good to have a strategy for altering +your choices as a futur + + align:start position:0% +your choices as a futur + + + align:start position:0% +your choices as a futur +uh reveal that is in that when we deal + + align:start position:0% +uh reveal that is in that when we deal + + + align:start position:0% +uh reveal that is in that when we deal +with uncertainty instead of saying I + + align:start position:0% +with uncertainty instead of saying I + + + align:start position:0% +with uncertainty instead of saying I +have a plan to do X build out my supply + + align:start position:0% +have a plan to do X build out my supply + + + align:start position:0% +have a plan to do X build out my supply +chain for example or uh build up the + + align:start position:0% +chain for example or uh build up the + + + align:start position:0% +chain for example or uh build up the +factory or prepare for uh sea level rise + + align:start position:0% +factory or prepare for uh sea level rise + + + align:start position:0% +factory or prepare for uh sea level rise +to have a unique plan it says phase one + + align:start position:0% +to have a unique plan it says phase one + + + align:start position:0% +to have a unique plan it says phase one +is this phase two is that phase three is + + align:start position:0% +is this phase two is that phase three is + + + align:start position:0% +is this phase two is that phase three is +this and so forth that is not a the best + + align:start position:0% +this and so forth that is not a the best + + + align:start position:0% +this and so forth that is not a the best +solution that you want a strategy a + + align:start position:0% +solution that you want a strategy a + + + align:start position:0% +solution that you want a strategy a +strategy which says not that I have a + + align:start position:0% +strategy which says not that I have a + + + align:start position:0% +strategy which says not that I have a +unique choice but I first I do this and + + align:start position:0% +unique choice but I first I do this and + + + align:start position:0% +unique choice but I first I do this and +then I do the next move depending upon + + align:start position:0% +then I do the next move depending upon + + + align:start position:0% +then I do the next move depending upon +what I see happening in the world + + align:start position:0% +what I see happening in the world + + + align:start position:0% +what I see happening in the world +so it's an analogy if you want to a + + align:start position:0% +so it's an analogy if you want to a + + + align:start position:0% +so it's an analogy if you want to a +chess game that is you think ahead you + + align:start position:0% +chess game that is you think ahead you + + + align:start position:0% +chess game that is you think ahead you +have a plan but depending on what your + + align:start position:0% +have a plan but depending on what your + + + align:start position:0% +have a plan but depending on what your +opponent does or what the real happens + + align:start position:0% +opponent does or what the real happens + + + align:start position:0% +opponent does or what the real happens +in the real world you decide to move + + align:start position:0% +in the real world you decide to move + + + align:start position:0% +in the real world you decide to move +this way or that way so that you have a + + align:start position:0% +this way or that way so that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +this way or that way so that you have a +strat stry not a fixed + + align:start position:0% +strat stry not a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +strat stry not a fixed +plan the second uh aspect of it is that + + align:start position:0% +plan the second uh aspect of it is that + + + align:start position:0% +plan the second uh aspect of it is that +often your better choice is never your + + align:start position:0% +often your better choice is never your + + + align:start position:0% +often your better choice is never your +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +choice that is um that if you buy + + align:start position:0% +choice that is um that if you buy + + + align:start position:0% +choice that is um that if you buy +insurance against a + + align:start position:0% +insurance against a + + + align:start position:0% +insurance against a +downside at the end of the year you've + + align:start position:0% +downside at the end of the year you've + + + align:start position:0% +downside at the end of the year you've +bought say car insurance and you never + + align:start position:0% +bought say car insurance and you never + + + align:start position:0% +bought say car insurance and you never +had an accident you could say well that + + align:start position:0% +had an accident you could say well that + + + align:start position:0% +had an accident you could say well that +wasn't so good why wasn't it good why + + align:start position:0% +wasn't so good why wasn't it good why + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't so good why wasn't it good why +PID all money for my car insurance I + + align:start position:0% +PID all money for my car insurance I + + + align:start position:0% +PID all money for my car insurance I +didn't have an accident so I didn't need + + align:start position:0% +didn't have an accident so I didn't need + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have an accident so I didn't need +it so um but having insurance is still a + + align:start position:0% +it so um but having insurance is still a + + + align:start position:0% +it so um but having insurance is still a +better choice because what if you did + + align:start position:0% +better choice because what if you did + + + align:start position:0% +better choice because what if you did +need it but on the other hand you could + + align:start position:0% +need it but on the other hand you could + + + align:start position:0% +need it but on the other hand you could +say well buying the insurance was not my + + align:start position:0% +say well buying the insurance was not my + + + align:start position:0% +say well buying the insurance was not my +best choice uh if I never had an + + align:start position:0% +best choice uh if I never had an + + + align:start position:0% +best choice uh if I never had an +accident on the other hand if you had an + + align:start position:0% +accident on the other hand if you had an + + + align:start position:0% +accident on the other hand if you had an +accident and really you got really hurt + + align:start position:0% +accident and really you got really hurt + + + align:start position:0% +accident and really you got really hurt +you said well my better choice might + + align:start position:0% +you said well my better choice might + + + align:start position:0% +you said well my better choice might +have been not to drive at all uh not + + align:start position:0% +have been not to drive at all uh not + + + align:start position:0% +have been not to drive at all uh not +just drive with insurance and take some + + align:start position:0% +just drive with insurance and take some + + + align:start position:0% +just drive with insurance and take some +risk the point being that the better + + align:start position:0% +risk the point being that the better + + + align:start position:0% +risk the point being that the better +policy for example if you agree but as + + align:start position:0% +policy for example if you agree but as + + + align:start position:0% +policy for example if you agree but as +an example that you have insurance + + align:start position:0% +an example that you have insurance + + + align:start position:0% +an example that you have insurance +against the + + align:start position:0% +against the + + + align:start position:0% +against the +downside uh situation it is never the + + align:start position:0% +downside uh situation it is never the + + + align:start position:0% +downside uh situation it is never the +best choice in retrospect it could have + + align:start position:0% +best choice in retrospect it could have + + + align:start position:0% +best choice in retrospect it could have +been I didn't buy insurance and I didn't + + align:start position:0% +been I didn't buy insurance and I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +been I didn't buy insurance and I didn't +need it or I shouldn't have been doing + + align:start position:0% +need it or I shouldn't have been doing + + + align:start position:0% +need it or I shouldn't have been doing +that fool thing anyway and I shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +that fool thing anyway and I shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +that fool thing anyway and I shouldn't +have had insurance I should have just + + align:start position:0% +have had insurance I should have just + + + align:start position:0% +have had insurance I should have just +been doing that so in that sense your + + align:start position:0% +been doing that so in that sense your + + + align:start position:0% +been doing that so in that sense your +better choice maybe a uh maybe this your + + align:start position:0% +better choice maybe a uh maybe this your + + + align:start position:0% +better choice maybe a uh maybe this your +second best choices uh is what may be + + align:start position:0% +second best choices uh is what may be + + + align:start position:0% +second best choices uh is what may be +best given the range of things that can + + align:start position:0% +best given the range of things that can + + + align:start position:0% +best given the range of things that can +happen the third thing which is uh uh + + align:start position:0% +happen the third thing which is uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +happen the third thing which is uh uh +one of the outcomes of doing a decision + + align:start position:0% +one of the outcomes of doing a decision + + + align:start position:0% +one of the outcomes of doing a decision +analysis is your education of the client + + align:start position:0% +analysis is your education of the client + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is your education of the client +that is very often the person that + + align:start position:0% +that is very often the person that + + + align:start position:0% +that is very often the person that +you're trying to help maybe yourself but + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to help maybe yourself but + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to help maybe yourself but +uh somebody you're Consulting with a + + align:start position:0% +uh somebody you're Consulting with a + + + align:start position:0% +uh somebody you're Consulting with a +boss you're trying to uh uh please some + + align:start position:0% +boss you're trying to uh uh please some + + + align:start position:0% +boss you're trying to uh uh please some +person you're trying to work with May + + align:start position:0% +person you're trying to work with May + + + align:start position:0% +person you're trying to work with May +focus on an outcome and so they oh if we + + align:start position:0% +focus on an outcome and so they oh if we + + + align:start position:0% +focus on an outcome and so they oh if we +do this here's what we may get or and + + align:start position:0% +do this here's what we may get or and + + + align:start position:0% +do this here's what we may get or and +not understand the process and the risks + + align:start position:0% +not understand the process and the risks + + + align:start position:0% +not understand the process and the risks +involved if you lead them through a + + align:start position:0% +involved if you lead them through a + + + align:start position:0% +involved if you lead them through a +decision analysis as I will be + + align:start position:0% +decision analysis as I will be + + + align:start position:0% +decision analysis as I will be +suggesting to you moment in a moment you + + align:start position:0% +suggesting to you moment in a moment you + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting to you moment in a moment you +make them think about whoa wait a second + + align:start position:0% +make them think about whoa wait a second + + + align:start position:0% +make them think about whoa wait a second +this could happen that could happen we + + align:start position:0% +this could happen that could happen we + + + align:start position:0% +this could happen that could happen we +should take those things into account so + + align:start position:0% +should take those things into account so + + + align:start position:0% +should take those things into account so +very often the process of going through + + align:start position:0% +very often the process of going through + + + align:start position:0% +very often the process of going through +a distribution or explaining your + + align:start position:0% +a distribution or explaining your + + + align:start position:0% +a distribution or explaining your +distribu explaining your setup helps + + align:start position:0% +distribu explaining your setup helps + + + align:start position:0% +distribu explaining your setup helps +educate the client to understand what + + align:start position:0% +educate the client to understand what + + + align:start position:0% +educate the client to understand what +the uncertainties imply so it's in line + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainties imply so it's in line + + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainties imply so it's in line +with what I've been emphasizing in this + + align:start position:0% +with what I've been emphasizing in this + + + align:start position:0% +with what I've been emphasizing in this +course is Step One is to recognize the + + align:start position:0% +course is Step One is to recognize the + + + align:start position:0% +course is Step One is to recognize the +uncertainties and it's often the case + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties and it's often the case + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties and it's often the case +that clients or people you're working + + align:start position:0% +that clients or people you're working + + + align:start position:0% +that clients or people you're working +with don't really think very clearly + + align:start position:0% +with don't really think very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +with don't really think very clearly +about it so these are three uh General + + align:start position:0% +about it so these are three uh General + + + align:start position:0% +about it so these are three uh General +advantages of the decision analysis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approach now there's a motivation for + + align:start position:0% +approach now there's a motivation for + + + align:start position:0% +approach now there's a motivation for +this which is that by and large people + + align:start position:0% +this which is that by and large people + + + align:start position:0% +this which is that by and large people +when they're acting intuitively deal + + align:start position:0% +when they're acting intuitively deal + + + align:start position:0% +when they're acting intuitively deal +poorly with complex uncertain situations + + align:start position:0% +poorly with complex uncertain situations + + + align:start position:0% +poorly with complex uncertain situations +there is all kinds of data about or + + align:start position:0% +there is all kinds of data about or + + + align:start position:0% +there is all kinds of data about or +experiments and uh with groups and so + + align:start position:0% +experiments and uh with groups and so + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and uh with groups and so +forth about how + + align:start position:0% +forth about how + + + align:start position:0% +forth about how +people don't react well in the sense + + align:start position:0% +people don't react well in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +people don't react well in the sense +that they don't understand probabilities + + align:start position:0% +that they don't understand probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't understand probabilities +they don't update information uh Etc so + + align:start position:0% +they don't update information uh Etc so + + + align:start position:0% +they don't update information uh Etc so +we'll go into some examples of that but + + align:start position:0% +we'll go into some examples of that but + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go into some examples of that but +they process it poorly very often they + + align:start position:0% +they process it poorly very often they + + + align:start position:0% +they process it poorly very often they +look at a complex situation and they + + align:start position:0% +look at a complex situation and they + + + align:start position:0% +look at a complex situation and they +simplify it um either by for example + + align:start position:0% +simplify it um either by for example + + + align:start position:0% +simplify it um either by for example +focusing on the extremes this could + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the extremes this could + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the extremes this could +happen that could happen it's very bad + + align:start position:0% +happen that could happen it's very bad + + + align:start position:0% +happen that could happen it's very bad +or very good and they don't look on the + + align:start position:0% +or very good and they don't look on the + + + align:start position:0% +or very good and they don't look on the +entire process that is it's not just + + align:start position:0% +entire process that is it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +entire process that is it's not just +that you have a one-hot bet typically + + align:start position:0% +that you have a one-hot bet typically + + + align:start position:0% +that you have a one-hot bet typically +but you're you're doing something over + + align:start position:0% +but you're you're doing something over + + + align:start position:0% +but you're you're doing something over +time saying building out your supply + + align:start position:0% +time saying building out your supply + + + align:start position:0% +time saying building out your supply +chain your factory or whatever and that + + align:start position:0% +chain your factory or whatever and that + + + align:start position:0% +chain your factory or whatever and that +uh there are intermediate steps that're + + align:start position:0% +uh there are intermediate steps that're + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are intermediate steps that're +going through and you need and those + + align:start position:0% +going through and you need and those + + + align:start position:0% +going through and you need and those +count for a lot so decision analysis + + align:start position:0% +count for a lot so decision analysis + + + align:start position:0% +count for a lot so decision analysis +provides a structured efficient way to + + align:start position:0% +provides a structured efficient way to + + + align:start position:0% +provides a structured efficient way to +help people recognize this complexity to + + align:start position:0% +help people recognize this complexity to + + + align:start position:0% +help people recognize this complexity to +recognize the probabilities and to deal + + align:start position:0% +recognize the probabilities and to deal + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the probabilities and to deal +with it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/EQB2Pw0lWRU.txt b/EQB2Pw0lWRU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f80ae26d27fcba42fa2ae2b527060f4f0e3e77b --- /dev/null +++ b/EQB2Pw0lWRU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3208 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So I'll +briefly review + +what we were doing last time. + +We are gradually +developing the structure + +that we need for thermodynamics. + +And the first thing that we +did was to state that it wholly + +depends on the existence +of equilibrim-- + +is the first and foremost +thing that we need to know, + +is that the objects that we +are studying in thermodynamics + +are in equilibrium. + +And once they're +in equilibrium, we + +can characterize them +by a set of properties. + +So there's a list of +coordinates that I + +would have the list here. + +And we saw that +since we will also + +need to think in terms of +mechanical work, a good place + +to start-- and since we are +familiar with mechanical + +coordinates-- is to enumerate +here the mechanical coordinates + +that we would describe +the system with. + +And we said that we could, +in principal, characterize + +or divide those +coordinates in the form + +of some generalized +displacements + +and the corresponding +conjugate forces. + +And typically, the displacements +are extensive proportional + +to the size of your system. + +The forces are intensive. + +And the work is related to +the product of those two + +in some fashion. + +One of the things that +I will do throughout + +is to emphasize that one of +the main materials that we + +are going to look at, and +illustrate the concept with, + +is the gas. + +And in particular, +the version of the gas + +that is the ideal gas. + +But forgetting the ideal +part for the time being, + +the coordinates that we use +to describe the gas with + +is V and pressure. + +And actually, we +saw that in order + +to ultimately be consistent +with how we will define work, + +it is good to think +of minus pressure + +as the appropriate force. + +And so basically, then if I want +to characterize the equilibrium + +state of a gas, I +need, for example, + +to specify where I +lie in this P-V plane. + +OK so that's the +first thing to know. + +But then we also realize +that mechanical coordinates + +are insufficient to describe +the properties of the systems + +that we encounter. + +For example, if we are +thinking in terms of a spring + +and we pull on +the spring-- so we + +are looking at the relationship +between displacement + +and the force-- the result +that we get how easy it + +is to pull on this depends +on something else-- + +depends on temperature. + +So somehow, we need to +include these properties that + +have to do with heat +and heat transfer + +in order to have a complete +description of systems + +that are in equilibrium. + +And so going along +that direction, + +we started with the Zeroth Law. + +And the statement +of the Zeroth Law + +was the transitivity +of equilibrium-- + +if two objects +are in equilibrium + +with each other they are-- +two objects are in equilibrium + +with a third object, +they're also in equilibrium + +with each other. + +And we saw that +what that means, is + +that once I am at some point +in this coordinate space, + +I know that there +exists some function. + +I don't know its +functional form. + +This empirical temperature +and being in equilibrium + +means that there is +this important function + +of the coordinates +of the first system + +equal to some other functional +or form potentially, + +depending on the coordinates +of the second system. + +And this empirical temperature +has to be the same. + +We said that this is kind +of like being on a scale, + +and having a balance +between different things, + +and then they are in +balance with each other. + +So we know that there's +something like mass. + +Now, when we describe this +in the context of the gas, + +we noted that for all gases in +the limit that they are dilute, + +the isotherms-- the places that +would correspond in this case + +to always being in +contact with the object + +is at a fixed temperature, +form these hyperboles. + +So the isotherms in +the limit of dilute + +are of the form PV is +proportional to time span. + +We can call that theta. + +We can use that, even, to +define the ideal gas temperature + +scale, provided that we +choose some proportionality + +coefficient which +was selected so + +that the temperature +of water, ice, + +steam, coexistent at +a particular value. + +OK, so that's the specific +property of the ideal gas + +as far as its +temperature is concerned. + +The next thing that +we did was to look + +at how changes are carrying a +system, a particular system. + +And we found that if you take +the system from one location + +in its coordinate space +to another location, + +do it in a manner that does not +involve the exchange of heat. + +So basically, you +idealize this thing + +and isolate it from +any other source-- + +that the amount of +work-- and we can then + +calculate mechanical work-- +the amount of mechanical work + +that you do is only a function +of the initial and final + +states, and does +not depend on how + +you supply the work that +produces this, et cetera. + +And so that immediately reminded +us of conservation of energy, + +and a suggestion that there +exists this function that + +depends on where you are in this +coordinate representation that + +gives the total energy +content of the system. + +What was important +was that, of course, + +we want to relax the condition +of making changes over which + +there is no heat +exchange to the system. + +And more generally then, +we said that the changes + +that we obtain in energy are +the sum of the two components-- + +the amount of work +that you do on it, + +and that we know how to measure +from our various mechanical + +prescriptions. + +But if there is a shortcoming +from the internal energy + +function that we had +constructed previously, + +and the work that we compute +for a particular process, + +we say that in +that process, there + +was some heat that +went into the system. + +And it is, again, +important to state + +that this dE really only depends +on the initial and final state. + +So this depends on state. + +While these things-- that's +why we put a bar on them-- + +depend on the particular +path that we take. + +Now again, if you +ask, well, what can + +we say in this context +for the ideal gas? + +And there is the very +nice experiment by Joule + +where he said, let's +isolate our gas, let's say, + +into two chambers. + +These are kind of rigid +balls, very nicely isolated + +from the environment. + +Initially, the gas is confined +completely onto one side. + +So let's say that the +initial state is over here, + +with this volume. + +And then we release this. + +And so the gas goes and expands. + +And we wait sufficiently. + +We wait sufficiently. + +Ultimately, we're +settled to a place, + +let's say over here-- +the final state. + +Now, it's important +to say that I + +don't know the intermediate +state of this transformation. + +So I can't say that +somewhere between t + +equals to zero when +I open the valve, + +and t goes to infinity where +the whole thing is settled. + +Zero and infinity points I know. + +In between, I can't +really have an idea + +of where to put my system. + +It is at non-equilibrium +by construction. + +But this is a process +that by definition I + +follow the path +along which there + +was no input either in +the form of work or heat + +into the system. + +It was isolated. + +So all I know for sure is +that however amount of energy + +I had initially is +what I have finally. + +The observation of +Joule was that if we + +do this for the case +of a dilute gas, + +I start with some +initial temperature Ti. + +I go to some final temperature. + +But that final +temperature is the same + +as the initial temperature. + +And that is actually +why I put both + +of these points on +the same isotherm + +that I had drawn before. + +So although I don't know +anything about the in + +between points, I know that this +is the property of the system. + +And essentially, +we know, therefore, + +that although in +principle I can write E + +as a function of +P and V, it must + +be only a function +of the product PV, + +because it only-- P +changes in the process. + +V changes in the process. + +But PV remains constant. + +Or if you like, E +is really a function + +of T, which is related +to the product. + +And sorry about being kind +of inconsistent with using T + +and theta for temperature. + +OK, any questions? + +So this is kind of recap +of what we were doing. + +All right, now, it +would be good if we + +can construct this +function somehow-- + +at least theoretically, even. + +And you would say, well, +if I had this spring, + +and I didn't know whether it +was a Hookean or a nonlinear + +spring, what I could do +is I could pull on it, + +calculate what the force +is, and the displacement, + +and integrate f dx and +use the formula that quite + +generally, the mechanical +work is sum over i, + +let's say Ji dxi. + +Now, of course you +know that I can only + +do this if I pull +it on this spring + +sufficiently slowly, so +that the work that I do + +goes into changing the +internal energy of the spring. + +And then that would be +a contribution to dE. + +If I do that rapidly, then +it will send this spring + +into oscillation. + +I have no idea, again, +where the system + +is in the intermediate stages. + +So I can use this +kind of formula + +if, in this type of +diagram that indicates + +the state of the system, I +proceed sufficiently slowly + +so that I can put points +that corresponding + +to all intermediate states. + +And so that's for things that +are sufficiently slow and close + +to equilibrium that +we call quasistatic. + +And so in principal, I guess +rather than opening this + +immediately, I could +have put a slow piston + +here, change its position +slowly, so that at each stage + +I can calculate where +I am on the PV diagram. + +And I could have calculated +what the work is, and used + +this formula to calculate +the contribution of the work + +to the change in +internal energy. + +OK, now I said that +it would be ideal-- + +and what we would like +to do, ultimately-- + +is to have a similar +formula for dQ. + +And if we look by analogy, +we see that for W, + +you have J's times the X's. + +The forces are the +things that tell us + +whether systems are in +equilibrium with each other. + +So two-- if I have, +let's say, a piston + +separating two parts +of the gas, the piston + +will not move one +direction or the other + +if the pressure +from one direction + +is the same as the pressure +from the other direction. + +So mechanical equilibrium +tells us that J's are the same. + +And it suggests that +if I want to write + +a similar type of formula for +heat, that the thing that I + +should put here is temperature +or empirical temperature, which + +is, again, a measure +of thermal equilibrium. + +And then the question +that would immediately + +jump onto you is, what +is the conjugate that I + +have put for the displacement? + +And you know +ultimately that it is + +going to end up to be entropy. + +And so the next part of +the story is to build that. + +And we're going to do that +through the Second Law + +of Thermodynamics. + +Any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: I mean, this is +kind of a semantics question, + +but what always confuses +me in thermodynamics + +when we talk about quasistatic +is, I mean, if it isn't + +quasistatic, introductory +formation of [INAUDIBLE] + +doesn't really give a +means to address it. + +So we have to rely on the +fact that it's quasistatic. + +And the only way +we could check it + +is to assume that what +we're already saying is true + +will be true. + +So I guess my question is, +in the context of a spring, + +like, there's +obviously-- there exists + +a physical threshold at which-- +that's not infinitely slow, + +and which you can get a +reasonable measurement + +if you're doing an experiment. + +PROFESSOR: So in +all of these things, + +I would sort of resort to some +kind of a limiting procedure. + +So you could, for example, pull +the spring at some velocity, + +and figure out what +the amount of work is, + +and gradually reduce +that velocity, + +and hope that the formula-- +the values-- that you get + +are converging to something +as you go to low velocity. + +I don't think there's +actually a threshold velocity, + +kind of implied that if you +are slower than something, then + +it would work. + +I think it really only works +in the limit of zero velocity. + +And so if you like, +that's kind of procedure + +you would use to define +derivatives, right? + +So you can't say what's the +meaning of velocity in physics. + +So, but it is an idealization. + +I said at the beginning +that the very-- actually, I + +would say that +more fundamentally, + +the thing that is +really an idealization + +is this adiabatic walls. + +Even the concept +of equilibrium-- + +what do we see around us +that we are absolutely + +100% sure in equilibrium? + +Nothing is. + +The fate of the universe is that +all of our atoms and molecules + +are going to separate out +and go to infinity, if it + +expands forever. + +Right? + +OK, Second Law-- +all right, so again, + +we want to sort of +set our minds back + +to where these laws +were developed, + +which is in the 18th century. + +And the thing that was of +importance at that time + +was sort of Industrial +Revolution-- get things moving. + +You need energy, and you +would get energy from coal, + +and so you need to +convert heat to work. + +And this conversion of heat +to work is important to you. + +So typical thing that you +have for your coal engine + +is you have something +that is a source of heat. + +So there's, for example, a +fire that you're burning. + +You have some kind +of a machine that + +has components, such as a +piston, that is being heated. + +And during this process, +you extract a certain amount + +of heat from your fire. + +And then typically, +you realize that you + +will be releasing a +certain amount of energy + +back to the atmosphere, +causing pollution. + +So there is a coal sink. + +But in the process, +you will be extracting + +a certain amount of work. + +And what you want +to do is to make + +the best use of this set up. + +So you're concerned +with efficiency, + +which is defined to +be the amount of work + +that you're going to extract +out of a certain amount of heat + +that you expend in +your coal, or whatever. + +And again, based on +conservation of energy, + +we expect that this W to be +less than QH by an amount + +that you are setting +to the exhaust. + +And because of that, this +eta has to be less than + +or equal to 1, in principal. + +Now, another device that is +using the same rough principles + +is the same thing +going in reverse, + +which is a refrigerator. + +So in order to +cool this room, you + +use electricity or +some other means + +of doing work on a machine whose +job it is to extract heat out + +of the room. + +So let's say this is our room. + +We want to extract the heat. + +But of course, that heat +has to go somewhere. + +So this has to have +some kind of exhaust + +putting this again to the +atmosphere or somewhere. + +So how good is this +thing performing? + +So there is a measure of the +performance-- figure of merit, + +if you like, for +this-- which we will + +label by omega, which is +how much heat you were + +able to remove from the room +given some amount of work + +or energy that was put in. + +And again, because of +conservation, this W + +is going to be QH minus QC. + +Now, this particular +number, which + +is a useful measure of how +well your refrigerator works, + +has no particular constraint. + +It can be less than 1. + +It can be larger than 1. + +So again, you want it to +be as large as possible, + +and in principle, it +can be 200-- whatever. + +So clearly, already +these are very much + +idealizations of some +complicated process + +that is going on. + +And the thing that +is interesting + +is that you can take +a look at how well you + +are able to do these +processes, and then + +make this equation +that we wrote up here + +to be an exact +differential form. + +So how you do that is an +interesting thing that I think + +is worth repeating +and exploring. + +And essentially, you do +that by formulating things + +that are possible +or not possible + +through the Second +Law, and then doing + +some mathematical manipulations. + +And we will use two +formulations of the Second Law + +due to Kevin and Clausius. + +So I will indicate them +either by K for Kelvin-- + +so Kelvin's statement +of the Second Law + +is the following-- no process +is possible whose sole result + +is complete conversion +of heat to work. + +So what that is, is a statement +about how good an engine + +you can make. + +He says that you cannot make +an engine that takes a certain + +amount of heat and completely +makes it to work without having + +any waste QC. + +So basically, it says that +there is no ideal engine, + +and that your eta has +to be less than 1. + +There is a second +variant of this, + +which is due to Clausius-- says +that no process is possible + +whose sole result is transfer +of heat from cold to hot. + +So if you want to make +an ideal refrigerator, + +what you want to do is +to extract more and more + +QC for less and less +W. So the ideal version + +would be where essentially, +the limit of zero + +work, you would still +be able to transfer heat + +from the room to the outside +and get an ideal refrigerator. + +And Clausius says that +it's not possible. + +So these are two statements +of the Second Law. + +There are other versions and +statements of the Second Law, + +but these are kind of most close +to this historical perspective. + +And then the question is, +well, which one of them + +do you want to use? + +And since I will be +kind of switching + +between using one +or the other, it + +would be good if I can +show that they really + +are the same statement, +and I'm really + +not making use of two +different statements when + +I use one or the +other alternative. + +So what I really want to do is +to show that these are really, + +logically, the same statement. + +And essentially, +what that means is + +that the two statements +are equivalent. + +And two statements are +equivalent to each other + +if one of them being +incorrect-- which I've indicated + +by K with a bar on it-- implies +that the other one is correct, + +and simultaneously, +the other way around. + +And since this does not take +more than a few minutes, + +and is a nice exercise, I +think it's worth showing this. + +So let's say that +somebody came to you + +and said that I have +constructed a machine that + +violates Clausius. + +We'll call that K bar. + +So what does that machine do? + +What that machine does +is it converts heat, Q, + +completely to work, without +needing to exhaust anything. + +So this W is this Q, and +there's no exhaust machine. + +He says, OK I have this machine. + +I say, OK, what I will do +is I will use that work + +to run a refrigerator. + +So I connect that +to a refrigerator. + +And that work will be used to +take heat, QC, out of some room + +and exhaust it to +the atmosphere. + +And I will choose +the exhaust location + +to be the same as +the source of heat + +that I had for my +anti-Kelvin machine. + +OK? + +So then if you look at how +the sum of these two machines + +is operating together, from +the perspective of looking + +at the sum of the two +machines, the work + +is just an internal operation. + +You don't really care. + +So as far as the net thing is +concerned, what you're seeing + +is that there is no work +involved externally. + +It's all internal. + +But what is happening +is that you're + +pulling QC out of the room, +and exhausting, presumably, + +what you have here-- QH +minus Q to the other side. + +This, again, by conservation of +energy must be the same as QC, + +right? + +So if you have a machine +that violates Kelvin, + +you connect it to a +refrigerator, and what you have + +is a machine that transfers +heat from a cold-air + +to a hot-air body, +and violates Clausius. + +So that's the first part +we have established. + +And to establish +the second part, + +let's say that we have a +machine that violates Clausius. + +And this machine takes a +certain amount of heat, Q, + +from the room, and deposits +it to the hotter outside. + +What we will do +immediately is to take + +some of this heat that has +been generated by this machine + +and use it in a regular engine +to create some amount of work. + +And then this has to take +an amount of heat QH, + +deposit an amount of heat, QC, +which we will select to be, + +essentially, the temperature +or the room from which + +the anti Clausius +machine is operating. + +And then we will run this +engine several times, + +or fractions of times, et +cetera, and the other machine + +several times, ensuring that +QC is the same as Q. That + +is, the engine puts +out as much dumped heat + +as this anti-Clausius machine +is extracting from the room. + +Then if you look at the +combined system, what + +we see is that the combined +system is doing the following-- + +this was equivalent to this. + +This is equivalent +to a combined system + +that does a certain +amount of work. + +So there is a W +that is coming out. + +There is no heat +exchange with the room, + +because we ensured that these +two heats are completely + +balanced. + +So you can sort of think +of them as something + +that is internal to +this bigger machine. + +And so what is happening +is that there's + +a certain amount of heat, QH +minus Q that is taken here + +that has to be equal to W, +by conservation of energy. + +And we have converted +heat entirely + +to work, violating +Kelvin's statement. + +So basically, we +have proved this. + +Any questions? + +OK, one more step-- there +is actually a couple + +more steps left before we get to +construct our entropy function. + +And the next step is +the Carnot Engine. + +So this is yet another +one of these idealizations + +that-- again, theoretical +construct, which you + +can try to approach as in +some limiting procedure. + +A Carnot engine is any engine +with the following properties-- + +that is, one, reversible, +two, operates in a cycle, + +and three, all inputs-- +all heat inputs-- + +outputs at two temperatures. + +OK, so let's go +through the conditions. + +Reversible implies +that at any stage, + +if I change the directions +of inputs and outputs, + +it will just go backward. + +So can go forward, backward, +by reversing inputs, outputs. + +And so again, think of +the case of our spring + +that we were pushing +back and forth. + +In order for it to have this +property of reversibility, + +I should not only do it pulling +down and up sufficiently slowly + +so that at each stage, I +can define its tension, + +but also as far +as its connection + +to the outside world, I have +to do it frictionlessly, + +so that if I were to reverse +the direction of the force + +that I have, it will either go +forward or backward, reversing + +the path that it has. + +If there is any friction +that is involved, + +then I cannot do that. + +So essentially, +this reversibility + +is some kind of a generalization +of the frictionless condition + +that we would use in mechanics. + +The cycle part is easy. + +Essentially, it says +that the start and end + +points are the same. + +And it kind of harks +back to this statement + +that is part of either +one of these formulations + +of the Second Law-- +that is the net result + +or sole result is something. + +So we want the +engine to essentially + +be back to where it +was, so that when + +we are looking at changes +that are involved, + +we say, OK, the engine is +not part of the equation. + +It is where it was +at the beginning + +and at the end of the cycle. + +Now there's something +that I didn't emphasize, + +but I was-- and actually, +I was not really using, + +but you may have +thought I was using-- + +is that in all of these +pictures that I drew, + +I said there is a hot place +and there's a cold place. + +Now, I didn't specify +exactly what these are, + +and whether this corresponds +to a particular temperature. + +Now, for the case of the Carnot +engine, I have to be precise. + +I have to say that this is +always at one temperature. + +This is always at the +other temperature. + +So these Carnot engines +are defined implicitly + +with two temperature +labels corresponding + +to the hot part +and the cold part. + +In principle, everything +else that I talked about + +could have had a +range of temperatures. + +But the Carnot engine says, +OK, just two temperatures. + +OK, so for the Carnot +engine, if I can now + +draw a diagram that would +be kind of straight line + +version of what I had before. + +And the Carnot engine will be +extracting a certain amount + +of heat, QH, from +here, QC from here, + +doing a certain amount of work. + +And since it is reversible, I +could actually run it backward. + +I could have W. I +could have QH, QC, + +and it would work +as a refrigerator. + +Now, it is good to have +at least one example-- + +that such a theoretical +construct as a Carnot engine + +can be made based on +things that we have so far. + +And we can be +explicit, and show that + +for the case of the ideal gas. + +So we said that a gas I +can represent in equivalent + +by a point in the +pressure-volume diagram. + +So let's say that +what is the working + +substance of this +Carnot engine is a gas. + +And part of this +whole story is that it + +should be working between two +isotherms-- the TH and TC. + +But we've already +established that we + +can have isotherms for the +ideal gas that correspond + +to these curves that +correspond to PV as constant. + +So I could really choose +one of the isotherms + +that we discussed before +corresponds to TH. + +One corresponds to TC. + +And I can imagine taking a gas +whose initial state is point A, + +and expanding it while +maintaining it at this isotherm + +TH, and ending up +at some point B. + +So as I'm expanding this, +let's say we have put this gas. + +I have this piston +that contains this gas. + +My TH and TC +correspond to two baths + +that correspond to, if you +like, lakes-- a temperature + +TH, lakes at temperature TC. + +I took my piston, put +it into the hot bath, + +make it expand up to some point. + +And in the process, +there is certainly + +a certain amount of heat that +will go into the system, QH. + +So I have taken QH +out of the hot source. + +Now, next thing +that I want to do + +is to take this, and put +it into the colder lake. + +But what the process is, +is I have to do it in a way + +that there is no heat exchange. + +So I have to find the path +that goes from the hot bath + +to the cold path-- to +point C, some point C-- + +without any heat involved. + +We'll have to ask +how that's possible, + +and what's the +structure of that path. + +Once I'm in the +colder bath, then I + +can expand my gas +up to some point D. + +And clearly, I have to choose +this point D sufficiently + +precisely so that +then, when I take + +my gas from the cool to +the original hot position, + +I end up at precisely the +location that I started, + +so that I have +completed a cycle. + +So it's necessary +that I should be + +able to construct these +two paths, BC and DA, that + +correspond to no heat exchange. + +And somehow I'm sure that +I can complete this cycle. + +So the paths BC +and DA are called + +adiabats, or adiabatic +paths, in the sense + +that this is what +you would get if you + +put your system in a container +with these adiabatic walls that + +allows no exchange of heat. + +Now clearly, I also want to +do this sufficiently slowly + +so that infinitesimally, +I can draw + +this path as a series of points. + +And so I don't want to do what +was in the Joule expansion + +experiment, and suddenly +expand the whole thing. + +I have to do it +sufficiently slowly + +so that the conditions of this +Carnot engine are satisfied. + +So along these paths, +what do I know? + +By definition dQ is 0. + +And dQ is dE minus +dW along those paths. + +And since I'm performing these +paths sufficiently slowly, + +I can write the W +as PdV minus PdV. + +Now, what you will show +in the problem set is + +that I don't need to make any +assumption about the functional + +form of energy on P and V. Just +knowing that I'm describing + +a system that is characterized +by two coordinates, P and V, + +is sufficient for you to +construct these curves. + +Turns out that if you +have more than two + +coordinates-- three or four +coordinates-- at this time + +you don't know that you +will be able to do so. + +But we're sticking with this. + +For simplicity, I'm going +to choose this-- the form + +that I have for the ideal gas, +which I know that it's really + +a function only +of the product PV. + +This is what we had used before. + +And again, so as to +simplify the algebra, + +I will use the form that is +applicable to a monoatomic gas. + +And this-- I really have +no reason to do this, + +except that I want to be +able to get through this + +in two minutes with the algebra. + +So I will write the +energy to be 3/2 PV. + +So then for that particular +choice, what I have here + +is d of 3/2 PV plus PdV. + +And that's 3/2 PdV plus +V, 3/2 VdP plus PdV, + +which is 5/2 PdV +plus 3/2 VdP is 0. + +And you can +rearrange that easily + +to dP over P plus +5/3 dV over V is 0. + +And this is simply the +derivative of log of PV + +to the power of 5/3. + +And since this +derivative is 0, you + +know that along the curves that +correspond to no heat exchange, + +you have something like +PV to the power of gamma-- + +in this case, gamma being +5/3-- that is some constant. + +So after you have done your +expansion, all you need is to, + +in this diagram, go +continuously along the path + +that corresponds to this +formula that we have indicated. + +And this formula +describes a path + +that is distinct +from the isotherm. + +So you start from somewhere. + +You start along some path. + +You are guaranteed to hit the +other isotherm at some point. + +You start from the +starting point. + +You go backward. + +You're guaranteed to hit +the isotherm at some point. + +And then you join +those two points, + +and you've completed your cycle. + +And so you know that, at least +for the case of the ideal gas, + +or actually for any +two-coordinate system, + +you can construct +a cardinal cycle. + +That is, put your material, +go through a cycle that + +is reversible with all heat +exchanges at two temperatures + +only. + +OK, now why is this +idealization even useful? + +Well, we said that +this Carnot engine + +is stamped by really two +temperatures-- TH and TC. + +And the following +theorem is important, + +which says that of all +engines operating only + +between TH and TC, the Carnot +engine is most efficient. + +So we are going to move +away from this idealization + +that we've made, but so +far, only in one small step. + +That is, we are still going +to assume that all heat + +exchanges are done +between TH and TC. + +OK, and so let's +say that we have + +some kind of an engine which +does not have to be reversible. + +So because it does not +have to be reversible, + +it's not a Carnot engine, but +otherwise, operates completely + +between these two points. + +So it takes, let's say, +heat QH prime, QC prime, + +and does a certain +amount of work W. + +And so somebody +comes and says, I've + +constructed this engine +that is actually very good. + +It's better than +your Carnot engine. + +I say, no, that's not possible. + +And the way that I +will prove it to you + +is as follows-- I will take +the output of your engine, + +connect it to a Carnot engine, +and since the Carnot engine + +can be run backward, it +will act as a refrigerator + +and extract heat and +deposit heat precisely + +at the two temperatures that +your engine is operating. + +So if somebody looks at the +combination of these two, + +what do they see? + +The thing that they +see for the combination + +is that there is +some entity that + +is operating between TH and TC. + +And there is some +internal amount of work + +that is going on, and you +don't care about that. + +But there is a certain amount +of heat, QH prime minus QH that + +becomes QC prime minus QC. + +Now here we invoke Clausius. + +Clausius says that if you +see heat going between two + +temperatures, it could have only +gone from the direction hotter + +to colder, which means +that this amount of heat + +has to be positive. + +QH prime should be +greater than QH. + +So this is why Clausius-- we +know that this has to be case. + +So then what I can do, is I can +divide both expressions by W. + +And then invert this thing. + +And if I invert it, the +inequality gets inverted. + +So I get that W over QH +prime is less than W over QH. + +And the left-hand +side is the efficiency + +of my non-Carnot engine. + +And the right-hand side is the +efficiency of my Carnot engine. + +Carnot And what I've shown +is that the efficiency + +of the non-Carnot engine +has to be less than + +or equal to the efficiency +of the Carnot engine. + +OK, now, the next step +is the following-- + +that all Carnot engines +operating between TH and TC + +have the same efficiency. + +And the statement is, suppose +I have two different Carnot + +engines-- Carnot engine +one and Carnot engine two. + +I can use one to run +the other one backward, + +and I would get that the +efficiency of Carnot engine one + +is less than or equal to Carnot +engine two, or the other way + +around-- that two is less +than or equal to one. + +And hence, the +only possibility is + +that they are the same, which +is actually interesting, + +because I told you that +Carnot engines are stamped + +by two temperatures, TH and TC. + +And what it says +is that they all + +have an efficiency that +is a function, therefore, + +of these two temperatures only. + +It cannot depend on whether I +constructed my Carnot engine + +out of an ideal gas. + +I constructed it +out of a rubber band + +that I was pulling or pushing, +or any other substance + +in the world that +you can think about, + +as long as that substance I can +construct some kind of a Carnot + +cycle, irrespective of what the +coordinate systems are, what + +the isotherms look +like, et cetera. + +Just working between two +temperatures and two isotherms + +tells me that this +reversible cycle + +will have this efficiency +relating the amount of work + +and the amount of heat +that these exchange as you + +go around. + +OK? + +Now, that's important +because previously we + +wanted to define +our temperature. + +And we had to rely on +some property of the gas. + +We said OK, empirically we +observe that for the gas, + +you have this relationship +that when it is dilute, + +PV is proportional to T and we +use that property of the gas + +to construct our ideal +gas temperature scale. + +Well, that's OK, but it +relies on some observations + +additionally to everything +else that we had. + +Whereas now we have the +means to define temperatures + +irrespective of any material. + +This is much more of +a universal quantity. + +It' doesn't depend +on any substance, + +any particular structure. + +So it's a much +better way to rely + +for constructing a +temperature scale. + +So in some sense, at +least theoretically, + +we are going to abandon +our previous temperature + +scale based on properties +of the ideal gas, + +and reconstruct the temperature +scale based on this. + +Any questions? + +OK. + +So this is what will be called +the thermodynamic temperature + +scale. + +And what it amounts +to is that somehow I + +use the efficiency +between two temperatures + +or vice versa-- use that +there are two temperatures. + +Let's say one of them is +a reference temperature. + +I derive the temperature +of the other one + +by the maximum efficiency +of all engines that + +can operate between +the reference + +temperature and the temperature +that I wish to measure. + +It's T. + +But that means I-- +before doing that, I + +need to know at least something, +or some kind of a postulate + +about the structure of this +function of two variables. + +And I cannot write any +arbitrary function. + +It has to satisfy certain +properties and symmetries. + +And I can see what +those properties are + +by putting a couple of +these engines in series. + +So let's imagine that we +have a structure where + +I have the highest +temperature T1, + +and intermediate temperature T2, +and the lowest temperature T3. + +And I put one Carnot engine +to operate between these two + +temperatures, and one to operate +between these temperatures. + +And the first one is +going to take heat + +that I will called Q1. + +And release a heat that I will +call Q2, in the process doing + +a certain amount of work that +I will call W between 1 and 2. + +Now what I will do is I will use +the entirety of that heat, Q2, + +to run the second Carnot +engine to temperature T3, + +reducing here the +amount of heat, Q3, + +and doing a certain +amount of work-- W23. + +Clearly what I want +to do is to say + +that when I look at the +combination of these things, + +what happens at temperature +2 is an intermediate. + +And the whole thing is +equivalent to a Carnot engine + +operating between T1 and T3. + +Again, the whole +thing is reversible, + +operates between +two temperatures, + +and since each +one of them can be + +made to go back to where +they started, is a cycle. + +So the whole thing is really +equivalent to another Carnot + +engine that takes +Q1, deposits Q3, does + +a certain amount +of work, W13, which + +is the sum of W12 plus W23. + +So clearly, these two +different perspectives + +on the same operation +will constrain + +some-- give some +constraint between the form + +of the functions that +will be describing + +the efficiencies +of Carnot engines. + +So let's follow +that mathematically. + +OK, so the first +one-- what do we have? + +By conservation +of energy, I have + +that Q2 is-- so this +is-- let me be precise. + +This is Carnot engine 1-- tells +me that Q2 is Q1 minus W12. + +All right, so how +much heat I have here + +is the difference between +this and the amount of work + +that I did-- +conservation of energy. + +W12 is the efficiency times Q. +That was how it was defined. + +So it is 1 minus the efficiency +operating between T1 and T2 + +times Q1. + +What do we know about +Carnot engine number 2? + +Carnot engine +number 2 says that I + +can look at Q3 as being +the difference between Q2 + +minus the work that +is done over here. + +The work is related to the +heat through multiplying + +by the efficiency that is +operating between T2 and T3. + +And if I substitute for Q2 +from the first equation, what + +do I get? + +I will get Q2 being Q1, +1 minus efficiency T1, + +T2, multiplying by the +second bracket that + +is 1 minus efficiency T2 T3. + +But I can also look at the +composite Carnot engine-- that + +is the sum total +of them represented + +by the diagram on the right. + +And what that states-- just +writing the whole thing + +same way-- is that this +Q3 is the same as Q1 + +minus this amount of W13, +which is the same thing as Q1, + +1 minus the efficiency +between T1 and T3. + +So suddenly you see that +I have two equations that + +relate Q3 and Q1-- essentially +two formulations of this ratio. + +And what that says is that the +efficiency functions calculated + +between pairs of +temperatures, when + +we look at triplet of them, +have to be related by 1 minus + +efficiency between T1 and T3 is +1 minus efficiency between T1 + +and T2, 1 minus efficiency +between T2 and T3. + +So when we are constructing +our temperature scale + +based on properties of +this efficiency function, + +we better choose and +efficiency function + +that satisfies this equality. + +And very roughly again, where +did this type of equality + +come from? + +It originated in the fact that +this 1 minus eta was the ratio + +of two Q's. + +This was the ratio +of Q2 over Q1, + +and then the other +one was Q1 over Q3, + +and you would +multiply them, and you + +would get Q2 over Q3, et cetera. + +And that gives you +a hint as to how + +you should construct +this function + +to satisfy the +property that you want. + +If I write the function as the +ratio of some function of T2 + +divided by some +function of T1, it + +would cancel in +precisely the same way + +that when you were +multiplying Q2's and Q1's, + +the cancellations occur. + +OK? + +So what I need to +do is to postulate + +that this is of this form. + +And then actually, I'm +free to choose any function + +or form for F that I want. + +So here we need to +make a convention. + +And the convention +that we make-- + +so this is-- this +was not required-- + +is that this is really the +functional form is linear. + +So this defines for you the +thermodynamic temperature + +scale. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Yes, the +part, the step right + +before the convention, where +you wrote F of T1 over T1, + +is this also an assumption, +or is it a necessity? + +PROFESSOR: I'm, +let's say, 99.9% sure + +that it's a +mathematical necessity. + +I can't-- at this stage, think +of precisely how to make that-- + +actually, yes, I +can make that rigor. + +So essentially think of writing +this in the following way-- 1 + +minus eta of T1 and T2 equals +to 1 minus eta of T1 and T3, + +1 minus eta of T2 and T3. + +OK? + +The left-hand side +depends on T1 and T2. + +The right-hand side is the +ratio of two functional forms + +involving T1 and T2 precisely +as you have over here, + +as long as you regard +T3 to be some arbitrary + +parameter or constant. + +OK? + +So that's the proof. + +All right, unfortunately, +it's like doing magic. + +Once you reveal the trick, it +becomes not so interesting. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Does that +mean more precisely + +if we assumed that +T2 and T1 using F + +are empirical +temperatures, and we define + +the different temperature to +be F [INAUDIBLE] 2, something + +like that? + +PROFESSOR: OK, what I wanted to +say next maybe answers to that. + +So why don't I give that +answer first, and then + +come back to you? + +Is that so far, we have +defined two temperatures. + +There is the thermodynamic +temperature scale + +based on these efficiencies and +there is one other statement, + +which is that this only +defines the ratios. + +So I need to also pick +a reference temperature. + +And for reference temperature, +I pick the temperature + +of the coexistence +of ice, steam, water, + +to be 273.16 degrees +K, which is what + +I have for the ideal gas scale. + +Because if I don't +do that, I only + +know things up to some +proportionality constant. + +If I say that I pick that +reference temperature, then + +in principle what I could do +is, if somebody gives me a bath, + +I can run a Carnot +engine between that bath + +of unknown temperature +and this reference point, + +calculate the efficiency, +1 minus the efficiency, + +use this ratio-- +273.16-- and I have + +the temperature +of my new object. + +So we've completed that +thermodynamic temperature + +scale. + +If I understood correctly +the question that was posed, + +is, well, what about the +empirical temperature? + +And I was going to answer +something different, which + +is not really what +you were asking. + +So maybe you can repeat +your question one more time. + +AUDIENCE: If the, all +of our computations + +where we assume that instead +of T's, there are some thetas. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +AUDIENCE: And which means +that we use the [INAUDIBLE] + +at last we define the +thermodynamic temperature, + +it seems to have more precise. + +PROFESSOR: That's fine. + +So you're saying that what I +did with the Zeroth Law was + +to state that for somebody that +exists in thermal equilibrium + +with a bath, I can +characterize it with the theta. + +And I can go through +the whole argument + +that I had over here +by constructing, + +let's say, Carnot +engines that operate + +between empirical temperatures +defined as theta H and theta C. + +And nowhere in the +process have I given you + +a number for what theta H and +theta C is up to this point. + +And at this point, I +defined efficiency, + +which I have established +is only a function + +of the empirical temperature +operating between two + +isotherms, as some way +through this process + +and this definition, giving +an actual numerical value. + +So that's fine. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So should you also +define temperature [INAUDIBLE] + +with ideal gas and +infinite expansion? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: And doesn't it define +what convention for effective + +we need to pick here? + +So for all the definitions to +be consistent with each other? + +PROFESSOR: OK, so now that +becomes a different question. + +So I think the +first question was, + +let's not define any temperature +scale up to this point. + +And this is the first time that +we define a temperature scale. + +Now, your question +is the one that I + +wanted to originally +answer, so thank you + +for the question, which +is that I actually + +did define for you a temperature +scale through some property + +of the ideal gas. + +And indeed, that +property of the ideal gas + +I implicitly used here in +the shape of the isotherms + +that I had and +constructing this energy + +functional in this fashion. + +Now you say well, +OK, you defined + +temperature two different ways. + +Are they consistent +with each other? + +And you will have +a problem set that + +will ask the following +question-- let's + +run an ideal gas Carnot cycle +between ideal gas temperatures + +theta H and theta C. OK? + +Now you can-- and I +have drawn for you + +the form of this Carnot cycle. + +Using PdV, you can calculate +what amount of work + +goes into this at +different stages. + +And the net work would be +the area of this cycle. + +So W would give you +the area of the cycle. + +You can calculate what QH is. + +And you can calculate +the efficiency + +of this as a function +theta H and theta C. + +And what you will find, if +you do things correctly, + +is that using all of these +definitions for the shapes + +of these isotherms, +you can calculate + +what the efficiency is. + +And the answer for +your efficiency + +will come out to be +theta H minus theta + +C divided by theta H, which is +precisely what you would have + +expected based on +the Carnot cycle. + +So then you can +establish that the ratio + +of theta H to theta C +defined through the ideal gas + +temperature scale is the same +as the ratio of the temperatures + +if you had defined +through the thermodynamic. + +So the two scales, once +you set the same point + +for both of them, +become identical. + +Other questions? + +OK, so we went +through all of this + +in order to ultimately +get back to the story + +that I was constructing at the +beginning of the lecture, which + +was that I'd like to have the +form ultimately for my energy. + +I want to construct the energy. + +And if I was looking only +at mechanical systems, + +and there was no +temperature in the world, + +I would construct it +as sum over i Ji dxi. + +But I know that +that's not enough, + +because there are processes +by which I can change + +the state by not doing any +mechanical work-- go from one + +point in the diagram to +another point in the diagram. + +So there must be something else. + +Now we said that it kind +of makes a lot of sense + +that something else should be +something like a temperature. + +And before that, +really, the only thing + +that we had that was +a form of temperature + +was the ideal gas temperature, +or the empirical temperature + +that we had defined +through the Zeroth Law. + +And neither of them had any +nice connection to heat. + +Through this Carnot +engines, et cetera you + +have established some kind of +a connection between heats, + +temperatures, et cetera. + +And that's why this +thermodynamic temperature + +scale is useful. + +It is independent +of any material. + +And it's really the T +that I should put here. + +And so the next question +is, what should I put here? + +And that will also come +through the Second Law. + +I will develop that mostly +the next time around, + +but I'll give you in the next +two or three minutes a preview. + +So the statement that we +had was that the efficiency + +of any engine is less than +the Carnot engine, right? + +So let's imagine that we +have some kind of a exchange + +process going between TH and TC. + +And there is some +engine-- I don't + +know what that engine is-- +that takes heat QH here, QC + +here, and does a +certain amount of work. + +Now I know that W +over QH is less than + +or equal to 1 minus TH over TC. + +And W is really the same +thing as QH minus QC. + +So actually, I could +also have written this + +as 1 minus QC over QH is +less than 1 minus TC over TC. + +I can eliminate the 1, +and rearrange things, yes? + +AUDIENCE: It's TC over TH. + +PROFESSOR: 1 minus TC over +TH, thank you very much. + +Yes, and if you ever +forget-- not that I forgot-- + +I miswrote-- but something to +remember is that ultimately, + +I was kind of hinting this-- +if you ever forget Q's are + +proportional to T's. + +So what I have is that ideally, +QH will be proportional to TH. + +QC will be proportional to TC. + +So the difference +between them would + +be proportional to +the differences. + +Also, that means that if I were +to rearrange this slightly, + +what I would get is that QH +over TH plus minus QC over TC + +has to be negative. + +So this is just a rearrangement +of the whole thing. + +But this rearrangement-- +I wrote this as minus + +QC so as to look at things from +the perspective of the engine. + +So the engine is something +that goes through a cycle. + +As part of that cycle, +it does some work. + +But what this +expression has to do + +is the heat that +goes into the system. + +So I can regard minus +QC as the heat that + +goes into the engine coming from +a reservoir of temperature TC, + +QH going through +the engine, coming + +from a reservoir +of temperature TH. + +And you have a +relation such as this + +because the efficiency +of any type of engine + +has to be less than this +efficiency of the Carnot engine + +that is stamped by the +corresponding temperatures. + +OK, now this is kind of limited. + +And in order to be able to +construct a general formula, + +we need to be able +to make statements + +that's are relevant to +arbitrary complex cycles + +and complex behaviors. + +So what we will +start next time is + +to prove something +that ultimately + +will allow us to +quantify entropy. + +It's called Clausius' +Theorem, which + +states the following-- imagine +some kind of a generalization + +of your engine that takes place +in some multidimensional space. + +So rather than really +thinking about an engine, + +I want to think +about some substance. + +This was an ideal gas run +through some nice cycle. + +But I want to think +about some substance that + +is described by multiple +coordinate system. + +I take the system +from some point A, + +and the only requirement +that I place on it + +is that ultimately, +I do something, + +and I come back to +A. So it is a cycle. + +What I don't even +require is that this + +is a quasistatic process, so +that the intermediate stages + +are well-defined in +this coordinate space-- + +OK, so for any arbitrary +cyclic transformation. + +OK, now this +transformation-- we'll do + +is that at various stages-- +just like that simple example-- + +we'll do work on +the environment, + +take work from the environment. + +But most importantly +from our perspective, + +there will be heat +input into the system + +at various stages of the cycle. + +And I'm going to look at it +from the perspective of what + +goes into the system, +just like in this engine. + +So sometimes maybe this +dQ is negative-- means + +that the system is +really releasing heat, + +just like this engine +was releasing the heat. + +Now, Clausius' Theorem +says that if you integrate + +all around the cycle, +these elements of heat + +that you input to the system +throughout various stages + +of the cyclic transformation, +and divide them by some T. + +And this is kind of something +that needs definition. + +And S is supposed to +parametrize the cycle. + +Let's say S goes from 0 to 1 +as you go across the cycle. + +Generalizing that is negative. + +Next time, we will see if this +system is non-equilibrium, + +what exactly I mean +by this T of S. + +And we will see, somehow, +that once I define this, + +by doing part of +this, I can actually + +define an entropy function +integral from A to B dQ over S, + +and complete the definition of +what needs to be put for the Q + +in order to give you an +expression for T. OK. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ed66NxfDETY.txt b/Ed66NxfDETY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86755d07dfff5db98ca188844c97e7c4bc7980ea --- /dev/null +++ b/Ed66NxfDETY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,907 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chess game started as a program for + + align:start position:0% +chess game started as a program for + + + align:start position:0% +chess game started as a program for +DARPA MIT Lincoln laboratory wanted to + + align:start position:0% +DARPA MIT Lincoln laboratory wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +DARPA MIT Lincoln laboratory wanted to +develop a method for analyzing + + align:start position:0% +develop a method for analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +develop a method for analyzing +principles of war strategy that + + align:start position:0% +principles of war strategy that + + + align:start position:0% +principles of war strategy that +incorporated realistically messy aspects + + align:start position:0% +incorporated realistically messy aspects + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated realistically messy aspects +of warfare we had to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +of warfare we had to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +of warfare we had to figure out how to +model this problem so that we could + + align:start position:0% +model this problem so that we could + + + align:start position:0% +model this problem so that we could +study how to balance flexibility versus + + align:start position:0% +study how to balance flexibility versus + + + align:start position:0% +study how to balance flexibility versus +predictability of a force and + + align:start position:0% +predictability of a force and + + + align:start position:0% +predictability of a force and +distributed coordination versus + + align:start position:0% +distributed coordination versus + + + align:start position:0% +distributed coordination versus +centralization the result was close with + + align:start position:0% +centralization the result was close with + + + align:start position:0% +centralization the result was close with +Tunes + + align:start position:0% +Tunes + + + align:start position:0% +Tunes +this effort was motivated by darpa's + + align:start position:0% +this effort was motivated by darpa's + + + align:start position:0% +this effort was motivated by darpa's +larger effort to refine the concept of + + align:start position:0% +larger effort to refine the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +larger effort to refine the concept of +Mosaic Warfare which looks at technology + + align:start position:0% +Mosaic Warfare which looks at technology + + + align:start position:0% +Mosaic Warfare which looks at technology +and capabilities as adaptable and + + align:start position:0% +and capabilities as adaptable and + + + align:start position:0% +and capabilities as adaptable and +pluggable pieces + + align:start position:0% +pluggable pieces + + + align:start position:0% +pluggable pieces +a mosaic approach enables a force to + + align:start position:0% +a mosaic approach enables a force to + + + align:start position:0% +a mosaic approach enables a force to +adapt its strategy Mid Mission + + align:start position:0% +adapt its strategy Mid Mission + + + align:start position:0% +adapt its strategy Mid Mission +substitute components after a loss and + + align:start position:0% +substitute components after a loss and + + + align:start position:0% +substitute components after a loss and +deny the opponent to the ability to + + align:start position:0% +deny the opponent to the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +deny the opponent to the ability to +predict your intent an interesting + + align:start position:0% +predict your intent an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +predict your intent an interesting +source of challenge is finding the most + + align:start position:0% +source of challenge is finding the most + + + align:start position:0% +source of challenge is finding the most +effective ways to combine or compose + + align:start position:0% +effective ways to combine or compose + + + align:start position:0% +effective ways to combine or compose +pieces for a given Mission even before + + align:start position:0% +pieces for a given Mission even before + + + align:start position:0% +pieces for a given Mission even before +you know all the details of that mission + + align:start position:0% +you know all the details of that mission + + + align:start position:0% +you know all the details of that mission +that's something you'll be able to + + align:start position:0% +that's something you'll be able to + + + align:start position:0% +that's something you'll be able to +explore in our implementation of the + + align:start position:0% +explore in our implementation of the + + + align:start position:0% +explore in our implementation of the +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +the cause with the interest game is + + align:start position:0% +the cause with the interest game is + + + align:start position:0% +the cause with the interest game is +based on ideas laid out by Carl Von + + align:start position:0% +based on ideas laid out by Carl Von + + + align:start position:0% +based on ideas laid out by Carl Von +klausvis a Prussian General who wrote + + align:start position:0% +klausvis a Prussian General who wrote + + + align:start position:0% +klausvis a Prussian General who wrote +military theory in the 1800s and that + + align:start position:0% +military theory in the 1800s and that + + + align:start position:0% +military theory in the 1800s and that +students and War colleges still read + + align:start position:0% +students and War colleges still read + + + align:start position:0% +students and War colleges still read +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +clauswits discusses three key ways in + + align:start position:0% +clauswits discusses three key ways in + + + align:start position:0% +clauswits discusses three key ways in +which real war differs from ideal War + + align:start position:0% +which real war differs from ideal War + + + align:start position:0% +which real war differs from ideal War +fog friction and chance + + align:start position:0% +fog friction and chance + + + align:start position:0% +fog friction and chance +fog is the idea that you don't + + align:start position:0% +fog is the idea that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +fog is the idea that you don't +necessarily know everything about your + + align:start position:0% +necessarily know everything about your + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily know everything about your +opponent's forces or even your own + + align:start position:0% +opponent's forces or even your own + + + align:start position:0% +opponent's forces or even your own +friction is the idea that things don't + + align:start position:0% +friction is the idea that things don't + + + align:start position:0% +friction is the idea that things don't +necessarily work the way you want them + + align:start position:0% +necessarily work the way you want them + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily work the way you want them +to or expect them to orders are not + + align:start position:0% +to or expect them to orders are not + + + align:start position:0% +to or expect them to orders are not +followed instantly or exactly + + align:start position:0% +followed instantly or exactly + + + align:start position:0% +followed instantly or exactly +chance is the idea that even without fog + + align:start position:0% +chance is the idea that even without fog + + + align:start position:0% +chance is the idea that even without fog +or friction the outcome with your + + align:start position:0% +or friction the outcome with your + + + align:start position:0% +or friction the outcome with your +actions is still unpredictable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these principles are incorporated into + + align:start position:0% +these principles are incorporated into + + + align:start position:0% +these principles are incorporated into +our game in various ways for example you + + align:start position:0% +our game in various ways for example you + + + align:start position:0% +our game in various ways for example you +can't see the whole board at once so you + + align:start position:0% +can't see the whole board at once so you + + + align:start position:0% +can't see the whole board at once so you +don't necessarily know where your + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily know where your + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily know where your +opponent's pieces are and pieces don't + + align:start position:0% +opponent's pieces are and pieces don't + + + align:start position:0% +opponent's pieces are and pieces don't +necessarily do what you tell them to do + + align:start position:0% +necessarily do what you tell them to do + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily do what you tell them to do +there may be turns where you just can't + + align:start position:0% +there may be turns where you just can't + + + align:start position:0% +there may be turns where you just can't +move your Knights + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another important concept is asymmetry + + align:start position:0% +another important concept is asymmetry + + + align:start position:0% +another important concept is asymmetry +in war you're never trying to achieve + + align:start position:0% +in war you're never trying to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +in war you're never trying to achieve +the same things as your opponent and you + + align:start position:0% +the same things as your opponent and you + + + align:start position:0% +the same things as your opponent and you +don't necessarily know exactly what your + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily know exactly what your + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily know exactly what your +opponent is trying to + + align:start position:0% +opponent is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +opponent is trying to +because witzy and chess unlike In + + align:start position:0% +because witzy and chess unlike In + + + align:start position:0% +because witzy and chess unlike In +classical chess you get randomly + + align:start position:0% +classical chess you get randomly + + + align:start position:0% +classical chess you get randomly +assigned a goal and you don't know + + align:start position:0% +assigned a goal and you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +assigned a goal and you don't know +exactly what your opponent's goal is or + + align:start position:0% +exactly what your opponent's goal is or + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what your opponent's goal is or +you might infer it from their actions + + align:start position:0% +you might infer it from their actions + + + align:start position:0% +you might infer it from their actions +for example the goal could be king + + align:start position:0% +for example the goal could be king + + + align:start position:0% +for example the goal could be king +capture or largest material advantage or + + align:start position:0% +capture or largest material advantage or + + + align:start position:0% +capture or largest material advantage or +three check chess + + align:start position:0% +three check chess + + + align:start position:0% +three check chess +the goal of this project was to develop + + align:start position:0% +the goal of this project was to develop + + + align:start position:0% +the goal of this project was to develop +an environment to study how people react + + align:start position:0% +an environment to study how people react + + + align:start position:0% +an environment to study how people react +to fog friction chance and asymmetry in + + align:start position:0% +to fog friction chance and asymmetry in + + + align:start position:0% +to fog friction chance and asymmetry in +situations where they're not used to + + align:start position:0% +situations where they're not used to + + + align:start position:0% +situations where they're not used to +encountering them + + align:start position:0% +encountering them + + + align:start position:0% +encountering them +and we selected chess as a baseline + + align:start position:0% +and we selected chess as a baseline + + + align:start position:0% +and we selected chess as a baseline +environment rather than a more realistic + + align:start position:0% +environment rather than a more realistic + + + align:start position:0% +environment rather than a more realistic +war game for a few reasons it does not + + align:start position:0% +war game for a few reasons it does not + + + align:start position:0% +war game for a few reasons it does not +tie back to a particular time period and + + align:start position:0% +tie back to a particular time period and + + + align:start position:0% +tie back to a particular time period and +therefore eliminates bias based on + + align:start position:0% +therefore eliminates bias based on + + + align:start position:0% +therefore eliminates bias based on +historical knowledge and a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +historical knowledge and a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +historical knowledge and a lot of people +particularly in the military are + + align:start position:0% +particularly in the military are + + + align:start position:0% +particularly in the military are +familiar with chess making training + + align:start position:0% +familiar with chess making training + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with chess making training +easier but also emphasizing to them how + + align:start position:0% +easier but also emphasizing to them how + + + align:start position:0% +easier but also emphasizing to them how +much tactics can change even on a little + + align:start position:0% +much tactics can change even on a little + + + align:start position:0% +much tactics can change even on a little +bit of fog or friction are introduced + + align:start position:0% +bit of fog or friction are introduced + + + align:start position:0% +bit of fog or friction are introduced +the data Collective I'm studying how + + align:start position:0% +the data Collective I'm studying how + + + align:start position:0% +the data Collective I'm studying how +people play clubs within chess will be + + align:start position:0% +people play clubs within chess will be + + + align:start position:0% +people play clubs within chess will be +used to determine what kinds of tactics + + align:start position:0% +used to determine what kinds of tactics + + + align:start position:0% +used to determine what kinds of tactics +and organizational structures work when + + align:start position:0% +and organizational structures work when + + + align:start position:0% +and organizational structures work when +you have different amounts of fog and + + align:start position:0% +you have different amounts of fog and + + + align:start position:0% +you have different amounts of fog and +friction to teach people how to think + + align:start position:0% +friction to teach people how to think + + + align:start position:0% +friction to teach people how to think +differently in a context that is + + align:start position:0% +differently in a context that is + + + align:start position:0% +differently in a context that is +realistically messy and to inform the + + align:start position:0% +realistically messy and to inform the + + + align:start position:0% +realistically messy and to inform the +design of future decision-making games + + align:start position:0% +design of future decision-making games + + + align:start position:0% +design of future decision-making games +we also wanted to study how machines + + align:start position:0% +we also wanted to study how machines + + + align:start position:0% +we also wanted to study how machines +could play this game machine learning + + align:start position:0% +could play this game machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +could play this game machine learning +and artificial intelligence methods + + align:start position:0% +and artificial intelligence methods + + + align:start position:0% +and artificial intelligence methods +typically struggle when the costs and + + align:start position:0% +typically struggle when the costs and + + + align:start position:0% +typically struggle when the costs and +benefits of an action are delayed in + + align:start position:0% +benefits of an action are delayed in + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of an action are delayed in +time or obscured such as what happens + + align:start position:0% +time or obscured such as what happens + + + align:start position:0% +time or obscured such as what happens +when fog and friction are involved + + align:start position:0% +when fog and friction are involved + + + align:start position:0% +when fog and friction are involved +however there are enormous potential + + align:start position:0% +however there are enormous potential + + + align:start position:0% +however there are enormous potential +gains for creating automated tools to + + align:start position:0% +gains for creating automated tools to + + + align:start position:0% +gains for creating automated tools to +guide human decision making in uncertain + + align:start position:0% +guide human decision making in uncertain + + + align:start position:0% +guide human decision making in uncertain +situations + + align:start position:0% +situations + + + align:start position:0% +situations +a big challenge of Mosaic Warfare is + + align:start position:0% +a big challenge of Mosaic Warfare is + + + align:start position:0% +a big challenge of Mosaic Warfare is +ensuring that the added flexibility of a + + align:start position:0% +ensuring that the added flexibility of a + + + align:start position:0% +ensuring that the added flexibility of a +force confuses the enemy more than it + + align:start position:0% +force confuses the enemy more than it + + + align:start position:0% +force confuses the enemy more than it +confuses your own Force + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as you try the game think about how its + + align:start position:0% +as you try the game think about how its + + + align:start position:0% +as you try the game think about how its +lessons do or do not translate to real + + align:start position:0% +lessons do or do not translate to real + + + align:start position:0% +lessons do or do not translate to real +world decision making + + align:start position:0% +world decision making + + + align:start position:0% +world decision making +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/En0xvjBnmfU.txt b/En0xvjBnmfU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beac9073a90bf3bebe3629f6fc7bff475331aed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/En0xvjBnmfU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so now we're going to start with a + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we're going to start with a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we're going to start with a +simple bar plot of the MIT international + + align:start position:0% +simple bar plot of the MIT international + + + align:start position:0% +simple bar plot of the MIT international +student data + + align:start position:0% +student data + + + align:start position:0% +student data +so first let's load the ggplot library + + align:start position:0% +so first let's load the ggplot library + + + align:start position:0% +so first let's load the ggplot library +ggplot2 and load the data frame so int L + + align:start position:0% +ggplot2 and load the data frame so int L + + + align:start position:0% +ggplot2 and load the data frame so int L +is read CSV int L dot CSV okay now the + + align:start position:0% +is read CSV int L dot CSV okay now the + + + align:start position:0% +is read CSV int L dot CSV okay now the +structure of its data frame is very + + align:start position:0% +structure of its data frame is very + + + align:start position:0% +structure of its data frame is very +simple there are two columns two + + align:start position:0% +simple there are two columns two + + + align:start position:0% +simple there are two columns two +variables the first one the region and + + align:start position:0% +variables the first one the region and + + + align:start position:0% +variables the first one the region and +the second one is the percentage of + + align:start position:0% +the second one is the percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +the second one is the percentage of +international students who came from + + align:start position:0% +international students who came from + + + align:start position:0% +international students who came from +that region so making a bad plot from + + align:start position:0% +that region so making a bad plot from + + + align:start position:0% +that region so making a bad plot from +this data isn't too hard + + align:start position:0% +this data isn't too hard + + + align:start position:0% +this data isn't too hard +well you start off of a GG plot command + + align:start position:0% +well you start off of a GG plot command + + + align:start position:0% +well you start off of a GG plot command +of course the first argument being the + + align:start position:0% +of course the first argument being the + + + align:start position:0% +of course the first argument being the +data frame the aesthetic in this case is + + align:start position:0% +data frame the aesthetic in this case is + + + align:start position:0% +data frame the aesthetic in this case is +to have region on the x axis and on the + + align:start position:0% +to have region on the x axis and on the + + + align:start position:0% +to have region on the x axis and on the +y axis to have the percentage of + + align:start position:0% +y axis to have the percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +y axis to have the percentage of +international students now the geometry + + align:start position:0% +international students now the geometry + + + align:start position:0% +international students now the geometry +we want to use is as you might guess by + + align:start position:0% +we want to use is as you might guess by + + + align:start position:0% +we want to use is as you might guess by +GM bar we have to profess one argument + + align:start position:0% +GM bar we have to profess one argument + + + align:start position:0% +GM bar we have to profess one argument +to this young bear and it's called stat + + align:start position:0% +to this young bear and it's called stat + + + align:start position:0% +to this young bear and it's called stat +identity + + align:start position:0% +identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity +I'm going to come back and explain what + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to come back and explain what + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to come back and explain what +that means and I also want to label my + + align:start position:0% +that means and I also want to label my + + + align:start position:0% +that means and I also want to label my +bars with their value so it's easy to + + align:start position:0% +bars with their value so it's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +bars with their value so it's easy to +read in closer detail so I only use geum + + align:start position:0% +read in closer detail so I only use geum + + + align:start position:0% +read in closer detail so I only use geum +texts to do that and the acidic of our + + align:start position:0% +texts to do that and the acidic of our + + + align:start position:0% +texts to do that and the acidic of our +text is simply to have the value of a + + align:start position:0% +text is simply to have the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +text is simply to have the value of a +label the mr text available to be the + + align:start position:0% +label the mr text available to be the + + + align:start position:0% +label the mr text available to be the +value of percentages so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +value of percentages so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +value of percentages so let's look at +that okay so yes we have a bar for each + + align:start position:0% +that okay so yes we have a bar for each + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so yes we have a bar for each +region the values are between 0 & 1 + + align:start position:0% +region the values are between 0 & 1 + + + align:start position:0% +region the values are between 0 & 1 +which looks kind of strange the labels + + align:start position:0% +which looks kind of strange the labels + + + align:start position:0% +which looks kind of strange the labels +are actually lying over the top of the + + align:start position:0% +are actually lying over the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +are actually lying over the top of the +columns which isn't very nice and the + + align:start position:0% +columns which isn't very nice and the + + + align:start position:0% +columns which isn't very nice and the +regions aren't ordered in any way that's + + align:start position:0% +regions aren't ordered in any way that's + + + align:start position:0% +regions aren't ordered in any way that's +useful they actually uttered in + + align:start position:0% +useful they actually uttered in + + + align:start position:0% +useful they actually uttered in +alphabetical order but I think would be + + align:start position:0% +alphabetical order but I think would be + + + align:start position:0% +alphabetical order but I think would be +much more interesting to have them in + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting to have them in + + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting to have them in +descending order so we're gonna work on + + align:start position:0% +descending order so we're gonna work on + + + align:start position:0% +descending order so we're gonna work on +this first of all though what is this + + align:start position:0% +this first of all though what is this + + + align:start position:0% +this first of all though what is this +stat identity + + align:start position:0% +stat identity + + + align:start position:0% +stat identity +it's pretty simple geometry bow has + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty simple geometry bow has + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty simple geometry bow has +multiple modes of operation stet + + align:start position:0% +multiple modes of operation stet + + + align:start position:0% +multiple modes of operation stet +identity says use the value of the Y + + align:start position:0% +identity says use the value of the Y + + + align:start position:0% +identity says use the value of the Y +variable as is which is what we want the + + align:start position:0% +variable as is which is what we want the + + + align:start position:0% +variable as is which is what we want the +height of the bar is the value of the Y + + align:start position:0% +height of the bar is the value of the Y + + + align:start position:0% +height of the bar is the value of the Y +variable now there are other modes + + align:start position:0% +variable now there are other modes + + + align:start position:0% +variable now there are other modes +including one that counts for number of + + align:start position:0% +including one that counts for number of + + + align:start position:0% +including one that counts for number of +rows for each value of x and plot set + + align:start position:0% +rows for each value of x and plot set + + + align:start position:0% +rows for each value of x and plot set +instead so you can look at the + + align:start position:0% +instead so you can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +instead so you can look at the +documentation of a g-tube plot to see + + align:start position:0% +documentation of a g-tube plot to see + + + align:start position:0% +documentation of a g-tube plot to see +the different options now they work but + + align:start position:0% +the different options now they work but + + + align:start position:0% +the different options now they work but +stet identity is what we want right now + + align:start position:0% +stet identity is what we want right now + + + align:start position:0% +stet identity is what we want right now +now x axis is out of order and the + + align:start position:0% +now x axis is out of order and the + + + align:start position:0% +now x axis is out of order and the +reason for this is that ggplot defaults + + align:start position:0% +reason for this is that ggplot defaults + + + align:start position:0% +reason for this is that ggplot defaults +to alphabetical order for the x axis + + align:start position:0% +to alphabetical order for the x axis + + + align:start position:0% +to alphabetical order for the x axis +what we need to do is make a region and + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do is make a region and + + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do is make a region and +ordered factor instead of an unordered + + align:start position:0% +ordered factor instead of an unordered + + + align:start position:0% +ordered factor instead of an unordered +vector we can do this with the reorder + + align:start position:0% +vector we can do this with the reorder + + + align:start position:0% +vector we can do this with the reorder +command and the transform command so + + align:start position:0% +command and the transform command so + + + align:start position:0% +command and the transform command so +let's write this out so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +let's write this out so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +let's write this out so we're going to +transform the international data frame + + align:start position:0% +transform the international data frame + + + align:start position:0% +transform the international data frame +and what we're going to do is say region + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is say region + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is say region +it's going to be a reordering of itself + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a reordering of itself + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a reordering of itself +based on decreasing order of percentage + + align:start position:0% +based on decreasing order of percentage + + + align:start position:0% +based on decreasing order of percentage +of int L so if we look at the structure + + align:start position:0% +of int L so if we look at the structure + + + align:start position:0% +of int L so if we look at the structure +of a data frame now we see if is + + align:start position:0% +of a data frame now we see if is + + + align:start position:0% +of a data frame now we see if is +something something going on in the + + align:start position:0% +something something going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +something something going on in the +region column that wasn't going before + + align:start position:0% +region column that wasn't going before + + + align:start position:0% +region column that wasn't going before +and that's that ordering so you might + + align:start position:0% +and that's that ordering so you might + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that ordering so you might +have also noticed that I put a negative + + align:start position:0% +have also noticed that I put a negative + + + align:start position:0% +have also noticed that I put a negative +sign in front of percentage of int L so + + align:start position:0% +sign in front of percentage of int L so + + + align:start position:0% +sign in front of percentage of int L so +that negative sign means decreasing + + align:start position:0% +that negative sign means decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +that negative sign means decreasing +order if we had left that out I would + + align:start position:0% +order if we had left that out I would + + + align:start position:0% +order if we had left that out I would +have actually ordered them an increasing + + align:start position:0% +have actually ordered them an increasing + + + align:start position:0% +have actually ordered them an increasing +order so unknown or stateless would have + + align:start position:0% +order so unknown or stateless would have + + + align:start position:0% +order so unknown or stateless would have +been first and Oceania would have been + + align:start position:0% +been first and Oceania would have been + + + align:start position:0% +been first and Oceania would have been +second and so on okay so that's one + + align:start position:0% +second and so on okay so that's one + + + align:start position:0% +second and so on okay so that's one +thing fixed another thing we didn't like + + align:start position:0% +thing fixed another thing we didn't like + + + align:start position:0% +thing fixed another thing we didn't like +was that the numbers are between 0 & 1 + + align:start position:0% +was that the numbers are between 0 & 1 + + + align:start position:0% +was that the numbers are between 0 & 1 +which kind of won't looks looks a little + + align:start position:0% +which kind of won't looks looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +which kind of won't looks looks a little +bit messy so let's just simply multiply + + align:start position:0% +bit messy so let's just simply multiply + + + align:start position:0% +bit messy so let's just simply multiply +all the values by a hundred so percent + + align:start position:0% +all the values by a hundred so percent + + + align:start position:0% +all the values by a hundred so percent +of int l equals int L percent of int L + + align:start position:0% +of int l equals int L percent of int L + + + align:start position:0% +of int l equals int L percent of int L +multiplied by 100 all right + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by 100 all right + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by 100 all right +and now the other things we had to fix + + align:start position:0% +and now the other things we had to fix + + + align:start position:0% +and now the other things we had to fix +like the text overlying and XX is being + + align:start position:0% +like the text overlying and XX is being + + + align:start position:0% +like the text overlying and XX is being +all bunched up like that we're gonna do + + align:start position:0% +all bunched up like that we're gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +all bunched up like that we're gonna do +that energy cheap new ggplot command so + + align:start position:0% +that energy cheap new ggplot command so + + + align:start position:0% +that energy cheap new ggplot command so +I'm gonna blow right break it across + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna blow right break it across + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna blow right break it across +multiple lines so we start off with the + + align:start position:0% +multiple lines so we start off with the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple lines so we start off with the +ggplot command as we did before actually + + align:start position:0% +ggplot command as we did before actually + + + align:start position:0% +ggplot command as we did before actually +identical to here before so the acidic + + align:start position:0% +identical to here before so the acidic + + + align:start position:0% +identical to here before so the acidic +is x-axis on there is a region and the + + align:start position:0% +is x-axis on there is a region and the + + + align:start position:0% +is x-axis on there is a region and the +y-axis is a percentage of international + + align:start position:0% +y-axis is a percentage of international + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis is a percentage of international +students we break her into multiple + + align:start position:0% +students we break her into multiple + + + align:start position:0% +students we break her into multiple +lines so put the plus at the end there + + align:start position:0% +lines so put the plus at the end there + + + align:start position:0% +lines so put the plus at the end there +and press shift enter + + align:start position:0% +and press shift enter + + + align:start position:0% +and press shift enter +we're gonna do a bad plot the acidic + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do a bad plot the acidic + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do a bad plot the acidic +sorry the stat is identity as before and + + align:start position:0% +sorry the stat is identity as before and + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the stat is identity as before and +this time that we're going to manually + + align:start position:0% +this time that we're going to manually + + + align:start position:0% +this time that we're going to manually +specify a fill I'm gonna say dark blue + + align:start position:0% +specify a fill I'm gonna say dark blue + + + align:start position:0% +specify a fill I'm gonna say dark blue +quite like how that looks now we need + + align:start position:0% +quite like how that looks now we need + + + align:start position:0% +quite like how that looks now we need +the text and the acidic of that is to + + align:start position:0% +the text and the acidic of that is to + + + align:start position:0% +the text and the acidic of that is to +have the label equal the value of the + + align:start position:0% +have the label equal the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +have the label equal the value of the +column I'm gonna add one more thing to + + align:start position:0% +column I'm gonna add one more thing to + + + align:start position:0% +column I'm gonna add one more thing to +this I'm gonna say V just equals + + align:start position:0% +this I'm gonna say V just equals + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm gonna say V just equals +negative 0.4 and what this does is it + + align:start position:0% +negative 0.4 and what this does is it + + + align:start position:0% +negative 0.4 and what this does is it +moves the labels up a little bit and off + + align:start position:0% +moves the labels up a little bit and off + + + align:start position:0% +moves the labels up a little bit and off +the top of the bars now you can play + + align:start position:0% +the top of the bars now you can play + + + align:start position:0% +the top of the bars now you can play +with that so a positive value will move + + align:start position:0% +with that so a positive value will move + + + align:start position:0% +with that so a positive value will move +it down and a negative value will move + + align:start position:0% +it down and a negative value will move + + + align:start position:0% +it down and a negative value will move +it up next I'm gonna set the wire label + + align:start position:0% +it up next I'm gonna set the wire label + + + align:start position:0% +it up next I'm gonna set the wire label +excess label to be something a bit more + + align:start position:0% +excess label to be something a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +excess label to be something a bit more +sensible so percentage % of + + align:start position:0% +sensible so percentage % of + + + align:start position:0% +sensible so percentage % of +international students and finally I'd + + align:start position:0% +international students and finally I'd + + + align:start position:0% +international students and finally I'd +like to fix up that x-axis so I want to + + align:start position:0% +like to fix up that x-axis so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +like to fix up that x-axis so I want to +get rid of the word region because it's + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the word region because it's + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the word region because it's +pretty obvious that these are regions + + align:start position:0% +pretty obvious that these are regions + + + align:start position:0% +pretty obvious that these are regions +and I also want to rotate the text on a + + align:start position:0% +and I also want to rotate the text on a + + + align:start position:0% +and I also want to rotate the text on a +bit of an angle so you can read it all + + align:start position:0% +bit of an angle so you can read it all + + + align:start position:0% +bit of an angle so you can read it all +pot like this so that's none of the + + align:start position:0% +pot like this so that's none of the + + + align:start position:0% +pot like this so that's none of the +theme command sort of a theme theming + + align:start position:0% +theme command sort of a theme theming + + + align:start position:0% +theme command sort of a theme theming +we're gonna do is we're going to say the + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do is we're going to say the + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do is we're going to say the +axis title is the x-axis should be blank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that the access text on the X x + + align:start position:0% +okay and that the access text on the X x + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that the access text on the X x +axis should be rotated so it's a text + + align:start position:0% +axis should be rotated so it's a text + + + align:start position:0% +axis should be rotated so it's a text +element it's angle is 45 I don't move it + + align:start position:0% +element it's angle is 45 I don't move it + + + align:start position:0% +element it's angle is 45 I don't move it +side way it's just a little bit it's + + align:start position:0% +side way it's just a little bit it's + + + align:start position:0% +side way it's just a little bit it's +just one and there we go + + align:start position:0% +just one and there we go + + + align:start position:0% +just one and there we go +so we've got our labels V justed above + + align:start position:0% +so we've got our labels V justed above + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got our labels V justed above +the columns the bars themselves the dark + + align:start position:0% +the columns the bars themselves the dark + + + align:start position:0% +the columns the bars themselves the dark +blue the numbers now between 0 and 100 + + align:start position:0% +blue the numbers now between 0 and 100 + + + align:start position:0% +blue the numbers now between 0 and 100 +instead of 0 & 1 we can read all the + + align:start position:0% +instead of 0 & 1 we can read all the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of 0 & 1 we can read all the +text labels and it's generally a lot + + align:start position:0% +text labels and it's generally a lot + + + align:start position:0% +text labels and it's generally a lot +more readable than the pie graph pie pie + + align:start position:0% +more readable than the pie graph pie pie + + + align:start position:0% +more readable than the pie graph pie pie +plots or our original ggplot at that so + + align:start position:0% +plots or our original ggplot at that so + + + align:start position:0% +plots or our original ggplot at that so +let's go back to the slides now and talk + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to the slides now and talk + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to the slides now and talk +about what we've just done \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/EnPjyNsEHQM.txt b/EnPjyNsEHQM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05e124e71ca1e54842f3c04ba406e79732bedd22 --- /dev/null +++ b/EnPjyNsEHQM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +last time we considered the relationship + + align:start position:0% +last time we considered the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +last time we considered the relationship +between pseudo-random graphs and their + + align:start position:0% +between pseudo-random graphs and their + + + align:start position:0% +between pseudo-random graphs and their +eigenvalues and the main message is that + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues and the main message is that + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues and the main message is that +the smaller your second largest + + align:start position:0% +the smaller your second largest + + + align:start position:0% +the smaller your second largest +eigenvalue is the more pseudo-random a + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue is the more pseudo-random a + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue is the more pseudo-random a +graph is in particular we were looking + + align:start position:0% +graph is in particular we were looking + + + align:start position:0% +graph is in particular we were looking +at this class of graphs that are dreg + + align:start position:0% +at this class of graphs that are dreg + + + align:start position:0% +at this class of graphs that are dreg +you know there are somewhat easier to + + align:start position:0% +you know there are somewhat easier to + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are somewhat easier to +think about and there's a limit to how + + align:start position:0% +think about and there's a limit to how + + + align:start position:0% +think about and there's a limit to how +small the second-largest eigenvalue can + + align:start position:0% +small the second-largest eigenvalue can + + + align:start position:0% +small the second-largest eigenvalue can +be and that was given by the alone open + + align:start position:0% +be and that was given by the alone open + + + align:start position:0% +be and that was given by the alone open +a bound you should think of D here as a + + align:start position:0% +a bound you should think of D here as a + + + align:start position:0% +a bound you should think of D here as a +fixed number so here D is a fixed + + align:start position:0% +fixed number so here D is a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +fixed number so here D is a fixed +constant then as the number of vertices + + align:start position:0% +constant then as the number of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +constant then as the number of vertices +becomes large the second largest eigen + + align:start position:0% +becomes large the second largest eigen + + + align:start position:0% +becomes large the second largest eigen +value but the irregular graph cannot be + + align:start position:0% +value but the irregular graph cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +value but the irregular graph cannot be +less than this quantity over here so + + align:start position:0% +less than this quantity over here so + + + align:start position:0% +less than this quantity over here so +this is a limit to how small the second + + align:start position:0% +this is a limit to how small the second + + + align:start position:0% +this is a limit to how small the second +largest eigen value can be and last time + + align:start position:0% +largest eigen value can be and last time + + + align:start position:0% +largest eigen value can be and last time +we gave a proof of this bound by + + align:start position:0% +we gave a proof of this bound by + + + align:start position:0% +we gave a proof of this bound by +constructing an appropriate function + + align:start position:0% +constructing an appropriate function + + + align:start position:0% +constructing an appropriate function +that witnesses this lambda to we also + + align:start position:0% +that witnesses this lambda to we also + + + align:start position:0% +that witnesses this lambda to we also +gave a second proof which proves a + + align:start position:0% +gave a second proof which proves a + + + align:start position:0% +gave a second proof which proves a +slightly weaker result which is that the + + align:start position:0% +slightly weaker result which is that the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly weaker result which is that the +second largest eigenvalue in absolute + + align:start position:0% +second largest eigenvalue in absolute + + + align:start position:0% +second largest eigenvalue in absolute +value is at least as quantity so in + + align:start position:0% +value is at least as quantity so in + + + align:start position:0% +value is at least as quantity so in +spíritus amounts to roughly the same + + align:start position:0% +spíritus amounts to roughly the same + + + align:start position:0% +spíritus amounts to roughly the same +result although technically it's a + + align:start position:0% +result although technically it's a + + + align:start position:0% +result although technically it's a +little bit weaker and that one we prove + + align:start position:0% +little bit weaker and that one we prove + + + align:start position:0% +little bit weaker and that one we prove +by counting walks and also at the end of + + align:start position:0% +by counting walks and also at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +by counting walks and also at the end of +last time i remarked that this number + + align:start position:0% +last time i remarked that this number + + + align:start position:0% +last time i remarked that this number +here the fundamental significance of + + align:start position:0% +here the fundamental significance of + + + align:start position:0% +here the fundamental significance of +this number + + align:start position:0% +this number + + + align:start position:0% +this number +is that it is the spectral radius of the + + align:start position:0% +is that it is the spectral radius of the + + + align:start position:0% +is that it is the spectral radius of the +Infinity regular tree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's why this number is here + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why this number is here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why this number is here +of course we proved some lower bound but + + align:start position:0% +of course we proved some lower bound but + + + align:start position:0% +of course we proved some lower bound but +you can always ask question is this the + + align:start position:0% +you can always ask question is this the + + + align:start position:0% +you can always ask question is this the +best possible lower bound maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +best possible lower bound maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +best possible lower bound maybe it's +possible to prove a somewhat higher + + align:start position:0% +possible to prove a somewhat higher + + + align:start position:0% +possible to prove a somewhat higher +bound and that turns out not to be the + + align:start position:0% +bound and that turns out not to be the + + + align:start position:0% +bound and that turns out not to be the +case so that's the first thing that + + align:start position:0% +case so that's the first thing that + + + align:start position:0% +case so that's the first thing that +we'll see today is some discussions I + + align:start position:0% +we'll see today is some discussions I + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see today is some discussions I +won't show you any proofs by some + + align:start position:0% +won't show you any proofs by some + + + align:start position:0% +won't show you any proofs by some +discussions why this number is best + + align:start position:0% +discussions why this number is best + + + align:start position:0% +discussions why this number is best +possible and this is a a very + + align:start position:0% +possible and this is a a very + + + align:start position:0% +possible and this is a a very +interesting area of graph theory goes + + align:start position:0% +interesting area of graph theory goes + + + align:start position:0% +interesting area of graph theory goes +under the name of Graham illusion graphs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I explain the history in a + + align:start position:0% +okay so I explain the history in a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I explain the history in a +second why they're called Ramanujan + + align:start position:0% +second why they're called Ramanujan + + + align:start position:0% +second why they're called Ramanujan +graphs Ramanujam did not study these + + align:start position:0% +graphs Ramanujam did not study these + + + align:start position:0% +graphs Ramanujam did not study these +graphs but they're contemplations okay + + align:start position:0% +graphs but they're contemplations okay + + + align:start position:0% +graphs but they're contemplations okay +so by definition a ram anujan graph is + + align:start position:0% +so by definition a ram anujan graph is + + + align:start position:0% +so by definition a ram anujan graph is +ad regular graph such that if you look + + align:start position:0% +ad regular graph such that if you look + + + align:start position:0% +ad regular graph such that if you look +at it I can value of the adjacency + + align:start position:0% +at it I can value of the adjacency + + + align:start position:0% +at it I can value of the adjacency +matrix as above the second largest eigen + + align:start position:0% +matrix as above the second largest eigen + + + align:start position:0% +matrix as above the second largest eigen +value in absolute value is at most that + + align:start position:0% +value in absolute value is at most that + + + align:start position:0% +value in absolute value is at most that +down up there to root t minus 1 so it's + + align:start position:0% +down up there to root t minus 1 so it's + + + align:start position:0% +down up there to root t minus 1 so it's +the best possible constant you could put + + align:start position:0% +the best possible constant you could put + + + align:start position:0% +the best possible constant you could put +here so that there still exists + + align:start position:0% +here so that there still exists + + + align:start position:0% +here so that there still exists +infinitely many T regular gamma Newton + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many T regular gamma Newton + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many T regular gamma Newton +graphs for fixed E and the size of the + + align:start position:0% +graphs for fixed E and the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +graphs for fixed E and the size of the +graph going to infinity the last time we + + align:start position:0% +graph going to infinity the last time we + + + align:start position:0% +graph going to infinity the last time we +also introduce some terminology I mean + + align:start position:0% +also introduce some terminology I mean + + + align:start position:0% +also introduce some terminology I mean +just repeat that here so this is in + + align:start position:0% +just repeat that here so this is in + + + align:start position:0% +just repeat that here so this is in +other words an ende lambda graph with + + align:start position:0% +other words an ende lambda graph with + + + align:start position:0% +other words an ende lambda graph with +lambda and most to root t minus 1 now it + + align:start position:0% +lambda and most to root t minus 1 now it + + + align:start position:0% +lambda and most to root t minus 1 now it +is not hard to obtain a single example + + align:start position:0% +is not hard to obtain a single example + + + align:start position:0% +is not hard to obtain a single example +of a Ramanujan graph so I just want some + + align:start position:0% +of a Ramanujan graph so I just want some + + + align:start position:0% +of a Ramanujan graph so I just want some +graph such that or the top eigenvalue st + + align:start position:0% +graph such that or the top eigenvalue st + + + align:start position:0% +graph such that or the top eigenvalue st +i want the other ones to be small so for + + align:start position:0% +i want the other ones to be small so for + + + align:start position:0% +i want the other ones to be small so for +example if you get this clique it's d + + align:start position:0% +example if you get this clique it's d + + + align:start position:0% +example if you get this clique it's d +regular here the top eigenvalue is d and + + align:start position:0% +regular here the top eigenvalue is d and + + + align:start position:0% +regular here the top eigenvalue is d and +it's not too hard to compute that + + align:start position:0% +it's not too hard to compute that + + + align:start position:0% +it's not too hard to compute that +all the other eigenvalues are equal to + + align:start position:0% +all the other eigenvalues are equal to + + + align:start position:0% +all the other eigenvalues are equal to +exactly minus one so this is an easy + + align:start position:0% +exactly minus one so this is an easy + + + align:start position:0% +exactly minus one so this is an easy +computation but the point is that I want + + align:start position:0% +computation but the point is that I want + + + align:start position:0% +computation but the point is that I want +to construct graph so I want to + + align:start position:0% +to construct graph so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +to construct graph so I want to +understand whether there are graphs + + align:start position:0% +understand whether there are graphs + + + align:start position:0% +understand whether there are graphs +where D is fixed so this is somehow not + + align:start position:0% +where D is fixed so this is somehow not + + + align:start position:0% +where D is fixed so this is somehow not +a good example what we really want is + + align:start position:0% +a good example what we really want is + + + align:start position:0% +a good example what we really want is +fixed E and n going to infinity large + + align:start position:0% +fixed E and n going to infinity large + + + align:start position:0% +fixed E and n going to infinity large +number of vertices and the main open + + align:start position:0% +number of vertices and the main open + + + align:start position:0% +number of vertices and the main open +conjecture in this area is that for + + align:start position:0% +conjecture in this area is that for + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture in this area is that for +every D there exist infinitely many + + align:start position:0% +every D there exist infinitely many + + + align:start position:0% +every D there exist infinitely many +Ramanuja and D regular graphs so let me + + align:start position:0% +Ramanuja and D regular graphs so let me + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanuja and D regular graphs so let me +tell you some partial results and also + + align:start position:0% +tell you some partial results and also + + + align:start position:0% +tell you some partial results and also +explain the history why they're called + + align:start position:0% +explain the history why they're called + + + align:start position:0% +explain the history why they're called +Ramanujan graphs so the first paper + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujan graphs so the first paper + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujan graphs so the first paper +where this name appeared and coined this + + align:start position:0% +where this name appeared and coined this + + + align:start position:0% +where this name appeared and coined this +name and I'll explain the reason in a + + align:start position:0% +name and I'll explain the reason in a + + + align:start position:0% +name and I'll explain the reason in a +second is this important result of + + align:start position:0% +second is this important result of + + + align:start position:0% +second is this important result of +dubofsky Phillips and Cernik from the + + align:start position:0% +dubofsky Phillips and Cernik from the + + + align:start position:0% +dubofsky Phillips and Cernik from the +late 80s okay so their paper was titled + + align:start position:0% +late 80s okay so their paper was titled + + + align:start position:0% +late 80s okay so their paper was titled +Ramanuja graphs so they proved that this + + align:start position:0% +Ramanuja graphs so they proved that this + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanuja graphs so they proved that this +conjecture is true okay so the + + align:start position:0% +conjecture is true okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture is true okay so the +conjecture is true for all D such that D + + align:start position:0% +conjecture is true for all D such that D + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture is true for all D such that D +minus 1 is a prime number + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 is a prime number + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 is a prime number +I should also remark that the same + + align:start position:0% +I should also remark that the same + + + align:start position:0% +I should also remark that the same +result was proved independently by + + align:start position:0% +result was proved independently by + + + align:start position:0% +result was proved independently by +Margules at the same time their + + align:start position:0% +Margules at the same time their + + + align:start position:0% +Margules at the same time their +construction of this graph is a specific + + align:start position:0% +construction of this graph is a specific + + + align:start position:0% +construction of this graph is a specific +KD graph so they gave an explicit + + align:start position:0% +KD graph so they gave an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +KD graph so they gave an explicit +construction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of a Kenny graph with the group being + + align:start position:0% +of a Kenny graph with the group being + + + align:start position:0% +of a Kenny graph with the group being +the projective special linear group PSL + + align:start position:0% +the projective special linear group PSL + + + align:start position:0% +the projective special linear group PSL +to queue okay so some some group this + + align:start position:0% +to queue okay so some some group this + + + align:start position:0% +to queue okay so some some group this +kind of group Asher comes up a lot it's + + align:start position:0% +kind of group Asher comes up a lot it's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of group Asher comes up a lot it's +it's a group with lots of nice pseudo + + align:start position:0% +it's a group with lots of nice pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +it's a group with lots of nice pseudo +randomness properties and to verify that + + align:start position:0% +randomness properties and to verify that + + + align:start position:0% +randomness properties and to verify that +the corresponding graph has to decide I + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding graph has to decide I + + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding graph has to decide I +can value properties they had to invoke + + align:start position:0% +can value properties they had to invoke + + + align:start position:0% +can value properties they had to invoke +some deep results from number theory + + align:start position:0% +some deep results from number theory + + + align:start position:0% +some deep results from number theory +that were related to ram anujan + + align:start position:0% +that were related to ram anujan + + + align:start position:0% +that were related to ram anujan +conjectures so that's why they called + + align:start position:0% +conjectures so that's why they called + + + align:start position:0% +conjectures so that's why they called +these graphs ram anujan graphs and + + align:start position:0% +these graphs ram anujan graphs and + + + align:start position:0% +these graphs ram anujan graphs and +that's an odd name stuck okay so these + + align:start position:0% +that's an odd name stuck okay so these + + + align:start position:0% +that's an odd name stuck okay so these +papers they proved that these graphs + + align:start position:0% +papers they proved that these graphs + + + align:start position:0% +papers they proved that these graphs +exist for some special values of D + + align:start position:0% +exist for some special values of D + + + align:start position:0% +exist for some special values of D +namely when D minus 1 is a prime there + + align:start position:0% +namely when D minus 1 is a prime there + + + align:start position:0% +namely when D minus 1 is a prime there +was a later generalization in the 90s by + + align:start position:0% +was a later generalization in the 90s by + + + align:start position:0% +was a later generalization in the 90s by +Morgenstern generalizing such + + align:start position:0% +Morgenstern generalizing such + + + align:start position:0% +Morgenstern generalizing such +constructions showing that you can also + + align:start position:0% +constructions showing that you can also + + + align:start position:0% +constructions showing that you can also +take D minus 1 to be a prime power and + + align:start position:0% +take D minus 1 to be a prime power and + + + align:start position:0% +take D minus 1 to be a prime power and +really that's pretty much it + + align:start position:0% +really that's pretty much it + + + align:start position:0% +really that's pretty much it +for all the other values of D it is open + + align:start position:0% +for all the other values of D it is open + + + align:start position:0% +for all the other values of D it is open +whether there exists infinitely many D + + align:start position:0% +whether there exists infinitely many D + + + align:start position:0% +whether there exists infinitely many D +regular Ramanuja graphs in particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for P equal to 7 it is still open do + + align:start position:0% +for P equal to 7 it is still open do + + + align:start position:0% +for P equal to 7 it is still open do +there exist infinitely many seven + + align:start position:0% +there exist infinitely many seven + + + align:start position:0% +there exist infinitely many seven +regular ramanuja graphs now what about a + + align:start position:0% +regular ramanuja graphs now what about a + + + align:start position:0% +regular ramanuja graphs now what about a +random graph if I take a random graph + + align:start position:0% +random graph if I take a random graph + + + align:start position:0% +random graph if I take a random graph +what is the size of its largest second + + align:start position:0% +what is the size of its largest second + + + align:start position:0% +what is the size of its largest second +second largest eigenvalue and there's a + + align:start position:0% +second largest eigenvalue and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +second largest eigenvalue and there's a +difficult theorem of friedman i say + + align:start position:0% +difficult theorem of friedman i say + + + align:start position:0% +difficult theorem of friedman i say +difficult because the paper itself is + + align:start position:0% +difficult because the paper itself is + + + align:start position:0% +difficult because the paper itself is +more than 100 pages long that if you + + align:start position:0% +more than 100 pages long that if you + + + align:start position:0% +more than 100 pages long that if you +take a fixed e then a random and vertex + + align:start position:0% +take a fixed e then a random and vertex + + + align:start position:0% +take a fixed e then a random and vertex +D regular graph ok so what does this + + align:start position:0% +D regular graph ok so what does this + + + align:start position:0% +D regular graph ok so what does this +mean so the easiest way to explain the + + align:start position:0% +mean so the easiest way to explain the + + + align:start position:0% +mean so the easiest way to explain the +random deregulate + + align:start position:0% +random deregulate + + + align:start position:0% +random deregulate +graph is that you look at the set of all + + align:start position:0% +graph is that you look at the set of all + + + align:start position:0% +graph is that you look at the set of all +possible D regular graphs on a fixed + + align:start position:0% +possible D regular graphs on a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +possible D regular graphs on a fixed +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +disease and you pick one uniformly at + + align:start position:0% +disease and you pick one uniformly at + + + align:start position:0% +disease and you pick one uniformly at +random so random such graph is almost + + align:start position:0% +random so random such graph is almost + + + align:start position:0% +random so random such graph is almost +Ramanujam in the following sense that + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujam in the following sense that + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujam in the following sense that +the second largest eigenvalue in + + align:start position:0% +the second largest eigenvalue in + + + align:start position:0% +the second largest eigenvalue in +absolute value is at most to loot t + + align:start position:0% +absolute value is at most to loot t + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value is at most to loot t +minus one plus some small error root or + + align:start position:0% +minus one plus some small error root or + + + align:start position:0% +minus one plus some small error root or +one where the little one goes to zero as + + align:start position:0% +one where the little one goes to zero as + + + align:start position:0% +one where the little one goes to zero as +n goes to infinity so in other words + + align:start position:0% +n goes to infinity so in other words + + + align:start position:0% +n goes to infinity so in other words +this constant cannot be improved but + + align:start position:0% +this constant cannot be improved but + + + align:start position:0% +this constant cannot be improved but +this result doesn't tell you that any of + + align:start position:0% +this result doesn't tell you that any of + + + align:start position:0% +this result doesn't tell you that any of +these graphs are Ramanujan experimental + + align:start position:0% +these graphs are Ramanujan experimental + + + align:start position:0% +these graphs are Ramanujan experimental +evidence suggests that if you take in + + align:start position:0% +evidence suggests that if you take in + + + align:start position:0% +evidence suggests that if you take in +the for fixed value of T let's say T + + align:start position:0% +the for fixed value of T let's say T + + + align:start position:0% +the for fixed value of T let's say T +equals to 7 or D equals to 3 if you take + + align:start position:0% +equals to 7 or D equals to 3 if you take + + + align:start position:0% +equals to 7 or D equals to 3 if you take +a random D regular graph then a specific + + align:start position:0% +a random D regular graph then a specific + + + align:start position:0% +a random D regular graph then a specific +percentage of those graphs are Ramanujam + + align:start position:0% +percentage of those graphs are Ramanujam + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of those graphs are Ramanujam +so the second largest eigen value has + + align:start position:0% +so the second largest eigen value has + + + align:start position:0% +so the second largest eigen value has +some empirical distribution at least + + align:start position:0% +some empirical distribution at least + + + align:start position:0% +some empirical distribution at least +from computer experiments where some + + align:start position:0% +from computer experiments where some + + + align:start position:0% +from computer experiments where some +specific fraction I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +specific fraction I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +specific fraction I don't remember +exactly but let's say 40 percent of + + align:start position:0% +exactly but let's say 40 percent of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly but let's say 40 percent of +3-burner graphs is expected in the limit + + align:start position:0% +3-burner graphs is expected in the limit + + + align:start position:0% +3-burner graphs is expected in the limit +to be Ramanujan so that appears to be + + align:start position:0% +to be Ramanujan so that appears to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be Ramanujan so that appears to be +quite difficult we have no idea how to + + align:start position:0% +quite difficult we have no idea how to + + + align:start position:0% +quite difficult we have no idea how to +even approach such conjectures there + + align:start position:0% +even approach such conjectures there + + + align:start position:0% +even approach such conjectures there +were some exciting recent breakthroughs + + align:start position:0% +were some exciting recent breakthroughs + + + align:start position:0% +were some exciting recent breakthroughs +in the past few years concerning a + + align:start position:0% +in the past few years concerning a + + + align:start position:0% +in the past few years concerning a +variant somewhat weakening of this + + align:start position:0% +variant somewhat weakening of this + + + align:start position:0% +variant somewhat weakening of this +problem I borrow a bipartite analog of + + align:start position:0% +problem I borrow a bipartite analog of + + + align:start position:0% +problem I borrow a bipartite analog of +ram anujan grass now in a bipartite + + align:start position:0% +ram anujan grass now in a bipartite + + + align:start position:0% +ram anujan grass now in a bipartite +graph so all by part i graphs have the + + align:start position:0% +graph so all by part i graphs have the + + + align:start position:0% +graph so all by part i graphs have the +property that its eigenvalues its + + align:start position:0% +property that its eigenvalues its + + + align:start position:0% +property that its eigenvalues its +spectrum is symmetric around 0 its + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is symmetric around 0 its + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is symmetric around 0 its +smallest eigenvalue is minus T so if you + + align:start position:0% +smallest eigenvalue is minus T so if you + + + align:start position:0% +smallest eigenvalue is minus T so if you +plot all the eigenvalues its symmetric + + align:start position:0% +plot all the eigenvalues its symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +plot all the eigenvalues its symmetric +around you this is not a hard fact see I + + align:start position:0% +around you this is not a hard fact see I + + + align:start position:0% +around you this is not a hard fact see I +encourage you to think about it and + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to think about it and + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to think about it and +that's because if you have an + + align:start position:0% +that's because if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +that's because if you have an +eigenvector okay so it lifts somewhere + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector okay so it lifts somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector okay so it lifts somewhere +on the left and somewhere on the right + + align:start position:0% +on the left and somewhere on the right + + + align:start position:0% +on the left and somewhere on the right +I can form another eigenvector which is + + align:start position:0% +I can form another eigenvector which is + + + align:start position:0% +I can form another eigenvector which is +obtained by flipping the signs on one + + align:start position:0% +obtained by flipping the signs on one + + + align:start position:0% +obtained by flipping the signs on one +part so that I have the total if the + + align:start position:0% +part so that I have the total if the + + + align:start position:0% +part so that I have the total if the +first eigenvector has eigenvalue lambda + + align:start position:0% +first eigenvector has eigenvalue lambda + + + align:start position:0% +first eigenvector has eigenvalue lambda +then the second one has eigen value + + align:start position:0% +then the second one has eigen value + + + align:start position:0% +then the second one has eigen value +minus lambda so the eigenvalues coming + + align:start position:0% +minus lambda so the eigenvalues coming + + + align:start position:0% +minus lambda so the eigenvalues coming +symmetric pairs you know in a Ramanujan + + align:start position:0% +symmetric pairs you know in a Ramanujan + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric pairs you know in a Ramanujan +graph if I okay so by definition a + + align:start position:0% +graph if I okay so by definition a + + + align:start position:0% +graph if I okay so by definition a +bipartite Ramanujam graph is one where + + align:start position:0% +bipartite Ramanujam graph is one where + + + align:start position:0% +bipartite Ramanujam graph is one where +it's a bipartite graph and I only + + align:start position:0% +it's a bipartite graph and I only + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bipartite graph and I only +require that the second largest + + align:start position:0% +require that the second largest + + + align:start position:0% +require that the second largest +eigenvalue is less than 2 root D minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue is less than 2 root D minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue is less than 2 root D minus 1 +everything symmetric around the origin + + align:start position:0% +everything symmetric around the origin + + + align:start position:0% +everything symmetric around the origin +so this is by definition if you start + + align:start position:0% +so this is by definition if you start + + + align:start position:0% +so this is by definition if you start +with a ram anujan graph i can use it to + + align:start position:0% +with a ram anujan graph i can use it to + + + align:start position:0% +with a ram anujan graph i can use it to +create a bipartite ram anujan graph + + align:start position:0% +create a bipartite ram anujan graph + + + align:start position:0% +create a bipartite ram anujan graph +because if i look at this to lift so + + align:start position:0% +because if i look at this to lift so + + + align:start position:0% +because if i look at this to lift so +what whether is this construction this + + align:start position:0% +what whether is this construction this + + + align:start position:0% +what whether is this construction this +means if i start with some graph G so + + align:start position:0% +means if i start with some graph G so + + + align:start position:0% +means if i start with some graph G so +for example if G is this graph here what + + align:start position:0% +for example if G is this graph here what + + + align:start position:0% +for example if G is this graph here what +I want to do is take two copies of this + + align:start position:0% +I want to do is take two copies of this + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do is take two copies of this +graph think about having the amount 3 + + align:start position:0% +graph think about having the amount 3 + + + align:start position:0% +graph think about having the amount 3 +sheets of paper one on top of the other + + align:start position:0% +sheets of paper one on top of the other + + + align:start position:0% +sheets of paper one on top of the other +and I draw all the edges criss-crossed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's G cross 2 this is G you should + + align:start position:0% +so that's G cross 2 this is G you should + + + align:start position:0% +so that's G cross 2 this is G you should +convince yourself that if G has + + align:start position:0% +convince yourself that if G has + + + align:start position:0% +convince yourself that if G has +eigenvalues lambda then G cross K 2 as + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues lambda then G cross K 2 as + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues lambda then G cross K 2 as +eigenvalues the original spectrum as + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues the original spectrum as + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues the original spectrum as +well as its symmetric so it's negation + + align:start position:0% +well as its symmetric so it's negation + + + align:start position:0% +well as its symmetric so it's negation +so if G is ram anujan + + align:start position:0% +so if G is ram anujan + + + align:start position:0% +so if G is ram anujan +then G cross K 2 is a bipartite graph + + align:start position:0% +then G cross K 2 is a bipartite graph + + + align:start position:0% +then G cross K 2 is a bipartite graph +newgen graph so it's a weaker concept if + + align:start position:0% +newgen graph so it's a weaker concept if + + + align:start position:0% +newgen graph so it's a weaker concept if +you have our Minuten graphs then you + + align:start position:0% +you have our Minuten graphs then you + + + align:start position:0% +you have our Minuten graphs then you +have bipartite Ramanujan graphs but not + + align:start position:0% +have bipartite Ramanujan graphs but not + + + align:start position:0% +have bipartite Ramanujan graphs but not +in Reverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there was a but still I promise + + align:start position:0% +okay so there was a but still I promise + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there was a but still I promise +- there exists the irregular bipartite + + align:start position:0% +- there exists the irregular bipartite + + + align:start position:0% +- there exists the irregular bipartite +Ramanuja graphs is still interesting + + align:start position:0% +Ramanuja graphs is still interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanuja graphs is still interesting +it's somewhat weaker pombe is still + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhat weaker pombe is still + + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhat weaker pombe is still +interesting and there was a major + + align:start position:0% +interesting and there was a major + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and there was a major +breakthrough a few years ago by Markus + + align:start position:0% +breakthrough a few years ago by Markus + + + align:start position:0% +breakthrough a few years ago by Markus +Spielman and Srivastava showing that for + + align:start position:0% +Spielman and Srivastava showing that for + + + align:start position:0% +Spielman and Srivastava showing that for +all fixed deep there exist infinitely + + align:start position:0% +all fixed deep there exist infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +all fixed deep there exist infinitely +many D regular bipartite Ramanujan + + align:start position:0% +many D regular bipartite Ramanujan + + + align:start position:0% +many D regular bipartite Ramanujan +graphs and unlike the earlier work of + + align:start position:0% +graphs and unlike the earlier work of + + + align:start position:0% +graphs and unlike the earlier work of +new boskie philips and sonic which the + + align:start position:0% +new boskie philips and sonic which the + + + align:start position:0% +new boskie philips and sonic which the +earlier work was an explicit + + align:start position:0% +earlier work was an explicit + + + align:start position:0% +earlier work was an explicit +construction of a cainy graph this + + align:start position:0% +construction of a cainy graph this + + + align:start position:0% +construction of a cainy graph this +construction here is a probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +construction here is a probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +construction here is a probabilistic +construction it uses some very nice + + align:start position:0% +construction it uses some very nice + + + align:start position:0% +construction it uses some very nice +tools that they called interlacing + + align:start position:0% +tools that they called interlacing + + + align:start position:0% +tools that they called interlacing +families so it showed probabilistically + + align:start position:0% +families so it showed probabilistically + + + align:start position:0% +families so it showed probabilistically +using a very clever randomized + + align:start position:0% +using a very clever randomized + + + align:start position:0% +using a very clever randomized +construction that these graphs exist so + + align:start position:0% +construction that these graphs exist so + + + align:start position:0% +construction that these graphs exist so +it's not just take a mutual deregulate + + align:start position:0% +it's not just take a mutual deregulate + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just take a mutual deregulate +random bipartite graph but there's some + + align:start position:0% +random bipartite graph but there's some + + + align:start position:0% +random bipartite graph but there's some +clever constructions of randomness okay + + align:start position:0% +clever constructions of randomness okay + + + align:start position:0% +clever constructions of randomness okay +and this is more or less the state of + + align:start position:0% +and this is more or less the state of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is more or less the state of +knowledge regarding the existence of + + align:start position:0% +knowledge regarding the existence of + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge regarding the existence of +Ramanujan graphs again the big open + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujan graphs again the big open + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujan graphs again the big open +problem is that there exists D regular + + align:start position:0% +problem is that there exists D regular + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that there exists D regular +ram anujan graphs for every D there + + align:start position:0% +ram anujan graphs for every D there + + + align:start position:0% +ram anujan graphs for every D there +infinitely many such ram anujan graphs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so the question is in if you start + + align:start position:0% +right so the question is in if you start + + + align:start position:0% +right so the question is in if you start +with ad regular graph and take this + + align:start position:0% +with ad regular graph and take this + + + align:start position:0% +with ad regular graph and take this +construction the spectrum has one D and + + align:start position:0% +construction the spectrum has one D and + + + align:start position:0% +construction the spectrum has one D and +it also has a minus D so a bipartite + + align:start position:0% +it also has a minus D so a bipartite + + + align:start position:0% +it also has a minus D so a bipartite +graph if if your graph is bipartite its + + align:start position:0% +graph if if your graph is bipartite its + + + align:start position:0% +graph if if your graph is bipartite its +spectrum is symmetric around the origin + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is symmetric around the origin + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is symmetric around the origin +so you always have D and minus T so + + align:start position:0% +so you always have D and minus T so + + + align:start position:0% +so you always have D and minus T so +bipartite graph can never be Ramanuja + + align:start position:0% +bipartite graph can never be Ramanuja + + + align:start position:0% +bipartite graph can never be Ramanuja +but the definition of a bipartite + + align:start position:0% +but the definition of a bipartite + + + align:start position:0% +but the definition of a bipartite +Ramanujam graph it's just that I only + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujam graph it's just that I only + + + align:start position:0% +Ramanujam graph it's just that I only +require that the remaining eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +require that the remaining eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +require that the remaining eigenvalues +sit in that interval i okay with having + + align:start position:0% +sit in that interval i okay with having + + + align:start position:0% +sit in that interval i okay with having +- teacher so that's by definition of a + + align:start position:0% +- teacher so that's by definition of a + + + align:start position:0% +- teacher so that's by definition of a +bipartite Ramanujan graph any more + + align:start position:0% +bipartite Ramanujan graph any more + + + align:start position:0% +bipartite Ramanujan graph any more +questions all right + + align:start position:0% +questions all right + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right +so combining a lone bump on a bound + + align:start position:0% +so combining a lone bump on a bound + + + align:start position:0% +so combining a lone bump on a bound +versa and both the existence of ram + + align:start position:0% +versa and both the existence of ram + + + align:start position:0% +versa and both the existence of ram +anujan graphs and also Friedman's + + align:start position:0% +anujan graphs and also Friedman's + + + align:start position:0% +anujan graphs and also Friedman's +difficult result that random graph is + + align:start position:0% +difficult result that random graph is + + + align:start position:0% +difficult result that random graph is +almost Ramanujan we see that this root + + align:start position:0% +almost Ramanujan we see that this root + + + align:start position:0% +almost Ramanujan we see that this root +to 2 root D minus 1 that number there is + + align:start position:0% +to 2 root D minus 1 that number there is + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 root D minus 1 that number there is +optimal okay so that's the extent in + + align:start position:0% +optimal okay so that's the extent in + + + align:start position:0% +optimal okay so that's the extent in +which a D regular graph can be + + align:start position:0% +which a D regular graph can be + + + align:start position:0% +which a D regular graph can be +pseudo-random now the rest of this + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random now the rest of this + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random now the rest of this +lecture I want to move on to a somewhat + + align:start position:0% +lecture I want to move on to a somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I want to move on to a somewhat +different topic but still concerning + + align:start position:0% +different topic but still concerning + + + align:start position:0% +different topic but still concerning +sparse pseudo random graphs basically I + + align:start position:0% +sparse pseudo random graphs basically I + + + align:start position:0% +sparse pseudo random graphs basically I +want to tell you what I did for my PhD + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you what I did for my PhD + + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you what I did for my PhD +thesis okay so so far we've been talking + + align:start position:0% +thesis okay so so far we've been talking + + + align:start position:0% +thesis okay so so far we've been talking +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pseudo random graphs but let's combine + + align:start position:0% +pseudo random graphs but let's combine + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo random graphs but let's combine +it with the topic in the previous + + align:start position:0% +it with the topic in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +it with the topic in the previous +chapter namely similarities regularity + + align:start position:0% +chapter namely similarities regularity + + + align:start position:0% +chapter namely similarities regularity +lemma and we can ask can we apply the + + align:start position:0% +lemma and we can ask can we apply the + + + align:start position:0% +lemma and we can ask can we apply the +regularity method to sparse graphs when + + align:start position:0% +regularity method to sparse graphs when + + + align:start position:0% +regularity method to sparse graphs when +we talk about similarities regularity I + + align:start position:0% +we talk about similarities regularity I + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about similarities regularity I +kept emphasizing that it's really about + + align:start position:0% +kept emphasizing that it's really about + + + align:start position:0% +kept emphasizing that it's really about +dense graphs because there are these + + align:start position:0% +dense graphs because there are these + + + align:start position:0% +dense graphs because there are these +error terms which are little ol N + + align:start position:0% +error terms which are little ol N + + + align:start position:0% +error terms which are little ol N +squared and if your graph is already + + align:start position:0% +squared and if your graph is already + + + align:start position:0% +squared and if your graph is already +sparse that error term is of everything + + align:start position:0% +sparse that error term is of everything + + + align:start position:0% +sparse that error term is of everything +so for sparse graphs you need to be + + align:start position:0% +so for sparse graphs you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +so for sparse graphs you need to be +extra careful so I want to explore the + + align:start position:0% +extra careful so I want to explore the + + + align:start position:0% +extra careful so I want to explore the +idea of a sparse regularity and here + + align:start position:0% +idea of a sparse regularity and here + + + align:start position:0% +idea of a sparse regularity and here +sparse just means not dense so sparse + + align:start position:0% +sparse just means not dense so sparse + + + align:start position:0% +sparse just means not dense so sparse +means X density so the opposite of dense + + align:start position:0% +means X density so the opposite of dense + + + align:start position:0% +means X density so the opposite of dense +we saw the triangle removal level so let + + align:start position:0% +we saw the triangle removal level so let + + + align:start position:0% +we saw the triangle removal level so let +me remind you the statement it says that + + align:start position:0% +me remind you the statement it says that + + + align:start position:0% +me remind you the statement it says that +for every epsilon there exists some + + align:start position:0% +for every epsilon there exists some + + + align:start position:0% +for every epsilon there exists some +Delta such that if G has small number of + + align:start position:0% +Delta such that if G has small number of + + + align:start position:0% +Delta such that if G has small number of +triangles then G can be made triangle + + align:start position:0% +triangles then G can be made triangle + + + align:start position:0% +triangles then G can be made triangle +free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by removing a small number of edges okay + + align:start position:0% +by removing a small number of edges okay + + + align:start position:0% +by removing a small number of edges okay +I would like to state a sparse version + + align:start position:0% +I would like to state a sparse version + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to state a sparse version +of this theorem that works for graphs + + align:start position:0% +of this theorem that works for graphs + + + align:start position:0% +of this theorem that works for graphs +where I'm looking at sub constant edge + + align:start position:0% +where I'm looking at sub constant edge + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm looking at sub constant edge +densities so roughly this is how it's + + align:start position:0% +densities so roughly this is how it's + + + align:start position:0% +densities so roughly this is how it's +going to go I'm going to put in these + + align:start position:0% +going to go I'm going to put in these + + + align:start position:0% +going to go I'm going to put in these +extra P factors and it's just think of P + + align:start position:0% +extra P factors and it's just think of P + + + align:start position:0% +extra P factors and it's just think of P +as some quantity that goes to 0 with + + align:start position:0% +as some quantity that goes to 0 with + + + align:start position:0% +as some quantity that goes to 0 with +with them so what I would like is to say + + align:start position:0% +with them so what I would like is to say + + + align:start position:0% +with them so what I would like is to say +that if so think of P as the general you + + align:start position:0% +that if so think of P as the general you + + + align:start position:0% +that if so think of P as the general you +know scale right so that's the the + + align:start position:0% +know scale right so that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +know scale right so that's the the +density scale we're thinking of I would + + align:start position:0% +density scale we're thinking of I would + + + align:start position:0% +density scale we're thinking of I would +like to say that if G has less than that + + align:start position:0% +like to say that if G has less than that + + + align:start position:0% +like to say that if G has less than that +many triangles then G can be made free + + align:start position:0% +many triangles then G can be made free + + + align:start position:0% +many triangles then G can be made free +by deleting a small number of edges what + + align:start position:0% +by deleting a small number of edges what + + + align:start position:0% +by deleting a small number of edges what +a small mean here small should be + + align:start position:0% +a small mean here small should be + + + align:start position:0% +a small mean here small should be +relative to the scale of edge densities + + align:start position:0% +relative to the scale of edge densities + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the scale of edge densities +you're looking at so in this case we + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at so in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at so in this case we +should add an extra factor of P over + + align:start position:0% +should add an extra factor of P over + + + align:start position:0% +should add an extra factor of P over +here so that's the kind of statement I + + align:start position:0% +here so that's the kind of statement I + + + align:start position:0% +here so that's the kind of statement I +would like but of course you know this + + align:start position:0% +would like but of course you know this + + + align:start position:0% +would like but of course you know this +is too good to be true because we + + align:start position:0% +is too good to be true because we + + + align:start position:0% +is too good to be true because we +haven't really modified anything if you + + align:start position:0% +haven't really modified anything if you + + + align:start position:0% +haven't really modified anything if you +read the statement is just completely + + align:start position:0% +read the statement is just completely + + + align:start position:0% +read the statement is just completely +false so I would like to add in some + + align:start position:0% +false so I would like to add in some + + + align:start position:0% +false so I would like to add in some +conditions some hypotheses that would + + align:start position:0% +conditions some hypotheses that would + + + align:start position:0% +conditions some hypotheses that would +make such a statement true and + + align:start position:0% +make such a statement true and + + + align:start position:0% +make such a statement true and +hypothesis is going to be roughly along + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is going to be roughly along + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is going to be roughly along +the slice so I'm going on there's a + + align:start position:0% +the slice so I'm going on there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the slice so I'm going on there's a +method theorem because I won't state the + + align:start position:0% +method theorem because I won't state the + + + align:start position:0% +method theorem because I won't state the +hypotheses precisely but roughly it will + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses precisely but roughly it will + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses precisely but roughly it will +be along the lines that if gamma is some + + align:start position:0% +be along the lines that if gamma is some + + + align:start position:0% +be along the lines that if gamma is some +is a sufficiently pseudo-random graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n vertices and each density P and G is a + + align:start position:0% +n vertices and each density P and G is a + + + align:start position:0% +n vertices and each density P and G is a +sub graph of gamma then I want to say + + align:start position:0% +sub graph of gamma then I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +sub graph of gamma then I want to say +that G has this triangle removal + + align:start position:0% +that G has this triangle removal + + + align:start position:0% +that G has this triangle removal +property relatively inside gamma and + + align:start position:0% +property relatively inside gamma and + + + align:start position:0% +property relatively inside gamma and +this is true or it is true if you put in + + align:start position:0% +this is true or it is true if you put in + + + align:start position:0% +this is true or it is true if you put in +the appropriate sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate sufficiently +pseudo-random condition so I'm leaving + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random condition so I'm leaving + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random condition so I'm leaving +here I'll tell you more later what this + + align:start position:0% +here I'll tell you more later what this + + + align:start position:0% +here I'll tell you more later what this +should be so this is a kind of statement + + align:start position:0% +should be so this is a kind of statement + + + align:start position:0% +should be so this is a kind of statement +now I would like so a sparse extension + + align:start position:0% +now I would like so a sparse extension + + + align:start position:0% +now I would like so a sparse extension +of the triangle removal lemma says that + + align:start position:0% +of the triangle removal lemma says that + + + align:start position:0% +of the triangle removal lemma says that +if you have a sufficiently pseudo-random + + align:start position:0% +if you have a sufficiently pseudo-random + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a sufficiently pseudo-random +host where you think of this gamma as a + + align:start position:0% +host where you think of this gamma as a + + + align:start position:0% +host where you think of this gamma as a +host graph then inside that host + + align:start position:0% +host graph then inside that host + + + align:start position:0% +host graph then inside that host +relative to the density of this host + + align:start position:0% +relative to the density of this host + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the density of this host +everything should behave nicely as you + + align:start position:0% +everything should behave nicely as you + + + align:start position:0% +everything should behave nicely as you +would expect in a dense case the dense + + align:start position:0% +would expect in a dense case the dense + + + align:start position:0% +would expect in a dense case the dense +case is also a special case of the + + align:start position:0% +case is also a special case of the + + + align:start position:0% +case is also a special case of the +sparse case because if we took gamma to + + align:start position:0% +sparse case because if we took gamma to + + + align:start position:0% +sparse case because if we took gamma to +be the complete graph which is also + + align:start position:0% +be the complete graph which is also + + + align:start position:0% +be the complete graph which is also +pseudo-random it's everything uniform + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random it's everything uniform + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random it's everything uniform +then then this is also true and that's + + align:start position:0% +then then this is also true and that's + + + align:start position:0% +then then this is also true and that's +that's trying to remove all imine the + + align:start position:0% +that's trying to remove all imine the + + + align:start position:0% +that's trying to remove all imine the +dense case but we want the sparse + + align:start position:0% +dense case but we want the sparse + + + align:start position:0% +dense case but we want the sparse +extension question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where does pee come in to soapy here's + + align:start position:0% +where does pee come in to soapy here's + + + align:start position:0% +where does pee come in to soapy here's +the edge density of gamma yeah so you + + align:start position:0% +the edge density of gamma yeah so you + + + align:start position:0% +the edge density of gamma yeah so you +should think of so I'm again I'm not + + align:start position:0% +should think of so I'm again I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +should think of so I'm again I'm not +really stating this so precisely but you + + align:start position:0% +really stating this so precisely but you + + + align:start position:0% +really stating this so precisely but you +should think of P as something that + + align:start position:0% +should think of P as something that + + + align:start position:0% +should think of P as something that +could decay with n not too quickly but + + align:start position:0% +could decay with n not too quickly but + + + align:start position:0% +could decay with n not too quickly but +decay at end to the - some small + + align:start position:0% +decay at end to the - some small + + + align:start position:0% +decay at end to the - some small +constant yep correct so question is does + + align:start position:0% +constant yep correct so question is does + + + align:start position:0% +constant yep correct so question is does +what is Delta depend on so here Delta + + align:start position:0% +what is Delta depend on so here Delta + + + align:start position:0% +what is Delta depend on so here Delta +depends on only epsilon and in fact what + + align:start position:0% +depends on only epsilon and in fact what + + + align:start position:0% +depends on only epsilon and in fact what +we would like and this will indeed be + + align:start position:0% +we would like and this will indeed be + + + align:start position:0% +we would like and this will indeed be +basically true is that Delta is more or + + align:start position:0% +basically true is that Delta is more or + + + align:start position:0% +basically true is that Delta is more or +less the same Delta from the original + + align:start position:0% +less the same Delta from the original + + + align:start position:0% +less the same Delta from the original +triangle removal lemma yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the question is if G is some + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question is if G is some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question is if G is some +arbitrary graph what's to stop you from + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary graph what's to stop you from + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary graph what's to stop you from +making a sub graph of a large pseudo + + align:start position:0% +making a sub graph of a large pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +making a sub graph of a large pseudo +random graph and so it's a great + + align:start position:0% +random graph and so it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +random graph and so it's a great +question if I give you a graph G can you + + align:start position:0% +question if I give you a graph G can you + + + align:start position:0% +question if I give you a graph G can you +test whether G satisfies the hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +test whether G satisfies the hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +test whether G satisfies the hypothesis +because the conclusion doesn't depend on + + align:start position:0% +because the conclusion doesn't depend on + + + align:start position:0% +because the conclusion doesn't depend on +gamma depends only on G but hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +gamma depends only on G but hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +gamma depends only on G but hypothesis +requires us to gamma and so my two + + align:start position:0% +requires us to gamma and so my two + + + align:start position:0% +requires us to gamma and so my two +answers to that is one you cannot always + + align:start position:0% +answers to that is one you cannot always + + + align:start position:0% +answers to that is one you cannot always +embed it in a gamma right so for example + + align:start position:0% +embed it in a gamma right so for example + + + align:start position:0% +embed it in a gamma right so for example +if you are so I guess the easier answer + + align:start position:0% +if you are so I guess the easier answer + + + align:start position:0% +if you are so I guess the easier answer +is the conclusion is false + + align:start position:0% +is the conclusion is false + + + align:start position:0% +is the conclusion is false +without the hypothesis so you cannot + + align:start position:0% +without the hypothesis so you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +without the hypothesis so you cannot +always embed it in such a gun but it is + + align:start position:0% +always embed it in such a gun but it is + + + align:start position:0% +always embed it in such a gun but it is +somewhat difficult to test whether I + + align:start position:0% +somewhat difficult to test whether I + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat difficult to test whether I +don't know a good way to test whether a + + align:start position:0% +don't know a good way to test whether a + + + align:start position:0% +don't know a good way to test whether a +given G like since such a gamma I'll + + align:start position:0% +given G like since such a gamma I'll + + + align:start position:0% +given G like since such a gamma I'll +motivate this theorem in a second why we + + align:start position:0% +motivate this theorem in a second why we + + + align:start position:0% +motivate this theorem in a second why we +care about results of this form yes okay + + align:start position:0% +care about results of this form yes okay + + + align:start position:0% +care about results of this form yes okay +so the question is if you start with a + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if you start with a + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if you start with a +sufficiently large pseudo-random gamma + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently large pseudo-random gamma + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently large pseudo-random gamma +there's a contain every copy of G and + + align:start position:0% +there's a contain every copy of G and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a contain every copy of G and +the answer's no because G has the same + + align:start position:0% +the answer's no because G has the same + + + align:start position:0% +the answer's no because G has the same +number of vertices as gamma so a + + align:start position:0% +number of vertices as gamma so a + + + align:start position:0% +number of vertices as gamma so a +sufficiently large are sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently large are sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently large are sufficiently +pseudo-random again I haven't told you + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random again I haven't told you + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random again I haven't told you +what sufficiently pseudo-random inva + + align:start position:0% +what sufficiently pseudo-random inva + + + align:start position:0% +what sufficiently pseudo-random inva +means yet but you should think of it as + + align:start position:0% +means yet but you should think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +means yet but you should think of it as +having controlling small patterns but + + align:start position:0% +having controlling small patterns but + + + align:start position:0% +having controlling small patterns but +here G is is a much larger graph it's + + align:start position:0% +here G is is a much larger graph it's + + + align:start position:0% +here G is is a much larger graph it's +the same size it's just maybe let's say + + align:start position:0% +the same size it's just maybe let's say + + + align:start position:0% +the same size it's just maybe let's say +half of the edges so what you should + + align:start position:0% +half of the edges so what you should + + + align:start position:0% +half of the edges so what you should +think about it starting with gamma being + + align:start position:0% +think about it starting with gamma being + + + align:start position:0% +think about it starting with gamma being +let's say random graph and I delete + + align:start position:0% +let's say random graph and I delete + + + align:start position:0% +let's say random graph and I delete +either serially let's say half of the + + align:start position:0% +either serially let's say half of the + + + align:start position:0% +either serially let's say half of the +edges of gamma and you get G okay so let + + align:start position:0% +edges of gamma and you get G okay so let + + + align:start position:0% +edges of gamma and you get G okay so let +me let me go on and if there please ask + + align:start position:0% +me let me go on and if there please ask + + + align:start position:0% +me let me go on and if there please ask +more questions right so this is I won't + + align:start position:0% +more questions right so this is I won't + + + align:start position:0% +more questions right so this is I won't +really prove anything today but it's + + align:start position:0% +really prove anything today but it's + + + align:start position:0% +really prove anything today but it's +really meant to give you an idea of you + + align:start position:0% +really meant to give you an idea of you + + + align:start position:0% +really meant to give you an idea of you +know what this line of work is about and + + align:start position:0% +know what this line of work is about and + + + align:start position:0% +know what this line of work is about and +I now also I want to motivate it by + + align:start position:0% +I now also I want to motivate it by + + + align:start position:0% +I now also I want to motivate it by +explaining why we care about this kind + + align:start position:0% +explaining why we care about this kind + + + align:start position:0% +explaining why we care about this kind +of theorems so first observation is that + + align:start position:0% +of theorems so first observation is that + + + align:start position:0% +of theorems so first observation is that +it is not true without the hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +it is not true without the hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +it is not true without the hypothesis +hopefully all of you see this is + + align:start position:0% +hopefully all of you see this is + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully all of you see this is +obviously too good to be true + + align:start position:0% +obviously too good to be true + + + align:start position:0% +obviously too good to be true +you know we'll also see some specific + + align:start position:0% +you know we'll also see some specific + + + align:start position:0% +you know we'll also see some specific +examples here here's a specific example + + align:start position:0% +examples here here's a specific example + + + align:start position:0% +examples here here's a specific example +so so this is not true + + align:start position:0% +so so this is not true + + + align:start position:0% +so so this is not true +without this gamma so for example you + + align:start position:0% +without this gamma so for example you + + + align:start position:0% +without this gamma so for example you +can have this graph G and we already saw + + align:start position:0% +can have this graph G and we already saw + + + align:start position:0% +can have this graph G and we already saw +this construction that came from barons + + align:start position:0% +this construction that came from barons + + + align:start position:0% +this construction that came from barons +construction where you have n vertices + + align:start position:0% +construction where you have n vertices + + + align:start position:0% +construction where you have n vertices +and n to the 2 minus 2 to 1 edges where + + align:start position:0% +and n to the 2 minus 2 to 1 edges where + + + align:start position:0% +and n to the 2 minus 2 to 1 edges where +every edge belongs to exactly one + + align:start position:0% +every edge belongs to exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +every edge belongs to exactly one +triangle if you plug in this graph into + + align:start position:0% +triangle if you plug in this graph into + + + align:start position:0% +triangle if you plug in this graph into +this theorem you know without the hyper + + align:start position:0% +this theorem you know without the hyper + + + align:start position:0% +this theorem you know without the hyper +with all the yellow stuff if you add in + + align:start position:0% +with all the yellow stuff if you add in + + + align:start position:0% +with all the yellow stuff if you add in +this P you see it's false just cannot + + align:start position:0% +this P you see it's false just cannot + + + align:start position:0% +this P you see it's false just cannot +remove and so but what in what context + + align:start position:0% +remove and so but what in what context + + + align:start position:0% +remove and so but what in what context +can we expect such a sparse triangle + + align:start position:0% +can we expect such a sparse triangle + + + align:start position:0% +can we expect such a sparse triangle +removal I'm out to be true one setting + + align:start position:0% +removal I'm out to be true one setting + + + align:start position:0% +removal I'm out to be true one setting +for which it is true and this was a + + align:start position:0% +for which it is true and this was a + + + align:start position:0% +for which it is true and this was a +result that was proved about ten years + + align:start position:0% +result that was proved about ten years + + + align:start position:0% +result that was proved about ten years +ago is that if your gamma is a truly + + align:start position:0% +ago is that if your gamma is a truly + + + align:start position:0% +ago is that if your gamma is a truly +random graph so this is true for a + + align:start position:0% +random graph so this is true for a + + + align:start position:0% +random graph so this is true for a +random gamma if P is sufficiently large + + align:start position:0% +random gamma if P is sufficiently large + + + align:start position:0% +random gamma if P is sufficiently large +and roughly it's at least so there's + + align:start position:0% +and roughly it's at least so there's + + + align:start position:0% +and roughly it's at least so there's +some constant such that if P is at least + + align:start position:0% +some constant such that if P is at least + + + align:start position:0% +some constant such that if P is at least +C over root n then it is true so this is + + align:start position:0% +C over root n then it is true so this is + + + align:start position:0% +C over root n then it is true so this is +the result of color and cowers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it's always so this is random in + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's always so this is random in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's always so this is random in +the erdos-renyi sense so address to any + + align:start position:0% +the erdos-renyi sense so address to any + + + align:start position:0% +the erdos-renyi sense so address to any +random graph but this is not the main + + align:start position:0% +random graph but this is not the main + + + align:start position:0% +random graph but this is not the main +motivating reason why I would like to + + align:start position:0% +motivating reason why I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +motivating reason why I would like to +talk about this technique the main + + align:start position:0% +talk about this technique the main + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this technique the main +motivating example is the green-tailed + + align:start position:0% +motivating example is the green-tailed + + + align:start position:0% +motivating example is the green-tailed +theorem so remind you that the + + align:start position:0% +theorem so remind you that the + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so remind you that the +green-tailed theorem says that the + + align:start position:0% +green-tailed theorem says that the + + + align:start position:0% +green-tailed theorem says that the +primes contain arbitrarily long + + align:start position:0% +primes contain arbitrarily long + + + align:start position:0% +primes contain arbitrarily long +arithmetic progressions so the quintile + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic progressions so the quintile + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic progressions so the quintile +theorem is in some sense an extension of + + align:start position:0% +theorem is in some sense an extension of + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is in some sense an extension of +Samaras theorem but a sparse extension + + align:start position:0% +Samaras theorem but a sparse extension + + + align:start position:0% +Samaras theorem but a sparse extension +similarities theorem tells you that if + + align:start position:0% +similarities theorem tells you that if + + + align:start position:0% +similarities theorem tells you that if +you have a positive density subset of + + align:start position:0% +you have a positive density subset of + + + align:start position:0% +you have a positive density subset of +the integers then it contains long + + align:start position:0% +the integers then it contains long + + + align:start position:0% +the integers then it contains long +arithmetic progressions but here the + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic progressions but here the + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic progressions but here the +primes + + align:start position:0% +primes + + + align:start position:0% +primes +we know from prime number theorem that + + align:start position:0% +we know from prime number theorem that + + + align:start position:0% +we know from prime number theorem that +the density of the Prime's up to n the + + align:start position:0% +the density of the Prime's up to n the + + + align:start position:0% +the density of the Prime's up to n the +case like 1 over log n so it's a sparse + + align:start position:0% +case like 1 over log n so it's a sparse + + + align:start position:0% +case like 1 over log n so it's a sparse +set but we would like to know that it + + align:start position:0% +set but we would like to know that it + + + align:start position:0% +set but we would like to know that it +has all of these patterns it turns out + + align:start position:0% +has all of these patterns it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +has all of these patterns it turns out +the Prime's are in some sense + + align:start position:0% +the Prime's are in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +the Prime's are in some sense +pseudo-random but that's a difficult + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random but that's a difficult + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random but that's a difficult +result of proof and that was proved + + align:start position:0% +result of proof and that was proved + + + align:start position:0% +result of proof and that was proved +after green cowl proved their initial + + align:start position:0% +after green cowl proved their initial + + + align:start position:0% +after green cowl proved their initial +theorem by later works of green and tau + + align:start position:0% +theorem by later works of green and tau + + + align:start position:0% +theorem by later works of green and tau +and also Ziegler but the original + + align:start position:0% +and also Ziegler but the original + + + align:start position:0% +and also Ziegler but the original +strategy and also the later strategy for + + align:start position:0% +strategy and also the later strategy for + + + align:start position:0% +strategy and also the later strategy for +their stronger result as well but the + + align:start position:0% +their stronger result as well but the + + + align:start position:0% +their stronger result as well but the +strategy for the green Cottenham is this + + align:start position:0% +strategy for the green Cottenham is this + + + align:start position:0% +strategy for the green Cottenham is this +you start with the primes and you embed + + align:start position:0% +you start with the primes and you embed + + + align:start position:0% +you start with the primes and you embed +the primes in a somewhat larger set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you start with the primes and you embed + + align:start position:0% +you start with the primes and you embed + + + align:start position:0% +you start with the primes and you embed +it in a somewhat larger set which we'll + + align:start position:0% +it in a somewhat larger set which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +it in a somewhat larger set which we'll +call informally pseudo primes and these + + align:start position:0% +call informally pseudo primes and these + + + align:start position:0% +call informally pseudo primes and these +are roughly speaking numbers with is no + + align:start position:0% +are roughly speaking numbers with is no + + + align:start position:0% +are roughly speaking numbers with is no +small prime divisors because these + + align:start position:0% +small prime divisors because these + + + align:start position:0% +small prime divisors because these +numbers are somewhat smoother compared + + align:start position:0% +numbers are somewhat smoother compared + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are somewhat smoother compared +to the primes they're easier to analyze + + align:start position:0% +to the primes they're easier to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +to the primes they're easier to analyze +by analytic number theory methods + + align:start position:0% +by analytic number theory methods + + + align:start position:0% +by analytic number theory methods +especially coming from safe theory and + + align:start position:0% +especially coming from safe theory and + + + align:start position:0% +especially coming from safe theory and +it is easier although still highly + + align:start position:0% +it is easier although still highly + + + align:start position:0% +it is easier although still highly +non-trivial to show that these pseudo + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial to show that these pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial to show that these pseudo +Prime's are in some sense pseudo random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's the kind of pseudo-random + + align:start position:0% +and that's the kind of pseudo-random + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the kind of pseudo-random +host that corresponds to the gamma over + + align:start position:0% +host that corresponds to the gamma over + + + align:start position:0% +host that corresponds to the gamma over +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +so the green Tao strategy is to start + + align:start position:0% +so the green Tao strategy is to start + + + align:start position:0% +so the green Tao strategy is to start +with the primes build a slightly larger + + align:start position:0% +with the primes build a slightly larger + + + align:start position:0% +with the primes build a slightly larger +set so that the prime set inside the + + align:start position:0% +set so that the prime set inside the + + + align:start position:0% +set so that the prime set inside the +pseudo Prime's in a relatively dense + + align:start position:0% +pseudo Prime's in a relatively dense + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo Prime's in a relatively dense +manner so the relative density is so + + align:start position:0% +manner so the relative density is so + + + align:start position:0% +manner so the relative density is so +it's small so it has high relative + + align:start position:0% +it's small so it has high relative + + + align:start position:0% +it's small so it has high relative +density and then if you had this kind of + + align:start position:0% +density and then if you had this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +density and then if you had this kind of +strategy for sparse triangle removal + + align:start position:0% +strategy for sparse triangle removal + + + align:start position:0% +strategy for sparse triangle removal +lemma but imagine you also had it for + + align:start position:0% +lemma but imagine you also had it for + + + align:start position:0% +lemma but imagine you also had it for +various other extensions those sparse + + align:start position:0% +various other extensions those sparse + + + align:start position:0% +various other extensions those sparse +hyper graph removal lemma which allows + + align:start position:0% +hyper graph removal lemma which allows + + + align:start position:0% +hyper graph removal lemma which allows +you to proof summerlee's theorem and now + + align:start position:0% +you to proof summerlee's theorem and now + + + align:start position:0% +you to proof summerlee's theorem and now +you can use it in that setting then you + + align:start position:0% +you can use it in that setting then you + + + align:start position:0% +you can use it in that setting then you +can prove summerlee's theorem in the + + align:start position:0% +can prove summerlee's theorem in the + + + align:start position:0% +can prove summerlee's theorem in the +Prime's so that's that's the theorem and + + align:start position:0% +Prime's so that's that's the theorem and + + + align:start position:0% +Prime's so that's that's the theorem and +that's the that's the approach and + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the approach and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the approach and +that's one of the reasons at least for + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the reasons at least for + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the reasons at least for +me why something like the sparse + + align:start position:0% +me why something like the sparse + + + align:start position:0% +me why something like the sparse +triangle removal EMA plays a central + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal EMA plays a central + + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal EMA plays a central +role in this kind of problems okay + + align:start position:0% +role in this kind of problems okay + + + align:start position:0% +role in this kind of problems okay +so I want to say more about how you + + align:start position:0% +so I want to say more about how you + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to say more about how you +might go about proving this type of + + align:start position:0% +might go about proving this type of + + + align:start position:0% +might go about proving this type of +result and also what pseudo random graph + + align:start position:0% +result and also what pseudo random graph + + + align:start position:0% +result and also what pseudo random graph +means over here + + align:start position:0% +means over here + + + align:start position:0% +means over here +so remember the strategy for proving the + + align:start position:0% +so remember the strategy for proving the + + + align:start position:0% +so remember the strategy for proving the +triangle removal lemma and of course all + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal lemma and of course all + + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal lemma and of course all +of you guys are working on this problem + + align:start position:0% +of you guys are working on this problem + + + align:start position:0% +of you guys are working on this problem +set and method of regularity hopefully + + align:start position:0% +set and method of regularity hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +set and method of regularity hopefully +should be very familiar to you by the + + align:start position:0% +should be very familiar to you by the + + + align:start position:0% +should be very familiar to you by the +end of this week but let me remind you + + align:start position:0% +end of this week but let me remind you + + + align:start position:0% +end of this week but let me remind you +that there are three main steps one + + align:start position:0% +that there are three main steps one + + + align:start position:0% +that there are three main steps one +being to partition your graph using + + align:start position:0% +being to partition your graph using + + + align:start position:0% +being to partition your graph using +regularity lemma the second one to cling + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma the second one to cling + + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma the second one to cling +and the third one to count and I want to + + align:start position:0% +and the third one to count and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +and the third one to count and I want to +explain where the sparse regularity + + align:start position:0% +explain where the sparse regularity + + + align:start position:0% +explain where the sparse regularity +method fails right so you can try to do + + align:start position:0% +method fails right so you can try to do + + + align:start position:0% +method fails right so you can try to do +everything the same and then you know so + + align:start position:0% +everything the same and then you know so + + + align:start position:0% +everything the same and then you know so +what happens if you try to do all these + + align:start position:0% +what happens if you try to do all these + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if you try to do all these +things so first let's talk about a + + align:start position:0% +things so first let's talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +things so first let's talk about a +sparse regularity lemma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me remind you previously we said + + align:start position:0% +so let me remind you previously we said + + + align:start position:0% +so let me remind you previously we said +that a pair of vertices is epsilon + + align:start position:0% +that a pair of vertices is epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +that a pair of vertices is epsilon +regular if for every subset U of A and W + + align:start position:0% +regular if for every subset U of A and W + + + align:start position:0% +regular if for every subset U of A and W +of P neither too small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if neither are too small one has + + align:start position:0% +okay so if neither are too small one has + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if neither are too small one has +that the number of edges between U and W + + align:start position:0% +that the number of edges between U and W + + + align:start position:0% +that the number of edges between U and W +differs from what you would expect so + + align:start position:0% +differs from what you would expect so + + + align:start position:0% +differs from what you would expect so +that the density the edge density + + align:start position:0% +that the density the edge density + + + align:start position:0% +that the density the edge density +between U and W is close to what you + + align:start position:0% +between U and W is close to what you + + + align:start position:0% +between U and W is close to what you +expect which is the ordinal edge density + + align:start position:0% +expect which is the ordinal edge density + + + align:start position:0% +expect which is the ordinal edge density +between a and B so they differ by no + + align:start position:0% +between a and B so they differ by no + + + align:start position:0% +between a and B so they differ by no +more than epsilon okay so this should be + + align:start position:0% +more than epsilon okay so this should be + + + align:start position:0% +more than epsilon okay so this should be +a familiar definition what we would like + + align:start position:0% +a familiar definition what we would like + + + align:start position:0% +a familiar definition what we would like +is to modify it to work for the sparse + + align:start position:0% +is to modify it to work for the sparse + + + align:start position:0% +is to modify it to work for the sparse +setting and for that I'm going to add in + + align:start position:0% +setting and for that I'm going to add in + + + align:start position:0% +setting and for that I'm going to add in +an extra P factor so I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +an extra P factor so I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +an extra P factor so I'm going to say +epsilon comma P regular if well this + + align:start position:0% +epsilon comma P regular if well this + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon comma P regular if well this +condition here now all the densities are + + align:start position:0% +condition here now all the densities are + + + align:start position:0% +condition here now all the densities are +on the scale of key which goes to 0 as n + + align:start position:0% +on the scale of key which goes to 0 as n + + + align:start position:0% +on the scale of key which goes to 0 as n +goes to infinity so in order to properly + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity so in order to properly + + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity so in order to properly +compare them I should add an extra + + align:start position:0% +compare them I should add an extra + + + align:start position:0% +compare them I should add an extra +factor of P to put everything on the + + align:start position:0% +factor of P to put everything on the + + + align:start position:0% +factor of P to put everything on the +same on the right scale otherwise this + + align:start position:0% +same on the right scale otherwise this + + + align:start position:0% +same on the right scale otherwise this +is too weak and ok and given this + + align:start position:0% +is too weak and ok and given this + + + align:start position:0% +is too weak and ok and given this +definition here we can say that a + + align:start position:0% +definition here we can say that a + + + align:start position:0% +definition here we can say that a +partition of vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is epsilon regular if oh but and most + + align:start position:0% +is epsilon regular if oh but and most + + + align:start position:0% +is epsilon regular if oh but and most +epsilon fraction pairs is epsilon + + align:start position:0% +epsilon fraction pairs is epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon fraction pairs is epsilon +regular so an equitable partition and I + + align:start position:0% +regular so an equitable partition and I + + + align:start position:0% +regular so an equitable partition and I +will modify it to the sparse setting by + + align:start position:0% +will modify it to the sparse setting by + + + align:start position:0% +will modify it to the sparse setting by +changing the appropriate notion of + + align:start position:0% +changing the appropriate notion of + + + align:start position:0% +changing the appropriate notion of +regular to the sparse version where I'm + + align:start position:0% +regular to the sparse version where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +regular to the sparse version where I'm +looking at scales of PEEP I still + + align:start position:0% +looking at scales of PEEP I still + + + align:start position:0% +looking at scales of PEEP I still +require a most epsilon fraction that + + align:start position:0% +require a most epsilon fraction that + + + align:start position:0% +require a most epsilon fraction that +stays the same that's not affected by + + align:start position:0% +stays the same that's not affected by + + + align:start position:0% +stays the same that's not affected by +the density scale previously we had a + + align:start position:0% +the density scale previously we had a + + + align:start position:0% +the density scale previously we had a +regularity lemma which said that for + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma which said that for + + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma which said that for +every epsilon there exist some M such + + align:start position:0% +every epsilon there exist some M such + + + align:start position:0% +every epsilon there exist some M such +that every graph has an epsilon regular + + align:start position:0% +that every graph has an epsilon regular + + + align:start position:0% +that every graph has an epsilon regular +partition into at most M parts and the + + align:start position:0% +partition into at most M parts and the + + + align:start position:0% +partition into at most M parts and the +sparse version would say that if your + + align:start position:0% +sparse version would say that if your + + + align:start position:0% +sparse version would say that if your +graph has density edge density here most + + align:start position:0% +graph has density edge density here most + + + align:start position:0% +graph has density edge density here most +P okay here all of these constants in + + align:start position:0% +P okay here all of these constants in + + + align:start position:0% +P okay here all of these constants in +the cone shape oh so when I say P I + + align:start position:0% +the cone shape oh so when I say P I + + + align:start position:0% +the cone shape oh so when I say P I +really could mean like a hundred times P + + align:start position:0% +really could mean like a hundred times P + + + align:start position:0% +really could mean like a hundred times P +you just changed this constants so it's + + align:start position:0% +you just changed this constants so it's + + + align:start position:0% +you just changed this constants so it's +most P then it has an epsilon comma P + + align:start position:0% +most P then it has an epsilon comma P + + + align:start position:0% +most P then it has an epsilon comma P +regular partition into at most M parts + + align:start position:0% +regular partition into at most M parts + + + align:start position:0% +regular partition into at most M parts +here M depends only on epsilon okay so + + align:start position:0% +here M depends only on epsilon okay so + + + align:start position:0% +here M depends only on epsilon okay so +previously I wrote down the sparse + + align:start position:0% +previously I wrote down the sparse + + + align:start position:0% +previously I wrote down the sparse +triangle removal Emma and I wrote down + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal Emma and I wrote down + + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal Emma and I wrote down +the stamen and it was false right so + + align:start position:0% +the stamen and it was false right so + + + align:start position:0% +the stamen and it was false right so +without the additional hypotheses it was + + align:start position:0% +without the additional hypotheses it was + + + align:start position:0% +without the additional hypotheses it was +false + + align:start position:0% +false + + + align:start position:0% +false +it turns out that this is actually true + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that this is actually true + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that this is actually true +the version of the sparse regularity + + align:start position:0% +the version of the sparse regularity + + + align:start position:0% +the version of the sparse regularity +lemma which sounds almost too good to be + + align:start position:0% +lemma which sounds almost too good to be + + + align:start position:0% +lemma which sounds almost too good to be +true initially we are adding in a whole + + align:start position:0% +true initially we are adding in a whole + + + align:start position:0% +true initially we are adding in a whole +lot of you know sparsity and seems no + + align:start position:0% +lot of you know sparsity and seems no + + + align:start position:0% +lot of you know sparsity and seems no +sparsity seems to be more difficult to + + align:start position:0% +sparsity seems to be more difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +sparsity seems to be more difficult to +deal with and the reason why I think you + + align:start position:0% +deal with and the reason why I think you + + + align:start position:0% +deal with and the reason why I think you +know sparsity is harder to deal with is + + align:start position:0% +know sparsity is harder to deal with is + + + align:start position:0% +know sparsity is harder to deal with is +that in some sense there are a lot more + + align:start position:0% +that in some sense there are a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +that in some sense there are a lot more +sparse grass than they are dense graphs + + align:start position:0% +sparse grass than they are dense graphs + + + align:start position:0% +sparse grass than they are dense graphs +ok so let me pause for a second and + + align:start position:0% +ok so let me pause for a second and + + + align:start position:0% +ok so let me pause for a second and +explain that it is not true that in some + + align:start position:0% +explain that it is not true that in some + + + align:start position:0% +explain that it is not true that in some +sense there are more sparse graphs + + align:start position:0% +sense there are more sparse graphs + + + align:start position:0% +sense there are more sparse graphs +because if you just count you know once + + align:start position:0% +because if you just count you know once + + + align:start position:0% +because if you just count you know once +you have sparse or things there are + + align:start position:0% +you have sparse or things there are + + + align:start position:0% +you have sparse or things there are +fewer of them but I mean in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +fewer of them but I mean in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +fewer of them but I mean in terms of the +actual complexity of the structures that + + align:start position:0% +actual complexity of the structures that + + + align:start position:0% +actual complexity of the structures that +can come up when you have sparse or + + align:start position:0% +can come up when you have sparse or + + + align:start position:0% +can come up when you have sparse or +objects there's a lot more that can + + align:start position:0% +objects there's a lot more that can + + + align:start position:0% +objects there's a lot more that can +happen in dense objects similarities + + align:start position:0% +happen in dense objects similarities + + + align:start position:0% +happen in dense objects similarities +regularity lemma tells us in some sense + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma tells us in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma tells us in some sense +that the amount of complexity in a graph + + align:start position:0% +that the amount of complexity in a graph + + + align:start position:0% +that the amount of complexity in a graph +is bounded but that's not the case for + + align:start position:0% +is bounded but that's not the case for + + + align:start position:0% +is bounded but that's not the case for +sparse graphs in any case we still have + + align:start position:0% +sparse graphs in any case we still have + + + align:start position:0% +sparse graphs in any case we still have +some kind of sparse regularity lemma and + + align:start position:0% +some kind of sparse regularity lemma and + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of sparse regularity lemma and +this version here as written is + + align:start position:0% +this version here as written is + + + align:start position:0% +this version here as written is +literally true if you have the + + align:start position:0% +literally true if you have the + + + align:start position:0% +literally true if you have the +appropriate definitions and more or less + + align:start position:0% +appropriate definitions and more or less + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate definitions and more or less +we have those definitions up there but I + + align:start position:0% +we have those definitions up there but I + + + align:start position:0% +we have those definitions up there but I +want to say that it's misleading this is + + align:start position:0% +want to say that it's misleading this is + + + align:start position:0% +want to say that it's misleading this is +true but misleading and the reason why + + align:start position:0% +true but misleading and the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +true but misleading and the reason why +it is misleading is that in a sparse + + align:start position:0% +it is misleading is that in a sparse + + + align:start position:0% +it is misleading is that in a sparse +graph you can have lots of intricate + + align:start position:0% +graph you can have lots of intricate + + + align:start position:0% +graph you can have lots of intricate +structures but that are hidden in your + + align:start position:0% +structures but that are hidden in your + + + align:start position:0% +structures but that are hidden in your +irregular parts it could be that most + + align:start position:0% +irregular parts it could be that most + + + align:start position:0% +irregular parts it could be that most +edges are in side irregular parts + + align:start position:0% +edges are in side irregular parts + + + align:start position:0% +edges are in side irregular parts +irregular pairs which would make the + + align:start position:0% +irregular pairs which would make the + + + align:start position:0% +irregular pairs which would make the +regularity lemma a somewhat useless + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma a somewhat useless + + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma a somewhat useless +statement because we do the cleaning + + align:start position:0% +statement because we do the cleaning + + + align:start position:0% +statement because we do the cleaning +step you clean up + + align:start position:0% +step you clean up + + + align:start position:0% +step you clean up +delete all of your edges and you don't + + align:start position:0% +delete all of your edges and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +delete all of your edges and you don't +want that but you in any case it is true + + align:start position:0% +want that but you in any case it is true + + + align:start position:0% +want that but you in any case it is true +and now coming on the proof in a second + + align:start position:0% +and now coming on the proof in a second + + + align:start position:0% +and now coming on the proof in a second +but the way I want you to think about + + align:start position:0% +but the way I want you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +but the way I want you to think about +the sparse regularity lemma is that it + + align:start position:0% +the sparse regularity lemma is that it + + + align:start position:0% +the sparse regularity lemma is that it +should work when okay so before jumping + + align:start position:0% +should work when okay so before jumping + + + align:start position:0% +should work when okay so before jumping +to that specific example where this + + align:start position:0% +to that specific example where this + + + align:start position:0% +to that specific example where this +happens is for example if your graph G + + align:start position:0% +happens is for example if your graph G + + + align:start position:0% +happens is for example if your graph G +is a clique a sub linear fraction of + + align:start position:0% +is a clique a sub linear fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +is a clique a sub linear fraction of +vertices I somehow you might care about + + align:start position:0% +vertices I somehow you might care about + + + align:start position:0% +vertices I somehow you might care about +I click right so that's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +I click right so that's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +I click right so that's a pretty +important object in the graph but when + + align:start position:0% +important object in the graph but when + + + align:start position:0% +important object in the graph but when +we do the sparse regularity partition it + + align:start position:0% +we do the sparse regularity partition it + + + align:start position:0% +we do the sparse regularity partition it +could be that the entire clique is + + align:start position:0% +could be that the entire clique is + + + align:start position:0% +could be that the entire clique is +hidden inside a an irregular part and + + align:start position:0% +hidden inside a an irregular part and + + + align:start position:0% +hidden inside a an irregular part and +you just don't see it like that + + align:start position:0% +you just don't see it like that + + + align:start position:0% +you just don't see it like that +information gets lost the proper way to + + align:start position:0% +information gets lost the proper way to + + + align:start position:0% +information gets lost the proper way to +think about the sparse regularity lemma + + align:start position:0% +think about the sparse regularity lemma + + + align:start position:0% +think about the sparse regularity lemma +is to think about graphs G that satisfy + + align:start position:0% +is to think about graphs G that satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +is to think about graphs G that satisfy +some additional hypotheses so in + + align:start position:0% +some additional hypotheses so in + + + align:start position:0% +some additional hypotheses so in +practice G is assumed to satisfy some + + align:start position:0% +practice G is assumed to satisfy some + + + align:start position:0% +practice G is assumed to satisfy some +upper regularity condition an example of + + align:start position:0% +upper regularity condition an example of + + + align:start position:0% +upper regularity condition an example of +such an hypothesis is something called + + align:start position:0% +such an hypothesis is something called + + + align:start position:0% +such an hypothesis is something called +node n spots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning that it doesn't have a really + + align:start position:0% +meaning that it doesn't have a really + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that it doesn't have a really +dense component like in the case of a + + align:start position:0% +dense component like in the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +dense component like in the case of a +clique on a very small number of + + align:start position:0% +clique on a very small number of + + + align:start position:0% +clique on a very small number of +vertices so no ten spots one definition + + align:start position:0% +vertices so no ten spots one definition + + + align:start position:0% +vertices so no ten spots one definition +could be that there exists some eight + + align:start position:0% +could be that there exists some eight + + + align:start position:0% +could be that there exists some eight +huh and here I'm you just as in quasi + + align:start position:0% +huh and here I'm you just as in quasi + + + align:start position:0% +huh and here I'm you just as in quasi +random graphs I'm thinking of sequences + + align:start position:0% +random graphs I'm thinking of sequences + + + align:start position:0% +random graphs I'm thinking of sequences +going to zero so there exists a tower + + align:start position:0% +going to zero so there exists a tower + + + align:start position:0% +going to zero so there exists a tower +sequence going to zero and a constant C + + align:start position:0% +sequence going to zero and a constant C + + + align:start position:0% +sequence going to zero and a constant C +such that for all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X in the graph let's say x + y if x and + + align:start position:0% +X in the graph let's say x + y if x and + + + align:start position:0% +X in the graph let's say x + y if x and +y have size at least 8 a fraction of e + + align:start position:0% +y have size at least 8 a fraction of e + + + align:start position:0% +y have size at least 8 a fraction of e +then the density between x and y is + + align:start position:0% +then the density between x and y is + + + align:start position:0% +then the density between x and y is +bounded by a most a constant factor + + align:start position:0% +bounded by a most a constant factor + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by a most a constant factor +compared to the overall density P that + + align:start position:0% +compared to the overall density P that + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the overall density P that +we're looking at so in other words no + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at so in other words no + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at so in other words no +small piece of the graph has too many + + align:start position:0% +small piece of the graph has too many + + + align:start position:0% +small piece of the graph has too many +edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and with that notion of the no 10 spots + + align:start position:0% +and with that notion of the no 10 spots + + + align:start position:0% +and with that notion of the no 10 spots +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +we can now prove the sparse regularity + + align:start position:0% +we can now prove the sparse regularity + + + align:start position:0% +we can now prove the sparse regularity +lemma under that additional hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +lemma under that additional hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +lemma under that additional hypothesis +and basically the proof is the same as + + align:start position:0% +and basically the proof is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +and basically the proof is the same as +the usual similarity regularity lemma + + align:start position:0% +the usual similarity regularity lemma + + + align:start position:0% +the usual similarity regularity lemma +proof that we saw a few weeks ago right + + align:start position:0% +proof that we saw a few weeks ago right + + + align:start position:0% +proof that we saw a few weeks ago right +so if you proof of sparse regularity + + align:start position:0% +so if you proof of sparse regularity + + + align:start position:0% +so if you proof of sparse regularity +with no dead spots hypothesis and the + + align:start position:0% +with no dead spots hypothesis and the + + + align:start position:0% +with no dead spots hypothesis and the +reason is that okay so I claim this is + + align:start position:0% +reason is that okay so I claim this is + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that okay so I claim this is +the same proof similarities regularity + + align:start position:0% +the same proof similarities regularity + + + align:start position:0% +the same proof similarities regularity +lemma and the reason is that in the + + align:start position:0% +lemma and the reason is that in the + + + align:start position:0% +lemma and the reason is that in the +energy increment argument so you do + + align:start position:0% +energy increment argument so you do + + + align:start position:0% +energy increment argument so you do +everything the same you do partition if + + align:start position:0% +everything the same you do partition if + + + align:start position:0% +everything the same you do partition if +it's not regular you refine and you keep + + align:start position:0% +it's not regular you refine and you keep + + + align:start position:0% +it's not regular you refine and you keep +going in the energy increment argument + + align:start position:0% +going in the energy increment argument + + + align:start position:0% +going in the energy increment argument +one key property we used was that the + + align:start position:0% +one key property we used was that the + + + align:start position:0% +one key property we used was that the +energy was bounded between 0 and 1 and + + align:start position:0% +energy was bounded between 0 and 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +energy was bounded between 0 and 1 and +every time you went up by epsilon to the + + align:start position:0% +every time you went up by epsilon to the + + + align:start position:0% +every time you went up by epsilon to the +fifth and now the energy increment + + align:start position:0% +fifth and now the energy increment + + + align:start position:0% +fifth and now the energy increment +argument that each step the energy goes + + align:start position:0% +argument that each step the energy goes + + + align:start position:0% +argument that each step the energy goes +up by something which is like Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +up by something which is like Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +up by something which is like Epsilon +let's say to the fifth and P squared + + align:start position:0% +let's say to the fifth and P squared + + + align:start position:0% +let's say to the fifth and P squared +that's the energy some kind of mean + + align:start position:0% +that's the energy some kind of mean + + + align:start position:0% +that's the energy some kind of mean +square density so this P squared should + + align:start position:0% +square density so this P squared should + + + align:start position:0% +square density so this P squared should +play a play a role but ok what is the so + + align:start position:0% +play a play a role but ok what is the so + + + align:start position:0% +play a play a role but ok what is the so +if you only knew that then the number of + + align:start position:0% +if you only knew that then the number of + + + align:start position:0% +if you only knew that then the number of +iterations might depend on P it might + + align:start position:0% +iterations might depend on P it might + + + align:start position:0% +iterations might depend on P it might +depend on n so not a constant and + + align:start position:0% +depend on n so not a constant and + + + align:start position:0% +depend on n so not a constant and +that'll be an issue however if you have + + align:start position:0% +that'll be an issue however if you have + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be an issue however if you have +no ten spots so because + + align:start position:0% +no ten spots so because + + + align:start position:0% +no ten spots so because +so no then spots the final energy I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +claim is at most something like C + + align:start position:0% +claim is at most something like C + + + align:start position:0% +claim is at most something like C +squared P squared maybe some small error + + align:start position:0% +squared P squared maybe some small error + + + align:start position:0% +squared P squared maybe some small error +because of all the epsilon is flowing + + align:start position:0% +because of all the epsilon is flowing + + + align:start position:0% +because of all the epsilon is flowing +around but that's the final energy so + + align:start position:0% +around but that's the final energy so + + + align:start position:0% +around but that's the final energy so +you still have a bounded number of steps + + align:start position:0% +you still have a bounded number of steps + + + align:start position:0% +you still have a bounded number of steps +so the bound only depends on epsilon so + + align:start position:0% +so the bound only depends on epsilon so + + + align:start position:0% +so the bound only depends on epsilon so +the entire proof runs through just fine + + align:start position:0% +the entire proof runs through just fine + + + align:start position:0% +the entire proof runs through just fine +okay so having the right hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +okay so having the right hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +okay so having the right hypothesis +helps but then I said you know the more + + align:start position:0% +helps but then I said you know the more + + + align:start position:0% +helps but then I said you know the more +general version without the hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +general version without the hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +general version without the hypothesis +is still true okay so how come that is + + align:start position:0% +is still true okay so how come that is + + + align:start position:0% +is still true okay so how come that is +the case because if you do this proof + + align:start position:0% +the case because if you do this proof + + + align:start position:0% +the case because if you do this proof +you run into the issue you cannot + + align:start position:0% +you run into the issue you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +you run into the issue you cannot +control the number of iterations and so + + align:start position:0% +control the number of iterations and so + + + align:start position:0% +control the number of iterations and so +here's a trick introduced by Alex Scott + + align:start position:0% +here's a trick introduced by Alex Scott + + + align:start position:0% +here's a trick introduced by Alex Scott +so who came up with that version there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is a nice trick which is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a nice trick which is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a nice trick which is +that instead of using x squared the + + align:start position:0% +that instead of using x squared the + + + align:start position:0% +that instead of using x squared the +function as energy let's consider a + + align:start position:0% +function as energy let's consider a + + + align:start position:0% +function as energy let's consider a +somewhat different function so the + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different function so the + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different function so the +function I want to use is V of X which + + align:start position:0% +function I want to use is V of X which + + + align:start position:0% +function I want to use is V of X which +is initially quadratic so initially x + + align:start position:0% +is initially quadratic so initially x + + + align:start position:0% +is initially quadratic so initially x +squared but up to a specific point let's + + align:start position:0% +squared but up to a specific point let's + + + align:start position:0% +squared but up to a specific point let's +say two and then after this point I make + + align:start position:0% +say two and then after this point I make + + + align:start position:0% +say two and then after this point I make +a linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's the function I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the function I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the function I'm going to +take now this function has a couple of + + align:start position:0% +take now this function has a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +take now this function has a couple of +nice properties one is that you also + + align:start position:0% +nice properties one is that you also + + + align:start position:0% +nice properties one is that you also +have this boosting this energy increment + + align:start position:0% +have this boosting this energy increment + + + align:start position:0% +have this boosting this energy increment +step because for all random variables X + + align:start position:0% +step because for all random variables X + + + align:start position:0% +step because for all random variables X +that are so axis non-negative random + + align:start position:0% +that are so axis non-negative random + + + align:start position:0% +that are so axis non-negative random +variable so think of this as a densities + + align:start position:0% +variable so think of this as a densities + + + align:start position:0% +variable so think of this as a densities +between parts on the refinement if the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean of X is at most one then if you + + align:start position:0% +mean of X is at most one then if you + + + align:start position:0% +mean of X is at most one then if you +look about if you look at this energy it + + align:start position:0% +look about if you look at this energy it + + + align:start position:0% +look about if you look at this energy it +increases if X has a large variance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +previously when we used fee as square + + align:start position:0% +previously when we used fee as square + + + align:start position:0% +previously when we used fee as square +this was true so this is true with equal + + align:start position:0% +this was true so this is true with equal + + + align:start position:0% +this was true so this is true with equal +to one in fact that's the definition of + + align:start position:0% +to one in fact that's the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +to one in fact that's the definition of +variance but this is inequality it's + + align:start position:0% +variance but this is inequality it's + + + align:start position:0% +variance but this is inequality it's +also true for this function fee so that + + align:start position:0% +also true for this function fee so that + + + align:start position:0% +also true for this function fee so that +when you do the irregularity breaking if + + align:start position:0% +when you do the irregularity breaking if + + + align:start position:0% +when you do the irregularity breaking if +you have irregular parts then you have + + align:start position:0% +you have irregular parts then you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have irregular parts then you have +some variance in the edge densities so + + align:start position:0% +some variance in the edge densities so + + + align:start position:0% +some variance in the edge densities so +you would get an energy boost but the + + align:start position:0% +you would get an energy boost but the + + + align:start position:0% +you would get an energy boost but the +other thing is that we are no longer + + align:start position:0% +other thing is that we are no longer + + + align:start position:0% +other thing is that we are no longer +worried about the final energy being + + align:start position:0% +worried about the final energy being + + + align:start position:0% +worried about the final energy being +much higher than the individual + + align:start position:0% +much higher than the individual + + + align:start position:0% +much higher than the individual +potential contributions because if you + + align:start position:0% +potential contributions because if you + + + align:start position:0% +potential contributions because if you +end up having lots of high-density + + align:start position:0% +end up having lots of high-density + + + align:start position:0% +end up having lots of high-density +pieces they would contribute a lot so in + + align:start position:0% +pieces they would contribute a lot so in + + + align:start position:0% +pieces they would contribute a lot so in +other words + + align:start position:0% +other words + + + align:start position:0% +other words +if you have so the expectation the + + align:start position:0% +if you have so the expectation the + + + align:start position:0% +if you have so the expectation the +second thing is that the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +second thing is that the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +second thing is that the expectation of +fee is upper bounded by let's say four + + align:start position:0% +fee is upper bounded by let's say four + + + align:start position:0% +fee is upper bounded by let's say four +times the expectation of X and so this + + align:start position:0% +times the expectation of X and so this + + + align:start position:0% +times the expectation of X and so this +inequality there would cap the number of + + align:start position:0% +inequality there would cap the number of + + + align:start position:0% +inequality there would cap the number of +steps you would have to do you would + + align:start position:0% +steps you would have to do you would + + + align:start position:0% +steps you would have to do you would +never actually end up having too many + + align:start position:0% +never actually end up having too many + + + align:start position:0% +never actually end up having too many +iterations okay so this is a discussion + + align:start position:0% +iterations okay so this is a discussion + + + align:start position:0% +iterations okay so this is a discussion +of the sparse regularity lemma and the + + align:start position:0% +of the sparse regularity lemma and the + + + align:start position:0% +of the sparse regularity lemma and the +main message here is that the regularity + + align:start position:0% +main message here is that the regularity + + + align:start position:0% +main message here is that the regularity +lemma itself is not so difficult it's + + align:start position:0% +lemma itself is not so difficult it's + + + align:start position:0% +lemma itself is not so difficult it's +largely the same as some radius + + align:start position:0% +largely the same as some radius + + + align:start position:0% +largely the same as some radius +regularity lemma and so that's actually + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma and so that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma and so that's actually +not the most difficult part of sparse + + align:start position:0% +not the most difficult part of sparse + + + align:start position:0% +not the most difficult part of sparse +triangle removal em'ly the difficulty + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal em'ly the difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal em'ly the difficulty +lies in the other step in the regularity + + align:start position:0% +lies in the other step in the regularity + + + align:start position:0% +lies in the other step in the regularity +method namely the counting step and we + + align:start position:0% +method namely the counting step and we + + + align:start position:0% +method namely the counting step and we +already alluded to this in the past the + + align:start position:0% +already alluded to this in the past the + + + align:start position:0% +already alluded to this in the past the +point is that there is no counting lemma + + align:start position:0% +point is that there is no counting lemma + + + align:start position:0% +point is that there is no counting lemma +for sparse regular graphs and we already + + align:start position:0% +for sparse regular graphs and we already + + + align:start position:0% +for sparse regular graphs and we already +saw an example where if you start with a + + align:start position:0% +saw an example where if you start with a + + + align:start position:0% +saw an example where if you start with a +random graph which has a small number of + + align:start position:0% +random graph which has a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +random graph which has a small number of +triangles and I delete a small number of + + align:start position:0% +triangles and I delete a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +triangles and I delete a small number of +edges corresponding to those triangles + + align:start position:0% +edges corresponding to those triangles + + + align:start position:0% +edges corresponding to those triangles +one I do not affect its quasi randomness + + align:start position:0% +one I do not affect its quasi randomness + + + align:start position:0% +one I do not affect its quasi randomness +but - there's no triangles anymore so + + align:start position:0% +but - there's no triangles anymore so + + + align:start position:0% +but - there's no triangles anymore so +there's no triangle counting level and + + align:start position:0% +there's no triangle counting level and + + + align:start position:0% +there's no triangle counting level and +that's a serious obstacle because you + + align:start position:0% +that's a serious obstacle because you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a serious obstacle because you +need this counting step so what I would + + align:start position:0% +need this counting step so what I would + + + align:start position:0% +need this counting step so what I would +like to explain next is how you can + + align:start position:0% +like to explain next is how you can + + + align:start position:0% +like to explain next is how you can +salvage that and use this hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +salvage that and use this hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +salvage that and use this hypothesis +here retain yellow to obtain a counting + + align:start position:0% +here retain yellow to obtain a counting + + + align:start position:0% +here retain yellow to obtain a counting +lemma so that you can complete this + + align:start position:0% +lemma so that you can complete this + + + align:start position:0% +lemma so that you can complete this +regularity method that would allow you + + align:start position:0% +regularity method that would allow you + + + align:start position:0% +regularity method that would allow you +to prove the sparse triangle removal + + align:start position:0% +to prove the sparse triangle removal + + + align:start position:0% +to prove the sparse triangle removal +lemma and a similar kind of technique + + align:start position:0% +lemma and a similar kind of technique + + + align:start position:0% +lemma and a similar kind of technique +can allow you to do the green tile + + align:start position:0% +can allow you to do the green tile + + + align:start position:0% +can allow you to do the green tile +theorem so let's take a quick break okay + + align:start position:0% +theorem so let's take a quick break okay + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so let's take a quick break okay +any questions so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's talk about the counting memo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright so in the counting lemma so the + + align:start position:0% +alright so in the counting lemma so the + + + align:start position:0% +alright so in the counting lemma so the +first case of the country memo we + + align:start position:0% +first case of the country memo we + + + align:start position:0% +first case of the country memo we +considered was the triangle hunting memo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember if you have three vertex sets V + + align:start position:0% +remember if you have three vertex sets V + + + align:start position:0% +remember if you have three vertex sets V +1 V 2 V 3 such that between each pair it + + align:start position:0% +1 V 2 V 3 such that between each pair it + + + align:start position:0% +1 V 2 V 3 such that between each pair it +is epsilon regular and edge density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's for simplicity say they all have + + align:start position:0% +let's for simplicity say they all have + + + align:start position:0% +let's for simplicity say they all have +the same edge density actually taking me + + align:start position:0% +the same edge density actually taking me + + + align:start position:0% +the same edge density actually taking me +different so T sub I J so they're + + align:start position:0% +different so T sub I J so they're + + + align:start position:0% +different so T sub I J so they're +possibly different edge densities but I + + align:start position:0% +possibly different edge densities but I + + + align:start position:0% +possibly different edge densities but I +have the set up and then the triangle + + align:start position:0% +have the set up and then the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +have the set up and then the triangle +can't Annamma tells us that the number + + align:start position:0% +can't Annamma tells us that the number + + + align:start position:0% +can't Annamma tells us that the number +of triangles with one vertex in each + + align:start position:0% +of triangles with one vertex in each + + + align:start position:0% +of triangles with one vertex in each +part is basically what you would expect + + align:start position:0% +part is basically what you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +part is basically what you would expect +in the random case namely multiplying + + align:start position:0% +in the random case namely multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +in the random case namely multiplying +three these three edge sensitives + + align:start position:0% +three these three edge sensitives + + + align:start position:0% +three these three edge sensitives +together plus a small error and then + + align:start position:0% +together plus a small error and then + + + align:start position:0% +together plus a small error and then +multiplying the vertex sets sizes + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the vertex sets sizes + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the vertex sets sizes +together okay so what we would like is a + + align:start position:0% +together okay so what we would like is a + + + align:start position:0% +together okay so what we would like is a +statement that says that if you have + + align:start position:0% +statement that says that if you have + + + align:start position:0% +statement that says that if you have +epsilon P regular and edge densities now + + align:start position:0% +epsilon P regular and edge densities now + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon P regular and edge densities now +at scale P then we would want the same + + align:start position:0% +at scale P then we would want the same + + + align:start position:0% +at scale P then we would want the same +thing to be true here I should add an + + align:start position:0% +thing to be true here I should add an + + + align:start position:0% +thing to be true here I should add an +extra P cubed because that's the + + align:start position:0% +extra P cubed because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +extra P cubed because that's the +densities we're working with and I want + + align:start position:0% +densities we're working with and I want + + + align:start position:0% +densities we're working with and I want +some error here okay I can even let you + + align:start position:0% +some error here okay I can even let you + + + align:start position:0% +some error here okay I can even let you +take some other epsilon but small + + align:start position:0% +take some other epsilon but small + + + align:start position:0% +take some other epsilon but small +changes are okay + + align:start position:0% +changes are okay + + + align:start position:0% +changes are okay +okay so that's the kind of statement we + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the kind of statement we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the kind of statement we +want and this is false so this is + + align:start position:0% +want and this is false so this is + + + align:start position:0% +want and this is false so this is +completely false and the example that I + + align:start position:0% +completely false and the example that I + + + align:start position:0% +completely false and the example that I +said earlier was one of these examples + + align:start position:0% +said earlier was one of these examples + + + align:start position:0% +said earlier was one of these examples +where you have a random graph so okay so + + align:start position:0% +where you have a random graph so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +where you have a random graph so okay so +why is this so so this initial version + + align:start position:0% +why is this so so this initial version + + + align:start position:0% +why is this so so this initial version +is so false because if you take G and P + + align:start position:0% +is so false because if you take G and P + + + align:start position:0% +is so false because if you take G and P +with P somewhat less than 1 over root n + + align:start position:0% +with P somewhat less than 1 over root n + + + align:start position:0% +with P somewhat less than 1 over root n +and then remove an edge from each + + align:start position:0% +and then remove an edge from each + + + align:start position:0% +and then remove an edge from each +triangle or just remove all the + + align:start position:0% +triangle or just remove all the + + + align:start position:0% +triangle or just remove all the +triangles then you have a graph which is + + align:start position:0% +triangles then you have a graph which is + + + align:start position:0% +triangles then you have a graph which is +still fairly pseudo-random but it has no + + align:start position:0% +still fairly pseudo-random but it has no + + + align:start position:0% +still fairly pseudo-random but it has no +triangles so you cannot have a counting + + align:start position:0% +triangles so you cannot have a counting + + + align:start position:0% +triangles so you cannot have a counting +number so there's another example which + + align:start position:0% +number so there's another example which + + + align:start position:0% +number so there's another example which +in some sense is even better than this + + align:start position:0% +in some sense is even better than this + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense is even better than this +random example and it's a somewhat + + align:start position:0% +random example and it's a somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +random example and it's a somewhat +mysterious example do two alone that + + align:start position:0% +mysterious example do two alone that + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious example do two alone that +gives you a pseudo-random gamma ok so + + align:start position:0% +gives you a pseudo-random gamma ok so + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a pseudo-random gamma ok so +it's in some sense an optimally + + align:start position:0% +it's in some sense an optimally + + + align:start position:0% +it's in some sense an optimally +pseudo-random gamma such that it is D + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random gamma such that it is D + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random gamma such that it is D +regular with T on the order of n to the + + align:start position:0% +regular with T on the order of n to the + + + align:start position:0% +regular with T on the order of n to the +three halves and it's an ND lambda graph + + align:start position:0% +three halves and it's an ND lambda graph + + + align:start position:0% +three halves and it's an ND lambda graph +where lambda is on the order of duty + + align:start position:0% +where lambda is on the order of duty + + + align:start position:0% +where lambda is on the order of duty +okay so here T is not constant but even + + align:start position:0% +okay so here T is not constant but even + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here T is not constant but even +in this case roughly speaking this is a + + align:start position:0% +in this case roughly speaking this is a + + + align:start position:0% +in this case roughly speaking this is a +pseudo-random as you can expect so the + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random as you can expect so the + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random as you can expect so the +second eigenvalue is roughly square root + + align:start position:0% +second eigenvalue is roughly square root + + + align:start position:0% +second eigenvalue is roughly square root +of T degree and yet this graph is + + align:start position:0% +of T degree and yet this graph is + + + align:start position:0% +of T degree and yet this graph is +triangle free so you have some graph + + align:start position:0% +triangle free so you have some graph + + + align:start position:0% +triangle free so you have some graph +which you know for all the other kinds + + align:start position:0% +which you know for all the other kinds + + + align:start position:0% +which you know for all the other kinds +of pseudo randomness is very nice so it + + align:start position:0% +of pseudo randomness is very nice so it + + + align:start position:0% +of pseudo randomness is very nice so it +has all the nice pseudo randomness + + align:start position:0% +has all the nice pseudo randomness + + + align:start position:0% +has all the nice pseudo randomness +properties yeah it has still triangle + + align:start position:0% +properties yeah it has still triangle + + + align:start position:0% +properties yeah it has still triangle +free it's sparse so the triangle + + align:start position:0% +free it's sparse so the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +free it's sparse so the triangle +counting lemma is not true without + + align:start position:0% +counting lemma is not true without + + + align:start position:0% +counting lemma is not true without +additional hypotheses + + align:start position:0% +additional hypotheses + + + align:start position:0% +additional hypotheses +so I would like to add in some + + align:start position:0% +so I would like to add in some + + + align:start position:0% +so I would like to add in some +hypotheses to make it true and I would + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses to make it true and I would + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses to make it true and I would +like a theorem okay I'm going to put as + + align:start position:0% +like a theorem okay I'm going to put as + + + align:start position:0% +like a theorem okay I'm going to put as +a metal theorem which says that if you + + align:start position:0% +a metal theorem which says that if you + + + align:start position:0% +a metal theorem which says that if you +assume that G is a sub graph of a + + align:start position:0% +assume that G is a sub graph of a + + + align:start position:0% +assume that G is a sub graph of a +sufficiently pseudo-random gamma and + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently pseudo-random gamma and + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently pseudo-random gamma and +gamma has edge density P then the + + align:start position:0% +gamma has edge density P then the + + + align:start position:0% +gamma has edge density P then the +conclusion is true and this is indeed + + align:start position:0% +conclusion is true and this is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion is true and this is indeed +the case okay so this is indeed the case + + align:start position:0% +the case okay so this is indeed the case + + + align:start position:0% +the case okay so this is indeed the case +I would like to tell you what is the + + align:start position:0% +I would like to tell you what is the + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to tell you what is the +pseudo sufficiently pseudo-random what + + align:start position:0% +pseudo sufficiently pseudo-random what + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo sufficiently pseudo-random what +is the hypothesis mean so that at least + + align:start position:0% +is the hypothesis mean so that at least + + + align:start position:0% +is the hypothesis mean so that at least +you have some complete theorem to take + + align:start position:0% +you have some complete theorem to take + + + align:start position:0% +you have some complete theorem to take +home there are several versions of this + + align:start position:0% +home there are several versions of this + + + align:start position:0% +home there are several versions of this +term so let me give you one which I + + align:start position:0% +term so let me give you one which I + + + align:start position:0% +term so let me give you one which I +really like because has a fairly clean + + align:start position:0% +really like because has a fairly clean + + + align:start position:0% +really like because has a fairly clean +hypothesis and the version is that the + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis and the version is that the + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis and the version is that the +pseudorandomness condition so here's + + align:start position:0% +pseudorandomness condition so here's + + + align:start position:0% +pseudorandomness condition so here's +sufficient pseudo randomness hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +sufficient pseudo randomness hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient pseudo randomness hypothesis +on gamma which is that gamma has the + + align:start position:0% +on gamma which is that gamma has the + + + align:start position:0% +on gamma which is that gamma has the +correct number of correct correct in + + align:start position:0% +correct number of correct correct in + + + align:start position:0% +correct number of correct correct in +quotes this is somewhat normative so + + align:start position:0% +quotes this is somewhat normative so + + + align:start position:0% +quotes this is somewhat normative so +what I'm really saying is it has + + align:start position:0% +what I'm really saying is it has + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm really saying is it has +compared to a random case where you + + align:start position:0% +compared to a random case where you + + + align:start position:0% +compared to a random case where you +expect densities of all sub graphs of K + + align:start position:0% +expect densities of all sub graphs of K + + + align:start position:0% +expect densities of all sub graphs of K +2 to 2 where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +laughing correct density means density + + align:start position:0% +laughing correct density means density + + + align:start position:0% +laughing correct density means density +having correct density of H means having + + align:start position:0% +having correct density of H means having + + + align:start position:0% +having correct density of H means having +H density 1 plus little 1 times P raised + + align:start position:0% +H density 1 plus little 1 times P raised + + + align:start position:0% +H density 1 plus little 1 times P raised +to number of edges of H which is what + + align:start position:0% +to number of edges of H which is what + + + align:start position:0% +to number of edges of H which is what +you would expect in a random case so you + + align:start position:0% +you would expect in a random case so you + + + align:start position:0% +you would expect in a random case so you +should think of there again not being + + align:start position:0% +should think of there again not being + + + align:start position:0% +should think of there again not being +just one graph with a sequence of graphs + + align:start position:0% +just one graph with a sequence of graphs + + + align:start position:0% +just one graph with a sequence of graphs +we can also equivalently write it down + + align:start position:0% +we can also equivalently write it down + + + align:start position:0% +we can also equivalently write it down +in terms of deltas and epsilon is having + + align:start position:0% +in terms of deltas and epsilon is having + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of deltas and epsilon is having +error parameters but I like to think of + + align:start position:0% +error parameters but I like to think of + + + align:start position:0% +error parameters but I like to think of +it having a sequence of graphs just as + + align:start position:0% +it having a sequence of graphs just as + + + align:start position:0% +it having a sequence of graphs just as +in what we did for quasi random graphs + + align:start position:0% +in what we did for quasi random graphs + + + align:start position:0% +in what we did for quasi random graphs +if your gamma has this pseudo randomness + + align:start position:0% +if your gamma has this pseudo randomness + + + align:start position:0% +if your gamma has this pseudo randomness +condition which is you know we're in the + + align:start position:0% +condition which is you know we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +condition which is you know we're in the +sparse setting so if you try to compare + + align:start position:0% +sparse setting so if you try to compare + + + align:start position:0% +sparse setting so if you try to compare +this to what we did for quasi random + + align:start position:0% +this to what we did for quasi random + + + align:start position:0% +this to what we did for quasi random +graphs you might get confused because + + align:start position:0% +graphs you might get confused because + + + align:start position:0% +graphs you might get confused because +they're having the correct C for count + + align:start position:0% +they're having the correct C for count + + + align:start position:0% +they're having the correct C for count +already implies everything this + + align:start position:0% +already implies everything this + + + align:start position:0% +already implies everything this +condition it actually does already + + align:start position:0% +condition it actually does already + + + align:start position:0% +condition it actually does already +include having a correct C for count so + + align:start position:0% +include having a correct C for count so + + + align:start position:0% +include having a correct C for count so +K 2 2 2 is this graph over here and I'm + + align:start position:0% +K 2 2 2 is this graph over here and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +K 2 2 2 is this graph over here and I'm +saying that if it has all has the + + align:start position:0% +saying that if it has all has the + + + align:start position:0% +saying that if it has all has the +correct density of H whenever H is a sub + + align:start position:0% +correct density of H whenever H is a sub + + + align:start position:0% +correct density of H whenever H is a sub +graph of K 2 2 2 then it has a correct + + align:start position:0% +graph of K 2 2 2 then it has a correct + + + align:start position:0% +graph of K 2 2 2 then it has a correct +density so in particular it already has + + align:start position:0% +density so in particular it already has + + + align:start position:0% +density so in particular it already has +the C 4 count but I want more and turns + + align:start position:0% +the C 4 count but I want more and turns + + + align:start position:0% +the C 4 count but I want more and turns +out this is genuinely more because in a + + align:start position:0% +out this is genuinely more because in a + + + align:start position:0% +out this is genuinely more because in a +sparse setting having the correct C for + + align:start position:0% +sparse setting having the correct C for + + + align:start position:0% +sparse setting having the correct C for +count is not equivalent to other notions + + align:start position:0% +count is not equivalent to other notions + + + align:start position:0% +count is not equivalent to other notions +of pseudo randomness okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +of pseudo randomness okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +of pseudo randomness okay so this is +hypothesis so if I start with a sequence + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis so if I start with a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis so if I start with a sequence +of gammas the half the correct counts of + + align:start position:0% +of gammas the half the correct counts of + + + align:start position:0% +of gammas the half the correct counts of +K 2 2 twos as well as sub graphs or k2 + + align:start position:0% +K 2 2 twos as well as sub graphs or k2 + + + align:start position:0% +K 2 2 twos as well as sub graphs or k2 +two twos then I claim that that pseudo + + align:start position:0% +two twos then I claim that that pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +two twos then I claim that that pseudo +random host is good enough + + align:start position:0% +random host is good enough + + + align:start position:0% +random host is good enough +to have a counting llama at least four + + align:start position:0% +to have a counting llama at least four + + + align:start position:0% +to have a counting llama at least four +triangles any questions now you might + + align:start position:0% +triangles any questions now you might + + + align:start position:0% +triangles any questions now you might +want to ask for some intuitions about + + align:start position:0% +want to ask for some intuitions about + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask for some intuitions about +where this condition comes from I mean + + align:start position:0% +where this condition comes from I mean + + + align:start position:0% +where this condition comes from I mean +the proof itself takes a few pages won't + + align:start position:0% +the proof itself takes a few pages won't + + + align:start position:0% +the proof itself takes a few pages won't +try to do it here I might try to give + + align:start position:0% +try to do it here I might try to give + + + align:start position:0% +try to do it here I might try to give +you some intuition how the proof might + + align:start position:0% +you some intuition how the proof might + + + align:start position:0% +you some intuition how the proof might +go and also what are the difficulties + + align:start position:0% +go and also what are the difficulties + + + align:start position:0% +go and also what are the difficulties +you might run into when you try to + + align:start position:0% +you might run into when you try to + + + align:start position:0% +you might run into when you try to +execute this proof but the at least how + + align:start position:0% +execute this proof but the at least how + + + align:start position:0% +execute this proof but the at least how +I think of it is that this K 2 2 2 + + align:start position:0% +I think of it is that this K 2 2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +I think of it is that this K 2 2 2 +condition place a role similar to how + + align:start position:0% +condition place a role similar to how + + + align:start position:0% +condition place a role similar to how +previously in dense quasi random graphs + + align:start position:0% +previously in dense quasi random graphs + + + align:start position:0% +previously in dense quasi random graphs +we had this somewhat magical looking C 4 + + align:start position:0% +we had this somewhat magical looking C 4 + + + align:start position:0% +we had this somewhat magical looking C 4 +condition which can be viewed as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doubled version of edge actually there's + + align:start position:0% +doubled version of edge actually there's + + + align:start position:0% +doubled version of edge actually there's +the technical name is called a blow up + + align:start position:0% +the technical name is called a blow up + + + align:start position:0% +the technical name is called a blow up +there's a blow up of an edge whereas the + + align:start position:0% +there's a blow up of an edge whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a blow up of an edge whereas the +K 2 to 2 condition is a blow up as a to + + align:start position:0% +K 2 to 2 condition is a blow up as a to + + + align:start position:0% +K 2 to 2 condition is a blow up as a to +blow up of a triangle and this to blow + + align:start position:0% +blow up of a triangle and this to blow + + + align:start position:0% +blow up of a triangle and this to blow +up hypothesis is some kind of a graph + + align:start position:0% +up hypothesis is some kind of a graph + + + align:start position:0% +up hypothesis is some kind of a graph +theoretic analog of controlling second + + align:start position:0% +theoretic analog of controlling second + + + align:start position:0% +theoretic analog of controlling second +moment just as knowing the variance of a + + align:start position:0% +moment just as knowing the variance of a + + + align:start position:0% +moment just as knowing the variance of a +random variable knowing in second moment + + align:start position:0% +random variable knowing in second moment + + + align:start position:0% +random variable knowing in second moment +helps you to control the concentration + + align:start position:0% +helps you to control the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +helps you to control the concentration +of that random variable showing that + + align:start position:0% +of that random variable showing that + + + align:start position:0% +of that random variable showing that +it's fairly concentrated it turns out + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly concentrated it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly concentrated it turns out +that having this graphical second moment + + align:start position:0% +that having this graphical second moment + + + align:start position:0% +that having this graphical second moment +in this sense also allows you to control + + align:start position:0% +in this sense also allows you to control + + + align:start position:0% +in this sense also allows you to control +its properties so that you can have nice + + align:start position:0% +its properties so that you can have nice + + + align:start position:0% +its properties so that you can have nice +tools like the counting lemma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me explain some of the + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain some of the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain some of the +difficulties if you try to run the + + align:start position:0% +difficulties if you try to run the + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties if you try to run the +original proof of the triangle removal + + align:start position:0% +original proof of the triangle removal + + + align:start position:0% +original proof of the triangle removal +lemma for the spar setting what happens + + align:start position:0% +lemma for the spar setting what happens + + + align:start position:0% +lemma for the spar setting what happens +so if you start with a vertex so + + align:start position:0% +so if you start with a vertex so + + + align:start position:0% +so if you start with a vertex so +remember how the proof of triangle + + align:start position:0% +remember how the proof of triangle + + + align:start position:0% +remember how the proof of triangle +removal Emma went you start with this + + align:start position:0% +removal Emma went you start with this + + + align:start position:0% +removal Emma went you start with this +setup and you pick a typical vertex this + + align:start position:0% +setup and you pick a typical vertex this + + + align:start position:0% +setup and you pick a typical vertex this +typical vertex has lots of neighbors to + + align:start position:0% +typical vertex has lots of neighbors to + + + align:start position:0% +typical vertex has lots of neighbors to +the left and lots of neighbors to the + + align:start position:0% +the left and lots of neighbors to the + + + align:start position:0% +the left and lots of neighbors to the +right and here a lot means roughly the + + align:start position:0% +right and here a lot means roughly the + + + align:start position:0% +right and here a lot means roughly the +edge density times the number of + + align:start position:0% +edge density times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +edge density times the number of +vertices and a lot of vertices over here + + align:start position:0% +vertices and a lot of vertices over here + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and a lot of vertices over here +and then you say that because these are + + align:start position:0% +and then you say that because these are + + + align:start position:0% +and then you say that because these are +two fairly large vertex s there are lots + + align:start position:0% +two fairly large vertex s there are lots + + + align:start position:0% +two fairly large vertex s there are lots +of edges between them by the hypothesis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +epsilon regularity between the bottom + + align:start position:0% +epsilon regularity between the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon regularity between the bottom +two sets but now in the sparse setting + + align:start position:0% +two sets but now in the sparse setting + + + align:start position:0% +two sets but now in the sparse setting +we have an additional factor of P so + + align:start position:0% +we have an additional factor of P so + + + align:start position:0% +we have an additional factor of P so +these two sets are now quite small + + align:start position:0% +these two sets are now quite small + + + align:start position:0% +these two sets are now quite small +they're much smaller than what you can + + align:start position:0% +they're much smaller than what you can + + + align:start position:0% +they're much smaller than what you can +guarantee from the definition of epsilon + + align:start position:0% +guarantee from the definition of epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee from the definition of epsilon +comma P regular so you cannot conclude + + align:start position:0% +comma P regular so you cannot conclude + + + align:start position:0% +comma P regular so you cannot conclude +from them being epsilon regular that + + align:start position:0% +from them being epsilon regular that + + + align:start position:0% +from them being epsilon regular that +there are enough edges between these two + + align:start position:0% +there are enough edges between these two + + + align:start position:0% +there are enough edges between these two +very small sets so the strategy of + + align:start position:0% +very small sets so the strategy of + + + align:start position:0% +very small sets so the strategy of +proving the triangle removal Emma breaks + + align:start position:0% +proving the triangle removal Emma breaks + + + align:start position:0% +proving the triangle removal Emma breaks +down in the sparse setting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in general not just for triangles but + + align:start position:0% +in general not just for triangles but + + + align:start position:0% +in general not just for triangles but +for other HS as well so we also have + + align:start position:0% +for other HS as well so we also have + + + align:start position:0% +for other HS as well so we also have +this kind of counting lemma okay so the + + align:start position:0% +this kind of counting lemma okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of counting lemma okay so the +sparse counting them up also the + + align:start position:0% +sparse counting them up also the + + + align:start position:0% +sparse counting them up also the +triangle case which I stated earlier so + + align:start position:0% +triangle case which I stated earlier so + + + align:start position:0% +triangle case which I stated earlier so +this is showing work due to : David : + + align:start position:0% +this is showing work due to : David : + + + align:start position:0% +this is showing work due to : David : +Jacob Fox and myself says that there's a + + align:start position:0% +Jacob Fox and myself says that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Jacob Fox and myself says that there's a +counting llama so let me be very + + align:start position:0% +counting llama so let me be very + + + align:start position:0% +counting llama so let me be very +informal so that there exists a sparse + + align:start position:0% +informal so that there exists a sparse + + + align:start position:0% +informal so that there exists a sparse +counting lemma for counting H if so in + + align:start position:0% +counting lemma for counting H if so in + + + align:start position:0% +counting lemma for counting H if so in +this setup as before if gamma has the + + align:start position:0% +this setup as before if gamma has the + + + align:start position:0% +this setup as before if gamma has the +pseudo-random property of containing the + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random property of containing the + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random property of containing the +correct density of all sub graphs of the + + align:start position:0% +correct density of all sub graphs of the + + + align:start position:0% +correct density of all sub graphs of the +two blow-up of H just as in the triangle + + align:start position:0% +two blow-up of H just as in the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +two blow-up of H just as in the triangle +the to blow up is K 2 to 2 in general + + align:start position:0% +the to blow up is K 2 to 2 in general + + + align:start position:0% +the to blow up is K 2 to 2 in general +the to blow up takes a graph H and then + + align:start position:0% +the to blow up takes a graph H and then + + + align:start position:0% +the to blow up takes a graph H and then +doubles every vertex and put in four + + align:start position:0% +doubles every vertex and put in four + + + align:start position:0% +doubles every vertex and put in four +edges between each pair of edges each + + align:start position:0% +edges between each pair of edges each + + + align:start position:0% +edges between each pair of edges each +pair of vertices so that's the true + + align:start position:0% +pair of vertices so that's the true + + + align:start position:0% +pair of vertices so that's the true +blow-up of age + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if your gamma has quite pseudo-random + + align:start position:0% +if your gamma has quite pseudo-random + + + align:start position:0% +if your gamma has quite pseudo-random +properties concerning counting sub + + align:start position:0% +properties concerning counting sub + + + align:start position:0% +properties concerning counting sub +graphs of this to blow up then you can + + align:start position:0% +graphs of this to blow up then you can + + + align:start position:0% +graphs of this to blow up then you can +obtain a counting number for H itself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions ok so let's take this + + align:start position:0% +any questions ok so let's take this + + + align:start position:0% +any questions ok so let's take this +counting lemma for granted for now how + + align:start position:0% +counting lemma for granted for now how + + + align:start position:0% +counting lemma for granted for now how +do we proceed to the proving the sparse + + align:start position:0% +do we proceed to the proving the sparse + + + align:start position:0% +do we proceed to the proving the sparse +triangle removal lemma + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal lemma + + + align:start position:0% +triangle removal lemma +well I claim that actually it's the same + + align:start position:0% +well I claim that actually it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +well I claim that actually it's the same +proof where you run the usual summer and + + align:start position:0% +proof where you run the usual summer and + + + align:start position:0% +proof where you run the usual summer and +irregularity proof of triangle remover + + align:start position:0% +irregularity proof of triangle remover + + + align:start position:0% +irregularity proof of triangle remover +but now with all of these extra tools + + align:start position:0% +but now with all of these extra tools + + + align:start position:0% +but now with all of these extra tools +and these extra hypotheses you then + + align:start position:0% +and these extra hypotheses you then + + + align:start position:0% +and these extra hypotheses you then +would obtain the sparse triangle removal + + align:start position:0% +would obtain the sparse triangle removal + + + align:start position:0% +would obtain the sparse triangle removal +lemma which I stated earlier and the + + align:start position:0% +lemma which I stated earlier and the + + + align:start position:0% +lemma which I stated earlier and the +hypothesis that I left out the + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that I left out the + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that I left out the +sufficiently pseudo random hypothesis on + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently pseudo random hypothesis on + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently pseudo random hypothesis on +gamma is precisely this hypothesis over + + align:start position:0% +gamma is precisely this hypothesis over + + + align:start position:0% +gamma is precisely this hypothesis over +here as required by the counting lemma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ok and once you have that then you can + + align:start position:0% +ok and once you have that then you can + + + align:start position:0% +ok and once you have that then you can +proceed to prove a relative version of + + align:start position:0% +proceed to prove a relative version of + + + align:start position:0% +proceed to prove a relative version of +Roth's theorem and also by extension to + + align:start position:0% +Roth's theorem and also by extension to + + + align:start position:0% +Roth's theorem and also by extension to +hyper graphs also relative version of + + align:start position:0% +hyper graphs also relative version of + + + align:start position:0% +hyper graphs also relative version of +similarity theorem so recall that the + + align:start position:0% +similarity theorem so recall that the + + + align:start position:0% +similarity theorem so recall that the +Roth's theorem tells you that if you + + align:start position:0% +Roth's theorem tells you that if you + + + align:start position:0% +Roth's theorem tells you that if you +have a sufficiently large let me first + + align:start position:0% +have a sufficiently large let me first + + + align:start position:0% +have a sufficiently large let me first +write down roster and then I'll add in + + align:start position:0% +write down roster and then I'll add in + + + align:start position:0% +write down roster and then I'll add in +the extra relative things in yellow so + + align:start position:0% +the extra relative things in yellow so + + + align:start position:0% +the extra relative things in yellow so +if I start with a the subset of Z mod n + + align:start position:0% +if I start with a the subset of Z mod n + + + align:start position:0% +if I start with a the subset of Z mod n +such that a has size at least + + align:start position:0% +such that a has size at least + + + align:start position:0% +such that a has size at least +Delta n then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so then Rothstein tells us that a + + align:start position:0% +okay so then Rothstein tells us that a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then Rothstein tells us that a +contains at least 1/3 term arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +contains at least 1/3 term arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +contains at least 1/3 term arithmetic +progression but actually you can boost + + align:start position:0% +progression but actually you can boost + + + align:start position:0% +progression but actually you can boost +that term and you've seen some examples + + align:start position:0% +that term and you've seen some examples + + + align:start position:0% +that term and you've seen some examples +of this in homework and also our proofs + + align:start position:0% +of this in homework and also our proofs + + + align:start position:0% +of this in homework and also our proofs +also do this exact same thing if you + + align:start position:0% +also do this exact same thing if you + + + align:start position:0% +also do this exact same thing if you +look at any of the proofs that we've + + align:start position:0% +look at any of the proofs that we've + + + align:start position:0% +look at any of the proofs that we've +seen so far it tells us that they not + + align:start position:0% +seen so far it tells us that they not + + + align:start position:0% +seen so far it tells us that they not +only contains one single three AP but it + + align:start position:0% +only contains one single three AP but it + + + align:start position:0% +only contains one single three AP but it +contains many create keys where C is + + align:start position:0% +contains many create keys where C is + + + align:start position:0% +contains many create keys where C is +some number that is positive okay so you + + align:start position:0% +some number that is positive okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +some number that is positive okay so you +can obtain this by the versions we've + + align:start position:0% +can obtain this by the versions we've + + + align:start position:0% +can obtain this by the versions we've +seen before either by looking at a proof + + align:start position:0% +seen before either by looking at a proof + + + align:start position:0% +seen before either by looking at a proof +problem see the proof gives that or by + + align:start position:0% +problem see the proof gives that or by + + + align:start position:0% +problem see the proof gives that or by +using the black box version of + + align:start position:0% +using the black box version of + + + align:start position:0% +using the black box version of +Gloucester and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +Gloucester and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Gloucester and then there's a +supersaturation argument which is + + align:start position:0% +supersaturation argument which is + + + align:start position:0% +supersaturation argument which is +similar to things we've done in the + + align:start position:0% +similar to things we've done in the + + + align:start position:0% +similar to things we've done in the +homework what we would like is a + + align:start position:0% +homework what we would like is a + + + align:start position:0% +homework what we would like is a +relative version and a relative version + + align:start position:0% +relative version and a relative version + + + align:start position:0% +relative version and a relative version +will say that if you have a set s which + + align:start position:0% +will say that if you have a set s which + + + align:start position:0% +will say that if you have a set s which +is sufficiently pseudo-random and s has + + align:start position:0% +is sufficiently pseudo-random and s has + + + align:start position:0% +is sufficiently pseudo-random and s has +density P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now a is a subset of s and a has + + align:start position:0% +and now a is a subset of s and a has + + + align:start position:0% +and now a is a subset of s and a has +size at least + + align:start position:0% +size at least + + + align:start position:0% +size at least +Delta nine of s then a contains still + + align:start position:0% +Delta nine of s then a contains still + + + align:start position:0% +Delta nine of s then a contains still +lots of three a piece but I need to + + align:start position:0% +lots of three a piece but I need to + + + align:start position:0% +lots of three a piece but I need to +modify the quantity because I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +modify the quantity because I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +modify the quantity because I'm looking +at density P okay so this statement is + + align:start position:0% +at density P okay so this statement is + + + align:start position:0% +at density P okay so this statement is +also true if you're putting the + + align:start position:0% +also true if you're putting the + + + align:start position:0% +also true if you're putting the +appropriate hypothesis into sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +appropriate hypothesis into sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate hypothesis into sufficiently +pseudo-random and what should those + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random and what should those + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random and what should those +hypothesis be so think about the proof + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis be so think about the proof + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis be so think about the proof +of Roth's theorem that one that we've + + align:start position:0% +of Roth's theorem that one that we've + + + align:start position:0% +of Roth's theorem that one that we've +done where you set up a graph so you set + + align:start position:0% +done where you set up a graph so you set + + + align:start position:0% +done where you set up a graph so you set +up this graph so one way to do this is + + align:start position:0% +up this graph so one way to do this is + + + align:start position:0% +up this graph so one way to do this is +that you say that you put in edges + + align:start position:0% +that you say that you put in edges + + + align:start position:0% +that you say that you put in edges +between the three parts XY and Z so the + + align:start position:0% +between the three parts XY and Z so the + + + align:start position:0% +between the three parts XY and Z so the +vertex sets are all given by Z mod N and + + align:start position:0% +vertex sets are all given by Z mod N and + + + align:start position:0% +vertex sets are all given by Z mod N and +you put in an edge between XY and Z if + + align:start position:0% +you put in an edge between XY and Z if + + + align:start position:0% +you put in an edge between XY and Z if +between x and y if X plus okay so if 2x + + align:start position:0% +between x and y if X plus okay so if 2x + + + align:start position:0% +between x and y if X plus okay so if 2x +plus y lies in s put in an edge between + + align:start position:0% +plus y lies in s put in an edge between + + + align:start position:0% +plus y lies in s put in an edge between +X and Z if X minus Z lies in s and a + + align:start position:0% +X and Z if X minus Z lies in s and a + + + align:start position:0% +X and Z if X minus Z lies in s and a +third edge between y and z if minus y + + align:start position:0% +third edge between y and z if minus y + + + align:start position:0% +third edge between y and z if minus y +minus two Z lies in s so this is a graph + + align:start position:0% +minus two Z lies in s so this is a graph + + + align:start position:0% +minus two Z lies in s so this is a graph +that we constructed in a proof of Roth's + + align:start position:0% +that we constructed in a proof of Roth's + + + align:start position:0% +that we constructed in a proof of Roth's +theorem and when you construct this + + align:start position:0% +theorem and when you construct this + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and when you construct this +graph either for s or for a as we did + + align:start position:0% +graph either for s or for a as we did + + + align:start position:0% +graph either for s or for a as we did +before then we see that the triangles in + + align:start position:0% +before then we see that the triangles in + + + align:start position:0% +before then we see that the triangles in +this graph correspond precisely to this + + align:start position:0% +this graph correspond precisely to this + + + align:start position:0% +this graph correspond precisely to this +three a piece in the set so looking at + + align:start position:0% +three a piece in the set so looking at + + + align:start position:0% +three a piece in the set so looking at +the triangle counting lemma and triangle + + align:start position:0% +the triangle counting lemma and triangle + + + align:start position:0% +the triangle counting lemma and triangle +removal lemma the sparse versions then + + align:start position:0% +removal lemma the sparse versions then + + + align:start position:0% +removal lemma the sparse versions then +you can read out what type of pseudo + + align:start position:0% +you can read out what type of pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +you can read out what type of pseudo +randomness conditions you would like on + + align:start position:0% +randomness conditions you would like on + + + align:start position:0% +randomness conditions you would like on +s so from this graph + + align:start position:0% +s so from this graph + + + align:start position:0% +s so from this graph +so we would like a condition which says + + align:start position:0% +so we would like a condition which says + + + align:start position:0% +so we would like a condition which says +that this graph here which we'll call + + align:start position:0% +that this graph here which we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +that this graph here which we'll call +gamma sub s to half the the earlier + + align:start position:0% +gamma sub s to half the the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +gamma sub s to half the the earlier +pseudorandomness + + align:start position:0% +pseudorandomness + + + align:start position:0% +pseudorandomness +hypotheses and you can spell this out + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses and you can spell this out + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses and you can spell this out +and let's do that so let's actually + + align:start position:0% +and let's do that so let's actually + + + align:start position:0% +and let's do that so let's actually +spell this out so what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +spell this out so what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +spell this out so what does this mean +so what I mean this s being a subset of + + align:start position:0% +so what I mean this s being a subset of + + + align:start position:0% +so what I mean this s being a subset of +Z mod n we say that is satisfies what's + + align:start position:0% +Z mod n we say that is satisfies what's + + + align:start position:0% +Z mod n we say that is satisfies what's +called a three linear forms condition if + + align:start position:0% +called a three linear forms condition if + + + align:start position:0% +called a three linear forms condition if +for uniformly chosen random X naught X 1 + + align:start position:0% +for uniformly chosen random X naught X 1 + + + align:start position:0% +for uniformly chosen random X naught X 1 +y naught y 1 Z naught C 1 elements of Z + + align:start position:0% +y naught y 1 Z naught C 1 elements of Z + + + align:start position:0% +y naught y 1 Z naught C 1 elements of Z +mod NZ think about this K 2 to 2 right + + align:start position:0% +mod NZ think about this K 2 to 2 right + + + align:start position:0% +mod NZ think about this K 2 to 2 right +so draw a K 2 2 2 up there so what are + + align:start position:0% +so draw a K 2 2 2 up there so what are + + + align:start position:0% +so draw a K 2 2 2 up there so what are +the edges corresponding to the K 2 2 2 + + align:start position:0% +the edges corresponding to the K 2 2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the edges corresponding to the K 2 2 2 +also they correspond to the following + + align:start position:0% +also they correspond to the following + + + align:start position:0% +also they correspond to the following +expressions - why not - to Z naught + + align:start position:0% +expressions - why not - to Z naught + + + align:start position:0% +expressions - why not - to Z naught +minus y 1 minus 2 Z naught minus y + + align:start position:0% +minus y 1 minus 2 Z naught minus y + + + align:start position:0% +minus y 1 minus 2 Z naught minus y +naught minus 2 Z 1 minus y 1 minus 2 Z 1 + + align:start position:0% +naught minus 2 Z 1 minus y 1 minus 2 Z 1 + + + align:start position:0% +naught minus 2 Z 1 minus y 1 minus 2 Z 1 +ok so that's those are the edges + + align:start position:0% +ok so that's those are the edges + + + align:start position:0% +ok so that's those are the edges +corresponding to the bottom if you draw + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the bottom if you draw + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the bottom if you draw +a c4 across the bottom two vertex sets + + align:start position:0% +a c4 across the bottom two vertex sets + + + align:start position:0% +a c4 across the bottom two vertex sets +but then there are two more columns and + + align:start position:0% +but then there are two more columns and + + + align:start position:0% +but then there are two more columns and +I'll just buy some examples but you can + + align:start position:0% +I'll just buy some examples but you can + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just buy some examples but you can +fill in the rest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there are these twelve + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are these twelve + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are these twelve +expressions and what we would like is + + align:start position:0% +expressions and what we would like is + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and what we would like is +that for random got the probability that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability that all of these numbers + + align:start position:0% +probability that all of these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +probability that all of these numbers +are contained in s is within one plus + + align:start position:0% +are contained in s is within one plus + + + align:start position:0% +are contained in s is within one plus +little one factor of the expectation if + + align:start position:0% +little one factor of the expectation if + + + align:start position:0% +little one factor of the expectation if +s were a random set in other words in + + align:start position:0% +s were a random set in other words in + + + align:start position:0% +s were a random set in other words in +this case is P raise to 12 random set of + + align:start position:0% +this case is P raise to 12 random set of + + + align:start position:0% +this case is P raise to 12 random set of +density P and furthermore the same holds + + align:start position:0% +density P and furthermore the same holds + + + align:start position:0% +density P and furthermore the same holds +if any subset of these twelve + + align:start position:0% +if any subset of these twelve + + + align:start position:0% +if any subset of these twelve +expressions are erased + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now I want you to use your + + align:start position:0% +okay now I want you to use your + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I want you to use your +imagination and think about what the + + align:start position:0% +imagination and think about what the + + + align:start position:0% +imagination and think about what the +theorem would look like for not three + + align:start position:0% +theorem would look like for not three + + + align:start position:0% +theorem would look like for not three +P's before for a piece and also for K + + align:start position:0% +P's before for a piece and also for K + + + align:start position:0% +P's before for a piece and also for K +please in general so there's a relative + + align:start position:0% +please in general so there's a relative + + + align:start position:0% +please in general so there's a relative +sonority theorem which tells you that if + + align:start position:0% +sonority theorem which tells you that if + + + align:start position:0% +sonority theorem which tells you that if +you start with s so here we're fixed + + align:start position:0% +you start with s so here we're fixed + + + align:start position:0% +you start with s so here we're fixed +okay if you start with us s that + + align:start position:0% +okay if you start with us s that + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you start with us s that +satisfies kalyan your forms condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a it's a subset of s that is fairly + + align:start position:0% +and a it's a subset of s that is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +and a it's a subset of s that is fairly +large then a has okay so I'm being + + align:start position:0% +large then a has okay so I'm being + + + align:start position:0% +large then a has okay so I'm being +slightly sloppy here but that's the + + align:start position:0% +slightly sloppy here but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly sloppy here but that's the +spirit of the theorem that you have the + + align:start position:0% +spirit of the theorem that you have the + + + align:start position:0% +spirit of the theorem that you have the +cemre ID term inside a sparse + + align:start position:0% +cemre ID term inside a sparse + + + align:start position:0% +cemre ID term inside a sparse +pseudo-random set as long as the + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random set as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random set as long as the +pseudo-random self satisfies the scale + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random self satisfies the scale + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo-random self satisfies the scale +in your forms condition and that Kalyan + + align:start position:0% +in your forms condition and that Kalyan + + + align:start position:0% +in your forms condition and that Kalyan +your forms condition is an extension of + + align:start position:0% +your forms condition is an extension of + + + align:start position:0% +your forms condition is an extension of +this three linear forms condition where + + align:start position:0% +this three linear forms condition where + + + align:start position:0% +this three linear forms condition where +you write down the proof that we saw for + + align:start position:0% +you write down the proof that we saw for + + + align:start position:0% +you write down the proof that we saw for +summer Ali's theorem using hypergraphs + + align:start position:0% +summer Ali's theorem using hypergraphs + + + align:start position:0% +summer Ali's theorem using hypergraphs +write down the corresponding linear + + align:start position:0% +write down the corresponding linear + + + align:start position:0% +write down the corresponding linear +forms you expand them out and then you + + align:start position:0% +forms you expand them out and then you + + + align:start position:0% +forms you expand them out and then you +write down this statement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this version is this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this version is this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this version is this is +basically what I did for my PhD thesis + + align:start position:0% +basically what I did for my PhD thesis + + + align:start position:0% +basically what I did for my PhD thesis +okay so you can ask well what what the + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can ask well what what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can ask well what what the +green-tailed you write so they they had + + align:start position:0% +green-tailed you write so they they had + + + align:start position:0% +green-tailed you write so they they had +the original term back in 2006 so their + + align:start position:0% +the original term back in 2006 so their + + + align:start position:0% +the original term back in 2006 so their +theorem which also was a relative + + align:start position:0% +theorem which also was a relative + + + align:start position:0% +theorem which also was a relative +similarity term has some additional more + + align:start position:0% +similarity term has some additional more + + + align:start position:0% +similarity term has some additional more +technical hypotheses known as + + align:start position:0% +technical hypotheses known as + + + align:start position:0% +technical hypotheses known as +correlation conditions which I won't get + + align:start position:0% +correlation conditions which I won't get + + + align:start position:0% +correlation conditions which I won't get +into but at the end of the day they + + align:start position:0% +into but at the end of the day they + + + align:start position:0% +into but at the end of the day they +constructed the pseudo primes and then + + align:start position:0% +constructed the pseudo primes and then + + + align:start position:0% +constructed the pseudo primes and then +they verified that those primes pseudo + + align:start position:0% +they verified that those primes pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +they verified that those primes pseudo +Prime's satisfied these required pseudo + + align:start position:0% +Prime's satisfied these required pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +Prime's satisfied these required pseudo +randomness hypotheses those pseudo + + align:start position:0% +randomness hypotheses those pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +randomness hypotheses those pseudo +Prime's + + align:start position:0% +Prime's + + + align:start position:0% +Prime's +satisfied these linear froms conditions + + align:start position:0% +satisfied these linear froms conditions + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied these linear froms conditions +as well as there are no extraneous + + align:start position:0% +as well as there are no extraneous + + + align:start position:0% +as well as there are no extraneous +additional pseudo randomness hypotheses + + align:start position:0% +additional pseudo randomness hypotheses + + + align:start position:0% +additional pseudo randomness hypotheses +and then combining this combinatorial + + align:start position:0% +and then combining this combinatorial + + + align:start position:0% +and then combining this combinatorial +theorem with that number theoretic + + align:start position:0% +theorem with that number theoretic + + + align:start position:0% +theorem with that number theoretic +result you put them together you obtain + + align:start position:0% +result you put them together you obtain + + + align:start position:0% +result you put them together you obtain +that the the preen Greenhow theorem + + align:start position:0% +that the the preen Greenhow theorem + + + align:start position:0% +that the the preen Greenhow theorem +which tells you not just that the primes + + align:start position:0% +which tells you not just that the primes + + + align:start position:0% +which tells you not just that the primes +contain arbitrarily long arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +contain arbitrarily long arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +contain arbitrarily long arithmetic +progressions but any positive density + + align:start position:0% +progressions but any positive density + + + align:start position:0% +progressions but any positive density +subsets of the primes also contains + + align:start position:0% +subsets of the primes also contains + + + align:start position:0% +subsets of the primes also contains +arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions +all of these terms all of these terms + + align:start position:0% +all of these terms all of these terms + + + align:start position:0% +all of these terms all of these terms +now if you pass down to a relatively + + align:start position:0% +now if you pass down to a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +now if you pass down to a relatively +then subset it still remains true any + + align:start position:0% +then subset it still remains true any + + + align:start position:0% +then subset it still remains true any +questions so this is the general method + + align:start position:0% +questions so this is the general method + + + align:start position:0% +questions so this is the general method +so the general method is you have the + + align:start position:0% +so the general method is you have the + + + align:start position:0% +so the general method is you have the +sparse regularity method and provided + + align:start position:0% +sparse regularity method and provided + + + align:start position:0% +sparse regularity method and provided +that you have a good counting lemma you + + align:start position:0% +that you have a good counting lemma you + + + align:start position:0% +that you have a good counting lemma you +can transfer the entire method to the + + align:start position:0% +can transfer the entire method to the + + + align:start position:0% +can transfer the entire method to the +sparse setting but getting the counting + + align:start position:0% +sparse setting but getting the counting + + + align:start position:0% +sparse setting but getting the counting +lemma is often quite difficult and there + + align:start position:0% +lemma is often quite difficult and there + + + align:start position:0% +lemma is often quite difficult and there +still interesting open problems in + + align:start position:0% +still interesting open problems in + + + align:start position:0% +still interesting open problems in +particular what kind of pseudo + + align:start position:0% +particular what kind of pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +particular what kind of pseudo +randomness hypothesis do we really need + + align:start position:0% +randomness hypothesis do we really need + + + align:start position:0% +randomness hypothesis do we really need +another thing is that you don't actually + + align:start position:0% +another thing is that you don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +another thing is that you don't actually +have to go through regularity yourself + + align:start position:0% +have to go through regularity yourself + + + align:start position:0% +have to go through regularity yourself +so there's an additional method which + + align:start position:0% +so there's an additional method which + + + align:start position:0% +so there's an additional method which +unfortunately I don't have to don't have + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I don't have to don't have + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I don't have to don't have +time to discuss called transference + + align:start position:0% +time to discuss called transference + + + align:start position:0% +time to discuss called transference +where the story I've told you is that + + align:start position:0% +where the story I've told you is that + + + align:start position:0% +where the story I've told you is that +you look at the proof of relative of + + align:start position:0% +you look at the proof of relative of + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the proof of relative of +Roth's theorem the proof of similarities + + align:start position:0% +Roth's theorem the proof of similarities + + + align:start position:0% +Roth's theorem the proof of similarities +and you transfer the methods of those + + align:start position:0% +and you transfer the methods of those + + + align:start position:0% +and you transfer the methods of those +proofs to the spar setting and you can + + align:start position:0% +proofs to the spar setting and you can + + + align:start position:0% +proofs to the spar setting and you can +do that but it turns out you can do + + align:start position:0% +do that but it turns out you can do + + + align:start position:0% +do that but it turns out you can do +something even better is that you can + + align:start position:0% +something even better is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +something even better is that you can +transfer the results and this is what + + align:start position:0% +transfer the results and this is what + + + align:start position:0% +transfer the results and this is what +happens in green towel if you look at + + align:start position:0% +happens in green towel if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +happens in green towel if you look at +some release term as a black box theorem + + align:start position:0% +some release term as a black box theorem + + + align:start position:0% +some release term as a black box theorem +and you're happy with its statement you + + align:start position:0% +and you're happy with its statement you + + + align:start position:0% +and you're happy with its statement you +can use these methods to transfer that + + align:start position:0% +can use these methods to transfer that + + + align:start position:0% +can use these methods to transfer that +result as a black box without knowing + + align:start position:0% +result as a black box without knowing + + + align:start position:0% +result as a black box without knowing +it's proof to the sparse pseudo-random + + align:start position:0% +it's proof to the sparse pseudo-random + + + align:start position:0% +it's proof to the sparse pseudo-random +setting so and that sounds almost too + + align:start position:0% +setting so and that sounds almost too + + + align:start position:0% +setting so and that sounds almost too +good to be true it's worth seeing how it + + align:start position:0% +good to be true it's worth seeing how it + + + align:start position:0% +good to be true it's worth seeing how it +goes and if you want to learn more about + + align:start position:0% +goes and if you want to learn more about + + + align:start position:0% +goes and if you want to learn more about +this subject so I have a there's a + + align:start position:0% +this subject so I have a there's a + + + align:start position:0% +this subject so I have a there's a +survey by Colin Fox and by myself called + + align:start position:0% +survey by Colin Fox and by myself called + + + align:start position:0% +survey by Colin Fox and by myself called +a queen cloud theorem and Exposition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so where you'll find a + + align:start position:0% +okay so where you'll find a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so where you'll find a +self-contained complete proof of the + + align:start position:0% +self-contained complete proof of the + + + align:start position:0% +self-contained complete proof of the +Queen Katherine except no modulo the + + align:start position:0% +Queen Katherine except no modulo the + + + align:start position:0% +Queen Katherine except no modulo the +proof of summer Alice term which we + + align:start position:0% +proof of summer Alice term which we + + + align:start position:0% +proof of summer Alice term which we +called as a black box but you see how + + align:start position:0% +called as a black box but you see how + + + align:start position:0% +called as a black box but you see how +the transference method works there and + + align:start position:0% +the transference method works there and + + + align:start position:0% +the transference method works there and +involves many of the things that we've + + align:start position:0% +involves many of the things that we've + + + align:start position:0% +involves many of the things that we've +discussed so far in this course + + align:start position:0% +discussed so far in this course + + + align:start position:0% +discussed so far in this course +including discussions of the regularity + + align:start position:0% +including discussions of the regularity + + + align:start position:0% +including discussions of the regularity +method the counting lemma and will + + align:start position:0% +method the counting lemma and will + + + align:start position:0% +method the counting lemma and will +contain a proof of this sparse triangle + + align:start position:0% +contain a proof of this sparse triangle + + + align:start position:0% +contain a proof of this sparse triangle +counting them we stopped \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/EnmOjVUSfdY.txt b/EnmOjVUSfdY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f81b11aaa0b27e479ae6bcc4a4bae9a4fce88ee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/EnmOjVUSfdY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +it turns out we can say a bit more about + + align:start position:0% +it turns out we can say a bit more about + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out we can say a bit more about +the timing of output transitions for + + align:start position:0% +the timing of output transitions for + + + align:start position:0% +the timing of output transitions for +CMOS logic gates let's start by + + align:start position:0% +CMOS logic gates let's start by + + + align:start position:0% +CMOS logic gates let's start by +considering the behavior of a non CMOS + + align:start position:0% +considering the behavior of a non CMOS + + + align:start position:0% +considering the behavior of a non CMOS +combinational device that implements the + + align:start position:0% +combinational device that implements the + + + align:start position:0% +combinational device that implements the +nor function looking at the waveform + + align:start position:0% +nor function looking at the waveform + + + align:start position:0% +nor function looking at the waveform +diagram we see that initially the a and + + align:start position:0% +diagram we see that initially the a and + + + align:start position:0% +diagram we see that initially the a and +B inputs are both 0 and the output Z is + + align:start position:0% +B inputs are both 0 and the output Z is + + + align:start position:0% +B inputs are both 0 and the output Z is +1 just as specified by the truth table + + align:start position:0% +1 just as specified by the truth table + + + align:start position:0% +1 just as specified by the truth table +now B makes a 0 to 1 transition and the + + align:start position:0% +now B makes a 0 to 1 transition and the + + + align:start position:0% +now B makes a 0 to 1 transition and the +Z output will eventually reflect that + + align:start position:0% +Z output will eventually reflect that + + + align:start position:0% +Z output will eventually reflect that +change by making a 1 to 0 transition as + + align:start position:0% +change by making a 1 to 0 transition as + + + align:start position:0% +change by making a 1 to 0 transition as +we learned in the previous video the + + align:start position:0% +we learned in the previous video the + + + align:start position:0% +we learned in the previous video the +timing of the Z transition is determined + + align:start position:0% +timing of the Z transition is determined + + + align:start position:0% +timing of the Z transition is determined +by the contamination and propagation + + align:start position:0% +by the contamination and propagation + + + align:start position:0% +by the contamination and propagation +delays of the nor gate note that we + + align:start position:0% +delays of the nor gate note that we + + + align:start position:0% +delays of the nor gate note that we +can't say anything about the value of + + align:start position:0% +can't say anything about the value of + + + align:start position:0% +can't say anything about the value of +the Z output in the interval of TCD to + + align:start position:0% +the Z output in the interval of TCD to + + + align:start position:0% +the Z output in the interval of TCD to +TP d after the input transition which we + + align:start position:0% +TP d after the input transition which we + + + align:start position:0% +TP d after the input transition which we +indicate with a red shaded region on the + + align:start position:0% +indicate with a red shaded region on the + + + align:start position:0% +indicate with a red shaded region on the +waveform diagram now let's consider a + + align:start position:0% +waveform diagram now let's consider a + + + align:start position:0% +waveform diagram now let's consider a +different set up where initially both a + + align:start position:0% +different set up where initially both a + + + align:start position:0% +different set up where initially both a +and B are 1 and appropriately the output + + align:start position:0% +and B are 1 and appropriately the output + + + align:start position:0% +and B are 1 and appropriately the output +Z is 0 examining the truth table we see + + align:start position:0% +Z is 0 examining the truth table we see + + + align:start position:0% +Z is 0 examining the truth table we see +that if a is 1 the output Z will be 0 + + align:start position:0% +that if a is 1 the output Z will be 0 + + + align:start position:0% +that if a is 1 the output Z will be 0 +regardless of the value of B so what + + align:start position:0% +regardless of the value of B so what + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of the value of B so what +happens when B makes a 1 to 0 transition + + align:start position:0% +happens when B makes a 1 to 0 transition + + + align:start position:0% +happens when B makes a 1 to 0 transition +before the transition Z was 0 and we + + align:start position:0% +before the transition Z was 0 and we + + + align:start position:0% +before the transition Z was 0 and we +expect it to be 0 again tpd after the B + + align:start position:0% +expect it to be 0 again tpd after the B + + + align:start position:0% +expect it to be 0 again tpd after the B +transition but in general we can't + + align:start position:0% +transition but in general we can't + + + align:start position:0% +transition but in general we can't +assume anything about the value of Z and + + align:start position:0% +assume anything about the value of Z and + + + align:start position:0% +assume anything about the value of Z and +the interval between PCD and TP d Z + + align:start position:0% +the interval between PCD and TP d Z + + + align:start position:0% +the interval between PCD and TP d Z +could have any behavior at once in that + + align:start position:0% +could have any behavior at once in that + + + align:start position:0% +could have any behavior at once in that +interval and the device would still be a + + align:start position:0% +interval and the device would still be a + + + align:start position:0% +interval and the device would still be a +legitimate combinational device many + + align:start position:0% +legitimate combinational device many + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate combinational device many +gate technologies for example CMOS + + align:start position:0% +gate technologies for example CMOS + + + align:start position:0% +gate technologies for example CMOS +adhere to even tighter restrictions + + align:start position:0% +adhere to even tighter restrictions + + + align:start position:0% +adhere to even tighter restrictions +let's look in detail at the switch + + align:start position:0% +let's look in detail at the switch + + + align:start position:0% +let's look in detail at the switch +configuration in a CMOS implementation + + align:start position:0% +configuration in a CMOS implementation + + + align:start position:0% +configuration in a CMOS implementation +of an or gate when both inputs are a + + align:start position:0% +of an or gate when both inputs are a + + + align:start position:0% +of an or gate when both inputs are a +digital one a high Gate voltage will + + align:start position:0% +digital one a high Gate voltage will + + + align:start position:0% +digital one a high Gate voltage will +turn on and FET switches as indicated by + + align:start position:0% +turn on and FET switches as indicated by + + + align:start position:0% +turn on and FET switches as indicated by +the red arrows and turn off P FET + + align:start position:0% +the red arrows and turn off P FET + + + align:start position:0% +the red arrows and turn off P FET +switches as indicated by the red X's + + align:start position:0% +switches as indicated by the red X's + + + align:start position:0% +switches as indicated by the red X's +since the pull-up circuit is not + + align:start position:0% +since the pull-up circuit is not + + + align:start position:0% +since the pull-up circuit is not +conducting and the pulldown circuit is + + align:start position:0% +conducting and the pulldown circuit is + + + align:start position:0% +conducting and the pulldown circuit is +conducting the output Z is connected to + + align:start position:0% +conducting the output Z is connected to + + + align:start position:0% +conducting the output Z is connected to +ground the voltage for a digital 0 + + align:start position:0% +ground the voltage for a digital 0 + + + align:start position:0% +ground the voltage for a digital 0 +output + + align:start position:0% +output + + + align:start position:0% +output +now what happens when the B input + + align:start position:0% +now what happens when the B input + + + align:start position:0% +now what happens when the B input +transitions from 1 to 0 the switch is + + align:start position:0% +transitions from 1 to 0 the switch is + + + align:start position:0% +transitions from 1 to 0 the switch is +controlled by B changed their + + align:start position:0% +controlled by B changed their + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by B changed their +configuration the P FETs which is now on + + align:start position:0% +configuration the P FETs which is now on + + + align:start position:0% +configuration the P FETs which is now on +and the end FETs which is now off but + + align:start position:0% +and the end FETs which is now off but + + + align:start position:0% +and the end FETs which is now off but +overall the pull-up circuit is still not + + align:start position:0% +overall the pull-up circuit is still not + + + align:start position:0% +overall the pull-up circuit is still not +conducting and there is still a pulldown + + align:start position:0% +conducting and there is still a pulldown + + + align:start position:0% +conducting and there is still a pulldown +path from z to ground so while there + + align:start position:0% +path from z to ground so while there + + + align:start position:0% +path from z to ground so while there +used to be two paths from z to ground + + align:start position:0% +used to be two paths from z to ground + + + align:start position:0% +used to be two paths from z to ground +and there is now only one path C has + + align:start position:0% +and there is now only one path C has + + + align:start position:0% +and there is now only one path C has +been connected to ground the whole time + + align:start position:0% +been connected to ground the whole time + + + align:start position:0% +been connected to ground the whole time +and its value has remained valid and + + align:start position:0% +and its value has remained valid and + + + align:start position:0% +and its value has remained valid and +stable throughout B's transition in the + + align:start position:0% +stable throughout B's transition in the + + + align:start position:0% +stable throughout B's transition in the +case of a CMOS nor gate when one input + + align:start position:0% +case of a CMOS nor gate when one input + + + align:start position:0% +case of a CMOS nor gate when one input +is a digital one the output will be + + align:start position:0% +is a digital one the output will be + + + align:start position:0% +is a digital one the output will be +unaffected by transitions on the other + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by transitions on the other + + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by transitions on the other +input a lenient combinational device is + + align:start position:0% +input a lenient combinational device is + + + align:start position:0% +input a lenient combinational device is +one that exhibits this behavior namely + + align:start position:0% +one that exhibits this behavior namely + + + align:start position:0% +one that exhibits this behavior namely +that the output is guaranteed to be + + align:start position:0% +that the output is guaranteed to be + + + align:start position:0% +that the output is guaranteed to be +valid when any combination of inputs + + align:start position:0% +valid when any combination of inputs + + + align:start position:0% +valid when any combination of inputs +sufficient to determine the output value + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to determine the output value + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to determine the output value +has been valid for at least TPD when + + align:start position:0% +has been valid for at least TPD when + + + align:start position:0% +has been valid for at least TPD when +some of the inputs are in a + + align:start position:0% +some of the inputs are in a + + + align:start position:0% +some of the inputs are in a +configuration that triggers this lenient + + align:start position:0% +configuration that triggers this lenient + + + align:start position:0% +configuration that triggers this lenient +behavior transitions from the other + + align:start position:0% +behavior transitions from the other + + + align:start position:0% +behavior transitions from the other +inputs will have no effect on the + + align:start position:0% +inputs will have no effect on the + + + align:start position:0% +inputs will have no effect on the +validity of the output value happily + + align:start position:0% +validity of the output value happily + + + align:start position:0% +validity of the output value happily +most CMOS implementations of logic gates + + align:start position:0% +most CMOS implementations of logic gates + + + align:start position:0% +most CMOS implementations of logic gates +are naturally lenient we can extend our + + align:start position:0% +are naturally lenient we can extend our + + + align:start position:0% +are naturally lenient we can extend our +truth table notation to indicate lenient + + align:start position:0% +truth table notation to indicate lenient + + + align:start position:0% +truth table notation to indicate lenient +behavior by using X for the input values + + align:start position:0% +behavior by using X for the input values + + + align:start position:0% +behavior by using X for the input values +on certain rows to indicate that input + + align:start position:0% +on certain rows to indicate that input + + + align:start position:0% +on certain rows to indicate that input +value is irrelevant when determining the + + align:start position:0% +value is irrelevant when determining the + + + align:start position:0% +value is irrelevant when determining the +correct output value the truth table for + + align:start position:0% +correct output value the truth table for + + + align:start position:0% +correct output value the truth table for +a lenient nor gate calls out to such + + align:start position:0% +a lenient nor gate calls out to such + + + align:start position:0% +a lenient nor gate calls out to such +situations when a is 1 the value of B is + + align:start position:0% +situations when a is 1 the value of B is + + + align:start position:0% +situations when a is 1 the value of B is +irrelevant and when B is 1 the value of + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant and when B is 1 the value of + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant and when B is 1 the value of +a is irrelevant transitions on the + + align:start position:0% +a is irrelevant transitions on the + + + align:start position:0% +a is irrelevant transitions on the +irrelevant inputs don't trigger the TCD + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant inputs don't trigger the TCD + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant inputs don't trigger the TCD +and tpd output timing normally + + align:start position:0% +and tpd output timing normally + + + align:start position:0% +and tpd output timing normally +associated with an input transition when + + align:start position:0% +associated with an input transition when + + + align:start position:0% +associated with an input transition when +does lenience matter will need Leaney + + align:start position:0% +does lenience matter will need Leaney + + + align:start position:0% +does lenience matter will need Leaney +components when building memory + + align:start position:0% +components when building memory + + + align:start position:0% +components when building memory +components a topic we'll get to in a + + align:start position:0% +components a topic we'll get to in a + + + align:start position:0% +components a topic we'll get to in a +couple of chapters you're ready to try + + align:start position:0% +couple of chapters you're ready to try + + + align:start position:0% +couple of chapters you're ready to try +spilled in some CMOS gates of your own + + align:start position:0% +spilled in some CMOS gates of your own + + + align:start position:0% +spilled in some CMOS gates of your own +take a look at the first lab exercise in + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the first lab exercise in + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the first lab exercise in +assignment 2 I think you'll find it fun + + align:start position:0% +assignment 2 I think you'll find it fun + + + align:start position:0% +assignment 2 I think you'll find it fun +to work on \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ErlP_SBcA1s.txt b/ErlP_SBcA1s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35b0c8e728470ff1e688f75f90b80d8e2c7d20a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/ErlP_SBcA1s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,499 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we would now like to begin our analysis + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to begin our analysis + + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to begin our analysis +of motion and we'll start with + + align:start position:0% +of motion and we'll start with + + + align:start position:0% +of motion and we'll start with +one-dimensional motion let's just + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional motion let's just + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional motion let's just +consider a person running along a road + + align:start position:0% +consider a person running along a road + + + align:start position:0% +consider a person running along a road +and so here's our runner and here's our + + align:start position:0% +and so here's our runner and here's our + + + align:start position:0% +and so here's our runner and here's our +road and what we want to do is be able + + align:start position:0% +road and what we want to do is be able + + + align:start position:0% +road and what we want to do is be able +to describe the position the velocity + + align:start position:0% +to describe the position the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +to describe the position the velocity +the acceleration of this runner in order + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration of this runner in order + + + align:start position:0% +the acceleration of this runner in order +to do that we need our first + + align:start position:0% +to do that we need our first + + + align:start position:0% +to do that we need our first +mathematical tool which is a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +mathematical tool which is a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical tool which is a coordinate +system what is a coordinate system well + + align:start position:0% +system what is a coordinate system well + + + align:start position:0% +system what is a coordinate system well +the first thing that we want to choose + + align:start position:0% +the first thing that we want to choose + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing that we want to choose +is an origin we can pick the origin + + align:start position:0% +is an origin we can pick the origin + + + align:start position:0% +is an origin we can pick the origin +anywhere we want that's a degree of + + align:start position:0% +anywhere we want that's a degree of + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere we want that's a degree of +Freedom so let's choose a point along + + align:start position:0% +Freedom so let's choose a point along + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom so let's choose a point along +our road as our origin the next thing to + + align:start position:0% +our road as our origin the next thing to + + + align:start position:0% +our road as our origin the next thing to +do is to choose an axis well the road is + + align:start position:0% +do is to choose an axis well the road is + + + align:start position:0% +do is to choose an axis well the road is +naturally defining an axis for our + + align:start position:0% +naturally defining an axis for our + + + align:start position:0% +naturally defining an axis for our +problem and so we'll call this the x + + align:start position:0% +problem and so we'll call this the x + + + align:start position:0% +problem and so we'll call this the x +axis now along with that axis we want to + + align:start position:0% +axis now along with that axis we want to + + + align:start position:0% +axis now along with that axis we want to +divide that up into some type of units + + align:start position:0% +divide that up into some type of units + + + align:start position:0% +divide that up into some type of units +so we might divide our axxis like this + + align:start position:0% +so we might divide our axxis like this + + + align:start position:0% +so we might divide our axxis like this +and what's important here is to + + align:start position:0% +and what's important here is to + + + align:start position:0% +and what's important here is to +introduce a positive coordinate + + align:start position:0% +introduce a positive coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a positive coordinate +Direction and so the way I'll do that is + + align:start position:0% +Direction and so the way I'll do that is + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and so the way I'll do that is +I'll call this the plus X and on this + + align:start position:0% +I'll call this the plus X and on this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call this the plus X and on this +side of the origin X is + + align:start position:0% +side of the origin X is + + + align:start position:0% +side of the origin X is +negative now um the third most important + + align:start position:0% +negative now um the third most important + + + align:start position:0% +negative now um the third most important +thing is that we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +thing is that we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that we're going to talk about +vectors in physics so we want a choice + + align:start position:0% +vectors in physics so we want a choice + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in physics so we want a choice +of unit vector now because it's only + + align:start position:0% +of unit vector now because it's only + + + align:start position:0% +of unit vector now because it's only +onedimensional motion we only need one + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional motion we only need one + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional motion we only need one +unit Vector so what that means is a + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector so what that means is a + + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector so what that means is a +choice of a unit Vector at every Point + + align:start position:0% +choice of a unit Vector at every Point + + + align:start position:0% +choice of a unit Vector at every Point +Let's just consider a point here P1 so + + align:start position:0% +Let's just consider a point here P1 so + + + align:start position:0% +Let's just consider a point here P1 so +our unit Vector I'll call it I one now + + align:start position:0% +our unit Vector I'll call it I one now + + + align:start position:0% +our unit Vector I'll call it I one now +let's pick another Point here we'll call + + align:start position:0% +let's pick another Point here we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +let's pick another Point here we'll call +this the point P2 and over here we'll + + align:start position:0% +this the point P2 and over here we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this the point P2 and over here we'll +choose a unit Vector I had two so every + + align:start position:0% +choose a unit Vector I had two so every + + + align:start position:0% +choose a unit Vector I had two so every +single point in space has a unit Vector + + align:start position:0% +single point in space has a unit Vector + + + align:start position:0% +single point in space has a unit Vector +now what you unique about this + + align:start position:0% +now what you unique about this + + + align:start position:0% +now what you unique about this +one-dimensional linear cartisian + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional linear cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional linear cartisian +coordinate system is the following these + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is the following these + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system is the following these +unit vectors have the same magnitude a + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors have the same magnitude a + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors have the same magnitude a +unit vector by definition has magnitude + + align:start position:0% +unit vector by definition has magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +unit vector by definition has magnitude +one and they're pointing in the same + + align:start position:0% +one and they're pointing in the same + + + align:start position:0% +one and they're pointing in the same +direction so if two vectors have the + + align:start position:0% +direction so if two vectors have the + + + align:start position:0% +direction so if two vectors have the +same magnitude and point in the same + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude and point in the same + + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude and point in the same +direction they're equal so what makes + + align:start position:0% +direction they're equal so what makes + + + align:start position:0% +direction they're equal so what makes +this coordinate system unique this + + align:start position:0% +this coordinate system unique this + + + align:start position:0% +this coordinate system unique this +cartisian coordinate system that at + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinate system that at + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinate system that at +every single point no matter where we + + align:start position:0% +every single point no matter where we + + + align:start position:0% +every single point no matter where we +are the unit vectors point in the + + align:start position:0% +are the unit vectors point in the + + + align:start position:0% +are the unit vectors point in the +positive direction because they have the + + align:start position:0% +positive direction because they have the + + + align:start position:0% +positive direction because they have the +same magnitude and Direction all of + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude and Direction all of + + + align:start position:0% +same magnitude and Direction all of +these unit Vector are equal and we call + + align:start position:0% +these unit Vector are equal and we call + + + align:start position:0% +these unit Vector are equal and we call +that I hat so symbolically we may draw + + align:start position:0% +that I hat so symbolically we may draw + + + align:start position:0% +that I hat so symbolically we may draw +the a picture and indicate our unit + + align:start position:0% +the a picture and indicate our unit + + + align:start position:0% +the a picture and indicate our unit +Vector in the positive X Direction and + + align:start position:0% +Vector in the positive X Direction and + + + align:start position:0% +Vector in the positive X Direction and +this is our coordinate system and we can + + align:start position:0% +this is our coordinate system and we can + + + align:start position:0% +this is our coordinate system and we can +next begin to describe the position and + + align:start position:0% +next begin to describe the position and + + + align:start position:0% +next begin to describe the position and +the velocity of our object as it's + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of our object as it's + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of our object as it's +moving along this X Direction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/FlGjISF3l78.txt b/FlGjISF3l78.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60c6cc492fb820ccc481bada086bc0aa9d21b905 --- /dev/null +++ b/FlGjISF3l78.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8891 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right everyone let's get started + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get started + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get started +so um so today is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +so um so today is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +so um so today is going to be the +section second lecture on + + align:start position:0% +section second lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +section second lecture on +object-oriented programming so just a + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming so just a + + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming so just a +quick recap of last time um on Monday we + + align:start position:0% +quick recap of last time um on Monday we + + + align:start position:0% +quick recap of last time um on Monday we +saw um we were introduced to this idea + + align:start position:0% +saw um we were introduced to this idea + + + align:start position:0% +saw um we were introduced to this idea +of object-oriented programming and we + + align:start position:0% +of object-oriented programming and we + + + align:start position:0% +of object-oriented programming and we +saw these things called abstract data + + align:start position:0% +saw these things called abstract data + + + align:start position:0% +saw these things called abstract data +types and these abstract data types we + + align:start position:0% +types and these abstract data types we + + + align:start position:0% +types and these abstract data types we +implemented through uh python classes + + align:start position:0% +implemented through uh python classes + + + align:start position:0% +implemented through uh python classes +and they allowed us to create our own + + align:start position:0% +and they allowed us to create our own + + + align:start position:0% +and they allowed us to create our own +data types that sort of abstracted a + + align:start position:0% +data types that sort of abstracted a + + + align:start position:0% +data types that sort of abstracted a +general um object of our choosing right + + align:start position:0% +general um object of our choosing right + + + align:start position:0% +general um object of our choosing right +so we've used lists before for example + + align:start position:0% +so we've used lists before for example + + + align:start position:0% +so we've used lists before for example +but with abstract data types we were + + align:start position:0% +but with abstract data types we were + + + align:start position:0% +but with abstract data types we were +able to create objects that were of our + + align:start position:0% +able to create objects that were of our + + + align:start position:0% +able to create objects that were of our +own types we saw the coordinate example + + align:start position:0% +own types we saw the coordinate example + + + align:start position:0% +own types we saw the coordinate example +and then at the end of the class we saw + + align:start position:0% +and then at the end of the class we saw + + + align:start position:0% +and then at the end of the class we saw +the fraction example So today we're + + align:start position:0% +the fraction example So today we're + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction example So today we're +going to talk a little bit more about + + align:start position:0% +going to talk a little bit more about + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk a little bit more about +object-oriented programming in classes + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming in classes + + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming in classes +we're going to see a few more + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see a few more + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see a few more +examples and um we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +examples and um we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +examples and um we're going to talk +about a few other um uh nuances of + + align:start position:0% +about a few other um uh nuances of + + + align:start position:0% +about a few other um uh nuances of +classes talk about information + + align:start position:0% +classes talk about information + + + align:start position:0% +classes talk about information +information hiding and class variables + + align:start position:0% +information hiding and class variables + + + align:start position:0% +information hiding and class variables +and in the second half of the lecture + + align:start position:0% +and in the second half of the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +and in the second half of the lecture +we're going to talk about the idea of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about the idea of +inheritance so we're going to use object + + align:start position:0% +inheritance so we're going to use object + + + align:start position:0% +inheritance so we're going to use object +oriented programming to sort of simulate + + align:start position:0% +oriented programming to sort of simulate + + + align:start position:0% +oriented programming to sort of simulate +how to simulate um how real life works + + align:start position:0% +how to simulate um how real life works + + + align:start position:0% +how to simulate um how real life works +so in real life you have inheritance and + + align:start position:0% +so in real life you have inheritance and + + + align:start position:0% +so in real life you have inheritance and +in uh in objectoriented programming you + + align:start position:0% +in uh in objectoriented programming you + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in objectoriented programming you +can also simulate + + align:start position:0% +can also simulate + + + align:start position:0% +can also simulate +that okay so the first few slides are + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the first few slides are + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the first few slides are +going to be a little bit of a recap just + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little bit of a recap just + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a little bit of a recap just +to make sure that everyone's on the same + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that everyone's on the same + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that everyone's on the same +same page before I introduce a couple of + + align:start position:0% +same page before I introduce a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +same page before I introduce a couple of +new Concepts related to + + align:start position:0% +new Concepts related to + + + align:start position:0% +new Concepts related to +classes so recall that when uh in the + + align:start position:0% +classes so recall that when uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +classes so recall that when uh in the +last lecture we we talked about writing + + align:start position:0% +last lecture we we talked about writing + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture we we talked about writing +code from two different perspectives + + align:start position:0% +code from two different perspectives + + + align:start position:0% +code from two different perspectives +right the first was from someone who + + align:start position:0% +right the first was from someone who + + + align:start position:0% +right the first was from someone who +wanted to implement a class so + + align:start position:0% +wanted to implement a class so + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to implement a class so +implementing the class meant defining + + align:start position:0% +implementing the class meant defining + + + align:start position:0% +implementing the class meant defining +your own uh object type so you defined + + align:start position:0% +your own uh object type so you defined + + + align:start position:0% +your own uh object type so you defined +the object type when you define the + + align:start position:0% +the object type when you define the + + + align:start position:0% +the object type when you define the +class and then you decided what data + + align:start position:0% +class and then you decided what data + + + align:start position:0% +class and then you decided what data +attributes you wanted to Define your + + align:start position:0% +attributes you wanted to Define your + + + align:start position:0% +attributes you wanted to Define your +object so what what data makes up the + + align:start position:0% +object so what what data makes up the + + + align:start position:0% +object so what what data makes up the +object what is the object object + + align:start position:0% +object what is the object object + + + align:start position:0% +object what is the object object +okay in addition to data attributes we + + align:start position:0% +okay in addition to data attributes we + + + align:start position:0% +okay in addition to data attributes we +also saw uh these things called Methods + + align:start position:0% +also saw uh these things called Methods + + + align:start position:0% +also saw uh these things called Methods +and methods were ways to tell someone + + align:start position:0% +and methods were ways to tell someone + + + align:start position:0% +and methods were ways to tell someone +how to use your data type so what are + + align:start position:0% +how to use your data type so what are + + + align:start position:0% +how to use your data type so what are +ways that that someone can interact with + + align:start position:0% +ways that that someone can interact with + + + align:start position:0% +ways that that someone can interact with +the data type okay so that's from the + + align:start position:0% +the data type okay so that's from the + + + align:start position:0% +the data type okay so that's from the +point of view of someone who wants to + + align:start position:0% +point of view of someone who wants to + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of someone who wants to +write their own object type so you're + + align:start position:0% +write their own object type so you're + + + align:start position:0% +write their own object type so you're +implementing you're implementing a + + align:start position:0% +implementing you're implementing a + + + align:start position:0% +implementing you're implementing a +class and the other perspective was to + + align:start position:0% +class and the other perspective was to + + + align:start position:0% +class and the other perspective was to +write code from the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +write code from the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +write code from the point of view of +someone who who wanted to use a class + + align:start position:0% +someone who who wanted to use a class + + + align:start position:0% +someone who who wanted to use a class +that was already written okay so this + + align:start position:0% +that was already written okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +that was already written okay so this +involved creating instances of objects + + align:start position:0% +involved creating instances of objects + + + align:start position:0% +involved creating instances of objects +so you're using the object + + align:start position:0% +so you're using the object + + + align:start position:0% +so you're using the object +type once you created instances of + + align:start position:0% +type once you created instances of + + + align:start position:0% +type once you created instances of +objects you're able to do operations on + + align:start position:0% +objects you're able to do operations on + + + align:start position:0% +objects you're able to do operations on +them so you're able to see what methods + + align:start position:0% +them so you're able to see what methods + + + align:start position:0% +them so you're able to see what methods +whoever implemented the class added and + + align:start position:0% +whoever implemented the class added and + + + align:start position:0% +whoever implemented the class added and +then you can use those methods in order + + align:start position:0% +then you can use those methods in order + + + align:start position:0% +then you can use those methods in order +to uh do operations with your um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instances so just looking at the + + align:start position:0% +instances so just looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +instances so just looking at the +coordinate example we saw last time a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate example we saw last time a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate example we saw last time a +little bit more in detail about what + + align:start position:0% +little bit more in detail about what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more in detail about what +that meant so we had a class definition + + align:start position:0% +that meant so we had a class definition + + + align:start position:0% +that meant so we had a class definition +of an object type which included + + align:start position:0% +of an object type which included + + + align:start position:0% +of an object type which included +deciding what the class name what the + + align:start position:0% +deciding what the class name what the + + + align:start position:0% +deciding what the class name what the +class name was and the class name + + align:start position:0% +class name was and the class name + + + align:start position:0% +class name was and the class name +basically told python what type of an + + align:start position:0% +basically told python what type of an + + + align:start position:0% +basically told python what type of an +object this was okay in this case we + + align:start position:0% +object this was okay in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +object this was okay in this case we +decided we wanted to name a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +decided we wanted to name a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +decided we wanted to name a coordinate +we wanted to create a coordinate object + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to create a coordinate object + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to create a coordinate object +and the type of this object was + + align:start position:0% +and the type of this object was + + + align:start position:0% +and the type of this object was +therefore going to be a + + align:start position:0% +therefore going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +therefore going to be a +coordinate we defined the class in a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we defined the class in a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we defined the class in a +sort of General way okay so we needed a + + align:start position:0% +sort of General way okay so we needed a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of General way okay so we needed a +way to be able to access data attributes + + align:start position:0% +way to be able to access data attributes + + + align:start position:0% +way to be able to access data attributes +of any + + align:start position:0% +of any + + + align:start position:0% +of any +instance so we use this self variable + + align:start position:0% +instance so we use this self variable + + + align:start position:0% +instance so we use this self variable +okay and the self variable was we we + + align:start position:0% +okay and the self variable was we we + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the self variable was we we +used to refer to any + + align:start position:0% +used to refer to any + + + align:start position:0% +used to refer to any +instance um to the data attributes of + + align:start position:0% +instance um to the data attributes of + + + align:start position:0% +instance um to the data attributes of +any instance in a sort of General way + + align:start position:0% +any instance in a sort of General way + + + align:start position:0% +any instance in a sort of General way +without actually having a particular + + align:start position:0% +without actually having a particular + + + align:start position:0% +without actually having a particular +instance in mind okay so whenever we + + align:start position:0% +instance in mind okay so whenever we + + + align:start position:0% +instance in mind okay so whenever we +Access Data attributes we would say + + align:start position:0% +Access Data attributes we would say + + + align:start position:0% +Access Data attributes we would say +something like self dot to access a data + + align:start position:0% +something like self dot to access a data + + + align:start position:0% +something like self dot to access a data +attribute you'd access the attribute + + align:start position:0% +attribute you'd access the attribute + + + align:start position:0% +attribute you'd access the attribute +directly with self.x or if you want to + + align:start position:0% +directly with self.x or if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +directly with self.x or if you want to +to access a method you would say self + + align:start position:0% +to access a method you would say self + + + align:start position:0% +to access a method you would say self +Dot and then the method name for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distance and really the bottom line of + + align:start position:0% +distance and really the bottom line of + + + align:start position:0% +distance and really the bottom line of +of the class definition is that your + + align:start position:0% +of the class definition is that your + + + align:start position:0% +of the class definition is that your +class defines all of the data so data + + align:start position:0% +class defines all of the data so data + + + align:start position:0% +class defines all of the data so data +attributes and all of the methods that + + align:start position:0% +attributes and all of the methods that + + + align:start position:0% +attributes and all of the methods that +are going to be common across all of the + + align:start position:0% +are going to be common across all of the + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be common across all of the +instances so any instance that you + + align:start position:0% +instances so any instance that you + + + align:start position:0% +instances so any instance that you +create of a particular um object type + + align:start position:0% +create of a particular um object type + + + align:start position:0% +create of a particular um object type +that instance is going to have this + + align:start position:0% +that instance is going to have this + + + align:start position:0% +that instance is going to have this +exact same structure + + align:start position:0% +exact same structure + + + align:start position:0% +exact same structure +okay the difference is that every + + align:start position:0% +okay the difference is that every + + + align:start position:0% +okay the difference is that every +instance's values are going to be + + align:start position:0% +instance's values are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +instance's values are going to be +different so when you're creating + + align:start position:0% +different so when you're creating + + + align:start position:0% +different so when you're creating +instances of classes you can create more + + align:start position:0% +instances of classes you can create more + + + align:start position:0% +instances of classes you can create more +than one instance of the same class so + + align:start position:0% +than one instance of the same class so + + + align:start position:0% +than one instance of the same class so +we can create a coordinate object here + + align:start position:0% +we can create a coordinate object here + + + align:start position:0% +we can create a coordinate object here +using um this syntax right here so you + + align:start position:0% +using um this syntax right here so you + + + align:start position:0% +using um this syntax right here so you +say the type and then whatever values it + + align:start position:0% +say the type and then whatever values it + + + align:start position:0% +say the type and then whatever values it +takes in and you can create more than + + align:start position:0% +takes in and you can create more than + + + align:start position:0% +takes in and you can create more than +one coordinate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +object each coordinate object is going + + align:start position:0% +object each coordinate object is going + + + align:start position:0% +object each coordinate object is going +to have different data + + align:start position:0% +to have different data + + + align:start position:0% +to have different data +attributes uh sorry it's going to have + + align:start position:0% +attributes uh sorry it's going to have + + + align:start position:0% +attributes uh sorry it's going to have +different data attribute values okay + + align:start position:0% +different data attribute values okay + + + align:start position:0% +different data attribute values okay +every coordinate object is going to have + + align:start position:0% +every coordinate object is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +every coordinate object is going to have +an x value and a + + align:start position:0% +an x value and a + + + align:start position:0% +an x value and a +yvalue but the X and Y values among + + align:start position:0% +yvalue but the X and Y values among + + + align:start position:0% +yvalue but the X and Y values among +different instances are going to are + + align:start position:0% +different instances are going to are + + + align:start position:0% +different instances are going to are +going to uh vary okay so that was that's + + align:start position:0% +going to uh vary okay so that was that's + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh vary okay so that was that's +the difference between defining a class + + align:start position:0% +the difference between defining a class + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between defining a class +and looking at a particular instance of + + align:start position:0% +and looking at a particular instance of + + + align:start position:0% +and looking at a particular instance of +class so instances have the structure of + + align:start position:0% +class so instances have the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +class so instances have the structure of +the class so for a coordinate an in all + + align:start position:0% +the class so for a coordinate an in all + + + align:start position:0% +the class so for a coordinate an in all +instances have an x value and a + + align:start position:0% +instances have an x value and a + + + align:start position:0% +instances have an x value and a +yvalue but the actual values are going + + align:start position:0% +yvalue but the actual values are going + + + align:start position:0% +yvalue but the actual values are going +to vary between the different + + align:start position:0% +to vary between the different + + + align:start position:0% +to vary between the different +instances okay so ultimately why do we + + align:start position:0% +instances okay so ultimately why do we + + + align:start position:0% +instances okay so ultimately why do we +want to use object oriented programming + + align:start position:0% +want to use object oriented programming + + + align:start position:0% +want to use object oriented programming +so so far the examples that we've seen + + align:start position:0% +so so far the examples that we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +so so far the examples that we've seen +are um were were numerical right a + + align:start position:0% +are um were were numerical right a + + + align:start position:0% +are um were were numerical right a +coordinate a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate a +fraction but object Orient using object + + align:start position:0% +fraction but object Orient using object + + + align:start position:0% +fraction but object Orient using object +oriented programming you can um create + + align:start position:0% +oriented programming you can um create + + + align:start position:0% +oriented programming you can um create +objects that mimic real + + align:start position:0% +objects that mimic real + + + align:start position:0% +objects that mimic real +life so if I wanted to create objects + + align:start position:0% +life so if I wanted to create objects + + + align:start position:0% +life so if I wanted to create objects +of uh an object that defined a cat and + + align:start position:0% +of uh an object that defined a cat and + + + align:start position:0% +of uh an object that defined a cat and +an object that defined a rabbit I could + + align:start position:0% +an object that defined a rabbit I could + + + align:start position:0% +an object that defined a rabbit I could +do that with object oriented programming + + align:start position:0% +do that with object oriented programming + + + align:start position:0% +do that with object oriented programming +I would just have to decide as a + + align:start position:0% +I would just have to decide as a + + + align:start position:0% +I would just have to decide as a +programmer what data and what methods + + align:start position:0% +programmer what data and what methods + + + align:start position:0% +programmer what data and what methods +I'd want to assign to um to these to + + align:start position:0% +I'd want to assign to um to these to + + + align:start position:0% +I'd want to assign to um to these to +these groups of objects + + align:start position:0% +these groups of objects + + + align:start position:0% +these groups of objects +okay so using object-oriented + + align:start position:0% +okay so using object-oriented + + + align:start position:0% +okay so using object-oriented +programming each one of these is + + align:start position:0% +programming each one of these is + + + align:start position:0% +programming each one of these is +considered a different object and as a + + align:start position:0% +considered a different object and as a + + + align:start position:0% +considered a different object and as a +different object I can decide that a cat + + align:start position:0% +different object I can decide that a cat + + + align:start position:0% +different object I can decide that a cat +is going to have a name an age and maybe + + align:start position:0% +is going to have a name an age and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +is going to have a name an age and maybe +a color associated with it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and these three here on the right each + + align:start position:0% +and these three here on the right each + + + align:start position:0% +and these three here on the right each +one of these rabbits is also an object + + align:start position:0% +one of these rabbits is also an object + + + align:start position:0% +one of these rabbits is also an object +and I'm going to decide that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to decide that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to decide that I'm going +to represent a rabbit by just an agent + + align:start position:0% +to represent a rabbit by just an agent + + + align:start position:0% +to represent a rabbit by just an agent +and a color okay and with object + + align:start position:0% +and a color okay and with object + + + align:start position:0% +and a color okay and with object +oriented programming I can using + + align:start position:0% +oriented programming I can using + + + align:start position:0% +oriented programming I can using +these um using these attributes I can + + align:start position:0% +these um using these attributes I can + + + align:start position:0% +these um using these attributes I can +sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group these three objects together and + + align:start position:0% +group these three objects together and + + + align:start position:0% +group these three objects together and +these three objects together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so I'm grouping sets of objects + + align:start position:0% +okay so so I'm grouping sets of objects + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so I'm grouping sets of objects +that are going to have the same + + align:start position:0% +that are going to have the same + + + align:start position:0% +that are going to have the same +attributes + + align:start position:0% +attributes + + + align:start position:0% +attributes +together and attributes this is also a + + align:start position:0% +together and attributes this is also a + + + align:start position:0% +together and attributes this is also a +recap of last time come in two forms + + align:start position:0% +recap of last time come in two forms + + + align:start position:0% +recap of last time come in two forms +right data attributes and procedural + + align:start position:0% +right data attributes and procedural + + + align:start position:0% +right data attributes and procedural +attributes so the data attributes are + + align:start position:0% +attributes so the data attributes are + + + align:start position:0% +attributes so the data attributes are +basically things like um are basically + + align:start position:0% +basically things like um are basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically things like um are basically +things that define what the object is so + + align:start position:0% +things that define what the object is so + + + align:start position:0% +things that define what the object is so +how do you represent uh cat as an object + + align:start position:0% +how do you represent uh cat as an object + + + align:start position:0% +how do you represent uh cat as an object +and it's up to you as a programmer to + + align:start position:0% +and it's up to you as a programmer to + + + align:start position:0% +and it's up to you as a programmer to +decide how you want to do that for + + align:start position:0% +decide how you want to do that for + + + align:start position:0% +decide how you want to do that for +coordinate it was pretty um pretty + + align:start position:0% +coordinate it was pretty um pretty + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate it was pretty um pretty +straightforward you had an X and A Y + + align:start position:0% +straightforward you had an X and A Y + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward you had an X and A Y +value if we're representing something + + align:start position:0% +value if we're representing something + + + align:start position:0% +value if we're representing something +more abstract like an animal then maybe + + align:start position:0% +more abstract like an animal then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +more abstract like an animal then maybe +I would say well I'm going to represent + + align:start position:0% +I would say well I'm going to represent + + + align:start position:0% +I would say well I'm going to represent +an animal by an age and a name okay so + + align:start position:0% +an animal by an age and a name okay so + + + align:start position:0% +an animal by an age and a name okay so +it's really up to you to decide how you + + align:start position:0% +it's really up to you to decide how you + + + align:start position:0% +it's really up to you to decide how you +want to represent what data attributes + + align:start position:0% +want to represent what data attributes + + + align:start position:0% +want to represent what data attributes +you want to have uh uh to to have to + + align:start position:0% +you want to have uh uh to to have to + + + align:start position:0% +you want to have uh uh to to have to +represent your object + + align:start position:0% +represent your object + + + align:start position:0% +represent your object +with procedural attributes were also + + align:start position:0% +with procedural attributes were also + + + align:start position:0% +with procedural attributes were also +known as + + align:start position:0% +known as + + + align:start position:0% +known as +methods and + + align:start position:0% +methods and + + + align:start position:0% +methods and +the methods are essentially asking what + + align:start position:0% +the methods are essentially asking what + + + align:start position:0% +the methods are essentially asking what +can your object do okay so how can + + align:start position:0% +can your object do okay so how can + + + align:start position:0% +can your object do okay so how can +someone who wants to use your object how + + align:start position:0% +someone who wants to use your object how + + + align:start position:0% +someone who wants to use your object how +can someone interact with it so for a + + align:start position:0% +can someone interact with it so for a + + + align:start position:0% +can someone interact with it so for a +coordinate we saw that you can find the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we saw that you can find the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we saw that you can find the +distance between two coordinates maybe + + align:start position:0% +distance between two coordinates maybe + + + align:start position:0% +distance between two coordinates maybe +for our abstract animal object you might + + align:start position:0% +for our abstract animal object you might + + + align:start position:0% +for our abstract animal object you might +make it uh you might have it make a + + align:start position:0% +make it uh you might have it make a + + + align:start position:0% +make it uh you might have it make a +sound okay by maybe printing to the + + align:start position:0% +sound okay by maybe printing to the + + + align:start position:0% +sound okay by maybe printing to the +screen or something like + + align:start position:0% +screen or something like + + + align:start position:0% +screen or something like +that okay this slide's also a recap of + + align:start position:0% +that okay this slide's also a recap of + + + align:start position:0% +that okay this slide's also a recap of +how to create a class just to make sure + + align:start position:0% +how to create a class just to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +how to create a class just to make sure +everyone's on the same page before we go + + align:start position:0% +everyone's on the same page before we go + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's on the same page before we go +on so we defined a class using this + + align:start position:0% +on so we defined a class using this + + + align:start position:0% +on so we defined a class using this +class keyword and we said class the name + + align:start position:0% +class keyword and we said class the name + + + align:start position:0% +class keyword and we said class the name +of the class so now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +of the class so now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the class so now we're going to +create an a more abstract animal + + align:start position:0% +create an a more abstract animal + + + align:start position:0% +create an a more abstract animal +class we're going to see in the second + + align:start position:0% +class we're going to see in the second + + + align:start position:0% +class we're going to see in the second +half of the lecture what it means to put + + align:start position:0% +half of the lecture what it means to put + + + align:start position:0% +half of the lecture what it means to put +something else in the parenthesis but + + align:start position:0% +something else in the parenthesis but + + + align:start position:0% +something else in the parenthesis but +for now we say that an animal in an + + align:start position:0% +for now we say that an animal in an + + + align:start position:0% +for now we say that an animal in an +animal is an + + align:start position:0% +animal is an + + + align:start position:0% +animal is an +object in + + align:start position:0% +object in + + + align:start position:0% +object in +Python so that means it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +Python so that means it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Python so that means it's going to be +it's going to have all of the properties + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have all of the properties + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have all of the properties +that any other object in Python has and + + align:start position:0% +that any other object in Python has and + + + align:start position:0% +that any other object in Python has and +as we're creating this animal we're + + align:start position:0% +as we're creating this animal we're + + + align:start position:0% +as we're creating this animal we're +going to Define how to create an + + align:start position:0% +going to Define how to create an + + + align:start position:0% +going to Define how to create an +instance of this class so we say DF and + + align:start position:0% +instance of this class so we say DF and + + + align:start position:0% +instance of this class so we say DF and +this init was the special method that + + align:start position:0% +this init was the special method that + + + align:start position:0% +this init was the special method that +told python how to create an + + align:start position:0% +told python how to create an + + + align:start position:0% +told python how to create an +object inside the parentheses remember + + align:start position:0% +object inside the parentheses remember + + + align:start position:0% +object inside the parentheses remember +we have the self which is a variable + + align:start position:0% +we have the self which is a variable + + + align:start position:0% +we have the self which is a variable +that we used to refer to any instance of + + align:start position:0% +that we used to refer to any instance of + + + align:start position:0% +that we used to refer to any instance of +the class okay we don't have a + + align:start position:0% +the class okay we don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +the class okay we don't have a +particular instance in mind we just want + + align:start position:0% +particular instance in mind we just want + + + align:start position:0% +particular instance in mind we just want +to be able to refer to any instance okay + + align:start position:0% +to be able to refer to any instance okay + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to refer to any instance okay +so we use the self variable and then in + + align:start position:0% +so we use the self variable and then in + + + align:start position:0% +so we use the self variable and then in +here and then the second param here is + + align:start position:0% +here and then the second param here is + + + align:start position:0% +here and then the second param here is +going to represent um what other data we + + align:start position:0% +going to represent um what other data we + + + align:start position:0% +going to represent um what other data we +use to initialize our object with so in + + align:start position:0% +use to initialize our object with so in + + + align:start position:0% +use to initialize our object with so in +this case I'm going to say I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +this case I'm going to say I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +this case I'm going to say I'm going to +initialize an animal object with an age + + align:start position:0% +initialize an animal object with an age + + + align:start position:0% +initialize an animal object with an age +okay so when I create an animal I need + + align:start position:0% +okay so when I create an animal I need + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when I create an animal I need +to give it an + + align:start position:0% +to give it an + + + align:start position:0% +to give it an +age inside the init are any + + align:start position:0% +age inside the init are any + + + align:start position:0% +age inside the init are any +initializations that I want to make so + + align:start position:0% +initializations that I want to make so + + + align:start position:0% +initializations that I want to make so +the first thing is I'm going to assign + + align:start position:0% +the first thing is I'm going to assign + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing is I'm going to assign +an instance variable age so this is + + align:start position:0% +an instance variable age so this is + + + align:start position:0% +an instance variable age so this is +going to be the data attribute age to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be the data attribute age to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the data attribute age to be +whatever is passed in and then I'm also + + align:start position:0% +whatever is passed in and then I'm also + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is passed in and then I'm also +making another assignment here where I'm + + align:start position:0% +making another assignment here where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +making another assignment here where I'm +assigning the data attribute name name + + align:start position:0% +assigning the data attribute name name + + + align:start position:0% +assigning the data attribute name name +to be none + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +originally later on in the code when I + + align:start position:0% +originally later on in the code when I + + + align:start position:0% +originally later on in the code when I +want to create an animal object I say + + align:start position:0% +want to create an animal object I say + + + align:start position:0% +want to create an animal object I say +the class name and then I pass it in + + align:start position:0% +the class name and then I pass it in + + + align:start position:0% +the class name and then I pass it in +whatever parameters it takes in this + + align:start position:0% +whatever parameters it takes in this + + + align:start position:0% +whatever parameters it takes in this +case the age and I'm assigning it to + + align:start position:0% +case the age and I'm assigning it to + + + align:start position:0% +case the age and I'm assigning it to +this instance + + align:start position:0% +this instance + + + align:start position:0% +this instance +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay all right so now we have this class + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so now we have this class + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so now we have this class +animal we've done the first part here + + align:start position:0% +animal we've done the first part here + + + align:start position:0% +animal we've done the first part here +which is to initialize + + align:start position:0% +which is to initialize + + + align:start position:0% +which is to initialize +the class right so we've told python how + + align:start position:0% +the class right so we've told python how + + + align:start position:0% +the class right so we've told python how +to create an object of this + + align:start position:0% +to create an object of this + + + align:start position:0% +to create an object of this +type there's a few other methods here + + align:start position:0% +type there's a few other methods here + + + align:start position:0% +type there's a few other methods here +that I've + + align:start position:0% +that I've + + + align:start position:0% +that I've +implemented next two we call Getters and + + align:start position:0% +implemented next two we call Getters and + + + align:start position:0% +implemented next two we call Getters and +the two after that we call Setters okay + + align:start position:0% +the two after that we call Setters okay + + + align:start position:0% +the two after that we call Setters okay +and Getters and Setters are are very + + align:start position:0% +and Getters and Setters are are very + + + align:start position:0% +and Getters and Setters are are very +commonly + + align:start position:0% +commonly + + + align:start position:0% +commonly +used when um when + + align:start position:0% +used when um when + + + align:start position:0% +used when um when +when uh when implementing a class so + + align:start position:0% +when uh when implementing a class so + + + align:start position:0% +when uh when implementing a class so +Getters essentially return the values of + + align:start position:0% +Getters essentially return the values of + + + align:start position:0% +Getters essentially return the values of +any of the data attributes + + align:start position:0% +any of the data attributes + + + align:start position:0% +any of the data attributes +okay so if you look carefully get age is + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you look carefully get age is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you look carefully get age is +just returning self. Ag and get name + + align:start position:0% +just returning self. Ag and get name + + + align:start position:0% +just returning self. Ag and get name +just returns self. name so they're very + + align:start position:0% +just returns self. name so they're very + + + align:start position:0% +just returns self. name so they're very +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +methods similarly set age and set name + + align:start position:0% +methods similarly set age and set name + + + align:start position:0% +methods similarly set age and set name +we're going to see what this what this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see what this what this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see what this what this +funny equal sign is doing here in the + + align:start position:0% +funny equal sign is doing here in the + + + align:start position:0% +funny equal sign is doing here in the +next couple of slides but Setters do a + + align:start position:0% +next couple of slides but Setters do a + + + align:start position:0% +next couple of slides but Setters do a +very similar thing where they're going + + align:start position:0% +very similar thing where they're going + + + align:start position:0% +very similar thing where they're going +to set the data attributes to whatever + + align:start position:0% +to set the data attributes to whatever + + + align:start position:0% +to set the data attributes to whatever +is past in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so those are Getters and Setters + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are Getters and Setters + + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are Getters and Setters +and then the last thing down here is + + align:start position:0% +and then the last thing down here is + + + align:start position:0% +and then the last thing down here is +this Str method and this Str method is + + align:start position:0% +this Str method and this Str method is + + + align:start position:0% +this Str method and this Str method is +used to tell python um how to print an + + align:start position:0% +used to tell python um how to print an + + + align:start position:0% +used to tell python um how to print an +object of this type animal so if you + + align:start position:0% +object of this type animal so if you + + + align:start position:0% +object of this type animal so if you +didn't have this Str Str method if you + + align:start position:0% +didn't have this Str Str method if you + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have this Str Str method if you +remember from last lecture what ends up + + align:start position:0% +remember from last lecture what ends up + + + align:start position:0% +remember from last lecture what ends up +happening is you're going to get some + + align:start position:0% +happening is you're going to get some + + + align:start position:0% +happening is you're going to get some +message when you print your object that + + align:start position:0% +message when you print your object that + + + align:start position:0% +message when you print your object that +says this is an object of type animal at + + align:start position:0% +says this is an object of type animal at + + + align:start position:0% +says this is an object of type animal at +this memory location which is very + + align:start position:0% +this memory location which is very + + + align:start position:0% +this memory location which is very +uninformative right so you implement + + align:start position:0% +uninformative right so you implement + + + align:start position:0% +uninformative right so you implement +this method here which tells python how + + align:start position:0% +this method here which tells python how + + + align:start position:0% +this method here which tells python how +to print uh an object of this type + + align:start position:0% +to print uh an object of this type + + + align:start position:0% +to print uh an object of this type +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the big point of this slide is that + + align:start position:0% +so the big point of this slide is that + + + align:start position:0% +so the big point of this slide is that +you should be using Getters and Setters + + align:start position:0% +you should be using Getters and Setters + + + align:start position:0% +you should be using Getters and Setters +you should be implementing Getters and + + align:start position:0% +you should be implementing Getters and + + + align:start position:0% +you should be implementing Getters and +Setters for your + + align:start position:0% +Setters for your + + + align:start position:0% +Setters for your +classes and we're going to see in the + + align:start position:0% +classes and we're going to see in the + + + align:start position:0% +classes and we're going to see in the +next couple slides why exactly but + + align:start position:0% +next couple slides why exactly but + + + align:start position:0% +next couple slides why exactly but +basically they're going to prevent bugs + + align:start position:0% +basically they're going to prevent bugs + + + align:start position:0% +basically they're going to prevent bugs +from um from coming into play later on + + align:start position:0% +from um from coming into play later on + + + align:start position:0% +from um from coming into play later on +if someone decides to change the + + align:start position:0% +if someone decides to change the + + + align:start position:0% +if someone decides to change the +implementation so we saw how to so so + + align:start position:0% +implementation so we saw how to so so + + + align:start position:0% +implementation so we saw how to so so +the previous slide this slide here shows + + align:start position:0% +the previous slide this slide here shows + + + align:start position:0% +the previous slide this slide here shows +the implementation of the animal class + + align:start position:0% +the implementation of the animal class + + + align:start position:0% +the implementation of the animal class +and here we can see how we can create an + + align:start position:0% +and here we can see how we can create an + + + align:start position:0% +and here we can see how we can create an +instance of this object so we can say a + + align:start position:0% +instance of this object so we can say a + + + align:start position:0% +instance of this object so we can say a +is equal to animal 3 so this is going to + + align:start position:0% +is equal to animal 3 so this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to animal 3 so this is going to +create a new animal object with an age + + align:start position:0% +create a new animal object with an age + + + align:start position:0% +create a new animal object with an age +of three and we can access the object + + align:start position:0% +of three and we can access the object + + + align:start position:0% +of three and we can access the object +through uh the variable + + align:start position:0% +through uh the variable + + + align:start position:0% +through uh the variable +a do notation recall is a way for you to + + align:start position:0% +a do notation recall is a way for you to + + + align:start position:0% +a do notation recall is a way for you to +access data attributes and methods of of + + align:start position:0% +access data attributes and methods of of + + + align:start position:0% +access data attributes and methods of of +a class okay so you can say a. AG later + + align:start position:0% +a class okay so you can say a. AG later + + + align:start position:0% +a class okay so you can say a. AG later +on in your program and that is allowed + + align:start position:0% +on in your program and that is allowed + + + align:start position:0% +on in your program and that is allowed +it'll try to access the age data + + align:start position:0% +it'll try to access the age data + + + align:start position:0% +it'll try to access the age data +attribute of this particular instance of + + align:start position:0% +attribute of this particular instance of + + + align:start position:0% +attribute of this particular instance of +the Class A so this is going to give you + + align:start position:0% +the Class A so this is going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +the Class A so this is going to give you +three however it's actually not + + align:start position:0% +three however it's actually not + + + align:start position:0% +three however it's actually not +recommended to access data attributes + + align:start position:0% +recommended to access data attributes + + + align:start position:0% +recommended to access data attributes +directly so this is the reason so you're + + align:start position:0% +directly so this is the reason so you're + + + align:start position:0% +directly so this is the reason so you're +going to see in the next Slide the + + align:start position:0% +going to see in the next Slide the + + + align:start position:0% +going to see in the next Slide the +reason why we're going to use Getters + + align:start position:0% +reason why we're going to use Getters + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we're going to use Getters +and Setters instead you should use the + + align:start position:0% +and Setters instead you should use the + + + align:start position:0% +and Setters instead you should use the +get age getter method to get the age of + + align:start position:0% +get age getter method to get the age of + + + align:start position:0% +get age getter method to get the age of +um of the animal so this is going to + + align:start position:0% +um of the animal so this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +um of the animal so this is going to +return also three so these are going to + + align:start position:0% +return also three so these are going to + + + align:start position:0% +return also three so these are going to +do the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing and the reason why you'd want to + + align:start position:0% +thing and the reason why you'd want to + + + align:start position:0% +thing and the reason why you'd want to +use Getters and Setters is um this idea + + align:start position:0% +use Getters and Setters is um this idea + + + align:start position:0% +use Getters and Setters is um this idea +of information hiding okay so the whole + + align:start position:0% +of information hiding okay so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +of information hiding okay so the whole +reason why we're using classes and + + align:start position:0% +reason why we're using classes and + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we're using classes and +objectoriented programming is so that um + + align:start position:0% +objectoriented programming is so that um + + + align:start position:0% +objectoriented programming is so that um +you can abstract certain uh certain data + + align:start position:0% +you can abstract certain uh certain data + + + align:start position:0% +you can abstract certain uh certain data +from the user okay one of the things you + + align:start position:0% +from the user okay one of the things you + + + align:start position:0% +from the user okay one of the things you +you should be abstracting is these uh + + align:start position:0% +you should be abstracting is these uh + + + align:start position:0% +you should be abstracting is these uh +these data attributes so users shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +these data attributes so users shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +these data attributes so users shouldn't +really need to know how a class is + + align:start position:0% +really need to know how a class is + + + align:start position:0% +really need to know how a class is +implemented they just they should just + + align:start position:0% +implemented they just they should just + + + align:start position:0% +implemented they just they should just +know how to use the class okay so + + align:start position:0% +know how to use the class okay so + + + align:start position:0% +know how to use the class okay so +consider the following case let's say um + + align:start position:0% +consider the following case let's say um + + + align:start position:0% +consider the following case let's say um +whoever wrote the animal class wants to + + align:start position:0% +whoever wrote the animal class wants to + + + align:start position:0% +whoever wrote the animal class wants to +change the + + align:start position:0% +change the + + + align:start position:0% +change the +implementation and they've decided they + + align:start position:0% +implementation and they've decided they + + + align:start position:0% +implementation and they've decided they +don't want to call the data attribute + + align:start position:0% +don't want to call the data attribute + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to call the data attribute +age anymore they want to call it years + + align:start position:0% +age anymore they want to call it years + + + align:start position:0% +age anymore they want to call it years +okay so when they initialize an animal + + align:start position:0% +okay so when they initialize an animal + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when they initialize an animal +they say self. years is equal to age so + + align:start position:0% +they say self. years is equal to age so + + + align:start position:0% +they say self. years is equal to age so +an animal still gets initialized by its + + align:start position:0% +an animal still gets initialized by its + + + align:start position:0% +an animal still gets initialized by its +age and the age gets passed into a data + + align:start position:0% +age and the age gets passed into a data + + + align:start position:0% +age and the age gets passed into a data +attribute named + + align:start position:0% +attribute named + + + align:start position:0% +attribute named +years okay since I'm implementing this + + align:start position:0% +years okay since I'm implementing this + + + align:start position:0% +years okay since I'm implementing this +class I want to have a getter which is + + align:start position:0% +class I want to have a getter which is + + + align:start position:0% +class I want to have a getter which is +going to return self. years so I'm not + + align:start position:0% +going to return self. years so I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +going to return self. years so I'm not +returning self. age anymore because age + + align:start position:0% +returning self. age anymore because age + + + align:start position:0% +returning self. age anymore because age +is no longer uh the data attribute I'm + + align:start position:0% +is no longer uh the data attribute I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is no longer uh the data attribute I'm +using so with this new implementation if + + align:start position:0% +using so with this new implementation if + + + align:start position:0% +using so with this new implementation if +someone was using uh if someone was + + align:start position:0% +someone was using uh if someone was + + + align:start position:0% +someone was using uh if someone was +using this implementation and was + + align:start position:0% +using this implementation and was + + + align:start position:0% +using this implementation and was +accessing age directly as as accessing + + align:start position:0% +accessing age directly as as accessing + + + align:start position:0% +accessing age directly as as accessing +the data attribute age directly with + + align:start position:0% +the data attribute age directly with + + + align:start position:0% +the data attribute age directly with +this new implementation they'd actually + + align:start position:0% +this new implementation they'd actually + + + align:start position:0% +this new implementation they'd actually +get an error right because this animal + + align:start position:0% +get an error right because this animal + + + align:start position:0% +get an error right because this animal +that they created using my old + + align:start position:0% +that they created using my old + + + align:start position:0% +that they created using my old +implementation no longer has an + + align:start position:0% +implementation no longer has an + + + align:start position:0% +implementation no longer has an +attribute named age and so Python's + + align:start position:0% +attribute named age and so Python's + + + align:start position:0% +attribute named age and so Python's +going to spit out an error saying no + + align:start position:0% +going to spit out an error saying no + + + align:start position:0% +going to spit out an error saying no +attribute found or something like that + + align:start position:0% +attribute found or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +attribute found or something like that +okay if they were using the getter a. + + align:start position:0% +okay if they were using the getter a. + + + align:start position:0% +okay if they were using the getter a. +get age the person who implemented a + + align:start position:0% +get age the person who implemented a + + + align:start position:0% +get age the person who implemented a +class reimplemented get age to work + + align:start position:0% +class reimplemented get age to work + + + align:start position:0% +class reimplemented get age to work +correctly right with their new uh data + + align:start position:0% +correctly right with their new uh data + + + align:start position:0% +correctly right with their new uh data +attribute um uh years as opposed to age + + align:start position:0% +attribute um uh years as opposed to age + + + align:start position:0% +attribute um uh years as opposed to age +so if I was using the get + + align:start position:0% +so if I was using the get + + + align:start position:0% +so if I was using the get +uh get age I wouldn't have run into the + + align:start position:0% +uh get age I wouldn't have run into the + + + align:start position:0% +uh get age I wouldn't have run into the +bug okay + + align:start position:0% +bug okay + + + align:start position:0% +bug okay +so things to remember use Getters and + + align:start position:0% +so things to remember use Getters and + + + align:start position:0% +so things to remember use Getters and +write Getters and Setters for your + + align:start position:0% +write Getters and Setters for your + + + align:start position:0% +write Getters and Setters for your +classes and later on in your code use + + align:start position:0% +classes and later on in your code use + + + align:start position:0% +classes and later on in your code use +Getters and Setters to prevent bugs and + + align:start position:0% +Getters and Setters to prevent bugs and + + + align:start position:0% +Getters and Setters to prevent bugs and +um and uh and to promote easy to + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and to promote easy to + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and to promote easy to +maintain + + align:start position:0% +maintain + + + align:start position:0% +maintain +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +okay so information hiding is great but + + align:start position:0% +okay so information hiding is great but + + + align:start position:0% +okay so information hiding is great but +having said that Python's actually not + + align:start position:0% +having said that Python's actually not + + + align:start position:0% +having said that Python's actually not +very great at information hiding okay + + align:start position:0% +very great at information hiding okay + + + align:start position:0% +very great at information hiding okay +python allows you to do certain things + + align:start position:0% +python allows you to do certain things + + + align:start position:0% +python allows you to do certain things +that you should never be doing okay so + + align:start position:0% +that you should never be doing okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that you should never be doing okay so +the first we've just seen so it's to the + + align:start position:0% +the first we've just seen so it's to the + + + align:start position:0% +the first we've just seen so it's to the +first is to access data attributes from + + align:start position:0% +first is to access data attributes from + + + align:start position:0% +first is to access data attributes from +outside of the class okay so if I were + + align:start position:0% +outside of the class okay so if I were + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the class okay so if I were +to say a. AG python allows me to do that + + align:start position:0% +to say a. AG python allows me to do that + + + align:start position:0% +to say a. AG python allows me to do that +without using a getter and + + align:start position:0% +without using a getter and + + + align:start position:0% +without using a getter and +Setter python also allows you to write + + align:start position:0% +Setter python also allows you to write + + + align:start position:0% +Setter python also allows you to write +to data attributes from outside the + + align:start position:0% +to data attributes from outside the + + + align:start position:0% +to data attributes from outside the +class so if I implemented the class + + align:start position:0% +class so if I implemented the class + + + align:start position:0% +class so if I implemented the class +animal assuming that age was a number an + + align:start position:0% +animal assuming that age was a number an + + + align:start position:0% +animal assuming that age was a number an +integer and all of my methods work as + + align:start position:0% +integer and all of my methods work as + + + align:start position:0% +integer and all of my methods work as +long as age is an integer but someone + + align:start position:0% +long as age is an integer but someone + + + align:start position:0% +long as age is an integer but someone +decided to be smart and outside of the + + align:start position:0% +decided to be smart and outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +decided to be smart and outside of the +class set age to be infinite as a + + align:start position:0% +class set age to be infinite as a + + + align:start position:0% +class set age to be infinite as a +string that might cause the the code to + + align:start position:0% +string that might cause the the code to + + + align:start position:0% +string that might cause the the code to +crash okay python allows you to do that + + align:start position:0% +crash okay python allows you to do that + + + align:start position:0% +crash okay python allows you to do that +but now you're breaking the fact that + + align:start position:0% +but now you're breaking the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +but now you're breaking the fact that +age has to be an integer right so now + + align:start position:0% +age has to be an integer right so now + + + align:start position:0% +age has to be an integer right so now +the methods should probably be checking + + align:start position:0% +the methods should probably be checking + + + align:start position:0% +the methods should probably be checking +the fact that age is an integer all the + + align:start position:0% +the fact that age is an integer all the + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that age is an integer all the +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other thing that you're allowed to + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that you're allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that you're allowed to +do is to create data attributes outside + + align:start position:0% +do is to create data attributes outside + + + align:start position:0% +do is to create data attributes outside +of the class definition okay so if I + + align:start position:0% +of the class definition okay so if I + + + align:start position:0% +of the class definition okay so if I +wanted to create a new data attribute + + align:start position:0% +wanted to create a new data attribute + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to create a new data attribute +called size for this particular instance + + align:start position:0% +called size for this particular instance + + + align:start position:0% +called size for this particular instance +python also allows me to do that and I + + align:start position:0% +python also allows me to do that and I + + + align:start position:0% +python also allows me to do that and I +can set it to whatever I want okay so + + align:start position:0% +can set it to whatever I want okay so + + + align:start position:0% +can set it to whatever I want okay so +python allows you to do all these things + + align:start position:0% +python allows you to do all these things + + + align:start position:0% +python allows you to do all these things +but it's actually not good style to do + + align:start position:0% +but it's actually not good style to do + + + align:start position:0% +but it's actually not good style to do +any of + + align:start position:0% +any of + + + align:start position:0% +any of +them um so just don't do it all + + align:start position:0% +them um so just don't do it all + + + align:start position:0% +them um so just don't do it all +right so the last last thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +right so the last last thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +right so the last last thing I want to +mention the last thing about classes + + align:start position:0% +mention the last thing about classes + + + align:start position:0% +mention the last thing about classes +before we go on to inheritance is this + + align:start position:0% +before we go on to inheritance is this + + + align:start position:0% +before we go on to inheritance is this +idea called default arguments and + + align:start position:0% +idea called default arguments and + + + align:start position:0% +idea called default arguments and +default arguments are passed into + + align:start position:0% +default arguments are passed into + + + align:start position:0% +default arguments are passed into +methods and since methods are functions + + align:start position:0% +methods and since methods are functions + + + align:start position:0% +methods and since methods are functions +you can also pass in default arguments + + align:start position:0% +you can also pass in default arguments + + + align:start position:0% +you can also pass in default arguments +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +functions so for example this set name + + align:start position:0% +functions so for example this set name + + + align:start position:0% +functions so for example this set name +method had self and then this new name + + align:start position:0% +method had self and then this new name + + + align:start position:0% +method had self and then this new name +is equal to this empty string here okay + + align:start position:0% +is equal to this empty string here okay + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to this empty string here okay +we've haven't seen this + + align:start position:0% +we've haven't seen this + + + align:start position:0% +we've haven't seen this +before but this is called a default + + align:start position:0% +before but this is called a default + + + align:start position:0% +before but this is called a default +argument + + align:start position:0% +argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument +and you can use the function in one of + + align:start position:0% +and you can use the function in one of + + + align:start position:0% +and you can use the function in one of +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways the first way is so we can create a + + align:start position:0% +ways the first way is so we can create a + + + align:start position:0% +ways the first way is so we can create a +new instance of an animal type object + + align:start position:0% +new instance of an animal type object + + + align:start position:0% +new instance of an animal type object +with this line here a is equal to animal + + align:start position:0% +with this line here a is equal to animal + + + align:start position:0% +with this line here a is equal to animal +3 and then we can say a do set name so + + align:start position:0% +3 and then we can say a do set name so + + + align:start position:0% +3 and then we can say a do set name so +this calls the setter method to set the + + align:start position:0% +this calls the setter method to set the + + + align:start position:0% +this calls the setter method to set the +name and notice we've always said that + + align:start position:0% +name and notice we've always said that + + + align:start position:0% +name and notice we've always said that +you have to put in parameters for + + align:start position:0% +you have to put in parameters for + + + align:start position:0% +you have to put in parameters for +everything other than self + + align:start position:0% +everything other than self + + + align:start position:0% +everything other than self +okay but here we have no parameters + + align:start position:0% +okay but here we have no parameters + + + align:start position:0% +okay but here we have no parameters +passed + + align:start position:0% +passed + + + align:start position:0% +passed +in but that's okay because new name + + align:start position:0% +in but that's okay because new name + + + align:start position:0% +in but that's okay because new name +actually has a default + + align:start position:0% +actually has a default + + + align:start position:0% +actually has a default +argument okay so that tells python if no + + align:start position:0% +argument okay so that tells python if no + + + align:start position:0% +argument okay so that tells python if no +parameters passed in for this particular + + align:start position:0% +parameters passed in for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +parameters passed in for this particular +formal parameter then use whatever is up + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter then use whatever is up + + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter then use whatever is up +here by default so if I haven't passed + + align:start position:0% +here by default so if I haven't passed + + + align:start position:0% +here by default so if I haven't passed +in the parameter a.get name a. set name + + align:start position:0% +in the parameter a.get name a. set name + + + align:start position:0% +in the parameter a.get name a. set name +sorry a. set name is going to be setting + + align:start position:0% +sorry a. set name is going to be setting + + + align:start position:0% +sorry a. set name is going to be setting +the name to the m empty string because + + align:start position:0% +the name to the m empty string because + + + align:start position:0% +the name to the m empty string because +that's what the default parameter is so + + align:start position:0% +that's what the default parameter is so + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the default parameter is so +in the next line when I print a. get + + align:start position:0% +in the next line when I print a. get + + + align:start position:0% +in the next line when I print a. get +name this is just going to print the + + align:start position:0% +name this is just going to print the + + + align:start position:0% +name this is just going to print the +empty string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay if you do want to pass in a + + align:start position:0% +okay if you do want to pass in a + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you do want to pass in a +parameter you can do so as as as normal + + align:start position:0% +parameter you can do so as as as normal + + + align:start position:0% +parameter you can do so as as as normal +so you can say is equal to animal 3 a. + + align:start position:0% +so you can say is equal to animal 3 a. + + + align:start position:0% +so you can say is equal to animal 3 a. +set name and then pass in a parameter + + align:start position:0% +set name and then pass in a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +set name and then pass in a parameter +here and then new name is going to be + + align:start position:0% +here and then new name is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +here and then new name is going to be +assigned to whatever parameters passed + + align:start position:0% +assigned to whatever parameters passed + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to whatever parameters passed +in like that whatever you pass in + + align:start position:0% +in like that whatever you pass in + + + align:start position:0% +in like that whatever you pass in +overrides the default argument and + + align:start position:0% +overrides the default argument and + + + align:start position:0% +overrides the default argument and +everything is is good so when I print + + align:start position:0% +everything is is good so when I print + + + align:start position:0% +everything is is good so when I print +a.get name this is going to print out + + align:start position:0% +a.get name this is going to print out + + + align:start position:0% +a.get name this is going to print out +the name that you that you've passed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in questions about + + align:start position:0% +in questions about + + + align:start position:0% +in questions about +default + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah what if you don't provide a default + + align:start position:0% +yeah what if you don't provide a default + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what if you don't provide a default +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +for for new + + align:start position:0% +for for new + + + align:start position:0% +for for new +name if you don't provide a default + + align:start position:0% +name if you don't provide a default + + + align:start position:0% +name if you don't provide a default +argument for new name and you do this + + align:start position:0% +argument for new name and you do this + + + align:start position:0% +argument for new name and you do this +case here then that's going to give you + + align:start position:0% +case here then that's going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +case here then that's going to give you +an error so Python's going to say + + align:start position:0% +an error so Python's going to say + + + align:start position:0% +an error so Python's going to say +something like expected one argument got + + align:start position:0% +something like expected one argument got + + + align:start position:0% +something like expected one argument got +zero or something like that great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +okay all right so let's move on to this + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's move on to this + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's move on to this +idea of hierarchies okay so the great + + align:start position:0% +idea of hierarchies okay so the great + + + align:start position:0% +idea of hierarchies okay so the great +thing about object-oriented programming + + align:start position:0% +thing about object-oriented programming + + + align:start position:0% +thing about object-oriented programming +is that it allows us to add layers of + + align:start position:0% +is that it allows us to add layers of + + + align:start position:0% +is that it allows us to add layers of +abstraction to our code right so we + + align:start position:0% +abstraction to our code right so we + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction to our code right so we +don't need to know how very very + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know how very very + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know how very very +low-level um things are implemented in + + align:start position:0% +low-level um things are implemented in + + + align:start position:0% +low-level um things are implemented in +order to use them and we can build up + + align:start position:0% +order to use them and we can build up + + + align:start position:0% +order to use them and we can build up +level we can build up our code to be + + align:start position:0% +level we can build up our code to be + + + align:start position:0% +level we can build up our code to be +more and more complex + + align:start position:0% +more and more complex + + + align:start position:0% +more and more complex +as we use up these different um these + + align:start position:0% +as we use up these different um these + + + align:start position:0% +as we use up these different um these +different abstractions so consider every + + align:start position:0% +different abstractions so consider every + + + align:start position:0% +different abstractions so consider every +one of these things on this slide as + + align:start position:0% +one of these things on this slide as + + + align:start position:0% +one of these things on this slide as +being a separate object right every one + + align:start position:0% +being a separate object right every one + + + align:start position:0% +being a separate object right every one +of these things is can be considered to + + align:start position:0% +of these things is can be considered to + + + align:start position:0% +of these things is can be considered to +be an + + align:start position:0% +be an + + + align:start position:0% +be an +animal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay according to our implementation of + + align:start position:0% +okay according to our implementation of + + + align:start position:0% +okay according to our implementation of +an animal the one thing that an animal + + align:start position:0% +an animal the one thing that an animal + + + align:start position:0% +an animal the one thing that an animal +has is an age okay and that's probably + + align:start position:0% +has is an age okay and that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +has is an age okay and that's probably +true right every one of these things has + + align:start position:0% +true right every one of these things has + + + align:start position:0% +true right every one of these things has +an age but now I want to build up on + + align:start position:0% +an age but now I want to build up on + + + align:start position:0% +an age but now I want to build up on +this and create separate groups right + + align:start position:0% +this and create separate groups right + + + align:start position:0% +this and create separate groups right +and each one of these separate groups + + align:start position:0% +and each one of these separate groups + + + align:start position:0% +and each one of these separate groups +that I I create on top of animal is + + align:start position:0% +that I I create on top of animal is + + + align:start position:0% +that I I create on top of animal is +going to have its own functionality + + align:start position:0% +going to have its own functionality + + + align:start position:0% +going to have its own functionality +right they're going to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +right they're going to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +right they're going to be a little bit +more specific and more + + align:start position:0% +more specific and more + + + align:start position:0% +more specific and more +specialized so I can create these three + + align:start position:0% +specialized so I can create these three + + + align:start position:0% +specialized so I can create these three +groups now a cat a rabbit and a person + + align:start position:0% +groups now a cat a rabbit and a person + + + align:start position:0% +groups now a cat a rabbit and a person +group and for example so they're all + + align:start position:0% +group and for example so they're all + + + align:start position:0% +group and for example so they're all +animals right they all have an + + align:start position:0% +animals right they all have an + + + align:start position:0% +animals right they all have an +age but for example maybe a person's + + align:start position:0% +age but for example maybe a person's + + + align:start position:0% +age but for example maybe a person's +going to have a list of friends + + align:start position:0% +going to have a list of friends + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a list of friends +whereas a cat and a rabbit do + + align:start position:0% +whereas a cat and a rabbit do + + + align:start position:0% +whereas a cat and a rabbit do +not maybe a cat has uh a data attribute + + align:start position:0% +not maybe a cat has uh a data attribute + + + align:start position:0% +not maybe a cat has uh a data attribute +for the number of lives they have left + + align:start position:0% +for the number of lives they have left + + + align:start position:0% +for the number of lives they have left +right whereas a person and a rabbit do + + align:start position:0% +right whereas a person and a rabbit do + + + align:start position:0% +right whereas a person and a rabbit do +not okay so you can think of adding + + align:start position:0% +not okay so you can think of adding + + + align:start position:0% +not okay so you can think of adding +these more specialized adding more uh + + align:start position:0% +these more specialized adding more uh + + + align:start position:0% +these more specialized adding more uh +adding functionality to each one of + + align:start position:0% +adding functionality to each one of + + + align:start position:0% +adding functionality to each one of +these subgroups okay so they're going to + + align:start position:0% +these subgroups okay so they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +these subgroups okay so they're going to +be more and more specialized but all of + + align:start position:0% +be more and more specialized but all of + + + align:start position:0% +be more and more specialized but all of +them retaining the fact that they are + + align:start position:0% +them retaining the fact that they are + + + align:start position:0% +them retaining the fact that they are +animals so they all have an age for + + align:start position:0% +animals so they all have an age for + + + align:start position:0% +animals so they all have an age for +example so on top of these we can add + + align:start position:0% +example so on top of these we can add + + + align:start position:0% +example so on top of these we can add +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +layer and say that a student is a person + + align:start position:0% +layer and say that a student is a person + + + align:start position:0% +layer and say that a student is a person +and is an animal okay but in addition to + + align:start position:0% +and is an animal okay but in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +and is an animal okay but in addition to +having an age and maybe also having a + + align:start position:0% +having an age and maybe also having a + + + align:start position:0% +having an age and maybe also having a +list of friends a student might also + + align:start position:0% +list of friends a student might also + + + align:start position:0% +list of friends a student might also +have a major or they're pretty young so + + align:start position:0% +have a major or they're pretty young so + + + align:start position:0% +have a major or they're pretty young so +maybe uh their favorite you know their + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh their favorite you know their + + + align:start position:0% +maybe uh their favorite you know their +favorite subject in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +school um so so that's the general idea + + align:start position:0% +school um so so that's the general idea + + + align:start position:0% +school um so so that's the general idea +of of hierarchies okay so we can sort of + + align:start position:0% +of of hierarchies okay so we can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of of hierarchies okay so we can sort of +abstract the previous uh the previous + + align:start position:0% +abstract the previous uh the previous + + + align:start position:0% +abstract the previous uh the previous +slide into this one and say that we have + + align:start position:0% +slide into this one and say that we have + + + align:start position:0% +slide into this one and say that we have +parent classes and child classes okay + + align:start position:0% +parent classes and child classes okay + + + align:start position:0% +parent classes and child classes okay +the animal class is like our parent + + align:start position:0% +the animal class is like our parent + + + align:start position:0% +the animal class is like our parent +class it's the highest level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class inheriting from the animal class + + align:start position:0% +class inheriting from the animal class + + + align:start position:0% +class inheriting from the animal class +we have these child classes or sub + + align:start position:0% +we have these child classes or sub + + + align:start position:0% +we have these child classes or sub +classes okay whatever an animal can do a + + align:start position:0% +classes okay whatever an animal can do a + + + align:start position:0% +classes okay whatever an animal can do a +person can do whatever an animal can do + + align:start position:0% +person can do whatever an animal can do + + + align:start position:0% +person can do whatever an animal can do +a cat can do and whatever an animal can + + align:start position:0% +a cat can do and whatever an animal can + + + align:start position:0% +a cat can do and whatever an animal can +do a rabbit can do okay that is have an + + align:start position:0% +do a rabbit can do okay that is have an + + + align:start position:0% +do a rabbit can do okay that is have an +age and maybe some really basic function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functionality but between person cat and + + align:start position:0% +functionality but between person cat and + + + align:start position:0% +functionality but between person cat and +rabbit they're going to be varying + + align:start position:0% +rabbit they're going to be varying + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit they're going to be varying +widely as to the kinds of things that + + align:start position:0% +widely as to the kinds of things that + + + align:start position:0% +widely as to the kinds of things that +they can do right but they can all do + + align:start position:0% +they can do right but they can all do + + + align:start position:0% +they can do right but they can all do +whatever animal can + + align:start position:0% +whatever animal can + + + align:start position:0% +whatever animal can +do so child classes inherit all of the + + align:start position:0% +do so child classes inherit all of the + + + align:start position:0% +do so child classes inherit all of the +data attributes and all of the methods + + align:start position:0% +data attributes and all of the methods + + + align:start position:0% +data attributes and all of the methods +or behaviors that their parents classes + + align:start position:0% +or behaviors that their parents classes + + + align:start position:0% +or behaviors that their parents classes +have okay but child classes can add more + + align:start position:0% +have okay but child classes can add more + + + align:start position:0% +have okay but child classes can add more +information like for example a person + + align:start position:0% +information like for example a person + + + align:start position:0% +information like for example a person +can have a list of friends whereas a + + align:start position:0% +can have a list of friends whereas a + + + align:start position:0% +can have a list of friends whereas a +general animal will not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it can add more Behavior like maybe a + + align:start position:0% +it can add more Behavior like maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +it can add more Behavior like maybe a +cat can climb trees whereas people and + + align:start position:0% +cat can climb trees whereas people and + + + align:start position:0% +cat can climb trees whereas people and +rabbits + + align:start position:0% +rabbits + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits +cannot or you can also override Behavior + + align:start position:0% +cannot or you can also override Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +cannot or you can also override Behavior +so in the previous one we had animal + + align:start position:0% +so in the previous one we had animal + + + align:start position:0% +so in the previous one we had animal +person student so maybe we have an + + align:start position:0% +person student so maybe we have an + + + align:start position:0% +person student so maybe we have an +animal doesn't speak at all but a person + + align:start position:0% +animal doesn't speak at all but a person + + + align:start position:0% +animal doesn't speak at all but a person +can speak so that's added functionality + + align:start position:0% +can speak so that's added functionality + + + align:start position:0% +can speak so that's added functionality +to the person and maybe a person can + + align:start position:0% +to the person and maybe a person can + + + align:start position:0% +to the person and maybe a person can +only say hello but then when we talk to + + align:start position:0% +only say hello but then when we talk to + + + align:start position:0% +only say hello but then when we talk to +a student we can override the fact + + align:start position:0% +a student we can override the fact + + + align:start position:0% +a student we can override the fact +override the speak method of a person + + align:start position:0% +override the speak method of a person + + + align:start position:0% +override the speak method of a person +and say that a student can say you know + + align:start position:0% +and say that a student can say you know + + + align:start position:0% +and say that a student can say you know +I have homework or I need sleep or + + align:start position:0% +I have homework or I need sleep or + + + align:start position:0% +I have homework or I need sleep or +something like that okay so we have the + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay so we have the + + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay so we have the +same speak method for both person and + + align:start position:0% +same speak method for both person and + + + align:start position:0% +same speak method for both person and +student because they can both speak but + + align:start position:0% +student because they can both speak but + + + align:start position:0% +student because they can both speak but +student will override the fact that they + + align:start position:0% +student will override the fact that they + + + align:start position:0% +student will override the fact that they +say hello with something + + align:start position:0% +say hello with something + + + align:start position:0% +say hello with something +else okay so let's look at some code to + + align:start position:0% +else okay so let's look at some code to + + + align:start position:0% +else okay so let's look at some code to +put this into perspective so we have + + align:start position:0% +put this into perspective so we have + + + align:start position:0% +put this into perspective so we have +this animal class which we've seen + + align:start position:0% +this animal class which we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +this animal class which we've seen +before this is the parent class okay it + + align:start position:0% +before this is the parent class okay it + + + align:start position:0% +before this is the parent class okay it +inherits from + + align:start position:0% +inherits from + + + align:start position:0% +inherits from +object which means that everything that + + align:start position:0% +object which means that everything that + + + align:start position:0% +object which means that everything that +a basic object can do in Python and an + + align:start position:0% +a basic object can do in Python and an + + + align:start position:0% +a basic object can do in Python and an +animal can do which is things like + + align:start position:0% +animal can do which is things like + + + align:start position:0% +animal can do which is things like +binding variables you know very + + align:start position:0% +binding variables you know very + + + align:start position:0% +binding variables you know very +low-level things okay we've seen the + + align:start position:0% +low-level things okay we've seen the + + + align:start position:0% +low-level things okay we've seen the +init we've seen the two Getters the + + align:start position:0% +init we've seen the two Getters the + + + align:start position:0% +init we've seen the two Getters the +Setters and the string method to uh to + + align:start position:0% +Setters and the string method to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +Setters and the string method to uh to +print an object of type + + align:start position:0% +print an object of type + + + align:start position:0% +print an object of type +animal all right now let's create a + + align:start position:0% +animal all right now let's create a + + + align:start position:0% +animal all right now let's create a +subass of animal we'll call it + + align:start position:0% +subass of animal we'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +subass of animal we'll call it +cat + + align:start position:0% +cat + + + align:start position:0% +cat +okay we create a class named + + align:start position:0% +okay we create a class named + + + align:start position:0% +okay we create a class named +cat in parentheses instead of putting + + align:start position:0% +cat in parentheses instead of putting + + + align:start position:0% +cat in parentheses instead of putting +object we now put animal + + align:start position:0% +object we now put animal + + + align:start position:0% +object we now put animal +and this tells python that cat is going + + align:start position:0% +and this tells python that cat is going + + + align:start position:0% +and this tells python that cat is going +cat's parent class is animal so + + align:start position:0% +cat's parent class is animal so + + + align:start position:0% +cat's parent class is animal so +everything that an animal can do a cat + + align:start position:0% +everything that an animal can do a cat + + + align:start position:0% +everything that an animal can do a cat +can do so that includes all of the + + align:start position:0% +can do so that includes all of the + + + align:start position:0% +can do so that includes all of the +attributes which was age and name and + + align:start position:0% +attributes which was age and name and + + + align:start position:0% +attributes which was age and name and +all of the methods so all the Getters + + align:start position:0% +all of the methods so all the Getters + + + align:start position:0% +all of the methods so all the Getters +the Setters the St the init everything + + align:start position:0% +the Setters the St the init everything + + + align:start position:0% +the Setters the St the init everything +that the animal had now the cat has the + + align:start position:0% +that the animal had now the cat has the + + + align:start position:0% +that the animal had now the cat has the +cat class + + align:start position:0% +cat class + + + align:start position:0% +cat class +has in the cat class we're going to add + + align:start position:0% +has in the cat class we're going to add + + + align:start position:0% +has in the cat class we're going to add +two different two more methods though + + align:start position:0% +two different two more methods though + + + align:start position:0% +two different two more methods though +okay the first is speak so where so so + + align:start position:0% +okay the first is speak so where so so + + + align:start position:0% +okay the first is speak so where so so +speak is going to be + + align:start position:0% +speak is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +speak is going to be +um a method that's going to just take in + + align:start position:0% +um a method that's going to just take in + + + align:start position:0% +um a method that's going to just take in +the the self okay no other parameters + + align:start position:0% +the the self okay no other parameters + + + align:start position:0% +the the self okay no other parameters +and all it's doing is printing me out to + + align:start position:0% +and all it's doing is printing me out to + + + align:start position:0% +and all it's doing is printing me out to +the screen very simple okay so this + + align:start position:0% +the screen very simple okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +the screen very simple okay so this +through this speak we've added new + + align:start position:0% +through this speak we've added new + + + align:start position:0% +through this speak we've added new +functionality to the to the class so an + + align:start position:0% +functionality to the to the class so an + + + align:start position:0% +functionality to the to the class so an +animal couldn't speak whereas a cat says + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meow additionally through this Str Str + + align:start position:0% +meow additionally through this Str Str + + + align:start position:0% +meow additionally through this Str Str +method here we're overriding the animal + + align:start position:0% +method here we're overriding the animal + + + align:start position:0% +method here we're overriding the animal +Str Str okay so if we go back to the + + align:start position:0% +Str Str okay so if we go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +Str Str okay so if we go back to the +previous slide we can see that an animal + + align:start position:0% +previous slide we can see that an animal + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide we can see that an animal +the animals Str Str had animal plus the + + align:start position:0% +the animals Str Str had animal plus the + + + align:start position:0% +the animals Str Str had animal plus the +name plus the age + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here whereas the cat's Str Str now says + + align:start position:0% +here whereas the cat's Str Str now says + + + align:start position:0% +here whereas the cat's Str Str now says +cat name and the age okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +cat name and the age okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +cat name and the age okay so this is +just how I chose to implement this okay + + align:start position:0% +just how I chose to implement this okay + + + align:start position:0% +just how I chose to implement this okay +so here I've overridden the S strr + + align:start position:0% +so here I've overridden the S strr + + + align:start position:0% +so here I've overridden the S strr +method of of the animal + + align:start position:0% +method of of the animal + + + align:start position:0% +method of of the animal +class notice that this class doesn't + + align:start position:0% +class notice that this class doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +class notice that this class doesn't +have an in it and that's okay because + + align:start position:0% +have an in it and that's okay because + + + align:start position:0% +have an in it and that's okay because +Python's actually going to say well if + + align:start position:0% +Python's actually going to say well if + + + align:start position:0% +Python's actually going to say well if +there's no init in this particular + + align:start position:0% +there's no init in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +there's no init in this particular +method sorry in this particular um class + + align:start position:0% +method sorry in this particular um class + + + align:start position:0% +method sorry in this particular um class +then look to my parents and say do my + + align:start position:0% +then look to my parents and say do my + + + align:start position:0% +then look to my parents and say do my +parents have an init okay and if so use + + align:start position:0% +parents have an init okay and if so use + + + align:start position:0% +parents have an init okay and if so use +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +init so that's actually true for any + + align:start position:0% +init so that's actually true for any + + + align:start position:0% +init so that's actually true for any +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods so the idea here is when you + + align:start position:0% +methods so the idea here is when you + + + align:start position:0% +methods so the idea here is when you +have hierarchies you have a parent class + + align:start position:0% +have hierarchies you have a parent class + + + align:start position:0% +have hierarchies you have a parent class +you have a a child class you can have a + + align:start position:0% +you have a a child class you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a a child class you can have a +child class to that child class and so + + align:start position:0% +child class to that child class and so + + + align:start position:0% +child class to that child class and so +on and so on so you can have multiple + + align:start position:0% +on and so on so you can have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +on and so on so you can have multiple +levels of + + align:start position:0% +levels of + + + align:start position:0% +levels of +inheritance what happens when you create + + align:start position:0% +inheritance what happens when you create + + + align:start position:0% +inheritance what happens when you create +an object that is of type something + + align:start position:0% +an object that is of type something + + + align:start position:0% +an object that is of type something +that's that's been of a type that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's that's been of a type that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's been of a type that's the +this the child class of a child class of + + align:start position:0% +this the child class of a child class of + + + align:start position:0% +this the child class of a child class of +a child class right what happens when + + align:start position:0% +a child class right what happens when + + + align:start position:0% +a child class right what happens when +you call a method on that object well + + align:start position:0% +you call a method on that object well + + + align:start position:0% +you call a method on that object well +Python's going to say does the meth does + + align:start position:0% +Python's going to say does the meth does + + + align:start position:0% +Python's going to say does the meth does +a method with that name exist in my + + align:start position:0% +a method with that name exist in my + + + align:start position:0% +a method with that name exist in my +current class definition and if so use + + align:start position:0% +current class definition and if so use + + + align:start position:0% +current class definition and if so use +that but if not then look to my parents + + align:start position:0% +that but if not then look to my parents + + + align:start position:0% +that but if not then look to my parents +do my parents know how to do that + + align:start position:0% +do my parents know how to do that + + + align:start position:0% +do my parents know how to do that +right do my parents have a method um for + + align:start position:0% +right do my parents have a method um for + + + align:start position:0% +right do my parents have a method um for +whatever I want to do if so use that if + + align:start position:0% +whatever I want to do if so use that if + + + align:start position:0% +whatever I want to do if so use that if +not look to their parents and so on and + + align:start position:0% +not look to their parents and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +not look to their parents and so on and +so on so it's you're sort of tracing + + align:start position:0% +so on so it's you're sort of tracing + + + align:start position:0% +so on so it's you're sort of tracing +back up your ancestry to figure out if + + align:start position:0% +back up your ancestry to figure out if + + + align:start position:0% +back up your ancestry to figure out if +you can do this this method or + + align:start position:0% +you can do this this method or + + + align:start position:0% +you can do this this method or +not so let's look at a slightly more + + align:start position:0% +not so let's look at a slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +not so let's look at a slightly more +complicated example we have a class + + align:start position:0% +complicated example we have a class + + + align:start position:0% +complicated example we have a class +named person it's going to inherit from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +animal inside this person I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +animal inside this person I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +animal inside this person I'm going to +create my own I'm going to create a init + + align:start position:0% +create my own I'm going to create a init + + + align:start position:0% +create my own I'm going to create a init +method and the init method is going to + + align:start position:0% +method and the init method is going to + + + align:start position:0% +method and the init method is going to +do something different than what the + + align:start position:0% +do something different than what the + + + align:start position:0% +do something different than what the +animal's init method is doing it's going + + align:start position:0% +animal's init method is doing it's going + + + align:start position:0% +animal's init method is doing it's going +to take in as usual and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +to take in as usual and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +to take in as usual and it's going to +take in two parameters as opposed to one + + align:start position:0% +take in two parameters as opposed to one + + + align:start position:0% +take in two parameters as opposed to one +a name and an + + align:start position:0% +a name and an + + + align:start position:0% +a name and an +age first thing the init method is doing + + align:start position:0% +age first thing the init method is doing + + + align:start position:0% +age first thing the init method is doing +is it's calling the animals init method + + align:start position:0% +is it's calling the animals init method + + + align:start position:0% +is it's calling the animals init method +why am I doing that well I could + + align:start position:0% +why am I doing that well I could + + + align:start position:0% +why am I doing that well I could +theoretically + + align:start position:0% +theoretically + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically +initialize the the name and the age data + + align:start position:0% +initialize the the name and the age data + + + align:start position:0% +initialize the the name and the age data +attributes that animal initializes in + + align:start position:0% +attributes that animal initializes in + + + align:start position:0% +attributes that animal initializes in +this method + + align:start position:0% +this method + + + align:start position:0% +this method +but I'm using the fact that I've already + + align:start position:0% +but I'm using the fact that I've already + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm using the fact that I've already +written code that initializes those two + + align:start position:0% +written code that initializes those two + + + align:start position:0% +written code that initializes those two +data attributes so why not just use it + + align:start position:0% +data attributes so why not just use it + + + align:start position:0% +data attributes so why not just use it +okay so here this says I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +okay so here this says I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here this says I'm going to call +the class animal I'm going to call its + + align:start position:0% +the class animal I'm going to call its + + + align:start position:0% +the class animal I'm going to call its +init method and I'm going to leave it up + + align:start position:0% +init method and I'm going to leave it up + + + align:start position:0% +init method and I'm going to leave it up +to you to not you as the class but I'm + + align:start position:0% +to you to not you as the class but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to you to not you as the class but I'm +talking to as as as the program is + + align:start position:0% +talking to as as as the program is + + + align:start position:0% +talking to as as as the program is +running I'm going to leave it up to you + + align:start position:0% +running I'm going to leave it up to you + + + align:start position:0% +running I'm going to leave it up to you +to figure out how to initialize an + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how to initialize an + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how to initialize an +animal with with this particular Age and + + align:start position:0% +animal with with this particular Age and + + + align:start position:0% +animal with with this particular Age and +what to name it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so python says yep I know how to do this + + align:start position:0% +so python says yep I know how to do this + + + align:start position:0% +so python says yep I know how to do this +so I'm going to go ahead and do that for + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go ahead and do that for + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go ahead and do that for +you so now it says person is an animal + + align:start position:0% +you so now it says person is an animal + + + align:start position:0% +you so now it says person is an animal +and I've initialized the age and the + + align:start position:0% +and I've initialized the age and the + + + align:start position:0% +and I've initialized the age and the +name for you the next thing I'm doing in + + align:start position:0% +name for you the next thing I'm doing in + + + align:start position:0% +name for you the next thing I'm doing in +the init is I'm going to set the name to + + align:start position:0% +the init is I'm going to set the name to + + + align:start position:0% +the init is I'm going to set the name to +whatever name was passed in okay so in + + align:start position:0% +whatever name was passed in okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +whatever name was passed in okay so in +the init notice I can do whatever I want + + align:start position:0% +the init notice I can do whatever I want + + + align:start position:0% +the init notice I can do whatever I want +including calling function calling + + align:start position:0% +including calling function calling + + + align:start position:0% +including calling function calling +methods and then the last thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +methods and then the last thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +methods and then the last thing I'm +doing here is I'm going to create a new + + align:start position:0% +doing here is I'm going to create a new + + + align:start position:0% +doing here is I'm going to create a new +data attribute for a person which is a + + align:start position:0% +data attribute for a person which is a + + + align:start position:0% +data attribute for a person which is a +list of + + align:start position:0% +list of + + + align:start position:0% +list of +friends okay so an animal didn't have a + + align:start position:0% +friends okay so an animal didn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +friends okay so an animal didn't have a +list of friends but a person is going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the next four methods here are this + + align:start position:0% +to the next four methods here are this + + + align:start position:0% +to the next four methods here are this +one's a getter so it's going to return + + align:start position:0% +one's a getter so it's going to return + + + align:start position:0% +one's a getter so it's going to return +the list of friends this is going to + + align:start position:0% +the list of friends this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the list of friends this is going to +append a friend to the end of my + + align:start position:0% +append a friend to the end of my + + + align:start position:0% +append a friend to the end of my +list I'm making I I want to make a note + + align:start position:0% +list I'm making I I want to make a note + + + align:start position:0% +list I'm making I I want to make a note +that I actually didn't write a method to + + align:start position:0% +that I actually didn't write a method to + + + align:start position:0% +that I actually didn't write a method to +remove friends so once you get a friend + + align:start position:0% +remove friends so once you get a friend + + + align:start position:0% +remove friends so once you get a friend +they're friends for life but that's okay + + align:start position:0% +they're friends for life but that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +they're friends for life but that's okay +um the next method here is speak which + + align:start position:0% +um the next method here is speak which + + + align:start position:0% +um the next method here is speak which +is going to print hello to the screen + + align:start position:0% +is going to print hello to the screen + + + align:start position:0% +is going to print hello to the screen +green and the last method here is going + + align:start position:0% +green and the last method here is going + + + align:start position:0% +green and the last method here is going +to get the age difference between two + + align:start position:0% +to get the age difference between two + + + align:start position:0% +to get the age difference between two +people so that just basically subtracts + + align:start position:0% +people so that just basically subtracts + + + align:start position:0% +people so that just basically subtracts +their age and says it's a 5year age + + align:start position:0% +their age and says it's a 5year age + + + align:start position:0% +their age and says it's a 5year age +difference or whatever it + + align:start position:0% +difference or whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +difference or whatever it +is and down here I have an Str method + + align:start position:0% +is and down here I have an Str method + + + align:start position:0% +is and down here I have an Str method +which I've overridden from the animal + + align:start position:0% +which I've overridden from the animal + + + align:start position:0% +which I've overridden from the animal +which instead of animal colon name it's + + align:start position:0% +which instead of animal colon name it's + + + align:start position:0% +which instead of animal colon name it's +going to say person colon Name colon age + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we can run this code so that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can run this code so that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can run this code so that's +down here I have an animal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so I'm going to run this + + align:start position:0% +here so I'm going to run this + + + align:start position:0% +here so I'm going to run this +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +and what did I do I created a new person + + align:start position:0% +and what did I do I created a new person + + + align:start position:0% +and what did I do I created a new person +I gave it a name and an age I created + + align:start position:0% +I gave it a name and an age I created + + + align:start position:0% +I gave it a name and an age I created +another person a name and an age and + + align:start position:0% +another person a name and an age and + + + align:start position:0% +another person a name and an age and +here I've just run some methods on it + + align:start position:0% +here I've just run some methods on it + + + align:start position:0% +here I've just run some methods on it +which was get name get age get name get + + align:start position:0% +which was get name get age get name get + + + align:start position:0% +which was get name get age get name get +age for each of the two people so that + + align:start position:0% +age for each of the two people so that + + + align:start position:0% +age for each of the two people so that +printed Jack is 30 Jill is 25 + + align:start position:0% +printed Jack is 30 Jill is 25 + + + align:start position:0% +printed Jack is 30 Jill is 25 +if I print P1 this is going to use the + + align:start position:0% +if I print P1 this is going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +if I print P1 this is going to use the +Str Str method of person so it's going + + align:start position:0% +Str Str method of person so it's going + + + align:start position:0% +Str Str method of person so it's going +to print person colon their name and + + align:start position:0% +to print person colon their name and + + + align:start position:0% +to print person colon their name and +then their age p1. speake just says + + align:start position:0% +then their age p1. speake just says + + + align:start position:0% +then their age p1. speake just says +hello and then the age difference + + align:start position:0% +hello and then the age difference + + + align:start position:0% +hello and then the age difference +between P1 and P2 is just five so that's + + align:start position:0% +between P1 and P2 is just five so that's + + + align:start position:0% +between P1 and P2 is just five so that's +just subtracting and then telling uh + + align:start position:0% +just subtracting and then telling uh + + + align:start position:0% +just subtracting and then telling uh +printing that out to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +screen okay so that's my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person let's add another + + align:start position:0% +person let's add another + + + align:start position:0% +person let's add another +class this class is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +class this class is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +class this class is going to be a +student and it's going to be a subass of + + align:start position:0% +student and it's going to be a subass of + + + align:start position:0% +student and it's going to be a subass of +person since it's a subass of person + + align:start position:0% +person since it's a subass of person + + + align:start position:0% +person since it's a subass of person +it's going to a student is going to + + align:start position:0% +it's going to a student is going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to a student is going to +inherit all the attributes of a person + + align:start position:0% +inherit all the attributes of a person + + + align:start position:0% +inherit all the attributes of a person +and therefore all the attributes of an + + align:start position:0% +and therefore all the attributes of an + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore all the attributes of an +animal the init method of a of a student + + align:start position:0% +animal the init method of a of a student + + + align:start position:0% +animal the init method of a of a student +is going to be a little different from + + align:start position:0% +is going to be a little different from + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be a little different from +the one of a person we're going to give + + align:start position:0% +the one of a person we're going to give + + + align:start position:0% +the one of a person we're going to give +it a name an age and a major notice + + align:start position:0% +it a name an age and a major notice + + + align:start position:0% +it a name an age and a major notice +we're we're using default arguments here + + align:start position:0% +we're we're using default arguments here + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're using default arguments here +so if I create a student without giving + + align:start position:0% +so if I create a student without giving + + + align:start position:0% +so if I create a student without giving +it a major the major is going to be said + + align:start position:0% +it a major the major is going to be said + + + align:start position:0% +it a major the major is going to be said +to none + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +originally once again this line here + + align:start position:0% +originally once again this line here + + + align:start position:0% +originally once again this line here +person. init self-name age tells python + + align:start position:0% +person. init self-name age tells python + + + align:start position:0% +person. init self-name age tells python +hey you already know how to initialize a + + align:start position:0% +hey you already know how to initialize a + + + align:start position:0% +hey you already know how to initialize a +person for me with this name and this + + align:start position:0% +person for me with this name and this + + + align:start position:0% +person for me with this name and this +age so can you just do that and python + + align:start position:0% +age so can you just do that and python + + + align:start position:0% +age so can you just do that and python +says yes I can do that for you and so + + align:start position:0% +says yes I can do that for you and so + + + align:start position:0% +says yes I can do that for you and so +that saves you maybe like five lines of + + align:start position:0% +that saves you maybe like five lines of + + + align:start position:0% +that saves you maybe like five lines of +code just by calling the init method + + align:start position:0% +code just by calling the init method + + + align:start position:0% +code just by calling the init method +that you've already written through + + align:start position:0% +that you've already written through + + + align:start position:0% +that you've already written through +person okay so student + + align:start position:0% +person okay so student + + + align:start position:0% +person okay so student +has been initialized to be a person and + + align:start position:0% +has been initialized to be a person and + + + align:start position:0% +has been initialized to be a person and +additionally we're going to set another + + align:start position:0% +additionally we're going to set another + + + align:start position:0% +additionally we're going to set another +data attribute for the student to be the + + align:start position:0% +data attribute for the student to be the + + + align:start position:0% +data attribute for the student to be the +major and we're going to set the major + + align:start position:0% +major and we're going to set the major + + + align:start position:0% +major and we're going to set the major +to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +none the student is going to get this + + align:start position:0% +none the student is going to get this + + + align:start position:0% +none the student is going to get this +Setter here the setter method which is + + align:start position:0% +Setter here the setter method which is + + + align:start position:0% +Setter here the setter method which is +going to change the major to whatever + + align:start position:0% +going to change the major to whatever + + + align:start position:0% +going to change the major to whatever +else they want if they want to change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it and then I'm going to override the + + align:start position:0% +it and then I'm going to override the + + + align:start position:0% +it and then I'm going to override the +speak + + align:start position:0% +speak + + + align:start position:0% +speak +method so the speak method for the + + align:start position:0% +method so the speak method for the + + + align:start position:0% +method so the speak method for the +person recall just said hello a student + + align:start position:0% +person recall just said hello a student + + + align:start position:0% +person recall just said hello a student +is going to be a little bit more complex + + align:start position:0% +is going to be a little bit more complex + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be a little bit more complex +I'm going to use the fact that someone + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the fact that someone + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use the fact that someone +created this random class okay so this + + align:start position:0% +created this random class okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +created this random class okay so this +is where we can write more interesting + + align:start position:0% +is where we can write more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +is where we can write more interesting +code by using by reusing code that other + + align:start position:0% +code by using by reusing code that other + + + align:start position:0% +code by using by reusing code that other +people have written so someone wrote a + + align:start position:0% +people have written so someone wrote a + + + align:start position:0% +people have written so someone wrote a +random class that can do cool things + + align:start position:0% +random class that can do cool things + + + align:start position:0% +random class that can do cool things +with random + + align:start position:0% +with random + + + align:start position:0% +with random +numbers so if I want to use random + + align:start position:0% +numbers so if I want to use random + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so if I want to use random +numbers in my code I'm going to put this + + align:start position:0% +numbers in my code I'm going to put this + + + align:start position:0% +numbers in my code I'm going to put this +import random at the top of my code + + align:start position:0% +import random at the top of my code + + + align:start position:0% +import random at the top of my code +which essentially brings in all of the + + align:start position:0% +which essentially brings in all of the + + + align:start position:0% +which essentially brings in all of the +methods from the random class one of the + + align:start position:0% +methods from the random class one of the + + + align:start position:0% +methods from the random class one of the +methods being this random method So + + align:start position:0% +methods being this random method So + + + align:start position:0% +methods being this random method So +Random open close parentheses is a + + align:start position:0% +Random open close parentheses is a + + + align:start position:0% +Random open close parentheses is a +random method from the random + + align:start position:0% +random method from the random + + + align:start position:0% +random method from the random +class and this essentially gives me a + + align:start position:0% +class and this essentially gives me a + + + align:start position:0% +class and this essentially gives me a +number between zero and one including + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and one including + + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and one including +zero but not including + + align:start position:0% +zero but not including + + + align:start position:0% +zero but not including +one okay so this random number I get + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this random number I get + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this random number I get +here is going to help me write my method + + align:start position:0% +here is going to help me write my method + + + align:start position:0% +here is going to help me write my method +for speak where it's going to with + + align:start position:0% +for speak where it's going to with + + + align:start position:0% +for speak where it's going to with +quarter 25% probability it's either + + align:start position:0% +quarter 25% probability it's either + + + align:start position:0% +quarter 25% probability it's either +going to say I have homework I need + + align:start position:0% +going to say I have homework I need + + + align:start position:0% +going to say I have homework I need +sleep I should eat or I'm watching TV + + align:start position:0% +sleep I should eat or I'm watching TV + + + align:start position:0% +sleep I should eat or I'm watching TV +okay so a student is going to say one of + + align:start position:0% +okay so a student is going to say one of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a student is going to say one of +those four things and the last thing I'm + + align:start position:0% +those four things and the last thing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +those four things and the last thing I'm +I'm doing down here is overwriting the + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing down here is overwriting the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing down here is overwriting the +Str Str method so let's look at the code + + align:start position:0% +Str Str method so let's look at the code + + + align:start position:0% +Str Str method so let's look at the code +I'm going to comment this part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out and uncomment the + + align:start position:0% +out and uncomment the + + + align:start position:0% +out and uncomment the +student and see what we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get okay so here I'm creating the + + align:start position:0% +get okay so here I'm creating the + + + align:start position:0% +get okay so here I'm creating the +student I'm creating one student whose + + align:start position:0% +student I'm creating one student whose + + + align:start position:0% +student I'm creating one student whose +major is CS name is Alice and ages 20 S2 + + align:start position:0% +major is CS name is Alice and ages 20 S2 + + + align:start position:0% +major is CS name is Alice and ages 20 S2 +is going to be another student named + + align:start position:0% +is going to be another student named + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be another student named +Beth age 18 and the major is going to be + + align:start position:0% +Beth age 18 and the major is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Beth age 18 and the major is going to be +none because I didn't pass in any major + + align:start position:0% +none because I didn't pass in any major + + + align:start position:0% +none because I didn't pass in any major +here so by default using the default + + align:start position:0% +here so by default using the default + + + align:start position:0% +here so by default using the default +argument it's going to be none if I + + align:start position:0% +argument it's going to be none if I + + + align:start position:0% +argument it's going to be none if I +print S1 S2 that's going to print out + + align:start position:0% +print S1 S2 that's going to print out + + + align:start position:0% +print S1 S2 that's going to print out +these two things over here just by + + align:start position:0% +these two things over here just by + + + align:start position:0% +these two things over here just by +whatever Str Str method + + align:start position:0% +whatever Str Str method + + + align:start position:0% +whatever Str Str method +does and then I'm I'm going to get the + + align:start position:0% +does and then I'm I'm going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +does and then I'm I'm going to get the +students to + + align:start position:0% +students to + + + align:start position:0% +students to +speak and if I run it multiple times you + + align:start position:0% +speak and if I run it multiple times you + + + align:start position:0% +speak and if I run it multiple times you +can see that it's going to print + + align:start position:0% +can see that it's going to print + + + align:start position:0% +can see that it's going to print +different things each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time so I need sleep I have homework I + + align:start position:0% +time so I need sleep I have homework I + + + align:start position:0% +time so I need sleep I have homework I +need sleep I have homework yeah so every + + align:start position:0% +need sleep I have homework yeah so every + + + align:start position:0% +need sleep I have homework yeah so every +time it's going to print something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +okay questions about inheritance this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example okay last thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +example okay last thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +example okay last thing we're going to +talk about in this class is an idea of + + align:start position:0% +talk about in this class is an idea of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about in this class is an idea of +uh or in this lecture is the idea of a + + align:start position:0% +uh or in this lecture is the idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +uh or in this lecture is the idea of a +class variable okay so to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +class variable okay so to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +class variable okay so to illustrate +this I'm going to create yet another + + align:start position:0% +this I'm going to create yet another + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm going to create yet another +subass of my animal called a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rabbit so class variables so so far + + align:start position:0% +rabbit so class variables so so far + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit so class variables so so far +we've seen sorry let me back up so so + + align:start position:0% +we've seen sorry let me back up so so + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen sorry let me back up so so +far we've seen instance variables right + + align:start position:0% +far we've seen instance variables right + + + align:start position:0% +far we've seen instance variables right +so things like self. name self. AG those + + align:start position:0% +so things like self. name self. AG those + + + align:start position:0% +so things like self. name self. AG those +are all instance variables so they're + + align:start position:0% +are all instance variables so they're + + + align:start position:0% +are all instance variables so they're +variables that are specif there are + + align:start position:0% +variables that are specif there are + + + align:start position:0% +variables that are specif there are +common across all of the instances of + + align:start position:0% +common across all of the instances of + + + align:start position:0% +common across all of the instances of +the class right every instance of the + + align:start position:0% +the class right every instance of the + + + align:start position:0% +the class right every instance of the +class has this particular + + align:start position:0% +class has this particular + + + align:start position:0% +class has this particular +variable but the value of the variable + + align:start position:0% +variable but the value of the variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable but the value of the variable +is going to be different between all of + + align:start position:0% +is going to be different between all of + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be different between all of +the different + + align:start position:0% +the different + + + align:start position:0% +the different +instances so class variables are going + + align:start position:0% +instances so class variables are going + + + align:start position:0% +instances so class variables are going +to be variables whose value is whose + + align:start position:0% +to be variables whose value is whose + + + align:start position:0% +to be variables whose value is whose +values are shared between all of the + + align:start position:0% +values are shared between all of the + + + align:start position:0% +values are shared between all of the +instances in the class so if if one + + align:start position:0% +instances in the class so if if one + + + align:start position:0% +instances in the class so if if one +instance of the class modifies this + + align:start position:0% +instance of the class modifies this + + + align:start position:0% +instance of the class modifies this +class variable then any other instance + + align:start position:0% +class variable then any other instance + + + align:start position:0% +class variable then any other instance +of the class is going to see the + + align:start position:0% +of the class is going to see the + + + align:start position:0% +of the class is going to see the +modified value so it's sort of shared + + align:start position:0% +modified value so it's sort of shared + + + align:start position:0% +modified value so it's sort of shared +among all of the different + + align:start position:0% +among all of the different + + + align:start position:0% +among all of the different +instances so we're going to use class + + align:start position:0% +instances so we're going to use class + + + align:start position:0% +instances so we're going to use class +variables to keep track of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rabbits okay so we're creating this + + align:start position:0% +rabbits okay so we're creating this + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits okay so we're creating this +class rabbit tag is equal to one we + + align:start position:0% +class rabbit tag is equal to one we + + + align:start position:0% +class rabbit tag is equal to one we +haven't seen something like this + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen something like this + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen something like this +before so tag is our class + + align:start position:0% +before so tag is our class + + + align:start position:0% +before so tag is our class +variable class variables are typically + + align:start position:0% +variable class variables are typically + + + align:start position:0% +variable class variables are typically +defined inside the class definition but + + align:start position:0% +defined inside the class definition but + + + align:start position:0% +defined inside the class definition but +right but outside of the + + align:start position:0% +right but outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +right but outside of the +init so tag is going to be a class + + align:start position:0% +init so tag is going to be a class + + + align:start position:0% +init so tag is going to be a class +variable and I'm initializing it to + + align:start position:0% +variable and I'm initializing it to + + + align:start position:0% +variable and I'm initializing it to +one inside the init this tells us how to + + align:start position:0% +one inside the init this tells us how to + + + align:start position:0% +one inside the init this tells us how to +create a rabbit object so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +create a rabbit object so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +create a rabbit object so I'm going to +give it self as usual an age and then + + align:start position:0% +give it self as usual an age and then + + + align:start position:0% +give it self as usual an age and then +two parents don't worry about the two + + align:start position:0% +two parents don't worry about the two + + + align:start position:0% +two parents don't worry about the two +parents for + + align:start position:0% +parents for + + + align:start position:0% +parents for +now inside the init sorry inside the + + align:start position:0% +now inside the init sorry inside the + + + align:start position:0% +now inside the init sorry inside the +init I'm going to call the init of the + + align:start position:0% +init I'm going to call the init of the + + + align:start position:0% +init I'm going to call the init of the +animal because just to do less + + align:start position:0% +animal because just to do less + + + align:start position:0% +animal because just to do less +work python already knows how to + + align:start position:0% +work python already knows how to + + + align:start position:0% +work python already knows how to +initialize an animal for me so let's do + + align:start position:0% +initialize an animal for me so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +initialize an animal for me so let's do +that so that's going to set the two data + + align:start position:0% +that so that's going to set the two data + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's going to set the two data +attributes name and + + align:start position:0% +attributes name and + + + align:start position:0% +attributes name and +age I'm going to set the data attributes + + align:start position:0% +age I'm going to set the data attributes + + + align:start position:0% +age I'm going to set the data attributes +for parent one parent two for a rabbit + + align:start position:0% +for parent one parent two for a rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +for parent one parent two for a rabbit +to be whatever is passed in and then + + align:start position:0% +to be whatever is passed in and then + + + align:start position:0% +to be whatever is passed in and then +this is where I'm going to use this + + align:start position:0% +this is where I'm going to use this + + + align:start position:0% +this is where I'm going to use this +class variable so I'm creating + + align:start position:0% +class variable so I'm creating + + + align:start position:0% +class variable so I'm creating +this data + + align:start position:0% +this data + + + align:start position:0% +this data +attribute instance variable particular + + align:start position:0% +attribute instance variable particular + + + align:start position:0% +attribute instance variable particular +to a specific instance called R ID okay + + align:start position:0% +to a specific instance called R ID okay + + + align:start position:0% +to a specific instance called R ID okay +and I'm assigning this this um instance + + align:start position:0% +and I'm assigning this this um instance + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm assigning this this um instance +variable to the class variable and I + + align:start position:0% +variable to the class variable and I + + + align:start position:0% +variable to the class variable and I +access class variables using not self + + align:start position:0% +access class variables using not self + + + align:start position:0% +access class variables using not self +but the class name so in this case + + align:start position:0% +but the class name so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +but the class name so in this case +rabbit. tag + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so initially tag is going to be one and + + align:start position:0% +so initially tag is going to be one and + + + align:start position:0% +so initially tag is going to be one and +then the init is going to increment the + + align:start position:0% +then the init is going to increment the + + + align:start position:0% +then the init is going to increment the +tag by one here okay so that means that + + align:start position:0% +tag by one here okay so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +tag by one here okay so that means that +from now on if I create any other + + align:start position:0% +from now on if I create any other + + + align:start position:0% +from now on if I create any other +instances the other instances are going + + align:start position:0% +instances the other instances are going + + + align:start position:0% +instances the other instances are going +to be accessing the updated value of tag + + align:start position:0% +to be accessing the updated value of tag + + + align:start position:0% +to be accessing the updated value of tag +instead of being one so let's do a quick + + align:start position:0% +instead of being one so let's do a quick + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being one so let's do a quick +drawing to show you what I mean so let's + + align:start position:0% +drawing to show you what I mean so let's + + + align:start position:0% +drawing to show you what I mean so let's +say I have um + + align:start position:0% +say I have um + + + align:start position:0% +say I have um +rabbit. tag here okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so initially tag is going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay and then I'm going to create a + + align:start position:0% +one okay and then I'm going to create a + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and then I'm going to create a +new rabbit object so this is as I'm + + align:start position:0% +new rabbit object so this is as I'm + + + align:start position:0% +new rabbit object so this is as I'm +calling the code okay so let's say this + + align:start position:0% +calling the code okay so let's say this + + + align:start position:0% +calling the code okay so let's say this +is a rabbit object oh boy okay + + align:start position:0% +is a rabbit object oh boy okay + + + align:start position:0% +is a rabbit object oh boy okay +R1 you know I actually Googled how to + + align:start position:0% +R1 you know I actually Googled how to + + + align:start position:0% +R1 you know I actually Googled how to +draw a rabbit but that didn't help at + + align:start position:0% +draw a rabbit but that didn't help at + + + align:start position:0% +draw a rabbit but that didn't help at +all okay + + align:start position:0% +all okay + + + align:start position:0% +all okay +so R1 is going to be a new rabbit that + + align:start position:0% +so R1 is going to be a new rabbit that + + + align:start position:0% +so R1 is going to be a new rabbit that +we create + + align:start position:0% +we create + + + align:start position:0% +we create +initially what happens + + align:start position:0% +initially what happens + + + align:start position:0% +initially what happens +is when I first create this new rabbit + + align:start position:0% +is when I first create this new rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +is when I first create this new rabbit +it's going to + + align:start position:0% +it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to +access the class variable which its + + align:start position:0% +access the class variable which its + + + align:start position:0% +access the class variable which its +current value is one so when I create + + align:start position:0% +current value is one so when I create + + + align:start position:0% +current value is one so when I create +the rabbit ID the rabbit ID r1. R + + align:start position:0% +the rabbit ID the rabbit ID r1. R + + + align:start position:0% +the rabbit ID the rabbit ID r1. R +ID this is going to get the value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and according to the code after I + + align:start position:0% +one and according to the code after I + + + align:start position:0% +one and according to the code after I +set the rabbit ID to whatever tag is I'm + + align:start position:0% +set the rabbit ID to whatever tag is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +set the rabbit ID to whatever tag is I'm +going to increment the tag so this is + + align:start position:0% +going to increment the tag so this is + + + align:start position:0% +going to increment the tag so this is +going to say okay now that I've set it + + align:start position:0% +going to say okay now that I've set it + + + align:start position:0% +going to say okay now that I've set it +I'm going to go back up here and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go back up here and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go back up here and +increment the tag to be + + align:start position:0% +increment the tag to be + + + align:start position:0% +increment the tag to be +two okay so let's say I create another + + align:start position:0% +two okay so let's say I create another + + + align:start position:0% +two okay so let's say I create another +rabbit object okay all right there + + align:start position:0% +rabbit object okay all right there + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit object okay all right there +that's a sad rabbit + + align:start position:0% +that's a sad rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +that's a sad rabbit +R2 the ID of + + align:start position:0% +R2 the ID of + + + align:start position:0% +R2 the ID of +R2 is going to be what well according to + + align:start position:0% +R2 is going to be what well according to + + + align:start position:0% +R2 is going to be what well according to +the way we in the way we create a new + + align:start position:0% +the way we in the way we create a new + + + align:start position:0% +the way we in the way we create a new +rabbit object is it's going to access + + align:start position:0% +rabbit object is it's going to access + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit object is it's going to access +whatever the value of tag is which is a + + align:start position:0% +whatever the value of tag is which is a + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the value of tag is which is a +class variable it was changed by the + + align:start position:0% +class variable it was changed by the + + + align:start position:0% +class variable it was changed by the +previous creation of my rabbit so now + + align:start position:0% +previous creation of my rabbit so now + + + align:start position:0% +previous creation of my rabbit so now +I'm going to access that right so the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to access that right so the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to access that right so the +value is going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two and according to the code the next + + align:start position:0% +two and according to the code the next + + + align:start position:0% +two and according to the code the next +thing I do after I create uh after I + + align:start position:0% +thing I do after I create uh after I + + + align:start position:0% +thing I do after I create uh after I +create the instance rid is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +create the instance rid is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +create the instance rid is I'm going to +increment tag so I'm incrementing the + + align:start position:0% +increment tag so I'm incrementing the + + + align:start position:0% +increment tag so I'm incrementing the +class variable to be three okay so + + align:start position:0% +class variable to be three okay so + + + align:start position:0% +class variable to be three okay so +notice that all of my instances are + + align:start position:0% +notice that all of my instances are + + + align:start position:0% +notice that all of my instances are +accessing this shared sort of the shared + + align:start position:0% +accessing this shared sort of the shared + + + align:start position:0% +accessing this shared sort of the shared +sort of resource the shared variable + + align:start position:0% +sort of resource the shared variable + + + align:start position:0% +sort of resource the shared variable +called tag so as I'm creating more and + + align:start position:0% +called tag so as I'm creating more and + + + align:start position:0% +called tag so as I'm creating more and +more rabbits they're all going to be + + align:start position:0% +more rabbits they're all going to be + + + align:start position:0% +more rabbits they're all going to be +incrementing the value of tag because + + align:start position:0% +incrementing the value of tag because + + + align:start position:0% +incrementing the value of tag because +it's shared among all of the + + align:start position:0% +it's shared among all of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's shared among all of the +instances and so so this value this this + + align:start position:0% +instances and so so this value this this + + + align:start position:0% +instances and so so this value this this +tag class variable sort of keeps track + + align:start position:0% +tag class variable sort of keeps track + + + align:start position:0% +tag class variable sort of keeps track +of how many different instances of a RAB + + align:start position:0% +of how many different instances of a RAB + + + align:start position:0% +of how many different instances of a RAB +of how many different instances of + + align:start position:0% +of how many different instances of + + + align:start position:0% +of how many different instances of +rabbits I've created throughout my + + align:start position:0% +rabbits I've created throughout my + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits I've created throughout my +entire program + + align:start position:0% +entire program + + + align:start position:0% +entire program +okay so the big idea here is that class + + align:start position:0% +okay so the big idea here is that class + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the big idea here is that class +variables are shared across all the + + align:start position:0% +variables are shared across all the + + + align:start position:0% +variables are shared across all the +instances so they can all modify + + align:start position:0% +instances so they can all modify + + + align:start position:0% +instances so they can all modify +them but these rids right these instance + + align:start position:0% +them but these rids right these instance + + + align:start position:0% +them but these rids right these instance +variables are + + align:start position:0% +variables are + + + align:start position:0% +variables are +only um are only for that particular + + align:start position:0% +only um are only for that particular + + + align:start position:0% +only um are only for that particular +instance so R2 can't have access to our + + align:start position:0% +instance so R2 can't have access to our + + + align:start position:0% +instance so R2 can't have access to our +ID's r1's ID value nor it could change + + align:start position:0% +ID's r1's ID value nor it could change + + + align:start position:0% +ID's r1's ID value nor it could change +it but it won't change it across all of + + align:start position:0% +it but it won't change it across all of + + + align:start position:0% +it but it won't change it across all of +the different + + align:start position:0% +the different + + + align:start position:0% +the different +instances okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's that's how the init method works + + align:start position:0% +that's that's how the init method works + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's how the init method works +of rabbit okay so we have these tags + + align:start position:0% +of rabbit okay so we have these tags + + + align:start position:0% +of rabbit okay so we have these tags +that keep track of how many rabbits + + align:start position:0% +that keep track of how many rabbits + + + align:start position:0% +that keep track of how many rabbits +we've + + align:start position:0% +we've + + + align:start position:0% +we've +created we have a couple of get we have + + align:start position:0% +created we have a couple of get we have + + + align:start position:0% +created we have a couple of get we have +some GS here uh to get all the parents + + align:start position:0% +some GS here uh to get all the parents + + + align:start position:0% +some GS here uh to get all the parents +so now let's + + align:start position:0% +so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's +add a somewhat more interesting function + + align:start position:0% +add a somewhat more interesting function + + + align:start position:0% +add a somewhat more interesting function +oh I just want to mention when I'm + + align:start position:0% +oh I just want to mention when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +oh I just want to mention when I'm +getting the rid I'm actually using this + + align:start position:0% +getting the rid I'm actually using this + + + align:start position:0% +getting the rid I'm actually using this +cool Zill function here method + + align:start position:0% +cool Zill function here method + + + align:start position:0% +cool Zill function here method +which actually pads the beginning of of + + align:start position:0% +which actually pads the beginning of of + + + align:start position:0% +which actually pads the beginning of of +any number with however many zeros in + + align:start position:0% +any number with however many zeros in + + + align:start position:0% +any number with however many zeros in +order to get to that number here so the + + align:start position:0% +order to get to that number here so the + + + align:start position:0% +order to get to that number here so the +number one become z0 one and so on so it + + align:start position:0% +number one become z0 one and so on so it + + + align:start position:0% +number one become z0 one and so on so it +ensures that I have uh this nice looking + + align:start position:0% +ensures that I have uh this nice looking + + + align:start position:0% +ensures that I have uh this nice looking +sort of ID type thing that's always + + align:start position:0% +sort of ID type thing that's always + + + align:start position:0% +sort of ID type thing that's always +three digits + + align:start position:0% +three digits + + + align:start position:0% +three digits +long so let's try to work with this + + align:start position:0% +long so let's try to work with this + + + align:start position:0% +long so let's try to work with this +rabbit object let's define what happens + + align:start position:0% +rabbit object let's define what happens + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit object let's define what happens +when you add two rabbits together okay + + align:start position:0% +when you add two rabbits together okay + + + align:start position:0% +when you add two rabbits together okay +in this class not in in the real world + + align:start position:0% +in this class not in in the real world + + + align:start position:0% +in this class not in in the real world +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if I want to use the plus operator + + align:start position:0% +so if I want to use the plus operator + + + align:start position:0% +so if I want to use the plus operator +between two rabbit + + align:start position:0% +between two rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +between two rabbit +instances I have to implement this + + align:start position:0% +instances I have to implement this + + + align:start position:0% +instances I have to implement this +underscore uncore addcore underscore + + align:start position:0% +underscore uncore addcore underscore + + + align:start position:0% +underscore uncore addcore underscore +method okay so all I'm doing here is I'm + + align:start position:0% +method okay so all I'm doing here is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +method okay so all I'm doing here is I'm +returning a new rabbit object okay + + align:start position:0% +returning a new rabbit object okay + + + align:start position:0% +returning a new rabbit object okay +whoops sorry about that and let's recall + + align:start position:0% +whoops sorry about that and let's recall + + + align:start position:0% +whoops sorry about that and let's recall +the init method of the rabbit okay so + + align:start position:0% +the init method of the rabbit okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the init method of the rabbit okay so +when I'm returning a new rabbit object + + align:start position:0% +when I'm returning a new rabbit object + + + align:start position:0% +when I'm returning a new rabbit object +I'm returning a new rabbit object that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm returning a new rabbit object that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm returning a new rabbit object that's +going to have an age of + + align:start position:0% +going to have an age of + + + align:start position:0% +going to have an age of +zero self so the rabbit object I'm + + align:start position:0% +zero self so the rabbit object I'm + + + align:start position:0% +zero self so the rabbit object I'm +calling this method on is going to be + + align:start position:0% +calling this method on is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +calling this method on is going to be +the parent of the new of the new rabbit + + align:start position:0% +the parent of the new of the new rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +the parent of the new of the new rabbit +and other is going to be the other + + align:start position:0% +and other is going to be the other + + + align:start position:0% +and other is going to be the other +parent of the new + + align:start position:0% +parent of the new + + + align:start position:0% +parent of the new +rabbit + + align:start position:0% +rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit +okay so if we look at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code and I run it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this part here I'm creating three + + align:start position:0% +this part here I'm creating three + + + align:start position:0% +this part here I'm creating three +rabbits R1 R2 and R3 notice this class + + align:start position:0% +rabbits R1 R2 and R3 notice this class + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits R1 R2 and R3 notice this class +variable is is working as expected + + align:start position:0% +variable is is working as expected + + + align:start position:0% +variable is is working as expected +because the IDS of each of my rabbits + + align:start position:0% +because the IDS of each of my rabbits + + + align:start position:0% +because the IDS of each of my rabbits +increment as I create more rabbits so we + + align:start position:0% +increment as I create more rabbits so we + + + align:start position:0% +increment as I create more rabbits so we +have 00 1 0 02 0 + + align:start position:0% +have 00 1 0 02 0 + + + align:start position:0% +have 00 1 0 02 0 +03 if I print R1 and R2 and R3 that was + + align:start position:0% +03 if I print R1 and R2 and R3 that was + + + align:start position:0% +03 if I print R1 and R2 and R3 that was +these three lines over here the parents + + align:start position:0% +these three lines over here the parents + + + align:start position:0% +these three lines over here the parents +of R1 and R2 are none because that's + + align:start position:0% +of R1 and R2 are none because that's + + + align:start position:0% +of R1 and R2 are none because that's +just the default um the default AR the + + align:start position:0% +just the default um the default AR the + + + align:start position:0% +just the default um the default AR the +yes the default Arguments for creating a + + align:start position:0% +yes the default Arguments for creating a + + + align:start position:0% +yes the default Arguments for creating a +rabbit to add two rabbits together I use + + align:start position:0% +rabbit to add two rabbits together I use + + + align:start position:0% +rabbit to add two rabbits together I use +the plus operator between two rabbit + + align:start position:0% +the plus operator between two rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +the plus operator between two rabbit +objects and on the right here I'm + + align:start position:0% +objects and on the right here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +objects and on the right here I'm +testing rabbit + + align:start position:0% +testing rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +testing rabbit +Edition and I can print out the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Edition and I can print out the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Edition and I can print out the uh uh +the IDS of all my rabbits and notice + + align:start position:0% +the IDS of all my rabbits and notice + + + align:start position:0% +the IDS of all my rabbits and notice +that when I've created this new rabbit + + align:start position:0% +that when I've created this new rabbit + + + align:start position:0% +that when I've created this new rabbit +R4 the ID of it still kept incrementing + + align:start position:0% +R4 the ID of it still kept incrementing + + + align:start position:0% +R4 the ID of it still kept incrementing +so now the idea of the fourth rabbit is + + align:start position:0% +so now the idea of the fourth rabbit is + + + align:start position:0% +so now the idea of the fourth rabbit is +double4 and then when I get R Four's + + align:start position:0% +double4 and then when I get R Four's + + + align:start position:0% +double4 and then when I get R Four's +paent + + align:start position:0% +paent + + + align:start position:0% +paent +they are as as we want them to be so R1 + + align:start position:0% +they are as as we want them to be so R1 + + + align:start position:0% +they are as as we want them to be so R1 +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R2 the other thing I want to do is to + + align:start position:0% +R2 the other thing I want to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +R2 the other thing I want to do is to +compare two rabbits so if I want to + + align:start position:0% +compare two rabbits so if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +compare two rabbits so if I want to +compare two rabbits I want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +compare two rabbits I want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +compare two rabbits I want to make sure +that their parents are the same so I can + + align:start position:0% +that their parents are the same so I can + + + align:start position:0% +that their parents are the same so I can +compare the parent uh the first parent + + align:start position:0% +compare the parent uh the first parent + + + align:start position:0% +compare the parent uh the first parent +of the first rabbit with the first + + align:start position:0% +of the first rabbit with the first + + + align:start position:0% +of the first rabbit with the first +parent of the second rabbit the first + + align:start position:0% +parent of the second rabbit the first + + + align:start position:0% +parent of the second rabbit the first +parent of the first second parent of the + + align:start position:0% +parent of the first second parent of the + + + align:start position:0% +parent of the first second parent of the +first rabbit to the first second parent + + align:start position:0% +first rabbit to the first second parent + + + align:start position:0% +first rabbit to the first second parent +of the second rabbit or getting the + + align:start position:0% +of the second rabbit or getting the + + + align:start position:0% +of the second rabbit or getting the +combinations of those two so that's what + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those two so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of those two so that's what +these are these two booleans are doing + + align:start position:0% +these are these two booleans are doing + + + align:start position:0% +these are these two booleans are doing +so these are going to tell me these are + + align:start position:0% +so these are going to tell me these are + + + align:start position:0% +so these are going to tell me these are +going to be Boolean values either true + + align:start position:0% +going to be Boolean values either true + + + align:start position:0% +going to be Boolean values either true +or false and I'm going to return either + + align:start position:0% +or false and I'm going to return either + + + align:start position:0% +or false and I'm going to return either +we they have the same parents of that + + align:start position:0% +we they have the same parents of that + + + align:start position:0% +we they have the same parents of that +type or the same parents crisscrossed + + align:start position:0% +type or the same parents crisscrossed + + + align:start position:0% +type or the same parents crisscrossed +okay so here notice that I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +okay so here notice that I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here notice that I'm actually +comparing the IDS of the rabbits as + + align:start position:0% +comparing the IDS of the rabbits as + + + align:start position:0% +comparing the IDS of the rabbits as +opposed to the rabbit objects directly + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the rabbit objects directly + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the rabbit objects directly +okay so if instead of doing if instead + + align:start position:0% +okay so if instead of doing if instead + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if instead of doing if instead +of comparing the IDS in here I was + + align:start position:0% +of comparing the IDS in here I was + + + align:start position:0% +of comparing the IDS in here I was +comparing the parents themselves + + align:start position:0% +comparing the parents themselves + + + align:start position:0% +comparing the parents themselves +directly what would end up happening is + + align:start position:0% +directly what would end up happening is + + + align:start position:0% +directly what would end up happening is +this function this method EQ would get + + align:start position:0% +this function this method EQ would get + + + align:start position:0% +this function this method EQ would get +called over and over again because here + + align:start position:0% +called over and over again because here + + + align:start position:0% +called over and over again because here +we have parents that are + + align:start position:0% +we have parents that are + + + align:start position:0% +we have parents that are +rabbits and at some point the parrots of + + align:start position:0% +rabbits and at some point the parrots of + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits and at some point the parrots of +the very very first rabbits ever created + + align:start position:0% +the very very first rabbits ever created + + + align:start position:0% +the very very first rabbits ever created +by this program are none and so when I + + align:start position:0% +by this program are none and so when I + + + align:start position:0% +by this program are none and so when I +try to call uh when I try to call uh the + + align:start position:0% +try to call uh when I try to call uh the + + + align:start position:0% +try to call uh when I try to call uh the +parent one of none that's going to give + + align:start position:0% +parent one of none that's going to give + + + align:start position:0% +parent one of none that's going to give +me an error okay something like an + + align:start position:0% +me an error okay something like an + + + align:start position:0% +me an error okay something like an +attribute error where it doesn't none + + align:start position:0% +attribute error where it doesn't none + + + align:start position:0% +attribute error where it doesn't none +doesn't have a this parent attribute + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a this parent attribute + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a this parent attribute +okay so that's why I'm comparing IDs + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why I'm comparing IDs + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why I'm comparing IDs +here okay and the codee in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +here okay and the codee in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and the codee in the lecture +here shows you some tests about whether + + align:start position:0% +here shows you some tests about whether + + + align:start position:0% +here shows you some tests about whether +um rabbits have the same parents and + + align:start position:0% +um rabbits have the same parents and + + + align:start position:0% +um rabbits have the same parents and +I've created new rabbits here R3 and + + align:start position:0% +I've created new rabbits here R3 and + + + align:start position:0% +I've created new rabbits here R3 and +R4 the addition of those + + align:start position:0% +R4 the addition of those + + + align:start position:0% +R4 the addition of those +two and R5 and R six are going to have + + align:start position:0% +two and R5 and R six are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +two and R5 and R six are going to have +the same parents down here true but R4 + + align:start position:0% +the same parents down here true but R4 + + + align:start position:0% +the same parents down here true but R4 +and R six don't okay so just to wrap it + + align:start position:0% +and R six don't okay so just to wrap it + + + align:start position:0% +and R six don't okay so just to wrap it +up object oriented programming is the + + align:start position:0% +up object oriented programming is the + + + align:start position:0% +up object oriented programming is the +idea of creting creating your own + + align:start position:0% +idea of creting creating your own + + + align:start position:0% +idea of creting creating your own +collections of data where you can + + align:start position:0% +collections of data where you can + + + align:start position:0% +collections of data where you can +organize the information in a very + + align:start position:0% +organize the information in a very + + + align:start position:0% +organize the information in a very +consistent manner so every single type + + align:start position:0% +consistent manner so every single type + + + align:start position:0% +consistent manner so every single type +of object that you create of of this + + align:start position:0% +of object that you create of of this + + + align:start position:0% +of object that you create of of this +particular type that you create sorry + + align:start position:0% +particular type that you create sorry + + + align:start position:0% +particular type that you create sorry +every OB object instance of a particular + + align:start position:0% +every OB object instance of a particular + + + align:start position:0% +every OB object instance of a particular +type is going to have the exact same + + align:start position:0% +type is going to have the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +type is going to have the exact same +data attributes and the exact same + + align:start position:0% +data attributes and the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +data attributes and the exact same +methods okay so this really comes back + + align:start position:0% +methods okay so this really comes back + + + align:start position:0% +methods okay so this really comes back +to the idea of decomposition and + + align:start position:0% +to the idea of decomposition and + + + align:start position:0% +to the idea of decomposition and +abstraction in programming all right + + align:start position:0% +abstraction in programming all right + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction in programming all right +thanks everyone \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/G3mAXHuoDSw.txt b/G3mAXHuoDSw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c2339f3e9d4e119c20fd712c38c63edb7a4031f --- /dev/null +++ b/G3mAXHuoDSw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12764 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continue with the big name theorems + + align:start position:0% +continue with the big name theorems + + + align:start position:0% +continue with the big name theorems +or the theorems with the big names + + align:start position:0% +or the theorems with the big names + + + align:start position:0% +or the theorems with the big names +or the big theorems with names + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which uh + + align:start position:0% +which uh + + + align:start position:0% +which uh +the last one + + align:start position:0% +the last one + + + align:start position:0% +the last one +was the uniform bound in this theorem + + align:start position:0% +was the uniform bound in this theorem + + + align:start position:0% +was the uniform bound in this theorem +which followed from uh bear's category + + align:start position:0% +which followed from uh bear's category + + + align:start position:0% +which followed from uh bear's category +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +which let me again recall for you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if m is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +metric space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ck + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a collection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of closed sets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m is equal to + + align:start position:0% +m is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +m is equal to +the union of these closed sets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at least one of these closed sets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has an imp has a an interior point or + + align:start position:0% +has an imp has a an interior point or + + + align:start position:0% +has an imp has a an interior point or +another way of saying it at least one of + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying it at least one of + + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying it at least one of +these cks contains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an open ball + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now what we're going to prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as a consequence of the bayer category + + align:start position:0% +as a consequence of the bayer category + + + align:start position:0% +as a consequence of the bayer category +theorem is + + align:start position:0% +theorem is + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is +so-called open mapping theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +which says that surjective linear + + align:start position:0% +which says that surjective linear + + + align:start position:0% +which says that surjective linear +bounded linear operators + + align:start position:0% +bounded linear operators + + + align:start position:0% +bounded linear operators +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +send open sets to open sets it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +send open sets to open sets it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +send open sets to open sets it's kind of +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +backwards version of continuity + + align:start position:0% +backwards version of continuity + + + align:start position:0% +backwards version of continuity +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +b1 + + align:start position:0% +b1 + + + align:start position:0% +b1 +b2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are bonding spaces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +is a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% +is a bounded linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +is a bounded linear operator +from b1 to b2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is subjective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning onto + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then t + + align:start position:0% +then t + + + align:start position:0% +then t +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's called an open map or you would + + align:start position:0% +what's called an open map or you would + + + align:start position:0% +what's called an open map or you would +just say t is open which means + + align:start position:0% +just say t is open which means + + + align:start position:0% +just say t is open which means +for all + + align:start position:0% +for all + + + align:start position:0% +for all +open u + + align:start position:0% +open u + + + align:start position:0% +open u +for every open subset of b1 + + align:start position:0% +for every open subset of b1 + + + align:start position:0% +for every open subset of b1 +t of u + + align:start position:0% +t of u + + + align:start position:0% +t of u +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +open + + align:start position:0% +open + + + align:start position:0% +open +in b2 + + align:start position:0% +in b2 + + + align:start position:0% +in b2 +so t takes open sets to open sets + + align:start position:0% +so t takes open sets to open sets + + + align:start position:0% +so t takes open sets to open sets +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so statement of the theorem if you have + + align:start position:0% +so statement of the theorem if you have + + + align:start position:0% +so statement of the theorem if you have +a bounded linear operator between two + + align:start position:0% +a bounded linear operator between two + + + align:start position:0% +a bounded linear operator between two +binox spaces which is + + align:start position:0% +binox spaces which is + + + align:start position:0% +binox spaces which is +subjective + + align:start position:0% +subjective + + + align:start position:0% +subjective +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +t is an open map + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we're first going to specialize to + + align:start position:0% +we're first going to specialize to + + + align:start position:0% +we're first going to specialize to +one type of open set + + align:start position:0% +one type of open set + + + align:start position:0% +one type of open set +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the the +if you like we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +if you like we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +if you like we're gonna +prove a sort of specialized version of + + align:start position:0% +prove a sort of specialized version of + + + align:start position:0% +prove a sort of specialized version of +of what we want to prove and then we're + + align:start position:0% +of what we want to prove and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +of what we want to prove and then we're +going to show using the linearity of t + + align:start position:0% +going to show using the linearity of t + + + align:start position:0% +going to show using the linearity of t +along with scaling and translation that + + align:start position:0% +along with scaling and translation that + + + align:start position:0% +along with scaling and translation that +this then implies that open sets get + + align:start position:0% +this then implies that open sets get + + + align:start position:0% +this then implies that open sets get +mapped to open sets so first what we're + + align:start position:0% +mapped to open sets so first what we're + + + align:start position:0% +mapped to open sets so first what we're +going to prove is that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +let me recall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the set of + + align:start position:0% +this is the set of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the set of +of all + + align:start position:0% +of all + + + align:start position:0% +of all +b and b1 such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the open ball + + align:start position:0% +so this is the open ball + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the open ball +in b1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the image of this open ball + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contains + + align:start position:0% +contains + + + align:start position:0% +contains +an open ball + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now the image is in b2 and open ball + + align:start position:0% +so now the image is in b2 and open ball + + + align:start position:0% +so now the image is in b2 and open ball +in b2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +centered at zero so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +t of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the open ball could be some sort of + + align:start position:0% +the open ball could be some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the open ball could be some sort of +weird set we're saying at least and we + + align:start position:0% +weird set we're saying at least and we + + + align:start position:0% +weird set we're saying at least and we +know that linear maps take zero to zero + + align:start position:0% +know that linear maps take zero to zero + + + align:start position:0% +know that linear maps take zero to zero +what we're saying is that there exists + + align:start position:0% +what we're saying is that there exists + + + align:start position:0% +what we're saying is that there exists +an open ball contained in the image + + align:start position:0% +an open ball contained in the image + + + align:start position:0% +an open ball contained in the image +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +like i said uh once we prove this we're + + align:start position:0% +like i said uh once we prove this we're + + + align:start position:0% +like i said uh once we prove this we're +going to use linearity of t to be able + + align:start position:0% +going to use linearity of t to be able + + + align:start position:0% +going to use linearity of t to be able +to shift + + align:start position:0% +to shift + + + align:start position:0% +to shift +these balls around + + align:start position:0% +these balls around + + + align:start position:0% +these balls around +shift + + align:start position:0% +shift + + + align:start position:0% +shift +and scale these balls around so that we + + align:start position:0% +and scale these balls around so that we + + + align:start position:0% +and scale these balls around so that we +prove the result for + + align:start position:0% +prove the result for + + + align:start position:0% +prove the result for +every open u + + align:start position:0% +every open u + + + align:start position:0% +every open u +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +but this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +but this is sort of the +the heart of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since t is surjective + + align:start position:0% +since t is surjective + + + align:start position:0% +since t is surjective +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +in b2 gets mapped onto + + align:start position:0% +in b2 gets mapped onto + + + align:start position:0% +in b2 gets mapped onto +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b2 is equal to the union + + align:start position:0% +b2 is equal to the union + + + align:start position:0% +b2 is equal to the union +over n natural number + + align:start position:0% +over n natural number + + + align:start position:0% +over n natural number +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +of b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closure so + + align:start position:0% +closure so + + + align:start position:0% +closure so +everything in b2 gets mapped to by + + align:start position:0% +everything in b2 gets mapped to by + + + align:start position:0% +everything in b2 gets mapped to by +something in b1 everything in b1 lies in + + align:start position:0% +something in b1 everything in b1 lies in + + + align:start position:0% +something in b1 everything in b1 lies in +some ball + + align:start position:0% +some ball + + + align:start position:0% +some ball +centered at 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in b1 you know just take n bigger than + + align:start position:0% +in b1 you know just take n bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +in b1 you know just take n bigger than +the norm of a fixed guy and then + + align:start position:0% +the norm of a fixed guy and then + + + align:start position:0% +the norm of a fixed guy and then +its image will be contained in this and + + align:start position:0% +its image will be contained in this and + + + align:start position:0% +its image will be contained in this and +we're taking closure just so that we can + + align:start position:0% +we're taking closure just so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking closure just so that we can +write b2 as a union of closed sets okay + + align:start position:0% +write b2 as a union of closed sets okay + + + align:start position:0% +write b2 as a union of closed sets okay +so that we can now apply bear's theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this implies by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +that there exists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a natural number in zero + + align:start position:0% +a natural number in zero + + + align:start position:0% +a natural number in zero +such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the image of this ball contains + + align:start position:0% +the image of this ball contains + + + align:start position:0% +the image of this ball contains +an interior point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or it contains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an open ball + + align:start position:0% +an open ball + + + align:start position:0% +an open ball +now here's the thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t is linear so the image + + align:start position:0% +t is linear so the image + + + align:start position:0% +t is linear so the image +by t of the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +by t of the ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +by t of the ball of radius +in zero centered at zero is the same as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what i'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +so what i'm saying is +i'm using a little bit of uh handy + + align:start position:0% +i'm using a little bit of uh handy + + + align:start position:0% +i'm using a little bit of uh handy +notation which i didn't introduce yet + + align:start position:0% +notation which i didn't introduce yet + + + align:start position:0% +notation which i didn't introduce yet +but if i have um a + + align:start position:0% +but if i have um a + + + align:start position:0% +but if i have um a +subset of a vector space + + align:start position:0% +subset of a vector space + + + align:start position:0% +subset of a vector space +and i have some number outside of it + + align:start position:0% +and i have some number outside of it + + + align:start position:0% +and i have some number outside of it +what i mean by this is the set obtained + + align:start position:0% +what i mean by this is the set obtained + + + align:start position:0% +what i mean by this is the set obtained +by taking this set and multiplying it + + align:start position:0% +by taking this set and multiplying it + + + align:start position:0% +by taking this set and multiplying it +all by the scalar which is meaningful + + align:start position:0% +all by the scalar which is meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +all by the scalar which is meaningful +for vector space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +by scaling + + align:start position:0% +by scaling + + + align:start position:0% +by scaling +you can check that + + align:start position:0% +you can check that + + + align:start position:0% +you can check that +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +this thing under the closure is the same + + align:start position:0% +this thing under the closure is the same + + + align:start position:0% +this thing under the closure is the same +as n zero times t + + align:start position:0% +as n zero times t + + + align:start position:0% +as n zero times t +uh of the image of the open ball + + align:start position:0% +uh of the image of the open ball + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the image of the open ball +centered at one + + align:start position:0% +centered at one + + + align:start position:0% +centered at one +and then the closures also respect uh + + align:start position:0% +and then the closures also respect uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then the closures also respect uh +scaling so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in zero times + + align:start position:0% +in zero times + + + align:start position:0% +in zero times +the closure of the image of b01 + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the image of b01 + + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the image of b01 +contains an open ball + + align:start position:0% +contains an open ball + + + align:start position:0% +contains an open ball +so let me just draw again a picture + + align:start position:0% +so let me just draw again a picture + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just draw again a picture +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +convince you so now i have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's draw it like this + + align:start position:0% +let's draw it like this + + + align:start position:0% +let's draw it like this +this is n zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if i take this set + + align:start position:0% +if i take this set + + + align:start position:0% +if i take this set +and now multiply it by + + align:start position:0% +and now multiply it by + + + align:start position:0% +and now multiply it by +one over n zero i just get + + align:start position:0% +one over n zero i just get + + + align:start position:0% +one over n zero i just get +the rescaled guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +you know uh to use a fancy word + + align:start position:0% +you know uh to use a fancy word + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh to use a fancy word +homeomorphic to + + align:start position:0% +homeomorphic to + + + align:start position:0% +homeomorphic to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +in zero times the image of the open ball + + align:start position:0% +in zero times the image of the open ball + + + align:start position:0% +in zero times the image of the open ball +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so this is just a picture to back up + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a picture to back up + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a picture to back up +what i'm about to say next which you can + + align:start position:0% +what i'm about to say next which you can + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm about to say next which you can +also verify not just by pictures but by + + align:start position:0% +also verify not just by pictures but by + + + align:start position:0% +also verify not just by pictures but by +going through definitions + + align:start position:0% +going through definitions + + + align:start position:0% +going through definitions +uh which implies that + + align:start position:0% +uh which implies that + + + align:start position:0% +uh which implies that +t v 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an open ball + + align:start position:0% +an open ball + + + align:start position:0% +an open ball +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so what's this mean + + align:start position:0% +so what's this mean + + + align:start position:0% +so what's this mean +this means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there exists + + align:start position:0% +there exists + + + align:start position:0% +there exists +some point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b2 + + align:start position:0% +b2 + + + align:start position:0% +b2 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +a number r positive + + align:start position:0% +a number r positive + + + align:start position:0% +a number r positive +such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +4r so 4 just because it's going to come + + align:start position:0% +4r so 4 just because it's going to come + + + align:start position:0% +4r so 4 just because it's going to come +in handy later with arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +in handy later with arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +in handy later with arithmetic +so just by choosing our small + + align:start position:0% +so just by choosing our small + + + align:start position:0% +so just by choosing our small +is contained + + align:start position:0% +is contained + + + align:start position:0% +is contained +in the closure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the image + + align:start position:0% +of the image + + + align:start position:0% +of the image +of the ball the open ball + + align:start position:0% +of the ball the open ball + + + align:start position:0% +of the ball the open ball +of radius one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +all right so + + align:start position:0% +all right so + + + align:start position:0% +all right so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +this ball is contained in the closure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore +you know this is contained in the + + align:start position:0% +you know this is contained in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is contained in the +closure and therefore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there exists a point v1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal to t of u1 + + align:start position:0% +equal to t of u1 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to t of u1 +which is in t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh v0 is in the closure so i can find + + align:start position:0% +so uh v0 is in the closure so i can find + + + align:start position:0% +so uh v0 is in the closure so i can find +points from the image of this ball close + + align:start position:0% +points from the image of this ball close + + + align:start position:0% +points from the image of this ball close +to it so that's just what i'm writing + + align:start position:0% +to it so that's just what i'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +to it so that's just what i'm writing +here so there exists a v1 + + align:start position:0% +here so there exists a v1 + + + align:start position:0% +here so there exists a v1 +which is the image of some guy u1 in the + + align:start position:0% +which is the image of some guy u1 in the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the image of some guy u1 in the +open ball + + align:start position:0% +open ball + + + align:start position:0% +open ball +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +it's close to v zero + + align:start position:0% +it's close to v zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's close to v zero +and how close so i don't mess this up + + align:start position:0% +and how close so i don't mess this up + + + align:start position:0% +and how close so i don't mess this up +2r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right why did i do that arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +all right why did i do that arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +all right why did i do that arithmetic +simply because + + align:start position:0% +simply because + + + align:start position:0% +simply because +if i look at the ball + + align:start position:0% +if i look at the ball + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at the ball +of radius 2r + + align:start position:0% +of radius 2r + + + align:start position:0% +of radius 2r +centered at v1 + + align:start position:0% +centered at v1 + + + align:start position:0% +centered at v1 +so v1 is within distance um 2r + + align:start position:0% +so v1 is within distance um 2r + + + align:start position:0% +so v1 is within distance um 2r +to v0 so everything in here is going to + + align:start position:0% +to v0 so everything in here is going to + + + align:start position:0% +to v0 so everything in here is going to +be within distance 4r to v0 + + align:start position:0% +be within distance 4r to v0 + + + align:start position:0% +be within distance 4r to v0 +so and since the ball of radius 4r is + + align:start position:0% +so and since the ball of radius 4r is + + + align:start position:0% +so and since the ball of radius 4r is +contained in here i obtain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is what i just said a minute ago + + align:start position:0% +so this is what i just said a minute ago + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what i just said a minute ago +and this is contained in + + align:start position:0% +and this is contained in + + + align:start position:0% +and this is contained in +the ball + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +the image of the ball of radius one the + + align:start position:0% +the image of the ball of radius one the + + + align:start position:0% +the image of the ball of radius one the +the closure of that + + align:start position:0% +the closure of that + + + align:start position:0% +the closure of that +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now what i'm going to show is that + + align:start position:0% +so now what i'm going to show is that + + + align:start position:0% +so now what i'm going to show is that +i almost have what i want to prove i'm + + align:start position:0% +i almost have what i want to prove i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i almost have what i want to prove i'm +going to show that the closure contains + + align:start position:0% +going to show that the closure contains + + + align:start position:0% +going to show that the closure contains +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +an open ball + + align:start position:0% +an open ball + + + align:start position:0% +an open ball +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that's not quite what i want to show + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite what i want to show + + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite what i want to show +because remember i want to show that the + + align:start position:0% +because remember i want to show that the + + + align:start position:0% +because remember i want to show that the +image of the ball of radius 1 contains + + align:start position:0% +image of the ball of radius 1 contains + + + align:start position:0% +image of the ball of radius 1 contains +an open ball + + align:start position:0% +an open ball + + + align:start position:0% +an open ball +but what i'm about to show is that + + align:start position:0% +but what i'm about to show is that + + + align:start position:0% +but what i'm about to show is that +the closure of that contains an open + + align:start position:0% +the closure of that contains an open + + + align:start position:0% +the closure of that contains an open +ball + + align:start position:0% +ball + + + align:start position:0% +ball +now if v + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is less than r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if i look at this element one half times + + align:start position:0% +if i look at this element one half times + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at this element one half times +two v plus v one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this was in what + + align:start position:0% +this was in what + + + align:start position:0% +this was in what +this is in + + align:start position:0% +this is in + + + align:start position:0% +this is in +one half so 2v plus v1 2v + + align:start position:0% +one half so 2v plus v1 2v + + + align:start position:0% +one half so 2v plus v1 2v +has a norm less than 2r so this element + + align:start position:0% +has a norm less than 2r so this element + + + align:start position:0% +has a norm less than 2r so this element +is in the ball of radius v1 + + align:start position:0% +is in the ball of radius v1 + + + align:start position:0% +is in the ball of radius v1 +the ball centered at v1 of radius 2r so + + align:start position:0% +the ball centered at v1 of radius 2r so + + + align:start position:0% +the ball centered at v1 of radius 2r so +that's contained in the closure so + + align:start position:0% +that's contained in the closure so + + + align:start position:0% +that's contained in the closure so +multiplying by a half i get this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which as i've said + + align:start position:0% +which as i've said + + + align:start position:0% +which as i've said +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +the linearity of t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the homogeneity of the met of the + + align:start position:0% +and the homogeneity of the met of the + + + align:start position:0% +and the homogeneity of the met of the +norm tells me + + align:start position:0% +norm tells me + + + align:start position:0% +norm tells me +that this element is in the closure of + + align:start position:0% +that this element is in the closure of + + + align:start position:0% +that this element is in the closure of +the ball of the image of the ball of + + align:start position:0% +the ball of the image of the ball of + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of the image of the ball of +radius a half + + align:start position:0% +radius a half + + + align:start position:0% +radius a half +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so i mean this is not crazy this is an + + align:start position:0% +so i mean this is not crazy this is an + + + align:start position:0% +so i mean this is not crazy this is an +element of this so one half this ought + + align:start position:0% +element of this so one half this ought + + + align:start position:0% +element of this so one half this ought +to be an element of one half times this + + align:start position:0% +to be an element of one half times this + + + align:start position:0% +to be an element of one half times this +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +and then the one half comes all the way + + align:start position:0% +and then the one half comes all the way + + + align:start position:0% +and then the one half comes all the way +through because t is linear and the norm + + align:start position:0% +through because t is linear and the norm + + + align:start position:0% +through because t is linear and the norm +is homogeneous so the one half can come + + align:start position:0% +is homogeneous so the one half can come + + + align:start position:0% +is homogeneous so the one half can come +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +but you know as you're as you're + + align:start position:0% +but you know as you're as you're + + + align:start position:0% +but you know as you're as you're +seeing this + + align:start position:0% +seeing this + + + align:start position:0% +seeing this +you know think it through uh + + align:start position:0% +you know think it through uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know think it through uh +slowly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that implies that + + align:start position:0% +so that implies that + + + align:start position:0% +so that implies that +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +which i can write as + + align:start position:0% +which i can write as + + + align:start position:0% +which i can write as +minus t + + align:start position:0% +minus t + + + align:start position:0% +minus t +of u one over two u one here was just + + align:start position:0% +of u one over two u one here was just + + + align:start position:0% +of u one over two u one here was just +defined as an element of the ball of + + align:start position:0% +defined as an element of the ball of + + + align:start position:0% +defined as an element of the ball of +radius one which gave me v one which was + + align:start position:0% +radius one which gave me v one which was + + + align:start position:0% +radius one which gave me v one which was +close to v zero + + align:start position:0% +close to v zero + + + align:start position:0% +close to v zero +so let me keep up this strain string of + + align:start position:0% +so let me keep up this strain string of + + + align:start position:0% +so let me keep up this strain string of +inequalities + + align:start position:0% +inequalities + + + align:start position:0% +inequalities +plus a half times 2v + + align:start position:0% +plus a half times 2v + + + align:start position:0% +plus a half times 2v +plus v1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +this is an element of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't confuse what i'm about to write + + align:start position:0% +don't confuse what i'm about to write + + + align:start position:0% +don't confuse what i'm about to write +down with the + + align:start position:0% +down with the + + + align:start position:0% +down with the +you know the notation we used + + align:start position:0% +you know the notation we used + + + align:start position:0% +you know the notation we used +when we were talking about quotients + + align:start position:0% +when we were talking about quotients + + + align:start position:0% +when we were talking about quotients +that's not what i mean here i mean take + + align:start position:0% +that's not what i mean here i mean take + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what i mean here i mean take +this set and add this fixed element to + + align:start position:0% +this set and add this fixed element to + + + align:start position:0% +this set and add this fixed element to +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this set here is the set of all + + align:start position:0% +so this set here is the set of all + + + align:start position:0% +so this set here is the set of all +elements of the form something in here + + align:start position:0% +elements of the form something in here + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the form something in here +plus this fixed element all + + align:start position:0% +plus this fixed element all + + + align:start position:0% +plus this fixed element all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and now again by + + align:start position:0% +and now again by + + + align:start position:0% +and now again by +you know the linearity of t + + align:start position:0% +you know the linearity of t + + + align:start position:0% +you know the linearity of t +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +set here + + align:start position:0% +set here + + + align:start position:0% +set here +is exactly the same as + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same as + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same as +t of minus u1 over two plus + + align:start position:0% +t of minus u1 over two plus + + + align:start position:0% +t of minus u1 over two plus +ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius +zero centered at a half with the closure + + align:start position:0% +zero centered at a half with the closure + + + align:start position:0% +zero centered at a half with the closure +over all of that and the closure is + + align:start position:0% +over all of that and the closure is + + + align:start position:0% +over all of that and the closure is +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know respects everything that we're + + align:start position:0% +you know respects everything that we're + + + align:start position:0% +you know respects everything that we're +doing here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now u1 has radius um + + align:start position:0% +now u1 has radius um + + + align:start position:0% +now u1 has radius um +or has norm + + align:start position:0% +or has norm + + + align:start position:0% +or has norm +less than one + + align:start position:0% +less than one + + + align:start position:0% +less than one +and therefore u1 over two has norm less + + align:start position:0% +and therefore u1 over two has norm less + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore u1 over two has norm less +than a half everything in here has norm + + align:start position:0% +than a half everything in here has norm + + + align:start position:0% +than a half everything in here has norm +less than a half so something + + align:start position:0% +less than a half so something + + + align:start position:0% +less than a half so something +with norm less than a half plus + + align:start position:0% +with norm less than a half plus + + + align:start position:0% +with norm less than a half plus +something with norm less than a half is + + align:start position:0% +something with norm less than a half is + + + align:start position:0% +something with norm less than a half is +something with norm less than one so + + align:start position:0% +something with norm less than one so + + + align:start position:0% +something with norm less than one so +this is contained in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +ball of radius +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +centered at zero and then closure and + + align:start position:0% +centered at zero and then closure and + + + align:start position:0% +centered at zero and then closure and +take the image of t + + align:start position:0% +take the image of t + + + align:start position:0% +take the image of t +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so here i'm using that this + + align:start position:0% +so here i'm using that this + + + align:start position:0% +so here i'm using that this +is contained in the ball of radius 1. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so that's almost what we + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's almost what we + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's almost what we +wanted to show what we've shown + + align:start position:0% +wanted to show what we've shown + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to show what we've shown +have shown is that the ball of radius r + + align:start position:0% +have shown is that the ball of radius r + + + align:start position:0% +have shown is that the ball of radius r +is contained in + + align:start position:0% +is contained in + + + align:start position:0% +is contained in +the closure of the ball + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the ball + + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the ball +of radius + + align:start position:0% +of radius + + + align:start position:0% +of radius +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +the closure of the image of the ball of + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the image of the ball of + + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the image of the ball of +radius one okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right now again by by scaling this + + align:start position:0% +all right now again by by scaling this + + + align:start position:0% +all right now again by by scaling this +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me just um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +the ball of radius r is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me just uh uh write down what i'm + + align:start position:0% +so let me just uh uh write down what i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just uh uh write down what i'm +going to write down then i'll + + align:start position:0% +going to write down then i'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to write down then i'll +explain it + + align:start position:0% +explain it + + + align:start position:0% +explain it +and therefore the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the ball of radius +2 to the minus n times r so i'm + + align:start position:0% +2 to the minus n times r so i'm + + + align:start position:0% +2 to the minus n times r so i'm +which is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the set of elements of the form 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +the set of elements of the form 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +the set of elements of the form 2 to the +minus n times the ball of + + align:start position:0% +minus n times the ball of + + + align:start position:0% +minus n times the ball of +radius + + align:start position:0% +radius + + + align:start position:0% +radius +elements in the ball of radius r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is contained in two to the minus n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +all i did right here was say again by + + align:start position:0% +all i did right here was say again by + + + align:start position:0% +all i did right here was say again by +homogeneity of the metric of the norm + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity of the metric of the norm + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity of the metric of the norm +the ball of radius r + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius r + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius r +or the ball of radius 2 to the minus n + + align:start position:0% +or the ball of radius 2 to the minus n + + + align:start position:0% +or the ball of radius 2 to the minus n +times r is the same as 2 to the minus n + + align:start position:0% +times r is the same as 2 to the minus n + + + align:start position:0% +times r is the same as 2 to the minus n +times all elements of the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +times all elements of the ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +times all elements of the ball of radius +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +and that's contained in this by what + + align:start position:0% +and that's contained in this by what + + + align:start position:0% +and that's contained in this by what +we've already proven times two to the so + + align:start position:0% +we've already proven times two to the so + + + align:start position:0% +we've already proven times two to the so +this is contained in the set of all + + align:start position:0% +this is contained in the set of all + + + align:start position:0% +this is contained in the set of all +elements of the form two to the minus n + + align:start position:0% +elements of the form two to the minus n + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the form two to the minus n +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +things from this set and again by + + align:start position:0% +things from this set and again by + + + align:start position:0% +things from this set and again by +homogeneity 2 to the minus n comes + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity 2 to the minus n comes + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity 2 to the minus n comes +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +here and then through here + + align:start position:0% +here and then through here + + + align:start position:0% +here and then through here +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for all n + + align:start position:0% +for all n + + + align:start position:0% +for all n +and natural numbers + + align:start position:0% +and natural numbers + + + align:start position:0% +and natural numbers +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so uh let me put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what i've proven is + + align:start position:0% +what i've proven is + + + align:start position:0% +what i've proven is +this and + + align:start position:0% +this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and +that okay + + align:start position:0% +that okay + + + align:start position:0% +that okay +so that's almost what i wanted to prove + + align:start position:0% +so that's almost what i wanted to prove + + + align:start position:0% +so that's almost what i wanted to prove +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right here + + align:start position:0% +right here + + + align:start position:0% +right here +just i want to be able to drop the + + align:start position:0% +just i want to be able to drop the + + + align:start position:0% +just i want to be able to drop the +closure and now what i'm going to prove + + align:start position:0% +closure and now what i'm going to prove + + + align:start position:0% +closure and now what i'm going to prove +is that i can drop the closure + + align:start position:0% +is that i can drop the closure + + + align:start position:0% +is that i can drop the closure +if i take the ball of radius r over two + + align:start position:0% +if i take the ball of radius r over two + + + align:start position:0% +if i take the ball of radius r over two +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now we prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the ball a radius r over 2 + + align:start position:0% +that the ball a radius r over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +that the ball a radius r over 2 +is in fact contained in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the image of + + align:start position:0% +the image of + + + align:start position:0% +the image of +the unit ball by t + + align:start position:0% +the unit ball by t + + + align:start position:0% +the unit ball by t +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +no we don't have you know uh we don't + + align:start position:0% +no we don't have you know uh we don't + + + align:start position:0% +no we don't have you know uh we don't +have that immediately because we have + + align:start position:0% +have that immediately because we have + + + align:start position:0% +have that immediately because we have +the ball of radius half r is contained + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius half r is contained + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius half r is contained +in the closure of the image of t of this + + align:start position:0% +in the closure of the image of t of this + + + align:start position:0% +in the closure of the image of t of this +there's nothing that doesn't say that + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that doesn't say that + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that doesn't say that +the closure of the image of this thing + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the image of this thing + + + align:start position:0% +the closure of the image of this thing +could end up being + + align:start position:0% +could end up being + + + align:start position:0% +could end up being +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know there's nothing that says that + + align:start position:0% +you know there's nothing that says that + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's nothing that says that +that has to be + + align:start position:0% +that has to be + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be +contained strictly within this ball + + align:start position:0% +contained strictly within this ball + + + align:start position:0% +contained strictly within this ball +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's show this let v + + align:start position:0% +let's show this let v + + + align:start position:0% +let's show this let v +be have norm less than r over 2. so it's + + align:start position:0% +be have norm less than r over 2. so it's + + + align:start position:0% +be have norm less than r over 2. so it's +in this ball + + align:start position:0% +in this ball + + + align:start position:0% +in this ball +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as we've proven up here v is in + + align:start position:0% +as we've proven up here v is in + + + align:start position:0% +as we've proven up here v is in +the image + + align:start position:0% +the image + + + align:start position:0% +the image +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by t of the ball of radius a half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore +there exists + + align:start position:0% +there exists + + + align:start position:0% +there exists +a b1 + + align:start position:0% +a b1 + + + align:start position:0% +a b1 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the ball of + + align:start position:0% +the ball of + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +radius a half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +the norm of v minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +of b1 + + align:start position:0% +of b1 + + + align:start position:0% +of b1 +is less than uh let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say r over four + + align:start position:0% +say r over four + + + align:start position:0% +say r over four +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we're going to iterate this + + align:start position:0% +and now we're going to iterate this + + + align:start position:0% +and now we're going to iterate this +so now this think of this element as + + align:start position:0% +so now this think of this element as + + + align:start position:0% +so now this think of this element as +lying in the ball of radius r over four + + align:start position:0% +lying in the ball of radius r over four + + + align:start position:0% +lying in the ball of radius r over four +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore now i take n equals two in + + align:start position:0% +and therefore now i take n equals two in + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore now i take n equals two in +here thus + + align:start position:0% +here thus + + + align:start position:0% +here thus +v minus t b1 is in + + align:start position:0% +v minus t b1 is in + + + align:start position:0% +v minus t b1 is in +the closure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +the image of the ball of radius of + + align:start position:0% +the image of the ball of radius of + + + align:start position:0% +the image of the ball of radius of +fourth + + align:start position:0% +fourth + + + align:start position:0% +fourth +which implies there exists a b2 + + align:start position:0% +which implies there exists a b2 + + + align:start position:0% +which implies there exists a b2 +and the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v minus t b1 minus t + + align:start position:0% +v minus t b1 minus t + + + align:start position:0% +v minus t b1 minus t +b2 in norm + + align:start position:0% +b2 in norm + + + align:start position:0% +b2 in norm +is less than half of what we had before + + align:start position:0% +is less than half of what we had before + + + align:start position:0% +is less than half of what we had before +so r over eight + + align:start position:0% +so r over eight + + + align:start position:0% +so r over eight +but now you see the game that we're + + align:start position:0% +but now you see the game that we're + + + align:start position:0% +but now you see the game that we're +playing + + align:start position:0% +playing + + + align:start position:0% +playing +this is now in the ball of radius r over + + align:start position:0% +this is now in the ball of radius r over + + + align:start position:0% +this is now in the ball of radius r over +eight + + align:start position:0% +eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight +and which is implies this is contained + + align:start position:0% +and which is implies this is contained + + + align:start position:0% +and which is implies this is contained +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +uh the closure of the image of the ball + + align:start position:0% +uh the closure of the image of the ball + + + align:start position:0% +uh the closure of the image of the ball +of radius zero uh + + align:start position:0% +of radius zero uh + + + align:start position:0% +of radius zero uh +centered at zero of radius one over + + align:start position:0% +centered at zero of radius one over + + + align:start position:0% +centered at zero of radius one over +eight and therefore i can find a b3 + + align:start position:0% +eight and therefore i can find a b3 + + + align:start position:0% +eight and therefore i can find a b3 +in the ball + + align:start position:0% +in the ball + + + align:start position:0% +in the ball +of radius one over eight so that v minus + + align:start position:0% +of radius one over eight so that v minus + + + align:start position:0% +of radius one over eight so that v minus +t b one minus t b two minus t b three is + + align:start position:0% +t b one minus t b two minus t b three is + + + align:start position:0% +t b one minus t b two minus t b three is +less than r over sixteen and then we + + align:start position:0% +less than r over sixteen and then we + + + align:start position:0% +less than r over sixteen and then we +just continue inductively + + align:start position:0% +just continue inductively + + + align:start position:0% +just continue inductively +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i said i would do + + align:start position:0% +i said i would do + + + align:start position:0% +i said i would do +a proper + + align:start position:0% +a proper + + + align:start position:0% +a proper +induction argument once and i did it + + align:start position:0% +induction argument once and i did it + + + align:start position:0% +induction argument once and i did it +last time so i will never do it again + + align:start position:0% +last time so i will never do it again + + + align:start position:0% +last time so i will never do it again +continuing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we obtain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of elements in b1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the norm of bk is less than + + align:start position:0% +the norm of bk is less than + + + align:start position:0% +the norm of bk is less than +2 to the minus k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so there's that + + align:start position:0% +so there's that + + + align:start position:0% +so there's that +and if i look at b minus sum from k + + align:start position:0% +and if i look at b minus sum from k + + + align:start position:0% +and if i look at b minus sum from k +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +1 to n + + align:start position:0% +1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +1 to n +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +of b + + align:start position:0% +of b + + + align:start position:0% +of b +k + + align:start position:0% +k + + + align:start position:0% +k +this is less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 to the minus n minus 1 times r + + align:start position:0% +2 to the minus n minus 1 times r + + + align:start position:0% +2 to the minus n minus 1 times r +all right let me make sure my + + align:start position:0% +all right let me make sure my + + + align:start position:0% +all right let me make sure my +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we've used the fact that b2 is + + align:start position:0% +now we've used the fact that b2 is + + + align:start position:0% +now we've used the fact that b2 is +complete we haven't used the fact that + + align:start position:0% +complete we haven't used the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +complete we haven't used the fact that +b1 is complete yet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we ought to use it at some point we are + + align:start position:0% +we ought to use it at some point we are + + + align:start position:0% +we ought to use it at some point we are +we're going to use it now by showing + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use it now by showing + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use it now by showing +that v has to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in fact inside the image of the radius + + align:start position:0% +in fact inside the image of the radius + + + align:start position:0% +in fact inside the image of the radius +of the ball of radius one + + align:start position:0% +of the ball of radius one + + + align:start position:0% +of the ball of radius one +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these bks + + align:start position:0% +so these bks + + + align:start position:0% +so these bks +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +they form a koshi sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or i shouldn't say they form a koshi + + align:start position:0% +or i shouldn't say they form a koshi + + + align:start position:0% +or i shouldn't say they form a koshi +sequence but there's some forms of koshi + + align:start position:0% +sequence but there's some forms of koshi + + + align:start position:0% +sequence but there's some forms of koshi +sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me write it this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the sum the series is + + align:start position:0% +the sum the series is + + + align:start position:0% +the sum the series is +absolutely summable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because the norm is bound by two to the + + align:start position:0% +because the norm is bound by two to the + + + align:start position:0% +because the norm is bound by two to the +minus k + + align:start position:0% +minus k + + + align:start position:0% +minus k +and which is summable + + align:start position:0% +and which is summable + + + align:start position:0% +and which is summable +and since b1 is a bonus space + + align:start position:0% +and since b1 is a bonus space + + + align:start position:0% +and since b1 is a bonus space +the series must be summable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which implies there exists a b and b one + + align:start position:0% +which implies there exists a b and b one + + + align:start position:0% +which implies there exists a b and b one +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +b is equal to the sum + + align:start position:0% +b is equal to the sum + + + align:start position:0% +b is equal to the sum +k equals one to + + align:start position:0% +k equals one to + + + align:start position:0% +k equals one to +infinity of bk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moreover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the norm of b + + align:start position:0% +the norm of b + + + align:start position:0% +the norm of b +which is equal to the limit as + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the limit as + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the limit as +n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +n goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +n goes to infinity +of the norm of n + + align:start position:0% +of the norm of n + + + align:start position:0% +of the norm of n +k equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +k equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +k equals 1 +b k + + align:start position:0% +b k + + + align:start position:0% +b k +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by the triangle inequality less than or + + align:start position:0% +by the triangle inequality less than or + + + align:start position:0% +by the triangle inequality less than or +equal to the limit as n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +equal to the limit as n goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the limit as n goes to infinity +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals 1 to n bk + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 to n bk + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 to n bk +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +is less than well is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is less than well is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is less than well is equal to +sum from k equals 1 to infinity of the + + align:start position:0% +sum from k equals 1 to infinity of the + + + align:start position:0% +sum from k equals 1 to infinity of the +norm of b k + + align:start position:0% +norm of b k + + + align:start position:0% +norm of b k +and each of these is less than 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +and each of these is less than 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +and each of these is less than 2 to the +minus k + + align:start position:0% +minus k + + + align:start position:0% +minus k +so k equals 1 to infinity of 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +so k equals 1 to infinity of 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +so k equals 1 to infinity of 2 to the +minus k + + align:start position:0% +minus k + + + align:start position:0% +minus k +and that sum is just 1. + + align:start position:0% +and that sum is just 1. + + + align:start position:0% +and that sum is just 1. +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the norm of b + + align:start position:0% +so the norm of b + + + align:start position:0% +so the norm of b +is less than one + + align:start position:0% +is less than one + + + align:start position:0% +is less than one +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +using the first property of this + + align:start position:0% +using the first property of this + + + align:start position:0% +using the first property of this +sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence +the second property of this sequence + + align:start position:0% +the second property of this sequence + + + align:start position:0% +the second property of this sequence +then shows that v is equal to the image + + align:start position:0% +then shows that v is equal to the image + + + align:start position:0% +then shows that v is equal to the image +of b + + align:start position:0% +of b + + + align:start position:0% +of b +by t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moreover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since t is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +t b which is equal to the limit as + + align:start position:0% +t b which is equal to the limit as + + + align:start position:0% +t b which is equal to the limit as +n goes to infinity of + + align:start position:0% +n goes to infinity of + + + align:start position:0% +n goes to infinity of +t applied to + + align:start position:0% +t applied to + + + align:start position:0% +t applied to +k equals 1 to n + + align:start position:0% +k equals 1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +k equals 1 to n +b k + + align:start position:0% +b k + + + align:start position:0% +b k +which equals by linearity + + align:start position:0% +which equals by linearity + + + align:start position:0% +which equals by linearity +limit as n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +limit as n goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +limit as n goes to infinity +sum from k equals 1 to infinity or k + + align:start position:0% +sum from k equals 1 to infinity or k + + + align:start position:0% +sum from k equals 1 to infinity or k +equals 1 to n + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 to n + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 to n +t of b k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by the second property + + align:start position:0% +by the second property + + + align:start position:0% +by the second property +the limit as n goes to infinity of t of + + align:start position:0% +the limit as n goes to infinity of t of + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as n goes to infinity of t of +b sub k is equal to v + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v is in + + align:start position:0% +v is in + + + align:start position:0% +v is in +the image + + align:start position:0% +the image + + + align:start position:0% +the image +of the ball of radius 1 by t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +thus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ball of radius r over 2 + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius r over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius r over 2 +is contained + + align:start position:0% +is contained + + + align:start position:0% +is contained +in the image of the ball of radius one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +special + + align:start position:0% +special + + + align:start position:0% +special +ish + + align:start position:0% +ish + + + align:start position:0% +ish +case that i wanted to prove in terms of + + align:start position:0% +case that i wanted to prove in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +case that i wanted to prove in terms of +open sets so kind of what i've shown is + + align:start position:0% +open sets so kind of what i've shown is + + + align:start position:0% +open sets so kind of what i've shown is +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you like + + align:start position:0% +if you like + + + align:start position:0% +if you like +the interior point zero + + align:start position:0% +the interior point zero + + + align:start position:0% +the interior point zero +remains an interior point + + align:start position:0% +remains an interior point + + + align:start position:0% +remains an interior point +now let's show that that implies the the + + align:start position:0% +now let's show that that implies the the + + + align:start position:0% +now let's show that that implies the the +full claim of what i want to prove for + + align:start position:0% +full claim of what i want to prove for + + + align:start position:0% +full claim of what i want to prove for +the open mapping theorem that every open + + align:start position:0% +the open mapping theorem that every open + + + align:start position:0% +the open mapping theorem that every open +set is + + align:start position:0% +set is + + + align:start position:0% +set is +gets mapped to an open set in b2 we'll + + align:start position:0% +gets mapped to an open set in b2 we'll + + + align:start position:0% +gets mapped to an open set in b2 we'll +just use translation + + align:start position:0% +just use translation + + + align:start position:0% +just use translation +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +in scaling again suppose + + align:start position:0% +in scaling again suppose + + + align:start position:0% +in scaling again suppose +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +subset of b1 + + align:start position:0% +subset of b1 + + + align:start position:0% +subset of b1 +is open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b2 + + align:start position:0% +b2 + + + align:start position:0% +b2 +is the image of + + align:start position:0% +is the image of + + + align:start position:0% +is the image of +something in u so this is in + + align:start position:0% +something in u so this is in + + + align:start position:0% +something in u so this is in +t of u + + align:start position:0% +t of u + + + align:start position:0% +t of u +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +there exists an epsilon positive + + align:start position:0% +there exists an epsilon positive + + + align:start position:0% +there exists an epsilon positive +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +b1 so remember u is open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b1 plus all elements of the ball + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus all elements of the ball + + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus all elements of the ball +centered at zero of radius + + align:start position:0% +centered at zero of radius + + + align:start position:0% +centered at zero of radius +uh epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this + + align:start position:0% +and this + + + align:start position:0% +and this +which is equal to the ball centered at + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the ball centered at + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to the ball centered at +b1 of radius epsilon + + align:start position:0% +b1 of radius epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +b1 of radius epsilon +uh is contained in u right since u is + + align:start position:0% +uh is contained in u right since u is + + + align:start position:0% +uh is contained in u right since u is +open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +since + + align:start position:0% +since + + + align:start position:0% +since +there exists a delta positive + + align:start position:0% +there exists a delta positive + + + align:start position:0% +there exists a delta positive +such that a + + align:start position:0% +such that a + + + align:start position:0% +such that a +ball + + align:start position:0% +ball + + + align:start position:0% +ball +of radius delta is contained in + + align:start position:0% +of radius delta is contained in + + + align:start position:0% +of radius delta is contained in +the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1. this implies that + + align:start position:0% +1. this implies that + + + align:start position:0% +1. this implies that +the ball of radius if i + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius if i + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius if i +again by homogeneity + + align:start position:0% +again by homogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +again by homogeneity +the ball of radius epsilon times delta + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius epsilon times delta + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius epsilon times delta +is contained + + align:start position:0% +is contained + + + align:start position:0% +is contained +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the image of the ball of radius epsilon + + align:start position:0% +the image of the ball of radius epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +the image of the ball of radius epsilon +again because t is linear + + align:start position:0% +again because t is linear + + + align:start position:0% +again because t is linear +and the norm is homogeneous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh okay so all right so let's let's + + align:start position:0% +oh okay so all right so let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay so all right so let's let's +let's go back to how we had it written + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to how we had it written + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to how we had it written +down so b2 plus so this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +epsilon times delta i got my delta and + + align:start position:0% +epsilon times delta i got my delta and + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon times delta i got my delta and +epsilons backwards anyways + + align:start position:0% +epsilons backwards anyways + + + align:start position:0% +epsilons backwards anyways +this is equal to b2 plus epsilon times + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to b2 plus epsilon times + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to b2 plus epsilon times +the ball + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of radius delta so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +of radius delta so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +of radius delta so this is actually +equal to the b2 plus the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% +equal to the b2 plus the ball of radius + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the b2 plus the ball of radius + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +centered at 0 radius epsilon times delta + + align:start position:0% +centered at 0 radius epsilon times delta + + + align:start position:0% +centered at 0 radius epsilon times delta +the epsilon i can pull + + align:start position:0% +the epsilon i can pull + + + align:start position:0% +the epsilon i can pull +out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this is + + align:start position:0% +now this is + + + align:start position:0% +now this is +contained in + + align:start position:0% +contained in + + + align:start position:0% +contained in +b2 plus + + align:start position:0% +b2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +b2 plus +epsilon times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ball of radius 0 1. + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius 0 1. + + + align:start position:0% +the ball of radius 0 1. +yeah i don't know why i wrote + + align:start position:0% +yeah i don't know why i wrote + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i don't know why i wrote +this down i don't think i needed it + + align:start position:0% +this down i don't think i needed it + + + align:start position:0% +this down i don't think i needed it +anyways + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and this is equal to t of b1 + + align:start position:0% +and this is equal to t of b1 + + + align:start position:0% +and this is equal to t of b1 +plus epsilon t of + + align:start position:0% +plus epsilon t of + + + align:start position:0% +plus epsilon t of +b01 and by again by linearity and + + align:start position:0% +b01 and by again by linearity and + + + align:start position:0% +b01 and by again by linearity and +homogeneity this is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity this is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity this is equal to the +image of + + align:start position:0% +image of + + + align:start position:0% +image of +b1 plus + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus +epsilon ball + + align:start position:0% +epsilon ball + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon ball +radius 1. + + align:start position:0% +radius 1. + + + align:start position:0% +radius 1. +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +which i can say is + + align:start position:0% +which i can say is + + + align:start position:0% +which i can say is +b1 plus ball of radius epsilon + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus ball of radius epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +b1 plus ball of radius epsilon +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +this epsilon remember was chosen so that + + align:start position:0% +this epsilon remember was chosen so that + + + align:start position:0% +this epsilon remember was chosen so that +this ball + + align:start position:0% +this ball + + + align:start position:0% +this ball +here is contained within you + + align:start position:0% +here is contained within you + + + align:start position:0% +here is contained within you +and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is contained within you and the image is + + align:start position:0% +is contained within you and the image is + + + align:start position:0% +is contained within you and the image is +therefore contained in + + align:start position:0% +therefore contained in + + + align:start position:0% +therefore contained in +the image of you okay + + align:start position:0% +the image of you okay + + + align:start position:0% +the image of you okay +yes so i + + align:start position:0% +yes so i + + + align:start position:0% +yes so i +not sure why i decided to write this + + align:start position:0% +not sure why i decided to write this + + + align:start position:0% +not sure why i decided to write this +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +which is what threw me for a loop but uh + + align:start position:0% +which is what threw me for a loop but uh + + + align:start position:0% +which is what threw me for a loop but uh +anyways + + align:start position:0% +anyways + + + align:start position:0% +anyways +um so this is the point okay is that we + + align:start position:0% +um so this is the point okay is that we + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is the point okay is that we +can just + + align:start position:0% +can just + + + align:start position:0% +can just +take the special case and shift things + + align:start position:0% +take the special case and shift things + + + align:start position:0% +take the special case and shift things +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +uh to get + + align:start position:0% +uh to get + + + align:start position:0% +uh to get +uh the general + + align:start position:0% +uh the general + + + align:start position:0% +uh the general +statement for open sets getting mapped + + align:start position:0% +statement for open sets getting mapped + + + align:start position:0% +statement for open sets getting mapped +to open sets + + align:start position:0% +to open sets + + + align:start position:0% +to open sets +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so + + align:start position:0% +all right so + + + align:start position:0% +all right so +from the open mapping theorem + + align:start position:0% +from the open mapping theorem + + + align:start position:0% +from the open mapping theorem +we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know seems almost topological + + align:start position:0% +i don't know seems almost topological + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know seems almost topological +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +we get what's called the closed graph + + align:start position:0% +we get what's called the closed graph + + + align:start position:0% +we get what's called the closed graph +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +which gives you sufficient conditions + + align:start position:0% +which gives you sufficient conditions + + + align:start position:0% +which gives you sufficient conditions +to be able to check + + align:start position:0% +to be able to check + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to check +if something is continuous it's a little + + align:start position:0% +if something is continuous it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +if something is continuous it's a little +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +more convenient i'll explain why in just + + align:start position:0% +more convenient i'll explain why in just + + + align:start position:0% +more convenient i'll explain why in just +a second so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closed graph theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if b1 and b2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are bonus spaces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +their cartesian product which i can give + + align:start position:0% +their cartesian product which i can give + + + align:start position:0% +their cartesian product which i can give +a natural vector space + + align:start position:0% +a natural vector space + + + align:start position:0% +a natural vector space +structure on from b1 and b2 just you + + align:start position:0% +structure on from b1 and b2 just you + + + align:start position:0% +structure on from b1 and b2 just you +know the sum of two the sum of an + + align:start position:0% +know the sum of two the sum of an + + + align:start position:0% +know the sum of two the sum of an +ordered pair of elements is just the + + align:start position:0% +ordered pair of elements is just the + + + align:start position:0% +ordered pair of elements is just the +entry by entry sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but i can also put a norm on it + + align:start position:0% +but i can also put a norm on it + + + align:start position:0% +but i can also put a norm on it +coming from these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with norm so for an ordered pair b1 and + + align:start position:0% +with norm so for an ordered pair b1 and + + + align:start position:0% +with norm so for an ordered pair b1 and +b2 + + align:start position:0% +b2 + + + align:start position:0% +b2 +the norm of this is just defined to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know the sum of the norms + + align:start position:0% +you know the sum of the norms + + + align:start position:0% +you know the sum of the norms +in the respective spaces + + align:start position:0% +in the respective spaces + + + align:start position:0% +in the respective spaces +uh so this is the norm space + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is the norm space + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is the norm space +but uh moreover if they're both bonic + + align:start position:0% +but uh moreover if they're both bonic + + + align:start position:0% +but uh moreover if they're both bonic +spaces + + align:start position:0% +spaces + + + align:start position:0% +spaces +this is a bonus space so it's not + + align:start position:0% +this is a bonus space so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +this is a bonus space so it's not +difficult to prove okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just based on the definition + + align:start position:0% +just based on the definition + + + align:start position:0% +just based on the definition +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm not going to write the proof i will + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to write the proof i will + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to write the proof i will +leave it to you + + align:start position:0% +leave it to you + + + align:start position:0% +leave it to you +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to prove + + align:start position:0% +to prove + + + align:start position:0% +to prove +and it's it's not difficult + + align:start position:0% +and it's it's not difficult + + + align:start position:0% +and it's it's not difficult +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +simply from how we've defined the norm + + align:start position:0% +simply from how we've defined the norm + + + align:start position:0% +simply from how we've defined the norm +a cauchy sequence in b1 cross b2 will be + + align:start position:0% +a cauchy sequence in b1 cross b2 will be + + + align:start position:0% +a cauchy sequence in b1 cross b2 will be +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know the first entry will form a + + align:start position:0% +you know the first entry will form a + + + align:start position:0% +you know the first entry will form a +koshi sequence because of this uh + + align:start position:0% +koshi sequence because of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +koshi sequence because of this uh +definition of norm and the second + + align:start position:0% +definition of norm and the second + + + align:start position:0% +definition of norm and the second +entry of the sequence will form a koshi + + align:start position:0% +entry of the sequence will form a koshi + + + align:start position:0% +entry of the sequence will form a koshi +sequence in b2 both of those have limits + + align:start position:0% +sequence in b2 both of those have limits + + + align:start position:0% +sequence in b2 both of those have limits +so then you can prove + + align:start position:0% +so then you can prove + + + align:start position:0% +so then you can prove +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the ordered pair + + align:start position:0% +the ordered pair + + + align:start position:0% +the ordered pair +the sequence consisting of ordered pairs + + align:start position:0% +the sequence consisting of ordered pairs + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence consisting of ordered pairs +has a has a limit it's the same way you + + align:start position:0% +has a has a limit it's the same way you + + + align:start position:0% +has a has a limit it's the same way you +can prove that r2 is complete assuming + + align:start position:0% +can prove that r2 is complete assuming + + + align:start position:0% +can prove that r2 is complete assuming +r1 is complete okay + + align:start position:0% +r1 is complete okay + + + align:start position:0% +r1 is complete okay +all right so now i can state the close + + align:start position:0% +all right so now i can state the close + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now i can state the close +graph theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if b1 + + align:start position:0% +if b1 + + + align:start position:0% +if b1 +b2 + + align:start position:0% +b2 + + + align:start position:0% +b2 +carbonic spaces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you have a linear operator + + align:start position:0% +and you have a linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a linear operator +from b1 to b2 + + align:start position:0% +from b1 to b2 + + + align:start position:0% +from b1 to b2 +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +all you know is it's linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't know that it's bounded + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then there's an equivalent condition you + + align:start position:0% +then there's an equivalent condition you + + + align:start position:0% +then there's an equivalent condition you +can check + + align:start position:0% +can check + + + align:start position:0% +can check +to see if it is in fact a bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +to see if it is in fact a bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +to see if it is in fact a bounded linear +operator + + align:start position:0% +operator + + + align:start position:0% +operator +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then t is + + align:start position:0% +then t is + + + align:start position:0% +then t is +a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% +a bounded linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +a bounded linear operator +from b1 to b2 + + align:start position:0% +from b1 to b2 + + + align:start position:0% +from b1 to b2 +if and only if + + align:start position:0% +if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +if and only if +a graph of t + + align:start position:0% +a graph of t + + + align:start position:0% +a graph of t +which is defined to be the set + + align:start position:0% +which is defined to be the set + + + align:start position:0% +which is defined to be the set +let's see what notation do i use + + align:start position:0% +let's see what notation do i use + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what notation do i use +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +v + + align:start position:0% +v + + + align:start position:0% +v +such that b equals t u + + align:start position:0% +such that b equals t u + + + align:start position:0% +such that b equals t u +i should let me write it this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is a subset of b1 cross b2 + + align:start position:0% +which is a subset of b1 cross b2 + + + align:start position:0% +which is a subset of b1 cross b2 +is closed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +a linear operator is a bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +a linear operator is a bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +a linear operator is a bounded linear +operator if and only if the graph of uh + + align:start position:0% +operator if and only if the graph of uh + + + align:start position:0% +operator if and only if the graph of uh +this linear + + align:start position:0% +this linear + + + align:start position:0% +this linear +operator given by utu + + align:start position:0% +operator given by utu + + + align:start position:0% +operator given by utu +uh is closed now why is this a little + + align:start position:0% +uh is closed now why is this a little + + + align:start position:0% +uh is closed now why is this a little +bit easier + + align:start position:0% +bit easier + + + align:start position:0% +bit easier +um or i say + + align:start position:0% +um or i say + + + align:start position:0% +um or i say +convenient than just checking if + + align:start position:0% +convenient than just checking if + + + align:start position:0% +convenient than just checking if +something's a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% +something's a bounded linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +something's a bounded linear operator +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +you know maybe it's difficult to prove + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe it's difficult to prove + + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe it's difficult to prove +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the boundedness property that we have + + align:start position:0% +the boundedness property that we have + + + align:start position:0% +the boundedness property that we have +that's equivalent to continuity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so you know a bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +right so you know a bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +right so you know a bounded linear +operator + + align:start position:0% +operator + + + align:start position:0% +operator +is a linear operator which is continuous + + align:start position:0% +is a linear operator which is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +is a linear operator which is continuous +so maybe it's difficult to prove the + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it's difficult to prove the + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it's difficult to prove the +bound so you have to go back and try and + + align:start position:0% +bound so you have to go back and try and + + + align:start position:0% +bound so you have to go back and try and +prove so just for a given + + align:start position:0% +prove so just for a given + + + align:start position:0% +prove so just for a given +god-given or instructor-given + + align:start position:0% +god-given or instructor-given + + + align:start position:0% +god-given or instructor-given +operator + + align:start position:0% +operator + + + align:start position:0% +operator +so then you try and go back and prove + + align:start position:0% +so then you try and go back and prove + + + align:start position:0% +so then you try and go back and prove +continuity right and continuity says + + align:start position:0% +continuity right and continuity says + + + align:start position:0% +continuity right and continuity says +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +take a sequence of u n's converging to u + + align:start position:0% +take a sequence of u n's converging to u + + + align:start position:0% +take a sequence of u n's converging to u +you then have to prove that t + + align:start position:0% +you then have to prove that t + + + align:start position:0% +you then have to prove that t +of u n + + align:start position:0% +of u n + + + align:start position:0% +of u n +converges to + + align:start position:0% +converges to + + + align:start position:0% +converges to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +t of u + + align:start position:0% +t of u + + + align:start position:0% +t of u +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but there's kind of two statements in + + align:start position:0% +but there's kind of two statements in + + + align:start position:0% +but there's kind of two statements in +there you have to prove + + align:start position:0% +there you have to prove + + + align:start position:0% +there you have to prove +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +t of u n converges and that limit is + + align:start position:0% +t of u n converges and that limit is + + + align:start position:0% +t of u n converges and that limit is +equal to t u + + align:start position:0% +equal to t u + + + align:start position:0% +equal to t u +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +with the closed graph theorem does is it + + align:start position:0% +with the closed graph theorem does is it + + + align:start position:0% +with the closed graph theorem does is it +eliminates one of those steps right + + align:start position:0% +eliminates one of those steps right + + + align:start position:0% +eliminates one of those steps right +because to prove that the + + align:start position:0% +because to prove that the + + + align:start position:0% +because to prove that the +let's think about that that the graph is + + align:start position:0% +let's think about that that the graph is + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about that that the graph is +closed in b1 cross b2 what does that + + align:start position:0% +closed in b1 cross b2 what does that + + + align:start position:0% +closed in b1 cross b2 what does that +mean that means you get to take you have + + align:start position:0% +mean that means you get to take you have + + + align:start position:0% +mean that means you get to take you have +to check that it's closed under taking + + align:start position:0% +to check that it's closed under taking + + + align:start position:0% +to check that it's closed under taking +limits of sequences + + align:start position:0% +limits of sequences + + + align:start position:0% +limits of sequences +so you have to show that given a + + align:start position:0% +so you have to show that given a + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to show that given a +sequence u n tending to u + + align:start position:0% +sequence u n tending to u + + + align:start position:0% +sequence u n tending to u +and t of u n converging to v + + align:start position:0% +and t of u n converging to v + + + align:start position:0% +and t of u n converging to v +that v is equal to t u so you get to + + align:start position:0% +that v is equal to t u so you get to + + + align:start position:0% +that v is equal to t u so you get to +assume + + align:start position:0% +assume + + + align:start position:0% +assume +already that t of u n converges you just + + align:start position:0% +already that t of u n converges you just + + + align:start position:0% +already that t of u n converges you just +now have to check + + align:start position:0% +now have to check + + + align:start position:0% +now have to check +that the thing it converges to is + + align:start position:0% +that the thing it converges to is + + + align:start position:0% +that the thing it converges to is +actually equal to the image of + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to the image of + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to the image of +the limit of the un's + + align:start position:0% +the limit of the un's + + + align:start position:0% +the limit of the un's +okay so i hope that i hope that makes + + align:start position:0% +okay so i hope that i hope that makes + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i hope that i hope that makes +sense and and + + align:start position:0% +sense and and + + + align:start position:0% +sense and and +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +um explains + + align:start position:0% +um explains + + + align:start position:0% +um explains +why i said uh this is actually a little + + align:start position:0% +why i said uh this is actually a little + + + align:start position:0% +why i said uh this is actually a little +more convenient + + align:start position:0% +more convenient + + + align:start position:0% +more convenient +than than + + align:start position:0% +than than + + + align:start position:0% +than than +uh continuity + + align:start position:0% +uh continuity + + + align:start position:0% +uh continuity +or at least useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so this uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this uh +this is a two-way street + + align:start position:0% +this is a two-way street + + + align:start position:0% +this is a two-way street +so there's always + + align:start position:0% +so there's always + + + align:start position:0% +so there's always +typically + + align:start position:0% +typically + + + align:start position:0% +typically +one side of the street that's plowed + + align:start position:0% +one side of the street that's plowed + + + align:start position:0% +one side of the street that's plowed +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's do + + align:start position:0% +let's do + + + align:start position:0% +let's do +this direction assuming that t is a + + align:start position:0% +this direction assuming that t is a + + + align:start position:0% +this direction assuming that t is a +bounded linear operator and show that + + align:start position:0% +bounded linear operator and show that + + + align:start position:0% +bounded linear operator and show that +the graph is closed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if t is + + align:start position:0% +so if t is + + + align:start position:0% +so if t is +a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so let me not write if let me just write + + align:start position:0% +so let me not write if let me just write + + + align:start position:0% +so let me not write if let me just write +suppose + + align:start position:0% +suppose + + + align:start position:0% +suppose +and then start a new sentence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let uh + + align:start position:0% +let uh + + + align:start position:0% +let uh +u n + + align:start position:0% +u n + + + align:start position:0% +u n +t of u n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be a sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +the graph of t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +u n converges to u + + align:start position:0% +u n converges to u + + + align:start position:0% +u n converges to u +and t of u n converges to v + + align:start position:0% +and t of u n converges to v + + + align:start position:0% +and t of u n converges to v +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +to show the graph is closed we have to + + align:start position:0% +to show the graph is closed we have to + + + align:start position:0% +to show the graph is closed we have to +show that + + align:start position:0% +show that + + + align:start position:0% +show that +u that the + + align:start position:0% +u that the + + + align:start position:0% +u that the +pair u v is in the graph that v is equal + + align:start position:0% +pair u v is in the graph that v is equal + + + align:start position:0% +pair u v is in the graph that v is equal +to t + + align:start position:0% +to t + + + align:start position:0% +to t +of u but this follows from continuity + + align:start position:0% +of u but this follows from continuity + + + align:start position:0% +of u but this follows from continuity +then v + + align:start position:0% +then v + + + align:start position:0% +then v +is equal to the limit + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the limit + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the limit +as n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +as n goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +as n goes to infinity +of t of u n + + align:start position:0% +of t of u n + + + align:start position:0% +of t of u n +and since t is continuous this is equal + + align:start position:0% +and since t is continuous this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +and since t is continuous this is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +u n which equals t u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the ordered uh pair uv is in the + + align:start position:0% +so the ordered uh pair uv is in the + + + align:start position:0% +so the ordered uh pair uv is in the +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +so let's now prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the opposite direction + + align:start position:0% +uh the opposite direction + + + align:start position:0% +uh the opposite direction +still not that difficult + + align:start position:0% +still not that difficult + + + align:start position:0% +still not that difficult +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what i'm first going to do is + + align:start position:0% +okay so what i'm first going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what i'm first going to do is +i'm going to draw + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to draw +a diagram this may be the only diagram i + + align:start position:0% +a diagram this may be the only diagram i + + + align:start position:0% +a diagram this may be the only diagram i +ever draw in this + + align:start position:0% +ever draw in this + + + align:start position:0% +ever draw in this +commuting diagram + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +may be the only one i draw in this class + + align:start position:0% +may be the only one i draw in this class + + + align:start position:0% +may be the only one i draw in this class +we'll see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t takes b1 to b2 i have the graph of t + + align:start position:0% +t takes b1 to b2 i have the graph of t + + + align:start position:0% +t takes b1 to b2 i have the graph of t +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +now i'm going to define two maps + + align:start position:0% +now i'm going to define two maps + + + align:start position:0% +now i'm going to define two maps +going from the graph to b1 + + align:start position:0% +going from the graph to b1 + + + align:start position:0% +going from the graph to b1 +and from the graph to b2 + + align:start position:0% +and from the graph to b2 + + + align:start position:0% +and from the graph to b2 +the graph sits as + + align:start position:0% +the graph sits as + + + align:start position:0% +the graph sits as +a subset of b1 cross b2 + + align:start position:0% +a subset of b1 cross b2 + + + align:start position:0% +a subset of b1 cross b2 +so this first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +map going from the graph is just going + + align:start position:0% +map going from the graph is just going + + + align:start position:0% +map going from the graph is just going +to be the projection onto the first + + align:start position:0% +to be the projection onto the first + + + align:start position:0% +to be the projection onto the first +entry + + align:start position:0% +entry + + + align:start position:0% +entry +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +pi 1 and then pi 2 will be + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 and then pi 2 will be + + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 and then pi 2 will be +the projection onto pi 2. + + align:start position:0% +the projection onto pi 2. + + + align:start position:0% +the projection onto pi 2. +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now to finish this graph i need to have + + align:start position:0% +now to finish this graph i need to have + + + align:start position:0% +now to finish this graph i need to have +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +arrow going from b 1 up to + + align:start position:0% +arrow going from b 1 up to + + + align:start position:0% +arrow going from b 1 up to +gamma of t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i just first want to note + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually before i noted i'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +actually before i noted i'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +actually before i noted i'm going to go +ahead and draw the arrow and then i'll + + align:start position:0% +ahead and draw the arrow and then i'll + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and draw the arrow and then i'll +tell you what s is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so pi 1 + + align:start position:0% +so pi 1 + + + align:start position:0% +so pi 1 +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +restricted to the graph of p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a + + align:start position:0% +this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a +you know a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surjective map right so + + align:start position:0% +surjective map right so + + + align:start position:0% +surjective map right so +so let me actually define these things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph of t to be 1 + + align:start position:0% +graph of t to be 1 + + + align:start position:0% +graph of t to be 1 +via + + align:start position:0% +via + + + align:start position:0% +via +pi 1 of an element of the form u t u + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 of an element of the form u t u + + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 of an element of the form u t u +equals u + + align:start position:0% +equals u + + + align:start position:0% +equals u +and then pi 2 + + align:start position:0% +and then pi 2 + + + align:start position:0% +and then pi 2 +from the graph of + + align:start position:0% +from the graph of + + + align:start position:0% +from the graph of +t to b2 + + align:start position:0% +t to b2 + + + align:start position:0% +t to b2 +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +just take the second element u + + align:start position:0% +just take the second element u + + + align:start position:0% +just take the second element u +2u + + align:start position:0% +2u + + + align:start position:0% +2u +equals tu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so my point here so uh + + align:start position:0% +so my point here so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so my point here so uh +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +first note + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gamma of t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a bonus space why + + align:start position:0% +is a bonus space why + + + align:start position:0% +is a bonus space why +gamma of t is a subspace of b1 cross b2 + + align:start position:0% +gamma of t is a subspace of b1 cross b2 + + + align:start position:0% +gamma of t is a subspace of b1 cross b2 +okay because t is linear + + align:start position:0% +okay because t is linear + + + align:start position:0% +okay because t is linear +and it's closed so a closed subspace of + + align:start position:0% +and it's closed so a closed subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's closed so a closed subspace of +a bonus space is again + + align:start position:0% +a bonus space is again + + + align:start position:0% +a bonus space is again +a bonus base + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a closed + + align:start position:0% +is a closed + + + align:start position:0% +is a closed +subspace + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +the bonnet space + + align:start position:0% +the bonnet space + + + align:start position:0% +the bonnet space +d1 cross b2 with this norm + + align:start position:0% +d1 cross b2 with this norm + + + align:start position:0% +d1 cross b2 with this norm +that i defined in the earlier theorem + + align:start position:0% +that i defined in the earlier theorem + + + align:start position:0% +that i defined in the earlier theorem +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now pi 1 and pi 2 these are both + + align:start position:0% +now pi 1 and pi 2 these are both + + + align:start position:0% +now pi 1 and pi 2 these are both +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +as viewed now as maps from the bonnet + + align:start position:0% +as viewed now as maps from the bonnet + + + align:start position:0% +as viewed now as maps from the bonnet +space of the + + align:start position:0% +space of the + + + align:start position:0% +space of the +the graph + + align:start position:0% +the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the graph +to b1 and b2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi 1 is in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as a bounded linear operator from + + align:start position:0% +as a bounded linear operator from + + + align:start position:0% +as a bounded linear operator from +the graph to v1 + + align:start position:0% +the graph to v1 + + + align:start position:0% +the graph to v1 +and pi 2 is a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to b2 why is this i mean this is + + align:start position:0% +to b2 why is this i mean this is + + + align:start position:0% +to b2 why is this i mean this is +pretty clear + + align:start position:0% +pretty clear + + + align:start position:0% +pretty clear +so the graph of + + align:start position:0% +so the graph of + + + align:start position:0% +so the graph of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +norm of things in here are just + + align:start position:0% +norm of things in here are just + + + align:start position:0% +norm of things in here are just +so this is because + + align:start position:0% +so this is because + + + align:start position:0% +so this is because +if i take the norm of + + align:start position:0% +if i take the norm of + + + align:start position:0% +if i take the norm of +pi of let me write it u v now where v is + + align:start position:0% +pi of let me write it u v now where v is + + + align:start position:0% +pi of let me write it u v now where v is +standing for t u + + align:start position:0% +standing for t u + + + align:start position:0% +standing for t u +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +equal to v + + align:start position:0% +equal to v + + + align:start position:0% +equal to v +which is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +which is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +which is less than or equal to +so this is pi + + align:start position:0% +so this is pi + + + align:start position:0% +so this is pi +2 of this one + + align:start position:0% +2 of this one + + + align:start position:0% +2 of this one +which is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the same thing with pi one okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +pi 1 and pi 2 going from the graph to b1 + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 and pi 2 going from the graph to b1 + + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 and pi 2 going from the graph to b1 +and b2 these are bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +and b2 these are bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +and b2 these are bounded linear +operators + + align:start position:0% +operators + + + align:start position:0% +operators +and pi 1 when restricted to the graph + + align:start position:0% +and pi 1 when restricted to the graph + + + align:start position:0% +and pi 1 when restricted to the graph +is in fact uh bijective right it's one + + align:start position:0% +is in fact uh bijective right it's one + + + align:start position:0% +is in fact uh bijective right it's one +to one and onto + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i've used moreover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again so let me just write more over + + align:start position:0% +again so let me just write more over + + + align:start position:0% +again so let me just write more over +more over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going from the graph to b 1 + + align:start position:0% +going from the graph to b 1 + + + align:start position:0% +going from the graph to b 1 +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +1 to 1 + + align:start position:0% +1 to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 to 1 +and onto + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bijective + + align:start position:0% +bijective + + + align:start position:0% +bijective +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +right everything in b1 gets + + align:start position:0% +right everything in b1 gets + + + align:start position:0% +right everything in b1 gets +mapped to by pi 1 from the graph you + + align:start position:0% +mapped to by pi 1 from the graph you + + + align:start position:0% +mapped to by pi 1 from the graph you +just take + + align:start position:0% +just take + + + align:start position:0% +just take +if you have something you want here then + + align:start position:0% +if you have something you want here then + + + align:start position:0% +if you have something you want here then +its + + align:start position:0% +its + + + align:start position:0% +its +image is u1 t of u1 that's a unique + + align:start position:0% +image is u1 t of u1 that's a unique + + + align:start position:0% +image is u1 t of u1 that's a unique +element in the graph since t is a + + align:start position:0% +element in the graph since t is a + + + align:start position:0% +element in the graph since t is a +is a function there's only one + + align:start position:0% +is a function there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +is a function there's only one +element in the graph corresponding to a + + align:start position:0% +element in the graph corresponding to a + + + align:start position:0% +element in the graph corresponding to a +given + + align:start position:0% +given + + + align:start position:0% +given +u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so let's + + align:start position:0% +so let's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's +pause + + align:start position:0% +pause + + + align:start position:0% +pause +the proof here because i forgot to write + + align:start position:0% +the proof here because i forgot to write + + + align:start position:0% +the proof here because i forgot to write +a corollary after the open mapping + + align:start position:0% +a corollary after the open mapping + + + align:start position:0% +a corollary after the open mapping +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in fact let's state it over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this was the end of the proof of + + align:start position:0% +this was the end of the proof of + + + align:start position:0% +this was the end of the proof of +the open mapping theorem so there's + + align:start position:0% +the open mapping theorem so there's + + + align:start position:0% +the open mapping theorem so there's +space for + + align:start position:0% +space for + + + align:start position:0% +space for +the corollary which i wanted to + + align:start position:0% +the corollary which i wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +the corollary which i wanted to +to write here + + align:start position:0% +to write here + + + align:start position:0% +to write here +it's the following + + align:start position:0% +it's the following + + + align:start position:0% +it's the following +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +if b1 + + align:start position:0% +if b1 + + + align:start position:0% +if b1 +b2 + + align:start position:0% +b2 + + + align:start position:0% +b2 +carbonic spaces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t is a bounded linear operator from b1 + + align:start position:0% +t is a bounded linear operator from b1 + + + align:start position:0% +t is a bounded linear operator from b1 +to b2 + + align:start position:0% +to b2 + + + align:start position:0% +to b2 +which is bijective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning 1 to 1 and on 2. so it has an + + align:start position:0% +meaning 1 to 1 and on 2. so it has an + + + align:start position:0% +meaning 1 to 1 and on 2. so it has an +inverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +t inverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a bounded linear operator from b2 + + align:start position:0% +a bounded linear operator from b2 + + + align:start position:0% +a bounded linear operator from b2 +to b1 + + align:start position:0% +to b1 + + + align:start position:0% +to b1 +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so if i have a bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +all right so if i have a bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +all right so if i have a bounded linear +operator from two b from one binox space + + align:start position:0% +operator from two b from one binox space + + + align:start position:0% +operator from two b from one binox space +to another that's bijective its inverse + + align:start position:0% +to another that's bijective its inverse + + + align:start position:0% +to another that's bijective its inverse +is automatically continuous okay + + align:start position:0% +is automatically continuous okay + + + align:start position:0% +is automatically continuous okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and the proof of that just follows from + + align:start position:0% +and the proof of that just follows from + + + align:start position:0% +and the proof of that just follows from +the open mapping theorem + + align:start position:0% +the open mapping theorem + + + align:start position:0% +the open mapping theorem +right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm going to write it in one line + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write it in one line + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to write it in one line +because that's all the space i'm going + + align:start position:0% +because that's all the space i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +because that's all the space i'm going +to give myself + + align:start position:0% +to give myself + + + align:start position:0% +to give myself +t inverse is + + align:start position:0% +t inverse is + + + align:start position:0% +t inverse is +continuous if and only + + align:start position:0% +continuous if and only + + + align:start position:0% +continuous if and only +if for all u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's open + + align:start position:0% +that's open + + + align:start position:0% +that's open +for all open sets u and b1 which is in + + align:start position:0% +for all open sets u and b1 which is in + + + align:start position:0% +for all open sets u and b1 which is in +the image + + align:start position:0% +the image + + + align:start position:0% +the image +the inverse image + + align:start position:0% +the inverse image + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse image +of t inverse + + align:start position:0% +of t inverse + + + align:start position:0% +of t inverse +or i should say the inverse image of u + + align:start position:0% +or i should say the inverse image of u + + + align:start position:0% +or i should say the inverse image of u +by t inverse + + align:start position:0% +by t inverse + + + align:start position:0% +by t inverse +which you can just check is equal to t + + align:start position:0% +which you can just check is equal to t + + + align:start position:0% +which you can just check is equal to t +of u + + align:start position:0% +of u + + + align:start position:0% +of u +is open + + align:start position:0% +is open + + + align:start position:0% +is open +and that's true by the open mapping + + align:start position:0% +and that's true by the open mapping + + + align:start position:0% +and that's true by the open mapping +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +since a bijective map is surjective okay + + align:start position:0% +since a bijective map is surjective okay + + + align:start position:0% +since a bijective map is surjective okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +every bijective bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% +every bijective bounded linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +every bijective bounded linear operator +automatically has + + align:start position:0% +automatically has + + + align:start position:0% +automatically has +a bounded inverse + + align:start position:0% +a bounded inverse + + + align:start position:0% +a bounded inverse +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that's also linear i mean this is + + align:start position:0% +that's also linear i mean this is + + + align:start position:0% +that's also linear i mean this is +i didn't say that but you know if i have + + align:start position:0% +i didn't say that but you know if i have + + + align:start position:0% +i didn't say that but you know if i have +a linear operator which is bijective + + align:start position:0% +a linear operator which is bijective + + + align:start position:0% +a linear operator which is bijective +then its inverse is also linear + + align:start position:0% +then its inverse is also linear + + + align:start position:0% +then its inverse is also linear +okay so now coming back to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proof of the closed graph theorem + + align:start position:0% +proof of the closed graph theorem + + + align:start position:0% +proof of the closed graph theorem +so we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have +the graph which is + + align:start position:0% +the graph which is + + + align:start position:0% +the graph which is +a bonus space in its own right as a + + align:start position:0% +a bonus space in its own right as a + + + align:start position:0% +a bonus space in its own right as a +subset of b1 cross b2 is a closed subset + + align:start position:0% +subset of b1 cross b2 is a closed subset + + + align:start position:0% +subset of b1 cross b2 is a closed subset +of b1 cross b2 + + align:start position:0% +of b1 cross b2 + + + align:start position:0% +of b1 cross b2 +i have pi 1 and pi 2 which are + + align:start position:0% +i have pi 1 and pi 2 which are + + + align:start position:0% +i have pi 1 and pi 2 which are +bounded linear operators between b1 and + + align:start position:0% +bounded linear operators between b1 and + + + align:start position:0% +bounded linear operators between b1 and +b2 i didn't say that they're + + align:start position:0% +b2 i didn't say that they're + + + align:start position:0% +b2 i didn't say that they're +linear but + + align:start position:0% +linear but + + + align:start position:0% +linear but +you know that should be + + align:start position:0% +you know that should be + + + align:start position:0% +you know that should be +clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi one when restricted to the graph + + align:start position:0% +pi one when restricted to the graph + + + align:start position:0% +pi one when restricted to the graph +is one to one and onto pi one here just + + align:start position:0% +is one to one and onto pi one here just + + + align:start position:0% +is one to one and onto pi one here just +takes the first element + + align:start position:0% +takes the first element + + + align:start position:0% +takes the first element +of uh what's in the graph and spits out + + align:start position:0% +of uh what's in the graph and spits out + + + align:start position:0% +of uh what's in the graph and spits out +let me instead of having t u there let + + align:start position:0% +let me instead of having t u there let + + + align:start position:0% +let me instead of having t u there let +me have v + + align:start position:0% +me have v + + + align:start position:0% +me have v +i don't like that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we just know that v is equal to + + align:start position:0% +okay and we just know that v is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we just know that v is equal to +t u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this is uh one to one and onto + + align:start position:0% +and so this is uh one to one and onto + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is uh one to one and onto +it's bijective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thus + + align:start position:0% +thus + + + align:start position:0% +thus +it has an inverse which is a bounded + + align:start position:0% +it has an inverse which is a bounded + + + align:start position:0% +it has an inverse which is a bounded +linear operator by the corollary that i + + align:start position:0% +linear operator by the corollary that i + + + align:start position:0% +linear operator by the corollary that i +stated over there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +bounded + + align:start position:0% +bounded + + + align:start position:0% +bounded +linear operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which implies that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +which i can write as + + align:start position:0% +which i can write as + + + align:start position:0% +which i can write as +uh i shouldn't have s inverse s defined + + align:start position:0% +uh i shouldn't have s inverse s defined + + + align:start position:0% +uh i shouldn't have s inverse s defined +to be the inverse + + align:start position:0% +to be the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +to be the inverse +and therefore t which is equal to s of + + align:start position:0% +and therefore t which is equal to s of + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore t which is equal to s of +pi 1 + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 + + + align:start position:0% +pi 1 +going from v 1 + + align:start position:0% +going from v 1 + + + align:start position:0% +going from v 1 +to b 2 + + align:start position:0% +to b 2 + + + align:start position:0% +to b 2 +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +now the product of two bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +now the product of two bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +now the product of two bounded linear +operators pi one restricted to + + align:start position:0% +operators pi one restricted to + + + align:start position:0% +operators pi one restricted to +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +from by from b one up to the graph + + align:start position:0% +from by from b one up to the graph + + + align:start position:0% +from by from b one up to the graph +and then s + + align:start position:0% +and then s + + + align:start position:0% +and then s +uh no no no + + align:start position:0% +uh no no no + + + align:start position:0% +uh no no no +romano + + align:start position:0% +romano + + + align:start position:0% +romano +i'm messing this all up hold on + + align:start position:0% +i'm messing this all up hold on + + + align:start position:0% +i'm messing this all up hold on +s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now this this makes sense so pipe s + + align:start position:0% +okay now this this makes sense so pipe s + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this this makes sense so pipe s +which is the inverse of pi one uh + + align:start position:0% +which is the inverse of pi one uh + + + align:start position:0% +which is the inverse of pi one uh +is a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% +is a bounded linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +is a bounded linear operator +pi two is a bounded linear operator and + + align:start position:0% +pi two is a bounded linear operator and + + + align:start position:0% +pi two is a bounded linear operator and +therefore their composition is also + + align:start position:0% +therefore their composition is also + + + align:start position:0% +therefore their composition is also +bound to linear operator + + align:start position:0% +bound to linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +bound to linear operator +which incli which implies that t is a + + align:start position:0% +which incli which implies that t is a + + + align:start position:0% +which incli which implies that t is a +bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so i made kind of a mess of that having + + align:start position:0% +so i made kind of a mess of that having + + + align:start position:0% +so i made kind of a mess of that having +to go back and forth but + + align:start position:0% +to go back and forth but + + + align:start position:0% +to go back and forth but +the proof is simple enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm sure + + align:start position:0% +i'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +i'm sure +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +professor mel rose would have just drawn + + align:start position:0% +professor mel rose would have just drawn + + + align:start position:0% +professor mel rose would have just drawn +that picture + + align:start position:0% +that picture + + + align:start position:0% +that picture +but i decided to make a mess of it + + align:start position:0% +but i decided to make a mess of it + + + align:start position:0% +but i decided to make a mess of it +okay um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +those are + + align:start position:0% +those are + + + align:start position:0% +those are +you know some pretty uh + + align:start position:0% +you know some pretty uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know some pretty uh +important theorems that follow from the + + align:start position:0% +important theorems that follow from the + + + align:start position:0% +important theorems that follow from the +bear category theorem so we got um + + align:start position:0% +bear category theorem so we got um + + + align:start position:0% +bear category theorem so we got um +uniform boundiness from bear category we + + align:start position:0% +uniform boundiness from bear category we + + + align:start position:0% +uniform boundiness from bear category we +got open mapping from bear category we + + align:start position:0% +got open mapping from bear category we + + + align:start position:0% +got open mapping from bear category we +got closed graph from bear category or + + align:start position:0% +got closed graph from bear category or + + + align:start position:0% +got closed graph from bear category or +from open mapping + + align:start position:0% +from open mapping + + + align:start position:0% +from open mapping +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +you're a lover of logic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know think about it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you know think about it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you know think about it a little bit +open mapping implies close graph + + align:start position:0% +open mapping implies close graph + + + align:start position:0% +open mapping implies close graph +but you can also + + align:start position:0% +but you can also + + + align:start position:0% +but you can also +show that closed graph implies open + + align:start position:0% +show that closed graph implies open + + + align:start position:0% +show that closed graph implies open +mapping so as logical statements they're + + align:start position:0% +mapping so as logical statements they're + + + align:start position:0% +mapping so as logical statements they're +equivalent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to move on to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move on to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to move on to +the hanbonic theorem + + align:start position:0% +the hanbonic theorem + + + align:start position:0% +the hanbonic theorem +so i haven't done many examples here + + align:start position:0% +so i haven't done many examples here + + + align:start position:0% +so i haven't done many examples here +going into this kind of general theory + + align:start position:0% +going into this kind of general theory + + + align:start position:0% +going into this kind of general theory +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but don't worry there there'll be plenty + + align:start position:0% +but don't worry there there'll be plenty + + + align:start position:0% +but don't worry there there'll be plenty +of examples in the uh assignments of how + + align:start position:0% +of examples in the uh assignments of how + + + align:start position:0% +of examples in the uh assignments of how +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +of you know using uh these theorems and + + align:start position:0% +of you know using uh these theorems and + + + align:start position:0% +of you know using uh these theorems and +so on + + align:start position:0% +so on + + + align:start position:0% +so on +so the han banik theorem + + align:start position:0% +so the han banik theorem + + + align:start position:0% +so the han banik theorem +what uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +these theorems before + + align:start position:0% +these theorems before + + + align:start position:0% +these theorems before +we're all kind of answering a question + + align:start position:0% +we're all kind of answering a question + + + align:start position:0% +we're all kind of answering a question +maybe i didn't + + align:start position:0% +maybe i didn't + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i didn't +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +state the questions as clearly you know + + align:start position:0% +state the questions as clearly you know + + + align:start position:0% +state the questions as clearly you know +closed graph is kind of + + align:start position:0% +closed graph is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +closed graph is kind of +well it doesn't so much answer question + + align:start position:0% +well it doesn't so much answer question + + + align:start position:0% +well it doesn't so much answer question +as give us an alternative to to proving + + align:start position:0% +as give us an alternative to to proving + + + align:start position:0% +as give us an alternative to to proving +continuity + + align:start position:0% +continuity + + + align:start position:0% +continuity +uh open mapping you can think of as you + + align:start position:0% +uh open mapping you can think of as you + + + align:start position:0% +uh open mapping you can think of as you +know trying to answer this question if i + + align:start position:0% +know trying to answer this question if i + + + align:start position:0% +know trying to answer this question if i +have a bijective bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% +have a bijective bounded linear operator + + + align:start position:0% +have a bijective bounded linear operator +is its inverse a bounded linear operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uniform boundedness uh is you know + + align:start position:0% +and uniform boundedness uh is you know + + + align:start position:0% +and uniform boundedness uh is you know +sort of the answer to the question for + + align:start position:0% +sort of the answer to the question for + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the answer to the question for +at least the sequence of bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +at least the sequence of bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +at least the sequence of bounded linear +operators does point wise convergence + + align:start position:0% +operators does point wise convergence + + + align:start position:0% +operators does point wise convergence +imply or point wise boundedness imply + + align:start position:0% +imply or point wise boundedness imply + + + align:start position:0% +imply or point wise boundedness imply +uniform boundedness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the question that the honbonic + + align:start position:0% +now the question that the honbonic + + + align:start position:0% +now the question that the honbonic +theorem tries to answer is the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +given + + align:start position:0% +given + + + align:start position:0% +given +you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +general + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial +normed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +norm space v + + align:start position:0% +norm space v + + + align:start position:0% +norm space v +ah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the dual space given by + + align:start position:0% +is the dual space given by + + + align:start position:0% +is the dual space given by +simply the zero vector + + align:start position:0% +simply the zero vector + + + align:start position:0% +simply the zero vector +right so at the end of last class i + + align:start position:0% +right so at the end of last class i + + + align:start position:0% +right so at the end of last class i +defined the dual space if + + align:start position:0% +defined the dual space if + + + align:start position:0% +defined the dual space if +recall this is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the bounded linear operators from the + + align:start position:0% +the bounded linear operators from the + + + align:start position:0% +the bounded linear operators from the +norm's face norm space v to + + align:start position:0% +norm's face norm space v to + + + align:start position:0% +norm's face norm space v to +the field of scalars + + align:start position:0% +the field of scalars + + + align:start position:0% +the field of scalars +which is a bonus space because it's a + + align:start position:0% +which is a bonus space because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +which is a bonus space because it's a +it's the space of bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +it's the space of bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +it's the space of bounded linear +operators from + + align:start position:0% +operators from + + + align:start position:0% +operators from +a norm space to a bonus base + + align:start position:0% +a norm space to a bonus base + + + align:start position:0% +a norm space to a bonus base +so it's a bionic space + + align:start position:0% +so it's a bionic space + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a bionic space +and we usually uh + + align:start position:0% +and we usually uh + + + align:start position:0% +and we usually uh +you know refer to elements of the dual + + align:start position:0% +you know refer to elements of the dual + + + align:start position:0% +you know refer to elements of the dual +as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm not sure if i said this last time + + align:start position:0% +i'm not sure if i said this last time + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not sure if i said this last time +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +we don't refer to them as bounded linear + + align:start position:0% +we don't refer to them as bounded linear + + + align:start position:0% +we don't refer to them as bounded linear +operators from this vector space to the + + align:start position:0% +operators from this vector space to the + + + align:start position:0% +operators from this vector space to the +field of scalars but as functionals + + align:start position:0% +field of scalars but as functionals + + + align:start position:0% +field of scalars but as functionals +uh because you know the classical space + + align:start position:0% +uh because you know the classical space + + + align:start position:0% +uh because you know the classical space +is where function space is the classical + + align:start position:0% +is where function space is the classical + + + align:start position:0% +is where function space is the classical +banach spaces were were + + align:start position:0% +banach spaces were were + + + align:start position:0% +banach spaces were were +spaces of function so the things that + + align:start position:0% +spaces of function so the things that + + + align:start position:0% +spaces of function so the things that +ate them and spat out a number were + + align:start position:0% +ate them and spat out a number were + + + align:start position:0% +ate them and spat out a number were +called functionals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know so evolving from function of + + align:start position:0% +you know so evolving from function of + + + align:start position:0% +you know so evolving from function of +functions and + + align:start position:0% +functions and + + + align:start position:0% +functions and +functions of lines um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +so the question is if i have just the + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if i have just the + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if i have just the +norm space + + align:start position:0% +norm space + + + align:start position:0% +norm space +is the dual space kind of non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +is the dual space kind of non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +is the dual space kind of non-trivial +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +in general so last time you know i + + align:start position:0% +in general so last time you know i + + + align:start position:0% +in general so last time you know i +hinted that for certain spaces + + align:start position:0% +hinted that for certain spaces + + + align:start position:0% +hinted that for certain spaces +you can actually write down the dual + + align:start position:0% +you can actually write down the dual + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually write down the dual +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explicitly you can at least identify the + + align:start position:0% +explicitly you can at least identify the + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly you can at least identify the +dual split dual space in an explicit way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i hinted last time that the dual of + + align:start position:0% +i hinted last time that the dual of + + + align:start position:0% +i hinted last time that the dual of +little lp + + align:start position:0% +little lp + + + align:start position:0% +little lp +prime + + align:start position:0% +prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime +is in fact equal to + + align:start position:0% +is in fact equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is in fact equal to +lp prime + + align:start position:0% +lp prime + + + align:start position:0% +lp prime +where one over + + align:start position:0% +where one over + + + align:start position:0% +where one over +where p prime is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +defined as the dual exponent so one over + + align:start position:0% +defined as the dual exponent so one over + + + align:start position:0% +defined as the dual exponent so one over +p plus one over p prime equals one and + + align:start position:0% +p plus one over p prime equals one and + + + align:start position:0% +p plus one over p prime equals one and +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +for p + + align:start position:0% +for p + + + align:start position:0% +for p +bigger than or equal to one and less + + align:start position:0% +bigger than or equal to one and less + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than or equal to one and less +than infinity but not for p equals + + align:start position:0% +than infinity but not for p equals + + + align:start position:0% +than infinity but not for p equals +infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh if you remember last time c zero + + align:start position:0% +and uh if you remember last time c zero + + + align:start position:0% +and uh if you remember last time c zero +which is the set of sequences which + + align:start position:0% +which is the set of sequences which + + + align:start position:0% +which is the set of sequences which +converge to zero + + align:start position:0% +converge to zero + + + align:start position:0% +converge to zero +you can i can't remember if i wrote this + + align:start position:0% +you can i can't remember if i wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +you can i can't remember if i wrote this +down at the end of last class but you + + align:start position:0% +down at the end of last class but you + + + align:start position:0% +down at the end of last class but you +can also identify its dual space + + align:start position:0% +can also identify its dual space + + + align:start position:0% +can also identify its dual space +with little + + align:start position:0% +with little + + + align:start position:0% +with little +l1 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so just to give you some examples of + + align:start position:0% +so just to give you some examples of + + + align:start position:0% +so just to give you some examples of +spaces that do have non-trivial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dual space + + align:start position:0% +dual space + + + align:start position:0% +dual space +examples of norm spaces which have + + align:start position:0% +examples of norm spaces which have + + + align:start position:0% +examples of norm spaces which have +non-trivial dual space + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial dual space + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial dual space +are given by the little lp spaces + + align:start position:0% +are given by the little lp spaces + + + align:start position:0% +are given by the little lp spaces +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but now the question is so in general + + align:start position:0% +but now the question is so in general + + + align:start position:0% +but now the question is so in general +for for a norm space is the space of + + align:start position:0% +for for a norm space is the space of + + + align:start position:0% +for for a norm space is the space of +functionals is the dual space + + align:start position:0% +functionals is the dual space + + + align:start position:0% +functionals is the dual space +non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial +and this is a + + align:start position:0% +and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a +statement of the hanbonic theorem that + + align:start position:0% +statement of the hanbonic theorem that + + + align:start position:0% +statement of the hanbonic theorem that +there's in fact a lot of elements in the + + align:start position:0% +there's in fact a lot of elements in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's in fact a lot of elements in the +dual space okay + + align:start position:0% +dual space okay + + + align:start position:0% +dual space okay +now we're not going to get to the + + align:start position:0% +now we're not going to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +now we're not going to get to the +statement + + align:start position:0% +statement + + + align:start position:0% +statement +or proof of that in this lecture + + align:start position:0% +or proof of that in this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +or proof of that in this lecture +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +we just need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because we first need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at least go over or state a + + align:start position:0% +at least go over or state a + + + align:start position:0% +at least go over or state a +you can say result axiom + + align:start position:0% +you can say result axiom + + + align:start position:0% +you can say result axiom +from set theory that we'll need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so first like i said we need a uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axiom or recall an axiom a certain lemma + + align:start position:0% +axiom or recall an axiom a certain lemma + + + align:start position:0% +axiom or recall an axiom a certain lemma +from from set theory so first let me + + align:start position:0% +from from set theory so first let me + + + align:start position:0% +from from set theory so first let me +set down the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +appropriate terminology so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partial order on a set e + + align:start position:0% +partial order on a set e + + + align:start position:0% +partial order on a set e +is a relation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning just a subset of e cross e + + align:start position:0% +meaning just a subset of e cross e + + + align:start position:0% +meaning just a subset of e cross e +noted + + align:start position:0% +noted + + + align:start position:0% +noted +by this but we usually don't identify it + + align:start position:0% +by this but we usually don't identify it + + + align:start position:0% +by this but we usually don't identify it +as the subset of e cross e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +three things occur + + align:start position:0% +three things occur + + + align:start position:0% +three things occur +so you think of it kind of as a less + + align:start position:0% +so you think of it kind of as a less + + + align:start position:0% +so you think of it kind of as a less +than or equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for all e and e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e is related to e + + align:start position:0% +e is related to e + + + align:start position:0% +e is related to e +i will say less than or equal to even + + align:start position:0% +i will say less than or equal to even + + + align:start position:0% +i will say less than or equal to even +though this may have nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +though this may have nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +though this may have nothing to do with +less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for all e f and e or for all e and f and + + align:start position:0% +for all e f and e or for all e and f and + + + align:start position:0% +for all e f and e or for all e and f and +capital e + + align:start position:0% +capital e + + + align:start position:0% +capital e +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +less than or equal to f + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to f + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to f +and f + + align:start position:0% +and f + + + align:start position:0% +and f +less than or equal to e + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to e + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to e +these two assumptions imply that e + + align:start position:0% +these two assumptions imply that e + + + align:start position:0% +these two assumptions imply that e +is the same element as f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and transitivity so this is + + align:start position:0% +and transitivity so this is + + + align:start position:0% +and transitivity so this is +reflexivity + + align:start position:0% +reflexivity + + + align:start position:0% +reflexivity +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +not sure what which what would you call + + align:start position:0% +not sure what which what would you call + + + align:start position:0% +not sure what which what would you call +this one i can't exactly remember + + align:start position:0% +this one i can't exactly remember + + + align:start position:0% +this one i can't exactly remember +for all e + + align:start position:0% +for all e + + + align:start position:0% +for all e +f g and e + + align:start position:0% +f g and e + + + align:start position:0% +f g and e +the two assumptions e less than or equal + + align:start position:0% +the two assumptions e less than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +the two assumptions e less than or equal +to f + + align:start position:0% +to f + + + align:start position:0% +to f +and f + + align:start position:0% +and f + + + align:start position:0% +and f +less than or equal to g + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to g + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to g +implies e + + align:start position:0% +implies e + + + align:start position:0% +implies e +less than or equal to g + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to g + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to g +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this is the definition of a partial + + align:start position:0% +so this is the definition of a partial + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the definition of a partial +order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +to go with this + + align:start position:0% +to go with this + + + align:start position:0% +to go with this +we say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an upper bound + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of a set + + align:start position:0% +of a set + + + align:start position:0% +of a set +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +contained in e + + align:start position:0% +contained in e + + + align:start position:0% +contained in e +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e and e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +for all d and capital d + + align:start position:0% +for all d and capital d + + + align:start position:0% +for all d and capital d +d is less than or equal to e + + align:start position:0% +d is less than or equal to e + + + align:start position:0% +d is less than or equal to e +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a maximal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element of the set e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an element e and e + + align:start position:0% +an element e and e + + + align:start position:0% +an element e and e +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +you know nothing + + align:start position:0% +you know nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you know nothing +lies + + align:start position:0% +lies + + + align:start position:0% +lies +bigger than it essentially + + align:start position:0% +bigger than it essentially + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than it essentially +nothing maximizes it + + align:start position:0% +nothing maximizes it + + + align:start position:0% +nothing maximizes it +or majorizes it such that if + + align:start position:0% +or majorizes it such that if + + + align:start position:0% +or majorizes it such that if +f is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an e + + align:start position:0% +an e + + + align:start position:0% +an e +and e + + align:start position:0% +and e + + + align:start position:0% +and e +is less than or equal to f + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to f + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to f +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +e is equal to f + + align:start position:0% +e is equal to f + + + align:start position:0% +e is equal to f +and a similar definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for minimal element so this was the + + align:start position:0% +for minimal element so this was the + + + align:start position:0% +for minimal element so this was the +definition of a maximal element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this is the definition for a minimal + + align:start position:0% +uh this is the definition for a minimal + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is the definition for a minimal +element now note the maximum element may + + align:start position:0% +element now note the maximum element may + + + align:start position:0% +element now note the maximum element may +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +sit above e everything in e necessarily + + align:start position:0% +sit above e everything in e necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +sit above e everything in e necessarily +it may just be kind of off to the side + + align:start position:0% +it may just be kind of off to the side + + + align:start position:0% +it may just be kind of off to the side +of everything in e + + align:start position:0% +of everything in e + + + align:start position:0% +of everything in e +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +because this doesn't assert that you can + + align:start position:0% +because this doesn't assert that you can + + + align:start position:0% +because this doesn't assert that you can +always uh + + align:start position:0% +always uh + + + align:start position:0% +always uh +you know rel + + align:start position:0% +you know rel + + + align:start position:0% +you know rel +check to see if two element if between + + align:start position:0% +check to see if two element if between + + + align:start position:0% +check to see if two element if between +two elements if one is bigger than the + + align:start position:0% +two elements if one is bigger than the + + + align:start position:0% +two elements if one is bigger than the +other that's uh + + align:start position:0% +other that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +other that's uh +something a little more restrictive + + align:start position:0% +something a little more restrictive + + + align:start position:0% +something a little more restrictive +which is the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +less than or equal to is a partially + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to is a partially + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to is a partially +ordered + + align:start position:0% +ordered + + + align:start position:0% +ordered +set meaning a set with a partial order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so maybe a better way to say this is a + + align:start position:0% +so maybe a better way to say this is a + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe a better way to say this is a +set c is a chain if but a chain in e is + + align:start position:0% +set c is a chain if but a chain in e is + + + align:start position:0% +set c is a chain if but a chain in e is +a set c such that + + align:start position:0% +a set c such that + + + align:start position:0% +a set c such that +for all + + align:start position:0% +for all + + + align:start position:0% +for all +e f + + align:start position:0% +e f + + + align:start position:0% +e f +and c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e is less than or equal to f + + align:start position:0% +e is less than or equal to f + + + align:start position:0% +e is less than or equal to f +or f + + align:start position:0% +or f + + + align:start position:0% +or f +is less than or equal to e + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to e + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to e +okay so you can + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can +so a chain is something so that + + align:start position:0% +so a chain is something so that + + + align:start position:0% +so a chain is something so that +you can for any two elements in the set + + align:start position:0% +you can for any two elements in the set + + + align:start position:0% +you can for any two elements in the set +compare whether one is bigger than the + + align:start position:0% +compare whether one is bigger than the + + + align:start position:0% +compare whether one is bigger than the +other okay that's what a chain is + + align:start position:0% +other okay that's what a chain is + + + align:start position:0% +other okay that's what a chain is +um but for a general partial order um + + align:start position:0% +um but for a general partial order um + + + align:start position:0% +um but for a general partial order um +it doesn't necessarily need to be the + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't necessarily need to be the + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't necessarily need to be the +case that you can always check to see if + + align:start position:0% +case that you can always check to see if + + + align:start position:0% +case that you can always check to see if +one is bigger than the other for example + + align:start position:0% +one is bigger than the other for example + + + align:start position:0% +one is bigger than the other for example +your partial order could be on the power + + align:start position:0% +your partial order could be on the power + + + align:start position:0% +your partial order could be on the power +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +of some set and the the partial order is + + align:start position:0% +of some set and the the partial order is + + + align:start position:0% +of some set and the the partial order is +inclusion whether one subset is an is a + + align:start position:0% +inclusion whether one subset is an is a + + + align:start position:0% +inclusion whether one subset is an is a +contained in another + + align:start position:0% +contained in another + + + align:start position:0% +contained in another +then it satisfies these three properties + + align:start position:0% +then it satisfies these three properties + + + align:start position:0% +then it satisfies these three properties +but there's you know sets that cannot be + + align:start position:0% +but there's you know sets that cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +but there's you know sets that cannot be +compared to each other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me write this as a lemma + + align:start position:0% +let me write this as a lemma + + + align:start position:0% +let me write this as a lemma +due to zorn we're not going to prove + + align:start position:0% +due to zorn we're not going to prove + + + align:start position:0% +due to zorn we're not going to prove +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even though i'm writing lemma just take + + align:start position:0% +even though i'm writing lemma just take + + + align:start position:0% +even though i'm writing lemma just take +it as an axiom that uh + + align:start position:0% +it as an axiom that uh + + + align:start position:0% +it as an axiom that uh +you know an axiom of + + align:start position:0% +you know an axiom of + + + align:start position:0% +you know an axiom of +zermelo frankel set theory that goes + + align:start position:0% +zermelo frankel set theory that goes + + + align:start position:0% +zermelo frankel set theory that goes +that goes with it + + align:start position:0% +that goes with it + + + align:start position:0% +that goes with it +which is the following that if every + + align:start position:0% +which is the following that if every + + + align:start position:0% +which is the following that if every +chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a + + align:start position:0% +in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a +non-empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of course we're + + align:start position:0% +of course we're + + + align:start position:0% +of course we're +considering non-trivial stuff so in a + + align:start position:0% +considering non-trivial stuff so in a + + + align:start position:0% +considering non-trivial stuff so in a +non-empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partially ordered set + + align:start position:0% +partially ordered set + + + align:start position:0% +partially ordered set +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +has never bound + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a maximal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if you can check that + + align:start position:0% +so if you can check that + + + align:start position:0% +so if you can check that +every chain has an upper bound then you + + align:start position:0% +every chain has an upper bound then you + + + align:start position:0% +every chain has an upper bound then you +get to conclude that + + align:start position:0% +get to conclude that + + + align:start position:0% +get to conclude that +the partially ordered set has an a has a + + align:start position:0% +the partially ordered set has an a has a + + + align:start position:0% +the partially ordered set has an a has a +maximal element + + align:start position:0% +maximal element + + + align:start position:0% +maximal element +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we'll give a simple application of + + align:start position:0% +we'll give a simple application of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll give a simple application of +this at the start of the next lecture + + align:start position:0% +this at the start of the next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +this at the start of the next lecture +uh but first let me put this into your + + align:start position:0% +uh but first let me put this into your + + + align:start position:0% +uh but first let me put this into your +brains + + align:start position:0% +brains + + + align:start position:0% +brains +to to + + align:start position:0% +to to + + + align:start position:0% +to to +marinate on + + align:start position:0% +marinate on + + + align:start position:0% +marinate on +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so we're going to use zorn's lima + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to use zorn's lima + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to use zorn's lima +to prove the bana han banak theorem and + + align:start position:0% +to prove the bana han banak theorem and + + + align:start position:0% +to prove the bana han banak theorem and +i'll uh + + align:start position:0% +i'll uh + + + align:start position:0% +i'll uh +you know go into why that is next time + + align:start position:0% +you know go into why that is next time + + + align:start position:0% +you know go into why that is next time +but you can use thorn's limit to prove + + align:start position:0% +but you can use thorn's limit to prove + + + align:start position:0% +but you can use thorn's limit to prove +other things and it is used to prove + + align:start position:0% +other things and it is used to prove + + + align:start position:0% +other things and it is used to prove +other things + + align:start position:0% +other things + + + align:start position:0% +other things +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +first off + + align:start position:0% +first off + + + align:start position:0% +first off +from zorn's lima you can in fact prove + + align:start position:0% +from zorn's lima you can in fact prove + + + align:start position:0% +from zorn's lima you can in fact prove +the axiom of choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which says given any collection of sets + + align:start position:0% +which says given any collection of sets + + + align:start position:0% +which says given any collection of sets +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +essentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choose an element from each set + + align:start position:0% +choose an element from each set + + + align:start position:0% +choose an element from each set +you know stated in a very precise way + + align:start position:0% +you know stated in a very precise way + + + align:start position:0% +you know stated in a very precise way +another way which we're going to use at + + align:start position:0% +another way which we're going to use at + + + align:start position:0% +another way which we're going to use at +the beginning of next time is is to + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of next time is is to + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of next time is is to +prove the following but first let me + + align:start position:0% +prove the following but first let me + + + align:start position:0% +prove the following but first let me +make a definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a hammel basis + + align:start position:0% +a hammel basis + + + align:start position:0% +a hammel basis +h + + align:start position:0% +h + + + align:start position:0% +h +which is a subset not a subspace but a + + align:start position:0% +which is a subset not a subspace but a + + + align:start position:0% +which is a subset not a subspace but a +subset of v + + align:start position:0% +subset of v + + + align:start position:0% +subset of v +a vector space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a linearly independent set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that every element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of v is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linearly or finite linear + + align:start position:0% +linearly or finite linear + + + align:start position:0% +linearly or finite linear +combination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of elements + + align:start position:0% +of elements + + + align:start position:0% +of elements +of h + + align:start position:0% +of h + + + align:start position:0% +of h +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +from linear algebra you know + + align:start position:0% +from linear algebra you know + + + align:start position:0% +from linear algebra you know +for finite dimensions + + align:start position:0% +for finite dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +for finite dimensions +you know this is in some sense + + align:start position:0% +you know this is in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is in some sense +how one can define the dimension is you + + align:start position:0% +how one can define the dimension is you + + + align:start position:0% +how one can define the dimension is you +know you find a basis and then the + + align:start position:0% +know you find a basis and then the + + + align:start position:0% +know you find a basis and then the +cardinality of that basis is always the + + align:start position:0% +cardinality of that basis is always the + + + align:start position:0% +cardinality of that basis is always the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +so a hammel basis for like rn is just + + align:start position:0% +so a hammel basis for like rn is just + + + align:start position:0% +so a hammel basis for like rn is just +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +the vectors with one and you know + + align:start position:0% +the vectors with one and you know + + + align:start position:0% +the vectors with one and you know +one of the entries and zero otherwise so + + align:start position:0% +one of the entries and zero otherwise so + + + align:start position:0% +one of the entries and zero otherwise so +for uh r2 it's just one zero and zero + + align:start position:0% +for uh r2 it's just one zero and zero + + + align:start position:0% +for uh r2 it's just one zero and zero +one a hammel basis for let's say little + + align:start position:0% +one a hammel basis for let's say little + + + align:start position:0% +one a hammel basis for let's say little +l1 + + align:start position:0% +l1 + + + align:start position:0% +l1 +would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one in the first followed by zeros one + + align:start position:0% +one in the first followed by zeros one + + + align:start position:0% +one in the first followed by zeros one +in the second zero elsewhere one in the + + align:start position:0% +in the second zero elsewhere one in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the second zero elsewhere one in the +third zero elsewhere you know the set of + + align:start position:0% +third zero elsewhere you know the set of + + + align:start position:0% +third zero elsewhere you know the set of +these elements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the question is does every vector + + align:start position:0% +now the question is does every vector + + + align:start position:0% +now the question is does every vector +space have a hammel basis + + align:start position:0% +space have a hammel basis + + + align:start position:0% +space have a hammel basis +and using next time zorn's lemma will + + align:start position:0% +and using next time zorn's lemma will + + + align:start position:0% +and using next time zorn's lemma will +show that indeed + + align:start position:0% +show that indeed + + + align:start position:0% +show that indeed +every vector space has a hammel basis + + align:start position:0% +every vector space has a hammel basis + + + align:start position:0% +every vector space has a hammel basis +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in fact that hamill bases can be quite + + align:start position:0% +in fact that hamill bases can be quite + + + align:start position:0% +in fact that hamill bases can be quite +big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +that'll be + + align:start position:0% +that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be +a simple application we do next time is + + align:start position:0% +a simple application we do next time is + + + align:start position:0% +a simple application we do next time is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +via zorn you can show that every vector + + align:start position:0% +via zorn you can show that every vector + + + align:start position:0% +via zorn you can show that every vector +space has a hammer basis + + align:start position:0% +space has a hammer basis + + + align:start position:0% +space has a hammer basis +okay we'll stop there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GPYUDm2MDX8.txt b/GPYUDm2MDX8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9af2dbf17d07e43888003632e34e52a62d58bc32 --- /dev/null +++ b/GPYUDm2MDX8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +we're gonna make three different things + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna make three different things + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna make three different things +we're gonna make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to +wash the potatoes very well you can peel + + align:start position:0% +wash the potatoes very well you can peel + + + align:start position:0% +wash the potatoes very well you can peel +them or not that's up to you if you + + align:start position:0% +them or not that's up to you if you + + + align:start position:0% +them or not that's up to you if you +don't peel them you have to really wash + + align:start position:0% +don't peel them you have to really wash + + + align:start position:0% +don't peel them you have to really wash +them very very very well + + align:start position:0% +them very very very well + + + align:start position:0% +them very very very well +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +tayla + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you want to make slices that are like + + align:start position:0% +you want to make slices that are like + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make slices that are like +four millimeters or five millimeters you + + align:start position:0% +four millimeters or five millimeters you + + + align:start position:0% +four millimeters or five millimeters you +make the conversion + + align:start position:0% +make the conversion + + + align:start position:0% +make the conversion +you want them to be thin so that they + + align:start position:0% +you want them to be thin so that they + + + align:start position:0% +you want them to be thin so that they +will cook fast + + align:start position:0% +will cook fast + + + align:start position:0% +will cook fast +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then we will just put them in a + + align:start position:0% +and then we will just put them in a + + + align:start position:0% +and then we will just put them in a +baking pan + + align:start position:0% +baking pan + + + align:start position:0% +baking pan +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +a little bit of olive oil + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is very good also just in a salad raw + + align:start position:0% +is very good also just in a salad raw + + + align:start position:0% +is very good also just in a salad raw +you can just wash it and chop it and eat + + align:start position:0% +you can just wash it and chop it and eat + + + align:start position:0% +you can just wash it and chop it and eat +it with a tiny bit of olive oil salt and + + align:start position:0% +it with a tiny bit of olive oil salt and + + + align:start position:0% +it with a tiny bit of olive oil salt and +lemon for example and it's delicious + + align:start position:0% +lemon for example and it's delicious + + + align:start position:0% +lemon for example and it's delicious +but what we're going to do today we wash + + align:start position:0% +but what we're going to do today we wash + + + align:start position:0% +but what we're going to do today we wash +it we chop it lotta yama + + align:start position:0% +it we chop it lotta yama + + + align:start position:0% +it we chop it lotta yama +very very thin + + align:start position:0% +very very thin + + + align:start position:0% +very very thin +and then we do the same thing that we do + + align:start position:0% +and then we do the same thing that we do + + + align:start position:0% +and then we do the same thing that we do +with the patate + + align:start position:0% +with the patate + + + align:start position:0% +with the patate +okay mix everything + + align:start position:0% +okay mix everything + + + align:start position:0% +okay mix everything +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +we are going to make inboltini di pollo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what is pollo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have this this sliced chicken + + align:start position:0% +so we have this this sliced chicken + + + align:start position:0% +so we have this this sliced chicken +breast + + align:start position:0% +breast + + + align:start position:0% +breast +we are going to tenderize them so we + + align:start position:0% +we are going to tenderize them so we + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to tenderize them so we +beat it so it becomes very thin + + align:start position:0% +beat it so it becomes very thin + + + align:start position:0% +beat it so it becomes very thin +involtini + + align:start position:0% +involtini + + + align:start position:0% +involtini +would be something like + + align:start position:0% +would be something like + + + align:start position:0% +would be something like +rose prolapse you know how to translate + + align:start position:0% +rose prolapse you know how to translate + + + align:start position:0% +rose prolapse you know how to translate +them in english it's something like the + + align:start position:0% +them in english it's something like the + + + align:start position:0% +them in english it's something like the +the wine grapes yes + + align:start position:0% +the wine grapes yes + + + align:start position:0% +the wine grapes yes +filled with rice + + align:start position:0% +filled with rice + + + align:start position:0% +filled with rice +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +but this is not vegetarian so we have + + align:start position:0% +but this is not vegetarian so we have + + + align:start position:0% +but this is not vegetarian so we have +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +these thin slices then + + align:start position:0% +these thin slices then + + + align:start position:0% +these thin slices then +on top of each slice we will put a + + align:start position:0% +on top of each slice we will put a + + + align:start position:0% +on top of each slice we will put a +little piece of ham not much just a tiny + + align:start position:0% +little piece of ham not much just a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of ham not much just a tiny +bit a little piece of ham + + align:start position:0% +bit a little piece of ham + + + align:start position:0% +bit a little piece of ham +half a leaf of + + align:start position:0% +half a leaf of + + + align:start position:0% +half a leaf of +salt here salad yeah so yeah + + align:start position:0% +salt here salad yeah so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +salt here salad yeah so yeah +let's press sally i'm going to wash it + + align:start position:0% +let's press sally i'm going to wash it + + + align:start position:0% +let's press sally i'm going to wash it +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +a tiny + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we roll it + + align:start position:0% +we roll it + + + align:start position:0% +we roll it +and then we seal it with a toothpick + + align:start position:0% +and then we seal it with a toothpick + + + align:start position:0% +and then we seal it with a toothpick +then we put these little rolls again in + + align:start position:0% +then we put these little rolls again in + + + align:start position:0% +then we put these little rolls again in +a baking pan + + align:start position:0% +a baking pan + + + align:start position:0% +a baking pan +cover with some milk + + align:start position:0% +cover with some milk + + + align:start position:0% +cover with some milk +and let it cook + + align:start position:0% +and let it cook + + + align:start position:0% +and let it cook +wow that's it so ready + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from each slice you want to get two + + align:start position:0% +from each slice you want to get two + + + align:start position:0% +from each slice you want to get two +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because we want it to cook very fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it doesn't taste like vegetables i know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we want the outside to become a + + align:start position:0% +and then we want the outside to become a + + + align:start position:0% +and then we want the outside to become a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +cooked + + align:start position:0% +cooked + + + align:start position:0% +cooked +then you want we will + + align:start position:0% +then you want we will + + + align:start position:0% +then you want we will +mix them yeah and then we add like this + + align:start position:0% +mix them yeah and then we add like this + + + align:start position:0% +mix them yeah and then we add like this +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +milk + + align:start position:0% +milk + + + align:start position:0% +milk +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +okay yeah and we will just wait for the + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah and we will just wait for the + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah and we will just wait for the +milk to finish to prevent evaporation so + + align:start position:0% +milk to finish to prevent evaporation so + + + align:start position:0% +milk to finish to prevent evaporation so +in total they will stay in the oven for + + align:start position:0% +in total they will stay in the oven for + + + align:start position:0% +in total they will stay in the oven for +something like 25 minutes + + align:start position:0% +something like 25 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +something like 25 minutes +it depends how thick they are more or + + align:start position:0% +it depends how thick they are more or + + + align:start position:0% +it depends how thick they are more or +less 20 to 30 minutes okay we want to be + + align:start position:0% +less 20 to 30 minutes okay we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +less 20 to 30 minutes okay we want to be +sure that it's well cooked so first part + + align:start position:0% +sure that it's well cooked so first part + + + align:start position:0% +sure that it's well cooked so first part +without the milk second part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GsoPFDvIHB8.txt b/GsoPFDvIHB8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f53b419e759f2c576afbca0bf0712c72d141960 --- /dev/null +++ b/GsoPFDvIHB8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,795 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about +bond types + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i'm going to distinguish four two of + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to distinguish four two of + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to distinguish four two of +which are going to be + + align:start position:0% +which are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +which are going to be +a kind of a joint class there are ionic + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a joint class there are ionic + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a joint class there are ionic +bonds + + align:start position:0% +bonds + + + align:start position:0% +bonds +covalent hydrogen and i'll tell you that + + align:start position:0% +covalent hydrogen and i'll tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +covalent hydrogen and i'll tell you that +hydrogen bonds are very big + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds are very big + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds are very big +in biology you may not be familiar with + + align:start position:0% +in biology you may not be familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +in biology you may not be familiar with +those at all and you need to be + + align:start position:0% +those at all and you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +those at all and you need to be +and then i'm going to put together + + align:start position:0% +and then i'm going to put together + + + align:start position:0% +and then i'm going to put together +vanderwaals + + align:start position:0% +vanderwaals + + + align:start position:0% +vanderwaals +and nonpolar or hydrophobic bonds in one + + align:start position:0% +and nonpolar or hydrophobic bonds in one + + + align:start position:0% +and nonpolar or hydrophobic bonds in one +class although strictly speaking that's + + align:start position:0% +class although strictly speaking that's + + + align:start position:0% +class although strictly speaking that's +not quite + + align:start position:0% +not quite + + + align:start position:0% +not quite +fair from strongest to weakest + + align:start position:0% +fair from strongest to weakest + + + align:start position:0% +fair from strongest to weakest +the ionic and covalent bonds + + align:start position:0% +the ionic and covalent bonds + + + align:start position:0% +the ionic and covalent bonds +and this bottom class are the weakest + + align:start position:0% +and this bottom class are the weakest + + + align:start position:0% +and this bottom class are the weakest +with hydrogen somewhere in the middle + + align:start position:0% +with hydrogen somewhere in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +with hydrogen somewhere in the middle +let's take a look at some of these + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at some of these + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at some of these +chemical bonds + + align:start position:0% +chemical bonds + + + align:start position:0% +chemical bonds +and see what we can say about them + + align:start position:0% +and see what we can say about them + + + align:start position:0% +and see what we can say about them +okay so i've summarized for you here the + + align:start position:0% +okay so i've summarized for you here the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i've summarized for you here the +notion + + align:start position:0% +notion + + + align:start position:0% +notion +that ionic bonds are + + align:start position:0% +that ionic bonds are + + + align:start position:0% +that ionic bonds are +attractions between molec between atoms + + align:start position:0% +attractions between molec between atoms + + + align:start position:0% +attractions between molec between atoms +that involve oppositely charged ions + + align:start position:0% +that involve oppositely charged ions + + + align:start position:0% +that involve oppositely charged ions +and so in this molecule that i've shown + + align:start position:0% +and so in this molecule that i've shown + + + align:start position:0% +and so in this molecule that i've shown +you here + + align:start position:0% +you here + + + align:start position:0% +you here +there is a negatively charged part and a + + align:start position:0% +there is a negatively charged part and a + + + align:start position:0% +there is a negatively charged part and a +positively charged + + align:start position:0% +positively charged + + + align:start position:0% +positively charged +part and they are attracted to one + + align:start position:0% +part and they are attracted to one + + + align:start position:0% +part and they are attracted to one +another very strongly + + align:start position:0% +another very strongly + + + align:start position:0% +another very strongly +and that holds the molecule together + + align:start position:0% +and that holds the molecule together + + + align:start position:0% +and that holds the molecule together +in a covalent bond the electrons + + align:start position:0% +in a covalent bond the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +in a covalent bond the electrons +are shared by two atoms and this + + align:start position:0% +are shared by two atoms and this + + + align:start position:0% +are shared by two atoms and this +contrasts again with the ionic bond + + align:start position:0% +contrasts again with the ionic bond + + + align:start position:0% +contrasts again with the ionic bond +where electrons + + align:start position:0% +where electrons + + + align:start position:0% +where electrons +move to one part of the molecule or + + align:start position:0% +move to one part of the molecule or + + + align:start position:0% +move to one part of the molecule or +um to another part of the molecule or to + + align:start position:0% +um to another part of the molecule or to + + + align:start position:0% +um to another part of the molecule or to +a completely different molecule + + align:start position:0% +a completely different molecule + + + align:start position:0% +a completely different molecule +and the ad the the molecule is held + + align:start position:0% +and the ad the the molecule is held + + + align:start position:0% +and the ad the the molecule is held +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +with the electrons split completely away + + align:start position:0% +with the electrons split completely away + + + align:start position:0% +with the electrons split completely away +from one of the atoms + + align:start position:0% +from one of the atoms + + + align:start position:0% +from one of the atoms +in a covalent bond in contrast the + + align:start position:0% +in a covalent bond in contrast the + + + align:start position:0% +in a covalent bond in contrast the +electrons are shared by two atoms + + align:start position:0% +electrons are shared by two atoms + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are shared by two atoms +and i've circled there a bond between a + + align:start position:0% +and i've circled there a bond between a + + + align:start position:0% +and i've circled there a bond between a +carbon and an oxygen it's actually two + + align:start position:0% +carbon and an oxygen it's actually two + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and an oxygen it's actually two +bonds that's why there are two lines + + align:start position:0% +bonds that's why there are two lines + + + align:start position:0% +bonds that's why there are two lines +and those are two covalent bonds + + align:start position:0% +and those are two covalent bonds + + + align:start position:0% +and those are two covalent bonds +the hydrogen bond is one as i mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen bond is one as i mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen bond is one as i mentioned +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +key to life hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +key to life hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +key to life hydrogen +does not have high electronegativity + + align:start position:0% +does not have high electronegativity + + + align:start position:0% +does not have high electronegativity +it's electropositive if you like + + align:start position:0% +it's electropositive if you like + + + align:start position:0% +it's electropositive if you like +and so it often has a partial + + align:start position:0% +and so it often has a partial + + + align:start position:0% +and so it often has a partial +positive charge this allows it to be + + align:start position:0% +positive charge this allows it to be + + + align:start position:0% +positive charge this allows it to be +attracted + + align:start position:0% +attracted + + + align:start position:0% +attracted +to an electronegative atom which will + + align:start position:0% +to an electronegative atom which will + + + align:start position:0% +to an electronegative atom which will +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +and partial negative charge + + align:start position:0% +and partial negative charge + + + align:start position:0% +and partial negative charge +these two differential dipoles + + align:start position:0% +these two differential dipoles + + + align:start position:0% +these two differential dipoles +the positive and the negative dipole + + align:start position:0% +the positive and the negative dipole + + + align:start position:0% +the positive and the negative dipole +will then + + align:start position:0% +will then + + + align:start position:0% +will then +hold together two different molecules + + align:start position:0% +hold together two different molecules + + + align:start position:0% +hold together two different molecules +and form a bond between them the + + align:start position:0% +and form a bond between them the + + + align:start position:0% +and form a bond between them the +hydrogen bond + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond +is shown by a dotted line it is not a + + align:start position:0% +is shown by a dotted line it is not a + + + align:start position:0% +is shown by a dotted line it is not a +covalent bond + + align:start position:0% +covalent bond + + + align:start position:0% +covalent bond +it is an electrostatic bond and it + + align:start position:0% +it is an electrostatic bond and it + + + align:start position:0% +it is an electrostatic bond and it +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +involves hydrogen hence the name if you + + align:start position:0% +involves hydrogen hence the name if you + + + align:start position:0% +involves hydrogen hence the name if you +look at molecules in biology and you're + + align:start position:0% +look at molecules in biology and you're + + + align:start position:0% +look at molecules in biology and you're +not sure what kind of bond it is + + align:start position:0% +not sure what kind of bond it is + + + align:start position:0% +not sure what kind of bond it is +if you see hydrogen and then you see + + align:start position:0% +if you see hydrogen and then you see + + + align:start position:0% +if you see hydrogen and then you see +some kind of electronegative atom like + + align:start position:0% +some kind of electronegative atom like + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of electronegative atom like +oxygen or nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen or nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen or nitrogen +you can be fairly sure that you're + + align:start position:0% +you can be fairly sure that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can be fairly sure that you're +looking at a hydrogen bond + + align:start position:0% +looking at a hydrogen bond + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a hydrogen bond +and as we'll explore a bit more and + + align:start position:0% +and as we'll explore a bit more and + + + align:start position:0% +and as we'll explore a bit more and +you'll explore in + + align:start position:0% +you'll explore in + + + align:start position:0% +you'll explore in +further biology courses hydrogen bonds + + align:start position:0% +further biology courses hydrogen bonds + + + align:start position:0% +further biology courses hydrogen bonds +are unbelievably important in biology + + align:start position:0% +are unbelievably important in biology + + + align:start position:0% +are unbelievably important in biology +and then these this last class of + + align:start position:0% +and then these this last class of + + + align:start position:0% +and then these this last class of +nonpolar and van der waals + + align:start position:0% +nonpolar and van der waals + + + align:start position:0% +nonpolar and van der waals +bonds or forces occur between non-polar + + align:start position:0% +bonds or forces occur between non-polar + + + align:start position:0% +bonds or forces occur between non-polar +molecules + + align:start position:0% +molecules + + + align:start position:0% +molecules +where in at least one form there may be + + align:start position:0% +where in at least one form there may be + + + align:start position:0% +where in at least one form there may be +very transient dipoles between different + + align:start position:0% +very transient dipoles between different + + + align:start position:0% +very transient dipoles between different +molecules + + align:start position:0% +molecules + + + align:start position:0% +molecules +that hold the molecules together as a + + align:start position:0% +that hold the molecules together as a + + + align:start position:0% +that hold the molecules together as a +transient positive + + align:start position:0% +transient positive + + + align:start position:0% +transient positive +and a transient negative dipole + + align:start position:0% +and a transient negative dipole + + + align:start position:0% +and a transient negative dipole +and now i'd like you to predict the bond + + align:start position:0% +and now i'd like you to predict the bond + + + align:start position:0% +and now i'd like you to predict the bond +go to your next assignment + + align:start position:0% +go to your next assignment + + + align:start position:0% +go to your next assignment +and see if you can predict the bond + + align:start position:0% +and see if you can predict the bond + + + align:start position:0% +and see if you can predict the bond +based + + align:start position:0% +based + + + align:start position:0% +based +on the characteristics that i've just + + align:start position:0% +on the characteristics that i've just + + + align:start position:0% +on the characteristics that i've just +given you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/HH1k11sdlTc.txt b/HH1k11sdlTc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..763de49961e8121e79128e442fe878837ef6bcca --- /dev/null +++ b/HH1k11sdlTc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4097 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So hopefully by the +end of the class, we will show + +you a histogram for the quiz. + +We are very happy. + +You guys did really well, so +we feel like, actually, you + +learned something in the quiz, +so it makes us happy. + +We're hoping to have +the histogram ready + +by now, but we don't. + +By end of the class, hopefully +we take a break in a middle, + +and go through rest of that. + +So we are going a little bit off +from regular programming. + +If you look at the class +schedule, we are going to have + +a guest lecture today, but I am +the guest lecture, I guess. + +So I'm going to talk about what +compilers can and cannot + +do because, as you went on last +couple of projects, you + +tried hard to do weird things +out of the compiler, create + +different piece of code, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +programs. + +And so I'm going to kind of, +first, walk through some stuff + +that is very practical, +what the current + +GCC do or don't do. + +OK, so we'll go through some +stuff, which is interesting, + +and then I'm going to-- + +let's get the outline first. + +OK, this doesn't work. + +OK. + +Then we will talk a little more +about where the normal + +optimizations happen, what are +all the possibilities, just + +very quickly, to give +you a feel. + +It's not all static +type compilation. + +And then go through +two things. + +One is data-flow analysis +and optimization. + +That's a big part what +compilers does. + +And then also instructions +scheduling. + +Instruction scheduling might +not be that important on a + +superscalar. + +but it's always good to know +what it does because there are + +some cases where you had to +do it in the compiler the + +hardware cannot do, so we'll +look at some of those cases. + +So the first thing that we found +a lot of you guys did is + +you try to inline a lot of code +in your projects, and in + +fact, one way to do that +is have you do a macro. + +A macro basically make sure that +definitely get in line, + +but macros are ugly. + +There are many things you can't +really do with a macro. + +The other thing is, we can +actually do simple max + +calculation using function. + +OK, starting function defined. + +And the first one is +calling this one. + +Second one is calling +this one. + +So what do you think this +is going to do? + +How many people think that the +code produced between this and + +this going to be drastically +different? + +Code produced for this function +versus this function + +going to be drastically +different? + +Real different. + +For some people, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +going to be different. + +OK, why do you think +it's different? + +GUEST SPEAKER: So the second +function calls the first + +function, and the first +[INAUDIBLE] + +calls the second one. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So since you have the +first one calling max1, + +which is a macro, the compiler +just copied [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +out of there. + +Whereas the second one-- + +it will try to actually +optimize the-- + +Won't it try to optimize what +is inside un64 [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So what he thinks +is that is just + +going to get copied. + +This will be still a function +call, try and do some + +optimizing. + +In fact, what it will do is, the +first function is going to + +get inline. + +Something interesting here, what +you see is even though + +there's a condition here, +there's no branch. + +They have the same old +instruction that basically can + +be used to do a conditional +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So instead of having a branch +and having a pipeline + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], this managed +to convert this into nice, + +direct call. + +The interesting thing is the +second one is also identical, + +so what it did was it said, hi, +I know this function, I + +can inline. + +It got inline automatically. + +You didn't tell you to do, the +compiler actually inlined it + +for you, and then did all the +things that are necessary. + +So what that means is you don't +have to write some of + +these ugly macros +and hand inline. + +You can have nice functions in +there, especially if it's in + +the same file, it +can get inline. + +Of course, if you define it to +different file, and this file + +doesn't have access +to it, it won't. + +But if it is the same file, +it'll get inline, so you get + +the same result. + +So you can still have this +nice [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +You don't have to be with +optimizations at that level. + +So another thing is we +have this entire-- + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: On the previous slide, +other than looking at + +the assembly code, how +do we know when the + +compiler based this on? + +PROFESSOR: You've got +the assembly code. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: Why do you prefer +static converge versus inline? + +PROFESSOR: So the reason I did +static is basically, I want to + +make sure it's not visible +outside the file, so if you + +don't make it static, what'll +happen is everybody else had + +the visibility and then you kind +of pollute the space with + +a lot of names. + +So if you give static, +it's only within you. + +If I had inline I can't ask it +to forcefully do that, but + +what I'm showing is you don't +even have to say inline. + +It'll inline by itself. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +this function to be inline +without actually [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Actually, gprof, +what'll happen is the file + +will vanish from gprof, +isn't it? + +The function will vanish because +gprof will basically, + +if you have a function, +you go look, you + +don't see the function. + +And it might give, even, a bad +impression that OK, that + +function is not important, so +that you had to be careful in + +that because when you +look at gprof, you + +will see some files. + +The inline find some functions, +inline function + +won't be there. + +Am I right, or is it +doing anything + +interesting to the samples? + +No. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +vanish and oh, yeah, that +function is not important, but + +in fact, it might be really +important, but it got inlined. + +So that's one way to, a little +bit, worry about. + +Does it make sense? + +OK. + +So we learned bithacks. + +So it was really fun. + +We are learning all these +interesting bithacks, but the + +interesting thing is, in fact, +GCC compiler also knows a lot + +of bithacks, so it's also +a pretty smart compiler. + +So if you have something like +this, what do you think the + +smd would be? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, it actually +did this one. + +This is very interesting because +what it did was it + +didn't do shift. + +It did this load effective +address quad instruction, leaq + +instruction. + +What it does is multiply these +two, and it's add. + +It does nothing in here to add, +and then it can add a + +constanant. + +So this very complex address +mode that is being used for + +completely different purpose. + +So this [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +address. + +It's doing this multiplied by +this, there's nothing to add, + +there's no offset to +add, save it here. + +So it's actually doing +this multiply-by. + +The nice thing is it doesn't +affect any things like + +condition codes and stuff +like that, so this is a + +fast thing to do. + +OK? + +Actually, that's interesting. + +How would [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +43? + +That makes it a little +bit more complicated. + +What do you think? + +How to multiply something +by 43? + +Anybody want to take a guess +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +multiply 43 [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +mul43? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +multiple by 32, have that +multiplied by-- + +PROFESSOR: So it did something +interesting. + +So here's what it did. + +I want you guys to stare at it +a little bit and see if you + +can even figure out what's going +on here because this is + +kind of funky. + +So what happens after +the first leaq? + +What's an rax? + +What's an rax after first +leaq instruction? + +Anyone take a wild guess? + +AUDIENCE: Five? + +PROFESSOR: Five. + +Yes, exactly. + +What it does is it's +4a+a because this + +is a+a, 5a in here. + +And then after here, +what happened? + +4 times this one +plus this one. + +Yeah, it's 21 because 4 times +this is 20, and you add the + +whole original rax +21 here, 21. + +And then you do this time +again 42, and add + +another one, 43. + +So it did all this +interesting three + +instructions to get to 43. + +And so this is fun. + +You can spend days giving +different meaning to this and + +see what the compiler +generates. + +And I notice at some point +say, when do it give up? + +And it doesn't give +up for a while. + +It start creating some +crazy things. + +OK, try one more thing. + +OK, this has to be hard. + +255. + +How did it get 254? + +There's no easy way +to do that. + +How did that to that? + +This is the very interesting +thing in here, so I will show + +you this one. + +So here is that instructions +you generated. + +So what it did was, it's doing +here, getting it 2a, by doing + +leaq because since it didn't +give a multiply, it just + +multiplied by 1, so it's +just adding these two. + +You get 2a. + +And then it multiplied by 128 by +doing a bitshift here, and + +then it got such a +wonderful thing. + +Why did it do this instead of +doing one instruction to 256? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, then it went +and subtracted a 2a + +again, and got 254. + +So it went overshoot, subtract, +and subject one + +more, so [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +got calculated here. + +It does a really smart way, I +don't know what complex logic + +is there, to basically figure +out these combinations of + +instructions that can +do multiplication. + +We planned on a bunch of things +until we run into a + +couple of thousand. + +It was doing these +weird patterns + +after a couple of thousand. + +Especially if it is to close +to 2 to the power, + +it easily find it. + +Even primes, it managed +to find. + +Actually, before we gave a +prime, and it found it because + +it found the closest thing, +and a couple of things + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], and you +can get to the prime. + +So it's kind of interesting +how find goes in just + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] multiplies. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So this is a very +interesting question. + +So what it's doing is, it has +realized somehow that doing a + +direct multiply by 254 is going +to be slower, so the + +multiply instruction-- + +if you go, I think you can +also look at multiply + +instruction, how many cycles +it's going to take to come-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, because it needs +to get this 2a again. + +So it's [UNINTELLIGIBLE], +use the two 2a. + +So by calculating that, +it kept it. + +I don't know, you might be +right, because if it + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +2a to 6n2, then there's no +dependency, and right now, + +there's a dependent +change here. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Twice, yes, +something like that. + +Or calculate this separately. + +2*8 and 256, and then add +and subtract them. + +Might be interesting. + +So there are other ways of +doing that, so in fact-- + +I don't know why, it might be +in because [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +I don't know why they +didn't do that. + +But it's thinking. + +It's thinking, look at all +instructions, sequence, how + +long it would take, and it find + +this interesting sequence. + +So sometimes when you are +looking into optimized code, + +they will look like something +crazy that you can't read + +because it does things +like this. + +So you found a simple multiply +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], and end up + +with a piece of code +like this. + +And so you need to kind of +decipher, seeing what's going + +on backward. + +So that's why reading assembly +is sometimes hard, especially + +optimized assembly. + +OK, so I did absolute value, and +look, it did the bithack + +we basically learned in class. + +You can go look at that. + +This is the entire thing that +Charles talked about to find + +absolute value. + +It knew that, so it has attended +Charles' lecture. + +That [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +programmer. + +OK, so here's interesting +thing. + +So what I did was I am doing +update, and I have this big + +large array here, and I'm +checking the index to be + +within 0 and this value to +before I updated, because I + +don't want to write out the +bounds on this setting. + +OK? + +Makes sense, because I want +to make sure that I + +write in the bound. + +Interesting thing here is I +am doing two checks, here. + +I end up doing only +one check here. + +What happened to +my other check? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE], how +big was the array, and + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: No, no, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] something a + +lot more simpler. + +So to give you a hint, this is +unsigned value, and I'm doing + +unsigned compare. + +What happens if the value +is more than 0? + +A signed value that's smaller +than 0 is what + +it is like in unsigned. + +It's a huge number. + +It [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +to be bigger than this one, so +because of that, it can just + +say, OK look, I don't +have to check that. + +I can unsigned compare, and I +will get anything less than + +zero also in there. + +So one more thing. + +So before I continue with this +one, so if I actually put it + +in a loop and say I'm going to +trade [UNINTELLIGIBLE] to this + +value in here. + +Then what it'll do is, at that +point, it'll inline this. + +And when it can complete +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] near the + +check, it will know that, in +fact, my bound is going from 0 + +to this one, so I don't have +to check the bound. + +So what this did was this +inlined this function in here + +and completely get rid of the +checks completely, and this is + +basically the branch condition +in here because + +it said, OK, look. + +These things are redundant +because I know because I'm + +trading from this to this value +within these bounds + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So it is smart in that. + +Do you see this, how +this is going? + +Cool stuff the compiler does. + +So this is why compilers are +smart, when they are smart. + +And the interesting thing +is, here's another one. + +So now see [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +imagine, because less than +0, I can do that. + +How about if I'm checking +from 5,000? + +So we generated this +funky code. + +It subtracted a 6 here in the +value, and then checked for + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +because it kind of shifted the +value to a 0 basis, basically. + +And then you can check that +thing, and then can basically + +get two conditions +down to one. + +See, the thing is there are many +places where bound checks + +is very important. + +If you are doing a lot of adding +compilation stuff like + +that, if you don't want to +have buffer overflows and + +stuff, you want it with +bound checks. + +And so optimizing bound checks +is a very important thing. + +So having these kind of things +can, in many programs, + +probably give good performance, +so that's why + +compilers are really good at it +and spend time trying to do + +bound checks. + +So this is kind of interesting +way of doing that. + +So the next thing I want to +look at is vectorization + +because all these machines +we have have this as the + +instructions, that can run +really fast, and you probably + +saw it in there, and see what +kind of code will get produced + +after doing something +like that. + +So here's a simple program. + +So I have two arrays, and I'm +just copying A to B, something + +very simple. + +And also the other thing to +notice, I know exactly from + +where to where I'm copying, and +I also know which arrays + +I'm copying, so when +you look at it, it + +produces a code like this. + +So what it's doing is it's +basically making eax0 here by + +doing xorl. + +And then basically, moving +the value A into the xmm + +registers, much larger. + +Instead of having to +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +16 of them, and copying +it back into B. + +So basically, you are doing +copying here, an + +increment by 16. + +By now, every refresh, you're +coping 16 of them. + +Why could I just be done +with just putting this + +small piece of code? + +What additional information this +is taking advantage of? + +AUDIENCE: Does it know +that [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Exactly, because it +knows that it goes from 0 to + +this value. + +In fact, it knows it's +a multiple of 16. + +So it knows that. + +That's why it do that. + +It knows exactly, and these +things are nicely aligned to + +the boundaries, word +boundaries. + +So it knows that. + +So I can read that, and I know +all those facts, and that is + +why I can do this computation. + +So now, you start doing that, +did one simple change. + +You start going from value, +I went to end. + +0 to end. + +I know where it starts, and +I know where it's ending. + +Ending is somewhere at N. I +don't know where the end is. + +Then this has to do something +a little bit difficult. + +So the code produced looks like +this because, now, I'm + +not going to go through +this code. + +The only thing to say, this is +actually doing still a memx + +instruction, but its trying to +make sure that because N it + +might not be a multiple of 16. + +You have to take care of the +final number of iterations + +outside that, so you had to go +up to the multiple, and then + +basically do a normal +loop one at a time. + +So as we produce a little +bit of a more + +complicated piece like that. + +So that's [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +compiler has to do. + +And so then you have a piece +of code like this. + +The interesting thing here is, +now, I created basically a + +function, where it's not A and +B. I'm giving two arrays as + +arguments, and then I'm giving +a size to copy, and I'm + +copying that. + +And I would have an extremely +complicated thing that's + +getting generated. + +Why is it complicated? + +What do I have to know, when I +get this function, to make + +sure that, first of all, +it's still doing xmm + +somewhere in here. + +What that means is it's trying +to do this very fast copy of a + +multiple using [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +instruction. + +But what else can happen +in this function? + +Because compilers delete +all the cases. + +What are other cases +tests deal with? + +AUDIENCE: May not be aligned. + +PROFESSOR: May not be aligned +because, for example, because + +xmm assumes that they had +the word boundaries. + +When you read 16 bytes, we +assume it's aligned with + +16-byte boundary. + +It might not be aligned, so you +have no idea where these + +two are coming from. + +So that's one thing is they +might not be aligned. + +What else? + +AUDIENCE: They don't even have +to be a [INAUDIBLE]. + +Because I mean, that thing could +just be copying up to N. + +But it might just be copying +partially parts of the array. + +PROFESSOR: Yes, yeah, +that's true. + +So what that means is because +arrays [UNINTELLIGIBLE] it, + +but arrays is somewhere in +memory, just you do two-point + +to starting point. + +That is what x and y are there, +two starting points in + +main memory, and start +copying there. + +So what else can happen +because of that? + +Because in A and B, we knew they +were two separate arrays. + +What else can happen? + +Back there. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +So arrays can start to overlap, +and if arrays are + +overlapping, then you +might end up in + +an interesting situation. + +So you have to figure out if +that arrays are overlapping, + +whether they're aligned. + +Actually, there are two +types of aligned. + +One is self-aligning, so assume +we took these arrays + +and start copying +from the byte 3. + +So then what you know is +basically byte 3 to 16, it's + +not aligned. + +You can't start copying +chunks in there. + +So you run bytes, but when you +run up to 13 iterations, then + +you end up in, again, +aligned chunks. + +So in that case, you just run +the sum preamble to first + +aligned place, and then you +go to aligned chunk. + +But if this is starting to at 3, +this is starting at 8, then + +they're never going +to be aligned. + +The things are copying A and B +are not aligned, so then you + +have to treat it differently. + +So there's a lot of different +cases you have to do, so if + +you just give something like +this, the problem is the + +compiler has to deal with +these thousands + +of different cases. + +And in this one, since this +small, it probably tore + +through all the possible cases +at the [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So it's dealing with all those, +and checking over + +everything and trying to find +optimal case and do that fast, + +hoping that you get optimal +case for it. + +But if you have something more +complicated, the compiler + +won't be able to do all +of those things, so + +it might give up. + +So the interesting thing to here +note is more information + +to go into the compiler +is better. + +And then here, compiler has to +divide a lot of things, but + +probably not happen. + +Another interesting thing is +now, the first time I just + +copy to where is A to B, in +memcpy4, I just call memcpy3 + +by doing the same thing, A to B, +copy 1024 [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +This is the beauty +of inlining. + +So what it did was, in memcpy4, +it inline memcpy3 and + +substitute X and Y to A +and B and end 2,024. + +And it realized that it doesn't +have to do all these + +tests like it did. + +What it generated is very close +to what we got here + +because after inlining, it +should realize, wait a minute, + +I'm copying A to B. I know +we have the start. + +I know we have the end. + +I know the size. + +I know all of these things, and +I don't have to do any of + +these things. + +I can actually generate this +very simple piece of code. + +So I think that is +a neat thing. + +What this shows you is, in fact, +if you can build this + +general function of things in +there, and then you can call + +them, and if it is done right, +the inlining will basically do + +all optimizations. + +So you don't have to have 50 +different memcpies for all the + +different things in your code. + +If you wrote a general function, +and you call it in a + +way it can get inline and got +that as efficient as possible + +as hand optimization. + +I think it's a real interesting +thing, and what + +does for you, when you're doing +projects, you don't have + +to do all of these very complex +and small functions, + +hand inline stuff like that. + +But it's always good to check +that, in fact, the compiler's + +doing that because +you don't know. + +You assume the compiler's doing +that, and there might be + +cases it might not be. + +And I will show you +one example here. + +So I want you guys to look at +this function a little bit. + +OK? + +I am doing two memcpies. + +I am copying 1,024 elements. + +One, I'm doing ai+1, a into-- + +this is XY, this is X get copied +into Y. ai+1 to A, so + +that means I have array like +that, array like this. + +I am giving ai+1 +as the source. + +I am giving this as the source, +and I'm doing this as + +the destination. + +OK, what does this copy do? + +I'm copying 1,024, yes. + +So the first one, this one +gets copied to here. + +Second iteration, this +will get copied. + +Third iteration, this will +get copied to here. + +What does it do? + +Yeah, I just do one left-shift +of the array. + +My second example. + +I give this as my +first element. + +This as my source. + +This as my destination. + +What happens here? + +AUDIENCE: All your copies +have the same number. + +PROFESSOR: Exactly. + +All of them will copy +the same number. + +OK, so now, if you look at the +code that's been produced, so + +the interesting thing here is +it realizes, in this one, I + +can still do mmx because I can +still copy, take a chunk, and + +copy it one back, take a chunk +and copy it one back, take a + +chunk and copy it one back. + +OK, do you see that? + +But what does the next one do? + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +mmx is, and what does +this one do? + +Copying something from dl-- + +[? movzdl ?] + +array expressed dl. + +Reverse dl, is this +copied, this one? + +I hope I copied it properly. + +That doesn't look right to me. + +So this is interesting. + +So I might have missed +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +I think it takes-- + +This doesn't look +right, does it? + +AUDIENCE: So what's a bound? + +It's char, I see. + +One byte. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, one byte. + +AUDIENCE: So what this is doing +is just taking the first + +byte, and then just moving it. + +PROFESSOR: Into edx? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, right, +this is actually + +doing the right thing. + +It's doing the right thing, so +what it does is this move this + +one into edx, entire thing, and +then this calls the dl, it + +gets the first byte +out of edx. + +Do you see what's +happening here? + +So a gets into-- + +first [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +the first byte out in here, and +then you keep copying that + +byte one at a time into +this location. + +AUDIENCE: So it's not smart +enough to [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So this is where we +find something interesting in + +the compiler. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So what doing is, in +here, you are copying this + +byte into edx. + +So dl is the first +bite out of edl. + +That's byte, because what-- + +AUDIENCE: The first byte. + +PROFESSOR: Yes, because except +the six address themes, do you + +do r32e, r64e, 32, and just +dl is just first byte + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], but +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +low byte of that. + +d is just the higher byte. + +AUDIENCE: So why does it just +take the first byte? + +PROFESSOR: Because this +byte get copied + +into everything here. + +So do you see that? + +This byte is the one that-- +because that's what happened + +when this copy is basically +this byte got everything + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +got replaced by this +first byte in here. + +And you incorporate in there, +and then it just goes around + +copying it in here. + +So I try, I did it this way, +so what I did was basically + +went from 1 to 1,025. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +0. + +This is basically +what happened. + +So one 2,025, I got a 0, and +then basically that's what + +happens in here, same +thing here. + +OK? + +Do you see what's going on? + +But I just did something else, +so assume [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +is doing right here. + +What happens if I just +use something else? + +I use B[0], so it should +be the same, isn't it? + +If I use b[0] + +here, instead of doing A[i], +this should be B[i], isn't it? + +AUDIENCE: I'm sorry, where +is [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +It's a different array. + +Sorry, I didn't put it here. + +It's a different array. + +So instead of A[0] + +here, I put another +array, B[0], here. + +Does it matter whether +that's A[0] + +or B[0]? + +B[0] + +is a different array. + +It shouldn't matter because a +different array, different + +element that you don't do that, +but the interesting + +thing is if you do that, +it managed to + +convert it into mmx. + +So this is where the compiler +is basically falling short a + +little bit because it could have +done this for these two. + +OK, it's the same thing because +what it does is it + +takes this one element from +me and copy it everywhere. + +I could have done it, but for +some reason, the compiler + +decided if using a different +array, B[0]. + +I can do it, but +I'm doing A[0] + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], even though +these two are basically + +identical except these +are different. + +I'm not doing any kind of +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], anything. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, so what does +is when it goes somewhere, + +it's doing pac. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] pac +instructions in here. + +What it does is it takes a +byte and kind of makes + +multiple copies of the byte and +create a larger copy than + +the 16 copies in there, and then +it can kind of stamp it + +everywhere. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +because the A[0] would +go off of A[1]. + +PROFESSOR: So what it's +doing is copying A[0] + +multiple times one at +a times slowly. + +So what this does is it takes +B[0], make 16 copies in there, + +in registers, not in memory. + +I created a template of +16, and I kind of + +stamp it as I go. + +AUDIENCE: That's probably +failure of its alias analysis. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's failure +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So this is where the compiler +does some magic, kind of very + +complex things in here. + +But somewhere in the +compiler it failed. + +so what you want in here is a +code looking like this, but it + +produces this one. + +So this is where the compilers +are great. + +It do some amazing things, +but it's not infallible. + +It can do, there might be +corner cases that data + +analysis fails. + +So that's why it's always good, +even though you can take + +advantage of the compiler, to +look at what's generating. + +And sometimes when you tweak +around it, you suddenly + +realize, wait a minute. + +I can get the compiler do +something better, and then you + +can say wait a minute, now how +do I work myself back? + +Sometimes, you end up changing +your SQL a little bit like the + +examples, the TAs showed when +they were doing their demo, + +that if you tweak it a little, +you can actually get the + +compiler to do that, instead +of trying to do + +these things by hand. + +So the compilers are powerful, +but you have to be careful. + +Another interesting thing +is this factorial here. + +So normal factorial is basically +you call a function + +call with x-1 and +multiply by x. + +But you know functions calls +are very expensive, and in + +fact, GCC knows that, too. + +So what GCC did, it basically +eliminated the function call + +and converted it into +its [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +function here. + +So if EDA got x in here, and +then it goes to a loop, so it + +first check with +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +If it is one, you go to +the end and return it. + +You are done if x is +1 or less than 1. + +And otherwise, it goes +through a loop. + +It doesn't go do any +function call. + +It just basically calculate this +fact value inside EAX and + +keep multiplying +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So it can take this simple +recursive functions, and also + +convert it into +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So it does some very, very fancy +stuff in the compiler. + +So the compilers are +fun when they work. + +But the key thing is there are +many cases it doesn't work. + +So next, I want to +switch gears. + +Any questions so far? + +Sometimes it's fun +to find breaking + +points in the compiler. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: If I use, in some-- + +this is not static? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: No, it won't make a +difference because what it + +says is if it is not static, +it's visible to the outside + +world, but within this function, +it's the same. + +So what it does, it kind of +like limiting my pollution + +because otherwise what happens +is everybody outside will see + +these names. + +So if you use that name again +somewhere, it might + +just use this one. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +this is within the file, nobody +else should see this. + +It's creating a local copy. + +It's kind of a poor man's +class heierarchy. + +In Java, basically, each file +is a single class, and you + +make sure that things +inside the class is + +not visible to outside. + +When you make static, you made +it only visible within that + +file, so you kind of make +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +You can think about your file +as your class, and so you + +limit the scope of the +variable doing that. + +So some benefits of +object-orientedness can be + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE], I guess. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] static +variable, + +it's not a class variable. + +OK, so next, before I get into +doing compilers and say what + +compilers do, I want to give +you a [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +There are many different +places where you can do + +optimization. + +So if you look at what happens +in the program, program first + +goes through compile time, +compiles each file, then it + +links all the files together. + +At some point, the files will +get loaded into your machine, + +and then it'll be running. + +So if you load things in a +compiler, you have full access + +to source code, it's very easy +to kind of look at the + +high-level transformation, +low-level transformation, you + +can look at the entire gamut +of things to do. + +And the nice thing +about compilers, + +compilers can be slow. + +Nobody's going to complain. + +It's not going to be part of +your run-time, so you just + +would wait, but it's you, +not the customer. + +But the problem with compilers, +it doesn't see the + +whole programs. + +You see a file at a time, so +all this inline things and + +stuff has to be in the file. + +You can't put in a different +file and get [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +And also don't know the run-time +conditions because + +that's run-time. + +It might be having different +inputs, different size of load + +and stuff, that I don't know +any of those things. + +And also, I don't know about +the architecture, so if my + +compiler have to make sure that +it works on AMD machines, + +Intel machines, stuff like that, +of course, you can use + +special flags and try to comply +for one machine, and + +breaks, you finish +on the other one. + +But you don't want to do that, +so the compiler has to be a + +lot more general, and this can +be sometimes problematic. + +So when you're going to link, +the nice thing is that this is + +a place you have the entire +program available. + +Sometimes, people try to do +things like inlining in the + +linktime, because that means you +know everything in there, + +so you went with couple +different file I can inline it + +because I have access +through here. + +And still, there might be things +that's not available, + +like dynamically-loaded classes +and dynamic-loaded + +data, and so things like Java +might not be available. + +And of course, you don't +have access to + +source most of the time. + +AUDIENCE: Sorry, sir. + +What do you mean [INAUDIBLE]? + +Do you have the full program +[INAUDIBLE]? + +But so how do you say +that [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So dynamic links, +if you have something like + +Java, there might be some data +that kind of get dynamically + +generated or dynamically +linked. + +So when you're running, if +you're running right + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] your browser, +all those Javascript classes + +and stuff like that, you don't +have access to because those + +are coming in here. + +So there might be places, +things that + +it gets as it runs. + +Not in C, but in other +languages. + +And the load is interesting +time. + +Here, load time is important +because when you double-click, + +you want your program +to appear fast. + +You don't want it to +take a long time. + +But you have kind of access to +all that code in here, and you + +have some idea about the +run-time, also, the + +architecture, and stuff like +that, what you have, not the + +run-time, but the architecture, +exactly what + +machines you are running. + +And then, of course, you +can do it run-time. + +The thing about run-time is +you have full knowledge of + +everything, it's great, but +every clock cycle you spend + +optimizing is one clock +cycle you take + +away from the program. + +So things like Java JIT +compilers, they try to do + +minimal things, so +very fast things. + +It can't do a lot of complicated +things because + +it's too expensive. + +OK, so we're not talking about +any of these things any more, + +but it's always good to know, +as you go about using Python + +or Java or JavaScript and stuff +like this where is this + +thing happening to my code? + +Because it might not be all +compile-time stuff. + +It might be happening +at different stages. + +So you need to know who's +actually mucking with your + +code, and know that there +are other people who can + +muck with your code. + +So next, I want to switch +into dataflow analysis. + +So this is what compilers are +good at, and compilers try to + +do all the time. + +So it's basically compile-time +reasoning about run-time + +values and variables, or +expressions, within the + +program at different +program points. + +OK, so that means compile-time, +I need to know I + +have this program point, +what could it be. + +So things like which assignment +statement produced + +a value or variable +that I am using? + +OK, if I use a value, who +actually created that value? + +Or which variable contain values +that are no longer + +being used by somebody here? + +So that means I am trying to +analyze the program and watch + +the range of values that +each variable can have. + +So the key thing here is this +has to be true for every + +possible input at every +possible execution. + +Normally, [UNINTELLIGIBLE], and +this time, I know why my + +variable [UNINTELLIGIBLE], but +every possible time, this has + +to be true. + +OK, if there's a condition that +something can happen, you + +have to make sure that condition +is not going to + +break your program. + +Last thing you want from +optimizer is to basically + +start producing different +results. + +Even [UNINTELLIGIBLE], it's +not good, so you want a + +compile optimizer to kind of +produce the same result that + +you got without optimizing. + +And this is why this has +to be [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So first, I want to go through +a little bit of example, what + +kind of things the +compiler do. + +You probably have seen this in +one of the earlier lectures. + +We talked about some of this as +hand optimizations, but I'm + +going to go through some of them +by using this program. + +It doesn't mean anything +what I'm doing here. + +I have a loop here. + +I'm calculating some +function in here. + +And then I am adding something +else to this x here, and I + +have some initializations in +here, just something that I + +can demonstrate what it does. + +So it has no meaning +for this one. + +And here's the assembly +instructions. + +I'm not going to go through +assembly, but [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +you can actually create and +understand why this is + +happening in [INAUDIBLE]. + +So I [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +into two slides. + +The first thing you can do is +think of constant propagation. + +So what it says is for all +possible executions, if a + +value that has in a variable is +the same, and we know that + +value, that's a constant. + +And I don't have to keep that +value in that variable. + +I can replace that +with a constant. + +Sometimes, when you look at +dataflow optimization, you can + +say this is done. + +As a programmer, I will +never do that. + +This is something you should +be doing, for example, have + +things like constant variables +that constant values or lower. + +But sometimes, something looks +dumb, but what happens is + +sometimes when you're in +optimization does, one + +optimization might lead to +code that looks like. + +That can lead to it. + +I will show you something +sometimes that you might not + +find a code that looks dumb, but +previous optimization will + +leave, or change the code in a +way that this optimization can + +take advantage of. + +So nice thing about this is you +don't need to keep values + +in the variables because you can +free some variable, that + +means free RAM registers. + +Also, most of the time when you +do constant propagation it + +leads to [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +optimizations. + +So in this program what are +the things that can be + +constant propagated? + +So we know x equals 0, x's are +constant up to this point. + +But since x get modified here, +my dataflow say wait a minute, + +I am going through this loop, +and x is constant + +from here to here. + +But after this point, x is not +constant because it get + +modified in here. + +So that's what dataflow is +going to say, and so I + +can't do that x. + +But [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +why it become constant here? + +All input that goes into this +loop, has to go through here, + +becomes constant +in every path. + +And then it doesn't get modified +in this loop at all. + +OK, so then I can actually, +through constant propagation, + +get to the file. + +OK, so now I have a +program like that. + +So normal compiler optimization +is done by + +pass-by-pass. + +A lot of passes get repeated +multiple times, so I + +leave it like this. + +So even though this is just +simple thing, but we leave it + +to somebody else to optimize +that, which is what we call + +algebraic simplification. + +Basically, it says you go to +your, whatever, fourth grade, + +fifth grade, sixth grade +algebra book-- + +I don't know where you learn, +somewhere you learned + +algebraic --and they have all +these very simple rules, like + +something multiplied by 0 is 0, +multiply 1 by that, and all + +of those rules, and then you can +just busy code them up and + +look for these patterns +and replace. + +And that's what the +compiler does. + +And in fact, we look at +something like this, a simple + +shape, but you saw before +that, it do much more + +complicated things. + +And it's a lot less work at +run-time, and also it leads to + +more optimization, so it can +simplify things in here. + +And other thing is, sometimes +instead of algebraic + +simplification, kind +of weird things. + +If you want exact precise, for +example if you're doing + +floating point, because floating +point, a plus b plus + +c, is not b plus c plus a, are +different because you can get + +small teeny differences +in these kind of-- + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +and associate duty, and +some people care. + +Most people don't because it's +so small, most people, they + +don't care. + +Others do. + +And also sometimes when you do +this optimization, things like + +overflow and underflow, that +happens because if I do x plus + +x minus x, or x is very large, +x plus x minus overflow, and + +then you end of doing minus +x because it overflows. + +But instead of x plus x minus +x, it's just x, you don't + +overflow anymore. + +So you have changed the behavior +of the program, but + +most of the time, compilers +think that things like that + +are special cases. + +They are not the normal +behavior, so changing them is + +probably OK. + +Sometimes, you can't +do anything. + +So now here, what are algebraic + +simplification I can do? + +What can I do here? + +Yeah, I multiply by 0, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +this, that. + +At 0, I leave it here, and then +there's another algebraic + +simplification, I can do that, +but now, I am leaving it here + +because there's no algebraic +simplification. + +X equals x is-- + +there's nothing you can do. + +That's called copy +propagation. + +Copy propagation says you're +just making a copy of one + +value to another, just +get another copy. + +You don't need to do a copy. + +Very simple thing in here. + +Less instructions, less +memory registers + +because we are not copying. + +However, when we +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +register location, I will +talk, basically. + +If I use the same register now, +I might have things that + +was in two registers, x copied +to y, now it's all in x. + +So that means I might have some +variable in the register + +that you call my interference +graph. + +I'll talk about this in a little +while, so I'm just + +forward referencing. + +That might not be easily +register locatable. + +And so in here, x equals x. + +I can get rid of that. + +And another interesting thing +is common subexpression + +elimination. + +If you do the same thing +multiple times, you calculate + +it once, less computation, Cons +is you need to keep this + +result somewhere between +the two users. + +So if I have too many of these +things, I might just run out + +of registers to keep these +values calculated. + +And also interesting thing is, +this can hinder things like + +parallelization. + +When we get there, we can see +that by adding additional + +dependencies in there. + +So in here, what are the +common expressions? + +Either you guys are bored, or +this slide is way too hard. + +You're bored? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: y plus 1, OK, good. + +So there's y plus 1 in here, and +I can calculate it once, + +and then I can just do the +multiplication of that, and do + +that, and voila. + +It got rid of two addition and +one multiplication to one + +addition and one +multiplication. + +OK, next thing is dead +code elimination. + +So if you're doing something +that nobody's using the value, + +why do you do it? + +And less computation, and maybe +you release storage + +because you're not storing these +values your computing, + +and that's really nice. + +And there's not much of bad +things about dead code. + +Dead code is pretty dead. + +You can get rid of it. + +So here, what are the +dead code you have? + +I want keep you at least +somewhat engaged, so see if + +you can find my dead code. + +AUDIENCE: y. + +PROFESSOR: y, yeah. + +I got rid of [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +Now, I don't need it, I can just +get rid of that, and then + +I can even get rid +of allocating y. + +So I got rid of both instruction +and some + +memory-allocated registry that +used to keep that value there. + +Another interesting thing you +can do is loop invariant code + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] because loops +are very important. + +Most of execution time is mainly +inside loops, so if you + +can get something out of a +loop, that's really good. + +We talked about that +previously. + +But you have to worry about, +basically, two things. + +One thing is that when you move +too many things out of + +the loops, you have to keep all +those values in registers, + +so that means you need more +registers inside the loop. + +Second thing is when you execute +that, you have to make + +sure that it have the +same behavior as + +when you run the program. + +How about special cases, the +loop never get executed. + +First let's look at this. + +What other loop invariant +expressions in here? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Hm? + +AUDIENCE: 4 times +[INAUDIBLE]-- + +PROFESSOR: 4 times eta +a divided by b. + +OK, good, I just +moved up there. + +So I did that, but why +am I really wrong? + +Why won't the compiler +do this? + +Give me a case that this would +change the program behavior. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: 4 times overflow, +yeah, that can happen. + +That's one case, but there's +something that can happen-- + +overflow happens in very large +numbers, people don't care + +that much, but there's +something that can + +happen a lot more. + +AUDIENCE: If B is 0, and +then N is less than 0? + +PROFESSOR: Exactly, when B[0] + +and N is less than 0. + +I am going to have a divide by +0 error in here because I am + +going here, dividing by 0. + +That would have never happened +because the loop wouldn't have + +gone and executed it. + +So normally, when you do things +like that in a loop, + +the compiler generate a place +called a landing pad, which + +basically is, before you enter +the loop, you check whether + +the loop will ever +get executed. + +And then go to the landing pad, +and then go to the loop. + +So the landing pad will be run +only when the loop at least + +has one iteration running, and +so you can move all those + +thing in the landing pad. + +So here, you can see there's +no landing pad. + +The code generated probably +would have, and so I did + +something that is, you would +see in fact, the optimized + +code I did didn't do that. + +So GCC minus [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +is smart + +enough not to do this. + +So then there's another type of +strength reduction, which + +is saying if I go something like +a times i, what I can do + +is just, instead of doing a +times i, I can basically make + +the first iteration initialize +it, and every time you can + +update the previous value. + +OK, so array times i, the first +it's 0 and next time + +it'll be t plus 80 plus this, +so I can keep updating that. + +OK, so this is really good. + +I have this computation because +now we just sort of + +multiply, I just made it add. + +But I have a lot of problems +that can happen here. + +First of all, I have, +now, this one. + +I didn't have to keep this +value anywhere, only + +when I needed it. + +In here, this value has to be +varied through out the entire + +loop because I keep updating +that value, so I created + +another need for a register. + +Before now, I only needed +it at that point. + +I could've [UNINTELLIGIBLE], +rarely used it, but now it + +just to be there throughout +the program + +I created in there. + +Also what I fear is what they +call a loop-carried + +dependence. + +Every time you run iteration, +you use the previous + +iteration's value. + +When we go into a parallelizing +loop, you + +suddenly realize that means I +can't run them parallel, so + +this creates a huge problem +in parallelization. + +So you do [UNINTELLIGIBLE], +strength increase, when you go + +to parallelize. + +And you can undo these things. + +So in here, one thing you can +do is you look at something + +like u times i and say wait +a minute, I don't have to + +multiply by i because +it [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +0 like this, and I can just +allocate a value b and keep it + +updating by v, and then I did +that, allocated a variable in + +here, allocated 0. + +And [UNINTELLIGIBLE] this, I +just basically put v times 0. + +You see that? + +I just basically got rid of a +multiplication and convert it + +into addition, but I paid some +cost by, I need now this + +additional register +that is true all + +throughout the entire thing. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +I just calculated +that expression. + +And the big thing a lot you +get performances register + +allocation, so most processes +have very few registers. + +In fact, one big change that +when you went from + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +is to get additional +registers. + +Registers are very important. + +I will go through register +location a little bit. + +So what happens is when you +have a program, you have a + +control goes like this. + +So this control going, executing +something that + +defines this variable x, +defines variable y. + +And here, you use variable x and +variable y, and there are + +different paths the program +can go through. + +There are two paths can merge +in here, here, you + +can expand in here. + +So this is kind of the flow of +the program in a small part. + +So what you can say is this +definition [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +here, so this value, this +line in between here-- + +because you can't +get rid of it. + +When you decided you had to +keep it somewhere because + +somebody's going to +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +And this definition is used +here, so when you decided you + +had to be [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +in here. + +When you [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +is only used here. + +Nobody uses here, so this has +to be [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +Interesting thing about x is +there are two definitions of x + +that might be used here, and +this definition might be used + +here or here. + +So you put all this into what +they call a one web because + +these two definitions might-- + +either one of them will +be used here. + +This definition will be used, +either one, over here, so this + +value has to be [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +in here, kept somewhere. + +So then what we say is we +give names to these, + +so this is s1, s2. + +Somebody has to keep +this value. + +s2 keeps this value, s3 +keeps this value, + +s4 keeps this value. + +The interesting thing is how +many registers you need to + +keep all those values. + +That's why the entire thing +of register allocation. + +So what you do is this really +cute mapping of this into nice + +theoretical problem. + +So what you can say is each of +these regions, we make it + +vertex of a graph. + +If these regions overlap, +then we get edge. + +S1 and s2 overlap. + +That means you can't use the +same register to keep s1 one + +and s2 because before s1 is +finished using, s2 has to be + +free of that. + +OK, there's overlap in here, so +we've created edge in here. + +OK, s2 and s3. + +So s2 and s3 overlaps here +because at this point, both + +value s2 and s3 has +to be kept. + +So I create an edge in here. + +OK, so I create an edge. + +Every time I say +those do values + +need separate registers. + +I can't keep the +same register. + +And of course, s3 and s4. + +s3 is here. + +s4 can be in the +same register. + +So there's no edge here. + +os1 and s4 can be in +the same register. + +os2 and s4 can be in the same +register because they are not + +live at the same time. + +They are live at a different +time of the program execution. + +Now, what you can do is, you +have a graph, you have edges, + +and there's this very famous +problem called + +graph coloring problem. + +How many heard of graph +coloring problem? + +OK, good. + +So what happens is now we can +figure out how many colors + +need to color this graph, and +that is the number of colors + +of the number of registers +you need. + +So if you have a graph like this +with no edges, you can + +color it with one color. + +How many colors for this one? + +Two colors. + +How many colors for this one? + +People said two colors. + +Yes, you can color it +with two colors. + +How many colors for this one? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's three-color +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +So there's all these algorithms +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +and say no. + +You can see by coloring this +how many registers I need. + +And the interesting is, if you +need more colors than the + +register you have, that means +you can't register allocate, + +and at that point, you need +too many things to keep. + +You don't have that many +registers and that + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +That means you take edge and +say, ah-hah, I can't keep both + +of these guys in the same. + +I will take some vertex out and +say this vertex can't be + +in there because I can't put +it into register, and + +I spill this out. + +And you can re-color +the graphs. + +You can spill it, and of course, +spilling is costly + +because now [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +value in the register, it's in + +the memory, so every time you +need it, you had to bring it + +back, send it back, so it's +going to be expensive. + +The nice thing is to +see how much you + +can keep in the register. + +So I have enough registers for +this program, so I found + +registers for all these +things instead of + +putting it in memory. + +And now, this is +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +register allocation in a pseudo +C code, so this is the + +kind of optimized code, and +this is the generated-- + +Basically, all four of the +original program generated. + +But in here, I move +this one up. + +But in this one, actually, the +division didn't get moved up, + +so [UNINTELLIGIBLE] actually +inside the loop because it's + +realized you can't do that. + +But interestingly moved the +multiplication out, so that it + +didn't care about +the overflow. + +It says, hey, overflow, it can +have an overflow, but it will + +worry more about divide by 0. + +OK? + +Any questions so far? + +So here's the optimized code, +and if you run it, there's + +seconds versus 54 seconds. + +Just GCC [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +0, GCC os, so it'll produce very +compact optimized code. + +So the key thing is what's +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] these + +optimizations. + +The key thing is you have to +guarantee, when you optimize, + +all that these programs +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +from unoptimized, optimized, all +the valid input, all the + +valid execution, and all valid +architecture that you're + +supposed to run, you can't +do the same thing. + +Otherwise, it's not a good +optimizer if it does different + +things to code. + +So there are a lot of things +that means you have to be very + +conservative in [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +cases. + +So you have to understand both +control-flow and data + +accesses, and make sure that +you understand them, and if + +any of them, the compile-time +analysis cannot understand, + +the compiler give +up very fast. + +So the thing is, most of the +time if that information is + +not available, compilers reduce +the scope of the region + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +the transformation. + +So we have this point, I +don't know beyond that. + +I can only do a small amount +of transformations here. + +Or reduce the aggressiveness +of transformations, and + +sometimes just completely leave +code alone as it is + +because it couldn't, even the +things you know, no sane + +program would do, and +of course, your + +code will never do. + +The compiler assume, +if it is a valid C + +semantics, it might happen. + +Even though some of them +looked really crazy. + +If it is a valid possible way +of doing it, compiler has to + +worry about it, and +not do that. + +So it's here to be +careful of that. + +So first of all, control-flow. + +That means it doesn't work on +possible paths of the program + +when you execute that. + +And the way you look at this, +you can add this call graphs + +in the high-level +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] the call in + +here, and control-flow graphs +within the metadata function + +how control goes from. + +And what makes it hard for +compiler to analysis this? + +Bunch of things [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +function pointers. + +You probably haven't done +function pointers, but if you + +have function pointers in the +compiler concepts, I don't + +know where it's going. + +I have to be very careful. + +Indirect branches. + +so I keep addresses somewhere +in that branch, so that I + +don't know where it's going. + +Something computed go +to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +Large switch statement. + +It's just spaghetti code. + +We have no idea where it would +end up and compile at us, and + +we can't get anywhere in +this switch statement. + +Either [UNINTELLIGIBLE] you +might know some order of going + +through that, it doesn't work. + +If you are looped with +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +breaks and very complex things +in the compiler, sometimes + +it'll give up. + +When the loop bounds are +unknown, you'd assume it could + +be anything. + +Whereas when loop bounds are +known, as you saw in the first + +set of examples, you can take +advantages a lot more, and you + +can do a lot more aggressive +things, or not care about + +cases because I know that. + +But in this unknown loop bounds, +you have to be a lot + +more careful of that. + +And conditions where branch +is not analyzable. + +So if you have branch condition, +if you don't know + +what's happening in the branch, +I might not be able to + +take advantages or think how +to do the branch well. + +So those are the things that +I have to worry about. + +The other thing is data +accessors, so that means who + +else can read and +write the data. + +So I am touching the data item, +and I need to know that, + +between the two points I am +looking at the data, nobody + +else go and muck with my +data, or use my data. + +Because when I look at the +data, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +something, I want to make sure +that's the only way that data + +can be accessed because, as you +know, most of the things + +are in memory. + +So normally compiler +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] is called + +def-use chains, so defined to +use, so we say that thing that + +defined here is going to get +used here, and nothing comes + +in between that. + +And that information is that's +how the compiler + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +That's something we call +dependence vectors. + +We might talk a little bit about +that when you go into + +parallel execution. + +So what makes it very hard for +compiler to analyze this? + +For example, address taken +variables, so if you write and + +hack with C, you can say, +OK, there's a variable. + +There's a variable here, I'm +taking the address of that. + +Suddenly, that means somebody +else has the + +address to the variable. + +That means anybody else can +suddenly jump in and overwrite + +you, and there's a lot of +possibilities of doing that. + +And suddenly compiler says wait +a minute, that variable, + +even though I assigned the +variable here, I'm using it + +here, in between. + +Somebody else might touch it +even though it might not use + +the same name because somebody +has that address to that. + +OK, so that's a hard thing. + +Global variables, sometimes, +because between function, I + +don't know. + +Some other function might +go and change it. + +Parameters are really hard. + +Like for example, remember when +we had a program, and we + +had something like copying same +array to the same, even + +though parameters say X and Y. +I might send the same or + +overlapping regions into two +different parameters even + +though it looks like two +different names. + +They're not two different +things. + +They're actually overlapping +at some point. + +And so you had to assume, even +if you have two different + +parameters point into memory, +they might be the same thing. + +And that's the worst case, even +though a lot of times, + +nobody does that. + +Nobody gives the same +things multiple + +names, but it's possible. + +If it is possible, compilers +deal with it. + +Either it has to generate code +to test all these cases, is it + +overlapping, if not, +do something. + +If it is overlapping, do +something slower, like the + +code we showed when you +are vectorizing. + +You treat it like this huge +number of different cases, but + +unless you do something like +that, you can't optimize, and + +complex programs, it's +very hard to do that. + +A lot of times, pointers create +issues in here because + +the problem with pointers is +what you call it point + +aliasing, because pointers, +you can add any value to a + +pointer and you have no idea if +you had a very large value. + +It can be anywhere in memory +because if you have a pointer, + +you have a point in the +memory you can add + +anything, subtract anything. + +The world is yours, and C gives +you this ability to go + +all over the world and kind of +mapping the world, and some + +programs do that. + +And so the compiler says, +oh, it's a point. + +I don't know where it is. + +I just have to leave it alone +because some guy, probably + +0.001% of the world programmers +will do something + +crazy, and everybody has +to pay the price. + +So this is what makes +programming hard. + +And the final thing is there's +a thing called + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] types. + +When you go to parallel +programming you realize, + +because normally compilers +keep normal + +values are in the memory. + +Compiler can [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +the value into register and + +keep operating in the register, +and at some point, + +put it back to memory. + +But if you're running a parallel +program, somebody + +else might want to look at that +value, and if it isn't + +registered, you don't have that +value in the right place. + +It's somewhere else, so you get +a stale copy because you + +have moved it. + +What I'm trying to say is, look, +you have to always keep + +it in memory. + +You can't take it out. + +You can't just modify it, but +you can move it somewhere else + +the faster place to do things +to it because somebody else + +might be looking at it. + +And so what that means is +compilers give up it's hands + +and say, look, I can't +do anything. + +So we are a little bit early. + +I have yet another huge +session in here at-- + +OK, we have to go through +this thing. + +Good. + +I think now we are going to go +about and see how you guys did + +in the class exam. + +OK. + +And I'm seeing it for the +first time, and it looks + +really nice. + +Where do you plug this in? + +Where do you plug this in? + +OK, so here is the distribution +in there. + +This was not an easy exam, and +in fact, we compared how you + +guys did last year, and you guys +have done a lot better + +than I think the first +exam in last year. + +So basically, we have a median +about 70, somewhere here, and + +a nice tight grouping in here, +which is really good. + +And so what we have is, +we have exams back. + +Take a look. + +And I think-- + +GUEST SPEAKER: I'd like to +make one comment about + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK, sure. + +GUEST SPEAKER: [INAUDIBLE]. + +So not surprisingly, I graded +the problem on the cache + +oblivious algorithm doing +the recursion tree. + +There is a common mistake that +many people made, which I + +wanted to explain why it's wrong +because so many people + +made this mistake. + +They got it almost all +right, and then + +they made this mistake. + +So it's basically an +understanding of recurrence. + +So the recurrences I recall was +q of r is equal to square + +root of r over b if square root +of r is less than CM for + +C, et cetera. + +OK? + +And then otherwise, it was 2q +of r over 2 plus theta 1. + +Now, what people did in +their recursion tree-- + +first of all, some people didn't +recognize that what + +goes in the recursion tree is +this value, the number of + +cache misses. + +So the recursion tree is going +to look like theta 1, or you + +can leave out the thetas +if you want to put + +them in at the end. + +Theta 1, theta 1, et cetera. + +So many people got this, and +then the question is what + +happens when it hits the leaf. + +OK? + +So when it hits a leaf, many +people correctly got that you + +can't mess around +with constants. + +You have to be very careful of +constants if they're in an + +exponent, that you hit the leaf +when square root of r + +becomes less than c over m, in +which case the cost is going + +to be square root of r over b. + +So what they did was the +incorrect thing, was they put + +square root of r over b here. + +Why is that wrong? + +[INTERPOSING VOICES] + +GUEST SPEAKER: It's +the wrong r. + +Right? + +OK, it's the wrong r. + +This r is the r here on +the right-hand side. + +It's not the one here. + +It's the r if r is sufficiently +small, that's the + +value you're taking. + +But we're expanding an +r from the top here. + +So what's the value that +should go here? + +OK, cm is the value that +should go here. + +OK? + +The value that should +go here is cm. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +two r's can actually follow +the right-side? + +And then it's very close to +where they're written the same + +but are spoken differently. + +GUEST SPEAKER: Well, when you +say-- what do you mean? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +GUEST SPEAKER: There's +an r here. + +AUDIENCE: And it's different +from the other r-- + +GUEST SPEAKER: No, +it's the same r. + +The question is there, +r is a variable. + +So it'd be nice if the r were +constant, but it's not. + +It's a variable. + +And so the point is the point +where you plug it in here, + +you've got to plug in, not the +variable, you've got to plug + +in the value. + +AUDIENCE: You just said for +r [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +GUEST SPEAKER: It's +a variable. + +You have to plug in the value of +the variable at this point + +if you're going to solve +the recurrence. + +Putting an r here, we're trying +to I say, this whole + +thing is q of r. + +And we started out, if we did +the development of the tree, + +which is the safest thing to do, +you get theta 1 plus q of + +r over 2, and you keep going +down until your value for r + +satisfies this condition. + +At that point, what's +the value for r? + +OK? + +You can't then say it's the same +r that you started with. + +It's not this r, and that's +because r is a variable, not + +because of anything else. + +r is a variable, and +we're using the r. + +This is a question of +understanding of the + +recurrence. + +So in any case, that +was a common + +mistake that people make. + +The other minor error that +people made on that problem, + +that most people made, was in +describing where do you get + +this recurrence, they left out +the fact is why is it going to + +be square root of r over b. + +It's really because na is +approximately nb because the + +way that the code works, we're +keeping na and nb to within a + +factor of two of each other. + +OK? + +And so if you didn't mention +that, you lost a point. + +It wasn't a big deal, but many +people didn't neglect that + +very important statement. + +Overall, people did very +well on this problem. + +Overall, you'll see people got a +lot of partial credit on it. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/HSm76SpZl7o.txt b/HSm76SpZl7o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3906ed094914647d547aa2c0dbabb4e0bd210ce --- /dev/null +++ b/HSm76SpZl7o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright guys so today I'm not gonna be + + align:start position:0% +alright guys so today I'm not gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +alright guys so today I'm not gonna be +doing most of the talking you actually + + align:start position:0% +doing most of the talking you actually + + + align:start position:0% +doing most of the talking you actually +are because like I've said we've been + + align:start position:0% +are because like I've said we've been + + + align:start position:0% +are because like I've said we've been +teaching you all sorts of crazy physics + + align:start position:0% +teaching you all sorts of crazy physics + + + align:start position:0% +teaching you all sorts of crazy physics +and radiation biology we've taught you + + align:start position:0% +and radiation biology we've taught you + + + align:start position:0% +and radiation biology we've taught you +how to smell taught you a + + align:start position:0% +how to smell taught you a + + + align:start position:0% +how to smell taught you a +little bit about how to read papers and + + align:start position:0% +little bit about how to read papers and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about how to read papers and +what to look for and we're gonna spend + + align:start position:0% +what to look for and we're gonna spend + + + align:start position:0% +what to look for and we're gonna spend +the second half of today's class + + align:start position:0% +the second half of today's class + + + align:start position:0% +the second half of today's class +actually doing that well we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +actually doing that well we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing that well we're gonna +have a mini debate on whether or not or + + align:start position:0% +have a mini debate on whether or not or + + + align:start position:0% +have a mini debate on whether or not or +basis is real and you guys are gonna + + align:start position:0% +basis is real and you guys are gonna + + + align:start position:0% +basis is real and you guys are gonna +spend some time finding evidence for or + + align:start position:0% +spend some time finding evidence for or + + + align:start position:0% +spend some time finding evidence for or +against it instead of just me telling + + align:start position:0% +against it instead of just me telling + + + align:start position:0% +against it instead of just me telling +you this is what hormesis is or isn't so + + align:start position:0% +you this is what hormesis is or isn't so + + + align:start position:0% +you this is what hormesis is or isn't so +just to finish up the multicellular + + align:start position:0% +just to finish up the multicellular + + + align:start position:0% +just to finish up the multicellular +effects from last time we started + + align:start position:0% +effects from last time we started + + + align:start position:0% +effects from last time we started +talking about what's called the + + align:start position:0% +talking about what's called the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what's called the +bystander effect which says if a cell is + + align:start position:0% +bystander effect which says if a cell is + + + align:start position:0% +bystander effect which says if a cell is +irradiated and it dies or something + + align:start position:0% +irradiated and it dies or something + + + align:start position:0% +irradiated and it dies or something +happens to it the other cells nearby + + align:start position:0% +happens to it the other cells nearby + + + align:start position:0% +happens to it the other cells nearby +notice may speed up their metabolism or + + align:start position:0% +notice may speed up their metabolism or + + + align:start position:0% +notice may speed up their metabolism or +their oxidative metabolism which can + + align:start position:0% +their oxidative metabolism which can + + + align:start position:0% +their oxidative metabolism which can +generate some of the same chemical + + align:start position:0% +generate some of the same chemical + + + align:start position:0% +generate some of the same chemical +byproducts as radiolysis does causing + + align:start position:0% +byproducts as radiolysis does causing + + + align:start position:0% +byproducts as radiolysis does causing +additional cell damage in mutation and + + align:start position:0% +additional cell damage in mutation and + + + align:start position:0% +additional cell damage in mutation and +there was an interesting yeah I think + + align:start position:0% +there was an interesting yeah I think + + + align:start position:0% +there was an interesting yeah I think +I'd lie we left off here at this study + + align:start position:0% +I'd lie we left off here at this study + + + align:start position:0% +I'd lie we left off here at this study +or they actually talked about most of + + align:start position:0% +or they actually talked about most of + + + align:start position:0% +or they actually talked about most of +the types of mutations found in the + + align:start position:0% +the types of mutations found in the + + + align:start position:0% +the types of mutations found in the +bystander cells were of different types + + align:start position:0% +bystander cells were of different types + + + align:start position:0% +bystander cells were of different types +but there were mutations found in this + + align:start position:0% +but there were mutations found in this + + + align:start position:0% +but there were mutations found in this +case as a result of what's called + + align:start position:0% +case as a result of what's called + + + align:start position:0% +case as a result of what's called +oxidative base damage this is oxidative + + align:start position:0% +oxidative base damage this is oxidative + + + align:start position:0% +oxidative base damage this is oxidative +cell metabolism ramping up and producing + + align:start position:0% +cell metabolism ramping up and producing + + + align:start position:0% +cell metabolism ramping up and producing +more of those metabolic byproducts that + + align:start position:0% +more of those metabolic byproducts that + + + align:start position:0% +more of those metabolic byproducts that +can damage DNA as well but we didn't get + + align:start position:0% +can damage DNA as well but we didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +can damage DNA as well but we didn't get +into is the statistics what do the + + align:start position:0% +into is the statistics what do the + + + align:start position:0% +into is the statistics what do the +statistics look like for large sample + + align:start position:0% +statistics look like for large sample + + + align:start position:0% +statistics look like for large sample +sizes of people who have been exposed to + + align:start position:0% +sizes of people who have been exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +sizes of people who have been exposed to +small amounts of radiation I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +small amounts of radiation I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +small amounts of radiation I'm going to +show you a couple of them one of them is + + align:start position:0% +show you a couple of them one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +show you a couple of them one of them is +the folks within 3 kilometers of the + + align:start position:0% +the folks within 3 kilometers of the + + + align:start position:0% +the folks within 3 kilometers of the +Hiroshima so I want you to notice a + + align:start position:0% +Hiroshima so I want you to notice a + + + align:start position:0% +Hiroshima so I want you to notice a +couple of things the LA here's the dose + + align:start position:0% +couple of things the LA here's the dose + + + align:start position:0% +couple of things the LA here's the dose +in grey maxing out at about two gray and + + align:start position:0% +in grey maxing out at about two gray and + + + align:start position:0% +in grey maxing out at about two gray and +in this case this er R is what's called + + align:start position:0% +in this case this er R is what's called + + + align:start position:0% +in this case this er R is what's called +excess relative risk it's a little + + align:start position:0% +excess relative risk it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +excess relative risk it's a little +different than odds ratio where here an + + align:start position:0% +different than odds ratio where here an + + + align:start position:0% +different than odds ratio where here an +excess relative risk of zero means it's + + align:start position:0% +excess relative risk of zero means it's + + + align:start position:0% +excess relative risk of zero means it's +like nothing happened so anything above + + align:start position:0% +like nothing happened so anything above + + + align:start position:0% +like nothing happened so anything above +zero means extra excess relative risk so + + align:start position:0% +zero means extra excess relative risk so + + + align:start position:0% +zero means extra excess relative risk so +what are some of the features you notice + + align:start position:0% +what are some of the features you notice + + + align:start position:0% +what are some of the features you notice +about this data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's rather striking about it in your + + align:start position:0% +what's rather striking about it in your + + + align:start position:0% +what's rather striking about it in your +opinion yeah turn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this one oh yeah these are the errors + + align:start position:0% +this one oh yeah these are the errors + + + align:start position:0% +this one oh yeah these are the errors +yep + + align:start position:0% +yep + + + align:start position:0% +yep +what does it say here is it more than + + align:start position:0% +what does it say here is it more than + + + align:start position:0% +what does it say here is it more than +one standard ever yep yeah I mean look + + align:start position:0% +one standard ever yep yeah I mean look + + + align:start position:0% +one standard ever yep yeah I mean look +at the confidence in this data at high + + align:start position:0% +at the confidence in this data at high + + + align:start position:0% +at the confidence in this data at high +doses and then while you may say okay + + align:start position:0% +doses and then while you may say okay + + + align:start position:0% +doses and then while you may say okay +the amount of relative risk per amount + + align:start position:0% +the amount of relative risk per amount + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of relative risk per amount +of radiation increases with decreasing + + align:start position:0% +of radiation increases with decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +of radiation increases with decreasing +dose which is the opposite of what you + + align:start position:0% +dose which is the opposite of what you + + + align:start position:0% +dose which is the opposite of what you +might think our confidence in that + + align:start position:0% +might think our confidence in that + + + align:start position:0% +might think our confidence in that +number goes out the window now what do + + align:start position:0% +number goes out the window now what do + + + align:start position:0% +number goes out the window now what do +you think of the total number of people + + align:start position:0% +you think of the total number of people + + + align:start position:0% +you think of the total number of people +that led to each of these data points + + align:start position:0% +that led to each of these data points + + + align:start position:0% +that led to each of these data points +how many folks you think we're exposed + + align:start position:0% +how many folks you think we're exposed + + + align:start position:0% +how many folks you think we're exposed +to gray vs. milla gray of radiation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's right the sample size I thought + + align:start position:0% +that's right the sample size I thought + + + align:start position:0% +that's right the sample size I thought +it was cold and loud in here the sample + + align:start position:0% +it was cold and loud in here the sample + + + align:start position:0% +it was cold and loud in here the sample +size for the folks in gray is much + + align:start position:0% +size for the folks in gray is much + + + align:start position:0% +size for the folks in gray is much +smaller and yet the Arab bars are much + + align:start position:0% +smaller and yet the Arab bars are much + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and yet the Arab bars are much +smaller too that's not usually the way + + align:start position:0% +smaller too that's not usually the way + + + align:start position:0% +smaller too that's not usually the way +it goes is it usually you think larger + + align:start position:0% +it goes is it usually you think larger + + + align:start position:0% +it goes is it usually you think larger +sample size smaller Arab bars unless the + + align:start position:0% +sample size smaller Arab bars unless the + + + align:start position:0% +sample size smaller Arab bars unless the +effects themselves and confounding + + align:start position:0% +effects themselves and confounding + + + align:start position:0% +effects themselves and confounding +variables are hard to tease out from + + align:start position:0% +variables are hard to tease out from + + + align:start position:0% +variables are hard to tease out from +each other if you then look at another + + align:start position:0% +each other if you then look at another + + + align:start position:0% +each other if you then look at another +set of people all of the survivors oh + + align:start position:0% +set of people all of the survivors oh + + + align:start position:0% +set of people all of the survivors oh +yeah Charlie this would have to be from + + align:start position:0% +yeah Charlie this would have to be from + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Charlie this would have to be from +some estimate these are we from models + + align:start position:0% +some estimate these are we from models + + + align:start position:0% +some estimate these are we from models +it's not like folks had dosimeter x' + + align:start position:0% +it's not like folks had dosimeter x' + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like folks had dosimeter x' +everywhere in Japan in the 1940s but + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in Japan in the 1940s but + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in Japan in the 1940s but +this V these would be estimates + + align:start position:0% +this V these would be estimates + + + align:start position:0% +this V these would be estimates +depending on where you lived let's say + + align:start position:0% +depending on where you lived let's say + + + align:start position:0% +depending on where you lived let's say +in an urban suburb in a rural area + + align:start position:0% +in an urban suburb in a rural area + + + align:start position:0% +in an urban suburb in a rural area +let's see things like milk intake right + + align:start position:0% +let's see things like milk intake right + + + align:start position:0% +let's see things like milk intake right +after the bomb or anything that would + + align:start position:0% +after the bomb or anything that would + + + align:start position:0% +after the bomb or anything that would +have had given you an A usually high + + align:start position:0% +have had given you an A usually high + + + align:start position:0% +have had given you an A usually high +amount of radiation distance where the + + align:start position:0% +amount of radiation distance where the + + + align:start position:0% +amount of radiation distance where the +winds were going this is the best you + + align:start position:0% +winds were going this is the best you + + + align:start position:0% +winds were going this is the best you +could do with that data and now look at + + align:start position:0% +could do with that data and now look at + + + align:start position:0% +could do with that data and now look at +all of the bomb survivors including the + + align:start position:0% +all of the bomb survivors including the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the bomb survivors including the +ones outside three-kilometer region but + + align:start position:0% +ones outside three-kilometer region but + + + align:start position:0% +ones outside three-kilometer region but +still got some dose what's changed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it seems like they're less likely to get + + align:start position:0% +it seems like they're less likely to get + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like they're less likely to get +more risk yet yeah the the conclusion is + + align:start position:0% +more risk yet yeah the the conclusion is + + + align:start position:0% +more risk yet yeah the the conclusion is +almost flipped for the low dose cases if + + align:start position:0% +almost flipped for the low dose cases if + + + align:start position:0% +almost flipped for the low dose cases if +you put them side by side depending on + + align:start position:0% +you put them side by side depending on + + + align:start position:0% +you put them side by side depending on +the folks living within three kilometers + + align:start position:0% +the folks living within three kilometers + + + align:start position:0% +the folks living within three kilometers +of the epicenter of Hiroshima versus + + align:start position:0% +of the epicenter of Hiroshima versus + + + align:start position:0% +of the epicenter of Hiroshima versus +anyone exposed all the bomb survivors + + align:start position:0% +anyone exposed all the bomb survivors + + + align:start position:0% +anyone exposed all the bomb survivors +you get an almost opposite conclusion + + align:start position:0% +you get an almost opposite conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +you get an almost opposite conclusion +for low doses despite the numbers being + + align:start position:0% +for low doses despite the numbers being + + + align:start position:0% +for low doses despite the numbers being +almost you know where they're within + + align:start position:0% +almost you know where they're within + + + align:start position:0% +almost you know where they're within +each other's confidence intervals for + + align:start position:0% +each other's confidence intervals for + + + align:start position:0% +each other's confidence intervals for +high doses so what this tells us is that + + align:start position:0% +high doses so what this tells us is that + + + align:start position:0% +high doses so what this tells us is that +the effects of high dose are relatively + + align:start position:0% +the effects of high dose are relatively + + + align:start position:0% +the effects of high dose are relatively +easy to understand and quite obvious we + + align:start position:0% +easy to understand and quite obvious we + + + align:start position:0% +easy to understand and quite obvious we +even with low sample sizes what is + + align:start position:0% +even with low sample sizes what is + + + align:start position:0% +even with low sample sizes what is +different between these two data sets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it's the only difference that's + + align:start position:0% +well it's the only difference that's + + + align:start position:0% +well it's the only difference that's +actually listed here distance from the + + align:start position:0% +actually listed here distance from the + + + align:start position:0% +actually listed here distance from the +epicenter right so before I tell you + + align:start position:0% +epicenter right so before I tell you + + + align:start position:0% +epicenter right so before I tell you +what's different I want you two guys to + + align:start position:0% +what's different I want you two guys to + + + align:start position:0% +what's different I want you two guys to +try to think about what could be + + align:start position:0% +try to think about what could be + + + align:start position:0% +try to think about what could be +different about the folks living within + + align:start position:0% +different about the folks living within + + + align:start position:0% +different about the folks living within +three kilometers of the epicenter of + + align:start position:0% +three kilometers of the epicenter of + + + align:start position:0% +three kilometers of the epicenter of +Hiroshima versus anyone else in the city + + align:start position:0% +Hiroshima versus anyone else in the city + + + align:start position:0% +Hiroshima versus anyone else in the city +or the countryside yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +could be yeah it might be harder to + + align:start position:0% +could be yeah it might be harder to + + + align:start position:0% +could be yeah it might be harder to +figure out exactly how much dose folks + + align:start position:0% +figure out exactly how much dose folks + + + align:start position:0% +figure out exactly how much dose folks +had without necessarily measuring it + + align:start position:0% +had without necessarily measuring it + + + align:start position:0% +had without necessarily measuring it +right but what other major factors are + + align:start position:0% +right but what other major factors are + + + align:start position:0% +right but what other major factors are +confounding variables are confusing the + + align:start position:0% +confounding variables are confusing the + + + align:start position:0% +confounding variables are confusing the +data here yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in this case these are for bomb + + align:start position:0% +so in this case these are for bomb + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case these are for bomb +survivors so yes that's true if you're + + align:start position:0% +survivors so yes that's true if you're + + + align:start position:0% +survivors so yes that's true if you're +closer you get the gamma blast you get + + align:start position:0% +closer you get the gamma blast you get + + + align:start position:0% +closer you get the gamma blast you get +the pressure wave + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it should just account all survivors + + align:start position:0% +it should just account all survivors + + + align:start position:0% +it should just account all survivors +yeah sure absolutely + + align:start position:0% +yeah sure absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sure absolutely +and then the other big one is you + + align:start position:0% +and then the other big one is you + + + align:start position:0% +and then the other big one is you +actually someone's kind of mentioned it + + align:start position:0% +actually someone's kind of mentioned it + + + align:start position:0% +actually someone's kind of mentioned it +but in passing urban or rural the + + align:start position:0% +but in passing urban or rural the + + + align:start position:0% +but in passing urban or rural the +environment that you live in depends on + + align:start position:0% +environment that you live in depends on + + + align:start position:0% +environment that you live in depends on +how quickly let's say the ecosystem + + align:start position:0% +how quickly let's say the ecosystem + + + align:start position:0% +how quickly let's say the ecosystem +replenishes or not if you live in a city + + align:start position:0% +replenishes or not if you live in a city + + + align:start position:0% +replenishes or not if you live in a city +or what sort of other toxins are + + align:start position:0% +or what sort of other toxins are + + + align:start position:0% +or what sort of other toxins are +concentrated sources of radiation you + + align:start position:0% +concentrated sources of radiation you + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated sources of radiation you +may be exposed to by living in a city + + align:start position:0% +may be exposed to by living in a city + + + align:start position:0% +may be exposed to by living in a city +that's endured a nuclear attack or + + align:start position:0% +that's endured a nuclear attack or + + + align:start position:0% +that's endured a nuclear attack or +something else could also depend on the + + align:start position:0% +something else could also depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +something else could also depend on the +amount of health care that you're able + + align:start position:0% +amount of health care that you're able + + + align:start position:0% +amount of health care that you're able +to receive if you show some symptoms of + + align:start position:0% +to receive if you show some symptoms of + + + align:start position:0% +to receive if you show some symptoms of +something if you lived way out in the + + align:start position:0% +something if you lived way out in the + + + align:start position:0% +something if you lived way out in the +countryside and there weren't a lot of + + align:start position:0% +countryside and there weren't a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +countryside and there weren't a lot of +roads then maybe you can't get to the + + align:start position:0% +roads then maybe you can't get to the + + + align:start position:0% +roads then maybe you can't get to the +best Hospital or you go to a clinic that + + align:start position:0% +best Hospital or you go to a clinic that + + + align:start position:0% +best Hospital or you go to a clinic that +we don't know as much the point is + + align:start position:0% +we don't know as much the point is + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know as much the point is +there's a lot of confounding variables + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of confounding variables + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of confounding variables +there's a lot more people but anything + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot more people but anything + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot more people but anything +from like lifestyle to diet two routes + + align:start position:0% +from like lifestyle to diet two routes + + + align:start position:0% +from like lifestyle to diet two routes +of exposure think about the differences + + align:start position:0% +of exposure think about the differences + + + align:start position:0% +of exposure think about the differences +in how folks in the city and out in the + + align:start position:0% +in how folks in the city and out in the + + + align:start position:0% +in how folks in the city and out in the +countryside may have been exposed to the + + align:start position:0% +countryside may have been exposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +countryside may have been exposed to the +same dose because again dose is given in + + align:start position:0% +same dose because again dose is given in + + + align:start position:0% +same dose because again dose is given in +grey not in sieverts that's the best we + + align:start position:0% +grey not in sieverts that's the best we + + + align:start position:0% +grey not in sieverts that's the best we +can estimate but would it matter if you + + align:start position:0% +can estimate but would it matter if you + + + align:start position:0% +can estimate but would it matter if you +were too exposed to let's say alpha + + align:start position:0% +were too exposed to let's say alpha + + + align:start position:0% +were too exposed to let's say alpha +particle containing fallout that you + + align:start position:0% +particle containing fallout that you + + + align:start position:0% +particle containing fallout that you +would then ingest versus exposed to a + + align:start position:0% +would then ingest versus exposed to a + + + align:start position:0% +would then ingest versus exposed to a +lot of gamma rays or delayed betas it + + align:start position:0% +lot of gamma rays or delayed betas it + + + align:start position:0% +lot of gamma rays or delayed betas it +absolutely would so the type of + + align:start position:0% +absolutely would so the type of + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely would so the type of +radiation and the route of exposure and + + align:start position:0% +radiation and the route of exposure and + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and the route of exposure and +the organs that were affected are not + + align:start position:0% +the organs that were affected are not + + + align:start position:0% +the organs that were affected are not +accounted for in the study because again + + align:start position:0% +accounted for in the study because again + + + align:start position:0% +accounted for in the study because again +the data is in grey it's just an + + align:start position:0% +the data is in grey it's just an + + + align:start position:0% +the data is in grey it's just an +estimated joules per kilogram of + + align:start position:0% +estimated joules per kilogram of + + + align:start position:0% +estimated joules per kilogram of +radiation exposure not taking into + + align:start position:0% +radiation exposure not taking into + + + align:start position:0% +radiation exposure not taking into +account the quality factors for tissue + + align:start position:0% +account the quality factors for tissue + + + align:start position:0% +account the quality factors for tissue +the quality factors for type of + + align:start position:0% +the quality factors for type of + + + align:start position:0% +the quality factors for type of +radiation the routes of exposure the + + align:start position:0% +radiation the routes of exposure the + + + align:start position:0% +radiation the routes of exposure the +dose rate which we've already talked + + align:start position:0% +dose rate which we've already talked + + + align:start position:0% +dose rate which we've already talked +about how much you got as a function of + + align:start position:0% +about how much you got as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +about how much you got as a function of +time actually does matter so all these + + align:start position:0% +time actually does matter so all these + + + align:start position:0% +time actually does matter so all these +things are quite important and for all + + align:start position:0% +things are quite important and for all + + + align:start position:0% +things are quite important and for all +these sorts of studies you have to + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of studies you have to + + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of studies you have to +consider the statistics so let's now + + align:start position:0% +consider the statistics so let's now + + + align:start position:0% +consider the statistics so let's now +look at a + + align:start position:0% +look at a + + + align:start position:0% +look at a +say okay a cellphone like study where + + align:start position:0% +say okay a cellphone like study where + + + align:start position:0% +say okay a cellphone like study where +one might draw a conclusion if the error + + align:start position:0% +one might draw a conclusion if the error + + + align:start position:0% +one might draw a conclusion if the error +bars weren't drawn so based on this can + + align:start position:0% +bars weren't drawn so based on this can + + + align:start position:0% +bars weren't drawn so based on this can +you say that very low doses of radiation + + align:start position:0% +you say that very low doses of radiation + + + align:start position:0% +you say that very low doses of radiation +in this area actually give you some + + align:start position:0% +in this area actually give you some + + + align:start position:0% +in this area actually give you some +increased risk of what do they say + + align:start position:0% +increased risk of what do they say + + + align:start position:0% +increased risk of what do they say +female breast cancer no you can't be + + align:start position:0% +female breast cancer no you can't be + + + align:start position:0% +female breast cancer no you can't be +bold enough to draw a conclusion from + + align:start position:0% +bold enough to draw a conclusion from + + + align:start position:0% +bold enough to draw a conclusion from +the very low dose region from let's say + + align:start position:0% +the very low dose region from let's say + + + align:start position:0% +the very low dose region from let's say +the the ones to tens of milligram at + + align:start position:0% +the the ones to tens of milligram at + + + align:start position:0% +the the ones to tens of milligram at +whole region right there that people are + + align:start position:0% +whole region right there that people are + + + align:start position:0% +whole region right there that people are +afraid of getting we don't actually know + + align:start position:0% +afraid of getting we don't actually know + + + align:start position:0% +afraid of getting we don't actually know +if it hurts or it does nothing or if it + + align:start position:0% +if it hurts or it does nothing or if it + + + align:start position:0% +if it hurts or it does nothing or if it +helps that's a kind of weird thing to + + align:start position:0% +helps that's a kind of weird thing to + + + align:start position:0% +helps that's a kind of weird thing to +think about so the question is what do + + align:start position:0% +think about so the question is what do + + + align:start position:0% +think about so the question is what do +we do next these are the actual + + align:start position:0% +we do next these are the actual + + + align:start position:0% +we do next these are the actual +recommendations from the our CRP and + + align:start position:0% +recommendations from the our CRP and + + + align:start position:0% +recommendations from the our CRP and +I've highlighted the parts that are + + align:start position:0% +I've highlighted the parts that are + + + align:start position:0% +I've highlighted the parts that are +important in my opinion for everyone to + + align:start position:0% +important in my opinion for everyone to + + + align:start position:0% +important in my opinion for everyone to +read and the most important one probably + + align:start position:0% +read and the most important one probably + + + align:start position:0% +read and the most important one probably +will have to come to terms with some + + align:start position:0% +will have to come to terms with some + + + align:start position:0% +will have to come to terms with some +uncertainty in the amount of damage that + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty in the amount of damage that + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty in the amount of damage that +little amounts of dose do so this is the + + align:start position:0% +little amounts of dose do so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +little amounts of dose do so this is the +ICRP saying to the general public you + + align:start position:0% +ICRP saying to the general public you + + + align:start position:0% +ICRP saying to the general public you +guys should chill out there's not much + + align:start position:0% +guys should chill out there's not much + + + align:start position:0% +guys should chill out there's not much +we can do about tiny amounts of exposure + + align:start position:0% +we can do about tiny amounts of exposure + + + align:start position:0% +we can do about tiny amounts of exposure +they happen all the time + + align:start position:0% +they happen all the time + + + align:start position:0% +they happen all the time +you can either worry about it and get + + align:start position:0% +you can either worry about it and get + + + align:start position:0% +you can either worry about it and get +your heart rate up and elevate your own + + align:start position:0% +your heart rate up and elevate your own + + + align:start position:0% +your heart rate up and elevate your own +blood pressure and have a higher chance + + align:start position:0% +blood pressure and have a higher chance + + + align:start position:0% +blood pressure and have a higher chance +of dying on your own or you can just + + align:start position:0% +of dying on your own or you can just + + + align:start position:0% +of dying on your own or you can just +chill out because there is not enough + + align:start position:0% +chill out because there is not enough + + + align:start position:0% +chill out because there is not enough +evidence to say whether a tiny little + + align:start position:0% +evidence to say whether a tiny little + + + align:start position:0% +evidence to say whether a tiny little +amount of radiation and we're talking in + + align:start position:0% +amount of radiation and we're talking in + + + align:start position:0% +amount of radiation and we're talking in +the mill agreeable Oh helps or hurts or + + align:start position:0% +the mill agreeable Oh helps or hurts or + + + align:start position:0% +the mill agreeable Oh helps or hurts or +does nothing which leads me into the + + align:start position:0% +does nothing which leads me into the + + + align:start position:0% +does nothing which leads me into the +last set of slides for this entire + + align:start position:0% +last set of slides for this entire + + + align:start position:0% +last set of slides for this entire +course they're not that long because I + + align:start position:0% +course they're not that long because I + + + align:start position:0% +course they're not that long because I +want you guys to actually do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +want you guys to actually do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +want you guys to actually do a lot of +the work here is radiation hormesis real + + align:start position:0% +the work here is radiation hormesis real + + + align:start position:0% +the work here is radiation hormesis real +or not there are plenty of studies + + align:start position:0% +or not there are plenty of studies + + + align:start position:0% +or not there are plenty of studies +pointing one way or the other and I want + + align:start position:0% +pointing one way or the other and I want + + + align:start position:0% +pointing one way or the other and I want +to show you a few of them with some + + align:start position:0% +to show you a few of them with some + + + align:start position:0% +to show you a few of them with some +other examples the whole idea here is + + align:start position:0% +other examples the whole idea here is + + + align:start position:0% +other examples the whole idea here is +that a little bit of a bad thing can be + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit of a bad thing can be + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit of a bad thing can be +a good thing + + align:start position:0% +a good thing + + + align:start position:0% +a good thing +much like vitamins or let's say vitamin + + align:start position:0% +much like vitamins or let's say vitamin + + + align:start position:0% +much like vitamins or let's say vitamin +A and seal livers tiny little bit of it + + align:start position:0% +A and seal livers tiny little bit of it + + + align:start position:0% +A and seal livers tiny little bit of it +you need it's a vital micronutrient + + align:start position:0% +you need it's a vital micronutrient + + + align:start position:0% +you need it's a vital micronutrient +whole lot of it can do a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of it can do a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of it can do a whole lot of +damage you don't usually think of that + + align:start position:0% +damage you don't usually think of that + + + align:start position:0% +damage you don't usually think of that +being the case for radiation but some + + align:start position:0% +being the case for radiation but some + + + align:start position:0% +being the case for radiation but some +studies may have you believe otherwise + + align:start position:0% +studies may have you believe otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +studies may have you believe otherwise +with surprisingly high sample sizes so + + align:start position:0% +with surprisingly high sample sizes so + + + align:start position:0% +with surprisingly high sample sizes so +the idea here is that if you've got any + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is that if you've got any + + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is that if you've got any +not just element and diet but anything + + align:start position:0% +not just element and diet but anything + + + align:start position:0% +not just element and diet but anything +that happens to you there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +that happens to you there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that happens to you there's going to be +some optimum level where you could die + + align:start position:0% +some optimum level where you could die + + + align:start position:0% +some optimum level where you could die +or have some ill effects if exposed to + + align:start position:0% +or have some ill effects if exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +or have some ill effects if exposed to +too much or too little we all know that + + align:start position:0% +too much or too little we all know that + + + align:start position:0% +too much or too little we all know that +this happens with high amounts of + + align:start position:0% +this happens with high amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +this happens with high amounts of +radiation the question is is that + + align:start position:0% +radiation the question is is that + + + align:start position:0% +radiation the question is is that +actually happen so let's look at some of + + align:start position:0% +actually happen so let's look at some of + + + align:start position:0% +actually happen so let's look at some of +the data in this case I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the data in this case I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the data in this case I mentioned +selenium and actually have a fair bit of + + align:start position:0% +selenium and actually have a fair bit of + + + align:start position:0% +selenium and actually have a fair bit of +this data that shows some let's say + + align:start position:0% +this data that shows some let's say + + + align:start position:0% +this data that shows some let's say +contradictory results in this case where + + align:start position:0% +contradictory results in this case where + + + align:start position:0% +contradictory results in this case where +a whole lots of different people were + + align:start position:0% +a whole lots of different people were + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lots of different people were +exposed to a certain amount of selenium + + align:start position:0% +exposed to a certain amount of selenium + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to a certain amount of selenium +accidentally I don't think these were + + align:start position:0% +accidentally I don't think these were + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally I don't think these were +any intentional studies but some folks + + align:start position:0% +any intentional studies but some folks + + + align:start position:0% +any intentional studies but some folks +received massive doses of selenium and + + align:start position:0% +received massive doses of selenium and + + + align:start position:0% +received massive doses of selenium and +try folks tried to figure out well what + + align:start position:0% +try folks tried to figure out well what + + + align:start position:0% +try folks tried to figure out well what +you want to see how much they got + + align:start position:0% +you want to see how much they got + + + align:start position:0% +you want to see how much they got +remember that you want about 5 + + align:start position:0% +remember that you want about 5 + + + align:start position:0% +remember that you want about 5 +micrograms per day on average that's a + + align:start position:0% +micrograms per day on average that's a + + + align:start position:0% +micrograms per day on average that's a +pretty crazy amount of selenium that + + align:start position:0% +pretty crazy amount of selenium that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty crazy amount of selenium that +ended up killing this person in 4 hours + + align:start position:0% +ended up killing this person in 4 hours + + + align:start position:0% +ended up killing this person in 4 hours +but let's look at a sort of medium dose + + align:start position:0% +but let's look at a sort of medium dose + + + align:start position:0% +but let's look at a sort of medium dose +something way higher than you'd normally + + align:start position:0% +something way higher than you'd normally + + + align:start position:0% +something way higher than you'd normally +get two different studies published in + + align:start position:0% +get two different studies published in + + + align:start position:0% +get two different studies published in +peer-reviewed places this one says + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed places this one says + + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed places this one says +taking mega doses of selenium so + + align:start position:0% +taking mega doses of selenium so + + + align:start position:0% +taking mega doses of selenium so +enormous doses may have cute toxic + + align:start position:0% +enormous doses may have cute toxic + + + align:start position:0% +enormous doses may have cute toxic +effects and showed no decreased incident + + align:start position:0% +effects and showed no decreased incident + + + align:start position:0% +effects and showed no decreased incident +of prostate cancer and increased + + align:start position:0% +of prostate cancer and increased + + + align:start position:0% +of prostate cancer and increased +prostate cancer race rates 35 thousand + + align:start position:0% +prostate cancer race rates 35 thousand + + + align:start position:0% +prostate cancer race rates 35 thousand +people the same supplements greatly + + align:start position:0% +people the same supplements greatly + + + align:start position:0% +people the same supplements greatly +reduced secondary prostate cancer + + align:start position:0% +reduced secondary prostate cancer + + + align:start position:0% +reduced secondary prostate cancer +evolution in another study kind of hard + + align:start position:0% +evolution in another study kind of hard + + + align:start position:0% +evolution in another study kind of hard +to wrap your head around that right both + + align:start position:0% +to wrap your head around that right both + + + align:start position:0% +to wrap your head around that right both +these studies were done with I'd say + + align:start position:0% +these studies were done with I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +these studies were done with I'd say +enough people and came to absolutely + + align:start position:0% +enough people and came to absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +enough people and came to absolutely +opposite conclusions showing that + + align:start position:0% +opposite conclusions showing that + + + align:start position:0% +opposite conclusions showing that +there's definitely other confounding + + align:start position:0% +there's definitely other confounding + + + align:start position:0% +there's definitely other confounding +variables at work here so there's kind + + align:start position:0% +variables at work here so there's kind + + + align:start position:0% +variables at work here so there's kind +of two solutions to this problem + + align:start position:0% +of two solutions to this problem + + + align:start position:0% +of two solutions to this problem +increase your sample size and try to get + + align:start position:0% +increase your sample size and try to get + + + align:start position:0% +increase your sample size and try to get +a most representative set of the + + align:start position:0% +a most representative set of the + + + align:start position:0% +a most representative set of the +population or control for other + + align:start position:0% +population or control for other + + + align:start position:0% +population or control for other +confounding variables and then the + + align:start position:0% +confounding variables and then the + + + align:start position:0% +confounding variables and then the +question is how do you model how much is + + align:start position:0% +question is how do you model how much is + + + align:start position:0% +question is how do you model how much is +a good thing to go over what these + + align:start position:0% +a good thing to go over what these + + + align:start position:0% +a good thing to go over what these +models mean the one that's described + + align:start position:0% +models mean the one that's described + + + align:start position:0% +models mean the one that's described +right now and the public is called a + + align:start position:0% +right now and the public is called a + + + align:start position:0% +right now and the public is called a +linear no-threshold model this means + + align:start position:0% +linear no-threshold model this means + + + align:start position:0% +linear no-threshold model this means +that if this axis right here is bad and + + align:start position:0% +that if this axis right here is bad and + + + align:start position:0% +that if this axis right here is bad and +this is axis right here is amount that + + align:start position:0% +this is axis right here is amount that + + + align:start position:0% +this is axis right here is amount that +any amount of radiate + + align:start position:0% +any amount of radiate + + + align:start position:0% +any amount of radiate +is bad for you what I think might be a + + align:start position:0% +is bad for you what I think might be a + + + align:start position:0% +is bad for you what I think might be a +little bit more accurate is called the + + align:start position:0% +little bit more accurate is called the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more accurate is called the +linear threshold model if you remember + + align:start position:0% +linear threshold model if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +linear threshold model if you remember +from two classes ago the ICRP recommends + + align:start position:0% +from two classes ago the ICRP recommends + + + align:start position:0% +from two classes ago the ICRP recommends +that I think point o1 microsieverts is + + align:start position:0% +that I think point o1 microsieverts is + + + align:start position:0% +that I think point o1 microsieverts is +considered nothing officially that would + + align:start position:0% +considered nothing officially that would + + + align:start position:0% +considered nothing officially that would +mean there is a threshold below which we + + align:start position:0% +mean there is a threshold below which we + + + align:start position:0% +mean there is a threshold below which we +absolutely don't care and if there are + + align:start position:0% +absolutely don't care and if there are + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely don't care and if there are +any ill effects they're statistically + + align:start position:0% +any ill effects they're statistically + + + align:start position:0% +any ill effects they're statistically +inseparable from anything else that + + align:start position:0% +inseparable from anything else that + + + align:start position:0% +inseparable from anything else that +would happen and that would suggest here + + align:start position:0% +would happen and that would suggest here + + + align:start position:0% +would happen and that would suggest here +this linear threshold model where this + + align:start position:0% +this linear threshold model where this + + + align:start position:0% +this linear threshold model where this +control line right here would be the + + align:start position:0% +control line right here would be the + + + align:start position:0% +control line right here would be the +incidence of whatever bad happens in the + + align:start position:0% +incidence of whatever bad happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +incidence of whatever bad happens in the +control population not exposed to the + + align:start position:0% +control population not exposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +control population not exposed to the +radiation the selenium or whatever + + align:start position:0% +radiation the selenium or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +radiation the selenium or whatever +there's also a couple of other ones like + + align:start position:0% +there's also a couple of other ones like + + + align:start position:0% +there's also a couple of other ones like +the hormesis model which says that if + + align:start position:0% +the hormesis model which says that if + + + align:start position:0% +the hormesis model which says that if +you get no radiation you get the same + + align:start position:0% +you get no radiation you get the same + + + align:start position:0% +you get no radiation you get the same +amount of ill effects as a control group + + align:start position:0% +amount of ill effects as a control group + + + align:start position:0% +amount of ill effects as a control group +if you get a little radiation you + + align:start position:0% +if you get a little radiation you + + + align:start position:0% +if you get a little radiation you +actually get less ill effects in this + + align:start position:0% +actually get less ill effects in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually get less ill effects in this +case this would be like saying getting a + + align:start position:0% +case this would be like saying getting a + + + align:start position:0% +case this would be like saying getting a +little bit of radiation to the lungs + + align:start position:0% +little bit of radiation to the lungs + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of radiation to the lungs +could decrease your incidence of lung + + align:start position:0% +could decrease your incidence of lung + + + align:start position:0% +could decrease your incidence of lung +cancer does anyone believe that idea + + align:start position:0% +cancer does anyone believe that idea + + + align:start position:0% +cancer does anyone believe that idea +getting a little bit of dose to your + + align:start position:0% +getting a little bit of dose to your + + + align:start position:0% +getting a little bit of dose to your +lungs could decrease lung cancer okay + + align:start position:0% +lungs could decrease lung cancer okay + + + align:start position:0% +lungs could decrease lung cancer okay +and then you you reach some point of + + align:start position:0% +and then you you reach some point of + + + align:start position:0% +and then you you reach some point of +crossover point where yeah a lot of this + + align:start position:0% +crossover point where yeah a lot of this + + + align:start position:0% +crossover point where yeah a lot of this +thing becomes bad and the question is is + + align:start position:0% +thing becomes bad and the question is is + + + align:start position:0% +thing becomes bad and the question is is +radiation hormetic does this region + + align:start position:0% +radiation hormetic does this region + + + align:start position:0% +radiation hormetic does this region +where things get better actually lead + + align:start position:0% +where things get better actually lead + + + align:start position:0% +where things get better actually lead +all the way to x equals zero as a + + align:start position:0% +all the way to x equals zero as a + + + align:start position:0% +all the way to x equals zero as a +function of dose and I want to skip + + align:start position:0% +function of dose and I want to skip + + + align:start position:0% +function of dose and I want to skip +ahead a little bit to some of the + + align:start position:0% +ahead a little bit to some of the + + + align:start position:0% +ahead a little bit to some of the +studies no I don't want to skip ahead + + align:start position:0% +studies no I don't want to skip ahead + + + align:start position:0% +studies no I don't want to skip ahead +there are some non hormetic models that + + align:start position:0% +there are some non hormetic models that + + + align:start position:0% +there are some non hormetic models that +are been proposed in the literature it's + + align:start position:0% +are been proposed in the literature it's + + + align:start position:0% +are been proposed in the literature it's +easy to wrap your head around a linear + + align:start position:0% +easy to wrap your head around a linear + + + align:start position:0% +easy to wrap your head around a linear +model right it's just a line more is + + align:start position:0% +model right it's just a line more is + + + align:start position:0% +model right it's just a line more is +worse but the question is how much so + + align:start position:0% +worse but the question is how much so + + + align:start position:0% +worse but the question is how much so +folks have propor proposed things like + + align:start position:0% +folks have propor proposed things like + + + align:start position:0% +folks have propor proposed things like +linear quadratic where a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic where a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic where a little bit of +dose is bad and then a lot more dose is + + align:start position:0% +dose is bad and then a lot more dose is + + + align:start position:0% +dose is bad and then a lot more dose is +more bad as a function of dose that's + + align:start position:0% +more bad as a function of dose that's + + + align:start position:0% +more bad as a function of dose that's +actually kind of what we saw in the + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of what we saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of what we saw in the +hiroshima data and i'll show you again + + align:start position:0% +hiroshima data and i'll show you again + + + align:start position:0% +hiroshima data and i'll show you again +in a sec so the history of this LNT or + + align:start position:0% +in a sec so the history of this LNT or + + + align:start position:0% +in a sec so the history of this LNT or +linear no-threshold model states the + + align:start position:0% +linear no-threshold model states the + + + align:start position:0% +linear no-threshold model states the +following four things radiation exposure + + align:start position:0% +following four things radiation exposure + + + align:start position:0% +following four things radiation exposure +is harmful well does anyone disagree + + align:start position:0% +is harmful well does anyone disagree + + + align:start position:0% +is harmful well does anyone disagree +with that statement I think we all know + + align:start position:0% +with that statement I think we all know + + + align:start position:0% +with that statement I think we all know +that even larger at least large amounts + + align:start position:0% +that even larger at least large amounts + + + align:start position:0% +that even larger at least large amounts +of radiation exposures + + align:start position:0% +of radiation exposures + + + align:start position:0% +of radiation exposures +bad it's harmful at all exposure levels + + align:start position:0% +bad it's harmful at all exposure levels + + + align:start position:0% +bad it's harmful at all exposure levels +that's the one you have to wonder each + + align:start position:0% +that's the one you have to wonder each + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one you have to wonder each +increment of exposure adds to the + + align:start position:0% +increment of exposure adds to the + + + align:start position:0% +increment of exposure adds to the +overall risk saying that it's an always + + align:start position:0% +overall risk saying that it's an always + + + align:start position:0% +overall risk saying that it's an always +increasing function and the rate of + + align:start position:0% +increasing function and the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +increasing function and the rate of +accumulation exposure has no bearing on + + align:start position:0% +accumulation exposure has no bearing on + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation exposure has no bearing on +risk the first one's easy we know this + + align:start position:0% +risk the first one's easy we know this + + + align:start position:0% +risk the first one's easy we know this +is true because you expose people to a + + align:start position:0% +is true because you expose people to a + + + align:start position:0% +is true because you expose people to a +lot of radiation bad things tend to + + align:start position:0% +lot of radiation bad things tend to + + + align:start position:0% +lot of radiation bad things tend to +happen deterministically the second one + + align:start position:0% +happen deterministically the second one + + + align:start position:0% +happen deterministically the second one +we already know is false if you look at + + align:start position:0% +we already know is false if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +we already know is false if you look at +large sample sets of data like the data + + align:start position:0% +large sample sets of data like the data + + + align:start position:0% +large sample sets of data like the data +we showed before there's definitely a + + align:start position:0% +we showed before there's definitely a + + + align:start position:0% +we showed before there's definitely a +non-linear sort of relationship going + + align:start position:0% +non-linear sort of relationship going + + + align:start position:0% +non-linear sort of relationship going +where each incremental amount of + + align:start position:0% +where each incremental amount of + + + align:start position:0% +where each incremental amount of +exposure has the same amount of + + align:start position:0% +exposure has the same amount of + + + align:start position:0% +exposure has the same amount of +incremental risk we know from a lot of + + align:start position:0% +incremental risk we know from a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +incremental risk we know from a lot of +study that's not typically true then the + + align:start position:0% +study that's not typically true then the + + + align:start position:0% +study that's not typically true then the +question is what about these two so now + + align:start position:0% +question is what about these two so now + + + align:start position:0% +question is what about these two so now +it's gonna we're gonna find show you + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna we're gonna find show you + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna we're gonna find show you +some fairly interesting studies in this + + align:start position:0% +some fairly interesting studies in this + + + align:start position:0% +some fairly interesting studies in this +case leukemia as a function of radiation + + align:start position:0% +case leukemia as a function of radiation + + + align:start position:0% +case leukemia as a function of radiation +dose what do you guys think about this + + align:start position:0% +dose what do you guys think about this + + + align:start position:0% +dose what do you guys think about this +data set before I see it any ideas into + + align:start position:0% +data set before I see it any ideas into + + + align:start position:0% +data set before I see it any ideas into +your heads so here is dose in sieverts + + align:start position:0% +your heads so here is dose in sieverts + + + align:start position:0% +your heads so here is dose in sieverts +not gray and here is odds ratio relative + + align:start position:0% +not gray and here is odds ratio relative + + + align:start position:0% +not gray and here is odds ratio relative +risk of contracting leukemia if you were + + align:start position:0% +risk of contracting leukemia if you were + + + align:start position:0% +risk of contracting leukemia if you were +to look at the data points alone what + + align:start position:0% +to look at the data points alone what + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the data points alone what +would you say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah you might think that but look at + + align:start position:0% +yeah you might think that but look at + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you might think that but look at +all the different types of models you + + align:start position:0% +all the different types of models you + + + align:start position:0% +all the different types of models you +can draw through the error bars is you + + align:start position:0% +can draw through the error bars is you + + + align:start position:0% +can draw through the error bars is you +could draw anything going let's say down + + align:start position:0% +could draw anything going let's say down + + + align:start position:0% +could draw anything going let's say down +and then up you could draw a linear + + align:start position:0% +and then up you could draw a linear + + + align:start position:0% +and then up you could draw a linear +no-threshold model as long as it got + + align:start position:0% +no-threshold model as long as it got + + + align:start position:0% +no-threshold model as long as it got +through this line right here or a linear + + align:start position:0% +through this line right here or a linear + + + align:start position:0% +through this line right here or a linear +quadratic model so a study like this + + align:start position:0% +quadratic model so a study like this + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic model so a study like this +doesn't quite give you any sort of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't quite give you any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't quite give you any sort of +measurable conclusion a study like this + + align:start position:0% +measurable conclusion a study like this + + + align:start position:0% +measurable conclusion a study like this +might especially considering the number + + align:start position:0% +might especially considering the number + + + align:start position:0% +might especially considering the number +of people involved in this case this is + + align:start position:0% +of people involved in this case this is + + + align:start position:0% +of people involved in this case this is +the activity of radon and air as related + + align:start position:0% +the activity of radon and air as related + + + align:start position:0% +the activity of radon and air as related +to the incidence of lung cancer per + + align:start position:0% +to the incidence of lung cancer per + + + align:start position:0% +to the incidence of lung cancer per +10,000 people notice the sample size + + align:start position:0% +10,000 people notice the sample size + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 people notice the sample size +here 200,000 people from 1600 counties + + align:start position:0% +here 200,000 people from 1600 counties + + + align:start position:0% +here 200,000 people from 1600 counties +that comprise ninety percent of the + + align:start position:0% +that comprise ninety percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +that comprise ninety percent of the +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +chances are you've then passed the + + align:start position:0% +chances are you've then passed the + + + align:start position:0% +chances are you've then passed the +urban-rural divide you've then passed + + align:start position:0% +urban-rural divide you've then passed + + + align:start position:0% +urban-rural divide you've then passed +any region of the country so by + + align:start position:0% +any region of the country so by + + + align:start position:0% +any region of the country so by +including such a gigantic sample size + + align:start position:0% +including such a gigantic sample size + + + align:start position:0% +including such a gigantic sample size +you do mostly eliminate the confounding + + align:start position:0% +you do mostly eliminate the confounding + + + align:start position:0% +you do mostly eliminate the confounding +variables so location you know house + + align:start position:0% +variables so location you know house + + + align:start position:0% +variables so location you know house +construction urban versus rural age + + align:start position:0% +construction urban versus rural age + + + align:start position:0% +construction urban versus rural age +anything else are pretty much smeared + + align:start position:0% +anything else are pretty much smeared + + + align:start position:0% +anything else are pretty much smeared +out in the enormous sample size and what + + align:start position:0% +out in the enormous sample size and what + + + align:start position:0% +out in the enormous sample size and what +do you see here you see a fairly + + align:start position:0% +do you see here you see a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +do you see here you see a fairly +statistically significant hormesis + + align:start position:0% +statistically significant hormesis + + + align:start position:0% +statistically significant hormesis +effect where you know the route of + + align:start position:0% +effect where you know the route of + + + align:start position:0% +effect where you know the route of +exposure is very well known everything + + align:start position:0% +exposure is very well known everything + + + align:start position:0% +exposure is very well known everything +else seems to be controlled for by I + + align:start position:0% +else seems to be controlled for by I + + + align:start position:0% +else seems to be controlled for by I +mean we've included something like + + align:start position:0% +mean we've included something like + + + align:start position:0% +mean we've included something like +almost point 1 percent of the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +almost point 1 percent of the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +almost point 1 percent of the u.s. +population that's not bad other ones for + + align:start position:0% +population that's not bad other ones for + + + align:start position:0% +population that's not bad other ones for +people that get more specific targeted + + align:start position:0% +people that get more specific targeted + + + align:start position:0% +people that get more specific targeted +dose in this case women who received + + align:start position:0% +dose in this case women who received + + + align:start position:0% +dose in this case women who received +multiple x-rays to monitor lung collapse + + align:start position:0% +multiple x-rays to monitor lung collapse + + + align:start position:0% +multiple x-rays to monitor lung collapse +during tuberculosis treatment a group of + + align:start position:0% +during tuberculosis treatment a group of + + + align:start position:0% +during tuberculosis treatment a group of +people that can be tightly controlled + + align:start position:0% +people that can be tightly controlled + + + align:start position:0% +people that can be tightly controlled +and followed very well these are numbers + + align:start position:0% +and followed very well these are numbers + + + align:start position:0% +and followed very well these are numbers +with one standard deviation and that + + align:start position:0% +with one standard deviation and that + + + align:start position:0% +with one standard deviation and that +right there so you can see is set to + + align:start position:0% +right there so you can see is set to + + + align:start position:0% +right there so you can see is set to +gray so this dose right here is one gray + + align:start position:0% +gray so this dose right here is one gray + + + align:start position:0% +gray so this dose right here is one gray +worth of dose that's a pretty toasty + + align:start position:0% +worth of dose that's a pretty toasty + + + align:start position:0% +worth of dose that's a pretty toasty +amount of radiation but below that again + + align:start position:0% +amount of radiation but below that again + + + align:start position:0% +amount of radiation but below that again +statistically significant looking data + + align:start position:0% +statistically significant looking data + + + align:start position:0% +statistically significant looking data +don't know how many people were in this + + align:start position:0% +don't know how many people were in this + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how many people were in this +study cuz I didn't extract that + + align:start position:0% +study cuz I didn't extract that + + + align:start position:0% +study cuz I didn't extract that +information but it's something you might + + align:start position:0% +information but it's something you might + + + align:start position:0% +information but it's something you might +be doing in the next half an hour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh it does this is deaths per 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +oh it does this is deaths per 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +oh it does this is deaths per 10,000 +women but how many people were in the + + align:start position:0% +women but how many people were in the + + + align:start position:0% +women but how many people were in the +study question is what is your sample + + align:start position:0% +study question is what is your sample + + + align:start position:0% +study question is what is your sample +size so like in the last study there was + + align:start position:0% +size so like in the last study there was + + + align:start position:0% +size so like in the last study there was +200,000 people in the samples that gives + + align:start position:0% +200,000 people in the samples that gives + + + align:start position:0% +200,000 people in the samples that gives +you some pretty good confidence that + + align:start position:0% +you some pretty good confidence that + + + align:start position:0% +you some pretty good confidence that +you've eliminated confounding results + + align:start position:0% +you've eliminated confounding results + + + align:start position:0% +you've eliminated confounding results +though I don't know how many folks get + + align:start position:0% +though I don't know how many folks get + + + align:start position:0% +though I don't know how many folks get +tuberculosis these days in the US or + + align:start position:0% +tuberculosis these days in the US or + + + align:start position:0% +tuberculosis these days in the US or +whether this was even a US study chances + + align:start position:0% +whether this was even a US study chances + + + align:start position:0% +whether this was even a US study chances +are the sample size is smaller so then + + align:start position:0% +are the sample size is smaller so then + + + align:start position:0% +are the sample size is smaller so then +even if the data support your idea of + + align:start position:0% +even if the data support your idea of + + + align:start position:0% +even if the data support your idea of +hormesis you have to call into question + + align:start position:0% +hormesis you have to call into question + + + align:start position:0% +hormesis you have to call into question +is this a large enough and a + + align:start position:0% +is this a large enough and a + + + align:start position:0% +is this a large enough and a +representative enough sample size to + + align:start position:0% +representative enough sample size to + + + align:start position:0% +representative enough sample size to +draw any real conclusion slimthick let's + + align:start position:0% +draw any real conclusion slimthick let's + + + align:start position:0% +draw any real conclusion slimthick let's +keep going more data needed evidence for + + align:start position:0% +keep going more data needed evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +keep going more data needed evidence for +a threshold model this is probably the + + align:start position:0% +a threshold model this is probably the + + + align:start position:0% +a threshold model this is probably the +most boring looking graph that actually + + align:start position:0% +most boring looking graph that actually + + + align:start position:0% +most boring looking graph that actually +gives you some idea of should there be a + + align:start position:0% +gives you some idea of should there be a + + + align:start position:0% +gives you some idea of should there be a +threshold for how much radiation is a + + align:start position:0% +threshold for how much radiation is a + + + align:start position:0% +threshold for how much radiation is a +bad thing in this case it's very careful + + align:start position:0% +bad thing in this case it's very careful + + + align:start position:0% +bad thing in this case it's very careful +date it's very carefully controlled set + + align:start position:0% +date it's very carefully controlled set + + + align:start position:0% +date it's very carefully controlled set +data set lung cancer death from radon in + + align:start position:0% +data set lung cancer death from radon in + + + align:start position:0% +data set lung cancer death from radon in +miners and folks that are going down + + align:start position:0% +miners and folks that are going down + + + align:start position:0% +miners and folks that are going down +underground probably have a higher + + align:start position:0% +underground probably have a higher + + + align:start position:0% +underground probably have a higher +incidence of lung cancer overall from + + align:start position:0% +incidence of lung cancer overall from + + + align:start position:0% +incidence of lung cancer overall from +all the horrible stuff they're exposed + + align:start position:0% +all the horrible stuff they're exposed + + + align:start position:0% +all the horrible stuff they're exposed +to whether it's coal or well you know if + + align:start position:0% +to whether it's coal or well you know if + + + align:start position:0% +to whether it's coal or well you know if +you're mining gypsum oh there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +you're mining gypsum oh there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +you're mining gypsum oh there's lots of +nasty stuff down there but there's an + + align:start position:0% +nasty stuff down there but there's an + + + align:start position:0% +nasty stuff down there but there's an +additional amount of deaths responsible + + align:start position:0% +additional amount of deaths responsible + + + align:start position:0% +additional amount of deaths responsible +from radon here's your relative list + + align:start position:0% +from radon here's your relative list + + + align:start position:0% +from radon here's your relative list +risk level of 1 and up to 10 picoCuries + + align:start position:0% +risk level of 1 and up to 10 picoCuries + + + align:start position:0% +risk level of 1 and up to 10 picoCuries +per liter which was around the maximum + + align:start position:0% +per liter which was around the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +per liter which was around the maximum +of the last study it's as boring as it + + align:start position:0% +of the last study it's as boring as it + + + align:start position:0% +of the last study it's as boring as it +gets which helps refute the idea of a + + align:start position:0% +gets which helps refute the idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +gets which helps refute the idea of a +linear no-threshold model because if + + align:start position:0% +linear no-threshold model because if + + + align:start position:0% +linear no-threshold model because if +there was a linear no-threshold model + + align:start position:0% +there was a linear no-threshold model + + + align:start position:0% +there was a linear no-threshold model +this DC this dose versus risk would be + + align:start position:0% +this DC this dose versus risk would be + + + align:start position:0% +this DC this dose versus risk would be +reliably and significantly going up so + + align:start position:0% +reliably and significantly going up so + + + align:start position:0% +reliably and significantly going up so +there's data out there to support this + + align:start position:0% +there's data out there to support this + + + align:start position:0% +there's data out there to support this +and even even better ones lung cancer + + align:start position:0% +and even even better ones lung cancer + + + align:start position:0% +and even even better ones lung cancer +deaths from radon in homes the stuff + + align:start position:0% +deaths from radon in homes the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +deaths from radon in homes the stuff +study was careful to look at if you look + + align:start position:0% +study was careful to look at if you look + + + align:start position:0% +study was careful to look at if you look +at the legend here these are different + + align:start position:0% +at the legend here these are different + + + align:start position:0% +at the legend here these are different +cities ranging from Xianyang and China + + align:start position:0% +cities ranging from Xianyang and China + + + align:start position:0% +cities ranging from Xianyang and China +to Winnipeg in Canada to New Jersey + + align:start position:0% +to Winnipeg in Canada to New Jersey + + + align:start position:0% +to Winnipeg in Canada to New Jersey +which is apparently a city two places in + + align:start position:0% +which is apparently a city two places in + + + align:start position:0% +which is apparently a city two places in +Finland Sweden and Stockholm which are + + align:start position:0% +Finland Sweden and Stockholm which are + + + align:start position:0% +Finland Sweden and Stockholm which are +somehow different places yeah so when + + align:start position:0% +somehow different places yeah so when + + + align:start position:0% +somehow different places yeah so when +you see a study like this where they + + align:start position:0% +you see a study like this where they + + + align:start position:0% +you see a study like this where they +actually control and check to make sure + + align:start position:0% +actually control and check to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +actually control and check to make sure +they're not getting any single locality + + align:start position:0% +they're not getting any single locality + + + align:start position:0% +they're not getting any single locality +as an + + align:start position:0% +as an + + + align:start position:0% +as an +representative measurement and the data + + align:start position:0% +representative measurement and the data + + + align:start position:0% +representative measurement and the data +just looked like a crowd ecloudmanager + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basement but pretty big studies and + + align:start position:0% +basement but pretty big studies and + + + align:start position:0% +basement but pretty big studies and +quite a lot of them show that a little + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot of them show that a little + + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot of them show that a little +bit isn't going to add any risk to you + + align:start position:0% +bit isn't going to add any risk to you + + + align:start position:0% +bit isn't going to add any risk to you +so if you're worried about risk there + + align:start position:0% +so if you're worried about risk there + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're worried about risk there +statistically is none based on quite a + + align:start position:0% +statistically is none based on quite a + + + align:start position:0% +statistically is none based on quite a +few of these studies and in order to + + align:start position:0% +few of these studies and in order to + + + align:start position:0% +few of these studies and in order to +enable you to find these studies on your + + align:start position:0% +enable you to find these studies on your + + + align:start position:0% +enable you to find these studies on your +own I wanted to go through five minutes + + align:start position:0% +own I wanted to go through five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +own I wanted to go through five minutes +of where to look and the answer is not + + align:start position:0% +of where to look and the answer is not + + + align:start position:0% +of where to look and the answer is not +Google because Google is not very good + + align:start position:0% +Google because Google is not very good + + + align:start position:0% +Google because Google is not very good +at finding every study it also picks up + + align:start position:0% +at finding every study it also picks up + + + align:start position:0% +at finding every study it also picks up +a whole lot of garbage that's not + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of garbage that's not + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of garbage that's not +peer-reviewed because it just scrabbles + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed because it just scrabbles + + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed because it just scrabbles +the Internet you know that's that's what + + align:start position:0% +the Internet you know that's that's what + + + align:start position:0% +the Internet you know that's that's what +it does really well instead I want us to + + align:start position:0% +it does really well instead I want us to + + + align:start position:0% +it does really well instead I want us to +take the next half hour split into teams + + align:start position:0% +take the next half hour split into teams + + + align:start position:0% +take the next half hour split into teams +for and against hormesis + + align:start position:0% +for and against hormesis + + + align:start position:0% +for and against hormesis +and try and find studies that confirm a + + align:start position:0% +and try and find studies that confirm a + + + align:start position:0% +and try and find studies that confirm a +refute the idea that radiation hormesis + + align:start position:0% +refute the idea that radiation hormesis + + + align:start position:0% +refute the idea that radiation hormesis +is an actual effect so how many of you + + align:start position:0% +is an actual effect so how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +is an actual effect so how many of you +have some sort of computer II device + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of computer II device + + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of computer II device +with you here good enough so that there + + align:start position:0% +with you here good enough so that there + + + align:start position:0% +with you here good enough so that there +is equal amount in each group I'd like + + align:start position:0% +is equal amount in each group I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +is equal amount in each group I'd like +to switch now to my own browser and I + + align:start position:0% +to switch now to my own browser and I + + + align:start position:0% +to switch now to my own browser and I +want to show you guys the web of science + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +web + + align:start position:0% +web + + + align:start position:0% +web +yeah MIT made us I use pine on my phone + + align:start position:0% +yeah MIT made us I use pine on my phone + + + align:start position:0% +yeah MIT made us I use pine on my phone +it's much better science so if you're + + align:start position:0% +it's much better science so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's much better science so if you're +just google search web of science and + + align:start position:0% +just google search web of science and + + + align:start position:0% +just google search web of science and +you're at MIT it will recognize your + + align:start position:0% +you're at MIT it will recognize your + + + align:start position:0% +you're at MIT it will recognize your +certificates and send you in to the + + align:start position:0% +certificates and send you in to the + + + align:start position:0% +certificates and send you in to the +actual best scientific paper indexing + + align:start position:0% +actual best scientific paper indexing + + + align:start position:0% +actual best scientific paper indexing +thing out there + + align:start position:0% +thing out there + + + align:start position:0% +thing out there +oh my god it's better than Google + + align:start position:0% +oh my god it's better than Google + + + align:start position:0% +oh my god it's better than Google +Scholar yeah if you think you found + + align:start position:0% +Scholar yeah if you think you found + + + align:start position:0% +Scholar yeah if you think you found +everything by looking at Google Scholar + + align:start position:0% +everything by looking at Google Scholar + + + align:start position:0% +everything by looking at Google Scholar +you're only fooling yourself you're not + + align:start position:0% +you're only fooling yourself you're not + + + align:start position:0% +you're only fooling yourself you're not +fooling anybody else it's getting better + + align:start position:0% +fooling anybody else it's getting better + + + align:start position:0% +fooling anybody else it's getting better +but it doesn't find anything and Google + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't find anything and Google + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't find anything and Google +Scholar is really good at finding things + + align:start position:0% +Scholar is really good at finding things + + + align:start position:0% +Scholar is really good at finding things +that aren't peer-reviewed self-published + + align:start position:0% +that aren't peer-reviewed self-published + + + align:start position:0% +that aren't peer-reviewed self-published +stuff things on archive things that you + + align:start position:0% +stuff things on archive things that you + + + align:start position:0% +stuff things on archive things that you +can't trust because they haven't passed + + align:start position:0% +can't trust because they haven't passed + + + align:start position:0% +can't trust because they haven't passed +the muster of the scientific community + + align:start position:0% +the muster of the scientific community + + + align:start position:0% +the muster of the scientific community +so instead let's say you just do a + + align:start position:0% +so instead let's say you just do a + + + align:start position:0% +so instead let's say you just do a +simple search for radiation hormesis you + + align:start position:0% +simple search for radiation hormesis you + + + align:start position:0% +simple search for radiation hormesis you +can all do this don't worry I'm not + + align:start position:0% +can all do this don't worry I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +can all do this don't worry I'm not +showing you how to search I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +showing you how to search I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +showing you how to search I'm showing +you some of the other features of web of + + align:start position:0% +you some of the other features of web of + + + align:start position:0% +you some of the other features of web of +science you end up with 534 papers you + + align:start position:0% +science you end up with 534 papers you + + + align:start position:0% +science you end up with 534 papers you +can let's say sort by number of times + + align:start position:0% +can let's say sort by number of times + + + align:start position:0% +can let's say sort by number of times +cited which may or may not be a factor + + align:start position:0% +cited which may or may not be a factor + + + align:start position:0% +cited which may or may not be a factor +in how trustworthy the data is and might + + align:start position:0% +in how trustworthy the data is and might + + + align:start position:0% +in how trustworthy the data is and might +just correlate with the age of the paper + + align:start position:0% +just correlate with the age of the paper + + + align:start position:0% +just correlate with the age of the paper +it might also be controversial so if + + align:start position:0% +it might also be controversial so if + + + align:start position:0% +it might also be controversial so if +people cite it as an example of what to + + align:start position:0% +people cite it as an example of what to + + + align:start position:0% +people cite it as an example of what to +do wrong it might be highly cited you + + align:start position:0% +do wrong it might be highly cited you + + + align:start position:0% +do wrong it might be highly cited you +know people have made tenure cases and + + align:start position:0% +know people have made tenure cases and + + + align:start position:0% +know people have made tenure cases and +like careers on papers that ended up + + align:start position:0% +like careers on papers that ended up + + + align:start position:0% +like careers on papers that ended up +being wrong and all you see is ten + + align:start position:0% +being wrong and all you see is ten + + + align:start position:0% +being wrong and all you see is ten +thousand citations saying this person's + + align:start position:0% +thousand citations saying this person's + + + align:start position:0% +thousand citations saying this person's +an idiot + + align:start position:0% +an idiot + + + align:start position:0% +an idiot +if the committee valued you know judging + + align:start position:0% +if the committee valued you know judging + + + align:start position:0% +if the committee valued you know judging +you for promotion doesn't read that far + + align:start position:0% +you for promotion doesn't read that far + + + align:start position:0% +you for promotion doesn't read that far +into it they're like oh my god ten + + align:start position:0% +into it they're like oh my god ten + + + align:start position:0% +into it they're like oh my god ten +thousand citations right you boom tenure + + align:start position:0% +thousand citations right you boom tenure + + + align:start position:0% +thousand citations right you boom tenure +that's all you have to do I think I have + + align:start position:0% +that's all you have to do I think I have + + + align:start position:0% +that's all you have to do I think I have +it a little tougher the important part + + align:start position:0% +it a little tougher the important part + + + align:start position:0% +it a little tougher the important part +is well with a title like that no man + + align:start position:0% +is well with a title like that no man + + + align:start position:0% +is well with a title like that no man +the more the real fun part though is you + + align:start position:0% +the more the real fun part though is you + + + align:start position:0% +the more the real fun part though is you +can see who has cited this paper so if + + align:start position:0% +can see who has cited this paper so if + + + align:start position:0% +can see who has cited this paper so if +you want to then go see why has this + + align:start position:0% +you want to then go see why has this + + + align:start position:0% +you want to then go see why has this +paper been cited 260 times you can + + align:start position:0% +paper been cited 260 times you can + + + align:start position:0% +paper been cited 260 times you can +instantly see all the titles and years a + + align:start position:0% +instantly see all the titles and years a + + + align:start position:0% +instantly see all the titles and years a +number of additional citations of the + + align:start position:0% +number of additional citations of the + + + align:start position:0% +number of additional citations of the +papers that have cited it so this is how + + align:start position:0% +papers that have cited it so this is how + + + align:start position:0% +papers that have cited it so this is how +you get started with a real research + + align:start position:0% +you get started with a real research + + + align:start position:0% +you get started with a real research +research yeah that's what I meant to say + + align:start position:0% +research yeah that's what I meant to say + + + align:start position:0% +research yeah that's what I meant to say +is starting from a paper in a tool like + + align:start position:0% +is starting from a paper in a tool like + + + align:start position:0% +is starting from a paper in a tool like +web of science you can go forward and + + align:start position:0% +web of science you can go forward and + + + align:start position:0% +web of science you can go forward and +backward in citation time backward in + + align:start position:0% +backward in citation time backward in + + + align:start position:0% +backward in citation time backward in +time to see what evidence this paper + + align:start position:0% +time to see what evidence this paper + + + align:start position:0% +time to see what evidence this paper +used to make their claims forward in + + align:start position:0% +used to make their claims forward in + + + align:start position:0% +used to make their claims forward in +time to see what other people thought + + align:start position:0% +time to see what other people thought + + + align:start position:0% +time to see what other people thought +about it so who wants to be for hormesis + + align:start position:0% +about it so who wants to be for hormesis + + + align:start position:0% +about it so who wants to be for hormesis +all right everyone all you guys on one + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone all you guys on one + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone all you guys on one +side of the room all you guys are other + + align:start position:0% +side of the room all you guys are other + + + align:start position:0% +side of the room all you guys are other +guys on the other side of the room and + + align:start position:0% +guys on the other side of the room and + + + align:start position:0% +guys on the other side of the room and +I'd like you guys to try to find the + + align:start position:0% +I'd like you guys to try to find the + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like you guys to try to find the +most convincing studies that you can to + + align:start position:0% +most convincing studies that you can to + + + align:start position:0% +most convincing studies that you can to +prove the other side wrong I suggest + + align:start position:0% +prove the other side wrong I suggest + + + align:start position:0% +prove the other side wrong I suggest +using web of science not Google Scholar + + align:start position:0% +using web of science not Google Scholar + + + align:start position:0% +using web of science not Google Scholar +it's pretty easy to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty easy to figure out how to +learn how to use and let's see what + + align:start position:0% +learn how to use and let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +learn how to use and let's see what +conclusion we come to yep hormesis by + + align:start position:0% +conclusion we come to yep hormesis by + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion we come to yep hormesis by +the walk yeah + + align:start position:0% +the walk yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the walk yeah +aunty hormesis by the window there we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm gonna hide this because I don't + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna hide this because I don't + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna hide this because I don't +want to give anyone an unfair advantage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a graph showing the immune + + align:start position:0% +this is a graph showing the immune + + + align:start position:0% +this is a graph showing the immune +response in the cells of mice showing + + align:start position:0% +response in the cells of mice showing + + + align:start position:0% +response in the cells of mice showing +that after they were giving doses from + + align:start position:0% +that after they were giving doses from + + + align:start position:0% +that after they were giving doses from +zero to two gray or zero to seven on the + + align:start position:0% +zero to two gray or zero to seven on the + + + align:start position:0% +zero to two gray or zero to seven on the +right the response of the immune system + + align:start position:0% +right the response of the immune system + + + align:start position:0% +right the response of the immune system +so at the lower doses below like 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +so at the lower doses below like 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +so at the lower doses below like 0.5 +gray which is in the range that we're + + align:start position:0% +gray which is in the range that we're + + + align:start position:0% +gray which is in the range that we're +looking at well the immune system in the + + align:start position:0% +looking at well the immune system in the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at well the immune system in the +mice had a stronger response at low + + align:start position:0% +mice had a stronger response at low + + + align:start position:0% +mice had a stronger response at low +doses of radiation and then very quickly + + align:start position:0% +doses of radiation and then very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +doses of radiation and then very quickly +tapered off supporting the claim the low + + align:start position:0% +tapered off supporting the claim the low + + + align:start position:0% +tapered off supporting the claim the low +doses are good for mice I have another + + align:start position:0% +doses are good for mice I have another + + + align:start position:0% +doses are good for mice I have another +graph - yes so at higher doses the + + align:start position:0% +graph - yes so at higher doses the + + + align:start position:0% +graph - yes so at higher doses the +response of the immune system was + + align:start position:0% +response of the immune system was + + + align:start position:0% +response of the immune system was +suppressed which follows with what all + + align:start position:0% +suppressed which follows with what all + + + align:start position:0% +suppressed which follows with what all +the other studies show about giving + + align:start position:0% +the other studies show about giving + + + align:start position:0% +the other studies show about giving +doses in excess of like one gray - cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so auntie herpes is crew I have another + + align:start position:0% +so auntie herpes is crew I have another + + + align:start position:0% +so auntie herpes is crew I have another +graphic yeah oh no I have another graph + + align:start position:0% +graphic yeah oh no I have another graph + + + align:start position:0% +graphic yeah oh no I have another graph +I have two of the same one now I have + + align:start position:0% +I have two of the same one now I have + + + align:start position:0% +I have two of the same one now I have +another one somewhere I'll find it all + + align:start position:0% +another one somewhere I'll find it all + + + align:start position:0% +another one somewhere I'll find it all +right so this one is incidences of lung + + align:start position:0% +right so this one is incidences of lung + + + align:start position:0% +right so this one is incidences of lung +cancer based on mean radon level and + + align:start position:0% +cancer based on mean radon level and + + + align:start position:0% +cancer based on mean radon level and +corrected for smoking so you can't say + + align:start position:0% +corrected for smoking so you can't say + + + align:start position:0% +corrected for smoking so you can't say +that it was just from people smoking so + + align:start position:0% +that it was just from people smoking so + + + align:start position:0% +that it was just from people smoking so +for radon levels up to 7 Pico Curie's + + align:start position:0% +for radon levels up to 7 Pico Curie's + + + align:start position:0% +for radon levels up to 7 Pico Curie's +per liter the incidents of fatal lung + + align:start position:0% +per liter the incidents of fatal lung + + + align:start position:0% +per liter the incidents of fatal lung +cancer actually decreased as you had + + align:start position:0% +cancer actually decreased as you had + + + align:start position:0% +cancer actually decreased as you had +more radon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything else you guys want to show + + align:start position:0% +anything else you guys want to show + + + align:start position:0% +anything else you guys want to show +before the ending releases folks okay so + + align:start position:0% +before the ending releases folks okay so + + + align:start position:0% +before the ending releases folks okay so +what I got I will try yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so a mouse is twice almost twice as + + align:start position:0% +so so a mouse is twice almost twice as + + + align:start position:0% +so so a mouse is twice almost twice as +effective at fighting ominous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm not personally offended by this + + align:start position:0% +I'm not personally offended by this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not personally offended by this +you're good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if radiation witnesses had such a strong + + align:start position:0% +if radiation witnesses had such a strong + + + align:start position:0% +if radiation witnesses had such a strong +effectiveness my sleep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know that it was improvement I + + align:start position:0% +I don't know that it was improvement I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know that it was improvement I +think it was just in the amount of + + align:start position:0% +think it was just in the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +think it was just in the amount of +response they saw I don't know if that + + align:start position:0% +response they saw I don't know if that + + + align:start position:0% +response they saw I don't know if that +means it's well that doesn't always mean + + align:start position:0% +means it's well that doesn't always mean + + + align:start position:0% +means it's well that doesn't always mean +it was effective at doing something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like how can something like the dose + + align:start position:0% +like how can something like the dose + + + align:start position:0% +like how can something like the dose +range that small + + align:start position:0% +range that small + + + align:start position:0% +range that small +well from 0 to half a gray is pretty + + align:start position:0% +well from 0 to half a gray is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +well from 0 to half a gray is pretty +significant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's like very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I'm here for the pro Bernice's team + + align:start position:0% +now I'm here for the pro Bernice's team + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm here for the pro Bernice's team +what mixture + + align:start position:0% +what mixture + + + align:start position:0% +what mixture +what makes your legs a little shaky + + align:start position:0% +what makes your legs a little shaky + + + align:start position:0% +what makes your legs a little shaky +trying to stand hold this up didn't read + + align:start position:0% +trying to stand hold this up didn't read + + + align:start position:0% +trying to stand hold this up didn't read +the static you're only looking at one + + align:start position:0% +the static you're only looking at one + + + align:start position:0% +the static you're only looking at one +type of cell which may or may respond + + align:start position:0% +type of cell which may or may respond + + + align:start position:0% +type of cell which may or may respond +differently to different types of + + align:start position:0% +differently to different types of + + + align:start position:0% +differently to different types of +radiation there are no error bars no not + + align:start position:0% +radiation there are no error bars no not + + + align:start position:0% +radiation there are no error bars no not +even a whole mouth either to trigger an + + align:start position:0% +even a whole mouth either to trigger an + + + align:start position:0% +even a whole mouth either to trigger an +immune response + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's like there are these other cells + + align:start position:0% +that's like there are these other cells + + + align:start position:0% +that's like there are these other cells +nearby but they're like ah you're not + + align:start position:0% +nearby but they're like ah you're not + + + align:start position:0% +nearby but they're like ah you're not +myself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's another but yeah is it did it say + + align:start position:0% +that's another but yeah is it did it say + + + align:start position:0% +that's another but yeah is it did it say +in the study how many again did not read + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +read the conclusions they do know alone + + align:start position:0% +read the conclusions they do know alone + + + align:start position:0% +read the conclusions they do know alone +just take it at face value make it look + + align:start position:0% +just take it at face value make it look + + + align:start position:0% +just take it at face value make it look +like Burmese this is a definite thing + + align:start position:0% +like Burmese this is a definite thing + + + align:start position:0% +like Burmese this is a definite thing +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah two nine mice cell samples all + + align:start position:0% +yeah two nine mice cell samples all + + + align:start position:0% +yeah two nine mice cell samples all +right the the lung one this one has air + + align:start position:0% +right the the lung one this one has air + + + align:start position:0% +right the the lung one this one has air +bars yeah one has error bars two + + align:start position:0% +bars yeah one has error bars two + + + align:start position:0% +bars yeah one has error bars two +corrupted for smoking so let's see what + + align:start position:0% +corrupted for smoking so let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +corrupted for smoking so let's see what +the caption says compared with us and + + align:start position:0% +the caption says compared with us and + + + align:start position:0% +the caption says compared with us and +for multiple counties because it talks + + align:start position:0% +for multiple counties because it talks + + + align:start position:0% +for multiple counties because it talks +about counties plural so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so multiple County has helped control + + align:start position:0% +so multiple County has helped control + + + align:start position:0% +so multiple County has helped control +for single localities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +past what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's this average residential level of + + align:start position:0% +what's this average residential level of + + + align:start position:0% +what's this average residential level of +1.7 so I think that means maybe some + + align:start position:0% +1.7 so I think that means maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +1.7 so I think that means maybe some +people have less maybe I have some + + align:start position:0% +people have less maybe I have some + + + align:start position:0% +people have less maybe I have some +people have more I don't know what the + + align:start position:0% +people have more I don't know what the + + + align:start position:0% +people have more I don't know what the +minimum radon level is that's dr. B zero + + align:start position:0% +minimum radon level is that's dr. B zero + + + align:start position:0% +minimum radon level is that's dr. B zero +it's not I don't know what kind of scale + + align:start position:0% +it's not I don't know what kind of scale + + + align:start position:0% +it's not I don't know what kind of scale +that's on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so this this is fairly convincing + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this this is fairly convincing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this this is fairly convincing +if the point here was to show there's + + align:start position:0% +if the point here was to show there's + + + align:start position:0% +if the point here was to show there's +the theory of linear no-threshold and + + align:start position:0% +the theory of linear no-threshold and + + + align:start position:0% +the theory of linear no-threshold and +here's what's of actual data with narrow + + align:start position:0% +here's what's of actual data with narrow + + + align:start position:0% +here's what's of actual data with narrow +bar shows it does a pretty good job at + + align:start position:0% +bar shows it does a pretty good job at + + + align:start position:0% +bar shows it does a pretty good job at +saying theories not right in this case + + align:start position:0% +saying theories not right in this case + + + align:start position:0% +saying theories not right in this case +can you say that in all cases it's hard + + align:start position:0% +can you say that in all cases it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +can you say that in all cases it's hard +to tell in the first study you found + + align:start position:0% +to tell in the first study you found + + + align:start position:0% +to tell in the first study you found +that was on the cellular level on maybe + + align:start position:0% +that was on the cellular level on maybe + + + align:start position:0% +that was on the cellular level on maybe +the multicellular multicellular level + + align:start position:0% +the multicellular multicellular level + + + align:start position:0% +the multicellular multicellular level +certainly now the organism level like we + + align:start position:0% +certainly now the organism level like we + + + align:start position:0% +certainly now the organism level like we +said how many my excuse is just parts of + + align:start position:0% +said how many my excuse is just parts of + + + align:start position:0% +said how many my excuse is just parts of +mice just it'll be the same Mouse yeah + + align:start position:0% +mice just it'll be the same Mouse yeah + + + align:start position:0% +mice just it'll be the same Mouse yeah +this one is definitely at the organism + + align:start position:0% +this one is definitely at the organism + + + align:start position:0% +this one is definitely at the organism +level is for for gross amounts of + + align:start position:0% +level is for for gross amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +level is for for gross amounts of +exposure or how many of them resulted in + + align:start position:0% +exposure or how many of them resulted in + + + align:start position:0% +exposure or how many of them resulted in +increased incidents of lung cancer the + + align:start position:0% +increased incidents of lung cancer the + + + align:start position:0% +increased incidents of lung cancer the +answer is pretty much none they all + + align:start position:0% +answer is pretty much none they all + + + align:start position:0% +answer is pretty much none they all +showed a statistically significant + + align:start position:0% +showed a statistically significant + + + align:start position:0% +showed a statistically significant +decrease which is pretty interesting so + + align:start position:0% +decrease which is pretty interesting so + + + align:start position:0% +decrease which is pretty interesting so +thanks a lot okay you just pull it out + + align:start position:0% +thanks a lot okay you just pull it out + + + align:start position:0% +thanks a lot okay you just pull it out +okay are you sure yeah no pulling now + + align:start position:0% +okay are you sure yeah no pulling now + + + align:start position:0% +okay are you sure yeah no pulling now +it's fine if you jam it in you can bend + + align:start position:0% +it's fine if you jam it in you can bend + + + align:start position:0% +it's fine if you jam it in you can bend +the pins and that's happened here before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you want to take a minute to send + + align:start position:0% +if you want to take a minute to send + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to take a minute to send +each other the links go ahead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I like this though is you can you + + align:start position:0% +now I like this though is you can you + + + align:start position:0% +now I like this though is you can you +can find a graph that supports something + + align:start position:0% +can find a graph that supports something + + + align:start position:0% +can find a graph that supports something +and you can cite it in a paper and you + + align:start position:0% +and you can cite it in a paper and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you can cite it in a paper and you +can get that paper published but looking + + align:start position:0% +can get that paper published but looking + + + align:start position:0% +can get that paper published but looking +more carefully at the data does + + align:start position:0% +more carefully at the data does + + + align:start position:0% +more carefully at the data does +sometimes call things into questions + + align:start position:0% +sometimes call things into questions + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes call things into questions +like I think you guys found a good + + align:start position:0% +like I think you guys found a good + + + align:start position:0% +like I think you guys found a good +example of that Mouse cell study that + + align:start position:0% +example of that Mouse cell study that + + + align:start position:0% +example of that Mouse cell study that +looks like it supports hormesis but you + + align:start position:0% +looks like it supports hormesis but you + + + align:start position:0% +looks like it supports hormesis but you +can't say so for sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +make sure no one's waiting for the room + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no one's kicking us out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting can you send me the link + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I mean we can't continue this + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean we can't continue this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean we can't continue this +there's weird enough since we're not + + align:start position:0% +there's weird enough since we're not + + + align:start position:0% +there's weird enough since we're not +going to the reactor since that valve + + align:start position:0% +going to the reactor since that valve + + + align:start position:0% +going to the reactor since that valve +was broken keep it up yeah actually I + + align:start position:0% +was broken keep it up yeah actually I + + + align:start position:0% +was broken keep it up yeah actually I +like this this would be a good quite a + + align:start position:0% +like this this would be a good quite a + + + align:start position:0% +like this this would be a good quite a +good use of recitation I'll keep my + + align:start position:0% +good use of recitation I'll keep my + + + align:start position:0% +good use of recitation I'll keep my +email open in case folks want to send + + align:start position:0% +email open in case folks want to send + + + align:start position:0% +email open in case folks want to send +things to present so one of the one of + + align:start position:0% +things to present so one of the one of + + + align:start position:0% +things to present so one of the one of +the main problems that we had with the + + align:start position:0% +the main problems that we had with the + + + align:start position:0% +the main problems that we had with the +hormesis effect was that all the studies + + align:start position:0% +hormesis effect was that all the studies + + + align:start position:0% +hormesis effect was that all the studies +that we've seen seem to cover a large + + align:start position:0% +that we've seen seem to cover a large + + + align:start position:0% +that we've seen seem to cover a large +scope of liked issues different effects + + align:start position:0% +scope of liked issues different effects + + + align:start position:0% +scope of liked issues different effects +and all sorts of things like yeah + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of things like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of things like yeah +there's a lot of studies there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of studies there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of studies there's a lot +of trends but like the things in + + align:start position:0% +of trends but like the things in + + + align:start position:0% +of trends but like the things in +particular that they're studying are all + + align:start position:0% +particular that they're studying are all + + + align:start position:0% +particular that they're studying are all +over the place and a lot of the a lot of + + align:start position:0% +over the place and a lot of the a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +over the place and a lot of the a lot of +the research done like these studies + + align:start position:0% +the research done like these studies + + + align:start position:0% +the research done like these studies +here are not actually meant to study + + align:start position:0% +here are not actually meant to study + + + align:start position:0% +here are not actually meant to study +hormesis it's kind of like recycled data + + align:start position:0% +hormesis it's kind of like recycled data + + + align:start position:0% +hormesis it's kind of like recycled data +that's used from some other study and + + align:start position:0% +that's used from some other study and + + + align:start position:0% +that's used from some other study and +they're kind of like pulling from + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of like pulling from + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of like pulling from +multiple sources which increases the + + align:start position:0% +multiple sources which increases the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple sources which increases the +uncertainty then additionally we have + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty then additionally we have + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty then additionally we have +conflicting epidemiological evidence of + + align:start position:0% +conflicting epidemiological evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +conflicting epidemiological evidence of +low dosages so we're in one instance you + + align:start position:0% +low dosages so we're in one instance you + + + align:start position:0% +low dosages so we're in one instance you +may see a reduction in breast cancer + + align:start position:0% +may see a reduction in breast cancer + + + align:start position:0% +may see a reduction in breast cancer +mortality you'll see excess thyroid + + align:start position:0% +mortality you'll see excess thyroid + + + align:start position:0% +mortality you'll see excess thyroid +cancer in children other other which is + + align:start position:0% +cancer in children other other which is + + + align:start position:0% +cancer in children other other which is +in 1995 yeah and so I think we're not I + + align:start position:0% +in 1995 yeah and so I think we're not I + + + align:start position:0% +in 1995 yeah and so I think we're not I +don't think we're trying to disqualify + + align:start position:0% +don't think we're trying to disqualify + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we're trying to disqualify +Renesas as like completely wrong I think + + align:start position:0% +Renesas as like completely wrong I think + + + align:start position:0% +Renesas as like completely wrong I think +one of the biggest issues that we're + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest issues that we're + + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest issues that we're +taking with it is that it's a small + + align:start position:0% +taking with it is that it's a small + + + align:start position:0% +taking with it is that it's a small +effect if anything it's something that + + align:start position:0% +effect if anything it's something that + + + align:start position:0% +effect if anything it's something that +we really don't know about it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +we really don't know about it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +we really don't know about it's hard to +quantify and it's at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% +quantify and it's at the end of the day + + + align:start position:0% +quantify and it's at the end of the day +really just not worth it not worth + + align:start position:0% +really just not worth it not worth + + + align:start position:0% +really just not worth it not worth +looking into because of all of the + + align:start position:0% +looking into because of all of the + + + align:start position:0% +looking into because of all of the +variable variables that go into it and + + align:start position:0% +variable variables that go into it and + + + align:start position:0% +variable variables that go into it and +the effects that like we just don't know + + align:start position:0% +the effects that like we just don't know + + + align:start position:0% +the effects that like we just don't know +about and we don't understand it so yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you tell me how that like you know + + align:start position:0% +can you tell me how that like you know + + + align:start position:0% +can you tell me how that like you know +so the course what you're saying use my + + align:start position:0% +so the course what you're saying use my + + + align:start position:0% +so the course what you're saying use my +life depart oh right now right up here + + align:start position:0% +life depart oh right now right up here + + + align:start position:0% +life depart oh right now right up here +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we haven't seen in humans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +medicine also is not accepted until it + + align:start position:0% +medicine also is not accepted until it + + + align:start position:0% +medicine also is not accepted until it +works on humans not on animals so we + + align:start position:0% +works on humans not on animals so we + + + align:start position:0% +works on humans not on animals so we +could cure cancer in rats all day but + + align:start position:0% +could cure cancer in rats all day but + + + align:start position:0% +could cure cancer in rats all day but +look if it doesn't work in like a human + + align:start position:0% +look if it doesn't work in like a human + + + align:start position:0% +look if it doesn't work in like a human +body and it just + + align:start position:0% +body and it just + + + align:start position:0% +body and it just +we still don't use it like it needs to + + align:start position:0% +we still don't use it like it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +we still don't use it like it needs to +clear the hurdle of human usefulness + + align:start position:0% +clear the hurdle of human usefulness + + + align:start position:0% +clear the hurdle of human usefulness +before we actually use it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the data they also basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's interesting now how would one + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting now how would one + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting now how would one +interpret because you show the Cohen + + align:start position:0% +interpret because you show the Cohen + + + align:start position:0% +interpret because you show the Cohen +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +so how would one interpret that to mean + + align:start position:0% +so how would one interpret that to mean + + + align:start position:0% +so how would one interpret that to mean +no well I'm not trying to now determine + + align:start position:0% +no well I'm not trying to now determine + + + align:start position:0% +no well I'm not trying to now determine +can this are the claims of this paper it + + align:start position:0% +can this are the claims of this paper it + + + align:start position:0% +can this are the claims of this paper it +you can stand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this brings up actually another + + align:start position:0% +and this brings up actually another + + + align:start position:0% +and this brings up actually another +point they do agree that there's been + + align:start position:0% +point they do agree that there's been + + + align:start position:0% +point they do agree that there's been +hundreds of cell and animal studies they + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of cell and animal studies they + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of cell and animal studies they +cite three human studies so since we + + align:start position:0% +cite three human studies so since we + + + align:start position:0% +cite three human studies so since we +have the time you guys may want to look + + align:start position:0% +have the time you guys may want to look + + + align:start position:0% +have the time you guys may want to look +for more than three human studies done + + align:start position:0% +for more than three human studies done + + + align:start position:0% +for more than three human studies done +at the time of this writing it's not + + align:start position:0% +at the time of this writing it's not + + + align:start position:0% +at the time of this writing it's not +fair to take ones that were done + + align:start position:0% +fair to take ones that were done + + + align:start position:0% +fair to take ones that were done +afterwards let's find out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's hit the bar + + align:start position:0% +let's hit the bar + + + align:start position:0% +let's hit the bar +mm yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so if you want to refute that point + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you want to refute that point + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you want to refute that point +you may want to find more human studies + + align:start position:0% +you may want to find more human studies + + + align:start position:0% +you may want to find more human studies +pre-2000 would be fair to do otherwise + + align:start position:0% +pre-2000 would be fair to do otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +pre-2000 would be fair to do otherwise +but actually I liked what you said so + + align:start position:0% +but actually I liked what you said so + + + align:start position:0% +but actually I liked what you said so +what you're proposing is that most + + align:start position:0% +what you're proposing is that most + + + align:start position:0% +what you're proposing is that most +people should adopt the model it looks + + align:start position:0% +people should adopt the model it looks + + + align:start position:0% +people should adopt the model it looks +something like this this is the axis of + + align:start position:0% +something like this this is the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +something like this this is the axis of +how much bad or that's zero and this is + + align:start position:0% +how much bad or that's zero and this is + + + align:start position:0% +how much bad or that's zero and this is +dosent gray and whether your model does + + align:start position:0% +dosent gray and whether your model does + + + align:start position:0% +dosent gray and whether your model does +this or this or this it sounds to me + + align:start position:0% +this or this or this it sounds to me + + + align:start position:0% +this or this or this it sounds to me +like you are defining a like you're + + align:start position:0% +like you are defining a like you're + + + align:start position:0% +like you are defining a like you're +defining a chill zone the same EBG yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the effect may be so small that who + + align:start position:0% +the effect may be so small that who + + + align:start position:0% +the effect may be so small that who +cares but the bigger discussion is how + + align:start position:0% +cares but the bigger discussion is how + + + align:start position:0% +cares but the bigger discussion is how +much is bad yeah like maybe it does look + + align:start position:0% +much is bad yeah like maybe it does look + + + align:start position:0% +much is bad yeah like maybe it does look +like this but the dip is small really + + align:start position:0% +like this but the dip is small really + + + align:start position:0% +like this but the dip is small really +not that different from the linear + + align:start position:0% +not that different from the linear + + + align:start position:0% +not that different from the linear +threshold model so in addition to being + + align:start position:0% +threshold model so in addition to being + + + align:start position:0% +threshold model so in addition to being +a basic science question could the issue + + align:start position:0% +a basic science question could the issue + + + align:start position:0% +a basic science question could the issue +of hormesis almost be a sidetrack in + + align:start position:0% +of hormesis almost be a sidetrack in + + + align:start position:0% +of hormesis almost be a sidetrack in +getting proper radiation policy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a point I hadn't heard made + + align:start position:0% +that's a point I hadn't heard made + + + align:start position:0% +that's a point I hadn't heard made +before but I quite like it because it's + + align:start position:0% +before but I quite like it because it's + + + align:start position:0% +before but I quite like it because it's +not like you're going to recommend + + align:start position:0% +not like you're going to recommend + + + align:start position:0% +not like you're going to recommend +everyone smokes three cigarettes a day + + align:start position:0% +everyone smokes three cigarettes a day + + + align:start position:0% +everyone smokes three cigarettes a day +or you know everyone gets blasted by a + + align:start position:0% +or you know everyone gets blasted by a + + + align:start position:0% +or you know everyone gets blasted by a +little bit of radiation once a year as + + align:start position:0% +little bit of radiation once a year as + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of radiation once a year as +part of a treatment I don't think anyone + + align:start position:0% +part of a treatment I don't think anyone + + + align:start position:0% +part of a treatment I don't think anyone +would buy that even if it did help I + + align:start position:0% +would buy that even if it did help I + + + align:start position:0% +would buy that even if it did help I +don't think anybody could emotionally + + align:start position:0% +don't think anybody could emotionally + + + align:start position:0% +don't think anybody could emotionally +but by focusing on video there's a nice + + align:start position:0% +but by focusing on video there's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +but by focusing on video there's a nice +expression is the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +expression is the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +expression is the most important thing +is make the most important thing the + + align:start position:0% +is make the most important thing the + + + align:start position:0% +is make the most important thing the +most important thing is don't lose sight + + align:start position:0% +most important thing is don't lose sight + + + align:start position:0% +most important thing is don't lose sight +of the overall goal which is if you're + + align:start position:0% +of the overall goal which is if you're + + + align:start position:0% +of the overall goal which is if you're +making policy on how much radiation + + align:start position:0% +making policy on how much radiation + + + align:start position:0% +making policy on how much radiation +exposure you're allowed do you focus on + + align:start position:0% +exposure you're allowed do you focus on + + + align:start position:0% +exposure you're allowed do you focus on +saying a little bit is actually good or + + align:start position:0% +saying a little bit is actually good or + + + align:start position:0% +saying a little bit is actually good or +do you focus on saying here's the amount + + align:start position:0% +do you focus on saying here's the amount + + + align:start position:0% +do you focus on saying here's the amount +that's bad and anything below that we + + align:start position:0% +that's bad and anything below that we + + + align:start position:0% +that's bad and anything below that we +shouldn't be regulating or over + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be regulating or over + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be regulating or over +regulating because there's no evidence + + align:start position:0% +regulating because there's no evidence + + + align:start position:0% +regulating because there's no evidence +to say whether it's good or bad + + align:start position:0% +to say whether it's good or bad + + + align:start position:0% +to say whether it's good or bad +outside the Joseph quite liked that + + align:start position:0% +outside the Joseph quite liked that + + + align:start position:0% +outside the Joseph quite liked that +point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it means that the supporters of + + align:start position:0% +it means that the supporters of + + + align:start position:0% +it means that the supporters of +radiation should chill down as well all + + align:start position:0% +radiation should chill down as well all + + + align:start position:0% +radiation should chill down as well all +right so any other studies we had a + + align:start position:0% +right so any other studies we had a + + + align:start position:0% +right so any other studies we had a +couple abstracts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do you want to come up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what they're saying is the the choice + + align:start position:0% +so what they're saying is the the choice + + + align:start position:0% +so what they're saying is the the choice +of model really doesn't matter as long + + align:start position:0% +of model really doesn't matter as long + + + align:start position:0% +of model really doesn't matter as long +as it fits through the data that we've + + align:start position:0% +as it fits through the data that we've + + + align:start position:0% +as it fits through the data that we've +got and it seems to be again what + + align:start position:0% +got and it seems to be again what + + + align:start position:0% +got and it seems to be again what +happens in the low dose regime is less + + align:start position:0% +happens in the low dose regime is less + + + align:start position:0% +happens in the low dose regime is less +important right + + align:start position:0% +important right + + + align:start position:0% +important right +I knew they were satisfied + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so they're saying the best estimate of + + align:start position:0% +so they're saying the best estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +so they're saying the best estimate of +this that's funny if a rich model with a + + align:start position:0% +this that's funny if a rich model with a + + + align:start position:0% +this that's funny if a rich model with a +threshold is assumed the best estimate + + align:start position:0% +threshold is assumed the best estimate + + + align:start position:0% +threshold is assumed the best estimate +is below zero secrets but then how is + + align:start position:0% +is below zero secrets but then how is + + + align:start position:0% +is below zero secrets but then how is +their confidence interval from Oh + + align:start position:0% +their confidence interval from Oh + + + align:start position:0% +their confidence interval from Oh +less than zero two point one three they + + align:start position:0% +less than zero two point one three they + + + align:start position:0% +less than zero two point one three they +don't quantify how much lower it goes + + align:start position:0% +don't quantify how much lower it goes + + + align:start position:0% +don't quantify how much lower it goes +because if negative dose doesn't make + + align:start position:0% +because if negative dose doesn't make + + + align:start position:0% +because if negative dose doesn't make +sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah it's a strong conclusion but + + align:start position:0% +so yeah it's a strong conclusion but + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah it's a strong conclusion but +looks looks fairly well supported to say + + align:start position:0% +looks looks fairly well supported to say + + + align:start position:0% +looks looks fairly well supported to say +that we can't say with those confidence + + align:start position:0% +that we can't say with those confidence + + + align:start position:0% +that we can't say with those confidence +intervals that they give if there is + + align:start position:0% +intervals that they give if there is + + + align:start position:0% +intervals that they give if there is +there isn't the threshold interesting + + align:start position:0% +there isn't the threshold interesting + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't the threshold interesting +what do you guys think of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +- what would you delve into the study to + + align:start position:0% +- what would you delve into the study to + + + align:start position:0% +- what would you delve into the study to +try to agree with or refute this claim + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they use it with your quadratic model + + align:start position:0% +they use it with your quadratic model + + + align:start position:0% +they use it with your quadratic model +looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +considering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's catchy but it just seems like + + align:start position:0% +that's catchy but it just seems like + + + align:start position:0% +that's catchy but it just seems like +it'd be very easy to consider + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure you know what no study has gotten + + align:start position:0% +sure you know what no study has gotten + + + align:start position:0% +sure you know what no study has gotten +into yet is what's the mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +into yet is what's the mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +into yet is what's the mechanism of +let's say ill effect acceleration this + + align:start position:0% +let's say ill effect acceleration this + + + align:start position:0% +let's say ill effect acceleration this +is something that at least at the grad + + align:start position:0% +is something that at least at the grad + + + align:start position:0% +is something that at least at the grad +school level we try hammer into everyone + + align:start position:0% +school level we try hammer into everyone + + + align:start position:0% +school level we try hammer into everyone +constantly is not just what's the data + + align:start position:0% +constantly is not just what's the data + + + align:start position:0% +constantly is not just what's the data +but what's the mechanism what's the + + align:start position:0% +but what's the mechanism what's the + + + align:start position:0% +but what's the mechanism what's the +reason for an acceleration of ill + + align:start position:0% +reason for an acceleration of ill + + + align:start position:0% +reason for an acceleration of ill +effects so if you guys have to think + + align:start position:0% +effects so if you guys have to think + + + align:start position:0% +effects so if you guys have to think +with increasing gradiation exposure + + align:start position:0% +with increasing gradiation exposure + + + align:start position:0% +with increasing gradiation exposure +let's say we went with this linear + + align:start position:0% +let's say we went with this linear + + + align:start position:0% +let's say we went with this linear +quadratic model idea what could be some + + align:start position:0% +quadratic model idea what could be some + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic model idea what could be some +reasons or mechanisms for an increased + + align:start position:0% +reasons or mechanisms for an increased + + + align:start position:0% +reasons or mechanisms for an increased +amount of risk per unit dose as the dose + + align:start position:0% +amount of risk per unit dose as the dose + + + align:start position:0% +amount of risk per unit dose as the dose +gets higher yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure we're free yeah I like that idea + + align:start position:0% +sure we're free yeah I like that idea + + + align:start position:0% +sure we're free yeah I like that idea +there was that you've got some capacity + + align:start position:0% +there was that you've got some capacity + + + align:start position:0% +there was that you've got some capacity +to deal with damage from radiation and + + align:start position:0% +to deal with damage from radiation and + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with damage from radiation and +then once you exceed that capacity you + + align:start position:0% +then once you exceed that capacity you + + + align:start position:0% +then once you exceed that capacity you +don't also was like with higher dose we + + align:start position:0% +don't also was like with higher dose we + + + align:start position:0% +don't also was like with higher dose we +don't also ramp up your capacity to deal + + align:start position:0% +don't also ramp up your capacity to deal + + + align:start position:0% +don't also ramp up your capacity to deal +with that dose so in the linear region + + align:start position:0% +with that dose so in the linear region + + + align:start position:0% +with that dose so in the linear region +let's say you're somewhat absorbing the + + align:start position:0% +let's say you're somewhat absorbing the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you're somewhat absorbing the +additional effects of dose by capacity + + align:start position:0% +additional effects of dose by capacity + + + align:start position:0% +additional effects of dose by capacity +of the repair DNA or repair cells then + + align:start position:0% +of the repair DNA or repair cells then + + + align:start position:0% +of the repair DNA or repair cells then +when to exceed that threshold you're + + align:start position:0% +when to exceed that threshold you're + + + align:start position:0% +when to exceed that threshold you're +beyond that point so that could be a + + align:start position:0% +beyond that point so that could be a + + + align:start position:0% +beyond that point so that could be a +plausible mechanism for why there could + + align:start position:0% +plausible mechanism for why there could + + + align:start position:0% +plausible mechanism for why there could +be a linear quadratic model that could + + align:start position:0% +be a linear quadratic model that could + + + align:start position:0% +be a linear quadratic model that could +be testable certainly with a single cell + + align:start position:0% +be testable certainly with a single cell + + + align:start position:0% +be testable certainly with a single cell +or multi cell studies like these these + + align:start position:0% +or multi cell studies like these these + + + align:start position:0% +or multi cell studies like these these +are radiation micro beams or you know + + align:start position:0% +are radiation micro beams or you know + + + align:start position:0% +are radiation micro beams or you know +injecting something that would be + + align:start position:0% +injecting something that would be + + + align:start position:0% +injecting something that would be +absorbed by oneself to irradiated and + + align:start position:0% +absorbed by oneself to irradiated and + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed by oneself to irradiated and +seeing what the ones nearby do so you + + align:start position:0% +seeing what the ones nearby do so you + + + align:start position:0% +seeing what the ones nearby do so you +could count that as number of mutations + + align:start position:0% +could count that as number of mutations + + + align:start position:0% +could count that as number of mutations +number of cell deaths anything something + + align:start position:0% +number of cell deaths anything something + + + align:start position:0% +number of cell deaths anything something +that could be quantitatively tested so + + align:start position:0% +that could be quantitatively tested so + + + align:start position:0% +that could be quantitatively tested so +that's pretty cool I actually quite + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool I actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool I actually quite +liked this study it's awfully hard to + + align:start position:0% +liked this study it's awfully hard to + + + align:start position:0% +liked this study it's awfully hard to +poke a hole in in the logic used here + + align:start position:0% +poke a hole in in the logic used here + + + align:start position:0% +poke a hole in in the logic used here +the claims aren't outrageous they're + + align:start position:0% +the claims aren't outrageous they're + + + align:start position:0% +the claims aren't outrageous they're +saying this is what the data is saying + + align:start position:0% +saying this is what the data is saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying this is what the data is saying +if you change the model you can it can + + align:start position:0% +if you change the model you can it can + + + align:start position:0% +if you change the model you can it can +or not have a threshold and still get an + + align:start position:0% +or not have a threshold and still get an + + + align:start position:0% +or not have a threshold and still get an +acceptable fit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can we actually look in the study itself + + align:start position:0% +can we actually look in the study itself + + + align:start position:0% +can we actually look in the study itself +one thing I want to do is what sort of + + align:start position:0% +one thing I want to do is what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +one thing I want to do is what sort of +do they do meta-analysis or did they + + align:start position:0% +do they do meta-analysis or did they + + + align:start position:0% +do they do meta-analysis or did they +yeah so this was on the Japanese atomic + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this was on the Japanese atomic + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this was on the Japanese atomic +bomb survivors so did they analyze the + + align:start position:0% +bomb survivors so did they analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +bomb survivors so did they analyze the +previous data urban they get their own + + align:start position:0% +previous data urban they get their own + + + align:start position:0% +previous data urban they get their own +and then if so what was the sample size + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somewhere they'll be like yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where am I virtually be looking at for + + align:start position:0% +where am I virtually be looking at for + + + align:start position:0% +where am I virtually be looking at for +this probably further down any sort of + + align:start position:0% +this probably further down any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this probably further down any sort of +methodology section of materials and + + align:start position:0% +methodology section of materials and + + + align:start position:0% +methodology section of materials and +methods here we go okay there it is + + align:start position:0% +methods here we go okay there it is + + + align:start position:0% +methods here we go okay there it is +eighty six thousand five hundred + + align:start position:0% +eighty six thousand five hundred + + + align:start position:0% +eighty six thousand five hundred +something survivors + + align:start position:0% +something survivors + + + align:start position:0% +something survivors +oh yeah that's with lots of fall + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my god is a good question because + + align:start position:0% +my god is a good question because + + + align:start position:0% +my god is a good question because +especially if we're looking like low + + align:start position:0% +especially if we're looking like low + + + align:start position:0% +especially if we're looking like low +dose and you're estimating it's very + + align:start position:0% +dose and you're estimating it's very + + + align:start position:0% +dose and you're estimating it's very +easy to like estimate wrong early cuz + + align:start position:0% +easy to like estimate wrong early cuz + + + align:start position:0% +easy to like estimate wrong early cuz +benefit be causing the question you have + + align:start position:0% +benefit be causing the question you have + + + align:start position:0% +benefit be causing the question you have +hearing + + align:start position:0% +hearing + + + align:start position:0% +hearing +so that's a great question is how do + + align:start position:0% +so that's a great question is how do + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a great question is how do +they know what dose people got so how + + align:start position:0% +they know what dose people got so how + + + align:start position:0% +they know what dose people got so how +would we go about trying to trace that + + align:start position:0% +would we go about trying to trace that + + + align:start position:0% +would we go about trying to trace that +this is when you dig back in time they + + align:start position:0% +this is when you dig back in time they + + + align:start position:0% +this is when you dig back in time they +reference this the data of Pierce at all + + align:start position:0% +reference this the data of Pierce at all + + + align:start position:0% +reference this the data of Pierce at all +whatever whatever so if you can go to + + align:start position:0% +whatever whatever so if you can go to + + + align:start position:0% +whatever whatever so if you can go to +web science and pull up this pierce em + + align:start position:0% +web science and pull up this pierce em + + + align:start position:0% +web science and pull up this pierce em +all away on the paper look at the cited + + align:start position:0% +all away on the paper look at the cited + + + align:start position:0% +all away on the paper look at the cited +references this yeah right there and + + align:start position:0% +references this yeah right there and + + + align:start position:0% +references this yeah right there and +look for that 1996 Pierce study let's + + align:start position:0% +look for that 1996 Pierce study let's + + + align:start position:0% +look for that 1996 Pierce study let's +see if it hasn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can just like control that for + + align:start position:0% +you can just like control that for + + + align:start position:0% +you can just like control that for +Pierce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pearse and she needs to be up 1996 + + align:start position:0% +Pearse and she needs to be up 1996 + + + align:start position:0% +Pearse and she needs to be up 1996 +that's the one which one this one yep so + + align:start position:0% +that's the one which one this one yep so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one which one this one yep so +let's see if we can trace this back and + + align:start position:0% +let's see if we can trace this back and + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if we can trace this back and +find out how they estimated the dose of + + align:start position:0% +find out how they estimated the dose of + + + align:start position:0% +find out how they estimated the dose of +these folks should I just go to full + + align:start position:0% +these folks should I just go to full + + + align:start position:0% +these folks should I just go to full +text yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so interesting this LLS cohort so there + + align:start position:0% +so interesting this LLS cohort so there + + + align:start position:0% +so interesting this LLS cohort so there +was some lifespan study which was also + + align:start position:0% +was some lifespan study which was also + + + align:start position:0% +was some lifespan study which was also +referred to actually in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +referred to actually in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +referred to actually in the lecture +notes isn't one of the original studies + + align:start position:0% +notes isn't one of the original studies + + + align:start position:0% +notes isn't one of the original studies +it says who met certain conditions and + + align:start position:0% +it says who met certain conditions and + + + align:start position:0% +it says who met certain conditions and +preserving adequate follow-up although + + align:start position:0% +preserving adequate follow-up although + + + align:start position:0% +preserving adequate follow-up although +estimates of the outcomes in next page + + align:start position:0% +estimates of the outcomes in next page + + + align:start position:0% +estimates of the outcomes in next page +although we estimate that might be what + + align:start position:0% +although we estimate that might be what + + + align:start position:0% +although we estimate that might be what +we're looking for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number of survivors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay here we go materials and methods + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go materials and methods + + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go materials and methods +the portion of the LSS cohort used here + + align:start position:0% +the portion of the LSS cohort used here + + + align:start position:0% +the portion of the LSS cohort used here +includes eight the same number of + + align:start position:0% +includes eight the same number of + + + align:start position:0% +includes eight the same number of +survivors for whom dos estimates are + + align:start position:0% +survivors for whom dos estimates are + + + align:start position:0% +survivors for whom dos estimates are +currently available etc with estimated + + align:start position:0% +currently available etc with estimated + + + align:start position:0% +currently available etc with estimated +doses greater than five millisieverts is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +table wanax summarizing the exposure + + align:start position:0% +table wanax summarizing the exposure + + + align:start position:0% +table wanax summarizing the exposure +distribution so let's go find Table one + + align:start position:0% +distribution so let's go find Table one + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so let's go find Table one +and see where the data came from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it turns out that this is + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out that this is + + + align:start position:0% +so it turns out that this is +specifically the SAT six weighted + + align:start position:0% +specifically the SAT six weighted + + + align:start position:0% +specifically the SAT six weighted +cold-induced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know but it sounds like we need + + align:start position:0% +I don't know but it sounds like we need + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know but it sounds like we need +to find this LSS just so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +to find this LSS just so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +to find this LSS just so let's look at +the things that this paper sites find + + align:start position:0% +the things that this paper sites find + + + align:start position:0% +the things that this paper sites find +this LSS so I'm going I'm doing here is + + align:start position:0% +this LSS so I'm going I'm doing here is + + + align:start position:0% +this LSS so I'm going I'm doing here is +walking you through how to do your own + + align:start position:0% +walking you through how to do your own + + + align:start position:0% +walking you through how to do your own +research and if someone comes to you + + align:start position:0% +research and if someone comes to you + + + align:start position:0% +research and if someone comes to you +with some internet emotional argument of + + align:start position:0% +with some internet emotional argument of + + + align:start position:0% +with some internet emotional argument of +this and that about radiation is wrong + + align:start position:0% +this and that about radiation is wrong + + + align:start position:0% +this and that about radiation is wrong +instead of yelling back louder which + + align:start position:0% +instead of yelling back louder which + + + align:start position:0% +instead of yelling back louder which +even who lost the argument you hit the + + align:start position:0% +even who lost the argument you hit the + + + align:start position:0% +even who lost the argument you hit the +books this is how you do the research + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably title not available it's not + + align:start position:0% +probably title not available it's not + + + align:start position:0% +probably title not available it's not +that can you search for LSS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nothing so let's go back to the paper + + align:start position:0% +nothing so let's go back to the paper + + + align:start position:0% +nothing so let's go back to the paper +and find what citation happens if you go + + align:start position:0% +and find what citation happens if you go + + + align:start position:0% +and find what citation happens if you go +up a little bit I think there was like a + + align:start position:0% +up a little bit I think there was like a + + + align:start position:0% +up a little bit I think there was like a +su a superscript up to the last page I'm + + align:start position:0% +su a superscript up to the last page I'm + + + align:start position:0% +su a superscript up to the last page I'm +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +there was a superscript on LSS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +general documentation of the selection + + align:start position:0% +general documentation of the selection + + + align:start position:0% +general documentation of the selection +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you all right let's find + + align:start position:0% +thank you all right let's find + + + align:start position:0% +thank you all right let's find +references 9 and 10 in the yeah so call + + align:start position:0% +references 9 and 10 in the yeah so call + + + align:start position:0% +references 9 and 10 in the yeah so call +me I feel honored + + align:start position:0% +me I feel honored + + + align:start position:0% +me I feel honored +oh yeah they're awesome + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah they're awesome + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah they're awesome +nine and ten okay let's fight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me show you quickly how to use by + + align:start position:0% +so let me show you quickly how to use by + + + align:start position:0% +so let me show you quickly how to use by +those signs to get what you're looking + + align:start position:0% +those signs to get what you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +those signs to get what you're looking +for if I could jump on you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +for if I could jump on you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +for if I could jump on you don't have to +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +but thank you for being up here for so + + align:start position:0% +but thank you for being up here for so + + + align:start position:0% +but thank you for being up here for so +long and running this so we're looking + + align:start position:0% +long and running this so we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +long and running this so we're looking +for where was the article was here went + + align:start position:0% +for where was the article was here went + + + align:start position:0% +for where was the article was here went +into references I guess that was like + + align:start position:0% +into references I guess that was like + + + align:start position:0% +into references I guess that was like +the last I don't want to close all your + + align:start position:0% +the last I don't want to close all your + + + align:start position:0% +the last I don't want to close all your +tabs there we go + + align:start position:0% +tabs there we go + + + align:start position:0% +tabs there we go +so GW is at be banned Segawa so we'll go + + align:start position:0% +so GW is at be banned Segawa so we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +so GW is at be banned Segawa so we'll go +to web of science look for authors any + + align:start position:0% +to web of science look for authors any + + + align:start position:0% +to web of science look for authors any +paper with those authors so you can do a + + align:start position:0% +paper with those authors so you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +paper with those authors so you can do a +more advanced search this is where + + align:start position:0% +more advanced search this is where + + + align:start position:0% +more advanced search this is where +things get really interesting and + + align:start position:0% +things get really interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +things get really interesting and +specific so ditch the topic search by + + align:start position:0% +specific so ditch the topic search by + + + align:start position:0% +specific so ditch the topic search by +Beebe and add a field tsugawa and then + + align:start position:0% +Beebe and add a field tsugawa and then + + + align:start position:0% +Beebe and add a field tsugawa and then +anything with these two folks in the + + align:start position:0% +anything with these two folks in the + + + align:start position:0% +anything with these two folks in the +author field that is indexed by web of + + align:start position:0% +author field that is indexed by web of + + + align:start position:0% +author field that is indexed by web of +science will pop up nothing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I spill anything wrong Segawa of course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's unfortunate last thing to try is + + align:start position:0% +that's unfortunate last thing to try is + + + align:start position:0% +that's unfortunate last thing to try is +add wildcards + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is actually one place where I would + + align:start position:0% +this is actually one place where I would + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually one place where I would +use Google to find a specific report + + align:start position:0% +use Google to find a specific report + + + align:start position:0% +use Google to find a specific report +so because you're not looking to survey + + align:start position:0% +so because you're not looking to survey + + + align:start position:0% +so because you're not looking to survey +a field that's out there but you're + + align:start position:0% +a field that's out there but you're + + + align:start position:0% +a field that's out there but you're +looking for a document that you can + + align:start position:0% +looking for a document that you can + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a document that you can +confirm is that document let's head + + align:start position:0% +confirm is that document let's head + + + align:start position:0% +confirm is that document let's head +there Oh looks like Stanford's got it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's something that references it so + + align:start position:0% +that's something that references it so + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that references it so +at this point we've hit the maximum that + + align:start position:0% +at this point we've hit the maximum that + + + align:start position:0% +at this point we've hit the maximum that +we can do on the computer but if you + + align:start position:0% +we can do on the computer but if you + + + align:start position:0% +we can do on the computer but if you +finally want to trace back to see how + + align:start position:0% +finally want to trace back to see how + + + align:start position:0% +finally want to trace back to see how +were the Hiroshima data acquired take + + align:start position:0% +were the Hiroshima data acquired take + + + align:start position:0% +were the Hiroshima data acquired take +these citations bring it to one of the + + align:start position:0% +these citations bring it to one of the + + + align:start position:0% +these citations bring it to one of the +MIT librarians like Chris Sharat is our + + align:start position:0% +MIT librarians like Chris Sharat is our + + + align:start position:0% +MIT librarians like Chris Sharat is our +nuclear librarian and we have a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +nuclear librarian and we have a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear librarian and we have a nuclear +librarian + + align:start position:0% +librarian + + + align:start position:0% +librarian +yeah MIT libraries is pretty awesome so + + align:start position:0% +yeah MIT libraries is pretty awesome so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah MIT libraries is pretty awesome so +when you're looking for anything here in + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking for anything here in + + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking for anything here in +terms of research or whatever there's + + align:start position:0% +terms of research or whatever there's + + + align:start position:0% +terms of research or whatever there's +actually someone whose job it is to help + + align:start position:0% +actually someone whose job it is to help + + + align:start position:0% +actually someone whose job it is to help +you find nuclear documents and chances + + align:start position:0% +you find nuclear documents and chances + + + align:start position:0% +you find nuclear documents and chances +are this is a pretty big one so I + + align:start position:0% +are this is a pretty big one so I + + + align:start position:0% +are this is a pretty big one so I +wouldn't be surprised if we have a + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised if we have a +physical or electronic coffee so we're + + align:start position:0% +physical or electronic coffee so we're + + + align:start position:0% +physical or electronic coffee so we're +now like one degree of separation away + + align:start position:0% +now like one degree of separation away + + + align:start position:0% +now like one degree of separation away +from finding the original hiroshima data + + align:start position:0% +from finding the original hiroshima data + + + align:start position:0% +from finding the original hiroshima data +where we can find out how did they + + align:start position:0% +where we can find out how did they + + + align:start position:0% +where we can find out how did they +estimate that dose so I think this is + + align:start position:0% +estimate that dose so I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +estimate that dose so I think this is +fairly hopefully this is fairly + + align:start position:0% +fairly hopefully this is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +fairly hopefully this is fairly +instructive to show you how do you go + + align:start position:0% +instructive to show you how do you go + + + align:start position:0% +instructive to show you how do you go +about getting the facts to prove or + + align:start position:0% +about getting the facts to prove or + + + align:start position:0% +about getting the facts to prove or +disprove something knowing the not just + + align:start position:0% +disprove something knowing the not just + + + align:start position:0% +disprove something knowing the not just +the physics that you know about how to + + align:start position:0% +the physics that you know about how to + + + align:start position:0% +the physics that you know about how to +go out and find that stuff now I did see + + align:start position:0% +go out and find that stuff now I did see + + + align:start position:0% +go out and find that stuff now I did see +a bunch of sources from the pro hormesis + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of sources from the pro hormesis + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of sources from the pro hormesis +team you still want me to show okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good thanks + + align:start position:0% +good thanks + + + align:start position:0% +good thanks +alright you just want to hold this up + + align:start position:0% +alright you just want to hold this up + + + align:start position:0% +alright you just want to hold this up +while you're let's go to your sources + + align:start position:0% +while you're let's go to your sources + + + align:start position:0% +while you're let's go to your sources +okay here we go so walk us through what + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go so walk us through what + + + align:start position:0% +okay here we go so walk us through what +you found I just need to open them up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's not too much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so unfortunately was not able to + + align:start position:0% +okay so unfortunately was not able to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so unfortunately was not able to +find like too many pretty graphs or data + + align:start position:0% +find like too many pretty graphs or data + + + align:start position:0% +find like too many pretty graphs or data +or anything of the sort but if you look + + align:start position:0% +or anything of the sort but if you look + + + align:start position:0% +or anything of the sort but if you look +up what did I search for this I think I + + align:start position:0% +up what did I search for this I think I + + + align:start position:0% +up what did I search for this I think I +just looked up radiation hormesis and + + align:start position:0% +just looked up radiation hormesis and + + + align:start position:0% +just looked up radiation hormesis and +this is one of the articles that turned + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the articles that turned + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the articles that turned +up and it seems to be pretty well sited + + align:start position:0% +up and it seems to be pretty well sited + + + align:start position:0% +up and it seems to be pretty well sited +you can see it's been cited 184 times + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's been cited 184 times + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's been cited 184 times +and kind of the quick look through the + + align:start position:0% +and kind of the quick look through the + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of the quick look through the +citations from what I saw seem to be in + + align:start position:0% +citations from what I saw seem to be in + + + align:start position:0% +citations from what I saw seem to be in +support of it and if you actually look + + align:start position:0% +support of it and if you actually look + + + align:start position:0% +support of it and if you actually look +at the abstract itself where is it + + align:start position:0% +at the abstract itself where is it + + + align:start position:0% +at the abstract itself where is it +yeah well the last sentence is pretty + + align:start position:0% +yeah well the last sentence is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well the last sentence is pretty +excellent this is consistent with data + + align:start position:0% +excellent this is consistent with data + + + align:start position:0% +excellent this is consistent with data +both from animal studies and human + + align:start position:0% +both from animal studies and human + + + align:start position:0% +both from animal studies and human +epidemiological observations on low-dose + + align:start position:0% +epidemiological observations on low-dose + + + align:start position:0% +epidemiological observations on low-dose +induced cancer the linear no-threshold + + align:start position:0% +induced cancer the linear no-threshold + + + align:start position:0% +induced cancer the linear no-threshold +hypothesis should be abandoned and + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis should be abandoned and + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis should be abandoned and +should and be replaced by a hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +should and be replaced by a hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +should and be replaced by a hypothesis +that is scientifically justified and + + align:start position:0% +that is scientifically justified and + + + align:start position:0% +that is scientifically justified and +causes less unreasonable fear and + + align:start position:0% +causes less unreasonable fear and + + + align:start position:0% +causes less unreasonable fear and +unnecessary expenditure yeah so + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary expenditure yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary expenditure yeah so +unfortunately the MIT libraries does not + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the MIT libraries does not + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the MIT libraries does not +have an electronic copy of this article + + align:start position:0% +have an electronic copy of this article + + + align:start position:0% +have an electronic copy of this article +and it wasn't able to find one but going + + align:start position:0% +and it wasn't able to find one but going + + + align:start position:0% +and it wasn't able to find one but going +through some of the citations for it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure yes do not know how to do that + + align:start position:0% +sure yes do not know how to do that + + + align:start position:0% +sure yes do not know how to do that +it appears to be a conference okay not + + align:start position:0% +it appears to be a conference okay not + + + align:start position:0% +it appears to be a conference okay not +all conferences require peer review in + + align:start position:0% +all conferences require peer review in + + + align:start position:0% +all conferences require peer review in +order to present papers + + align:start position:0% +order to present papers + + + align:start position:0% +order to present papers +so while conference proceedings will + + align:start position:0% +so while conference proceedings will + + + align:start position:0% +so while conference proceedings will +typically be published as a record of + + align:start position:0% +typically be published as a record of + + + align:start position:0% +typically be published as a record of +what happened at the conference we don't + + align:start position:0% +what happened at the conference we don't + + + align:start position:0% +what happened at the conference we don't +know if this one was peer reviewed and + + align:start position:0% +know if this one was peer reviewed and + + + align:start position:0% +know if this one was peer reviewed and +checked for facts by an independent + + align:start position:0% +checked for facts by an independent + + + align:start position:0% +checked for facts by an independent +party could you go up a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +party could you go up a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +party could you go up a little bit and +maybe leave me some information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh it didn't go in the British Journal + + align:start position:0% +oh it didn't go in the British Journal + + + align:start position:0% +oh it didn't go in the British Journal +of radio okay that's a good sign so + + align:start position:0% +of radio okay that's a good sign so + + + align:start position:0% +of radio okay that's a good sign so +conference proceedings you don't know + + align:start position:0% +conference proceedings you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +conference proceedings you don't know +but in order to publish something in a + + align:start position:0% +but in order to publish something in a + + + align:start position:0% +but in order to publish something in a +journal you do because then in order to + + align:start position:0% +journal you do because then in order to + + + align:start position:0% +journal you do because then in order to +get in the journal things have to be + + align:start position:0% +get in the journal things have to be + + + align:start position:0% +get in the journal things have to be +peer-reviewed to meet the journal + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed to meet the journal + + + align:start position:0% +peer-reviewed to meet the journal +standards regardless of whether they + + align:start position:0% +standards regardless of whether they + + + align:start position:0% +standards regardless of whether they +came from a conference or just a regular + + align:start position:0% +came from a conference or just a regular + + + align:start position:0% +came from a conference or just a regular +submission so okay that's good to know + + align:start position:0% +submission so okay that's good to know + + + align:start position:0% +submission so okay that's good to know +and then one of the key sentences that I + + align:start position:0% +and then one of the key sentences that I + + + align:start position:0% +and then one of the key sentences that I +found right here + + align:start position:0% +found right here + + + align:start position:0% +found right here +adaptive protection causes DNA damage + + align:start position:0% +adaptive protection causes DNA damage + + + align:start position:0% +adaptive protection causes DNA damage +prevention and repair and immune system + + align:start position:0% +prevention and repair and immune system + + + align:start position:0% +prevention and repair and immune system +or immune stimulation it develops with a + + align:start position:0% +or immune stimulation it develops with a + + + align:start position:0% +or immune stimulation it develops with a +delay of hours may last for days to + + align:start position:0% +delay of hours may last for days to + + + align:start position:0% +delay of hours may last for days to +months decreases steadily at doses above + + align:start position:0% +months decreases steadily at doses above + + + align:start position:0% +months decreases steadily at doses above +about 100 milligram elgrand is not + + align:start position:0% +about 100 milligram elgrand is not + + + align:start position:0% +about 100 milligram elgrand is not +observed anymore after acute exposures + + align:start position:0% +observed anymore after acute exposures + + + align:start position:0% +observed anymore after acute exposures +of more than about 500 milligram + + align:start position:0% +of more than about 500 milligram + + + align:start position:0% +of more than about 500 milligram +that's all pretty interesting like I + + align:start position:0% +that's all pretty interesting like I + + + align:start position:0% +that's all pretty interesting like I +said unfortunately I couldn't find the + + align:start position:0% +said unfortunately I couldn't find the + + + align:start position:0% +said unfortunately I couldn't find the +actual paper so you can't really delve + + align:start position:0% +actual paper so you can't really delve + + + align:start position:0% +actual paper so you can't really delve +into some of those claims but I tried to + + align:start position:0% +into some of those claims but I tried to + + + align:start position:0% +into some of those claims but I tried to +look at some of the citations that + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the citations that + + + align:start position:0% +look at some of the citations that +delved into them and this is where my + + align:start position:0% +delved into them and this is where my + + + align:start position:0% +delved into them and this is where my +presentation gets a little bit shaky er + + align:start position:0% +presentation gets a little bit shaky er + + + align:start position:0% +presentation gets a little bit shaky er +because I'm not particularly good at + + align:start position:0% +because I'm not particularly good at + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm not particularly good at +parsing some of this complex stuff very + + align:start position:0% +parsing some of this complex stuff very + + + align:start position:0% +parsing some of this complex stuff very +quickly all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you could click download full text - + + align:start position:0% +if you could click download full text - + + + align:start position:0% +if you could click download full text - +PDF a little speed bigger okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it seems to me this one was more + + align:start position:0% +so it seems to me this one was more + + + align:start position:0% +so it seems to me this one was more +looking through the statistics of + + align:start position:0% +looking through the statistics of + + + align:start position:0% +looking through the statistics of +various studies but I think the + + align:start position:0% +various studies but I think the + + + align:start position:0% +various studies but I think the +conclusion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the very last paragraph the present + + align:start position:0% +so the very last paragraph the present + + + align:start position:0% +so the very last paragraph the present +practice assumes linearity and assessing + + align:start position:0% +practice assumes linearity and assessing + + + align:start position:0% +practice assumes linearity and assessing +risk from even the lowest dose exposure + + align:start position:0% +risk from even the lowest dose exposure + + + align:start position:0% +risk from even the lowest dose exposure +of complex tissue to ionizing radiation + + align:start position:0% +of complex tissue to ionizing radiation + + + align:start position:0% +of complex tissue to ionizing radiation +by applying this type of risk assessment + + align:start position:0% +by applying this type of risk assessment + + + align:start position:0% +by applying this type of risk assessment +to radiation protection of exposed + + align:start position:0% +to radiation protection of exposed + + + align:start position:0% +to radiation protection of exposed +workers and the public alike society may + + align:start position:0% +workers and the public alike society may + + + align:start position:0% +workers and the public alike society may +gain a questionable benefit and + + align:start position:0% +gain a questionable benefit and + + + align:start position:0% +gain a questionable benefit and +unavoidably substantial cost research on + + align:start position:0% +unavoidably substantial cost research on + + + align:start position:0% +unavoidably substantial cost research on +the p-values given above may eventually + + align:start position:0% +the p-values given above may eventually + + + align:start position:0% +the p-values given above may eventually +reveal the true risk which appears to be + + align:start position:0% +reveal the true risk which appears to be + + + align:start position:0% +reveal the true risk which appears to be +inaccessible by epidemiological studies + + align:start position:0% +inaccessible by epidemiological studies + + + align:start position:0% +inaccessible by epidemiological studies +alone so it seems like they're saying + + align:start position:0% +alone so it seems like they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +alone so it seems like they're saying +that at the current there's not really a + + align:start position:0% +that at the current there's not really a + + + align:start position:0% +that at the current there's not really a +problem a statistically valid assertion + + align:start position:0% +problem a statistically valid assertion + + + align:start position:0% +problem a statistically valid assertion +of the linear no-threshold model and + + align:start position:0% +of the linear no-threshold model and + + + align:start position:0% +of the linear no-threshold model and +that the benefits to society gained from + + align:start position:0% +that the benefits to society gained from + + + align:start position:0% +that the benefits to society gained from +that are not worth the cost to society + + align:start position:0% +that are not worth the cost to society + + + align:start position:0% +that are not worth the cost to society +from that assumption so what sort of + + align:start position:0% +from that assumption so what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +from that assumption so what sort of +costs do you think society incurs by + + align:start position:0% +costs do you think society incurs by + + + align:start position:0% +costs do you think society incurs by +adapting I mean it could pose + + align:start position:0% +adapting I mean it could pose + + + align:start position:0% +adapting I mean it could pose +unnecessary regulations on like nuclear + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary regulations on like nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary regulations on like nuclear +power which could be arguably better for + + align:start position:0% +power which could be arguably better for + + + align:start position:0% +power which could be arguably better for +society sure nuclear power plants emit + + align:start position:0% +society sure nuclear power plants emit + + + align:start position:0% +society sure nuclear power plants emit +radiations in fact to use the old + + align:start position:0% +radiations in fact to use the old + + + align:start position:0% +radiations in fact to use the old +cellphone there's always going to be + + align:start position:0% +cellphone there's always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +cellphone there's always going to be +some there is small amount of tritium + + align:start position:0% +some there is small amount of tritium + + + align:start position:0% +some there is small amount of tritium +release the question is doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +release the question is doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +release the question is doesn't matter +and if legislation is made to say + + align:start position:0% +and if legislation is made to say + + + align:start position:0% +and if legislation is made to say +absolutely no tritium leases on the + + align:start position:0% +absolutely no tritium leases on the + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely no tritium leases on the +release is allowed well you're not gonna + + align:start position:0% +release is allowed well you're not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +release is allowed well you're not gonna +be allowed to run a nuclear plant that's + + align:start position:0% +be allowed to run a nuclear plant that's + + + align:start position:0% +be allowed to run a nuclear plant that's +not the question we should be asking the + + align:start position:0% +not the question we should be asking the + + + align:start position:0% +not the question we should be asking the +question we should be asking is how much + + align:start position:0% +question we should be asking is how much + + + align:start position:0% +question we should be asking is how much +is harmful so I think that's what this + + align:start position:0% +is harmful so I think that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +is harmful so I think that's what this +study is really getting at is I'm glad + + align:start position:0% +study is really getting at is I'm glad + + + align:start position:0% +study is really getting at is I'm glad +to see someone say you may have benefit + + align:start position:0% +to see someone say you may have benefit + + + align:start position:0% +to see someone say you may have benefit +but the cost is not worth the benefit + + align:start position:0% +but the cost is not worth the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +but the cost is not worth the benefit +like I I had multiple of the same + + align:start position:0% +like I I had multiple of the same + + + align:start position:0% +like I I had multiple of the same +arguments + + align:start position:0% +arguments + + + align:start position:0% +arguments +when they were complaining well how dare + + align:start position:0% +when they were complaining well how dare + + + align:start position:0% +when they were complaining well how dare +would you expose me to any amount of + + align:start position:0% +would you expose me to any amount of + + + align:start position:0% +would you expose me to any amount of +radiation at any risk that I can't + + align:start position:0% +radiation at any risk that I can't + + + align:start position:0% +radiation at any risk that I can't +control I used to protest outside Draper + + align:start position:0% +control I used to protest outside Draper + + + align:start position:0% +control I used to protest outside Draper +labs so 30 years protesting nuclear + + align:start position:0% +labs so 30 years protesting nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +labs so 30 years protesting nuclear +power and I was like okay how'd you get + + align:start position:0% +power and I was like okay how'd you get + + + align:start position:0% +power and I was like okay how'd you get +there they're like god I drove what in a + + align:start position:0% +there they're like god I drove what in a + + + align:start position:0% +there they're like god I drove what in a +car you know do you even know the risks + + align:start position:0% +car you know do you even know the risks + + + align:start position:0% +car you know do you even know the risks +per mile of getting on the road let + + align:start position:0% +per mile of getting on the road let + + + align:start position:0% +per mile of getting on the road let +alone in Cambridge specifically no well + + align:start position:0% +alone in Cambridge specifically no well + + + align:start position:0% +alone in Cambridge specifically no well +I was like you should really consider + + align:start position:0% +I was like you should really consider + + + align:start position:0% +I was like you should really consider +where you put your effort it's again + + align:start position:0% +where you put your effort it's again + + + align:start position:0% +where you put your effort it's again +it's emotions versus numbers I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +it's emotions versus numbers I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +it's emotions versus numbers I'm gonna +go with numbers because I tend to make + + align:start position:0% +go with numbers because I tend to make + + + align:start position:0% +go with numbers because I tend to make +bad decisions when I follow my emotions + + align:start position:0% +bad decisions when I follow my emotions + + + align:start position:0% +bad decisions when I follow my emotions +as do most people because most decisions + + align:start position:0% +as do most people because most decisions + + + align:start position:0% +as do most people because most decisions +are more complex than fight or flight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a lot of the urban students seem to like + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the urban students seem to like + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the urban students seem to like +really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +buried over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but legally there's a certain extent + + align:start position:0% +but legally there's a certain extent + + + align:start position:0% +but legally there's a certain extent +they all like you will see like many + + align:start position:0% +they all like you will see like many + + + align:start position:0% +they all like you will see like many +movies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you make a great point that's why I like + + align:start position:0% +you make a great point that's why I like + + + align:start position:0% +you make a great point that's why I like +your chosen idea so much is well you + + align:start position:0% +your chosen idea so much is well you + + + align:start position:0% +your chosen idea so much is well you +didn't say chill zone that's what I yeah + + align:start position:0% +didn't say chill zone that's what I yeah + + + align:start position:0% +didn't say chill zone that's what I yeah +yeah the question we should be asking + + align:start position:0% +yeah the question we should be asking + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the question we should be asking +ourselves is not what is the dose wrist + + align:start position:0% +ourselves is not what is the dose wrist + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves is not what is the dose wrist +relationship but when should we actually + + align:start position:0% +relationship but when should we actually + + + align:start position:0% +relationship but when should we actually +care + + align:start position:0% +care + + + align:start position:0% +care +so like both sets of studies are kind of + + align:start position:0% +so like both sets of studies are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so like both sets of studies are kind of +come to the conclusion that yeah and + + align:start position:0% +come to the conclusion that yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +come to the conclusion that yeah and +then I found out this last one is a + + align:start position:0% +then I found out this last one is a + + + align:start position:0% +then I found out this last one is a +little bit more assertive it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +little bit more assertive it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more assertive it's kind of +just hitting the same nail on kind of + + align:start position:0% +just hitting the same nail on kind of + + + align:start position:0% +just hitting the same nail on kind of +the elimination of the linear + + align:start position:0% +the elimination of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +the elimination of the linear +no-threshold model but then it does go + + align:start position:0% +no-threshold model but then it does go + + + align:start position:0% +no-threshold model but then it does go +on to make some more powerful claim + + align:start position:0% +on to make some more powerful claim + + + align:start position:0% +on to make some more powerful claim +right here these data are examined + + align:start position:0% +right here these data are examined + + + align:start position:0% +right here these data are examined +within the context of low-dose radiation + + align:start position:0% +within the context of low-dose radiation + + + align:start position:0% +within the context of low-dose radiation +induction of cellular signaling that may + + align:start position:0% +induction of cellular signaling that may + + + align:start position:0% +induction of cellular signaling that may +stimulate cell cellular protection + + align:start position:0% +stimulate cell cellular protection + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate cell cellular protection +systems over hours to weeks against + + align:start position:0% +systems over hours to weeks against + + + align:start position:0% +systems over hours to weeks against +accumulation of DNA damage I believe so + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of DNA damage I believe so + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of DNA damage I believe so +yeah okay and then yes we can look up + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay and then yes we can look up + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay and then yes we can look up +the full text on Google Scholar that's + + align:start position:0% +the full text on Google Scholar that's + + + align:start position:0% +the full text on Google Scholar that's +okay when you know what you're looking + + align:start position:0% +okay when you know what you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +okay when you know what you're looking +for you can verify it that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +for you can verify it that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +for you can verify it that's that's a +useful thing for Google is like to find + + align:start position:0% +useful thing for Google is like to find + + + align:start position:0% +useful thing for Google is like to find +no content but if you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +no content but if you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +no content but if you're trying to +survey a field Google + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not yet I'm sure I'm sure they're + + align:start position:0% +not yet I'm sure I'm sure they're + + + align:start position:0% +not yet I'm sure I'm sure they're +working on it but they're not assigns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody see it get the full paper button + + align:start position:0% +anybody see it get the full paper button + + + align:start position:0% +anybody see it get the full paper button +oh wait right here right yeah okay sign + + align:start position:0% +oh wait right here right yeah okay sign + + + align:start position:0% +oh wait right here right yeah okay sign +in oh I was able to get to it somehow + + align:start position:0% +in oh I was able to get to it somehow + + + align:start position:0% +in oh I was able to get to it somehow +yeah okay but this one and then this one + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay but this one and then this one + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay but this one and then this one +this one just had some nice data if I'm + + align:start position:0% +this one just had some nice data if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this one just had some nice data if I'm +gonna summarize it had it was looking at + + align:start position:0% +gonna summarize it had it was looking at + + + align:start position:0% +gonna summarize it had it was looking at +the amount of DNA damage instances + + align:start position:0% +the amount of DNA damage instances + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of DNA damage instances +compared normal background dose to like + + align:start position:0% +compared normal background dose to like + + + align:start position:0% +compared normal background dose to like +very very low dose and the very very low + + align:start position:0% +very very low dose and the very very low + + + align:start position:0% +very very low dose and the very very low +dose was significantly less than the + + align:start position:0% +dose was significantly less than the + + + align:start position:0% +dose was significantly less than the +normal background dose so I just kind of + + align:start position:0% +normal background dose so I just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +normal background dose so I just kind of +shows that like very low levels of + + align:start position:0% +shows that like very low levels of + + + align:start position:0% +shows that like very low levels of +radiation are like no worse for you than + + align:start position:0% +radiation are like no worse for you than + + + align:start position:0% +radiation are like no worse for you than +just background as which is interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you want to send it to me I'll put it + + align:start position:0% +if you want to send it to me I'll put it + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to send it to me I'll put it +up here alright I minimize because I + + align:start position:0% +up here alright I minimize because I + + + align:start position:0% +up here alright I minimize because I +didn't just want to leave your email oh + + align:start position:0% +didn't just want to leave your email oh + + + align:start position:0% +didn't just want to leave your email oh +I don't care if there's nothing you okay + + align:start position:0% +I don't care if there's nothing you okay + + + align:start position:0% +I don't care if there's nothing you okay +I'll bring it back up so that's all the + + align:start position:0% +I'll bring it back up so that's all the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll bring it back up so that's all the +ones you sent actually this is this one + + align:start position:0% +ones you sent actually this is this one + + + align:start position:0% +ones you sent actually this is this one +this debates turning out a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +this debates turning out a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +this debates turning out a whole lot +more interesting than previously because + + align:start position:0% +more interesting than previously because + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting than previously because +uh well cuz you're thinking it's + + align:start position:0% +uh well cuz you're thinking it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh well cuz you're thinking it's +actually really nice to see this and + + align:start position:0% +actually really nice to see this and + + + align:start position:0% +actually really nice to see this and +this is the I'm not surprised don't + + align:start position:0% +this is the I'm not surprised don't + + + align:start position:0% +this is the I'm not surprised don't +worry it's just pleasant to have a + + align:start position:0% +worry it's just pleasant to have a + + + align:start position:0% +worry it's just pleasant to have a +debate about something controversial + + align:start position:0% +debate about something controversial + + + align:start position:0% +debate about something controversial +with a whole group of people who are + + align:start position:0% +with a whole group of people who are + + + align:start position:0% +with a whole group of people who are +thinking and researching rather than + + align:start position:0% +thinking and researching rather than + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and researching rather than +shouting and like throwing plates or oh + + align:start position:0% +shouting and like throwing plates or oh + + + align:start position:0% +shouting and like throwing plates or oh +no you'd if you want throw a chair but I + + align:start position:0% +no you'd if you want throw a chair but I + + + align:start position:0% +no you'd if you want throw a chair but I +might throw one back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I wonder if anyone's gone out recently + + align:start position:0% +I wonder if anyone's gone out recently + + + align:start position:0% +I wonder if anyone's gone out recently +and has come up with all of the Pro and + + align:start position:0% +and has come up with all of the Pro and + + + align:start position:0% +and has come up with all of the Pro and +anti her Mesa studies and actually + + align:start position:0% +anti her Mesa studies and actually + + + align:start position:0% +anti her Mesa studies and actually +written a paper that says that's not the + + align:start position:0% +written a paper that says that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +written a paper that says that's not the +point because really what we're getting + + align:start position:0% +point because really what we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +point because really what we're getting +huh you know I think you could write + + align:start position:0% +huh you know I think you could write + + + align:start position:0% +huh you know I think you could write +that bacon now it would make for a + + align:start position:0% +that bacon now it would make for a + + + align:start position:0% +that bacon now it would make for a +pretty cool undergrad thesis actually + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool undergrad thesis actually + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool undergrad thesis actually +yeah maybe I can tell you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe I can tell you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe I can tell you a little bit +about what an undergrad thesis actually + + align:start position:0% +about what an undergrad thesis actually + + + align:start position:0% +about what an undergrad thesis actually +entails because the seniors are all + + align:start position:0% +entails because the seniors are all + + + align:start position:0% +entails because the seniors are all +asking but it's good for you to know + + align:start position:0% +asking but it's good for you to know + + + align:start position:0% +asking but it's good for you to know +ahead of time so the main requirement + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time so the main requirement + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time so the main requirement +for an undergrad thesis is it's got to + + align:start position:0% +for an undergrad thesis is it's got to + + + align:start position:0% +for an undergrad thesis is it's got to +be your work that doesn't mean you have + + align:start position:0% +be your work that doesn't mean you have + + + align:start position:0% +be your work that doesn't mean you have +to have collected the data yourself like + + align:start position:0% +to have collected the data yourself like + + + align:start position:0% +to have collected the data yourself like +done an experiment but it has to be some + + align:start position:0% +done an experiment but it has to be some + + + align:start position:0% +done an experiment but it has to be some +original thought or idea or accumulation + + align:start position:0% +original thought or idea or accumulation + + + align:start position:0% +original thought or idea or accumulation +of yours + + align:start position:0% +of yours + + + align:start position:0% +of yours +so trying to settle this debate and + + align:start position:0% +so trying to settle this debate and + + + align:start position:0% +so trying to settle this debate and +trying to figure out what would be a + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out what would be a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out what would be a +proposed chill region to say forget the + + align:start position:0% +proposed chill region to say forget the + + + align:start position:0% +proposed chill region to say forget the +linear threshold or no threshold that's + + align:start position:0% +linear threshold or no threshold that's + + + align:start position:0% +linear threshold or no threshold that's +for the basic scientist if you are a + + align:start position:0% +for the basic scientist if you are a + + + align:start position:0% +for the basic scientist if you are a +government and want to legislate + + align:start position:0% +government and want to legislate + + + align:start position:0% +government and want to legislate +something that actually captures should + + align:start position:0% +something that actually captures should + + + align:start position:0% +something that actually captures should +people be afraid or not defining that + + align:start position:0% +people be afraid or not defining that + + + align:start position:0% +people be afraid or not defining that +region would be a pretty cool study to + + align:start position:0% +region would be a pretty cool study to + + + align:start position:0% +region would be a pretty cool study to +do in the meta analysis of lots of other + + align:start position:0% +do in the meta analysis of lots of other + + + align:start position:0% +do in the meta analysis of lots of other +studies tracing back how were the I mean + + align:start position:0% +studies tracing back how were the I mean + + + align:start position:0% +studies tracing back how were the I mean +a lot of people refer to the Hiroshima + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people refer to the Hiroshima + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people refer to the Hiroshima +data set because that's about the + + align:start position:0% +data set because that's about the + + + align:start position:0% +data set because that's about the +biggest one we have in addition to folks + + align:start position:0% +biggest one we have in addition to folks + + + align:start position:0% +biggest one we have in addition to folks +with radon or folks that smoke it's they + + align:start position:0% +with radon or folks that smoke it's they + + + align:start position:0% +with radon or folks that smoke it's they +were all exposed to the same thing in + + align:start position:0% +were all exposed to the same thing in + + + align:start position:0% +were all exposed to the same thing in +the relatively same area so it's a good + + align:start position:0% +the relatively same area so it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +the relatively same area so it's a good +controlled group of people but how much + + align:start position:0% +controlled group of people but how much + + + align:start position:0% +controlled group of people but how much +how are those doses estimated didn't + + align:start position:0% +how are those doses estimated didn't + + + align:start position:0% +how are those doses estimated didn't +you'd have to dig that up and the act of + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to dig that up and the act of + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to dig that up and the act of +digging that up and then recasting all + + align:start position:0% +digging that up and then recasting all + + + align:start position:0% +digging that up and then recasting all +these new studies in the basis of + + align:start position:0% +these new studies in the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +these new studies in the basis of +everything we've learned since would + + align:start position:0% +everything we've learned since would + + + align:start position:0% +everything we've learned since would +make for a pretty cool undergrad thesis + + align:start position:0% +make for a pretty cool undergrad thesis + + + align:start position:0% +make for a pretty cool undergrad thesis +topic + + align:start position:0% +topic + + + align:start position:0% +topic +so as undergrad chair I wouldn't say no + + align:start position:0% +so as undergrad chair I wouldn't say no + + + align:start position:0% +so as undergrad chair I wouldn't say no +to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +threshold and other departures from + + align:start position:0% +threshold and other departures from + + + align:start position:0% +threshold and other departures from +linear quadratic curvature in the same + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic curvature in the same + + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic curvature in the same +data set appears to visit the LSS data + + align:start position:0% +data set appears to visit the LSS data + + + align:start position:0% +data set appears to visit the LSS data +set let's try to get the full-text + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +awesome I think it's looking good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've seen that name before interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting they proposed another model + + align:start position:0% +interesting they proposed another model + + + align:start position:0% +interesting they proposed another model +called a power of dosa power law and + + align:start position:0% +called a power of dosa power law and + + + align:start position:0% +called a power of dosa power law and +they say depending on this there's + + align:start position:0% +they say depending on this there's + + + align:start position:0% +they say depending on this there's +little evidence that it's statistically + + align:start position:0% +little evidence that it's statistically + + + align:start position:0% +little evidence that it's statistically +different from one which is a what do + + align:start position:0% +different from one which is a what do + + + align:start position:0% +different from one which is a what do +they call one linear threshold quadratic + + align:start position:0% +they call one linear threshold quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +they call one linear threshold quadratic +threshold or linear quadratic threshold + + align:start position:0% +threshold or linear quadratic threshold + + + align:start position:0% +threshold or linear quadratic threshold +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so again it's it seems to be yet another + + align:start position:0% +so again it's it seems to be yet another + + + align:start position:0% +so again it's it seems to be yet another +paper saying don't think it matters + + align:start position:0% +paper saying don't think it matters + + + align:start position:0% +paper saying don't think it matters +statistics says it doesn't matter you + + align:start position:0% +statistics says it doesn't matter you + + + align:start position:0% +statistics says it doesn't matter you +could fit any model to this data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's get to the methods + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so dose-response for all non cancer + + align:start position:0% +so dose-response for all non cancer + + + align:start position:0% +so dose-response for all non cancer +mortality in the atomic bomb survivors + + align:start position:0% +mortality in the atomic bomb survivors + + + align:start position:0% +mortality in the atomic bomb survivors +so also in this case it's mortalities + + align:start position:0% +so also in this case it's mortalities + + + align:start position:0% +so also in this case it's mortalities +not caused by cancer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this would be think what they're + + align:start position:0% +so this would be think what they're + + + align:start position:0% +so this would be think what they're +getting at is is there a response or is + + align:start position:0% +getting at is is there a response or is + + + align:start position:0% +getting at is is there a response or is +there a change in the amount of + + align:start position:0% +there a change in the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +there a change in the amount of +mortality not due to cancer and the or + + align:start position:0% +mortality not due to cancer and the or + + + align:start position:0% +mortality not due to cancer and the or +in this case health detriments right + + align:start position:0% +in this case health detriments right + + + align:start position:0% +in this case health detriments right +because in this ghetto it never goes + + align:start position:0% +because in this ghetto it never goes + + + align:start position:0% +because in this ghetto it never goes +negative can't really tell in some cases + + align:start position:0% +negative can't really tell in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +negative can't really tell in some cases +let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah quite hard to tell especially + + align:start position:0% +yeah quite hard to tell especially + + + align:start position:0% +yeah quite hard to tell especially +considering a so what the low-dose is + + align:start position:0% +considering a so what the low-dose is + + + align:start position:0% +considering a so what the low-dose is +what would you guys say for the low dose + + align:start position:0% +what would you guys say for the low dose + + + align:start position:0% +what would you guys say for the low dose +data I see a pretty well-defined chill + + align:start position:0% +data I see a pretty well-defined chill + + + align:start position:0% +data I see a pretty well-defined chill +zone right there right we're definitely + + align:start position:0% +zone right there right we're definitely + + + align:start position:0% +zone right there right we're definitely +still in the chill zone at point four + + align:start position:0% +still in the chill zone at point four + + + align:start position:0% +still in the chill zone at point four +sieverts of colon dose and that's a + + align:start position:0% +sieverts of colon dose and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +sieverts of colon dose and that's a +pretty hefty amount of dose you know + + align:start position:0% +pretty hefty amount of dose you know + + + align:start position:0% +pretty hefty amount of dose you know +we're talking eight or nine times the + + align:start position:0% +we're talking eight or nine times the + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking eight or nine times the +allowed amount that you're able to get + + align:start position:0% +allowed amount that you're able to get + + + align:start position:0% +allowed amount that you're able to get +in a year from occupational safety + + align:start position:0% +in a year from occupational safety + + + align:start position:0% +in a year from occupational safety +limits once the doses get higher things + + align:start position:0% +limits once the doses get higher things + + + align:start position:0% +limits once the doses get higher things +seems to get a little more deterministic + + align:start position:0% +seems to get a little more deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +seems to get a little more deterministic +or statistically significant but yeah + + align:start position:0% +or statistically significant but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or statistically significant but yeah +look at all the different models the + + align:start position:0% +look at all the different models the + + + align:start position:0% +look at all the different models the +linear threshold quadratic threshold + + align:start position:0% +linear threshold quadratic threshold + + + align:start position:0% +linear threshold quadratic threshold +linear quadratic threshold power of dose + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic threshold power of dose + + + align:start position:0% +linear quadratic threshold power of dose +all goes straight through not just like + + align:start position:0% +all goes straight through not just like + + + align:start position:0% +all goes straight through not just like +in the arrow bars but almost straight + + align:start position:0% +in the arrow bars but almost straight + + + align:start position:0% +in the arrow bars but almost straight +through most of the data points except + + align:start position:0% +through most of the data points except + + + align:start position:0% +through most of the data points except +for the really far away ones so this is + + align:start position:0% +for the really far away ones so this is + + + align:start position:0% +for the really far away ones so this is +a pretty neat study showing like hey the + + align:start position:0% +a pretty neat study showing like hey the + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty neat study showing like hey the +relationship does not appear to matter + + align:start position:0% +relationship does not appear to matter + + + align:start position:0% +relationship does not appear to matter +for doses of consequence I would call to + + align:start position:0% +for doses of consequence I would call to + + + align:start position:0% +for doses of consequence I would call to +see Bert's a dose of consequence based + + align:start position:0% +see Bert's a dose of consequence based + + + align:start position:0% +see Bert's a dose of consequence based +on our earlier discussion of biological + + align:start position:0% +on our earlier discussion of biological + + + align:start position:0% +on our earlier discussion of biological +effects luckily it doesn't go much + + align:start position:0% +effects luckily it doesn't go much + + + align:start position:0% +effects luckily it doesn't go much +farther than that you don't want a lot + + align:start position:0% +farther than that you don't want a lot + + + align:start position:0% +farther than that you don't want a lot +of people that have received doses + + align:start position:0% +of people that have received doses + + + align:start position:0% +of people that have received doses +beyond 10 GRA but this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +beyond 10 GRA but this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +beyond 10 GRA but this is pretty +compelling to me to say like we can + + align:start position:0% +compelling to me to say like we can + + + align:start position:0% +compelling to me to say like we can +argue about what the real model is and + + align:start position:0% +argue about what the real model is and + + + align:start position:0% +argue about what the real model is and +what the underlying mechanism is but is + + align:start position:0% +what the underlying mechanism is but is + + + align:start position:0% +what the underlying mechanism is but is +this a question we really should be + + align:start position:0% +this a question we really should be + + + align:start position:0% +this a question we really should be +asking ourselves when the total risk + + align:start position:0% +asking ourselves when the total risk + + + align:start position:0% +asking ourselves when the total risk +let's say when the total risk to an + + align:start position:0% +let's say when the total risk to an + + + align:start position:0% +let's say when the total risk to an +organism reaches about a hundred percent + + align:start position:0% +organism reaches about a hundred percent + + + align:start position:0% +organism reaches about a hundred percent +once you reach a dose where it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +once you reach a dose where it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +once you reach a dose where it doesn't +even matter then is this a question that + + align:start position:0% +even matter then is this a question that + + + align:start position:0% +even matter then is this a question that +we should really be debating in the + + align:start position:0% +we should really be debating in the + + + align:start position:0% +we should really be debating in the +public sphere + + align:start position:0% +public sphere + + + align:start position:0% +public sphere +I love the outcome of this particular + + align:start position:0% +I love the outcome of this particular + + + align:start position:0% +I love the outcome of this particular +debate lots of Statistics don't have + + align:start position:0% +debate lots of Statistics don't have + + + align:start position:0% +debate lots of Statistics don't have +time to parse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is there anything else Chris that you + + align:start position:0% +is there anything else Chris that you + + + align:start position:0% +is there anything else Chris that you +wanted to highlight in this study + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh okay oh maybe it was a UK Pierce I + + align:start position:0% +oh okay oh maybe it was a UK Pierce I + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay oh maybe it was a UK Pierce I +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's pretty cool so anyone else have + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool so anyone else have + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool so anyone else have +any other papers they want to show for + + align:start position:0% +any other papers they want to show for + + + align:start position:0% +any other papers they want to show for +or against or for our sort of collective + + align:start position:0% +or against or for our sort of collective + + + align:start position:0% +or against or for our sort of collective +new conclusion which is that we should + + align:start position:0% +new conclusion which is that we should + + + align:start position:0% +new conclusion which is that we should +just relax cool well that way yeah + + align:start position:0% +just relax cool well that way yeah + + + align:start position:0% +just relax cool well that way yeah +Charlie + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's say you could prove beyond a + + align:start position:0% +so let's say you could prove beyond a + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say you could prove beyond a +shadow of a doubt that a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +shadow of a doubt that a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +shadow of a doubt that a little bit of +radiation exposure was a good thing you + + align:start position:0% +radiation exposure was a good thing you + + + align:start position:0% +radiation exposure was a good thing you +might then prescribe radiation + + align:start position:0% +might then prescribe radiation + + + align:start position:0% +might then prescribe radiation +treatments in order to reap the benefits + + align:start position:0% +treatments in order to reap the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +treatments in order to reap the benefits +I don't think there's been a single + + align:start position:0% +I don't think there's been a single + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think there's been a single +study that shows that there's like + + align:start position:0% +study that shows that there's like + + + align:start position:0% +study that shows that there's like +deterministic benefits from a radiating + + align:start position:0% +deterministic benefits from a radiating + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic benefits from a radiating +people some of the studies show that + + align:start position:0% +people some of the studies show that + + + align:start position:0% +people some of the studies show that +folks that have gotten exposed via + + align:start position:0% +folks that have gotten exposed via + + + align:start position:0% +folks that have gotten exposed via +various routes do show a lower incidence + + align:start position:0% +various routes do show a lower incidence + + + align:start position:0% +various routes do show a lower incidence +of cancer so you could almost think of + + align:start position:0% +of cancer so you could almost think of + + + align:start position:0% +of cancer so you could almost think of +it like a vitamin not an ingestible + + align:start position:0% +it like a vitamin not an ingestible + + + align:start position:0% +it like a vitamin not an ingestible +vitamin but so back there are lots of + + align:start position:0% +vitamin but so back there are lots of + + + align:start position:0% +vitamin but so back there are lots of +pictures online and stories of way up in + + align:start position:0% +pictures online and stories of way up in + + + align:start position:0% +pictures online and stories of way up in +the north and Russia and in northern + + align:start position:0% +the north and Russia and in northern + + + align:start position:0% +the north and Russia and in northern +countries they'd expose you to + + align:start position:0% +countries they'd expose you to + + + align:start position:0% +countries they'd expose you to +ultraviolet radiation to stimulate the + + align:start position:0% +ultraviolet radiation to stimulate the + + + align:start position:0% +ultraviolet radiation to stimulate the +production of vitamin D in your skin + + align:start position:0% +production of vitamin D in your skin + + + align:start position:0% +production of vitamin D in your skin +cells because in the absence of an + + align:start position:0% +cells because in the absence of an + + + align:start position:0% +cells because in the absence of an +ingestible source of vitamin D you make + + align:start position:0% +ingestible source of vitamin D you make + + + align:start position:0% +ingestible source of vitamin D you make +it naturally but not when there's + + align:start position:0% +it naturally but not when there's + + + align:start position:0% +it naturally but not when there's +eternal darkness so that actually have + + align:start position:0% +eternal darkness so that actually have + + + align:start position:0% +eternal darkness so that actually have +kids stand in front of a UV lamp which + + align:start position:0% +kids stand in front of a UV lamp which + + + align:start position:0% +kids stand in front of a UV lamp which +does have ill effects that can cause + + align:start position:0% +does have ill effects that can cause + + + align:start position:0% +does have ill effects that can cause +also skin cancers but the benefits of + + align:start position:0% +also skin cancers but the benefits of + + + align:start position:0% +also skin cancers but the benefits of +the organism in generating vitamin D + + align:start position:0% +the organism in generating vitamin D + + + align:start position:0% +the organism in generating vitamin D +that you need for health are greater so + + align:start position:0% +that you need for health are greater so + + + align:start position:0% +that you need for health are greater so +that might be an example these these + + align:start position:0% +that might be an example these these + + + align:start position:0% +that might be an example these these +sorts of ideas are not that far-fetched + + align:start position:0% +sorts of ideas are not that far-fetched + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of ideas are not that far-fetched +if you put little kids in front of UV + + align:start position:0% +if you put little kids in front of UV + + + align:start position:0% +if you put little kids in front of UV +lamps what you know can do bad things + + align:start position:0% +lamps what you know can do bad things + + + align:start position:0% +lamps what you know can do bad things +but also does more good things than + + align:start position:0% +but also does more good things than + + + align:start position:0% +but also does more good things than +who's to say it shouldn't happen for + + align:start position:0% +who's to say it shouldn't happen for + + + align:start position:0% +who's to say it shouldn't happen for +radiation well no one's to say yet + + align:start position:0% +radiation well no one's to say yet + + + align:start position:0% +radiation well no one's to say yet +because we have no real conclusive proof + + align:start position:0% +because we have no real conclusive proof + + + align:start position:0% +because we have no real conclusive proof +that it is helpful but that was yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you mean in for radiation or for + + align:start position:0% +you mean in for radiation or for + + + align:start position:0% +you mean in for radiation or for +something else though the mechanisms of + + align:start position:0% +something else though the mechanisms of + + + align:start position:0% +something else though the mechanisms of +so that one study that Chris showed that + + align:start position:0% +so that one study that Chris showed that + + + align:start position:0% +so that one study that Chris showed that +what was the idea that no there so here + + align:start position:0% +what was the idea that no there so here + + + align:start position:0% +what was the idea that no there so here +the first one that you show the mouse + + align:start position:0% +the first one that you show the mouse + + + align:start position:0% +the first one that you show the mouse +one and then the one that Chris + + align:start position:0% +one and then the one that Chris + + + align:start position:0% +one and then the one that Chris +mentioned where a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +mentioned where a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned where a little bit of +radiation dose stimulated the immune + + align:start position:0% +radiation dose stimulated the immune + + + align:start position:0% +radiation dose stimulated the immune +system that might be a potential good + + align:start position:0% +system that might be a potential good + + + align:start position:0% +system that might be a potential good +thing where the damage or death of a few + + align:start position:0% +thing where the damage or death of a few + + + align:start position:0% +thing where the damage or death of a few +cells may stimulate the nearby ones to + + align:start position:0% +cells may stimulate the nearby ones to + + + align:start position:0% +cells may stimulate the nearby ones to +ramp up an immune response the snuffing + + align:start position:0% +ramp up an immune response the snuffing + + + align:start position:0% +ramp up an immune response the snuffing +out any other infection or problem + + align:start position:0% +out any other infection or problem + + + align:start position:0% +out any other infection or problem +that's coming up that will could be a + + align:start position:0% +that's coming up that will could be a + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming up that will could be a +use but it would have to be proved with + + align:start position:0% +use but it would have to be proved with + + + align:start position:0% +use but it would have to be proved with +much more confidence than anything I've + + align:start position:0% +much more confidence than anything I've + + + align:start position:0% +much more confidence than anything I've +seen today so that's a good question + + align:start position:0% +seen today so that's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +seen today so that's a good question +yeah like how would you use it use it + + align:start position:0% +yeah like how would you use it use it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like how would you use it use it +like a vitamin like a UV lamp like a sad + + align:start position:0% +like a vitamin like a UV lamp like a sad + + + align:start position:0% +like a vitamin like a UV lamp like a sad +lamp + + align:start position:0% +lamp + + + align:start position:0% +lamp +although I don't think sad lamps do + + align:start position:0% +although I don't think sad lamps do + + + align:start position:0% +although I don't think sad lamps do +anything bad the seasonal affective + + align:start position:0% +anything bad the seasonal affective + + + align:start position:0% +anything bad the seasonal affective +disorder the most unfortunate acronym in + + align:start position:0% +disorder the most unfortunate acronym in + + + align:start position:0% +disorder the most unfortunate acronym in +the world yeah yes I don't know if that + + align:start position:0% +the world yeah yes I don't know if that + + + align:start position:0% +the world yeah yes I don't know if that +would be easy to swallow yeah cool all + + align:start position:0% +would be easy to swallow yeah cool all + + + align:start position:0% +would be easy to swallow yeah cool all +right any other thoughts from this + + align:start position:0% +right any other thoughts from this + + + align:start position:0% +right any other thoughts from this +exercise I think I'll do more + + align:start position:0% +exercise I think I'll do more + + + align:start position:0% +exercise I think I'll do more +interactive classes like this it's good + + align:start position:0% +interactive classes like this it's good + + + align:start position:0% +interactive classes like this it's good +to hear you guys talk for a change cool + + align:start position:0% +to hear you guys talk for a change cool + + + align:start position:0% +to hear you guys talk for a change cool +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/IH_bYKoCKD0.txt b/IH_bYKoCKD0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1168c6fd056e4fc5665fc49b08292a7b4c33fa16 --- /dev/null +++ b/IH_bYKoCKD0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12820 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so as you remember in the last lecture + + align:start position:0% +so as you remember in the last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +so as you remember in the last lecture +we were looking at waves in magnetized + + align:start position:0% +we were looking at waves in magnetized + + + align:start position:0% +we were looking at waves in magnetized +plasma so I'm going to give a quick + + align:start position:0% +plasma so I'm going to give a quick + + + align:start position:0% +plasma so I'm going to give a quick +recap of what we learned and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +recap of what we learned and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +recap of what we learned and then I'm +going to go on and show you how to + + align:start position:0% +going to go on and show you how to + + + align:start position:0% +going to go on and show you how to +measure magnetic fields using the farata + + align:start position:0% +measure magnetic fields using the farata + + + align:start position:0% +measure magnetic fields using the farata +effect in so the geometry that we were + + align:start position:0% +effect in so the geometry that we were + + + align:start position:0% +effect in so the geometry that we were +using we had our Zed coordinates like + + align:start position:0% +using we had our Zed coordinates like + + + align:start position:0% +using we had our Zed coordinates like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +we have a y coordinate and we have an x + + align:start position:0% +we have a y coordinate and we have an x + + + align:start position:0% +we have a y coordinate and we have an x +coordinate and we're looking at systems + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and we're looking at systems + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and we're looking at systems +where there's some static background or + + align:start position:0% +where there's some static background or + + + align:start position:0% +where there's some static background or +slowly varying background magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +slowly varying background magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +slowly varying background magnetic field +B which is in the Zen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction and we realized that we can + + align:start position:0% +Direction and we realized that we can + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and we realized that we can +rotate our coordinate system so that the + + align:start position:0% +rotate our coordinate system so that the + + + align:start position:0% +rotate our coordinate system so that the +K Vector for our wave lies in the Zen + + align:start position:0% +K Vector for our wave lies in the Zen + + + align:start position:0% +K Vector for our wave lies in the Zen +wide plane like this and then it's only + + align:start position:0% +wide plane like this and then it's only + + + align:start position:0% +wide plane like this and then it's only +specified by this angle B + + align:start position:0% +specified by this angle B + + + align:start position:0% +specified by this angle B +with respect to the Z axis and therefore + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the Z axis and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the Z axis and therefore +it's a respect magnetic field so we + + align:start position:0% +it's a respect magnetic field so we + + + align:start position:0% +it's a respect magnetic field so we +don't have to worry about the component + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about the component + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about the component +in X and we turned our way well we + + align:start position:0% +in X and we turned our way well we + + + align:start position:0% +in X and we turned our way well we +didn't actually turn our way through a + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually turn our way through a + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually turn our way through a +load of algebra but we could have turned + + align:start position:0% +load of algebra but we could have turned + + + align:start position:0% +load of algebra but we could have turned +our way through a load of algebra and + + align:start position:0% +our way through a load of algebra and + + + align:start position:0% +our way through a load of algebra and +you can go have a look at it and we + + align:start position:0% +you can go have a look at it and we + + + align:start position:0% +you can go have a look at it and we +found that we had to solve the + + align:start position:0% +found that we had to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +found that we had to solve the +determinant of this big Matrix here + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this big Matrix here + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this big Matrix here +Omega s minus c^ 2 a^ + + align:start position:0% +Omega s minus c^ 2 a^ + + + align:start position:0% +Omega s minus c^ 2 a^ +2times the identity I write two arrows + + align:start position:0% +2times the identity I write two arrows + + + align:start position:0% +2times the identity I write two arrows +okay um minus the diad formed by two k + + align:start position:0% +okay um minus the diad formed by two k + + + align:start position:0% +okay um minus the diad formed by two k +vectors plus I Omega epon times this + + align:start position:0% +vectors plus I Omega epon times this + + + align:start position:0% +vectors plus I Omega epon times this +tensor Sigma which contains all the + + align:start position:0% +tensor Sigma which contains all the + + + align:start position:0% +tensor Sigma which contains all the +information about the conductivity of + + align:start position:0% +information about the conductivity of + + + align:start position:0% +information about the conductivity of +our plasma and it's a 3X3 Matrix because + + align:start position:0% +our plasma and it's a 3X3 Matrix because + + + align:start position:0% +our plasma and it's a 3X3 Matrix because +the plasma is anisotropic due to this + + align:start position:0% +the plasma is anisotropic due to this + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma is anisotropic due to this +magnetic field so want the determinant + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field so want the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field so want the determinant +of this is equal to zero and that will + + align:start position:0% +of this is equal to zero and that will + + + align:start position:0% +of this is equal to zero and that will +give us all of the modes or the U values + + align:start position:0% +give us all of the modes or the U values + + + align:start position:0% +give us all of the modes or the U values +of our waves so we can substitute them + + align:start position:0% +of our waves so we can substitute them + + + align:start position:0% +of our waves so we can substitute them +back in and get our the modes so in + + align:start position:0% +back in and get our the modes so in + + + align:start position:0% +back in and get our the modes so in +general this is very very complicated to + + align:start position:0% +general this is very very complicated to + + + align:start position:0% +general this is very very complicated to +solve if you want to do it at some + + align:start position:0% +solve if you want to do it at some + + + align:start position:0% +solve if you want to do it at some +arbitrary angles Theta it's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary angles Theta it's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary angles Theta it's a lot of +work but we decided we would simplify + + align:start position:0% +work but we decided we would simplify + + + align:start position:0% +work but we decided we would simplify +down and focus on two angles which will + + align:start position:0% +down and focus on two angles which will + + + align:start position:0% +down and focus on two angles which will +like the most likely that you're going + + align:start position:0% +like the most likely that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +like the most likely that you're going +to come across and they demonstrate the + + align:start position:0% +to come across and they demonstrate the + + + align:start position:0% +to come across and they demonstrate the +physics very nicely so first of all we + + align:start position:0% +physics very nicely so first of all we + + + align:start position:0% +physics very nicely so first of all we +looked at Thea equals Pi upon 2 this is + + align:start position:0% +looked at Thea equals Pi upon 2 this is + + + align:start position:0% +looked at Thea equals Pi upon 2 this is +a particularly good one if you're + + align:start position:0% +a particularly good one if you're + + + align:start position:0% +a particularly good one if you're +working for example with poax because if + + align:start position:0% +working for example with poax because if + + + align:start position:0% +working for example with poax because if +you've got your crosssection you're + + align:start position:0% +you've got your crosssection you're + + + align:start position:0% +you've got your crosssection you're +talking about like this with magnetic + + align:start position:0% +talking about like this with magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +talking about like this with magnetic +fields predominantly coming bidal out of + + align:start position:0% +fields predominantly coming bidal out of + + + align:start position:0% +fields predominantly coming bidal out of +the page and you are probing from say + + align:start position:0% +the page and you are probing from say + + + align:start position:0% +the page and you are probing from say +the outside or the inside of your plasma + + align:start position:0% +the outside or the inside of your plasma + + + align:start position:0% +the outside or the inside of your plasma +you tend to be in a situation where your + + align:start position:0% +you tend to be in a situation where your + + + align:start position:0% +you tend to be in a situation where your +a vector is perpendicular to your + + align:start position:0% +a vector is perpendicular to your + + + align:start position:0% +a vector is perpendicular to your +magnetic field here so this applies + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field here so this applies + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field here so this applies +quite a lot of the time phac Diagnostics + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot of the time phac Diagnostics + + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot of the time phac Diagnostics +or accelerators or things like that and + + align:start position:0% +or accelerators or things like that and + + + align:start position:0% +or accelerators or things like that and +we found that in this case there were + + align:start position:0% +we found that in this case there were + + + align:start position:0% +we found that in this case there were +two modes there was uh a mode which we + + align:start position:0% +two modes there was uh a mode which we + + + align:start position:0% +two modes there was uh a mode which we +called the O mode where o stands for + + align:start position:0% +called the O mode where o stands for + + + align:start position:0% +called the O mode where o stands for +ordinary and this had our standard + + align:start position:0% +ordinary and this had our standard + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary and this had our standard +dispersion relationship n^2 = 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship n^2 = 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship n^2 = 1 minus +Omega p^2 over Omega 2 and we've seen + + align:start position:0% +Omega p^2 over Omega 2 and we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +Omega p^2 over Omega 2 and we've seen +this several times with before for an + + align:start position:0% +this several times with before for an + + + align:start position:0% +this several times with before for an +unmagnetized plasma this corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +unmagnetized plasma this corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +unmagnetized plasma this corresponds to +a mode that where the electrons don't + + align:start position:0% +a mode that where the electrons don't + + + align:start position:0% +a mode that where the electrons don't +actually feel the magnetic field and so + + align:start position:0% +actually feel the magnetic field and so + + + align:start position:0% +actually feel the magnetic field and so +we just get the unmagnetized plas result + + align:start position:0% +we just get the unmagnetized plas result + + + align:start position:0% +we just get the unmagnetized plas result +and we also had the X mode which had a + + align:start position:0% +and we also had the X mode which had a + + + align:start position:0% +and we also had the X mode which had a +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +complicated dispers relationship n^2 + + align:start position:0% +complicated dispers relationship n^2 + + + align:start position:0% +complicated dispers relationship n^2 +equal 1us Omega p^ 2 Omega 2 * 1 - Omega + + align:start position:0% +equal 1us Omega p^ 2 Omega 2 * 1 - Omega + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1us Omega p^ 2 Omega 2 * 1 - Omega +p^ + + align:start position:0% +p^ + + + align:start position:0% +p^ +2 Omega + + align:start position:0% +2 Omega + + + align:start position:0% +2 Omega +2 and that ter here is over 1us Omega p^ + + align:start position:0% +2 and that ter here is over 1us Omega p^ + + + align:start position:0% +2 and that ter here is over 1us Omega p^ +2 over Omega 2us Capital Omega s over + + align:start position:0% +2 over Omega 2us Capital Omega s over + + + align:start position:0% +2 over Omega 2us Capital Omega s over +lower case Omega squ that Capital Omega + + align:start position:0% +lower case Omega squ that Capital Omega + + + align:start position:0% +lower case Omega squ that Capital Omega +is the cyron frequency for the electrons + + align:start position:0% +is the cyron frequency for the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +is the cyron frequency for the electrons +and we said that if we want to choose + + align:start position:0% +and we said that if we want to choose + + + align:start position:0% +and we said that if we want to choose +one of these modes for doing for example + + align:start position:0% +one of these modes for doing for example + + + align:start position:0% +one of these modes for doing for example +interferometry we need to select the + + align:start position:0% +interferometry we need to select the + + + align:start position:0% +interferometry we need to select the +polarization because these two modes + + align:start position:0% +polarization because these two modes + + + align:start position:0% +polarization because these two modes +when we substitute these ion values back + + align:start position:0% +when we substitute these ion values back + + + align:start position:0% +when we substitute these ion values back +in we get out different ion modes and + + align:start position:0% +in we get out different ion modes and + + + align:start position:0% +in we get out different ion modes and +they've got different polarizations and + + align:start position:0% +they've got different polarizations and + + + align:start position:0% +they've got different polarizations and +so you can + + align:start position:0% +so you can + + + align:start position:0% +so you can +select X or o with your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polarization if you don't know your + + align:start position:0% +polarization if you don't know your + + + align:start position:0% +polarization if you don't know your +polarization you might get too confused + + align:start position:0% +polarization you might get too confused + + + align:start position:0% +polarization you might get too confused +and that needs to some further ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +and that needs to some further ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +and that needs to some further ambiguity +when you're doing into FR Tri so this + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing into FR Tri so this + + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing into FR Tri so this +was very interesting uh we will come + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting uh we will come + + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting uh we will come +back to this a little bit when we + + align:start position:0% +back to this a little bit when we + + + align:start position:0% +back to this a little bit when we +discuss um electron cyron emission um it + + align:start position:0% +discuss um electron cyron emission um it + + + align:start position:0% +discuss um electron cyron emission um it +doesn't actually help you measure + + align:start position:0% +doesn't actually help you measure + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't actually help you measure +magnetic fields necessarily though you + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields necessarily though you + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields necessarily though you +can see there is a bit of a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +can see there is a bit of a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +can see there is a bit of a magnetic +field effect here so maybe if you had an + + align:start position:0% +field effect here so maybe if you had an + + + align:start position:0% +field effect here so maybe if you had an +interferometer that measured both o mode + + align:start position:0% +interferometer that measured both o mode + + + align:start position:0% +interferometer that measured both o mode +and X mode like two interferometers with + + align:start position:0% +and X mode like two interferometers with + + + align:start position:0% +and X mode like two interferometers with +cross polarizations the difference in + + align:start position:0% +cross polarizations the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +cross polarizations the difference in +refractive indexes here might give you + + align:start position:0% +refractive indexes here might give you + + + align:start position:0% +refractive indexes here might give you +some measure of capital Omega and + + align:start position:0% +some measure of capital Omega and + + + align:start position:0% +some measure of capital Omega and +therefore the magnetic field I don't + + align:start position:0% +therefore the magnetic field I don't + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the magnetic field I don't +know whether people generally do that + + align:start position:0% +know whether people generally do that + + + align:start position:0% +know whether people generally do that +the one that people generally do is the + + align:start position:0% +the one that people generally do is the + + + align:start position:0% +the one that people generally do is the +other mode which is where theta equals + + align:start position:0% +other mode which is where theta equals + + + align:start position:0% +other mode which is where theta equals +zero so we'll go + + align:start position:0% +zero so we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +zero so we'll go +TOA equals zero here and here we found + + align:start position:0% +TOA equals zero here and here we found + + + align:start position:0% +TOA equals zero here and here we found +that we have again two modes which we + + align:start position:0% +that we have again two modes which we + + + align:start position:0% +that we have again two modes which we +called plus and minus and because they + + align:start position:0% +called plus and minus and because they + + + align:start position:0% +called plus and minus and because they +both have a very similar dispersion + + align:start position:0% +both have a very similar dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +both have a very similar dispersion +relationship I'm just writing the two of + + align:start position:0% +relationship I'm just writing the two of + + + align:start position:0% +relationship I'm just writing the two of +them together so n Plus or n minus is + + align:start position:0% +them together so n Plus or n minus is + + + align:start position:0% +them together so n Plus or n minus is +equal to 1 minus Omega p² + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 minus Omega p² + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 minus Omega p² +Omega or all that is over one or minus + + align:start position:0% +Omega or all that is over one or minus + + + align:start position:0% +Omega or all that is over one or minus +Capital + + align:start position:0% +Capital + + + align:start position:0% +Capital +Omega lower case Omega like that + + align:start position:0% +Omega lower case Omega like that + + + align:start position:0% +Omega lower case Omega like that +so in the case where Capital Omega goes + + align:start position:0% +so in the case where Capital Omega goes + + + align:start position:0% +so in the case where Capital Omega goes +to zero where the magnetic field goes to + + align:start position:0% +to zero where the magnetic field goes to + + + align:start position:0% +to zero where the magnetic field goes to +zero you just recover your unmagnetized + + align:start position:0% +zero you just recover your unmagnetized + + + align:start position:0% +zero you just recover your unmagnetized +dispersional relationship the same as + + align:start position:0% +dispersional relationship the same as + + + align:start position:0% +dispersional relationship the same as +your o mode but otherwise we see that + + align:start position:0% +your o mode but otherwise we see that + + + align:start position:0% +your o mode but otherwise we see that +these two modes in the plasma have + + align:start position:0% +these two modes in the plasma have + + + align:start position:0% +these two modes in the plasma have +different refective indexes and so they + + align:start position:0% +different refective indexes and so they + + + align:start position:0% +different refective indexes and so they +have different phase velocities and the + + align:start position:0% +have different phase velocities and the + + + align:start position:0% +have different phase velocities and the +phase velocity also depend on the size + + align:start position:0% +phase velocity also depend on the size + + + align:start position:0% +phase velocity also depend on the size +sign of the magnetic field and so you + + align:start position:0% +sign of the magnetic field and so you + + + align:start position:0% +sign of the magnetic field and so you +think that by measuring something to do + + align:start position:0% +think that by measuring something to do + + + align:start position:0% +think that by measuring something to do +with these waves we should be able to + + align:start position:0% +with these waves we should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +with these waves we should be able to +get out the magnitude and the sign of + + align:start position:0% +get out the magnitude and the sign of + + + align:start position:0% +get out the magnitude and the sign of +that magnetic field now the neat thing + + align:start position:0% +that magnetic field now the neat thing + + + align:start position:0% +that magnetic field now the neat thing +about this dispersion relationship that + + align:start position:0% +about this dispersion relationship that + + + align:start position:0% +about this dispersion relationship that +we started talking about last lecture is + + align:start position:0% +we started talking about last lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +we started talking about last lecture is +it actually works for a wide range of + + align:start position:0% +it actually works for a wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +it actually works for a wide range of +angles not just theta equals zero but it + + align:start position:0% +angles not just theta equals zero but it + + + align:start position:0% +angles not just theta equals zero but it +works for quite a large number of + + align:start position:0% +works for quite a large number of + + + align:start position:0% +works for quite a large number of +angles where Theta is less than Pi upon + + align:start position:0% +angles where Theta is less than Pi upon + + + align:start position:0% +angles where Theta is less than Pi upon +2 so this dispers relationship is + + align:start position:0% +2 so this dispers relationship is + + + align:start position:0% +2 so this dispers relationship is +approximately correct all the way up + + align:start position:0% +approximately correct all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +approximately correct all the way up +into a point where dispersion + + align:start position:0% +into a point where dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +into a point where dispersion +relationship is correct um and the + + align:start position:0% +relationship is correct um and the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship is correct um and the +formal criteria is that Capital Omega + + align:start position:0% +formal criteria is that Capital Omega + + + align:start position:0% +formal criteria is that Capital Omega +over lowcase Omega secant of theta must + + align:start position:0% +over lowcase Omega secant of theta must + + + align:start position:0% +over lowcase Omega secant of theta must +be much much less than one but if you + + align:start position:0% +be much much less than one but if you + + + align:start position:0% +be much much less than one but if you +have a system where your SCT frequency + + align:start position:0% +have a system where your SCT frequency + + + align:start position:0% +have a system where your SCT frequency +is much less than your probing frequency + + align:start position:0% +is much less than your probing frequency + + + align:start position:0% +is much less than your probing frequency +which for some plasmas is very easy to + + align:start position:0% +which for some plasmas is very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +which for some plasmas is very easy to +arrange then you're going to end up + + align:start position:0% +arrange then you're going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +arrange then you're going to end up +fulfilling this criteria for a huge + + align:start position:0% +fulfilling this criteria for a huge + + + align:start position:0% +fulfilling this criteria for a huge +range of theta it doesn't uh give you + + align:start position:0% +range of theta it doesn't uh give you + + + align:start position:0% +range of theta it doesn't uh give you +exactly this dispersion relationship you + + align:start position:0% +exactly this dispersion relationship you + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this dispersion relationship you +have to modify slightly instead here + + align:start position:0% +have to modify slightly instead here + + + align:start position:0% +have to modify slightly instead here +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +Omega is defined as e + + align:start position:0% +Omega is defined as e + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is defined as e +over that's our standard cyr frequency + + align:start position:0% +over that's our standard cyr frequency + + + align:start position:0% +over that's our standard cyr frequency +we instead have to use B parallel which + + align:start position:0% +we instead have to use B parallel which + + + align:start position:0% +we instead have to use B parallel which +is B in the direction of our probing + + align:start position:0% +is B in the direction of our probing + + + align:start position:0% +is B in the direction of our probing +laser which is + + align:start position:0% +laser which is + + + align:start position:0% +laser which is +e0 Theta looking back at that geometry + + align:start position:0% +e0 Theta looking back at that geometry + + + align:start position:0% +e0 Theta looking back at that geometry +over there and then the Omega that we + + align:start position:0% +over there and then the Omega that we + + + align:start position:0% +over there and then the Omega that we +actually use is equal to + + align:start position:0% +actually use is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +actually use is equal to +e parallel over so you get the same + + align:start position:0% +e parallel over so you get the same + + + align:start position:0% +e parallel over so you get the same +dispersion relationship but you don't + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship but you don't +have omega which corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +have omega which corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +have omega which corresponds to the +total magnetic field you have an Omega + + align:start position:0% +total magnetic field you have an Omega + + + align:start position:0% +total magnetic field you have an Omega +which corresponds to the projection of + + align:start position:0% +which corresponds to the projection of + + + align:start position:0% +which corresponds to the projection of +the magnetic field in the direction that + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field in the direction that + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field in the direction that +your wave is + + align:start position:0% +your wave is + + + align:start position:0% +your wave is +propagating and we substitute this back + + align:start position:0% +propagating and we substitute this back + + + align:start position:0% +propagating and we substitute this back +in and we find out what the modes are + + align:start position:0% +in and we find out what the modes are + + + align:start position:0% +in and we find out what the modes are +here and we find out that the modes are + + align:start position:0% +here and we find out that the modes are + + + align:start position:0% +here and we find out that the modes are +related so that the polarization in the + + align:start position:0% +related so that the polarization in the + + + align:start position:0% +related so that the polarization in the +X Direction polarization in the y + + align:start position:0% +X Direction polarization in the y + + + align:start position:0% +X Direction polarization in the y +direction is equal to plus or minus I so + + align:start position:0% +direction is equal to plus or minus I so + + + align:start position:0% +direction is equal to plus or minus I so +that means the electric field in X the + + align:start position:0% +that means the electric field in X the + + + align:start position:0% +that means the electric field in X the +electric field in y is 90 degrees out of + + align:start position:0% +electric field in y is 90 degrees out of + + + align:start position:0% +electric field in y is 90 degrees out of +pH of each other either leading or + + align:start position:0% +pH of each other either leading or + + + align:start position:0% +pH of each other either leading or +lagging and we talked about using these + + align:start position:0% +lagging and we talked about using these + + + align:start position:0% +lagging and we talked about using these +things called Stokes vectors which allow + + align:start position:0% +things called Stokes vectors which allow + + + align:start position:0% +things called Stokes vectors which allow +us to write the electric field in X and + + align:start position:0% +us to write the electric field in X and + + + align:start position:0% +us to write the electric field in X and +the electric field in y just as a + + align:start position:0% +the electric field in y just as a + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field in y just as a +compact Vector here and for the right + + align:start position:0% +compact Vector here and for the right + + + align:start position:0% +compact Vector here and for the right +hand polarization which maybe is the + + align:start position:0% +hand polarization which maybe is the + + + align:start position:0% +hand polarization which maybe is the +plus one here this St Vector was one and + + align:start position:0% +plus one here this St Vector was one and + + + align:start position:0% +plus one here this St Vector was one and +I and for left hand polarization this + + align:start position:0% +I and for left hand polarization this + + + align:start position:0% +I and for left hand polarization this +was one andus I so this + + align:start position:0% +was one andus I so this + + + align:start position:0% +was one andus I so this +is a negative like that now these are + + align:start position:0% +is a negative like that now these are + + + align:start position:0% +is a negative like that now these are +two basis vectors but obviously when we + + align:start position:0% +two basis vectors but obviously when we + + + align:start position:0% +two basis vectors but obviously when we +prepare laser beams or other prob + + align:start position:0% +prepare laser beams or other prob + + + align:start position:0% +prepare laser beams or other prob +radiation we tend to just have linearly + + align:start position:0% +radiation we tend to just have linearly + + + align:start position:0% +radiation we tend to just have linearly +polarized waves rather than circly + + align:start position:0% +polarized waves rather than circly + + + align:start position:0% +polarized waves rather than circly +polarized ones and these linearly + + align:start position:0% +polarized ones and these linearly + + + align:start position:0% +polarized ones and these linearly +polarized ones have stoked vectors that + + align:start position:0% +polarized ones have stoked vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +polarized ones have stoked vectors that +look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like for example X polarized linearly in + + align:start position:0% +like for example X polarized linearly in + + + align:start position:0% +like for example X polarized linearly in +the X Direction 1 z and y polariz + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction 1 z and y polariz + + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction 1 z and y polariz +linearly in the y direction is 0 one but + + align:start position:0% +linearly in the y direction is 0 one but + + + align:start position:0% +linearly in the y direction is 0 one but +we can just rewrite them in terms of + + align:start position:0% +we can just rewrite them in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +we can just rewrite them in terms of +these right and left hand cly polarized + + align:start position:0% +these right and left hand cly polarized + + + align:start position:0% +these right and left hand cly polarized +waves as R plus l two and Rus L over 2 I + + align:start position:0% +waves as R plus l two and Rus L over 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +waves as R plus l two and Rus L over 2 I +like that and if we have some arbitary + + align:start position:0% +like that and if we have some arbitary + + + align:start position:0% +like that and if we have some arbitary +polarization so if we + + align:start position:0% +polarization so if we + + + align:start position:0% +polarization so if we +just are dealing with some arbitary + + align:start position:0% +just are dealing with some arbitary + + + align:start position:0% +just are dealing with some arbitary +polarization e we could write that as + + align:start position:0% +polarization e we could write that as + + + align:start position:0% +polarization e we could write that as +some constant times R and another + + align:start position:0% +some constant times R and another + + + align:start position:0% +some constant times R and another +constant times L and equivalently that + + align:start position:0% +constant times L and equivalently that + + + align:start position:0% +constant times L and equivalently that +would be a different constant time X + + align:start position:0% +would be a different constant time X + + + align:start position:0% +would be a different constant time X +Plus another different constant time Y + + align:start position:0% +Plus another different constant time Y + + + align:start position:0% +Plus another different constant time Y +which is just to say that we can write + + align:start position:0% +which is just to say that we can write + + + align:start position:0% +which is just to say that we can write +some arbitrary Vector as a sum of some + + align:start position:0% +some arbitrary Vector as a sum of some + + + align:start position:0% +some arbitrary Vector as a sum of some +other basis vectors and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +other basis vectors and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +other basis vectors and it doesn't +matter we can switch between these basis + + align:start position:0% +matter we can switch between these basis + + + align:start position:0% +matter we can switch between these basis +vectors depending on which is more + + align:start position:0% +vectors depending on which is more + + + align:start position:0% +vectors depending on which is more +convenient for our calculations and it + + align:start position:0% +convenient for our calculations and it + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for our calculations and it +turns out that we will start off using + + align:start position:0% +turns out that we will start off using + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that we will start off using +these XY basis vectors but then we will + + align:start position:0% +these XY basis vectors but then we will + + + align:start position:0% +these XY basis vectors but then we will +write things in terms of R and L because + + align:start position:0% +write things in terms of R and L because + + + align:start position:0% +write things in terms of R and L because +those are the natural basis vectors for + + align:start position:0% +those are the natural basis vectors for + + + align:start position:0% +those are the natural basis vectors for +this dispersion relationship here so + + align:start position:0% +this dispersion relationship here so + + + align:start position:0% +this dispersion relationship here so +that's where we got to last so any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions now it's often the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case uh that we can make an + + align:start position:0% +case uh that we can make an + + + align:start position:0% +case uh that we can make an +approximation to this dispersion + + align:start position:0% +approximation to this dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to this dispersion +relationship and the approximation we'd + + align:start position:0% +relationship and the approximation we'd + + + align:start position:0% +relationship and the approximation we'd +like to do is the same what we do for + + align:start position:0% +like to do is the same what we do for + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is the same what we do for +infmetry we'd like to have this + + align:start position:0% +infmetry we'd like to have this + + + align:start position:0% +infmetry we'd like to have this +dispersion relationship be linear in the + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship be linear in the + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship be linear in the +quantities that we're trying to measure + + align:start position:0% +quantities that we're trying to measure + + + align:start position:0% +quantities that we're trying to measure +here and so we can say if we happen to + + align:start position:0% +here and so we can say if we happen to + + + align:start position:0% +here and so we can say if we happen to +be in the case where Capital Omega over + + align:start position:0% +be in the case where Capital Omega over + + + align:start position:0% +be in the case where Capital Omega over +lowercase Omega is much less than one so + + align:start position:0% +lowercase Omega is much less than one so + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase Omega is much less than one so +that our gatron frequency is much less + + align:start position:0% +that our gatron frequency is much less + + + align:start position:0% +that our gatron frequency is much less +than our probing frequency then we can + + align:start position:0% +than our probing frequency then we can + + + align:start position:0% +than our probing frequency then we can +say that our dispersion relationship is + + align:start position:0% +say that our dispersion relationship is + + + align:start position:0% +say that our dispersion relationship is +going to look like + + align:start position:0% +going to look like + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like +1us Omega p^ 2 Omega 2 + + align:start position:0% +1us Omega p^ 2 Omega 2 + + + align:start position:0% +1us Omega p^ 2 Omega 2 +oneus plus Capital + + align:start position:0% +oneus plus Capital + + + align:start position:0% +oneus plus Capital +Omega Omega here I just ta expanded this + + align:start position:0% +Omega Omega here I just ta expanded this + + + align:start position:0% +Omega Omega here I just ta expanded this +again now I want to be clear that this + + align:start position:0% +again now I want to be clear that this + + + align:start position:0% +again now I want to be clear that this +is not always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +true you need to check whether this + + align:start position:0% +true you need to check whether this + + + align:start position:0% +true you need to check whether this +approximation works for your plasma and + + align:start position:0% +approximation works for your plasma and + + + align:start position:0% +approximation works for your plasma and +for example it may not work if you're + + align:start position:0% +for example it may not work if you're + + + align:start position:0% +for example it may not work if you're +using gigahertz radiation looking at a + + align:start position:0% +using gigahertz radiation looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +using gigahertz radiation looking at a +toac because gahz radiation here + + align:start position:0% +toac because gahz radiation here + + + align:start position:0% +toac because gahz radiation here +lowercase Omega in a toac the uh cyron + + align:start position:0% +lowercase Omega in a toac the uh cyron + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase Omega in a toac the uh cyron +frequency is also in the gigahertz range + + align:start position:0% +frequency is also in the gigahertz range + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is also in the gigahertz range +and so this approximation may not hold + + align:start position:0% +and so this approximation may not hold + + + align:start position:0% +and so this approximation may not hold +at all this is a good approximation for + + align:start position:0% +at all this is a good approximation for + + + align:start position:0% +at all this is a good approximation for +the sorts of plasma as I work with and + + align:start position:0% +the sorts of plasma as I work with and + + + align:start position:0% +the sorts of plasma as I work with and +it would be a good approximation if you + + align:start position:0% +it would be a good approximation if you + + + align:start position:0% +it would be a good approximation if you +used a higher frequency um in order to + + align:start position:0% +used a higher frequency um in order to + + + align:start position:0% +used a higher frequency um in order to +make this measurement on a talk about + + align:start position:0% +make this measurement on a talk about + + + align:start position:0% +make this measurement on a talk about +but you have to think carefully about + + align:start position:0% +but you have to think carefully about + + + align:start position:0% +but you have to think carefully about +this when designing some sort of farad + + align:start position:0% +this when designing some sort of farad + + + align:start position:0% +this when designing some sort of farad +polarimetry system so what we see from + + align:start position:0% +polarimetry system so what we see from + + + align:start position:0% +polarimetry system so what we see from +this dispersion relationship is two + + align:start position:0% +this dispersion relationship is two + + + align:start position:0% +this dispersion relationship is two +things that this quantity Capital Omega + + align:start position:0% +things that this quantity Capital Omega + + + align:start position:0% +things that this quantity Capital Omega +over lowercase Omega it has a small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect on the overall + + align:start position:0% +effect on the overall + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the overall +bade so if you try to measure this with + + align:start position:0% +bade so if you try to measure this with + + + align:start position:0% +bade so if you try to measure this with +interferometry you're mostly measuring + + align:start position:0% +interferometry you're mostly measuring + + + align:start position:0% +interferometry you're mostly measuring +this term and there' be a very small + + align:start position:0% +this term and there' be a very small + + + align:start position:0% +this term and there' be a very small +change in this term uh there be very + + align:start position:0% +change in this term uh there be very + + + align:start position:0% +change in this term uh there be very +very small change to the overall + + align:start position:0% +very small change to the overall + + + align:start position:0% +very small change to the overall +refractive index caused by this small + + align:start position:0% +refractive index caused by this small + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index caused by this small +term here so this is a very hard term to + + align:start position:0% +term here so this is a very hard term to + + + align:start position:0% +term here so this is a very hard term to +measure with interferometry it's + + align:start position:0% +measure with interferometry it's + + + align:start position:0% +measure with interferometry it's +probably not going to work but on the + + align:start position:0% +probably not going to work but on the + + + align:start position:0% +probably not going to work but on the +other hand this term turns out to have + + align:start position:0% +other hand this term turns out to have + + + align:start position:0% +other hand this term turns out to have +quite big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right on the polarization and we'll show + + align:start position:0% +right on the polarization and we'll show + + + align:start position:0% +right on the polarization and we'll show +that in a moment and so although we + + align:start position:0% +that in a moment and so although we + + + align:start position:0% +that in a moment and so although we +can't measure it directly within + + align:start position:0% +can't measure it directly within + + + align:start position:0% +can't measure it directly within +perometry we can measure it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +perometry we can measure it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +perometry we can measure it in terms of +polarization and so then we can still + + align:start position:0% +polarization and so then we can still + + + align:start position:0% +polarization and so then we can still +measure the + + align:start position:0% +measure the + + + align:start position:0% +measure the +magnetic so let's have a look at what + + align:start position:0% +magnetic so let's have a look at what + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic so let's have a look at what +that looks like we'll start by writing + + align:start position:0% +that looks like we'll start by writing + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like we'll start by writing +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +phase or a wave going through some + + align:start position:0% +phase or a wave going through some + + + align:start position:0% +phase or a wave going through some +plasma so let me just draw diagram of + + align:start position:0% +plasma so let me just draw diagram of + + + align:start position:0% +plasma so let me just draw diagram of +what's going on + + align:start position:0% +what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on +here we have some plasma like this + + align:start position:0% +here we have some plasma like this + + + align:start position:0% +here we have some plasma like this +inside it there's some magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +inside it there's some magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +inside it there's some magnetic field +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +density and we've got our light going + + align:start position:0% +density and we've got our light going + + + align:start position:0% +density and we've got our light going +through and the light could be right + + align:start position:0% +through and the light could be right + + + align:start position:0% +through and the light could be right +hand polarized it could be left hand + + align:start position:0% +hand polarized it could be left hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand polarized it could be left hand +polarized and what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +polarized and what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +polarized and what we want to do is +calculate Delta Pi that is the change in + + align:start position:0% +calculate Delta Pi that is the change in + + + align:start position:0% +calculate Delta Pi that is the change in +Phase from a a reference beam that has + + align:start position:0% +Phase from a a reference beam that has + + + align:start position:0% +Phase from a a reference beam that has +gone around the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +last but this is the quantity we're + + align:start position:0% +last but this is the quantity we're + + + align:start position:0% +last but this is the quantity we're +going to calculate here so Delta f r or + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate here so Delta f r or + + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate here so Delta f r or +L is going to be equal + + align:start position:0% +L is going to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +L is going to be equal +to the line integral of the wave + + align:start position:0% +to the line integral of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +to the line integral of the wave +Vector along our Pro PA that's just by + + align:start position:0% +Vector along our Pro PA that's just by + + + align:start position:0% +Vector along our Pro PA that's just by +definition that's how much phase we pick + + align:start position:0% +definition that's how much phase we pick + + + align:start position:0% +definition that's how much phase we pick +up and that is also equal to Omega upon + + align:start position:0% +up and that is also equal to Omega upon + + + align:start position:0% +up and that is also equal to Omega upon +C refractive + + align:start position:0% +C refractive + + + align:start position:0% +C refractive +index + + align:start position:0% +index + + + align:start position:0% +index +times Z here okay and we have an + + align:start position:0% +times Z here okay and we have an + + + align:start position:0% +times Z here okay and we have an +expression for n here we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +expression for n here we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +expression for n here we're going to be +using the form where we've done the + + align:start position:0% +using the form where we've done the + + + align:start position:0% +using the form where we've done the +tailor expansion just to keep things + + align:start position:0% +tailor expansion just to keep things + + + align:start position:0% +tailor expansion just to keep things +nice and linear and so basically going + + align:start position:0% +nice and linear and so basically going + + + align:start position:0% +nice and linear and so basically going +to be approximately equal to Omega C + + align:start position:0% +to be approximately equal to Omega C + + + align:start position:0% +to be approximately equal to Omega C +1 - Omega p + + align:start position:0% +1 - Omega p + + + align:start position:0% +1 - Omega p +2 Omega 2 1- plus Capal Omega lower case + + align:start position:0% +2 Omega 2 1- plus Capal Omega lower case + + + align:start position:0% +2 Omega 2 1- plus Capal Omega lower case +Omega Z like this and the approximate + + align:start position:0% +Omega Z like this and the approximate + + + align:start position:0% +Omega Z like this and the approximate +sign here because we've made + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thiso so we can see straight away the + + align:start position:0% +thiso so we can see straight away the + + + align:start position:0% +thiso so we can see straight away the +phase of the right hand from the left + + align:start position:0% +phase of the right hand from the left + + + align:start position:0% +phase of the right hand from the left +hand polarized wave going through this + + align:start position:0% +hand polarized wave going through this + + + align:start position:0% +hand polarized wave going through this +plasma is going to be different and it's + + align:start position:0% +plasma is going to be different and it's + + + align:start position:0% +plasma is going to be different and it's +going to be different by an amount that + + align:start position:0% +going to be different by an amount that + + + align:start position:0% +going to be different by an amount that +is to do with the magnetic field that we + + align:start position:0% +is to do with the magnetic field that we + + + align:start position:0% +is to do with the magnetic field that we +encounter inside the pl for the right + + align:start position:0% +encounter inside the pl for the right + + + align:start position:0% +encounter inside the pl for the right +hand wave we take the minus sign and for + + align:start position:0% +hand wave we take the minus sign and for + + + align:start position:0% +hand wave we take the minus sign and for +the left hand wave we take the plus sign + + align:start position:0% +the left hand wave we take the plus sign + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand wave we take the plus sign +so the left hand wave is going to have + + align:start position:0% +so the left hand wave is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +so the left hand wave is going to have +more phase than the right hand wave okay + + align:start position:0% +more phase than the right hand wave okay + + + align:start position:0% +more phase than the right hand wave okay +everyone following so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +far so this is where it's very + + align:start position:0% +far so this is where it's very + + + align:start position:0% +far so this is where it's very +convenient to go back and work with + + align:start position:0% +convenient to go back and work with + + + align:start position:0% +convenient to go back and work with +these Stokes vectors here instead with X + + align:start position:0% +these Stokes vectors here instead with X + + + align:start position:0% +these Stokes vectors here instead with X +and Y and R and + + align:start position:0% +and Y and R and + + + align:start position:0% +and Y and R and +F that's because as we said before if I + + align:start position:0% +F that's because as we said before if I + + + align:start position:0% +F that's because as we said before if I +prepare my wave so that it's polarized + + align:start position:0% +prepare my wave so that it's polarized + + + align:start position:0% +prepare my wave so that it's polarized +in X so that it just has an initial + + align:start position:0% +in X so that it just has an initial + + + align:start position:0% +in X so that it just has an initial +electric field one Z that is equal to + + align:start position:0% +electric field one Z that is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +electric field one Z that is equal to +r+ l/ 2 after for example this is what + + align:start position:0% +r+ l/ 2 after for example this is what + + + align:start position:0% +r+ l/ 2 after for example this is what +the wave looks like here after the + + align:start position:0% +the wave looks like here after the + + + align:start position:0% +the wave looks like here after the +plasma we want to know what the + + align:start position:0% +plasma we want to know what the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma we want to know what the +polarization state is which I call X + + align:start position:0% +polarization state is which I call X + + + align:start position:0% +polarization state is which I call X +Prime so after the plasma this is going + + align:start position:0% +Prime so after the plasma this is going + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so after the plasma this is going +to go to a polarization State X Prime + + align:start position:0% +to go to a polarization State X Prime + + + align:start position:0% +to go to a polarization State X Prime +which is equal to still + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to still + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to still +R still + + align:start position:0% +R still + + + align:start position:0% +R still +L over two but I've left space here + + align:start position:0% +L over two but I've left space here + + + align:start position:0% +L over two but I've left space here +because the r and the L waves have + + align:start position:0% +because the r and the L waves have + + + align:start position:0% +because the r and the L waves have +picked up phase factors they' picked up + + align:start position:0% +picked up phase factors they' picked up + + + align:start position:0% +picked up phase factors they' picked up +this phase here so the r wve has picked + + align:start position:0% +this phase here so the r wve has picked + + + align:start position:0% +this phase here so the r wve has picked +up e to the I + + align:start position:0% +up e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +up e to the I +phase R and the L wave is pick up e + + align:start position:0% +phase R and the L wave is pick up e + + + align:start position:0% +phase R and the L wave is pick up e +phase L and these two are not equivalent + + align:start position:0% +phase L and these two are not equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +phase L and these two are not equivalent +to each + + align:start position:0% +to each + + + align:start position:0% +to each +other so what is the consequence of the + + align:start position:0% +other so what is the consequence of the + + + align:start position:0% +other so what is the consequence of the +fact that these two are not equivalent + + align:start position:0% +fact that these two are not equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +fact that these two are not equivalent +to each other what has happened to our + + align:start position:0% +to each other what has happened to our + + + align:start position:0% +to each other what has happened to our +polarization with respect to our initial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polarization yeah it's rotated it's + + align:start position:0% +polarization yeah it's rotated it's + + + align:start position:0% +polarization yeah it's rotated it's +rotated yeah but it's still linear + + align:start position:0% +rotated yeah but it's still linear + + + align:start position:0% +rotated yeah but it's still linear +because we can always write it as some + + align:start position:0% +because we can always write it as some + + + align:start position:0% +because we can always write it as some +linear polarization at an instant in + + align:start position:0% +linear polarization at an instant in + + + align:start position:0% +linear polarization at an instant in +time so you can just say that our + + align:start position:0% +time so you can just say that our + + + align:start position:0% +time so you can just say that our +initial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polarization this is X and this is y and + + align:start position:0% +polarization this is X and this is y and + + + align:start position:0% +polarization this is X and this is y and +you're rather inadvisably staring at the + + align:start position:0% +you're rather inadvisably staring at the + + + align:start position:0% +you're rather inadvisably staring at the +laser being as it comes towards you this + + align:start position:0% +laser being as it comes towards you this + + + align:start position:0% +laser being as it comes towards you this +is your initial + + align:start position:0% +is your initial + + + align:start position:0% +is your initial +polarization X right and then you've now + + align:start position:0% +polarization X right and then you've now + + + align:start position:0% +polarization X right and then you've now +got a new + + align:start position:0% +got a new + + + align:start position:0% +got a new +polarization X Prime and that's be + + align:start position:0% +polarization X Prime and that's be + + + align:start position:0% +polarization X Prime and that's be +rotated by some angle Alpha for some + + align:start position:0% +rotated by some angle Alpha for some + + + align:start position:0% +rotated by some angle Alpha for some +reason people in the literature use + + align:start position:0% +reason people in the literature use + + + align:start position:0% +reason people in the literature use +Alpha but it's angle Just Go With It + + align:start position:0% +Alpha but it's angle Just Go With It + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha but it's angle Just Go With It +know that it's not Theta it's nothing to + + align:start position:0% +know that it's not Theta it's nothing to + + + align:start position:0% +know that it's not Theta it's nothing to +do with the angle between the probing + + align:start position:0% +do with the angle between the probing + + + align:start position:0% +do with the angle between the probing +Direction in the magnetic field this is + + align:start position:0% +Direction in the magnetic field this is + + + align:start position:0% +Direction in the magnetic field this is +a different + + align:start position:0% +a different + + + align:start position:0% +a different +angle okay so then what is Alpha can we + + align:start position:0% +angle okay so then what is Alpha can we + + + align:start position:0% +angle okay so then what is Alpha can we +actually work out what it is from X and + + align:start position:0% +actually work out what it is from X and + + + align:start position:0% +actually work out what it is from X and +X Prime yeah it's relatively simple + + align:start position:0% +X Prime yeah it's relatively simple + + + align:start position:0% +X Prime yeah it's relatively simple +geometry we just have Alpha is equal to + + align:start position:0% +geometry we just have Alpha is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +geometry we just have Alpha is equal to +the arc + + align:start position:0% +the arc + + + align:start position:0% +the arc +tangent of the Y unit Vector dotted in + + align:start position:0% +tangent of the Y unit Vector dotted in + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of the Y unit Vector dotted in +into X Prime over the X unit Vector doed + + align:start position:0% +into X Prime over the X unit Vector doed + + + align:start position:0% +into X Prime over the X unit Vector doed +into X Prime that's simply geometry here + + align:start position:0% +into X Prime that's simply geometry here + + + align:start position:0% +into X Prime that's simply geometry here +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +calculating this length in y over this + + align:start position:0% +calculating this length in y over this + + + align:start position:0% +calculating this length in y over this +length in X and taking the arent of it + + align:start position:0% +length in X and taking the arent of it + + + align:start position:0% +length in X and taking the arent of it +so that means you have the AR + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tangent + + align:start position:0% +tangent + + + align:start position:0% +tangent +ofus e i r Plus + + align:start position:0% +ofus e i r Plus + + + align:start position:0% +ofus e i r Plus +e i + + align:start position:0% +e i + + + align:start position:0% +e i +l over e i + + align:start position:0% +l over e i + + + align:start position:0% +l over e i +r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e you can verify that by just going + + align:start position:0% +e you can verify that by just going + + + align:start position:0% +e you can verify that by just going +through these definitions of r l + + align:start position:0% +through these definitions of r l + + + align:start position:0% +through these definitions of r l +thinking about the fact X Y components + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the fact X Y components + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the fact X Y components +and the X all the Y compon so this angle + + align:start position:0% +and the X all the Y compon so this angle + + + align:start position:0% +and the X all the Y compon so this angle +here looks quite complicated right Alpha + + align:start position:0% +here looks quite complicated right Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +here looks quite complicated right Alpha +is a thing that we're going to be able + + align:start position:0% +is a thing that we're going to be able + + + align:start position:0% +is a thing that we're going to be able +to measure and that Alpha is going to be + + align:start position:0% +to measure and that Alpha is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +to measure and that Alpha is going to be +related to the magnetic field and it's + + align:start position:0% +related to the magnetic field and it's + + + align:start position:0% +related to the magnetic field and it's +related to the magnetic field through + + align:start position:0% +related to the magnetic field through + + + align:start position:0% +related to the magnetic field through +these phase factors and these phace + + align:start position:0% +these phase factors and these phace + + + align:start position:0% +these phase factors and these phace +factors have picked up some terms + + align:start position:0% +factors have picked up some terms + + + align:start position:0% +factors have picked up some terms +through the magnetic field inside here + + align:start position:0% +through the magnetic field inside here + + + align:start position:0% +through the magnetic field inside here +so it's non not completely trivial to + + align:start position:0% +so it's non not completely trivial to + + + align:start position:0% +so it's non not completely trivial to +get the result here you crank the + + align:start position:0% +get the result here you crank the + + + align:start position:0% +get the result here you crank the +algebra for a little bit and I'm not + + align:start position:0% +algebra for a little bit and I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +algebra for a little bit and I'm not +going to do it um but the result is that + + align:start position:0% +going to do it um but the result is that + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it um but the result is that +Alpha is equal to the integral of Omega + + align:start position:0% +Alpha is equal to the integral of Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha is equal to the integral of Omega +p^ + + align:start position:0% +p^ + + + align:start position:0% +p^ +2 Omega + + align:start position:0% +2 Omega + + + align:start position:0% +2 Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 2 C * Capital Omega + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 2 C * Capital Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 2 C * Capital Omega +squ out + + align:start position:0% +squ out + + + align:start position:0% +squ out +here we can write that in terms of some + + align:start position:0% +here we can write that in terms of some + + + align:start position:0% +here we can write that in terms of some +other quantities that we like a bit more + + align:start position:0% +other quantities that we like a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +other quantities that we like a bit more +as e over 2 me + + align:start position:0% +as e over 2 me + + + align:start position:0% +as e over 2 me +c times the integral of + + align:start position:0% +c times the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +c times the integral of +NE over NC the critical + + align:start position:0% +NE over NC the critical + + + align:start position:0% +NE over NC the critical +density times the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +density times the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +density times the magnetic field +in the probing Direction like this and + + align:start position:0% +in the probing Direction like this and + + + align:start position:0% +in the probing Direction like this and +we already talked about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +we already talked about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +we already talked about the fact that +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +use the uh theta equals z dispersion + + align:start position:0% +use the uh theta equals z dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +use the uh theta equals z dispersion +relationship even for Theta not equal + + align:start position:0% +relationship even for Theta not equal + + + align:start position:0% +relationship even for Theta not equal +zero as long as we + + align:start position:0% +zero as long as we + + + align:start position:0% +zero as long as we +replace Omega with the Omega that's due + + align:start position:0% +replace Omega with the Omega that's due + + + align:start position:0% +replace Omega with the Omega that's due +to the component of magnetic field in + + align:start position:0% +to the component of magnetic field in + + + align:start position:0% +to the component of magnetic field in +our probing Direction and that's just + + align:start position:0% +our probing Direction and that's just + + + align:start position:0% +our probing Direction and that's just +what this represents here this is + + align:start position:0% +what this represents here this is + + + align:start position:0% +what this represents here this is +exactly the same do here I just want to + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same do here I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same do here I just want to +note down here that this gives us a + + align:start position:0% +note down here that this gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +note down here that this gives us a +Lambda Square dependence because it + + align:start position:0% +Lambda Square dependence because it + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda Square dependence because it +depends on the critical density it + + align:start position:0% +depends on the critical density it + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the critical density it +matters what your probing wavelength is + + align:start position:0% +matters what your probing wavelength is + + + align:start position:0% +matters what your probing wavelength is +and you will get different rotation + + align:start position:0% +and you will get different rotation + + + align:start position:0% +and you will get different rotation +angles depending on your probing + + align:start position:0% +angles depending on your probing + + + align:start position:0% +angles depending on your probing +we uh this is actually let's say yeah NC + + align:start position:0% +we uh this is actually let's say yeah NC + + + align:start position:0% +we uh this is actually let's say yeah NC +is proportional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions yes sorry are we just rotating + + align:start position:0% +questions yes sorry are we just rotating + + + align:start position:0% +questions yes sorry are we just rotating +the perpendicular component + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have the that's change so for these + + align:start position:0% +have the that's change so for these + + + align:start position:0% +have the that's change so for these +modes there is no parallel components + + align:start position:0% +modes there is no parallel components + + + align:start position:0% +modes there is no parallel components +these are purely transverse modes there + + align:start position:0% +these are purely transverse modes there + + + align:start position:0% +these are purely transverse modes there +is no electric field in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +is no electric field in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +is no electric field in the direction of +propagation okay I thought that you said + + align:start position:0% +propagation okay I thought that you said + + + align:start position:0% +propagation okay I thought that you said +that you can have K not directly ah so + + align:start position:0% +that you can have K not directly ah so + + + align:start position:0% +that you can have K not directly ah so +this is the real subtlety that people + + align:start position:0% +this is the real subtlety that people + + + align:start position:0% +this is the real subtlety that people +trip up on we have transverse modes and + + align:start position:0% +trip up on we have transverse modes and + + + align:start position:0% +trip up on we have transverse modes and +we have longitudinal modes we have + + align:start position:0% +we have longitudinal modes we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have longitudinal modes we have +perpendicular waves and we have parallel + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular waves and we have parallel + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular waves and we have parallel +waves these words although they sound + + align:start position:0% +waves these words although they sound + + + align:start position:0% +waves these words although they sound +like they're talking about the same + + align:start position:0% +like they're talking about the same + + + align:start position:0% +like they're talking about the same +thing they talking about two different + + align:start position:0% +thing they talking about two different + + + align:start position:0% +thing they talking about two different +angles right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here when we're talking about this + + align:start position:0% +so here when we're talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +so here when we're talking about this +angle Theta and we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +angle Theta and we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +angle Theta and we're talking about +components of the magnetic field this is + + align:start position:0% +components of the magnetic field this is + + + align:start position:0% +components of the magnetic field this is +talking about whether our wave is + + align:start position:0% +talking about whether our wave is + + + align:start position:0% +talking about whether our wave is +parallel to the magnetic field or + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the magnetic field or + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the magnetic field or +perpendicular to the magnetic field but + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the magnetic field but + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the magnetic field but +the electric field is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field is going to be +sticking out in some other direction + + align:start position:0% +sticking out in some other direction + + + align:start position:0% +sticking out in some other direction +like this right and it turns out for the + + align:start position:0% +like this right and it turns out for the + + + align:start position:0% +like this right and it turns out for the +X mode you actually have a small + + align:start position:0% +X mode you actually have a small + + + align:start position:0% +X mode you actually have a small +component of the electric + + align:start position:0% +component of the electric + + + align:start position:0% +component of the electric +field that is longitudinal that is along + + align:start position:0% +field that is longitudinal that is along + + + align:start position:0% +field that is longitudinal that is along +the K Vector but when you solve the uh + + align:start position:0% +the K Vector but when you solve the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the K Vector but when you solve the uh +dispersion relationship for theta equals + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship for theta equals + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship for theta equals +zero you don't pick up any of that you + + align:start position:0% +zero you don't pick up any of that you + + + align:start position:0% +zero you don't pick up any of that you +don't have any electric field in that + + align:start position:0% +don't have any electric field in that + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any electric field in that +direction it's purely like an + + align:start position:0% +direction it's purely like an + + + align:start position:0% +direction it's purely like an +electromagnetic wave in the vacuum it's + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave in the vacuum it's + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic wave in the vacuum it's +purely transverse so there's only the + + align:start position:0% +purely transverse so there's only the + + + align:start position:0% +purely transverse so there's only the +electric field perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +electric field perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +electric field perpendicular to the +direction of propagation and so when I + + align:start position:0% +direction of propagation and so when I + + + align:start position:0% +direction of propagation and so when I +draw + + align:start position:0% +draw + + + align:start position:0% +draw +diagrams like this of the electric field + + align:start position:0% +diagrams like this of the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams like this of the electric field +this is this is all of the electric + + align:start position:0% +this is this is all of the electric + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is all of the electric +field that there is all completely + + align:start position:0% +field that there is all completely + + + align:start position:0% +field that there is all completely +perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to +the direction here which I've chosen P + + align:start position:0% +the direction here which I've chosen P + + + align:start position:0% +the direction here which I've chosen P +here now if your question is do you pick + + align:start position:0% +here now if your question is do you pick + + + align:start position:0% +here now if your question is do you pick +up a very small longitudinal component + + align:start position:0% +up a very small longitudinal component + + + align:start position:0% +up a very small longitudinal component +when you go away from theta equals z but + + align:start position:0% +when you go away from theta equals z but + + + align:start position:0% +when you go away from theta equals z but +you're still using the theta equals z + + align:start position:0% +you're still using the theta equals z + + + align:start position:0% +you're still using the theta equals z +dispersion relationship you fill this + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship you fill this + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion relationship you fill this +condition probably you do have a very + + align:start position:0% +condition probably you do have a very + + + align:start position:0% +condition probably you do have a very +small uh electric field coming up here + + align:start position:0% +small uh electric field coming up here + + + align:start position:0% +small uh electric field coming up here +but we don't measure that on our + + align:start position:0% +but we don't measure that on our + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't measure that on our +detector uh so we only able to measure + + align:start position:0% +detector uh so we only able to measure + + + align:start position:0% +detector uh so we only able to measure +the the transverse polarization and also + + align:start position:0% +the the transverse polarization and also + + + align:start position:0% +the the transverse polarization and also +when the wave comes out of the + + align:start position:0% +when the wave comes out of the + + + align:start position:0% +when the wave comes out of the +plasma it's going to have to couple back + + align:start position:0% +plasma it's going to have to couple back + + + align:start position:0% +plasma it's going to have to couple back +into the vacuum modes and the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +into the vacuum modes and the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +into the vacuum modes and the vacuum +modes don't have any longitudal electric + + align:start position:0% +modes don't have any longitudal electric + + + align:start position:0% +modes don't have any longitudal electric +field so actually by the time you got to + + align:start position:0% +field so actually by the time you got to + + + align:start position:0% +field so actually by the time you got to +detector there won't be any longitud + + align:start position:0% +detector there won't be any longitud + + + align:start position:0% +detector there won't be any longitud +electric Fields because that can't + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields because that can't + + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields because that can't +propagate in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vacuum maybe the plasma plasma deals + + align:start position:0% +vacuum maybe the plasma plasma deals + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum maybe the plasma plasma deals +with it somehow + + align:start position:0% +with it somehow + + + align:start position:0% +with it somehow +yes it's a good that is a good question + + align:start position:0% +yes it's a good that is a good question + + + align:start position:0% +yes it's a good that is a good question +um I hadn't really thought about it + + align:start position:0% +um I hadn't really thought about it + + + align:start position:0% +um I hadn't really thought about it +before but yeah certainly by the time + + align:start position:0% +before but yeah certainly by the time + + + align:start position:0% +before but yeah certainly by the time +you get to the camera you can only + + align:start position:0% +you get to the camera you can only + + + align:start position:0% +you get to the camera you can only +measure these R and L which have no uh + + align:start position:0% +measure these R and L which have no uh + + + align:start position:0% +measure these R and L which have no uh +electric field in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +electric field in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +electric field in the direction of +propagation yeah there was another + + align:start position:0% +propagation yeah there was another + + + align:start position:0% +propagation yeah there was another +question okay any questions online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what are some implications of + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are some implications of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are some implications of +this I mentioned one of them already so + + align:start position:0% +this I mentioned one of them already so + + + align:start position:0% +this I mentioned one of them already so +Alpha is proportional to which looks + + align:start position:0% +Alpha is proportional to which looks + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha is proportional to which looks +like an alpha as well I guess I'll use + + align:start position:0% +like an alpha as well I guess I'll use + + + align:start position:0% +like an alpha as well I guess I'll use +I'll use this symbol instead Lambda + + align:start position:0% +I'll use this symbol instead Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +I'll use this symbol instead Lambda +squar right so if we want to measure a + + align:start position:0% +squar right so if we want to measure a + + + align:start position:0% +squar right so if we want to measure a +large rotation angle if we because + + align:start position:0% +large rotation angle if we because + + + align:start position:0% +large rotation angle if we because +presumably measuring bigger rotation + + align:start position:0% +presumably measuring bigger rotation + + + align:start position:0% +presumably measuring bigger rotation +angles is easier then we want to use a + + align:start position:0% +angles is easier then we want to use a + + + align:start position:0% +angles is easier then we want to use a +longer wavel + + align:start position:0% +longer wavel + + + align:start position:0% +longer wavel +Alpha also goes like the integral of B + + align:start position:0% +Alpha also goes like the integral of B + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha also goes like the integral of B +do DL like this so we pick up the + + align:start position:0% +do DL like this so we pick up the + + + align:start position:0% +do DL like this so we pick up the +components of b along the prob Direction + + align:start position:0% +components of b along the prob Direction + + + align:start position:0% +components of b along the prob Direction +So it's b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +long so we don't measure the vector B we + + align:start position:0% +long so we don't measure the vector B we + + + align:start position:0% +long so we don't measure the vector B we +just measure a projection of it and that + + align:start position:0% +just measure a projection of it and that + + + align:start position:0% +just measure a projection of it and that +means if the magnetic field is + + align:start position:0% +means if the magnetic field is + + + align:start position:0% +means if the magnetic field is +misaligned with our probe we will still + + align:start position:0% +misaligned with our probe we will still + + + align:start position:0% +misaligned with our probe we will still +get some rotation but we don't know + + align:start position:0% +get some rotation but we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +get some rotation but we don't know +necessarily what the orientation of the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily what the orientation of the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily what the orientation of the +magnetic field is + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is +okay so that means that this like all + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means that this like all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means that this like all +other line integrated measurements + + align:start position:0% +other line integrated measurements + + + align:start position:0% +other line integrated measurements +requires a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +requires a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +requires a little bit of +interpretation and the final thing is + + align:start position:0% +interpretation and the final thing is + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation and the final thing is +that Alpha is still proportional to + + align:start position:0% +that Alpha is still proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +that Alpha is still proportional to +any DL right just like we had for + + align:start position:0% +any DL right just like we had for + + + align:start position:0% +any DL right just like we had for +interferometry so we're not actually + + align:start position:0% +interferometry so we're not actually + + + align:start position:0% +interferometry so we're not actually +measuring just the magnetic field with + + align:start position:0% +measuring just the magnetic field with + + + align:start position:0% +measuring just the magnetic field with +our rotation angle that's the thing we + + align:start position:0% +our rotation angle that's the thing we + + + align:start position:0% +our rotation angle that's the thing we +want we're measuring the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +want we're measuring the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +want we're measuring the magnetic field +weighted with the electron density so + + align:start position:0% +weighted with the electron density so + + + align:start position:0% +weighted with the electron density so +we'll get a bigger contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +we'll get a bigger contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get a bigger contribution to the +signal in regions where the density and + + align:start position:0% +signal in regions where the density and + + + align:start position:0% +signal in regions where the density and +the components of magnetic field along Z + + align:start position:0% +the components of magnetic field along Z + + + align:start position:0% +the components of magnetic field along Z +said are High um so you could imagine a + + align:start position:0% +said are High um so you could imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +said are High um so you could imagine a +system where the density is high in the + + align:start position:0% +system where the density is high in the + + + align:start position:0% +system where the density is high in the +magnetic field is low and you might + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is low and you might + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is low and you might +actually end up amplifying that low + + align:start position:0% +actually end up amplifying that low + + + align:start position:0% +actually end up amplifying that low +magnetic field due to the waiting with + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field due to the waiting with + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field due to the waiting with +the high density here all this to say + + align:start position:0% +the high density here all this to say + + + align:start position:0% +the high density here all this to say +that it's a line integrated measurement + + align:start position:0% +that it's a line integrated measurement + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a line integrated measurement +but it's sort of doubly line integrated + + align:start position:0% +but it's sort of doubly line integrated + + + align:start position:0% +but it's sort of doubly line integrated +so it makes life quite hard at the very + + align:start position:0% +so it makes life quite hard at the very + + + align:start position:0% +so it makes life quite hard at the very +least in order to have even a slight + + align:start position:0% +least in order to have even a slight + + + align:start position:0% +least in order to have even a slight +chance of measuring B you need to have + + align:start position:0% +chance of measuring B you need to have + + + align:start position:0% +chance of measuring B you need to have +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +inline inter + + align:start position:0% +inline inter + + + align:start position:0% +inline inter +perometer and that inline inter + + align:start position:0% +perometer and that inline inter + + + align:start position:0% +perometer and that inline inter +perometer sole job is to measure this + + align:start position:0% +perometer sole job is to measure this + + + align:start position:0% +perometer sole job is to measure this +term so that you can divide it out of + + align:start position:0% +term so that you can divide it out of + + + align:start position:0% +term so that you can divide it out of +Alpha and try and recover the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +magnetic so let me just give you an + + align:start position:0% +magnetic so let me just give you an + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic so let me just give you an +example of numbers because one thing you + + align:start position:0% +example of numbers because one thing you + + + align:start position:0% +example of numbers because one thing you +might be thinking is well Alpha is an + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking is well Alpha is an + + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking is well Alpha is an +angle so that means you know we can + + align:start position:0% +angle so that means you know we can + + + align:start position:0% +angle so that means you know we can +probably only measure it modul 2 pi or + + align:start position:0% +probably only measure it modul 2 pi or + + + align:start position:0% +probably only measure it modul 2 pi or +even worse maybe only modulo Pi if we're + + align:start position:0% +even worse maybe only modulo Pi if we're + + + align:start position:0% +even worse maybe only modulo Pi if we're +thinking about polarizations so do we + + align:start position:0% +thinking about polarizations so do we + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about polarizations so do we +have to worry about Alpha being an + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about Alpha being an + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about Alpha being an +absolutely huge number so let me give + + align:start position:0% +absolutely huge number so let me give + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely huge number so let me give +you an example here if we have a system + + align:start position:0% +you an example here if we have a system + + + align:start position:0% +you an example here if we have a system +where our density electron density is 10 + + align:start position:0% +where our density electron density is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +where our density electron density is 10 +19 per cubic cimer which is 10 25 per + + align:start position:0% +19 per cubic cimer which is 10 25 per + + + align:start position:0% +19 per cubic cimer which is 10 25 per +meter Cub so this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +meter Cub so this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +meter Cub so this is pretty +dense and we have a magnetic field of P + + align:start position:0% +dense and we have a magnetic field of P + + + align:start position:0% +dense and we have a magnetic field of P +Tesla which is not nothing and we use a + + align:start position:0% +Tesla which is not nothing and we use a + + + align:start position:0% +Tesla which is not nothing and we use a +wavelength of + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of +532 nanometers so this is a green laser + + align:start position:0% +532 nanometers so this is a green laser + + + align:start position:0% +532 nanometers so this is a green laser +second harmonic ofum Y and we have a + + align:start position:0% +second harmonic ofum Y and we have a + + + align:start position:0% +second harmonic ofum Y and we have a +plasma that is 1 cm long so this + + align:start position:0% +plasma that is 1 cm long so this + + + align:start position:0% +plasma that is 1 cm long so this +describes some of the plasmas I work + + align:start position:0% +describes some of the plasmas I work + + + align:start position:0% +describes some of the plasmas I work +with quite well um when you get through + + align:start position:0% +with quite well um when you get through + + + align:start position:0% +with quite well um when you get through +all the maps here you find that rotation + + align:start position:0% +all the maps here you find that rotation + + + align:start position:0% +all the maps here you find that rotation +angle is a gigantic + + align:start position:0% +angle is a gigantic + + + align:start position:0% +angle is a gigantic +3.7 degrees okay so even with this + + align:start position:0% +3.7 degrees okay so even with this + + + align:start position:0% +3.7 degrees okay so even with this +plasma which is very dense and has a + + align:start position:0% +plasma which is very dense and has a + + + align:start position:0% +plasma which is very dense and has a +very strong magnetic field we are not + + align:start position:0% +very strong magnetic field we are not + + + align:start position:0% +very strong magnetic field we are not +actually measuring a very large rotation + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring a very large rotation + + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring a very large rotation +angle here so this measurement is + + align:start position:0% +angle here so this measurement is + + + align:start position:0% +angle here so this measurement is +extremely difficult we're certainly not + + align:start position:0% +extremely difficult we're certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +extremely difficult we're certainly not +in any danger of having any ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +in any danger of having any ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +in any danger of having any ambiguity +about Alo it's unlikely it's ever going + + align:start position:0% +about Alo it's unlikely it's ever going + + + align:start position:0% +about Alo it's unlikely it's ever going +to be getting up to Pi okay but if you + + align:start position:0% +to be getting up to Pi okay but if you + + + align:start position:0% +to be getting up to Pi okay but if you +are worried about the ambiguity you + + align:start position:0% +are worried about the ambiguity you + + + align:start position:0% +are worried about the ambiguity you +should spend a little bit of time + + align:start position:0% +should spend a little bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +should spend a little bit of time +thinking about how you would heter this + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how you would heter this + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how you would heter this +it's very cool um so you can temporary + + align:start position:0% +it's very cool um so you can temporary + + + align:start position:0% +it's very cool um so you can temporary +and spatially hyam you have to find a + + align:start position:0% +and spatially hyam you have to find a + + + align:start position:0% +and spatially hyam you have to find a +way to modulate polarization in space or + + align:start position:0% +way to modulate polarization in space or + + + align:start position:0% +way to modulate polarization in space or +time and Carry Your polarization signal + + align:start position:0% +time and Carry Your polarization signal + + + align:start position:0% +time and Carry Your polarization signal +on a modulated polarization don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down I know how to do it in + + align:start position:0% +down I know how to do it in + + + align:start position:0% +down I know how to do it in +time really hard to work out through in + + align:start position:0% +time really hard to work out through in + + + align:start position:0% +time really hard to work out through in +space anyway so how do you do this + + align:start position:0% +space anyway so how do you do this + + + align:start position:0% +space anyway so how do you do this +practically how do we actually make this + + align:start position:0% +practically how do we actually make this + + + align:start position:0% +practically how do we actually make this +measurement of alpha in a real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system well we'll have our setup with + + align:start position:0% +system well we'll have our setup with + + + align:start position:0% +system well we'll have our setup with +our plasma here we have our probing + + align:start position:0% +our plasma here we have our probing + + + align:start position:0% +our plasma here we have our probing +radiation which we prepare in some + + align:start position:0% +radiation which we prepare in some + + + align:start position:0% +radiation which we prepare in some +linear polarization State let's say x + + align:start position:0% +linear polarization State let's say x + + + align:start position:0% +linear polarization State let's say x +polarized like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this we will set up a standard max + + align:start position:0% +this we will set up a standard max + + + align:start position:0% +this we will set up a standard max +Zender interferometer around + + align:start position:0% +Zender interferometer around + + + align:start position:0% +Zender interferometer around +this and that interferometer its job as + + align:start position:0% +this and that interferometer its job as + + + align:start position:0% +this and that interferometer its job as +I said is just to measure + + align:start position:0% +I said is just to measure + + + align:start position:0% +I said is just to measure +any like + + align:start position:0% +any like + + + align:start position:0% +any like +that but now we've got probin radiation + + align:start position:0% +that but now we've got probin radiation + + + align:start position:0% +that but now we've got probin radiation +coming out of the plasma with + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the plasma with + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the plasma with +polarization State X Prime and then we + + align:start position:0% +polarization State X Prime and then we + + + align:start position:0% +polarization State X Prime and then we +split that and we say + + align:start position:0% +split that and we say + + + align:start position:0% +split that and we say +some of it through the beam + + align:start position:0% +some of it through the beam + + + align:start position:0% +some of it through the beam +splitter and through a + + align:start position:0% +splitter and through a + + + align:start position:0% +splitter and through a +polarizer and the other one beam also + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and the other one beam also + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer and the other one beam also +goes through a polarizer and both of + + align:start position:0% +goes through a polarizer and both of + + + align:start position:0% +goes through a polarizer and both of +these beams go onto some sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detector these detectors again we could + + align:start position:0% +detector these detectors again we could + + + align:start position:0% +detector these detectors again we could +be doing a temporarily resolved + + align:start position:0% +be doing a temporarily resolved + + + align:start position:0% +be doing a temporarily resolved +measurement in which case you could + + align:start position:0% +measurement in which case you could + + + align:start position:0% +measurement in which case you could +think of the diode which is outputting a + + align:start position:0% +think of the diode which is outputting a + + + align:start position:0% +think of the diode which is outputting a +voltage trace onto an oscilloscope or we + + align:start position:0% +voltage trace onto an oscilloscope or we + + + align:start position:0% +voltage trace onto an oscilloscope or we +can have a spacy res measurement case + + align:start position:0% +can have a spacy res measurement case + + + align:start position:0% +can have a spacy res measurement case +you think about a camera taking a + + align:start position:0% +you think about a camera taking a + + + align:start position:0% +you think about a camera taking a +snapshot at time or of course you could + + align:start position:0% +snapshot at time or of course you could + + + align:start position:0% +snapshot at time or of course you could +try and combine those two if you had a + + align:start position:0% +try and combine those two if you had a + + + align:start position:0% +try and combine those two if you had a +fast enough camera okay so either of + + align:start position:0% +fast enough camera okay so either of + + + align:start position:0% +fast enough camera okay so either of +these could be functions of time or + + align:start position:0% +these could be functions of time or + + + align:start position:0% +these could be functions of time or +functions of X and Y so these polarizers + + align:start position:0% +functions of X and Y so these polarizers + + + align:start position:0% +functions of X and Y so these polarizers +here what you want to do to make a nice + + align:start position:0% +here what you want to do to make a nice + + + align:start position:0% +here what you want to do to make a nice +measurement of your system what we're + + align:start position:0% +measurement of your system what we're + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of your system what we're +doing here is a differential measurement + + align:start position:0% +doing here is a differential measurement + + + align:start position:0% +doing here is a differential measurement +I keep talking about differential + + align:start position:0% +I keep talking about differential + + + align:start position:0% +I keep talking about differential +measurement because they're very good + + align:start position:0% +measurement because they're very good + + + align:start position:0% +measurement because they're very good +way to make good measurements you set + + align:start position:0% +way to make good measurements you set + + + align:start position:0% +way to make good measurements you set +these polarizers up so that they're at a + + align:start position:0% +these polarizers up so that they're at a + + + align:start position:0% +these polarizers up so that they're at a +slight angle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beta this is some Ang degrees you set + + align:start position:0% +beta this is some Ang degrees you set + + + align:start position:0% +beta this is some Ang degrees you set +these up s a slight angle beta to the + + align:start position:0% +these up s a slight angle beta to the + + + align:start position:0% +these up s a slight angle beta to the +extinction angle for X that is to say + + align:start position:0% +extinction angle for X that is to say + + + align:start position:0% +extinction angle for X that is to say +that in the absence of any plasma these + + align:start position:0% +that in the absence of any plasma these + + + align:start position:0% +that in the absence of any plasma these +two polarizers are perfectly crossed + + align:start position:0% +two polarizers are perfectly crossed + + + align:start position:0% +two polarizers are perfectly crossed +with the polarization of X and so you + + align:start position:0% +with the polarization of X and so you + + + align:start position:0% +with the polarization of X and so you +see no signal whatsoever and you set one + + align:start position:0% +see no signal whatsoever and you set one + + + align:start position:0% +see no signal whatsoever and you set one +of the polarizers up being plus th and + + align:start position:0% +of the polarizers up being plus th and + + + align:start position:0% +of the polarizers up being plus th and +the other polarizer up be + + align:start position:0% +the other polarizer up be + + + align:start position:0% +the other polarizer up be +negativea and so these two will see + + align:start position:0% +negativea and so these two will see + + + align:start position:0% +negativea and so these two will see +different things depending on the sign + + align:start position:0% +different things depending on the sign + + + align:start position:0% +different things depending on the sign +of magnetic field so say the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +of magnetic field so say the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +of magnetic field so say the magnetic +field points in this direction + + align:start position:0% +field points in this direction + + + align:start position:0% +field points in this direction +here one of these detectors will see a + + align:start position:0% +here one of these detectors will see a + + + align:start position:0% +here one of these detectors will see a +signal that goes darker and the other + + align:start position:0% +signal that goes darker and the other + + + align:start position:0% +signal that goes darker and the other +one will see a signal that goes brighter + + align:start position:0% +one will see a signal that goes brighter + + + align:start position:0% +one will see a signal that goes brighter +as the polarization is either rotated + + align:start position:0% +as the polarization is either rotated + + + align:start position:0% +as the polarization is either rotated +towards Extinction or away from + + align:start position:0% +towards Extinction or away from + + + align:start position:0% +towards Extinction or away from +Extinction if we reverse the sign of B + + align:start position:0% +Extinction if we reverse the sign of B + + + align:start position:0% +Extinction if we reverse the sign of B +here we would reverse which detector + + align:start position:0% +here we would reverse which detector + + + align:start position:0% +here we would reverse which detector +goes bright which detector goes darker + + align:start position:0% +goes bright which detector goes darker + + + align:start position:0% +goes bright which detector goes darker +here so this is a differential + + align:start position:0% +here so this is a differential + + + align:start position:0% +here so this is a differential +measurement you see a brightening on one + + align:start position:0% +measurement you see a brightening on one + + + align:start position:0% +measurement you see a brightening on one +channel and a darkening on the other + + align:start position:0% +channel and a darkening on the other + + + align:start position:0% +channel and a darkening on the other +channel and you know that's due to + + align:start position:0% +channel and you know that's due to + + + align:start position:0% +channel and you know that's due to +magnetic field not due to anything else + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field not due to anything else + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field not due to anything else +and so we call these signals + + align:start position:0% +and so we call these signals + + + align:start position:0% +and so we call these signals +intensity signal on the plus Channel + + align:start position:0% +intensity signal on the plus Channel + + + align:start position:0% +intensity signal on the plus Channel +intensity signal on the negative Channel + + align:start position:0% +intensity signal on the negative Channel + + + align:start position:0% +intensity signal on the negative Channel +like this and these two + + align:start position:0% +like this and these two + + + align:start position:0% +like this and these two +intensities is plus or + + align:start position:0% +intensities is plus or + + + align:start position:0% +intensities is plus or +minus are just equal to whatever our + + align:start position:0% +minus are just equal to whatever our + + + align:start position:0% +minus are just equal to whatever our +initial intens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was sin s of the rotation angle induced + + align:start position:0% +was sin s of the rotation angle induced + + + align:start position:0% +was sin s of the rotation angle induced +by the plasma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and plus or minus beta which is this FL + + align:start position:0% +and plus or minus beta which is this FL + + + align:start position:0% +and plus or minus beta which is this FL +rotation angle here so again if there's + + align:start position:0% +rotation angle here so again if there's + + + align:start position:0% +rotation angle here so again if there's +no Plasma in the way Alpha is equal to + + align:start position:0% +no Plasma in the way Alpha is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +no Plasma in the way Alpha is equal to +zero there's no rotation and these two + + align:start position:0% +zero there's no rotation and these two + + + align:start position:0% +zero there's no rotation and these two +the texes would just measure s of beta + + align:start position:0% +the texes would just measure s of beta + + + align:start position:0% +the texes would just measure s of beta +beta is normally going to be a small + + align:start position:0% +beta is normally going to be a small + + + align:start position:0% +beta is normally going to be a small +angle on the + + align:start position:0% +angle on the + + + align:start position:0% +angle on the +so these going to be measuring a signal + + align:start position:0% +so these going to be measuring a signal + + + align:start position:0% +so these going to be measuring a signal +very very close to zero as Alpha + + align:start position:0% +very very close to zero as Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +very very close to zero as Alpha +increases on one of these detectors + + align:start position:0% +increases on one of these detectors + + + align:start position:0% +increases on one of these detectors +Alpha minus beta is going to be close to + + align:start position:0% +Alpha minus beta is going to be close to + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha minus beta is going to be close to +zero so that detector will measure + + align:start position:0% +zero so that detector will measure + + + align:start position:0% +zero so that detector will measure +nothing it will measure Darkness sign of + + align:start position:0% +nothing it will measure Darkness sign of + + + align:start position:0% +nothing it will measure Darkness sign of +Zer is zero on the other detector you'll + + align:start position:0% +Zer is zero on the other detector you'll + + + align:start position:0% +Zer is zero on the other detector you'll +have Alpha plus beta that will be some + + align:start position:0% +have Alpha plus beta that will be some + + + align:start position:0% +have Alpha plus beta that will be some +larger number and so you will measure a + + align:start position:0% +larger number and so you will measure a + + + align:start position:0% +larger number and so you will measure a +larger so you should see for example if + + align:start position:0% +larger so you should see for example if + + + align:start position:0% +larger so you should see for example if +this is a function of F + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes one of the if this is a function of + + align:start position:0% +yes one of the if this is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +yes one of the if this is a function of +time when we for example have the + + align:start position:0% +time when we for example have the + + + align:start position:0% +time when we for example have the +magnetic field going up one of these + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field going up one of these + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field going up one of these +detectors is going to measure a signal + + align:start position:0% +detectors is going to measure a signal + + + align:start position:0% +detectors is going to measure a signal +that looks like this the other one is + + align:start position:0% +that looks like this the other one is + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like this the other one is +going to measure a signal that looks + + align:start position:0% +going to measure a signal that looks + + + align:start position:0% +going to measure a signal that looks +like that so you get brightening and + + align:start position:0% +like that so you get brightening and + + + align:start position:0% +like that so you get brightening and +darkening differently on the two + + align:start position:0% +darkening differently on the two + + + align:start position:0% +darkening differently on the two +detectors and the reason you do that is + + align:start position:0% +detectors and the reason you do that is + + + align:start position:0% +detectors and the reason you do that is +because as well as the signal that + + align:start position:0% +because as well as the signal that + + + align:start position:0% +because as well as the signal that +you're measuring from your probing + + align:start position:0% +you're measuring from your probing + + + align:start position:0% +you're measuring from your probing +radiation relation + + align:start position:0% +radiation relation + + + align:start position:0% +radiation relation +you also have some background radiation + + align:start position:0% +you also have some background radiation + + + align:start position:0% +you also have some background radiation +your plasma is bright and so you're + + align:start position:0% +your plasma is bright and so you're + + + align:start position:0% +your plasma is bright and so you're +always pushing out the copious amount of + + align:start position:0% +always pushing out the copious amount of + + + align:start position:0% +always pushing out the copious amount of +light in every + + align:start position:0% +light in every + + + align:start position:0% +light in every +direction and this light is + + align:start position:0% +direction and this light is + + + align:start position:0% +direction and this light is +unpolarized and because it's unpolarized + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized and because it's unpolarized + + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized and because it's unpolarized +some of it will get through your + + align:start position:0% +some of it will get through your + + + align:start position:0% +some of it will get through your +polarizer the amount will get through + + align:start position:0% +polarizer the amount will get through + + + align:start position:0% +polarizer the amount will get through +your polarizer is our average a half + + align:start position:0% +your polarizer is our average a half + + + align:start position:0% +your polarizer is our average a half +this just comes from thinking about + + align:start position:0% +this just comes from thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +this just comes from thinking about +unpolarized light does if you haven't + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized light does if you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +unpolarized light does if you haven't +come across this before it's worth + + align:start position:0% +come across this before it's worth + + + align:start position:0% +come across this before it's worth +looking up unpolarized light doesn't + + align:start position:0% +looking up unpolarized light doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +looking up unpolarized light doesn't +have a polariz will still some of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get so what you can do with these two + + align:start position:0% +get so what you can do with these two + + + align:start position:0% +get so what you can do with these two +signals you can see that they differ in + + align:start position:0% +signals you can see that they differ in + + + align:start position:0% +signals you can see that they differ in +terms of how they treat the polarization + + align:start position:0% +terms of how they treat the polarization + + + align:start position:0% +terms of how they treat the polarization +of the radiation but they're the same in + + align:start position:0% +of the radiation but they're the same in + + + align:start position:0% +of the radiation but they're the same in +terms of how they treat the self + + align:start position:0% +terms of how they treat the self + + + align:start position:0% +terms of how they treat the self +emission and so this immediately suggest + + align:start position:0% +emission and so this immediately suggest + + + align:start position:0% +emission and so this immediately suggest +you that you can combine them in some + + align:start position:0% +you that you can combine them in some + + + align:start position:0% +you that you can combine them in some +way to make a differential measurement + + align:start position:0% +way to make a differential measurement + + + align:start position:0% +way to make a differential measurement +of alpha which becomes half of AR + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign the intensity of the POS Branch + + align:start position:0% +sign the intensity of the POS Branch + + + align:start position:0% +sign the intensity of the POS Branch +minus the intensity on the negative + + align:start position:0% +minus the intensity on the negative + + + align:start position:0% +minus the intensity on the negative +branch and all of that times the tangent + + align:start position:0% +branch and all of that times the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +branch and all of that times the tangent +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +beta over two again I've skipped an off + + align:start position:0% +beta over two again I've skipped an off + + + align:start position:0% +beta over two again I've skipped an off +of mathematics to get that but + + align:start position:0% +of mathematics to get that but + + + align:start position:0% +of mathematics to get that but +effectively when you take the difference + + align:start position:0% +effectively when you take the difference + + + align:start position:0% +effectively when you take the difference +of these two signals you cancel out that + + align:start position:0% +of these two signals you cancel out that + + + align:start position:0% +of these two signals you cancel out that +self emission that's unpolarized and + + align:start position:0% +self emission that's unpolarized and + + + align:start position:0% +self emission that's unpolarized and +you'll get a signal you'll get an alpha + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a signal you'll get an alpha + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a signal you'll get an alpha +which depends on the Sens it has a + + align:start position:0% +which depends on the Sens it has a + + + align:start position:0% +which depends on the Sens it has a +sensitivity on whatever initial offset + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity on whatever initial offset + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity on whatever initial offset +polarization angle you chose and on + + align:start position:0% +polarization angle you chose and on + + + align:start position:0% +polarization angle you chose and on +these two measurements + + align:start position:0% +these two measurements + + + align:start position:0% +these two measurements +of the intensity two different channels + + align:start position:0% +of the intensity two different channels + + + align:start position:0% +of the intensity two different channels +and if you want to know more about this + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to know more about this + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to know more about this +there's a good paper by George + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +swling in + + align:start position:0% +swling in + + + align:start position:0% +swling in +RSI in + + align:start position:0% +RSI in + + + align:start position:0% +RSI in +2014 and that explained behind this and + + align:start position:0% +2014 and that explained behind this and + + + align:start position:0% +2014 and that explained behind this and +noting of detail on sensitivity analysis + + align:start position:0% +noting of detail on sensitivity analysis + + + align:start position:0% +noting of detail on sensitivity analysis +as well it turns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +so that's far + + align:start position:0% +so that's far + + + align:start position:0% +so that's far +derotation any questions yeah I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +derotation any questions yeah I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +derotation any questions yeah I'm trying +to understand exactly why we're + + align:start position:0% +to understand exactly why we're + + + align:start position:0% +to understand exactly why we're +implementing this beta scheme I guess my + + align:start position:0% +implementing this beta scheme I guess my + + + align:start position:0% +implementing this beta scheme I guess my +initial guess when we were thinking + + align:start position:0% +initial guess when we were thinking + + + align:start position:0% +initial guess when we were thinking +about this is oh I'm going to have two + + align:start position:0% +about this is oh I'm going to have two + + + align:start position:0% +about this is oh I'm going to have two +polarizers which are 90 de out of Base I + + align:start position:0% +polarizers which are 90 de out of Base I + + + align:start position:0% +polarizers which are 90 de out of Base I +can look at two different components is + + align:start position:0% +can look at two different components is + + + align:start position:0% +can look at two different components is +this because the expected angle shift or + + align:start position:0% +this because the expected angle shift or + + + align:start position:0% +this because the expected angle shift or +polarization is so small yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +polarization is so small yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +polarization is so small yeah exactly +right so if you did the 90 degrees out + + align:start position:0% +right so if you did the 90 degrees out + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you did the 90 degrees out +of phase you would be very well set up + + align:start position:0% +of phase you would be very well set up + + + align:start position:0% +of phase you would be very well set up +for measuring sort of 90 degree style uh + + align:start position:0% +for measuring sort of 90 degree style uh + + + align:start position:0% +for measuring sort of 90 degree style uh +deviations here but if this if you're + + align:start position:0% +deviations here but if this if you're + + + align:start position:0% +deviations here but if this if you're +trying to measure Alpha plus or minus 90 + + align:start position:0% +trying to measure Alpha plus or minus 90 + + + align:start position:0% +trying to measure Alpha plus or minus 90 +degrees here then and Alpha is very very + + align:start position:0% +degrees here then and Alpha is very very + + + align:start position:0% +degrees here then and Alpha is very very +small you're going to be measuring sort + + align:start position:0% +small you're going to be measuring sort + + + align:start position:0% +small you're going to be measuring sort +of very similar intensities um you're + + align:start position:0% +of very similar intensities um you're + + + align:start position:0% +of very similar intensities um you're +going to be measuring something that's + + align:start position:0% +going to be measuring something that's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be measuring something that's +close to having an intensity of like one + + align:start position:0% +close to having an intensity of like one + + + align:start position:0% +close to having an intensity of like one +uh plus or minus a tiny amount and so + + align:start position:0% +uh plus or minus a tiny amount and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh plus or minus a tiny amount and so +you're not going to have very much + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to have very much + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to have very much +sensitivity down here you're very close + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity down here you're very close + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity down here you're very close +to the null where you've always got no + + align:start position:0% +to the null where you've always got no + + + align:start position:0% +to the null where you've always got no +light so that means any change in + + align:start position:0% +light so that means any change in + + + align:start position:0% +light so that means any change in +intensity is very very measurable + + align:start position:0% +intensity is very very measurable + + + align:start position:0% +intensity is very very measurable +so swaddling paper talks about exactly + + align:start position:0% +so swaddling paper talks about exactly + + + align:start position:0% +so swaddling paper talks about exactly +how you choose beta but rule of th if + + align:start position:0% +how you choose beta but rule of th if + + + align:start position:0% +how you choose beta but rule of th if +beta is about the size of your expected + + align:start position:0% +beta is about the size of your expected + + + align:start position:0% +beta is about the size of your expected +signal but a bit larger then it's good + + align:start position:0% +signal but a bit larger then it's good + + + align:start position:0% +signal but a bit larger then it's good +the reason you want it to be a bit + + align:start position:0% +the reason you want it to be a bit + + + align:start position:0% +the reason you want it to be a bit +larger is if beta is smaller than your + + align:start position:0% +larger is if beta is smaller than your + + + align:start position:0% +larger is if beta is smaller than your +maximum value of alpha then this line + + align:start position:0% +maximum value of alpha then this line + + + align:start position:0% +maximum value of alpha then this line +goes through I equals z only of course + + align:start position:0% +goes through I equals z only of course + + + align:start position:0% +goes through I equals z only of course +it doesn't it bounces back up and then + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it bounces back up and then + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it bounces back up and then +we have our phase ambiguity again so + + align:start position:0% +we have our phase ambiguity again so + + + align:start position:0% +we have our phase ambiguity again so +you're trying to keep beta sort + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to keep beta sort + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to keep beta sort +of just a little bit bigger so beta is + + align:start position:0% +of just a little bit bigger so beta is + + + align:start position:0% +of just a little bit bigger so beta is +greater + + align:start position:0% +greater + + + align:start position:0% +greater +than Alpha yeah if you had like 90 + + align:start position:0% +than Alpha yeah if you had like 90 + + + align:start position:0% +than Alpha yeah if you had like 90 +degrees then you might want to think + + align:start position:0% +degrees then you might want to think + + + align:start position:0% +degrees then you might want to think +about a different scheme but the main + + align:start position:0% +about a different scheme but the main + + + align:start position:0% +about a different scheme but the main +reason not to just use a single Channel + + align:start position:0% +reason not to just use a single Channel + + + align:start position:0% +reason not to just use a single Channel +because the other thing you might think + + align:start position:0% +because the other thing you might think + + + align:start position:0% +because the other thing you might think +of is I'll just use a single channel is + + align:start position:0% +of is I'll just use a single channel is + + + align:start position:0% +of is I'll just use a single channel is +this self mission problem and then then + + align:start position:0% +this self mission problem and then then + + + align:start position:0% +this self mission problem and then then +you'll see brightness on your detector + + align:start position:0% +you'll see brightness on your detector + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see brightness on your detector +and you'll think ah that must be + + align:start position:0% +and you'll think ah that must be + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll think ah that must be +magnetic field but no actually it's just + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field but no actually it's just + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field but no actually it's just +the plasmic L you have no way to tell + + align:start position:0% +the plasmic L you have no way to tell + + + align:start position:0% +the plasmic L you have no way to tell +that assume those if you think that the + + align:start position:0% +that assume those if you think that the + + + align:start position:0% +that assume those if you think that the +self amission is really small because + + align:start position:0% +self amission is really small because + + + align:start position:0% +self amission is really small because +you've got an incredibly bright light + + align:start position:0% +you've got an incredibly bright light + + + align:start position:0% +you've got an incredibly bright light +source and it just overwhelms self + + align:start position:0% +source and it just overwhelms self + + + align:start position:0% +source and it just overwhelms self +mission then maybe you don't need this + + align:start position:0% +mission then maybe you don't need this + + + align:start position:0% +mission then maybe you don't need this +stuff but in general it seems to be very + + align:start position:0% +stuff but in general it seems to be very + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but in general it seems to be very +helpful other questions yes + + align:start position:0% +helpful other questions yes + + + align:start position:0% +helpful other questions yes +heard of people using rotation theop + + align:start position:0% +heard of people using rotation theop + + + align:start position:0% +heard of people using rotation theop +physical measurement how does that work + + align:start position:0% +physical measurement how does that work + + + align:start position:0% +physical measurement how does that work +if you're not controlling the light it's + + align:start position:0% +if you're not controlling the light it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you're not controlling the light it's +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +uned yeah so farad rotation in + + align:start position:0% +uned yeah so farad rotation in + + + align:start position:0% +uned yeah so farad rotation in +astrophysical measurements I believe you + + align:start position:0% +astrophysical measurements I believe you + + + align:start position:0% +astrophysical measurements I believe you +need to find a source that has polarized + + align:start position:0% +need to find a source that has polarized + + + align:start position:0% +need to find a source that has polarized +light something that is emitting + + align:start position:0% +light something that is emitting + + + align:start position:0% +light something that is emitting +polarized light like syncron light from + + align:start position:0% +polarized light like syncron light from + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light like syncron light from +some specific type of magnetized object + + align:start position:0% +some specific type of magnetized object + + + align:start position:0% +some specific type of magnetized object +and then you look at the rotation of + + align:start position:0% +and then you look at the rotation of + + + align:start position:0% +and then you look at the rotation of +that through the intervening medium so + + align:start position:0% +that through the intervening medium so + + + align:start position:0% +that through the intervening medium so +you have to look for a source and then + + align:start position:0% +you have to look for a source and then + + + align:start position:0% +you have to look for a source and then +wait for that source to be between you + + align:start position:0% +wait for that source to be between you + + + align:start position:0% +wait for that source to be between you +and the object you're trying to study so + + align:start position:0% +and the object you're trying to study so + + + align:start position:0% +and the object you're trying to study so +generally people are studying like The + + align:start position:0% +generally people are studying like The + + + align:start position:0% +generally people are studying like The +Intergalactic medium or the interstellar + + align:start position:0% +Intergalactic medium or the interstellar + + + align:start position:0% +Intergalactic medium or the interstellar +medium so it doesn't really matter where + + align:start position:0% +medium so it doesn't really matter where + + + align:start position:0% +medium so it doesn't really matter where +the source is but it is it is the same + + align:start position:0% +the source is but it is it is the same + + + align:start position:0% +the source is but it is it is the same +effect I mean you still get a rotation + + align:start position:0% +effect I mean you still get a rotation + + + align:start position:0% +effect I mean you still get a rotation +that's to do with these two factors I + + align:start position:0% +that's to do with these two factors I + + + align:start position:0% +that's to do with these two factors I +don't know in their case whether they + + align:start position:0% +don't know in their case whether they + + + align:start position:0% +don't know in their case whether they +are worried about phase ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +are worried about phase ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +are worried about phase ambiguity +obviously these Ed can be quite long in + + align:start position:0% +obviously these Ed can be quite long in + + + align:start position:0% +obviously these Ed can be quite long in +the universe so so I I I don't really + + align:start position:0% +the universe so so I I I don't really + + + align:start position:0% +the universe so so I I I don't really +know how they do that I do think that + + align:start position:0% +know how they do that I do think that + + + align:start position:0% +know how they do that I do think that +they use multicolor technique so they + + align:start position:0% +they use multicolor technique so they + + + align:start position:0% +they use multicolor technique so they +they they can Trove with lots of + + align:start position:0% +they they can Trove with lots of + + + align:start position:0% +they they can Trove with lots of +different wavelengths and so they get + + align:start position:0% +different wavelengths and so they get + + + align:start position:0% +different wavelengths and so they get +measure of alpha for different + + align:start position:0% +measure of alpha for different + + + align:start position:0% +measure of alpha for different +wavelengths and that helps reduce some + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths and that helps reduce some + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths and that helps reduce some +of this ambiguity like we talked about + + align:start position:0% +of this ambiguity like we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +of this ambiguity like we talked about +getting rid of vibrations and neutrals + + align:start position:0% +getting rid of vibrations and neutrals + + + align:start position:0% +getting rid of vibrations and neutrals +in interferometry if you have multiple + + align:start position:0% +in interferometry if you have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +in interferometry if you have multiple +measurements of different wavelengths + + align:start position:0% +measurements of different wavelengths + + + align:start position:0% +measurements of different wavelengths +that's also + + align:start position:0% +that's also + + + align:start position:0% +that's also +yeah there was a polarimeter on C Mod I + + align:start position:0% +yeah there was a polarimeter on C Mod I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there was a polarimeter on C Mod I +don't really know how it worked like I + + align:start position:0% +don't really know how it worked like I + + + align:start position:0% +don't really know how it worked like I +don't know whether they had problems of + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether they had problems of + + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether they had problems of +alpha being close to Pi or something + + align:start position:0% +alpha being close to Pi or something + + + align:start position:0% +alpha being close to Pi or something +like that or exactly how it work + + align:start position:0% +like that or exactly how it work + + + align:start position:0% +like that or exactly how it work +yeah okay any other questions any + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay any other questions any + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay any other questions any +questions online + + align:start position:0% +questions online + + + align:start position:0% +questions online +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me well this measures magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +me well this measures magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +me well this measures magnetic field +inside the plasma so it's very hard to + + align:start position:0% +inside the plasma so it's very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +inside the plasma so it's very hard to +stick a probe a magnetic probe inside + + align:start position:0% +stick a probe a magnetic probe inside + + + align:start position:0% +stick a probe a magnetic probe inside +many plasmas yeah exactly so and a + + align:start position:0% +many plasmas yeah exactly so and a + + + align:start position:0% +many plasmas yeah exactly so and a +second thing I'd say is that you know + + align:start position:0% +second thing I'd say is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +second thing I'd say is that you know +magnetic probes are perturbative you + + align:start position:0% +magnetic probes are perturbative you + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic probes are perturbative you +stick them in the plasma you will change + + align:start position:0% +stick them in the plasma you will change + + + align:start position:0% +stick them in the plasma you will change +the plasma whereas this technique + + align:start position:0% +the plasma whereas this technique + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma whereas this technique +shouldn't change the PL so that's two + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't change the PL so that's two + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't change the PL so that's two +reasons the disadvantage is that this + + align:start position:0% +reasons the disadvantage is that this + + + align:start position:0% +reasons the disadvantage is that this +technique is line integrated so we don't + + align:start position:0% +technique is line integrated so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +technique is line integrated so we don't +get the local magnetic field right uh + + align:start position:0% +get the local magnetic field right uh + + + align:start position:0% +get the local magnetic field right uh +and in fact we talked about arble + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we talked about arble + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we talked about arble +inversion um if you have a cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +inversion um if you have a cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +inversion um if you have a cylindrical +system like a z pinch that has a pooid + + align:start position:0% +system like a z pinch that has a pooid + + + align:start position:0% +system like a z pinch that has a pooid +or magnetic field around it there are + + align:start position:0% +or magnetic field around it there are + + + align:start position:0% +or magnetic field around it there are +very complicated formulas of doing AR + + align:start position:0% +very complicated formulas of doing AR + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated formulas of doing AR +inversion of both the density and the + + align:start position:0% +inversion of both the density and the + + + align:start position:0% +inversion of both the density and the +magnetic field at the same time so you + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field at the same time so you + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field at the same time so you +can still make progress if you know + + align:start position:0% +can still make progress if you know + + + align:start position:0% +can still make progress if you know +something about the symetry of your + + align:start position:0% +something about the symetry of your + + + align:start position:0% +something about the symetry of your +system but if you have no idea about the + + align:start position:0% +system but if you have no idea about the + + + align:start position:0% +system but if you have no idea about the +symmetry of your system this is very + + align:start position:0% +symmetry of your system this is very + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry of your system this is very +very hard to actually use in + + align:start position:0% +very hard to actually use in + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to actually use in +because you don't know whether B do DZ + + align:start position:0% +because you don't know whether B do DZ + + + align:start position:0% +because you don't know whether B do DZ +is changing whether B is changing + + align:start position:0% +is changing whether B is changing + + + align:start position:0% +is changing whether B is changing +whether any is changing along your line + + align:start position:0% +whether any is changing along your line + + + align:start position:0% +whether any is changing along your line +of sight you have like many different + + align:start position:0% +of sight you have like many different + + + align:start position:0% +of sight you have like many different +places where you don't know what's + + align:start position:0% +places where you don't know what's + + + align:start position:0% +places where you don't know what's +going okay one more question yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fig the field everywhere so the question + + align:start position:0% +fig the field everywhere so the question + + + align:start position:0% +fig the field everywhere so the question +is are we trying to measure the field + + align:start position:0% +is are we trying to measure the field + + + align:start position:0% +is are we trying to measure the field +everywhere or are we just trying to + + align:start position:0% +everywhere or are we just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere or are we just trying to +measure in some point for some boundary + + align:start position:0% +measure in some point for some boundary + + + align:start position:0% +measure in some point for some boundary +conditions to some reconstruction um so + + align:start position:0% +conditions to some reconstruction um so + + + align:start position:0% +conditions to some reconstruction um so +on a toac experiment for example where + + align:start position:0% +on a toac experiment for example where + + + align:start position:0% +on a toac experiment for example where +because we're in a low beta regime our + + align:start position:0% +because we're in a low beta regime our + + + align:start position:0% +because we're in a low beta regime our +magnetic measurements are pretty good we + + align:start position:0% +magnetic measurements are pretty good we + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic measurements are pretty good we +can measure at the boundary and that's + + align:start position:0% +can measure at the boundary and that's + + + align:start position:0% +can measure at the boundary and that's +very close to what the measurement is + + align:start position:0% +very close to what the measurement is + + + align:start position:0% +very close to what the measurement is +inside the plasma I don't think you + + align:start position:0% +inside the plasma I don't think you + + + align:start position:0% +inside the plasma I don't think you +would need this to help with a granof + + align:start position:0% +would need this to help with a granof + + + align:start position:0% +would need this to help with a granof +type measurement this might be useful + + align:start position:0% +type measurement this might be useful + + + align:start position:0% +type measurement this might be useful +for getting higher temporal resolution + + align:start position:0% +for getting higher temporal resolution + + + align:start position:0% +for getting higher temporal resolution +in some cases for example on the + + align:start position:0% +in some cases for example on the + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases for example on the +experiments I do obviously you're never + + align:start position:0% +experiments I do obviously you're never + + + align:start position:0% +experiments I do obviously you're never +going to get the three-dimensional field + + align:start position:0% +going to get the three-dimensional field + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the three-dimensional field +because it's line integrated and you + + align:start position:0% +because it's line integrated and you + + + align:start position:0% +because it's line integrated and you +only measure components of the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +only measure components of the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +only measure components of the magnetic +field but you can certainly measure the + + align:start position:0% +field but you can certainly measure the + + + align:start position:0% +field but you can certainly measure the +magnetic field as like a picture so you + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field as like a picture so you + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field as like a picture so you +can take pictures of the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +can take pictures of the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +can take pictures of the magnetic field +you expand your laser beam up and take + + align:start position:0% +you expand your laser beam up and take + + + align:start position:0% +you expand your laser beam up and take +an image that um is pretty useful but of + + align:start position:0% +an image that um is pretty useful but of + + + align:start position:0% +an image that um is pretty useful but of +course you can only + + align:start position:0% +course you can only + + + align:start position:0% +course you can only +interpret you know what you measure is + + align:start position:0% +interpret you know what you measure is + + + align:start position:0% +interpret you know what you measure is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +polarization that's true you know what + + align:start position:0% +polarization that's true you know what + + + align:start position:0% +polarization that's true you know what +that is what you're trying to get out of + + align:start position:0% +that is what you're trying to get out of + + + align:start position:0% +that is what you're trying to get out of +the polarization angle Alpha is the + + align:start position:0% +the polarization angle Alpha is the + + + align:start position:0% +the polarization angle Alpha is the +magnetic field that requires you know + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field that requires you know + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field that requires you know +some sort of model or some sort of + + align:start position:0% +some sort of model or some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of model or some sort of +Intuition or some sort of assumption so + + align:start position:0% +Intuition or some sort of assumption so + + + align:start position:0% +Intuition or some sort of assumption so +you're never going to get full + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to get full + + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to get full +threedimensional structure and + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional structure and + + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional structure and +particular like I said the fact that you + + align:start position:0% +particular like I said the fact that you + + + align:start position:0% +particular like I said the fact that you +only get the components of the vector is + + align:start position:0% +only get the components of the vector is + + + align:start position:0% +only get the components of the vector is +not great + + align:start position:0% +not great + + + align:start position:0% +not great +so there are things like the motional + + align:start position:0% +so there are things like the motional + + + align:start position:0% +so there are things like the motional +Stark effect which I've never fully + + align:start position:0% +Stark effect which I've never fully + + + align:start position:0% +Stark effect which I've never fully +understood um which is does give you + + align:start position:0% +understood um which is does give you + + + align:start position:0% +understood um which is does give you +some way of measuring the local magnetic + + align:start position:0% +some way of measuring the local magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +some way of measuring the local magnetic +field um but never quite you know to + + align:start position:0% +field um but never quite you know to + + + align:start position:0% +field um but never quite you know to +work out what's + + align:start position:0% +work out what's + + + align:start position:0% +work out what's +going any other questions anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online okay we're going to go on to a + + align:start position:0% +online okay we're going to go on to a + + + align:start position:0% +online okay we're going to go on to a +new topic refractometry or reflectometry + + align:start position:0% +new topic refractometry or reflectometry + + + align:start position:0% +new topic refractometry or reflectometry +and then that'll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the idea of + + align:start position:0% +so the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea of +reflectometry is that we launch some + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry is that we launch some + + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry is that we launch some +radiation from one side of the plasma + + align:start position:0% +radiation from one side of the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +radiation from one side of the plasma +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +assume that the plasma has some sort + + align:start position:0% +assume that the plasma has some sort + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the plasma has some sort +of density structure like this so maybe + + align:start position:0% +of density structure like this so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of density structure like this so maybe +this is a coordinate like R could be + + align:start position:0% +this is a coordinate like R could be + + + align:start position:0% +this is a coordinate like R could be +something like toac and this is + + align:start position:0% +something like toac and this is + + + align:start position:0% +something like toac and this is +density and we know that somewhere as + + align:start position:0% +density and we know that somewhere as + + + align:start position:0% +density and we know that somewhere as +this radiation propagates in it's going + + align:start position:0% +this radiation propagates in it's going + + + align:start position:0% +this radiation propagates in it's going +to hit a surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where the density is the critical + + align:start position:0% +where the density is the critical + + + align:start position:0% +where the density is the critical +density and at the critical + + align:start position:0% +density and at the critical + + + align:start position:0% +density and at the critical +density n and we'll call that + + align:start position:0% +density n and we'll call that + + + align:start position:0% +density n and we'll call that +point I guess I'm using X by my not + + align:start position:0% +point I guess I'm using X by my not + + + align:start position:0% +point I guess I'm using X by my not +we'll call that point + + align:start position:0% +we'll call that point + + + align:start position:0% +we'll call that point +XC and + + align:start position:0% +XC and + + + align:start position:0% +XC and +so the + + align:start position:0% +so the + + + align:start position:0% +so the +density at XC is just physical density + + align:start position:0% +density at XC is just physical density + + + align:start position:0% +density at XC is just physical density +and the refractive index at the critical + + align:start position:0% +and the refractive index at the critical + + + align:start position:0% +and the refractive index at the critical +density is zero + + align:start position:0% +density is zero + + + align:start position:0% +density is zero +so at that point as we know the wave is + + align:start position:0% +so at that point as we know the wave is + + + align:start position:0% +so at that point as we know the wave is +going to reflect so effectively we have + + align:start position:0% +going to reflect so effectively we have + + + align:start position:0% +going to reflect so effectively we have +a system + + align:start position:0% +a system + + + align:start position:0% +a system +where the refractive index of our wave + + align:start position:0% +where the refractive index of our wave + + + align:start position:0% +where the refractive index of our wave +is one from the vacuum region and then + + align:start position:0% +is one from the vacuum region and then + + + align:start position:0% +is one from the vacuum region and then +as it comes in the refractive index goes + + align:start position:0% +as it comes in the refractive index goes + + + align:start position:0% +as it comes in the refractive index goes +down goes to zero and the wave would be + + align:start position:0% +down goes to zero and the wave would be + + + align:start position:0% +down goes to zero and the wave would be +evanescent propagating forwards and so + + align:start position:0% +evanescent propagating forwards and so + + + align:start position:0% +evanescent propagating forwards and so +to in order to conserve energy the wave + + align:start position:0% +to in order to conserve energy the wave + + + align:start position:0% +to in order to conserve energy the wave +has to reflect back out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like that and if we have a measuring + + align:start position:0% +like that and if we have a measuring + + + align:start position:0% +like that and if we have a measuring +device we can measure how long it takes + + align:start position:0% +device we can measure how long it takes + + + align:start position:0% +device we can measure how long it takes +for the wave to balance back or we can + + align:start position:0% +for the wave to balance back or we can + + + align:start position:0% +for the wave to balance back or we can +measure the phase shift between the + + align:start position:0% +measure the phase shift between the + + + align:start position:0% +measure the phase shift between the +ingoing wave and the outgoing wave uh + + align:start position:0% +ingoing wave and the outgoing wave uh + + + align:start position:0% +ingoing wave and the outgoing wave uh +and maybe we can learn something about + + align:start position:0% +and maybe we can learn something about + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe we can learn something about +the position of this critical surface + + align:start position:0% +the position of this critical surface + + + align:start position:0% +the position of this critical surface +here so this looks a little bit like + + align:start position:0% +here so this looks a little bit like + + + align:start position:0% +here so this looks a little bit like +radar right we send out a burst of + + align:start position:0% +radar right we send out a burst of + + + align:start position:0% +radar right we send out a burst of +radiation we wait for it to bounce off + + align:start position:0% +radiation we wait for it to bounce off + + + align:start position:0% +radiation we wait for it to bounce off +our reflective object the critical + + align:start position:0% +our reflective object the critical + + + align:start position:0% +our reflective object the critical +surface and then we measure that + + align:start position:0% +surface and then we measure that + + + align:start position:0% +surface and then we measure that +radiation coming back and from the phase + + align:start position:0% +radiation coming back and from the phase + + + align:start position:0% +radiation coming back and from the phase +lag the sort of time of flight if you + + align:start position:0% +lag the sort of time of flight if you + + + align:start position:0% +lag the sort of time of flight if you +will we get some information about where + + align:start position:0% +will we get some information about where + + + align:start position:0% +will we get some information about where +XC is now + + align:start position:0% +XC is now + + + align:start position:0% +XC is now +unfortunately this is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radar why is this more complicated than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radar yeah radar you're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +radar yeah radar you're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +radar yeah radar you're dealing with +bouncing stuff off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sol okay so the answer was in radar + + align:start position:0% +Sol okay so the answer was in radar + + + align:start position:0% +Sol okay so the answer was in radar +you're just bouncing stuff for SL this + + align:start position:0% +you're just bouncing stuff for SL this + + + align:start position:0% +you're just bouncing stuff for SL this +is a plasma but in this picture here + + align:start position:0% +is a plasma but in this picture here + + + align:start position:0% +is a plasma but in this picture here +I've drawn it looks quite similar + + align:start position:0% +I've drawn it looks quite similar + + + align:start position:0% +I've drawn it looks quite similar +doesn't it like we've got some radiation + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it like we've got some radiation + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it like we've got some radiation +coming in we bounce off a reflector we + + align:start position:0% +coming in we bounce off a reflector we + + + align:start position:0% +coming in we bounce off a reflector we +come back out like seems like it should + + align:start position:0% +come back out like seems like it should + + + align:start position:0% +come back out like seems like it should +work I mean the plasma is acting as a + + align:start position:0% +work I mean the plasma is acting as a + + + align:start position:0% +work I mean the plasma is acting as a +perfect reflector so that you're getting + + align:start position:0% +perfect reflector so that you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +perfect reflector so that you're getting +there but that's not quite it uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +there but that's not quite it uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +there but that's not quite it uh yeah +the speed of the wave should be changing + + align:start position:0% +the speed of the wave should be changing + + + align:start position:0% +the speed of the wave should be changing +as it + + align:start position:0% +as it + + + align:start position:0% +as it +goese + + align:start position:0% +goese + + + align:start position:0% +goese +the absolutely so the the answer was the + + align:start position:0% +the absolutely so the the answer was the + + + align:start position:0% +the absolutely so the the answer was the +speed of the wave changes it goes + + align:start position:0% +speed of the wave changes it goes + + + align:start position:0% +speed of the wave changes it goes +through the plasma and so in radar the + + align:start position:0% +through the plasma and so in radar the + + + align:start position:0% +through the plasma and so in radar the +speed of the wave is constant throughout + + align:start position:0% +speed of the wave is constant throughout + + + align:start position:0% +speed of the wave is constant throughout +the entire system right because we just + + align:start position:0% +the entire system right because we just + + + align:start position:0% +the entire system right because we just +got air it goes at the speed of light + + align:start position:0% +got air it goes at the speed of light + + + align:start position:0% +got air it goes at the speed of light +and it bounces back in this system the + + align:start position:0% +and it bounces back in this system the + + + align:start position:0% +and it bounces back in this system the +speed of the wave changes and so + + align:start position:0% +speed of the wave changes and so + + + align:start position:0% +speed of the wave changes and so +although it's going to reflect off this + + align:start position:0% +although it's going to reflect off this + + + align:start position:0% +although it's going to reflect off this +point the details of what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +point the details of what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +point the details of what happens in the +region before it reflects are very + + align:start position:0% +region before it reflects are very + + + align:start position:0% +region before it reflects are very +important right so we Delta 5 depends + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the density or X less than XC right + + align:start position:0% +on the density or X less than XC right + + + align:start position:0% +on the density or X less than XC right +so it depends on whatever the density is + + align:start position:0% +so it depends on whatever the density is + + + align:start position:0% +so it depends on whatever the density is +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +in this region here doesn't depend on + + align:start position:0% +in this region here doesn't depend on + + + align:start position:0% +in this region here doesn't depend on +what the den is doing afterwards because + + align:start position:0% +what the den is doing afterwards because + + + align:start position:0% +what the den is doing afterwards because +we've reflected but this region here it + + align:start position:0% +we've reflected but this region here it + + + align:start position:0% +we've reflected but this region here it +is very important okay so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +is very important okay so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +is very important okay so let's look at +that in more detail let's + + align:start position:0% +that in more detail let's + + + align:start position:0% +that in more detail let's +say Del is equal + + align:start position:0% +say Del is equal + + + align:start position:0% +say Del is equal +to the phase of the wave at B this point + + align:start position:0% +to the phase of the wave at B this point + + + align:start position:0% +to the phase of the wave at B this point +here minus the phase of the way at a + + align:start position:0% +here minus the phase of the way at a + + + align:start position:0% +here minus the phase of the way at a +where it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end that as before is equal to your upon + + align:start position:0% +end that as before is equal to your upon + + + align:start position:0% +end that as before is equal to your upon +C the integral of the refractive index + + align:start position:0% +C the integral of the refractive index + + + align:start position:0% +C the integral of the refractive index +DX + + align:start position:0% +DX + + + align:start position:0% +DX +a b like + + align:start position:0% +a b like + + + align:start position:0% +a b like +that this is just what we've done before + + align:start position:0% +that this is just what we've done before + + + align:start position:0% +that this is just what we've done before +so now we're just dealing with a phasal + + align:start position:0% +so now we're just dealing with a phasal + + + align:start position:0% +so now we're just dealing with a phasal +wave going in we will double this when + + align:start position:0% +wave going in we will double this when + + + align:start position:0% +wave going in we will double this when +we want to come back out again because + + align:start position:0% +we want to come back out again because + + + align:start position:0% +we want to come back out again because +we assum the plasma is stationary on the + + align:start position:0% +we assum the plasma is stationary on the + + + align:start position:0% +we assum the plasma is stationary on the +time scales this light being reflected + + align:start position:0% +time scales this light being reflected + + + align:start position:0% +time scales this light being reflected +but there's a big problem with this + + align:start position:0% +but there's a big problem with this + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a big problem with this +equation I just wrote down here as + + align:start position:0% +equation I just wrote down here as + + + align:start position:0% +equation I just wrote down here as +anyone know I've made a huge assumption + + align:start position:0% +anyone know I've made a huge assumption + + + align:start position:0% +anyone know I've made a huge assumption +uh in all of the work I've been doing + + align:start position:0% +uh in all of the work I've been doing + + + align:start position:0% +uh in all of the work I've been doing +that some of you picked up on before + + align:start position:0% +that some of you picked up on before + + + align:start position:0% +that some of you picked up on before +that isn't valid for some region of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this especially people working with like + + align:start position:0% +this especially people working with like + + + align:start position:0% +this especially people working with like +RF waves might spot something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so we've been using a wkb + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approximation and that wkb + + align:start position:0% +approximation and that wkb + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and that wkb +approximation does not work + + align:start position:0% +approximation does not work + + + align:start position:0% +approximation does not work +when the refractive index gets close to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and one maybe intuitive maybe not + + align:start position:0% +zero and one maybe intuitive maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +zero and one maybe intuitive maybe not +way to think about that is as the + + align:start position:0% +way to think about that is as the + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about that is as the +reflective index gets to zero the + + align:start position:0% +reflective index gets to zero the + + + align:start position:0% +reflective index gets to zero the +wavelength of your wave gets very very + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of your wave gets very very + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of your wave gets very very +large and the wkb approximation assumes + + align:start position:0% +large and the wkb approximation assumes + + + align:start position:0% +large and the wkb approximation assumes +that the wavelength of your wave is much + + align:start position:0% +that the wavelength of your wave is much + + + align:start position:0% +that the wavelength of your wave is much +smaller than any gradients in your + + align:start position:0% +smaller than any gradients in your + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than any gradients in your +system and so as n gets to zero the + + align:start position:0% +system and so as n gets to zero the + + + align:start position:0% +system and so as n gets to zero the +wavelength gets long even this gentle + + align:start position:0% +wavelength gets long even this gentle + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength gets long even this gentle +gradient in density starts to look too + + align:start position:0% +gradient in density starts to look too + + + align:start position:0% +gradient in density starts to look too +large and the formulas that we've been + + align:start position:0% +large and the formulas that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +large and the formulas that we've been +using don't work so we cannot simply + + align:start position:0% +using don't work so we cannot simply + + + align:start position:0% +using don't work so we cannot simply +double this formula here it turns out if + + align:start position:0% +double this formula here it turns out if + + + align:start position:0% +double this formula here it turns out if +you do all of the math appropriately + + align:start position:0% +you do all of the math appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +you do all of the math appropriately +apparently you also pick up a factor of + + align:start position:0% +apparently you also pick up a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +apparently you also pick up a factor of +minus Pi upon two for this reflection + + align:start position:0% +minus Pi upon two for this reflection + + + align:start position:0% +minus Pi upon two for this reflection +don't ask me whether okay so actually + + align:start position:0% +don't ask me whether okay so actually + + + align:start position:0% +don't ask me whether okay so actually +your total + + align:start position:0% +your total + + + align:start position:0% +your total +phase your your phase going doing the + + align:start position:0% +phase your your phase going doing the + + + align:start position:0% +phase your your phase going doing the +balancing coming back out is going to be + + align:start position:0% +balancing coming back out is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +balancing coming back out is going to be +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +to two times this + + align:start position:0% +to two times this + + + align:start position:0% +to two times this +times that but we only pick up the pi/ + + align:start position:0% +times that but we only pick up the pi/ + + + align:start position:0% +times that but we only pick up the pi/ +two once at the + + align:start position:0% +two once at the + + + align:start position:0% +two once at the +reflection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that's because you can't really + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's because you can't really + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's because you can't really +put your detector here you're always + + align:start position:0% +put your detector here you're always + + + align:start position:0% +put your detector here you're always +going to have to do a double pass in + + align:start position:0% +going to have to do a double pass in + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to do a double pass in +this system so it looks a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this system so it looks a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this system so it looks a little bit +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +M okay and + + align:start position:0% +M okay and + + + align:start position:0% +M okay and +uh this integral I probably should have + + align:start position:0% +uh this integral I probably should have + + + align:start position:0% +uh this integral I probably should have +just written this on the new line um + + align:start position:0% +just written this on the new line um + + + align:start position:0% +just written this on the new line um +okay I'm gonna get that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's just say that + + align:start position:0% +so let's just say that + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just say that +the the phase is actually going to + + align:start position:0% +the the phase is actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +the the phase is actually going to +be 2 * Omega upon C and the reason I + + align:start position:0% +be 2 * Omega upon C and the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +be 2 * Omega upon C and the reason I +wanted to rewrite this as I want to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to rewrite this as I want to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to rewrite this as I want to +replace these limits A and B + + align:start position:0% +replace these limits A and B + + + align:start position:0% +replace these limits A and B +with a being where the wave started and + + align:start position:0% +with a being where the wave started and + + + align:start position:0% +with a being where the wave started and +XC being where the wave reflects times + + align:start position:0% +XC being where the wave reflects times + + + align:start position:0% +XC being where the wave reflects times +refractive index the + + align:start position:0% +refractive index the + + + align:start position:0% +refractive index the +xus I upon 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to is due to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflection and the point to give here is + + align:start position:0% +reflection and the point to give here is + + + align:start position:0% +reflection and the point to give here is +that if we measure Delta 5 the phase lag + + align:start position:0% +that if we measure Delta 5 the phase lag + + + align:start position:0% +that if we measure Delta 5 the phase lag +between a wave going into the plasma the + + align:start position:0% +between a wave going into the plasma the + + + align:start position:0% +between a wave going into the plasma the +wave coming back from the + + align:start position:0% +wave coming back from the + + + align:start position:0% +wave coming back from the +plasma it isn't just like equal to + + align:start position:0% +plasma it isn't just like equal to + + + align:start position:0% +plasma it isn't just like equal to +something times XC XC appears in the + + align:start position:0% +something times XC XC appears in the + + + align:start position:0% +something times XC XC appears in the +argument of an integral and they uh + + align:start position:0% +argument of an integral and they uh + + + align:start position:0% +argument of an integral and they uh +sorry in the limits of an integral and + + align:start position:0% +sorry in the limits of an integral and + + + align:start position:0% +sorry in the limits of an integral and +the argument of that integral depends on + + align:start position:0% +the argument of that integral depends on + + + align:start position:0% +the argument of that integral depends on +all of the plasma before we get to XC so + + align:start position:0% +all of the plasma before we get to XC so + + + align:start position:0% +all of the plasma before we get to XC so +this is sort of mathematically a little + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of mathematically a little + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of mathematically a little +bit why this isn't radar if it was radar + + align:start position:0% +bit why this isn't radar if it was radar + + + align:start position:0% +bit why this isn't radar if it was radar +you just have Delta pi equals some + + align:start position:0% +you just have Delta pi equals some + + + align:start position:0% +you just have Delta pi equals some +constant time XC and that constant would + + align:start position:0% +constant time XC and that constant would + + + align:start position:0% +constant time XC and that constant would +be distance the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way okay so there are ways around it and + + align:start position:0% +way okay so there are ways around it and + + + align:start position:0% +way okay so there are ways around it and +the way around it is you use + + align:start position:0% +the way around it is you use + + + align:start position:0% +the way around it is you use +multiple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequencies use + + align:start position:0% +frequencies use + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies use +many Moment Like This so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example you have measurements of Delta F + + align:start position:0% +example you have measurements of Delta F + + + align:start position:0% +example you have measurements of Delta F +and you measure it for lots of different + + align:start position:0% +and you measure it for lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +and you measure it for lots of different +wavelengths or different frequencies + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths or different frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths or different frequencies +maybe it looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something like this and you know this + + align:start position:0% +something like this and you know this + + + align:start position:0% +something like this and you know this +could be you're doing uh the measurement + + align:start position:0% +could be you're doing uh the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +could be you're doing uh the measurement +simultaneously with lots of different + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously with lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously with lots of different +wavelengths like a two color three color + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths like a two color three color + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths like a two color three color +five color measurements or we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +five color measurements or we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +five color measurements or we'll talk +about some other techniques to do was + + align:start position:0% +about some other techniques to do was + + + align:start position:0% +about some other techniques to do was +chirping it later on where you have like + + align:start position:0% +chirping it later on where you have like + + + align:start position:0% +chirping it later on where you have like +a continuously ramping frequency and you + + align:start position:0% +a continuously ramping frequency and you + + + align:start position:0% +a continuously ramping frequency and you +listen for the reflected wave coming + + align:start position:0% +listen for the reflected wave coming + + + align:start position:0% +listen for the reflected wave coming +back like that but the reason you do + + align:start position:0% +back like that but the reason you do + + + align:start position:0% +back like that but the reason you do +this is that after a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +this is that after a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +this is that after a little bit of +mathematics that you can find in + + align:start position:0% +mathematics that you can find in + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics that you can find in +hinson's book you can find out how this + + align:start position:0% +hinson's book you can find out how this + + + align:start position:0% +hinson's book you can find out how this +phase changes with the frequency you put + + align:start position:0% +phase changes with the frequency you put + + + align:start position:0% +phase changes with the frequency you put +in and you get an equation that looks + + align:start position:0% +in and you get an equation that looks + + + align:start position:0% +in and you get an equation that looks +like Define the + + align:start position:0% +like Define the + + + align:start position:0% +like Define the +Omega is equal to two times the integral + + align:start position:0% +Omega is equal to two times the integral + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is equal to two times the integral +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and +infinity the + + align:start position:0% +infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity the +XC the Lambda p and I'll Define some of + + align:start position:0% +XC the Lambda p and I'll Define some of + + + align:start position:0% +XC the Lambda p and I'll Define some of +these in a + + align:start position:0% +these in a + + + align:start position:0% +these in a +moment Lambda p d Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P lamb P + + align:start position:0% +P lamb P + + + align:start position:0% +P lamb P +2us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda this looks very OD don't worry + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this looks very OD don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this looks very OD don't worry +it's going to make slight more sense + + align:start position:0% +it's going to make slight more sense + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to make slight more sense +soon Lambda p is a slightly odd quantity + + align:start position:0% +soon Lambda p is a slightly odd quantity + + + align:start position:0% +soon Lambda p is a slightly odd quantity +it is the wavelength that a wave with a + + align:start position:0% +it is the wavelength that a wave with a + + + align:start position:0% +it is the wavelength that a wave with a +frequency of Omega P would have in free + + align:start position:0% +frequency of Omega P would have in free + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of Omega P would have in free +space obviously in a plasma a wave + + align:start position:0% +space obviously in a plasma a wave + + + align:start position:0% +space obviously in a plasma a wave +frequency of Omega P has infinite + + align:start position:0% +frequency of Omega P has infinite + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of Omega P has infinite +wavelength but this is just the + + align:start position:0% +wavelength but this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength but this is just the +equivalent in free space and so it's + + align:start position:0% +equivalent in free space and so it's + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent in free space and so it's +just 2 pi C upon Omega p and Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +just 2 pi C upon Omega p and Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +just 2 pi C upon Omega p and Lambda is +just 2 pi C upon + + align:start position:0% +just 2 pi C upon + + + align:start position:0% +just 2 pi C upon +Omega so we've gone from this equation + + align:start position:0% +Omega so we've gone from this equation + + + align:start position:0% +Omega so we've gone from this equation +which implicit of course + + align:start position:0% +which implicit of course + + + align:start position:0% +which implicit of course +as n is equal to + + align:start position:0% +as n is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +as n is equal to +1us Omega p^2 upon 2 Omega + + align:start position:0% +1us Omega p^2 upon 2 Omega + + + align:start position:0% +1us Omega p^2 upon 2 Omega +s uh all the way through this I'm + + align:start position:0% +s uh all the way through this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +s uh all the way through this I'm +assuming the mod all the other modes are + + align:start position:0% +assuming the mod all the other modes are + + + align:start position:0% +assuming the mod all the other modes are +very very complicated + + align:start position:0% +very very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +very very complicated +to the and do with other mod as + + align:start position:0% +to the and do with other mod as + + + align:start position:0% +to the and do with other mod as +well so we've taken this equation uh + + align:start position:0% +well so we've taken this equation uh + + + align:start position:0% +well so we've taken this equation uh +We've differentiated it with respect to + + align:start position:0% +We've differentiated it with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +We've differentiated it with respect to +GA and then we have taken the bizarre + + align:start position:0% +GA and then we have taken the bizarre + + + align:start position:0% +GA and then we have taken the bizarre +step of although we've got Omega on the + + align:start position:0% +step of although we've got Omega on the + + + align:start position:0% +step of although we've got Omega on the +left hand side we've written everything + + align:start position:0% +left hand side we've written everything + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side we've written everything +here on the right hand side in terms of + + align:start position:0% +here on the right hand side in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +here on the right hand side in terms of +lambas anyone have any idea why we did + + align:start position:0% +lambas anyone have any idea why we did + + + align:start position:0% +lambas anyone have any idea why we did +that a mathematical trick we're about to + + align:start position:0% +that a mathematical trick we're about to + + + align:start position:0% +that a mathematical trick we're about to +employ you've seen it in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +past Anin version is an abin version + + align:start position:0% +past Anin version is an abin version + + + align:start position:0% +past Anin version is an abin version +well done has no right to be but it is + + align:start position:0% +well done has no right to be but it is + + + align:start position:0% +well done has no right to be but it is +an right so for those of you who are not + + align:start position:0% +an right so for those of you who are not + + + align:start position:0% +an right so for those of you who are not +following you remember we had the Aral + + align:start position:0% +following you remember we had the Aral + + + align:start position:0% +following you remember we had the Aral +transformation so this is the one where + + align:start position:0% +transformation so this is the one where + + + align:start position:0% +transformation so this is the one where +you go from your rely distributed + + align:start position:0% +you go from your rely distributed + + + align:start position:0% +you go from your rely distributed +function f of R to your line integrated + + align:start position:0% +function f of R to your line integrated + + + align:start position:0% +function f of R to your line integrated +function f of Y and that was equal two * + + align:start position:0% +function f of Y and that was equal two * + + + align:start position:0% +function f of Y and that was equal two * +the integral from y to a of f of r r + + align:start position:0% +the integral from y to a of f of r r + + + align:start position:0% +the integral from y to a of f of r r +r r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so I can make the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identification of this term with this + + align:start position:0% +identification of this term with this + + + align:start position:0% +identification of this term with this +term of Lambda p with r and Lambda with + + align:start position:0% +term of Lambda p with r and Lambda with + + + align:start position:0% +term of Lambda p with r and Lambda with +Y like + + align:start position:0% +Y like + + + align:start position:0% +Y like +that this means I can use all of the + + align:start position:0% +that this means I can use all of the + + + align:start position:0% +that this means I can use all of the +mathematical tricks that I had from the + + align:start position:0% +mathematical tricks that I had from the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical tricks that I had from the +Arin version to do the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +Arin version to do the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +Arin version to do the inverse of +version remember this is what we + + align:start position:0% +version remember this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +version remember this is what we +measured this is what we want + + align:start position:0% +measured this is what we want + + + align:start position:0% +measured this is what we want +so we can now do the inverse AR + + align:start position:0% +so we can now do the inverse AR + + + align:start position:0% +so we can now do the inverse AR +inversion and again a fair bit of + + align:start position:0% +inversion and again a fair bit of + + + align:start position:0% +inversion and again a fair bit of +mathematics follows so if you don't + + align:start position:0% +mathematics follows so if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics follows so if you don't +follow all of this this is because I'm + + align:start position:0% +follow all of this this is because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +follow all of this this is because I'm +not sure you every step but then we have + + align:start position:0% +not sure you every step but then we have + + + align:start position:0% +not sure you every step but then we have +the location of the critical + + align:start position:0% +the location of the critical + + + align:start position:0% +the location of the critical +surface as a function of + + align:start position:0% +surface as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +surface as a function of +frequency is equal + + align:start position:0% +frequency is equal + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is equal +to a minus C upon + + align:start position:0% +to a minus C upon + + + align:start position:0% +to a minus C upon +Pi the integral from zero to the + + align:start position:0% +Pi the integral from zero to the + + + align:start position:0% +Pi the integral from zero to the +frequency that you want to know EXC for + + align:start position:0% +frequency that you want to know EXC for + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that you want to know EXC for +D5 D Omega + + align:start position:0% +D5 D Omega + + + align:start position:0% +D5 D Omega +Prime D Omega Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime D Omega Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime D Omega Prime +over Omega s minus Omega Prime squ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want to point out that as we change + + align:start position:0% +I want to point out that as we change + + + align:start position:0% +I want to point out that as we change +frequency we obviously change location + + align:start position:0% +frequency we obviously change location + + + align:start position:0% +frequency we obviously change location +of our critical surface right if we use + + align:start position:0% +of our critical surface right if we use + + + align:start position:0% +of our critical surface right if we use +a higher frequency our critical surface + + align:start position:0% +a higher frequency our critical surface + + + align:start position:0% +a higher frequency our critical surface +will be at higher density and so for a + + align:start position:0% +will be at higher density and so for a + + + align:start position:0% +will be at higher density and so for a +monotonic density profile it'll be + + align:start position:0% +monotonic density profile it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +monotonic density profile it'll be +further in what this equation is saying + + align:start position:0% +further in what this equation is saying + + + align:start position:0% +further in what this equation is saying +is that we can + + align:start position:0% +is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +is that we can +know the location of the critical + + align:start position:0% +know the location of the critical + + + align:start position:0% +know the location of the critical +surface for every fre + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know uh the phase + + align:start position:0% +know uh the phase + + + align:start position:0% +know uh the phase +shift for every frequency Omega Prime + + align:start position:0% +shift for every frequency Omega Prime + + + align:start position:0% +shift for every frequency Omega Prime +where Omega Prime is less than Omega so + + align:start position:0% +where Omega Prime is less than Omega so + + + align:start position:0% +where Omega Prime is less than Omega so +if we have + + align:start position:0% +if we have + + + align:start position:0% +if we have +measured the phase shift for every + + align:start position:0% +measured the phase shift for every + + + align:start position:0% +measured the phase shift for every +smaller frequency coming up to the + + align:start position:0% +smaller frequency coming up to the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller frequency coming up to the +critical frequency we're interested in + + align:start position:0% +critical frequency we're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +critical frequency we're interested in +then we can know the location of the + + align:start position:0% +then we can know the location of the + + + align:start position:0% +then we can know the location of the +critical frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a very powerful technique + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very powerful technique + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very powerful technique +because if we know the location of the + + align:start position:0% +because if we know the location of the + + + align:start position:0% +because if we know the location of the +critical frequency we also know the + + align:start position:0% +critical frequency we also know the + + + align:start position:0% +critical frequency we also know the +density at that location because it's + + align:start position:0% +density at that location because it's + + + align:start position:0% +density at that location because it's +just the critical density and so we can + + align:start position:0% +just the critical density and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +just the critical density and so we can +build + + align:start position:0% +build + + + align:start position:0% +build +up as a function of X we can build + + align:start position:0% +up as a function of X we can build + + + align:start position:0% +up as a function of X we can build +up the density here this is critical + + align:start position:0% +up the density here this is critical + + + align:start position:0% +up the density here this is critical +density at + + align:start position:0% +density at + + + align:start position:0% +density at +X1 and then we can build up the critical + + align:start position:0% +X1 and then we can build up the critical + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and then we can build up the critical +density at + + align:start position:0% +density at + + + align:start position:0% +density at +X2 and you see soon enough we can start + + align:start position:0% +X2 and you see soon enough we can start + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and you see soon enough we can start +building up the entire density profile + + align:start position:0% +building up the entire density profile + + + align:start position:0% +building up the entire density profile +as a function of X which again in the + + align:start position:0% +as a function of X which again in the + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of X which again in the +toac could be something like the minor + + align:start position:0% +toac could be something like the minor + + + align:start position:0% +toac could be something like the minor +radius so this is a way of measuring the + + align:start position:0% +radius so this is a way of measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +radius so this is a way of measuring the +actual density profile to see how much + + align:start position:0% +actual density profile to see how much + + + align:start position:0% +actual density profile to see how much +more powerful this is in in the + + align:start position:0% +more powerful this is in in the + + + align:start position:0% +more powerful this is in in the +barometry which only gives you line inte + + align:start position:0% +barometry which only gives you line inte + + + align:start position:0% +barometry which only gives you line inte +profiles this gives you the actual + + align:start position:0% +profiles this gives you the actual + + + align:start position:0% +profiles this gives you the actual +profile so this is a very very cool + + align:start position:0% +profile so this is a very very cool + + + align:start position:0% +profile so this is a very very cool +technique any questions on this so + + align:start position:0% +technique any questions on this so + + + align:start position:0% +technique any questions on this so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah no we made those assumptions in + + align:start position:0% +yeah no we made those assumptions in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no we made those assumptions in +order to derive this formula Now by + + align:start position:0% +order to derive this formula Now by + + + align:start position:0% +order to derive this formula Now by +analogy we notice the formulas are the + + align:start position:0% +analogy we notice the formulas are the + + + align:start position:0% +analogy we notice the formulas are the +same and so that there is I don't know + + align:start position:0% +same and so that there is I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +same and so that there is I don't know +if there's something deeper under here + + align:start position:0% +if there's something deeper under here + + + align:start position:0% +if there's something deeper under here +that I don't understand but there was + + align:start position:0% +that I don't understand but there was + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't understand but there was +not been any assumption about symmetry + + align:start position:0% +not been any assumption about symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +not been any assumption about symmetry +in our plasma I will say we've made an + + align:start position:0% +in our plasma I will say we've made an + + + align:start position:0% +in our plasma I will say we've made an +assumption that our plasma has a + + align:start position:0% +assumption that our plasma has a + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that our plasma has a +monotonically increasing density profile + + align:start position:0% +monotonically increasing density profile + + + align:start position:0% +monotonically increasing density profile +or rather should we say that if your + + align:start position:0% +or rather should we say that if your + + + align:start position:0% +or rather should we say that if your +profile is like this you can only + + align:start position:0% +profile is like this you can only + + + align:start position:0% +profile is like this you can only +measure up to here you can't measure the + + align:start position:0% +measure up to here you can't measure the + + + align:start position:0% +measure up to here you can't measure the +other side that's a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +other side that's a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +other side that's a pretty good +approximation for a toac but if you have + + align:start position:0% +approximation for a toac but if you have + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for a toac but if you have +some funky system which has like a dip + + align:start position:0% +some funky system which has like a dip + + + align:start position:0% +some funky system which has like a dip +in the center you won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +in the center you won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +in the center you won't be able to +measure that Hutson says you can't look + + align:start position:0% +measure that Hutson says you can't look + + + align:start position:0% +measure that Hutson says you can't look +over the hill which I think is a nice + + align:start position:0% +over the hill which I think is a nice + + + align:start position:0% +over the hill which I think is a nice +intuitive way of doing it you can only + + align:start position:0% +intuitive way of doing it you can only + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive way of doing it you can only +measure up to a mass so yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um just to say that you know this is an + + align:start position:0% +um just to say that you know this is an + + + align:start position:0% +um just to say that you know this is an +analytical solution or the O mode if you + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution or the O mode if you + + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution or the O mode if you +happen to decide to do this with the X + + align:start position:0% +happen to decide to do this with the X + + + align:start position:0% +happen to decide to do this with the X +mode because you want to use that + + align:start position:0% +mode because you want to use that + + + align:start position:0% +mode because you want to use that +polarization you can but you have to do + + align:start position:0% +polarization you can but you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +polarization you can but you have to do +all this numerically instead and it + + align:start position:0% +all this numerically instead and it + + + align:start position:0% +all this numerically instead and it +doesn't come out as nicely as this but + + align:start position:0% +doesn't come out as nicely as this but + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't come out as nicely as this but +it's completely possible you just have + + align:start position:0% +it's completely possible you just have + + + align:start position:0% +it's completely possible you just have +to know what your dispersion + + align:start position:0% +to know what your dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +to know what your dispersion +relationship is as encoded by the + + align:start position:0% +relationship is as encoded by the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship is as encoded by the +refractive + + align:start position:0% +refractive + + + align:start position:0% +refractive +index any other questions on this before + + align:start position:0% +index any other questions on this before + + + align:start position:0% +index any other questions on this before +we move on to a few practic ales and + + align:start position:0% +we move on to a few practic ales and + + + align:start position:0% +we move on to a few practic ales and +then finish up actually quite + + align:start position:0% +then finish up actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +then finish up actually quite +soon any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +online yeah you expressly Drew this + + align:start position:0% +online yeah you expressly Drew this + + + align:start position:0% +online yeah you expressly Drew this +almost as it looks like a a microwave + + align:start position:0% +almost as it looks like a a microwave + + + align:start position:0% +almost as it looks like a a microwave +horn I guess you know this is a question + + align:start position:0% +horn I guess you know this is a question + + + align:start position:0% +horn I guess you know this is a question +I can answer myself in sense of just + + align:start position:0% +I can answer myself in sense of just + + + align:start position:0% +I can answer myself in sense of just +Computing the range of critical density + + align:start position:0% +Computing the range of critical density + + + align:start position:0% +Computing the range of critical density +of interest to know what range ofed but + + align:start position:0% +of interest to know what range ofed but + + + align:start position:0% +of interest to know what range ofed but +on machines like tox is this normally + + align:start position:0% +on machines like tox is this normally + + + align:start position:0% +on machines like tox is this normally +done in the microwave range yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +done in the microwave range yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +done in the microwave range yeah yeah so +I I did draw it as a microwave form and + + align:start position:0% +I I did draw it as a microwave form and + + + align:start position:0% +I I did draw it as a microwave form and +that is to suggest microwaves because + + align:start position:0% +that is to suggest microwaves because + + + align:start position:0% +that is to suggest microwaves because +this is a technique that is done on toax + + align:start position:0% +this is a technique that is done on toax + + + align:start position:0% +this is a technique that is done on toax +you because of some of the + + align:start position:0% +you because of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +you because of some of the +practicalities I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +practicalities I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +practicalities I'm going to talk about +in a moment for a very short uh a system + + align:start position:0% +in a moment for a very short uh a system + + + align:start position:0% +in a moment for a very short uh a system +which is very + + align:start position:0% +which is very + + + align:start position:0% +which is very +shortlived uh it's very difficult to + + align:start position:0% +shortlived uh it's very difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +shortlived uh it's very difficult to +make a measurement at lots of different + + align:start position:0% +make a measurement at lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +make a measurement at lots of different +frequencies and so for like the plasmas + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and so for like the plasmas + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and so for like the plasmas +I work with this is completely + + align:start position:0% +I work with this is completely + + + align:start position:0% +I work with this is completely +impractical you would also for the + + align:start position:0% +impractical you would also for the + + + align:start position:0% +impractical you would also for the +plasmas i' work with need to generate + + align:start position:0% +plasmas i' work with need to generate + + + align:start position:0% +plasmas i' work with need to generate +radiation that goes up to like the + + align:start position:0% +radiation that goes up to like the + + + align:start position:0% +radiation that goes up to like the +critical density and that would be sort + + align:start position:0% +critical density and that would be sort + + + align:start position:0% +critical density and that would be sort +of like soft x-ray lasers which are also + + align:start position:0% +of like soft x-ray lasers which are also + + + align:start position:0% +of like soft x-ray lasers which are also +very very hard to get a hold of like + + align:start position:0% +very very hard to get a hold of like + + + align:start position:0% +very very hard to get a hold of like +visible radiation we're in that nice + + align:start position:0% +visible radiation we're in that nice + + + align:start position:0% +visible radiation we're in that nice +regime where any over NC is very very + + align:start position:0% +regime where any over NC is very very + + + align:start position:0% +regime where any over NC is very very +small in the sort of plasmas I work with + + align:start position:0% +small in the sort of plasmas I work with + + + align:start position:0% +small in the sort of plasmas I work with +so that's great but if I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +so that's great but if I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +so that's great but if I wanted to +actually work near the critical density + + align:start position:0% +actually work near the critical density + + + align:start position:0% +actually work near the critical density +I'd have to get something with much + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to get something with much + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to get something with much +shorter wavelengths and that technology + + align:start position:0% +shorter wavelengths and that technology + + + align:start position:0% +shorter wavelengths and that technology +doesn't exist so although hon the book + + align:start position:0% +doesn't exist so although hon the book + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't exist so although hon the book +is very good at sort of emphasizing the + + align:start position:0% +is very good at sort of emphasizing the + + + align:start position:0% +is very good at sort of emphasizing the +principles of Diagnostics rather than + + align:start position:0% +principles of Diagnostics rather than + + + align:start position:0% +principles of Diagnostics rather than +like the the practicalities a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +like the the practicalities a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +like the the practicalities a lot of the +time the practicalities of what + + align:start position:0% +time the practicalities of what + + + align:start position:0% +time the practicalities of what +radiation sources we have and what + + align:start position:0% +radiation sources we have and what + + + align:start position:0% +radiation sources we have and what +detect we have really dictate what + + align:start position:0% +detect we have really dictate what + + + align:start position:0% +detect we have really dictate what +techniques we could use in different + + align:start position:0% +techniques we could use in different + + + align:start position:0% +techniques we could use in different +plasmas and then when technology becomes + + align:start position:0% +plasmas and then when technology becomes + + + align:start position:0% +plasmas and then when technology becomes +available that enables us to do new + + align:start position:0% +available that enables us to do new + + + align:start position:0% +available that enables us to do new +things that we weren't able to do so + + align:start position:0% +things that we weren't able to do so + + + align:start position:0% +things that we weren't able to do so +okay so let's talk about like a + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's talk about like a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's talk about like a +practical system for making this + + align:start position:0% +practical system for making this + + + align:start position:0% +practical system for making this +measurement which is the phase uh lag at + + align:start position:0% +measurement which is the phase uh lag at + + + align:start position:0% +measurement which is the phase uh lag at +a range of different frequencies and can + + align:start position:0% +a range of different frequencies and can + + + align:start position:0% +a range of different frequencies and can +I just point out something that probably + + align:start position:0% +I just point out something that probably + + + align:start position:0% +I just point out something that probably +some of you have spotted already I drew + + align:start position:0% +some of you have spotted already I drew + + + align:start position:0% +some of you have spotted already I drew +this very deliberately as a nice + + align:start position:0% +this very deliberately as a nice + + + align:start position:0% +this very deliberately as a nice +discreet measurement and a discreet set + + align:start position:0% +discreet measurement and a discreet set + + + align:start position:0% +discreet measurement and a discreet set +of Omega and so you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +of Omega and so you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +of Omega and so you're going to have +numerical noise when you differentiate + + align:start position:0% +numerical noise when you differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +numerical noise when you differentiate +that and once again that actually + + align:start position:0% +that and once again that actually + + + align:start position:0% +that and once again that actually +matters because I've written this with + + align:start position:0% +matters because I've written this with + + + align:start position:0% +matters because I've written this with +little small D's here but of course in + + align:start position:0% +little small D's here but of course in + + + align:start position:0% +little small D's here but of course in +reality it's always going to be Capital + + align:start position:0% +reality it's always going to be Capital + + + align:start position:0% +reality it's always going to be Capital +deltas and so you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +deltas and so you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +deltas and so you're going to have to +think about like can I fit this with + + align:start position:0% +think about like can I fit this with + + + align:start position:0% +think about like can I fit this with +some basis functions and a nice and + + align:start position:0% +some basis functions and a nice and + + + align:start position:0% +some basis functions and a nice and +smooth can I do all sorts of techniques + + align:start position:0% +smooth can I do all sorts of techniques + + + align:start position:0% +smooth can I do all sorts of techniques +I normally do to avoid amplifying up + + align:start position:0% +I normally do to avoid amplifying up + + + align:start position:0% +I normally do to avoid amplifying up +this noise and of course I mostly + + align:start position:0% +this noise and of course I mostly + + + align:start position:0% +this noise and of course I mostly +amplifying the noise very close to the + + align:start position:0% +amplifying the noise very close to the + + + align:start position:0% +amplifying the noise very close to the +frequency that I actually want to + + align:start position:0% +frequency that I actually want to + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that I actually want to +measure so noise here is going to be + + align:start position:0% +measure so noise here is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +measure so noise here is going to be +very important for measuring the + + align:start position:0% +very important for measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +very important for measuring the +location of the phal surface this + + align:start position:0% +location of the phal surface this + + + align:start position:0% +location of the phal surface this +frequency this is like the avin version + + align:start position:0% +frequency this is like the avin version + + + align:start position:0% +frequency this is like the avin version +where Noise near the center of theage + + align:start position:0% +where Noise near the center of theage + + + align:start position:0% +where Noise near the center of theage +was very very important so there there + + align:start position:0% +was very very important so there there + + + align:start position:0% +was very very important so there there +are some nice analogies you can draw + + align:start position:0% +are some nice analogies you can draw + + + align:start position:0% +are some nice analogies you can draw +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay a surprising number of PL + + align:start position:0% +okay a surprising number of PL + + + align:start position:0% +okay a surprising number of PL +techniques actually started off being + + align:start position:0% +techniques actually started off being + + + align:start position:0% +techniques actually started off being +ionospheric measuring + + align:start position:0% +ionospheric measuring + + + align:start position:0% +ionospheric measuring +techniques so if we've got the Earth + + align:start position:0% +techniques so if we've got the Earth + + + align:start position:0% +techniques so if we've got the Earth +down here and we've got some sort of + + align:start position:0% +down here and we've got some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +down here and we've got some sort of +radar + + align:start position:0% +radar + + + align:start position:0% +radar +dish we have floating above it the ion + + align:start position:0% +dish we have floating above it the ion + + + align:start position:0% +dish we have floating above it the ion +which is a low density plasma like this + + align:start position:0% +which is a low density plasma like this + + + align:start position:0% +which is a low density plasma like this +you know SP up + + align:start position:0% +you know SP up + + + align:start position:0% +you know SP up +here um and so when people invented + + align:start position:0% +here um and so when people invented + + + align:start position:0% +here um and so when people invented +radar technology drone World War II they + + align:start position:0% +radar technology drone World War II they + + + align:start position:0% +radar technology drone World War II they +suddenly had this ability to produce + + align:start position:0% +suddenly had this ability to produce + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly had this ability to produce +intense burst of quite specific + + align:start position:0% +intense burst of quite specific + + + align:start position:0% +intense burst of quite specific +frequency radiation that was being used + + align:start position:0% +frequency radiation that was being used + + + align:start position:0% +frequency radiation that was being used +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +radar uh and they therefore were able to + + align:start position:0% +radar uh and they therefore were able to + + + align:start position:0% +radar uh and they therefore were able to +use that technology for civilian + + align:start position:0% +use that technology for civilian + + + align:start position:0% +use that technology for civilian +purposes and start doing interesting + + align:start position:0% +purposes and start doing interesting + + + align:start position:0% +purposes and start doing interesting +measurements and it turns out the radar + + align:start position:0% +measurements and it turns out the radar + + + align:start position:0% +measurements and it turns out the radar +is well matched the sorts of densities + + align:start position:0% +is well matched the sorts of densities + + + align:start position:0% +is well matched the sorts of densities +that you get inside the ionosphere and + + align:start position:0% +that you get inside the ionosphere and + + + align:start position:0% +that you get inside the ionosphere and +so if you want to do this reflectometry + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to do this reflectometry + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to do this reflectometry +measurement and try and build up a + + align:start position:0% +measurement and try and build up a + + + align:start position:0% +measurement and try and build up a +picture of the density in the ionosphere + + align:start position:0% +picture of the density in the ionosphere + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the density in the ionosphere +you can start sending out different + + align:start position:0% +you can start sending out different + + + align:start position:0% +you can start sending out different +pulses of + + align:start position:0% +pulses of + + + align:start position:0% +pulses of +radiation and these different pulses + + align:start position:0% +radiation and these different pulses + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and these different pulses +will reflect off + + align:start position:0% +will reflect off + + + align:start position:0% +will reflect off +and they can be detected I mean in + + align:start position:0% +and they can be detected I mean in + + + align:start position:0% +and they can be detected I mean in +principle by another detector maybe + + align:start position:0% +principle by another detector maybe + + + align:start position:0% +principle by another detector maybe +something very close to the original one + + align:start position:0% +something very close to the original one + + + align:start position:0% +something very close to the original one +here and you can build up a map of what + + align:start position:0% +here and you can build up a map of what + + + align:start position:0% +here and you can build up a map of what +the density looks like without even + + align:start position:0% +the density looks like without even + + + align:start position:0% +the density looks like without even +having to fly a satellite up there the + + align:start position:0% +having to fly a satellite up there the + + + align:start position:0% +having to fly a satellite up there the +atomosphere is rtiv be slow evolving + + align:start position:0% +atomosphere is rtiv be slow evolving + + + align:start position:0% +atomosphere is rtiv be slow evolving +right it doesn't change very much so you + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't change very much so you + + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't change very much so you +can send the + + align:start position:0% +can send the + + + align:start position:0% +can send the +pulse at one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency waight + + align:start position:0% +frequency waight + + + align:start position:0% +frequency waight +to bounce back and then send the ne + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pulse and because the ionosphere is + + align:start position:0% +pulse and because the ionosphere is + + + align:start position:0% +pulse and because the ionosphere is +evolving slowly the properties of the + + align:start position:0% +evolving slowly the properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +evolving slowly the properties of the +ionosphere don't change during the S of + + align:start position:0% +ionosphere don't change during the S of + + + align:start position:0% +ionosphere don't change during the S of +seconds that you're doing this technique + + align:start position:0% +seconds that you're doing this technique + + + align:start position:0% +seconds that you're doing this technique +where you're waiting for the reflection + + align:start position:0% +where you're waiting for the reflection + + + align:start position:0% +where you're waiting for the reflection +and analyzing the data from it so this + + align:start position:0% +and analyzing the data from it so this + + + align:start position:0% +and analyzing the data from it so this +works very well the ionosphere for a + + align:start position:0% +works very well the ionosphere for a + + + align:start position:0% +works very well the ionosphere for a +toac this doesn't work very well if you + + align:start position:0% +toac this doesn't work very well if you + + + align:start position:0% +toac this doesn't work very well if you +have to wait a significant amount of + + align:start position:0% +have to wait a significant amount of + + + align:start position:0% +have to wait a significant amount of +time the plasma is going to have changed + + align:start position:0% +time the plasma is going to have changed + + + align:start position:0% +time the plasma is going to have changed +by the time you get around so what they + + align:start position:0% +by the time you get around so what they + + + align:start position:0% +by the time you get around so what they +do in a toac is a slightly more + + align:start position:0% +do in a toac is a slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +do in a toac is a slightly more +complicated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system so let's have our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +toat nice d-shaped + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crosssection diverted plasma like + + align:start position:0% +crosssection diverted plasma like + + + align:start position:0% +crosssection diverted plasma like +this the density is constant on a flux + + align:start position:0% +this the density is constant on a flux + + + align:start position:0% +this the density is constant on a flux +surface so these flux surf this is I'm + + align:start position:0% +surface so these flux surf this is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +surface so these flux surf this is I'm +drawing also surfaces of constant + + align:start position:0% +drawing also surfaces of constant + + + align:start position:0% +drawing also surfaces of constant +density here and again I'll have some + + align:start position:0% +density here and again I'll have some + + + align:start position:0% +density here and again I'll have some +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +horn and uh I'll be launching radiation + + align:start position:0% +horn and uh I'll be launching radiation + + + align:start position:0% +horn and uh I'll be launching radiation +into the plasma with this I'll also have + + align:start position:0% +into the plasma with this I'll also have + + + align:start position:0% +into the plasma with this I'll also have +some horn collecting radiation coming + + align:start position:0% +some horn collecting radiation coming + + + align:start position:0% +some horn collecting radiation coming +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +plasma and what I'll do is I'll have a + + align:start position:0% +plasma and what I'll do is I'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +plasma and what I'll do is I'll have a +source of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radiation and I will also split some of + + align:start position:0% +radiation and I will also split some of + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and I will also split some of +that radi a that's going into plasma and + + align:start position:0% +that radi a that's going into plasma and + + + align:start position:0% +that radi a that's going into plasma and +send it to a hetr mixer where it adds a + + align:start position:0% +send it to a hetr mixer where it adds a + + + align:start position:0% +send it to a hetr mixer where it adds a +small amount of frequency remember this + + align:start position:0% +small amount of frequency remember this + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of frequency remember this +could be our rotating wheel or our + + align:start position:0% +could be our rotating wheel or our + + + align:start position:0% +could be our rotating wheel or our +moving mirror or + + align:start position:0% +moving mirror or + + + align:start position:0% +moving mirror or +our acous Optical modulator or something + + align:start position:0% +our acous Optical modulator or something + + + align:start position:0% +our acous Optical modulator or something +like that and then I mix + + align:start position:0% +like that and then I mix + + + align:start position:0% +like that and then I mix +that back in I effectively do temporally + + align:start position:0% +that back in I effectively do temporally + + + align:start position:0% +that back in I effectively do temporally +hrod inetryconydot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but at the same time I sweep this + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time I sweep this + + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time I sweep this +initial frequency here so for + + align:start position:0% +initial frequency here so for + + + align:start position:0% +initial frequency here so for +example I have on this plot here I think + + align:start position:0% +example I have on this plot here I think + + + align:start position:0% +example I have on this plot here I think +can't remember which toac I got it from + + align:start position:0% +can't remember which toac I got it from + + + align:start position:0% +can't remember which toac I got it from +there's a system which sweeps from 40 to + + align:start position:0% +there's a system which sweeps from 40 to + + + align:start position:0% +there's a system which sweeps from 40 to + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +gigz and it does that in + + align:start position:0% +gigz and it does that in + + + align:start position:0% +gigz and it does that in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +microsc but that's kind of like your + + align:start position:0% +microsc but that's kind of like your + + + align:start position:0% +microsc but that's kind of like your +sweet period and then it drops back down + + align:start position:0% +sweet period and then it drops back down + + + align:start position:0% +sweet period and then it drops back down +and does it again so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +and does it again so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +and does it again so if you want to +capture Dynamics you can capture + + align:start position:0% +capture Dynamics you can capture + + + align:start position:0% +capture Dynamics you can capture +Dynamics on time scales which are + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics on time scales which are + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics on time scales which are +greater than 15 microc if there's + + align:start position:0% +greater than 15 microc if there's + + + align:start position:0% +greater than 15 microc if there's +something small and fluctuating on the + + align:start position:0% +something small and fluctuating on the + + + align:start position:0% +something small and fluctuating on the +shorter time scale you won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +shorter time scale you won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +shorter time scale you won't be able to +catch it with this + + align:start position:0% +catch it with this + + + align:start position:0% +catch it with this +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +um and here we're not measuring the + + align:start position:0% +um and here we're not measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +um and here we're not measuring the +delay directly as we did with this + + align:start position:0% +delay directly as we did with this + + + align:start position:0% +delay directly as we did with this +system where you're literally counting + + align:start position:0% +system where you're literally counting + + + align:start position:0% +system where you're literally counting +seconds between sending it out and + + align:start position:0% +seconds between sending it out and + + + align:start position:0% +seconds between sending it out and +coming back now instead you're measuring + + align:start position:0% +coming back now instead you're measuring + + + align:start position:0% +coming back now instead you're measuring +the phase shift with this het system as + + align:start position:0% +the phase shift with this het system as + + + align:start position:0% +the phase shift with this het system as +we did problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so just a couple of final notes on this + + align:start position:0% +so just a couple of final notes on this + + + align:start position:0% +so just a couple of final notes on this +technique and some of its limitations um + + align:start position:0% +technique and some of its limitations um + + + align:start position:0% +technique and some of its limitations um +so one big hope of this technique would + + align:start position:0% +so one big hope of this technique would + + + align:start position:0% +so one big hope of this technique would +be to measure + + align:start position:0% +be to measure + + + align:start position:0% +be to measure +fluctuations so fluctuations are very + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations so fluctuations are very + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations so fluctuations are very +important in uh magnetic confinement + + align:start position:0% +important in uh magnetic confinement + + + align:start position:0% +important in uh magnetic confinement +devices because they are associated with + + align:start position:0% +devices because they are associated with + + + align:start position:0% +devices because they are associated with +turbulence and turbulence is associated + + align:start position:0% +turbulence and turbulence is associated + + + align:start position:0% +turbulence and turbulence is associated +with the normous transport and therefore + + align:start position:0% +with the normous transport and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +with the normous transport and therefore +bad energy confinement therefore + + align:start position:0% +bad energy confinement therefore + + + align:start position:0% +bad energy confinement therefore +uneconomical reaction so we like to + + align:start position:0% +uneconomical reaction so we like to + + + align:start position:0% +uneconomical reaction so we like to +understand what is going on with + + align:start position:0% +understand what is going on with + + + align:start position:0% +understand what is going on with +fluctuations inside here and so + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations inside here and so + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations inside here and so +Hutchinson says a lot of people are + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson says a lot of people are + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson says a lot of people are +trying to use this technique for a very + + align:start position:0% +trying to use this technique for a very + + + align:start position:0% +trying to use this technique for a very +long time to measure fluctuations but it + + align:start position:0% +long time to measure fluctuations but it + + + align:start position:0% +long time to measure fluctuations but it +is very very challenging to do this and + + align:start position:0% +is very very challenging to do this and + + + align:start position:0% +is very very challenging to do this and +one of the challenging things is that + + align:start position:0% +one of the challenging things is that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the challenging things is that +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sensitive near the critical density so + + align:start position:0% +sensitive near the critical density so + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive near the critical density so +near XC the location of the CRI density + + align:start position:0% +near XC the location of the CRI density + + + align:start position:0% +near XC the location of the CRI density +and that's kind of what I was talking + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of what I was talking + + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of what I was talking +about here where this formula is very + + align:start position:0% +about here where this formula is very + + + align:start position:0% +about here where this formula is very +has a singularity in it and so can be + + align:start position:0% +has a singularity in it and so can be + + + align:start position:0% +has a singularity in it and so can be +very sensitive to contributions very + + align:start position:0% +very sensitive to contributions very + + + align:start position:0% +very sensitive to contributions very +close to critical density but there's + + align:start position:0% +close to critical density but there's + + + align:start position:0% +close to critical density but there's +also still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contributions from the + + align:start position:0% +contributions from the + + + align:start position:0% +contributions from the +plasma for which is X less than XC so if + + align:start position:0% +plasma for which is X less than XC so if + + + align:start position:0% +plasma for which is X less than XC so if +it was just sensitive to fluctuations in + + align:start position:0% +it was just sensitive to fluctuations in + + + align:start position:0% +it was just sensitive to fluctuations in +XC this would be great you can think + + align:start position:0% +XC this would be great you can think + + + align:start position:0% +XC this would be great you can think +about it like a little vibrating mirror + + align:start position:0% +about it like a little vibrating mirror + + + align:start position:0% +about it like a little vibrating mirror +and we can measure that position of that + + align:start position:0% +and we can measure that position of that + + + align:start position:0% +and we can measure that position of that +mirror really sensitively but unfort + + align:start position:0% +mirror really sensitively but unfort + + + align:start position:0% +mirror really sensitively but unfort +it's not there's also these + + align:start position:0% +it's not there's also these + + + align:start position:0% +it's not there's also these +contributions uh from elsewhere and + + align:start position:0% +contributions uh from elsewhere and + + + align:start position:0% +contributions uh from elsewhere and +Hutchinson says rather dismissively that + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson says rather dismissively that + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson says rather dismissively that +most people have forget about this + + align:start position:0% +most people have forget about this + + + align:start position:0% +most people have forget about this +second problem when they're analyzing + + align:start position:0% +second problem when they're analyzing + + + align:start position:0% +second problem when they're analyzing +the data and just assume uh that it's + + align:start position:0% +the data and just assume uh that it's + + + align:start position:0% +the data and just assume uh that it's +just measuring fluctuations in the + + align:start position:0% +just measuring fluctuations in the + + + align:start position:0% +just measuring fluctuations in the +location of the critical service if you + + align:start position:0% +location of the critical service if you + + + align:start position:0% +location of the critical service if you +includes the fact that there's these + + align:start position:0% +includes the fact that there's these + + + align:start position:0% +includes the fact that there's these +other contributions from Health where + + align:start position:0% +other contributions from Health where + + + align:start position:0% +other contributions from Health where +you can imagine the fluctuations are + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine the fluctuations are + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine the fluctuations are +maybe out of phase or doing something + + align:start position:0% +maybe out of phase or doing something + + + align:start position:0% +maybe out of phase or doing something +else and it's going to make your + + align:start position:0% +else and it's going to make your + + + align:start position:0% +else and it's going to make your +measurement really hard to interpret and + + align:start position:0% +measurement really hard to interpret and + + + align:start position:0% +measurement really hard to interpret and +also lot of the picture we've been using + + align:start position:0% +also lot of the picture we've been using + + + align:start position:0% +also lot of the picture we've been using +here has been onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +here has been onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +here has been onedimensional +but reality is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three-dimensional and so there might be + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional and so there might be + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional and so there might be +waves which are scattering off at + + align:start position:0% +waves which are scattering off at + + + align:start position:0% +waves which are scattering off at +slightly odd angles there might be + + align:start position:0% +slightly odd angles there might be + + + align:start position:0% +slightly odd angles there might be +Reflections off the walls things like + + align:start position:0% +Reflections off the walls things like + + + align:start position:0% +Reflections off the walls things like +that and that makes this measur very + + align:start position:0% +that and that makes this measur very + + + align:start position:0% +that and that makes this measur very +very Tri in general so as far as I know + + align:start position:0% +very Tri in general so as far as I know + + + align:start position:0% +very Tri in general so as far as I know +people mostly use it just for measuring + + align:start position:0% +people mostly use it just for measuring + + + align:start position:0% +people mostly use it just for measuring +the sort of slowly evolving density + + align:start position:0% +the sort of slowly evolving density + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of slowly evolving density +profile and not these small scale + + align:start position:0% +profile and not these small scale + + + align:start position:0% +profile and not these small scale +fluctuations and the final thing I want + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the final thing I want + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the final thing I want +to do is just contrast reflectometry + + align:start position:0% +to do is just contrast reflectometry + + + align:start position:0% +to do is just contrast reflectometry +with interp + + align:start position:0% +with interp + + + align:start position:0% +with interp +ometry so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflectometry you + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry you + + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry you +measure near the cut + + align:start position:0% +measure near the cut + + + align:start position:0% +measure near the cut +off so you're + + align:start position:0% +off so you're + + + align:start position:0% +off so you're +measuring near this critical density + + align:start position:0% +measuring near this critical density + + + align:start position:0% +measuring near this critical density +here and you can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behind location of the critical surface + + align:start position:0% +behind location of the critical surface + + + align:start position:0% +behind location of the critical surface +so this would be looking over the hill + + align:start position:0% +so this would be looking over the hill + + + align:start position:0% +so this would be looking over the hill +problem here so You' choosing your + + align:start position:0% +problem here so You' choosing your + + + align:start position:0% +problem here so You' choosing your +radiation + + align:start position:0% +radiation + + + align:start position:0% +radiation +so that you are near the critical + + align:start position:0% +so that you are near the critical + + + align:start position:0% +so that you are near the critical +density that's completely different from + + align:start position:0% +density that's completely different from + + + align:start position:0% +density that's completely different from +in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perometry where you usually work in a + + align:start position:0% +perometry where you usually work in a + + + align:start position:0% +perometry where you usually work in a +regime where the densities you're + + align:start position:0% +regime where the densities you're + + + align:start position:0% +regime where the densities you're +measuring are much less than the + + align:start position:0% +measuring are much less than the + + + align:start position:0% +measuring are much less than the +critical density because that means you + + align:start position:0% +critical density because that means you + + + align:start position:0% +critical density because that means you +don't have to worry about refraction all + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about refraction all + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about refraction all +sorts of other effects and so you choose + + align:start position:0% +sorts of other effects and so you choose + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of other effects and so you choose +your probing wavelength so that + + align:start position:0% +your probing wavelength so that + + + align:start position:0% +your probing wavelength so that +sensitive these densities much lower + + align:start position:0% +sensitive these densities much lower + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive these densities much lower +than theal density and we make very + + align:start position:0% +than theal density and we make very + + + align:start position:0% +than theal density and we make very +small measurements there and so this + + align:start position:0% +small measurements there and so this + + + align:start position:0% +small measurements there and so this +means means that we avoid the cut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +off but of course our measurement is + + align:start position:0% +off but of course our measurement is + + + align:start position:0% +off but of course our measurement is +line integrated and in deometry in a way + + align:start position:0% +line integrated and in deometry in a way + + + align:start position:0% +line integrated and in deometry in a way +that although it is complicated in + + align:start position:0% +that although it is complicated in + + + align:start position:0% +that although it is complicated in +reflectometry + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry + + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry +uh you still can actually get the + + align:start position:0% +uh you still can actually get the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you still can actually get the +profile along the probing Man Site which + + align:start position:0% +profile along the probing Man Site which + + + align:start position:0% +profile along the probing Man Site which +you don't do for interet without some + + align:start position:0% +you don't do for interet without some + + + align:start position:0% +you don't do for interet without some +symmetry arguments which could lead to + + align:start position:0% +symmetry arguments which could lead to + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry arguments which could lead to +something like AR + + align:start position:0% +something like AR + + + align:start position:0% +something like AR +verion + + align:start position:0% +verion + + + align:start position:0% +verion +okay any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes um so apparently you do need a two + + align:start position:0% +yes um so apparently you do need a two + + + align:start position:0% +yes um so apparently you do need a two +horn system that people try to do it + + align:start position:0% +horn system that people try to do it + + + align:start position:0% +horn system that people try to do it +with a one hor system but the + + align:start position:0% +with a one hor system but the + + + align:start position:0% +with a one hor system but the +reflections are very complicated to deal + + align:start position:0% +reflections are very complicated to deal + + + align:start position:0% +reflections are very complicated to deal +with and so it's been found to be better + + align:start position:0% +with and so it's been found to be better + + + align:start position:0% +with and so it's been found to be better +to have a launcher and a receiver + + align:start position:0% +to have a launcher and a receiver + + + align:start position:0% +to have a launcher and a receiver +there's a few more details on + + align:start position:0% +there's a few more details on + + + align:start position:0% +there's a few more details on +that I will say so when I did this class + + align:start position:0% +that I will say so when I did this class + + + align:start position:0% +that I will say so when I did this class +two years ago there were several people + + align:start position:0% +two years ago there were several people + + + align:start position:0% +two years ago there were several people +in the group who worked on reflectometry + + align:start position:0% +in the group who worked on reflectometry + + + align:start position:0% +in the group who worked on reflectometry +and they told me that there may be some + + align:start position:0% +and they told me that there may be some + + + align:start position:0% +and they told me that there may be some +more upto-date stuff than what Hutson + + align:start position:0% +more upto-date stuff than what Hutson + + + align:start position:0% +more upto-date stuff than what Hutson +have in this book but they weren't able + + align:start position:0% +have in this book but they weren't able + + + align:start position:0% +have in this book but they weren't able +to point me to any review papers or even + + align:start position:0% +to point me to any review papers or even + + + align:start position:0% +to point me to any review papers or even +any readable papers about this and this + + align:start position:0% +any readable papers about this and this + + + align:start position:0% +any readable papers about this and this +is a huge problem with Diagnostics so + + align:start position:0% +is a huge problem with Diagnostics so + + + align:start position:0% +is a huge problem with Diagnostics so +there's no paper I can't teach it so if + + align:start position:0% +there's no paper I can't teach it so if + + + align:start position:0% +there's no paper I can't teach it so if +anyone is here and they work on + + align:start position:0% +anyone is here and they work on + + + align:start position:0% +anyone is here and they work on +reflectometry and they're like this is + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry and they're like this is + + + align:start position:0% +reflectometry and they're like this is +ancient we haven't done this in 20 years + + align:start position:0% +ancient we haven't done this in 20 years + + + align:start position:0% +ancient we haven't done this in 20 years +like shout out I'd like to learn it's + + align:start position:0% +like shout out I'd like to learn it's + + + align:start position:0% +like shout out I'd like to learn it's +just like I've been unable to find any + + align:start position:0% +just like I've been unable to find any + + + align:start position:0% +just like I've been unable to find any +resources on how this is done better I + + align:start position:0% +resources on how this is done better I + + + align:start position:0% +resources on how this is done better I +know for example on azex there is a + + align:start position:0% +know for example on azex there is a + + + align:start position:0% +know for example on azex there is a +reflex system that is trying to measure + + align:start position:0% +reflex system that is trying to measure + + + align:start position:0% +reflex system that is trying to measure +density fluctuations and correlate them + + align:start position:0% +density fluctuations and correlate them + + + align:start position:0% +density fluctuations and correlate them +with the temperature fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +with the temperature fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +with the temperature fluctuations +measured using correlation ecce which + + align:start position:0% +measured using correlation ecce which + + + align:start position:0% +measured using correlation ecce which +we'll talk about later so that sounds + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about later so that sounds + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about later so that sounds +like an incredible system and it sounds + + align:start position:0% +like an incredible system and it sounds + + + align:start position:0% +like an incredible system and it sounds +like they are measuring density + + align:start position:0% +like they are measuring density + + + align:start position:0% +like they are measuring density +fluctuations but I have no idea how + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations but I have no idea how + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations but I have no idea how +because again in Hutchinson he says this + + align:start position:0% +because again in Hutchinson he says this + + + align:start position:0% +because again in Hutchinson he says this +is basically impossible um so there must + + align:start position:0% +is basically impossible um so there must + + + align:start position:0% +is basically impossible um so there must +be a way to do it but I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +be a way to do it but I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +be a way to do it but I don't know what +it is was it a technological advancement + + align:start position:0% +it is was it a technological advancement + + + align:start position:0% +it is was it a technological advancement +was it a conceptual advancement I'm not + + align:start position:0% +was it a conceptual advancement I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +was it a conceptual advancement I'm not +sure so yeah \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/IYwk6EwPmCg.txt b/IYwk6EwPmCg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ebaa96f39441b914e8408c291ef0acb003b51f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/IYwk6EwPmCg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8789 @@ +align:start position:0% + +So today we're continue once again the + + align:start position:0% +So today we're continue once again the + + + align:start position:0% +So today we're continue once again the +road map we talked about consumer Theory + + align:start position:0% +road map we talked about consumer Theory + + + align:start position:0% +road map we talked about consumer Theory +then we talk about producer Theory and + + align:start position:0% +then we talk about producer Theory and + + + align:start position:0% +then we talk about producer Theory and +we got to the point we realize the one + + align:start position:0% +we got to the point we realize the one + + + align:start position:0% +we got to the point we realize the one +place producer theory is harder than + + align:start position:0% +place producer theory is harder than + + + align:start position:0% +place producer theory is harder than +consumer theory is you're not given a + + align:start position:0% +consumer theory is you're not given a + + + align:start position:0% +consumer theory is you're not given a +budget constraint you're not told how + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint you're not told how + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint you're not told how +much you have you get to choose how much + + align:start position:0% +much you have you get to choose how much + + + align:start position:0% +much you have you get to choose how much +you have you get to choose how much to + + align:start position:0% +you have you get to choose how much to + + + align:start position:0% +you have you get to choose how much to +produce and we know for any quantity the + + align:start position:0% +produce and we know for any quantity the + + + align:start position:0% +produce and we know for any quantity the +way you'll produce it we know the + + align:start position:0% +way you'll produce it we know the + + + align:start position:0% +way you'll produce it we know the +efficient combination of inputs to + + align:start position:0% +efficient combination of inputs to + + + align:start position:0% +efficient combination of inputs to +produce any quantity we developed that + + align:start position:0% +produce any quantity we developed that + + + align:start position:0% +produce any quantity we developed that +last time what we don't know is how do + + align:start position:0% +last time what we don't know is how do + + + align:start position:0% +last time what we don't know is how do +you choose what quantity to produce and + + align:start position:0% +you choose what quantity to produce and + + + align:start position:0% +you choose what quantity to produce and +to get that we're going to add a third + + align:start position:0% +to get that we're going to add a third + + + align:start position:0% +to get that we're going to add a third +instead of having two equations and two + + align:start position:0% +instead of having two equations and two + + + align:start position:0% +instead of having two equations and two +unknowns we're going to add a third + + align:start position:0% +unknowns we're going to add a third + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns we're going to add a third +element to the model and the element + + align:start position:0% +element to the model and the element + + + align:start position:0% +element to the model and the element +we're going to add is Market structure + + align:start position:0% +we're going to add is Market structure + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to add is Market structure +we're going to add an element of how + + align:start position:0% +we're going to add an element of how + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to add an element of how +firms compete in the market okay and + + align:start position:0% +firms compete in the market okay and + + + align:start position:0% +firms compete in the market okay and +essentially that is where we're going to + + align:start position:0% +essentially that is where we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that is where we're going to +go for the next several + + align:start position:0% +go for the next several + + + align:start position:0% +go for the next several +lectures is to think about the structure + + align:start position:0% +lectures is to think about the structure + + + align:start position:0% +lectures is to think about the structure +of the market itself and how that feeds + + align:start position:0% +of the market itself and how that feeds + + + align:start position:0% +of the market itself and how that feeds +back into firm's decisions on how much + + align:start position:0% +back into firm's decisions on how much + + + align:start position:0% +back into firm's decisions on how much +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +produce okay and so that's kind of where + + align:start position:0% +produce okay and so that's kind of where + + + align:start position:0% +produce okay and so that's kind of where +we're going today is to ask how do we + + align:start position:0% +we're going today is to ask how do we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going today is to ask how do we +take the market impose it on the firm's + + align:start position:0% +take the market impose it on the firm's + + + align:start position:0% +take the market impose it on the firm's +decisions from last time on that long + + align:start position:0% +decisions from last time on that long + + + align:start position:0% +decisions from last time on that long +run expansion path we have last time to + + align:start position:0% +run expansion path we have last time to + + + align:start position:0% +run expansion path we have last time to +determine how much they actually produce + + align:start position:0% +determine how much they actually produce + + + align:start position:0% +determine how much they actually produce +we're going to start with a particular + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with a particular + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with a particular +assumption we're going to start by + + align:start position:0% +assumption we're going to start by + + + align:start position:0% +assumption we're going to start by +talking about short run profit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maximization and we're going to start in + + align:start position:0% +maximization and we're going to start in + + + align:start position:0% +maximization and we're going to start in +the particular example of a market that + + align:start position:0% +the particular example of a market that + + + align:start position:0% +the particular example of a market that +features perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +competition I'll Define this more + + align:start position:0% +competition I'll Define this more + + + align:start position:0% +competition I'll Define this more +technically in a minute but basically + + align:start position:0% +technically in a minute but basically + + + align:start position:0% +technically in a minute but basically +stepping back it's going to turn out the + + align:start position:0% +stepping back it's going to turn out the + + + align:start position:0% +stepping back it's going to turn out the +firm's decisions on how much to produce + + align:start position:0% +firm's decisions on how much to produce + + + align:start position:0% +firm's decisions on how much to produce +is going to depend on the kind of Market + + align:start position:0% +is going to depend on the kind of Market + + + align:start position:0% +is going to depend on the kind of Market +they face and there's different types of + + align:start position:0% +they face and there's different types of + + + align:start position:0% +they face and there's different types of +markets one extreme that we'll focus on + + align:start position:0% +markets one extreme that we'll focus on + + + align:start position:0% +markets one extreme that we'll focus on +for much of this class is the extreme of + + align:start position:0% +for much of this class is the extreme of + + + align:start position:0% +for much of this class is the extreme of +perfect competition basically many firms + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition basically many firms + + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition basically many firms +competing to produce identical + + align:start position:0% +competing to produce identical + + + align:start position:0% +competing to produce identical +Goods The Other Extreme would be + + align:start position:0% +Goods The Other Extreme would be + + + align:start position:0% +Goods The Other Extreme would be +Monopoly one firm that produces the + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly one firm that produces the + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly one firm that produces the +good okay and then there's a h host of + + align:start position:0% +good okay and then there's a h host of + + + align:start position:0% +good okay and then there's a h host of +examples in between indeed in between is + + align:start position:0% +examples in between indeed in between is + + + align:start position:0% +examples in between indeed in between is +my favorite word in economics oligopoly + + align:start position:0% +my favorite word in economics oligopoly + + + align:start position:0% +my favorite word in economics oligopoly +just a great sounding word okay + + align:start position:0% +just a great sounding word okay + + + align:start position:0% +just a great sounding word okay +oligopoly is really the way markets + + align:start position:0% +oligopoly is really the way markets + + + align:start position:0% +oligopoly is really the way markets +almost all look which is a number of + + align:start position:0% +almost all look which is a number of + + + align:start position:0% +almost all look which is a number of +firms competing but not too many so say + + align:start position:0% +firms competing but not too many so say + + + align:start position:0% +firms competing but not too many so say +we have one extreme where there's a huge + + align:start position:0% +we have one extreme where there's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +we have one extreme where there's a huge +numbers of firms competing that's + + align:start position:0% +numbers of firms competing that's + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of firms competing that's +perfect competition The Other Extreme + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition The Other Extreme + + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition The Other Extreme +there's just one firm in the market + + align:start position:0% +there's just one firm in the market + + + align:start position:0% +there's just one firm in the market +that's Monopoly and in between we have + + align:start position:0% +that's Monopoly and in between we have + + + align:start position:0% +that's Monopoly and in between we have +oligopoly which is most Industries think + + align:start position:0% +oligopoly which is most Industries think + + + align:start position:0% +oligopoly which is most Industries think +of the Auto industry there's more than + + align:start position:0% +of the Auto industry there's more than + + + align:start position:0% +of the Auto industry there's more than +one car company but there aren't a + + align:start position:0% +one car company but there aren't a + + + align:start position:0% +one car company but there aren't a +thousand car companies okay think about + + align:start position:0% +thousand car companies okay think about + + + align:start position:0% +thousand car companies okay think about +most of the industries that we feature + + align:start position:0% +most of the industries that we feature + + + align:start position:0% +most of the industries that we feature +uh in a modern developed economy are + + align:start position:0% +uh in a modern developed economy are + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a modern developed economy are +oligopolistic okay and that's that'll be + + align:start position:0% +oligopolistic okay and that's that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +oligopolistic okay and that's that'll be +the third place we turn so we're going + + align:start position:0% +the third place we turn so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +the third place we turn so we're going +to start by thinking about perfect + + align:start position:0% +to start by thinking about perfect + + + align:start position:0% +to start by thinking about perfect +competition then we'll turn to Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +competition then we'll turn to Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +competition then we'll turn to Monopoly +as always it's easiest to trace out the + + align:start position:0% +as always it's easiest to trace out the + + + align:start position:0% +as always it's easiest to trace out the +extremes start with one extreme which is + + align:start position:0% +extremes start with one extreme which is + + + align:start position:0% +extremes start with one extreme which is +perfect competition we'll then shift to + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition we'll then shift to + + + align:start position:0% +perfect competition we'll then shift to +The Other Extreme which is Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +The Other Extreme which is Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +The Other Extreme which is Monopoly +you'll then take your midterm and then + + align:start position:0% +you'll then take your midterm and then + + + align:start position:0% +you'll then take your midterm and then +we'll talk about the middle case which + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the middle case which + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the middle case which +is oligopoly okay so let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +is oligopoly okay so let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +is oligopoly okay so let's talk about +what are the assumptions of perfect + + align:start position:0% +what are the assumptions of perfect + + + align:start position:0% +what are the assumptions of perfect +competition what are the assumptions + + align:start position:0% +competition what are the assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +competition what are the assumptions +that underline perfect competition + + align:start position:0% +that underline perfect competition + + + align:start position:0% +that underline perfect competition +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically the key the technical + + align:start position:0% +basically the key the technical + + + align:start position:0% +basically the key the technical +definition of a perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +definition of a perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a perfectly competitive +market is one where all + + align:start position:0% +market is one where all + + + align:start position:0% +market is one where all +firms are price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +takers price + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +takers what do I mean by that what I + + align:start position:0% +takers what do I mean by that what I + + + align:start position:0% +takers what do I mean by that what I +mean by that is that no action + + align:start position:0% +mean by that is that no action + + + align:start position:0% +mean by that is that no action +that any given firm does can affect the + + align:start position:0% +that any given firm does can affect the + + + align:start position:0% +that any given firm does can affect the +price in the + + align:start position:0% +price in the + + + align:start position:0% +price in the +market any given firm is sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +market any given firm is sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +market any given firm is sufficiently +small Rel to the market that no action + + align:start position:0% +small Rel to the market that no action + + + align:start position:0% +small Rel to the market that no action +any individual firm takes affects the + + align:start position:0% +any individual firm takes affects the + + + align:start position:0% +any individual firm takes affects the +market + + align:start position:0% +market + + + align:start position:0% +market +price well when would this be + + align:start position:0% +price well when would this be + + + align:start position:0% +price well when would this be +true this would be true in the case + + align:start position:0% +true this would be true in the case + + + align:start position:0% +true this would be true in the case +where when + + align:start position:0% +where when + + + align:start position:0% +where when +demand for a firm's output is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +demand for a firm's output is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +demand for a firm's output is perfectly +elastic + + align:start position:0% +elastic + + + align:start position:0% +elastic +okay demand for a firm's output not the + + align:start position:0% +okay demand for a firm's output not the + + + align:start position:0% +okay demand for a firm's output not the +market demand but demand for a given + + align:start position:0% +market demand but demand for a given + + + align:start position:0% +market demand but demand for a given +firm is perfectly elastic and we show + + align:start position:0% +firm is perfectly elastic and we show + + + align:start position:0% +firm is perfectly elastic and we show +that in figure + + align:start position:0% +that in figure + + + align:start position:0% +that in figure +71 in figure + + align:start position:0% +71 in figure + + + align:start position:0% +71 in figure +71 here is a case and notice the xaxis + + align:start position:0% +71 here is a case and notice the xaxis + + + align:start position:0% +71 here is a case and notice the xaxis +is little Q not big Q little Q is a firm + + align:start position:0% +is little Q not big Q little Q is a firm + + + align:start position:0% +is little Q not big Q little Q is a firm +big Q is the market this is a firm level + + align:start position:0% +big Q is the market this is a firm level + + + align:start position:0% +big Q is the market this is a firm level +diagram of uh the firm's production + + align:start position:0% +diagram of uh the firm's production + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of uh the firm's production +decision how much produce at what price + + align:start position:0% +decision how much produce at what price + + + align:start position:0% +decision how much produce at what price +in a perfectly competitive market The + + align:start position:0% +in a perfectly competitive market The + + + align:start position:0% +in a perfectly competitive market The +Firm faces a perfectly elastic demand at + + align:start position:0% +Firm faces a perfectly elastic demand at + + + align:start position:0% +Firm faces a perfectly elastic demand at +some Price p we'll talk about where P + + align:start position:0% +some Price p we'll talk about where P + + + align:start position:0% +some Price p we'll talk about where P +comes from okay but just well by the end + + align:start position:0% +comes from okay but just well by the end + + + align:start position:0% +comes from okay but just well by the end +of the lecture you know where P comes + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture you know where P comes + + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture you know where P comes +from but now just say there's some Price + + align:start position:0% +from but now just say there's some Price + + + align:start position:0% +from but now just say there's some Price +p and at that price demand is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +p and at that price demand is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +p and at that price demand is perfectly +elastic as a + + align:start position:0% +elastic as a + + + align:start position:0% +elastic as a +result Supply shifts in Supply have no + + align:start position:0% +result Supply shifts in Supply have no + + + align:start position:0% +result Supply shifts in Supply have no +impact on the price charged you always + + align:start position:0% +impact on the price charged you always + + + align:start position:0% +impact on the price charged you always +charge the same + + align:start position:0% +charge the same + + + align:start position:0% +charge the same +price okay so when does it make sense + + align:start position:0% +price okay so when does it make sense + + + align:start position:0% +price okay so when does it make sense +that demand be perfectly elastic what + + align:start position:0% +that demand be perfectly elastic what + + + align:start position:0% +that demand be perfectly elastic what +are the assumptions is a perfect + + align:start position:0% +are the assumptions is a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +are the assumptions is a perfect +competition when does it make sense that + + align:start position:0% +competition when does it make sense that + + + align:start position:0% +competition when does it make sense that +firms are price takers well we make + + align:start position:0% +firms are price takers well we make + + + align:start position:0% +firms are price takers well we make +three key assumptions the first is + + align:start position:0% +three key assumptions the first is + + + align:start position:0% +three key assumptions the first is +identical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +products the first assumption is that + + align:start position:0% +products the first assumption is that + + + align:start position:0% +products the first assumption is that +firms are selling identical + + align:start position:0% +firms are selling identical + + + align:start position:0% +firms are selling identical +products the second assumption is that + + align:start position:0% +products the second assumption is that + + + align:start position:0% +products the second assumption is that +there's + + align:start position:0% +there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's +full transparent full knowledge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +prices that is every consumer knows + + align:start position:0% +prices that is every consumer knows + + + align:start position:0% +prices that is every consumer knows +every firm's + + align:start position:0% +every firm's + + + align:start position:0% +every firm's +price identical products every consumer + + align:start position:0% +price identical products every consumer + + + align:start position:0% +price identical products every consumer +knows every firm's price and finally no + + align:start position:0% +knows every firm's price and finally no + + + align:start position:0% +knows every firm's price and finally no +transaction costs the third assumption + + align:start position:0% +transaction costs the third assumption + + + align:start position:0% +transaction costs the third assumption +no transaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs meaning you can easily shop at any + + align:start position:0% +costs meaning you can easily shop at any + + + align:start position:0% +costs meaning you can easily shop at any +firm you + + align:start position:0% +firm you + + + align:start position:0% +firm you +want the products are identical + + align:start position:0% +want the products are identical + + + align:start position:0% +want the products are identical +you know every firm's price and you can + + align:start position:0% +you know every firm's price and you can + + + align:start position:0% +you know every firm's price and you can +easily shop at as many firms as you want + + align:start position:0% +easily shop at as many firms as you want + + + align:start position:0% +easily shop at as many firms as you want +okay now this is obviously untrue for + + align:start position:0% +okay now this is obviously untrue for + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this is obviously untrue for +any Market in the world but once again + + align:start position:0% +any Market in the world but once again + + + align:start position:0% +any Market in the world but once again +the extremes provide a useful example a + + align:start position:0% +the extremes provide a useful example a + + + align:start position:0% +the extremes provide a useful example a +close example would be + + align:start position:0% +close example would be + + + align:start position:0% +close example would be +eBay think about eBay for a very common + + align:start position:0% +eBay think about eBay for a very common + + + align:start position:0% +eBay think about eBay for a very common +good buying a certain type of of silicon + + align:start position:0% +good buying a certain type of of silicon + + + align:start position:0% +good buying a certain type of of silicon +chip on eBay or a certain type of kind + + align:start position:0% +chip on eBay or a certain type of kind + + + align:start position:0% +chip on eBay or a certain type of kind +of food or a certain type of you know a + + align:start position:0% +of food or a certain type of you know a + + + align:start position:0% +of food or a certain type of you know a +shirt of a certain size and style okay + + align:start position:0% +shirt of a certain size and style okay + + + align:start position:0% +shirt of a certain size and style okay +the the products are identical the + + align:start position:0% +the the products are identical the + + + align:start position:0% +the the products are identical the +prices are all listed there and it's + + align:start position:0% +prices are all listed there and it's + + + align:start position:0% +prices are all listed there and it's +easy to shop there's no you just look at + + align:start position:0% +easy to shop there's no you just look at + + + align:start position:0% +easy to shop there's no you just look at +the list there's no transaction costs so + + align:start position:0% +the list there's no transaction costs so + + + align:start position:0% +the list there's no transaction costs so +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +theory okay eBay fits these conditions + + align:start position:0% +theory okay eBay fits these conditions + + + align:start position:0% +theory okay eBay fits these conditions +in practice it doesn't and why is + + align:start position:0% +in practice it doesn't and why is + + + align:start position:0% +in practice it doesn't and why is +that how does eBay violate how does + + align:start position:0% +that how does eBay violate how does + + + align:start position:0% +that how does eBay violate how does +shoping eBay violate all these + + align:start position:0% +shoping eBay violate all these + + + align:start position:0% +shoping eBay violate all these +conditions what are some some reasons + + align:start position:0% +conditions what are some some reasons + + + align:start position:0% +conditions what are some some reasons +why shoing eBay isn't perfectly + + align:start position:0% +why shoing eBay isn't perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +why shoing eBay isn't perfectly +competitive + + align:start position:0% +competitive + + + align:start position:0% +competitive +yeah yeah basically you don't really + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah basically you don't really + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah basically you don't really +know the price indeed for many years + + align:start position:0% +know the price indeed for many years + + + align:start position:0% +know the price indeed for many years +eBay would would not would rank firms by + + align:start position:0% +eBay would would not would rank firms by + + + align:start position:0% +eBay would would not would rank firms by +the price excluding shipping we call + + align:start position:0% +the price excluding shipping we call + + + align:start position:0% +the price excluding shipping we call +that a shrouded attribute in technical + + align:start position:0% +that a shrouded attribute in technical + + + align:start position:0% +that a shrouded attribute in technical +terms they would sort of hide the cost + + align:start position:0% +terms they would sort of hide the cost + + + align:start position:0% +terms they would sort of hide the cost +of shipping so really you weren't really + + align:start position:0% +of shipping so really you weren't really + + + align:start position:0% +of shipping so really you weren't really +competing on prices what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else well it's hard to find truly + + align:start position:0% +else well it's hard to find truly + + + align:start position:0% +else well it's hard to find truly +identical products on eBay every + + align:start position:0% +identical products on eBay every + + + align:start position:0% +identical products on eBay every +product's a little bit different okay so + + align:start position:0% +product's a little bit different okay so + + + align:start position:0% +product's a little bit different okay so +there's a lot and if you if products are + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot and if you if products are + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot and if you if products are +different you have to look into it + + align:start position:0% +different you have to look into it + + + align:start position:0% +different you have to look into it +suddenly that takes time that's a + + align:start position:0% +suddenly that takes time that's a + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly that takes time that's a +transaction cost so even eBay which is + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost so even eBay which is + + + align:start position:0% +transaction cost so even eBay which is +sort of the canonical example perfectly + + align:start position:0% +sort of the canonical example perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the canonical example perfectly +competitive market isn't probably my + + align:start position:0% +competitive market isn't probably my + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market isn't probably my +favorite example is if you go to a + + align:start position:0% +favorite example is if you go to a + + + align:start position:0% +favorite example is if you go to a +tourist site particularly developing in + + align:start position:0% +tourist site particularly developing in + + + align:start position:0% +tourist site particularly developing in +sort of in in many countries there'll be + + align:start position:0% +sort of in in many countries there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in in many countries there'll be +lots of people selling the same + + align:start position:0% +lots of people selling the same + + + align:start position:0% +lots of people selling the same +around the tourist site so think of the + + align:start position:0% +around the tourist site so think of the + + + align:start position:0% +around the tourist site so think of the +Eiffel Tower there are literally + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower there are literally + + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower there are literally +hundreds of guys who have spread out + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of guys who have spread out + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of guys who have spread out +blankets saying the Sal on the same damn + + align:start position:0% +blankets saying the Sal on the same damn + + + align:start position:0% +blankets saying the Sal on the same damn +little Eiffel Tower + + align:start position:0% +little Eiffel Tower + + + align:start position:0% +little Eiffel Tower +keychain okay now there I can easily see + + align:start position:0% +keychain okay now there I can easily see + + + align:start position:0% +keychain okay now there I can easily see +what people are charging they're right + + align:start position:0% +what people are charging they're right + + + align:start position:0% +what people are charging they're right +next to each other little transaction + + align:start position:0% +next to each other little transaction + + + align:start position:0% +next to each other little transaction +costs I can see it's the same damn + + align:start position:0% +costs I can see it's the same damn + + + align:start position:0% +costs I can see it's the same damn +keychain and it's not that hard just ask + + align:start position:0% +keychain and it's not that hard just ask + + + align:start position:0% +keychain and it's not that hard just ask +what the price is so that is an example + + align:start position:0% +what the price is so that is an example + + + align:start position:0% +what the price is so that is an example +in fact I taught that example in my + + align:start position:0% +in fact I taught that example in my + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I taught that example in my +online class and a student actually I + + align:start position:0% +online class and a student actually I + + + align:start position:0% +online class and a student actually I +got a package in the mail once and I + + align:start position:0% +got a package in the mail once and I + + + align:start position:0% +got a package in the mail once and I +opened it it was a bunch of little + + align:start position:0% +opened it it was a bunch of little + + + align:start position:0% +opened it it was a bunch of little +Eiffel Tower keychains fell out and + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower keychains fell out and + + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower keychains fell out and +someone said they'd gone and done the + + align:start position:0% +someone said they'd gone and done the + + + align:start position:0% +someone said they'd gone and done the +exploration and it turns out all the + + align:start position:0% +exploration and it turns out all the + + + align:start position:0% +exploration and it turns out all the +sellers right near the Eiffel Tower did + + align:start position:0% +sellers right near the Eiffel Tower did + + + align:start position:0% +sellers right near the Eiffel Tower did +charge identical price once you got + + align:start position:0% +charge identical price once you got + + + align:start position:0% +charge identical price once you got +further away it was a different price + + align:start position:0% +further away it was a different price + + + align:start position:0% +further away it was a different price +why because that wasn't identical + + align:start position:0% +why because that wasn't identical + + + align:start position:0% +why because that wasn't identical +anymore you know a different spot but + + align:start position:0% +anymore you know a different spot but + + + align:start position:0% +anymore you know a different spot but +everyone right around the Tower card is + + align:start position:0% +everyone right around the Tower card is + + + align:start position:0% +everyone right around the Tower card is +exactly the same price for the little + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same price for the little + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same price for the little +Eiffel Tower for the little EI Eiffel + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower for the little EI Eiffel + + + align:start position:0% +Eiffel Tower for the little EI Eiffel +Tower statue at which is pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +Tower statue at which is pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +Tower statue at which is pretty cool +okay so that's the kind of Market we + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the kind of Market we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the kind of Market we +have in + + align:start position:0% +have in + + + align:start position:0% +have in +mind okay now let me highlight one thing + + align:start position:0% +mind okay now let me highlight one thing + + + align:start position:0% +mind okay now let me highlight one thing +once again this is little Q not big + + align:start position:0% +once again this is little Q not big + + + align:start position:0% +once again this is little Q not big +Q this does not say the market demand is + + align:start position:0% +Q this does not say the market demand is + + + align:start position:0% +Q this does not say the market demand is +perfectly elastic the demand for any + + align:start position:0% +perfectly elastic the demand for any + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly elastic the demand for any +given firm is perfect elastic I'm not + + align:start position:0% +given firm is perfect elastic I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +given firm is perfect elastic I'm not +saying the demand for Eiffel ties for + + align:start position:0% +saying the demand for Eiffel ties for + + + align:start position:0% +saying the demand for Eiffel ties for +statuettes in general is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +statuettes in general is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +statuettes in general is perfectly +elastic I'm saying that a cross seller + + align:start position:0% +elastic I'm saying that a cross seller + + + align:start position:0% +elastic I'm saying that a cross seller +uh The Firm specific demand is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +uh The Firm specific demand is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +uh The Firm specific demand is perfectly +elastic okay armed with these + + align:start position:0% +elastic okay armed with these + + + align:start position:0% +elastic okay armed with these +assumptions and what a competitive + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and what a competitive + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and what a competitive +market is we can now talk about how do + + align:start position:0% +market is we can now talk about how do + + + align:start position:0% +market is we can now talk about how do +firms maximize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +profits okay how do firms maximize + + align:start position:0% +profits okay how do firms maximize + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay how do firms maximize +profits well basically firms want to + + align:start position:0% +profits well basically firms want to + + + align:start position:0% +profits well basically firms want to +choose the optimal quantity to maximize + + align:start position:0% +choose the optimal quantity to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +choose the optimal quantity to maximize +profits as a function of Q which equals + + align:start position:0% +profits as a function of Q which equals + + + align:start position:0% +profits as a function of Q which equals +Revenue as a function of Q Minus cost + + align:start position:0% +Revenue as a function of Q Minus cost + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue as a function of Q Minus cost +the function of + + align:start position:0% +the function of + + + align:start position:0% +the function of +Q okay all firms are choosing is Q + + align:start position:0% +Q okay all firms are choosing is Q + + + align:start position:0% +Q okay all firms are choosing is Q +they're not price makers they're price + + align:start position:0% +they're not price makers they're price + + + align:start position:0% +they're not price makers they're price +takers they don't choose the price they + + align:start position:0% +takers they don't choose the price they + + + align:start position:0% +takers they don't choose the price they +just the price is whatever when they set + + align:start position:0% +just the price is whatever when they set + + + align:start position:0% +just the price is whatever when they set +up their blank in front of the Eiffel + + align:start position:0% +up their blank in front of the Eiffel + + + align:start position:0% +up their blank in front of the Eiffel +Tower they find whatever else is + + align:start position:0% +Tower they find whatever else is + + + align:start position:0% +Tower they find whatever else is +charging okay there's no there's + + align:start position:0% +charging okay there's no there's + + + align:start position:0% +charging okay there's no there's +basically no uh no scope to set the + + align:start position:0% +basically no uh no scope to set the + + + align:start position:0% +basically no uh no scope to set the +price all they can decide is how much + + align:start position:0% +price all they can decide is how much + + + align:start position:0% +price all they can decide is how much +quantity they want to sell and how they + + align:start position:0% +quantity they want to sell and how they + + + align:start position:0% +quantity they want to sell and how they +want to make it they have control over + + align:start position:0% +want to make it they have control over + + + align:start position:0% +want to make it they have control over +their costs so basically if we set take + + align:start position:0% +their costs so basically if we set take + + + align:start position:0% +their costs so basically if we set take +the set equal to zero this says that + + align:start position:0% +the set equal to zero this says that + + + align:start position:0% +the set equal to zero this says that +if we set if we take the derivative and + + align:start position:0% +if we set if we take the derivative and + + + align:start position:0% +if we set if we take the derivative and +set equals zero to optimize this this + + align:start position:0% +set equals zero to optimize this this + + + align:start position:0% +set equals zero to optimize this this +says that Dr DQ equals + + align:start position:0% +says that Dr DQ equals + + + align:start position:0% +says that Dr DQ equals +dcdq and this is the fun this is it this + + align:start position:0% +dcdq and this is the fun this is it this + + + align:start position:0% +dcdq and this is the fun this is it this +is profit maximization in one + + align:start position:0% +is profit maximization in one + + + align:start position:0% +is profit maximization in one +equation okay basically you want to set + + align:start position:0% +equation okay basically you want to set + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay basically you want to set +the marginal revenue equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the marginal revenue equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal revenue equal to the +marginal + + align:start position:0% +marginal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal +cost well in a competitive market we + + align:start position:0% +cost well in a competitive market we + + + align:start position:0% +cost well in a competitive market we +know what the marginal revenue is what + + align:start position:0% +know what the marginal revenue is what + + + align:start position:0% +know what the marginal revenue is what +do you get from selling the next unit + + align:start position:0% +do you get from selling the next unit + + + align:start position:0% +do you get from selling the next unit +well you get the market price P it's + + align:start position:0% +well you get the market price P it's + + + align:start position:0% +well you get the market price P it's +given to you the margin revenue is + + align:start position:0% +given to you the margin revenue is + + + align:start position:0% +given to you the margin revenue is +always p whenever you sell the next unit + + align:start position:0% +always p whenever you sell the next unit + + + align:start position:0% +always p whenever you sell the next unit +you get P we'll talk later about markets + + align:start position:0% +you get P we'll talk later about markets + + + align:start position:0% +you get P we'll talk later about markets +where that's not true where the price + + align:start position:0% +where that's not true where the price + + + align:start position:0% +where that's not true where the price +you get depends on how much you sell but + + align:start position:0% +you get depends on how much you sell but + + + align:start position:0% +you get depends on how much you sell but +in a competitive market that's not true + + align:start position:0% +in a competitive market that's not true + + + align:start position:0% +in a competitive market that's not true +no matter what you sell you get P it's a + + align:start position:0% +no matter what you sell you get P it's a + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what you sell you get P it's a +flat + + align:start position:0% +flat + + + align:start position:0% +flat +line okay and we know what dcdq is it's + + align:start position:0% +line okay and we know what dcdq is it's + + + align:start position:0% +line okay and we know what dcdq is it's +marginal cost so profit maximization in + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost so profit maximization in + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost so profit maximization in +a perfectly competitive market means + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly competitive market means + + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly competitive market means +setting price equal to marginal + + align:start position:0% +setting price equal to marginal + + + align:start position:0% +setting price equal to marginal +cost this is the rule for profit + + align:start position:0% +cost this is the rule for profit + + + align:start position:0% +cost this is the rule for profit +maximization in a perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +maximization in a perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +maximization in a perfectly competitive +market this is the general for any + + align:start position:0% +market this is the general for any + + + align:start position:0% +market this is the general for any +Market any Market's going to set + + align:start position:0% +Market any Market's going to set + + + align:start position:0% +Market any Market's going to set +marginal equal to Marginal costs that's + + align:start position:0% +marginal equal to Marginal costs that's + + + align:start position:0% +marginal equal to Marginal costs that's +going to translate a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +going to translate a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +going to translate a perfectly +competitive market into price equals + + align:start position:0% +competitive market into price equals + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market into price equals +marginal + + align:start position:0% +marginal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal +cost okay so for example let's go back + + align:start position:0% +cost okay so for example let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +cost okay so for example let's go back +to a cost curve we're using last time + + align:start position:0% +to a cost curve we're using last time + + + align:start position:0% +to a cost curve we're using last time +let's imagine cost = 10 + 5 q^2 and we + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine cost = 10 + 5 q^2 and we + + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine cost = 10 + 5 q^2 and we +know how to derive that we did that last + + align:start position:0% +know how to derive that we did that last + + + align:start position:0% +know how to derive that we did that last +time so let's go to figure + + align:start position:0% +time so let's go to figure + + + align:start position:0% +time so let's go to figure +72 okay and let's assume P equals 30 + + align:start position:0% +72 okay and let's assume P equals 30 + + + align:start position:0% +72 okay and let's assume P equals 30 +just to make life easy we'll assume P + + align:start position:0% +just to make life easy we'll assume P + + + align:start position:0% +just to make life easy we'll assume P +equals 30 assume and I'll tell you later + + align:start position:0% +equals 30 assume and I'll tell you later + + + align:start position:0% +equals 30 assume and I'll tell you later +where that comes from but for now just + + align:start position:0% +where that comes from but for now just + + + align:start position:0% +where that comes from but for now just +take it as given okay the left panel + + align:start position:0% +take it as given okay the left panel + + + align:start position:0% +take it as given okay the left panel +shows uh the left panel of this graph + + align:start position:0% +shows uh the left panel of this graph + + + align:start position:0% +shows uh the left panel of this graph +shows how costs and revenues evolve as + + align:start position:0% +shows how costs and revenues evolve as + + + align:start position:0% +shows how costs and revenues evolve as +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +increase okay so basically when you for + + align:start position:0% +increase okay so basically when you for + + + align:start position:0% +increase okay so basically when you for +every the revenue line is a line with a + + align:start position:0% +every the revenue line is a line with a + + + align:start position:0% +every the revenue line is a line with a +slope of 30 why because every unit you + + align:start position:0% +slope of 30 why because every unit you + + + align:start position:0% +slope of 30 why because every unit you +sell you get 30 that's the price the + + align:start position:0% +sell you get 30 that's the price the + + + align:start position:0% +sell you get 30 that's the price the +cost line is the graph we saw last time + + align:start position:0% +cost line is the graph we saw last time + + + align:start position:0% +cost line is the graph we saw last time +of the cost function t 10 plus 5 + + align:start position:0% +of the cost function t 10 plus 5 + + + align:start position:0% +of the cost function t 10 plus 5 +q^2 okay so basically what you see and + + align:start position:0% +q^2 okay so basically what you see and + + + align:start position:0% +q^2 okay so basically what you see and +so you can translate that to the right + + align:start position:0% +so you can translate that to the right + + + align:start position:0% +so you can translate that to the right +hand graph which is what is the + + align:start position:0% +hand graph which is what is the + + + align:start position:0% +hand graph which is what is the +profit you earn on every unit + + align:start position:0% +profit you earn on every unit + + + align:start position:0% +profit you earn on every unit +sold okay so basically what that says + + align:start position:0% +sold okay so basically what that says + + + align:start position:0% +sold okay so basically what that says +the first if if you're selling zero + + align:start position:0% +the first if if you're selling zero + + + align:start position:0% +the first if if you're selling zero +units you're losing money because what + + align:start position:0% +units you're losing money because what + + + align:start position:0% +units you're losing money because what +what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the +revenue zero what's the cost + + align:start position:0% +revenue zero what's the cost + + + align:start position:0% +revenue zero what's the cost +10 10 plus 5 squ at Z is 10 so your + + align:start position:0% +10 10 plus 5 squ at Z is 10 so your + + + align:start position:0% +10 10 plus 5 squ at Z is 10 so your +profit is + + align:start position:0% +profit is + + + align:start position:0% +profit is +-1 but as you sell units your profits + + align:start position:0% +-1 but as you sell units your profits + + + align:start position:0% +-1 but as you sell units your profits +rise okay until you get to the third + + align:start position:0% +rise okay until you get to the third + + + align:start position:0% +rise okay until you get to the third +unit okay where each each of the first + + align:start position:0% +unit okay where each each of the first + + + align:start position:0% +unit okay where each each of the first +second and third units each of those + + align:start position:0% +second and third units each of those + + + align:start position:0% +second and third units each of those +first three units the money you make by + + align:start position:0% +first three units the money you make by + + + align:start position:0% +first three units the money you make by +selling the next unit is higher than the + + align:start position:0% +selling the next unit is higher than the + + + align:start position:0% +selling the next unit is higher than the +cost of producing the next + + align:start position:0% +cost of producing the next + + + align:start position:0% +cost of producing the next +unit the money you make from selling the + + align:start position:0% +unit the money you make from selling the + + + align:start position:0% +unit the money you make from selling the +the next unit is higher than the cost of + + align:start position:0% +the next unit is higher than the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +the next unit is higher than the cost of +producing in the next unit but once + + align:start position:0% +producing in the next unit but once + + + align:start position:0% +producing in the next unit but once +you've reached three + + align:start position:0% +you've reached three + + + align:start position:0% +you've reached three +units okay that's no longer true when + + align:start position:0% +units okay that's no longer true when + + + align:start position:0% +units okay that's no longer true when +you go to producing the fourth unit the + + align:start position:0% +you go to producing the fourth unit the + + + align:start position:0% +you go to producing the fourth unit the +money you make on the fourth unit is + + align:start position:0% +money you make on the fourth unit is + + + align:start position:0% +money you make on the fourth unit is +less than the cost of the fourth + + align:start position:0% +less than the cost of the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +less than the cost of the fourth +unit the money you make on the fourth + + align:start position:0% +unit the money you make on the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +unit the money you make on the fourth +unit is less than the cost of the fourth + + align:start position:0% +unit is less than the cost of the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +unit is less than the cost of the fourth +unit that's why profit maximization much + + align:start position:0% +unit that's why profit maximization much + + + align:start position:0% +unit that's why profit maximization much +like utility maximization is a hill + + align:start position:0% +like utility maximization is a hill + + + align:start position:0% +like utility maximization is a hill +climbing exercise remember I said in + + align:start position:0% +climbing exercise remember I said in + + + align:start position:0% +climbing exercise remember I said in +economics we can do marginal decision + + align:start position:0% +economics we can do marginal decision + + + align:start position:0% +economics we can do marginal decision +making here is sort of an + + align:start position:0% +making here is sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +making here is sort of an +example okay of marginal decision making + + align:start position:0% +example okay of marginal decision making + + + align:start position:0% +example okay of marginal decision making +the idea of marginal decision making is + + align:start position:0% +the idea of marginal decision making is + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of marginal decision making is +you think of yourself as climbing a + + align:start position:0% +you think of yourself as climbing a + + + align:start position:0% +you think of yourself as climbing a +mountain that's in the clouds and you're + + align:start position:0% +mountain that's in the clouds and you're + + + align:start position:0% +mountain that's in the clouds and you're +trying to to the top of the mountain but + + align:start position:0% +trying to to the top of the mountain but + + + align:start position:0% +trying to to the top of the mountain but +you can't see more than one step in + + align:start position:0% +you can't see more than one step in + + + align:start position:0% +you can't see more than one step in +front of you if you take a step forward + + align:start position:0% +front of you if you take a step forward + + + align:start position:0% +front of you if you take a step forward +and you go up you know you're heading up + + align:start position:0% +and you go up you know you're heading up + + + align:start position:0% +and you go up you know you're heading up +the mountain take a step forward and you + + align:start position:0% +the mountain take a step forward and you + + + align:start position:0% +the mountain take a step forward and you +go down you know you're heading down the + + align:start position:0% +go down you know you're heading down the + + + align:start position:0% +go down you know you're heading down the +mountain you don't need to know where + + align:start position:0% +mountain you don't need to know where + + + align:start position:0% +mountain you don't need to know where +the top of the mountain is just need to + + align:start position:0% +the top of the mountain is just need to + + + align:start position:0% +the top of the mountain is just need to +know where you're heading up or down and + + align:start position:0% +know where you're heading up or down and + + + align:start position:0% +know where you're heading up or down and +when you've reached the point where the + + align:start position:0% +when you've reached the point where the + + + align:start position:0% +when you've reached the point where the +next step takes you down then you're at + + align:start position:0% +next step takes you down then you're at + + + align:start position:0% +next step takes you down then you're at +the top that's what we're doing here + + align:start position:0% +the top that's what we're doing here + + + align:start position:0% +the top that's what we're doing here +we're not saying we don't look at what + + align:start position:0% +we're not saying we don't look at what + + + align:start position:0% +we're not saying we don't look at what +the problem maximizing quantity is we + + align:start position:0% +the problem maximizing quantity is we + + + align:start position:0% +the problem maximizing quantity is we +solve for it we ask does the next unit + + align:start position:0% +solve for it we ask does the next unit + + + align:start position:0% +solve for it we ask does the next unit +make money does the revenue made off the + + align:start position:0% +make money does the revenue made off the + + + align:start position:0% +make money does the revenue made off the +next unit exceed the cost of produce to + + align:start position:0% +next unit exceed the cost of produce to + + + align:start position:0% +next unit exceed the cost of produce to +the next unit is that next step taking + + align:start position:0% +the next unit is that next step taking + + + align:start position:0% +the next unit is that next step taking +you up the hill or down the hill and + + align:start position:0% +you up the hill or down the hill and + + + align:start position:0% +you up the hill or down the hill and +that's how we do profit + + align:start position:0% +that's how we do profit + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we do profit +maximization you could see this in + + align:start position:0% +maximization you could see this in + + + align:start position:0% +maximization you could see this in +figure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +73 here we are actually taking our cost + + align:start position:0% +73 here we are actually taking our cost + + + align:start position:0% +73 here we are actually taking our cost +curves + + align:start position:0% +curves + + + align:start position:0% +curves +and adding a adding Revenue so the + + align:start position:0% +and adding a adding Revenue so the + + + align:start position:0% +and adding a adding Revenue so the +curves on figure 73 are the same as the + + align:start position:0% +curves on figure 73 are the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +curves on figure 73 are the same as the +ones we developed last time same as the + + align:start position:0% +ones we developed last time same as the + + + align:start position:0% +ones we developed last time same as the +first figure in the last lecture all + + align:start position:0% +first figure in the last lecture all + + + align:start position:0% +first figure in the last lecture all +I've done here is I've added a line at P + + align:start position:0% +I've done here is I've added a line at P + + + align:start position:0% +I've done here is I've added a line at P +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +30 okay I've added a line at P equals 30 + + align:start position:0% +30 okay I've added a line at P equals 30 + + + align:start position:0% +30 okay I've added a line at P equals 30 +that dash line by the way uh should go + + align:start position:0% +that dash line by the way uh should go + + + align:start position:0% +that dash line by the way uh should go +all the way to the y- AIS we're missing + + align:start position:0% +all the way to the y- AIS we're missing + + + align:start position:0% +all the way to the y- AIS we're missing +a little connection there um but there's + + align:start position:0% +a little connection there um but there's + + + align:start position:0% +a little connection there um but there's +a line at P equals + + align:start position:0% +a line at P equals + + + align:start position:0% +a line at P equals + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +so what how do we solve for a firm's + + align:start position:0% +so what how do we solve for a firm's + + + align:start position:0% +so what how do we solve for a firm's +decision well what's through approximate + + align:start position:0% +decision well what's through approximate + + + align:start position:0% +decision well what's through approximate +profit maximization you set price equal + + align:start position:0% +profit maximization you set price equal + + + align:start position:0% +profit maximization you set price equal +to marginal cost where does price equal + + align:start position:0% +to marginal cost where does price equal + + + align:start position:0% +to marginal cost where does price equal +marginal cost well it happens when + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost well it happens when + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost well it happens when +marginal cost equals 30 so the first + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost equals 30 so the first + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost equals 30 so the first +step is you find the point at which + + align:start position:0% +step is you find the point at which + + + align:start position:0% +step is you find the point at which +marginal cost equals price that is + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost equals price that is + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost equals price that is +producing three + + align:start position:0% +producing three + + + align:start position:0% +producing three +units that is the point at which price + + align:start position:0% +units that is the point at which price + + + align:start position:0% +units that is the point at which price +equals marginal cost that is the profit + + align:start position:0% +equals marginal cost that is the profit + + + align:start position:0% +equals marginal cost that is the profit +maximizing + + align:start position:0% +maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing +point the second question is what are + + align:start position:0% +point the second question is what are + + + align:start position:0% +point the second question is what are +the profits at that + + align:start position:0% +the profits at that + + + align:start position:0% +the profits at that +point what are the profits at that point + + align:start position:0% +point what are the profits at that point + + + align:start position:0% +point what are the profits at that point +well what is the average cost cost at + + align:start position:0% +well what is the average cost cost at + + + align:start position:0% +well what is the average cost cost at +that point the average cost when you're + + align:start position:0% +that point the average cost when you're + + + align:start position:0% +that point the average cost when you're +producing three units is 10 over three + + align:start position:0% +producing three units is 10 over three + + + align:start position:0% +producing three units is 10 over three +plus uh plus 10 over 3 + 5 * + + align:start position:0% +plus uh plus 10 over 3 + 5 * + + + align:start position:0% +plus uh plus 10 over 3 + 5 * +3 uh 10 over 3 + 5times uh 5 time 9 + + align:start position:0% +3 uh 10 over 3 + 5times uh 5 time 9 + + + align:start position:0% +3 uh 10 over 3 + 5times uh 5 time 9 +sorry because q^ squ okay the average + + align:start position:0% +sorry because q^ squ okay the average + + + align:start position:0% +sorry because q^ squ okay the average +cost is 10 over3 plus 5 * 9 let me see + + align:start position:0% +cost is 10 over3 plus 5 * 9 let me see + + + align:start position:0% +cost is 10 over3 plus 5 * 9 let me see +what I got wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here uh uh oh I'm sorry no you divide by + + align:start position:0% +here uh uh oh I'm sorry no you divide by + + + align:start position:0% +here uh uh oh I'm sorry no you divide by +Q sorry you divide by average cost is 5 + + align:start position:0% +Q sorry you divide by average cost is 5 + + + align:start position:0% +Q sorry you divide by average cost is 5 +time 3 because average cost is 10 over 3 + + align:start position:0% +time 3 because average cost is 10 over 3 + + + align:start position:0% +time 3 because average cost is 10 over 3 ++ 5 q average cost is 10 over is is + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 q average cost is 10 over is is + + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 q average cost is 10 over is is +dividing this by three by by Q so it's + + align:start position:0% +dividing this by three by by Q so it's + + + align:start position:0% +dividing this by three by by Q so it's +10 over three plus 5 q is the average + + align:start position:0% +10 over three plus 5 q is the average + + + align:start position:0% +10 over three plus 5 q is the average +cost the total costs are 10 + 5 * 9 the + + align:start position:0% +cost the total costs are 10 + 5 * 9 the + + + align:start position:0% +cost the total costs are 10 + 5 * 9 the +the average costs are 10 over 3 + 5 * 3 + + align:start position:0% +the average costs are 10 over 3 + 5 * 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the average costs are 10 over 3 + 5 * 3 +which equals 18.33% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +on average each unit you sell cost you + + align:start position:0% +on average each unit you sell cost you + + + align:start position:0% +on average each unit you sell cost you +18.33% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times the number of units sold you're + + align:start position:0% +times the number of units sold you're + + + align:start position:0% +times the number of units sold you're +making 11.67 per unit you're selling + + align:start position:0% +making 11.67 per unit you're selling + + + align:start position:0% +making 11.67 per unit you're selling +three units so your total profit is 40 + + align:start position:0% +three units so your total profit is 40 + + + align:start position:0% +three units so your total profit is 40 +which is the area of that box let's go + + align:start position:0% +which is the area of that box let's go + + + align:start position:0% +which is the area of that box let's go +over it again you set price equal the + + align:start position:0% +over it again you set price equal the + + + align:start position:0% +over it again you set price equal the +marginal cost that determines that + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that determines that + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that determines that +determines the top of the hill that is + + align:start position:0% +determines the top of the hill that is + + + align:start position:0% +determines the top of the hill that is +true producing three + + align:start position:0% +true producing three + + + align:start position:0% +true producing three +units at three units your profits are + + align:start position:0% +units at three units your profits are + + + align:start position:0% +units at three units your profits are +your revenues minus your costs we can + + align:start position:0% +your revenues minus your costs we can + + + align:start position:0% +your revenues minus your costs we can +divide both by Q Sayes Revenue per unit + + align:start position:0% +divide both by Q Sayes Revenue per unit + + + align:start position:0% +divide both by Q Sayes Revenue per unit +Minus cost per unit unit times Q so + + align:start position:0% +Minus cost per unit unit times Q so + + + align:start position:0% +Minus cost per unit unit times Q so +profits okay is revenue Minus cost we + + align:start position:0% +profits okay is revenue Minus cost we + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay is revenue Minus cost we +can also write that as Revenue over Q + + align:start position:0% +can also write that as Revenue over Q + + + align:start position:0% +can also write that as Revenue over Q +Minus cost over Q time Q right just + + align:start position:0% +Minus cost over Q time Q right just + + + align:start position:0% +Minus cost over Q time Q right just +pulling out multiplying dividing by Q + + align:start position:0% +pulling out multiplying dividing by Q + + + align:start position:0% +pulling out multiplying dividing by Q +well Revenue per Q at + + align:start position:0% +well Revenue per Q at + + + align:start position:0% +well Revenue per Q at +three is 30 that's flat number it's a + + align:start position:0% +three is 30 that's flat number it's a + + + align:start position:0% +three is 30 that's flat number it's a +flat line cost per Q at + + align:start position:0% +flat line cost per Q at + + + align:start position:0% +flat line cost per Q at +30 are are 18.33% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so that's how we determine the + + align:start position:0% +that so that's how we determine the + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's how we determine the +firm's + + align:start position:0% +firm's + + + align:start position:0% +firm's +profits okay so let me stress test you + + align:start position:0% +profits okay so let me stress test you + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay so let me stress test you +on this someone tell me what happens to + + align:start position:0% +on this someone tell me what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +on this someone tell me what happens to +the cost function if a firm has to pay a + + align:start position:0% +the cost function if a firm has to pay a + + + align:start position:0% +the cost function if a firm has to pay a +tax of $10 per unit at + + align:start position:0% +tax of $10 per unit at + + + align:start position:0% +tax of $10 per unit at +Sals we start with this cost + + align:start position:0% +Sals we start with this cost + + + align:start position:0% +Sals we start with this cost +function now I want to add a tax of $10 + + align:start position:0% +function now I want to add a tax of $10 + + + align:start position:0% +function now I want to add a tax of $10 +per unit what is the new cost function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly the new cost function is 10 + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly the new cost function is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly the new cost function is 10 ++ 5 q^2 plus 10 Q many people often say + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 q^2 plus 10 Q many people often say + + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 q^2 plus 10 Q many people often say +20 plus 5 q^2 usually that's the typical + + align:start position:0% +20 plus 5 q^2 usually that's the typical + + + align:start position:0% +20 plus 5 q^2 usually that's the typical +first answer I get that's wrong that' be + + align:start position:0% +first answer I get that's wrong that' be + + + align:start position:0% +first answer I get that's wrong that' be +true if the firm only had to pay an + + align:start position:0% +true if the firm only had to pay an + + + align:start position:0% +true if the firm only had to pay an +extra $10 flat but they pay $10 per unit + + align:start position:0% +extra $10 flat but they pay $10 per unit + + + align:start position:0% +extra $10 flat but they pay $10 per unit +so it's 10 plus 5 q ^2 + 10 Q what does + + align:start position:0% +so it's 10 plus 5 q ^2 + 10 Q what does + + + align:start position:0% +so it's 10 plus 5 q ^2 + 10 Q what does +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +do to our cas + + align:start position:0% +do to our cas + + + align:start position:0% +do to our cas +well what that means is now marginal + + align:start position:0% +well what that means is now marginal + + + align:start position:0% +well what that means is now marginal +cost if we differentiate this with + + align:start position:0% +cost if we differentiate this with + + + align:start position:0% +cost if we differentiate this with +respect to Q is 10 q+ 10 marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +respect to Q is 10 q+ 10 marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Q is 10 q+ 10 marginal cost +used to be 10 Q now it's 10 Q + 10 so + + align:start position:0% +used to be 10 Q now it's 10 Q + 10 so + + + align:start position:0% +used to be 10 Q now it's 10 Q + 10 so +the marginal cost curve is shifted up + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost curve is shifted up + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost curve is shifted up +all the cost curves are shifted up so + + align:start position:0% +all the cost curves are shifted up so + + + align:start position:0% +all the cost curves are shifted up so +now marginal cost equals + + align:start position:0% +now marginal cost equals + + + align:start position:0% +now marginal cost equals +price equals price at 2 units 10 Q + 10 + + align:start position:0% +price equals price at 2 units 10 Q + 10 + + + align:start position:0% +price equals price at 2 units 10 Q + 10 +equal 30 which is the price at + + align:start position:0% +equal 30 which is the price at + + + align:start position:0% +equal 30 which is the price at +qar equals + + align:start position:0% +qar equals + + + align:start position:0% +qar equals +2 I set marginal cost equal the price + + align:start position:0% +2 I set marginal cost equal the price + + + align:start position:0% +2 I set marginal cost equal the price +this is the new marginal cost 10 Q Plus + + align:start position:0% +this is the new marginal cost 10 Q Plus + + + align:start position:0% +this is the new marginal cost 10 Q Plus +10 I set that equal to 30 which is the + + align:start position:0% +10 I set that equal to 30 which is the + + + align:start position:0% +10 I set that equal to 30 which is the +price I get the new qars too so + + align:start position:0% +price I get the new qars too so + + + align:start position:0% +price I get the new qars too so +quantity's fallen from three to + + align:start position:0% +quantity's fallen from three to + + + align:start position:0% +quantity's fallen from three to +two the price hasn't + + align:start position:0% +two the price hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +two the price hasn't +changed why is quantity Fallen because + + align:start position:0% +changed why is quantity Fallen because + + + align:start position:0% +changed why is quantity Fallen because +it's more expensive to produce and + + align:start position:0% +it's more expensive to produce and + + + align:start position:0% +it's more expensive to produce and +you're always trading off the benefit of + + align:start position:0% +you're always trading off the benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +you're always trading off the benefit of +producing the next unit against the cost + + align:start position:0% +producing the next unit against the cost + + + align:start position:0% +producing the next unit against the cost +of producing the next unit the benefit + + align:start position:0% +of producing the next unit the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +of producing the next unit the benefit +hasn't changed the cost has gone up so + + align:start position:0% +hasn't changed the cost has gone up so + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't changed the cost has gone up so +you produce fewer + + align:start position:0% +you produce fewer + + + align:start position:0% +you produce fewer +units what does that mean for profits + + align:start position:0% +units what does that mean for profits + + + align:start position:0% +units what does that mean for profits +well look what's happened of profits + + align:start position:0% +well look what's happened of profits + + + align:start position:0% +well look what's happened of profits +they've shrunken from the larger + + align:start position:0% +they've shrunken from the larger + + + align:start position:0% +they've shrunken from the larger +rectangle to the smaller rectangle two + + align:start position:0% +rectangle to the smaller rectangle two + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle to the smaller rectangle two +things have changed first of all you're + + align:start position:0% +things have changed first of all you're + + + align:start position:0% +things have changed first of all you're +selling fewer + + align:start position:0% +selling fewer + + + align:start position:0% +selling fewer +units so the width of the rectangles + + align:start position:0% +units so the width of the rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +units so the width of the rectangles +changed I see triangle rectangles the + + align:start position:0% +changed I see triangle rectangles the + + + align:start position:0% +changed I see triangle rectangles the +width of rectangles + + align:start position:0% +width of rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +width of rectangles +changed second of all you're making less + + align:start position:0% +changed second of all you're making less + + + align:start position:0% +changed second of all you're making less +money per unit why are you making less + + align:start position:0% +money per unit why are you making less + + + align:start position:0% +money per unit why are you making less +money per unit because average costs are + + align:start position:0% +money per unit because average costs are + + + align:start position:0% +money per unit because average costs are +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +two marginal costs are up but average + + align:start position:0% +two marginal costs are up but average + + + align:start position:0% +two marginal costs are up but average +costs are up two so in this case you you + + align:start position:0% +costs are up two so in this case you you + + + align:start position:0% +costs are up two so in this case you you +make less profits per + + align:start position:0% +make less profits per + + + align:start position:0% +make less profits per +unit okay so you make less profits per + + align:start position:0% +unit okay so you make less profits per + + + align:start position:0% +unit okay so you make less profits per +unit and you're selling fewer units so + + align:start position:0% +unit and you're selling fewer units so + + + align:start position:0% +unit and you're selling fewer units so +the profit rectangle is shrunk from the + + align:start position:0% +the profit rectangle is shrunk from the + + + align:start position:0% +the profit rectangle is shrunk from the +larger one to the smaller one that's an + + align:start position:0% +larger one to the smaller one that's an + + + align:start position:0% +larger one to the smaller one that's an +example of how changes in cost structure + + align:start position:0% +example of how changes in cost structure + + + align:start position:0% +example of how changes in cost structure +I didn't have to make the tax I can make + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have to make the tax I can make + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have to make the tax I can make +any change in cost structure how changes + + align:start position:0% +any change in cost structure how changes + + + align:start position:0% +any change in cost structure how changes +in cost structure can + + align:start position:0% +in cost structure can + + + align:start position:0% +in cost structure can +impact uh firms + + align:start position:0% +impact uh firms + + + align:start position:0% +impact uh firms +profits okay questions about + + align:start position:0% +profits okay questions about + + + align:start position:0% +profits okay questions about +that all + + align:start position:0% +that all + + + align:start position:0% +that all +right now there's one additional feature + + align:start position:0% +right now there's one additional feature + + + align:start position:0% +right now there's one additional feature +to make this even + + align:start position:0% +to make this even + + + align:start position:0% +to make this even +harder in the short run which is we need + + align:start position:0% +harder in the short run which is we need + + + align:start position:0% +harder in the short run which is we need +to decide whether the firm will shut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down I've just told you how to maximize + + align:start position:0% +down I've just told you how to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +down I've just told you how to maximize +profits set peal the marginal cost but + + align:start position:0% +profits set peal the marginal cost but + + + align:start position:0% +profits set peal the marginal cost but +we're not quite + + align:start position:0% +we're not quite + + + align:start position:0% +we're not quite +done and that's because in the short run + + align:start position:0% +done and that's because in the short run + + + align:start position:0% +done and that's because in the short run +losing money is not necessarily a reason + + align:start position:0% +losing money is not necessarily a reason + + + align:start position:0% +losing money is not necessarily a reason +to shut + + align:start position:0% +to shut + + + align:start position:0% +to shut +down you can lose money and want to stay + + align:start position:0% +down you can lose money and want to stay + + + align:start position:0% +down you can lose money and want to stay +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +business and the reason is because + + align:start position:0% +business and the reason is because + + + align:start position:0% +business and the reason is because +staying in the business allows you to + + align:start position:0% +staying in the business allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +staying in the business allows you to +reoptimize in the long run so for + + align:start position:0% +reoptimize in the long run so for + + + align:start position:0% +reoptimize in the long run so for +example imagine the price for this good + + align:start position:0% +example imagine the price for this good + + + align:start position:0% +example imagine the price for this good +suddenly dropped to + + align:start position:0% +suddenly dropped to + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly dropped to +$10 let's go let's not have the tax + + align:start position:0% +$10 let's go let's not have the tax + + + align:start position:0% +$10 let's go let's not have the tax +let's go back to marginal cost equals 10 + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to marginal cost equals 10 + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to marginal cost equals 10 +Q okay and imagine the um uh the um the + + align:start position:0% +Q okay and imagine the um uh the um the + + + align:start position:0% +Q okay and imagine the um uh the um the +margin the price is just falling to $10 + + align:start position:0% +margin the price is just falling to $10 + + + align:start position:0% +margin the price is just falling to $10 +the price is $10 equals 10 so that says + + align:start position:0% +the price is $10 equals 10 so that says + + + align:start position:0% +the price is $10 equals 10 so that says +a qar equals one right margin cost + + align:start position:0% +a qar equals one right margin cost + + + align:start position:0% +a qar equals one right margin cost +equals a price margin that says qar + + align:start position:0% +equals a price margin that says qar + + + align:start position:0% +equals a price margin that says qar +equals one what is your profits + + align:start position:0% +equals one what is your profits + + + align:start position:0% +equals one what is your profits +producing one well profits are fixed Co + + align:start position:0% +producing one well profits are fixed Co + + + align:start position:0% +producing one well profits are fixed Co +are 10 plus 5 q^2 which is five are the + + align:start position:0% +are 10 plus 5 q^2 which is five are the + + + align:start position:0% +are 10 plus 5 q^2 which is five are the +costs I'm sorry that's the cost you get + + align:start position:0% +costs I'm sorry that's the cost you get + + + align:start position:0% +costs I'm sorry that's the cost you get +a revenue of 10 and you have cost cost + + align:start position:0% +a revenue of 10 and you have cost cost + + + align:start position:0% +a revenue of 10 and you have cost cost +of 10 plus 5 so your profits are neg + + align:start position:0% +of 10 plus 5 so your profits are neg + + + align:start position:0% +of 10 plus 5 so your profits are neg +five your profits are negative five + + align:start position:0% +five your profits are negative five + + + align:start position:0% +five your profits are negative five +you're losing money because you sell for + + align:start position:0% +you're losing money because you sell for + + + align:start position:0% +you're losing money because you sell for +10 and the cost remember our cost + + align:start position:0% +10 and the cost remember our cost + + + align:start position:0% +10 and the cost remember our cost +formula it's 10 plus 5 q^2 so your costs + + align:start position:0% +formula it's 10 plus 5 q^2 so your costs + + + align:start position:0% +formula it's 10 plus 5 q^2 so your costs +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +15 so you lose + + align:start position:0% +15 so you lose + + + align:start position:0% +15 so you lose +money should you stop + + align:start position:0% +money should you stop + + + align:start position:0% +money should you stop +production and the answer is no and why + + align:start position:0% +production and the answer is no and why + + + align:start position:0% +production and the answer is no and why +not why should you keep going even + + align:start position:0% +not why should you keep going even + + + align:start position:0% +not why should you keep going even +though you're losing + + align:start position:0% +though you're losing + + + align:start position:0% +though you're losing +money and remember the key is + + align:start position:0% +money and remember the key is + + + align:start position:0% +money and remember the key is +opportunity cost yeah is they covering + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost yeah is they covering + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost yeah is they covering +the cost of a variable yep well you're + + align:start position:0% +the cost of a variable yep well you're + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of a variable yep well you're +one step ahead what would happen if you + + align:start position:0% +one step ahead what would happen if you + + + align:start position:0% +one step ahead what would happen if you +produce zero what would your profits be + + align:start position:0% +produce zero what would your profits be + + + align:start position:0% +produce zero what would your profits be +then no what would your profits be if + + align:start position:0% +then no what would your profits be if + + + align:start position:0% +then no what would your profits be if +you produce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero minus 10 because you got to pay the + + align:start position:0% +zero minus 10 because you got to pay the + + + align:start position:0% +zero minus 10 because you got to pay the +fixed cost no matter what just plug zero + + align:start position:0% +fixed cost no matter what just plug zero + + + align:start position:0% +fixed cost no matter what just plug zero +into this formula if you produce zero + + align:start position:0% +into this formula if you produce zero + + + align:start position:0% +into this formula if you produce zero +your profits are minus 10 so you're + + align:start position:0% +your profits are minus 10 so you're + + + align:start position:0% +your profits are minus 10 so you're +better off producing one than zero + + align:start position:0% +better off producing one than zero + + + align:start position:0% +better off producing one than zero +you've already given the answer answer + + align:start position:0% +you've already given the answer answer + + + align:start position:0% +you've already given the answer answer +why but you're better off producing one + + align:start position:0% +why but you're better off producing one + + + align:start position:0% +why but you're better off producing one +even though you're losing money the + + align:start position:0% +even though you're losing money the + + + align:start position:0% +even though you're losing money the +opportunity cost of shutting down is you + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost of shutting down is you + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost of shutting down is you +actually lose 10 so you're better off + + align:start position:0% +actually lose 10 so you're better off + + + align:start position:0% +actually lose 10 so you're better off +losing + + align:start position:0% +losing + + + align:start position:0% +losing +five and why is that why would you want + + align:start position:0% +five and why is that why would you want + + + align:start position:0% +five and why is that why would you want +to produce losing money it's because in + + align:start position:0% +to produce losing money it's because in + + + align:start position:0% +to produce losing money it's because in +the long run you could change your fixed + + align:start position:0% +the long run you could change your fixed + + + align:start position:0% +the long run you could change your fixed +costs so you can come back the next + + align:start position:0% +costs so you can come back the next + + + align:start position:0% +costs so you can come back the next +period and make it up so when you want + + align:start position:0% +period and make it up so when you want + + + align:start position:0% +period and make it up so when you want +to shut down is not about whether you + + align:start position:0% +to shut down is not about whether you + + + align:start position:0% +to shut down is not about whether you +lose + + align:start position:0% +lose + + + align:start position:0% +lose +money it's about whether you lose so + + align:start position:0% +money it's about whether you lose so + + + align:start position:0% +money it's about whether you lose so +much money that over comes your fixed + + align:start position:0% +much money that over comes your fixed + + + align:start position:0% +much money that over comes your fixed +costs when will that be true well this + + align:start position:0% +costs when will that be true well this + + + align:start position:0% +costs when will that be true well this +gentleman gave the answer that will be + + align:start position:0% +gentleman gave the answer that will be + + + align:start position:0% +gentleman gave the answer that will be +true when ignoring fixed costs you still + + align:start position:0% +true when ignoring fixed costs you still + + + align:start position:0% +true when ignoring fixed costs you still +lose money that'll be true when your + + align:start position:0% +lose money that'll be true when your + + + align:start position:0% +lose money that'll be true when your +variable costs are below Revenue it will + + align:start position:0% +variable costs are below Revenue it will + + + align:start position:0% +variable costs are below Revenue it will +be true when + + align:start position:0% +be true when + + + align:start position:0% +be true when +PQ okay is less than your variable cost + + align:start position:0% +PQ okay is less than your variable cost + + + align:start position:0% +PQ okay is less than your variable cost +fixed costs are in the short run sunk + + align:start position:0% +fixed costs are in the short run sunk + + + align:start position:0% +fixed costs are in the short run sunk +they're relevant you already paid them + + align:start position:0% +they're relevant you already paid them + + + align:start position:0% +they're relevant you already paid them +you're just want to ask for the next + + align:start position:0% +you're just want to ask for the next + + + align:start position:0% +you're just want to ask for the next +unit will I make any money + + align:start position:0% +unit will I make any money + + + align:start position:0% +unit will I make any money +okay or in other words you will keep + + align:start position:0% +okay or in other words you will keep + + + align:start position:0% +okay or in other words you will keep +producing as long as p is is as long as + + align:start position:0% +producing as long as p is is as long as + + + align:start position:0% +producing as long as p is is as long as +P isn't less than DC over Q the variable + + align:start position:0% +P isn't less than DC over Q the variable + + + align:start position:0% +P isn't less than DC over Q the variable +cost over Q as long as the price which + + align:start position:0% +cost over Q as long as the price which + + + align:start position:0% +cost over Q as long as the price which +we call average variable + + align:start position:0% +we call average variable + + + align:start position:0% +we call average variable +costs so as long as the price is above + + align:start position:0% +costs so as long as the price is above + + + align:start position:0% +costs so as long as the price is above +average variable costs you will keep + + align:start position:0% +average variable costs you will keep + + + align:start position:0% +average variable costs you will keep +producing only once price drops below + + align:start position:0% +producing only once price drops below + + + align:start position:0% +producing only once price drops below +average variable costs we stop producing + + align:start position:0% +average variable costs we stop producing + + + align:start position:0% +average variable costs we stop producing +we call this the shutdown + + align:start position:0% +we call this the shutdown + + + align:start position:0% +we call this the shutdown +Rule now it turns out in our case that's + + align:start position:0% +Rule now it turns out in our case that's + + + align:start position:0% +Rule now it turns out in our case that's +never true because if you look at our + + align:start position:0% +never true because if you look at our + + + align:start position:0% +never true because if you look at our +formula variable costs so our cost + + align:start position:0% +formula variable costs so our cost + + + align:start position:0% +formula variable costs so our cost +function is Cal 10 + 5 q + + align:start position:0% +function is Cal 10 + 5 q + + + align:start position:0% +function is Cal 10 + 5 q +^2 so variable costs are 5 + + align:start position:0% +^2 so variable costs are 5 + + + align:start position:0% +^2 so variable costs are 5 +q^2 average variable costs are 5 + + align:start position:0% +q^2 average variable costs are 5 + + + align:start position:0% +q^2 average variable costs are 5 +q okay average variable costs are 5 + + align:start position:0% +q okay average variable costs are 5 + + + align:start position:0% +q okay average variable costs are 5 +q I'm sorry five five uh average R cost + + align:start position:0% +q I'm sorry five five uh average R cost + + + align:start position:0% +q I'm sorry five five uh average R cost +are 5 q now remember for our case + + align:start position:0% +are 5 q now remember for our case + + + align:start position:0% +are 5 q now remember for our case +for this case the general formula for + + align:start position:0% +for this case the general formula for + + + align:start position:0% +for this case the general formula for +optimization is margin cost equals price + + align:start position:0% +optimization is margin cost equals price + + + align:start position:0% +optimization is margin cost equals price +so that's 10 Q equals P that's our + + align:start position:0% +so that's 10 Q equals P that's our + + + align:start position:0% +so that's 10 Q equals P that's our +optimization condition 10 Q equals P + + align:start position:0% +optimization condition 10 Q equals P + + + align:start position:0% +optimization condition 10 Q equals P +margin cost equals price well if you + + align:start position:0% +margin cost equals price well if you + + + align:start position:0% +margin cost equals price well if you +plug so if you plug that in you get that + + align:start position:0% +plug so if you plug that in you get that + + + align:start position:0% +plug so if you plug that in you get that +average variable cost terms of price is + + align:start position:0% +average variable cost terms of price is + + + align:start position:0% +average variable cost terms of price is +0.5 time + + align:start position:0% +0.5 time + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 time +P so what I did here I created the + + align:start position:0% +P so what I did here I created the + + + align:start position:0% +P so what I did here I created the +variable cost I divide to make average + + align:start position:0% +variable cost I divide to make average + + + align:start position:0% +variable cost I divide to make average +variable cost which is 5 q i then + + align:start position:0% +variable cost which is 5 q i then + + + align:start position:0% +variable cost which is 5 q i then +substituted in from the optim ation + + align:start position:0% +substituted in from the optim ation + + + align:start position:0% +substituted in from the optim ation +condition to get average varable cost + + align:start position:0% +condition to get average varable cost + + + align:start position:0% +condition to get average varable cost +0.5 time P well 0.5 time P can never be + + align:start position:0% +0.5 time P well 0.5 time P can never be + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 time P well 0.5 time P can never be +greater than + + align:start position:0% +greater than + + + align:start position:0% +greater than +P average this number 0.5 times P can + + align:start position:0% +P average this number 0.5 times P can + + + align:start position:0% +P average this number 0.5 times P can +never be greater than price this + + align:start position:0% +never be greater than price this + + + align:start position:0% +never be greater than price this +condition can never + + align:start position:0% +condition can never + + + align:start position:0% +condition can never +hold as a result with this cost function + + align:start position:0% +hold as a result with this cost function + + + align:start position:0% +hold as a result with this cost function +you'll never shut + + align:start position:0% +you'll never shut + + + align:start position:0% +you'll never shut +down it doesn't matter what profits are + + align:start position:0% +down it doesn't matter what profits are + + + align:start position:0% +down it doesn't matter what profits are +you will not shut down okay this is a + + align:start position:0% +you will not shut down okay this is a + + + align:start position:0% +you will not shut down okay this is a +confusing concept that you need to work + + align:start position:0% +confusing concept that you need to work + + + align:start position:0% +confusing concept that you need to work +on but but it's important to remember + + align:start position:0% +on but but it's important to remember + + + align:start position:0% +on but but it's important to remember +that when we develop Supply curves we + + align:start position:0% +that when we develop Supply curves we + + + align:start position:0% +that when we develop Supply curves we +have to consider both what the supply + + align:start position:0% +have to consider both what the supply + + + align:start position:0% +have to consider both what the supply +curve looks like and the short run + + align:start position:0% +curve looks like and the short run + + + align:start position:0% +curve looks like and the short run +whether you want to shut down okay this + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to shut down okay this + + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to shut down okay this +is something you have to practice it's + + align:start position:0% +is something you have to practice it's + + + align:start position:0% +is something you have to practice it's +always a confusing concept but we'll + + align:start position:0% +always a confusing concept but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +always a confusing concept but we'll +give you some practice on + + align:start position:0% +give you some practice on + + + align:start position:0% +give you some practice on +that now armed with all this we can come + + align:start position:0% +that now armed with all this we can come + + + align:start position:0% +that now armed with all this we can come +back to actually creating what you + + align:start position:0% +back to actually creating what you + + + align:start position:0% +back to actually creating what you +wanted you demand and you said John + + align:start position:0% +wanted you demand and you said John + + + align:start position:0% +wanted you demand and you said John +where does that supply curve come from I + + align:start position:0% +where does that supply curve come from I + + + align:start position:0% +where does that supply curve come from I +need to know and I'm going to tell you + + align:start position:0% +need to know and I'm going to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +need to know and I'm going to tell you +now where Supply curves comes from now + + align:start position:0% +now where Supply curves comes from now + + + align:start position:0% +now where Supply curves comes from now +we get to wrap it all up where supply + + align:start position:0% +we get to wrap it all up where supply + + + align:start position:0% +we get to wrap it all up where supply +curve come from well that's in figure + + align:start position:0% +curve come from well that's in figure + + + align:start position:0% +curve come from well that's in figure +75 figure + + align:start position:0% +75 figure + + + align:start position:0% +75 figure +75 shows + + align:start position:0% +75 shows + + + align:start position:0% +75 shows +you how much the firm wants to produce + + align:start position:0% +you how much the firm wants to produce + + + align:start position:0% +you how much the firm wants to produce +at different levels of + + align:start position:0% +at different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +at different levels of +prices well when the price is 30 we know + + align:start position:0% +prices well when the price is 30 we know + + + align:start position:0% +prices well when the price is 30 we know +it wants to produce three + + align:start position:0% +it wants to produce three + + + align:start position:0% +it wants to produce three +units when the price is 40 it says + + align:start position:0% +units when the price is 40 it says + + + align:start position:0% +units when the price is 40 it says +margin cost equal the price that turns + + align:start position:0% +margin cost equal the price that turns + + + align:start position:0% +margin cost equal the price that turns +out to be four units it turns out the + + align:start position:0% +out to be four units it turns out the + + + align:start position:0% +out to be four units it turns out the +firm's production decision is firm's + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision is firm's + + + align:start position:0% +firm's production decision is firm's +production curve is the marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +production curve is the marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +production curve is the marginal cost +curve the supply curve is the marginal + + align:start position:0% +curve the supply curve is the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +curve the supply curve is the marginal +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +curve that so we already two lectures + + align:start position:0% +curve that so we already two lectures + + + align:start position:0% +curve that so we already two lectures +ago told you or maybe was last lecture + + align:start position:0% +ago told you or maybe was last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +ago told you or maybe was last lecture +told you what Supply is supply curve is + + align:start position:0% +told you what Supply is supply curve is + + + align:start position:0% +told you what Supply is supply curve is +the marginal cost curve and think about + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost curve and think about + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost curve and think about +the intuition the demand curve one + + align:start position:0% +the intuition the demand curve one + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition the demand curve one +second the demand curve was the marginal + + align:start position:0% +second the demand curve was the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +second the demand curve was the marginal +willingness to pay for a good the demand + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay for a good the demand + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay for a good the demand +curve was how much you're willing to pay + + align:start position:0% +curve was how much you're willing to pay + + + align:start position:0% +curve was how much you're willing to pay +for the next good the supply curve is + + align:start position:0% +for the next good the supply curve is + + + align:start position:0% +for the next good the supply curve is +the marginal cost of producing the next + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost of producing the next + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost of producing the next +good the supply curve is what does it + + align:start position:0% +good the supply curve is what does it + + + align:start position:0% +good the supply curve is what does it +cost you produce the next good so so + + align:start position:0% +cost you produce the next good so so + + + align:start position:0% +cost you produce the next good so so +demand and Supply meat where and I'll + + align:start position:0% +demand and Supply meat where and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +demand and Supply meat where and I'll +get to that in a couple lectures where + + align:start position:0% +get to that in a couple lectures where + + + align:start position:0% +get to that in a couple lectures where +marginal willingness to pay for the good + + align:start position:0% +marginal willingness to pay for the good + + + align:start position:0% +marginal willingness to pay for the good +how much you willing to pay for the next + + align:start position:0% +how much you willing to pay for the next + + + align:start position:0% +how much you willing to pay for the next +good equals the marginal cost of + + align:start position:0% +good equals the marginal cost of + + + align:start position:0% +good equals the marginal cost of +producing that next good that's we get + + align:start position:0% +producing that next good that's we get + + + align:start position:0% +producing that next good that's we get +equilibrium yeah it's question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here like the right side is the average + + align:start position:0% +here like the right side is the average + + + align:start position:0% +here like the right side is the average +average average variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost no because I divided it's let me do + + align:start position:0% +cost no because I divided it's let me do + + + align:start position:0% +cost no because I divided it's let me do +I did P * Q is than variable cost I then + + align:start position:0% +I did P * Q is than variable cost I then + + + align:start position:0% +I did P * Q is than variable cost I then +divided both sides by Q so price should + + align:start position:0% +divided both sides by Q so price should + + + align:start position:0% +divided both sides by Q so price should +be less than variable than than average + + align:start position:0% +be less than variable than than average + + + align:start position:0% +be less than variable than than average +variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost no let back this is a general + + align:start position:0% +cost no let back this is a general + + + align:start position:0% +cost no let back this is a general +formula you'll shut down when price is + + align:start position:0% +formula you'll shut down when price is + + + align:start position:0% +formula you'll shut down when price is +less than variable costs that's the + + align:start position:0% +less than variable costs that's the + + + align:start position:0% +less than variable costs that's the +general formula okay then I said in our + + align:start position:0% +general formula okay then I said in our + + + align:start position:0% +general formula okay then I said in our +case what is average variable cost it's + + align:start position:0% +case what is average variable cost it's + + + align:start position:0% +case what is average variable cost it's +5 q okay now in equilibrium we know what + + align:start position:0% +5 q okay now in equilibrium we know what + + + align:start position:0% +5 q okay now in equilibrium we know what +Q is + + align:start position:0% +Q is + + + align:start position:0% +Q is +we know Q is p over 10 so I can just + + align:start position:0% +we know Q is p over 10 so I can just + + + align:start position:0% +we know Q is p over 10 so I can just +plug that + + align:start position:0% +plug that + + + align:start position:0% +plug that +in and then I show for our case this + + align:start position:0% +in and then I show for our case this + + + align:start position:0% +in and then I show for our case this +formula never + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hold giv Q + + align:start position:0% +hold giv Q + + + align:start position:0% +hold giv Q +what Q at no not equilibrium at profit + + align:start position:0% +what Q at no not equilibrium at profit + + + align:start position:0% +what Q at no not equilibrium at profit +maximization given Q if a firm is profit + + align:start position:0% +maximization given Q if a firm is profit + + + align:start position:0% +maximization given Q if a firm is profit +maximizing they'll use this rule Mar to + + align:start position:0% +maximizing they'll use this rule Mar to + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing they'll use this rule Mar to +cost equals price if they use that rule + + align:start position:0% +cost equals price if they use that rule + + + align:start position:0% +cost equals price if they use that rule +they'll never shut + + align:start position:0% +they'll never shut + + + align:start position:0% +they'll never shut +down okay does that make sense okay good + + align:start position:0% +down okay does that make sense okay good + + + align:start position:0% +down okay does that make sense okay good +question good clarification other + + align:start position:0% +question good clarification other + + + align:start position:0% +question good clarification other +questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this uh that's a great point we are we + + align:start position:0% +this uh that's a great point we are we + + + align:start position:0% +this uh that's a great point we are we +we we're dealing in integer worlds you + + align:start position:0% +we we're dealing in integer worlds you + + + align:start position:0% +we we're dealing in integer worlds you +can but you can do the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +can but you can do the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +can but you can do the whole thing +fractionally the the mathematics still + + align:start position:0% +fractionally the the mathematics still + + + align:start position:0% +fractionally the the mathematics still +holds the mathematics still holds you + + align:start position:0% +holds the mathematics still holds you + + + align:start position:0% +holds the mathematics still holds you +just want really we're always doing sort + + align:start position:0% +just want really we're always doing sort + + + align:start position:0% +just want really we're always doing sort +of it's a derivative ultimately the + + align:start position:0% +of it's a derivative ultimately the + + + align:start position:0% +of it's a derivative ultimately the +question is for the next Epsilon unit of + + align:start position:0% +question is for the next Epsilon unit of + + + align:start position:0% +question is for the next Epsilon unit of +production + + align:start position:0% +production + + + align:start position:0% +production +is the variable cost greater than the + + align:start position:0% +is the variable cost greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +is the variable cost greater than the +price you can sell it + + align:start position:0% +price you can sell it + + + align:start position:0% +price you can sell it +for okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yes I because it implies ABC equals + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes I because it implies ABC equals + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes I because it implies ABC equals +5 Q and 10 Q equals P so I plugged + + align:start position:0% +5 Q and 10 Q equals P so I plugged + + + align:start position:0% +5 Q and 10 Q equals P so I plugged +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +yep okay so now so the point is the + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so now so the point is the + + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so now so the point is the +short run supply curve is simply the + + align:start position:0% +short run supply curve is simply the + + + align:start position:0% +short run supply curve is simply the +marginal cost curve but above the + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost curve but above the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost curve but above the +shutdown + + align:start position:0% +shutdown + + + align:start position:0% +shutdown +Point S supply curve has two things it's + + align:start position:0% +Point S supply curve has two things it's + + + align:start position:0% +Point S supply curve has two things it's +a marginal cost curve but only above the + + align:start position:0% +a marginal cost curve but only above the + + + align:start position:0% +a marginal cost curve but only above the +shutdown point in our case there is no + + align:start position:0% +shutdown point in our case there is no + + + align:start position:0% +shutdown point in our case there is no +shutdown point so it's irrelevant but in + + align:start position:0% +shutdown point so it's irrelevant but in + + + align:start position:0% +shutdown point so it's irrelevant but in +general the rule is the short run supply + + align:start position:0% +general the rule is the short run supply + + + align:start position:0% +general the rule is the short run supply +curve is the marginal cost curve above + + align:start position:0% +curve is the marginal cost curve above + + + align:start position:0% +curve is the marginal cost curve above +the shutdown point is the technical + + align:start position:0% +the shutdown point is the technical + + + align:start position:0% +the shutdown point is the technical +definition of the short run supply curve + + align:start position:0% +definition of the short run supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the short run supply curve +so it's above minimum average variable + + align:start position:0% +so it's above minimum average variable + + + align:start position:0% +so it's above minimum average variable +cost so technically the short run supply + + align:start position:0% +cost so technically the short run supply + + + align:start position:0% +cost so technically the short run supply +curve is the marginal cost curve above + + align:start position:0% +curve is the marginal cost curve above + + + align:start position:0% +curve is the marginal cost curve above +minimum average variable + + align:start position:0% +minimum average variable + + + align:start position:0% +minimum average variable +costs and that's for the supply curve + + align:start position:0% +costs and that's for the supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +costs and that's for the supply curve +comes + + align:start position:0% +comes + + + align:start position:0% +comes +from now that is the firm supply curve + + align:start position:0% +from now that is the firm supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +from now that is the firm supply curve +but we started this course with markets + + align:start position:0% +but we started this course with markets + + + align:start position:0% +but we started this course with markets +so let's go to markets what does the + + align:start position:0% +so let's go to markets what does the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go to markets what does the +market supply curve look like okay so I + + align:start position:0% +market supply curve look like okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +market supply curve look like okay so I +showed you the firm Supply 76 what does + + align:start position:0% +showed you the firm Supply 76 what does + + + align:start position:0% +showed you the firm Supply 76 what does +the market supply curve look like well + + align:start position:0% +the market supply curve look like well + + + align:start position:0% +the market supply curve look like well +let's go to figure + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to figure +77 imagine initially we have one firm + + align:start position:0% +77 imagine initially we have one firm + + + align:start position:0% +77 imagine initially we have one firm +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +S1 we know what that firm supply curve + + align:start position:0% +S1 we know what that firm supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +S1 we know what that firm supply curve +looks like we just developed it at a + + align:start position:0% +looks like we just developed it at a + + + align:start position:0% +looks like we just developed it at a +price of 10 they produce one at a price + + align:start position:0% +price of 10 they produce one at a price + + + align:start position:0% +price of 10 they produce one at a price +of 30 they produce three and so on + + align:start position:0% +of 30 they produce three and so on + + + align:start position:0% +of 30 they produce three and so on +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +S1 now let's add a second identical + + align:start position:0% +S1 now let's add a second identical + + + align:start position:0% +S1 now let's add a second identical +firm well now at a price of 10 you get + + align:start position:0% +firm well now at a price of 10 you get + + + align:start position:0% +firm well now at a price of 10 you get +one produced by each firm that's two and + + align:start position:0% +one produced by each firm that's two and + + + align:start position:0% +one produced by each firm that's two and +at a price of 30 you get three produced + + align:start position:0% +at a price of 30 you get three produced + + + align:start position:0% +at a price of 30 you get three produced +by each firm that's + + align:start position:0% +by each firm that's + + + align:start position:0% +by each firm that's +six now let's add a third identical firm + + align:start position:0% +six now let's add a third identical firm + + + align:start position:0% +six now let's add a third identical firm +and so on as you add identical firms the + + align:start position:0% +and so on as you add identical firms the + + + align:start position:0% +and so on as you add identical firms the +market supply curve is a flatter version + + align:start position:0% +market supply curve is a flatter version + + + align:start position:0% +market supply curve is a flatter version +of The Firm supply curve in other words + + align:start position:0% +of The Firm supply curve in other words + + + align:start position:0% +of The Firm supply curve in other words +market supply is a more elastic version + + align:start position:0% +market supply is a more elastic version + + + align:start position:0% +market supply is a more elastic version +of firm + + align:start position:0% +of firm + + + align:start position:0% +of firm +Supply market supply is a more elastic + + align:start position:0% +Supply market supply is a more elastic + + + align:start position:0% +Supply market supply is a more elastic +version of firm Supply so as more + + align:start position:0% +version of firm Supply so as more + + + align:start position:0% +version of firm Supply so as more +identical firms produce the + + align:start position:0% +identical firms produce the + + + align:start position:0% +identical firms produce the +good as more identical firms produce the + + align:start position:0% +good as more identical firms produce the + + + align:start position:0% +good as more identical firms produce the +good the more elastic is the supply + + align:start position:0% +good the more elastic is the supply + + + align:start position:0% +good the more elastic is the supply +curve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now this will give you a hint to + + align:start position:0% +okay now this will give you a hint to + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this will give you a hint to +where ahead next time just want to ask + + align:start position:0% +where ahead next time just want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +where ahead next time just want to ask +question about next time if I said + + align:start position:0% +question about next time if I said + + + align:start position:0% +question about next time if I said +competitive markets have an infinite + + align:start position:0% +competitive markets have an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +competitive markets have an infinite +number of firms and I said The more + + align:start position:0% +number of firms and I said The more + + + align:start position:0% +number of firms and I said The more +firms are the more elastic is supply + + align:start position:0% +firms are the more elastic is supply + + + align:start position:0% +firms are the more elastic is supply +curve think about what that implies to + + align:start position:0% +curve think about what that implies to + + + align:start position:0% +curve think about what that implies to +the supply curve and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve and we'll talk about +where next time about how that + + align:start position:0% +where next time about how that + + + align:start position:0% +where next time about how that +works but for now let's talk about one + + align:start position:0% +works but for now let's talk about one + + + align:start position:0% +works but for now let's talk about one +one more thing and I want to go back and + + align:start position:0% +one more thing and I want to go back and + + + align:start position:0% +one more thing and I want to go back and +redo it all to make it clear the last + + align:start position:0% +redo it all to make it clear the last + + + align:start position:0% +redo it all to make it clear the last +thing I want to talk about is the long + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to talk about is the long + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to talk about is the long +run supply curve so far I've been + + align:start position:0% +run supply curve so far I've been + + + align:start position:0% +run supply curve so far I've been +talking about the short run + + align:start position:0% +talking about the short run + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the short run +only what about the long run supply + + align:start position:0% +only what about the long run supply + + + align:start position:0% +only what about the long run supply +curve well it turns out the long run + + align:start position:0% +curve well it turns out the long run + + + align:start position:0% +curve well it turns out the long run +supply curve is just the marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +supply curve is just the marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve is just the marginal cost +curve but without the shutdown rule + + align:start position:0% +curve but without the shutdown rule + + + align:start position:0% +curve but without the shutdown rule +because in the long run if profits are + + align:start position:0% +because in the long run if profits are + + + align:start position:0% +because in the long run if profits are +negative you do shut down because in the + + align:start position:0% +negative you do shut down because in the + + + align:start position:0% +negative you do shut down because in the +long run fixed costs aren't fixed right + + align:start position:0% +long run fixed costs aren't fixed right + + + align:start position:0% +long run fixed costs aren't fixed right +so in the long run the supply curve is + + align:start position:0% +so in the long run the supply curve is + + + align:start position:0% +so in the long run the supply curve is +just the marginal cost curve full + + align:start position:0% +just the marginal cost curve full + + + align:start position:0% +just the marginal cost curve full +stop okay as long as profits are greater + + align:start position:0% +stop okay as long as profits are greater + + + align:start position:0% +stop okay as long as profits are greater +than zero there's no shutdown rule as + + align:start position:0% +than zero there's no shutdown rule as + + + align:start position:0% +than zero there's no shutdown rule as +long as you're making money you pick a + + align:start position:0% +long as you're making money you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +long as you're making money you pick a +point where price equals marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +point where price equals marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +point where price equals marginal cost +the only difference in the short run the + + align:start position:0% +the only difference in the short run the + + + align:start position:0% +the only difference in the short run the +long long run here is in the long run + + align:start position:0% +long long run here is in the long run + + + align:start position:0% +long long run here is in the long run +you don't have this extra knowing + + align:start position:0% +you don't have this extra knowing + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have this extra knowing +shutdown rule it's just basically the + + align:start position:0% +shutdown rule it's just basically the + + + align:start position:0% +shutdown rule it's just basically the +long supply curve is marginal costs as + + align:start position:0% +long supply curve is marginal costs as + + + align:start position:0% +long supply curve is marginal costs as +long as marginal as long as price is + + align:start position:0% +long as marginal as long as price is + + + align:start position:0% +long as marginal as long as price is +above as long as profits are greater + + align:start position:0% +above as long as profits are greater + + + align:start position:0% +above as long as profits are greater +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +zero okay so that is uh the long the the + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so that is uh the long the the + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so that is uh the long the the +long run so the idea is in the short run + + align:start position:0% +long run so the idea is in the short run + + + align:start position:0% +long run so the idea is in the short run +you're willing to lose money because you + + align:start position:0% +you're willing to lose money because you + + + align:start position:0% +you're willing to lose money because you +can always reoptimize your Capital you + + align:start position:0% +can always reoptimize your Capital you + + + align:start position:0% +can always reoptimize your Capital you +can always go back and change your fix + + align:start position:0% +can always go back and change your fix + + + align:start position:0% +can always go back and change your fix +costs but in the long run you've already + + align:start position:0% +costs but in the long run you've already + + + align:start position:0% +costs but in the long run you've already +optimized and if you've done all your + + align:start position:0% +optimized and if you've done all your + + + align:start position:0% +optimized and if you've done all your +optimizing you're still losing money + + align:start position:0% +optimizing you're still losing money + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing you're still losing money +you're just out of luck you just + + align:start position:0% +you're just out of luck you just + + + align:start position:0% +you're just out of luck you just +you you should get out of the business + + align:start position:0% +you you should get out of the business + + + align:start position:0% +you you should get out of the business +okay because there's no more + + align:start position:0% +okay because there's no more + + + align:start position:0% +okay because there's no more +optimization you can + + align:start position:0% +optimization you can + + + align:start position:0% +optimization you can +do all right questions about + + align:start position:0% +do all right questions about + + + align:start position:0% +do all right questions about +that all right so let's now put this all + + align:start position:0% +that all right so let's now put this all + + + align:start position:0% +that all right so let's now put this all +together to derive the short run + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium I'm going to mathematically + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I'm going to mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I'm going to mathematically +get you back + + align:start position:0% +get you back + + + align:start position:0% +get you back +to where we started in the first lecture + + align:start position:0% +to where we started in the first lecture + + + align:start position:0% +to where we started in the first lecture +okay I'm going to start with The + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm going to start with The + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm going to start with The +Primitives okay how do you find short e + + align:start position:0% +Primitives okay how do you find short e + + + align:start position:0% +Primitives okay how do you find short e +the first is Step a is you get the + + align:start position:0% +the first is Step a is you get the + + + align:start position:0% +the first is Step a is you get the +supply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve how do you get the supply curve + + align:start position:0% +curve how do you get the supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +curve how do you get the supply curve +well we know all the steps you start + + align:start position:0% +well we know all the steps you start + + + align:start position:0% +well we know all the steps you start +with the production function step one + + align:start position:0% +with the production function step one + + + align:start position:0% +with the production function step one +start with a production function in our + + align:start position:0% +start with a production function in our + + + align:start position:0% +start with a production function in our +case the production function was Q + + align:start position:0% +case the production function was Q + + + align:start position:0% +case the production function was Q +equals square root of L * + + align:start position:0% +equals square root of L * + + + align:start position:0% +equals square root of L * +K that's step one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +step two is you get input prices which + + align:start position:0% +step two is you get input prices which + + + align:start position:0% +step two is you get input prices which +once again are still given at this point + + align:start position:0% +once again are still given at this point + + + align:start position:0% +once again are still given at this point +we haven't endogenized them they're + + align:start position:0% +we haven't endogenized them they're + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't endogenized them they're +still given and we had wal 5 R equals + + align:start position:0% +still given and we had wal 5 R equals + + + align:start position:0% +still given and we had wal 5 R equals + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay step three I'm sorry you have your + + align:start position:0% +okay step three I'm sorry you have your + + + align:start position:0% +okay step three I'm sorry you have your +assumptions and then the third thing is + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and then the third thing is + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions and then the third thing is +you have a fixed amount of capital K Bar + + align:start position:0% +you have a fixed amount of capital K Bar + + + align:start position:0% +you have a fixed amount of capital K Bar +equals 1 so you start with production + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 so you start with production + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 so you start with production +function you have your three assumptions + + align:start position:0% +function you have your three assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +function you have your three assumptions +once again we know where K Bar equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +once again we know where K Bar equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +once again we know where K Bar equals 1 +comes from that comes from long run + + align:start position:0% +comes from that comes from long run + + + align:start position:0% +comes from that comes from long run +optimization where W and R come from you + + align:start position:0% +optimization where W and R come from you + + + align:start position:0% +optimization where W and R come from you +haven't learned yet okay but in the + + align:start position:0% +haven't learned yet okay but in the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't learned yet okay but in the +short run K fix so you start production + + align:start position:0% +short run K fix so you start production + + + align:start position:0% +short run K fix so you start production +fun you have those three things we know + + align:start position:0% +fun you have those three things we know + + + align:start position:0% +fun you have those three things we know +based on that how to develop a cost + + align:start position:0% +based on that how to develop a cost + + + align:start position:0% +based on that how to develop a cost +function okay we know how to develop a + + align:start position:0% +function okay we know how to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +function okay we know how to develop a +cost function we know that with these + + align:start position:0% +cost function we know that with these + + + align:start position:0% +cost function we know that with these +three we devel we developed in a + + align:start position:0% +three we devel we developed in a + + + align:start position:0% +three we devel we developed in a +previous lecture that with this + + align:start position:0% +previous lecture that with this + + + align:start position:0% +previous lecture that with this +production function and these three + + align:start position:0% +production function and these three + + + align:start position:0% +production function and these three +assumptions you get that the cost as a + + align:start position:0% +assumptions you get that the cost as a + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions you get that the cost as a +function of quantity is 10 + 5 q^2 we + + align:start position:0% +function of quantity is 10 + 5 q^2 we + + + align:start position:0% +function of quantity is 10 + 5 q^2 we +developed that in the previous lecture + + align:start position:0% +developed that in the previous lecture + + + align:start position:0% +developed that in the previous lecture +Okay so I said if I give you a + + align:start position:0% +Okay so I said if I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so I said if I give you a +production + + align:start position:0% +production + + + align:start position:0% +production +function I give you an amount of capital + + align:start position:0% +function I give you an amount of capital + + + align:start position:0% +function I give you an amount of capital +and I give you input prices you can + + align:start position:0% +and I give you input prices you can + + + align:start position:0% +and I give you input prices you can +solve for the firm's cost function you + + align:start position:0% +solve for the firm's cost function you + + + align:start position:0% +solve for the firm's cost function you +know how to do that now okay now if you + + align:start position:0% +know how to do that now okay now if you + + + align:start position:0% +know how to do that now okay now if you +know the firm's cost function you know + + align:start position:0% +know the firm's cost function you know + + + align:start position:0% +know the firm's cost function you know +marginal cost well marginal cost is just + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost well marginal cost is just + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost well marginal cost is just +the derivative of cost Spector quantity + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of cost Spector quantity + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of cost Spector quantity +which in our case is 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Q okay we also know + + align:start position:0% +Q okay we also know + + + align:start position:0% +Q okay we also know +know that in the firms maximize profits + + align:start position:0% +know that in the firms maximize profits + + + align:start position:0% +know that in the firms maximize profits +when marginal cost equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +price in other words the supply curve + + align:start position:0% +price in other words the supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +price in other words the supply curve +is Q equals 10 equals p over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 qal p over 10 is our supply curve + + align:start position:0% +10 qal p over 10 is our supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +10 qal p over 10 is our supply curve +we've just developed the supply curve + + align:start position:0% +we've just developed the supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +we've just developed the supply curve +all I had to tell you to get the supply + + align:start position:0% +all I had to tell you to get the supply + + + align:start position:0% +all I had to tell you to get the supply +curve was was a production function and + + align:start position:0% +curve was was a production function and + + + align:start position:0% +curve was was a production function and +those three key input assumptions based + + align:start position:0% +those three key input assumptions based + + + align:start position:0% +those three key input assumptions based +on that you have all you need to develop + + align:start position:0% +on that you have all you need to develop + + + align:start position:0% +on that you have all you need to develop +a supply + + align:start position:0% +a supply + + + align:start position:0% +a supply +curve you then have to check the + + align:start position:0% +curve you then have to check the + + + align:start position:0% +curve you then have to check the +shutdown condition which we know in this + + align:start position:0% +shutdown condition which we know in this + + + align:start position:0% +shutdown condition which we know in this +case is irrelevant but you have to check + + align:start position:0% +case is irrelevant but you have to check + + + align:start position:0% +case is irrelevant but you have to check +it so it's Q go p over 10 + + align:start position:0% +it so it's Q go p over 10 + + + align:start position:0% +it so it's Q go p over 10 +where average variable cost is greater + + align:start position:0% +where average variable cost is greater + + + align:start position:0% +where average variable cost is greater +than price which we know is always W + + align:start position:0% +than price which we know is always W + + + align:start position:0% +than price which we know is always W +which we know is always + + align:start position:0% +which we know is always + + + align:start position:0% +which we know is always +true I'm sorry where price is great is + + align:start position:0% +true I'm sorry where price is great is + + + align:start position:0% +true I'm sorry where price is great is +less everywh cost less than price I'm + + align:start position:0% +less everywh cost less than price I'm + + + align:start position:0% +less everywh cost less than price I'm +sorry which we know is always true in + + align:start position:0% +sorry which we know is always true in + + + align:start position:0% +sorry which we know is always true in +this case so that's a supply + + align:start position:0% +this case so that's a supply + + + align:start position:0% +this case so that's a supply +curve okay we've just developed it and I + + align:start position:0% +curve okay we've just developed it and I + + + align:start position:0% +curve okay we've just developed it and I +only had to give you I only had to give + + align:start position:0% +only had to give you I only had to give + + + align:start position:0% +only had to give you I only had to give +you two things the production function + + align:start position:0% +you two things the production function + + + align:start position:0% +you two things the production function +and those and those three assumptions + + align:start position:0% +and those and those three assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +and those and those three assumptions +questions about that + + align:start position:0% +questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that +yeah 5q squ so basically um just quick + + align:start position:0% +yeah 5q squ so basically um just quick + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 5q squ so basically um just quick +quick math on this okay let's go back + + align:start position:0% +quick math on this okay let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +quick math on this okay let's go back +and do the math on this real quickly + + align:start position:0% +and do the math on this real quickly + + + align:start position:0% +and do the math on this real quickly +just to review okay take this production + + align:start position:0% +just to review okay take this production + + + align:start position:0% +just to review okay take this production +function okay Q equals uh square of k l + + align:start position:0% +function okay Q equals uh square of k l + + + align:start position:0% +function okay Q equals uh square of k l +break out L that's q^2 over K + + align:start position:0% +break out L that's q^2 over K + + + align:start position:0% +break out L that's q^2 over K +Bar L is Q2 over K Bar okay then then + + align:start position:0% +Bar L is Q2 over K Bar okay then then + + + align:start position:0% +Bar L is Q2 over K Bar okay then then +reexpress then write a cost equation as + + align:start position:0% +reexpress then write a cost equation as + + + align:start position:0% +reexpress then write a cost equation as +a function of just Q you can H you can + + align:start position:0% +a function of just Q you can H you can + + + align:start position:0% +a function of just Q you can H you can +write that as cost K and Q I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +write that as cost K and Q I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +write that as cost K and Q I'm sorry +write cost equals 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K plus 5 q ^2 over K + + align:start position:0% +K plus 5 q ^2 over K + + + align:start position:0% +K plus 5 q ^2 over K +bar I just because that's the amount + + align:start position:0% +bar I just because that's the amount + + + align:start position:0% +bar I just because that's the amount +that's the right that's the amount of + + align:start position:0% +that's the right that's the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the right that's the amount of +Labor you want to use so that's your + + align:start position:0% +Labor you want to use so that's your + + + align:start position:0% +Labor you want to use so that's your +cost function you plug in K Bar equal 1 + + align:start position:0% +cost function you plug in K Bar equal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +cost function you plug in K Bar equal 1 +and you get Cal 10 plus 5 q 5 + + align:start position:0% +and you get Cal 10 plus 5 q 5 + + + align:start position:0% +and you get Cal 10 plus 5 q 5 +q^2 okay does that make sense yep you + + align:start position:0% +q^2 okay does that make sense yep you + + + align:start position:0% +q^2 okay does that make sense yep you +bet okay so now we have the firm supply + + align:start position:0% +bet okay so now we have the firm supply + + + align:start position:0% +bet okay so now we have the firm supply +curve The Firm supply + + align:start position:0% +curve The Firm supply + + + align:start position:0% +curve The Firm supply +curve leads us to step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B which is we got to make a market + + align:start position:0% +B which is we got to make a market + + + align:start position:0% +B which is we got to make a market +supply + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve well to make the market supply + + align:start position:0% +curve well to make the market supply + + + align:start position:0% +curve well to make the market supply +curve we need to know how many firms are + + align:start position:0% +curve we need to know how many firms are + + + align:start position:0% +curve we need to know how many firms are +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +market now I'm gonna have to throw + + align:start position:0% +market now I'm gonna have to throw + + + align:start position:0% +market now I'm gonna have to throw +another assumption at you next time I'll + + align:start position:0% +another assumption at you next time I'll + + + align:start position:0% +another assumption at you next time I'll +tell you where to get this from okay all + + align:start position:0% +tell you where to get this from okay all + + + align:start position:0% +tell you where to get this from okay all +the assumptions I making you're + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions I making you're + + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions I making you're +eventually going to know where they come + + align:start position:0% +eventually going to know where they come + + + align:start position:0% +eventually going to know where they come +from you know where W comes from and R + + align:start position:0% +from you know where W comes from and R + + + align:start position:0% +from you know where W comes from and R +comes from and K comes from another + + align:start position:0% +comes from and K comes from another + + + align:start position:0% +comes from and K comes from another +subject I'm going to throw at you is + + align:start position:0% +subject I'm going to throw at you is + + + align:start position:0% +subject I'm going to throw at you is +little n the number of firms in the + + align:start position:0% +little n the number of firms in the + + + align:start position:0% +little n the number of firms in the +market and let's just assume for now + + align:start position:0% +market and let's just assume for now + + + align:start position:0% +market and let's just assume for now +little n equals + + align:start position:0% +little n equals + + + align:start position:0% +little n equals +6 and I'll tell you next lecture how you + + align:start position:0% +6 and I'll tell you next lecture how you + + + align:start position:0% +6 and I'll tell you next lecture how you +get that but for now it's useful to + + align:start position:0% +get that but for now it's useful to + + + align:start position:0% +get that but for now it's useful to +start with an assumption assume there's + + align:start position:0% +start with an assumption assume there's + + + align:start position:0% +start with an assumption assume there's +six firms in the market so what is the + + align:start position:0% +six firms in the market so what is the + + + align:start position:0% +six firms in the market so what is the +total quantity in the market well the + + align:start position:0% +total quantity in the market well the + + + align:start position:0% +total quantity in the market well the +total quantity is just six little + + align:start position:0% +total quantity is just six little + + + align:start position:0% +total quantity is just six little +q's and we know little Q equals p over + + align:start position:0% +q's and we know little Q equals p over + + + align:start position:0% +q's and we know little Q equals p over +10 we know little Q equals P we know + + align:start position:0% +10 we know little Q equals P we know + + + align:start position:0% +10 we know little Q equals P we know +little Q equals p over 10 so the supply + + align:start position:0% +little Q equals p over 10 so the supply + + + align:start position:0% +little Q equals p over 10 so the supply +curve is qals 35ths time P that's the + + align:start position:0% +curve is qals 35ths time P that's the + + + align:start position:0% +curve is qals 35ths time P that's the +market supply curve which is just the + + align:start position:0% +market supply curve which is just the + + + align:start position:0% +market supply curve which is just the +firm supply curve applied to six firms + + align:start position:0% +firm supply curve applied to six firms + + + align:start position:0% +firm supply curve applied to six firms +that's the market supply + + align:start position:0% +that's the market supply + + + align:start position:0% +that's the market supply +curve that's step + + align:start position:0% +curve that's step + + + align:start position:0% +curve that's step +two step three is you have a demand + + align:start position:0% +two step three is you have a demand + + + align:start position:0% +two step three is you have a demand +curve now I'm not going to go back + + align:start position:0% +curve now I'm not going to go back + + + align:start position:0% +curve now I'm not going to go back +through all the math of that we spent a + + align:start position:0% +through all the math of that we spent a + + + align:start position:0% +through all the math of that we spent a +couple lectures on this but you know how + + align:start position:0% +couple lectures on this but you know how + + + align:start position:0% +couple lectures on this but you know how +to dve a demand curve as long as I give + + align:start position:0% +to dve a demand curve as long as I give + + + align:start position:0% +to dve a demand curve as long as I give +you prices and income and utility you + + align:start position:0% +you prices and income and utility you + + + align:start position:0% +you prices and income and utility you +know how to drive a demand curve you've + + align:start position:0% +know how to drive a demand curve you've + + + align:start position:0% +know how to drive a demand curve you've +done that you do it on the problem set + + align:start position:0% +done that you do it on the problem set + + + align:start position:0% +done that you do it on the problem set +you'll do it a bunch of times let's say + + align:start position:0% +you'll do it a bunch of times let's say + + + align:start position:0% +you'll do it a bunch of times let's say +in this case just to make life easy + + align:start position:0% +in this case just to make life easy + + + align:start position:0% +in this case just to make life easy +theand curve I get if I do that is 48 + + align:start position:0% +theand curve I get if I do that is 48 + + + align:start position:0% +theand curve I get if I do that is 48 +qal 48 minus + + align:start position:0% +qal 48 minus + + + align:start position:0% +qal 48 minus +the market demand + + align:start position:0% +the market demand + + + align:start position:0% +the market demand +curve okay I'm not going to go back + + align:start position:0% +curve okay I'm not going to go back + + + align:start position:0% +curve okay I'm not going to go back +through all those steps because that's + + align:start position:0% +through all those steps because that's + + + align:start position:0% +through all those steps because that's +that' be too much but hopefully you can + + align:start position:0% +that' be too much but hopefully you can + + + align:start position:0% +that' be too much but hopefully you can +go back and review your consumer Theory + + align:start position:0% +go back and review your consumer Theory + + + align:start position:0% +go back and review your consumer Theory +to get that okay and I'm just I mean + + align:start position:0% +to get that okay and I'm just I mean + + + align:start position:0% +to get that okay and I'm just I mean +just making this up for this example but + + align:start position:0% +just making this up for this example but + + + align:start position:0% +just making this up for this example but +you know how to derive a demand curve so + + align:start position:0% +you know how to derive a demand curve so + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to derive a demand curve so +now we get + + align:start position:0% +now we get + + + align:start position:0% +now we get +equilibrium is + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is +where demand equals Supply where 48 + + align:start position:0% +where demand equals Supply where 48 + + + align:start position:0% +where demand equals Supply where 48 +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +P equals 35ths p two + + align:start position:0% +P equals 35ths p two + + + align:start position:0% +P equals 35ths p two +equations okay we had two we we had we + + align:start position:0% +equations okay we had two we we had we + + + align:start position:0% +equations okay we had two we we had we +we set we set these equal to each other + + align:start position:0% +we set we set these equal to each other + + + align:start position:0% +we set we set these equal to each other +to get + + align:start position:0% +to get + + + align:start position:0% +to get +equilibrium so we get that + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so we get that + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so we get that +qar equals + + align:start position:0% +qar equals + + + align:start position:0% +qar equals +18 the market the equilibrium quantity + + align:start position:0% +18 the market the equilibrium quantity + + + align:start position:0% +18 the market the equilibrium quantity +in the market is + + align:start position:0% +in the market is + + + align:start position:0% +in the market is +18 why because I know the market supply + + align:start position:0% +18 why because I know the market supply + + + align:start position:0% +18 why because I know the market supply +curve I know the market demand curve + + align:start position:0% +curve I know the market demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +curve I know the market demand curve +which I just made up for this case but + + align:start position:0% +which I just made up for this case but + + + align:start position:0% +which I just made up for this case but +you know where it could you know how to + + align:start position:0% +you know where it could you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +you know where it could you know how to +get one I set them equal to each other + + align:start position:0% +get one I set them equal to each other + + + align:start position:0% +get one I set them equal to each other +and I get qar equals + + align:start position:0% +and I get qar equals + + + align:start position:0% +and I get qar equals +18 okay but that's the market supply + + align:start position:0% +18 okay but that's the market supply + + + align:start position:0% +18 okay but that's the market supply +what about each firm you want to know + + align:start position:0% +what about each firm you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +what about each firm you want to know +what each firm's going to + + align:start position:0% +what each firm's going to + + + align:start position:0% +what each firm's going to +produce well we + + align:start position:0% +produce well we + + + align:start position:0% +produce well we +know that there's six firms in this + + align:start position:0% +know that there's six firms in this + + + align:start position:0% +know that there's six firms in this +market and they're + + align:start position:0% +market and they're + + + align:start position:0% +market and they're +identical so that + + align:start position:0% +identical so that + + + align:start position:0% +identical so that +means that in this market each firm for + + align:start position:0% +means that in this market each firm for + + + align:start position:0% +means that in this market each firm for +qar to be 18 little + + align:start position:0% +qar to be 18 little + + + align:start position:0% +qar to be 18 little +qar must be three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well how do we know if that's the case + + align:start position:0% +well how do we know if that's the case + + + align:start position:0% +well how do we know if that's the case +well we + + align:start position:0% +well we + + + align:start position:0% +well we +know we know + + align:start position:0% +know we know + + + align:start position:0% +know we know +that if qar equals 18 what's the price + + align:start position:0% +that if qar equals 18 what's the price + + + align:start position:0% +that if qar equals 18 what's the price +well we know Q equals 35ths + + align:start position:0% +well we know Q equals 35ths + + + align:start position:0% +well we know Q equals 35ths +P so if qar equals 18 P star equals what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +30 right it's two equations and two + + align:start position:0% +30 right it's two equations and two + + + align:start position:0% +30 right it's two equations and two +unknowns one equation was Q = 48 minus P + + align:start position:0% +unknowns one equation was Q = 48 minus P + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns one equation was Q = 48 minus P +one equation was q = 35ths p I solved + + align:start position:0% +one equation was q = 35ths p I solved + + + align:start position:0% +one equation was q = 35ths p I solved +them for qar but I I'll solve for p star + + align:start position:0% +them for qar but I I'll solve for p star + + + align:start position:0% +them for qar but I I'll solve for p star +P star is 30 okay you can get it from + + align:start position:0% +P star is 30 okay you can get it from + + + align:start position:0% +P star is 30 okay you can get it from +the man curve too 48 minus 18 is + + align:start position:0% +the man curve too 48 minus 18 is + + + align:start position:0% +the man curve too 48 minus 18 is +30 okay so P star is + + align:start position:0% +30 okay so P star is + + + align:start position:0% +30 okay so P star is +30 well we know each firm sets price + + align:start position:0% +30 well we know each firm sets price + + + align:start position:0% +30 well we know each firm sets price +equal to marginal cost so now we can go + + align:start position:0% +equal to marginal cost so now we can go + + + align:start position:0% +equal to marginal cost so now we can go +back to get the firm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Supply firm supplies where price equals + + align:start position:0% +Supply firm supplies where price equals + + + align:start position:0% +Supply firm supplies where price equals +Mar marginal cost price is 30 marginal + + align:start position:0% +Mar marginal cost price is 30 marginal + + + align:start position:0% +Mar marginal cost price is 30 marginal +cost is 10 Q so optimal firm production + + align:start position:0% +cost is 10 Q so optimal firm production + + + align:start position:0% +cost is 10 Q so optimal firm production +is three which is what it has to + + align:start position:0% +is three which is what it has to + + + align:start position:0% +is three which is what it has to +be the magic of this Market is that each + + align:start position:0% +be the magic of this Market is that each + + + align:start position:0% +be the magic of this Market is that each +firm is prodes exactly what the + + align:start position:0% +firm is prodes exactly what the + + + align:start position:0% +firm is prodes exactly what the +aggregate Market says they should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +produce okay so basically we Sol we took + + align:start position:0% +produce okay so basically we Sol we took + + + align:start position:0% +produce okay so basically we Sol we took +a firm we took + + align:start position:0% +a firm we took + + + align:start position:0% +a firm we took +firms we built them up to the firms that + + align:start position:0% +firms we built them up to the firms that + + + align:start position:0% +firms we built them up to the firms that +were taking a given price remember we + + align:start position:0% +were taking a given price remember we + + + align:start position:0% +were taking a given price remember we +went to the firm we didn't specify price + + align:start position:0% +went to the firm we didn't specify price + + + align:start position:0% +went to the firm we didn't specify price +price is they're price takers that's + + align:start position:0% +price is they're price takers that's + + + align:start position:0% +price is they're price takers that's +just given from God from their + + align:start position:0% +just given from God from their + + + align:start position:0% +just given from God from their +perspective okay you just when you set + + align:start position:0% +perspective okay you just when you set + + + align:start position:0% +perspective okay you just when you set +up your blanket outside the F Tower just + + align:start position:0% +up your blanket outside the F Tower just + + + align:start position:0% +up your blanket outside the F Tower just +look what everybody else is + + align:start position:0% +look what everybody else is + + + align:start position:0% +look what everybody else is +charging okay we then so we left P to be + + align:start position:0% +charging okay we then so we left P to be + + + align:start position:0% +charging okay we then so we left P to be +solved for we then use demand we then + + align:start position:0% +solved for we then use demand we then + + + align:start position:0% +solved for we then use demand we then +take that firm decision make it a market + + align:start position:0% +take that firm decision make it a market + + + align:start position:0% +take that firm decision make it a market +decision okay we then said we'll set + + align:start position:0% +decision okay we then said we'll set + + + align:start position:0% +decision okay we then said we'll set +that market decision equal to market + + align:start position:0% +that market decision equal to market + + + align:start position:0% +that market decision equal to market +demand and that gives you + + align:start position:0% +demand and that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +demand and that gives you +an optimal market supply and market + + align:start position:0% +an optimal market supply and market + + + align:start position:0% +an optimal market supply and market +price okay and you that market supply + + align:start position:0% +price okay and you that market supply + + + align:start position:0% +price okay and you that market supply +implies that each firm must be producing + + align:start position:0% +implies that each firm must be producing + + + align:start position:0% +implies that each firm must be producing +three well it turns out at that price + + align:start position:0% +three well it turns out at that price + + + align:start position:0% +three well it turns out at that price +each firm is producing three so you're + + align:start position:0% +each firm is producing three so you're + + + align:start position:0% +each firm is producing three so you're +at an equilibrium where everybody's + + align:start position:0% +at an equilibrium where everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +at an equilibrium where everybody's +satisfied consumers are satisfied + + align:start position:0% +satisfied consumers are satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied consumers are satisfied +because the demands being met consumers + + align:start position:0% +because the demands being met consumers + + + align:start position:0% +because the demands being met consumers +margin willingness to pay is 48 minus P + + align:start position:0% +margin willingness to pay is 48 minus P + + + align:start position:0% +margin willingness to pay is 48 minus P +well the price is + + align:start position:0% +well the price is + + + align:start position:0% +well the price is +18 I'm so the price is 30 so they want + + align:start position:0% +18 I'm so the price is 30 so they want + + + align:start position:0% +18 I'm so the price is 30 so they want +18 that's what they get firms are + + align:start position:0% +18 that's what they get firms are + + + align:start position:0% +18 that's what they get firms are +satisfied because aggre get supply is + + align:start position:0% +satisfied because aggre get supply is + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied because aggre get supply is +35ths p and each individual firm is + + align:start position:0% +35ths p and each individual firm is + + + align:start position:0% +35ths p and each individual firm is +satisfied because price equals marginal + + align:start position:0% +satisfied because price equals marginal + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied because price equals marginal +cost we're done that's the magic of the + + align:start position:0% +cost we're done that's the magic of the + + + align:start position:0% +cost we're done that's the magic of the +market okay and this is the beauty of + + align:start position:0% +market okay and this is the beauty of + + + align:start position:0% +market okay and this is the beauty of +being at MIT and teaching you what is + + align:start position:0% +being at MIT and teaching you what is + + + align:start position:0% +being at MIT and teaching you what is +usually taught intermediate + + align:start position:0% +usually taught intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +usually taught intermediate +microeconomics at most universities + + align:start position:0% +microeconomics at most universities + + + align:start position:0% +microeconomics at most universities +you'll never find instruct economics + + align:start position:0% +you'll never find instruct economics + + + align:start position:0% +you'll never find instruct economics +course that does this okay which is this + + align:start position:0% +course that does this okay which is this + + + align:start position:0% +course that does this okay which is this +is the magic of bringing mathematics to + + align:start position:0% +is the magic of bringing mathematics to + + + align:start position:0% +is the magic of bringing mathematics to +economics before Paul Samuelson taught + + align:start position:0% +economics before Paul Samuelson taught + + + align:start position:0% +economics before Paul Samuelson taught +this class people would teach the graph + + align:start position:0% +this class people would teach the graph + + + align:start position:0% +this class people would teach the graph +and be done with it okay okay and what + + align:start position:0% +and be done with it okay okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +and be done with it okay okay and what +we've done is we' said you guys want the + + align:start position:0% +we've done is we' said you guys want the + + + align:start position:0% +we've done is we' said you guys want the +math I've giving you the math I have + + align:start position:0% +math I've giving you the math I have + + + align:start position:0% +math I've giving you the math I have +never ever gotten a complaint in this + + align:start position:0% +never ever gotten a complaint in this + + + align:start position:0% +never ever gotten a complaint in this +course that I do too much math I only + + align:start position:0% +course that I do too much math I only + + + align:start position:0% +course that I do too much math I only +get complaints I do two little math + + align:start position:0% +get complaints I do two little math + + + align:start position:0% +get complaints I do two little math +which is unbeli unique I can't imagine + + align:start position:0% +which is unbeli unique I can't imagine + + + align:start position:0% +which is unbeli unique I can't imagine +any other university in the world where + + align:start position:0% +any other university in the world where + + + align:start position:0% +any other university in the world where +the major complaint you get is you do + + align:start position:0% +the major complaint you get is you do + + + align:start position:0% +the major complaint you get is you do +two little math okay so I want to + + align:start position:0% +two little math okay so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +two little math okay so I want to +explicitly write out here the math + + align:start position:0% +explicitly write out here the math + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly write out here the math +because I think this is a helpful way to + + align:start position:0% +because I think this is a helpful way to + + + align:start position:0% +because I think this is a helpful way to +understand it but you should have the + + align:start position:0% +understand it but you should have the + + + align:start position:0% +understand it but you should have the +intuition the graphics and the math okay + + align:start position:0% +intuition the graphics and the math okay + + + align:start position:0% +intuition the graphics and the math okay +questions about that + + align:start position:0% +questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that +yeah the three- fifth p is the aggregate + + align:start position:0% +yeah the three- fifth p is the aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the three- fifth p is the aggregate +quantity I assume there's six identical + + align:start position:0% +quantity I assume there's six identical + + + align:start position:0% +quantity I assume there's six identical +firms each firm I said was producing 10 + + align:start position:0% +firms each firm I said was producing 10 + + + align:start position:0% +firms each firm I said was producing 10 +over P so six time 10 over p is 35th + + align:start position:0% +over P so six time 10 over p is 35th + + + align:start position:0% +over P so six time 10 over p is 35th +P good clarifying question + + align:start position:0% +P good clarifying question + + + align:start position:0% +P good clarifying question +yeah qar equals 18 well I solved here I + + align:start position:0% +yeah qar equals 18 well I solved here I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah qar equals 18 well I solved here I +had two equations and two unknown one is + + align:start position:0% +had two equations and two unknown one is + + + align:start position:0% +had two equations and two unknown one is +the demand curve Q = 48 minus P the + + align:start position:0% +the demand curve Q = 48 minus P the + + + align:start position:0% +the demand curve Q = 48 minus P the +other supply curve Q equals 35ths P so + + align:start position:0% +other supply curve Q equals 35ths P so + + + align:start position:0% +other supply curve Q equals 35ths P so +set 48- P equal to 35ths p and I get qar + + align:start position:0% +set 48- P equal to 35ths p and I get qar + + + align:start position:0% +set 48- P equal to 35ths p and I get qar +equ 18 and P star equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +30 other questions these are great + + align:start position:0% +30 other questions these are great + + + align:start position:0% +30 other questions these are great +clarifying questions remember if you're + + align:start position:0% +clarifying questions remember if you're + + + align:start position:0% +clarifying questions remember if you're +confused most of the class is confused + + align:start position:0% +confused most of the class is confused + + + align:start position:0% +confused most of the class is confused +you're you're you're representative of + + align:start position:0% +you're you're you're representative of + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're you're representative of +the class so please ask those questions + + align:start position:0% +the class so please ask those questions + + + align:start position:0% +the class so please ask those questions +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well you sol it's two equations two + + align:start position:0% +yeah well you sol it's two equations two + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well you sol it's two equations two +unknown you're solving for both right so + + align:start position:0% +unknown you're solving for both right so + + + align:start position:0% +unknown you're solving for both right so +it's a two equation we have two + + align:start position:0% +it's a two equation we have two + + + align:start position:0% +it's a two equation we have two +equations Q equals 3 fths p and = 48 + + align:start position:0% +equations Q equals 3 fths p and = 48 + + + align:start position:0% +equations Q equals 3 fths p and = 48 +minus P You're solving for two unknowns + + align:start position:0% +minus P You're solving for two unknowns + + + align:start position:0% +minus P You're solving for two unknowns +two equations and two + + align:start position:0% +two equations and two + + + align:start position:0% +two equations and two +unknowns okay okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the supply curve all you need is + + align:start position:0% +yeah the supply curve all you need is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the supply curve all you need is +the firm's production + + align:start position:0% +the firm's production + + + align:start position:0% +the firm's production +function input prices and the initial + + align:start position:0% +function input prices and the initial + + + align:start position:0% +function input prices and the initial +level of capital and the rest is math + + align:start position:0% +level of capital and the rest is math + + + align:start position:0% +level of capital and the rest is math +you've done and should keep doing if + + align:start position:0% +you've done and should keep doing if + + + align:start position:0% +you've done and should keep doing if +you're not sure about + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure about + + + align:start position:0% +you're not sure about +it great questions okay let's stop there + + align:start position:0% +it great questions okay let's stop there + + + align:start position:0% +it great questions okay let's stop there +and um uh I hope you guys this is a once + + align:start position:0% +and um uh I hope you guys this is a once + + + align:start position:0% +and um uh I hope you guys this is a once +again it's a great month for concerts I + + align:start position:0% +again it's a great month for concerts I + + + align:start position:0% +again it's a great month for concerts I +hope you guys are getting out to at + + align:start position:0% +hope you guys are getting out to at + + + align:start position:0% +hope you guys are getting out to at +least one this month and I'll see you uh + + align:start position:0% +least one this month and I'll see you uh + + + align:start position:0% +least one this month and I'll see you uh +next week \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/IbIqu6wAuQE.txt b/IbIqu6wAuQE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a85a7636b8b41cd5cbf6066846fac95f47ff568 --- /dev/null +++ b/IbIqu6wAuQE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +PHIL: One person is going to +win, and they can choose to + +bring along somebody +of their choice. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +NARRATOR: Last time in 5.301, +the students just practiced + +re-crystallization. + +Now it's time for +the real thing. + +PROFESSOR: You're actually going +to take your crystals, + +and you're going to +re-crystallize them, to + +produce one big crystal. + +And there's a prize. + +Whoever gets this first is +going to lunch with me at + +Legal Sea Foods, and you can +bring one of your friends, and + +you can invite the TAs. + +NARRATOR: The goal is to grow +a single, perfect, crystal. + +But first, the students have to +actually make the compound + +they're going to grow +their crystals from, + +this chromium complex. + +This is their first real +reaction in the lab. + +ANTHONY: It's a different +color and that's usually + +pretty good in chemistry. + +NARRATOR: After they filter, +wash, and dry their product, + +the students begin testing +solvents, and some start + +teaming up. + +PHIL: I actually saw an alliance +forming over here. + +YI-SHIUAN: I saw some +of them split up + +trying different solvents. + +We actually worked on find +the solvents together. + +JULIE: We decided to use +dichloromethane and hexane for + +our solvents. + +ANTHONY: We're going to use +hexanes and methanol. + +Shh. + +We're going to win. + +NARRATOR: Hansol seems +pretty driven. + +HANSOL: I like competition. + +I want to win, obviously. + +NARRATOR: If you win, who will +you invite to lunch? + +HANSOL: I would probably +pick Dan. + +I made a deal with +him earlier. + +NARRATOR: So, Hansol's been +working with Dan. + +What about you, Emily? + +EMILY: Yeah, I worked with Dan +to figure out what solvent + +system would work well. + +NARRATOR: Uh, OK. + +Let's recap. + +HANSOL: Dan. + +EMILY: Dan. + +HANSOL: Dan. + +EMILY: Dan + +HANSOL: Dan. + +EMILY: Dan. + +NARRATOR: Dan, what do you +have to say for yourself? + +DAN: It was a loosely +formed alliance, we + +didn't sign any papers. + +NARRATOR: Ike meanwhile +has a different idea. + +IKE: I'm broke. + +If I get the ticket I'm going +to sell it for money. + +Because I know, these suckers +want it really bad. + +PHIL: We have some people whose + +samples look pretty good. + +They seem to be wanting to try +a lot of different solvent + +systems, a lot of different +temperatures. + +They're asking a lot +of questions. + +They want to make sure that +everything is perfect. + +Because I think everyone wants +to get the biggest crystal. + +They're very determined. + +They're going for +all or nothing. + +They don't want a bunch +of small crystals. + +LINA: Next week, we're going +to win the biggest crystal + +competition. + +Because the winners get to take +the TAs and Professor + +Dolhun out to lunch. + +JULIE: Legal Sea Foods, +for free. + +NARRATOR: So that's it. + +Everything's set and everyone's + +excited about the prize. + +But, who will win? + +Find out next time on 5.301. + +JULIE: Yeah, we're done. + +PHIL: I'm having this +re-occurring dream. + +It's like I'm jogging through +a park with a + +fitness boot camp. + +And I stop to talk +to Kris Jenner. + +And I always say, no, no, +no, Kris, I can't talk + +to you right now. + +And she pours Kool-Aid on me. + +And I wake up drenched +in Kool-Aid. + +That's a dream. + +If it was Bruce Jenner pouring +Kool-Aid on me, that would be + +a nightmare. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ijst4g5KFN0.txt b/Ijst4g5KFN0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3216f88a3fb2671efef84bb4daea8c47a0459421 --- /dev/null +++ b/Ijst4g5KFN0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11325 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a creative commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license your support +will help mit opencourseware continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help mit opencourseware continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help mit opencourseware continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses +visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so like i told you guys friday + + align:start position:0% +all right so like i told you guys friday + + + align:start position:0% +all right so like i told you guys friday +marked the end of the hardest part of + + align:start position:0% +marked the end of the hardest part of + + + align:start position:0% +marked the end of the hardest part of +the course and + + align:start position:0% +the course and + + + align:start position:0% +the course and +monday marked the end of the hardest + + align:start position:0% +monday marked the end of the hardest + + + align:start position:0% +monday marked the end of the hardest +pset so because the rest of your classes + + align:start position:0% +pset so because the rest of your classes + + + align:start position:0% +pset so because the rest of your classes +are going full throttle this one's going + + align:start position:0% +are going full throttle this one's going + + + align:start position:0% +are going full throttle this one's going +to wind down a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to wind down a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to wind down a little bit +so today i'd say sit back relax and + + align:start position:0% +so today i'd say sit back relax and + + + align:start position:0% +so today i'd say sit back relax and +enjoy a nuclear catastrophe + + align:start position:0% +enjoy a nuclear catastrophe + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy a nuclear catastrophe +because we are going to explain what + + align:start position:0% +because we are going to explain what + + + align:start position:0% +because we are going to explain what +happened at chernobyl now that you've + + align:start position:0% +happened at chernobyl now that you've + + + align:start position:0% +happened at chernobyl now that you've +got the physics + + align:start position:0% +got the physics + + + align:start position:0% +got the physics +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +intuitive background to understand the + + align:start position:0% +intuitive background to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive background to understand the +actual sequence of events + + align:start position:0% +actual sequence of events + + + align:start position:0% +actual sequence of events +to kick it off i want to show you guys + + align:start position:0% +to kick it off i want to show you guys + + + align:start position:0% +to kick it off i want to show you guys +some actual footage + + align:start position:0% +some actual footage + + + align:start position:0% +some actual footage +of the chernobyl reactor as it was + + align:start position:0% +of the chernobyl reactor as it was + + + align:start position:0% +of the chernobyl reactor as it was +burning so this is the part that most + + align:start position:0% +burning so this is the part that most + + + align:start position:0% +burning so this is the part that most +folks know about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is footage taken from a helicopter + + align:start position:0% +this is footage taken from a helicopter + + + align:start position:0% +this is footage taken from a helicopter +from folks that were either surveying or + + align:start position:0% +from folks that were either surveying or + + + align:start position:0% +from folks that were either surveying or +dropping materials onto the reactor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was probably a bad idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hold where the smoke is we'll get into + + align:start position:0% +hold where the smoke is we'll get into + + + align:start position:0% +hold where the smoke is we'll get into +what the smoke was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +red stuff right there that's actually + + align:start position:0% +red stuff right there that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +red stuff right there that's actually +glowing graphite amongst other materials + + align:start position:0% +glowing graphite amongst other materials + + + align:start position:0% +glowing graphite amongst other materials +from the graphite fire that resulted + + align:start position:0% +from the graphite fire that resulted + + + align:start position:0% +from the graphite fire that resulted +from the rbmk reactor burning after the + + align:start position:0% +from the rbmk reactor burning after the + + + align:start position:0% +from the rbmk reactor burning after the +chernobyl accident caused by both + + align:start position:0% +chernobyl accident caused by both + + + align:start position:0% +chernobyl accident caused by both +flaws in the physical design of the rbmk + + align:start position:0% +flaws in the physical design of the rbmk + + + align:start position:0% +flaws in the physical design of the rbmk +reactor and absolute operator stupidity + + align:start position:0% +reactor and absolute operator stupidity + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and absolute operator stupidity +and neglect of any sort of safety + + align:start position:0% +and neglect of any sort of safety + + + align:start position:0% +and neglect of any sort of safety +systems or safety culture we're lucky to + + align:start position:0% +systems or safety culture we're lucky to + + + align:start position:0% +systems or safety culture we're lucky to +live here in the u.s where our worst + + align:start position:0% +live here in the u.s where our worst + + + align:start position:0% +live here in the u.s where our worst +accident at three mile island was not + + align:start position:0% +accident at three mile island was not + + + align:start position:0% +accident at three mile island was not +actually really that much of an accident + + align:start position:0% +actually really that much of an accident + + + align:start position:0% +actually really that much of an accident +there was a partial meltdown there was + + align:start position:0% +there was a partial meltdown there was + + + align:start position:0% +there was a partial meltdown there was +not that much of a release of + + align:start position:0% +not that much of a release of + + + align:start position:0% +not that much of a release of +radionuclides into the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +radionuclides into the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +radionuclides into the atmosphere +because we do things like build + + align:start position:0% +because we do things like build + + + align:start position:0% +because we do things like build +containments on our reactors + + align:start position:0% +containments on our reactors + + + align:start position:0% +containments on our reactors +if you think of what a typical reactor + + align:start position:0% +if you think of what a typical reactor + + + align:start position:0% +if you think of what a typical reactor +looks like like if you consider the mit + + align:start position:0% +looks like like if you consider the mit + + + align:start position:0% +looks like like if you consider the mit +reactor is a scaled down version of a + + align:start position:0% +reactor is a scaled down version of a + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is a scaled down version of a +normal reactor all right + + align:start position:0% +normal reactor all right + + + align:start position:0% +normal reactor all right +let's say a commercial power reactor + + align:start position:0% +let's say a commercial power reactor + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a commercial power reactor +you've got the core here you've got a + + align:start position:0% +you've got the core here you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the core here you've got a +bunch of shielding around it + + align:start position:0% +bunch of shielding around it + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of shielding around it +and you've got a dome + + align:start position:0% +and you've got a dome + + + align:start position:0% +and you've got a dome +that's rather thick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that comprises the containment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that would be the core + + align:start position:0% +that would be the core + + + align:start position:0% +that would be the core +this would be some shielding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is what you find in u.s and most + + align:start position:0% +so this is what you find in u.s and most + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what you find in u.s and most +other reactors for the rbmk reactors + + align:start position:0% +other reactors for the rbmk reactors + + + align:start position:0% +other reactors for the rbmk reactors +there was no containment + + align:start position:0% +there was no containment + + + align:start position:0% +there was no containment +because it was thought + + align:start position:0% +because it was thought + + + align:start position:0% +because it was thought +that nothing could happen and boy were + + align:start position:0% +that nothing could happen and boy were + + + align:start position:0% +that nothing could happen and boy were +they wrong + + align:start position:0% +they wrong + + + align:start position:0% +they wrong +so i want to walk you guys through a + + align:start position:0% +so i want to walk you guys through a + + + align:start position:0% +so i want to walk you guys through a +chronology of what actually happened at + + align:start position:0% +chronology of what actually happened at + + + align:start position:0% +chronology of what actually happened at +the chernobyl reactor which you guys can + + align:start position:0% +the chernobyl reactor which you guys can + + + align:start position:0% +the chernobyl reactor which you guys can +read on the nea or nuclear energy agency + + align:start position:0% +read on the nea or nuclear energy agency + + + align:start position:0% +read on the nea or nuclear energy agency +website the same place that you find + + align:start position:0% +website the same place that you find + + + align:start position:0% +website the same place that you find +janus and we're going to refer to a lot + + align:start position:0% +janus and we're going to refer to a lot + + + align:start position:0% +janus and we're going to refer to a lot +of the janus cross sections to explain + + align:start position:0% +of the janus cross sections to explain + + + align:start position:0% +of the janus cross sections to explain +why these sorts of events happened + + align:start position:0% +why these sorts of events happened + + + align:start position:0% +why these sorts of events happened +so the whole point of what happened at + + align:start position:0% +so the whole point of what happened at + + + align:start position:0% +so the whole point of what happened at +chernobyl was it was desired to see if + + align:start position:0% +chernobyl was it was desired to see if + + + align:start position:0% +chernobyl was it was desired to see if +you could use the spinning down turbine + + align:start position:0% +you could use the spinning down turbine + + + align:start position:0% +you could use the spinning down turbine +after you shut down the reactor to power + + align:start position:0% +after you shut down the reactor to power + + + align:start position:0% +after you shut down the reactor to power +the emergency systems at the reactor + + align:start position:0% +the emergency systems at the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +the emergency systems at the reactor +this would be following something what's + + align:start position:0% +this would be following something what's + + + align:start position:0% +this would be following something what's +called a + + align:start position:0% +called a + + + align:start position:0% +called a +loss of off-site power + + align:start position:0% +loss of off-site power + + + align:start position:0% +loss of off-site power +if the off-site power or the grid was + + align:start position:0% +if the off-site power or the grid was + + + align:start position:0% +if the off-site power or the grid was +disconnected from the reactor the + + align:start position:0% +disconnected from the reactor the + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected from the reactor the +reactor automatically shuts down but the + + align:start position:0% +reactor automatically shuts down but the + + + align:start position:0% +reactor automatically shuts down but the +turbine like i showed you a couple weeks + + align:start position:0% +turbine like i showed you a couple weeks + + + align:start position:0% +turbine like i showed you a couple weeks +ago is this enormous spinning hulk of + + align:start position:0% +ago is this enormous spinning hulk of + + + align:start position:0% +ago is this enormous spinning hulk of +metal and machinery that coasts down + + align:start position:0% +metal and machinery that coasts down + + + align:start position:0% +metal and machinery that coasts down +over a long period of let's say hours + + align:start position:0% +over a long period of let's say hours + + + align:start position:0% +over a long period of let's say hours +and as it's spinning the generator coils + + align:start position:0% +and as it's spinning the generator coils + + + align:start position:0% +and as it's spinning the generator coils +are still spinning and still producing + + align:start position:0% +are still spinning and still producing + + + align:start position:0% +are still spinning and still producing +electricity or they could be so it was + + align:start position:0% +electricity or they could be so it was + + + align:start position:0% +electricity or they could be so it was +desired to find out can we use the + + align:start position:0% +desired to find out can we use the + + + align:start position:0% +desired to find out can we use the +spinning down turbine to power the + + align:start position:0% +spinning down turbine to power the + + + align:start position:0% +spinning down turbine to power the +emergency equipment if we lose offsite + + align:start position:0% +emergency equipment if we lose offsite + + + align:start position:0% +emergency equipment if we lose offsite +power so they had to simulate this event + + align:start position:0% +power so they had to simulate this event + + + align:start position:0% +power so they had to simulate this event +so what they actually decided to do is + + align:start position:0% +so what they actually decided to do is + + + align:start position:0% +so what they actually decided to do is +coast down the reactor to a moderate + + align:start position:0% +coast down the reactor to a moderate + + + align:start position:0% +coast down the reactor to a moderate +power level or very low power and see + + align:start position:0% +power level or very low power and see + + + align:start position:0% +power level or very low power and see +what comes out of the turbine itself or + + align:start position:0% +what comes out of the turbine itself or + + + align:start position:0% +what comes out of the turbine itself or +out of the generator rather + + align:start position:0% +out of the generator rather + + + align:start position:0% +out of the generator rather +now there were a lot of flaws in the + + align:start position:0% +now there were a lot of flaws in the + + + align:start position:0% +now there were a lot of flaws in the +rbmk design and i'd like to bring it up + + align:start position:0% +rbmk design and i'd like to bring it up + + + align:start position:0% +rbmk design and i'd like to bring it up +here so we can talk about what it looks + + align:start position:0% +here so we can talk about what it looks + + + align:start position:0% +here so we can talk about what it looks +like and what was wrong with it + + align:start position:0% +like and what was wrong with it + + + align:start position:0% +like and what was wrong with it +so the rbmk is unlike any of the + + align:start position:0% +so the rbmk is unlike any of the + + + align:start position:0% +so the rbmk is unlike any of the +united states light water reactors that + + align:start position:0% +united states light water reactors that + + + align:start position:0% +united states light water reactors that +you may have seen before many of the + + align:start position:0% +you may have seen before many of the + + + align:start position:0% +you may have seen before many of the +components are the same there's still a + + align:start position:0% +components are the same there's still a + + + align:start position:0% +components are the same there's still a +light water reactor coolant loop where + + align:start position:0% +light water reactor coolant loop where + + + align:start position:0% +light water reactor coolant loop where +water flows around fuel rods + + align:start position:0% +water flows around fuel rods + + + align:start position:0% +water flows around fuel rods +goes into a steam separator better known + + align:start position:0% +goes into a steam separator better known + + + align:start position:0% +goes into a steam separator better known +as a big heat exchanger and the steam + + align:start position:0% +as a big heat exchanger and the steam + + + align:start position:0% +as a big heat exchanger and the steam +drives a turbine + + align:start position:0% +drives a turbine + + + align:start position:0% +drives a turbine +which produces energy + + align:start position:0% +which produces energy + + + align:start position:0% +which produces energy +and then this coolant pump keeps it + + align:start position:0% +and then this coolant pump keeps it + + + align:start position:0% +and then this coolant pump keeps it +going and then the water circulates + + align:start position:0% +going and then the water circulates + + + align:start position:0% +going and then the water circulates +what makes it different though is that + + align:start position:0% +what makes it different though is that + + + align:start position:0% +what makes it different though is that +each of these fuel rods was inside its + + align:start position:0% +each of these fuel rods was inside its + + + align:start position:0% +each of these fuel rods was inside its +own pressure tube so the coolant was + + align:start position:0% +own pressure tube so the coolant was + + + align:start position:0% +own pressure tube so the coolant was +pressurized and out here + + align:start position:0% +pressurized and out here + + + align:start position:0% +pressurized and out here +this stuff right here was the moderator + + align:start position:0% +this stuff right here was the moderator + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff right here was the moderator +composed of graphite + + align:start position:0% +composed of graphite + + + align:start position:0% +composed of graphite +unlike light water reactors in the us + + align:start position:0% +unlike light water reactors in the us + + + align:start position:0% +unlike light water reactors in the us +the coolant was not the only moderator + + align:start position:0% +the coolant was not the only moderator + + + align:start position:0% +the coolant was not the only moderator +in the reactor + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +in the reactor +graphite also existed which meant that + + align:start position:0% +graphite also existed which meant that + + + align:start position:0% +graphite also existed which meant that +if the water went away which would + + align:start position:0% +if the water went away which would + + + align:start position:0% +if the water went away which would +normally shut down a light water reactor + + align:start position:0% +normally shut down a light water reactor + + + align:start position:0% +normally shut down a light water reactor +from lack of moderation graphite was + + align:start position:0% +from lack of moderation graphite was + + + align:start position:0% +from lack of moderation graphite was +still there to slow the neutrons down + + align:start position:0% +still there to slow the neutrons down + + + align:start position:0% +still there to slow the neutrons down +into the high fission cross section area + + align:start position:0% +into the high fission cross section area + + + align:start position:0% +into the high fission cross section area +and i'd like to pull up janus + + align:start position:0% +and i'd like to pull up janus + + + align:start position:0% +and i'd like to pull up janus +and show you what i mean with the + + align:start position:0% +and show you what i mean with the + + + align:start position:0% +and show you what i mean with the +uranium cross section + + align:start position:0% +uranium cross section + + + align:start position:0% +uranium cross section +so let's go again to uranium-235 + + align:start position:0% +so let's go again to uranium-235 + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go again to uranium-235 +and pull up its fission cross section + + align:start position:0% +and pull up its fission cross section + + + align:start position:0% +and pull up its fission cross section +z fission + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can make it a little thicker too + + align:start position:0% +can make it a little thicker too + + + align:start position:0% +can make it a little thicker too +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +again the goal of the moderator is to + + align:start position:0% +again the goal of the moderator is to + + + align:start position:0% +again the goal of the moderator is to +take neutrons from high energies like 1 + + align:start position:0% +take neutrons from high energies like 1 + + + align:start position:0% +take neutrons from high energies like 1 +to 10 mev where the fission cross + + align:start position:0% +to 10 mev where the fission cross + + + align:start position:0% +to 10 mev where the fission cross +section is relatively low and slow them + + align:start position:0% +section is relatively low and slow them + + + align:start position:0% +section is relatively low and slow them +down into this region where fission is + + align:start position:0% +down into this region where fission is + + + align:start position:0% +down into this region where fission is +let's say a thousand times more likely + + align:start position:0% +let's say a thousand times more likely + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a thousand times more likely +and in a light water reactor in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +and in a light water reactor in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +and in a light water reactor in the u.s +if the coolant goes away so does the + + align:start position:0% +if the coolant goes away so does the + + + align:start position:0% +if the coolant goes away so does the +moderation and there's nothing left to + + align:start position:0% +moderation and there's nothing left to + + + align:start position:0% +moderation and there's nothing left to +slow those neutrons down to make fission + + align:start position:0% +slow those neutrons down to make fission + + + align:start position:0% +slow those neutrons down to make fission +more likely in the rbmk + + align:start position:0% +more likely in the rbmk + + + align:start position:0% +more likely in the rbmk +that's not the case the graphite's still + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case the graphite's still + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case the graphite's still +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +the graphite is cooled by a helium + + align:start position:0% +the graphite is cooled by a helium + + + align:start position:0% +the graphite is cooled by a helium +nitrogen mixture because the neutron + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen mixture because the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen mixture because the neutron +interactions in the graphite that's + + align:start position:0% +interactions in the graphite that's + + + align:start position:0% +interactions in the graphite that's +slowing down + + align:start position:0% +slowing down + + + align:start position:0% +slowing down +we've always talked about what happens + + align:start position:0% +we've always talked about what happens + + + align:start position:0% +we've always talked about what happens +from the point of view of the neutron + + align:start position:0% +from the point of view of the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +from the point of view of the neutron +but what about the point of view of the + + align:start position:0% +but what about the point of view of the + + + align:start position:0% +but what about the point of view of the +other material + + align:start position:0% +other material + + + align:start position:0% +other material +any energy lost by the neutrons is + + align:start position:0% +any energy lost by the neutrons is + + + align:start position:0% +any energy lost by the neutrons is +gained by the moderating material so the + + align:start position:0% +gained by the moderating material so the + + + align:start position:0% +gained by the moderating material so the +graphite gets really hot and you have to + + align:start position:0% +graphite gets really hot and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +graphite gets really hot and you have to +flow some non-oxygen containing gas + + align:start position:0% +flow some non-oxygen containing gas + + + align:start position:0% +flow some non-oxygen containing gas +mixture like helium and nitrogen which + + align:start position:0% +mixture like helium and nitrogen which + + + align:start position:0% +mixture like helium and nitrogen which +is pretty inert to keep that graphite + + align:start position:0% +is pretty inert to keep that graphite + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty inert to keep that graphite +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +and then in between the graphite + + align:start position:0% +and then in between the graphite + + + align:start position:0% +and then in between the graphite +moderator where control rods about 200 + + align:start position:0% +moderator where control rods about 200 + + + align:start position:0% +moderator where control rods about 200 +of them or so 30 of which were required + + align:start position:0% +of them or so 30 of which were required + + + align:start position:0% +of them or so 30 of which were required +to be down in the reactor at any given + + align:start position:0% +to be down in the reactor at any given + + + align:start position:0% +to be down in the reactor at any given +time in order to control power and that + + align:start position:0% +time in order to control power and that + + + align:start position:0% +time in order to control power and that +was a design rule that was broken during + + align:start position:0% +was a design rule that was broken during + + + align:start position:0% +was a design rule that was broken during +the actual experiment + + align:start position:0% +the actual experiment + + + align:start position:0% +the actual experiment +and then on top of here on top of this + + align:start position:0% +and then on top of here on top of this + + + align:start position:0% +and then on top of here on top of this +biological shield you could walk on top + + align:start position:0% +biological shield you could walk on top + + + align:start position:0% +biological shield you could walk on top +of it so those the tops of those + + align:start position:0% +of it so those the tops of those + + + align:start position:0% +of it so those the tops of those +pressure tubes despite being about 350 + + align:start position:0% +pressure tubes despite being about 350 + + + align:start position:0% +pressure tubes despite being about 350 +kilo chunks of concrete + + align:start position:0% +kilo chunks of concrete + + + align:start position:0% +kilo chunks of concrete +you could walk on top of them it's + + align:start position:0% +you could walk on top of them it's + + + align:start position:0% +you could walk on top of them it's +pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool +kind of scary too + + align:start position:0% +kind of scary too + + + align:start position:0% +kind of scary too +so what happened in chronological order + + align:start position:0% +so what happened in chronological order + + + align:start position:0% +so what happened in chronological order +was around midnight the decision was + + align:start position:0% +was around midnight the decision was + + + align:start position:0% +was around midnight the decision was +made to undergo this test and start + + align:start position:0% +made to undergo this test and start + + + align:start position:0% +made to undergo this test and start +spinning down the turbine + + align:start position:0% +spinning down the turbine + + + align:start position:0% +spinning down the turbine +but the grid operator came back and said + + align:start position:0% +but the grid operator came back and said + + + align:start position:0% +but the grid operator came back and said +no you can't just cut the reactor power + + align:start position:0% +no you can't just cut the reactor power + + + align:start position:0% +no you can't just cut the reactor power +to nothing you have to maintain at a + + align:start position:0% +to nothing you have to maintain at a + + + align:start position:0% +to nothing you have to maintain at a +rather high power for a while about 500 + + align:start position:0% +rather high power for a while about 500 + + + align:start position:0% +rather high power for a while about 500 +megawatts electric or half the rated + + align:start position:0% +megawatts electric or half the rated + + + align:start position:0% +megawatts electric or half the rated +power of the reactor and what that had + + align:start position:0% +power of the reactor and what that had + + + align:start position:0% +power of the reactor and what that had +the effect of doing is continuing to + + align:start position:0% +the effect of doing is continuing to + + + align:start position:0% +the effect of doing is continuing to +create fission products including xenon + + align:start position:0% +create fission products including xenon + + + align:start position:0% +create fission products including xenon + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't mentioned this one yet + + align:start position:0% +we haven't mentioned this one yet + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't mentioned this one yet +you'll talk about it quite a lot + + align:start position:0% +you'll talk about it quite a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you'll talk about it quite a lot +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +2205 in neutron physics this black shirt + + align:start position:0% +2205 in neutron physics this black shirt + + + align:start position:0% +2205 in neutron physics this black shirt +really shows chalk well okay + + align:start position:0% +really shows chalk well okay + + + align:start position:0% +really shows chalk well okay +what xenon 135 does is it just sits + + align:start position:0% +what xenon 135 does is it just sits + + + align:start position:0% +what xenon 135 does is it just sits +there it's a noble gas it has a + + align:start position:0% +there it's a noble gas it has a + + + align:start position:0% +there it's a noble gas it has a +half-life of a few days so it decays on + + align:start position:0% +half-life of a few days so it decays on + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of a few days so it decays on +the slow side for + + align:start position:0% +the slow side for + + + align:start position:0% +the slow side for +you know fission fission products go but + + align:start position:0% +you know fission fission products go but + + + align:start position:0% +you know fission fission products go but +it also absorbs lots and lots and lots + + align:start position:0% +it also absorbs lots and lots and lots + + + align:start position:0% +it also absorbs lots and lots and lots +of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +of neutrons +let's see if i can find which one is the + + align:start position:0% +let's see if i can find which one is the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if i can find which one is the +xenon one there we go + + align:start position:0% +xenon one there we go + + + align:start position:0% +xenon one there we go +so here i've plotted the total cross + + align:start position:0% +so here i've plotted the total cross + + + align:start position:0% +so here i've plotted the total cross +section for xenon 135 and the absorption + + align:start position:0% +section for xenon 135 and the absorption + + + align:start position:0% +section for xenon 135 and the absorption +cross section + + align:start position:0% +cross section + + + align:start position:0% +cross section +and notice how for low energies pretty + + align:start position:0% +and notice how for low energies pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and notice how for low energies pretty +much the entire cross-section of xenon + + align:start position:0% +much the entire cross-section of xenon + + + align:start position:0% +much the entire cross-section of xenon +is made up of absorption did you guys in + + align:start position:0% +is made up of absorption did you guys in + + + align:start position:0% +is made up of absorption did you guys in +your homework see anything that reached + + align:start position:0% +your homework see anything that reached + + + align:start position:0% +your homework see anything that reached +about 10 million barns + + align:start position:0% +about 10 million barns + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 million barns +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +xenon-135 is one of the best neutron + + align:start position:0% +xenon-135 is one of the best neutron + + + align:start position:0% +xenon-135 is one of the best neutron +absorbers there is and reactors produce + + align:start position:0% +absorbers there is and reactors produce + + + align:start position:0% +absorbers there is and reactors produce +it constantly so as they're operating + + align:start position:0% +it constantly so as they're operating + + + align:start position:0% +it constantly so as they're operating +you build up xenon 135 that you have to + + align:start position:0% +you build up xenon 135 that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you build up xenon 135 that you have to +account for in your sigma absorption + + align:start position:0% +account for in your sigma absorption + + + align:start position:0% +account for in your sigma absorption +cross section + + align:start position:0% +cross section + + + align:start position:0% +cross section +because like you guys saw in the + + align:start position:0% +because like you guys saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +because like you guys saw in the +homework + + align:start position:0% +homework + + + align:start position:0% +homework +if you want to write what's the sigma + + align:start position:0% +if you want to write what's the sigma + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to write what's the sigma +absorption cross section of the reactor + + align:start position:0% +absorption cross section of the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +absorption cross section of the reactor +it's the sum + + align:start position:0% +it's the sum + + + align:start position:0% +it's the sum +of every single isotope in the reactor + + align:start position:0% +of every single isotope in the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +of every single isotope in the reactor +of its number density + + align:start position:0% +of its number density + + + align:start position:0% +of its number density +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +its absorption cross section + + align:start position:0% +its absorption cross section + + + align:start position:0% +its absorption cross section +and so that would include everything for + + align:start position:0% +and so that would include everything for + + + align:start position:0% +and so that would include everything for +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +and let's say the uranium and the xenon + + align:start position:0% +and let's say the uranium and the xenon + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say the uranium and the xenon +that you're building up + + align:start position:0% +that you're building up + + + align:start position:0% +that you're building up +when the reactor starts up the number + + align:start position:0% +when the reactor starts up the number + + + align:start position:0% +when the reactor starts up the number +density of xenon is zero because you + + align:start position:0% +density of xenon is zero because you + + + align:start position:0% +density of xenon is zero because you +don't have any anything to have produced + + align:start position:0% +don't have any anything to have produced + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any anything to have produced +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +when you start operating you'll reach + + align:start position:0% +when you start operating you'll reach + + + align:start position:0% +when you start operating you'll reach +the xenon equilibrium level where it + + align:start position:0% +the xenon equilibrium level where it + + + align:start position:0% +the xenon equilibrium level where it +will build to a certain level that will + + align:start position:0% +will build to a certain level that will + + + align:start position:0% +will build to a certain level that will +counteract + + align:start position:0% +counteract + + + align:start position:0% +counteract +the reactivity of the reactor + + align:start position:0% +the reactivity of the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +the reactivity of the reactor +and in your k effective expression + + align:start position:0% +and in your k effective expression + + + align:start position:0% +and in your k effective expression +where its sources + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +absorption plus leakage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this has the effect of rise raising + + align:start position:0% +this has the effect of rise raising + + + align:start position:0% +this has the effect of rise raising +sigma absorption and lowering k + + align:start position:0% +sigma absorption and lowering k + + + align:start position:0% +sigma absorption and lowering k +effective + + align:start position:0% +effective + + + align:start position:0% +effective +the trick is it doesn't last for very + + align:start position:0% +the trick is it doesn't last for very + + + align:start position:0% +the trick is it doesn't last for very +long it both decays with a half-life of + + align:start position:0% +long it both decays with a half-life of + + + align:start position:0% +long it both decays with a half-life of +about five days and when you try and + + align:start position:0% +about five days and when you try and + + + align:start position:0% +about five days and when you try and +raise the reactor power you will also + + align:start position:0% +raise the reactor power you will also + + + align:start position:0% +raise the reactor power you will also +start to burn it out so if you're + + align:start position:0% +start to burn it out so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +start to burn it out so if you're +operating at a fairly low power level + + align:start position:0% +operating at a fairly low power level + + + align:start position:0% +operating at a fairly low power level +you'll both be decaying and burning + + align:start position:0% +you'll both be decaying and burning + + + align:start position:0% +you'll both be decaying and burning +xenon without really knowing what's + + align:start position:0% +xenon without really knowing what's + + + align:start position:0% +xenon without really knowing what's +going on and that's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +going on and that's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +going on and that's exactly what +happened here + + align:start position:0% +happened here + + + align:start position:0% +happened here +so an hour or so later + + align:start position:0% +so an hour or so later + + + align:start position:0% +so an hour or so later +let me pull up the chronology again + + align:start position:0% +let me pull up the chronology again + + + align:start position:0% +let me pull up the chronology again +a little more than an hour later so the + + align:start position:0% +a little more than an hour later so the + + + align:start position:0% +a little more than an hour later so the +reactor power stabilized at something + + align:start position:0% +reactor power stabilized at something + + + align:start position:0% +reactor power stabilized at something +like 30 megawatts and they were like + + align:start position:0% +like 30 megawatts and they were like + + + align:start position:0% +like 30 megawatts and they were like +what is going on why is the reactor + + align:start position:0% +what is going on why is the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +what is going on why is the reactor +power so low we need to increase the + + align:start position:0% +power so low we need to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +power so low we need to increase the +reactor power so what do they do couple + + align:start position:0% +reactor power so what do they do couple + + + align:start position:0% +reactor power so what do they do couple +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +one was remove all but six or seven of + + align:start position:0% +one was remove all but six or seven of + + + align:start position:0% +one was remove all but six or seven of +the control rods + + align:start position:0% +the control rods + + + align:start position:0% +the control rods +going way outside the spec of the design + + align:start position:0% +going way outside the spec of the design + + + align:start position:0% +going way outside the spec of the design +because 30 were needed to actually + + align:start position:0% +because 30 were needed to actually + + + align:start position:0% +because 30 were needed to actually +maintain the reactor at a stable power + + align:start position:0% +maintain the reactor at a stable power + + + align:start position:0% +maintain the reactor at a stable power +all the while the xenon that had been + + align:start position:0% +all the while the xenon that had been + + + align:start position:0% +all the while the xenon that had been +building up + + align:start position:0% +building up + + + align:start position:0% +building up +is still there keeping the reactor from + + align:start position:0% +is still there keeping the reactor from + + + align:start position:0% +is still there keeping the reactor from +going critical it's what was the main + + align:start position:0% +going critical it's what was the main + + + align:start position:0% +going critical it's what was the main +reason that the reactor didn't even have + + align:start position:0% +reason that the reactor didn't even have + + + align:start position:0% +reason that the reactor didn't even have +very much power + + align:start position:0% +very much power + + + align:start position:0% +very much power +but it was also burning out at the same + + align:start position:0% +but it was also burning out at the same + + + align:start position:0% +but it was also burning out at the same +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +so all the while + + align:start position:0% +so all the while + + + align:start position:0% +so all the while +let's say if we were to show a graph of + + align:start position:0% +let's say if we were to show a graph of + + + align:start position:0% +let's say if we were to show a graph of +two things time + + align:start position:0% +two things time + + + align:start position:0% +two things time +xenon inventory and + + align:start position:0% +xenon inventory and + + + align:start position:0% +xenon inventory and +as a solid line + + align:start position:0% +as a solid line + + + align:start position:0% +as a solid line +and let's say control rod worth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as a dotted line + + align:start position:0% +as a dotted line + + + align:start position:0% +as a dotted line +the xenon inventory at full power would + + align:start position:0% +the xenon inventory at full power would + + + align:start position:0% +the xenon inventory at full power would +have been at some level and then it + + align:start position:0% +have been at some level and then it + + + align:start position:0% +have been at some level and then it +would start to decay and burn out + + align:start position:0% +would start to decay and burn out + + + align:start position:0% +would start to decay and burn out +while at the same time the control rod + + align:start position:0% +while at the same time the control rod + + + align:start position:0% +while at the same time the control rod +worth as you + + align:start position:0% +worth as you + + + align:start position:0% +worth as you +remove control rods from the reactor + + align:start position:0% +remove control rods from the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +remove control rods from the reactor +every time you remove one you lose some + + align:start position:0% +every time you remove one you lose some + + + align:start position:0% +every time you remove one you lose some +control rod worth would continue to + + align:start position:0% +control rod worth would continue to + + + align:start position:0% +control rod worth would continue to +diminish + + align:start position:0% +diminish + + + align:start position:0% +diminish +leading to the point where bad stuff was + + align:start position:0% +leading to the point where bad stuff was + + + align:start position:0% +leading to the point where bad stuff was +going to happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me make sure i didn't lose my place + + align:start position:0% +let me make sure i didn't lose my place + + + align:start position:0% +let me make sure i didn't lose my place +so at any rate as they started pulling + + align:start position:0% +so at any rate as they started pulling + + + align:start position:0% +so at any rate as they started pulling +the control rods out a couple of + + align:start position:0% +the control rods out a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +the control rods out a couple of +interesting quirks happened in terms of + + align:start position:0% +interesting quirks happened in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting quirks happened in terms of +feedback so let's look back at this + + align:start position:0% +feedback so let's look back at this + + + align:start position:0% +feedback so let's look back at this +design + + align:start position:0% +design + + + align:start position:0% +design +like any reactor + + align:start position:0% +like any reactor + + + align:start position:0% +like any reactor +this reactor had what's called a + + align:start position:0% +this reactor had what's called a + + + align:start position:0% +this reactor had what's called a +negative fuel temperature coefficient + + align:start position:0% +negative fuel temperature coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +negative fuel temperature coefficient +what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is that +when you heat up the fuel + + align:start position:0% +when you heat up the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +when you heat up the fuel +two things happen one the cross section + + align:start position:0% +two things happen one the cross section + + + align:start position:0% +two things happen one the cross section +for anything absorption or fission would + + align:start position:0% +for anything absorption or fission would + + + align:start position:0% +for anything absorption or fission would +go up + + align:start position:0% +go up + + + align:start position:0% +go up +but the number density would also go + + align:start position:0% +but the number density would also go + + + align:start position:0% +but the number density would also go +down as the atoms physically spaced out + + align:start position:0% +down as the atoms physically spaced out + + + align:start position:0% +down as the atoms physically spaced out +in the fuel their number density would + + align:start position:0% +in the fuel their number density would + + + align:start position:0% +in the fuel their number density would +go down lowering the macroscopic cross + + align:start position:0% +go down lowering the macroscopic cross + + + align:start position:0% +go down lowering the macroscopic cross +section for fission and that's arguably + + align:start position:0% +section for fission and that's arguably + + + align:start position:0% +section for fission and that's arguably +a good thing + + align:start position:0% +a good thing + + + align:start position:0% +a good thing +the problem is at below about twenty + + align:start position:0% +the problem is at below about twenty + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is at below about twenty +percent power the reactor had what's + + align:start position:0% +percent power the reactor had what's + + + align:start position:0% +percent power the reactor had what's +called a positive void coefficient + + align:start position:0% +called a positive void coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +called a positive void coefficient +which meant that if you boil the coolant + + align:start position:0% +which meant that if you boil the coolant + + + align:start position:0% +which meant that if you boil the coolant +you increase the reactor power + + align:start position:0% +you increase the reactor power + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the reactor power +because the other thing that i think i + + align:start position:0% +because the other thing that i think i + + + align:start position:0% +because the other thing that i think i +mentioned this once + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this once + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this once +and you calculated in the homework + + align:start position:0% +and you calculated in the homework + + + align:start position:0% +and you calculated in the homework +the absorption cross section of hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +the absorption cross section of hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +the absorption cross section of hydrogen +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +not zero it's small but fairly + + align:start position:0% +not zero it's small but fairly + + + align:start position:0% +not zero it's small but fairly +significant let's actually take a look + + align:start position:0% +significant let's actually take a look + + + align:start position:0% +significant let's actually take a look +at it because we can always see this in + + align:start position:0% +at it because we can always see this in + + + align:start position:0% +at it because we can always see this in +janus + + align:start position:0% +janus + + + align:start position:0% +janus +we go back down to hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +we go back down to hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +we go back down to hydrogen +hydrogen one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we look at the absorption cross + + align:start position:0% +and we look at the absorption cross + + + align:start position:0% +and we look at the absorption cross +section + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course it started us with a + + align:start position:0% +and of course it started us with a + + + align:start position:0% +and of course it started us with a +linear scale let's go logarithmic ah + + align:start position:0% +linear scale let's go logarithmic ah + + + align:start position:0% +linear scale let's go logarithmic ah +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so at low energies that you know 10 to + + align:start position:0% +so at low energies that you know 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +so at low energies that you know 10 to +the minus 8 to 10 to the minus seven + + align:start position:0% +the minus 8 to 10 to the minus seven + + + align:start position:0% +the minus 8 to 10 to the minus seven +it's around a barn + + align:start position:0% +it's around a barn + + + align:start position:0% +it's around a barn +not super high but absolutely not + + align:start position:0% +not super high but absolutely not + + + align:start position:0% +not super high but absolutely not +negligible + + align:start position:0% +negligible + + + align:start position:0% +negligible +which meant that part of the normal + + align:start position:0% +which meant that part of the normal + + + align:start position:0% +which meant that part of the normal +functionality the rbmk depending up + + align:start position:0% +functionality the rbmk depending up + + + align:start position:0% +functionality the rbmk depending up +depended on the absorption of the water + + align:start position:0% +depended on the absorption of the water + + + align:start position:0% +depended on the absorption of the water +to help absorb some of those neutrons + + align:start position:0% +to help absorb some of those neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +to help absorb some of those neutrons +with those neutrons gone i'm sorry with + + align:start position:0% +with those neutrons gone i'm sorry with + + + align:start position:0% +with those neutrons gone i'm sorry with +those with that water gone + + align:start position:0% +those with that water gone + + + align:start position:0% +those with that water gone +there was less absorption but there was + + align:start position:0% +there was less absorption but there was + + + align:start position:0% +there was less absorption but there was +still a ton of moderation + + align:start position:0% +still a ton of moderation + + + align:start position:0% +still a ton of moderation +in this graphite moderator so they still + + align:start position:0% +in this graphite moderator so they still + + + align:start position:0% +in this graphite moderator so they still +could get slow but then there'd be more + + align:start position:0% +could get slow but then there'd be more + + + align:start position:0% +could get slow but then there'd be more +of them and that would cause the power + + align:start position:0% +of them and that would cause the power + + + align:start position:0% +of them and that would cause the power +to increase and then that caused more of + + align:start position:0% +to increase and then that caused more of + + + align:start position:0% +to increase and then that caused more of +the water the coolant to boil which + + align:start position:0% +the water the coolant to boil which + + + align:start position:0% +the water the coolant to boil which +would cause + + align:start position:0% +would cause + + + align:start position:0% +would cause +less absorption which would cause the + + align:start position:0% +less absorption which would cause the + + + align:start position:0% +less absorption which would cause the +power to increase yeah charlie + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they did not remove the water from the + + align:start position:0% +they did not remove the water from the + + + align:start position:0% +they did not remove the water from the +reactor however as the power started to + + align:start position:0% +reactor however as the power started to + + + align:start position:0% +reactor however as the power started to +rise some of the water started to boil + + align:start position:0% +rise some of the water started to boil + + + align:start position:0% +rise some of the water started to boil +and so you can still have let's say + + align:start position:0% +and so you can still have let's say + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can still have let's say +steam flowing through + + align:start position:0% +steam flowing through + + + align:start position:0% +steam flowing through +and still remove some of the heat + + align:start position:0% +and still remove some of the heat + + + align:start position:0% +and still remove some of the heat +however you don't have that denser water + + align:start position:0% +however you don't have that denser water + + + align:start position:0% +however you don't have that denser water +to act as an absorber + + align:start position:0% +to act as an absorber + + + align:start position:0% +to act as an absorber +and that's what really undid this + + align:start position:0% +and that's what really undid this + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what really undid this +reactor in addition they decided to + + align:start position:0% +reactor in addition they decided to + + + align:start position:0% +reactor in addition they decided to +disable the eccs or the emergency core + + align:start position:0% +disable the eccs or the emergency core + + + align:start position:0% +disable the eccs or the emergency core +cooling system which you're just not + + align:start position:0% +cooling system which you're just not + + + align:start position:0% +cooling system which you're just not +supposed to do so they shut down a bunch + + align:start position:0% +supposed to do so they shut down a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to do so they shut down a bunch +of these systems to see if you could + + align:start position:0% +of these systems to see if you could + + + align:start position:0% +of these systems to see if you could +power the other ones from the spinning + + align:start position:0% +power the other ones from the spinning + + + align:start position:0% +power the other ones from the spinning +down turbine + + align:start position:0% +down turbine + + + align:start position:0% +down turbine +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then as they noticed that the reactor + + align:start position:0% +then as they noticed that the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +then as they noticed that the reactor +was getting less and less stable they + + align:start position:0% +was getting less and less stable they + + + align:start position:0% +was getting less and less stable they +had almost all the rods out + + align:start position:0% +had almost all the rods out + + + align:start position:0% +had almost all the rods out +some of these pressure tubes started to + + align:start position:0% +some of these pressure tubes started to + + + align:start position:0% +some of these pressure tubes started to +bump and jump + + align:start position:0% +bump and jump + + + align:start position:0% +bump and jump +these 350 kilogram + + align:start position:0% +these 350 kilogram + + + align:start position:0% +these 350 kilogram +pressure tube caps were just rattling i + + align:start position:0% +pressure tube caps were just rattling i + + + align:start position:0% +pressure tube caps were just rattling i +mean imagine something that weighs you + + align:start position:0% +mean imagine something that weighs you + + + align:start position:0% +mean imagine something that weighs you +know 900 pounds or so rattling around + + align:start position:0% +know 900 pounds or so rattling around + + + align:start position:0% +know 900 pounds or so rattling around +and there's a few hundred of them so + + align:start position:0% +and there's a few hundred of them so + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a few hundred of them so +there was someone in the control room + + align:start position:0% +there was someone in the control room + + + align:start position:0% +there was someone in the control room +that said the caps are rattling what the + + align:start position:0% +that said the caps are rattling what the + + + align:start position:0% +that said the caps are rattling what the +heck + + align:start position:0% +heck + + + align:start position:0% +heck +didn't quite make it down the spiral + + align:start position:0% +didn't quite make it down the spiral + + + align:start position:0% +didn't quite make it down the spiral +staircase because about 10 seconds later + + align:start position:0% +staircase because about 10 seconds later + + + align:start position:0% +staircase because about 10 seconds later +everything went wrong + + align:start position:0% +everything went wrong + + + align:start position:0% +everything went wrong +and so i want to pull up this actual + + align:start position:0% +and so i want to pull up this actual + + + align:start position:0% +and so i want to pull up this actual +timeline so you can see + + align:start position:0% +timeline so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +timeline so you can see +it splits from minutes to seconds + + align:start position:0% +it splits from minutes to seconds + + + align:start position:0% +it splits from minutes to seconds +because the speed at which this stuff + + align:start position:0% +because the speed at which this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +because the speed at which this stuff +started to go wrong + + align:start position:0% +started to go wrong + + + align:start position:0% +started to go wrong +was pretty striking + + align:start position:0% +was pretty striking + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty striking +so for example the control rods raised + + align:start position:0% +so for example the control rods raised + + + align:start position:0% +so for example the control rods raised +at 1 19 in the morning + + align:start position:0% +at 1 19 in the morning + + + align:start position:0% +at 1 19 in the morning +two minutes later + + align:start position:0% +two minutes later + + + align:start position:0% +two minutes later +when the power starts to become unstable + + align:start position:0% +when the power starts to become unstable + + + align:start position:0% +when the power starts to become unstable +the caps on the fuel channels which + + align:start position:0% +the caps on the fuel channels which + + + align:start position:0% +the caps on the fuel channels which +again are like 350 kilogram blocks start + + align:start position:0% +again are like 350 kilogram blocks start + + + align:start position:0% +again are like 350 kilogram blocks start +jumping in their sockets + + align:start position:0% +jumping in their sockets + + + align:start position:0% +jumping in their sockets +and a lot of that was we go back to the + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of that was we go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of that was we go back to the +rbmk reactor + + align:start position:0% +rbmk reactor + + + align:start position:0% +rbmk reactor +as the coolant started to boil here well + + align:start position:0% +as the coolant started to boil here well + + + align:start position:0% +as the coolant started to boil here well +that boiling force actually creates huge + + align:start position:0% +that boiling force actually creates huge + + + align:start position:0% +that boiling force actually creates huge +pressure instabilities which would cause + + align:start position:0% +pressure instabilities which would cause + + + align:start position:0% +pressure instabilities which would cause +the pressure tubes to jump up and down + + align:start position:0% +the pressure tubes to jump up and down + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure tubes to jump up and down +eventually rupturing almost every single + + align:start position:0% +eventually rupturing almost every single + + + align:start position:0% +eventually rupturing almost every single +one of them with enough force to shoot + + align:start position:0% +one of them with enough force to shoot + + + align:start position:0% +one of them with enough force to shoot +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +350 kilo caps + + align:start position:0% +350 kilo caps + + + align:start position:0% +350 kilo caps +and what did that what did they say + + align:start position:0% +and what did that what did they say + + + align:start position:0% +and what did that what did they say +i like the + + align:start position:0% +i like the + + + align:start position:0% +i like the +language that they used jumping in their + + align:start position:0% +language that they used jumping in their + + + align:start position:0% +language that they used jumping in their +sockets + + align:start position:0% +sockets + + + align:start position:0% +sockets +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +50 seconds later + + align:start position:0% +50 seconds later + + + align:start position:0% +50 seconds later +pressure fails in the steam drums which + + align:start position:0% +pressure fails in the steam drums which + + + align:start position:0% +pressure fails in the steam drums which +means there's been some sort of + + align:start position:0% +means there's been some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +means there's been some sort of +containment leak so all the while + + align:start position:0% +containment leak so all the while + + + align:start position:0% +containment leak so all the while +the coolant was boiling the absorption + + align:start position:0% +the coolant was boiling the absorption + + + align:start position:0% +the coolant was boiling the absorption +was going down the power was going up + + align:start position:0% +was going down the power was going up + + + align:start position:0% +was going down the power was going up +repeat repeat repeat and the power + + align:start position:0% +repeat repeat repeat and the power + + + align:start position:0% +repeat repeat repeat and the power +jumped to about a hundred times the + + align:start position:0% +jumped to about a hundred times the + + + align:start position:0% +jumped to about a hundred times the +rated power in something like four + + align:start position:0% +rated power in something like four + + + align:start position:0% +rated power in something like four +seconds + + align:start position:0% +seconds + + + align:start position:0% +seconds +so it was normally a thousand megawatt + + align:start position:0% +so it was normally a thousand megawatt + + + align:start position:0% +so it was normally a thousand megawatt +electric reactor which is about 3200 + + align:start position:0% +electric reactor which is about 3200 + + + align:start position:0% +electric reactor which is about 3200 +megawatts thermal it was producing + + align:start position:0% +megawatts thermal it was producing + + + align:start position:0% +megawatts thermal it was producing +nearly + + align:start position:0% +nearly + + + align:start position:0% +nearly +yeah half a terawatt of thermal power + + align:start position:0% +yeah half a terawatt of thermal power + + + align:start position:0% +yeah half a terawatt of thermal power +for a very short amount of time until it + + align:start position:0% +for a very short amount of time until it + + + align:start position:0% +for a very short amount of time until it +exploded + + align:start position:0% +exploded + + + align:start position:0% +exploded +now the it's interesting a lot of folks + + align:start position:0% +now the it's interesting a lot of folks + + + align:start position:0% +now the it's interesting a lot of folks +called chernobyl a nuclear explosion + + align:start position:0% +called chernobyl a nuclear explosion + + + align:start position:0% +called chernobyl a nuclear explosion +that's actually a misnomer a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +that's actually a misnomer a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually a misnomer a nuclear +explosion would be a nuclear weapon + + align:start position:0% +explosion would be a nuclear weapon + + + align:start position:0% +explosion would be a nuclear weapon +something set off by an enormous chain + + align:start position:0% +something set off by an enormous chain + + + align:start position:0% +something set off by an enormous chain +reaction principally heated by fission + + align:start position:0% +reaction principally heated by fission + + + align:start position:0% +reaction principally heated by fission +or fusion that's not actually what + + align:start position:0% +or fusion that's not actually what + + + align:start position:0% +or fusion that's not actually what +happened at chernobyl nor at fukushima + + align:start position:0% +happened at chernobyl nor at fukushima + + + align:start position:0% +happened at chernobyl nor at fukushima +nor was that the worry at three mile + + align:start position:0% +nor was that the worry at three mile + + + align:start position:0% +nor was that the worry at three mile +island not to say it wasn't a horrible + + align:start position:0% +island not to say it wasn't a horrible + + + align:start position:0% +island not to say it wasn't a horrible +thing but it wasn't an actual nuclear + + align:start position:0% +thing but it wasn't an actual nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +thing but it wasn't an actual nuclear +explosion + + align:start position:0% +explosion + + + align:start position:0% +explosion +at first what happened + + align:start position:0% +at first what happened + + + align:start position:0% +at first what happened +was a pressure explosion + + align:start position:0% +was a pressure explosion + + + align:start position:0% +was a pressure explosion +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +there was an enormous release of steam + + align:start position:0% +there was an enormous release of steam + + + align:start position:0% +there was an enormous release of steam +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +the power built up to 100 times normal + + align:start position:0% +the power built up to 100 times normal + + + align:start position:0% +the power built up to 100 times normal +operating power the steam force was so + + align:start position:0% +operating power the steam force was so + + + align:start position:0% +operating power the steam force was so +large that it actually blew the reactor + + align:start position:0% +large that it actually blew the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +large that it actually blew the reactor +lid + + align:start position:0% +lid + + + align:start position:0% +lid +up off of the thing + + align:start position:0% +up off of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +up off of the thing +i think i have a picture of that + + align:start position:0% +i think i have a picture of that + + + align:start position:0% +i think i have a picture of that +somewhere here too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it should be further down yeah to give + + align:start position:0% +it should be further down yeah to give + + + align:start position:0% +it should be further down yeah to give +you a little sense of scale the reactor + + align:start position:0% +you a little sense of scale the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +you a little sense of scale the reactor +cover which weighed about a thousand + + align:start position:0% +cover which weighed about a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +cover which weighed about a thousand +tons launched into the air + + align:start position:0% +tons launched into the air + + + align:start position:0% +tons launched into the air +and landed above the reactor + + align:start position:0% +and landed above the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +and landed above the reactor +sending most of the reactor components + + align:start position:0% +sending most of the reactor components + + + align:start position:0% +sending most of the reactor components +up to a kilometer up in the air + + align:start position:0% +up to a kilometer up in the air + + + align:start position:0% +up to a kilometer up in the air +four seconds later + + align:start position:0% +four seconds later + + + align:start position:0% +four seconds later +that was followed by a hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +that was followed by a hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +that was followed by a hydrogen +explosion + + align:start position:0% +explosion + + + align:start position:0% +explosion +let me get back down to that chronology + + align:start position:0% +let me get back down to that chronology + + + align:start position:0% +let me get back down to that chronology +so yeah + + align:start position:0% +so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah +at 123 and 40 seconds in the morning oh + + align:start position:0% +at 123 and 40 seconds in the morning oh + + + align:start position:0% +at 123 and 40 seconds in the morning oh +yeah so i should mention why this + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i should mention why this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i should mention why this +happened emergency insertion of all the + + align:start position:0% +happened emergency insertion of all the + + + align:start position:0% +happened emergency insertion of all the +control rods + + align:start position:0% +control rods + + + align:start position:0% +control rods +the last part that this diagram doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the last part that this diagram doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the last part that this diagram doesn't +mention is these control rods and i'll + + align:start position:0% +mention is these control rods and i'll + + + align:start position:0% +mention is these control rods and i'll +draw this up here we're tipped with + + align:start position:0% +draw this up here we're tipped with + + + align:start position:0% +draw this up here we're tipped with +about six inches of graphite + + align:start position:0% +about six inches of graphite + + + align:start position:0% +about six inches of graphite +so if these were two graphite channels + + align:start position:0% +so if these were two graphite channels + + + align:start position:0% +so if these were two graphite channels +let's say these are carbon + + align:start position:0% +let's say these are carbon + + + align:start position:0% +let's say these are carbon +and this is your control rod + + align:start position:0% +and this is your control rod + + + align:start position:0% +and this is your control rod +the goal was to get this control rod + + align:start position:0% +the goal was to get this control rod + + + align:start position:0% +the goal was to get this control rod +all the way into the reactor + + align:start position:0% +all the way into the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +all the way into the reactor +one part they didn't mention + + align:start position:0% +one part they didn't mention + + + align:start position:0% +one part they didn't mention +was they were tipped with about six + + align:start position:0% +was they were tipped with about six + + + align:start position:0% +was they were tipped with about six +inches of graphite which only functions + + align:start position:0% +inches of graphite which only functions + + + align:start position:0% +inches of graphite which only functions +as additional moderator graphite is one + + align:start position:0% +as additional moderator graphite is one + + + align:start position:0% +as additional moderator graphite is one +of the lowest absorbing materials in the + + align:start position:0% +of the lowest absorbing materials in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the lowest absorbing materials in the +periodic table second i think only to + + align:start position:0% +periodic table second i think only to + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table second i think only to +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +and if we pull up graphite's cross + + align:start position:0% +and if we pull up graphite's cross + + + align:start position:0% +and if we pull up graphite's cross +sections + + align:start position:0% +sections + + + align:start position:0% +sections +i've plotted here the total cross + + align:start position:0% +i've plotted here the total cross + + + align:start position:0% +i've plotted here the total cross +section + + align:start position:0% +section + + + align:start position:0% +section +the elastic scattering cross section and + + align:start position:0% +the elastic scattering cross section and + + + align:start position:0% +the elastic scattering cross section and +down here in the + + align:start position:0% +down here in the + + + align:start position:0% +down here in the +0.001 barn level is the absorption cross + + align:start position:0% +0.001 barn level is the absorption cross + + + align:start position:0% +0.001 barn level is the absorption cross +section about a thousand times lower + + align:start position:0% +section about a thousand times lower + + + align:start position:0% +section about a thousand times lower +than water so you're shoving more + + align:start position:0% +than water so you're shoving more + + + align:start position:0% +than water so you're shoving more +material in the reactor that slows down + + align:start position:0% +material in the reactor that slows down + + + align:start position:0% +material in the reactor that slows down +neutrons even more bringing them into + + align:start position:0% +neutrons even more bringing them into + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons even more bringing them into +the high fission region without + + align:start position:0% +the high fission region without + + + align:start position:0% +the high fission region without +absorbing anything and they jammed about + + align:start position:0% +absorbing anything and they jammed about + + + align:start position:0% +absorbing anything and they jammed about +halfway down about two and a half feet + + align:start position:0% +halfway down about two and a half feet + + + align:start position:0% +halfway down about two and a half feet +down leaving the extra graphite right in + + align:start position:0% +down leaving the extra graphite right in + + + align:start position:0% +down leaving the extra graphite right in +the center of the core where it could do + + align:start position:0% +the center of the core where it could do + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the core where it could do +the most damage and it didn't take that + + align:start position:0% +the most damage and it didn't take that + + + align:start position:0% +the most damage and it didn't take that +much time yeah um so my understanding is + + align:start position:0% +much time yeah um so my understanding is + + + align:start position:0% +much time yeah um so my understanding is +that also one of the designs was that + + align:start position:0% +that also one of the designs was that + + + align:start position:0% +that also one of the designs was that +the control rods didn't like immediately + + align:start position:0% +the control rods didn't like immediately + + + align:start position:0% +the control rods didn't like immediately +drop down but they were slowly lowered + + align:start position:0% +drop down but they were slowly lowered + + + align:start position:0% +drop down but they were slowly lowered +yep so they took they took seven to ten + + align:start position:0% +yep so they took they took seven to ten + + + align:start position:0% +yep so they took they took seven to ten +seconds okay if they had a system where + + align:start position:0% +seconds okay if they had a system where + + + align:start position:0% +seconds okay if they had a system where +they did drop them would that have + + align:start position:0% +they did drop them would that have + + + align:start position:0% +they did drop them would that have +possibly actually shut the system down + + align:start position:0% +possibly actually shut the system down + + + align:start position:0% +possibly actually shut the system down +properly i'm not sure i don't know + + align:start position:0% +properly i'm not sure i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +properly i'm not sure i don't know +whether lowering control rods into + + align:start position:0% +whether lowering control rods into + + + align:start position:0% +whether lowering control rods into +something that was + + align:start position:0% +something that was + + + align:start position:0% +something that was +undergoing steam explosions would have + + align:start position:0% +undergoing steam explosions would have + + + align:start position:0% +undergoing steam explosions would have +actually helped + + align:start position:0% +actually helped + + + align:start position:0% +actually helped +me to me by this point it was all over + + align:start position:0% +me to me by this point it was all over + + + align:start position:0% +me to me by this point it was all over +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +whether or not you know so the extra the + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you know so the extra the + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you know so the extra the +extra abs what is it the extra moderator + + align:start position:0% +extra abs what is it the extra moderator + + + align:start position:0% +extra abs what is it the extra moderator +that was dumped in was the last kick in + + align:start position:0% +that was dumped in was the last kick in + + + align:start position:0% +that was dumped in was the last kick in +the pants this thing needed to go + + align:start position:0% +the pants this thing needed to go + + + align:start position:0% +the pants this thing needed to go +absolutely insane + + align:start position:0% +absolutely insane + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely insane +and if we go back to the timeline on the + + align:start position:0% +and if we go back to the timeline on the + + + align:start position:0% +and if we go back to the timeline on the +second level control rods inserted at + + align:start position:0% +second level control rods inserted at + + + align:start position:0% +second level control rods inserted at +123 and 40 seconds explosion four + + align:start position:0% +123 and 40 seconds explosion four + + + align:start position:0% +123 and 40 seconds explosion four +seconds later ah to 120 times full power + + align:start position:0% +seconds later ah to 120 times full power + + + align:start position:0% +seconds later ah to 120 times full power +getting towards a terror water so one + + align:start position:0% +getting towards a terror water so one + + + align:start position:0% +getting towards a terror water so one +second later the thousand ton lid + + align:start position:0% +second later the thousand ton lid + + + align:start position:0% +second later the thousand ton lid +launches off from the first explosion + + align:start position:0% +launches off from the first explosion + + + align:start position:0% +launches off from the first explosion +very shortly after that second explosion + + align:start position:0% +very shortly after that second explosion + + + align:start position:0% +very shortly after that second explosion +and that happened because of this + + align:start position:0% +and that happened because of this + + + align:start position:0% +and that happened because of this +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +any just about anything + + align:start position:0% +any just about anything + + + align:start position:0% +any just about anything +corroding with water + + align:start position:0% +corroding with water + + + align:start position:0% +corroding with water +will make pretty much anything oxide + + align:start position:0% +will make pretty much anything oxide + + + align:start position:0% +will make pretty much anything oxide +plus hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +plus hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +plus hydrogen +the same chemical explosion that was the + + align:start position:0% +the same chemical explosion that was the + + + align:start position:0% +the same chemical explosion that was the +undoing of fukushima and was the worry + + align:start position:0% +undoing of fukushima and was the worry + + + align:start position:0% +undoing of fukushima and was the worry +at three mile island that there was a + + align:start position:0% +at three mile island that there was a + + + align:start position:0% +at three mile island that there was a +hydrogen bubble building because of + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bubble building because of + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bubble building because of +corrosion reactions with whatever + + align:start position:0% +corrosion reactions with whatever + + + align:start position:0% +corrosion reactions with whatever +happened to be in the core this happens + + align:start position:0% +happened to be in the core this happens + + + align:start position:0% +happened to be in the core this happens +with zirconium pretty vigorously but it + + align:start position:0% +with zirconium pretty vigorously but it + + + align:start position:0% +with zirconium pretty vigorously but it +happens with other materials too + + align:start position:0% +happens with other materials too + + + align:start position:0% +happens with other materials too +if you oxidize something with water you + + align:start position:0% +if you oxidize something with water you + + + align:start position:0% +if you oxidize something with water you +leave behind the hydrogen and the + + align:start position:0% +leave behind the hydrogen and the + + + align:start position:0% +leave behind the hydrogen and the +hydrogen in a very wide range of + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen in a very wide range of + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen in a very wide range of +concentrations in the air is explosive + + align:start position:0% +concentrations in the air is explosive + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations in the air is explosive +we're actually not allowed to use + + align:start position:0% +we're actually not allowed to use + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually not allowed to use +hydrogen at about four percent + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen at about four percent + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen at about four percent +in any of the labs here because that + + align:start position:0% +in any of the labs here because that + + + align:start position:0% +in any of the labs here because that +reaches the flammability or explosive + + align:start position:0% +reaches the flammability or explosive + + + align:start position:0% +reaches the flammability or explosive +limit so we were doing some for my phd + + align:start position:0% +limit so we were doing some for my phd + + + align:start position:0% +limit so we were doing some for my phd +we were doing these experiments + + align:start position:0% +we were doing these experiments + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing these experiments +corroding + + align:start position:0% +corroding + + + align:start position:0% +corroding +materials in liquid lead and we wanted + + align:start position:0% +materials in liquid lead and we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +materials in liquid lead and we wanted +to dump in pure hydrogen to see what + + align:start position:0% +to dump in pure hydrogen to see what + + + align:start position:0% +to dump in pure hydrogen to see what +happens when there's no oxygen we were + + align:start position:0% +happens when there's no oxygen we were + + + align:start position:0% +happens when there's no oxygen we were +told absolutely not we had to drill a + + align:start position:0% +told absolutely not we had to drill a + + + align:start position:0% +told absolutely not we had to drill a +hole in the side of the wall so that the + + align:start position:0% +hole in the side of the wall so that the + + + align:start position:0% +hole in the side of the wall so that the +hydrogen would vent outside + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen would vent outside + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen would vent outside +and do some calculations to show if the + + align:start position:0% +and do some calculations to show if the + + + align:start position:0% +and do some calculations to show if the +entire bottle of hydrogen emptied into + + align:start position:0% +entire bottle of hydrogen emptied into + + + align:start position:0% +entire bottle of hydrogen emptied into +the lab at once which it could do if the + + align:start position:0% +the lab at once which it could do if the + + + align:start position:0% +the lab at once which it could do if the +cap of the bottle breaks off it would + + align:start position:0% +cap of the bottle breaks off it would + + + align:start position:0% +cap of the bottle breaks off it would +not reach four percent concentration + + align:start position:0% +not reach four percent concentration + + + align:start position:0% +not reach four percent concentration +so hydrogen explosions are pretty + + align:start position:0% +so hydrogen explosions are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +so hydrogen explosions are pretty +powerful things have you guys ever seen + + align:start position:0% +powerful things have you guys ever seen + + + align:start position:0% +powerful things have you guys ever seen +people making water from scratch + + align:start position:0% +people making water from scratch + + + align:start position:0% +people making water from scratch +mix hydrogen and oxygen in a bottle and + + align:start position:0% +mix hydrogen and oxygen in a bottle and + + + align:start position:0% +mix hydrogen and oxygen in a bottle and +light a match + + align:start position:0% +light a match + + + align:start position:0% +light a match +we've got a video of it circulating + + align:start position:0% +we've got a video of it circulating + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a video of it circulating +somewhere around here because for rtc + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around here because for rtc + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around here because for rtc +for the reactor technology course i do + + align:start position:0% +for the reactor technology course i do + + + align:start position:0% +for the reactor technology course i do +this in front of a bunch of ceos watch + + align:start position:0% +this in front of a bunch of ceos watch + + + align:start position:0% +this in front of a bunch of ceos watch +them jump out of their chairs to teach + + align:start position:0% +them jump out of their chairs to teach + + + align:start position:0% +them jump out of their chairs to teach +basic chemical reactions but it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +basic chemical reactions but it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +basic chemical reactions but it's pretty +loud enough + + align:start position:0% +loud enough + + + align:start position:0% +loud enough +about enough hydrogen and oxygen + + align:start position:0% +about enough hydrogen and oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +about enough hydrogen and oxygen +to just fill this cup or fill a half + + align:start position:0% +to just fill this cup or fill a half + + + align:start position:0% +to just fill this cup or fill a half +liter water bottle makes a bang that + + align:start position:0% +liter water bottle makes a bang that + + + align:start position:0% +liter water bottle makes a bang that +gets your ears ringing not quite + + align:start position:0% +gets your ears ringing not quite + + + align:start position:0% +gets your ears ringing not quite +bleeding but + + align:start position:0% +bleeding but + + + align:start position:0% +bleeding but +close enough + + align:start position:0% +close enough + + + align:start position:0% +close enough +so that's what happened here except on a + + align:start position:0% +so that's what happened here except on a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what happened here except on a +much more massive scale so there was a + + align:start position:0% +much more massive scale so there was a + + + align:start position:0% +much more massive scale so there was a +steam explosion followed seconds later + + align:start position:0% +steam explosion followed seconds later + + + align:start position:0% +steam explosion followed seconds later +by a hydrogen explosion from hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +by a hydrogen explosion from hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +by a hydrogen explosion from hydrogen +liberated from the corrosion reaction of + + align:start position:0% +liberated from the corrosion reaction of + + + align:start position:0% +liberated from the corrosion reaction of +everything with the water that was + + align:start position:0% +everything with the water that was + + + align:start position:0% +everything with the water that was +already there + + align:start position:0% +already there + + + align:start position:0% +already there +and that's when + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this happened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's smoke right there + + align:start position:0% +so that's smoke right there + + + align:start position:0% +so that's smoke right there +from a graphite fire + + align:start position:0% +from a graphite fire + + + align:start position:0% +from a graphite fire +not normal smoke + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spoke too soon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this actually provides a perfect conduit + + align:start position:0% +this actually provides a perfect conduit + + + align:start position:0% +this actually provides a perfect conduit +to transition from the second to the + + align:start position:0% +to transition from the second to the + + + align:start position:0% +to transition from the second to the +third parts of this course a lot of you + + align:start position:0% +third parts of this course a lot of you + + + align:start position:0% +third parts of this course a lot of you +have been waiting to find out what are + + align:start position:0% +have been waiting to find out what are + + + align:start position:0% +have been waiting to find out what are +the units of dose and what are the + + align:start position:0% +the units of dose and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +the units of dose and what are the +biological and chemical effects of + + align:start position:0% +biological and chemical effects of + + + align:start position:0% +biological and chemical effects of +radiation well this is where you get + + align:start position:0% +radiation well this is where you get + + + align:start position:0% +radiation well this is where you get +them from neutron physics you can + + align:start position:0% +them from neutron physics you can + + + align:start position:0% +them from neutron physics you can +understand why chernobyl went wrong with + + align:start position:0% +understand why chernobyl went wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +understand why chernobyl went wrong with +honestly you've just been doing this for + + align:start position:0% +honestly you've just been doing this for + + + align:start position:0% +honestly you've just been doing this for +three or four weeks but with your + + align:start position:0% +three or four weeks but with your + + + align:start position:0% +three or four weeks but with your +knowledge of cross-sections reactor + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of cross-sections reactor + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of cross-sections reactor +feedback and criticality you can start + + align:start position:0% +feedback and criticality you can start + + + align:start position:0% +feedback and criticality you can start +to understand why chernobyl was flawed + + align:start position:0% +to understand why chernobyl was flawed + + + align:start position:0% +to understand why chernobyl was flawed +in this design and what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +in this design and what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +in this design and what we're going to +teach you in the rest of the course is + + align:start position:0% +teach you in the rest of the course is + + + align:start position:0% +teach you in the rest of the course is +what happens next what happens when + + align:start position:0% +what happens next what happens when + + + align:start position:0% +what happens next what happens when +radionuclides are absorbed by animals of + + align:start position:0% +radionuclides are absorbed by animals of + + + align:start position:0% +radionuclides are absorbed by animals of +the human body and what was the main + + align:start position:0% +the human body and what was the main + + + align:start position:0% +the human body and what was the main +fallout let's say in the in the + + align:start position:0% +fallout let's say in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +fallout let's say in the in the +colloquial sense and the actual sense + + align:start position:0% +colloquial sense and the actual sense + + + align:start position:0% +colloquial sense and the actual sense +from the chernobyl reactor + + align:start position:0% +from the chernobyl reactor + + + align:start position:0% +from the chernobyl reactor +let's look a bit what they did next + + align:start position:0% +let's look a bit what they did next + + + align:start position:0% +let's look a bit what they did next +though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i think that pretty much summarizes the + + align:start position:0% +i think that pretty much summarizes the + + + align:start position:0% +i think that pretty much summarizes the +state of things now + + align:start position:0% +state of things now + + + align:start position:0% +state of things now +the uh they built a sarcophagus around + + align:start position:0% +the uh they built a sarcophagus around + + + align:start position:0% +the uh they built a sarcophagus around +this reactor a gigantic tomb which + + align:start position:0% +this reactor a gigantic tomb which + + + align:start position:0% +this reactor a gigantic tomb which +according to some reports is not that + + align:start position:0% +according to some reports is not that + + + align:start position:0% +according to some reports is not that +structurally sound and is in danger of + + align:start position:0% +structurally sound and is in danger of + + + align:start position:0% +structurally sound and is in danger of +partial collapse + + align:start position:0% +partial collapse + + + align:start position:0% +partial collapse +so yeah more difficult efforts are ahead + + align:start position:0% +so yeah more difficult efforts are ahead + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah more difficult efforts are ahead +but let's now talk about + + align:start position:0% +but let's now talk about + + + align:start position:0% +but let's now talk about +what happened next + + align:start position:0% +what happened next + + + align:start position:0% +what happened next +i'm going to jump to the very end of + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to jump to the very end of + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to jump to the very end of +this the actual way that the accident + + align:start position:0% +this the actual way that the accident + + + align:start position:0% +this the actual way that the accident +was noticed + + align:start position:0% +was noticed + + + align:start position:0% +was noticed +was the spread of the radioactive cloud + + align:start position:0% +was the spread of the radioactive cloud + + + align:start position:0% +was the spread of the radioactive cloud +to not so close by sweden + + align:start position:0% +to not so close by sweden + + + align:start position:0% +to not so close by sweden +so it was noticed that folks entering a + + align:start position:0% +so it was noticed that folks entering a + + + align:start position:0% +so it was noticed that folks entering a +reactor in sweden had contaminants on + + align:start position:0% +reactor in sweden had contaminants on + + + align:start position:0% +reactor in sweden had contaminants on +them which they thought was coming from + + align:start position:0% +them which they thought was coming from + + + align:start position:0% +them which they thought was coming from +their own reactor good first assumption + + align:start position:0% +their own reactor good first assumption + + + align:start position:0% +their own reactor good first assumption +when it was determined that nothing was + + align:start position:0% +when it was determined that nothing was + + + align:start position:0% +when it was determined that nothing was +amiss at the reactor in sweden folks + + align:start position:0% +amiss at the reactor in sweden folks + + + align:start position:0% +amiss at the reactor in sweden folks +started to analyze wind patterns and + + align:start position:0% +started to analyze wind patterns and + + + align:start position:0% +started to analyze wind patterns and +find out what happened and then it was + + align:start position:0% +find out what happened and then it was + + + align:start position:0% +find out what happened and then it was +clear that the ussr had tried to cover + + align:start position:0% +clear that the ussr had tried to cover + + + align:start position:0% +clear that the ussr had tried to cover +up the chernobyl accident but you can't + + align:start position:0% +up the chernobyl accident but you can't + + + align:start position:0% +up the chernobyl accident but you can't +cover up fallout and it eventually + + align:start position:0% +cover up fallout and it eventually + + + align:start position:0% +cover up fallout and it eventually +spread + + align:start position:0% +spread + + + align:start position:0% +spread +pretty wide covering + + align:start position:0% +pretty wide covering + + + align:start position:0% +pretty wide covering +most of europe russia and surprisingly + + align:start position:0% +most of europe russia and surprisingly + + + align:start position:0% +most of europe russia and surprisingly +not spain lucky them for the wind + + align:start position:0% +not spain lucky them for the wind + + + align:start position:0% +not spain lucky them for the wind +patterns that day or those few days + + align:start position:0% +patterns that day or those few days + + + align:start position:0% +patterns that day or those few days +so what happened is a few days after the + + align:start position:0% +so what happened is a few days after the + + + align:start position:0% +so what happened is a few days after the +actual accident a graphite fire started + + align:start position:0% +actual accident a graphite fire started + + + align:start position:0% +actual accident a graphite fire started +to break out because graphite when + + align:start position:0% +to break out because graphite when + + + align:start position:0% +to break out because graphite when +exposed to air well you can do the + + align:start position:0% +exposed to air well you can do the + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to air well you can do the +chemistry + + align:start position:0% +chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry +add graphite plus oxygen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you start making carbon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +you start making carbon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +you start making carbon dioxide +so graphite burns when it's hot and as + + align:start position:0% +so graphite burns when it's hot and as + + + align:start position:0% +so graphite burns when it's hot and as +you can see from the video + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where is that nice still of + + align:start position:0% +where is that nice still of + + + align:start position:0% +where is that nice still of +mold burning graphite yeah that graphite + + align:start position:0% +mold burning graphite yeah that graphite + + + align:start position:0% +mold burning graphite yeah that graphite +was pretty hot so a lot of that smoke + + align:start position:0% +was pretty hot so a lot of that smoke + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty hot so a lot of that smoke +included burning graphite and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +included burning graphite and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +included burning graphite and a lot of +the materials from the reactor itself + + align:start position:0% +the materials from the reactor itself + + + align:start position:0% +the materials from the reactor itself +now when you build up + + align:start position:0% +now when you build up + + + align:start position:0% +now when you build up +fission products in a reactor and they + + align:start position:0% +fission products in a reactor and they + + + align:start position:0% +fission products in a reactor and they +get volatilized like this the ones that + + align:start position:0% +get volatilized like this the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +get volatilized like this the ones that +tend to get out first would be things + + align:start position:0% +tend to get out first would be things + + + align:start position:0% +tend to get out first would be things +like the noble gases so the whole xenon + + align:start position:0% +like the noble gases so the whole xenon + + + align:start position:0% +like the noble gases so the whole xenon +inventory of the reactor was released + + align:start position:0% +inventory of the reactor was released + + + align:start position:0% +inventory of the reactor was released +it's estimated about a hundred percent + + align:start position:0% +it's estimated about a hundred percent + + + align:start position:0% +it's estimated about a hundred percent +and i can actually pull up those figures + + align:start position:0% +and i can actually pull up those figures + + + align:start position:0% +and i can actually pull up those figures +when we talk about how much of which + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about how much of which + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about how much of which +radionuclide was released + + align:start position:0% +radionuclide was released + + + align:start position:0% +radionuclide was released +uh that's also a typo if somebody wants + + align:start position:0% +uh that's also a typo if somebody wants + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's also a typo if somebody wants +to call in there's no 33 isotope of + + align:start position:0% +to call in there's no 33 isotope of + + + align:start position:0% +to call in there's no 33 isotope of +xenon it's supposed to be 133. + + align:start position:0% +xenon it's supposed to be 133. + + + align:start position:0% +xenon it's supposed to be 133. +um that would be interesting if someone + + align:start position:0% +um that would be interesting if someone + + + align:start position:0% +um that would be interesting if someone +wants to call in and say the nea's got a + + align:start position:0% +wants to call in and say the nea's got a + + + align:start position:0% +wants to call in and say the nea's got a +mistake + + align:start position:0% +mistake + + + align:start position:0% +mistake +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +100 of the inventory release that should + + align:start position:0% +100 of the inventory release that should + + + align:start position:0% +100 of the inventory release that should +be pretty obvious because it's a noble + + align:start position:0% +be pretty obvious because it's a noble + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty obvious because it's a noble +gas and it just kind of floats away + + align:start position:0% +gas and it just kind of floats away + + + align:start position:0% +gas and it just kind of floats away +the real dangers though came from iodine + + align:start position:0% +the real dangers though came from iodine + + + align:start position:0% +the real dangers though came from iodine + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +about 50 percent + + align:start position:0% +about 50 percent + + + align:start position:0% +about 50 percent +of a three exo-becquerel activity + + align:start position:0% +of a three exo-becquerel activity + + + align:start position:0% +of a three exo-becquerel activity +so we're talking like mega curies or + + align:start position:0% +so we're talking like mega curies or + + + align:start position:0% +so we're talking like mega curies or +might be giga can't do that math in my + + align:start position:0% +might be giga can't do that math in my + + + align:start position:0% +might be giga can't do that math in my +head a lot a lot of radiation and the + + align:start position:0% +head a lot a lot of radiation and the + + + align:start position:0% +head a lot a lot of radiation and the +problem with that is iodine behaves just + + align:start position:0% +problem with that is iodine behaves just + + + align:start position:0% +problem with that is iodine behaves just +like any other halogen it forms salts + + align:start position:0% +like any other halogen it forms salts + + + align:start position:0% +like any other halogen it forms salts +it's rather volatile if any of you guys + + align:start position:0% +it's rather volatile if any of you guys + + + align:start position:0% +it's rather volatile if any of you guys +played with iodine before + + align:start position:0% +played with iodine before + + + align:start position:0% +played with iodine before +no one does oh you have okay what + + align:start position:0% +no one does oh you have okay what + + + align:start position:0% +no one does oh you have okay what +happens when it you play with it i mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it just reacts with like acids and stuff + + align:start position:0% +it just reacts with like acids and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +it just reacts with like acids and stuff +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +i happen to have extensive practice + + align:start position:0% +i happen to have extensive practice + + + align:start position:0% +i happen to have extensive practice +playing with iodine in my home because i + + align:start position:0% +playing with iodine in my home because i + + + align:start position:0% +playing with iodine in my home because i +did all the stuff you're not supposed to + + align:start position:0% +did all the stuff you're not supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +did all the stuff you're not supposed to +do as a kid kind of build your own + + align:start position:0% +do as a kid kind of build your own + + + align:start position:0% +do as a kid kind of build your own +chemistry step things that somehow you + + align:start position:0% +chemistry step things that somehow you + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry step things that somehow you +know leak out of your local high school + + align:start position:0% +know leak out of your local high school + + + align:start position:0% +know leak out of your local high school +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +iodine is pretty neat + + align:start position:0% +iodine is pretty neat + + + align:start position:0% +iodine is pretty neat +yeah it happens sometimes + + align:start position:0% +yeah it happens sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it happens sometimes +um if you put iodine in your hand it + + align:start position:0% +um if you put iodine in your hand it + + + align:start position:0% +um if you put iodine in your hand it +actually sublimes the heat from your + + align:start position:0% +actually sublimes the heat from your + + + align:start position:0% +actually sublimes the heat from your +hand is enough to directly go from solid + + align:start position:0% +hand is enough to directly go from solid + + + align:start position:0% +hand is enough to directly go from solid +to vapor and so the iodine was also + + align:start position:0% +to vapor and so the iodine was also + + + align:start position:0% +to vapor and so the iodine was also +quite volatile some of it may have been + + align:start position:0% +quite volatile some of it may have been + + + align:start position:0% +quite volatile some of it may have been +in the form of other compounds some of + + align:start position:0% +in the form of other compounds some of + + + align:start position:0% +in the form of other compounds some of +it may have been elemental probably not + + align:start position:0% +it may have been elemental probably not + + + align:start position:0% +it may have been elemental probably not +likely but there was certainly some + + align:start position:0% +likely but there was certainly some + + + align:start position:0% +likely but there was certainly some +iodine vapor and about half of that was + + align:start position:0% +iodine vapor and about half of that was + + + align:start position:0% +iodine vapor and about half of that was +released the problem is then + + align:start position:0% +released the problem is then + + + align:start position:0% +released the problem is then +it condenses out and falls on + + align:start position:0% +it condenses out and falls on + + + align:start position:0% +it condenses out and falls on +anything green anything with surface + + align:start position:0% +anything green anything with surface + + + align:start position:0% +anything green anything with surface +area so the biggest danger to the folks + + align:start position:0% +area so the biggest danger to the folks + + + align:start position:0% +area so the biggest danger to the folks +living nearby was from eating leafy + + align:start position:0% +living nearby was from eating leafy + + + align:start position:0% +living nearby was from eating leafy +vegetables + + align:start position:0% +vegetables + + + align:start position:0% +vegetables +because the loads that leaves got loss + + align:start position:0% +because the loads that leaves got loss + + + align:start position:0% +because the loads that leaves got loss +of surface area iodine deposits on them + + align:start position:0% +of surface area iodine deposits on them + + + align:start position:0% +of surface area iodine deposits on them +and it's intensely radioactive for a + + align:start position:0% +and it's intensely radioactive for a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's intensely radioactive for a +month or so + + align:start position:0% +month or so + + + align:start position:0% +month or so +or depositing on the grass that cows eat + + align:start position:0% +or depositing on the grass that cows eat + + + align:start position:0% +or depositing on the grass that cows eat +which led to the problem of radioactive + + align:start position:0% +which led to the problem of radioactive + + + align:start position:0% +which led to the problem of radioactive +milk + + align:start position:0% +milk + + + align:start position:0% +milk +and so that's why milk in the soviet + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why milk in the soviet + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's why milk in the soviet +union was banned for such a long time + + align:start position:0% +union was banned for such a long time + + + align:start position:0% +union was banned for such a long time +because this was one of the major + + align:start position:0% +because this was one of the major + + + align:start position:0% +because this was one of the major +sources of iodine contamination + + align:start position:0% +sources of iodine contamination + + + align:start position:0% +sources of iodine contamination +the other one which we're worrying about + + align:start position:0% +the other one which we're worrying about + + + align:start position:0% +the other one which we're worrying about +now from fukushima as well + + align:start position:0% +now from fukushima as well + + + align:start position:0% +now from fukushima as well +is cesium + + align:start position:0% +is cesium + + + align:start position:0% +is cesium +which has similar chemistry to sodium + + align:start position:0% +which has similar chemistry to sodium + + + align:start position:0% +which has similar chemistry to sodium +and potassium again a rather salty + + align:start position:0% +and potassium again a rather salty + + + align:start position:0% +and potassium again a rather salty +compound + + align:start position:0% +compound + + + align:start position:0% +compound +a rather salty element but it's got a + + align:start position:0% +a rather salty element but it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +a rather salty element but it's got a +half-life of 30 years + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 30 years + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 30 years +and if we look it up in the table of + + align:start position:0% +and if we look it up in the table of + + + align:start position:0% +and if we look it up in the table of +nuclides + + align:start position:0% +nuclides + + + align:start position:0% +nuclides +we'll see what it actually releases + + align:start position:0% +we'll see what it actually releases + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see what it actually releases +oh good it's back online + + align:start position:0% +oh good it's back online + + + align:start position:0% +oh good it's back online +anyone else notice this broken a couple + + align:start position:0% +anyone else notice this broken a couple + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else notice this broken a couple +days ago + + align:start position:0% +days ago + + + align:start position:0% +days ago +well luckily brookhaven national lab has + + align:start position:0% +well luckily brookhaven national lab has + + + align:start position:0% +well luckily brookhaven national lab has +a good version up too + + align:start position:0% +a good version up too + + + align:start position:0% +a good version up too +but let's grab cesium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah there's plenty out there + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's plenty out there + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's plenty out there +cesium-137 + + align:start position:0% +cesium-137 + + + align:start position:0% +cesium-137 +beta decays to barium but also gives off + + align:start position:0% +beta decays to barium but also gives off + + + align:start position:0% +beta decays to barium but also gives off +gamma rays and most of the decays + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays and most of the decays + + + align:start position:0% +gamma rays and most of the decays +end up giving off + + align:start position:0% +end up giving off + + + align:start position:0% +end up giving off +one of those gamma rays let's say a 660 + + align:start position:0% +one of those gamma rays let's say a 660 + + + align:start position:0% +one of those gamma rays let's say a 660 +kev gamma ray so it's both a beta and a + + align:start position:0% +kev gamma ray so it's both a beta and a + + + align:start position:0% +kev gamma ray so it's both a beta and a +gamma emitter now which of those types + + align:start position:0% +gamma emitter now which of those types + + + align:start position:0% +gamma emitter now which of those types +of radiation do you think is more + + align:start position:0% +of radiation do you think is more + + + align:start position:0% +of radiation do you think is more +damaging to biological organisms + + align:start position:0% +damaging to biological organisms + + + align:start position:0% +damaging to biological organisms +the beta or the gamma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you say the gamma why do you say so + + align:start position:0% +you say the gamma why do you say so + + + align:start position:0% +you say the gamma why do you say so +doesn't beta get stopped by + + align:start position:0% +doesn't beta get stopped by + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't beta get stopped by +it does + + align:start position:0% +it does + + + align:start position:0% +it does +but if cesium is better known as + + align:start position:0% +but if cesium is better known as + + + align:start position:0% +but if cesium is better known as +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +that's right so + + align:start position:0% +that's right so + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so +did i tell you guys this question the + + align:start position:0% +did i tell you guys this question the + + + align:start position:0% +did i tell you guys this question the +four cookies question + + align:start position:0% +four cookies question + + + align:start position:0% +four cookies question +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +you eat the gamma cookie because most + + align:start position:0% +you eat the gamma cookie because most + + + align:start position:0% +you eat the gamma cookie because most +gammas that are emitted by the cookie + + align:start position:0% +gammas that are emitted by the cookie + + + align:start position:0% +gammas that are emitted by the cookie +simply leave you and irradiate your + + align:start position:0% +simply leave you and irradiate your + + + align:start position:0% +simply leave you and irradiate your +friend which is going to be the topic of + + align:start position:0% +friend which is going to be the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +friend which is going to be the topic of +piece at number eight + + align:start position:0% +piece at number eight + + + align:start position:0% +piece at number eight +you'll see that's why you guys are + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that's why you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that's why you guys are +getting your whole body counts + + align:start position:0% +getting your whole body counts + + + align:start position:0% +getting your whole body counts +speaking of who's gotten their whole + + align:start position:0% +speaking of who's gotten their whole + + + align:start position:0% +speaking of who's gotten their whole +body counts at ehs + + align:start position:0% +body counts at ehs + + + align:start position:0% +body counts at ehs +awesome so that's almost everybody you + + align:start position:0% +awesome so that's almost everybody you + + + align:start position:0% +awesome so that's almost everybody you +will need that data for problem set + + align:start position:0% +will need that data for problem set + + + align:start position:0% +will need that data for problem set +eight so do schedule it soon + + align:start position:0% +eight so do schedule it soon + + + align:start position:0% +eight so do schedule it soon +preferably before thanksgiving so that + + align:start position:0% +preferably before thanksgiving so that + + + align:start position:0% +preferably before thanksgiving so that +you'll be able to take a look at it has + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to take a look at it has + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to take a look at it has +anyone found anything interesting in + + align:start position:0% +anyone found anything interesting in + + + align:start position:0% +anyone found anything interesting in +your spectra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good glad to hear that + + align:start position:0% +good glad to hear that + + + align:start position:0% +good glad to hear that +but you do see a potassium peak that you + + align:start position:0% +but you do see a potassium peak that you + + + align:start position:0% +but you do see a potassium peak that you +can it probably integrate + + align:start position:0% +can it probably integrate + + + align:start position:0% +can it probably integrate +and do some problems with right + + align:start position:0% +and do some problems with right + + + align:start position:0% +and do some problems with right +yeah because you will okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah because you will okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because you will okay +anyway yeah it's the betas that's the + + align:start position:0% +anyway yeah it's the betas that's the + + + align:start position:0% +anyway yeah it's the betas that's the +real killer the gammas are going to + + align:start position:0% +real killer the gammas are going to + + + align:start position:0% +real killer the gammas are going to +leave the cesium enter your body and + + align:start position:0% +leave the cesium enter your body and + + + align:start position:0% +leave the cesium enter your body and +most likely come out the other side + + align:start position:0% +most likely come out the other side + + + align:start position:0% +most likely come out the other side +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +the mass attenuation coefficient + + align:start position:0% +the mass attenuation coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +the mass attenuation coefficient +of six what is it water for 660 kev + + align:start position:0% +of six what is it water for 660 kev + + + align:start position:0% +of six what is it water for 660 kev +gammas let's find that + + align:start position:0% +gammas let's find that + + + align:start position:0% +gammas let's find that +table three + + align:start position:0% +table three + + + align:start position:0% +table three +let's say you're made mostly of + + align:start position:0% +let's say you're made mostly of + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you're made mostly of +water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water liquid that's pretty much humans + + align:start position:0% +water liquid that's pretty much humans + + + align:start position:0% +water liquid that's pretty much humans +660 kv is right about here leading to + + align:start position:0% +660 kv is right about here leading to + + + align:start position:0% +660 kv is right about here leading to +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +0.1 centimeters squared per gram and + + align:start position:0% +0.1 centimeters squared per gram and + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 centimeters squared per gram and +with a density of 1 gram that's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +with a density of 1 gram that's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +with a density of 1 gram that's a pretty +low attenuation of gammas + + align:start position:0% +low attenuation of gammas + + + align:start position:0% +low attenuation of gammas +so this chart actually shows why most of + + align:start position:0% +so this chart actually shows why most of + + + align:start position:0% +so this chart actually shows why most of +the cesium gammas that would be produced + + align:start position:0% +the cesium gammas that would be produced + + + align:start position:0% +the cesium gammas that would be produced +from ingestion just get right out but + + align:start position:0% +from ingestion just get right out but + + + align:start position:0% +from ingestion just get right out but +it's the betas that have an awfully + + align:start position:0% +it's the betas that have an awfully + + + align:start position:0% +it's the betas that have an awfully +short range + + align:start position:0% +short range + + + align:start position:0% +short range +anyone remember the formula for range + + align:start position:0% +anyone remember the formula for range + + + align:start position:0% +anyone remember the formula for range +in general + + align:start position:0% +in general + + + align:start position:0% +in general +because it's going to come back up in + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to come back up in + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to come back up in +our discussion of dose and biological + + align:start position:0% +our discussion of dose and biological + + + align:start position:0% +our discussion of dose and biological +effects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integral of + + align:start position:0% +integral of + + + align:start position:0% +integral of +yup of stopping power to the negative + + align:start position:0% +yup of stopping power to the negative + + + align:start position:0% +yup of stopping power to the negative +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that stopping power + + align:start position:0% +and that stopping power + + + align:start position:0% +and that stopping power +is this simple formula + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see + + align:start position:0% +let's see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see +what did that come out as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +log minus beta squared that simple + + align:start position:0% +log minus beta squared that simple + + + align:start position:0% +log minus beta squared that simple +little formula + + align:start position:0% +little formula + + + align:start position:0% +little formula +which i'm not going to expect you guys + + align:start position:0% +which i'm not going to expect you guys + + + align:start position:0% +which i'm not going to expect you guys +to memorize so don't worry about it but + + align:start position:0% +to memorize so don't worry about it but + + + align:start position:0% +to memorize so don't worry about it but +if you integrate this you find out that + + align:start position:0% +if you integrate this you find out that + + + align:start position:0% +if you integrate this you find out that +the range of electrons even one mev + + align:start position:0% +the range of electrons even one mev + + + align:start position:0% +the range of electrons even one mev +electrons in water is not very high so + + align:start position:0% +electrons in water is not very high so + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in water is not very high so +most of them are stopped + + align:start position:0% +most of them are stopped + + + align:start position:0% +most of them are stopped +near or by the cells that absorb them + + align:start position:0% +near or by the cells that absorb them + + + align:start position:0% +near or by the cells that absorb them +doing quite a bit of damage to the dna + + align:start position:0% +doing quite a bit of damage to the dna + + + align:start position:0% +doing quite a bit of damage to the dna +which is eventually what causes + + align:start position:0% +which is eventually what causes + + + align:start position:0% +which is eventually what causes +mutagenic effects cancer cell death what + + align:start position:0% +mutagenic effects cancer cell death what + + + align:start position:0% +mutagenic effects cancer cell death what +we're going to talk about for the whole + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about for the whole + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about for the whole +third part of the course + + align:start position:0% +third part of the course + + + align:start position:0% +third part of the course +there's also + + align:start position:0% +there's also + + + align:start position:0% +there's also +a worry about which organs actually + + align:start position:0% +a worry about which organs actually + + + align:start position:0% +a worry about which organs actually +absorb these radionuclides and iodine in + + align:start position:0% +absorb these radionuclides and iodine in + + + align:start position:0% +absorb these radionuclides and iodine in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +is preferentially absorbed by the + + align:start position:0% +is preferentially absorbed by the + + + align:start position:0% +is preferentially absorbed by the +thyroid so when we started looking at + + align:start position:0% +thyroid so when we started looking at + + + align:start position:0% +thyroid so when we started looking at +the amount of radioactive substances + + align:start position:0% +the amount of radioactive substances + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of radioactive substances +released remember they said okay at + + align:start position:0% +released remember they said okay at + + + align:start position:0% +released remember they said okay at +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +26th of april or the 2nd of may or so + + align:start position:0% +26th of april or the 2nd of may or so + + + align:start position:0% +26th of april or the 2nd of may or so +the uh release was stopped not according + + align:start position:0% +the uh release was stopped not according + + + align:start position:0% +the uh release was stopped not according +to our data that's when the graphite + + align:start position:0% +to our data that's when the graphite + + + align:start position:0% +to our data that's when the graphite +fire picked up again in addition the + + align:start position:0% +fire picked up again in addition the + + + align:start position:0% +fire picked up again in addition the +core of chernobyl + + align:start position:0% +core of chernobyl + + + align:start position:0% +core of chernobyl +which had undergone a mostly total + + align:start position:0% +which had undergone a mostly total + + + align:start position:0% +which had undergone a mostly total +meltdown + + align:start position:0% +meltdown + + + align:start position:0% +meltdown +was sitting in a pool + + align:start position:0% +was sitting in a pool + + + align:start position:0% +was sitting in a pool +on top of this concrete pad + + align:start position:0% +on top of this concrete pad + + + align:start position:0% +on top of this concrete pad +so let's just call this liquid stuff the + + align:start position:0% +so let's just call this liquid stuff the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just call this liquid stuff the +actual word that we use in parlance is + + align:start position:0% +actual word that we use in parlance is + + + align:start position:0% +actual word that we use in parlance is +called corium + + align:start position:0% +called corium + + + align:start position:0% +called corium +it's our tongue-in-cheek word for every + + align:start position:0% +it's our tongue-in-cheek word for every + + + align:start position:0% +it's our tongue-in-cheek word for every +element mixed together in a hot + + align:start position:0% +element mixed together in a hot + + + align:start position:0% +element mixed together in a hot +radioactive soup + + align:start position:0% +radioactive soup + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive soup +it's first of all it started to + + align:start position:0% +it's first of all it started to + + + align:start position:0% +it's first of all it started to +redistribute reacting with any water + + align:start position:0% +redistribute reacting with any water + + + align:start position:0% +redistribute reacting with any water +that was present flashing it to steam + + align:start position:0% +that was present flashing it to steam + + + align:start position:0% +that was present flashing it to steam +and the steam caused additional + + align:start position:0% +and the steam caused additional + + + align:start position:0% +and the steam caused additional +dispersion of radionuclides and + + align:start position:0% +dispersion of radionuclides and + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion of radionuclides and +eventually it burrowed its way through + + align:start position:0% +eventually it burrowed its way through + + + align:start position:0% +eventually it burrowed its way through +and into the ground + + align:start position:0% +and into the ground + + + align:start position:0% +and into the ground +releasing more you know it's it's uh + + align:start position:0% +releasing more you know it's it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +releasing more you know it's it's uh +it's the worst nuclear thing that's ever + + align:start position:0% +it's the worst nuclear thing that's ever + + + align:start position:0% +it's the worst nuclear thing that's ever +happened in the history of nuclear + + align:start position:0% +happened in the history of nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the history of nuclear +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +quite a mess + + align:start position:0% +quite a mess + + + align:start position:0% +quite a mess +and luckily it did sort of taper off + + align:start position:0% +and luckily it did sort of taper off + + + align:start position:0% +and luckily it did sort of taper off +after this + + align:start position:0% +after this + + + align:start position:0% +after this +but let's now look into + + align:start position:0% +but let's now look into + + + align:start position:0% +but let's now look into +what happens next and this is the nice + + align:start position:0% +what happens next and this is the nice + + + align:start position:0% +what happens next and this is the nice +intro to the third part of the course + + align:start position:0% +intro to the third part of the course + + + align:start position:0% +intro to the third part of the course +iodine is is preferentially uptaken by + + align:start position:0% +iodine is is preferentially uptaken by + + + align:start position:0% +iodine is is preferentially uptaken by +the thyroid gland somewhere right about + + align:start position:0% +the thyroid gland somewhere right about + + + align:start position:0% +the thyroid gland somewhere right about +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so has anyone ever heard of the idea of + + align:start position:0% +so has anyone ever heard of the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +so has anyone ever heard of the idea of +taking iodine tablets in the case of a + + align:start position:0% +taking iodine tablets in the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +taking iodine tablets in the case of a +nuclear disaster + + align:start position:0% +nuclear disaster + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear disaster +anyone have any idea why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you saturate your thyroid with iodine + + align:start position:0% +if you saturate your thyroid with iodine + + + align:start position:0% +if you saturate your thyroid with iodine +then if you ingest radioactive iodine + + align:start position:0% +then if you ingest radioactive iodine + + + align:start position:0% +then if you ingest radioactive iodine +it's less likely to be permanently + + align:start position:0% +it's less likely to be permanently + + + align:start position:0% +it's less likely to be permanently +uptaken + + align:start position:0% +uptaken + + + align:start position:0% +uptaken +by the thyroid + + align:start position:0% +by the thyroid + + + align:start position:0% +by the thyroid +so this actually provided some + + align:start position:0% +so this actually provided some + + + align:start position:0% +so this actually provided some +statistics on the probability of getting + + align:start position:0% +statistics on the probability of getting + + + align:start position:0% +statistics on the probability of getting +thyroid cancer from radioactive iodine + + align:start position:0% +thyroid cancer from radioactive iodine + + + align:start position:0% +thyroid cancer from radioactive iodine +ingestion + + align:start position:0% +ingestion + + + align:start position:0% +ingestion +luckily the statistics were quite poor + + align:start position:0% +luckily the statistics were quite poor + + + align:start position:0% +luckily the statistics were quite poor +which means that not many people were + + align:start position:0% +which means that not many people were + + + align:start position:0% +which means that not many people were +exposed it was somewhere around 1300 or + + align:start position:0% +exposed it was somewhere around 1300 or + + + align:start position:0% +exposed it was somewhere around 1300 or +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +not like millions yeah 1300 people total + + align:start position:0% +not like millions yeah 1300 people total + + + align:start position:0% +not like millions yeah 1300 people total +but what i want to jump to is the + + align:start position:0% +but what i want to jump to is the + + + align:start position:0% +but what i want to jump to is the +dose versus risk curve and this is going + + align:start position:0% +dose versus risk curve and this is going + + + align:start position:0% +dose versus risk curve and this is going +to belie all of our discussion about the + + align:start position:0% +to belie all of our discussion about the + + + align:start position:0% +to belie all of our discussion about the +biological long-term effects of + + align:start position:0% +biological long-term effects of + + + align:start position:0% +biological long-term effects of +radioactivity + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity +what's the most striking thing you see + + align:start position:0% +what's the most striking thing you see + + + align:start position:0% +what's the most striking thing you see +as part of this curve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's that's right that's the first + + align:start position:0% +that's that's right that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's right that's the first +thing i saw + + align:start position:0% +thing i saw + + + align:start position:0% +thing i saw +there are six different models for how + + align:start position:0% +there are six different models for how + + + align:start position:0% +there are six different models for how +dose and increased risk of cancer + + align:start position:0% +dose and increased risk of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +dose and increased risk of cancer +proceeds and they all fall within + + align:start position:0% +proceeds and they all fall within + + + align:start position:0% +proceeds and they all fall within +almost all the error bars of these + + align:start position:0% +almost all the error bars of these + + + align:start position:0% +almost all the error bars of these +measurements + + align:start position:0% +measurements + + + align:start position:0% +measurements +i say again thank god that the error + + align:start position:0% +i say again thank god that the error + + + align:start position:0% +i say again thank god that the error +bars are so high because that means that + + align:start position:0% +bars are so high because that means that + + + align:start position:0% +bars are so high because that means that +the sample size was so low + + align:start position:0% +the sample size was so low + + + align:start position:0% +the sample size was so low +so when folks say we don't really know + + align:start position:0% +so when folks say we don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +so when folks say we don't really know +how much radioactivity causes how much + + align:start position:0% +how much radioactivity causes how much + + + align:start position:0% +how much radioactivity causes how much +cancer they're right because luckily we + + align:start position:0% +cancer they're right because luckily we + + + align:start position:0% +cancer they're right because luckily we +don't have enough data from people being + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough data from people being + + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough data from people being +exposed to know that really really well + + align:start position:0% +exposed to know that really really well + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to know that really really well +so some folks say we should be cautious + + align:start position:0% +so some folks say we should be cautious + + + align:start position:0% +so some folks say we should be cautious +i kind of agree with them some folks say + + align:start position:0% +i kind of agree with them some folks say + + + align:start position:0% +i kind of agree with them some folks say +the jury's still out i also agree with + + align:start position:0% +the jury's still out i also agree with + + + align:start position:0% +the jury's still out i also agree with +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +but you can start to estimate these + + align:start position:0% +but you can start to estimate these + + + align:start position:0% +but you can start to estimate these +sorts of things by knowing how much + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things by knowing how much + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things by knowing how much +radiation energy was absorbed and to + + align:start position:0% +radiation energy was absorbed and to + + + align:start position:0% +radiation energy was absorbed and to +what organ + + align:start position:0% +what organ + + + align:start position:0% +what organ +so i think the only technical thing i + + align:start position:0% +so i think the only technical thing i + + + align:start position:0% +so i think the only technical thing i +want to go over today + + align:start position:0% +want to go over today + + + align:start position:0% +want to go over today +is the different units of dose because + + align:start position:0% +is the different units of dose because + + + align:start position:0% +is the different units of dose because +as you start to read things in the + + align:start position:0% +as you start to read things in the + + + align:start position:0% +as you start to read things in the +reading which i recommend you do if you + + align:start position:0% +reading which i recommend you do if you + + + align:start position:0% +reading which i recommend you do if you +haven't been doing yet you're going to + + align:start position:0% +haven't been doing yet you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +haven't been doing yet you're going to +encounter a lot of different units of + + align:start position:0% +encounter a lot of different units of + + + align:start position:0% +encounter a lot of different units of +radiation dose + + align:start position:0% +radiation dose + + + align:start position:0% +radiation dose +ranging from things like the renkin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which responds to + + align:start position:0% +which responds to + + + align:start position:0% +which responds to +a number of ionizations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you won't usually see this one + + align:start position:0% +you won't usually see this one + + + align:start position:0% +you won't usually see this one +given in sort of biological parlance + + align:start position:0% +given in sort of biological parlance + + + align:start position:0% +given in sort of biological parlance +because it's the number of ionizations + + align:start position:0% +because it's the number of ionizations + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the number of ionizations +detected by some sort of gaseous + + align:start position:0% +detected by some sort of gaseous + + + align:start position:0% +detected by some sort of gaseous +ionization detector so the dosimeters + + align:start position:0% +ionization detector so the dosimeters + + + align:start position:0% +ionization detector so the dosimeters +that you all put on the did you guys all + + align:start position:0% +that you all put on the did you guys all + + + align:start position:0% +that you all put on the did you guys all +bring these uh + + align:start position:0% +bring these uh + + + align:start position:0% +bring these uh +these like brass + + align:start position:0% +these like brass + + + align:start position:0% +these like brass +pendocimeters into the reactor did + + align:start position:0% +pendocimeters into the reactor did + + + align:start position:0% +pendocimeters into the reactor did +anyone look through them to see what the + + align:start position:0% +anyone look through them to see what the + + + align:start position:0% +anyone look through them to see what the +unit of dose was + + align:start position:0% +unit of dose was + + + align:start position:0% +unit of dose was +it's going to be in renkins because + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be in renkins because + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be in renkins because +that's directly correlatable to the + + align:start position:0% +that's directly correlatable to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's directly correlatable to the +number of ionizations that that + + align:start position:0% +number of ionizations that that + + + align:start position:0% +number of ionizations that that +dosimeter has experienced you'll also + + align:start position:0% +dosimeter has experienced you'll also + + + align:start position:0% +dosimeter has experienced you'll also +see four dose units two of which are + + align:start position:0% +see four dose units two of which are + + + align:start position:0% +see four dose units two of which are +just factors of 100 away from each other + + align:start position:0% +just factors of 100 away from each other + + + align:start position:0% +just factors of 100 away from each other +there's what's called the rad + + align:start position:0% +there's what's called the rad + + + align:start position:0% +there's what's called the rad +and the gray + + align:start position:0% +and the gray + + + align:start position:0% +and the gray +and there's what's called the rim + + align:start position:0% +and there's what's called the rim + + + align:start position:0% +and there's what's called the rim +and the sievert + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you'll see these approximated as gray + + align:start position:0% +you'll see these approximated as gray + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see these approximated as gray +you'll see these as r + + align:start position:0% +you'll see these as r + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see these as r +and these are just usually written as + + align:start position:0% +and these are just usually written as + + + align:start position:0% +and these are just usually written as +rem + + align:start position:0% +rem + + + align:start position:0% +rem +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +a rad is simple + + align:start position:0% +a rad is simple + + + align:start position:0% +a rad is simple +let's see + + align:start position:0% +let's see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see +100 rads + + align:start position:0% +100 rads + + + align:start position:0% +100 rads +is the same as one gray + + align:start position:0% +is the same as one gray + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as one gray +and 100 rem + + align:start position:0% +and 100 rem + + + align:start position:0% +and 100 rem +is the same as one sievert + + align:start position:0% +is the same as one sievert + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as one sievert +and for gamma for the case of gamma + + align:start position:0% +and for gamma for the case of gamma + + + align:start position:0% +and for gamma for the case of gamma +radiation + + align:start position:0% +radiation + + + align:start position:0% +radiation +these units are actually equal + + align:start position:0% +these units are actually equal + + + align:start position:0% +these units are actually equal +i particularly like this set of units + + align:start position:0% +i particularly like this set of units + + + align:start position:0% +i particularly like this set of units +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +this is the kind of s i of radiation + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of s i of radiation + + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of s i of radiation +units because it comes directly from + + align:start position:0% +units because it comes directly from + + + align:start position:0% +units because it comes directly from +measurable calculatable quantities like + + align:start position:0% +measurable calculatable quantities like + + + align:start position:0% +measurable calculatable quantities like +the gray for example the actual unit of + + align:start position:0% +the gray for example the actual unit of + + + align:start position:0% +the gray for example the actual unit of +gray + + align:start position:0% +gray + + + align:start position:0% +gray +is joules absorbed + + align:start position:0% +is joules absorbed + + + align:start position:0% +is joules absorbed +per kilogram of absorber + + align:start position:0% +per kilogram of absorber + + + align:start position:0% +per kilogram of absorber +it's a pretty simple unit to understand + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty simple unit to understand + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty simple unit to understand +if you know how many radioactive + + align:start position:0% +if you know how many radioactive + + + align:start position:0% +if you know how many radioactive +particles or + + align:start position:0% +particles or + + + align:start position:0% +particles or +gammas or whatever that you have + + align:start position:0% +gammas or whatever that you have + + + align:start position:0% +gammas or whatever that you have +absorbed you can multiply that number by + + align:start position:0% +absorbed you can multiply that number by + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed you can multiply that number by +their energy divide by the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +their energy divide by the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +their energy divide by the mass of the +organ absorbing them and you get its + + align:start position:0% +organ absorbing them and you get its + + + align:start position:0% +organ absorbing them and you get its +dose in gray + + align:start position:0% +dose in gray + + + align:start position:0% +dose in gray +sievert + + align:start position:0% +sievert + + + align:start position:0% +sievert +is gray + + align:start position:0% +is gray + + + align:start position:0% +is gray +times some quality factor for the + + align:start position:0% +times some quality factor for the + + + align:start position:0% +times some quality factor for the +radiation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times some quality factor + + align:start position:0% +times some quality factor + + + align:start position:0% +times some quality factor +for the specific type of tissue + + align:start position:0% +for the specific type of tissue + + + align:start position:0% +for the specific type of tissue +what this says is that some + + align:start position:0% +what this says is that some + + + align:start position:0% +what this says is that some +types of radiation are more effective at + + align:start position:0% +types of radiation are more effective at + + + align:start position:0% +types of radiation are more effective at +causing damage than others and some + + align:start position:0% +causing damage than others and some + + + align:start position:0% +causing damage than others and some +organs are more susceptible to radiation + + align:start position:0% +organs are more susceptible to radiation + + + align:start position:0% +organs are more susceptible to radiation +damage than others does anyone happen to + + align:start position:0% +damage than others does anyone happen to + + + align:start position:0% +damage than others does anyone happen to +know some of the organs that are most + + align:start position:0% +know some of the organs that are most + + + align:start position:0% +know some of the organs that are most +susceptible to radiation damage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +soft tissue is like what because there's + + align:start position:0% +soft tissue is like what because there's + + + align:start position:0% +soft tissue is like what because there's +lots of those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stomach lining yep yeah + + align:start position:0% +stomach lining yep yeah + + + align:start position:0% +stomach lining yep yeah +huh + + align:start position:0% +huh + + + align:start position:0% +huh +lungs yup what else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thyroid yep there there is definitely + + align:start position:0% +thyroid yep there there is definitely + + + align:start position:0% +thyroid yep there there is definitely +one for thyroid + + align:start position:0% +one for thyroid + + + align:start position:0% +one for thyroid +bone marrow + + align:start position:0% +bone marrow + + + align:start position:0% +bone marrow +what other ones + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +brain actually not so much + + align:start position:0% +brain actually not so much + + + align:start position:0% +brain actually not so much +eyes + + align:start position:0% +eyes + + + align:start position:0% +eyes +and where else do you find rapidly + + align:start position:0% +and where else do you find rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +and where else do you find rapidly +dividing cells in your body + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +skin yep the dermis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know about the liver i would + + align:start position:0% +i don't know about the liver i would + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know about the liver i would +assume so yeah it's a pretty active + + align:start position:0% +assume so yeah it's a pretty active + + + align:start position:0% +assume so yeah it's a pretty active +organ + + align:start position:0% +organ + + + align:start position:0% +organ +but when folks are worried about birth + + align:start position:0% +but when folks are worried about birth + + + align:start position:0% +but when folks are worried about birth +defects + + align:start position:0% +defects + + + align:start position:0% +defects +reproductive organs + + align:start position:0% +reproductive organs + + + align:start position:0% +reproductive organs +the link here that for some reason is + + align:start position:0% +the link here that for some reason is + + + align:start position:0% +the link here that for some reason is +not said in the reading and i've never + + align:start position:0% +not said in the reading and i've never + + + align:start position:0% +not said in the reading and i've never +figured out why is the more often a cell + + align:start position:0% +figured out why is the more often a cell + + + align:start position:0% +figured out why is the more often a cell +is dividing the more susceptible it is + + align:start position:0% +is dividing the more susceptible it is + + + align:start position:0% +is dividing the more susceptible it is +to gaining cancer risk because every + + align:start position:0% +to gaining cancer risk because every + + + align:start position:0% +to gaining cancer risk because every +cell division is a copy of its dna + + align:start position:0% +cell division is a copy of its dna + + + align:start position:0% +cell division is a copy of its dna +and anytime that radiation goes in and + + align:start position:0% +and anytime that radiation goes in and + + + align:start position:0% +and anytime that radiation goes in and +damages or changes that dna by either + + align:start position:0% +damages or changes that dna by either + + + align:start position:0% +damages or changes that dna by either +causing what's called a thymine bridge + + align:start position:0% +causing what's called a thymine bridge + + + align:start position:0% +causing what's called a thymine bridge +where two thymine bases get linked + + align:start position:0% +where two thymine bases get linked + + + align:start position:0% +where two thymine bases get linked +together or damaging the structure in + + align:start position:0% +together or damaging the structure in + + + align:start position:0% +together or damaging the structure in +some other way that + + align:start position:0% +some other way that + + + align:start position:0% +some other way that +gene is then replicated and the faster + + align:start position:0% +gene is then replicated and the faster + + + align:start position:0% +gene is then replicated and the faster +they're replicating the more likely + + align:start position:0% +they're replicating the more likely + + + align:start position:0% +they're replicating the more likely +cancer is going to become apparent + + align:start position:0% +cancer is going to become apparent + + + align:start position:0% +cancer is going to become apparent +i guess this brings up a question when + + align:start position:0% +i guess this brings up a question when + + + align:start position:0% +i guess this brings up a question when +does a rapidly dividing cell become + + align:start position:0% +does a rapidly dividing cell become + + + align:start position:0% +does a rapidly dividing cell become +cancer is it division number one or is + + align:start position:0% +cancer is it division number one or is + + + align:start position:0% +cancer is it division number one or is +it when you notice it + + align:start position:0% +it when you notice it + + + align:start position:0% +it when you notice it +i guess i'll leave that question to the + + align:start position:0% +i guess i'll leave that question to the + + + align:start position:0% +i guess i'll leave that question to the +biologists + + align:start position:0% +biologists + + + align:start position:0% +biologists +but if you notice in the reading you'll + + align:start position:0% +but if you notice in the reading you'll + + + align:start position:0% +but if you notice in the reading you'll +see a bunch of different tissue + + align:start position:0% +see a bunch of different tissue + + + align:start position:0% +see a bunch of different tissue +equivalency factors + + align:start position:0% +equivalency factors + + + align:start position:0% +equivalency factors +and you'll just see them tabulated and + + align:start position:0% +and you'll just see them tabulated and + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll just see them tabulated and +say there they are memorize them i want + + align:start position:0% +say there they are memorize them i want + + + align:start position:0% +say there they are memorize them i want +you to try and think of the pattern + + align:start position:0% +you to try and think of the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +you to try and think of the pattern +between them the tissues that basically + + align:start position:0% +between them the tissues that basically + + + align:start position:0% +between them the tissues that basically +don't matter like the non-marrow part of + + align:start position:0% +don't matter like the non-marrow part of + + + align:start position:0% +don't matter like the non-marrow part of +the bone + + align:start position:0% +the bone + + + align:start position:0% +the bone +dead skin cells + + align:start position:0% +dead skin cells + + + align:start position:0% +dead skin cells +muscles things that basically aren't + + align:start position:0% +muscles things that basically aren't + + + align:start position:0% +muscles things that basically aren't +listed that much they're not dividing + + align:start position:0% +listed that much they're not dividing + + + align:start position:0% +listed that much they're not dividing +very fast but anywhere you find stem + + align:start position:0% +very fast but anywhere you find stem + + + align:start position:0% +very fast but anywhere you find stem +cells the lining of your intestine your + + align:start position:0% +cells the lining of your intestine your + + + align:start position:0% +cells the lining of your intestine your +lungs which undergo a lot of + + align:start position:0% +lungs which undergo a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lungs which undergo a lot of +environmental damage need to be + + align:start position:0% +environmental damage need to be + + + align:start position:0% +environmental damage need to be +replenished gonads + + align:start position:0% +replenished gonads + + + align:start position:0% +replenished gonads +what was the other one that we said eyes + + align:start position:0% +what was the other one that we said eyes + + + align:start position:0% +what was the other one that we said eyes +these are places that are either + + align:start position:0% +these are places that are either + + + align:start position:0% +these are places that are either +sensitive tissues or they're rapidly + + align:start position:0% +sensitive tissues or they're rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive tissues or they're rapidly +dividing + + align:start position:0% +dividing + + + align:start position:0% +dividing +and so the sievert is kind of in a unit + + align:start position:0% +and so the sievert is kind of in a unit + + + align:start position:0% +and so the sievert is kind of in a unit +of increased equivalent risk + + align:start position:0% +of increased equivalent risk + + + align:start position:0% +of increased equivalent risk +so that if you were to absorb one gray + + align:start position:0% +so that if you were to absorb one gray + + + align:start position:0% +so that if you were to absorb one gray +of gamma rays + + align:start position:0% +of gamma rays + + + align:start position:0% +of gamma rays +versus one gray of alphas + + align:start position:0% +versus one gray of alphas + + + align:start position:0% +versus one gray of alphas +you'd be about 20 times more likely to + + align:start position:0% +you'd be about 20 times more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +you'd be about 20 times more likely to +incur cancer from the alphas than the + + align:start position:0% +incur cancer from the alphas than the + + + align:start position:0% +incur cancer from the alphas than the +gammas because the amount of localized + + align:start position:0% +gammas because the amount of localized + + + align:start position:0% +gammas because the amount of localized +damage that they do to cells and we'll + + align:start position:0% +damage that they do to cells and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +damage that they do to cells and we'll +be doing all this in detail + + align:start position:0% +be doing all this in detail + + + align:start position:0% +be doing all this in detail +pretty soon + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon + + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon +and then for tissue equivalency factor + + align:start position:0% +and then for tissue equivalency factor + + + align:start position:0% +and then for tissue equivalency factor +if you absorb one gray in your whole + + align:start position:0% +if you absorb one gray in your whole + + + align:start position:0% +if you absorb one gray in your whole +body which means one joule per kilogram + + align:start position:0% +body which means one joule per kilogram + + + align:start position:0% +body which means one joule per kilogram +of average body mass + + align:start position:0% +of average body mass + + + align:start position:0% +of average body mass +versus one grade directly to the lining + + align:start position:0% +versus one grade directly to the lining + + + align:start position:0% +versus one grade directly to the lining +of your intestine by let's say + + align:start position:0% +of your intestine by let's say + + + align:start position:0% +of your intestine by let's say +drinking polonium-laced tea + + align:start position:0% +drinking polonium-laced tea + + + align:start position:0% +drinking polonium-laced tea +like happened to a poor was it current + + align:start position:0% +like happened to a poor was it current + + + align:start position:0% +like happened to a poor was it current +or xkgb guy one of the russian fellows + + align:start position:0% +or xkgb guy one of the russian fellows + + + align:start position:0% +or xkgb guy one of the russian fellows +no it's the kgb guys that poisoned them + + align:start position:0% +no it's the kgb guys that poisoned them + + + align:start position:0% +no it's the kgb guys that poisoned them +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +yeah do you guys remember back in 2010 + + align:start position:0% +yeah do you guys remember back in 2010 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah do you guys remember back in 2010 +or so + + align:start position:0% +or so + + + align:start position:0% +or so +there was a russian + + align:start position:0% +there was a russian + + + align:start position:0% +there was a russian +was he a journalist + + align:start position:0% +was he a journalist + + + align:start position:0% +was he a journalist +xkgb so the current kgb somehow got into + + align:start position:0% +xkgb so the current kgb somehow got into + + + align:start position:0% +xkgb so the current kgb somehow got into +london and slipped polonium into his tea + + align:start position:0% +london and slipped polonium into his tea + + + align:start position:0% +london and slipped polonium into his tea +at a japanese restaurant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh really i think so right + + align:start position:0% +uh really i think so right + + + align:start position:0% +uh really i think so right +it was like + + align:start position:0% +it was like + + + align:start position:0% +it was like +what was his name + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +poisoning did he actually die + + align:start position:0% +poisoning did he actually die + + + align:start position:0% +poisoning did he actually die +poisoning of alexander lidovenko + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he's not doing too well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +illness and poisoning death and last + + align:start position:0% +illness and poisoning death and last + + + align:start position:0% +illness and poisoning death and last +statement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at the hospital in london so + + align:start position:0% +at the hospital in london so + + + align:start position:0% +at the hospital in london so +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +interesting that probably has something + + align:start position:0% +interesting that probably has something + + + align:start position:0% +interesting that probably has something +to do with it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well + + align:start position:0% +yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well +uh we're not going to comment on the + + align:start position:0% +uh we're not going to comment on the + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're not going to comment on the +politics but the uh the radiation effect + + align:start position:0% +politics but the uh the radiation effect + + + align:start position:0% +politics but the uh the radiation effect +worked clearly + + align:start position:0% +worked clearly + + + align:start position:0% +worked clearly +unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately +so polonium is an alpha emitter and that + + align:start position:0% +so polonium is an alpha emitter and that + + + align:start position:0% +so polonium is an alpha emitter and that +caused a massive dose of alphas to his + + align:start position:0% +caused a massive dose of alphas to his + + + align:start position:0% +caused a massive dose of alphas to his +entire gastrointestinal tract and that + + align:start position:0% +entire gastrointestinal tract and that + + + align:start position:0% +entire gastrointestinal tract and that +caused a whole lot of damage to those + + align:start position:0% +caused a whole lot of damage to those + + + align:start position:0% +caused a whole lot of damage to those +cells no time for cancer it actually + + align:start position:0% +cells no time for cancer it actually + + + align:start position:0% +cells no time for cancer it actually +killed off a lot of those stem cells and + + align:start position:0% +killed off a lot of those stem cells and + + + align:start position:0% +killed off a lot of those stem cells and +the way that radiation poisoning would + + align:start position:0% +the way that radiation poisoning would + + + align:start position:0% +the way that radiation poisoning would +work is that if you kill off the stem + + align:start position:0% +work is that if you kill off the stem + + + align:start position:0% +work is that if you kill off the stem +cells the villi in your intestine die + + align:start position:0% +cells the villi in your intestine die + + + align:start position:0% +cells the villi in your intestine die +which are responsible for absorbing + + align:start position:0% +which are responsible for absorbing + + + align:start position:0% +which are responsible for absorbing +nutrition you can't uptake nutrition + + align:start position:0% +nutrition you can't uptake nutrition + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition you can't uptake nutrition +you basically starve doesn't matter what + + align:start position:0% +you basically starve doesn't matter what + + + align:start position:0% +you basically starve doesn't matter what +you eat it's messed up + + align:start position:0% +you eat it's messed up + + + align:start position:0% +you eat it's messed up +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +that's a really bad way to go it's + + align:start position:0% +that's a really bad way to go it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really bad way to go it's +called gastrointestinal syndrome and + + align:start position:0% +called gastrointestinal syndrome and + + + align:start position:0% +called gastrointestinal syndrome and +we'll be talking about the progressive + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about the progressive + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about the progressive +effects of acute radiation exposure + + align:start position:0% +effects of acute radiation exposure + + + align:start position:0% +effects of acute radiation exposure +where you have immediate effects mostly + + align:start position:0% +where you have immediate effects mostly + + + align:start position:0% +where you have immediate effects mostly +relating to the death of some organ that + + align:start position:0% +relating to the death of some organ that + + + align:start position:0% +relating to the death of some organ that +is responsible for either cell division + + align:start position:0% +is responsible for either cell division + + + align:start position:0% +is responsible for either cell division +to keep you alive or in extreme cases + + align:start position:0% +to keep you alive or in extreme cases + + + align:start position:0% +to keep you alive or in extreme cases +your neurological system and nerve + + align:start position:0% +your neurological system and nerve + + + align:start position:0% +your neurological system and nerve +function just stops at the highest + + align:start position:0% +function just stops at the highest + + + align:start position:0% +function just stops at the highest +levels of dose and that corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +levels of dose and that corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +levels of dose and that corresponds to +doses of around + + align:start position:0% +doses of around + + + align:start position:0% +doses of around +four to six gray four to six joules per + + align:start position:0% +four to six gray four to six joules per + + + align:start position:0% +four to six gray four to six joules per +kilogram of villi or body mass + + align:start position:0% +kilogram of villi or body mass + + + align:start position:0% +kilogram of villi or body mass +will kill you pretty quickly with very + + align:start position:0% +will kill you pretty quickly with very + + + align:start position:0% +will kill you pretty quickly with very +little chance of survival as what + + align:start position:0% +little chance of survival as what + + + align:start position:0% +little chance of survival as what +happened here + + align:start position:0% +happened here + + + align:start position:0% +happened here +and so this was the problem with all the + + align:start position:0% +and so this was the problem with all the + + + align:start position:0% +and so this was the problem with all the +folks living + + align:start position:0% +folks living + + + align:start position:0% +folks living +around and near chernobyl and ukraine + + align:start position:0% +around and near chernobyl and ukraine + + + align:start position:0% +around and near chernobyl and ukraine +and belarus and everywhere was the + + align:start position:0% +and belarus and everywhere was the + + + align:start position:0% +and belarus and everywhere was the +contamination was pretty extensive + + align:start position:0% +contamination was pretty extensive + + + align:start position:0% +contamination was pretty extensive +about 4 000 people are estimated to have + + align:start position:0% +about 4 000 people are estimated to have + + + align:start position:0% +about 4 000 people are estimated to have +died or contracted cancer from this i + + align:start position:0% +died or contracted cancer from this i + + + align:start position:0% +died or contracted cancer from this i +can't believe how low that number is but + + align:start position:0% +can't believe how low that number is but + + + align:start position:0% +can't believe how low that number is but +it's still 4 000 people that it should + + align:start position:0% +it's still 4 000 people that it should + + + align:start position:0% +it's still 4 000 people that it should +never happen to and effects were felt + + align:start position:0% +never happen to and effects were felt + + + align:start position:0% +never happen to and effects were felt +far away in towns like amel and can't + + align:start position:0% +far away in towns like amel and can't + + + align:start position:0% +far away in towns like amel and can't +read that one because there's not enough + + align:start position:0% +read that one because there's not enough + + + align:start position:0% +read that one because there's not enough +pixels + + align:start position:0% +pixels + + + align:start position:0% +pixels +because of the way that let's say rain + + align:start position:0% +because of the way that let's say rain + + + align:start position:0% +because of the way that let's say rain +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +wist or let's say um the vapor cloud + + align:start position:0% +wist or let's say um the vapor cloud + + + align:start position:0% +wist or let's say um the vapor cloud +from the reactor was whisked away rain + + align:start position:0% +from the reactor was whisked away rain + + + align:start position:0% +from the reactor was whisked away rain +water caused it to fall on certain + + align:start position:0% +water caused it to fall on certain + + + align:start position:0% +water caused it to fall on certain +places which still to this day can have + + align:start position:0% +places which still to this day can have + + + align:start position:0% +places which still to this day can have +a really large contamination area + + align:start position:0% +a really large contamination area + + + align:start position:0% +a really large contamination area +and this brings me a little bit into + + align:start position:0% +and this brings me a little bit into + + + align:start position:0% +and this brings me a little bit into +what should we be worried about from + + align:start position:0% +what should we be worried about from + + + align:start position:0% +what should we be worried about from +fukushima + + align:start position:0% +fukushima + + + align:start position:0% +fukushima +a whole lot less than chernobyl and the + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot less than chernobyl and the + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot less than chernobyl and the +reason why is fukushima did undergo a + + align:start position:0% +reason why is fukushima did undergo a + + + align:start position:0% +reason why is fukushima did undergo a +hydrogen explosion and did and still + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen explosion and did and still + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen explosion and did and still +continues to release + + align:start position:0% +continues to release + + + align:start position:0% +continues to release +cesium-137 into the ocean luckily for us + + align:start position:0% +cesium-137 into the ocean luckily for us + + + align:start position:0% +cesium-137 into the ocean luckily for us +the ocean is big + + align:start position:0% +the ocean is big + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean is big +and except for fish caught right near + + align:start position:0% +and except for fish caught right near + + + align:start position:0% +and except for fish caught right near +around fukushima even though + + align:start position:0% +around fukushima even though + + + align:start position:0% +around fukushima even though +concentrations can be measured at + + align:start position:0% +concentrations can be measured at + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations can be measured at +hundreds to thousands of times normal + + align:start position:0% +hundreds to thousands of times normal + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds to thousands of times normal +concentrations they can still be + + align:start position:0% +concentrations they can still be + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations they can still be +hundreds to thousands of times lower + + align:start position:0% +hundreds to thousands of times lower + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds to thousands of times lower +than the safe consumption + + align:start position:0% +than the safe consumption + + + align:start position:0% +than the safe consumption +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the +problems you see in the news today i'm + + align:start position:0% +problems you see in the news today i'm + + + align:start position:0% +problems you see in the news today i'm +not going to call them lies but i'm + + align:start position:0% +not going to call them lies but i'm + + + align:start position:0% +not going to call them lies but i'm +going to call them half truths folks + + align:start position:0% +going to call them half truths folks + + + align:start position:0% +going to call them half truths folks +will show the radiation plume of + + align:start position:0% +will show the radiation plume of + + + align:start position:0% +will show the radiation plume of +cesium-137 escaping from fukushima and + + align:start position:0% +cesium-137 escaping from fukushima and + + + align:start position:0% +cesium-137 escaping from fukushima and +that's true there is radiation escaping + + align:start position:0% +that's true there is radiation escaping + + + align:start position:0% +that's true there is radiation escaping +the question is is it high enough to + + align:start position:0% +the question is is it high enough to + + + align:start position:0% +the question is is it high enough to +cause a noticeable + + align:start position:0% +cause a noticeable + + + align:start position:0% +cause a noticeable +increased risk of cancer + + align:start position:0% +increased risk of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +increased risk of cancer +that's the question that reporters + + align:start position:0% +that's the question that reporters + + + align:start position:0% +that's the question that reporters +should be asking themselves when they + + align:start position:0% +should be asking themselves when they + + + align:start position:0% +should be asking themselves when they +only tell the half of the story that + + align:start position:0% +only tell the half of the story that + + + align:start position:0% +only tell the half of the story that +gets them viewers and they don't tell + + align:start position:0% +gets them viewers and they don't tell + + + align:start position:0% +gets them viewers and they don't tell +the half of the story to complete the + + align:start position:0% +the half of the story to complete the + + + align:start position:0% +the half of the story to complete the +story + + align:start position:0% +story + + + align:start position:0% +story +and tell you should you be afraid or not + + align:start position:0% +and tell you should you be afraid or not + + + align:start position:0% +and tell you should you be afraid or not +because unfortunately fear brings + + align:start position:0% +because unfortunately fear brings + + + align:start position:0% +because unfortunately fear brings +viewers + + align:start position:0% +viewers + + + align:start position:0% +viewers +this is the problem and i'm happy to go + + align:start position:0% +this is the problem and i'm happy to go + + + align:start position:0% +this is the problem and i'm happy to go +on camera saying this this is the + + align:start position:0% +on camera saying this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +on camera saying this this is the +problem with the media today + + align:start position:0% +problem with the media today + + + align:start position:0% +problem with the media today +is with a half truth and with a half + + align:start position:0% +is with a half truth and with a half + + + align:start position:0% +is with a half truth and with a half +story you can incite real panic over + + align:start position:0% +story you can incite real panic over + + + align:start position:0% +story you can incite real panic over +non-physical issues that may not + + align:start position:0% +non-physical issues that may not + + + align:start position:0% +non-physical issues that may not +actually exist + + align:start position:0% +actually exist + + + align:start position:0% +actually exist +and so it's important that the media + + align:start position:0% +and so it's important that the media + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's important that the media +tell the whole story + + align:start position:0% +tell the whole story + + + align:start position:0% +tell the whole story +yes it's true that fukushima's leasing + + align:start position:0% +yes it's true that fukushima's leasing + + + align:start position:0% +yes it's true that fukushima's leasing +releasing cesium-137 + + align:start position:0% +releasing cesium-137 + + + align:start position:0% +releasing cesium-137 +how much though is the question that + + align:start position:0% +how much though is the question that + + + align:start position:0% +how much though is the question that +people and the media should be asking + + align:start position:0% +people and the media should be asking + + + align:start position:0% +people and the media should be asking +themselves and in the rest of this + + align:start position:0% +themselves and in the rest of this + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and in the rest of this +course we're going to answer the + + align:start position:0% +course we're going to answer the + + + align:start position:0% +course we're going to answer the +question how much is too much + + align:start position:0% +question how much is too much + + + align:start position:0% +question how much is too much +so i'm going to stop here + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to stop here + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to stop here +since it's two of five of and ask you + + align:start position:0% +since it's two of five of and ask you + + + align:start position:0% +since it's two of five of and ask you +guys if you have any questions on + + align:start position:0% +guys if you have any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +guys if you have any questions on +the whole second part of the course or + + align:start position:0% +the whole second part of the course or + + + align:start position:0% +the whole second part of the course or +what happened in chernobyl + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah could you explain the equality + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah could you explain the equality + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah could you explain the equality +factor term and + + align:start position:0% +factor term and + + + align:start position:0% +factor term and +how you find that + + align:start position:0% +how you find that + + + align:start position:0% +how you find that +yep the quality fat well there's two + + align:start position:0% +yep the quality fat well there's two + + + align:start position:0% +yep the quality fat well there's two +quality factors there's the quality + + align:start position:0% +quality factors there's the quality + + + align:start position:0% +quality factors there's the quality +factor for radiation + + align:start position:0% +factor for radiation + + + align:start position:0% +factor for radiation +which will tell you how much let's say + + align:start position:0% +which will tell you how much let's say + + + align:start position:0% +which will tell you how much let's say +how much more cell damage a given amount + + align:start position:0% +how much more cell damage a given amount + + + align:start position:0% +how much more cell damage a given amount +of a given type of radiation of the same + + align:start position:0% +of a given type of radiation of the same + + + align:start position:0% +of a given type of radiation of the same +energy will deposit into a cell + + align:start position:0% +energy will deposit into a cell + + + align:start position:0% +energy will deposit into a cell +and the tissue equivalency factor tells + + align:start position:0% +and the tissue equivalency factor tells + + + align:start position:0% +and the tissue equivalency factor tells +you well what's the added risk + + align:start position:0% +you well what's the added risk + + + align:start position:0% +you well what's the added risk +of some sort of defect leading to cell + + align:start position:0% +of some sort of defect leading to cell + + + align:start position:0% +of some sort of defect leading to cell +death or cancer or some other defect + + align:start position:0% +death or cancer or some other defect + + + align:start position:0% +death or cancer or some other defect +from that radiation absorption + + align:start position:0% +from that radiation absorption + + + align:start position:0% +from that radiation absorption +so to me the tissue equivalency factor + + align:start position:0% +so to me the tissue equivalency factor + + + align:start position:0% +so to me the tissue equivalency factor +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +roughly but not completely approximated + + align:start position:0% +roughly but not completely approximated + + + align:start position:0% +roughly but not completely approximated +by the cell division rate + + align:start position:0% +by the cell division rate + + + align:start position:0% +by the cell division rate +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +radiation quality factor is going to be + + align:start position:0% +radiation quality factor is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +radiation quality factor is going to be +quite proportional to the stopping power + + align:start position:0% +quite proportional to the stopping power + + + align:start position:0% +quite proportional to the stopping power +you'll see a term + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a term + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a term +called the linear energy transfer or let + + align:start position:0% +called the linear energy transfer or let + + + align:start position:0% +called the linear energy transfer or let +this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the +stopping power unit used in the biology + + align:start position:0% +stopping power unit used in the biology + + + align:start position:0% +stopping power unit used in the biology +community it's stopping power and + + align:start position:0% +community it's stopping power and + + + align:start position:0% +community it's stopping power and +luckily the turner reading actually says + + align:start position:0% +luckily the turner reading actually says + + + align:start position:0% +luckily the turner reading actually says +it's somewhere buried in a paragraph let + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhere buried in a paragraph let + + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhere buried in a paragraph let +is stopping power so if you start + + align:start position:0% +is stopping power so if you start + + + align:start position:0% +is stopping power so if you start +plotting these two together you might + + align:start position:0% +plotting these two together you might + + + align:start position:0% +plotting these two together you might +find some striking similarities + + align:start position:0% +find some striking similarities + + + align:start position:0% +find some striking similarities +i saw two other questions up here + + align:start position:0% +i saw two other questions up here + + + align:start position:0% +i saw two other questions up here +yeah it's gonna ask uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's gonna ask uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's gonna ask uh +why is chernobyl still considered like + + align:start position:0% +why is chernobyl still considered like + + + align:start position:0% +why is chernobyl still considered like +off limits of most the half-lives of + + align:start position:0% +off limits of most the half-lives of + + + align:start position:0% +off limits of most the half-lives of +these things are like on the range by + + align:start position:0% +these things are like on the range by + + + align:start position:0% +these things are like on the range by +days to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's answer that with numbers so most + + align:start position:0% +let's answer that with numbers so most + + + align:start position:0% +let's answer that with numbers so most +of the half-lives were on the range of + + align:start position:0% +of the half-lives were on the range of + + + align:start position:0% +of the half-lives were on the range of +days to hours + + align:start position:0% +days to hours + + + align:start position:0% +days to hours +but still cesium-137 with a half-life of + + align:start position:0% +but still cesium-137 with a half-life of + + + align:start position:0% +but still cesium-137 with a half-life of +30 years released + + align:start position:0% +30 years released + + + align:start position:0% +30 years released +a third of an exo-becquerel that's one + + align:start position:0% +a third of an exo-becquerel that's one + + + align:start position:0% +a third of an exo-becquerel that's one +of the major sources of contamination + + align:start position:0% +of the major sources of contamination + + + align:start position:0% +of the major sources of contamination +still out there in addition if we scroll + + align:start position:0% +still out there in addition if we scroll + + + align:start position:0% +still out there in addition if we scroll +down a little more + + align:start position:0% +down a little more + + + align:start position:0% +down a little more +there was quite a bit of plutonium + + align:start position:0% +there was quite a bit of plutonium + + + align:start position:0% +there was quite a bit of plutonium +inventory with a half-life of 24 000 + + align:start position:0% +inventory with a half-life of 24 000 + + + align:start position:0% +inventory with a half-life of 24 000 +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +so on on friday we're going to have jake + + align:start position:0% +so on on friday we're going to have jake + + + align:start position:0% +so on on friday we're going to have jake +heckler come in and give his chernobyl + + align:start position:0% +heckler come in and give his chernobyl + + + align:start position:0% +heckler come in and give his chernobyl +travelogue because one of our seniors + + align:start position:0% +travelogue because one of our seniors + + + align:start position:0% +travelogue because one of our seniors +has actually been to chernobyl and his + + align:start position:0% +has actually been to chernobyl and his + + + align:start position:0% +has actually been to chernobyl and his +boots were so contaminated with + + align:start position:0% +boots were so contaminated with + + + align:start position:0% +boots were so contaminated with +plutonium that he can never use them + + align:start position:0% +plutonium that he can never use them + + + align:start position:0% +plutonium that he can never use them +again they got to stay wrapped up in + + align:start position:0% +again they got to stay wrapped up in + + + align:start position:0% +again they got to stay wrapped up in +plastic so some of these things last + + align:start position:0% +plastic so some of these things last + + + align:start position:0% +plastic so some of these things last +tens of thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +tens of thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +tens of thousands of years +and even though there weren't a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and even though there weren't a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and even though there weren't a lot of +petabeckerals of plutonium released + + align:start position:0% +petabeckerals of plutonium released + + + align:start position:0% +petabeckerals of plutonium released +they're alpha emitters and they're + + align:start position:0% +they're alpha emitters and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're alpha emitters and they're +extremely dangerous when ingested + + align:start position:0% +extremely dangerous when ingested + + + align:start position:0% +extremely dangerous when ingested +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +greens and things that uptake + + align:start position:0% +greens and things that uptake + + + align:start position:0% +greens and things that uptake +radionuclides from the soil like moss + + align:start position:0% +radionuclides from the soil like moss + + + align:start position:0% +radionuclides from the soil like moss +and mushrooms are totally off limits in + + align:start position:0% +and mushrooms are totally off limits in + + + align:start position:0% +and mushrooms are totally off limits in +a large range of this area + + align:start position:0% +a large range of this area + + + align:start position:0% +a large range of this area +you will find a video online if you look + + align:start position:0% +you will find a video online if you look + + + align:start position:0% +you will find a video online if you look +of a mayor from a nearby town saying oh + + align:start position:0% +of a mayor from a nearby town saying oh + + + align:start position:0% +of a mayor from a nearby town saying oh +they're perfectly safe to eat look i eat + + align:start position:0% +they're perfectly safe to eat look i eat + + + align:start position:0% +they're perfectly safe to eat look i eat +them right here and + + align:start position:0% +them right here and + + + align:start position:0% +them right here and +i just say read the comments for what + + align:start position:0% +i just say read the comments for what + + + align:start position:0% +i just say read the comments for what +people have to say about that + + align:start position:0% +people have to say about that + + + align:start position:0% +people have to say about that +not too smart + + align:start position:0% +not too smart + + + align:start position:0% +not too smart +yeah so what's like the process now for + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what's like the process now for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so what's like the process now for +like taking care of + + align:start position:0% +like taking care of + + + align:start position:0% +like taking care of +what are they + + align:start position:0% +what are they + + + align:start position:0% +what are they +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +so the sarcophagus around the reactor + + align:start position:0% +so the sarcophagus around the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +so the sarcophagus around the reactor +has got to be shored up to make sure + + align:start position:0% +has got to be shored up to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +has got to be shored up to make sure +that nothing else gets out because most + + align:start position:0% +that nothing else gets out because most + + + align:start position:0% +that nothing else gets out because most +of the reactor is still there + + align:start position:0% +of the reactor is still there + + + align:start position:0% +of the reactor is still there +and let's say rain water comes in and + + align:start position:0% +and let's say rain water comes in and + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say rain water comes in and +starts washing away more stuff into the + + align:start position:0% +starts washing away more stuff into the + + + align:start position:0% +starts washing away more stuff into the +ground or whatever we don't want that to + + align:start position:0% +ground or whatever we don't want that to + + + align:start position:0% +ground or whatever we don't want that to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +soil replacement and disposal as nuclear + + align:start position:0% +soil replacement and disposal as nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +soil replacement and disposal as nuclear +waste is still going on + + align:start position:0% +waste is still going on + + + align:start position:0% +waste is still going on +uh removal of any moss lichen mushrooms + + align:start position:0% +uh removal of any moss lichen mushrooms + + + align:start position:0% +uh removal of any moss lichen mushrooms +or anything with a sort of radiation + + align:start position:0% +or anything with a sort of radiation + + + align:start position:0% +or anything with a sort of radiation +exposure has got to keep going but this + + align:start position:0% +exposure has got to keep going but this + + + align:start position:0% +exposure has got to keep going but this +the area that it covers is enormous i + + align:start position:0% +the area that it covers is enormous i + + + align:start position:0% +the area that it covers is enormous i +don't know if we're ever going to get + + align:start position:0% +don't know if we're ever going to get + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if we're ever going to get +rid of all of it the question is how + + align:start position:0% +rid of all of it the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +rid of all of it the question is how +much do we have to get rid of to lower + + align:start position:0% +much do we have to get rid of to lower + + + align:start position:0% +much do we have to get rid of to lower +our risk of cancer in the area to an + + align:start position:0% +our risk of cancer in the area to an + + + align:start position:0% +our risk of cancer in the area to an +acceptable rate there will likely be + + align:start position:0% +acceptable rate there will likely be + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable rate there will likely be +parts of this that are inaccessible for + + align:start position:0% +parts of this that are inaccessible for + + + align:start position:0% +parts of this that are inaccessible for +thousands to tens of thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +thousands to tens of thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +thousands to tens of thousands of years +unless we hopefully get smarter about + + align:start position:0% +unless we hopefully get smarter about + + + align:start position:0% +unless we hopefully get smarter about +how to contain and dispose of this kind + + align:start position:0% +how to contain and dispose of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +how to contain and dispose of this kind +of stuff + + align:start position:0% +of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff +we're not there yet so right now the + + align:start position:0% +we're not there yet so right now the + + + align:start position:0% +we're not there yet so right now the +methods are + + align:start position:0% +methods are + + + align:start position:0% +methods are +kind of simple get rid of the soil + + align:start position:0% +kind of simple get rid of the soil + + + align:start position:0% +kind of simple get rid of the soil +fence off the area + + align:start position:0% +fence off the area + + + align:start position:0% +fence off the area +some folks have been returning and they + + align:start position:0% +some folks have been returning and they + + + align:start position:0% +some folks have been returning and they +do get compensation and free medical + + align:start position:0% +do get compensation and free medical + + + align:start position:0% +do get compensation and free medical +visits because the background levels + + align:start position:0% +visits because the background levels + + + align:start position:0% +visits because the background levels +there are elevated but not that high so + + align:start position:0% +there are elevated but not that high so + + + align:start position:0% +there are elevated but not that high so +folks have started to move back to some + + align:start position:0% +folks have started to move back to some + + + align:start position:0% +folks have started to move back to some +of these areas + + align:start position:0% +of these areas + + + align:start position:0% +of these areas +but there's a lot that are still off + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot that are still off + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a lot that are still off +limits + + align:start position:0% +limits + + + align:start position:0% +limits +any other questions + + align:start position:0% +any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions +yeah it's like way worse than the atomic + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's like way worse than the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's like way worse than the atomic +bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki + + align:start position:0% +bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki + + + align:start position:0% +bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki +because those are like fully functioning + + align:start position:0% +because those are like fully functioning + + + align:start position:0% +because those are like fully functioning +cities at this point + + align:start position:0% +cities at this point + + + align:start position:0% +cities at this point +yeah the number of deaths from the + + align:start position:0% +yeah the number of deaths from the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the number of deaths from the +atomic bombs way outweighed the number + + align:start position:0% +atomic bombs way outweighed the number + + + align:start position:0% +atomic bombs way outweighed the number +of deaths that will ever happen from + + align:start position:0% +of deaths that will ever happen from + + + align:start position:0% +of deaths that will ever happen from +chernobyl like why is the radiation from + + align:start position:0% +chernobyl like why is the radiation from + + + align:start position:0% +chernobyl like why is the radiation from +those bombs not + + align:start position:0% +those bombs not + + + align:start position:0% +those bombs not +oh not that much of an issue there + + align:start position:0% +oh not that much of an issue there + + + align:start position:0% +oh not that much of an issue there +wasn't that much material that not there + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that much material that not there + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that much material that not there +wasn't that much nuclear material in an + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that much nuclear material in an + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that much nuclear material in an +atomic bomb + + align:start position:0% +atomic bomb + + + align:start position:0% +atomic bomb +what did you guys get for the radius of + + align:start position:0% +what did you guys get for the radius of + + + align:start position:0% +what did you guys get for the radius of +the critical sphere of plutonium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +centimeters yeah + + align:start position:0% +centimeters yeah + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters yeah +doesn't take a lot it takes you know 10 + + align:start position:0% +doesn't take a lot it takes you know 10 + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't take a lot it takes you know 10 +20 kilos + + align:start position:0% +20 kilos + + + align:start position:0% +20 kilos +to make a weapon now we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +to make a weapon now we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +to make a weapon now we're talking about +tons or thousands of tons of material + + align:start position:0% +tons or thousands of tons of material + + + align:start position:0% +tons or thousands of tons of material +released so + + align:start position:0% +released so + + + align:start position:0% +released so +an atomic weapon doesn't kill by + + align:start position:0% +an atomic weapon doesn't kill by + + + align:start position:0% +an atomic weapon doesn't kill by +radiation it kills by pressure wave the + + align:start position:0% +radiation it kills by pressure wave the + + + align:start position:0% +radiation it kills by pressure wave the +heat wave + + align:start position:0% +heat wave + + + align:start position:0% +heat wave +the fallout is not as much of a concern + + align:start position:0% +the fallout is not as much of a concern + + + align:start position:0% +the fallout is not as much of a concern +and we'll actually be looking at the + + align:start position:0% +and we'll actually be looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll actually be looking at the +data from hiroshima and nagasaki + + align:start position:0% +data from hiroshima and nagasaki + + + align:start position:0% +data from hiroshima and nagasaki +survivors to see who got what dose what + + align:start position:0% +survivors to see who got what dose what + + + align:start position:0% +survivors to see who got what dose what +increased cancer risk did they get and + + align:start position:0% +increased cancer risk did they get and + + + align:start position:0% +increased cancer risk did they get and +is this the + + align:start position:0% +is this the + + + align:start position:0% +is this the +is the idea that every little bit of + + align:start position:0% +is the idea that every little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +is the idea that every little bit of +radiation is a bad thing actually true + + align:start position:0% +radiation is a bad thing actually true + + + align:start position:0% +radiation is a bad thing actually true +the answer is you can't say yes or no + + align:start position:0% +the answer is you can't say yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is you can't say yes or no +no one can say yes or no because we + + align:start position:0% +no one can say yes or no because we + + + align:start position:0% +no one can say yes or no because we +don't have good enough data + + align:start position:0% +don't have good enough data + + + align:start position:0% +don't have good enough data +the error bars support either conclusion + + align:start position:0% +the error bars support either conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +the error bars support either conclusion +so i'm not going to go on record and say + + align:start position:0% +so i'm not going to go on record and say + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm not going to go on record and say +a little bit of radiation's okay data is + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of radiation's okay data is + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of radiation's okay data is +not out yet hopefully it never will be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right i'll see you guys on thursday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/IokpYk5mTas.txt b/IokpYk5mTas.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d674dd7adf8eff35a2ea88c3ac41c269d42af78 --- /dev/null +++ b/IokpYk5mTas.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2199 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Well, we're back. + +And today we will +consider solutions + +to harmonic oscillators with +damped harmonic oscillators. + +And what I thought +would be best, in order + +to focus on the new part, +the question of damping-- + +what effect it has on +the motion of harmonic + +oscillators-- I decided I'll +take an oscillator, which + +is one of those we +considered last time, + +I could've taken +any one of them, + +and add to it a drag force. + +So let me discuss what +we're going to consider. + +Suppose we have a rod, +the uniform rod of mass m + +suspended from the pivot here. + +This is the vertical plane. + +So imagine a ruler, for +example, with a nail + +through the end of +it can oscillate + +in the plane of this board. + +So we at a gain considering +rotations in two dimensions. + +We will consider +rotations, which + +are anti-clockwise, like +this, to have a positive sign. + +And if it's clockwise, +that's a negative rotation. + +This particular mass rod +we assume has a mass m. + +It's uniform length l. + +And initially, it's just +suspended like this. + +So at time equals 0. + +This is the position, +and at that instant, + +we hit the bottom. + +There's an impulse acting on it. + +And that impulse instantaneously +gives an angular velocity + +to this rod, which is of +course the rate of change + +of the angle. + +And we assume it +has some number. + +And so that it's easy for you +to remember what that number is, + +I'm calling it the angular +velocity at t equals 0. + +But remember, this is simply +the initial angular velocity + +that this rod has. + +At any instant of +time later, this rod + +will be at some other angle. + +I've shown here, theta of t. + +This is at time t. + +And it may be +moving at that time. + +And the angular velocity in this +direction we call theta dot t. + +These are anti-clockwise +rotations. + +And so these are positive. + +This is as that angle. + +And if this is a +positive number, + +this is rotating +in that direction. + +So this is the same +simple harmonic oscillator + +we considered last time. + +And what I now want to +take a slightly more + +realistic situation. + +All harmonic oscillators +in the universe + +have some drag, +maybe very small, + +some mechanism by which +they lose kinetic energy. + +So we were going to assume +that this oscillator has + +some drag torque applied to it. + +It could be friction around +the pivot, it could be the air, + +this could be inside +the liquid, you name it. + +Now, I am going to +make the assumption + +that the presence of +the damping mechanism + +exerts a drag +torque on this rod. + +And I'm going to make the +assumption that the drag + +force is proportional +to the angular velocity. + +Since the drag force is +in the opposite direction + +to the angular +velocity obviously, + +there is a minus +sign here and this + +is the constant of +proportionality. + +Now, you may well ask why did +I assume this is the case? + +Is that because in nature +it's normally like that? + +No. + +The reason why I chose +this form is very simple. + +I know from experience that +if I use this drag force, + +I can analytically +solve my equations. + +If I take a more realistic +version of the force, + +then the final solutions +I'm going to get it + +are not analytically soluble. + +It doesn't mean you +can't solve them. + +You can solve them +by a computer. + +But for teaching you +how to solve problems, + +it's not going to be +very helpful if I then + +say go into a computer +and get the computer + +to solve it for you. + +So the choice of +this resistive force + +which is proportional to the +rate of change of position + +of the rod is chosen +for that reason. + +The other thing I will do, once +again-- because of what you + +saw last time that +happened-- assume + +that the displacement +of this rod is small. + +We're only going to +consider small oscillations. + +In other words, +we'll only assume + +it's sufficiently small so +that we can approximate sine + +of the angle by +the angle itself. + +Again, the reason why we do +that is so that at the end, + +we'll be able to solve +the equations of motion. + +Now, if you ask +yourself, hold on. + +We're doing all +these approximations. + +Does this correspond to reality? + +And the answer is the following. + +In problems that we are +doing on the board like this, + +we're taking +idealized situations. + +For those idealized +situations, the prediction + +of what will happen is exact. + +But since the description +of the situations + +is it not exactly equal +to what you'd normally + +have in the world, the +answers that we get + +are only as accurate to the +degree of the assumptions. + +But certainly from +solutions like this, + +we can get a sense +in understanding + +what happens, because +for example, the drag + +force slightly different +will not qualitatively + +change what the actual +motion is, et cetera. + +And this happens throughout +so-called problem solving + +land in any physics +that you consider. + +So this is the physical +description of the situation. + +And what we want +to do, as before, + +find out what this rod +will do qualitatively + +as a function of +time and also be + +able to predict +exactly where it will + +be at the given instant of time. + +So that's what I mean by I'm +going to solve this problem. + +Now, I chose the +same oscillator as I + +say so that you don't have to +focus so much on the rising + +equation of motion, but more +on what the frictional torque + +does, how that changes +what we learned before. + +So here is the free body +diagrams or the force + +diagram, which +corresponds to this. + +Here is the pivot. + +This represents the rod. + +What forces act on this rod? + +Well, there's going to +be the force of gravity. + +And you know from the +studies of rigid body motion + +that we can understand what +torque this force exerts + +by considering that +the force of gravity + +acts at the center +of mass of this rod. + +So if you take the +center of mass, + +this location, then +there'll be a force + +of gravity on this mass. + +The mass of the rod +will be m, so there'll + +be an mg force acting +downwards there. + +This force applied to this +rigid body will exert a torque. + +In this case, it'll be a +clockwise and negative torque. + +In addition to +that, there will be + +a torque acting on this due +to the frictional force. + +And that, we said, we +will call b theta dot. + +So what is the equation +of motion for this rod? + +The acceleration of the +angular acceleration + +of this rod from tau +is equal to i alpha. + +The acceleration will be +equal to the torque divided + +by the moment of inertia. + +Since this is rotations of a +rigid body in a plane in two + +dimensions, I don't have to +write any vector quantities. + +On writing the equations, +this is the component + +of the rotations about an axis +perpendicular to the board + +here. + +So the angular +acceleration will be + +equal to the total torque, +which is the torque due + +to gravity plus the torque +due to the drag divided + +by the moment of inertia. + +And by the way, the +moment of inertia + +of a rod like this about +one end is 1/3 ml squared. + +So this is the torque +due to gravity on this. + +It's minus because, +as I mentioned here, + +it's a clockwise torque +minus b theta dot. + +That's also minus that, because +the drag force is always + +in opposition to the angular +velocity divided by i. + +As we did last time for +the harmonic oscillator, + +in order for me to write fewer +numbers or algebraic symbols + +on the board, I define +some quantities. + +I will define omega 0 squared +to be equal to 3 g over l. + +I'll define gamma +to be b over I-- + +that constant +proportionality divided + +by the inertia of this +system, the moment of inertia. + +And I will, as I said, assume +that this angle's always + +sufficiently small for the +accuracy with which one + +I want to predict +what will happen, + +I can assume that sine +delta t is equal to theta t. + +Now let me be honest with you. + +I defined these +quantities not only + +to make my life easier +in writing things down, + +but as you'll see as we go on, +it will serve a useful purpose + +for comparing how all sorts +of harmonic oscillators + +behave with or without +damping, et cetera. + +If I take these definitions +and make this assumption + +and I take this and play +around with the algebra, + +I'll end up with this equation. + +I end up with an equation +that theta double + +dot, the second derivative +of theta and the angular + +acceleration times gamma times +the angular velocity plus omega + +0 squared times the angular +position is equal to 0. + +This is the equation of +motion for this system. + +And the other +thing which we know + +that initially the +theta at 0 is 0 + +and the initial +angular velocity is + +this number, angular +velocity at t equals 0. + +These three equations +are absolutely, + +from the point of +view of physics, + +equivalent to the +description we had. + +Here we had this +physical description + +of somebody's-- +this rod, et cetera. + +These mathematical equations +describe this situation. + +In order to predict what will +happen, what we now have to do + +is solve these equations. + +So that's what I will do now. + +So I will solve this equation. + +And let me remind you, as +I discussed in the past, + +I cannot emphasize +it enough now. + +I am not trying to +teach you mathematics. + +I am trying to help you learn +how to solve physical systems, + +how to predict how a +given physical system will + +behave as a function of time. + +So for me, +mathematics is a tool. + +I need a solution +of that equation. + +And this is a linear +second order differential + +equation in time. + +And I know from mathematics +that if I find an equation which + +solves that and if it has +2 arbitrary constants-- + +in other words, the +solution satisfies + +that equation for all values +of those arbitrary constants. + +Then I have found the one and +only solution of that equation. + +And so let me tell you. + +I will solve this by using +this uniqueness theorem. + +I know that that +equation, unfortunately, + +is a little harder to +solve than the one we + +did last time for +simple harmonic motion. + +One finds that the +solution of that equation + +actually depends +on these constants. + +For the harmonic oscillator, +the type of equation, + +which was the solution, did +not depend on those constants. + +Here, it does. + +One finds that if you +have gamma squared greater + +than omega 0 squared-- +in other words, + +if you have this big constant +bigger than a certain amount, + +this means you +have heavy damping. + +You have one kind of a solution, +while if it's that other way + +about, if this is +bigger than that, + +you get a different +kind of a solution. + +It's not obvious, but that's +what mathematics tells you. + +So let me consider first +the case of strong damping. + +B is big. + +And so we're talking +about situation, + +you have this oscillator. + +But there's lots +of friction, so it + +doesn't move smoothly at all. + +This is greater than that. + +Under those +conditions, you'll find + +that this equation satisfies +our equation of motion. + +Now actually, Professor +Walter Lewin, in his lectures, + +did show you how you can prove +that this equation satisfies + +our equation of motion for +these specific conditions. + +He used complex amplitude. + +And you can review his +lectures and you can see that. + +Or you can look it up in books +on the solution of differential + +equations. + +For me, it is +adequate that I found + +a solution which +satisfies this equation. + +Now, note this is a +solution of that equation + +where the alpha 1 and +alpha 2 are defined here. + +It's all defined in +known quantities. + +Gamma omega 0 are +known quantities + +for any specific problem +in particular for the one + +we're solving. + +So here, every term is known. + +The A and the B are the +2 arbitrary constants. + +In other words, this equation +satisfies our equation + +of motion for all +values of A and B. + +So again, by the +uniqueness theorem, + +this is the most general +solution to our problem + +provided the damping +is very high. + +If this is the theta +of t, then of course + +the angular velocity theta dot +of t, just differentiate here. + +And I get minus alpha 1 A +e to the minus alpha 1 t + +and minus alpha 2 B +to the minus alpha t. + +We want to find the solution +to our particular problem. + +So we found it that +satisfies the equation + +of motion for our system. + +We now want to make sure +that we have a solution which + +satisfies the +boundary conditions. + +In other words, which +is consistent with what + +we said this rod was +doing at t equals 0. + +At t equals 0, we said the rod +was vertically, so theta of 0 + +is 0. + +And we also said that +at that instance, + +there was an impulse +given to the rod. + +And so its angular velocity +at t equals 0 was this number, + +the angular velocity +at t equal 0. + +So we must now make sure that +the A and B, these arbitrary + +constants, are consistent +with these initial conditions. + +And it's obvious +how you do that. + +You take this equation and +I take what is theta at t + +equals 0. + +Well, it's 0. + +So that's 0 equals +to t equals 0. + +This is one, so it's A, plus +when t equals 0, this is B. + +So it's A plus B. So we know +that A must be equal to minus + +B. That's to +satisfy the boundary + +conditions that the rod +was vertical at t equals 0. + +How about the other +boundary condition? + +We know that t equals 0, the +angular velocity theta dot + +is angular velocity +at t equals 0. + +And so angular at t equals 0 +must be equal to minus alpha 1 + +times A. And t +equals 0, this is 1. + +So it's minus alpha 1 A. And +here, minus alpha 2 B. OK, + +we now have 2 equations with 2 +knowns, 2 algebraic equations. + +Therefore, we can +find A and B. In fact, + +we found already that A is equal +to minus B from this equation. + +And then replacing +B by minus A, we + +find that A is angular velocity +t equals 0 and alpha t over 1. + +So what do we find? + +We have found that the specific +solution to our equation + +of motion which satisfies +these boundary conditions + +is theta of t is equal A +e to the minus alpha 1 t. + +A is angular velocity +at t equals 0 into e + +to the minus alpha 1 t. + +And B is minus A. So it's +minus e to the minus alpha 2t. + +So we have solved that problem. + +This equation +describes the motion + +of this compound pendulum, +the rod, completely. + +If you ask me for a +time, I will tell you + +exactly the angle at which +this will be hanging. + +There are no more +unknowns in this. + +Furthermore, it gives me a +sense of what that rod is doing. + +And actually, it's +a bit of a surprise. + +We've considered +here an oscillator, + +we'd expect an +oscillator to oscillate. + +This equation doesn't oscillate. + +It is the sum of 2 +exponential functions. + +If I just qualitatively +plot this, + +if you compare +alpha 2 to alpha 1, + +you find that alpha 2 +is greater than alpha 1. + +So this exponential +has a bigger exponent. + +It will be dropping +faster than this one. + +So what do we have? + +This is my angular velocity. + +Velocity at t equals 0. + +Let's consider one of them. + +This is 1. + +It's an exponential function. + +Here, I'm plotting the +angle as a function of time. + +I'll get some exponential +function like this, + +starting at that value. + +And the other function's +also an exponential one, + +which has a higher +value of the exponent. + +And therefore, it'll +drop more quickly, + +starts with the same +amplitude, so it'll + +go more quickly like this. + +The net motion is the +difference between those 2. + +Take this one minus that one. + +What does that look like? + +Well, qualitative you +can see I start at 0. + +Far out here, it'll be 0, +because the 2 exponentials + +will approach 0. + +So out here, and it'll +be 0 or approaching 0. + +It'll be some magnitude in here. + +And so I will get something +like this happening. + +It's the difference of the +2 exponential functions. + +Isn't it amazing? + +Let's think for a second +what we have shown. + +We've taken this +harmonic oscillator, + +we've put it in a situation +with a lot of friction, + +we gave it a kick, +and we described it + +in terms of these +mathematical equations. + +I then blindly +applied mathematics, + +solved these equations, +and predicted + +that this will be the motion. + +No oscillations. + +Let's stop now for a second. + +By common sense, what +would you expect? + +Imagine you had this +rod and something which + +is very, very viscous-- +very high drag. + +You give it a kick, it will +move, because of inertia it + +will move. + +But it will get slowed down. + +It will finally come to a halt. + +And it'll slowly come back. + +But if the resistive torque is +so big, it'll never overshoot. + +So this is exactly +what you'd expect. + +And as I say, it is amazing. + +I always find it +amazing, because this + +is a magnificent +example that mathematics + +is the language that one can +use to describe the nature, + +and that solving the +mathematical equations + +predicts what will actually +happen in a given situation. + +Enough philosophizing. + +Let's now consider +the other possibility. + +So I'll now do a +second problem where + +I will have very weak damping. + +So imagine a more +realistic situation. + +We take our pendulum, +this compound pendulum, + +and we include the +resistive torque + +due to the air, for example, +that's there, et cetera. + +Again, I am taking +the same pendulum + +so that we just focus on +the effect of the damping. + +So I think I have it here. + +Everything up to here +will be exactly the same. + +The only thing +we've now changed, + +we've said that this little b is +big such that the gamma squared + +is smaller, it doesn't +have to be much smaller, + +so that gamma squared is +less than 4 omega squared. + +In other words, B +is less than this. + +So it's the weak damping case. + +You may well ask, hold on. + +Why look for any +other solutions? + +I have found a solution +for this equation before. + +And up there was the +two exponentials. + +Why can't we just take +those and say look, + +that equation satisfies this +equation, that value of theta, + +and just repeat this? + +Well, try it and you'll +see you immediately get + +into difficulties. + +In this formulation, you +see that alpha 1 and alpha 2 + +include a square root of gamma +squared minus 4 omega squared. + +We had no problem with +that when gamma squared was + +greater than 4 omega squared +and take the square root of it. + +But if gamma squared is +less than 4 omega squared, + +that square root is the +square root of a minus number. + +And how is that going to +represent a physical situation? + +So the method breaks down. + +In other words, +for this case, we + +had not found an +equation which satisfies + +our equation of motion with +these boundary conditions. + +So we've got to try again. + +And there is an +equation that does. + +And I've written it here. + +One finds that +theta of t is equal + +to some arbitrary +constant A e to the minus + +gamma over 2t times cosine, +omega prime t plus phi + +where omega prime is well +defined in terms of omega 0 + +and gamma is given here. + +And there's no problem. + +We have now gamma squared +is less than that, + +so this is a real number. + +So it's no problem with +that square root plus phi. + +So we have 2 +arbitrary constants. + +Try it. + +Take this equation, +differentiate it twice, + +and calculate it. + +Then differentiate it once +and multiply it by gamma. + +Don't differentiate. + +Take that equation and +multiply the omega 0 squared. + +Add those 3 terms, you'll get 0. + +I tried it last +night to make sure I + +didn't write the +wrong thing here. + +So that really works. + +Again, if you want to know +how did I find this equation, + +did I take it out of a hat, +like a rabbit out of a hat? + +No. + +You can look it up in books, +solutions of equations, + +or actually Professor +Walter Lewin + +did derive this solution also +using complex amplitudes. + +And you can find +it in his lectures. + +But from my point of view, I +don't care where I got it from. + +That works. + +So this must +describe the motion. + +And it has 2 arbitrary +constants which + +I can find out, because I +know the initial conditions + +for this pendulum. + +So once again, now I will try to +find the 2 arbitrary constants. + +How did we do it before? + +By taking our solution. + +Well, we know that +theta of 0 is 0. + +Therefore, if 0 is equal to A +e to the minus gamma over 2t, + +that's t 0. + +So that's 1 cosine +t 0, so I get phi. + +So one boundary condition +tells me that phi is pi over 2. + +Or there are others, minus +pi over 2 works, et cetera. + +Doesn't matter. + +Take any one of them and +providing you're consistent, + +the other one will make up for +it to give you the same answer. + +So anything that satisfies +this boundary condition + +is fine for one of +those constants. + +Now, the other one +tells me something + +about the initial angular +velocity of the rod. + +So I need to calculate the +angular velocity of this rod. + +So here, I calculate +theta dot t at time t + +by differentiating theta. + +And I get this lower equation. + +And now again, +theta dot at 0 time + +is equal to-- we know +it is-- this number, + +angular velocity at t equals 0. + +So in this equation, +I plug that in. + +I get that the +angular velocity at t + +equals 0 will have to equal 2. + +A, e to the minus gamma over 2t. + +t is 0, so that's 1. + +And 2 minus omega prime sine +of omega prime t, but t is 0. + +So that's 0. + +Phi, that's the sine of pi +over 2, because we find phi. + +That's 1. + +So I don't do +anything with that. + +Minus gamma over 2 cosine +of omega prime t. t is 0, + +so it's cosine of phi. + +Phi is pi over 2, so that is 0. + +So that's all right. + +Therefore, A is +equal to now angular + +velocity at t equals 0 +divided by omega prime. + +And therefore now, +let me move over here. + +So now I can write +the full solution. + +I have found +everything, and I find + +that theta of t +from the second line + +down is equal to +A, which we found, + +angular velocity t equals +0 over omega prime minus-- + +there's a minus-- and now +it's cosine omega prime t + +plus 90 degrees. + +So that's the same as minus +sine of omega prime t. + +The 2 minuses cancel, +so I get a plus. + +And if earlier on you chose, for +example here, minus pi over 2, + +then both of those signs +would have been plus, + +and you still get +the same answer. + +So it doesn't matter. + +The algebra looks after itself. + +So we have to found the solution +of this equation of motion + +with these boundary +conditions for this situation + +where the gamma and +the omega 0 squared + +is such that this is +angle to correspond + +to the low damping situation. + +What kind of a motion is that? + +If I plot this, again as we +do as a function of time, + +if I had a room full of students +here who would correct me, then + +I would have caught the mistake. + +If you look at the +second equation, + +it says take theta of t +is A e to the minus gamma + +2t cosine omega prime t. + +When I rewrote it plugging +in the value of A, + +I forgot the e to the +minus gamma over 2t. + +Sorry about that. + +And we continue. + +So now if I plot +this, what do I see? + +If it wasn't for the e to +the minus gamma over 2t, + +it would be a sine. + +That's what it would look like. + +t, and this is the +angle theta of t. + +This would be the +simple harmonic motion + +with no drag, no damping. + +But this function is +multiplied by an exponential, + +like this, which is dropping. + +So the net result-- and +excuse my sloppy drawing-- + +is this modulated by that. + +So it will be +something like this. + +So what we get is damped +harmonic oscillation. + +Now again, I can't +resist pointing out. + +To me, it seems +almost miraculous. + +You have the same equation in +form with the same boundary + +conditions predicting +completely different behavior + +if some of these constants are +bigger than the others or vice + +versa. + +So the mathematics has it built +in to that kind of solution. + +Those two kinds of +solutions exist. + +And that corresponds +exactly what + +you would expect if you imagine +an oscillator with damping. + +If you have this oscillator, +if it's highly damped, as I've + +said before, you would expect +this crazy motion reaching + +a maximum slowly coming down +and coming to a grinding halt. + +Or if it's lightly +damped, you would + +expect this to almost behave +like a normal harmonic + +oscillator, but +slowly losing energy + +due to damping and +oscillating with smaller + +and smaller amplitude, +which is exactly + +what the mathematics +said would happen. + +I always like to ask +a crazy question, + +how does the oscillator know +what the mathematical solution + +is? + +But somehow or other, it does. + +It's a crazy way to phrase it, +but I always think of that. + +So let's put together +actually what + +we have seen in combination +of last time and this time, + +my problem solving, my +attempts to teach you + +how to solve problems. + +What we found last +time was that we + +took three different +harmonic oscillators. + +One was a mass on a spring. + +Another was this rod +oscillating like this. + +The third was an electrical +system, an LC circuit. + +In each case, we found that +we the equation of motion + +looked exactly the same. + +The only difference was what +was the name of the variable. + +For example, in the +case of the spring, + +the displacement from the +equilibrium was a distance. + +So this equation was of this +form where the size was y. + +When we came to this +oscillating rod, + +the quantity which was displaced +from equilibrium was an angle. + +So this sine was a theta. + +In the case of the LC circuit, +the quantity was a charge. + +So the charge which was +displaced from equilibrium. + +But I could have summarized +the equations of motion + +for the three +harmonic oscillators + +by this one equation and +just tell you, well, this + +is the equation +of motion for that + +and put in the appropriate +quantity, which + +is displaced and also put +in the appropriate value + +of this constant, which for +the spring was k over n. + +For the rod, 3g over 2l. + +For the LC circuit is 1 over LC. + +And believe me, we could +have taken a million harmonic + +oscillator with no damping, +anyone you can think of, + +and I could reduce +it to this form. + +So here's something +new that we observe, + +that you can take lots +of physical situation + +but describe them in terms +of the same mathematical + +equations. + +The same mathematical +equation can + +describe millions and +millions of different kinds + +of harmonic oscillators. + +So that is another feature +of the scientific method + +that is very important. + +It means now we don't +have to understand + +every little thing that +happens in the universe. + +We can reduce it to a smaller +subset of description. + +Now, we've now add +the new feature today. + +We added some loss mechanism. + +We took a specific kind +where the resistive force + +or the resist torque is +proportional to the velocity + +of the analysis. + +In our case, to the angular +velocity of the rod. + +And we derived an +equation of motion, + +which looks like this, where +these psis for the oscillator + +we considered was the +angular displacement. + +I don't have to be an Einstein-- +by analogies to what I said + +here-- to say look, +I could have taken + +any one of the oscillators +in the universe. + +And with damping, +if the damping is + +proportional to the +velocity of the analogous + +quantity of +velocity, I'll end up + +with this equation of motion. + +So this is the +equation of motion + +of simple harmonic motion. + +This is the equation of motion +of damped harmonic oscillators. + +Every one of them. + +But there is an interesting +difference we saw today. + +There is only qualitatively +one kind of solution here. + +In the case of the damped +harmonic oscillator, + +there are two qualitatively +different solutions to that. + +One is the sum of +exponentials and the other + +is damped harmonic motion. + +Both the quality of the +solution and the details, + +whether it's oscillating +fast or slow, et cetera, + +depends on those +quantities-- the gamma + +and the omega 0 squared, +which in turn, for example, + +in the various cases it's +k over n, 3g, et cetera. + +So that will describe +all oscillators. + +And in any particular +oscillator, + +if you want to know what +exactly happens at the given + +instant of time, +you then need also + +to know those two constants, +the boundary condition. + +If I have some mass on +the spring oscillating, + +where it will be +at some later time + +does depend where it is +at this very instant. + +Finally, there's just one more +thing I would like to do today, + +and it's the following. + +Oscillators are not +only nice in order + +to give you a lecture +on oscillators + +or show you how to solve them, +they are practical devices. + +So sometimes we want to know +some property of a given + +oscillator. + +Well, there are two +properties which + +describe the quality +of a given oscillator + +and what its behavior is. + +One you've seen already is to +do the period or the frequency + +of the oscillator. + +In other words, you +could have one oscillator + +which goes very slowly. + +You're going to have one +which goes very fast. + +I have an oscillator +and you want + +to tell somebody what it's +like, a crucial number is what + +its period is, the 1 over the +period which is the frequency. + +Imagine, for example, a bell. + +That's an oscillator. + +You could have a bell which has +a low tone or a very small one + +with a very high pitched tone. + +So that's one number +that's important. + +But there is another +number that's important. + +Whether it's a good +or a bad oscillator. + +And it's obvious what +is it good oscillator. + +A good oscillator is one that +oscillates for a long time. + +A bad one is that +doesn't continue + +oscillating for +a very long time. + +But again, you'd I'm +sure agree with me + +that it isn't just how many +oscillations it does, say, + +in a given time, like 1 second. + +If I take an +oscillator that makes + +one oscillation per second, +then if it survives 1 second, + +you wouldn't say it's +a very good oscillator. + +It barely made one turn, while +if the oscillator is making + +a million oscillations +per second + +and that survives +for a second, you + +would say that's a +pretty good oscillator. + +It made a million oscillations +before it ran out of steam. + +So to quantify the quality of +an oscillator, we use a term, + +and being very +imaginative we call + +it the quality of the +oscillator, or Q value. + +So I will finally +want to derive for you + +for this particular oscillator +what is its Q or Q value. + +And that's the last +thing I will do today. + +Now, it only makes sense to talk +about the Q of an oscillator + +if it's at least a +reasonably good oscillator. + +This one, this overdamped +one who didn't even + +make one complete cycle, +it doesn't make sense + +to talk about its +Q. So the only case + +where it makes sense to talk +about the Q of an oscillator + +is if it makes at least +a few oscillations. + +It's got to be the +underdamped case. + +So I will now +calculate for you what + +is the Q of this compound +pendulum, this rod which + +oscillates on the conditions +where the drag force is small + +so that it has this +undamped motion. + +So let me do that. + +The Q value of an +oscillator is defined + +by no good reason of pi multiply +by the number of oscillations + +the oscillator makes before its +amplitude drops by 1 over e. + +It's a formal definition. + +So take some oscillator, +which is a good oscillator. + +So it oscillates like this. + +It's decaying. + +This has an +exponential form, as we + +saw for a damped +harmonic oscillator. + +And we ask the question +how many oscillations + +it makes before the +amplitude drops by 1 over e. + +And for historic +reason, 1 takes pi + +multiply by the number of +oscillations for amplitude + +to go down by amplitude over e. + +1 over e. + +Because the energy +stored in an oscillator + +is proportional to +the amplitude squared, + +this is equivalent to 2 pi +times the number of oscillations + +it takes for the energy to +go to the energy over e. + +These are equivalent because +1 is the square of the other. + +And in fact, just +let me tell you. + +I'm digressing here. + +Originally this +was the definition. + +The 2 pi is there because +in the definition, + +one said what will be +the change of phase + +of the oscillator for the +energy stored in the oscillator + +to go down by 1 over e? + +If you're talking about +the change of phase + +rather than number +of oscillations, + +you have 2 pi there, +because the phase + +in one oscillation, the +phase changes by 2 pi. + +So historically, this came in. + +That's equivalent to this. + +And so we have to +calculate that. + +Now, for this +particular oscillator, + +we actually calculated the +motion, how the angle changes + +with time, and we see +that the amplitude drops + +like e to the +minus gamma over 2. + +So we saw that the +amplitude drops + +like e to the minus +gamma over 2t. + +So in what time will the +amplitude drop by 1 over e? + +That time will be when gamma +t over 2 is equal to 1. + +So you get e to the minus 1. + +So it will be in a time +t equal to 2 over gamma. + +Now, what we are +interested in is how many + +oscillations will, in this +time, the oscillator make. + +But you know the period T is +equal to 2 pi over omega prime. + +I'm using here omega prime +because that is the angular + +frequency of the +damped oscillator. + +It was not omega 0, +like the undamped one. + +And omega prime I +defined for you earlier. + +But you know that if +the damping is weak, + +omega prime is essentially +equal to omega 0. + +Q is a quality thing. + +We don't need it exactly. + +So it's just to give you +a feel whether something + +is good or bad oscillator. + +So since omega prime is +essentially equal to omega 0, + +I'll take the period +to be approximately + +equal to this over omega 0. + +So in time t, how many +periods will I have? + +I have to divide +t by the period. + +That'll be the number of +oscillations I'll make. + +So it's 2 over gamma divided +by 2 pi over omega 0. + +And so this is the +number of oscillations. + +So the Q will be pi times +the number of oscillations + +for the amplitude +to drop by this. + +So the Q will be +equal to pi times + +this quantity, which +is 2 over gamma divided + +by 2 pi over omega 0, which is +equal to omega 0 over gamma. + +So the quality of this +particular oscillator + +will be equal to +omega 0 over gamma. + +And I hope I still have it. + +Do I have that? + +Well, by going back +through this video, + +omega 0 we defined +earlier on and gamma also. + +And so you calculated this. + +That's as much as +I was going to do + +about damped +oscillations for you. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ip9b2vSbW-c.txt b/Ip9b2vSbW-c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ff8ea664c1066afe4b3892f1b43311fec3821f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Ip9b2vSbW-c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8011 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT opencourseware continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT opencourseware continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT opencourseware continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to spend most of the time on + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend most of the time on + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend most of the time on +the corpse tryoutem today but I want to + + align:start position:0% +the corpse tryoutem today but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +the corpse tryoutem today but I want to +finish + + align:start position:0% +finish + + + align:start position:0% +finish +the other major part of the basal + + align:start position:0% +the other major part of the basal + + + align:start position:0% +the other major part of the basal +ganglia the amygdala + + align:start position:0% +ganglia the amygdala + + + align:start position:0% +ganglia the amygdala +which is closely connected to bazel 4 + + align:start position:0% +which is closely connected to bazel 4 + + + align:start position:0% +which is closely connected to bazel 4 +Branch so let's + + align:start position:0% +Branch so let's + + + align:start position:0% +Branch so let's +Define the basal forebrain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in discussions of + + align:start position:0% +in discussions of + + + align:start position:0% +in discussions of +aging and human pathologies you always + + align:start position:0% +aging and human pathologies you always + + + align:start position:0% +aging and human pathologies you always +hear about the basal forebrain uh + + align:start position:0% +hear about the basal forebrain uh + + + align:start position:0% +hear about the basal forebrain uh +because of the degeneration of + + align:start position:0% +because of the degeneration of + + + align:start position:0% +because of the degeneration of +acetylcholine + + align:start position:0% +acetylcholine + + + align:start position:0% +acetylcholine +containing neurons in the basal nucleus + + align:start position:0% +containing neurons in the basal nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +containing neurons in the basal nucleus +located there + + align:start position:0% +located there + + + align:start position:0% +located there +and that'll be in the pictures + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's + + align:start position:0% +so let's + + + align:start position:0% +so let's +look at the medial view of the cerebral + + align:start position:0% +look at the medial view of the cerebral + + + align:start position:0% +look at the medial view of the cerebral +hemisphere in the rodent + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere in the rodent + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere in the rodent +and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the hemisphere this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the hemisphere this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the hemisphere this is the +the brain stem and I just cut off the + + align:start position:0% +the brain stem and I just cut off the + + + align:start position:0% +the brain stem and I just cut off the +hypothalamus here and included it here + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus here and included it here + + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus here and included it here +because remember in the basal forebrain + + align:start position:0% +because remember in the basal forebrain + + + align:start position:0% +because remember in the basal forebrain +the hemispheres are joined at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +the hemispheres are joined at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +the hemispheres are joined at the bottom +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +to get the hemisphere separated from the + + align:start position:0% +to get the hemisphere separated from the + + + align:start position:0% +to get the hemisphere separated from the +brain stem we have to cut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cut through the basal forebrain and I've + + align:start position:0% +cut through the basal forebrain and I've + + + align:start position:0% +cut through the basal forebrain and I've +cut it right along the midline here + + align:start position:0% +cut it right along the midline here + + + align:start position:0% +cut it right along the midline here +and as I I've indicated basal forebrain + + align:start position:0% +and as I I've indicated basal forebrain + + + align:start position:0% +and as I I've indicated basal forebrain +structures here + + align:start position:0% +structures here + + + align:start position:0% +structures here +includes a collection of structures + + align:start position:0% +includes a collection of structures + + + align:start position:0% +includes a collection of structures +including the olfactory tubercle right + + align:start position:0% +including the olfactory tubercle right + + + align:start position:0% +including the olfactory tubercle right +at the base you see it + + align:start position:0% +at the base you see it + + + align:start position:0% +at the base you see it +in the sections see here we're in + + align:start position:0% +in the sections see here we're in + + + align:start position:0% +in the sections see here we're in +hypothalamus there's the amygdala in the + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus there's the amygdala in the + + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus there's the amygdala in the +hemisphere + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere +now this is in front of the optic chiasm + + align:start position:0% +now this is in front of the optic chiasm + + + align:start position:0% +now this is in front of the optic chiasm +and there you see all the basal + + align:start position:0% +and there you see all the basal + + + align:start position:0% +and there you see all the basal +forebrain the major basal fiber + + align:start position:0% +forebrain the major basal fiber + + + align:start position:0% +forebrain the major basal fiber +instructors plus the septum + + align:start position:0% +instructors plus the septum + + + align:start position:0% +instructors plus the septum +we usually don't include the septum as + + align:start position:0% +we usually don't include the septum as + + + align:start position:0% +we usually don't include the septum as +part of the basal forebrain but it could + + align:start position:0% +part of the basal forebrain but it could + + + align:start position:0% +part of the basal forebrain but it could +be and functionally it's it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's very closely Allied to the other + + align:start position:0% +it's very closely Allied to the other + + + align:start position:0% +it's very closely Allied to the other +these structures we call basal core + + align:start position:0% +these structures we call basal core + + + align:start position:0% +these structures we call basal core +brain the other broader term + + align:start position:0% +brain the other broader term + + + align:start position:0% +brain the other broader term +is uh ventral striatum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which in recent research has proved to + + align:start position:0% +which in recent research has proved to + + + align:start position:0% +which in recent research has proved to +be more ventromedial history item and + + align:start position:0% +be more ventromedial history item and + + + align:start position:0% +be more ventromedial history item and +I've indicated that the way I've drawn + + align:start position:0% +I've indicated that the way I've drawn + + + align:start position:0% +I've indicated that the way I've drawn +the color here + + align:start position:0% +the color here + + + align:start position:0% +the color here +showing that the medial part + + align:start position:0% +showing that the medial part + + + align:start position:0% +showing that the medial part +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this the more dorsal's tree atom is + + align:start position:0% +this the more dorsal's tree atom is + + + align:start position:0% +this the more dorsal's tree atom is +really part of the limbics reality maybe + + align:start position:0% +really part of the limbics reality maybe + + + align:start position:0% +really part of the limbics reality maybe +limbic Street atom is a better term than + + align:start position:0% +limbic Street atom is a better term than + + + align:start position:0% +limbic Street atom is a better term than +ventral Street out of now + + align:start position:0% +ventral Street out of now + + + align:start position:0% +ventral Street out of now +but I've usually use ventral striatom in + + align:start position:0% +but I've usually use ventral striatom in + + + align:start position:0% +but I've usually use ventral striatom in +the book because that is most of the + + align:start position:0% +the book because that is most of the + + + align:start position:0% +the book because that is most of the +literature calls it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what does it include + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does it include + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does it include +besides olfactory tubercle here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I've indicated two major structures + + align:start position:0% +well I've indicated two major structures + + + align:start position:0% +well I've indicated two major structures +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so you see them you see the largest one + + align:start position:0% +so you see them you see the largest one + + + align:start position:0% +so you see them you see the largest one +a little further forward here the + + align:start position:0% +a little further forward here the + + + align:start position:0% +a little further forward here the +nucleus accumbens + + align:start position:0% +nucleus accumbens + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus accumbens +its major inputs from the hippocampal + + align:start position:0% +its major inputs from the hippocampal + + + align:start position:0% +its major inputs from the hippocampal +formation + + align:start position:0% +formation + + + align:start position:0% +formation +from the Omega + + align:start position:0% +from the Omega + + + align:start position:0% +from the Omega +but the amygdala primarily projects to + + align:start position:0% +but the amygdala primarily projects to + + + align:start position:0% +but the amygdala primarily projects to +the more caudal one here + + align:start position:0% +the more caudal one here + + + align:start position:0% +the more caudal one here +this is where they overlap that's the + + align:start position:0% +this is where they overlap that's the + + + align:start position:0% +this is where they overlap that's the +bed nucleus history of terminalis which + + align:start position:0% +bed nucleus history of terminalis which + + + align:start position:0% +bed nucleus history of terminalis which +we mentioned last time and then I've + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned last time and then I've + + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned last time and then I've +indicated in blue there acetylcholine + + align:start position:0% +indicated in blue there acetylcholine + + + align:start position:0% +indicated in blue there acetylcholine +containing neurons which you see in the + + align:start position:0% +containing neurons which you see in the + + + align:start position:0% +containing neurons which you see in the +medial septum + + align:start position:0% +medial septum + + + align:start position:0% +medial septum +you see them + + align:start position:0% +you see them + + + align:start position:0% +you see them +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +diagonal band + + align:start position:0% +diagonal band + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal band +of cells we call it the diagonal band of + + align:start position:0% +of cells we call it the diagonal band of + + + align:start position:0% +of cells we call it the diagonal band of +rocker because he named them that area + + align:start position:0% +rocker because he named them that area + + + align:start position:0% +rocker because he named them that area +and then the basal nucleus at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +and then the basal nucleus at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +and then the basal nucleus at the bottom +here and you see the basal nucleus + + align:start position:0% +here and you see the basal nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +here and you see the basal nucleus +through the forward as well those are + + align:start position:0% +through the forward as well those are + + + align:start position:0% +through the forward as well those are +the cells that have this very widespread + + align:start position:0% +the cells that have this very widespread + + + align:start position:0% +the cells that have this very widespread +projection to the neocortex + + align:start position:0% +projection to the neocortex + + + align:start position:0% +projection to the neocortex +they project + + align:start position:0% +they project + + + align:start position:0% +they project +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +most if not all of the + + align:start position:0% +most if not all of the + + + align:start position:0% +most if not all of the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +near cortex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it was Manson in chapter 17 when we + + align:start position:0% +so it was Manson in chapter 17 when we + + + align:start position:0% +so it was Manson in chapter 17 when we +were talking about brain States + + align:start position:0% +were talking about brain States + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about brain States +okay one other topic here the + + align:start position:0% +okay one other topic here the + + + align:start position:0% +okay one other topic here the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +kind of abnormal brain connections that + + align:start position:0% +kind of abnormal brain connections that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of abnormal brain connections that +we now occur in at least many types of + + align:start position:0% +we now occur in at least many types of + + + align:start position:0% +we now occur in at least many types of +schizophrenia + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia +and the types that don't include + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the abnormal connections appear to have + + align:start position:0% +the abnormal connections appear to have + + + align:start position:0% +the abnormal connections appear to have +abnormalities though in The receptors + + align:start position:0% +abnormalities though in The receptors + + + align:start position:0% +abnormalities though in The receptors +they're affecting the same system that + + align:start position:0% +they're affecting the same system that + + + align:start position:0% +they're affecting the same system that +we're talking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I came up with this hypothesis of an + + align:start position:0% +I came up with this hypothesis of an + + + align:start position:0% +I came up with this hypothesis of an +early lesion + + align:start position:0% +early lesion + + + align:start position:0% +early lesion +explanation of some forms of + + align:start position:0% +explanation of some forms of + + + align:start position:0% +explanation of some forms of +schizophrenia back in the 70s based on + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia back in the 70s based on + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia back in the 70s based on +work in the olfactory system and visual + + align:start position:0% +work in the olfactory system and visual + + + align:start position:0% +work in the olfactory system and visual +system that I and other people had done + + align:start position:0% +system that I and other people had done + + + align:start position:0% +system that I and other people had done +uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it was inspired by a study of people + + align:start position:0% +it was inspired by a study of people + + + align:start position:0% +it was inspired by a study of people +with temple of epilepsy that had been + + align:start position:0% +with temple of epilepsy that had been + + + align:start position:0% +with temple of epilepsy that had been +operated on + + align:start position:0% +operated on + + + align:start position:0% +operated on +in order to get the tissue generating + + align:start position:0% +in order to get the tissue generating + + + align:start position:0% +in order to get the tissue generating +the seizures to tissue in the temple + + align:start position:0% +the seizures to tissue in the temple + + + align:start position:0% +the seizures to tissue in the temple +lobe removed + + align:start position:0% +lobe removed + + + align:start position:0% +lobe removed +to cause the seizures to stop + + align:start position:0% +to cause the seizures to stop + + + align:start position:0% +to cause the seizures to stop +and they found that the patients could + + align:start position:0% +and they found that the patients could + + + align:start position:0% +and they found that the patients could +be grouped into two types after they + + align:start position:0% +be grouped into two types after they + + + align:start position:0% +be grouped into two types after they +took the tissue out it included + + align:start position:0% +took the tissue out it included + + + align:start position:0% +took the tissue out it included +you know amygdala and adjoining + + align:start position:0% +you know amygdala and adjoining + + + align:start position:0% +you know amygdala and adjoining +structures + + align:start position:0% +structures + + + align:start position:0% +structures +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +they found the signs of early damage + + align:start position:0% +they found the signs of early damage + + + align:start position:0% +they found the signs of early damage +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +but they found that they could be + + align:start position:0% +but they found that they could be + + + align:start position:0% +but they found that they could be +grouped into postnatal lesions that were + + align:start position:0% +grouped into postnatal lesions that were + + + align:start position:0% +grouped into postnatal lesions that were +due to + + align:start position:0% +due to + + + align:start position:0% +due to +fever high fever + + align:start position:0% +fever high fever + + + align:start position:0% +fever high fever +and infancy and prenatal lesions due to + + align:start position:0% +and infancy and prenatal lesions due to + + + align:start position:0% +and infancy and prenatal lesions due to +what we call Hammer tolerance of + + align:start position:0% +what we call Hammer tolerance of + + + align:start position:0% +what we call Hammer tolerance of +prenatal tumor + + align:start position:0% +prenatal tumor + + + align:start position:0% +prenatal tumor +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +that means one group had much earlier + + align:start position:0% +that means one group had much earlier + + + align:start position:0% +that means one group had much earlier +lesions + + align:start position:0% +lesions + + + align:start position:0% +lesions +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and I've summarized there at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +and I've summarized there at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +and I've summarized there at the bottom +a real basis for this idea other than + + align:start position:0% +a real basis for this idea other than + + + align:start position:0% +a real basis for this idea other than +the fact of early lesions and that is + + align:start position:0% +the fact of early lesions and that is + + + align:start position:0% +the fact of early lesions and that is +the earlier the lesion + + align:start position:0% +the earlier the lesion + + + align:start position:0% +the earlier the lesion +in these other systems at least the + + align:start position:0% +in these other systems at least the + + + align:start position:0% +in these other systems at least the +greater the plasticity that is more + + align:start position:0% +greater the plasticity that is more + + + align:start position:0% +greater the plasticity that is more +sprouting more chances of regeneration + + align:start position:0% +sprouting more chances of regeneration + + + align:start position:0% +sprouting more chances of regeneration +so forth but here we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +so forth but here we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +so forth but here we're talking about +sprouting so I just wanted to run + + align:start position:0% +sprouting so I just wanted to run + + + align:start position:0% +sprouting so I just wanted to run +through the hypothesis these are the + + align:start position:0% +through the hypothesis these are the + + + align:start position:0% +through the hypothesis these are the +connections I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +connections I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +connections I'm talking about +in green there I show the very + + align:start position:0% +in green there I show the very + + + align:start position:0% +in green there I show the very +widespread projections of the + + align:start position:0% +widespread projections of the + + + align:start position:0% +widespread projections of the +catecholamines the monoamine + + align:start position:0% +catecholamines the monoamine + + + align:start position:0% +catecholamines the monoamine +serotonin and some acetyl acetylcholine + + align:start position:0% +serotonin and some acetyl acetylcholine + + + align:start position:0% +serotonin and some acetyl acetylcholine +axons as well + + align:start position:0% +axons as well + + + align:start position:0% +axons as well +I was thinking mainly of the + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking mainly of the + + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking mainly of the +catecholamines + + align:start position:0% +catecholamines + + + align:start position:0% +catecholamines +dopamine and norepinephrine + + align:start position:0% +dopamine and norepinephrine + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine and norepinephrine +and I knew at the time I drew up this + + align:start position:0% +and I knew at the time I drew up this + + + align:start position:0% +and I knew at the time I drew up this +hypothesis that + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that +the word dopamine abnormalities in + + align:start position:0% +the word dopamine abnormalities in + + + align:start position:0% +the word dopamine abnormalities in +prefrontal cortex and schizophrenics + + align:start position:0% +prefrontal cortex and schizophrenics + + + align:start position:0% +prefrontal cortex and schizophrenics +and many of them + + align:start position:0% +and many of them + + + align:start position:0% +and many of them +okay so here I'm showing how the + + align:start position:0% +okay so here I'm showing how the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here I'm showing how the +catecholamine axons have these very wide + + align:start position:0% +catecholamine axons have these very wide + + + align:start position:0% +catecholamine axons have these very wide +widely branching axons + + align:start position:0% +widely branching axons + + + align:start position:0% +widely branching axons +that go to the amygdala they go into the + + align:start position:0% +that go to the amygdala they go into the + + + align:start position:0% +that go to the amygdala they go into the +basal forebrain and septal area and they + + align:start position:0% +basal forebrain and septal area and they + + + align:start position:0% +basal forebrain and septal area and they +go to the prefrontal cortex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the cortical projections are much more + + align:start position:0% +the cortical projections are much more + + + align:start position:0% +the cortical projections are much more +through these prefrontal areas and they + + align:start position:0% +through these prefrontal areas and they + + + align:start position:0% +through these prefrontal areas and they +are to other cortical there is + + align:start position:0% +are to other cortical there is + + + align:start position:0% +are to other cortical there is +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +according to that study I was just + + align:start position:0% +according to that study I was just + + + align:start position:0% +according to that study I was just +talking about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both of these groups had amygdala + + align:start position:0% +both of these groups had amygdala + + + align:start position:0% +both of these groups had amygdala +lesions but one of them had much earlier + + align:start position:0% +lesions but one of them had much earlier + + + align:start position:0% +lesions but one of them had much earlier +lesions and I would predict this kind of + + align:start position:0% +lesions and I would predict this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +lesions and I would predict this kind of +sprouting + + align:start position:0% +sprouting + + + align:start position:0% +sprouting +but one thing + + align:start position:0% +but one thing + + + align:start position:0% +but one thing +by removing this structure we've + + align:start position:0% +by removing this structure we've + + + align:start position:0% +by removing this structure we've +eliminated these projections to basal + + align:start position:0% +eliminated these projections to basal + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated these projections to basal +forebrand and prefrontal cortex + + align:start position:0% +forebrand and prefrontal cortex + + + align:start position:0% +forebrand and prefrontal cortex +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but we've also pruned these accents + + align:start position:0% +but we've also pruned these accents + + + align:start position:0% +but we've also pruned these accents +making it likely that they will show + + align:start position:0% +making it likely that they will show + + + align:start position:0% +making it likely that they will show +compensatory sprouting in other areas so + + align:start position:0% +compensatory sprouting in other areas so + + + align:start position:0% +compensatory sprouting in other areas so +those two factors together indicate that + + align:start position:0% +those two factors together indicate that + + + align:start position:0% +those two factors together indicate that +this kind of sprouting would be expected + + align:start position:0% +this kind of sprouting would be expected + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of sprouting would be expected +in the basal forebrain + + align:start position:0% +in the basal forebrain + + + align:start position:0% +in the basal forebrain +and in the prefrontal cortex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +the question is okay what what about + + align:start position:0% +the question is okay what what about + + + align:start position:0% +the question is okay what what about +schizophrenic salary damage + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenic salary damage + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenic salary damage +the fact is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a number of schizophrenics particularly + + align:start position:0% +a number of schizophrenics particularly + + + align:start position:0% +a number of schizophrenics particularly +the ones that are the hardest to treat + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are the hardest to treat + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are the hardest to treat +they're the ones often are in Mental + + align:start position:0% +they're the ones often are in Mental + + + align:start position:0% +they're the ones often are in Mental +Hospitals where they're most of their + + align:start position:0% +Hospitals where they're most of their + + + align:start position:0% +Hospitals where they're most of their +adult life + + align:start position:0% +adult life + + + align:start position:0% +adult life +have enlarged brain ventricles now of + + align:start position:0% +have enlarged brain ventricles now of + + + align:start position:0% +have enlarged brain ventricles now of +course with more drugs to treat them + + align:start position:0% +course with more drugs to treat them + + + align:start position:0% +course with more drugs to treat them +more of them are not in the Mental + + align:start position:0% +more of them are not in the Mental + + + align:start position:0% +more of them are not in the Mental +Hospitals because you can't you can + + align:start position:0% +Hospitals because you can't you can + + + align:start position:0% +Hospitals because you can't you can +alleviate their symptoms with with some + + align:start position:0% +alleviate their symptoms with with some + + + align:start position:0% +alleviate their symptoms with with some +of the drugs + + align:start position:0% +of the drugs + + + align:start position:0% +of the drugs +but this just shows a + + align:start position:0% +but this just shows a + + + align:start position:0% +but this just shows a +schizophrenia and monozygotic twins + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia and monozygotic twins + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia and monozygotic twins +where you have one twin with + + align:start position:0% +where you have one twin with + + + align:start position:0% +where you have one twin with +schizophrenia the other doesn't have it + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia the other doesn't have it + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia the other doesn't have it +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +is that they often find in these cases + + align:start position:0% +is that they often find in these cases + + + align:start position:0% +is that they often find in these cases +the affected twin has larger ventricles + + align:start position:0% +the affected twin has larger ventricles + + + align:start position:0% +the affected twin has larger ventricles +and we know that larger ventricles can + + align:start position:0% +and we know that larger ventricles can + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that larger ventricles can +result from early damage and this is + + align:start position:0% +result from early damage and this is + + + align:start position:0% +result from early damage and this is +from a study where they had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +from a study where they had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +from a study where they had a lot of +patients and they looked at + + align:start position:0% +patients and they looked at + + + align:start position:0% +patients and they looked at +the relative size of the ventricles with + + align:start position:0% +the relative size of the ventricles with + + + align:start position:0% +the relative size of the ventricles with +respect to the rest of the to the whole + + align:start position:0% +respect to the rest of the to the whole + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the rest of the to the whole +brain + + align:start position:0% +brain + + + align:start position:0% +brain +here it is in normals and you can see it + + align:start position:0% +here it is in normals and you can see it + + + align:start position:0% +here it is in normals and you can see it +changes with age the ventricles do tend + + align:start position:0% +changes with age the ventricles do tend + + + align:start position:0% +changes with age the ventricles do tend +to enlarge after age 40. this is for + + align:start position:0% +to enlarge after age 40. this is for + + + align:start position:0% +to enlarge after age 40. this is for +males here + + align:start position:0% +males here + + + align:start position:0% +males here +the curves are a little bit different + + align:start position:0% +the curves are a little bit different + + + align:start position:0% +the curves are a little bit different +for females + + align:start position:0% +for females + + + align:start position:0% +for females +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +this was it's a very significant finding + + align:start position:0% +this was it's a very significant finding + + + align:start position:0% +this was it's a very significant finding +that the schizophrenics + + align:start position:0% +that the schizophrenics + + + align:start position:0% +that the schizophrenics +have larger ventricles an indication of + + align:start position:0% +have larger ventricles an indication of + + + align:start position:0% +have larger ventricles an indication of +early damage + + align:start position:0% +early damage + + + align:start position:0% +early damage +many of them do have this Temple of + + align:start position:0% +many of them do have this Temple of + + + align:start position:0% +many of them do have this Temple of +damage now different Studies have + + align:start position:0% +damage now different Studies have + + + align:start position:0% +damage now different Studies have +indicated well the campus is important + + align:start position:0% +indicated well the campus is important + + + align:start position:0% +indicated well the campus is important +you make those important + + align:start position:0% +you make those important + + + align:start position:0% +you make those important +uh sometimes they don't know but the + + align:start position:0% +uh sometimes they don't know but the + + + align:start position:0% +uh sometimes they don't know but the +particular study I'm talking about was + + align:start position:0% +particular study I'm talking about was + + + align:start position:0% +particular study I'm talking about was +more of a natural experiment because the + + align:start position:0% +more of a natural experiment because the + + + align:start position:0% +more of a natural experiment because the +surgeons that actually removed + + align:start position:0% +surgeons that actually removed + + + align:start position:0% +surgeons that actually removed +the tissue + + align:start position:0% +the tissue + + + align:start position:0% +the tissue +to stop the seizures and then + + align:start position:0% +to stop the seizures and then + + + align:start position:0% +to stop the seizures and then +they found one group with earlier + + align:start position:0% +they found one group with earlier + + + align:start position:0% +they found one group with earlier +lesions so the question is that + + align:start position:0% +lesions so the question is that + + + align:start position:0% +lesions so the question is that +did any of these people ask + + align:start position:0% +did any of these people ask + + + align:start position:0% +did any of these people ask +schizophrenia + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia +so they checked for Hospital admissions + + align:start position:0% +so they checked for Hospital admissions + + + align:start position:0% +so they checked for Hospital admissions +for schizophrenic type symptomatology + + align:start position:0% +for schizophrenic type symptomatology + + + align:start position:0% +for schizophrenic type symptomatology +and they found that the ones with the + + align:start position:0% +and they found that the ones with the + + + align:start position:0% +and they found that the ones with the +earlier lesions the hammer Thomas were + + align:start position:0% +earlier lesions the hammer Thomas were + + + align:start position:0% +earlier lesions the hammer Thomas were +much more frequently admitted to + + align:start position:0% +much more frequently admitted to + + + align:start position:0% +much more frequently admitted to +schizophrenia it's a fairly high + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia it's a fairly high + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenia it's a fairly high +percentage + + align:start position:0% +percentage + + + align:start position:0% +percentage +of course there's always a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of course there's always a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of course there's always a lot of +irability in studies like this + + align:start position:0% +irability in studies like this + + + align:start position:0% +irability in studies like this +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +but yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a good question you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question you'd like to +know if in studies of epilepsy of + + align:start position:0% +know if in studies of epilepsy of + + + align:start position:0% +know if in studies of epilepsy of +schizophrenics how many other epilepsy + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenics how many other epilepsy + + + align:start position:0% +schizophrenics how many other epilepsy +usually they're kept separate but I + + align:start position:0% +usually they're kept separate but I + + + align:start position:0% +usually they're kept separate but I +don't know of studies that have just + + align:start position:0% +don't know of studies that have just + + + align:start position:0% +don't know of studies that have just +looked broadly + + align:start position:0% +looked broadly + + + align:start position:0% +looked broadly +biscuits are finished + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I can't + + align:start position:0% +I can't + + + align:start position:0% +I can't +I actually have seen some of these + + align:start position:0% +I actually have seen some of these + + + align:start position:0% +I actually have seen some of these +studies but I I can't recall at the + + align:start position:0% +studies but I I can't recall at the + + + align:start position:0% +studies but I I can't recall at the +moment it'd be worthwhile checking okay + + align:start position:0% +moment it'd be worthwhile checking okay + + + align:start position:0% +moment it'd be worthwhile checking okay +and then just just to remind you of + + align:start position:0% +and then just just to remind you of + + + align:start position:0% +and then just just to remind you of +these widespread the widespread nature + + align:start position:0% +these widespread the widespread nature + + + align:start position:0% +these widespread the widespread nature +of these projections the dopaminergic + + align:start position:0% +of these projections the dopaminergic + + + align:start position:0% +of these projections the dopaminergic +projections are a little more widespread + + align:start position:0% +projections are a little more widespread + + + align:start position:0% +projections are a little more widespread +according to recent studies than they + + align:start position:0% +according to recent studies than they + + + align:start position:0% +according to recent studies than they +were in the earlier studies where they + + align:start position:0% +were in the earlier studies where they + + + align:start position:0% +were in the earlier studies where they +were seen mainly + + align:start position:0% +were seen mainly + + + align:start position:0% +were seen mainly +in the cortex that you see mainly in + + align:start position:0% +in the cortex that you see mainly in + + + align:start position:0% +in the cortex that you see mainly in +three funnel areas now we know they are + + align:start position:0% +three funnel areas now we know they are + + + align:start position:0% +three funnel areas now we know they are +also in the more caudal areas but just + + align:start position:0% +also in the more caudal areas but just + + + align:start position:0% +also in the more caudal areas but just +less dense + + align:start position:0% +less dense + + + align:start position:0% +less dense +but also we know the white the basal + + align:start position:0% +but also we know the white the basal + + + align:start position:0% +but also we know the white the basal +nucleus projections are shown here very + + align:start position:0% +nucleus projections are shown here very + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus projections are shown here very +widespread + + align:start position:0% +widespread + + + align:start position:0% +widespread +they could be affected too and note that + + align:start position:0% +they could be affected too and note that + + + align:start position:0% +they could be affected too and note that +this is the way they depict the amygdala + + align:start position:0% +this is the way they depict the amygdala + + + align:start position:0% +this is the way they depict the amygdala +and in every case + + align:start position:0% +and in every case + + + align:start position:0% +and in every case +these four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems of widespread projections all go + + align:start position:0% +systems of widespread projections all go + + + align:start position:0% +systems of widespread projections all go +to the amygdala as well as to other + + align:start position:0% +to the amygdala as well as to other + + + align:start position:0% +to the amygdala as well as to other +parts of the brain + + align:start position:0% +parts of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the brain +all right and this is just to show you + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is just to show you + + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is just to show you +binding to uh + + align:start position:0% +binding to uh + + + align:start position:0% +binding to uh +receptors for these different + + align:start position:0% +receptors for these different + + + align:start position:0% +receptors for these different +transmitters of the anthis various + + align:start position:0% +transmitters of the anthis various + + + align:start position:0% +transmitters of the anthis various +antipsychotic drugs + + align:start position:0% +antipsychotic drugs + + + align:start position:0% +antipsychotic drugs +uh the blue shows the dopamine D2 + + align:start position:0% +uh the blue shows the dopamine D2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh the blue shows the dopamine D2 +dopamine receptor binding drugs and you + + align:start position:0% +dopamine receptor binding drugs and you + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine receptor binding drugs and you +can see very commonly these drugs have a + + align:start position:0% +can see very commonly these drugs have a + + + align:start position:0% +can see very commonly these drugs have a +high Affinity to those receptors + + align:start position:0% +high Affinity to those receptors + + + align:start position:0% +high Affinity to those receptors +but there's an affinity for The + + align:start position:0% +but there's an affinity for The + + + align:start position:0% +but there's an affinity for The +receptors for the other type of dopamine + + align:start position:0% +receptors for the other type of dopamine + + + align:start position:0% +receptors for the other type of dopamine +is uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so there's two kinds of dopamine + + align:start position:0% +so there's two kinds of dopamine + + + align:start position:0% +so there's two kinds of dopamine +receptors studied here there's two kinds + + align:start position:0% +receptors studied here there's two kinds + + + align:start position:0% +receptors studied here there's two kinds +of adrenergic receptors + + align:start position:0% +of adrenergic receptors + + + align:start position:0% +of adrenergic receptors +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +some of them the bindings higher + + align:start position:0% +some of them the bindings higher + + + align:start position:0% +some of them the bindings higher +especially for this big group on the + + align:start position:0% +especially for this big group on the + + + align:start position:0% +especially for this big group on the +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +and I'm not saying that uh + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not saying that uh + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not saying that uh +what it indicates is that we know if you + + align:start position:0% +what it indicates is that we know if you + + + align:start position:0% +what it indicates is that we know if you +bind the receptor you reduce the effects + + align:start position:0% +bind the receptor you reduce the effects + + + align:start position:0% +bind the receptor you reduce the effects +of the rejections + + align:start position:0% +of the rejections + + + align:start position:0% +of the rejections +the prefrontal cortex is that is + + align:start position:0% +the prefrontal cortex is that is + + + align:start position:0% +the prefrontal cortex is that is +functioning abnormally because of + + align:start position:0% +functioning abnormally because of + + + align:start position:0% +functioning abnormally because of +spreading of these axons close to the + + align:start position:0% +spreading of these axons close to the + + + align:start position:0% +spreading of these axons close to the +basal floor brain then binding to The + + align:start position:0% +basal floor brain then binding to The + + + align:start position:0% +basal floor brain then binding to The +receptors will make it we'll move it + + align:start position:0% +receptors will make it we'll move it + + + align:start position:0% +receptors will make it we'll move it +more towards the normal + + align:start position:0% +more towards the normal + + + align:start position:0% +more towards the normal +and that could be a reason + + align:start position:0% +and that could be a reason + + + align:start position:0% +and that could be a reason +just saying that it does fit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right uh + + align:start position:0% +all right uh + + + align:start position:0% +all right uh +let's talk about the other part of the + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the other part of the + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the other part of the +basal ganglia the larger part the corpus + + align:start position:0% +basal ganglia the larger part the corpus + + + align:start position:0% +basal ganglia the larger part the corpus +triatum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going back to these earlier pictures + + align:start position:0% +going back to these earlier pictures + + + align:start position:0% +going back to these earlier pictures +where I talked about the evolution + + align:start position:0% +where I talked about the evolution + + + align:start position:0% +where I talked about the evolution +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +very early there was no dorsal striata + + align:start position:0% +very early there was no dorsal striata + + + align:start position:0% +very early there was no dorsal striata +it was more of an old factory structure + + align:start position:0% +it was more of an old factory structure + + + align:start position:0% +it was more of an old factory structure +but it was a link between the olfactory + + align:start position:0% +but it was a link between the olfactory + + + align:start position:0% +but it was a link between the olfactory +inputs and motor control + + align:start position:0% +inputs and motor control + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and motor control +and that's what evolved into the + + align:start position:0% +and that's what evolved into the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what evolved into the +eventful Street + + align:start position:0% +eventful Street + + + align:start position:0% +eventful Street +and that we also know + + align:start position:0% +and that we also know + + + align:start position:0% +and that we also know +the outputs of that region go to + + align:start position:0% +the outputs of that region go to + + + align:start position:0% +the outputs of that region go to +hypothalamus and subtalamus + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus and subtalamus + + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus and subtalamus +they influence the endocrine system and + + align:start position:0% +they influence the endocrine system and + + + align:start position:0% +they influence the endocrine system and +motivational states by these projections + + align:start position:0% +motivational states by these projections + + + align:start position:0% +motivational states by these projections +they also have some some connections in + + align:start position:0% +they also have some some connections in + + + align:start position:0% +they also have some some connections in +the midbrain where they can influence + + align:start position:0% +the midbrain where they can influence + + + align:start position:0% +the midbrain where they can influence +the stacking patterns especially + + align:start position:0% +the stacking patterns especially + + + align:start position:0% +the stacking patterns especially +locomotion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ones to the midbrainer + + align:start position:0% +the ones to the midbrainer + + + align:start position:0% +the ones to the midbrainer +probably influencing all of these basic + + align:start position:0% +probably influencing all of these basic + + + align:start position:0% +probably influencing all of these basic +movement posts + + align:start position:0% +movement posts + + + align:start position:0% +movement posts +although I'm not saying those were all + + align:start position:0% +although I'm not saying those were all + + + align:start position:0% +although I'm not saying those were all +there at the very beginning + + align:start position:0% +there at the very beginning + + + align:start position:0% +there at the very beginning +and we also know that + + align:start position:0% +and we also know that + + + align:start position:0% +and we also know that +I I'm postulating that very early this + + align:start position:0% +I I'm postulating that very early this + + + align:start position:0% +I I'm postulating that very early this +was the modifiable link so it must have + + align:start position:0% +was the modifiable link so it must have + + + align:start position:0% +was the modifiable link so it must have +been modified + + align:start position:0% +been modified + + + align:start position:0% +been modified +because of feedback of some sort we know + + align:start position:0% +because of feedback of some sort we know + + + align:start position:0% +because of feedback of some sort we know +the feedback + + align:start position:0% +the feedback + + + align:start position:0% +the feedback +in animals in modern animals is mostly + + align:start position:0% +in animals in modern animals is mostly + + + align:start position:0% +in animals in modern animals is mostly +dopamine systems coming from + + align:start position:0% +dopamine systems coming from + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine systems coming from +in most vertebrates the hypothalamus but + + align:start position:0% +in most vertebrates the hypothalamus but + + + align:start position:0% +in most vertebrates the hypothalamus but +in mammals + + align:start position:0% +in mammals + + + align:start position:0% +in mammals +and another amnes the birds and reptiles + + align:start position:0% +and another amnes the birds and reptiles + + + align:start position:0% +and another amnes the birds and reptiles +also the + + align:start position:0% +also the + + + align:start position:0% +also the +scales and arrays + + align:start position:0% +scales and arrays + + + align:start position:0% +scales and arrays +sharks States and Rays comes from + + align:start position:0% +sharks States and Rays comes from + + + align:start position:0% +sharks States and Rays comes from +ventral pigmental area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we know that especially if you look + + align:start position:0% +and we know that especially if you look + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that especially if you look +in fish where the dopamine + + align:start position:0% +in fish where the dopamine + + + align:start position:0% +in fish where the dopamine +feedback + + align:start position:0% +feedback + + + align:start position:0% +feedback +comes from + + align:start position:0% +comes from + + + align:start position:0% +comes from +the hypothalamus a major input to the + + align:start position:0% +the hypothalamus a major input to the + + + align:start position:0% +the hypothalamus a major input to the +hypothalamus in those animals is from + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus in those animals is from + + + align:start position:0% +hypothalamus in those animals is from +The Taste system + + align:start position:0% +The Taste system + + + align:start position:0% +The Taste system +in mammals it's never been emphasized + + align:start position:0% +in mammals it's never been emphasized + + + align:start position:0% +in mammals it's never been emphasized +but we know taste can be very rewarding + + align:start position:0% +but we know taste can be very rewarding + + + align:start position:0% +but we know taste can be very rewarding +and influences of entertainmental area + + align:start position:0% +and influences of entertainmental area + + + align:start position:0% +and influences of entertainmental area +cells the studies of rats have indicated + + align:start position:0% +cells the studies of rats have indicated + + + align:start position:0% +cells the studies of rats have indicated +yes there are some projections even in + + align:start position:0% +yes there are some projections even in + + + align:start position:0% +yes there are some projections even in +mammals from that system that's why I + + align:start position:0% +mammals from that system that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +mammals from that system that's why I +include it when I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk about the afference of that region + + align:start position:0% +talk about the afference of that region + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the afference of that region +in this book + + align:start position:0% +in this book + + + align:start position:0% +in this book +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we know that + + align:start position:0% +now we know that + + + align:start position:0% +now we know that +substantia in the midbrain is a + + align:start position:0% +substantia in the midbrain is a + + + align:start position:0% +substantia in the midbrain is a +major recipients of outputs from + + align:start position:0% +major recipients of outputs from + + + align:start position:0% +major recipients of outputs from +from the versus reality + + align:start position:0% +from the versus reality + + + align:start position:0% +from the versus reality +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +we also know that the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the dorsal part of it + + align:start position:0% +the dorsal part of it + + + align:start position:0% +the dorsal part of it +called the parse compactor because of + + align:start position:0% +called the parse compactor because of + + + align:start position:0% +called the parse compactor because of +the packing of the cells is where the + + align:start position:0% +the packing of the cells is where the + + + align:start position:0% +the packing of the cells is where the +dopamine axons of Niagara are located + + align:start position:0% +dopamine axons of Niagara are located + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine axons of Niagara are located +because the dopamine cells in the + + align:start position:0% +because the dopamine cells in the + + + align:start position:0% +because the dopamine cells in the +midbrain are not just the ventrategory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Central projection to the normal + + align:start position:0% +Central projection to the normal + + + align:start position:0% +Central projection to the normal +functioning of the dorsal screw atom + + align:start position:0% +functioning of the dorsal screw atom + + + align:start position:0% +functioning of the dorsal screw atom +okay the ventil striatum gets its + + align:start position:0% +okay the ventil striatum gets its + + + align:start position:0% +okay the ventil striatum gets its +dopamine from the ventral pigmental area + + align:start position:0% +dopamine from the ventral pigmental area + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine from the ventral pigmental area +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other part of the Niagara is called + + align:start position:0% +the other part of the Niagara is called + + + align:start position:0% +the other part of the Niagara is called +the paraceticulata is more ventral + + align:start position:0% +the paraceticulata is more ventral + + + align:start position:0% +the paraceticulata is more ventral +it has projections to systems + + align:start position:0% +it has projections to systems + + + align:start position:0% +it has projections to systems +influencing movement they go + + align:start position:0% +influencing movement they go + + + align:start position:0% +influencing movement they go +to the spirit folliculous influence they + + align:start position:0% +to the spirit folliculous influence they + + + align:start position:0% +to the spirit folliculous influence they +also go to the midbrain locomotive area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they also projected calamic nuclei + + align:start position:0% +they also projected calamic nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +they also projected calamic nuclei +reject to motorized medicine from cortex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I depict those projections here now here + + align:start position:0% +I depict those projections here now here + + + align:start position:0% +I depict those projections here now here +in this slide I'm showing just + + align:start position:0% +in this slide I'm showing just + + + align:start position:0% +in this slide I'm showing just +the dorsal major dorsal striatal + + align:start position:0% +the dorsal major dorsal striatal + + + align:start position:0% +the dorsal major dorsal striatal +components the caudate and the butane + + align:start position:0% +components the caudate and the butane + + + align:start position:0% +components the caudate and the butane +so what's in between the cardiac + + align:start position:0% +so what's in between the cardiac + + + align:start position:0% +so what's in between the cardiac +containment here we show a space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the internal capsule fibers coming from + + align:start position:0% +the internal capsule fibers coming from + + + align:start position:0% +the internal capsule fibers coming from +the cortex so this picture is more for + + align:start position:0% +the cortex so this picture is more for + + + align:start position:0% +the cortex so this picture is more for +the larger mammals where + + align:start position:0% +the larger mammals where + + + align:start position:0% +the larger mammals where +that have an internal capsule that's + + align:start position:0% +that have an internal capsule that's + + + align:start position:0% +that have an internal capsule that's +upgrading the dorsal striatum into these + + align:start position:0% +upgrading the dorsal striatum into these + + + align:start position:0% +upgrading the dorsal striatum into these +two parts if you're dealing with a rat + + align:start position:0% +two parts if you're dealing with a rat + + + align:start position:0% +two parts if you're dealing with a rat +or a mouse or a hamster uh + + align:start position:0% +or a mouse or a hamster uh + + + align:start position:0% +or a mouse or a hamster uh +the the internal capsule fibers sort of + + align:start position:0% +the the internal capsule fibers sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the the internal capsule fibers sort of +come in multiple bundles through the + + align:start position:0% +come in multiple bundles through the + + + align:start position:0% +come in multiple bundles through the +carcass tree out so it doesn't make a + + align:start position:0% +carcass tree out so it doesn't make a + + + align:start position:0% +carcass tree out so it doesn't make a +whole lot of sense to talk about cardiac + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of sense to talk about cardiac + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of sense to talk about cardiac +if you think so often they just call it + + align:start position:0% +if you think so often they just call it + + + align:start position:0% +if you think so often they just call it +the cardiac butane or Carol butane + + align:start position:0% +the cardiac butane or Carol butane + + + align:start position:0% +the cardiac butane or Carol butane +in these little ends that's so you don't + + align:start position:0% +in these little ends that's so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +in these little ends that's so you don't +get too confused when you read this + + align:start position:0% +get too confused when you read this + + + align:start position:0% +get too confused when you read this +literature but in cats and dogs and + + align:start position:0% +literature but in cats and dogs and + + + align:start position:0% +literature but in cats and dogs and +primates in general you have a clear cut + + align:start position:0% +primates in general you have a clear cut + + + align:start position:0% +primates in general you have a clear cut +to screw at them so that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +to screw at them so that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to screw at them so that's what I'm +picturing here + + align:start position:0% +picturing here + + + align:start position:0% +picturing here +and in the picture I'm showing the + + align:start position:0% +and in the picture I'm showing the + + + align:start position:0% +and in the picture I'm showing the +dopamine pathways from the parts + + align:start position:0% +dopamine pathways from the parts + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine pathways from the parts +compactor the + + align:start position:0% +compactor the + + + align:start position:0% +compactor the +Distributing throughout + + align:start position:0% +Distributing throughout + + + align:start position:0% +Distributing throughout +pretty densely to the whole Doses and + + align:start position:0% +pretty densely to the whole Doses and + + + align:start position:0% +pretty densely to the whole Doses and +then I show + + align:start position:0% +then I show + + + align:start position:0% +then I show +the output from the caudate + + align:start position:0% +the output from the caudate + + + align:start position:0% +the output from the caudate +that goes to the Niagara it's a Gaba + + align:start position:0% +that goes to the Niagara it's a Gaba + + + align:start position:0% +that goes to the Niagara it's a Gaba +projection + + align:start position:0% +projection + + + align:start position:0% +projection +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +by inhibiting the cells + + align:start position:0% +by inhibiting the cells + + + align:start position:0% +by inhibiting the cells +okay and then I also show the projection + + align:start position:0% +okay and then I also show the projection + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then I also show the projection +from the nigrid here to the colliculus + + align:start position:0% +from the nigrid here to the colliculus + + + align:start position:0% +from the nigrid here to the colliculus +micro technical tract and it's also + + align:start position:0% +micro technical tract and it's also + + + align:start position:0% +micro technical tract and it's also +Gabba region and I show it going forward + + align:start position:0% +Gabba region and I show it going forward + + + align:start position:0% +Gabba region and I show it going forward +into the + + align:start position:0% +into the + + + align:start position:0% +into the +medial structures of the bounds + + align:start position:0% +medial structures of the bounds + + + align:start position:0% +medial structures of the bounds +VM and the ventromedial and ventral + + align:start position:0% +VM and the ventromedial and ventral + + + align:start position:0% +VM and the ventromedial and ventral +anterior nuclei which project pretty + + align:start position:0% +anterior nuclei which project pretty + + + align:start position:0% +anterior nuclei which project pretty +widely too + + align:start position:0% +widely too + + + align:start position:0% +widely too +motor instruments okay so then the + + align:start position:0% +motor instruments okay so then the + + + align:start position:0% +motor instruments okay so then the +question is if the Niagara is signaling + + align:start position:0% +question is if the Niagara is signaling + + + align:start position:0% +question is if the Niagara is signaling +some kind of reward or punishment to the + + align:start position:0% +some kind of reward or punishment to the + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of reward or punishment to the +striatum giving it some kind of feedback + + align:start position:0% +striatum giving it some kind of feedback + + + align:start position:0% +striatum giving it some kind of feedback +well where is that feedback originate + + align:start position:0% +well where is that feedback originate + + + align:start position:0% +well where is that feedback originate +and there are some + + align:start position:0% +and there are some + + + align:start position:0% +and there are some +interactions between limbic system and + + align:start position:0% +interactions between limbic system and + + + align:start position:0% +interactions between limbic system and +somatic system in the Niagara + + align:start position:0% +somatic system in the Niagara + + + align:start position:0% +somatic system in the Niagara +there are connections from the amygdala + + align:start position:0% +there are connections from the amygdala + + + align:start position:0% +there are connections from the amygdala +which I've added here this is the same + + align:start position:0% +which I've added here this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +which I've added here this is the same +picture but I've added here + + align:start position:0% +picture but I've added here + + + align:start position:0% +picture but I've added here +the more caudally located amygdala and + + align:start position:0% +the more caudally located amygdala and + + + align:start position:0% +the more caudally located amygdala and +shown that it projects to the I've + + align:start position:0% +shown that it projects to the I've + + + align:start position:0% +shown that it projects to the I've +also shown here that the lateral + + align:start position:0% +also shown here that the lateral + + + align:start position:0% +also shown here that the lateral +hyperbalance projects directly + + align:start position:0% +hyperbalance projects directly + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbalance projects directly +to this to the Niagara also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it does appear to be a place where the + + align:start position:0% +it does appear to be a place where the + + + align:start position:0% +it does appear to be a place where the +limit system and somatic systems show + + align:start position:0% +limit system and somatic systems show + + + align:start position:0% +limit system and somatic systems show +some convergence + + align:start position:0% +some convergence + + + align:start position:0% +some convergence +which may be very important to how the + + align:start position:0% +which may be very important to how the + + + align:start position:0% +which may be very important to how the +cell structure functions + + align:start position:0% +cell structure functions + + + align:start position:0% +cell structure functions +all right uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in the evolution of this structure + + align:start position:0% +okay in the evolution of this structure + + + align:start position:0% +okay in the evolution of this structure +you start out with the ventral area + + align:start position:0% +you start out with the ventral area + + + align:start position:0% +you start out with the ventral area +getting a factory input but then we know + + align:start position:0% +getting a factory input but then we know + + + align:start position:0% +getting a factory input but then we know +that non-of-factory inputs came in + + align:start position:0% +that non-of-factory inputs came in + + + align:start position:0% +that non-of-factory inputs came in +and that led to the expansion the + + align:start position:0% +and that led to the expansion the + + + align:start position:0% +and that led to the expansion the +stratum this area here I showed them + + align:start position:0% +stratum this area here I showed them + + + align:start position:0% +stratum this area here I showed them +let's begin bulge which is nice + + align:start position:0% +let's begin bulge which is nice + + + align:start position:0% +let's begin bulge which is nice +the non-of-factory inputs and we know + + align:start position:0% +the non-of-factory inputs and we know + + + align:start position:0% +the non-of-factory inputs and we know +that that + + align:start position:0% +that that + + + align:start position:0% +that that +led to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some segregation into the olfactory the + + align:start position:0% +some segregation into the olfactory the + + + align:start position:0% +some segregation into the olfactory the +olfactory part in the non-old factory + + align:start position:0% +olfactory part in the non-old factory + + + align:start position:0% +olfactory part in the non-old factory +party + + align:start position:0% +party + + + align:start position:0% +party +that's what was olfactory became the + + align:start position:0% +that's what was olfactory became the + + + align:start position:0% +that's what was olfactory became the +ventral striatum and some of it still + + align:start position:0% +ventral striatum and some of it still + + + align:start position:0% +ventral striatum and some of it still +gets stripped with Factory projections + + align:start position:0% +gets stripped with Factory projections + + + align:start position:0% +gets stripped with Factory projections +whereas their + + align:start position:0% +whereas their + + + align:start position:0% +whereas their +sensory inputs come into this stratum + + align:start position:0% +sensory inputs come into this stratum + + + align:start position:0% +sensory inputs come into this stratum +and I'm just showing you here for a a + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just showing you here for a a + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just showing you here for a a +rat or a hamster or a mouse + + align:start position:0% +rat or a hamster or a mouse + + + align:start position:0% +rat or a hamster or a mouse +we know the intra laminar nuclei the + + align:start position:0% +we know the intra laminar nuclei the + + + align:start position:0% +we know the intra laminar nuclei the +phallus that we call the paleothalms the + + align:start position:0% +phallus that we call the paleothalms the + + + align:start position:0% +phallus that we call the paleothalms the +older thalms they tend to get + + align:start position:0% +older thalms they tend to get + + + align:start position:0% +older thalms they tend to get +multi-sensory inputs a lot of them come + + align:start position:0% +multi-sensory inputs a lot of them come + + + align:start position:0% +multi-sensory inputs a lot of them come +from me + + align:start position:0% +from me + + + align:start position:0% +from me +spiritualist for example they project + + align:start position:0% +spiritualist for example they project + + + align:start position:0% +spiritualist for example they project +here some of them come directly from + + align:start position:0% +here some of them come directly from + + + align:start position:0% +here some of them come directly from +this spinal thoramic tract + + align:start position:0% +this spinal thoramic tract + + + align:start position:0% +this spinal thoramic tract +they project to these instrument laminar + + align:start position:0% +they project to these instrument laminar + + + align:start position:0% +they project to these instrument laminar +nuclei so I just lumped them together + + align:start position:0% +nuclei so I just lumped them together + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei so I just lumped them together +here and I show that they have strong + + align:start position:0% +here and I show that they have strong + + + align:start position:0% +here and I show that they have strong +projections + + align:start position:0% +projections + + + align:start position:0% +projections +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +dorsal striatum they also have some some + + align:start position:0% +dorsal striatum they also have some some + + + align:start position:0% +dorsal striatum they also have some some +of these axons extend right up into the + + align:start position:0% +of these axons extend right up into the + + + align:start position:0% +of these axons extend right up into the +hemisphere so we'll see that here + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere so we'll see that here + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere so we'll see that here +okay then of course I'm showing the + + align:start position:0% +okay then of course I'm showing the + + + align:start position:0% +okay then of course I'm showing the +cortical striatal connection there and a + + align:start position:0% +cortical striatal connection there and a + + + align:start position:0% +cortical striatal connection there and a +shiny dopamine pathway as well + + align:start position:0% +shiny dopamine pathway as well + + + align:start position:0% +shiny dopamine pathway as well +okay this shows you the same thing from + + align:start position:0% +okay this shows you the same thing from + + + align:start position:0% +okay this shows you the same thing from +the broad all textbook we chose one part + + align:start position:0% +the broad all textbook we chose one part + + + align:start position:0% +the broad all textbook we chose one part +of the interlamino nuclei it's called + + align:start position:0% +of the interlamino nuclei it's called + + + align:start position:0% +of the interlamino nuclei it's called +the centromedian it's because in + + align:start position:0% +the centromedian it's because in + + + align:start position:0% +the centromedian it's because in +primates that part which is a chaudal + + align:start position:0% +primates that part which is a chaudal + + + align:start position:0% +primates that part which is a chaudal +part of the interlemeniality has become + + align:start position:0% +part of the interlemeniality has become + + + align:start position:0% +part of the interlemeniality has become +particularly enlarged so in humans it's + + align:start position:0% +particularly enlarged so in humans it's + + + align:start position:0% +particularly enlarged so in humans it's +very large also and other large primates + + align:start position:0% +very large also and other large primates + + + align:start position:0% +very large also and other large primates +but this is just to say this isn't just + + align:start position:0% +but this is just to say this isn't just + + + align:start position:0% +but this is just to say this isn't just +something that happened early in + + align:start position:0% +something that happened early in + + + align:start position:0% +something that happened early in +evolution it actually enlarged in more + + align:start position:0% +evolution it actually enlarged in more + + + align:start position:0% +evolution it actually enlarged in more +recent evolution + + align:start position:0% +recent evolution + + + align:start position:0% +recent evolution +as this one nucleus gets mixed + + align:start position:0% +as this one nucleus gets mixed + + + align:start position:0% +as this one nucleus gets mixed +non-of-factory inputs projects strongly + + align:start position:0% +non-of-factory inputs projects strongly + + + align:start position:0% +non-of-factory inputs projects strongly +to the dose of striatum + + align:start position:0% +to the dose of striatum + + + align:start position:0% +to the dose of striatum +okay and this just shows you pictures of + + align:start position:0% +okay and this just shows you pictures of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this just shows you pictures of +what that looks like I had just one + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like I had just one + + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like I had just one +picture in the book I have three here + + align:start position:0% +picture in the book I have three here + + + align:start position:0% +picture in the book I have three here +this shows in a rad a pair of fascicular + + align:start position:0% +this shows in a rad a pair of fascicular + + + align:start position:0% +this shows in a rad a pair of fascicular +nucleus which is like that Central + + align:start position:0% +nucleus which is like that Central + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus which is like that Central +median or primates and you can see the + + align:start position:0% +median or primates and you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +median or primates and you can see the +widely branching axons terminating in + + align:start position:0% +widely branching axons terminating in + + + align:start position:0% +widely branching axons terminating in +the stratum and here there's a branch + + align:start position:0% +the stratum and here there's a branch + + + align:start position:0% +the stratum and here there's a branch +going on into the cortex + + align:start position:0% +going on into the cortex + + + align:start position:0% +going on into the cortex +IT projects a little bit to other + + align:start position:0% +IT projects a little bit to other + + + align:start position:0% +IT projects a little bit to other +structures too and here's one in the + + align:start position:0% +structures too and here's one in the + + + align:start position:0% +structures too and here's one in the +centralis Lateralus okay A little + + align:start position:0% +centralis Lateralus okay A little + + + align:start position:0% +centralis Lateralus okay A little +fitting forward in the intral amino + + align:start position:0% +fitting forward in the intral amino + + + align:start position:0% +fitting forward in the intral amino +nucleus it's also projecting + + align:start position:0% +nucleus it's also projecting + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus it's also projecting +to both the + + align:start position:0% +to both the + + + align:start position:0% +to both the +chronic perfutamine here they're just + + align:start position:0% +chronic perfutamine here they're just + + + align:start position:0% +chronic perfutamine here they're just +calling it one structure + + align:start position:0% +calling it one structure + + + align:start position:0% +calling it one structure +containment and two frontal motor cortex + + align:start position:0% +containment and two frontal motor cortex + + + align:start position:0% +containment and two frontal motor cortex +in this case and here's one + + align:start position:0% +in this case and here's one + + + align:start position:0% +in this case and here's one +that's not in the inflaminer but it's in + + align:start position:0% +that's not in the inflaminer but it's in + + + align:start position:0% +that's not in the inflaminer but it's in +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +ancient part of the balance we call the + + align:start position:0% +ancient part of the balance we call the + + + align:start position:0% +ancient part of the balance we call the +posterior group of nuclear they're + + align:start position:0% +posterior group of nuclear they're + + + align:start position:0% +posterior group of nuclear they're +they're outside + + align:start position:0% +they're outside + + + align:start position:0% +they're outside +the areas of the thalamus that project + + align:start position:0% +the areas of the thalamus that project + + + align:start position:0% +the areas of the thalamus that project +to the primary sensory areas of + + align:start position:0% +to the primary sensory areas of + + + align:start position:0% +to the primary sensory areas of +nucleotics + + align:start position:0% +nucleotics + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotics +they project the multimodal areas + + align:start position:0% +they project the multimodal areas + + + align:start position:0% +they project the multimodal areas +and it shows and they get multimodal + + align:start position:0% +and it shows and they get multimodal + + + align:start position:0% +and it shows and they get multimodal +input and it shows them projecting again + + align:start position:0% +input and it shows them projecting again + + + align:start position:0% +input and it shows them projecting again +do it + + align:start position:0% +do it + + + align:start position:0% +do it +close this tree out and into the cortex + + align:start position:0% +close this tree out and into the cortex + + + align:start position:0% +close this tree out and into the cortex +now I'm showing you pictures of + + align:start position:0% +now I'm showing you pictures of + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm showing you pictures of +accidents that terminate in both places + + align:start position:0% +accidents that terminate in both places + + + align:start position:0% +accidents that terminate in both places +many of the neurons in those structures + + align:start position:0% +many of the neurons in those structures + + + align:start position:0% +many of the neurons in those structures +project to one or the other either + + align:start position:0% +project to one or the other either + + + align:start position:0% +project to one or the other either +cortex or Street out but because the + + align:start position:0% +cortex or Street out but because the + + + align:start position:0% +cortex or Street out but because the +number then project this way it + + align:start position:0% +number then project this way it + + + align:start position:0% +number then project this way it +emphasizes the point I want to make that + + align:start position:0% +emphasizes the point I want to make that + + + align:start position:0% +emphasizes the point I want to make that +they go they're going to both structures + + align:start position:0% +they go they're going to both structures + + + align:start position:0% +they go they're going to both structures +so in many cases they are separate Maps + + align:start position:0% +so in many cases they are separate Maps + + + align:start position:0% +so in many cases they are separate Maps +Okay so then + + align:start position:0% +Okay so then + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so then +with the non Nano Factory input + + align:start position:0% +with the non Nano Factory input + + + align:start position:0% +with the non Nano Factory input +you had expansions of both the pallium + + align:start position:0% +you had expansions of both the pallium + + + align:start position:0% +you had expansions of both the pallium +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the striata here's the pallium + + align:start position:0% +and the striata here's the pallium + + + align:start position:0% +and the striata here's the pallium +here's this triadum here I'm showing the + + align:start position:0% +here's this triadum here I'm showing the + + + align:start position:0% +here's this triadum here I'm showing the +factory input going to both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the non or factory input into the + + align:start position:0% +the non or factory input into the + + + align:start position:0% +the non or factory input into the +pallium + + align:start position:0% +pallium + + + align:start position:0% +pallium +we know in through this balance most of + + align:start position:0% +we know in through this balance most of + + + align:start position:0% +we know in through this balance most of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then it also did the same for the + + align:start position:0% +and then it also did the same for the + + + align:start position:0% +and then it also did the same for the +dorsa street atom but not the ventral + + align:start position:0% +dorsa street atom but not the ventral + + + align:start position:0% +dorsa street atom but not the ventral +stream or the ethereum for displaced + + align:start position:0% +stream or the ethereum for displaced + + + align:start position:0% +stream or the ethereum for displaced +separate + + align:start position:0% +separate + + + align:start position:0% +separate +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and then of course + + align:start position:0% +and then of course + + + align:start position:0% +and then of course +in more recent Evolution than mammals we + + align:start position:0% +in more recent Evolution than mammals we + + + align:start position:0% +in more recent Evolution than mammals we +had this huge expansion when + + align:start position:0% +had this huge expansion when + + + align:start position:0% +had this huge expansion when +the pallium became a part of it + + align:start position:0% +the pallium became a part of it + + + align:start position:0% +the pallium became a part of it +developed into neocortex and that part + + align:start position:0% +developed into neocortex and that part + + + align:start position:0% +developed into neocortex and that part +is expanded so much + + align:start position:0% +is expanded so much + + + align:start position:0% +is expanded so much +and those earlier outputs and inputs + + align:start position:0% +and those earlier outputs and inputs + + + align:start position:0% +and those earlier outputs and inputs +remain even in modern mammals then all + + align:start position:0% +remain even in modern mammals then all + + + align:start position:0% +remain even in modern mammals then all +that expansion occurred + + align:start position:0% +that expansion occurred + + + align:start position:0% +that expansion occurred +but let's look now at this is a rodent + + align:start position:0% +but let's look now at this is a rodent + + + align:start position:0% +but let's look now at this is a rodent +and this was the earlier picture + + align:start position:0% +and this was the earlier picture + + + align:start position:0% +and this was the earlier picture +I put + + align:start position:0% +I put + + + align:start position:0% +I put +this one in the book + + align:start position:0% +this one in the book + + + align:start position:0% +this one in the book +if you look in the hemisphere from the + + align:start position:0% +if you look in the hemisphere from the + + + align:start position:0% +if you look in the hemisphere from the +medial side + + align:start position:0% +medial side + + + align:start position:0% +medial side +you can picture where + + align:start position:0% +you can picture where + + + align:start position:0% +you can picture where +the ventral striatum dorsa striatum and + + align:start position:0% +the ventral striatum dorsa striatum and + + + align:start position:0% +the ventral striatum dorsa striatum and +also the hippocampus are located so here + + align:start position:0% +also the hippocampus are located so here + + + align:start position:0% +also the hippocampus are located so here +in the middle section + + align:start position:0% +in the middle section + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle section +you see + + align:start position:0% +you see + + + align:start position:0% +you see +the amygdala area + + align:start position:0% +the amygdala area + + + align:start position:0% +the amygdala area +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +further forward + + align:start position:0% +further forward + + + align:start position:0% +further forward +the ventral striatum down here + + align:start position:0% +the ventral striatum down here + + + align:start position:0% +the ventral striatum down here +dorsa's creatine there + + align:start position:0% +dorsa's creatine there + + + align:start position:0% +dorsa's creatine there +and very far cloudyly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see a structure related to the + + align:start position:0% +you see a structure related to the + + + align:start position:0% +you see a structure related to the +ventral striatives really a caudal it's + + align:start position:0% +ventral striatives really a caudal it's + + + align:start position:0% +ventral striatives really a caudal it's +called the caudal amygdaloid area + + align:start position:0% +called the caudal amygdaloid area + + + align:start position:0% +called the caudal amygdaloid area +sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes +hip Campbell amygloid area it's very far + + align:start position:0% +hip Campbell amygloid area it's very far + + + align:start position:0% +hip Campbell amygloid area it's very far +caught it it's right next to the + + align:start position:0% +caught it it's right next to the + + + align:start position:0% +caught it it's right next to the +hippocampus which is in here okay so + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus which is in here okay so + + + align:start position:0% +hippocampus which is in here okay so +that just gives you the picture of these + + align:start position:0% +that just gives you the picture of these + + + align:start position:0% +that just gives you the picture of these +subcortical structures of the ending + + align:start position:0% +subcortical structures of the ending + + + align:start position:0% +subcortical structures of the ending +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now we want to answer these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +so now we want to answer these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +so now we want to answer these kinds of +questions what are the two major outputs + + align:start position:0% +questions what are the two major outputs + + + align:start position:0% +questions what are the two major outputs +to the Corpus periodic + + align:start position:0% +to the Corpus periodic + + + align:start position:0% +to the Corpus periodic +by way most of them are by way of the + + align:start position:0% +by way most of them are by way of the + + + align:start position:0% +by way most of them are by way of the +greatest pallets + + align:start position:0% +greatest pallets + + + align:start position:0% +greatest pallets +so we just deal with those coming from + + align:start position:0% +so we just deal with those coming from + + + align:start position:0% +so we just deal with those coming from +the greatest ballots + + align:start position:0% +the greatest ballots + + + align:start position:0% +the greatest ballots +one of them is much larger in mammals + + align:start position:0% +one of them is much larger in mammals + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is much larger in mammals +which is why we sometimes talk about the + + align:start position:0% +which is why we sometimes talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +which is why we sometimes talk about the +extragrammatal system + + align:start position:0% +extragrammatal system + + + align:start position:0% +extragrammatal system +projecting directly to the parameters + + align:start position:0% +projecting directly to the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +projecting directly to the parameters +okay does the extra Primal system are + + align:start position:0% +okay does the extra Primal system are + + + align:start position:0% +okay does the extra Primal system are +industry out on the cerebellum and many + + align:start position:0% +industry out on the cerebellum and many + + + align:start position:0% +industry out on the cerebellum and many +other structures that that aren't part + + align:start position:0% +other structures that that aren't part + + + align:start position:0% +other structures that that aren't part +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cortical spinal system + + align:start position:0% +cortical spinal system + + + align:start position:0% +cortical spinal system +goes through the pyramidal trace + + align:start position:0% +goes through the pyramidal trace + + + align:start position:0% +goes through the pyramidal trace +so let's look at that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this one you + + align:start position:0% +this one you + + + align:start position:0% +this one you +can guess at the answer contrasts the + + align:start position:0% +can guess at the answer contrasts the + + + align:start position:0% +can guess at the answer contrasts the +major source of sensory input to the + + align:start position:0% +major source of sensory input to the + + + align:start position:0% +major source of sensory input to the +striatum and amphibians and in mammals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just did the striatum what is the big + + align:start position:0% +I just did the striatum what is the big + + + align:start position:0% +I just did the striatum what is the big +change that happened in mammals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in general in the forebrain what was the + + align:start position:0% +in general in the forebrain what was the + + + align:start position:0% +in general in the forebrain what was the +big change in mammals + + align:start position:0% +big change in mammals + + + align:start position:0% +big change in mammals +expansion of + + align:start position:0% +expansion of + + + align:start position:0% +expansion of +the neocortex right the evolution of the + + align:start position:0% +the neocortex right the evolution of the + + + align:start position:0% +the neocortex right the evolution of the +neocortex that expanded that happened in + + align:start position:0% +neocortex that expanded that happened in + + + align:start position:0% +neocortex that expanded that happened in +mammals it didn't happen in the + + align:start position:0% +mammals it didn't happen in the + + + align:start position:0% +mammals it didn't happen in the +amphibians at all + + align:start position:0% +amphibians at all + + + align:start position:0% +amphibians at all +amphibians have this little dorsal + + align:start position:0% +amphibians have this little dorsal + + + align:start position:0% +amphibians have this little dorsal +cortex that's equivalent to a para + + align:start position:0% +cortex that's equivalent to a para + + + align:start position:0% +cortex that's equivalent to a para +hippocampal area and they have a medial + + align:start position:0% +hippocampal area and they have a medial + + + align:start position:0% +hippocampal area and they have a medial +pallium + + align:start position:0% +pallium + + + align:start position:0% +pallium +okay but none of us like neocortex + + align:start position:0% +okay but none of us like neocortex + + + align:start position:0% +okay but none of us like neocortex +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +even though it does get some + + align:start position:0% +even though it does get some + + + align:start position:0% +even though it does get some +non-o-factory input + + align:start position:0% +non-o-factory input + + + align:start position:0% +non-o-factory input +and then I'm asking what a question that + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm asking what a question that + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm asking what a question that +we've pretty much have been answering + + align:start position:0% +we've pretty much have been answering + + + align:start position:0% +we've pretty much have been answering +what's the limbic's triatum how does it + + align:start position:0% +what's the limbic's triatum how does it + + + align:start position:0% +what's the limbic's triatum how does it +differ from non-linearity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what are several structures that it + + align:start position:0% +and what are several structures that it + + + align:start position:0% +and what are several structures that it +includes well I'm really asking what are + + align:start position:0% +includes well I'm really asking what are + + + align:start position:0% +includes well I'm really asking what are +the components there that ventral + + align:start position:0% +the components there that ventral + + + align:start position:0% +the components there that ventral +striatum + + align:start position:0% +striatum + + + align:start position:0% +striatum +so showing it in some pictures and we'll + + align:start position:0% +so showing it in some pictures and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +so showing it in some pictures and we'll +look at some more + + align:start position:0% +look at some more + + + align:start position:0% +look at some more +they're just major parts of it which + + align:start position:0% +they're just major parts of it which + + + align:start position:0% +they're just major parts of it which +occur in the literature and discussions + + align:start position:0% +occur in the literature and discussions + + + align:start position:0% +occur in the literature and discussions +including discussions of human + + align:start position:0% +including discussions of human + + + align:start position:0% +including discussions of human +pathologies so that you should begin to + + align:start position:0% +pathologies so that you should begin to + + + align:start position:0% +pathologies so that you should begin to +learn a few of those + + align:start position:0% +learn a few of those + + + align:start position:0% +learn a few of those +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a simplified diagram of major + + align:start position:0% +this is a simplified diagram of major + + + align:start position:0% +this is a simplified diagram of major +outputs of the neocortex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here I show this three Autumn is one + + align:start position:0% +and here I show this three Autumn is one + + + align:start position:0% +and here I show this three Autumn is one +of the major objects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you compare now amphibians and + + align:start position:0% +so if you compare now amphibians and + + + align:start position:0% +so if you compare now amphibians and +mammals + + align:start position:0% +mammals + + + align:start position:0% +mammals +we said amphibians don't even have a + + align:start position:0% +we said amphibians don't even have a + + + align:start position:0% +we said amphibians don't even have a +neocortex so how is their dorsister Adam + + align:start position:0% +neocortex so how is their dorsister Adam + + + align:start position:0% +neocortex so how is their dorsister Adam +getting input + + align:start position:0% +getting input + + + align:start position:0% +getting input +coming from the balance the older place + + align:start position:0% +coming from the balance the older place + + + align:start position:0% +coming from the balance the older place +of the films + + align:start position:0% +of the films + + + align:start position:0% +of the films +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +it's the major part of the thalamus and + + align:start position:0% +it's the major part of the thalamus and + + + align:start position:0% +it's the major part of the thalamus and +those animals + + align:start position:0% +those animals + + + align:start position:0% +those animals +whereas enamels the major inputs of the + + align:start position:0% +whereas enamels the major inputs of the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas enamels the major inputs of the +stratum even though the stratum is still + + align:start position:0% +stratum even though the stratum is still + + + align:start position:0% +stratum even though the stratum is still +getting calamic projections + + align:start position:0% +getting calamic projections + + + align:start position:0% +getting calamic projections +as we pointed out + + align:start position:0% +as we pointed out + + + align:start position:0% +as we pointed out +now the neocortex is by far + + align:start position:0% +now the neocortex is by far + + + align:start position:0% +now the neocortex is by far +the larger structure and its dominates + + align:start position:0% +the larger structure and its dominates + + + align:start position:0% +the larger structure and its dominates +the North Australia as it dominates a + + align:start position:0% +the North Australia as it dominates a + + + align:start position:0% +the North Australia as it dominates a +lot of systems because of its size so + + align:start position:0% +lot of systems because of its size so + + + align:start position:0% +lot of systems because of its size so +this shows that + + align:start position:0% +this shows that + + + align:start position:0% +this shows that +corticals to reality connection + + align:start position:0% +corticals to reality connection + + + align:start position:0% +corticals to reality connection +I show it connecting to balloonic end + + align:start position:0% +I show it connecting to balloonic end + + + align:start position:0% +I show it connecting to balloonic end +brain as well and here I just included + + align:start position:0% +brain as well and here I just included + + + align:start position:0% +brain as well and here I just included +as part of the limbic in brain of + + align:start position:0% +as part of the limbic in brain of + + + align:start position:0% +as part of the limbic in brain of +Interest throughout them will separate + + align:start position:0% +Interest throughout them will separate + + + align:start position:0% +Interest throughout them will separate +that in a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but note that besides the striatum and + + align:start position:0% +but note that besides the striatum and + + + align:start position:0% +but note that besides the striatum and +the neocortex + + align:start position:0% +the neocortex + + + align:start position:0% +the neocortex +bypasses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +even the brain stem for its lung + + align:start position:0% +even the brain stem for its lung + + + align:start position:0% +even the brain stem for its lung +connections + + align:start position:0% +connections + + + align:start position:0% +connections +because it has cortical spinal + + align:start position:0% +because it has cortical spinal + + + align:start position:0% +because it has cortical spinal +connection so I have it here going to + + align:start position:0% +connection so I have it here going to + + + align:start position:0% +connection so I have it here going to +brain stem and spinal cord directly + + align:start position:0% +brain stem and spinal cord directly + + + align:start position:0% +brain stem and spinal cord directly +whereas the stratum + + align:start position:0% +whereas the stratum + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the stratum +has a connection to the brain stem + + align:start position:0% +has a connection to the brain stem + + + align:start position:0% +has a connection to the brain stem +relatively smaller none to the spinal + + align:start position:0% +relatively smaller none to the spinal + + + align:start position:0% +relatively smaller none to the spinal +cord + + align:start position:0% +cord + + + align:start position:0% +cord +okay but enamels it does have a major + + align:start position:0% +okay but enamels it does have a major + + + align:start position:0% +okay but enamels it does have a major +connection back to the thalamus + + align:start position:0% +connection back to the thalamus + + + align:start position:0% +connection back to the thalamus +which then goes to the motor and + + align:start position:0% +which then goes to the motor and + + + align:start position:0% +which then goes to the motor and +pre-motor areas of Cortex + + align:start position:0% +pre-motor areas of Cortex + + + align:start position:0% +pre-motor areas of Cortex +movement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +primarily + + align:start position:0% +primarily + + + align:start position:0% +primarily +some by its connections to the midbrain + + align:start position:0% +some by its connections to the midbrain + + + align:start position:0% +some by its connections to the midbrain +but then also + + align:start position:0% +but then also + + + align:start position:0% +but then also +much more through the thalamacortical + + align:start position:0% +much more through the thalamacortical + + + align:start position:0% +much more through the thalamacortical +connection + + align:start position:0% +connection + + + align:start position:0% +connection +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +affects the new critical outcome okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it leaves out the interest-free atoms + + align:start position:0% +so it leaves out the interest-free atoms + + + align:start position:0% +so it leaves out the interest-free atoms +so those earlier stages of coordinate + + align:start position:0% +so those earlier stages of coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +so those earlier stages of coordinate +Evolution I just left out + + align:start position:0% +Evolution I just left out + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution I just left out +and so I've + + align:start position:0% +and so I've + + + align:start position:0% +and so I've +made a more complex + + align:start position:0% +made a more complex + + + align:start position:0% +made a more complex +diagram here that will drive you a + + align:start position:0% +diagram here that will drive you a + + + align:start position:0% +diagram here that will drive you a +little bit crazy but what I've simply + + align:start position:0% +little bit crazy but what I've simply + + + align:start position:0% +little bit crazy but what I've simply +done is separate the somatic and limbic + + align:start position:0% +done is separate the somatic and limbic + + + align:start position:0% +done is separate the somatic and limbic +systems if we just want to say well + + align:start position:0% +systems if we just want to say well + + + align:start position:0% +systems if we just want to say well +what's most unique or the somatic side + + align:start position:0% +what's most unique or the somatic side + + + align:start position:0% +what's most unique or the somatic side +what's most unique on the limbic side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the most unique thing about the + + align:start position:0% +what's the most unique thing about the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the most unique thing about the +somatic diagram here it would be this + + align:start position:0% +somatic diagram here it would be this + + + align:start position:0% +somatic diagram here it would be this +long connection directly to spinal cord + + align:start position:0% +long connection directly to spinal cord + + + align:start position:0% +long connection directly to spinal cord +you don't see anything like that from + + align:start position:0% +you don't see anything like that from + + + align:start position:0% +you don't see anything like that from +the limit system + + align:start position:0% +the limit system + + + align:start position:0% +the limit system +the longest connections of the limbic + + align:start position:0% +the longest connections of the limbic + + + align:start position:0% +the longest connections of the limbic +system going to the midbrains now it + + align:start position:0% +system going to the midbrains now it + + + align:start position:0% +system going to the midbrains now it +showed and they're much weaker + + align:start position:0% +showed and they're much weaker + + + align:start position:0% +showed and they're much weaker +I didn't even show it here it's a + + align:start position:0% +I didn't even show it here it's a + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't even show it here it's a +relatively weak projection + + align:start position:0% +relatively weak projection + + + align:start position:0% +relatively weak projection +it just shows the + + align:start position:0% +it just shows the + + + align:start position:0% +it just shows the +where the limbic membrane is okay + + align:start position:0% +where the limbic membrane is okay + + + align:start position:0% +where the limbic membrane is okay +most of the connections are short for + + align:start position:0% +most of the connections are short for + + + align:start position:0% +most of the connections are short for +limited system so that's a major + + align:start position:0% +limited system so that's a major + + + align:start position:0% +limited system so that's a major +difference in the two sides another + + align:start position:0% +difference in the two sides another + + + align:start position:0% +difference in the two sides another +difference is in the diencephalon + + align:start position:0% +difference is in the diencephalon + + + align:start position:0% +difference is in the diencephalon +somatic system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's the connections are + + align:start position:0% +it's the connections are + + + align:start position:0% +it's the connections are +to and from the balance the non the + + align:start position:0% +to and from the balance the non the + + + align:start position:0% +to and from the balance the non the +limbic system to connections to and from + + align:start position:0% +limbic system to connections to and from + + + align:start position:0% +limbic system to connections to and from +the hyper parents + + align:start position:0% +the hyper parents + + + align:start position:0% +the hyper parents +and then this is the Adam dorsal + + align:start position:0% +and then this is the Adam dorsal + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is the Adam dorsal +striatum or somatic system + + align:start position:0% +striatum or somatic system + + + align:start position:0% +striatum or somatic system +eventustriality system + + align:start position:0% +eventustriality system + + + align:start position:0% +eventustriality system +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +the older picture of this was when we + + align:start position:0% +the older picture of this was when we + + + align:start position:0% +the older picture of this was when we +talked about the lateral and medial + + align:start position:0% +talked about the lateral and medial + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the lateral and medial +foregrain bundle + + align:start position:0% +foregrain bundle + + + align:start position:0% +foregrain bundle +and you can see where the dose of + + align:start position:0% +and you can see where the dose of + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see where the dose of +striatum is and those disorder pictures + + align:start position:0% +striatum is and those disorder pictures + + + align:start position:0% +striatum is and those disorder pictures +there and then these more ventral and + + align:start position:0% +there and then these more ventral and + + + align:start position:0% +there and then these more ventral and +ventromedial structures are eventual + + align:start position:0% +ventromedial structures are eventual + + + align:start position:0% +ventromedial structures are eventual +stereotype + + align:start position:0% +stereotype + + + align:start position:0% +stereotype +okay and they connect + + align:start position:0% +okay and they connect + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they connect +through the medial core brain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whereas the docile striatum and + + align:start position:0% +whereas the docile striatum and + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the docile striatum and +neocortex + + align:start position:0% +neocortex + + + align:start position:0% +neocortex +they connect to + + align:start position:0% +they connect to + + + align:start position:0% +they connect to +more caudal structures through the + + align:start position:0% +more caudal structures through the + + + align:start position:0% +more caudal structures through the +lateral foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the white matter of the hemisphere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this just it's from the Lord's life + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can take these pictures + + align:start position:0% +so we can take these pictures + + + align:start position:0% +so we can take these pictures +and like this one and make it much + + align:start position:0% +and like this one and make it much + + + align:start position:0% +and like this one and make it much +simpler to talk about the Sprout and + + align:start position:0% +simpler to talk about the Sprout and + + + align:start position:0% +simpler to talk about the Sprout and +this is one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +based on the simplification of one of + + align:start position:0% +based on the simplification of one of + + + align:start position:0% +based on the simplification of one of +rodol's pictures + + align:start position:0% +rodol's pictures + + + align:start position:0% +rodol's pictures +shows cerebral cortex + + align:start position:0% +shows cerebral cortex + + + align:start position:0% +shows cerebral cortex +getting input from talons + + align:start position:0% +getting input from talons + + + align:start position:0% +getting input from talons +and projecting to this triage and I'm + + align:start position:0% +and projecting to this triage and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and projecting to this triage and I'm +sure that causes final projections and + + align:start position:0% +sure that causes final projections and + + + align:start position:0% +sure that causes final projections and +that I'm just showing his proud of + + align:start position:0% +that I'm just showing his proud of + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm just showing his proud of +stratum here + + align:start position:0% +stratum here + + + align:start position:0% +stratum here +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +then we see its major outputs + + align:start position:0% +then we see its major outputs + + + align:start position:0% +then we see its major outputs +and here by including the Paladin + + align:start position:0% +and here by including the Paladin + + + align:start position:0% +and here by including the Paladin +we show the major connection going to + + align:start position:0% +we show the major connection going to + + + align:start position:0% +we show the major connection going to +Paladin but some connections directly to + + align:start position:0% +Paladin but some connections directly to + + + align:start position:0% +Paladin but some connections directly to +the situation those are the two main + + align:start position:0% +the situation those are the two main + + + align:start position:0% +the situation those are the two main +connections of the Dorset strip + + align:start position:0% +connections of the Dorset strip + + + align:start position:0% +connections of the Dorset strip +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the Paladin its biggest projection is + + align:start position:0% +so the Paladin its biggest projection is + + + align:start position:0% +so the Paladin its biggest projection is +to the balance + + align:start position:0% +to the balance + + + align:start position:0% +to the balance +so that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's +that information is going to near + + align:start position:0% +that information is going to near + + + align:start position:0% +that information is going to near +politics + + align:start position:0% +politics + + + align:start position:0% +politics +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +but it also has projections to the + + align:start position:0% +but it also has projections to the + + + align:start position:0% +but it also has projections to the +caudal midbrain + + align:start position:0% +caudal midbrain + + + align:start position:0% +caudal midbrain +and here we're talking mainly about that + + align:start position:0% +and here we're talking mainly about that + + + align:start position:0% +and here we're talking mainly about that +midbrain locomotor region + + align:start position:0% +midbrain locomotor region + + + align:start position:0% +midbrain locomotor region +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the literature names it production + + align:start position:0% +the literature names it production + + + align:start position:0% +the literature names it production +nucleus and not always called it by its + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and not always called it by its + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and not always called it by its +full name + + align:start position:0% +full name + + + align:start position:0% +full name +nucleus tagmenti + + align:start position:0% +nucleus tagmenti + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus tagmenti +pedunculopontinus Paris compactor + + align:start position:0% +pedunculopontinus Paris compactor + + + align:start position:0% +pedunculopontinus Paris compactor +because it was one part + + align:start position:0% +because it was one part + + + align:start position:0% +because it was one part +compact cell part of that aeration where + + align:start position:0% +compact cell part of that aeration where + + + align:start position:0% +compact cell part of that aeration where +the striatum had its main connection + + align:start position:0% +the striatum had its main connection + + + align:start position:0% +the striatum had its main connection +but I use often their functional terms + + align:start position:0% +but I use often their functional terms + + + align:start position:0% +but I use often their functional terms +in the locomotor area because it's a + + align:start position:0% +in the locomotor area because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in the locomotor area because it's a +major part of that area which one + + align:start position:0% +major part of that area which one + + + align:start position:0% +major part of that area which one +stimulated leads to Locomotion here I + + align:start position:0% +stimulated leads to Locomotion here I + + + align:start position:0% +stimulated leads to Locomotion here I +just call it the part of midbrain + + align:start position:0% +just call it the part of midbrain + + + align:start position:0% +just call it the part of midbrain +and similarly here the other area that + + align:start position:0% +and similarly here the other area that + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly here the other area that +the stratum projects to substantia + + align:start position:0% +the stratum projects to substantia + + + align:start position:0% +the stratum projects to substantia +Niagara if it's + + align:start position:0% +Niagara if it's + + + align:start position:0% +Niagara if it's +dopamine projections + + align:start position:0% +dopamine projections + + + align:start position:0% +dopamine projections +and here it's connections to Major + + align:start position:0% +and here it's connections to Major + + + align:start position:0% +and here it's connections to Major +structure or the other major midbrain + + align:start position:0% +structure or the other major midbrain + + + align:start position:0% +structure or the other major midbrain +structure or motor control + + align:start position:0% +structure or motor control + + + align:start position:0% +structure or motor control +the spirit colliculas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State movements so the Niger can + + align:start position:0% +State movements so the Niger can + + + align:start position:0% +State movements so the Niger can +modulate those kinds of movements + + align:start position:0% +modulate those kinds of movements + + + align:start position:0% +modulate those kinds of movements +through this connection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this term occurs in discussions of human + + align:start position:0% +this term occurs in discussions of human + + + align:start position:0% +this term occurs in discussions of human +neuroanatomy so you should know what it + + align:start position:0% +neuroanatomy so you should know what it + + + align:start position:0% +neuroanatomy so you should know what it +means it's it's one of these connections + + align:start position:0% +means it's it's one of these connections + + + align:start position:0% +means it's it's one of these connections +there's this one okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the answer + + align:start position:0% +that's the answer + + + align:start position:0% +that's the answer +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +let's find out why it's called that it + + align:start position:0% +let's find out why it's called that it + + + align:start position:0% +let's find out why it's called that it +means the handle of the lenticular + + align:start position:0% +means the handle of the lenticular + + + align:start position:0% +means the handle of the lenticular +nucleus + + align:start position:0% +nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus +we've not used lenticular nucleus before + + align:start position:0% +we've not used lenticular nucleus before + + + align:start position:0% +we've not used lenticular nucleus before +in the class we've not used answered + + align:start position:0% +in the class we've not used answered + + + align:start position:0% +in the class we've not used answered +before but let's + + align:start position:0% +before but let's + + + align:start position:0% +before but let's +the handle + + align:start position:0% +the handle + + + align:start position:0% +the handle +of the length of farm nucleus here is a + + align:start position:0% +of the length of farm nucleus here is a + + + align:start position:0% +of the length of farm nucleus here is a +picture of the human brain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's of course all cortex this is the + + align:start position:0% +here's of course all cortex this is the + + + align:start position:0% +here's of course all cortex this is the +neocortex that's hidden + + align:start position:0% +neocortex that's hidden + + + align:start position:0% +neocortex that's hidden +in the depth of the Sylvian fissure + + align:start position:0% +in the depth of the Sylvian fissure + + + align:start position:0% +in the depth of the Sylvian fissure +there's the Serbian pusher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there's the Corpus for atom there's + + align:start position:0% +and there's the Corpus for atom there's + + + align:start position:0% +and there's the Corpus for atom there's +the cardade up there here's the internal + + align:start position:0% +the cardade up there here's the internal + + + align:start position:0% +the cardade up there here's the internal +capture and on the lateral side we have + + align:start position:0% +capture and on the lateral side we have + + + align:start position:0% +capture and on the lateral side we have +the length of formulas which is the + + align:start position:0% +the length of formulas which is the + + + align:start position:0% +the length of formulas which is the +butane + + align:start position:0% +butane + + + align:start position:0% +butane +plus the two segments of the greatest + + align:start position:0% +plus the two segments of the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +plus the two segments of the greatest +Powers okay the elements on the other + + align:start position:0% +Powers okay the elements on the other + + + align:start position:0% +Powers okay the elements on the other +side there this is where the internal + + align:start position:0% +side there this is where the internal + + + align:start position:0% +side there this is where the internal +capsules are already going along the + + align:start position:0% +capsules are already going along the + + + align:start position:0% +capsules are already going along the +side of it + + align:start position:0% +side of it + + + align:start position:0% +side of it +the balance okay the output of the + + align:start position:0% +the balance okay the output of the + + + align:start position:0% +the balance okay the output of the +Globus power this here that goes to the + + align:start position:0% +Globus power this here that goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +Globus power this here that goes to the +ventral anterior nucleus balance follows + + align:start position:0% +ventral anterior nucleus balance follows + + + align:start position:0% +ventral anterior nucleus balance follows +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just like the handle of a cup and that's + + align:start position:0% +just like the handle of a cup and that's + + + align:start position:0% +just like the handle of a cup and that's +why it was called the answer + + align:start position:0% +why it was called the answer + + + align:start position:0% +why it was called the answer +lenticularis because this + + align:start position:0% +lenticularis because this + + + align:start position:0% +lenticularis because this +group of nuclei to call this reality + + align:start position:0% +group of nuclei to call this reality + + + align:start position:0% +group of nuclei to call this reality +structures are called This is often + + align:start position:0% +structures are called This is often + + + align:start position:0% +structures are called This is often +called referred to as the length of + + align:start position:0% +called referred to as the length of + + + align:start position:0% +called referred to as the length of +Harmony please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and what they're doing is going + + align:start position:0% +okay and what they're doing is going + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what they're doing is going +around the edge of the several ketones + + align:start position:0% +around the edge of the several ketones + + + align:start position:0% +around the edge of the several ketones +over here and then going back forward + + align:start position:0% +over here and then going back forward + + + align:start position:0% +over here and then going back forward +and in and into the ventral anterior + + align:start position:0% +and in and into the ventral anterior + + + align:start position:0% +and in and into the ventral anterior +nucleus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +criminals you go to VL as well but BL is + + align:start position:0% +criminals you go to VL as well but BL is + + + align:start position:0% +criminals you go to VL as well but BL is +dominated more by cerebellar input the + + align:start position:0% +dominated more by cerebellar input the + + + align:start position:0% +dominated more by cerebellar input the +VA is dominated more by the straddle + + align:start position:0% +VA is dominated more by the straddle + + + align:start position:0% +VA is dominated more by the straddle +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pictures which are more complex than + + align:start position:0% +pictures which are more complex than + + + align:start position:0% +pictures which are more complex than +ones like this that I've used but he + + align:start position:0% +ones like this that I've used but he + + + align:start position:0% +ones like this that I've used but he +does show the projection from + + align:start position:0% +does show the projection from + + + align:start position:0% +does show the projection from +the motor areas of Cortex to the + + align:start position:0% +the motor areas of Cortex to the + + + align:start position:0% +the motor areas of Cortex to the +Cloud entertainment which then projects + + align:start position:0% +Cloud entertainment which then projects + + + align:start position:0% +Cloud entertainment which then projects +the greatest bowel Edison here are the + + align:start position:0% +the greatest bowel Edison here are the + + + align:start position:0% +the greatest bowel Edison here are the +two projections + + align:start position:0% +two projections + + + align:start position:0% +two projections +caudal midbrain and Thalamus and there's + + align:start position:0% +caudal midbrain and Thalamus and there's + + + align:start position:0% +caudal midbrain and Thalamus and there's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the curving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pathway the uncerts okay + + align:start position:0% +pathway the uncerts okay + + + align:start position:0% +pathway the uncerts okay +so when you hear the term satellite + + align:start position:0% +so when you hear the term satellite + + + align:start position:0% +so when you hear the term satellite +subistriatum + + align:start position:0% +subistriatum + + + align:start position:0% +subistriatum +we always mean + + align:start position:0% +we always mean + + + align:start position:0% +we always mean +two structures + + align:start position:0% +two structures + + + align:start position:0% +two structures +that are essential for the way the + + align:start position:0% +that are essential for the way the + + + align:start position:0% +that are essential for the way the +Corpus stratum functions in mammals the + + align:start position:0% +Corpus stratum functions in mammals the + + + align:start position:0% +Corpus stratum functions in mammals the +substantia + + align:start position:0% +substantia + + + align:start position:0% +substantia +and one other structure that so far I've + + align:start position:0% +and one other structure that so far I've + + + align:start position:0% +and one other structure that so far I've +not named but it's part of the subtle + + align:start position:0% +not named but it's part of the subtle + + + align:start position:0% +not named but it's part of the subtle +it's the subplatlamic nucleus okay + + align:start position:0% +it's the subplatlamic nucleus okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's the subplatlamic nucleus okay +site I want to show those structures in + + align:start position:0% +site I want to show those structures in + + + align:start position:0% +site I want to show those structures in +a network diagram + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but first look at these would make good + + align:start position:0% +but first look at these would make good + + + align:start position:0% +but first look at these would make good +homework + + align:start position:0% +homework + + + align:start position:0% +homework +problems but I think you can figure them + + align:start position:0% +problems but I think you can figure them + + + align:start position:0% +problems but I think you can figure them +out contrast the pathway to motor cortex + + align:start position:0% +out contrast the pathway to motor cortex + + + align:start position:0% +out contrast the pathway to motor cortex +and the pathways for your clickers from + + align:start position:0% +and the pathways for your clickers from + + + align:start position:0% +and the pathways for your clickers from +the dose of shroud + + align:start position:0% +the dose of shroud + + + align:start position:0% +the dose of shroud +well the one to the motor cortex we've + + align:start position:0% +well the one to the motor cortex we've + + + align:start position:0% +well the one to the motor cortex we've +described here so + + align:start position:0% +described here so + + + align:start position:0% +described here so +from dorsal striatum + + align:start position:0% +from dorsal striatum + + + align:start position:0% +from dorsal striatum +through that uncylindricularity Corp + + align:start position:0% +through that uncylindricularity Corp + + + align:start position:0% +through that uncylindricularity Corp +dorsal striatum to Globus Palace and + + align:start position:0% +dorsal striatum to Globus Palace and + + + align:start position:0% +dorsal striatum to Globus Palace and +then directly to the VA of the thalamus + + align:start position:0% +then directly to the VA of the thalamus + + + align:start position:0% +then directly to the VA of the thalamus +which then projects to motor cortex one + + align:start position:0% +which then projects to motor cortex one + + + align:start position:0% +which then projects to motor cortex one +of the calculus + + align:start position:0% +of the calculus + + + align:start position:0% +of the calculus +goes directly from the dorsal striatum + + align:start position:0% +goes directly from the dorsal striatum + + + align:start position:0% +goes directly from the dorsal striatum +to the Niagara and the Niagara + + align:start position:0% +to the Niagara and the Niagara + + + align:start position:0% +to the Niagara and the Niagara +projects the superior colliculus that's + + align:start position:0% +projects the superior colliculus that's + + + align:start position:0% +projects the superior colliculus that's +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +two different pathways + + align:start position:0% +two different pathways + + + align:start position:0% +two different pathways +and then you need to know what we mean + + align:start position:0% +and then you need to know what we mean + + + align:start position:0% +and then you need to know what we mean +by double inhibition if we uh we look at + + align:start position:0% +by double inhibition if we uh we look at + + + align:start position:0% +by double inhibition if we uh we look at +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +at here we're just looking at one of + + align:start position:0% +at here we're just looking at one of + + + align:start position:0% +at here we're just looking at one of +those satellites in and notice + + align:start position:0% +those satellites in and notice + + + align:start position:0% +those satellites in and notice +excitatory input from cortex + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input from cortex + + + align:start position:0% +excitatory input from cortex +the output is inhibitory inhibits the + + align:start position:0% +the output is inhibitory inhibits the + + + align:start position:0% +the output is inhibitory inhibits the +Globus pallidus and inhibits them the + + align:start position:0% +Globus pallidus and inhibits them the + + + align:start position:0% +Globus pallidus and inhibits them the + but then those objections + + align:start position:0% + but then those objections + + + align:start position:0% + but then those objections +are both are inhibitory so you're + + align:start position:0% +are both are inhibitory so you're + + + align:start position:0% +are both are inhibitory so you're +inhibiting an inhibitory path + + align:start position:0% +inhibiting an inhibitory path + + + align:start position:0% +inhibiting an inhibitory path +that's what we mean by double inhibition + + align:start position:0% +that's what we mean by double inhibition + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we mean by double inhibition +important for understanding the + + align:start position:0% +important for understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +important for understanding the +pathologies when something goes Raw + + align:start position:0% +pathologies when something goes Raw + + + align:start position:0% +pathologies when something goes Raw +with these structures + + align:start position:0% +with these structures + + + align:start position:0% +with these structures +as in Parkinson's disease as in + + align:start position:0% +as in Parkinson's disease as in + + + align:start position:0% +as in Parkinson's disease as in +Huntington's Korea + + align:start position:0% +Huntington's Korea + + + align:start position:0% +Huntington's Korea +and other basal ganglia disorders + + align:start position:0% +and other basal ganglia disorders + + + align:start position:0% +and other basal ganglia disorders +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because you can get not just + + align:start position:0% +because you can get not just + + + align:start position:0% +because you can get not just +A reduced + + align:start position:0% +A reduced + + + align:start position:0% +A reduced +function you can get enhanced too much + + align:start position:0% +function you can get enhanced too much + + + align:start position:0% +function you can get enhanced too much +too much excitation + + align:start position:0% +too much excitation + + + align:start position:0% +too much excitation +so then to control it you need some way + + align:start position:0% +so then to control it you need some way + + + align:start position:0% +so then to control it you need some way +to reduce + + align:start position:0% +to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce +either replace the misconnections or + + align:start position:0% +either replace the misconnections or + + + align:start position:0% +either replace the misconnections or +reduce the over excitation + + align:start position:0% +reduce the over excitation + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the over excitation +okay so this is where we'll come back + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is where we'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is where we'll come back +next time + + align:start position:0% +next time + + + align:start position:0% +next time +just point out a couple things about + + align:start position:0% +just point out a couple things about + + + align:start position:0% +just point out a couple things about +this this is the worst + + align:start position:0% +this this is the worst + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the worst +Dr Graham in the book probably + + align:start position:0% +Dr Graham in the book probably + + + align:start position:0% +Dr Graham in the book probably +but it's been important for people + + align:start position:0% +but it's been important for people + + + align:start position:0% +but it's been important for people +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +see how knowing these connections + + align:start position:0% +see how knowing these connections + + + align:start position:0% +see how knowing these connections +explain some of the disorders + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll leave it here but just know + + align:start position:0% +so we'll leave it here but just know + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll leave it here but just know +this is sub thalamic nucleus here's the + + align:start position:0% +this is sub thalamic nucleus here's the + + + align:start position:0% +this is sub thalamic nucleus here's the + down here so these are the two + + align:start position:0% + down here so these are the two + + + align:start position:0% + down here so these are the two +main satellites + + align:start position:0% +main satellites + + + align:start position:0% +main satellites +of the corpus triatum called it butane + + align:start position:0% +of the corpus triatum called it butane + + + align:start position:0% +of the corpus triatum called it butane +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and note I put excitatory Connections in + + align:start position:0% +and note I put excitatory Connections in + + + align:start position:0% +and note I put excitatory Connections in +blue inhibitory Connections in red in + + align:start position:0% +blue inhibitory Connections in red in + + + align:start position:0% +blue inhibitory Connections in red in +red + + align:start position:0% +red + + + align:start position:0% +red +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +I didn't + + align:start position:0% +I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't +color the dopamine pathway here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but no the subthalamic nucleus is + + align:start position:0% +but no the subthalamic nucleus is + + + align:start position:0% +but no the subthalamic nucleus is +getting inhibitory connections from the + + align:start position:0% +getting inhibitory connections from the + + + align:start position:0% +getting inhibitory connections from the +Globus pellets that it excites both + + align:start position:0% +Globus pellets that it excites both + + + align:start position:0% +Globus pellets that it excites both +segments of the British Palace and the + + align:start position:0% +segments of the British Palace and the + + + align:start position:0% +segments of the British Palace and the +magic + + align:start position:0% +magic + + + align:start position:0% +magic +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's Unique in that way and it's + + align:start position:0% +so it's Unique in that way and it's + + + align:start position:0% +so it's Unique in that way and it's +critical for the balance of the system + + align:start position:0% +critical for the balance of the system + + + align:start position:0% +critical for the balance of the system +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so anything that goes wrong is a polemic + + align:start position:0% +so anything that goes wrong is a polemic + + + align:start position:0% +so anything that goes wrong is a polemic +nucleus + + align:start position:0% +nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus +can cause major problems with movement + + align:start position:0% +can cause major problems with movement + + + align:start position:0% +can cause major problems with movement +okay so let's stop here today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/IxaTNJh9rXA.txt b/IxaTNJh9rXA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f559080ded399eca76b68ad4cdaa587770a3d15d --- /dev/null +++ b/IxaTNJh9rXA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24523 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu we have a nice + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we have a nice +day no with + + align:start position:0% +day no with + + + align:start position:0% +day no with +small pieces of light following from the + + align:start position:0% +small pieces of light following from the + + + align:start position:0% +small pieces of light following from the +sky and + + align:start position:0% +sky and + + + align:start position:0% +sky and +we today we we + + align:start position:0% +we today we we + + + align:start position:0% +we today we we +have the theme of refle the practice of + + align:start position:0% +have the theme of refle the practice of + + + align:start position:0% +have the theme of refle the practice of +reflection or how to step back through + + align:start position:0% +reflection or how to step back through + + + align:start position:0% +reflection or how to step back through +one's experience and + + align:start position:0% +one's experience and + + + align:start position:0% +one's experience and +to discover the knowledge we have + + align:start position:0% +to discover the knowledge we have + + + align:start position:0% +to discover the knowledge we have +embedded in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experience but before + + align:start position:0% +experience but before + + + align:start position:0% +experience but before +that I like to talk with you about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yesterday if you want to to express some + + align:start position:0% +yesterday if you want to to express some + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday if you want to to express some +feelings or + + align:start position:0% +feelings or + + + align:start position:0% +feelings or +some things that you got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to to + + align:start position:0% +to to + + + align:start position:0% +to to +see listening the other people talking + + align:start position:0% +see listening the other people talking + + + align:start position:0% +see listening the other people talking +about their experiences their learning + + align:start position:0% +about their experiences their learning + + + align:start position:0% +about their experiences their learning +experiences yesterday let's come back + + align:start position:0% +experiences yesterday let's come back + + + align:start position:0% +experiences yesterday let's come back +the mine time to yesterday + + align:start position:0% +the mine time to yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +the mine time to yesterday +okay perhaps you should like to talk + + align:start position:0% +okay perhaps you should like to talk + + + align:start position:0% +okay perhaps you should like to talk +some some expression we had no time to + + align:start position:0% +some some expression we had no time to + + + align:start position:0% +some some expression we had no time to +talk yesterday we just went out and + + align:start position:0% +talk yesterday we just went out and + + + align:start position:0% +talk yesterday we just went out and +after that I will ask you to ask me some + + align:start position:0% +after that I will ask you to ask me some + + + align:start position:0% +after that I will ask you to ask me some +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +yeah you as you were saying we were + + align:start position:0% +yeah you as you were saying we were + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you as you were saying we were +going to look for patterns and I think + + align:start position:0% +going to look for patterns and I think + + + align:start position:0% +going to look for patterns and I think +some of patterns are inconsistencies and + + align:start position:0% +some of patterns are inconsistencies and + + + align:start position:0% +some of patterns are inconsistencies and +how we told our stories and I think one + + align:start position:0% +how we told our stories and I think one + + + align:start position:0% +how we told our stories and I think one +of the ones that for me was interesting + + align:start position:0% +of the ones that for me was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of the ones that for me was interesting +was that uh some of us started assuming + + align:start position:0% +was that uh some of us started assuming + + + align:start position:0% +was that uh some of us started assuming +a decision to u to learn something new + + align:start position:0% +a decision to u to learn something new + + + align:start position:0% +a decision to u to learn something new +others described a little bit that + + align:start position:0% +others described a little bit that + + + align:start position:0% +others described a little bit that +decision making process and so for me + + align:start position:0% +decision making process and so for me + + + align:start position:0% +decision making process and so for me +you know I started AC decision it's very + + align:start position:0% +you know I started AC decision it's very + + + align:start position:0% +you know I started AC decision it's very +interesting for for me to reflect on + + align:start position:0% +interesting for for me to reflect on + + + align:start position:0% +interesting for for me to reflect on +what does it take to make the decision + + align:start position:0% +what does it take to make the decision + + + align:start position:0% +what does it take to make the decision +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +learn okay thank you another comment + + align:start position:0% +learn okay thank you another comment + + + align:start position:0% +learn okay thank you another comment +about yesterday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I contrasted actually among the + + align:start position:0% +um I contrasted actually among the + + + align:start position:0% +um I contrasted actually among the +different and I found that some were + + align:start position:0% +different and I found that some were + + + align:start position:0% +different and I found that some were +more effective in letting us know the + + align:start position:0% +more effective in letting us know the + + + align:start position:0% +more effective in letting us know the +actual steps that were involved in the + + align:start position:0% +actual steps that were involved in the + + + align:start position:0% +actual steps that were involved in the +learning whereas uh for example I felt + + align:start position:0% +learning whereas uh for example I felt + + + align:start position:0% +learning whereas uh for example I felt +that my own I I wasn't I I sort of + + align:start position:0% +that my own I I wasn't I I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that my own I I wasn't I I sort of +compacted into a thing there just one + + align:start position:0% +compacted into a thing there just one + + + align:start position:0% +compacted into a thing there just one +one slot whereas others were able to + + align:start position:0% +one slot whereas others were able to + + + align:start position:0% +one slot whereas others were able to +describe how the cycle of uh checking + + align:start position:0% +describe how the cycle of uh checking + + + align:start position:0% +describe how the cycle of uh checking +and rechecking and making it better + + align:start position:0% +and rechecking and making it better + + + align:start position:0% +and rechecking and making it better +every time I I thought I like that okay + + align:start position:0% +every time I I thought I like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +every time I I thought I like that okay +better okay thank + + align:start position:0% +better okay thank + + + align:start position:0% +better okay thank +you another that comment yes thought it + + align:start position:0% +you another that comment yes thought it + + + align:start position:0% +you another that comment yes thought it +was interesting point s that everyone + + align:start position:0% +was interesting point s that everyone + + + align:start position:0% +was interesting point s that everyone +seems to start from a point of formal + + align:start position:0% +seems to start from a point of formal + + + align:start position:0% +seems to start from a point of formal +introduction + + align:start position:0% +introduction + + + align:start position:0% +introduction +and and eventually moves through to + + align:start position:0% +and and eventually moves through to + + + align:start position:0% +and and eventually moves through to +their own sort of aha moment and then + + align:start position:0% +their own sort of aha moment and then + + + align:start position:0% +their own sort of aha moment and then +takes what they're working on and adapts + + align:start position:0% +takes what they're working on and adapts + + + align:start position:0% +takes what they're working on and adapts +it for themselves in a more much more + + align:start position:0% +it for themselves in a more much more + + + align:start position:0% +it for themselves in a more much more +personal manner adjust it so they can + + align:start position:0% +personal manner adjust it so they can + + + align:start position:0% +personal manner adjust it so they can +use it as they need + + align:start position:0% +use it as they need + + + align:start position:0% +use it as they need +to okay thank you should we think of + + align:start position:0% +to okay thank you should we think of + + + align:start position:0% +to okay thank you should we think of +this exercise as trying to understand + + align:start position:0% +this exercise as trying to understand + + + align:start position:0% +this exercise as trying to understand +how people learn or how or trying to + + align:start position:0% +how people learn or how or trying to + + + align:start position:0% +how people learn or how or trying to +understand how people cognitively + + align:start position:0% +understand how people cognitively + + + align:start position:0% +understand how people cognitively +recognize the past experience of + + align:start position:0% +recognize the past experience of + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the past experience of +learning great I almost the second way + + align:start position:0% +learning great I almost the second way + + + align:start position:0% +learning great I almost the second way +is is almost more valuable in some ways + + align:start position:0% +is is almost more valuable in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +is is almost more valuable in some ways +because then you get a sense not only of + + align:start position:0% +because then you get a sense not only of + + + align:start position:0% +because then you get a sense not only of +well okay kind say that we we sort of + + align:start position:0% +well okay kind say that we we sort of + + + align:start position:0% +well okay kind say that we we sort of +know how people learn but really what's + + align:start position:0% +know how people learn but really what's + + + align:start position:0% +know how people learn but really what's +interesting here is what people remember + + align:start position:0% +interesting here is what people remember + + + align:start position:0% +interesting here is what people remember +about that learning process which + + align:start position:0% +about that learning process which + + + align:start position:0% +about that learning process which +elements of it really stand out yes the + + align:start position:0% +elements of it really stand out yes the + + + align:start position:0% +elements of it really stand out yes the +intention is the second one + + align:start position:0% +intention is the second one + + + align:start position:0% +intention is the second one +okay the exercise about to learning was + + align:start position:0% +okay the exercise about to learning was + + + align:start position:0% +okay the exercise about to learning was +not for ER describe learning process in + + align:start position:0% +not for ER describe learning process in + + + align:start position:0% +not for ER describe learning process in +itself but for understanding how we can + + align:start position:0% +itself but for understanding how we can + + + align:start position:0% +itself but for understanding how we can +recover this experience an experiment of + + align:start position:0% +recover this experience an experiment of + + + align:start position:0% +recover this experience an experiment of +making TD knowledge + + align:start position:0% +making TD knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +making TD knowledge +explicit but it's it's also so useful + + align:start position:0% +explicit but it's it's also so useful + + + align:start position:0% +explicit but it's it's also so useful +for reflecting on on learning know so + + align:start position:0% +for reflecting on on learning know so + + + align:start position:0% +for reflecting on on learning know so +it it's has two two results but the most + + align:start position:0% +it it's has two two results but the most + + + align:start position:0% +it it's has two two results but the most +important for for the purpose purpose of + + align:start position:0% +important for for the purpose purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +important for for the purpose purpose of +this CSE is the second one okay thank + + align:start position:0% +this CSE is the second one okay thank + + + align:start position:0% +this CSE is the second one okay thank +you very + + align:start position:0% +you very + + + align:start position:0% +you very +much okay okay um + + align:start position:0% +much okay okay um + + + align:start position:0% +much okay okay um +well I guess I was initially a bit + + align:start position:0% +well I guess I was initially a bit + + + align:start position:0% +well I guess I was initially a bit +skeptical about the the value of picking + + align:start position:0% +skeptical about the the value of picking + + + align:start position:0% +skeptical about the the value of picking +out the tasks that we did like learning + + align:start position:0% +out the tasks that we did like learning + + + align:start position:0% +out the tasks that we did like learning +to drive a car or learning to snowboard + + align:start position:0% +to drive a car or learning to snowboard + + + align:start position:0% +to drive a car or learning to snowboard +or uh or learning to ski or learning to + + align:start position:0% +or uh or learning to ski or learning to + + + align:start position:0% +or uh or learning to ski or learning to +ride a bike or something because because + + align:start position:0% +ride a bike or something because because + + + align:start position:0% +ride a bike or something because because +they were they're very physical tasks + + align:start position:0% +they were they're very physical tasks + + + align:start position:0% +they were they're very physical tasks +and I think we in in my mind anyway I'm + + align:start position:0% +and I think we in in my mind anyway I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and I think we in in my mind anyway I'm +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +um accustomed to the idea of learning + + align:start position:0% +um accustomed to the idea of learning + + + align:start position:0% +um accustomed to the idea of learning +physical tasks by this um process of + + align:start position:0% +physical tasks by this um process of + + + align:start position:0% +physical tasks by this um process of +following instructions and then adapting + + align:start position:0% +following instructions and then adapting + + + align:start position:0% +following instructions and then adapting +it to to my own way of doing things and + + align:start position:0% +it to to my own way of doing things and + + + align:start position:0% +it to to my own way of doing things and +feeling how how things work but for kind + + align:start position:0% +feeling how how things work but for kind + + + align:start position:0% +feeling how how things work but for kind +of conceptual learning or mhm you know I + + align:start position:0% +of conceptual learning or mhm you know I + + + align:start position:0% +of conceptual learning or mhm you know I +don't know what the opposite of physical + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the opposite of physical + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the opposite of physical +like you know intellectual learning I + + align:start position:0% +like you know intellectual learning I + + + align:start position:0% +like you know intellectual learning I +don't know whether it would follow the + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether it would follow the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether it would follow the +same thing I mean Ezra explored that a + + align:start position:0% +same thing I mean Ezra explored that a + + + align:start position:0% +same thing I mean Ezra explored that a +bit with learning a + + align:start position:0% +bit with learning a + + + align:start position:0% +bit with learning a +language um and so I was kind of + + align:start position:0% +language um and so I was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +language um and so I was kind of +convinced that it would follow the same + + align:start position:0% +convinced that it would follow the same + + + align:start position:0% +convinced that it would follow the same +kind of pattern but okay I'm not + + align:start position:0% +kind of pattern but okay I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +kind of pattern but okay I'm not +entirely + + align:start position:0% +entirely + + + align:start position:0% +entirely +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +okay just to follow up on on your + + align:start position:0% +okay just to follow up on on your + + + align:start position:0% +okay just to follow up on on your +comment about was it about how we if we + + align:start position:0% +comment about was it about how we if we + + + align:start position:0% +comment about was it about how we if we +remember you're learning or not also + + align:start position:0% +remember you're learning or not also + + + align:start position:0% +remember you're learning or not also +brought to me the idea how did other + + align:start position:0% +brought to me the idea how did other + + + align:start position:0% +brought to me the idea how did other +people experience that learning process + + align:start position:0% +people experience that learning process + + + align:start position:0% +people experience that learning process +and how did other people around me that + + align:start position:0% +and how did other people around me that + + + align:start position:0% +and how did other people around me that +were at the at that point what did they + + align:start position:0% +were at the at that point what did they + + + align:start position:0% +were at the at that point what did they +think about what I was learning or how I + + align:start position:0% +think about what I was learning or how I + + + align:start position:0% +think about what I was learning or how I +was learn just raised the question for + + align:start position:0% +was learn just raised the question for + + + align:start position:0% +was learn just raised the question for +you and + + align:start position:0% +you and + + + align:start position:0% +you and +my I describe how I did how I think I + + align:start position:0% +my I describe how I did how I think I + + + align:start position:0% +my I describe how I did how I think I +did it other people may + + align:start position:0% +did it other people may + + + align:start position:0% +did it other people may +have do you mean the people in the room + + align:start position:0% +have do you mean the people in the room + + + align:start position:0% +have do you mean the people in the room +yesterday or learning moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay just one explanation we used + + align:start position:0% +okay just one explanation we used + + + align:start position:0% +okay just one explanation we used +something very simple skill physical + + align:start position:0% +something very simple skill physical + + + align:start position:0% +something very simple skill physical +skill because it is easier easier to to + + align:start position:0% +skill because it is easier easier to to + + + align:start position:0% +skill because it is easier easier to to +describe and you have not much time + + align:start position:0% +describe and you have not much time + + + align:start position:0% +describe and you have not much time +yesterday okay so for making the + + align:start position:0% +yesterday okay so for making the + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday okay so for making the +exercise available for the timeline we + + align:start position:0% +exercise available for the timeline we + + + align:start position:0% +exercise available for the timeline we +had that + + align:start position:0% +had that + + + align:start position:0% +had that +moment okay we Ed this one the other + + align:start position:0% +moment okay we Ed this one the other + + + align:start position:0% +moment okay we Ed this one the other +kind of learning we will discuss later + + align:start position:0% +kind of learning we will discuss later + + + align:start position:0% +kind of learning we will discuss later +during the course + + align:start position:0% +during the course + + + align:start position:0% +during the course +okay thank you to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inter + + align:start position:0% +inter + + + align:start position:0% +inter +um my question is um some people did + + align:start position:0% +um my question is um some people did + + + align:start position:0% +um my question is um some people did +describe the process of learning and + + align:start position:0% +describe the process of learning and + + + align:start position:0% +describe the process of learning and +some people not only describe but + + align:start position:0% +some people not only describe but + + + align:start position:0% +some people not only describe but +thought about how the process + + align:start position:0% +thought about how the process + + + align:start position:0% +thought about how the process +developed so there are two levels here + + align:start position:0% +developed so there are two levels here + + + align:start position:0% +developed so there are two levels here +either you describe how it was or either + + align:start position:0% +either you describe how it was or either + + + align:start position:0% +either you describe how it was or either +you think about the experience and you + + align:start position:0% +you think about the experience and you + + + align:start position:0% +you think about the experience and you +don't describe anymore cuz you you think + + align:start position:0% +don't describe anymore cuz you you think + + + align:start position:0% +don't describe anymore cuz you you think +about how you have evaluate at some + + align:start position:0% +about how you have evaluate at some + + + align:start position:0% +about how you have evaluate at some +point how you learn how how how the + + align:start position:0% +point how you learn how how how the + + + align:start position:0% +point how you learn how how how the +experience was and you think about that + + align:start position:0% +experience was and you think about that + + + align:start position:0% +experience was and you think about that +description you don't give the + + align:start position:0% +description you don't give the + + + align:start position:0% +description you don't give the +description already I mean my question + + align:start position:0% +description already I mean my question + + + align:start position:0% +description already I mean my question +is what what is the + + align:start position:0% +is what what is the + + + align:start position:0% +is what what is the +level of analyis that okay that is + + align:start position:0% +level of analyis that okay that is + + + align:start position:0% +level of analyis that okay that is +important to have in a learning + + align:start position:0% +important to have in a learning + + + align:start position:0% +important to have in a learning +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +I I I think that both are + + align:start position:0% +I I I think that both are + + + align:start position:0% +I I I think that both are +important ER the Our intention yesterday + + align:start position:0% +important ER the Our intention yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +important ER the Our intention yesterday +was to to to understand the process not + + align:start position:0% +was to to to understand the process not + + + align:start position:0% +was to to to understand the process not +only to describe the experience in + + align:start position:0% +only to describe the experience in + + + align:start position:0% +only to describe the experience in +itself because we are trying to compare + + align:start position:0% +itself because we are trying to compare + + + align:start position:0% +itself because we are trying to compare +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +processes but are different ways + + align:start position:0% +processes but are different ways + + + align:start position:0% +processes but are different ways +for to express the Experience One have + + align:start position:0% +for to express the Experience One have + + + align:start position:0% +for to express the Experience One have +some people are much more descriptive + + align:start position:0% +some people are much more descriptive + + + align:start position:0% +some people are much more descriptive +about the the whole experience and not + + align:start position:0% +about the the whole experience and not + + + align:start position:0% +about the the whole experience and not +necessarily showing the steps in the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily showing the steps in the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily showing the steps in the +process but we asked you to to identify + + align:start position:0% +process but we asked you to to identify + + + align:start position:0% +process but we asked you to to identify +steps no in the process just for make + + align:start position:0% +steps no in the process just for make + + + align:start position:0% +steps no in the process just for make +making easier to + + align:start position:0% +making easier to + + + align:start position:0% +making easier to +compare + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay they came from that's what I there + + align:start position:0% +okay they came from that's what I there + + + align:start position:0% +okay they came from that's what I there +were varied levels of analysis and + + align:start position:0% +were varied levels of analysis and + + + align:start position:0% +were varied levels of analysis and +experiences some actually were more + + align:start position:0% +experiences some actually were more + + + align:start position:0% +experiences some actually were more +actually descriptive if even somewhere I + + align:start position:0% +actually descriptive if even somewhere I + + + align:start position:0% +actually descriptive if even somewhere I +think mine to one extent was more I mean + + align:start position:0% +think mine to one extent was more I mean + + + align:start position:0% +think mine to one extent was more I mean +in terms of categorizing it it was more + + align:start position:0% +in terms of categorizing it it was more + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of categorizing it it was more +general or abstract in a sense well you + + align:start position:0% +general or abstract in a sense well you + + + align:start position:0% +general or abstract in a sense well you +you let me explain the details anyhow + + align:start position:0% +you let me explain the details anyhow + + + align:start position:0% +you let me explain the details anyhow +but I mean you see people they phrase it + + align:start position:0% +but I mean you see people they phrase it + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean you see people they phrase it +in so long sentences and this + + align:start position:0% +in so long sentences and this + + + align:start position:0% +in so long sentences and this +description already just just + + align:start position:0% +description already just just + + + align:start position:0% +description already just just +differences in that somebody made a + + align:start position:0% +differences in that somebody made a + + + align:start position:0% +differences in that somebody made a +drawing I was also thinking that um when + + align:start position:0% +drawing I was also thinking that um when + + + align:start position:0% +drawing I was also thinking that um when +you made made us pick a task um um I + + align:start position:0% +you made made us pick a task um um I + + + align:start position:0% +you made made us pick a task um um I +don't know for for the for for the rest + + align:start position:0% +don't know for for the for for the rest + + + align:start position:0% +don't know for for the for for the rest +but one thing I noticed is in my case + + align:start position:0% +but one thing I noticed is in my case + + + align:start position:0% +but one thing I noticed is in my case +like um I chose that task + + align:start position:0% +like um I chose that task + + + align:start position:0% +like um I chose that task +because um I was able to retrieve at + + align:start position:0% +because um I was able to retrieve at + + + align:start position:0% +because um I was able to retrieve at +least details of that experience only + + align:start position:0% +least details of that experience only + + + align:start position:0% +least details of that experience only +because that meant a lot to me you know + + align:start position:0% +because that meant a lot to me you know + + + align:start position:0% +because that meant a lot to me you know +it has significance you know and I + + align:start position:0% +it has significance you know and I + + + align:start position:0% +it has significance you know and I +thought like that's that was easier to + + align:start position:0% +thought like that's that was easier to + + + align:start position:0% +thought like that's that was easier to +retrieve rather than remembering things + + align:start position:0% +retrieve rather than remembering things + + + align:start position:0% +retrieve rather than remembering things +that had no significance in my life and + + align:start position:0% +that had no significance in my life and + + + align:start position:0% +that had no significance in my life and +I thought like when people were saying + + align:start position:0% +I thought like when people were saying + + + align:start position:0% +I thought like when people were saying +their own like a + + align:start position:0% +their own like a + + + align:start position:0% +their own like a +had to teach her kid you know skiing and + + align:start position:0% +had to teach her kid you know skiing and + + + align:start position:0% +had to teach her kid you know skiing and +like people having the moment of aha or + + align:start position:0% +like people having the moment of aha or + + + align:start position:0% +like people having the moment of aha or +you know moment of feeling of + + align:start position:0% +you know moment of feeling of + + + align:start position:0% +you know moment of feeling of +achievement and feeling of struggle and + + align:start position:0% +achievement and feeling of struggle and + + + align:start position:0% +achievement and feeling of struggle and +all that I felt like um maybe um it was + + align:start position:0% +all that I felt like um maybe um it was + + + align:start position:0% +all that I felt like um maybe um it was +similar to me that people were able to + + align:start position:0% +similar to me that people were able to + + + align:start position:0% +similar to me that people were able to +retrieve that because there were + + align:start position:0% +retrieve that because there were + + + align:start position:0% +retrieve that because there were +significant moments in those in those + + align:start position:0% +significant moments in those in those + + + align:start position:0% +significant moments in those in those +experiences like moments of struggle or + + align:start position:0% +experiences like moments of struggle or + + + align:start position:0% +experiences like moments of struggle or +an achievement or you know um helping a + + align:start position:0% +an achievement or you know um helping a + + + align:start position:0% +an achievement or you know um helping a +significant other and all that + + align:start position:0% +significant other and all that + + + align:start position:0% +significant other and all that +okay ER today sister mdo will treat this + + align:start position:0% +okay ER today sister mdo will treat this + + + align:start position:0% +okay ER today sister mdo will treat this +kind of issue you are reflecting on this + + align:start position:0% +kind of issue you are reflecting on this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of issue you are reflecting on this +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +okay okay ER now I had you a question + + align:start position:0% +okay okay ER now I had you a question + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay ER now I had you a question +is what kind of + + align:start position:0% +is what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is what kind of +questions brought in your + + align:start position:0% +questions brought in your + + + align:start position:0% +questions brought in your +mind after the exercise from yesterday + + align:start position:0% +mind after the exercise from yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +mind after the exercise from yesterday +and you would like to answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today how we could do this exercise we + + align:start position:0% +today how we could do this exercise we + + + align:start position:0% +today how we could do this exercise we +could do it + + align:start position:0% +could do it + + + align:start position:0% +could do it +talking I try to do with you talking + + align:start position:0% +talking I try to do with you talking + + + align:start position:0% +talking I try to do with you talking +okay try to identify some questions or + + align:start position:0% +okay try to identify some questions or + + + align:start position:0% +okay try to identify some questions or +one question you would like + + align:start position:0% +one question you would like + + + align:start position:0% +one question you would like +to to answer + + align:start position:0% +to to answer + + + align:start position:0% +to to answer +today about the + + align:start position:0% +today about the + + + align:start position:0% +today about the +exercise the not the exercise the + + align:start position:0% +exercise the not the exercise the + + + align:start position:0% +exercise the not the exercise the +experience of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yday I don't know if this is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +yday I don't know if this is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +yday I don't know if this is exactly the +question you're looking for but I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +question you're looking for but I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +question you're looking for but I wasn't +sure I mean that was my memory of the + + align:start position:0% +sure I mean that was my memory of the + + + align:start position:0% +sure I mean that was my memory of the +experience but I wasn't sure if that was + + align:start position:0% +experience but I wasn't sure if that was + + + align:start position:0% +experience but I wasn't sure if that was +actually how it happened or not so I + + align:start position:0% +actually how it happened or not so I + + + align:start position:0% +actually how it happened or not so I +guess was was my is my memory + + align:start position:0% +guess was was my is my memory + + + align:start position:0% +guess was was my is my memory +authentic ah okay is my memory authentic + + align:start position:0% +authentic ah okay is my memory authentic + + + align:start position:0% +authentic ah okay is my memory authentic +okay thank you very much do you have any + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you very much do you have any + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you very much do you have any +other close close totic no okay I + + align:start position:0% +other close close totic no okay I + + + align:start position:0% +other close close totic no okay I +understand it's the same reflection of + + align:start position:0% +understand it's the same reflection of + + + align:start position:0% +understand it's the same reflection of +Rene no if he was I think the question + + align:start position:0% +Rene no if he was I think the question + + + align:start position:0% +Rene no if he was I think the question +of authenticity is is kind of irrelevant + + align:start position:0% +of authenticity is is kind of irrelevant + + + align:start position:0% +of authenticity is is kind of irrelevant +I think the question is what do you + + align:start position:0% +I think the question is what do you + + + align:start position:0% +I think the question is what do you +remember how do you remember it and why + + align:start position:0% +remember how do you remember it and why + + + align:start position:0% +remember how do you remember it and why +do you remember it rather than was that + + align:start position:0% +do you remember it rather than was that + + + align:start position:0% +do you remember it rather than was that +accurate I mean I don't even know how + + align:start position:0% +accurate I mean I don't even know how + + + align:start position:0% +accurate I mean I don't even know how +you would determine what was accurate or + + align:start position:0% +you would determine what was accurate or + + + align:start position:0% +you would determine what was accurate or +how You' ever get back at accuracy after + + align:start position:0% +how You' ever get back at accuracy after + + + align:start position:0% +how You' ever get back at accuracy after +after a time period it seems like the + + align:start position:0% +after a time period it seems like the + + + align:start position:0% +after a time period it seems like the +what what I remember and why yeah I mean + + align:start position:0% +what what I remember and why yeah I mean + + + align:start position:0% +what what I remember and why yeah I mean +if we get back to the question of the of + + align:start position:0% +if we get back to the question of the of + + + align:start position:0% +if we get back to the question of the of +the event the purpose is not to get an + + align:start position:0% +the event the purpose is not to get an + + + align:start position:0% +the event the purpose is not to get an +accurate reading of what it was but + + align:start position:0% +accurate reading of what it was but + + + align:start position:0% +accurate reading of what it was but +understand which elements you remember + + align:start position:0% +understand which elements you remember + + + align:start position:0% +understand which elements you remember +why you remember them why you remember + + align:start position:0% +why you remember them why you remember + + + align:start position:0% +why you remember them why you remember +them in that way those seem to be the + + align:start position:0% +them in that way those seem to be the + + + align:start position:0% +them in that way those seem to be the +significant things rather than a one + + align:start position:0% +significant things rather than a one + + + align:start position:0% +significant things rather than a one +toone perfect reflection of the these + + align:start position:0% +toone perfect reflection of the these + + + align:start position:0% +toone perfect reflection of the these +even if that were possible I don't think + + align:start position:0% +even if that were possible I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +even if that were possible I don't think +it really would be okay which elements + + align:start position:0% +it really would be okay which elements + + + align:start position:0% +it really would be okay which elements +of your imp that you could have + + align:start position:0% +of your imp that you could have + + + align:start position:0% +of your imp that you could have +objective memory or objective conception + + align:start position:0% +objective memory or objective conception + + + align:start position:0% +objective memory or objective conception +perception I I will take the second part + + align:start position:0% +perception I I will take the second part + + + align:start position:0% +perception I I will take the second part +of your question okay why I remember + + align:start position:0% +of your question okay why I remember + + + align:start position:0% +of your question okay why I remember +because asking why I will identify the + + align:start position:0% +because asking why I will identify the + + + align:start position:0% +because asking why I will identify the +the elements I will remember okay if I + + align:start position:0% +the elements I will remember okay if I + + + align:start position:0% +the elements I will remember okay if I +can identify why I remember something I + + align:start position:0% +can identify why I remember something I + + + align:start position:0% +can identify why I remember something I +can identify what I have remembered + + align:start position:0% +can identify what I have remembered + + + align:start position:0% +can identify what I have remembered +okay another question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what are the effects that when you + + align:start position:0% +um what are the effects that when you + + + align:start position:0% +um what are the effects that when you +asked us to represent our learning + + align:start position:0% +asked us to represent our learning + + + align:start position:0% +asked us to represent our learning +experience through a graphic + + align:start position:0% +experience through a graphic + + + align:start position:0% +experience through a graphic +how can that way of expressing can + + align:start position:0% +how can that way of expressing can + + + align:start position:0% +how can that way of expressing can +change your learning + + align:start position:0% +change your learning + + + align:start position:0% +change your learning +experience yeah I mean how what is the + + align:start position:0% +experience yeah I mean how what is the + + + align:start position:0% +experience yeah I mean how what is the +effect of only talking about it or just + + align:start position:0% +effect of only talking about it or just + + + align:start position:0% +effect of only talking about it or just +having to represent it through a drawing + + align:start position:0% +having to represent it through a drawing + + + align:start position:0% +having to represent it through a drawing +or all those that effect of representing + + align:start position:0% +or all those that effect of representing + + + align:start position:0% +or all those that effect of representing +the effect which is effect of + + align:start position:0% +the effect which is effect of + + + align:start position:0% +the effect which is effect of +representing and experience because it's + + align:start position:0% +representing and experience because it's + + + align:start position:0% +representing and experience because it's +completely different if I I just + + align:start position:0% +completely different if I I just + + + align:start position:0% +completely different if I I just +expression if I just need to write about + + align:start position:0% +expression if I just need to write about + + + align:start position:0% +expression if I just need to write about +it or if I just need to talk about it or + + align:start position:0% +it or if I just need to talk about it or + + + align:start position:0% +it or if I just need to talk about it or +if I just + + align:start position:0% +if I just + + + align:start position:0% +if I just +I don't need to use any words and I need + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to use any words and I need + + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to use any words and I need +to represent it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway + + align:start position:0% +anyway + + + align:start position:0% +anyway +okay um in the reading uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +okay um in the reading uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay um in the reading uh one of the +readings they mentioned um that when + + align:start position:0% +readings they mentioned um that when + + + align:start position:0% +readings they mentioned um that when +you're helping somebody um be able + + align:start position:0% +you're helping somebody um be able + + + align:start position:0% +you're helping somebody um be able +to understand their own process of + + align:start position:0% +to understand their own process of + + + align:start position:0% +to understand their own process of +learning tell telling it to somebody + + align:start position:0% +learning tell telling it to somebody + + + align:start position:0% +learning tell telling it to somebody +asking them to describe it to you or to + + align:start position:0% +asking them to describe it to you or to + + + align:start position:0% +asking them to describe it to you or to +actually to teach somebody what they did + + align:start position:0% +actually to teach somebody what they did + + + align:start position:0% +actually to teach somebody what they did +is a way of helping the person sort of + + align:start position:0% +is a way of helping the person sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is a way of helping the person sort of +structure the ideas into the concepts + + align:start position:0% +structure the ideas into the concepts + + + align:start position:0% +structure the ideas into the concepts +and I was wondering why yesterday we did + + align:start position:0% +and I was wondering why yesterday we did + + + align:start position:0% +and I was wondering why yesterday we did +it on our own instead of uh for example + + align:start position:0% +it on our own instead of uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +it on our own instead of uh for example +explaining it to somebody else which is + + align:start position:0% +explaining it to somebody else which is + + + align:start position:0% +explaining it to somebody else which is +what the reading mentioned that helped + + align:start position:0% +what the reading mentioned that helped + + + align:start position:0% +what the reading mentioned that helped +you structure your Concepts or something + + align:start position:0% +you structure your Concepts or something + + + align:start position:0% +you structure your Concepts or something +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that I + + align:start position:0% +that I + + + align:start position:0% +that I +need um + + align:start position:0% +need um + + + align:start position:0% +need um +if you in the when the in the Articles + + align:start position:0% +if you in the when the in the Articles + + + align:start position:0% +if you in the when the in the Articles +yes we read one of the elements that was + + align:start position:0% +yes we read one of the elements that was + + + align:start position:0% +yes we read one of the elements that was +uh highlighted yes was that um when you + + align:start position:0% +uh highlighted yes was that um when you + + + align:start position:0% +uh highlighted yes was that um when you +don't know how to reflect yes yes yes + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to reflect yes yes yes + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to reflect yes yes yes +the you can actually be helped by + + align:start position:0% +the you can actually be helped by + + + align:start position:0% +the you can actually be helped by +somebody if they ask you to teach what + + align:start position:0% +somebody if they ask you to teach what + + + align:start position:0% +somebody if they ask you to teach what +you know to somebody else because when + + align:start position:0% +you know to somebody else because when + + + align:start position:0% +you know to somebody else because when +you think about how you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you think about how you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you think about how you're going to +explain it to the person yes then you + + align:start position:0% +explain it to the person yes then you + + + align:start position:0% +explain it to the person yes then you +sort of organize your ideas and your + + align:start position:0% +sort of organize your ideas and your + + + align:start position:0% +sort of organize your ideas and your +Concepts and able to abstract and um + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and able to abstract and um + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts and able to abstract and um +sort of explain it better no not explain + + align:start position:0% +sort of explain it better no not explain + + + align:start position:0% +sort of explain it better no not explain +it better to understand it yourself yes + + align:start position:0% +it better to understand it yourself yes + + + align:start position:0% +it better to understand it yourself yes +yes okay but yesterday we approached it + + align:start position:0% +yes okay but yesterday we approached it + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay but yesterday we approached it +by doing it ourselves not explaining it + + align:start position:0% +by doing it ourselves not explaining it + + + align:start position:0% +by doing it ourselves not explaining it +to somebody else okay but okay so what + + align:start position:0% +to somebody else okay but okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +to somebody else okay but okay so what +is your question why did you choose to + + align:start position:0% +is your question why did you choose to + + + align:start position:0% +is your question why did you choose to +do that is that okay + + align:start position:0% +do that is that okay + + + align:start position:0% +do that is that okay +but this question is is very easy to + + align:start position:0% +but this question is is very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +but this question is is very easy to +answer because it's something that we + + align:start position:0% +answer because it's something that we + + + align:start position:0% +answer because it's something that we +had in our mind we are asking for + + align:start position:0% +had in our mind we are asking for + + + align:start position:0% +had in our mind we are asking for +question about the process we have + + align:start position:0% +question about the process we have + + + align:start position:0% +question about the process we have +Liv I thought it was intentional I + + align:start position:0% +Liv I thought it was intentional I + + + align:start position:0% +Liv I thought it was intentional I +thought it had a purpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah okay that's what I was I think maybe + + align:start position:0% +ah okay that's what I was I think maybe + + + align:start position:0% +ah okay that's what I was I think maybe +what's not clear in this Cas is the + + align:start position:0% +what's not clear in this Cas is the + + + align:start position:0% +what's not clear in this Cas is the +questions it's different kind of + + align:start position:0% +questions it's different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +questions it's different kind of +question we are asking for okay we can + + align:start position:0% +question we are asking for okay we can + + + align:start position:0% +question we are asking for okay we can +talk about this later okay I I I feel + + align:start position:0% +talk about this later okay I I I feel + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this later okay I I I feel +like it it gets back to the same + + align:start position:0% +like it it gets back to the same + + + align:start position:0% +like it it gets back to the same +question I was talking about earlier + + align:start position:0% +question I was talking about earlier + + + align:start position:0% +question I was talking about earlier +where if you're trying to explain how + + align:start position:0% +where if you're trying to explain how + + + align:start position:0% +where if you're trying to explain how +you learn something to someone then that + + align:start position:0% +you learn something to someone then that + + + align:start position:0% +you learn something to someone then that +that method probably works better you + + align:start position:0% +that method probably works better you + + + align:start position:0% +that method probably works better you +know if you want to actually teach + + align:start position:0% +know if you want to actually teach + + + align:start position:0% +know if you want to actually teach +someone to ski probably wor better to be + + align:start position:0% +someone to ski probably wor better to be + + + align:start position:0% +someone to ski probably wor better to be +on a ski slope and teach them and talk + + align:start position:0% +on a ski slope and teach them and talk + + + align:start position:0% +on a ski slope and teach them and talk +about your experience but if the point + + align:start position:0% +about your experience but if the point + + + align:start position:0% +about your experience but if the point +is to try and get a sense of how you + + align:start position:0% +is to try and get a sense of how you + + + align:start position:0% +is to try and get a sense of how you +remember the experience of trying to ski + + align:start position:0% +remember the experience of trying to ski + + + align:start position:0% +remember the experience of trying to ski +then it might not really be all that + + align:start position:0% +then it might not really be all that + + + align:start position:0% +then it might not really be all that +useful to be on a skis slope talking to + + align:start position:0% +useful to be on a skis slope talking to + + + align:start position:0% +useful to be on a skis slope talking to +somebody because then it's almost like a + + align:start position:0% +somebody because then it's almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody because then it's almost like a +it Skuse your data in some sense yeah + + align:start position:0% +it Skuse your data in some sense yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it Skuse your data in some sense yeah +okay we need to go forward to the + + align:start position:0% +okay we need to go forward to the + + + align:start position:0% +okay we need to go forward to the +questions do you have one I was more + + align:start position:0% +questions do you have one I was more + + + align:start position:0% +questions do you have one I was more +wondering if like in a process like what + + align:start position:0% +wondering if like in a process like what + + + align:start position:0% +wondering if like in a process like what +we did because + + align:start position:0% +we did because + + + align:start position:0% +we did because +um I used to do this with communities + + align:start position:0% +um I used to do this with communities + + + align:start position:0% +um I used to do this with communities +and even within the organizations I work + + align:start position:0% +and even within the organizations I work + + + align:start position:0% +and even within the organizations I work +with but along the way I I think I got + + align:start position:0% +with but along the way I I think I got + + + align:start position:0% +with but along the way I I think I got +um somehow the feeling of um getting + + align:start position:0% +um somehow the feeling of um getting + + + align:start position:0% +um somehow the feeling of um getting +trapped that's why I came to study as + + align:start position:0% +trapped that's why I came to study as + + + align:start position:0% +trapped that's why I came to study as +well because um somehow you know when + + align:start position:0% +well because um somehow you know when + + + align:start position:0% +well because um somehow you know when +you do things for years you kind of like + + align:start position:0% +you do things for years you kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +you do things for years you kind of like +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um you know you've reached a certain + + align:start position:0% +so um you know you've reached a certain + + + align:start position:0% +so um you know you've reached a certain +point of a learning curve and you need + + align:start position:0% +point of a learning curve and you need + + + align:start position:0% +point of a learning curve and you need +to move and learn something more and my + + align:start position:0% +to move and learn something more and my + + + align:start position:0% +to move and learn something more and my +question goes like how do you actually + + align:start position:0% +question goes like how do you actually + + + align:start position:0% +question goes like how do you actually +move from all this you know reflect um + + align:start position:0% +move from all this you know reflect um + + + align:start position:0% +move from all this you know reflect um +level a certain level of a reflective + + align:start position:0% +level a certain level of a reflective + + + align:start position:0% +level a certain level of a reflective +practice and uh kind of Step Up step on + + align:start position:0% +practice and uh kind of Step Up step on + + + align:start position:0% +practice and uh kind of Step Up step on +move on to a level where you you can + + align:start position:0% +move on to a level where you you can + + + align:start position:0% +move on to a level where you you can +actually um develop + + align:start position:0% +actually um develop + + + align:start position:0% +actually um develop +directions you know for organizations or + + align:start position:0% +directions you know for organizations or + + + align:start position:0% +directions you know for organizations or +help communities develop a certain not + + align:start position:0% +help communities develop a certain not + + + align:start position:0% +help communities develop a certain not +only projects plans something like that + + align:start position:0% +only projects plans something like that + + + align:start position:0% +only projects plans something like that +but more at the level of looking at the + + align:start position:0% +but more at the level of looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +but more at the level of looking at the +Brer things and you know with all other + + align:start position:0% +Brer things and you know with all other + + + align:start position:0% +Brer things and you know with all other +experiences and so many things you come + + align:start position:0% +experiences and so many things you come + + + align:start position:0% +experiences and so many things you come +together and pull really pull them + + align:start position:0% +together and pull really pull them + + + align:start position:0% +together and pull really pull them +together and say this is an + + align:start position:0% +together and say this is an + + + align:start position:0% +together and say this is an +Institutional Direction something like + + align:start position:0% +Institutional Direction something like + + + align:start position:0% +Institutional Direction something like +that okay that's what I've been + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's what I've been + + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's what I've been +wondering okay how we can go from a + + align:start position:0% +wondering okay how we can go from a + + + align:start position:0% +wondering okay how we can go from a +simple level of learning to a more + + align:start position:0% +simple level of learning to a more + + + align:start position:0% +simple level of learning to a more +complex one yeah pulling all the + + align:start position:0% +complex one yeah pulling all the + + + align:start position:0% +complex one yeah pulling all the +elements of experiences and then you say + + align:start position:0% +elements of experiences and then you say + + + align:start position:0% +elements of experiences and then you say +it's a holistic sense and you know you + + align:start position:0% +it's a holistic sense and you know you + + + align:start position:0% +it's a holistic sense and you know you +know it's what great minds do or it's + + align:start position:0% +know it's what great minds do or it's + + + align:start position:0% +know it's what great minds do or it's +what great directors do or what but + + align:start position:0% +what great directors do or what but + + + align:start position:0% +what great directors do or what but +that's a problem I'm grappling with okay + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem I'm grappling with okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem I'm grappling with okay +yes okay okay we have enough we have + + align:start position:0% +yes okay okay we have enough we have + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay okay we have enough we have +four we we need to work my idea is to + + align:start position:0% +four we we need to work my idea is to + + + align:start position:0% +four we we need to work my idea is to +work with one okay yeah no because they + + align:start position:0% +work with one okay yeah no because they + + + align:start position:0% +work with one okay yeah no because they +are not much similar they they are very + + align:start position:0% +are not much similar they they are very + + + align:start position:0% +are not much similar they they are very +different from + + align:start position:0% +different from + + + align:start position:0% +different from +one so my what I would like you to do is + + align:start position:0% +one so my what I would like you to do is + + + align:start position:0% +one so my what I would like you to do is +to select + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay are you be excuse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me and we will select it by vote + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what you consider more interesting for + + align:start position:0% +what you consider more interesting for + + + align:start position:0% +what you consider more interesting for +continue to think about it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today okay + + align:start position:0% +today okay + + + align:start position:0% +today okay +ready let's wait the other people too + + align:start position:0% +ready let's wait the other people too + + + align:start position:0% +ready let's wait the other people too +okay anyone needs time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yet so for the how many people are + + align:start position:0% +yet so for the how many people are + + + align:start position:0% +yet so for the how many people are +interested in this course yes this is + + align:start position:0% +interested in this course yes this is + + + align:start position:0% +interested in this course yes this is +this who are interested in question a + + align:start position:0% +this who are interested in question a + + + align:start position:0% +this who are interested in question a +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +no question + + align:start position:0% +no question + + + align:start position:0% +no question +b 1 2 3 4 5 + + align:start position:0% +b 1 2 3 4 5 + + + align:start position:0% +b 1 2 3 4 5 +6 question + + align:start position:0% +6 question + + + align:start position:0% +6 question +C no one question + + align:start position:0% +C no one question + + + align:start position:0% +C no one question +d 1 2 3 4 5 + + align:start position:0% +d 1 2 3 4 5 + + + align:start position:0% +d 1 2 3 4 5 +six questions we have two questions + + align:start position:0% +six questions we have two questions + + + align:start position:0% +six questions we have two questions +let's see if it's possible to work with + + align:start position:0% +let's see if it's possible to work with + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if it's possible to work with +them yes we should we try to choose + + align:start position:0% +them yes we should we try to choose + + + align:start position:0% +them yes we should we try to choose +between which elements do we remember + + align:start position:0% +between which elements do we remember + + + align:start position:0% +between which elements do we remember +remember and why do we remember how can + + align:start position:0% +remember and why do we remember how can + + + align:start position:0% +remember and why do we remember how can +we move from one simple level of + + align:start position:0% +we move from one simple level of + + + align:start position:0% +we move from one simple level of +learning to a more complex one are very + + align:start position:0% +learning to a more complex one are very + + + align:start position:0% +learning to a more complex one are very +different yeah yeah very different we + + align:start position:0% +different yeah yeah very different we + + + align:start position:0% +different yeah yeah very different we +should select one okay no we can okay he + + align:start position:0% +should select one okay no we can okay he + + + align:start position:0% +should select one okay no we can okay he +will condu the the exercise + + align:start position:0% +will condu the the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +will condu the the exercise +so okay thank you very much and now I + + align:start position:0% +so okay thank you very much and now I + + + align:start position:0% +so okay thank you very much and now I +think that we we began a new moment in + + align:start position:0% +think that we we began a new moment in + + + align:start position:0% +think that we we began a new moment in +the today and for people who doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the today and for people who doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the today and for people who doesn't +know him he's sister + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mdo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and he will I I will ask him to present + + align:start position:0% +and he will I I will ask him to present + + + align:start position:0% +and he will I I will ask him to present +himself I will present myself okay pass + + align:start position:0% +himself I will present myself okay pass + + + align:start position:0% +himself I will present myself okay pass +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +microphone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what I'm putting on the mic will be + + align:start position:0% +okay what I'm putting on the mic will be + + + align:start position:0% +okay what I'm putting on the mic will be +really helpful for me as you all know my + + align:start position:0% +really helpful for me as you all know my + + + align:start position:0% +really helpful for me as you all know my +as for need to know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yours Austin my name a s t i n say that + + align:start position:0% +yours Austin my name a s t i n say that + + + align:start position:0% +yours Austin my name a s t i n say that +again Austin oh Austin yes + + align:start position:0% +again Austin oh Austin yes + + + align:start position:0% +again Austin oh Austin yes +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rene Thomas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Patricia + + align:start position:0% +Patricia + + + align:start position:0% +Patricia +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +thanks and I'm + + align:start position:0% +thanks and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +thanks and I'm +Caesar I apologize for not being here + + align:start position:0% +Caesar I apologize for not being here + + + align:start position:0% +Caesar I apologize for not being here +yesterday uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're stuck in Chicago with one inch of + + align:start position:0% +we're stuck in Chicago with one inch of + + + align:start position:0% +we're stuck in Chicago with one inch of +snow I don't quite understand that + + align:start position:0% +snow I don't quite understand that + + + align:start position:0% +snow I don't quite understand that +phenomena uh you think it would take at + + align:start position:0% +phenomena uh you think it would take at + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena uh you think it would take at +least 30 inches of snow to keep you + + align:start position:0% +least 30 inches of snow to keep you + + + align:start position:0% +least 30 inches of snow to keep you +stuck in Chicago but it didn't um today + + align:start position:0% +stuck in Chicago but it didn't um today + + + align:start position:0% +stuck in Chicago but it didn't um today +I'm supposed to talk to you about kind + + align:start position:0% +I'm supposed to talk to you about kind + + + align:start position:0% +I'm supposed to talk to you about kind +of critical moments methodology and uh + + align:start position:0% +of critical moments methodology and uh + + + align:start position:0% +of critical moments methodology and uh +the critical moments reflection process + + align:start position:0% +the critical moments reflection process + + + align:start position:0% +the critical moments reflection process +and we want to try to do it by not just + + align:start position:0% +and we want to try to do it by not just + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to try to do it by not just +me talking about it but actually take + + align:start position:0% +me talking about it but actually take + + + align:start position:0% +me talking about it but actually take +you through part of the experience and + + align:start position:0% +you through part of the experience and + + + align:start position:0% +you through part of the experience and +it's going to be kind of hard because + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be kind of hard because + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be kind of hard because +when because of time and two because one + + align:start position:0% +when because of time and two because one + + + align:start position:0% +when because of time and two because one +of the key elements of doing this this + + align:start position:0% +of the key elements of doing this this + + + align:start position:0% +of the key elements of doing this this +group doesn't have we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +group doesn't have we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +group doesn't have we're going to try to +simulate it though and uh you'll + + align:start position:0% +simulate it though and uh you'll + + + align:start position:0% +simulate it though and uh you'll +understand that as I talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +understand that as I talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +understand that as I talk a little bit +more about what I mean by + + align:start position:0% +more about what I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +more about what I mean by +that but before going into it in detail + + align:start position:0% +that but before going into it in detail + + + align:start position:0% +that but before going into it in detail +I want to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk a little bit +about um why we do this methodology and + + align:start position:0% +about um why we do this methodology and + + + align:start position:0% +about um why we do this methodology and +where it came from uh the general idea + + align:start position:0% +where it came from uh the general idea + + + align:start position:0% +where it came from uh the general idea +that we were really focus on when we + + align:start position:0% +that we were really focus on when we + + + align:start position:0% +that we were really focus on when we +kind of developed this Mo this + + align:start position:0% +kind of developed this Mo this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of developed this Mo this +methodology around uh critical moments + + align:start position:0% +methodology around uh critical moments + + + align:start position:0% +methodology around uh critical moments +reflection was really came out of work + + align:start position:0% +reflection was really came out of work + + + align:start position:0% +reflection was really came out of work +of really looking at what communities + + align:start position:0% +of really looking at what communities + + + align:start position:0% +of really looking at what communities +looking at work in communities and + + align:start position:0% +looking at work in communities and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at work in communities and +particularly how people who live in a + + align:start position:0% +particularly how people who live in a + + + align:start position:0% +particularly how people who live in a +place together work in a place together + + align:start position:0% +place together work in a place together + + + align:start position:0% +place together work in a place together +and are trying you know over time to + + align:start position:0% +and are trying you know over time to + + + align:start position:0% +and are trying you know over time to +improve their conditions how they + + align:start position:0% +improve their conditions how they + + + align:start position:0% +improve their conditions how they +actually learn from the work that + + align:start position:0% +actually learn from the work that + + + align:start position:0% +actually learn from the work that +they've been doing and how do they + + align:start position:0% +they've been doing and how do they + + + align:start position:0% +they've been doing and how do they +actually apply that learning and a + + align:start position:0% +actually apply that learning and a + + + align:start position:0% +actually apply that learning and a +couple of things became kind of clear as + + align:start position:0% +couple of things became kind of clear as + + + align:start position:0% +couple of things became kind of clear as +we kind of started to look at this issue + + align:start position:0% +we kind of started to look at this issue + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of started to look at this issue +um both looking at my own experience of + + align:start position:0% +um both looking at my own experience of + + + align:start position:0% +um both looking at my own experience of +doing a lot of community work and + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of community work and + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot of community work and +talking to other people and one way I + + align:start position:0% +talking to other people and one way I + + + align:start position:0% +talking to other people and one way I +one way of thinking about this is that + + align:start position:0% +one way of thinking about this is that + + + align:start position:0% +one way of thinking about this is that +I'm going to give you two ways one's + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you two ways one's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you two ways one's +kind of a way of think about in terms of + + align:start position:0% +kind of a way of think about in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a way of think about in terms of +learning and one another ways to think + + align:start position:0% +learning and one another ways to think + + + align:start position:0% +learning and one another ways to think +about in terms of kind of political + + align:start position:0% +about in terms of kind of political + + + align:start position:0% +about in terms of kind of political +processes and I wanted start with the + + align:start position:0% +processes and I wanted start with the + + + align:start position:0% +processes and I wanted start with the +political + + align:start position:0% +political + + + align:start position:0% +political +process and for me kind of the internal + + align:start position:0% +process and for me kind of the internal + + + align:start position:0% +process and for me kind of the internal +politics of communities and communities + + align:start position:0% +politics of communities and communities + + + align:start position:0% +politics of communities and communities +and when I say communities right now for + + align:start position:0% +and when I say communities right now for + + + align:start position:0% +and when I say communities right now for +the rest of the day I'll be talking + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the day I'll be talking + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the day I'll be talking +mostly about poor communities + + align:start position:0% +mostly about poor communities + + + align:start position:0% +mostly about poor communities +marginalized communities folks who are + + align:start position:0% +marginalized communities folks who are + + + align:start position:0% +marginalized communities folks who are +trying to improve the conditions in + + align:start position:0% +trying to improve the conditions in + + + align:start position:0% +trying to improve the conditions in +their lives uh + + align:start position:0% +their lives uh + + + align:start position:0% +their lives uh +collectively uh within a system in which + + align:start position:0% +collectively uh within a system in which + + + align:start position:0% +collectively uh within a system in which +there's really some disproportionate + + align:start position:0% +there's really some disproportionate + + + align:start position:0% +there's really some disproportionate +representation you know people aren't + + align:start position:0% +representation you know people aren't + + + align:start position:0% +representation you know people aren't +really paying attention to they're + + align:start position:0% +really paying attention to they're + + + align:start position:0% +really paying attention to they're +lacking resources or other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +lacking resources or other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +lacking resources or other kinds of +things uh in the system that they're in + + align:start position:0% +things uh in the system that they're in + + + align:start position:0% +things uh in the system that they're in +the society they're + + align:start position:0% +the society they're + + + align:start position:0% +the society they're +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +uh and one of the things that happens in + + align:start position:0% +uh and one of the things that happens in + + + align:start position:0% +uh and one of the things that happens in +the context of communities as they try + + align:start position:0% +the context of communities as they try + + + align:start position:0% +the context of communities as they try +to do that work is there's a really + + align:start position:0% +to do that work is there's a really + + + align:start position:0% +to do that work is there's a really +interesting question about how do people + + align:start position:0% +interesting question about how do people + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question about how do people +hold on + + align:start position:0% +hold on + + + align:start position:0% +hold on +to their Collective understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +to their Collective understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +to their Collective understanding of the +experience they've had together and I'd + + align:start position:0% +experience they've had together and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +experience they've had together and I'd +like to tell this story about how in + + align:start position:0% +like to tell this story about how in + + + align:start position:0% +like to tell this story about how in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +country um how different experiences get + + align:start position:0% +country um how different experiences get + + + align:start position:0% +country um how different experiences get +shaped and then communities really will + + align:start position:0% +shaped and then communities really will + + + align:start position:0% +shaped and then communities really will +adapt kind of adopt a representation of + + align:start position:0% +adapt kind of adopt a representation of + + + align:start position:0% +adapt kind of adopt a representation of +themselves that's not really the truth + + align:start position:0% +themselves that's not really the truth + + + align:start position:0% +themselves that's not really the truth +of what they went through and probably + + align:start position:0% +of what they went through and probably + + + align:start position:0% +of what they went through and probably +one of the clearest examples of that in + + align:start position:0% +one of the clearest examples of that in + + + align:start position:0% +one of the clearest examples of that in +this country is in the Civil Rights + + align:start position:0% +this country is in the Civil Rights + + + align:start position:0% +this country is in the Civil Rights +Movement so if you've ever done or spent + + align:start position:0% +Movement so if you've ever done or spent + + + align:start position:0% +Movement so if you've ever done or spent +a lot of time kind of looking at + + align:start position:0% +a lot of time kind of looking at + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of time kind of looking at +thinking about research searching paying + + align:start position:0% +thinking about research searching paying + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about research searching paying +attention to the civil rights movement + + align:start position:0% +attention to the civil rights movement + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the civil rights movement +in this country most of the good + + align:start position:0% +in this country most of the good + + + align:start position:0% +in this country most of the good +scholarship on there if you want to use + + align:start position:0% +scholarship on there if you want to use + + + align:start position:0% +scholarship on there if you want to use +scholarship the term really didn't start + + align:start position:0% +scholarship the term really didn't start + + + align:start position:0% +scholarship the term really didn't start +to happen until the late + + align:start position:0% +to happen until the late + + + align:start position:0% +to happen until the late +80s and from that time you know a lot of + + align:start position:0% +80s and from that time you know a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +80s and from that time you know a lot of +kind of interesting things were learned + + align:start position:0% +kind of interesting things were learned + + + align:start position:0% +kind of interesting things were learned +that some people who were in the work + + align:start position:0% +that some people who were in the work + + + align:start position:0% +that some people who were in the work +always knew but it just didn't become + + align:start position:0% +always knew but it just didn't become + + + align:start position:0% +always knew but it just didn't become +part of the myth part of how people + + align:start position:0% +part of the myth part of how people + + + align:start position:0% +part of the myth part of how people +understood it so if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +understood it so if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +understood it so if you look at the +movement the civil rights movement in + + align:start position:0% +movement the civil rights movement in + + + align:start position:0% +movement the civil rights movement in +this country it really gets capsulized + + align:start position:0% +this country it really gets capsulized + + + align:start position:0% +this country it really gets capsulized +as kind of a story about a couple + + align:start position:0% +as kind of a story about a couple + + + align:start position:0% +as kind of a story about a couple +extraordinary + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary +people who basically organized or + + align:start position:0% +people who basically organized or + + + align:start position:0% +people who basically organized or +disorganized massive people and called a + + align:start position:0% +disorganized massive people and called a + + + align:start position:0% +disorganized massive people and called a +nation to kind of its own moral + + align:start position:0% +nation to kind of its own moral + + + align:start position:0% +nation to kind of its own moral +obligation to respond to the needs of + + align:start position:0% +obligation to respond to the needs of + + + align:start position:0% +obligation to respond to the needs of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +community and that framing of it which + + align:start position:0% +community and that framing of it which + + + align:start position:0% +community and that framing of it which +is really the kind of you know the great + + align:start position:0% +is really the kind of you know the great + + + align:start position:0% +is really the kind of you know the great +person framing of it uh became the + + align:start position:0% +person framing of it uh became the + + + align:start position:0% +person framing of it uh became the +framing that in some sense the community + + align:start position:0% +framing that in some sense the community + + + align:start position:0% +framing that in some sense the community +itself adopted this I mean the Afric + + align:start position:0% +itself adopted this I mean the Afric + + + align:start position:0% +itself adopted this I mean the Afric +American community + + align:start position:0% +American community + + + align:start position:0% +American community +and you can start to see how that + + align:start position:0% +and you can start to see how that + + + align:start position:0% +and you can start to see how that +actually became a framing concept about + + align:start position:0% +actually became a framing concept about + + + align:start position:0% +actually became a framing concept about +as people started to think about moving + + align:start position:0% +as people started to think about moving + + + align:start position:0% +as people started to think about moving +into further decades about what was + + align:start position:0% +into further decades about what was + + + align:start position:0% +into further decades about what was +wrong in the community people started + + align:start position:0% +wrong in the community people started + + + align:start position:0% +wrong in the community people started +talking about we don't have the right + + align:start position:0% +talking about we don't have the right + + + align:start position:0% +talking about we don't have the right +leadership right because you look back + + align:start position:0% +leadership right because you look back + + + align:start position:0% +leadership right because you look back +at the movement and you say well that's + + align:start position:0% +at the movement and you say well that's + + + align:start position:0% +at the movement and you say well that's +what made it happen you know was we had + + align:start position:0% +what made it happen you know was we had + + + align:start position:0% +what made it happen you know was we had +you know the right two or three leaders + + align:start position:0% +you know the right two or three leaders + + + align:start position:0% +you know the right two or three leaders +and that really allowed us to move + + align:start position:0% +and that really allowed us to move + + + align:start position:0% +and that really allowed us to move +forward but if you go back and you + + align:start position:0% +forward but if you go back and you + + + align:start position:0% +forward but if you go back and you +really look at the work and you talk to + + align:start position:0% +really look at the work and you talk to + + + align:start position:0% +really look at the work and you talk to +people on the ground you'll find out + + align:start position:0% +people on the ground you'll find out + + + align:start position:0% +people on the ground you'll find out +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +those folks who were kind of put out in + + align:start position:0% +those folks who were kind of put out in + + + align:start position:0% +those folks who were kind of put out in +the front as the symbols of the + + align:start position:0% +the front as the symbols of the + + + align:start position:0% +the front as the symbols of the +movement though good they were and great + + align:start position:0% +movement though good they were and great + + + align:start position:0% +movement though good they were and great +they were were not the movement that it + + align:start position:0% +they were were not the movement that it + + + align:start position:0% +they were were not the movement that it +was really you know an effort of people + + align:start position:0% +was really you know an effort of people + + + align:start position:0% +was really you know an effort of people +that had started decades before that who + + align:start position:0% +that had started decades before that who + + + align:start position:0% +that had started decades before that who +had done really small pieces of work + + align:start position:0% +had done really small pieces of work + + + align:start position:0% +had done really small pieces of work +that were organized together that were + + align:start position:0% +that were organized together that were + + + align:start position:0% +that were organized together that were +building together that made it possible + + align:start position:0% +building together that made it possible + + + align:start position:0% +building together that made it possible +for certain moments to be actually taken + + align:start position:0% +for certain moments to be actually taken + + + align:start position:0% +for certain moments to be actually taken +on by a broader community + + align:start position:0% +on by a broader community + + + align:start position:0% +on by a broader community +and the difference between those two + + align:start position:0% +and the difference between those two + + + align:start position:0% +and the difference between those two +stories if you tell the well it's just a + + align:start position:0% +stories if you tell the well it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +stories if you tell the well it's just a +great leader or a set of great leaders + + align:start position:0% +great leader or a set of great leaders + + + align:start position:0% +great leader or a set of great leaders +helping a set of people you know + + align:start position:0% +helping a set of people you know + + + align:start position:0% +helping a set of people you know +basically leading a set of people + + align:start position:0% +basically leading a set of people + + + align:start position:0% +basically leading a set of people +somewhere as opposed to the story of + + align:start position:0% +somewhere as opposed to the story of + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere as opposed to the story of +this is the fruit of a lot of Labor of + + align:start position:0% +this is the fruit of a lot of Labor of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the fruit of a lot of Labor of +lots of people on the ground uh the + + align:start position:0% +lots of people on the ground uh the + + + align:start position:0% +lots of people on the ground uh the +difference between those two two stories + + align:start position:0% +difference between those two two stories + + + align:start position:0% +difference between those two two stories +about what it says about the you know + + align:start position:0% +about what it says about the you know + + + align:start position:0% +about what it says about the you know +the efficacy of people are very + + align:start position:0% +the efficacy of people are very + + + align:start position:0% +the efficacy of people are very +different they tell very different + + align:start position:0% +different they tell very different + + + align:start position:0% +different they tell very different +stories if the community starts to own + + align:start position:0% +stories if the community starts to own + + + align:start position:0% +stories if the community starts to own +them right which one of those narratives + + align:start position:0% +them right which one of those narratives + + + align:start position:0% +them right which one of those narratives +they own becomes really important + + align:start position:0% +they own becomes really important + + + align:start position:0% +they own becomes really important +so we got really interested in what + + align:start position:0% +so we got really interested in what + + + align:start position:0% +so we got really interested in what +happens in the process of folks when + + align:start position:0% +happens in the process of folks when + + + align:start position:0% +happens in the process of folks when +they have an experience together of + + align:start position:0% +they have an experience together of + + + align:start position:0% +they have an experience together of +really constructing their own + + align:start position:0% +really constructing their own + + + align:start position:0% +really constructing their own +understanding out of it and we've + + align:start position:0% +understanding out of it and we've + + + align:start position:0% +understanding out of it and we've +developed this methodology as a as a + + align:start position:0% +developed this methodology as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +developed this methodology as a as a +process of doing that and the frame of + + align:start position:0% +process of doing that and the frame of + + + align:start position:0% +process of doing that and the frame of +the meth the Jal frame of the + + align:start position:0% +the meth the Jal frame of the + + + align:start position:0% +the meth the Jal frame of the +methodology is kind of relies on this + + align:start position:0% +methodology is kind of relies on this + + + align:start position:0% +methodology is kind of relies on this +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +that uh no one in an experience holds + + align:start position:0% +that uh no one in an experience holds + + + align:start position:0% +that uh no one in an experience holds +the truth of + + align:start position:0% +the truth of + + + align:start position:0% +the truth of +it right no one really one person know + + align:start position:0% +it right no one really one person know + + + align:start position:0% +it right no one really one person know +the 10 of us walk from here to + + align:start position:0% +the 10 of us walk from here to + + + align:start position:0% +the 10 of us walk from here to +massav and come back as a group and say + + align:start position:0% +massav and come back as a group and say + + + align:start position:0% +massav and come back as a group and say +okay what was a group + + align:start position:0% +okay what was a group + + + align:start position:0% +okay what was a group +experience no one of us knows it right + + align:start position:0% +experience no one of us knows it right + + + align:start position:0% +experience no one of us knows it right +we all have a piece of it right because + + align:start position:0% +we all have a piece of it right because + + + align:start position:0% +we all have a piece of it right because +it was really something that happened + + align:start position:0% +it was really something that happened + + + align:start position:0% +it was really something that happened +collectively so I can tell my story + + align:start position:0% +collectively so I can tell my story + + + align:start position:0% +collectively so I can tell my story +about what it was like for me and what I + + align:start position:0% +about what it was like for me and what I + + + align:start position:0% +about what it was like for me and what I +observed and everybody else can do the + + align:start position:0% +observed and everybody else can do the + + + align:start position:0% +observed and everybody else can do the +same kind of + + align:start position:0% +same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +and it's this complex notion of what's + + align:start position:0% +and it's this complex notion of what's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's this complex notion of what's +going on that we think that in the work + + align:start position:0% +going on that we think that in the work + + + align:start position:0% +going on that we think that in the work +of communities that we think people need + + align:start position:0% +of communities that we think people need + + + align:start position:0% +of communities that we think people need +to be able to start to get some grasp of + + align:start position:0% +to be able to start to get some grasp of + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to start to get some grasp of +and so this methodology we developed was + + align:start position:0% +and so this methodology we developed was + + + align:start position:0% +and so this methodology we developed was +really about that about how to take a + + align:start position:0% +really about that about how to take a + + + align:start position:0% +really about that about how to take a +set of people who've gone through an + + align:start position:0% +set of people who've gone through an + + + align:start position:0% +set of people who've gone through an +experience again and help them + + align:start position:0% +experience again and help them + + + align:start position:0% +experience again and help them +reconstruct that experience in a way + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct that experience in a way + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct that experience in a way +that lets them identify the things that + + align:start position:0% +that lets them identify the things that + + + align:start position:0% +that lets them identify the things that +they think are important out of it the + + align:start position:0% +they think are important out of it the + + + align:start position:0% +they think are important out of it the +knowledge they think is in it and the + + align:start position:0% +knowledge they think is in it and the + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge they think is in it and the +learning from + + align:start position:0% +learning from + + + align:start position:0% +learning from +it now all that's fine and good but + + align:start position:0% +it now all that's fine and good but + + + align:start position:0% +it now all that's fine and good but +there's another piece for us that's + + align:start position:0% +there's another piece for us that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's another piece for us that's +really important in this which is that + + align:start position:0% +really important in this which is that + + + align:start position:0% +really important in this which is that +we think people are really interested in + + align:start position:0% +we think people are really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +we think people are really interested in +kind of learning they're really + + align:start position:0% +kind of learning they're really + + + align:start position:0% +kind of learning they're really +interested in kind of of what did our + + align:start position:0% +interested in kind of of what did our + + + align:start position:0% +interested in kind of of what did our +past what did the things we experienced + + align:start position:0% +past what did the things we experienced + + + align:start position:0% +past what did the things we experienced +help us know and how can it inform us + + align:start position:0% +help us know and how can it inform us + + + align:start position:0% +help us know and how can it inform us +about what we go do uh in the future and + + align:start position:0% +about what we go do uh in the future and + + + align:start position:0% +about what we go do uh in the future and +so our process is really organized + + align:start position:0% +so our process is really organized + + + align:start position:0% +so our process is really organized +around these Notions of questions around + + align:start position:0% +around these Notions of questions around + + + align:start position:0% +around these Notions of questions around +inquiry questions and one of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +inquiry questions and one of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +inquiry questions and one of the reasons +we did this we'll come back later on + + align:start position:0% +we did this we'll come back later on + + + align:start position:0% +we did this we'll come back later on +today so you can kind of get it the idea + + align:start position:0% +today so you can kind of get it the idea + + + align:start position:0% +today so you can kind of get it the idea +on that is that we really believe that + + align:start position:0% +on that is that we really believe that + + + align:start position:0% +on that is that we really believe that +people are driven by questions people in + + align:start position:0% +people are driven by questions people in + + + align:start position:0% +people are driven by questions people in +their work in their lives really are + + align:start position:0% +their work in their lives really are + + + align:start position:0% +their work in their lives really are +driven by questions they may not + + align:start position:0% +driven by questions they may not + + + align:start position:0% +driven by questions they may not +necessarily even know how to articulate + + align:start position:0% +necessarily even know how to articulate + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily even know how to articulate +them but they inside of them there's + + align:start position:0% +them but they inside of them there's + + + align:start position:0% +them but they inside of them there's +something they're trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +something they're trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +something they're trying to figure out +there's something they're working + + align:start position:0% +there's something they're working + + + align:start position:0% +there's something they're working +on and so in the process that we do the + + align:start position:0% +on and so in the process that we do the + + + align:start position:0% +on and so in the process that we do the +first thing we do is actually get people + + align:start position:0% +first thing we do is actually get people + + + align:start position:0% +first thing we do is actually get people +to start to name questions in their work + + align:start position:0% +to start to name questions in their work + + + align:start position:0% +to start to name questions in their work +our process we do this thing called + + align:start position:0% +our process we do this thing called + + + align:start position:0% +our process we do this thing called +uh this + + align:start position:0% +uh this + + + align:start position:0% +uh this +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one we call these inquiry questions hold + + align:start position:0% +one we call these inquiry questions hold + + + align:start position:0% +one we call these inquiry questions hold +I may have to write something just for a + + align:start position:0% +I may have to write something just for a + + + align:start position:0% +I may have to write something just for a +second yeah um + + align:start position:0% +second yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +second yeah um +um we call these inquiry questions and + + align:start position:0% +um we call these inquiry questions and + + + align:start position:0% +um we call these inquiry questions and +the process we use when we do this is to + + align:start position:0% +the process we use when we do this is to + + + align:start position:0% +the process we use when we do this is to +uh the process we use when we do the + + align:start position:0% +uh the process we use when we do the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the process we use when we do the +inquiry questions uh is to ask people + + align:start position:0% +inquiry questions uh is to ask people + + + align:start position:0% +inquiry questions uh is to ask people +something in the following I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +something in the following I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +something in the following I'm going to +ask you do a little kind of thought + + align:start position:0% +ask you do a little kind of thought + + + align:start position:0% +ask you do a little kind of thought +experiment imagine for a + + align:start position:0% +experiment imagine for a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment imagine for a +moment we're sitting in a room and the + + align:start position:0% +moment we're sitting in a room and the + + + align:start position:0% +moment we're sitting in a room and the +people that are sitting in this room + + align:start position:0% +people that are sitting in this room + + + align:start position:0% +people that are sitting in this room +right you're watching you're observing + + align:start position:0% +right you're watching you're observing + + + align:start position:0% +right you're watching you're observing +and there's a set of people here uh + + align:start position:0% +and there's a set of people here uh + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a set of people here uh +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +from small community uh in Mississippi + + align:start position:0% +from small community uh in Mississippi + + + align:start position:0% +from small community uh in Mississippi +duck K Mississippi place where we did + + align:start position:0% +duck K Mississippi place where we did + + + align:start position:0% +duck K Mississippi place where we did +some work 20 people from that Community + + align:start position:0% +some work 20 people from that Community + + + align:start position:0% +some work 20 people from that Community +who worked on a school project trying to + + align:start position:0% +who worked on a school project trying to + + + align:start position:0% +who worked on a school project trying to +change the educational system in their + + align:start position:0% +change the educational system in their + + + align:start position:0% +change the educational system in their +Community they had a three-year effort + + align:start position:0% +Community they had a three-year effort + + + align:start position:0% +Community they had a three-year effort +they've been working on they're trying + + align:start position:0% +they've been working on they're trying + + + align:start position:0% +they've been working on they're trying +to understand + + align:start position:0% +to understand + + + align:start position:0% +to understand +it and they know they have work in the + + align:start position:0% +it and they know they have work in the + + + align:start position:0% +it and they know they have work in the +future and the first thing we ask the + + align:start position:0% +future and the first thing we ask the + + + align:start position:0% +future and the first thing we ask the +group and we ask every person in the + + align:start position:0% +group and we ask every person in the + + + align:start position:0% +group and we ask every person in the +group to do is we ask him + + align:start position:0% +group to do is we ask him + + + align:start position:0% +group to do is we ask him +this think of a question that if you + + align:start position:0% +this think of a question that if you + + + align:start position:0% +this think of a question that if you +knew the answer to it would + + align:start position:0% +knew the answer to it would + + + align:start position:0% +knew the answer to it would +significantly change the way your work + + align:start position:0% +significantly change the way your work + + + align:start position:0% +significantly change the way your work +is moving forward it would help you move + + align:start position:0% +is moving forward it would help you move + + + align:start position:0% +is moving forward it would help you move +your work forward in a different way + + align:start position:0% +your work forward in a different way + + + align:start position:0% +your work forward in a different way +there are two parts to that right + + align:start position:0% +there are two parts to that right + + + align:start position:0% +there are two parts to that right +because you're asking people to frame + + align:start position:0% +because you're asking people to frame + + + align:start position:0% +because you're asking people to frame +something that they hope for something + + align:start position:0% +something that they hope for something + + + align:start position:0% +something that they hope for something +that they see as a problem in their work + + align:start position:0% +that they see as a problem in their work + + + align:start position:0% +that they see as a problem in their work +as a + + align:start position:0% +as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a +question right and you're asking to + + align:start position:0% +question right and you're asking to + + + align:start position:0% +question right and you're asking to +focus on that problem they think if they + + align:start position:0% +focus on that problem they think if they + + + align:start position:0% +focus on that problem they think if they +could figure it out it would really help + + align:start position:0% +could figure it out it would really help + + + align:start position:0% +could figure it out it would really help +them move their work forward + + align:start position:0% +them move their work forward + + + align:start position:0% +them move their work forward +significantly and in our process what we + + align:start position:0% +significantly and in our process what we + + + align:start position:0% +significantly and in our process what we +do is we have everyone generate those + + align:start position:0% +do is we have everyone generate those + + + align:start position:0% +do is we have everyone generate those +kinds of + + align:start position:0% +kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of +questions and so each person in this + + align:start position:0% +questions and so each person in this + + + align:start position:0% +questions and so each person in this +room would generate three four five of + + align:start position:0% +room would generate three four five of + + + align:start position:0% +room would generate three four five of +those put them all up and then we'd have + + align:start position:0% +those put them all up and then we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +those put them all up and then we'd have +the whole group kind of look at the + + align:start position:0% +the whole group kind of look at the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole group kind of look at the +questions that they're holding as a + + align:start position:0% +questions that they're holding as a + + + align:start position:0% +questions that they're holding as a +group it's kind of interesting when you + + align:start position:0% +group it's kind of interesting when you + + + align:start position:0% +group it's kind of interesting when you +do this because people don't realize wow + + align:start position:0% +do this because people don't realize wow + + + align:start position:0% +do this because people don't realize wow +we have we're holding all these + + align:start position:0% +we have we're holding all these + + + align:start position:0% +we have we're holding all these +questions we've been together all this + + align:start position:0% +questions we've been together all this + + + align:start position:0% +questions we've been together all this +time we don't even know that these are + + align:start position:0% +time we don't even know that these are + + + align:start position:0% +time we don't even know that these are +the kinds of things that we're really + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things that we're really + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of things that we're really +struggling with because we don't really + + align:start position:0% +struggling with because we don't really + + + align:start position:0% +struggling with because we don't really +have a process for naming + + align:start position:0% +have a process for naming + + + align:start position:0% +have a process for naming +them and we have the group go through + + align:start position:0% +them and we have the group go through + + + align:start position:0% +them and we have the group go through +name their questions categorize them and + + align:start position:0% +name their questions categorize them and + + + align:start position:0% +name their questions categorize them and +hopefully come up with two or three or + + align:start position:0% +hopefully come up with two or three or + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully come up with two or three or +four that they want to focus on and + + align:start position:0% +four that they want to focus on and + + + align:start position:0% +four that they want to focus on and +they'll end up reframing them and + + align:start position:0% +they'll end up reframing them and + + + align:start position:0% +they'll end up reframing them and +everything and take a day day and a half + + align:start position:0% +everything and take a day day and a half + + + align:start position:0% +everything and take a day day and a half +just to do that piece of work with a + + align:start position:0% +just to do that piece of work with a + + + align:start position:0% +just to do that piece of work with a +group of + + align:start position:0% +group of + + + align:start position:0% +group of +people and again the object here is to + + align:start position:0% +people and again the object here is to + + + align:start position:0% +people and again the object here is to +move from individual experience to + + align:start position:0% +move from individual experience to + + + align:start position:0% +move from individual experience to +Collective right to kind of go back and + + align:start position:0% +Collective right to kind of go back and + + + align:start position:0% +Collective right to kind of go back and +forth between those things because our + + align:start position:0% +forth between those things because our + + + align:start position:0% +forth between those things because our +notion is is + + align:start position:0% +notion is is + + + align:start position:0% +notion is is +that people are embedded in their own + + align:start position:0% +that people are embedded in their own + + + align:start position:0% +that people are embedded in their own +individual experience and they're always + + align:start position:0% +individual experience and they're always + + + align:start position:0% +individual experience and they're always +negotiating how much of that they're + + align:start position:0% +negotiating how much of that they're + + + align:start position:0% +negotiating how much of that they're +going to bring into the collective + + align:start position:0% +going to bring into the collective + + + align:start position:0% +going to bring into the collective +experience and what we're always trying + + align:start position:0% +experience and what we're always trying + + + align:start position:0% +experience and what we're always trying +to do is get people to kind of name for + + align:start position:0% +to do is get people to kind of name for + + + align:start position:0% +to do is get people to kind of name for +themselves what's true for them put it + + align:start position:0% +themselves what's true for them put it + + + align:start position:0% +themselves what's true for them put it +out and then work with other people to + + align:start position:0% +out and then work with other people to + + + align:start position:0% +out and then work with other people to +create something more common systematic + + align:start position:0% +create something more common systematic + + + align:start position:0% +create something more common systematic +if you want to uh because most of our + + align:start position:0% +if you want to uh because most of our + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to uh because most of our +processes actually don't do that most of + + align:start position:0% +processes actually don't do that most of + + + align:start position:0% +processes actually don't do that most of +the processes we have from doing group + + align:start position:0% +the processes we have from doing group + + + align:start position:0% +the processes we have from doing group +think actually is what I you know does + + align:start position:0% +think actually is what I you know does + + + align:start position:0% +think actually is what I you know does +what I kind of It kind of it basically + + align:start position:0% +what I kind of It kind of it basically + + + align:start position:0% +what I kind of It kind of it basically +moves towards the mean right that's what + + align:start position:0% +moves towards the mean right that's what + + + align:start position:0% +moves towards the mean right that's what +it tries to do we try to actually create + + align:start position:0% +it tries to do we try to actually create + + + align:start position:0% +it tries to do we try to actually create +group processes by finding what's most + + align:start position:0% +group processes by finding what's most + + + align:start position:0% +group processes by finding what's most +common but what's most common may not be + + align:start position:0% +common but what's most common may not be + + + align:start position:0% +common but what's most common may not be +what's most important + + align:start position:0% +what's most important + + + align:start position:0% +what's most important +right it could be the outliers it could + + align:start position:0% +right it could be the outliers it could + + + align:start position:0% +right it could be the outliers it could +be a lot of things that if you don't try + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of things that if you don't try + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of things that if you don't try +to push for as much complexity as as + + align:start position:0% +to push for as much complexity as as + + + align:start position:0% +to push for as much complexity as as +possible you don't get to see and so we + + align:start position:0% +possible you don't get to see and so we + + + align:start position:0% +possible you don't get to see and so we +say that if you start with the + + align:start position:0% +say that if you start with the + + + align:start position:0% +say that if you start with the +individual you have every individual + + align:start position:0% +individual you have every individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual you have every individual +name what's true for them and put it out + + align:start position:0% +name what's true for them and put it out + + + align:start position:0% +name what's true for them and put it out +then the group can start to work with + + align:start position:0% +then the group can start to work with + + + align:start position:0% +then the group can start to work with +all of that to try to figure out what it + + align:start position:0% +all of that to try to figure out what it + + + align:start position:0% +all of that to try to figure out what it +might want to work on or what it might + + align:start position:0% +might want to work on or what it might + + + align:start position:0% +might want to work on or what it might +need to understand in + + align:start position:0% +need to understand in + + + align:start position:0% +need to understand in +common uh so again this inquiry process + + align:start position:0% +common uh so again this inquiry process + + + align:start position:0% +common uh so again this inquiry process +is people naming questions that they + + align:start position:0% +is people naming questions that they + + + align:start position:0% +is people naming questions that they +think collectively are indiv I mean that + + align:start position:0% +think collectively are indiv I mean that + + + align:start position:0% +think collectively are indiv I mean that +they think individually are really + + align:start position:0% +they think individually are really + + + align:start position:0% +they think individually are really +important to ask to make the work move + + align:start position:0% +important to ask to make the work move + + + align:start position:0% +important to ask to make the work move +forward and then all the rest of + + align:start position:0% +forward and then all the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +forward and then all the rest of +critical moments process is about + + align:start position:0% +critical moments process is about + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments process is about +structuring knowledge and learning to + + align:start position:0% +structuring knowledge and learning to + + + align:start position:0% +structuring knowledge and learning to +get to the answers to that question + + align:start position:0% +get to the answers to that question + + + align:start position:0% +get to the answers to that question +because this a embedded assumption in + + align:start position:0% +because this a embedded assumption in + + + align:start position:0% +because this a embedded assumption in +this assumption in our work is that most + + align:start position:0% +this assumption in our work is that most + + + align:start position:0% +this assumption in our work is that most +of the questions that we + + align:start position:0% +of the questions that we + + + align:start position:0% +of the questions that we +have our experience actually has already + + align:start position:0% +have our experience actually has already + + + align:start position:0% +have our experience actually has already +provided some of the + + align:start position:0% +provided some of the + + + align:start position:0% +provided some of the +answers and if we had a way of looking + + align:start position:0% +answers and if we had a way of looking + + + align:start position:0% +answers and if we had a way of looking +at our experience in the world and + + align:start position:0% +at our experience in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +at our experience in the world and +organizing it we could start to ask + + align:start position:0% +organizing it we could start to ask + + + align:start position:0% +organizing it we could start to ask +answer some of the questions we have and + + align:start position:0% +answer some of the questions we have and + + + align:start position:0% +answer some of the questions we have and +actually move our work + + align:start position:0% +actually move our work + + + align:start position:0% +actually move our work +forward so I'm going to stop for just + + align:start position:0% +forward so I'm going to stop for just + + + align:start position:0% +forward so I'm going to stop for just +for a minute to see does any of that + + align:start position:0% +for a minute to see does any of that + + + align:start position:0% +for a minute to see does any of that +make any sense was any of it clear any + + align:start position:0% +make any sense was any of it clear any + + + align:start position:0% +make any sense was any of it clear any +questions about it because we're going + + align:start position:0% +questions about it because we're going + + + align:start position:0% +questions about it because we're going +to move fast now that was slow I had to + + align:start position:0% +to move fast now that was slow I had to + + + align:start position:0% +to move fast now that was slow I had to +give you that little introduction to + + align:start position:0% +give you that little introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +give you that little introduction to +kind of make sense of where we're + + align:start position:0% +kind of make sense of where we're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of make sense of where we're +going good yeah thank you um you + + align:start position:0% +going good yeah thank you um you + + + align:start position:0% +going good yeah thank you um you +mentioned + + align:start position:0% +mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned +that um you look to the community + + align:start position:0% +that um you look to the community + + + align:start position:0% +that um you look to the community +experience to uh use experience from the + + align:start position:0% +experience to uh use experience from the + + + align:start position:0% +experience to uh use experience from the +past to help us in the + + align:start position:0% +past to help us in the + + + align:start position:0% +past to help us in the +future um and about framing how we + + align:start position:0% +future um and about framing how we + + + align:start position:0% +future um and about framing how we +framed the past experience right now + + align:start position:0% +framed the past experience right now + + + align:start position:0% +framed the past experience right now +there might be uh new ways to frame that + + align:start position:0% +there might be uh new ways to frame that + + + align:start position:0% +there might be uh new ways to frame that +we haven't yet experienced in the past + + align:start position:0% +we haven't yet experienced in the past + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't yet experienced in the past +and how do you bring that into + + align:start position:0% +and how do you bring that into + + + align:start position:0% +and how do you bring that into +discussions about the future really good + + align:start position:0% +discussions about the future really good + + + align:start position:0% +discussions about the future really good +question and there there are two pieces + + align:start position:0% +question and there there are two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +question and there there are two pieces +to that when we go through this we'll + + align:start position:0% +to that when we go through this we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to that when we go through this we'll +start to see some that part of that has + + align:start position:0% +start to see some that part of that has + + + align:start position:0% +start to see some that part of that has +to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with uh I think when you open up the + + align:start position:0% +with uh I think when you open up the + + + align:start position:0% +with uh I think when you open up the +process of people really kind of naming + + align:start position:0% +process of people really kind of naming + + + align:start position:0% +process of people really kind of naming +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +experience you you're actually not + + align:start position:0% +experience you you're actually not + + + align:start position:0% +experience you you're actually not +framing what you're really trying to do + + align:start position:0% +framing what you're really trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +framing what you're really trying to do +is just getting people to kind of say + + align:start position:0% +is just getting people to kind of say + + + align:start position:0% +is just getting people to kind of say +what was true for them and in that + + align:start position:0% +what was true for them and in that + + + align:start position:0% +what was true for them and in that +dialogue that starts to happen with + + align:start position:0% +dialogue that starts to happen with + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue that starts to happen with +people it's interesting because they + + align:start position:0% +people it's interesting because they + + + align:start position:0% +people it's interesting because they +actually do start to invent and open up + + align:start position:0% +actually do start to invent and open up + + + align:start position:0% +actually do start to invent and open up +their framework that they normally think + + align:start position:0% +their framework that they normally think + + + align:start position:0% +their framework that they normally think +about it but the other part of it that's + + align:start position:0% +about it but the other part of it that's + + + align:start position:0% +about it but the other part of it that's +very critical is that is probably the + + align:start position:0% +very critical is that is probably the + + + align:start position:0% +very critical is that is probably the +hardest the key part of the facilitation + + align:start position:0% +hardest the key part of the facilitation + + + align:start position:0% +hardest the key part of the facilitation +of the process is how do you open people + + align:start position:0% +of the process is how do you open people + + + align:start position:0% +of the process is how do you open people +up to different frames about how they're + + align:start position:0% +up to different frames about how they're + + + align:start position:0% +up to different frames about how they're +thinking about their experience so + + align:start position:0% +thinking about their experience so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about their experience so +that's really the in some sense one of + + align:start position:0% +that's really the in some sense one of + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the in some sense one of +the keys to this whole + + align:start position:0% +the keys to this whole + + + align:start position:0% +the keys to this whole +process follow up on that yeah and so + + align:start position:0% +process follow up on that yeah and so + + + align:start position:0% +process follow up on that yeah and so +but I mean how excuse + + align:start position:0% +but I mean how excuse + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean how excuse +me how do you make sure given that + + align:start position:0% +me how do you make sure given that + + + align:start position:0% +me how do you make sure given that +there's a you know the experience is + + align:start position:0% +there's a you know the experience is + + + align:start position:0% +there's a you know the experience is +limited to a particular group and + + align:start position:0% +limited to a particular group and + + + align:start position:0% +limited to a particular group and +perhaps the knowledge base is therefore + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the knowledge base is therefore + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the knowledge base is therefore +also limited and there are knowledge + + align:start position:0% +also limited and there are knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +also limited and there are knowledge +there's knowledge outside of that + + align:start position:0% +there's knowledge outside of that + + + align:start position:0% +there's knowledge outside of that +experience of Health M so how do you + + align:start position:0% +experience of Health M so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +experience of Health M so how do you +bring + + align:start position:0% +bring + + + align:start position:0% +bring +that literally let's say well let's take + + align:start position:0% +that literally let's say well let's take + + + align:start position:0% +that literally let's say well let's take +the example of of the leadership of a + + align:start position:0% +the example of of the leadership of a + + + align:start position:0% +the example of of the leadership of a +movement you know there was one option + + align:start position:0% +movement you know there was one option + + + align:start position:0% +movement you know there was one option +is there were a couple of leaders + + align:start position:0% +is there were a couple of leaders + + + align:start position:0% +is there were a couple of leaders +another option is there were a number of + + align:start position:0% +another option is there were a number of + + + align:start position:0% +another option is there were a number of +efforts by many people but maybe what we + + align:start position:0% +efforts by many people but maybe what we + + + align:start position:0% +efforts by many people but maybe what we +really need to look at at that + + align:start position:0% +really need to look at at that + + + align:start position:0% +really need to look at at that +historical experience is an + + align:start position:0% +historical experience is an + + + align:start position:0% +historical experience is an +economics analysis of why it was + + align:start position:0% +economics analysis of why it was + + + align:start position:0% +economics analysis of why it was +possible to to to make to let that + + align:start position:0% +possible to to to make to let that + + + align:start position:0% +possible to to to make to let that +happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think what you're raising is a + + align:start position:0% +I think what you're raising is a + + + align:start position:0% +I think what you're raising is a +question there there are two different + + align:start position:0% +question there there are two different + + + align:start position:0% +question there there are two different +pieces to this one is Raising what's + + align:start position:0% +pieces to this one is Raising what's + + + align:start position:0% +pieces to this one is Raising what's +true and known in the context of the + + align:start position:0% +true and known in the context of the + + + align:start position:0% +true and known in the context of the +work that the people did and there's + + align:start position:0% +work that the people did and there's + + + align:start position:0% +work that the people did and there's +another thing what other knowledge do + + align:start position:0% +another thing what other knowledge do + + + align:start position:0% +another thing what other knowledge do +they need to include and understand as + + align:start position:0% +they need to include and understand as + + + align:start position:0% +they need to include and understand as +they move forward to try to do something + + align:start position:0% +they move forward to try to do something + + + align:start position:0% +they move forward to try to do something +and those are two separate things and + + align:start position:0% +and those are two separate things and + + + align:start position:0% +and those are two separate things and +this process is really focused much more + + align:start position:0% +this process is really focused much more + + + align:start position:0% +this process is really focused much more +on the first than the second right + + align:start position:0% +on the first than the second right + + + align:start position:0% +on the first than the second right +because uh but it connects to the second + + align:start position:0% +because uh but it connects to the second + + + align:start position:0% +because uh but it connects to the second +because it starts to name things where + + align:start position:0% +because it starts to name things where + + + align:start position:0% +because it starts to name things where +people realize we don't know know + + align:start position:0% +people realize we don't know know + + + align:start position:0% +people realize we don't know know +something about this we don't understand + + align:start position:0% +something about this we don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +something about this we don't understand +why this happened you know we know it + + align:start position:0% +why this happened you know we know it + + + align:start position:0% +why this happened you know we know it +happened we all agree it happened we + + align:start position:0% +happened we all agree it happened we + + + align:start position:0% +happened we all agree it happened we +don't understand why and then it starts + + align:start position:0% +don't understand why and then it starts + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand why and then it starts +to point directions where they may need + + align:start position:0% +to point directions where they may need + + + align:start position:0% +to point directions where they may need +to start look for more uh outside + + align:start position:0% +to start look for more uh outside + + + align:start position:0% +to start look for more uh outside +information and + + align:start position:0% +information and + + + align:start position:0% +information and +knowledge there's another part of this + + align:start position:0% +knowledge there's another part of this + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge there's another part of this +and I maybe I hope to try to get to it + + align:start position:0% +and I maybe I hope to try to get to it + + + align:start position:0% +and I maybe I hope to try to get to it +at the + + align:start position:0% +at the + + + align:start position:0% +at the +closing is actually how we actually do + + align:start position:0% +closing is actually how we actually do + + + align:start position:0% +closing is actually how we actually do +such a process with the community + + align:start position:0% +such a process with the community + + + align:start position:0% +such a process with the community +because we have a whole design process + + align:start position:0% +because we have a whole design process + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a whole design process +we do with the community that also helps + + align:start position:0% +we do with the community that also helps + + + align:start position:0% +we do with the community that also helps +us try to forecast some of these issues + + align:start position:0% +us try to forecast some of these issues + + + align:start position:0% +us try to forecast some of these issues +which is what's the set of who needs to + + align:start position:0% +which is what's the set of who needs to + + + align:start position:0% +which is what's the set of who needs to +be included in the process in order to + + align:start position:0% +be included in the process in order to + + + align:start position:0% +be included in the process in order to +get the broadest set of knowledge that + + align:start position:0% +get the broadest set of knowledge that + + + align:start position:0% +get the broadest set of knowledge that +you think is important for answering the + + align:start position:0% +you think is important for answering the + + + align:start position:0% +you think is important for answering the +questions you have so that's another way + + align:start position:0% +questions you have so that's another way + + + align:start position:0% +questions you have so that's another way +that we also try to get the same + + align:start position:0% +that we also try to get the same + + + align:start position:0% +that we also try to get the same +thing uh yeah just a Qui related + + align:start position:0% +thing uh yeah just a Qui related + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh yeah just a Qui related +question your your comment seem to + + align:start position:0% +question your your comment seem to + + + align:start position:0% +question your your comment seem to +assume that the the people that you're + + align:start position:0% +assume that the the people that you're + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the the people that you're +dealing with have some sort of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +dealing with have some sort of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with have some sort of knowledge +base that they can relate they have a + + align:start position:0% +base that they can relate they have a + + + align:start position:0% +base that they can relate they have a +physical uh personal experience with + + align:start position:0% +physical uh personal experience with + + + align:start position:0% +physical uh personal experience with +that particular thing that that is the + + align:start position:0% +that particular thing that that is the + + + align:start position:0% +that particular thing that that is the +framing challenge it's absolutely + + align:start position:0% +framing challenge it's absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +framing challenge it's absolutely +essential and and so what if what if the + + align:start position:0% +essential and and so what if what if the + + + align:start position:0% +essential and and so what if what if the +problem isn't the the human rights + + align:start position:0% +problem isn't the the human rights + + + align:start position:0% +problem isn't the the human rights +movement but you know slavery you know + + align:start position:0% +movement but you know slavery you know + + + align:start position:0% +movement but you know slavery you know +the framing of of the Civil War or + + align:start position:0% +the framing of of the Civil War or + + + align:start position:0% +the framing of of the Civil War or +something way back before people's + + align:start position:0% +something way back before people's + + + align:start position:0% +something way back before people's +perception how do you how would you get + + align:start position:0% +perception how do you how would you get + + + align:start position:0% +perception how do you how would you get +this process would be that's a + + align:start position:0% +this process would be that's a + + + align:start position:0% +this process would be that's a +historian's question that basically + + align:start position:0% +historian's question that basically + + + align:start position:0% +historian's question that basically +we'll never get answered and will always + + align:start position:0% +we'll never get answered and will always + + + align:start position:0% +we'll never get answered and will always +be debated this is really about the work + + align:start position:0% +be debated this is really about the work + + + align:start position:0% +be debated this is really about the work +that people are doing kind of + + align:start position:0% +that people are doing kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that people are doing kind of +immediately on the ground now and + + align:start position:0% +immediately on the ground now and + + + align:start position:0% +immediately on the ground now and +they're trying to understand something + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to understand something + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to understand something +from their experience of working + + align:start position:0% +from their experience of working + + + align:start position:0% +from their experience of working +together to help inform where they're + + align:start position:0% +together to help inform where they're + + + align:start position:0% +together to help inform where they're +going forward right but I guess it just + + align:start position:0% +going forward right but I guess it just + + + align:start position:0% +going forward right but I guess it just +like it was related because you were + + align:start position:0% +like it was related because you were + + + align:start position:0% +like it was related because you were +talking about the Civil Rights Movement + + align:start position:0% +talking about the Civil Rights Movement + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the Civil Rights Movement +even if it's not related to the process + + align:start position:0% +even if it's not related to the process + + + align:start position:0% +even if it's not related to the process +that they're dealing with the way that + + align:start position:0% +that they're dealing with the way that + + + align:start position:0% +that they're dealing with the way that +they perceive that past experience is + + align:start position:0% +they perceive that past experience is + + + align:start position:0% +they perceive that past experience is +still affecting the way that they + + align:start position:0% +still affecting the way that they + + + align:start position:0% +still affecting the way that they +perceive their their current experience + + align:start position:0% +perceive their their current experience + + + align:start position:0% +perceive their their current experience +and their their future work I think it I + + align:start position:0% +and their their future work I think it I + + + align:start position:0% +and their their future work I think it I +think yes and no yes it's true if + + align:start position:0% +think yes and no yes it's true if + + + align:start position:0% +think yes and no yes it's true if +you it it it's a perception that people + + align:start position:0% +you it it it's a perception that people + + + align:start position:0% +you it it it's a perception that people +may + + align:start position:0% +may + + + align:start position:0% +may +have but what we're finding is that if + + align:start position:0% +have but what we're finding is that if + + + align:start position:0% +have but what we're finding is that if +you kind of go through this process it's + + align:start position:0% +you kind of go through this process it's + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of go through this process it's +a perception that easy let go + + align:start position:0% +a perception that easy let go + + + align:start position:0% +a perception that easy let go +of right because one of the things one + + align:start position:0% +of right because one of the things one + + + align:start position:0% +of right because one of the things one +of the reasons people have that + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons people have that + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons people have that +perception is they're listening to an + + align:start position:0% +perception is they're listening to an + + + align:start position:0% +perception is they're listening to an +outside voice instead of an internal + + align:start position:0% +outside voice instead of an internal + + + align:start position:0% +outside voice instead of an internal +voice and if you give them the space to + + align:start position:0% +voice and if you give them the space to + + + align:start position:0% +voice and if you give them the space to +listen to an internal voice and name a a + + align:start position:0% +listen to an internal voice and name a a + + + align:start position:0% +listen to an internal voice and name a a +truth that they know and have that + + align:start position:0% +truth that they know and have that + + + align:start position:0% +truth that they know and have that +validated in the context of other people + + align:start position:0% +validated in the context of other people + + + align:start position:0% +validated in the context of other people +then a different a different frame comes + + align:start position:0% +then a different a different frame comes + + + align:start position:0% +then a different a different frame comes +up as opposed to what you know we really + + align:start position:0% +up as opposed to what you know we really + + + align:start position:0% +up as opposed to what you know we really +need this outside they start to say well + + align:start position:0% +need this outside they start to say well + + + align:start position:0% +need this outside they start to say well +wait a minute we're doing this now we're + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute we're doing this now we're + + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute we're doing this now we're +moving this this is connected to + + align:start position:0% +moving this this is connected to + + + align:start position:0% +moving this this is connected to +something uh you know and people have + + align:start position:0% +something uh you know and people have + + + align:start position:0% +something uh you know and people have +long histories you know in in + + align:start position:0% +long histories you know in in + + + align:start position:0% +long histories you know in in +communities you know you bring all that + + align:start position:0% +communities you know you bring all that + + + align:start position:0% +communities you know you bring all that +in it comes into to yeah I maybe maybe + + align:start position:0% +in it comes into to yeah I maybe maybe + + + align:start position:0% +in it comes into to yeah I maybe maybe +you talk about those later in the course + + align:start position:0% +you talk about those later in the course + + + align:start position:0% +you talk about those later in the course +so that's the case fine but I gu be + + align:start position:0% +so that's the case fine but I gu be + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the case fine but I gu be +really interested in hearing at least at + + align:start position:0% +really interested in hearing at least at + + + align:start position:0% +really interested in hearing at least at +some point how you think the reflective + + align:start position:0% +some point how you think the reflective + + + align:start position:0% +some point how you think the reflective +process helps people sort of let go of + + align:start position:0% +process helps people sort of let go of + + + align:start position:0% +process helps people sort of let go of +this other past identi + + align:start position:0% +this other past identi + + + align:start position:0% +this other past identi +filtering maybe that's full class no I + + align:start position:0% +filtering maybe that's full class no I + + + align:start position:0% +filtering maybe that's full class no I +would love to talk about that it's a + + align:start position:0% +would love to talk about that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +would love to talk about that it's a +very interesting question it's a very + + align:start position:0% +very interesting question it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting question it's a very +interest one and maybe later on in the + + align:start position:0% +interest one and maybe later on in the + + + align:start position:0% +interest one and maybe later on in the +class as we go through some of the other + + align:start position:0% +class as we go through some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +class as we go through some of the other +methodologies it' be a good thing to + + align:start position:0% +methodologies it' be a good thing to + + + align:start position:0% +methodologies it' be a good thing to +talk about because I think this helps + + align:start position:0% +talk about because I think this helps + + + align:start position:0% +talk about because I think this helps +with some and not with others you know + + align:start position:0% +with some and not with others you know + + + align:start position:0% +with some and not with others you know +uh cuz I think when people are + + align:start position:0% +uh cuz I think when people are + + + align:start position:0% +uh cuz I think when people are +reflecting you know in action while + + align:start position:0% +reflecting you know in action while + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting you know in action while +they're doing something it's very + + align:start position:0% +they're doing something it's very + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing something it's very +different and you know reflecting when + + align:start position:0% +different and you know reflecting when + + + align:start position:0% +different and you know reflecting when +you are you know when you're reflecting + + align:start position:0% +you are you know when you're reflecting + + + align:start position:0% +you are you know when you're reflecting +back on something and you know you get + + align:start position:0% +back on something and you know you get + + + align:start position:0% +back on something and you know you get +really different they pull for different + + align:start position:0% +really different they pull for different + + + align:start position:0% +really different they pull for different +kinds of ways of thinking about yourself + + align:start position:0% +kinds of ways of thinking about yourself + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of ways of thinking about yourself +and the work that's going forward so let + + align:start position:0% +and the work that's going forward so let + + + align:start position:0% +and the work that's going forward so let +me um so we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +me um so we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +me um so we're going to do a +little uh experiment here uh pretending + + align:start position:0% +little uh experiment here uh pretending + + + align:start position:0% +little uh experiment here uh pretending +that we are actually a group that's + + align:start position:0% +that we are actually a group that's + + + align:start position:0% +that we are actually a group that's +going through a reflection process when + + align:start position:0% +going through a reflection process when + + + align:start position:0% +going through a reflection process when +these critical moments reflection and + + align:start position:0% +these critical moments reflection and + + + align:start position:0% +these critical moments reflection and +the way we're going to do it is I think + + align:start position:0% +the way we're going to do it is I think + + + align:start position:0% +the way we're going to do it is I think +you remember I said that one of the + + align:start position:0% +you remember I said that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +you remember I said that one of the +things that's really key is that people + + align:start position:0% +things that's really key is that people + + + align:start position:0% +things that's really key is that people +have to be part have a share sh + + align:start position:0% +have to be part have a share sh + + + align:start position:0% +have to be part have a share sh +experience right so this group has one + + align:start position:0% +experience right so this group has one + + + align:start position:0% +experience right so this group has one +shared experience what was it yesterday + + align:start position:0% +shared experience what was it yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +shared experience what was it yesterday +that's it right so we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +that's it right so we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +that's it right so we're going to try to +use yesterday as a shared experience as + + align:start position:0% +use yesterday as a shared experience as + + + align:start position:0% +use yesterday as a shared experience as +we move forward Bob you weren't here + + align:start position:0% +we move forward Bob you weren't here + + + align:start position:0% +we move forward Bob you weren't here +yesterday well you'll get to + + align:start position:0% +yesterday well you'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday well you'll get to +you you get you you'll roll with it okay + + align:start position:0% +you you get you you'll roll with it okay + + + align:start position:0% +you you get you you'll roll with it okay +good uh so the idea is that we're going + + align:start position:0% +good uh so the idea is that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +good uh so the idea is that we're going +to use the experience from yesterday and + + align:start position:0% +to use the experience from yesterday and + + + align:start position:0% +to use the experience from yesterday and +I mean all of yesterday from the time + + align:start position:0% +I mean all of yesterday from the time + + + align:start position:0% +I mean all of yesterday from the time +you walked in the door till you left + + align:start position:0% +you walked in the door till you left + + + align:start position:0% +you walked in the door till you left +and actually when I give you the + + align:start position:0% +and actually when I give you the + + + align:start position:0% +and actually when I give you the +assignment you may even stretch those + + align:start position:0% +assignment you may even stretch those + + + align:start position:0% +assignment you may even stretch those +boundaries some because it may make + + align:start position:0% +boundaries some because it may make + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries some because it may make +sense for you + + align:start position:0% +sense for you + + + align:start position:0% +sense for you +okay but here's what I want you to do + + align:start position:0% +okay but here's what I want you to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay but here's what I want you to do +I'm going to give you all well first you + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you all well first you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you all well first you +all have a piece of paper that's fine + + align:start position:0% +all have a piece of paper that's fine + + + align:start position:0% +all have a piece of paper that's fine +just take out a piece of paper because + + align:start position:0% +just take out a piece of paper because + + + align:start position:0% +just take out a piece of paper because +you have to do some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +writing anybody need a piece of paper + + align:start position:0% +writing anybody need a piece of paper + + + align:start position:0% +writing anybody need a piece of paper +you can use your computer write on your + + align:start position:0% +you can use your computer write on your + + + align:start position:0% +you can use your computer write on your +computer if you want to yeah virtual + + align:start position:0% +computer if you want to yeah virtual + + + align:start position:0% +computer if you want to yeah virtual +paper real paper doesn't really matter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I want you to each of you make a + + align:start position:0% +okay so I want you to each of you make a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I want you to each of you make a +list right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now and the list is like this I want you + + align:start position:0% +now and the list is like this I want you + + + align:start position:0% +now and the list is like this I want you +to name for + + align:start position:0% +to name for + + + align:start position:0% +to name for +yourself in relationship to all of + + align:start position:0% +yourself in relationship to all of + + + align:start position:0% +yourself in relationship to all of +yesterday not all of yesterday the class + + align:start position:0% +yesterday not all of yesterday the class + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday not all of yesterday the class +part of + + align:start position:0% +part of + + + align:start position:0% +part of +yesterday uh and again you might stress + + align:start position:0% +yesterday uh and again you might stress + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday uh and again you might stress +us a little bit when you hear the + + align:start position:0% +us a little bit when you hear the + + + align:start position:0% +us a little bit when you hear the +question I want you to name for you what + + align:start position:0% +question I want you to name for you what + + + align:start position:0% +question I want you to name for you what +were the most critical moments of the + + align:start position:0% +were the most critical moments of the + + + align:start position:0% +were the most critical moments of the +day of that experience yesterday and by + + align:start position:0% +day of that experience yesterday and by + + + align:start position:0% +day of that experience yesterday and by +critical I mean three things they were + + align:start position:0% +critical I mean three things they were + + + align:start position:0% +critical I mean three things they were +events opportunities insights something + + align:start position:0% +events opportunities insights something + + + align:start position:0% +events opportunities insights something +that happened that for you made a + + align:start position:0% +that happened that for you made a + + + align:start position:0% +that happened that for you made a +difference in how you engaged with + + align:start position:0% +difference in how you engaged with + + + align:start position:0% +difference in how you engaged with +thought about or were in relationship to + + align:start position:0% +thought about or were in relationship to + + + align:start position:0% +thought about or were in relationship to +what was going on at this point in time + + align:start position:0% +what was going on at this point in time + + + align:start position:0% +what was going on at this point in time +during that time period with the class + + align:start position:0% +during that time period with the class + + + align:start position:0% +during that time period with the class +and three things about these critical + + align:start position:0% +and three things about these critical + + + align:start position:0% +and three things about these critical +moments they can be + + align:start position:0% +moments they can be + + + align:start position:0% +moments they can be +positive they can be + + align:start position:0% +positive they can be + + + align:start position:0% +positive they can be +negative right and they can be what we + + align:start position:0% +negative right and they can be what we + + + align:start position:0% +negative right and they can be what we +say neutral + + align:start position:0% +say neutral + + + align:start position:0% +say neutral +right and what we mean by something + + align:start position:0% +right and what we mean by something + + + align:start position:0% +right and what we mean by something +that's positive it's just that we say + + align:start position:0% +that's positive it's just that we say + + + align:start position:0% +that's positive it's just that we say +that it had at the moment that it + + align:start position:0% +that it had at the moment that it + + + align:start position:0% +that it had at the moment that it +occurred for you it was a positive thing + + align:start position:0% +occurred for you it was a positive thing + + + align:start position:0% +occurred for you it was a positive thing +sometimes you have ones that are + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have ones that are + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have ones that are +negative at the moment that it occurred + + align:start position:0% +negative at the moment that it occurred + + + align:start position:0% +negative at the moment that it occurred +it was negative now you can often go + + align:start position:0% +it was negative now you can often go + + + align:start position:0% +it was negative now you can often go +back and say yeah but in the long run it + + align:start position:0% +back and say yeah but in the long run it + + + align:start position:0% +back and say yeah but in the long run it +really was positive we get this a lot in + + align:start position:0% +really was positive we get this a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +really was positive we get this a lot in +community work they said oh yeah that + + align:start position:0% +community work they said oh yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +community work they said oh yeah that +time so and so got fired it was horrible + + align:start position:0% +time so and so got fired it was horrible + + + align:start position:0% +time so and so got fired it was horrible +and then you know looking back a year + + align:start position:0% +and then you know looking back a year + + + align:start position:0% +and then you know looking back a year +later said but it was the best thing + + align:start position:0% +later said but it was the best thing + + + align:start position:0% +later said but it was the best thing +ever happened to us we want you to stay + + align:start position:0% +ever happened to us we want you to stay + + + align:start position:0% +ever happened to us we want you to stay +with the negative part of it what the + + align:start position:0% +with the negative part of it what the + + + align:start position:0% +with the negative part of it what the +experience was when it + + align:start position:0% +experience was when it + + + align:start position:0% +experience was when it +occurred right not how you begin to un + + align:start position:0% +occurred right not how you begin to un + + + align:start position:0% +occurred right not how you begin to un +see it over time so I want you to list + + align:start position:0% +see it over time so I want you to list + + + align:start position:0% +see it over time so I want you to list +as many of these as you + + align:start position:0% +as many of these as you + + + align:start position:0% +as many of these as you +can okay so just take a few minutes and + + align:start position:0% +can okay so just take a few minutes and + + + align:start position:0% +can okay so just take a few minutes and +just start jotting them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down Rob if you want to try to do this + + align:start position:0% +down Rob if you want to try to do this + + + align:start position:0% +down Rob if you want to try to do this +you can do it in relationship to + + align:start position:0% +you can do it in relationship to + + + align:start position:0% +you can do it in relationship to +whatever happened from whenever the + + align:start position:0% +whatever happened from whenever the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever happened from whenever the +beginning was to got you to this come in + + align:start position:0% +beginning was to got you to this come in + + + align:start position:0% +beginning was to got you to this come in +here today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay getting my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +SP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Happ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how are people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doing for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finished is everybody at least able to + + align:start position:0% +finished is everybody at least able to + + + align:start position:0% +finished is everybody at least able to +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three oh wow was everybody at least able + + align:start position:0% +three oh wow was everybody at least able + + + align:start position:0% +three oh wow was everybody at least able +to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five yeah good okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want you to take some of these and I + + align:start position:0% +I want you to take some of these and I + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to take some of these and I +want you to + + align:start position:0% +want you to + + + align:start position:0% +want you to +take go through your list if you can do + + align:start position:0% +take go through your list if you can do + + + align:start position:0% +take go through your list if you can do +this if you can't do what you can I want + + align:start position:0% +this if you can't do what you can I want + + + align:start position:0% +this if you can't do what you can I want +you to take your top three if you don't + + align:start position:0% +you to take your top three if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you to take your top three if you don't +have if you only have three then it's + + align:start position:0% +have if you only have three then it's + + + align:start position:0% +have if you only have three then it's +really easy and if you have one it's + + align:start position:0% +really easy and if you have one it's + + + align:start position:0% +really easy and if you have one it's +even easier if you have 10 it's harder + + align:start position:0% +even easier if you have 10 it's harder + + + align:start position:0% +even easier if you have 10 it's harder +right take your top + + align:start position:0% +right take your top + + + align:start position:0% +right take your top +three and I want you to + + align:start position:0% +three and I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +three and I want you to +put on each one of these pieces of paper + + align:start position:0% +put on each one of these pieces of paper + + + align:start position:0% +put on each one of these pieces of paper +for one of them and I want you to put + + align:start position:0% +for one of them and I want you to put + + + align:start position:0% +for one of them and I want you to put +the following + + align:start position:0% +the following + + + align:start position:0% +the following +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +information I want you to give the + + align:start position:0% +information I want you to give the + + + align:start position:0% +information I want you to give the +critical moment a name I don't want you + + align:start position:0% +critical moment a name I don't want you + + + align:start position:0% +critical moment a name I don't want you +to describe it just give it a name okay + + align:start position:0% +to describe it just give it a name okay + + + align:start position:0% +to describe it just give it a name okay +and H whatever whatever you want to call + + align:start position:0% +and H whatever whatever you want to call + + + align:start position:0% +and H whatever whatever you want to call +it you know just give it a name it can + + align:start position:0% +it you know just give it a name it can + + + align:start position:0% +it you know just give it a name it can +be funny it doesn't really matter it's + + align:start position:0% +be funny it doesn't really matter it's + + + align:start position:0% +be funny it doesn't really matter it's +it's device for you to remember it okay + + align:start position:0% +it's device for you to remember it okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's device for you to remember it okay +give it a + + align:start position:0% +give it a + + + align:start position:0% +give it a +name put down put your name down at the + + align:start position:0% +name put down put your name down at the + + + align:start position:0% +name put down put your name down at the +very bottom of it and also put down on + + align:start position:0% +very bottom of it and also put down on + + + align:start position:0% +very bottom of it and also put down on +the thing if it's positive negative or + + align:start position:0% +the thing if it's positive negative or + + + align:start position:0% +the thing if it's positive negative or +neutral so plus minus or or zero okay + + align:start position:0% +neutral so plus minus or or zero okay + + + align:start position:0% +neutral so plus minus or or zero okay +for each one so on each one I want you + + align:start position:0% +for each one so on each one I want you + + + align:start position:0% +for each one so on each one I want you +to just put whatever the critical moment + + align:start position:0% +to just put whatever the critical moment + + + align:start position:0% +to just put whatever the critical moment +was give it a + + align:start position:0% +was give it a + + + align:start position:0% +was give it a +name and then where is the + + align:start position:0% +name and then where is the + + + align:start position:0% +name and then where is the +chalk you want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +name the name of the critical moment + + align:start position:0% +name the name of the critical moment + + + align:start position:0% +name the name of the critical moment +you want to know if it's positive + + align:start position:0% +you want to know if it's positive + + + align:start position:0% +you want to know if it's positive +negative or neutral and then you also + + align:start position:0% +negative or neutral and then you also + + + align:start position:0% +negative or neutral and then you also +want to know your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +name one per piece one per + + align:start position:0% +name one per piece one per + + + align:start position:0% +name one per piece one per +piece and then the last thing I want you + + align:start position:0% +piece and then the last thing I want you + + + align:start position:0% +piece and then the last thing I want you +to do is I'm going to name number + + align:start position:0% +to do is I'm going to name number + + + align:start position:0% +to do is I'm going to name number +these 1 2 3 4 five + + align:start position:0% +these 1 2 3 4 five + + + align:start position:0% +these 1 2 3 4 five +six okay Seven's over + + align:start position:0% +six okay Seven's over + + + align:start position:0% +six okay Seven's over +here and zeros over here this is the + + align:start position:0% +here and zeros over here this is the + + + align:start position:0% +here and zeros over here this is the +start of class and I want you to put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time and then give it one of these + + align:start position:0% +time and then give it one of these + + + align:start position:0% +time and then give it one of these +numbers okay so if your critical moment + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so if your critical moment + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so if your critical moment +actually happened before class it'll be + + align:start position:0% +actually happened before class it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +actually happened before class it'll be +zero the time will be zero if it + + align:start position:0% +zero the time will be zero if it + + + align:start position:0% +zero the time will be zero if it +happened during the overview period it + + align:start position:0% +happened during the overview period it + + + align:start position:0% +happened during the overview period it +be one around the presentation would be + + align:start position:0% +be one around the presentation would be + + + align:start position:0% +be one around the presentation would be +two we don't have to be exact about + + align:start position:0% +two we don't have to be exact about + + + align:start position:0% +two we don't have to be exact about +these but just try to you know be as + + align:start position:0% +these but just try to you know be as + + + align:start position:0% +these but just try to you know be as +close as you can if it happened after + + align:start position:0% +close as you can if it happened after + + + align:start position:0% +close as you can if it happened after +you left class it to be a + + align:start position:0% +you left class it to be a + + + align:start position:0% +you left class it to be a +seven and do one of these for each just + + align:start position:0% +seven and do one of these for each just + + + align:start position:0% +seven and do one of these for each just +for three of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moments and try to write uh if you need + + align:start position:0% +moments and try to write uh if you need + + + align:start position:0% +moments and try to write uh if you need +a dark pen let me know uh because we + + align:start position:0% +a dark pen let me know uh because we + + + align:start position:0% +a dark pen let me know uh because we +want people to be able to see them + + align:start position:0% +want people to be able to see them + + + align:start position:0% +want people to be able to see them +that's why we don't want you to put very + + align:start position:0% +that's why we don't want you to put very + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we don't want you to put very +much information on + + align:start position:0% +much information on + + + align:start position:0% +much information on +there you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know let me give you these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh so remember one per + + align:start position:0% +oh so remember one per + + + align:start position:0% +oh so remember one per +sheet and all you just need is a name of + + align:start position:0% +sheet and all you just need is a name of + + + align:start position:0% +sheet and all you just need is a name of +the critical moment you could just be + + align:start position:0% +the critical moment you could just be + + + align:start position:0% +the critical moment you could just be +one word it's just something for you to + + align:start position:0% +one word it's just something for you to + + + align:start position:0% +one word it's just something for you to +remember whether it's positive negative + + align:start position:0% +remember whether it's positive negative + + + align:start position:0% +remember whether it's positive negative +your name you can just use your initials + + align:start position:0% +your name you can just use your initials + + + align:start position:0% +your name you can just use your initials +if if you want to and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time uh I want you to write the time in + + align:start position:0% +time uh I want you to write the time in + + + align:start position:0% +time uh I want you to write the time in +the sheet too so just put time you know + + align:start position:0% +the sheet too so just put time you know + + + align:start position:0% +the sheet too so just put time you know +0 1 2 3 4 5 whatever it is okay the + + align:start position:0% +0 1 2 3 4 5 whatever it is okay the + + + align:start position:0% +0 1 2 3 4 5 whatever it is okay the +reason is because we're going to move + + align:start position:0% +reason is because we're going to move + + + align:start position:0% +reason is because we're going to move +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +around uh yeah you can if you think it + + align:start position:0% +around uh yeah you can if you think it + + + align:start position:0% +around uh yeah you can if you think it +goes over a couple periods of time just + + align:start position:0% +goes over a couple periods of time just + + + align:start position:0% +goes over a couple periods of time just +put that down we'll work with it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you get yours + + align:start position:0% +when you get yours + + + align:start position:0% +when you get yours +finished I want you to do the following + + align:start position:0% +finished I want you to do the following + + + align:start position:0% +finished I want you to do the following +I want you come up here just paste them + + align:start position:0% +I want you come up here just paste them + + + align:start position:0% +I want you come up here just paste them +on the board if they're positive put + + align:start position:0% +on the board if they're positive put + + + align:start position:0% +on the board if they're positive put +them above the line if they're negative + + align:start position:0% +them above the line if they're negative + + + align:start position:0% +them above the line if they're negative +put them below the line and guess what + + align:start position:0% +put them below the line and guess what + + + align:start position:0% +put them below the line and guess what +if they're not put them right on the + + align:start position:0% +if they're not put them right on the + + + align:start position:0% +if they're not put them right on the +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +sure yellow blue whatever color you want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah when you're finished just take + + align:start position:0% +so yeah when you're finished just take + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah when you're finished just take +them up and stick them up there in the + + align:start position:0% +them up and stick them up there in the + + + align:start position:0% +them up and stick them up there in the +appropriate time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space to leave at which hour 11: 11 yeah + + align:start position:0% +space to leave at which hour 11: 11 yeah + + + align:start position:0% +space to leave at which hour 11: 11 yeah +we'll take a break at 11: + + align:start position:0% +we'll take a break at 11: + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take a break at 11: +okay about 2 minutes before 11 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I bre I can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take ch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually B I think if you have one or + + align:start position:0% +actually B I think if you have one or + + + align:start position:0% +actually B I think if you have one or +two that are on outside it's fine just + + align:start position:0% +two that are on outside it's fine just + + + align:start position:0% +two that are on outside it's fine just +put them + + align:start position:0% +put them + + + align:start position:0% +put them +up it's okay it's okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah go ahead and put them up if you get + + align:start position:0% +yeah go ahead and put them up if you get + + + align:start position:0% +yeah go ahead and put them up if you get +them written out just come put them up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember positive above the line + + align:start position:0% +remember positive above the line + + + align:start position:0% +remember positive above the line +negative below the line neutral on the + + align:start position:0% +negative below the line neutral on the + + + align:start position:0% +negative below the line neutral on the +line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +problem piece of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tape thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we got + + align:start position:0% +we got + + + align:start position:0% +we got +everyone okay all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more okay before I say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything just tell me what you + + align:start position:0% +anything just tell me what you + + + align:start position:0% +anything just tell me what you +see got what you reading what you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see most of the responses are people + + align:start position:0% +see most of the responses are people + + + align:start position:0% +see most of the responses are people +could think of more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positives so rather it's four five so + + align:start position:0% +positives so rather it's four five so + + + align:start position:0% +positives so rather it's four five so +most of the critical moments are + + align:start position:0% +most of the critical moments are + + + align:start position:0% +most of the critical moments are +actually experiential + + align:start position:0% +actually experiential + + + align:start position:0% +actually experiential +P what else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end nothing happened + + align:start position:0% +end nothing happened + + + align:start position:0% +end nothing happened +afterwards clure there's nothing in the + + align:start position:0% +afterwards clure there's nothing in the + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards clure there's nothing in the +closure + + align:start position:0% +closure + + + align:start position:0% +closure +interes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the individual exercise seem to + + align:start position:0% +yeah the individual exercise seem to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the individual exercise seem to +people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen actually thought that was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting so it doesn't it's not + + align:start position:0% +interesting so it doesn't it's not + + + align:start position:0% +interesting so it doesn't it's not +conducive to anything happening because + + align:start position:0% +conducive to anything happening because + + + align:start position:0% +conducive to anything happening because +everybody has to go separately uhhuh + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to go separately uhhuh + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to go separately uhhuh +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +interesting there are not a lot of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neutral yeah it's either positive or + + align:start position:0% +neutral yeah it's either positive or + + + align:start position:0% +neutral yeah it's either positive or +negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or I mean it's hard to understand what + + align:start position:0% +or I mean it's hard to understand what + + + align:start position:0% +or I mean it's hard to understand what +is neutral for me I mean it's hard for + + align:start position:0% +is neutral for me I mean it's hard for + + + align:start position:0% +is neutral for me I mean it's hard for +me to say if it's neutral or not + + align:start position:0% +me to say if it's neutral or not + + + align:start position:0% +me to say if it's neutral or not +yeah yeah that is it's a hard one kind + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that is it's a hard one kind + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that is it's a hard one kind +of call sorry you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talking okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm going to go through these real + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go through these real + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go through these real +quick + + align:start position:0% +quick + + + align:start position:0% +quick +okay uh actually no I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +okay uh actually no I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh actually no I'm not going to go +through there we're going to start with + + align:start position:0% +through there we're going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +through there we're going to start with +Ezra Ezra's going to come up here and + + align:start position:0% +Ezra Ezra's going to come up here and + + + align:start position:0% +Ezra Ezra's going to come up here and +just real quick okay tell us about the + + align:start position:0% +just real quick okay tell us about the + + + align:start position:0% +just real quick okay tell us about the +ones you put up um so the first one was + + align:start position:0% +ones you put up um so the first one was + + + align:start position:0% +ones you put up um so the first one was +just class sign I saw the sign and I'd + + align:start position:0% +just class sign I saw the sign and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +just class sign I saw the sign and I'd +seen the thing on the website before and + + align:start position:0% +seen the thing on the website before and + + + align:start position:0% +seen the thing on the website before and +thought Oh that was interesting but that + + align:start position:0% +thought Oh that was interesting but that + + + align:start position:0% +thought Oh that was interesting but that +was weeks ago and I forgotten about it + + align:start position:0% +was weeks ago and I forgotten about it + + + align:start position:0% +was weeks ago and I forgotten about it +and thought i' missed it saw the sign + + align:start position:0% +and thought i' missed it saw the sign + + + align:start position:0% +and thought i' missed it saw the sign +and went oh wait I haven't missed it + + align:start position:0% +and went oh wait I haven't missed it + + + align:start position:0% +and went oh wait I haven't missed it +it's tomorrow I should go bang I'm here + + align:start position:0% +it's tomorrow I should go bang I'm here + + + align:start position:0% +it's tomorrow I should go bang I'm here +next day so that's obviously positive um + + align:start position:0% +next day so that's obviously positive um + + + align:start position:0% +next day so that's obviously positive um +rethinking my work uh this happened + + align:start position:0% +rethinking my work uh this happened + + + align:start position:0% +rethinking my work uh this happened +throughout the day but I sort of put it + + align:start position:0% +throughout the day but I sort of put it + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the day but I sort of put it +um in two because I really recognized it + + align:start position:0% +um in two because I really recognized it + + + align:start position:0% +um in two because I really recognized it +particularly as I was introducing myself + + align:start position:0% +particularly as I was introducing myself + + + align:start position:0% +particularly as I was introducing myself +I introduced myself and then afterwards + + align:start position:0% +I introduced myself and then afterwards + + + align:start position:0% +I introduced myself and then afterwards +I re thought and I was like is that + + align:start position:0% +I re thought and I was like is that + + + align:start position:0% +I re thought and I was like is that +really how I should be introducing + + align:start position:0% +really how I should be introducing + + + align:start position:0% +really how I should be introducing +myself is that really the work I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +myself is that really the work I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +myself is that really the work I'm doing +is that the the work I should be doing + + align:start position:0% +is that the the work I should be doing + + + align:start position:0% +is that the the work I should be doing +all these sorts of questions coming up + + align:start position:0% +all these sorts of questions coming up + + + align:start position:0% +all these sorts of questions coming up +in my mind and part of it was just um + + align:start position:0% +in my mind and part of it was just um + + + align:start position:0% +in my mind and part of it was just um +yeah the FRA the framing the framing of + + align:start position:0% +yeah the FRA the framing the framing of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the FRA the framing the framing of +uh both what I do and and um and and and + + align:start position:0% +uh both what I do and and um and and and + + + align:start position:0% +uh both what I do and and um and and and +also you know the actual doing of what I + + align:start position:0% +also you know the actual doing of what I + + + align:start position:0% +also you know the actual doing of what I +do so that was uh obviously that's a + + align:start position:0% +do so that was uh obviously that's a + + + align:start position:0% +do so that was uh obviously that's a +positive and a negative in some ways but + + align:start position:0% +positive and a negative in some ways but + + + align:start position:0% +positive and a negative in some ways but +mostly positive um and then this was + + align:start position:0% +mostly positive um and then this was + + + align:start position:0% +mostly positive um and then this was +more just about uh thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +more just about uh thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +more just about uh thinking about the +way that I wrote up my particular um uh + + align:start position:0% +way that I wrote up my particular um uh + + + align:start position:0% +way that I wrote up my particular um uh +learned skill I just realized somewhere + + align:start position:0% +learned skill I just realized somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +learned skill I just realized somewhere +in in between actually doing it and + + align:start position:0% +in in between actually doing it and + + + align:start position:0% +in in between actually doing it and +talking about it I recognize that a lot + + align:start position:0% +talking about it I recognize that a lot + + + align:start position:0% +talking about it I recognize that a lot +of what I remembered about that event + + align:start position:0% +of what I remembered about that event + + + align:start position:0% +of what I remembered about that event +and that event was actually something I + + align:start position:0% +and that event was actually something I + + + align:start position:0% +and that event was actually something I +had done reflection on and was something + + align:start position:0% +had done reflection on and was something + + + align:start position:0% +had done reflection on and was something +that was um fairly a pretty big moment + + align:start position:0% +that was um fairly a pretty big moment + + + align:start position:0% +that was um fairly a pretty big moment +in my life so it wasn't like just a + + align:start position:0% +in my life so it wasn't like just a + + + align:start position:0% +in my life so it wasn't like just a +minor event that that didn't have a lot + + align:start position:0% +minor event that that didn't have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +minor event that that didn't have a lot +of meaning so maybe that was why but for + + align:start position:0% +of meaning so maybe that was why but for + + + align:start position:0% +of meaning so maybe that was why but for +me I realized how much Co um + + align:start position:0% +me I realized how much Co um + + + align:start position:0% +me I realized how much Co um +psychological affect played a role in my + + align:start position:0% +psychological affect played a role in my + + + align:start position:0% +psychological affect played a role in my +cognition and recollection of that event + + align:start position:0% +cognition and recollection of that event + + + align:start position:0% +cognition and recollection of that event +um how I was feeling uh during that time + + align:start position:0% +um how I was feeling uh during that time + + + align:start position:0% +um how I was feeling uh during that time +time frame was just so important in in + + align:start position:0% +time frame was just so important in in + + + align:start position:0% +time frame was just so important in in +remembering that so I thought that was + + align:start position:0% +remembering that so I thought that was + + + align:start position:0% +remembering that so I thought that was +interesting who wants to go next just + + align:start position:0% +interesting who wants to go next just + + + align:start position:0% +interesting who wants to go next just +jump + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up um mine started before the class just + + align:start position:0% +up um mine started before the class just + + + align:start position:0% +up um mine started before the class just +with an anticipation of coming and what + + align:start position:0% +with an anticipation of coming and what + + + align:start position:0% +with an anticipation of coming and what +my role would be because we're coming + + align:start position:0% +my role would be because we're coming + + + align:start position:0% +my role would be because we're coming +from care and um so it it's positive um + + align:start position:0% +from care and um so it it's positive um + + + align:start position:0% +from care and um so it it's positive um +and then uh the next was a frustration + + align:start position:0% +and then uh the next was a frustration + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh the next was a frustration +related to the individual exercise and + + align:start position:0% +related to the individual exercise and + + + align:start position:0% +related to the individual exercise and +trying trying to come up with something + + align:start position:0% +trying trying to come up with something + + + align:start position:0% +trying trying to come up with something +I had learned that I could relate you + + align:start position:0% +I had learned that I could relate you + + + align:start position:0% +I had learned that I could relate you +know in a u in the that moment and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um um the next came kind of after + + align:start position:0% +um um the next came kind of after + + + align:start position:0% +um um the next came kind of after +everybody had presented and I was + + align:start position:0% +everybody had presented and I was + + + align:start position:0% +everybody had presented and I was +thinking about what I how I had + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what I how I had + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what I how I had +presented mine and + + align:start position:0% +presented mine and + + + align:start position:0% +presented mine and +realized how I would have would have + + align:start position:0% +realized how I would have would have + + + align:start position:0% +realized how I would have would have +done it differently um made it you know + + align:start position:0% +done it differently um made it you know + + + align:start position:0% +done it differently um made it you know +thinking about that experience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I was when I entered the class and I saw + + align:start position:0% +I was when I entered the class and I saw + + + align:start position:0% +I was when I entered the class and I saw +a very diverse group age wise I was like + + align:start position:0% +a very diverse group age wise I was like + + + align:start position:0% +a very diverse group age wise I was like +this is good + + align:start position:0% +this is good + + + align:start position:0% +this is good +yeah yeah I like it because compared to + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I like it because compared to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I like it because compared to +my you know um classes for for the past + + align:start position:0% +my you know um classes for for the past + + + align:start position:0% +my you know um classes for for the past +Falls like all we all like you know so I + + align:start position:0% +Falls like all we all like you know so I + + + align:start position:0% +Falls like all we all like you know so I +felt like I needed to a diverse group + + align:start position:0% +felt like I needed to a diverse group + + + align:start position:0% +felt like I needed to a diverse group +with you know um and then um during the + + align:start position:0% +with you know um and then um during the + + + align:start position:0% +with you know um and then um during the +over exercise presentation um when a mom + + align:start position:0% +over exercise presentation um when a mom + + + align:start position:0% +over exercise presentation um when a mom +actually really experience G + + align:start position:0% +actually really experience G + + + align:start position:0% +actually really experience G +I was thinking like okay learning never + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking like okay learning never + + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking like okay learning never +too late because I I suddenly realize + + align:start position:0% +too late because I I suddenly realize + + + align:start position:0% +too late because I I suddenly realize +I'm I'm in my mid-30s and I thought like + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm in my mid-30s and I thought like + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm in my mid-30s and I thought like +oh I suddenly realize that fear can cre + + align:start position:0% +oh I suddenly realize that fear can cre + + + align:start position:0% +oh I suddenly realize that fear can cre +I I have I capable of fear you know that + + align:start position:0% +I I have I capable of fear you know that + + + align:start position:0% +I I have I capable of fear you know that +there things like you know can I learn + + align:start position:0% +there things like you know can I learn + + + align:start position:0% +there things like you know can I learn +this sing it you know I was like oh no + + align:start position:0% +this sing it you know I was like oh no + + + align:start position:0% +this sing it you know I was like oh no +you know so when she said that like I + + align:start position:0% +you know so when she said that like I + + + align:start position:0% +you know so when she said that like I +still can and that's why I think the + + align:start position:0% +still can and that's why I think the + + + align:start position:0% +still can and that's why I think the +diverse group also helps me that and + + align:start position:0% +diverse group also helps me that and + + + align:start position:0% +diverse group also helps me that and +after um Justin and Ezra Ezra actually + + align:start position:0% +after um Justin and Ezra Ezra actually + + + align:start position:0% +after um Justin and Ezra Ezra actually +um um and I um went to to launch um I + + align:start position:0% +um um and I um went to to launch um I + + + align:start position:0% +um um and I um went to to launch um I +actually went first to my on dorm + + align:start position:0% +actually went first to my on dorm + + + align:start position:0% +actually went first to my on dorm +National but it was cool I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +National but it was cool I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +National but it was cool I was thinking +like I for a bit not go and join the + + align:start position:0% +like I for a bit not go and join the + + + align:start position:0% +like I for a bit not go and join the +guys but then you know it's very Asian + + align:start position:0% +guys but then you know it's very Asian + + + align:start position:0% +guys but then you know it's very Asian +that you don't if you say you go you + + align:start position:0% +that you don't if you say you go you + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't if you say you go you +know you just don't like don't show up + + align:start position:0% +know you just don't like don't show up + + + align:start position:0% +know you just don't like don't show up +so I went there and like they were + + align:start position:0% +so I went there and like they were + + + align:start position:0% +so I went there and like they were +talking of damp truck + + align:start position:0% +talking of damp truck + + + align:start position:0% +talking of damp truck +diving and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know honestly that was something new + + align:start position:0% +you know honestly that was something new + + + align:start position:0% +you know honestly that was something new +to me diving in the US he said and I + + align:start position:0% +to me diving in the US he said and I + + + align:start position:0% +to me diving in the US he said and I +said like what is that and so I asked + + align:start position:0% +said like what is that and so I asked + + + align:start position:0% +said like what is that and so I asked +like is that some sort of a scavenge + + align:start position:0% +like is that some sort of a scavenge + + + align:start position:0% +like is that some sort of a scavenge +thing but it's a diff well it has sort + + align:start position:0% +thing but it's a diff well it has sort + + + align:start position:0% +thing but it's a diff well it has sort +of that but it has differences in the + + align:start position:0% +of that but it has differences in the + + + align:start position:0% +of that but it has differences in the +developing just you know and also just + + align:start position:0% +developing just you know and also just + + + align:start position:0% +developing just you know and also just +for me like it's new learning and I'm + + align:start position:0% +for me like it's new learning and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +for me like it's new learning and I'm +you know I felt I I feel lost for for + + align:start position:0% +you know I felt I I feel lost for for + + + align:start position:0% +you know I felt I I feel lost for for +the past mats because I'm new and so + + align:start position:0% +the past mats because I'm new and so + + + align:start position:0% +the past mats because I'm new and so +it's like um I'm learning how things are + + align:start position:0% +it's like um I'm learning how things are + + + align:start position:0% +it's like um I'm learning how things are +here and + + align:start position:0% +here and + + + align:start position:0% +here and +the is that the same thing as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dumpster oh please like you've never + + align:start position:0% +dumpster oh please like you've never + + + align:start position:0% +dumpster oh please like you've never +been dumpster di I don't know what that + + align:start position:0% +been dumpster di I don't know what that + + + align:start position:0% +been dumpster di I don't know what that +is it's when when you have a business + + align:start position:0% +is it's when when you have a business + + + align:start position:0% +is it's when when you have a business +that puts a dumpster out back of the + + align:start position:0% +that puts a dumpster out back of the + + + align:start position:0% +that puts a dumpster out back of the +business and they discard things like + + align:start position:0% +business and they discard things like + + + align:start position:0% +business and they discard things like +say at the nursery they discard their + + align:start position:0% +say at the nursery they discard their + + + align:start position:0% +say at the nursery they discard their +plants that are bruised or things like + + align:start position:0% +plants that are bruised or things like + + + align:start position:0% +plants that are bruised or things like +that or neighb or your neighbors are + + align:start position:0% +that or neighb or your neighbors are + + + align:start position:0% +that or neighb or your neighbors are +throwing away their Furniture + + align:start position:0% +throwing away their Furniture + + + align:start position:0% +throwing away their Furniture +Goods + + align:start position:0% +Goods + + + align:start position:0% +Goods +yeah where I come from the women jump + + align:start position:0% +yeah where I come from the women jump + + + align:start position:0% +yeah where I come from the women jump +the dumpster after the + + align:start position:0% +the dumpster after the + + + align:start position:0% +the dumpster after the +flowers Oh I thought the most important + + align:start position:0% +flowers Oh I thought the most important + + + align:start position:0% +flowers Oh I thought the most important +was walking into class I guess it's sort + + align:start position:0% +was walking into class I guess it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +was walking into class I guess it's sort +of obvious but the rest made the rest of + + align:start position:0% +of obvious but the rest made the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +of obvious but the rest made the rest of +the day possible um I was really + + align:start position:0% +the day possible um I was really + + + align:start position:0% +the day possible um I was really +interested that was positive I thought + + align:start position:0% +interested that was positive I thought + + + align:start position:0% +interested that was positive I thought +listening to just hearing about shon's + + align:start position:0% +listening to just hearing about shon's + + + align:start position:0% +listening to just hearing about shon's +conception of reflective practice was + + align:start position:0% +conception of reflective practice was + + + align:start position:0% +conception of reflective practice was +really pretty cool so I put that up + + align:start position:0% +really pretty cool so I put that up + + + align:start position:0% +really pretty cool so I put that up +there and uh I just thought it was + + align:start position:0% +there and uh I just thought it was + + + align:start position:0% +there and uh I just thought it was +really interesting that we had the sort + + align:start position:0% +really interesting that we had the sort + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting that we had the sort +of the same task and but everyone had a + + align:start position:0% +of the same task and but everyone had a + + + align:start position:0% +of the same task and but everyone had a +very different way of approaching it + + align:start position:0% +very different way of approaching it + + + align:start position:0% +very different way of approaching it +thinking about it uh representing it and + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it uh representing it and + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it uh representing it and +that's I guess gets to the point of + + align:start position:0% +that's I guess gets to the point of + + + align:start position:0% +that's I guess gets to the point of +there's different sort of cognitive + + align:start position:0% +there's different sort of cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +there's different sort of cognitive +processes going on all the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so perhaps M started started earlier + + align:start position:0% +so perhaps M started started earlier + + + align:start position:0% +so perhaps M started started earlier +than this period because I knew my + + align:start position:0% +than this period because I knew my + + + align:start position:0% +than this period because I knew my +friend Claudia + + align:start position:0% +friend Claudia + + + align:start position:0% +friend Claudia +beforehand and she sent an email and I + + align:start position:0% +beforehand and she sent an email and I + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand and she sent an email and I +just looked at what's going on I was + + align:start position:0% +just looked at what's going on I was + + + align:start position:0% +just looked at what's going on I was +supposed around here we for us so in the + + align:start position:0% +supposed around here we for us so in the + + + align:start position:0% +supposed around here we for us so in the +beginning I got uh some overview and + + align:start position:0% +beginning I got uh some overview and + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I got uh some overview and +then we start to talk together as among + + align:start position:0% +then we start to talk together as among + + + align:start position:0% +then we start to talk together as among +each other it was positive again and it + + align:start position:0% +each other it was positive again and it + + + align:start position:0% +each other it was positive again and it +came to all the things are smooth and + + align:start position:0% +came to all the things are smooth and + + + align:start position:0% +came to all the things are smooth and +then I was positive here because + + align:start position:0% +then I was positive here because + + + align:start position:0% +then I was positive here because +everybody had um some some simple and + + align:start position:0% +everybody had um some some simple and + + + align:start position:0% +everybody had um some some simple and +just uh things talking about their + + align:start position:0% +just uh things talking about their + + + align:start position:0% +just uh things talking about their +experiences uh in simple matters but + + align:start position:0% +experiences uh in simple matters but + + + align:start position:0% +experiences uh in simple matters but +reflecting in a methodological way that + + align:start position:0% +reflecting in a methodological way that + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting in a methodological way that +everybody had + + align:start position:0% +everybody had + + + align:start position:0% +everybody had +um uh around the same area with their + + align:start position:0% +um uh around the same area with their + + + align:start position:0% +um uh around the same area with their +own points of view and with their own + + align:start position:0% +own points of view and with their own + + + align:start position:0% +own points of view and with their own +perspective from different fields + + align:start position:0% +perspective from different fields + + + align:start position:0% +perspective from different fields +but meeting with the ideas all be with + + align:start position:0% +but meeting with the ideas all be with + + + align:start position:0% +but meeting with the ideas all be with +each other so I said that's okay so I'm + + align:start position:0% +each other so I said that's okay so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +each other so I said that's okay so I'm +in the right place and we can + + align:start position:0% +in the right place and we can + + + align:start position:0% +in the right place and we can +communicate and we have just many things + + align:start position:0% +communicate and we have just many things + + + align:start position:0% +communicate and we have just many things +to to exchange and + + align:start position:0% +to to exchange and + + + align:start position:0% +to to exchange and +those those three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure I didn't put mine up there just + + align:start position:0% +sure I didn't put mine up there just + + + align:start position:0% +sure I didn't put mine up there just +explain mostly because they're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allers + + align:start position:0% +allers + + + align:start position:0% +allers +um all of this started with go way + + align:start position:0% +um all of this started with go way + + + align:start position:0% +um all of this started with go way +back couple of meetings I had with + + align:start position:0% +back couple of meetings I had with + + + align:start position:0% +back couple of meetings I had with +Claudia I work at the IB in + + align:start position:0% +Claudia I work at the IB in + + + align:start position:0% +Claudia I work at the IB in +Washington and + + align:start position:0% +Washington and + + + align:start position:0% +Washington and +U everybody may not know what that is + + align:start position:0% +U everybody may not know what that is + + + align:start position:0% +U everybody may not know what that is +sry inter American Development Bank and + + align:start position:0% +sry inter American Development Bank and + + + align:start position:0% +sry inter American Development Bank and +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've always been pretty active in + + align:start position:0% +I've always been pretty active in + + + align:start position:0% +I've always been pretty active in +supporting uh knowledge networks in the + + align:start position:0% +supporting uh knowledge networks in the + + + align:start position:0% +supporting uh knowledge networks in the +institution K was working with me on + + align:start position:0% +institution K was working with me on + + + align:start position:0% +institution K was working with me on +technical cooperation project for + + align:start position:0% +technical cooperation project for + + + align:start position:0% +technical cooperation project for +Peru to involve training and Local + + align:start position:0% +Peru to involve training and Local + + + align:start position:0% +Peru to involve training and Local +Economic + + align:start position:0% +Economic + + + align:start position:0% +Economic +Development and we started talking + + align:start position:0% +Development and we started talking + + + align:start position:0% +Development and we started talking +about crossing the idea of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +about crossing the idea of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +about crossing the idea of knowledge +networks with training mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +networks with training mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +networks with training mechanisms +and this sounded like a really exciting + + align:start position:0% +and this sounded like a really exciting + + + align:start position:0% +and this sounded like a really exciting +idea so this was the very first big + + align:start position:0% +idea so this was the very first big + + + align:start position:0% +idea so this was the very first big +positive that started sucking into this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation then we went together to + + align:start position:0% +situation then we went together to + + + align:start position:0% +situation then we went together to +Peru was a little + + align:start position:0% +Peru was a little + + + align:start position:0% +Peru was a little +later I put zero minus here this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controversial uh this was confrontation + + align:start position:0% +controversial uh this was confrontation + + + align:start position:0% +controversial uh this was confrontation +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +between CL these effort to try + + align:start position:0% +between CL these effort to try + + + align:start position:0% +between CL these effort to try +to implant communities of practice and + + align:start position:0% +to implant communities of practice and + + + align:start position:0% +to implant communities of practice and +convert it into a mechanism for capacity + + align:start position:0% +convert it into a mechanism for capacity + + + align:start position:0% +convert it into a mechanism for capacity +building and my efforts to insist that + + align:start position:0% +building and my efforts to insist that + + + align:start position:0% +building and my efforts to insist that +get solid knowledge + + align:start position:0% +get solid knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +get solid knowledge +deliverables I mean after all that's + + align:start position:0% +deliverables I mean after all that's + + + align:start position:0% +deliverables I mean after all that's +kind of what we do in these big + + align:start position:0% +kind of what we do in these big + + + align:start position:0% +kind of what we do in these big +organizations we have to get + + align:start position:0% +organizations we have to get + + + align:start position:0% +organizations we have to get +deliverables and the idea of just having + + align:start position:0% +deliverables and the idea of just having + + + align:start position:0% +deliverables and the idea of just having +a community practice that didn't deliver + + align:start position:0% +a community practice that didn't deliver + + + align:start position:0% +a community practice that didn't deliver +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +just had us going like crazy trying to + + align:start position:0% +just had us going like crazy trying to + + + align:start position:0% +just had us going like crazy trying to +come up with a solution here I don't + + align:start position:0% +come up with a solution here I don't + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a solution here I don't +know if we finally did come up with a + + align:start position:0% +know if we finally did come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +know if we finally did come up with a +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +but Claudia then insisted that I should + + align:start position:0% +but Claudia then insisted that I should + + + align:start position:0% +but Claudia then insisted that I should +come up here and understand methodology + + align:start position:0% +come up here and understand methodology + + + align:start position:0% +come up here and understand methodology +a littleit + + align:start position:0% +a littleit + + + align:start position:0% +a littleit +better so i' I've always been left I've + + align:start position:0% +better so i' I've always been left I've + + + align:start position:0% +better so i' I've always been left I've +been left with since then with this kind + + align:start position:0% +been left with since then with this kind + + + align:start position:0% +been left with since then with this kind +of clash between formal delivery of + + align:start position:0% +of clash between formal delivery of + + + align:start position:0% +of clash between formal delivery of +knowledge formal + + align:start position:0% +knowledge formal + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge formal +deliverables and + + align:start position:0% +deliverables and + + + align:start position:0% +deliverables and +and generating + + align:start position:0% +and generating + + + align:start position:0% +and generating +knowledge internally in a community + + align:start position:0% +knowledge internally in a community + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge internally in a community +context and I'm still curious to see how + + align:start position:0% +context and I'm still curious to see how + + + align:start position:0% +context and I'm still curious to see how +this all works out because I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +this all works out because I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +this all works out because I'm not sure +that it's been totally worked + + align:start position:0% +that it's been totally worked + + + align:start position:0% +that it's been totally worked +out uh this left me perplexed that's why + + align:start position:0% +out uh this left me perplexed that's why + + + align:start position:0% +out uh this left me perplexed that's why +I put it negatively um Sebastian came to + + align:start position:0% +I put it negatively um Sebastian came to + + + align:start position:0% +I put it negatively um Sebastian came to +the rescue in Peru while we were still + + align:start position:0% +the rescue in Peru while we were still + + + align:start position:0% +the rescue in Peru while we were still +down there gave us a presentation in the + + align:start position:0% +down there gave us a presentation in the + + + align:start position:0% +down there gave us a presentation in the +conference and perked me up again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in terms of my interest in communities + + align:start position:0% +in terms of my interest in communities + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of my interest in communities +of practice I mean I've always believed + + align:start position:0% +of practice I mean I've always believed + + + align:start position:0% +of practice I mean I've always believed +in it you know and I just never + + align:start position:0% +in it you know and I just never + + + align:start position:0% +in it you know and I just never +systematically put it to work I we do + + align:start position:0% +systematically put it to work I we do + + + align:start position:0% +systematically put it to work I we do +have knowled knowledge networks that's + + align:start position:0% +have knowled knowledge networks that's + + + align:start position:0% +have knowled knowledge networks that's +another thing I'm interested in I mean I + + align:start position:0% +another thing I'm interested in I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +another thing I'm interested in I mean I +think institutions like ours are + + align:start position:0% +think institutions like ours are + + + align:start position:0% +think institutions like ours are +searching for ways to exchange knowledge + + align:start position:0% +searching for ways to exchange knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +searching for ways to exchange knowledge +just among the Professionals in a more + + align:start position:0% +just among the Professionals in a more + + + align:start position:0% +just among the Professionals in a more +systematic way so it's very useful for + + align:start position:0% +systematic way so it's very useful for + + + align:start position:0% +systematic way so it's very useful for +us we can package it in a liberable + + align:start position:0% +us we can package it in a liberable + + + align:start position:0% +us we can package it in a liberable +way and then + + align:start position:0% +way and then + + + align:start position:0% +way and then +then of course I skip all this and I + + align:start position:0% +then of course I skip all this and I + + + align:start position:0% +then of course I skip all this and I +come over here and uh I was perked up + + align:start position:0% +come over here and uh I was perked up + + + align:start position:0% +come over here and uh I was perked up +again today's reflection in the morning + + align:start position:0% +again today's reflection in the morning + + + align:start position:0% +again today's reflection in the morning +I thought that was very interesting kind + + align:start position:0% +I thought that was very interesting kind + + + align:start position:0% +I thought that was very interesting kind +of got me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motiv um my first critical moment was to + + align:start position:0% +motiv um my first critical moment was to + + + align:start position:0% +motiv um my first critical moment was to +make the effort to organize the ideas to + + align:start position:0% +make the effort to organize the ideas to + + + align:start position:0% +make the effort to organize the ideas to +my presentation um + + align:start position:0% +my presentation um + + + align:start position:0% +my presentation um +it was hard at the same time but I think + + align:start position:0% +it was hard at the same time but I think + + + align:start position:0% +it was hard at the same time but I think +it was a positive thing to get you + + align:start position:0% +it was a positive thing to get you + + + align:start position:0% +it was a positive thing to get you +organize your own experience and how do + + align:start position:0% +organize your own experience and how do + + + align:start position:0% +organize your own experience and how do +you actually communicate to + + align:start position:0% +you actually communicate to + + + align:start position:0% +you actually communicate to +others um the second one was to choose a + + align:start position:0% +others um the second one was to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +others um the second one was to choose a +learning experience was very hard for me + + align:start position:0% +learning experience was very hard for me + + + align:start position:0% +learning experience was very hard for me +I put it negative because + + align:start position:0% +I put it negative because + + + align:start position:0% +I put it negative because +um that's a good question why I put + + align:start position:0% +um that's a good question why I put + + + align:start position:0% +um that's a good question why I put +negative I think it's hard to choose + + align:start position:0% +negative I think it's hard to choose + + + align:start position:0% +negative I think it's hard to choose +something that in that case in that + + align:start position:0% +something that in that case in that + + + align:start position:0% +something that in that case in that +experience was really me meant something + + align:start position:0% +experience was really me meant something + + + align:start position:0% +experience was really me meant something +for people that were listening to you I + + align:start position:0% +for people that were listening to you I + + + align:start position:0% +for people that were listening to you I +think I thought that I had to choose + + align:start position:0% +think I thought that I had to choose + + + align:start position:0% +think I thought that I had to choose +something that me meant something for + + align:start position:0% +something that me meant something for + + + align:start position:0% +something that me meant something for +the others and not so much for myself so + + align:start position:0% +the others and not so much for myself so + + + align:start position:0% +the others and not so much for myself so +I I don't think I put it in the right + + align:start position:0% +I I don't think I put it in the right + + + align:start position:0% +I I don't think I put it in the right +way I should have done it the all way + + align:start position:0% +way I should have done it the all way + + + align:start position:0% +way I should have done it the all way +around so that was a negative thing and + + align:start position:0% +around so that was a negative thing and + + + align:start position:0% +around so that was a negative thing and +comparing cognitive analyzes also was + + align:start position:0% +comparing cognitive analyzes also was + + + align:start position:0% +comparing cognitive analyzes also was +really interesting and to see how + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and to see how + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and to see how +different people have different ways of + + align:start position:0% +different people have different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +different people have different ways of +looking at their + + align:start position:0% +looking at their + + + align:start position:0% +looking at their +experiences so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +mine um the first negative part was here + + align:start position:0% +mine um the first negative part was here + + + align:start position:0% +mine um the first negative part was here +when I had to think of you know a + + align:start position:0% +when I had to think of you know a + + + align:start position:0% +when I had to think of you know a +learning experience similar to what you + + align:start position:0% +learning experience similar to what you + + + align:start position:0% +learning experience similar to what you +said um that was kind of difficult and + + align:start position:0% +said um that was kind of difficult and + + + align:start position:0% +said um that was kind of difficult and +then when I actually did think of + + align:start position:0% +then when I actually did think of + + + align:start position:0% +then when I actually did think of +something that was positive so I was + + align:start position:0% +something that was positive so I was + + + align:start position:0% +something that was positive so I was +happy that I found something and then + + align:start position:0% +happy that I found something and then + + + align:start position:0% +happy that I found something and then +actually just be here and then the + + align:start position:0% +actually just be here and then the + + + align:start position:0% +actually just be here and then the +exercise presentation I put neutral it + + align:start position:0% +exercise presentation I put neutral it + + + align:start position:0% +exercise presentation I put neutral it +was just you know as a listener it + + align:start position:0% +was just you know as a listener it + + + align:start position:0% +was just you know as a listener it +wasn't like positive or negative it was + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like positive or negative it was + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like positive or negative it was +just a chance to listen and and see um + + align:start position:0% +just a chance to listen and and see um + + + align:start position:0% +just a chance to listen and and see um +uh the learning experiences of others + + align:start position:0% +uh the learning experiences of others + + + align:start position:0% +uh the learning experiences of others +and hear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um my critical moments just reflect + + align:start position:0% +um my critical moments just reflect + + + align:start position:0% +um my critical moments just reflect +about what I'm thinking about right now + + align:start position:0% +about what I'm thinking about right now + + + align:start position:0% +about what I'm thinking about right now +um I'm sort of for example working + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sort of for example working + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sort of for example working +around expectations I um personally I + + align:start position:0% +around expectations I um personally I + + + align:start position:0% +around expectations I um personally I +don't want excessive expect to ruin my + + align:start position:0% +don't want excessive expect to ruin my + + + align:start position:0% +don't want excessive expect to ruin my +um experience of what really happened so + + align:start position:0% +um experience of what really happened so + + + align:start position:0% +um experience of what really happened so +uh for me a critical moment uh was uh + + align:start position:0% +uh for me a critical moment uh was uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh for me a critical moment uh was uh +the presentation of the syllabus because + + align:start position:0% +the presentation of the syllabus because + + + align:start position:0% +the presentation of the syllabus because +I was sort of holding myself back I was + + align:start position:0% +I was sort of holding myself back I was + + + align:start position:0% +I was sort of holding myself back I was +holding my breath the whole time just + + align:start position:0% +holding my breath the whole time just + + + align:start position:0% +holding my breath the whole time just +hoping that that that what I really + + align:start position:0% +hoping that that that what I really + + + align:start position:0% +hoping that that that what I really +hoped to to listen um actually would + + align:start position:0% +hoped to to listen um actually would + + + align:start position:0% +hoped to to listen um actually would +happen but I was sort of breathing + + align:start position:0% +happen but I was sort of breathing + + + align:start position:0% +happen but I was sort of breathing +gently and when uh we discussed the + + align:start position:0% +gently and when uh we discussed the + + + align:start position:0% +gently and when uh we discussed the +content of the course and when uh you + + align:start position:0% +content of the course and when uh you + + + align:start position:0% +content of the course and when uh you +express a little bit about what you um + + align:start position:0% +express a little bit about what you um + + + align:start position:0% +express a little bit about what you um +the whole reflection process was about I + + align:start position:0% +the whole reflection process was about I + + + align:start position:0% +the whole reflection process was about I +felt this this very good feeling inside + + align:start position:0% +felt this this very good feeling inside + + + align:start position:0% +felt this this very good feeling inside +me I thought okay this is good so that + + align:start position:0% +me I thought okay this is good so that + + + align:start position:0% +me I thought okay this is good so that +was that's why it was critical then the + + align:start position:0% +was that's why it was critical then the + + + align:start position:0% +was that's why it was critical then the +break was very critical because um I had + + align:start position:0% +break was very critical because um I had + + + align:start position:0% +break was very critical because um I had +a chance to talk to a friend and um and + + align:start position:0% +a chance to talk to a friend and um and + + + align:start position:0% +a chance to talk to a friend and um and +my intuition told me something really + + align:start position:0% +my intuition told me something really + + + align:start position:0% +my intuition told me something really +beautiful about what was going on and U + + align:start position:0% +beautiful about what was going on and U + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful about what was going on and U +and it and it was right and I it it just + + align:start position:0% +and it and it was right and I it it just + + + align:start position:0% +and it and it was right and I it it just +like a lot when I sort of sense things + + align:start position:0% +like a lot when I sort of sense things + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot when I sort of sense things +and um I'm working on that too so I + + align:start position:0% +and um I'm working on that too so I + + + align:start position:0% +and um I'm working on that too so I +thought I felt happy about that so that + + align:start position:0% +thought I felt happy about that so that + + + align:start position:0% +thought I felt happy about that so that +was another critical moment and um the + + align:start position:0% +was another critical moment and um the + + + align:start position:0% +was another critical moment and um the +third one um also well because I'm + + align:start position:0% +third one um also well because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +third one um also well because I'm +sometimes um I think actually has to do + + align:start position:0% +sometimes um I think actually has to do + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes um I think actually has to do +with the reading when uh it says about + + align:start position:0% +with the reading when uh it says about + + + align:start position:0% +with the reading when uh it says about +um mind frames so I'm really skeptical + + align:start position:0% +um mind frames so I'm really skeptical + + + align:start position:0% +um mind frames so I'm really skeptical +about group exercises and so I was like + + align:start position:0% +about group exercises and so I was like + + + align:start position:0% +about group exercises and so I was like +holding myself like I I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +holding myself like I I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +holding myself like I I don't want to +think it's going to be horrible and + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to be horrible and + + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to be horrible and +boring but I'm sort of wanting to but no + + align:start position:0% +boring but I'm sort of wanting to but no + + + align:start position:0% +boring but I'm sort of wanting to but no +no no so I was like in this struggle but + + align:start position:0% +no no so I was like in this struggle but + + + align:start position:0% +no no so I was like in this struggle but +as the exercise uh developed and I + + align:start position:0% +as the exercise uh developed and I + + + align:start position:0% +as the exercise uh developed and I +realized for example how diverse + + align:start position:0% +realized for example how diverse + + + align:start position:0% +realized for example how diverse +everybody's um + + align:start position:0% +everybody's um + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's um +learning process was described I thought + + align:start position:0% +learning process was described I thought + + + align:start position:0% +learning process was described I thought +wow um you know sometimes you think + + align:start position:0% +wow um you know sometimes you think + + + align:start position:0% +wow um you know sometimes you think +something's going to be very simple so + + align:start position:0% +something's going to be very simple so + + + align:start position:0% +something's going to be very simple so +it's going to be like very flat when in + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be like very flat when in + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be like very flat when in +fact it wasn't at all so that was also a + + align:start position:0% +fact it wasn't at all so that was also a + + + align:start position:0% +fact it wasn't at all so that was also a +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Insight okay + + align:start position:0% +Insight okay + + + align:start position:0% +Insight okay +so um mine start here um my sense of + + align:start position:0% +so um mine start here um my sense of + + + align:start position:0% +so um mine start here um my sense of +relief of already knowing people in the + + align:start position:0% +relief of already knowing people in the + + + align:start position:0% +relief of already knowing people in the +room + + align:start position:0% +room + + + align:start position:0% +room +and of course the underlying sense of oh + + align:start position:0% +and of course the underlying sense of oh + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the underlying sense of oh +my goodness thank God I don't hate them + + align:start position:0% +my goodness thank God I don't hate them + + + align:start position:0% +my goodness thank God I don't hate them +I'm just + + align:start position:0% +I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just +kid actually I'm not + + align:start position:0% +kid actually I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +kid actually I'm not +kidding oh like nobody's ever walked + + align:start position:0% +kidding oh like nobody's ever walked + + + align:start position:0% +kidding oh like nobody's ever walked +into a classroom or a meeting and + + align:start position:0% +into a classroom or a meeting and + + + align:start position:0% +into a classroom or a meeting and +thought to themselves oh my God I'm + + align:start position:0% +thought to themselves oh my God I'm + + + align:start position:0% +thought to themselves oh my God I'm +going to be here with you for three + + align:start position:0% +going to be here with you for three + + + align:start position:0% +going to be here with you for three +hours okay um meeting the group and + + align:start position:0% +hours okay um meeting the group and + + + align:start position:0% +hours okay um meeting the group and +realizing that it was a good working + + align:start position:0% +realizing that it was a good working + + + align:start position:0% +realizing that it was a good working +group um I do have to say that the room + + align:start position:0% +group um I do have to say that the room + + + align:start position:0% +group um I do have to say that the room +was really cold and while that sounds + + align:start position:0% +was really cold and while that sounds + + + align:start position:0% +was really cold and while that sounds +really Petty I found it extr + + align:start position:0% +really Petty I found it extr + + + align:start position:0% +really Petty I found it extr +extraordinarily distracting so I mean + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily distracting so I mean + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily distracting so I mean +that was I spent a lot of time thinking + + align:start position:0% +that was I spent a lot of time thinking + + + align:start position:0% +that was I spent a lot of time thinking +I'm so cold and missing pieces um + + align:start position:0% +I'm so cold and missing pieces um + + + align:start position:0% +I'm so cold and missing pieces um +getting a sense of the course and + + align:start position:0% +getting a sense of the course and + + + align:start position:0% +getting a sense of the course and +understanding the goals of the course so + + align:start position:0% +understanding the goals of the course so + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the goals of the course so +that I have a + + align:start position:0% +that I have a + + + align:start position:0% +that I have a +better it lessens my anxiety to have a + + align:start position:0% +better it lessens my anxiety to have a + + + align:start position:0% +better it lessens my anxiety to have a +sense of what we're going to be moving + + align:start position:0% +sense of what we're going to be moving + + + align:start position:0% +sense of what we're going to be moving +through so yeah the syllabus question + + align:start position:0% +through so yeah the syllabus question + + + align:start position:0% +through so yeah the syllabus question +um the Perpetual sense that my chart is + + align:start position:0% +um the Perpetual sense that my chart is + + + align:start position:0% +um the Perpetual sense that my chart is +wrong and my continual questioning of + + align:start position:0% +wrong and my continual questioning of + + + align:start position:0% +wrong and my continual questioning of +why everywhere I am + + align:start position:0% +why everywhere I am + + + align:start position:0% +why everywhere I am +everyone everyone always perceives the + + align:start position:0% +everyone everyone always perceives the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone everyone always perceives the +directions and the um goal of the + + align:start position:0% +directions and the um goal of the + + + align:start position:0% +directions and the um goal of the +physical project differently than I do + + align:start position:0% +physical project differently than I do + + + align:start position:0% +physical project differently than I do +what am I not hearing when that's + + align:start position:0% +what am I not hearing when that's + + + align:start position:0% +what am I not hearing when that's +delivered um and then I have to add + + align:start position:0% +delivered um and then I have to add + + + align:start position:0% +delivered um and then I have to add +lunch with Elma PEX out who is a fellow + + align:start position:0% +lunch with Elma PEX out who is a fellow + + + align:start position:0% +lunch with Elma PEX out who is a fellow +at the at the center for Community + + align:start position:0% +at the at the center for Community + + + align:start position:0% +at the at the center for Community +reflector Community practices working on + + align:start position:0% +reflector Community practices working on + + + align:start position:0% +reflector Community practices working on +fabulous project that I'm assisting her + + align:start position:0% +fabulous project that I'm assisting her + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous project that I'm assisting her +with and so yeah every time I feel like + + align:start position:0% +with and so yeah every time I feel like + + + align:start position:0% +with and so yeah every time I feel like +I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm +foundering I go and talk to about this + + align:start position:0% +foundering I go and talk to about this + + + align:start position:0% +foundering I go and talk to about this +project and I feel like there's a + + align:start position:0% +project and I feel like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +project and I feel like there's a +there's a tangible thing that I'm + + align:start position:0% +there's a tangible thing that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +there's a tangible thing that I'm +actually working on and it's not all + + align:start position:0% +actually working on and it's not all + + + align:start position:0% +actually working on and it's not all +superal Ezra's question of what am I + + align:start position:0% +superal Ezra's question of what am I + + + align:start position:0% +superal Ezra's question of what am I +working on what am I thinking about what + + align:start position:0% +working on what am I thinking about what + + + align:start position:0% +working on what am I thinking about what +am I working on and + + align:start position:0% +am I working on and + + + align:start position:0% +am I working on and +my like constant my constant Drive in my + + align:start position:0% +my like constant my constant Drive in my + + + align:start position:0% +my like constant my constant Drive in my +professional career like there is a + + align:start position:0% +professional career like there is a + + + align:start position:0% +professional career like there is a +deliverable at the end of the project + + align:start position:0% +deliverable at the end of the project + + + align:start position:0% +deliverable at the end of the project +you turn something over and there it is + + align:start position:0% +you turn something over and there it is + + + align:start position:0% +you turn something over and there it is +you work towards something there is a + + align:start position:0% +you work towards something there is a + + + align:start position:0% +you work towards something there is a +goal the group Works toward a goal the + + align:start position:0% +goal the group Works toward a goal the + + + align:start position:0% +goal the group Works toward a goal the +individuals work toward a goal at the + + align:start position:0% +individuals work toward a goal at the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals work toward a goal at the +end someone has paid you this is the + + align:start position:0% +end someone has paid you this is the + + + align:start position:0% +end someone has paid you this is the +goal you move toward the goal and so um + + align:start position:0% +goal you move toward the goal and so um + + + align:start position:0% +goal you move toward the goal and so um +you know I'm I'm committed to that + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm I'm committed to that + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm I'm committed to that +deliverable I'm having a hard time + + align:start position:0% +deliverable I'm having a hard time + + + align:start position:0% +deliverable I'm having a hard time +letting it go um and I don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +letting it go um and I don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +letting it go um and I don't necessarily +think releasing the deliverable is a + + align:start position:0% +think releasing the deliverable is a + + + align:start position:0% +think releasing the deliverable is a +good idea but maybe how you get there + + align:start position:0% +good idea but maybe how you get there + + + align:start position:0% +good idea but maybe how you get there +and how you think about it + + align:start position:0% +and how you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +and how you think about it +differently here cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I think I'm actually having a similar + + align:start position:0% +um I think I'm actually having a similar + + + align:start position:0% +um I think I'm actually having a similar +conflict coming from a large institution + + align:start position:0% +conflict coming from a large institution + + + align:start position:0% +conflict coming from a large institution +about what I called here professionally + + align:start position:0% +about what I called here professionally + + + align:start position:0% +about what I called here professionally +rationalizing reflection reflective + + align:start position:0% +rationalizing reflection reflective + + + align:start position:0% +rationalizing reflection reflective +practice in other words you know what is + + align:start position:0% +practice in other words you know what is + + + align:start position:0% +practice in other words you know what is +the the the experience itself and then + + align:start position:0% +the the the experience itself and then + + + align:start position:0% +the the the experience itself and then +trying to get something out of it from a + + align:start position:0% +trying to get something out of it from a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get something out of it from a +professional approach and whether + + align:start position:0% +professional approach and whether + + + align:start position:0% +professional approach and whether +there's conflict there or whether + + align:start position:0% +there's conflict there or whether + + + align:start position:0% +there's conflict there or whether +there's going to be a possible marriage + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a possible marriage + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a possible marriage +there that can actually get some think + + align:start position:0% +there that can actually get some think + + + align:start position:0% +there that can actually get some think +practical out of the experience um + + align:start position:0% +practical out of the experience um + + + align:start position:0% +practical out of the experience um +exercise absent memories um the list of + + align:start position:0% +exercise absent memories um the list of + + + align:start position:0% +exercise absent memories um the list of +things that I was supposed to remember I + + align:start position:0% +things that I was supposed to remember I + + + align:start position:0% +things that I was supposed to remember I +didn't and then I was wondering why and + + align:start position:0% +didn't and then I was wondering why and + + + align:start position:0% +didn't and then I was wondering why and +um that's still a question about I think + + align:start position:0% +um that's still a question about I think + + + align:start position:0% +um that's still a question about I think +one of the questions that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions that we're going to +be talking + + align:start position:0% +be talking + + + align:start position:0% +be talking +about um oh and then um during the ex + + align:start position:0% +about um oh and then um during the ex + + + align:start position:0% +about um oh and then um during the ex +during in actually remembering one of my + + align:start position:0% +during in actually remembering one of my + + + align:start position:0% +during in actually remembering one of my +little aham moments was about uh how the + + align:start position:0% +little aham moments was about uh how the + + + align:start position:0% +little aham moments was about uh how the +uh the learning that I thought I was + + align:start position:0% +uh the learning that I thought I was + + + align:start position:0% +uh the learning that I thought I was +trying to describe which was rock + + align:start position:0% +trying to describe which was rock + + + align:start position:0% +trying to describe which was rock +climbing um ended up I understand I + + align:start position:0% +climbing um ended up I understand I + + + align:start position:0% +climbing um ended up I understand I +understood it differently during the + + align:start position:0% +understood it differently during the + + + align:start position:0% +understood it differently during the +practice because I what I had perceived + + align:start position:0% +practice because I what I had perceived + + + align:start position:0% +practice because I what I had perceived +as reaching the top was not actually + + align:start position:0% +as reaching the top was not actually + + + align:start position:0% +as reaching the top was not actually +what I was trying to learn but was how + + align:start position:0% +what I was trying to learn but was how + + + align:start position:0% +what I was trying to learn but was how +to climb you know moving from step to + + align:start position:0% +to climb you know moving from step to + + + align:start position:0% +to climb you know moving from step to +step which which is what I was really + + align:start position:0% +step which which is what I was really + + + align:start position:0% +step which which is what I was really +learning and that was a little aha + + align:start position:0% +learning and that was a little aha + + + align:start position:0% +learning and that was a little aha +moment for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me good + + align:start position:0% +me good + + + align:start position:0% +me good +everyone Fox after hearing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +despite the way that they're expressed + + align:start position:0% +despite the way that they're expressed + + + align:start position:0% +despite the way that they're expressed +they're not + + align:start position:0% +they're not + + + align:start position:0% +they're not +desparate you know they're very they're + + align:start position:0% +desparate you know they're very they're + + + align:start position:0% +desparate you know they're very they're +they're you could essentially take them + + align:start position:0% +they're you could essentially take them + + + align:start position:0% +they're you could essentially take them +and divide them into a very narrow + + align:start position:0% +and divide them into a very narrow + + + align:start position:0% +and divide them into a very narrow +series of categories and they'd be + + align:start position:0% +series of categories and they'd be + + + align:start position:0% +series of categories and they'd be +they're all very similar and very um + + align:start position:0% +they're all very similar and very um + + + align:start position:0% +they're all very similar and very um +concentrated + + align:start position:0% +concentrated + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated +ways so you see like three four five + + align:start position:0% +ways so you see like three four five + + + align:start position:0% +ways so you see like three four five +things that really all this is + + align:start position:0% +things that really all this is + + + align:start position:0% +things that really all this is +representative yep + + align:start position:0% +representative yep + + + align:start position:0% +representative yep +most of the negative seem to be almost + + align:start position:0% +most of the negative seem to be almost + + + align:start position:0% +most of the negative seem to be almost +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +reactions rather + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than yeah that's an interesting question + + align:start position:0% +than yeah that's an interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +than yeah that's an interesting question +like why is why is the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +like why is why is the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +like why is why is the concentration of +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +response around being asked to think + + align:start position:0% +response around being asked to think + + + align:start position:0% +response around being asked to think +about a something you remember something + + align:start position:0% +about a something you remember something + + + align:start position:0% +about a something you remember something +you remember from basically a long time + + align:start position:0% +you remember from basically a long time + + + align:start position:0% +you remember from basically a long time +ago except I think grack Ling and um or + + align:start position:0% +ago except I think grack Ling and um or + + + align:start position:0% +ago except I think grack Ling and um or +sking well things you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +sking well things you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +sking well things you're thinking about +backwards and having to process what you + + align:start position:0% +backwards and having to process what you + + + align:start position:0% +backwards and having to process what you +were doing about + + align:start position:0% +were doing about + + + align:start position:0% +were doing about +those seemed like some people thought + + align:start position:0% +those seemed like some people thought + + + align:start position:0% +those seemed like some people thought +they were kind of screwing up in some + + align:start position:0% +they were kind of screwing up in some + + + align:start position:0% +they were kind of screwing up in some +sort of way like I couldn't do it right + + align:start position:0% +sort of way like I couldn't do it right + + + align:start position:0% +sort of way like I couldn't do it right +and then they were getting frustrated + + align:start position:0% +and then they were getting frustrated + + + align:start position:0% +and then they were getting frustrated +with themselves and it wasn't actually + + align:start position:0% +with themselves and it wasn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +with themselves and it wasn't actually +the experience it was more like reaction + + align:start position:0% +the experience it was more like reaction + + + align:start position:0% +the experience it was more like reaction +to the experience that was making people + + align:start position:0% +to the experience that was making people + + + align:start position:0% +to the experience that was making people +come + + align:start position:0% +come + + + align:start position:0% +come +back do you mean your experience I'm + + align:start position:0% +back do you mean your experience I'm + + + align:start position:0% +back do you mean your experience I'm +sorry do you mean your experience that + + align:start position:0% +sorry do you mean your experience that + + + align:start position:0% +sorry do you mean your experience that +you're relating or the experience of + + align:start position:0% +you're relating or the experience of + + + align:start position:0% +you're relating or the experience of +putting the chart together + + align:start position:0% +putting the chart together + + + align:start position:0% +putting the chart together +well I mean absent memories frustration + + align:start position:0% +well I mean absent memories frustration + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean absent memories frustration +related to individual exercise choosing + + align:start position:0% +related to individual exercise choosing + + + align:start position:0% +related to individual exercise choosing +a learning experience you know things + + align:start position:0% +a learning experience you know things + + + align:start position:0% +a learning experience you know things +people thought they weren't doing well + + align:start position:0% +people thought they weren't doing well + + + align:start position:0% +people thought they weren't doing well +for in but they were supposed to do well + + align:start position:0% +for in but they were supposed to do well + + + align:start position:0% +for in but they were supposed to do well +and and and the distance between the two + + align:start position:0% +and and and the distance between the two + + + align:start position:0% +and and and the distance between the two +made up + + align:start position:0% +made up + + + align:start position:0% +made up +that second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay one of the things that I kind of + + align:start position:0% +okay one of the things that I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +okay one of the things that I kind of +attribute that to attribute that to is + + align:start position:0% +attribute that to attribute that to is + + + align:start position:0% +attribute that to attribute that to is +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh unlike other situations when we do + + align:start position:0% +uh unlike other situations when we do + + + align:start position:0% +uh unlike other situations when we do +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +exercise you all don't know each other + + align:start position:0% +exercise you all don't know each other + + + align:start position:0% +exercise you all don't know each other +and yesterday was your first time + + align:start position:0% +and yesterday was your first time + + + align:start position:0% +and yesterday was your first time +together as a group and so when the idea + + align:start position:0% +together as a group and so when the idea + + + align:start position:0% +together as a group and so when the idea +comes up of doing something in front of + + align:start position:0% +comes up of doing something in front of + + + align:start position:0% +comes up of doing something in front of +the group all kinds of thing gets + + align:start position:0% +the group all kinds of thing gets + + + align:start position:0% +the group all kinds of thing gets +triggered for people right some people + + align:start position:0% +triggered for people right some people + + + align:start position:0% +triggered for people right some people +get you know am I going to get it right + + align:start position:0% +get you know am I going to get it right + + + align:start position:0% +get you know am I going to get it right +you know the performance anxiety a whole + + align:start position:0% +you know the performance anxiety a whole + + + align:start position:0% +you know the performance anxiety a whole +set of other things come up and when we + + align:start position:0% +set of other things come up and when we + + + align:start position:0% +set of other things come up and when we +do this with people who've been working + + align:start position:0% +do this with people who've been working + + + align:start position:0% +do this with people who've been working +together for a long period of time you + + align:start position:0% +together for a long period of time you + + + align:start position:0% +together for a long period of time you +usually don't get these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +usually don't get these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +usually don't get these kinds of +reactions you get what ends up on + + align:start position:0% +reactions you get what ends up on + + + align:start position:0% +reactions you get what ends up on +negatives are things that actually you + + align:start position:0% +negatives are things that actually you + + + align:start position:0% +negatives are things that actually you +know kind of happened in the work that + + align:start position:0% +know kind of happened in the work that + + + align:start position:0% +know kind of happened in the work that +people can kind of + + align:start position:0% +people can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +people can kind of +say about what its impact was and what + + align:start position:0% +say about what its impact was and what + + + align:start position:0% +say about what its impact was and what +they were trying to do and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +they were trying to do and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +they were trying to do and so on and so +forth at least for that from that + + align:start position:0% +forth at least for that from that + + + align:start position:0% +forth at least for that from that +person's perspective so I think this is + + align:start position:0% +person's perspective so I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +person's perspective so I think this is +much more you know an artifact of that + + align:start position:0% +much more you know an artifact of that + + + align:start position:0% +much more you know an artifact of that +this is a group that only came together + + align:start position:0% +this is a group that only came together + + + align:start position:0% +this is a group that only came together +this is a reflection of the first time + + align:start position:0% +this is a reflection of the first time + + + align:start position:0% +this is a reflection of the first time +being in the room together even though + + align:start position:0% +being in the room together even though + + + align:start position:0% +being in the room together even though +we didn't hate anybody in the room + + align:start position:0% +we didn't hate anybody in the room + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't hate anybody in the room +uh still you have you know these kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh still you have you know these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh still you have you know these kind of +all things that are about the dynamic in + + align:start position:0% +all things that are about the dynamic in + + + align:start position:0% +all things that are about the dynamic in +the room uh that I think start to get + + align:start position:0% +the room uh that I think start to get + + + align:start position:0% +the room uh that I think start to get +represented in here also it's not good + + align:start position:0% +represented in here also it's not good + + + align:start position:0% +represented in here also it's not good +or bad it's just I think what it is yeah + + align:start position:0% +or bad it's just I think what it is yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or bad it's just I think what it is yeah +similarly it seemed like all these + + align:start position:0% +similarly it seemed like all these + + + align:start position:0% +similarly it seemed like all these +moments were extremely individual so I'm + + align:start position:0% +moments were extremely individual so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +moments were extremely individual so I'm +wondering if that is something that is + + align:start position:0% +wondering if that is something that is + + + align:start position:0% +wondering if that is something that is +again related to the fact that we didn't + + align:start position:0% +again related to the fact that we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +again related to the fact that we didn't +know each other we don't have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +know each other we don't have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +know each other we don't have a lot of +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +experience well it's + + align:start position:0% +experience well it's + + + align:start position:0% +experience well it's +interesting they are extremely in + + align:start position:0% +interesting they are extremely in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting they are extremely in +individual and if we were doing this we + + align:start position:0% +individual and if we were doing this we + + + align:start position:0% +individual and if we were doing this we +kind of transported ourselves back to + + align:start position:0% +kind of transported ourselves back to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of transported ourselves back to +the sort of place I was talking about in + + align:start position:0% +the sort of place I was talking about in + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of place I was talking about in +Mississippi where people are sitting + + align:start position:0% +Mississippi where people are sitting + + + align:start position:0% +Mississippi where people are sitting +together reflecting on a three-year + + align:start position:0% +together reflecting on a three-year + + + align:start position:0% +together reflecting on a three-year +experience they have + + align:start position:0% +experience they have + + + align:start position:0% +experience they have +um almost everything people would put up + + align:start position:0% +um almost everything people would put up + + + align:start position:0% +um almost everything people would put up +would be individual because what you're + + align:start position:0% +would be individual because what you're + + + align:start position:0% +would be individual because what you're +really asking them about is what was + + align:start position:0% +really asking them about is what was + + + align:start position:0% +really asking them about is what was +critical for them now it may not be + + align:start position:0% +critical for them now it may not be + + + align:start position:0% +critical for them now it may not be +something related to them right so for + + align:start position:0% +something related to them right so for + + + align:start position:0% +something related to them right so for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +uh one instance when we did that kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh one instance when we did that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh one instance when we did that kind of +reflection with somebody saying you know + + align:start position:0% +reflection with somebody saying you know + + + align:start position:0% +reflection with somebody saying you know +when I can't remember her name but when + + align:start position:0% +when I can't remember her name but when + + + align:start position:0% +when I can't remember her name but when +when uh this particular person showed up + + align:start position:0% +when uh this particular person showed up + + + align:start position:0% +when uh this particular person showed up +at a public meeting that was a critical + + align:start position:0% +at a public meeting that was a critical + + + align:start position:0% +at a public meeting that was a critical +moment for that person who was + + align:start position:0% +moment for that person who was + + + align:start position:0% +moment for that person who was +reflecting on it because that person + + align:start position:0% +reflecting on it because that person + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting on it because that person +showing up said a lot about what was + + align:start position:0% +showing up said a lot about what was + + + align:start position:0% +showing up said a lot about what was +going to be possible getting other + + align:start position:0% +going to be possible getting other + + + align:start position:0% +going to be possible getting other +people you know and so it was just named + + align:start position:0% +people you know and so it was just named + + + align:start position:0% +people you know and so it was just named +as a critical Mo you know just staying + + align:start position:0% +as a critical Mo you know just staying + + + align:start position:0% +as a critical Mo you know just staying +in their own personal experience so I + + align:start position:0% +in their own personal experience so I + + + align:start position:0% +in their own personal experience so I +think the fact that these are really + + align:start position:0% +think the fact that these are really + + + align:start position:0% +think the fact that these are really +internal that way is again the fact that + + align:start position:0% +internal that way is again the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +internal that way is again the fact that +there's no there's no uh work experience + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no uh work experience + + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no uh work experience +with this group together to be able to + + align:start position:0% +with this group together to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +with this group together to be able to +kind of start naming things that other + + align:start position:0% +kind of start naming things that other + + + align:start position:0% +kind of start naming things that other +people may have in common the only + + align:start position:0% +people may have in common the only + + + align:start position:0% +people may have in common the only +really experience we have are just these + + align:start position:0% +really experience we have are just these + + + align:start position:0% +really experience we have are just these +particular events and so people can come + + align:start position:0% +particular events and so people can come + + + align:start position:0% +particular events and so people can come +together and say well these events you + + align:start position:0% +together and say well these events you + + + align:start position:0% +together and say well these events you +know this particular part of the event + + align:start position:0% +know this particular part of the event + + + align:start position:0% +know this particular part of the event +the presentation yeah there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the presentation yeah there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the presentation yeah there are a lot of +things that we all saw on here and that + + align:start position:0% +things that we all saw on here and that + + + align:start position:0% +things that we all saw on here and that +was you know kind of really rich for us + + align:start position:0% +was you know kind of really rich for us + + + align:start position:0% +was you know kind of really rich for us +some positive some negative but it does + + align:start position:0% +some positive some negative but it does + + + align:start position:0% +some positive some negative but it does +play out a lot different when you have + + align:start position:0% +play out a lot different when you have + + + align:start position:0% +play out a lot different when you have +people together working over a period of + + align:start position:0% +people together working over a period of + + + align:start position:0% +people together working over a period of +time and working on the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +time and working on the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +time and working on the same kind of +thing uh that they start to name things + + align:start position:0% +thing uh that they start to name things + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh that they start to name things +in the work that really had impact on + + align:start position:0% +in the work that really had impact on + + + align:start position:0% +in the work that really had impact on +them or really were critical to them so + + align:start position:0% +them or really were critical to them so + + + align:start position:0% +them or really were critical to them so +it it it starts to look very different + + align:start position:0% +it it it starts to look very different + + + align:start position:0% +it it it starts to look very different +that way though you also get very + + align:start position:0% +that way though you also get very + + + align:start position:0% +that way though you also get very +personal things up there too you know + + align:start position:0% +personal things up there too you know + + + align:start position:0% +personal things up there too you know +you get very personal things uh where + + align:start position:0% +you get very personal things uh where + + + align:start position:0% +you get very personal things uh where +you know somebody says I decided to get + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody says I decided to get + + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody says I decided to get +married right and you think oh that was + + align:start position:0% +married right and you think oh that was + + + align:start position:0% +married right and you think oh that was +you know a personal thing for you but + + align:start position:0% +you know a personal thing for you but + + + align:start position:0% +you know a personal thing for you but +they are able to understand the impact + + align:start position:0% +they are able to understand the impact + + + align:start position:0% +they are able to understand the impact +it had on the project because I didn't I + + align:start position:0% +it had on the project because I didn't I + + + align:start position:0% +it had on the project because I didn't I +started to do other things you know I + + align:start position:0% +started to do other things you know I + + + align:start position:0% +started to do other things you know I +had other interests and I started to + + align:start position:0% +had other interests and I started to + + + align:start position:0% +had other interests and I started to +drift away and that had some impact on + + align:start position:0% +drift away and that had some impact on + + + align:start position:0% +drift away and that had some impact on +the the work going forward so it can be + + align:start position:0% +the the work going forward so it can be + + + align:start position:0% +the the work going forward so it can be +some of both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way yeah I just did reflection that + + align:start position:0% +way yeah I just did reflection that + + + align:start position:0% +way yeah I just did reflection that +having sat through this exercise and + + align:start position:0% +having sat through this exercise and + + + align:start position:0% +having sat through this exercise and +care with the design team and having the + + align:start position:0% +care with the design team and having the + + + align:start position:0% +care with the design team and having the +same feeling then that I have now when + + align:start position:0% +same feeling then that I have now when + + + align:start position:0% +same feeling then that I have now when +we looked sat back and looked at all the + + align:start position:0% +we looked sat back and looked at all the + + + align:start position:0% +we looked sat back and looked at all the +critical moments how they clustered and + + align:start position:0% +critical moments how they clustered and + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments how they clustered and +that feeling of sort of a Unity with the + + align:start position:0% +that feeling of sort of a Unity with the + + + align:start position:0% +that feeling of sort of a Unity with the +group that kind of had the same feelings + + align:start position:0% +group that kind of had the same feelings + + + align:start position:0% +group that kind of had the same feelings +MH as you know but not knowing not + + align:start position:0% +MH as you know but not knowing not + + + align:start position:0% +MH as you know but not knowing not +realizing it at the time yeah it's kind + + align:start position:0% +realizing it at the time yeah it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +realizing it at the time yeah it's kind +of a real for me like + + align:start position:0% +of a real for me like + + + align:start position:0% +of a real for me like +okay I was in the same room with these + + align:start position:0% +okay I was in the same room with these + + + align:start position:0% +okay I was in the same room with these +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +right I wasn't in another space so I + + align:start position:0% +right I wasn't in another space so I + + + align:start position:0% +right I wasn't in another space so I +want to take you through when we do this + + align:start position:0% +want to take you through when we do this + + + align:start position:0% +want to take you through when we do this +experience with people and again we're + + align:start position:0% +experience with people and again we're + + + align:start position:0% +experience with people and again we're +going to try to simulate it and I have + + align:start position:0% +going to try to simulate it and I have + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to simulate it and I have +to take you back to a real world + + align:start position:0% +to take you back to a real world + + + align:start position:0% +to take you back to a real world +experience also in order for you to try + + align:start position:0% +experience also in order for you to try + + + align:start position:0% +experience also in order for you to try +to get the full meaning of it but again + + align:start position:0% +to get the full meaning of it but again + + + align:start position:0% +to get the full meaning of it but again +what we're trying to do is map out all + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to do is map out all + + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to do is map out all +the different perspectives people may + + align:start position:0% +the different perspectives people may + + + align:start position:0% +the different perspectives people may +have had on an experience again we've + + align:start position:0% +have had on an experience again we've + + + align:start position:0% +have had on an experience again we've +put into one day you know one you know + + align:start position:0% +put into one day you know one you know + + + align:start position:0% +put into one day you know one you know +kind of one three- hour event that you + + align:start position:0% +kind of one three- hour event that you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one three- hour event that you +just had yesterday but you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +just had yesterday but you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +just had yesterday but you can imagine +if you were doing this over with a group + + align:start position:0% +if you were doing this over with a group + + + align:start position:0% +if you were doing this over with a group +who've been working together for three + + align:start position:0% +who've been working together for three + + + align:start position:0% +who've been working together for three +years or six months this becomes a very + + align:start position:0% +years or six months this becomes a very + + + align:start position:0% +years or six months this becomes a very +detailed map and the one thing that + + align:start position:0% +detailed map and the one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +detailed map and the one thing that +happens all the time his every single + + align:start position:0% +happens all the time his every single + + + align:start position:0% +happens all the time his every single +time we've done this is that the people + + align:start position:0% +time we've done this is that the people + + + align:start position:0% +time we've done this is that the people +look at this map and they're actually + + align:start position:0% +look at this map and they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +look at this map and they're actually +astounded at how complex their work is + + align:start position:0% +astounded at how complex their work is + + + align:start position:0% +astounded at how complex their work is +because they never see it that way what + + align:start position:0% +because they never see it that way what + + + align:start position:0% +because they never see it that way what +they see it is from their own experience + + align:start position:0% +they see it is from their own experience + + + align:start position:0% +they see it is from their own experience +or for what gets named as a collective + + align:start position:0% +or for what gets named as a collective + + + align:start position:0% +or for what gets named as a collective +experience you know through you know + + align:start position:0% +experience you know through you know + + + align:start position:0% +experience you know through you know +notes minutes and things you know that + + align:start position:0% +notes minutes and things you know that + + + align:start position:0% +notes minutes and things you know that +everybody participates in you know like + + align:start position:0% +everybody participates in you know like + + + align:start position:0% +everybody participates in you know like +we did a civil action you know we + + align:start position:0% +we did a civil action you know we + + + align:start position:0% +we did a civil action you know we +marched on so and so or we did that + + align:start position:0% +marched on so and so or we did that + + + align:start position:0% +marched on so and so or we did that +those kinds of things people see is you + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of things people see is you + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of things people see is you +know everybody kind of names and see it + + align:start position:0% +know everybody kind of names and see it + + + align:start position:0% +know everybody kind of names and see it +but they don't see all the little pieces + + align:start position:0% +but they don't see all the little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +but they don't see all the little pieces +right and so then when you start to name + + align:start position:0% +right and so then when you start to name + + + align:start position:0% +right and so then when you start to name +out all those little pieces people + + align:start position:0% +out all those little pieces people + + + align:start position:0% +out all those little pieces people +realize just how complex their work is + + align:start position:0% +realize just how complex their work is + + + align:start position:0% +realize just how complex their work is +and that comp complexity of the work + + align:start position:0% +and that comp complexity of the work + + + align:start position:0% +and that comp complexity of the work +gives them a real sense that wow there's + + align:start position:0% +gives them a real sense that wow there's + + + align:start position:0% +gives them a real sense that wow there's +something you know we really do know + + align:start position:0% +something you know we really do know + + + align:start position:0% +something you know we really do know +something there's something going on + + align:start position:0% +something there's something going on + + + align:start position:0% +something there's something going on +here that we really can understand + + align:start position:0% +here that we really can understand + + + align:start position:0% +here that we really can understand +better and that might be able to give us + + align:start position:0% +better and that might be able to give us + + + align:start position:0% +better and that might be able to give us +a lot more information about what we're + + align:start position:0% +a lot more information about what we're + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more information about what we're +trying to do in the future because we + + align:start position:0% +trying to do in the future because we + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do in the future because we +don't really understand it all we + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand it all we + + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand it all we +haven't been paying attention to all of + + align:start position:0% +haven't been paying attention to all of + + + align:start position:0% +haven't been paying attention to all of +it enough and so it starts to get them + + align:start position:0% +it enough and so it starts to get them + + + align:start position:0% +it enough and so it starts to get them +thinking about well what might we + + align:start position:0% +thinking about well what might we + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about well what might we +know you know which of these experien + + align:start position:0% +know you know which of these experien + + + align:start position:0% +know you know which of these experien +and these moments of know can really + + align:start position:0% +and these moments of know can really + + + align:start position:0% +and these moments of know can really +help us understand where we're + + align:start position:0% +help us understand where we're + + + align:start position:0% +help us understand where we're +going so after we do this process what + + align:start position:0% +going so after we do this process what + + + align:start position:0% +going so after we do this process what +we normally do is come back and we go to + + align:start position:0% +we normally do is come back and we go to + + + align:start position:0% +we normally do is come back and we go to +the questions remember I told you the + + align:start position:0% +the questions remember I told you the + + + align:start position:0% +the questions remember I told you the +process we normally have people go + + align:start position:0% +process we normally have people go + + + align:start position:0% +process we normally have people go +through is a process where they each say + + align:start position:0% +through is a process where they each say + + + align:start position:0% +through is a process where they each say +they answer that hard question of you + + align:start position:0% +they answer that hard question of you + + + align:start position:0% +they answer that hard question of you +know uh what's the question that if you + + align:start position:0% +know uh what's the question that if you + + + align:start position:0% +know uh what's the question that if you +do the answer to it move your work + + align:start position:0% +do the answer to it move your work + + + align:start position:0% +do the answer to it move your work +forward and every individual does it and + + align:start position:0% +forward and every individual does it and + + + align:start position:0% +forward and every individual does it and +then you put them all up and then the + + align:start position:0% +then you put them all up and then the + + + align:start position:0% +then you put them all up and then the +group tries to get it down to two or + + align:start position:0% +group tries to get it down to two or + + + align:start position:0% +group tries to get it down to two or +three questions right for the group so + + align:start position:0% +three questions right for the group so + + + align:start position:0% +three questions right for the group so +now the group is holding three questions + + align:start position:0% +now the group is holding three questions + + + align:start position:0% +now the group is holding three questions +they think they knew the answer to it + + align:start position:0% +they think they knew the answer to it + + + align:start position:0% +they think they knew the answer to it +would help their work go forward now we + + align:start position:0% +would help their work go forward now we + + + align:start position:0% +would help their work go forward now we +tried to simulate this this morning I'm + + align:start position:0% +tried to simulate this this morning I'm + + + align:start position:0% +tried to simulate this this morning I'm +not sure how well it's going to work uh + + align:start position:0% +not sure how well it's going to work uh + + + align:start position:0% +not sure how well it's going to work uh +we may just have a crash and burn here + + align:start position:0% +we may just have a crash and burn here + + + align:start position:0% +we may just have a crash and burn here +in a few minutes but we'll + + align:start position:0% +in a few minutes but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +in a few minutes but we'll +see uh because there's not enough uh + + align:start position:0% +see uh because there's not enough uh + + + align:start position:0% +see uh because there's not enough uh +complexity in the moments here to do + + align:start position:0% +complexity in the moments here to do + + + align:start position:0% +complexity in the moments here to do +this but normally what we would do is + + align:start position:0% +this but normally what we would do is + + + align:start position:0% +this but normally what we would do is +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +we have two questions here so how can we + + align:start position:0% +we have two questions here so how can we + + + align:start position:0% +we have two questions here so how can we +move from a simpler level of learning to + + align:start position:0% +move from a simpler level of learning to + + + align:start position:0% +move from a simpler level of learning to +a more complex level and which elements + + align:start position:0% +a more complex level and which elements + + + align:start position:0% +a more complex level and which elements +do we remember and why do we remember + + align:start position:0% +do we remember and why do we remember + + + align:start position:0% +do we remember and why do we remember +them in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way so what we do in the process next is + + align:start position:0% +way so what we do in the process next is + + + align:start position:0% +way so what we do in the process next is +we take the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +thanks what we do in the process next is + + align:start position:0% +thanks what we do in the process next is + + + align:start position:0% +thanks what we do in the process next is +we would ask folks to go through all the + + align:start position:0% +we would ask folks to go through all the + + + align:start position:0% +we would ask folks to go through all the +critical moments and take the critical + + align:start position:0% +critical moments and take the critical + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments and take the critical +moments that they think you know if we + + align:start position:0% +moments that they think you know if we + + + align:start position:0% +moments that they think you know if we +knew more about this moment it might + + align:start position:0% +knew more about this moment it might + + + align:start position:0% +knew more about this moment it might +help us answer this question you don't + + align:start position:0% +help us answer this question you don't + + + align:start position:0% +help us answer this question you don't +know you're just speculating that + + align:start position:0% +know you're just speculating that + + + align:start position:0% +know you're just speculating that +somehow if you just knew a little bit + + align:start position:0% +somehow if you just knew a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +somehow if you just knew a little bit +more about why that was a critical + + align:start position:0% +more about why that was a critical + + + align:start position:0% +more about why that was a critical +moment it might help you answer the + + align:start position:0% +moment it might help you answer the + + + align:start position:0% +moment it might help you answer the +particular question so we actually do + + align:start position:0% +particular question so we actually do + + + align:start position:0% +particular question so we actually do +this kind of mapping right and we + + align:start position:0% +this kind of mapping right and we + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of mapping right and we +actually take the precise critical + + align:start position:0% +actually take the precise critical + + + align:start position:0% +actually take the precise critical +moment and stick it under the question + + align:start position:0% +moment and stick it under the question + + + align:start position:0% +moment and stick it under the question +and start to figure out if we actually + + align:start position:0% +and start to figure out if we actually + + + align:start position:0% +and start to figure out if we actually +have some set of experiences from our + + align:start position:0% +have some set of experiences from our + + + align:start position:0% +have some set of experiences from our +past that actually help us answer the + + align:start position:0% +past that actually help us answer the + + + align:start position:0% +past that actually help us answer the +question so I'm going to try I'm not + + align:start position:0% +question so I'm going to try I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +question so I'm going to try I'm not +going to try to do that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do that you're going to +try to do that and uh the best way for + + align:start position:0% +try to do that and uh the best way for + + + align:start position:0% +try to do that and uh the best way for +me to do it is just for if you have an + + align:start position:0% +me to do it is just for if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +me to do it is just for if you have an +idea from what you've heard or even from + + align:start position:0% +idea from what you've heard or even from + + + align:start position:0% +idea from what you've heard or even from +your own critical moments of any of + + align:start position:0% +your own critical moments of any of + + + align:start position:0% +your own critical moments of any of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +moments that if we really understood + + align:start position:0% +moments that if we really understood + + + align:start position:0% +moments that if we really understood +them more deeply it might help answer + + align:start position:0% +them more deeply it might help answer + + + align:start position:0% +them more deeply it might help answer +either one of these two questions go + + align:start position:0% +either one of these two questions go + + + align:start position:0% +either one of these two questions go +grab it and just stick it under here + + align:start position:0% +grab it and just stick it under here + + + align:start position:0% +grab it and just stick it under here +under the appropriate question page + + align:start position:0% +under the appropriate question page + + + align:start position:0% +under the appropriate question page +okay so think about it then it may if + + align:start position:0% +okay so think about it then it may if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so think about it then it may if +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +none right but if you see any and again + + align:start position:0% +none right but if you see any and again + + + align:start position:0% +none right but if you see any and again +it's stretching just saying okay if we + + align:start position:0% +it's stretching just saying okay if we + + + align:start position:0% +it's stretching just saying okay if we +really understood what was in that + + align:start position:0% +really understood what was in that + + + align:start position:0% +really understood what was in that +moment because you have to assume that + + align:start position:0% +moment because you have to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +moment because you have to assume that +you don't really know because we don't + + align:start position:0% +you don't really know because we don't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't really know because we don't +because people just gave us a name and a + + align:start position:0% +because people just gave us a name and a + + + align:start position:0% +because people just gave us a name and a +quick snapshot it really might help us + + align:start position:0% +quick snapshot it really might help us + + + align:start position:0% +quick snapshot it really might help us +understand the answer to that question + + align:start position:0% +understand the answer to that question + + + align:start position:0% +understand the answer to that question +not that it is the answer but it might + + align:start position:0% +not that it is the answer but it might + + + align:start position:0% +not that it is the answer but it might +give us some information about answering + + align:start position:0% +give us some information about answering + + + align:start position:0% +give us some information about answering +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +question okay so I'm going to sit down + + align:start position:0% +question okay so I'm going to sit down + + + align:start position:0% +question okay so I'm going to sit down +for two minutes you might have to get up + + align:start position:0% +for two minutes you might have to get up + + + align:start position:0% +for two minutes you might have to get up +and look at them again to remind + + align:start position:0% +and look at them again to remind + + + align:start position:0% +and look at them again to remind +yourself uh unless you know them all by + + align:start position:0% +yourself uh unless you know them all by + + + align:start position:0% +yourself uh unless you know them all by +heart anyway and uh if you see one and + + align:start position:0% +heart anyway and uh if you see one and + + + align:start position:0% +heart anyway and uh if you see one and +you're not quite sure what it was about + + align:start position:0% +you're not quite sure what it was about + + + align:start position:0% +you're not quite sure what it was about +ask the person who put it up and say + + align:start position:0% +ask the person who put it up and say + + + align:start position:0% +ask the person who put it up and say +what was this about + + align:start position:0% +what was this about + + + align:start position:0% +what was this about +again and then you can find out if you + + align:start position:0% +again and then you can find out if you + + + align:start position:0% +again and then you can find out if you +can actually map it to one of these + + align:start position:0% +can actually map it to one of these + + + align:start position:0% +can actually map it to one of these +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +okay I'm going to give you three minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can take anybody's or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grab sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from the bo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +now again + + align:start position:0% +now again + + + align:start position:0% +now again +remember that we really are simulating + + align:start position:0% +remember that we really are simulating + + + align:start position:0% +remember that we really are simulating +something here and we don't have + + align:start position:0% +something here and we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +something here and we don't have +necessarily all the Deep structures that + + align:start position:0% +necessarily all the Deep structures that + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily all the Deep structures that +we need to have in place but the idea + + align:start position:0% +we need to have in place but the idea + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have in place but the idea +here is that you named this question + + align:start position:0% +here is that you named this question + + + align:start position:0% +here is that you named this question +that you're really interested in + + align:start position:0% +that you're really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +that you're really interested in +learning on how can we move from a + + align:start position:0% +learning on how can we move from a + + + align:start position:0% +learning on how can we move from a +simpler level of learning to a more + + align:start position:0% +simpler level of learning to a more + + + align:start position:0% +simpler level of learning to a more +complex level and what people are saying + + align:start position:0% +complex level and what people are saying + + + align:start position:0% +complex level and what people are saying +is look there's some things that came up + + align:start position:0% +is look there's some things that came up + + + align:start position:0% +is look there's some things that came up +from the critical moment process that we + + align:start position:0% +from the critical moment process that we + + + align:start position:0% +from the critical moment process that we +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +if we understood each of these critical + + align:start position:0% +if we understood each of these critical + + + align:start position:0% +if we understood each of these critical +moments + + align:start position:0% +moments + + + align:start position:0% +moments +better it would begin to help us answer + + align:start position:0% +better it would begin to help us answer + + + align:start position:0% +better it would begin to help us answer +this question not necessarily they will + + align:start position:0% +this question not necessarily they will + + + align:start position:0% +this question not necessarily they will +answer it would begin to help us answer + + align:start position:0% +answer it would begin to help us answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer it would begin to help us answer +right if you think of this in the + + align:start position:0% +right if you think of this in the + + + align:start position:0% +right if you think of this in the +context of a community for example + + align:start position:0% +context of a community for example + + + align:start position:0% +context of a community for example +that's struggling with a particular + + align:start position:0% +that's struggling with a particular + + + align:start position:0% +that's struggling with a particular +issue trying to do some work and they + + align:start position:0% +issue trying to do some work and they + + + align:start position:0% +issue trying to do some work and they +say well the question can be uh think of + + align:start position:0% +say well the question can be uh think of + + + align:start position:0% +say well the question can be uh think of +one that came out of a particular + + align:start position:0% +one that came out of a particular + + + align:start position:0% +one that came out of a particular +Community uh which is + + align:start position:0% +Community uh which is + + + align:start position:0% +Community uh which is +uh how can we build stronger + + align:start position:0% +uh how can we build stronger + + + align:start position:0% +uh how can we build stronger +Multicultural coalitions without losing + + align:start position:0% +Multicultural coalitions without losing + + + align:start position:0% +Multicultural coalitions without losing +our own particular racial identity right + + align:start position:0% +our own particular racial identity right + + + align:start position:0% +our own particular racial identity right +so that became one one group and they + + align:start position:0% +so that became one one group and they + + + align:start position:0% +so that became one one group and they +had a whole set of critical moments that + + align:start position:0% +had a whole set of critical moments that + + + align:start position:0% +had a whole set of critical moments that +happened where they tried to do + + align:start position:0% +happened where they tried to do + + + align:start position:0% +happened where they tried to do +different things with different racial + + align:start position:0% +different things with different racial + + + align:start position:0% +different things with different racial +groups that showed up particular + + align:start position:0% +groups that showed up particular + + + align:start position:0% +groups that showed up particular +instances particular moments that showed + + align:start position:0% +instances particular moments that showed + + + align:start position:0% +instances particular moments that showed +up in their kind of list so they kind of + + align:start position:0% +up in their kind of list so they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +up in their kind of list so they kind of +knew that if we if we understood + + align:start position:0% +knew that if we if we understood + + + align:start position:0% +knew that if we if we understood +something about these things you know we + + align:start position:0% +something about these things you know we + + + align:start position:0% +something about these things you know we +could really begin to answer that + + align:start position:0% +could really begin to answer that + + + align:start position:0% +could really begin to answer that +question more because some of them were + + align:start position:0% +question more because some of them were + + + align:start position:0% +question more because some of them were +positive some of them were negative they + + align:start position:0% +positive some of them were negative they + + + align:start position:0% +positive some of them were negative they +they were all over the place but they + + align:start position:0% +they were all over the place but they + + + align:start position:0% +they were all over the place but they +represented opportunities for learning + + align:start position:0% +represented opportunities for learning + + + align:start position:0% +represented opportunities for learning +so then the next stage for us in this + + align:start position:0% +so then the next stage for us in this + + + align:start position:0% +so then the next stage for us in this +work process is to get the group to kind + + align:start position:0% +work process is to get the group to kind + + + align:start position:0% +work process is to get the group to kind +of start to do a process of which of + + align:start position:0% +of start to do a process of which of + + + align:start position:0% +of start to do a process of which of +these do they think is most important + + align:start position:0% +these do they think is most important + + + align:start position:0% +these do they think is most important +but in order to know that people need to + + align:start position:0% +but in order to know that people need to + + + align:start position:0% +but in order to know that people need to +know more about each of the critical + + align:start position:0% +know more about each of the critical + + + align:start position:0% +know more about each of the critical +moments now this won't work as well + + align:start position:0% +moments now this won't work as well + + + align:start position:0% +moments now this won't work as well +today in this process because these are + + align:start position:0% +today in this process because these are + + + align:start position:0% +today in this process because these are +so particular and they're not shared but + + align:start position:0% +so particular and they're not shared but + + + align:start position:0% +so particular and they're not shared but +what we would do is we would + + align:start position:0% +what we would do is we would + + + align:start position:0% +what we would do is we would +start then with each one of these and + + align:start position:0% +start then with each one of these and + + + align:start position:0% +start then with each one of these and +say okay let's get more information + + align:start position:0% +say okay let's get more information + + + align:start position:0% +say okay let's get more information +about this one when did it really happen + + align:start position:0% +about this one when did it really happen + + + align:start position:0% +about this one when did it really happen +who were the actors involved right + + align:start position:0% +who were the actors involved right + + + align:start position:0% +who were the actors involved right +what's the kind of element of the story + + align:start position:0% +what's the kind of element of the story + + + align:start position:0% +what's the kind of element of the story +from the people who were here right that + + align:start position:0% +from the people who were here right that + + + align:start position:0% +from the people who were here right that +UND that that were there you know at the + + align:start position:0% +UND that that were there you know at the + + + align:start position:0% +UND that that were there you know at the +time that that moment happened because + + align:start position:0% +time that that moment happened because + + + align:start position:0% +time that that moment happened because +right now each of these are very + + align:start position:0% +right now each of these are very + + + align:start position:0% +right now each of these are very +individual but if you were doing this in + + align:start position:0% +individual but if you were doing this in + + + align:start position:0% +individual but if you were doing this in +a community somebody one person may name + + align:start position:0% +a community somebody one person may name + + + align:start position:0% +a community somebody one person may name +a critical moment but you you know four + + align:start position:0% +a critical moment but you you know four + + + align:start position:0% +a critical moment but you you know four +or five people may have been there when + + align:start position:0% +or five people may have been there when + + + align:start position:0% +or five people may have been there when +it happened right so then they're going + + align:start position:0% +it happened right so then they're going + + + align:start position:0% +it happened right so then they're going +to start to fill out okay let's think + + align:start position:0% +to start to fill out okay let's think + + + align:start position:0% +to start to fill out okay let's think +about this moment for a little bit let's + + align:start position:0% +about this moment for a little bit let's + + + align:start position:0% +about this moment for a little bit let's +think about what's it about okay who was + + align:start position:0% +think about what's it about okay who was + + + align:start position:0% +think about what's it about okay who was +there why do we think there's something + + align:start position:0% +there why do we think there's something + + + align:start position:0% +there why do we think there's something +in here to learn to help us answer this + + align:start position:0% +in here to learn to help us answer this + + + align:start position:0% +in here to learn to help us answer this +question what made you put it here right + + align:start position:0% +question what made you put it here right + + + align:start position:0% +question what made you put it here right +so the person who put it it says I put + + align:start position:0% +so the person who put it it says I put + + + align:start position:0% +so the person who put it it says I put +it here because I think this is how it's + + align:start position:0% +it here because I think this is how it's + + + align:start position:0% +it here because I think this is how it's +going to help us learn that lesson and + + align:start position:0% +going to help us learn that lesson and + + + align:start position:0% +going to help us learn that lesson and +we try to get more information about it + + align:start position:0% +we try to get more information about it + + + align:start position:0% +we try to get more information about it +we do that for each of these to try to + + align:start position:0% +we do that for each of these to try to + + + align:start position:0% +we do that for each of these to try to +then have the group put some priority + + align:start position:0% +then have the group put some priority + + + align:start position:0% +then have the group put some priority +around these critical moments around + + align:start position:0% +around these critical moments around + + + align:start position:0% +around these critical moments around +which one we think are most important + + align:start position:0% +which one we think are most important + + + align:start position:0% +which one we think are most important +for helping to answer questions all the + + align:start position:0% +for helping to answer questions all the + + + align:start position:0% +for helping to answer questions all the +way down + + align:start position:0% +way down + + + align:start position:0% +way down +and then for the ones that are most + + align:start position:0% +and then for the ones that are most + + + align:start position:0% +and then for the ones that are most +important comes the hardest process + + align:start position:0% +important comes the hardest process + + + align:start position:0% +important comes the hardest process +because we still don't know + + align:start position:0% +because we still don't know + + + align:start position:0% +because we still don't know +anything we just have a pointer in a + + align:start position:0% +anything we just have a pointer in a + + + align:start position:0% +anything we just have a pointer in a +direction that says that's an + + align:start position:0% +direction that says that's an + + + align:start position:0% +direction that says that's an +interesting place to + + align:start position:0% +interesting place to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting place to +look and so then the next question for + + align:start position:0% +look and so then the next question for + + + align:start position:0% +look and so then the next question for +us is well if we really want to + + align:start position:0% +us is well if we really want to + + + align:start position:0% +us is well if we really want to +understand this + + align:start position:0% +understand this + + + align:start position:0% +understand this +moment we answer the question who needs + + align:start position:0% +moment we answer the question who needs + + + align:start position:0% +moment we answer the question who needs +to be in the room who do we need to + + align:start position:0% +to be in the room who do we need to + + + align:start position:0% +to be in the room who do we need to +gather around us in order to + + align:start position:0% +gather around us in order to + + + align:start position:0% +gather around us in order to +systematically really look at this + + align:start position:0% +systematically really look at this + + + align:start position:0% +systematically really look at this +moment and so when we start naming the + + align:start position:0% +moment and so when we start naming the + + + align:start position:0% +moment and so when we start naming the +pr the question you know start naming + + align:start position:0% +pr the question you know start naming + + + align:start position:0% +pr the question you know start naming +who are the people that were there who + + align:start position:0% +who are the people that were there who + + + align:start position:0% +who are the people that were there who +the what are the things that influenced + + align:start position:0% +the what are the things that influenced + + + align:start position:0% +the what are the things that influenced +it what's the perspectives that you + + align:start position:0% +it what's the perspectives that you + + + align:start position:0% +it what's the perspectives that you +actually need to be sitting in the room + + align:start position:0% +actually need to be sitting in the room + + + align:start position:0% +actually need to be sitting in the room +to look at this critical moment in order + + align:start position:0% +to look at this critical moment in order + + + align:start position:0% +to look at this critical moment in order +to really understand it you know how are + + align:start position:0% +to really understand it you know how are + + + align:start position:0% +to really understand it you know how are +we going to tell the story of this + + align:start position:0% +we going to tell the story of this + + + align:start position:0% +we going to tell the story of this +sometimes when you do this the people + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you do this the people + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when you do this the people +who are gathered at that meeting at that + + align:start position:0% +who are gathered at that meeting at that + + + align:start position:0% +who are gathered at that meeting at that +point in time you're doing it are the + + align:start position:0% +point in time you're doing it are the + + + align:start position:0% +point in time you're doing it are the +people who can do this sometimes they're + + align:start position:0% +people who can do this sometimes they're + + + align:start position:0% +people who can do this sometimes they're +not which means you have to convene them + + align:start position:0% +not which means you have to convene them + + + align:start position:0% +not which means you have to convene them +another time to actually do that kind of + + align:start position:0% +another time to actually do that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +another time to actually do that kind of +learning and then when you convene them + + align:start position:0% +learning and then when you convene them + + + align:start position:0% +learning and then when you convene them +you bring them you know you have to + + align:start position:0% +you bring them you know you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you bring them you know you have to +bring everybody back again but one of + + align:start position:0% +bring everybody back again but one of + + + align:start position:0% +bring everybody back again but one of +the things that happen is that what we + + align:start position:0% +the things that happen is that what we + + + align:start position:0% +the things that happen is that what we +do is we take a critical moment you find + + align:start position:0% +do is we take a critical moment you find + + + align:start position:0% +do is we take a critical moment you find +a set of people and they you know who + + align:start position:0% +a set of people and they you know who + + + align:start position:0% +a set of people and they you know who +are able to say okay we are + + align:start position:0% +are able to say okay we are + + + align:start position:0% +are able to say okay we are +uh we are um we're going to look at this + + align:start position:0% +uh we are um we're going to look at this + + + align:start position:0% +uh we are um we're going to look at this +uh getting a sense of the + + align:start position:0% +uh getting a sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh getting a sense of the +course right because we think this + + align:start position:0% +course right because we think this + + + align:start position:0% +course right because we think this +really critical for understanding it we + + align:start position:0% +really critical for understanding it we + + + align:start position:0% +really critical for understanding it we +find out all the people who've had this + + align:start position:0% +find out all the people who've had this + + + align:start position:0% +find out all the people who've had this +similar experience or part of this + + align:start position:0% +similar experience or part of this + + + align:start position:0% +similar experience or part of this +experience we then do this structured + + align:start position:0% +experience we then do this structured + + + align:start position:0% +experience we then do this structured +process for telling the story of this + + align:start position:0% +process for telling the story of this + + + align:start position:0% +process for telling the story of this +event and our process process is one + + align:start position:0% +event and our process process is one + + + align:start position:0% +event and our process process is one +that gets people to kind of lay out + + align:start position:0% +that gets people to kind of lay out + + + align:start position:0% +that gets people to kind of lay out +what's the you think what's the terrain + + align:start position:0% +what's the you think what's the terrain + + + align:start position:0% +what's the you think what's the terrain +of the experience I don't say the facts + + align:start position:0% +of the experience I don't say the facts + + + align:start position:0% +of the experience I don't say the facts +because we don't know if the facts or + + align:start position:0% +because we don't know if the facts or + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't know if the facts or +not they just the terrain and what + + align:start position:0% +not they just the terrain and what + + + align:start position:0% +not they just the terrain and what +people experienceing it's what they kind + + align:start position:0% +people experienceing it's what they kind + + + align:start position:0% +people experienceing it's what they kind +of know of it and then we have people do + + align:start position:0% +of know of it and then we have people do + + + align:start position:0% +of know of it and then we have people do +a process of really trying to do their + + align:start position:0% +a process of really trying to do their + + + align:start position:0% +a process of really trying to do their +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +analysis of that experience like why do + + align:start position:0% +analysis of that experience like why do + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of that experience like why do +the things that happened in that + + align:start position:0% +the things that happened in that + + + align:start position:0% +the things that happened in that +experience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen and they try to really understand + + align:start position:0% +happen and they try to really understand + + + align:start position:0% +happen and they try to really understand +what was happening experience and why + + align:start position:0% +what was happening experience and why + + + align:start position:0% +what was happening experience and why +those things happen and then what they + + align:start position:0% +those things happen and then what they + + + align:start position:0% +those things happen and then what they +think the implications of that are for + + align:start position:0% +think the implications of that are for + + + align:start position:0% +think the implications of that are for +answering the + + align:start position:0% +answering the + + + align:start position:0% +answering the +question and that happens in a small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group and then that group once it does + + align:start position:0% +group and then that group once it does + + + align:start position:0% +group and then that group once it does +that comes back to the larger group and + + align:start position:0% +that comes back to the larger group and + + + align:start position:0% +that comes back to the larger group and +presents what they think are the details + + align:start position:0% +presents what they think are the details + + + align:start position:0% +presents what they think are the details +of the story they present the analysis + + align:start position:0% +of the story they present the analysis + + + align:start position:0% +of the story they present the analysis +of the story and what they think the + + align:start position:0% +of the story and what they think the + + + align:start position:0% +of the story and what they think the +implications of that analysis are for + + align:start position:0% +implications of that analysis are for + + + align:start position:0% +implications of that analysis are for +answering the + + align:start position:0% +answering the + + + align:start position:0% +answering the +questions then we use a full group to + + align:start position:0% +questions then we use a full group to + + + align:start position:0% +questions then we use a full group to +actually interrogate them around their + + align:start position:0% +actually interrogate them around their + + + align:start position:0% +actually interrogate them around their +analysis to really push them on if their + + align:start position:0% +analysis to really push them on if their + + + align:start position:0% +analysis to really push them on if their +analysis is really accurate or is it + + align:start position:0% +analysis is really accurate or is it + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is really accurate or is it +just something else what are the other + + align:start position:0% +just something else what are the other + + + align:start position:0% +just something else what are the other +pieces of information they're missing + + align:start position:0% +pieces of information they're missing + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of information they're missing +that might be really important to + + align:start position:0% +that might be really important to + + + align:start position:0% +that might be really important to +include this's gets back to your + + align:start position:0% +include this's gets back to your + + + align:start position:0% +include this's gets back to your +question well there's some really + + align:start position:0% +question well there's some really + + + align:start position:0% +question well there's some really +economic things that might have been + + align:start position:0% +economic things that might have been + + + align:start position:0% +economic things that might have been +going on trends that you weren't paying + + align:start position:0% +going on trends that you weren't paying + + + align:start position:0% +going on trends that you weren't paying +attention to and that's really what's + + align:start position:0% +attention to and that's really what's + + + align:start position:0% +attention to and that's really what's +going on as opposed to what you think is + + align:start position:0% +going on as opposed to what you think is + + + align:start position:0% +going on as opposed to what you think is +going on but it's really to try to + + align:start position:0% +going on but it's really to try to + + + align:start position:0% +going on but it's really to try to +deepen their kind of understanding of + + align:start position:0% +deepen their kind of understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +deepen their kind of understanding of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +question and then after you've collected + + align:start position:0% +question and then after you've collected + + + align:start position:0% +question and then after you've collected +as many of these critical moments as + + align:start position:0% +as many of these critical moments as + + + align:start position:0% +as many of these critical moments as +possible around on the question and the + + align:start position:0% +possible around on the question and the + + + align:start position:0% +possible around on the question and the +analysis of them you go to the last step + + align:start position:0% +analysis of them you go to the last step + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of them you go to the last step +is so what difference will this make in + + align:start position:0% +is so what difference will this make in + + + align:start position:0% +is so what difference will this make in +our work given what we think we've + + align:start position:0% +our work given what we think we've + + + align:start position:0% +our work given what we think we've +learned from our own experience on this + + align:start position:0% +learned from our own experience on this + + + align:start position:0% +learned from our own experience on this +what are the steps we're going to take + + align:start position:0% +what are the steps we're going to take + + + align:start position:0% +what are the steps we're going to take +to do something different what's the + + align:start position:0% +to do something different what's the + + + align:start position:0% +to do something different what's the +impact it's going to have how we going + + align:start position:0% +impact it's going to have how we going + + + align:start position:0% +impact it's going to have how we going +to organize ourselves differently you + + align:start position:0% +to organize ourselves differently you + + + align:start position:0% +to organize ourselves differently you +know what are we going to do over the + + align:start position:0% +know what are we going to do over the + + + align:start position:0% +know what are we going to do over the +next three months six months or a year + + align:start position:0% +next three months six months or a year + + + align:start position:0% +next three months six months or a year +differently based on this new knowledge + + align:start position:0% +differently based on this new knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +differently based on this new knowledge +so that's kind of the general process + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of the general process + + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of the general process +kind of really WR large or WR small and + + align:start position:0% +kind of really WR large or WR small and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of really WR large or WR small and +we have to + + align:start position:0% +we have to + + + align:start position:0% +we have to +when we do it it takes anywhere from + + align:start position:0% +when we do it it takes anywhere from + + + align:start position:0% +when we do it it takes anywhere from +three days to 5 days uh to actually do + + align:start position:0% +three days to 5 days uh to actually do + + + align:start position:0% +three days to 5 days uh to actually do +it with a group of people because it's + + align:start position:0% +it with a group of people because it's + + + align:start position:0% +it with a group of people because it's +very intense it's very deep it's very + + align:start position:0% +very intense it's very deep it's very + + + align:start position:0% +very intense it's very deep it's very +methodical and it takes a lot of takes a + + align:start position:0% +methodical and it takes a lot of takes a + + + align:start position:0% +methodical and it takes a lot of takes a +lot of time to reconstruct experiences + + align:start position:0% +lot of time to reconstruct experiences + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time to reconstruct experiences +and check in on them and to to really + + align:start position:0% +and check in on them and to to really + + + align:start position:0% +and check in on them and to to really +work with it the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +work with it the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +work with it the thing that's +fascinating for me when we do this work + + align:start position:0% +fascinating for me when we do this work + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating for me when we do this work +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +absolutely adapt people are that we + + align:start position:0% +absolutely adapt people are that we + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely adapt people are that we +don't think are and actually doing + + align:start position:0% +don't think are and actually doing + + + align:start position:0% +don't think are and actually doing +really critical analysis of their own + + align:start position:0% +really critical analysis of their own + + + align:start position:0% +really critical analysis of their own +experience you know the skill is there + + align:start position:0% +experience you know the skill is there + + + align:start position:0% +experience you know the skill is there +people actually have the aptitude for it + + align:start position:0% +people actually have the aptitude for it + + + align:start position:0% +people actually have the aptitude for it +if you set up the right conditions to + + align:start position:0% +if you set up the right conditions to + + + align:start position:0% +if you set up the right conditions to +really kind of push and to really be + + align:start position:0% +really kind of push and to really be + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of push and to really be +critical of their own experience and to + + align:start position:0% +critical of their own experience and to + + + align:start position:0% +critical of their own experience and to +really both be practical about it and + + align:start position:0% +really both be practical about it and + + + align:start position:0% +really both be practical about it and +Abstract from it also kind of abstract + + align:start position:0% +Abstract from it also kind of abstract + + + align:start position:0% +Abstract from it also kind of abstract +broader lessons from it one other thing + + align:start position:0% +broader lessons from it one other thing + + + align:start position:0% +broader lessons from it one other thing +I want to say uh just real quick is one + + align:start position:0% +I want to say uh just real quick is one + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say uh just real quick is one +of the reasons we do this thing + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons we do this thing + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons we do this thing +about all these little things like put + + align:start position:0% +about all these little things like put + + + align:start position:0% +about all these little things like put +down the name and plus or minus and the + + align:start position:0% +down the name and plus or minus and the + + + align:start position:0% +down the name and plus or minus and the +date and the time and the who is that + + align:start position:0% +date and the time and the who is that + + + align:start position:0% +date and the time and the who is that +when we do this + + align:start position:0% +when we do this + + + align:start position:0% +when we do this +timeline again almost every time we've + + align:start position:0% +timeline again almost every time we've + + + align:start position:0% +timeline again almost every time we've +done it I can say actually every time + + align:start position:0% +done it I can say actually every time + + + align:start position:0% +done it I can say actually every time +we've done it the group that we've done + + align:start position:0% +we've done it the group that we've done + + + align:start position:0% +we've done it the group that we've done +it from never had such a timeline of + + align:start position:0% +it from never had such a timeline of + + + align:start position:0% +it from never had such a timeline of +their experience they've never recorded + + align:start position:0% +their experience they've never recorded + + + align:start position:0% +their experience they've never recorded +they didn't know it and so this becomes + + align:start position:0% +they didn't know it and so this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't know it and so this becomes +really valuable historical information + + align:start position:0% +really valuable historical information + + + align:start position:0% +really valuable historical information +from them so we actually reproduce it + + align:start position:0% +from them so we actually reproduce it + + + align:start position:0% +from them so we actually reproduce it +back to them you know in a timeline that + + align:start position:0% +back to them you know in a timeline that + + + align:start position:0% +back to them you know in a timeline that +they can actually look at and hold on to + + align:start position:0% +they can actually look at and hold on to + + + align:start position:0% +they can actually look at and hold on to +for just trying to understand something + + align:start position:0% +for just trying to understand something + + + align:start position:0% +for just trying to understand something +about where they where they've come from + + align:start position:0% +about where they where they've come from + + + align:start position:0% +about where they where they've come from +and where they've + + align:start position:0% +and where they've + + + align:start position:0% +and where they've +gone + + align:start position:0% +gone + + + align:start position:0% +gone +yeah I justess the doubt that's crossing + + align:start position:0% +yeah I justess the doubt that's crossing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I justess the doubt that's crossing +my mind right now + + align:start position:0% +my mind right now + + + align:start position:0% +my mind right now +is is this time to work most effectively + + align:start position:0% +is is this time to work most effectively + + + align:start position:0% +is is this time to work most effectively +when you focus the exercise around a + + align:start position:0% +when you focus the exercise around a + + + align:start position:0% +when you focus the exercise around a +particular single + + align:start position:0% +particular single + + + align:start position:0% +particular single +experience because one of the problems + + align:start position:0% +experience because one of the problems + + + align:start position:0% +experience because one of the problems +that I've had with this trying to + + align:start position:0% +that I've had with this trying to + + + align:start position:0% +that I've had with this trying to +channel + + align:start position:0% +channel + + + align:start position:0% +channel +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +is how you + + align:start position:0% +is how you + + + align:start position:0% +is how you +uh if you're trying to generate + + align:start position:0% +uh if you're trying to generate + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you're trying to generate +knowledge in a fairly broad + + align:start position:0% +knowledge in a fairly broad + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge in a fairly broad +area and people are coming to the table + + align:start position:0% +area and people are coming to the table + + + align:start position:0% +area and people are coming to the table +with a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of different +experiences what it's not as though you + + align:start position:0% +experiences what it's not as though you + + + align:start position:0% +experiences what it's not as though you +are you start out with consensus about + + align:start position:0% +are you start out with consensus about + + + align:start position:0% +are you start out with consensus about +what experience everybody wants to share + + align:start position:0% +what experience everybody wants to share + + + align:start position:0% +what experience everybody wants to share +and dig + + align:start position:0% +and dig + + + align:start position:0% +and dig +into so how do + + align:start position:0% +into so how do + + + align:start position:0% +into so how do +you start grouping it around something + + align:start position:0% +you start grouping it around something + + + align:start position:0% +you start grouping it around something +that becomes beauiful and useful to + + align:start position:0% +that becomes beauiful and useful to + + + align:start position:0% +that becomes beauiful and useful to +everybody in group we use two approaches + + align:start position:0% +everybody in group we use two approaches + + + align:start position:0% +everybody in group we use two approaches +one is a group already knows that + + align:start position:0% +one is a group already knows that + + + align:start position:0% +one is a group already knows that +there's something they've gone through + + align:start position:0% +there's something they've gone through + + + align:start position:0% +there's something they've gone through +that they want to try to understand a + + align:start position:0% +that they want to try to understand a + + + align:start position:0% +that they want to try to understand a +particular piece of work or project the + + align:start position:0% +particular piece of work or project the + + + align:start position:0% +particular piece of work or project the +other is that there's a question that + + align:start position:0% +other is that there's a question that + + + align:start position:0% +other is that there's a question that +you've invited the group to draw on its + + align:start position:0% +you've invited the group to draw on its + + + align:start position:0% +you've invited the group to draw on its +own experience to try to answer so for + + align:start position:0% +own experience to try to answer so for + + + align:start position:0% +own experience to try to answer so for +example we did uh a set with five + + align:start position:0% +example we did uh a set with five + + + align:start position:0% +example we did uh a set with five +communities uh in this country around uh + + align:start position:0% +communities uh in this country around uh + + + align:start position:0% +communities uh in this country around uh +the question + + align:start position:0% +the question + + + align:start position:0% +the question +about how do you actually pay attention + + align:start position:0% +about how do you actually pay attention + + + align:start position:0% +about how do you actually pay attention +to race and build Democratic + + align:start position:0% +to race and build Democratic + + + align:start position:0% +to race and build Democratic +communities right frame is a broad it's + + align:start position:0% +communities right frame is a broad it's + + + align:start position:0% +communities right frame is a broad it's +a broad question and then people came + + align:start position:0% +a broad question and then people came + + + align:start position:0% +a broad question and then people came +saying what from our experience do we + + align:start position:0% +saying what from our experience do we + + + align:start position:0% +saying what from our experience do we +think can help us answer that question + + align:start position:0% +think can help us answer that question + + + align:start position:0% +think can help us answer that question +and when they do that they do a timeline + + align:start position:0% +and when they do that they do a timeline + + + align:start position:0% +and when they do that they do a timeline +around their experiences that they think + + align:start position:0% +around their experiences that they think + + + align:start position:0% +around their experiences that they think +may help answer the question and then + + align:start position:0% +may help answer the question and then + + + align:start position:0% +may help answer the question and then +when they select down those experiences + + align:start position:0% +when they select down those experiences + + + align:start position:0% +when they select down those experiences +then they do this deeper reflection + + align:start position:0% +then they do this deeper reflection + + + align:start position:0% +then they do this deeper reflection +process around those experiences you + + align:start position:0% +process around those experiences you + + + align:start position:0% +process around those experiences you +know with the figure out who's the right + + align:start position:0% +know with the figure out who's the right + + + align:start position:0% +know with the figure out who's the right +set of people then they do the Hing over + + align:start position:0% +set of people then they do the Hing over + + + align:start position:0% +set of people then they do the Hing over +again with that particular experience + + align:start position:0% +again with that particular experience + + + align:start position:0% +again with that particular experience +so you have you do have to go through + + align:start position:0% +so you have you do have to go through + + + align:start position:0% +so you have you do have to go through +some sorting process and you kind of we + + align:start position:0% +some sorting process and you kind of we + + + align:start position:0% +some sorting process and you kind of we +did it with a group here in Boston with + + align:start position:0% +did it with a group here in Boston with + + + align:start position:0% +did it with a group here in Boston with +a thing called the Boston Community + + align:start position:0% +a thing called the Boston Community + + + align:start position:0% +a thing called the Boston Community +learning project I think we did three + + align:start position:0% +learning project I think we did three + + + align:start position:0% +learning project I think we did three +iterations of this process in order to + + align:start position:0% +iterations of this process in order to + + + align:start position:0% +iterations of this process in order to +get to the right set of people in a room + + align:start position:0% +get to the right set of people in a room + + + align:start position:0% +get to the right set of people in a room +actually reflecting on a particular + + align:start position:0% +actually reflecting on a particular + + + align:start position:0% +actually reflecting on a particular +event uh now each iteration didn't take + + align:start position:0% +event uh now each iteration didn't take + + + align:start position:0% +event uh now each iteration didn't take +five days which is a good thing you know + + align:start position:0% +five days which is a good thing you know + + + align:start position:0% +five days which is a good thing you know +when you started at the broad piece you + + align:start position:0% +when you started at the broad piece you + + + align:start position:0% +when you started at the broad piece you +can actually name big experiences and do + + align:start position:0% +can actually name big experiences and do + + + align:start position:0% +can actually name big experiences and do +that like in a half day or a day and + + align:start position:0% +that like in a half day or a day and + + + align:start position:0% +that like in a half day or a day and +then the next time Time same kind of + + align:start position:0% +then the next time Time same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +then the next time Time same kind of +thing but then when you really get down + + align:start position:0% +thing but then when you really get down + + + align:start position:0% +thing but then when you really get down +to it it takes a couple of days to + + align:start position:0% +to it it takes a couple of days to + + + align:start position:0% +to it it takes a couple of days to +really do the Deep learning from The + + align:start position:0% +really do the Deep learning from The + + + align:start position:0% +really do the Deep learning from The +Experience now that means that if you + + align:start position:0% +Experience now that means that if you + + + align:start position:0% +Experience now that means that if you +trying to apply this to some very + + align:start position:0% +trying to apply this to some very + + + align:start position:0% +trying to apply this to some very +focused how to experience this you're + + align:start position:0% +focused how to experience this you're + + + align:start position:0% +focused how to experience this you're +probably going to have to narrow the + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have to narrow the + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have to narrow the +group down to just to the group of + + align:start position:0% +group down to just to the group of + + + align:start position:0% +group down to just to the group of +people that are particularly interested + + align:start position:0% +people that are particularly interested + + + align:start position:0% +people that are particularly interested +focused on that the yeah to the people + + align:start position:0% +focused on that the yeah to the people + + + align:start position:0% +focused on that the yeah to the people +who have some actual experience in out + + align:start position:0% +who have some actual experience in out + + + align:start position:0% +who have some actual experience in out +of the broad question down to then + + align:start position:0% +of the broad question down to then + + + align:start position:0% +of the broad question down to then +you're get to the people who actually + + align:start position:0% +you're get to the people who actually + + + align:start position:0% +you're get to the people who actually +have their experience it's really + + align:start position:0% +have their experience it's really + + + align:start position:0% +have their experience it's really +because this this method is all about + + align:start position:0% +because this this method is all about + + + align:start position:0% +because this this method is all about +really working with the + + align:start position:0% +really working with the + + + align:start position:0% +really working with the +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +and uh we're actually very strict when + + align:start position:0% +and uh we're actually very strict when + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we're actually very strict when +we do it about not having people even in + + align:start position:0% +we do it about not having people even in + + + align:start position:0% +we do it about not having people even in +the room if we can help who don't have + + align:start position:0% +the room if we can help who don't have + + + align:start position:0% +the room if we can help who don't have +any experience in it because then it + + align:start position:0% +any experience in it because then it + + + align:start position:0% +any experience in it because then it +becomes about something else right so + + align:start position:0% +becomes about something else right so + + + align:start position:0% +becomes about something else right so +it's just like you know if if you + + align:start position:0% +it's just like you know if if you + + + align:start position:0% +it's just like you know if if you +weren't in it you know yeah it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +weren't in it you know yeah it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +weren't in it you know yeah it's a lot +of noise and we don't you know we don't + + align:start position:0% +of noise and we don't you know we don't + + + align:start position:0% +of noise and we don't you know we don't +need it because we really need people to + + align:start position:0% +need it because we really need people to + + + align:start position:0% +need it because we really need people to +tie it down everything that gets done + + align:start position:0% +tie it down everything that gets done + + + align:start position:0% +tie it down everything that gets done +has to be tied to a concrete experience + + align:start position:0% +has to be tied to a concrete experience + + + align:start position:0% +has to be tied to a concrete experience +that can then really be looked at and + + align:start position:0% +that can then really be looked at and + + + align:start position:0% +that can then really be looked at and +understood from different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perspectives we're going to take a break + + align:start position:0% +perspectives we're going to take a break + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives we're going to take a break +uh for about 10 15 minutes uh we've got + + align:start position:0% +uh for about 10 15 minutes uh we've got + + + align:start position:0% +uh for about 10 15 minutes uh we've got +to do the attendance sheet go around and + + align:start position:0% +to do the attendance sheet go around and + + + align:start position:0% +to do the attendance sheet go around and +then uh we're going to start back up and + + align:start position:0% +then uh we're going to start back up and + + + align:start position:0% +then uh we're going to start back up and +since nothing happens to break here + + align:start position:0% +since nothing happens to break here + + + align:start position:0% +since nothing happens to break here +anyway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finishing uh + + align:start position:0% +finishing uh + + + align:start position:0% +finishing uh +call and I like to talk with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you about some concepts of the + + align:start position:0% +you about some concepts of the + + + align:start position:0% +you about some concepts of the +methodology + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and which is the + + align:start position:0% +and which is the + + + align:start position:0% +and which is the +rationale that the methodology + + align:start position:0% +rationale that the methodology + + + align:start position:0% +rationale that the methodology +has the the first thing is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one is everything begins with one + + align:start position:0% +one is everything begins with one + + + align:start position:0% +one is everything begins with one +question the idea is that the + + align:start position:0% +question the idea is that the + + + align:start position:0% +question the idea is that the +questions is something + + align:start position:0% +questions is something + + + align:start position:0% +questions is something +like a compass that will Orient us as in + + align:start position:0% +like a compass that will Orient us as in + + + align:start position:0% +like a compass that will Orient us as in +the effort + + align:start position:0% +the effort + + + align:start position:0% +the effort +for looking for + + align:start position:0% +for looking for + + + align:start position:0% +for looking for +Meaningful parts of our experience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it will help it will help us to to + + align:start position:0% +it will help it will help us to to + + + align:start position:0% +it will help it will help us to to +select what thing put attention in the + + align:start position:0% +select what thing put attention in the + + + align:start position:0% +select what thing put attention in the +effort for finding for reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +effort for finding for reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +effort for finding for reconstruct the +experience this is the role of the first + + align:start position:0% +experience this is the role of the first + + + align:start position:0% +experience this is the role of the first +rule of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question at the end of the process we + + align:start position:0% +question at the end of the process we + + + align:start position:0% +question at the end of the process we +will come back again to the question the + + align:start position:0% +will come back again to the question the + + + align:start position:0% +will come back again to the question the +second element and Assumption of this + + align:start position:0% +second element and Assumption of this + + + align:start position:0% +second element and Assumption of this +methodology is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the we know much better the part of + + align:start position:0% +that the we know much better the part of + + + align:start position:0% +that the we know much better the part of +the experience that we live it + + align:start position:0% +the experience that we live it + + + align:start position:0% +the experience that we live it +directly and if we + + align:start position:0% +directly and if we + + + align:start position:0% +directly and if we +are very tightly related to the meaning + + align:start position:0% +are very tightly related to the meaning + + + align:start position:0% +are very tightly related to the meaning +of the experience for + + align:start position:0% +of the experience for + + + align:start position:0% +of the experience for +ourselves we are much more concrete we + + align:start position:0% +ourselves we are much more concrete we + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves we are much more concrete we +are we are more real in our description + + align:start position:0% +are we are more real in our description + + + align:start position:0% +are we are more real in our description +this is important for to avoid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rationalizations we can explain one + + align:start position:0% +rationalizations we can explain one + + + align:start position:0% +rationalizations we can explain one +experience in a way that we feel easier + + align:start position:0% +experience in a way that we feel easier + + + align:start position:0% +experience in a way that we feel easier +for us to think about the experience but + + align:start position:0% +for us to think about the experience but + + + align:start position:0% +for us to think about the experience but +this way to describe the experience not + + align:start position:0% +this way to describe the experience not + + + align:start position:0% +this way to describe the experience not +necessary not necessarily is the best + + align:start position:0% +necessary not necessarily is the best + + + align:start position:0% +necessary not necessarily is the best +way to get the knowledge from the + + align:start position:0% +way to get the knowledge from the + + + align:start position:0% +way to get the knowledge from the +experience for we be obliged to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to to be more + + align:start position:0% +to to be more + + + align:start position:0% +to to be more +realistic in the Reconstruction of the + + align:start position:0% +realistic in the Reconstruction of the + + + align:start position:0% +realistic in the Reconstruction of the +experience is that the experience is + + align:start position:0% +experience is that the experience is + + + align:start position:0% +experience is that the experience is +based on on the personal experience I + + align:start position:0% +based on on the personal experience I + + + align:start position:0% +based on on the personal experience I +have it + + align:start position:0% +have it + + + align:start position:0% +have it +it's we know that it's + + align:start position:0% +it's we know that it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's we know that it's +subjective okay because it's the way I I + + align:start position:0% +subjective okay because it's the way I I + + + align:start position:0% +subjective okay because it's the way I I +felt in the experience okay + + align:start position:0% +felt in the experience okay + + + align:start position:0% +felt in the experience okay +but this problem of + + align:start position:0% +but this problem of + + + align:start position:0% +but this problem of +the subjective approach will be Chang it + + align:start position:0% +the subjective approach will be Chang it + + + align:start position:0% +the subjective approach will be Chang it +when we construct the complete + + align:start position:0% +when we construct the complete + + + align:start position:0% +when we construct the complete +experience because the sum of our + + align:start position:0% +experience because the sum of our + + + align:start position:0% +experience because the sum of our +subjectivity is a bit more objective + + align:start position:0% +subjectivity is a bit more objective + + + align:start position:0% +subjectivity is a bit more objective +than each one of + + align:start position:0% +than each one of + + + align:start position:0% +than each one of +us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the the other element is that we + + align:start position:0% +okay the the other element is that we + + + align:start position:0% +okay the the other element is that we +could make + + align:start position:0% +could make + + + align:start position:0% +could make +here something like a line a + + align:start position:0% +here something like a line a + + + align:start position:0% +here something like a line a +root passing through the critical + + align:start position:0% +root passing through the critical + + + align:start position:0% +root passing through the critical +moments of each + + align:start position:0% +moments of each + + + align:start position:0% +moments of each +one and this should be + + align:start position:0% +one and this should be + + + align:start position:0% +one and this should be +the how each one of us liveed the + + align:start position:0% +the how each one of us liveed the + + + align:start position:0% +the how each one of us liveed the +experience okay we can imagine here a + + align:start position:0% +experience okay we can imagine here a + + + align:start position:0% +experience okay we can imagine here a +line passing through the critical + + align:start position:0% +line passing through the critical + + + align:start position:0% +line passing through the critical +moments I have each one of us made and + + align:start position:0% +moments I have each one of us made and + + + align:start position:0% +moments I have each one of us made and +this line is my personal + + align:start position:0% +this line is my personal + + + align:start position:0% +this line is my personal +experience and the thread the sum of + + align:start position:0% +experience and the thread the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +experience and the thread the sum of +lines is the the complete + + align:start position:0% +lines is the the complete + + + align:start position:0% +lines is the the complete +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +so the method enable us to have a more + + align:start position:0% +so the method enable us to have a more + + + align:start position:0% +so the method enable us to have a more +to see the experience from different + + align:start position:0% +to see the experience from different + + + align:start position:0% +to see the experience from different +perspectives okay I the the when I + + align:start position:0% +perspectives okay I the the when I + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives okay I the the when I +reconstruct my personal experience I I + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct my personal experience I I + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct my personal experience I I +am seeing + + align:start position:0% +am seeing + + + align:start position:0% +am seeing +it from the points that were were more + + align:start position:0% +it from the points that were were more + + + align:start position:0% +it from the points that were were more +meaningful for + + align:start position:0% +meaningful for + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful for +me okay and this part of the experience + + align:start position:0% +me okay and this part of the experience + + + align:start position:0% +me okay and this part of the experience +that were more meaningful for me I have + + align:start position:0% +that were more meaningful for me I have + + + align:start position:0% +that were more meaningful for me I have +more knowledge about this these points + + align:start position:0% +more knowledge about this these points + + + align:start position:0% +more knowledge about this these points +but I don't know other areas of the + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know other areas of the + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know other areas of the +experience when I can see the the sum of + + align:start position:0% +experience when I can see the the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +experience when I can see the the sum of +the experience + + align:start position:0% +the experience + + + align:start position:0% +the experience +of everyone who participate in it I can + + align:start position:0% +of everyone who participate in it I can + + + align:start position:0% +of everyone who participate in it I can +have a broader perspective I can see + + align:start position:0% +have a broader perspective I can see + + + align:start position:0% +have a broader perspective I can see +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +different ER interest from different + + align:start position:0% +different ER interest from different + + + align:start position:0% +different ER interest from different +condition from different forms of + + align:start position:0% +condition from different forms of + + + align:start position:0% +condition from different forms of +understanding so it's very useful + + align:start position:0% +understanding so it's very useful + + + align:start position:0% +understanding so it's very useful +because it oblig me + + align:start position:0% +because it oblig me + + + align:start position:0% +because it oblig me +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +to to go beyond the my personal + + align:start position:0% +to to go beyond the my personal + + + align:start position:0% +to to go beyond the my personal +perspective so the methodology begins + + align:start position:0% +perspective so the methodology begins + + + align:start position:0% +perspective so the methodology begins +from the personal perspectives okay but + + align:start position:0% +from the personal perspectives okay but + + + align:start position:0% +from the personal perspectives okay but +at the + + align:start position:0% +at the + + + align:start position:0% +at the +end ER a stimulate one for going Beyond + + align:start position:0% +end ER a stimulate one for going Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +end ER a stimulate one for going Beyond +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the method + + align:start position:0% +and the method + + + align:start position:0% +and the method +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically it works basically Bally with + + align:start position:0% +basically it works basically Bally with + + + align:start position:0% +basically it works basically Bally with +the knowledge people acquired during the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experience the results of this this + + align:start position:0% +experience the results of this this + + + align:start position:0% +experience the results of this this +Reflections can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be impacted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by external factors that may be + + align:start position:0% +by external factors that may be + + + align:start position:0% +by external factors that may be +happening not in this case because there + + align:start position:0% +happening not in this case because there + + + align:start position:0% +happening not in this case because there +was just one a very brief experience + + align:start position:0% +was just one a very brief experience + + + align:start position:0% +was just one a very brief experience +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +if the experience should were + + align:start position:0% +if the experience should were + + + align:start position:0% +if the experience should were +more something like some ears of + + align:start position:0% +more something like some ears of + + + align:start position:0% +more something like some ears of +experience it may be happen in + + align:start position:0% +experience it may be happen in + + + align:start position:0% +experience it may be happen in +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +ER events that can influence the + + align:start position:0% +ER events that can influence the + + + align:start position:0% +ER events that can influence the +experience so we can compare the + + align:start position:0% +experience so we can compare the + + + align:start position:0% +experience so we can compare the +experience we + + align:start position:0% +experience we + + + align:start position:0% +experience we +liveed with the environment where it the + + align:start position:0% +liveed with the environment where it the + + + align:start position:0% +liveed with the environment where it the +experience evolved so we can look at the + + align:start position:0% +experience evolved so we can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +experience evolved so we can look at the +interaction between some questions of + + align:start position:0% +interaction between some questions of + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between some questions of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +environment and our + + align:start position:0% +environment and our + + + align:start position:0% +environment and our +experience one month ago I made this + + align:start position:0% +experience one month ago I made this + + + align:start position:0% +experience one month ago I made this +same experiment with an organization in + + align:start position:0% +same experiment with an organization in + + + align:start position:0% +same experiment with an organization in +Peru was very interesting + + align:start position:0% +Peru was very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Peru was very interesting +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +uh it's a they are dedicated to + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a they are dedicated to + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a they are dedicated to +education and they were very + + align:start position:0% +education and they were very + + + align:start position:0% +education and they were very +enthusiastic about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the the Democracy in + + align:start position:0% +the the Democracy in + + + align:start position:0% +the the Democracy in +Peru and they had a lot of expectancies + + align:start position:0% +Peru and they had a lot of expectancies + + + align:start position:0% +Peru and they had a lot of expectancies +to the new government and they began to + + align:start position:0% +to the new government and they began to + + + align:start position:0% +to the new government and they began to +work very strongly with a lot of effort + + align:start position:0% +work very strongly with a lot of effort + + + align:start position:0% +work very strongly with a lot of effort +but two or three years later is the + + align:start position:0% +but two or three years later is the + + + align:start position:0% +but two or three years later is the +critical moments that were were most of + + align:start position:0% +critical moments that were were most of + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments that were were most of +all in the upper side of the line began + + align:start position:0% +all in the upper side of the line began + + + align:start position:0% +all in the upper side of the line began +to fall to the + + align:start position:0% +to fall to the + + + align:start position:0% +to fall to the +downside okay and the reason was not + + align:start position:0% +downside okay and the reason was not + + + align:start position:0% +downside okay and the reason was not +something that was happen internally to + + align:start position:0% +something that was happen internally to + + + align:start position:0% +something that was happen internally to +in in them or the most important but + + align:start position:0% +in in them or the most important but + + + align:start position:0% +in in them or the most important but +their deception with the kind + + align:start position:0% +their deception with the kind + + + align:start position:0% +their deception with the kind +of policies that they began to see and + + align:start position:0% +of policies that they began to see and + + + align:start position:0% +of policies that they began to see and +this producers in them this change in + + align:start position:0% +this producers in them this change in + + + align:start position:0% +this producers in them this change in +their ER feeling in their mood in their + + align:start position:0% +their ER feeling in their mood in their + + + align:start position:0% +their ER feeling in their mood in their +perspective so it's it's very + + align:start position:0% +perspective so it's it's very + + + align:start position:0% +perspective so it's it's very +interesting to compare what we have + + align:start position:0% +interesting to compare what we have + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to compare what we have +lived and how the environment evolved at + + align:start position:0% +lived and how the environment evolved at + + + align:start position:0% +lived and how the environment evolved at +the same time and to make this analysis + + align:start position:0% +the same time and to make this analysis + + + align:start position:0% +the same time and to make this analysis +between the internal perspective and the + + align:start position:0% +between the internal perspective and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the internal perspective and the +external + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +context if you have some questions or + + align:start position:0% +context if you have some questions or + + + align:start position:0% +context if you have some questions or +comments about + + align:start position:0% +comments about + + + align:start position:0% +comments about +this yes when you draw the line is + + align:start position:0% +this yes when you draw the line is + + + align:start position:0% +this yes when you draw the line is +everybody's line different or do you + + align:start position:0% +everybody's line different or do you + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's line different or do you +draw draw a line for the group ah the + + align:start position:0% +draw draw a line for the group ah the + + + align:start position:0% +draw draw a line for the group ah the +line is for each + + align:start position:0% +line is for each + + + align:start position:0% +line is for each +person okay because the line is the + + align:start position:0% +person okay because the line is the + + + align:start position:0% +person okay because the line is the +connection between the critical moments + + align:start position:0% +connection between the critical moments + + + align:start position:0% +connection between the critical moments +no right now we have only three but in + + align:start position:0% +no right now we have only three but in + + + align:start position:0% +no right now we have only three but in +most case we have 10 no eight 10 + + align:start position:0% +most case we have 10 no eight 10 + + + align:start position:0% +most case we have 10 no eight 10 +critical + + align:start position:0% +critical + + + align:start position:0% +critical +moments and the sum of critical moments + + align:start position:0% +moments and the sum of critical moments + + + align:start position:0% +moments and the sum of critical moments +is the the experience for each one of + + align:start position:0% +is the the experience for each one of + + + align:start position:0% +is the the experience for each one of +us something that I didn't EXP + + align:start position:0% +us something that I didn't EXP + + + align:start position:0% +us something that I didn't EXP +plain is why critical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moments what psychologist found is + + align:start position:0% +moments what psychologist found is + + + align:start position:0% +moments what psychologist found is +that if this is a critical + + align:start position:0% +that if this is a critical + + + align:start position:0% +that if this is a critical +moment I have in my memory a lot of + + align:start position:0% +moment I have in my memory a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +moment I have in my memory a lot of +information around this critical + + align:start position:0% +information around this critical + + + align:start position:0% +information around this critical +moment okay so it's a very good point to + + align:start position:0% +moment okay so it's a very good point to + + + align:start position:0% +moment okay so it's a very good point to +wonder for looking for reconstructing my + + align:start position:0% +wonder for looking for reconstructing my + + + align:start position:0% +wonder for looking for reconstructing my +my experience okay in this area it's + + align:start position:0% +my experience okay in this area it's + + + align:start position:0% +my experience okay in this area it's +much easier to + + align:start position:0% +much easier to + + + align:start position:0% +much easier to +find to recover the my experience okay + + align:start position:0% +find to recover the my experience okay + + + align:start position:0% +find to recover the my experience okay +this is the reason for using critical + + align:start position:0% +this is the reason for using critical + + + align:start position:0% +this is the reason for using critical +moments and critical moments should + + align:start position:0% +moments and critical moments should + + + align:start position:0% +moments and critical moments should +be personal because the information I + + align:start position:0% +be personal because the information I + + + align:start position:0% +be personal because the information I +have organized around things that were + + align:start position:0% +have organized around things that were + + + align:start position:0% +have organized around things that were +meaningful for + + align:start position:0% +meaningful for + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful for +me okay + + align:start position:0% +me okay + + + align:start position:0% +me okay +uh in some way I have a meaning here + + align:start position:0% +uh in some way I have a meaning here + + + align:start position:0% +uh in some way I have a meaning here +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +organize okay and illuminate all this + + align:start position:0% +organize okay and illuminate all this + + + align:start position:0% +organize okay and illuminate all this +area in my + + align:start position:0% +area in my + + + align:start position:0% +area in my +memory so it's easier for one to to + + align:start position:0% +memory so it's easier for one to to + + + align:start position:0% +memory so it's easier for one to to +retrieve the parts of the experience + + align:start position:0% +retrieve the parts of the experience + + + align:start position:0% +retrieve the parts of the experience +they have when having one mind around + + align:start position:0% +they have when having one mind around + + + align:start position:0% +they have when having one mind around +the critical moments this is the + + align:start position:0% +the critical moments this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the critical moments this is the +reason for using critical moments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I you + + align:start position:0% +I you + + + align:start position:0% +I you +like if you have no + + align:start position:0% +like if you have no + + + align:start position:0% +like if you have no +questions because I'm I'm not giv in in + + align:start position:0% +questions because I'm I'm not giv in in + + + align:start position:0% +questions because I'm I'm not giv in in +explanation complete explanation just + + align:start position:0% +explanation complete explanation just + + + align:start position:0% +explanation complete explanation just +small bits no yes so you would actually + + align:start position:0% +small bits no yes so you would actually + + + align:start position:0% +small bits no yes so you would actually +have for example 10 or 15 timelines and + + align:start position:0% +have for example 10 or 15 timelines and + + + align:start position:0% +have for example 10 or 15 timelines and +that would also help you like + + align:start position:0% +that would also help you like + + + align:start position:0% +that would also help you like +reconstruct the components of the + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the components of the + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the components of the +process like you would actually cuz + + align:start position:0% +process like you would actually cuz + + + align:start position:0% +process like you would actually cuz +sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes +um yeah we were saying that part of this + + align:start position:0% +um yeah we were saying that part of this + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah we were saying that part of this +the exercise is discovering like the the + + align:start position:0% +the exercise is discovering like the the + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise is discovering like the the +parts of a process mhm and when you have + + align:start position:0% +parts of a process mhm and when you have + + + align:start position:0% +parts of a process mhm and when you have +many timelines together that because + + align:start position:0% +many timelines together that because + + + align:start position:0% +many timelines together that because +that's what I understood from what they + + align:start position:0% +that's what I understood from what they + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I understood from what they +answered your question is like if you + + align:start position:0% +answered your question is like if you + + + align:start position:0% +answered your question is like if you +would have one timeline for each person + + align:start position:0% +would have one timeline for each person + + + align:start position:0% +would have one timeline for each person +right right if you have one timeline for + + align:start position:0% +right right if you have one timeline for + + + align:start position:0% +right right if you have one timeline for +each person and then if the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +each person and then if the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +each person and then if the sum of the +timelin and you know like on a gra that + + align:start position:0% +timelin and you know like on a gra that + + + align:start position:0% +timelin and you know like on a gra that +exactly that would help you actually be + + align:start position:0% +exactly that would help you actually be + + + align:start position:0% +exactly that would help you actually be +able to understand what the whole + + align:start position:0% +able to understand what the whole + + + align:start position:0% +able to understand what the whole +process was because maybe some people in + + align:start position:0% +process was because maybe some people in + + + align:start position:0% +process was because maybe some people in +their timeline skip apart and so it'll + + align:start position:0% +their timeline skip apart and so it'll + + + align:start position:0% +their timeline skip apart and so it'll +come out as somebody else's so you sort + + align:start position:0% +come out as somebody else's so you sort + + + align:start position:0% +come out as somebody else's so you sort +of blend all that together and that + + align:start position:0% +of blend all that together and that + + + align:start position:0% +of blend all that together and that +would make you give you all the moments + + align:start position:0% +would make you give you all the moments + + + align:start position:0% +would make you give you all the moments +all the components of the process yes + + align:start position:0% +all the components of the process yes + + + align:start position:0% +all the components of the process yes +yes and so you can see the process you + + align:start position:0% +yes and so you can see the process you + + + align:start position:0% +yes and so you can see the process you +see the much okay much clearer than the + + align:start position:0% +see the much okay much clearer than the + + + align:start position:0% +see the much okay much clearer than the +the the the whole thing yeah yes yes you + + align:start position:0% +the the the whole thing yeah yes yes you + + + align:start position:0% +the the the whole thing yeah yes yes you +can see the + + align:start position:0% +can see the + + + align:start position:0% +can see the +the complet yes so that's where you + + align:start position:0% +the complet yes so that's where you + + + align:start position:0% +the complet yes so that's where you +would that's where you would take + + align:start position:0% +would that's where you would take + + + align:start position:0% +would that's where you would take +account in the other people's critical + + align:start position:0% +account in the other people's critical + + + align:start position:0% +account in the other people's critical +moments you know how you have + + align:start position:0% +moments you know how you have + + + align:start position:0% +moments you know how you have +conversations with people about an event + + align:start position:0% +conversations with people about an event + + + align:start position:0% +conversations with people about an event +and somebody reminds you of something + + align:start position:0% +and somebody reminds you of something + + + align:start position:0% +and somebody reminds you of something +that you totally forgot and then you go + + align:start position:0% +that you totally forgot and then you go + + + align:start position:0% +that you totally forgot and then you go +oh yes so you + + align:start position:0% +oh yes so you + + + align:start position:0% +oh yes so you +don't don't lose that or you have that + + align:start position:0% +don't don't lose that or you have that + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't lose that or you have that +aha moment where you think to yourself + + align:start position:0% +aha moment where you think to yourself + + + align:start position:0% +aha moment where you think to yourself +oh my gosh that's exactly right that's + + align:start position:0% +oh my gosh that's exactly right that's + + + align:start position:0% +oh my gosh that's exactly right that's +where the that's where it turned on the + + align:start position:0% +where the that's where it turned on the + + + align:start position:0% +where the that's where it turned on the +head of the pin you know and somebody + + align:start position:0% +head of the pin you know and somebody + + + align:start position:0% +head of the pin you know and somebody +else points it out to you so that's how + + align:start position:0% +else points it out to you so that's how + + + align:start position:0% +else points it out to you so that's how +you incorporate everybody else + + align:start position:0% +you incorporate everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +you incorporate everybody else +M + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay know those critical moments are + + align:start position:0% +okay know those critical moments are + + + align:start position:0% +okay know those critical moments are +really representative of this the + + align:start position:0% +really representative of this the + + + align:start position:0% +really representative of this the +general sense that you had during that + + align:start position:0% +general sense that you had during that + + + align:start position:0% +general sense that you had during that +particular time in which moment are you + + align:start position:0% +particular time in which moment are you + + + align:start position:0% +particular time in which moment are you +well it's I'm imagining like if I draw a + + align:start position:0% +well it's I'm imagining like if I draw a + + + align:start position:0% +well it's I'm imagining like if I draw a +line from my critical moments it's going + + align:start position:0% +line from my critical moments it's going + + + align:start position:0% +line from my critical moments it's going +to be some sort of curvy line and it's + + align:start position:0% +to be some sort of curvy line and it's + + + align:start position:0% +to be some sort of curvy line and it's +going to make when I see that line I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to make when I see that line I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to make when I see that line I'm +going to think oh I went from feeling + + align:start position:0% +going to think oh I went from feeling + + + align:start position:0% +going to think oh I went from feeling +very good about about this project to + + align:start position:0% +very good about about this project to + + + align:start position:0% +very good about about this project to +not feeling so good about this project + + align:start position:0% +not feeling so good about this project + + + align:start position:0% +not feeling so good about this project +to then feeling very good about this + + align:start position:0% +to then feeling very good about this + + + align:start position:0% +to then feeling very good about this +project or you know something like that + + align:start position:0% +project or you know something like that + + + align:start position:0% +project or you know something like that +all you have is positive and negative + + align:start position:0% +all you have is positive and negative + + + align:start position:0% +all you have is positive and negative +and and + + align:start position:0% +and and + + + align:start position:0% +and and +time but how do you know that is that + + align:start position:0% +time but how do you know that is that + + + align:start position:0% +time but how do you know that is that +really giving you a clear picture + + align:start position:0% +really giving you a clear picture + + + align:start position:0% +really giving you a clear picture +of your sense of the project over that + + align:start position:0% +of your sense of the project over that + + + align:start position:0% +of your sense of the project over that +time given that you're only looking at a + + align:start position:0% +time given that you're only looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +time given that you're only looking at a +specific critical moment and you don't + + align:start position:0% +specific critical moment and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +specific critical moment and you don't +necessarily know what's really happening + + align:start position:0% +necessarily know what's really happening + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily know what's really happening +between those two points so drawing the + + align:start position:0% +between those two points so drawing the + + + align:start position:0% +between those two points so drawing the +line between them is kind of + + align:start position:0% +line between them is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +line between them is kind of +blur you know maybe it was a straight + + align:start position:0% +blur you know maybe it was a straight + + + align:start position:0% +blur you know maybe it was a straight +line and then there was just this one + + align:start position:0% +line and then there was just this one + + + align:start position:0% +line and then there was just this one +negative and back up again you're happy + + align:start position:0% +negative and back up again you're happy + + + align:start position:0% +negative and back up again you're happy +fell + + align:start position:0% +fell + + + align:start position:0% +fell +down how how do you know that that that + + align:start position:0% +down how how do you know that that that + + + align:start position:0% +down how how do you know that that that +line is really giv you an accurate + + align:start position:0% +line is really giv you an accurate + + + align:start position:0% +line is really giv you an accurate +picture the the the idea of the line is + + align:start position:0% +picture the the the idea of the line is + + + align:start position:0% +picture the the the idea of the line is +just for giving + + align:start position:0% +just for giving + + + align:start position:0% +just for giving +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +a a + + align:start position:0% +a a + + + align:start position:0% +a a +figure I see to help you to + + align:start position:0% +figure I see to help you to + + + align:start position:0% +figure I see to help you to +visualize a + + align:start position:0% +visualize a + + + align:start position:0% +visualize a +continuity okay but indeed we don't know + + align:start position:0% +continuity okay but indeed we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +continuity okay but indeed we don't know +what happens between one critical moment + + align:start position:0% +what happens between one critical moment + + + align:start position:0% +what happens between one critical moment +and the other one we are working with + + align:start position:0% +and the other one we are working with + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one we are working with +incomplete + + align:start position:0% +incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +incomplete +information okay the question is that we + + align:start position:0% +information okay the question is that we + + + align:start position:0% +information okay the question is that we +always work with incomplete information + + align:start position:0% +always work with incomplete information + + + align:start position:0% +always work with incomplete information +no in this case we are aware of of of + + align:start position:0% +no in this case we are aware of of of + + + align:start position:0% +no in this case we are aware of of of +them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we don't know what happened in + + align:start position:0% +and we don't know what happened in + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't know what happened in +between we our + + align:start position:0% +between we our + + + align:start position:0% +between we our +mind when we see all the critical + + align:start position:0% +mind when we see all the critical + + + align:start position:0% +mind when we see all the critical +moments our mind began to sum all them + + align:start position:0% +moments our mind began to sum all them + + + align:start position:0% +moments our mind began to sum all them +it try to to figure out some meaning for + + align:start position:0% +it try to to figure out some meaning for + + + align:start position:0% +it try to to figure out some meaning for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +combination + + align:start position:0% +combination + + + align:start position:0% +combination +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and it we could ask but it's it's very + + align:start position:0% +and it we could ask but it's it's very + + + align:start position:0% +and it we could ask but it's it's very +difficult to get this information what + + align:start position:0% +difficult to get this information what + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to get this information what +we can do is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +ER in this case for example we cut it + + align:start position:0% +ER in this case for example we cut it + + + align:start position:0% +ER in this case for example we cut it +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +moments H beforehand in other cases no + + align:start position:0% +moments H beforehand in other cases no + + + align:start position:0% +moments H beforehand in other cases no +we just put the dates people put the + + align:start position:0% +we just put the dates people put the + + + align:start position:0% +we just put the dates people put the +dates here and after that we try to to + + align:start position:0% +dates here and after that we try to to + + + align:start position:0% +dates here and after that we try to to +to figure + + align:start position:0% +to figure + + + align:start position:0% +to figure +out which phases we have in this process + + align:start position:0% +out which phases we have in this process + + + align:start position:0% +out which phases we have in this process +okay and we will have some groups of + + align:start position:0% +okay and we will have some groups of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we will have some groups of +critical moments in this case was very + + align:start position:0% +critical moments in this case was very + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments in this case was very +clear we had a group of critical moments + + align:start position:0% +clear we had a group of critical moments + + + align:start position:0% +clear we had a group of critical moments +here all about the effort for + + align:start position:0% +here all about the effort for + + + align:start position:0% +here all about the effort for +reconstructed experience + + align:start position:0% +reconstructed experience + + + align:start position:0% +reconstructed experience +individually that is not easy it's + + align:start position:0% +individually that is not easy it's + + + align:start position:0% +individually that is not easy it's +difficult okay so it's the exercise + + align:start position:0% +difficult okay so it's the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +difficult okay so it's the exercise +worked well because everyone put here in + + align:start position:0% +worked well because everyone put here in + + + align:start position:0% +worked well because everyone put here in +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +okay uh the question we were talking + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the question we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the question we were talking +about this the question is that in our + + align:start position:0% +about this the question is that in our + + + align:start position:0% +about this the question is that in our +professional work we need to do this + + align:start position:0% +professional work we need to do this + + + align:start position:0% +professional work we need to do this +alone + + align:start position:0% +alone + + + align:start position:0% +alone +normally try to understand to + + align:start position:0% +normally try to understand to + + + align:start position:0% +normally try to understand to +reconstruct the problem we are solving + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the problem we are solving + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the problem we are solving +we are working + + align:start position:0% +we are working + + + align:start position:0% +we are working +on in general we needs to to step back + + align:start position:0% +on in general we needs to to step back + + + align:start position:0% +on in general we needs to to step back +alone trying to understand okay and this + + align:start position:0% +alone trying to understand okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +alone trying to understand okay and this +is not easy to do and we people who are + + align:start position:0% +is not easy to do and we people who are + + + align:start position:0% +is not easy to do and we people who are +more us it in doing this kind of + + align:start position:0% +more us it in doing this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +more us it in doing this kind of +work ER can + + align:start position:0% +work ER can + + + align:start position:0% +work ER can +understand faster their + + align:start position:0% +understand faster their + + + align:start position:0% +understand faster their +experience okay so it's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +experience okay so it's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +experience okay so it's a kind of +training that's very useful for a + + align:start position:0% +training that's very useful for a + + + align:start position:0% +training that's very useful for a +professional to to + + align:start position:0% +professional to to + + + align:start position:0% +professional to to +acquire + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we can find different + + align:start position:0% +and we can find different + + + align:start position:0% +and we can find different +moments in the process ER here we had if + + align:start position:0% +moments in the process ER here we had if + + + align:start position:0% +moments in the process ER here we had if +you remember the figure here mostly + + align:start position:0% +you remember the figure here mostly + + + align:start position:0% +you remember the figure here mostly +positive do you remember because indeed + + align:start position:0% +positive do you remember because indeed + + + align:start position:0% +positive do you remember because indeed +was there was two kind of very + + align:start position:0% +was there was two kind of very + + + align:start position:0% +was there was two kind of very +interesting things happening as you was + + align:start position:0% +interesting things happening as you was + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things happening as you was +explaining your experience yeah two kind + + align:start position:0% +explaining your experience yeah two kind + + + align:start position:0% +explaining your experience yeah two kind +of things happening one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that each participant I think + + align:start position:0% +that each participant I think + + + align:start position:0% +that each participant I think +that was much more clear explaining us + + align:start position:0% +that was much more clear explaining us + + + align:start position:0% +that was much more clear explaining us +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +experience then when the + + align:start position:0% +experience then when the + + + align:start position:0% +experience then when the +er er they are trying to to to draw for + + align:start position:0% +er er they are trying to to to draw for + + + align:start position:0% +er er they are trying to to to draw for +say for oneself when when I am trying to + + align:start position:0% +say for oneself when when I am trying to + + + align:start position:0% +say for oneself when when I am trying to +to describe the experience for myself I + + align:start position:0% +to describe the experience for myself I + + + align:start position:0% +to describe the experience for myself I +have a level of understanding when I + + align:start position:0% +have a level of understanding when I + + + align:start position:0% +have a level of understanding when I +explain to other people I I get more + + align:start position:0% +explain to other people I I get more + + + align:start position:0% +explain to other people I I get more +clarity so it's + + align:start position:0% +clarity so it's + + + align:start position:0% +clarity so it's +very agreeable no for + + align:start position:0% +very agreeable no for + + + align:start position:0% +very agreeable no for +oneself the other reason is + + align:start position:0% +oneself the other reason is + + + align:start position:0% +oneself the other reason is +that the experiences you described were + + align:start position:0% +that the experiences you described were + + + align:start position:0% +that the experiences you described were +were very interesting + + align:start position:0% +were very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +were very interesting +very different not only very different + + align:start position:0% +very different not only very different + + + align:start position:0% +very different not only very different +but also very interesting and the each + + align:start position:0% +but also very interesting and the each + + + align:start position:0% +but also very interesting and the each +one describ in a way for me that + + align:start position:0% +one describ in a way for me that + + + align:start position:0% +one describ in a way for me that +surprising me the way the experience was + + align:start position:0% +surprising me the way the experience was + + + align:start position:0% +surprising me the way the experience was +described I think that for each one of + + align:start position:0% +described I think that for each one of + + + align:start position:0% +described I think that for each one of +us should be similar no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because it's is a the the way the + + align:start position:0% +because it's is a the the way the + + + align:start position:0% +because it's is a the the way the +experience was perceived by the person + + align:start position:0% +experience was perceived by the person + + + align:start position:0% +experience was perceived by the person +is very different the way I should + + align:start position:0% +is very different the way I should + + + align:start position:0% +is very different the way I should +perceive the same + + align:start position:0% +perceive the same + + + align:start position:0% +perceive the same +experience so I can compare and this is + + align:start position:0% +experience so I can compare and this is + + + align:start position:0% +experience so I can compare and this is +very instructive for + + align:start position:0% +very instructive for + + + align:start position:0% +very instructive for +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +so in In This + + align:start position:0% +so in In This + + + align:start position:0% +so in In This +Moment the predominance of positive + + align:start position:0% +Moment the predominance of positive + + + align:start position:0% +Moment the predominance of positive +moments was very noticeable no so I + + align:start position:0% +moments was very noticeable no so I + + + align:start position:0% +moments was very noticeable no so I +am explaining first of all some concepts + + align:start position:0% +am explaining first of all some concepts + + + align:start position:0% +am explaining first of all some concepts +of the methodology okay and + + align:start position:0% +of the methodology okay and + + + align:start position:0% +of the methodology okay and +what kind of analysis we can do with the + + align:start position:0% +what kind of analysis we can do with the + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of analysis we can do with the +timeline and with the sum of of critical + + align:start position:0% +timeline and with the sum of of critical + + + align:start position:0% +timeline and with the sum of of critical +moments of + + align:start position:0% +moments of + + + align:start position:0% +moments of +everyone okay + + align:start position:0% +everyone okay + + + align:start position:0% +everyone okay +one you how much um the the the lines of + + align:start position:0% +one you how much um the the the lines of + + + align:start position:0% +one you how much um the the the lines of +each individual in a community may + + align:start position:0% +each individual in a community may + + + align:start position:0% +each individual in a community may +differ from one to the other one I mean + + align:start position:0% +differ from one to the other one I mean + + + align:start position:0% +differ from one to the other one I mean +we are here A CP of people if we draw + + align:start position:0% +we are here A CP of people if we draw + + + align:start position:0% +we are here A CP of people if we draw +the lines over there separately how much + + align:start position:0% +the lines over there separately how much + + + align:start position:0% +the lines over there separately how much +would you expect it to deviate one from + + align:start position:0% +would you expect it to deviate one from + + + align:start position:0% +would you expect it to deviate one from +the other I expect little difference and + + align:start position:0% +the other I expect little difference and + + + align:start position:0% +the other I expect little difference and +I expect the critical moments of each + + align:start position:0% +I expect the critical moments of each + + + align:start position:0% +I expect the critical moments of each +person overall could be close to each + + align:start position:0% +person overall could be close to each + + + align:start position:0% +person overall could be close to each +other because there's an ongoing issue + + align:start position:0% +other because there's an ongoing issue + + + align:start position:0% +other because there's an ongoing issue +on the class and everybody speak one and + + align:start position:0% +on the class and everybody speak one and + + + align:start position:0% +on the class and everybody speak one and +there are many common senses to each + + align:start position:0% +there are many common senses to each + + + align:start position:0% +there are many common senses to each +individual so I expect the critical + + align:start position:0% +individual so I expect the critical + + + align:start position:0% +individual so I expect the critical +moments almost matching to each other + + align:start position:0% +moments almost matching to each other + + + align:start position:0% +moments almost matching to each other +where people make their own judgments + + align:start position:0% +where people make their own judgments + + + align:start position:0% +where people make their own judgments +and interpret the situation with their + + align:start position:0% +and interpret the situation with their + + + align:start position:0% +and interpret the situation with their +own knowled and make some judgments and + + align:start position:0% +own knowled and make some judgments and + + + align:start position:0% +own knowled and make some judgments and +learn something new that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what let's + + align:start position:0% +what let's + + + align:start position:0% +what let's +yeah yeah this is a critical moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no okay I I will try to to answer your + + align:start position:0% +no okay I I will try to to answer your + + + align:start position:0% +no okay I I will try to to answer your +question and I will pass to sissor after + + align:start position:0% +question and I will pass to sissor after + + + align:start position:0% +question and I will pass to sissor after +that okay it depends of the group it's + + align:start position:0% +that okay it depends of the group it's + + + align:start position:0% +that okay it depends of the group it's +very interesting if you + + align:start position:0% +very interesting if you + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting if you +have two parts of the group who are from + + align:start position:0% +have two parts of the group who are from + + + align:start position:0% +have two parts of the group who are from +different social + + align:start position:0% +different social + + + align:start position:0% +different social +condition okay so for one group of + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so for one group of + + + align:start position:0% +condition okay so for one group of +people they will see the experience from + + align:start position:0% +people they will see the experience from + + + align:start position:0% +people they will see the experience from +their perspective and they will tell + + align:start position:0% +their perspective and they will tell + + + align:start position:0% +their perspective and they will tell +about ER for example I I was doing with + + align:start position:0% +about ER for example I I was doing with + + + align:start position:0% +about ER for example I I was doing with +pons and with the people who were the + + align:start position:0% +pons and with the people who were the + + + align:start position:0% +pons and with the people who were the +owners of the the lands that were + + align:start position:0% +owners of the the lands that were + + + align:start position:0% +owners of the the lands that were +distributed to The Peasants PE huh + + align:start position:0% +distributed to The Peasants PE huh + + + align:start position:0% +distributed to The Peasants PE huh +peasants peasants okay excuse me my my + + align:start position:0% +peasants peasants okay excuse me my my + + + align:start position:0% +peasants peasants okay excuse me my my +English + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and they describe her different process + + align:start position:0% +and they describe her different process + + + align:start position:0% +and they describe her different process +about the experience the critical + + align:start position:0% +about the experience the critical + + + align:start position:0% +about the experience the critical +moments of the experience I made it in + + align:start position:0% +moments of the experience I made it in + + + align:start position:0% +moments of the experience I made it in +Peru in ER with people in Department in + + align:start position:0% +Peru in ER with people in Department in + + + align:start position:0% +Peru in ER with people in Department in +north of Peru where the the Land + + align:start position:0% +north of Peru where the the Land + + + align:start position:0% +north of Peru where the the Land +Reform change a lot the propiety of the + + align:start position:0% +Reform change a lot the propiety of the + + + align:start position:0% +Reform change a lot the propiety of the +land okay 20 years after that I met + + align:start position:0% +land okay 20 years after that I met + + + align:start position:0% +land okay 20 years after that I met +with both groups and we was very + + align:start position:0% +with both groups and we was very + + + align:start position:0% +with both groups and we was very +interesting because they supported to to + + align:start position:0% +interesting because they supported to to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because they supported to to +work together in spite of the the + + align:start position:0% +work together in spite of the the + + + align:start position:0% +work together in spite of the the +traumatic experience for some of them + + align:start position:0% +traumatic experience for some of them + + + align:start position:0% +traumatic experience for some of them +okay but they describe very different + + align:start position:0% +okay but they describe very different + + + align:start position:0% +okay but they describe very different +moments what was very interesting is + + align:start position:0% +moments what was very interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +moments what was very interesting is +that at the end they achieve agreement + + align:start position:0% +that at the end they achieve agreement + + + align:start position:0% +that at the end they achieve agreement +about some + + align:start position:0% +about some + + + align:start position:0% +about some +conclusions + + align:start position:0% +conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions +see they they live the experience very + + align:start position:0% +see they they live the experience very + + + align:start position:0% +see they they live the experience very +differently but they was able to + + align:start position:0% +differently but they was able to + + + align:start position:0% +differently but they was able to +find some common meanings for the + + align:start position:0% +find some common meanings for the + + + align:start position:0% +find some common meanings for the +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +okay and it's very if you have that a + + align:start position:0% +okay and it's very if you have that a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it's very if you have that a +group of + + align:start position:0% +group of + + + align:start position:0% +group of +participants + + align:start position:0% +participants + + + align:start position:0% +participants +H see this this pH critical moments + + align:start position:0% +H see this this pH critical moments + + + align:start position:0% +H see this this pH critical moments +basically negatives and you have another + + align:start position:0% +basically negatives and you have another + + + align:start position:0% +basically negatives and you have another +group + + align:start position:0% +group + + + align:start position:0% +group +here okay it's very interesting to talk + + align:start position:0% +here okay it's very interesting to talk + + + align:start position:0% +here okay it's very interesting to talk +about this + + align:start position:0% +about this + + + align:start position:0% +about this +issue okay and perhaps it may happen + + align:start position:0% +issue okay and perhaps it may happen + + + align:start position:0% +issue okay and perhaps it may happen +that they never talk about this + + align:start position:0% +that they never talk about this + + + align:start position:0% +that they never talk about this +before so you have the opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +before so you have the opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +before so you have the opportunity to +talk with them + + align:start position:0% +talk with them + + + align:start position:0% +talk with them +yeah you can indeed you can do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can indeed you can do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can indeed you can do a lot of +analysis with the information that you + + align:start position:0% +analysis with the information that you + + + align:start position:0% +analysis with the information that you +get from the sum of critical + + align:start position:0% +get from the sum of critical + + + align:start position:0% +get from the sum of critical +moments + + align:start position:0% +moments + + + align:start position:0% +moments +yeah okay I now I pass you okay for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you just for you conclude you have only + + align:start position:0% +you just for you conclude you have only + + + align:start position:0% +you just for you conclude you have only +15 minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I actually to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that I want to say on that last question + + align:start position:0% +that I want to say on that last question + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to say on that last question +too that I think it's + + align:start position:0% +too that I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +too that I think it's +the the difference in perspectives + + align:start position:0% +the the difference in perspectives + + + align:start position:0% +the the difference in perspectives +that's really important in this work and + + align:start position:0% +that's really important in this work and + + + align:start position:0% +that's really important in this work and +so the more complex the group is you + + align:start position:0% +so the more complex the group is you + + + align:start position:0% +so the more complex the group is you +know and the broader the range of the + + align:start position:0% +know and the broader the range of the + + + align:start position:0% +know and the broader the range of the +critical moments that they come up is + + align:start position:0% +critical moments that they come up is + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments that they come up is +really what gives you the Richer kind of + + align:start position:0% +really what gives you the Richer kind of + + + align:start position:0% +really what gives you the Richer kind of +ability to do analysis and stuff out of + + align:start position:0% +ability to do analysis and stuff out of + + + align:start position:0% +ability to do analysis and stuff out of +the work so was a qu to tell + + align:start position:0% +the work so was a qu to tell + + + align:start position:0% +the work so was a qu to tell +uh I'm sorry I had to step out for a + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm sorry I had to step out for a + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm sorry I had to step out for a +moment but I did but I wanted to kind of + + align:start position:0% +moment but I did but I wanted to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +moment but I did but I wanted to kind of +kind of pick back up by asking the + + align:start position:0% +kind of pick back up by asking the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of pick back up by asking the +question kind of given what we've gone + + align:start position:0% +question kind of given what we've gone + + + align:start position:0% +question kind of given what we've gone +through anymore uh so far any questions + + align:start position:0% +through anymore uh so far any questions + + + align:start position:0% +through anymore uh so far any questions +on the table right now let me get my + + align:start position:0% +on the table right now let me get my + + + align:start position:0% +on the table right now let me get my +notebook because I left it that's where + + align:start position:0% +notebook because I left it that's where + + + align:start position:0% +notebook because I left it that's where +I am the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process I have yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so bear with me have you noticed like + + align:start position:0% +um so bear with me have you noticed like + + + align:start position:0% +um so bear with me have you noticed like +when you when you talk to young couples + + align:start position:0% +when you when you talk to young couples + + + align:start position:0% +when you when you talk to young couples +and you talk to old couples young + + align:start position:0% +and you talk to old couples young + + + align:start position:0% +and you talk to old couples young +couples they're talking about what + + align:start position:0% +couples they're talking about what + + + align:start position:0% +couples they're talking about what +they've been going through and they + + align:start position:0% +they've been going through and they + + + align:start position:0% +they've been going through and they +still like see things differently and + + align:start position:0% +still like see things differently and + + + align:start position:0% +still like see things differently and +when you go and you talk to old couples + + align:start position:0% +when you go and you talk to old couples + + + align:start position:0% +when you go and you talk to old couples +they sort of start telling a story and + + align:start position:0% +they sort of start telling a story and + + + align:start position:0% +they sort of start telling a story and +they start of jump into each other + + align:start position:0% +they start of jump into each other + + + align:start position:0% +they start of jump into each other +because they're sort of telling the same + + align:start position:0% +because they're sort of telling the same + + + align:start position:0% +because they're sort of telling the same +story I was wondering is this about + + align:start position:0% +story I was wondering is this about + + + align:start position:0% +story I was wondering is this about +constructing a common history in a group + + align:start position:0% +constructing a common history in a group + + + align:start position:0% +constructing a common history in a group +or what I'm trying to say is like yeah + + align:start position:0% +or what I'm trying to say is like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or what I'm trying to say is like yeah +uh is that is that what it's about like + + align:start position:0% +uh is that is that what it's about like + + + align:start position:0% +uh is that is that what it's about like +you you you sort of construct a group + + align:start position:0% +you you you sort of construct a group + + + align:start position:0% +you you you sort of construct a group +history so that it becomes like the + + align:start position:0% +history so that it becomes like the + + + align:start position:0% +history so that it becomes like the +official way of everybody sort of + + align:start position:0% +official way of everybody sort of + + + align:start position:0% +official way of everybody sort of +looking at at at a at a at a process + + align:start position:0% +looking at at at a at a at a process + + + align:start position:0% +looking at at at a at a at a process +wouldn't that be dangerous I don't know + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't that be dangerous I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't that be dangerous I don't know +that's why I'm I'm asking yeah is that + + align:start position:0% +that's why I'm I'm asking yeah is that + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I'm I'm asking yeah is that +is that it's actually very interesting + + align:start position:0% +is that it's actually very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's actually very interesting +because um when I started out talking + + align:start position:0% +because um when I started out talking + + + align:start position:0% +because um when I started out talking +today one of the things I talked about + + align:start position:0% +today one of the things I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +today one of the things I talked about +is how people's stories of their own + + align:start position:0% +is how people's stories of their own + + + align:start position:0% +is how people's stories of their own +experience often get matched by other + + align:start position:0% +experience often get matched by other + + + align:start position:0% +experience often get matched by other +people and that's the story they start + + align:start position:0% +people and that's the story they start + + + align:start position:0% +people and that's the story they start +telling right that's the story they know + + align:start position:0% +telling right that's the story they know + + + align:start position:0% +telling right that's the story they know +that's the story they start telling and + + align:start position:0% +that's the story they start telling and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the story they start telling and +it becomes in some sense reinforcing and + + align:start position:0% +it becomes in some sense reinforcing and + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes in some sense reinforcing and +I think in very bad ways in ways that + + align:start position:0% +I think in very bad ways in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +I think in very bad ways in ways that +aren't very good and so in that sense + + align:start position:0% +aren't very good and so in that sense + + + align:start position:0% +aren't very good and so in that sense +yes it's a way of people reclaiming a + + align:start position:0% +yes it's a way of people reclaiming a + + + align:start position:0% +yes it's a way of people reclaiming a +story that they can share the thing + + align:start position:0% +story that they can share the thing + + + align:start position:0% +story that they can share the thing +that's difficult about it and I actually + + align:start position:0% +that's difficult about it and I actually + + + align:start position:0% +that's difficult about it and I actually +think the thing that's good about it + + align:start position:0% +think the thing that's good about it + + + align:start position:0% +think the thing that's good about it +it's it's a story that's never settled + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a story that's never settled + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a story that's never settled +right because there's no you know old + + align:start position:0% +right because there's no you know old + + + align:start position:0% +right because there's no you know old +couples do this too right you know one + + align:start position:0% +couples do this too right you know one + + + align:start position:0% +couples do this too right you know one +person will say it happened this way say + + align:start position:0% +person will say it happened this way say + + + align:start position:0% +person will say it happened this way say +no it didn't and what they agree on is + + align:start position:0% +no it didn't and what they agree on is + + + align:start position:0% +no it didn't and what they agree on is +they agree on their disagreement and + + align:start position:0% +they agree on their disagreement and + + + align:start position:0% +they agree on their disagreement and +they both can live side by side you know + + align:start position:0% +they both can live side by side you know + + + align:start position:0% +they both can live side by side you know +we don't have to say it's all was this + + align:start position:0% +we don't have to say it's all was this + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have to say it's all was this +way you know there can be different + + align:start position:0% +way you know there can be different + + + align:start position:0% +way you know there can be different +perspectives that actually sit side by + + align:start position:0% +perspectives that actually sit side by + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives that actually sit side by +side and we can say okay we can hold on + + align:start position:0% +side and we can say okay we can hold on + + + align:start position:0% +side and we can say okay we can hold on +to those two things are both true at the + + align:start position:0% +to those two things are both true at the + + + align:start position:0% +to those two things are both true at the +same time and so for me that's really + + align:start position:0% +same time and so for me that's really + + + align:start position:0% +same time and so for me that's really +what we're trying to get to is the + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to get to is the + + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to get to is the +complexity of it because the reality of + + align:start position:0% +complexity of it because the reality of + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of it because the reality of +all these situations is that there isn't + + align:start position:0% +all these situations is that there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +all these situations is that there isn't +one truth there isn't one story they're + + align:start position:0% +one truth there isn't one story they're + + + align:start position:0% +one truth there isn't one story they're +very complex they're very + + align:start position:0% +very complex they're very + + + align:start position:0% +very complex they're very +interl and what you're hoping is my my + + align:start position:0% +interl and what you're hoping is my my + + + align:start position:0% +interl and what you're hoping is my my +standpoint is + + align:start position:0% +standpoint is + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint is +to for people outside of a community + + align:start position:0% +to for people outside of a community + + + align:start position:0% +to for people outside of a community +look in is to understand that it is + + align:start position:0% +look in is to understand that it is + + + align:start position:0% +look in is to understand that it is +complex and for people inside to + + align:start position:0% +complex and for people inside to + + + align:start position:0% +complex and for people inside to +understand the work that they're doing + + align:start position:0% +understand the work that they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +understand the work that they're doing +is complex but it's also important for + + align:start position:0% +is complex but it's also important for + + + align:start position:0% +is complex but it's also important for +them to be able to synthesize stuff from + + align:start position:0% +them to be able to synthesize stuff from + + + align:start position:0% +them to be able to synthesize stuff from +it to help bring some Unity to moving + + align:start position:0% +it to help bring some Unity to moving + + + align:start position:0% +it to help bring some Unity to moving +forward so it's both of those things at + + align:start position:0% +forward so it's both of those things at + + + align:start position:0% +forward so it's both of those things at +the same time you're trying to hold you + + align:start position:0% +the same time you're trying to hold you + + + align:start position:0% +the same time you're trying to hold you +know the kind of can we tell a complex + + align:start position:0% +know the kind of can we tell a complex + + + align:start position:0% +know the kind of can we tell a complex +Rich story of who we + + align:start position:0% +Rich story of who we + + + align:start position:0% +Rich story of who we +are and open that up and at the same + + align:start position:0% +are and open that up and at the same + + + align:start position:0% +are and open that up and at the same +time can we be get clear about what does + + align:start position:0% +time can we be get clear about what does + + + align:start position:0% +time can we be get clear about what does +it tell us about where we're going next + + align:start position:0% +it tell us about where we're going next + + + align:start position:0% +it tell us about where we're going next +and because most of my work is really + + align:start position:0% +and because most of my work is really + + + align:start position:0% +and because most of my work is really +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +communities uh communities spend a lot + + align:start position:0% +communities uh communities spend a lot + + + align:start position:0% +communities uh communities spend a lot +of time hiding from themselves right + + align:start position:0% +of time hiding from themselves right + + + align:start position:0% +of time hiding from themselves right +it's really hard particularly in this + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard particularly in this + + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard particularly in this +country it's what I know a lot it's + + align:start position:0% +country it's what I know a lot it's + + + align:start position:0% +country it's what I know a lot it's +really hard for people to kind of be in + + align:start position:0% +really hard for people to kind of be in + + + align:start position:0% +really hard for people to kind of be in +the business of telling the truth to + + align:start position:0% +the business of telling the truth to + + + align:start position:0% +the business of telling the truth to +themselves about their place their + + align:start position:0% +themselves about their place their + + + align:start position:0% +themselves about their place their +community and the people they work with + + align:start position:0% +community and the people they work with + + + align:start position:0% +community and the people they work with +and so part of this is about getting + + align:start position:0% +and so part of this is about getting + + + align:start position:0% +and so part of this is about getting +that out + + align:start position:0% +that out + + + align:start position:0% +that out +also so yes and + + align:start position:0% +also so yes and + + + align:start position:0% +also so yes and +no well yeah could you be a little more + + align:start position:0% +no well yeah could you be a little more + + + align:start position:0% +no well yeah could you be a little more +specific about who you would invite to + + align:start position:0% +specific about who you would invite to + + + align:start position:0% +specific about who you would invite to +participate in I mean setting aside + + align:start position:0% +participate in I mean setting aside + + + align:start position:0% +participate in I mean setting aside +question you wanted to be have + + align:start position:0% +question you wanted to be have + + + align:start position:0% +question you wanted to be have +commonality in terms of practice level + + align:start position:0% +commonality in terms of practice level + + + align:start position:0% +commonality in terms of practice level +of practice uh experience with that + + align:start position:0% +of practice uh experience with that + + + align:start position:0% +of practice uh experience with that +practice um do you I'm thinking now + + align:start position:0% +practice um do you I'm thinking now + + + align:start position:0% +practice um do you I'm thinking now +of you know the big range between + + align:start position:0% +of you know the big range between + + + align:start position:0% +of you know the big range between +Grassroots you know + + align:start position:0% +Grassroots you know + + + align:start position:0% +Grassroots you know +residents I'm not sure what we're call + + align:start position:0% +residents I'm not sure what we're call + + + align:start position:0% +residents I'm not sure what we're call +grassroot + + align:start position:0% +grassroot + + + align:start position:0% +grassroot +participants as opposed to The Other + + align:start position:0% +participants as opposed to The Other + + + align:start position:0% +participants as opposed to The Other +Extreme which would be policy + + align:start position:0% +Extreme which would be policy + + + align:start position:0% +Extreme which would be policy +makers can you give me a sense of how + + align:start position:0% +makers can you give me a sense of how + + + align:start position:0% +makers can you give me a sense of how +you Blended whether it's good to blend + + align:start position:0% +you Blended whether it's good to blend + + + align:start position:0% +you Blended whether it's good to blend +those extremes or whether you should + + align:start position:0% +those extremes or whether you should + + + align:start position:0% +those extremes or whether you should +dose + + align:start position:0% +dose + + + align:start position:0% +dose +keep it down a little bit in ter + + align:start position:0% +keep it down a little bit in ter + + + align:start position:0% +keep it down a little bit in ter +particularly in terms of bringing + + align:start position:0% +particularly in terms of bringing + + + align:start position:0% +particularly in terms of bringing +in the more abstract policy makers into + + align:start position:0% +in the more abstract policy makers into + + + align:start position:0% +in the more abstract policy makers into +the process yeah + + align:start position:0% +the process yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the process yeah +um uh a couple of thoughts on that and + + align:start position:0% +um uh a couple of thoughts on that and + + + align:start position:0% +um uh a couple of thoughts on that and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +only in a little experience a lot of + + align:start position:0% +only in a little experience a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +only in a little experience a lot of +thought and a little experience on it + + align:start position:0% +thought and a little experience on it + + + align:start position:0% +thought and a little experience on it +um I think you're weighing really + + align:start position:0% +um I think you're weighing really + + + align:start position:0% +um I think you're weighing really +different things in those those if I + + align:start position:0% +different things in those those if I + + + align:start position:0% +different things in those those if I +look at that + + align:start position:0% +look at that + + + align:start position:0% +look at that +Spectrum uh so one of the things you're + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum uh so one of the things you're + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum uh so one of the things you're +weighing in that spectrum is for people + + align:start position:0% +weighing in that spectrum is for people + + + align:start position:0% +weighing in that spectrum is for people +who often haven't had an opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +who often haven't had an opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +who often haven't had an opportunity to +name their experience in the world they + + align:start position:0% +name their experience in the world they + + + align:start position:0% +name their experience in the world they +really need to have a space that's + + align:start position:0% +really need to have a space that's + + + align:start position:0% +really need to have a space that's +really about honoring that and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +really about honoring that and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +really about honoring that and sometimes +when you mix it with two Brad of a group + + align:start position:0% +when you mix it with two Brad of a group + + + align:start position:0% +when you mix it with two Brad of a group +that space gets kind of basically + + align:start position:0% +that space gets kind of basically + + + align:start position:0% +that space gets kind of basically +corrupted for that it's not impossible + + align:start position:0% +corrupted for that it's not impossible + + + align:start position:0% +corrupted for that it's not impossible +to do it together but then you have to + + align:start position:0% +to do it together but then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +to do it together but then you have to +lay down some really strict rules about + + align:start position:0% +lay down some really strict rules about + + + align:start position:0% +lay down some really strict rules about +how things happen and what the + + align:start position:0% +how things happen and what the + + + align:start position:0% +how things happen and what the +conversation is and that's why if you + + align:start position:0% +conversation is and that's why if you + + + align:start position:0% +conversation is and that's why if you +lay things down that people can only + + align:start position:0% +lay things down that people can only + + + align:start position:0% +lay things down that people can only +speak out of their experience well it's + + align:start position:0% +speak out of their experience well it's + + + align:start position:0% +speak out of their experience well it's +interesting you can put policy is in the + + align:start position:0% +interesting you can put policy is in the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting you can put policy is in the +same room and if you ask force them to + + align:start position:0% +same room and if you ask force them to + + + align:start position:0% +same room and if you ask force them to +speak out of their + + align:start position:0% +speak out of their + + + align:start position:0% +speak out of their +experience right it's a very different + + align:start position:0% +experience right it's a very different + + + align:start position:0% +experience right it's a very different +conversation for them too right it's a + + align:start position:0% +conversation for them too right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +conversation for them too right it's a +very different conversation for them uh + + align:start position:0% +very different conversation for them uh + + + align:start position:0% +very different conversation for them uh +so you can you can hold that complexity + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can hold that complexity + + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can hold that complexity +if you just if you hold that rule and + + align:start position:0% +if you just if you hold that rule and + + + align:start position:0% +if you just if you hold that rule and +you're consistently consistently you + + align:start position:0% +you're consistently consistently you + + + align:start position:0% +you're consistently consistently you +know just pushing it and pushing it and + + align:start position:0% +know just pushing it and pushing it and + + + align:start position:0% +know just pushing it and pushing it and +pushing it uh because it's the + + align:start position:0% +pushing it uh because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +pushing it uh because it's the +abstractions that are their problem + + align:start position:0% +abstractions that are their problem + + + align:start position:0% +abstractions that are their problem +right has this been applied to groups of + + align:start position:0% +right has this been applied to groups of + + + align:start position:0% +right has this been applied to groups of +policy makers principle we've done with + + align:start position:0% +policy makers principle we've done with + + + align:start position:0% +policy makers principle we've done with +uh we've done the work with people in + + align:start position:0% +uh we've done the work with people in + + + align:start position:0% +uh we've done the work with people in +foundations before uh which are a really + + align:start position:0% +foundations before uh which are a really + + + align:start position:0% +foundations before uh which are a really +weird kind of group they're kind of like + + align:start position:0% +weird kind of group they're kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +weird kind of group they're kind of like +they nether fish or foul I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +they nether fish or foul I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +they nether fish or foul I'm not sure +what they are you know but we've done a + + align:start position:0% +what they are you know but we've done a + + + align:start position:0% +what they are you know but we've done a +lot we've done this with uh groups who + + align:start position:0% +lot we've done this with uh groups who + + + align:start position:0% +lot we've done this with uh groups who +who are people who work in foundations + + align:start position:0% +who are people who work in foundations + + + align:start position:0% +who are people who work in foundations +uh which has been very interesting kind + + align:start position:0% +uh which has been very interesting kind + + + align:start position:0% +uh which has been very interesting kind +of looking at their work uh and we've + + align:start position:0% +of looking at their work uh and we've + + + align:start position:0% +of looking at their work uh and we've +only done a couple of mixes where we've + + align:start position:0% +only done a couple of mixes where we've + + + align:start position:0% +only done a couple of mixes where we've +had really kind of what I would say + + align:start position:0% +had really kind of what I would say + + + align:start position:0% +had really kind of what I would say +policy people in the room with folks who + + align:start position:0% +policy people in the room with folks who + + + align:start position:0% +policy people in the room with folks who +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +residents um and then and some + + align:start position:0% +residents um and then and some + + + align:start position:0% +residents um and then and some +intermediaries and it's worked okay but + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries and it's worked okay but + + + align:start position:0% +intermediaries and it's worked okay but +the the system we did that under wasn't + + align:start position:0% +the the system we did that under wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +the the system we did that under wasn't +the full system so I kind of would leave + + align:start position:0% +the full system so I kind of would leave + + + align:start position:0% +the full system so I kind of would leave +it out to say how does it work my sense + + align:start position:0% +it out to say how does it work my sense + + + align:start position:0% +it out to say how does it work my sense +is that it really isn't a problem the + + align:start position:0% +is that it really isn't a problem the + + + align:start position:0% +is that it really isn't a problem the +problem is holding the frame and making + + align:start position:0% +problem is holding the frame and making + + + align:start position:0% +problem is holding the frame and making +everybody kind of stay in that frame + + align:start position:0% +everybody kind of stay in that frame + + + align:start position:0% +everybody kind of stay in that frame +because everyone pushes out of it for + + align:start position:0% +because everyone pushes out of it for + + + align:start position:0% +because everyone pushes out of it for +different reasons you know you know + + align:start position:0% +different reasons you know you know + + + align:start position:0% +different reasons you know you know +folks on the + + align:start position:0% +folks on the + + + align:start position:0% +folks on the +ground push out of it by saying they + + align:start position:0% +ground push out of it by saying they + + + align:start position:0% +ground push out of it by saying they +don't know + + align:start position:0% +don't know + + + align:start position:0% +don't know +anything right and people who or you + + align:start position:0% +anything right and people who or you + + + align:start position:0% +anything right and people who or you +know policy makers that have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +know policy makers that have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +know policy makers that have a lot of +you know that kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know that kind of +abstraction push on it by abstracting + + align:start position:0% +abstraction push on it by abstracting + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction push on it by abstracting +everything and staying out of their own + + align:start position:0% +everything and staying out of their own + + + align:start position:0% +everything and staying out of their own +experience and if you just kind of hold + + align:start position:0% +experience and if you just kind of hold + + + align:start position:0% +experience and if you just kind of hold +that I think you can get + + align:start position:0% +that I think you can get + + + align:start position:0% +that I think you can get +there but you really you really do have + + align:start position:0% +there but you really you really do have + + + align:start position:0% +there but you really you really do have +to kind of hold people to the ground on + + align:start position:0% +to kind of hold people to the ground on + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of hold people to the ground on +it I think so far we haven't talked too + + align:start position:0% +it I think so far we haven't talked too + + + align:start position:0% +it I think so far we haven't talked too +much about the role of the facilitator + + align:start position:0% +much about the role of the facilitator + + + align:start position:0% +much about the role of the facilitator +in this process yeah I don't if you + + align:start position:0% +in this process yeah I don't if you + + + align:start position:0% +in this process yeah I don't if you +could talk a little bit about that + + align:start position:0% +could talk a little bit about that + + + align:start position:0% +could talk a little bit about that +it's appropriate well it's appropriate + + align:start position:0% +it's appropriate well it's appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +it's appropriate well it's appropriate +it's very interesting because saso and I + + align:start position:0% +it's very interesting because saso and I + + + align:start position:0% +it's very interesting because saso and I +are trying to figure out this whole + + align:start position:0% +are trying to figure out this whole + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to figure out this whole +thing about what makes facilitating a + + align:start position:0% +thing about what makes facilitating a + + + align:start position:0% +thing about what makes facilitating a +reflective process different than + + align:start position:0% +reflective process different than + + + align:start position:0% +reflective process different than +facilitating other kinds of processes + + align:start position:0% +facilitating other kinds of processes + + + align:start position:0% +facilitating other kinds of processes +and they really are different and one of + + align:start position:0% +and they really are different and one of + + + align:start position:0% +and they really are different and one of +the things that they're makes a very + + align:start position:0% +the things that they're makes a very + + + align:start position:0% +the things that they're makes a very +different is that the the facilitator's + + align:start position:0% +different is that the the facilitator's + + + align:start position:0% +different is that the the facilitator's +role is really focused on supporting + + align:start position:0% +role is really focused on supporting + + + align:start position:0% +role is really focused on supporting +each person's in their ability to kind + + align:start position:0% +each person's in their ability to kind + + + align:start position:0% +each person's in their ability to kind +of stay focused on + + align:start position:0% +of stay focused on + + + align:start position:0% +of stay focused on +themselves and to push them around their + + align:start position:0% +themselves and to push them around their + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and to push them around their +own kind of internal kind of reflection + + align:start position:0% +own kind of internal kind of reflection + + + align:start position:0% +own kind of internal kind of reflection +and naming of stories and then to help + + align:start position:0% +and naming of stories and then to help + + + align:start position:0% +and naming of stories and then to help +the group try to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +the group try to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +the group try to figure out how to +extract lessons from that saying true to + + align:start position:0% +extract lessons from that saying true to + + + align:start position:0% +extract lessons from that saying true to +the experiences that were there and it's + + align:start position:0% +the experiences that were there and it's + + + align:start position:0% +the experiences that were there and it's +a it's a very difficult job because we + + align:start position:0% +a it's a very difficult job because we + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a very difficult job because we +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +we Sebastian and I have done it together + + align:start position:0% +we Sebastian and I have done it together + + + align:start position:0% +we Sebastian and I have done it together +we've done it with other people in + + align:start position:0% +we've done it with other people in + + + align:start position:0% +we've done it with other people in +different kinds of situations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you really have to kind of give + + align:start position:0% +and you really have to kind of give + + + align:start position:0% +and you really have to kind of give +yourself over to + + align:start position:0% +yourself over to + + + align:start position:0% +yourself over to +to believe I mean you really have to + + align:start position:0% +to believe I mean you really have to + + + align:start position:0% +to believe I mean you really have to +firmly believe that everyone everyone + + align:start position:0% +firmly believe that everyone everyone + + + align:start position:0% +firmly believe that everyone everyone +has really valuable knowledge and + + align:start position:0% +has really valuable knowledge and + + + align:start position:0% +has really valuable knowledge and +experience and all your job is about is + + align:start position:0% +experience and all your job is about is + + + align:start position:0% +experience and all your job is about is +helping them find that in themselves and + + align:start position:0% +helping them find that in themselves and + + + align:start position:0% +helping them find that in themselves and +pay attention to it that's your job it's + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to it that's your job it's + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to it that's your job it's +really you know look at it's a hard job + + align:start position:0% +really you know look at it's a hard job + + + align:start position:0% +really you know look at it's a hard job +but not sure it's hard but it's just a + + align:start position:0% +but not sure it's hard but it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +but not sure it's hard but it's just a +piece of work you have to just kind of + + align:start position:0% +piece of work you have to just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +piece of work you have to just kind of +stay focused on and kind of keep pushing + + align:start position:0% +stay focused on and kind of keep pushing + + + align:start position:0% +stay focused on and kind of keep pushing +the other thing in our facilitation + + align:start position:0% +the other thing in our facilitation + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing in our facilitation +process is because we really believe + + align:start position:0% +process is because we really believe + + + align:start position:0% +process is because we really believe +that it's not just what you say but also + + align:start position:0% +that it's not just what you say but also + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not just what you say but also +kind of what you do so we do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +kind of what you do so we do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of what you do so we do a lot of +things but we also think charting stuff + + align:start position:0% +things but we also think charting stuff + + + align:start position:0% +things but we also think charting stuff +is important it's actually really + + align:start position:0% +is important it's actually really + + + align:start position:0% +is important it's actually really +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +how for people who we take it for + + align:start position:0% +how for people who we take it for + + + align:start position:0% +how for people who we take it for +granted as people who can sit here in a + + align:start position:0% +granted as people who can sit here in a + + + align:start position:0% +granted as people who can sit here in a +university doing stuff that we can write + + align:start position:0% +university doing stuff that we can write + + + align:start position:0% +university doing stuff that we can write +things down about what we + + align:start position:0% +things down about what we + + + align:start position:0% +things down about what we +know and a lot of people don't have that + + align:start position:0% +know and a lot of people don't have that + + + align:start position:0% +know and a lot of people don't have that +experience in the world right the idea + + align:start position:0% +experience in the world right the idea + + + align:start position:0% +experience in the world right the idea +that words can be written down in + + align:start position:0% +that words can be written down in + + + align:start position:0% +that words can be written down in +relationship to the ideas that they have + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the ideas that they have + + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the ideas that they have +right is a can for a lot for some people + + align:start position:0% +right is a can for a lot for some people + + + align:start position:0% +right is a can for a lot for some people +it's a really kind of new experience and + + align:start position:0% +it's a really kind of new experience and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a really kind of new experience and +that they can work from going from their + + align:start position:0% +that they can work from going from their + + + align:start position:0% +that they can work from going from their +ideas and really getting Tighter and a + + align:start position:0% +ideas and really getting Tighter and a + + + align:start position:0% +ideas and really getting Tighter and a +lot more sophisticated about the + + align:start position:0% +lot more sophisticated about the + + + align:start position:0% +lot more sophisticated about the +representation of what that means in + + align:start position:0% +representation of what that means in + + + align:start position:0% +representation of what that means in +words on a paper and so we you we + + align:start position:0% +words on a paper and so we you we + + + align:start position:0% +words on a paper and so we you we +document everything when we do these + + align:start position:0% +document everything when we do these + + + align:start position:0% +document everything when we do these +processes I do mean everything and Jody + + align:start position:0% +processes I do mean everything and Jody + + + align:start position:0% +processes I do mean everything and Jody +can attest to this because K thought + + align:start position:0% +can attest to this because K thought + + + align:start position:0% +can attest to this because K thought +that they did really good documentation + + align:start position:0% +that they did really good documentation + + + align:start position:0% +that they did really good documentation +until we took them through a reflection + + align:start position:0% +until we took them through a reflection + + + align:start position:0% +until we took them through a reflection +process and and they gave up they said + + align:start position:0% +process and and they gave up they said + + + align:start position:0% +process and and they gave up they said +okay you guys win because we we document + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys win because we we document + + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys win because we we document +everything and keep track of the + + align:start position:0% +everything and keep track of the + + + align:start position:0% +everything and keep track of the +documentation so that people can go back + + align:start position:0% +documentation so that people can go back + + + align:start position:0% +documentation so that people can go back +and look at it because this this idea of + + align:start position:0% +and look at it because this this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +and look at it because this this idea of +Again part of you know again if you + + align:start position:0% +Again part of you know again if you + + + align:start position:0% +Again part of you know again if you +think that what we're trying to do is + + align:start position:0% +think that what we're trying to do is + + + align:start position:0% +think that what we're trying to do is +build frames of kind of I mean trying to + + align:start position:0% +build frames of kind of I mean trying to + + + align:start position:0% +build frames of kind of I mean trying to +build knowledge processes for + + align:start position:0% +build knowledge processes for + + + align:start position:0% +build knowledge processes for +communities well one of the things we + + align:start position:0% +communities well one of the things we + + + align:start position:0% +communities well one of the things we +want to do is help people move connect + + align:start position:0% +want to do is help people move connect + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is help people move connect +what they know verbally or instinctively + + align:start position:0% +what they know verbally or instinctively + + + align:start position:0% +what they know verbally or instinctively +or in their body to actually connect it + + align:start position:0% +or in their body to actually connect it + + + align:start position:0% +or in their body to actually connect it +and putting in different forms that can + + align:start position:0% +and putting in different forms that can + + + align:start position:0% +and putting in different forms that can +be shared with other people and so + + align:start position:0% +be shared with other people and so + + + align:start position:0% +be shared with other people and so +that's a lot of why we pay a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot of why we pay a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot of why we pay a lot of +attention to the documentation but it's + + align:start position:0% +attention to the documentation but it's + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the documentation but it's +also really important for people in + + align:start position:0% +also really important for people in + + + align:start position:0% +also really important for people in +their thinking to be able to track their + + align:start position:0% +their thinking to be able to track their + + + align:start position:0% +their thinking to be able to track their +thoughts and their words visually and + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and their words visually and + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and their words visually and +see them kind of go other places and it + + align:start position:0% +see them kind of go other places and it + + + align:start position:0% +see them kind of go other places and it +really helps a lot for that so our + + align:start position:0% +really helps a lot for that so our + + + align:start position:0% +really helps a lot for that so our +facilitation is is both what happens + + align:start position:0% +facilitation is is both what happens + + + align:start position:0% +facilitation is is both what happens +when someone's standing in the front and + + align:start position:0% +when someone's standing in the front and + + + align:start position:0% +when someone's standing in the front and +giving instructions but it's also just + + align:start position:0% +giving instructions but it's also just + + + align:start position:0% +giving instructions but it's also just +as equally what's happening in the + + align:start position:0% +as equally what's happening in the + + + align:start position:0% +as equally what's happening in the +background in the kind of charting of + + align:start position:0% +background in the kind of charting of + + + align:start position:0% +background in the kind of charting of +information in the in the in the + + align:start position:0% +information in the in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +information in the in the in the +Gathering and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff anything else things that yeah we + + align:start position:0% +stuff anything else things that yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +stuff anything else things that yeah we +need to oh yeah we're three minut okay + + align:start position:0% +need to oh yeah we're three minut okay + + + align:start position:0% +need to oh yeah we're three minut okay +so next week yes quick yeah um I'm + + align:start position:0% +so next week yes quick yeah um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so next week yes quick yeah um I'm +thinking more of you say like you know + + align:start position:0% +thinking more of you say like you know + + + align:start position:0% +thinking more of you say like you know +if um there things people agreeing + + align:start position:0% +if um there things people agreeing + + + align:start position:0% +if um there things people agreeing +disagree and that's both part of the + + align:start position:0% +disagree and that's both part of the + + + align:start position:0% +disagree and that's both part of the +story yes but um what are the + + align:start position:0% +story yes but um what are the + + + align:start position:0% +story yes but um what are the +implications of this for like + + align:start position:0% +implications of this for like + + + align:start position:0% +implications of this for like +communities + + align:start position:0% +communities + + + align:start position:0% +communities +um you know that contain like both the + + align:start position:0% +um you know that contain like both the + + + align:start position:0% +um you know that contain like both the +agre and the aggressors you know in all + + align:start position:0% +agre and the aggressors you know in all + + + align:start position:0% +agre and the aggressors you know in all +this truth reconciliations truth + + align:start position:0% +this truth reconciliations truth + + + align:start position:0% +this truth reconciliations truth +commissions thing thing and all that + + align:start position:0% +commissions thing thing and all that + + + align:start position:0% +commissions thing thing and all that +because um you know it's good that + + align:start position:0% +because um you know it's good that + + + align:start position:0% +because um you know it's good that +people tell their story because they + + align:start position:0% +people tell their story because they + + + align:start position:0% +people tell their story because they +have to reconstruct the persons and you + + align:start position:0% +have to reconstruct the persons and you + + + align:start position:0% +have to reconstruct the persons and you +know it's it's a historical thing it's a + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's a historical thing it's a + + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's a historical thing it's a +national thing but how do you handle + + align:start position:0% +national thing but how do you handle + + + align:start position:0% +national thing but how do you handle +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +because you honor both you know and and + + align:start position:0% +because you honor both you know and and + + + align:start position:0% +because you honor both you know and and +most of these cases are they're also + + align:start position:0% +most of these cases are they're also + + + align:start position:0% +most of these cases are they're also +people of communities there are your + + align:start position:0% +people of communities there are your + + + align:start position:0% +people of communities there are your +there are your KS and all that that have + + align:start position:0% +there are your KS and all that that have + + + align:start position:0% +there are your KS and all that that have +been both you know the aggressors in the + + align:start position:0% +been both you know the aggressors in the + + + align:start position:0% +been both you know the aggressors in the +community + + align:start position:0% +community + + + align:start position:0% +community +this is a really important question and + + align:start position:0% +this is a really important question and + + + align:start position:0% +this is a really important question and +I would maybe sometime we can figure out + + align:start position:0% +I would maybe sometime we can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +I would maybe sometime we can figure out +how to put this in and I can talk to you + + align:start position:0% +how to put this in and I can talk to you + + + align:start position:0% +how to put this in and I can talk to you +about some work I've been doing with the + + align:start position:0% +about some work I've been doing with the + + + align:start position:0% +about some work I've been doing with the +truth and reconcil there's a Truth and + + align:start position:0% +truth and reconcil there's a Truth and + + + align:start position:0% +truth and reconcil there's a Truth and +Reconciliation Commission going on in + + align:start position:0% +Reconciliation Commission going on in + + + align:start position:0% +Reconciliation Commission going on in +the United States in Greensboro and + + align:start position:0% +the United States in Greensboro and + + + align:start position:0% +the United States in Greensboro and +we've actually been using this process + + align:start position:0% +we've actually been using this process + + + align:start position:0% +we've actually been using this process +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +Commissioners uh which represent a + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners uh which represent a + + + align:start position:0% +Commissioners uh which represent a +really broad group of people who + + align:start position:0% +really broad group of people who + + + align:start position:0% +really broad group of people who +represent the aggressors and the victims + + align:start position:0% +represent the aggressors and the victims + + + align:start position:0% +represent the aggressors and the victims +in this thing and I could actually talk + + align:start position:0% +in this thing and I could actually talk + + + align:start position:0% +in this thing and I could actually talk +to that on point so maybe sometime I can + + align:start position:0% +to that on point so maybe sometime I can + + + align:start position:0% +to that on point so maybe sometime I can +bring that up and hit that a little more + + align:start position:0% +bring that up and hit that a little more + + + align:start position:0% +bring that up and hit that a little more +head on go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ahead oh okay I keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forgetting tomorrow we will will be + + align:start position:0% +forgetting tomorrow we will will be + + + align:start position:0% +forgetting tomorrow we will will be +working about knowledge + + align:start position:0% +working about knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +working about knowledge +generation okay + + align:start position:0% +generation okay + + + align:start position:0% +generation okay +okay and I + + align:start position:0% +okay and I + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I +will give you something + + align:start position:0% +will give you something + + + align:start position:0% +will give you something +for you to + + align:start position:0% +for you to + + + align:start position:0% +for you to +read yeah + + align:start position:0% +read yeah + + + align:start position:0% +read yeah +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +add + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes this is a very particular way of + + align:start position:0% +yes this is a very particular way of + + + align:start position:0% +yes this is a very particular way of +conceiving knowledge generation is a + + align:start position:0% +conceiving knowledge generation is a + + + align:start position:0% +conceiving knowledge generation is a +work of kushiro nonaka uh Japanese + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +who developed the approach of making + + align:start position:0% +who developed the approach of making + + + align:start position:0% +who developed the approach of making +tacit knowledge explicit as a way to + + align:start position:0% +tacit knowledge explicit as a way to + + + align:start position:0% +tacit knowledge explicit as a way to +generate knowledge it's very + + align:start position:0% +generate knowledge it's very + + + align:start position:0% +generate knowledge it's very +interesting and after him everyone who + + align:start position:0% +interesting and after him everyone who + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and after him everyone who +was working in this kind of issue began + + align:start position:0% +was working in this kind of issue began + + + align:start position:0% +was working in this kind of issue began +to incorporate his approach the other + + align:start position:0% +to incorporate his approach the other + + + align:start position:0% +to incorporate his approach the other +thing I have here is a + + align:start position:0% +thing I have here is a + + + align:start position:0% +thing I have here is a +video that is a method a reflection + + align:start position:0% +video that is a method a reflection + + + align:start position:0% +video that is a method a reflection +methodology a different reflection + + align:start position:0% +methodology a different reflection + + + align:start position:0% +methodology a different reflection +methodology from the US Army It's very + + align:start position:0% +methodology from the US Army It's very + + + align:start position:0% +methodology from the US Army It's very +effective + + align:start position:0% +effective + + + align:start position:0% +effective +okay it will be it's a a VCR it will it + + align:start position:0% +okay it will be it's a a VCR it will it + + + align:start position:0% +okay it will be it's a a VCR it will it +is a video it will be in the roach + + align:start position:0% +is a video it will be in the roach + + + align:start position:0% +is a video it will be in the roach +Library R Rush Library thank you + + align:start position:0% +Library R Rush Library thank you + + + align:start position:0% +Library R Rush Library thank you +and if you want some more information + + align:start position:0% +and if you want some more information + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want some more information +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +it you can go to the crcp + + align:start position:0% +it you can go to the crcp + + + align:start position:0% +it you can go to the crcp +7307 okay or you can go to the directory + + align:start position:0% +7307 okay or you can go to the directory + + + align:start position:0% +7307 okay or you can go to the directory +to the library no and ask them for using + + align:start position:0% +to the library no and ask them for using + + + align:start position:0% +to the library no and ask them for using +the the video what do it called its name + + align:start position:0% +the the video what do it called its name + + + align:start position:0% +the the video what do it called its name +is is learning after doing okay okay + + align:start position:0% +is is learning after doing okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +is is learning after doing okay okay +learning after doing it's a series of + + align:start position:0% +learning after doing it's a series of + + + align:start position:0% +learning after doing it's a series of +harbard + + align:start position:0% +harbard + + + align:start position:0% +harbard +okay very short it's 15 minutes yes case + + align:start position:0% +okay very short it's 15 minutes yes case + + + align:start position:0% +okay very short it's 15 minutes yes case +study the US Army reflecting on on + + align:start position:0% +study the US Army reflecting on on + + + align:start position:0% +study the US Army reflecting on on +certain actions this is for very brief + + align:start position:0% +certain actions this is for very brief + + + align:start position:0% +certain actions this is for very brief +experience and it's made just after the + + align:start position:0% +experience and it's made just after the + + + align:start position:0% +experience and it's made just after the +experiences have + + align:start position:0% +experiences have + + + align:start position:0% +experiences have +finished this this methodologies for + + align:start position:0% +finished this this methodologies for + + + align:start position:0% +finished this this methodologies for +much longer + + align:start position:0% +much longer + + + align:start position:0% +much longer +periods okay and + + align:start position:0% +periods okay and + + + align:start position:0% +periods okay and +include much more kind of analysis this + + align:start position:0% +include much more kind of analysis this + + + align:start position:0% +include much more kind of analysis this +is much + + align:start position:0% +is much + + + align:start position:0% +is much +simpler okay it's just to to try to + + align:start position:0% +simpler okay it's just to to try to + + + align:start position:0% +simpler okay it's just to to try to +understand what I was trying to achieve + + align:start position:0% +understand what I was trying to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +understand what I was trying to achieve +what I did what I really + + align:start position:0% +what I did what I really + + + align:start position:0% +what I did what I really +achieved and why the + + align:start position:0% +achieved and why the + + + align:start position:0% +achieved and why the +differences okay but this is very very + + align:start position:0% +differences okay but this is very very + + + align:start position:0% +differences okay but this is very very +practical okay that's all oh thank you + + align:start position:0% +practical okay that's all oh thank you + + + align:start position:0% +practical okay that's all oh thank you +very much we will be + + align:start position:0% +very much we will be + + + align:start position:0% +very much we will be +tomorrow for a new challenge okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JDRa0SwOf2k.txt b/JDRa0SwOf2k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cca259137ca3da31d549d1ef2da10778219e4b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/JDRa0SwOf2k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2619 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I want to give an answer to - okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +I want to give an answer to - okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +I want to give an answer to - okay yeah +because so far it was like how do the + + align:start position:0% +because so far it was like how do the + + + align:start position:0% +because so far it was like how do the +discourse power affect the role like how + + align:start position:0% +discourse power affect the role like how + + + align:start position:0% +discourse power affect the role like how +do I don't know how to discuss powers + + align:start position:0% +do I don't know how to discuss powers + + + align:start position:0% +do I don't know how to discuss powers +affect how I choose to I guess identify + + align:start position:0% +affect how I choose to I guess identify + + + align:start position:0% +affect how I choose to I guess identify +or like how I choose my decisions + + align:start position:0% +or like how I choose my decisions + + + align:start position:0% +or like how I choose my decisions +related to language for example for + + align:start position:0% +related to language for example for + + + align:start position:0% +related to language for example for +Mexico and I Spanish but at the same + + align:start position:0% +Mexico and I Spanish but at the same + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico and I Spanish but at the same +time like part of wanting to be more + + align:start position:0% +time like part of wanting to be more + + + align:start position:0% +time like part of wanting to be more +Mexican is like acknowledging that like + + align:start position:0% +Mexican is like acknowledging that like + + + align:start position:0% +Mexican is like acknowledging that like +we have native languages that you know + + align:start position:0% +we have native languages that you know + + + align:start position:0% +we have native languages that you know +like Spanish is the language that was + + align:start position:0% +like Spanish is the language that was + + + align:start position:0% +like Spanish is the language that was +imposed on people who are from the land + + align:start position:0% +imposed on people who are from the land + + + align:start position:0% +imposed on people who are from the land +of mix you know and like it's something + + align:start position:0% +of mix you know and like it's something + + + align:start position:0% +of mix you know and like it's something +like because I underst the cause I wanna + + align:start position:0% +like because I underst the cause I wanna + + + align:start position:0% +like because I underst the cause I wanna +like I don't know like get to know that + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know like get to know that + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know like get to know that +because I like it's not me that + + align:start position:0% +because I like it's not me that + + + align:start position:0% +because I like it's not me that +motivates me to try to learn another + + align:start position:0% +motivates me to try to learn another + + + align:start position:0% +motivates me to try to learn another +native languages I know but just because + + align:start position:0% +native languages I know but just because + + + align:start position:0% +native languages I know but just because +I get feels like okay you know I need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in fact overseer girls + + align:start position:0% +in fact overseer girls + + + align:start position:0% +in fact overseer girls +I think that really explains why a lot + + align:start position:0% +I think that really explains why a lot + + + align:start position:0% +I think that really explains why a lot +of african-americans like see African + + align:start position:0% +of african-americans like see African + + + align:start position:0% +of african-americans like see African +American vernacular English did + + align:start position:0% +American vernacular English did + + + align:start position:0% +American vernacular English did +something bad + + align:start position:0% +something bad + + + align:start position:0% +something bad +yes and that way we keep private a + + align:start position:0% +yes and that way we keep private a + + + align:start position:0% +yes and that way we keep private a +couple of times you know in calling me + + align:start position:0% +couple of times you know in calling me + + + align:start position:0% +couple of times you know in calling me +chastise for letting it slip out in + + align:start position:0% +chastise for letting it slip out in + + + align:start position:0% +chastise for letting it slip out in +public like you know what do you think + + align:start position:0% +public like you know what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +public like you know what do you think +of younger members yeah so you know no + + align:start position:0% +of younger members yeah so you know no + + + align:start position:0% +of younger members yeah so you know no +don't talk like that in public and this + + align:start position:0% +don't talk like that in public and this + + + align:start position:0% +don't talk like that in public and this +question speaks to the heart of that for + + align:start position:0% +question speaks to the heart of that for + + + align:start position:0% +question speaks to the heart of that for +the first part I wanted to like we were + + align:start position:0% +the first part I wanted to like we were + + + align:start position:0% +the first part I wanted to like we were +talking about like authenticity in + + align:start position:0% +talking about like authenticity in + + + align:start position:0% +talking about like authenticity in +language but I something I want to + + align:start position:0% +language but I something I want to + + + align:start position:0% +language but I something I want to +comment it something you like + + align:start position:0% +comment it something you like + + + align:start position:0% +comment it something you like +speaking of language it's an experience + + align:start position:0% +speaking of language it's an experience + + + align:start position:0% +speaking of language it's an experience +like just by the fact that it has like + + align:start position:0% +like just by the fact that it has like + + + align:start position:0% +like just by the fact that it has like +different stories and like different + + align:start position:0% +different stories and like different + + + align:start position:0% +different stories and like different +sayings and so like in some sense like + + align:start position:0% +sayings and so like in some sense like + + + align:start position:0% +sayings and so like in some sense like +if you like not speaking a language like + + align:start position:0% +if you like not speaking a language like + + + align:start position:0% +if you like not speaking a language like +in some sense I'd you're like for + + align:start position:0% +in some sense I'd you're like for + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense I'd you're like for +example like this I'm sure the sort of + + align:start position:0% +example like this I'm sure the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +example like this I'm sure the sort of +same thing Creole and Chinese I just + + align:start position:0% +same thing Creole and Chinese I just + + + align:start position:0% +same thing Creole and Chinese I just +I've never will never be aware of + + align:start position:0% +I've never will never be aware of + + + align:start position:0% +I've never will never be aware of +because I'm speak the language and that + + align:start position:0% +because I'm speak the language and that + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm speak the language and that +is understand not experiencing them that + + align:start position:0% +is understand not experiencing them that + + + align:start position:0% +is understand not experiencing them that +doesn't mean um that's authentic but I + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean um that's authentic but I + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean um that's authentic but I +just really mean said like like if you + + align:start position:0% +just really mean said like like if you + + + align:start position:0% +just really mean said like like if you +like I cannot identify this because I + + align:start position:0% +like I cannot identify this because I + + + align:start position:0% +like I cannot identify this because I +can have in that those experiences and + + align:start position:0% +can have in that those experiences and + + + align:start position:0% +can have in that those experiences and +like it's not to say that that should + + align:start position:0% +like it's not to say that that should + + + align:start position:0% +like it's not to say that that should +change how people identify but like what + + align:start position:0% +change how people identify but like what + + + align:start position:0% +change how people identify but like what +I didn't know say is that like there is + + align:start position:0% +I didn't know say is that like there is + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't know say is that like there is +we cannot ignore the role that language + + align:start position:0% +we cannot ignore the role that language + + + align:start position:0% +we cannot ignore the role that language +for something like experience you have + + align:start position:0% +for something like experience you have + + + align:start position:0% +for something like experience you have +like in I don't know any like for + + align:start position:0% +like in I don't know any like for + + + align:start position:0% +like in I don't know any like for +example somebody who's like Mexican + + align:start position:0% +example somebody who's like Mexican + + + align:start position:0% +example somebody who's like Mexican +American like even then I don't think + + align:start position:0% +American like even then I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +American like even then I don't think +being American in some sense like the + + align:start position:0% +being American in some sense like the + + + align:start position:0% +being American in some sense like the +privacy from like Mexican like even like + + align:start position:0% +privacy from like Mexican like even like + + + align:start position:0% +privacy from like Mexican like even like +some of the most famous Mexican people + + align:start position:0% +some of the most famous Mexican people + + + align:start position:0% +some of the most famous Mexican people +like art is like you guys are like + + align:start position:0% +like art is like you guys are like + + + align:start position:0% +like art is like you guys are like +Selena Selena like she's not she was + + align:start position:0% +Selena Selena like she's not she was + + + align:start position:0% +Selena Selena like she's not she was +like from Texas but she's like everybody + + align:start position:0% +like from Texas but she's like everybody + + + align:start position:0% +like from Texas but she's like everybody +like my grandma like everybody knows + + align:start position:0% +like my grandma like everybody knows + + + align:start position:0% +like my grandma like everybody knows +that you don't like um and I think it's + + align:start position:0% +that you don't like um and I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't like um and I think it's +part of just like how much of the quote + + align:start position:0% +part of just like how much of the quote + + + align:start position:0% +part of just like how much of the quote +unquote like collective experience that + + align:start position:0% +unquote like collective experience that + + + align:start position:0% +unquote like collective experience that +means that like you're mentioning her + + align:start position:0% +means that like you're mentioning her + + + align:start position:0% +means that like you're mentioning her +language in some sense + + align:start position:0% +language in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +language in some sense +barrier but I think parts of being + + align:start position:0% +barrier but I think parts of being + + + align:start position:0% +barrier but I think parts of being +better means that you can over likens it + + align:start position:0% +better means that you can over likens it + + + align:start position:0% +better means that you can over likens it +overcome Oppo like if I wonder like like + + align:start position:0% +overcome Oppo like if I wonder like like + + + align:start position:0% +overcome Oppo like if I wonder like like +experience more like I don't know if I + + align:start position:0% +experience more like I don't know if I + + + align:start position:0% +experience more like I don't know if I +wonder like unlike you fight let's say I + + align:start position:0% +wonder like unlike you fight let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +wonder like unlike you fight let's say I +want to work in Haiti in the future and + + align:start position:0% +want to work in Haiti in the future and + + + align:start position:0% +want to work in Haiti in the future and +I want to like not be like this like + + align:start position:0% +I want to like not be like this like + + + align:start position:0% +I want to like not be like this like +outsider then I part of it is like me + + align:start position:0% +outsider then I part of it is like me + + + align:start position:0% +outsider then I part of it is like me +like in that sense I'm like it's it's + + align:start position:0% +like in that sense I'm like it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +like in that sense I'm like it's it's +hard that I didn't experience that and I + + align:start position:0% +hard that I didn't experience that and I + + + align:start position:0% +hard that I didn't experience that and I +have to like learn a language but me + + align:start position:0% +have to like learn a language but me + + + align:start position:0% +have to like learn a language but me +it's part of like like just because it's + + align:start position:0% +it's part of like like just because it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of like like just because it's +far too like me two people at the same + + align:start position:0% +far too like me two people at the same + + + align:start position:0% +far too like me two people at the same +time you know it's like I don't know at + + align:start position:0% +time you know it's like I don't know at + + + align:start position:0% +time you know it's like I don't know at +the same time like I think it's possible + + align:start position:0% +the same time like I think it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +the same time like I think it's possible +to like know like to I don't know like + + align:start position:0% +to like know like to I don't know like + + + align:start position:0% +to like know like to I don't know like +it the fact that it's a berry means that + + align:start position:0% +it the fact that it's a berry means that + + + align:start position:0% +it the fact that it's a berry means that +I think in fact to go back to reality + + align:start position:0% +I think in fact to go back to reality + + + align:start position:0% +I think in fact to go back to reality +that you mentioned the fact that they + + align:start position:0% +that you mentioned the fact that they + + + align:start position:0% +that you mentioned the fact that they +were the commentary' makers from New + + align:start position:0% +were the commentary' makers from New + + + align:start position:0% +were the commentary' makers from New +York work do the radiation who grew up + + align:start position:0% +York work do the radiation who grew up + + + align:start position:0% +York work do the radiation who grew up +in New York and constantly losing they + + align:start position:0% +in New York and constantly losing they + + + align:start position:0% +in New York and constantly losing they +didn't speak Creole so therefore doing + + align:start position:0% +didn't speak Creole so therefore doing + + + align:start position:0% +didn't speak Creole so therefore doing +patient enough and but now they finally + + align:start position:0% +patient enough and but now they finally + + + align:start position:0% +patient enough and but now they finally +reaches back to me last week and I want + + align:start position:0% +reaches back to me last week and I want + + + align:start position:0% +reaches back to me last week and I want +to continue the interview because I only + + align:start position:0% +to continue the interview because I only + + + align:start position:0% +to continue the interview because I only +asked another question to that you know + + align:start position:0% +asked another question to that you know + + + align:start position:0% +asked another question to that you know +if you if you Asian to grab the + + align:start position:0% +if you if you Asian to grab the + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you Asian to grab the +desperate how can you learn even clearer + + align:start position:0% +desperate how can you learn even clearer + + + align:start position:0% +desperate how can you learn even clearer +so what what would I suggest and my wife + + align:start position:0% +so what what would I suggest and my wife + + + align:start position:0% +so what what would I suggest and my wife +yes that vintage or patient that brat + + align:start position:0% +yes that vintage or patient that brat + + + align:start position:0% +yes that vintage or patient that brat +actually try to keep the language + + align:start position:0% +actually try to keep the language + + + align:start position:0% +actually try to keep the language +actually if the event maybe really grew + + align:start position:0% +actually if the event maybe really grew + + + align:start position:0% +actually if the event maybe really grew +up speaking it I can be learning now + + align:start position:0% +up speaking it I can be learning now + + + align:start position:0% +up speaking it I can be learning now +even if the adults you see n should be + + align:start position:0% +even if the adults you see n should be + + + align:start position:0% +even if the adults you see n should be +equal your point is that you can can + + align:start position:0% +equal your point is that you can can + + + align:start position:0% +equal your point is that you can can +always learn yeah it doesn't make like + + align:start position:0% +always learn yeah it doesn't make like + + + align:start position:0% +always learn yeah it doesn't make like +experience less in the first place but + + align:start position:0% +experience less in the first place but + + + align:start position:0% +experience less in the first place but +it's just like if you wanna answer + + align:start position:0% +it's just like if you wanna answer + + + align:start position:0% +it's just like if you wanna answer +nothing has it looks like if you want to + + align:start position:0% +nothing has it looks like if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +nothing has it looks like if you want to +like listen to other people like I don't + + align:start position:0% +like listen to other people like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +like listen to other people like I don't +know if you want like there are sort of + + align:start position:0% +know if you want like there are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know if you want like there are sort of +things that you might experience like + + align:start position:0% +things that you might experience like + + + align:start position:0% +things that you might experience like +it's not the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just wanted to add Senate on the basis + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to add Senate on the basis + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to add Senate on the basis +of language being an experience so the + + align:start position:0% +of language being an experience so the + + + align:start position:0% +of language being an experience so the +other day my boyfriend is Haitians and + + align:start position:0% +other day my boyfriend is Haitians and + + + align:start position:0% +other day my boyfriend is Haitians and +I'm learning Creole this is for and we + + align:start position:0% +I'm learning Creole this is for and we + + + align:start position:0% +I'm learning Creole this is for and we +were so that there was a time period and + + align:start position:0% +were so that there was a time period and + + + align:start position:0% +were so that there was a time period and +and you can correct me if I'm wrong + + align:start position:0% +and you can correct me if I'm wrong + + + align:start position:0% +and you can correct me if I'm wrong +where you shouldn't stopped like Kobus + + align:start position:0% +where you shouldn't stopped like Kobus + + + align:start position:0% +where you shouldn't stopped like Kobus +stopped being a thing for a little bit + + align:start position:0% +stopped being a thing for a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +stopped being a thing for a little bit +which is like Haitian music and now it's + + align:start position:0% +which is like Haitian music and now it's + + + align:start position:0% +which is like Haitian music and now it's +becoming more of a thing and so there's + + align:start position:0% +becoming more of a thing and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +becoming more of a thing and so there's +a lot of like young groups music groups + + align:start position:0% +a lot of like young groups music groups + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of like young groups music groups +and the mainly it's like I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +and the mainly it's like I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +and the mainly it's like I don't know if +I have an American reference if you know + + align:start position:0% +I have an American reference if you know + + + align:start position:0% +I have an American reference if you know +what my chat is it's like my choppa but + + align:start position:0% +what my chat is it's like my choppa but + + + align:start position:0% +what my chat is it's like my choppa but +not really it's it's a partner dance + + align:start position:0% +not really it's it's a partner dance + + + align:start position:0% +not really it's it's a partner dance +it's I can't agree with that I'm very + + align:start position:0% +it's I can't agree with that I'm very + + + align:start position:0% +it's I can't agree with that I'm very +much invested in both but there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +much invested in both but there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +much invested in both but there's a lot +of young musician like music groups that + + align:start position:0% +of young musician like music groups that + + + align:start position:0% +of young musician like music groups that +are producing new club music and the way + + align:start position:0% +are producing new club music and the way + + + align:start position:0% +are producing new club music and the way +I've been sort of learning with the + + align:start position:0% +I've been sort of learning with the + + + align:start position:0% +I've been sort of learning with the +absence of like time to sit down and go + + align:start position:0% +absence of like time to sit down and go + + + align:start position:0% +absence of like time to sit down and go +through a book it's just by listening to + + align:start position:0% +through a book it's just by listening to + + + align:start position:0% +through a book it's just by listening to +these songs and like learning the lyrics + + align:start position:0% +these songs and like learning the lyrics + + + align:start position:0% +these songs and like learning the lyrics +and we went through song and it took us + + align:start position:0% +and we went through song and it took us + + + align:start position:0% +and we went through song and it took us +an hour because there were so many + + align:start position:0% +an hour because there were so many + + + align:start position:0% +an hour because there were so many +cultural references that there was no + + align:start position:0% +cultural references that there was no + + + align:start position:0% +cultural references that there was no +way like without being Haitian or having + + align:start position:0% +way like without being Haitian or having + + + align:start position:0% +way like without being Haitian or having +Haitian parents like there was no way + + align:start position:0% +Haitian parents like there was no way + + + align:start position:0% +Haitian parents like there was no way +like you would have known what it was I + + align:start position:0% +like you would have known what it was I + + + align:start position:0% +like you would have known what it was I +can't think of one off the top of my + + align:start position:0% +can't think of one off the top of my + + + align:start position:0% +can't think of one off the top of my +head but like in this whole experience + + align:start position:0% +head but like in this whole experience + + + align:start position:0% +head but like in this whole experience +of like being here and learning about + + align:start position:0% +of like being here and learning about + + + align:start position:0% +of like being here and learning about +Haitian experience like there's a + + align:start position:0% +Haitian experience like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Haitian experience like there's a +restaurant in Miami called top top + + align:start position:0% +restaurant in Miami called top top + + + align:start position:0% +restaurant in Miami called top top +didn't know it topped up with a bus that + + align:start position:0% +didn't know it topped up with a bus that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know it topped up with a bus that +was interesting it's a bus and open that + + align:start position:0% +was interesting it's a bus and open that + + + align:start position:0% +was interesting it's a bus and open that +bus you run and jump on to it in the + + align:start position:0% +bus you run and jump on to it in the + + + align:start position:0% +bus you run and jump on to it in the +middle of traffic so so a colleague was + + align:start position:0% +middle of traffic so so a colleague was + + + align:start position:0% +middle of traffic so so a colleague was +now dead Karen Hale + + align:start position:0% +now dead Karen Hale + + + align:start position:0% +now dead Karen Hale +he said something which is very + + align:start position:0% +he said something which is very + + + align:start position:0% +he said something which is very +beautiful that sound when the lamp when + + align:start position:0% +beautiful that sound when the lamp when + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful that sound when the lamp when +the language dies out it's like a + + align:start position:0% +the language dies out it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +the language dies out it's like a +library that's burnt down it was a + + align:start position:0% +library that's burnt down it was a + + + align:start position:0% +library that's burnt down it was a +language the whole library as you + + align:start position:0% +language the whole library as you + + + align:start position:0% +language the whole library as you +mentioned you know it's a whole set of + + align:start position:0% +mentioned you know it's a whole set of + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned you know it's a whole set of +experiences that can only really enter + + align:start position:0% +experiences that can only really enter + + + align:start position:0% +experiences that can only really enter +through the language and so you're + + align:start position:0% +through the language and so you're + + + align:start position:0% +through the language and so you're +examples are taken that Sam but you can + + align:start position:0% +examples are taken that Sam but you can + + + align:start position:0% +examples are taken that Sam but you can +you can enter it you know we might not + + align:start position:0% +you can enter it you know we might not + + + align:start position:0% +you can enter it you know we might not +master all the + + align:start position:0% +master all the + + + align:start position:0% +master all the +books in the library in fact who can + + align:start position:0% +books in the library in fact who can + + + align:start position:0% +books in the library in fact who can +ever read if it's a big library cannot + + align:start position:0% +ever read if it's a big library cannot + + + align:start position:0% +ever read if it's a big library cannot +read all the books in fact even I myself + + align:start position:0% +read all the books in fact even I myself + + + align:start position:0% +read all the books in fact even I myself +i i learned proper to lead a nation free + + align:start position:0% +i i learned proper to lead a nation free + + + align:start position:0% +i i learned proper to lead a nation free +oh it doesn't end you know and summers I + + align:start position:0% +oh it doesn't end you know and summers I + + + align:start position:0% +oh it doesn't end you know and summers I +learned about Proverbs through other + + align:start position:0% +learned about Proverbs through other + + + align:start position:0% +learned about Proverbs through other +cultures so because there are many + + align:start position:0% +cultures so because there are many + + + align:start position:0% +cultures so because there are many +proficient career that I've found also + + align:start position:0% +proficient career that I've found also + + + align:start position:0% +proficient career that I've found also +in Africa in West Africa even in South + + align:start position:0% +in Africa in West Africa even in South + + + align:start position:0% +in Africa in West Africa even in South +Africa and sometimes the meanings of a + + align:start position:0% +Africa and sometimes the meanings of a + + + align:start position:0% +Africa and sometimes the meanings of a +slightly different and sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +slightly different and sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different and sometimes you +learn more about a Haitian proverb by + + align:start position:0% +learn more about a Haitian proverb by + + + align:start position:0% +learn more about a Haitian proverb by +learning it through an African because + + align:start position:0% +learning it through an African because + + + align:start position:0% +learning it through an African because +oh that sounds familiar then you + + align:start position:0% +oh that sounds familiar then you + + + align:start position:0% +oh that sounds familiar then you +understand better what the proverb means + + align:start position:0% +understand better what the proverb means + + + align:start position:0% +understand better what the proverb means +through the African substrate ancestry I + + align:start position:0% +through the African substrate ancestry I + + + align:start position:0% +through the African substrate ancestry I +think we should we should stop here for + + align:start position:0% +think we should we should stop here for + + + align:start position:0% +think we should we should stop here for +further discussion are you guys happy + + align:start position:0% +further discussion are you guys happy + + + align:start position:0% +further discussion are you guys happy +with they have anything else when you + + align:start position:0% +with they have anything else when you + + + align:start position:0% +with they have anything else when you +add any other twelve you you just + + align:start position:0% +add any other twelve you you just + + + align:start position:0% +add any other twelve you you just +mention that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +was an experience they had even any that + + align:start position:0% +was an experience they had even any that + + + align:start position:0% +was an experience they had even any that +that I would have applied that same + + align:start position:0% +that I would have applied that same + + + align:start position:0% +that I would have applied that same +definition to identity as well that's + + align:start position:0% +definition to identity as well that's + + + align:start position:0% +definition to identity as well that's +why it was a really glad that I didn't + + align:start position:0% +why it was a really glad that I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +why it was a really glad that I didn't +then answer the first question first + + align:start position:0% +then answer the first question first + + + align:start position:0% +then answer the first question first +thank you laughter you know I'd be + + align:start position:0% +thank you laughter you know I'd be + + + align:start position:0% +thank you laughter you know I'd be +sitting here reading in and out without + + align:start position:0% +sitting here reading in and out without + + + align:start position:0% +sitting here reading in and out without +a shirt by cuz confronting the short + + align:start position:0% +a shirt by cuz confronting the short + + + align:start position:0% +a shirt by cuz confronting the short +answer to that question because if the + + align:start position:0% +answer to that question because if the + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that question because if the +notion of authenticity is the kind of + + align:start position:0% +notion of authenticity is the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +notion of authenticity is the kind of +vanity that me there's there's a + + align:start position:0% +vanity that me there's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +vanity that me there's there's a +tendency to to hide ourselves under + + align:start position:0% +tendency to to hide ourselves under + + + align:start position:0% +tendency to to hide ourselves under +these these labels and we kind of + + align:start position:0% +these these labels and we kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these these labels and we kind of +collect our own power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formation maintenance I guess of + + align:start position:0% +formation maintenance I guess of + + + align:start position:0% +formation maintenance I guess of +identity and then kind of like what what + + align:start position:0% +identity and then kind of like what what + + + align:start position:0% +identity and then kind of like what what +she was saying about wanting + + align:start position:0% +she was saying about wanting + + + align:start position:0% +she was saying about wanting +take everybody's responsibility and that + + align:start position:0% +take everybody's responsibility and that + + + align:start position:0% +take everybody's responsibility and that +reminds me maybe I should bring back + + align:start position:0% +reminds me maybe I should bring back + + + align:start position:0% +reminds me maybe I should bring back +this issue stereotypes and it's a whole + + align:start position:0% +this issue stereotypes and it's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +this issue stereotypes and it's a whole +new literature these days and on fixed + + align:start position:0% +new literature these days and on fixed + + + align:start position:0% +new literature these days and on fixed +mindset versus growth mindset so in a + + align:start position:0% +mindset versus growth mindset so in a + + + align:start position:0% +mindset versus growth mindset so in a +way I mean given what you just said one + + align:start position:0% +way I mean given what you just said one + + + align:start position:0% +way I mean given what you just said one +can think of this sort of having + + align:start position:0% +can think of this sort of having + + + align:start position:0% +can think of this sort of having +identity that fixed pretty much like + + align:start position:0% +identity that fixed pretty much like + + + align:start position:0% +identity that fixed pretty much like +this notion of having fixed mindset + + align:start position:0% +this notion of having fixed mindset + + + align:start position:0% +this notion of having fixed mindset +because if you believe in in in fact a + + align:start position:0% +because if you believe in in in fact a + + + align:start position:0% +because if you believe in in in fact a +source of research that show that that + + align:start position:0% +source of research that show that that + + + align:start position:0% +source of research that show that that +if you have a growth mindset mean that + + align:start position:0% +if you have a growth mindset mean that + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a growth mindset mean that +you you be that you can actually learn + + align:start position:0% +you you be that you can actually learn + + + align:start position:0% +you you be that you can actually learn +new things that you're not you're not + + align:start position:0% +new things that you're not you're not + + + align:start position:0% +new things that you're not you're not +bounded by your fields experience you + + align:start position:0% +bounded by your fields experience you + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by your fields experience you +know let's go beyond that and that + + align:start position:0% +know let's go beyond that and that + + + align:start position:0% +know let's go beyond that and that +requires of course practice because + + align:start position:0% +requires of course practice because + + + align:start position:0% +requires of course practice because +there's nothing that's you know + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that's you know +intelligence that inmates you can always + + align:start position:0% +intelligence that inmates you can always + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence that inmates you can always +develop more intelligence now that's a + + align:start position:0% +develop more intelligence now that's a + + + align:start position:0% +develop more intelligence now that's a +big break right from previous literature + + align:start position:0% +big break right from previous literature + + + align:start position:0% +big break right from previous literature +previous believe that say well you know + + align:start position:0% +previous believe that say well you know + + + align:start position:0% +previous believe that say well you know +you're born with certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +you're born with certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +you're born with certain amount of +intelligence it's like height and you + + align:start position:0% +intelligence it's like height and you + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence it's like height and you +cannot go beyond that you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +cannot go beyond that you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +cannot go beyond that you know sort of +so the new literature on growth mindset + + align:start position:0% +so the new literature on growth mindset + + + align:start position:0% +so the new literature on growth mindset +versus fixed mindset tell us that can + + align:start position:0% +versus fixed mindset tell us that can + + + align:start position:0% +versus fixed mindset tell us that can +always go beyond what we that were born + + align:start position:0% +always go beyond what we that were born + + + align:start position:0% +always go beyond what we that were born +with which means that identity should + + align:start position:0% +with which means that identity should + + + align:start position:0% +with which means that identity should +not be taken as something which is given + + align:start position:0% +not be taken as something which is given + + + align:start position:0% +not be taken as something which is given +once and for can always massage it you + + align:start position:0% +once and for can always massage it you + + + align:start position:0% +once and for can always massage it you +know given particular context and given + + align:start position:0% +know given particular context and given + + + align:start position:0% +know given particular context and given +particular names right so maybe yeah + + align:start position:0% +particular names right so maybe yeah + + + align:start position:0% +particular names right so maybe yeah +sure of course yeah yeah yeah right + + align:start position:0% +sure of course yeah yeah yeah right + + + align:start position:0% +sure of course yeah yeah yeah right +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +no but I think Jonathan Jonathan I know + + align:start position:0% +no but I think Jonathan Jonathan I know + + + align:start position:0% +no but I think Jonathan Jonathan I know +if you remember way back when the retina + + align:start position:0% +if you remember way back when the retina + + + align:start position:0% +if you remember way back when the retina +give an example of this person with + + align:start position:0% +give an example of this person with + + + align:start position:0% +give an example of this person with +change who was white and who came to be + + align:start position:0% +change who was white and who came to be + + + align:start position:0% +change who was white and who came to be +black what's the name she she had a job + + align:start position:0% +black what's the name she she had a job + + + align:start position:0% +black what's the name she she had a job +in the ACLU written that's what that was + + align:start position:0% +in the ACLU written that's what that was + + + align:start position:0% +in the ACLU written that's what that was +you that was you know say that was you + + align:start position:0% +you that was you know say that was you + + + align:start position:0% +you that was you know say that was you +yeah so so even that so even even that + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so even that so even even that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so even that so even even that +because often skin color it you said + + align:start position:0% +because often skin color it you said + + + align:start position:0% +because often skin color it you said +come alone it comes with particular + + align:start position:0% +come alone it comes with particular + + + align:start position:0% +come alone it comes with particular +assumptions about the back skin color + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the back skin color + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the back skin color +like in Haiti there are people who will + + align:start position:0% +like in Haiti there are people who will + + + align:start position:0% +like in Haiti there are people who will +look very white but who are black who + + align:start position:0% +look very white but who are black who + + + align:start position:0% +look very white but who are black who +well if it should go back to the saline + + align:start position:0% +well if it should go back to the saline + + + align:start position:0% +well if it should go back to the saline +to 1805 it's a theory that even if you + + align:start position:0% +to 1805 it's a theory that even if you + + + align:start position:0% +to 1805 it's a theory that even if you +polish you need to be black so even so + + align:start position:0% +polish you need to be black so even so + + + align:start position:0% +polish you need to be black so even so +even back then you know skin color was + + align:start position:0% +even back then you know skin color was + + + align:start position:0% +even back then you know skin color was +not determining those life like most + + align:start position:0% +not determining those life like most + + + align:start position:0% +not determining those life like most +people are saying like they + + align:start position:0% +people are saying like they + + + align:start position:0% +people are saying like they +like don't accept her identifying as + + align:start position:0% +like don't accept her identifying as + + + align:start position:0% +like don't accept her identifying as +black so I feel like that supports the + + align:start position:0% +black so I feel like that supports the + + + align:start position:0% +black so I feel like that supports the +idea that there's something that's right + + align:start position:0% +idea that there's something that's right + + + align:start position:0% +idea that there's something that's right +kind of fixed about it right yeah and + + align:start position:0% +kind of fixed about it right yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of fixed about it right yeah and +like what you guys are all saying about + + align:start position:0% +like what you guys are all saying about + + + align:start position:0% +like what you guys are all saying about +like cultural experiences tying in to + + align:start position:0% +like cultural experiences tying in to + + + align:start position:0% +like cultural experiences tying in to +certain say like it being a cultural + + align:start position:0% +certain say like it being a cultural + + + align:start position:0% +certain say like it being a cultural +experience it's not just about like how + + align:start position:0% +experience it's not just about like how + + + align:start position:0% +experience it's not just about like how +like I guess and I wrong or right for + + align:start position:0% +like I guess and I wrong or right for + + + align:start position:0% +like I guess and I wrong or right for +having like attitude like kind of don't + + align:start position:0% +having like attitude like kind of don't + + + align:start position:0% +having like attitude like kind of don't +feel like she no I don't feel like she + + align:start position:0% +feel like she no I don't feel like she + + + align:start position:0% +feel like she no I don't feel like she +should be allowed to but I wouldn't want + + align:start position:0% +should be allowed to but I wouldn't want + + + align:start position:0% +should be allowed to but I wouldn't want +to accept her being in the place how + + align:start position:0% +to accept her being in the place how + + + align:start position:0% +to accept her being in the place how +dare you when a person who has had no + + align:start position:0% +dare you when a person who has had no + + + align:start position:0% +dare you when a person who has had no +experience as like an african-american + + align:start position:0% +experience as like an african-american + + + align:start position:0% +experience as like an african-american +or like like human like right try to + + align:start position:0% +or like like human like right try to + + + align:start position:0% +or like like human like right try to +identify with that you know and like + + align:start position:0% +identify with that you know and like + + + align:start position:0% +identify with that you know and like +maybe it would have been different if + + align:start position:0% +maybe it would have been different if + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it would have been different if +she had been a person of color + + align:start position:0% +she had been a person of color + + + align:start position:0% +she had been a person of color +trying to identify like if she had been + + align:start position:0% +trying to identify like if she had been + + + align:start position:0% +trying to identify like if she had been +Indian or you know like I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +Indian or you know like I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +Indian or you know like I'm trying to +think of another really Filipino or + + align:start position:0% +think of another really Filipino or + + + align:start position:0% +think of another really Filipino or +something like trying to identify as + + align:start position:0% +something like trying to identify as + + + align:start position:0% +something like trying to identify as +African American maybe I would have been + + align:start position:0% +African American maybe I would have been + + + align:start position:0% +African American maybe I would have been +more lenient but like as a privileged + + align:start position:0% +more lenient but like as a privileged + + + align:start position:0% +more lenient but like as a privileged +non person of color when you're crafting + + align:start position:0% +non person of color when you're crafting + + + align:start position:0% +non person of color when you're crafting +your identity and crafting your + + align:start position:0% +your identity and crafting your + + + align:start position:0% +your identity and crafting your +authentic identity what do you look like + + align:start position:0% +authentic identity what do you look like + + + align:start position:0% +authentic identity what do you look like +right I guess maybe I you're a whole + + align:start position:0% +right I guess maybe I you're a whole + + + align:start position:0% +right I guess maybe I you're a whole +identity or like authentic identity is + + align:start position:0% +identity or like authentic identity is + + + align:start position:0% +identity or like authentic identity is +that you're not authentic to anything + + align:start position:0% +that you're not authentic to anything + + + align:start position:0% +that you're not authentic to anything +but like when you're crafting your + + align:start position:0% +but like when you're crafting your + + + align:start position:0% +but like when you're crafting your +identity what do you draw from is it + + align:start position:0% +identity what do you draw from is it + + + align:start position:0% +identity what do you draw from is it +like what you authentically feel as or + + align:start position:0% +like what you authentically feel as or + + + align:start position:0% +like what you authentically feel as or +is it what you like + + align:start position:0% +is it what you like + + + align:start position:0% +is it what you like +authentically like have like its ties to + + align:start position:0% +authentically like have like its ties to + + + align:start position:0% +authentically like have like its ties to +like I have a similar situation where + + align:start position:0% +like I have a similar situation where + + + align:start position:0% +like I have a similar situation where +like like mixed Indian heritage kind of + + align:start position:0% +like like mixed Indian heritage kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like like mixed Indian heritage kind of +thing and like when I'm crafting my + + align:start position:0% +thing and like when I'm crafting my + + + align:start position:0% +thing and like when I'm crafting my +Indian American identity do I base it + + align:start position:0% +Indian American identity do I base it + + + align:start position:0% +Indian American identity do I base it +off like thousand and your based off the + + align:start position:0% +off like thousand and your based off the + + + align:start position:0% +off like thousand and your based off the +Mauritian do i base it off like north + + align:start position:0% +Mauritian do i base it off like north + + + align:start position:0% +Mauritian do i base it off like north +indian like what what do i do but it's + + align:start position:0% +indian like what what do i do but it's + + + align:start position:0% +indian like what what do i do but it's +like do i do I pull from the past or to + + align:start position:0% +like do i do I pull from the past or to + + + align:start position:0% +like do i do I pull from the past or to +pull from like what I feel and like + + align:start position:0% +pull from like what I feel and like + + + align:start position:0% +pull from like what I feel and like +Rachel Dolezal through the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +Rachel Dolezal through the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +Rachel Dolezal through the whole thing +was that I feel black whatever that + + align:start position:0% +was that I feel black whatever that + + + align:start position:0% +was that I feel black whatever that +means but like like where where do you + + align:start position:0% +means but like like where where do you + + + align:start position:0% +means but like like where where do you +draw from and then the cinema Lorena + + align:start position:0% +draw from and then the cinema Lorena + + + align:start position:0% +draw from and then the cinema Lorena +doesn't just apply to like what you + + align:start position:0% +doesn't just apply to like what you + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't just apply to like what you +identifies nationality wise or culture + + align:start position:0% +identifies nationality wise or culture + + + align:start position:0% +identifies nationality wise or culture +wise because I've been so focused on + + align:start position:0% +wise because I've been so focused on + + + align:start position:0% +wise because I've been so focused on +being a linguist + + align:start position:0% +being a linguist + + + align:start position:0% +being a linguist +that the possibility of having a + + align:start position:0% +that the possibility of having a + + + align:start position:0% +that the possibility of having a +capacity and and being having the the + + align:start position:0% +capacity and and being having the the + + + align:start position:0% +capacity and and being having the the +intuition to be a mechanical engineer + + align:start position:0% +intuition to be a mechanical engineer + + + align:start position:0% +intuition to be a mechanical engineer +never occurred to me but in + + align:start position:0% +never occurred to me but in + + + align:start position:0% +never occurred to me but in +participating with like + + align:start position:0% +participating with like + + + align:start position:0% +participating with like +friends who are like creating projects + + align:start position:0% +friends who are like creating projects + + + align:start position:0% +friends who are like creating projects +like I've I've been the one who to come + + align:start position:0% +like I've I've been the one who to come + + + align:start position:0% +like I've I've been the one who to come +up with like ideas that solved problems + + align:start position:0% +up with like ideas that solved problems + + + align:start position:0% +up with like ideas that solved problems +and I never thought that would be a + + align:start position:0% +and I never thought that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +and I never thought that would be a +possibility for me because I don't like + + align:start position:0% +possibility for me because I don't like + + + align:start position:0% +possibility for me because I don't like +math so it's like the identity of being + + align:start position:0% +math so it's like the identity of being + + + align:start position:0% +math so it's like the identity of being +a linguist was so limiting that I didn't + + align:start position:0% +a linguist was so limiting that I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +a linguist was so limiting that I didn't +even know I could do that and I think + + align:start position:0% +even know I could do that and I think + + + align:start position:0% +even know I could do that and I think +that it's like along the same lines of + + align:start position:0% +that it's like along the same lines of + + + align:start position:0% +that it's like along the same lines of +like are we limiting what we can be by + + align:start position:0% +like are we limiting what we can be by + + + align:start position:0% +like are we limiting what we can be by +choosing our identities as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Laughter] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JQSTRkGEiWw.txt b/JQSTRkGEiWw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eeddf2d24433164c2c414d5632d10518fb8b8755 --- /dev/null +++ b/JQSTRkGEiWw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9987 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to be +talking about um something a little bit + + align:start position:0% +talking about um something a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +talking about um something a little bit +away from the game of poker per se and + + align:start position:0% +away from the game of poker per se and + + + align:start position:0% +away from the game of poker per se and +more about looking at poker as an + + align:start position:0% +more about looking at poker as an + + + align:start position:0% +more about looking at poker as an +investment the the concede here is that + + align:start position:0% +investment the the concede here is that + + + align:start position:0% +investment the the concede here is that +to to some extent you're either a + + align:start position:0% +to to some extent you're either a + + + align:start position:0% +to to some extent you're either a +winning poker player now or eventually + + align:start position:0% +winning poker player now or eventually + + + align:start position:0% +winning poker player now or eventually +you'll get there so this is looking at + + align:start position:0% +you'll get there so this is looking at + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get there so this is looking at +now that you have these these Alpha + + align:start position:0% +now that you have these these Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +now that you have these these Alpha +streams like these streams of positive + + align:start position:0% +streams like these streams of positive + + + align:start position:0% +streams like these streams of positive +EV that you um can pick which ones you + + align:start position:0% +EV that you um can pick which ones you + + + align:start position:0% +EV that you um can pick which ones you +want to embrace how do you balance that + + align:start position:0% +want to embrace how do you balance that + + + align:start position:0% +want to embrace how do you balance that +like how do you look at your future + + align:start position:0% +like how do you look at your future + + + align:start position:0% +like how do you look at your future +given that this is now an option you you + + align:start position:0% +given that this is now an option you you + + + align:start position:0% +given that this is now an option you you +hold so cash game here just means + + align:start position:0% +hold so cash game here just means + + + align:start position:0% +hold so cash game here just means +anything that's not a tournament where a + + align:start position:0% +anything that's not a tournament where a + + + align:start position:0% +anything that's not a tournament where a +tournament is a is a it's a poker + + align:start position:0% +tournament is a is a it's a poker + + + align:start position:0% +tournament is a is a it's a poker +structure where you buy in and with + + align:start position:0% +structure where you buy in and with + + + align:start position:0% +structure where you buy in and with +money you receive tournament chips and + + align:start position:0% +money you receive tournament chips and + + + align:start position:0% +money you receive tournament chips and +you only get money to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +you only get money to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +you only get money to the extent that +you um survive uh longer than someone + + align:start position:0% +you um survive uh longer than someone + + + align:start position:0% +you um survive uh longer than someone +else where the person with all the chips + + align:start position:0% +else where the person with all the chips + + + align:start position:0% +else where the person with all the chips +in the end wins some set piece not + + align:start position:0% +in the end wins some set piece not + + + align:start position:0% +in the end wins some set piece not +necessarily all their chips um whereas a + + align:start position:0% +necessarily all their chips um whereas a + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily all their chips um whereas a +cash game is uh one such that each chip + + align:start position:0% +cash game is uh one such that each chip + + + align:start position:0% +cash game is uh one such that each chip +has a specific value like you actually + + align:start position:0% +has a specific value like you actually + + + align:start position:0% +has a specific value like you actually +betting real dollars and you can enter + + align:start position:0% +betting real dollars and you can enter + + + align:start position:0% +betting real dollars and you can enter +or or leave whenever you like so in cash + + align:start position:0% +or or leave whenever you like so in cash + + + align:start position:0% +or or leave whenever you like so in cash +games like chips are uh effectively + + align:start position:0% +games like chips are uh effectively + + + align:start position:0% +games like chips are uh effectively +literal money so the more chips you win + + align:start position:0% +literal money so the more chips you win + + + align:start position:0% +literal money so the more chips you win +the more you the more money you win + + align:start position:0% +the more you the more money you win + + + align:start position:0% +the more you the more money you win +whereas in tournaments all it matters is + + align:start position:0% +whereas in tournaments all it matters is + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in tournaments all it matters is +the position you finish and when we talk + + align:start position:0% +the position you finish and when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +the position you finish and when we talk +about the B chip model we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +about the B chip model we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +about the B chip model we'll talk about +when those diverge um the second point + + align:start position:0% +when those diverge um the second point + + + align:start position:0% +when those diverge um the second point +is about that where um chip e like + + align:start position:0% +is about that where um chip e like + + + align:start position:0% +is about that where um chip e like +literally having more chips in a cash + + align:start position:0% +literally having more chips in a cash + + + align:start position:0% +literally having more chips in a cash +game is directly related to the amount + + align:start position:0% +game is directly related to the amount + + + align:start position:0% +game is directly related to the amount +of money you make like if you're making + + align:start position:0% +of money you make like if you're making + + + align:start position:0% +of money you make like if you're making +a decision that results in you're having + + align:start position:0% +a decision that results in you're having + + + align:start position:0% +a decision that results in you're having +more chips you make more money in the + + align:start position:0% +more chips you make more money in the + + + align:start position:0% +more chips you make more money in the +long run whereas in a tournament it's a + + align:start position:0% +long run whereas in a tournament it's a + + + align:start position:0% +long run whereas in a tournament it's a +little bit more complicated they're + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complicated they're + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complicated they're +congruent and they generally Trend in + + align:start position:0% +congruent and they generally Trend in + + + align:start position:0% +congruent and they generally Trend in +the same direction but in some + + align:start position:0% +the same direction but in some + + + align:start position:0% +the same direction but in some +particular cases um what's something + + align:start position:0% +particular cases um what's something + + + align:start position:0% +particular cases um what's something +that's uh positive chiy v may be either + + align:start position:0% +that's uh positive chiy v may be either + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh positive chiy v may be either +positive or negative in terms of dollar + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative in terms of dollar + + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative in terms of dollar +EV and we'll talk about that in a little + + align:start position:0% +EV and we'll talk about that in a little + + + align:start position:0% +EV and we'll talk about that in a little +bit um so in cash games you can come and + + align:start position:0% +bit um so in cash games you can come and + + + align:start position:0% +bit um so in cash games you can come and +go whenever you want that makes them + + align:start position:0% +go whenever you want that makes them + + + align:start position:0% +go whenever you want that makes them +very liquid if you're if you're a big + + align:start position:0% +very liquid if you're if you're a big + + + align:start position:0% +very liquid if you're if you're a big +cash game player you can generally grind + + align:start position:0% +cash game player you can generally grind + + + align:start position:0% +cash game player you can generally grind +out your hourly win rate um whenever you + + align:start position:0% +out your hourly win rate um whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +out your hourly win rate um whenever you +want especially online there's a little + + align:start position:0% +want especially online there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +want especially online there's a little +bit of overhead when you play live but + + align:start position:0% +bit of overhead when you play live but + + + align:start position:0% +bit of overhead when you play live but +cash games are much easier to just come + + align:start position:0% +cash games are much easier to just come + + + align:start position:0% +cash games are much easier to just come +and go um with regard to kind of + + align:start position:0% +and go um with regard to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and go um with regard to kind of +executing your your skill with + + align:start position:0% +executing your your skill with + + + align:start position:0% +executing your your skill with +tournaments um you have to like you get + + align:start position:0% +tournaments um you have to like you get + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments um you have to like you get +all your EV from winning from lasting + + align:start position:0% +all your EV from winning from lasting + + + align:start position:0% +all your EV from winning from lasting +long so you're stuck the more like the + + align:start position:0% +long so you're stuck the more like the + + + align:start position:0% +long so you're stuck the more like the +better you are the longer these + + align:start position:0% +better you are the longer these + + + align:start position:0% +better you are the longer these +tournaments take and you have to kind of + + align:start position:0% +tournaments take and you have to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments take and you have to kind of +be there for the long run and generally + + align:start position:0% +be there for the long run and generally + + + align:start position:0% +be there for the long run and generally +plan to to last a long time um in cash + + align:start position:0% +plan to to last a long time um in cash + + + align:start position:0% +plan to to last a long time um in cash +games you can buy it as many times you + + align:start position:0% +games you can buy it as many times you + + + align:start position:0% +games you can buy it as many times you +want like as soon as you get if you're + + align:start position:0% +want like as soon as you get if you're + + + align:start position:0% +want like as soon as you get if you're +in a cash game with a lot of bad players + + align:start position:0% +in a cash game with a lot of bad players + + + align:start position:0% +in a cash game with a lot of bad players +and you get knocked out you can just buy + + align:start position:0% +and you get knocked out you can just buy + + + align:start position:0% +and you get knocked out you can just buy +back in it's like it never happened um + + align:start position:0% +back in it's like it never happened um + + + align:start position:0% +back in it's like it never happened um +with a tournament if you're in a + + align:start position:0% +with a tournament if you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +with a tournament if you're in a +tournament with a lot of bad players and + + align:start position:0% +tournament with a lot of bad players and + + + align:start position:0% +tournament with a lot of bad players and +you get knocked out the firsthand + + align:start position:0% +you get knocked out the firsthand + + + align:start position:0% +you get knocked out the firsthand +because you get unlucky you never get to + + align:start position:0% +because you get unlucky you never get to + + + align:start position:0% +because you get unlucky you never get to +redo that um for most tournaments like + + align:start position:0% +redo that um for most tournaments like + + + align:start position:0% +redo that um for most tournaments like +you're you always get kind of a new New + + align:start position:0% +you're you always get kind of a new New + + + align:start position:0% +you're you always get kind of a new New +Field of players and you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +Field of players and you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +Field of players and you don't have the +opportunity to re-enter a tournament + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to re-enter a tournament + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to re-enter a tournament +your only choice is to enter it the + + align:start position:0% +your only choice is to enter it the + + + align:start position:0% +your only choice is to enter it the +first time or not um cash games have + + align:start position:0% +first time or not um cash games have + + + align:start position:0% +first time or not um cash games have +fixed blinds the situation that you're + + align:start position:0% +fixed blinds the situation that you're + + + align:start position:0% +fixed blinds the situation that you're +in when you start is generally the + + align:start position:0% +in when you start is generally the + + + align:start position:0% +in when you start is generally the +situation you're always going to be in + + align:start position:0% +situation you're always going to be in + + + align:start position:0% +situation you're always going to be in +so you don't need to factor in um having + + align:start position:0% +so you don't need to factor in um having + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't need to factor in um having +a different Siz stack presumably you're + + align:start position:0% +a different Siz stack presumably you're + + + align:start position:0% +a different Siz stack presumably you're +always going to have like at least the + + align:start position:0% +always going to have like at least the + + + align:start position:0% +always going to have like at least the +maximum Buy in or more whereas in + + align:start position:0% +maximum Buy in or more whereas in + + + align:start position:0% +maximum Buy in or more whereas in +tournament situations you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +tournament situations you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +tournament situations you're going to be +short stacked people at at your table + + align:start position:0% +short stacked people at at your table + + + align:start position:0% +short stacked people at at your table +are going to have a widely different + + align:start position:0% +are going to have a widely different + + + align:start position:0% +are going to have a widely different +stack size in cash games you have this + + align:start position:0% +stack size in cash games you have this + + + align:start position:0% +stack size in cash games you have this +thing called table selection which is + + align:start position:0% +thing called table selection which is + + + align:start position:0% +thing called table selection which is +you get to see the nine people that + + align:start position:0% +you get to see the nine people that + + + align:start position:0% +you get to see the nine people that +you're going to play against and you can + + align:start position:0% +you're going to play against and you can + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to play against and you can +watch them and you can see all right if + + align:start position:0% +watch them and you can see all right if + + + align:start position:0% +watch them and you can see all right if +eight people call pre- flop in a cash + + align:start position:0% +eight people call pre- flop in a cash + + + align:start position:0% +eight people call pre- flop in a cash +game you know that probably seven of + + align:start position:0% +game you know that probably seven of + + + align:start position:0% +game you know that probably seven of +those people are bad and you can just + + align:start position:0% +those people are bad and you can just + + + align:start position:0% +those people are bad and you can just +enter that game and play against those + + align:start position:0% +enter that game and play against those + + + align:start position:0% +enter that game and play against those +uh eight or nine people totally fine + + align:start position:0% +uh eight or nine people totally fine + + + align:start position:0% +uh eight or nine people totally fine +whereas for tournaments because of the + + align:start position:0% +whereas for tournaments because of the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas for tournaments because of the +you're only playing against nine PE + + align:start position:0% +you're only playing against nine PE + + + align:start position:0% +you're only playing against nine PE +other people in the tournament of a + + align:start position:0% +other people in the tournament of a + + + align:start position:0% +other people in the tournament of a +field of say like a 100 you only really + + align:start position:0% +field of say like a 100 you only really + + + align:start position:0% +field of say like a 100 you only really +get to Target groups of people you can + + align:start position:0% +get to Target groups of people you can + + + align:start position:0% +get to Target groups of people you can +identify um like audience of people who + + align:start position:0% +identify um like audience of people who + + + align:start position:0% +identify um like audience of people who +would enter that tournament and then get + + align:start position:0% +would enter that tournament and then get + + + align:start position:0% +would enter that tournament and then get +an idea of what the average person + + align:start position:0% +an idea of what the average person + + + align:start position:0% +an idea of what the average person +you'll play against will be but you can + + align:start position:0% +you'll play against will be but you can + + + align:start position:0% +you'll play against will be but you can +enter a tournament with 90 fish and 10 + + align:start position:0% +enter a tournament with 90 fish and 10 + + + align:start position:0% +enter a tournament with 90 fish and 10 +pros and be at a table of 10 Pros to + + align:start position:0% +pros and be at a table of 10 Pros to + + + align:start position:0% +pros and be at a table of 10 Pros to +start so that adds a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +start so that adds a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +start so that adds a little bit of +variance and it also adds um some + + align:start position:0% +variance and it also adds um some + + + align:start position:0% +variance and it also adds um some +complexity in trying to get a read at + + align:start position:0% +complexity in trying to get a read at + + + align:start position:0% +complexity in trying to get a read at +your table um and and kind of make that + + align:start position:0% +your table um and and kind of make that + + + align:start position:0% +your table um and and kind of make that +jive with your read of what the the + + align:start position:0% +jive with your read of what the the + + + align:start position:0% +jive with your read of what the the +average player should be for that + + align:start position:0% +average player should be for that + + + align:start position:0% +average player should be for that +tournament like the the World Series of + + align:start position:0% +tournament like the the World Series of + + + align:start position:0% +tournament like the the World Series of +Poker is is typically a tournament that + + align:start position:0% +Poker is is typically a tournament that + + + align:start position:0% +Poker is is typically a tournament that +has like 60% fish 40% Pro uh Pros + + align:start position:0% +has like 60% fish 40% Pro uh Pros + + + align:start position:0% +has like 60% fish 40% Pro uh Pros +nowadays but a lot of tables end up like + + align:start position:0% +nowadays but a lot of tables end up like + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays but a lot of tables end up like +eight pros and two fish and that creates + + align:start position:0% +eight pros and two fish and that creates + + + align:start position:0% +eight pros and two fish and that creates +um a much different type of situation + + align:start position:0% +um a much different type of situation + + + align:start position:0% +um a much different type of situation +for you than if you were at a table that + + align:start position:0% +for you than if you were at a table that + + + align:start position:0% +for you than if you were at a table that +was primarily new + + align:start position:0% +was primarily new + + + align:start position:0% +was primarily new +players um as I said before cash games + + align:start position:0% +players um as I said before cash games + + + align:start position:0% +players um as I said before cash games +have higher liquidity like if you like + + align:start position:0% +have higher liquidity like if you like + + + align:start position:0% +have higher liquidity like if you like +the best kind of career you can make in + + align:start position:0% +the best kind of career you can make in + + + align:start position:0% +the best kind of career you can make in +Po in poker is being really good at a + + align:start position:0% +Po in poker is being really good at a + + + align:start position:0% +Po in poker is being really good at a +cash game because you can go anywhere + + align:start position:0% +cash game because you can go anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +cash game because you can go anywhere +and play those you can play as long as + + align:start position:0% +and play those you can play as long as + + + align:start position:0% +and play those you can play as long as +you want like if you only have 2 hours + + align:start position:0% +you want like if you only have 2 hours + + + align:start position:0% +you want like if you only have 2 hours +and you're in Vegas you can grind out + + align:start position:0% +and you're in Vegas you can grind out + + + align:start position:0% +and you're in Vegas you can grind out +like pretty confidently like $150 of EV + + align:start position:0% +like pretty confidently like $150 of EV + + + align:start position:0% +like pretty confidently like $150 of EV +no problem whereas in a tournament it's + + align:start position:0% +no problem whereas in a tournament it's + + + align:start position:0% +no problem whereas in a tournament it's +much more uncertain how long it'll take + + align:start position:0% +much more uncertain how long it'll take + + + align:start position:0% +much more uncertain how long it'll take +you to capture that EV um and how long + + align:start position:0% +you to capture that EV um and how long + + + align:start position:0% +you to capture that EV um and how long +you might uh be obligated to stick + + align:start position:0% +you might uh be obligated to stick + + + align:start position:0% +you might uh be obligated to stick +around cash games are typically for any + + align:start position:0% +around cash games are typically for any + + + align:start position:0% +around cash games are typically for any +for what's considered normal win rates + + align:start position:0% +for what's considered normal win rates + + + align:start position:0% +for what's considered normal win rates +cash games are considered lower variants + + align:start position:0% +cash games are considered lower variants + + + align:start position:0% +cash games are considered lower variants +um and tournaments are considered higher + + align:start position:0% +um and tournaments are considered higher + + + align:start position:0% +um and tournaments are considered higher +variants if you're winning a cash games + + align:start position:0% +variants if you're winning a cash games + + + align:start position:0% +variants if you're winning a cash games +you're crushing it but it's much much + + align:start position:0% +you're crushing it but it's much much + + + align:start position:0% +you're crushing it but it's much much +harder to win a cash games at at least + + align:start position:0% +harder to win a cash games at at least + + + align:start position:0% +harder to win a cash games at at least +at like the medium high stakes and it's + + align:start position:0% +at like the medium high stakes and it's + + + align:start position:0% +at like the medium high stakes and it's +for it's for this reason it's because + + align:start position:0% +for it's for this reason it's because + + + align:start position:0% +for it's for this reason it's because +anyone who's a loser at cash game uh + + align:start position:0% +anyone who's a loser at cash game uh + + + align:start position:0% +anyone who's a loser at cash game uh +knows it immediately and drops out + + align:start position:0% +knows it immediately and drops out + + + align:start position:0% +knows it immediately and drops out +really quickly whereas in tournaments + + align:start position:0% +really quickly whereas in tournaments + + + align:start position:0% +really quickly whereas in tournaments +like some of the bigname pros are + + align:start position:0% +like some of the bigname pros are + + + align:start position:0% +like some of the bigname pros are +probably losers at this point they just + + align:start position:0% +probably losers at this point they just + + + align:start position:0% +probably losers at this point they just +don't know it yet because you can go + + align:start position:0% +don't know it yet because you can go + + + align:start position:0% +don't know it yet because you can go +years before you find out whether you're + + align:start position:0% +years before you find out whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +years before you find out whether you're +actually a winner or loser at Big + + align:start position:0% +actually a winner or loser at Big + + + align:start position:0% +actually a winner or loser at Big +tournaments let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +tournaments let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments let's talk about the +tournament life cycle so the early game + + align:start position:0% +tournament life cycle so the early game + + + align:start position:0% +tournament life cycle so the early game +is going to be like everything before + + align:start position:0% +is going to be like everything before + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be like everything before +like the bubble so it's going to be like + + align:start position:0% +like the bubble so it's going to be like + + + align:start position:0% +like the bubble so it's going to be like +the first 90% of eliminations in the + + align:start position:0% +the first 90% of eliminations in the + + + align:start position:0% +the first 90% of eliminations in the +tournament will be in the early game + + align:start position:0% +tournament will be in the early game + + + align:start position:0% +tournament will be in the early game +although because if our tournaments work + + align:start position:0% +although because if our tournaments work + + + align:start position:0% +although because if our tournaments work +that ends up being like half the + + align:start position:0% +that ends up being like half the + + + align:start position:0% +that ends up being like half the +tournament uh in terms of time but you + + align:start position:0% +tournament uh in terms of time but you + + + align:start position:0% +tournament uh in terms of time but you +get the idea anyway so play during the + + align:start position:0% +get the idea anyway so play during the + + + align:start position:0% +get the idea anyway so play during the +early game is very similar to cash games + + align:start position:0% +early game is very similar to cash games + + + align:start position:0% +early game is very similar to cash games +there's no there's no ICM like there's + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no ICM like there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no ICM like there's +no difference in um the value of chips + + align:start position:0% +no difference in um the value of chips + + + align:start position:0% +no difference in um the value of chips +early on because when you have a th000 + + align:start position:0% +early on because when you have a th000 + + + align:start position:0% +early on because when you have a th000 +chips and you need a 100,000 to win the + + align:start position:0% +chips and you need a 100,000 to win the + + + align:start position:0% +chips and you need a 100,000 to win the +tournament like a difference of 50 chips + + align:start position:0% +tournament like a difference of 50 chips + + + align:start position:0% +tournament like a difference of 50 chips +isn't that big of a deal like the um the + + align:start position:0% +isn't that big of a deal like the um the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that big of a deal like the um the +difference in value of chips doesn't + + align:start position:0% +difference in value of chips doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +difference in value of chips doesn't +really matter that much which is why I'm + + align:start position:0% +really matter that much which is why I'm + + + align:start position:0% +really matter that much which is why I'm +saying that chip EV like tournament chip + + align:start position:0% +saying that chip EV like tournament chip + + + align:start position:0% +saying that chip EV like tournament chip +EV is is approximately equal to like + + align:start position:0% +EV is is approximately equal to like + + + align:start position:0% +EV is is approximately equal to like +real dollar EV so make decisions as if + + align:start position:0% +real dollar EV so make decisions as if + + + align:start position:0% +real dollar EV so make decisions as if +it were a normal cash game um in + + align:start position:0% +it were a normal cash game um in + + + align:start position:0% +it were a normal cash game um in +addition your your playing style is + + align:start position:0% +addition your your playing style is + + + align:start position:0% +addition your your playing style is +going to be entirely influenced by your + + align:start position:0% +going to be entirely influenced by your + + + align:start position:0% +going to be entirely influenced by your +stack size like having the same um + + align:start position:0% +stack size like having the same um + + + align:start position:0% +stack size like having the same um +proportional stack size later in the + + align:start position:0% +proportional stack size later in the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional stack size later in the +early game you'll make the same types of + + align:start position:0% +early game you'll make the same types of + + + align:start position:0% +early game you'll make the same types of +decisions uh I'm defining different + + align:start position:0% +decisions uh I'm defining different + + + align:start position:0% +decisions uh I'm defining different +zones of play based on your stack size + + align:start position:0% +zones of play based on your stack size + + + align:start position:0% +zones of play based on your stack size +um if your m is less than two I'm + + align:start position:0% +um if your m is less than two I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um if your m is less than two I'm +calling that The Dead Zone Harrington + + align:start position:0% +calling that The Dead Zone Harrington + + + align:start position:0% +calling that The Dead Zone Harrington +called at that um 2 to 8 is the steel + + align:start position:0% +called at that um 2 to 8 is the steel + + + align:start position:0% +called at that um 2 to 8 is the steel +period 8 to 12 is a steel reeal period + + align:start position:0% +period 8 to 12 is a steel reeal period + + + align:start position:0% +period 8 to 12 is a steel reeal period +and we'll explain what that is later um + + align:start position:0% +and we'll explain what that is later um + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll explain what that is later um +12 to 30 is a value betting Zone and + + align:start position:0% +12 to 30 is a value betting Zone and + + + align:start position:0% +12 to 30 is a value betting Zone and +then 30 or more is a set mining Zone um + + align:start position:0% +then 30 or more is a set mining Zone um + + + align:start position:0% +then 30 or more is a set mining Zone um +so let let me talk about Tempo before we + + align:start position:0% +so let let me talk about Tempo before we + + + align:start position:0% +so let let me talk about Tempo before we +get into what exactly uh those things + + align:start position:0% +get into what exactly uh those things + + + align:start position:0% +get into what exactly uh those things +are so the the the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +are so the the the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +are so the the the most important thing +about tournaments with regard to how + + align:start position:0% +about tournaments with regard to how + + + align:start position:0% +about tournaments with regard to how +it's different than a cash game is + + align:start position:0% +it's different than a cash game is + + + align:start position:0% +it's different than a cash game is +getting the getting the speed right like + + align:start position:0% +getting the getting the speed right like + + + align:start position:0% +getting the getting the speed right like +getting your aggression at the right + + align:start position:0% +getting your aggression at the right + + + align:start position:0% +getting your aggression at the right +level so Doyle Brunson used to say that + + align:start position:0% +level so Doyle Brunson used to say that + + + align:start position:0% +level so Doyle Brunson used to say that +um never get caught speeding in a + + align:start position:0% +um never get caught speeding in a + + + align:start position:0% +um never get caught speeding in a +tournament and what that means is don't + + align:start position:0% +tournament and what that means is don't + + + align:start position:0% +tournament and what that means is don't +get caught being way too aggressive way + + align:start position:0% +get caught being way too aggressive way + + + align:start position:0% +get caught being way too aggressive way +too early on and by early on I mean when + + align:start position:0% +too early on and by early on I mean when + + + align:start position:0% +too early on and by early on I mean when +you have a big chip stack um so you need + + align:start position:0% +you have a big chip stack um so you need + + + align:start position:0% +you have a big chip stack um so you need +to win coin flips like you will have to + + align:start position:0% +to win coin flips like you will have to + + + align:start position:0% +to win coin flips like you will have to +win several hands when you're behind to + + align:start position:0% +win several hands when you're behind to + + + align:start position:0% +win several hands when you're behind to +win a tournament so what you should do + + align:start position:0% +win a tournament so what you should do + + + align:start position:0% +win a tournament so what you should do +is make sure that when you're not in + + align:start position:0% +is make sure that when you're not in + + + align:start position:0% +is make sure that when you're not in +coin flips you slowly grow your stack + + align:start position:0% +coin flips you slowly grow your stack + + + align:start position:0% +coin flips you slowly grow your stack +and you avoid flipping when you don't + + align:start position:0% +and you avoid flipping when you don't + + + align:start position:0% +and you avoid flipping when you don't +have to so that when you actually do + + align:start position:0% +have to so that when you actually do + + + align:start position:0% +have to so that when you actually do +flip you you end up with more chips like + + align:start position:0% +flip you you end up with more chips like + + + align:start position:0% +flip you you end up with more chips like +those small difference are the things + + align:start position:0% +those small difference are the things + + + align:start position:0% +those small difference are the things +that are multiplied all throughout the + + align:start position:0% +that are multiplied all throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +that are multiplied all throughout the +tournament to make you instead of like + + align:start position:0% +tournament to make you instead of like + + + align:start position:0% +tournament to make you instead of like +1% chance of winning a tournament like + + align:start position:0% +1% chance of winning a tournament like + + + align:start position:0% +1% chance of winning a tournament like +three or four like that's where your + + align:start position:0% +three or four like that's where your + + + align:start position:0% +three or four like that's where your +your Edge really + + align:start position:0% +your Edge really + + + align:start position:0% +your Edge really +materializes so the dead zone so being + + align:start position:0% +materializes so the dead zone so being + + + align:start position:0% +materializes so the dead zone so being +in the dead zone is is terrible it's + + align:start position:0% +in the dead zone is is terrible it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the dead zone is is terrible it's +much worse than half of having + + align:start position:0% +much worse than half of having + + + align:start position:0% +much worse than half of having +4M you should only ever be in this Zone + + align:start position:0% +4M you should only ever be in this Zone + + + align:start position:0% +4M you should only ever be in this Zone +because you lost the last hand and you + + align:start position:0% +because you lost the last hand and you + + + align:start position:0% +because you lost the last hand and you +had slightly more chips than that guy + + align:start position:0% +had slightly more chips than that guy + + + align:start position:0% +had slightly more chips than that guy +because this is a really bad situation + + align:start position:0% +because this is a really bad situation + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a really bad situation +to be in + + align:start position:0% +to be in + + + align:start position:0% +to be in +because you have no fold Equity so fold + + align:start position:0% +because you have no fold Equity so fold + + + align:start position:0% +because you have no fold Equity so fold +Equity is where your value is going to + + align:start position:0% +Equity is where your value is going to + + + align:start position:0% +Equity is where your value is going to +come from because like you're not going + + align:start position:0% +come from because like you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +come from because like you're not going +to win a lot of showdowns in a + + align:start position:0% +to win a lot of showdowns in a + + + align:start position:0% +to win a lot of showdowns in a +tournament and a lot of your chip a lot + + align:start position:0% +tournament and a lot of your chip a lot + + + align:start position:0% +tournament and a lot of your chip a lot +of like your EV from the tournament is + + align:start position:0% +of like your EV from the tournament is + + + align:start position:0% +of like your EV from the tournament is +going to come from fold Equity so if you + + align:start position:0% +going to come from fold Equity so if you + + + align:start position:0% +going to come from fold Equity so if you +have less than 2m you're going to bet + + align:start position:0% +have less than 2m you're going to bet + + + align:start position:0% +have less than 2m you're going to bet +like pre flop and the big blind's going + + align:start position:0% +like pre flop and the big blind's going + + + align:start position:0% +like pre flop and the big blind's going +to call you without even looking at his + + align:start position:0% +to call you without even looking at his + + + align:start position:0% +to call you without even looking at his +hand which means you have no fold Equity + + align:start position:0% +hand which means you have no fold Equity + + + align:start position:0% +hand which means you have no fold Equity +like you are basically you basically + + align:start position:0% +like you are basically you basically + + + align:start position:0% +like you are basically you basically +have to um win a showdown to get back + + align:start position:0% +have to um win a showdown to get back + + + align:start position:0% +have to um win a showdown to get back +into it and that's a really bad + + align:start position:0% +into it and that's a really bad + + + align:start position:0% +into it and that's a really bad +situation + + align:start position:0% +situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation +you want to get out of the Dead Zone + + align:start position:0% +you want to get out of the Dead Zone + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get out of the Dead Zone +before you have to pay a big blind and + + align:start position:0% +before you have to pay a big blind and + + + align:start position:0% +before you have to pay a big blind and +then you're going to be stuck on + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to be stuck on + + + align:start position:0% +then you're going to be stuck on +whatever hand you get there um and the + + align:start position:0% +whatever hand you get there um and the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever hand you get there um and the +reason is you want to be able to get + + align:start position:0% +reason is you want to be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +reason is you want to be able to get +your fold Equity back um if you're under + + align:start position:0% +your fold Equity back um if you're under + + + align:start position:0% +your fold Equity back um if you're under +1 M under any circumstance so never + + align:start position:0% +1 M under any circumstance so never + + + align:start position:0% +1 M under any circumstance so never +never do that like call any two cards + + align:start position:0% +never do that like call any two cards + + + align:start position:0% +never do that like call any two cards +before you get to 1 M um why because if + + align:start position:0% +before you get to 1 M um why because if + + + align:start position:0% +before you get to 1 M um why because if +you have 1 M and then you double up you + + align:start position:0% +you have 1 M and then you double up you + + + align:start position:0% +you have 1 M and then you double up you +still are in The Dead Zone like you're + + align:start position:0% +still are in The Dead Zone like you're + + + align:start position:0% +still are in The Dead Zone like you're +basically you're at least one coin flip + + align:start position:0% +basically you're at least one coin flip + + + align:start position:0% +basically you're at least one coin flip +uh behind being in a terrible situation + + align:start position:0% +uh behind being in a terrible situation + + + align:start position:0% +uh behind being in a terrible situation +so like enter any sort of coin flip to + + align:start position:0% +so like enter any sort of coin flip to + + + align:start position:0% +so like enter any sort of coin flip to +get to avoid getting below 1 + + align:start position:0% +get to avoid getting below 1 + + + align:start position:0% +get to avoid getting below 1 +M so a lot of your a lot of your value + + align:start position:0% +M so a lot of your a lot of your value + + + align:start position:0% +M so a lot of your a lot of your value +is going to come from this steel period + + align:start position:0% +is going to come from this steel period + + + align:start position:0% +is going to come from this steel period +And by Steel I mean stealing blinds um + + align:start position:0% +And by Steel I mean stealing blinds um + + + align:start position:0% +And by Steel I mean stealing blinds um +so when you have between 2 and 8m your + + align:start position:0% +so when you have between 2 and 8m your + + + align:start position:0% +so when you have between 2 and 8m your +only decision is to go all in or fold + + align:start position:0% +only decision is to go all in or fold + + + align:start position:0% +only decision is to go all in or fold +because every time you steal the blinds + + align:start position:0% +because every time you steal the blinds + + + align:start position:0% +because every time you steal the blinds +and the blinds are really valuable to + + align:start position:0% +and the blinds are really valuable to + + + align:start position:0% +and the blinds are really valuable to +you you increase your stack by like 20 + + align:start position:0% +you you increase your stack by like 20 + + + align:start position:0% +you you increase your stack by like 20 +or 30% like that's a big deal that's + + align:start position:0% +or 30% like that's a big deal that's + + + align:start position:0% +or 30% like that's a big deal that's +probably more than your Equity from + + align:start position:0% +probably more than your Equity from + + + align:start position:0% +probably more than your Equity from +actually uh going to Showdown yeah like + + align:start position:0% +actually uh going to Showdown yeah like + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh going to Showdown yeah like +that's more unless you literally have + + align:start position:0% +that's more unless you literally have + + + align:start position:0% +that's more unless you literally have +Aces that's probably better than any + + align:start position:0% +Aces that's probably better than any + + + align:start position:0% +Aces that's probably better than any +sort of edge you're going to have by + + align:start position:0% +sort of edge you're going to have by + + + align:start position:0% +sort of edge you're going to have by +getting called so find out who doesn't + + align:start position:0% +getting called so find out who doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +getting called so find out who doesn't +protect their blinds and steal from them + + align:start position:0% +protect their blinds and steal from them + + + align:start position:0% +protect their blinds and steal from them +like you should have been reading people + + align:start position:0% +like you should have been reading people + + + align:start position:0% +like you should have been reading people +early in the tournament to find out + + align:start position:0% +early in the tournament to find out + + + align:start position:0% +early in the tournament to find out +who's a pushover like they're going to + + align:start position:0% +who's a pushover like they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +who's a pushover like they're going to +be your best friend because you're going + + align:start position:0% +be your best friend because you're going + + + align:start position:0% +be your best friend because you're going +to steal blinds from them on the like on + + align:start position:0% +to steal blinds from them on the like on + + + align:start position:0% +to steal blinds from them on the like on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +converse like pretend like you're + + align:start position:0% +converse like pretend like you're + + + align:start position:0% +converse like pretend like you're +someone who defends their blind because + + align:start position:0% +someone who defends their blind because + + + align:start position:0% +someone who defends their blind because +if you get walked if everyone folds to + + align:start position:0% +if you get walked if everyone folds to + + + align:start position:0% +if you get walked if everyone folds to +your big blind you just get one + + align:start position:0% +your big blind you just get one + + + align:start position:0% +your big blind you just get one +additional M for free but don't actually + + align:start position:0% +additional M for free but don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +additional M for free but don't actually +do it because you don't want to see a + + align:start position:0% +do it because you don't want to see a + + + align:start position:0% +do it because you don't want to see a +showdown it's a bit of a game of chicken + + align:start position:0% +showdown it's a bit of a game of chicken + + + align:start position:0% +showdown it's a bit of a game of chicken +and like I will like actively pretend + + align:start position:0% +and like I will like actively pretend + + + align:start position:0% +and like I will like actively pretend +like I will tell a person I will + + align:start position:0% +like I will tell a person I will + + + align:start position:0% +like I will tell a person I will +actively defend my blinds because it's + + align:start position:0% +actively defend my blinds because it's + + + align:start position:0% +actively defend my blinds because it's +not binding and you can do that and then + + align:start position:0% +not binding and you can do that and then + + + align:start position:0% +not binding and you can do that and then +just like think about whatever hand I + + align:start position:0% +just like think about whatever hand I + + + align:start position:0% +just like think about whatever hand I +have and then fold like you you should + + align:start position:0% +have and then fold like you you should + + + align:start position:0% +have and then fold like you you should +still be calling it a very tight range + + align:start position:0% +still be calling it a very tight range + + + align:start position:0% +still be calling it a very tight range +but to the extent that you can uh + + align:start position:0% +but to the extent that you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +but to the extent that you can uh +convince them not to push into you um + + align:start position:0% +convince them not to push into you um + + + align:start position:0% +convince them not to push into you um +it's almost as good as just stealing + + align:start position:0% +it's almost as good as just stealing + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost as good as just stealing +yourself so avoid showdowns if at all + + align:start position:0% +yourself so avoid showdowns if at all + + + align:start position:0% +yourself so avoid showdowns if at all +possible so a lot of your a lot of your + + align:start position:0% +possible so a lot of your a lot of your + + + align:start position:0% +possible so a lot of your a lot of your +hands are going to be played in this + + align:start position:0% +hands are going to be played in this + + + align:start position:0% +hands are going to be played in this +period and the most important thing you + + align:start position:0% +period and the most important thing you + + + align:start position:0% +period and the most important thing you +can do is find Opportunities to steal + + align:start position:0% +can do is find Opportunities to steal + + + align:start position:0% +can do is find Opportunities to steal +don't get into showdowns don't call + + align:start position:0% +don't get into showdowns don't call + + + align:start position:0% +don't get into showdowns don't call +unless you think you're like a 70% + + align:start position:0% +unless you think you're like a 70% + + + align:start position:0% +unless you think you're like a 70% +favorite and it's related to the Gap + + align:start position:0% +favorite and it's related to the Gap + + + align:start position:0% +favorite and it's related to the Gap +Theory which is by sklansky which says + + align:start position:0% +Theory which is by sklansky which says + + + align:start position:0% +Theory which is by sklansky which says +to call a hand you need a m to call an + + align:start position:0% +to call a hand you need a m to call an + + + align:start position:0% +to call a hand you need a m to call an +all in you need a much stronger hand + + align:start position:0% +all in you need a much stronger hand + + + align:start position:0% +all in you need a much stronger hand +than to push why because when you push + + align:start position:0% +than to push why because when you push + + + align:start position:0% +than to push why because when you push +when you bet you have fold equity and + + align:start position:0% +when you bet you have fold equity and + + + align:start position:0% +when you bet you have fold equity and +you call you don't and that's the + + align:start position:0% +you call you don't and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you call you don't and that's the +difference like you can you can push + + align:start position:0% +difference like you can you can push + + + align:start position:0% +difference like you can you can push +with any two cards in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +with any two cards in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +with any two cards in a lot of +situations but you need to have a good + + align:start position:0% +situations but you need to have a good + + + align:start position:0% +situations but you need to have a good +hand to call so your your your goal here + + align:start position:0% +hand to call so your your your goal here + + + align:start position:0% +hand to call so your your your goal here +is to keep your head above water don't + + align:start position:0% +is to keep your head above water don't + + + align:start position:0% +is to keep your head above water don't +fall below two and preferably get into + + align:start position:0% +fall below two and preferably get into + + + align:start position:0% +fall below two and preferably get into +like um get into like the 10m period um + + align:start position:0% +like um get into like the 10m period um + + + align:start position:0% +like um get into like the 10m period um +either by doubling up or by stealing + + align:start position:0% +either by doubling up or by stealing + + + align:start position:0% +either by doubling up or by stealing +like so if you steal three hands in a + + align:start position:0% +like so if you steal three hands in a + + + align:start position:0% +like so if you steal three hands in a +row you have 11m if you're at eight + + align:start position:0% +row you have 11m if you're at eight + + + align:start position:0% +row you have 11m if you're at eight +that's the idea here and then once + + align:start position:0% +that's the idea here and then once + + + align:start position:0% +that's the idea here and then once +you're at 11m you're in a much more + + align:start position:0% +you're at 11m you're in a much more + + + align:start position:0% +you're at 11m you're in a much more +interesting situation so the steel + + align:start position:0% +interesting situation so the steel + + + align:start position:0% +interesting situation so the steel +restal period is when everyone is trying + + align:start position:0% +restal period is when everyone is trying + + + align:start position:0% +restal period is when everyone is trying +to steal blinds except you have the + + align:start position:0% +to steal blinds except you have the + + + align:start position:0% +to steal blinds except you have the +equity such that if you get re raised + + align:start position:0% +equity such that if you get re raised + + + align:start position:0% +equity such that if you get re raised +you can fold so what will happen is + + align:start position:0% +you can fold so what will happen is + + + align:start position:0% +you can fold so what will happen is +people will bet into you and you have to + + align:start position:0% +people will bet into you and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +people will bet into you and you have to +repop them sometimes and then sometime + + align:start position:0% +repop them sometimes and then sometime + + + align:start position:0% +repop them sometimes and then sometime +like you have to identify who's going to + + align:start position:0% +like you have to identify who's going to + + + align:start position:0% +like you have to identify who's going to +repop you and avoid them um so here's + + align:start position:0% +repop you and avoid them um so here's + + + align:start position:0% +repop you and avoid them um so here's +the idea so if you um steal a bet with + + align:start position:0% +the idea so if you um steal a bet with + + + align:start position:0% +the idea so if you um steal a bet with +like 2m and if he reer raises you with + + align:start position:0% +like 2m and if he reer raises you with + + + align:start position:0% +like 2m and if he reer raises you with +6m you're like marginally to call any + + align:start position:0% +6m you're like marginally to call any + + + align:start position:0% +6m you're like marginally to call any +two cards and then if you have + + align:start position:0% +two cards and then if you have + + + align:start position:0% +two cards and then if you have +um if you have an M of five for example + + align:start position:0% +um if you have an M of five for example + + + align:start position:0% +um if you have an M of five for example +you fall below if you have a 27% Equity + + align:start position:0% +you fall below if you have a 27% Equity + + + align:start position:0% +you fall below if you have a 27% Equity +it's a good call meaning any two cards + + align:start position:0% +it's a good call meaning any two cards + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good call meaning any two cards +because you're at least 7030 basically + + align:start position:0% +because you're at least 7030 basically + + + align:start position:0% +because you're at least 7030 basically +all the time whereas you have an M of 12 + + align:start position:0% +all the time whereas you have an M of 12 + + + align:start position:0% +all the time whereas you have an M of 12 +and he pushes you have to have a 40% + + align:start position:0% +and he pushes you have to have a 40% + + + align:start position:0% +and he pushes you have to have a 40% +chance of calling like you can actually + + align:start position:0% +chance of calling like you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +chance of calling like you can actually +fold this and that's good it gives you + + align:start position:0% +fold this and that's good it gives you + + + align:start position:0% +fold this and that's good it gives you +more optionality so the value betting + + align:start position:0% +more optionality so the value betting + + + align:start position:0% +more optionality so the value betting +zone is where like you might actually + + align:start position:0% +zone is where like you might actually + + + align:start position:0% +zone is where like you might actually +get to see a flop and you have to plan + + align:start position:0% +get to see a flop and you have to plan + + + align:start position:0% +get to see a flop and you have to plan +for that your hand pre flop is actually + + align:start position:0% +for that your hand pre flop is actually + + + align:start position:0% +for that your hand pre flop is actually +valuable to the extent it hits the Flop + + align:start position:0% +valuable to the extent it hits the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +valuable to the extent it hits the Flop +not like it is when you have lower M + + align:start position:0% +not like it is when you have lower M + + + align:start position:0% +not like it is when you have lower M +where your hand's going to be valuable + + align:start position:0% +where your hand's going to be valuable + + + align:start position:0% +where your hand's going to be valuable +to the extent that you're likely to be + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that you're likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that you're likely to be +winning pre flop so this play in 15 to + + align:start position:0% +winning pre flop so this play in 15 to + + + align:start position:0% +winning pre flop so this play in 15 to +30m is very similar to what a cash game + + align:start position:0% +30m is very similar to what a cash game + + + align:start position:0% +30m is very similar to what a cash game +play is like um so you're probably going + + align:start position:0% +play is like um so you're probably going + + + align:start position:0% +play is like um so you're probably going +to see a bunch of flops and we're going + + align:start position:0% +to see a bunch of flops and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +to see a bunch of flops and we're going +to plan accordingly you generally don't + + align:start position:0% +to plan accordingly you generally don't + + + align:start position:0% +to plan accordingly you generally don't +you still don't want a flat call Pre + + align:start position:0% +you still don't want a flat call Pre + + + align:start position:0% +you still don't want a flat call Pre +flop when you play a hand you want to be + + align:start position:0% +flop when you play a hand you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +flop when you play a hand you want to be +the aggressor you want to raise when you + + align:start position:0% +the aggressor you want to raise when you + + + align:start position:0% +the aggressor you want to raise when you +have a good hand and you want to fold + + align:start position:0% +have a good hand and you want to fold + + + align:start position:0% +have a good hand and you want to fold +when you have a bad hand I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +when you have a bad hand I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a bad hand I'm going to +call this flop turn River play but I + + align:start position:0% +call this flop turn River play but I + + + align:start position:0% +call this flop turn River play but I +really mean it's play when you have + + align:start position:0% +really mean it's play when you have + + + align:start position:0% +really mean it's play when you have +enough chips to actually see the Flop + + align:start position:0% +enough chips to actually see the Flop + + + align:start position:0% +enough chips to actually see the Flop +what you should do is not play that many + + align:start position:0% +what you should do is not play that many + + + align:start position:0% +what you should do is not play that many +hands but when you play hands play them + + align:start position:0% +hands but when you play hands play them + + + align:start position:0% +hands but when you play hands play them +aggressively um so the standard bet here + + align:start position:0% +aggressively um so the standard bet here + + + align:start position:0% +aggressively um so the standard bet here +is going to be three big blinds plus one + + align:start position:0% +is going to be three big blinds plus one + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be three big blinds plus one +big blind for every caller before you so + + align:start position:0% +big blind for every caller before you so + + + align:start position:0% +big blind for every caller before you so +if you're the if everyone folded before + + align:start position:0% +if you're the if everyone folded before + + + align:start position:0% +if you're the if everyone folded before +you you bet three if two people called + + align:start position:0% +you you bet three if two people called + + + align:start position:0% +you you bet three if two people called +before you you bet five five times a big + + align:start position:0% +before you you bet five five times a big + + + align:start position:0% +before you you bet five five times a big +blind um all your bets should be big + + align:start position:0% +blind um all your bets should be big + + + align:start position:0% +blind um all your bets should be big +they should be big big portions of the + + align:start position:0% +they should be big big portions of the + + + align:start position:0% +they should be big big portions of the +pot 2/3 is an okay number if you think + + align:start position:0% +pot 2/3 is an okay number if you think + + + align:start position:0% +pot 2/3 is an okay number if you think +the person's particularly weak you can + + align:start position:0% +the person's particularly weak you can + + + align:start position:0% +the person's particularly weak you can +bet the pot okay so first we're going to + + align:start position:0% +bet the pot okay so first we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +bet the pot okay so first we're going to +talk about pre- flop when your m is high + + align:start position:0% +talk about pre- flop when your m is high + + + align:start position:0% +talk about pre- flop when your m is high +your value comes from having a good hand + + align:start position:0% +your value comes from having a good hand + + + align:start position:0% +your value comes from having a good hand +on the Flop I still don't care about the + + align:start position:0% +on the Flop I still don't care about the + + + align:start position:0% +on the Flop I still don't care about the +river you are you are not like if you do + + align:start position:0% +river you are you are not like if you do + + + align:start position:0% +river you are you are not like if you do +this right you're probably not even + + align:start position:0% +this right you're probably not even + + + align:start position:0% +this right you're probably not even +going to reach the river by the time + + align:start position:0% +going to reach the river by the time + + + align:start position:0% +going to reach the river by the time +someone is all in we're only worried + + align:start position:0% +someone is all in we're only worried + + + align:start position:0% +someone is all in we're only worried +about the extent that your hand is + + align:start position:0% +about the extent that your hand is + + + align:start position:0% +about the extent that your hand is +valuable on the Flop depending on your + + align:start position:0% +valuable on the Flop depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +valuable on the Flop depending on your +position this is what I'm recommending + + align:start position:0% +position this is what I'm recommending + + + align:start position:0% +position this is what I'm recommending +your opening range is where I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +your opening range is where I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +your opening range is where I'm saying +you're opening by betting uh by raising + + align:start position:0% +you're opening by betting uh by raising + + + align:start position:0% +you're opening by betting uh by raising +to three big blinds so I'm saying that + + align:start position:0% +to three big blinds so I'm saying that + + + align:start position:0% +to three big blinds so I'm saying that +if you're an early position you should + + align:start position:0% +if you're an early position you should + + + align:start position:0% +if you're an early position you should +really only do this with like the top + + align:start position:0% +really only do this with like the top + + + align:start position:0% +really only do this with like the top +five% of hands which is tens or Ace + + align:start position:0% +five% of hands which is tens or Ace + + + align:start position:0% +five% of hands which is tens or Ace +Queen Ace Queen suited or Ace King the + + align:start position:0% +Queen Ace Queen suited or Ace King the + + + align:start position:0% +Queen Ace Queen suited or Ace King the +difference in suited actually matters + + align:start position:0% +difference in suited actually matters + + + align:start position:0% +difference in suited actually matters +there so any if you're first to act any + + align:start position:0% +there so any if you're first to act any + + + align:start position:0% +there so any if you're first to act any +other hand you should fold um which is + + align:start position:0% +other hand you should fold um which is + + + align:start position:0% +other hand you should fold um which is +obviously the majority of hands because + + align:start position:0% +obviously the majority of hands because + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the majority of hands because +you have the least amount of information + + align:start position:0% +you have the least amount of information + + + align:start position:0% +you have the least amount of information +now like you might be up against someone + + align:start position:0% +now like you might be up against someone + + + align:start position:0% +now like you might be up against someone +with another strong hand now and then on + + align:start position:0% +with another strong hand now and then on + + + align:start position:0% +with another strong hand now and then on +the every every hand like every card + + align:start position:0% +the every every hand like every card + + + align:start position:0% +the every every hand like every card +Hereafter you are going to be in the + + align:start position:0% +Hereafter you are going to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +Hereafter you are going to be in the +worst position so like to win in that + + align:start position:0% +worst position so like to win in that + + + align:start position:0% +worst position so like to win in that +position + + align:start position:0% +position + + + align:start position:0% +position +um to be profitable in that position you + + align:start position:0% +um to be profitable in that position you + + + align:start position:0% +um to be profitable in that position you +need to already have a really good hand + + align:start position:0% +need to already have a really good hand + + + align:start position:0% +need to already have a really good hand +and to the extent that you have the + + align:start position:0% +and to the extent that you have the + + + align:start position:0% +and to the extent that you have the +option to just not play a hand it seems + + align:start position:0% +option to just not play a hand it seems + + + align:start position:0% +option to just not play a hand it seems +to make sense that you would prefer not + + align:start position:0% +to make sense that you would prefer not + + + align:start position:0% +to make sense that you would prefer not +playing hands when you're in bad + + align:start position:0% +playing hands when you're in bad + + + align:start position:0% +playing hands when you're in bad +position so that's why that's a really + + align:start position:0% +position so that's why that's a really + + + align:start position:0% +position so that's why that's a really +tight range when you get to Middle + + align:start position:0% +tight range when you get to Middle + + + align:start position:0% +tight range when you get to Middle +position so maybe like four people to + + align:start position:0% +position so maybe like four people to + + + align:start position:0% +position so maybe like four people to +act after you you can widen up a little + + align:start position:0% +act after you you can widen up a little + + + align:start position:0% +act after you you can widen up a little +bit which a lot of you might think is + + align:start position:0% +bit which a lot of you might think is + + + align:start position:0% +bit which a lot of you might think is +still a very tight range and it is this + + align:start position:0% +still a very tight range and it is this + + + align:start position:0% +still a very tight range and it is this +might this might be close to like 15% + + align:start position:0% +might this might be close to like 15% + + + align:start position:0% +might this might be close to like 15% +where you have eight or Ace Jack and + + align:start position:0% +where you have eight or Ace Jack and + + + align:start position:0% +where you have eight or Ace Jack and +maybe king queen every other hand you + + align:start position:0% +maybe king queen every other hand you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe king queen every other hand you +should be folding like that's your range + + align:start position:0% +should be folding like that's your range + + + align:start position:0% +should be folding like that's your range +for raising out of any sort of middle + + align:start position:0% +for raising out of any sort of middle + + + align:start position:0% +for raising out of any sort of middle +position and then it makes it easy + + align:start position:0% +position and then it makes it easy + + + align:start position:0% +position and then it makes it easy +because you can imagine what type of + + align:start position:0% +because you can imagine what type of + + + align:start position:0% +because you can imagine what type of +flop you either hit or don't hit + + align:start position:0% +flop you either hit or don't hit + + + align:start position:0% +flop you either hit or don't hit +here so if you're facing a raise what I + + align:start position:0% +here so if you're facing a raise what I + + + align:start position:0% +here so if you're facing a raise what I +recommend is you just move everything up + + align:start position:0% +recommend is you just move everything up + + + align:start position:0% +recommend is you just move everything up +one so if you're facing a raise in + + align:start position:0% +one so if you're facing a raise in + + + align:start position:0% +one so if you're facing a raise in +earlier middle position then you can + + align:start position:0% +earlier middle position then you can + + + align:start position:0% +earlier middle position then you can +play 10 Ace Queen Ace Queen Ace King and + + align:start position:0% +play 10 Ace Queen Ace Queen Ace King and + + + align:start position:0% +play 10 Ace Queen Ace Queen Ace King and +if you're late then you can start + + align:start position:0% +if you're late then you can start + + + align:start position:0% +if you're late then you can start +playing like Ace Jack so when it comes + + align:start position:0% +playing like Ace Jack so when it comes + + + align:start position:0% +playing like Ace Jack so when it comes +to the Flop by by this time you will + + align:start position:0% +to the Flop by by this time you will + + + align:start position:0% +to the Flop by by this time you will +have um raised pre flop and you are now + + align:start position:0% +have um raised pre flop and you are now + + + align:start position:0% +have um raised pre flop and you are now +the aggressor in the hand um so if you + + align:start position:0% +the aggressor in the hand um so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the aggressor in the hand um so if you +were the aggressor you should bet 2third + + align:start position:0% +were the aggressor you should bet 2third + + + align:start position:0% +were the aggressor you should bet 2third +of the pot so that works a lot more + + align:start position:0% +of the pot so that works a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +of the pot so that works a lot more +often than you would think even among + + align:start position:0% +often than you would think even among + + + align:start position:0% +often than you would think even among +people who know what a cat is and then + + align:start position:0% +people who know what a cat is and then + + + align:start position:0% +people who know what a cat is and then +the break even based on our formula is + + align:start position:0% +the break even based on our formula is + + + align:start position:0% +the break even based on our formula is +going to be 2/3 / 5/3 or 40% um okay so + + align:start position:0% +going to be 2/3 / 5/3 or 40% um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 2/3 / 5/3 or 40% um okay so +this is what I'm recommending in terms + + align:start position:0% +this is what I'm recommending in terms + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I'm recommending in terms +of tiers this tier one is a king High + + align:start position:0% +of tiers this tier one is a king High + + + align:start position:0% +of tiers this tier one is a king High +flush like I'm giving you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +flush like I'm giving you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +flush like I'm giving you a little bit +of leeway there where you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +of leeway there where you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +of leeway there where you don't need to +have literally the ace high flush but if + + align:start position:0% +have literally the ace high flush but if + + + align:start position:0% +have literally the ace high flush but if +you have the King High flush you can go + + align:start position:0% +you have the King High flush you can go + + + align:start position:0% +you have the King High flush you can go +broke for 30m in addition the literal + + align:start position:0% +broke for 30m in addition the literal + + + align:start position:0% +broke for 30m in addition the literal +top straight so if the board is 456 and + + align:start position:0% +top straight so if the board is 456 and + + + align:start position:0% +top straight so if the board is 456 and +you have 78 you can consider that tier + + align:start position:0% +you have 78 you can consider that tier + + + align:start position:0% +you have 78 you can consider that tier +one and this is only going to be + + align:start position:0% +one and this is only going to be + + + align:start position:0% +one and this is only going to be +relevant on an unpaired board why like + + align:start position:0% +relevant on an unpaired board why like + + + align:start position:0% +relevant on an unpaired board why like +what does a paired board mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it means a full house is possible so if + + align:start position:0% +it means a full house is possible so if + + + align:start position:0% +it means a full house is possible so if +a full house is possible you might not + + align:start position:0% +a full house is possible you might not + + + align:start position:0% +a full house is possible you might not +even it basically makes your hand worse + + align:start position:0% +even it basically makes your hand worse + + + align:start position:0% +even it basically makes your hand worse +than six more hands that are possible + + align:start position:0% +than six more hands that are possible + + + align:start position:0% +than six more hands that are possible +and like a flush or a straight on a + + align:start position:0% +and like a flush or a straight on a + + + align:start position:0% +and like a flush or a straight on a +paired board would be considered tiered + + align:start position:0% +paired board would be considered tiered + + + align:start position:0% +paired board would be considered tiered +too like if they're betting aggressively + + align:start position:0% +too like if they're betting aggressively + + + align:start position:0% +too like if they're betting aggressively +into you and you have an A High flush + + align:start position:0% +into you and you have an A High flush + + + align:start position:0% +into you and you have an A High flush +you might be ahead but then if they're + + align:start position:0% +you might be ahead but then if they're + + + align:start position:0% +you might be ahead but then if they're +raising you then like I would be very + + align:start position:0% +raising you then like I would be very + + + align:start position:0% +raising you then like I would be very +worried about you being up against a + + align:start position:0% +worried about you being up against a + + + align:start position:0% +worried about you being up against a +full house so I would bet those much + + align:start position:0% +full house so I would bet those much + + + align:start position:0% +full house so I would bet those much +less aggressively and then like I only + + align:start position:0% +less aggressively and then like I only + + + align:start position:0% +less aggressively and then like I only +bet the ace high flush here like if you + + align:start position:0% +bet the ace high flush here like if you + + + align:start position:0% +bet the ace high flush here like if you +have a king High flush on that board + + align:start position:0% +have a king High flush on that board + + + align:start position:0% +have a king High flush on that board +there are all sorts of hands that can + + align:start position:0% +there are all sorts of hands that can + + + align:start position:0% +there are all sorts of hands that can +beat you um in addition I'm saying if + + align:start position:0% +beat you um in addition I'm saying if + + + align:start position:0% +beat you um in addition I'm saying if +you have what like the fourth best flush + + align:start position:0% +you have what like the fourth best flush + + + align:start position:0% +you have what like the fourth best flush +here you can bet it but you can't raise + + align:start position:0% +here you can bet it but you can't raise + + + align:start position:0% +here you can bet it but you can't raise +it really um you can't raise it if they + + align:start position:0% +it really um you can't raise it if they + + + align:start position:0% +it really um you can't raise it if they +raise into you because that just gives + + align:start position:0% +raise into you because that just gives + + + align:start position:0% +raise into you because that just gives +um them too many opportunities to have a + + align:start position:0% +um them too many opportunities to have a + + + align:start position:0% +um them too many opportunities to have a +hand that would actually beat you so 10 + + align:start position:0% +hand that would actually beat you so 10 + + + align:start position:0% +hand that would actually beat you so 10 +I flush isn't bad you shouldn't fold it + + align:start position:0% +I flush isn't bad you shouldn't fold it + + + align:start position:0% +I flush isn't bad you shouldn't fold it +and you're not really drawing but you + + align:start position:0% +and you're not really drawing but you + + + align:start position:0% +and you're not really drawing but you +should understand that it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +should understand that it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +should understand that it doesn't have +four bets of value it only really has + + align:start position:0% +four bets of value it only really has + + + align:start position:0% +four bets of value it only really has +two bets of value either a bet and their + + align:start position:0% +two bets of value either a bet and their + + + align:start position:0% +two bets of value either a bet and their +raise which you'll call or if they bet + + align:start position:0% +raise which you'll call or if they bet + + + align:start position:0% +raise which you'll call or if they bet +you can raise them and that's generally + + align:start position:0% +you can raise them and that's generally + + + align:start position:0% +you can raise them and that's generally +it and that's obviously on an unpaired + + align:start position:0% +it and that's obviously on an unpaired + + + align:start position:0% +it and that's obviously on an unpaired +board this also counts a second straight + + align:start position:0% +board this also counts a second straight + + + align:start position:0% +board this also counts a second straight +so a straight where you don't have um + + align:start position:0% +so a straight where you don't have um + + + align:start position:0% +so a straight where you don't have um +the top two cards but you have two cards + + align:start position:0% +the top two cards but you have two cards + + + align:start position:0% +the top two cards but you have two cards +that give you a straight um that are + + align:start position:0% +that give you a straight um that are + + + align:start position:0% +that give you a straight um that are +slightly lower um in addition bottom set + + align:start position:0% +slightly lower um in addition bottom set + + + align:start position:0% +slightly lower um in addition bottom set +I I would put here in addition to any + + align:start position:0% +I I would put here in addition to any + + + align:start position:0% +I I would put here in addition to any +two pair so two pair is crushed by a set + + align:start position:0% +two pair so two pair is crushed by a set + + + align:start position:0% +two pair so two pair is crushed by a set +and then bottom like bottom set is also + + align:start position:0% +and then bottom like bottom set is also + + + align:start position:0% +and then bottom like bottom set is also +crushed by any set it has the same + + align:start position:0% +crushed by any set it has the same + + + align:start position:0% +crushed by any set it has the same +problem so I'm calling this tier two and + + align:start position:0% +problem so I'm calling this tier two and + + + align:start position:0% +problem so I'm calling this tier two and +I'm saying that's good for like two bets + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that's good for like two bets + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that's good for like two bets +tier three is an overpair so if you have + + align:start position:0% +tier three is an overpair so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +tier three is an overpair so if you have +a pair of Jacks and The Flop comes + + align:start position:0% +a pair of Jacks and The Flop comes + + + align:start position:0% +a pair of Jacks and The Flop comes +234 or something that's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +234 or something that's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +234 or something that's a little bit +less correlated like 2310 like an overp + + align:start position:0% +less correlated like 2310 like an overp + + + align:start position:0% +less correlated like 2310 like an overp +pair is good it's considered better it's + + align:start position:0% +pair is good it's considered better it's + + + align:start position:0% +pair is good it's considered better it's +it's slightly better than top pair top + + align:start position:0% +it's slightly better than top pair top + + + align:start position:0% +it's slightly better than top pair top +kicker because you beat top pair top + + align:start position:0% +kicker because you beat top pair top + + + align:start position:0% +kicker because you beat top pair top +kicker um and then top pair good kicker + + align:start position:0% +kicker um and then top pair good kicker + + + align:start position:0% +kicker um and then top pair good kicker +I'm saying is also tier three where you + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying is also tier three where you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying is also tier three where you +might be able to take it down like if + + align:start position:0% +might be able to take it down like if + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to take it down like if +you bet and they call you might still be + + align:start position:0% +you bet and they call you might still be + + + align:start position:0% +you bet and they call you might still be +ahead if they're drawing but if you bet + + align:start position:0% +ahead if they're drawing but if you bet + + + align:start position:0% +ahead if they're drawing but if you bet +and they raise you're probably behind + + align:start position:0% +and they raise you're probably behind + + + align:start position:0% +and they raise you're probably behind +and should treat it like you're drawing + + align:start position:0% +and should treat it like you're drawing + + + align:start position:0% +and should treat it like you're drawing +thereafter and then all these hands + + align:start position:0% +thereafter and then all these hands + + + align:start position:0% +thereafter and then all these hands +which you guys might have previously + + align:start position:0% +which you guys might have previously + + + align:start position:0% +which you guys might have previously +thought were good hands or not they're + + align:start position:0% +thought were good hands or not they're + + + align:start position:0% +thought were good hands or not they're +just going to be called Drawing hands so + + align:start position:0% +just going to be called Drawing hands so + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be called Drawing hands so +top pair bad kicker mid or bottom pair + + align:start position:0% +top pair bad kicker mid or bottom pair + + + align:start position:0% +top pair bad kicker mid or bottom pair +or a pocket pair that's not an over pair + + align:start position:0% +or a pocket pair that's not an over pair + + + align:start position:0% +or a pocket pair that's not an over pair +so if you have fives when the board is + + align:start position:0% +so if you have fives when the board is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have fives when the board is +267 so by the turn of the river all your + + align:start position:0% +267 so by the turn of the river all your + + + align:start position:0% +267 so by the turn of the river all your +turns are going to be like they're + + align:start position:0% +turns are going to be like they're + + + align:start position:0% +turns are going to be like they're +already going to be big pots you don't + + align:start position:0% +already going to be big pots you don't + + + align:start position:0% +already going to be big pots you don't +need to to worry about extracting + + align:start position:0% +need to to worry about extracting + + + align:start position:0% +need to to worry about extracting +additional bets on the turn so in + + align:start position:0% +additional bets on the turn so in + + + align:start position:0% +additional bets on the turn so in +general try to figure out based on his + + align:start position:0% +general try to figure out based on his + + + align:start position:0% +general try to figure out based on his +action what are the possible groups of + + align:start position:0% +action what are the possible groups of + + + align:start position:0% +action what are the possible groups of +hands that he could have here and in + + align:start position:0% +hands that he could have here and in + + + align:start position:0% +hands that he could have here and in +general like that's it like by the time + + align:start position:0% +general like that's it like by the time + + + align:start position:0% +general like that's it like by the time +you're on the turn there aren't like + + align:start position:0% +you're on the turn there aren't like + + + align:start position:0% +you're on the turn there aren't like +there aren't going to be that many more + + align:start position:0% +there aren't going to be that many more + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't going to be that many more +bets like usually on the turn it's + + align:start position:0% +bets like usually on the turn it's + + + align:start position:0% +bets like usually on the turn it's +either like go all in or fold and then + + align:start position:0% +either like go all in or fold and then + + + align:start position:0% +either like go all in or fold and then +hopefully you're going to be in a + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're going to be in a + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're going to be in a +situation where you played it right + + align:start position:0% +situation where you played it right + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you played it right +previously where you're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +previously where you're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +previously where you're going to have a +better idea of whether to do that so + + align:start position:0% +better idea of whether to do that so + + + align:start position:0% +better idea of whether to do that so +bubble play is going to be + + align:start position:0% +bubble play is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +bubble play is going to be +um around like + + align:start position:0% +um around like + + + align:start position:0% +um around like +20% to 10% of the field left if we're + + align:start position:0% +20% to 10% of the field left if we're + + + align:start position:0% +20% to 10% of the field left if we're +saying that 10% of the field makes money + + align:start position:0% +saying that 10% of the field makes money + + + align:start position:0% +saying that 10% of the field makes money +we're saying that around 10% more is + + align:start position:0% +we're saying that around 10% more is + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying that around 10% more is +when there like everyone at every table + + align:start position:0% +when there like everyone at every table + + + align:start position:0% +when there like everyone at every table +thinks that oh like they have a pretty + + align:start position:0% +thinks that oh like they have a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +thinks that oh like they have a pretty +good chance of making money at some + + align:start position:0% +good chance of making money at some + + + align:start position:0% +good chance of making money at some +point so they change around a little bit + + align:start position:0% +point so they change around a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +point so they change around a little bit +this is when ICM starts mattering this + + align:start position:0% +this is when ICM starts mattering this + + + align:start position:0% +this is when ICM starts mattering this +is when like your decisions to win more + + align:start position:0% +is when like your decisions to win more + + + align:start position:0% +is when like your decisions to win more +chips may not necessarily be the maximal + + align:start position:0% +chips may not necessarily be the maximal + + + align:start position:0% +chips may not necessarily be the maximal +decision with regard to winning money um + + align:start position:0% +decision with regard to winning money um + + + align:start position:0% +decision with regard to winning money um +and It's when um players who who are + + align:start position:0% +and It's when um players who who are + + + align:start position:0% +and It's when um players who who are +probably not very comfortable with the + + align:start position:0% +probably not very comfortable with the + + + align:start position:0% +probably not very comfortable with the +amount of stakes that they're playing + + align:start position:0% +amount of stakes that they're playing + + + align:start position:0% +amount of stakes that they're playing +for start to make really big mistakes so + + align:start position:0% +for start to make really big mistakes so + + + align:start position:0% +for start to make really big mistakes so +typically the the bad players around the + + align:start position:0% +typically the the bad players around the + + + align:start position:0% +typically the the bad players around the +bubble will be a little bit too tight + + align:start position:0% +bubble will be a little bit too tight + + + align:start position:0% +bubble will be a little bit too tight +like they'll if you're playing the World + + align:start position:0% +like they'll if you're playing the World + + + align:start position:0% +like they'll if you're playing the World +Series they'll see that like there are + + align:start position:0% +Series they'll see that like there are + + + align:start position:0% +Series they'll see that like there are +there are 250 people left and 240 people + + align:start position:0% +there are 250 people left and 240 people + + + align:start position:0% +there are 250 people left and 240 people +get 12 Grand and everyone else gets zero + + align:start position:0% +get 12 Grand and everyone else gets zero + + + align:start position:0% +get 12 Grand and everyone else gets zero +and they're going to say like okay maybe + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to say like okay maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to say like okay maybe +I don't need to worry about increasing + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to worry about increasing + + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to worry about increasing +my chances of getting first place by + + align:start position:0% +my chances of getting first place by + + + align:start position:0% +my chances of getting first place by +half a percent if it means that I'm + + align:start position:0% +half a percent if it means that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +half a percent if it means that I'm +putting myself at risk of getting zero + + align:start position:0% +putting myself at risk of getting zero + + + align:start position:0% +putting myself at risk of getting zero +now like they they weigh that little + + align:start position:0% +now like they they weigh that little + + + align:start position:0% +now like they they weigh that little +jump in money quite a bit and as a + + align:start position:0% +jump in money quite a bit and as a + + + align:start position:0% +jump in money quite a bit and as a +result they play a little bit too tight + + align:start position:0% +result they play a little bit too tight + + + align:start position:0% +result they play a little bit too tight +um and then like the general at least as + + align:start position:0% +um and then like the general at least as + + + align:start position:0% +um and then like the general at least as +of a couple years ago the consensus was + + align:start position:0% +of a couple years ago the consensus was + + + align:start position:0% +of a couple years ago the consensus was +that how you do during this bubble + + align:start position:0% +that how you do during this bubble + + + align:start position:0% +that how you do during this bubble +period basically determines how deep + + align:start position:0% +period basically determines how deep + + + align:start position:0% +period basically determines how deep +you're going to go during the tournament + + align:start position:0% +you're going to go during the tournament + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to go during the tournament +because this is when the amateurs make + + align:start position:0% +because this is when the amateurs make + + + align:start position:0% +because this is when the amateurs make +the biggest mistakes um so if you're + + align:start position:0% +the biggest mistakes um so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest mistakes um so if you're +kind of a player who likes to exploit + + align:start position:0% +kind of a player who likes to exploit + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a player who likes to exploit +those mistakes this is when you're going + + align:start position:0% +those mistakes this is when you're going + + + align:start position:0% +those mistakes this is when you're going +to like a good player can just crush it + + align:start position:0% +to like a good player can just crush it + + + align:start position:0% +to like a good player can just crush it +like he can um be much more than 50% to + + align:start position:0% +like he can um be much more than 50% to + + + align:start position:0% +like he can um be much more than 50% to +double up during this period by just + + align:start position:0% +double up during this period by just + + + align:start position:0% +double up during this period by just +putting um identifying weaker players + + align:start position:0% +putting um identifying weaker players + + + align:start position:0% +putting um identifying weaker players +who who don't want to get knocked out + + align:start position:0% +who who don't want to get knocked out + + + align:start position:0% +who who don't want to get knocked out +for any reason and just bullying them + + align:start position:0% +for any reason and just bullying them + + + align:start position:0% +for any reason and just bullying them +around um so there are two types of + + align:start position:0% +around um so there are two types of + + + align:start position:0% +around um so there are two types of +metag game going on now um just so you + + align:start position:0% +metag game going on now um just so you + + + align:start position:0% +metag game going on now um just so you +know so this was a conventional belief + + align:start position:0% +know so this was a conventional belief + + + align:start position:0% +know so this was a conventional belief +the average amateur player is way too + + align:start position:0% +the average amateur player is way too + + + align:start position:0% +the average amateur player is way too +tight um but then once everyone realized + + align:start position:0% +tight um but then once everyone realized + + + align:start position:0% +tight um but then once everyone realized +that it became the opposite where um the + + align:start position:0% +that it became the opposite where um the + + + align:start position:0% +that it became the opposite where um the +average amateur player was way too uh + + align:start position:0% +average amateur player was way too uh + + + align:start position:0% +average amateur player was way too uh +was way too aggressive um because once + + align:start position:0% +was way too aggressive um because once + + + align:start position:0% +was way too aggressive um because once +the first one gets priced in then then + + align:start position:0% +the first one gets priced in then then + + + align:start position:0% +the first one gets priced in then then +everyone starts to be too aggressive + + align:start position:0% +everyone starts to be too aggressive + + + align:start position:0% +everyone starts to be too aggressive +because everyone wants to do what good + + align:start position:0% +because everyone wants to do what good + + + align:start position:0% +because everyone wants to do what good +players do on the bubble so you can + + align:start position:0% +players do on the bubble so you can + + + align:start position:0% +players do on the bubble so you can +probably identify your table pretty + + align:start position:0% +probably identify your table pretty + + + align:start position:0% +probably identify your table pretty +quickly around this time whether you see + + align:start position:0% +quickly around this time whether you see + + + align:start position:0% +quickly around this time whether you see +weaker players making really bad calls + + align:start position:0% +weaker players making really bad calls + + + align:start position:0% +weaker players making really bad calls +or really bad folds um that'll uh kind + + align:start position:0% +or really bad folds um that'll uh kind + + + align:start position:0% +or really bad folds um that'll uh kind +of give you an idea of what situation + + align:start position:0% +of give you an idea of what situation + + + align:start position:0% +of give you an idea of what situation +you're in to the extent you can bully + + align:start position:0% +you're in to the extent you can bully + + + align:start position:0% +you're in to the extent you can bully +people around but to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +people around but to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +people around but to the extent that +other people are bullying you um you + + align:start position:0% +other people are bullying you um you + + + align:start position:0% +other people are bullying you um you +don't need to necessarily push them + + align:start position:0% +don't need to necessarily push them + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to necessarily push them +back um let's talk about ICM so + + align:start position:0% +back um let's talk about ICM so + + + align:start position:0% +back um let's talk about ICM so +independent chip model is is + + align:start position:0% +independent chip model is is + + + align:start position:0% +independent chip model is is +highlighting when the the chip uh value + + align:start position:0% +highlighting when the the chip uh value + + + align:start position:0% +highlighting when the the chip uh value +diverges from your dollar value in the + + align:start position:0% +diverges from your dollar value in the + + + align:start position:0% +diverges from your dollar value in the +tournament so Chip EV which is a c here + + align:start position:0% +tournament so Chip EV which is a c here + + + align:start position:0% +tournament so Chip EV which is a c here +how it's different than dollar EV in + + align:start position:0% +how it's different than dollar EV in + + + align:start position:0% +how it's different than dollar EV in +tournaments it's related to the chance + + align:start position:0% +tournaments it's related to the chance + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments it's related to the chance +of you ending up in certain payout spots + + align:start position:0% +of you ending up in certain payout spots + + + align:start position:0% +of you ending up in certain payout spots +that that's why it's particularly + + align:start position:0% +that that's why it's particularly + + + align:start position:0% +that that's why it's particularly +nonlinear rather when the first placeat + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear rather when the first placeat + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear rather when the first placeat +gets gets everything chiy Vehicles + + align:start position:0% +gets gets everything chiy Vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +gets gets everything chiy Vehicles +dollar a because you eventually just + + align:start position:0% +dollar a because you eventually just + + + align:start position:0% +dollar a because you eventually just +have to win all the chips and like to + + align:start position:0% +have to win all the chips and like to + + + align:start position:0% +have to win all the chips and like to +the extent it brings you closer to + + align:start position:0% +the extent it brings you closer to + + + align:start position:0% +the extent it brings you closer to +winning all the chips your your + + align:start position:0% +winning all the chips your your + + + align:start position:0% +winning all the chips your your +expectation from the tournament is a + + align:start position:0% +expectation from the tournament is a + + + align:start position:0% +expectation from the tournament is a +little bit higher um but when payouts + + align:start position:0% +little bit higher um but when payouts + + + align:start position:0% +little bit higher um but when payouts +are steep it gets a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +are steep it gets a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +are steep it gets a little bit more +complicated because in some situations + + align:start position:0% +complicated because in some situations + + + align:start position:0% +complicated because in some situations +surviving a little bit longer has a + + align:start position:0% +surviving a little bit longer has a + + + align:start position:0% +surviving a little bit longer has a +material dollar um difference and + + align:start position:0% +material dollar um difference and + + + align:start position:0% +material dollar um difference and +getting more chips in that situation may + + align:start position:0% +getting more chips in that situation may + + + align:start position:0% +getting more chips in that situation may +not be as important as surviving and + + align:start position:0% +not be as important as surviving and + + + align:start position:0% +not be as important as surviving and +we'll go through examples the the dollar + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through examples the the dollar + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through examples the the dollar +is not symmetric there there's curvature + + align:start position:0% +is not symmetric there there's curvature + + + align:start position:0% +is not symmetric there there's curvature +so there there's two um there's this + + align:start position:0% +so there there's two um there's this + + + align:start position:0% +so there there's two um there's this +idea of like convexity where um when you + + align:start position:0% +idea of like convexity where um when you + + + align:start position:0% +idea of like convexity where um when you +when you win you always lose in this + + align:start position:0% +when you win you always lose in this + + + align:start position:0% +when you win you always lose in this +kind of situation because when you win a + + align:start position:0% +kind of situation because when you win a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of situation because when you win a +lot of chips those chips go down in + + align:start position:0% +lot of chips those chips go down in + + + align:start position:0% +lot of chips those chips go down in +value over time and when you lose chips + + align:start position:0% +value over time and when you lose chips + + + align:start position:0% +value over time and when you lose chips +those chips are really valuable so it + + align:start position:0% +those chips are really valuable so it + + + align:start position:0% +those chips are really valuable so it +makes your your marginal threshold for + + align:start position:0% +makes your your marginal threshold for + + + align:start position:0% +makes your your marginal threshold for +for making a risky decision much higher + + align:start position:0% +for making a risky decision much higher + + + align:start position:0% +for making a risky decision much higher +like in addition when you factor in + + align:start position:0% +like in addition when you factor in + + + align:start position:0% +like in addition when you factor in +actual utility of money it's even worse + + align:start position:0% +actual utility of money it's even worse + + + align:start position:0% +actual utility of money it's even worse +where clearly big upsides are um less + + align:start position:0% +where clearly big upsides are um less + + + align:start position:0% +where clearly big upsides are um less +good than protecting against big + + align:start position:0% +good than protecting against big + + + align:start position:0% +good than protecting against big +downsides um so that's that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +downsides um so that's that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +downsides um so that's that's kind of +the idea there losing hurts more than + + align:start position:0% +the idea there losing hurts more than + + + align:start position:0% +the idea there losing hurts more than +winning so let's talk about let's just + + align:start position:0% +winning so let's talk about let's just + + + align:start position:0% +winning so let's talk about let's just +go through an example of this and + + align:start position:0% +go through an example of this and + + + align:start position:0% +go through an example of this and +hopefully this will make it intuitive um + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this will make it intuitive um + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this will make it intuitive um +so say that we're playing in this + + align:start position:0% +so say that we're playing in this + + + align:start position:0% +so say that we're playing in this +situation it was whatever like a a 100 + + align:start position:0% +situation it was whatever like a a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +situation it was whatever like a a 100 +person tournament that was uh $20 Buy in + + align:start position:0% +person tournament that was uh $20 Buy in + + + align:start position:0% +person tournament that was uh $20 Buy in +and we're down to the final four people + + align:start position:0% +and we're down to the final four people + + + align:start position:0% +and we're down to the final four people +and we have 25 200 chips each and these + + align:start position:0% +and we have 25 200 chips each and these + + + align:start position:0% +and we have 25 200 chips each and these +are the payouts where first gets a grand + + align:start position:0% +are the payouts where first gets a grand + + + align:start position:0% +are the payouts where first gets a grand +second gets 600 and third gets 400 um so + + align:start position:0% +second gets 600 and third gets 400 um so + + + align:start position:0% +second gets 600 and third gets 400 um so +what's if we if we look at player Adam + + align:start position:0% +what's if we if we look at player Adam + + + align:start position:0% +what's if we if we look at player Adam +like what's his Equity like what's his + + align:start position:0% +like what's his Equity like what's his + + + align:start position:0% +like what's his Equity like what's his +expected dollar amount in this + + align:start position:0% +expected dollar amount in this + + + align:start position:0% +expected dollar amount in this +tournament assuming that everyone is + + align:start position:0% +tournament assuming that everyone is + + + align:start position:0% +tournament assuming that everyone is +approximately equal scale which is the + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal scale which is the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal scale which is the +underlying assumption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here yeah it should be like just 25% of + + align:start position:0% +here yeah it should be like just 25% of + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah it should be like just 25% of +the whole pot because he has 25% of the + + align:start position:0% +the whole pot because he has 25% of the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole pot because he has 25% of the +chips the whole pot is two grand so I + + align:start position:0% +chips the whole pot is two grand so I + + + align:start position:0% +chips the whole pot is two grand so I +expect that his EV is um 500 and it is + + align:start position:0% +expect that his EV is um 500 and it is + + + align:start position:0% +expect that his EV is um 500 and it is +so everyone has a 500 EV but say that + + align:start position:0% +so everyone has a 500 EV but say that + + + align:start position:0% +so everyone has a 500 EV but say that +we're in a situation where um where Adam + + align:start position:0% +we're in a situation where um where Adam + + + align:start position:0% +we're in a situation where um where Adam +and David go into a coin flip and then + + align:start position:0% +and David go into a coin flip and then + + + align:start position:0% +and David go into a coin flip and then +Adam beats David so what will Adam's + + align:start position:0% +Adam beats David so what will Adam's + + + align:start position:0% +Adam beats David so what will Adam's +like intuitively what do you think + + align:start position:0% +like intuitively what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +like intuitively what do you think +Adam's Equity should change + + align:start position:0% +Adam's Equity should change + + + align:start position:0% +Adam's Equity should change +to I would imagine you would think that + + align:start position:0% +to I would imagine you would think that + + + align:start position:0% +to I would imagine you would think that +he just gets the equity from David + + align:start position:0% +he just gets the equity from David + + + align:start position:0% +he just gets the equity from David +because those 2500 chips are worth $500 + + align:start position:0% +because those 2500 chips are worth $500 + + + align:start position:0% +because those 2500 chips are worth $500 +in equity in the tournament but when you + + align:start position:0% +in equity in the tournament but when you + + + align:start position:0% +in equity in the tournament but when you +run it through uh okay so when this + + align:start position:0% +run it through uh okay so when this + + + align:start position:0% +run it through uh okay so when this +happens how's the equity change um you + + align:start position:0% +happens how's the equity change um you + + + align:start position:0% +happens how's the equity change um you +can run it through poker tracker and + + align:start position:0% +can run it through poker tracker and + + + align:start position:0% +can run it through poker tracker and +I'll go through like the the kind of + + align:start position:0% +I'll go through like the the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go through like the the kind of +rudimentary math for it you might think + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary math for it you might think + + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary math for it you might think +that Adam now has a thousand in EV and + + align:start position:0% +that Adam now has a thousand in EV and + + + align:start position:0% +that Adam now has a thousand in EV and +these guys have 500 in EV and like + + align:start position:0% +these guys have 500 in EV and like + + + align:start position:0% +these guys have 500 in EV and like +really you should think those guys + + align:start position:0% +really you should think those guys + + + align:start position:0% +really you should think those guys +shouldn't have gained from this + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have gained from this + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have gained from this +happening because the pot size doesn't + + align:start position:0% +happening because the pot size doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +happening because the pot size doesn't +change and they don't even change in + + align:start position:0% +change and they don't even change in + + + align:start position:0% +change and they don't even change in +chip value but in actuality Adam only + + align:start position:0% +chip value but in actuality Adam only + + + align:start position:0% +chip value but in actuality Adam only +gains uh $266 of equity for doubling up + + align:start position:0% +gains uh $266 of equity for doubling up + + + align:start position:0% +gains uh $266 of equity for doubling up +here and these guys actually gain 100 + + align:start position:0% +here and these guys actually gain 100 + + + align:start position:0% +here and these guys actually gain 100 +from that happening um so let me let me + + align:start position:0% +from that happening um so let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +from that happening um so let me let me +show you why that is um so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +show you why that is um so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +show you why that is um so let's look at +the Deltas of of these of these payouts + + align:start position:0% +the Deltas of of these of these payouts + + + align:start position:0% +the Deltas of of these of these payouts +so this is worth 400 and then this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is worth 400 and then this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is worth 400 and then this is +worth 200 and this is like getting to + + align:start position:0% +worth 200 and this is like getting to + + + align:start position:0% +worth 200 and this is like getting to +first is worth an additional 400 so we + + align:start position:0% +first is worth an additional 400 so we + + + align:start position:0% +first is worth an additional 400 so we +originally had $500 of value here but + + align:start position:0% +originally had $500 of value here but + + + align:start position:0% +originally had $500 of value here but +now that um one person's out everyone's + + align:start position:0% +now that um one person's out everyone's + + + align:start position:0% +now that um one person's out everyone's +guaranteed what like no one like + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed what like no one like + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed what like no one like +certainly when someone has zero chips + + align:start position:0% +certainly when someone has zero chips + + + align:start position:0% +certainly when someone has zero chips +what's their equity in this + + align:start position:0% +what's their equity in this + + + align:start position:0% +what's their equity in this +tournament it should be this right 400 + + align:start position:0% +tournament it should be this right 400 + + + align:start position:0% +tournament it should be this right 400 +like they already are guaranteed $400 of + + align:start position:0% +like they already are guaranteed $400 of + + + align:start position:0% +like they already are guaranteed $400 of +chips okay so now that everyone has 400 + + align:start position:0% +chips okay so now that everyone has 400 + + + align:start position:0% +chips okay so now that everyone has 400 +we're just allocating the remainder of + + align:start position:0% +we're just allocating the remainder of + + + align:start position:0% +we're just allocating the remainder of +this we're deciding who gets this + + align:start position:0% +this we're deciding who gets this + + + align:start position:0% +this we're deciding who gets this +remaining 600 so you can see that these + + align:start position:0% +remaining 600 so you can see that these + + + align:start position:0% +remaining 600 so you can see that these +guys have a 25% uh chance of getting + + align:start position:0% +guys have a 25% uh chance of getting + + + align:start position:0% +guys have a 25% uh chance of getting +that remaining 600 which is why they + + align:start position:0% +that remaining 600 which is why they + + + align:start position:0% +that remaining 600 which is why they +have like just about 150 more than um + + align:start position:0% +have like just about 150 more than um + + + align:start position:0% +have like just about 150 more than um +that 400 number so that's where that's + + align:start position:0% +that 400 number so that's where that's + + + align:start position:0% +that 400 number so that's where that's +where it comes from and the the the the + + align:start position:0% +where it comes from and the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +where it comes from and the the the the +reason this is is because the winner + + align:start position:0% +reason this is is because the winner + + + align:start position:0% +reason this is is because the winner +does not eventually get all of the + + align:start position:0% +does not eventually get all of the + + + align:start position:0% +does not eventually get all of the +equity like the winner doesn't end up + + align:start position:0% +equity like the winner doesn't end up + + + align:start position:0% +equity like the winner doesn't end up +with 2,000 he ends up with 1,000 Which + + align:start position:0% +with 2,000 he ends up with 1,000 Which + + + align:start position:0% +with 2,000 he ends up with 1,000 Which +is less valuable than adding up all the + + align:start position:0% +is less valuable than adding up all the + + + align:start position:0% +is less valuable than adding up all the +equities from every player like really + + align:start position:0% +equities from every player like really + + + align:start position:0% +equities from every player like really +he's giving value out to the second and + + align:start position:0% +he's giving value out to the second and + + + align:start position:0% +he's giving value out to the second and +third place player um so that first spot + + align:start position:0% +third place player um so that first spot + + + align:start position:0% +third place player um so that first spot +is probably the worst value when it + + align:start position:0% +is probably the worst value when it + + + align:start position:0% +is probably the worst value when it +comes to um your Equity per chip because + + align:start position:0% +comes to um your Equity per chip because + + + align:start position:0% +comes to um your Equity per chip because +if you're if it winner to take all then + + align:start position:0% +if you're if it winner to take all then + + + align:start position:0% +if you're if it winner to take all then +the equity would be flat and then who + + align:start position:0% +the equity would be flat and then who + + + align:start position:0% +the equity would be flat and then who +would care but the fact that he's giving + + align:start position:0% +would care but the fact that he's giving + + + align:start position:0% +would care but the fact that he's giving +money to players who didn't have all the + + align:start position:0% +money to players who didn't have all the + + + align:start position:0% +money to players who didn't have all the +chips in the end caused that first place + + align:start position:0% +chips in the end caused that first place + + + align:start position:0% +chips in the end caused that first place +to be really bad so since Adam is really + + align:start position:0% +to be really bad so since Adam is really + + + align:start position:0% +to be really bad so since Adam is really +close to first place he's getting hurt + + align:start position:0% +close to first place he's getting hurt + + + align:start position:0% +close to first place he's getting hurt +the most you would think he like fair + + align:start position:0% +the most you would think he like fair + + + align:start position:0% +the most you would think he like fair +value would be a thousand but he's not + + align:start position:0% +value would be a thousand but he's not + + + align:start position:0% +value would be a thousand but he's not +he's well short of it whereas these guys + + align:start position:0% +he's well short of it whereas these guys + + + align:start position:0% +he's well short of it whereas these guys +are just gaining from it because their + + align:start position:0% +are just gaining from it because their + + + align:start position:0% +are just gaining from it because their +most likely place is second and third + + align:start position:0% +most likely place is second and third + + + align:start position:0% +most likely place is second and third +and they're capturing some of that value + + align:start position:0% +and they're capturing some of that value + + + align:start position:0% +and they're capturing some of that value +so a satellite's a tournament that a + + align:start position:0% +so a satellite's a tournament that a + + + align:start position:0% +so a satellite's a tournament that a +certain uh X number of people win a + + align:start position:0% +certain uh X number of people win a + + + align:start position:0% +certain uh X number of people win a +ticket to a bigger event so the World + + align:start position:0% +ticket to a bigger event so the World + + + align:start position:0% +ticket to a bigger event so the World +Series of Poker runs a lot of satellites + + align:start position:0% +Series of Poker runs a lot of satellites + + + align:start position:0% +Series of Poker runs a lot of satellites +and I think these tournaments are great + + align:start position:0% +and I think these tournaments are great + + + align:start position:0% +and I think these tournaments are great +because this is a really difficult + + align:start position:0% +because this is a really difficult + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a really difficult +situation for people to figure out and + + align:start position:0% +situation for people to figure out and + + + align:start position:0% +situation for people to figure out and +it causes a lot of people to make huge + + align:start position:0% +it causes a lot of people to make huge + + + align:start position:0% +it causes a lot of people to make huge +huge huge mistakes say this is like a + + align:start position:0% +huge huge mistakes say this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +huge huge mistakes say this is like a +100 person tournament where they all buy + + align:start position:0% +100 person tournament where they all buy + + + align:start position:0% +100 person tournament where they all buy +in for like $90 or something such that + + align:start position:0% +in for like $90 or something such that + + + align:start position:0% +in for like $90 or something such that +for first through 9th gets + + align:start position:0% +for first through 9th gets + + + align:start position:0% +for first through 9th gets +$10,000 and 10th Place gets zero and + + align:start position:0% +$10,000 and 10th Place gets zero and + + + align:start position:0% +$10,000 and 10th Place gets zero and +there are 10 people left um so their + + align:start position:0% +there are 10 people left um so their + + + align:start position:0% +there are 10 people left um so their +Equity is just their their percentage + + align:start position:0% +Equity is just their their percentage + + + align:start position:0% +Equity is just their their percentage +chance of winning this flat payout since + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning this flat payout since + + + align:start position:0% +chance of winning this flat payout since +they all have the same amount they're + + align:start position:0% +they all have the same amount they're + + + align:start position:0% +they all have the same amount they're +splitting that 990,000 pool even right + + align:start position:0% +splitting that 990,000 pool even right + + + align:start position:0% +splitting that 990,000 pool even right +so they all have approximately the same + + align:start position:0% +so they all have approximately the same + + + align:start position:0% +so they all have approximately the same +Equity here because no one gets gets + + align:start position:0% +Equity here because no one gets gets + + + align:start position:0% +Equity here because no one gets gets +hurt by having more chips um by by the + + align:start position:0% +hurt by having more chips um by by the + + + align:start position:0% +hurt by having more chips um by by the +curvature so say that we're in a + + align:start position:0% +curvature so say that we're in a + + + align:start position:0% +curvature so say that we're in a +situation um blinds are 2400 and Irene + + align:start position:0% +situation um blinds are 2400 and Irene + + + align:start position:0% +situation um blinds are 2400 and Irene +here who's in the small blind uh raises + + align:start position:0% +here who's in the small blind uh raises + + + align:start position:0% +here who's in the small blind uh raises +2500 to Jessica who has Kings this is + + align:start position:0% +2500 to Jessica who has Kings this is + + + align:start position:0% +2500 to Jessica who has Kings this is +one person out until we make money + + align:start position:0% +one person out until we make money + + + align:start position:0% +one person out until we make money +Jessica has Kings here so like + + align:start position:0% +Jessica has Kings here so like + + + align:start position:0% +Jessica has Kings here so like +intuitively what should we do + + align:start position:0% +intuitively what should we do + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively what should we do +here yeah like calling seems not that + + align:start position:0% +here yeah like calling seems not that + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah like calling seems not that +bad so what do we what what do I give + + align:start position:0% +bad so what do we what what do I give + + + align:start position:0% +bad so what do we what what do I give +you here so King like what's Jessica's + + align:start position:0% +you here so King like what's Jessica's + + + align:start position:0% +you here so King like what's Jessica's +range Jessica is pushing anything here + + align:start position:0% +range Jessica is pushing anything here + + + align:start position:0% +range Jessica is pushing anything here +right because Jessica has an M of like + + align:start position:0% +right because Jessica has an M of like + + + align:start position:0% +right because Jessica has an M of like +three and she's in the small blind so + + align:start position:0% +three and she's in the small blind so + + + align:start position:0% +three and she's in the small blind so +she's appropriately pushing any two + + align:start position:0% +she's appropriately pushing any two + + + align:start position:0% +she's appropriately pushing any two +cards because as we showed earlier + + align:start position:0% +cards because as we showed earlier + + + align:start position:0% +cards because as we showed earlier +you're definitely definitely supposed to + + align:start position:0% +you're definitely definitely supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +you're definitely definitely supposed to +do that um at least when it comes to + + align:start position:0% +do that um at least when it comes to + + + align:start position:0% +do that um at least when it comes to +chip EV um so Jessica is 82% with the + + align:start position:0% +chip EV um so Jessica is 82% with the + + + align:start position:0% +chip EV um so Jessica is 82% with the +Kings and we look at chip Equity she's + + align:start position:0% +Kings and we look at chip Equity she's + + + align:start position:0% +Kings and we look at chip Equity she's +crushing it like um she's 18% sorry + + align:start position:0% +crushing it like um she's 18% sorry + + + align:start position:0% +crushing it like um she's 18% sorry +she's 82% to win 5,000 doubling up she's + + align:start position:0% +she's 82% to win 5,000 doubling up she's + + + align:start position:0% +she's 82% to win 5,000 doubling up she's +18% to lose um so her Equity her + + align:start position:0% +18% to lose um so her Equity her + + + align:start position:0% +18% to lose um so her Equity her +expected value after this is um 4,100 + + align:start position:0% +expected value after this is um 4,100 + + + align:start position:0% +expected value after this is um 4,100 +meaning her Delta is 1,600 like she's + + align:start position:0% +meaning her Delta is 1,600 like she's + + + align:start position:0% +meaning her Delta is 1,600 like she's +expected to win 1,600 chips for this but + + align:start position:0% +expected to win 1,600 chips for this but + + + align:start position:0% +expected to win 1,600 chips for this but +what about when we look at Dollar + + align:start position:0% +what about when we look at Dollar + + + align:start position:0% +what about when we look at Dollar +EV well you see for dollar EV she has an + + align:start position:0% +EV well you see for dollar EV she has an + + + align:start position:0% +EV well you see for dollar EV she has an +82% chance of winning 10 grand and an + + align:start position:0% +82% chance of winning 10 grand and an + + + align:start position:0% +82% chance of winning 10 grand and an +18% chance of getting zero so her + + align:start position:0% +18% chance of getting zero so her + + + align:start position:0% +18% chance of getting zero so her +expected value after this call is + + align:start position:0% +expected value after this call is + + + align:start position:0% +expected value after this call is +actually 88,200 which is worse than her + + align:start position:0% +actually 88,200 which is worse than her + + + align:start position:0% +actually 88,200 which is worse than her +Equity of this tournament she actually + + align:start position:0% +Equity of this tournament she actually + + + align:start position:0% +Equity of this tournament she actually +loses money if she makes this call in + + align:start position:0% +loses money if she makes this call in + + + align:start position:0% +loses money if she makes this call in +fact if you put the other person on any2 + + align:start position:0% +fact if you put the other person on any2 + + + align:start position:0% +fact if you put the other person on any2 +cards you should even fold Aces like you + + align:start position:0% +cards you should even fold Aces like you + + + align:start position:0% +cards you should even fold Aces like you +should only pretend to look at your + + align:start position:0% +should only pretend to look at your + + + align:start position:0% +should only pretend to look at your +cards before you fold this hand and this + + align:start position:0% +cards before you fold this hand and this + + + align:start position:0% +cards before you fold this hand and this +is what it is for every s for every + + align:start position:0% +is what it is for every s for every + + + align:start position:0% +is what it is for every s for every +person in this situation unless you're + + align:start position:0% +person in this situation unless you're + + + align:start position:0% +person in this situation unless you're +more than a 90% favor to win which + + align:start position:0% +more than a 90% favor to win which + + + align:start position:0% +more than a 90% favor to win which +you're not because nothing + + align:start position:0% +you're not because nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you're not because nothing +like unless you can particularly put + + align:start position:0% +like unless you can particularly put + + + align:start position:0% +like unless you can particularly put +them on a hand which you have a pocket + + align:start position:0% +them on a hand which you have a pocket + + + align:start position:0% +them on a hand which you have a pocket +pair that dominates their lower like + + align:start position:0% +pair that dominates their lower like + + + align:start position:0% +pair that dominates their lower like +uncorrelated cards you should fold and + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated cards you should fold and + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated cards you should fold and +how should this play out it doesn't play + + align:start position:0% +how should this play out it doesn't play + + + align:start position:0% +how should this play out it doesn't play +out like this like there's a in the like + + align:start position:0% +out like this like there's a in the like + + + align:start position:0% +out like this like there's a in the like +in Vegas there's virtually 100% chance + + align:start position:0% +in Vegas there's virtually 100% chance + + + align:start position:0% +in Vegas there's virtually 100% chance +um Jessica calls here to Irene and + + align:start position:0% +um Jessica calls here to Irene and + + + align:start position:0% +um Jessica calls here to Irene and +Jessica's like dismay but to the benefit + + align:start position:0% +Jessica's like dismay but to the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +Jessica's like dismay but to the benefit +of everyone else at the + + align:start position:0% +of everyone else at the + + + align:start position:0% +of everyone else at the +table but like what should happen if + + align:start position:0% +table but like what should happen if + + + align:start position:0% +table but like what should happen if +you're like you're playing this + + align:start position:0% +you're like you're playing this + + + align:start position:0% +you're like you're playing this +situation and everyone's playing + + align:start position:0% +situation and everyone's playing + + + align:start position:0% +situation and everyone's playing +rationally like what how do you think + + align:start position:0% +rationally like what how do you think + + + align:start position:0% +rationally like what how do you think +this this will play out at 200 400 + + align:start position:0% +this this will play out at 200 400 + + + align:start position:0% +this this will play out at 200 400 +blinds so + + align:start position:0% +blinds so + + + align:start position:0% +blinds so +I yeah so what's your so if you're if + + align:start position:0% +I yeah so what's your so if you're if + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah so what's your so if you're if +you're in the big blind and you're + + align:start position:0% +you're in the big blind and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the big blind and you're +pushed into what's your calling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +range zero it's 0% there are no cards + + align:start position:0% +range zero it's 0% there are no cards + + + align:start position:0% +range zero it's 0% there are no cards +that you should call and then every + + align:start position:0% +that you should call and then every + + + align:start position:0% +that you should call and then every +single person at that table has at 0% + + align:start position:0% +single person at that table has at 0% + + + align:start position:0% +single person at that table has at 0% +calling range however so knowing that + + align:start position:0% +calling range however so knowing that + + + align:start position:0% +calling range however so knowing that +your fold Equity is virtually 100% + + align:start position:0% +your fold Equity is virtually 100% + + + align:start position:0% +your fold Equity is virtually 100% +every single person at the first + + align:start position:0% +every single person at the first + + + align:start position:0% +every single person at the first +opportunity should just go all in under + + align:start position:0% +opportunity should just go all in under + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity should just go all in under +the gun every single hand will open push + + align:start position:0% +the gun every single hand will open push + + + align:start position:0% +the gun every single hand will open push +and everyone else will fold and every + + align:start position:0% +and everyone else will fold and every + + + align:start position:0% +and everyone else will fold and every +single hand that will happen until the + + align:start position:0% +single hand that will happen until the + + + align:start position:0% +single hand that will happen until the +blinds eventually put someone all in + + align:start position:0% +blinds eventually put someone all in + + + align:start position:0% +blinds eventually put someone all in +against their will so this is a + + align:start position:0% +against their will so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +against their will so this is a +situation um where ICM comes into huge + + align:start position:0% +situation um where ICM comes into huge + + + align:start position:0% +situation um where ICM comes into huge +play like people really screw this up um + + align:start position:0% +play like people really screw this up um + + + align:start position:0% +play like people really screw this up um +especially live and that's why + + align:start position:0% +especially live and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +especially live and that's why +satellites are one of my favorite types + + align:start position:0% +satellites are one of my favorite types + + + align:start position:0% +satellites are one of my favorite types +of tournaments to play is because like + + align:start position:0% +of tournaments to play is because like + + + align:start position:0% +of tournaments to play is because like +every idiot will tell you that that + + align:start position:0% +every idiot will tell you that that + + + align:start position:0% +every idiot will tell you that that +calling with Kings here is clearly The + + align:start position:0% +calling with Kings here is clearly The + + + align:start position:0% +calling with Kings here is clearly The +Right Move um when even folding Aces is + + align:start position:0% +Right Move um when even folding Aces is + + + align:start position:0% +Right Move um when even folding Aces is +like way way way better than calling + + align:start position:0% +like way way way better than calling + + + align:start position:0% +like way way way better than calling +with anything um so like you should + + align:start position:0% +with anything um so like you should + + + align:start position:0% +with anything um so like you should +definitely do your best to identify + + align:start position:0% +definitely do your best to identify + + + align:start position:0% +definitely do your best to identify +opportunities like this because like to + + align:start position:0% +opportunities like this because like to + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities like this because like to +the extent you find a tournament like + + align:start position:0% +the extent you find a tournament like + + + align:start position:0% +the extent you find a tournament like +this that that ends up in these types of + + align:start position:0% +this that that ends up in these types of + + + align:start position:0% +this that that ends up in these types of +situations uh it it it's really hard for + + align:start position:0% +situations uh it it it's really hard for + + + align:start position:0% +situations uh it it it's really hard for +Live players to get this right let let's + + align:start position:0% +Live players to get this right let let's + + + align:start position:0% +Live players to get this right let let's +jump to late game so late game I don't + + align:start position:0% +jump to late game so late game I don't + + + align:start position:0% +jump to late game so late game I don't +have that much to talk about like late + + align:start position:0% +have that much to talk about like late + + + align:start position:0% +have that much to talk about like late +game you you just have to be um so keep + + align:start position:0% +game you you just have to be um so keep + + + align:start position:0% +game you you just have to be um so keep +steal resaling you're going to be you're + + align:start position:0% +steal resaling you're going to be you're + + + align:start position:0% +steal resaling you're going to be you're +going to have an M less than 10 + + align:start position:0% +going to have an M less than 10 + + + align:start position:0% +going to have an M less than 10 +probably unless you like literally just + + align:start position:0% +probably unless you like literally just + + + align:start position:0% +probably unless you like literally just +doubled up yeah what so stealing is uh + + align:start position:0% +doubled up yeah what so stealing is uh + + + align:start position:0% +doubled up yeah what so stealing is uh +so stealing is when you try to steal the + + align:start position:0% +so stealing is when you try to steal the + + + align:start position:0% +so stealing is when you try to steal the +blinds because they're so valuable + + align:start position:0% +blinds because they're so valuable + + + align:start position:0% +blinds because they're so valuable +raling is when someone's you identify as + + align:start position:0% +raling is when someone's you identify as + + + align:start position:0% +raling is when someone's you identify as +stealing your blinds and you repop them + + align:start position:0% +stealing your blinds and you repop them + + + align:start position:0% +stealing your blinds and you repop them +some percentage of the time it's it's + + align:start position:0% +some percentage of the time it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +some percentage of the time it's it's +like protecting your blind or or in some + + align:start position:0% +like protecting your blind or or in some + + + align:start position:0% +like protecting your blind or or in some +cases when you see someone steal before + + align:start position:0% +cases when you see someone steal before + + + align:start position:0% +cases when you see someone steal before +you and you're not necessarily a blind + + align:start position:0% +you and you're not necessarily a blind + + + align:start position:0% +you and you're not necessarily a blind +just raising against them like this is + + align:start position:0% +just raising against them like this is + + + align:start position:0% +just raising against them like this is +all going to be pre-f flop stuff um just + + align:start position:0% +all going to be pre-f flop stuff um just + + + align:start position:0% +all going to be pre-f flop stuff um just +be conscious of ICM like maybe it's not + + align:start position:0% +be conscious of ICM like maybe it's not + + + align:start position:0% +be conscious of ICM like maybe it's not +a good time to take a coin flip for your + + align:start position:0% +a good time to take a coin flip for your + + + align:start position:0% +a good time to take a coin flip for your +life like don't call with Ace King here + + align:start position:0% +life like don't call with Ace King here + + + align:start position:0% +life like don't call with Ace King here +because you have like a 2% Edge For A S + + align:start position:0% +because you have like a 2% Edge For A S + + + align:start position:0% +because you have like a 2% Edge For A S +range um okay so that's it for late late + + align:start position:0% +range um okay so that's it for late late + + + align:start position:0% +range um okay so that's it for late late +game I I really don't find it to be + + align:start position:0% +game I I really don't find it to be + + + align:start position:0% +game I I really don't find it to be +hugely different like late game just + + align:start position:0% +hugely different like late game just + + + align:start position:0% +hugely different like late game just +plays like a 10 table sit uh a 10-h + + align:start position:0% +plays like a 10 table sit uh a 10-h + + + align:start position:0% +plays like a 10 table sit uh a 10-h +handed sit and go the the biggest + + align:start position:0% +handed sit and go the the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +handed sit and go the the biggest +difference is that it's as if all the + + align:start position:0% +difference is that it's as if all the + + + align:start position:0% +difference is that it's as if all the +players are playing way above their head + + align:start position:0% +players are playing way above their head + + + align:start position:0% +players are playing way above their head +cuz they enter say your bankr for $100 + + align:start position:0% +cuz they enter say your bankr for $100 + + + align:start position:0% +cuz they enter say your bankr for $100 +tournament with 1,000 people and you get + + align:start position:0% +tournament with 1,000 people and you get + + + align:start position:0% +tournament with 1,000 people and you get +down to the last 10 it's now as if + + align:start position:0% +down to the last 10 it's now as if + + + align:start position:0% +down to the last 10 it's now as if +you're all playing in a $10,000 + + align:start position:0% +you're all playing in a $10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +you're all playing in a $10,000 +tournament so to some extent that + + align:start position:0% +tournament so to some extent that + + + align:start position:0% +tournament so to some extent that +changes it up but it it should generally + + align:start position:0% +changes it up but it it should generally + + + align:start position:0% +changes it up but it it should generally +be treated uh as if it is a Sit Ando + + align:start position:0% +be treated uh as if it is a Sit Ando + + + align:start position:0% +be treated uh as if it is a Sit Ando +that just um pays out a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that just um pays out a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that just um pays out a little bit +flatter okay so let's talk about that's + + align:start position:0% +flatter okay so let's talk about that's + + + align:start position:0% +flatter okay so let's talk about that's +it for tournament play um any questions + + align:start position:0% +it for tournament play um any questions + + + align:start position:0% +it for tournament play um any questions +on that uh otherwise we can move on to + + align:start position:0% +on that uh otherwise we can move on to + + + align:start position:0% +on that uh otherwise we can move on to +uh bankroll management so this is this + + align:start position:0% +uh bankroll management so this is this + + + align:start position:0% +uh bankroll management so this is this +is really the stuff that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +is really the stuff that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is really the stuff that's going to be +about um poker as an investment so so + + align:start position:0% +about um poker as an investment so so + + + align:start position:0% +about um poker as an investment so so +what's a bankroll so bankroll has a + + align:start position:0% +what's a bankroll so bankroll has a + + + align:start position:0% +what's a bankroll so bankroll has a +couple different definitions it the + + align:start position:0% +couple different definitions it the + + + align:start position:0% +couple different definitions it the +bankroll is like the amount of money you + + align:start position:0% +bankroll is like the amount of money you + + + align:start position:0% +bankroll is like the amount of money you +can devote to to playing poker making + + align:start position:0% +can devote to to playing poker making + + + align:start position:0% +can devote to to playing poker making +poker Investments however like I I think + + align:start position:0% +poker Investments however like I I think + + + align:start position:0% +poker Investments however like I I think +it should be defined as the amount of + + align:start position:0% +it should be defined as the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +it should be defined as the amount of +money that you would have to lose to + + align:start position:0% +money that you would have to lose to + + + align:start position:0% +money that you would have to lose to +never play poker again like it would + + align:start position:0% +never play poker again like it would + + + align:start position:0% +never play poker again like it would +have to be not because you're + + align:start position:0% +have to be not because you're + + + align:start position:0% +have to be not because you're +necessarily like ashamed of how much you + + align:start position:0% +necessarily like ashamed of how much you + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily like ashamed of how much you +lost but because like you lost so much + + align:start position:0% +lost but because like you lost so much + + + align:start position:0% +lost but because like you lost so much +money that the stakes that you would be + + align:start position:0% +money that the stakes that you would be + + + align:start position:0% +money that the stakes that you would be +required to play um given like your + + align:start position:0% +required to play um given like your + + + align:start position:0% +required to play um given like your +remaining amount of of money would be so + + align:start position:0% +remaining amount of of money would be so + + + align:start position:0% +remaining amount of of money would be so +low that you would never make that + + align:start position:0% +low that you would never make that + + + align:start position:0% +low that you would never make that +amount of money back it's like if you + + align:start position:0% +amount of money back it's like if you + + + align:start position:0% +amount of money back it's like if you +can conceivably put like 20 grand into + + align:start position:0% +can conceivably put like 20 grand into + + + align:start position:0% +can conceivably put like 20 grand into +poker and you lose like + + align:start position:0% +poker and you lose like + + + align:start position:0% +poker and you lose like +$199,900 you're not going to grind out + + align:start position:0% +$199,900 you're not going to grind out + + + align:start position:0% +$199,900 you're not going to grind out +like one cent two cent games until you + + align:start position:0% +like one cent two cent games until you + + + align:start position:0% +like one cent two cent games until you +have a 20 grand back you would just stop + + align:start position:0% +have a 20 grand back you would just stop + + + align:start position:0% +have a 20 grand back you would just stop +playing poker like you would just be + + align:start position:0% +playing poker like you would just be + + + align:start position:0% +playing poker like you would just be +like okay you would get you would get a + + align:start position:0% +like okay you would get you would get a + + + align:start position:0% +like okay you would get you would get a +normal job and rebuild your bankroll + + align:start position:0% +normal job and rebuild your bankroll + + + align:start position:0% +normal job and rebuild your bankroll +through something else so that that's + + align:start position:0% +through something else so that that's + + + align:start position:0% +through something else so that that's +how I'm defining bankroll it's the the + + align:start position:0% +how I'm defining bankroll it's the the + + + align:start position:0% +how I'm defining bankroll it's the the +amount of money where poker is no longer + + align:start position:0% +amount of money where poker is no longer + + + align:start position:0% +amount of money where poker is no longer +longer realistic option to be making + + align:start position:0% +longer realistic option to be making + + + align:start position:0% +longer realistic option to be making +money for you so this only matters if + + align:start position:0% +money for you so this only matters if + + + align:start position:0% +money for you so this only matters if +you're a winning player because if + + align:start position:0% +you're a winning player because if + + + align:start position:0% +you're a winning player because if +you're a losing player you should just + + align:start position:0% +you're a losing player you should just + + + align:start position:0% +you're a losing player you should just +play I mean you should play not at all + + align:start position:0% +play I mean you should play not at all + + + align:start position:0% +play I mean you should play not at all +you like you should figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +you like you should figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +you like you should figure out how to +win or more accurately you should move + + align:start position:0% +win or more accurately you should move + + + align:start position:0% +win or more accurately you should move +down to Stakes that you're actually a + + align:start position:0% +down to Stakes that you're actually a + + + align:start position:0% +down to Stakes that you're actually a +winner but that only matters if you're + + align:start position:0% +winner but that only matters if you're + + + align:start position:0% +winner but that only matters if you're +winning the like the formula for like + + align:start position:0% +winning the like the formula for like + + + align:start position:0% +winning the like the formula for like +your right bankroll doesn't work if + + align:start position:0% +your right bankroll doesn't work if + + + align:start position:0% +your right bankroll doesn't work if +you're negative expectation um because + + align:start position:0% +you're negative expectation um because + + + align:start position:0% +you're negative expectation um because +you're eventually going to go broke no + + align:start position:0% +you're eventually going to go broke no + + + align:start position:0% +you're eventually going to go broke no +matter what so some examples of what + + align:start position:0% +matter what so some examples of what + + + align:start position:0% +matter what so some examples of what +this is for like a new player you're + + align:start position:0% +this is for like a new player you're + + + align:start position:0% +this is for like a new player you're +just going to think of like what's a lot + + align:start position:0% +just going to think of like what's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +just going to think of like what's a lot +of money to you and then if you Lo if + + align:start position:0% +of money to you and then if you Lo if + + + align:start position:0% +of money to you and then if you Lo if +you like if you're like a new player to + + align:start position:0% +you like if you're like a new player to + + + align:start position:0% +you like if you're like a new player to +Poker and you lose 10 grand you're + + align:start position:0% +Poker and you lose 10 grand you're + + + align:start position:0% +Poker and you lose 10 grand you're +probably never playing poker again like + + align:start position:0% +probably never playing poker again like + + + align:start position:0% +probably never playing poker again like +the like you'll like you're a huge + + align:start position:0% +the like you'll like you're a huge + + + align:start position:0% +the like you'll like you're a huge +Underdog to ever make that up so that's + + align:start position:0% +Underdog to ever make that up so that's + + + align:start position:0% +Underdog to ever make that up so that's +probably the end of your poker career if + + align:start position:0% +probably the end of your poker career if + + + align:start position:0% +probably the end of your poker career if +you're if you're fairly new if you're an + + align:start position:0% +you're if you're fairly new if you're an + + + align:start position:0% +you're if you're fairly new if you're an +amateur realistically you can I would + + align:start position:0% +amateur realistically you can I would + + + align:start position:0% +amateur realistically you can I would +consider your bank girl like your liquid + + align:start position:0% +consider your bank girl like your liquid + + + align:start position:0% +consider your bank girl like your liquid +Investments like catch that if you lose + + align:start position:0% +Investments like catch that if you lose + + + align:start position:0% +Investments like catch that if you lose +you're not going to like you shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to like you shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to like you shouldn't +mortgage your house but like a couple + + align:start position:0% +mortgage your house but like a couple + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage your house but like a couple +thousand dollar like like a of the money + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollar like like a of the money + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollar like like a of the money +you have in the bank um that if you lose + + align:start position:0% +you have in the bank um that if you lose + + + align:start position:0% +you have in the bank um that if you lose +you wouldn't um be homeless seems kind + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't um be homeless seems kind + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't um be homeless seems kind +of realistic here like the the amount of + + align:start position:0% +of realistic here like the the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +of realistic here like the the amount of +money that you're not investing for like + + align:start position:0% +money that you're not investing for like + + + align:start position:0% +money that you're not investing for like +the long term but um if you lost it and + + align:start position:0% +the long term but um if you lost it and + + + align:start position:0% +the long term but um if you lost it and +as a result would have to stop playing + + align:start position:0% +as a result would have to stop playing + + + align:start position:0% +as a result would have to stop playing +poker you would find that to be + + align:start position:0% +poker you would find that to be + + + align:start position:0% +poker you would find that to be +reasonable the the threshold here is + + align:start position:0% +reasonable the the threshold here is + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable the the threshold here is +like the bankroll management rules are + + align:start position:0% +like the bankroll management rules are + + + align:start position:0% +like the bankroll management rules are +such that you're 2% chance of ever + + align:start position:0% +such that you're 2% chance of ever + + + align:start position:0% +such that you're 2% chance of ever +losing your bank roll um so that's a + + align:start position:0% +losing your bank roll um so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +losing your bank roll um so that's a +kind of ballpark for someone who who's + + align:start position:0% +kind of ballpark for someone who who's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ballpark for someone who who's +an amateur and for pros it's all of that + + align:start position:0% +an amateur and for pros it's all of that + + + align:start position:0% +an amateur and for pros it's all of that +money plus as much money as it could + + align:start position:0% +money plus as much money as it could + + + align:start position:0% +money plus as much money as it could +possibly borrow before they get cut off + + align:start position:0% +possibly borrow before they get cut off + + + align:start position:0% +possibly borrow before they get cut off +like if you're a Phil helm Youth and you + + align:start position:0% +like if you're a Phil helm Youth and you + + + align:start position:0% +like if you're a Phil helm Youth and you +like he's probably worth like $5 million + + align:start position:0% +like he's probably worth like $5 million + + + align:start position:0% +like he's probably worth like $5 million +or something and he loses $5 million + + align:start position:0% +or something and he loses $5 million + + + align:start position:0% +or something and he loses $5 million +he's not quitting poker he's goingon to + + align:start position:0% +he's not quitting poker he's goingon to + + + align:start position:0% +he's not quitting poker he's goingon to +he's going to raise another million + + align:start position:0% +he's going to raise another million + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to raise another million +dollars and start playing again so his + + align:start position:0% +dollars and start playing again so his + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and start playing again so his +bankroll is probably like eight before + + align:start position:0% +bankroll is probably like eight before + + + align:start position:0% +bankroll is probably like eight before +every single person goes like okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +every single person goes like okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +every single person goes like okay I'm +not loaning you any money and then he + + align:start position:0% +not loaning you any money and then he + + + align:start position:0% +not loaning you any money and then he +has to get a job at like McDonald's like + + align:start position:0% +has to get a job at like McDonald's like + + + align:start position:0% +has to get a job at like McDonald's like +so they're they're in a different + + align:start position:0% +so they're they're in a different + + + align:start position:0% +so they're they're in a different +situation and especially when we talk + + align:start position:0% +situation and especially when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +situation and especially when we talk +about like um like staking you can have + + align:start position:0% +about like um like staking you can have + + + align:start position:0% +about like um like staking you can have +no money and have a bankroll of of of a + + align:start position:0% +no money and have a bankroll of of of a + + + align:start position:0% +no money and have a bankroll of of of a +couple hundred grand if you have a track + + align:start position:0% +couple hundred grand if you have a track + + + align:start position:0% +couple hundred grand if you have a track +record that's good enough that people + + align:start position:0% +record that's good enough that people + + + align:start position:0% +record that's good enough that people +will just loan you + + align:start position:0% +will just loan you + + + align:start position:0% +will just loan you +money um let's go through some some + + align:start position:0% +money um let's go through some some + + + align:start position:0% +money um let's go through some some +rules of thumbs uh for bankroll + + align:start position:0% +rules of thumbs uh for bankroll + + + align:start position:0% +rules of thumbs uh for bankroll +management so this is the idea this was + + align:start position:0% +management so this is the idea this was + + + align:start position:0% +management so this is the idea this was +the motivation someone did the math on + + align:start position:0% +the motivation someone did the math on + + + align:start position:0% +the motivation someone did the math on +this um I remember checking it before it + + align:start position:0% +this um I remember checking it before it + + + align:start position:0% +this um I remember checking it before it +seemed about right so we're assuming so + + align:start position:0% +seemed about right so we're assuming so + + + align:start position:0% +seemed about right so we're assuming so +2% chance to go broke um based on your + + align:start position:0% +2% chance to go broke um based on your + + + align:start position:0% +2% chance to go broke um based on your +average buyin + + align:start position:0% +average buyin + + + align:start position:0% +average buyin +and we're assuming you don't change + + align:start position:0% +and we're assuming you don't change + + + align:start position:0% +and we're assuming you don't change +Stakes so this is a really um people + + align:start position:0% +Stakes so this is a really um people + + + align:start position:0% +Stakes so this is a really um people +kind of forget what this assumption is + + align:start position:0% +kind of forget what this assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of forget what this assumption is +so if you play if you change Stakes + + align:start position:0% +so if you play if you change Stakes + + + align:start position:0% +so if you play if you change Stakes +you're never going to go broke why + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to go broke why + + + align:start position:0% +you're never going to go broke why +because when you lose half your money + + align:start position:0% +because when you lose half your money + + + align:start position:0% +because when you lose half your money +you're going to drop down to half the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to drop down to half the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to drop down to half the +stakes so like you ASM toote near zero + + align:start position:0% +stakes so like you ASM toote near zero + + + align:start position:0% +stakes so like you ASM toote near zero +but you'll never you're never going to + + align:start position:0% +but you'll never you're never going to + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll never you're never going to +actually lose all that money you're just + + align:start position:0% +actually lose all that money you're just + + + align:start position:0% +actually lose all that money you're just +going to lose a lot until eventually + + align:start position:0% +going to lose a lot until eventually + + + align:start position:0% +going to lose a lot until eventually +your hourly is not worth it and when you + + align:start position:0% +your hourly is not worth it and when you + + + align:start position:0% +your hourly is not worth it and when you +go up in Stakes it's the opposite like + + align:start position:0% +go up in Stakes it's the opposite like + + + align:start position:0% +go up in Stakes it's the opposite like +you're 2% like say you're one of the + + align:start position:0% +you're 2% like say you're one of the + + + align:start position:0% +you're 2% like say you're one of the +rules is like um 100 buyin so if you if + + align:start position:0% +rules is like um 100 buyin so if you if + + + align:start position:0% +rules is like um 100 buyin so if you if +you have 100 buyin for the main event of + + align:start position:0% +you have 100 buyin for the main event of + + + align:start position:0% +you have 100 buyin for the main event of +the World Series like you have a million + + align:start position:0% +the World Series like you have a million + + + align:start position:0% +the World Series like you have a million +dollars and then as a result of winning + + align:start position:0% +dollars and then as a result of winning + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and then as a result of winning +that you start playing um 50,000 buying + + align:start position:0% +that you start playing um 50,000 buying + + + align:start position:0% +that you start playing um 50,000 buying +tournaments you're not that still 2% + + align:start position:0% +tournaments you're not that still 2% + + + align:start position:0% +tournaments you're not that still 2% +from the beginning to go broke you are + + align:start position:0% +from the beginning to go broke you are + + + align:start position:0% +from the beginning to go broke you are +now a new 2% so like you have uh it + + align:start position:0% +now a new 2% so like you have uh it + + + align:start position:0% +now a new 2% so like you have uh it +causes a multiplying Factor if when you + + align:start position:0% +causes a multiplying Factor if when you + + + align:start position:0% +causes a multiplying Factor if when you +win you take on more risk and the same + + align:start position:0% +win you take on more risk and the same + + + align:start position:0% +win you take on more risk and the same +way if you lose and take on less risk it + + align:start position:0% +way if you lose and take on less risk it + + + align:start position:0% +way if you lose and take on less risk it +has a dampening Factor so this 2% only + + align:start position:0% +has a dampening Factor so this 2% only + + + align:start position:0% +has a dampening Factor so this 2% only +if you um if you don't change stakes and + + align:start position:0% +if you um if you don't change stakes and + + + align:start position:0% +if you um if you don't change stakes and +you really should be changing Stakes + + align:start position:0% +you really should be changing Stakes + + + align:start position:0% +you really should be changing Stakes +especially + + align:start position:0% +especially + + + align:start position:0% +especially +because there there's a high correlation + + align:start position:0% +because there there's a high correlation + + + align:start position:0% +because there there's a high correlation +between actually losing and not being a + + align:start position:0% +between actually losing and not being a + + + align:start position:0% +between actually losing and not being a +good player at whatever Stakes you're + + align:start position:0% +good player at whatever Stakes you're + + + align:start position:0% +good player at whatever Stakes you're +playing and it'll give you a chance to + + align:start position:0% +playing and it'll give you a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +playing and it'll give you a chance to +identify um what's the right place for + + align:start position:0% +identify um what's the right place for + + + align:start position:0% +identify um what's the right place for +you to play um okay so that's what the + + align:start position:0% +you to play um okay so that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +you to play um okay so that's what the +numbers are I'd recommend like I happen + + align:start position:0% +numbers are I'd recommend like I happen + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are I'd recommend like I happen +to play over like over bankroll + + align:start position:0% +to play over like over bankroll + + + align:start position:0% +to play over like over bankroll +typically um just because like I find 2% + + align:start position:0% +typically um just because like I find 2% + + + align:start position:0% +typically um just because like I find 2% +a little bit too like I wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +a little bit too like I wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit too like I wouldn't be +happy with 2% that I lost all my money + + align:start position:0% +happy with 2% that I lost all my money + + + align:start position:0% +happy with 2% that I lost all my money +but like some people are I usually + + align:start position:0% +but like some people are I usually + + + align:start position:0% +but like some people are I usually +prefer like I usually like double these + + align:start position:0% +prefer like I usually like double these + + + align:start position:0% +prefer like I usually like double these +you you should just if if you're kind of + + align:start position:0% +you you should just if if you're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you you should just if if you're kind of +nervous when you play poker it's + + align:start position:0% +nervous when you play poker it's + + + align:start position:0% +nervous when you play poker it's +probably it's either because you're new + + align:start position:0% +probably it's either because you're new + + + align:start position:0% +probably it's either because you're new +and you've never done it before in which + + align:start position:0% +and you've never done it before in which + + + align:start position:0% +and you've never done it before in which +case you'll get over it but if like you + + align:start position:0% +case you'll get over it but if like you + + + align:start position:0% +case you'll get over it but if like you +actually get hurt by losses to the point + + align:start position:0% +actually get hurt by losses to the point + + + align:start position:0% +actually get hurt by losses to the point +where it's like always on your mind it's + + align:start position:0% +where it's like always on your mind it's + + + align:start position:0% +where it's like always on your mind it's +probably because you're not really uh + + align:start position:0% +probably because you're not really uh + + + align:start position:0% +probably because you're not really uh +bankroll appropriately it's because like + + align:start position:0% +bankroll appropriately it's because like + + + align:start position:0% +bankroll appropriately it's because like +if you lost five of those buyin you + + align:start position:0% +if you lost five of those buyin you + + + align:start position:0% +if you lost five of those buyin you +would stop playing poker which meant + + align:start position:0% +would stop playing poker which meant + + + align:start position:0% +would stop playing poker which meant +that um you didn't really have 20 buyin + + align:start position:0% +that um you didn't really have 20 buyin + + + align:start position:0% +that um you didn't really have 20 buyin +worth a bankroll you only had + + align:start position:0% +worth a bankroll you only had + + + align:start position:0% +worth a bankroll you only had +five um so the theory here is it's based + + align:start position:0% +five um so the theory here is it's based + + + align:start position:0% +five um so the theory here is it's based +on do you have a question yeah when you + + align:start position:0% +on do you have a question yeah when you + + + align:start position:0% +on do you have a question yeah when you +play cash game and say you double triple + + align:start position:0% +play cash game and say you double triple + + + align:start position:0% +play cash game and say you double triple +your money should you just you know walk + + align:start position:0% +your money should you just you know walk + + + align:start position:0% +your money should you just you know walk +away or should you just you know because + + align:start position:0% +away or should you just you know because + + + align:start position:0% +away or should you just you know because +you know you're playing well you have a + + align:start position:0% +you know you're playing well you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're playing well you have a +bigger St you should just keep playing + + align:start position:0% +bigger St you should just keep playing + + + align:start position:0% +bigger St you should just keep playing +what's the so if they're really bad + + align:start position:0% +what's the so if they're really bad + + + align:start position:0% +what's the so if they're really bad +players I would you can like so this is + + align:start position:0% +players I would you can like so this is + + + align:start position:0% +players I would you can like so this is +based on average buyin so basically if + + align:start position:0% +based on average buyin so basically if + + + align:start position:0% +based on average buyin so basically if +you double your stack and then a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you double your stack and then a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you double your stack and then a lot of +players at the table also doubled you're + + align:start position:0% +players at the table also doubled you're + + + align:start position:0% +players at the table also doubled you're +playing a game that's twice as big um so + + align:start position:0% +playing a game that's twice as big um so + + + align:start position:0% +playing a game that's twice as big um so +it's not like that makes it your normal + + align:start position:0% +it's not like that makes it your normal + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like that makes it your normal +game especially if they're bad so this + + align:start position:0% +game especially if they're bad so this + + + align:start position:0% +game especially if they're bad so this +is like the these numbers go way down if + + align:start position:0% +is like the these numbers go way down if + + + align:start position:0% +is like the these numbers go way down if +your Roi goes up materially or your win + + align:start position:0% +your Roi goes up materially or your win + + + align:start position:0% +your Roi goes up materially or your win +rate so if you're if you're winning a + + align:start position:0% +rate so if you're if you're winning a + + + align:start position:0% +rate so if you're if you're winning a +game by a lot more than average you can + + align:start position:0% +game by a lot more than average you can + + + align:start position:0% +game by a lot more than average you can +go with fewer buyin so if you're in a + + align:start position:0% +go with fewer buyin so if you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +go with fewer buyin so if you're in a +situation where the other players are + + align:start position:0% +situation where the other players are + + + align:start position:0% +situation where the other players are +bad I would just stay there if you're in + + align:start position:0% +bad I would just stay there if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +bad I would just stay there if you're in +a situation that they're good I would as + + align:start position:0% +a situation that they're good I would as + + + align:start position:0% +a situation that they're good I would as +soon as I double up I would I would + + align:start position:0% +soon as I double up I would I would + + + align:start position:0% +soon as I double up I would I would +change tables you can't take money off a + + align:start position:0% +change tables you can't take money off a + + + align:start position:0% +change tables you can't take money off a +table in a casino um but in + + align:start position:0% +table in a casino um but in + + + align:start position:0% +table in a casino um but in +I wouldn't be too happy about having now + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't be too happy about having now + + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't be too happy about having now +like more at risk than my normal risk + + align:start position:0% +like more at risk than my normal risk + + + align:start position:0% +like more at risk than my normal risk +metrics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dictate um so Theory here is based on + + align:start position:0% +dictate um so Theory here is based on + + + align:start position:0% +dictate um so Theory here is based on +the Kell Criterion so this is Kelly was + + align:start position:0% +the Kell Criterion so this is Kelly was + + + align:start position:0% +the Kell Criterion so this is Kelly was +a big guy in information Theory um some + + align:start position:0% +a big guy in information Theory um some + + + align:start position:0% +a big guy in information Theory um some +uh a couple decades ago um his idea is + + align:start position:0% +uh a couple decades ago um his idea is + + + align:start position:0% +uh a couple decades ago um his idea is +that say your utility curve as + + align:start position:0% +that say your utility curve as + + + align:start position:0% +that say your utility curve as +logarithmic you maximize your utility by + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic you maximize your utility by + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic you maximize your utility by +betting with regard to your Edge for + + align:start position:0% +betting with regard to your Edge for + + + align:start position:0% +betting with regard to your Edge for +example if you're you're in a one toone + + align:start position:0% +example if you're you're in a one toone + + + align:start position:0% +example if you're you're in a one toone +bet where you're 60% to win you should + + align:start position:0% +bet where you're 60% to win you should + + + align:start position:0% +bet where you're 60% to win you should +bet 20% of your bank roll and he proves + + align:start position:0% +bet 20% of your bank roll and he proves + + + align:start position:0% +bet 20% of your bank roll and he proves +it out out you can look up his paper + + align:start position:0% +it out out you can look up his paper + + + align:start position:0% +it out out you can look up his paper +it's pretty famous and then it's he's + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty famous and then it's he's + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty famous and then it's he's +been getting a lot Flack because this is + + align:start position:0% +been getting a lot Flack because this is + + + align:start position:0% +been getting a lot Flack because this is +probably not a great uh assumption the + + align:start position:0% +probably not a great uh assumption the + + + align:start position:0% +probably not a great uh assumption the +logarithmic utility so this is used um + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic utility so this is used um + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic utility so this is used um +in blackjack in particular where um the + + align:start position:0% +in blackjack in particular where um the + + + align:start position:0% +in blackjack in particular where um the +Crux of counting cards is that when the + + align:start position:0% +Crux of counting cards is that when the + + + align:start position:0% +Crux of counting cards is that when the +count when the count in your favor you + + align:start position:0% +count when the count in your favor you + + + align:start position:0% +count when the count in your favor you +bet more such that eventually you um + + align:start position:0% +bet more such that eventually you um + + + align:start position:0% +bet more such that eventually you um +your wins outpace your losses um and + + align:start position:0% +your wins outpace your losses um and + + + align:start position:0% +your wins outpace your losses um and +then Investment Management it's the same + + align:start position:0% +then Investment Management it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +then Investment Management it's the same +idea where you're going to put more + + align:start position:0% +idea where you're going to put more + + + align:start position:0% +idea where you're going to put more +money to what you consider higher Alpha + + align:start position:0% +money to what you consider higher Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +money to what you consider higher Alpha +generating ideas um and the the world of + + align:start position:0% +generating ideas um and the the world of + + + align:start position:0% +generating ideas um and the the world of +Poker as an example I find to be really + + align:start position:0% +Poker as an example I find to be really + + + align:start position:0% +Poker as an example I find to be really +ridiculous because um it's it's like the + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous because um it's it's like the + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous because um it's it's like the +biggest tournament in the world at least + + align:start position:0% +biggest tournament in the world at least + + + align:start position:0% +biggest tournament in the world at least +live 6,000 entries $10,000 like one of + + align:start position:0% +live 6,000 entries $10,000 like one of + + + align:start position:0% +live 6,000 entries $10,000 like one of +the biggest entries in the world so the + + align:start position:0% +the biggest entries in the world so the + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest entries in the world so the +right bankroll is like a million dollars + + align:start position:0% +right bankroll is like a million dollars + + + align:start position:0% +right bankroll is like a million dollars +for this tournament and like given the + + align:start position:0% +for this tournament and like given the + + + align:start position:0% +for this tournament and like given the +risk of playing a $10,000 6,000 person + + align:start position:0% +risk of playing a $10,000 6,000 person + + + align:start position:0% +risk of playing a $10,000 6,000 person +tournament like you're not getting good + + align:start position:0% +tournament like you're not getting good + + + align:start position:0% +tournament like you're not getting good +Returns on your million dooll investment + + align:start position:0% +Returns on your million dooll investment + + + align:start position:0% +Returns on your million dooll investment +so it's not really for someone I always + + align:start position:0% +so it's not really for someone I always + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not really for someone I always +found this to be a paradox like it's for + + align:start position:0% +found this to be a paradox like it's for + + + align:start position:0% +found this to be a paradox like it's for +someone who actually plays poker for + + align:start position:0% +someone who actually plays poker for + + + align:start position:0% +someone who actually plays poker for +money no matter how easy the World + + align:start position:0% +money no matter how easy the World + + + align:start position:0% +money no matter how easy the World +Series is you're not getting good risk + + align:start position:0% +Series is you're not getting good risk + + + align:start position:0% +Series is you're not getting good risk +adjusted returns especially when you + + align:start position:0% +adjusted returns especially when you + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted returns especially when you +count overhead however the T like the + + align:start position:0% +count overhead however the T like the + + + align:start position:0% +count overhead however the T like the +World Series of Poker the average player + + align:start position:0% +World Series of Poker the average player + + + align:start position:0% +World Series of Poker the average player +is really bad still and you have good + + align:start position:0% +is really bad still and you have good + + + align:start position:0% +is really bad still and you have good +upside in that um I think there are a + + align:start position:0% +upside in that um I think there are a + + + align:start position:0% +upside in that um I think there are a +lot of good outside benefits from um + + align:start position:0% +lot of good outside benefits from um + + + align:start position:0% +lot of good outside benefits from um +making big uh live scores like Chris + + align:start position:0% +making big uh live scores like Chris + + + align:start position:0% +making big uh live scores like Chris +Moneymaker has made way more money as a + + align:start position:0% +Moneymaker has made way more money as a + + + align:start position:0% +Moneymaker has made way more money as a +result of winning the World Series um + + align:start position:0% +result of winning the World Series um + + + align:start position:0% +result of winning the World Series um +and getting these sponsorships than he + + align:start position:0% +and getting these sponsorships than he + + + align:start position:0% +and getting these sponsorships than he +has from Ashley winning I'm sure and he + + align:start position:0% +has from Ashley winning I'm sure and he + + + align:start position:0% +has from Ashley winning I'm sure and he +won I think like probably more than a + + align:start position:0% +won I think like probably more than a + + + align:start position:0% +won I think like probably more than a +million it wasn't huge then um but there + + align:start position:0% +million it wasn't huge then um but there + + + align:start position:0% +million it wasn't huge then um but there +a lot of pretty big upsides + + align:start position:0% +a lot of pretty big upsides + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of pretty big upsides +there however like you can do for this + + align:start position:0% +there however like you can do for this + + + align:start position:0% +there however like you can do for this +type of tournament I think it's very + + align:start position:0% +type of tournament I think it's very + + + align:start position:0% +type of tournament I think it's very +common for pros to um to do some risk + + align:start position:0% +common for pros to um to do some risk + + + align:start position:0% +common for pros to um to do some risk +management technique so one is is is + + align:start position:0% +management technique so one is is is + + + align:start position:0% +management technique so one is is is +staking if like I have an investor that + + align:start position:0% +staking if like I have an investor that + + + align:start position:0% +staking if like I have an investor that +has more than a million dollars he can + + align:start position:0% +has more than a million dollars he can + + + align:start position:0% +has more than a million dollars he can +allocate this to his portfolio and stake + + align:start position:0% +allocate this to his portfolio and stake + + + align:start position:0% +allocate this to his portfolio and stake +like 10 people and have a little bit + + align:start position:0% +like 10 people and have a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +like 10 people and have a little bit +more of a diversified investment so the + + align:start position:0% +more of a diversified investment so the + + + align:start position:0% +more of a diversified investment so the +the common deal for this just so you + + align:start position:0% +the common deal for this just so you + + + align:start position:0% +the common deal for this just so you +know um is them getting 50 % of The + + align:start position:0% +know um is them getting 50 % of The + + + align:start position:0% +know um is them getting 50 % of The +Upside so they get the first 10 grand + + align:start position:0% +Upside so they get the first 10 grand + + + align:start position:0% +Upside so they get the first 10 grand +and 50% of the remainder and to the + + align:start position:0% +and 50% of the remainder and to the + + + align:start position:0% +and 50% of the remainder and to the +extent that it's a long-term staking + + align:start position:0% +extent that it's a long-term staking + + + align:start position:0% +extent that it's a long-term staking +deal you don't get money until they get + + align:start position:0% +deal you don't get money until they get + + + align:start position:0% +deal you don't get money until they get +money so if we play two of these and I + + align:start position:0% +money so if we play two of these and I + + + align:start position:0% +money so if we play two of these and I +lose the first one they get 20 grand of + + align:start position:0% +lose the first one they get 20 grand of + + + align:start position:0% +lose the first one they get 20 grand of +the of the second one plus 50% of the + + align:start position:0% +the of the second one plus 50% of the + + + align:start position:0% +the of the second one plus 50% of the +remainder so that's a pretty common + + align:start position:0% +remainder so that's a pretty common + + + align:start position:0% +remainder so that's a pretty common +staking deal it uh It generally works + + align:start position:0% +staking deal it uh It generally works + + + align:start position:0% +staking deal it uh It generally works +out and that was to the extent that you + + align:start position:0% +out and that was to the extent that you + + + align:start position:0% +out and that was to the extent that you +don't need to worry about friction like + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about friction like + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about friction like +trustworthiness it it work it seems to + + align:start position:0% +trustworthiness it it work it seems to + + + align:start position:0% +trustworthiness it it work it seems to +work out for everyone involved where + + align:start position:0% +work out for everyone involved where + + + align:start position:0% +work out for everyone involved where +there's a lot of overhead but the player + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of overhead but the player + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of overhead but the player +is grinding out like a high dollar + + align:start position:0% +is grinding out like a high dollar + + + align:start position:0% +is grinding out like a high dollar +amount and the investor is getting a + + align:start position:0% +amount and the investor is getting a + + + align:start position:0% +amount and the investor is getting a +good diversification in his + + align:start position:0% +good diversification in his + + + align:start position:0% +good diversification in his +portfolio um and it's an equity + + align:start position:0% +portfolio um and it's an equity + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio um and it's an equity +investment like you don't owe this money + + align:start position:0% +investment like you don't owe this money + + + align:start position:0% +investment like you don't owe this money +back if you lose it they're just um + + align:start position:0% +back if you lose it they're just um + + + align:start position:0% +back if you lose it they're just um +partnering with you in the tournament um + + align:start position:0% +partnering with you in the tournament um + + + align:start position:0% +partnering with you in the tournament um +something that's more common recently is + + align:start position:0% +something that's more common recently is + + + align:start position:0% +something that's more common recently is +selling shares and trading percentages + + align:start position:0% +selling shares and trading percentages + + + align:start position:0% +selling shares and trading percentages +so this lets them create some sort of + + align:start position:0% +so this lets them create some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so this lets them create some sort of +Syndicate and I think it's all like + + align:start position:0% +Syndicate and I think it's all like + + + align:start position:0% +Syndicate and I think it's all like +handshakes but it it it makes it so that + + align:start position:0% +handshakes but it it it makes it so that + + + align:start position:0% +handshakes but it it it makes it so that +they're pretty Diversified um in + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty Diversified um in + + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty Diversified um in +addition with regard to outside + + align:start position:0% +addition with regard to outside + + + align:start position:0% +addition with regard to outside +investors players will just sell shares + + align:start position:0% +investors players will just sell shares + + + align:start position:0% +investors players will just sell shares +of themselves to other um to other + + align:start position:0% +of themselves to other um to other + + + align:start position:0% +of themselves to other um to other +investors like they'll they'll cut their + + align:start position:0% +investors like they'll they'll cut their + + + align:start position:0% +investors like they'll they'll cut their +like their next 10 tournaments into 10 + + align:start position:0% +like their next 10 tournaments into 10 + + + align:start position:0% +like their next 10 tournaments into 10 +pieces and they'll try to raise like 15 + + align:start position:0% +pieces and they'll try to raise like 15 + + + align:start position:0% +pieces and they'll try to raise like 15 +grand for them where they sell it off in + + align:start position:0% +grand for them where they sell it off in + + + align:start position:0% +grand for them where they sell it off in +$1,500 pieces so it lets a relatively + + align:start position:0% +$1,500 pieces so it lets a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +$1,500 pieces so it lets a relatively +small investor diversify across a lot of + + align:start position:0% +small investor diversify across a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +small investor diversify across a lot of +different players um so this this makes + + align:start position:0% +different players um so this this makes + + + align:start position:0% +different players um so this this makes +a lot more sense from a finance + + align:start position:0% +a lot more sense from a finance + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more sense from a finance +standpoint in terms of you're just you + + align:start position:0% +standpoint in terms of you're just you + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint in terms of you're just you +still get this dollar amount but you're + + align:start position:0% +still get this dollar amount but you're + + + align:start position:0% +still get this dollar amount but you're +reducing the variance by quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +reducing the variance by quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +reducing the variance by quite a bit +okay so counterparty risk is important + + align:start position:0% +okay so counterparty risk is important + + + align:start position:0% +okay so counterparty risk is important +like for staking certainly like if you + + align:start position:0% +like for staking certainly like if you + + + align:start position:0% +like for staking certainly like if you +stake someone and they like don't play + + align:start position:0% +stake someone and they like don't play + + + align:start position:0% +stake someone and they like don't play +the tournament or like you need to worry + + align:start position:0% +the tournament or like you need to worry + + + align:start position:0% +the tournament or like you need to worry +about them not paying you back if they + + align:start position:0% +about them not paying you back if they + + + align:start position:0% +about them not paying you back if they +win that's a huge friction in addition + + align:start position:0% +win that's a huge friction in addition + + + align:start position:0% +win that's a huge friction in addition +to if you play in like underground card + + align:start position:0% +to if you play in like underground card + + + align:start position:0% +to if you play in like underground card +rooms or you play online like you may + + align:start position:0% +rooms or you play online like you may + + + align:start position:0% +rooms or you play online like you may +not get your money back and you should + + align:start position:0% +not get your money back and you should + + + align:start position:0% +not get your money back and you should +keep that in mind like you're so if you + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind like you're so if you + + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind like you're so if you +think it's like your like the club that + + align:start position:0% +think it's like your like the club that + + + align:start position:0% +think it's like your like the club that +you're play in is one in 10 to go like + + align:start position:0% +you're play in is one in 10 to go like + + + align:start position:0% +you're play in is one in 10 to go like +get rated during any like night that you + + align:start position:0% +get rated during any like night that you + + + align:start position:0% +get rated during any like night that you +play you should probably reduce your + + align:start position:0% +play you should probably reduce your + + + align:start position:0% +play you should probably reduce your +like expected gross winnings by 10% and + + align:start position:0% +like expected gross winnings by 10% and + + + align:start position:0% +like expected gross winnings by 10% and +factor that is the current poker + + align:start position:0% +factor that is the current poker + + + align:start position:0% +factor that is the current poker +environment is um so online poker uh + + align:start position:0% +environment is um so online poker uh + + + align:start position:0% +environment is um so online poker uh +started out basically back in 3 where um + + align:start position:0% +started out basically back in 3 where um + + + align:start position:0% +started out basically back in 3 where um +the World Series of Poker started + + align:start position:0% +the World Series of Poker started + + + align:start position:0% +the World Series of Poker started +invested a lot of money to uh build up + + align:start position:0% +invested a lot of money to uh build up + + + align:start position:0% +invested a lot of money to uh build up +the publicity like they invested in + + align:start position:0% +the publicity like they invested in + + + align:start position:0% +the publicity like they invested in +whole card cams and then they really + + align:start position:0% +whole card cams and then they really + + + align:start position:0% +whole card cams and then they really +built it up and then Chris Moneymaker + + align:start position:0% +built it up and then Chris Moneymaker + + + align:start position:0% +built it up and then Chris Moneymaker +arguably the worst poker player yet the + + align:start position:0% +arguably the worst poker player yet the + + + align:start position:0% +arguably the worst poker player yet the +most charismatic like won the tournament + + align:start position:0% +most charismatic like won the tournament + + + align:start position:0% +most charismatic like won the tournament +and he was a great Ambassador and then + + align:start position:0% +and he was a great Ambassador and then + + + align:start position:0% +and he was a great Ambassador and then +the following year someone else who + + align:start position:0% +the following year someone else who + + + align:start position:0% +the following year someone else who +played a um satellite to get in also won + + align:start position:0% +played a um satellite to get in also won + + + align:start position:0% +played a um satellite to get in also won +rmer who was a pretty good guy so poker + + align:start position:0% +rmer who was a pretty good guy so poker + + + align:start position:0% +rmer who was a pretty good guy so poker +blew up and then online po poker blew up + + align:start position:0% +blew up and then online po poker blew up + + + align:start position:0% +blew up and then online po poker blew up +and it was great cuz people could just + + align:start position:0% +and it was great cuz people could just + + + align:start position:0% +and it was great cuz people could just +like your average Joe college student + + align:start position:0% +like your average Joe college student + + + align:start position:0% +like your average Joe college student +can just load like $500 on poker stars + + align:start position:0% +can just load like $500 on poker stars + + + align:start position:0% +can just load like $500 on poker stars +and lose it to me um so that was really + + align:start position:0% +and lose it to me um so that was really + + + align:start position:0% +and lose it to me um so that was really +good for like five years and then + + align:start position:0% +good for like five years and then + + + align:start position:0% +good for like five years and then +eventually uh the natural course of the + + align:start position:0% +eventually uh the natural course of the + + + align:start position:0% +eventually uh the natural course of the +game is players get better and then + + align:start position:0% +game is players get better and then + + + align:start position:0% +game is players get better and then +eventually Black Friday happened uh a + + align:start position:0% +eventually Black Friday happened uh a + + + align:start position:0% +eventually Black Friday happened uh a +couple years back where F til one of the + + align:start position:0% +couple years back where F til one of the + + + align:start position:0% +couple years back where F til one of the +poker sites turned out to be a Ponzi + + align:start position:0% +poker sites turned out to be a Ponzi + + + align:start position:0% +poker sites turned out to be a Ponzi +scheme and they actually like they took + + align:start position:0% +scheme and they actually like they took + + + align:start position:0% +scheme and they actually like they took +everyone's money so anyone who had money + + align:start position:0% +everyone's money so anyone who had money + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's money so anyone who had money +on that um got it confiscated and then + + align:start position:0% +on that um got it confiscated and then + + + align:start position:0% +on that um got it confiscated and then +possibly got a percentage back although + + align:start position:0% +possibly got a percentage back although + + + align:start position:0% +possibly got a percentage back although +I'm not sure exactly how that worked and + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure exactly how that worked and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure exactly how that worked and +then all of the poker sites got banned + + align:start position:0% +then all of the poker sites got banned + + + align:start position:0% +then all of the poker sites got banned +from the US so online's kind of gone and + + align:start position:0% +from the US so online's kind of gone and + + + align:start position:0% +from the US so online's kind of gone and +like that was a bit of a nail on the + + align:start position:0% +like that was a bit of a nail on the + + + align:start position:0% +like that was a bit of a nail on the +coffin and then poker has contracted + + align:start position:0% +coffin and then poker has contracted + + + align:start position:0% +coffin and then poker has contracted +quite a bit the World Series of Poker + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit the World Series of Poker + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit the World Series of Poker +used to have like you could sit down at + + align:start position:0% +used to have like you could sit down at + + + align:start position:0% +used to have like you could sit down at +a table and there would be like six + + align:start position:0% +a table and there would be like six + + + align:start position:0% +a table and there would be like six +amateurs one pro and two guys reading + + align:start position:0% +amateurs one pro and two guys reading + + + align:start position:0% +amateurs one pro and two guys reading +like poker for dummies and now it's like + + align:start position:0% +like poker for dummies and now it's like + + + align:start position:0% +like poker for dummies and now it's like +50/50 like for a $10,000 tournament it's + + align:start position:0% +50/50 like for a $10,000 tournament it's + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 like for a $10,000 tournament it's +still pretty soft but like I played a + + align:start position:0% +still pretty soft but like I played a + + + align:start position:0% +still pretty soft but like I played a +couple years ago and like I played in a + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago and like I played in a + + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago and like I played in a +cash game where 10 people on my table + + align:start position:0% +cash game where 10 people on my table + + + align:start position:0% +cash game where 10 people on my table +were saying that they were professional + + align:start position:0% +were saying that they were professional + + + align:start position:0% +were saying that they were professional +poker players like probably like a + + align:start position:0% +poker players like probably like a + + + align:start position:0% +poker players like probably like a +couple were lying but it it's much + + align:start position:0% +couple were lying but it it's much + + + align:start position:0% +couple were lying but it it's much +different than it was before um however + + align:start position:0% +different than it was before um however + + + align:start position:0% +different than it was before um however +if you use good game selection like if + + align:start position:0% +if you use good game selection like if + + + align:start position:0% +if you use good game selection like if +you can find games that are soft like + + align:start position:0% +you can find games that are soft like + + + align:start position:0% +you can find games that are soft like +the side games of the World Series are + + align:start position:0% +the side games of the World Series are + + + align:start position:0% +the side games of the World Series are +soft and like low stakes games are + + align:start position:0% +soft and like low stakes games are + + + align:start position:0% +soft and like low stakes games are +always soft um I find it to be something + + align:start position:0% +always soft um I find it to be something + + + align:start position:0% +always soft um I find it to be something +that could add a lot of value um to uh + + align:start position:0% +that could add a lot of value um to uh + + + align:start position:0% +that could add a lot of value um to uh +an otherwise like good separate career + + align:start position:0% +an otherwise like good separate career + + + align:start position:0% +an otherwise like good separate career +like it it diversifies your own + + align:start position:0% +like it it diversifies your own + + + align:start position:0% +like it it diversifies your own +Investments especially if you um if you + + align:start position:0% +Investments especially if you um if you + + + align:start position:0% +Investments especially if you um if you +handle the bankroll stuff properly and + + align:start position:0% +handle the bankroll stuff properly and + + + align:start position:0% +handle the bankroll stuff properly and +that's it so thanks a lot everyone + + align:start position:0% +that's it so thanks a lot everyone + + + align:start position:0% +that's it so thanks a lot everyone +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KMyRX9q7jss.txt b/KMyRX9q7jss.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6bd1d3a374048505ca81c2c3b4593cb27c3f4bc --- /dev/null +++ b/KMyRX9q7jss.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17195 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions on the assignments then I will + + align:start position:0% +questions on the assignments then I will + + + align:start position:0% +questions on the assignments then I will +jump in we can start talking uh some + + align:start position:0% +jump in we can start talking uh some + + + align:start position:0% +jump in we can start talking uh some +more about Quantum weirdness we're going + + align:start position:0% +more about Quantum weirdness we're going + + + align:start position:0% +more about Quantum weirdness we're going +to continue our discussion uh from + + align:start position:0% +to continue our discussion uh from + + + align:start position:0% +to continue our discussion uh from +yesterday which was clearly + + align:start position:0% +yesterday which was clearly + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday which was clearly +insufficiently + + align:start position:0% +insufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +insufficiently +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +shocking for you you're all very Quantum + + align:start position:0% +shocking for you you're all very Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +shocking for you you're all very Quantum +complacent yesterday let's see if I can + + align:start position:0% +complacent yesterday let's see if I can + + + align:start position:0% +complacent yesterday let's see if I can +do a little better today + + align:start position:0% +do a little better today + + + align:start position:0% +do a little better today +so we'll talk about a series of + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk about a series of + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk about a series of +developments of that grew out of efforts + + align:start position:0% +developments of that grew out of efforts + + + align:start position:0% +developments of that grew out of efforts +to make sense of this new set of + + align:start position:0% +to make sense of this new set of + + + align:start position:0% +to make sense of this new set of +equations this new mathematical + + align:start position:0% +equations this new mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +equations this new mathematical +formalism of quantum mechanics some of + + align:start position:0% +formalism of quantum mechanics some of + + + align:start position:0% +formalism of quantum mechanics some of +these developments came pretty quickly + + align:start position:0% +these developments came pretty quickly + + + align:start position:0% +these developments came pretty quickly +in time + + align:start position:0% +in time + + + align:start position:0% +in time +um very soon after Schrodinger had + + align:start position:0% +um very soon after Schrodinger had + + + align:start position:0% +um very soon after Schrodinger had +worked out this new form of the equation + + align:start position:0% +worked out this new form of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +worked out this new form of the equation +and others as we'll see really came + + align:start position:0% +and others as we'll see really came + + + align:start position:0% +and others as we'll see really came +together some years later + + align:start position:0% +together some years later + + + align:start position:0% +together some years later +so for today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so for today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so for today we're going to talk about +these three examples this is not exhaust + + align:start position:0% +these three examples this is not exhaust + + + align:start position:0% +these three examples this is not exhaust +all the things one can think about Under + + align:start position:0% +all the things one can think about Under + + + align:start position:0% +all the things one can think about Under +The Heading of quantum weirdness but + + align:start position:0% +The Heading of quantum weirdness but + + + align:start position:0% +The Heading of quantum weirdness but +these are some of my favorites and I + + align:start position:0% +these are some of my favorites and I + + + align:start position:0% +these are some of my favorites and I +think they really show a range of the + + align:start position:0% +think they really show a range of the + + + align:start position:0% +think they really show a range of the +kinds of questions that this work began + + align:start position:0% +kinds of questions that this work began + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of questions that this work began +to open up + + align:start position:0% +to open up + + + align:start position:0% +to open up +so we'll start by talking about + + align:start position:0% +so we'll start by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll start by talking about +superposition uh and Schrodinger's cat + + align:start position:0% +superposition uh and Schrodinger's cat + + + align:start position:0% +superposition uh and Schrodinger's cat +Paradox the Schrodinger's cap is likely + + align:start position:0% +Paradox the Schrodinger's cap is likely + + + align:start position:0% +Paradox the Schrodinger's cap is likely +familiar to you at least an outline + + align:start position:0% +familiar to you at least an outline + + + align:start position:0% +familiar to you at least an outline +we'll talk a bit about what were the + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a bit about what were the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a bit about what were the +conceptual stakes and sort of what was + + align:start position:0% +conceptual stakes and sort of what was + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual stakes and sort of what was +the historical moment what was the + + align:start position:0% +the historical moment what was the + + + align:start position:0% +the historical moment what was the +broader context in which that work was + + align:start position:0% +broader context in which that work was + + + align:start position:0% +broader context in which that work was +being developed + + align:start position:0% +being developed + + + align:start position:0% +being developed +then for our second part today we'll + + align:start position:0% +then for our second part today we'll + + + align:start position:0% +then for our second part today we'll +look at a very famous critique of + + align:start position:0% +look at a very famous critique of + + + align:start position:0% +look at a very famous critique of +quantum mechanics now usually just + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics now usually just + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics now usually just +referred to by the initials epr as we'll + + align:start position:0% +referred to by the initials epr as we'll + + + align:start position:0% +referred to by the initials epr as we'll +see that stands for the initials of the + + align:start position:0% +see that stands for the initials of the + + + align:start position:0% +see that stands for the initials of the +three authors of this paper Einstein + + align:start position:0% +three authors of this paper Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +three authors of this paper Einstein +Podolski and Rosen so we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +Podolski and Rosen so we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Podolski and Rosen so we'll talk about +that and then for the last section we'll + + align:start position:0% +that and then for the last section we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that and then for the last section we'll +talk about uh work by the physicist John + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh work by the physicist John + + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh work by the physicist John +Bell now known as Bell's inequality and + + align:start position:0% +Bell now known as Bell's inequality and + + + align:start position:0% +Bell now known as Bell's inequality and +it relates very directly to something + + align:start position:0% +it relates very directly to something + + + align:start position:0% +it relates very directly to something +called quantum entanglement and for this + + align:start position:0% +called quantum entanglement and for this + + + align:start position:0% +called quantum entanglement and for this +last one in particular + + align:start position:0% +last one in particular + + + align:start position:0% +last one in particular +uh and really for throughout today's + + align:start position:0% +uh and really for throughout today's + + + align:start position:0% +uh and really for throughout today's +lecture but in particular for part three + + align:start position:0% +lecture but in particular for part three + + + align:start position:0% +lecture but in particular for part three +uh again I'll have to skip over some of + + align:start position:0% +uh again I'll have to skip over some of + + + align:start position:0% +uh again I'll have to skip over some of +the intermediate steps I might show a + + align:start position:0% +the intermediate steps I might show a + + + align:start position:0% +the intermediate steps I might show a +couple equations that might look a + + align:start position:0% +couple equations that might look a + + + align:start position:0% +couple equations that might look a +little difficult to parse um but there's + + align:start position:0% +little difficult to parse um but there's + + + align:start position:0% +little difficult to parse um but there's +the the optional lecture notes on the + + align:start position:0% +the the optional lecture notes on the + + + align:start position:0% +the the optional lecture notes on the +canvas site and you can dig into that a + + align:start position:0% +canvas site and you can dig into that a + + + align:start position:0% +canvas site and you can dig into that a +bit more if things are not so clear and + + align:start position:0% +bit more if things are not so clear and + + + align:start position:0% +bit more if things are not so clear and +obviously of course please ask questions + + align:start position:0% +obviously of course please ask questions + + + align:start position:0% +obviously of course please ask questions +now or email or office hours as well so + + align:start position:0% +now or email or office hours as well so + + + align:start position:0% +now or email or office hours as well so +that's where we're going today okay + + align:start position:0% +that's where we're going today okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's where we're going today okay +let's quickly remind ourselves where + + align:start position:0% +let's quickly remind ourselves where + + + align:start position:0% +let's quickly remind ourselves where +where we've gotten to so far as we saw + + align:start position:0% +where we've gotten to so far as we saw + + + align:start position:0% +where we've gotten to so far as we saw +Justin yesterday's class session in 1926 + + align:start position:0% +Justin yesterday's class session in 1926 + + + align:start position:0% +Justin yesterday's class session in 1926 +starting in sort of winter spring of 26 + + align:start position:0% +starting in sort of winter spring of 26 + + + align:start position:0% +starting in sort of winter spring of 26 +Erwin Schrodinger developed a second + + align:start position:0% +Erwin Schrodinger developed a second + + + align:start position:0% +Erwin Schrodinger developed a second +independent approach to what will be + + align:start position:0% +independent approach to what will be + + + align:start position:0% +independent approach to what will be +called quantum mechanics independent + + align:start position:0% +called quantum mechanics independent + + + align:start position:0% +called quantum mechanics independent +from the work by Vernor Heisenberg + + align:start position:0% +from the work by Vernor Heisenberg + + + align:start position:0% +from the work by Vernor Heisenberg +which had been published only a few + + align:start position:0% +which had been published only a few + + + align:start position:0% +which had been published only a few +months earlier so whereas Heisenberg had + + align:start position:0% +months earlier so whereas Heisenberg had + + + align:start position:0% +months earlier so whereas Heisenberg had +emphasize discreteness and wound up + + align:start position:0% +emphasize discreteness and wound up + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize discreteness and wound up +using matrices though he didn't even + + align:start position:0% +using matrices though he didn't even + + + align:start position:0% +using matrices though he didn't even +know it at first Schrodinger was + + align:start position:0% +know it at first Schrodinger was + + + align:start position:0% +know it at first Schrodinger was +developing a different approach uh + + align:start position:0% +developing a different approach uh + + + align:start position:0% +developing a different approach uh +building much more on account of + + align:start position:0% +building much more on account of + + + align:start position:0% +building much more on account of +continuity assumption rather than a + + align:start position:0% +continuity assumption rather than a + + + align:start position:0% +continuity assumption rather than a +discretenous assumption and this in this + + align:start position:0% +discretenous assumption and this in this + + + align:start position:0% +discretenous assumption and this in this +case Schrodinger was was building uh + + align:start position:0% +case Schrodinger was was building uh + + + align:start position:0% +case Schrodinger was was building uh +very directly + + align:start position:0% +very directly + + + align:start position:0% +very directly +on work by Louis de bruy about matter + + align:start position:0% +on work by Louis de bruy about matter + + + align:start position:0% +on work by Louis de bruy about matter +ways that somehow seemingly solid matter + + align:start position:0% +ways that somehow seemingly solid matter + + + align:start position:0% +ways that somehow seemingly solid matter +like atoms and parts of atoms have + + align:start position:0% +like atoms and parts of atoms have + + + align:start position:0% +like atoms and parts of atoms have +associated with them in some way that + + align:start position:0% +associated with them in some way that + + + align:start position:0% +associated with them in some way that +wasn't so clear some kind of inherent + + align:start position:0% +wasn't so clear some kind of inherent + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't so clear some kind of inherent +waviness that that was maybe the real + + align:start position:0% +waviness that that was maybe the real + + + align:start position:0% +waviness that that was maybe the real +kind of secret to Quantum Theory so + + align:start position:0% +kind of secret to Quantum Theory so + + + align:start position:0% +kind of secret to Quantum Theory so +Aaron Schroder introduced a whole new + + align:start position:0% +Aaron Schroder introduced a whole new + + + align:start position:0% +Aaron Schroder introduced a whole new +formulas and building on this continuity + + align:start position:0% +formulas and building on this continuity + + + align:start position:0% +formulas and building on this continuity +notion of matter waves and he began to + + align:start position:0% +notion of matter waves and he began to + + + align:start position:0% +notion of matter waves and he began to +quantify that + + align:start position:0% +quantify that + + + align:start position:0% +quantify that +so we introduced this equation which you + + align:start position:0% +so we introduced this equation which you + + + align:start position:0% +so we introduced this equation which you +see here in red some of you might even + + align:start position:0% +see here in red some of you might even + + + align:start position:0% +see here in red some of you might even +have that tattooed or on t-shirts it's + + align:start position:0% +have that tattooed or on t-shirts it's + + + align:start position:0% +have that tattooed or on t-shirts it's +an excellent candidate for um either of + + align:start position:0% +an excellent candidate for um either of + + + align:start position:0% +an excellent candidate for um either of +those things the time independent + + align:start position:0% +those things the time independent + + + align:start position:0% +those things the time independent +schroding equation and this governs the + + align:start position:0% +schroding equation and this governs the + + + align:start position:0% +schroding equation and this governs the +behavior of this new quantity that that + + align:start position:0% +behavior of this new quantity that that + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of this new quantity that that +you're going to introduced that we now + + align:start position:0% +you're going to introduced that we now + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to introduced that we now +call the quantum wave function usually + + align:start position:0% +call the quantum wave function usually + + + align:start position:0% +call the quantum wave function usually +given the Greek letter PSI + + align:start position:0% +given the Greek letter PSI + + + align:start position:0% +given the Greek letter PSI +as we saw solutions to this equation + + align:start position:0% +as we saw solutions to this equation + + + align:start position:0% +as we saw solutions to this equation +obey superposition just like most + + align:start position:0% +obey superposition just like most + + + align:start position:0% +obey superposition just like most +typical solutions to wave equations do + + align:start position:0% +typical solutions to wave equations do + + + align:start position:0% +typical solutions to wave equations do +so what that means is that if you have + + align:start position:0% +so what that means is that if you have + + + align:start position:0% +so what that means is that if you have +two different solutions to the equation + + align:start position:0% +two different solutions to the equation + + + align:start position:0% +two different solutions to the equation +we could call them PSI one and some + + align:start position:0% +we could call them PSI one and some + + + align:start position:0% +we could call them PSI one and some +other Solutions PSI two then in general + + align:start position:0% +other Solutions PSI two then in general + + + align:start position:0% +other Solutions PSI two then in general +it will be the case that a sum of those + + align:start position:0% +it will be the case that a sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +it will be the case that a sum of those +two solutions will also be a solution in + + align:start position:0% +two solutions will also be a solution in + + + align:start position:0% +two solutions will also be a solution in +fact a weighted sum we could weight them + + align:start position:0% +fact a weighted sum we could weight them + + + align:start position:0% +fact a weighted sum we could weight them +with different kind of um coefficients + + align:start position:0% +with different kind of um coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +with different kind of um coefficients +in front and that would also still be in + + align:start position:0% +in front and that would also still be in + + + align:start position:0% +in front and that would also still be in +general a solution so that's what what + + align:start position:0% +general a solution so that's what what + + + align:start position:0% +general a solution so that's what what +yields all this kind of Juicy wave-like + + align:start position:0% +yields all this kind of Juicy wave-like + + + align:start position:0% +yields all this kind of Juicy wave-like +Behavior things like interference + + align:start position:0% +Behavior things like interference + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior things like interference +as it'll remind you in a simple kind of + + align:start position:0% +as it'll remind you in a simple kind of + + + align:start position:0% +as it'll remind you in a simple kind of +cartoon version two waves that are each + + align:start position:0% +cartoon version two waves that are each + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon version two waves that are each +separately Solutions of a particular + + align:start position:0% +separately Solutions of a particular + + + align:start position:0% +separately Solutions of a particular +wave equation + + align:start position:0% +wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +wave equation +uh in areas where the the crests the + + align:start position:0% +uh in areas where the the crests the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in areas where the the crests the +Peaks uh nearly coincide they'll add up + + align:start position:0% +Peaks uh nearly coincide they'll add up + + + align:start position:0% +Peaks uh nearly coincide they'll add up +make us a larger overall Peak other + + align:start position:0% +make us a larger overall Peak other + + + align:start position:0% +make us a larger overall Peak other +places one Crest will will nearly line + + align:start position:0% +places one Crest will will nearly line + + + align:start position:0% +places one Crest will will nearly line +up with a trough and they'll almost + + align:start position:0% +up with a trough and they'll almost + + + align:start position:0% +up with a trough and they'll almost +cancel each other out that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +cancel each other out that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +cancel each other out that's the kind of +constructive and destruction + + align:start position:0% +constructive and destruction + + + align:start position:0% +constructive and destruction +interference very familiar from + + align:start position:0% +interference very familiar from + + + align:start position:0% +interference very familiar from +classical waves this was also a feature + + align:start position:0% +classical waves this was also a feature + + + align:start position:0% +classical waves this was also a feature +of these strange Quantum wave functions + + align:start position:0% +of these strange Quantum wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +of these strange Quantum wave functions +that were associated with Schrodinger's + + align:start position:0% +that were associated with Schrodinger's + + + align:start position:0% +that were associated with Schrodinger's +new equation + + align:start position:0% +new equation + + + align:start position:0% +new equation +that still didn't answer what Psy was a + + align:start position:0% +that still didn't answer what Psy was a + + + align:start position:0% +that still didn't answer what Psy was a +wave of and it was really not so clear + + align:start position:0% +wave of and it was really not so clear + + + align:start position:0% +wave of and it was really not so clear +Schrodinger offered several tentative + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger offered several tentative + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger offered several tentative +um suggestions or hypotheses and even he + + align:start position:0% +um suggestions or hypotheses and even he + + + align:start position:0% +um suggestions or hypotheses and even he +himself showed that most of those + + align:start position:0% +himself showed that most of those + + + align:start position:0% +himself showed that most of those +weren't kind of self-consistent it was + + align:start position:0% +weren't kind of self-consistent it was + + + align:start position:0% +weren't kind of self-consistent it was +really uh about six months later in the + + align:start position:0% +really uh about six months later in the + + + align:start position:0% +really uh about six months later in the +summer of 1926 when Max born interpreted + + align:start position:0% +summer of 1926 when Max born interpreted + + + align:start position:0% +summer of 1926 when Max born interpreted +Schrodinger's own work his own equation + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger's own work his own equation + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger's own work his own equation +and said here's what your equation + + align:start position:0% +and said here's what your equation + + + align:start position:0% +and said here's what your equation +perhaps might mean we've seen this many + + align:start position:0% +perhaps might mean we've seen this many + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps might mean we've seen this many +times the equation didn't change but the + + align:start position:0% +times the equation didn't change but the + + + align:start position:0% +times the equation didn't change but the +effort to make sense of it that was + + align:start position:0% +effort to make sense of it that was + + + align:start position:0% +effort to make sense of it that was +really uh not so settled so Bourne + + align:start position:0% +really uh not so settled so Bourne + + + align:start position:0% +really uh not so settled so Bourne +suggests that the wave function is + + align:start position:0% +suggests that the wave function is + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that the wave function is +somehow related to the probability for + + align:start position:0% +somehow related to the probability for + + + align:start position:0% +somehow related to the probability for +various uh + + align:start position:0% +various uh + + + align:start position:0% +various uh +outcomes to be measured so it wasn't a + + align:start position:0% +outcomes to be measured so it wasn't a + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes to be measured so it wasn't a +feature of a physical object extended in + + align:start position:0% +feature of a physical object extended in + + + align:start position:0% +feature of a physical object extended in +space it wasn't the kind of shape of + + align:start position:0% +space it wasn't the kind of shape of + + + align:start position:0% +space it wasn't the kind of shape of +some smeared out electron kind of + + align:start position:0% +some smeared out electron kind of + + + align:start position:0% +some smeared out electron kind of +through space it was somehow in some way + + align:start position:0% +through space it was somehow in some way + + + align:start position:0% +through space it was somehow in some way +that wasn't at all so clear related to + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't at all so clear related to + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't at all so clear related to +the likelihood to measure certain + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood to measure certain + + + align:start position:0% +the likelihood to measure certain +properties of that electron for example + + align:start position:0% +properties of that electron for example + + + align:start position:0% +properties of that electron for example +so that PSI was not even the probability + + align:start position:0% +so that PSI was not even the probability + + + align:start position:0% +so that PSI was not even the probability +itself but the probability amplitude and + + align:start position:0% +itself but the probability amplitude and + + + align:start position:0% +itself but the probability amplitude and +the absolute square of this in general + + align:start position:0% +the absolute square of this in general + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute square of this in general +complex number complex function the + + align:start position:0% +complex number complex function the + + + align:start position:0% +complex number complex function the +absolute Square would give you + + align:start position:0% +absolute Square would give you + + + align:start position:0% +absolute Square would give you +probability and that's what leads to all + + align:start position:0% +probability and that's what leads to all + + + align:start position:0% +probability and that's what leads to all +these really quite delicious phenomena + + align:start position:0% +these really quite delicious phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +these really quite delicious phenomena +like the double slit experiment that we + + align:start position:0% +like the double slit experiment that we + + + align:start position:0% +like the double slit experiment that we +talked a bunch about yesterday so that's + + align:start position:0% +talked a bunch about yesterday so that's + + + align:start position:0% +talked a bunch about yesterday so that's +just a recap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so pretty quickly after that a British + + align:start position:0% +so pretty quickly after that a British + + + align:start position:0% +so pretty quickly after that a British +physicist named Paul durac who was a + + align:start position:0% +physicist named Paul durac who was a + + + align:start position:0% +physicist named Paul durac who was a +almost exactly the same age as + + align:start position:0% +almost exactly the same age as + + + align:start position:0% +almost exactly the same age as +Heisenberg and Paulie very young in his + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and Paulie very young in his + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and Paulie very young in his +early to mid-20s at this point and + + align:start position:0% +early to mid-20s at this point and + + + align:start position:0% +early to mid-20s at this point and +therefore a kind of generation younger + + align:start position:0% +therefore a kind of generation younger + + + align:start position:0% +therefore a kind of generation younger +than Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +than Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +than Schrodinger +Dirac learned about this work he was + + align:start position:0% +Dirac learned about this work he was + + + align:start position:0% +Dirac learned about this work he was +very mathematically gifted and well + + align:start position:0% +very mathematically gifted and well + + + align:start position:0% +very mathematically gifted and well +trained uh by this point he was at + + align:start position:0% +trained uh by this point he was at + + + align:start position:0% +trained uh by this point he was at +Cambridge for his PhD + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge for his PhD + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge for his PhD +uh and he really began to formalize this + + align:start position:0% +uh and he really began to formalize this + + + align:start position:0% +uh and he really began to formalize this +new quantum mechanics he was not only + + align:start position:0% +new quantum mechanics he was not only + + + align:start position:0% +new quantum mechanics he was not only +one of the first to demonstrate a + + align:start position:0% +one of the first to demonstrate a + + + align:start position:0% +one of the first to demonstrate a +mathematical equivalence between his + + align:start position:0% +mathematical equivalence between his + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical equivalence between his +very different looking formalisms from + + align:start position:0% +very different looking formalisms from + + + align:start position:0% +very different looking formalisms from +Heisenberg and Schrodinger he then went + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and Schrodinger he then went + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and Schrodinger he then went +further not just a show + + align:start position:0% +further not just a show + + + align:start position:0% +further not just a show +that one could build a map from + + align:start position:0% +that one could build a map from + + + align:start position:0% +that one could build a map from +Heisenberg's matrices to Schrodinger's + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg's matrices to Schrodinger's + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg's matrices to Schrodinger's +wave equation but in fact to formalize + + align:start position:0% +wave equation but in fact to formalize + + + align:start position:0% +wave equation but in fact to formalize +the entire thing in this sort of General + + align:start position:0% +the entire thing in this sort of General + + + align:start position:0% +the entire thing in this sort of General +abstract kind of geometrical way so it's + + align:start position:0% +abstract kind of geometrical way so it's + + + align:start position:0% +abstract kind of geometrical way so it's +really from people like Dirac among the + + align:start position:0% +really from people like Dirac among the + + + align:start position:0% +really from people like Dirac among the +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +from whom we begin thinking about these + + align:start position:0% +from whom we begin thinking about these + + + align:start position:0% +from whom we begin thinking about these +Quantum States as vectors not in the in + + align:start position:0% +Quantum States as vectors not in the in + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum States as vectors not in the in +the three-dimensional space in which we + + align:start position:0% +the three-dimensional space in which we + + + align:start position:0% +the three-dimensional space in which we +move around not in the space of X Y and + + align:start position:0% +move around not in the space of X Y and + + + align:start position:0% +move around not in the space of X Y and +Z but in some abstract mathematical + + align:start position:0% +Z but in some abstract mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +Z but in some abstract mathematical +space that we would Now call a Hilbert + + align:start position:0% +space that we would Now call a Hilbert + + + align:start position:0% +space that we would Now call a Hilbert +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +so that there's a state associated with + + align:start position:0% +so that there's a state associated with + + + align:start position:0% +so that there's a state associated with +this wave function PSI that would obey + + align:start position:0% +this wave function PSI that would obey + + + align:start position:0% +this wave function PSI that would obey +schroederer's equation and that's really + + align:start position:0% +schroederer's equation and that's really + + + align:start position:0% +schroederer's equation and that's really +just a vector in some in some abstract + + align:start position:0% +just a vector in some in some abstract + + + align:start position:0% +just a vector in some in some abstract +space uh and that the vector could + + align:start position:0% +space uh and that the vector could + + + align:start position:0% +space uh and that the vector could +represent for example + + align:start position:0% +represent for example + + + align:start position:0% +represent for example +um the uh the it's related to the + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the it's related to the + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh the it's related to the +likelihood that we would measure a + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that we would measure a + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood that we would measure a +particular value for a property of a + + align:start position:0% +particular value for a property of a + + + align:start position:0% +particular value for a property of a +Quantum system you see it's already + + align:start position:0% +Quantum system you see it's already + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum system you see it's already +gotten very abstracted from this kind of + + align:start position:0% +gotten very abstracted from this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +gotten very abstracted from this kind of +physical picture of of of real matter + + align:start position:0% +physical picture of of of real matter + + + align:start position:0% +physical picture of of of real matter +moving through through space it's now + + align:start position:0% +moving through through space it's now + + + align:start position:0% +moving through through space it's now +the behavior of these abstract kind of + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of these abstract kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of these abstract kind of +pointers in an abstract Vector space + + align:start position:0% +pointers in an abstract Vector space + + + align:start position:0% +pointers in an abstract Vector space +so a state Vector this Vector PSI could + + align:start position:0% +so a state Vector this Vector PSI could + + + align:start position:0% +so a state Vector this Vector PSI could +itself be represented as some weighted + + align:start position:0% +itself be represented as some weighted + + + align:start position:0% +itself be represented as some weighted +sum of of eigenstates that is states + + align:start position:0% +sum of of eigenstates that is states + + + align:start position:0% +sum of of eigenstates that is states +that correspond to a definite value for + + align:start position:0% +that correspond to a definite value for + + + align:start position:0% +that correspond to a definite value for +a specific property so again if this is + + align:start position:0% +a specific property so again if this is + + + align:start position:0% +a specific property so again if this is +brand new to you please don't worry for + + align:start position:0% +brand new to you please don't worry for + + + align:start position:0% +brand new to you please don't worry for +some of you this might be familiar from + + align:start position:0% +some of you this might be familiar from + + + align:start position:0% +some of you this might be familiar from +other classes but it's from Dirac we + + align:start position:0% +other classes but it's from Dirac we + + + align:start position:0% +other classes but it's from Dirac we +start writing things like this that + + align:start position:0% +start writing things like this that + + + align:start position:0% +start writing things like this that +there's some Vector size some state + + align:start position:0% +there's some Vector size some state + + + align:start position:0% +there's some Vector size some state +and that can in general be written as a + + align:start position:0% +and that can in general be written as a + + + align:start position:0% +and that can in general be written as a +sum as a superposition a weighted sum of + + align:start position:0% +sum as a superposition a weighted sum of + + + align:start position:0% +sum as a superposition a weighted sum of +distinct basis vectors in this case the + + align:start position:0% +distinct basis vectors in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +distinct basis vectors in this case the +so-called eigenstates now the + + align:start position:0% +so-called eigenstates now the + + + align:start position:0% +so-called eigenstates now the +eigenstates are states that have + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates are states that have + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates are states that have +definite values for particular property + + align:start position:0% +definite values for particular property + + + align:start position:0% +definite values for particular property +and I'll talk about an example uh to + + align:start position:0% +and I'll talk about an example uh to + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll talk about an example uh to +make it a little more Concrete in a + + align:start position:0% +make it a little more Concrete in a + + + align:start position:0% +make it a little more Concrete in a +moment but just to pause if this + + align:start position:0% +moment but just to pause if this + + + align:start position:0% +moment but just to pause if this +expression is um unexpected or or or + + align:start position:0% +expression is um unexpected or or or + + + align:start position:0% +expression is um unexpected or or or +something you haven't seen before this + + align:start position:0% +something you haven't seen before this + + + align:start position:0% +something you haven't seen before this +really is just quantifying that notion + + align:start position:0% +really is just quantifying that notion + + + align:start position:0% +really is just quantifying that notion +of superposition it's just saying that + + align:start position:0% +of superposition it's just saying that + + + align:start position:0% +of superposition it's just saying that +if these eigenstates these basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +if these eigenstates these basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +if these eigenstates these basis vectors +Phi are each Solution that's the + + align:start position:0% +Phi are each Solution that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Phi are each Solution that's the +schroding's equation and so is there + + align:start position:0% +schroding's equation and so is there + + + align:start position:0% +schroding's equation and so is there +some and so is there weighted sum so + + align:start position:0% +some and so is there weighted sum so + + + align:start position:0% +some and so is there weighted sum so +these coefficients a + + align:start position:0% +these coefficients a + + + align:start position:0% +these coefficients a +in general could be complex numbers but + + align:start position:0% +in general could be complex numbers but + + + align:start position:0% +in general could be complex numbers but +they're just a number they're just a + + align:start position:0% +they're just a number they're just a + + + align:start position:0% +they're just a number they're just a +weight take five parts of five one and + + align:start position:0% +weight take five parts of five one and + + + align:start position:0% +weight take five parts of five one and +six plus seven I parts of Phi 2 right + + align:start position:0% +six plus seven I parts of Phi 2 right + + + align:start position:0% +six plus seven I parts of Phi 2 right +we're just going to add up a sum because + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to add up a sum because + + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to add up a sum because +if each of these is a solution then so + + align:start position:0% +if each of these is a solution then so + + + align:start position:0% +if each of these is a solution then so +is so is their weighted so it's just a + + align:start position:0% +is so is their weighted so it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +is so is their weighted so it's just a +way of formalizing superposition + + align:start position:0% +way of formalizing superposition + + + align:start position:0% +way of formalizing superposition +this is the kind of stuff that Iraq uh + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of stuff that Iraq uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of stuff that Iraq uh +loved the eighth and stuff for breakfast + + align:start position:0% +loved the eighth and stuff for breakfast + + + align:start position:0% +loved the eighth and stuff for breakfast +and he wrote this very very influential + + align:start position:0% +and he wrote this very very influential + + + align:start position:0% +and he wrote this very very influential +textbook first edition in 1930 very soon + + align:start position:0% +textbook first edition in 1930 very soon + + + align:start position:0% +textbook first edition in 1930 very soon +after his work was first published + + align:start position:0% +after his work was first published + + + align:start position:0% +after his work was first published +trying to put this all together in this + + align:start position:0% +trying to put this all together in this + + + align:start position:0% +trying to put this all together in this +new kind of vector space packaging now + + align:start position:0% +new kind of vector space packaging now + + + align:start position:0% +new kind of vector space packaging now +that was very abstract what I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +that was very abstract what I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +that was very abstract what I mentioned +let's consider a relatively simple + + align:start position:0% +let's consider a relatively simple + + + align:start position:0% +let's consider a relatively simple +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +again one that might be familiar to you + + align:start position:0% +again one that might be familiar to you + + + align:start position:0% +again one that might be familiar to you +let's consider basis States or + + align:start position:0% +let's consider basis States or + + + align:start position:0% +let's consider basis States or +eigenstates that correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates that correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates that correspond to the +property of um the of the spin of an + + align:start position:0% +property of um the of the spin of an + + + align:start position:0% +property of um the of the spin of an +electron if we choose to measure that + + align:start position:0% +electron if we choose to measure that + + + align:start position:0% +electron if we choose to measure that +spin along some definite orientation in + + align:start position:0% +spin along some definite orientation in + + + align:start position:0% +spin along some definite orientation in +space we line up our magnets along the Z + + align:start position:0% +space we line up our magnets along the Z + + + align:start position:0% +space we line up our magnets along the Z +Direction in space we hold up so there's + + align:start position:0% +Direction in space we hold up so there's + + + align:start position:0% +Direction in space we hold up so there's +some gradient of some magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +some gradient of some magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +some gradient of some magnetic field +point along the Z direction we could + + align:start position:0% +point along the Z direction we could + + + align:start position:0% +point along the Z direction we could +really do that it's a real thing we + + align:start position:0% +really do that it's a real thing we + + + align:start position:0% +really do that it's a real thing we +could measure + + align:start position:0% +could measure + + + align:start position:0% +could measure +and then we can ask + + align:start position:0% +and then we can ask + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can ask +if we send an electron through that + + align:start position:0% +if we send an electron through that + + + align:start position:0% +if we send an electron through that +region of space where that external + + align:start position:0% +region of space where that external + + + align:start position:0% +region of space where that external +magnetic field is Will its spin be + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is Will its spin be + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is Will its spin be +pointing up directly along the direction + + align:start position:0% +pointing up directly along the direction + + + align:start position:0% +pointing up directly along the direction +of the field or directly opposite + + align:start position:0% +of the field or directly opposite + + + align:start position:0% +of the field or directly opposite +anti-parallel those are the two options + + align:start position:0% +anti-parallel those are the two options + + + align:start position:0% +anti-parallel those are the two options +the spin could either be exactly along + + align:start position:0% +the spin could either be exactly along + + + align:start position:0% +the spin could either be exactly along +the specified direction of space or + + align:start position:0% +the specified direction of space or + + + align:start position:0% +the specified direction of space or +exactly opposite to it there's two + + align:start position:0% +exactly opposite to it there's two + + + align:start position:0% +exactly opposite to it there's two +possible outcomes that means there's + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes that means there's + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes that means there's +only two of these basis States these two + + align:start position:0% +only two of these basis States these two + + + align:start position:0% +only two of these basis States these two +eigenstates + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates +states with a definite property the spin + + align:start position:0% +states with a definite property the spin + + + align:start position:0% +states with a definite property the spin +is definitely up along that direction + + align:start position:0% +is definitely up along that direction + + + align:start position:0% +is definitely up along that direction +space or the spin is definitely down + + align:start position:0% +space or the spin is definitely down + + + align:start position:0% +space or the spin is definitely down +with definite values and again the + + align:start position:0% +with definite values and again the + + + align:start position:0% +with definite values and again the +actual value of that angular momentum is + + align:start position:0% +actual value of that angular momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +actual value of that angular momentum is +usual scaled in terms of Planck's + + align:start position:0% +usual scaled in terms of Planck's + + + align:start position:0% +usual scaled in terms of Planck's +constant now these two states are kind + + align:start position:0% +constant now these two states are kind + + + align:start position:0% +constant now these two states are kind +of opposite to each other they're + + align:start position:0% +of opposite to each other they're + + + align:start position:0% +of opposite to each other they're +literally orthogonal it's either spin up + + align:start position:0% +literally orthogonal it's either spin up + + + align:start position:0% +literally orthogonal it's either spin up +or spin down and the way this gets + + align:start position:0% +or spin down and the way this gets + + + align:start position:0% +or spin down and the way this gets +formalized again we learn this following + + align:start position:0% +formalized again we learn this following + + + align:start position:0% +formalized again we learn this following +uh Paul Dirac is that these these + + align:start position:0% +uh Paul Dirac is that these these + + + align:start position:0% +uh Paul Dirac is that these these +vectors are orthogonal to each other + + align:start position:0% +vectors are orthogonal to each other + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are orthogonal to each other +they have Vanishing overlap again + + align:start position:0% +they have Vanishing overlap again + + + align:start position:0% +they have Vanishing overlap again +there's a little bit of this in the + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of this in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little bit of this in the +associated optional lecture notes this + + align:start position:0% +associated optional lecture notes this + + + align:start position:0% +associated optional lecture notes this +is just a fancy way of taking the kind + + align:start position:0% +is just a fancy way of taking the kind + + + align:start position:0% +is just a fancy way of taking the kind +of dot product so we have two vectors + + align:start position:0% +of dot product so we have two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +of dot product so we have two vectors +that are perpendicular in ordinary space + + align:start position:0% +that are perpendicular in ordinary space + + + align:start position:0% +that are perpendicular in ordinary space +say one vector pointing exactly along + + align:start position:0% +say one vector pointing exactly along + + + align:start position:0% +say one vector pointing exactly along +the x-axis a second Vector pointing + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis a second Vector pointing + + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis a second Vector pointing +directly on the y-axis take the dot + + align:start position:0% +directly on the y-axis take the dot + + + align:start position:0% +directly on the y-axis take the dot +product and it vanishes because they're + + align:start position:0% +product and it vanishes because they're + + + align:start position:0% +product and it vanishes because they're +perpendicular the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular the same kind of +properties hold among these more + + align:start position:0% +properties hold among these more + + + align:start position:0% +properties hold among these more +abstract vectors in this abstract + + align:start position:0% +abstract vectors in this abstract + + + align:start position:0% +abstract vectors in this abstract +Hilbert space + + align:start position:0% +Hilbert space + + + align:start position:0% +Hilbert space +in this case these opposite properties + + align:start position:0% +in this case these opposite properties + + + align:start position:0% +in this case these opposite properties +it's either spin up or it's opposite + + align:start position:0% +it's either spin up or it's opposite + + + align:start position:0% +it's either spin up or it's opposite +spin down the corresponding vectors uh + + align:start position:0% +spin down the corresponding vectors uh + + + align:start position:0% +spin down the corresponding vectors uh +have a kind of Vanishing overlap or if + + align:start position:0% +have a kind of Vanishing overlap or if + + + align:start position:0% +have a kind of Vanishing overlap or if +you like a Vanishing dot product + + align:start position:0% +you like a Vanishing dot product + + + align:start position:0% +you like a Vanishing dot product +nonetheless even though the states are + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless even though the states are + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless even though the states are +individually kind of opposite to each + + align:start position:0% +individually kind of opposite to each + + + align:start position:0% +individually kind of opposite to each +other we could construct a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +other we could construct a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +other we could construct a perfectly +valid Quantum state by using + + align:start position:0% +valid Quantum state by using + + + align:start position:0% +valid Quantum state by using +superposition so we can build up some + + align:start position:0% +superposition so we can build up some + + + align:start position:0% +superposition so we can build up some +State PSI with which to characterize + + align:start position:0% +State PSI with which to characterize + + + align:start position:0% +State PSI with which to characterize +this electron or the whole collection of + + align:start position:0% +this electron or the whole collection of + + + align:start position:0% +this electron or the whole collection of +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +and we could say that it had that an + + align:start position:0% +and we could say that it had that an + + + align:start position:0% +and we could say that it had that an +individual electron would have some + + align:start position:0% +individual electron would have some + + + align:start position:0% +individual electron would have some +likelihood to be found in spin up upon + + align:start position:0% +likelihood to be found in spin up upon + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood to be found in spin up upon +performing the measurement some perhaps + + align:start position:0% +performing the measurement some perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +performing the measurement some perhaps +different likelihood to be found and + + align:start position:0% +different likelihood to be found and + + + align:start position:0% +different likelihood to be found and +spin down so even though the outcomes + + align:start position:0% +spin down so even though the outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +spin down so even though the outcomes +can't both be found we'd find either one + + align:start position:0% +can't both be found we'd find either one + + + align:start position:0% +can't both be found we'd find either one +or the other the quantum State could be + + align:start position:0% +or the other the quantum State could be + + + align:start position:0% +or the other the quantum State could be +this superposition this mixture of these + + align:start position:0% +this superposition this mixture of these + + + align:start position:0% +this superposition this mixture of these +seemingly opposite sets of properties + + align:start position:0% +seemingly opposite sets of properties + + + align:start position:0% +seemingly opposite sets of properties +that's the kind of uh manipulation that + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of uh manipulation that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of uh manipulation that +we that people began to to learn how to + + align:start position:0% +we that people began to to learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +we that people began to to learn how to +do what's uh the the British physicist + + align:start position:0% +do what's uh the the British physicist + + + align:start position:0% +do what's uh the the British physicist +at Cambridge Paul Dirac began to + + align:start position:0% +at Cambridge Paul Dirac began to + + + align:start position:0% +at Cambridge Paul Dirac began to +formalize Schrodinger's notion building + + align:start position:0% +formalize Schrodinger's notion building + + + align:start position:0% +formalize Schrodinger's notion building +very specifically on this notion of + + align:start position:0% +very specifically on this notion of + + + align:start position:0% +very specifically on this notion of +superposition so again let's stick with + + align:start position:0% +superposition so again let's stick with + + + align:start position:0% +superposition so again let's stick with +our a little simple example + + align:start position:0% +our a little simple example + + + align:start position:0% +our a little simple example +for a few more steps if we were to + + align:start position:0% +for a few more steps if we were to + + + align:start position:0% +for a few more steps if we were to +perform a measurement of the spin of + + align:start position:0% +perform a measurement of the spin of + + + align:start position:0% +perform a measurement of the spin of +that particle along a particular + + align:start position:0% +that particle along a particular + + + align:start position:0% +that particle along a particular +direction space we have to orient our + + align:start position:0% +direction space we have to orient our + + + align:start position:0% +direction space we have to orient our +magnet so we're going to choose the + + align:start position:0% +magnet so we're going to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +magnet so we're going to choose the +direction of the space along which to + + align:start position:0% +direction of the space along which to + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the space along which to +measure spin + + align:start position:0% +measure spin + + + align:start position:0% +measure spin +then we can calculate in advance the + + align:start position:0% +then we can calculate in advance the + + + align:start position:0% +then we can calculate in advance the +probability to get either of these + + align:start position:0% +probability to get either of these + + + align:start position:0% +probability to get either of these +answers it will either be spin up or + + align:start position:0% +answers it will either be spin up or + + + align:start position:0% +answers it will either be spin up or +spin down and we find that the the + + align:start position:0% +spin down and we find that the the + + + align:start position:0% +spin down and we find that the the +probability according to Max born by + + align:start position:0% +probability according to Max born by + + + align:start position:0% +probability according to Max born by +asking about the absolute square of the + + align:start position:0% +asking about the absolute square of the + + + align:start position:0% +asking about the absolute square of the +kind of overlap between the general + + align:start position:0% +kind of overlap between the general + + + align:start position:0% +kind of overlap between the general +Quantum State and that definite outcome + + align:start position:0% +Quantum State and that definite outcome + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum State and that definite outcome +and as you can see here + + align:start position:0% +and as you can see here + + + align:start position:0% +and as you can see here +using some of these uh kind of inner + + align:start position:0% +using some of these uh kind of inner + + + align:start position:0% +using some of these uh kind of inner +product relations that the the + + align:start position:0% +product relations that the the + + + align:start position:0% +product relations that the the +probability to find spin up will just be + + align:start position:0% +probability to find spin up will just be + + + align:start position:0% +probability to find spin up will just be +the square of this coefficient the + + align:start position:0% +the square of this coefficient the + + + align:start position:0% +the square of this coefficient the +absolute Square the probability to find + + align:start position:0% +absolute Square the probability to find + + + align:start position:0% +absolute Square the probability to find +spin down is just the absolute square of + + align:start position:0% +spin down is just the absolute square of + + + align:start position:0% +spin down is just the absolute square of +the other coefficient so what's what's + + align:start position:0% +the other coefficient so what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +the other coefficient so what's what's +important to step back and recognize + + align:start position:0% +important to step back and recognize + + + align:start position:0% +important to step back and recognize +here before we get too lost in the + + align:start position:0% +here before we get too lost in the + + + align:start position:0% +here before we get too lost in the +mathematics is that every single time we + + align:start position:0% +mathematics is that every single time we + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics is that every single time we +measure spin along that same direction Z + + align:start position:0% +measure spin along that same direction Z + + + align:start position:0% +measure spin along that same direction Z +we always get a definite answer we + + align:start position:0% +we always get a definite answer we + + + align:start position:0% +we always get a definite answer we +always find either spin up or spin down + + align:start position:0% +always find either spin up or spin down + + + align:start position:0% +always find either spin up or spin down +we don't find spin at 72 degrees we + + align:start position:0% +we don't find spin at 72 degrees we + + + align:start position:0% +we don't find spin at 72 degrees we +don't find some smeared out answer or + + align:start position:0% +don't find some smeared out answer or + + + align:start position:0% +don't find some smeared out answer or +some fuzzy result we get a definite + + align:start position:0% +some fuzzy result we get a definite + + + align:start position:0% +some fuzzy result we get a definite +answer what the equations of quantum + + align:start position:0% +answer what the equations of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +answer what the equations of quantum +mechanics allowed people to do starting + + align:start position:0% +mechanics allowed people to do starting + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics allowed people to do starting +right from the 1920s was calculate the + + align:start position:0% +right from the 1920s was calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +right from the 1920s was calculate the +likelihood the probability to get this + + align:start position:0% +likelihood the probability to get this + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood the probability to get this +definite answer versus that definite + + align:start position:0% +definite answer versus that definite + + + align:start position:0% +definite answer versus that definite +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +and yet what the equation seems not to + + align:start position:0% +and yet what the equation seems not to + + + align:start position:0% +and yet what the equation seems not to +allow physicists to do and this is + + align:start position:0% +allow physicists to do and this is + + + align:start position:0% +allow physicists to do and this is +something that people like Max born and + + align:start position:0% +something that people like Max born and + + + align:start position:0% +something that people like Max born and +Paul Dirac and Niels Bohr and Verona + + align:start position:0% +Paul Dirac and Niels Bohr and Verona + + + align:start position:0% +Paul Dirac and Niels Bohr and Verona +Heisenberg and the folks we've been + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and the folks we've been + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and the folks we've been +talking about + + align:start position:0% +talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talking about +what they began to to Grapple with and + + align:start position:0% +what they began to to Grapple with and + + + align:start position:0% +what they began to to Grapple with and +to really uh reconcile themselves to + + align:start position:0% +to really uh reconcile themselves to + + + align:start position:0% +to really uh reconcile themselves to +is that quantum mechanics can only be + + align:start position:0% +is that quantum mechanics can only be + + + align:start position:0% +is that quantum mechanics can only be +used to calculate these probabilities + + align:start position:0% +used to calculate these probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +used to calculate these probabilities +that we get definite answers each time + + align:start position:0% +that we get definite answers each time + + + align:start position:0% +that we get definite answers each time +the real measurement is performed and + + align:start position:0% +the real measurement is performed and + + + align:start position:0% +the real measurement is performed and +the equations tell us the probability to + + align:start position:0% +the equations tell us the probability to + + + align:start position:0% +the equations tell us the probability to +get that definite answer versus the + + align:start position:0% +get that definite answer versus the + + + align:start position:0% +get that definite answer versus the +other well the equations do not seem to + + align:start position:0% +other well the equations do not seem to + + + align:start position:0% +other well the equations do not seem to +allow the physicists to do then or now + + align:start position:0% +allow the physicists to do then or now + + + align:start position:0% +allow the physicists to do then or now +is is get any knowledge ahead of time of + + align:start position:0% +is is get any knowledge ahead of time of + + + align:start position:0% +is is get any knowledge ahead of time of +what the actual value was for that + + align:start position:0% +what the actual value was for that + + + align:start position:0% +what the actual value was for that +property before the measurement was + + align:start position:0% +property before the measurement was + + + align:start position:0% +property before the measurement was +performed + + align:start position:0% +performed + + + align:start position:0% +performed +so if we write down a valid Quantum + + align:start position:0% +so if we write down a valid Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +so if we write down a valid Quantum +State like this this tells us that the + + align:start position:0% +State like this this tells us that the + + + align:start position:0% +State like this this tells us that the +object has some likelihood to be + + align:start position:0% +object has some likelihood to be + + + align:start position:0% +object has some likelihood to be +measured with one property some + + align:start position:0% +measured with one property some + + + align:start position:0% +measured with one property some +likelihood to be measured with some + + align:start position:0% +likelihood to be measured with some + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood to be measured with some +other property but we don't know until + + align:start position:0% +other property but we don't know until + + + align:start position:0% +other property but we don't know until +the actual measurement is performed + + align:start position:0% +the actual measurement is performed + + + align:start position:0% +the actual measurement is performed +which property the particle really has + + align:start position:0% +which property the particle really has + + + align:start position:0% +which property the particle really has +on its own + + align:start position:0% +on its own + + + align:start position:0% +on its own +or went even further it's not just that + + align:start position:0% +or went even further it's not just that + + + align:start position:0% +or went even further it's not just that +we don't know he began to suggest + + align:start position:0% +we don't know he began to suggest + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know he began to suggest +that maybe the particle itself simply + + align:start position:0% +that maybe the particle itself simply + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe the particle itself simply +did not have a definite value prior to + + align:start position:0% +did not have a definite value prior to + + + align:start position:0% +did not have a definite value prior to +its measurement so the one statement is + + align:start position:0% +its measurement so the one statement is + + + align:start position:0% +its measurement so the one statement is +that we don't know for sure and that's a + + align:start position:0% +that we don't know for sure and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't know for sure and that's a +statement of our kind of ignorance the + + align:start position:0% +statement of our kind of ignorance the + + + align:start position:0% +statement of our kind of ignorance the +state of our knowledge and therefore we + + align:start position:0% +state of our knowledge and therefore we + + + align:start position:0% +state of our knowledge and therefore we +average over our Ignorance by + + align:start position:0% +average over our Ignorance by + + + align:start position:0% +average over our Ignorance by +calculating probabilities Bohr and + + align:start position:0% +calculating probabilities Bohr and + + + align:start position:0% +calculating probabilities Bohr and +others following his line of thinking + + align:start position:0% +others following his line of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +others following his line of thinking +reasons maybe the probabilities are even + + align:start position:0% +reasons maybe the probabilities are even + + + align:start position:0% +reasons maybe the probabilities are even +more radical maybe the world itself so + + align:start position:0% +more radical maybe the world itself so + + + align:start position:0% +more radical maybe the world itself so +to speak didn't know what if the + + align:start position:0% +to speak didn't know what if the + + + align:start position:0% +to speak didn't know what if the +electron simply had no definite value of + + align:start position:0% +electron simply had no definite value of + + + align:start position:0% +electron simply had no definite value of +spin neither spin up nor spin down prior + + align:start position:0% +spin neither spin up nor spin down prior + + + align:start position:0% +spin neither spin up nor spin down prior +to its measurement and again to bring + + align:start position:0% +to its measurement and again to bring + + + align:start position:0% +to its measurement and again to bring +that home I like to think of kind of + + align:start position:0% +that home I like to think of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that home I like to think of kind of +human scaled examples what would that be + + align:start position:0% +human scaled examples what would that be + + + align:start position:0% +human scaled examples what would that be +like that's as if saying a person had no + + align:start position:0% +like that's as if saying a person had no + + + align:start position:0% +like that's as if saying a person had no +particular weight until she stepped on a + + align:start position:0% +particular weight until she stepped on a + + + align:start position:0% +particular weight until she stepped on a +bathroom scale not that she didn't know + + align:start position:0% +bathroom scale not that she didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +bathroom scale not that she didn't know +or she misremembered or it might have + + align:start position:0% +or she misremembered or it might have + + + align:start position:0% +or she misremembered or it might have +been one of of many values what if she + + align:start position:0% +been one of of many values what if she + + + align:start position:0% +been one of of many values what if she +literally had no weight at all no + + align:start position:0% +literally had no weight at all no + + + align:start position:0% +literally had no weight at all no +definite weight at all until she until + + align:start position:0% +definite weight at all until she until + + + align:start position:0% +definite weight at all until she until +she measured it by stepping on a scale + + align:start position:0% +she measured it by stepping on a scale + + + align:start position:0% +she measured it by stepping on a scale +that's a pretty radical notion of very + + align:start position:0% +that's a pretty radical notion of very + + + align:start position:0% +that's a pretty radical notion of very +strong break from how we think of about + + align:start position:0% +strong break from how we think of about + + + align:start position:0% +strong break from how we think of about +physics either with Newton or with + + align:start position:0% +physics either with Newton or with + + + align:start position:0% +physics either with Newton or with +Maxwell + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell +and uh and not everyone liked that + + align:start position:0% +and uh and not everyone liked that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and not everyone liked that +development so one of the first people + + align:start position:0% +development so one of the first people + + + align:start position:0% +development so one of the first people +to really begin to to raise some + + align:start position:0% +to really begin to to raise some + + + align:start position:0% +to really begin to to raise some +cautions about that approach uh is + + align:start position:0% +cautions about that approach uh is + + + align:start position:0% +cautions about that approach uh is +Albert Einstein so he was of course a + + align:start position:0% +Albert Einstein so he was of course a + + + align:start position:0% +Albert Einstein so he was of course a +major contributor to some of the early + + align:start position:0% +major contributor to some of the early + + + align:start position:0% +major contributor to some of the early +work we saw many of his uh very + + align:start position:0% +work we saw many of his uh very + + + align:start position:0% +work we saw many of his uh very +important contributions within the + + align:start position:0% +important contributions within the + + + align:start position:0% +important contributions within the +so-called old quantum theory uh epic + + align:start position:0% +so-called old quantum theory uh epic + + + align:start position:0% +so-called old quantum theory uh epic +even more that we didn't have a chance + + align:start position:0% +even more that we didn't have a chance + + + align:start position:0% +even more that we didn't have a chance +to talk about it in this class he was + + align:start position:0% +to talk about it in this class he was + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about it in this class he was +all over his early quantum theory stuff + + align:start position:0% +all over his early quantum theory stuff + + + align:start position:0% +all over his early quantum theory stuff +and he was following these most more + + align:start position:0% +and he was following these most more + + + align:start position:0% +and he was following these most more +recent developments uh very closely and + + align:start position:0% +recent developments uh very closely and + + + align:start position:0% +recent developments uh very closely and +he became to more and more dissatisfied + + align:start position:0% +he became to more and more dissatisfied + + + align:start position:0% +he became to more and more dissatisfied +kind of uncomfortable with this + + align:start position:0% +kind of uncomfortable with this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uncomfortable with this +direction that people like Niels Bohr + + align:start position:0% +direction that people like Niels Bohr + + + align:start position:0% +direction that people like Niels Bohr +and Benny the younger guard uh were + + align:start position:0% +and Benny the younger guard uh were + + + align:start position:0% +and Benny the younger guard uh were +pursuing so he wrote a series of really + + align:start position:0% +pursuing so he wrote a series of really + + + align:start position:0% +pursuing so he wrote a series of really +amazing letters uh to his very close + + align:start position:0% +amazing letters uh to his very close + + + align:start position:0% +amazing letters uh to his very close +friend Max born the same born we've seen + + align:start position:0% +friend Max born the same born we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +friend Max born the same born we've seen +many times who work close with + + align:start position:0% +many times who work close with + + + align:start position:0% +many times who work close with +Heisenberg who introduced this + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg who introduced this + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg who introduced this +probability interpretation for schroding + + align:start position:0% +probability interpretation for schroding + + + align:start position:0% +probability interpretation for schroding +his wave functions they were very close + + align:start position:0% +his wave functions they were very close + + + align:start position:0% +his wave functions they were very close +friends they were contemporaries same + + align:start position:0% +friends they were contemporaries same + + + align:start position:0% +friends they were contemporaries same +age they've known each other for a long + + align:start position:0% +age they've known each other for a long + + + align:start position:0% +age they've known each other for a long +time and when they weren't in the same + + align:start position:0% +time and when they weren't in the same + + + align:start position:0% +time and when they weren't in the same +city they would write letters and many + + align:start position:0% +city they would write letters and many + + + align:start position:0% +city they would write letters and many +years later those letters were were + + align:start position:0% +years later those letters were were + + + align:start position:0% +years later those letters were were +collected and published It's a Wonderful + + align:start position:0% +collected and published It's a Wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +collected and published It's a Wonderful +collection + + align:start position:0% +collection + + + align:start position:0% +collection +so Einstein we know grew frustrated with + + align:start position:0% +so Einstein we know grew frustrated with + + + align:start position:0% +so Einstein we know grew frustrated with +this restriction to only calculating + + align:start position:0% +this restriction to only calculating + + + align:start position:0% +this restriction to only calculating +probabilities and he would often kind of + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and he would often kind of + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities and he would often kind of +vent his frustration to born and + + align:start position:0% +vent his frustration to born and + + + align:start position:0% +vent his frustration to born and +actually try to convert boring Lauren + + align:start position:0% +actually try to convert boring Lauren + + + align:start position:0% +actually try to convert boring Lauren +himself who had actually argued for this + + align:start position:0% +himself who had actually argued for this + + + align:start position:0% +himself who had actually argued for this +probabilistic interpretation here's one + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic interpretation here's one + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic interpretation here's one +of the most famous excerpts or + + align:start position:0% +of the most famous excerpts or + + + align:start position:0% +of the most famous excerpts or +quotations from the letters there's a + + align:start position:0% +quotations from the letters there's a + + + align:start position:0% +quotations from the letters there's a +whole series of very juicy letters they + + align:start position:0% +whole series of very juicy letters they + + + align:start position:0% +whole series of very juicy letters they +exchange but as you might well have + + align:start position:0% +exchange but as you might well have + + + align:start position:0% +exchange but as you might well have +heard this last part comes from a + + align:start position:0% +heard this last part comes from a + + + align:start position:0% +heard this last part comes from a +private letter that Eisen had written a + + align:start position:0% +private letter that Eisen had written a + + + align:start position:0% +private letter that Eisen had written a +born in December of 1926 you know five + + align:start position:0% +born in December of 1926 you know five + + + align:start position:0% +born in December of 1926 you know five +months after born introduced the idea + + align:start position:0% +months after born introduced the idea + + + align:start position:0% +months after born introduced the idea +that PSY relates to probabilities so as + + align:start position:0% +that PSY relates to probabilities so as + + + align:start position:0% +that PSY relates to probabilities so as +i writes that quantum mechanics is + + align:start position:0% +i writes that quantum mechanics is + + + align:start position:0% +i writes that quantum mechanics is +certainly imposing I think by that he + + align:start position:0% +certainly imposing I think by that he + + + align:start position:0% +certainly imposing I think by that he +means uh sort of impressive + + align:start position:0% +means uh sort of impressive + + + align:start position:0% +means uh sort of impressive +but an inner voice tells me it's not yet + + align:start position:0% +but an inner voice tells me it's not yet + + + align:start position:0% +but an inner voice tells me it's not yet +the real thing the theory says a lot but + + align:start position:0% +the real thing the theory says a lot but + + + align:start position:0% +the real thing the theory says a lot but +does not really bring us any closer to + + align:start position:0% +does not really bring us any closer to + + + align:start position:0% +does not really bring us any closer to +the secret of the old one by which he + + align:start position:0% +the secret of the old one by which he + + + align:start position:0% +the secret of the old one by which he +means something like God kind of + + align:start position:0% +means something like God kind of + + + align:start position:0% +means something like God kind of +spiritual notion he goes on I at any + + align:start position:0% +spiritual notion he goes on I at any + + + align:start position:0% +spiritual notion he goes on I at any +rate am not convinced that he sorry I + + align:start position:0% +rate am not convinced that he sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +rate am not convinced that he sorry I +had any right and convinced that he is + + align:start position:0% +had any right and convinced that he is + + + align:start position:0% +had any right and convinced that he is +not playing at Dice and you've probably + + align:start position:0% +not playing at Dice and you've probably + + + align:start position:0% +not playing at Dice and you've probably +heard this paraphrase Einstein claimed + + align:start position:0% +heard this paraphrase Einstein claimed + + + align:start position:0% +heard this paraphrase Einstein claimed +that God does not play dice with the + + align:start position:0% +that God does not play dice with the + + + align:start position:0% +that God does not play dice with the +universe that's where that quotation + + align:start position:0% +universe that's where that quotation + + + align:start position:0% +universe that's where that quotation +comes from that surely the world has + + align:start position:0% +comes from that surely the world has + + + align:start position:0% +comes from that surely the world has +definite properties whether we happen to + + align:start position:0% +definite properties whether we happen to + + + align:start position:0% +definite properties whether we happen to +know them or not that's really what he's + + align:start position:0% +know them or not that's really what he's + + + align:start position:0% +know them or not that's really what he's +arguing + + align:start position:0% +arguing + + + align:start position:0% +arguing +turned out Einstein didn't only raise + + align:start position:0% +turned out Einstein didn't only raise + + + align:start position:0% +turned out Einstein didn't only raise +this question with Max Bourne he got + + align:start position:0% +this question with Max Bourne he got + + + align:start position:0% +this question with Max Bourne he got +very into very animated discussions with + + align:start position:0% +very into very animated discussions with + + + align:start position:0% +very into very animated discussions with +Aaron Schrodinger and he had many + + align:start position:0% +Aaron Schrodinger and he had many + + + align:start position:0% +Aaron Schrodinger and he had many +opportunities starting very soon after + + align:start position:0% +opportunities starting very soon after + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities starting very soon after +shorting had published this + + align:start position:0% +shorting had published this + + + align:start position:0% +shorting had published this +path-breaking work uh Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +path-breaking work uh Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +path-breaking work uh Schrodinger +published his work uh while he was still + + align:start position:0% +published his work uh while he was still + + + align:start position:0% +published his work uh while he was still +a professor in Austria but very quickly + + align:start position:0% +a professor in Austria but very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +a professor in Austria but very quickly +he was then hired uh to the fancy + + align:start position:0% +he was then hired uh to the fancy + + + align:start position:0% +he was then hired uh to the fancy +professorship in Berlin starting in 1927 + + align:start position:0% +professorship in Berlin starting in 1927 + + + align:start position:0% +professorship in Berlin starting in 1927 +in fact he he took over the + + align:start position:0% +in fact he he took over the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact he he took over the +professorship when Max Planck retired + + align:start position:0% +professorship when Max Planck retired + + + align:start position:0% +professorship when Max Planck retired +from it so now Schrodinger starting in + + align:start position:0% +from it so now Schrodinger starting in + + + align:start position:0% +from it so now Schrodinger starting in +1927 was the senior the the ordinarius + + align:start position:0% +1927 was the senior the the ordinarius + + + align:start position:0% +1927 was the senior the the ordinarius +professor of theoretical physics in + + align:start position:0% +professor of theoretical physics in + + + align:start position:0% +professor of theoretical physics in +Berlin and Einstein was in Berlin at the + + align:start position:0% +Berlin and Einstein was in Berlin at the + + + align:start position:0% +Berlin and Einstein was in Berlin at the +Prussian Academy now they were neighbors + + align:start position:0% +Prussian Academy now they were neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +Prussian Academy now they were neighbors +they became even better friends + + align:start position:0% +they became even better friends + + + align:start position:0% +they became even better friends +they would hang out all the time we know + + align:start position:0% +they would hang out all the time we know + + + align:start position:0% +they would hang out all the time we know +this from their letters and from other + + align:start position:0% +this from their letters and from other + + + align:start position:0% +this from their letters and from other +documentation they would enjoy these I + + align:start position:0% +documentation they would enjoy these I + + + align:start position:0% +documentation they would enjoy these I +love this the Veena virtual abunda + + align:start position:0% +love this the Veena virtual abunda + + + align:start position:0% +love this the Veena virtual abunda +evenings these are uh Viennese sausage + + align:start position:0% +evenings these are uh Viennese sausage + + + align:start position:0% +evenings these are uh Viennese sausage +parties which we should bring back they + + align:start position:0% +parties which we should bring back they + + + align:start position:0% +parties which we should bring back they +would also go sailing on a lake together + + align:start position:0% +would also go sailing on a lake together + + + align:start position:0% +would also go sailing on a lake together +Einstein owed a summer home in Germany + + align:start position:0% +Einstein owed a summer home in Germany + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein owed a summer home in Germany +and he loved sailing on the lake they'd + + align:start position:0% +and he loved sailing on the lake they'd + + + align:start position:0% +and he loved sailing on the lake they'd +go on sailing uh trips together and they + + align:start position:0% +go on sailing uh trips together and they + + + align:start position:0% +go on sailing uh trips together and they +would argue and talk about quantum + + align:start position:0% +would argue and talk about quantum + + + align:start position:0% +would argue and talk about quantum +theory on many of these visits and in + + align:start position:0% +theory on many of these visits and in + + + align:start position:0% +theory on many of these visits and in +fact Schrodinger began to feel very much + + align:start position:0% +fact Schrodinger began to feel very much + + + align:start position:0% +fact Schrodinger began to feel very much +like Einstein they became both became + + align:start position:0% +like Einstein they became both became + + + align:start position:0% +like Einstein they became both became +suspicious or skeptical of the direction + + align:start position:0% +suspicious or skeptical of the direction + + + align:start position:0% +suspicious or skeptical of the direction +the quantum theory was going even though + + align:start position:0% +the quantum theory was going even though + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum theory was going even though +they both eyes on and showed her each + + align:start position:0% +they both eyes on and showed her each + + + align:start position:0% +they both eyes on and showed her each +had done so much to actually build this + + align:start position:0% +had done so much to actually build this + + + align:start position:0% +had done so much to actually build this +formalism of quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +formalism of quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +formalism of quantum mechanics +so one of their surviving letters I sign + + align:start position:0% +so one of their surviving letters I sign + + + align:start position:0% +so one of their surviving letters I sign +asteroiding to imagine a particular + + align:start position:0% +asteroiding to imagine a particular + + + align:start position:0% +asteroiding to imagine a particular +situation he wanted to drive home why we + + align:start position:0% +situation he wanted to drive home why we + + + align:start position:0% +situation he wanted to drive home why we +shouldn't be content to stop only with + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be content to stop only with + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be content to stop only with +calculating probabilities + + align:start position:0% +calculating probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +calculating probabilities +so imagine that someone had hidden the + + align:start position:0% +so imagine that someone had hidden the + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine that someone had hidden the +ball let's say a red ball into one of + + align:start position:0% +ball let's say a red ball into one of + + + align:start position:0% +ball let's say a red ball into one of +two identical closed boxes + + align:start position:0% +two identical closed boxes + + + align:start position:0% +two identical closed boxes +and we can't Peak we don't know where + + align:start position:0% +and we can't Peak we don't know where + + + align:start position:0% +and we can't Peak we don't know where +the assistant placed the ball prior to + + align:start position:0% +the assistant placed the ball prior to + + + align:start position:0% +the assistant placed the ball prior to +opening either box we could calculate a + + align:start position:0% +opening either box we could calculate a + + + align:start position:0% +opening either box we could calculate a +probability that we would find the ball + + align:start position:0% +probability that we would find the ball + + + align:start position:0% +probability that we would find the ball +in either box one or box two so before + + align:start position:0% +in either box one or box two so before + + + align:start position:0% +in either box one or box two so before +we check before we perform the + + align:start position:0% +we check before we perform the + + + align:start position:0% +we check before we perform the +measurement by measuring where the the + + align:start position:0% +measurement by measuring where the the + + + align:start position:0% +measurement by measuring where the the +ball actually is our probability would + + align:start position:0% +ball actually is our probability would + + + align:start position:0% +ball actually is our probability would +say the likelihood to find the ball in + + align:start position:0% +say the likelihood to find the ball in + + + align:start position:0% +say the likelihood to find the ball in +box one is 50 and the likelihood in Box + + align:start position:0% +box one is 50 and the likelihood in Box + + + align:start position:0% +box one is 50 and the likelihood in Box +2 is almost 50. Einstein rights are + + align:start position:0% +2 is almost 50. Einstein rights are + + + align:start position:0% +2 is almost 50. Einstein rights are +Schrodinger is this a complete + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger is this a complete + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger is this a complete +description no all capitals no a + + align:start position:0% +description no all capitals no a + + + align:start position:0% +description no all capitals no a +complete statement is the ball is or is + + align:start position:0% +complete statement is the ball is or is + + + align:start position:0% +complete statement is the ball is or is +not in the first box there should be a + + align:start position:0% +not in the first box there should be a + + + align:start position:0% +not in the first box there should be a +value to the property of the ball's + + align:start position:0% +value to the property of the ball's + + + align:start position:0% +value to the property of the ball's +location whether or not we know what it + + align:start position:0% +location whether or not we know what it + + + align:start position:0% +location whether or not we know what it +is we can calculate probabilities based + + align:start position:0% +is we can calculate probabilities based + + + align:start position:0% +is we can calculate probabilities based +on our ignorance not based on how the + + align:start position:0% +on our ignorance not based on how the + + + align:start position:0% +on our ignorance not based on how the +world is and I so thought people have + + align:start position:0% +world is and I so thought people have + + + align:start position:0% +world is and I so thought people have +been too quick to conflate one with the + + align:start position:0% +been too quick to conflate one with the + + + align:start position:0% +been too quick to conflate one with the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +now these discussions which are often + + align:start position:0% +now these discussions which are often + + + align:start position:0% +now these discussions which are often +very spirit and very friendly they + + align:start position:0% +very spirit and very friendly they + + + align:start position:0% +very spirit and very friendly they +really came to to like each other very + + align:start position:0% +really came to to like each other very + + + align:start position:0% +really came to to like each other very +much those direct face-to-face + + align:start position:0% +much those direct face-to-face + + + align:start position:0% +much those direct face-to-face +interactions will pretty soon uh + + align:start position:0% +interactions will pretty soon uh + + + align:start position:0% +interactions will pretty soon uh +disrupted + + align:start position:0% +disrupted + + + align:start position:0% +disrupted +um with the rise of the Nazis and we'll + + align:start position:0% +um with the rise of the Nazis and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +um with the rise of the Nazis and we'll +talk more about the rise of Nazis again + + align:start position:0% +talk more about the rise of Nazis again + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about the rise of Nazis again +actually starting in the next class + + align:start position:0% +actually starting in the next class + + + align:start position:0% +actually starting in the next class +session but as I'm sure you know Hitler + + align:start position:0% +session but as I'm sure you know Hitler + + + align:start position:0% +session but as I'm sure you know Hitler +was elected uh in an open election as + + align:start position:0% +was elected uh in an open election as + + + align:start position:0% +was elected uh in an open election as +chancellor of Germany in January of 1933 + + align:start position:0% +chancellor of Germany in January of 1933 + + + align:start position:0% +chancellor of Germany in January of 1933 +and very quickly the Nazi party that + + align:start position:0% +and very quickly the Nazi party that + + + align:start position:0% +and very quickly the Nazi party that +took over more and more elements of the + + align:start position:0% +took over more and more elements of the + + + align:start position:0% +took over more and more elements of the +German federal government and local + + align:start position:0% +German federal government and local + + + align:start position:0% +German federal government and local +governments + + align:start position:0% +governments + + + align:start position:0% +governments +and so by that spring within just months + + align:start position:0% +and so by that spring within just months + + + align:start position:0% +and so by that spring within just months +of Hitler's first election both Einstein + + align:start position:0% +of Hitler's first election both Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +of Hitler's first election both Einstein +and Schrodinger independently left + + align:start position:0% +and Schrodinger independently left + + + align:start position:0% +and Schrodinger independently left +Germany uh Einstein we'll talk more + + align:start position:0% +Germany uh Einstein we'll talk more + + + align:start position:0% +Germany uh Einstein we'll talk more +about their reasons for leaving the + + align:start position:0% +about their reasons for leaving the + + + align:start position:0% +about their reasons for leaving the +point is they were not there were now no + + align:start position:0% +point is they were not there were now no + + + align:start position:0% +point is they were not there were now no +longer in Berlin in fact they were no + + align:start position:0% +longer in Berlin in fact they were no + + + align:start position:0% +longer in Berlin in fact they were no +longer on the same continent Einstein + + align:start position:0% +longer on the same continent Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +longer on the same continent Einstein +resettled to the United States he moved + + align:start position:0% +resettled to the United States he moved + + + align:start position:0% +resettled to the United States he moved +to Princeton New Jersey Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +to Princeton New Jersey Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +to Princeton New Jersey Schrodinger +moved at first to Oxford in England he + + align:start position:0% +moved at first to Oxford in England he + + + align:start position:0% +moved at first to Oxford in England he +later settled for the War years in + + align:start position:0% +later settled for the War years in + + + align:start position:0% +later settled for the War years in +Dublin in Ireland but he got out of + + align:start position:0% +Dublin in Ireland but he got out of + + + align:start position:0% +Dublin in Ireland but he got out of +Germany out of the continent + + align:start position:0% +Germany out of the continent + + + align:start position:0% +Germany out of the continent +so now they're an ocean apart and that + + align:start position:0% +so now they're an ocean apart and that + + + align:start position:0% +so now they're an ocean apart and that +was uh personally very disruptive but + + align:start position:0% +was uh personally very disruptive but + + + align:start position:0% +was uh personally very disruptive but +for us historians it was very lucky + + align:start position:0% +for us historians it was very lucky + + + align:start position:0% +for us historians it was very lucky +because now they could only talk to each + + align:start position:0% +because now they could only talk to each + + + align:start position:0% +because now they could only talk to each +other through letter and their most of + + align:start position:0% +other through letter and their most of + + + align:start position:0% +other through letter and their most of +these letters uh were saved and have + + align:start position:0% +these letters uh were saved and have + + + align:start position:0% +these letters uh were saved and have +survived so we can see how their + + align:start position:0% +survived so we can see how their + + + align:start position:0% +survived so we can see how their +conversation continued but now we have + + align:start position:0% +conversation continued but now we have + + + align:start position:0% +conversation continued but now we have +more of their conversation because we + + align:start position:0% +more of their conversation because we + + + align:start position:0% +more of their conversation because we +all had to be written down because they + + align:start position:0% +all had to be written down because they + + + align:start position:0% +all had to be written down because they +weren't sitting up all night eating + + align:start position:0% +weren't sitting up all night eating + + + align:start position:0% +weren't sitting up all night eating +their Vienna sausages before sailing on + + align:start position:0% +their Vienna sausages before sailing on + + + align:start position:0% +their Vienna sausages before sailing on +the lake so here's one example I got to + + align:start position:0% +the lake so here's one example I got to + + + align:start position:0% +the lake so here's one example I got to +write about this in one of the essays in + + align:start position:0% +write about this in one of the essays in + + + align:start position:0% +write about this in one of the essays in +the reader for today + + align:start position:0% +the reader for today + + + align:start position:0% +the reader for today +what are the readings here's a letter + + align:start position:0% +what are the readings here's a letter + + + align:start position:0% +what are the readings here's a letter +that Einstein wrote to Schrodinger now + + align:start position:0% +that Einstein wrote to Schrodinger now + + + align:start position:0% +that Einstein wrote to Schrodinger now +about two years or so after they had had + + align:start position:0% +about two years or so after they had had + + + align:start position:0% +about two years or so after they had had +both fled Germany he says imagine a + + align:start position:0% +both fled Germany he says imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +both fled Germany he says imagine a +charge of gunpowder of Weaponry that's + + align:start position:0% +charge of gunpowder of Weaponry that's + + + align:start position:0% +charge of gunpowder of Weaponry that's +intrinsically unstable that has sort of + + align:start position:0% +intrinsically unstable that has sort of + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsically unstable that has sort of +even odds even likelihood to explode + + align:start position:0% +even odds even likelihood to explode + + + align:start position:0% +even odds even likelihood to explode +over the course of one year so now he's + + align:start position:0% +over the course of one year so now he's + + + align:start position:0% +over the course of one year so now he's +no longer talking about a kind of uh you + + align:start position:0% +no longer talking about a kind of uh you + + + align:start position:0% +no longer talking about a kind of uh you +know emotionally neutral situation like + + align:start position:0% +know emotionally neutral situation like + + + align:start position:0% +know emotionally neutral situation like +a red ball in a blue box right suddenly + + align:start position:0% +a red ball in a blue box right suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +a red ball in a blue box right suddenly +he's thinking about the world is racing + + align:start position:0% +he's thinking about the world is racing + + + align:start position:0% +he's thinking about the world is racing +toward War at least certainly Europe is + + align:start position:0% +toward War at least certainly Europe is + + + align:start position:0% +toward War at least certainly Europe is +let's talk talk about worldly things + + align:start position:0% +let's talk talk about worldly things + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk talk about worldly things +like caches of weapons and what's going + + align:start position:0% +like caches of weapons and what's going + + + align:start position:0% +like caches of weapons and what's going +to happen uh with that stockpile uh over + + align:start position:0% +to happen uh with that stockpile uh over + + + align:start position:0% +to happen uh with that stockpile uh over +time it's the the nature of the + + align:start position:0% +time it's the the nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +time it's the the nature of the +discussion changes quite dramatically + + align:start position:0% +discussion changes quite dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +discussion changes quite dramatically +so an Einstein's letter is private + + align:start position:0% +so an Einstein's letter is private + + + align:start position:0% +so an Einstein's letter is private +letter he says in principle the + + align:start position:0% +letter he says in principle the + + + align:start position:0% +letter he says in principle the +situation can easily be represented + + align:start position:0% +situation can easily be represented + + + align:start position:0% +situation can easily be represented +Quantum mechanically it would be a + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanically it would be a + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum mechanically it would be a +superposition of these two opposite + + align:start position:0% +superposition of these two opposite + + + align:start position:0% +superposition of these two opposite +properties but a sum of the two just + + align:start position:0% +properties but a sum of the two just + + + align:start position:0% +properties but a sum of the two just +like with any superposition after the + + align:start position:0% +like with any superposition after the + + + align:start position:0% +like with any superposition after the +course of a year this should this is no + + align:start position:0% +course of a year this should this is no + + + align:start position:0% +course of a year this should this is no +longer the case this might make sense as + + align:start position:0% +longer the case this might make sense as + + + align:start position:0% +longer the case this might make sense as +the state of the system uh at the start + + align:start position:0% +the state of the system uh at the start + + + align:start position:0% +the state of the system uh at the start +of one year is what Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +of one year is what Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +of one year is what Einstein's +suggesting but after a year this can no + + align:start position:0% +suggesting but after a year this can no + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting but after a year this can no +longer be an accurate description at + + align:start position:0% +longer be an accurate description at + + + align:start position:0% +longer be an accurate description at +least argues Einstein rather the wave + + align:start position:0% +least argues Einstein rather the wave + + + align:start position:0% +least argues Einstein rather the wave +function describes a sort of blend of + + align:start position:0% +function describes a sort of blend of + + + align:start position:0% +function describes a sort of blend of +not yet and have already exploded + + align:start position:0% +not yet and have already exploded + + + align:start position:0% +not yet and have already exploded +systems but how could that be right in + + align:start position:0% +systems but how could that be right in + + + align:start position:0% +systems but how could that be right in +reality there's just no intermediary + + align:start position:0% +reality there's just no intermediary + + + align:start position:0% +reality there's just no intermediary +between exploded and not exploded think + + align:start position:0% +between exploded and not exploded think + + + align:start position:0% +between exploded and not exploded think +about the nature of his examples now + + align:start position:0% +about the nature of his examples now + + + align:start position:0% +about the nature of his examples now +even though he's still talking about + + align:start position:0% +even though he's still talking about + + + align:start position:0% +even though he's still talking about +statistics and probability + + align:start position:0% +statistics and probability + + + align:start position:0% +statistics and probability +Schrodinger writes back a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger writes back a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger writes back a few weeks +later and now there's a Twist this is + + align:start position:0% +later and now there's a Twist this is + + + align:start position:0% +later and now there's a Twist this is +where the so-called Schrodinger cat is + + align:start position:0% +where the so-called Schrodinger cat is + + + align:start position:0% +where the so-called Schrodinger cat is +first introduced first written down it's + + align:start position:0% +first introduced first written down it's + + + align:start position:0% +first introduced first written down it's +actually first a private letter uh from + + align:start position:0% +actually first a private letter uh from + + + align:start position:0% +actually first a private letter uh from +schroederer Einstein responding to this + + align:start position:0% +schroederer Einstein responding to this + + + align:start position:0% +schroederer Einstein responding to this +kind of exploding cache of gunpowder + + align:start position:0% +kind of exploding cache of gunpowder + + + align:start position:0% +kind of exploding cache of gunpowder +Schrodinger sits with that and he writes + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger sits with that and he writes + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger sits with that and he writes +back this this example now this is from + + align:start position:0% +back this this example now this is from + + + align:start position:0% +back this this example now this is from +his his private letter uh in response + + align:start position:0% +his his private letter uh in response + + + align:start position:0% +his his private letter uh in response +he says confined in a steel chamber is a + + align:start position:0% +he says confined in a steel chamber is a + + + align:start position:0% +he says confined in a steel chamber is a +geiger counter prepared with a tiny + + align:start position:0% +geiger counter prepared with a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +geiger counter prepared with a tiny +amount of radioactive uranium that's + + align:start position:0% +amount of radioactive uranium that's + + + align:start position:0% +amount of radioactive uranium that's +over here in our cartoon courtesy of + + align:start position:0% +over here in our cartoon courtesy of + + + align:start position:0% +over here in our cartoon courtesy of +Wikimedia + + align:start position:0% +Wikimedia + + + align:start position:0% +Wikimedia +so that's so small such a small amount + + align:start position:0% +so that's so small such a small amount + + + align:start position:0% +so that's so small such a small amount +of radioactivity that in the next hour + + align:start position:0% +of radioactivity that in the next hour + + + align:start position:0% +of radioactivity that in the next hour +it is just as probable as not to expect + + align:start position:0% +it is just as probable as not to expect + + + align:start position:0% +it is just as probable as not to expect +one Atomic decay + + align:start position:0% +one Atomic decay + + + align:start position:0% +one Atomic decay +so it has a 50 50 chance to decay in one + + align:start position:0% +so it has a 50 50 chance to decay in one + + + align:start position:0% +so it has a 50 50 chance to decay in one +hour it's Half-Life let's say is one + + align:start position:0% +hour it's Half-Life let's say is one + + + align:start position:0% +hour it's Half-Life let's say is one +hour there's an amplified relay system + + align:start position:0% +hour there's an amplified relay system + + + align:start position:0% +hour there's an amplified relay system +so if any radioactive decay is detected + + align:start position:0% +so if any radioactive decay is detected + + + align:start position:0% +so if any radioactive decay is detected +here it will trigger this thing to um + + align:start position:0% +here it will trigger this thing to um + + + align:start position:0% +here it will trigger this thing to um +to drop a hammer to shatter a bottle + + align:start position:0% +to drop a hammer to shatter a bottle + + + align:start position:0% +to drop a hammer to shatter a bottle +and the bottle contains what they called + + align:start position:0% +and the bottle contains what they called + + + align:start position:0% +and the bottle contains what they called +prussic acid which is a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +prussic acid which is a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +prussic acid which is a certain kind of +cyanide poison uh + + align:start position:0% +cyanide poison uh + + + align:start position:0% +cyanide poison uh +this and cruelly a cat is also trapped + + align:start position:0% +this and cruelly a cat is also trapped + + + align:start position:0% +this and cruelly a cat is also trapped +in the steel chamber so it's a + + align:start position:0% +in the steel chamber so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +in the steel chamber so it's a +windowless box you put a cat inside + + align:start position:0% +windowless box you put a cat inside + + + align:start position:0% +windowless box you put a cat inside +which is not free from the end of the + + align:start position:0% +which is not free from the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +which is not free from the end of the +cat radioactive source with a sensitive + + align:start position:0% +cat radioactive source with a sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +cat radioactive source with a sensitive +detector with a particular Half-Life + + align:start position:0% +detector with a particular Half-Life + + + align:start position:0% +detector with a particular Half-Life +it's only 50 50 odds to detect even a + + align:start position:0% +it's only 50 50 odds to detect even a + + + align:start position:0% +it's only 50 50 odds to detect even a +single Decay after one hour if even one + + align:start position:0% +single Decay after one hour if even one + + + align:start position:0% +single Decay after one hour if even one +Decay happens it will trigger the thing + + align:start position:0% +Decay happens it will trigger the thing + + + align:start position:0% +Decay happens it will trigger the thing +and break the vial and kill the cat if + + align:start position:0% +and break the vial and kill the cat if + + + align:start position:0% +and break the vial and kill the cat if +no decays happen to happen in that hour + + align:start position:0% +no decays happen to happen in that hour + + + align:start position:0% +no decays happen to happen in that hour +the vial will not break uh be broken and + + align:start position:0% +the vial will not break uh be broken and + + + align:start position:0% +the vial will not break uh be broken and +the cat will live + + align:start position:0% +the cat will live + + + align:start position:0% +the cat will live +after an hour the living and dead cat + + align:start position:0% +after an hour the living and dead cat + + + align:start position:0% +after an hour the living and dead cat +are smeared out in equal measure + + align:start position:0% +are smeared out in equal measure + + + align:start position:0% +are smeared out in equal measure +according to Quantum Mechanics again we + + align:start position:0% +according to Quantum Mechanics again we + + + align:start position:0% +according to Quantum Mechanics again we +can write this schrodinger-like + + align:start position:0% +can write this schrodinger-like + + + align:start position:0% +can write this schrodinger-like +superposition of totally opposite + + align:start position:0% +superposition of totally opposite + + + align:start position:0% +superposition of totally opposite +properties and yet quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +properties and yet quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +properties and yet quantum mechanics +they both argue has no way to tell the + + align:start position:0% +they both argue has no way to tell the + + + align:start position:0% +they both argue has no way to tell the +difference or to tell us what the real + + align:start position:0% +difference or to tell us what the real + + + align:start position:0% +difference or to tell us what the real +state of the world is only the + + align:start position:0% +state of the world is only the + + + align:start position:0% +state of the world is only the +likelihood Einstein writes back he can + + align:start position:0% +likelihood Einstein writes back he can + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood Einstein writes back he can +say your cat shows that we are in + + align:start position:0% +say your cat shows that we are in + + + align:start position:0% +say your cat shows that we are in +complete agreement now they're talking + + align:start position:0% +complete agreement now they're talking + + + align:start position:0% +complete agreement now they're talking +about life and death with poison and + + align:start position:0% +about life and death with poison and + + + align:start position:0% +about life and death with poison and +gunpowder not about balls and urns a + + align:start position:0% +gunpowder not about balls and urns a + + + align:start position:0% +gunpowder not about balls and urns a +wave function that contains the living + + align:start position:0% +wave function that contains the living + + + align:start position:0% +wave function that contains the living +as well as the dead cat just cannot be + + align:start position:0% +as well as the dead cat just cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +as well as the dead cat just cannot be +taken as a description of the real State + + align:start position:0% +taken as a description of the real State + + + align:start position:0% +taken as a description of the real State +of Affairs + + align:start position:0% +of Affairs + + + align:start position:0% +of Affairs +and by the way this is the version + + align:start position:0% +and by the way this is the version + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way this is the version +almost word for word that Ben + + align:start position:0% +almost word for word that Ben + + + align:start position:0% +almost word for word that Ben +Schrodinger publishes in this very + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger publishes in this very + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger publishes in this very +famous article later that Autumn it + + align:start position:0% +famous article later that Autumn it + + + align:start position:0% +famous article later that Autumn it +comes out in in November of 1935 and + + align:start position:0% +comes out in in November of 1935 and + + + align:start position:0% +comes out in in November of 1935 and +that's the first published version that + + align:start position:0% +that's the first published version that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first published version that +comes to be known as Schrodinger's cat + + align:start position:0% +comes to be known as Schrodinger's cat + + + align:start position:0% +comes to be known as Schrodinger's cat +it's almost exactly word for word what + + align:start position:0% +it's almost exactly word for word what + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost exactly word for word what +shortage had first written in this + + align:start position:0% +shortage had first written in this + + + align:start position:0% +shortage had first written in this +private letter to Einstein + + align:start position:0% +private letter to Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +private letter to Einstein +and there's an irony in all this a kind + + align:start position:0% +and there's an irony in all this a kind + + + align:start position:0% +and there's an irony in all this a kind +of historical irony that by the + + align:start position:0% +of historical irony that by the + + + align:start position:0% +of historical irony that by the +mid-1930s by 1935 + + align:start position:0% +mid-1930s by 1935 + + + align:start position:0% +mid-1930s by 1935 +Schrodinger had become quite skeptical + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger had become quite skeptical + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger had become quite skeptical +actually quite critical of some of his + + align:start position:0% +actually quite critical of some of his + + + align:start position:0% +actually quite critical of some of his +own contributions to quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +own contributions to quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +own contributions to quantum mechanics +it was schroding her down the + + align:start position:0% +it was schroding her down the + + + align:start position:0% +it was schroding her down the +Schrodinger wave equation schroducing + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger wave equation schroducing + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger wave equation schroducing +isn't as great we know how waves behave + + align:start position:0% +isn't as great we know how waves behave + + + align:start position:0% +isn't as great we know how waves behave +mathematically they obey things like + + align:start position:0% +mathematically they obey things like + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically they obey things like +superposition and yet Ten Years Later + + align:start position:0% +superposition and yet Ten Years Later + + + align:start position:0% +superposition and yet Ten Years Later +between 1926 and 1935 on the order of 10 + + align:start position:0% +between 1926 and 1935 on the order of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +between 1926 and 1935 on the order of 10 +years Schrodinger like Einstein had + + align:start position:0% +years Schrodinger like Einstein had + + + align:start position:0% +years Schrodinger like Einstein had +become quite uncomfortable with the kind + + align:start position:0% +become quite uncomfortable with the kind + + + align:start position:0% +become quite uncomfortable with the kind +of conceptual Direction with which + + align:start position:0% +of conceptual Direction with which + + + align:start position:0% +of conceptual Direction with which +people were trying to make sense of his + + align:start position:0% +people were trying to make sense of his + + + align:start position:0% +people were trying to make sense of his +own equation so it became actually an + + align:start position:0% +own equation so it became actually an + + + align:start position:0% +own equation so it became actually an +outspoken critic and so the irony at + + align:start position:0% +outspoken critic and so the irony at + + + align:start position:0% +outspoken critic and so the irony at +least I think for us today is that he + + align:start position:0% +least I think for us today is that he + + + align:start position:0% +least I think for us today is that he +invented this now totally famous uh cat + + align:start position:0% +invented this now totally famous uh cat + + + align:start position:0% +invented this now totally famous uh cat +Paradox you know their internet memes up + + align:start position:0% +Paradox you know their internet memes up + + + align:start position:0% +Paradox you know their internet memes up +and down not to help teach people about + + align:start position:0% +and down not to help teach people about + + + align:start position:0% +and down not to help teach people about +his equations but actually as a critique + + align:start position:0% +his equations but actually as a critique + + + align:start position:0% +his equations but actually as a critique +he he invented the Paradox to say + + align:start position:0% +he he invented the Paradox to say + + + align:start position:0% +he he invented the Paradox to say +there's something rotten and wrong with + + align:start position:0% +there's something rotten and wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +there's something rotten and wrong with +quantum mechanics not as a fun way to + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics not as a fun way to + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics not as a fun way to +teach the theory + + align:start position:0% +teach the theory + + + align:start position:0% +teach the theory +so I'll pause there we can add a little + + align:start position:0% +so I'll pause there we can add a little + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll pause there we can add a little +discussion some questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Gary asks is it possible that even + + align:start position:0% +so Gary asks is it possible that even + + + align:start position:0% +so Gary asks is it possible that even +after measuring a a + + align:start position:0% +after measuring a a + + + align:start position:0% +after measuring a a +definitive measuring like the weight and + + align:start position:0% +definitive measuring like the weight and + + + align:start position:0% +definitive measuring like the weight and +scale the electron or the person does + + align:start position:0% +scale the electron or the person does + + + align:start position:0% +scale the electron or the person does +not have uh at all definite values but + + align:start position:0% +not have uh at all definite values but + + + align:start position:0% +not have uh at all definite values but +it's Elemental state probabilistic I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's Elemental state probabilistic I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's Elemental state probabilistic I'm +not Gary it's a little garbage let's see + + align:start position:0% +not Gary it's a little garbage let's see + + + align:start position:0% +not Gary it's a little garbage let's see +um I I think the idea is that it'll be + + align:start position:0% +um I I think the idea is that it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +um I I think the idea is that it'll be +one thing to say that the answers will + + align:start position:0% +one thing to say that the answers will + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to say that the answers will +the definite answer we'll get anytime we + + align:start position:0% +the definite answer we'll get anytime we + + + align:start position:0% +the definite answer we'll get anytime we +perform a measurement is an answer drawn + + align:start position:0% +perform a measurement is an answer drawn + + + align:start position:0% +perform a measurement is an answer drawn +from some distribution with some + + align:start position:0% +from some distribution with some + + + align:start position:0% +from some distribution with some +weighted probabilities + + align:start position:0% +weighted probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +weighted probabilities +uh but it's a different thing to say + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's a different thing to say + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's a different thing to say +there was actually no value of that + + align:start position:0% +there was actually no value of that + + + align:start position:0% +there was actually no value of that +property whatsoever if we had never + + align:start position:0% +property whatsoever if we had never + + + align:start position:0% +property whatsoever if we had never +performed a measurement the the + + align:start position:0% +performed a measurement the the + + + align:start position:0% +performed a measurement the the +person would never have had any weight + + align:start position:0% +person would never have had any weight + + + align:start position:0% +person would never have had any weight +not that we wouldn't know which way it + + align:start position:0% +not that we wouldn't know which way it + + + align:start position:0% +not that we wouldn't know which way it +had from within say you know a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +had from within say you know a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +had from within say you know a gaussian +distribution or a bimodal it's that the + + align:start position:0% +distribution or a bimodal it's that the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution or a bimodal it's that the +the more radical interpretation that at + + align:start position:0% +the more radical interpretation that at + + + align:start position:0% +the more radical interpretation that at +these people like um uh Niels Bohr began + + align:start position:0% +these people like um uh Niels Bohr began + + + align:start position:0% +these people like um uh Niels Bohr began +to articulate was that there was no + + align:start position:0% +to articulate was that there was no + + + align:start position:0% +to articulate was that there was no +definite value at all for that property + + align:start position:0% +definite value at all for that property + + + align:start position:0% +definite value at all for that property +and it's and that could be a property as + + align:start position:0% +and it's and that could be a property as + + + align:start position:0% +and it's and that could be a property as +as basic as is the cat alive or dead + + align:start position:0% +as basic as is the cat alive or dead + + + align:start position:0% +as basic as is the cat alive or dead +that's what schroding was thinking about + + align:start position:0% +that's what schroding was thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +that's what schroding was thinking about +not just uh what's the value of its + + align:start position:0% +not just uh what's the value of its + + + align:start position:0% +not just uh what's the value of its +portfolio uh if if the stock market + + align:start position:0% +portfolio uh if if the stock market + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio uh if if the stock market +closed in New York but it's still open + + align:start position:0% +closed in New York but it's still open + + + align:start position:0% +closed in New York but it's still open +in Tokyo I mean there could be reasons + + align:start position:0% +in Tokyo I mean there could be reasons + + + align:start position:0% +in Tokyo I mean there could be reasons +why certain values might be subject to + + align:start position:0% +why certain values might be subject to + + + align:start position:0% +why certain values might be subject to +uncertainty but this was like let's take + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty but this was like let's take + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty but this was like let's take +one value every time we perform a + + align:start position:0% +one value every time we perform a + + + align:start position:0% +one value every time we perform a +measurement we get a definite answer + + align:start position:0% +measurement we get a definite answer + + + align:start position:0% +measurement we get a definite answer +it's not that the question is poorly + + align:start position:0% +it's not that the question is poorly + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that the question is poorly +posed is that there was no answer before + + align:start position:0% +posed is that there was no answer before + + + align:start position:0% +posed is that there was no answer before +we asked the question I think that's + + align:start position:0% +we asked the question I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +we asked the question I think that's +what got people like Einstein + + align:start position:0% +what got people like Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +what got people like Einstein +schroederer even more riled up + + align:start position:0% +schroederer even more riled up + + + align:start position:0% +schroederer even more riled up +uh Alex suggests that destroying a + + align:start position:0% +uh Alex suggests that destroying a + + + align:start position:0% +uh Alex suggests that destroying a +better hope the cat is dead or else the + + align:start position:0% +better hope the cat is dead or else the + + + align:start position:0% +better hope the cat is dead or else the +cat's going to come from it's true the + + align:start position:0% +cat's going to come from it's true the + + + align:start position:0% +cat's going to come from it's true the +the prussic acid is a pretty cruel uh + + align:start position:0% +the prussic acid is a pretty cruel uh + + + align:start position:0% +the prussic acid is a pretty cruel uh +that's not so nice + + align:start position:0% +that's not so nice + + + align:start position:0% +that's not so nice +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and so so I so coming back to Gary's + + align:start position:0% +and so so I so coming back to Gary's + + + align:start position:0% +and so so I so coming back to Gary's +point that the idea was that what if + + align:start position:0% +point that the idea was that what if + + + align:start position:0% +point that the idea was that what if +what if nature simply doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +what if nature simply doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +what if nature simply doesn't have +definite properties until we ask + + align:start position:0% +definite properties until we ask + + + align:start position:0% +definite properties until we ask +questions of it + + align:start position:0% +questions of it + + + align:start position:0% +questions of it +and that that might be perfectly + + align:start position:0% +and that that might be perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +and that that might be perfectly +comfortable for us today it's not very + + align:start position:0% +comfortable for us today it's not very + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable for us today it's not very +comfortable for me but that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +comfortable for me but that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable for me but that's the that's +the sharpened question that that that + + align:start position:0% +the sharpened question that that that + + + align:start position:0% +the sharpened question that that that +led people like Einstein and sugar to + + align:start position:0% +led people like Einstein and sugar to + + + align:start position:0% +led people like Einstein and sugar to +begin to to really question even their + + align:start position:0% +begin to to really question even their + + + align:start position:0% +begin to to really question even their +own work or the or the direction in + + align:start position:0% +own work or the or the direction in + + + align:start position:0% +own work or the or the direction in +which their work was being taken + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again it's for properties that + + align:start position:0% +and again it's for properties that + + + align:start position:0% +and again it's for properties that +otherwise could be trivially measured so + + align:start position:0% +otherwise could be trivially measured so + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise could be trivially measured so +it's not like it's a hard measurement to + + align:start position:0% +it's not like it's a hard measurement to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like it's a hard measurement to +perform oh I it's I I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +perform oh I it's I I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +perform oh I it's I I don't know what +the answer is there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the answer is there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is there's a lot of +statistical uncertainty it might have + + align:start position:0% +statistical uncertainty it might have + + + align:start position:0% +statistical uncertainty it might have +been this or that's like nope the answer + + align:start position:0% +been this or that's like nope the answer + + + align:start position:0% +been this or that's like nope the answer +was this versus that I can tell them + + align:start position:0% +was this versus that I can tell them + + + align:start position:0% +was this versus that I can tell them +clearly apart again until I actually do + + align:start position:0% +clearly apart again until I actually do + + + align:start position:0% +clearly apart again until I actually do +the measurement I have no definite way + + align:start position:0% +the measurement I have no definite way + + + align:start position:0% +the measurement I have no definite way +of knowing which it'll be and maybe + + align:start position:0% +of knowing which it'll be and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of knowing which it'll be and maybe +neither does the electron that was the + + align:start position:0% +neither does the electron that was the + + + align:start position:0% +neither does the electron that was the +that was the the weirder part that last + + align:start position:0% +that was the the weirder part that last + + + align:start position:0% +that was the the weirder part that last +step maybe it's not about our lack of + + align:start position:0% +step maybe it's not about our lack of + + + align:start position:0% +step maybe it's not about our lack of +knowledge about the system what is the + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about the system what is the + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about the system what is the +world itself simply had no particular + + align:start position:0% +world itself simply had no particular + + + align:start position:0% +world itself simply had no particular +value for that + + align:start position:0% +value for that + + + align:start position:0% +value for that +objects in the world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Stephen thank you a fantastic question + + align:start position:0% +Stephen thank you a fantastic question + + + align:start position:0% +Stephen thank you a fantastic question +and a really hard one + + align:start position:0% +and a really hard one + + + align:start position:0% +and a really hard one +um so it's unfair to ask me though it's + + align:start position:0% +um so it's unfair to ask me though it's + + + align:start position:0% +um so it's unfair to ask me though it's +a good question it's a great question + + align:start position:0% +a good question it's a great question + + + align:start position:0% +a good question it's a great question +that's still a subject of research like + + align:start position:0% +that's still a subject of research like + + + align:start position:0% +that's still a subject of research like +that's still something actively worked + + align:start position:0% +that's still something actively worked + + + align:start position:0% +that's still something actively worked +on by by experts in the field so Bohr + + align:start position:0% +on by by experts in the field so Bohr + + + align:start position:0% +on by by experts in the field so Bohr +himself had an answer for that it's not + + align:start position:0% +himself had an answer for that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +himself had an answer for that it's not +an answer that everyone accepts anymore + + align:start position:0% +an answer that everyone accepts anymore + + + align:start position:0% +an answer that everyone accepts anymore +Moore's answer was that there should be + + align:start position:0% +Moore's answer was that there should be + + + align:start position:0% +Moore's answer was that there should be +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +um irreversibly Amplified detection + + align:start position:0% +um irreversibly Amplified detection + + + align:start position:0% +um irreversibly Amplified detection +event so maybe so and that's a that's a + + align:start position:0% +event so maybe so and that's a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +event so maybe so and that's a that's a +mouthful everything bore said was a + + align:start position:0% +mouthful everything bore said was a + + + align:start position:0% +mouthful everything bore said was a +mouthful he spoke very verbose it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +mouthful he spoke very verbose it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +mouthful he spoke very verbose it wasn't +clear and danish it wasn't clear in + + align:start position:0% +clear and danish it wasn't clear in + + + align:start position:0% +clear and danish it wasn't clear in +German wasn't clear in English + + align:start position:0% +German wasn't clear in English + + + align:start position:0% +German wasn't clear in English +but his idea was that maybe the electron + + align:start position:0% +but his idea was that maybe the electron + + + align:start position:0% +but his idea was that maybe the electron +you know some little electron interact + + align:start position:0% +you know some little electron interact + + + align:start position:0% +you know some little electron interact +with some little equally microscopic + + align:start position:0% +with some little equally microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +with some little equally microscopic +thing how would we know + + align:start position:0% +thing how would we know + + + align:start position:0% +thing how would we know +the Tabor the measurement was completed + + align:start position:0% +the Tabor the measurement was completed + + + align:start position:0% +the Tabor the measurement was completed +when some irreversible + + align:start position:0% +when some irreversible + + + align:start position:0% +when some irreversible +signal of that of that event of that + + align:start position:0% +signal of that of that event of that + + + align:start position:0% +signal of that of that event of that +interaction was Amplified to macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +interaction was Amplified to macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +interaction was Amplified to macroscopic +scales irreversible being the key point + + align:start position:0% +scales irreversible being the key point + + + align:start position:0% +scales irreversible being the key point +so that could be like you know + + align:start position:0% +so that could be like you know + + + align:start position:0% +so that could be like you know +um uh the the uh there was um you know + + align:start position:0% +um uh the the uh there was um you know + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the the uh there was um you know +the photographic film was was developed + + align:start position:0% +the photographic film was was developed + + + align:start position:0% +the photographic film was was developed +and there was really you know a spot + + align:start position:0% +and there was really you know a spot + + + align:start position:0% +and there was really you know a spot +here not a spot there right there was + + align:start position:0% +here not a spot there right there was + + + align:start position:0% +here not a spot there right there was +something that we can't that can't be + + align:start position:0% +something that we can't that can't be + + + align:start position:0% +something that we can't that can't be +kind of washed away now let me clear + + align:start position:0% +kind of washed away now let me clear + + + align:start position:0% +kind of washed away now let me clear +that's not at all the the taken for + + align:start position:0% +that's not at all the the taken for + + + align:start position:0% +that's not at all the the taken for +granted answer today and and a real + + align:start position:0% +granted answer today and and a real + + + align:start position:0% +granted answer today and and a real +question remains the so-called + + align:start position:0% +question remains the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +question remains the so-called +measurement problem has its own name + + align:start position:0% +measurement problem has its own name + + + align:start position:0% +measurement problem has its own name +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +what counts as a measurement and uh + + align:start position:0% +what counts as a measurement and uh + + + align:start position:0% +what counts as a measurement and uh +if the whole world is ultimately made of + + align:start position:0% +if the whole world is ultimately made of + + + align:start position:0% +if the whole world is ultimately made of +atoms and atoms um obey quantum theory + + align:start position:0% +atoms and atoms um obey quantum theory + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and atoms um obey quantum theory +then are the measuring apparatus is also + + align:start position:0% +then are the measuring apparatus is also + + + align:start position:0% +then are the measuring apparatus is also +subject to all these same you know + + align:start position:0% +subject to all these same you know + + + align:start position:0% +subject to all these same you know +Quantum effects so the question has to + + align:start position:0% +Quantum effects so the question has to + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum effects so the question has to +do with as you say what's the scale at + + align:start position:0% +do with as you say what's the scale at + + + align:start position:0% +do with as you say what's the scale at +which the quantum mechanical effects are + + align:start position:0% +which the quantum mechanical effects are + + + align:start position:0% +which the quantum mechanical effects are +no longer + + align:start position:0% +no longer + + + align:start position:0% +no longer +dominant and that's I think what Boris + + align:start position:0% +dominant and that's I think what Boris + + + align:start position:0% +dominant and that's I think what Boris +threat was gesturing toward in this + + align:start position:0% +threat was gesturing toward in this + + + align:start position:0% +threat was gesturing toward in this +notion of an irreversibly amplified kind + + align:start position:0% +notion of an irreversibly amplified kind + + + align:start position:0% +notion of an irreversibly amplified kind +of classical signal + + align:start position:0% +of classical signal + + + align:start position:0% +of classical signal +um and if you can see from the the rate + + align:start position:0% +um and if you can see from the the rate + + + align:start position:0% +um and if you can see from the the rate +at which I'm waving my hands I clearly + + align:start position:0% +at which I'm waving my hands I clearly + + + align:start position:0% +at which I'm waving my hands I clearly +I'm hand waving because it is genuinely + + align:start position:0% +I'm hand waving because it is genuinely + + + align:start position:0% +I'm hand waving because it is genuinely +still + + align:start position:0% +still + + + align:start position:0% +still +um actively debated even among the + + align:start position:0% +um actively debated even among the + + + align:start position:0% +um actively debated even among the +experts today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's exactly right and that it does go + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right and that it does go + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right and that it does go +right back to what we call what we spoke + + align:start position:0% +right back to what we call what we spoke + + + align:start position:0% +right back to what we call what we spoke +very briefly about yesterday the + + align:start position:0% +very briefly about yesterday the + + + align:start position:0% +very briefly about yesterday the +so-called Quantum to classical + + align:start position:0% +so-called Quantum to classical + + + align:start position:0% +so-called Quantum to classical +transition we can get Buckyballs to do + + align:start position:0% +transition we can get Buckyballs to do + + + align:start position:0% +transition we can get Buckyballs to do +two double interference we can't get you + + align:start position:0% +two double interference we can't get you + + + align:start position:0% +two double interference we can't get you +or me to do that right so it's really + + align:start position:0% +or me to do that right so it's really + + + align:start position:0% +or me to do that right so it's really +it's very directly like that so one line + + align:start position:0% +it's very directly like that so one line + + + align:start position:0% +it's very directly like that so one line +is let me just go off off book a little + + align:start position:0% +is let me just go off off book a little + + + align:start position:0% +is let me just go off off book a little +bit uh Jump Ahead a few decades one line + + align:start position:0% +bit uh Jump Ahead a few decades one line + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh Jump Ahead a few decades one line +of reasoning and Amanda hints at this + + align:start position:0% +of reasoning and Amanda hints at this + + + align:start position:0% +of reasoning and Amanda hints at this +already in the in the chat as well + + align:start position:0% +already in the in the chat as well + + + align:start position:0% +already in the in the chat as well +one line of reasoning is that this does + + align:start position:0% +one line of reasoning is that this does + + + align:start position:0% +one line of reasoning is that this does +apply even to you and me into + + align:start position:0% +apply even to you and me into + + + align:start position:0% +apply even to you and me into +macroscopic things to you and me on + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic things to you and me on + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic things to you and me on +bicycles to viruses you might know where + + align:start position:0% +bicycles to viruses you might know where + + + align:start position:0% +bicycles to viruses you might know where +I'm going uh and that both answers are + + align:start position:0% +I'm going uh and that both answers are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going uh and that both answers are +real they're just real and causally + + align:start position:0% +real they're just real and causally + + + align:start position:0% +real they're just real and causally +disjoint regions of the universe + + align:start position:0% +disjoint regions of the universe + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint regions of the universe +this is what's now often called the many + + align:start position:0% +this is what's now often called the many + + + align:start position:0% +this is what's now often called the many +worlds interpretation very um + + align:start position:0% +worlds interpretation very um + + + align:start position:0% +worlds interpretation very um +eye-raising eyebrow raising title the + + align:start position:0% +eye-raising eyebrow raising title the + + + align:start position:0% +eye-raising eyebrow raising title the +more the original title is the relative + + align:start position:0% +more the original title is the relative + + + align:start position:0% +more the original title is the relative +State formulation what if it really is + + align:start position:0% +State formulation what if it really is + + + align:start position:0% +State formulation what if it really is +quantum mechanics all the way down + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics all the way down + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics all the way down +and we just have consistent + + align:start position:0% +and we just have consistent + + + align:start position:0% +and we just have consistent +self-consistent branches so the cat is + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent branches so the cat is + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent branches so the cat is +both alive and dead but any Observer who + + align:start position:0% +both alive and dead but any Observer who + + + align:start position:0% +both alive and dead but any Observer who +sees is alive that version of that + + align:start position:0% +sees is alive that version of that + + + align:start position:0% +sees is alive that version of that +Observer is now down you know following + + align:start position:0% +Observer is now down you know following + + + align:start position:0% +Observer is now down you know following +one track in a kind of + + align:start position:0% +one track in a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +one track in a kind of +um uh forked path you know uh coming to + + align:start position:0% +um uh forked path you know uh coming to + + + align:start position:0% +um uh forked path you know uh coming to +a fork in the road and that anything + + align:start position:0% +a fork in the road and that anything + + + align:start position:0% +a fork in the road and that anything +else that that observer's path will + + align:start position:0% +else that that observer's path will + + + align:start position:0% +else that that observer's path will +witness will be consistent with having + + align:start position:0% +witness will be consistent with having + + + align:start position:0% +witness will be consistent with having +found the cat either alive or dead + + align:start position:0% +found the cat either alive or dead + + + align:start position:0% +found the cat either alive or dead +friend which I say so one example is + + align:start position:0% +friend which I say so one example is + + + align:start position:0% +friend which I say so one example is +it's all quantum mechanics period and + + align:start position:0% +it's all quantum mechanics period and + + + align:start position:0% +it's all quantum mechanics period and +just you know deal with it and that is + + align:start position:0% +just you know deal with it and that is + + + align:start position:0% +just you know deal with it and that is +very much like what Amanda suggesting to + + align:start position:0% +very much like what Amanda suggesting to + + + align:start position:0% +very much like what Amanda suggesting to +Gary a different uh or + + align:start position:0% +Gary a different uh or + + + align:start position:0% +Gary a different uh or +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +a distinct approach sometimes they get + + align:start position:0% +a distinct approach sometimes they get + + + align:start position:0% +a distinct approach sometimes they get +combined a distinct approach should say + + align:start position:0% +combined a distinct approach should say + + + align:start position:0% +combined a distinct approach should say +there's something that happens from the + + align:start position:0% +there's something that happens from the + + + align:start position:0% +there's something that happens from the +so-called environment from having lots + + align:start position:0% +so-called environment from having lots + + + align:start position:0% +so-called environment from having lots +and lots of quantum mechanical stuff + + align:start position:0% +and lots of quantum mechanical stuff + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of quantum mechanical stuff +together and interacting together that + + align:start position:0% +together and interacting together that + + + align:start position:0% +together and interacting together that +the essential quantumness can be kind of + + align:start position:0% +the essential quantumness can be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the essential quantumness can be kind of +smeared out it can decohere is is the + + align:start position:0% +smeared out it can decohere is is the + + + align:start position:0% +smeared out it can decohere is is the +technical term + + align:start position:0% +technical term + + + align:start position:0% +technical term +that the effect of the environment is in + + align:start position:0% +that the effect of the environment is in + + + align:start position:0% +that the effect of the environment is in +some sense to + + align:start position:0% +some sense to + + + align:start position:0% +some sense to +to reduce the range of quantum + + align:start position:0% +to reduce the range of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce the range of quantum +possibilities to one definite outcome + + align:start position:0% +possibilities to one definite outcome + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities to one definite outcome +because there are additional kind of + + align:start position:0% +because there are additional kind of + + + align:start position:0% +because there are additional kind of +physical interactions we haven't taken + + align:start position:0% +physical interactions we haven't taken + + + align:start position:0% +physical interactions we haven't taken +into account and that's more like how + + align:start position:0% +into account and that's more like how + + + align:start position:0% +into account and that's more like how +much stuff do you need before Quantum + + align:start position:0% +much stuff do you need before Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +much stuff do you need before Quantum +behaves like classical that's like a big + + align:start position:0% +behaves like classical that's like a big + + + align:start position:0% +behaves like classical that's like a big +box is different than a very very tiny + + align:start position:0% +box is different than a very very tiny + + + align:start position:0% +box is different than a very very tiny +electron so it's more like you have + + align:start position:0% +electron so it's more like you have + + + align:start position:0% +electron so it's more like you have +enough stuff enough environment that is + + align:start position:0% +enough stuff enough environment that is + + + align:start position:0% +enough stuff enough environment that is +going to somehow smear out the range of + + align:start position:0% +going to somehow smear out the range of + + + align:start position:0% +going to somehow smear out the range of +possibilities and leave only one left + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and leave only one left + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and leave only one left +uh and some people sometimes people + + align:start position:0% +uh and some people sometimes people + + + align:start position:0% +uh and some people sometimes people +combine the two that maybe it's actually + + align:start position:0% +combine the two that maybe it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +combine the two that maybe it's actually +G coherence plus the uh the many worlds + + align:start position:0% +G coherence plus the uh the many worlds + + + align:start position:0% +G coherence plus the uh the many worlds +is the answer so that's when we go to + + align:start position:0% +is the answer so that's when we go to + + + align:start position:0% +is the answer so that's when we go to +The Cutting Edge the cognacity today + + align:start position:0% +The Cutting Edge the cognacity today + + + align:start position:0% +The Cutting Edge the cognacity today +will worry about the um the measurement + + align:start position:0% +will worry about the um the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +will worry about the um the measurement +problem these are the kinds of questions + + align:start position:0% +problem these are the kinds of questions + + + align:start position:0% +problem these are the kinds of questions +they ask + + align:start position:0% +they ask + + + align:start position:0% +they ask +they're only able to ask them because of + + align:start position:0% +they're only able to ask them because of + + + align:start position:0% +they're only able to ask them because of +the conceptual work being done back in + + align:start position:0% +the conceptual work being done back in + + + align:start position:0% +the conceptual work being done back in +1935. the inverse is not true right + + align:start position:0% +1935. the inverse is not true right + + + align:start position:0% +1935. the inverse is not true right +Schrodinger and Einstein didn't have + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger and Einstein didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger and Einstein didn't have +these options to think about at the time + + align:start position:0% +these options to think about at the time + + + align:start position:0% +these options to think about at the time +so so these are all coming Downstream + + align:start position:0% +so so these are all coming Downstream + + + align:start position:0% +so so these are all coming Downstream +from worrying about exactly this + + align:start position:0% +from worrying about exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +from worrying about exactly this +question about + + align:start position:0% +question about + + + align:start position:0% +question about +um the electron could have been either + + align:start position:0% +um the electron could have been either + + + align:start position:0% +um the electron could have been either +way did it have an answer the cat + + align:start position:0% +way did it have an answer the cat + + + align:start position:0% +way did it have an answer the cat +doesn't make sense that could have been + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense that could have been + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense that could have been +either maybe it could right so that's + + align:start position:0% +either maybe it could right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +either maybe it could right so that's +where that's why that's still um still + + align:start position:0% +where that's why that's still um still + + + align:start position:0% +where that's why that's still um still +going on uh today + + align:start position:0% +going on uh today + + + align:start position:0% +going on uh today +so uh let's see Aiden asks uh is it + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's see Aiden asks uh is it + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's see Aiden asks uh is it +theoretically possible to accurately + + align:start position:0% +theoretically possible to accurately + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically possible to accurately +predict if uranium will Decay or not in + + align:start position:0% +predict if uranium will Decay or not in + + + align:start position:0% +predict if uranium will Decay or not in +shorting your scenario but we as humans + + align:start position:0% +shorting your scenario but we as humans + + + align:start position:0% +shorting your scenario but we as humans +with the technology available just don't + + align:start position:0% +with the technology available just don't + + + align:start position:0% +with the technology available just don't +know enough very good so aim that's the + + align:start position:0% +know enough very good so aim that's the + + + align:start position:0% +know enough very good so aim that's the +kind of thing we'll actually come to + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing we'll actually come to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing we'll actually come to +that very soon in the next part that's + + align:start position:0% +that very soon in the next part that's + + + align:start position:0% +that very soon in the next part that's +the kind of thing that Schrodinger and + + align:start position:0% +the kind of thing that Schrodinger and + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of thing that Schrodinger and +Einstein said should be possible they + + align:start position:0% +Einstein said should be possible they + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein said should be possible they +didn't have the final answer at hand but + + align:start position:0% +didn't have the final answer at hand but + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have the final answer at hand but +that's what they wondered that's what + + align:start position:0% +that's what they wondered that's what + + + align:start position:0% +that's what they wondered that's what +they thought any any uh reliable Theory + + align:start position:0% +they thought any any uh reliable Theory + + + align:start position:0% +they thought any any uh reliable Theory +of physics should enable one to do + + align:start position:0% +of physics should enable one to do + + + align:start position:0% +of physics should enable one to do +so they never said quantum mechanics is + + align:start position:0% +so they never said quantum mechanics is + + + align:start position:0% +so they never said quantum mechanics is +wrong in the sense that it violates uh + + align:start position:0% +wrong in the sense that it violates uh + + + align:start position:0% +wrong in the sense that it violates uh +uh measurements it yields the correct + + align:start position:0% +uh measurements it yields the correct + + + align:start position:0% +uh measurements it yields the correct +probabilities for definite experimental + + align:start position:0% +probabilities for definite experimental + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities for definite experimental +outcomes it's accurate as far as it goes + + align:start position:0% +outcomes it's accurate as far as it goes + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes it's accurate as far as it goes +but it doesn't go far enough so some + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't go far enough so some + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't go far enough so some +ultimate physical Theory they argued + + align:start position:0% +ultimate physical Theory they argued + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate physical Theory they argued +should enable you to say in advance the + + align:start position:0% +should enable you to say in advance the + + + align:start position:0% +should enable you to say in advance the +uranium nucleus really will uh or will + + align:start position:0% +uranium nucleus really will uh or will + + + align:start position:0% +uranium nucleus really will uh or will +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +um Decay not just it has a likelihood it + + align:start position:0% +um Decay not just it has a likelihood it + + + align:start position:0% +um Decay not just it has a likelihood it +has a definite uh state in advance so + + align:start position:0% +has a definite uh state in advance so + + + align:start position:0% +has a definite uh state in advance so +the electron spin really would spin up + + align:start position:0% +the electron spin really would spin up + + + align:start position:0% +the electron spin really would spin up +even though we didn't know it in advance + + align:start position:0% +even though we didn't know it in advance + + + align:start position:0% +even though we didn't know it in advance +and so that's more what Eisen and + + align:start position:0% +and so that's more what Eisen and + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's more what Eisen and +Schrodinger said should be possible + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger said should be possible + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger said should be possible +let's keep aiming for that let's not + + align:start position:0% +let's keep aiming for that let's not + + + align:start position:0% +let's keep aiming for that let's not +stop sure they didn't have a worked out + + align:start position:0% +stop sure they didn't have a worked out + + + align:start position:0% +stop sure they didn't have a worked out +model that would allow them to do that + + align:start position:0% +model that would allow them to do that + + + align:start position:0% +model that would allow them to do that +that was their aspiration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's + + align:start position:0% +It's + + + align:start position:0% +It's +tricky because you know on the one hand + + align:start position:0% +tricky because you know on the one hand + + + align:start position:0% +tricky because you know on the one hand +Schrodinger and Einstein both were being + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger and Einstein both were being + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger and Einstein both were being +kind of wildly creative and and uh and + + align:start position:0% +kind of wildly creative and and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of wildly creative and and uh and +original I mean Schrodinger gave us his + + align:start position:0% +original I mean Schrodinger gave us his + + + align:start position:0% +original I mean Schrodinger gave us his +wave function we didn't have we + + align:start position:0% +wave function we didn't have we + + + align:start position:0% +wave function we didn't have we +collectively didn't have before and yet + + align:start position:0% +collectively didn't have before and yet + + + align:start position:0% +collectively didn't have before and yet +you're quite right that his approach was + + align:start position:0% +you're quite right that his approach was + + + align:start position:0% +you're quite right that his approach was +in some sense to retain as much as + + align:start position:0% +in some sense to retain as much as + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense to retain as much as +possible of that kind of look and feel + + align:start position:0% +possible of that kind of look and feel + + + align:start position:0% +possible of that kind of look and feel +so it's new it's not like it's um just a + + align:start position:0% +so it's new it's not like it's um just a + + + align:start position:0% +so it's new it's not like it's um just a +boring repetition of what had come + + align:start position:0% +boring repetition of what had come + + + align:start position:0% +boring repetition of what had come +before it's not it's not there's real + + align:start position:0% +before it's not it's not there's real + + + align:start position:0% +before it's not it's not there's real +original work being done but the + + align:start position:0% +original work being done but the + + + align:start position:0% +original work being done but the +character of it some other kind of way + + align:start position:0% +character of it some other kind of way + + + align:start position:0% +character of it some other kind of way +of of describing it it does feel + + align:start position:0% +of of describing it it does feel + + + align:start position:0% +of of describing it it does feel +different and I think it felt different + + align:start position:0% +different and I think it felt different + + + align:start position:0% +different and I think it felt different +at the time to practitioners then then + + align:start position:0% +at the time to practitioners then then + + + align:start position:0% +at the time to practitioners then then +they kind of frankly Brash young very + + align:start position:0% +they kind of frankly Brash young very + + + align:start position:0% +they kind of frankly Brash young very +um what can I say kind of alpha male uh + + align:start position:0% +um what can I say kind of alpha male uh + + + align:start position:0% +um what can I say kind of alpha male uh +aggressive work + + align:start position:0% +aggressive work + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive work +um at least in portrayal by people like + + align:start position:0% +um at least in portrayal by people like + + + align:start position:0% +um at least in portrayal by people like +like Heisenberg and Paulie Paulie loved + + align:start position:0% +like Heisenberg and Paulie Paulie loved + + + align:start position:0% +like Heisenberg and Paulie Paulie loved +telling everyone else they were wrong in + + align:start position:0% +telling everyone else they were wrong in + + + align:start position:0% +telling everyone else they were wrong in +fact his favorite expression was not was + + align:start position:0% +fact his favorite expression was not was + + + align:start position:0% +fact his favorite expression was not was +it's he would say + + align:start position:0% +it's he would say + + + align:start position:0% +it's he would say +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that's not right that's not even wrong + + align:start position:0% +that's not right that's not even wrong + + + align:start position:0% +that's not right that's not even wrong +like it's not even that's so stupid it's + + align:start position:0% +like it's not even that's so stupid it's + + + align:start position:0% +like it's not even that's so stupid it's +not even a candidate for being right or + + align:start position:0% +not even a candidate for being right or + + + align:start position:0% +not even a candidate for being right or +wrong that's not a nice thing to say to + + align:start position:0% +wrong that's not a nice thing to say to + + + align:start position:0% +wrong that's not a nice thing to say to +people right Paulie was pretty he had an + + align:start position:0% +people right Paulie was pretty he had an + + + align:start position:0% +people right Paulie was pretty he had an +acid time even as a as a 20 year old let + + align:start position:0% +acid time even as a as a 20 year old let + + + align:start position:0% +acid time even as a as a 20 year old let +alone as a as a 50 year old he was just + + align:start position:0% +alone as a as a 50 year old he was just + + + align:start position:0% +alone as a as a 50 year old he was just +mean aggressive mean I'm smarter than + + align:start position:0% +mean aggressive mean I'm smarter than + + + align:start position:0% +mean aggressive mean I'm smarter than +all of you there was that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +all of you there was that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +all of you there was that kind of thing +going on to be sure and so Schrodinger + + align:start position:0% +going on to be sure and so Schrodinger + + + align:start position:0% +going on to be sure and so Schrodinger +was um and Einstein both we're doing + + align:start position:0% +was um and Einstein both we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +was um and Einstein both we're doing +creative original new stuff well into + + align:start position:0% +creative original new stuff well into + + + align:start position:0% +creative original new stuff well into +their 40s and 50s it gives me hope + + align:start position:0% +their 40s and 50s it gives me hope + + + align:start position:0% +their 40s and 50s it gives me hope +um frankly but it but it did have a + + align:start position:0% +um frankly but it but it did have a + + + align:start position:0% +um frankly but it but it did have a +different kind of style and in some + + align:start position:0% +different kind of style and in some + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of style and in some +sense a different character than some of + + align:start position:0% +sense a different character than some of + + + align:start position:0% +sense a different character than some of +these uh kind of folks in their mid-20s + + align:start position:0% +these uh kind of folks in their mid-20s + + + align:start position:0% +these uh kind of folks in their mid-20s +let me press on uh before we all debate + + align:start position:0% +let me press on uh before we all debate + + + align:start position:0% +let me press on uh before we all debate +uh the Hue Everett uh many world's + + align:start position:0% +uh the Hue Everett uh many world's + + + align:start position:0% +uh the Hue Everett uh many world's +interpretation because then we'll never + + align:start position:0% +interpretation because then we'll never + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation because then we'll never +leave that branch in the Multiverse but + + align:start position:0% +leave that branch in the Multiverse but + + + align:start position:0% +leave that branch in the Multiverse but +let me go on now to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +let me go on now to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +let me go on now to talk about the +second big critique uh of quantum theory + + align:start position:0% +second big critique uh of quantum theory + + + align:start position:0% +second big critique uh of quantum theory +by Einstein and his younger colleagues + + align:start position:0% +by Einstein and his younger colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +by Einstein and his younger colleagues +the so-called epr uh thought experiment + + align:start position:0% +the so-called epr uh thought experiment + + + align:start position:0% +the so-called epr uh thought experiment +so this was published in the very same + + align:start position:0% +so this was published in the very same + + + align:start position:0% +so this was published in the very same +year as Schrodinger's cat it actually + + align:start position:0% +year as Schrodinger's cat it actually + + + align:start position:0% +year as Schrodinger's cat it actually +came out of it earlier and this is one + + align:start position:0% +came out of it earlier and this is one + + + align:start position:0% +came out of it earlier and this is one +of the things that Einstein is shorting + + align:start position:0% +of the things that Einstein is shorting + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that Einstein is shorting +were writing about + + align:start position:0% +were writing about + + + align:start position:0% +were writing about +across the ocean + + align:start position:0% +across the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +across the ocean +so soon after Einstein got settled at + + align:start position:0% +so soon after Einstein got settled at + + + align:start position:0% +so soon after Einstein got settled at +The Institute for event study in + + align:start position:0% +The Institute for event study in + + + align:start position:0% +The Institute for event study in +Princeton it's in the same town as + + align:start position:0% +Princeton it's in the same town as + + + align:start position:0% +Princeton it's in the same town as +Princeton University though it is + + align:start position:0% +Princeton University though it is + + + align:start position:0% +Princeton University though it is +formerly a separate institution he began + + align:start position:0% +formerly a separate institution he began + + + align:start position:0% +formerly a separate institution he began +working with these two younger + + align:start position:0% +working with these two younger + + + align:start position:0% +working with these two younger +colleagues Boris Podolski and Nathan + + align:start position:0% +colleagues Boris Podolski and Nathan + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues Boris Podolski and Nathan +Rosen have they developed an even more + + align:start position:0% +Rosen have they developed an even more + + + align:start position:0% +Rosen have they developed an even more +elaborate and really very compelling + + align:start position:0% +elaborate and really very compelling + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate and really very compelling +very very tricky critique of quantum + + align:start position:0% +very very tricky critique of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +very very tricky critique of quantum +theory is what we now call the epr for + + align:start position:0% +theory is what we now call the epr for + + + align:start position:0% +theory is what we now call the epr for +their initials + + align:start position:0% +their initials + + + align:start position:0% +their initials +so and this was in the reader so again + + align:start position:0% +so and this was in the reader so again + + + align:start position:0% +so and this was in the reader so again +it's a very short it's deceptively short + + align:start position:0% +it's a very short it's deceptively short + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very short it's deceptively short +it's only four pages but it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +it's only four pages but it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +it's only four pages but it's pretty +tricky so I'm going to take a little + + align:start position:0% +tricky so I'm going to take a little + + + align:start position:0% +tricky so I'm going to take a little +while to walk through the argument which + + align:start position:0% +while to walk through the argument which + + + align:start position:0% +while to walk through the argument which +might not have been so easy upon a first + + align:start position:0% +might not have been so easy upon a first + + + align:start position:0% +might not have been so easy upon a first +reading and that's okay it's a very + + align:start position:0% +reading and that's okay it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +reading and that's okay it's a very +tricky paper + + align:start position:0% +tricky paper + + + align:start position:0% +tricky paper +so they're imagining a thought + + align:start position:0% +so they're imagining a thought + + + align:start position:0% +so they're imagining a thought +experiment like this in a kind of + + align:start position:0% +experiment like this in a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +experiment like this in a kind of +cartoon form there's some Source that's + + align:start position:0% +cartoon form there's some Source that's + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon form there's some Source that's +the capital S here + + align:start position:0% +the capital S here + + + align:start position:0% +the capital S here +that will shoot out pairs of particles + + align:start position:0% +that will shoot out pairs of particles + + + align:start position:0% +that will shoot out pairs of particles +in opposite directions we can call them + + align:start position:0% +in opposite directions we can call them + + + align:start position:0% +in opposite directions we can call them +particles A and B and each particle will + + align:start position:0% +particles A and B and each particle will + + + align:start position:0% +particles A and B and each particle will +be measured some distance apart there's + + align:start position:0% +be measured some distance apart there's + + + align:start position:0% +be measured some distance apart there's +some detector here that will perform + + align:start position:0% +some detector here that will perform + + + align:start position:0% +some detector here that will perform +some measurement on particle a some + + align:start position:0% +some measurement on particle a some + + + align:start position:0% +some measurement on particle a some +separate detector you know some distance + + align:start position:0% +separate detector you know some distance + + + align:start position:0% +separate detector you know some distance +away that will eventually measure some + + align:start position:0% +away that will eventually measure some + + + align:start position:0% +away that will eventually measure some +property of particle B and the physicist + + align:start position:0% +property of particle B and the physicist + + + align:start position:0% +property of particle B and the physicist +here can choose to perform one of two + + align:start position:0% +here can choose to perform one of two + + + align:start position:0% +here can choose to perform one of two +types of measurements in the original + + align:start position:0% +types of measurements in the original + + + align:start position:0% +types of measurements in the original +epr paper the the authors consider + + align:start position:0% +epr paper the the authors consider + + + align:start position:0% +epr paper the the authors consider +either measuring the position along the + + align:start position:0% +either measuring the position along the + + + align:start position:0% +either measuring the position along the +x-axis they can form a measurement of X + + align:start position:0% +x-axis they can form a measurement of X + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis they can form a measurement of X +or they could choose to form a + + align:start position:0% +or they could choose to form a + + + align:start position:0% +or they could choose to form a +measurement of the momentum in that + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the momentum in that + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the momentum in that +direction P sub X + + align:start position:0% +direction P sub X + + + align:start position:0% +direction P sub X +now according to Quantum Mechanics prior + + align:start position:0% +now according to Quantum Mechanics prior + + + align:start position:0% +now according to Quantum Mechanics prior +to either measurement the system the + + align:start position:0% +to either measurement the system the + + + align:start position:0% +to either measurement the system the +system particles A and B would be in + + align:start position:0% +system particles A and B would be in + + + align:start position:0% +system particles A and B would be in +some superposition not just a single cap + + align:start position:0% +some superposition not just a single cap + + + align:start position:0% +some superposition not just a single cap +that's either alive or dead but + + align:start position:0% +that's either alive or dead but + + + align:start position:0% +that's either alive or dead but +basically it's like two cats either + + align:start position:0% +basically it's like two cats either + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's like two cats either +which could be alive or dead but here's + + align:start position:0% +which could be alive or dead but here's + + + align:start position:0% +which could be alive or dead but here's +the twist the properties we will + + align:start position:0% +the twist the properties we will + + + align:start position:0% +the twist the properties we will +eventually measure of one are kind of + + align:start position:0% +eventually measure of one are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +eventually measure of one are kind of +Tangled Up are entangled with the + + align:start position:0% +Tangled Up are entangled with the + + + align:start position:0% +Tangled Up are entangled with the +properties we will eventually measure of + + align:start position:0% +properties we will eventually measure of + + + align:start position:0% +properties we will eventually measure of +particle two so each particle is in some + + align:start position:0% +particle two so each particle is in some + + + align:start position:0% +particle two so each particle is in some +as yet indefinite State and yet their + + align:start position:0% +as yet indefinite State and yet their + + + align:start position:0% +as yet indefinite State and yet their +two states are somehow connected to each + + align:start position:0% +two states are somehow connected to each + + + align:start position:0% +two states are somehow connected to each +other and that's written quantitatively + + align:start position:0% +other and that's written quantitatively + + + align:start position:0% +other and that's written quantitatively +as this special kind of superposition + + align:start position:0% +as this special kind of superposition + + + align:start position:0% +as this special kind of superposition +there's two different two particle + + align:start position:0% +there's two different two particle + + + align:start position:0% +there's two different two particle +states that are then put in + + align:start position:0% +states that are then put in + + + align:start position:0% +states that are then put in +superposition either particle a will + + align:start position:0% +superposition either particle a will + + + align:start position:0% +superposition either particle a will +have one property and particle B will + + align:start position:0% +have one property and particle B will + + + align:start position:0% +have one property and particle B will +have some other + + align:start position:0% +have some other + + + align:start position:0% +have some other +or particle a will have that second + + align:start position:0% +or particle a will have that second + + + align:start position:0% +or particle a will have that second +property and particle B will have the + + align:start position:0% +property and particle B will have the + + + align:start position:0% +property and particle B will have the +first that's two it's a superposition of + + align:start position:0% +first that's two it's a superposition of + + + align:start position:0% +first that's two it's a superposition of +two particle States so it's even more + + align:start position:0% +two particle States so it's even more + + + align:start position:0% +two particle States so it's even more +elaborate than a single cap + + align:start position:0% +elaborate than a single cap + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate than a single cap +and what got them so exercise what got + + align:start position:0% +and what got them so exercise what got + + + align:start position:0% +and what got them so exercise what got +them so upset about this Einstein Patel + + align:start position:0% +them so upset about this Einstein Patel + + + align:start position:0% +them so upset about this Einstein Patel +skin Rosen is at this Quantum State this + + align:start position:0% +skin Rosen is at this Quantum State this + + + align:start position:0% +skin Rosen is at this Quantum State this +version of PSI does not factorize we + + align:start position:0% +version of PSI does not factorize we + + + align:start position:0% +version of PSI does not factorize we +can't write it at least according to + + align:start position:0% +can't write it at least according to + + + align:start position:0% +can't write it at least according to +Quantum Mechanics uh as some + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Mechanics uh as some + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Mechanics uh as some +mathematical description of the behavior + + align:start position:0% +mathematical description of the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical description of the behavior +of particle a over here and then + + align:start position:0% +of particle a over here and then + + + align:start position:0% +of particle a over here and then +separately in some factorizable way some + + align:start position:0% +separately in some factorizable way some + + + align:start position:0% +separately in some factorizable way some +uh way of describing the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +uh way of describing the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +uh way of describing the behavior of +particle B that as soon as we say + + align:start position:0% +particle B that as soon as we say + + + align:start position:0% +particle B that as soon as we say +anything about the likely Behavior + + align:start position:0% +anything about the likely Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +anything about the likely Behavior +particle a in the same breath we have to + + align:start position:0% +particle a in the same breath we have to + + + align:start position:0% +particle a in the same breath we have to +say something about behavior of particle + + align:start position:0% +say something about behavior of particle + + + align:start position:0% +say something about behavior of particle +B and vice versa okay + + align:start position:0% +B and vice versa okay + + + align:start position:0% +B and vice versa okay +why was that so concerning for them well + + align:start position:0% +why was that so concerning for them well + + + align:start position:0% +why was that so concerning for them well +let's suppose that physicists one over + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose that physicists one over + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose that physicists one over +here at this detector happens to select + + align:start position:0% +here at this detector happens to select + + + align:start position:0% +here at this detector happens to select +a position measurement for particle a + + align:start position:0% +a position measurement for particle a + + + align:start position:0% +a position measurement for particle a +and then from the conservation momentum + + align:start position:0% +and then from the conservation momentum + + + align:start position:0% +and then from the conservation momentum +she could immediately infer the position + + align:start position:0% +she could immediately infer the position + + + align:start position:0% +she could immediately infer the position +of particle B once she completes her + + align:start position:0% +of particle B once she completes her + + + align:start position:0% +of particle B once she completes her +measurement + + align:start position:0% +measurement + + + align:start position:0% +measurement +on the other hand sorry okay on the + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand sorry okay on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand sorry okay on the +other hand uh she could have chosen to + + align:start position:0% +other hand uh she could have chosen to + + + align:start position:0% +other hand uh she could have chosen to +perform the other kind of measurement + + align:start position:0% +perform the other kind of measurement + + + align:start position:0% +perform the other kind of measurement +she could have chosen just as well to + + align:start position:0% +she could have chosen just as well to + + + align:start position:0% +she could have chosen just as well to +have measured the momentum along the X + + align:start position:0% +have measured the momentum along the X + + + align:start position:0% +have measured the momentum along the X +Direction and then immediately inferred + + align:start position:0% +Direction and then immediately inferred + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and then immediately inferred +the momentum some other property of + + align:start position:0% +the momentum some other property of + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum some other property of +particle B + + align:start position:0% +particle B + + + align:start position:0% +particle B +what if she waited until the very last + + align:start position:0% +what if she waited until the very last + + + align:start position:0% +what if she waited until the very last +possible moment to decide which + + align:start position:0% +possible moment to decide which + + + align:start position:0% +possible moment to decide which +measurement to perform + + align:start position:0% +measurement to perform + + + align:start position:0% +measurement to perform +so now there's no time for even a light + + align:start position:0% +so now there's no time for even a light + + + align:start position:0% +so now there's no time for even a light +signal traveling at the very fast speed + + align:start position:0% +signal traveling at the very fast speed + + + align:start position:0% +signal traveling at the very fast speed +of light to get from here and catch up + + align:start position:0% +of light to get from here and catch up + + + align:start position:0% +of light to get from here and catch up +with the particle B in time to give it a + + align:start position:0% +with the particle B in time to give it a + + + align:start position:0% +with the particle B in time to give it a +kind of status update oh when you get + + align:start position:0% +kind of status update oh when you get + + + align:start position:0% +kind of status update oh when you get +measured make sure your properties agree + + align:start position:0% +measured make sure your properties agree + + + align:start position:0% +measured make sure your properties agree +with what are consistent with what was + + align:start position:0% +with what are consistent with what was + + + align:start position:0% +with what are consistent with what was +this measured of particle a over here + + align:start position:0% +this measured of particle a over here + + + align:start position:0% +this measured of particle a over here +so if even a single light beam couldn't + + align:start position:0% +so if even a single light beam couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +so if even a single light beam couldn't +have updated particle B in time then + + align:start position:0% +have updated particle B in time then + + + align:start position:0% +have updated particle B in time then +particle B must have had all its own + + align:start position:0% +particle B must have had all its own + + + align:start position:0% +particle B must have had all its own +relevant properties on its own prior to + + align:start position:0% +relevant properties on its own prior to + + + align:start position:0% +relevant properties on its own prior to +its measurement it wouldn't it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +its measurement it wouldn't it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +its measurement it wouldn't it wouldn't +have time to wait for an update + + align:start position:0% +have time to wait for an update + + + align:start position:0% +have time to wait for an update +so the only thing that made sense to + + align:start position:0% +so the only thing that made sense to + + + align:start position:0% +so the only thing that made sense to +Einstein Podolski and Rosen was that + + align:start position:0% +Einstein Podolski and Rosen was that + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein Podolski and Rosen was that +particle B already had its answers at + + align:start position:0% +particle B already had its answers at + + + align:start position:0% +particle B already had its answers at +the ready it already had definite values + + align:start position:0% +the ready it already had definite values + + + align:start position:0% +the ready it already had definite values +for those properties it was not like + + align:start position:0% +for those properties it was not like + + + align:start position:0% +for those properties it was not like +Bohr would have insisted a person who + + align:start position:0% +Bohr would have insisted a person who + + + align:start position:0% +Bohr would have insisted a person who +has not yet stepped on a bathroom scale + + align:start position:0% +has not yet stepped on a bathroom scale + + + align:start position:0% +has not yet stepped on a bathroom scale +particle we would have had definite + + align:start position:0% +particle we would have had definite + + + align:start position:0% +particle we would have had definite +values both for position and for + + align:start position:0% +values both for position and for + + + align:start position:0% +values both for position and for +momentum and we didn't know what they + + align:start position:0% +momentum and we didn't know what they + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and we didn't know what they +were yet but the particle had them + + align:start position:0% +were yet but the particle had them + + + align:start position:0% +were yet but the particle had them +the problem with that according to epr + + align:start position:0% +the problem with that according to epr + + + align:start position:0% +the problem with that according to epr +is that quantum mechanics has no way to + + align:start position:0% +is that quantum mechanics has no way to + + + align:start position:0% +is that quantum mechanics has no way to +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +quantitatively particle B's properties + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively particle B's properties + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively particle B's properties +on its own separate from what's going to + + align:start position:0% +on its own separate from what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +on its own separate from what's going to +happen to particle a so they conclude in + + align:start position:0% +happen to particle a so they conclude in + + + align:start position:0% +happen to particle a so they conclude in +this famous paper the quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +this famous paper the quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +this famous paper the quantum mechanics +must be incomplete + + align:start position:0% +must be incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +must be incomplete +and so this assumption the income the + + align:start position:0% +and so this assumption the income the + + + align:start position:0% +and so this assumption the income the +supposed incompleteness of quantum + + align:start position:0% +supposed incompleteness of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +supposed incompleteness of quantum +theory uh that I sorry that conclusion + + align:start position:0% +theory uh that I sorry that conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +theory uh that I sorry that conclusion +rests on two assumptions the first of + + align:start position:0% +rests on two assumptions the first of + + + align:start position:0% +rests on two assumptions the first of +them they tell us right on the opening + + align:start position:0% +them they tell us right on the opening + + + align:start position:0% +them they tell us right on the opening +page it became known as the reality + + align:start position:0% +page it became known as the reality + + + align:start position:0% +page it became known as the reality +Criterion this is on the first page of + + align:start position:0% +Criterion this is on the first page of + + + align:start position:0% +Criterion this is on the first page of +their paper and quoting their their own + + align:start position:0% +their paper and quoting their their own + + + align:start position:0% +their paper and quoting their their own +text if without in any way disturbing a + + align:start position:0% +text if without in any way disturbing a + + + align:start position:0% +text if without in any way disturbing a +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +we can predict with certainty that is + + align:start position:0% +we can predict with certainty that is + + + align:start position:0% +we can predict with certainty that is +with probability equal to Unity the + + align:start position:0% +with probability equal to Unity the + + + align:start position:0% +with probability equal to Unity the +value of a physical quantity then there + + align:start position:0% +value of a physical quantity then there + + + align:start position:0% +value of a physical quantity then there +exists an element of reality something + + align:start position:0% +exists an element of reality something + + + align:start position:0% +exists an element of reality something +about the world not just about our + + align:start position:0% +about the world not just about our + + + align:start position:0% +about the world not just about our +knowledge of the world corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of the world corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of the world corresponding to +that physical quantity so that's an + + align:start position:0% +that physical quantity so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +that physical quantity so that's an +assumption that Quantum objects possess + + align:start position:0% +assumption that Quantum objects possess + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that Quantum objects possess +their own properties on their own they + + align:start position:0% +their own properties on their own they + + + align:start position:0% +their own properties on their own they +carry them around as they move through + + align:start position:0% +carry them around as they move through + + + align:start position:0% +carry them around as they move through +space independent of and prior to our + + align:start position:0% +space independent of and prior to our + + + align:start position:0% +space independent of and prior to our +efforts to measure them the person has a + + align:start position:0% +efforts to measure them the person has a + + + align:start position:0% +efforts to measure them the person has a +value of her weight and it can be + + align:start position:0% +value of her weight and it can be + + + align:start position:0% +value of her weight and it can be +revealed upon a measurement the + + align:start position:0% +revealed upon a measurement the + + + align:start position:0% +revealed upon a measurement the +measurement doesn't create her value of + + align:start position:0% +measurement doesn't create her value of + + + align:start position:0% +measurement doesn't create her value of +the way that's that's what they're + + align:start position:0% +the way that's that's what they're + + + align:start position:0% +the way that's that's what they're +responding to Niels Bohr + + align:start position:0% +responding to Niels Bohr + + + align:start position:0% +responding to Niels Bohr +a little later in the paper they make + + align:start position:0% +a little later in the paper they make + + + align:start position:0% +a little later in the paper they make +explicit their second equally critical + + align:start position:0% +explicit their second equally critical + + + align:start position:0% +explicit their second equally critical +assumption that would later be called + + align:start position:0% +assumption that would later be called + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that would later be called +locality now on page 779 of of their + + align:start position:0% +locality now on page 779 of of their + + + align:start position:0% +locality now on page 779 of of their +short article here's their rewarding for + + align:start position:0% +short article here's their rewarding for + + + align:start position:0% +short article here's their rewarding for +that since at the time of measurement of + + align:start position:0% +that since at the time of measurement of + + + align:start position:0% +that since at the time of measurement of +the two systems particles A and B they + + align:start position:0% +the two systems particles A and B they + + + align:start position:0% +the two systems particles A and B they +no longer interact no real change can + + align:start position:0% +no longer interact no real change can + + + align:start position:0% +no longer interact no real change can +take place in the second system particle + + align:start position:0% +take place in the second system particle + + + align:start position:0% +take place in the second system particle +B in consequence of anything that might + + align:start position:0% +B in consequence of anything that might + + + align:start position:0% +B in consequence of anything that might +have been done to the first system + + align:start position:0% +have been done to the first system + + + align:start position:0% +have been done to the first system +that's what we think of as of localism + + align:start position:0% +that's what we think of as of localism + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we think of as of localism +that local causes yield only local + + align:start position:0% +that local causes yield only local + + + align:start position:0% +that local causes yield only local +effects or if we think about Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +effects or if we think about Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +effects or if we think about Einstein's +work on relativity that no force or + + align:start position:0% +work on relativity that no force or + + + align:start position:0% +work on relativity that no force or +information or influence of any kind can + + align:start position:0% +information or influence of any kind can + + + align:start position:0% +information or influence of any kind can +travel across space arbitrarily quickly + + align:start position:0% +travel across space arbitrarily quickly + + + align:start position:0% +travel across space arbitrarily quickly +things could travel maybe as fast as + + align:start position:0% +things could travel maybe as fast as + + + align:start position:0% +things could travel maybe as fast as +light but not infinitely fast and that's + + align:start position:0% +light but not infinitely fast and that's + + + align:start position:0% +light but not infinitely fast and that's +the sort of updating Paradox that they + + align:start position:0% +the sort of updating Paradox that they + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of updating Paradox that they +had for particle B + + align:start position:0% +had for particle B + + + align:start position:0% +had for particle B +so even a dozen years later this was + + align:start position:0% +so even a dozen years later this was + + + align:start position:0% +so even a dozen years later this was +still upsetting Einstein that quantum + + align:start position:0% +still upsetting Einstein that quantum + + + align:start position:0% +still upsetting Einstein that quantum +mechanics seem to to fail this test and + + align:start position:0% +mechanics seem to to fail this test and + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics seem to to fail this test and +he wrote again in a very famous letter + + align:start position:0% +he wrote again in a very famous letter + + + align:start position:0% +he wrote again in a very famous letter +again to Max born uh in in the late + + align:start position:0% +again to Max born uh in in the late + + + align:start position:0% +again to Max born uh in in the late +1940s I cannot seriously believe in + + align:start position:0% +1940s I cannot seriously believe in + + + align:start position:0% +1940s I cannot seriously believe in +quantum mechanics because a theory + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics because a theory + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics because a theory +cannot be reconciled with the idea that + + align:start position:0% +cannot be reconciled with the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be reconciled with the idea that +physics should represent a reality in + + align:start position:0% +physics should represent a reality in + + + align:start position:0% +physics should represent a reality in +time and space free from spooky actions + + align:start position:0% +time and space free from spooky actions + + + align:start position:0% +time and space free from spooky actions +at a distance a phrase that has followed + + align:start position:0% +at a distance a phrase that has followed + + + align:start position:0% +at a distance a phrase that has followed +this field since 1947 or I guess since + + align:start position:0% +this field since 1947 or I guess since + + + align:start position:0% +this field since 1947 or I guess since +the letters were published in the early + + align:start position:0% +the letters were published in the early + + + align:start position:0% +the letters were published in the early +70s that he thought anything any + + align:start position:0% +70s that he thought anything any + + + align:start position:0% +70s that he thought anything any +physical Theory including quantum + + align:start position:0% +physical Theory including quantum + + + align:start position:0% +physical Theory including quantum +mechanics that says that these two + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that says that these two + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that says that these two +particles could remain kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +particles could remain kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +particles could remain kind of uh +coordinated across arbitrary distance + + align:start position:0% +coordinated across arbitrary distance + + + align:start position:0% +coordinated across arbitrary distance +that's a ghost story that's spooky + + align:start position:0% +that's a ghost story that's spooky + + + align:start position:0% +that's a ghost story that's spooky +action or distance that's not a proper + + align:start position:0% +action or distance that's not a proper + + + align:start position:0% +action or distance that's not a proper +physical theory in which local causes + + align:start position:0% +physical theory in which local causes + + + align:start position:0% +physical theory in which local causes +yield local effects + + align:start position:0% +yield local effects + + + align:start position:0% +yield local effects +so let me pause there again that's a + + align:start position:0% +so let me pause there again that's a + + + align:start position:0% +so let me pause there again that's a +it's a complicated article the epr paper + + align:start position:0% +it's a complicated article the epr paper + + + align:start position:0% +it's a complicated article the epr paper +it's a classic but it's it's very dense + + align:start position:0% +it's a classic but it's it's very dense + + + align:start position:0% +it's a classic but it's it's very dense +so what I hope we would get out of it + + align:start position:0% +so what I hope we would get out of it + + + align:start position:0% +so what I hope we would get out of it +upon reading it was at least that those + + align:start position:0% +upon reading it was at least that those + + + align:start position:0% +upon reading it was at least that those +important highlights that they draw a + + align:start position:0% +important highlights that they draw a + + + align:start position:0% +important highlights that they draw a +conclusion about the nature of + + align:start position:0% +conclusion about the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion about the nature of +explanation in quantum theory and that + + align:start position:0% +explanation in quantum theory and that + + + align:start position:0% +explanation in quantum theory and that +and that their conclusion rests squarely + + align:start position:0% +and that their conclusion rests squarely + + + align:start position:0% +and that their conclusion rests squarely +on those two separate but equally + + align:start position:0% +on those two separate but equally + + + align:start position:0% +on those two separate but equally +important assumptions objects have their + + align:start position:0% +important assumptions objects have their + + + align:start position:0% +important assumptions objects have their +own properties like or not the cat's + + align:start position:0% +own properties like or not the cat's + + + align:start position:0% +own properties like or not the cat's +just dead get over it right even though + + align:start position:0% +just dead get over it right even though + + + align:start position:0% +just dead get over it right even though +he didn't look yet that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +he didn't look yet that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't look yet that kind of thing +that's the elements of reality and stuff + + align:start position:0% +that's the elements of reality and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +that's the elements of reality and stuff +can't travel arbitrarily fast + + align:start position:0% +can't travel arbitrarily fast + + + align:start position:0% +can't travel arbitrarily fast +and Tiffany says she's quite writing + + align:start position:0% +and Tiffany says she's quite writing + + + align:start position:0% +and Tiffany says she's quite writing +Tiffany thank you so much for sharing + + align:start position:0% +Tiffany thank you so much for sharing + + + align:start position:0% +Tiffany thank you so much for sharing +that there's a really lovely lovely book + + align:start position:0% +that there's a really lovely lovely book + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a really lovely lovely book +it's actually a kind of graphic novel I + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a kind of graphic novel I + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a kind of graphic novel I +think you'd enjoy very creative by um by + + align:start position:0% +think you'd enjoy very creative by um by + + + align:start position:0% +think you'd enjoy very creative by um by +uh a pair of authors Jeffrey and Tanya + + align:start position:0% +uh a pair of authors Jeffrey and Tanya + + + align:start position:0% +uh a pair of authors Jeffrey and Tanya +bubb those are father and daughter it's + + align:start position:0% +bubb those are father and daughter it's + + + align:start position:0% +bubb those are father and daughter it's +a lovely pairing Geoffrey bubb is a very + + align:start position:0% +a lovely pairing Geoffrey bubb is a very + + + align:start position:0% +a lovely pairing Geoffrey bubb is a very +accomplished physicist and philosopher + + align:start position:0% +accomplished physicist and philosopher + + + align:start position:0% +accomplished physicist and philosopher +of science now very senior and his + + align:start position:0% +of science now very senior and his + + + align:start position:0% +of science now very senior and his +daughter Tanya is a really terrific and + + align:start position:0% +daughter Tanya is a really terrific and + + + align:start position:0% +daughter Tanya is a really terrific and +very accomplished graphic artist and + + align:start position:0% +very accomplished graphic artist and + + + align:start position:0% +very accomplished graphic artist and +they teamed up to write this very fun + + align:start position:0% +they teamed up to write this very fun + + + align:start position:0% +they teamed up to write this very fun +and quirky and creative um graphic novel + + align:start position:0% +and quirky and creative um graphic novel + + + align:start position:0% +and quirky and creative um graphic novel +all about this notion of Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +all about this notion of Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +all about this notion of Einstein's +critique and more recent thoughts it's + + align:start position:0% +critique and more recent thoughts it's + + + align:start position:0% +critique and more recent thoughts it's +called totally random is what's called + + align:start position:0% +called totally random is what's called + + + align:start position:0% +called totally random is what's called +totally random it's a great great book + + align:start position:0% +totally random it's a great great book + + + align:start position:0% +totally random it's a great great book +uh and what would Einstein say about + + align:start position:0% +uh and what would Einstein say about + + + align:start position:0% +uh and what would Einstein say about +current work on entanglement + + align:start position:0% +current work on entanglement + + + align:start position:0% +current work on entanglement +I don't know Gary I can I can make + + align:start position:0% +I don't know Gary I can I can make + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know Gary I can I can make +predictions for what he's saying I don't + + align:start position:0% +predictions for what he's saying I don't + + + align:start position:0% +predictions for what he's saying I don't +know what he'd say uh but I think about + + align:start position:0% +know what he'd say uh but I think about + + + align:start position:0% +know what he'd say uh but I think about +that a lot the reasons we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +that a lot the reasons we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that a lot the reasons we'll talk about +the next in the last part of today's + + align:start position:0% +the next in the last part of today's + + + align:start position:0% +the next in the last part of today's +class is a fair question but there's a + + align:start position:0% +class is a fair question but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +class is a fair question but there's a +lot that's been done since his since his + + align:start position:0% +lot that's been done since his since his + + + align:start position:0% +lot that's been done since his since his +time uh with which we've been able to + + align:start position:0% +time uh with which we've been able to + + + align:start position:0% +time uh with which we've been able to +sharpen these questions and so the + + align:start position:0% +sharpen these questions and so the + + + align:start position:0% +sharpen these questions and so the +questions that he said in motion have + + align:start position:0% +questions that he said in motion have + + + align:start position:0% +questions that he said in motion have +really energized generations of work + + align:start position:0% +really energized generations of work + + + align:start position:0% +really energized generations of work +ever since that's pretty amazing + + align:start position:0% +ever since that's pretty amazing + + + align:start position:0% +ever since that's pretty amazing +uh is it more accurate to say spooky at + + align:start position:0% +uh is it more accurate to say spooky at + + + align:start position:0% +uh is it more accurate to say spooky at +a distance uh because no physical action + + align:start position:0% +a distance uh because no physical action + + + align:start position:0% +a distance uh because no physical action +happens that's right so Alex what + + align:start position:0% +happens that's right so Alex what + + + align:start position:0% +happens that's right so Alex what +Einstein was worried about was that it + + align:start position:0% +Einstein was worried about was that it + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein was worried about was that it +sounded like telepathy it sounded like + + align:start position:0% +sounded like telepathy it sounded like + + + align:start position:0% +sounded like telepathy it sounded like +some sort of a cult connection where + + align:start position:0% +some sort of a cult connection where + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of a cult connection where +somehow these two things are arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +somehow these two things are arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +somehow these two things are arbitrary +distance it might not just be between + + align:start position:0% +distance it might not just be between + + + align:start position:0% +distance it might not just be between +Princeton New Jersey and Dublin is where + + align:start position:0% +Princeton New Jersey and Dublin is where + + + align:start position:0% +Princeton New Jersey and Dublin is where +his friend Schrodinger was it could be + + align:start position:0% +his friend Schrodinger was it could be + + + align:start position:0% +his friend Schrodinger was it could be +between Prince New Jersey and the + + align:start position:0% +between Prince New Jersey and the + + + align:start position:0% +between Prince New Jersey and the +Andromeda galaxy and somehow + + align:start position:0% +Andromeda galaxy and somehow + + + align:start position:0% +Andromeda galaxy and somehow +instantaneously at least according to + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously at least according to + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously at least according to +Quantum Mechanics instantaneously these + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Mechanics instantaneously these + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum Mechanics instantaneously these +these objects will behave in a in a in a + + align:start position:0% +these objects will behave in a in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +these objects will behave in a in a in a +rigidly coordinated way even though + + align:start position:0% +rigidly coordinated way even though + + + align:start position:0% +rigidly coordinated way even though +there was no time to like Let One know + + align:start position:0% +there was no time to like Let One know + + + align:start position:0% +there was no time to like Let One know +what the other was going to do so so it + + align:start position:0% +what the other was going to do so so it + + + align:start position:0% +what the other was going to do so so it +really is that's this sort of no + + align:start position:0% +really is that's this sort of no + + + align:start position:0% +really is that's this sort of no +physical mechanism nothing could have + + align:start position:0% +physical mechanism nothing could have + + + align:start position:0% +physical mechanism nothing could have +traveled in through the intervening + + align:start position:0% +traveled in through the intervening + + + align:start position:0% +traveled in through the intervening +space to connect them + + align:start position:0% +space to connect them + + + align:start position:0% +space to connect them +uh and that's that's what he thought was + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's that's what he thought was + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's that's what he thought was +spooky and spooky was not meant to be + + align:start position:0% +spooky and spooky was not meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +spooky and spooky was not meant to be +like oh it's cool it's spooky I'm + + align:start position:0% +like oh it's cool it's spooky I'm + + + align:start position:0% +like oh it's cool it's spooky I'm +intrigued because like that's garbage + + align:start position:0% +intrigued because like that's garbage + + + align:start position:0% +intrigued because like that's garbage +right think back to what we saw uh in + + align:start position:0% +right think back to what we saw uh in + + + align:start position:0% +right think back to what we saw uh in +the previous class sure Digger and + + align:start position:0% +the previous class sure Digger and + + + align:start position:0% +the previous class sure Digger and +Heisenberg calling each other's work you + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg calling each other's work you + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg calling each other's work you +know disgusting and repulsive and trash + + align:start position:0% +know disgusting and repulsive and trash + + + align:start position:0% +know disgusting and repulsive and trash +it's in that spirit that Einstein is + + align:start position:0% +it's in that spirit that Einstein is + + + align:start position:0% +it's in that spirit that Einstein is +writing to his very dear friend Max born + + align:start position:0% +writing to his very dear friend Max born + + + align:start position:0% +writing to his very dear friend Max born +still trying to convince him in 1947 + + align:start position:0% +still trying to convince him in 1947 + + + align:start position:0% +still trying to convince him in 1947 +still trying to convince him in 1955 + + align:start position:0% +still trying to convince him in 1955 + + + align:start position:0% +still trying to convince him in 1955 +right up to the time that he died he + + align:start position:0% +right up to the time that he died he + + + align:start position:0% +right up to the time that he died he +just couldn't let this go + + align:start position:0% +just couldn't let this go + + + align:start position:0% +just couldn't let this go +any other questions on the epr uh uh + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on the epr uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on the epr uh uh +kind of thought experiment or the role + + align:start position:0% +kind of thought experiment or the role + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thought experiment or the role +of those two assumptions and all that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah thank you Steve so much so so on + + align:start position:0% +yeah thank you Steve so much so so on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah thank you Steve so much so so on +the way that's a great preview for the + + align:start position:0% +the way that's a great preview for the + + + align:start position:0% +the way that's a great preview for the +last part of today's lecture so on the + + align:start position:0% +last part of today's lecture so on the + + + align:start position:0% +last part of today's lecture so on the +one hand hang on there's also a lot of + + align:start position:0% +one hand hang on there's also a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +one hand hang on there's also a lot of +optional stuff I know it's like midterms + + align:start position:0% +optional stuff I know it's like midterms + + + align:start position:0% +optional stuff I know it's like midterms +it's a busy busy time in the term you're + + align:start position:0% +it's a busy busy time in the term you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's a busy busy time in the term you're +all working on paper two hint so you're + + align:start position:0% +all working on paper two hint so you're + + + align:start position:0% +all working on paper two hint so you're +busy but there's optional stuff on the + + align:start position:0% +busy but there's optional stuff on the + + + align:start position:0% +busy but there's optional stuff on the +campus site for today's class session as + + align:start position:0% +campus site for today's class session as + + + align:start position:0% +campus site for today's class session as +well just for whatever you have time and + + align:start position:0% +well just for whatever you have time and + + + align:start position:0% +well just for whatever you have time and +curiosity and there's plenty more I'd be + + align:start position:0% +curiosity and there's plenty more I'd be + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity and there's plenty more I'd be +delighted to talk more about this uh + + align:start position:0% +delighted to talk more about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +delighted to talk more about this uh +individually as well but one of the + + align:start position:0% +individually as well but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +individually as well but one of the +optional things for on today's kind of + + align:start position:0% +optional things for on today's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +optional things for on today's kind of +group of readings totally optional + + align:start position:0% +group of readings totally optional + + + align:start position:0% +group of readings totally optional +is a chapter I wrote over the summer + + align:start position:0% +is a chapter I wrote over the summer + + + align:start position:0% +is a chapter I wrote over the summer +it's still a draft on on the current + + align:start position:0% +it's still a draft on on the current + + + align:start position:0% +it's still a draft on on the current +status of experimental tests of quantum + + align:start position:0% +status of experimental tests of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +status of experimental tests of quantum +entanglement + + align:start position:0% +entanglement + + + align:start position:0% +entanglement +uh and ways to try to really check have + + align:start position:0% +uh and ways to try to really check have + + + align:start position:0% +uh and ways to try to really check have +we closed down every possible objection + + align:start position:0% +we closed down every possible objection + + + align:start position:0% +we closed down every possible objection +even even far-flung but logically + + align:start position:0% +even even far-flung but logically + + + align:start position:0% +even even far-flung but logically +consistent objection that someone like + + align:start position:0% +consistent objection that someone like + + + align:start position:0% +consistent objection that someone like +Einstein or let's say an einsteinian + + align:start position:0% +Einstein or let's say an einsteinian + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein or let's say an einsteinian +might raise to the existing battery of + + align:start position:0% +might raise to the existing battery of + + + align:start position:0% +might raise to the existing battery of +tests and what would it take to close + + align:start position:0% +tests and what would it take to close + + + align:start position:0% +tests and what would it take to close +down every possible alternative + + align:start position:0% +down every possible alternative + + + align:start position:0% +down every possible alternative +explanation uh and so so there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +explanation uh and so so there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +explanation uh and so so there's a lot +of work that's going on around the world + + align:start position:0% +of work that's going on around the world + + + align:start position:0% +of work that's going on around the world +to this day some with my own group and + + align:start position:0% +to this day some with my own group and + + + align:start position:0% +to this day some with my own group and +of course many groups around the world + + align:start position:0% +of course many groups around the world + + + align:start position:0% +of course many groups around the world +so that's on there um + + align:start position:0% +so that's on there um + + + align:start position:0% +so that's on there um +not that I'm asking you to read another + + align:start position:0% +not that I'm asking you to read another + + + align:start position:0% +not that I'm asking you to read another +40 pages during a busy time but there's + + align:start position:0% +40 pages during a busy time but there's + + + align:start position:0% +40 pages during a busy time but there's +some resources and I'd be glad to chat + + align:start position:0% +some resources and I'd be glad to chat + + + align:start position:0% +some resources and I'd be glad to chat +with Stephen really frankly anyone I + + align:start position:0% +with Stephen really frankly anyone I + + + align:start position:0% +with Stephen really frankly anyone I +love this stuff + + align:start position:0% +love this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +love this stuff +um about about these bigger questions so + + align:start position:0% +um about about these bigger questions so + + + align:start position:0% +um about about these bigger questions so +let me give you the the the bumper + + align:start position:0% +let me give you the the the bumper + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you the the the bumper +sticker version I think every well I + + align:start position:0% +sticker version I think every well I + + + align:start position:0% +sticker version I think every well I +don't know if I'd say every the vast + + align:start position:0% +don't know if I'd say every the vast + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if I'd say every the vast +majority of working physicists today + + align:start position:0% +majority of working physicists today + + + align:start position:0% +majority of working physicists today +agree that quantum entanglement is a + + align:start position:0% +agree that quantum entanglement is a + + + align:start position:0% +agree that quantum entanglement is a +fact of the world the particles seem to + + align:start position:0% +fact of the world the particles seem to + + + align:start position:0% +fact of the world the particles seem to +be trade as very strong correlation + + align:start position:0% +be trade as very strong correlation + + + align:start position:0% +be trade as very strong correlation +across arbitrary distance and I'll talk + + align:start position:0% +across arbitrary distance and I'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +across arbitrary distance and I'll talk +more about some experience lately that's + + align:start position:0% +more about some experience lately that's + + + align:start position:0% +more about some experience lately that's +right they've shown that more clearly + + align:start position:0% +right they've shown that more clearly + + + align:start position:0% +right they've shown that more clearly +is there a physical mechanism for that + + align:start position:0% +is there a physical mechanism for that + + + align:start position:0% +is there a physical mechanism for that +maybe there's some more exotic structure + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's some more exotic structure + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's some more exotic structure +of space-time maybe there's a wormhole + + align:start position:0% +of space-time maybe there's a wormhole + + + align:start position:0% +of space-time maybe there's a wormhole +that would give an ice steinian + + align:start position:0% +that would give an ice steinian + + + align:start position:0% +that would give an ice steinian +description for a local physics that + + align:start position:0% +description for a local physics that + + + align:start position:0% +description for a local physics that +just was traveling a more complicated + + align:start position:0% +just was traveling a more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +just was traveling a more complicated +path to space and time than our naive + + align:start position:0% +path to space and time than our naive + + + align:start position:0% +path to space and time than our naive +picture I don't think that's the best + + align:start position:0% +picture I don't think that's the best + + + align:start position:0% +picture I don't think that's the best +answer but that's a legitimate answer + + align:start position:0% +answer but that's a legitimate answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer but that's a legitimate answer +uh maybe it's some other things so + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe it's some other things so + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe it's some other things so +people are still trying to get a + + align:start position:0% +people are still trying to get a + + + align:start position:0% +people are still trying to get a +physical mechanism that might fill in + + align:start position:0% +physical mechanism that might fill in + + + align:start position:0% +physical mechanism that might fill in +the fill in the dots but there's there + + align:start position:0% +the fill in the dots but there's there + + + align:start position:0% +the fill in the dots but there's there +seems to be little room for doubt + + align:start position:0% +seems to be little room for doubt + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be little room for doubt +anymore that the phenomenon of + + align:start position:0% +anymore that the phenomenon of + + + align:start position:0% +anymore that the phenomenon of +entanglement is robust and can be + + align:start position:0% +entanglement is robust and can be + + + align:start position:0% +entanglement is robust and can be +reproduced sort of at will + + align:start position:0% +reproduced sort of at will + + + align:start position:0% +reproduced sort of at will +the the the idea that maybe a separate a + + align:start position:0% +the the the idea that maybe a separate a + + + align:start position:0% +the the the idea that maybe a separate a +possibility against one that I think is + + align:start position:0% +possibility against one that I think is + + + align:start position:0% +possibility against one that I think is +not the leading not the best way to go + + align:start position:0% +not the leading not the best way to go + + + align:start position:0% +not the leading not the best way to go +would be to say that uh + + align:start position:0% +would be to say that uh + + + align:start position:0% +would be to say that uh +that everything comes down to initial + + align:start position:0% +that everything comes down to initial + + + align:start position:0% +that everything comes down to initial +conditions at the Big Bang everything + + align:start position:0% +conditions at the Big Bang everything + + + align:start position:0% +conditions at the Big Bang everything +was preordained it's not just that + + align:start position:0% +was preordained it's not just that + + + align:start position:0% +was preordained it's not just that +everything's determined that a leads to + + align:start position:0% +everything's determined that a leads to + + + align:start position:0% +everything's determined that a leads to +B but everything was so-called super + + align:start position:0% +B but everything was so-called super + + + align:start position:0% +B but everything was so-called super +determined that even my choice to teach + + align:start position:0% +determined that even my choice to teach + + + align:start position:0% +determined that even my choice to teach +this lecture I didn't have that much + + align:start position:0% +this lecture I didn't have that much + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture I didn't have that much +choice but you know my choice of what to + + align:start position:0% +choice but you know my choice of what to + + + align:start position:0% +choice but you know my choice of what to +do on my slides the choice of the + + align:start position:0% +do on my slides the choice of the + + + align:start position:0% +do on my slides the choice of the +National Science Foundation to give my + + align:start position:0% +National Science Foundation to give my + + + align:start position:0% +National Science Foundation to give my +group our grant the choice you know the + + align:start position:0% +group our grant the choice you know the + + + align:start position:0% +group our grant the choice you know the +fact that you know all these cascading + + align:start position:0% +fact that you know all these cascading + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you know all these cascading +uh seemingly random decisions since the + + align:start position:0% +uh seemingly random decisions since the + + + align:start position:0% +uh seemingly random decisions since the +Big Bang itself have all been + + align:start position:0% +Big Bang itself have all been + + + align:start position:0% +Big Bang itself have all been +preordained that's a I think I + + align:start position:0% +preordained that's a I think I + + + align:start position:0% +preordained that's a I think I +not very compelling and yet logically + + align:start position:0% +not very compelling and yet logically + + + align:start position:0% +not very compelling and yet logically +self-consistent explanation for all + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent explanation for all + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent explanation for all +these phenomena but what's amazing to me + + align:start position:0% +these phenomena but what's amazing to me + + + align:start position:0% +these phenomena but what's amazing to me +in the light of experiments like my own + + align:start position:0% +in the light of experiments like my own + + + align:start position:0% +in the light of experiments like my own +but many others is that's what's left + + align:start position:0% +but many others is that's what's left + + + align:start position:0% +but many others is that's what's left +right you get to say it's quantum + + align:start position:0% +right you get to say it's quantum + + + align:start position:0% +right you get to say it's quantum +mechanics like just it's quantum + + align:start position:0% +mechanics like just it's quantum + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics like just it's quantum +mechanics right sorry Einstein or it's + + align:start position:0% +mechanics right sorry Einstein or it's + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics right sorry Einstein or it's +something that sounds frankly even more + + align:start position:0% +something that sounds frankly even more + + + align:start position:0% +something that sounds frankly even more +bizarre and potentially not even really + + align:start position:0% +bizarre and potentially not even really + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre and potentially not even really +subject to to experimental tests right + + align:start position:0% +subject to to experimental tests right + + + align:start position:0% +subject to to experimental tests right +so that so what we've been trying to do + + align:start position:0% +so that so what we've been trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +so that so what we've been trying to do +in the years since Einstein podolsky and + + align:start position:0% +in the years since Einstein podolsky and + + + align:start position:0% +in the years since Einstein podolsky and +Rosen and really since John Bell who + + align:start position:0% +Rosen and really since John Bell who + + + align:start position:0% +Rosen and really since John Bell who +I'll talk about in a moment is to clear + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk about in a moment is to clear + + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk about in a moment is to clear +out all the as many intervening logical + + align:start position:0% +out all the as many intervening logical + + + align:start position:0% +out all the as many intervening logical +possibilities that could have been left + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that could have been left + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that could have been left +oh it could have been this or this or + + align:start position:0% +oh it could have been this or this or + + + align:start position:0% +oh it could have been this or this or +this or this or this okay well let's + + align:start position:0% +this or this or this okay well let's + + + align:start position:0% +this or this or this okay well let's +design update experiments to clear out + + align:start position:0% +design update experiments to clear out + + + align:start position:0% +design update experiments to clear out +as many of those other possibilities as + + align:start position:0% +as many of those other possibilities as + + + align:start position:0% +as many of those other possibilities as +we can and see what's left and Stephen + + align:start position:0% +we can and see what's left and Stephen + + + align:start position:0% +we can and see what's left and Stephen +the short answer + + align:start position:0% +the short answer + + + align:start position:0% +the short answer +today is what's left is quantum + + align:start position:0% +today is what's left is quantum + + + align:start position:0% +today is what's left is quantum +mechanics there's some + + align:start position:0% +mechanics there's some + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics there's some +non-mechanical connection that leads to + + align:start position:0% +non-mechanical connection that leads to + + + align:start position:0% +non-mechanical connection that leads to +correlations that are measured reliably + + align:start position:0% +correlations that are measured reliably + + + align:start position:0% +correlations that are measured reliably +all around the world all the time + + align:start position:0% +all around the world all the time + + + align:start position:0% +all around the world all the time +that's not because it's like two tin + + align:start position:0% +that's not because it's like two tin + + + align:start position:0% +that's not because it's like two tin +cans connected by a piece of twine right + + align:start position:0% +cans connected by a piece of twine right + + + align:start position:0% +cans connected by a piece of twine right +it's not a mechanical connection we've + + align:start position:0% +it's not a mechanical connection we've + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a mechanical connection we've +ruled out all those kinds of models or + + align:start position:0% +ruled out all those kinds of models or + + + align:start position:0% +ruled out all those kinds of models or +many many of them it's either that or + + align:start position:0% +many many of them it's either that or + + + align:start position:0% +many many of them it's either that or +some really more even strange sounding + + align:start position:0% +some really more even strange sounding + + + align:start position:0% +some really more even strange sounding +possibilities strange strangeness is of + + align:start position:0% +possibilities strange strangeness is of + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities strange strangeness is of +course a subjective judgment but not + + align:start position:0% +course a subjective judgment but not + + + align:start position:0% +course a subjective judgment but not +they're no more appealing to what + + align:start position:0% +they're no more appealing to what + + + align:start position:0% +they're no more appealing to what +Einstein would have been arguing for + + align:start position:0% +Einstein would have been arguing for + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein would have been arguing for +either the einstein-like options we've + + align:start position:0% +either the einstein-like options we've + + + align:start position:0% +either the einstein-like options we've +really been able to to pretty well uh + + align:start position:0% +really been able to to pretty well uh + + + align:start position:0% +really been able to to pretty well uh +put in the box and subject into tests + + align:start position:0% +put in the box and subject into tests + + + align:start position:0% +put in the box and subject into tests +that's really what I'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +that's really what I'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that's really what I'll talk about +actions next part of the class but it's + + align:start position:0% +actions next part of the class but it's + + + align:start position:0% +actions next part of the class but it's +a big juicy question I'd be delighted to + + align:start position:0% +a big juicy question I'd be delighted to + + + align:start position:0% +a big juicy question I'd be delighted to +talk more about it now or whatever any + + align:start position:0% +talk more about it now or whatever any + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about it now or whatever any +of you has a chance to catch your breath + + align:start position:0% +of you has a chance to catch your breath + + + align:start position:0% +of you has a chance to catch your breath +uh maybe after midterms let me press on + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe after midterms let me press on + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe after midterms let me press on +Benton's last part because um is now + + align:start position:0% +Benton's last part because um is now + + + align:start position:0% +Benton's last part because um is now +comes to some of the more recent + + align:start position:0% +comes to some of the more recent + + + align:start position:0% +comes to some of the more recent +developments uh in exactly this kind of + + align:start position:0% +developments uh in exactly this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +developments uh in exactly this kind of +discussion + + align:start position:0% +discussion + + + align:start position:0% +discussion +so almost exactly 30 years after that + + align:start position:0% +so almost exactly 30 years after that + + + align:start position:0% +so almost exactly 30 years after that +epr paper uh late in 1964 the Irish + + align:start position:0% +epr paper uh late in 1964 the Irish + + + align:start position:0% +epr paper uh late in 1964 the Irish +physicist John Bell went back to that + + align:start position:0% +physicist John Bell went back to that + + + align:start position:0% +physicist John Bell went back to that +question he really scrutinized the epr + + align:start position:0% +question he really scrutinized the epr + + + align:start position:0% +question he really scrutinized the epr +paper you can see he even titled his own + + align:start position:0% +paper you can see he even titled his own + + + align:start position:0% +paper you can see he even titled his own +paper on the iPhone Podolski Rose in + + align:start position:0% +paper on the iPhone Podolski Rose in + + + align:start position:0% +paper on the iPhone Podolski Rose in +paradox and he went back to those two + + align:start position:0% +paradox and he went back to those two + + + align:start position:0% +paradox and he went back to those two +critical assumptions that the authors + + align:start position:0% +critical assumptions that the authors + + + align:start position:0% +critical assumptions that the authors +had made and just remind you + + align:start position:0% +had made and just remind you + + + align:start position:0% +had made and just remind you +the first one is what they had called + + align:start position:0% +the first one is what they had called + + + align:start position:0% +the first one is what they had called +the reality Criterion these elements of + + align:start position:0% +the reality Criterion these elements of + + + align:start position:0% +the reality Criterion these elements of +reality + + align:start position:0% +reality + + + align:start position:0% +reality +the assumptions that each particle has + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions that each particle has + + + align:start position:0% +the assumptions that each particle has +definite properties on its own prior to + + align:start position:0% +definite properties on its own prior to + + + align:start position:0% +definite properties on its own prior to +an independent measurement and to my + + align:start position:0% +an independent measurement and to my + + + align:start position:0% +an independent measurement and to my +mind that's like saying that each + + align:start position:0% +mind that's like saying that each + + + align:start position:0% +mind that's like saying that each +particle carries with it a kind of log + + align:start position:0% +particle carries with it a kind of log + + + align:start position:0% +particle carries with it a kind of log +book or an instruction manual that + + align:start position:0% +book or an instruction manual that + + + align:start position:0% +book or an instruction manual that +anywhere it goes through space it has an + + align:start position:0% +anywhere it goes through space it has an + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere it goes through space it has an +answer to the question that might be + + align:start position:0% +answer to the question that might be + + + align:start position:0% +answer to the question that might be +asked of it it has a definite value for + + align:start position:0% +asked of it it has a definite value for + + + align:start position:0% +asked of it it has a definite value for +its weight it has a definite value for + + align:start position:0% +its weight it has a definite value for + + + align:start position:0% +its weight it has a definite value for +its spin along the Z direction we might + + align:start position:0% +its spin along the Z direction we might + + + align:start position:0% +its spin along the Z direction we might +not have measured it yet but it had a + + align:start position:0% +not have measured it yet but it had a + + + align:start position:0% +not have measured it yet but it had a +real value uh was there assumption one + + align:start position:0% +real value uh was there assumption one + + + align:start position:0% +real value uh was there assumption one +an assumption two remember is this + + align:start position:0% +an assumption two remember is this + + + align:start position:0% +an assumption two remember is this +locality there's no force or information + + align:start position:0% +locality there's no force or information + + + align:start position:0% +locality there's no force or information +or influence can travel across space + + align:start position:0% +or influence can travel across space + + + align:start position:0% +or influence can travel across space +arbitrarily quickly + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily quickly + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily quickly +what bell argued is that these are + + align:start position:0% +what bell argued is that these are + + + align:start position:0% +what bell argued is that these are +actually assumptions any conclusions + + align:start position:0% +actually assumptions any conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +actually assumptions any conclusions +only as good as the assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +only as good as the assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +only as good as the assumptions that +went into its derivation and this pair + + align:start position:0% +went into its derivation and this pair + + + align:start position:0% +went into its derivation and this pair +this of assumptions became called local + + align:start position:0% +this of assumptions became called local + + + align:start position:0% +this of assumptions became called local +realism the the local part is this + + align:start position:0% +realism the the local part is this + + + align:start position:0% +realism the the local part is this +notion consistent with relativity + + align:start position:0% +notion consistent with relativity + + + align:start position:0% +notion consistent with relativity +there's a speed limit before a could + + align:start position:0% +there's a speed limit before a could + + + align:start position:0% +there's a speed limit before a could +affect B and the realism part refers to + + align:start position:0% +affect B and the realism part refers to + + + align:start position:0% +affect B and the realism part refers to +the object having real or definite + + align:start position:0% +the object having real or definite + + + align:start position:0% +the object having real or definite +properties on its own independent of us + + align:start position:0% +properties on its own independent of us + + + align:start position:0% +properties on its own independent of us +choose and measure + + align:start position:0% +choose and measure + + + align:start position:0% +choose and measure +what bell suggested in this paper late + + align:start position:0% +what bell suggested in this paper late + + + align:start position:0% +what bell suggested in this paper late +in 1964 is that these are assumptions + + align:start position:0% +in 1964 is that these are assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +in 1964 is that these are assumptions +maybe we should try to test them instead + + align:start position:0% +maybe we should try to test them instead + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we should try to test them instead +of just conclude that quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +of just conclude that quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +of just conclude that quantum mechanics +is or is not correct so introduce what + + align:start position:0% +is or is not correct so introduce what + + + align:start position:0% +is or is not correct so introduce what +we now call Bell test and you can see + + align:start position:0% +we now call Bell test and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +we now call Bell test and you can see +these are very closely modeled on that + + align:start position:0% +these are very closely modeled on that + + + align:start position:0% +these are very closely modeled on that +original epr framework so we have some + + align:start position:0% +original epr framework so we have some + + + align:start position:0% +original epr framework so we have some +source of particles that are prepared in + + align:start position:0% +source of particles that are prepared in + + + align:start position:0% +source of particles that are prepared in +a special way some source that shoots + + align:start position:0% +a special way some source that shoots + + + align:start position:0% +a special way some source that shoots +out pairs of particles A and B + + align:start position:0% +out pairs of particles A and B + + + align:start position:0% +out pairs of particles A and B +two identical measuring devices at a + + align:start position:0% +two identical measuring devices at a + + + align:start position:0% +two identical measuring devices at a +sort of uh apart from each other in + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh apart from each other in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh apart from each other in +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +and these have these boxers now kind of + + align:start position:0% +and these have these boxers now kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and these have these boxers now kind of +generalized there's some choice of what + + align:start position:0% +generalized there's some choice of what + + + align:start position:0% +generalized there's some choice of what +measurement to perform we call that the + + align:start position:0% +measurement to perform we call that the + + + align:start position:0% +measurement to perform we call that the +detector setting I'll use lowercase + + align:start position:0% +detector setting I'll use lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +detector setting I'll use lowercase +letters little A and B that's like + + align:start position:0% +letters little A and B that's like + + + align:start position:0% +letters little A and B that's like +saying we could choose to measure the + + align:start position:0% +saying we could choose to measure the + + + align:start position:0% +saying we could choose to measure the +spin along the X Direction we'd set the + + align:start position:0% +spin along the X Direction we'd set the + + + align:start position:0% +spin along the X Direction we'd set the +dial to that's how we Orient our magnets + + align:start position:0% +dial to that's how we Orient our magnets + + + align:start position:0% +dial to that's how we Orient our magnets +we could choose to measure spin along + + align:start position:0% +we could choose to measure spin along + + + align:start position:0% +we could choose to measure spin along +the y direction we change the dial + + align:start position:0% +the y direction we change the dial + + + align:start position:0% +the y direction we change the dial +rotate the magnets choose to measure + + align:start position:0% +rotate the magnets choose to measure + + + align:start position:0% +rotate the magnets choose to measure +some intervening angle so we choose the + + align:start position:0% +some intervening angle so we choose the + + + align:start position:0% +some intervening angle so we choose the +question to ask we choose the measure + + align:start position:0% +question to ask we choose the measure + + + align:start position:0% +question to ask we choose the measure +the specific measure to be performed and + + align:start position:0% +the specific measure to be performed and + + + align:start position:0% +the specific measure to be performed and +that's encoded in these detector + + align:start position:0% +that's encoded in these detector + + + align:start position:0% +that's encoded in these detector +settings little A and B + + align:start position:0% +settings little A and B + + + align:start position:0% +settings little A and B +we've set the question the particle + + align:start position:0% +we've set the question the particle + + + align:start position:0% +we've set the question the particle +encounters the device the device gives + + align:start position:0% +encounters the device the device gives + + + align:start position:0% +encounters the device the device gives +us an answer that's the measurement + + align:start position:0% +us an answer that's the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +us an answer that's the measurement +outcome we'll call that capital A and B + + align:start position:0% +outcome we'll call that capital A and B + + + align:start position:0% +outcome we'll call that capital A and B +now to be a little more quantitative one + + align:start position:0% +now to be a little more quantitative one + + + align:start position:0% +now to be a little more quantitative one +of the things that Bell did was to + + align:start position:0% +of the things that Bell did was to + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that Bell did was to +consider certain kinds of properties + + align:start position:0% +consider certain kinds of properties + + + align:start position:0% +consider certain kinds of properties +certain questions we could ask for which + + align:start position:0% +certain questions we could ask for which + + + align:start position:0% +certain questions we could ask for which +the answer is always of the form either + + align:start position:0% +the answer is always of the form either + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is always of the form either +plus one or minus one if we measure + + align:start position:0% +plus one or minus one if we measure + + + align:start position:0% +plus one or minus one if we measure +position the answer could be 1.07 meter + + align:start position:0% +position the answer could be 1.07 meter + + + align:start position:0% +position the answer could be 1.07 meter +is 1.0732 meters it could be anywhere + + align:start position:0% +is 1.0732 meters it could be anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +is 1.0732 meters it could be anywhere +along a Continuum likewise for momentum + + align:start position:0% +along a Continuum likewise for momentum + + + align:start position:0% +along a Continuum likewise for momentum +so so Bell clarified let's stick with + + align:start position:0% +so so Bell clarified let's stick with + + + align:start position:0% +so so Bell clarified let's stick with +measurements for which the answer is + + align:start position:0% +measurements for which the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +measurements for which the answer is +discrete and one of two possible + + align:start position:0% +discrete and one of two possible + + + align:start position:0% +discrete and one of two possible +discrete outcomes like spin or like + + align:start position:0% +discrete outcomes like spin or like + + + align:start position:0% +discrete outcomes like spin or like +polarization of a photon of light it's + + align:start position:0% +polarization of a photon of light it's + + + align:start position:0% +polarization of a photon of light it's +either polarized exactly parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +either polarized exactly parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +either polarized exactly parallel to the +polarizing filter or perpendicular not + + align:start position:0% +polarizing filter or perpendicular not + + + align:start position:0% +polarizing filter or perpendicular not +in between + + align:start position:0% +in between + + + align:start position:0% +in between +so the answers we can get can always be + + align:start position:0% +so the answers we can get can always be + + + align:start position:0% +so the answers we can get can always be +put in the form of a kind of yes no + + align:start position:0% +put in the form of a kind of yes no + + + align:start position:0% +put in the form of a kind of yes no +question spin up spin down heads tails + + align:start position:0% +question spin up spin down heads tails + + + align:start position:0% +question spin up spin down heads tails +that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of thing +I'm never going to introduce these + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to introduce these + + + align:start position:0% +I'm never going to introduce these +correlation functions this is a fancy + + align:start position:0% +correlation functions this is a fancy + + + align:start position:0% +correlation functions this is a fancy +way of just saying what's the product of + + align:start position:0% +way of just saying what's the product of + + + align:start position:0% +way of just saying what's the product of +those two outcomes no matter what + + align:start position:0% +those two outcomes no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +those two outcomes no matter what +question we asked no matter how we set + + align:start position:0% +question we asked no matter how we set + + + align:start position:0% +question we asked no matter how we set +the detector setting little a and little + + align:start position:0% +the detector setting little a and little + + + align:start position:0% +the detector setting little a and little +B the outcome capital A was either a + + align:start position:0% +B the outcome capital A was either a + + + align:start position:0% +B the outcome capital A was either a +plus one or a minus one no matter what + + align:start position:0% +plus one or a minus one no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +plus one or a minus one no matter what +question we asked spin along this + + align:start position:0% +question we asked spin along this + + + align:start position:0% +question we asked spin along this +direction it's been along this direction + + align:start position:0% +direction it's been along this direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction it's been along this direction +it's been along this direction the + + align:start position:0% +it's been along this direction the + + + align:start position:0% +it's been along this direction the +answer for any of those questions will + + align:start position:0% +answer for any of those questions will + + + align:start position:0% +answer for any of those questions will +either be spin up plus one or spin down + + align:start position:0% +either be spin up plus one or spin down + + + align:start position:0% +either be spin up plus one or spin down +minus one so we can compare the answers + + align:start position:0% +minus one so we can compare the answers + + + align:start position:0% +minus one so we can compare the answers +even as we ask different questions and + + align:start position:0% +even as we ask different questions and + + + align:start position:0% +even as we ask different questions and +we'll average that the brackets human + + align:start position:0% +we'll average that the brackets human + + + align:start position:0% +we'll average that the brackets human +will take an average over many many + + align:start position:0% +will take an average over many many + + + align:start position:0% +will take an average over many many +trials in which we ask a certain pair of + + align:start position:0% +trials in which we ask a certain pair of + + + align:start position:0% +trials in which we ask a certain pair of +questions spin along this direction here + + align:start position:0% +questions spin along this direction here + + + align:start position:0% +questions spin along this direction here +spin along some other direction here and + + align:start position:0% +spin along some other direction here and + + + align:start position:0% +spin along some other direction here and +see how often the answers were exactly + + align:start position:0% +see how often the answers were exactly + + + align:start position:0% +see how often the answers were exactly +the same or opposite okay and then Bell + + align:start position:0% +the same or opposite okay and then Bell + + + align:start position:0% +the same or opposite okay and then Bell +derived this really innocuous looking + + align:start position:0% +derived this really innocuous looking + + + align:start position:0% +derived this really innocuous looking +expression this is a comparison of the + + align:start position:0% +expression this is a comparison of the + + + align:start position:0% +expression this is a comparison of the +correlations so how do those outcomes of + + align:start position:0% +correlations so how do those outcomes of + + + align:start position:0% +correlations so how do those outcomes of +measurements behave as we vary the pairs + + align:start position:0% +measurements behave as we vary the pairs + + + align:start position:0% +measurements behave as we vary the pairs +of questions being asked that's all this + + align:start position:0% +of questions being asked that's all this + + + align:start position:0% +of questions being asked that's all this +means and again I'm going to go a little + + align:start position:0% +means and again I'm going to go a little + + + align:start position:0% +means and again I'm going to go a little +quickly here there's there's uh the + + align:start position:0% +quickly here there's there's uh the + + + align:start position:0% +quickly here there's there's uh the +optional lecture notes that Focus just + + align:start position:0% +optional lecture notes that Focus just + + + align:start position:0% +optional lecture notes that Focus just +on on this on Bell's work in particular + + align:start position:0% +on on this on Bell's work in particular + + + align:start position:0% +on on this on Bell's work in particular +on the course side on the campus side so + + align:start position:0% +on the course side on the campus side so + + + align:start position:0% +on the course side on the campus side so +this quantity s is really just saying as + + align:start position:0% +this quantity s is really just saying as + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity s is really just saying as +we do ages comparisons with question A + + align:start position:0% +we do ages comparisons with question A + + + align:start position:0% +we do ages comparisons with question A +and B question a prime and B question a + + align:start position:0% +and B question a prime and B question a + + + align:start position:0% +and B question a prime and B question a +with B Prime you get the idea + + align:start position:0% +with B Prime you get the idea + + + align:start position:0% +with B Prime you get the idea +how do these answers line up are they + + align:start position:0% +how do these answers line up are they + + + align:start position:0% +how do these answers line up are they +giving the same answer plus one with + + align:start position:0% +giving the same answer plus one with + + + align:start position:0% +giving the same answer plus one with +plus one minus one with minus one or are + + align:start position:0% +plus one minus one with minus one or are + + + align:start position:0% +plus one minus one with minus one or are +they giving opposite answers + + align:start position:0% +they giving opposite answers + + + align:start position:0% +they giving opposite answers +now Bella goes on and again a + + align:start position:0% +now Bella goes on and again a + + + align:start position:0% +now Bella goes on and again a +deceptively simple or short paper it's + + align:start position:0% +deceptively simple or short paper it's + + + align:start position:0% +deceptively simple or short paper it's +only six journal pages very brief and + + align:start position:0% +only six journal pages very brief and + + + align:start position:0% +only six journal pages very brief and +yet again it's very dense he goes on to + + align:start position:0% +yet again it's very dense he goes on to + + + align:start position:0% +yet again it's very dense he goes on to +show that any theory that would obey + + align:start position:0% +show that any theory that would obey + + + align:start position:0% +show that any theory that would obey +this local realism of the Einstein + + align:start position:0% +this local realism of the Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +this local realism of the Einstein +Podolski Rosen framework no matter no + + align:start position:0% +Podolski Rosen framework no matter no + + + align:start position:0% +Podolski Rosen framework no matter no +matter what the specific model is it + + align:start position:0% +matter what the specific model is it + + + align:start position:0% +matter what the specific model is it +should be put one should be able to put + + align:start position:0% +should be put one should be able to put + + + align:start position:0% +should be put one should be able to put +it in this general form + + align:start position:0% +it in this general form + + + align:start position:0% +it in this general form +there must be some properties of those + + align:start position:0% +there must be some properties of those + + + align:start position:0% +there must be some properties of those +particles that come from how they're + + align:start position:0% +particles that come from how they're + + + align:start position:0% +particles that come from how they're +prepared so the Lambda is some sort of + + align:start position:0% +prepared so the Lambda is some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +prepared so the Lambda is some sort of +shared properties because there's some + + align:start position:0% +shared properties because there's some + + + align:start position:0% +shared properties because there's some +way of preparing particles A and B + + align:start position:0% +way of preparing particles A and B + + + align:start position:0% +way of preparing particles A and B +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +there's some likelihood to get this set + + align:start position:0% +there's some likelihood to get this set + + + align:start position:0% +there's some likelihood to get this set +of properties versus another so we're + + align:start position:0% +of properties versus another so we're + + + align:start position:0% +of properties versus another so we're +going to kind of average over all those + + align:start position:0% +going to kind of average over all those + + + align:start position:0% +going to kind of average over all those +but then there's some probability + + align:start position:0% +but then there's some probability + + + align:start position:0% +but then there's some probability +to get a definite answer here when we + + align:start position:0% +to get a definite answer here when we + + + align:start position:0% +to get a definite answer here when we +subject particle a to a measurement we + + align:start position:0% +subject particle a to a measurement we + + + align:start position:0% +subject particle a to a measurement we +choose to perform a particular + + align:start position:0% +choose to perform a particular + + + align:start position:0% +choose to perform a particular +measurement and the outcome we get + + align:start position:0% +measurement and the outcome we get + + + align:start position:0% +measurement and the outcome we get +should depend on the question we asked + + align:start position:0% +should depend on the question we asked + + + align:start position:0% +should depend on the question we asked +and the shared properties of the + + align:start position:0% +and the shared properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +and the shared properties of the +particles that's what this is encoding + + align:start position:0% +particles that's what this is encoding + + + align:start position:0% +particles that's what this is encoding +very abstractly + + align:start position:0% +very abstractly + + + align:start position:0% +very abstractly +likewise we should be able to predict + + align:start position:0% +likewise we should be able to predict + + + align:start position:0% +likewise we should be able to predict +what ants will get at the other device + + align:start position:0% +what ants will get at the other device + + + align:start position:0% +what ants will get at the other device +the answer capital B should depend on + + align:start position:0% +the answer capital B should depend on + + + align:start position:0% +the answer capital B should depend on +the question we ask there our detector + + align:start position:0% +the question we ask there our detector + + + align:start position:0% +the question we ask there our detector +setting the orientation of our magnets + + align:start position:0% +setting the orientation of our magnets + + + align:start position:0% +setting the orientation of our magnets +say and of these shared properties + + align:start position:0% +say and of these shared properties + + + align:start position:0% +say and of these shared properties +Lambda and then Bell shows that any + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and then Bell shows that any + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda and then Bell shows that any +framework like this any model that is + + align:start position:0% +framework like this any model that is + + + align:start position:0% +framework like this any model that is +consistent with local realism + + align:start position:0% +consistent with local realism + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with local realism +will have an upper limit there'll be a + + align:start position:0% +will have an upper limit there'll be a + + + align:start position:0% +will have an upper limit there'll be a +limit to how correlated these + + align:start position:0% +limit to how correlated these + + + align:start position:0% +limit to how correlated these +measurements can be so they can line up + + align:start position:0% +measurements can be so they can line up + + + align:start position:0% +measurements can be so they can line up +a bunch of the time they can't line up + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of the time they can't line up + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of the time they can't line up +arbitrarily often this becomes known as + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily often this becomes known as + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily often this becomes known as +Bell's inequality this combination of + + align:start position:0% +Bell's inequality this combination of + + + align:start position:0% +Bell's inequality this combination of +comparisons combination of correlation + + align:start position:0% +comparisons combination of correlation + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons combination of correlation +functions should be bounded for any + + align:start position:0% +functions should be bounded for any + + + align:start position:0% +functions should be bounded for any +theory he argues any possible theory + + align:start position:0% +theory he argues any possible theory + + + align:start position:0% +theory he argues any possible theory +that is consistent with the local + + align:start position:0% +that is consistent with the local + + + align:start position:0% +that is consistent with the local +realism assumptions of epr and let me + + align:start position:0% +realism assumptions of epr and let me + + + align:start position:0% +realism assumptions of epr and let me +just dig in here a little bit and again + + align:start position:0% +just dig in here a little bit and again + + + align:start position:0% +just dig in here a little bit and again +it's there's some more in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +it's there's some more in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +it's there's some more in the lecture +notes why does it say that look at the + + align:start position:0% +notes why does it say that look at the + + + align:start position:0% +notes why does it say that look at the +form that he's chosen to to write that + + align:start position:0% +form that he's chosen to to write that + + + align:start position:0% +form that he's chosen to to write that +uh he's encoded this locality but the + + align:start position:0% +uh he's encoded this locality but the + + + align:start position:0% +uh he's encoded this locality but the +measurement outcome here whether we get + + align:start position:0% +measurement outcome here whether we get + + + align:start position:0% +measurement outcome here whether we get +spin up or spin down depends on the + + align:start position:0% +spin up or spin down depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +spin up or spin down depends on the +question we ask locally and on the + + align:start position:0% +question we ask locally and on the + + + align:start position:0% +question we ask locally and on the +shared properties that the particle + + align:start position:0% +shared properties that the particle + + + align:start position:0% +shared properties that the particle +could have carried with it it cannot + + align:start position:0% +could have carried with it it cannot + + + align:start position:0% +could have carried with it it cannot +depend in this framework on either the + + align:start position:0% +depend in this framework on either the + + + align:start position:0% +depend in this framework on either the +question it's asked very far away or on + + align:start position:0% +question it's asked very far away or on + + + align:start position:0% +question it's asked very far away or on +the answer that's found very far away + + align:start position:0% +the answer that's found very far away + + + align:start position:0% +the answer that's found very far away +that's this local realism the particle + + align:start position:0% +that's this local realism the particle + + + align:start position:0% +that's this local realism the particle +must have had its own properties to + + align:start position:0% +must have had its own properties to + + + align:start position:0% +must have had its own properties to +answer so to speak its own question and + + align:start position:0% +answer so to speak its own question and + + + align:start position:0% +answer so to speak its own question and +that's like saying that the answer we + + align:start position:0% +that's like saying that the answer we + + + align:start position:0% +that's like saying that the answer we +get here can depend on local things + + align:start position:0% +get here can depend on local things + + + align:start position:0% +get here can depend on local things +local to the Box things that property + + align:start position:0% +local to the Box things that property + + + align:start position:0% +local to the Box things that property +the particle brought with it the + + align:start position:0% +the particle brought with it the + + + align:start position:0% +the particle brought with it the +particular question we chose to ask the + + align:start position:0% +particular question we chose to ask the + + + align:start position:0% +particular question we chose to ask the +answer here shouldn't depend on + + align:start position:0% +answer here shouldn't depend on + + + align:start position:0% +answer here shouldn't depend on +something that could be done arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +something that could be done arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +something that could be done arbitrarily +late in the process arbitrarily far away + + align:start position:0% +late in the process arbitrarily far away + + + align:start position:0% +late in the process arbitrarily far away +okay and yet again the calculation is + + align:start position:0% +okay and yet again the calculation is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and yet again the calculation is +pretty short I go through it sort of it + + align:start position:0% +pretty short I go through it sort of it + + + align:start position:0% +pretty short I go through it sort of it +with all the intervening steps just to + + align:start position:0% +with all the intervening steps just to + + + align:start position:0% +with all the intervening steps just to +make it very explicit in those lecture + + align:start position:0% +make it very explicit in those lecture + + + align:start position:0% +make it very explicit in those lecture +notes + + align:start position:0% +notes + + + align:start position:0% +notes +quantum mechanics predicts really + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics predicts really + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics predicts really +unambiguously + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously +that for certain kinds of systems + + align:start position:0% +that for certain kinds of systems + + + align:start position:0% +that for certain kinds of systems +certain pairs of particles we might + + align:start position:0% +certain pairs of particles we might + + + align:start position:0% +certain pairs of particles we might +prepare in certain ways these + + align:start position:0% +prepare in certain ways these + + + align:start position:0% +prepare in certain ways these +measurements should be more strongly + + align:start position:0% +measurements should be more strongly + + + align:start position:0% +measurements should be more strongly +correlated than Bell's limit would allow + + align:start position:0% +correlated than Bell's limit would allow + + + align:start position:0% +correlated than Bell's limit would allow +but the answers at these distant devices + + align:start position:0% +but the answers at these distant devices + + + align:start position:0% +but the answers at these distant devices +should line up even more often than any + + align:start position:0% +should line up even more often than any + + + align:start position:0% +should line up even more often than any +local realist Theory could accommodate + + align:start position:0% +local realist Theory could accommodate + + + align:start position:0% +local realist Theory could accommodate +or could account for and not by a little + + align:start position:0% +or could account for and not by a little + + + align:start position:0% +or could account for and not by a little +bit by as much as 40 percent that when + + align:start position:0% +bit by as much as 40 percent that when + + + align:start position:0% +bit by as much as 40 percent that when +you do this comparison of the + + align:start position:0% +you do this comparison of the + + + align:start position:0% +you do this comparison of the +correlations this this single number s + + align:start position:0% +correlations this this single number s + + + align:start position:0% +correlations this this single number s +could be as large as two times the + + align:start position:0% +could be as large as two times the + + + align:start position:0% +could be as large as two times the +square root of two that's like roughly + + align:start position:0% +square root of two that's like roughly + + + align:start position:0% +square root of two that's like roughly +2.8 2.81 and 2.2 something like that + + align:start position:0% +2.8 2.81 and 2.2 something like that + + + align:start position:0% +2.8 2.81 and 2.2 something like that +which is considerably larger than this + + align:start position:0% +which is considerably larger than this + + + align:start position:0% +which is considerably larger than this +upper limit from Bell's inequality of + + align:start position:0% +upper limit from Bell's inequality of + + + align:start position:0% +upper limit from Bell's inequality of +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +so that still sounds pretty abstract and + + align:start position:0% +so that still sounds pretty abstract and + + + align:start position:0% +so that still sounds pretty abstract and +Stephen this might be the talk you're + + align:start position:0% +Stephen this might be the talk you're + + + align:start position:0% +Stephen this might be the talk you're +referring to you might have heard this + + align:start position:0% +referring to you might have heard this + + + align:start position:0% +referring to you might have heard this +uh uh last uh last spring but for others + + align:start position:0% +uh uh last uh last spring but for others + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh last uh last spring but for others +who might might not have heard it I like + + align:start position:0% +who might might not have heard it I like + + + align:start position:0% +who might might not have heard it I like +to think of this of this entanglement + + align:start position:0% +to think of this of this entanglement + + + align:start position:0% +to think of this of this entanglement +they're kind of conceptual stakes in + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of conceptual stakes in + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of conceptual stakes in +terms of the following uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +terms of the following uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the following uh kind of +parable again I find it helpful to bring + + align:start position:0% +parable again I find it helpful to bring + + + align:start position:0% +parable again I find it helpful to bring +this up to kind of human scales so I + + align:start position:0% +this up to kind of human scales so I + + + align:start position:0% +this up to kind of human scales so I +imagine a pair of twins Allison Bob who + + align:start position:0% +imagine a pair of twins Allison Bob who + + + align:start position:0% +imagine a pair of twins Allison Bob who +work very hard they're both very bright + + align:start position:0% +work very hard they're both very bright + + + align:start position:0% +work very hard they're both very bright +and diligent and hardworking and when it + + align:start position:0% +and diligent and hardworking and when it + + + align:start position:0% +and diligent and hardworking and when it +comes time to go to college Alice who is + + align:start position:0% +comes time to go to college Alice who is + + + align:start position:0% +comes time to go to college Alice who is +frankly just more diligent to more smart + + align:start position:0% +frankly just more diligent to more smart + + + align:start position:0% +frankly just more diligent to more smart +she gets into MIT + + align:start position:0% +she gets into MIT + + + align:start position:0% +she gets into MIT +and so she comes to Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +and so she comes to Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +and so she comes to Cambridge +Massachusetts and her very affable but + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts and her very affable but + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts and her very affable but +somewhat duller brother Bob goes to + + align:start position:0% +somewhat duller brother Bob goes to + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat duller brother Bob goes to +Cambridge England + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge England + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge England +Alice this is the part that's now hard + + align:start position:0% +Alice this is the part that's now hard + + + align:start position:0% +Alice this is the part that's now hard +for us to imagine Alice physically comes + + align:start position:0% +for us to imagine Alice physically comes + + + align:start position:0% +for us to imagine Alice physically comes +to campus that's hard for some of us to + + align:start position:0% +to campus that's hard for some of us to + + + align:start position:0% +to campus that's hard for some of us to +imagine she then goes to restaurants + + align:start position:0% +imagine she then goes to restaurants + + + align:start position:0% +imagine she then goes to restaurants +what is this crazy story so imagine + + align:start position:0% +what is this crazy story so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +what is this crazy story so imagine +pre-pandemic Alice comes to MIT she goes + + align:start position:0% +pre-pandemic Alice comes to MIT she goes + + + align:start position:0% +pre-pandemic Alice comes to MIT she goes +to her favorite local restaurant near + + align:start position:0% +to her favorite local restaurant near + + + align:start position:0% +to her favorite local restaurant near +campus and after dinner the waiter asks + + align:start position:0% +campus and after dinner the waiter asks + + + align:start position:0% +campus and after dinner the waiter asks +what would you like for dessert so he's + + align:start position:0% +what would you like for dessert so he's + + + align:start position:0% +what would you like for dessert so he's +going to pose a question to her and + + align:start position:0% +going to pose a question to her and + + + align:start position:0% +going to pose a question to her and +she'll give an answer + + align:start position:0% +she'll give an answer + + + align:start position:0% +she'll give an answer +he's posing a question to her about + + align:start position:0% +he's posing a question to her about + + + align:start position:0% +he's posing a question to her about +baked goods he says tonight your choice + + align:start position:0% +baked goods he says tonight your choice + + + align:start position:0% +baked goods he says tonight your choice +is you can have either a brownie or a + + align:start position:0% +is you can have either a brownie or a + + + align:start position:0% +is you can have either a brownie or a +cookie she has one of two possible + + align:start position:0% +cookie she has one of two possible + + + align:start position:0% +cookie she has one of two possible +choices that's like the spin either + + align:start position:0% +choices that's like the spin either + + + align:start position:0% +choices that's like the spin either +being spin up or spin down the waiter + + align:start position:0% +being spin up or spin down the waiter + + + align:start position:0% +being spin up or spin down the waiter +has specified the question that's a + + align:start position:0% +has specified the question that's a + + + align:start position:0% +has specified the question that's a +little a I'll measure spin along this + + align:start position:0% +little a I'll measure spin along this + + + align:start position:0% +little a I'll measure spin along this +direction I'll ask about baked goods + + align:start position:0% +direction I'll ask about baked goods + + + align:start position:0% +direction I'll ask about baked goods +preferences right he's setting the + + align:start position:0% +preferences right he's setting the + + + align:start position:0% +preferences right he's setting the +question and Alice can give one of two + + align:start position:0% +question and Alice can give one of two + + + align:start position:0% +question and Alice can give one of two +possible outcomes brownie or cookie plus + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes brownie or cookie plus + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes brownie or cookie plus +one or minus one + + align:start position:0% +one or minus one + + + align:start position:0% +one or minus one +some other nights she likes to space a + + align:start position:0% +some other nights she likes to space a + + + align:start position:0% +some other nights she likes to space a +lot she goes back there very often for + + align:start position:0% +lot she goes back there very often for + + + align:start position:0% +lot she goes back there very often for +dinner on other nights the waiter asks + + align:start position:0% +dinner on other nights the waiter asks + + + align:start position:0% +dinner on other nights the waiter asks +her a different question he now asks a + + align:start position:0% +her a different question he now asks a + + + align:start position:0% +her a different question he now asks a +different kind of question by rotating + + align:start position:0% +different kind of question by rotating + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of question by rotating +that dial and he measures in some + + align:start position:0% +that dial and he measures in some + + + align:start position:0% +that dial and he measures in some +different measurement basis like he's + + align:start position:0% +different measurement basis like he's + + + align:start position:0% +different measurement basis like he's +rotating the magnets for spin + + align:start position:0% +rotating the magnets for spin + + + align:start position:0% +rotating the magnets for spin +this new question is actually about + + align:start position:0% +this new question is actually about + + + align:start position:0% +this new question is actually about +frozen dessert she can either have on + + align:start position:0% +frozen dessert she can either have on + + + align:start position:0% +frozen dessert she can either have on +that night uh an ice cream sundae or + + align:start position:0% +that night uh an ice cream sundae or + + + align:start position:0% +that night uh an ice cream sundae or +frozen yogurt again he poses the + + align:start position:0% +frozen yogurt again he poses the + + + align:start position:0% +frozen yogurt again he poses the +question she has one of two possible + + align:start position:0% +question she has one of two possible + + + align:start position:0% +question she has one of two possible +answers that she can give a plus one or + + align:start position:0% +answers that she can give a plus one or + + + align:start position:0% +answers that she can give a plus one or +a minus one + + align:start position:0% +a minus one + + + align:start position:0% +a minus one +the waiter selects which question to ask + + align:start position:0% +the waiter selects which question to ask + + + align:start position:0% +the waiter selects which question to ask +by some local process maybe he flips a + + align:start position:0% +by some local process maybe he flips a + + + align:start position:0% +by some local process maybe he flips a +coin back in the kitchen + + align:start position:0% +coin back in the kitchen + + + align:start position:0% +coin back in the kitchen +Alice has no clear preference she likes + + align:start position:0% +Alice has no clear preference she likes + + + align:start position:0% +Alice has no clear preference she likes +all these options and we know that + + align:start position:0% +all these options and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +all these options and we know that +because if you look at the tally of all + + align:start position:0% +because if you look at the tally of all + + + align:start position:0% +because if you look at the tally of all +her dessert orders after she keeps going + + align:start position:0% +her dessert orders after she keeps going + + + align:start position:0% +her dessert orders after she keeps going +for more and more fatty desserts I don't + + align:start position:0% +for more and more fatty desserts I don't + + + align:start position:0% +for more and more fatty desserts I don't +recommend this uh this experiment too + + align:start position:0% +recommend this uh this experiment too + + + align:start position:0% +recommend this uh this experiment too +often but she winds up choosing each + + align:start position:0% +often but she winds up choosing each + + + align:start position:0% +often but she winds up choosing each +option on average equally often so when + + align:start position:0% +option on average equally often so when + + + align:start position:0% +option on average equally often so when +she's offered question one about baked + + align:start position:0% +she's offered question one about baked + + + align:start position:0% +she's offered question one about baked +goods on average half the time she + + align:start position:0% +goods on average half the time she + + + align:start position:0% +goods on average half the time she +orders the brownie half the time she + + align:start position:0% +orders the brownie half the time she + + + align:start position:0% +orders the brownie half the time she +wears the cookie in an order that looks + + align:start position:0% +wears the cookie in an order that looks + + + align:start position:0% +wears the cookie in an order that looks +totally random it's not clear which + + align:start position:0% +totally random it's not clear which + + + align:start position:0% +totally random it's not clear which +Knight she'll order a cookie or brownie + + align:start position:0% +Knight she'll order a cookie or brownie + + + align:start position:0% +Knight she'll order a cookie or brownie +but averaged over the whole set she has + + align:start position:0% +but averaged over the whole set she has + + + align:start position:0% +but averaged over the whole set she has +equal numbers of those choices and + + align:start position:0% +equal numbers of those choices and + + + align:start position:0% +equal numbers of those choices and +likewise for the frozen desserts + + align:start position:0% +likewise for the frozen desserts + + + align:start position:0% +likewise for the frozen desserts +unbeknownst to Alice an ocean apart her + + align:start position:0% +unbeknownst to Alice an ocean apart her + + + align:start position:0% +unbeknownst to Alice an ocean apart her +brother Bob is now going to a pub in + + align:start position:0% +brother Bob is now going to a pub in + + + align:start position:0% +brother Bob is now going to a pub in +Cambridge and being posed the same + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge and being posed the same + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge and being posed the same +questions at the same time + + align:start position:0% +questions at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +questions at the same time +as the questions drawn from the same + + align:start position:0% +as the questions drawn from the same + + + align:start position:0% +as the questions drawn from the same +pair so in some visits Bob's waiter will + + align:start position:0% +pair so in some visits Bob's waiter will + + + align:start position:0% +pair so in some visits Bob's waiter will +ask him about baked goods he has one of + + align:start position:0% +ask him about baked goods he has one of + + + align:start position:0% +ask him about baked goods he has one of +two possible choices either the brownie + + align:start position:0% +two possible choices either the brownie + + + align:start position:0% +two possible choices either the brownie +or the cookie on other evenings uh the + + align:start position:0% +or the cookie on other evenings uh the + + + align:start position:0% +or the cookie on other evenings uh the +waiter asks Bob about Frozen Goods he + + align:start position:0% +waiter asks Bob about Frozen Goods he + + + align:start position:0% +waiter asks Bob about Frozen Goods he +can choose one of two options again the + + align:start position:0% +can choose one of two options again the + + + align:start position:0% +can choose one of two options again the +waiter chooses by some random process + + align:start position:0% +waiter chooses by some random process + + + align:start position:0% +waiter chooses by some random process +Bob has no clear preference he again is + + align:start position:0% +Bob has no clear preference he again is + + + align:start position:0% +Bob has no clear preference he again is +choosing each option in equal frequency + + align:start position:0% +choosing each option in equal frequency + + + align:start position:0% +choosing each option in equal frequency +but it looks like a random order + + align:start position:0% +but it looks like a random order + + + align:start position:0% +but it looks like a random order +they come back for Thanksgiving and the + + align:start position:0% +they come back for Thanksgiving and the + + + align:start position:0% +they come back for Thanksgiving and the +first thing they want to do after after + + align:start position:0% +first thing they want to do after after + + + align:start position:0% +first thing they want to do after after +being away for their first semester of + + align:start position:0% +being away for their first semester of + + + align:start position:0% +being away for their first semester of +college is compare their 10 000 dessert + + align:start position:0% +college is compare their 10 000 dessert + + + align:start position:0% +college is compare their 10 000 dessert +orders that's what I would talk about + + align:start position:0% +orders that's what I would talk about + + + align:start position:0% +orders that's what I would talk about +with my sibling + + align:start position:0% +with my sibling + + + align:start position:0% +with my sibling +so they realize there are some pretty + + align:start position:0% +so they realize there are some pretty + + + align:start position:0% +so they realize there are some pretty +surprising correlations that get found + + align:start position:0% +surprising correlations that get found + + + align:start position:0% +surprising correlations that get found +when they compare these sets of answers + + align:start position:0% +when they compare these sets of answers + + + align:start position:0% +when they compare these sets of answers +when they both happen to have been asked + + align:start position:0% +when they both happen to have been asked + + + align:start position:0% +when they both happen to have been asked +the first question about baked goods + + align:start position:0% +the first question about baked goods + + + align:start position:0% +the first question about baked goods +they both gave the same answer they both + + align:start position:0% +they both gave the same answer they both + + + align:start position:0% +they both gave the same answer they both +gave either the brownie answer or the + + align:start position:0% +gave either the brownie answer or the + + + align:start position:0% +gave either the brownie answer or the +cookie answer at the same time even + + align:start position:0% +cookie answer at the same time even + + + align:start position:0% +cookie answer at the same time even +though uh they might have ordered the uh + + align:start position:0% +though uh they might have ordered the uh + + + align:start position:0% +though uh they might have ordered the uh +the opposite Choice the next time so + + align:start position:0% +the opposite Choice the next time so + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite Choice the next time so +when they were both asked the same + + align:start position:0% +when they were both asked the same + + + align:start position:0% +when they were both asked the same +question their answer is lined up even + + align:start position:0% +question their answer is lined up even + + + align:start position:0% +question their answer is lined up even +though they seem to be answering them + + align:start position:0% +though they seem to be answering them + + + align:start position:0% +though they seem to be answering them +independently + + align:start position:0% +independently + + + align:start position:0% +independently +when they were asked different questions + + align:start position:0% +when they were asked different questions + + + align:start position:0% +when they were asked different questions +there again was a correlation that when + + align:start position:0% +there again was a correlation that when + + + align:start position:0% +there again was a correlation that when +Alice was asked about baked goods she + + align:start position:0% +Alice was asked about baked goods she + + + align:start position:0% +Alice was asked about baked goods she +took the brownie at the time when Bob + + align:start position:0% +took the brownie at the time when Bob + + + align:start position:0% +took the brownie at the time when Bob +took the frozen yogurt but not the ice + + align:start position:0% +took the frozen yogurt but not the ice + + + align:start position:0% +took the frozen yogurt but not the ice +cream when he was asked about Frozen + + align:start position:0% +cream when he was asked about Frozen + + + align:start position:0% +cream when he was asked about Frozen +goods and vice versa it was a + + align:start position:0% +goods and vice versa it was a + + + align:start position:0% +goods and vice versa it was a +correlation in the in the cross question + + align:start position:0% +correlation in the in the cross question + + + align:start position:0% +correlation in the in the cross question +answers as well + + align:start position:0% +answers as well + + + align:start position:0% +answers as well +and then when they're both asked + + align:start position:0% +and then when they're both asked + + + align:start position:0% +and then when they're both asked +question B about + + align:start position:0% +question B about + + + align:start position:0% +question B about +Frozen Goods their answers once again a + + align:start position:0% +Frozen Goods their answers once again a + + + align:start position:0% +Frozen Goods their answers once again a +line well they both happened to be asked + + align:start position:0% +line well they both happened to be asked + + + align:start position:0% +line well they both happened to be asked +about Frozen Goods they both ordered + + align:start position:0% +about Frozen Goods they both ordered + + + align:start position:0% +about Frozen Goods they both ordered +either the ice cream sundae or the Fry + + align:start position:0% +either the ice cream sundae or the Fry + + + align:start position:0% +either the ice cream sundae or the Fry +at the same time why should this be + + align:start position:0% +at the same time why should this be + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time why should this be +surprising if we just look at how Bob is + + align:start position:0% +surprising if we just look at how Bob is + + + align:start position:0% +surprising if we just look at how Bob is +answering all alone in this British pub + + align:start position:0% +answering all alone in this British pub + + + align:start position:0% +answering all alone in this British pub +his answer to the same question about + + align:start position:0% +his answer to the same question about + + + align:start position:0% +his answer to the same question about +Frozen Goods seems to change and seems + + align:start position:0% +Frozen Goods seems to change and seems + + + align:start position:0% +Frozen Goods seems to change and seems +to in some sense depend or at least be + + align:start position:0% +to in some sense depend or at least be + + + align:start position:0% +to in some sense depend or at least be +correlated with something that's + + align:start position:0% +correlated with something that's + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with something that's +happening in Ocean away for which he's + + align:start position:0% +happening in Ocean away for which he's + + + align:start position:0% +happening in Ocean away for which he's +not supposed to have any information + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to have any information + + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to have any information +that's what Einstein said shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +that's what Einstein said shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's what Einstein said shouldn't +happen but the world shouldn't have that + + align:start position:0% +happen but the world shouldn't have that + + + align:start position:0% +happen but the world shouldn't have that +kind of telepathy that kind of spooky + + align:start position:0% +kind of telepathy that kind of spooky + + + align:start position:0% +kind of telepathy that kind of spooky +connection and in particular if Bob is + + align:start position:0% +connection and in particular if Bob is + + + align:start position:0% +connection and in particular if Bob is +answering his questions out of some kind + + align:start position:0% +answering his questions out of some kind + + + align:start position:0% +answering his questions out of some kind +of local log book or instruction manual + + align:start position:0% +of local log book or instruction manual + + + align:start position:0% +of local log book or instruction manual +how he doesn't have enough information + + align:start position:0% +how he doesn't have enough information + + + align:start position:0% +how he doesn't have enough information +at his location at his British pub to + + align:start position:0% +at his location at his British pub to + + + align:start position:0% +at his location at his British pub to +know how to get his answers to line up + + align:start position:0% +know how to get his answers to line up + + + align:start position:0% +know how to get his answers to line up +with those that Alice will give at the + + align:start position:0% +with those that Alice will give at the + + + align:start position:0% +with those that Alice will give at the +same moment thousands of miles away + + align:start position:0% +same moment thousands of miles away + + + align:start position:0% +same moment thousands of miles away +so how can we subject that kind of human + + align:start position:0% +so how can we subject that kind of human + + + align:start position:0% +so how can we subject that kind of human +Parable to experimental tests and + + align:start position:0% +Parable to experimental tests and + + + align:start position:0% +Parable to experimental tests and +there's many many ways to do it I'm + + align:start position:0% +there's many many ways to do it I'm + + + align:start position:0% +there's many many ways to do it I'm +going to talk about effort that my own + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about effort that my own + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about effort that my own +group did just about two years ago uh + + align:start position:0% +group did just about two years ago uh + + + align:start position:0% +group did just about two years ago uh +with his absolutely gorgeous Mountaintop + + align:start position:0% +with his absolutely gorgeous Mountaintop + + + align:start position:0% +with his absolutely gorgeous Mountaintop +observatory in the Canary Islands just + + align:start position:0% +observatory in the Canary Islands just + + + align:start position:0% +observatory in the Canary Islands just +off the coast of Morocco the Rope De Los + + align:start position:0% +off the coast of Morocco the Rope De Los + + + align:start position:0% +off the coast of Morocco the Rope De Los +Muchachos Observatory we were using some + + align:start position:0% +Muchachos Observatory we were using some + + + align:start position:0% +Muchachos Observatory we were using some +of the largest optical telescopes on the + + align:start position:0% +of the largest optical telescopes on the + + + align:start position:0% +of the largest optical telescopes on the +planet it was fantastic okay so here's + + align:start position:0% +planet it was fantastic okay so here's + + + align:start position:0% +planet it was fantastic okay so here's +we had three main parts to our + + align:start position:0% +we had three main parts to our + + + align:start position:0% +we had three main parts to our +experiment they'll go through very + + align:start position:0% +experiment they'll go through very + + + align:start position:0% +experiment they'll go through very +quickly what's that time I'll be glad to + + align:start position:0% +quickly what's that time I'll be glad to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly what's that time I'll be glad to +chat more about it we set up a temporary + + align:start position:0% +chat more about it we set up a temporary + + + align:start position:0% +chat more about it we set up a temporary +laboratory here uh that was actually a + + align:start position:0% +laboratory here uh that was actually a + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory here uh that was actually a +shipping crate that my colleagues from + + align:start position:0% +shipping crate that my colleagues from + + + align:start position:0% +shipping crate that my colleagues from +Vienna shipped over uh and so that was + + align:start position:0% +Vienna shipped over uh and so that was + + + align:start position:0% +Vienna shipped over uh and so that was +our transmitter session that's our + + align:start position:0% +our transmitter session that's our + + + align:start position:0% +our transmitter session that's our +source of the entangled particles that's + + align:start position:0% +source of the entangled particles that's + + + align:start position:0% +source of the entangled particles that's +where particles A and B are are created + + align:start position:0% +where particles A and B are are created + + + align:start position:0% +where particles A and B are are created +and then and then animated and then + + align:start position:0% +and then and then animated and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then animated and then +quite a distance away about half a + + align:start position:0% +quite a distance away about half a + + + align:start position:0% +quite a distance away about half a +kilometer in each direction we had our + + align:start position:0% +kilometer in each direction we had our + + + align:start position:0% +kilometer in each direction we had our +receiving stations our detectors + + align:start position:0% +receiving stations our detectors + + + align:start position:0% +receiving stations our detectors +so let's talk about what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about what's going on in +this transmitter station what we're + + align:start position:0% +this transmitter station what we're + + + align:start position:0% +this transmitter station what we're +doing there is we have a pump laser + + align:start position:0% +doing there is we have a pump laser + + + align:start position:0% +doing there is we have a pump laser +which is just awesome it's a laser + + align:start position:0% +which is just awesome it's a laser + + + align:start position:0% +which is just awesome it's a laser +that's actually Tunes to emit light in + + align:start position:0% +that's actually Tunes to emit light in + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually Tunes to emit light in +the visible range actually looks very + + align:start position:0% +the visible range actually looks very + + + align:start position:0% +the visible range actually looks very +much like this color of purple we you + + align:start position:0% +much like this color of purple we you + + + align:start position:0% +much like this color of purple we you +could see it with with our own with your + + align:start position:0% +could see it with with our own with your + + + align:start position:0% +could see it with with our own with your +own eyes it's in the visible portion + + align:start position:0% +own eyes it's in the visible portion + + + align:start position:0% +own eyes it's in the visible portion +it's in the purple region of the visible + + align:start position:0% +it's in the purple region of the visible + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the purple region of the visible +spectrum + + align:start position:0% +spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum +we shine that laser light into a very + + align:start position:0% +we shine that laser light into a very + + + align:start position:0% +we shine that laser light into a very +special Crystal it's only about a square + + align:start position:0% +special Crystal it's only about a square + + + align:start position:0% +special Crystal it's only about a square +inch long it's not very big + + align:start position:0% +inch long it's not very big + + + align:start position:0% +inch long it's not very big +it's well what's called a non-linear + + align:start position:0% +it's well what's called a non-linear + + + align:start position:0% +it's well what's called a non-linear +Crystal it has the Fantastic property of + + align:start position:0% +Crystal it has the Fantastic property of + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal it has the Fantastic property of +absorbing light of a very specific + + align:start position:0% +absorbing light of a very specific + + + align:start position:0% +absorbing light of a very specific +frequency that comes in and when that + + align:start position:0% +frequency that comes in and when that + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that comes in and when that +particular frequency comes in it absorbs + + align:start position:0% +particular frequency comes in it absorbs + + + align:start position:0% +particular frequency comes in it absorbs +that one Photon of light and emits pairs + + align:start position:0% +that one Photon of light and emits pairs + + + align:start position:0% +that one Photon of light and emits pairs +of particles pairs of photons so they + + align:start position:0% +of particles pairs of photons so they + + + align:start position:0% +of particles pairs of photons so they +conserve momentum they can serve energy + + align:start position:0% +conserve momentum they can serve energy + + + align:start position:0% +conserve momentum they can serve energy +each of these particles has less energy + + align:start position:0% +each of these particles has less energy + + + align:start position:0% +each of these particles has less energy +than the incoming particle they conserve + + align:start position:0% +than the incoming particle they conserve + + + align:start position:0% +than the incoming particle they conserve +all the all the things they should but + + align:start position:0% +all the all the things they should but + + + align:start position:0% +all the all the things they should but +basically one comes in two come out and + + align:start position:0% +basically one comes in two come out and + + + align:start position:0% +basically one comes in two come out and +that's a property the crystal not any + + align:start position:0% +that's a property the crystal not any + + + align:start position:0% +that's a property the crystal not any +old time you should not any light I like + + align:start position:0% +old time you should not any light I like + + + align:start position:0% +old time you should not any light I like +in only light of a very specific + + align:start position:0% +in only light of a very specific + + + align:start position:0% +in only light of a very specific +frequency so we tuned our laser very + + align:start position:0% +frequency so we tuned our laser very + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so we tuned our laser very +carefully in conjunction with our + + align:start position:0% +carefully in conjunction with our + + + align:start position:0% +carefully in conjunction with our +Crystal + + align:start position:0% +Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal +so that's like creating our twin that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's like creating our twin that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's like creating our twin that's +how we create our twins Alice and Bob + + align:start position:0% +how we create our twins Alice and Bob + + + align:start position:0% +how we create our twins Alice and Bob +and then we beam them half a mile in + + align:start position:0% +and then we beam them half a mile in + + + align:start position:0% +and then we beam them half a mile in +each Direction across the island you can + + align:start position:0% +each Direction across the island you can + + + align:start position:0% +each Direction across the island you can +see now the guide laser is here to line + + align:start position:0% +see now the guide laser is here to line + + + align:start position:0% +see now the guide laser is here to line +up our Optics across the island + + align:start position:0% +up our Optics across the island + + + align:start position:0% +up our Optics across the island +so once the particles travel at the + + align:start position:0% +so once the particles travel at the + + + align:start position:0% +so once the particles travel at the +speed of light half a kilometer in + + align:start position:0% +speed of light half a kilometer in + + + align:start position:0% +speed of light half a kilometer in +opposite directions then we subject them + + align:start position:0% +opposite directions then we subject them + + + align:start position:0% +opposite directions then we subject them +to measurements and that's like these + + align:start position:0% +to measurements and that's like these + + + align:start position:0% +to measurements and that's like these +dessert uh these waiters about to take + + align:start position:0% +dessert uh these waiters about to take + + + align:start position:0% +dessert uh these waiters about to take +their dessert orders we're going to + + align:start position:0% +their dessert orders we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +their dessert orders we're going to +measure properties of those particles + + align:start position:0% +measure properties of those particles + + + align:start position:0% +measure properties of those particles +after they've been created together they + + align:start position:0% +after they've been created together they + + + align:start position:0% +after they've been created together they +have some common history and common + + align:start position:0% +have some common history and common + + + align:start position:0% +have some common history and common +properties but then shoot them off and + + align:start position:0% +properties but then shoot them off and + + + align:start position:0% +properties but then shoot them off and +ask random questions of them and see how + + align:start position:0% +ask random questions of them and see how + + + align:start position:0% +ask random questions of them and see how +often the answers line up + + align:start position:0% +often the answers line up + + + align:start position:0% +often the answers line up +so one thing we're able to do is close + + align:start position:0% +so one thing we're able to do is close + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing we're able to do is close +down that locality explanation as we'll + + align:start position:0% +down that locality explanation as we'll + + + align:start position:0% +down that locality explanation as we'll +see the answers line up a lot just like + + align:start position:0% +see the answers line up a lot just like + + + align:start position:0% +see the answers line up a lot just like +quantum mechanics says they do and we + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics says they do and we + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics says they do and we +wanted to be sure it couldn't be because + + align:start position:0% +wanted to be sure it couldn't be because + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to be sure it couldn't be because +they were somehow sharing information on + + align:start position:0% +they were somehow sharing information on + + + align:start position:0% +they were somehow sharing information on +root and we ensured that by by the + + align:start position:0% +root and we ensured that by by the + + + align:start position:0% +root and we ensured that by by the +space-time arrangement of the experiment + + align:start position:0% +space-time arrangement of the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +space-time arrangement of the experiment +the the the the time it took to create + + align:start position:0% +the the the the time it took to create + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the time it took to create +the particles being them across the + + align:start position:0% +the particles being them across the + + + align:start position:0% +the particles being them across the +island and complete a measurement not + + align:start position:0% +island and complete a measurement not + + + align:start position:0% +island and complete a measurement not +just have it arrived it actually + + align:start position:0% +just have it arrived it actually + + + align:start position:0% +just have it arrived it actually +complete a measurement in this case of + + align:start position:0% +complete a measurement in this case of + + + align:start position:0% +complete a measurement in this case of +its polarization took just over two + + align:start position:0% +its polarization took just over two + + + align:start position:0% +its polarization took just over two +microseconds two millionths of a second + + align:start position:0% +microseconds two millionths of a second + + + align:start position:0% +microseconds two millionths of a second +for for in each Direction and yet the + + align:start position:0% +for for in each Direction and yet the + + + align:start position:0% +for for in each Direction and yet the +light travel time between the detectors + + align:start position:0% +light travel time between the detectors + + + align:start position:0% +light travel time between the detectors +was nearly three and a half microseconds + + align:start position:0% +was nearly three and a half microseconds + + + align:start position:0% +was nearly three and a half microseconds +so there was no time to get an uptake + + align:start position:0% +so there was no time to get an uptake + + + align:start position:0% +so there was no time to get an uptake +update from say Alice's side to Bob's + + align:start position:0% +update from say Alice's side to Bob's + + + align:start position:0% +update from say Alice's side to Bob's +either to have said uh my waiter just + + align:start position:0% +either to have said uh my waiter just + + + align:start position:0% +either to have said uh my waiter just +asked me about baked goods or to say I + + align:start position:0% +asked me about baked goods or to say I + + + align:start position:0% +asked me about baked goods or to say I +just ordered a brownie right both the + + align:start position:0% +just ordered a brownie right both the + + + align:start position:0% +just ordered a brownie right both the +questions that were asked that + + align:start position:0% +questions that were asked that + + + align:start position:0% +questions that were asked that +particular moment and the actual + + align:start position:0% +particular moment and the actual + + + align:start position:0% +particular moment and the actual +measurement outcomes the answer is given + + align:start position:0% +measurement outcomes the answer is given + + + align:start position:0% +measurement outcomes the answer is given +were space-like separated from each + + align:start position:0% +were space-like separated from each + + + align:start position:0% +were space-like separated from each +other there was no way that information + + align:start position:0% +other there was no way that information + + + align:start position:0% +other there was no way that information +traveling even as fast as light could + + align:start position:0% +traveling even as fast as light could + + + align:start position:0% +traveling even as fast as light could +have updated one side about what's + + align:start position:0% +have updated one side about what's + + + align:start position:0% +have updated one side about what's +happening on the other side + + align:start position:0% +happening on the other side + + + align:start position:0% +happening on the other side +what else is happening at these receiver + + align:start position:0% +what else is happening at these receiver + + + align:start position:0% +what else is happening at these receiver +stations here's these amazing + + align:start position:0% +stations here's these amazing + + + align:start position:0% +stations here's these amazing +instruments become so important I can't + + align:start position:0% +instruments become so important I can't + + + align:start position:0% +instruments become so important I can't +believe they let us play with these I + + align:start position:0% +believe they let us play with these I + + + align:start position:0% +believe they let us play with these I +didn't get to touch them they knew + + align:start position:0% +didn't get to touch them they knew + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get to touch them they knew +better than let me these are each four + + align:start position:0% +better than let me these are each four + + + align:start position:0% +better than let me these are each four +meter telescopes some of the largest uh + + align:start position:0% +meter telescopes some of the largest uh + + + align:start position:0% +meter telescopes some of the largest uh +anywhere the Galileo National telescope + + align:start position:0% +anywhere the Galileo National telescope + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere the Galileo National telescope +on one side and the William Herschel + + align:start position:0% +on one side and the William Herschel + + + align:start position:0% +on one side and the William Herschel +telescope on the other so these + + align:start position:0% +telescope on the other so these + + + align:start position:0% +telescope on the other so these +telescopes were so big 13 foot polished + + align:start position:0% +telescopes were so big 13 foot polished + + + align:start position:0% +telescopes were so big 13 foot polished +mirrors polished really to Perfection + + align:start position:0% +mirrors polished really to Perfection + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors polished really to Perfection +that they could gather light in a + + align:start position:0% +that they could gather light in a + + + align:start position:0% +that they could gather light in a +fraction of a second less than a + + align:start position:0% +fraction of a second less than a + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of a second less than a +microsecond even from very very dim very + + align:start position:0% +microsecond even from very very dim very + + + align:start position:0% +microsecond even from very very dim very +distant objects like very distant extra + + align:start position:0% +distant objects like very distant extra + + + align:start position:0% +distant objects like very distant extra +Galactic objects like Quasar some of the + + align:start position:0% +Galactic objects like Quasar some of the + + + align:start position:0% +Galactic objects like Quasar some of the +most distant galaxies in the universe + + align:start position:0% +most distant galaxies in the universe + + + align:start position:0% +most distant galaxies in the universe +Disney from us + + align:start position:0% +Disney from us + + + align:start position:0% +Disney from us +so what we were doing is performing + + align:start position:0% +so what we were doing is performing + + + align:start position:0% +so what we were doing is performing +real-time measurements of the color of + + align:start position:0% +real-time measurements of the color of + + + align:start position:0% +real-time measurements of the color of +the light from those quasars one + + align:start position:0% +the light from those quasars one + + + align:start position:0% +the light from those quasars one +telescope pointing in One Direction Sky + + align:start position:0% +telescope pointing in One Direction Sky + + + align:start position:0% +telescope pointing in One Direction Sky +the other pointing in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +the other pointing in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +the other pointing in the opposite +direction the sky and taking new + + align:start position:0% +direction the sky and taking new + + + align:start position:0% +direction the sky and taking new +measurements of that light every roughly + + align:start position:0% +measurements of that light every roughly + + + align:start position:0% +measurements of that light every roughly +every microsecond every fraction a + + align:start position:0% +every microsecond every fraction a + + + align:start position:0% +every microsecond every fraction a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +while the entangled particles were in + + align:start position:0% +while the entangled particles were in + + + align:start position:0% +while the entangled particles were in +flight so you emit the particles first + + align:start position:0% +flight so you emit the particles first + + + align:start position:0% +flight so you emit the particles first +they don't know what questions to be + + align:start position:0% +they don't know what questions to be + + + align:start position:0% +they don't know what questions to be +asked of them they don't know in the + + align:start position:0% +asked of them they don't know in the + + + align:start position:0% +asked of them they don't know in the +sense what properties are about to be + + align:start position:0% +sense what properties are about to be + + + align:start position:0% +sense what properties are about to be +measured of them and while they're + + align:start position:0% +measured of them and while they're + + + align:start position:0% +measured of them and while they're +traveling we perform a real-time + + align:start position:0% +traveling we perform a real-time + + + align:start position:0% +traveling we perform a real-time +measurement of some of the oldest light + + align:start position:0% +measurement of some of the oldest light + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of some of the oldest light +in the universe sometimes in that very + + align:start position:0% +in the universe sometimes in that very + + + align:start position:0% +in the universe sometimes in that very +narrow window the light will be more + + align:start position:0% +narrow window the light will be more + + + align:start position:0% +narrow window the light will be more +blue than average sometimes more red + + align:start position:0% +blue than average sometimes more red + + + align:start position:0% +blue than average sometimes more red +than average + + align:start position:0% +than average + + + align:start position:0% +than average +and so on the times when it's more blue + + align:start position:0% +and so on the times when it's more blue + + + align:start position:0% +and so on the times when it's more blue +that activates local electronics to + + align:start position:0% +that activates local electronics to + + + align:start position:0% +that activates local electronics to +perform measurement of the of the + + align:start position:0% +perform measurement of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +perform measurement of the of the +Earthbound entangled particle in one + + align:start position:0% +Earthbound entangled particle in one + + + align:start position:0% +Earthbound entangled particle in one +basis we measure the polarization in one + + align:start position:0% +basis we measure the polarization in one + + + align:start position:0% +basis we measure the polarization in one +orientation in space that's like the way + + align:start position:0% +orientation in space that's like the way + + + align:start position:0% +orientation in space that's like the way +they're choosing to ask about baked + + align:start position:0% +they're choosing to ask about baked + + + align:start position:0% +they're choosing to ask about baked +goods + + align:start position:0% +goods + + + align:start position:0% +goods +on those microsecond Windows when the + + align:start position:0% +on those microsecond Windows when the + + + align:start position:0% +on those microsecond Windows when the +light happened to astronomical light + + align:start position:0% +light happened to astronomical light + + + align:start position:0% +light happened to astronomical light +happened to be more red than average we + + align:start position:0% +happened to be more red than average we + + + align:start position:0% +happened to be more red than average we +performed the other measurement let's + + align:start position:0% +performed the other measurement let's + + + align:start position:0% +performed the other measurement let's +say we asked the other question + + align:start position:0% +say we asked the other question + + + align:start position:0% +say we asked the other question +we did this now across the island we did + + align:start position:0% +we did this now across the island we did + + + align:start position:0% +we did this now across the island we did +this with 20 000 pairs of particles and + + align:start position:0% +this with 20 000 pairs of particles and + + + align:start position:0% +this with 20 000 pairs of particles and +we found that the measuries line up + + align:start position:0% +we found that the measuries line up + + + align:start position:0% +we found that the measuries line up +exactly as quantum mechanics says they + + align:start position:0% +exactly as quantum mechanics says they + + + align:start position:0% +exactly as quantum mechanics says they +would we get almost exactly the maximum + + align:start position:0% +would we get almost exactly the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +would we get almost exactly the maximum +value of the correlation the quantum + + align:start position:0% +value of the correlation the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +value of the correlation the quantum +mechanics predicts we violate bowels + + align:start position:0% +mechanics predicts we violate bowels + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics predicts we violate bowels +inequality by more than nine standard + + align:start position:0% +inequality by more than nine standard + + + align:start position:0% +inequality by more than nine standard +deviations the statistical likelihood + + align:start position:0% +deviations the statistical likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +deviations the statistical likelihood +that was due to a fluke is one part in + + align:start position:0% +that was due to a fluke is one part in + + + align:start position:0% +that was due to a fluke is one part in +10 to the 20. take that Gary Gensler I'd + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 20. take that Gary Gensler I'd + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 20. take that Gary Gensler I'd +like to see you guys do that with your + + align:start position:0% +like to see you guys do that with your + + + align:start position:0% +like to see you guys do that with your +uh with your Finance stuff anyway huge + + align:start position:0% +uh with your Finance stuff anyway huge + + + align:start position:0% +uh with your Finance stuff anyway huge +statistical significance even though the + + align:start position:0% +statistical significance even though the + + + align:start position:0% +statistical significance even though the +decision of what question to be asked + + align:start position:0% +decision of what question to be asked + + + align:start position:0% +decision of what question to be asked +came from events on opposite sides of + + align:start position:0% +came from events on opposite sides of + + + align:start position:0% +came from events on opposite sides of +the universe 8 and 12 billion years ago + + align:start position:0% +the universe 8 and 12 billion years ago + + + align:start position:0% +the universe 8 and 12 billion years ago +so on the basis of experience like this + + align:start position:0% +so on the basis of experience like this + + + align:start position:0% +so on the basis of experience like this +one and many others that I described in + + align:start position:0% +one and many others that I described in + + + align:start position:0% +one and many others that I described in +that optional reading many many kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that optional reading many many kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that optional reading many many kinds of +experiments now + + align:start position:0% +experiments now + + + align:start position:0% +experiments now +the world really does seem to be as + + align:start position:0% +the world really does seem to be as + + + align:start position:0% +the world really does seem to be as +spooky as Einstein feared or suspected + + align:start position:0% +spooky as Einstein feared or suspected + + + align:start position:0% +spooky as Einstein feared or suspected +even when we closed down the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +even when we closed down the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +even when we closed down the kinds of +einstein-like local realist explanations + + align:start position:0% +einstein-like local realist explanations + + + align:start position:0% +einstein-like local realist explanations +that otherwise might have been able to + + align:start position:0% +that otherwise might have been able to + + + align:start position:0% +that otherwise might have been able to +account for those correlations so let me + + align:start position:0% +account for those correlations so let me + + + align:start position:0% +account for those correlations so let me +very very rapidly sum up I know we're + + align:start position:0% +very very rapidly sum up I know we're + + + align:start position:0% +very very rapidly sum up I know we're +basically at time just to summarize + + align:start position:0% +basically at time just to summarize + + + align:start position:0% +basically at time just to summarize +today's today's material + + align:start position:0% +today's today's material + + + align:start position:0% +today's today's material +a schrodig's equation uh brings up sort + + align:start position:0% +a schrodig's equation uh brings up sort + + + align:start position:0% +a schrodig's equation uh brings up sort +of uh this this property of + + align:start position:0% +of uh this this property of + + + align:start position:0% +of uh this this property of +superposition uh it is a wave equation + + align:start position:0% +superposition uh it is a wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +superposition uh it is a wave equation +and therefore Solutions obey the + + align:start position:0% +and therefore Solutions obey the + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore Solutions obey the +wave-like property of superposition that + + align:start position:0% +wave-like property of superposition that + + + align:start position:0% +wave-like property of superposition that +the sum of any two solutions is itself a + + align:start position:0% +the sum of any two solutions is itself a + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of any two solutions is itself a +solution but that unlike with water + + align:start position:0% +solution but that unlike with water + + + align:start position:0% +solution but that unlike with water +waves that led to some pretty jarring or + + align:start position:0% +waves that led to some pretty jarring or + + + align:start position:0% +waves that led to some pretty jarring or +unexpected uh questions when we apply + + align:start position:0% +unexpected uh questions when we apply + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected uh questions when we apply +that to the outcomes of events if the + + align:start position:0% +that to the outcomes of events if the + + + align:start position:0% +that to the outcomes of events if the +wave functions can obey superposition + + align:start position:0% +wave functions can obey superposition + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions can obey superposition +and the wave functions are about + + align:start position:0% +and the wave functions are about + + + align:start position:0% +and the wave functions are about +likelihoods of events to happen then + + align:start position:0% +likelihoods of events to happen then + + + align:start position:0% +likelihoods of events to happen then +what does that do to the nature of + + align:start position:0% +what does that do to the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +what does that do to the nature of +explanation and then finally what + + align:start position:0% +explanation and then finally what + + + align:start position:0% +explanation and then finally what +happens if multiple things are in + + align:start position:0% +happens if multiple things are in + + + align:start position:0% +happens if multiple things are in +superpositions in this entangled way so + + align:start position:0% +superpositions in this entangled way so + + + align:start position:0% +superpositions in this entangled way so +the outcome over here is not only a + + align:start position:0% +the outcome over here is not only a + + + align:start position:0% +the outcome over here is not only a +heads or tails that we don't know yet + + align:start position:0% +heads or tails that we don't know yet + + + align:start position:0% +heads or tails that we don't know yet +but it's somehow bound up with something + + align:start position:0% +but it's somehow bound up with something + + + align:start position:0% +but it's somehow bound up with something +that might happen arbitrarily far apart + + align:start position:0% +that might happen arbitrarily far apart + + + align:start position:0% +that might happen arbitrarily far apart +so let me stop sharing my apologies + + align:start position:0% +so let me stop sharing my apologies + + + align:start position:0% +so let me stop sharing my apologies +running a little bit long today + + align:start position:0% +running a little bit long today + + + align:start position:0% +running a little bit long today +but we do have time for a few more + + align:start position:0% +but we do have time for a few more + + + align:start position:0% +but we do have time for a few more +questions now or of course if you have + + align:start position:0% +questions now or of course if you have + + + align:start position:0% +questions now or of course if you have +questions please feel free to email come + + align:start position:0% +questions please feel free to email come + + + align:start position:0% +questions please feel free to email come +to office hours there's lots more stuff + + align:start position:0% +to office hours there's lots more stuff + + + align:start position:0% +to office hours there's lots more stuff +I'm glad to send you away if you're + + align:start position:0% +I'm glad to send you away if you're + + + align:start position:0% +I'm glad to send you away if you're +curious Gary is an identical twin he + + align:start position:0% +curious Gary is an identical twin he + + + align:start position:0% +curious Gary is an identical twin he +tells us uh and so even though he + + align:start position:0% +tells us uh and so even though he + + + align:start position:0% +tells us uh and so even though he +answers questions at a distance + + align:start position:0% +answers questions at a distance + + + align:start position:0% +answers questions at a distance +you thought you had some free will + + align:start position:0% +you thought you had some free will + + + align:start position:0% +you thought you had some free will +exactly so so with the twins it's not + + align:start position:0% +exactly so so with the twins it's not + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so so with the twins it's not +just that you would share DNA and a + + align:start position:0% +just that you would share DNA and a + + + align:start position:0% +just that you would share DNA and a +similar upbringing it really is like + + align:start position:0% +similar upbringing it really is like + + + align:start position:0% +similar upbringing it really is like +would you answer randomly posed + + align:start position:0% +would you answer randomly posed + + + align:start position:0% +would you answer randomly posed +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +when you don't know what questions + + align:start position:0% +when you don't know what questions + + + align:start position:0% +when you don't know what questions +you'll be asked in advance and even when + + align:start position:0% +you'll be asked in advance and even when + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be asked in advance and even when +you're asked different questions have + + align:start position:0% +you're asked different questions have + + + align:start position:0% +you're asked different questions have +your answers line up that's what I mean + + align:start position:0% +your answers line up that's what I mean + + + align:start position:0% +your answers line up that's what I mean +people often say oh they're twins they + + align:start position:0% +people often say oh they're twins they + + + align:start position:0% +people often say oh they're twins they +share so much of course they give the + + align:start position:0% +share so much of course they give the + + + align:start position:0% +share so much of course they give the +same answers + + align:start position:0% +same answers + + + align:start position:0% +same answers +and that's what what these Bell tests + + align:start position:0% +and that's what what these Bell tests + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what what these Bell tests +really Force us to say it's not just + + align:start position:0% +really Force us to say it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +really Force us to say it's not just +that they have similar proclivities + + align:start position:0% +that they have similar proclivities + + + align:start position:0% +that they have similar proclivities +but really that answering + + align:start position:0% +but really that answering + + + align:start position:0% +but really that answering +questions they couldn't know in advance + + align:start position:0% +questions they couldn't know in advance + + + align:start position:0% +questions they couldn't know in advance +even different questions in ways that + + align:start position:0% +even different questions in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +even different questions in ways that +their answers still line up even if one + + align:start position:0% +their answers still line up even if one + + + align:start position:0% +their answers still line up even if one +is uh in Cambridge Massachusetts the + + align:start position:0% +is uh in Cambridge Massachusetts the + + + align:start position:0% +is uh in Cambridge Massachusetts the +other is uh in Cambridge England or on + + align:start position:0% +other is uh in Cambridge England or on + + + align:start position:0% +other is uh in Cambridge England or on +Alpha Centauri it's + + align:start position:0% +Alpha Centauri it's + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha Centauri it's +uh if if that doesn't raise the hair on + + align:start position:0% +uh if if that doesn't raise the hair on + + + align:start position:0% +uh if if that doesn't raise the hair on +the top of one's head for those of us + + align:start position:0% +the top of one's head for those of us + + + align:start position:0% +the top of one's head for those of us +who for those of you who have hair on + + align:start position:0% +who for those of you who have hair on + + + align:start position:0% +who for those of you who have hair on +your heads that discounts both Gary and + + align:start position:0% +your heads that discounts both Gary and + + + align:start position:0% +your heads that discounts both Gary and +me if that doesn't make you really stay + + align:start position:0% +me if that doesn't make you really stay + + + align:start position:0% +me if that doesn't make you really stay +up late at night then + + align:start position:0% +up late at night then + + + align:start position:0% +up late at night then +I don't know then I'm done I got nothing + + align:start position:0% +I don't know then I'm done I got nothing + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know then I'm done I got nothing +else right you guys weren't upset about + + align:start position:0% +else right you guys weren't upset about + + + align:start position:0% +else right you guys weren't upset about +the double slit I did my best antagon + + align:start position:0% +the double slit I did my best antagon + + + align:start position:0% +the double slit I did my best antagon +should just kind of UPS the ante a + + align:start position:0% +should just kind of UPS the ante a + + + align:start position:0% +should just kind of UPS the ante a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +any questions on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I've stunned you into silence it's + + align:start position:0% +okay I've stunned you into silence it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay I've stunned you into silence it's +also a busy time of the term so don't + + align:start position:0% +also a busy time of the term so don't + + + align:start position:0% +also a busy time of the term so don't +worry about that we'll meet again at a + + align:start position:0% +worry about that we'll meet again at a + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that we'll meet again at a +regular time on Monday in the meantime I + + align:start position:0% +regular time on Monday in the meantime I + + + align:start position:0% +regular time on Monday in the meantime I +encourage you please please do start + + align:start position:0% +encourage you please please do start + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you please please do start +thinking about paper two it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +thinking about paper two it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about paper two it's a it's a +chunkier assignment you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +chunkier assignment you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +chunkier assignment you don't want to +leave it to the end and of course as + + align:start position:0% +leave it to the end and of course as + + + align:start position:0% +leave it to the end and of course as +always please don't hesitate to contact + + align:start position:0% +always please don't hesitate to contact + + + align:start position:0% +always please don't hesitate to contact +me or the teaching assistants uh for any + + align:start position:0% +me or the teaching assistants uh for any + + + align:start position:0% +me or the teaching assistants uh for any +questions in the meantime \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/K_6tRupDxF4.txt b/K_6tRupDxF4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0813176a4ed9ba8dac518faf746874d4f83d2d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/K_6tRupDxF4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7963 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu hello welcome to tw3 my name + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu hello welcome to tw3 my name + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu hello welcome to tw3 my name +is Sanjay Sarma I am a professor in + + align:start position:0% +is Sanjay Sarma I am a professor in + + + align:start position:0% +is Sanjay Sarma I am a professor in +mechanical engineering and I'm the + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineering and I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineering and I'm the +instructor for this course + + align:start position:0% +instructor for this course + + + align:start position:0% +instructor for this course +um it's a great pleasure to have you all + + align:start position:0% +um it's a great pleasure to have you all + + + align:start position:0% +um it's a great pleasure to have you all +in this class uh unfortunately as you + + align:start position:0% +in this class uh unfortunately as you + + + align:start position:0% +in this class uh unfortunately as you +can tell I am not in Boston I'm in India + + align:start position:0% +can tell I am not in Boston I'm in India + + + align:start position:0% +can tell I am not in Boston I'm in India +right now I was supposed to teach a + + align:start position:0% +right now I was supposed to teach a + + + align:start position:0% +right now I was supposed to teach a +class in India because I thought I'd be + + align:start position:0% +class in India because I thought I'd be + + + align:start position:0% +class in India because I thought I'd be +on sabatical this semester as it turned + + align:start position:0% +on sabatical this semester as it turned + + + align:start position:0% +on sabatical this semester as it turned +out I'm teaching this class um and uh + + align:start position:0% +out I'm teaching this class um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +out I'm teaching this class um and uh +I'm going to fly back this Thursday and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to fly back this Thursday and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to fly back this Thursday and +I'll see you in person on Monday but I + + align:start position:0% +I'll see you in person on Monday but I + + + align:start position:0% +I'll see you in person on Monday but I +have talked to3 a couple times before + + align:start position:0% +have talked to3 a couple times before + + + align:start position:0% +have talked to3 a couple times before +it's a great pleasure so welcome W3 is + + align:start position:0% +it's a great pleasure so welcome W3 is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great pleasure so welcome W3 is +probably in my opinion the most fun + + align:start position:0% +probably in my opinion the most fun + + + align:start position:0% +probably in my opinion the most fun +class in the mechanical engineering + + align:start position:0% +class in the mechanical engineering + + + align:start position:0% +class in the mechanical engineering +curriculum it is all about stuff that + + align:start position:0% +curriculum it is all about stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum it is all about stuff that +moves which is what mechanical + + align:start position:0% +moves which is what mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +moves which is what mechanical +engineering is all about so um what I'm + + align:start position:0% +engineering is all about so um what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +engineering is all about so um what I'm +going to do today is uh I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +going to do today is uh I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +going to do today is uh I'm going to go +through the class um outline uh you have + + align:start position:0% +through the class um outline uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +through the class um outline uh you have +with you uh the class outline in terms + + align:start position:0% +with you uh the class outline in terms + + + align:start position:0% +with you uh the class outline in terms +of uh a definition of the class the + + align:start position:0% +of uh a definition of the class the + + + align:start position:0% +of uh a definition of the class the +schedule instructors contact Etc uh but + + align:start position:0% +schedule instructors contact Etc uh but + + + align:start position:0% +schedule instructors contact Etc uh but +I'll just go through it in slides and um + + align:start position:0% +I'll just go through it in slides and um + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just go through it in slides and um +and then we're going to do two other + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to do two other + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to do two other +things after I introduce you to the to + + align:start position:0% +things after I introduce you to the to + + + align:start position:0% +things after I introduce you to the to +the course we're going to have a quiz + + align:start position:0% +the course we're going to have a quiz + + + align:start position:0% +the course we're going to have a quiz +but don't worry it's this quiz does not + + align:start position:0% +but don't worry it's this quiz does not + + + align:start position:0% +but don't worry it's this quiz does not +count for anything it is to check how + + align:start position:0% +count for anything it is to check how + + + align:start position:0% +count for anything it is to check how +well do you know your prerequisites and + + align:start position:0% +well do you know your prerequisites and + + + align:start position:0% +well do you know your prerequisites and +it's also to check uh uh how well um you + + align:start position:0% +it's also to check uh uh how well um you + + + align:start position:0% +it's also to check uh uh how well um you +understand what we will be doing in this + + align:start position:0% +understand what we will be doing in this + + + align:start position:0% +understand what we will be doing in this +class so there's a portion of this quiz + + align:start position:0% +class so there's a portion of this quiz + + + align:start position:0% +class so there's a portion of this quiz +which uh you should not be able to do + + align:start position:0% +which uh you should not be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +which uh you should not be able to do +and if you can that's great uh and it is + + align:start position:0% +and if you can that's great uh and it is + + + align:start position:0% +and if you can that's great uh and it is +uh an indication of the sort of problems + + align:start position:0% +uh an indication of the sort of problems + + + align:start position:0% +uh an indication of the sort of problems +that you will learn to solve um in this + + align:start position:0% +that you will learn to solve um in this + + + align:start position:0% +that you will learn to solve um in this +class so anyway and the last piece I + + align:start position:0% +class so anyway and the last piece I + + + align:start position:0% +class so anyway and the last piece I +will begin um actually getting into the + + align:start position:0% +will begin um actually getting into the + + + align:start position:0% +will begin um actually getting into the +uh course and we will start doing uh + + align:start position:0% +uh course and we will start doing uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh course and we will start doing uh +kinematics which is the topic of the + + align:start position:0% +kinematics which is the topic of the + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics which is the topic of the +first lecture I'll tell you what + + align:start position:0% +first lecture I'll tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +first lecture I'll tell you what +kinematics is in a minute so don't worry + + align:start position:0% +kinematics is in a minute so don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics is in a minute so don't worry +let's get going I'm very informal I'm + + align:start position:0% +let's get going I'm very informal I'm + + + align:start position:0% +let's get going I'm very informal I'm +going to cold call you guys I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +going to cold call you guys I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to cold call you guys I'm going to +make sure that you speak this will be a + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you speak this will be a + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you speak this will be a +very interactive class if I would here + + align:start position:0% +very interactive class if I would here + + + align:start position:0% +very interactive class if I would here +right now I would have call called + + align:start position:0% +right now I would have call called + + + align:start position:0% +right now I would have call called +someone already uh and I think we'll + + align:start position:0% +someone already uh and I think we'll + + + align:start position:0% +someone already uh and I think we'll +have a lot of fun um we have a terrific + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of fun um we have a terrific + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of fun um we have a terrific +staff of other professors who will be + + align:start position:0% +staff of other professors who will be + + + align:start position:0% +staff of other professors who will be +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +recitations and um instru and teaching + + align:start position:0% +recitations and um instru and teaching + + + align:start position:0% +recitations and um instru and teaching +assistants who will uh make this a good + + align:start position:0% +assistants who will uh make this a good + + + align:start position:0% +assistants who will uh make this a good +class now this class has over + + align:start position:0% +class now this class has over + + + align:start position:0% +class now this class has over +120 registered students so it's going to + + align:start position:0% +120 registered students so it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +120 registered students so it's going to +be a very tightly run um uh unit and uh + + align:start position:0% +be a very tightly run um uh unit and uh + + + align:start position:0% +be a very tightly run um uh unit and uh +we will have very precise schedules and + + align:start position:0% +we will have very precise schedules and + + + align:start position:0% +we will have very precise schedules and +you need to uh try and play ball because + + align:start position:0% +you need to uh try and play ball because + + + align:start position:0% +you need to uh try and play ball because +we don't want to fall behind it's + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to fall behind it's + + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to fall behind it's +becomes a bit of a mess um and the + + align:start position:0% +becomes a bit of a mess um and the + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a bit of a mess um and the +instructors and the Tas um all are uh uh + + align:start position:0% +instructors and the Tas um all are uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +instructors and the Tas um all are uh uh +we're all raring to go um the we have + + align:start position:0% +we're all raring to go um the we have + + + align:start position:0% +we're all raring to go um the we have +first of all recitations uh in this + + align:start position:0% +first of all recitations uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +first of all recitations uh in this +class recitations in two3 are important + + align:start position:0% +class recitations in two3 are important + + + align:start position:0% +class recitations in two3 are important +and mandatory in other words you must + + align:start position:0% +and mandatory in other words you must + + + align:start position:0% +and mandatory in other words you must +show up attendance will be taken and in + + align:start position:0% +show up attendance will be taken and in + + + align:start position:0% +show up attendance will be taken and in +fact you will see later that a part of + + align:start position:0% +fact you will see later that a part of + + + align:start position:0% +fact you will see later that a part of +your grade will depend on recitations so + + align:start position:0% +your grade will depend on recitations so + + + align:start position:0% +your grade will depend on recitations so +you must show up it's not optional if + + align:start position:0% +you must show up it's not optional if + + + align:start position:0% +you must show up it's not optional if +you can't show up for some particular + + align:start position:0% +you can't show up for some particular + + + align:start position:0% +you can't show up for some particular +very important reason make sure to talk + + align:start position:0% +very important reason make sure to talk + + + align:start position:0% +very important reason make sure to talk +to your recitation instructor and tell + + align:start position:0% +to your recitation instructor and tell + + + align:start position:0% +to your recitation instructor and tell +him why one of the key things about this + + align:start position:0% +him why one of the key things about this + + + align:start position:0% +him why one of the key things about this +class is that we will have a uh section + + align:start position:0% +class is that we will have a uh section + + + align:start position:0% +class is that we will have a uh section +on matlb matlb as you know is a + + align:start position:0% +on matlb matlb as you know is a + + + align:start position:0% +on matlb matlb as you know is a +mathematical programming tool that's + + align:start position:0% +mathematical programming tool that's + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical programming tool that's +very important in Dynamics and controls + + align:start position:0% +very important in Dynamics and controls + + + align:start position:0% +very important in Dynamics and controls +it's actually very important in + + align:start position:0% +it's actually very important in + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually very important in +engineering and mat lab I believe was + + align:start position:0% +engineering and mat lab I believe was + + + align:start position:0% +engineering and mat lab I believe was +founded by an MIT alumnus as well um and + + align:start position:0% +founded by an MIT alumnus as well um and + + + align:start position:0% +founded by an MIT alumnus as well um and +and uh that will be taught by Professor + + align:start position:0% +and uh that will be taught by Professor + + + align:start position:0% +and uh that will be taught by Professor +Peter so and Professor so's contact + + align:start position:0% +Peter so and Professor so's contact + + + align:start position:0% +Peter so and Professor so's contact +information is also listed here and uh + + align:start position:0% +information is also listed here and uh + + + align:start position:0% +information is also listed here and uh +if the instructors could uh wave so that + + align:start position:0% +if the instructors could uh wave so that + + + align:start position:0% +if the instructors could uh wave so that +people know who they are that' be great + + align:start position:0% +people know who they are that' be great + + + align:start position:0% +people know who they are that' be great +excellent um so that's the teaching + + align:start position:0% +excellent um so that's the teaching + + + align:start position:0% +excellent um so that's the teaching +staff you'll get to know us all very + + align:start position:0% +staff you'll get to know us all very + + + align:start position:0% +staff you'll get to know us all very +well during the course of the + + align:start position:0% +well during the course of the + + + align:start position:0% +well during the course of the +semester perhaps equally if not more + + align:start position:0% +semester perhaps equally if not more + + + align:start position:0% +semester perhaps equally if not more +important uh then the professors are the + + align:start position:0% +important uh then the professors are the + + + align:start position:0% +important uh then the professors are the +teaching assistants uh the head ta is Mr + + align:start position:0% +teaching assistants uh the head ta is Mr + + + align:start position:0% +teaching assistants uh the head ta is Mr +aay Deshpande uh AJ I hope you're waving + + align:start position:0% +aay Deshpande uh AJ I hope you're waving + + + align:start position:0% +aay Deshpande uh AJ I hope you're waving +um AJ is going to be very key because + + align:start position:0% +um AJ is going to be very key because + + + align:start position:0% +um AJ is going to be very key because +he's going to run a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +he's going to run a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to run a lot of the +recitation I'm sorry the uh um review + + align:start position:0% +recitation I'm sorry the uh um review + + + align:start position:0% +recitation I'm sorry the uh um review +sessions and um he'll be uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +sessions and um he'll be uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sessions and um he'll be uh kind of +quarterbacking the homeworks um Etc uh + + align:start position:0% +quarterbacking the homeworks um Etc uh + + + align:start position:0% +quarterbacking the homeworks um Etc uh +and his room number is + + align:start position:0% +and his room number is + + + align:start position:0% +and his room number is +35-10 that's the same building that I'm + + align:start position:0% +35-10 that's the same building that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +35-10 that's the same building that I'm +in but in the basement and um his email + + align:start position:0% +in but in the basement and um his email + + + align:start position:0% +in but in the basement and um his email +address and telephone number below Mr + + align:start position:0% +address and telephone number below Mr + + + align:start position:0% +address and telephone number below Mr +FAS Eid who's the other ta who will be + + align:start position:0% +FAS Eid who's the other ta who will be + + + align:start position:0% +FAS Eid who's the other ta who will be +doing the bulk of the uh uh non-mat laap + + align:start position:0% +doing the bulk of the uh uh non-mat laap + + + align:start position:0% +doing the bulk of the uh uh non-mat laap +portion of this class um between a and + + align:start position:0% +portion of this class um between a and + + + align:start position:0% +portion of this class um between a and +FAS they'll be in charge of all the + + align:start position:0% +FAS they'll be in charge of all the + + + align:start position:0% +FAS they'll be in charge of all the +homeworks u a lot of the organization of + + align:start position:0% +homeworks u a lot of the organization of + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks u a lot of the organization of +the class uh and um between the + + align:start position:0% +the class uh and um between the + + + align:start position:0% +the class uh and um between the +instructors and and these two gentlemen + + align:start position:0% +instructors and and these two gentlemen + + + align:start position:0% +instructors and and these two gentlemen +all the reviews and finally for the mat + + align:start position:0% +all the reviews and finally for the mat + + + align:start position:0% +all the reviews and finally for the mat +laap portion we have uh Mr Deon Kim who + + align:start position:0% +laap portion we have uh Mr Deon Kim who + + + align:start position:0% +laap portion we have uh Mr Deon Kim who +is um going to be uh uh taing uh the mat + + align:start position:0% +is um going to be uh uh taing uh the mat + + + align:start position:0% +is um going to be uh uh taing uh the mat +lab assignments and uh and so on and + + align:start position:0% +lab assignments and uh and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +lab assignments and uh and so on and +then we have graders on my one name who + + align:start position:0% +then we have graders on my one name who + + + align:start position:0% +then we have graders on my one name who +will be helping us grade uh the uh + + align:start position:0% +will be helping us grade uh the uh + + + align:start position:0% +will be helping us grade uh the uh +the homeworks both in math lab and uh in + + align:start position:0% +the homeworks both in math lab and uh in + + + align:start position:0% +the homeworks both in math lab and uh in +the actual course in the actual Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +the actual course in the actual Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +the actual course in the actual Dynamics +uh part of + + align:start position:0% +uh part of + + + align:start position:0% +uh part of +it um this is a pretty heavy course we + + align:start position:0% +it um this is a pretty heavy course we + + + align:start position:0% +it um this is a pretty heavy course we +have two lectures and the lectures will + + align:start position:0% +have two lectures and the lectures will + + + align:start position:0% +have two lectures and the lectures will +go 9:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Mondays + + align:start position:0% +go 9:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Mondays + + + align:start position:0% +go 9:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Mondays +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Wednesdays uh they are going to be + + align:start position:0% +Wednesdays uh they are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesdays uh they are going to be +obviously in this room but as you can + + align:start position:0% +obviously in this room but as you can + + + align:start position:0% +obviously in this room but as you can +see access to this room is limited + + align:start position:0% +see access to this room is limited + + + align:start position:0% +see access to this room is limited +because you can only come in through the + + align:start position:0% +because you can only come in through the + + + align:start position:0% +because you can only come in through the +front and it's a little disruptive um + + align:start position:0% +front and it's a little disruptive um + + + align:start position:0% +front and it's a little disruptive um +again we're very informal so if you uh + + align:start position:0% +again we're very informal so if you uh + + + align:start position:0% +again we're very informal so if you uh +are late that's fine but please try and + + align:start position:0% +are late that's fine but please try and + + + align:start position:0% +are late that's fine but please try and +be on time and um we will get going at + + align:start position:0% +be on time and um we will get going at + + + align:start position:0% +be on time and um we will get going at +about 9:35 sharp we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +about 9:35 sharp we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +about 9:35 sharp we have a lot of +material to cover in this class and + + align:start position:0% +material to cover in this class and + + + align:start position:0% +material to cover in this class and +we'll be going at a fast pace um by the + + align:start position:0% +we'll be going at a fast pace um by the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be going at a fast pace um by the +way one of the things about the way I + + align:start position:0% +way one of the things about the way I + + + align:start position:0% +way one of the things about the way I +teach is I encourage people to interrupt + + align:start position:0% +teach is I encourage people to interrupt + + + align:start position:0% +teach is I encourage people to interrupt +me uh if you have any questions raise + + align:start position:0% +me uh if you have any questions raise + + + align:start position:0% +me uh if you have any questions raise +your hand and I'll be asking you + + align:start position:0% +your hand and I'll be asking you + + + align:start position:0% +your hand and I'll be asking you +questions um I'll be asking the audience + + align:start position:0% +questions um I'll be asking the audience + + + align:start position:0% +questions um I'll be asking the audience +questions answer them and if I find + + align:start position:0% +questions answer them and if I find + + + align:start position:0% +questions answer them and if I find +someone particularly unwilling to answer + + align:start position:0% +someone particularly unwilling to answer + + + align:start position:0% +someone particularly unwilling to answer +a question or unwilling to volunteer to + + align:start position:0% +a question or unwilling to volunteer to + + + align:start position:0% +a question or unwilling to volunteer to +answer I will call you out so we'll all + + align:start position:0% +answer I will call you out so we'll all + + + align:start position:0% +answer I will call you out so we'll all +get to know each other very + + align:start position:0% +get to know each other very + + + align:start position:0% +get to know each other very +well um matlb sections there'll be four + + align:start position:0% +well um matlb sections there'll be four + + + align:start position:0% +well um matlb sections there'll be four +matlb sections um + + align:start position:0% +matlb sections um + + + align:start position:0% +matlb sections um +Fridays um all all four sections are + + align:start position:0% +Fridays um all all four sections are + + + align:start position:0% +Fridays um all all four sections are +Fridays um um and the four contiguous + + align:start position:0% +Fridays um um and the four contiguous + + + align:start position:0% +Fridays um um and the four contiguous +hours between 1: p.m. and 5:00 p.m. + + align:start position:0% +hours between 1: p.m. and 5:00 p.m. + + + align:start position:0% +hours between 1: p.m. and 5:00 p.m. +they'll all be in Prof in room + + align:start position:0% +they'll all be in Prof in room + + + align:start position:0% +they'll all be in Prof in room +343 of building 3 and Professor so will + + align:start position:0% +343 of building 3 and Professor so will + + + align:start position:0% +343 of building 3 and Professor so will +conduct the matlb section um after the + + align:start position:0% +conduct the matlb section um after the + + + align:start position:0% +conduct the matlb section um after the +slide I'm going to uh request a to pause + + align:start position:0% +slide I'm going to uh request a to pause + + + align:start position:0% +slide I'm going to uh request a to pause +this video and perhaps Professor so can + + align:start position:0% +this video and perhaps Professor so can + + + align:start position:0% +this video and perhaps Professor so can +spend a few minutes describing mat lab + + align:start position:0% +spend a few minutes describing mat lab + + + align:start position:0% +spend a few minutes describing mat lab +what it is and uh how it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +what it is and uh how it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +what it is and uh how it's going to be +run and U what he expects from you some + + align:start position:0% +run and U what he expects from you some + + + align:start position:0% +run and U what he expects from you some +of these sections will be tutorials or + + align:start position:0% +of these sections will be tutorials or + + + align:start position:0% +of these sections will be tutorials or +recitations and some of them will be + + align:start position:0% +recitations and some of them will be + + + align:start position:0% +recitations and some of them will be +lectures um so uh Professor so will + + align:start position:0% +lectures um so uh Professor so will + + + align:start position:0% +lectures um so uh Professor so will +describe that in a minute and then + + align:start position:0% +describe that in a minute and then + + + align:start position:0% +describe that in a minute and then +finally the actual recitations for the + + align:start position:0% +finally the actual recitations for the + + + align:start position:0% +finally the actual recitations for the +material that I will be covering in + + align:start position:0% +material that I will be covering in + + + align:start position:0% +material that I will be covering in +class they will be six um and you've all + + align:start position:0% +class they will be six um and you've all + + + align:start position:0% +class they will be six um and you've all +registered for these + + align:start position:0% +registered for these + + + align:start position:0% +registered for these +six four will be taught by professor + + align:start position:0% +six four will be taught by professor + + + align:start position:0% +six four will be taught by professor +mcris and two will be taught by + + align:start position:0% +mcris and two will be taught by + + + align:start position:0% +mcris and two will be taught by +Professor Patrick alakus and um we're + + align:start position:0% +Professor Patrick alakus and um we're + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Patrick alakus and um we're +going to try and balance these uh + + align:start position:0% +going to try and balance these uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to try and balance these uh +recitations uh we're looking at uh the + + align:start position:0% +recitations uh we're looking at uh the + + + align:start position:0% +recitations uh we're looking at uh the +the um compositions right now strictly + + align:start position:0% +the um compositions right now strictly + + + align:start position:0% +the um compositions right now strictly +we need about 24 to 25 in each + + align:start position:0% +we need about 24 to 25 in each + + + align:start position:0% +we need about 24 to 25 in each +recitation um we don't encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +recitation um we don't encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +recitation um we don't encourage you to +change if you have to please um um uh uh + + align:start position:0% +change if you have to please um um uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +change if you have to please um um uh uh +put up your hands um or actually come to + + align:start position:0% +put up your hands um or actually come to + + + align:start position:0% +put up your hands um or actually come to +the recitation um + + align:start position:0% +the recitation um + + + align:start position:0% +the recitation um +instructor um uh in in actually come to + + align:start position:0% +instructor um uh in in actually come to + + + align:start position:0% +instructor um uh in in actually come to +AJ as we when we pause in a minute um + + align:start position:0% +AJ as we when we pause in a minute um + + + align:start position:0% +AJ as we when we pause in a minute um +and uh we'll try and sort it out but uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh we'll try and sort it out but uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we'll try and sort it out but uh +you must try and stay with your original + + align:start position:0% +you must try and stay with your original + + + align:start position:0% +you must try and stay with your original +recitation unless it's something very + + align:start position:0% +recitation unless it's something very + + + align:start position:0% +recitation unless it's something very +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +important um it's really as I said this + + align:start position:0% +important um it's really as I said this + + + align:start position:0% +important um it's really as I said this +class is going to be a bit of a circus + + align:start position:0% +class is going to be a bit of a circus + + + align:start position:0% +class is going to be a bit of a circus +if we have too much change so please try + + align:start position:0% +if we have too much change so please try + + + align:start position:0% +if we have too much change so please try +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +cooperate excuse me and then we'll also + + align:start position:0% +cooperate excuse me and then we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +cooperate excuse me and then we'll also +have office hours um we'll announce them + + align:start position:0% +have office hours um we'll announce them + + + align:start position:0% +have office hours um we'll announce them +very shortly in fact uh um by the time + + align:start position:0% +very shortly in fact uh um by the time + + + align:start position:0% +very shortly in fact uh um by the time +you see this video we might have them + + align:start position:0% +you see this video we might have them + + + align:start position:0% +you see this video we might have them +all cleared up and I'm going to ask AJ + + align:start position:0% +all cleared up and I'm going to ask AJ + + + align:start position:0% +all cleared up and I'm going to ask AJ +to pause after this and um announce the + + align:start position:0% +to pause after this and um announce the + + + align:start position:0% +to pause after this and um announce the +officers as well write them on the on + + align:start position:0% +officers as well write them on the on + + + align:start position:0% +officers as well write them on the on +the Blackboard so um so three things now + + align:start position:0% +the Blackboard so um so three things now + + + align:start position:0% +the Blackboard so um so three things now +I just going to pause this video + + align:start position:0% +I just going to pause this video + + + align:start position:0% +I just going to pause this video +Professor so is going to describe the + + align:start position:0% +Professor so is going to describe the + + + align:start position:0% +Professor so is going to describe the +mat lab portion of the class um we will + + align:start position:0% +mat lab portion of the class um we will + + + align:start position:0% +mat lab portion of the class um we will +we sort out the sections uh right now um + + align:start position:0% +we sort out the sections uh right now um + + + align:start position:0% +we sort out the sections uh right now um +and finally AJ will announce the office + + align:start position:0% +and finally AJ will announce the office + + + align:start position:0% +and finally AJ will announce the office +hours so we're going to pause + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now okay we're back um so going on now + + align:start position:0% +now okay we're back um so going on now + + + align:start position:0% +now okay we're back um so going on now +with uh the actual + + align:start position:0% +with uh the actual + + + align:start position:0% +with uh the actual +material um we have um two textbooks + + align:start position:0% +material um we have um two textbooks + + + align:start position:0% +material um we have um two textbooks +there's only one that you really need to + + align:start position:0% +there's only one that you really need to + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one that you really need to +buy the other one is a reference you can + + align:start position:0% +buy the other one is a reference you can + + + align:start position:0% +buy the other one is a reference you can +get it from the library if you want to + + align:start position:0% +get it from the library if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +get it from the library if you want to +buy it it's it's a good book to have the + + align:start position:0% +buy it it's it's a good book to have the + + + align:start position:0% +buy it it's it's a good book to have the +first is by professor Jim Williams who + + align:start position:0% +first is by professor Jim Williams who + + + align:start position:0% +first is by professor Jim Williams who +is a professor in our department and a + + align:start position:0% +is a professor in our department and a + + + align:start position:0% +is a professor in our department and a +very well-known um author and engineer + + align:start position:0% +very well-known um author and engineer + + + align:start position:0% +very well-known um author and engineer +and uh it's an excellent textbook now we + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's an excellent textbook now we + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's an excellent textbook now we +will be following this textbook in a u + + align:start position:0% +will be following this textbook in a u + + + align:start position:0% +will be following this textbook in a u +lose way we will have reading + + align:start position:0% +lose way we will have reading + + + align:start position:0% +lose way we will have reading +assignments which we encourage you to uh + + align:start position:0% +assignments which we encourage you to uh + + + align:start position:0% +assignments which we encourage you to uh +to read um our notation is slightly + + align:start position:0% +to read um our notation is slightly + + + align:start position:0% +to read um our notation is slightly +different but the problem sets will uh a + + align:start position:0% +different but the problem sets will uh a + + + align:start position:0% +different but the problem sets will uh a +many of the problems will come from the + + align:start position:0% +many of the problems will come from the + + + align:start position:0% +many of the problems will come from the +textbook not all of them but many of + + align:start position:0% +textbook not all of them but many of + + + align:start position:0% +textbook not all of them but many of +them and it's just a fantastic book to + + align:start position:0% +them and it's just a fantastic book to + + + align:start position:0% +them and it's just a fantastic book to +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +because it addresses a lot of questions + + align:start position:0% +because it addresses a lot of questions + + + align:start position:0% +because it addresses a lot of questions +in great depth um but the way we're + + align:start position:0% +in great depth um but the way we're + + + align:start position:0% +in great depth um but the way we're +going to teach this class will be + + align:start position:0% +going to teach this class will be + + + align:start position:0% +going to teach this class will be +slightly different in the sense that the + + align:start position:0% +slightly different in the sense that the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different in the sense that the +notation will be different and um the + + align:start position:0% +notation will be different and um the + + + align:start position:0% +notation will be different and um the +kind of the way we're going to parse the + + align:start position:0% +kind of the way we're going to parse the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the way we're going to parse the +topics will be different but there's a + + align:start position:0% +topics will be different but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +topics will be different but there's a +onetoone ref uh onetoone correspondence + + align:start position:0% +onetoone ref uh onetoone correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +onetoone ref uh onetoone correspondence +between what we cover and and and uh the + + align:start position:0% +between what we cover and and and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +between what we cover and and and uh the +textbook although the sequence is off um + + align:start position:0% +textbook although the sequence is off um + + + align:start position:0% +textbook although the sequence is off um +so that's the textbook the other book + + align:start position:0% +so that's the textbook the other book + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the textbook the other book +that the rest of the world uses is + + align:start position:0% +that the rest of the world uses is + + + align:start position:0% +that the rest of the world uses is +something by the name of uh engineering + + align:start position:0% +something by the name of uh engineering + + + align:start position:0% +something by the name of uh engineering +mechanics uh and Dynamics which is by + + align:start position:0% +mechanics uh and Dynamics which is by + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics uh and Dynamics which is by +Miriam and Craig um the way we teach + + align:start position:0% +Miriam and Craig um the way we teach + + + align:start position:0% +Miriam and Craig um the way we teach +Dynamics here at MIT um + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics here at MIT um + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics here at MIT um +is um is not it's it's for MIT students + + align:start position:0% +is um is not it's it's for MIT students + + + align:start position:0% +is um is not it's it's for MIT students +you know it's not simplified it's not + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not simplified it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not simplified it's not +you know we don't dumb it down and we're + + align:start position:0% +you know we don't dumb it down and we're + + + align:start position:0% +you know we don't dumb it down and we're +going to teach it in in a way that is + + align:start position:0% +going to teach it in in a way that is + + + align:start position:0% +going to teach it in in a way that is +profound and interesting and exciting + + align:start position:0% +profound and interesting and exciting + + + align:start position:0% +profound and interesting and exciting +and the way we feel MIT students should + + align:start position:0% +and the way we feel MIT students should + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we feel MIT students should +know it uh medium and Craig a great book + + align:start position:0% +know it uh medium and Craig a great book + + + align:start position:0% +know it uh medium and Craig a great book +by the way just a very good book teaches + + align:start position:0% +by the way just a very good book teaches + + + align:start position:0% +by the way just a very good book teaches +it in a slightly simpler way + + align:start position:0% +it in a slightly simpler way + + + align:start position:0% +it in a slightly simpler way +so it's a good book to read but uh you + + align:start position:0% +so it's a good book to read but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a good book to read but uh you +know if you can depend on it for + + align:start position:0% +know if you can depend on it for + + + align:start position:0% +know if you can depend on it for +everything we will cover in this class + + align:start position:0% +everything we will cover in this class + + + align:start position:0% +everything we will cover in this class +uh we will take the the differential + + align:start position:0% +uh we will take the the differential + + + align:start position:0% +uh we will take the the differential +equations approach to Dynamics and + + align:start position:0% +equations approach to Dynamics and + + + align:start position:0% +equations approach to Dynamics and +Miriam and Craig T you takes the + + align:start position:0% +Miriam and Craig T you takes the + + + align:start position:0% +Miriam and Craig T you takes the +instantaneous approach to Dynamics I'll + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous approach to Dynamics I'll + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous approach to Dynamics I'll +explain what that is when I'm back in + + align:start position:0% +explain what that is when I'm back in + + + align:start position:0% +explain what that is when I'm back in +town the prerequisites for this class + + align:start position:0% +town the prerequisites for this class + + + align:start position:0% +town the prerequisites for this class +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +801 and + + align:start position:0% +801 and + + + align:start position:0% +801 and +1803 um 801 is um and 1803 are basic + + align:start position:0% +1803 um 801 is um and 1803 are basic + + + align:start position:0% +1803 um 801 is um and 1803 are basic +courses in math and physics that you've + + align:start position:0% +courses in math and physics that you've + + + align:start position:0% +courses in math and physics that you've +taken before and we will pick up on a + + align:start position:0% +taken before and we will pick up on a + + + align:start position:0% +taken before and we will pick up on a +lot of that stuff and we will proceed + + align:start position:0% +lot of that stuff and we will proceed + + + align:start position:0% +lot of that stuff and we will proceed +from there but there isn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +from there but there isn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +from there but there isn't necessarily +um you know once we start the class we + + align:start position:0% +um you know once we start the class we + + + align:start position:0% +um you know once we start the class we +will very rapidly start doing stuff that + + align:start position:0% +will very rapidly start doing stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +will very rapidly start doing stuff that +isn't covered in those classes there'll + + align:start position:0% +isn't covered in those classes there'll + + + align:start position:0% +isn't covered in those classes there'll +be a few terms like parallel axis + + align:start position:0% +be a few terms like parallel axis + + + align:start position:0% +be a few terms like parallel axis +theorem fical to ma Etc you know + + align:start position:0% +theorem fical to ma Etc you know + + + align:start position:0% +theorem fical to ma Etc you know +conservation of angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +conservation of angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of angular momentum +conservation of linear momentum that um + + align:start position:0% +conservation of linear momentum that um + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of linear momentum that um +we will pick up on the physics is + + align:start position:0% +we will pick up on the physics is + + + align:start position:0% +we will pick up on the physics is +obviously the same it's just that we're + + align:start position:0% +obviously the same it's just that we're + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the same it's just that we're +looking at more + + align:start position:0% +looking at more + + + align:start position:0% +looking at more +interesting and complicated problems but + + align:start position:0% +interesting and complicated problems but + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and complicated problems but +it's but you need to know this stuff um + + align:start position:0% +it's but you need to know this stuff um + + + align:start position:0% +it's but you need to know this stuff um +and we will use it uh uh as the + + align:start position:0% +and we will use it uh uh as the + + + align:start position:0% +and we will use it uh uh as the +foundation and finally uh we have we're + + align:start position:0% +foundation and finally uh we have we're + + + align:start position:0% +foundation and finally uh we have we're +going to be using the Stellar website + + align:start position:0% +going to be using the Stellar website + + + align:start position:0% +going to be using the Stellar website +all homeworks will be posted on Stellar + + align:start position:0% +all homeworks will be posted on Stellar + + + align:start position:0% +all homeworks will be posted on Stellar +um and all solutions I'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +um and all solutions I'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um and all solutions I'll talk about +homeworks in a minute um we will have um + + align:start position:0% +homeworks in a minute um we will have um + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks in a minute um we will have um +exams obviously you will get in class + + align:start position:0% +exams obviously you will get in class + + + align:start position:0% +exams obviously you will get in class +but the solutions to the exams will be + + align:start position:0% +but the solutions to the exams will be + + + align:start position:0% +but the solutions to the exams will be +posted schedules will be posted last + + align:start position:0% +posted schedules will be posted last + + + align:start position:0% +posted schedules will be posted last +notes that a j and I make up will be + + align:start position:0% +notes that a j and I make up will be + + + align:start position:0% +notes that a j and I make up will be +posted example problems so it's going to + + align:start position:0% +posted example problems so it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +posted example problems so it's going to +be very key um and we encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +be very key um and we encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +be very key um and we encourage you to +refer to that slide um excuse me on that + + align:start position:0% +refer to that slide um excuse me on that + + + align:start position:0% +refer to that slide um excuse me on that +site on an hourly basis no I'm kidding + + align:start position:0% +site on an hourly basis no I'm kidding + + + align:start position:0% +site on an hourly basis no I'm kidding +look at it look at it at least a couple + + align:start position:0% +look at it look at it at least a couple + + + align:start position:0% +look at it look at it at least a couple +of times a week uh and we might send you + + align:start position:0% +of times a week uh and we might send you + + + align:start position:0% +of times a week uh and we might send you +email reminders as well but uh do do + + align:start position:0% +email reminders as well but uh do do + + + align:start position:0% +email reminders as well but uh do do +keep looking at that website it's an + + align:start position:0% +keep looking at that website it's an + + + align:start position:0% +keep looking at that website it's an +important website for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class okay um so that's uh supporting + + align:start position:0% +class okay um so that's uh supporting + + + align:start position:0% +class okay um so that's uh supporting +material + + align:start position:0% +material + + + align:start position:0% +material +um problem sets are a key part of this + + align:start position:0% +um problem sets are a key part of this + + + align:start position:0% +um problem sets are a key part of this +class uh you will need to pay a lot of + + align:start position:0% +class uh you will need to pay a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +class uh you will need to pay a lot of +attention they will go out usually on + + align:start position:0% +attention they will go out usually on + + + align:start position:0% +attention they will go out usually on +Mondays and they'll be due the following + + align:start position:0% +Mondays and they'll be due the following + + + align:start position:0% +Mondays and they'll be due the following +Monday there will be exceptions the + + align:start position:0% +Monday there will be exceptions the + + + align:start position:0% +Monday there will be exceptions the +exceptions will be for example when we + + align:start position:0% +exceptions will be for example when we + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions will be for example when we +have holidays on Mondays or when we have + + align:start position:0% +have holidays on Mondays or when we have + + + align:start position:0% +have holidays on Mondays or when we have +an exam and we have to you know we have + + align:start position:0% +an exam and we have to you know we have + + + align:start position:0% +an exam and we have to you know we have +certain rules of what we can make due uh + + align:start position:0% +certain rules of what we can make due uh + + + align:start position:0% +certain rules of what we can make due uh +on weeks of exams and so on so we'll + + align:start position:0% +on weeks of exams and so on so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +on weeks of exams and so on so we'll +follow those so we might bend that a + + align:start position:0% +follow those so we might bend that a + + + align:start position:0% +follow those so we might bend that a +little bit but the problems goes out on + + align:start position:0% +little bit but the problems goes out on + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but the problems goes out on +Monday and it's due back at 9:30 a.m. + + align:start position:0% +Monday and it's due back at 9:30 a.m. + + + align:start position:0% +Monday and it's due back at 9:30 a.m. +the following + + align:start position:0% +the following + + + align:start position:0% +the following +Monday we will not accept late homeworks + + align:start position:0% +Monday we will not accept late homeworks + + + align:start position:0% +Monday we will not accept late homeworks +unless it is an extraordinary event that + + align:start position:0% +unless it is an extraordinary event that + + + align:start position:0% +unless it is an extraordinary event that +prevented you from doing the homework um + + align:start position:0% +prevented you from doing the homework um + + + align:start position:0% +prevented you from doing the homework um +we expect a high level of honesty that + + align:start position:0% +we expect a high level of honesty that + + + align:start position:0% +we expect a high level of honesty that +should be honesty not honest um groups + + align:start position:0% +should be honesty not honest um groups + + + align:start position:0% +should be honesty not honest um groups +are okay copying is not and we've um we + + align:start position:0% +are okay copying is not and we've um we + + + align:start position:0% +are okay copying is not and we've um we +will disallow uh homeworks that we um + + align:start position:0% +will disallow uh homeworks that we um + + + align:start position:0% +will disallow uh homeworks that we um +think have been copied and um we're + + align:start position:0% +think have been copied and um we're + + + align:start position:0% +think have been copied and um we're +going to be fairly diligent about it so + + align:start position:0% +going to be fairly diligent about it so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be fairly diligent about it so +uh this is going to be a fun class folks + + align:start position:0% +uh this is going to be a fun class folks + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is going to be a fun class folks +um you got to take it seriously and + + align:start position:0% +um you got to take it seriously and + + + align:start position:0% +um you got to take it seriously and +we'll all have fun uh but we'll have + + align:start position:0% +we'll all have fun uh but we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +we'll all have fun uh but we'll have +certain rules that we expect you to + + align:start position:0% +certain rules that we expect you to + + + align:start position:0% +certain rules that we expect you to +follow um two tests in the three two + + align:start position:0% +follow um two tests in the three two + + + align:start position:0% +follow um two tests in the three two +midterm exams the one is on the + + align:start position:0% +midterm exams the one is on the + + + align:start position:0% +midterm exams the one is on the +24th and one is of October and the + + align:start position:0% +24th and one is of October and the + + + align:start position:0% +24th and one is of October and the +second is the 19th of November and one + + align:start position:0% +second is the 19th of November and one + + + align:start position:0% +second is the 19th of November and one +three our final exam which will will be + + align:start position:0% +three our final exam which will will be + + + align:start position:0% +three our final exam which will will be +on a date that the registar hasn't + + align:start position:0% +on a date that the registar hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +on a date that the registar hasn't +announced yet but will be announced oops + + align:start position:0% +announced yet but will be announced oops + + + align:start position:0% +announced yet but will be announced oops +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +shortly um all exams um including the + + align:start position:0% +shortly um all exams um including the + + + align:start position:0% +shortly um all exams um including the +final will be Clos book you will not be + + align:start position:0% +final will be Clos book you will not be + + + align:start position:0% +final will be Clos book you will not be +permitted to bring in um a textbook but + + align:start position:0% +permitted to bring in um a textbook but + + + align:start position:0% +permitted to bring in um a textbook but +you will be permitted cryp sheets uh the + + align:start position:0% +you will be permitted cryp sheets uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you will be permitted cryp sheets uh the +first exam one sheet second exam two + + align:start position:0% +first exam one sheet second exam two + + + align:start position:0% +first exam one sheet second exam two +sheets final exam three + + align:start position:0% +sheets final exam three + + + align:start position:0% +sheets final exam three +sheets so that's the test okay this is + + align:start position:0% +sheets so that's the test okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +sheets so that's the test okay this is +the way the grades will be broken out + + align:start position:0% +the way the grades will be broken out + + + align:start position:0% +the way the grades will be broken out +35% of the grade will come from + + align:start position:0% +35% of the grade will come from + + + align:start position:0% +35% of the grade will come from +classwork that is outside of exams and + + align:start position:0% +classwork that is outside of exams and + + + align:start position:0% +classwork that is outside of exams and +the way that breaks out is 10% for + + align:start position:0% +the way that breaks out is 10% for + + + align:start position:0% +the way that breaks out is 10% for +homeworks 7% for + + align:start position:0% +homeworks 7% for + + + align:start position:0% +homeworks 7% for +recitations 15% for ma lab and 3% for + + align:start position:0% +recitations 15% for ma lab and 3% for + + + align:start position:0% +recitations 15% for ma lab and 3% for +class participation so what is class + + align:start position:0% +class participation so what is class + + + align:start position:0% +class participation so what is class +participation so here's here's the uh + + align:start position:0% +participation so here's here's the uh + + + align:start position:0% +participation so here's here's the uh +the way we do class participation you + + align:start position:0% +the way we do class participation you + + + align:start position:0% +the way we do class participation you +might consider what I'm going to tell + + align:start position:0% +might consider what I'm going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +might consider what I'm going to tell +you bad news but I actually think it's + + align:start position:0% +you bad news but I actually think it's + + + align:start position:0% +you bad news but I actually think it's +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +news um you know you you guys pay a lot + + align:start position:0% +news um you know you you guys pay a lot + + + align:start position:0% +news um you know you you guys pay a lot +for your MIT education and we want to + + align:start position:0% +for your MIT education and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +for your MIT education and we want to +make sure you get a good education right + + align:start position:0% +make sure you get a good education right + + + align:start position:0% +make sure you get a good education right +so we're going to have snap + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have snap + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have snap +quizzes 5 to 10 minutes on random and + + align:start position:0% +quizzes 5 to 10 minutes on random and + + + align:start position:0% +quizzes 5 to 10 minutes on random and +they snap so it's on random classes + + align:start position:0% +they snap so it's on random classes + + + align:start position:0% +they snap so it's on random classes +during random + + align:start position:0% +during random + + + align:start position:0% +during random +classes and I might um you know in the + + align:start position:0% +classes and I might um you know in the + + + align:start position:0% +classes and I might um you know in the +middle of a lecture say snap quiz and + + align:start position:0% +middle of a lecture say snap quiz and + + + align:start position:0% +middle of a lecture say snap quiz and +the exam the quiz would most likely be + + align:start position:0% +the exam the quiz would most likely be + + + align:start position:0% +the exam the quiz would most likely be +written on the Blackboard and all you do + + align:start position:0% +written on the Blackboard and all you do + + + align:start position:0% +written on the Blackboard and all you do +is have a go at it now you we won't + + align:start position:0% +is have a go at it now you we won't + + + align:start position:0% +is have a go at it now you we won't +grade the quiz Beyond giving you a zero + + align:start position:0% +grade the quiz Beyond giving you a zero + + + align:start position:0% +grade the quiz Beyond giving you a zero +or a one so it's kind of it's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +or a one so it's kind of it's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +or a one so it's kind of it's kind of a +it's as much uh a metric of attendance + + align:start position:0% +it's as much uh a metric of attendance + + + align:start position:0% +it's as much uh a metric of attendance +and for us a metric of whether you're + + align:start position:0% +and for us a metric of whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +and for us a metric of whether you're +getting the material or not so we're not + + align:start position:0% +getting the material or not so we're not + + + align:start position:0% +getting the material or not so we're not +trying to really kind of treat it as a + + align:start position:0% +trying to really kind of treat it as a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to really kind of treat it as a +quiz but we will have these snap quizzes + + align:start position:0% +quiz but we will have these snap quizzes + + + align:start position:0% +quiz but we will have these snap quizzes +you can miss a miss one or two you'll be + + align:start position:0% +you can miss a miss one or two you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +you can miss a miss one or two you'll be +fine but you can't miss a lot and we'll + + align:start position:0% +fine but you can't miss a lot and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +fine but you can't miss a lot and we'll +also keep track of who's talking in + + align:start position:0% +also keep track of who's talking in + + + align:start position:0% +also keep track of who's talking in +class we really want you to be + + align:start position:0% +class we really want you to be + + + align:start position:0% +class we really want you to be +communicative um we want you guys to go + + align:start position:0% +communicative um we want you guys to go + + + align:start position:0% +communicative um we want you guys to go +on and become the leaders of Industry + + align:start position:0% +on and become the leaders of Industry + + + align:start position:0% +on and become the leaders of Industry +not some Howard MBA who didn't go to MIT + + align:start position:0% +not some Howard MBA who didn't go to MIT + + + align:start position:0% +not some Howard MBA who didn't go to MIT +and um you know just wants to give you + + align:start position:0% +and um you know just wants to give you + + + align:start position:0% +and um you know just wants to give you +orders so we want you to be uh + + align:start position:0% +orders so we want you to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +orders so we want you to be uh +articulate uh engineers and + + align:start position:0% +articulate uh engineers and + + + align:start position:0% +articulate uh engineers and +leaders so that's the 3% and we'll take + + align:start position:0% +leaders so that's the 3% and we'll take + + + align:start position:0% +leaders so that's the 3% and we'll take +that very seriously um and 7% from + + align:start position:0% +that very seriously um and 7% from + + + align:start position:0% +that very seriously um and 7% from +recitations and that also has to do with + + align:start position:0% +recitations and that also has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +recitations and that also has to do with +your participation and perhaps more + + align:start position:0% +your participation and perhaps more + + + align:start position:0% +your participation and perhaps more +importantly your presence so there will + + align:start position:0% +importantly your presence so there will + + + align:start position:0% +importantly your presence so there will +be attendance in + + align:start position:0% +be attendance in + + + align:start position:0% +be attendance in +recitations two midterms 40% each uh 20% + + align:start position:0% +recitations two midterms 40% each uh 20% + + + align:start position:0% +recitations two midterms 40% each uh 20% +each and they'll be conducted in this + + align:start position:0% +each and they'll be conducted in this + + + align:start position:0% +each and they'll be conducted in this +class during the class and one final + + align:start position:0% +class during the class and one final + + + align:start position:0% +class during the class and one final +25% one common here is that um this + + align:start position:0% +25% one common here is that um this + + + align:start position:0% +25% one common here is that um this +class we cover a lot of material math + + align:start position:0% +class we cover a lot of material math + + + align:start position:0% +class we cover a lot of material math +lab there's a lot of activities and + + align:start position:0% +lab there's a lot of activities and + + + align:start position:0% +lab there's a lot of activities and +steadiness pays off so you need to be + + align:start position:0% +steadiness pays off so you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +steadiness pays off so you need to be +steady um the final exam is only 25% + + align:start position:0% +steady um the final exam is only 25% + + + align:start position:0% +steady um the final exam is only 25% +which means that you can't redeem + + align:start position:0% +which means that you can't redeem + + + align:start position:0% +which means that you can't redeem +yourself uh you know just by nailing the + + align:start position:0% +yourself uh you know just by nailing the + + + align:start position:0% +yourself uh you know just by nailing the +final so you need to really go at it + + align:start position:0% +final so you need to really go at it + + + align:start position:0% +final so you need to really go at it +it's a bit of a marathon and you need to + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit of a marathon and you need to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit of a marathon and you need to +join us in the kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +join us in the kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +join us in the kind of like a +triathlon okay so I'm going to pause now + + align:start position:0% +triathlon okay so I'm going to pause now + + + align:start position:0% +triathlon okay so I'm going to pause now +and uh now uh um we will um um uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh now uh um we will um um uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh now uh um we will um um uh +deliver the snap quiz and uh and then AJ + + align:start position:0% +deliver the snap quiz and uh and then AJ + + + align:start position:0% +deliver the snap quiz and uh and then AJ +is going to give you about 20 minutes or + + align:start position:0% +is going to give you about 20 minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +is going to give you about 20 minutes or +so for the snap quiz and then um he's + + align:start position:0% +so for the snap quiz and then um he's + + + align:start position:0% +so for the snap quiz and then um he's +going to restart the video and we will + + align:start position:0% +going to restart the video and we will + + + align:start position:0% +going to restart the video and we will +get into uh the basics of the class that + + align:start position:0% +get into uh the basics of the class that + + + align:start position:0% +get into uh the basics of the class that +we want to cover which will set up my um + + align:start position:0% +we want to cover which will set up my um + + + align:start position:0% +we want to cover which will set up my um +lecture when I return on Monday uh uh + + align:start position:0% +lecture when I return on Monday uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +lecture when I return on Monday uh uh +next Monday uh when I return from India + + align:start position:0% +next Monday uh when I return from India + + + align:start position:0% +next Monday uh when I return from India +and I'm here in person okay so we'll + + align:start position:0% +and I'm here in person okay so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm here in person okay so we'll +pause now AJ go ahead pause the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +video okay now we are going to talk + + align:start position:0% +video okay now we are going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +video okay now we are going to talk +about the class and we're actually going + + align:start position:0% +about the class and we're actually going + + + align:start position:0% +about the class and we're actually going +to get into our first lecture the first + + align:start position:0% +to get into our first lecture the first + + + align:start position:0% +to get into our first lecture the first +uh content uh of the class Beyond + + align:start position:0% +uh content uh of the class Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +uh content uh of the class Beyond +organizational stuff so this class is + + align:start position:0% +organizational stuff so this class is + + + align:start position:0% +organizational stuff so this class is +about Dynamics what is Dynamics Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +about Dynamics what is Dynamics Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +about Dynamics what is Dynamics Dynamics +Dynamics is about stuff that moves you + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics is about stuff that moves you + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics is about stuff that moves you +know if I take my keychain and I toss it + + align:start position:0% +know if I take my keychain and I toss it + + + align:start position:0% +know if I take my keychain and I toss it +in the air and I grab it it moved um now + + align:start position:0% +in the air and I grab it it moved um now + + + align:start position:0% +in the air and I grab it it moved um now +obviously studying my keychain isn't as + + align:start position:0% +obviously studying my keychain isn't as + + + align:start position:0% +obviously studying my keychain isn't as +U important as studying say a satellite + + align:start position:0% +U important as studying say a satellite + + + align:start position:0% +U important as studying say a satellite +or studying uh the Dynamics of a + + align:start position:0% +or studying uh the Dynamics of a + + + align:start position:0% +or studying uh the Dynamics of a +baseball or uh studying uh you know a + + align:start position:0% +baseball or uh studying uh you know a + + + align:start position:0% +baseball or uh studying uh you know a +truck and seeing why it vibrates uh and + + align:start position:0% +truck and seeing why it vibrates uh and + + + align:start position:0% +truck and seeing why it vibrates uh and +when it goes on a on a road and how much + + align:start position:0% +when it goes on a on a road and how much + + + align:start position:0% +when it goes on a on a road and how much +it vibrates so that you can design the + + align:start position:0% +it vibrates so that you can design the + + + align:start position:0% +it vibrates so that you can design the +right shock absorbers um so that you can + + align:start position:0% +right shock absorbers um so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +right shock absorbers um so that you can +design the right stiffness for the + + align:start position:0% +design the right stiffness for the + + + align:start position:0% +design the right stiffness for the +spring so that you can design the right + + align:start position:0% +spring so that you can design the right + + + align:start position:0% +spring so that you can design the right +damping coefficients in the shock + + align:start position:0% +damping coefficients in the shock + + + align:start position:0% +damping coefficients in the shock +absorber so this is the essence of + + align:start position:0% +absorber so this is the essence of + + + align:start position:0% +absorber so this is the essence of +Dynamics it's a very interesting topic + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics it's a very interesting topic + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics it's a very interesting topic +as I said I think it's the most + + align:start position:0% +as I said I think it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +as I said I think it's the most +interesting topic in in the mechanical + + align:start position:0% +interesting topic in in the mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +interesting topic in in the mechanical +engineering + + align:start position:0% +engineering + + + align:start position:0% +engineering +curriculum although I've also taught 21 + + align:start position:0% +curriculum although I've also taught 21 + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum although I've also taught 21 +and 27 and 28 and I made the same claim + + align:start position:0% +and 27 and 28 and I made the same claim + + + align:start position:0% +and 27 and 28 and I made the same claim +in those classes but I actually do think + + align:start position:0% +in those classes but I actually do think + + + align:start position:0% +in those classes but I actually do think +that this is the most uh interesting + + align:start position:0% +that this is the most uh interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the most uh interesting +topic in uh in mechanical engering I + + align:start position:0% +topic in uh in mechanical engering I + + + align:start position:0% +topic in uh in mechanical engering I +have just four slides with which I'm + + align:start position:0% +have just four slides with which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have just four slides with which I'm +going to set up the + + align:start position:0% +going to set up the + + + align:start position:0% +going to set up the +class today this is kind of the first + + align:start position:0% +class today this is kind of the first + + + align:start position:0% +class today this is kind of the first +mini + + align:start position:0% +mini + + + align:start position:0% +mini +lecture what is Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +lecture what is Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +lecture what is Dynamics +all of Dynamics can be captured with + + align:start position:0% +all of Dynamics can be captured with + + + align:start position:0% +all of Dynamics can be captured with +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +equation that's it that's all the + + align:start position:0% +equation that's it that's all the + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's it that's all the +restra all of Dynamics is + + align:start position:0% +restra all of Dynamics is + + + align:start position:0% +restra all of Dynamics is +this it is Newton's law and um or it + + align:start position:0% +this it is Newton's law and um or it + + + align:start position:0% +this it is Newton's law and um or it +comes from Newton's law Newton's three + + align:start position:0% +comes from Newton's law Newton's three + + + align:start position:0% +comes from Newton's law Newton's three +laws which we'll go into more detail + + align:start position:0% +laws which we'll go into more detail + + + align:start position:0% +laws which we'll go into more detail +later but essentially force is equal to + + align:start position:0% +later but essentially force is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +later but essentially force is equal to +mass times + + align:start position:0% +mass times + + + align:start position:0% +mass times +acceleration and with this + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and with this + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and with this +fundamental simple law and with math you + + align:start position:0% +fundamental simple law and with math you + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental simple law and with math you +can do everything need to do with + + align:start position:0% +can do everything need to do with + + + align:start position:0% +can do everything need to do with +dynamics that has to do with rigid + + align:start position:0% +dynamics that has to do with rigid + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics that has to do with rigid +bodies we'll come to you will do in two1 + + align:start position:0% +bodies we'll come to you will do in two1 + + + align:start position:0% +bodies we'll come to you will do in two1 +and two2 which some of you are taking + + align:start position:0% +and two2 which some of you are taking + + + align:start position:0% +and two2 which some of you are taking +you've seen deformable bodies but in + + align:start position:0% +you've seen deformable bodies but in + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen deformable bodies but in +rigid bodies this is all you need and in + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies this is all you need and in + + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies this is all you need and in +fact even deformable bodies use just + + align:start position:0% +fact even deformable bodies use just + + + align:start position:0% +fact even deformable bodies use just +this plus some you know constitutive + + align:start position:0% +this plus some you know constitutive + + + align:start position:0% +this plus some you know constitutive +relationships that tell you how much + + align:start position:0% +relationships that tell you how much + + + align:start position:0% +relationships that tell you how much +things can stretch like elasticity and + + align:start position:0% +things can stretch like elasticity and + + + align:start position:0% +things can stretch like elasticity and +so on all right so that's it folks so + + align:start position:0% +so on all right so that's it folks so + + + align:start position:0% +so on all right so that's it folks so +why such a big rigal and why such a big + + align:start position:0% +why such a big rigal and why such a big + + + align:start position:0% +why such a big rigal and why such a big +course uh why so many professors and uh + + align:start position:0% +course uh why so many professors and uh + + + align:start position:0% +course uh why so many professors and uh +why is this such a big deal well it's a + + align:start position:0% +why is this such a big deal well it's a + + + align:start position:0% +why is this such a big deal well it's a +very important thing for us but the + + align:start position:0% +very important thing for us but the + + + align:start position:0% +very important thing for us but the +analysis of this equation of motion um + + align:start position:0% +analysis of this equation of motion um + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of this equation of motion um +becomes difficult when you talk about + + align:start position:0% +becomes difficult when you talk about + + + align:start position:0% +becomes difficult when you talk about +complicated objects it's actually not + + align:start position:0% +complicated objects it's actually not + + + align:start position:0% +complicated objects it's actually not +difficult it's interesting and it's + + align:start position:0% +difficult it's interesting and it's + + + align:start position:0% +difficult it's interesting and it's +exciting and intriguing but uh you can + + align:start position:0% +exciting and intriguing but uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +exciting and intriguing but uh you can +get lost and so we try and put structure + + align:start position:0% +get lost and so we try and put structure + + + align:start position:0% +get lost and so we try and put structure +around it and that structure is this + + align:start position:0% +around it and that structure is this + + + align:start position:0% +around it and that structure is this +course so let's examine this first of + + align:start position:0% +course so let's examine this first of + + + align:start position:0% +course so let's examine this first of +all you will notice that this is + + align:start position:0% +all you will notice that this is + + + align:start position:0% +all you will notice that this is +actually a differential equation why is + + align:start position:0% +actually a differential equation why is + + + align:start position:0% +actually a differential equation why is +this a differential equation because f + + align:start position:0% +this a differential equation because f + + + align:start position:0% +this a differential equation because f +is a force m is a constant a is actually + + align:start position:0% +is a force m is a constant a is actually + + + align:start position:0% +is a force m is a constant a is actually +the second derivative of position d2x by + + align:start position:0% +the second derivative of position d2x by + + + align:start position:0% +the second derivative of position d2x by +dt^ 2 so what we're saying here is f is + + align:start position:0% +dt^ 2 so what we're saying here is f is + + + align:start position:0% +dt^ 2 so what we're saying here is f is +equal to M * d2x by dt^ 2 and that is + + align:start position:0% +equal to M * d2x by dt^ 2 and that is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to M * d2x by dt^ 2 and that is +actually a differential equation the way + + align:start position:0% +actually a differential equation the way + + + align:start position:0% +actually a differential equation the way +I've stated it it's a simple + + align:start position:0% +I've stated it it's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +I've stated it it's a simple +differential equation to solve + + align:start position:0% +differential equation to solve + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation to solve +and it applies to a single particle but + + align:start position:0% +and it applies to a single particle but + + + align:start position:0% +and it applies to a single particle but +it is a differential equation actually + + align:start position:0% +it is a differential equation actually + + + align:start position:0% +it is a differential equation actually +it's three differential equations + + align:start position:0% +it's three differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +it's three differential equations +because in three dimensions it's a + + align:start position:0% +because in three dimensions it's a + + + align:start position:0% +because in three dimensions it's a +vector differential equation f is a + + align:start position:0% +vector differential equation f is a + + + align:start position:0% +vector differential equation f is a +vector it's Force it's got three + + align:start position:0% +vector it's Force it's got three + + + align:start position:0% +vector it's Force it's got three +components XY z a is three components x + + align:start position:0% +components XY z a is three components x + + + align:start position:0% +components XY z a is three components x +y z ax a y and a z um so if you it's a + + align:start position:0% +y z ax a y and a z um so if you it's a + + + align:start position:0% +y z ax a y and a z um so if you it's a +vector equation and if you break it up + + align:start position:0% +vector equation and if you break it up + + + align:start position:0% +vector equation and if you break it up +into its + + align:start position:0% +into its + + + align:start position:0% +into its +component uh pieces it would be FX is + + align:start position:0% +component uh pieces it would be FX is + + + align:start position:0% +component uh pieces it would be FX is +equal to M ax FY equal to m a y FZ is + + align:start position:0% +equal to M ax FY equal to m a y FZ is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to M ax FY equal to m a y FZ is +equal to m a z that's three + + align:start position:0% +equal to m a z that's three + + + align:start position:0% +equal to m a z that's three +equations and um a particle in uh in + + align:start position:0% +equations and um a particle in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +equations and um a particle in uh in +space in our space um has three degrees + + align:start position:0% +space in our space um has three degrees + + + align:start position:0% +space in our space um has three degrees +of freedom it can move X Y and Z + + align:start position:0% +of freedom it can move X Y and Z + + + align:start position:0% +of freedom it can move X Y and Z +directions and so you need three + + align:start position:0% +directions and so you need three + + + align:start position:0% +directions and so you need three +equations and bingo you have three + + align:start position:0% +equations and bingo you have three + + + align:start position:0% +equations and bingo you have three +equations they just happen to be + + align:start position:0% +equations they just happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +equations they just happen to be +differential equations but they're + + align:start position:0% +differential equations but they're + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations but they're +different there are equations three + + align:start position:0% +different there are equations three + + + align:start position:0% +different there are equations three +equations three unknowns solve it you're + + align:start position:0% +equations three unknowns solve it you're + + + align:start position:0% +equations three unknowns solve it you're +done and that's the essence of particle + + align:start position:0% +done and that's the essence of particle + + + align:start position:0% +done and that's the essence of particle +Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics +now the problem is that when you look at + + align:start position:0% +now the problem is that when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +now the problem is that when you look at +more complicated + + align:start position:0% +more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated +pictures calculating that a gets more + + align:start position:0% +pictures calculating that a gets more + + + align:start position:0% +pictures calculating that a gets more +exciting and + + align:start position:0% +exciting and + + + align:start position:0% +exciting and +challenging and so much so that we have + + align:start position:0% +challenging and so much so that we have + + + align:start position:0% +challenging and so much so that we have +a name for that and that is called + + align:start position:0% +a name for that and that is called + + + align:start position:0% +a name for that and that is called +kinematics and kinematics as I just said + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and kinematics as I just said + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and kinematics as I just said +is simply geometry that's it it is + + align:start position:0% +is simply geometry that's it it is + + + align:start position:0% +is simply geometry that's it it is +motion and geometry it's got no forces + + align:start position:0% +motion and geometry it's got no forces + + + align:start position:0% +motion and geometry it's got no forces +nothing is simply trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +nothing is simply trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is simply trying to figure out +what the velocity of something is and + + align:start position:0% +what the velocity of something is and + + + align:start position:0% +what the velocity of something is and +what the acceleration of something is so + + align:start position:0% +what the acceleration of something is so + + + align:start position:0% +what the acceleration of something is so +you might say well that's easy right but + + align:start position:0% +you might say well that's easy right but + + + align:start position:0% +you might say well that's easy right but +let me ask you a question if I told you + + align:start position:0% +let me ask you a question if I told you + + + align:start position:0% +let me ask you a question if I told you +that the space shuttle was orbiting the + + align:start position:0% +that the space shuttle was orbiting the + + + align:start position:0% +that the space shuttle was orbiting the +Earth at a certain velocity at a certain + + align:start position:0% +Earth at a certain velocity at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +Earth at a certain velocity at a certain +distance from the center of the + + align:start position:0% +distance from the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +distance from the center of the +earth and I told you that an astronaut + + align:start position:0% +earth and I told you that an astronaut + + + align:start position:0% +earth and I told you that an astronaut +was space walking on the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +was space walking on the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +was space walking on the surface of the +Space Shuttle and with respect to this + + align:start position:0% +Space Shuttle and with respect to this + + + align:start position:0% +Space Shuttle and with respect to this +to the uh to some reference point of the + + align:start position:0% +to the uh to some reference point of the + + + align:start position:0% +to the uh to some reference point of the +Space Shuttle the astronaut was walking + + align:start position:0% +Space Shuttle the astronaut was walking + + + align:start position:0% +Space Shuttle the astronaut was walking +at a certain + + align:start position:0% +at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +at a certain +velocity and if I said that the + + align:start position:0% +velocity and if I said that the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and if I said that the +astronaut's actually holding a robot and + + align:start position:0% +astronaut's actually holding a robot and + + + align:start position:0% +astronaut's actually holding a robot and +the tip of the robot is now moving with + + align:start position:0% +the tip of the robot is now moving with + + + align:start position:0% +the tip of the robot is now moving with +respect to the astronaut at a certain + + align:start position:0% +respect to the astronaut at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the astronaut at a certain +other velocity and I asked you what is + + align:start position:0% +other velocity and I asked you what is + + + align:start position:0% +other velocity and I asked you what is +the velocity of the tip of that robot + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the tip of that robot + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the tip of that robot +and then I said what is the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +and then I said what is the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +and then I said what is the acceleration +of the tip of that robot how would you + + align:start position:0% +of the tip of that robot how would you + + + align:start position:0% +of the tip of that robot how would you +calculate + + align:start position:0% +calculate + + + align:start position:0% +calculate +it no + + align:start position:0% +it no + + + align:start position:0% +it no +forces no Dynamics just kinematics and + + align:start position:0% +forces no Dynamics just kinematics and + + + align:start position:0% +forces no Dynamics just kinematics and +and the way you would do it is you would + + align:start position:0% +and the way you would do it is you would + + + align:start position:0% +and the way you would do it is you would +do the geometry and try and figure out + + align:start position:0% +do the geometry and try and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +do the geometry and try and figure out +what the acceleration velocity is and + + align:start position:0% +what the acceleration velocity is and + + + align:start position:0% +what the acceleration velocity is and +you know what you have all the tools to + + align:start position:0% +you know what you have all the tools to + + + align:start position:0% +you know what you have all the tools to +do it right now you could write down the + + align:start position:0% +do it right now you could write down the + + + align:start position:0% +do it right now you could write down the +equations you could draw vectors and you + + align:start position:0% +equations you could draw vectors and you + + + align:start position:0% +equations you could draw vectors and you +could figure it out and that's what + + align:start position:0% +could figure it out and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +could figure it out and that's what +kinematics is and what we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +kinematics is and what we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics is and what we're trying to +do in this class in the first piece of + + align:start position:0% +do in this class in the first piece of + + + align:start position:0% +do in this class in the first piece of +this class is going to be understand how + + align:start position:0% +this class is going to be understand how + + + align:start position:0% +this class is going to be understand how +to do understanding how to do that well + + align:start position:0% +to do understanding how to do that well + + + align:start position:0% +to do understanding how to do that well +now if you know what the velocity the + + align:start position:0% +now if you know what the velocity the + + + align:start position:0% +now if you know what the velocity the +acceleration of the tip of the robot is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the tip of the robot is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the tip of the robot is +then and you know the mass of that tip + + align:start position:0% +then and you know the mass of that tip + + + align:start position:0% +then and you know the mass of that tip +is then you know what the force is that + + align:start position:0% +is then you know what the force is that + + + align:start position:0% +is then you know what the force is that +or the force you need to apply to + + align:start position:0% +or the force you need to apply to + + + align:start position:0% +or the force you need to apply to +accelerate that tip and then you can + + align:start position:0% +accelerate that tip and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate that tip and then you can +figure out what the Hydraulics need to + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the Hydraulics need to + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the Hydraulics need to +be to generate the force and what the + + align:start position:0% +be to generate the force and what the + + + align:start position:0% +be to generate the force and what the +rocket propeller the rocket sorry + + align:start position:0% +rocket propeller the rocket sorry + + + align:start position:0% +rocket propeller the rocket sorry +Thruster needs to generate and so on so + + align:start position:0% +Thruster needs to generate and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +Thruster needs to generate and so on so +that's where kinematics is at the core + + align:start position:0% +that's where kinematics is at the core + + + align:start position:0% +that's where kinematics is at the core +of the subject now after kinematics once + + align:start position:0% +of the subject now after kinematics once + + + align:start position:0% +of the subject now after kinematics once +you figure out figured out the a part + + align:start position:0% +you figure out figured out the a part + + + align:start position:0% +you figure out figured out the a part +then you can write down the f is equal + + align:start position:0% +then you can write down the f is equal + + + align:start position:0% +then you can write down the f is equal +to ma equation and you get a + + align:start position:0% +to ma equation and you get a + + + align:start position:0% +to ma equation and you get a +differential equation and that is called + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and that is called + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and that is called +kinetics which is once you know the + + align:start position:0% +kinetics which is once you know the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics which is once you know the +kinematics then relating the kinematics + + align:start position:0% +kinematics then relating the kinematics + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics then relating the kinematics +to the force in the mass together + + align:start position:0% +to the force in the mass together + + + align:start position:0% +to the force in the mass together +kinetics kinematics and + + align:start position:0% +kinetics kinematics and + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics kinematics and +kinetics together are what we refer to + + align:start position:0% +kinetics together are what we refer to + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics together are what we refer to +as Dynamics kinematics is geometry + + align:start position:0% +as Dynamics kinematics is geometry + + + align:start position:0% +as Dynamics kinematics is geometry +kinetic means motion uh due to force and + + align:start position:0% +kinetic means motion uh due to force and + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic means motion uh due to force and +mass and together kinetics and + + align:start position:0% +mass and together kinetics and + + + align:start position:0% +mass and together kinetics and +kinematics form Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +kinematics form Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics form Dynamics +now that's for one particle when you + + align:start position:0% +now that's for one particle when you + + + align:start position:0% +now that's for one particle when you +have multiple particles for example if + + align:start position:0% +have multiple particles for example if + + + align:start position:0% +have multiple particles for example if +you examine the uh + + align:start position:0% +you examine the uh + + + align:start position:0% +you examine the uh +um the desk in front of you or the chair + + align:start position:0% +um the desk in front of you or the chair + + + align:start position:0% +um the desk in front of you or the chair +you're sitting on um if this desk or + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting on um if this desk or + + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting on um if this desk or +this chair was spinning through space + + align:start position:0% +this chair was spinning through space + + + align:start position:0% +this chair was spinning through space +then there are multiple particles and + + align:start position:0% +then there are multiple particles and + + + align:start position:0% +then there are multiple particles and +all the particles are applying forces on + + align:start position:0% +all the particles are applying forces on + + + align:start position:0% +all the particles are applying forces on +each other and you could of course you + + align:start position:0% +each other and you could of course you + + + align:start position:0% +each other and you could of course you +could write a million F physical + + align:start position:0% +could write a million F physical + + + align:start position:0% +could write a million F physical +equations and Sol sort it all it just + + align:start position:0% +equations and Sol sort it all it just + + + align:start position:0% +equations and Sol sort it all it just +becomes computationally burdensome so + + align:start position:0% +becomes computationally burdensome so + + + align:start position:0% +becomes computationally burdensome so +one of the most utterly brilliant + + align:start position:0% +one of the most utterly brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most utterly brilliant +developments in + + align:start position:0% +developments in + + + align:start position:0% +developments in +Dynamics is that we develop an + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics is that we develop an + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics is that we develop an +equivalent equation which you'll see + + align:start position:0% +equivalent equation which you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent equation which you'll see +more of and don't worry if you don't + + align:start position:0% +more of and don't worry if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +more of and don't worry if you don't +understand it right now although you + + align:start position:0% +understand it right now although you + + + align:start position:0% +understand it right now although you +have seen this in previous classes which + + align:start position:0% +have seen this in previous classes which + + + align:start position:0% +have seen this in previous classes which +is torque is equal to something called + + align:start position:0% +is torque is equal to something called + + + align:start position:0% +is torque is equal to something called +the moment of inertia multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +the moment of inertia multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +the moment of inertia multiplied by the +angular acceleration which are also + + align:start position:0% +angular acceleration which are also + + + align:start position:0% +angular acceleration which are also +vectors and it's for handling rigid + + align:start position:0% +vectors and it's for handling rigid + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and it's for handling rigid +bodies and this moment of inertia is a + + align:start position:0% +bodies and this moment of inertia is a + + + align:start position:0% +bodies and this moment of inertia is a +strange quad moo quad uh Quasimodo Beast + + align:start position:0% +strange quad moo quad uh Quasimodo Beast + + + align:start position:0% +strange quad moo quad uh Quasimodo Beast +um which is hard to explain in in a word + + align:start position:0% +um which is hard to explain in in a word + + + align:start position:0% +um which is hard to explain in in a word +but you guys have a sense of it but + + align:start position:0% +but you guys have a sense of it but + + + align:start position:0% +but you guys have a sense of it but +we'll explain it in great detail later + + align:start position:0% +we'll explain it in great detail later + + + align:start position:0% +we'll explain it in great detail later +and it's just one more equation with + + align:start position:0% +and it's just one more equation with + + + align:start position:0% +and it's just one more equation with +which you can handle rigid bodies of + + align:start position:0% +which you can handle rigid bodies of + + + align:start position:0% +which you can handle rigid bodies of +infinite particles and it's pure genius + + align:start position:0% +infinite particles and it's pure genius + + + align:start position:0% +infinite particles and it's pure genius +because what happens is if you take f is + + align:start position:0% +because what happens is if you take f is + + + align:start position:0% +because what happens is if you take f is +equal to ma that's three equations T is + + align:start position:0% +equal to ma that's three equations T is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to ma that's three equations T is +equal torque is equal to I Alpha that's + + align:start position:0% +equal torque is equal to I Alpha that's + + + align:start position:0% +equal torque is equal to I Alpha that's +three more equations that's six + + align:start position:0% +three more equations that's six + + + align:start position:0% +three more equations that's six +equations and a rigid body in space has + + align:start position:0% +equations and a rigid body in space has + + + align:start position:0% +equations and a rigid body in space has +six unknowns XYZ motion of the center of + + align:start position:0% +six unknowns XYZ motion of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +six unknowns XYZ motion of the center of +mass and roll pitch and ya three + + align:start position:0% +mass and roll pitch and ya three + + + align:start position:0% +mass and roll pitch and ya three +rotations six degrees of freedom six + + align:start position:0% +rotations six degrees of freedom six + + + align:start position:0% +rotations six degrees of freedom six +equations it's beautiful and really once + + align:start position:0% +equations it's beautiful and really once + + + align:start position:0% +equations it's beautiful and really once +you understand this you understood + + align:start position:0% +you understand this you understood + + + align:start position:0% +you understand this you understood +Dynamics uh um and so this is what we're + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics uh um and so this is what we're + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics uh um and so this is what we're +going to do in this + + align:start position:0% +going to do in this + + + align:start position:0% +going to do in this +class and that you know the development + + align:start position:0% +class and that you know the development + + + align:start position:0% +class and that you know the development +of a moment of inertia I to replace + + align:start position:0% +of a moment of inertia I to replace + + + align:start position:0% +of a moment of inertia I to replace +thousands of equations for thousands of + + align:start position:0% +thousands of equations for thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of equations for thousands of +particles with one equation for a rigid + + align:start position:0% +particles with one equation for a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +particles with one equation for a rigid +body is just a beautiful one of these + + align:start position:0% +body is just a beautiful one of these + + + align:start position:0% +body is just a beautiful one of these +beautiful things that uh make Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +beautiful things that uh make Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful things that uh make Dynamics +such an interesting + + align:start position:0% +such an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +such an interesting +topic so with that let's examine I'm + + align:start position:0% +topic so with that let's examine I'm + + + align:start position:0% +topic so with that let's examine I'm +going to go through I have kind of a map + + align:start position:0% +going to go through I have kind of a map + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through I have kind of a map +of the course and we're going to examine + + align:start position:0% +of the course and we're going to examine + + + align:start position:0% +of the course and we're going to examine +uh um how we're going to Traverse the + + align:start position:0% +uh um how we're going to Traverse the + + + align:start position:0% +uh um how we're going to Traverse the +topics in this + + align:start position:0% +topics in this + + + align:start position:0% +topics in this +course as I said there are broadly two + + align:start position:0% +course as I said there are broadly two + + + align:start position:0% +course as I said there are broadly two +topics in um in Dynamics um + + align:start position:0% +topics in um in Dynamics um + + + align:start position:0% +topics in um in Dynamics um +kinematics and kinetics in the handout + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and kinetics in the handout + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and kinetics in the handout +which I'll hand out later on you will + + align:start position:0% +which I'll hand out later on you will + + + align:start position:0% +which I'll hand out later on you will +see that there's another topic called + + align:start position:0% +see that there's another topic called + + + align:start position:0% +see that there's another topic called +constituted relations which is more + + align:start position:0% +constituted relations which is more + + + align:start position:0% +constituted relations which is more +important in two1 but we'll kind of + + align:start position:0% +important in two1 but we'll kind of + + + align:start position:0% +important in two1 but we'll kind of +bunch it all into kinetics right + + align:start position:0% +bunch it all into kinetics right + + + align:start position:0% +bunch it all into kinetics right +now and uh first we will examine + + align:start position:0% +now and uh first we will examine + + + align:start position:0% +now and uh first we will examine +kinematics and kinetics for a single + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and kinetics for a single + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and kinetics for a single +particle or I'm sorry I'm sorry we will + + align:start position:0% +particle or I'm sorry I'm sorry we will + + + align:start position:0% +particle or I'm sorry I'm sorry we will +examine it in a different way but um you + + align:start position:0% +examine it in a different way but um you + + + align:start position:0% +examine it in a different way but um you +can examine the kinematics and kinetics + + align:start position:0% +can examine the kinematics and kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +can examine the kinematics and kinetics +of a single particle you can look at + + align:start position:0% +of a single particle you can look at + + + align:start position:0% +of a single particle you can look at +four particles or multiple particles but + + align:start position:0% +four particles or multiple particles but + + + align:start position:0% +four particles or multiple particles but +when the multiple particles reach you + + align:start position:0% +when the multiple particles reach you + + + align:start position:0% +when the multiple particles reach you +know thousands and hundreds of thousands + + align:start position:0% +know thousands and hundreds of thousands + + + align:start position:0% +know thousands and hundreds of thousands +and they're a Continuum then you + + align:start position:0% +and they're a Continuum then you + + + align:start position:0% +and they're a Continuum then you +obviously can't you know write equations + + align:start position:0% +obviously can't you know write equations + + + align:start position:0% +obviously can't you know write equations +for each + + align:start position:0% +for each + + + align:start position:0% +for each +individually where if and if those + + align:start position:0% +individually where if and if those + + + align:start position:0% +individually where if and if those +particles are constrained now to move + + align:start position:0% +particles are constrained now to move + + + align:start position:0% +particles are constrained now to move +against each other we call them rigid + + align:start position:0% +against each other we call them rigid + + + align:start position:0% +against each other we call them rigid +bodies and then you can you know you + + align:start position:0% +bodies and then you can you know you + + + align:start position:0% +bodies and then you can you know you +need to analyze the kinematics and + + align:start position:0% +need to analyze the kinematics and + + + align:start position:0% +need to analyze the kinematics and +kinetics of rigid + + align:start position:0% +kinetics of rigid + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics of rigid +bodies turns out that lrange um a uh a + + align:start position:0% +bodies turns out that lrange um a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +bodies turns out that lrange um a uh a +scientist who lived several hundred + + align:start position:0% +scientist who lived several hundred + + + align:start position:0% +scientist who lived several hundred +years ago developed a way in which you + + align:start position:0% +years ago developed a way in which you + + + align:start position:0% +years ago developed a way in which you +can analyze the Dynamics of um systems + + align:start position:0% +can analyze the Dynamics of um systems + + + align:start position:0% +can analyze the Dynamics of um systems +rigid body single particles complex + + align:start position:0% +rigid body single particles complex + + + align:start position:0% +rigid body single particles complex +systems without teasing app the kinetics + + align:start position:0% +systems without teasing app the kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +systems without teasing app the kinetics +and kinematics and that's a very + + align:start position:0% +and kinematics and that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +and kinematics and that's a very +beautiful if less intuitive way of doing + + align:start position:0% +beautiful if less intuitive way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful if less intuitive way of doing +things we'll cover that and then finally + + align:start position:0% +things we'll cover that and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +things we'll cover that and then finally +the whole point of this is we come up + + align:start position:0% +the whole point of this is we come up + + + align:start position:0% +the whole point of this is we come up +with a differential equation you need to + + align:start position:0% +with a differential equation you need to + + + align:start position:0% +with a differential equation you need to +solve it and in the last part of the + + align:start position:0% +solve it and in the last part of the + + + align:start position:0% +solve it and in the last part of the +class we will solve the differential + + align:start position:0% +class we will solve the differential + + + align:start position:0% +class we will solve the differential +equation so this is how we're going to + + align:start position:0% +equation so this is how we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this is how we're going to +navigate + + align:start position:0% +navigate + + + align:start position:0% +navigate +this we will do all of kinematics we + + align:start position:0% +this we will do all of kinematics we + + + align:start position:0% +this we will do all of kinematics we +will Barrel through it in the beginning + + align:start position:0% +will Barrel through it in the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +will Barrel through it in the beginning +of this class that's the first thing + + align:start position:0% +of this class that's the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +of this class that's the first thing +we're going to do we're going to nail + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do we're going to nail + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do we're going to nail +kinematics we're going to do it in its + + align:start position:0% +kinematics we're going to do it in its + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics we're going to do it in its +full Glory three dimensions you will see + + align:start position:0% +full Glory three dimensions you will see + + + align:start position:0% +full Glory three dimensions you will see +terms like cholis accelerations + + align:start position:0% +terms like cholis accelerations + + + align:start position:0% +terms like cholis accelerations +centripedal accelerations and you will + + align:start position:0% +centripedal accelerations and you will + + + align:start position:0% +centripedal accelerations and you will +completely when you're done with + + align:start position:0% +completely when you're done with + + + align:start position:0% +completely when you're done with +kinematics you will be the masters of + + align:start position:0% +kinematics you will be the masters of + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics you will be the masters of +kinematics uh Way Beyond any undergrad + + align:start position:0% +kinematics uh Way Beyond any undergrad + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics uh Way Beyond any undergrad +anywhere in the world so we will + + align:start position:0% +anywhere in the world so we will + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere in the world so we will +completely nail kinematics the reason is + + align:start position:0% +completely nail kinematics the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +completely nail kinematics the reason is +that's the toughest part of Dynamics at + + align:start position:0% +that's the toughest part of Dynamics at + + + align:start position:0% +that's the toughest part of Dynamics at +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +level of rigid body Dynamics and then we + + align:start position:0% +level of rigid body Dynamics and then we + + + align:start position:0% +level of rigid body Dynamics and then we +will do the kinetics of single particles + + align:start position:0% +will do the kinetics of single particles + + + align:start position:0% +will do the kinetics of single particles +so we'll say F so now you figure out the + + align:start position:0% +so we'll say F so now you figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll say F so now you figure out the +a we'll write f is equal to MA for + + align:start position:0% +a we'll write f is equal to MA for + + + align:start position:0% +a we'll write f is equal to MA for +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +particles uh we will kind of do multiple + + align:start position:0% +particles uh we will kind of do multiple + + + align:start position:0% +particles uh we will kind of do multiple +particles but I find it boring and I'm + + align:start position:0% +particles but I find it boring and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +particles but I find it boring and I'm +the instructor so I can do what I want + + align:start position:0% +the instructor so I can do what I want + + + align:start position:0% +the instructor so I can do what I want +I'm going to do multiple particles + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do multiple particles + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do multiple particles +because I find them somewhat tedious but + + align:start position:0% +because I find them somewhat tedious but + + + align:start position:0% +because I find them somewhat tedious but +we will do rigid bodies again in a great + + align:start position:0% +we will do rigid bodies again in a great + + + align:start position:0% +we will do rigid bodies again in a great +deal of glory and we will really + + align:start position:0% +deal of glory and we will really + + + align:start position:0% +deal of glory and we will really +understand rigid bodies now one + + align:start position:0% +understand rigid bodies now one + + + align:start position:0% +understand rigid bodies now one +simplification we will limit ourselves + + align:start position:0% +simplification we will limit ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +simplification we will limit ourselves +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +two-dimensional uh rigid body Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional uh rigid body Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional uh rigid body Dynamics +and the reason is that um there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that um there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that um there's a lot +of Machinery that goes to three + + align:start position:0% +of Machinery that goes to three + + + align:start position:0% +of Machinery that goes to three +dimensions which you will eventually do + + align:start position:0% +dimensions which you will eventually do + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions which you will eventually do +in grad school if you want to you can + + align:start position:0% +in grad school if you want to you can + + + align:start position:0% +in grad school if you want to you can +pick it up but it's very distracting for + + align:start position:0% +pick it up but it's very distracting for + + + align:start position:0% +pick it up but it's very distracting for +a class like this so we won't do it + + align:start position:0% +a class like this so we won't do it + + + align:start position:0% +a class like this so we won't do it +that's one compromise we make then we'll + + align:start position:0% +that's one compromise we make then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that's one compromise we make then we'll +do lrange lrange is kinematics and + + align:start position:0% +do lrange lrange is kinematics and + + + align:start position:0% +do lrange lrange is kinematics and +kinetics all bunched into one + + align:start position:0% +kinetics all bunched into one + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics all bunched into one +group and then we will solve the + + align:start position:0% +group and then we will solve the + + + align:start position:0% +group and then we will solve the +equations of + + align:start position:0% +equations of + + + align:start position:0% +equations of +so that's uh what we're going to do in + + align:start position:0% +so that's uh what we're going to do in + + + align:start position:0% +so that's uh what we're going to do in +this class so the um the way the class + + align:start position:0% +this class so the um the way the class + + + align:start position:0% +this class so the um the way the class +is laid out I don't know if you can let + + align:start position:0% +is laid out I don't know if you can let + + + align:start position:0% +is laid out I don't know if you can let +me just walk up to the + + align:start position:0% +me just walk up to the + + + align:start position:0% +me just walk up to the +uh to the Chart + + align:start position:0% +uh to the Chart + + + align:start position:0% +uh to the Chart +here this whole + + align:start position:0% +here this whole + + + align:start position:0% +here this whole +thing is the first piece of this class + + align:start position:0% +thing is the first piece of this class + + + align:start position:0% +thing is the first piece of this class +the first section of this + + align:start position:0% +the first section of this + + + align:start position:0% +the first section of this +class the first half of the first third + + align:start position:0% +class the first half of the first third + + + align:start position:0% +class the first half of the first third +is kinetics and then we'll do sorry + + align:start position:0% +is kinetics and then we'll do sorry + + + align:start position:0% +is kinetics and then we'll do sorry +kinematics then we'll do Dynamics so + + align:start position:0% +kinematics then we'll do Dynamics so + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics then we'll do Dynamics so +this is the first midterm basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lrange is the second + + align:start position:0% +lrange is the second + + + align:start position:0% +lrange is the second +midterm and then you come and we'll + + align:start position:0% +midterm and then you come and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +midterm and then you come and we'll +finish this in the piece before the + + align:start position:0% +finish this in the piece before the + + + align:start position:0% +finish this in the piece before the +final + + align:start position:0% +final + + + align:start position:0% +final +exams so I will refer to this uh slide + + align:start position:0% +exams so I will refer to this uh slide + + + align:start position:0% +exams so I will refer to this uh slide +uh this kind of map over and over again + + align:start position:0% +uh this kind of map over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +uh this kind of map over and over again +and that'll be + + align:start position:0% +and that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +and that'll be +a um it'll it'll tell us where we are in + + align:start position:0% +a um it'll it'll tell us where we are in + + + align:start position:0% +a um it'll it'll tell us where we are in +the class for those of you who've read + + align:start position:0% +the class for those of you who've read + + + align:start position:0% +the class for those of you who've read +Harry Potter it's a Marauders map and by + + align:start position:0% +Harry Potter it's a Marauders map and by + + + align:start position:0% +Harry Potter it's a Marauders map and by +the way + + align:start position:0% +the way + + + align:start position:0% +the way +24 which is the followup plan last to + + align:start position:0% +24 which is the followup plan last to + + + align:start position:0% +24 which is the followup plan last to +this one picks up here and two4 is all + + align:start position:0% +this one picks up here and two4 is all + + + align:start position:0% +this one picks up here and two4 is all +about taking the uh equations of motion + + align:start position:0% +about taking the uh equations of motion + + + align:start position:0% +about taking the uh equations of motion +now you know where equations of motions + + align:start position:0% +now you know where equations of motions + + + align:start position:0% +now you know where equations of motions +motion come equations come from from + + align:start position:0% +motion come equations come from from + + + align:start position:0% +motion come equations come from from +rigid bodies you can also derive + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies you can also derive + + + align:start position:0% +rigid bodies you can also derive +equations of motions for no motion or + + align:start position:0% +equations of motions for no motion or + + + align:start position:0% +equations of motions for no motion or +equations Dynamic equations for uh for + + align:start position:0% +equations Dynamic equations for uh for + + + align:start position:0% +equations Dynamic equations for uh for +solid uh bodies which are not rigid you + + align:start position:0% +solid uh bodies which are not rigid you + + + align:start position:0% +solid uh bodies which are not rigid you +can do it for fluid mechanics and two4 + + align:start position:0% +can do it for fluid mechanics and two4 + + + align:start position:0% +can do it for fluid mechanics and two4 +deals with now looking at the behavior + + align:start position:0% +deals with now looking at the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +deals with now looking at the behavior +of these systems + + align:start position:0% +of these systems + + + align:start position:0% +of these systems +uh Express in terms of differential + + align:start position:0% +uh Express in terms of differential + + + align:start position:0% +uh Express in terms of differential +equations okay I have uh one last slide + + align:start position:0% +equations okay I have uh one last slide + + + align:start position:0% +equations okay I have uh one last slide +and uh I think I want I think I have one + + align:start position:0% +and uh I think I want I think I have one + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I think I want I think I have one +more slide yes this is actually this is + + align:start position:0% +more slide yes this is actually this is + + + align:start position:0% +more slide yes this is actually this is +the last slide now we're going to look + + align:start position:0% +the last slide now we're going to look + + + align:start position:0% +the last slide now we're going to look +at um + + align:start position:0% +at um + + + align:start position:0% +at um +kinematics um the first thing you need + + align:start position:0% +kinematics um the first thing you need + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics um the first thing you need +to know about K actually I have two + + align:start position:0% +to know about K actually I have two + + + align:start position:0% +to know about K actually I have two +slides is what can what what goes into + + align:start position:0% +slides is what can what what goes into + + + align:start position:0% +slides is what can what what goes into +kinematics now in kinematics we really + + align:start position:0% +kinematics now in kinematics we really + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics now in kinematics we really +have only three or four key key uh + + align:start position:0% +have only three or four key key uh + + + align:start position:0% +have only three or four key key uh +Concepts the first key + + align:start position:0% +Concepts the first key + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts the first key +concept is the concept of a position + + align:start position:0% +concept is the concept of a position + + + align:start position:0% +concept is the concept of a position +Vector a position Vector is fundamental + + align:start position:0% +Vector a position Vector is fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +Vector a position Vector is fundamental +whenever you're trying to find the + + align:start position:0% +whenever you're trying to find the + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you're trying to find the +velocity or acceleration of something + + align:start position:0% +velocity or acceleration of something + + + align:start position:0% +velocity or acceleration of something +you need to ask yourself what's the + + align:start position:0% +you need to ask yourself what's the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to ask yourself what's the +position Vector right is the basis for + + align:start position:0% +position Vector right is the basis for + + + align:start position:0% +position Vector right is the basis for +everything we do and we will basically + + align:start position:0% +everything we do and we will basically + + + align:start position:0% +everything we do and we will basically +take derivatives of position vectors and + + align:start position:0% +take derivatives of position vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +take derivatives of position vectors and +we will build from this and in fact if + + align:start position:0% +we will build from this and in fact if + + + align:start position:0% +we will build from this and in fact if +you get this if you get position vectors + + align:start position:0% +you get this if you get position vectors + + + align:start position:0% +you get this if you get position vectors +and um and the derivatives of vectors + + align:start position:0% +and um and the derivatives of vectors + + + align:start position:0% +and um and the derivatives of vectors +then everything else I'll do later is + + align:start position:0% +then everything else I'll do later is + + + align:start position:0% +then everything else I'll do later is +just a uh um a building block that you + + align:start position:0% +just a uh um a building block that you + + + align:start position:0% +just a uh um a building block that you +can derive from this so we will + + align:start position:0% +can derive from this so we will + + + align:start position:0% +can derive from this so we will +concentrate on this and this will + + align:start position:0% +concentrate on this and this will + + + align:start position:0% +concentrate on this and this will +actually be the focus of the next class + + align:start position:0% +actually be the focus of the next class + + + align:start position:0% +actually be the focus of the next class +the class when I'm back on Monday we're + + align:start position:0% +the class when I'm back on Monday we're + + + align:start position:0% +the class when I'm back on Monday we're +going to nail this and the way we're + + align:start position:0% +going to nail this and the way we're + + + align:start position:0% +going to nail this and the way we're +going to nail this is I will create I + + align:start position:0% +going to nail this is I will create I + + + align:start position:0% +going to nail this is I will create I +will describe to you a problem I'll + + align:start position:0% +will describe to you a problem I'll + + + align:start position:0% +will describe to you a problem I'll +describe that problem in actually the + + align:start position:0% +describe that problem in actually the + + + align:start position:0% +describe that problem in actually the +end of this class as well verbally and + + align:start position:0% +end of this class as well verbally and + + + align:start position:0% +end of this class as well verbally and +we will solve it it's going to be very + + align:start position:0% +we will solve it it's going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +we will solve it it's going to be very +similar to that problem of the + + align:start position:0% +similar to that problem of the + + + align:start position:0% +similar to that problem of the +astronaut uh on the on the space shuttle + + align:start position:0% +astronaut uh on the on the space shuttle + + + align:start position:0% +astronaut uh on the on the space shuttle +as it turtles around the earth and we're + + align:start position:0% +as it turtles around the earth and we're + + + align:start position:0% +as it turtles around the earth and we're +going to try and figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +going to try and figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +going to try and figure out what the +accelerations are and the velocities are + + align:start position:0% +accelerations are and the velocities are + + + align:start position:0% +accelerations are and the velocities are +so position vectors then frames of + + align:start position:0% +so position vectors then frames of + + + align:start position:0% +so position vectors then frames of +reference it's just a simplifying + + align:start position:0% +reference it's just a simplifying + + + align:start position:0% +reference it's just a simplifying +building block and in particular when + + align:start position:0% +building block and in particular when + + + align:start position:0% +building block and in particular when +you come to kinetics that is Newton's + + align:start position:0% +you come to kinetics that is Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +you come to kinetics that is Newton's +equations there's one special frame that + + align:start position:0% +equations there's one special frame that + + + align:start position:0% +equations there's one special frame that +we will keep referring to which is the + + align:start position:0% +we will keep referring to which is the + + + align:start position:0% +we will keep referring to which is the +inertial frame so we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +inertial frame so we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +inertial frame so we'll talk about +frames of reference then we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +frames of reference then we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +frames of reference then we'll talk +about rotations it's just another + + align:start position:0% +about rotations it's just another + + + align:start position:0% +about rotations it's just another +simplifying um concept angular velocity + + align:start position:0% +simplifying um concept angular velocity + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying um concept angular velocity +is actually just a way of taking + + align:start position:0% +is actually just a way of taking + + + align:start position:0% +is actually just a way of taking +derivatives believe it or not um and + + align:start position:0% +derivatives believe it or not um and + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives believe it or not um and +we'll talk about angle of velocities uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about angle of velocities uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about angle of velocities uh +and it's very useful for rigid bodies + + align:start position:0% +and it's very useful for rigid bodies + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very useful for rigid bodies +um it's also actually useful for in + + align:start position:0% +um it's also actually useful for in + + + align:start position:0% +um it's also actually useful for in +fluid mechanics you have rotation in + + align:start position:0% +fluid mechanics you have rotation in + + + align:start position:0% +fluid mechanics you have rotation in +fluid mechanics as well but the way you + + align:start position:0% +fluid mechanics as well but the way you + + + align:start position:0% +fluid mechanics as well but the way you +do it there is + + align:start position:0% +do it there is + + + align:start position:0% +do it there is +different um and uh I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +different um and uh I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +different um and uh I don't know what +the because all bullet is I'm sorry but + + align:start position:0% +the because all bullet is I'm sorry but + + + align:start position:0% +the because all bullet is I'm sorry but +the bottom line after that is we will do + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line after that is we will do + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line after that is we will do +um constraints so you can ignore that + + align:start position:0% +um constraints so you can ignore that + + + align:start position:0% +um constraints so you can ignore that +because all bullet wasn't supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +because all bullet wasn't supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +because all bullet wasn't supposed to be +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +so this is my last slide and what I'm + + align:start position:0% +so this is my last slide and what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so this is my last slide and what I'm +going to do now is describe to you what + + align:start position:0% +going to do now is describe to you what + + + align:start position:0% +going to do now is describe to you what +a what a frame of reference is and what + + align:start position:0% +a what a frame of reference is and what + + + align:start position:0% +a what a frame of reference is and what +a position Vector is and and we're done + + align:start position:0% +a position Vector is and and we're done + + + align:start position:0% +a position Vector is and and we're done +today and I'll see you on Monday after + + align:start position:0% +today and I'll see you on Monday after + + + align:start position:0% +today and I'll see you on Monday after +this all right so here's a question it's + + align:start position:0% +this all right so here's a question it's + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so here's a question it's +a thought experiment if I showed you + + align:start position:0% +a thought experiment if I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +a thought experiment if I showed you +this picture of a particle it's a + + align:start position:0% +this picture of a particle it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this picture of a particle it's a +dimensionless particle but I blew it up + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless particle but I blew it up + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless particle but I blew it up +so that you could see it + + align:start position:0% +so that you could see it + + + align:start position:0% +so that you could see it +P traversing some trajectory in space if + + align:start position:0% +P traversing some trajectory in space if + + + align:start position:0% +P traversing some trajectory in space if +I should you this picture and I said hey + + align:start position:0% +I should you this picture and I said hey + + + align:start position:0% +I should you this picture and I said hey +what's the velocity of this particle + + align:start position:0% +what's the velocity of this particle + + + align:start position:0% +what's the velocity of this particle +how would you figure it + + align:start position:0% +how would you figure it + + + align:start position:0% +how would you figure it +out think about it for a second what is + + align:start position:0% +out think about it for a second what is + + + align:start position:0% +out think about it for a second what is +the velocity of this + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of this + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of this +particle well if you think about it it's + + align:start position:0% +particle well if you think about it it's + + + align:start position:0% +particle well if you think about it it's +actually an incomplete question can a + + align:start position:0% +actually an incomplete question can a + + + align:start position:0% +actually an incomplete question can a +particle can I just say what is the + + align:start position:0% +particle can I just say what is the + + + align:start position:0% +particle can I just say what is the +velocity without providing you with some + + align:start position:0% +velocity without providing you with some + + + align:start position:0% +velocity without providing you with some +additional + + align:start position:0% +additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional +information let's + + align:start position:0% +information let's + + + align:start position:0% +information let's +see the question you should ask me is + + align:start position:0% +see the question you should ask me is + + + align:start position:0% +see the question you should ask me is +Sanjay what what are you measuring it + + align:start position:0% +Sanjay what what are you measuring it + + + align:start position:0% +Sanjay what what are you measuring it +against because a particle doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +against because a particle doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +against because a particle doesn't have +a velocity by itself you need to be + + align:start position:0% +a velocity by itself you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +a velocity by itself you need to be +measuring it against something right for + + align:start position:0% +measuring it against something right for + + + align:start position:0% +measuring it against something right for +example I if I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +example I if I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +example I if I'm trying to +track uh a uh a missile coming in from + + align:start position:0% +track uh a uh a missile coming in from + + + align:start position:0% +track uh a uh a missile coming in from +someone I don't + + align:start position:0% +someone I don't + + + align:start position:0% +someone I don't +like um I can for example consider a + + align:start position:0% +like um I can for example consider a + + + align:start position:0% +like um I can for example consider a +ground station a satellite a a a + + align:start position:0% +ground station a satellite a a a + + + align:start position:0% +ground station a satellite a a a +radar and I could say that I can take a + + align:start position:0% +radar and I could say that I can take a + + + align:start position:0% +radar and I could say that I can take a +position Vector remember we're talking + + align:start position:0% +position Vector remember we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +position Vector remember we're talking +position vectors here from that radar + + align:start position:0% +position vectors here from that radar + + + align:start position:0% +position vectors here from that radar +from some point fixed on the ground r o + + align:start position:0% +from some point fixed on the ground r o + + + align:start position:0% +from some point fixed on the ground r o +p which goes from o to + + align:start position:0% +p which goes from o to + + + align:start position:0% +p which goes from o to +p + + align:start position:0% +p + + + align:start position:0% +p +and I can call the ground and the uh and + + align:start position:0% +and I can call the ground and the uh and + + + align:start position:0% +and I can call the ground and the uh and +the uh ground station which are all + + align:start position:0% +the uh ground station which are all + + + align:start position:0% +the uh ground station which are all +stationary with respect to each other I + + align:start position:0% +stationary with respect to each other I + + + align:start position:0% +stationary with respect to each other I +can call it reference frame + + align:start position:0% +can call it reference frame + + + align:start position:0% +can call it reference frame +a and I could take the derivative of r o + + align:start position:0% +a and I could take the derivative of r o + + + align:start position:0% +a and I could take the derivative of r o +with respect to + + align:start position:0% +with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to +time and that's the velocity of Point p + + align:start position:0% +time and that's the velocity of Point p + + + align:start position:0% +time and that's the velocity of Point p +with respect to frame + + align:start position:0% +with respect to frame + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to frame +a right now um quick third experiment + + align:start position:0% +a right now um quick third experiment + + + align:start position:0% +a right now um quick third experiment +here if instead of Point O fixed to that + + align:start position:0% +here if instead of Point O fixed to that + + + align:start position:0% +here if instead of Point O fixed to that +you know to the center of that radar if + + align:start position:0% +you know to the center of that radar if + + + align:start position:0% +you know to the center of that radar if +I picked a point some other point O + + align:start position:0% +I picked a point some other point O + + + align:start position:0% +I picked a point some other point O +Prime fixed to the + + align:start position:0% +Prime fixed to the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime fixed to the +ground such that o and O Prime don't + + align:start position:0% +ground such that o and O Prime don't + + + align:start position:0% +ground such that o and O Prime don't +move with respect to each other will the + + align:start position:0% +move with respect to each other will the + + + align:start position:0% +move with respect to each other will the +velocity be the same well the position + + align:start position:0% +velocity be the same well the position + + + align:start position:0% +velocity be the same well the position +Vector will be different but the + + align:start position:0% +Vector will be different but the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector will be different but the +velocity the derivative would actually + + align:start position:0% +velocity the derivative would actually + + + align:start position:0% +velocity the derivative would actually +be the same so it doesn't matter where + + align:start position:0% +be the same so it doesn't matter where + + + align:start position:0% +be the same so it doesn't matter where +the point of origin is when I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +the point of origin is when I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +the point of origin is when I'm looking +at velocities and accelerations but the + + align:start position:0% +at velocities and accelerations but the + + + align:start position:0% +at velocities and accelerations but the +position Vector depends on the point of + + align:start position:0% +position Vector depends on the point of + + + align:start position:0% +position Vector depends on the point of +origin in a single + + align:start position:0% +origin in a single + + + align:start position:0% +origin in a single +frame so so this this uh missile has a + + align:start position:0% +frame so so this this uh missile has a + + + align:start position:0% +frame so so this this uh missile has a +certain velocity in this Frame now let's + + align:start position:0% +certain velocity in this Frame now let's + + + align:start position:0% +certain velocity in this Frame now let's +write it down and you know what let's + + align:start position:0% +write it down and you know what let's + + + align:start position:0% +write it down and you know what let's +plunge into some fairly complicated + + align:start position:0% +plunge into some fairly complicated + + + align:start position:0% +plunge into some fairly complicated +uh um symbology + + align:start position:0% +uh um symbology + + + align:start position:0% +uh um symbology +here the velocity of this + + align:start position:0% +here the velocity of this + + + align:start position:0% +here the velocity of this +particle this missile in space as you + + align:start position:0% +particle this missile in space as you + + + align:start position:0% +particle this missile in space as you +can see now as I'm going to point at it + + align:start position:0% +can see now as I'm going to point at it + + + align:start position:0% +can see now as I'm going to point at it +is the velocity of missile the point P + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity of missile the point P + + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity of missile the point P +if there were two missiles or two + + align:start position:0% +if there were two missiles or two + + + align:start position:0% +if there were two missiles or two +missiles then I would have to um the + + align:start position:0% +missiles then I would have to um the + + + align:start position:0% +missiles then I would have to um the +other missile would have another + + align:start position:0% +other missile would have another + + + align:start position:0% +other missile would have another +velocity so I need to say this is the + + align:start position:0% +velocity so I need to say this is the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity so I need to say this is the +velocity of Miss of of P + + align:start position:0% +velocity of Miss of of P + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of Miss of of P +okay and I'm going to write here frame a + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to write here frame a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to write here frame a +because and it'll become obvious why + + align:start position:0% +because and it'll become obvious why + + + align:start position:0% +because and it'll become obvious why +because the velocity with respect to + + align:start position:0% +because the velocity with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +because the velocity with respect to +frame a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm also going to say it + + align:start position:0% +and I'm also going to say it + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm also going to say it +is um with respect to frame a it is + + align:start position:0% +is um with respect to frame a it is + + + align:start position:0% +is um with respect to frame a it is +actually the derivative of position + + align:start position:0% +actually the derivative of position + + + align:start position:0% +actually the derivative of position +Vector of Point p with respect to this + + align:start position:0% +Vector of Point p with respect to this + + + align:start position:0% +Vector of Point p with respect to this +point O the derivative with respect to + + align:start position:0% +point O the derivative with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +point O the derivative with respect to +time so that is the um is the uh + + align:start position:0% +time so that is the um is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +time so that is the um is the uh +position and velocity or that's the V + + align:start position:0% +position and velocity or that's the V + + + align:start position:0% +position and velocity or that's the V +that's the velocity of Point p with + + align:start position:0% +that's the velocity of Point p with + + + align:start position:0% +that's the velocity of Point p with +respect to frame a is a with respect to + + align:start position:0% +respect to frame a is a with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to frame a is a with respect to +a the derivative of this vector R Op + + align:start position:0% +a the derivative of this vector R Op + + + align:start position:0% +a the derivative of this vector R Op +with respect to time + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time +now I might be tracking that same + + align:start position:0% +now I might be tracking that same + + + align:start position:0% +now I might be tracking that same +missile from as you can see on the slide + + align:start position:0% +missile from as you can see on the slide + + + align:start position:0% +missile from as you can see on the slide +a different frame of reference for + + align:start position:0% +a different frame of reference for + + + align:start position:0% +a different frame of reference for +example I might have a low Earth + + align:start position:0% +example I might have a low Earth + + + align:start position:0% +example I might have a low Earth +satellite uh tracking these missiles and + + align:start position:0% +satellite uh tracking these missiles and + + + align:start position:0% +satellite uh tracking these missiles and +the satellite could be moving around the + + align:start position:0% +the satellite could be moving around the + + + align:start position:0% +the satellite could be moving around the +earth could be + + align:start position:0% +earth could be + + + align:start position:0% +earth could be +rotating and the position Vector of that + + align:start position:0% +rotating and the position Vector of that + + + align:start position:0% +rotating and the position Vector of that +satellite from of the missile from this + + align:start position:0% +satellite from of the missile from this + + + align:start position:0% +satellite from of the missile from this +satellite and this point is Q is R QP + + align:start position:0% +satellite and this point is Q is R QP + + + align:start position:0% +satellite and this point is Q is R QP +so clearly the velocity that this guy is + + align:start position:0% +so clearly the velocity that this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +so clearly the velocity that this guy is +going to see is going to be different + + align:start position:0% +going to see is going to be different + + + align:start position:0% +going to see is going to be different +right because this guy is going to + + align:start position:0% +right because this guy is going to + + + align:start position:0% +right because this guy is going to +measure a different unit vector and + + align:start position:0% +measure a different unit vector and + + + align:start position:0% +measure a different unit vector and +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +velocity and that velocity first of all + + align:start position:0% +velocity and that velocity first of all + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and that velocity first of all +we can't call it R sorry AV VP by the + + align:start position:0% +we can't call it R sorry AV VP by the + + + align:start position:0% +we can't call it R sorry AV VP by the +way uh the V here is in + + align:start position:0% +way uh the V here is in + + + align:start position:0% +way uh the V here is in +bold right I put it in bold or I might + + align:start position:0% +bold right I put it in bold or I might + + + align:start position:0% +bold right I put it in bold or I might +use an underline to show it's a vector R + + align:start position:0% +use an underline to show it's a vector R + + + align:start position:0% +use an underline to show it's a vector R +is in bold I'm might put an underline to + + align:start position:0% +is in bold I'm might put an underline to + + + align:start position:0% +is in bold I'm might put an underline to +show a vector but the velocity of Point + + align:start position:0% +show a vector but the velocity of Point + + + align:start position:0% +show a vector but the velocity of Point +p with respect to the sine + + align:start position:0% +p with respect to the sine + + + align:start position:0% +p with respect to the sine +is obviously not a VP if we call the + + align:start position:0% +is obviously not a VP if we call the + + + align:start position:0% +is obviously not a VP if we call the +satellite frame B it's going to be B + + align:start position:0% +satellite frame B it's going to be B + + + align:start position:0% +satellite frame B it's going to be B +with respect to B + + align:start position:0% +with respect to B + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to B +velocity Point P so it'll be bvp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +right so it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's going to be +bvp derivative derivative respect to + + align:start position:0% +bvp derivative derivative respect to + + + align:start position:0% +bvp derivative derivative respect to +frame B of the position Vector Q top R + + align:start position:0% +frame B of the position Vector Q top R + + + align:start position:0% +frame B of the position Vector Q top R +QP so what this is telling you is that + + align:start position:0% +QP so what this is telling you is that + + + align:start position:0% +QP so what this is telling you is that +obviously the frame of reference is + + align:start position:0% +obviously the frame of reference is + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the frame of reference is +important but there is something known + + align:start position:0% +important but there is something known + + + align:start position:0% +important but there is something known +as the frame with respect to which you + + align:start position:0% +as the frame with respect to which you + + + align:start position:0% +as the frame with respect to which you +take the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of +something that is a concept that when + + align:start position:0% +something that is a concept that when + + + align:start position:0% +something that is a concept that when +I'm done with you guys in the next two + + align:start position:0% +I'm done with you guys in the next two + + + align:start position:0% +I'm done with you guys in the next two +or three classes you will have + + align:start position:0% +or three classes you will have + + + align:start position:0% +or three classes you will have +understood at a very deep level we will + + align:start position:0% +understood at a very deep level we will + + + align:start position:0% +understood at a very deep level we will +consistently constantly write things in + + align:start position:0% +consistently constantly write things in + + + align:start position:0% +consistently constantly write things in +terms of frames when you look at + + align:start position:0% +terms of frames when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +terms of frames when you look at +Dynamics derivatives cannot be defined + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics derivatives cannot be defined + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics derivatives cannot be defined +with respect to time if you do not not + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time if you do not not + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time if you do not not +specify the frame in which you're taking + + align:start position:0% +specify the frame in which you're taking + + + align:start position:0% +specify the frame in which you're taking +the derivatives this might seem an + + align:start position:0% +the derivatives this might seem an + + + align:start position:0% +the derivatives this might seem an +etheral concept but trust me we're going + + align:start position:0% +etheral concept but trust me we're going + + + align:start position:0% +etheral concept but trust me we're going +to do a problem next week where we will + + align:start position:0% +to do a problem next week where we will + + + align:start position:0% +to do a problem next week where we will +nail it and if you nail this the rest of + + align:start position:0% +nail it and if you nail this the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +nail it and if you nail this the rest of +the class is easy so it's a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +the class is easy so it's a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +the class is easy so it's a bit of a +tough Bill to swallow but this is going + + align:start position:0% +tough Bill to swallow but this is going + + + align:start position:0% +tough Bill to swallow but this is going +to be the essense of next week all right + + align:start position:0% +to be the essense of next week all right + + + align:start position:0% +to be the essense of next week all right +and here's what I'm going to do next + + align:start position:0% +and here's what I'm going to do next + + + align:start position:0% +and here's what I'm going to do next +week I'm going to examine a problem in + + align:start position:0% +week I'm going to examine a problem in + + + align:start position:0% +week I'm going to examine a problem in +which consider a frisbee thrown across + + align:start position:0% +which consider a frisbee thrown across + + + align:start position:0% +which consider a frisbee thrown across +the room consider a spider on that + + align:start position:0% +the room consider a spider on that + + + align:start position:0% +the room consider a spider on that +frisbee and the spider's kind of running + + align:start position:0% +frisbee and the spider's kind of running + + + align:start position:0% +frisbee and the spider's kind of running +on that frisbee we're going to find out + + align:start position:0% +on that frisbee we're going to find out + + + align:start position:0% +on that frisbee we're going to find out +what the acceleration of that spider is + + align:start position:0% +what the acceleration of that spider is + + + align:start position:0% +what the acceleration of that spider is +with respect to a frame attached to the + + align:start position:0% +with respect to a frame attached to the + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to a frame attached to the +Frisbee and with respect to a frame + + align:start position:0% +Frisbee and with respect to a frame + + + align:start position:0% +Frisbee and with respect to a frame +attached to the ground and we're going + + align:start position:0% +attached to the ground and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +attached to the ground and we're going +to show that different and we're going + + align:start position:0% +to show that different and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +to show that different and we're going +to show how much they differ and what + + align:start position:0% +to show how much they differ and what + + + align:start position:0% +to show how much they differ and what +the terms are all right and once and + + align:start position:0% +the terms are all right and once and + + + align:start position:0% +the terms are all right and once and +believe it or not that's actually the + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not that's actually the + + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not that's actually the +most General situation we'll do it in + + align:start position:0% +most General situation we'll do it in + + + align:start position:0% +most General situation we'll do it in +full Vector notation and when we nail + + align:start position:0% +full Vector notation and when we nail + + + align:start position:0% +full Vector notation and when we nail +that actually you've understood a lot + + align:start position:0% +that actually you've understood a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that actually you've understood a lot +about kinematics and everything that + + align:start position:0% +about kinematics and everything that + + + align:start position:0% +about kinematics and everything that +follows in this class is going to be + + align:start position:0% +follows in this class is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +follows in this class is going to be +about simplifying that and doing that in + + align:start position:0% +about simplifying that and doing that in + + + align:start position:0% +about simplifying that and doing that in +quicker and more efficient ways so + + align:start position:0% +quicker and more efficient ways so + + + align:start position:0% +quicker and more efficient ways so +listen it's uh as I said welcome to two + + align:start position:0% +listen it's uh as I said welcome to two + + + align:start position:0% +listen it's uh as I said welcome to two +3 um thank you um for taking this class + + align:start position:0% +3 um thank you um for taking this class + + + align:start position:0% +3 um thank you um for taking this class +we'll have a lot of fun and I'll see you + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a lot of fun and I'll see you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a lot of fun and I'll see you +on Monday and uh have a great weekend + + align:start position:0% +on Monday and uh have a great weekend + + + align:start position:0% +on Monday and uh have a great weekend +sorry I'm not here GL we could do this + + align:start position:0% +sorry I'm not here GL we could do this + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I'm not here GL we could do this +by video and we'll connect shortly + + align:start position:0% +by video and we'll connect shortly + + + align:start position:0% +by video and we'll connect shortly +thanks bye \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LN0k-boDvOk.txt b/LN0k-boDvOk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bda577b768c3e7664b414e48d2efa5dd641a684 --- /dev/null +++ b/LN0k-boDvOk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,579 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this problem we are going to take a + + align:start position:0% +in this problem we are going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +in this problem we are going to take a +look at the timing constraints + + align:start position:0% +look at the timing constraints + + + align:start position:0% +look at the timing constraints +associated with sequential logic + + align:start position:0% +associated with sequential logic + + + align:start position:0% +associated with sequential logic +circuits we are given a generic state + + align:start position:0% +circuits we are given a generic state + + + align:start position:0% +circuits we are given a generic state +machine diagram which has two State bits + + align:start position:0% +machine diagram which has two State bits + + + align:start position:0% +machine diagram which has two State bits +we are also given the timing parameters + + align:start position:0% +we are also given the timing parameters + + + align:start position:0% +we are also given the timing parameters +for the combinational logic and the + + align:start position:0% +for the combinational logic and the + + + align:start position:0% +for the combinational logic and the +state register using this data we want + + align:start position:0% +state register using this data we want + + + align:start position:0% +state register using this data we want +to determine the largest value for the + + align:start position:0% +to determine the largest value for the + + + align:start position:0% +to determine the largest value for the +registers whole time that allows the + + align:start position:0% +registers whole time that allows the + + + align:start position:0% +registers whole time that allows the +necessary timing specifications to be + + align:start position:0% +necessary timing specifications to be + + + align:start position:0% +necessary timing specifications to be +met in order to satisfy the whole time + + align:start position:0% +met in order to satisfy the whole time + + + align:start position:0% +met in order to satisfy the whole time +of the register the input to the + + align:start position:0% +of the register the input to the + + + align:start position:0% +of the register the input to the +register must remain stable until T hold + + align:start position:0% +register must remain stable until T hold + + + align:start position:0% +register must remain stable until T hold +after the clock edge the fastest that a + + align:start position:0% +after the clock edge the fastest that a + + + align:start position:0% +after the clock edge the fastest that a +new change can propagate to the input of + + align:start position:0% +new change can propagate to the input of + + + align:start position:0% +new change can propagate to the input of +the register is found by taking the sum + + align:start position:0% +the register is found by taking the sum + + + align:start position:0% +the register is found by taking the sum +of the contamination delays along the + + align:start position:0% +of the contamination delays along the + + + align:start position:0% +of the contamination delays along the +shortest path to that input that is T C + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to that input that is T C + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path to that input that is T C +D of register plus T CD of the logic so + + align:start position:0% +D of register plus T CD of the logic so + + + align:start position:0% +D of register plus T CD of the logic so +T hold must be less than or equal to TC + + align:start position:0% +T hold must be less than or equal to TC + + + align:start position:0% +T hold must be less than or equal to TC +D of the register plus T CD of the logic + + align:start position:0% +D of the register plus T CD of the logic + + + align:start position:0% +D of the register plus T CD of the logic +plugging in the given contamination + + align:start position:0% +plugging in the given contamination + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in the given contamination +delays we find that T hold must be less + + align:start position:0% +delays we find that T hold must be less + + + align:start position:0% +delays we find that T hold must be less +than or equal to zero point one plus + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to zero point one plus + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to zero point one plus +zero point two which equals zero point + + align:start position:0% +zero point two which equals zero point + + + align:start position:0% +zero point two which equals zero point +three nanoseconds what is the smallest + + align:start position:0% +three nanoseconds what is the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +three nanoseconds what is the smallest +value for the period of the clock that + + align:start position:0% +value for the period of the clock that + + + align:start position:0% +value for the period of the clock that +will meet the timing specifications the + + align:start position:0% +will meet the timing specifications the + + + align:start position:0% +will meet the timing specifications the +clock period must be long enough for the + + align:start position:0% +clock period must be long enough for the + + + align:start position:0% +clock period must be long enough for the +data to pass through the entire circuit + + align:start position:0% +data to pass through the entire circuit + + + align:start position:0% +data to pass through the entire circuit +and be ready and stable for T setup + + align:start position:0% +and be ready and stable for T setup + + + align:start position:0% +and be ready and stable for T setup +before the next period begins the data + + align:start position:0% +before the next period begins the data + + + align:start position:0% +before the next period begins the data +in this circuit must propagate through + + align:start position:0% +in this circuit must propagate through + + + align:start position:0% +in this circuit must propagate through +the register and the combinational logic + + align:start position:0% +the register and the combinational logic + + + align:start position:0% +the register and the combinational logic +so the constraint on the clock period is + + align:start position:0% +so the constraint on the clock period is + + + align:start position:0% +so the constraint on the clock period is +that T clock has to be greater than or + + align:start position:0% +that T clock has to be greater than or + + + align:start position:0% +that T clock has to be greater than or +equal to T P D of the register plus T P + + align:start position:0% +equal to T P D of the register plus T P + + + align:start position:0% +equal to T P D of the register plus T P +D of the logic plus T setup of the + + align:start position:0% +D of the logic plus T setup of the + + + align:start position:0% +D of the logic plus T setup of the +register plugging in the given timing + + align:start position:0% +register plugging in the given timing + + + align:start position:0% +register plugging in the given timing +parameters we find that T clock must be + + align:start position:0% +parameters we find that T clock must be + + + align:start position:0% +parameters we find that T clock must be +greater than or equal to 5 plus 3 plus 2 + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to 5 plus 3 plus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to 5 plus 3 plus 2 +which equals 10 nanoseconds next we want + + align:start position:0% +which equals 10 nanoseconds next we want + + + align:start position:0% +which equals 10 nanoseconds next we want +to determine what are the smallest set + + align:start position:0% +to determine what are the smallest set + + + align:start position:0% +to determine what are the smallest set +up and whole time specifications on the + + align:start position:0% +up and whole time specifications on the + + + align:start position:0% +up and whole time specifications on the +input in + + align:start position:0% +input in + + + align:start position:0% +input in +with respect to the active edge of the + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the active edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the active edge of the +clock so that we can ensure that the + + align:start position:0% +clock so that we can ensure that the + + + align:start position:0% +clock so that we can ensure that the +necessary timing specifications are met + + align:start position:0% +necessary timing specifications are met + + + align:start position:0% +necessary timing specifications are met +the in input must be stable and valid + + align:start position:0% +the in input must be stable and valid + + + align:start position:0% +the in input must be stable and valid +long enough before the rising clock edge + + align:start position:0% +long enough before the rising clock edge + + + align:start position:0% +long enough before the rising clock edge +for it to propagate through the + + align:start position:0% +for it to propagate through the + + + align:start position:0% +for it to propagate through the +combinational logic and arrive at the + + align:start position:0% +combinational logic and arrive at the + + + align:start position:0% +combinational logic and arrive at the +register in time for it to set up so T + + align:start position:0% +register in time for it to set up so T + + + align:start position:0% +register in time for it to set up so T +set-up of n is greater than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +set-up of n is greater than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +set-up of n is greater than or equal to +T propagation delay of the logic plus T + + align:start position:0% +T propagation delay of the logic plus T + + + align:start position:0% +T propagation delay of the logic plus T +setup of the register that equals 3 plus + + align:start position:0% +setup of the register that equals 3 plus + + + align:start position:0% +setup of the register that equals 3 plus +2 which equals 5 nanoseconds once the in + + align:start position:0% +2 which equals 5 nanoseconds once the in + + + align:start position:0% +2 which equals 5 nanoseconds once the in +input becomes invalid the inputs of the + + align:start position:0% +input becomes invalid the inputs of the + + + align:start position:0% +input becomes invalid the inputs of the +register will become invalid after the + + align:start position:0% +register will become invalid after the + + + align:start position:0% +register will become invalid after the +contamination delay of the logic in must + + align:start position:0% +contamination delay of the logic in must + + + align:start position:0% +contamination delay of the logic in must +stay valid long enough to ensure that + + align:start position:0% +stay valid long enough to ensure that + + + align:start position:0% +stay valid long enough to ensure that +the input to the register does not + + align:start position:0% +the input to the register does not + + + align:start position:0% +the input to the register does not +become invalid before the registers + + align:start position:0% +become invalid before the registers + + + align:start position:0% +become invalid before the registers +whole time so T hold of n plus DC D of + + align:start position:0% +whole time so T hold of n plus DC D of + + + align:start position:0% +whole time so T hold of n plus DC D of +the logic they are greater than or equal + + align:start position:0% +the logic they are greater than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +the logic they are greater than or equal +to T hold of the register this can be + + align:start position:0% +to T hold of the register this can be + + + align:start position:0% +to T hold of the register this can be +re-written as T hold of n must be + + align:start position:0% +re-written as T hold of n must be + + + align:start position:0% +re-written as T hold of n must be +greater than or equal to T hold of the + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to T hold of the + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to T hold of the +register minus TC d of the logic which + + align:start position:0% +register minus TC d of the logic which + + + align:start position:0% +register minus TC d of the logic which +equals zero point three minus zero point + + align:start position:0% +equals zero point three minus zero point + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero point three minus zero point +two and that equals zero point one + + align:start position:0% +two and that equals zero point one + + + align:start position:0% +two and that equals zero point one +nanoseconds \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MOfhhFaQdjw.txt b/MOfhhFaQdjw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..919b9d25ba1379139637cc521dad326456200555 --- /dev/null +++ b/MOfhhFaQdjw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12824 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer high quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so far in our discussion of + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so far in our discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so far in our discussion of +probability we've focused our attention + + align:start position:0% +probability we've focused our attention + + + align:start position:0% +probability we've focused our attention +on the probability that some kind kind + + align:start position:0% +on the probability that some kind kind + + + align:start position:0% +on the probability that some kind kind +of event occurs the probability you win + + align:start position:0% +of event occurs the probability you win + + + align:start position:0% +of event occurs the probability you win +the Monty Hall game the probability that + + align:start position:0% +the Monty Hall game the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +the Monty Hall game the probability that +you get a heads when you flip a + + align:start position:0% +you get a heads when you flip a + + + align:start position:0% +you get a heads when you flip a +coin the probability we all have + + align:start position:0% +coin the probability we all have + + + align:start position:0% +coin the probability we all have +different birthdays in the room that + + align:start position:0% +different birthdays in the room that + + + align:start position:0% +different birthdays in the room that +kind of thing in each case the event + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing in each case the event + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing in each case the event +happens or it doesn't it's a zer1 kind + + align:start position:0% +happens or it doesn't it's a zer1 kind + + + align:start position:0% +happens or it doesn't it's a zer1 kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +thing for the rest of the course we're + + align:start position:0% +thing for the rest of the course we're + + + align:start position:0% +thing for the rest of the course we're +going to start talking about more + + align:start position:0% +going to start talking about more + + + align:start position:0% +going to start talking about more +complicated + + align:start position:0% +complicated + + + align:start position:0% +complicated +situations uh instead of talking about + + align:start position:0% +situations uh instead of talking about + + + align:start position:0% +situations uh instead of talking about +zer1 events like winning or losing + + align:start position:0% +zer1 events like winning or losing + + + align:start position:0% +zer1 events like winning or losing +we're going to start talking about how + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start talking about how + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start talking about how +much you win instead of talking about + + align:start position:0% +much you win instead of talking about + + + align:start position:0% +much you win instead of talking about +get whether or not you get a heads in a + + align:start position:0% +get whether or not you get a heads in a + + + align:start position:0% +get whether or not you get a heads in a +coin flip we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +coin flip we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +coin flip we're going to talk about +flipping lots of coins and asking how + + align:start position:0% +flipping lots of coins and asking how + + + align:start position:0% +flipping lots of coins and asking how +many heads did you + + align:start position:0% +many heads did you + + + align:start position:0% +many heads did you +get now this involves the notion of a + + align:start position:0% +get now this involves the notion of a + + + align:start position:0% +get now this involves the notion of a +random variable to count how much or how + + align:start position:0% +random variable to count how much or how + + + align:start position:0% +random variable to count how much or how +many in a random situation and actually + + align:start position:0% +many in a random situation and actually + + + align:start position:0% +many in a random situation and actually +the name is sort of weird it's not a + + align:start position:0% +the name is sort of weird it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +the name is sort of weird it's not a +variable at all in fact fact a random + + align:start position:0% +variable at all in fact fact a random + + + align:start position:0% +variable at all in fact fact a random +variable is a function from the sample + + align:start position:0% +variable is a function from the sample + + + align:start position:0% +variable is a function from the sample +space to the real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers a random variable + + align:start position:0% +numbers a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +numbers a random variable +R is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function R from the sample + + align:start position:0% +function R from the sample + + + align:start position:0% +function R from the sample +space to the reals + + align:start position:0% +space to the reals + + + align:start position:0% +space to the reals +all right so this is the random variable + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is the random variable +and we'll often denote that by + + align:start position:0% +and we'll often denote that by + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll often denote that by +RV this is the sample space of all + + align:start position:0% +RV this is the sample space of all + + + align:start position:0% +RV this is the sample space of all +possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outcomes and this is just the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reals all right so in other words a + + align:start position:0% +reals all right so in other words a + + + align:start position:0% +reals all right so in other words a +random variable is just a way of + + align:start position:0% +random variable is just a way of + + + align:start position:0% +random variable is just a way of +assigning a real number to each possible + + align:start position:0% +assigning a real number to each possible + + + align:start position:0% +assigning a real number to each possible +outcome for example say that we toss + + align:start position:0% +outcome for example say that we toss + + + align:start position:0% +outcome for example say that we toss +three coins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we could let + + align:start position:0% +we could let + + + align:start position:0% +we could let +r equal the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heads among the three coins and R is + + align:start position:0% +heads among the three coins and R is + + + align:start position:0% +heads among the three coins and R is +thus a random variable for + + align:start position:0% +thus a random variable for + + + align:start position:0% +thus a random variable for +example for the outcome where the first + + align:start position:0% +example for the outcome where the first + + + align:start position:0% +example for the outcome where the first +coin is heads the second is Tails and + + align:start position:0% +coin is heads the second is Tails and + + + align:start position:0% +coin is heads the second is Tails and +the third is Heads R would be the real + + align:start position:0% +the third is Heads R would be the real + + + align:start position:0% +the third is Heads R would be the real +number two indicating you got two heads + + align:start position:0% +number two indicating you got two heads + + + align:start position:0% +number two indicating you got two heads +in that outcome + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we could also Define another value call + + align:start position:0% +we could also Define another value call + + + align:start position:0% +we could also Define another value call +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +m which will say is + + align:start position:0% +m which will say is + + + align:start position:0% +m which will say is +one if all three coins + + align:start position:0% +one if all three coins + + + align:start position:0% +one if all three coins +match if they're all the + + align:start position:0% +match if they're all the + + + align:start position:0% +match if they're all the +same and zero otherwise if they're not + + align:start position:0% +same and zero otherwise if they're not + + + align:start position:0% +same and zero otherwise if they're not +all the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same for + + align:start position:0% +same for + + + align:start position:0% +same for +example M on the outcome heads Heads + + align:start position:0% +example M on the outcome heads Heads + + + align:start position:0% +example M on the outcome heads Heads +tails + + align:start position:0% +tails + + + align:start position:0% +tails +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +zero M on the outcome tals tals tals + + align:start position:0% +zero M on the outcome tals tals tals + + + align:start position:0% +zero M on the outcome tals tals tals +would be one because they all are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same is m a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable yeah it assigns a value a real + + align:start position:0% +variable yeah it assigns a value a real + + + align:start position:0% +variable yeah it assigns a value a real +number to every outcome and that value + + align:start position:0% +number to every outcome and that value + + + align:start position:0% +number to every outcome and that value +is either zero or one depending on if + + align:start position:0% +is either zero or one depending on if + + + align:start position:0% +is either zero or one depending on if +all the coins match in fact it's a very + + align:start position:0% +all the coins match in fact it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +all the coins match in fact it's a very +special kind of random variable that's + + align:start position:0% +special kind of random variable that's + + + align:start position:0% +special kind of random variable that's +called an indicator random variable also + + align:start position:0% +called an indicator random variable also + + + align:start position:0% +called an indicator random variable also +known as beri or characteristic random + + align:start position:0% +known as beri or characteristic random + + + align:start position:0% +known as beri or characteristic random +variable because it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +01 an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indicator also known as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beri or characteristic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable is a random + + align:start position:0% +variable is a random + + + align:start position:0% +variable is a random +variable whose + + align:start position:0% +variable whose + + + align:start position:0% +variable whose +range or possible values is just zero + + align:start position:0% +range or possible values is just zero + + + align:start position:0% +range or possible values is just zero +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +one so it's a random variable where the + + align:start position:0% +one so it's a random variable where the + + + align:start position:0% +one so it's a random variable where the +real numbers are zero one that you + + align:start position:0% +real numbers are zero one that you + + + align:start position:0% +real numbers are zero one that you +assign to every sample point and it's + + align:start position:0% +assign to every sample point and it's + + + align:start position:0% +assign to every sample point and it's +called a characteristic or indicate a + + align:start position:0% +called a characteristic or indicate a + + + align:start position:0% +called a characteristic or indicate a +random variable because it indicates + + align:start position:0% +random variable because it indicates + + + align:start position:0% +random variable because it indicates +which sample points have a certain + + align:start position:0% +which sample points have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +which sample points have a certain +property in this case all the coins were + + align:start position:0% +property in this case all the coins were + + + align:start position:0% +property in this case all the coins were +the same or it indicates that a sample + + align:start position:0% +the same or it indicates that a sample + + + align:start position:0% +the same or it indicates that a sample +Point has a certain characteristic which + + align:start position:0% +Point has a certain characteristic which + + + align:start position:0% +Point has a certain characteristic which +is why it's called a characteristic + + align:start position:0% +is why it's called a characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +is why it's called a characteristic +random variable and we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +random variable and we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +random variable and we're going to be +talking a lot about these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +talking a lot about these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +talking a lot about these kinds of +random variables over the next couple of + + align:start position:0% +random variables over the next couple of + + + align:start position:0% +random variables over the next couple of +weeks now in general a random variable + + align:start position:0% +weeks now in general a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +weeks now in general a random variable +is equivalent to or can define a + + align:start position:0% +is equivalent to or can define a + + + align:start position:0% +is equivalent to or can define a +partition on the sample + + align:start position:0% +partition on the sample + + + align:start position:0% +partition on the sample +space for an indicator random variable + + align:start position:0% +space for an indicator random variable + + + align:start position:0% +space for an indicator random variable +it defines a partition with two blocks + + align:start position:0% +it defines a partition with two blocks + + + align:start position:0% +it defines a partition with two blocks +for example say we look at the sample + + align:start position:0% +for example say we look at the sample + + + align:start position:0% +for example say we look at the sample +space with the three coin tosses + + align:start position:0% +space with the three coin tosses + + + align:start position:0% +space with the three coin tosses +there there's eight outcomes there's + + align:start position:0% +there there's eight outcomes there's + + + align:start position:0% +there there's eight outcomes there's +heads heads + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heads Heads Tails + + align:start position:0% +heads Heads Tails + + + align:start position:0% +heads Heads Tails +heads heads Heads + + align:start position:0% +heads heads Heads + + + align:start position:0% +heads heads Heads +Tails tail heads heads and the reverse + + align:start position:0% +Tails tail heads heads and the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +Tails tail heads heads and the reverse +of those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right this is the sample space when + + align:start position:0% +all right this is the sample space when + + + align:start position:0% +all right this is the sample space when +I toss three coins there's eight + + align:start position:0% +I toss three coins there's eight + + + align:start position:0% +I toss three coins there's eight +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +outcomes the random variable M defines + + align:start position:0% +outcomes the random variable M defines + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes the random variable M defines +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partition up top you have m equals 1 and + + align:start position:0% +partition up top you have m equals 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +partition up top you have m equals 1 and +down below you have m equals + + align:start position:0% +down below you have m equals + + + align:start position:0% +down below you have m equals +z because these are the the outcomes + + align:start position:0% +z because these are the the outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +z because these are the the outcomes +where all the coins match these are the + + align:start position:0% +where all the coins match these are the + + + align:start position:0% +where all the coins match these are the +ones that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't the random variable R defined + + align:start position:0% +don't the random variable R defined + + + align:start position:0% +don't the random variable R defined +finds a different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partition in that case the partition has + + align:start position:0% +partition in that case the partition has + + + align:start position:0% +partition in that case the partition has +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +blocks here is R equals z no + + align:start position:0% +blocks here is R equals z no + + + align:start position:0% +blocks here is R equals z no +heads this is R equals one one + + align:start position:0% +heads this is R equals one one + + + align:start position:0% +heads this is R equals one one +head Ral 2 and Ral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 all right so a random variable just + + align:start position:0% +3 all right so a random variable just + + + align:start position:0% +3 all right so a random variable just +sort of organizes your sample space + + align:start position:0% +sort of organizes your sample space + + + align:start position:0% +sort of organizes your sample space +partitions them into block partitions it + + align:start position:0% +partitions them into block partitions it + + + align:start position:0% +partitions them into block partitions it +into block + + align:start position:0% +into block + + + align:start position:0% +into block +defined by all the elements in the block + + align:start position:0% +defined by all the elements in the block + + + align:start position:0% +defined by all the elements in the block +the outcomes in the block have the same + + align:start position:0% +the outcomes in the block have the same + + + align:start position:0% +the outcomes in the block have the same +value for the random + + align:start position:0% +value for the random + + + align:start position:0% +value for the random +variable and in fact every block is + + align:start position:0% +variable and in fact every block is + + + align:start position:0% +variable and in fact every block is +really an + + align:start position:0% +really an + + + align:start position:0% +really an +event in particular we can say that if + + align:start position:0% +event in particular we can say that if + + + align:start position:0% +event in particular we can say that if +you look at the outcomes for which the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the outcomes for which the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the outcomes for which the +random variable on that outcome equals + + align:start position:0% +random variable on that outcome equals + + + align:start position:0% +random variable on that outcome equals +some value + + align:start position:0% +some value + + + align:start position:0% +some value +X this is simply the event + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that R equals x the random variable is X + + align:start position:0% +that R equals x the random variable is X + + + align:start position:0% +that R equals x the random variable is X +and of course an event is just a subset + + align:start position:0% +and of course an event is just a subset + + + align:start position:0% +and of course an event is just a subset +of the sample space it's a collection of + + align:start position:0% +of the sample space it's a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +of the sample space it's a collection of +outcomes that Define the + + align:start position:0% +outcomes that Define the + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes that Define the +event and since we know we can talk + + align:start position:0% +event and since we know we can talk + + + align:start position:0% +event and since we know we can talk +about probabilities of events we can now + + align:start position:0% +about probabilities of events we can now + + + align:start position:0% +about probabilities of events we can now +say things like this we can + + align:start position:0% +say things like this we can + + + align:start position:0% +say things like this we can +say the probability that a random + + align:start position:0% +say the probability that a random + + + align:start position:0% +say the probability that a random +variable equals + + align:start position:0% +variable equals + + + align:start position:0% +variable equals +x is simply the probability of that + + align:start position:0% +x is simply the probability of that + + + align:start position:0% +x is simply the probability of that +event happening which is the sum overall + + align:start position:0% +event happening which is the sum overall + + + align:start position:0% +event happening which is the sum overall +outcomes + + align:start position:0% +outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes +for which the random variable equals x + + align:start position:0% +for which the random variable equals x + + + align:start position:0% +for which the random variable equals x +that outcome summing its + + align:start position:0% +that outcome summing its + + + align:start position:0% +that outcome summing its +probability so the probability that R + + align:start position:0% +probability so the probability that R + + + align:start position:0% +probability so the probability that R +the random variable equals a value is a + + align:start position:0% +the random variable equals a value is a + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable equals a value is a +sum of the probabilities of the sample + + align:start position:0% +sum of the probabilities of the sample + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the probabilities of the sample +points for which R has that + + align:start position:0% +points for which R has that + + + align:start position:0% +points for which R has that +value right this is all really basic + + align:start position:0% +value right this is all really basic + + + align:start position:0% +value right this is all really basic +stuff but but important to get + + align:start position:0% +stuff but but important to get + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but but important to get +down so for example what's the + + align:start position:0% +down so for example what's the + + + align:start position:0% +down so for example what's the +probability that R equals 2 in our case + + align:start position:0% +probability that R equals 2 in our case + + + align:start position:0% +probability that R equals 2 in our case +with the three coins you flip three + + align:start position:0% +with the three coins you flip three + + + align:start position:0% +with the three coins you flip three +coins let's say the coins are fair and + + align:start position:0% +coins let's say the coins are fair and + + + align:start position:0% +coins let's say the coins are fair and +mutually independent we probably need to + + align:start position:0% +mutually independent we probably need to + + + align:start position:0% +mutually independent we probably need to +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +that what is the probability R equals + + align:start position:0% +that what is the probability R equals + + + align:start position:0% +that what is the probability R equals +2 38 because you've got three outcomes + + align:start position:0% +2 38 because you've got three outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +2 38 because you've got three outcomes +each with probability + + align:start position:0% +each with probability + + + align:start position:0% +each with probability +1/8 all right so by this definition that + + align:start position:0% +1/8 all right so by this definition that + + + align:start position:0% +1/8 all right so by this definition that +would be the same as the probability of + + align:start position:0% +would be the same as the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +would be the same as the probability of +heads Heads + + align:start position:0% +heads Heads + + + align:start position:0% +heads Heads +Tails heads Tails heads + + align:start position:0% +Tails heads Tails heads + + + align:start position:0% +Tails heads Tails heads +Tails heads heads and that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +38 okay what's the probability that m + + align:start position:0% +38 okay what's the probability that m + + + align:start position:0% +38 okay what's the probability that m +equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 what's the probability that m equals + + align:start position:0% +1 what's the probability that m equals + + + align:start position:0% +1 what's the probability that m equals +one m is one if all the coins + + align:start position:0% +one m is one if all the coins + + + align:start position:0% +one m is one if all the coins +match one quarter because you got two + + align:start position:0% +match one quarter because you got two + + + align:start position:0% +match one quarter because you got two +cases there heads heads Heads whoops + + align:start position:0% +cases there heads heads Heads whoops + + + align:start position:0% +cases there heads heads Heads whoops +or taals tails tails and that's 28 or + + align:start position:0% +or taals tails tails and that's 28 or + + + align:start position:0% +or taals tails tails and that's 28 or +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +quter right we can also talk about the + + align:start position:0% +quter right we can also talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +quter right we can also talk about the +probability that a random variable is in + + align:start position:0% +probability that a random variable is in + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a random variable is in +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +range for example I could ask what's the + + align:start position:0% +range for example I could ask what's the + + + align:start position:0% +range for example I could ask what's the +probability that R is at least + + align:start position:0% +probability that R is at least + + + align:start position:0% +probability that R is at least +two all right that would + + align:start position:0% +two all right that would + + + align:start position:0% +two all right that would +mean the sum I equal 2 to + + align:start position:0% +mean the sum I equal 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +mean the sum I equal 2 to +Infinity the probability are equal + + align:start position:0% +Infinity the probability are equal + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity the probability are equal +I and what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what's the probability R is at + + align:start position:0% +that what's the probability R is at + + + align:start position:0% +that what's the probability R is at +least + + align:start position:0% +least + + + align:start position:0% +least +two2 it's the probability that R equals + + align:start position:0% +two2 it's the probability that R equals + + + align:start position:0% +two2 it's the probability that R equals +2 plus the probability R equals 3 + + align:start position:0% +2 plus the probability R equals 3 + + + align:start position:0% +2 plus the probability R equals 3 +there's four outcomes there each with/ + + align:start position:0% +there's four outcomes there each with/ + + + align:start position:0% +there's four outcomes there each with/ +18 so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +12 and finally we can talk about the + + align:start position:0% +12 and finally we can talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +12 and finally we can talk about the +probability that R is in some set of + + align:start position:0% +probability that R is in some set of + + + align:start position:0% +probability that R is in some set of +values all right so we could say say for + + align:start position:0% +values all right so we could say say for + + + align:start position:0% +values all right so we could say say for +example for any set subset of the real + + align:start position:0% +example for any set subset of the real + + + align:start position:0% +example for any set subset of the real +numbers we could we Define the + + align:start position:0% +numbers we could we Define the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers we could we Define the +probability that r attains a value in + + align:start position:0% +probability that r attains a value in + + + align:start position:0% +probability that r attains a value in +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +set is simply the sum over all possible + + align:start position:0% +set is simply the sum over all possible + + + align:start position:0% +set is simply the sum over all possible +values in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set that the probability R equals that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value okay so we could say we could ask + + align:start position:0% +value okay so we could say we could ask + + + align:start position:0% +value okay so we could say we could ask +what's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that +say we take a being the set + + align:start position:0% +say we take a being the set + + + align:start position:0% +say we take a being the set +13 I could ask for the probability R is + + align:start position:0% +13 I could ask for the probability R is + + + align:start position:0% +13 I could ask for the probability R is +in a when it's 13 which is the same + + align:start position:0% +in a when it's 13 which is the same + + + align:start position:0% +in a when it's 13 which is the same +as the probability R is odd because R + + align:start position:0% +as the probability R is odd because R + + + align:start position:0% +as the probability R is odd because R +can only be zero one two or three what's + + align:start position:0% +can only be zero one two or three what's + + + align:start position:0% +can only be zero one two or three what's +the probability R is + + align:start position:0% +the probability R is + + + align:start position:0% +the probability R is +odd in this + + align:start position:0% +odd in this + + + align:start position:0% +odd in this +example flip three coins we're asking + + align:start position:0% +example flip three coins we're asking + + + align:start position:0% +example flip three coins we're asking +the probability you get an odd number of + + align:start position:0% +the probability you get an odd number of + + + align:start position:0% +the probability you get an odd number of +heads one or three heads + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one2 again you got four sample + + align:start position:0% +one2 again you got four sample + + + align:start position:0% +one2 again you got four sample +points here and + + align:start position:0% +points here and + + + align:start position:0% +points here and +there so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one2 all right any + + align:start position:0% +one2 all right any + + + align:start position:0% +one2 all right any +questions about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +definition all right now we're only + + align:start position:0% +definition all right now we're only + + + align:start position:0% +definition all right now we're only +going to worry about the case when + + align:start position:0% +going to worry about the case when + + + align:start position:0% +going to worry about the case when +random variables are discreet namely + + align:start position:0% +random variables are discreet namely + + + align:start position:0% +random variables are discreet namely +um they only there's a finite number of + + align:start position:0% +um they only there's a finite number of + + + align:start position:0% +um they only there's a finite number of +values if you have continuous random + + align:start position:0% +values if you have continuous random + + + align:start position:0% +values if you have continuous random +variables which they'll deal with in + + align:start position:0% +variables which they'll deal with in + + + align:start position:0% +variables which they'll deal with in +other courses instead of doing sums and + + align:start position:0% +other courses instead of doing sums and + + + align:start position:0% +other courses instead of doing sums and +stuff like that you're working with + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that you're working with + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that you're working with +integrals but for this course it's going + + align:start position:0% +integrals but for this course it's going + + + align:start position:0% +integrals but for this course it's going +to be all countable sets and usually + + align:start position:0% +to be all countable sets and usually + + + align:start position:0% +to be all countable sets and usually +often finite + + align:start position:0% +often finite + + + align:start position:0% +often finite +sets + + align:start position:0% +sets + + + align:start position:0% +sets +now conditional probability carries over + + align:start position:0% +now conditional probability carries over + + + align:start position:0% +now conditional probability carries over +very nicely to random variables as well + + align:start position:0% +very nicely to random variables as well + + + align:start position:0% +very nicely to random variables as well +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +example we could write down the + + align:start position:0% +example we could write down the + + + align:start position:0% +example we could write down the +probability that r equal 2 + + align:start position:0% +probability that r equal 2 + + + align:start position:0% +probability that r equal 2 +given that m equals + + align:start position:0% +given that m equals + + + align:start position:0% +given that m equals +1 where R and M are the same random + + align:start position:0% +1 where R and M are the same random + + + align:start position:0% +1 where R and M are the same random +variables we've been looking at when you + + align:start position:0% +variables we've been looking at when you + + + align:start position:0% +variables we've been looking at when you +flip the three + + align:start position:0% +flip the three + + + align:start position:0% +flip the three +coins what is that + + align:start position:0% +coins what is that + + + align:start position:0% +coins what is that +probability zero the probability of + + align:start position:0% +probability zero the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +probability zero the probability of +getting exactly two heads when they're + + align:start position:0% +getting exactly two heads when they're + + + align:start position:0% +getting exactly two heads when they're +all the same can't happen it's zero you + + align:start position:0% +all the same can't happen it's zero you + + + align:start position:0% +all the same can't happen it's zero you +either have three heads or no heads so + + align:start position:0% +either have three heads or no heads so + + + align:start position:0% +either have three heads or no heads so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +zero um the notion of Independence also + + align:start position:0% +zero um the notion of Independence also + + + align:start position:0% +zero um the notion of Independence also +carries over to random variables but you + + align:start position:0% +carries over to random variables but you + + + align:start position:0% +carries over to random variables but you +got to be a little careful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here two random + + align:start position:0% +here two random + + + align:start position:0% +here two random +variables R1 and + + align:start position:0% +variables R1 and + + + align:start position:0% +variables R1 and +R2 are said to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent if and this is complic a + + align:start position:0% +independent if and this is complic a + + + align:start position:0% +independent if and this is complic a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +complicated for all possible values X X1 + + align:start position:0% +complicated for all possible values X X1 + + + align:start position:0% +complicated for all possible values X X1 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +x2 in the real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers the + + align:start position:0% +numbers the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers the +probability that R1 is X1 given that R2 + + align:start position:0% +probability that R1 is X1 given that R2 + + + align:start position:0% +probability that R1 is X1 given that R2 +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +X2 is the same as the probability of R1 + + align:start position:0% +X2 is the same as the probability of R1 + + + align:start position:0% +X2 is the same as the probability of R1 +equals X1 not knowing anything about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R2 or there's a special case when this + + align:start position:0% +R2 or there's a special case when this + + + align:start position:0% +R2 or there's a special case when this +can't happen namely the probability that + + align:start position:0% +can't happen namely the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +can't happen namely the probability that +R2 = X2 is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so for two random variables to be + + align:start position:0% +zero so for two random variables to be + + + align:start position:0% +zero so for two random variables to be +independent it needs to be the case that + + align:start position:0% +independent it needs to be the case that + + + align:start position:0% +independent it needs to be the case that +no matter what happens out here with R2 + + align:start position:0% +no matter what happens out here with R2 + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what happens out here with R2 +and whatever you know about it it can't + + align:start position:0% +and whatever you know about it it can't + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever you know about it it can't +influence the + + align:start position:0% +influence the + + + align:start position:0% +influence the +probability for R1 to equal + + align:start position:0% +probability for R1 to equal + + + align:start position:0% +probability for R1 to equal +anything so no value of R2 influences + + align:start position:0% +anything so no value of R2 influences + + + align:start position:0% +anything so no value of R2 influences +any value of + + align:start position:0% +any value of + + + align:start position:0% +any value of +R1 all right so it's the strong EST + + align:start position:0% +R1 all right so it's the strong EST + + + align:start position:0% +R1 all right so it's the strong EST +possible thing with Independence for it + + align:start position:0% +possible thing with Independence for it + + + align:start position:0% +possible thing with Independence for it +to apply to random + + align:start position:0% +to apply to random + + + align:start position:0% +to apply to random +variables and there's an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +variables and there's an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +variables and there's an equivalent +definition and we're going to use these + + align:start position:0% +definition and we're going to use these + + + align:start position:0% +definition and we're going to use these +interchangeably just as there were two + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably just as there were two + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeably just as there were two +definitions for independence of events + + align:start position:0% +definitions for independence of events + + + align:start position:0% +definitions for independence of events +there's the product + + align:start position:0% +there's the product + + + align:start position:0% +there's the product +form so the equivalent definition + + align:start position:0% +form so the equivalent definition + + + align:start position:0% +form so the equivalent definition +says for all X1 and + + align:start position:0% +says for all X1 and + + + align:start position:0% +says for all X1 and +x2 in the real + + align:start position:0% +x2 in the real + + + align:start position:0% +x2 in the real +numbers the probability that R1 equals + + align:start position:0% +numbers the probability that R1 equals + + + align:start position:0% +numbers the probability that R1 equals +X1 and R2 = + + align:start position:0% +X1 and R2 = + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and R2 = +X2 is simply the product of those + + align:start position:0% +X2 is simply the product of those + + + align:start position:0% +X2 is simply the product of those +probabilities probability R1 equal X1 + + align:start position:0% +probabilities probability R1 equal X1 + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities probability R1 equal X1 +times the probability R2 = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X2 and you don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +X2 and you don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and you don't have to worry about +that case where R2 being X2 is zero all + + align:start position:0% +that case where R2 being X2 is zero all + + + align:start position:0% +that case where R2 being X2 is zero all +right so we can use both of those as + + align:start position:0% +right so we can use both of those as + + + align:start position:0% +right so we can use both of those as +definitions of independence of random + + align:start position:0% +definitions of independence of random + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of independence of random +variables all right so let's see an + + align:start position:0% +variables all right so let's see an + + + align:start position:0% +variables all right so let's see an +example we've got r&m we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +example we've got r&m we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +example we've got r&m we've talked about +two random variables are they + + align:start position:0% +two random variables are they + + + align:start position:0% +two random variables are they +independent random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables right m is the indicator + + align:start position:0% +variables right m is the indicator + + + align:start position:0% +variables right m is the indicator +random variable for all the coins + + align:start position:0% +random variable for all the coins + + + align:start position:0% +random variable for all the coins +matching R is the random variable that + + align:start position:0% +matching R is the random variable that + + + align:start position:0% +matching R is the random variable that +tells us how many heads there were in + + align:start position:0% +tells us how many heads there were in + + + align:start position:0% +tells us how many heads there were in +three coins are they + + align:start position:0% +three coins are they + + + align:start position:0% +three coins are they +independent no why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not yes that's true information about + + align:start position:0% +not yes that's true information about + + + align:start position:0% +not yes that's true information about +what one value is influences the + + align:start position:0% +what one value is influences the + + + align:start position:0% +what one value is influences the +probability that the other guy has a + + align:start position:0% +probability that the other guy has a + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the other guy has a +certain value in particular we can find + + align:start position:0% +certain value in particular we can find + + + align:start position:0% +certain value in particular we can find +a case of X1 and X2 where this + + align:start position:0% +a case of X1 and X2 where this + + + align:start position:0% +a case of X1 and X2 where this +fails one case would be the probability + + align:start position:0% +fails one case would be the probability + + + align:start position:0% +fails one case would be the probability +of we've already done that Ral + + align:start position:0% +of we've already done that Ral + + + align:start position:0% +of we've already done that Ral +2 and m equal + + align:start position:0% +2 and m equal + + + align:start position:0% +2 and m equal +1 what was this + + align:start position:0% +1 what was this + + + align:start position:0% +1 what was this +probability zero if everything matches + + align:start position:0% +probability zero if everything matches + + + align:start position:0% +probability zero if everything matches +you can't have two heads that's zero + + align:start position:0% +you can't have two heads that's zero + + + align:start position:0% +you can't have two heads that's zero +that does not equal the + + align:start position:0% +that does not equal the + + + align:start position:0% +that does not equal the +probability of two heads times the + + align:start position:0% +probability of two heads times the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of two heads times the +probability they all match because this + + align:start position:0% +probability they all match because this + + + align:start position:0% +probability they all match because this +probability two heads is + + align:start position:0% +probability two heads is + + + align:start position:0% +probability two heads is +38 probability they all match is one + + align:start position:0% +38 probability they all match is one + + + align:start position:0% +38 probability they all match is one +quarter and 38 time a quarter is not + + align:start position:0% +quarter and 38 time a quarter is not + + + align:start position:0% +quarter and 38 time a quarter is not +zero all right so R and M are not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent okay now in general to show + + align:start position:0% +independent okay now in general to show + + + align:start position:0% +independent okay now in general to show +two random variables are not independent + + align:start position:0% +two random variables are not independent + + + align:start position:0% +two random variables are not independent +all you got to do is find one pair of + + align:start position:0% +all you got to do is find one pair of + + + align:start position:0% +all you got to do is find one pair of +out values for which there's dependence + + align:start position:0% +out values for which there's dependence + + + align:start position:0% +out values for which there's dependence +to show they're + + align:start position:0% +to show they're + + + align:start position:0% +to show they're +independent you got to deal with all + + align:start position:0% +independent you got to deal with all + + + align:start position:0% +independent you got to deal with all +possible pairs of values so it's harder + + align:start position:0% +possible pairs of values so it's harder + + + align:start position:0% +possible pairs of values so it's harder +to show Independence in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +general all right let's do another + + align:start position:0% +general all right let's do another + + + align:start position:0% +general all right let's do another +example get a little practice with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say we have two Fair + + align:start position:0% +say we have two Fair + + + align:start position:0% +say we have two Fair +independent six-sided + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +die normal Dice and the outcome of the + + align:start position:0% +die normal Dice and the outcome of the + + + align:start position:0% +die normal Dice and the outcome of the +first one is D1 and the outcome of the + + align:start position:0% +first one is D1 and the outcome of the + + + align:start position:0% +first one is D1 and the outcome of the +second role is + + align:start position:0% +second role is + + + align:start position:0% +second role is +D2 and and uh by independent I mean here + + align:start position:0% +D2 and and uh by independent I mean here + + + align:start position:0% +D2 and and uh by independent I mean here +that knowing any information about what + + align:start position:0% +that knowing any information about what + + + align:start position:0% +that knowing any information about what +the second die is does not give you any + + align:start position:0% +the second die is does not give you any + + + align:start position:0% +the second die is does not give you any +change in your probability that the + + align:start position:0% +change in your probability that the + + + align:start position:0% +change in your probability that the +first die is any + + align:start position:0% +first die is any + + + align:start position:0% +first die is any +value and now we Define another value s + + align:start position:0% +value and now we Define another value s + + + align:start position:0% +value and now we Define another value s +to be D1 plus D2 the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +to be D1 plus D2 the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +to be D1 plus D2 the sum of the +dice is s a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable yeah for any outcome an outcome + + align:start position:0% +variable yeah for any outcome an outcome + + + align:start position:0% +variable yeah for any outcome an outcome +being Pair of Dice values it maps that + + align:start position:0% +being Pair of Dice values it maps that + + + align:start position:0% +being Pair of Dice values it maps that +outcome to a real number number between + + align:start position:0% +outcome to a real number number between + + + align:start position:0% +outcome to a real number number between +two and + + align:start position:0% +two and + + + align:start position:0% +two and +12 okay let's do another one let's + + align:start position:0% +12 okay let's do another one let's + + + align:start position:0% +12 okay let's do another one let's +let + + align:start position:0% +let + + + align:start position:0% +let +T be + + align:start position:0% +T be + + + align:start position:0% +T be +one if s is seven the sum of the dice of + + align:start position:0% +one if s is seven the sum of the dice of + + + align:start position:0% +one if s is seven the sum of the dice of +seven and zero otherwise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right T is also a random variable in + + align:start position:0% +right T is also a random variable in + + + align:start position:0% +right T is also a random variable in +fact what kind is + + align:start position:0% +fact what kind is + + + align:start position:0% +fact what kind is +it yeah indicator characteristic + + align:start position:0% +it yeah indicator characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah indicator characteristic +whatever all right it's telling you if + + align:start position:0% +whatever all right it's telling you if + + + align:start position:0% +whatever all right it's telling you if +the sum of the dice is seven or + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the dice is seven or + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the dice is seven or +not uh all right now there's four random + + align:start position:0% +not uh all right now there's four random + + + align:start position:0% +not uh all right now there's four random +variables here each die which we've + + align:start position:0% +variables here each die which we've + + + align:start position:0% +variables here each die which we've +already told you we're assuming are + + align:start position:0% +already told you we're assuming are + + + align:start position:0% +already told you we're assuming are +independent the sum and the indicator if + + align:start position:0% +independent the sum and the indicator if + + + align:start position:0% +independent the sum and the indicator if +the sum is + + align:start position:0% +the sum is + + + align:start position:0% +the sum is +seven um + + align:start position:0% +seven um + + + align:start position:0% +seven um +all right what about these two + + align:start position:0% +all right what about these two + + + align:start position:0% +all right what about these two +values are D1 the first ey and the sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent no no intuitively they're + + align:start position:0% +independent no no intuitively they're + + + align:start position:0% +independent no no intuitively they're +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +because if I know something about the + + align:start position:0% +because if I know something about the + + + align:start position:0% +because if I know something about the +first die I probably probably know + + align:start position:0% +first die I probably probably know + + + align:start position:0% +first die I probably probably know +something about the sum now to really + + align:start position:0% +something about the sum now to really + + + align:start position:0% +something about the sum now to really +nail that down + + align:start position:0% +nail that down + + + align:start position:0% +nail that down +you got to give me a value for this + + align:start position:0% +you got to give me a value for this + + + align:start position:0% +you got to give me a value for this +which influences the probability that + + align:start position:0% +which influences the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +which influences the probability that +attains some + + align:start position:0% +attains some + + + align:start position:0% +attains some +value right that's how you would + + align:start position:0% +value right that's how you would + + + align:start position:0% +value right that's how you would +convince me that in fact they're + + align:start position:0% +convince me that in fact they're + + + align:start position:0% +convince me that in fact they're +dependent so what are what's can anybody + + align:start position:0% +dependent so what are what's can anybody + + + align:start position:0% +dependent so what are what's can anybody +give me a value for this that changes + + align:start position:0% +give me a value for this that changes + + + align:start position:0% +give me a value for this that changes +the probability this equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something yeah zero if it's like one + + align:start position:0% +something yeah zero if it's like one + + + align:start position:0% +something yeah zero if it's like one +then you know has to be six if this is + + align:start position:0% +then you know has to be six if this is + + + align:start position:0% +then you know has to be six if this is +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how does that what value of this could + + align:start position:0% +how does that what value of this could + + + align:start position:0% +how does that what value of this could +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +influenced you know that in order for I + + align:start position:0% +influenced you know that in order for I + + + align:start position:0% +influenced you know that in order for I +mean there only a set of values s can + + align:start position:0% +mean there only a set of values s can + + + align:start position:0% +mean there only a set of values s can +take now it can only be from 1 to from 2 + + align:start position:0% +take now it can only be from 1 to from 2 + + + align:start position:0% +take now it can only be from 1 to from 2 +to 7 from 2 to 7 in particular now this + + align:start position:0% +to 7 from 2 to 7 in particular now this + + + align:start position:0% +to 7 from 2 to 7 in particular now this +can't be + + align:start position:0% +can't be + + + align:start position:0% +can't be +12 so what I could do is say the + + align:start position:0% +12 so what I could do is say the + + + align:start position:0% +12 so what I could do is say the +probability that s equals + + align:start position:0% +probability that s equals + + + align:start position:0% +probability that s equals +12 and the first die was one what's that + + align:start position:0% +12 and the first die was one what's that + + + align:start position:0% +12 and the first die was one what's that +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +zero and that does not equal the + + align:start position:0% +zero and that does not equal the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and that does not equal the +probability s is 12 times the + + align:start position:0% +probability s is 12 times the + + + align:start position:0% +probability s is 12 times the +probability the first die was + + align:start position:0% +probability the first die was + + + align:start position:0% +probability the first die was +one okay or we could plug it into the + + align:start position:0% +one okay or we could plug it into the + + + align:start position:0% +one okay or we could plug it into the +other definition the probability that s + + align:start position:0% +other definition the probability that s + + + align:start position:0% +other definition the probability that s +equals 12 given the first die as + + align:start position:0% +equals 12 given the first die as + + + align:start position:0% +equals 12 given the first die as +one is not equal to the probability s + + align:start position:0% +one is not equal to the probability s + + + align:start position:0% +one is not equal to the probability s +equals 12 and in fact probab of the + + align:start position:0% +equals 12 and in fact probab of the + + + align:start position:0% +equals 12 and in fact probab of the +first die is one is not zero so either + + align:start position:0% +first die is one is not zero so either + + + align:start position:0% +first die is one is not zero so either +definition of course Works to show that + + align:start position:0% +definition of course Works to show that + + + align:start position:0% +definition of course Works to show that +they are dependent + + align:start position:0% +they are dependent + + + align:start position:0% +they are dependent +so s and D1 are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dependent all you need is one po pair of + + align:start position:0% +dependent all you need is one po pair of + + + align:start position:0% +dependent all you need is one po pair of +values to show dependence that's usually + + align:start position:0% +values to show dependence that's usually + + + align:start position:0% +values to show dependence that's usually +easy to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do all right what + + align:start position:0% +do all right what + + + align:start position:0% +do all right what +about D1 the first die and T the + + align:start position:0% +about D1 the first die and T the + + + align:start position:0% +about D1 the first die and T the +indicator for getting a seven + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are D1 and T independent random + + align:start position:0% +are D1 and T independent random + + + align:start position:0% +are D1 and T independent random +variables all right somebody sh in their + + align:start position:0% +variables all right somebody sh in their + + + align:start position:0% +variables all right somebody sh in their +head + + align:start position:0% +head + + + align:start position:0% +head +no they are seem to be dependent because + + align:start position:0% +no they are seem to be dependent because + + + align:start position:0% +no they are seem to be dependent because +knowing the first die seems like it + + align:start position:0% +knowing the first die seems like it + + + align:start position:0% +knowing the first die seems like it +should tell you something about the + + align:start position:0% +should tell you something about the + + + align:start position:0% +should tell you something about the +probability of getting a seven for the + + align:start position:0% +probability of getting a seven for the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of getting a seven for the +sum right that's a good first intuition + + align:start position:0% +sum right that's a good first intuition + + + align:start position:0% +sum right that's a good first intuition +in fact you always want to assume things + + align:start position:0% +in fact you always want to assume things + + + align:start position:0% +in fact you always want to assume things +are dependent unless you convince + + align:start position:0% +are dependent unless you convince + + + align:start position:0% +are dependent unless you convince +yourself otherwise is always a good good + + align:start position:0% +yourself otherwise is always a good good + + + align:start position:0% +yourself otherwise is always a good good +Rule now in fact in this case it is + + align:start position:0% +Rule now in fact in this case it is + + + align:start position:0% +Rule now in fact in this case it is +independent the probability of getting a + + align:start position:0% +independent the probability of getting a + + + align:start position:0% +independent the probability of getting a +seven is not that turns out influenced + + align:start position:0% +seven is not that turns out influenced + + + align:start position:0% +seven is not that turns out influenced +by the first + + align:start position:0% +by the first + + + align:start position:0% +by the first +die anything else would be but seven is + + align:start position:0% +die anything else would be but seven is + + + align:start position:0% +die anything else would be but seven is +not let's see why that is and to do that + + align:start position:0% +not let's see why that is and to do that + + + align:start position:0% +not let's see why that is and to do that +we'd actually have to check I think 12 + + align:start position:0% +we'd actually have to check I think 12 + + + align:start position:0% +we'd actually have to check I think 12 +cases all possible values for D1 and T + + align:start position:0% +cases all possible values for D1 and T + + + align:start position:0% +cases all possible values for D1 and T +but you'll get the idea pretty + + align:start position:0% +but you'll get the idea pretty + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll get the idea pretty +quick the probability that t equals + + align:start position:0% +quick the probability that t equals + + + align:start position:0% +quick the probability that t equals +1 namely you got a seven given that D1 + + align:start position:0% +1 namely you got a seven given that D1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 namely you got a seven given that D1 +equals 1 what's + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 what's + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 what's +that the probability of getting seven + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of getting seven + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of getting seven +for the sum given your first eyes is a + + align:start position:0% +for the sum given your first eyes is a + + + align:start position:0% +for the sum given your first eyes is a +one what's that + + align:start position:0% +one what's that + + + align:start position:0% +one what's that +probability one six because you the + + align:start position:0% +probability one six because you the + + + align:start position:0% +probability one six because you the +second one better be a + + align:start position:0% +second one better be a + + + align:start position:0% +second one better be a +six all right and what's the probability + + align:start position:0% +six all right and what's the probability + + + align:start position:0% +six all right and what's the probability +T equals + + align:start position:0% +T equals + + + align:start position:0% +T equals +1 what's the probability of rolling a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seven + + align:start position:0% +seven + + + align:start position:0% +seven +yeah 6 over 36 there's six ways to do it + + align:start position:0% +yeah 6 over 36 there's six ways to do it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 6 over 36 there's six ways to do it +one and six two and five three and four + + align:start position:0% +one and six two and five three and four + + + align:start position:0% +one and six two and five three and four +four and three five and two and six and + + align:start position:0% +four and three five and two and six and + + + align:start position:0% +four and three five and two and six and +one out of 36 possibilities equally + + align:start position:0% +one out of 36 possibilities equally + + + align:start position:0% +one out of 36 possibilities equally +likely so that worked + + align:start position:0% +likely so that worked + + + align:start position:0% +likely so that worked +here all right now probability of + + align:start position:0% +here all right now probability of + + + align:start position:0% +here all right now probability of +getting a seven given the second D the + + align:start position:0% +getting a seven given the second D the + + + align:start position:0% +getting a seven given the second D the +first sorry the first die is a + + align:start position:0% +first sorry the first die is a + + + align:start position:0% +first sorry the first die is a +two what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that probability of getting a seven + + align:start position:0% +that probability of getting a seven + + + align:start position:0% +that probability of getting a seven +given that your first die is a two + + align:start position:0% +given that your first die is a two + + + align:start position:0% +given that your first die is a two +six because you got to have the second + + align:start position:0% +six because you got to have the second + + + align:start position:0% +six because you got to have the second +die be a five and that happens + + align:start position:0% +die be a five and that happens + + + align:start position:0% +die be a five and that happens +six and that equals the right + + align:start position:0% +six and that equals the right + + + align:start position:0% +six and that equals the right +thing in fact I can keep on going here + + align:start position:0% +thing in fact I can keep on going here + + + align:start position:0% +thing in fact I can keep on going here +probability T equals 1 given D1 is + + align:start position:0% +probability T equals 1 given D1 is + + + align:start position:0% +probability T equals 1 given D1 is +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +six well for every value of D1 there's + + align:start position:0% +six well for every value of D1 there's + + + align:start position:0% +six well for every value of D1 there's +exactly one value of D2 that adds to a + + align:start position:0% +exactly one value of D2 that adds to a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one value of D2 that adds to a +seven so it's still a six + + align:start position:0% +seven so it's still a six + + + align:start position:0% +seven so it's still a six +which is the probability of getting the + + align:start position:0% +which is the probability of getting the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the probability of getting the +seven in the first + + align:start position:0% +seven in the first + + + align:start position:0% +seven in the first +place now we've also got to check the + + align:start position:0% +place now we've also got to check the + + + align:start position:0% +place now we've also got to check the +probability T equals zero given all + + align:start position:0% +probability T equals zero given all + + + align:start position:0% +probability T equals zero given all +these cases for D1 D1 equals + + align:start position:0% +these cases for D1 D1 equals + + + align:start position:0% +these cases for D1 D1 equals +1 what's this the probability of not + + align:start position:0% +1 what's this the probability of not + + + align:start position:0% +1 what's this the probability of not +getting a seven given the first ey as a + + align:start position:0% +getting a seven given the first ey as a + + + align:start position:0% +getting a seven given the first ey as a +one what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that 56 it's the opposite of this case + + align:start position:0% +that 56 it's the opposite of this case + + + align:start position:0% +that 56 it's the opposite of this case +they pair up that's got to be + + align:start position:0% +they pair up that's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +they pair up that's got to be +56 and that is of course the probability + + align:start position:0% +56 and that is of course the probability + + + align:start position:0% +56 and that is of course the probability +of T equals + + align:start position:0% +of T equals + + + align:start position:0% +of T equals +z and the same is true for all other the + + align:start position:0% +z and the same is true for all other the + + + align:start position:0% +z and the same is true for all other the +other five cases you know the + + align:start position:0% +other five cases you know the + + + align:start position:0% +other five cases you know the +probability T equals + + align:start position:0% +probability T equals + + + align:start position:0% +probability T equals +z given any value of + + align:start position:0% +z given any value of + + + align:start position:0% +z given any value of +D is + + align:start position:0% +D is + + + align:start position:0% +D is +56 which equals the probability T equals + + align:start position:0% +56 which equals the probability T equals + + + align:start position:0% +56 which equals the probability T equals +z so we check all possible values of T1 + + align:start position:0% +z so we check all possible values of T1 + + + align:start position:0% +z so we check all possible values of T1 +and all possible values of D1 and lo and + + align:start position:0% +and all possible values of D1 and lo and + + + align:start position:0% +and all possible values of D1 and lo and +behold it works every + + align:start position:0% +behold it works every + + + align:start position:0% +behold it works every +time so no knowing the first die does + + align:start position:0% +time so no knowing the first die does + + + align:start position:0% +time so no knowing the first die does +not change the probability of getting a + + align:start position:0% +not change the probability of getting a + + + align:start position:0% +not change the probability of getting a +seven would it change the probability of + + align:start position:0% +seven would it change the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +seven would it change the probability of +getting a + + align:start position:0% +getting a + + + align:start position:0% +getting a +six yeah because if the first die were a + + align:start position:0% +six yeah because if the first die were a + + + align:start position:0% +six yeah because if the first die were a +six you know you're G to get more than a + + align:start position:0% +six you know you're G to get more than a + + + align:start position:0% +six you know you're G to get more than a +six so it just holds true because I + + align:start position:0% +six so it just holds true because I + + + align:start position:0% +six so it just holds true because I +picked it to be an indicator for + + align:start position:0% +picked it to be an indicator for + + + align:start position:0% +picked it to be an indicator for +seven any + + align:start position:0% +seven any + + + align:start position:0% +seven any +questions about that so if you're ever + + align:start position:0% +questions about that so if you're ever + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that so if you're ever +asked to show things are independent you + + align:start position:0% +asked to show things are independent you + + + align:start position:0% +asked to show things are independent you +got to go through all the cases + + align:start position:0% +got to go through all the cases + + + align:start position:0% +got to go through all the cases +if you're asked to show they're + + align:start position:0% +if you're asked to show they're + + + align:start position:0% +if you're asked to show they're +dependent just find one case that blows + + align:start position:0% +dependent just find one case that blows + + + align:start position:0% +dependent just find one case that blows +it up and you're + + align:start position:0% +it up and you're + + + align:start position:0% +it up and you're +done okay you can also talk about + + align:start position:0% +done okay you can also talk about + + + align:start position:0% +done okay you can also talk about +independence for many random variables + + align:start position:0% +independence for many random variables + + + align:start position:0% +independence for many random variables +and you have a notion of mutual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Independence and this is a little hairy + + align:start position:0% +Independence and this is a little hairy + + + align:start position:0% +Independence and this is a little hairy +it's the natural thing R1 + + align:start position:0% +it's the natural thing R1 + + + align:start position:0% +it's the natural thing R1 +R2 up to + + align:start position:0% +R2 up to + + + align:start position:0% +R2 up to +RN are mutually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +if for all the values of all the random + + align:start position:0% +if for all the values of all the random + + + align:start position:0% +if for all the values of all the random +variables so X1 + + align:start position:0% +variables so X1 + + + align:start position:0% +variables so X1 +X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +xn and we're going to give the product + + align:start position:0% +xn and we're going to give the product + + + align:start position:0% +xn and we're going to give the product +form because it's the simpler way to do + + align:start position:0% +form because it's the simpler way to do + + + align:start position:0% +form because it's the simpler way to do +it here the probability that R1 is X1 + + align:start position:0% +it here the probability that R1 is X1 + + + align:start position:0% +it here the probability that R1 is X1 +and R2 is X2 + + align:start position:0% +and R2 is X2 + + + align:start position:0% +and R2 is X2 +and RN is + + align:start position:0% +and RN is + + + align:start position:0% +and RN is +xn equals the product of the individual + + align:start position:0% +xn equals the product of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +xn equals the product of the individual +probabilities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right it's the natural + + align:start position:0% +all right it's the natural + + + align:start position:0% +all right it's the natural +generalization uh for two variables and + + align:start position:0% +generalization uh for two variables and + + + align:start position:0% +generalization uh for two variables and +there's also the equivalent form in + + align:start position:0% +there's also the equivalent form in + + + align:start position:0% +there's also the equivalent form in +conditional probabilities but that's a + + align:start position:0% +conditional probabilities but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +conditional probabilities but that's a +little hairier to write down and we + + align:start position:0% +little hairier to write down and we + + + align:start position:0% +little hairier to write down and we +generally don't don't work with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that any questions about Mutual + + align:start position:0% +that any questions about Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +that any questions about Mutual +Independence yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of so any subset what you have to check + + align:start position:0% +of so any subset what you have to check + + + align:start position:0% +of so any subset what you have to check +for any + + align:start position:0% +for any + + + align:start position:0% +for any +sub yeah so in the in the conditional + + align:start position:0% +sub yeah so in the in the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +sub yeah so in the in the conditional +form you check any + + align:start position:0% +form you check any + + + align:start position:0% +form you check any +subset here you don't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +subset here you don't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +subset here you don't have to worry +about the subsets you take any possible + + align:start position:0% +about the subsets you take any possible + + + align:start position:0% +about the subsets you take any possible +value for for all of them so there's no + + align:start position:0% +value for for all of them so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +value for for all of them so there's no +subset notation on this version you know + + align:start position:0% +subset notation on this version you know + + + align:start position:0% +subset notation on this version you know +so you can you can do without it that + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can do without it that + + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can do without it that +would be equivalent there's another form + + align:start position:0% +would be equivalent there's another form + + + align:start position:0% +would be equivalent there's another form +where you look at all the possible + + align:start position:0% +where you look at all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +where you look at all the possible +subsets as well and conditioning on that + + align:start position:0% +subsets as well and conditioning on that + + + align:start position:0% +subsets as well and conditioning on that +but this is good enough this is probably + + align:start position:0% +but this is good enough this is probably + + + align:start position:0% +but this is good enough this is probably +the simplest way to do Mutual + + align:start position:0% +the simplest way to do Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest way to do Mutual +Independence is like this so every + + align:start position:0% +Independence is like this so every + + + align:start position:0% +Independence is like this so every +variable is included here and that will + + align:start position:0% +variable is included here and that will + + + align:start position:0% +variable is included here and that will +imply the same thing for any subset you + + align:start position:0% +imply the same thing for any subset you + + + align:start position:0% +imply the same thing for any subset you +don't have to check every subset + + align:start position:0% +don't have to check every subset + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to check every subset +here and then you could do that by just + + align:start position:0% +here and then you could do that by just + + + align:start position:0% +here and then you could do that by just +summing over RN being everything and it + + align:start position:0% +summing over RN being everything and it + + + align:start position:0% +summing over RN being everything and it +cancels away to get to get rid of items + + align:start position:0% +cancels away to get to get rid of items + + + align:start position:0% +cancels away to get to get rid of items +but you don't have to worry about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we going to change gears a + + align:start position:0% +okay so we going to change gears a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we going to change gears a +little bit now and talk about the + + align:start position:0% +little bit now and talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit now and talk about the +probability distribution function which + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution function which + + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution function which +is just a way of sort of writing down or + + align:start position:0% +is just a way of sort of writing down or + + + align:start position:0% +is just a way of sort of writing down or +characterizing the probabilities + + align:start position:0% +characterizing the probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +characterizing the probabilities +associated with each value being + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attained so + + align:start position:0% +attained so + + + align:start position:0% +attained so +given a random variable r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability also known as the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function also denoted PDF probability + + align:start position:0% +function also denoted PDF probability + + + align:start position:0% +function also denoted PDF probability +distribution function + + align:start position:0% +distribution function + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +R is well it's very simple it's just a + + align:start position:0% +R is well it's very simple it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +R is well it's very simple it's just a +function f ofx which equals the + + align:start position:0% +function f ofx which equals the + + + align:start position:0% +function f ofx which equals the +probability that R is + + align:start position:0% +probability that R is + + + align:start position:0% +probability that R is +X very simple right but now we're + + align:start position:0% +X very simple right but now we're + + + align:start position:0% +X very simple right but now we're +characterizing it as a as a + + align:start position:0% +characterizing it as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +characterizing it as a as a +function and there's also a notion of + + align:start position:0% +function and there's also a notion of + + + align:start position:0% +function and there's also a notion of +the cumulative distribution function + + align:start position:0% +the cumulative distribution function + + + align:start position:0% +the cumulative distribution function +which is going to be the probability + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be the probability + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be the probability +that R is less than or equal to X so + + align:start position:0% +that R is less than or equal to X so + + + align:start position:0% +that R is less than or equal to X so +let's write that down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the cumulative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +f for random variable + + align:start position:0% +f for random variable + + + align:start position:0% +f for random variable +R is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simply f ofx is the probability that R + + align:start position:0% +simply f ofx is the probability that R + + + align:start position:0% +simply f ofx is the probability that R +is at most X which is just the sum Over + + align:start position:0% +is at most X which is just the sum Over + + + align:start position:0% +is at most X which is just the sum Over +All dra y less than equal to X the + + align:start position:0% +All dra y less than equal to X the + + + align:start position:0% +All dra y less than equal to X the +probability r equal + + align:start position:0% +probability r equal + + + align:start position:0% +probability r equal +y all right and so the distribution + + align:start position:0% +y all right and so the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +y all right and so the distribution +functions characterize the probability a + + align:start position:0% +functions characterize the probability a + + + align:start position:0% +functions characterize the probability a +random variable takes on any value and + + align:start position:0% +random variable takes on any value and + + + align:start position:0% +random variable takes on any value and +there's certain common ones that just + + align:start position:0% +there's certain common ones that just + + + align:start position:0% +there's certain common ones that just +come up all the time and so people have + + align:start position:0% +come up all the time and so people have + + + align:start position:0% +come up all the time and so people have +done a lot of analysis about them um + + align:start position:0% +done a lot of analysis about them um + + + align:start position:0% +done a lot of analysis about them um +because they occur so frequently and + + align:start position:0% +because they occur so frequently and + + + align:start position:0% +because they occur so frequently and +we're going to talk about three of them + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about three of them + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about three of them +today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first is really + + align:start position:0% +the first is really + + + align:start position:0% +the first is really +simple and that is the beri random + + align:start position:0% +simple and that is the beri random + + + align:start position:0% +simple and that is the beri random +variable or indicator random + + align:start position:0% +variable or indicator random + + + align:start position:0% +variable or indicator random +variable all right so + + align:start position:0% +variable all right so + + + align:start position:0% +variable all right so +for an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indicator random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable F0 + + align:start position:0% +variable F0 + + + align:start position:0% +variable F0 +is p and + + align:start position:0% +is p and + + + align:start position:0% +is p and +F1 is 1 minus P for some + + align:start position:0% +F1 is 1 minus P for some + + + align:start position:0% +F1 is 1 minus P for some +P all right the probability could be + + align:start position:0% +P all right the probability could be + + + align:start position:0% +P all right the probability could be +half if you're flipping a coin + + align:start position:0% +half if you're flipping a coin + + + align:start position:0% +half if you're flipping a coin +probability of heads could be a half + + align:start position:0% +probability of heads could be a half + + + align:start position:0% +probability of heads could be a half +probability of Tails would be a half + + align:start position:0% +probability of Tails would be a half + + + align:start position:0% +probability of Tails would be a half +it's just two values zero and one and + + align:start position:0% +it's just two values zero and one and + + + align:start position:0% +it's just two values zero and one and +then the cumulative function is very + + align:start position:0% +then the cumulative function is very + + + align:start position:0% +then the cumulative function is very +simple F0 is p big F of one is + + align:start position:0% +simple F0 is p big F of one is + + + align:start position:0% +simple F0 is p big F of one is +one all right so that is is about a + + align:start position:0% +one all right so that is is about a + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so that is is about a +simple function just you can can + + align:start position:0% +simple function just you can can + + + align:start position:0% +simple function just you can can +get all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right the next + + align:start position:0% +right the next + + + align:start position:0% +right the next +simplest and also very common is called + + align:start position:0% +simplest and also very common is called + + + align:start position:0% +simplest and also very common is called +a uniform random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable define + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that where a uniform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +random variable and we have to Define + + align:start position:0% +random variable and we have to Define + + + align:start position:0% +random variable and we have to Define +what it's defined on on say the integers + + align:start position:0% +what it's defined on on say the integers + + + align:start position:0% +what it's defined on on say the integers +from one to + + align:start position:0% +from one to + + + align:start position:0% +from one to +n every value is equally likely all the + + align:start position:0% +n every value is equally likely all the + + + align:start position:0% +n every value is equally likely all the +integers from one to n are equally + + align:start position:0% +integers from one to n are equally + + + align:start position:0% +integers from one to n are equally +likely to + + align:start position:0% +likely to + + + align:start position:0% +likely to +occur and so in this case N is a + + align:start position:0% +occur and so in this case N is a + + + align:start position:0% +occur and so in this case N is a +parameter of the + + align:start position:0% +parameter of the + + + align:start position:0% +parameter of the +function FN of K is simply 1 over n each + + align:start position:0% +function FN of K is simply 1 over n each + + + align:start position:0% +function FN of K is simply 1 over n each +integer from one to n is equally likely + + align:start position:0% +integer from one to n is equally likely + + + align:start position:0% +integer from one to n is equally likely +so it's one in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N all right what is the cumulative + + align:start position:0% +N all right what is the cumulative + + + align:start position:0% +N all right what is the cumulative +distribution function for + + align:start position:0% +distribution function for + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function for +this what is Big F of n of + + align:start position:0% +this what is Big F of n of + + + align:start position:0% +this what is Big F of n of +K for the uniform the probability that + + align:start position:0% +K for the uniform the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +K for the uniform the probability that +the random variable takes a value that's + + align:start position:0% +the random variable takes a value that's + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable takes a value that's +at most + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K close K Over N and you could think of + + align:start position:0% +K close K Over N and you could think of + + + align:start position:0% +K close K Over N and you could think of +of K being + + align:start position:0% +of K being + + + align:start position:0% +of K being +one youd have at least the one over n + + align:start position:0% +one youd have at least the one over n + + + align:start position:0% +one youd have at least the one over n +probability all right so you have K + + align:start position:0% +probability all right so you have K + + + align:start position:0% +probability all right so you have K +chances it could be one two three four + + align:start position:0% +chances it could be one two three four + + + align:start position:0% +chances it could be one two three four +up to k each has a one over n + + align:start position:0% +up to k each has a one over n + + + align:start position:0% +up to k each has a one over n +chance because we've got the definition + + align:start position:0% +chance because we've got the definition + + + align:start position:0% +chance because we've got the definition +is less than or equal not less + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than all right uniform distributions + + align:start position:0% +than all right uniform distributions + + + align:start position:0% +than all right uniform distributions +come up all the time rolling a fair die + + align:start position:0% +come up all the time rolling a fair die + + + align:start position:0% +come up all the time rolling a fair die +is uniform on one through six for values + + align:start position:0% +is uniform on one through six for values + + + align:start position:0% +is uniform on one through six for values +if I pick a random student in the class + + align:start position:0% +if I pick a random student in the class + + + align:start position:0% +if I pick a random student in the class +the chance I pick you is one in the size + + align:start position:0% +the chance I pick you is one in the size + + + align:start position:0% +the chance I pick you is one in the size +of the class we have uniform sample + + align:start position:0% +of the class we have uniform sample + + + align:start position:0% +of the class we have uniform sample +spaces each outcome occurs equally + + align:start position:0% +spaces each outcome occurs equally + + + align:start position:0% +spaces each outcome occurs equally +likely all right any questions about + + align:start position:0% +likely all right any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +likely all right any questions about +uniform it + + align:start position:0% +uniform it + + + align:start position:0% +uniform it +is okay so while we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +is okay so while we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so while we're talking about +uniform I want to play a + + align:start position:0% +uniform I want to play a + + + align:start position:0% +uniform I want to play a +game uh whose optimal strategy is going + + align:start position:0% +game uh whose optimal strategy is going + + + align:start position:0% +game uh whose optimal strategy is going +to turn out to be related to uniform + + align:start position:0% +to turn out to be related to uniform + + + align:start position:0% +to turn out to be related to uniform +distributions okay now the game works as + + align:start position:0% +distributions okay now the game works as + + + align:start position:0% +distributions okay now the game works as +follows I'm going to have two envelopes + + align:start position:0% +follows I'm going to have two envelopes + + + align:start position:0% +follows I'm going to have two envelopes +here and inside each envelope I've + + align:start position:0% +here and inside each envelope I've + + + align:start position:0% +here and inside each envelope I've +written a + + align:start position:0% +written a + + + align:start position:0% +written a +number and the number in this case is a + + align:start position:0% +number and the number in this case is a + + + align:start position:0% +number and the number in this case is a +number between zero and 100 + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and 100 + + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and 100 +inclusive all + + align:start position:0% +inclusive all + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive all +right it's not a random number because I + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a random number because I + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not a random number because I +wrote it and maybe I'm not such a nice + + align:start position:0% +wrote it and maybe I'm not such a nice + + + align:start position:0% +wrote it and maybe I'm not such a nice +guy I might have picked nasty number + + align:start position:0% +guy I might have picked nasty number + + + align:start position:0% +guy I might have picked nasty number +numbers to write here they are different + + align:start position:0% +numbers to write here they are different + + + align:start position:0% +numbers to write here they are different +though the numbers are different in the + + align:start position:0% +though the numbers are different in the + + + align:start position:0% +though the numbers are different in the +envelopes now I'm going to pick a + + align:start position:0% +envelopes now I'm going to pick a + + + align:start position:0% +envelopes now I'm going to pick a +volunteer from the class and their job + + align:start position:0% +volunteer from the class and their job + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer from the class and their job +is to pick the envelope with a bigger + + align:start position:0% +is to pick the envelope with a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +is to pick the envelope with a bigger +number and if they get the one with a + + align:start position:0% +number and if they get the one with a + + + align:start position:0% +number and if they get the one with a +bigger number then they get one of these + + align:start position:0% +bigger number then they get one of these + + + align:start position:0% +bigger number then they get one of these +guys for ice cream and if they don't get + + align:start position:0% +guys for ice cream and if they don't get + + + align:start position:0% +guys for ice cream and if they don't get +that one with a bigger + + align:start position:0% +that one with a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +that one with a bigger +number they get the nerd Pride pocket + + align:start position:0% +number they get the nerd Pride pocket + + + align:start position:0% +number they get the nerd Pride pocket +protector okay now + + align:start position:0% +protector okay now + + + align:start position:0% +protector okay now +since you don't know which number I put + + align:start position:0% +since you don't know which number I put + + + align:start position:0% +since you don't know which number I put +in which 50/50 if you get the prize the + + align:start position:0% +in which 50/50 if you get the prize the + + + align:start position:0% +in which 50/50 if you get the prize the +the the $10 gift certificate so to give + + align:start position:0% +the the $10 gift certificate so to give + + + align:start position:0% +the the $10 gift certificate so to give +you a little bit of an edge I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit of an edge I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit of an edge I'm going to +let you open one of the envelopes and + + align:start position:0% +let you open one of the envelopes and + + + align:start position:0% +let you open one of the envelopes and +see what numbers there then you have to + + align:start position:0% +see what numbers there then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +see what numbers there then you have to +decide do you want the number you got or + + align:start position:0% +decide do you want the number you got or + + + align:start position:0% +decide do you want the number you got or +do you want the other + + align:start position:0% +do you want the other + + + align:start position:0% +do you want the other +envelope + + align:start position:0% +envelope + + + align:start position:0% +envelope +okay is the game clear what we're going + + align:start position:0% +okay is the game clear what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay is the game clear what we're going +to do okay so need a couple of + + align:start position:0% +to do okay so need a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +to do okay so need a couple of +volunteers going to do it twice + + align:start position:0% +volunteers going to do it twice + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers going to do it twice +all right somebody way in the back up + + align:start position:0% +all right somebody way in the back up + + + align:start position:0% +all right somebody way in the back up +there any other volunteers all right + + align:start position:0% +there any other volunteers all right + + + align:start position:0% +there any other volunteers all right +come on down oh you've already played + + align:start position:0% +come on down oh you've already played + + + align:start position:0% +come on down oh you've already played +before you already got who hasn't played + + align:start position:0% +before you already got who hasn't played + + + align:start position:0% +before you already got who hasn't played +before once of all right come on + + align:start position:0% +before once of all right come on + + + align:start position:0% +before once of all right come on +up all right now you want to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +up all right now you want to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +up all right now you want to be thinking +about boy is there a strategy here or is + + align:start position:0% +about boy is there a strategy here or is + + + align:start position:0% +about boy is there a strategy here or is +this just dumb luck + + align:start position:0% +this just dumb luck + + + align:start position:0% +this just dumb luck +5050 all + + align:start position:0% +5050 all + + + align:start position:0% +5050 all +right okay what's your name Sean Sean + + align:start position:0% +right okay what's your name Sean Sean + + + align:start position:0% +right okay what's your name Sean Sean +all right I got two envelopes Sean they + + align:start position:0% +all right I got two envelopes Sean they + + + align:start position:0% +all right I got two envelopes Sean they +are numbers between zero and 100 + + align:start position:0% +are numbers between zero and 100 + + + align:start position:0% +are numbers between zero and 100 +and um you can pick one and we'll reveal + + align:start position:0% +and um you can pick one and we'll reveal + + + align:start position:0% +and um you can pick one and we'll reveal +the number and then you decide do you + + align:start position:0% +the number and then you decide do you + + + align:start position:0% +the number and then you decide do you +want the number you got or do you want + + align:start position:0% +want the number you got or do you want + + + align:start position:0% +want the number you got or do you want +the other one the goal is to get the + + align:start position:0% +the other one the goal is to get the + + + align:start position:0% +the other one the goal is to get the +bigger number so take one and open + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it what'd you + + align:start position:0% +it what'd you + + + align:start position:0% +it what'd you +get you got a six the numbers go from + + align:start position:0% +get you got a six the numbers go from + + + align:start position:0% +get you got a six the numbers go from +zero to 100 what do you think sha should + + align:start position:0% +zero to 100 what do you think sha should + + + align:start position:0% +zero to 100 what do you think sha should +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what what what do you think you should + + align:start position:0% +what what what do you think you should + + + align:start position:0% +what what what do you think you should +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +do make the other guy check the other + + align:start position:0% +do make the other guy check the other + + + align:start position:0% +do make the other guy check the other +one no no you can't look at the other + + align:start position:0% +one no no you can't look at the other + + + align:start position:0% +one no no you can't look at the other +one and unfortunately you're gonna play + + align:start position:0% +one and unfortunately you're gonna play + + + align:start position:0% +one and unfortunately you're gonna play +with different envelopes you know what + + align:start position:0% +with different envelopes you know what + + + align:start position:0% +with different envelopes you know what +should you do six there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +should you do six there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +should you do six there's a lot of +numbers bigger than six + + align:start position:0% +numbers bigger than six + + + align:start position:0% +numbers bigger than six +Sean but they might not be in that + + align:start position:0% +Sean but they might not be in that + + + align:start position:0% +Sean but they might not be in that +envelope might be a zero in that + + align:start position:0% +envelope might be a zero in that + + + align:start position:0% +envelope might be a zero in that +envelope that yeah you're gonna stay + + align:start position:0% +envelope that yeah you're gonna stay + + + align:start position:0% +envelope that yeah you're gonna stay +with six all right he picked six what do + + align:start position:0% +with six all right he picked six what do + + + align:start position:0% +with six all right he picked six what do +you think he should have done how many + + align:start position:0% +you think he should have done how many + + + align:start position:0% +you think he should have done how many +people think he should have + + align:start position:0% +people think he should have + + + align:start position:0% +people think he should have +switched oh Shawn how many people like + + align:start position:0% +switched oh Shawn how many people like + + + align:start position:0% +switched oh Shawn how many people like +Shawn's + + align:start position:0% +Shawn's + + + align:start position:0% +Shawn's +choice not so good all right let's see + + align:start position:0% +choice not so good all right let's see + + + align:start position:0% +choice not so good all right let's see +if you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +won here we go + + align:start position:0% +won here we go + + + align:start position:0% +won here we go +five Sean wins the ice cream good work + + align:start position:0% +five Sean wins the ice cream good work + + + align:start position:0% +five Sean wins the ice cream good work +now Sean what was your thinking + + align:start position:0% +now Sean what was your thinking + + + align:start position:0% +now Sean what was your thinking +here um I was think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +totally + + align:start position:0% +totally + + + align:start position:0% +totally +5050 how many people buy that argument + + align:start position:0% +5050 how many people buy that argument + + + align:start position:0% +5050 how many people buy that argument +it's 50/50 he really has no idea what's + + align:start position:0% +it's 50/50 he really has no idea what's + + + align:start position:0% +it's 50/50 he really has no idea what's +the other envelope how many people think + + align:start position:0% +the other envelope how many people think + + + align:start position:0% +the other envelope how many people think +there's a better + + align:start position:0% +there's a better + + + align:start position:0% +there's a better +way uh not too many all right we're + + align:start position:0% +way uh not too many all right we're + + + align:start position:0% +way uh not too many all right we're +going to try it again well done all + + align:start position:0% +going to try it again well done all + + + align:start position:0% +going to try it again well done all +right I got different envelopes here and + + align:start position:0% +right I got different envelopes here and + + + align:start position:0% +right I got different envelopes here and +tell me your name again Drew okay drew + + align:start position:0% +tell me your name again Drew okay drew + + + align:start position:0% +tell me your name again Drew okay drew +two envelopes which one would you like + + align:start position:0% +two envelopes which one would you like + + + align:start position:0% +two envelopes which one would you like +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +open they're both labeled B that won't + + align:start position:0% +open they're both labeled B that won't + + + align:start position:0% +open they're both labeled B that won't +help you there all right he's got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one let's see what you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got + + align:start position:0% +got + + + align:start position:0% +got +92 oh my goodness and we've seen what + + align:start position:0% +92 oh my goodness and we've seen what + + + align:start position:0% +92 oh my goodness and we've seen what +five and six what are you going to do + + align:start position:0% +five and six what are you going to do + + + align:start position:0% +five and six what are you going to do +92 what should he do guys stay oh he's + + align:start position:0% +92 what should he do guys stay oh he's + + + align:start position:0% +92 what should he do guys stay oh he's +got a big number + + align:start position:0% +got a big number + + + align:start position:0% +got a big number +there you're going to switch you're + + align:start position:0% +there you're going to switch you're + + + align:start position:0% +there you're going to switch you're +giving up a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +92 you sure you don't want the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +92 how many people think Drew is gonna + + align:start position:0% +92 how many people think Drew is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +92 how many people think Drew is gonna +win he's trying to lose a couple people + + align:start position:0% +win he's trying to lose a couple people + + + align:start position:0% +win he's trying to lose a couple people +let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see either 91 or 93 93 how did you know + + align:start position:0% +see either 91 or 93 93 how did you know + + + align:start position:0% +see either 91 or 93 93 how did you know +there was a bigger number wow very good + + align:start position:0% +there was a bigger number wow very good + + + align:start position:0% +there was a bigger number wow very good +there you go what was your strategy I + + align:start position:0% +there you go what was your strategy I + + + align:start position:0% +there you go what was your strategy I +figured you + + align:start position:0% +figured you + + + align:start position:0% +figured you +probably yeah that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good what open the 93 would you still + + align:start position:0% +good what open the 93 would you still + + + align:start position:0% +good what open the 93 would you still +switch + + align:start position:0% +switch + + + align:start position:0% +switch +um still switch H all right so is it + + align:start position:0% +um still switch H all right so is it + + + align:start position:0% +um still switch H all right so is it +50/50 then because you see a 92 a 93 + + align:start position:0% +50/50 then because you see a 92 a 93 + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 then because you see a 92 a 93 +you're switching either + + align:start position:0% +you're switching either + + + align:start position:0% +you're switching either +way 5050 all right how many people still + + align:start position:0% +way 5050 all right how many people still + + + align:start position:0% +way 5050 all right how many people still +like 5050 he can't beat 50/50 + + align:start position:0% +like 5050 he can't beat 50/50 + + + align:start position:0% +like 5050 he can't beat 50/50 +here any ideas can can you beat 50/50 + + align:start position:0% +here any ideas can can you beat 50/50 + + + align:start position:0% +here any ideas can can you beat 50/50 +yeah just pay attention to your face oh + + align:start position:0% +yeah just pay attention to your face oh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just pay attention to your face oh +great well I guess I gave it away you + + align:start position:0% +great well I guess I gave it away you + + + align:start position:0% +great well I guess I gave it away you +know I think I've lost every bet so far + + align:start position:0% +know I think I've lost every bet so far + + + align:start position:0% +know I think I've lost every bet so far +in the course here even on Monty Hall + + align:start position:0% +in the course here even on Monty Hall + + + align:start position:0% +in the course here even on Monty Hall +every time so I guess I'm I have a tell + + align:start position:0% +every time so I guess I'm I have a tell + + + align:start position:0% +every time so I guess I'm I have a tell +or something here uh now in fact you can + + align:start position:0% +or something here uh now in fact you can + + + align:start position:0% +or something here uh now in fact you can +beat 5050 the information is helpful now + + align:start position:0% +beat 5050 the information is helpful now + + + align:start position:0% +beat 5050 the information is helpful now +just to be clear are these numbers that + + align:start position:0% +just to be clear are these numbers that + + + align:start position:0% +just to be clear are these numbers that +I wrote down + + align:start position:0% +I wrote down + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote down +random no no I'm trying not to give away + + align:start position:0% +random no no I'm trying not to give away + + + align:start position:0% +random no no I'm trying not to give away +my ice cream Bills going through the + + align:start position:0% +my ice cream Bills going through the + + + align:start position:0% +my ice cream Bills going through the +roof here I'm trying to make it hard so + + align:start position:0% +roof here I'm trying to make it hard so + + + align:start position:0% +roof here I'm trying to make it hard so +they're very much not random they were + + align:start position:0% +they're very much not random they were + + + align:start position:0% +they're very much not random they were +two smalls and and two + + align:start position:0% +two smalls and and two + + + align:start position:0% +two smalls and and two +bigs what is random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here which one he saw that's 50/50 + + align:start position:0% +here which one he saw that's 50/50 + + + align:start position:0% +here which one he saw that's 50/50 +effectively so that's random there + + align:start position:0% +effectively so that's random there + + + align:start position:0% +effectively so that's random there +um now his strategy could also be random + + align:start position:0% +um now his strategy could also be random + + + align:start position:0% +um now his strategy could also be random +but it wasn't his strategy was if he + + align:start position:0% +but it wasn't his strategy was if he + + + align:start position:0% +but it wasn't his strategy was if he +sees a big number he's swapping which is + + align:start position:0% +sees a big number he's swapping which is + + + align:start position:0% +sees a big number he's swapping which is +odd most people say the big number they + + align:start position:0% +odd most people say the big number they + + + align:start position:0% +odd most people say the big number they +want to keep it you know I'd have done + + align:start position:0% +want to keep it you know I'd have done + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep it you know I'd have done +well today if I had a really big number + + align:start position:0% +well today if I had a really big number + + + align:start position:0% +well today if I had a really big number +and a really small number because then I + + align:start position:0% +and a really small number because then I + + + align:start position:0% +and a really small number because then I +would have won both times all + + align:start position:0% +would have won both times all + + + align:start position:0% +would have won both times all +right uh okay so to see why there might + + align:start position:0% +right uh okay so to see why there might + + + align:start position:0% +right uh okay so to see why there might +be a winning strategy you're better than + + align:start position:0% +be a winning strategy you're better than + + + align:start position:0% +be a winning strategy you're better than +50/50 imagine that I had been been and + + align:start position:0% +50/50 imagine that I had been been and + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 imagine that I had been been and +put a very small number in one envelope + + align:start position:0% +put a very small number in one envelope + + + align:start position:0% +put a very small number in one envelope +and a very big number in the other + + align:start position:0% +and a very big number in the other + + + align:start position:0% +and a very big number in the other +envelope say I had a 5 and one in a 902 + + align:start position:0% +envelope say I had a 5 and one in a 902 + + + align:start position:0% +envelope say I had a 5 and one in a 902 +in the other can you win then if you + + align:start position:0% +in the other can you win then if you + + + align:start position:0% +in the other can you win then if you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +that okay how do you win if you know + + align:start position:0% +that okay how do you win if you know + + + align:start position:0% +that okay how do you win if you know +there's one less than 10 and one bigger + + align:start position:0% +there's one less than 10 and one bigger + + + align:start position:0% +there's one less than 10 and one bigger +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 10 switch yeah and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +yeah 10 switch yeah and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 10 switch yeah and you're going to +win with what + + align:start position:0% +win with what + + + align:start position:0% +win with what +probability one it's a + + align:start position:0% +probability one it's a + + + align:start position:0% +probability one it's a +certainty all right uh + + align:start position:0% +certainty all right uh + + + align:start position:0% +certainty all right uh +um well but I'm not that nice + + align:start position:0% +um well but I'm not that nice + + + align:start position:0% +um well but I'm not that nice +say um say though there is a threshold X + + align:start position:0% +say um say though there is a threshold X + + + align:start position:0% +say um say though there is a threshold X +such that one of the numbers is less + + align:start position:0% +such that one of the numbers is less + + + align:start position:0% +such that one of the numbers is less +than x and one is bigger than x and you + + align:start position:0% +than x and one is bigger than x and you + + + align:start position:0% +than x and one is bigger than x and you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +X can you win + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now say you know that one number is less + + align:start position:0% +now say you know that one number is less + + + align:start position:0% +now say you know that one number is less +than 47 a half and one's bigger than 47 + + align:start position:0% +than 47 a half and one's bigger than 47 + + + align:start position:0% +than 47 a half and one's bigger than 47 +A2 can you win + + align:start position:0% +A2 can you win + + + align:start position:0% +A2 can you win +yeah because if you get the one less + + align:start position:0% +yeah because if you get the one less + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because if you get the one less +than 47 and a half you switch and + + align:start position:0% +than 47 and a half you switch and + + + align:start position:0% +than 47 and a half you switch and +otherwise you stay so again you win with + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you stay so again you win with + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you stay so again you win with +certainty all right that's + + align:start position:0% +certainty all right that's + + + align:start position:0% +certainty all right that's +good is there always such an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X you may not know it but is there + + align:start position:0% +X you may not know it but is there + + + align:start position:0% +X you may not know it but is there +always such an X yeah because the + + align:start position:0% +always such an X yeah because the + + + align:start position:0% +always such an X yeah because the +numbers are different just pick a a real + + align:start position:0% +numbers are different just pick a a real + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are different just pick a a real +number in between them you know with 92 + + align:start position:0% +number in between them you know with 92 + + + align:start position:0% +number in between them you know with 92 +and 93 there's 92 and a half is such an + + align:start position:0% +and 93 there's 92 and a half is such an + + + align:start position:0% +and 93 there's 92 and a half is such an +X now the only problem is you don't know + + align:start position:0% +X now the only problem is you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +X now the only problem is you don't know +it and there's no way to figure it out + + align:start position:0% +it and there's no way to figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +it and there's no way to figure it out +that's within the rules of the + + align:start position:0% +that's within the rules of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's within the rules of the +game now in life if you don't know + + align:start position:0% +game now in life if you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +game now in life if you don't know +something and you can't figure it out + + align:start position:0% +something and you can't figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +something and you can't figure it out +what can you + + align:start position:0% +what can you + + + align:start position:0% +what can you +do guess it all right now this turns out + + align:start position:0% +do guess it all right now this turns out + + + align:start position:0% +do guess it all right now this turns out +to be really good thing to do and + + align:start position:0% +to be really good thing to do and + + + align:start position:0% +to be really good thing to do and +especially good in a lot of computer + + align:start position:0% +especially good in a lot of computer + + + align:start position:0% +especially good in a lot of computer +science situations if you don't know it + + align:start position:0% +science situations if you don't know it + + + align:start position:0% +science situations if you don't know it +and you can't know it well you can try + + align:start position:0% +and you can't know it well you can try + + + align:start position:0% +and you can't know it well you can try +to guess and you might be right + + align:start position:0% +to guess and you might be right + + + align:start position:0% +to guess and you might be right +now if you guess X and you were + + align:start position:0% +now if you guess X and you were + + + align:start position:0% +now if you guess X and you were +right what's your probability of + + align:start position:0% +right what's your probability of + + + align:start position:0% +right what's your probability of +winning + + align:start position:0% +winning + + + align:start position:0% +winning +one if you don't guess + + align:start position:0% +one if you don't guess + + + align:start position:0% +one if you don't guess +X what's your probability of winning say + + align:start position:0% +X what's your probability of winning say + + + align:start position:0% +X what's your probability of winning say +you guess + + align:start position:0% +you guess + + + align:start position:0% +you guess +wrong but you follow the rule that if + + align:start position:0% +wrong but you follow the rule that if + + + align:start position:0% +wrong but you follow the rule that if +it's less than what you guessed you swap + + align:start position:0% +it's less than what you guessed you swap + + + align:start position:0% +it's less than what you guessed you swap +and otherwise you don't what's your + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise you don't what's your + + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise you don't what's your +probability of winning + + align:start position:0% +probability of winning + + + align:start position:0% +probability of winning +then P well yeah what's + + align:start position:0% +then P well yeah what's + + + align:start position:0% +then P well yeah what's +P it's a nice value of P + + align:start position:0% +P it's a nice value of P + + + align:start position:0% +P it's a nice value of P +you know say you guessed well say you + + align:start position:0% +you know say you guessed well say you + + + align:start position:0% +you know say you guessed well say you +weren't paying attention you guessed + + align:start position:0% +weren't paying attention you guessed + + + align:start position:0% +weren't paying attention you guessed +200 all right and your rule is if you're + + align:start position:0% +200 all right and your rule is if you're + + + align:start position:0% +200 all right and your rule is if you're +less than what you guess you're less + + align:start position:0% +less than what you guess you're less + + + align:start position:0% +less than what you guess you're less +than 200 you swap which means you're + + align:start position:0% +than 200 you swap which means you're + + + align:start position:0% +than 200 you swap which means you're +just going to + + align:start position:0% +just going to + + + align:start position:0% +just going to +swap and you started with a random one + + align:start position:0% +swap and you started with a random one + + + align:start position:0% +swap and you started with a random one +so what's your chance of + + align:start position:0% +so what's your chance of + + + align:start position:0% +so what's your chance of +winning a + + align:start position:0% +winning a + + + align:start position:0% +winning a +half so if you guess wrong you didn't + + align:start position:0% +half so if you guess wrong you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +half so if you guess wrong you didn't +lose anything you still win with + + align:start position:0% +lose anything you still win with + + + align:start position:0% +lose anything you still win with +probability half if you guessed right + + align:start position:0% +probability half if you guessed right + + + align:start position:0% +probability half if you guessed right +you win with probability one + + align:start position:0% +you win with probability one + + + align:start position:0% +you win with probability one +and there's some chance you guess right + + align:start position:0% +and there's some chance you guess right + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some chance you guess right +so now you've got a strategy that beats + + align:start position:0% +so now you've got a strategy that beats + + + align:start position:0% +so now you've got a strategy that beats +50/50 right because you + + align:start position:0% +50/50 right because you + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 right because you +guessed okay and this is a whole field + + align:start position:0% +guessed okay and this is a whole field + + + align:start position:0% +guessed okay and this is a whole field +in computer science where you get + + align:start position:0% +in computer science where you get + + + align:start position:0% +in computer science where you get +randomized algorithms where the strategy + + align:start position:0% +randomized algorithms where the strategy + + + align:start position:0% +randomized algorithms where the strategy +depends on a coin flip on guessing a + + align:start position:0% +depends on a coin flip on guessing a + + + align:start position:0% +depends on a coin flip on guessing a +value okay and it leads to getting + + align:start position:0% +value okay and it leads to getting + + + align:start position:0% +value okay and it leads to getting +potentially a better outcome all right + + align:start position:0% +potentially a better outcome all right + + + align:start position:0% +potentially a better outcome all right +so let's prove that now and see what the + + align:start position:0% +so let's prove that now and see what the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's prove that now and see what the +probability is of winning with the yes + + align:start position:0% +probability is of winning with the yes + + + align:start position:0% +probability is of winning with the yes +strategy and what's a good way to to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess all right so we're going to first + + align:start position:0% +guess all right so we're going to first + + + align:start position:0% +guess all right so we're going to first +formalize our random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +protocol all right so this is the + + align:start position:0% +protocol all right so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +protocol all right so this is the +winning strategy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +first the + + align:start position:0% +first the + + + align:start position:0% +first the +envelopes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contain Y and + + align:start position:0% +contain Y and + + + align:start position:0% +contain Y and +Z and they're in the interval 0 to + + align:start position:0% +Z and they're in the interval 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +Z and they're in the interval 0 to +n and y is going to be less than Z + + align:start position:0% +n and y is going to be less than Z + + + align:start position:0% +n and y is going to be less than Z +that's how we're going to Define them + + align:start position:0% +that's how we're going to Define them + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we're going to Define them +now you don't know Y and Z but Y is the + + align:start position:0% +now you don't know Y and Z but Y is the + + + align:start position:0% +now you don't know Y and Z but Y is the +smaller number in the envelope Z is the + + align:start position:0% +smaller number in the envelope Z is the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller number in the envelope Z is the +larger and and in our example n was + + align:start position:0% +larger and and in our example n was + + + align:start position:0% +larger and and in our example n was +100 now the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +player + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chooses + + align:start position:0% +chooses + + + align:start position:0% +chooses +X randomly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uniformly among all the possible half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integers so you might pick a half he + + align:start position:0% +integers so you might pick a half he + + + align:start position:0% +integers so you might pick a half he +might pick one and a half two and a half + + align:start position:0% +might pick one and a half two and a half + + + align:start position:0% +might pick one and a half two and a half +all the way up out to n minus a + + align:start position:0% +all the way up out to n minus a + + + align:start position:0% +all the way up out to n minus a +half you know because the player picks + + align:start position:0% +half you know because the player picks + + + align:start position:0% +half you know because the player picks +anything else it's useless he won't have + + align:start position:0% +anything else it's useless he won't have + + + align:start position:0% +anything else it's useless he won't have +a chance to win but he might you know in + + align:start position:0% +a chance to win but he might you know in + + + align:start position:0% +a chance to win but he might you know in +the case of five and six might have + + align:start position:0% +the case of five and six might have + + + align:start position:0% +the case of five and six might have +picked five and a half and we're going + + align:start position:0% +picked five and a half and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +picked five and a half and we're going +to make our random guess be equally + + align:start position:0% +to make our random guess be equally + + + align:start position:0% +to make our random guess be equally +likely among those n values because well + + align:start position:0% +likely among those n values because well + + + align:start position:0% +likely among those n values because well +he doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't really +know what the what the numbers are I put + + align:start position:0% +know what the what the numbers are I put + + + align:start position:0% +know what the what the numbers are I put +in the envelopes if he sees six he + + align:start position:0% +in the envelopes if he sees six he + + + align:start position:0% +in the envelopes if he sees six he +doesn't know if it's five or it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know if it's five or it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know if it's five or it's +seven okay so that's why we're going to + + align:start position:0% +seven okay so that's why we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +seven okay so that's why we're going to +pick them all equally likely and it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uniform now the player is + + align:start position:0% +uniform now the player is + + + align:start position:0% +uniform now the player is +hoping that he picked a value that + + align:start position:0% +hoping that he picked a value that + + + align:start position:0% +hoping that he picked a value that +splits Y and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z okay because then he's going to win + + align:start position:0% +Z okay because then he's going to win + + + align:start position:0% +Z okay because then he's going to win +all right if he picked an X between the + + align:start position:0% +all right if he picked an X between the + + + align:start position:0% +all right if he picked an X between the +numbers in the envelopes and follows the + + align:start position:0% +numbers in the envelopes and follows the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers in the envelopes and follows the +swap if he got the a number less than x + + align:start position:0% +swap if he got the a number less than x + + + align:start position:0% +swap if he got the a number less than x +he's going to + + align:start position:0% +he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to +win all right + + align:start position:0% +win all right + + + align:start position:0% +win all right +then the player opens a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +envelope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +50/50 to reveal a number + + align:start position:0% +50/50 to reveal a number + + + align:start position:0% +50/50 to reveal a number +R which is either y or Z but the player + + align:start position:0% +R which is either y or Z but the player + + + align:start position:0% +R which is either y or Z but the player +doesn't know which + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know which + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know which +one so one of the numbers gets + + align:start position:0% +one so one of the numbers gets + + + align:start position:0% +one so one of the numbers gets +revealed and then the last step is is + + align:start position:0% +revealed and then the last step is is + + + align:start position:0% +revealed and then the last step is is +the player + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +swaps if the number he revealed is less + + align:start position:0% +swaps if the number he revealed is less + + + align:start position:0% +swaps if the number he revealed is less +than the guest split + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number all right that's the + + align:start position:0% +number all right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +number all right that's the +strategy and it's a strategy that + + align:start position:0% +strategy and it's a strategy that + + + align:start position:0% +strategy and it's a strategy that +depends + + align:start position:0% +depends + + + align:start position:0% +depends +on a random + + align:start position:0% +on a random + + + align:start position:0% +on a random +guess or a random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number so let's figure figure out the + + align:start position:0% +number so let's figure figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +number so let's figure figure out the +probability of winning with that + + align:start position:0% +probability of winning with that + + + align:start position:0% +probability of winning with that +strategy and we're going to use the tree + + align:start position:0% +strategy and we're going to use the tree + + + align:start position:0% +strategy and we're going to use the tree +method well the first branch in the tree + + align:start position:0% +method well the first branch in the tree + + + align:start position:0% +method well the first branch in the tree +method is the is whether or not the + + align:start position:0% +method is the is whether or not the + + + align:start position:0% +method is the is whether or not the +where the guess wound up and there's + + align:start position:0% +where the guess wound up and there's + + + align:start position:0% +where the guess wound up and there's +three cases for how the guest + + align:start position:0% +three cases for how the guest + + + align:start position:0% +three cases for how the guest +did you might have guessed too low in + + align:start position:0% +did you might have guessed too low in + + + align:start position:0% +did you might have guessed too low in +which case X is less than + + align:start position:0% +which case X is less than + + + align:start position:0% +which case X is less than +Y and Y is less than Z you might have + + align:start position:0% +Y and Y is less than Z you might have + + + align:start position:0% +Y and Y is less than Z you might have +guessed perfectly in which case X's + + align:start position:0% +guessed perfectly in which case X's + + + align:start position:0% +guessed perfectly in which case X's +between Y and + + align:start position:0% +between Y and + + + align:start position:0% +between Y and +Z equals not possible or you might have + + align:start position:0% +Z equals not possible or you might have + + + align:start position:0% +Z equals not possible or you might have +guessed too high in which case Y is less + + align:start position:0% +guessed too high in which case Y is less + + + align:start position:0% +guessed too high in which case Y is less +than Z is less than x all right so here + + align:start position:0% +than Z is less than x all right so here + + + align:start position:0% +than Z is less than x all right so here +is low here's high and here is a okay + + align:start position:0% +is low here's high and here is a okay + + + align:start position:0% +is low here's high and here is a okay +guess a good + + align:start position:0% +guess a good + + + align:start position:0% +guess a good +guess now what's the probability you + + align:start position:0% +guess now what's the probability you + + + align:start position:0% +guess now what's the probability you +guessed + + align:start position:0% +guessed + + + align:start position:0% +guessed +low you picked an X less than + + align:start position:0% +low you picked an X less than + + + align:start position:0% +low you picked an X less than +y y's integers X is the half + + align:start position:0% +y y's integers X is the half + + + align:start position:0% +y y's integers X is the half +integers what's the probability to + + align:start position:0% +integers what's the probability to + + + align:start position:0% +integers what's the probability to +assign to that that chance you guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +low you can use the value of y in your + + align:start position:0% +low you can use the value of y in your + + + align:start position:0% +low you can use the value of y in your +answer you don't know why but we can + + align:start position:0% +answer you don't know why but we can + + + align:start position:0% +answer you don't know why but we can +write it on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree what if y was + + align:start position:0% +tree what if y was + + + align:start position:0% +tree what if y was +one the smallest number in the envelopes + + align:start position:0% +one the smallest number in the envelopes + + + align:start position:0% +one the smallest number in the envelopes +is one what's the probability you + + align:start position:0% +is one what's the probability you + + + align:start position:0% +is one what's the probability you +guessed below one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not quite + + align:start position:0% +not quite + + + align:start position:0% +not quite +zero one of your possible n guesses + + align:start position:0% +zero one of your possible n guesses + + + align:start position:0% +zero one of your possible n guesses +would be would be too low namely a half + + align:start position:0% +would be would be too low namely a half + + + align:start position:0% +would be would be too low namely a half +if you if the smallest number y were two + + align:start position:0% +if you if the smallest number y were two + + + align:start position:0% +if you if the smallest number y were two +what's the probability you guess below + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability you guess below + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability you guess below +two 2 over n and in general if Y is the + + align:start position:0% +two 2 over n and in general if Y is the + + + align:start position:0% +two 2 over n and in general if Y is the +smallest value you've got y Poss guesses + + align:start position:0% +smallest value you've got y Poss guesses + + + align:start position:0% +smallest value you've got y Poss guesses +that would be too low namely all the + + align:start position:0% +that would be too low namely all the + + + align:start position:0% +that would be too low namely all the +half integers less than y + + align:start position:0% +half integers less than y + + + align:start position:0% +half integers less than y +so the probability you guess low is y + + align:start position:0% +so the probability you guess low is y + + + align:start position:0% +so the probability you guess low is y +Over + + align:start position:0% +Over + + + align:start position:0% +Over +N because each each one is one and N + + align:start position:0% +N because each each one is one and N + + + align:start position:0% +N because each each one is one and N +chance and there's y that are too + + align:start position:0% +chance and there's y that are too + + + align:start position:0% +chance and there's y that are too +low what's the probability your guess is + + align:start position:0% +low what's the probability your guess is + + + align:start position:0% +low what's the probability your guess is +good that you split y and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z z minus + + align:start position:0% +z z minus + + + align:start position:0% +z z minus +y Over + + align:start position:0% +y Over + + + align:start position:0% +y Over +N because they're between these integers + + align:start position:0% +N because they're between these integers + + + align:start position:0% +N because they're between these integers +z and y there's Z minus y half integers + + align:start position:0% +z and y there's Z minus y half integers + + + align:start position:0% +z and y there's Z minus y half integers +each could have been guessed with + + align:start position:0% +each could have been guessed with + + + align:start position:0% +each could have been guessed with +probability 1 over n and what's the + + align:start position:0% +probability 1 over n and what's the + + + align:start position:0% +probability 1 over n and what's the +probability you guessed + + align:start position:0% +probability you guessed + + + align:start position:0% +probability you guessed +High n minus Z over n because there's n + + align:start position:0% +High n minus Z over n because there's n + + + align:start position:0% +High n minus Z over n because there's n +minus G half + + align:start position:0% +minus G half + + + align:start position:0% +minus G half +integers between Z and N being the last + + align:start position:0% +integers between Z and N being the last + + + align:start position:0% +integers between Z and N being the last +possible one and minus a half there all + + align:start position:0% +possible one and minus a half there all + + + align:start position:0% +possible one and minus a half there all +right so we've got the first Branch now + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got the first Branch now + + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got the first Branch now +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +next branch is the revealed value did + + align:start position:0% +next branch is the revealed value did + + + align:start position:0% +next branch is the revealed value did +you open the smaller one + + align:start position:0% +you open the smaller one + + + align:start position:0% +you open the smaller one +or the larger one rals y means you open + + align:start position:0% +or the larger one rals y means you open + + + align:start position:0% +or the larger one rals y means you open +the smaller one rals Z means you saw the + + align:start position:0% +the smaller one rals Z means you saw the + + + align:start position:0% +the smaller one rals Z means you saw the +bigger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all right if I've gone down this + + align:start position:0% +one all right if I've gone down this + + + align:start position:0% +one all right if I've gone down this +Branch where I guessed too low but I + + align:start position:0% +Branch where I guessed too low but I + + + align:start position:0% +Branch where I guessed too low but I +don't know that yet but say I I've + + align:start position:0% +don't know that yet but say I I've + + + align:start position:0% +don't know that yet but say I I've +guessed too low what's the probability I + + align:start position:0% +guessed too low what's the probability I + + + align:start position:0% +guessed too low what's the probability I +opened the smaller + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +envelope 1/2 because you're just picking + + align:start position:0% +envelope 1/2 because you're just picking + + + align:start position:0% +envelope 1/2 because you're just picking +a random envelope and opening it so + + align:start position:0% +a random envelope and opening it so + + + align:start position:0% +a random envelope and opening it so +these each happen with probability of + + align:start position:0% +these each happen with probability of + + + align:start position:0% +these each happen with probability of +half and that's true no matter what + + align:start position:0% +half and that's true no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +half and that's true no matter what +they're all + + align:start position:0% +they're all + + + align:start position:0% +they're all +one2 all + + align:start position:0% +one2 all + + + align:start position:0% +one2 all +right uh well now we can compute the + + align:start position:0% +right uh well now we can compute the + + + align:start position:0% +right uh well now we can compute the +probability of each outcome this is y + + align:start position:0% +probability of each outcome this is y + + + align:start position:0% +probability of each outcome this is y +over n * a half is y over + + align:start position:0% +over n * a half is y over + + + align:start position:0% +over n * a half is y over +2N uh this is y over 2N + + align:start position:0% +2N uh this is y over 2N + + + align:start position:0% +2N uh this is y over 2N +also this is z minus y over 2N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zus y over 2 + + align:start position:0% +zus y over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +zus y over 2 +n n minus Z over 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N all right I got all the sample points + + align:start position:0% +N all right I got all the sample points + + + align:start position:0% +N all right I got all the sample points +I got all the uh + + align:start position:0% +I got all the uh + + + align:start position:0% +I got all the uh +probabilities let's figure out if you + + align:start position:0% +probabilities let's figure out if you + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities let's figure out if you +win now and to do that first thing we + + align:start position:0% +win now and to do that first thing we + + + align:start position:0% +win now and to do that first thing we +have to figure out is do you + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out is do you + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out is do you +swap do you swap here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well what happened I revealed Y which is + + align:start position:0% +well what happened I revealed Y which is + + + align:start position:0% +well what happened I revealed Y which is +bigger than my split value X my guest + + align:start position:0% +bigger than my split value X my guest + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than my split value X my guest +value and so I'm guessing I've got the + + align:start position:0% +value and so I'm guessing I've got the + + + align:start position:0% +value and so I'm guessing I've got the +biggest + + align:start position:0% +biggest + + + align:start position:0% +biggest +value so I don't + + align:start position:0% +value so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +value so I don't +swap all right so there's no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +swap what about here do I swap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here no I opened Z I saw z z is bigger + + align:start position:0% +here no I opened Z I saw z z is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +here no I opened Z I saw z z is bigger +than what I think the midpoint is so I + + align:start position:0% +than what I think the midpoint is so I + + + align:start position:0% +than what I think the midpoint is so I +wouldn't swap I only guess if the value + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't swap I only guess if the value + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't swap I only guess if the value +I reveal is less than my guest + + align:start position:0% +I reveal is less than my guest + + + align:start position:0% +I reveal is less than my guest +midpoint if I've got a value I see + + align:start position:0% +midpoint if I've got a value I see + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint if I've got a value I see +bigger than my midpoint I think I've got + + align:start position:0% +bigger than my midpoint I think I've got + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than my midpoint I think I've got +the big one so there's no + + align:start position:0% +the big one so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +the big one so there's no +swap what about here do I swap + + align:start position:0% +swap what about here do I swap + + + align:start position:0% +swap what about here do I swap +here yes here I swap because I open up + + align:start position:0% +here yes here I swap because I open up + + + align:start position:0% +here yes here I swap because I open up +something that's less than my guest + + align:start position:0% +something that's less than my guest + + + align:start position:0% +something that's less than my guest +midpoint so I think I've got the small + + align:start position:0% +midpoint so I think I've got the small + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint so I think I've got the small +one so I'm going to swap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what about here do I swap here no swap + + align:start position:0% +what about here do I swap here no swap + + + align:start position:0% +what about here do I swap here no swap +because I opened up something that's + + align:start position:0% +because I opened up something that's + + + align:start position:0% +because I opened up something that's +bigger than midpoint what about here I + + align:start position:0% +bigger than midpoint what about here I + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than midpoint what about here I +swap and what about here swap on both of + + align:start position:0% +swap and what about here swap on both of + + + align:start position:0% +swap and what about here swap on both of +them because both of them are smaller + + align:start position:0% +them because both of them are smaller + + + align:start position:0% +them because both of them are smaller +than my guess + + align:start position:0% +than my guess + + + align:start position:0% +than my guess +midpoint all right now let's figure out + + align:start position:0% +midpoint all right now let's figure out + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint all right now let's figure out +if you won and you + + align:start position:0% +if you won and you + + + align:start position:0% +if you won and you +lost so here I did not + + align:start position:0% +lost so here I did not + + + align:start position:0% +lost so here I did not +Swap and I started with the smaller + + align:start position:0% +Swap and I started with the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +Swap and I started with the smaller +value so what happened did I win or + + align:start position:0% +value so what happened did I win or + + + align:start position:0% +value so what happened did I win or +lose lose I opened the smaller value did + + align:start position:0% +lose lose I opened the smaller value did + + + align:start position:0% +lose lose I opened the smaller value did +not swap what happened + + align:start position:0% +not swap what happened + + + align:start position:0% +not swap what happened +here I win I opened the bigger value and + + align:start position:0% +here I win I opened the bigger value and + + + align:start position:0% +here I win I opened the bigger value and +did not + + align:start position:0% +did not + + + align:start position:0% +did not +swap here what + + align:start position:0% +swap here what + + + align:start position:0% +swap here what +happened win I open the small value when + + align:start position:0% +happened win I open the small value when + + + align:start position:0% +happened win I open the small value when +I swapped that's a win + + align:start position:0% +I swapped that's a win + + + align:start position:0% +I swapped that's a win +here I open the big value did not swap + + align:start position:0% +here I open the big value did not swap + + + align:start position:0% +here I open the big value did not swap +it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a +win here I open the small value and swap + + align:start position:0% +win here I open the small value and swap + + + align:start position:0% +win here I open the small value and swap +that's a win + + align:start position:0% +that's a win + + + align:start position:0% +that's a win +and here I open the big value and swap + + align:start position:0% +and here I open the big value and swap + + + align:start position:0% +and here I open the big value and swap +that's a + + align:start position:0% +that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a +lose all right now we can compute the + + align:start position:0% +lose all right now we can compute the + + + align:start position:0% +lose all right now we can compute the +probability of + + align:start position:0% +probability of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of +winning all right the probability of a + + align:start position:0% +winning all right the probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +winning all right the probability of a +win is the sum of these four sample + + align:start position:0% +win is the sum of these four sample + + + align:start position:0% +win is the sum of these four sample +points y over 2 N plus zus y over 2 N + + align:start position:0% +points y over 2 N plus zus y over 2 N + + + align:start position:0% +points y over 2 N plus zus y over 2 N +plus Z minus y + + align:start position:0% +plus Z minus y + + + align:start position:0% +plus Z minus y +oops or 2 n + + align:start position:0% +oops or 2 n + + + align:start position:0% +oops or 2 n +plus nus Z over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2N all right that + + align:start position:0% +2N all right that + + + align:start position:0% +2N all right that +equals z cancels a z and a y cancels a y + + align:start position:0% +equals z cancels a z and a y cancels a y + + + align:start position:0% +equals z cancels a z and a y cancels a y +so I've + + align:start position:0% +so I've + + + align:start position:0% +so I've +got n one left n left one Z left and one + + align:start position:0% +got n one left n left one Z left and one + + + align:start position:0% +got n one left n left one Z left and one +negative y left over 2 + + align:start position:0% +negative y left over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +negative y left over 2 +N and I can simplify that n / 2N is a + + align:start position:0% +N and I can simplify that n / 2N is a + + + align:start position:0% +N and I can simplify that n / 2N is a +half plus now what's left over is z + + align:start position:0% +half plus now what's left over is z + + + align:start position:0% +half plus now what's left over is z +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +y over 2 + + align:start position:0% +y over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +y over 2 +N and we know that z and y are different + + align:start position:0% +N and we know that z and y are different + + + align:start position:0% +N and we know that z and y are different +by at least + + align:start position:0% +by at least + + + align:start position:0% +by at least +one so this is at least 12 plus 1 over 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N and so if n's 100 you got a 50 and a + + align:start position:0% +N and so if n's 100 you got a 50 and a + + + align:start position:0% +N and so if n's 100 you got a 50 and a +half percent chance of winning if n's 10 + + align:start position:0% +half percent chance of winning if n's 10 + + + align:start position:0% +half percent chance of winning if n's 10 +the numbers are from 0 to 10 you got at + + align:start position:0% +the numbers are from 0 to 10 you got at + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers are from 0 to 10 you got at +least a 5 5% chance to win which is + + align:start position:0% +least a 5 5% chance to win which is + + + align:start position:0% +least a 5 5% chance to win which is +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +okay right any questions here you see + + align:start position:0% +okay right any questions here you see + + + align:start position:0% +okay right any questions here you see +what's going on so here's the Zone where + + align:start position:0% +what's going on so here's the Zone where + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on so here's the Zone where +you guessed + + align:start position:0% +you guessed + + + align:start position:0% +you guessed +right you get the win either way here + + align:start position:0% +right you get the win either way here + + + align:start position:0% +right you get the win either way here +you guess low and it doesn't make any + + align:start position:0% +you guess low and it doesn't make any + + + align:start position:0% +you guess low and it doesn't make any +difference you're 50/50 you guessed high + + align:start position:0% +difference you're 50/50 you guessed high + + + align:start position:0% +difference you're 50/50 you guessed high +and you're 5050 again so guessing + + align:start position:0% +and you're 5050 again so guessing + + + align:start position:0% +and you're 5050 again so guessing +helps any questions about that yeah + + align:start position:0% +helps any questions about that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +helps any questions about that yeah +that because you say have a range a + + align:start position:0% +that because you say have a range a + + + align:start position:0% +that because you say have a range a +greater range numbers there's a greater + + align:start position:0% +greater range numbers there's a greater + + + align:start position:0% +greater range numbers there's a greater +chance that the + + align:start position:0% +chance that the + + + align:start position:0% +chance that the +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +yes I was a nasty guy here I picked z + + align:start position:0% +yes I was a nasty guy here I picked z + + + align:start position:0% +yes I was a nasty guy here I picked z +and y to be consecutive numbers which + + align:start position:0% +and y to be consecutive numbers which + + + align:start position:0% +and y to be consecutive numbers which +minimized your chance of doing well with + + align:start position:0% +minimized your chance of doing well with + + + align:start position:0% +minimized your chance of doing well with +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strategy distribution of what of + + align:start position:0% +strategy distribution of what of + + + align:start position:0% +strategy distribution of what of +possible other numbers and envelopes + + align:start position:0% +possible other numbers and envelopes + + + align:start position:0% +possible other numbers and envelopes +right you know nothing about the + + align:start position:0% +right you know nothing about the + + + align:start position:0% +right you know nothing about the +distribution because there is none + + align:start position:0% +distribution because there is none + + + align:start position:0% +distribution because there is none +there's no Randomness there I picked + + align:start position:0% +there's no Randomness there I picked + + + align:start position:0% +there's no Randomness there I picked +worst case numbers + + align:start position:0% +worst case numbers + + + align:start position:0% +worst case numbers +here it's still sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like 10 you still have a better chance + + align:start position:0% +like 10 you still have a better chance + + + align:start position:0% +like 10 you still have a better chance +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +swap no no if you any deterministic + + align:start position:0% +swap no no if you any deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +swap no no if you any deterministic +strategy you pick if you don't guess + + align:start position:0% +strategy you pick if you don't guess + + + align:start position:0% +strategy you pick if you don't guess +that random X you will not do better + + align:start position:0% +that random X you will not do better + + + align:start position:0% +that random X you will not do better +than 50-50 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the only way you beat 50/50 is to in + + align:start position:0% +the only way you beat 50/50 is to in + + + align:start position:0% +the only way you beat 50/50 is to in +your mind make a random number 13 and a + + align:start position:0% +your mind make a random number 13 and a + + + align:start position:0% +your mind make a random number 13 and a +half and flip if if you get less than + + align:start position:0% +half and flip if if you get less than + + + align:start position:0% +half and flip if if you get less than +see less than 13 and a half if you come + + align:start position:0% +see less than 13 and a half if you come + + + align:start position:0% +see less than 13 and a half if you come +in with a strategy that hey 10 is a + + align:start position:0% +in with a strategy that hey 10 is a + + + align:start position:0% +in with a strategy that hey 10 is a +small + + align:start position:0% +small + + + align:start position:0% +small +number out of a 100 and so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +number out of a 100 and so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +number out of a 100 and so I'm going to +swap if I see a + + align:start position:0% +swap if I see a + + + align:start position:0% +swap if I see a +10 well no because first it could be I + + align:start position:0% +10 well no because first it could be I + + + align:start position:0% +10 well no because first it could be I +might have done nine or 11 either one in + + align:start position:0% +might have done nine or 11 either one in + + + align:start position:0% +might have done nine or 11 either one in +fact if I know that's your strategy + + align:start position:0% +fact if I know that's your strategy + + + align:start position:0% +fact if I know that's your strategy +I'm going to make a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to make a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to make a +nine and then you're doomed on in seeing + + align:start position:0% +nine and then you're doomed on in seeing + + + align:start position:0% +nine and then you're doomed on in seeing +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 yes I also have an optimal strategy + + align:start position:0% +10 yes I also have an optimal strategy + + + align:start position:0% +10 yes I also have an optimal strategy +all right in fact there's two + + align:start position:0% +all right in fact there's two + + + align:start position:0% +all right in fact there's two +interesting things about this game which + + align:start position:0% +interesting things about this game which + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things about this game which +we won't prove the first thing we'll + + align:start position:0% +we won't prove the first thing we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we won't prove the first thing we'll +prove we won't prove but it's true is + + align:start position:0% +prove we won't prove but it's true is + + + align:start position:0% +prove we won't prove but it's true is +this is the optimal strategy for + + align:start position:0% +this is the optimal strategy for + + + align:start position:0% +this is the optimal strategy for +you and my optimal strategy is to to + + align:start position:0% +you and my optimal strategy is to to + + + align:start position:0% +you and my optimal strategy is to to +pick a random value of y between zero + + align:start position:0% +pick a random value of y between zero + + + align:start position:0% +pick a random value of y between zero +and and N minus one and then to make Z + + align:start position:0% +and and N minus one and then to make Z + + + align:start position:0% +and and N minus one and then to make Z +be one + + align:start position:0% +be one + + + align:start position:0% +be one +more all right and the way to think + + align:start position:0% +more all right and the way to think + + + align:start position:0% +more all right and the way to think +about this and there's whole classes you + + align:start position:0% +about this and there's whole classes you + + + align:start position:0% +about this and there's whole classes you +can take on Game + + align:start position:0% +can take on Game + + + align:start position:0% +can take on Game +Theory is that suppose I do pick my guys + + align:start position:0% +Theory is that suppose I do pick my guys + + + align:start position:0% +Theory is that suppose I do pick my guys +randomly by picking a random y uniformly + + align:start position:0% +randomly by picking a random y uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +randomly by picking a random y uniformly +from 0 to n minus one so my smaller + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to n minus one so my smaller + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to n minus one so my smaller +number is anything between 0 and 99 + + align:start position:0% +number is anything between 0 and 99 + + + align:start position:0% +number is anything between 0 and 99 +equally likely and then the bigger + + align:start position:0% +equally likely and then the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +equally likely and then the bigger +number is just one one more so if I + + align:start position:0% +number is just one one more so if I + + + align:start position:0% +number is just one one more so if I +picked 92 for the random one the next + + align:start position:0% +picked 92 for the random one the next + + + align:start position:0% +picked 92 for the random one the next +one's going to be 93 if that's my + + align:start position:0% +one's going to be 93 if that's my + + + align:start position:0% +one's going to be 93 if that's my +strategy even if I tell you that you + + align:start position:0% +strategy even if I tell you that you + + + align:start position:0% +strategy even if I tell you that you +cannot do any better than getting a half + + align:start position:0% +cannot do any better than getting a half + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do any better than getting a half +plus one over two n probability of + + align:start position:0% +plus one over two n probability of + + + align:start position:0% +plus one over two n probability of +winning no matter what you do in the + + align:start position:0% +winning no matter what you do in the + + + align:start position:0% +winning no matter what you do in the +whole + + align:start position:0% +whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole +world okay and if you use this strategy + + align:start position:0% +world okay and if you use this strategy + + + align:start position:0% +world okay and if you use this strategy +here no matter what I do even knowing + + align:start position:0% +here no matter what I do even knowing + + + align:start position:0% +here no matter what I do even knowing +that's your strategy I can't keep you + + align:start position:0% +that's your strategy I can't keep you + + + align:start position:0% +that's your strategy I can't keep you +from getting this much it's called a + + align:start position:0% +from getting this much it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +from getting this much it's called a +minimac + + align:start position:0% +minimac + + + align:start position:0% +minimac +solution Okay so my optimal strategy is + + align:start position:0% +solution Okay so my optimal strategy is + + + align:start position:0% +solution Okay so my optimal strategy is +to pick uniformly in zero to 99 and then + + align:start position:0% +to pick uniformly in zero to 99 and then + + + align:start position:0% +to pick uniformly in zero to 99 and then +the next one's one more your optimal + + align:start position:0% +the next one's one more your optimal + + + align:start position:0% +the next one's one more your optimal +strategy is this pick a number uniformly + + align:start position:0% +strategy is this pick a number uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +strategy is this pick a number uniformly +in the half integers there and swap if + + align:start position:0% +in the half integers there and swap if + + + align:start position:0% +in the half integers there and swap if +you see something smaller and there's no + + align:start position:0% +you see something smaller and there's no + + + align:start position:0% +you see something smaller and there's no +better strategy in fact any + + align:start position:0% +better strategy in fact any + + + align:start position:0% +better strategy in fact any +deterministic strategy and you don't do + + align:start position:0% +deterministic strategy and you don't do + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic strategy and you don't do +better than 5050 the optimal strategies + + align:start position:0% +better than 5050 the optimal strategies + + + align:start position:0% +better than 5050 the optimal strategies +require + + align:start position:0% +require + + + align:start position:0% +require +Randomness for each of + + align:start position:0% +Randomness for each of + + + align:start position:0% +Randomness for each of +us okay any any more questions + + align:start position:0% +us okay any any more questions + + + align:start position:0% +us okay any any more questions +about what happened here this game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah basically yeah that's what it + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah basically yeah that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah basically yeah that's what it +means effectively that 50 is your random + + align:start position:0% +means effectively that 50 is your random + + + align:start position:0% +means effectively that 50 is your random +number if you think okay if I see less + + align:start position:0% +number if you think okay if I see less + + + align:start position:0% +number if you think okay if I see less +than 50 I'm going to swap bigger than 50 + + align:start position:0% +than 50 I'm going to swap bigger than 50 + + + align:start position:0% +than 50 I'm going to swap bigger than 50 +I don't now you have to decide what + + align:start position:0% +I don't now you have to decide what + + + align:start position:0% +I don't now you have to decide what +happens at 50 if you saw exactly 50 so + + align:start position:0% +happens at 50 if you saw exactly 50 so + + + align:start position:0% +happens at 50 if you saw exactly 50 so +you'd probably go in at 49 a half and 50 + + align:start position:0% +you'd probably go in at 49 a half and 50 + + + align:start position:0% +you'd probably go in at 49 a half and 50 +and A2 and so that could be construed as + + align:start position:0% +and A2 and so that could be construed as + + + align:start position:0% +and A2 and so that could be construed as +that way but you didn't pick it randomly + + align:start position:0% +that way but you didn't pick it randomly + + + align:start position:0% +that way but you didn't pick it randomly +and that sort of human intuition to swap + + align:start position:0% +and that sort of human intuition to swap + + + align:start position:0% +and that sort of human intuition to swap +so I could use that now to design my + + align:start position:0% +so I could use that now to design my + + + align:start position:0% +so I could use that now to design my +strategy knowing that your random number + + align:start position:0% +strategy knowing that your random number + + + align:start position:0% +strategy knowing that your random number +is going to be 50 and a half + + align:start position:0% +is going to be 50 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be 50 and a half +okay no I'll be 50/50 because what I'll + + align:start position:0% +okay no I'll be 50/50 because what I'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay no I'll be 50/50 because what I'll +do if I know that's your strategy my + + align:start position:0% +do if I know that's your strategy my + + + align:start position:0% +do if I know that's your strategy my +numbers will be one and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two well when you do these these + + align:start position:0% +two well when you do these these + + + align:start position:0% +two well when you do these these +analysis you sort of if you if it's + + align:start position:0% +analysis you sort of if you if it's + + + align:start position:0% +analysis you sort of if you if it's +declared that's it I I can assume that + + align:start position:0% +declared that's it I I can assume that + + + align:start position:0% +declared that's it I I can assume that +and I might actually guess that in fact + + align:start position:0% +and I might actually guess that in fact + + + align:start position:0% +and I might actually guess that in fact +way I did pick two very small numbers + + align:start position:0% +way I did pick two very small numbers + + + align:start position:0% +way I did pick two very small numbers +and two very big numbers but given the + + align:start position:0% +and two very big numbers but given the + + + align:start position:0% +and two very big numbers but given the +perverse nature here when you saw the + + align:start position:0% +perverse nature here when you saw the + + + align:start position:0% +perverse nature here when you saw the +big number you got rid of it and when + + align:start position:0% +big number you got rid of it and when + + + align:start position:0% +big number you got rid of it and when +you saw the small + + align:start position:0% +you saw the small + + + align:start position:0% +you saw the small +number uh you kept it so you sort of did + + align:start position:0% +number uh you kept it so you sort of did + + + align:start position:0% +number uh you kept it so you sort of did +reverse psychology and you know it + + align:start position:0% +reverse psychology and you know it + + + align:start position:0% +reverse psychology and you know it +worked out by chance that it worked out + + align:start position:0% +worked out by chance that it worked out + + + align:start position:0% +worked out by chance that it worked out +that way normally it would go the other + + align:start position:0% +that way normally it would go the other + + + align:start position:0% +that way normally it would go the other +way I think of course you've all seen + + align:start position:0% +way I think of course you've all seen + + + align:start position:0% +way I think of course you've all seen +enough games now you know to do the non + + align:start position:0% +enough games now you know to do the non + + + align:start position:0% +enough games now you know to do the non +standard thing I think um now this kind + + align:start position:0% +standard thing I think um now this kind + + + align:start position:0% +standard thing I think um now this kind +of thinking comes up all the time in + + align:start position:0% +of thinking comes up all the time in + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking comes up all the time in +computer science algorithms you know the + + align:start position:0% +computer science algorithms you know the + + + align:start position:0% +computer science algorithms you know the +protocol that's used to communicate + + align:start position:0% +protocol that's used to communicate + + + align:start position:0% +protocol that's used to communicate +across a a network ethernet shared bus + + align:start position:0% +across a a network ethernet shared bus + + + align:start position:0% +across a a network ethernet shared bus +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +randomized each entity that wants to use + + align:start position:0% +randomized each entity that wants to use + + + align:start position:0% +randomized each entity that wants to use +the bus flips a random number flips a + + align:start position:0% +the bus flips a random number flips a + + + align:start position:0% +the bus flips a random number flips a +random coin you can think of that way + + align:start position:0% +random coin you can think of that way + + + align:start position:0% +random coin you can think of that way +and it broadcast with a CT that + + align:start position:0% +and it broadcast with a CT that + + + align:start position:0% +and it broadcast with a CT that +probability and if there's a collision + + align:start position:0% +probability and if there's a collision + + + align:start position:0% +probability and if there's a collision +it backs off and chooses a smaller + + align:start position:0% +it backs off and chooses a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +it backs off and chooses a smaller +probability next time and if it gets + + align:start position:0% +probability next time and if it gets + + + align:start position:0% +probability next time and if it gets +through then it tries to cram a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +through then it tries to cram a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +through then it tries to cram a bunch of +stuff through until you get a collision + + align:start position:0% +stuff through until you get a collision + + + align:start position:0% +stuff through until you get a collision +again uh the best algorithms for sorting + + align:start position:0% +again uh the best algorithms for sorting + + + align:start position:0% +again uh the best algorithms for sorting +a list of numbers are randomized quick + + align:start position:0% +a list of numbers are randomized quick + + + align:start position:0% +a list of numbers are randomized quick +sort which you'll see in 6046 is a + + align:start position:0% +sort which you'll see in 6046 is a + + + align:start position:0% +sort which you'll see in 6046 is a +randomized algorithm in fact it's not + + align:start position:0% +randomized algorithm in fact it's not + + + align:start position:0% +randomized algorithm in fact it's not +dissimilar you guess a random value and + + align:start position:0% +dissimilar you guess a random value and + + + align:start position:0% +dissimilar you guess a random value and +split all the numbers based on the + + align:start position:0% +split all the numbers based on the + + + align:start position:0% +split all the numbers based on the +random value who's bigger who's smaller + + align:start position:0% +random value who's bigger who's smaller + + + align:start position:0% +random value who's bigger who's smaller +and then you recurse and you do you know + + align:start position:0% +and then you recurse and you do you know + + + align:start position:0% +and then you recurse and you do you know +things like + + align:start position:0% +things like + + + align:start position:0% +things like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay uh that's all I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +okay uh that's all I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh that's all I'm going to say +about uniform + + align:start position:0% +about uniform + + + align:start position:0% +about uniform +distributions next I want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +distributions next I want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +distributions next I want to talk about +the binomial + + align:start position:0% +the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +the binomial +distribution and this is + + align:start position:0% +distribution and this is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and this is +the most important distribution in + + align:start position:0% +the most important distribution in + + + align:start position:0% +the most important distribution in +computer science and probably the most + + align:start position:0% +computer science and probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +computer science and probably the most +important in all of discreet + + align:start position:0% +important in all of discreet + + + align:start position:0% +important in all of discreet +calculations in The + + align:start position:0% +calculations in The + + + align:start position:0% +calculations in The +Sciences in continuous distributions you + + align:start position:0% +Sciences in continuous distributions you + + + align:start position:0% +Sciences in continuous distributions you +get the normal distribution but for + + align:start position:0% +get the normal distribution but for + + + align:start position:0% +get the normal distribution but for +discret problems the binomial is the + + align:start position:0% +discret problems the binomial is the + + + align:start position:0% +discret problems the binomial is the +most + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important and there's two versions + + align:start position:0% +important and there's two versions + + + align:start position:0% +important and there's two versions +there's the unbiased binomial + + align:start position:0% +there's the unbiased binomial + + + align:start position:0% +there's the unbiased binomial +distribution and then there's the biased + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then there's the biased + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then there's the biased +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this one's a little more complicated + + align:start position:0% +now this one's a little more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +now this one's a little more complicated +you got a parameter n + + align:start position:0% +you got a parameter n + + + align:start position:0% +you got a parameter n +again and the distribution function on K + + align:start position:0% +again and the distribution function on K + + + align:start position:0% +again and the distribution function on K +probability of getting K is n shoose k * + + align:start position:0% +probability of getting K is n shoose k * + + + align:start position:0% +probability of getting K is n shoose k * +2us + + align:start position:0% +2us + + + align:start position:0% +2us +n NN is at least one and K is between + + align:start position:0% +n NN is at least one and K is between + + + align:start position:0% +n NN is at least one and K is between +zero and + + align:start position:0% +zero and + + + align:start position:0% +zero and +n and then for the + + align:start position:0% +n and then for the + + + align:start position:0% +n and then for the +general binomial distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have FN of K the probability of + + align:start position:0% +we have FN of K the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +we have FN of K the probability of +getting K is n choose K times actually + + align:start position:0% +getting K is n choose K times actually + + + align:start position:0% +getting K is n choose K times actually +it's FNP there's another parameter P + + align:start position:0% +it's FNP there's another parameter P + + + align:start position:0% +it's FNP there's another parameter P +here P to the K * 1 minus P to the N + + align:start position:0% +here P to the K * 1 minus P to the N + + + align:start position:0% +here P to the K * 1 minus P to the N +minus K power and P is a value between Z + + align:start position:0% +minus K power and P is a value between Z + + + align:start position:0% +minus K power and P is a value between Z +and 1 typically it's a probability of + + align:start position:0% +and 1 typically it's a probability of + + + align:start position:0% +and 1 typically it's a probability of +something happening so in the general + + align:start position:0% +something happening so in the general + + + align:start position:0% +something happening so in the general +case you got n and p + + align:start position:0% +case you got n and p + + + align:start position:0% +case you got n and p +the unbiased case corresponds to when p + + align:start position:0% +the unbiased case corresponds to when p + + + align:start position:0% +the unbiased case corresponds to when p +is a half because if p is a half you get + + align:start position:0% +is a half because if p is a half you get + + + align:start position:0% +is a half because if p is a half you get +2 Theus K and 2 the minus n minus K and + + align:start position:0% +2 Theus K and 2 the minus n minus K and + + + align:start position:0% +2 Theus K and 2 the minus n minus K and +that's just 2 Theus n so you can think + + align:start position:0% +that's just 2 Theus n so you can think + + + align:start position:0% +that's just 2 Theus n so you can think +of this as the case when p is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +half all + + align:start position:0% +half all + + + align:start position:0% +half all +right um to give you an example why this + + align:start position:0% +right um to give you an example why this + + + align:start position:0% +right um to give you an example why this +is so important and why it comes up all + + align:start position:0% +is so important and why it comes up all + + + align:start position:0% +is so important and why it comes up all +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +time imagine that you've got a system + + align:start position:0% +time imagine that you've got a system + + + align:start position:0% +time imagine that you've got a system +with n + + align:start position:0% +with n + + + align:start position:0% +with n +components and that each component fails + + align:start position:0% +components and that each component fails + + + align:start position:0% +components and that each component fails +with probability p and you want to know + + align:start position:0% +with probability p and you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +with probability p and you want to know +the probability of having some number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +failures all right so for example + + align:start position:0% +failures all right so for example + + + align:start position:0% +failures all right so for example +there's n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components and each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fails independently in fact mutually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +independently with probability + + align:start position:0% +independently with probability + + + align:start position:0% +independently with probability +p and p will be between zero and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and now we're interested in the + + align:start position:0% +one and now we're interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +one and now we're interested in the +number of failures so we'll make R be a + + align:start position:0% +number of failures so we'll make R be a + + + align:start position:0% +number of failures so we'll make R be a +random variable that tells us the number + + align:start position:0% +random variable that tells us the number + + + align:start position:0% +random variable that tells us the number +of failed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components and it turns out the answer + + align:start position:0% +components and it turns out the answer + + + align:start position:0% +components and it turns out the answer +is simply that function which we'll + + align:start position:0% +is simply that function which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +is simply that function which we'll +prove as a theorem the probability that + + align:start position:0% +prove as a theorem the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +prove as a theorem the probability that +R equals K is + + align:start position:0% +R equals K is + + + align:start position:0% +R equals K is +simply + + align:start position:0% +simply + + + align:start position:0% +simply +FNP of + + align:start position:0% +FNP of + + + align:start position:0% +FNP of +K for any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +c so the general binomial distribution + + align:start position:0% +c so the general binomial distribution + + + align:start position:0% +c so the general binomial distribution +gives you the Distribution on the number + + align:start position:0% +gives you the Distribution on the number + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the Distribution on the number +of failures in a system with n + + align:start position:0% +of failures in a system with n + + + align:start position:0% +of failures in a system with n +components where they fail with + + align:start position:0% +components where they fail with + + + align:start position:0% +components where they fail with +probability P so let's prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that to do that we're going to construct + + align:start position:0% +that to do that we're going to construct + + + align:start position:0% +that to do that we're going to construct +our tree again it's a little big because + + align:start position:0% +our tree again it's a little big because + + + align:start position:0% +our tree again it's a little big because +you've got nend components but you look + + align:start position:0% +you've got nend components but you look + + + align:start position:0% +you've got nend components but you look +at the first component and that can fail + + align:start position:0% +at the first component and that can fail + + + align:start position:0% +at the first component and that can fail +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +not and it fails with probability P it's + + align:start position:0% +not and it fails with probability P it's + + + align:start position:0% +not and it fails with probability P it's +okay with probability one minus p and + + align:start position:0% +okay with probability one minus p and + + + align:start position:0% +okay with probability one minus p and +you have the second + + align:start position:0% +you have the second + + + align:start position:0% +you have the second +component it can fail or not again p and + + align:start position:0% +component it can fail or not again p and + + + align:start position:0% +component it can fail or not again p and +1 minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p and you keep on going till you get to + + align:start position:0% +p and you keep on going till you get to + + + align:start position:0% +p and you keep on going till you get to +the nth component + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that can fail or not with + + align:start position:0% +and that can fail or not with + + + align:start position:0% +and that can fail or not with +probability P or one minus + + align:start position:0% +probability P or one minus + + + align:start position:0% +probability P or one minus +p in general down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here all right and now we look at all + + align:start position:0% +here all right and now we look at all + + + align:start position:0% +here all right and now we look at all +the sample points out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and it's all length and vectors of + + align:start position:0% +here and it's all length and vectors of + + + align:start position:0% +here and it's all length and vectors of +failure or + + align:start position:0% +failure or + + + align:start position:0% +failure or +not so the top sample Point here would + + align:start position:0% +not so the top sample Point here would + + + align:start position:0% +not so the top sample Point here would +be n good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components all right the next one would + + align:start position:0% +components all right the next one would + + + align:start position:0% +components all right the next one would +be the first n minus one are good and + + align:start position:0% +be the first n minus one are good and + + + align:start position:0% +be the first n minus one are good and +the last one + + align:start position:0% +the last one + + + align:start position:0% +the last one +fail all the way down to the very bottom + + align:start position:0% +fail all the way down to the very bottom + + + align:start position:0% +fail all the way down to the very bottom +you could have all n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fail all right so how many sample points + + align:start position:0% +fail all right so how many sample points + + + align:start position:0% +fail all right so how many sample points +are there in the sample + + align:start position:0% +are there in the sample + + + align:start position:0% +are there in the sample +space with n + + align:start position:0% +space with n + + + align:start position:0% +space with n +components two to the N all right + + align:start position:0% +components two to the N all right + + + align:start position:0% +components two to the N all right +because you got n positions there's two + + align:start position:0% +because you got n positions there's two + + + align:start position:0% +because you got n positions there's two +choices for each value + + align:start position:0% +choices for each value + + + align:start position:0% +choices for each value +there uh now how many of the sample + + align:start position:0% +there uh now how many of the sample + + + align:start position:0% +there uh now how many of the sample +points have exactly K failed + + align:start position:0% +points have exactly K failed + + + align:start position:0% +points have exactly K failed +components out of the two to the N how + + align:start position:0% +components out of the two to the N how + + + align:start position:0% +components out of the two to the N how +many correspond to K of the components + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +failed n choose K this goes back to + + align:start position:0% +failed n choose K this goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +failed n choose K this goes back to +Counting remember the binomial + + align:start position:0% +Counting remember the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +Counting remember the binomial +coefficient so there are n k sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +have K failed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components all right what's the + + align:start position:0% +components all right what's the + + + align:start position:0% +components all right what's the +probability of a sample point with K + + align:start position:0% +probability of a sample point with K + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a sample point with K +failed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I took K branches the failure each of + + align:start position:0% +I took K branches the failure each of + + + align:start position:0% +I took K branches the failure each of +those gives me a + + align:start position:0% +those gives me a + + + align:start position:0% +those gives me a +p p to the K and I took n minus K + + align:start position:0% +p p to the K and I took n minus K + + + align:start position:0% +p p to the K and I took n minus K +branches with no + + align:start position:0% +branches with no + + + align:start position:0% +branches with no +failure each one of those multiplies by + + align:start position:0% +failure each one of those multiplies by + + + align:start position:0% +failure each one of those multiplies by +a one minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P so no matter how I got my K + + align:start position:0% +P so no matter how I got my K + + + align:start position:0% +P so no matter how I got my K +failures the probability for a + + align:start position:0% +failures the probability for a + + + align:start position:0% +failures the probability for a +particular sample point with K failures + + align:start position:0% +particular sample point with K failures + + + align:start position:0% +particular sample point with K failures +is just that because I had P get + + align:start position:0% +is just that because I had P get + + + align:start position:0% +is just that because I had P get +factored in K times for the failures one + + align:start position:0% +factored in K times for the failures one + + + align:start position:0% +factored in K times for the failures one +minus P get factored in N minus K times + + align:start position:0% +minus P get factored in N minus K times + + + align:start position:0% +minus P get factored in N minus K times +for the situations where it worked out + + align:start position:0% +for the situations where it worked out + + + align:start position:0% +for the situations where it worked out +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right so I've got this many + + align:start position:0% +right all right so I've got this many + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so I've got this many +sample + + align:start position:0% +sample + + + align:start position:0% +sample +Points each of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability P to the K * 1 - p n minus k + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about that why that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case all right so now I can compute the + + align:start position:0% +case all right so now I can compute the + + + align:start position:0% +case all right so now I can compute the +probability there r k + + align:start position:0% +probability there r k + + + align:start position:0% +probability there r k +failures probability that R equals + + align:start position:0% +failures probability that R equals + + + align:start position:0% +failures probability that R equals +K is simply n shoes + + align:start position:0% +K is simply n shoes + + + align:start position:0% +K is simply n shoes +K number of sample points times their + + align:start position:0% +K number of sample points times their + + + align:start position:0% +K number of sample points times their +probability since they're all the same + + align:start position:0% +probability since they're all the same + + + align:start position:0% +probability since they're all the same +for K + + align:start position:0% +for K + + + align:start position:0% +for K +failures and that of course is just the + + align:start position:0% +failures and that of course is just the + + + align:start position:0% +failures and that of course is just the +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +for the general binomial + + align:start position:0% +for the general binomial + + + align:start position:0% +for the general binomial +distribution so that equals + + align:start position:0% +distribution so that equals + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so that equals +FNP of K which is what we we're trying + + align:start position:0% +FNP of K which is what we we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +FNP of K which is what we we're trying +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prove + + align:start position:0% +prove + + + align:start position:0% +prove +okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about +that so that's why it's important + + align:start position:0% +that so that's why it's important + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's why it's important +because there's a lot of situations + + align:start position:0% +because there's a lot of situations + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a lot of situations +where you're interested in the number of + + align:start position:0% +where you're interested in the number of + + + align:start position:0% +where you're interested in the number of +if you got n possible things what's the + + align:start position:0% +if you got n possible things what's the + + + align:start position:0% +if you got n possible things what's the +chance K of them happen and it's it's + + align:start position:0% +chance K of them happen and it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +chance K of them happen and it's it's +just given by this + + align:start position:0% +just given by this + + + align:start position:0% +just given by this +formula um + + align:start position:0% +formula um + + + align:start position:0% +formula um +now you can calculate this but you know + + align:start position:0% +now you can calculate this but you know + + + align:start position:0% +now you can calculate this but you know +if I just told you for + + align:start position:0% +if I just told you for + + + align:start position:0% +if I just told you for +example maybe I'm looking at n is 100 + + align:start position:0% +example maybe I'm looking at n is 100 + + + align:start position:0% +example maybe I'm looking at n is 100 +and even p is a + + align:start position:0% +and even p is a + + + align:start position:0% +and even p is a +half you know what's the probability + + align:start position:0% +half you know what's the probability + + + align:start position:0% +half you know what's the probability +that we'd + + align:start position:0% +that we'd + + + align:start position:0% +that we'd +get 25 say what's the prob of getting 50 + + align:start position:0% +get 25 say what's the prob of getting 50 + + + align:start position:0% +get 25 say what's the prob of getting 50 +failed + + align:start position:0% +failed + + + align:start position:0% +failed +components or if I flip 100 + + align:start position:0% +components or if I flip 100 + + + align:start position:0% +components or if I flip 100 +coins and they're fair so probability + + align:start position:0% +coins and they're fair so probability + + + align:start position:0% +coins and they're fair so probability +half of getting a heads what's the + + align:start position:0% +half of getting a heads what's the + + + align:start position:0% +half of getting a heads what's the +chance I actually get 50 heads and 100 + + align:start position:0% +chance I actually get 50 heads and 100 + + + align:start position:0% +chance I actually get 50 heads and 100 +coins looking at that it's not so clear + + align:start position:0% +coins looking at that it's not so clear + + + align:start position:0% +coins looking at that it's not so clear +what the answer + + align:start position:0% +what the answer + + + align:start position:0% +what the answer +is um in fact let's test intuition + + align:start position:0% +is um in fact let's test intuition + + + align:start position:0% +is um in fact let's test intuition +here for this we're g take a little vote + + align:start position:0% +here for this we're g take a little vote + + + align:start position:0% +here for this we're g take a little vote +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +see how good you are looking at that + + align:start position:0% +see how good you are looking at that + + + align:start position:0% +see how good you are looking at that +formula or what your intuition is about + + align:start position:0% +formula or what your intuition is about + + + align:start position:0% +formula or what your intuition is about +the probability of getting exactly 50 + + align:start position:0% +the probability of getting exactly 50 + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of getting exactly 50 +heads + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it could be between one and a half a + + align:start position:0% +it could be between one and a half a + + + align:start position:0% +it could be between one and a half a +half and a + + align:start position:0% +half and a + + + align:start position:0% +half and a +tenth tenth and + + align:start position:0% +tenth tenth and + + + align:start position:0% +tenth tenth and +100 100th and + + align:start position:0% +100 100th and + + + align:start position:0% +100 100th and +1,000th a thousandth and a millionth and + + align:start position:0% +1,000th a thousandth and a millionth and + + + align:start position:0% +1,000th a thousandth and a millionth and +zero I want to know what's the + + align:start position:0% +zero I want to know what's the + + + align:start position:0% +zero I want to know what's the +probability when you flip a 100 mutually + + align:start position:0% +probability when you flip a 100 mutually + + + align:start position:0% +probability when you flip a 100 mutually +independent coins you get exactly 50 + + align:start position:0% +independent coins you get exactly 50 + + + align:start position:0% +independent coins you get exactly 50 +heads how many people think it's at + + align:start position:0% +heads how many people think it's at + + + align:start position:0% +heads how many people think it's at +least a half that you get half + + align:start position:0% +least a half that you get half + + + align:start position:0% +least a half that you get half +heads H nobody likes that how many + + align:start position:0% +heads H nobody likes that how many + + + align:start position:0% +heads H nobody likes that how many +people think it's between a half and a + + align:start position:0% +people think it's between a half and a + + + align:start position:0% +people think it's between a half and a +tenth one vote a tenth and a + + align:start position:0% +tenth one vote a tenth and a + + + align:start position:0% +tenth one vote a tenth and a +hundredth + + align:start position:0% +hundredth + + + align:start position:0% +hundredth +more right doesn't have to be at least a + + align:start position:0% +more right doesn't have to be at least a + + + align:start position:0% +more right doesn't have to be at least a +100 that's sort of the most likely + + align:start position:0% +100 that's sort of the most likely + + + align:start position:0% +100 that's sort of the most likely +outcome and there's only 100 how many + + align:start position:0% +outcome and there's only 100 how many + + + align:start position:0% +outcome and there's only 100 how many +think hundredth in a + + align:start position:0% +think hundredth in a + + + align:start position:0% +think hundredth in a +thousandth all right a thousandth in a + + align:start position:0% +thousandth all right a thousandth in a + + + align:start position:0% +thousandth all right a thousandth in a +millionth whoa mean so you got to + + align:start position:0% +millionth whoa mean so you got to + + + align:start position:0% +millionth whoa mean so you got to +believe it's not likely to get exactly + + align:start position:0% +believe it's not likely to get exactly + + + align:start position:0% +believe it's not likely to get exactly +50 heads when I flip 100 coins all right + + align:start position:0% +50 heads when I flip 100 coins all right + + + align:start position:0% +50 heads when I flip 100 coins all right +well the answer is is actually uh + + align:start position:0% +well the answer is is actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +well the answer is is actually uh +between a tenth and 100th + + align:start position:0% +between a tenth and 100th + + + align:start position:0% +between a tenth and 100th +here all right uh it's about 8% and + + align:start position:0% +here all right uh it's about 8% and + + + align:start position:0% +here all right uh it's about 8% and +we're going to compute that but here's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to compute that but here's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to compute that but here's +another one I flip 100 + + align:start position:0% +another one I flip 100 + + + align:start position:0% +another one I flip 100 +coins what's the probability of getting + + align:start position:0% +coins what's the probability of getting + + + align:start position:0% +coins what's the probability of getting +at most 25 heads so here it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +at most 25 heads so here it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +at most 25 heads so here it doesn't have +to be exactly 25 it could be 25 24 23 22 + + align:start position:0% +to be exactly 25 it could be 25 24 23 22 + + + align:start position:0% +to be exactly 25 it could be 25 24 23 22 +all the way down to no heads so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to no heads so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to no heads so a lot of +chances all right to get at most 25 + + align:start position:0% +chances all right to get at most 25 + + + align:start position:0% +chances all right to get at most 25 +heads how many people think it's + + align:start position:0% +heads how many people think it's + + + align:start position:0% +heads how many people think it's +here some yeah you got a lot of chances + + align:start position:0% +here some yeah you got a lot of chances + + + align:start position:0% +here some yeah you got a lot of chances +how about + + align:start position:0% +how about + + + align:start position:0% +how about +here yeah okay what about between a + + align:start position:0% +here yeah okay what about between a + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah okay what about between a +tenth and a + + align:start position:0% +tenth and a + + + align:start position:0% +tenth and a +100th one person two people left less + + align:start position:0% +100th one person two people left less + + + align:start position:0% +100th one person two people left less +between a hundredth and a + + align:start position:0% +between a hundredth and a + + + align:start position:0% +between a hundredth and a +thousandth nobody left anybody here + + align:start position:0% +thousandth nobody left anybody here + + + align:start position:0% +thousandth nobody left anybody here +thousandth and a + + align:start position:0% +thousandth and a + + + align:start position:0% +thousandth and a +millionth some one person's left less + + align:start position:0% +millionth some one person's left less + + + align:start position:0% +millionth some one person's left less +than a million one in a + + align:start position:0% +than a million one in a + + + align:start position:0% +than a million one in a +million ah there's the contrarian and + + align:start position:0% +million ah there's the contrarian and + + + align:start position:0% +million ah there's the contrarian and +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +right the chance of getting 25 or less + + align:start position:0% +right the chance of getting 25 or less + + + align:start position:0% +right the chance of getting 25 or less +heads is less than one in a + + align:start position:0% +heads is less than one in a + + + align:start position:0% +heads is less than one in a +million so if somebody does it you know + + align:start position:0% +million so if somebody does it you know + + + align:start position:0% +million so if somebody does it you know +his name better be Percy diaconus right + + align:start position:0% +his name better be Percy diaconus right + + + align:start position:0% +his name better be Percy diaconus right +to get it consistently to 70 gets 25 or + + align:start position:0% +to get it consistently to 70 gets 25 or + + + align:start position:0% +to get it consistently to 70 gets 25 or +fewer heads you get 75 Tails or more is + + align:start position:0% +fewer heads you get 75 Tails or more is + + + align:start position:0% +fewer heads you get 75 Tails or more is +extremely + + align:start position:0% +extremely + + + align:start position:0% +extremely +unlikely all right so to see why that's + + align:start position:0% +unlikely all right so to see why that's + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely all right so to see why that's +the case we got to do a little work on + + align:start position:0% +the case we got to do a little work on + + + align:start position:0% +the case we got to do a little work on +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +formula all right because we're saying + + align:start position:0% +formula all right because we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +formula all right because we're saying +saying that if we sum this up for k n + + align:start position:0% +saying that if we sum this up for k n + + + align:start position:0% +saying that if we sum this up for k n +being 100 and K being 0 to 25 and P + + align:start position:0% +being 100 and K being 0 to 25 and P + + + align:start position:0% +being 100 and K being 0 to 25 and P +being a half it's an incredibly tiny + + align:start position:0% +being a half it's an incredibly tiny + + + align:start position:0% +being a half it's an incredibly tiny +number right so let's see why that is + + align:start position:0% +number right so let's see why that is + + + align:start position:0% +number right so let's see why that is +and this phenomenon is of course going + + align:start position:0% +and this phenomenon is of course going + + + align:start position:0% +and this phenomenon is of course going +to be important in computer science + + align:start position:0% +to be important in computer science + + + align:start position:0% +to be important in computer science +because it's going to enable you to tell + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to enable you to tell + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to enable you to tell +almost exactly how many components are + + align:start position:0% +almost exactly how many components are + + + align:start position:0% +almost exactly how many components are +going to fail in a system if they're + + align:start position:0% +going to fail in a system if they're + + + align:start position:0% +going to fail in a system if they're +mutually independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right now I'm not going to drag you + + align:start position:0% +all right now I'm not going to drag you + + + align:start position:0% +all right now I'm not going to drag you +through the math it's bad enough I'm + + align:start position:0% +through the math it's bad enough I'm + + + align:start position:0% +through the math it's bad enough I'm +going to write it on the + + align:start position:0% +going to write it on the + + + align:start position:0% +going to write it on the +board there's a bunch of this in the + + align:start position:0% +board there's a bunch of this in the + + + align:start position:0% +board there's a bunch of this in the +text and instead of K I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +text and instead of K I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +text and instead of K I'm going to +represent it by a parameter Alpha time n + + align:start position:0% +represent it by a parameter Alpha time n + + + align:start position:0% +represent it by a parameter Alpha time n +to be the integer K right this will + + align:start position:0% +to be the integer K right this will + + + align:start position:0% +to be the integer K right this will +replace K with a new parameter + + align:start position:0% +replace K with a new parameter + + + align:start position:0% +replace K with a new parameter +Alpha it's at most and also it's ASM + + align:start position:0% +Alpha it's at most and also it's ASM + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha it's at most and also it's ASM +totically equivalent using Tilda both of + + align:start position:0% +totically equivalent using Tilda both of + + + align:start position:0% +totically equivalent using Tilda both of +those are true to this nasty looking + + align:start position:0% +those are true to this nasty looking + + + align:start position:0% +those are true to this nasty looking +Expression 2 to the alpha + + align:start position:0% +Expression 2 to the alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Expression 2 to the alpha +log p over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Alpha plus 1 - + + align:start position:0% +Alpha plus 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha plus 1 - +alha to log 1 - p over 1 - + + align:start position:0% +alha to log 1 - p over 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +alha to log 1 - p over 1 - +Alpha time n that's a big number it's + + align:start position:0% +Alpha time n that's a big number it's + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha time n that's a big number it's +100 over + + align:start position:0% +100 over + + + align:start position:0% +100 over +< TK 2 piun alpha 1 - alpha + + align:start position:0% +< TK 2 piun alpha 1 - alpha + + + align:start position:0% +< TK 2 piun alpha 1 - alpha +n and this of course Alpha is between + + align:start position:0% +n and this of course Alpha is between + + + align:start position:0% +n and this of course Alpha is between +zero and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one now when you do the derivative on + + align:start position:0% +one now when you do the derivative on + + + align:start position:0% +one now when you do the derivative on +this thing it turns out its maximum + + align:start position:0% +this thing it turns out its maximum + + + align:start position:0% +this thing it turns out its maximum +value is when Alpha equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p and when you have Alpha equals + + align:start position:0% +p and when you have Alpha equals + + + align:start position:0% +p and when you have Alpha equals +P you get get log of one is + + align:start position:0% +P you get get log of one is + + + align:start position:0% +P you get get log of one is +zero log of one is zero all this messy + + align:start position:0% +zero log of one is zero all this messy + + + align:start position:0% +zero log of one is zero all this messy +stuff goes away and we just get that and + + align:start position:0% +stuff goes away and we just get that and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff goes away and we just get that and +so in that case + + align:start position:0% +so in that case + + + align:start position:0% +so in that case +FNP of PN is at most and also ASM + + align:start position:0% +FNP of PN is at most and also ASM + + + align:start position:0% +FNP of PN is at most and also ASM +totically equal to 1 over < TK 2 piun p + + align:start position:0% +totically equal to 1 over < TK 2 piun p + + + align:start position:0% +totically equal to 1 over < TK 2 piun p +1 - p + + align:start position:0% +1 - p + + + align:start position:0% +1 - p +n all right and now you can plug in + + align:start position:0% +n all right and now you can plug in + + + align:start position:0% +n all right and now you can plug in +values and compute things for example if + + align:start position:0% +values and compute things for example if + + + align:start position:0% +values and compute things for example if +I flip 100 + + align:start position:0% +I flip 100 + + + align:start position:0% +I flip 100 +coins and I want to know the probability + + align:start position:0% +coins and I want to know the probability + + + align:start position:0% +coins and I want to know the probability +of getting 50 that means Alpha is a half + + align:start position:0% +of getting 50 that means Alpha is a half + + + align:start position:0% +of getting 50 that means Alpha is a half +and their Fair which means p is a + + align:start position:0% +and their Fair which means p is a + + + align:start position:0% +and their Fair which means p is a +half the answer is + + align:start position:0% +half the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +half the answer is +8% so n equals 100 coins p is a half + + align:start position:0% +8% so n equals 100 coins p is a half + + + align:start position:0% +8% so n equals 100 coins p is a half +then the probability of 50 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heads I just plug in p as a half here I + + align:start position:0% +heads I just plug in p as a half here I + + + align:start position:0% +heads I just plug in p as a half here I +get 1 over < TK 50 pi + + align:start position:0% +get 1 over < TK 50 pi + + + align:start position:0% +get 1 over < TK 50 pi +which equals + + align:start position:0% +which equals + + + align:start position:0% +which equals +080 and so forth so there's an 8% chance + + align:start position:0% +080 and so forth so there's an 8% chance + + + align:start position:0% +080 and so forth so there's an 8% chance +of getting exactly 50 + + align:start position:0% +of getting exactly 50 + + + align:start position:0% +of getting exactly 50 +heads now let's look at the probability + + align:start position:0% +heads now let's look at the probability + + + align:start position:0% +heads now let's look at the probability +of getting 25 or + + align:start position:0% +of getting 25 or + + + align:start position:0% +of getting 25 or +fewer and we'll see why that is so + + align:start position:0% +fewer and we'll see why that is so + + + align:start position:0% +fewer and we'll see why that is so +surprisingly small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for n equal 100 and P equal a half + + align:start position:0% +so for n equal 100 and P equal a half + + + align:start position:0% +so for n equal 100 and P equal a half +and Alpha equal a quarter because we + + align:start position:0% +and Alpha equal a quarter because we + + + align:start position:0% +and Alpha equal a quarter because we +want 25 heads I'll get exactly 25 heads + + align:start position:0% +want 25 heads I'll get exactly 25 heads + + + align:start position:0% +want 25 heads I'll get exactly 25 heads +first probability of 25 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heads is at most well that square root + + align:start position:0% +heads is at most well that square root + + + align:start position:0% +heads is at most well that square root +thing comes out to about + + align:start position:0% +thing comes out to about + + + align:start position:0% +thing comes out to about +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +9 then I get two to something I get two + + align:start position:0% +9 then I get two to something I get two + + + align:start position:0% +9 then I get two to something I get two +to the minus all those logs come out to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1887 times n which is the kicker that's + + align:start position:0% +1887 times n which is the kicker that's + + + align:start position:0% +1887 times n which is the kicker that's +100 so I get a 2 to the minus 18th + + align:start position:0% +100 so I get a 2 to the minus 18th + + + align:start position:0% +100 so I get a 2 to the minus 18th +here and that makes this thing be + + align:start position:0% +here and that makes this thing be + + + align:start position:0% +here and that makes this thing be +smaller than or equal about to 1.9.13 + + align:start position:0% +smaller than or equal about to 1.9.13 + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than or equal about to 1.9.13 +10us 7 so about one and5 + + align:start position:0% +10us 7 so about one and5 + + + align:start position:0% +10us 7 so about one and5 +million all right and the reason this + + align:start position:0% +million all right and the reason this + + + align:start position:0% +million all right and the reason this +gets so small is because you get the n + + align:start position:0% +gets so small is because you get the n + + + align:start position:0% +gets so small is because you get the n +in that exponent up there and of course + + align:start position:0% +in that exponent up there and of course + + + align:start position:0% +in that exponent up there and of course +this is all computed using Sterling's + + align:start position:0% +this is all computed using Sterling's + + + align:start position:0% +this is all computed using Sterling's +formula when if you actually want to go + + align:start position:0% +formula when if you actually want to go + + + align:start position:0% +formula when if you actually want to go +through the calculations you go start + + align:start position:0% +through the calculations you go start + + + align:start position:0% +through the calculations you go start +with n choose K which is your n + + align:start position:0% +with n choose K which is your n + + + align:start position:0% +with n choose K which is your n +factorial times over K factorial n minus + + align:start position:0% +factorial times over K factorial n minus + + + align:start position:0% +factorial times over K factorial n minus +K factorial you plug in Sterling's + + align:start position:0% +K factorial you plug in Sterling's + + + align:start position:0% +K factorial you plug in Sterling's +formula and you do a bunch of messy + + align:start position:0% +formula and you do a bunch of messy + + + align:start position:0% +formula and you do a bunch of messy +stuff and these things pop out and so it + + align:start position:0% +stuff and these things pop out and so it + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and these things pop out and so it +gets exponentially small exponentially + + align:start position:0% +gets exponentially small exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +gets exponentially small exponentially +fast in fact if you were to plot this + + align:start position:0% +fast in fact if you were to plot this + + + align:start position:0% +fast in fact if you were to plot this +thing if you plot the binomial + + align:start position:0% +thing if you plot the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +thing if you plot the binomial +distribution function it + + align:start position:0% +distribution function it + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function it +looks something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this all right so I have 0 to + + align:start position:0% +this all right so I have 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so I have 0 to +n and then I have + + align:start position:0% +n and then I have + + + align:start position:0% +n and then I have +PN which is the maximum + + align:start position:0% +PN which is the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +PN which is the maximum +here's the probability goes 0 to + + align:start position:0% +here's the probability goes 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +here's the probability goes 0 to +one and your maximum value is here at 8% + + align:start position:0% +one and your maximum value is here at 8% + + + align:start position:0% +one and your maximum value is here at 8% +in the case of 100 coins and it just + + align:start position:0% +in the case of 100 coins and it just + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of 100 coins and it just +zooms down exponential + + align:start position:0% +zooms down exponential + + + align:start position:0% +zooms down exponential +small just you can't even draw it + + align:start position:0% +small just you can't even draw it + + + align:start position:0% +small just you can't even draw it +because it gets so small so fast this + + align:start position:0% +because it gets so small so fast this + + + align:start position:0% +because it gets so small so fast this +height here is about one over root + + align:start position:0% +height here is about one over root + + + align:start position:0% +height here is about one over root +n and this width here of the hump is + + align:start position:0% +n and this width here of the hump is + + + align:start position:0% +n and this width here of the hump is +about root n + + align:start position:0% +about root n + + + align:start position:0% +about root n +and these things Zoom down to zero + + align:start position:0% +and these things Zoom down to zero + + + align:start position:0% +and these things Zoom down to zero +exponentially + + align:start position:0% +exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially +fast and so that's what the binomial + + align:start position:0% +fast and so that's what the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +fast and so that's what the binomial +distribution looks like and so it says + + align:start position:0% +distribution looks like and so it says + + + align:start position:0% +distribution looks like and so it says +that you are very likely to be very + + align:start position:0% +that you are very likely to be very + + + align:start position:0% +that you are very likely to be very +close to PN heads or PN things + + align:start position:0% +close to PN heads or PN things + + + align:start position:0% +close to PN heads or PN things +happening and I won't go through the + + align:start position:0% +happening and I won't go through the + + + align:start position:0% +happening and I won't go through the +math now probably do it in recitation + + align:start position:0% +math now probably do it in recitation + + + align:start position:0% +math now probably do it in recitation +tomorrow of computing at most 25 heads + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow of computing at most 25 heads + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow of computing at most 25 heads +which is a cumulative distribution + + align:start position:0% +which is a cumulative distribution + + + align:start position:0% +which is a cumulative distribution +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +and this comes up in all sorts of places + + align:start position:0% +and this comes up in all sorts of places + + + align:start position:0% +and this comes up in all sorts of places +like you you have a noisy Communications + + align:start position:0% +like you you have a noisy Communications + + + align:start position:0% +like you you have a noisy Communications +Channel and every bit is dropped with 1% + + align:start position:0% +Channel and every bit is dropped with 1% + + + align:start position:0% +Channel and every bit is dropped with 1% +chance if you have 10,000 bits you'd + + align:start position:0% +chance if you have 10,000 bits you'd + + + align:start position:0% +chance if you have 10,000 bits you'd +like to know what's the probability I + + align:start position:0% +like to know what's the probability I + + + align:start position:0% +like to know what's the probability I +lost 2% of them when I have 1% failure + + align:start position:0% +lost 2% of them when I have 1% failure + + + align:start position:0% +lost 2% of them when I have 1% failure +rate the chance of losing 2% out of + + align:start position:0% +rate the chance of losing 2% out of + + + align:start position:0% +rate the chance of losing 2% out of +10,000 is like 2 to Theus 60 if they're + + align:start position:0% +10,000 is like 2 to Theus 60 if they're + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 is like 2 to Theus 60 if they're +mutually independent so no chance of + + align:start position:0% +mutually independent so no chance of + + + align:start position:0% +mutually independent so no chance of +losing 2% all right very good we'll do + + align:start position:0% +losing 2% all right very good we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +losing 2% all right very good we'll do +more of this in recitation tomorrow \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MYMYXhR2Ppw.txt b/MYMYXhR2Ppw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d48c424c17998221ad25ea2f390dc0609b4c279 --- /dev/null +++ b/MYMYXhR2Ppw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3631 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So last week +Melissa told you-- + +or a couple days ago-- + +about vision. + +And if there's two huge +messages, I think, out of that + +lecture, it's first that even +the most simple aspects of + +perception are based on a +synthesis between what's out + +there and the rules +by which your mind + +interprets the world. + +And what you ultimately see +is that interaction, that + +synthesis, that dialogue, that +construction between what's + +out there and how your mind +chooses to interpret it. + +The second big point is there's +a lot of organization + +of the visual system +in our brain. + +And we can track its +organization from the first + +moment that photons enter your +eyes all the way through until + +you recognize a loved one, a +word, or an object out there. + +And we said that in the +neocortex, the world is + +divided into two big channels +of visual processing, which + +are what things are and +where things are. + +So now I'm going to pick up on +that a little bit today. + +As you go around and see things +all the time, what is + +it that you mostly see? + +On an average day, you wake +up in the morning. + +I know you're all like, +what's he looking for? + +What's the answer? + +But just in everything. + +You see people a lot. + +So faces, we'll talk +about that. + +You see objects, chairs, +tables in the morning. + +A toothbrush and soap +is useful, right? + +You see objects. + +And another huge use of your +visual system is reading. + +You see words, right, on +books, on computers. + +So we're going to talk a little +bit about how we see + +what things are, objects in the +world, faces in the world, + +and words so that we can read. + +And we'll talk about both some +processes that go on in our + +mind and brain that let us +become terrific at recognizing + +what's out there and knowing +who we're talking to, what + +we're reading, what we're +holding, and so on, and then + +about disorders in the brain +that illuminate, I think, a + +little bit about those +processes. + +So let me start with objects +and agnosia. + +Agnosia means not knowing. + +So we're going to talk about two +ways in which people seen + +to not know. + +And that gives us a hint, +then, about how + +we actually do know. + +And they've been called +apperceptive + +and associative agnosias. + +Apperceptive seems to be people +see the parts, but they + +don't pull it together. + +Associative agnosia, +they see the whole + +thing pretty decently. + +But they can't figure out what +it means, what it is in a + +practical sense. + +And, lastly, I'll talk to you +about a very surprising + +finding where people lose +knowledge of some kinds of + +objects in the world but not +others, and sort of give us a + +new insight into how our brain +organizes knowledge. + +So agnosia is a +modality-specific inability. + +So we'll talk today +about vision. + +There's agnosias in audition, +and in touch, and so on. + +But I'll focus just on vision, +modality-specific. + +These people are fine +if they hold + +something or hear something. + +And it's not explained by things +like you don't see so + +well, or you're not paying +attention, or you can't speak. + +It seems to be just that you +lose the ability to recognize + +by sight what something is. + +So again, apperceptive agnosia, +will link it to the + +right hemisphere and associative +agnosia to the + +left hemisphere. + +And let me show you examples +of what these patients do. + +So here's patients with right +hemisphere damage. + +We're attempting, simply, to +copy this triangle or copy + +these things. + +It's right in front of them. + +They're copying it. + +And you can see that it's as +if they have almost no + +appreciation for what the +thing is out there. + +This is a pretty miserable 3. + +Right in front of you, it's as +if the whole thing weren't + +cohering for anything. + +Even a shape is just a +mysterious bundle of stuff. + +Or we can make it +multiple choice. + +Well multiple choice, +we know it's easier. + +So all they have to do is cross +out which of these four + +things looks like this. + +And they picked the +circle here. + +Or instead of the x, +they picked the o. + +They're really not getting +almost anything about the + +quality of the shape. + +They're really not recognizing +what they're looking at. + +Or they'll see this. + +But they'll read it as, when +they get this, 7415. + +They won't take the first +interpretation, but will come + +up with some other. + +When these patients copy +something, they see, right in + +front of them, that elephant. + +You can label things. + +But it's a pretty bad copy. + +It's not just bad artistry. + +It's a bad sense of what the +coherent shape is right in + +front of them. + +And their vision is +basically fine. + +It's just the shape of it +doesn't make any sense. + +Not surprisingly then, maybe +these patients also struggle + +when you make things +a little harder. + +So what letter is this? + +You can get that. + +You'd have to look a +little bit harder. + +Or you might get that this is +a cow, or this is a car. + +These patients are terrible +at those things. + +As soon as you make +it a little bit + +hard, they're finished. + +They're also bad if they have +damage in the right + +hemisphere, posteriorly, +at what they + +call an unusual view. + +So often we see something like +a stapler from this view. + +We rarely quite see +it this way. + +But if I showed you this, you +could probably make it out. + +It might take you a +moment by itself. + +An unusual view of an object +that you see, psychologists + +call it a canonical view, +which is the usual one. + +And what happens to patients who +have damage in the right + +posterior cortex? + +They're terrible at making this +unusual perception of a + +common object. + +They're also terrible if they +have to see something that's a + +little bit challenging. + +Again, like here's some +hats but with shadows. + +Now normally, we don't +think about + +shadows as a big problem. + +It is for computers that +are meant to see. + +And it is also a big problem +for patients with damage to + +the right posterior cortex. + +It's as if they can't pull out +the object from the shadow. + +It's all one big glob to them. + +Compare that difficulty just +getting basically what's there + +to patients with left hemisphere +damage who can't + +recognize an object. + +So here's a patient who was +shown pictures of a key, a + +pig, a bird, a train, and +was asked to copy them. + +And the copies are actually +excellent. + +I mean, they're much better +than I would do. + +They're excellent +copies, right? + +But even after the patient has +made that excellent copy of + +the key, he's asked +what is that? + +And the patient says, +I don't know. + +Good copy of a pig, "Could be +a dog or any other animal." + +That's a dog, but that's it. + +The bird is kind +of interesting. + +He draws a pretty good bird, +his copy, right? + +But then he says, "It could be +a beach stump." And when you + +say that, you can see that. + +But you and I would never +come to that conclusion. + +And the train, he gets +a little bit of wagon + +or car of some kind. + +It's a larger being pulled +by a smaller. + +He vaguely knows +it's something. + +But it's not quite +right either. + +But he really gets what +it is, the shape. + +But it's as if it's stripped +of meaning. + +It just doesn't mean +anything to him. + +Now we're going to do +a video in a moment. + +All right, Tyler? + +I'm going to show you +some videos today. + +The problem is that these videos +are sort of grainy. + +And there's not really high +quality Alan Alda talking on + +Scientific American videos +of these patients. + +So the unfortunate thing is +in a visual disorders + +demonstration, it's almost as +if I'm forcing upon you that + +same visual disorder. + +OK? + +Because you're looking at it, +and you go, like, gee. + +No wonder he can't +recognize it. + +I can't recognize it. + +So let me tell you. + +In a couple moments he's +going to look at a + +picture of a clarinet. + +And if it were a really +good video, you + +would see it clearly. + +But there's just not many +of these around. + +And these patients are rare +that are this perfect. + +So I'm going to make +this dark. + +And we'll see-- thank +you, Tyler-- + +a patient with visual agnosia. + +And you should be impressed +by two things. + +First, he's very verbal. + +He's speaking. + +He's smart. + +A lot of his brain is +working just fine. + +And second, you're going to +see something kind of + +interesting, which is +we talked about the + +where system last time. + +And sometimes people call +the where system, + +the system for action. + +Because pretty much like where +you grab something, where you + +move, that has a lot to do with +the action, the physical + +action in the world. + +So you're going to can see this +man unable to recognize + +by his what system, what +he's looking at. + +But a little bit of information +is going to sneak + +into his where system, and move +his hands in a way that + +you'll see appropriate. + +So thanks. + +So it's so funny if +you work in-- + +this idea that we only +use 10% of our brain. + +I can assure you this man has +95%, 98% of his brain. + +He can speak. + +He can move. + +He can make jokes. + +He can curse at the end +there a little bit. + +He can do almost everything +that everybody can do. + +But he cannot identify what +an object is by vision. + +Because the injury has occurred +in the part of the + +brain that's essential for that +final step of figuring + +out what you're looking for. + +It's a very specific +part of the brain. + +And without it, the rest of +his brain can't figure out + +what it's looking at. + +So his sensation is fine. + +He sees where it is. + +And he gets the shape +even roughly. + +He thought it was a pen. + +There's something vaguely +about the shape. + +His naming is fine. + +But it's as if, again, this idea +of a perfect example of + +what we call associative +agnosia. + +He has all the shape information +it seems like you + +ought to have, all the language +information you have. + +But he can't make that move +from piecing together what + +something is to knowing +what it means. + +And if he doesn't know what +it means, he can't + +come up with the name. + +If he smells it or holds it, +he says, apple or pipe. + +He knows the name. + +But if he has to look at +something and then know what + +it is to name it, if I show you +a piece of paper and ask + +you to name it, you have +to say, what is it? + +Then I name it. + +He can't make that move in +vision to what it is. + +Because so much processing +has to occur in your + +brain to get there. + +Even though it seems +instantaneous + +and trivial to you. + +It's instantaneous and trivial +to you because your brain is + +so brilliant that it +accomplishes it. + +Now, there are things out +there in the world like + +animals that occur naturally. + +Because they're from an +evolutionary tree, they share + +a lot of shapes. + +And there's things out there +that are not living, either + +that occur like the moon and +the mountain-- they're out + +there sitting-- + +or what we call manufactured +objects, things like locks, + +pencils, motorcycles, bulbs, +things that humans have made. + +And, of course, humans make +shapes as they need to + +construct things. + +They're not constrained by +evolutionary forces about what + +shape something is. + +We make a shape as we need it. + +But it was still an amazing +discovery in the 1980s that + +they found individual patients +who lost the ability to + +recognize things and various +specific categories. + +This seems so much like old +style, silly phrenology. + +That I can tell you, my +colleagues sort of make fun of + +me when I told them people in my +field were following this. + +So they found patients who +could define by pictures + +manufactured objects, things +like pencils, or typewriters, + +or computers. + +But they couldn't identify +foods or animals. + +And then they found patients +just the opposite who could + +identify foods and animals but +not manufactured objects. + +So that's really weird. + +That's as if you had organized +in your brain the manufactured + +section here like in +a supermarket. + +And here's the animal section. + +And here's the fruit section. + +Really, is that how our mind +is organized, like a + +supermarket? + +But then there were some +exceptions to these. + +And there are the exceptions +that helped us + +inform us on the rules. + +So here's some patients who are +really good at identifying + +manufactured things-- again, +pencils, things like that-- + +bad at foods and animals. + +But now think about this. + +They were good on body parts. + +How were they good on body parts +when they were bad at + +foods and animals? + +Body parts are natural, right? + +And they were bad a musical +instruments even though they + +were good on other manufactured +things like + +pencils and computers. + +So these were two +wrong things. + +And I'm going to try to convince +in a moment that the + +way we now understand this is +they're good at body parts + +because we know how +to use our body. + +And they're bad at musical +instruments because musical + +instruments look an awful lot +like one another just like + +four-legged animals look +a lot like one another. + +That's a funny category for us +if we start to divide up + +instruments. + +So the problem is not so much +one of natural versus + +unnatural things. + +It's things that we know through +vision versus things + +that we know through physical +action and use. + +And here's another example. + +The patients who are bad at +objects that we use every day, + +like pencils and stuff like +that, were pretty good on + +things like billboards +and mountains. + +Now only in science fiction +movies do you have creatures + +big enough that they're picking +up billboards and + +throwing it at helicopters +from the military. + +You see that all the time. + +You have the big creature. + +And they pick it up, +and they hurl it. + +OK. + +So we don't mostly pick up huge +things like mountains and + +large outdoor objects +like flag poles. + +They're not things that +we pick up and use. + +So it seems like the principle +of what's good or bad is more + +about how we experience things +through sight or through + +physical action. + +So how do we know things in +the world through visual + +experience? + +Unless we're alligator +wrestlers, we don't get that + +near that many animals. + +And most of us have other things +that we use all the + +time, like bulbs, and pencils, +and things like that. + +And evidence for +that was this. + +They put humans inside a scanner +and looked at their + +brains as they named either +line drawings or words. + +So let's think of words. + +So it's just words, and you're +naming things like elephant + +and tiger-- + +that's the animal-- + +or tools that you use, like +pliers or hammer. + +Visually, they're words. + +But what happens in the brain +as you're naming animals? + +It seems like you turn on +the visual parts of + +your brain a lot. + +There's no animal in there. + +There's not even a picture +of an animal. + +It's just the word elephant +or the word cat. + +What happens when you're +naming tools? + +In the left hemisphere, we see +turned on an area here that's + +involved in visual motion, and +here, in physical action of + +moving things in the world. + +All you're doing is +naming words. + +But it's as if the knowledge for +naming them is located in + +the part of your brain that +uses that information. + +If there's things I recognize +by sight, the abstract + +knowledge about those things +is near my visual system. + +If there's things I recognize +by action, using them, the + +abstract knowledge of that is +located in your brain near + +parts of your brain that move +things and pick up things. + +So all of a sudden, it makes +sense that you can get + +separation in these forms +of knowledge. + +Because they reside in your +brain near the parts of your + +brain that use them and +communicate with them. + +So again, this idea that if +it's a [INAUDIBLE] like a + +scissors, your knowledge about +scissors will reside in the + +parts of the brain that +act upon scissors. + +If it's something like a bird +that you mostly see, knowledge + +about that bird, not just how it +looks, but everything, will + +reside in parts of the brain +that are focused on vision. + +So it's as if your knowledge +is moved to the part of the + +brain that interacts with +the form of knowledge. + +So now let's talk about faces. + +Faces are a huge thing for us. + +There's at least two huge +things we do with faces. + +We recognize who people are +and what their moods are, + +angry, happy, nice, and so on. + +So here's one person. + +Here's another person. + +When I first used this picture, +he wasn't a governor. + +He was a movie star. + +And now he's an ex-governor. + +And you have the problem +that you have to + +recognize a lot of people. + +Because you have all your +classmates, and friends, and + +family members, and a lot +of people out there. + +And not only that, you have +to recognize the various + +expressions they have, which are +terribly important for how + +we communicate with people +moment to moment all the time. + +So we could say with faces, +our big job is who are we + +looking at. + +A friend, or foe, somebody +loved, somebody we don't know. + +Who is that person? + +And then what's the expression +that we can + +read from their face? + +That's a huge part of our lives +as social animals, as + +people who interact +with other people. + +So you saw a film last time of +a patient with prosopagnosia. + +Your book, this time, talks +about a Dr. P. He's the man + +who mistook his wife +for a hat. + +So he has bigger problems in +vision than simply faces. + +But faces are very impressive. + +He fails to recognize his +students by their face. + +But he can recognize them +by their voice, + +modality-specific. + +His general vision is OK. + +When Oliver Sacks visited him +in his house, he tries to + +reach out his hand and took hold +of his wife's head, tried + +to lift it off to put it on. + +He had apparently mistaken +his wife for a hat. + +His wife looked as if she +was used to such things. + +You can see the head and the +hat, they're kind of close. + +But not if you have +typical vision. + +He might pat the head of water +hydrants and parking meters + +mistaking them for the +heads of children. + +There's a little bit of logic. + +But it's pretty wrong +what he sees. + +And it's pretty meaningless +to him. + +So let me show you a +film of an example. + +You saw one last time. + +So let me say a word +about this. + +Imagine that if you couldn't +recognize people + +as you walked up. + +So much of how we recognize +people-- we don't think about + +this, because we instantly, +easily recognize + +those we know well-- + +is by their faces. + +So I want to say a +couple of things. + +Usually there's posterior +cortical lesions + +like in this woman. + +I knew one man who was a +Unitarian minister, who I + +worked with, actually, a couple +blocks away here, + +He went up to Dartmouth for +the winter carnival. + +He came back in a small +Volkswagen. + +It turned over turned +over on the ice. + +He had a huge brain injury +and became prosopagnosic. + +He could only recognize his wife +by asking her to wear a + +yellow bow in her hair. + +Because otherwise he +couldn't pick her + +out from other people. + +When he went down the street +and passed his brother, he + +completely failed to +recognize him. + +Then the brother spoke. + +Then he recognized him. + +And he said-- and this was his +subjective experience-- + +because you wonder what +do these people + +feel like they see. + +He said that what it felt like +for his brother was, do you + +when somebody has some bad +handwriting, and you can't + +make it out at all? + +And then somebody tells +you what it is. + +And you go, oh yes. + +That's that word. + +Any now you see it. + +He said, that's what it felt +like as he heard his brother's + +voice and realized it +was his brother. + +It's hard to know how to +relate these things. + +But the ability to recognize a +person is completely wiped out + +of these individuals. + +In the last six or seven years, +something else has been + +discovered. + +Now let me tell you +a word about this. + +Instead of people with acute +lesions that they got because + +of a brain injury. + +It turns out there's a couple +percent of our population + +that's really bad at recognizing +faces, not the + +occasional social embarrassment +that many of us + +have when we see somebody, we +know we should know them, but + +they're really, really, +really bad. + +There's websites you can go to +that let you test yourself. + +Because researchers want you +to work with them if you're + +one of them. + +It's about 1% of +the population. + +They're really, really, +really bad. + +There was one woman described +as, she says, + +they can't watch movies. + +Because all the characters +look pretty + +much the same to them. + +You can imagine that. + +One parent who has this problem, +really terrible at + +faces by formal testing, says +that when her kid comes out of + +school, her own kid, if he is +not wearing the clothes that + +she knows he's wearing, she +can't pick him out from the + +other children very easily. + +And these are not people with +big brain injuries. + +These are people who have some +unusual difficulty in + +recognizing faces. + +So in a classroom this +size, there easily + +could be one of you. + +We don't understand +what that is. + +It's not a brain injury. + +Just like some of us can't carry +a tune, some individuals + +are really terrible at +recognizing faces, really bad. + +So there's a lot of research +into that to understand what + +that reflects. + +So let me tell you what we do +understand about the neural + +circuitry in the typical brain +for recognizing a face of a + +loved one, a person that +you care about. + +So this is the fusiform gyrus. + +It's a structure in the back of +the brain that extends from + +the occipital into the +temporal lobes. + +And that's an anatomical +description of this region. + +Within that region, there's a +functional area that seems + +very important for +face perception. + +And Nancy Kanwisher, who's in +our department, pretty much + +discovered this specific +functional area in the typical + +human brain. + +And so she did experiments where +she would present things + +like faces or objects. + +In this picture, left is right, +and right is left. + +There's a spot in the fusiform +cortex that has + +this following property. + +Here's faces. + +That turns on. + +Here's objects which have +similar properties. + +It has a lot of visual +information like a face. + +But it's not a face. + +It's part of the brain region +not so interested, faces, + +objects, faces, objects. + +So whenever faces come on-- + +this is, by our understanding-- +the first part + +of your brain that says, +I'm looking at a face. + +Up until then, it's just treated +like other stuff. + +This is the first part of your +brain that recognizes, I'm + +looking at a face. + +I'm starting to identify who +I'm looking at and what + +feelings they might have +by their expression. + +And Nancy and her colleagues did +all kinds of very clever + +experiments to show the +properties of this. + +Let me pick one. + +You could say, well, it's +not about faces. + +But faces are about humans. + +Maybe it's a part of the brain +that tells you when there's a + +human around you. + +So they compared faces +versus hands. + +Here's hands. + +This part of the brain is +not that interested. + +Faces, hands, faces, hands. + +You see every time it moves to +faces, this part of the brain + +gets very strongly engaged. + +It's very much about faces +by many research studies. + +So let me tell you a little bit +about what we understand + +about faces in terms +of development + +and things like that. + +Because faces are such a big +part of our lives from the + +first few moments we're born. + +In fact, a colleague of mine, +Pawan Sinha, did a kind of a + +biographical research study that +was on the front page of + +The New York Times and earned +MIT faculty the continuing + +names of being Frankenstein +faculty. + +There was a number of faculty. + +And what he did, kind of very +cleverly, was he put on his + +newborn infant's head +a little camera. + +And he said, if I leave +it on there and + +record it all the time-- + +and apparently there was some +debate with his wife whether + +he was allowed to do this. + +But they checked it out. + +It seemed OK by the +pediatrician. + +He said, if I have the camera +on the infant's head, I can + +see what the infant's experience +is like moment to + +moment in the first months +of its life. + +And I can also play with the +video so that it has, roughly + +speaking, the properties of the +infant's visual system, + +which is it can't see very +far after its birth. + +They can only see very close +by, and not that well. + +Over the next several months-- +we'll talk about + +this later in class-- + +he gets better and better +at seeing at a distance. + +So here's the infant sitting +in his or her crib. + +And this video makes incredibly +clear, beautifully + +and fascinatingly clear, +something that I never thought + +of until Pawan did this study, +this examination. + +So the infant sitting there, +it can't move very much. + +It can't go very many places +as a newborn infant. + +So what does it see? + +What gets close enough to it to +be visible to the infant? + +People's faces. + +Because all the other cute +things in the nursery, all the + +other things that are there, +they are too far or too blurry + +for the infant to process +almost at all. + +Almost the only thing that +happens is the parent, the + +grandparent, the siblings, the +friends that come over and go, + +what a cute baby. + +Baby, baby, baby, baby. + +The face comes in. + +The person's done, gone. + +Now you're just sitting +in a world of blur. + +Here comes another face. + +So besides certain issues +related to perhaps the + +feeding, the only thing +the infant sees are + +faces all the time. + +So it's a very important +social cue of who it's + +interacting with and +what's out there. + +And it's almost the only +one available to it. + +So psychologists have known for +some time that if you show + +a very young infant a face +versus something like an + +object, like a car or anything +like that, they're much more + +interested in faces if you put +them next to each other where + +the infant can see them. + +And they've been saying, +well, is the brain + +born to process faces? + +And it might be. + +And I'll show you evidence +to suggest in some + +general sense it is. + +What is that infant's +brain drawn to? + +What does it find fascinating +to learn about in the world? + +And so they notice that one +thing about a face is in terms + +of features, eyes, nose, +mouth, top-heavy. + +Because we have two eyes, and +everything else is one and + +one, the nose and the mouth. + +So here you can move the +features like this. + +And it turns out not only are +infants more interested in + +this kind of face than this-- +and they know that because + +they'll put the two up, and +they'll measure how long the + +infant looks at one versus the +other, which is interesting. + +And the infant picks this one. + +But get a load of this? + +The infant also picks this one +versus this, this one versus + +this, and this one +versus this. + +Now these look very little +like a face. + +But they're top-heavy. + +It's as if maybe the infant's +brain to start with, maybe, + +looks for some interesting, +top-heavy things and that + +pulls it into the +world of faces. + +Here's some more experiments +like that. + +So here's an upside down, +right-side up. + +Baby looks more at this +kind of face. + +OK. + +You could say, well, that's +a normal face. + +But it's also top-heavy. + +Then they'd make these kind +of scary-looking faces. + +And now the baby, even though +these are nothing like a face + +the baby ever sees, it +still likes this one + +because it's top-heavy. + +Now how about this one? + +This is like a face they see. + +This is a really weird face. + +Right? + +They'll never see a face like +this except in this + +experiment. + +Top-heavy. + +Top-heavy. + +And now the infant looks at +both of them with equal + +interest and delight. + +So that's a very clever +experiment to suggest that the + +infant's mind is looking +for top-heavy things. + +And you could say, is +it really top-heavy? + +Or Is that what the infant's +mind and brain can look for? + +And it goes with faces. + +And evolution picked that. + +It's hard to know how to think +about these things. + +But it looks like the +top-heaviness draws an infant + +to be fascinated by faces. + +And luckily, you don't get +many faces like this to + +confuse you in the real world. + +Another thing that people +have studied a lot + +about faces is this. + +They use the word configural. + +The relations among the parts +are more important than the + +parts themselves. + +So I need a volunteer +in their seat. + +And this is going to be really +easy if you know the alphabet. + +You have to put up your +hand and help me out. + +OK. + +Thank you very much. + +I'm going to describe to you +a letter by its features. + +OK? + +It has a big line at the top. + +And in the middle, there's +a line that + +goes down to the bottom. + +What's the letter? + +AUDIENCE: T. + +PROFESSOR: Awesome. + +OK. + +Featural description. + +Now I'm going to describe to you +a super famous movie star. + +And this person has two eyes to +the left and to the right, + +a nose right below that, and +a mouth right below that. + +And who is it? + +Angelina Jolie. + +So what's my point here? + +It's the stuff that helps us +in many things, like the + +letters-- thank you. + +That was excellent. + +We can describe those +by the parts. + +And the parts pretty much +define the whole. + +That's not true for faces. + +It really is the precise +relations between eyes, and + +nose, and mouth that tell us. + +And there's an experiment that +shows this in a very empirical + +direct way. + +So they would show people +a face like this with a + +particular nose or a house +like this with + +a particular door. + +And then they would test your +memory for that nose or that + +door by itself as features or +with the whole face or a whole + +house present. + +And here's what happens for +people's performance. + +The nose by itself, the door by +itself, the nose when you + +see the whole picture, which +could be his nose. + +It could be another nose. + +Here's the door. + +It could be that door +or a different door. + +And here's what happens +in performance. + +If it's houses, people are good +for doors, about the same + +whether they've identified the +door by itself or the door in + +the context of the house. + +If it's noses, they were +a lot better off + +seeing the entire face. + +It's as if how we analyzed even +the parts of the face are + +really integrated immediately +into the other + +aspects of the face. + +They don't stand alone. + +They're a part of a context +all interacting together. + +Now here's something pretty +striking and interesting. + +And we'll talk about some social +implications of this at + +the end of the lecture. + +You can't ask infants +many things. + +But you can record their +behavior and learn some things + +about what their minds are +representing and thinking. + +And here's how they test an +infant at say six months of + +age, can't talk, can't walk, +can't be instructed to push + +buttons or fill out surveys. + +How do they get inside the mind +of what an infant knows? + +What they'll do is they'll +show a face. + +And pretend they show this +face all by itself. + +Infant looks for a little bit. + +Face disappears, and then they +see the face they just saw and + +a new face. + +And infants who saw this face +a few moments ago will spend + +more time looking at the new +face than the old face. + +You can track where +their eyes are. + +And that's the evidence they +remember the face they saw + +before, because they selectively +spend more time on + +the new face. + +And also they're hungry to +look at the new face. + +I've seen this face, been +there, done that. + +New face, check out +this person. + +If you test them at six +months, they'll have a + +preference for the new face. + +But if you show them two +different monkeys-- + +and this might feel hard for +you to tell these apart-- + +if you show them two different +monkeys, they'll behave the + +same with monkey faces as they +do with human faces. + +They'll prefer the novel face, +which shows you they remember + +what face they saw before and +want to look at the new face. + +And at six months, it's the same +for humans and monkeys. + +And don't forget, most of these +people are interacting a + +lot with adults, and siblings, +and caretakers. + +Not many of them are hanging +out with monkeys. + +They start to get much more +accurate for human faces. + +The experience they have with +human faces starts to make + +them much better that. + +At birth, faces from +one species + +are as good as another. + +But with practice and +experience, they become human + +face specialists. + +And they become much +better at that. + +So it's not in our genes to +be awesome at human faces. + +But there's something +about faces. + +And then a lot depends +on what we see. + +And we grow that part of +our mind and brain. + +So here's a remarkable +experiment, that you couldn't + +do with people, that was done +with infant monkeys. + +These monkeys, after they were +born, were given no exposure + +to faces, depending on the +monkey, for six to 24 months. + +That's not quite completely +true. + +Because at their birth, +they saw some faces. + +So they couldn't start this +experiment at the + +first moment of birth. + +But as soon as they could from +birth, for six to 24 months. + +So when they were being fed, +this is what they saw. + +They were given an interesting +environment + +to see lots of stuff. + +And they would live in +something like this. + +So they could not see +another monkey. + +They could not see a human. + +They never saw a face +except for the + +first moments of birth. + +Before they saw any living face +on a monkey or a human, + +they would do these kinds of +experiments that you just + +heard with infants. + +And they would show that these +monkeys would preferentially + +look at faces, both human +faces and monkeys. + +And they had no preference +between them. + +They would always go for a face +compared to an object, a + +monkey face or a human face. + +And they could do these kinds +of discrimination. + +The first moment before they had +ever-- except for whatever + +happens right a birth-- +seen one. + +So they never practiced +on anything. + +Because they had not been +allowed to see a face. + +But the first moment before they +saw any living face, they + +already had this preference for +faces for both humans and + +monkeys, as if it's in our genes +to be drawn to faces. + +And what the mechanism is, the +top-heavy, something else, we + +don't quite know. + +But it's in our brain +to go for faces. + +They're so important for us. + +Then some monkeys hung +around people. + +And some monkeys hung +around monkeys. + +And what happened is really +quite striking. + +They got better at the species +they hung around. + +So if you did these kinds of +tests, the monkeys who hung + +around monkeys got better +and better at monkeys. + +And the monkeys that hung around +people got better and + +better at people. + +So what does that mean? + +That means it looks like there's +a genetic preparation. + +The first face that they see +with the slight asterisk of + +the moment of birth, they are +already preferring faces. + +The very first one they see, +even though they've gone six + +months to two years without +seeing any face at all. + +And then they get better +selectively on the species + +they're exposed to. + +So there's a genetic preparation +and then kind of a + +sensitive period where you build +up a representation of + +the species that you're +living with. + +So let me slide there for +a moment to now writing. + +As long as there's been mammals, +as long as there's + +been people, we've been born to +things around us with faces + +and interacted with people +who have faces. + +So that's deep in our +evolutionary history. + +Not deep in our evolutionary +history + +is writing and reading. + +The first visual language +of any kind is + +about 4,000 years ago. + +Not until the Gutenberg +Bible-- + +and that's about +600 years ago-- + +did large numbers +of people read. + +So unlike faces and objects +which have been around + +forever, not only for us, but +for other species, writing and + +reading have been around only +for a few hundred years. + +Our brains are not evolved +to be reading brains. + +It's just an unbelievably +powerful cultural invention. + +And people can read fast. + +A typical reader can do this. + +This is kind of amazing. + +Most of us know somewhere +between + +50,000 and 100,000 words. + +We don't know all +of them well. + +We can't spell all of +them correctly. + +But we kind of can get +them if we see them. + +And if we show you one word in +50,000ths of a second, you can + +recognize which word you saw. + +It's kind of amazing. + +People read about 200 to 250 +words per minute, a typical + +reader cruising along when +they're focused. + +These things can be measured +relatively simply. + +Here's one that's a +little trickier. + +But let me tell you. + +Again, it shows you how +experiments can tell us + +something we could not have +guessed without the + +experiment, about how you read +every moment you've read + +throughout your life. + +So I'm going to tell you now +that you read about 12 + +letters at a time. + +And then you move your eyes. + +Whatever you're reading, a book, +on the computer, you'll + +read about 12 letters. + +That's where you're fixated. + +Those will only be visible to +you, and then you'll move your + +eyes to get the next set of +letters you need to read. + +Now you go, no. + +There's text there. + +I'll give you, I move my eyes. + +But what's really happening, let +me show you how blind you + +are to everything but 12 +letters at a time. + +So here's the experiment +from McConkie & Raynor. + +And many people have +found this since. + +They tracked people's +eye movements. + +You can have a machine that +tracks where your eyes are + +fixated, where you're looking. + +Every time you moved, what they +did is they took the text + +that was written across a +monitor, they kept about 12 + +letters where you're looking. + +And they made everything else +on the monitor x's. + +You don't know this. + +You're just reading. + +So you're reading "people of." +This is where your eyes are. + +The computer makes everything +else an x. + +You move your eyes. + +Now this becomes x's. + +And these are x's. + +You move your eye. + +These become x's. + +You move your eyes. + +These become x's. + +Does hat make sense? + +Every time you move, where you +land, they give you the words + +and letters. + +But everything to the left +and right are all x's. + +And the astounding thing is +nobody ever says hey, why are + +there all the x's. + +Because when you're reading, +unbeknownst to you, you only + +see with good acuity 12 +letters at a time. + +And everything else, you barely +notice it's there. + +You notice something is there. + +If there's nothing there, +you would notice it. + +But your mind is not really +seeing it at all. + +And so people have tried +to represent this. + +This, when you read, is +something like this. + +Where you look, in your fovea, +or your high acuity, you see + +about 12 letters. + +Everything else is like this. + +And that's why if I flip it to +x's, you don't even notice. + +Because it's all pretty +crummy how you see it. + +You notice something is there. + +But it's pretty crummy. + +You can say, I don't +believe it. + +But people have done +this experiment + +over and over again. + +And when they flip everything +to x's to the left and right + +of about 12 letters that you're +looking at, people just + +don't know. + +Because they don't really see +it as they read anymore. + +Does that make sense? + +12 letters at a time. + +So again, we're trying to +understand some of these + +things in regards to +difficulties people have. + +So it turns out there's a part +of the brain that's also + +involved in reading where, if +you damage, you get what's + +called word blindness. + +So these are adults +who are good + +readers, no problem reading. + +They get a stroke Hts left +visual cortex around here. + +The most famous original case, +in 1887, all of a sudden one + +day after a headache, this +man was unable to read. + +His vision was otherwise +perfectly good. + +He could hear words +and speak words. + +He could see numbers. + +He could write down words. + +His writing was kind of +slow and laborious. + +It wasn't typical writing. + +But then you could show him a +few moments later what he had + +written, and he would not be +able to read it aloud. + +So here's a pathway where stuff +out there in the world + +in vision meets how we read. + +Amazing. + +Now it turns out, just like +there's a spot in your brain + +that's the first moment where +something you see is a face. + +There's a part that's shown here +in red that's near that. + +It's bigger in the left +hemisphere, the language + +hemisphere. + +It's pretty specific relatively +specific for words + +compared to other things. + +And so we end up with a +picture like this with + +relatively specific areas in the +back of our brain that are + +highly specialized for +recognizing where things are. + +I didn't talk too +much about that. + +But there's that area, faces, +words, and objects. + +And if you have damage to any +of these pathways, for + +whatever reason, the rest of +our brain can't compensate. + +And it's all a big mystery, who +am I looking at, what word + +am I looking at, what +object do I see? + +Now, you might imagine that +for things like faces or + +locations, we've had +evolutionary pressure for + +forever to be good at that. + +Where are we? + +Who are we with? + +Whereas things like words, or +nonsense words, and letters, + +or chairs-- + +which are a recent cultural +invention-- + +our brains are not genetically +predisposed to those specific + +categories. + +So there's a very clever study +from Ted Polk in Michigan. + +So we took twins. + +And we'll talk more +about this. + +But the way people try to get +at until we know the real + +genes involved in things, +they'll compare twins who are + +identical twins with the +identical genes and twins + +which are so-called fraternal +twins who are born to the same + +family but don't have +the identical genes. + +And to the extent the identical +twins are more + +similar to each other than the +fraternal twins, that's a + +suggestion there's genetic +influences on whatever you're + +looking at. + +So what they did is they had +these people look at faces, + +places, letter strings, +and chairs. + +And they calculated how similar +was one twin to + +another, either identically +genetic or not. + +And what they found was that for +the faces and the places, + +there was much more similar, +significantly more similarly + +between identical twins +than fraternal twins. + +That's the genetic +predisposition, in some way, + +of how you will see a face +or know where you are. + +If they compare reading +nonsense words, letter + +strings, or chairs, the +two kinds of twins + +were just the same. + +It's as if there's no genetic +predisposition in you to know + +where in your brain +you're going to + +process words or chairs. + +But that makes sense. + +Because a couple thousand years +ago there were no words. + +And a few more thousand +years than that, + +there were no chairs. + +So that's we don't have +the genes for recent + +inventions in the world. + +But our brain is brilliant at +becoming good at things like + +reading as we invent them. + +For the last part of the talk, +I want to talk about face + +recognition. + +So all of us know that when +we learn to read it was + +a pretty big deal. + +It was a while ago. + +If you are a typical reader, +you're passionate. + +If you're a struggling +reader, that can be + +a persistent problem. + +But you got through it, +and you're a reader. + +None of us went to third grade +and said, today is the day + +that we study faces. + +And your parents are going, I +hope you're going at faces. + +Because we really want you +to go to MIT someday. + +This is the moment to get +ready for the face SAT. + +But what I'm going to show you +is that in fact, through + +experience, you're educated +for faces. + +And there's some social +consequences for the faces + +you're not educated +on, on average. + +So let's talk about that. + +So one way we see faces is we +see faces that are right-side + +up, overwhelmingly. + +So I'm going to show you +this upside down face. + +I'm going to reverse it. + +And that's what it is. + +That's gruesome, right? + +But can you tell that +when that turns, + +it's going to be this? + +So the way that we interpret +the weirdness of face + +inversion, the fact that +we process upside + +down faces so badly-- + +we don't have any hint of +what's really there-- + +it's because we didn't +practice on them. + +It's as if I gave you a test in +a language that you never + +spoke or read. + +Well you can do badly. + +So that shows you that +faces, it's a + +so experienced dependent. + +It's because you see upright +faces you get + +good at upright faces. + +All we have to do is turn +it upside down. + +And all the knowledge and skill +you have, it's as if I + +tested you in a different +language. + +It's that specific. + +Here's another example, side by +side, looks pretty similar. + +But that's what you're +really seeing. + +It's unbelievable. + +Turn your head to believe me +in case you're suspicious. + +This is legit. + +We're so bad at upside down +faces because we don't + +practice on them. + +So what we are good at in faces +is so much dependent on + +what we practice. + +You may recognize this +person or not. + +These are less dramatic. + +People don't become as good +as they get at faces + +until about age 16. + +We don't consciously +practice it. + +But the social experience +we have is practicing, + +practicing, practicing how +you perceive a face. + +One fun study from a Susan Carey +now at Harvard is she + +took dog show judges. + +Now, I don't know too much +about dog shows. + +Some of you might +know something. + +But a little bit of what +I know is this. + +Sort of like in sports, you have +judges who work their way + +up a ladder of experience +and reputation. + +So in sports things, you +have the local judges. + +And the really good ones +become the ones + +for the bigger leagues. + +And the big ones get to go to +the Super Bowl and World + +Series who are really skilled +and thought to be excellent. + +Dog show judges, similarly, +start locally. + +The ones who seem pretty good +and persistent at it then + +become the state judge show. + +And then they go to the +big one in New York. + +And so they did these face +inversion experiments on dog + +show judges, people who were +just beginning to be a dog + +show judge, people who have done +it for a while, people + +who've done it for +a lot of years. + +And they asked, when do you +get so much better at a + +right-side up dog face than +an upside down dog face? + +Now, most people are about +the same to start with. + +Because we're not that +good at dog faces. + +You might know a dog or two. + +But you don't know hundreds +of dollars. + +It took eight years for dog show +judges-- and they were + +dog enthusiasts for many +years before they + +became a dog show judge-- + +eight years of seeing many, +many dogs at dog show + +competitions to develop the +upright face expertise that we + +all have for faces as adults. + +So for an adult, you have to +practice eight years to get + +this kind of expertise. + +You can't just do +it by cramming. + +It's practice, practice, +practice in the most brutal + +fundamental sense. + +Now I'll say one last thing +about this then + +go to the last topic. + +The other thing is that we +understand also-- and we've + +mentioned this before, but I'll +say it one more time-- + +that imagination and perception +use the same neural + +territory in your mind. + +So here's a study from Nancy +Kanwisher again. + +Here's a part of the brain that +responds to faces, seeing + +a face, seeing a house, seeing +a face, seeing a house. + +Now, imagining a face, imagining +a house, imagining a + +face, imagining a house. + +So seeing one drives the +brain more strongly + +than imagining it. + +But when you imagine a face, you +seem to use the same brain + +network as when you see it. + +It's just not as vivid +and powerful. + +So perception is the stuff +literally in your mind of + +imagination. + +You can imagine things, because +you've seen them + +before, literally in +your brain It's the + +same part of the brain. + +So the last topic I want to talk +about is a sensitive and + +difficult one. + +So I'm going to do +it right, I hope. + +But it's one that's a +practical one, and a + +consequence, we believe, of the +fact that you're good at + +faces that you practice. + +So we're going to talk about +in these studies people + +perceiving faces of European +Americans, or white Americans, + +or African Americans. + +And there's a huge amount +of research + +that shows the following. + +That whatever racial group you +see a lot of, you're pretty + +good at remembering +those faces. + +At whatever group you see +less, you're far worse. + +We interpret this as a +consequence of the practice + +that you have. + +But social psychologists worry +it has a second consequence. + +Let me tell you the +practice story. + +So we did a study. + +This is from us. + +But it's very similar to other +people in terms of the + +conclusion. + +There's literally like 1,000 +of these studies that show + +that people are superior at +recognizing in an experiment + +faces from their own group +than from other groups. + +And here, an experiment that +was done with Stanford + +students, a look in their mind +and then in their brain. + +So these are Stanford students +just some years ago, maybe a + +lot like you in many ways. + +They saw some faces, and then +they got a memory test. + +This is their performance +on the memory test. + +So we had both European American +and African American + +faces that they viewed. + +And the participants in the +research were both African + +American and European +American. + +OK so there were white faces, +white subjects, black faces, + +black subjects. + +And what you can see is this. + +The higher the bar, the +better the memory. + +In both groups, they're better +in performance at remembering + +faces from their own group. + +But there's more to +it than that. + +If you look at these bars, these +are the memory for the + +white faces. + +And it's about the same +in the two groups. + +And look at the big +difference for the + +African American faces. + +So two things are +happening here. + +One of them is there's superior +memory from faces + +from your own group. + +And the second story is that for +what we believed, and from + +other research as +well, is this. + +If you're a minority group, +you're still pretty good at + +the majority faces. + +If you're a majority group, +you're not so good at the + +minority faces. + +So these are European American +Stanford students. + +And look how a miserable their +memory is for these African + +American faces. + +This is a difficult topic for +us, in part, because race is a + +different topic for +good reasons. + +But social psychologists worry +that the lack of practice that + +many of us have on other groups +growing up at home, in + +our community, and schools-- + +and it varies for people, +but on average-- + +makes us less able to +individuate in our memory one + +person from another +in other groups. + +And now this is not about +racial attitudes. + +This is simple, objective +recognition of faces. + +But it could certainly support +consideration of other groups + +as if they were all the same. + +Because they look +all the same. + +I remember I had an +African American + +colleague at Stanford. + +And he was a dean. + +And he went to China with a +Nobel laureate who is now the + +Secretary of Energy +in the Obama + +administration, Steve Chu. + +And, of course, Nobel laureates +are a pretty big. + +So this dean went to this Nobel +laureate all the time. + +We're meeting Stanford donors +and other things. + +He said they got on the plane. + +They went to China, +the two of them. + +And he went into a reception. + +And he knew Steve Chu +was in there. + +The African American dean said, +I could not pick him out + +for my life. + +When I saw him now, not with +other people I know, but with + +a 500 other Chinese people +in a large reception. + +So it's not about bad attitudes +in this case. + +It's just literally the +experience you have. + +And in the brain, this part of +this FFA, responds more to + +groups from your own-- + +on average-- + +from your own racial group than +the other racial group. + +And we think that's promoting +the ease with which to + +identify individuals in your +group and the difficulty with + +which you can identify I +individuals in another group. + +And so we have strong reason +to think that this is all + +about this particular phenomenon +about your + +experience. + +So let me tell you why. + +One thing is we know that this +is not present at birth. + +People have done these kinds of +experiments with infants. + +These racial biases in what +kinds of faces we can remember + +are not present at birth. + +So they're not in our genes. + +They're from our experience. + +But they are present +by three months. + +But by then you've seen a lot +of people in your family. + +And the kind of experiment +that's very telling for this + +is a study where there +were Korean children. + +They were three to +nine years old. + +They were adopted by European +Caucasian families, so, in the + +sense, a cross-racial +adoption. + +And then they tested their +memory for faces. + +And for these Korean children +adopted by European Caucasian + +families, they had better +memory for the Caucasian + +faces, because that's who they +saw around them all the time. + +And they were just like their +French peers who also saw + +Caucasian faces all the time. + +And the opposite of the findings +that you've got with + +Korean children in +South Korea. + +The inversion one is kind +of funny, amazing. + +The fact that we can struggle +to individuate in memory one + +African American from another, +or one Asian American from + +another, or one Caucasian +American from another + +depending on the environment +that we grew up in and were + +exposed to, that could be +facilitating stereotyping and + +lack of individuation of +people in other groups. + +So the very last thing I want +to do-- and this is just a + +couple minutes-- + +is talk about expression +in faces. + +And I'll come back to +this in detail. + +I just want to give you one last +example of recognition in + +the amygdala and fear. + +So we'll come back to this +in some detail later on. + +But most researchers argue +there's about six basic + +emotions that people around the +world transmit with their + +facial expressions, happiness, +sadness, fear, anger, + +surprise, and disgust. + +You can show these pictures to +people around the world, and + +they'll be, to some degree, +consensus about what they are, + +universal expressions of +feelings transmitted by facial + +expressions. + +Now let's talk about +fear faces. + +I'll just talk about +fear today. + +And we'll talk about +the amygdala. + +So we have one on the left and +one on the right, it's a very + +small structure, almond shaped, +one inside each of the + +temporal lobes right next +to the hippocampus. + +So that's a view from the side +of where that's located, one + +on the left and one +on the right. + +And we know from a lot of animal +research-- and I'll + +come back to this again-- + +the amygdala is essential +for learned + +fear, for learned fear. + +So here's an experiment +that shows you that. + +One thing that mice know +is cats are bad news. + +It's survival. + +What they did in this +experiment is they + +anesthetized the cat. + +That's why the cat looks +glassy-eyed. + +Obviously the experiment would +end too quickly for the mouse, + +if the mouse had to come out +and play with the cat. + +The experiment would be +brutal, and ugly, + +and over too quickly. + +But if the cat is breathing, the +cat's eyes are open, it's + +anesthetized. + +But it can't move. + +Now a typical rat or mouse +will typically + +still avoid the cat. + +It's not worth figuring +out exactly what's + +going on with the cat. + +Are they faking me out? + +I'll just go that way. + +But this is not the mouse who +has the amygdala removed. + +It's not fearful of what it +ought to be fearful of + +anymore, even survival. + +What we believe the most +important role of fear is not + +fear of SATs or midterms. + +Although we live +in that world. + +It's fear of what injure +you and kill you. + +Those are the things to learn. + +Be fearful of what +can kill you. + +Be fearful of what +can injure you. + +Without the amygdala, +you lose that fear. + +But here's the other-- this is +my last slide-- amazing thing. + +There are humans who have +injuries selectively to the + +amygdala, very few. + +But there's a few. + +And not only do they have some +problems with fear learning. + +But they can't recognize +fearful + +facial expressions anymore. + +If they ask them to say, what +is this, without the word + +present, they're very +bad at telling you + +that's a fearful face. + +They can recognize all the other +expressions pretty well + +but not the fearful ones. + +also + +They're good of faces. + +They're not prosopagnosia. + +They're fine at faces. + +They recognize their family. + +But they can't recognize +fearful expressions + +selectively. + +This is actually a very good +drawing happy, sad, surprised, + +disgusted, angry. + +When she's asked to draw a +fearful facial expression, + +this patient draws this, +a baby being afraid. + +She understands the concept. + +But it's not only that she +can't recognize it. + +She can't imagine what a fearful +face looks like. + +And we saw this over +and over again. + +And there's one last +message in this. + +Somehow our knowledge about +what a fearful face looks + +like, we're not scared +of this. + +You don't look at this +and go, oh my gosh. + +I can't believe he showed +that in class. + +I'll never sleep for 48 hours. + +That's a social signal for +somebody telling you, whoa. + +There's something terrible +happening here. + +Look around you. + +We better run. + +It's a social signal. + +And the part of your brain that +learns what can kill you + +also is where the knowledge is +stored to recognize a social + +signal about something that +could be very dangerous. + +The same idea that we put our +knowledge in the parts of + +their brain that act +upon the world. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/N9z2u1TqOrw.txt b/N9z2u1TqOrw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f530ed47e20b6ce3a0c8c127c512dc6517f4fac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/N9z2u1TqOrw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +INTERVIEWER: +Hi. + +Can you tell us your name and +what course you are involved + +with? +PROF. + +COLEMAN: My name is Charles +Coleman. + +I am an assistant professor in +the Aerospace Engineering + +Department at MIT and I teach +Systems Engineering and the + +Unified Engineering course. +INTERVIEWER: + +And can you tell us what is +going on today for this Unified + +Engineering Aerial Competition? +PROF. + +COLEMAN: Today we are running +the 2004 Unified Aerial + +Competition. +There are about 14 teams of + +five students each that are +flying their airplanes and + +demonstrating their systems. +INTERVIEWER: + +How does this relate to the +rest of the Unified course? + +PROF. +COLEMAN: Well, + +the systems problems and labs +serve two purposes with Unified + +Engineering. +The first part is the + +laboratories provide an +opportunity for students to + +experimentally verify some of +the theoretical principals they + +have learned in class. +The second aspect of systems + +problems allows us to implement +our conceived designed implement + +and operate pedagogy. +And so we have various, + +several exercises throughout +the semester where students + +actually design, +build and operate small + +systems. +INTERVIEWER: + +And this is the CDIO component. +Can you say more about CDIO? + +PROF. +COLEMAN: Yes. + +CDIO stands for Conceive, +Design, Implement and Operate. + +It is a pedagogical framework +that we have chosen as an + +overarching framework to teach +engineering. + +And the principle behind this +is we sort of want to reduce the + +gap between what engineers do in +real life and what we teach in + +school. +The facts of the matter are + +most people, once they graduate +for practical engineers, + +spend most of their lives +conceiving, designing, + +building and operating things. +So as we teach theoretical + +principles, basic engineering +principles, we want students to + +be able to apply them in the +framework that they would much + +like in their careers. +INTERVIEWER: + +OK. +Can you describe what is going + +to happen today and what the +students have done to prepare + +for this event? +PROF. + +COLEMAN: Oh, +yes, that would be a lot of + +fun. +I have assigned the students to + +design a system. +And I teach a simple + +decomposition of systems. +It is not the only one. + +And I teach students that +systems are composed of people, + +products and procedures that +have to operate together to + +deliver value. +And you can sort of think of + +value as going in the opposite +direction of money. + +Systems are fairly general. +This breakdown works anywhere + +for Disney World, +people, product and process, + +lawyering, and even to things +like the military. + +In particular, +today they have about a set of + +four functional requirements, +build a plane, + +train a pilot and a crew, +and the task is to fly two + +empty laps, land the plane, +load it with anywhere between + +one or four eggs, +and then fly as long as they + +can with their payload. +And then they also have to + +minimize the amount of time that +they spend on the ground loading + +the eggs. +So that is what is going to go + +on today. +We are going to see how the + +students perform based on their +estimates. + +INTERVIEWER: +And how long have the students + +prepared for this? +PROF. + +COLEMAN: Oh, +the students have been working + +for approximately nine weeks for +about four hours per week with + +five people per team and with +training from us and various + +materials and supplies. +INTERVIEWER: + +Any predictions about how it is +going to go? + +Are we going to see a lot of +spilled eggs do you think? + +PROF. +COLEMAN: I hope we don't see a + +lot of spilled eggs. +One of the learning objectives + +of the course for me is for +every student, + +every group to have a +successful systems building + +experience. +So a broken egg is not + +necessarily a bad thing. +You learn how to build systems + +by building systems. +And I think a unique aspect + +about this part of the course is +that you can actually learn a + +lot from your failures. +INTERVIEWER: + +So, in other words, +you cannot learn to build + +aircraft without breaking some +eggs. + +PROF. +COLEMAN: True. + +That is true. +INTERVIEWER: + +OK. +Well, thanks for your time and + +thanks for sharing your +materials with OpenCourseWare. + +PROF. +COLEMAN: Yup. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NExvTgq5IM4.txt b/NExvTgq5IM4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c9bf0753b7db68633754ee8f44e3f4d7d50eb20 --- /dev/null +++ b/NExvTgq5IM4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,515 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so there are three ways that we we think + + align:start position:0% +so there are three ways that we we think + + + align:start position:0% +so there are three ways that we we think +about in starting a company there are + + align:start position:0% +about in starting a company there are + + + align:start position:0% +about in starting a company there are +three types of people that will walk + + align:start position:0% +three types of people that will walk + + + align:start position:0% +three types of people that will walk +into this Center the Martin trust Center + + align:start position:0% +into this Center the Martin trust Center + + + align:start position:0% +into this Center the Martin trust Center +for entrepreneurship the first person + + align:start position:0% +for entrepreneurship the first person + + + align:start position:0% +for entrepreneurship the first person +that walks in and says I have a + + align:start position:0% +that walks in and says I have a + + + align:start position:0% +that walks in and says I have a +technology this could be someone from + + align:start position:0% +technology this could be someone from + + + align:start position:0% +technology this could be someone from +the labs or someone who who just seen a + + align:start position:0% +the labs or someone who who just seen a + + + align:start position:0% +the labs or someone who who just seen a +technology and they say I have a + + align:start position:0% +technology and they say I have a + + + align:start position:0% +technology and they say I have a +technology I want to start a company + + align:start position:0% +technology I want to start a company + + + align:start position:0% +technology I want to start a company +based off this technology so they're + + align:start position:0% +based off this technology so they're + + + align:start position:0% +based off this technology so they're +starting with a technology and they've + + align:start position:0% +starting with a technology and they've + + + align:start position:0% +starting with a technology and they've +got a hammer and now they're looking for + + align:start position:0% +got a hammer and now they're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +got a hammer and now they're looking for +a nail um so it's a solution looking for + + align:start position:0% +a nail um so it's a solution looking for + + + align:start position:0% +a nail um so it's a solution looking for +a problem it's a solution actually + + align:start position:0% +a problem it's a solution actually + + + align:start position:0% +a problem it's a solution actually +looking for a market so that's this what + + align:start position:0% +looking for a market so that's this what + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a market so that's this what +we call technology push technology push + + align:start position:0% +we call technology push technology push + + + align:start position:0% +we call technology push technology push +it can be a hard thing but it can be + + align:start position:0% +it can be a hard thing but it can be + + + align:start position:0% +it can be a hard thing but it can be +very rewarding because we already have a + + align:start position:0% +very rewarding because we already have a + + + align:start position:0% +very rewarding because we already have a +competitive advantage in here the second + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage in here the second + + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage in here the second +type of uh uh person that comes in here + + align:start position:0% +type of uh uh person that comes in here + + + align:start position:0% +type of uh uh person that comes in here +says I have an idea I used to work in an + + align:start position:0% +says I have an idea I used to work in an + + + align:start position:0% +says I have an idea I used to work in an +industry and they had this big problem + + align:start position:0% +industry and they had this big problem + + + align:start position:0% +industry and they had this big problem +and this problem needs to be solved and + + align:start position:0% +and this problem needs to be solved and + + + align:start position:0% +and this problem needs to be solved and +I believe that there's a solution out + + align:start position:0% +I believe that there's a solution out + + + align:start position:0% +I believe that there's a solution out +there I don't know what exactly that + + align:start position:0% +there I don't know what exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +there I don't know what exactly that +solution is but they have an idea + + align:start position:0% +solution is but they have an idea + + + align:start position:0% +solution is but they have an idea +because they understand a market and + + align:start position:0% +because they understand a market and + + + align:start position:0% +because they understand a market and +they understand that market has a + + align:start position:0% +they understand that market has a + + + align:start position:0% +they understand that market has a +problem that if solved would be very + + align:start position:0% +problem that if solved would be very + + + align:start position:0% +problem that if solved would be very +rewarding this is what we call Market + + align:start position:0% +rewarding this is what we call Market + + + align:start position:0% +rewarding this is what we call Market +pull Market pull so this you already + + align:start position:0% +pull Market pull so this you already + + + align:start position:0% +pull Market pull so this you already +have a known market so the risk is lower + + align:start position:0% +have a known market so the risk is lower + + + align:start position:0% +have a known market so the risk is lower +but the issue here is you don't + + align:start position:0% +but the issue here is you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but the issue here is you don't +necessarily have that inherent + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have that inherent + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have that inherent +competitive advantage that you have over + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage that you have over + + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage that you have over +here now you'll say what else is there + + align:start position:0% +here now you'll say what else is there + + + align:start position:0% +here now you'll say what else is there +well the third type of person that comes + + align:start position:0% +well the third type of person that comes + + + align:start position:0% +well the third type of person that comes +in here all the time is someone who has + + align:start position:0% +in here all the time is someone who has + + + align:start position:0% +in here all the time is someone who has +a passion to be an entrepreneur I you + + align:start position:0% +a passion to be an entrepreneur I you + + + align:start position:0% +a passion to be an entrepreneur I you +know I want to control my own destiny + + align:start position:0% +know I want to control my own destiny + + + align:start position:0% +know I want to control my own destiny +I've seen what can happen I want to have + + align:start position:0% +I've seen what can happen I want to have + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen what can happen I want to have +an impact on the world and really make a + + align:start position:0% +an impact on the world and really make a + + + align:start position:0% +an impact on the world and really make a +difference I want to test my my uh + + align:start position:0% +difference I want to test my my uh + + + align:start position:0% +difference I want to test my my uh +talents to the maximum and these are + + align:start position:0% +talents to the maximum and these are + + + align:start position:0% +talents to the maximum and these are +people that have a passion to be an + + align:start position:0% +people that have a passion to be an + + + align:start position:0% +people that have a passion to be an +entrepreneur and that is a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur and that is a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur and that is a wonderful +thing um to to have that passion however + + align:start position:0% +thing um to to have that passion however + + + align:start position:0% +thing um to to have that passion however +it's not enough to start a company you + + align:start position:0% +it's not enough to start a company you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not enough to start a company you +can't just want to start a company and + + align:start position:0% +can't just want to start a company and + + + align:start position:0% +can't just want to start a company and +that starts a company you have to then + + align:start position:0% +that starts a company you have to then + + + align:start position:0% +that starts a company you have to then +migrate from a passion to either a + + align:start position:0% +migrate from a passion to either a + + + align:start position:0% +migrate from a passion to either a +technology or an idea so and usually + + align:start position:0% +technology or an idea so and usually + + + align:start position:0% +technology or an idea so and usually +that happens because someone says I want + + align:start position:0% +that happens because someone says I want + + + align:start position:0% +that happens because someone says I want +to be an entrepreneur then they have to + + align:start position:0% +to be an entrepreneur then they have to + + + align:start position:0% +to be an entrepreneur then they have to +join up with somebody else and joining a + + align:start position:0% +join up with somebody else and joining a + + + align:start position:0% +join up with somebody else and joining a +team and creating a team as we've talked + + align:start position:0% +team and creating a team as we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +team and creating a team as we've talked +about before is very important to + + align:start position:0% +about before is very important to + + + align:start position:0% +about before is very important to +success in entrepreneurship of someone + + align:start position:0% +success in entrepreneurship of someone + + + align:start position:0% +success in entrepreneurship of someone +who already has a technology or someone + + align:start position:0% +who already has a technology or someone + + + align:start position:0% +who already has a technology or someone +who already has an idea so really um + + align:start position:0% +who already has an idea so really um + + + align:start position:0% +who already has an idea so really um +while there's three types the people in + + align:start position:0% +while there's three types the people in + + + align:start position:0% +while there's three types the people in +passion really have to join up and and + + align:start position:0% +passion really have to join up and and + + + align:start position:0% +passion really have to join up and and +and get end up in either + + align:start position:0% +and get end up in either + + + align:start position:0% +and get end up in either +technology or an idea \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NJST-IUGBUA.txt b/NJST-IUGBUA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..175c2efbfdab5308e47ee48d28f6bb98a388ca60 --- /dev/null +++ b/NJST-IUGBUA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1760 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so as an aside for more advanced + + align:start position:0% +so as an aside for more advanced + + + align:start position:0% +so as an aside for more advanced +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +let's try to fill in some mathematical + + align:start position:0% +let's try to fill in some mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to fill in some mathematical +details to provide a theory to support + + align:start position:0% +details to provide a theory to support + + + align:start position:0% +details to provide a theory to support +or interpret the linmar hypothesis of + + align:start position:0% +or interpret the linmar hypothesis of + + + align:start position:0% +or interpret the linmar hypothesis of +disinfection kinetics + + align:start position:0% +disinfection kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +disinfection kinetics +having to do with the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +having to do with the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +having to do with the concentration of +solutes during drying + + align:start position:0% +solutes during drying + + + align:start position:0% +solutes during drying +and their effect on deactivating + + align:start position:0% +and their effect on deactivating + + + align:start position:0% +and their effect on deactivating +viruses so to put in mathematical terms + + align:start position:0% +viruses so to put in mathematical terms + + + align:start position:0% +viruses so to put in mathematical terms +if we have a certain number of viruses + + align:start position:0% +if we have a certain number of viruses + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a certain number of viruses +and v in a droplet then we'll postulate + + align:start position:0% +and v in a droplet then we'll postulate + + + align:start position:0% +and v in a droplet then we'll postulate +the dnv dt + + align:start position:0% +the dnv dt + + + align:start position:0% +the dnv dt +is minus lambda v0 the + + align:start position:0% +is minus lambda v0 the + + + align:start position:0% +is minus lambda v0 the +deactivation rate per solute vary on + + align:start position:0% +deactivation rate per solute vary on + + + align:start position:0% +deactivation rate per solute vary on +collision + + align:start position:0% +collision + + + align:start position:0% +collision +times the volume fraction of + + align:start position:0% +times the volume fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +times the volume fraction of +disinfecting solutes we'll call phi d + + align:start position:0% +disinfecting solutes we'll call phi d + + + align:start position:0% +disinfecting solutes we'll call phi d +which is time dependent having to do + + align:start position:0% +which is time dependent having to do + + + align:start position:0% +which is time dependent having to do +with the size of the droplet + + align:start position:0% +with the size of the droplet + + + align:start position:0% +with the size of the droplet +times nv the + + align:start position:0% +times nv the + + + align:start position:0% +times nv the +fraction the the volume fraction + + align:start position:0% +fraction the the volume fraction + + + align:start position:0% +fraction the the volume fraction +disinfecting solutes we'll write as + + align:start position:0% +disinfecting solutes we'll write as + + + align:start position:0% +disinfecting solutes we'll write as +alpha d a constant + + align:start position:0% +alpha d a constant + + + align:start position:0% +alpha d a constant +times phi s which is the total volume + + align:start position:0% +times phi s which is the total volume + + + align:start position:0% +times phi s which is the total volume +fraction of solutes present + + align:start position:0% +fraction of solutes present + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of solutes present +and that might be for example the + + align:start position:0% +and that might be for example the + + + align:start position:0% +and that might be for example the +fraction of solutes that are + + align:start position:0% +fraction of solutes that are + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of solutes that are +sodium chloride or some other salt that + + align:start position:0% +sodium chloride or some other salt that + + + align:start position:0% +sodium chloride or some other salt that +might be + + align:start position:0% +might be + + + align:start position:0% +might be +causing the damage to the virus as + + align:start position:0% +causing the damage to the virus as + + + align:start position:0% +causing the damage to the virus as +opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to the +mucins or other uh macromolecules that + + align:start position:0% +mucins or other uh macromolecules that + + + align:start position:0% +mucins or other uh macromolecules that +may be present + + align:start position:0% +may be present + + + align:start position:0% +may be present +then we can as the as the as the droplet + + align:start position:0% +then we can as the as the as the droplet + + + align:start position:0% +then we can as the as the as the droplet +is shrinking with a radius + + align:start position:0% +is shrinking with a radius + + + align:start position:0% +is shrinking with a radius +r of t then it's simply the volume that + + align:start position:0% +r of t then it's simply the volume that + + + align:start position:0% +r of t then it's simply the volume that +a phi s + + align:start position:0% +a phi s + + + align:start position:0% +a phi s +that is getting rescaled relative to the + + align:start position:0% +that is getting rescaled relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +that is getting rescaled relative to the +initial value phi is zero + + align:start position:0% +initial value phi is zero + + + align:start position:0% +initial value phi is zero +as r zero the initial radius divided by + + align:start position:0% +as r zero the initial radius divided by + + + align:start position:0% +as r zero the initial radius divided by +r of t cubed so that's just simply + + align:start position:0% +r of t cubed so that's just simply + + + align:start position:0% +r of t cubed so that's just simply +the changing of the volume now let's + + align:start position:0% +the changing of the volume now let's + + + align:start position:0% +the changing of the volume now let's +recall some of our results + + align:start position:0% +recall some of our results + + + align:start position:0% +recall some of our results +from the past earlier part of this + + align:start position:0% +from the past earlier part of this + + + align:start position:0% +from the past earlier part of this +chapter + + align:start position:0% +chapter + + + align:start position:0% +chapter +having to do with wells theory of + + align:start position:0% +having to do with wells theory of + + + align:start position:0% +having to do with wells theory of +evaporation so if we consider diffusion + + align:start position:0% +evaporation so if we consider diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation so if we consider diffusion +limited droplets we've shown + + align:start position:0% +limited droplets we've shown + + + align:start position:0% +limited droplets we've shown +that the radius of the droplet versus + + align:start position:0% +that the radius of the droplet versus + + + align:start position:0% +that the radius of the droplet versus +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +relative to the initial rate is r0 is + + align:start position:0% +relative to the initial rate is r0 is + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the initial rate is r0 is +square root of 1 minus t + + align:start position:0% +square root of 1 minus t + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 1 minus t +over tau e where tau e is the + + align:start position:0% +over tau e where tau e is the + + + align:start position:0% +over tau e where tau e is the +evaporation time + + align:start position:0% +evaporation time + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation time +r0 squared divided by d bar a constant + + align:start position:0% +r0 squared divided by d bar a constant + + + align:start position:0% +r0 squared divided by d bar a constant +with units of diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +with units of diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +with units of diffusivity +times 1 minus rh the relative humidity + + align:start position:0% +times 1 minus rh the relative humidity + + + align:start position:0% +times 1 minus rh the relative humidity +now that predicts pure liquid droplets + + align:start position:0% +now that predicts pure liquid droplets + + + align:start position:0% +now that predicts pure liquid droplets +that shrink all the way to nothing and + + align:start position:0% +that shrink all the way to nothing and + + + align:start position:0% +that shrink all the way to nothing and +evaporate away + + align:start position:0% +evaporate away + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate away +but when there's solu present there's a + + align:start position:0% +but when there's solu present there's a + + + align:start position:0% +but when there's solu present there's a +cutoff which we've also discussed that + + align:start position:0% +cutoff which we've also discussed that + + + align:start position:0% +cutoff which we've also discussed that +gives you an + + align:start position:0% +gives you an + + + align:start position:0% +gives you an +equilibrium stable size of the droplet + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium stable size of the droplet + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium stable size of the droplet +r equilibrium relative to r0 which is + + align:start position:0% +r equilibrium relative to r0 which is + + + align:start position:0% +r equilibrium relative to r0 which is +given by + + align:start position:0% +given by + + + align:start position:0% +given by +phi s 0 the solid volume fraction or + + align:start position:0% +phi s 0 the solid volume fraction or + + + align:start position:0% +phi s 0 the solid volume fraction or +solute volume fraction initially divided + + align:start position:0% +solute volume fraction initially divided + + + align:start position:0% +solute volume fraction initially divided +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +1 minus rh raised to the 1 3 power + + align:start position:0% +1 minus rh raised to the 1 3 power + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus rh raised to the 1 3 power +by writing that as square root of 1 + + align:start position:0% +by writing that as square root of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +by writing that as square root of 1 +minus tau over tau + + align:start position:0% +minus tau over tau + + + align:start position:0% +minus tau over tau +e we can also define the time tau when + + align:start position:0% +e we can also define the time tau when + + + align:start position:0% +e we can also define the time tau when +you reach the equilibrium size + + align:start position:0% +you reach the equilibrium size + + + align:start position:0% +you reach the equilibrium size +by a diffusional minute evaporation + + align:start position:0% +by a diffusional minute evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +by a diffusional minute evaporation +process so that's sort of the time to + + align:start position:0% +process so that's sort of the time to + + + align:start position:0% +process so that's sort of the time to +form a stable droplet + + align:start position:0% +form a stable droplet + + + align:start position:0% +form a stable droplet +nucleus now let's start combining all + + align:start position:0% +nucleus now let's start combining all + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus now let's start combining all +these equations and we can write + + align:start position:0% +these equations and we can write + + + align:start position:0% +these equations and we can write +what is the volume fraction of + + align:start position:0% +what is the volume fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the volume fraction of +disinfecting solutes + + align:start position:0% +disinfecting solutes + + + align:start position:0% +disinfecting solutes +phi d of t well from this equation here + + align:start position:0% +phi d of t well from this equation here + + + align:start position:0% +phi d of t well from this equation here +it'll be alpha d + + align:start position:0% +it'll be alpha d + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be alpha d +times phi s of t which is phi + + align:start position:0% +times phi s of t which is phi + + + align:start position:0% +times phi s of t which is phi +s 0 times this ratio + + align:start position:0% +s 0 times this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +s 0 times this ratio +r 0 over r cubed so using this + + align:start position:0% +r 0 over r cubed so using this + + + align:start position:0% +r 0 over r cubed so using this +expression for diffusion limited + + align:start position:0% +expression for diffusion limited + + + align:start position:0% +expression for diffusion limited +kinetics this would give me a one minus + + align:start position:0% +kinetics this would give me a one minus + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics this would give me a one minus +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +over tau e to the three halves + + align:start position:0% +over tau e to the three halves + + + align:start position:0% +over tau e to the three halves +and if we look at the ultimate limit uh + + align:start position:0% +and if we look at the ultimate limit uh + + + align:start position:0% +and if we look at the ultimate limit uh +here uh that they'll get from when + + align:start position:0% +here uh that they'll get from when + + + align:start position:0% +here uh that they'll get from when +there's a solute + + align:start position:0% +there's a solute + + + align:start position:0% +there's a solute +when tau goes or when t goes to tau + + align:start position:0% +when tau goes or when t goes to tau + + + align:start position:0% +when tau goes or when t goes to tau +the evaporation times when you reach the + + align:start position:0% +the evaporation times when you reach the + + + align:start position:0% +the evaporation times when you reach the +droplet nucleus stage we're left with + + align:start position:0% +droplet nucleus stage we're left with + + + align:start position:0% +droplet nucleus stage we're left with +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +alpha d times one minus rh + + align:start position:0% +alpha d times one minus rh + + + align:start position:0% +alpha d times one minus rh +so that tells us sort of the the the + + align:start position:0% +so that tells us sort of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +so that tells us sort of the the the +fraction of solutes which are present + + align:start position:0% +fraction of solutes which are present + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of solutes which are present +as a function of relative humidity but + + align:start position:0% +as a function of relative humidity but + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of relative humidity but +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +as a function of time as drawing is + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time as drawing is + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time as drawing is +going on + + align:start position:0% +going on + + + align:start position:0% +going on +so now let's go back to this dynamical + + align:start position:0% +so now let's go back to this dynamical + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's go back to this dynamical +equation and let's go ahead and solve it + + align:start position:0% +equation and let's go ahead and solve it + + + align:start position:0% +equation and let's go ahead and solve it +so this is a first order separable + + align:start position:0% +so this is a first order separable + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a first order separable +ordinary differential equation + + align:start position:0% +ordinary differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary differential equation +so what we can do is write this as minus + + align:start position:0% +so what we can do is write this as minus + + + align:start position:0% +so what we can do is write this as minus +dnv + + align:start position:0% +dnv + + + align:start position:0% +dnv +over lambda v0 and v + + align:start position:0% +over lambda v0 and v + + + align:start position:0% +over lambda v0 and v +is equal to phi d of t + + align:start position:0% +is equal to phi d of t + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to phi d of t +dt so we put all the the n's on one side + + align:start position:0% +dt so we put all the the n's on one side + + + align:start position:0% +dt so we put all the the n's on one side +and the and the t + + align:start position:0% +and the and the t + + + align:start position:0% +and the and the t +is on the other side and so we can + + align:start position:0% +is on the other side and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +is on the other side and so we can +actually then integrate this equation + + align:start position:0% +actually then integrate this equation + + + align:start position:0% +actually then integrate this equation +and so the integral of dn over n + + align:start position:0% +and so the integral of dn over n + + + align:start position:0% +and so the integral of dn over n +is the natural log of n so we can write + + align:start position:0% +is the natural log of n so we can write + + + align:start position:0% +is the natural log of n so we can write +this as -1 over lambda v + + align:start position:0% +this as -1 over lambda v + + + align:start position:0% +this as -1 over lambda v +zero natural log of n + + align:start position:0% +zero natural log of n + + + align:start position:0% +zero natural log of n +v over n v zero which is the initial + + align:start position:0% +v over n v zero which is the initial + + + align:start position:0% +v over n v zero which is the initial +value of nv + + align:start position:0% +value of nv + + + align:start position:0% +value of nv +and in time we're integrating from the + + align:start position:0% +and in time we're integrating from the + + + align:start position:0% +and in time we're integrating from the +initial time zero up to + + align:start position:0% +initial time zero up to + + + align:start position:0% +initial time zero up to +the droplet nucleus time tau + + align:start position:0% +the droplet nucleus time tau + + + align:start position:0% +the droplet nucleus time tau +of phi d of t + + align:start position:0% +of phi d of t + + + align:start position:0% +of phi d of t +dt so substituting our expression right + + align:start position:0% +dt so substituting our expression right + + + align:start position:0% +dt so substituting our expression right +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +we then see that we have alpha d phi s + + align:start position:0% +we then see that we have alpha d phi s + + + align:start position:0% +we then see that we have alpha d phi s +zero times the integral from zero to tau + + align:start position:0% +zero times the integral from zero to tau + + + align:start position:0% +zero times the integral from zero to tau +d t over one minus + + align:start position:0% +d t over one minus + + + align:start position:0% +d t over one minus +t over tau e + + align:start position:0% +t over tau e + + + align:start position:0% +t over tau e +to the three halves and we can do that + + align:start position:0% +to the three halves and we can do that + + + align:start position:0% +to the three halves and we can do that +integral + + align:start position:0% +integral + + + align:start position:0% +integral +and get alpha d phi s 0 + + align:start position:0% +and get alpha d phi s 0 + + + align:start position:0% +and get alpha d phi s 0 +and then let's see to get the + + align:start position:0% +and then let's see to get the + + + align:start position:0% +and then let's see to get the +integration variable we need to have a + + align:start position:0% +integration variable we need to have a + + + align:start position:0% +integration variable we need to have a +tau + + align:start position:0% +tau + + + align:start position:0% +tau +e here and write that as d t over tau e + + align:start position:0% +e here and write that as d t over tau e + + + align:start position:0% +e here and write that as d t over tau e +and then doing the integral we would get + + align:start position:0% +and then doing the integral we would get + + + align:start position:0% +and then doing the integral we would get + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +times 1 over square root of 1 minus tau + + align:start position:0% +times 1 over square root of 1 minus tau + + + align:start position:0% +times 1 over square root of 1 minus tau +over tau e minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +over tau e minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +over tau e minus 1 +evaluating the two limits of integration + + align:start position:0% +evaluating the two limits of integration + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating the two limits of integration +i've taken account the integral of + + align:start position:0% +i've taken account the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +i've taken account the integral of +the anti-derivative of the integrand + + align:start position:0% +the anti-derivative of the integrand + + + align:start position:0% +the anti-derivative of the integrand +there is is is uh + + align:start position:0% +there is is is uh + + + align:start position:0% +there is is is uh +uh one over one minus t over tau e to + + align:start position:0% +uh one over one minus t over tau e to + + + align:start position:0% +uh one over one minus t over tau e to +the one-half power uh + + align:start position:0% +the one-half power uh + + + align:start position:0% +the one-half power uh +times times two so uh putting all this + + align:start position:0% +times times two so uh putting all this + + + align:start position:0% +times times two so uh putting all this +together then we can write the + + align:start position:0% +together then we can write the + + + align:start position:0% +together then we can write the +viability so we can write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the log of nv + + align:start position:0% +the log of nv + + + align:start position:0% +the log of nv +over nv 0 as + + align:start position:0% +over nv 0 as + + + align:start position:0% +over nv 0 as +minus we have all this stuff here 2 + + align:start position:0% +minus we have all this stuff here 2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus we have all this stuff here 2 +alpha d phi s 0 + + align:start position:0% +alpha d phi s 0 + + + align:start position:0% +alpha d phi s 0 +lambda v 0 putting the lambda v 0 back + + align:start position:0% +lambda v 0 putting the lambda v 0 back + + + align:start position:0% +lambda v 0 putting the lambda v 0 back +on the other side with the minus sign + + align:start position:0% +on the other side with the minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +on the other side with the minus sign +and then we have times + + align:start position:0% +and then we have times + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have times +at two factors so first there's the + + align:start position:0% +at two factors so first there's the + + + align:start position:0% +at two factors so first there's the +factor which we know has units of time + + align:start position:0% +factor which we know has units of time + + + align:start position:0% +factor which we know has units of time +which is r + + align:start position:0% +which is r + + + align:start position:0% +which is r +zero squared over d bar + + align:start position:0% +zero squared over d bar + + + align:start position:0% +zero squared over d bar +so that's essentially kind of a water + + align:start position:0% +so that's essentially kind of a water + + + align:start position:0% +so that's essentially kind of a water +vapor diffusion time that comes into the + + align:start position:0% +vapor diffusion time that comes into the + + + align:start position:0% +vapor diffusion time that comes into the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +evaporation time tau e so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +evaporation time tau e so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation time tau e so that's that's +the scale time scale here + + align:start position:0% +the scale time scale here + + + align:start position:0% +the scale time scale here +but then what we're really interested in + + align:start position:0% +but then what we're really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +but then what we're really interested in +is the relative humidity effect + + align:start position:0% +is the relative humidity effect + + + align:start position:0% +is the relative humidity effect +so uh that would be uh let's see here so + + align:start position:0% +so uh that would be uh let's see here so + + + align:start position:0% +so uh that would be uh let's see here so +uh we have this factor + + align:start position:0% +uh we have this factor + + + align:start position:0% +uh we have this factor +and then we uh also have uh + + align:start position:0% +and then we uh also have uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then we uh also have uh +the uh let's see the 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +the uh let's see the 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +the uh let's see the 1 minus +rh is coming in where um sorry so 1 over + + align:start position:0% +rh is coming in where um sorry so 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +rh is coming in where um sorry so 1 over +square root of tau + + align:start position:0% +square root of tau + + + align:start position:0% +square root of tau +this one is from right here that's r + + align:start position:0% +this one is from right here that's r + + + align:start position:0% +this one is from right here that's r +over r of tau and r of tau is by + + align:start position:0% +over r of tau and r of tau is by + + + align:start position:0% +over r of tau and r of tau is by +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +r equilibrium so it's this factor here + + align:start position:0% +r equilibrium so it's this factor here + + + align:start position:0% +r equilibrium so it's this factor here +so we get 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +so we get 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +so we get 1 minus +rh over phi + + align:start position:0% +rh over phi + + + align:start position:0% +rh over phi +s zero to the one third + + align:start position:0% +s zero to the one third + + + align:start position:0% +s zero to the one third +minus one and then + + align:start position:0% +minus one and then + + + align:start position:0% +minus one and then +we also have uh this factor + + align:start position:0% +we also have uh this factor + + + align:start position:0% +we also have uh this factor +of 1 minus rh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that comes yes from the tau e because + + align:start position:0% +that comes yes from the tau e because + + + align:start position:0% +that comes yes from the tau e because +the tau e has this sort of basic time + + align:start position:0% +the tau e has this sort of basic time + + + align:start position:0% +the tau e has this sort of basic time +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +but there's also a factor of 1 minus rho + + align:start position:0% +but there's also a factor of 1 minus rho + + + align:start position:0% +but there's also a factor of 1 minus rho +included + + align:start position:0% +included + + + align:start position:0% +included +so the point of all this theory was to + + align:start position:0% +so the point of all this theory was to + + + align:start position:0% +so the point of all this theory was to +try to understand what is the dependence + + align:start position:0% +try to understand what is the dependence + + + align:start position:0% +try to understand what is the dependence +on relative humidity which is what i've + + align:start position:0% +on relative humidity which is what i've + + + align:start position:0% +on relative humidity which is what i've +shown here in white + + align:start position:0% +shown here in white + + + align:start position:0% +shown here in white +and if you plot this function + + align:start position:0% +and if you plot this function + + + align:start position:0% +and if you plot this function +then what you find is a function of + + align:start position:0% +then what you find is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +then what you find is a function of +relative humidity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then if you do here log of nv over n + + align:start position:0% +then if you do here log of nv over n + + + align:start position:0% +then if you do here log of nv over n +v0 so this is our relative viability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the virus and the zero here uh + + align:start position:0% +of the virus and the zero here uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the virus and the zero here uh +corresponds to to nv zero the initial + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to to nv zero the initial + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to to nv zero the initial +then this white function what this looks + + align:start position:0% +then this white function what this looks + + + align:start position:0% +then this white function what this looks +like is something which decays + + align:start position:0% +like is something which decays + + + align:start position:0% +like is something which decays +like this it kind of reaches a minimum + + align:start position:0% +like this it kind of reaches a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +like this it kind of reaches a minimum +around 80 or + + align:start position:0% +around 80 or + + + align:start position:0% +around 80 or +in this range from sort of 60 to 80 + + align:start position:0% +in this range from sort of 60 to 80 + + + align:start position:0% +in this range from sort of 60 to 80 +depending on what the values + + align:start position:0% +depending on what the values + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what the values +of these of these other of this + + align:start position:0% +of these of these other of this + + + align:start position:0% +of these of these other of this +parameter phi 0 is in fact + + align:start position:0% +parameter phi 0 is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +parameter phi 0 is in fact +and then it goes back up again so + + align:start position:0% +and then it goes back up again so + + + align:start position:0% +and then it goes back up again so +basically we get a shape + + align:start position:0% +basically we get a shape + + + align:start position:0% +basically we get a shape +for the dependence of the relative + + align:start position:0% +for the dependence of the relative + + + align:start position:0% +for the dependence of the relative +humidity that nicely matches the + + align:start position:0% +humidity that nicely matches the + + + align:start position:0% +humidity that nicely matches the +experimental data + + align:start position:0% +experimental data + + + align:start position:0% +experimental data +and is consistent with the the + + align:start position:0% +and is consistent with the the + + + align:start position:0% +and is consistent with the the +hypothesis of disinfection kinetics that + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis of disinfection kinetics that + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis of disinfection kinetics that +was postulated by + + align:start position:0% +was postulated by + + + align:start position:0% +was postulated by +lyndon maher + + align:start position:0% +lyndon maher + + + align:start position:0% +lyndon maher +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NOT1VZrNkMo.txt b/NOT1VZrNkMo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59e297ad9766394c0ed0604c30745b14b0960b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/NOT1VZrNkMo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11107 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu welcome people I'm glad to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu welcome people I'm glad to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu welcome people I'm glad to +see you this afternoon + + align:start position:0% +see you this afternoon + + + align:start position:0% +see you this afternoon +we finally make our transition to sound + + align:start position:0% +we finally make our transition to sound + + + align:start position:0% +we finally make our transition to sound +film uh I hope that you endured the + + align:start position:0% +film uh I hope that you endured the + + + align:start position:0% +film uh I hope that you endured the +silent ERA with good spirits I think + + align:start position:0% +silent ERA with good spirits I think + + + align:start position:0% +silent ERA with good spirits I think +you'll find as the semester goes on that + + align:start position:0% +you'll find as the semester goes on that + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find as the semester goes on that +even some of the silent films you found + + align:start position:0% +even some of the silent films you found + + + align:start position:0% +even some of the silent films you found +less compelling when you began will + + align:start position:0% +less compelling when you began will + + + align:start position:0% +less compelling when you began will +resonate for you and become more + + align:start position:0% +resonate for you and become more + + + align:start position:0% +resonate for you and become more +valuable and my expectation is that some + + align:start position:0% +valuable and my expectation is that some + + + align:start position:0% +valuable and my expectation is that some +of you will decide after the fact that + + align:start position:0% +of you will decide after the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +of you will decide after the fact that +Katon and chaplain and perhaps even for + + align:start position:0% +Katon and chaplain and perhaps even for + + + align:start position:0% +Katon and chaplain and perhaps even for +some of you mnau presented you with + + align:start position:0% +some of you mnau presented you with + + + align:start position:0% +some of you mnau presented you with +films that were at least as memorable as + + align:start position:0% +films that were at least as memorable as + + + align:start position:0% +films that were at least as memorable as +the most memorable sound film + + align:start position:0% +the most memorable sound film + + + align:start position:0% +the most memorable sound film +films but we now move into a segment of + + align:start position:0% +films but we now move into a segment of + + + align:start position:0% +films but we now move into a segment of +the course in which every object has + + align:start position:0% +the course in which every object has + + + align:start position:0% +the course in which every object has +more than merely artifactual value + + align:start position:0% +more than merely artifactual value + + + align:start position:0% +more than merely artifactual value +although the artifactual value of these + + align:start position:0% +although the artifactual value of these + + + align:start position:0% +although the artifactual value of these +remarkable films is very great and as I + + align:start position:0% +remarkable films is very great and as I + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable films is very great and as I +indicated earlier in the semester uh my + + align:start position:0% +indicated earlier in the semester uh my + + + align:start position:0% +indicated earlier in the semester uh my +hope is to toggle back and forth in some + + align:start position:0% +hope is to toggle back and forth in some + + + align:start position:0% +hope is to toggle back and forth in some +ways uh in each of our uh conversations + + align:start position:0% +ways uh in each of our uh conversations + + + align:start position:0% +ways uh in each of our uh conversations +about these films on the on our syllabus + + align:start position:0% +about these films on the on our syllabus + + + align:start position:0% +about these films on the on our syllabus +to toggle back and forth + + align:start position:0% +to toggle back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +to toggle back and forth +between what we might think of as an + + align:start position:0% +between what we might think of as an + + + align:start position:0% +between what we might think of as an +aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic +uh perspective talking about the + + align:start position:0% +uh perspective talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +uh perspective talking about the +qualities in these texts that make them + + align:start position:0% +qualities in these texts that make them + + + align:start position:0% +qualities in these texts that make them +Artful uh memorable uh longlasting uh + + align:start position:0% +Artful uh memorable uh longlasting uh + + + align:start position:0% +Artful uh memorable uh longlasting uh +worth worth something even beyond the + + align:start position:0% +worth worth something even beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +worth worth something even beyond the +eras in which they were created on the + + align:start position:0% +eras in which they were created on the + + + align:start position:0% +eras in which they were created on the +one side and then on the other side more + + align:start position:0% +one side and then on the other side more + + + align:start position:0% +one side and then on the other side more +an anthropological kind of perspective + + align:start position:0% +an anthropological kind of perspective + + + align:start position:0% +an anthropological kind of perspective +rather than an aesthetic one what do + + align:start position:0% +rather than an aesthetic one what do + + + align:start position:0% +rather than an aesthetic one what do +these texts tell us about the culture + + align:start position:0% +these texts tell us about the culture + + + align:start position:0% +these texts tell us about the culture +from which they come in what ways do the + + align:start position:0% +from which they come in what ways do the + + + align:start position:0% +from which they come in what ways do the +social and moral and political + + align:start position:0% +social and moral and political + + + align:start position:0% +social and moral and political +mythologies of the society find a + + align:start position:0% +mythologies of the society find a + + + align:start position:0% +mythologies of the society find a +complex articul + + align:start position:0% +complex articul + + + align:start position:0% +complex articul +in these text so those are the two sort + + align:start position:0% +in these text so those are the two sort + + + align:start position:0% +in these text so those are the two sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +perspectives between which we we we + + align:start position:0% +perspectives between which we we we + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives between which we we we +oscillate we now turn to the uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +oscillate we now turn to the uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +oscillate we now turn to the uh kind of +film that emerges after the Advent of + + align:start position:0% +film that emerges after the Advent of + + + align:start position:0% +film that emerges after the Advent of +sound in + + align:start position:0% +sound in + + + align:start position:0% +sound in +1927 and we can say that the period + + align:start position:0% +1927 and we can say that the period + + + align:start position:0% +1927 and we can say that the period +roughly between U 19 27 1928 when the + + align:start position:0% +roughly between U 19 27 1928 when the + + + align:start position:0% +roughly between U 19 27 1928 when the +when the first uh uh sound films began + + align:start position:0% +when the first uh uh sound films began + + + align:start position:0% +when the first uh uh sound films began +to be made and uh the era in into the + + align:start position:0% +to be made and uh the era in into the + + + align:start position:0% +to be made and uh the era in into the +1950s after the briefly after the Advent + + align:start position:0% +1950s after the briefly after the Advent + + + align:start position:0% +1950s after the briefly after the Advent +of Television uh is is that era is often + + align:start position:0% +of Television uh is is that era is often + + + align:start position:0% +of Television uh is is that era is often +thought of as the often called by some + + align:start position:0% +thought of as the often called by some + + + align:start position:0% +thought of as the often called by some +film historians the Golden Age of + + align:start position:0% +film historians the Golden Age of + + + align:start position:0% +film historians the Golden Age of +Hollywood and it was in some respects + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood and it was in some respects + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood and it was in some respects +maybe in many respects a golden age it + + align:start position:0% +maybe in many respects a golden age it + + + align:start position:0% +maybe in many respects a golden age it +was certainly a golden age in terms of + + align:start position:0% +was certainly a golden age in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +was certainly a golden age in terms of +the size and loyalty of the audience for + + align:start position:0% +the size and loyalty of the audience for + + + align:start position:0% +the size and loyalty of the audience for +American movies uh and I'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +American movies uh and I'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +American movies uh and I'll come back to +that in a moment and what what happened + + align:start position:0% +that in a moment and what what happened + + + align:start position:0% +that in a moment and what what happened +of course in this uh uh in the sound era + + align:start position:0% +of course in this uh uh in the sound era + + + align:start position:0% +of course in this uh uh in the sound era +was that an industry emerged a more + + align:start position:0% +was that an industry emerged a more + + + align:start position:0% +was that an industry emerged a more +neutral term for the Golden Age of + + align:start position:0% +neutral term for the Golden Age of + + + align:start position:0% +neutral term for the Golden Age of +Hollywood might just be the studio era + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood might just be the studio era + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood might just be the studio era +uh because what happened in the sound + + align:start position:0% +uh because what happened in the sound + + + align:start position:0% +uh because what happened in the sound +era was a fortification and extension of + + align:start position:0% +era was a fortification and extension of + + + align:start position:0% +era was a fortification and extension of +the system that had already emerged and + + align:start position:0% +the system that had already emerged and + + + align:start position:0% +the system that had already emerged and +which we've discussed and which David + + align:start position:0% +which we've discussed and which David + + + align:start position:0% +which we've discussed and which David +Cook cataloges very fully in the + + align:start position:0% +Cook cataloges very fully in the + + + align:start position:0% +Cook cataloges very fully in the +required reading uh a fortification and + + align:start position:0% +required reading uh a fortification and + + + align:start position:0% +required reading uh a fortification and +extension of the system that had emerged + + align:start position:0% +extension of the system that had emerged + + + align:start position:0% +extension of the system that had emerged +in the silent era the mass production + + align:start position:0% +in the silent era the mass production + + + align:start position:0% +in the silent era the mass production +system that was already in place in the + + align:start position:0% +system that was already in place in the + + + align:start position:0% +system that was already in place in the +silent era was perfected and extended + + align:start position:0% +silent era was perfected and extended + + + align:start position:0% +silent era was perfected and extended +the principle of the specialized ation + + align:start position:0% +the principle of the specialized ation + + + align:start position:0% +the principle of the specialized ation +of Labor became even more complex and uh + + align:start position:0% +of Labor became even more complex and uh + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor became even more complex and uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +effectively deployed in the production + + align:start position:0% +effectively deployed in the production + + + align:start position:0% +effectively deployed in the production +of Motion Pictures and in this period in + + align:start position:0% +of Motion Pictures and in this period in + + + align:start position:0% +of Motion Pictures and in this period in +the period between 1928 and 1930 for + + align:start position:0% +the period between 1928 and 1930 for + + + align:start position:0% +the period between 1928 and 1930 for +example Hollywood spent what was then a + + align:start position:0% +example Hollywood spent what was then a + + + align:start position:0% +example Hollywood spent what was then a +tremendous amount of money $500 million + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of money $500 million + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of money $500 million +in gearing up for a trans the transition + + align:start position:0% +in gearing up for a trans the transition + + + align:start position:0% +in gearing up for a trans the transition +to sound uh it was almost as if s silent + + align:start position:0% +to sound uh it was almost as if s silent + + + align:start position:0% +to sound uh it was almost as if s silent +films became obsolete almost instantly + + align:start position:0% +films became obsolete almost instantly + + + align:start position:0% +films became obsolete almost instantly +almost instantly uh and uh the uh famous + + align:start position:0% +almost instantly uh and uh the uh famous + + + align:start position:0% +almost instantly uh and uh the uh famous +line from from uh the what What's the + + align:start position:0% +line from from uh the what What's the + + + align:start position:0% +line from from uh the what What's the +title of the first sound + + align:start position:0% +title of the first sound + + + align:start position:0% +title of the first sound +film The Jazz Singer who's the star the + + align:start position:0% +film The Jazz Singer who's the star the + + + align:start position:0% +film The Jazz Singer who's the star the +theater singer Al jolon right uh and and + + align:start position:0% +theater singer Al jolon right uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +theater singer Al jolon right uh and and +uh uh there's a famous and there isn't + + align:start position:0% +uh uh there's a famous and there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh there's a famous and there isn't +very much dialogue in that film Al there + + align:start position:0% +very much dialogue in that film Al there + + + align:start position:0% +very much dialogue in that film Al there +are some eight interpolated songs + + align:start position:0% +are some eight interpolated songs + + + align:start position:0% +are some eight interpolated songs +there's very little synchronous dialog + + align:start position:0% +there's very little synchronous dialog + + + align:start position:0% +there's very little synchronous dialog +but there's a little and one of the most + + align:start position:0% +but there's a little and one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a little and one of the most +famous + + align:start position:0% +famous + + + align:start position:0% +famous +lines maybe the most famous lines in the + + align:start position:0% +lines maybe the most famous lines in the + + + align:start position:0% +lines maybe the most famous lines in the +the film line in the film comes at a + + align:start position:0% +the film line in the film comes at a + + + align:start position:0% +the film line in the film comes at a +certain point where someone says you you + + align:start position:0% +certain point where someone says you you + + + align:start position:0% +certain point where someone says you you +you ain't heard nothing yet and the + + align:start position:0% +you ain't heard nothing yet and the + + + align:start position:0% +you ain't heard nothing yet and the +implication is you ain't seen nothing + + align:start position:0% +implication is you ain't seen nothing + + + align:start position:0% +implication is you ain't seen nothing +yet either uh and and and it is + + align:start position:0% +yet either uh and and and it is + + + align:start position:0% +yet either uh and and and it is +certainly the case that within three + + align:start position:0% +certainly the case that within three + + + align:start position:0% +certainly the case that within three +years there there were no sound films + + align:start position:0% +years there there were no sound films + + + align:start position:0% +years there there were no sound films +really being made uh some of the a as + + align:start position:0% +really being made uh some of the a as + + + align:start position:0% +really being made uh some of the a as +I've suggested earlier a comic and and + + align:start position:0% +I've suggested earlier a comic and and + + + align:start position:0% +I've suggested earlier a comic and and +still Illuminating perspective on this + + align:start position:0% +still Illuminating perspective on this + + + align:start position:0% +still Illuminating perspective on this +process of Hollywood adjusting to the + + align:start position:0% +process of Hollywood adjusting to the + + + align:start position:0% +process of Hollywood adjusting to the +Advent of the new technology of sound is + + align:start position:0% +Advent of the new technology of sound is + + + align:start position:0% +Advent of the new technology of sound is +dramatized for us in the wonderful + + align:start position:0% +dramatized for us in the wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +dramatized for us in the wonderful +musical we're going to in a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +musical we're going to in a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +musical we're going to in a few weeks +seeing it in the rain um so uh in this + + align:start position:0% +seeing it in the rain um so uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +seeing it in the rain um so uh in this +era then after the Advent of sound the + + align:start position:0% +era then after the Advent of sound the + + + align:start position:0% +era then after the Advent of sound the +movies become America's dominant + + align:start position:0% +movies become America's dominant + + + align:start position:0% +movies become America's dominant +Entertainment form and in the period + + align:start position:0% +Entertainment form and in the period + + + align:start position:0% +Entertainment form and in the period +between 1930 and + + align:start position:0% +between 1930 and + + + align:start position:0% +between 1930 and +1945 7500 films are made by the + + align:start position:0% +1945 7500 films are made by the + + + align:start position:0% +1945 7500 films are made by the +Hollywood production system + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood production system + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood production system +approximately almost exactly in fact 500 + + align:start position:0% +approximately almost exactly in fact 500 + + + align:start position:0% +approximately almost exactly in fact 500 +films a year now think about the uh + + align:start position:0% +films a year now think about the uh + + + align:start position:0% +films a year now think about the uh +confidence that these that these that + + align:start position:0% +confidence that these that these that + + + align:start position:0% +confidence that these that these that +this production system needed to have in + + align:start position:0% +this production system needed to have in + + + align:start position:0% +this production system needed to have in +the in its capacity to get a return on + + align:start position:0% +the in its capacity to get a return on + + + align:start position:0% +the in its capacity to get a return on +the amount of on the number of films + + align:start position:0% +the amount of on the number of films + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of on the number of films +that it turned out and think about what + + align:start position:0% +that it turned out and think about what + + + align:start position:0% +that it turned out and think about what +it meant that the entire Society was now + + align:start position:0% +it meant that the entire Society was now + + + align:start position:0% +it meant that the entire Society was now +geared toward this Mass form of + + align:start position:0% +geared toward this Mass form of + + + align:start position:0% +geared toward this Mass form of +entertainment we can get some measure of + + align:start position:0% +entertainment we can get some measure of + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment we can get some measure of +the tremendous popularity of the movies + + align:start position:0% +the tremendous popularity of the movies + + + align:start position:0% +the tremendous popularity of the movies +the centrality that the movies assumed + + align:start position:0% +the centrality that the movies assumed + + + align:start position:0% +the centrality that the movies assumed +by the end of the S silent era and into + + align:start position:0% +by the end of the S silent era and into + + + align:start position:0% +by the end of the S silent era and into +the sound era if we think of some + + align:start position:0% +the sound era if we think of some + + + align:start position:0% +the sound era if we think of some +numbers in 1938 for example that what we + + align:start position:0% +numbers in 1938 for example that what we + + + align:start position:0% +numbers in 1938 for example that what we +might think of as the central the height + + align:start position:0% +might think of as the central the height + + + align:start position:0% +might think of as the central the height +the apex of the of the studio system + + align:start position:0% +the apex of the of the studio system + + + align:start position:0% +the apex of the of the studio system +system of the of the sound era there + + align:start position:0% +system of the of the sound era there + + + align:start position:0% +system of the of the sound era there +were a total of 80 million admissions + + align:start position:0% +were a total of 80 million admissions + + + align:start position:0% +were a total of 80 million admissions +per week in the American movies that + + align:start position:0% +per week in the American movies that + + + align:start position:0% +per week in the American movies that +comes to something like 67% of the + + align:start position:0% +comes to something like 67% of the + + + align:start position:0% +comes to something like 67% of the +population now I'm sure some people are + + align:start position:0% +population now I'm sure some people are + + + align:start position:0% +population now I'm sure some people are +going to the movies more than once a + + align:start position:0% +going to the movies more than once a + + + align:start position:0% +going to the movies more than once a +week so it isn't literally as if 70% of + + align:start position:0% +week so it isn't literally as if 70% of + + + align:start position:0% +week so it isn't literally as if 70% of +the population was attending the movies + + align:start position:0% +the population was attending the movies + + + align:start position:0% +the population was attending the movies +every week but it's something close to + + align:start position:0% +every week but it's something close to + + + align:start position:0% +every week but it's something close to +that far more than half the population + + align:start position:0% +that far more than half the population + + + align:start position:0% +that far more than half the population +had an intimate weekly habitual + + align:start position:0% +had an intimate weekly habitual + + + align:start position:0% +had an intimate weekly habitual +relationship to the movies and the form + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the movies and the form + + + align:start position:0% +relationship to the movies and the form +that the Hollywood System took on was + + align:start position:0% +that the Hollywood System took on was + + + align:start position:0% +that the Hollywood System took on was +surely in part a reflection of this + + align:start position:0% +surely in part a reflection of this + + + align:start position:0% +surely in part a reflection of this +increasingly intimate and knowledgeable + + align:start position:0% +increasingly intimate and knowledgeable + + + align:start position:0% +increasingly intimate and knowledgeable +connection between a mass audience and + + align:start position:0% +connection between a mass audience and + + + align:start position:0% +connection between a mass audience and +the kinds of movies the kinds of stories + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of movies the kinds of stories + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of movies the kinds of stories +that Hollywood was was was pumping out + + align:start position:0% +that Hollywood was was was pumping out + + + align:start position:0% +that Hollywood was was was pumping out +can you think for example why the ex the + + align:start position:0% +can you think for example why the ex the + + + align:start position:0% +can you think for example why the ex the +the broad uh uh attributes of the system + + align:start position:0% +the broad uh uh attributes of the system + + + align:start position:0% +the broad uh uh attributes of the system +that I've already described can you + + align:start position:0% +that I've already described can you + + + align:start position:0% +that I've already described can you +think about why those broad attributes + + align:start position:0% +think about why those broad attributes + + + align:start position:0% +think about why those broad attributes +would encourage the development of what + + align:start position:0% +would encourage the development of what + + + align:start position:0% +would encourage the development of what +we would call a system based on stars in + + align:start position:0% +we would call a system based on stars in + + + align:start position:0% +we would call a system based on stars in +which movie stars the names of + + align:start position:0% +which movie stars the names of + + + align:start position:0% +which movie stars the names of +particular actresses and actresses + + align:start position:0% +particular actresses and actresses + + + align:start position:0% +particular actresses and actresses +become so well known that that their + + align:start position:0% +become so well known that that their + + + align:start position:0% +become so well known that that their +names carry the film and people go to + + align:start position:0% +names carry the film and people go to + + + align:start position:0% +names carry the film and people go to +the movies to see Gable or colar or + + align:start position:0% +the movies to see Gable or colar or + + + align:start position:0% +the movies to see Gable or colar or +whatever famous performer famous actor + + align:start position:0% +whatever famous performer famous actor + + + align:start position:0% +whatever famous performer famous actor +they and there were dozens of such films + + align:start position:0% +they and there were dozens of such films + + + align:start position:0% +they and there were dozens of such films +in in a in a tearing system in which + + align:start position:0% +in in a in a tearing system in which + + + align:start position:0% +in in a in a tearing system in which +there were great Stars at the top + + align:start position:0% +there were great Stars at the top + + + align:start position:0% +there were great Stars at the top +b-level Stars below them c-level actors + + align:start position:0% +b-level Stars below them c-level actors + + + align:start position:0% +b-level Stars below them c-level actors +and actresses below them and the the the + + align:start position:0% +and actresses below them and the the the + + + align:start position:0% +and actresses below them and the the the +border between those were somewhat + + align:start position:0% +border between those were somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +border between those were somewhat +permeable there was a and and and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +permeable there was a and and and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +permeable there was a and and and uh uh +an an extraordinary number of people in + + align:start position:0% +an an extraordinary number of people in + + + align:start position:0% +an an extraordinary number of people in +the society were familiar with not only + + align:start position:0% +the society were familiar with not only + + + align:start position:0% +the society were familiar with not only +with these these uh uh these Stars uh + + align:start position:0% +with these these uh uh these Stars uh + + + align:start position:0% +with these these uh uh these Stars uh +and the particular films they had made + + align:start position:0% +and the particular films they had made + + + align:start position:0% +and the particular films they had made +and would follow them from film to film + + align:start position:0% +and would follow them from film to film + + + align:start position:0% +and would follow them from film to film +uh but were also familiar with what was + + align:start position:0% +uh but were also familiar with what was + + + align:start position:0% +uh but were also familiar with what was +a partly mythological and fictional + + align:start position:0% +a partly mythological and fictional + + + align:start position:0% +a partly mythological and fictional +story about their private lives that the + + align:start position:0% +story about their private lives that the + + + align:start position:0% +story about their private lives that the +Hollywood publicity system kept pumping + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood publicity system kept pumping + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood publicity system kept pumping +out about the stars and performers and + + align:start position:0% +out about the stars and performers and + + + align:start position:0% +out about the stars and performers and +what was essentially created was a kind + + align:start position:0% +what was essentially created was a kind + + + align:start position:0% +what was essentially created was a kind +of mythological system in which the + + align:start position:0% +of mythological system in which the + + + align:start position:0% +of mythological system in which the +stars were literally for the audience + + align:start position:0% +stars were literally for the audience + + + align:start position:0% +stars were literally for the audience +characters who were creatures who were + + align:start position:0% +characters who were creatures who were + + + align:start position:0% +characters who were creatures who were +literally Larger than Life and something + + align:start position:0% +literally Larger than Life and something + + + align:start position:0% +literally Larger than Life and something +some vestigal form of that star system + + align:start position:0% +some vestigal form of that star system + + + align:start position:0% +some vestigal form of that star system +still survives today in the great + + align:start position:0% +still survives today in the great + + + align:start position:0% +still survives today in the great +celebrity stars rock stars and some of + + align:start position:0% +celebrity stars rock stars and some of + + + align:start position:0% +celebrity stars rock stars and some of +the great movie stars of today but it's + + align:start position:0% +the great movie stars of today but it's + + + align:start position:0% +the great movie stars of today but it's +on a very different scale and the number + + align:start position:0% +on a very different scale and the number + + + align:start position:0% +on a very different scale and the number +of such recognizable figures is much + + align:start position:0% +of such recognizable figures is much + + + align:start position:0% +of such recognizable figures is much +smaller today than it was in the Heyday + + align:start position:0% +smaller today than it was in the Heyday + + + align:start position:0% +smaller today than it was in the Heyday +of the Hollywood era when there were + + align:start position:0% +of the Hollywood era when there were + + + align:start position:0% +of the Hollywood era when there were +dozens and dozens of actors and + + align:start position:0% +dozens and dozens of actors and + + + align:start position:0% +dozens and dozens of actors and +actresses whose whose uh entire careers + + align:start position:0% +actresses whose whose uh entire careers + + + align:start position:0% +actresses whose whose uh entire careers +were known intimately by the audience + + align:start position:0% +were known intimately by the audience + + + align:start position:0% +were known intimately by the audience +and whose work from film to film was + + align:start position:0% +and whose work from film to film was + + + align:start position:0% +and whose work from film to film was +something that particular members of the + + align:start position:0% +something that particular members of the + + + align:start position:0% +something that particular members of the +audience would follow religiously would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +follow as if they were members of a kind + + align:start position:0% +follow as if they were members of a kind + + + align:start position:0% +follow as if they were members of a kind +of fan club um so and then the second + + align:start position:0% +of fan club um so and then the second + + + align:start position:0% +of fan club um so and then the second +aspect of the star system was coupled to + + align:start position:0% +aspect of the star system was coupled to + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of the star system was coupled to +it and linked to it was what we might + + align:start position:0% +it and linked to it was what we might + + + align:start position:0% +it and linked to it was what we might +call a genre system what's a + + align:start position:0% +call a genre system what's a + + + align:start position:0% +call a genre system what's a +genre a category or a kind of story so + + align:start position:0% +genre a category or a kind of story so + + + align:start position:0% +genre a category or a kind of story so +the elegy is a poetic genre and the + + align:start position:0% +the elegy is a poetic genre and the + + + align:start position:0% +the elegy is a poetic genre and the +Western is a narrative genre and it's as + + align:start position:0% +Western is a narrative genre and it's as + + + align:start position:0% +Western is a narrative genre and it's as +soon as we mention western or elegy or + + align:start position:0% +soon as we mention western or elegy or + + + align:start position:0% +soon as we mention western or elegy or +situation comedy to talk about a + + align:start position:0% +situation comedy to talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +situation comedy to talk about a +dominant television genre as soon as we + + align:start position:0% +dominant television genre as soon as we + + + align:start position:0% +dominant television genre as soon as we +say that a set of expectations + + align:start position:0% +say that a set of expectations + + + align:start position:0% +say that a set of expectations +immediately enters our mind right we + + align:start position:0% +immediately enters our mind right we + + + align:start position:0% +immediately enters our mind right we +know that there are certain features + + align:start position:0% +know that there are certain features + + + align:start position:0% +know that there are certain features +that westerns have we immediately know + + align:start position:0% +that westerns have we immediately know + + + align:start position:0% +that westerns have we immediately know +when we hear the word Western what + + align:start position:0% +when we hear the word Western what + + + align:start position:0% +when we hear the word Western what +historical era the story is set in we + + align:start position:0% +historical era the story is set in we + + + align:start position:0% +historical era the story is set in we +know what the customes will be like we + + align:start position:0% +know what the customes will be like we + + + align:start position:0% +know what the customes will be like we +can predict what kinds of animals we're + + align:start position:0% +can predict what kinds of animals we're + + + align:start position:0% +can predict what kinds of animals we're +likely to see in the film we can even if + + align:start position:0% +likely to see in the film we can even if + + + align:start position:0% +likely to see in the film we can even if +we know the Western genre well we can + + align:start position:0% +we know the Western genre well we can + + + align:start position:0% +we know the Western genre well we can +even predict pretty pretty accurately + + align:start position:0% +even predict pretty pretty accurately + + + align:start position:0% +even predict pretty pretty accurately +what kind of story we're likely to be + + align:start position:0% +what kind of story we're likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of story we're likely to be +told and and and and what the rhythms or + + align:start position:0% +told and and and and what the rhythms or + + + align:start position:0% +told and and and and what the rhythms or +trajectory of that story might be not + + align:start position:0% +trajectory of that story might be not + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory of that story might be not +because we know the particular Western + + align:start position:0% +because we know the particular Western + + + align:start position:0% +because we know the particular Western +but because we know the category and + + align:start position:0% +but because we know the category and + + + align:start position:0% +but because we know the category and +every Western that calls itself a + + align:start position:0% +every Western that calls itself a + + + align:start position:0% +every Western that calls itself a +western is in some sense in conversation + + align:start position:0% +western is in some sense in conversation + + + align:start position:0% +western is in some sense in conversation +with every previous Western what we're + + align:start position:0% +with every previous Western what we're + + + align:start position:0% +with every previous Western what we're +talking about here in part is a new form + + align:start position:0% +talking about here in part is a new form + + + align:start position:0% +talking about here in part is a new form +of literacy or at least not not exactly + + align:start position:0% +of literacy or at least not not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +of literacy or at least not not exactly +a new form but a central form of + + align:start position:0% +a new form but a central form of + + + align:start position:0% +a new form but a central form of +literacy a form of literacy that emerges + + align:start position:0% +literacy a form of literacy that emerges + + + align:start position:0% +literacy a form of literacy that emerges +in popular art when a mass audience + + align:start position:0% +in popular art when a mass audience + + + align:start position:0% +in popular art when a mass audience +becomes more and more knowledgeable + + align:start position:0% +becomes more and more knowledgeable + + + align:start position:0% +becomes more and more knowledgeable +about the conventions and operations and + + align:start position:0% +about the conventions and operations and + + + align:start position:0% +about the conventions and operations and +formulas on which the system depends and + + align:start position:0% +formulas on which the system depends and + + + align:start position:0% +formulas on which the system depends and +by the middle by by the middle of the + + align:start position:0% +by the middle by by the middle of the + + + align:start position:0% +by the middle by by the middle of the +1930s virtually the whole history of the + + align:start position:0% +1930s virtually the whole history of the + + + align:start position:0% +1930s virtually the whole history of the +silent era and all the new genres that + + align:start position:0% +silent era and all the new genres that + + + align:start position:0% +silent era and all the new genres that +were elaborating and and uh fulfilling + + align:start position:0% +were elaborating and and uh fulfilling + + + align:start position:0% +were elaborating and and uh fulfilling +themselves in the sound era were now + + align:start position:0% +themselves in the sound era were now + + + align:start position:0% +themselves in the sound era were now +intimately known by segments if not the + + align:start position:0% +intimately known by segments if not the + + + align:start position:0% +intimately known by segments if not the +entire uh American American audience so + + align:start position:0% +entire uh American American audience so + + + align:start position:0% +entire uh American American audience so +to come back to my question why would a + + align:start position:0% +to come back to my question why would a + + + align:start position:0% +to come back to my question why would a +system that emphasized the repetition of + + align:start position:0% +system that emphasized the repetition of + + + align:start position:0% +system that emphasized the repetition of +stars and the repetition of genres + + align:start position:0% +stars and the repetition of genres + + + align:start position:0% +stars and the repetition of genres +across experiences be a particularly + + align:start position:0% +across experiences be a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +across experiences be a particularly +appropriate or useful one for the kind + + align:start position:0% +appropriate or useful one for the kind + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate or useful one for the kind +of system I've + + align:start position:0% +of system I've + + + align:start position:0% +of system I've +described what's the answer if it's a + + align:start position:0% +described what's the answer if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +described what's the answer if it's a +mass production + + align:start position:0% +mass production + + + align:start position:0% +mass production +system why would what the alternative + + align:start position:0% +system why would what the alternative + + + align:start position:0% +system why would what the alternative +would be for to clarify my question why + + align:start position:0% +would be for to clarify my question why + + + align:start position:0% +would be for to clarify my question why +would we not have a system in which + + align:start position:0% +would we not have a system in which + + + align:start position:0% +would we not have a system in which +every movie was a unique experience did + + align:start position:0% +every movie was a unique experience did + + + align:start position:0% +every movie was a unique experience did +not make gestures toward a whole class + + align:start position:0% +not make gestures toward a whole class + + + align:start position:0% +not make gestures toward a whole class +of other stories to which it belongs and + + align:start position:0% +of other stories to which it belongs and + + + align:start position:0% +of other stories to which it belongs and +which it wants the audience to compare + + align:start position:0% +which it wants the audience to compare + + + align:start position:0% +which it wants the audience to compare +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +or that a series of stars would emerge + + align:start position:0% +or that a series of stars would emerge + + + align:start position:0% +or that a series of stars would emerge +so that every time you see a Clark Gable + + align:start position:0% +so that every time you see a Clark Gable + + + align:start position:0% +so that every time you see a Clark Gable +movie or a CLA Claudette colar movie or + + align:start position:0% +movie or a CLA Claudette colar movie or + + + align:start position:0% +movie or a CLA Claudette colar movie or +a Barbara Stanwick movie you associate + + align:start position:0% +a Barbara Stanwick movie you associate + + + align:start position:0% +a Barbara Stanwick movie you associate +those her per those performances in + + align:start position:0% +those her per those performances in + + + align:start position:0% +those her per those performances in +those films with all the earlier + + align:start position:0% +those films with all the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +those films with all the earlier +performances in which you've seen why is + + align:start position:0% +performances in which you've seen why is + + + align:start position:0% +performances in which you've seen why is +that system work what's the answer all + + align:start position:0% +that system work what's the answer all + + + align:start position:0% +that system work what's the answer all +right you know that's right in the way + + align:start position:0% +right you know that's right in the way + + + align:start position:0% +right you know that's right in the way +because because it's familiar you know + + align:start position:0% +because because it's familiar you know + + + align:start position:0% +because because it's familiar you know +what to expect it's a branding you know + + align:start position:0% +what to expect it's a branding you know + + + align:start position:0% +what to expect it's a branding you know +that and in fact if you think about it + + align:start position:0% +that and in fact if you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +that and in fact if you think about it +if you want people to Shell out money + + align:start position:0% +if you want people to Shell out money + + + align:start position:0% +if you want people to Shell out money +every single week you can understand why + + align:start position:0% +every single week you can understand why + + + align:start position:0% +every single week you can understand why +the notion they should be getting + + align:start position:0% +the notion they should be getting + + + align:start position:0% +the notion they should be getting +something familiar might work might + + align:start position:0% +something familiar might work might + + + align:start position:0% +something familiar might work might +might be important it's possible that + + align:start position:0% +might be important it's possible that + + + align:start position:0% +might be important it's possible that +you could get people to spend a a + + align:start position:0% +you could get people to spend a a + + + align:start position:0% +you could get people to spend a a +significant amount of money or at least + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of money or at least + + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of money or at least +a small amount of money in the early + + align:start position:0% +a small amount of money in the early + + + align:start position:0% +a small amount of money in the early +days admissions were not that uh + + align:start position:0% +days admissions were not that uh + + + align:start position:0% +days admissions were not that uh +expensive uh for for for one experience + + align:start position:0% +expensive uh for for for one experience + + + align:start position:0% +expensive uh for for for one experience +but if you expect them to do it week + + align:start position:0% +but if you expect them to do it week + + + align:start position:0% +but if you expect them to do it week +after week after week it's very it's + + align:start position:0% +after week after week it's very it's + + + align:start position:0% +after week after week it's very it's +natural that you would expect that that + + align:start position:0% +natural that you would expect that that + + + align:start position:0% +natural that you would expect that that +you that that that the system that would + + align:start position:0% +you that that that the system that would + + + align:start position:0% +you that that that the system that would +developed would offer the audience + + align:start position:0% +developed would offer the audience + + + align:start position:0% +developed would offer the audience +certain familiar landmarks and what in + + align:start position:0% +certain familiar landmarks and what in + + + align:start position:0% +certain familiar landmarks and what in +other words the answer and I think it's + + align:start position:0% +other words the answer and I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +other words the answer and I think it's +a very good answer the answer is that a + + align:start position:0% +a very good answer the answer is that a + + + align:start position:0% +a very good answer the answer is that a +mass production system lends itself to + + align:start position:0% +mass production system lends itself to + + + align:start position:0% +mass production system lends itself to +principles of repetition and economies + + align:start position:0% +principles of repetition and economies + + + align:start position:0% +principles of repetition and economies +of scale what's an obvious thing if you + + align:start position:0% +of scale what's an obvious thing if you + + + align:start position:0% +of scale what's an obvious thing if you +if you're a studio and you make a lot of + + align:start position:0% +if you're a studio and you make a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +if you're a studio and you make a lot of +westerns what's the how can you save + + align:start position:0% +westerns what's the how can you save + + + align:start position:0% +westerns what's the how can you save +money do you have to do you have to hire + + align:start position:0% +money do you have to do you have to hire + + + align:start position:0% +money do you have to do you have to hire +the horses every time maybe you have + + align:start position:0% +the horses every time maybe you have + + + align:start position:0% +the horses every time maybe you have +your own stable right not only that + + align:start position:0% +your own stable right not only that + + + align:start position:0% +your own stable right not only that +maybe if you have a scene of a stampede + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you have a scene of a stampede + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you have a scene of a stampede +you can use it in more than one movie + + align:start position:0% +you can use it in more than one movie + + + align:start position:0% +you can use it in more than one movie +you don't have to film it again right + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to film it again right + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to film it again right +and in fact a lot of early westerns have + + align:start position:0% +and in fact a lot of early westerns have + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact a lot of early westerns have +stock footage in them that were put in + + align:start position:0% +stock footage in them that were put in + + + align:start position:0% +stock footage in them that were put in +from they would film a a tremendously + + align:start position:0% +from they would film a a tremendously + + + align:start position:0% +from they would film a a tremendously +exciting cattle Stampede and they would + + align:start position:0% +exciting cattle Stampede and they would + + + align:start position:0% +exciting cattle Stampede and they would +use it in four or five different movies + + align:start position:0% +use it in four or five different movies + + + align:start position:0% +use it in four or five different movies +that needed stampedes right the same + + align:start position:0% +that needed stampedes right the same + + + align:start position:0% +that needed stampedes right the same +with the sets they don't have to tear + + align:start position:0% +with the sets they don't have to tear + + + align:start position:0% +with the sets they don't have to tear +down the western town and rebuild it for + + align:start position:0% +down the western town and rebuild it for + + + align:start position:0% +down the western town and rebuild it for +every movie right so in other words one + + align:start position:0% +every movie right so in other words one + + + align:start position:0% +every movie right so in other words one +could say that there are economic Inc + + align:start position:0% +could say that there are economic Inc + + + align:start position:0% +could say that there are economic Inc +incentives that encourage the system but + + align:start position:0% +incentives that encourage the system but + + + align:start position:0% +incentives that encourage the system but +this is another example of that + + align:start position:0% +this is another example of that + + + align:start position:0% +this is another example of that +magnificent Paradox that I spoke to you + + align:start position:0% +magnificent Paradox that I spoke to you + + + align:start position:0% +magnificent Paradox that I spoke to you +about earlier in the term the Paradox + + align:start position:0% +about earlier in the term the Paradox + + + align:start position:0% +about earlier in the term the Paradox +that the Crist of alliances between + + align:start position:0% +that the Crist of alliances between + + + align:start position:0% +that the Crist of alliances between +Commerce and Technology should be the + + align:start position:0% +Commerce and Technology should be the + + + align:start position:0% +Commerce and Technology should be the +enabling conditions of a narrative of + + align:start position:0% +enabling conditions of a narrative of + + + align:start position:0% +enabling conditions of a narrative of +art why because even though the origins + + align:start position:0% +art why because even though the origins + + + align:start position:0% +art why because even though the origins +of these imp of of these strategies may + + align:start position:0% +of these imp of of these strategies may + + + align:start position:0% +of these imp of of these strategies may +very well have been totally commercial + + align:start position:0% +very well have been totally commercial + + + align:start position:0% +very well have been totally commercial +as they begin to elaborate themselves + + align:start position:0% +as they begin to elaborate themselves + + + align:start position:0% +as they begin to elaborate themselves +they inevitably become more complex the + + align:start position:0% +they inevitably become more complex the + + + align:start position:0% +they inevitably become more complex the +audiences begin to generate expectations + + align:start position:0% +audiences begin to generate expectations + + + align:start position:0% +audiences begin to generate expectations +the people who are repeating themselves + + align:start position:0% +the people who are repeating themselves + + + align:start position:0% +the people who are repeating themselves +begin to repeat themselves with + + align:start position:0% +begin to repeat themselves with + + + align:start position:0% +begin to repeat themselves with +variation they even if they never + + align:start position:0% +variation they even if they never + + + align:start position:0% +variation they even if they never +intended to get better they would get + + align:start position:0% +intended to get better they would get + + + align:start position:0% +intended to get better they would get +better and of course some of them have + + align:start position:0% +better and of course some of them have + + + align:start position:0% +better and of course some of them have +are are excellent professionals and they + + align:start position:0% +are are excellent professionals and they + + + align:start position:0% +are are excellent professionals and they +do want to do a better and better job + + align:start position:0% +do want to do a better and better job + + + align:start position:0% +do want to do a better and better job +right so that what happens is the system + + align:start position:0% +right so that what happens is the system + + + align:start position:0% +right so that what happens is the system +begins to refine itself even if it + + align:start position:0% +begins to refine itself even if it + + + align:start position:0% +begins to refine itself even if it +begins in the crest of intentions figure + + align:start position:0% +begins in the crest of intentions figure + + + align:start position:0% +begins in the crest of intentions figure +out a way to save money and make as much + + align:start position:0% +out a way to save money and make as much + + + align:start position:0% +out a way to save money and make as much +money as we can by giving the audience + + align:start position:0% +money as we can by giving the audience + + + align:start position:0% +money as we can by giving the audience +the same thing again and if the audience + + align:start position:0% +the same thing again and if the audience + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing again and if the audience +would buy the same story over and over + + align:start position:0% +would buy the same story over and over + + + align:start position:0% +would buy the same story over and over +again no doubt Hollywood would give it + + align:start position:0% +again no doubt Hollywood would give it + + + align:start position:0% +again no doubt Hollywood would give it +to them but of course they have to + + align:start position:0% +to them but of course they have to + + + align:start position:0% +to them but of course they have to +introduce variations just to make a + + align:start position:0% +introduce variations just to make a + + + align:start position:0% +introduce variations just to make a +living right just to make people come + + align:start position:0% +living right just to make people come + + + align:start position:0% +living right just to make people come +back and then as the as these variations + + align:start position:0% +back and then as the as these variations + + + align:start position:0% +back and then as the as these variations +begin to elaborate themselves something + + align:start position:0% +begin to elaborate themselves something + + + align:start position:0% +begin to elaborate themselves something +complex and Rich begins begins to emerge + + align:start position:0% +complex and Rich begins begins to emerge + + + align:start position:0% +complex and Rich begins begins to emerge +and this knowledge that the audience has + + align:start position:0% +and this knowledge that the audience has + + + align:start position:0% +and this knowledge that the audience has +becomes what we might call a form of + + align:start position:0% +becomes what we might call a form of + + + align:start position:0% +becomes what we might call a form of +literacy a form of popular literacy so + + align:start position:0% +literacy a form of popular literacy so + + + align:start position:0% +literacy a form of popular literacy so +uh there's much more one could say about + + align:start position:0% +uh there's much more one could say about + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's much more one could say about +this and I and I'm I'm being I'm being + + align:start position:0% +this and I and I'm I'm being I'm being + + + align:start position:0% +this and I and I'm I'm being I'm being +very abrupt and and and and overly brief + + align:start position:0% +very abrupt and and and and overly brief + + + align:start position:0% +very abrupt and and and and overly brief +about the way this system elaborated + + align:start position:0% +about the way this system elaborated + + + align:start position:0% +about the way this system elaborated +itself suffice it to say that there + + align:start position:0% +itself suffice it to say that there + + + align:start position:0% +itself suffice it to say that there +emerged in this in this era a series of + + align:start position:0% +emerged in this in this era a series of + + + align:start position:0% +emerged in this in this era a series of +recognizable separate categories of + + align:start position:0% +recognizable separate categories of + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable separate categories of +movie making westerns gangster + + align:start position:0% +movie making westerns gangster + + + align:start position:0% +movie making westerns gangster +films uh um C various various forms of + + align:start position:0% +films uh um C various various forms of + + + align:start position:0% +films uh um C various various forms of +Comedy various forms of social realism + + align:start position:0% +Comedy various forms of social realism + + + align:start position:0% +Comedy various forms of social realism +certain forms of historical spectacle + + align:start position:0% +certain forms of historical spectacle + + + align:start position:0% +certain forms of historical spectacle +right and and and other sub smaller + + align:start position:0% +right and and and other sub smaller + + + align:start position:0% +right and and and other sub smaller +genres like the newspaper picture right + + align:start position:0% +genres like the newspaper picture right + + + align:start position:0% +genres like the newspaper picture right +uh which is a kind of smaller sub genre + + align:start position:0% +uh which is a kind of smaller sub genre + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is a kind of smaller sub genre +of we're going to see one example of + + align:start position:0% +of we're going to see one example of + + + align:start position:0% +of we're going to see one example of +that tonight and so that what I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +that tonight and so that what I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +that tonight and so that what I'm trying +to do over the next couple of weeks and + + align:start position:0% +to do over the next couple of weeks and + + + align:start position:0% +to do over the next couple of weeks and +especially in this week is trying to + + align:start position:0% +especially in this week is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +especially in this week is trying to +demonstrate these principles in small by + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate these principles in small by + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate these principles in small by +talking today especially about certain + + align:start position:0% +talking today especially about certain + + + align:start position:0% +talking today especially about certain +aspects of screw ball comedy and by + + align:start position:0% +aspects of screw ball comedy and by + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of screw ball comedy and by +placing that particular Central + + align:start position:0% +placing that particular Central + + + align:start position:0% +placing that particular Central +Hollywood genre in the larger context of + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood genre in the larger context of + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood genre in the larger context of +this manufacturing system this + + align:start position:0% +this manufacturing system this + + + align:start position:0% +this manufacturing system this +mythological system that we've been that + + align:start position:0% +mythological system that we've been that + + + align:start position:0% +mythological system that we've been that +we've been describing one way of + + align:start position:0% +we've been describing one way of + + + align:start position:0% +we've been describing one way of +explaining what I've been what I'm + + align:start position:0% +explaining what I've been what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +explaining what I've been what I'm +trying to get out when I talk about + + align:start position:0% +trying to get out when I talk about + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get out when I talk about +these stars and genres and the purely + + align:start position:0% +these stars and genres and the purely + + + align:start position:0% +these stars and genres and the purely +commercial origins of what becomes a + + align:start position:0% +commercial origins of what becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +commercial origins of what becomes a +rich set of narrative expectations um uh + + align:start position:0% +rich set of narrative expectations um uh + + + align:start position:0% +rich set of narrative expectations um uh +is to say that I'm trying that what I'm + + align:start position:0% +is to say that I'm trying that what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is to say that I'm trying that what I'm +really implicitly dealing with uh is a + + align:start position:0% +really implicitly dealing with uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +really implicitly dealing with uh is a +problem it will seem less of a problem + + align:start position:0% +problem it will seem less of a problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem it will seem less of a problem +to your generation than it did to + + align:start position:0% +to your generation than it did to + + + align:start position:0% +to your generation than it did to +Generations earlier but in it took a + + align:start position:0% +Generations earlier but in it took a + + + align:start position:0% +Generations earlier but in it took a +long time before the American American + + align:start position:0% +long time before the American American + + + align:start position:0% +long time before the American American +society began to recognize that the + + align:start position:0% +society began to recognize that the + + + align:start position:0% +society began to recognize that the +movies were a signature art form of the + + align:start position:0% +movies were a signature art form of the + + + align:start position:0% +movies were a signature art form of the +of American society and that if American + + align:start position:0% +of American society and that if American + + + align:start position:0% +of American society and that if American +society was going to be remembered for + + align:start position:0% +society was going to be remembered for + + + align:start position:0% +society was going to be remembered for +its artistic achievements in the 20th + + align:start position:0% +its artistic achievements in the 20th + + + align:start position:0% +its artistic achievements in the 20th +century the movies were going to be one + + align:start position:0% +century the movies were going to be one + + + align:start position:0% +century the movies were going to be one +of the Prime uh instances of its + + align:start position:0% +of the Prime uh instances of its + + + align:start position:0% +of the Prime uh instances of its +artistic identity as a society um uh it + + align:start position:0% +artistic identity as a society um uh it + + + align:start position:0% +artistic identity as a society um uh it +took a long time for Americans to + + align:start position:0% +took a long time for Americans to + + + align:start position:0% +took a long time for Americans to +recognize this in fact the Europeans + + align:start position:0% +recognize this in fact the Europeans + + + align:start position:0% +recognize this in fact the Europeans +recognized it before the Americans did + + align:start position:0% +recognized it before the Americans did + + + align:start position:0% +recognized it before the Americans did +and one of the fundamental reasons for + + align:start position:0% +and one of the fundamental reasons for + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the fundamental reasons for +that is that our ideas about what art is + + align:start position:0% +that is that our ideas about what art is + + + align:start position:0% +that is that our ideas about what art is +were in inherited Notions that came + + align:start position:0% +were in inherited Notions that came + + + align:start position:0% +were in inherited Notions that came +essentially from the traditions of + + align:start position:0% +essentially from the traditions of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially from the traditions of +Romanticism and modernism which laid + + align:start position:0% +Romanticism and modernism which laid + + + align:start position:0% +Romanticism and modernism which laid +tremendous emphasis on pure originality + + align:start position:0% +tremendous emphasis on pure originality + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous emphasis on pure originality +on the idea that the work of art has to + + align:start position:0% +on the idea that the work of art has to + + + align:start position:0% +on the idea that the work of art has to +be Su generous unique to itself that has + + align:start position:0% +be Su generous unique to itself that has + + + align:start position:0% +be Su generous unique to itself that has +to grow out only of the individual + + align:start position:0% +to grow out only of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +to grow out only of the individual +Genius of the artist right well this + + align:start position:0% +Genius of the artist right well this + + + align:start position:0% +Genius of the artist right well this +notion of art is actually a very time + + align:start position:0% +notion of art is actually a very time + + + align:start position:0% +notion of art is actually a very time +bound one it's not really a universal + + align:start position:0% +bound one it's not really a universal + + + align:start position:0% +bound one it's not really a universal +notion of art at all the notion of art + + align:start position:0% +notion of art at all the notion of art + + + align:start position:0% +notion of art at all the notion of art +that I want to suggest to you is a more + + align:start position:0% +that I want to suggest to you is a more + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to suggest to you is a more +populist one it goes back to Homer and + + align:start position:0% +populist one it goes back to Homer and + + + align:start position:0% +populist one it goes back to Homer and +to the various forms various forms of + + align:start position:0% +to the various forms various forms of + + + align:start position:0% +to the various forms various forms of +Epic performance and this notion of art + + align:start position:0% +Epic performance and this notion of art + + + align:start position:0% +Epic performance and this notion of art +is a more communal one in which the + + align:start position:0% +is a more communal one in which the + + + align:start position:0% +is a more communal one in which the +artist is a singer or a speaker to the + + align:start position:0% +artist is a singer or a speaker to the + + + align:start position:0% +artist is a singer or a speaker to the +main parts of the community to the whole + + align:start position:0% +main parts of the community to the whole + + + align:start position:0% +main parts of the community to the whole +of the community or to a large part of + + align:start position:0% +of the community or to a large part of + + + align:start position:0% +of the community or to a large part of +the community and in order to do that + + align:start position:0% +the community and in order to do that + + + align:start position:0% +the community and in order to do that +kind of singing to do that kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of singing to do that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of singing to do that kind of +address the the the the singer the poet + + align:start position:0% +address the the the the singer the poet + + + align:start position:0% +address the the the the singer the poet +the Storyteller needs to use the + + align:start position:0% +the Storyteller needs to use the + + + align:start position:0% +the Storyteller needs to use the +categories and the story forms and the + + align:start position:0% +categories and the story forms and the + + + align:start position:0% +categories and the story forms and the +language that is that that that is known + + align:start position:0% +language that is that that that is known + + + align:start position:0% +language that is that that that is known +by the majority of the community right + + align:start position:0% +by the majority of the community right + + + align:start position:0% +by the majority of the community right +and and in this kind the aesthetic for + + align:start position:0% +and and in this kind the aesthetic for + + + align:start position:0% +and and in this kind the aesthetic for +this kind of art is an aesthetic of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of art is an aesthetic of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of art is an aesthetic of +familiarity in which in which meaning + + align:start position:0% +familiarity in which in which meaning + + + align:start position:0% +familiarity in which in which meaning +and significance is generated not by the + + align:start position:0% +and significance is generated not by the + + + align:start position:0% +and significance is generated not by the +shock of by a shock of total recognition + + align:start position:0% +shock of by a shock of total recognition + + + align:start position:0% +shock of by a shock of total recognition +of what every of everything in the text + + align:start position:0% +of what every of everything in the text + + + align:start position:0% +of what every of everything in the text +being new or Innovative but by something + + align:start position:0% +being new or Innovative but by something + + + align:start position:0% +being new or Innovative but by something +else by the fact that certain very + + align:start position:0% +else by the fact that certain very + + + align:start position:0% +else by the fact that certain very +familiar strategies are suddenly vary + + align:start position:0% +familiar strategies are suddenly vary + + + align:start position:0% +familiar strategies are suddenly vary +very slightly and it's the slight + + align:start position:0% +very slightly and it's the slight + + + align:start position:0% +very slightly and it's the slight +variation from The Familiar that gener + + align:start position:0% +variation from The Familiar that gener + + + align:start position:0% +variation from The Familiar that gener +Ates the significance and I and I'm + + align:start position:0% +Ates the significance and I and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Ates the significance and I and I'm +going to try to demonstrate these + + align:start position:0% +going to try to demonstrate these + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to demonstrate these +principles in fact all of the clips and + + align:start position:0% +principles in fact all of the clips and + + + align:start position:0% +principles in fact all of the clips and +films that you're going to see over the + + align:start position:0% +films that you're going to see over the + + + align:start position:0% +films that you're going to see over the +next few weeks and especially in in + + align:start position:0% +next few weeks and especially in in + + + align:start position:0% +next few weeks and especially in in +today's uh uh viewing and lectures are + + align:start position:0% +today's uh uh viewing and lectures are + + + align:start position:0% +today's uh uh viewing and lectures are +embodiments or instances of this + + align:start position:0% +embodiments or instances of this + + + align:start position:0% +embodiments or instances of this +Principle as I hope as I hope you will + + align:start position:0% +Principle as I hope as I hope you will + + + align:start position:0% +Principle as I hope as I hope you will +see what we're talking about here to + + align:start position:0% +see what we're talking about here to + + + align:start position:0% +see what we're talking about here to +borrow a phrase from the film scholar + + align:start position:0% +borrow a phrase from the film scholar + + + align:start position:0% +borrow a phrase from the film scholar +Leo Brody whose essay uh and Aesthetics + + align:start position:0% +Leo Brody whose essay uh and Aesthetics + + + align:start position:0% +Leo Brody whose essay uh and Aesthetics +of connection is required reading in the + + align:start position:0% +of connection is required reading in the + + + align:start position:0% +of connection is required reading in the +course we might say that what we're + + align:start position:0% +course we might say that what we're + + + align:start position:0% +course we might say that what we're +trying to identify here is an Aesthetics + + align:start position:0% +trying to identify here is an Aesthetics + + + align:start position:0% +trying to identify here is an Aesthetics +is an Aesthetics of connection uh in + + align:start position:0% +is an Aesthetics of connection uh in + + + align:start position:0% +is an Aesthetics of connection uh in +which the links and connections amongst + + align:start position:0% +which the links and connections amongst + + + align:start position:0% +which the links and connections amongst +different texts or amongst different + + align:start position:0% +different texts or amongst different + + + align:start position:0% +different texts or amongst different +performances are emphasized in which the + + align:start position:0% +performances are emphasized in which the + + + align:start position:0% +performances are emphasized in which the +familiar is a central element in + + align:start position:0% +familiar is a central element in + + + align:start position:0% +familiar is a central element in +artistic experience most people love to + + align:start position:0% +artistic experience most people love to + + + align:start position:0% +artistic experience most people love to +recognize the familiar it is not the + + align:start position:0% +recognize the familiar it is not the + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the familiar it is not the +case that art always must continually + + align:start position:0% +case that art always must continually + + + align:start position:0% +case that art always must continually +surprise you in fact art that is + + align:start position:0% +surprise you in fact art that is + + + align:start position:0% +surprise you in fact art that is +constantly surprising that makes no + + align:start position:0% +constantly surprising that makes no + + + align:start position:0% +constantly surprising that makes no +assumptions that you can share or that + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that you can share or that + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that you can share or that +that or that go back to some that that + + align:start position:0% +that or that go back to some that that + + + align:start position:0% +that or that go back to some that that +elud to or refer to earlier forms of the + + align:start position:0% +elud to or refer to earlier forms of the + + + align:start position:0% +elud to or refer to earlier forms of the +of of the experience probably such a + + align:start position:0% +of of the experience probably such a + + + align:start position:0% +of of the experience probably such a +text would doesn't even exist there have + + align:start position:0% +text would doesn't even exist there have + + + align:start position:0% +text would doesn't even exist there have +to be even if the illusion or reference + + align:start position:0% +to be even if the illusion or reference + + + align:start position:0% +to be even if the illusion or reference +to ancestors is one of antagonism in + + align:start position:0% +to ancestors is one of antagonism in + + + align:start position:0% +to ancestors is one of antagonism in +which the text is saying look how + + align:start position:0% +which the text is saying look how + + + align:start position:0% +which the text is saying look how +different I am from my ancestors it + + align:start position:0% +different I am from my ancestors it + + + align:start position:0% +different I am from my ancestors it +still needs its ancestors in some way so + + align:start position:0% +still needs its ancestors in some way so + + + align:start position:0% +still needs its ancestors in some way so +that the the the notion that a text can + + align:start position:0% +that the the the notion that a text can + + + align:start position:0% +that the the the notion that a text can +be entirely creatively original is + + align:start position:0% +be entirely creatively original is + + + align:start position:0% +be entirely creatively original is +itself a kind of modernist and romantic + + align:start position:0% +itself a kind of modernist and romantic + + + align:start position:0% +itself a kind of modernist and romantic +fallacy in any case the artistic + + align:start position:0% +fallacy in any case the artistic + + + align:start position:0% +fallacy in any case the artistic +principles on which the Hollywood film + + align:start position:0% +principles on which the Hollywood film + + + align:start position:0% +principles on which the Hollywood film +is based B are artistic principles we + + align:start position:0% +is based B are artistic principles we + + + align:start position:0% +is based B are artistic principles we +could identify as populist or Democratic + + align:start position:0% +could identify as populist or Democratic + + + align:start position:0% +could identify as populist or Democratic +democrati right and they're based on the + + align:start position:0% +democrati right and they're based on the + + + align:start position:0% +democrati right and they're based on the +idea that the familiar and the everyday + + align:start position:0% +idea that the familiar and the everyday + + + align:start position:0% +idea that the familiar and the everyday +can be transmuted into something more + + align:start position:0% +can be transmuted into something more + + + align:start position:0% +can be transmuted into something more +complex by good performances by good + + align:start position:0% +complex by good performances by good + + + align:start position:0% +complex by good performances by good +writing by by by the creation of a + + align:start position:0% +writing by by by the creation of a + + + align:start position:0% +writing by by by the creation of a +compelling story and that meaning is + + align:start position:0% +compelling story and that meaning is + + + align:start position:0% +compelling story and that meaning is +created not by a a single unique + + align:start position:0% +created not by a a single unique + + + align:start position:0% +created not by a a single unique +creative act but by a but but + + align:start position:0% +creative act but by a but but + + + align:start position:0% +creative act but by a but but +essentially by a conversation and + + align:start position:0% +essentially by a conversation and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially by a conversation and +communal process in which a particular + + align:start position:0% +communal process in which a particular + + + align:start position:0% +communal process in which a particular +perception or sense of the world is just + + align:start position:0% +perception or sense of the world is just + + + align:start position:0% +perception or sense of the world is just +opposed against older instances of the + + align:start position:0% +opposed against older instances of the + + + align:start position:0% +opposed against older instances of the +same thing and by comparison uh one + + align:start position:0% +same thing and by comparison uh one + + + align:start position:0% +same thing and by comparison uh one +learns something about where one is in + + align:start position:0% +learns something about where one is in + + + align:start position:0% +learns something about where one is in +the particular new text an aesthetic of + + align:start position:0% +the particular new text an aesthetic of + + + align:start position:0% +the particular new text an aesthetic of +connection it's one measure of the + + align:start position:0% +connection it's one measure of the + + + align:start position:0% +connection it's one measure of the +complexity and social centrality of the + + align:start position:0% +complexity and social centrality of the + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and social centrality of the +movies in the uh 1930s 40s and early 50s + + align:start position:0% +movies in the uh 1930s 40s and early 50s + + + align:start position:0% +movies in the uh 1930s 40s and early 50s +that we can find in the system three + + align:start position:0% +that we can find in the system three + + + align:start position:0% +that we can find in the system three +separate kinds of Comedy it's a measure + + align:start position:0% +separate kinds of Comedy it's a measure + + + align:start position:0% +separate kinds of Comedy it's a measure +of its maturity right not just one but + + align:start position:0% +of its maturity right not just one but + + + align:start position:0% +of its maturity right not just one but +three fairly robust separate strains of + + align:start position:0% +three fairly robust separate strains of + + + align:start position:0% +three fairly robust separate strains of +comedy and this even excludes musical + + align:start position:0% +comedy and this even excludes musical + + + align:start position:0% +comedy and this even excludes musical +comedy the musical film which could be + + align:start position:0% +comedy the musical film which could be + + + align:start position:0% +comedy the musical film which could be +said to be a even yet a fourth strain uh + + align:start position:0% +said to be a even yet a fourth strain uh + + + align:start position:0% +said to be a even yet a fourth strain uh +not not just one form then but but three + + align:start position:0% +not not just one form then but but three + + + align:start position:0% +not not just one form then but but three +and the one the the form of Comedy we're + + align:start position:0% +and the one the the form of Comedy we're + + + align:start position:0% +and the one the the form of Comedy we're +focusing on today is scre bble comedy + + align:start position:0% +focusing on today is scre bble comedy + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on today is scre bble comedy +but I want to say a word about the other + + align:start position:0% +but I want to say a word about the other + + + align:start position:0% +but I want to say a word about the other +two strains to give you at least some + + align:start position:0% +two strains to give you at least some + + + align:start position:0% +two strains to give you at least some +sense of where we're where we're coming + + align:start position:0% +sense of where we're where we're coming + + + align:start position:0% +sense of where we're where we're coming +from the first uh uh uh significant + + align:start position:0% +from the first uh uh uh significant + + + align:start position:0% +from the first uh uh uh significant +strain that I that I want uh would would + + align:start position:0% +strain that I that I want uh would would + + + align:start position:0% +strain that I that I want uh would would +like to mention to you uh um is is is + + align:start position:0% +like to mention to you uh um is is is + + + align:start position:0% +like to mention to you uh um is is is +what I call anarchic comedy it mobilizes + + align:start position:0% +what I call anarchic comedy it mobilizes + + + align:start position:0% +what I call anarchic comedy it mobilizes +something that's Elemental an elemental + + align:start position:0% +something that's Elemental an elemental + + + align:start position:0% +something that's Elemental an elemental +impulse in many comedies and maybe in + + align:start position:0% +impulse in many comedies and maybe in + + + align:start position:0% +impulse in many comedies and maybe in +the comic impulse itself at at some very + + align:start position:0% +the comic impulse itself at at some very + + + align:start position:0% +the comic impulse itself at at some very +deep level uh which is an Impulse toward + + align:start position:0% +deep level uh which is an Impulse toward + + + align:start position:0% +deep level uh which is an Impulse toward +anarchic destruction uh there's always a + + align:start position:0% +anarchic destruction uh there's always a + + + align:start position:0% +anarchic destruction uh there's always a +hidden in comedy at least a kind of + + align:start position:0% +hidden in comedy at least a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +hidden in comedy at least a kind of +skepticism or suspicion or hostility + + align:start position:0% +skepticism or suspicion or hostility + + + align:start position:0% +skepticism or suspicion or hostility +toward the established and the + + align:start position:0% +toward the established and the + + + align:start position:0% +toward the established and the +respectable uh and one form that that + + align:start position:0% +respectable uh and one form that that + + + align:start position:0% +respectable uh and one form that that +can take in in in in in comedies is a + + align:start position:0% +can take in in in in in comedies is a + + + align:start position:0% +can take in in in in in comedies is a +kind of systematic Anarchy in which in + + align:start position:0% +kind of systematic Anarchy in which in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of systematic Anarchy in which in +which the uh larger resp the large + + align:start position:0% +which the uh larger resp the large + + + align:start position:0% +which the uh larger resp the large +respected structures of a culture are + + align:start position:0% +respected structures of a culture are + + + align:start position:0% +respected structures of a culture are +systematically or sometimes + + align:start position:0% +systematically or sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +systematically or sometimes +unsystematically disabled or dismembered + + align:start position:0% +unsystematically disabled or dismembered + + + align:start position:0% +unsystematically disabled or dismembered +and over and over again in the comedies + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again in the comedies + + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again in the comedies +of the marks Brothers something like + + align:start position:0% +of the marks Brothers something like + + + align:start position:0% +of the marks Brothers something like +this happens uh I won't uh I won't + + align:start position:0% +this happens uh I won't uh I won't + + + align:start position:0% +this happens uh I won't uh I won't +mention uh titles but but there are a + + align:start position:0% +mention uh titles but but there are a + + + align:start position:0% +mention uh titles but but there are a +number a number of T I think I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +number a number of T I think I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +number a number of T I think I mentioned +one a few last week or the week before + + align:start position:0% +one a few last week or the week before + + + align:start position:0% +one a few last week or the week before +uh uh a night at the in which which + + align:start position:0% +uh uh a night at the in which which + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh a night at the in which which +concludes with the entire set of the + + align:start position:0% +concludes with the entire set of the + + + align:start position:0% +concludes with the entire set of the +Opera falling apart break breaking down + + align:start position:0% +Opera falling apart break breaking down + + + align:start position:0% +Opera falling apart break breaking down +and that kind of destructive there's a + + align:start position:0% +and that kind of destructive there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and that kind of destructive there's a +there's another film that the that the + + align:start position:0% +there's another film that the that the + + + align:start position:0% +there's another film that the that the +Marx Brothers made um in which the in + + align:start position:0% +Marx Brothers made um in which the in + + + align:start position:0% +Marx Brothers made um in which the in +which they are on a football team and we + + align:start position:0% +which they are on a football team and we + + + align:start position:0% +which they are on a football team and we +see one of the things that grouo does in + + align:start position:0% +see one of the things that grouo does in + + + align:start position:0% +see one of the things that grouo does in +that film is he he gets the ball and he + + align:start position:0% +that film is he he gets the ball and he + + + align:start position:0% +that film is he he gets the ball and he +runs the wrong way uh and he scores a + + align:start position:0% +runs the wrong way uh and he scores a + + + align:start position:0% +runs the wrong way uh and he scores a +touchdown for the other team but then he + + align:start position:0% +touchdown for the other team but then he + + + align:start position:0% +touchdown for the other team but then he +keeps running and he starts running out + + align:start position:0% +keeps running and he starts running out + + + align:start position:0% +keeps running and he starts running out +of the stadium I mean words there's a + + align:start position:0% +of the stadium I mean words there's a + + + align:start position:0% +of the stadium I mean words there's a +sense that what what the rules of this + + align:start position:0% +sense that what what the rules of this + + + align:start position:0% +sense that what what the rules of this +game are silly Let's ignore them and and + + align:start position:0% +game are silly Let's ignore them and and + + + align:start position:0% +game are silly Let's ignore them and and +so this sense of the dissolution of + + align:start position:0% +so this sense of the dissolution of + + + align:start position:0% +so this sense of the dissolution of +boundaries and the anarchic chaos that + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and the anarchic chaos that + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and the anarchic chaos that +follows from the breaking down of of of + + align:start position:0% +follows from the breaking down of of of + + + align:start position:0% +follows from the breaking down of of of +established categories and edifices is + + align:start position:0% +established categories and edifices is + + + align:start position:0% +established categories and edifices is +part of the pleasure of the these Marx + + align:start position:0% +part of the pleasure of the these Marx + + + align:start position:0% +part of the pleasure of the these Marx +Brothers comedy and even extends in some + + align:start position:0% +Brothers comedy and even extends in some + + + align:start position:0% +Brothers comedy and even extends in some +way to a kind of deconstructive attitude + + align:start position:0% +way to a kind of deconstructive attitude + + + align:start position:0% +way to a kind of deconstructive attitude +toward language itself and many times + + align:start position:0% +toward language itself and many times + + + align:start position:0% +toward language itself and many times +the dialogue in a Marx Brothers film + + align:start position:0% +the dialogue in a Marx Brothers film + + + align:start position:0% +the dialogue in a Marx Brothers film +will sort of go nowhere it will be will + + align:start position:0% +will sort of go nowhere it will be will + + + align:start position:0% +will sort of go nowhere it will be will +end up making no sense uh you know those + + align:start position:0% +end up making no sense uh you know those + + + align:start position:0% +end up making no sense uh you know those +so even language itself is reduced to a + + align:start position:0% +so even language itself is reduced to a + + + align:start position:0% +so even language itself is reduced to a +kind of aric nonsense at times in the + + align:start position:0% +kind of aric nonsense at times in the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of aric nonsense at times in the +Marx Brothers films you can get another + + align:start position:0% +Marx Brothers films you can get another + + + align:start position:0% +Marx Brothers films you can get another +uh an even cruder version of this would + + align:start position:0% +uh an even cruder version of this would + + + align:start position:0% +uh an even cruder version of this would +be in The Three Stooges right the three + + align:start position:0% +be in The Three Stooges right the three + + + align:start position:0% +be in The Three Stooges right the three +stoes are a version of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +stoes are a version of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +stoes are a version of this kind of +anarchic comedy and there's a final + + align:start position:0% +anarchic comedy and there's a final + + + align:start position:0% +anarchic comedy and there's a final +version I should mention a rather + + align:start position:0% +version I should mention a rather + + + align:start position:0% +version I should mention a rather +distinguished one in its own way the + + align:start position:0% +distinguished one in its own way the + + + align:start position:0% +distinguished one in its own way the +films by the actor that associated with + + align:start position:0% +films by the actor that associated with + + + align:start position:0% +films by the actor that associated with +the actor WC Fields uh a a grally voiced + + align:start position:0% +the actor WC Fields uh a a grally voiced + + + align:start position:0% +the actor WC Fields uh a a grally voiced +comedian who often portrayed people who + + align:start position:0% +comedian who often portrayed people who + + + align:start position:0% +comedian who often portrayed people who +were half drunk and were very hostile + + align:start position:0% +were half drunk and were very hostile + + + align:start position:0% +were half drunk and were very hostile +toward children it was very anti-s + + align:start position:0% +toward children it was very anti-s + + + align:start position:0% +toward children it was very anti-s +sentimental he would kick children or + + align:start position:0% +sentimental he would kick children or + + + align:start position:0% +sentimental he would kick children or +spit at them or act as if act if + + align:start position:0% +spit at them or act as if act if + + + align:start position:0% +spit at them or act as if act if +children were were smelling annoying + + align:start position:0% +children were were smelling annoying + + + align:start position:0% +children were were smelling annoying +things who should get out of his way so + + align:start position:0% +things who should get out of his way so + + + align:start position:0% +things who should get out of his way so +he could keep drinking his Scotch uh + + align:start position:0% +he could keep drinking his Scotch uh + + + align:start position:0% +he could keep drinking his Scotch uh +that sort of thing so there was a both + + align:start position:0% +that sort of thing so there was a both + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of thing so there was a both +an anarchic and a kind of subversive + + align:start position:0% +an anarchic and a kind of subversive + + + align:start position:0% +an anarchic and a kind of subversive +element to this kind of Comedy a second + + align:start position:0% +element to this kind of Comedy a second + + + align:start position:0% +element to this kind of Comedy a second +strain of Comedy even more powerful and + + align:start position:0% +strain of Comedy even more powerful and + + + align:start position:0% +strain of Comedy even more powerful and +artistically more valuable very very + + align:start position:0% +artistically more valuable very very + + + align:start position:0% +artistically more valuable very very +interesting one which continues to be + + align:start position:0% +interesting one which continues to be + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one which continues to be +influential uh films are films films + + align:start position:0% +influential uh films are films films + + + align:start position:0% +influential uh films are films films +from this tradition have been remade + + align:start position:0% +from this tradition have been remade + + + align:start position:0% +from this tradition have been remade +recently uh in American in in in + + align:start position:0% +recently uh in American in in in + + + align:start position:0% +recently uh in American in in in +American Cinema uh we and and this is + + align:start position:0% +American Cinema uh we and and this is + + + align:start position:0% +American Cinema uh we and and this is +the strain of Comedy we would call + + align:start position:0% +the strain of Comedy we would call + + + align:start position:0% +the strain of Comedy we would call +worldly uh that that other Scholars have + + align:start position:0% +worldly uh that that other Scholars have + + + align:start position:0% +worldly uh that that other Scholars have +called it it's not m not my label and + + align:start position:0% +called it it's not m not my label and + + + align:start position:0% +called it it's not m not my label and +one thing that the label intends to + + align:start position:0% +one thing that the label intends to + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that the label intends to +acknowledge is that many of these + + align:start position:0% +acknowledge is that many of these + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledge is that many of these +directors in this tradition were + + align:start position:0% +directors in this tradition were + + + align:start position:0% +directors in this tradition were +Europeans and they brought a much a + + align:start position:0% +Europeans and they brought a much a + + + align:start position:0% +Europeans and they brought a much a +European attitude especially towards + + align:start position:0% +European attitude especially towards + + + align:start position:0% +European attitude especially towards +sexuality they were they were much more + + align:start position:0% +sexuality they were they were much more + + + align:start position:0% +sexuality they were they were much more +amused than chucked by sexual + + align:start position:0% +amused than chucked by sexual + + + align:start position:0% +amused than chucked by sexual +Shenanigans so one measure of the of + + align:start position:0% +Shenanigans so one measure of the of + + + align:start position:0% +Shenanigans so one measure of the of +worldly comedy was it had a more + + align:start position:0% +worldly comedy was it had a more + + + align:start position:0% +worldly comedy was it had a more +generous and a less a less puritanical + + align:start position:0% +generous and a less a less puritanical + + + align:start position:0% +generous and a less a less puritanical +attitude toward infidelity toward the + + align:start position:0% +attitude toward infidelity toward the + + + align:start position:0% +attitude toward infidelity toward the +body itself toward sexual illusion and + + align:start position:0% +body itself toward sexual illusion and + + + align:start position:0% +body itself toward sexual illusion and +sexual byplay right uh they still were + + align:start position:0% +sexual byplay right uh they still were + + + align:start position:0% +sexual byplay right uh they still were +not explicit by today's standards you + + align:start position:0% +not explicit by today's standards you + + + align:start position:0% +not explicit by today's standards you +didn't see nudity in these films but + + align:start position:0% +didn't see nudity in these films but + + + align:start position:0% +didn't see nudity in these films but +they were more open about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +they were more open about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +they were more open about the fact that +men and women actually engage in that + + align:start position:0% +men and women actually engage in that + + + align:start position:0% +men and women actually engage in that +Behavior Uh and even sometimes take + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh and even sometimes take + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior Uh and even sometimes take +pleasure in it uh an acknowledgement + + align:start position:0% +pleasure in it uh an acknowledgement + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure in it uh an acknowledgement +that was more difficult for M for + + align:start position:0% +that was more difficult for M for + + + align:start position:0% +that was more difficult for M for +non-world films to make and the central + + align:start position:0% +non-world films to make and the central + + + align:start position:0% +non-world films to make and the central +director of this tradition although + + align:start position:0% +director of this tradition although + + + align:start position:0% +director of this tradition although +there were others was Ernst lubit + + align:start position:0% +there were others was Ernst lubit + + + align:start position:0% +there were others was Ernst lubit +I put his name up on the board there uh + + align:start position:0% +I put his name up on the board there uh + + + align:start position:0% +I put his name up on the board there uh +his dates are 1892 to 1947 and he made a + + align:start position:0% +his dates are 1892 to 1947 and he made a + + + align:start position:0% +his dates are 1892 to 1947 and he made a +series of films especially in the 30s + + align:start position:0% +series of films especially in the 30s + + + align:start position:0% +series of films especially in the 30s +through the early 40s that are still + + align:start position:0% +through the early 40s that are still + + + align:start position:0% +through the early 40s that are still +regarded as Classics of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +regarded as Classics of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +regarded as Classics of this kind of +worldly comedy uh trouble in Paradise + + align:start position:0% +worldly comedy uh trouble in Paradise + + + align:start position:0% +worldly comedy uh trouble in Paradise +design for living a film called nka in + + align:start position:0% +design for living a film called nka in + + + align:start position:0% +design for living a film called nka in +1939 uh a film called to be or not to be + + align:start position:0% +1939 uh a film called to be or not to be + + + align:start position:0% +1939 uh a film called to be or not to be +in 1942 an immensely bold film in which + + align:start position:0% +in 1942 an immensely bold film in which + + + align:start position:0% +in 1942 an immensely bold film in which +Jack Benny the comedian plays an actor + + align:start position:0% +Jack Benny the comedian plays an actor + + + align:start position:0% +Jack Benny the comedian plays an actor +who who impersonates Hitler the fil the + + align:start position:0% +who who impersonates Hitler the fil the + + + align:start position:0% +who who impersonates Hitler the fil the +film is set in Berlin and he actually + + align:start position:0% +film is set in Berlin and he actually + + + align:start position:0% +film is set in Berlin and he actually +plays as a double of a double of Hitler + + align:start position:0% +plays as a double of a double of Hitler + + + align:start position:0% +plays as a double of a double of Hitler +a very a very bold film on a on a par + + align:start position:0% +a very a very bold film on a on a par + + + align:start position:0% +a very a very bold film on a on a par +and intellectually I think and + + align:start position:0% +and intellectually I think and + + + align:start position:0% +and intellectually I think and +artistically an even more powerful film + + align:start position:0% +artistically an even more powerful film + + + align:start position:0% +artistically an even more powerful film +than than chaplain's the Great Dictator + + align:start position:0% +than than chaplain's the Great Dictator + + + align:start position:0% +than than chaplain's the Great Dictator +although in the same in shares the same + + align:start position:0% +although in the same in shares the same + + + align:start position:0% +although in the same in shares the same +ambition uh uh and these um um uh + + align:start position:0% +ambition uh uh and these um um uh + + + align:start position:0% +ambition uh uh and these um um uh +worldly comedies U uh often told + + align:start position:0% +worldly comedies U uh often told + + + align:start position:0% +worldly comedies U uh often told +infidelity stories or stories that + + align:start position:0% +infidelity stories or stories that + + + align:start position:0% +infidelity stories or stories that +stories as I've suggested that took a + + align:start position:0% +stories as I've suggested that took a + + + align:start position:0% +stories as I've suggested that took a +much more benign and amused attitude + + align:start position:0% +much more benign and amused attitude + + + align:start position:0% +much more benign and amused attitude +toward our toward our toward our sexual + + align:start position:0% +toward our toward our toward our sexual + + + align:start position:0% +toward our toward our toward our sexual +crimes and + + align:start position:0% +crimes and + + + align:start position:0% +crimes and +misdemeanors uh and these are both these + + align:start position:0% +misdemeanors uh and these are both these + + + align:start position:0% +misdemeanors uh and these are both these +strains of Comedy are robust and deeply + + align:start position:0% +strains of Comedy are robust and deeply + + + align:start position:0% +strains of Comedy are robust and deeply +popular in the era but the form of + + align:start position:0% +popular in the era but the form of + + + align:start position:0% +popular in the era but the form of +Comedy that I want us to focus on and + + align:start position:0% +Comedy that I want us to focus on and + + + align:start position:0% +Comedy that I want us to focus on and +that I'm uh that that we're centering on + + align:start position:0% +that I'm uh that that we're centering on + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm uh that that we're centering on +for in in in this week is is the most + + align:start position:0% +for in in in this week is is the most + + + align:start position:0% +for in in in this week is is the most +important of these of of these strains + + align:start position:0% +important of these of of these strains + + + align:start position:0% +important of these of of these strains +of Comedy it's what what has come to be + + align:start position:0% +of Comedy it's what what has come to be + + + align:start position:0% +of Comedy it's what what has come to be +called screw ball comedy + + align:start position:0% +called screw ball comedy + + + align:start position:0% +called screw ball comedy +and uh let me say a few things about + + align:start position:0% +and uh let me say a few things about + + + align:start position:0% +and uh let me say a few things about +scre ball comedy as a category uh uh + + align:start position:0% +scre ball comedy as a category uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +scre ball comedy as a category uh uh +describe it a little bit and then I want + + align:start position:0% +describe it a little bit and then I want + + + align:start position:0% +describe it a little bit and then I want +to show you two clips uh that are + + align:start position:0% +to show you two clips uh that are + + + align:start position:0% +to show you two clips uh that are +intended to illustrate many of the + + align:start position:0% +intended to illustrate many of the + + + align:start position:0% +intended to illustrate many of the +principles I'm trying to articulate here + + align:start position:0% +principles I'm trying to articulate here + + + align:start position:0% +principles I'm trying to articulate here +uh and we'll come back to this idea of + + align:start position:0% +uh and we'll come back to this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we'll come back to this idea of +star and genre in these clips as well + + align:start position:0% +star and genre in these clips as well + + + align:start position:0% +star and genre in these clips as well +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +they'll that those elements are also at + + align:start position:0% +they'll that those elements are also at + + + align:start position:0% +they'll that those elements are also at +issue or embedded in what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +issue or embedded in what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +issue or embedded in what I want you to +look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um maybe I should have mentioned if you + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I should have mentioned if you + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I should have mentioned if you +were curious about the later uh + + align:start position:0% +were curious about the later uh + + + align:start position:0% +were curious about the later uh +incarnations of of U worldly comedy I + + align:start position:0% +incarnations of of U worldly comedy I + + + align:start position:0% +incarnations of of U worldly comedy I +meant to mention that for example in + + align:start position:0% +meant to mention that for example in + + + align:start position:0% +meant to mention that for example in +1998 Nora Efron made a film called + + align:start position:0% +1998 Nora Efron made a film called + + + align:start position:0% +1998 Nora Efron made a film called +You've Got Mail how many of you have + + align:start position:0% +You've Got Mail how many of you have + + + align:start position:0% +You've Got Mail how many of you have +seen it at least a couple that's a + + align:start position:0% +seen it at least a couple that's a + + + align:start position:0% +seen it at least a couple that's a +remake of one of lich's films and in + + align:start position:0% +remake of one of lich's films and in + + + align:start position:0% +remake of one of lich's films and in +fact the the luit film the shop around + + align:start position:0% +fact the the luit film the shop around + + + align:start position:0% +fact the the luit film the shop around +the corner is a much more wonderful film + + align:start position:0% +the corner is a much more wonderful film + + + align:start position:0% +the corner is a much more wonderful film +uh and that it's a it's a measure I + + align:start position:0% +uh and that it's a it's a measure I + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that it's a it's a measure I +think in part of the power and authority + + align:start position:0% +think in part of the power and authority + + + align:start position:0% +think in part of the power and authority +of lit's imagination and the Elegance of + + align:start position:0% +of lit's imagination and the Elegance of + + + align:start position:0% +of lit's imagination and the Elegance of +his comedies that they continue to + + align:start position:0% +his comedies that they continue to + + + align:start position:0% +his comedies that they continue to +inspire um imitation in that way but + + align:start position:0% +inspire um imitation in that way but + + + align:start position:0% +inspire um imitation in that way but +scub ball comedy uh uh is is in some + + align:start position:0% +scub ball comedy uh uh is is in some + + + align:start position:0% +scub ball comedy uh uh is is in some +ways a distinctive a signature form of + + align:start position:0% +ways a distinctive a signature form of + + + align:start position:0% +ways a distinctive a signature form of +American movies it's a unique creation + + align:start position:0% +American movies it's a unique creation + + + align:start position:0% +American movies it's a unique creation +of Hollywood in the Depression years + + align:start position:0% +of Hollywood in the Depression years + + + align:start position:0% +of Hollywood in the Depression years +it's derived in part from Broadway + + align:start position:0% +it's derived in part from Broadway + + + align:start position:0% +it's derived in part from Broadway +farces of of of the 1920s and also from + + align:start position:0% +farces of of of the 1920s and also from + + + align:start position:0% +farces of of of the 1920s and also from +the slapstick physical comedy of the + + align:start position:0% +the slapstick physical comedy of the + + + align:start position:0% +the slapstick physical comedy of the +silent era it's a kind of marriage or + + align:start position:0% +silent era it's a kind of marriage or + + + align:start position:0% +silent era it's a kind of marriage or +hybrid and remember we've already said + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and remember we've already said + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid and remember we've already said +this let me remind you one measure of a + + align:start position:0% +this let me remind you one measure of a + + + align:start position:0% +this let me remind you one measure of a +mature medium or of a medium that's + + align:start position:0% +mature medium or of a medium that's + + + align:start position:0% +mature medium or of a medium that's +coming into maturity an expressive + + align:start position:0% +coming into maturity an expressive + + + align:start position:0% +coming into maturity an expressive +medium a Communications medium uh one + + align:start position:0% +medium a Communications medium uh one + + + align:start position:0% +medium a Communications medium uh one +measure of its maturity or of its + + align:start position:0% +measure of its maturity or of its + + + align:start position:0% +measure of its maturity or of its +emerging maturity is that forms that + + align:start position:0% +emerging maturity is that forms that + + + align:start position:0% +emerging maturity is that forms that +used to be thought to be separate marry + + align:start position:0% +used to be thought to be separate marry + + + align:start position:0% +used to be thought to be separate marry +become hybridized right so that you get + + align:start position:0% +become hybridized right so that you get + + + align:start position:0% +become hybridized right so that you get +and one of the things I was suggesting + + align:start position:0% +and one of the things I was suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the things I was suggesting +about chaplain's work is it suggests a + + align:start position:0% +about chaplain's work is it suggests a + + + align:start position:0% +about chaplain's work is it suggests a +new maturity in the film in the in the + + align:start position:0% +new maturity in the film in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +new maturity in the film in the in the +in in the cinema as an institution + + align:start position:0% +in in the cinema as an institution + + + align:start position:0% +in in the cinema as an institution +because it's marrying comedy and + + align:start position:0% +because it's marrying comedy and + + + align:start position:0% +because it's marrying comedy and +melodrama because chaplain brings + + align:start position:0% +melodrama because chaplain brings + + + align:start position:0% +melodrama because chaplain brings +seriousness into comedy he slows it down + + align:start position:0% +seriousness into comedy he slows it down + + + align:start position:0% +seriousness into comedy he slows it down +it's not merely just slapstick anymore + + align:start position:0% +it's not merely just slapstick anymore + + + align:start position:0% +it's not merely just slapstick anymore +it's also psychologically resonant it + + align:start position:0% +it's also psychologically resonant it + + + align:start position:0% +it's also psychologically resonant it +also can not only can it make you laugh + + align:start position:0% +also can not only can it make you laugh + + + align:start position:0% +also can not only can it make you laugh +it can move you right so that that + + align:start position:0% +it can move you right so that that + + + align:start position:0% +it can move you right so that that +marriage or hybridization of two + + align:start position:0% +marriage or hybridization of two + + + align:start position:0% +marriage or hybridization of two +essentially separate forms right + + align:start position:0% +essentially separate forms right + + + align:start position:0% +essentially separate forms right +melodrama comedy makes for a richer film + + align:start position:0% +melodrama comedy makes for a richer film + + + align:start position:0% +melodrama comedy makes for a richer film +and that's we're say what I'm saying the + + align:start position:0% +and that's we're say what I'm saying the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's we're say what I'm saying the +same kind of thing about this particular + + align:start position:0% +same kind of thing about this particular + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of thing about this particular +form of Comedy this this merging of of a + + align:start position:0% +form of Comedy this this merging of of a + + + align:start position:0% +form of Comedy this this merging of of a +of of ancestor forms of a of the + + align:start position:0% +of of ancestor forms of a of the + + + align:start position:0% +of of ancestor forms of a of the +slapstick comedy of the silent era and + + align:start position:0% +slapstick comedy of the silent era and + + + align:start position:0% +slapstick comedy of the silent era and +of course the slapstick comedy of the + + align:start position:0% +of course the slapstick comedy of the + + + align:start position:0% +of course the slapstick comedy of the +silent era has its ancestors in in stage + + align:start position:0% +silent era has its ancestors in in stage + + + align:start position:0% +silent era has its ancestors in in stage +slapstick uh and fast dialogue and witty + + align:start position:0% +slapstick uh and fast dialogue and witty + + + align:start position:0% +slapstick uh and fast dialogue and witty +reporte that was especially + + align:start position:0% +reporte that was especially + + + align:start position:0% +reporte that was especially +characteristic of a series of Broadway + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of a series of Broadway + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of a series of Broadway +forces made in the 19 teens and 19 and + + align:start position:0% +forces made in the 19 teens and 19 and + + + align:start position:0% +forces made in the 19 teens and 19 and +1920s uh but but but the particular + + align:start position:0% +1920s uh but but but the particular + + + align:start position:0% +1920s uh but but but the particular +historical moment in which this form + + align:start position:0% +historical moment in which this form + + + align:start position:0% +historical moment in which this form +emerges is also a shaping factor in the + + align:start position:0% +emerges is also a shaping factor in the + + + align:start position:0% +emerges is also a shaping factor in the +kind of Comedy that and the kind the + + align:start position:0% +kind of Comedy that and the kind the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Comedy that and the kind the +subject matter of these comedies the key + + align:start position:0% +subject matter of these comedies the key + + + align:start position:0% +subject matter of these comedies the key +qualities of scow ball comedy were a + + align:start position:0% +qualities of scow ball comedy were a + + + align:start position:0% +qualities of scow ball comedy were a +kind of irreverent humor a kind of you + + align:start position:0% +kind of irreverent humor a kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of irreverent humor a kind of you +know something of the anarchic + + align:start position:0% +know something of the anarchic + + + align:start position:0% +know something of the anarchic +subversive skepticism that's + + align:start position:0% +subversive skepticism that's + + + align:start position:0% +subversive skepticism that's +characteristic of many comic + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of many comic + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of many comic +perspectives coupled with very + + align:start position:0% +perspectives coupled with very + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives coupled with very +fast-paced vernacular dialogue one way + + align:start position:0% +fast-paced vernacular dialogue one way + + + align:start position:0% +fast-paced vernacular dialogue one way +to think about scre ball comedy is to + + align:start position:0% +to think about scre ball comedy is to + + + align:start position:0% +to think about scre ball comedy is to +say it's one of the first forms along + + align:start position:0% +say it's one of the first forms along + + + align:start position:0% +say it's one of the first forms along +with along with singing movies movies + + align:start position:0% +with along with singing movies movies + + + align:start position:0% +with along with singing movies movies +that have singing in I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +that have singing in I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +that have singing in I don't want to +call them musicals yet because sometimes + + align:start position:0% +call them musicals yet because sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +call them musicals yet because sometimes +they weren't fully musicals although + + align:start position:0% +they weren't fully musicals although + + + align:start position:0% +they weren't fully musicals although +musicals do emerge at a very early time + + align:start position:0% +musicals do emerge at a very early time + + + align:start position:0% +musicals do emerge at a very early time +but any movie that had singing in it + + align:start position:0% +but any movie that had singing in it + + + align:start position:0% +but any movie that had singing in it +like some westerns early westerns had + + align:start position:0% +like some westerns early westerns had + + + align:start position:0% +like some westerns early westerns had +singing in it because why because sound + + align:start position:0% +singing in it because why because sound + + + align:start position:0% +singing in it because why because sound +had just come in and it was a novelty + + align:start position:0% +had just come in and it was a novelty + + + align:start position:0% +had just come in and it was a novelty +right well one the scrob bow comedy is + + align:start position:0% +right well one the scrob bow comedy is + + + align:start position:0% +right well one the scrob bow comedy is +one of the forms that exploits sound in + + align:start position:0% +one of the forms that exploits sound in + + + align:start position:0% +one of the forms that exploits sound in +a really expressive and Powerful way + + align:start position:0% +a really expressive and Powerful way + + + align:start position:0% +a really expressive and Powerful way +compelling way because it's full of + + align:start position:0% +compelling way because it's full of + + + align:start position:0% +compelling way because it's full of +dialogue and it's full of witty rapid + + align:start position:0% +dialogue and it's full of witty rapid + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue and it's full of witty rapid +rapid dialogue most often arguments or + + align:start position:0% +rapid dialogue most often arguments or + + + align:start position:0% +rapid dialogue most often arguments or +conflicts or quarrels between men and + + align:start position:0% +conflicts or quarrels between men and + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts or quarrels between men and +women dramatizing certain kinds of + + align:start position:0% +women dramatizing certain kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +women dramatizing certain kinds of +conflicts of gender uh in the in in in + + align:start position:0% +conflicts of gender uh in the in in in + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts of gender uh in the in in in +the in the course of the film uh so key + + align:start position:0% +the in the course of the film uh so key + + + align:start position:0% +the in the course of the film uh so key +qualities irreverent humor a kind of + + align:start position:0% +qualities irreverent humor a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +qualities irreverent humor a kind of +vernacular fast-paced dialogue a fast + + align:start position:0% +vernacular fast-paced dialogue a fast + + + align:start position:0% +vernacular fast-paced dialogue a fast +physical Pace as well full of slapstick + + align:start position:0% +physical Pace as well full of slapstick + + + align:start position:0% +physical Pace as well full of slapstick +right physical slap so a physical quick + + align:start position:0% +right physical slap so a physical quick + + + align:start position:0% +right physical slap so a physical quick +pace and a verbal quick Pace that are + + align:start position:0% +pace and a verbal quick Pace that are + + + align:start position:0% +pace and a verbal quick Pace that are +often in in uh in a competition with + + align:start position:0% +often in in uh in a competition with + + + align:start position:0% +often in in uh in a competition with +each other to see which can be more + + align:start position:0% +each other to see which can be more + + + align:start position:0% +each other to see which can be more +irreverent and quick and fast and abrupt + + align:start position:0% +irreverent and quick and fast and abrupt + + + align:start position:0% +irreverent and quick and fast and abrupt +uh eccentric off often Highborn + + align:start position:0% +uh eccentric off often Highborn + + + align:start position:0% +uh eccentric off often Highborn +characters who are made fun of and + + align:start position:0% +characters who are made fun of and + + + align:start position:0% +characters who are made fun of and +mocked a lot of screw ball comedy deals + + align:start position:0% +mocked a lot of screw ball comedy deals + + + align:start position:0% +mocked a lot of screw ball comedy deals +with the upper social orders but they're + + align:start position:0% +with the upper social orders but they're + + + align:start position:0% +with the upper social orders but they're +seen as clownish or foolish in some way + + align:start position:0% +seen as clownish or foolish in some way + + + align:start position:0% +seen as clownish or foolish in some way +and in many scre ball comedies the + + align:start position:0% +and in many scre ball comedies the + + + align:start position:0% +and in many scre ball comedies the +wealthy characters need to be rescued by + + align:start position:0% +wealthy characters need to be rescued by + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy characters need to be rescued by +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +servants there it's a it's a very uh uh + + align:start position:0% +servants there it's a it's a very uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +servants there it's a it's a very uh uh +modest form of class Warfare in which + + align:start position:0% +modest form of class Warfare in which + + + align:start position:0% +modest form of class Warfare in which +we're in which there's in which in again + + align:start position:0% +we're in which there's in which in again + + + align:start position:0% +we're in which there's in which in again +it's remember it's the American + + align:start position:0% +it's remember it's the American + + + align:start position:0% +it's remember it's the American +capitalist system is making these + + align:start position:0% +capitalist system is making these + + + align:start position:0% +capitalist system is making these +stories so we're not going to have a + + align:start position:0% +stories so we're not going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +stories so we're not going to have a +Marxist comedy that that says that says + + align:start position:0% +Marxist comedy that that says that says + + + align:start position:0% +Marxist comedy that that says that says +that the government should be overthrown + + align:start position:0% +that the government should be overthrown + + + align:start position:0% +that the government should be overthrown +by violence right but but what the + + align:start position:0% +by violence right but but what the + + + align:start position:0% +by violence right but but what the +comedy right it's constrained in certain + + align:start position:0% +comedy right it's constrained in certain + + + align:start position:0% +comedy right it's constrained in certain +ways the what what what the what the + + align:start position:0% +ways the what what what the what the + + + align:start position:0% +ways the what what what the what the +story is able to say what the films are + + align:start position:0% +story is able to say what the films are + + + align:start position:0% +story is able to say what the films are +able to say this is a matter to which + + align:start position:0% +able to say this is a matter to which + + + align:start position:0% +able to say this is a matter to which +I'll return tonight and talk a little + + align:start position:0% +I'll return tonight and talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +I'll return tonight and talk a little +bit more fully about the the art the + + align:start position:0% +bit more fully about the the art the + + + align:start position:0% +bit more fully about the the art the +ideological and political limits that + + align:start position:0% +ideological and political limits that + + + align:start position:0% +ideological and political limits that +are imposed on the Hollywood system + + align:start position:0% +are imposed on the Hollywood system + + + align:start position:0% +are imposed on the Hollywood system +because it has to appeal to everyone and + + align:start position:0% +because it has to appeal to everyone and + + + align:start position:0% +because it has to appeal to everyone and +I think what I have to say will clarify + + align:start position:0% +I think what I have to say will clarify + + + align:start position:0% +I think what I have to say will clarify +this the these questions in ways that + + align:start position:0% +this the these questions in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +this the these questions in ways that +you'll find very helpful um but for now + + align:start position:0% +you'll find very helpful um but for now + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find very helpful um but for now +let's stick with situ with with with + + align:start position:0% +let's stick with situ with with with + + + align:start position:0% +let's stick with situ with with with +screw ball comedy itself uh these + + align:start position:0% +screw ball comedy itself uh these + + + align:start position:0% +screw ball comedy itself uh these +Highborn characters that and they're + + align:start position:0% +Highborn characters that and they're + + + align:start position:0% +Highborn characters that and they're +criticized and seen as clownish but + + align:start position:0% +criticized and seen as clownish but + + + align:start position:0% +criticized and seen as clownish but +they're never seen as morally evil in + + align:start position:0% +they're never seen as morally evil in + + + align:start position:0% +they're never seen as morally evil in +the way that a Marxist or a social + + align:start position:0% +the way that a Marxist or a social + + + align:start position:0% +the way that a Marxist or a social +historian might might might might regard + + align:start position:0% +historian might might might might regard + + + align:start position:0% +historian might might might might regard +them um um um often uh the stories are + + align:start position:0% +them um um um often uh the stories are + + + align:start position:0% +them um um um often uh the stories are +often very deeply improbable ones that + + align:start position:0% +often very deeply improbable ones that + + + align:start position:0% +often very deeply improbable ones that +are set among the irresponsible wealthy + + align:start position:0% +are set among the irresponsible wealthy + + + align:start position:0% +are set among the irresponsible wealthy +irresponsibly wealthy people uh uh often + + align:start position:0% +irresponsibly wealthy people uh uh often + + + align:start position:0% +irresponsibly wealthy people uh uh often +the aristocrats are very spoiled and + + align:start position:0% +the aristocrats are very spoiled and + + + align:start position:0% +the aristocrats are very spoiled and +hard drinking um um in one of the most + + align:start position:0% +hard drinking um um in one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +hard drinking um um in one of the most +famous of these a film made in 1936 7 + + align:start position:0% +famous of these a film made in 1936 7 + + + align:start position:0% +famous of these a film made in 1936 7 +titled My Man Godfrey directed by + + align:start position:0% +titled My Man Godfrey directed by + + + align:start position:0% +titled My Man Godfrey directed by +Gregory laava uh Carol Lombard and + + align:start position:0% +Gregory laava uh Carol Lombard and + + + align:start position:0% +Gregory laava uh Carol Lombard and +William Powell two of the central uh + + align:start position:0% +William Powell two of the central uh + + + align:start position:0% +William Powell two of the central uh +situation of screw ball comedy + + align:start position:0% +situation of screw ball comedy + + + align:start position:0% +situation of screw ball comedy +performers uh are are the stars uh and + + align:start position:0% +performers uh are are the stars uh and + + + align:start position:0% +performers uh are are the stars uh and +there is a u u u a scene in a shanty + + align:start position:0% +there is a u u u a scene in a shanty + + + align:start position:0% +there is a u u u a scene in a shanty +town uh by the by by the river in which + + align:start position:0% +town uh by the by by the river in which + + + align:start position:0% +town uh by the by by the river in which +the poor are are are located and the + + align:start position:0% +the poor are are are located and the + + + align:start position:0% +the poor are are are located and the +film seems to uh make some sort of an + + align:start position:0% +film seems to uh make some sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +film seems to uh make some sort of an +acknowledgement of the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgement of the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgement of the fact that the +poor are here it's acknowledging the + + align:start position:0% +poor are here it's acknowledging the + + + align:start position:0% +poor are here it's acknowledging the +horrors of the depression but it solves + + align:start position:0% +horrors of the depression but it solves + + + align:start position:0% +horrors of the depression but it solves +the horrors of the depression In The End + + align:start position:0% +the horrors of the depression In The End + + + align:start position:0% +the horrors of the depression In The End +by having the wealthy people build a + + align:start position:0% +by having the wealthy people build a + + + align:start position:0% +by having the wealthy people build a +nightclub out the on the Riverbanks to + + align:start position:0% +nightclub out the on the Riverbanks to + + + align:start position:0% +nightclub out the on the Riverbanks to +create employment for all the unemployed + + align:start position:0% +create employment for all the unemployed + + + align:start position:0% +create employment for all the unemployed +and and it's a kind of very imposed and + + align:start position:0% +and and it's a kind of very imposed and + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's a kind of very imposed and +rather foolish in some sense happy + + align:start position:0% +rather foolish in some sense happy + + + align:start position:0% +rather foolish in some sense happy +ending so the film acknowledges in some + + align:start position:0% +ending so the film acknowledges in some + + + align:start position:0% +ending so the film acknowledges in some +that film acknowledges more fully than + + align:start position:0% +that film acknowledges more fully than + + + align:start position:0% +that film acknowledges more fully than +some screw ball comedies the actual + + align:start position:0% +some screw ball comedies the actual + + + align:start position:0% +some screw ball comedies the actual +existence of shanty towns of places + + align:start position:0% +existence of shanty towns of places + + + align:start position:0% +existence of shanty towns of places +where homeless people or people who who + + align:start position:0% +where homeless people or people who who + + + align:start position:0% +where homeless people or people who who +who have to live under canvas live uh uh + + align:start position:0% +who have to live under canvas live uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +who have to live under canvas live uh uh +um many scall comedies didn't even go + + align:start position:0% +um many scall comedies didn't even go + + + align:start position:0% +um many scall comedies didn't even go +that for but it solves the social + + align:start position:0% +that for but it solves the social + + + align:start position:0% +that for but it solves the social +problem in a in a in a + + align:start position:0% +problem in a in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +problem in a in a in a +characteristically mythological and + + align:start position:0% +characteristically mythological and + + + align:start position:0% +characteristically mythological and +magical uh socially incredible way + + align:start position:0% +magical uh socially incredible way + + + align:start position:0% +magical uh socially incredible way +another aspect of these of these films + + align:start position:0% +another aspect of these of these films + + + align:start position:0% +another aspect of these of these films +is that they foregrounded women and this + + align:start position:0% +is that they foregrounded women and this + + + align:start position:0% +is that they foregrounded women and this +is a very important aspect of them this + + align:start position:0% +is a very important aspect of them this + + + align:start position:0% +is a very important aspect of them this +is partly a function of the fact that in + + align:start position:0% +is partly a function of the fact that in + + + align:start position:0% +is partly a function of the fact that in +the 1920s the the era of the flappers a + + align:start position:0% +the 1920s the the era of the flappers a + + + align:start position:0% +the 1920s the the era of the flappers a +new kind of sexually liberated woman + + align:start position:0% +new kind of sexually liberated woman + + + align:start position:0% +new kind of sexually liberated woman +begins to appear right some some of that + + align:start position:0% +begins to appear right some some of that + + + align:start position:0% +begins to appear right some some of that +is an outgrowth of the fact that during + + align:start position:0% +is an outgrowth of the fact that during + + + align:start position:0% +is an outgrowth of the fact that during +this during the first world war when so + + align:start position:0% +this during the first world war when so + + + align:start position:0% +this during the first world war when so +many American men were were were were + + align:start position:0% +many American men were were were were + + + align:start position:0% +many American men were were were were +were were in were in uniform right uh wh + + align:start position:0% +were were in were in uniform right uh wh + + + align:start position:0% +were were in were in uniform right uh wh +women got new jobs and were able to work + + align:start position:0% +women got new jobs and were able to work + + + align:start position:0% +women got new jobs and were able to work +get into the workforce uh for the first + + align:start position:0% +get into the workforce uh for the first + + + align:start position:0% +get into the workforce uh for the first +time and that created moments of freedom + + align:start position:0% +time and that created moments of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +time and that created moments of freedom +for women that had never existed in + + align:start position:0% +for women that had never existed in + + + align:start position:0% +for women that had never existed in +American society before and some of that + + align:start position:0% +American society before and some of that + + + align:start position:0% +American society before and some of that +is reflected in screw ball comedy and in + + align:start position:0% +is reflected in screw ball comedy and in + + + align:start position:0% +is reflected in screw ball comedy and in +other films as well but especially in + + align:start position:0% +other films as well but especially in + + + align:start position:0% +other films as well but especially in +the screw ball comedies of the era so it + + align:start position:0% +the screw ball comedies of the era so it + + + align:start position:0% +the screw ball comedies of the era so it +foregrounds women and it it shows women + + align:start position:0% +foregrounds women and it it shows women + + + align:start position:0% +foregrounds women and it it shows women +who often have a great deal more energy + + align:start position:0% +who often have a great deal more energy + + + align:start position:0% +who often have a great deal more energy +and freedom than the females in other + + align:start position:0% +and freedom than the females in other + + + align:start position:0% +and freedom than the females in other +films of the of of the era uh very often + + align:start position:0% +films of the of of the era uh very often + + + align:start position:0% +films of the of of the era uh very often +in these films Mar marriage is seen for + + align:start position:0% +in these films Mar marriage is seen for + + + align:start position:0% +in these films Mar marriage is seen for +the first time as a partnership of + + align:start position:0% +the first time as a partnership of + + + align:start position:0% +the first time as a partnership of +equals and as you'll see and It Happened + + align:start position:0% +equals and as you'll see and It Happened + + + align:start position:0% +equals and as you'll see and It Happened +One Night that's the ideal of marriage + + align:start position:0% +One Night that's the ideal of marriage + + + align:start position:0% +One Night that's the ideal of marriage +that's dramatized in that film one of + + align:start position:0% +that's dramatized in that film one of + + + align:start position:0% +that's dramatized in that film one of +the two scre ball comedies we'll be + + align:start position:0% +the two scre ball comedies we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +the two scre ball comedies we'll be +looking at this evening so there's the + + align:start position:0% +looking at this evening so there's the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this evening so there's the +these films also reflected the social + + align:start position:0% +these films also reflected the social + + + align:start position:0% +these films also reflected the social +disorientation of the 30s the uncertain + + align:start position:0% +disorientation of the 30s the uncertain + + + align:start position:0% +disorientation of the 30s the uncertain +values that were represented in the + + align:start position:0% +values that were represented in the + + + align:start position:0% +values that were represented in the +during the during the Depression that + + align:start position:0% +during the during the Depression that + + + align:start position:0% +during the during the Depression that +the the fear in some sense that the + + align:start position:0% +the the fear in some sense that the + + + align:start position:0% +the the fear in some sense that the +culture was breaking down or that the + + align:start position:0% +culture was breaking down or that the + + + align:start position:0% +culture was breaking down or that the +fabric of society was tearing in some + + align:start position:0% +fabric of society was tearing in some + + + align:start position:0% +fabric of society was tearing in some +ways right uh and uh so these films were + + align:start position:0% +ways right uh and uh so these films were + + + align:start position:0% +ways right uh and uh so these films were +ironically were simultaneously Escapist + + align:start position:0% +ironically were simultaneously Escapist + + + align:start position:0% +ironically were simultaneously Escapist +because they were screw ball comedies + + align:start position:0% +because they were screw ball comedies + + + align:start position:0% +because they were screw ball comedies +and they did zany things and they they + + align:start position:0% +and they did zany things and they they + + + align:start position:0% +and they did zany things and they they +they often had ridiculous or improbable + + align:start position:0% +they often had ridiculous or improbable + + + align:start position:0% +they often had ridiculous or improbable +plots and improbable characters and yet + + align:start position:0% +plots and improbable characters and yet + + + align:start position:0% +plots and improbable characters and yet +at the same time the anxiety that they + + align:start position:0% +at the same time the anxiety that they + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time the anxiety that they +also dramatize the anxiety of things + + align:start position:0% +also dramatize the anxiety of things + + + align:start position:0% +also dramatize the anxiety of things +falling apart of the center not holding + + align:start position:0% +falling apart of the center not holding + + + align:start position:0% +falling apart of the center not holding +of of a of a kind of of of of uh uh of + + align:start position:0% +of of a of a kind of of of of uh uh of + + + align:start position:0% +of of a of a kind of of of of uh uh of +danger to the to the established + + align:start position:0% +danger to the to the established + + + align:start position:0% +danger to the to the established +structures and belief systems of the + + align:start position:0% +structures and belief systems of the + + + align:start position:0% +structures and belief systems of the +society uh underlay even the even even + + align:start position:0% +society uh underlay even the even even + + + align:start position:0% +society uh underlay even the even even +the most apparently Escapist of these + + align:start position:0% +the most apparently Escapist of these + + + align:start position:0% +the most apparently Escapist of these +films so there's a subtext then of + + align:start position:0% +films so there's a subtext then of + + + align:start position:0% +films so there's a subtext then of +strong women of quarreling and + + align:start position:0% +strong women of quarreling and + + + align:start position:0% +strong women of quarreling and +manipulating manipulative men uh and of + + align:start position:0% +manipulating manipulative men uh and of + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating manipulative men uh and of +especially and of course one of the + + align:start position:0% +especially and of course one of the + + + align:start position:0% +especially and of course one of the +things this dramatized for us were were + + align:start position:0% +things this dramatized for us were were + + + align:start position:0% +things this dramatized for us were were +intelligent and witty women like + + align:start position:0% +intelligent and witty women like + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent and witty women like +Katherine heurn in bringing up baby or + + align:start position:0% +Katherine heurn in bringing up baby or + + + align:start position:0% +Katherine heurn in bringing up baby or +or claudet colar in the film you're + + align:start position:0% +or claudet colar in the film you're + + + align:start position:0% +or claudet colar in the film you're +going to see tonight It Happened One + + align:start position:0% +going to see tonight It Happened One + + + align:start position:0% +going to see tonight It Happened One +Night or Roslin Russell in the second SC + + align:start position:0% +Night or Roslin Russell in the second SC + + + align:start position:0% +Night or Roslin Russell in the second SC +ball comedy you're going to see tonight + + align:start position:0% +ball comedy you're going to see tonight + + + align:start position:0% +ball comedy you're going to see tonight +um his girl + + align:start position:0% +um his girl + + + align:start position:0% +um his girl +Friday so imp and then finally implicit + + align:start position:0% +Friday so imp and then finally implicit + + + align:start position:0% +Friday so imp and then finally implicit +then in what I've been saying is that + + align:start position:0% +then in what I've been saying is that + + + align:start position:0% +then in what I've been saying is that +there are implicit in these stories + + align:start position:0% +there are implicit in these stories + + + align:start position:0% +there are implicit in these stories +sometimes rising to the surface + + align:start position:0% +sometimes rising to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes rising to the surface +sometimes just beneath the surface but + + align:start position:0% +sometimes just beneath the surface but + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes just beneath the surface but +there as a kind of hint or anxiety are + + align:start position:0% +there as a kind of hint or anxiety are + + + align:start position:0% +there as a kind of hint or anxiety are +what we might call First some form of + + align:start position:0% +what we might call First some form of + + + align:start position:0% +what we might call First some form of +class conflict some sense that the class + + align:start position:0% +class conflict some sense that the class + + + align:start position:0% +class conflict some sense that the class +structure of the United States is a + + align:start position:0% +structure of the United States is a + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the United States is a +problem that the depression is causing + + align:start position:0% +problem that the depression is causing + + + align:start position:0% +problem that the depression is causing +difficulties right and second a form of + + align:start position:0% +difficulties right and second a form of + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties right and second a form of +sexual Warfare in which the inequality + + align:start position:0% +sexual Warfare in which the inequality + + + align:start position:0% +sexual Warfare in which the inequality +between men and women and the unequal + + align:start position:0% +between men and women and the unequal + + + align:start position:0% +between men and women and the unequal +relations that men and women have in + + align:start position:0% +relations that men and women have in + + + align:start position:0% +relations that men and women have in +this Society are put in question are + + align:start position:0% +this Society are put in question are + + + align:start position:0% +this Society are put in question are +quarreled with are in some sense even + + align:start position:0% +quarreled with are in some sense even + + + align:start position:0% +quarreled with are in some sense even +mocked and in many of these films the + + align:start position:0% +mocked and in many of these films the + + + align:start position:0% +mocked and in many of these films the +actress is the dominant figure and the + + align:start position:0% +actress is the dominant figure and the + + + align:start position:0% +actress is the dominant figure and the +male character is the secondary figure + + align:start position:0% +male character is the secondary figure + + + align:start position:0% +male character is the secondary figure +and even in and in some of the films + + align:start position:0% +and even in and in some of the films + + + align:start position:0% +and even in and in some of the films +where the male characters are even more + + align:start position:0% +where the male characters are even more + + + align:start position:0% +where the male characters are even more +powerful the best one can say is that + + align:start position:0% +powerful the best one can say is that + + + align:start position:0% +powerful the best one can say is that +they're equals uh and that in itself + + align:start position:0% +they're equals uh and that in itself + + + align:start position:0% +they're equals uh and that in itself +regardless of what the plot does was in + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what the plot does was in + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what the plot does was in +some sense not exactly revolutionary but + + align:start position:0% +some sense not exactly revolutionary but + + + align:start position:0% +some sense not exactly revolutionary but +transformative potentially + + align:start position:0% +transformative potentially + + + align:start position:0% +transformative potentially +transformative well what I want to do in + + align:start position:0% +transformative well what I want to do in + + + align:start position:0% +transformative well what I want to do in +the time I have left is show you two + + align:start position:0% +the time I have left is show you two + + + align:start position:0% +the time I have left is show you two +clips uh and they're intended to + + align:start position:0% +clips uh and they're intended to + + + align:start position:0% +clips uh and they're intended to +dramatize many of the principles I've + + align:start position:0% +dramatize many of the principles I've + + + align:start position:0% +dramatize many of the principles I've +been talking about so let me rehearse + + align:start position:0% +been talking about so let me rehearse + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about so let me rehearse +them very quickly I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +them very quickly I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +them very quickly I'm going to show you +two clips from uh from from two separate + + align:start position:0% +two clips from uh from from two separate + + + align:start position:0% +two clips from uh from from two separate +screw ball comedies one directed by + + align:start position:0% +screw ball comedies one directed by + + + align:start position:0% +screw ball comedies one directed by +Preston Sturgis in 1941 called the lady + + align:start position:0% +Preston Sturgis in 1941 called the lady + + + align:start position:0% +Preston Sturgis in 1941 called the lady +Eve second + + align:start position:0% +Eve second + + + align:start position:0% +Eve second +directed by Howard Hawks the director of + + align:start position:0% +directed by Howard Hawks the director of + + + align:start position:0% +directed by Howard Hawks the director of +the second film we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +the second film we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +the second film we're going to see +tonight ball of fire Hawks is probably + + align:start position:0% +tonight ball of fire Hawks is probably + + + align:start position:0% +tonight ball of fire Hawks is probably +of all the directors the one most + + align:start position:0% +of all the directors the one most + + + align:start position:0% +of all the directors the one most +identified with screw ball comedy + + align:start position:0% +identified with screw ball comedy + + + align:start position:0% +identified with screw ball comedy +although as you'll see tonight when I + + align:start position:0% +although as you'll see tonight when I + + + align:start position:0% +although as you'll see tonight when I +talk a bit more about him he was a + + align:start position:0% +talk a bit more about him he was a + + + align:start position:0% +talk a bit more about him he was a +master of other genres as well uh but + + align:start position:0% +master of other genres as well uh but + + + align:start position:0% +master of other genres as well uh but +the reason I want you to look at these + + align:start position:0% +the reason I want you to look at these + + + align:start position:0% +the reason I want you to look at these +two clips is two is multip I have + + align:start position:0% +two clips is two is multip I have + + + align:start position:0% +two clips is two is multip I have +multiple reasons right uh uh it's the + + align:start position:0% +multiple reasons right uh uh it's the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple reasons right uh uh it's the +multiplicity principle in criticism + + align:start position:0% +multiplicity principle in criticism + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicity principle in criticism +because what I what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +because what I what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +because what I what I want you to +recognize as you're looking at this is + + align:start position:0% +recognize as you're looking at this is + + + align:start position:0% +recognize as you're looking at this is +first the power of the star system + + align:start position:0% +first the power of the star system + + + align:start position:0% +first the power of the star system +because here's Barbara Stanwick at this + + align:start position:0% +because here's Barbara Stanwick at this + + + align:start position:0% +because here's Barbara Stanwick at this +point in her career she's one of the + + align:start position:0% +point in her career she's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +point in her career she's one of the +dominant female stars of the of of the + + align:start position:0% +dominant female stars of the of of the + + + align:start position:0% +dominant female stars of the of of the +of the in the society uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +of the in the society uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the in the society uh one of the +biggest money makers in the society and + + align:start position:0% +biggest money makers in the society and + + + align:start position:0% +biggest money makers in the society and +here we see her in two films belong that + + align:start position:0% +here we see her in two films belong that + + + align:start position:0% +here we see her in two films belong that +are in the same genre two different + + align:start position:0% +are in the same genre two different + + + align:start position:0% +are in the same genre two different +versions of scre ball comedy look as + + align:start position:0% +versions of scre ball comedy look as + + + align:start position:0% +versions of scre ball comedy look as +you're watching think about the way in + + align:start position:0% +you're watching think about the way in + + + align:start position:0% +you're watching think about the way in +which the Persona that she established + + align:start position:0% +which the Persona that she established + + + align:start position:0% +which the Persona that she established +the kind of character she stood for in + + align:start position:0% +the kind of character she stood for in + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of character she stood for in +film to film is both stable but also so + + align:start position:0% +film to film is both stable but also so + + + align:start position:0% +film to film is both stable but also so +changing that is to say the pleasure you + + align:start position:0% +changing that is to say the pleasure you + + + align:start position:0% +changing that is to say the pleasure you +take in watching the two different + + align:start position:0% +take in watching the two different + + + align:start position:0% +take in watching the two different +versions of of Stanwick is an embodiment + + align:start position:0% +versions of of Stanwick is an embodiment + + + align:start position:0% +versions of of Stanwick is an embodiment +of the principle I was talking before uh + + align:start position:0% +of the principle I was talking before uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the principle I was talking before uh +talking about before when I said that we + + align:start position:0% +talking about before when I said that we + + + align:start position:0% +talking about before when I said that we +need an aesthetic of connection we need + + align:start position:0% +need an aesthetic of connection we need + + + align:start position:0% +need an aesthetic of connection we need +to recognize that it's the familiar + + align:start position:0% +to recognize that it's the familiar + + + align:start position:0% +to recognize that it's the familiar +rather than the completely strange and + + align:start position:0% +rather than the completely strange and + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the completely strange and +new that can generate profound complex + + align:start position:0% +new that can generate profound complex + + + align:start position:0% +new that can generate profound complex +sense of artistic um um uh achievement + + align:start position:0% +sense of artistic um um uh achievement + + + align:start position:0% +sense of artistic um um uh achievement +because because the the the Stanwick we + + align:start position:0% +because because the the the Stanwick we + + + align:start position:0% +because because the the the Stanwick we +see in these two films is in many ways a + + align:start position:0% +see in these two films is in many ways a + + + align:start position:0% +see in these two films is in many ways a +radically different character but we can + + align:start position:0% +radically different character but we can + + + align:start position:0% +radically different character but we can +also see certain continuities across our + + align:start position:0% +also see certain continuities across our + + + align:start position:0% +also see certain continuities across our +character and we can take pleasure both + + align:start position:0% +character and we can take pleasure both + + + align:start position:0% +character and we can take pleasure both +in what in in what is the same about her + + align:start position:0% +in what in in what is the same about her + + + align:start position:0% +in what in in what is the same about her +but even more we can take pleasure in + + align:start position:0% +but even more we can take pleasure in + + + align:start position:0% +but even more we can take pleasure in +the variations she's working on this + + align:start position:0% +the variations she's working on this + + + align:start position:0% +the variations she's working on this +Persona so one of the things I is that + + align:start position:0% +Persona so one of the things I is that + + + align:start position:0% +Persona so one of the things I is that +is embedded here is a notion of acting + + align:start position:0% +is embedded here is a notion of acting + + + align:start position:0% +is embedded here is a notion of acting +that emerges in the in the in the in the + + align:start position:0% +that emerges in the in the in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +that emerges in the in the in the in the +studio era that establishes American + + align:start position:0% +studio era that establishes American + + + align:start position:0% +studio era that establishes American +acting as something different from from + + align:start position:0% +acting as something different from from + + + align:start position:0% +acting as something different from from +the classical British theory of what an + + align:start position:0% +the classical British theory of what an + + + align:start position:0% +the classical British theory of what an +actor is the classical British theory of + + align:start position:0% +actor is the classical British theory of + + + align:start position:0% +actor is the classical British theory of +what an actor is is that the actor + + align:start position:0% +what an actor is is that the actor + + + align:start position:0% +what an actor is is that the actor +submerges herself in her role and and + + align:start position:0% +submerges herself in her role and and + + + align:start position:0% +submerges herself in her role and and +becomes indistinguishable from the role + + align:start position:0% +becomes indistinguishable from the role + + + align:start position:0% +becomes indistinguishable from the role +and that you shouldn't even be able to + + align:start position:0% +and that you shouldn't even be able to + + + align:start position:0% +and that you shouldn't even be able to +recognize the actor from role to role + + align:start position:0% +recognize the actor from role to role + + + align:start position:0% +recognize the actor from role to role +the American system that emerges from + + align:start position:0% +the American system that emerges from + + + align:start position:0% +the American system that emerges from +the from Hollywood and from movies is an + + align:start position:0% +the from Hollywood and from movies is an + + + align:start position:0% +the from Hollywood and from movies is an +opposite one in which you not only are + + align:start position:0% +opposite one in which you not only are + + + align:start position:0% +opposite one in which you not only are +you supposed to recognize the actor + + align:start position:0% +you supposed to recognize the actor + + + align:start position:0% +you supposed to recognize the actor +you're supposed to take pleasure in the + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to take pleasure in the + + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to take pleasure in the +way the actor not it's not really + + align:start position:0% +way the actor not it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +way the actor not it's not really +Barbara Stanwick but the character of + + align:start position:0% +Barbara Stanwick but the character of + + + align:start position:0% +Barbara Stanwick but the character of +Stanwick plays the Persona Stanwick + + align:start position:0% +Stanwick plays the Persona Stanwick + + + align:start position:0% +Stanwick plays the Persona Stanwick +established it in film after film after + + align:start position:0% +established it in film after film after + + + align:start position:0% +established it in film after film after +film how does that Persona evolve uh + + align:start position:0% +film how does that Persona evolve uh + + + align:start position:0% +film how does that Persona evolve uh +change in nuances when when that Persona + + align:start position:0% +change in nuances when when that Persona + + + align:start position:0% +change in nuances when when that Persona +is presented with different sets of + + align:start position:0% +is presented with different sets of + + + align:start position:0% +is presented with different sets of +questions different sets of problem and + + align:start position:0% +questions different sets of problem and + + + align:start position:0% +questions different sets of problem and +what you can feel and this isn't just + + align:start position:0% +what you can feel and this isn't just + + + align:start position:0% +what you can feel and this isn't just +true of the actresses of course it's + + align:start position:0% +true of the actresses of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +true of the actresses of course it's +even trer of the male stars who had more + + align:start position:0% +even trer of the male stars who had more + + + align:start position:0% +even trer of the male stars who had more +freedom in there were more roles + + align:start position:0% +freedom in there were more roles + + + align:start position:0% +freedom in there were more roles +available to them so people who were + + align:start position:0% +available to them so people who were + + + align:start position:0% +available to them so people who were +interested in Clark Gable or and + + align:start position:0% +interested in Clark Gable or and + + + align:start position:0% +interested in Clark Gable or and +Humphrey Bogart could watch him across + + align:start position:0% +Humphrey Bogart could watch him across + + + align:start position:0% +Humphrey Bogart could watch him across +watch these actors across a range of + + align:start position:0% +watch these actors across a range of + + + align:start position:0% +watch these actors across a range of +films each time not getting the same + + align:start position:0% +films each time not getting the same + + + align:start position:0% +films each time not getting the same +experience but watching A variation on + + align:start position:0% +experience but watching A variation on + + + align:start position:0% +experience but watching A variation on +the Persona that the actor was setting + + align:start position:0% +the Persona that the actor was setting + + + align:start position:0% +the Persona that the actor was setting +up so I a new idea of acting a different + + align:start position:0% +up so I a new idea of acting a different + + + align:start position:0% +up so I a new idea of acting a different +conception of what an actor's job might + + align:start position:0% +conception of what an actor's job might + + + align:start position:0% +conception of what an actor's job might +be and of how the audience might have a + + align:start position:0% +be and of how the audience might have a + + + align:start position:0% +be and of how the audience might have a +kind of literacy in performance that + + align:start position:0% +kind of literacy in performance that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of literacy in performance that +would enhance and complicate their sense + + align:start position:0% +would enhance and complicate their sense + + + align:start position:0% +would enhance and complicate their sense +of any individual performance emerges in + + align:start position:0% +of any individual performance emerges in + + + align:start position:0% +of any individual performance emerges in +this era as well and the Stanwick Clips + + align:start position:0% +this era as well and the Stanwick Clips + + + align:start position:0% +this era as well and the Stanwick Clips +demonstrate that um the second thing I + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that um the second thing I + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that um the second thing I +want you to see again same principle + + align:start position:0% +want you to see again same principle + + + align:start position:0% +want you to see again same principle +having to do with with screw ball comedy + + align:start position:0% +having to do with with screw ball comedy + + + align:start position:0% +having to do with with screw ball comedy +itself here are two different screw ball + + align:start position:0% +itself here are two different screw ball + + + align:start position:0% +itself here are two different screw ball +comedies look at the differences in tone + + align:start position:0% +comedies look at the differences in tone + + + align:start position:0% +comedies look at the differences in tone +they belong to the same genre we can + + align:start position:0% +they belong to the same genre we can + + + align:start position:0% +they belong to the same genre we can +feel how much they belong to the same + + align:start position:0% +feel how much they belong to the same + + + align:start position:0% +feel how much they belong to the same +category but also how much variation + + align:start position:0% +category but also how much variation + + + align:start position:0% +category but also how much variation +there is between them so the point is it + + align:start position:0% +there is between them so the point is it + + + align:start position:0% +there is between them so the point is it +isn't a simple form of repetition at all + + align:start position:0% +isn't a simple form of repetition at all + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a simple form of repetition at all +it's a form of very complex elaboration + + align:start position:0% +it's a form of very complex elaboration + + + align:start position:0% +it's a form of very complex elaboration +and complication in which the relation + + align:start position:0% +and complication in which the relation + + + align:start position:0% +and complication in which the relation +between one text in the category and + + align:start position:0% +between one text in the category and + + + align:start position:0% +between one text in the category and +another text is far more complex + + align:start position:0% +another text is far more complex + + + align:start position:0% +another text is far more complex +artistically satisfying and Rich than we + + align:start position:0% +artistically satisfying and Rich than we + + + align:start position:0% +artistically satisfying and Rich than we +might imagine if we described this + + align:start position:0% +might imagine if we described this + + + align:start position:0% +might imagine if we described this +system in too abstract way so here is + + align:start position:0% +system in too abstract way so here is + + + align:start position:0% +system in too abstract way so here is +the first scene from the lady Eve and + + align:start position:0% +the first scene from the lady Eve and + + + align:start position:0% +the first scene from the lady Eve and +let me set the scene uh in this uh scene + + align:start position:0% +let me set the scene uh in this uh scene + + + align:start position:0% +let me set the scene uh in this uh scene +Barbara Stanwick plays a con lady uh + + align:start position:0% +Barbara Stanwick plays a con lady uh + + + align:start position:0% +Barbara Stanwick plays a con lady uh +she's on a ship uh loaded with wealthy + + align:start position:0% +she's on a ship uh loaded with wealthy + + + align:start position:0% +she's on a ship uh loaded with wealthy +Aristocrats wealthy American uh + + align:start position:0% +Aristocrats wealthy American uh + + + align:start position:0% +Aristocrats wealthy American uh +businessmen and she and her partner are + + align:start position:0% +businessmen and she and her partner are + + + align:start position:0% +businessmen and she and her partner are +trying to Gull them out of money right + + align:start position:0% +trying to Gull them out of money right + + + align:start position:0% +trying to Gull them out of money right +and she's sitting at dinner trying to + + align:start position:0% +and she's sitting at dinner trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and she's sitting at dinner trying to +pick out a guy that who's going to + + align:start position:0% +pick out a guy that who's going to + + + align:start position:0% +pick out a guy that who's going to +become her Mark played by the Great + + align:start position:0% +become her Mark played by the Great + + + align:start position:0% +become her Mark played by the Great +American comic and and serious actor + + align:start position:0% +American comic and and serious actor + + + align:start position:0% +American comic and and serious actor +Henry Fonda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he's very wealthy everybody knows he's + + align:start position:0% +he's very wealthy everybody knows he's + + + align:start position:0% +he's very wealthy everybody knows he's +very wealthy he's a beer he's the son of + + align:start position:0% +very wealthy he's a beer he's the son of + + + align:start position:0% +very wealthy he's a beer he's the son of +a beer magnet an ale + + align:start position:0% +a beer magnet an ale + + + align:start position:0% +a beer magnet an ale +magnet and he's sitting down in the + + align:start position:0% +magnet and he's sitting down in the + + + align:start position:0% +magnet and he's sitting down in the +dining hall of this cruise ship and all + + align:start position:0% +dining hall of this cruise ship and all + + + align:start position:0% +dining hall of this cruise ship and all +the all the + + align:start position:0% +the all the + + + align:start position:0% +the all the +uh Fortune hunting women who are there + + align:start position:0% +uh Fortune hunting women who are there + + + align:start position:0% +uh Fortune hunting women who are there +wanting to marry rich men are staring at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +not good enough what' you say I said + + align:start position:0% +not good enough what' you say I said + + + align:start position:0% +not good enough what' you say I said +they're not good enough for him every + + align:start position:0% +they're not good enough for him every + + + align:start position:0% +they're not good enough for him every +Jane in the room was giving him the + + align:start position:0% +Jane in the room was giving him the + + + align:start position:0% +Jane in the room was giving him the +thermometer and he feels they're just a + + align:start position:0% +thermometer and he feels they're just a + + + align:start position:0% +thermometer and he feels they're just a +waste of + + align:start position:0% +waste of + + + align:start position:0% +waste of +time he's returning to his book He's + + align:start position:0% +time he's returning to his book He's + + + align:start position:0% +time he's returning to his book He's +deeply immersed in it he sees no one + + align:start position:0% +deeply immersed in it he sees no one + + + align:start position:0% +deeply immersed in it he sees no one +Except watch his head turn when that kid + + align:start position:0% +Except watch his head turn when that kid + + + align:start position:0% +Except watch his head turn when that kid +goes by won't do you any good dear he's + + align:start position:0% +goes by won't do you any good dear he's + + + align:start position:0% +goes by won't do you any good dear he's +a bookworm but swing him anyway oh now + + align:start position:0% +a bookworm but swing him anyway oh now + + + align:start position:0% +a bookworm but swing him anyway oh now +how about this one how would you like + + align:start position:0% +how about this one how would you like + + + align:start position:0% +how about this one how would you like +that hanging on your Christmas tree oh + + align:start position:0% +that hanging on your Christmas tree oh + + + align:start position:0% +that hanging on your Christmas tree oh +you wouldn't well what is your weakness + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't well what is your weakness + + + align:start position:0% +you wouldn't well what is your weakness +brother holy so Stanwick has become the + + align:start position:0% +brother holy so Stanwick has become the + + + align:start position:0% +brother holy so Stanwick has become the +narrator of this scene you since L see + + align:start position:0% +narrator of this scene you since L see + + + align:start position:0% +narrator of this scene you since L see +how what intelligence she shows what + + align:start position:0% +how what intelligence she shows what + + + align:start position:0% +how what intelligence she shows what +know he doesn't care for the flesh + + align:start position:0% +know he doesn't care for the flesh + + + align:start position:0% +know he doesn't care for the flesh +you'll never see it look at that girl + + align:start position:0% +you'll never see it look at that girl + + + align:start position:0% +you'll never see it look at that girl +over to his + + align:start position:0% +over to his + + + align:start position:0% +over to his +left look over to your left Bookworm + + align:start position:0% +left look over to your left Bookworm + + + align:start position:0% +left look over to your left Bookworm +there's a girl pining for you a little + + align:start position:0% +there's a girl pining for you a little + + + align:start position:0% +there's a girl pining for you a little +further just a little further there + + align:start position:0% +further just a little further there + + + align:start position:0% +further just a little further there +wasn't that worth looking for see those + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that worth looking for see those + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that worth looking for see those +nice store teeth all beaming at you why + + align:start position:0% +nice store teeth all beaming at you why + + + align:start position:0% +nice store teeth all beaming at you why +she recognizes you she's up she's down + + align:start position:0% +she recognizes you she's up she's down + + + align:start position:0% +she recognizes you she's up she's down +she can't make up her mind she's up + + align:start position:0% +she can't make up her mind she's up + + + align:start position:0% +she can't make up her mind she's up +again she I hope you see how brilliant + + align:start position:0% +again she I hope you see how brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +again she I hope you see how brilliant +this is her hand here we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +this is her hand here we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +this is her hand here we're looking at +this through the you old Hammer I went + + align:start position:0% +this through the you old Hammer I went + + + align:start position:0% +this through the you old Hammer I went +to manual training school with in + + align:start position:0% +to manual training school with in + + + align:start position:0% +to manual training school with in +Louisville oh you're not but you + + align:start position:0% +Louisville oh you're not but you + + + align:start position:0% +Louisville oh you're not but you +certainly look exactly like him it's + + align:start position:0% +certainly look exactly like him it's + + + align:start position:0% +certainly look exactly like him it's +certainly a remarkable resemblance but + + align:start position:0% +certainly a remarkable resemblance but + + + align:start position:0% +certainly a remarkable resemblance but +if you're not going to ask me to sit + + align:start position:0% +if you're not going to ask me to sit + + + align:start position:0% +if you're not going to ask me to sit +down I suppose you're not going to ask + + align:start position:0% +down I suppose you're not going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +down I suppose you're not going to ask +me to sit down I'm very sorry I + + align:start position:0% +me to sit down I'm very sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +me to sit down I'm very sorry I +certainly hope I haven't caused you any + + align:start position:0% +certainly hope I haven't caused you any + + + align:start position:0% +certainly hope I haven't caused you any +embarrassment you so and + + align:start position:0% +embarrassment you so and + + + align:start position:0% +embarrassment you so and +so wonder if my TI's on straight I + + align:start position:0% +so wonder if my TI's on straight I + + + align:start position:0% +so wonder if my TI's on straight I +certainly upset them don't I now who who + + align:start position:0% +certainly upset them don't I now who who + + + align:start position:0% +certainly upset them don't I now who who +else is after me ah the lady Champion + + align:start position:0% +else is after me ah the lady Champion + + + align:start position:0% +else is after me ah the lady Champion +wrestler wouldn't she make a houseful + + align:start position:0% +wrestler wouldn't she make a houseful + + + align:start position:0% +wrestler wouldn't she make a houseful +well you don't like her either or what + + align:start position:0% +well you don't like her either or what + + + align:start position:0% +well you don't like her either or what +are you going to do about her oh you + + align:start position:0% +are you going to do about her oh you + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to do about her oh you +just can't stand it anymore you're + + align:start position:0% +just can't stand it anymore you're + + + align:start position:0% +just can't stand it anymore you're +leaving these women don't give you a + + align:start position:0% +leaving these women don't give you a + + + align:start position:0% +leaving these women don't give you a +Moment's Peace do they well go ahead go + + align:start position:0% +Moment's Peace do they well go ahead go + + + align:start position:0% +Moment's Peace do they well go ahead go +sulk in your cabin go soak your head and + + align:start position:0% +sulk in your cabin go soak your head and + + + align:start position:0% +sulk in your cabin go soak your head and +see if I + + align:start position:0% +see if I + + + align:start position:0% +see if I +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +care very sorry sir all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why don't you look where you're going + + align:start position:0% +why don't you look where you're going + + + align:start position:0% +why don't you look where you're going +why don't I look what you did to my shoe + + align:start position:0% +why don't I look what you did to my shoe + + + align:start position:0% +why don't I look what you did to my shoe +you knocked the heel off oh I did well + + align:start position:0% +you knocked the heel off oh I did well + + + align:start position:0% +you knocked the heel off oh I did well +I'm certainly sorry you didn't you can + + align:start position:0% +I'm certainly sorry you didn't you can + + + align:start position:0% +I'm certainly sorry you didn't you can +just take me right down to my cabin for + + align:start position:0% +just take me right down to my cabin for + + + align:start position:0% +just take me right down to my cabin for +another pair of slippers oh well + + align:start position:0% +another pair of slippers oh well + + + align:start position:0% +another pair of slippers oh well +certainly I guess it's the least I can + + align:start position:0% +certainly I guess it's the least I can + + + align:start position:0% +certainly I guess it's the least I can +do by the way my name's Pike oh + + align:start position:0% +do by the way my name's Pike oh + + + align:start position:0% +do by the way my name's Pike oh +everybody knows that nobody's talking + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows that nobody's talking + + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows that nobody's talking +about anything else this is my father + + align:start position:0% +about anything else this is my father + + + align:start position:0% +about anything else this is my father +Colonel Harrington my name is Gan it's + + align:start position:0% +Colonel Harrington my name is Gan it's + + + align:start position:0% +Colonel Harrington my name is Gan it's +really Eugenia come + + align:start position:0% +really Eugenia come + + + align:start position:0% +really Eugenia come +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +okay now I hope you recognize the + + align:start position:0% +okay now I hope you recognize the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I hope you recognize the +tremendous intelligence and width that + + align:start position:0% +tremendous intelligence and width that + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous intelligence and width that +was embedded in that dialogue that was a + + align:start position:0% +was embedded in that dialogue that was a + + + align:start position:0% +was embedded in that dialogue that was a +little too low what is revealed about + + align:start position:0% +little too low what is revealed about + + + align:start position:0% +little too low what is revealed about +that character dramatized about that + + align:start position:0% +that character dramatized about that + + + align:start position:0% +that character dramatized about that +character in that opening scene tells us + + align:start position:0% +character in that opening scene tells us + + + align:start position:0% +character in that opening scene tells us +almost everything we need to know about + + align:start position:0% +almost everything we need to know about + + + align:start position:0% +almost everything we need to know about +her not everything but almost everything + + align:start position:0% +her not everything but almost everything + + + align:start position:0% +her not everything but almost everything +uh and uh you can feel the the energy + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh you can feel the the energy + + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh you can feel the the energy +the wit and of course who's in control + + align:start position:0% +the wit and of course who's in control + + + align:start position:0% +the wit and of course who's in control +of that scene not the man but the woman + + align:start position:0% +of that scene not the man but the woman + + + align:start position:0% +of that scene not the man but the woman +uh now let's look at another scene from + + align:start position:0% +uh now let's look at another scene from + + + align:start position:0% +uh now let's look at another scene from +from Howard Hawk's film ball of fire the + + align:start position:0% +from Howard Hawk's film ball of fire the + + + align:start position:0% +from Howard Hawk's film ball of fire the +basic situation is Gary Cooper the man + + align:start position:0% +basic situation is Gary Cooper the man + + + align:start position:0% +basic situation is Gary Cooper the man +in the middle here this fellow Gary Gary + + align:start position:0% +in the middle here this fellow Gary Gary + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle here this fellow Gary Gary +Cooper is the head of a Consortium of + + align:start position:0% +Cooper is the head of a Consortium of + + + align:start position:0% +Cooper is the head of a Consortium of +Scholars who are compiling a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +Scholars who are compiling a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +Scholars who are compiling a dictionary +of the English language with special + + align:start position:0% +of the English language with special + + + align:start position:0% +of the English language with special +emphasis on colloquial or slang English + + align:start position:0% +emphasis on colloquial or slang English + + + align:start position:0% +emphasis on colloquial or slang English +right and and uh uh earlier in the film + + align:start position:0% +right and and uh uh earlier in the film + + + align:start position:0% +right and and uh uh earlier in the film +Gary Cooper went to a nightclub and he + + align:start position:0% +Gary Cooper went to a nightclub and he + + + align:start position:0% +Gary Cooper went to a nightclub and he +saw the Barbara Stan wear character + + align:start position:0% +saw the Barbara Stan wear character + + + align:start position:0% +saw the Barbara Stan wear character +who's actually the the Mistress of a m + + align:start position:0% +who's actually the the Mistress of a m + + + align:start position:0% +who's actually the the Mistress of a m +boss uh do a song and dance number and + + align:start position:0% +boss uh do a song and dance number and + + + align:start position:0% +boss uh do a song and dance number and +then he and he spoke to her and + + align:start position:0% +then he and he spoke to her and + + + align:start position:0% +then he and he spoke to her and +interviewed her and he became very + + align:start position:0% +interviewed her and he became very + + + align:start position:0% +interviewed her and he became very +excited by what she represented by the + + align:start position:0% +excited by what she represented by the + + + align:start position:0% +excited by what she represented by the +by the by the linguistic resources the + + align:start position:0% +by the by the linguistic resources the + + + align:start position:0% +by the by the linguistic resources the +verbal realities of americ + + align:start position:0% +verbal realities of americ + + + align:start position:0% +verbal realities of americ +langu of the American language that he'd + + align:start position:0% +langu of the American language that he'd + + + align:start position:0% +langu of the American language that he'd +been oblivious to and he wants her to + + align:start position:0% +been oblivious to and he wants her to + + + align:start position:0% +been oblivious to and he wants her to +contribute to his project she's not + + align:start position:0% +contribute to his project she's not + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to his project she's not +interested and she when she shows up at + + align:start position:0% +interested and she when she shows up at + + + align:start position:0% +interested and she when she shows up at +the at this at this at the lair of the + + align:start position:0% +the at this at this at the lair of the + + + align:start position:0% +the at this at this at the lair of the +men of the scholars when she invades the + + align:start position:0% +men of the scholars when she invades the + + + align:start position:0% +men of the scholars when she invades the +the uh nest of Scholars uh she does it + + align:start position:0% +the uh nest of Scholars uh she does it + + + align:start position:0% +the uh nest of Scholars uh she does it +because she although you don't know that + + align:start position:0% +because she although you don't know that + + + align:start position:0% +because she although you don't know that +from seeing this clip but viewers of the + + align:start position:0% +from seeing this clip but viewers of the + + + align:start position:0% +from seeing this clip but viewers of the +film would know it because she's really + + align:start position:0% +film would know it because she's really + + + align:start position:0% +film would know it because she's really +on the Run she's afraid that her that + + align:start position:0% +on the Run she's afraid that her that + + + align:start position:0% +on the Run she's afraid that her that +her boyfriend the mob boss is gonna bump + + align:start position:0% +her boyfriend the mob boss is gonna bump + + + align:start position:0% +her boyfriend the mob boss is gonna bump +her off so she needs to hide out and + + align:start position:0% +her off so she needs to hide out and + + + align:start position:0% +her off so she needs to hide out and +that's really why she's come here all + + align:start position:0% +that's really why she's come here all + + + align:start position:0% +that's really why she's come here all +right so here is this scene from ball of + + align:start position:0% +right so here is this scene from ball of + + + align:start position:0% +right so here is this scene from ball of +fire name have I missed anything no I + + align:start position:0% +fire name have I missed anything no I + + + align:start position:0% +fire name have I missed anything no I +was just about to explain you see the + + align:start position:0% +was just about to explain you see the + + + align:start position:0% +was just about to explain you see the +word puss means face yes as for instance + + align:start position:0% +word puss means face yes as for instance + + + align:start position:0% +word puss means face yes as for instance +Sour Puss pickle puss sugar puss implies + + align:start position:0% +Sour Puss pickle puss sugar puss implies + + + align:start position:0% +Sour Puss pickle puss sugar puss implies +a certain Sweetness in her + + align:start position:0% +a certain Sweetness in her + + + align:start position:0% +a certain Sweetness in her +appearance never mind the atmology was + + align:start position:0% +appearance never mind the atmology was + + + align:start position:0% +appearance never mind the atmology was +she was she blonde or brunette yes which + + align:start position:0% +she was she blonde or brunette yes which + + + align:start position:0% +she was she blonde or brunette yes which +that I don't know I didn't notice but + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know I didn't notice but + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know I didn't notice but +her vocabulary even an ordinary + + align:start position:0% +her vocabulary even an ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +her vocabulary even an ordinary +conversation oh you spoke to her yes in + + align:start position:0% +conversation oh you spoke to her yes in + + + align:start position:0% +conversation oh you spoke to her yes in +her dressing room a dressing room next + + align:start position:0% +her dressing room a dressing room next + + + align:start position:0% +her dressing room a dressing room next +to yes unfortunately she she disclaimed + + align:start position:0% +to yes unfortunately she she disclaimed + + + align:start position:0% +to yes unfortunately she she disclaimed +any interest in our + + align:start position:0% +any interest in our + + + align:start position:0% +any interest in our +project in words so bizarre they made my + + align:start position:0% +project in words so bizarre they made my + + + align:start position:0% +project in words so bizarre they made my +mouth water shove in your clutch for + + align:start position:0% +mouth water shove in your clutch for + + + align:start position:0% +mouth water shove in your clutch for +instance amazing PS could you tell us + + align:start position:0% +instance amazing PS could you tell us + + + align:start position:0% +instance amazing PS could you tell us +what was it like backstage very + + align:start position:0% +what was it like backstage very + + + align:start position:0% +what was it like backstage very +vivacious I imagine and perhaps + + align:start position:0% +vivacious I imagine and perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +vivacious I imagine and perhaps +ballerinas giggling up and down iron + + align:start position:0% +ballerinas giggling up and down iron + + + align:start position:0% +ballerinas giggling up and down iron +staircases around and around possibly + + align:start position:0% +staircases around and around possibly + + + align:start position:0% +staircases around and around possibly +wearing tights tights tights and that + + align:start position:0% +wearing tights tights tights and that + + + align:start position:0% +wearing tights tights tights and that +ineffable hope piing up the subtext that + + align:start position:0% +ineffable hope piing up the subtext that + + + align:start position:0% +ineffable hope piing up the subtext that +these old men are + + align:start position:0% +these old men are + + + align:start position:0% +these old men are +revealing + + align:start position:0% +revealing + + + align:start position:0% +revealing +well it's getting a bit late gentlemen + + align:start position:0% +well it's getting a bit late gentlemen + + + align:start position:0% +well it's getting a bit late gentlemen +perhaps we had better get to bed oh I + + align:start position:0% +perhaps we had better get to bed oh I + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps we had better get to bed oh I +would like to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to someday I'll tell you my experiences + + align:start position:0% +to someday I'll tell you my experiences + + + align:start position:0% +to someday I'll tell you my experiences +with a young actress named Lillian + + align:start position:0% +with a young actress named Lillian + + + align:start position:0% +with a young actress named Lillian +Russell did you know her I stood in the + + align:start position:0% +Russell did you know her I stood in the + + + align:start position:0% +Russell did you know her I stood in the +snow 4 hours to get to is that + + align:start position:0% +snow 4 hours to get to is that + + + align:start position:0% +snow 4 hours to get to is that +Ador but it's 12 25 oh must be the + + align:start position:0% +Ador but it's 12 25 oh must be the + + + align:start position:0% +Ador but it's 12 25 oh must be the +statistics on San Salvador Sal Peter + + align:start position:0% +statistics on San Salvador Sal Peter + + + align:start position:0% +statistics on San Salvador Sal Peter +I'll get it I asked for it to be S did + + align:start position:0% +I'll get it I asked for it to be S did + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get it I asked for it to be S did +anyone pick up on the joke there what + + align:start position:0% +anyone pick up on the joke there what + + + align:start position:0% +anyone pick up on the joke there what +why is there a joke in reference to salt + + align:start position:0% +why is there a joke in reference to salt + + + align:start position:0% +why is there a joke in reference to salt +peter it's used in the Army to keep men + + align:start position:0% +peter it's used in the Army to keep men + + + align:start position:0% +peter it's used in the Army to keep men +from getting too + + align:start position:0% +from getting too + + + align:start position:0% +from getting too +horny it damps down your sexual energies + + align:start position:0% +horny it damps down your sexual energies + + + align:start position:0% +horny it damps down your sexual energies +and he's writing an article about salt + + align:start position:0% +and he's writing an article about salt + + + align:start position:0% +and he's writing an article about salt +peter okay damn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it hiy ho + + align:start position:0% +it hiy ho + + + align:start position:0% +it hiy ho +don't tell me I'm too late for class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Professor see what is + + align:start position:0% +Professor see what is + + + align:start position:0% +Professor see what is +that I don't know what scholar came up + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know what scholar came up + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know what scholar came up +with this brilliant description but some + + align:start position:0% +with this brilliant description but some + + + align:start position:0% +with this brilliant description but some +but but there's a kind of convention now + + align:start position:0% +but but there's a kind of convention now + + + align:start position:0% +but but there's a kind of convention now +among among Capra fans and PE and fans + + align:start position:0% +among among Capra fans and PE and fans + + + align:start position:0% +among among Capra fans and PE and fans +of this movie to refer to this scene as + + align:start position:0% +of this movie to refer to this scene as + + + align:start position:0% +of this movie to refer to this scene as +the Snow White and Seven Dwarf + + align:start position:0% +the Snow White and Seven Dwarf + + + align:start position:0% +the Snow White and Seven Dwarf +scene + + align:start position:0% +scene + + + align:start position:0% +scene +okay those are my colleagues oh I must + + align:start position:0% +okay those are my colleagues oh I must + + + align:start position:0% +okay those are my colleagues oh I must +apologize for their lack of costume oh + + align:start position:0% +apologize for their lack of costume oh + + + align:start position:0% +apologize for their lack of costume oh +that's all right Professor fact but I + + align:start position:0% +that's all right Professor fact but I + + + align:start position:0% +that's all right Professor fact but I +haven't got my tie on and oh you know + + align:start position:0% +haven't got my tie on and oh you know + + + align:start position:0% +haven't got my tie on and oh you know +once I watch my big brother + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shave won't you come in why + + align:start position:0% +shave won't you come in why + + + align:start position:0% +shave won't you come in why +not frankly your coming here was the + + align:start position:0% +not frankly your coming here was the + + + align:start position:0% +not frankly your coming here was the +last thing I expected your know was so + + align:start position:0% +last thing I expected your know was so + + + align:start position:0% +last thing I expected your know was so +explicit well I I got thinking it over + + align:start position:0% +explicit well I I got thinking it over + + + align:start position:0% +explicit well I I got thinking it over +and fool I said to myself who am I to + + align:start position:0% +and fool I said to myself who am I to + + + align:start position:0% +and fool I said to myself who am I to +give science the brush can I take it + + align:start position:0% +give science the brush can I take it + + + align:start position:0% +give science the brush can I take it +you've reconsidered yeah that's the big + + align:start position:0% +you've reconsidered yeah that's the big + + + align:start position:0% +you've reconsidered yeah that's the big +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +well oh de oh + + align:start position:0% +well oh de oh + + + align:start position:0% +well oh de oh +de C + + align:start position:0% +de C + + + align:start position:0% +de C +that was Professor odley any more of + + align:start position:0% +that was Professor odley any more of + + + align:start position:0% +that was Professor odley any more of +them aroundon I hope + + align:start position:0% +them aroundon I hope + + + align:start position:0% +them aroundon I hope +not he who decorated this place the mug + + align:start position:0% +not he who decorated this place the mug + + + align:start position:0% +not he who decorated this place the mug +that shot Lincoln this is our work room + + align:start position:0% +that shot Lincoln this is our work room + + + align:start position:0% +that shot Lincoln this is our work room +oh the living quarters are upstairs we + + align:start position:0% +oh the living quarters are upstairs we + + + align:start position:0% +oh the living quarters are upstairs we +that's a lot of books all of them + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot of books all of them + + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot of books all of them +different I trust uh-huh may I have your + + align:start position:0% +different I trust uh-huh may I have your + + + align:start position:0% +different I trust uh-huh may I have your +Cod yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks oh Greek philosophy I got to set + + align:start position:0% +thanks oh Greek philosophy I got to set + + + align:start position:0% +thanks oh Greek philosophy I got to set +like this with a radio inside + + align:start position:0% +like this with a radio inside + + + align:start position:0% +like this with a radio inside +are you sure you don't want your Cod no + + align:start position:0% +are you sure you don't want your Cod no + + + align:start position:0% +are you sure you don't want your Cod no +I'm fine except I've got a run in the + + align:start position:0% +I'm fine except I've got a run in the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm fine except I've got a run in the +stocking well how do we start Professor + + align:start position:0% +stocking well how do we start Professor + + + align:start position:0% +stocking well how do we start Professor +you see this is the first time anybody + + align:start position:0% +you see this is the first time anybody + + + align:start position:0% +you see this is the first time anybody +moved in on my brain have you got some + + align:start position:0% +moved in on my brain have you got some + + + align:start position:0% +moved in on my brain have you got some +kind of a machine an x-ray or vacuum + + align:start position:0% +kind of a machine an x-ray or vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a machine an x-ray or vacuum +cleaner maybe that sorts out the words + + align:start position:0% +cleaner maybe that sorts out the words + + + align:start position:0% +cleaner maybe that sorts out the words +you want what's your method Professor + + align:start position:0% +you want what's your method Professor + + + align:start position:0% +you want what's your method Professor +well it's quite simple if you'll be here + + align:start position:0% +well it's quite simple if you'll be here + + + align:start position:0% +well it's quite simple if you'll be here +tomorrow morning not later than 9:30 + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow morning not later than 9:30 + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow morning not later than 9:30 +tomorrow morning well yes I I have + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow morning well yes I I have + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow morning well yes I I have +arranged a round table discussion with a + + align:start position:0% +arranged a round table discussion with a + + + align:start position:0% +arranged a round table discussion with a +few people of uh various backgrounds + + align:start position:0% +few people of uh various backgrounds + + + align:start position:0% +few people of uh various backgrounds +uhhuh you uh you don't think we could + + align:start position:0% +uhhuh you uh you don't think we could + + + align:start position:0% +uhhuh you uh you don't think we could +sort of begin the begin right now well + + align:start position:0% +sort of begin the begin right now well + + + align:start position:0% +sort of begin the begin right now well +it's nearly 1:00 Mr oh fool Professor + + align:start position:0% +it's nearly 1:00 Mr oh fool Professor + + + align:start position:0% +it's nearly 1:00 Mr oh fool Professor +let's get ourselves a couple of drinks + + align:start position:0% +let's get ourselves a couple of drinks + + + align:start position:0% +let's get ourselves a couple of drinks +like the fire maybe and you can start + + align:start position:0% +like the fire maybe and you can start + + + align:start position:0% +like the fire maybe and you can start +working on me right away well I wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +working on me right away well I wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +working on me right away well I wouldn't +think of imposing upon you at this + + align:start position:0% +think of imposing upon you at this + + + align:start position:0% +think of imposing upon you at this +hour listen I figured I'm working all + + align:start position:0% +hour listen I figured I'm working all + + + align:start position:0% +hour listen I figured I'm working all +night well any Hasty random discussion + + align:start position:0% +night well any Hasty random discussion + + + align:start position:0% +night well any Hasty random discussion +would be of no scientific value you see + + align:start position:0% +would be of no scientific value you see + + + align:start position:0% +would be of no scientific value you see +I have to have my notes thoroughly + + align:start position:0% +I have to have my notes thoroughly + + + align:start position:0% +I have to have my notes thoroughly +prepared for the uh seminar tomorrow mhm + + align:start position:0% +prepared for the uh seminar tomorrow mhm + + + align:start position:0% +prepared for the uh seminar tomorrow mhm +okay where do I sleep well I I don't + + align:start position:0% +okay where do I sleep well I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay where do I sleep well I I don't +know where do you live on River but I'm + + align:start position:0% +know where do you live on River but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know where do you live on River but I'm +going to sleep here here oh you don't + + align:start position:0% +going to sleep here here oh you don't + + + align:start position:0% +going to sleep here here oh you don't +understand Miss OA we're all Bachelors + + align:start position:0% +understand Miss OA we're all Bachelors + + + align:start position:0% +understand Miss OA we're all Bachelors +with the exception of Professor odley + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of Professor odley + + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of Professor odley +who was a widower why no woman + + align:start position:0% +who was a widower why no woman + + + align:start position:0% +who was a widower why no woman +ever even miss brag who takes care of + + align:start position:0% +ever even miss brag who takes care of + + + align:start position:0% +ever even miss brag who takes care of +our needs goes home every night at + + align:start position:0% +our needs goes home every night at + + + align:start position:0% +our needs goes home every night at +7:30 if you want me tomorrow morning at + + align:start position:0% +7:30 if you want me tomorrow morning at + + + align:start position:0% +7:30 if you want me tomorrow morning at +9:30 I do miss OA but + + align:start position:0% +9:30 I do miss OA but + + + align:start position:0% +9:30 I do miss OA but +uh even the most uh free thinking people + + align:start position:0% +uh even the most uh free thinking people + + + align:start position:0% +uh even the most uh free thinking people +must respect the uh all right feel that + + align:start position:0% +must respect the uh all right feel that + + + align:start position:0% +must respect the uh all right feel that +go on feel feel that + + align:start position:0% +go on feel feel that + + + align:start position:0% +go on feel feel that +foot okay titsy Bell what do you say + + align:start position:0% +foot okay titsy Bell what do you say + + + align:start position:0% +foot okay titsy Bell what do you say +it's cold it's cold and it's + + align:start position:0% +it's cold it's cold and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's cold it's cold and it's +wet now come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +closer + + align:start position:0% +closer + + + align:start position:0% +closer +closer oh come on give hello kids look + + align:start position:0% +closer oh come on give hello kids look + + + align:start position:0% +closer oh come on give hello kids look +down my throat come on look down + + align:start position:0% +down my throat come on look down + + + align:start position:0% +down my throat come on look down +I I don't know what to look for huh + + align:start position:0% +I I don't know what to look for huh + + + align:start position:0% +I I don't know what to look for huh +there is possibly a slight rosiness in + + align:start position:0% +there is possibly a slight rosiness in + + + align:start position:0% +there is possibly a slight rosiness in +the LEL region slight rosiness yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +the LEL region slight rosiness yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +the LEL region slight rosiness yeah it's +as red as the daily worker and just as + + align:start position:0% +as red as the daily worker and just as + + + align:start position:0% +as red as the daily worker and just as +sore Who Are You The Daily worker red as + + align:start position:0% +sore Who Are You The Daily worker red as + + + align:start position:0% +sore Who Are You The Daily worker red as +the daily worker did you get that freeze + + align:start position:0% +the daily worker did you get that freeze + + + align:start position:0% +the daily worker did you get that freeze +aysal the daily workers a communist + + align:start position:0% +aysal the daily workers a communist + + + align:start position:0% +aysal the daily workers a communist +newspaper so when she says it's read as + + align:start position:0% +newspaper so when she says it's read as + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper so when she says it's read as +the daily worker she's making a rather + + align:start position:0% +the daily worker she's making a rather + + + align:start position:0% +the daily worker she's making a rather +witty joke especially for a Gunman's + + align:start position:0% +witty joke especially for a Gunman's + + + align:start position:0% +witty joke especially for a Gunman's +Mall oh it's Professor Robinson law + + align:start position:0% +Mall oh it's Professor Robinson law + + + align:start position:0% +Mall oh it's Professor Robinson law +professor G that's how f just let her + + align:start position:0% +professor G that's how f just let her + + + align:start position:0% +professor G that's how f just let her +creep up on me I'll get to know them + + align:start position:0% +creep up on me I'll get to know them + + + align:start position:0% +creep up on me I'll get to know them +come here physiology for all I know I've + + align:start position:0% +come here physiology for all I know I've + + + align:start position:0% +come here physiology for all I know I've +got a fever feel it's speci certainly he + + align:start position:0% +got a fever feel it's speci certainly he + + + align:start position:0% +got a fever feel it's speci certainly he +wants to throw me out of my tin a + + align:start position:0% +wants to throw me out of my tin a + + + align:start position:0% +wants to throw me out of my tin a +there'll be no 9:30 for me if you let me + + align:start position:0% +there'll be no 9:30 for me if you let me + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be no 9:30 for me if you let me +go out in the rain now naturally not + + align:start position:0% +go out in the rain now naturally not + + + align:start position:0% +go out in the rain now naturally not +with the Street's cold and the subway + + align:start position:0% +with the Street's cold and the subway + + + align:start position:0% +with the Street's cold and the subway +hot and full of germs oh I'm a pushover + + align:start position:0% +hot and full of germs oh I'm a pushover + + + align:start position:0% +hot and full of germs oh I'm a pushover +for strep to caucus can I have this now + + align:start position:0% +for strep to caucus can I have this now + + + align:start position:0% +for strep to caucus can I have this now +kid we'll call you a heated taxi and + + align:start position:0% +kid we'll call you a heated taxi and + + + align:start position:0% +kid we'll call you a heated taxi and +furnish you with Woolen socks and warm + + align:start position:0% +furnish you with Woolen socks and warm + + + align:start position:0% +furnish you with Woolen socks and warm +slippers like really I don't understand + + align:start position:0% +slippers like really I don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +slippers like really I don't understand +you pots why take chance with valuable + + align:start position:0% +you pots why take chance with valuable + + + align:start position:0% +you pots why take chance with valuable +material think of your article Parts see + + align:start position:0% +material think of your article Parts see + + + align:start position:0% +material think of your article Parts see +they get the point if I might venture a + + align:start position:0% +they get the point if I might venture a + + + align:start position:0% +they get the point if I might venture a +suggestion why couldn't the young lady + + align:start position:0% +suggestion why couldn't the young lady + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion why couldn't the young lady +sleep in my room what what well + + align:start position:0% +sleep in my room what what well + + + align:start position:0% +sleep in my room what what well +Professor pigl oh uh I can bnk in with + + align:start position:0% +Professor pigl oh uh I can bnk in with + + + align:start position:0% +Professor pigl oh uh I can bnk in with +Professor Robinson I sometimes do when + + align:start position:0% +Professor Robinson I sometimes do when + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Robinson I sometimes do when +there's an electric storm yes he's + + align:start position:0% +there's an electric storm yes he's + + + align:start position:0% +there's an electric storm yes he's +afraid of thunder well then it's all + + align:start position:0% +afraid of thunder well then it's all + + + align:start position:0% +afraid of thunder well then it's all +settled well I guess I'll turn in can I + + align:start position:0% +settled well I guess I'll turn in can I + + + align:start position:0% +settled well I guess I'll turn in can I +have my + + align:start position:0% +have my + + + align:start position:0% +have my +coat thank you hi to all fell + + align:start position:0% +coat thank you hi to all fell + + + align:start position:0% +coat thank you hi to all fell +I'll show you to my room yes we are real + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you to my room yes we are real + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you to my room yes we are real +I know where my own room is thank you + + align:start position:0% +I know where my own room is thank you + + + align:start position:0% +I know where my own room is thank you +without any help from you live I'll find + + align:start position:0% +without any help from you live I'll find + + + align:start position:0% +without any help from you live I'll find +her don't bother just rough out the + + align:start position:0% +her don't bother just rough out the + + + align:start position:0% +her don't bother just rough out the +directions the top of the stairs and the + + align:start position:0% +directions the top of the stairs and the + + + align:start position:0% +directions the top of the stairs and the +third door on the left Gentlemen Just a + + align:start position:0% +third door on the left Gentlemen Just a + + + align:start position:0% +third door on the left Gentlemen Just a +moment please gentlemen this is all + + align:start position:0% +moment please gentlemen this is all + + + align:start position:0% +moment please gentlemen this is all +highly irregular what if this should + + align:start position:0% +highly irregular what if this should + + + align:start position:0% +highly irregular what if this should +come to the attention of the foundation + + align:start position:0% +come to the attention of the foundation + + + align:start position:0% +come to the attention of the foundation +and what about Miss brag tomorrow what + + align:start position:0% +and what about Miss brag tomorrow what + + + align:start position:0% +and what about Miss brag tomorrow what +are you talking about this is research + + align:start position:0% +are you talking about this is research + + + align:start position:0% +are you talking about this is research +isn't it certainly who is that guy + + align:start position:0% +isn't it certainly who is that guy + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it certainly who is that guy +learned so much from watching an apple + + align:start position:0% +learned so much from watching an apple + + + align:start position:0% +learned so much from watching an apple +drop Isaac Newton 1642 to 1727 + + align:start position:0% +drop Isaac Newton 1642 to 1727 + + + align:start position:0% +drop Isaac Newton 1642 to 1727 +the law of gravity yeah that's him and I + + align:start position:0% +the law of gravity yeah that's him and I + + + align:start position:0% +the law of gravity yeah that's him and I +want you to look at me as another Apple + + align:start position:0% +want you to look at me as another Apple + + + align:start position:0% +want you to look at me as another Apple +Professor + + align:start position:0% +Professor + + + align:start position:0% +Professor +pots just another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Apple + + align:start position:0% +Apple + + + align:start position:0% +Apple +okay thanks all right so you can get an + + align:start position:0% +okay thanks all right so you can get an + + + align:start position:0% +okay thanks all right so you can get an +idea not only for how richly comic these + + align:start position:0% +idea not only for how richly comic these + + + align:start position:0% +idea not only for how richly comic these +these films can be but also how rich the + + align:start position:0% +these films can be but also how rich the + + + align:start position:0% +these films can be but also how rich the +subtext the sexual subtext can be become + + align:start position:0% +subtext the sexual subtext can be become + + + align:start position:0% +subtext the sexual subtext can be become +even though of course as you all should + + align:start position:0% +even though of course as you all should + + + align:start position:0% +even though of course as you all should +know if you've been reading cook uh + + align:start position:0% +know if you've been reading cook uh + + + align:start position:0% +know if you've been reading cook uh +there was a production code in force + + align:start position:0% +there was a production code in force + + + align:start position:0% +there was a production code in force +after 1934 and there were all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +after 1934 and there were all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +after 1934 and there were all kinds of +very elaborate rules imposed on American + + align:start position:0% +very elaborate rules imposed on American + + + align:start position:0% +very elaborate rules imposed on American +movies a form of self-censorship because + + align:start position:0% +movies a form of self-censorship because + + + align:start position:0% +movies a form of self-censorship because +the movies feared censorship from the + + align:start position:0% +the movies feared censorship from the + + + align:start position:0% +the movies feared censorship from the +government so they came up with their + + align:start position:0% +government so they came up with their + + + align:start position:0% +government so they came up with their +own system and until sometime in the I + + align:start position:0% +own system and until sometime in the I + + + align:start position:0% +own system and until sometime in the I +guess it was the 1960s and uh the the + + align:start position:0% +guess it was the 1960s and uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +guess it was the 1960s and uh the the +the code held and it had all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +the code held and it had all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +the code held and it had all kinds of +ridiculous elements in it one of the + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous elements in it one of the + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous elements in it one of the +primary ones people always laugh about + + align:start position:0% +primary ones people always laugh about + + + align:start position:0% +primary ones people always laugh about +rightly I think is that if it showed a + + align:start position:0% +rightly I think is that if it showed a + + + align:start position:0% +rightly I think is that if it showed a +woman on a bed at least one of her feet + + align:start position:0% +woman on a bed at least one of her feet + + + align:start position:0% +woman on a bed at least one of her feet +had to be on the floor which you + + align:start position:0% +had to be on the floor which you + + + align:start position:0% +had to be on the floor which you +couldn't show a woman lying with both + + align:start position:0% +couldn't show a woman lying with both + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't show a woman lying with both +feet on the bed it was too suggestive + + align:start position:0% +feet on the bed it was too suggestive + + + align:start position:0% +feet on the bed it was too suggestive +but you can see how clever filmmakers + + align:start position:0% +but you can see how clever filmmakers + + + align:start position:0% +but you can see how clever filmmakers +and Powerful performers were able to + + align:start position:0% +and Powerful performers were able to + + + align:start position:0% +and Powerful performers were able to +make a mockery of of those kinds of + + align:start position:0% +make a mockery of of those kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +make a mockery of of those kinds of +constraints because subtle and complex + + align:start position:0% +constraints because subtle and complex + + + align:start position:0% +constraints because subtle and complex +and and and witty films uh are able to + + align:start position:0% +and and and witty films uh are able to + + + align:start position:0% +and and and witty films uh are able to +do many many things that are uh in a + + align:start position:0% +do many many things that are uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +do many many things that are uh in a +suggestive way that keep them from + + align:start position:0% +suggestive way that keep them from + + + align:start position:0% +suggestive way that keep them from +crossing the boundar set up by the by + + align:start position:0% +crossing the boundar set up by the by + + + align:start position:0% +crossing the boundar set up by the by +the by the sensors but nonetheless have + + align:start position:0% +the by the sensors but nonetheless have + + + align:start position:0% +the by the sensors but nonetheless have +a powerful energy and sexuality uh and + + align:start position:0% +a powerful energy and sexuality uh and + + + align:start position:0% +a powerful energy and sexuality uh and +so the the the um uh similarities + + align:start position:0% +so the the the um uh similarities + + + align:start position:0% +so the the the um uh similarities +between those two scenes but also the + + align:start position:0% +between those two scenes but also the + + + align:start position:0% +between those two scenes but also the +differences between them tell you + + align:start position:0% +differences between them tell you + + + align:start position:0% +differences between them tell you +something about the uh way in which the + + align:start position:0% +something about the uh way in which the + + + align:start position:0% +something about the uh way in which the +aesthetic of connection this aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic of connection this aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic of connection this aesthetic +of familiarity this popular aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +of familiarity this popular aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +of familiarity this popular aesthetic +operated in Hollywood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +movies for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NRlBCoVIJBM.txt b/NRlBCoVIJBM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce2658af071864511b2a4b98e47dbcbcf79752d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/NRlBCoVIJBM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi today I'd like to continue our + + align:start position:0% +hi today I'd like to continue our + + + align:start position:0% +hi today I'd like to continue our +discussion of root Locust techniques and + + align:start position:0% +discussion of root Locust techniques and + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of root Locust techniques and +in particular I'd like to start by + + align:start position:0% +in particular I'd like to start by + + + align:start position:0% +in particular I'd like to start by +applying it to the stability analysis of + + align:start position:0% +applying it to the stability analysis of + + + align:start position:0% +applying it to the stability analysis of +several commonly occurring Loop + + align:start position:0% +several commonly occurring Loop + + + align:start position:0% +several commonly occurring Loop +transmission + + align:start position:0% +transmission + + + align:start position:0% +transmission +Loop + + align:start position:0% +Loop + + + align:start position:0% +Loop +Transmissions one of the things that + + align:start position:0% +Transmissions one of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +Transmissions one of the things that +always improves the stability of a + + align:start position:0% +always improves the stability of a + + + align:start position:0% +always improves the stability of a +system or generally improves the + + align:start position:0% +system or generally improves the + + + align:start position:0% +system or generally improves the +stability of a feedback system is to add + + align:start position:0% +stability of a feedback system is to add + + + align:start position:0% +stability of a feedback system is to add +a zero to the loop transmission and + + align:start position:0% +a zero to the loop transmission and + + + align:start position:0% +a zero to the loop transmission and +we'll see a number of different ways of + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a number of different ways of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a number of different ways of +of looking at at the reason for this as + + align:start position:0% +of looking at at the reason for this as + + + align:start position:0% +of looking at at the reason for this as +we go through the course but a good + + align:start position:0% +we go through the course but a good + + + align:start position:0% +we go through the course but a good +general rule is if there is a way to add + + align:start position:0% +general rule is if there is a way to add + + + align:start position:0% +general rule is if there is a way to add +a zero to the loop transmission that + + align:start position:0% +a zero to the loop transmission that + + + align:start position:0% +a zero to the loop transmission that +generally improves the stability of the + + align:start position:0% +generally improves the stability of the + + + align:start position:0% +generally improves the stability of the +resultant feedback system there may be + + align:start position:0% +resultant feedback system there may be + + + align:start position:0% +resultant feedback system there may be +very real practical limitations to our + + align:start position:0% +very real practical limitations to our + + + align:start position:0% +very real practical limitations to our +ability to do this and again we'll have + + align:start position:0% +ability to do this and again we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +ability to do this and again we'll have +more to say about that later on during + + align:start position:0% +more to say about that later on during + + + align:start position:0% +more to say about that later on during +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +course let's start by looking at a + + align:start position:0% +course let's start by looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +course let's start by looking at a +second order system in other words + + align:start position:0% +second order system in other words + + + align:start position:0% +second order system in other words +assume that we have a loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +assume that we have a loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +assume that we have a loop transmission +that has two poles associated with it + + align:start position:0% +that has two poles associated with it + + + align:start position:0% +that has two poles associated with it +we've looked at that configuration + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at that configuration + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at that configuration +before and recall that we found out that + + align:start position:0% +before and recall that we found out that + + + align:start position:0% +before and recall that we found out that +if we do a root Locust diagram for that + + align:start position:0% +if we do a root Locust diagram for that + + + align:start position:0% +if we do a root Locust diagram for that +system the two branches come together on + + align:start position:0% +system the two branches come together on + + + align:start position:0% +system the two branches come together on +the axis split off and then further + + align:start position:0% +the axis split off and then further + + + align:start position:0% +the axis split off and then further +increases in a fnot resulting in a + + align:start position:0% +increases in a fnot resulting in a + + + align:start position:0% +increases in a fnot resulting in a +progressively smaller value for the + + align:start position:0% +progressively smaller value for the + + + align:start position:0% +progressively smaller value for the +damping ratio associated with the + + align:start position:0% +damping ratio associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +damping ratio associated with the +resultant closed loop complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +resultant closed loop complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +resultant closed loop complex conjugate +pole + + align:start position:0% +pole + + + align:start position:0% +pole +pair now consider what happens if we add + + align:start position:0% +pair now consider what happens if we add + + + align:start position:0% +pair now consider what happens if we add +a zero to the loop transmission here we + + align:start position:0% +a zero to the loop transmission here we + + + align:start position:0% +a zero to the loop transmission here we +assume that we have initially poles at s + + align:start position:0% +assume that we have initially poles at s + + + align:start position:0% +assume that we have initially poles at s +equal minus1 and S = + + align:start position:0% +equal minus1 and S = + + + align:start position:0% +equal minus1 and S = +-2 and under those conditions as I say + + align:start position:0% +-2 and under those conditions as I say + + + align:start position:0% +-2 and under those conditions as I say +we're familiar with the root Locust + + align:start position:0% +we're familiar with the root Locust + + + align:start position:0% +we're familiar with the root Locust +diagram the two branches come together + + align:start position:0% +diagram the two branches come together + + + align:start position:0% +diagram the two branches come together +split off and you get progressively + + align:start position:0% +split off and you get progressively + + + align:start position:0% +split off and you get progressively +smaller damping + + align:start position:0% +smaller damping + + + align:start position:0% +smaller damping +ratios suppose we add a zero possibly at + + align:start position:0% +ratios suppose we add a zero possibly at + + + align:start position:0% +ratios suppose we add a zero possibly at +s = + + align:start position:0% +s = + + + align:start position:0% +s = +-3 how does that change the root Locust + + align:start position:0% +-3 how does that change the root Locust + + + align:start position:0% +-3 how does that change the root Locust +diagram well again we can apply the + + align:start position:0% +diagram well again we can apply the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram well again we can apply the +rules we know and when we do that we + + align:start position:0% +rules we know and when we do that we + + + align:start position:0% +rules we know and when we do that we +find out that branches exist on the real + + align:start position:0% +find out that branches exist on the real + + + align:start position:0% +find out that branches exist on the real +axis + + align:start position:0% +axis + + + align:start position:0% +axis +here where there's a single pole to our + + align:start position:0% +here where there's a single pole to our + + + align:start position:0% +here where there's a single pole to our +right on the real + + align:start position:0% +right on the real + + + align:start position:0% +right on the real +axis and here where there are two po + + align:start position:0% +axis and here where there are two po + + + align:start position:0% +axis and here where there are two po +poles and one zero to our right again an + + align:start position:0% +poles and one zero to our right again an + + + align:start position:0% +poles and one zero to our right again an +odd number of total poles and zeros to + + align:start position:0% +odd number of total poles and zeros to + + + align:start position:0% +odd number of total poles and zeros to +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +right if we think about this for a while + + align:start position:0% +right if we think about this for a while + + + align:start position:0% +right if we think about this for a while +we realize that there must be a + + align:start position:0% +we realize that there must be a + + + align:start position:0% +we realize that there must be a +breakaway somewhere in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here the only thing that can happen is + + align:start position:0% +here the only thing that can happen is + + + align:start position:0% +here the only thing that can happen is +to have a point of re-entry somewhere on + + align:start position:0% +to have a point of re-entry somewhere on + + + align:start position:0% +to have a point of re-entry somewhere on +the negative real axis so that one + + align:start position:0% +the negative real axis so that one + + + align:start position:0% +the negative real axis so that one +branch can terminate on this zero in the + + align:start position:0% +branch can terminate on this zero in the + + + align:start position:0% +branch can terminate on this zero in the +finite s plane and the other Branch + + align:start position:0% +finite s plane and the other Branch + + + align:start position:0% +finite s plane and the other Branch +terminates at Z at Infinity actually + + align:start position:0% +terminates at Z at Infinity actually + + + align:start position:0% +terminates at Z at Infinity actually +along the negative real axis and so we + + align:start position:0% +along the negative real axis and so we + + + align:start position:0% +along the negative real axis and so we +conclude that there has to be a re-entry + + align:start position:0% +conclude that there has to be a re-entry + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that there has to be a re-entry +point for the branches on the negative + + align:start position:0% +point for the branches on the negative + + + align:start position:0% +point for the branches on the negative +real axis possibly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and again if we think a little bit + + align:start position:0% +here and again if we think a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +here and again if we think a little bit +about how the branches can possibly get + + align:start position:0% +about how the branches can possibly get + + + align:start position:0% +about how the branches can possibly get +from this location they start here go in + + align:start position:0% +from this location they start here go in + + + align:start position:0% +from this location they start here go in +the indicated direction for increasing a + + align:start position:0% +the indicated direction for increasing a + + + align:start position:0% +the indicated direction for increasing a +fnot uh and eventually we'll be go + + align:start position:0% +fnot uh and eventually we'll be go + + + align:start position:0% +fnot uh and eventually we'll be go +heading one branch will be heading + + align:start position:0% +heading one branch will be heading + + + align:start position:0% +heading one branch will be heading +toward this zero another Branch heading + + align:start position:0% +toward this zero another Branch heading + + + align:start position:0% +toward this zero another Branch heading +toward the zero at minus infinity the + + align:start position:0% +toward the zero at minus infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +toward the zero at minus infinity the +only thing that can happen is for these + + align:start position:0% +only thing that can happen is for these + + + align:start position:0% +only thing that can happen is for these +branches to circle around in the S plane + + align:start position:0% +branches to circle around in the S plane + + + align:start position:0% +branches to circle around in the S plane +eventually reaching this point if + + align:start position:0% +eventually reaching this point if + + + align:start position:0% +eventually reaching this point if +furthermore we keep track of the + + align:start position:0% +furthermore we keep track of the + + + align:start position:0% +furthermore we keep track of the +trigonometry involved I think there's a + + align:start position:0% +trigonometry involved I think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometry involved I think there's a +proof from from high school geometry + + align:start position:0% +proof from from high school geometry + + + align:start position:0% +proof from from high school geometry +that basically does this we find out + + align:start position:0% +that basically does this we find out + + + align:start position:0% +that basically does this we find out +that what we need for a trajectory in + + align:start position:0% +that what we need for a trajectory in + + + align:start position:0% +that what we need for a trajectory in +order to keep the angle condition + + align:start position:0% +order to keep the angle condition + + + align:start position:0% +order to keep the angle condition +satisfied is in fact a circle that's + + align:start position:0% +satisfied is in fact a circle that's + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied is in fact a circle that's +centered on the Zero + + align:start position:0% +centered on the Zero + + + align:start position:0% +centered on the Zero +so we'd + + align:start position:0% +so we'd + + + align:start position:0% +so we'd +anticipate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trajectories like this with this being + + align:start position:0% +trajectories like this with this being + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories like this with this being +the direction of increasing a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fnot uh we can go through the arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +fnot uh we can go through the arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +fnot uh we can go through the arithmetic +to determine the Breakaway points if we + + align:start position:0% +to determine the Breakaway points if we + + + align:start position:0% +to determine the Breakaway points if we +do this for this example we find out + + align:start position:0% +do this for this example we find out + + + align:start position:0% +do this for this example we find out +that this Breakaway occurs at + + align:start position:0% +that this Breakaway occurs at + + + align:start position:0% +that this Breakaway occurs at +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +1.6 because the diagram is symmetrical + + align:start position:0% +1.6 because the diagram is symmetrical + + + align:start position:0% +1.6 because the diagram is symmetrical +and centered on the Zero why we can + + align:start position:0% +and centered on the Zero why we can + + + align:start position:0% +and centered on the Zero why we can +conclude that this Breakaway or this + + align:start position:0% +conclude that this Breakaway or this + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that this Breakaway or this +re-entry Point must be at minus + + align:start position:0% +re-entry Point must be at minus + + + align:start position:0% +re-entry Point must be at minus +4.4 so then by doing really only one + + align:start position:0% +4.4 so then by doing really only one + + + align:start position:0% +4.4 so then by doing really only one +numerical calculation which is the + + align:start position:0% +numerical calculation which is the + + + align:start position:0% +numerical calculation which is the +Breakaway point and recognizing that the + + align:start position:0% +Breakaway point and recognizing that the + + + align:start position:0% +Breakaway point and recognizing that the +trajectories uh the trajectory is a + + align:start position:0% +trajectories uh the trajectory is a + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories uh the trajectory is a +circle centered on the Zero we're able + + align:start position:0% +circle centered on the Zero we're able + + + align:start position:0% +circle centered on the Zero we're able +to sketch the complete root Locus + + align:start position:0% +to sketch the complete root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +to sketch the complete root Locus +diagram the important thing though is + + align:start position:0% +diagram the important thing though is + + + align:start position:0% +diagram the important thing though is +that the addition of the zero has + + align:start position:0% +that the addition of the zero has + + + align:start position:0% +that the addition of the zero has +greatly improved the stability of the + + align:start position:0% +greatly improved the stability of the + + + align:start position:0% +greatly improved the stability of the +system compared to what happens when we + + align:start position:0% +system compared to what happens when we + + + align:start position:0% +system compared to what happens when we +don't have a zero without the zero + + align:start position:0% +don't have a zero without the zero + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a zero without the zero +recall the branches would have simply + + align:start position:0% +recall the branches would have simply + + + align:start position:0% +recall the branches would have simply +gone off this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way and as we increased a FN we'd get + + align:start position:0% +way and as we increased a FN we'd get + + + align:start position:0% +way and as we increased a FN we'd get +progressively smaller dapping ratios + + align:start position:0% +progressively smaller dapping ratios + + + align:start position:0% +progressively smaller dapping ratios +with the zero as soon as they leave the + + align:start position:0% +with the zero as soon as they leave the + + + align:start position:0% +with the zero as soon as they leave the +axis the closed loop poles begin to pick + + align:start position:0% +axis the closed loop poles begin to pick + + + align:start position:0% +axis the closed loop poles begin to pick +up an increasing real part here they + + align:start position:0% +up an increasing real part here they + + + align:start position:0% +up an increasing real part here they +have a considerably higher damping ratio + + align:start position:0% +have a considerably higher damping ratio + + + align:start position:0% +have a considerably higher damping ratio +for a given value of a F than they would + + align:start position:0% +for a given value of a F than they would + + + align:start position:0% +for a given value of a F than they would +have without the zero again further + + align:start position:0% +have without the zero again further + + + align:start position:0% +have without the zero again further +increases in a FN actually further + + align:start position:0% +increases in a FN actually further + + + align:start position:0% +increases in a FN actually further +increase the the damping of the pole + + align:start position:0% +increase the the damping of the pole + + + align:start position:0% +increase the the damping of the pole +pair if we for example uh turned up a FN + + align:start position:0% +pair if we for example uh turned up a FN + + + align:start position:0% +pair if we for example uh turned up a FN +to this point we'd have a quite a high + + align:start position:0% +to this point we'd have a quite a high + + + align:start position:0% +to this point we'd have a quite a high +value for damping ratio a damping ratio + + align:start position:0% +value for damping ratio a damping ratio + + + align:start position:0% +value for damping ratio a damping ratio +maybe of 08 or something like that and + + align:start position:0% +maybe of 08 or something like that and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe of 08 or something like that and +still further increases in a fnot + + align:start position:0% +still further increases in a fnot + + + align:start position:0% +still further increases in a fnot +resulting to real axis poles and so uh + + align:start position:0% +resulting to real axis poles and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +resulting to real axis poles and so uh +now we have the overdamped situation we + + align:start position:0% +now we have the overdamped situation we + + + align:start position:0% +now we have the overdamped situation we +have no shoot at all in the step + + align:start position:0% +have no shoot at all in the step + + + align:start position:0% +have no shoot at all in the step +response no peaking in the frequency + + align:start position:0% +response no peaking in the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +response no peaking in the frequency +response so the important point is that + + align:start position:0% +response so the important point is that + + + align:start position:0% +response so the important point is that +adding the zero assuming we're able to + + align:start position:0% +adding the zero assuming we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +adding the zero assuming we're able to +do it in view of other of other system + + align:start position:0% +do it in view of other of other system + + + align:start position:0% +do it in view of other of other system +constraints allows us to get much higher + + align:start position:0% +constraints allows us to get much higher + + + align:start position:0% +constraints allows us to get much higher +values of desensitivity much larger a + + align:start position:0% +values of desensitivity much larger a + + + align:start position:0% +values of desensitivity much larger a +fot products without running into any + + align:start position:0% +fot products without running into any + + + align:start position:0% +fot products without running into any +stability + + align:start position:0% +stability + + + align:start position:0% +stability +problem and that + + align:start position:0% +problem and that + + + align:start position:0% +problem and that +theme continues for many many other loop + + align:start position:0% +theme continues for many many other loop + + + align:start position:0% +theme continues for many many other loop +transmission pole zero + + align:start position:0% +transmission pole zero + + + align:start position:0% +transmission pole zero +configurations here I've shown + + align:start position:0% +configurations here I've shown + + + align:start position:0% +configurations here I've shown +another one where we assume we start + + align:start position:0% +another one where we assume we start + + + align:start position:0% +another one where we assume we start +with three real axis poles again we did + + align:start position:0% +with three real axis poles again we did + + + align:start position:0% +with three real axis poles again we did +a calculation concerning this last time + + align:start position:0% +a calculation concerning this last time + + + align:start position:0% +a calculation concerning this last time +and the numbers of course are dependent + + align:start position:0% +and the numbers of course are dependent + + + align:start position:0% +and the numbers of course are dependent +on the exact locations of the real axis + + align:start position:0% +on the exact locations of the real axis + + + align:start position:0% +on the exact locations of the real axis +poles but we did a calculation where we + + align:start position:0% +poles but we did a calculation where we + + + align:start position:0% +poles but we did a calculation where we +had one pole at minus1 one at Min -2 one + + align:start position:0% +had one pole at minus1 one at Min -2 one + + + align:start position:0% +had one pole at minus1 one at Min -2 one +at minus1 and we found out that we could + + align:start position:0% +at minus1 and we found out that we could + + + align:start position:0% +at minus1 and we found out that we could +get very small amounts of + + align:start position:0% +get very small amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +get very small amounts of +desensitivity uh before we began to run + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity uh before we began to run + + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity uh before we began to run +into into a stability problem for + + align:start position:0% +into into a stability problem for + + + align:start position:0% +into into a stability problem for +example we found out that the damping + + align:start position:0% +example we found out that the damping + + + align:start position:0% +example we found out that the damping +ratio of the closed loop pole pair + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the closed loop pole pair + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the closed loop pole pair +closest to the origin got as low as 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +closest to the origin got as low as 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +closest to the origin got as low as 0.5 +for an aot fnot product of only 2.2 so + + align:start position:0% +for an aot fnot product of only 2.2 so + + + align:start position:0% +for an aot fnot product of only 2.2 so +here once we had increase the + + align:start position:0% +here once we had increase the + + + align:start position:0% +here once we had increase the +desensitivity of the system to 3.2 we + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity of the system to 3.2 we + + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity of the system to 3.2 we +find that we have a damping ratio of 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +find that we have a damping ratio of 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +find that we have a damping ratio of 0.5 +further increases in + + align:start position:0% +further increases in + + + align:start position:0% +further increases in +desensitivity result in even smaller + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity result in even smaller + + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity result in even smaller +values of damping ratio and in that case + + align:start position:0% +values of damping ratio and in that case + + + align:start position:0% +values of damping ratio and in that case +we found out that if we increased a f to + + align:start position:0% +we found out that if we increased a f to + + + align:start position:0% +we found out that if we increased a f to +19.8 the system had poles in the right + + align:start position:0% +19.8 the system had poles in the right + + + align:start position:0% +19.8 the system had poles in the right +half plane well consider what happens if + + align:start position:0% +half plane well consider what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +half plane well consider what happens if +we do the same thing start out with the + + align:start position:0% +we do the same thing start out with the + + + align:start position:0% +we do the same thing start out with the +same pole location suppose we had a pole + + align:start position:0% +same pole location suppose we had a pole + + + align:start position:0% +same pole location suppose we had a pole +at minus1 -2 and minus 10 and then added + + align:start position:0% +at minus1 -2 and minus 10 and then added + + + align:start position:0% +at minus1 -2 and minus 10 and then added +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +zero we could determine + + align:start position:0% +zero we could determine + + + align:start position:0% +zero we could determine +the root Locus initially By ignoring the + + align:start position:0% +the root Locus initially By ignoring the + + + align:start position:0% +the root Locus initially By ignoring the +remote pole and under those conditions + + align:start position:0% +remote pole and under those conditions + + + align:start position:0% +remote pole and under those conditions +we get a root Locus picture very much + + align:start position:0% +we get a root Locus picture very much + + + align:start position:0% +we get a root Locus picture very much +like we had above so we'd conclude that + + align:start position:0% +like we had above so we'd conclude that + + + align:start position:0% +like we had above so we'd conclude that +to the extent we were able to ignore the + + align:start position:0% +to the extent we were able to ignore the + + + align:start position:0% +to the extent we were able to ignore the +third pole our root Locus diagram for + + align:start position:0% +third pole our root Locus diagram for + + + align:start position:0% +third pole our root Locus diagram for +this situation would look something like + + align:start position:0% +this situation would look something like + + + align:start position:0% +this situation would look something like +so and a circle between these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points with the arrows indicating the + + align:start position:0% +points with the arrows indicating the + + + align:start position:0% +points with the arrows indicating the +direction of increasing aot fnot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simultaneously there's a branch going + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously there's a branch going + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously there's a branch going +out to the left here's a point of + + align:start position:0% +out to the left here's a point of + + + align:start position:0% +out to the left here's a point of +re-entry on the negative real axis one + + align:start position:0% +re-entry on the negative real axis one + + + align:start position:0% +re-entry on the negative real axis one +branch heads toward this zero a second + + align:start position:0% +branch heads toward this zero a second + + + align:start position:0% +branch heads toward this zero a second +Branch uh heads out to the left at least + + align:start position:0% +Branch uh heads out to the left at least + + + align:start position:0% +Branch uh heads out to the left at least +to the extent that we're able to ignore + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that we're able to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that we're able to ignore +the third + + align:start position:0% +the third + + + align:start position:0% +the third +pole well we can now do some further + + align:start position:0% +pole well we can now do some further + + + align:start position:0% +pole well we can now do some further +calculations in this particular system + + align:start position:0% +calculations in this particular system + + + align:start position:0% +calculations in this particular system +there's a net excess of poles over zeros + + align:start position:0% +there's a net excess of poles over zeros + + + align:start position:0% +there's a net excess of poles over zeros +of two we have three poles and one zero + + align:start position:0% +of two we have three poles and one zero + + + align:start position:0% +of two we have three poles and one zero +and so we conclude that for very large + + align:start position:0% +and so we conclude that for very large + + + align:start position:0% +and so we conclude that for very large +values of a fot there has to be an ASM + + align:start position:0% +values of a fot there has to be an ASM + + + align:start position:0% +values of a fot there has to be an ASM +toote located at angles of plus andus + + align:start position:0% +toote located at angles of plus andus + + + align:start position:0% +toote located at angles of plus andus +90° with respect to the real axis we can + + align:start position:0% +90° with respect to the real axis we can + + + align:start position:0% +90° with respect to the real axis we can +also calculate the intersection of those + + align:start position:0% +also calculate the intersection of those + + + align:start position:0% +also calculate the intersection of those +asmp tootes on the real axis if we know + + align:start position:0% +asmp tootes on the real axis if we know + + + align:start position:0% +asmp tootes on the real axis if we know +the exact location of the poles and the + + align:start position:0% +the exact location of the poles and the + + + align:start position:0% +the exact location of the poles and the +zero uh let's suppose that the ASM + + align:start position:0% +zero uh let's suppose that the ASM + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh let's suppose that the ASM +tootes are somewhere in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and the only way we can get there + + align:start position:0% +here and the only way we can get there + + + align:start position:0% +here and the only way we can get there +is to have a branch the branch that + + align:start position:0% +is to have a branch the branch that + + + align:start position:0% +is to have a branch the branch that +starts for small values of a FN at this + + align:start position:0% +starts for small values of a FN at this + + + align:start position:0% +starts for small values of a FN at this +pole move to the right eventually + + align:start position:0% +pole move to the right eventually + + + align:start position:0% +pole move to the right eventually +there's a breakaway + + align:start position:0% +there's a breakaway + + + align:start position:0% +there's a breakaway +point and we'll find that that occurs + + align:start position:0% +point and we'll find that that occurs + + + align:start position:0% +point and we'll find that that occurs +somewhere to the right of the + + align:start position:0% +somewhere to the right of the + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere to the right of the +intersection of the ASM tootes the this + + align:start position:0% +intersection of the ASM tootes the this + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of the ASM tootes the this +pair of branches then breaks + + align:start position:0% +pair of branches then breaks + + + align:start position:0% +pair of branches then breaks +off and actually moves back a little + + align:start position:0% +off and actually moves back a little + + + align:start position:0% +off and actually moves back a little +bit and does something like this ASM + + align:start position:0% +bit and does something like this ASM + + + align:start position:0% +bit and does something like this ASM +totically the reason for this pair of + + align:start position:0% +totically the reason for this pair of + + + align:start position:0% +totically the reason for this pair of +branches moving away is is really or we + + align:start position:0% +branches moving away is is really or we + + + align:start position:0% +branches moving away is is really or we +can argue that Reason by considering the + + align:start position:0% +can argue that Reason by considering the + + + align:start position:0% +can argue that Reason by considering the +average distance rule here we notice + + align:start position:0% +average distance rule here we notice + + + align:start position:0% +average distance rule here we notice +that as we increase a FN this branch is + + align:start position:0% +that as we increase a FN this branch is + + + align:start position:0% +that as we increase a FN this branch is +still moving to the right consequently + + align:start position:0% +still moving to the right consequently + + + align:start position:0% +still moving to the right consequently +in order to keep the average distance of + + align:start position:0% +in order to keep the average distance of + + + align:start position:0% +in order to keep the average distance of +the branches from the imaginary axis + + align:start position:0% +the branches from the imaginary axis + + + align:start position:0% +the branches from the imaginary axis +fixed these two branches have to move + + align:start position:0% +fixed these two branches have to move + + + align:start position:0% +fixed these two branches have to move +somewhat to the left once again if we + + align:start position:0% +somewhat to the left once again if we + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat to the left once again if we +had exact numbers for all of these + + align:start position:0% +had exact numbers for all of these + + + align:start position:0% +had exact numbers for all of these +things we could do a more precise calcul + + align:start position:0% +things we could do a more precise calcul + + + align:start position:0% +things we could do a more precise calcul +but at least we see the general + + align:start position:0% +but at least we see the general + + + align:start position:0% +but at least we see the general +Behavior there's another topology that's + + align:start position:0% +Behavior there's another topology that's + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior there's another topology that's +of Interest or another loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +of Interest or another loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +of Interest or another loop transmission +that's of interest that has the same + + align:start position:0% +that's of interest that has the same + + + align:start position:0% +that's of interest that has the same +basic form as this one once again we + + align:start position:0% +basic form as this one once again we + + + align:start position:0% +basic form as this one once again we +start with two poles relatively near the + + align:start position:0% +start with two poles relatively near the + + + align:start position:0% +start with two poles relatively near the +axis and a third pole further out in the + + align:start position:0% +axis and a third pole further out in the + + + align:start position:0% +axis and a third pole further out in the +axis we then also have a zero uh this + + align:start position:0% +axis we then also have a zero uh this + + + align:start position:0% +axis we then also have a zero uh this +time we locate the zero relatively + + align:start position:0% +time we locate the zero relatively + + + align:start position:0% +time we locate the zero relatively +further out and we' expect considerably + + align:start position:0% +further out and we' expect considerably + + + align:start position:0% +further out and we' expect considerably +different Behavior to the extent that we + + align:start position:0% +different Behavior to the extent that we + + + align:start position:0% +different Behavior to the extent that we +can consider the pole and the zero + + align:start position:0% +can consider the pole and the zero + + + align:start position:0% +can consider the pole and the zero +remote remote quantities we'd expect we + + align:start position:0% +remote remote quantities we'd expect we + + + align:start position:0% +remote remote quantities we'd expect we +can construct this root Locus this + + align:start position:0% +can construct this root Locus this + + + align:start position:0% +can construct this root Locus this +portion ignoring these higher frequency + + align:start position:0% +portion ignoring these higher frequency + + + align:start position:0% +portion ignoring these higher frequency +poles and zeros and under those + + align:start position:0% +poles and zeros and under those + + + align:start position:0% +poles and zeros and under those +conditions we'd + + align:start position:0% +conditions we'd + + + align:start position:0% +conditions we'd +expect to have Behavior something like + + align:start position:0% +expect to have Behavior something like + + + align:start position:0% +expect to have Behavior something like +so however we we also know that this + + align:start position:0% +so however we we also know that this + + + align:start position:0% +so however we we also know that this +part of the real axis has to include a + + align:start position:0% +part of the real axis has to include a + + + align:start position:0% +part of the real axis has to include a +branch and in particular there's a + + align:start position:0% +branch and in particular there's a + + + align:start position:0% +branch and in particular there's a +branch that goes from this pole + + align:start position:0% +branch that goes from this pole + + + align:start position:0% +branch that goes from this pole +to this + + align:start position:0% +to this + + + align:start position:0% +to this +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +uh because we have a branch moving to + + align:start position:0% +uh because we have a branch moving to + + + align:start position:0% +uh because we have a branch moving to +the right once again the average + + align:start position:0% +the right once again the average + + + align:start position:0% +the right once again the average +distance rule holds for this case since + + align:start position:0% +distance rule holds for this case since + + + align:start position:0% +distance rule holds for this case since +we have two more poles than zeros + + align:start position:0% +we have two more poles than zeros + + + align:start position:0% +we have two more poles than zeros +remember the constraint necessary to + + align:start position:0% +remember the constraint necessary to + + + align:start position:0% +remember the constraint necessary to +make the average distance rule hold is + + align:start position:0% +make the average distance rule hold is + + + align:start position:0% +make the average distance rule hold is +that we have at least two more poles + + align:start position:0% +that we have at least two more poles + + + align:start position:0% +that we have at least two more poles +than zeros since that's satisfied in + + align:start position:0% +than zeros since that's satisfied in + + + align:start position:0% +than zeros since that's satisfied in +this case why the average distance of + + align:start position:0% +this case why the average distance of + + + align:start position:0% +this case why the average distance of +the closed loop hole locations from the + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop hole locations from the + + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop hole locations from the +imaginary axis has to be remain fixed + + align:start position:0% +imaginary axis has to be remain fixed + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary axis has to be remain fixed +independent of a f since this branch is + + align:start position:0% +independent of a f since this branch is + + + align:start position:0% +independent of a f since this branch is +moving to the right why these have to + + align:start position:0% +moving to the right why these have to + + + align:start position:0% +moving to the right why these have to +move back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somewhat and eventually approach asmp + + align:start position:0% +somewhat and eventually approach asmp + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat and eventually approach asmp +tootes possibly in + + align:start position:0% +tootes possibly in + + + align:start position:0% +tootes possibly in +here but again the the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +here but again the the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +here but again the the thing that's +happened via the addition of the zero in + + align:start position:0% +happened via the addition of the zero in + + + align:start position:0% +happened via the addition of the zero in +both cases is that we're able to get + + align:start position:0% +both cases is that we're able to get + + + align:start position:0% +both cases is that we're able to get +larger amounts of a f for a given + + align:start position:0% +larger amounts of a f for a given + + + align:start position:0% +larger amounts of a f for a given +damping ratio associated with a complex + + align:start position:0% +damping ratio associated with a complex + + + align:start position:0% +damping ratio associated with a complex +conjugate pole pair here in contrast to + + align:start position:0% +conjugate pole pair here in contrast to + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate pole pair here in contrast to +a three-pole case remember where the + + align:start position:0% +a three-pole case remember where the + + + align:start position:0% +a three-pole case remember where the +poles simply went into the right half + + align:start position:0% +poles simply went into the right half + + + align:start position:0% +poles simply went into the right half +plane uh when we add the zero we result + + align:start position:0% +plane uh when we add the zero we result + + + align:start position:0% +plane uh when we add the zero we result +in a system that'll never be unstable + + align:start position:0% +in a system that'll never be unstable + + + align:start position:0% +in a system that'll never be unstable +and we can get for a given damping ratio + + align:start position:0% +and we can get for a given damping ratio + + + align:start position:0% +and we can get for a given damping ratio +associated with the dominant pole pair + + align:start position:0% +associated with the dominant pole pair + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the dominant pole pair +which is now the one corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +which is now the one corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +which is now the one corresponding to +this Branch or these branches we can get + + align:start position:0% +this Branch or these branches we can get + + + align:start position:0% +this Branch or these branches we can get +a larger much larger a FN than we could + + align:start position:0% +a larger much larger a FN than we could + + + align:start position:0% +a larger much larger a FN than we could +without the zero similarly here because + + align:start position:0% +without the zero similarly here because + + + align:start position:0% +without the zero similarly here because +these branches move back if we do an + + align:start position:0% +these branches move back if we do an + + + align:start position:0% +these branches move back if we do an +exact calcul calulation we find out that + + align:start position:0% +exact calcul calulation we find out that + + + align:start position:0% +exact calcul calulation we find out that +we can get greater + + align:start position:0% +we can get greater + + + align:start position:0% +we can get greater +desensitivity without paying a penalty + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity without paying a penalty + + + align:start position:0% +desensitivity without paying a penalty +of relative lack of + + align:start position:0% +of relative lack of + + + align:start position:0% +of relative lack of +stability it's interesting to look at at + + align:start position:0% +stability it's interesting to look at at + + + align:start position:0% +stability it's interesting to look at at +the dividing line between these two + + align:start position:0% +the dividing line between these two + + + align:start position:0% +the dividing line between these two +apparently very different forms of + + align:start position:0% +apparently very different forms of + + + align:start position:0% +apparently very different forms of +behavior uh we start out with two poles + + align:start position:0% +behavior uh we start out with two poles + + + align:start position:0% +behavior uh we start out with two poles +a zero and then a third pole in both + + align:start position:0% +a zero and then a third pole in both + + + align:start position:0% +a zero and then a third pole in both +cases and yet we have root Locust + + align:start position:0% +cases and yet we have root Locust + + + align:start position:0% +cases and yet we have root Locust +diagrams that look very dramatically + + align:start position:0% +diagrams that look very dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams that look very dramatically +different one of them having the + + align:start position:0% +different one of them having the + + + align:start position:0% +different one of them having the +circular Behavior + + align:start position:0% +circular Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +circular Behavior +uh all of the branches lying for a while + + align:start position:0% +uh all of the branches lying for a while + + + align:start position:0% +uh all of the branches lying for a while +on the real axis and in this case uh we + + align:start position:0% +on the real axis and in this case uh we + + + align:start position:0% +on the real axis and in this case uh we +never have have all of the branches + + align:start position:0% +never have have all of the branches + + + align:start position:0% +never have have all of the branches +lying on the real axis except for very + + align:start position:0% +lying on the real axis except for very + + + align:start position:0% +lying on the real axis except for very +small values of a KN FN they look like + + align:start position:0% +small values of a KN FN they look like + + + align:start position:0% +small values of a KN FN they look like +very very dissimilar kinds of pictures + + align:start position:0% +very very dissimilar kinds of pictures + + + align:start position:0% +very very dissimilar kinds of pictures +yet we have to have some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +yet we have to have some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +yet we have to have some sort of a +gradual change from one to the other as + + align:start position:0% +gradual change from one to the other as + + + align:start position:0% +gradual change from one to the other as +we move for example the location of this + + align:start position:0% +we move for example the location of this + + + align:start position:0% +we move for example the location of this +zero I've tried to show things with the + + align:start position:0% +zero I've tried to show things with the + + + align:start position:0% +zero I've tried to show things with the +poles lined up up and the only real + + align:start position:0% +poles lined up up and the only real + + + align:start position:0% +poles lined up up and the only real +difference between the pictures or + + align:start position:0% +difference between the pictures or + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the pictures or +between the root Locus diagrams is the + + align:start position:0% +between the root Locus diagrams is the + + + align:start position:0% +between the root Locus diagrams is the +location of the zero and we can we we'd + + align:start position:0% +location of the zero and we can we we'd + + + align:start position:0% +location of the zero and we can we we'd +expect that there isn't a very dramatic + + align:start position:0% +expect that there isn't a very dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +expect that there isn't a very dramatic +abrupt change in at least the behavior + + align:start position:0% +abrupt change in at least the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +abrupt change in at least the behavior +of the system there may be some quirk in + + align:start position:0% +of the system there may be some quirk in + + + align:start position:0% +of the system there may be some quirk in +the mathematics that that shows up in a + + align:start position:0% +the mathematics that that shows up in a + + + align:start position:0% +the mathematics that that shows up in a +funny way in the root Locust diagram but + + align:start position:0% +funny way in the root Locust diagram but + + + align:start position:0% +funny way in the root Locust diagram but +we'd think as we made small changes in + + align:start position:0% +we'd think as we made small changes in + + + align:start position:0% +we'd think as we made small changes in +the location of this zero the system + + align:start position:0% +the location of this zero the system + + + align:start position:0% +the location of this zero the system +Behavior couldn't possibly change + + align:start position:0% +Behavior couldn't possibly change + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior couldn't possibly change +dramatically the world is much more + + align:start position:0% +dramatically the world is much more + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically the world is much more +forgiving than that usually if you do a + + align:start position:0% +forgiving than that usually if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +forgiving than that usually if you do a +calculation that shows that a very very + + align:start position:0% +calculation that shows that a very very + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that shows that a very very +small change in some system parameter + + align:start position:0% +small change in some system parameter + + + align:start position:0% +small change in some system parameter +gives rise to very large changes in + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to very large changes in + + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to very large changes in +performance it means you've done + + align:start position:0% +performance it means you've done + + + align:start position:0% +performance it means you've done +something wrong and so uh what we'd like + + align:start position:0% +something wrong and so uh what we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong and so uh what we'd like +to do is is look at how we might get + + align:start position:0% +to do is is look at how we might get + + + align:start position:0% +to do is is look at how we might get +from from one mode to the other let's + + align:start position:0% +from from one mode to the other let's + + + align:start position:0% +from from one mode to the other let's +start to move this zero in and as we do + + align:start position:0% +start to move this zero in and as we do + + + align:start position:0% +start to move this zero in and as we do +that the root Locus diagram is as shown + + align:start position:0% +that the root Locus diagram is as shown + + + align:start position:0% +that the root Locus diagram is as shown +here uh as we move this zero closer and + + align:start position:0% +here uh as we move this zero closer and + + + align:start position:0% +here uh as we move this zero closer and +closer to the low frequency Pole we get + + align:start position:0% +closer to the low frequency Pole we get + + + align:start position:0% +closer to the low frequency Pole we get +closer and closer to the circular + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to the circular + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to the circular +condition so we go from this + + align:start position:0% +condition so we go from this + + + align:start position:0% +condition so we go from this +situation to this + + align:start position:0% +situation to this + + + align:start position:0% +situation to this +situation finally to a picture like so + + align:start position:0% +situation finally to a picture like so + + + align:start position:0% +situation finally to a picture like so +where the branches come down and almost + + align:start position:0% +where the branches come down and almost + + + align:start position:0% +where the branches come down and almost +touch the real axis before finally + + align:start position:0% +touch the real axis before finally + + + align:start position:0% +touch the real axis before finally +breaking away and maybe heading to ASM + + align:start position:0% +breaking away and maybe heading to ASM + + + align:start position:0% +breaking away and maybe heading to ASM +tootes somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +tootes somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +tootes somewhere in +here now let's move this pole just a + + align:start position:0% +here now let's move this pole just a + + + align:start position:0% +here now let's move this pole just a +little bit further in and then what + + align:start position:0% +little bit further in and then what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit further in and then what +happens is that the trajectory the + + align:start position:0% +happens is that the trajectory the + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that the trajectory the +branches come down like + + align:start position:0% +branches come down like + + + align:start position:0% +branches come down like +so they hit the real axis at right + + align:start position:0% +so they hit the real axis at right + + + align:start position:0% +so they hit the real axis at right +angles because they always hit the real + + align:start position:0% +angles because they always hit the real + + + align:start position:0% +angles because they always hit the real +axis at right + + align:start position:0% +axis at right + + + align:start position:0% +axis at right +angles and make their way one of them + + align:start position:0% +angles and make their way one of them + + + align:start position:0% +angles and make their way one of them +inward one out where it now meets this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and once again Branch away finally + + align:start position:0% +one and once again Branch away finally + + + align:start position:0% +one and once again Branch away finally +at right angles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so there's the very gradual + + align:start position:0% +and so there's the very gradual + + + align:start position:0% +and so there's the very gradual +transition from this case where this + + align:start position:0% +transition from this case where this + + + align:start position:0% +transition from this case where this +pair of branches never gets back to the + + align:start position:0% +pair of branches never gets back to the + + + align:start position:0% +pair of branches never gets back to the +real axis and this case where the pair + + align:start position:0% +real axis and this case where the pair + + + align:start position:0% +real axis and this case where the pair +of branches does get back to the real + + align:start position:0% +of branches does get back to the real + + + align:start position:0% +of branches does get back to the real +axis but again the only difference is + + align:start position:0% +axis but again the only difference is + + + align:start position:0% +axis but again the only difference is +whether for certain values of a f we + + align:start position:0% +whether for certain values of a f we + + + align:start position:0% +whether for certain values of a f we +have two branches somewhere in this + + align:start position:0% +have two branches somewhere in this + + + align:start position:0% +have two branches somewhere in this +General region or whether we have two + + align:start position:0% +General region or whether we have two + + + align:start position:0% +General region or whether we have two +out here and again since the distance in + + align:start position:0% +out here and again since the distance in + + + align:start position:0% +out here and again since the distance in +the S plane between those two situations + + align:start position:0% +the S plane between those two situations + + + align:start position:0% +the S plane between those two situations +is very very small any measurements we + + align:start position:0% +is very very small any measurements we + + + align:start position:0% +is very very small any measurements we +made of a system or comparing those two + + align:start position:0% +made of a system or comparing those two + + + align:start position:0% +made of a system or comparing those two +systems would show that the behavior was + + align:start position:0% +systems would show that the behavior was + + + align:start position:0% +systems would show that the behavior was +very very nearly identical and so again + + align:start position:0% +very very nearly identical and so again + + + align:start position:0% +very very nearly identical and so again +there is a gradual transition from this + + align:start position:0% +there is a gradual transition from this + + + align:start position:0% +there is a gradual transition from this +situation to this + + align:start position:0% +situation to this + + + align:start position:0% +situation to this +one which is what we'd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anticipate there's an extension of the + + align:start position:0% +anticipate there's an extension of the + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate there's an extension of the +root Locus approach that we've been + + align:start position:0% +root Locus approach that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +root Locus approach that we've been +looking at incidentally we'll have + + align:start position:0% +looking at incidentally we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +looking at incidentally we'll have +considerably more to say about this + + align:start position:0% +considerably more to say about this + + + align:start position:0% +considerably more to say about this +later on when we begin to look at + + align:start position:0% +later on when we begin to look at + + + align:start position:0% +later on when we begin to look at +examples of actual systems we to this + + align:start position:0% +examples of actual systems we to this + + + align:start position:0% +examples of actual systems we to this +point have been dealing simply with + + align:start position:0% +point have been dealing simply with + + + align:start position:0% +point have been dealing simply with +madeup kinds of of loop Transmissions + + align:start position:0% +madeup kinds of of loop Transmissions + + + align:start position:0% +madeup kinds of of loop Transmissions +we'll get certainly more complicated + + align:start position:0% +we'll get certainly more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get certainly more complicated +ones and ones that correspond more + + align:start position:0% +ones and ones that correspond more + + + align:start position:0% +ones and ones that correspond more +directly to actual physical systems when + + align:start position:0% +directly to actual physical systems when + + + align:start position:0% +directly to actual physical systems when +we begin to use physical systems as the + + align:start position:0% +we begin to use physical systems as the + + + align:start position:0% +we begin to use physical systems as the +basis of our analytic efforts or as the + + align:start position:0% +basis of our analytic efforts or as the + + + align:start position:0% +basis of our analytic efforts or as the +basis of our design efforts there's a a + + align:start position:0% +basis of our design efforts there's a a + + + align:start position:0% +basis of our design efforts there's a a +rather interesting extension of root + + align:start position:0% +rather interesting extension of root + + + align:start position:0% +rather interesting extension of root +Locust techniques that's worth + + align:start position:0% +Locust techniques that's worth + + + align:start position:0% +Locust techniques that's worth +mentioning let's think back to what + + align:start position:0% +mentioning let's think back to what + + + align:start position:0% +mentioning let's think back to what +we're really doing in a root Locus + + align:start position:0% +we're really doing in a root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +we're really doing in a root Locus +development we start out with the poles + + align:start position:0% +development we start out with the poles + + + align:start position:0% +development we start out with the poles +and zeros of the loop transmission and + + align:start position:0% +and zeros of the loop transmission and + + + align:start position:0% +and zeros of the loop transmission and +we have a single degree of Freedom we + + align:start position:0% +we have a single degree of Freedom we + + + align:start position:0% +we have a single degree of Freedom we +can change a fnot which is the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +can change a fnot which is the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +can change a fnot which is the magnitude +of the low frequency Loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +of the low frequency Loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +of the low frequency Loop transmission +and what we get + + align:start position:0% +and what we get + + + align:start position:0% +and what we get +is the way the closed loopholes of the + + align:start position:0% +is the way the closed loopholes of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the way the closed loopholes of the +system vary as we change the a FN + + align:start position:0% +system vary as we change the a FN + + + align:start position:0% +system vary as we change the a FN +product well one can extend this + + align:start position:0% +product well one can extend this + + + align:start position:0% +product well one can extend this +analysis and the resultant extension is + + align:start position:0% +analysis and the resultant extension is + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and the resultant extension is +called root Contour or the the resultant + + align:start position:0% +called root Contour or the the resultant + + + align:start position:0% +called root Contour or the the resultant +diagram is called a root Contour + + align:start position:0% +diagram is called a root Contour + + + align:start position:0% +diagram is called a root Contour +diagram and again provide the thing to + + align:start position:0% +diagram and again provide the thing to + + + align:start position:0% +diagram and again provide the thing to +focus on is that the technique allows us + + align:start position:0% +focus on is that the technique allows us + + + align:start position:0% +focus on is that the technique allows us +really to look at the variation in any + + align:start position:0% +really to look at the variation in any + + + align:start position:0% +really to look at the variation in any +single system parameter when we look at + + align:start position:0% +single system parameter when we look at + + + align:start position:0% +single system parameter when we look at +a a root Locus diagram we're varying a + + align:start position:0% +a a root Locus diagram we're varying a + + + align:start position:0% +a a root Locus diagram we're varying a +fnot but suppose we we have some other + + align:start position:0% +fnot but suppose we we have some other + + + align:start position:0% +fnot but suppose we we have some other +system parameter we're interested in how + + align:start position:0% +system parameter we're interested in how + + + align:start position:0% +system parameter we're interested in how +the closed loop poles change location as + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop poles change location as + + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop poles change location as +a function of variations in that + + align:start position:0% +a function of variations in that + + + align:start position:0% +a function of variations in that +parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter +well we can pursue the following line of + + align:start position:0% +well we can pursue the following line of + + + align:start position:0% +well we can pursue the following line of +reasoning uh when we do a root Locus + + align:start position:0% +reasoning uh when we do a root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning uh when we do a root Locus +analysis we're starting out with a loop + + align:start position:0% +analysis we're starting out with a loop + + + align:start position:0% +analysis we're starting out with a loop +transmission which is a FN times a ratio + + align:start position:0% +transmission which is a FN times a ratio + + + align:start position:0% +transmission which is a FN times a ratio +of polinomial in particular this + + align:start position:0% +of polinomial in particular this + + + align:start position:0% +of polinomial in particular this +polinomial in factored form indicates + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in factored form indicates + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in factored form indicates +the zeros of the loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +the zeros of the loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +the zeros of the loop transmission +whereas Q of s in factored form + + align:start position:0% +whereas Q of s in factored form + + + align:start position:0% +whereas Q of s in factored form +indicates the poles of the loop + + align:start position:0% +indicates the poles of the loop + + + align:start position:0% +indicates the poles of the loop +transmission and when we construct a + + align:start position:0% +transmission and when we construct a + + + align:start position:0% +transmission and when we construct a +root Locus diagram we're simply arguing + + align:start position:0% +root Locus diagram we're simply arguing + + + align:start position:0% +root Locus diagram we're simply arguing +that 1 minus the loop transmission which + + align:start position:0% +that 1 minus the loop transmission which + + + align:start position:0% +that 1 minus the loop transmission which +is 1 plus a f time our ratio of pols is + + align:start position:0% +is 1 plus a f time our ratio of pols is + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 plus a f time our ratio of pols is +equal to zero or correspondingly the + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero or correspondingly the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero or correspondingly the +equation that we're solving when we + + align:start position:0% +equation that we're solving when we + + + align:start position:0% +equation that we're solving when we +construct a root Locust diagram if we + + align:start position:0% +construct a root Locust diagram if we + + + align:start position:0% +construct a root Locust diagram if we +simply multiply through by Q of s is Q + + align:start position:0% +simply multiply through by Q of s is Q + + + align:start position:0% +simply multiply through by Q of s is Q +of S Plus a f p of s equals z Now + + align:start position:0% +of S Plus a f p of s equals z Now + + + align:start position:0% +of S Plus a f p of s equals z Now +suppose we have some system which has + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have some system which has + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have some system which has +some other single parameter that we're + + align:start position:0% +some other single parameter that we're + + + align:start position:0% +some other single parameter that we're +interested in in varying and and + + align:start position:0% +interested in in varying and and + + + align:start position:0% +interested in in varying and and +observing the the change in system + + align:start position:0% +observing the the change in system + + + align:start position:0% +observing the the change in system +performance for example we might have a + + align:start position:0% +performance for example we might have a + + + align:start position:0% +performance for example we might have a +time constant a single time constant in + + align:start position:0% +time constant a single time constant in + + + align:start position:0% +time constant a single time constant in +the system that we could change by + + align:start position:0% +the system that we could change by + + + align:start position:0% +the system that we could change by +controlling a capacitor size or + + align:start position:0% +controlling a capacitor size or + + + align:start position:0% +controlling a capacitor size or +something like that we might have a + + align:start position:0% +something like that we might have a + + + align:start position:0% +something like that we might have a +location of a zero or a location of a + + align:start position:0% +location of a zero or a location of a + + + align:start position:0% +location of a zero or a location of a +pole or the inertia associated with a + + align:start position:0% +pole or the inertia associated with a + + + align:start position:0% +pole or the inertia associated with a +rotating member a feed and a Servo + + align:start position:0% +rotating member a feed and a Servo + + + align:start position:0% +rotating member a feed and a Servo +mechanism but in any case suppose + + align:start position:0% +mechanism but in any case suppose + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism but in any case suppose +there's a single parameter if that + + align:start position:0% +there's a single parameter if that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a single parameter if that +quantity enters into the system + + align:start position:0% +quantity enters into the system + + + align:start position:0% +quantity enters into the system +equations in a linear way then in fact + + align:start position:0% +equations in a linear way then in fact + + + align:start position:0% +equations in a linear way then in fact +we can write a resulting system equation + + align:start position:0% +we can write a resulting system equation + + + align:start position:0% +we can write a resulting system equation +or resulting characteristic equation in + + align:start position:0% +or resulting characteristic equation in + + + align:start position:0% +or resulting characteristic equation in +the following way we can have some Q + + align:start position:0% +the following way we can have some Q + + + align:start position:0% +the following way we can have some Q +Prime of S Plus to * P Prime of s in + + align:start position:0% +Prime of S Plus to * P Prime of s in + + + align:start position:0% +Prime of S Plus to * P Prime of s in +this development I'm assuming the to is + + align:start position:0% +this development I'm assuming the to is + + + align:start position:0% +this development I'm assuming the to is +the quantity that we're going to vary so + + align:start position:0% +the quantity that we're going to vary so + + + align:start position:0% +the quantity that we're going to vary so +when we write the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +when we write the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +when we write the characteristic +equation we'd find certain terms in the + + align:start position:0% +equation we'd find certain terms in the + + + align:start position:0% +equation we'd find certain terms in the +characteristic equation that were not + + align:start position:0% +characteristic equation that were not + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic equation that were not +multiplied by too we'll simply associate + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by too we'll simply associate + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by too we'll simply associate +those those terms or collect those terms + + align:start position:0% +those those terms or collect those terms + + + align:start position:0% +those those terms or collect those terms +together and call the resultant + + align:start position:0% +together and call the resultant + + + align:start position:0% +together and call the resultant +polinomial Q Prime of + + align:start position:0% +polinomial Q Prime of + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial Q Prime of +s similarly if the parameter of Interest + + align:start position:0% +s similarly if the parameter of Interest + + + align:start position:0% +s similarly if the parameter of Interest +enters the system equations in a linear + + align:start position:0% +enters the system equations in a linear + + + align:start position:0% +enters the system equations in a linear +way it will multiply scale certain of + + align:start position:0% +way it will multiply scale certain of + + + align:start position:0% +way it will multiply scale certain of +the terms in the characteristic equation + + align:start position:0% +the terms in the characteristic equation + + + align:start position:0% +the terms in the characteristic equation +once again we'll collect all of those + + align:start position:0% +once again we'll collect all of those + + + align:start position:0% +once again we'll collect all of those +terms factor out the to and call the + + align:start position:0% +terms factor out the to and call the + + + align:start position:0% +terms factor out the to and call the +resultant + + align:start position:0% +resultant + + + align:start position:0% +resultant +polinomial uh that multiplies tooo P + + align:start position:0% +polinomial uh that multiplies tooo P + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial uh that multiplies tooo P +Prime of s well now we have exactly the + + align:start position:0% +Prime of s well now we have exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime of s well now we have exactly the +same form as we used in our root Locus + + align:start position:0% +same form as we used in our root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +same form as we used in our root Locus +diagram here we have a polinomial plus + + align:start position:0% +diagram here we have a polinomial plus + + + align:start position:0% +diagram here we have a polinomial plus +the variable that's going to change as + + align:start position:0% +the variable that's going to change as + + + align:start position:0% +the variable that's going to change as +we construct the root Locus diagram + + align:start position:0% +we construct the root Locus diagram + + + align:start position:0% +we construct the root Locus diagram +times another polinomial here we have a + + align:start position:0% +times another polinomial here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +times another polinomial here we have a +polinomial plus the variable we're going + + align:start position:0% +polinomial plus the variable we're going + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial plus the variable we're going +to change to construct the root Locus + + align:start position:0% +to change to construct the root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +to change to construct the root Locus +diagram times another polinomial being + + align:start position:0% +diagram times another polinomial being + + + align:start position:0% +diagram times another polinomial being +equal to zero so we can apply once we've + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so we can apply once we've + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so we can apply once we've +made this identification factored out + + align:start position:0% +made this identification factored out + + + align:start position:0% +made this identification factored out +the variable parameter to we can + + align:start position:0% +the variable parameter to we can + + + align:start position:0% +the variable parameter to we can +consider a system which has zeros that + + align:start position:0% +consider a system which has zeros that + + + align:start position:0% +consider a system which has zeros that +we that are determined by Q Prime of s + + align:start position:0% +we that are determined by Q Prime of s + + + align:start position:0% +we that are determined by Q Prime of s +poles that are determined by P Prime of + + align:start position:0% +poles that are determined by P Prime of + + + align:start position:0% +poles that are determined by P Prime of +s and we can use exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +s and we can use exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +s and we can use exactly the same +techniques for construction now of a + + align:start position:0% +techniques for construction now of a + + + align:start position:0% +techniques for construction now of a +root Contour diagram as we did for the + + align:start position:0% +root Contour diagram as we did for the + + + align:start position:0% +root Contour diagram as we did for the +construction of our root Locus diagram + + align:start position:0% +construction of our root Locus diagram + + + align:start position:0% +construction of our root Locus diagram +the analytic difficulty that we run into + + align:start position:0% +the analytic difficulty that we run into + + + align:start position:0% +the analytic difficulty that we run into +when we do this is one that involves the + + align:start position:0% +when we do this is one that involves the + + + align:start position:0% +when we do this is one that involves the +difficulty of factoring the polinomial + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of factoring the polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of factoring the polinomial +again if we have machine computation + + align:start position:0% +again if we have machine computation + + + align:start position:0% +again if we have machine computation +that may be a fairly simple test task + + align:start position:0% +that may be a fairly simple test task + + + align:start position:0% +that may be a fairly simple test task +but usually when we do a root Locust + + align:start position:0% +but usually when we do a root Locust + + + align:start position:0% +but usually when we do a root Locust +diagram the polinomial P of s and Q of s + + align:start position:0% +diagram the polinomial P of s and Q of s + + + align:start position:0% +diagram the polinomial P of s and Q of s +appear in factored form and so we don't + + align:start position:0% +appear in factored form and so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +appear in factored form and so we don't +have to go through the drudgery of doing + + align:start position:0% +have to go through the drudgery of doing + + + align:start position:0% +have to go through the drudgery of doing +that factoring ourselves normally when + + align:start position:0% +that factoring ourselves normally when + + + align:start position:0% +that factoring ourselves normally when +we try to construct a root Contour + + align:start position:0% +we try to construct a root Contour + + + align:start position:0% +we try to construct a root Contour +diagram we find that the polinomial Q + + align:start position:0% +diagram we find that the polinomial Q + + + align:start position:0% +diagram we find that the polinomial Q +Prime of S and P Prime of s + + align:start position:0% +Prime of S and P Prime of s + + + align:start position:0% +Prime of S and P Prime of s +unfortunately don't appear in factored + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately don't appear in factored + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately don't appear in factored +form and so there's a computational + + align:start position:0% +form and so there's a computational + + + align:start position:0% +form and so there's a computational +difficulty which involves reducing those + + align:start position:0% +difficulty which involves reducing those + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty which involves reducing those +polinomial once we've gotten over that + + align:start position:0% +polinomial once we've gotten over that + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial once we've gotten over that +hurdle uh the construction of a root + + align:start position:0% +hurdle uh the construction of a root + + + align:start position:0% +hurdle uh the construction of a root +Contour diagram is no more difficult + + align:start position:0% +Contour diagram is no more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +Contour diagram is no more difficult +than the construction of a root Locus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram finally I'd like to look in our + + align:start position:0% +diagram finally I'd like to look in our + + + align:start position:0% +diagram finally I'd like to look in our +continuing discussion of root Locus + + align:start position:0% +continuing discussion of root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +continuing discussion of root Locus +diagrams at the zeros the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +diagrams at the zeros the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams at the zeros the closed loop +zeros of a feedback system we started + + align:start position:0% +zeros of a feedback system we started + + + align:start position:0% +zeros of a feedback system we started +our discussion of root Locust techniques + + align:start position:0% +our discussion of root Locust techniques + + + align:start position:0% +our discussion of root Locust techniques +by arguing that we were only going to + + align:start position:0% +by arguing that we were only going to + + + align:start position:0% +by arguing that we were only going to +look for the pole locations at least + + align:start position:0% +look for the pole locations at least + + + align:start position:0% +look for the pole locations at least +initially the closed loop pole locations + + align:start position:0% +initially the closed loop pole locations + + + align:start position:0% +initially the closed loop pole locations +and as a consequence of that we don't + + align:start position:0% +and as a consequence of that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +and as a consequence of that we don't +really have to worry about how the loop + + align:start position:0% +really have to worry about how the loop + + + align:start position:0% +really have to worry about how the loop +transmission is distributed between the + + align:start position:0% +transmission is distributed between the + + + align:start position:0% +transmission is distributed between the +forward path and the feedback path + + align:start position:0% +forward path and the feedback path + + + align:start position:0% +forward path and the feedback path +however when we're interested in system + + align:start position:0% +however when we're interested in system + + + align:start position:0% +however when we're interested in system +zeros closed loop zeros it becomes + + align:start position:0% +zeros closed loop zeros it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +zeros closed loop zeros it becomes +important where the how the loop + + align:start position:0% +important where the how the loop + + + align:start position:0% +important where the how the loop +transmission is distributed so let's + + align:start position:0% +transmission is distributed so let's + + + align:start position:0% +transmission is distributed so let's +look at that problem for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment uh we can write the expression + + align:start position:0% +moment uh we can write the expression + + + align:start position:0% +moment uh we can write the expression +for a ofs the closed loop transfer + + align:start position:0% +for a ofs the closed loop transfer + + + align:start position:0% +for a ofs the closed loop transfer +function and when we do that of course + + align:start position:0% +function and when we do that of course + + + align:start position:0% +function and when we do that of course +we get our familiar form the forward + + align:start position:0% +we get our familiar form the forward + + + align:start position:0% +we get our familiar form the forward +path transmission small a of s over 1 + + align:start position:0% +path transmission small a of s over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +path transmission small a of s over 1 +minus the loop transmission which is 1 + + align:start position:0% +minus the loop transmission which is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +minus the loop transmission which is 1 +plus a of s f of s in our standard form + + align:start position:0% +plus a of s f of s in our standard form + + + align:start position:0% +plus a of s f of s in our standard form +and we can now ask where are the zeros + + align:start position:0% +and we can now ask where are the zeros + + + align:start position:0% +and we can now ask where are the zeros +of a of s in other words for what value + + align:start position:0% +of a of s in other words for what value + + + align:start position:0% +of a of s in other words for what value +of s does a of s equal zero well if we + + align:start position:0% +of s does a of s equal zero well if we + + + align:start position:0% +of s does a of s equal zero well if we +look at the expression for Capital a of + + align:start position:0% +look at the expression for Capital a of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the expression for Capital a of +s uh we can argue that it goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +s uh we can argue that it goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +s uh we can argue that it goes to zero +either when the numerator goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +either when the numerator goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +either when the numerator goes to zero +or when the denominator becomes infinite + + align:start position:0% +or when the denominator becomes infinite + + + align:start position:0% +or when the denominator becomes infinite +with the the numerator remaining finite + + align:start position:0% +with the the numerator remaining finite + + + align:start position:0% +with the the numerator remaining finite +well the first case happens at when + + align:start position:0% +well the first case happens at when + + + align:start position:0% +well the first case happens at when +small a of s goes to zero in other words + + align:start position:0% +small a of s goes to zero in other words + + + align:start position:0% +small a of s goes to zero in other words +when small a of s goes to zero the + + align:start position:0% +when small a of s goes to zero the + + + align:start position:0% +when small a of s goes to zero the +numerator goes to zero however the + + align:start position:0% +numerator goes to zero however the + + + align:start position:0% +numerator goes to zero however the +denominator remains finite or remains + + align:start position:0% +denominator remains finite or remains + + + align:start position:0% +denominator remains finite or remains +one actually when small a of s goes to + + align:start position:0% +one actually when small a of s goes to + + + align:start position:0% +one actually when small a of s goes to +Zer consequently capital A of s goes to + + align:start position:0% +Zer consequently capital A of s goes to + + + align:start position:0% +Zer consequently capital A of s goes to +zero when little a of s goes to zero so + + align:start position:0% +zero when little a of s goes to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +zero when little a of s goes to zero so +we conclude that the zeros or one + + align:start position:0% +we conclude that the zeros or one + + + align:start position:0% +we conclude that the zeros or one +possible location for the for the zeros + + align:start position:0% +possible location for the for the zeros + + + align:start position:0% +possible location for the for the zeros +of capital A of s is at zeros of small a + + align:start position:0% +of capital A of s is at zeros of small a + + + align:start position:0% +of capital A of s is at zeros of small a +as Zer of the forward path + + align:start position:0% +as Zer of the forward path + + + align:start position:0% +as Zer of the forward path +transmission the other possibility is to + + align:start position:0% +transmission the other possibility is to + + + align:start position:0% +transmission the other possibility is to +have the numerator go to Infinity while + + align:start position:0% +have the numerator go to Infinity while + + + align:start position:0% +have the numerator go to Infinity while +I'm sorry the denominator go to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry the denominator go to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry the denominator go to Infinity +while the numerator remains finite well + + align:start position:0% +while the numerator remains finite well + + + align:start position:0% +while the numerator remains finite well +that occurs at poles of f of s in other + + align:start position:0% +that occurs at poles of f of s in other + + + align:start position:0% +that occurs at poles of f of s in other +words a pole of f of s this term in the + + align:start position:0% +words a pole of f of s this term in the + + + align:start position:0% +words a pole of f of s this term in the +denominator becomes arbitrarily large or + + align:start position:0% +denominator becomes arbitrarily large or + + + align:start position:0% +denominator becomes arbitrarily large or +actually infinite but unless there's a + + align:start position:0% +actually infinite but unless there's a + + + align:start position:0% +actually infinite but unless there's a +corresponding pole in a of s while the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding pole in a of s while the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding pole in a of s while the +numerator remains bounded consequently + + align:start position:0% +numerator remains bounded consequently + + + align:start position:0% +numerator remains bounded consequently +this expression goes to zero so so the + + align:start position:0% +this expression goes to zero so so the + + + align:start position:0% +this expression goes to zero so so the +other possibility to have a zero of the + + align:start position:0% +other possibility to have a zero of the + + + align:start position:0% +other possibility to have a zero of the +loop transmission or the closed I'm + + align:start position:0% +loop transmission or the closed I'm + + + align:start position:0% +loop transmission or the closed I'm +sorry the a zero of the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +sorry the a zero of the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the a zero of the closed loop +transfer function is to be at a pole of + + align:start position:0% +transfer function is to be at a pole of + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function is to be at a pole of +the feedback transfer function a point + + align:start position:0% +the feedback transfer function a point + + + align:start position:0% +the feedback transfer function a point +in the S plane where F of s equals + + align:start position:0% +in the S plane where F of s equals + + + align:start position:0% +in the S plane where F of s equals +infinity where the magnitude of f ofs + + align:start position:0% +infinity where the magnitude of f ofs + + + align:start position:0% +infinity where the magnitude of f ofs +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +infinity while we can determine the + + align:start position:0% +infinity while we can determine the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity while we can determine the +stability of a feedback system and in + + align:start position:0% +stability of a feedback system and in + + + align:start position:0% +stability of a feedback system and in +fact tell how close to instability we + + align:start position:0% +fact tell how close to instability we + + + align:start position:0% +fact tell how close to instability we +are and and those sorts of measures of + + align:start position:0% +are and and those sorts of measures of + + + align:start position:0% +are and and those sorts of measures of +relative stability simply by looking at + + align:start position:0% +relative stability simply by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +relative stability simply by looking at +the closed loop hole location clearly a + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop hole location clearly a + + + align:start position:0% +the closed loop hole location clearly a +an overall understanding of the response + + align:start position:0% +an overall understanding of the response + + + align:start position:0% +an overall understanding of the response +of a system requires the zero locations + + align:start position:0% +of a system requires the zero locations + + + align:start position:0% +of a system requires the zero locations +as well and I'd like to do an example + + align:start position:0% +as well and I'd like to do an example + + + align:start position:0% +as well and I'd like to do an example +that shows the dramatically different + + align:start position:0% +that shows the dramatically different + + + align:start position:0% +that shows the dramatically different +performance we can get from a single + + align:start position:0% +performance we can get from a single + + + align:start position:0% +performance we can get from a single +system in other words A system that has + + align:start position:0% +system in other words A system that has + + + align:start position:0% +system in other words A system that has +the same pole locations regard uh + + align:start position:0% +the same pole locations regard uh + + + align:start position:0% +the same pole locations regard uh +depending on the location of its zeros + + align:start position:0% +depending on the location of its zeros + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the location of its zeros +and the example that I'd like to use is + + align:start position:0% +and the example that I'd like to use is + + + align:start position:0% +and the example that I'd like to use is +a frequency selective amplifier that + + align:start position:0% +a frequency selective amplifier that + + + align:start position:0% +a frequency selective amplifier that +uses a network known as a twin te + + align:start position:0% +uses a network known as a twin te + + + align:start position:0% +uses a network known as a twin te +the basic topology of a twint network is + + align:start position:0% +the basic topology of a twint network is + + + align:start position:0% +the basic topology of a twint network is +as shown there are three capacitors and + + align:start position:0% +as shown there are three capacitors and + + + align:start position:0% +as shown there are three capacitors and +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +resistors and we can then evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +resistors and we can then evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +resistors and we can then evaluate the +input to Output transfer function for + + align:start position:0% +input to Output transfer function for + + + align:start position:0% +input to Output transfer function for +that sort of a + + align:start position:0% +that sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of a +network um it's possible by appropriate + + align:start position:0% +network um it's possible by appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +network um it's possible by appropriate +choice of the relative values of the + + align:start position:0% +choice of the relative values of the + + + align:start position:0% +choice of the relative values of the +capacitors and resistors to get a + + align:start position:0% +capacitors and resistors to get a + + + align:start position:0% +capacitors and resistors to get a +transfer function of the following form + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the following form + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function of the following form +uh we can get a complex pair of zeros in + + align:start position:0% +uh we can get a complex pair of zeros in + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can get a complex pair of zeros in +fact you can get a pair of zeros out of + + align:start position:0% +fact you can get a pair of zeros out of + + + align:start position:0% +fact you can get a pair of zeros out of +the twin t Network that really can be + + align:start position:0% +the twin t Network that really can be + + + align:start position:0% +the twin t Network that really can be +located anywhere in the S plane in fact + + align:start position:0% +located anywhere in the S plane in fact + + + align:start position:0% +located anywhere in the S plane in fact +we can locate them in the right half of + + align:start position:0% +we can locate them in the right half of + + + align:start position:0% +we can locate them in the right half of +the S plane if we care to so we could + + align:start position:0% +the S plane if we care to so we could + + + align:start position:0% +the S plane if we care to so we could +conceivably by proper component or value + + align:start position:0% +conceivably by proper component or value + + + align:start position:0% +conceivably by proper component or value +selection get a complex conjugate pair + + align:start position:0% +selection get a complex conjugate pair + + + align:start position:0% +selection get a complex conjugate pair +of zeros on the imaginary axis in other + + align:start position:0% +of zeros on the imaginary axis in other + + + align:start position:0% +of zeros on the imaginary axis in other +words s^2 + 1 if we normalize this to + + align:start position:0% +words s^2 + 1 if we normalize this to + + + align:start position:0% +words s^2 + 1 if we normalize this to +one radian per + + align:start position:0% +one radian per + + + align:start position:0% +one radian per +second uh if we look at the topology of + + align:start position:0% +second uh if we look at the topology of + + + align:start position:0% +second uh if we look at the topology of +the network we recognize that at both + + align:start position:0% +the network we recognize that at both + + + align:start position:0% +the network we recognize that at both +low and high frequencies the gain of the + + align:start position:0% +low and high frequencies the gain of the + + + align:start position:0% +low and high frequencies the gain of the +network has to be Unity uh notice that + + align:start position:0% +network has to be Unity uh notice that + + + align:start position:0% +network has to be Unity uh notice that +at low frequencies where the capacitors + + align:start position:0% +at low frequencies where the capacitors + + + align:start position:0% +at low frequencies where the capacitors +are open circuits we have a direct path + + align:start position:0% +are open circuits we have a direct path + + + align:start position:0% +are open circuits we have a direct path +between input and output via the + + align:start position:0% +between input and output via the + + + align:start position:0% +between input and output via the +resistive crossbar of the t uh at high + + align:start position:0% +resistive crossbar of the t uh at high + + + align:start position:0% +resistive crossbar of the t uh at high +frequencies we have a direct path + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we have a direct path + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies we have a direct path +between input and output via the + + align:start position:0% +between input and output via the + + + align:start position:0% +between input and output via the +capacitive crossbar of the T + + align:start position:0% +capacitive crossbar of the T + + + align:start position:0% +capacitive crossbar of the T +consequently the number of poles and + + align:start position:0% +consequently the number of poles and + + + align:start position:0% +consequently the number of poles and +zeros in the transfer function has to be + + align:start position:0% +zeros in the transfer function has to be + + + align:start position:0% +zeros in the transfer function has to be +equal so that the low and high frequency + + align:start position:0% +equal so that the low and high frequency + + + align:start position:0% +equal so that the low and high frequency +gains are both bounded uh and a possible + + align:start position:0% +gains are both bounded uh and a possible + + + align:start position:0% +gains are both bounded uh and a possible +pole Lo would be two real AIS poles at s + + align:start position:0% +pole Lo would be two real AIS poles at s + + + align:start position:0% +pole Lo would be two real AIS poles at s +equal minus1 actually I've taken a few + + align:start position:0% +equal minus1 actually I've taken a few + + + align:start position:0% +equal minus1 actually I've taken a few +liberties with this transfer function + + align:start position:0% +liberties with this transfer function + + + align:start position:0% +liberties with this transfer function +there are three energy storage elements + + align:start position:0% +there are three energy storage elements + + + align:start position:0% +there are three energy storage elements +in the system and consequently we'd + + align:start position:0% +in the system and consequently we'd + + + align:start position:0% +in the system and consequently we'd +anticipate that there are three poles in + + align:start position:0% +anticipate that there are three poles in + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate that there are three poles in +the transfer function uh Again by the + + align:start position:0% +the transfer function uh Again by the + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer function uh Again by the +argument that I earlier used that that + + align:start position:0% +argument that I earlier used that that + + + align:start position:0% +argument that I earlier used that that +the number of poles and zeros has to be + + align:start position:0% +the number of poles and zeros has to be + + + align:start position:0% +the number of poles and zeros has to be +the same uh so that the high frequency + + align:start position:0% +the same uh so that the high frequency + + + align:start position:0% +the same uh so that the high frequency +gain is is a constant with increasing + + align:start position:0% +gain is is a constant with increasing + + + align:start position:0% +gain is is a constant with increasing +frequency why we'd have to have three + + align:start position:0% +frequency why we'd have to have three + + + align:start position:0% +frequency why we'd have to have three +zeros if once again we select component + + align:start position:0% +zeros if once again we select component + + + align:start position:0% +zeros if once again we select component +values + + align:start position:0% +values + + + align:start position:0% +values +correctly the third pole and the third + + align:start position:0% +correctly the third pole and the third + + + align:start position:0% +correctly the third pole and the third +zero can be made to cancel in that case + + align:start position:0% +zero can be made to cancel in that case + + + align:start position:0% +zero can be made to cancel in that case +we get a transfer function which + + align:start position:0% +we get a transfer function which + + + align:start position:0% +we get a transfer function which +includes two zeros divided by two poles + + align:start position:0% +includes two zeros divided by two poles + + + align:start position:0% +includes two zeros divided by two poles +the only remaining Liberty is that it's + + align:start position:0% +the only remaining Liberty is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +the only remaining Liberty is that it's +not possible to get the two poles + + align:start position:0% +not possible to get the two poles + + + align:start position:0% +not possible to get the two poles +exactly coincident on the real axis + + align:start position:0% +exactly coincident on the real axis + + + align:start position:0% +exactly coincident on the real axis +there's a loading problem that that + + align:start position:0% +there's a loading problem that that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a loading problem that that +ensures that the location of those poles + + align:start position:0% +ensures that the location of those poles + + + align:start position:0% +ensures that the location of those poles +differs slightly even for the most + + align:start position:0% +differs slightly even for the most + + + align:start position:0% +differs slightly even for the most +optimistic selection of component values + + align:start position:0% +optimistic selection of component values + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic selection of component values +but that minor departure from reality + + align:start position:0% +but that minor departure from reality + + + align:start position:0% +but that minor departure from reality +really doesn't influence the derivation + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't influence the derivation + + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't influence the derivation +the development very much so I'll sort + + align:start position:0% +the development very much so I'll sort + + + align:start position:0% +the development very much so I'll sort +of sweep that under the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rug let's suppose that we build a + + align:start position:0% +rug let's suppose that we build a + + + align:start position:0% +rug let's suppose that we build a +feedback system where we have an + + align:start position:0% +feedback system where we have an + + + align:start position:0% +feedback system where we have an +input here and a forward path which is + + align:start position:0% +input here and a forward path which is + + + align:start position:0% +input here and a forward path which is +frequency independent we'll designate it + + align:start position:0% +frequency independent we'll designate it + + + align:start position:0% +frequency independent we'll designate it +as a knot we then use our frequency + + align:start position:0% +as a knot we then use our frequency + + + align:start position:0% +as a knot we then use our frequency +selective twint network uh either as + + align:start position:0% +selective twint network uh either as + + + align:start position:0% +selective twint network uh either as +part of the forward path if we're going + + align:start position:0% +part of the forward path if we're going + + + align:start position:0% +part of the forward path if we're going +to the two output + + align:start position:0% +to the two output + + + align:start position:0% +to the two output +or as the feedback path if we're going + + align:start position:0% +or as the feedback path if we're going + + + align:start position:0% +or as the feedback path if we're going +to the one output we have two outputs + + align:start position:0% +to the one output we have two outputs + + + align:start position:0% +to the one output we have two outputs +from the system one of them includes the + + align:start position:0% +from the system one of them includes the + + + align:start position:0% +from the system one of them includes the +T in the forward + + align:start position:0% +T in the forward + + + align:start position:0% +T in the forward +path the other one includes the T in the + + align:start position:0% +path the other one includes the T in the + + + align:start position:0% +path the other one includes the T in the +feedback path if we consider the + + align:start position:0% +feedback path if we consider the + + + align:start position:0% +feedback path if we consider the +transfer function between the input and + + align:start position:0% +transfer function between the input and + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function between the input and +V1 well first let's find the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +V1 well first let's find the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +V1 well first let's find the closed loop +poles of this system we can do that by + + align:start position:0% +poles of this system we can do that by + + + align:start position:0% +poles of this system we can do that by +our usual root Locus techniques the loop + + align:start position:0% +our usual root Locus techniques the loop + + + align:start position:0% +our usual root Locus techniques the loop +transmission has two Z Zer on the + + align:start position:0% +transmission has two Z Zer on the + + + align:start position:0% +transmission has two Z Zer on the +imaginary axis uh a complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +imaginary axis uh a complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary axis uh a complex conjugate +pair of zeros of + + align:start position:0% +pair of zeros of + + + align:start position:0% +pair of zeros of +course and and so we start out uh with + + align:start position:0% +course and and so we start out uh with + + + align:start position:0% +course and and so we start out uh with +I'm sorry I have an error in the in this + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry I have an error in the in this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry I have an error in the in this +one let me indicate the zeros and poles + + align:start position:0% +one let me indicate the zeros and poles + + + align:start position:0% +one let me indicate the zeros and poles +correctly we start out with two zeros in + + align:start position:0% +correctly we start out with two zeros in + + + align:start position:0% +correctly we start out with two zeros in +the loop + + align:start position:0% +the loop + + + align:start position:0% +the loop +transmission at s equal J plus and Min + + align:start position:0% +transmission at s equal J plus and Min + + + align:start position:0% +transmission at s equal J plus and Min +-1 and we have two poles in the in the + + align:start position:0% +-1 and we have two poles in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +-1 and we have two poles in the in the +loop transmission at s equal minus + + align:start position:0% +loop transmission at s equal minus + + + align:start position:0% +loop transmission at s equal minus +one the root Locus behavior for that + + align:start position:0% +one the root Locus behavior for that + + + align:start position:0% +one the root Locus behavior for that +thing is fairly easy to determine we + + align:start position:0% +thing is fairly easy to determine we + + + align:start position:0% +thing is fairly easy to determine we +recognize that these two the branches + + align:start position:0% +recognize that these two the branches + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that these two the branches +associated with these two + + align:start position:0% +associated with these two + + + align:start position:0% +associated with these two +poles jump off the axis at this point uh + + align:start position:0% +poles jump off the axis at this point uh + + + align:start position:0% +poles jump off the axis at this point uh +we can for example evaluate the angle + + align:start position:0% +we can for example evaluate the angle + + + align:start position:0% +we can for example evaluate the angle +that they make when they reach the zeros + + align:start position:0% +that they make when they reach the zeros + + + align:start position:0% +that they make when they reach the zeros +we find out in that case that they reach + + align:start position:0% +we find out in that case that they reach + + + align:start position:0% +we find out in that case that they reach +the zeros like so so the branches + + align:start position:0% +the zeros like so so the branches + + + align:start position:0% +the zeros like so so the branches +terminate + + align:start position:0% +terminate + + + align:start position:0% +terminate +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +way and again if we keep track of the + + align:start position:0% +way and again if we keep track of the + + + align:start position:0% +way and again if we keep track of the +geometry involved we find out that the + + align:start position:0% +geometry involved we find out that the + + + align:start position:0% +geometry involved we find out that the +remaining part of the diagram has to be + + align:start position:0% +remaining part of the diagram has to be + + + align:start position:0% +remaining part of the diagram has to be +a circle or a + + align:start position:0% +a circle or a + + + align:start position:0% +a circle or a +semicircle and so we get a a root Locus + + align:start position:0% +semicircle and so we get a a root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +semicircle and so we get a a root Locus +diagram that looks like + + align:start position:0% +diagram that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +diagram that looks like +so for increasing values of a fot in + + align:start position:0% +so for increasing values of a fot in + + + align:start position:0% +so for increasing values of a fot in +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +direction so we start out with our + + align:start position:0% +direction so we start out with our + + + align:start position:0% +direction so we start out with our +system which has two Loop transmission + + align:start position:0% +system which has two Loop transmission + + + align:start position:0% +system which has two Loop transmission +zeros on the the imaginary axis two Loop + + align:start position:0% +zeros on the the imaginary axis two Loop + + + align:start position:0% +zeros on the the imaginary axis two Loop +transmission poles on the negative real + + align:start position:0% +transmission poles on the negative real + + + align:start position:0% +transmission poles on the negative real +axis and a variable gain a KN and as we + + align:start position:0% +axis and a variable gain a KN and as we + + + align:start position:0% +axis and a variable gain a KN and as we +start at a equals z the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +start at a equals z the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +start at a equals z the closed loop +poles lie here and as we increase a KN + + align:start position:0% +poles lie here and as we increase a KN + + + align:start position:0% +poles lie here and as we increase a KN +why the closed loop poles move toward + + align:start position:0% +why the closed loop poles move toward + + + align:start position:0% +why the closed loop poles move toward +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +zeros suppose we consider system + + align:start position:0% +zeros suppose we consider system + + + align:start position:0% +zeros suppose we consider system +behavior when for a value of a KN which + + align:start position:0% +behavior when for a value of a KN which + + + align:start position:0% +behavior when for a value of a KN which +results inclosed Loop Pooles lying + + align:start position:0% +results inclosed Loop Pooles lying + + + align:start position:0% +results inclosed Loop Pooles lying +somewhere possibly here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are now our closed loop pole + + align:start position:0% +so these are now our closed loop pole + + + align:start position:0% +so these are now our closed loop pole +locations and then we consider the + + align:start position:0% +locations and then we consider the + + + align:start position:0% +locations and then we consider the +overall system transfer function both + + align:start position:0% +overall system transfer function both + + + align:start position:0% +overall system transfer function both +poles and + + align:start position:0% +poles and + + + align:start position:0% +poles and +zeros uh for the two transfer functions + + align:start position:0% +zeros uh for the two transfer functions + + + align:start position:0% +zeros uh for the two transfer functions +either V out1 over VI or V out2 over + + align:start position:0% +either V out1 over VI or V out2 over + + + align:start position:0% +either V out1 over VI or V out2 over +VI in the case of the transfer function + + align:start position:0% +VI in the case of the transfer function + + + align:start position:0% +VI in the case of the transfer function +V out1 over VI theose Loop poles are of + + align:start position:0% +V out1 over VI theose Loop poles are of + + + align:start position:0% +V out1 over VI theose Loop poles are of +course those given by the earlier + + align:start position:0% +course those given by the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +course those given by the earlier +development we've cranked up a knot to + + align:start position:0% +development we've cranked up a knot to + + + align:start position:0% +development we've cranked up a knot to +this point the closed loop system poles + + align:start position:0% +this point the closed loop system poles + + + align:start position:0% +this point the closed loop system poles +lie here they're independent of which + + align:start position:0% +lie here they're independent of which + + + align:start position:0% +lie here they're independent of which +output we consider they're a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +output we consider they're a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +output we consider they're a fundamental +property of the system and so our Clos + + align:start position:0% +property of the system and so our Clos + + + align:start position:0% +property of the system and so our Clos +Loop poles lie + + align:start position:0% +Loop poles lie + + + align:start position:0% +Loop poles lie +here however for the one output the twin + + align:start position:0% +here however for the one output the twin + + + align:start position:0% +here however for the one output the twin +t network is in a feedback path + + align:start position:0% +t network is in a feedback path + + + align:start position:0% +t network is in a feedback path +consequently our closed loop zeros from + + align:start position:0% +consequently our closed loop zeros from + + + align:start position:0% +consequently our closed loop zeros from +the statement or the development we did + + align:start position:0% +the statement or the development we did + + + align:start position:0% +the statement or the development we did +earlier occur at the the poles of f of s + + align:start position:0% +earlier occur at the the poles of f of s + + + align:start position:0% +earlier occur at the the poles of f of s +so we get closed loop zeros at s equal + + align:start position:0% +so we get closed loop zeros at s equal + + + align:start position:0% +so we get closed loop zeros at s equal +minus1 the poles of f of s so this then + + align:start position:0% +minus1 the poles of f of s so this then + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 the poles of f of s so this then +is the overall Singularity diagram poles + + align:start position:0% +is the overall Singularity diagram poles + + + align:start position:0% +is the overall Singularity diagram poles +and zeros that we get for the transfer + + align:start position:0% +and zeros that we get for the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +and zeros that we get for the transfer +function V out1 over + + align:start position:0% +function V out1 over + + + align:start position:0% +function V out1 over +VI because in that system the twin t the + + align:start position:0% +VI because in that system the twin t the + + + align:start position:0% +VI because in that system the twin t the +frequency selective network is in the + + align:start position:0% +frequency selective network is in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency selective network is in the +feedback path and we can sort of rapidly + + align:start position:0% +feedback path and we can sort of rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +feedback path and we can sort of rapidly +sketch the frequency response of that + + align:start position:0% +sketch the frequency response of that + + + align:start position:0% +sketch the frequency response of that +system with the usual Vector + + align:start position:0% +system with the usual Vector + + + align:start position:0% +system with the usual Vector +manipulations uh we recognize that at DC + + align:start position:0% +manipulations uh we recognize that at DC + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations uh we recognize that at DC +the length of a vector from a pole and a + + align:start position:0% +the length of a vector from a pole and a + + + align:start position:0% +the length of a vector from a pole and a +zero cancel and since there are two + + align:start position:0% +zero cancel and since there are two + + + align:start position:0% +zero cancel and since there are two +poles and two zeros we'd at least have a + + align:start position:0% +poles and two zeros we'd at least have a + + + align:start position:0% +poles and two zeros we'd at least have a +magnitude that we might normalize to one + + align:start position:0% +magnitude that we might normalize to one + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude that we might normalize to one +at DC similarly for very large values of + + align:start position:0% +at DC similarly for very large values of + + + align:start position:0% +at DC similarly for very large values of +frequency again move out along the + + align:start position:0% +frequency again move out along the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency again move out along the +imaginary axis to evaluate sidal steady + + align:start position:0% +imaginary axis to evaluate sidal steady + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary axis to evaluate sidal steady +state response uh again the vectors the + + align:start position:0% +state response uh again the vectors the + + + align:start position:0% +state response uh again the vectors the +lengths of the vectors from the poles + + align:start position:0% +lengths of the vectors from the poles + + + align:start position:0% +lengths of the vectors from the poles +and zeros just about cancel and so the + + align:start position:0% +and zeros just about cancel and so the + + + align:start position:0% +and zeros just about cancel and so the +response of this system for both DC and + + align:start position:0% +response of this system for both DC and + + + align:start position:0% +response of this system for both DC and +for high frequencies is the same the + + align:start position:0% +for high frequencies is the same the + + + align:start position:0% +for high frequencies is the same the +only place that the frequency response + + align:start position:0% +only place that the frequency response + + + align:start position:0% +only place that the frequency response +differs significantly from that value is + + align:start position:0% +differs significantly from that value is + + + align:start position:0% +differs significantly from that value is +immediately in the vicinity of a pole if + + align:start position:0% +immediately in the vicinity of a pole if + + + align:start position:0% +immediately in the vicinity of a pole if +we evaluate the frequency response for + + align:start position:0% +we evaluate the frequency response for + + + align:start position:0% +we evaluate the frequency response for +example at this frequency well let's see + + align:start position:0% +example at this frequency well let's see + + + align:start position:0% +example at this frequency well let's see +we get the product + + align:start position:0% +we get the product + + + align:start position:0% +we get the product +of the lengths of these two vectors + + align:start position:0% +of the lengths of these two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +of the lengths of these two vectors +there's actually two in here of course + + align:start position:0% +there's actually two in here of course + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually two in here of course +since there's two zeros that's the + + align:start position:0% +since there's two zeros that's the + + + align:start position:0% +since there's two zeros that's the +numerator and we divide that by the + + align:start position:0% +numerator and we divide that by the + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and we divide that by the +length of this vector and by the length + + align:start position:0% +length of this vector and by the length + + + align:start position:0% +length of this vector and by the length +of this Vector but this Vector becomes + + align:start position:0% +of this Vector but this Vector becomes + + + align:start position:0% +of this Vector but this Vector becomes +quite small and consequently in the + + align:start position:0% +quite small and consequently in the + + + align:start position:0% +quite small and consequently in the +vicinity of the closed loop hole + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of the closed loop hole + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of the closed loop hole +location we get a resonance uh we argued + + align:start position:0% +location we get a resonance uh we argued + + + align:start position:0% +location we get a resonance uh we argued +that the low and high frequency gains + + align:start position:0% +that the low and high frequency gains + + + align:start position:0% +that the low and high frequency gains +are the same and if we assume that our + + align:start position:0% +are the same and if we assume that our + + + align:start position:0% +are the same and if we assume that our +complex conjugate pole pair we're + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate pole pair we're + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate pole pair we're +located at Omega equals 1 we'd + + align:start position:0% +located at Omega equals 1 we'd + + + align:start position:0% +located at Omega equals 1 we'd +anticipate getting this sort + + align:start position:0% +anticipate getting this sort + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate getting this sort +of of a + + align:start position:0% +of of a + + + align:start position:0% +of of a +picture the usual sort of resonant curve + + align:start position:0% +picture the usual sort of resonant curve + + + align:start position:0% +picture the usual sort of resonant curve +where the uh high frequency gain again + + align:start position:0% +where the uh high frequency gain again + + + align:start position:0% +where the uh high frequency gain again +reached one and what happens as we for + + align:start position:0% +reached one and what happens as we for + + + align:start position:0% +reached one and what happens as we for +example lower a notot is of course the + + align:start position:0% +example lower a notot is of course the + + + align:start position:0% +example lower a notot is of course the +resonance becomes less pronounced since + + align:start position:0% +resonance becomes less pronounced since + + + align:start position:0% +resonance becomes less pronounced since +these poles move back we can determine + + align:start position:0% +these poles move back we can determine + + + align:start position:0% +these poles move back we can determine +that from our original root Locus + + align:start position:0% +that from our original root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +that from our original root Locus +analysis uh so we get this kind of + + align:start position:0% +analysis uh so we get this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +analysis uh so we get this kind of +behavior as we lowered a knot and as we + + align:start position:0% +behavior as we lowered a knot and as we + + + align:start position:0% +behavior as we lowered a knot and as we +increase a + + align:start position:0% +increase a + + + align:start position:0% +increase a +knot we get a progressively steeper + + align:start position:0% +knot we get a progressively steeper + + + align:start position:0% +knot we get a progressively steeper +resonance like so so this is the + + align:start position:0% +resonance like so so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +resonance like so so this is the +direction of increasing a + + align:start position:0% +direction of increasing a + + + align:start position:0% +direction of increasing a +KN we can argue that result physically + + align:start position:0% +KN we can argue that result physically + + + align:start position:0% +KN we can argue that result physically +by looking at the system with the T in + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the system with the T in + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the system with the T in +the feedback path uh at the resonant + + align:start position:0% +the feedback path uh at the resonant + + + align:start position:0% +the feedback path uh at the resonant +frequency the T has zero no transmission + + align:start position:0% +frequency the T has zero no transmission + + + align:start position:0% +frequency the T has zero no transmission +and so we get an input to Output + + align:start position:0% +and so we get an input to Output + + + align:start position:0% +and so we get an input to Output +transfer function that's or gain that's + + align:start position:0% +transfer function that's or gain that's + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function that's or gain that's +simply a KN and consequently we'd + + align:start position:0% +simply a KN and consequently we'd + + + align:start position:0% +simply a KN and consequently we'd +anticipate that sort of behavior versus + + align:start position:0% +anticipate that sort of behavior versus + + + align:start position:0% +anticipate that sort of behavior versus +increasing a knot if we consider the + + align:start position:0% +increasing a knot if we consider the + + + align:start position:0% +increasing a knot if we consider the +second system or the second possibility + + align:start position:0% +second system or the second possibility + + + align:start position:0% +second system or the second possibility +in particular looking at the second + + align:start position:0% +in particular looking at the second + + + align:start position:0% +in particular looking at the second +output as a function of input we get + + align:start position:0% +output as a function of input we get + + + align:start position:0% +output as a function of input we get +exactly the same closed loop holes we + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same closed loop holes we + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same closed loop holes we +must but now the closed loop zeros are + + align:start position:0% +must but now the closed loop zeros are + + + align:start position:0% +must but now the closed loop zeros are +those associated with the T + + align:start position:0% +those associated with the T + + + align:start position:0% +those associated with the T +Network because in this case the t is in + + align:start position:0% +Network because in this case the t is in + + + align:start position:0% +Network because in this case the t is in +the forward path and so are the V2 over + + align:start position:0% +the forward path and so are the V2 over + + + align:start position:0% +the forward path and so are the V2 over +vi1 must include zeros at the zeros of + + align:start position:0% +vi1 must include zeros at the zeros of + + + align:start position:0% +vi1 must include zeros at the zeros of +the T Network and so we get this sort of + + align:start position:0% +the T Network and so we get this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the T Network and so we get this sort of +behavior we get the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +behavior we get the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +behavior we get the complex conjugate +pole pair and the zeros associated with + + align:start position:0% +pole pair and the zeros associated with + + + align:start position:0% +pole pair and the zeros associated with +that closed loop transfer function are + + align:start position:0% +that closed loop transfer function are + + + align:start position:0% +that closed loop transfer function are +those of the T again at + + align:start position:0% +those of the T again at + + + align:start position:0% +those of the T again at +DC the vectors from the poles and the + + align:start position:0% +DC the vectors from the poles and the + + + align:start position:0% +DC the vectors from the poles and the +zeros tend to cancel at very high + + align:start position:0% +zeros tend to cancel at very high + + + align:start position:0% +zeros tend to cancel at very high +frequencies when we evaluate this + + align:start position:0% +frequencies when we evaluate this + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies when we evaluate this +transfer function for sinusoidal steady + + align:start position:0% +transfer function for sinusoidal steady + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function for sinusoidal steady +state response at high frequencies again + + align:start position:0% +state response at high frequencies again + + + align:start position:0% +state response at high frequencies again +the Vector lengths cancel and the only + + align:start position:0% +the Vector lengths cancel and the only + + + align:start position:0% +the Vector lengths cancel and the only +difference occurs at again points near + + align:start position:0% +difference occurs at again points near + + + align:start position:0% +difference occurs at again points near +the location of the pole in zero pair + + align:start position:0% +the location of the pole in zero pair + + + align:start position:0% +the location of the pole in zero pair +when we look for example at the + + align:start position:0% +when we look for example at the + + + align:start position:0% +when we look for example at the +frequency right here and ask for the + + align:start position:0% +frequency right here and ask for the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency right here and ask for the +frequency response it must go to zero + + align:start position:0% +frequency response it must go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +frequency response it must go to zero +however if we're even slightly displaced + + align:start position:0% +however if we're even slightly displaced + + + align:start position:0% +however if we're even slightly displaced +from that point why these two vectors + + align:start position:0% +from that point why these two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +from that point why these two vectors +just about cancel these two + + align:start position:0% +just about cancel these two + + + align:start position:0% +just about cancel these two +vectors just about cancel and so the + + align:start position:0% +vectors just about cancel and so the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors just about cancel and so the +gain of this network is the same same at + + align:start position:0% +gain of this network is the same same at + + + align:start position:0% +gain of this network is the same same at +almost all frequencies except in the + + align:start position:0% +almost all frequencies except in the + + + align:start position:0% +almost all frequencies except in the +immediate vicinity of the zero and of + + align:start position:0% +immediate vicinity of the zero and of + + + align:start position:0% +immediate vicinity of the zero and of +course at the zero the response must go + + align:start position:0% +course at the zero the response must go + + + align:start position:0% +course at the zero the response must go +to zero so here we'd anticipate a + + align:start position:0% +to zero so here we'd anticipate a + + + align:start position:0% +to zero so here we'd anticipate a +rejection + + align:start position:0% +rejection + + + align:start position:0% +rejection +amplifier where the response really goes + + align:start position:0% +amplifier where the response really goes + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier where the response really goes +to zero at one radian per + + align:start position:0% +to zero at one radian per + + + align:start position:0% +to zero at one radian per +second and now as we increase a KN and + + align:start position:0% +second and now as we increase a KN and + + + align:start position:0% +second and now as we increase a KN and +bring this pole closer to the zero the + + align:start position:0% +bring this pole closer to the zero the + + + align:start position:0% +bring this pole closer to the zero the +range of frequencies over which + + align:start position:0% +range of frequencies over which + + + align:start position:0% +range of frequencies over which +cancellation + + align:start position:0% +cancellation + + + align:start position:0% +cancellation +uh occurs gets or over which the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh occurs gets or over which the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh occurs gets or over which the uh +cancellation does not occur between the + + align:start position:0% +cancellation does not occur between the + + + align:start position:0% +cancellation does not occur between the +vector lengths gets narrower and + + align:start position:0% +vector lengths gets narrower and + + + align:start position:0% +vector lengths gets narrower and +narrower and we get a much sharper + + align:start position:0% +narrower and we get a much sharper + + + align:start position:0% +narrower and we get a much sharper +null and so this now is the direction of + + align:start position:0% +null and so this now is the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +null and so this now is the direction of +increasing this is the direction of + + align:start position:0% +increasing this is the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +increasing this is the direction of +increasing a KN uh as we increase a knot + + align:start position:0% +increasing a KN uh as we increase a knot + + + align:start position:0% +increasing a KN uh as we increase a knot +why there becomes a narrower and + + align:start position:0% +why there becomes a narrower and + + + align:start position:0% +why there becomes a narrower and +narrower band of frequencies that we + + align:start position:0% +narrower band of frequencies that we + + + align:start position:0% +narrower band of frequencies that we +reject we can build a very very high + + align:start position:0% +reject we can build a very very high + + + align:start position:0% +reject we can build a very very high +quality rejection amplifier using that + + align:start position:0% +quality rejection amplifier using that + + + align:start position:0% +quality rejection amplifier using that +technique I have a demonstration that + + align:start position:0% +technique I have a demonstration that + + + align:start position:0% +technique I have a demonstration that +that shows this and I'd like to look at + + align:start position:0% +that shows this and I'd like to look at + + + align:start position:0% +that shows this and I'd like to look at +that for a for a moment what we have + + align:start position:0% +that for a for a moment what we have + + + align:start position:0% +that for a for a moment what we have +here is the rejection amplifier or the + + align:start position:0% +here is the rejection amplifier or the + + + align:start position:0% +here is the rejection amplifier or the +frequency selective amplifier here's an + + align:start position:0% +frequency selective amplifier here's an + + + align:start position:0% +frequency selective amplifier here's an +op amp that provides the gain and we + + align:start position:0% +op amp that provides the gain and we + + + align:start position:0% +op amp that provides the gain and we +have a potentiometer that allows us to + + align:start position:0% +have a potentiometer that allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +have a potentiometer that allows us to +adjust a nod the frequency selective + + align:start position:0% +adjust a nod the frequency selective + + + align:start position:0% +adjust a nod the frequency selective +network is in this region we have 1 two + + align:start position:0% +network is in this region we have 1 two + + + align:start position:0% +network is in this region we have 1 two +three Capac capacitors one two three + + align:start position:0% +three Capac capacitors one two three + + + align:start position:0% +three Capac capacitors one two three +resistors one of which includes a + + align:start position:0% +resistors one of which includes a + + + align:start position:0% +resistors one of which includes a +potentiometer you can show that you can + + align:start position:0% +potentiometer you can show that you can + + + align:start position:0% +potentiometer you can show that you can +null the network it cause it to have + + align:start position:0% +null the network it cause it to have + + + align:start position:0% +null the network it cause it to have +zeros on the imaginary axis by adjusting + + align:start position:0% +zeros on the imaginary axis by adjusting + + + align:start position:0% +zeros on the imaginary axis by adjusting +any one of the six components the + + align:start position:0% +any one of the six components the + + + align:start position:0% +any one of the six components the +easiest one to do in this case was the + + align:start position:0% +easiest one to do in this case was the + + + align:start position:0% +easiest one to do in this case was the +resistor in the vertical leg of the T + + align:start position:0% +resistor in the vertical leg of the T + + + align:start position:0% +resistor in the vertical leg of the T +and that's what this potentiometer does + + align:start position:0% +and that's what this potentiometer does + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what this potentiometer does +and there's a buffer amplifier that just + + align:start position:0% +and there's a buffer amplifier that just + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a buffer amplifier that just +minimizes loading on the U the amplifier + + align:start position:0% +minimizes loading on the U the amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +minimizes loading on the U the amplifier +on the T + + align:start position:0% +on the T + + + align:start position:0% +on the T +Network and what we then do is drive + + align:start position:0% +Network and what we then do is drive + + + align:start position:0% +Network and what we then do is drive +this frequency selective + + align:start position:0% +this frequency selective + + + align:start position:0% +this frequency selective +amplifier with a swept sosal signal + + align:start position:0% +amplifier with a swept sosal signal + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier with a swept sosal signal +which allows us to plot its frequency + + align:start position:0% +which allows us to plot its frequency + + + align:start position:0% +which allows us to plot its frequency +response we look at the resultant + + align:start position:0% +response we look at the resultant + + + align:start position:0% +response we look at the resultant +frequency response on the + + align:start position:0% +frequency response on the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency response on the +oscilloscope the + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope the + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope the +U for for reasons of getting a an clear + + align:start position:0% +U for for reasons of getting a an clear + + + align:start position:0% +U for for reasons of getting a an clear +presentation it's easiest to do this + + align:start position:0% +presentation it's easiest to do this + + + align:start position:0% +presentation it's easiest to do this +with u a sweep and without putting in + + align:start position:0% +with u a sweep and without putting in + + + align:start position:0% +with u a sweep and without putting in +the peak rectifier and all of that so + + align:start position:0% +the peak rectifier and all of that so + + + align:start position:0% +the peak rectifier and all of that so +what we'll see in the oscilloscope + + align:start position:0% +what we'll see in the oscilloscope + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll see in the oscilloscope +presentation is simply a uh an envelope + + align:start position:0% +presentation is simply a uh an envelope + + + align:start position:0% +presentation is simply a uh an envelope +that includes both a positive and + + align:start position:0% +that includes both a positive and + + + align:start position:0% +that includes both a positive and +negative portions what's really + + align:start position:0% +negative portions what's really + + + align:start position:0% +negative portions what's really +happening is the carrier is running + + align:start position:0% +happening is the carrier is running + + + align:start position:0% +happening is the carrier is running +along inside this envelope and we just + + align:start position:0% +along inside this envelope and we just + + + align:start position:0% +along inside this envelope and we just +see the outline of the envelope we do a + + align:start position:0% +see the outline of the envelope we do a + + + align:start position:0% +see the outline of the envelope we do a +single sweep which we store on a a + + align:start position:0% +single sweep which we store on a a + + + align:start position:0% +single sweep which we store on a a +storage scope the generator then + + align:start position:0% +storage scope the generator then + + + align:start position:0% +storage scope the generator then +retraces so we'll look at single swept + + align:start position:0% +retraces so we'll look at single swept + + + align:start position:0% +retraces so we'll look at single swept +measurements of the frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +response uh let me first first erase the + + align:start position:0% +response uh let me first first erase the + + + align:start position:0% +response uh let me first first erase the +storage + + align:start position:0% +storage + + + align:start position:0% +storage +scope and now uh we're running with a + + align:start position:0% +scope and now uh we're running with a + + + align:start position:0% +scope and now uh we're running with a +minimum value of a + + align:start position:0% +minimum value of a + + + align:start position:0% +minimum value of a +KN and what I will do is get a single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trace and there this this is looking at + + align:start position:0% +trace and there this this is looking at + + + align:start position:0% +trace and there this this is looking at +the one output as a function of input + + align:start position:0% +the one output as a function of input + + + align:start position:0% +the one output as a function of input +and this is the case where a Knot's + + align:start position:0% +and this is the case where a Knot's + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the case where a Knot's +quite small we notice very little + + align:start position:0% +quite small we notice very little + + + align:start position:0% +quite small we notice very little +peaking remember that uh for small a + + align:start position:0% +peaking remember that uh for small a + + + align:start position:0% +peaking remember that uh for small a +knot the pole pair has a relatively + + align:start position:0% +knot the pole pair has a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +knot the pole pair has a relatively +large damping ratio will now begin to + + align:start position:0% +large damping ratio will now begin to + + + align:start position:0% +large damping ratio will now begin to +decrease a knot and now we notice just a + + align:start position:0% +decrease a knot and now we notice just a + + + align:start position:0% +decrease a knot and now we notice just a +little bit of resonance let's do another + + align:start position:0% +little bit of resonance let's do another + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of resonance let's do another +Trace with a little bit larger value for + + align:start position:0% +Trace with a little bit larger value for + + + align:start position:0% +Trace with a little bit larger value for +a KN we begin to see just a a little bit + + align:start position:0% +a KN we begin to see just a a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +a KN we begin to see just a a little bit +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +resonance uh + + align:start position:0% +resonance uh + + + align:start position:0% +resonance uh +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +time and some additional a + + align:start position:0% +time and some additional a + + + align:start position:0% +time and some additional a +notot still more and now we're beginning + + align:start position:0% +notot still more and now we're beginning + + + align:start position:0% +notot still more and now we're beginning +to get quite an observable peaking in + + align:start position:0% +to get quite an observable peaking in + + + align:start position:0% +to get quite an observable peaking in +the response + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +larger value of + + align:start position:0% +larger value of + + + align:start position:0% +larger value of +a still larger + + align:start position:0% +a still larger + + + align:start position:0% +a still larger +value and finally + + align:start position:0% +value and finally + + + align:start position:0% +value and finally +the maximum value of a not that we can + + align:start position:0% +the maximum value of a not that we can + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum value of a not that we can +get with our system here we have a range + + align:start position:0% +get with our system here we have a range + + + align:start position:0% +get with our system here we have a range +of a knots that only allows us to get + + align:start position:0% +of a knots that only allows us to get + + + align:start position:0% +of a knots that only allows us to get +down to possibly a damping ratio of 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +down to possibly a damping ratio of 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +down to possibly a damping ratio of 0.1 +or so for the dominant pole pair so we + + align:start position:0% +or so for the dominant pole pair so we + + + align:start position:0% +or so for the dominant pole pair so we +don't get a a very highly resonant + + align:start position:0% +don't get a a very highly resonant + + + align:start position:0% +don't get a a very highly resonant +effect but we certainly get a very + + align:start position:0% +effect but we certainly get a very + + + align:start position:0% +effect but we certainly get a very +observable one so that's the response of + + align:start position:0% +observable one so that's the response of + + + align:start position:0% +observable one so that's the response of +the system when we have the one output + + align:start position:0% +the system when we have the one output + + + align:start position:0% +the system when we have the one output +when we're looking at the one output we + + align:start position:0% +when we're looking at the one output we + + + align:start position:0% +when we're looking at the one output we +can change our configuration since both + + align:start position:0% +can change our configuration since both + + + align:start position:0% +can change our configuration since both +the one and the two outputs are brought + + align:start position:0% +the one and the two outputs are brought + + + align:start position:0% +the one and the two outputs are brought +out in this demonstration in this + + align:start position:0% +out in this demonstration in this + + + align:start position:0% +out in this demonstration in this +configuration so we can change our + + align:start position:0% +configuration so we can change our + + + align:start position:0% +configuration so we can change our +system configuration this is the one + + align:start position:0% +system configuration this is the one + + + align:start position:0% +system configuration this is the one +output which runs to the osilloscope we + + align:start position:0% +output which runs to the osilloscope we + + + align:start position:0% +output which runs to the osilloscope we +can change that lead to the two output + + align:start position:0% +can change that lead to the two output + + + align:start position:0% +can change that lead to the two output +and then look at the same sort of + + align:start position:0% +and then look at the same sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and then look at the same sort of +responses + + align:start position:0% +responses + + + align:start position:0% +responses +again so we'll simply move that over and + + align:start position:0% +again so we'll simply move that over and + + + align:start position:0% +again so we'll simply move that over and +I've got to change the sensitivity on + + align:start position:0% +I've got to change the sensitivity on + + + align:start position:0% +I've got to change the sensitivity on +the oscilloscope so let me do that and + + align:start position:0% +the oscilloscope so let me do that and + + + align:start position:0% +the oscilloscope so let me do that and +let's erase our uh First Response in + + align:start position:0% +let's erase our uh First Response in + + + align:start position:0% +let's erase our uh First Response in +other words the one that was the band + + align:start position:0% +other words the one that was the band + + + align:start position:0% +other words the one that was the band +pass + + align:start position:0% +pass + + + align:start position:0% +pass +amplifier and now let's look at these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plots okay there's a fairly gentle null + + align:start position:0% +plots okay there's a fairly gentle null + + + align:start position:0% +plots okay there's a fairly gentle null +and let's start to increase a + + align:start position:0% +and let's start to increase a + + + align:start position:0% +and let's start to increase a +KN and we get a progressively sharper + + align:start position:0% +KN and we get a progressively sharper + + + align:start position:0% +KN and we get a progressively sharper +null again we'll go to larger values of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and there finally is the maximum value + + align:start position:0% +a and there finally is the maximum value + + + align:start position:0% +a and there finally is the maximum value +of a that we can achieve uh there's just + + align:start position:0% +of a that we can achieve uh there's just + + + align:start position:0% +of a that we can achieve uh there's just +a little bit of noise in that Trace let + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of noise in that Trace let + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of noise in that Trace let +me erase the escope and do one final + + align:start position:0% +me erase the escope and do one final + + + align:start position:0% +me erase the escope and do one final +transi and see if we can clean that up a + + align:start position:0% +transi and see if we can clean that up a + + + align:start position:0% +transi and see if we can clean that up a +little bit and there we get a a fairly + + align:start position:0% +little bit and there we get a a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and there we get a a fairly +good null out of our rejection amplifier + + align:start position:0% +good null out of our rejection amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +good null out of our rejection amplifier +again bear in mind that this amplifier + + align:start position:0% +again bear in mind that this amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +again bear in mind that this amplifier +only has a capability of getting closed + + align:start position:0% +only has a capability of getting closed + + + align:start position:0% +only has a capability of getting closed +loop pole pair damping ratios of + + align:start position:0% +loop pole pair damping ratios of + + + align:start position:0% +loop pole pair damping ratios of +something like 0.1 we don't have a + + align:start position:0% +something like 0.1 we don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +something like 0.1 we don't have a +particularly large value for a no in + + align:start position:0% +particularly large value for a no in + + + align:start position:0% +particularly large value for a no in +this in this experimental setup however + + align:start position:0% +this in this experimental setup however + + + align:start position:0% +this in this experimental setup however +if we were very careful and had a high + + align:start position:0% +if we were very careful and had a high + + + align:start position:0% +if we were very careful and had a high +gain amplifier and and very precisely + + align:start position:0% +gain amplifier and and very precisely + + + align:start position:0% +gain amplifier and and very precisely +adjusted the te Network we'd be able to + + align:start position:0% +adjusted the te Network we'd be able to + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted the te Network we'd be able to +get very very sharp nulls out of the + + align:start position:0% +get very very sharp nulls out of the + + + align:start position:0% +get very very sharp nulls out of the +rejection amplifier this offers a good + + align:start position:0% +rejection amplifier this offers a good + + + align:start position:0% +rejection amplifier this offers a good +way for example to build a filter that + + align:start position:0% +way for example to build a filter that + + + align:start position:0% +way for example to build a filter that +eliminates a particular disturbance + + align:start position:0% +eliminates a particular disturbance + + + align:start position:0% +eliminates a particular disturbance +possibly 60 Cycles uh from uh a setup + + align:start position:0% +possibly 60 Cycles uh from uh a setup + + + align:start position:0% +possibly 60 Cycles uh from uh a setup +where that's a + + align:start position:0% +where that's a + + + align:start position:0% +where that's a +disturbance we can also look at the + + align:start position:0% +disturbance we can also look at the + + + align:start position:0% +disturbance we can also look at the +transient response of this sort of a + + align:start position:0% +transient response of this sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +transient response of this sort of a +system and that's a a somewhat more + + align:start position:0% +system and that's a a somewhat more + + + align:start position:0% +system and that's a a somewhat more +challenging kind of of analysis than the + + align:start position:0% +challenging kind of of analysis than the + + + align:start position:0% +challenging kind of of analysis than the +frequency response the sort of + + align:start position:0% +frequency response the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency response the sort of +Development I've done shows in a fairly + + align:start position:0% +Development I've done shows in a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +Development I've done shows in a fairly +straightforward way how can get the + + align:start position:0% +straightforward way how can get the + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward way how can get the +frequency response I'd like to ask the + + align:start position:0% +frequency response I'd like to ask the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency response I'd like to ask the +other question which is what's the step + + align:start position:0% +other question which is what's the step + + + align:start position:0% +other question which is what's the step +response of this system well the + + align:start position:0% +response of this system well the + + + align:start position:0% +response of this system well the +bandpass amplifier is fairly easily + + align:start position:0% +bandpass amplifier is fairly easily + + + align:start position:0% +bandpass amplifier is fairly easily +determined or at least estimated I have + + align:start position:0% +determined or at least estimated I have + + + align:start position:0% +determined or at least estimated I have +a a real fear of ever having to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +a a real fear of ever having to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +a a real fear of ever having to evaluate +inverse transforms and that sort of + + align:start position:0% +inverse transforms and that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +inverse transforms and that sort of +thing so I usually try to find nice ways + + align:start position:0% +thing so I usually try to find nice ways + + + align:start position:0% +thing so I usually try to find nice ways +of of estimating important + + align:start position:0% +of of estimating important + + + align:start position:0% +of of estimating important +characteristics of responses and as I + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of responses and as I + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of responses and as I +say there's a fairly simple way of doing + + align:start position:0% +say there's a fairly simple way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +say there's a fairly simple way of doing +that for the band pass amplifier but + + align:start position:0% +that for the band pass amplifier but + + + align:start position:0% +that for the band pass amplifier but +let's look at the rejection amplifier + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the rejection amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the rejection amplifier +which is just a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +which is just a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +which is just a little bit more +challenging + + align:start position:0% +challenging + + + align:start position:0% +challenging +it turns out what we can do to estimate + + align:start position:0% +it turns out what we can do to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out what we can do to estimate +the response of the rejection amplifier + + align:start position:0% +the response of the rejection amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +the response of the rejection amplifier +is exploit a property of linear systems + + align:start position:0% +is exploit a property of linear systems + + + align:start position:0% +is exploit a property of linear systems +if we have a linear system we're able to + + align:start position:0% +if we have a linear system we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a linear system we're able to +conceptually at least Shuffle the blocks + + align:start position:0% +conceptually at least Shuffle the blocks + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually at least Shuffle the blocks +in a block diagram in any order that's + + align:start position:0% +in a block diagram in any order that's + + + align:start position:0% +in a block diagram in any order that's +particularly convenient for us and what + + align:start position:0% +particularly convenient for us and what + + + align:start position:0% +particularly convenient for us and what +I hope to do is choose one that's fairly + + align:start position:0% +I hope to do is choose one that's fairly + + + align:start position:0% +I hope to do is choose one that's fairly +easy for analysis and so what I'd like + + align:start position:0% +easy for analysis and so what I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +easy for analysis and so what I'd like +to do is consider the overall system + + align:start position:0% +to do is consider the overall system + + + align:start position:0% +to do is consider the overall system +transfer function for the rejection + + align:start position:0% +transfer function for the rejection + + + align:start position:0% +transfer function for the rejection +amplifier which includes a pair of zeros + + align:start position:0% +amplifier which includes a pair of zeros + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier which includes a pair of zeros +on the imaginary axis and a complex + + align:start position:0% +on the imaginary axis and a complex + + + align:start position:0% +on the imaginary axis and a complex +conjugate pole pair I'd like to factor + + align:start position:0% +conjugate pole pair I'd like to factor + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate pole pair I'd like to factor +that into a a term which includes the + + align:start position:0% +that into a a term which includes the + + + align:start position:0% +that into a a term which includes the +complex conjugate pole pair and then + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate pole pair and then + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate pole pair and then +follow that by the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +follow that by the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +follow that by the complex conjugate +zeros when we do that we get a system + + align:start position:0% +zeros when we do that we get a system + + + align:start position:0% +zeros when we do that we get a system +topology is shown behind me what we're + + align:start position:0% +topology is shown behind me what we're + + + align:start position:0% +topology is shown behind me what we're +looking for is the step response at the + + align:start position:0% +looking for is the step response at the + + + align:start position:0% +looking for is the step response at the +two output in other words the response + + align:start position:0% +two output in other words the response + + + align:start position:0% +two output in other words the response +we get with VI of T being a unit step or + + align:start position:0% +we get with VI of T being a unit step or + + + align:start position:0% +we get with VI of T being a unit step or +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +step and I'll Factor the system so that + + align:start position:0% +step and I'll Factor the system so that + + + align:start position:0% +step and I'll Factor the system so that +we have a block in the block diagram + + align:start position:0% +we have a block in the block diagram + + + align:start position:0% +we have a block in the block diagram +that gives us the complex conjugate pole + + align:start position:0% +that gives us the complex conjugate pole + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us the complex conjugate pole +pair and then we'll follow that with the + + align:start position:0% +pair and then we'll follow that with the + + + align:start position:0% +pair and then we'll follow that with the +complex conjugate pair of + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate pair of + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate pair of +zeros let's put a step into this box + + align:start position:0% +zeros let's put a step into this box + + + align:start position:0% +zeros let's put a step into this box +we've looked at the step response of of + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at the step response of of + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at the step response of of +a lightly damped uh complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +a lightly damped uh complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +a lightly damped uh complex conjugate +pole pair several times before it has + + align:start position:0% +pole pair several times before it has + + + align:start position:0% +pole pair several times before it has +this general form that was a response we + + align:start position:0% +this general form that was a response we + + + align:start position:0% +this general form that was a response we +looked at several times ago and as the + + align:start position:0% +looked at several times ago and as the + + + align:start position:0% +looked at several times ago and as the +damping ratio gets smaller and smaller + + align:start position:0% +damping ratio gets smaller and smaller + + + align:start position:0% +damping ratio gets smaller and smaller +the rate of decay of this waveform gets + + align:start position:0% +the rate of decay of this waveform gets + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of decay of this waveform gets +progressively slower we have more and + + align:start position:0% +progressively slower we have more and + + + align:start position:0% +progressively slower we have more and +more cycles of oscillation before it + + align:start position:0% +more cycles of oscillation before it + + + align:start position:0% +more cycles of oscillation before it +dies down to a given + + align:start position:0% +dies down to a given + + + align:start position:0% +dies down to a given +amplitude we apply that signal which is + + align:start position:0% +amplitude we apply that signal which is + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude we apply that signal which is +very nearly a sinusoid with just a small + + align:start position:0% +very nearly a sinusoid with just a small + + + align:start position:0% +very nearly a sinusoid with just a small +amount of damping to a pair of Zer which + + align:start position:0% +amount of damping to a pair of Zer which + + + align:start position:0% +amount of damping to a pair of Zer which +are located at very nearly the frequency + + align:start position:0% +are located at very nearly the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +are located at very nearly the frequency +of of this natural response we have a + + align:start position:0% +of of this natural response we have a + + + align:start position:0% +of of this natural response we have a +pair of zeros located at a frequency + + align:start position:0% +pair of zeros located at a frequency + + + align:start position:0% +pair of zeros located at a frequency +that's very very close to this frequency + + align:start position:0% +that's very very close to this frequency + + + align:start position:0% +that's very very close to this frequency +of oscillation the net result is they + + align:start position:0% +of oscillation the net result is they + + + align:start position:0% +of oscillation the net result is they +very nearly cancel out the amplitude or + + align:start position:0% +very nearly cancel out the amplitude or + + + align:start position:0% +very nearly cancel out the amplitude or +or attenuate almost perfectly the + + align:start position:0% +or attenuate almost perfectly the + + + align:start position:0% +or attenuate almost perfectly the +amplitude of this + + align:start position:0% +amplitude of this + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude of this +oscillation well we can also argue that + + align:start position:0% +oscillation well we can also argue that + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation well we can also argue that +the initial value and the final value of + + align:start position:0% +the initial value and the final value of + + + align:start position:0% +the initial value and the final value of +the step has to be equal to one if we + + align:start position:0% +the step has to be equal to one if we + + + align:start position:0% +the step has to be equal to one if we +had a unit step uh that's a fairly + + align:start position:0% +had a unit step uh that's a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +had a unit step uh that's a fairly +simple application of the initial value + + align:start position:0% +simple application of the initial value + + + align:start position:0% +simple application of the initial value +theorem and the final value theorem and + + align:start position:0% +theorem and the final value theorem and + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and the final value theorem and +by putting those things together we + + align:start position:0% +by putting those things together we + + + align:start position:0% +by putting those things together we +conclude that the step response of the + + align:start position:0% +conclude that the step response of the + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that the step response of the +overall system the poles plus the zeros + + align:start position:0% +overall system the poles plus the zeros + + + align:start position:0% +overall system the poles plus the zeros +uh is Unity uh or very close to Unity + + align:start position:0% +uh is Unity uh or very close to Unity + + + align:start position:0% +uh is Unity uh or very close to Unity +initially + + align:start position:0% +initially + + + align:start position:0% +initially +it's uh Unity at at high frequencies and + + align:start position:0% +it's uh Unity at at high frequencies and + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh Unity at at high frequencies and +what we get is just a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +what we get is just a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +what we get is just a little bit of +residual of this sosid that's quite well + + align:start position:0% +residual of this sosid that's quite well + + + align:start position:0% +residual of this sosid that's quite well +filtered out by the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +filtered out by the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +filtered out by the complex conjugate +pair of zeros as we increase a knot why + + align:start position:0% +pair of zeros as we increase a knot why + + + align:start position:0% +pair of zeros as we increase a knot why +we expect that the amplitude of of this + + align:start position:0% +we expect that the amplitude of of this + + + align:start position:0% +we expect that the amplitude of of this +residual oscillation coming through or + + align:start position:0% +residual oscillation coming through or + + + align:start position:0% +residual oscillation coming through or +the uh residual component associated + + align:start position:0% +the uh residual component associated + + + align:start position:0% +the uh residual component associated +with the poles gets progressively + + align:start position:0% +with the poles gets progressively + + + align:start position:0% +with the poles gets progressively +smaller since the natural frequency of + + align:start position:0% +smaller since the natural frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +smaller since the natural frequency of +the zero corresponds more closely to + + align:start position:0% +the zero corresponds more closely to + + + align:start position:0% +the zero corresponds more closely to +that of the poles for larger values of a + + align:start position:0% +that of the poles for larger values of a + + + align:start position:0% +that of the poles for larger values of a +knot let's see if we can look at that uh + + align:start position:0% +knot let's see if we can look at that uh + + + align:start position:0% +knot let's see if we can look at that uh +we go back to the low a knot value we're + + align:start position:0% +we go back to the low a knot value we're + + + align:start position:0% +we go back to the low a knot value we're +looking at the two output and I have to + + align:start position:0% +looking at the two output and I have to + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the two output and I have to +change the generator just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +change the generator just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +change the generator just a little bit +we run it + + align:start position:0% +we run it + + + align:start position:0% +we run it +continuously and what we're going to now + + align:start position:0% +continuously and what we're going to now + + + align:start position:0% +continuously and what we're going to now +do is put in a a square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave we'll go off the storage mode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let me also see if we can trigger + + align:start position:0% +and let me also see if we can trigger + + + align:start position:0% +and let me also see if we can trigger +this just a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better all right here we have the square + + align:start position:0% +better all right here we have the square + + + align:start position:0% +better all right here we have the square +wave response of our rejection + + align:start position:0% +wave response of our rejection + + + align:start position:0% +wave response of our rejection +amplifier with the lowest value for a + + align:start position:0% +amplifier with the lowest value for a + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier with the lowest value for a +not that our system allows we can now + + align:start position:0% +not that our system allows we can now + + + align:start position:0% +not that our system allows we can now +begin to increase + + align:start position:0% +begin to increase + + + align:start position:0% +begin to increase +aot and + + align:start position:0% +aot and + + + align:start position:0% +aot and +we'll see a picture that's very much + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a picture that's very much + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a picture that's very much +like the one I've drawn on the + + align:start position:0% +like the one I've drawn on the + + + align:start position:0% +like the one I've drawn on the +Blackboard as we go to progressively + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard as we go to progressively + + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard as we go to progressively +larger values of a not for the step + + align:start position:0% +larger values of a not for the step + + + align:start position:0% +larger values of a not for the step +response we find out that the step + + align:start position:0% +response we find out that the step + + + align:start position:0% +response we find out that the step +response as I indicated it must must but + + align:start position:0% +response as I indicated it must must but + + + align:start position:0% +response as I indicated it must must but +didn't draw very well goes to zero to + + align:start position:0% +didn't draw very well goes to zero to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't draw very well goes to zero to +the final value initially and to the + + align:start position:0% +the final value initially and to the + + + align:start position:0% +the final value initially and to the +final value of course uh for for very + + align:start position:0% +final value of course uh for for very + + + align:start position:0% +final value of course uh for for very +long periods of time after the steps + + align:start position:0% +long periods of time after the steps + + + align:start position:0% +long periods of time after the steps +been applied the initial and final value + + align:start position:0% +been applied the initial and final value + + + align:start position:0% +been applied the initial and final value +must be the same which is to say is is + + align:start position:0% +must be the same which is to say is is + + + align:start position:0% +must be the same which is to say is is +fairly easy to show via a uh Lelo type + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy to show via a uh Lelo type + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy to show via a uh Lelo type +analysis initial and final value kind of + + align:start position:0% +analysis initial and final value kind of + + + align:start position:0% +analysis initial and final value kind of +calculation and in between we have a + + align:start position:0% +calculation and in between we have a + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and in between we have a +small residual of the natural response + + align:start position:0% +small residual of the natural response + + + align:start position:0% +small residual of the natural response +of the complex conjugate pole pair and + + align:start position:0% +of the complex conjugate pole pair and + + + align:start position:0% +of the complex conjugate pole pair and +that the amplitude of that natural + + align:start position:0% +that the amplitude of that natural + + + align:start position:0% +that the amplitude of that natural +response gets progressively smaller as + + align:start position:0% +response gets progressively smaller as + + + align:start position:0% +response gets progressively smaller as +we increase a KN if we had a much larger + + align:start position:0% +we increase a KN if we had a much larger + + + align:start position:0% +we increase a KN if we had a much larger +value of aoch why that amplitude would + + align:start position:0% +value of aoch why that amplitude would + + + align:start position:0% +value of aoch why that amplitude would +get still smaller from here on in the + + align:start position:0% +get still smaller from here on in the + + + align:start position:0% +get still smaller from here on in the +frequency of that of the residual + + align:start position:0% +frequency of that of the residual + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of that of the residual +component would not increase very much + + align:start position:0% +component would not increase very much + + + align:start position:0% +component would not increase very much +because of course the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +because of course the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +because of course the complex conjugate +pole pair would be simply uh getting + + align:start position:0% +pole pair would be simply uh getting + + + align:start position:0% +pole pair would be simply uh getting +closer and closer to the zeros uh the + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to the zeros uh the + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to the zeros uh the +imaginary component would not change + + align:start position:0% +imaginary component would not change + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary component would not change +very much at all from here + + align:start position:0% +very much at all from here + + + align:start position:0% +very much at all from here +on so it's a system that has a rather + + align:start position:0% +on so it's a system that has a rather + + + align:start position:0% +on so it's a system that has a rather +interesting step + + align:start position:0% +interesting step + + + align:start position:0% +interesting step +response + + align:start position:0% +response + + + align:start position:0% +response +the I think the important part of this + + align:start position:0% +the I think the important part of this + + + align:start position:0% +the I think the important part of this +development and the demonst ation is + + align:start position:0% +development and the demonst ation is + + + align:start position:0% +development and the demonst ation is +that here are two systems that differ + + align:start position:0% +that here are two systems that differ + + + align:start position:0% +that here are two systems that differ +only in their zero locations clearly the + + align:start position:0% +only in their zero locations clearly the + + + align:start position:0% +only in their zero locations clearly the +proximity of either system to + + align:start position:0% +proximity of either system to + + + align:start position:0% +proximity of either system to +instability is identical because the + + align:start position:0% +instability is identical because the + + + align:start position:0% +instability is identical because the +pole locations are identical for the the + + align:start position:0% +pole locations are identical for the the + + + align:start position:0% +pole locations are identical for the the +two systems an equivalent change in the + + align:start position:0% +two systems an equivalent change in the + + + align:start position:0% +two systems an equivalent change in the +location of the poles of either system + + align:start position:0% +location of the poles of either system + + + align:start position:0% +location of the poles of either system +will result in instability yet if we + + align:start position:0% +will result in instability yet if we + + + align:start position:0% +will result in instability yet if we +look at the responses one of them is is + + align:start position:0% +look at the responses one of them is is + + + align:start position:0% +look at the responses one of them is is +that that we sort of expect from a + + align:start position:0% +that that we sort of expect from a + + + align:start position:0% +that that we sort of expect from a +system close to instability the resonant + + align:start position:0% +system close to instability the resonant + + + align:start position:0% +system close to instability the resonant +phenomenon the other one the rejection + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon the other one the rejection + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon the other one the rejection +amplifier is not one we're quite as + + align:start position:0% +amplifier is not one we're quite as + + + align:start position:0% +amplifier is not one we're quite as +familiar with and so we don't identify + + align:start position:0% +familiar with and so we don't identify + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with and so we don't identify +that as being something that's + + align:start position:0% +that as being something that's + + + align:start position:0% +that as being something that's +potentially very close to instability so + + align:start position:0% +potentially very close to instability so + + + align:start position:0% +potentially very close to instability so +here's an example where in order to get + + align:start position:0% +here's an example where in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example where in order to get +an overall appreciation for the system + + align:start position:0% +an overall appreciation for the system + + + align:start position:0% +an overall appreciation for the system +and the difficulties we may have with it + + align:start position:0% +and the difficulties we may have with it + + + align:start position:0% +and the difficulties we may have with it +we have to look at the zeros as well as + + align:start position:0% +we have to look at the zeros as well as + + + align:start position:0% +we have to look at the zeros as well as +the polls that we get via our root Locus + + align:start position:0% +the polls that we get via our root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +the polls that we get via our root Locus +analysis we'll continue using root Locus + + align:start position:0% +analysis we'll continue using root Locus + + + align:start position:0% +analysis we'll continue using root Locus +as an analytic and a design Tool uh + + align:start position:0% +as an analytic and a design Tool uh + + + align:start position:0% +as an analytic and a design Tool uh +throughout the rest of the course but + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the course but + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the course but +this concludes our our introduction to + + align:start position:0% +this concludes our our introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +this concludes our our introduction to +these techniques tees next time we'll + + align:start position:0% +these techniques tees next time we'll + + + align:start position:0% +these techniques tees next time we'll +look at another method for analyzing the + + align:start position:0% +look at another method for analyzing the + + + align:start position:0% +look at another method for analyzing the +stability of feedback systems and this + + align:start position:0% +stability of feedback systems and this + + + align:start position:0% +stability of feedback systems and this +one will be based on frequency response + + align:start position:0% +one will be based on frequency response + + + align:start position:0% +one will be based on frequency response +techniques thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Nnj9lHePqKM.txt b/Nnj9lHePqKM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7f147ab056af9e8e62b4dc00dd11a2c9ac37988 --- /dev/null +++ b/Nnj9lHePqKM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2801 @@ +PROFESSOR: Welcome +to class again. + +This time it's not Professor +Forney it's me, so my name is + +Ralf Koetter. + +You guys have some substantial +chalk here at MIT. + +And I'm visiting here from the +University of Illinois, so + +Professor Forney thought I could +teach this class here. + +All right, let's see. + +So I understand that last time, +last Wednesday, you went + +through all the finite field +stuff, meaning, so you know + +what that would mean, +the finite field. + +There's p elements, p +to the m elements. + +Whatever q you have here, is a +power of a prime in order to + +be a field. + +So this one, as a notation, +is a ring of polynomials. + +You've seen that too. + +So I assume you know everything +about finite fields + +that you will need to know here, +at least, except for one + +more theorem which Professor +Forney told + +me he did not cover. + +And this is the fundamental +theorem of algebra. + +I have to write a little bit +smaller with this thing here, + +otherwise I'll run out. + +AUDIENCE: +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +PROFESSOR: Oh, I know, that's +probably better. + +Better. + +With the algebra, at least +that's what it's often called, + +and really, about 60 percent of +all the proofs in algebra + +eventually boil down +to this here. + +And what it says is, polynomial +of degree m, f beta + +equals zero, at most, +m of beta. + +At least, that's one way +to formulate it. + +Let me see. + +So that's fine. + +So what it says is a polynomial +of degree m has at + +most m roots. + +Once you all have seen that, +probably one way or another, + +but because of its importance, +I want to + +emphasize it once more. + +Do we need a proof of this? + +In true MIT spirit we do. + +And the proof would go +something like this. + +You look at problem number one +in your homework assignment, + +and from problem number one, I +could prove that here, too, + +but since it's in the +homework, I won't. + +You can write the following +given any beta. + +Write f of x as f of x is +equal to plus alpha. + +Alphas are the field so that's +by some sort of long division + +you get to that. + +That's what I'm not +going to prove. + +Then f of beta is equal zero +is the same as saying that + +alpha is equal to zero. + +So if either is a root of the +polynomial, zero, it follows + +that f of x has this thing here +as a factor, this h of x, + +x minus beta, where because of +the degree properties of + +polynomials, h of +x is m minus 1. + +And so the rest follows +by induction. + +So basically, then we can prove +that this polynomial + +has, at most, m minus +1 roots, and so on. + +And you can descend this route, +and so the rest follows + +by induction. + +In particular we can say if f of +x has m distinct roots beta + +one, beta m, then it factors +completely into the linear + +factors like this. + +So I just wanted to quickly +state the fundamental theorem + +of algebra, since we need it +in a proof later on, and I + +think you didn't +go through it. + +OK. + +So last time, you learned +everything about fields, + +finite fields, extension fields, +so chapter eight is + +pretty much what we +have to cover now. + +What is the whole idea +of chapter eight? + +It's linear codes, codes, MDS +codes, and redundant codes. + +Oh, by the way, do you have any +questions about this here? + +That in any way? + +It's pretty straight, right? + +OK, so I understand in chapter +six or so, you had already + +linear codes over the +binary fields. + +So let's just define codes over +a larger field, formally, + +a linear code C of length n. + +No subspace of Fn. + +So whatever the field is. + +So F could be any extension +field, could be the binary + +field, so it really generalizes +a definition of + +code, of what a linear +code is. + +OK, so it's a subspace. + +What can be derived from that? + +Since it's a subspace, +it's a group. + +And then we can derive minimum +distance properties. + +So let's first define it again, +since it's slightly + +different than the definition +for binary codes. + +Between Fn, say Fqn. + +So I denote the vectors +with an underscore. + +I think in the notes, it's +boldface notation, so + +translate that online +as I go here. + +The distance between two words +x and y, given as dx, the + +number of positions that +x_i is unequal to y_i. + +AUDIENCE: What's +the subscript? + +PROFESSOR: There, a q. + +Oh, this is another thing +I should warn you about. + +My handwriting is bound to +deteriorate during class. + +So I usually start out +reasonably okay, towards the + +end of the class it's -- + +I tell my students to throw +little pieces of chalk at me + +when it gets too bad and I'm +not facing them, so please + +just say something if +it gets too bad. + +So distance is defined +as that, quickly. + +So it doesn't really matter +what the values are here. + +The x_i and the y_i could +assume different values. + +It's a somewhat coarse measure +for the real, the difference + +between code words, or +difference between words. + +Why do you think I +say it's coarse? + +In digital communications +in particular? + +Good question, right? + +In the end, we want to map that +into a modulation scheme. + +In the end, we want to map our +codes that we are deriving + +here into modulation schemes. + +In the end, we want +to embed them into + +some Euclidean space. + +Now, different elements of our +alphabet we will map to + +different elements in +Euclidean space. + +So basically, approximating +their distance relation in + +Euclidean space, which we are +really interested in with the + +Hamming distance here is pretty +coarse, but we can do, + +so we do that. + +It's an approximation, +at least. + +That clear? + +All set? + +All right. + +AUDIENCE: +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] the + +Hamming distance +[UNINTELLIGIBLE] the same as + +the Euclidean distance? + +PROFESSOR: Well, it depends +on the modulation scheme. + +It very much depends on +the modulation scheme. + +If you have a 8-PSK scheme, +where you would label, put in + +the words, here, with three +bit symbols, or with the + +symbol from F8, then it's +definitely different. + +It's definitely different. + +So if you do anti-polar +signaling, then + +it's directly reflected. + +OK, I'm starting to +digress already. + +So just for completeness, +minimum distance, minimum + +Hamming, of a code subset Fqn is +d as a minimum code of dxy, + +and they have to be different, +it's the same as before. + +So now if I claim that -- + +so the minimum distance of a +code is also given by the + +minimum between 0 and x in the +code 0 and x, and this is + +minimum of the Hamming weight +of x, and you could + +do 0 x in the code. + +So that's all old stuff. + +I just write it down so +we get started here. + +Is that clear, from the +group property, why + +this would be true? + +So if you just take this, we can +add basically x to both x + +and y, just translating +the whole relation + +to somewhere else. + +So in particular, we translate +it here, once we have it here, + +than the distance between 0 +and x is just the weight. + +OK. + +So far, so good. + +Now what is next? + +Generate a matrix. + +This is not really +in the notes, but + +I think it's important. + +So see, the code here +is a subspace. + +It's a linear space, so it +has a generator, it has + +generators, k generators. + +So let g1 be k, write +this off the code. + +So as a basis of the vector +space, that this would be a + +basis of the vector space, any +basis would be fine here. + +Then C may be defined as all +the x in Fqn such that x is + +sum over -- + +what do I call it -- + +fi gi, where fi is in Fq. + +And the reason I introduce +this, we can -- + +this is just the definition +of a space, right? + +That's clear. + +So if you have these generators, +you find a + +generator matrix, uh-oh, +it already starts. + +Let me -- + +matrix g which contains, +as a m matrix + +containing the rows gi. + +So the i-th row in the generator +matrix is just gi. + +Then you also can write as x +is equal to f times g, f + +element Fqk, or just the same +statement as this one, so + +nothing has happened. + +So basically, the reason I did +that, I wanted to introduce + +the term generator matrix, which +is sort of important. + +And one more property of this +orthogonal complement + +of C, of the code. + +So what does that mean? + +So the orthogonal complement of +the code you could write as + +Fqn such that sum of x_i +y_i is equal to 0. + +The sum is obviously over the +field for all y in the code. + +What's the dimension of this, of +the orthogonal complement? + +AUDIENCE: n minus k. + +PROFESSOR: n minus k, clearly, +because we have ambient space + +is n dimensional, we impose k +linear constraints on this, by + +the k generators, so the k +dimensions of, take note, by + +the generators drop out. + +So the dimension of +the orthogonal + +complement is n minus k. + +So what else do we need +to say about this? + +C is called the dual code +for this reason. + +C is called dual code. + +In particular, it's a code +that's a linear space. + +It's a subspace of Fqn +again, it's a code. + +So it's just as nice +a code as C at this + +point in time at least. + +So it's called a dual code. + +To C, if it is a code, it +has a generator matrix. + +Let h be a generator +matrix for C dual. + +So in particular, we could +define C dual now, for + +example, by the equivalent +of this relation here. + +But because it's a dual code, +we now also can define the + +original code in an equivalent +way such that x times h + +transpose is 0. + +We could define our original +code C either as the image of + +a matrix g, of a generator +matrix g, or as a kernel of a + +parity-check matrix h. + +So h is a ...WRITING +ON BOARD... + +for C. So that's all pretty much +straight linear algebra, + +and I'm sure you've seen that +in many different places. + +Any questions about +any of this? + +AUDIENCE: So the addition +of the dual + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +the summation +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +equals 0 for all [INAUDIBLE] +other than x, right? + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +PROFESSOR: Oh no, no, no, +it doesn't have to be + +different from x. + +If y is in the code, if y is +in C, then x has to be + +orthogonal to it. + +They can be the same vector, +in particular, if you have + +binary vectors, an even +made binary vector is + +orthogonal to itself. + +It's a little bit odd, +but that's the + +magic of finite fields. + +OK. + +Good. + +So these are codes, +now we could stop. + +We have defined the object, +and obviously it exists, + +because we could just write +something down and it exists. + +So once we have defined it, +the next question is, what + +sort of codes do exist? + +So that's what we're +going to do next. + +First, question one. + +Codes do, what type +of codes do exist? + +So which codes do you know? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: You know Reed-Muller +codes, you know + +probably sporadic binary codes +that are out there. + +These are all binary codes. + +So what type of codes exist +over larger fields? + +Many, many classes. + +There exists the equivalent of +the Reed-Muller codes, there + +exist QRE Reed-Muller codes, +and there exist generalized + +Reed-Muller codes, and, +and, and, and, and. + +But we are interested in a +very special class today, + +which is MDS codes. + +It stands for Maximum +Distance Separable. + +It's a strange name. + +There's no particular +reason for MDS. + +But, let's see what we +can do with that. + +What type of codes do exist? + +So we have parameters of codes +-- oh, I think you write the + +curly bracket, right -- + +n, k and d. + +So that would mean a code of +length n, dimension k, and + +distance d. + +And let me add something to it +a q, if you want to emphasize + +that this is a query field. + +So are all numbers +possible here? + +What do we have, a 20, +19, 17 code over, I + +don't know, over F8. + +Is this possible? + +What would you think? + +No? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's not possible. + +It doesn't seem likely. + +What conflicts here, is the +dimension and the distance. + +If you get a large dimension, +in particular, if we would + +make this 20, what +would that mean? + +It would mean we have to +take the entire space. + +If you take the entire space, +then the minimum + +weight word is 1. + +So this is possible. + +You know this is possible. + +If you drop this by 1, that +seems very unlikely that we + +would get a 17 here. + +But what do we get here? + +2. + +You get a 2 because that's what +we can achieve with a + +single parity-check code. + +The parity-check code +doesn't have to be + +restrained to binary. + +Why? + +Why would it be restrained +to binary? + +You could just, the set of all +vectors let's define the + +single parity-check codes s +p c, q, as the set of all + +vectors such that sum of +the x_i is equal to 0. + +So could we have a word +of weight 1 in here? + +Obviously not, right? + +If it has a weight 1, how +would it add up to 0? + +Because one position +would never cancel + +with any other position. + +So the minimum weight is +2 here, and we get + +a distance of 2. + +So what's the next one? + +It's tempting to say 3, right? + +3, but this is very much +a question, now. + +Because this is not as easy +to come by as a single + +parity-check. + +And that's what we're +going to do next. + +We're going to define bounds on +the maximum distance that a + +code can have altogether. + +OK, so let's do the following. + +Which parameter is possible? + +OK. + +So let's assume you have a code, +an n,k,d code, and now + +we want to find a relation, a +bound between n, k and d. + +How do we do this? + +Any ideas? + +Let a computer run for +eternity and find + +all possible codes? + +No, no, no, no. + +We don't do this. + +We wouldn't get far. + +Let's assume we have +an n,k,d code. + +What does that mean? + +Well, let's write the code +words all down in a huge + +matrix, so each row +in this matrix + +corresponds to one code word. + +So this has a length n, this is +q to the k, q is whatever + +the alphabet is of the code in +question, and now we say it's + +an n,k,d code. + +What that means, it means, among +other things is, say we + +delete, just punch out, +d minus 1 positions. + +We punch out d minus 1 positions +of all code words + +and we look at the code +that remains. + +You guys don't have colored +chalk here, huh? + +We look at the code that +remains, it means we look at + +this part of the matrix. + +Is that clear, what +I'm doing here? + +So if the code indeed had +distance d, can there be any + +two rows equal in this part? + +Remember, we punch out +all d minus 1. + +Can there be any rows in this +part that are equal? + +No, right? + +Couldn't be. + +They all have to be different. + +What does that mean? + +They all have to be different, +but how many different tuples + +can we have in this part? + +Well, we have at most q to +the n minus d minus 1. + +That's the length here. + +This n minus d minus 1. + +Different tuples. + +So how can we patch that +together into a relation on + +the parameters? + +It basically says, q, +this is q to the k. + +q to the k is upper +bounded by this. + +It's upper bounded by this. + +And let me take the +logarithm on here, + +and we get this relation. + +That's a first incarnation of +the tension that we get on + +code construction, on codes. + +And bound on this, at least. + +If you choose d large, +the distance large, + +then k has to go. + +If you choose k large, the +distance cannot be very large. + +So this is where we, for the +first time, see this tension. + +And it's also important, I'm +sorry that I run around like + +this here, n has to be +at least k plus d, k + +plus d minus 1. + +So here, you see this 28 in 3, +it would just satisfy this. + +It would just satisfy this. + +So do we know it exists? + +No. + +No, why would it? + +So far, we only have looked at +this here, and so, if it would + +exist, it would have +to satisfy that. + +But there's no reason +to assume it exists. + +At the moment, at least. + +OK. + +This is called the +Singleton bound. + +Any code over any field, phi +n, this relationship on the + +parameters. + +Good. + +Any code satisfying and bound +with equality is called MDS. + +So we have an MDS code if and +only if it satisfies the + +Singleton bound with equality. + +That's the definition +of MDS codes. + +And now it makes maybe a little +bit more sense to talk + +about Maximum Distance Separable +codes, well, in a + +sense, they have the maximum +distance among all codes. + +You find all codes with the +given n and k, if they're MDS, + +they have the maximum +distance. + +OK, let's think about +this a little here. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +dependence on q +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, there's a very +strong dependence on q. + +The bound, not. + +The bound has no dependence +on q. + +If the guys exist or not, +that's very much + +dependent on q. + +We'll get to that. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] when the +q is large, we have more + +options to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Absolutely. + +Absolutely. + +For binary, there's a very +simple argument to show that + +there are no binary MDS codes +except for the parity-check + +codes and the repetition +codes and trivial code. + +So say we have a binary code, +a binary n,k,d code with a + +generator matrix. + +So what could the generator +matrix be? + +There will be an identity part, +and then there will be + +the rest of the generator +matrix, and how could we + +possibly fill that in, in +order to make it MDS? + +Because this is n, this is k, +and we see in order to make it + +MDS, every single row has to +have all entries equal to 1. + +Because if not all entries are +equal to 1, here, then we + +immediately have exhibited a +code word with a weight less + +than n minus k plus 1. + +So OK, we know the first row +has to have all 1's. + +Because now, the weight of this +row is exactly on the MDS + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +What about the next one? + +The next one, same thing. + +All entries have to be 1. + +But now we see the +problem, right? + +Now we add those two guys, it +should again be a code word, + +and we have a grade +two code word. + +So this is, in a nutshell, to +prove that there are no binary + +MDS codes except the +trivial ones. + +So the trivial ones are n, n1, +n, n minus 1, 2 and n1, n. + +These are the trivial ones. + +The space itself, so it's in a +parity-check code, and the + +repetition code. + +These are the only +binary MDS codes. + +And the argument is +roughly there. + +OK, where was I? + +Yeah, let's think about this +a little bit more. + +And we are getting to exactly +your question about the + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +This here has to hold, this +argument has to hold + +regardless of which d minus +1 positions we punch out. + +This argument has +always to hold. + +Which means, think about it, +it's an enormously strong + +combinatorial condition +on the code. + +So you have a code, that means +you have a code, you write it + +in a matrix like this, +all the code words. + +You punch out an arbitrary +collection of d minus 1one + +positions, and the rest, the +remaining positions, have to + +make up the entire space here. + +The entire space Fqn minus +to that right exponent. + +This is a very -- + +think about it, I mean, just +writing down this is an + +enormously strong combinatorial +condition. + +So that will actually lead to +the codes existing only for a + +very, very special, for a +subset of field sizes. + +In particular, like you said, we +have to have enough freedom + +in the field size to fill up +this matrix to satisfy this. + +OK, before we get to that, +before I say a word about the + +field size, let me formalize +what I just said here, namely, + +that all of the other positions +have to be exactly + +the q to the n minus d minus +1, different tuples. + +And the definition, let the +code with q to the k, code + +words over alphabet Fq. + +Let subset of the positions in +C, i is called an information + +set if C constrained to i runs +exactly through all the q to + +the k, runs through all +the q to the k. + +Fqk. + +So what it means is, you have a +code, and you have a subset + +of positions, maybe this one, +this one, this one, this one. + +This is a subset of positions +if the code words. + +So if the matrix that remains +after you take out the + +punctured columns, runs through +all the q to the k + +elements of Fqk, then this +is an information search. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Constrained to +i, because i has size k. + +i is just -- its just about +enough to describe every code + +word, if the restraint of C to +the set would indeed be giving + +a unique vector for +each code word. + +The reason to call it -- so +this is the definition of + +information set. + +The reason to call it an +information set, it's pretty + +straight, right? + +Why is it called an +information set? + +Because it's enough, right? + +Because it's enough. + +If you know exactly the value +of a code word in these + +positions, then it is +enough to recover + +the entire code word. + +When some genie tells you, gives +you a code world which + +was corrupted by noise or +something, but tells you, + +these k positions are OK. + +That's enough, that's +all you need. + +That's an information set. + +You can recover the information +from them. + +Actually, it is an application +that pops up sometimes. + +That somehow, you get side +information about some + +positions in the code word +indeed being correct, and + +others not. + +And others you don't +know about. + +So that's the information set, +with respect to our MDS code. + +So with respect to our MDS code, +a corollary of the thing + +that involved any k positions +in an MDS code, + +an information set. + +So any k positions on +information set. + +It's a really strong property. + +Really strong combinatorial +property. + +OK, so far, so good. + +This is so strong, this +property, that we can say + +something about these codes even +without even knowing if + +they exist. + +So, so far, we have talked about +these codes as if we + +knew they existed. + +Well, it's not entirely trivial, +since we know those + +guys here exist. + +So it's not entirely empty, +we're not out in + +cuckoo space, here. + +But do any other one exist, +except for those? + +That's the question. + +We don't know that yet. + +We will show in a little while +that they do, but we don't + +know that yet. + +But the interesting part is that +we can derive properties + +of those codes without even +knowing they exist. + +And how do we do that? + +For example, we want to derive +the following property, how + +many words of weight d exists +in linear MDS code? + +One could ask that, right? + +If they exist, they're nice, +and if they exist, we also + +want to know how many words do +exist at minimum distance. + +Because that translates, again, +directly into union + +bound arguments later on, and +probability of error. + +So that's a good question. + +How many words of weight +d exist in a MDS code? + +Let's call this n d, and we +want to know how many. + +So I'll let you think about this +for a sec while I erase + +the board, and then somebody +will tell me the answer. + +So how can we think +about this? + +Let's try to do a similar +argument as this one. + +Let's look at a single word, +and let's assume that d + +positions, we ask the questions +does there exist a + +code word within the +first d positions? + +It is equivalent to the +question, does there exist a + +code word that covers exactly +all d positions? + +Any set of d positions. + +AUDIENCE: 0 everywhere else? + +PROFESSOR: And 0 everywhere +else. + +Why is that nice? + +If you could prove that, that +there exists a word for all d + +positions, because then, we +pretty much know what happens. + +Then we know that, well, if this +is true, then there are n + +choose d ways to choose +those d positions. + +And then within those d +positions, and since it's a + +linear code, we can multiply +with the q minus 1 on the + +repeated element. + +So if we can choose our d +positions arbitrarily, then + +this is the number over +words at distance d. + +So let's look at a word, and +let's, without loss of + +generality, assume it's +a first d positions. + +So the first d positions. + +So in particular, these would +be the first d minus 1 + +positions, which would mean +that this have length k. + +So if we have an MDS code, this +is an information set. + +So if this is an information +set, then we can fill up this + +thing with just about +anything we want. + +So we choose this information +set to be equal to 1. + +This is how we choose this +information set, and by the + +property of MDS code, we are +guaranteed that there exists a + +code word which is this part +in the information set. + +But we also are guaranteed it's +a weight d word, right? + +The minimum distance is d, +that means all of these m + +entries here, they must all +be non-zero, in this part. + +Otherwise, it wouldn't +have weight d. + +OK? + +And there we have it. + +That was all we needed to show. + +Right? + +Because now we have shown that +there exists a word of weight + +d in the first d positions. + +Is that clear? + +Let's try again. + +I will say the same words. + +Maybe it becomes clearer +by that. + +Let's look at a code word. + +This is a generic code word, +at first, and we want to + +answer the question, does +there exist a code word + +within, which has support only +in the first d positions? + +So does there exist a code word +which is non-zero here, + +up to d, and which is zero +everywhere else? + +That's the question +we want to answer. + +OK. + +Now here's what we do. + +We look at this road and +say, you know what? + +Let's look at the last k +positions, which have an + +overlap of 1 with +this word here, + +because it's an MDS property. + +So we have this relation +between n, k, and d. + +And since any k positions in +the word are in information + +set, so we can choose whatever +we want in this part, and this + +is what we choose. + +By the property of MDS codes, +this corollary, we are + +guaranteed there exists the code +word which in the second + +half of the code word +looks like this. + +And in the first half, +it looks different. + +There's something else here, and +I say, well it cannot have + +any 0 in here, because +then it would have + +weighed less that d. + +So it has non-zeros here. + +So indeed, we have shown the +existence of a code word which + +has non-zeroes in the +first d positions. + +Very simple. + +And that was without +loss of generality. + +You could make the same argument +for any d positions. + +What have we shown? + +We have shown that indeed, we +can choose any d positions in + +the code to support the +minimum weight code + +word of weight d. + +This is how many ways we can +choose this, then we have to + +multiply it with q minus 1. + +All non-zero field elements. + +The reason is, we might have +chosen this, or we might have + +chosen omega or omega squared +here, or just the multiples, + +the scalar multiples of it. + +Interesting, right? + +This property, that any k +positions on information set + +is really strong enough +to prove the -- + +actually, it's strong enough +to prove the entire weight + +distribution of an MDS code. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: No, no, no, +why no, no, no, no. + +So then you would +get too much. + +If you write q minus 1 to the +d, then you would want to + +multiply each position with +a different value. + +That would imply that there's +more than one code word in the + +first d positions. + +More than one code word so +that they are not scalar + +multiples of each other. + +If that would be true, then +you could find a linear + +combination which is still +0 in this part, but has + +additional 0 here somewhere. + +But if that is true, +then we don't have + +enough distance anymore. + +Then it's not an MDS code. + +All right, so it's +indeed q minus 1. + +Within each d positions, we have +one dimensional space. + +It's just one dimension. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +far off minimum weight +code words? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah, +definitely. + +Any other code must have less, +so it would have less. + +But every other code +would have a + +smaller minimum distance. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +Suppose we let the last k minus +1 position zero, and the + +one before that, +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]. + +And you said that we can do it +for any of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +total field? + +PROFESSOR: Sure. + +AUDIENCE: Since it's a linear +code, some of those code words + +should be in the linear +code, right? + +PROFESSOR: Sure. + +AUDIENCE: So because it's a +field, also we are going to + +[INAUDIBLE] + +there exists an inverse +[UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Absolutely. + +AUDIENCE: So if we add those two +code words, we should have + +all zero, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +k minus 1, and have inverse +at the one before. + +We get that code word which has +a minimum weight, which is + +less that the one +we have here? + +PROFESSOR: Good question. + +There is a trick out. + +There's a way out of this. + +Great argument. + +But there's a trick out. + +AUDIENCE: There's gotta +be an upper bound + +PROFESSOR: No, no, there +is a trick, there + +is a way out here. + +Namely, so let's put +it like this. + +Right here we put in a 1, just +for simplicity, let's assume + +all the other positions +are also 1. + +And then you say, this would +be another code word, which + +has here an omega. + +I say, you know what? + +What's going to happen? + +All the other positions are +going to be omega 2. + +There's no way to combine +these two guys to get an + +additional 0, unless +you get all 0's. + +Unless you get to 0. + +That's what I said, it's +a one-dimensional + +space in these positions. + +When it's a soft code . + +AUDIENCE: +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +PROFESSOR: It tells you that if +you write down the minimum + +weight code words in the q minus +1 times d matrix, that + +is, you have a Latin +square, basically. + +That's what it tells you. + +There's in no position, if you +have anywhere in here an + +element alpha and element omega, +the same omega pops up + +nowhere else. + +There's ramifications of MDS +codes in combinatorics left + +and right, so this would +be a Latin square. + +You know, you can learn a lot +a lot about MDS codes if you + +think a little bit about that, +and about combinatorics + +altogether. + +OK, where was I? + +So we know that's fun. + +And actually, in the homework, +you going to do n d plus 1. + +So the next one. + +But once you do n d plus +1, do all of them. + +In a sense it's just inclusion +and exclusion from then on. + +The first one is sort of the +toughest one, the rest is + +inclusion exclusion. + +And just for the heck of it, +when you go home and do the + +homework, write them all out. + +It's a pretty looking +formula, in the end. + +OK, so far, so good. + +So we have still talked about +MDS codes without knowing if + +they exist. + +Except for the trivial +ones here. + +And the existence of MDS codes +is actually not known for + +which parameters they exist. + +So I give you a research +problem. + +The research problem is the main +conjecture on MDS codes. + +And it's always sort +of tricky. + +When a research problem +has a name, then + +that signifies danger. + +Then it means that +it's not trivial. + +The question is, for which k +d and q, for which sets of + +parameters n k d q, do +MDS codes exist? + +And the conjecture this is that +n k q, because in MDS + +code we can actually get +rid of the d here. + +e, the longest length +of an MDS code. + +The longest length of an MDS +code, I mentioned k over an + +alphabet of size q. + +The conjecture is that n, k, d +is less than q plus 1 for k at + +least 2, unless -- + +I always have to +look that up -- + +I think 2q. + +And k plus 1 for k +greater than q. + +We talk about it in a second, +except that n, there's + +a 3, 2 to the s. + +So if the alphabet is a power +of 2, alphabet size an + +extension field of +2, basically. + +q plus 2 and q minus +1 q to the s. + +q plus 2. + +OK, so this is the main +conjecture on MDS codes. + +Basically, it says that the +length can essentially be as + +large as the alphabet size, +but not larger. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: This q, yeah? + +Oh, yeah, n k q, sorry. + +It doesn't make sense +otherwise. + +So the lengths can be in the +same order of magnitude as the + +alphabet size. + +That gives enough room, enough +choices, to fill up this + +matrix with the information set, +with the MDS property on + +the information sets. + +This is the parity-check code, +this row is just taken out as + +a trivial code. + +And then, the demon of +mathematics conspired that + +this would also be true. + +So if you have an extension +field of 2, and you want to + +give it a dimension three, MDS +code, they exist for q plus 2. + +Right. + +There are, of course, reasons +for this, but they go pretty + +deep, why they exist for those +parameters, and this is just + +mysterious. + +One can give reasons, +so on another hand, + +it's just so, right. + +There are exceptionally enough +that they have names. + +The first one is the Hexacode, +it's something with a + +generator matrix, and +this goes over F4. + +So that's an MDS code of length +six, so this is a n6, + +3, 4, MDS code over +alphabet size 4. + +That's the first one, in +that sequence here. + +Anyway. + +Otherwise, we have +this conjecture. + +If you solve this, you are going +to be rich and famous, + +you're going to live +in Hollywood, and + +maybe, maybe not. + +But you're going to be probably +not rich, you're + +going to be famous about a +couple of hundred people who + +know about this MDS conjecture, +but very smart + +people have been looking for +this for a long, long time. + +OK. + +All right, 20 minutes left. + +So it's better we define, we +make sure those codes exist. + +Do we have any question about +this MDS conjecture? + +OK, last 20 minutes, let's +at least make sure + +those things exist. + +Reed-Solomon codes. + +So Reed-Solomon codes +cover this case. + +They are examples of codes +which lie, which + +satisfy this equality. + +OK, so how do we define +Reed-Solomon codes? + +Now, just in a true +mathematician spirit, write + +down consider the following. + +Consider the following code. + +See? + +Beta 0 beta q minus 1. + +The beta i are the distinct +field elements, the distinct + +elements in the finite field. + +f is a polynomial. + +f is a polynomial, and the +degree is less than k. + +OK, good. + +So we have defined a code. + +So what that means is we +start from polynomials. + +The set of all polynomials +of degree at most k. + +So what do we know +about that set? + +It's a vector space, right? + +The set of all polynomials +of degree at most k. + +We can add them to get a +polynomial of degree at most + +k, we can multiply them with a +scalar to get a polynomial + +with degree at most k. + +It's a vector space. + +So we take this vector space and +evaluate for any element + +in that vector space. + +This element in all non-zero +elements of the field and we + +get a code. + +We get a set of vectors, +so we get a set of + +vectors, and that -- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, I took +all elements. + +Why not? + +Why not all elements? + +Strictly speaking, I should have +taken one more in order + +to get the one here. + +We can talk about +that in a sec. + +But this one more element +would be -- + +so it's a code. + +First of all, it's a code. + +Right? + +We all see it's a code. + +And once you see it's a code, +we ask, what are the + +parameters? + +The parameters. + +So length, length +is the easy one. + +Well, it's q. + +What is dimension? + +Dimension of C. What's +the dimension? + +It's a little bit tricky, +that question. + +I actually, at Illinois, +we have to + +take a class on teaching. + +How to become an effective +teacher. + +And one of the things they told +us is that if you ask a + +question, you have to wait for +12 seconds to get an answer. + +So what's the dimension? + +There you go. + +This mapping, this mapping +from a vector space to a + +vector space. + +This mapping, also +called evaluation + +map, is a linear map. + +It's a linear map, meaning +that, well, let's start + +differently. + +Let's start differently. + +Do any two polynomials map +to the same code word? + +That you know. + +That you cannot. + +Are there any two codes, two +polynomials, so are there f of + +x, g of x, such that f of beta +0, so that they coincide in + +all positions? + +No, then they would be +the same, right? + +And the reason is because if +there would be something like + +that, then you could just look +at h is f of x minus g of x, + +which is just another polynomial +of degree k. + +And this would have to vanish +in all positions. + +If k is less than q, it could +not possibly vanish in all + +positions, because then the +polynomial of degree k would + +vanish in more than +k positions. + +Fundamental theorem +of algebra. + +The very beginning. + +So the dimension of C is indeed +k, the same as the + +dimension of this +vector space. + +The dimension of the vector +space of polynomials of the + +degree k minus 1. + +And the distance, if k +is less than q, the + +distance is equal to q. + +The distance, what is it? + +Same argument, roughly +the same argument. + +I think that's a linear code, so +if it's a linear code, the + +minimum distance of the code +is the same as the minimum + +weight of a non-zero word. + +What's the minimum weight +of a non-zero word? + +These are polynomials +of degree k minus 1. + +What's the minimum weight +of a non-zero word? + +Well, we start out with the +weight 1, and whenever the + +polynomial evaluates to 0, one +of the weights drops out. + +So I claim the minimum distance +as the minimum + +weight, weight of the non-zero +word, and this is n minus, + +well, if any of these +polynomials vanishes in all, + +it vanishes in at most, +k minus 1 positions. + +At most, k minus 1 of these +vectors here, of these + +entries, is equal to 0. + +So it drops by, at +most, k minus 1. + +Drops by at most, k minus 1. + +And there we have it. + +There we have it. + +There we have, oh, this is q. + +There we have it. + +There we have that the minimum +distance of the code satisfies + +this equation. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: What? + +AUDIENCE: The dimension? + +PROFESSOR: The dimension. + +So, it's the same argument, +roughly. + +So I say, the dimension, so +let's just say the size of the + +code is q to the k. + +When is the size of the q to the +k, if no two elements in + +the space evaluate to +the same code word? + +But if two of them would +evaluate to the same code + +word, then we would less size +than the vector space had. + +But if two of them evaluate to +the same code word, that means + +this is true for all +four positions. + +Then we could define a +polynomial h of the + +degree k minus 1. + +which disappears in more than +k minus 1 positions. + +I mean, all positions. + +Cannot be, hence the size of +the code is q to the k, so + +this is a linear map, +dimension is k. + +OK. + +So cool. + +So we have it, right? + +We have our MDS codes. + +They exist. + +Here they are. + +They are Reed-Solomon codes. + +Not all MDS codes are +Reed-Solomon codes, but the + +ones we are interested +in, they are. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Well, the distance is +at least this, but the MDS + +bounds is at most this, +so it's equal to this. + +But the MDS bounds, so the +MDS bound has this is. + +So with that. + +So it's indeed, they lie exactly +bang on to this. + +There are MDS codes, +Reed-Solomon codes. + +So that is good. + +So we know what they are. + +So incidentally, where do you +think this one more point is + +that you would evaluate +our polynomials in? + +You've heard about projective +geometries? + +There's one more point, +it's infinity. + +You have, basically, if you look +at the numbers, in order + +to close it up, you want to +add infinity to that, too. + +In order to get this one more, +this one addition in length, + +you want to evaluate this +also at infinity. + +You will have opportunity to +do that in the homework. + +I looked at the homework and +I was pleased to see this + +problem there. + +I hope you will be +pleased, too. + +OK, all right. + +Any questions about this? + +Let's see what else +I wanted to say. + +Because it just gives me a few +minutes to talk about a few + +properties of Reed-Solomon +codes, a few properties of + +Reed-Solomon codes. + +And what did I want +to say there? + +On nested codes, so an RS code +with parameters n k, maybe we + +define them [UNINTELLIGIBLE] +like this. + +q is properly contained, +k minus 1, minus 1. + +This is pretty straight from +the definition of RS codes. + +The set of polynomials of +degree at most k minus 1 + +contains the set of polynomials +of degree at + +most k minus 1. + +So they are nested codes, +property one. + +You will see this is important, +that they are + +nested codes, for various +constructions where + +Reed-Solomon codes take +part in later on. + +A punctured RS code is +again an MDS code. + +Why is that so? + +Why is that so? + +Well, you see it? + +Say if you puncture a +Reed-Solomon code. + +That means we just choose to not +evaluate our code in this, + +this position. + +And this field element. + +Well, we just drop +that coordinate. + +Does anything change in the +arguments we have made? + +Well, the length is now 1 less, +the dimension, well, the + +dimension is still the same, +as long as k is not larger + +than the length of the code. + +The distance, still the same as +the length, the distance is + +at least the length minus +the number of 0's. + +So that equation still holds. + +Well, but that's +all we needed. + +Still MDS code. + +So there was really no -- +it was not important. + +It was not important if you took +all field elements, or a + +subset of the field elements +with MDS property. + +That has nothing +to do with it. + +In particular, we often +in the end, we often + +will drop the 0 element. + +We often choose not to evaluate +these polynomials in + +the 0 of the field. + +A punctured Reed-Solomon +code is an MDS code. + +So what else did I want +to say about this? + +What else did I want +to say about this? + +A generator matrix. + +How would a generator +matrix look like? + +Yeah, how would it look like? + +Basically, we can come +from here, right? + +We can take the generators +of that space. + +So basically, we +say that one -- + +generate the set of polynomials, +that vector space + +of polynomials with -- + +so this is the basis of +that vector space. + +So if we map that basis, then we +get a basis of the image of + +the mapping. + +And the mapping of that +basis would give this. + +So we evaluate the function +1 in all field elements -- + +gives us 1. + +We evaluate the function x +in all field elements. + +This gives us the next +generator of the + +Reed-Solomon code. + +Well, 0 gives 0, 1 gives, oh, +let's write like this. + +We evaluate it in all +field elements. + +These are all the +field elements. + +The next one, and this +goes up to beta -- + +OK, so this would be +a generator matrix. + +That's fine. + +So now, in order to make things +a bit more interesting, + +do you have to stop five +minutes early? + +We just started five +minutes late? + +OK then, I think that's over. + +I think it's over. + +One more thing for you guys to +think about until you reach + +home, then the rest +you do next time. + +So let beta 0 be equal to 0 +beta 1, or beta i equal to + +omega i minus 1 where omega +is primitive in the field. + +Then we can write the +matrix v of omega. + +I tend to see that the first k +columns, the first k rows of + +this matrix would be a +generator matrix of a + +Reed-Solomon code. + +Of course it's the same +as [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +If we now delete the first +position, we erase the first, + +we puncture the first position +all out, and we look at the + +rest of the matrix. + +This factor of the matrix. + +Does this remind anybody +of anything? + +It's a DFT, it's a Fourier +transform. + +And that's what we start +with next time. + +So think about why this is +a Fourier transform. + +And maybe that's +a nice analogy. + +So we get the distance. + +The distance is at least +something, which means it's + +not impulsive. + +It's not a single 1 somewhere. + +The vector that we get +is not impulsive. + +Maybe it has something to do +with the bandwidth constraint + +and the frequency domain. + +That's what you have to +think about on the way + +home, and that's it. + +Thanks so much. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/OisFNNzz3xQ.txt b/OisFNNzz3xQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..901e7c504eed17fcb7de95d767c333525cbfc110 --- /dev/null +++ b/OisFNNzz3xQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this is do Matlab lecture five scripts + + align:start position:0% +this is do Matlab lecture five scripts + + + align:start position:0% +this is do Matlab lecture five scripts +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +functions the previous lecture we saw + + align:start position:0% +functions the previous lecture we saw + + + align:start position:0% +functions the previous lecture we saw +the function F to C that converts + + align:start position:0% +the function F to C that converts + + + align:start position:0% +the function F to C that converts +Fahrenheit to Celsius let's take another + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit to Celsius let's take another + + + align:start position:0% +Fahrenheit to Celsius let's take another +look at that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function here it is it's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +function here it is it's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +function here it is it's a very simple +function I've changed it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +function I've changed it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +function I've changed it a little bit +but it accepts Fair as input sell as + + align:start position:0% +but it accepts Fair as input sell as + + + align:start position:0% +but it accepts Fair as input sell as +output and this is how we write + + align:start position:0% +output and this is how we write + + + align:start position:0% +output and this is how we write +it I could have of course written this + + align:start position:0% +it I could have of course written this + + + align:start position:0% +it I could have of course written this +as a script and it would have been a + + align:start position:0% +as a script and it would have been a + + + align:start position:0% +as a script and it would have been a +much worse idea let's try it as a script + + align:start position:0% +much worse idea let's try it as a script + + + align:start position:0% +much worse idea let's try it as a script +I'll comment this out I'll comment this + + align:start position:0% +I'll comment this out I'll comment this + + + align:start position:0% +I'll comment this out I'll comment this +out and + + align:start position:0% +out and + + + align:start position:0% +out and +now if I save it and change directory to + + align:start position:0% +now if I save it and change directory to + + + align:start position:0% +now if I save it and change directory to +scripts I can say fair equals + + align:start position:0% +scripts I can say fair equals + + + align:start position:0% +scripts I can say fair equals +80 and Now call my + + align:start position:0% +80 and Now call my + + + align:start position:0% +80 and Now call my +f2c and now if I look at cell it equals + + align:start position:0% +f2c and now if I look at cell it equals + + + align:start position:0% +f2c and now if I look at cell it equals +the answer the problem with + + align:start position:0% +the answer the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +the answer the problem with +this there are several problems with + + align:start position:0% +this there are several problems with + + + align:start position:0% +this there are several problems with +this one is that I need to understand + + align:start position:0% +this one is that I need to understand + + + align:start position:0% +this one is that I need to understand +the inner working my inner + + align:start position:0% +the inner working my inner + + + align:start position:0% +the inner working my inner +notation of the script in order to use + + align:start position:0% +notation of the script in order to use + + + align:start position:0% +notation of the script in order to use +it I need to know that fair is an input + + align:start position:0% +it I need to know that fair is an input + + + align:start position:0% +it I need to know that fair is an input +I need to know that the cell is the + + align:start position:0% +I need to know that the cell is the + + + align:start position:0% +I need to know that the cell is the +output so I need to know that before I + + align:start position:0% +output so I need to know that before I + + + align:start position:0% +output so I need to know that before I +call the script I have to assign ad to + + align:start position:0% +call the script I have to assign ad to + + + align:start position:0% +call the script I have to assign ad to +Fair + + align:start position:0% +Fair + + + align:start position:0% +Fair +after I call the script I get the answer + + align:start position:0% +after I call the script I get the answer + + + align:start position:0% +after I call the script I get the answer +inside cell I need to know all of that + + align:start position:0% +inside cell I need to know all of that + + + align:start position:0% +inside cell I need to know all of that +and of course most functions are going + + align:start position:0% +and of course most functions are going + + + align:start position:0% +and of course most functions are going +to be much more complicated than this + + align:start position:0% +to be much more complicated than this + + + align:start position:0% +to be much more complicated than this +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +liner another problem is that obviously + + align:start position:0% +liner another problem is that obviously + + + align:start position:0% +liner another problem is that obviously +since it requires me to write into fair + + align:start position:0% +since it requires me to write into fair + + + align:start position:0% +since it requires me to write into fair +and write into cell it will + + align:start position:0% +and write into cell it will + + + align:start position:0% +and write into cell it will +overwrite fair and cell and particularly + + align:start position:0% +overwrite fair and cell and particularly + + + align:start position:0% +overwrite fair and cell and particularly +it will overwrite cell so if I have an + + align:start position:0% +it will overwrite cell so if I have an + + + align:start position:0% +it will overwrite cell so if I have an +important number in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cell and now I call + + align:start position:0% +cell and now I call + + + align:start position:0% +cell and now I call +f2c this important number is overwritten + + align:start position:0% +f2c this important number is overwritten + + + align:start position:0% +f2c this important number is overwritten +there's nothing I can do about it + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing I can do about it + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing I can do about it +there's no except for changing this + + align:start position:0% +there's no except for changing this + + + align:start position:0% +there's no except for changing this +script there's no way I can make it not + + align:start position:0% +script there's no way I can make it not + + + align:start position:0% +script there's no way I can make it not +overwrite + + align:start position:0% +overwrite + + + align:start position:0% +overwrite +cell now most functions have all kinds + + align:start position:0% +cell now most functions have all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +cell now most functions have all kinds +of intermediary variables so + + align:start position:0% +of intermediary variables so + + + align:start position:0% +of intermediary variables so +intermediary one and there's some + + align:start position:0% +intermediary one and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary one and there's some +assignment that goes into it there and + + align:start position:0% +assignment that goes into it there and + + + align:start position:0% +assignment that goes into it there and +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +one and so on which are needed for the + + align:start position:0% +one and so on which are needed for the + + + align:start position:0% +one and so on which are needed for the +calculation these are of course fake + + align:start position:0% +calculation these are of course fake + + + align:start position:0% +calculation these are of course fake +ones but imagine that you had these and + + align:start position:0% +ones but imagine that you had these and + + + align:start position:0% +ones but imagine that you had these and +now you would call these sorry you would + + align:start position:0% +now you would call these sorry you would + + + align:start position:0% +now you would call these sorry you would +call F Toc again you would + + align:start position:0% +call F Toc again you would + + + align:start position:0% +call F Toc again you would +be littered by these + + align:start position:0% +be littered by these + + + align:start position:0% +be littered by these +variables that you don't know where they + + align:start position:0% +variables that you don't know where they + + + align:start position:0% +variables that you don't know where they +came from you don't care about them + + align:start position:0% +came from you don't care about them + + + align:start position:0% +came from you don't care about them +because there's some partial result + + align:start position:0% +because there's some partial result + + + align:start position:0% +because there's some partial result +inside the script and also they might + + align:start position:0% +inside the script and also they might + + + align:start position:0% +inside the script and also they might +have overwritten one of your variables + + align:start position:0% +have overwritten one of your variables + + + align:start position:0% +have overwritten one of your variables +so this could be really a disaster and + + align:start position:0% +so this could be really a disaster and + + + align:start position:0% +so this could be really a disaster and +this this is where scoping is important + + align:start position:0% +this this is where scoping is important + + + align:start position:0% +this this is where scoping is important +when you put this inside a function even + + align:start position:0% +when you put this inside a function even + + + align:start position:0% +when you put this inside a function even +if you keep all the littering the + + align:start position:0% +if you keep all the littering the + + + align:start position:0% +if you keep all the littering the +same and now you call this + + align:start position:0% +same and now you call this + + + align:start position:0% +same and now you call this +function let's clear my variables first + + align:start position:0% +function let's clear my variables first + + + align:start position:0% +function let's clear my variables first +let's look who's here no one's + + align:start position:0% +let's look who's here no one's + + + align:start position:0% +let's look who's here no one's +here and now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +here and now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +here and now I'm going to +call F to C with ad I get the answer and + + align:start position:0% +call F to C with ad I get the answer and + + + align:start position:0% +call F to C with ad I get the answer and +the only variable that exists is this + + align:start position:0% +the only variable that exists is this + + + align:start position:0% +the only variable that exists is this +automatic variable called ANS ANS is an + + align:start position:0% +automatic variable called ANS ANS is an + + + align:start position:0% +automatic variable called ANS ANS is an +automatic variable that is generated + + align:start position:0% +automatic variable that is generated + + + align:start position:0% +automatic variable that is generated +when a value is returned but it's not + + align:start position:0% +when a value is returned but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +when a value is returned but it's not +assigned so for example if I do 1 + 2 + + align:start position:0% +assigned so for example if I do 1 + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +assigned so for example if I do 1 + 2 +there is also an ANS and ANS equals 3 + + align:start position:0% +there is also an ANS and ANS equals 3 + + + align:start position:0% +there is also an ANS and ANS equals 3 +this is useful if for example notice + + align:start position:0% +this is useful if for example notice + + + align:start position:0% +this is useful if for example notice +that here I forgot to actually assign + + align:start position:0% +that here I forgot to actually assign + + + align:start position:0% +that here I forgot to actually assign +this into a variable so I can now save + + align:start position:0% +this into a variable so I can now save + + + align:start position:0% +this into a variable so I can now save +it by saying xals ANS and now my answer + + align:start position:0% +it by saying xals ANS and now my answer + + + align:start position:0% +it by saying xals ANS and now my answer +is saved into + + align:start position:0% +is saved into + + + align:start position:0% +is saved into +X again using functions does not litter + + align:start position:0% +X again using functions does not litter + + + align:start position:0% +X again using functions does not litter +my workspace + + align:start position:0% +my workspace + + + align:start position:0% +my workspace +with partial results you see in1 in two + + align:start position:0% +with partial results you see in1 in two + + + align:start position:0% +with partial results you see in1 in two +are are contained inside this function + + align:start position:0% +are are contained inside this function + + + align:start position:0% +are are contained inside this function +and we do not see them + + align:start position:0% +and we do not see them + + + align:start position:0% +and we do not see them +outside and they make it unnecessary to + + align:start position:0% +outside and they make it unnecessary to + + + align:start position:0% +outside and they make it unnecessary to +know the inner workings of the function + + align:start position:0% +know the inner workings of the function + + + align:start position:0% +know the inner workings of the function +I don't need to know what the inner name + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to know what the inner name + + + align:start position:0% +I don't need to know what the inner name +of the input variable is and what the + + align:start position:0% +of the input variable is and what the + + + align:start position:0% +of the input variable is and what the +inner name of the output variable is I + + align:start position:0% +inner name of the output variable is I + + + align:start position:0% +inner name of the output variable is I +just need to know that f2c accepts an + + align:start position:0% +just need to know that f2c accepts an + + + align:start position:0% +just need to know that f2c accepts an +input variable and returns a value I + + align:start position:0% +input variable and returns a value I + + + align:start position:0% +input variable and returns a value I +don't need to know the name of those + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know the name of those + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to know the name of those +variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scope also allows us to write what's + + align:start position:0% +scope also allows us to write what's + + + align:start position:0% +scope also allows us to write what's +called recursive + + align:start position:0% +called recursive + + + align:start position:0% +called recursive +functions classic example of recursive + + align:start position:0% +functions classic example of recursive + + + align:start position:0% +functions classic example of recursive +function is the Fibonacci is the + + align:start position:0% +function is the Fibonacci is the + + + align:start position:0% +function is the Fibonacci is the +function that creates the Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +function that creates the Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +function that creates the Fibonacci +sequence so let's try + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this we already had one Fibonacci so + + align:start position:0% +this we already had one Fibonacci so + + + align:start position:0% +this we already had one Fibonacci so +let's do Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 and then accept an + + align:start position:0% +2 and then accept an + + + align:start position:0% +2 and then accept an +N the base case of course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we need to return the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value and if it's not less than three + + align:start position:0% +value and if it's not less than three + + + align:start position:0% +value and if it's not less than three +then we need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +return the sum of the two lower + + align:start position:0% +return the sum of the two lower + + + align:start position:0% +return the sum of the two lower +Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers this is a horrible way of + + align:start position:0% +numbers this is a horrible way of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers this is a horrible way of +writing the Fibonacci creating the + + align:start position:0% +writing the Fibonacci creating the + + + align:start position:0% +writing the Fibonacci creating the +Fibonacci sequence because it involves + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci sequence because it involves + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci sequence because it involves +an exponentially large amount of + + align:start position:0% +an exponentially large amount of + + + align:start position:0% +an exponentially large amount of +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +calls but it works and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +calls but it works and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +calls but it works and the reason is +work works is because the fibo in here + + align:start position:0% +work works is because the fibo in here + + + align:start position:0% +work works is because the fibo in here +the variables inside it are also + + align:start position:0% +the variables inside it are also + + + align:start position:0% +the variables inside it are also +disconnected from the feibo here and the + + align:start position:0% +disconnected from the feibo here and the + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected from the feibo here and the +feo here all these functions are are + + align:start position:0% +feo here all these functions are are + + + align:start position:0% +feo here all these functions are are +called one inside the other but they + + align:start position:0% +called one inside the other but they + + + align:start position:0% +called one inside the other but they +don't overwrite their the variables so + + align:start position:0% +don't overwrite their the variables so + + + align:start position:0% +don't overwrite their the variables so +the V inside the inner feo is different + + align:start position:0% +the V inside the inner feo is different + + + align:start position:0% +the V inside the inner feo is different +from the V inside the outer feo and so + + align:start position:0% +from the V inside the outer feo and so + + + align:start position:0% +from the V inside the outer feo and so +on so let me save this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this works now notice that if I + + align:start position:0% +okay so this works now notice that if I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this works now notice that if I +try it with 25 it takes a bit of a time + + align:start position:0% +try it with 25 it takes a bit of a time + + + align:start position:0% +try it with 25 it takes a bit of a time +and 35 is almost too long to run I'm not + + align:start position:0% +and 35 is almost too long to run I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +and 35 is almost too long to run I'm not +going to even wait for this to run this + + align:start position:0% +going to even wait for this to run this + + + align:start position:0% +going to even wait for this to run this +is calling 2 to the^ 35 function calls + + align:start position:0% +is calling 2 to the^ 35 function calls + + + align:start position:0% +is calling 2 to the^ 35 function calls +which is a little bit too many for me + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit too many for me + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit too many for me +and I'm going to cancel it contrl + C + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to cancel it contrl + C + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to cancel it contrl + C +cancel then you can see here let me show + + align:start position:0% +cancel then you can see here let me show + + + align:start position:0% +cancel then you can see here let me show +you the trace of all the function + + align:start position:0% +you the trace of all the function + + + align:start position:0% +you the trace of all the function +calls when it was stopped so it was + + align:start position:0% +calls when it was stopped so it was + + + align:start position:0% +calls when it was stopped so it was +stopped here but this was called by from + + align:start position:0% +stopped here but this was called by from + + + align:start position:0% +stopped here but this was called by from +this line and this was called from this + + align:start position:0% +this line and this was called from this + + + align:start position:0% +this line and this was called from this +line and this was called from here from + + align:start position:0% +line and this was called from here from + + + align:start position:0% +line and this was called from here from +here this is all the same line calling + + align:start position:0% +here this is all the same line calling + + + align:start position:0% +here this is all the same line calling +itself over and over again each time + + align:start position:0% +itself over and over again each time + + + align:start position:0% +itself over and over again each time +lowering n by one until eventually n is + + align:start position:0% +lowering n by one until eventually n is + + + align:start position:0% +lowering n by one until eventually n is +two and then it can return the value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that it keeps forgetting the value of + + align:start position:0% +is that it keeps forgetting the value of + + + align:start position:0% +is that it keeps forgetting the value of +the Fibonacci sequence when it needs it + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci sequence when it needs it + + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci sequence when it needs it +again to fix that let's just keep a + + align:start position:0% +again to fix that let's just keep a + + + align:start position:0% +again to fix that let's just keep a +variable that will actually + + align:start position:0% +variable that will actually + + + align:start position:0% +variable that will actually +hold the Fibonacci sequence so we + + align:start position:0% +hold the Fibonacci sequence so we + + + align:start position:0% +hold the Fibonacci sequence so we +initialized it with 1 one which is the + + align:start position:0% +initialized it with 1 one which is the + + + align:start position:0% +initialized it with 1 one which is the +starting point and now we will call a + + align:start position:0% +starting point and now we will call a + + + align:start position:0% +starting point and now we will call a +helper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +file helper function that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is and we will will return the + + align:start position:0% +is and we will will return the + + + align:start position:0% +is and we will will return the +value that is needed the helper function + + align:start position:0% +value that is needed the helper function + + + align:start position:0% +value that is needed the helper function +will guarantee that FN is + + align:start position:0% +will guarantee that FN is + + + align:start position:0% +will guarantee that FN is +defined let's see how we do + + align:start position:0% +defined let's see how we do + + + align:start position:0% +defined let's see how we do +this here is the helper function it + + align:start position:0% +this here is the helper function it + + + align:start position:0% +this here is the helper function it +doesn't have any return value but it has + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have any return value but it has + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have any return value but it has +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +input and all it does it checks if the + + align:start position:0% +input and all it does it checks if the + + + align:start position:0% +input and all it does it checks if the +number of elements in + + align:start position:0% +number of elements in + + + align:start position:0% +number of elements in +F is less than n and if it is then it + + align:start position:0% +F is less than n and if it is then it + + + align:start position:0% +F is less than n and if it is then it +calculates the required one so first it + + align:start position:0% +calculates the required one so first it + + + align:start position:0% +calculates the required one so first it +calls helper with nus + + align:start position:0% +calls helper with nus + + + align:start position:0% +calls helper with nus +one and then it says that FN = FN -1 + + + align:start position:0% +one and then it says that FN = FN -1 + + + + align:start position:0% +one and then it says that FN = FN -1 + +FN minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 and then it's done so the helper + + align:start position:0% +2 and then it's done so the helper + + + align:start position:0% +2 and then it's done so the helper +function guarantees that the Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +function guarantees that the Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +function guarantees that the Fibonacci +sequence is updated up to + + align:start position:0% +sequence is updated up to + + + align:start position:0% +sequence is updated up to +n this variable F and then we just + + align:start position:0% +n this variable F and then we just + + + align:start position:0% +n this variable F and then we just +return the one we need so by this way we + + align:start position:0% +return the one we need so by this way we + + + align:start position:0% +return the one we need so by this way we +only this assignment only happens once + + align:start position:0% +only this assignment only happens once + + + align:start position:0% +only this assignment only happens once +for every nend which makes it linear at + + align:start position:0% +for every nend which makes it linear at + + + align:start position:0% +for every nend which makes it linear at +end now we don't need all of this stuff + + align:start position:0% +end now we don't need all of this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +end now we don't need all of this stuff +the only thing we do need is this Final + + align:start position:0% +the only thing we do need is this Final + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing we do need is this Final +End we want let me show you here we want + + align:start position:0% +End we want let me show you here we want + + + align:start position:0% +End we want let me show you here we want +this function + + align:start position:0% +this function + + + align:start position:0% +this function +here sorry we need another end we want + + align:start position:0% +here sorry we need another end we want + + + align:start position:0% +here sorry we need another end we want +this function here to be embedded inside + + align:start position:0% +this function here to be embedded inside + + + align:start position:0% +this function here to be embedded inside +this function because what that does is + + align:start position:0% +this function because what that does is + + + align:start position:0% +this function because what that does is +it makes this variable F visible both + + align:start position:0% +it makes this variable F visible both + + + align:start position:0% +it makes this variable F visible both +for this function and for this function + + align:start position:0% +for this function and for this function + + + align:start position:0% +for this function and for this function +so so this F and this F are the same + + align:start position:0% +so so this F and this F are the same + + + align:start position:0% +so so this F and this F are the same +variable and the the hover text says so + + align:start position:0% +variable and the the hover text says so + + + align:start position:0% +variable and the the hover text says so +scope of variable F spans multiple + + align:start position:0% +scope of variable F spans multiple + + + align:start position:0% +scope of variable F spans multiple +functions okay so let's see how that + + align:start position:0% +functions okay so let's see how that + + + align:start position:0% +functions okay so let's see how that +works we'll save it and now we call it + + align:start position:0% +works we'll save it and now we call it + + + align:start position:0% +works we'll save it and now we call it +Fe 2 with three and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +Fe 2 with three and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +Fe 2 with three and the answer is +correct + + align:start position:0% +correct + + + align:start position:0% +correct +four five and 35 No problem 45 no + + align:start position:0% +four five and 35 No problem 45 no + + + align:start position:0% +four five and 35 No problem 45 no +problem 55 no + + align:start position:0% +problem 55 no + + + align:start position:0% +problem 55 no +problem this is a simple example of + + align:start position:0% +problem this is a simple example of + + + align:start position:0% +problem this is a simple example of +what's called dynamic + + align:start position:0% +what's called dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +what's called dynamic +programming and this is a way of + + align:start position:0% +programming and this is a way of + + + align:start position:0% +programming and this is a way of +reducing an exponential recursive + + align:start position:0% +reducing an exponential recursive + + + align:start position:0% +reducing an exponential recursive +implementation into a linear + + align:start position:0% +implementation into a linear + + + align:start position:0% +implementation into a linear +one now you can have more than one input + + align:start position:0% +one now you can have more than one input + + + align:start position:0% +one now you can have more than one input +V variable and you can have more than + + align:start position:0% +V variable and you can have more than + + + align:start position:0% +V variable and you can have more than +one output variable but I suggest that + + align:start position:0% +one output variable but I suggest that + + + align:start position:0% +one output variable but I suggest that +you investigate that on your own \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/P-Ry4rRdDbk.txt b/P-Ry4rRdDbk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6723701a0b02b44c2d4e1fcaf89f494d7ccd7ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/P-Ry4rRdDbk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2141 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So here's +what we did. + +We found mutants that +effect biochemistry. + +That's one way to make the +connection between + +function and gene. + +But if we want to go the other +way, we now have to do the + +biochemistry of genetics. + +What's biochemistry about? + +It's purifying things +in a test tube. + +What's genetics about? + +Heredity. + +So what do we have to do? + +We have to purify heredity +in a test tube. + +But that's it. + +That's what we have to do. + +If we're going to make that +connection in that direction, + +all we need is to take a cell, +grind it up, and purify not + +the enzyme that digests +a sugar, but heredity. + +We need to get a pure +tube of heredity. + +You can imagine that this wasn't +an obvious thing to do, + +how you get a pure +tube of heredity. + +The problem is you +need an assay. + +If you want to find an +enzyme that digests a + +sugar, you have an acid. + +You purify different fraction, +you make different fractions + +of a cell you see which fraction +of the cell is able + +to digest the sugar. + +But if I make different +fractions of the cell, it's + +not obvious how I figure out +which fraction of the cell has + +heredity in it. + +And yet, that's exactly +what was done, and + +that's today's lecture. + +So purifying heredity. + +The discovery of the +transforming principle. + +By the transforming principle, +I don't mean an + +idea, like a principle. + +I mean a substance. + +This is an old medieval kind +of word, a principle. + +It's kind of a Harry Potteresque +kind of word or + +something like that of what is +the transforming principle, + +the transforming substance. + +It's the kind of word alchemists +would like to use, + +but it was actually what's +attached to this, and it was + +called at the time the +transforming principle, the + +transforming substance. + +And it really is the work in +1928 of a young scientist F. + +Griffiths in London. + +Griffiths was particularly +interested in studying the + +bacteria pneumococcus. + +Why was Griffith so interested +in studying the bacteria + +pneumococcus? + +Well, not so long before in +1918, there had been the + +terrible Spanish influenza +epidemic that had killed + +millions of people around the +world, the worst flu ever. + +Millions of people died by +this flew, and one of the + +reasons they died when they +have the flu was they got + +pneumococcal infections. + +Griffiths was trying to make a +vaccine against pneumococcus, + +a pretty good idea trying to +make a vaccine against + +pneumococcus. + +Pneumococcus highly virulent +stuff, but particularly if + +you're compromised +by the influenza. + +So what did he do? + +Well, Griffiths had a strain +of pneumococcus. + +He didn't, by the way, infect +people with it. + +He infected mice with it, that +being considered a somewhat + +more ethical way to +do the experiment. + +So he had a strain of +pneumococcus that had a + +smooth, glistening coat. + +When you looked at it, it +was smooth and white and + +glistened, the colonies +that it made + +smooth, white, glistened. + +And it was virulent. + +If you inject it into a mouse, +the mouse got pneumococcus + +infection, and it died. + +It turns out we now know +that it has a beautiful + +polysaccharide coat around it +that provides resistance to + +the host's immune system, +et cetera. + +He also had a strain +of pneumococcus + +that had a rough coat. + +It was not glistening. + +It was kind of dull looking, +and it was non-virulent. + +He injected it into a +mouse, mouse lives. + +It happens to be the case that +we now know that it had a + +mutation in a gene that produced +that coat, but that + +doesn't much matter. + +It didn't produce that +polysaccharide, and therefore, + +was more easily fought off +by the immune system. + +So Griffiths does the following +experiment. + +He takes his smooth, virulent +bacteria, he injects it into a + +mouse, that's a mouse. + +And what happens to the mouse? + +AUDIENCE: Dies. + +PROFESSOR: Dies. + +Exactly. + +That's a dead mouse. + +And one of the easier assays +in molecular biology is the + +feet up, feet down assay. + +All right. + +Dead mouse. + +Now, what does he do? + +He takes the rough, +non-virulent, he injects it + +into a mouse, and +what happens? + +Lives. + +Right? + +Lives. + +Then what he does, he takes the +smooth, virulent and he + +bakes it in an autoclave. + +He heat kills this bacteria. + +Now, this heat-killed, dead, +virulent bacteria when + +injected into a mouse, what +happens to the mouse? + +It's alive. + +The mouse is fine. + +The bacteria was dead. + +And then he does the following +truly weird experiment. + +He takes the absolutely +harmless, rough, non-virulent + +bacteria but alive, plus the +smooth, virulent bacteria that + +has been killed by heat, +heat-killed. + +The rough stuff is harmless. + +The smooth heat-killed +stuff, harmless. + +Both are harmless. + +We've shown the mouse can +live with this injected. + +It can live with +this injected. + +He injects it into the mouse, +and what happens? + +Dead mouse. + +Very surprising. + +Not only that, when he takes the +blood of the dead mouse, + +he can culture out of it. + +He can culture on a Petri plate +from this dead mouse + +live, smooth, virulent +bacteria. + +How did that happen? + +Somehow, we didn't have any +live, smooth bacteria. + +We had dead, smooth bacteria. + +We had live non-virulent +bacteria. + +Somehow, the dead stuff +transformed the live harmless + +stuff into virulence. + +It transformed it. + +The substance, the unknown +substance that transformed it + +was referred to as the +transforming principle or + +transforming stuff. + +And now we have biochemistry +because we have an assay. + +We could take the dead, virulent +bacteria and break it + +up into fractions and see +which substance, which + +fraction, is it a protein? + +Is it a carbohydrate? + +Is it nucleic acid? + +Is it something, is the +transforming substance and + +purify heredity because we +have seen the transfer of + +heredity to the harmless +bacteria. + +There is an assay. + +The minute there's an assay, +you could do biochemistry. + +Now, the problem was the assay +was painfully slow. + +You had to grind up the dead +bacteria, you had to + +demonstrate by mixing it +together, putting it into a + +mouse, waiting months, and then +you had to get a further + +sub fraction. + +It was just painfully slow. + +All this mouse stuff +and all that. + +And Griffiths didn't make much +progress through the 1930s, + +but he kept going at it. + +And I suspect might have gotten +there except for the + +fact that in 1941, his lab was +hit by a German bomb during a + +blitz, and he died. + +And so Griffiths never saw the +result of this, but he did + +purify fractions and all that. + +But thank goodness others +picked it up. + +He was again, Griffiths +was a great guy. + +He worked in World War I, worked +during World War II on + +important public health +problems, and really lays this + +foundation, but never really +purified what the final + +substance was because he +died in a bombing. + +But then you get in 1943, during +World War II, folks + +working in New York City at +Rockefeller University, then + +Rockefeller Institute, Avery, +McCarty, and MacLeod continue + +this work, and they do +it without the mouse. + +Because what they do is they +grind up the virulent stuff + +and they sprinkle it on the +living stuff, the living + +bacteria and played it out, +and just looked for the + +appearance of colonies +that are transformed. + +Skip the mouse. + +Skipping the mouse makes it a +lot easier, because you can do + +those experiments +pretty quickly. + +Bacteria grow quickly. + +Same basic idea. + +Purify the stuff from the smooth +dead stuff, grind it + +up, put it in different +fractions, apply them, and + +then sprinkle them on a +plate, and look for + +the occasional colony. + +And now you're just going to +look for a fraction of the + +material that has the capability +to produce some + +smooth colonies. + +Well, they did that, and they +purified it, and the purified + +it, and they purified it, and +they purified it, and they + +eventually found that the +particular type of molecule + +that they purified appeared +to be DNA. + +But when they purified fractions +containing DNA, + +these fractions had the +ability to transform. + +Wow. + +You might immediately say, +that's the transforming + +principle, DNA. + +That's the transforming +substance. + +What do you think the +reaction was? + +Skepticism. + +First, it should be +noted it's 1943. + +People were busy at +the time, right? + +We're in the middle +World War II. + +It wasn't exactly top on +people's minds, but there was + +enormous skepticism +scientifically of those people + +who did follow the work. + +Why? + +Because the one thing they knew +was that DNA was truly a + +boring molecule. + +It was understood by all smart +people that DNA was an + +incredibly boring structural +molecule that had none of the + +fascinating diversity and +richness of proteins. + +Proteins could do zillions +of different things. + +DNA, you know, it's +just scaffolding. + +Why? + +What is the structure of DNA? + +So let's turn to the structure +of DNA to see why it is that + +people were not impressed. + +Of course, when people are not +impressed, you purified + +something and you show it +transforms, what do you say to + +Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod? + +How do you express +your skepticism? + +You say, it's very good. + +You've purified this and it +contains DNA, but is it + +absolutely totally 100% pure or +is it possible that you've + +carried along in the fraction +that you have purified some + +other trace quantity of a highly +potent protein that is + +really causing heredity? + +And of course, that's the +problem is you can never prove + +that there's not a teeny smidgen +of something in there. + +You can only show how pure it +is, but you can never rule + +something out. + +So when people want to sort +of dis your biochemistry + +experiments, it's always easy +to say, it was probably + +something else in there too you +just don't know about it. + +And that was what the +answer was to them. + +But let's look at the +structure of DNA. + +So DNA has three important +components + +which we need to learn. + +A, it has a sugar called +2 prime deoxyribose. + +So ribose is a 5-carbon sugar. + +A five-part carbon sugar +is a pentose. + +So this is a sugar, in fact a +pentose, pentose of course + +five, pentose meaning it's a +5-carbon sugar, but it lacks a + +hydroxyl group. + +So it's just slightly +different from + +the 5-carbon sugar. + +And we draw it in this +configuration where there is + +the 1 prime carbon here, the 2 +prime carbon here, the 3 prime + +carbon here, the 4 prime carbon +here, the 5 prime + +carbon here. + +That's very important to know. + +We've got an oxygen up here. + +Here, we have an OH and an H. +Here, we have an H and an OH. + +Here we have H. Here we +have our OH, H, H. + +But here we should have +a hydroxyl off every + +carbon, and we don't. + +Only here are deoxy. + +That's the only difference from +this being a perfectly + +normal ribose, deoxy at +the 2 prime position. + +Big deal. + +Now, the next component of DNA +that you need to know about + +are these nitrogenous bases. + +So hanging off our +ribose is a base. + +This base has carbons, oxygens, + +hydrogens, and nitrogens. + +And they come in four flavors, +adenine, A, guanine, G, + +thymine, T, cytosine, C. A, T, +C and G, and we'll look at + +their structure in +just a moment. + +Then the next important part +if we look at this + +conceptually, is that hanging +off here, we have a + +triphosphate. + +We have a triphosphate. + +So this is the monomer for +making DNA, triphosphate. + +We have a sugar, the sugar in +exactly the same place off the + +1 prime carbon there has a base, +off the 5 prime carbon, + +we have a triphosphate. + +What's the triphosphate +good for? + +Energy. + +We're going to do a +polymerization, and that's + +going to contribute the energy +for the polymerization, and + +that's pretty much it. + +That's the way to +think about DNA. + +So when we do our polymerization +now, we + +polymerize and we get base, +CH2, phosphate. + +And then coming down this way +attached here, we have our + +phosphate, and that attaches +to the 5 prime carbon here, + +and onward that way. + +So notice that our polymer goes +from a 5-prime carbon + +here, 3-prime carbon here, +5-prime carbon here, 3-prime + +carbon there. + +And we go sugar, phosphate, +sugar, phosphate, sugar, + +phosphate, sugar, phosphate, +5-prime attachment, 3-prime + +attachment, 5-prime attachment, +3-prime + +attachment. + +That's DNA. + +Pretty boring. + +The same sugar, same phosphates +strung together, + +totally boring. + +The only difference +are these bases. + +And there's only four of them, +and they're not very + +impressive. + +They're pretty boring, +these bases. + +There are purines. + +The A and G are purines, +and their ring + +structure looks like this. + +This is six-membered ring and +there's a five-membered ring. + +There are pyrimidines, T and +C, and they just have a + +six-membered ring. + +They've got carbons, and +oxygens, and nitrogens, and + +hydrogens, and they +don't differ + +really in their charges. + +By compared to the amino acids, +positive charges, + +negative charges, hydrophobic +groups, + +sulfurs that are reactive. + +Amino acids, that's +impressive. + +Those 20 different side chains +have wildly different chemical + +properties. + +These form measly bases, have +essentially, the same chemical + +properties. + +There's nothing very different +about their chemical + +properties and therefore, all +smart right-thinking people + +recognize the DNA +could not be a + +particularly interesting molecule. + +It had to be largely +a structural + +molecule of some sort. + +So when Avery, McCarty, and +MacLeod tell us ah, the + +transforming principle of +DNA, nobody's impressed. + +But of course, it's +World War II. + +People are busy. + +Lot of things going on. + +And not that long afterwards, +not that long afterwards, + +another really important +experiment gets done in the + +early 1950s, the Hershey-Chase +experiment. + +Hershey is not the candy bar. + +It is Alfred Hershey +and Martha Chase. + +Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey +do a cool experiment. + +People were studying something +else at the time. + +They were studying the viruses +that infect bacteria, + +bacterial viruses. + +So it turns out just like you +may get a viral infection, E. + +coli gets viral infections +too. + +It usually dies of them or at +least often dies of viral + +infection, not necessarily +usually, I take that back, + +sometimes dies of viral +infections. + +So that is a virus, actually, +greatly magnified, glommed on + +to E. coli, virus E. coli. + +What happens is, if you mix +the virus with E. coli, it + +gloms on, and then if you wait +a little while giving it a + +happy medium to grow in, the E. +coli some time later, half + +an hour later maybe, bursts +open, dead, and spews out + +zillions of viral particles +which could go on + +to infect new cells. + +How does it do that? + +How does it instruct E. coli +to make viral particles? + +It must be bringing +information. + +It's having progeny. + +It is passing on heredity too. + +It has some transforming +information. + +Where is the transforming +principle in the little virus? + +It gloms on to the cell somehow +gives something into + +the cell, and poof, 20 minutes +later, half an hour later, + +lots of viruses. + +Where's the information +carried? + +Now, this was a much +simpler system. + +This system, you're asking +what's in the bacterial virus. + +There's not a lot in +a bacterial virus. + +It's not like a cell that +have zillions of things. + +The bacterial virus is a +pretty simple particle. + +The bacteria virus consists of +protein coat, proteins are on + +the outside, DNA +on the inside. + +That's it. + +You don't have a lot to work +with, a limited number of + +proteins, DNA in the middle. + +These things just as an aside +were thought to kind of like + +eat bacteria. + +Because they were thought to +eat bacteria in a way by at + +least the early things, they're +called bacteriophage, + +bacteriophage. + +The word phage means to eat. + +So you may hear me talking about +bacteriophage, meaning + +eaters of bacteria. + +Indeed, actually there was some +nutty ideas in the 1920s + +and 1930s when bacteriophage +were first discovered that the + +way to cure a bacterial +infection was to drink a lot + +of bacteriophage. + +They would kill the bacteria. + +It's a thought. + +People actually tried +these things. + +Anyway, it turns out not +to be such a good idea. + +So Hershey and Chase decided +we're going to figure out + +which is it? + +Is it the DNA or is +it the protein? + +How do you find out? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Put in only protein, +and see what happens. + +So take the bacteriophage, +purify it from + +protein verses DNA. + +I've got a pure component of the +protein, I sprinkle it on, + +nothing happens. + +I take the DNA, I sprinkle +it on, nothing happens. + +Neither works. + +Why is that? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: The shape, those +little feet in the shape were + +critical for the +pathogenicity. + +So when we grind up the virus, +it doesn't work anymore. + +It's a great idea. + +If it worked, bingo, we'd have +it, and that should be the + +first experiment we do +because it's so easy. + +But it turned out not to work. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Put a chemical marker +on the protein, put a + +chemical marker on the DNA, +and see which one + +goes into the cell. + +What chemical marker? + +How are we going to attach a +chemical marker to the protein + +without messing it up? + +We can't mess up the +protein, right? + +It still got to function. + +How do we get a chemical +marker on it? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So what chemical +do you want me to put in? + +Well, how am I going to tell +whether, DNA's got phosphorus. + +How am I going to follow +the phosphorus? + +AUDIENCE: Radioactive tag. + +PROFESSOR: Radioactive tag. + +Bingo. + +What if I used radioactive +tags, and I made a + +radioactively-labeled virus. + +How can I radioactively +label the DNA? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: A radioactive base. + +I could do that. + +What else could I do? + +Yup? + +AUDIENCE: Phosphorus. + +PROFESSOR: Phosphorus. + +Phosphorus has the nice property +that phosphorus is in + +my DNA, but it's not +an proteins. + +So what do I use? + +Phosphorus-32, P-32. + +So I use P-32, and how do I +manage to chemically create a + +virus that has P-32 in it? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Just throw it in the +solution with P-32, and + +the virus will take care +that itself, right? + +So simply grow virus for a while +in the presence of P-32. + +Let's do that. + +So grow virus in a test +tube with bacteria. + +Here's my bacteria. + +Here's my virus I've put in +there, and let me put in P-32, + +and what I'll get is +P-32-labeled labeled virus. + +How do I label my protein? + +Someone said it already. + +What elements can we +find that's in + +proteins but not in DNA? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Sulfur. + +PROFESSOR: Sulfur. + +Sulfur. + +S-35 is a radioactive isotope of +sulfur, and if I grow it, I + +can S-35 label the proteins +in my virus. + +Nice. + +This radioactive labeling +trick is very cool. + +So I take it, I take some +P-32-labeled virus where these + +P-32 was only in the DNA. + +I got some S-35-labeled +label virus where the + +S-35 is in the protein. + +I could mix them together, now +do my experiment, wait 20 + +minutes and, or even wait last +10, 15 minutes, and see which + +element has gone +into the cell. + +How do I do that? + +See I've got my cells here, +and I've got the viruses + +attached to them, and they've +injected something in here. + +They've either injected +a protein or + +they've injected DNA. + +What was injected? + +I need to carefully go in there +and remove the virus and + +look at just what's +in the cell. + +I have to now separate the virus +glommed onto the outside + +of the cell from the cell. + +So do I use micro manipulator +tweezers to + +pull off the virus? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Well, if I +denature, I might + +crack open the cell. + +Centrifuge it. + +If I centrifuge it, the whole +thing will spin down. + +I need to kind of knock the +viruses off the cell, + +physically. + +I just got to agitate it so +I get them off the cell. + +With enough kind of hydrodynamic +agitation, the + +viruses fall off. + +So a device was created that +was able to just perfectly + +knock the viruses off. + +It's referred to as the Waring +kitchen blender. + +It turns on your kitchen blender +is perfect for this. + +Take the viruses, add it to the +bacteria, sit for a little + +bit, put it in your kitchen +blender, press puree. + +And let's say on puree setting, +the viruses fall off, + +and now you can spin it in a +centrifuge, the bacteria are + +denser, they come down. + +The viruses are lighter, they +stay in the supernatant, and + +you can take the supernatant and +the pellet at the bottom + +over your radioactivity counter +and see which one is + +in the bacteria. + +These were referred to as the +famous Waring blender + +experiments. + +They really are, actually. + +So you put this in the Waring +blender, you knock off the + +viruses, you spin it down, and +what happens is after you've + +done it, there's a pellet here +of the bacteria that are spun + +down in the centrifuge. + +The virus particles +are still up here. + +We take this pellet over to our +counter, and which element + +do we find in great abundance, +S-35 or P-32? + +AUDIENCE: P-32. + +PROFESSOR: P-32. + +The DNA is what's going in. + +Bingo. + +Nice experiment. + +Now if you were churlish, +couldn't you say, yeah, look + +it's mostly the DNA, but there's +a little smidgen of + +protein maybe, that +came along too. + +Do you think they found +absolutely zero S-35 in there? + +No, because they don't perfectly +knock the virus off. + +Some of it kind of sticks. + +There's 1% S-35. + +And if you're being really +churlish about this you would + +say I still don't believe you. + +But now you have it from two +different directions. + +You have it from the +pneumococcus, this bacteria + +experiment from Avery, McCarty, +and MacLeod Hershey + +and Chase coming from two +different systems. + +They're giving you +the same answer. + +It's pretty clear. + +It's in the air. + +People know DNA is the stuff. + +They're believing it now. + +DNA is the stuff. + +But how does it work? + +How can this dumb molecule +possibly be the + +transforming principle? + +Well, smart, young people +want to know. + +So an erstwhile ornithologist, +that is a college kid from the + +University of Indiana who +particularly liked bird + +watching got very enamored by +this problem, actually based + +on some fabulous faculty at +the University of Indiana. + +He got really intrigued by how +could DNA possibly do this. + +But he recognized he didn't +know any chemistry. + +He decided to go to Cambridge, +England to the Medical + +Research Council lab, the MRC +lab in Cambridge, England + +where he teamed up with someone +who did a lot of + +talking and very few +experiments. + +A physicist who had worked for +the British admiralty during + +World War II on classified +things and had somehow gotten + +interested in biology. + +And because he had this kid, +this recently graduated + +college kid, and you had this +35-year-old physicist who + +nobody was quite sure what to +make of, they kind of hung out + +with each other in +the same office. + +And they didn't really do many +experiments, but boy did they + +do a lot of talking, and +thinking, and looking at all + +the data that were out there. + +And that's pretty much what +James Watson and Francis Crick + +were doing. + +They knew this problem +was important. + +And Jim and Francis would talk +every day about this stuff, + +and they will talk to people +down the hall who really knew + +about the chemistry +of nucleic acids. + +And they went down to London to +Maurice Wilkins' lab where + +crystals were being +made of DNA. + +And Rosalind Franklin, who was +a fantastic scientist and had + +managed to make crystals of DNA, +showed Crick and Watson + +her crystals of DNA. + +Francis Crick being a physicist +was very good at + +understanding crystallography +and how crystal structures and + +x-ray diffraction patterns +related to each other. + +And Francis knew immediately +this thing had to be a helix. + +He could tell it was a helix. + +And they went back, and based +on Rosalind Franklin's x-ray + +diffraction patterns, went and +made a model, a model for the + +structure of DNA. + +You all know the model. + +You've seen the double +helix forever. + +It's a cultural icon, but that's +how this came about. + +And The Double Helix, the +Structure of DNA, April of + +1953 is published. + +The double helix has two +strands running an + +anti-parallel directions, 5 +prime to 3 prime, 5 prime to 3 + +prime anti-parallel directions, +and it has a + +perfect base pairing between +purines and pyrimidines. + +If you have a T, and +I'm just going to + +draw this very quickly. + +You can look in your book for +getting it just right. + +You have two hydrogen bonds. + +That's T and A, and if you +have a C, you have three + +hydrogen bonds that perfectly +hold it to the G, et cetera. + +So notice C and G fit perfectly +together to make + +three hydrogen bonds. + +A and T fit perfectly together +to make two hydrogen bonds, + +and that was the key was to +recognize that when you stick + +them together in that way, you +get exactly the same width. + +They fit perfectly. + +You couldn't match an A with a +G, an A with a C, you could + +only match the A with +a T. That was it. + +Brilliant. + +Beautiful. + +Now, you guys should read +Crick's book The Double Helix + +in which he tells the stories +because it's just a + +fascinating, fascinating +business. + +He'll tell, or others will +tell actually, the story. + +So you know what this +means by the way? + +This means that the amount of +A should equal the amount of + +T. And the amount of G should +equal the amount of C. + +There should be a ratio, a +one-to-one ratio that the A to + +T ratio should be one to one. + +And the G to C ratio should +be one to one. + +Although any organism might have +more As than Ts and Gs + +than Cs, the ratio of these guys +should be one and these + +guys should be one. + +This actually was discovered +by a chemist at Columbia + +called Chargaff. + +These were called Chargaff's +rules. + +Chargaff was a very +distinguished chemist who came + +up with Chargaff's rules with +the As equals the Ts, and the + +Gs equals the Cs, and +he didn't know + +what to make of it. + +By the way, Chargaff actually +visited Cambridge, England + +while Crick and Watson were +there before their discovery, + +and he had lunch with them. + +And he related that Crick and +Watson seemed like Bozos to + +him, because they couldn't even +keep straight the exact + +structure of the four bases. + +They always had to keep +looking it up. + +They hadn't memorized the +structures the four bases, and + +Chargaff was such a brilliant +chemist, he, of course, knew + +this instantly, et cetera, +et cetera. + +And he said, these guys are +never going to get anywhere + +because they really don't even +understand the structure of + +the bases, haven't +memorized it. + +When Crick and Watson's +discovery turned out to be the + +single most important biological +discovery of the + +20th century, Erwin Chargaff who +lived a very long life was + +sort of bitter because he's kind +of worked it out in a way + +with the ratio and never figured +out what it meant. + +And he said one of the +bitterest, cuttingest comments + +I've have ever heard from a +scientist which is referring + +to Crick and Watson as still not +being impressed even after + +they won their Nobel +Prize for this. + +He said that two such pygmies +should cast such giant shadows + +only shows how late +in the day it is. + +Anyway, he was not happy to +have missed this point. + +Crick and Watson were +very happy to have + +figured this out. + +They, when they figured this out +in February of 1953, what + +do you do in England when you +make a big discovery? + +AUDIENCE: You have tea. + +PROFESSOR: No, you +don't have tea. + +You go to the pub. + +They went to the pub. + +They ran down to the Eagle Pub, +they brought everybody + +drinks, and they told everybody +at the Eagle Pub, + +we've discovered the +secret of life. + +The people at the Eagle Pub +had no idea what they were + +talking about, but were happy to +have a round of drinks, and + +there you go. + +They immediately raced to +write this up in Nature. + +It appears in Nature in +April of 1953, and + +it's a one-page paper. + +And get it on the +web and read it. + +It's the single best one page +that has been written in + +biology in the 20th century. + +And of course, what +did they say? + +The title is kind of unassuming, +"A Structure for + +the Salt of Deoxyribonucleic +Acid," nothing too exciting. + +But Crick and Watson +realized something. + +What do they realize? + +Crick and Watson realized +why is this a big deal? + +Why is this double helix +so important? + +Well, the implication of the +double helix is that if I have + +a double helix and those strands +were to separate, each + +would be a template for a +double helix, heredity. + +How do you pass information +to two daughter cells? + +You got a double helix. + +It's redundant. + +If you know the A is on +one strand, you know + +the Ts on the other. + +Unzip it, copy, voila. + +I now have two copies +of heredity. + +What's a mutation? + +Occasionally get it wrong. + +Bingo. + +They saw it. + +They knew. + +Now, they didn't have +time to prove this. + +I mean, who has time +to prove this. + +This is such an exciting +discovery secret of life. + +Drinks for everybody, they write +it up, but in the last + +paragraph, they certainly don't +want anybody to think + +that they missed the point. + +And they write the coyest +sentence in molecular biology. + +They write, "It has not escaped +our notice that this + +structure offers an +explanation for + +heredity and mutation. + +We'll address this in another +paper." Cute. + +Very cute. + +They put down their marker, they +knew what it meant, but + +they got the thing off to +Nature very quickly. + +It was a hot topic. + +They were competing +with other people. + +You'll read about the +competition with Linus Pauling + +and other things like that. + +It had not escaped their notice +that this pretty much + +explains heredity. + +Now, of course, are +you convinced + +that it explains heredity? + +It's a nice model, but don't +we require proof? + +We do require proof. + +It's an ex post facto model, we +need proof, It's a pretty + +good ex post facto model, +but we need proof. + +So the last step, which I'll +touch on very briefly, was + +proof of what's called +semi-conservative replication. + +Meaning that each strand +is used for the other. + +And I might run two +minutes over. + +We'll see. + +I'll try to keep +it within time. + +Out at Caltech, two graduate +students, Frank Stahl and Matt + +Meselson hear of this. + +Matt Meselson by the +way is still + +working in Harvard Square. + +He's at Harvard. + +He's a wonderful guy. + +Matt is there. + +You could ask Matt about this, +young graduate student at + +Caltech in the early '50s. + +Obviously, this model looks +like it must be right. + +How do you prove it? + +Well, Matt and Frank, Meselson +and Stahl came up with a cool + +experiment to prove it. + +Meselson and Stahl, they take +bacteria, here's my DNA in + +there, they want to show that +each strand, each, when we + +make a new generation of +bacteria, the new DNA has one + +old strand and one new strand. + +That each old strand +is being used as a + +template for a new strand. + +How are we going to tell? + +We gotta label it somehow. + +We got a label the old strand +different than the new strand. + +How do we possibly label and +they're the same chemical + +composition? + +What are we going to do? + +AUDIENCE: Radioactivity. + +PROFESSOR: Radioactivity or +some kind of isotope. + +Well, they used an isotope. + +What they did, super cool, they +grew this up, but not in + +normal nitrogen, but in N-15, +not, by the way, radioactive, + +but different weight. + +They grew it up in N-15. + +They added bacterias that had +grown up, and all of their DNA + +had lots of N-15 in it +on both strands. + +They then pour in a lot of +medium that has N-14. + +Tons, they swamp it with +N-14 so what's this + +strand going to be? + +N-14. + +So what can you tell me about +the difference between this + +DNA and that DNA? + +AUDIENCE: One's going +to be lighter. + +PROFESSOR: One is going +to be lighter. + +How do you measure how +much lighter it is? + +They came up, they invented the +technique for this purpose + +of centrifuging in +a salt gradient. + +They put in the right amounts of +salt, cesium salt, and they + +centrifuge it so hard that +there's a gradient of + +densities, denser here, +lighter here. + +And they find that this DNA +and this DNA centrifuge to + +different places. + +There's a difference +in their density. + +The new DNA is half old, +N-15, half new, N-14. + +It has the intermediate +density. + +If I grow another generation, +I'm going to see some N-15 + +14s, and I'm also going +to see some N-14, 14s. + +And that's what they found. + +They invented this technique +it's isopycnic centrifugation + +and Matt Meselson and Frank +Stahl provided an experimental + +prediction of the beautiful +Crick-Watson model that was + +fair to say the secret +of life. + +Anyway, these are +the foundations. + +Notice now, we've taken genetics +and used it to do + +biochemistry. + +We've taken biochemistry +and used it + +to understand genetics. + +And so finally, we are +making the bridge + +of molecular biology. + +Next time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/PoFDK7Kwx1o.txt b/PoFDK7Kwx1o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c91056be0aa9ca5222d9d867aded66f60aa942c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/PoFDK7Kwx1o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5363 @@ +align:start position:0% + 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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +welcome to the class we're gonna discuss + + align:start position:0% +welcome to the class we're gonna discuss + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to the class we're gonna discuss +the themes that are going to basically + + align:start position:0% +the themes that are going to basically + + + align:start position:0% +the themes that are going to basically +permeate every topic and module we'll + + align:start position:0% +permeate every topic and module we'll + + + align:start position:0% +permeate every topic and module we'll +talk about here and one of the central + + align:start position:0% +talk about here and one of the central + + + align:start position:0% +talk about here and one of the central +themes of this class is that we're + + align:start position:0% +themes of this class is that we're + + + align:start position:0% +themes of this class is that we're +interested in studying the cellular + + align:start position:0% +interested in studying the cellular + + + align:start position:0% +interested in studying the cellular +processes of life at a molecular level + + align:start position:0% +processes of life at a molecular level + + + align:start position:0% +processes of life at a molecular level +right so it's biochemists and chemists + + align:start position:0% +right so it's biochemists and chemists + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's biochemists and chemists +were interested in this level of + + align:start position:0% +were interested in this level of + + + align:start position:0% +were interested in this level of +understanding right and what we see here + + align:start position:0% +understanding right and what we see here + + + align:start position:0% +understanding right and what we see here +is a cartoon depiction of the cell and + + align:start position:0% +is a cartoon depiction of the cell and + + + align:start position:0% +is a cartoon depiction of the cell and +we see that there's many types of + + align:start position:0% +we see that there's many types of + + + align:start position:0% +we see that there's many types of +biomolecules in this environment so what + + align:start position:0% +biomolecules in this environment so what + + + align:start position:0% +biomolecules in this environment so what +are our core themes for this year first + + align:start position:0% +are our core themes for this year first + + + align:start position:0% +are our core themes for this year first +we believe that life must be studied on + + align:start position:0% +we believe that life must be studied on + + + align:start position:0% +we believe that life must be studied on +a molecular level to truly understand it + + align:start position:0% +a molecular level to truly understand it + + + align:start position:0% +a molecular level to truly understand it +and so we need to think about the + + align:start position:0% +and so we need to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +and so we need to think about the +cellular environment both on a + + align:start position:0% +cellular environment both on a + + + align:start position:0% +cellular environment both on a +macroscopic scale and on the molecular + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic scale and on the molecular + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic scale and on the molecular +level and this environment is complex + + align:start position:0% +level and this environment is complex + + + align:start position:0% +level and this environment is complex +and it always needs to be considered + + align:start position:0% +and it always needs to be considered + + + align:start position:0% +and it always needs to be considered +right so as experimentalists and + + align:start position:0% +right so as experimentalists and + + + align:start position:0% +right so as experimentalists and +biochemistry often we're doing + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry often we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry often we're doing +experiments in aqueous buffer with + + align:start position:0% +experiments in aqueous buffer with + + + align:start position:0% +experiments in aqueous buffer with +proteins or some other biomolecule how + + align:start position:0% +proteins or some other biomolecule how + + + align:start position:0% +proteins or some other biomolecule how +does that relate to a context like this + + align:start position:0% +does that relate to a context like this + + + align:start position:0% +does that relate to a context like this +one here where the environment is very + + align:start position:0% +one here where the environment is very + + + align:start position:0% +one here where the environment is very +different and much more complex + + align:start position:0% +different and much more complex + + + align:start position:0% +different and much more complex +something we'll see especially in the + + align:start position:0% +something we'll see especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +something we'll see especially in the +first half the first four modules of + + align:start position:0% +first half the first four modules of + + + align:start position:0% +first half the first four modules of +this course is that in cells complex + + align:start position:0% +this course is that in cells complex + + + align:start position:0% +this course is that in cells complex +processes are carried out by macro + + align:start position:0% +processes are carried out by macro + + + align:start position:0% +processes are carried out by macro +molecular machines and elaborate systems + + align:start position:0% +molecular machines and elaborate systems + + + align:start position:0% +molecular machines and elaborate systems +and these systems are fascinating you'll + + align:start position:0% +and these systems are fascinating you'll + + + align:start position:0% +and these systems are fascinating you'll +see that we know a lot but as we learn + + align:start position:0% +see that we know a lot but as we learn + + + align:start position:0% +see that we know a lot but as we learn +more there's more and more questions + + align:start position:0% +more there's more and more questions + + + align:start position:0% +more there's more and more questions +that come up and more questions we need + + align:start position:0% +that come up and more questions we need + + + align:start position:0% +that come up and more questions we need +to address with that in addition to + + align:start position:0% +to address with that in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +to address with that in addition to +these macro molecular machines some + + align:start position:0% +these macro molecular machines some + + + align:start position:0% +these macro molecular machines some +additional themes for this course + + align:start position:0% +additional themes for this course + + + align:start position:0% +additional themes for this course +involve homeostasis and signaling and + + align:start position:0% +involve homeostasis and signaling and + + + align:start position:0% +involve homeostasis and signaling and +these will be especially emphasized in + + align:start position:0% +these will be especially emphasized in + + + align:start position:0% +these will be especially emphasized in +the second half of the course when + + align:start position:0% +the second half of the course when + + + align:start position:0% +the second half of the course when +Professor stubby takes over there so how + + align:start position:0% +Professor stubby takes over there so how + + + align:start position:0% +Professor stubby takes over there so how +do we think about homeostasis and + + align:start position:0% +do we think about homeostasis and + + + align:start position:0% +do we think about homeostasis and +signaling in these contexts something + + align:start position:0% +signaling in these contexts something + + + align:start position:0% +signaling in these contexts something +that will come up again and again + + align:start position:0% +that will come up again and again + + + align:start position:0% +that will come up again and again +is how basically understanding cellular + + align:start position:0% +is how basically understanding cellular + + + align:start position:0% +is how basically understanding cellular +processes at a molecular level or the + + align:start position:0% +processes at a molecular level or the + + + align:start position:0% +processes at a molecular level or the +molecular features can help explain + + align:start position:0% +molecular features can help explain + + + align:start position:0% +molecular features can help explain +mechanisms of human disease as well as + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms of human disease as well as + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms of human disease as well as +therapeutics and so an example we'll see + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics and so an example we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics and so an example we'll see +in the early part of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +in the early part of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +in the early part of this lecture +involves the ribosome so many + + align:start position:0% +involves the ribosome so many + + + align:start position:0% +involves the ribosome so many +antibiotics target the ribosome and by + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics target the ribosome and by + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics target the ribosome and by +understanding ribosome structure and + + align:start position:0% +understanding ribosome structure and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding ribosome structure and +function we can understand how these + + align:start position:0% +function we can understand how these + + + align:start position:0% +function we can understand how these +small molecule therapeutics work another + + align:start position:0% +small molecule therapeutics work another + + + align:start position:0% +small molecule therapeutics work another +example involves the proteasome which + + align:start position:0% +example involves the proteasome which + + + align:start position:0% +example involves the proteasome which +we'll hear about in the second half of + + align:start position:0% +we'll hear about in the second half of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll hear about in the second half of +the course + + align:start position:0% +the course + + + align:start position:0% +the course +so there's therapeutics that target the + + align:start position:0% +so there's therapeutics that target the + + + align:start position:0% +so there's therapeutics that target the +proteasome for instance for cancer and + + align:start position:0% +proteasome for instance for cancer and + + + align:start position:0% +proteasome for instance for cancer and +cholesterol biosynthesis will come up + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol biosynthesis will come up + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol biosynthesis will come up +and you know how does our understanding + + align:start position:0% +and you know how does our understanding + + + align:start position:0% +and you know how does our understanding +of cholesterol biosynthesis leaves two + + align:start position:0% +of cholesterol biosynthesis leaves two + + + align:start position:0% +of cholesterol biosynthesis leaves two +ways to treat coronary disease something + + align:start position:0% +ways to treat coronary disease something + + + align:start position:0% +ways to treat coronary disease something +that Joanne and I really like to think + + align:start position:0% +that Joanne and I really like to think + + + align:start position:0% +that Joanne and I really like to think +about day to day and convey to you in + + align:start position:0% +about day to day and convey to you in + + + align:start position:0% +about day to day and convey to you in +this course is the importance of + + align:start position:0% +this course is the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +this course is the importance of +experimental design and choice of + + align:start position:0% +experimental design and choice of + + + align:start position:0% +experimental design and choice of +methods so as scientists and + + align:start position:0% +methods so as scientists and + + + align:start position:0% +methods so as scientists and +experimentalists how do we think about + + align:start position:0% +experimentalists how do we think about + + + align:start position:0% +experimentalists how do we think about +designing an experiment because that + + align:start position:0% +designing an experiment because that + + + align:start position:0% +designing an experiment because that +design is really critical to the outcome + + align:start position:0% +design is really critical to the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +design is really critical to the outcome +and what we can make of the data and so + + align:start position:0% +and what we can make of the data and so + + + align:start position:0% +and what we can make of the data and so +throughout lectures and recitations + + align:start position:0% +throughout lectures and recitations + + + align:start position:0% +throughout lectures and recitations +things to keep in mind and that will + + align:start position:0% +things to keep in mind and that will + + + align:start position:0% +things to keep in mind and that will +reiterate or that all techniques have + + align:start position:0% +reiterate or that all techniques have + + + align:start position:0% +reiterate or that all techniques have +inherent strengths and limitations and + + align:start position:0% +inherent strengths and limitations and + + + align:start position:0% +inherent strengths and limitations and +so it's something we all need to keep in + + align:start position:0% +so it's something we all need to keep in + + + align:start position:0% +so it's something we all need to keep in +mind when we analyze data and think + + align:start position:0% +mind when we analyze data and think + + + align:start position:0% +mind when we analyze data and think +about how an experiment was done and + + align:start position:0% +about how an experiment was done and + + + align:start position:0% +about how an experiment was done and +these systems we're going to look at in + + align:start position:0% +these systems we're going to look at in + + + align:start position:0% +these systems we're going to look at in +508 are very complex and what that means + + align:start position:0% +508 are very complex and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +508 are very complex and what that means +is that many different types of + + align:start position:0% +is that many different types of + + + align:start position:0% +is that many different types of +experimental method are needed in order + + align:start position:0% +experimental method are needed in order + + + align:start position:0% +experimental method are needed in order +to answer complex and sometimes not so + + align:start position:0% +to answer complex and sometimes not so + + + align:start position:0% +to answer complex and sometimes not so +complex questions right so one method + + align:start position:0% +complex questions right so one method + + + align:start position:0% +complex questions right so one method +alone just often isn't enough we need + + align:start position:0% +alone just often isn't enough we need + + + align:start position:0% +alone just often isn't enough we need +insights from many different techniques + + align:start position:0% +insights from many different techniques + + + align:start position:0% +insights from many different techniques +and types of expertise and so we look + + align:start position:0% +and types of expertise and so we look + + + align:start position:0% +and types of expertise and so we look +forward to informing you about different + + align:start position:0% +forward to informing you about different + + + align:start position:0% +forward to informing you about different +types of methods whether they be + + align:start position:0% +types of methods whether they be + + + align:start position:0% +types of methods whether they be +established and quite old or new that + + align:start position:0% +established and quite old or new that + + + align:start position:0% +established and quite old or new that +are important today and as I alluded to + + align:start position:0% +are important today and as I alluded to + + + align:start position:0% +are important today and as I alluded to +before something we have to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +before something we have to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +before something we have to keep in mind +when doing biochemistry in the lab is + + align:start position:0% +when doing biochemistry in the lab is + + + align:start position:0% +when doing biochemistry in the lab is +that the test tube is very different + + align:start position:0% +that the test tube is very different + + + align:start position:0% +that the test tube is very different +from the cell + + align:start position:0% +from the cell + + + align:start position:0% +from the cell +these environments are vastly different + + align:start position:0% +these environments are vastly different + + + align:start position:0% +these environments are vastly different +and so we always need to think about how + + align:start position:0% +and so we always need to think about how + + + align:start position:0% +and so we always need to think about how +to relate data back to a cellular or + + align:start position:0% +to relate data back to a cellular or + + + align:start position:0% +to relate data back to a cellular or +physiological context right if you + + align:start position:0% +physiological context right if you + + + align:start position:0% +physiological context right if you +measure a dissociation constant of one + + align:start position:0% +measure a dissociation constant of one + + + align:start position:0% +measure a dissociation constant of one +micromolar what does that mean in a cell + + align:start position:0% +micromolar what does that mean in a cell + + + align:start position:0% +micromolar what does that mean in a cell +right versus one picomolar for instance + + align:start position:0% +right versus one picomolar for instance + + + align:start position:0% +right versus one picomolar for instance +another point to make is that the + + align:start position:0% +another point to make is that the + + + align:start position:0% +another point to make is that the +hypothesis is a moving target right us + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is a moving target right us + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is a moving target right us +so we prove have a hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +so we prove have a hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +so we prove have a hypothesis +experiments are designed to test this + + align:start position:0% +experiments are designed to test this + + + align:start position:0% +experiments are designed to test this +hypothesis and there's some outcome + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis and there's some outcome + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis and there's some outcome +maybe that supports the hypothesis maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe that supports the hypothesis maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that supports the hypothesis maybe +not or maybe there's some new insight + + align:start position:0% +not or maybe there's some new insight + + + align:start position:0% +not or maybe there's some new insight +from a related field that really changes + + align:start position:0% +from a related field that really changes + + + align:start position:0% +from a related field that really changes +how we think about something so in many + + align:start position:0% +how we think about something so in many + + + align:start position:0% +how we think about something so in many +cases we're integrating data and + + align:start position:0% +cases we're integrating data and + + + align:start position:0% +cases we're integrating data and +insights that are quite new and + + align:start position:0% +insights that are quite new and + + + align:start position:0% +insights that are quite new and +Professor stubby and I won't have all of + + align:start position:0% +Professor stubby and I won't have all of + + + align:start position:0% +Professor stubby and I won't have all of +the answers and so that type of + + align:start position:0% +the answers and so that type of + + + align:start position:0% +the answers and so that type of +uncertainty is something that we aim for + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty is something that we aim for + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty is something that we aim for +you all to gain some level of comfort + + align:start position:0% +you all to gain some level of comfort + + + align:start position:0% +you all to gain some level of comfort +with so there's many complexities and + + align:start position:0% +with so there's many complexities and + + + align:start position:0% +with so there's many complexities and +primary data often uncertainties and + + align:start position:0% +primary data often uncertainties and + + + align:start position:0% +primary data often uncertainties and +that's just an aspect of this course and + + align:start position:0% +that's just an aspect of this course and + + + align:start position:0% +that's just an aspect of this course and +I anticipate that to you here and along + + align:start position:0% +I anticipate that to you here and along + + + align:start position:0% +I anticipate that to you here and along +those lines just keep in mind we know so + + align:start position:0% +those lines just keep in mind we know so + + + align:start position:0% +those lines just keep in mind we know so +much and I think it's amazing and if I + + align:start position:0% +much and I think it's amazing and if I + + + align:start position:0% +much and I think it's amazing and if I +step back and think about this for some + + align:start position:0% +step back and think about this for some + + + align:start position:0% +step back and think about this for some +of the systems we'll see actually + + align:start position:0% +of the systems we'll see actually + + + align:start position:0% +of the systems we'll see actually +overwhelming and it's really due to + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming and it's really due to + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming and it's really due to +dedicated efforts of many many people + + align:start position:0% +dedicated efforts of many many people + + + align:start position:0% +dedicated efforts of many many people +over many many years but with that said + + align:start position:0% +over many many years but with that said + + + align:start position:0% +over many many years but with that said +there are so many remaining unanswered + + align:start position:0% +there are so many remaining unanswered + + + align:start position:0% +there are so many remaining unanswered +questions and you know we hope that + + align:start position:0% +questions and you know we hope that + + + align:start position:0% +questions and you know we hope that +you'll find inspiration in some of these + + align:start position:0% +you'll find inspiration in some of these + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find inspiration in some of these +questions as looking forward within this + + align:start position:0% +questions as looking forward within this + + + align:start position:0% +questions as looking forward within this +field there okay so what about the cell + + align:start position:0% +field there okay so what about the cell + + + align:start position:0% +field there okay so what about the cell +and macromolecular crowding just to + + align:start position:0% +and macromolecular crowding just to + + + align:start position:0% +and macromolecular crowding just to +emphasize this point a bit more here we + + align:start position:0% +emphasize this point a bit more here we + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize this point a bit more here we +have any coli + + align:start position:0% +have any coli + + + align:start position:0% +have any coli +okay so e coli our laboratory work + + align:start position:0% +okay so e coli our laboratory work + + + align:start position:0% +okay so e coli our laboratory work +horses for biochemists they're + + align:start position:0% +horses for biochemists they're + + + align:start position:0% +horses for biochemists they're +fascinating I love e coli but I just + + align:start position:0% +fascinating I love e coli but I just + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating I love e coli but I just +show you the simple eco like cartoon and + + align:start position:0% +show you the simple eco like cartoon and + + + align:start position:0% +show you the simple eco like cartoon and +this depiction here to emphasize how + + align:start position:0% +this depiction here to emphasize how + + + align:start position:0% +this depiction here to emphasize how +how did the cellular environment is + + align:start position:0% +how did the cellular environment is + + + align:start position:0% +how did the cellular environment is +right so we have an e.coli of about two + + align:start position:0% +right so we have an e.coli of about two + + + align:start position:0% +right so we have an e.coli of about two +microns long and maybe half a micron + + align:start position:0% +microns long and maybe half a micron + + + align:start position:0% +microns long and maybe half a micron +wide a volume of about a thumb two liter + + align:start position:0% +wide a volume of about a thumb two liter + + + align:start position:0% +wide a volume of about a thumb two liter +okay and if we think about the e coli + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we think about the e coli + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we think about the e coli +genome for a minute it encodes about + + align:start position:0% +genome for a minute it encodes about + + + align:start position:0% +genome for a minute it encodes about +4,000 proteins that's a lot of proteins + + align:start position:0% +4,000 proteins that's a lot of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +4,000 proteins that's a lot of proteins +and if we think about one equalized cell + + align:start position:0% +and if we think about one equalized cell + + + align:start position:0% +and if we think about one equalized cell +of this small size can just ask a simple + + align:start position:0% +of this small size can just ask a simple + + + align:start position:0% +of this small size can just ask a simple +question how many ribosomes are there so + + align:start position:0% +question how many ribosomes are there so + + + align:start position:0% +question how many ribosomes are there so +we all know the ribosomes are needed for + + align:start position:0% +we all know the ribosomes are needed for + + + align:start position:0% +we all know the ribosomes are needed for +polypeptide biosynthesis how many + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide biosynthesis how many + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide biosynthesis how many +ribosomes are packaged in one E coli and + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes are packaged in one E coli and + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes are packaged in one E coli and +you guess so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10100 pardon + + align:start position:0% +10100 pardon + + + align:start position:0% +10100 pardon +yeah let's say a thousand times 15 or 20 + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's say a thousand times 15 or 20 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let's say a thousand times 15 or 20 +so there's about 15 to 20,000 ribosomes + + align:start position:0% +so there's about 15 to 20,000 ribosomes + + + align:start position:0% +so there's about 15 to 20,000 ribosomes +and one e coli cell right and as we'll + + align:start position:0% +and one e coli cell right and as we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and one e coli cell right and as we'll +see in Friday's lecture the ribosome is + + align:start position:0% +see in Friday's lecture the ribosome is + + + align:start position:0% +see in Friday's lecture the ribosome is +very large um how do they all fit and + + align:start position:0% +very large um how do they all fit and + + + align:start position:0% +very large um how do they all fit and +there's not only the ribosomes but + + align:start position:0% +there's not only the ribosomes but + + + align:start position:0% +there's not only the ribosomes but +there's many many other players just you + + align:start position:0% +there's many many other players just you + + + align:start position:0% +there's many many other players just you +know as noted here in this cartoon okay + + align:start position:0% +know as noted here in this cartoon okay + + + align:start position:0% +know as noted here in this cartoon okay +so you can think about what does that + + align:start position:0% +so you can think about what does that + + + align:start position:0% +so you can think about what does that +mean in terms of concentrations will + + align:start position:0% +mean in terms of concentrations will + + + align:start position:0% +mean in terms of concentrations will +bring up concentrations of biomolecules + + align:start position:0% +bring up concentrations of biomolecules + + + align:start position:0% +bring up concentrations of biomolecules +in the cell throughout this course and + + align:start position:0% +in the cell throughout this course and + + + align:start position:0% +in the cell throughout this course and +what does it mean having them packaged + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean having them packaged + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean having them packaged +together so much here so very different + + align:start position:0% +together so much here so very different + + + align:start position:0% +together so much here so very different +than the test tube our goals some of + + align:start position:0% +than the test tube our goals some of + + + align:start position:0% +than the test tube our goals some of +which I think have been communicated by + + align:start position:0% +which I think have been communicated by + + + align:start position:0% +which I think have been communicated by +me so far but just to emphasize we're + + align:start position:0% +me so far but just to emphasize we're + + + align:start position:0% +me so far but just to emphasize we're +interested in these macro molecular + + align:start position:0% +interested in these macro molecular + + + align:start position:0% +interested in these macro molecular +machines and chemical processes + + align:start position:0% +machines and chemical processes + + + align:start position:0% +machines and chemical processes +responsible for life we hope by the end + + align:start position:0% +responsible for life we hope by the end + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for life we hope by the end +of this course everyone gains an + + align:start position:0% +of this course everyone gains an + + + align:start position:0% +of this course everyone gains an +appreciation for the complexity of life + + align:start position:0% +appreciation for the complexity of life + + + align:start position:0% +appreciation for the complexity of life +and our current understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +and our current understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +and our current understanding of the +topics we present to you this spring + + align:start position:0% +topics we present to you this spring + + + align:start position:0% +topics we present to you this spring +there's close links between basic + + align:start position:0% +there's close links between basic + + + align:start position:0% +there's close links between basic +fundamental research and medicine and + + align:start position:0% +fundamental research and medicine and + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental research and medicine and +technology development as well + + align:start position:0% +technology development as well + + + align:start position:0% +technology development as well +understanding the experimental basis for + + align:start position:0% +understanding the experimental basis for + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the experimental basis for +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +foods and hypotheses and what we think + + align:start position:0% +foods and hypotheses and what we think + + + align:start position:0% +foods and hypotheses and what we think +is something that you know we hope to + + align:start position:0% +is something that you know we hope to + + + align:start position:0% +is something that you know we hope to +achieve and that you can bring to other + + align:start position:0% +achieve and that you can bring to other + + + align:start position:0% +achieve and that you can bring to other +places after this course is really to + + align:start position:0% +places after this course is really to + + + align:start position:0% +places after this course is really to +being able to knowledgeably and + + align:start position:0% +being able to knowledgeably and + + + align:start position:0% +being able to knowledgeably and +critically evaluate methods and results + + align:start position:0% +critically evaluate methods and results + + + align:start position:0% +critically evaluate methods and results +especially primary data and we also hope + + align:start position:0% +especially primary data and we also hope + + + align:start position:0% +especially primary data and we also hope +that you know we convince you that + + align:start position:0% +that you know we convince you that + + + align:start position:0% +that you know we convince you that +biological chemistry is really + + align:start position:0% +biological chemistry is really + + + align:start position:0% +biological chemistry is really +thought-provoking and fun and hopefully + + align:start position:0% +thought-provoking and fun and hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +thought-provoking and fun and hopefully +you all think that right now as well so + + align:start position:0% +you all think that right now as well so + + + align:start position:0% +you all think that right now as well so +what are the actual topics we're going + + align:start position:0% +what are the actual topics we're going + + + align:start position:0% +what are the actual topics we're going +to cover we organized this course into + + align:start position:0% +to cover we organized this course into + + + align:start position:0% +to cover we organized this course into +modules and these modules are listed + + align:start position:0% +modules and these modules are listed + + + align:start position:0% +modules and these modules are listed +here and different modules will have + + align:start position:0% +here and different modules will have + + + align:start position:0% +here and different modules will have +different numbers of lectures dedicated + + align:start position:0% +different numbers of lectures dedicated + + + align:start position:0% +different numbers of lectures dedicated +to them but where we'll go between now + + align:start position:0% +to them but where we'll go between now + + + align:start position:0% +to them but where we'll go between now +and spring break I'll present to you + + align:start position:0% +and spring break I'll present to you + + + align:start position:0% +and spring break I'll present to you +during these weeks is that we're going + + align:start position:0% +during these weeks is that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +during these weeks is that we're going +to focus on the life so that life cycle + + align:start position:0% +to focus on the life so that life cycle + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on the life so that life cycle +of a protein for the first three modules + + align:start position:0% +of a protein for the first three modules + + + align:start position:0% +of a protein for the first three modules +and many of you are familiar with + + align:start position:0% +and many of you are familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +and many of you are familiar with +aspects of this we're going to present + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this we're going to present + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this we're going to present +these topics I think a bit differently + + align:start position:0% +these topics I think a bit differently + + + align:start position:0% +these topics I think a bit differently +than what you've seen before again very + + align:start position:0% +than what you've seen before again very + + + align:start position:0% +than what you've seen before again very +much from the standpoint experimental + + align:start position:0% +much from the standpoint experimental + + + align:start position:0% +much from the standpoint experimental +methods and hypothesis testing so we'll + + align:start position:0% +methods and hypothesis testing so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +methods and hypothesis testing so we'll +cover protein synthesis doing a careful + + align:start position:0% +cover protein synthesis doing a careful + + + align:start position:0% +cover protein synthesis doing a careful +case study of the ribosome will continue + + align:start position:0% +case study of the ribosome will continue + + + align:start position:0% +case study of the ribosome will continue +with protein folding so asking the + + align:start position:0% +with protein folding so asking the + + + align:start position:0% +with protein folding so asking the +question after the ribosome synthesizes + + align:start position:0% +question after the ribosome synthesizes + + + align:start position:0% +question after the ribosome synthesizes +the polypeptide chain how does that + + align:start position:0% +the polypeptide chain how does that + + + align:start position:0% +the polypeptide chain how does that +polypeptide assemble into its native + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide assemble into its native + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide assemble into its native +form what happens when proteins are Mis + + align:start position:0% +form what happens when proteins are Mis + + + align:start position:0% +form what happens when proteins are Mis +folded and then we'll move into protein + + align:start position:0% +folded and then we'll move into protein + + + align:start position:0% +folded and then we'll move into protein +degradation and we'll look at proteases + + align:start position:0% +degradation and we'll look at proteases + + + align:start position:0% +degradation and we'll look at proteases +and machines that are involved in + + align:start position:0% +and machines that are involved in + + + align:start position:0% +and machines that are involved in +proteolytic degradation and where we'll + + align:start position:0% +proteolytic degradation and where we'll + + + align:start position:0% +proteolytic degradation and where we'll +close the first half is with module 4 + + align:start position:0% +close the first half is with module 4 + + + align:start position:0% +close the first half is with module 4 +which is on synthesis or often called + + align:start position:0% +which is on synthesis or often called + + + align:start position:0% +which is on synthesis or often called +assembly line and homology and this is a + + align:start position:0% +assembly line and homology and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +assembly line and homology and this is a +different type of template driven + + align:start position:0% +different type of template driven + + + align:start position:0% +different type of template driven +polymerization that's involved in the + + align:start position:0% +polymerization that's involved in the + + + align:start position:0% +polymerization that's involved in the +synthesis of natural products and then + + align:start position:0% +synthesis of natural products and then + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis of natural products and then +after spring break professor stubby will + + align:start position:0% +after spring break professor stubby will + + + align:start position:0% +after spring break professor stubby will +take over and the focus will be on + + align:start position:0% +take over and the focus will be on + + + align:start position:0% +take over and the focus will be on +cellular processes that involve + + align:start position:0% +cellular processes that involve + + + align:start position:0% +cellular processes that involve +homeostasis metabolism and signaling and + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis metabolism and signaling and + + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis metabolism and signaling and +so these topics will involve cholesterol + + align:start position:0% +so these topics will involve cholesterol + + + align:start position:0% +so these topics will involve cholesterol +biosynthesis and type of molecule car + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis and type of molecule car + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis and type of molecule car +cult terpene and so a third way to make + + align:start position:0% +cult terpene and so a third way to make + + + align:start position:0% +cult terpene and so a third way to make +a carbon-carbon bond will be introduced + + align:start position:0% +a carbon-carbon bond will be introduced + + + align:start position:0% +a carbon-carbon bond will be introduced +in this section so you've heard about + + align:start position:0% +in this section so you've heard about + + + align:start position:0% +in this section so you've heard about +claisen and aldol condensations and + + align:start position:0% +claisen and aldol condensations and + + + align:start position:0% +claisen and aldol condensations and +prior biochemistry courses this will be + + align:start position:0% +prior biochemistry courses this will be + + + align:start position:0% +prior biochemistry courses this will be +another route and then we both love + + align:start position:0% +another route and then we both love + + + align:start position:0% +another route and then we both love +metals in biology so there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +metals in biology so there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +metals in biology so there's a whole +field of bile in organic chemistry and + + align:start position:0% +field of bile in organic chemistry and + + + align:start position:0% +field of bile in organic chemistry and +it will be introduced to you here with + + align:start position:0% +it will be introduced to you here with + + + align:start position:0% +it will be introduced to you here with +iron homeostasis as a case study and + + align:start position:0% +iron homeostasis as a case study and + + + align:start position:0% +iron homeostasis as a case study and +moving from here and something quite + + align:start position:0% +moving from here and something quite + + + align:start position:0% +moving from here and something quite +related involves reactive oxygen species + + align:start position:0% +related involves reactive oxygen species + + + align:start position:0% +related involves reactive oxygen species +so I'm sure you've all heard about these + + align:start position:0% +so I'm sure you've all heard about these + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm sure you've all heard about these +somewhere maybe in the news maybe from + + align:start position:0% +somewhere maybe in the news maybe from + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere maybe in the news maybe from +your lab work + + align:start position:0% +your lab work + + + align:start position:0% +your lab work +what are these reactive oxygen species + + align:start position:0% +what are these reactive oxygen species + + + align:start position:0% +what are these reactive oxygen species +are they all reactive what kind of + + align:start position:0% +are they all reactive what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +are they all reactive what kind of +chemistry do they do in a cell how do we + + align:start position:0% +chemistry do they do in a cell how do we + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry do they do in a cell how do we +study that here and then and then of + + align:start position:0% +study that here and then and then of + + + align:start position:0% +study that here and then and then of +course we'll close with a section a + + align:start position:0% +course we'll close with a section a + + + align:start position:0% +course we'll close with a section a +module on nucleotide and deoxy + + align:start position:0% +module on nucleotide and deoxy + + + align:start position:0% +module on nucleotide and deoxy +nucleotide metabolism excuse me as well + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide metabolism excuse me as well + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide metabolism excuse me as well +as regulation and then an integration of + + align:start position:0% +as regulation and then an integration of + + + align:start position:0% +as regulation and then an integration of +course concepts so we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +course concepts so we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +course concepts so we have a lot of +exciting topics and exciting things to + + align:start position:0% +exciting topics and exciting things to + + + align:start position:0% +exciting topics and exciting things to +tell you about in terms of level of + + align:start position:0% +tell you about in terms of level of + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about in terms of level of +understanding for this course as I said + + align:start position:0% +understanding for this course as I said + + + align:start position:0% +understanding for this course as I said +many of these systems are complex we're + + align:start position:0% +many of these systems are complex we're + + + align:start position:0% +many of these systems are complex we're +going to look at huge macro molecular + + align:start position:0% +going to look at huge macro molecular + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at huge macro molecular +machines and multi-step processes this + + align:start position:0% +machines and multi-step processes this + + + align:start position:0% +machines and multi-step processes this +is a biochemistry course and we are + + align:start position:0% +is a biochemistry course and we are + + + align:start position:0% +is a biochemistry course and we are +interested in molecular level in + + align:start position:0% +interested in molecular level in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in molecular level in +addition to this big picture and so + + align:start position:0% +addition to this big picture and so + + + align:start position:0% +addition to this big picture and so +things to keep in mind when thinking + + align:start position:0% +things to keep in mind when thinking + + + align:start position:0% +things to keep in mind when thinking +about structure okay you need to think + + align:start position:0% +about structure okay you need to think + + + align:start position:0% +about structure okay you need to think +about the amino acids and please review + + align:start position:0% +about the amino acids and please review + + + align:start position:0% +about the amino acids and please review +these if you're a bit rusty so to know + + align:start position:0% +these if you're a bit rusty so to know + + + align:start position:0% +these if you're a bit rusty so to know +the side chains + + align:start position:0% +the side chains + + + align:start position:0% +the side chains +PK's etc that's all important to have in + + align:start position:0% +PK's etc that's all important to have in + + + align:start position:0% +PK's etc that's all important to have in +mind what are the protein folds what are + + align:start position:0% +mind what are the protein folds what are + + + align:start position:0% +mind what are the protein folds what are +the arrangements of these macromolecular + + align:start position:0% +the arrangements of these macromolecular + + + align:start position:0% +the arrangements of these macromolecular +assemblies and and how do we we study + + align:start position:0% +assemblies and and how do we we study + + + align:start position:0% +assemblies and and how do we we study +that in terms of reactivity will see + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of reactivity will see + + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of reactivity will see +bond breaking and bond forming reactions + + align:start position:0% +bond breaking and bond forming reactions + + + align:start position:0% +bond breaking and bond forming reactions +so again we need to think about things + + align:start position:0% +so again we need to think about things + + + align:start position:0% +so again we need to think about things +like pk's nucleophiles and electrophiles + + align:start position:0% +like pk's nucleophiles and electrophiles + + + align:start position:0% +like pk's nucleophiles and electrophiles +if you need to brush + + align:start position:0% +if you need to brush + + + align:start position:0% +if you need to brush +organic chemistry textbook or + + align:start position:0% +organic chemistry textbook or + + + align:start position:0% +organic chemistry textbook or +biochemistry textbook is a good place to + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry textbook is a good place to + + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry textbook is a good place to +go and then something to keep in mind is + + align:start position:0% +go and then something to keep in mind is + + + align:start position:0% +go and then something to keep in mind is +dynamics so the macro molecular + + align:start position:0% +dynamics so the macro molecular + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics so the macro molecular +structures and enzymes and proteins will + + align:start position:0% +structures and enzymes and proteins will + + + align:start position:0% +structures and enzymes and proteins will +look at our dynamic often we only have a + + align:start position:0% +look at our dynamic often we only have a + + + align:start position:0% +look at our dynamic often we only have a +static picture or some number of static + + align:start position:0% +static picture or some number of static + + + align:start position:0% +static picture or some number of static +pictures but there's conformational + + align:start position:0% +pictures but there's conformational + + + align:start position:0% +pictures but there's conformational +change transient binding occurs and we + + align:start position:0% +change transient binding occurs and we + + + align:start position:0% +change transient binding occurs and we +always need to think about kinetics so + + align:start position:0% +always need to think about kinetics so + + + align:start position:0% +always need to think about kinetics so +these are things just to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +these are things just to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +these are things just to keep in mind +when you're reading and questioning to + + align:start position:0% +when you're reading and questioning to + + + align:start position:0% +when you're reading and questioning to +yourself about any given system here so + + align:start position:0% +yourself about any given system here so + + + align:start position:0% +yourself about any given system here so +what about experimental methods this is + + align:start position:0% +what about experimental methods this is + + + align:start position:0% +what about experimental methods this is +just another topic to go over in this + + align:start position:0% +just another topic to go over in this + + + align:start position:0% +just another topic to go over in this +course overview so there's many methods + + align:start position:0% +course overview so there's many methods + + + align:start position:0% +course overview so there's many methods +that come up in 508 and we don't expect + + align:start position:0% +that come up in 508 and we don't expect + + + align:start position:0% +that come up in 508 and we don't expect +that you have knowledge of any or all of + + align:start position:0% +that you have knowledge of any or all of + + + align:start position:0% +that you have knowledge of any or all of +these at the stage of starting the + + align:start position:0% +these at the stage of starting the + + + align:start position:0% +these at the stage of starting the +course the difficulty that comes up is + + align:start position:0% +course the difficulty that comes up is + + + align:start position:0% +course the difficulty that comes up is +that we can't introduce all of these + + align:start position:0% +that we can't introduce all of these + + + align:start position:0% +that we can't introduce all of these +methods to you at once in a level of + + align:start position:0% +methods to you at once in a level of + + + align:start position:0% +methods to you at once in a level of +detail that's needed for everything we + + align:start position:0% +detail that's needed for everything we + + + align:start position:0% +detail that's needed for everything we +do okay so what will happen is that if + + align:start position:0% +do okay so what will happen is that if + + + align:start position:0% +do okay so what will happen is that if +methods come up in problem sets that + + align:start position:0% +methods come up in problem sets that + + + align:start position:0% +methods come up in problem sets that +haven't yet been addressed will give you + + align:start position:0% +haven't yet been addressed will give you + + + align:start position:0% +haven't yet been addressed will give you +enough background information in the + + align:start position:0% +enough background information in the + + + align:start position:0% +enough background information in the +problem set material such that you can + + align:start position:0% +problem set material such that you can + + + align:start position:0% +problem set material such that you can +think about the questions and answer + + align:start position:0% +think about the questions and answer + + + align:start position:0% +think about the questions and answer +them okay and will let you know when a + + align:start position:0% +them okay and will let you know when a + + + align:start position:0% +them okay and will let you know when a +method comes up you know you'll hear + + align:start position:0% +method comes up you know you'll hear + + + align:start position:0% +method comes up you know you'll hear +this in recitation X or we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +this in recitation X or we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +this in recitation X or we'll talk about +it more in class so right now what I'd + + align:start position:0% +it more in class so right now what I'd + + + align:start position:0% +it more in class so right now what I'd +like to do is just go over a few of the + + align:start position:0% +like to do is just go over a few of the + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is just go over a few of the +methods that you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +methods that you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +methods that you're going to see +multiple times okay and the thing to + + align:start position:0% +multiple times okay and the thing to + + + align:start position:0% +multiple times okay and the thing to +keep in mind is that the context of how + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind is that the context of how + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind is that the context of how +the context in which these methods are + + align:start position:0% +the context in which these methods are + + + align:start position:0% +the context in which these methods are +being used may differ but the underlying + + align:start position:0% +being used may differ but the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +being used may differ but the underlying +principles are the same okay and we + + align:start position:0% +principles are the same okay and we + + + align:start position:0% +principles are the same okay and we +choose methods that are being used today + + align:start position:0% +choose methods that are being used today + + + align:start position:0% +choose methods that are being used today +and are important some of these were + + align:start position:0% +and are important some of these were + + + align:start position:0% +and are important some of these were +developed decades ago some of these are + + align:start position:0% +developed decades ago some of these are + + + align:start position:0% +developed decades ago some of these are +very very new and hot off the press so + + align:start position:0% +very very new and hot off the press so + + + align:start position:0% +very very new and hot off the press so +if it's an older paper please don't + + align:start position:0% +if it's an older paper please don't + + + align:start position:0% +if it's an older paper please don't +brush it off it's like oh this is old + + align:start position:0% +brush it off it's like oh this is old + + + align:start position:0% +brush it off it's like oh this is old +and so you know it's not new right we're + + align:start position:0% +and so you know it's not new right we're + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know it's not new right we're +all really excited by technology and + + align:start position:0% +all really excited by technology and + + + align:start position:0% +all really excited by technology and +every + + align:start position:0% +every + + + align:start position:0% +every +thing here but many of these older + + align:start position:0% +thing here but many of these older + + + align:start position:0% +thing here but many of these older +methods are robust and used all the time + + align:start position:0% +methods are robust and used all the time + + + align:start position:0% +methods are robust and used all the time +here so what are some methods and tools + + align:start position:0% +here so what are some methods and tools + + + align:start position:0% +here so what are some methods and tools +that we'll have under our belt okay the + + align:start position:0% +that we'll have under our belt okay the + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll have under our belt okay the +first to point out our methods involved + + align:start position:0% +first to point out our methods involved + + + align:start position:0% +first to point out our methods involved +in macro molecular structure here okay + + align:start position:0% +in macro molecular structure here okay + + + align:start position:0% +in macro molecular structure here okay +so we care a lot about structure because + + align:start position:0% +so we care a lot about structure because + + + align:start position:0% +so we care a lot about structure because +we need structural understanding to be + + align:start position:0% +we need structural understanding to be + + + align:start position:0% +we need structural understanding to be +able to comprehend how these systems + + align:start position:0% +able to comprehend how these systems + + + align:start position:0% +able to comprehend how these systems +work and so one method we'll see a lot + + align:start position:0% +work and so one method we'll see a lot + + + align:start position:0% +work and so one method we'll see a lot +and you'll discuss in recitation this + + align:start position:0% +and you'll discuss in recitation this + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll discuss in recitation this +week is x-ray crystallography okay and + + align:start position:0% +week is x-ray crystallography okay and + + + align:start position:0% +week is x-ray crystallography okay and +in addition a method that will come up + + align:start position:0% +in addition a method that will come up + + + align:start position:0% +in addition a method that will come up +quite a bit and we'll see both of these + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit and we'll see both of these + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit and we'll see both of these +in the initial discussions of the + + align:start position:0% +in the initial discussions of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the initial discussions of the +ribosome is electron microscopy and + + align:start position:0% +ribosome is electron microscopy and + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome is electron microscopy and +another method to be aware of and if + + align:start position:0% +another method to be aware of and if + + + align:start position:0% +another method to be aware of and if +you're curious talk to your TA Shiva is + + align:start position:0% +you're curious talk to your TA Shiva is + + + align:start position:0% +you're curious talk to your TA Shiva is +NMR + + align:start position:0% +NMR + + + align:start position:0% +NMR +okay so NMR has a lot of applications + + align:start position:0% +okay so NMR has a lot of applications + + + align:start position:0% +okay so NMR has a lot of applications +here with in biological chemistry but we + + align:start position:0% +here with in biological chemistry but we + + + align:start position:0% +here with in biological chemistry but we +won't discuss that what can go along + + align:start position:0% +won't discuss that what can go along + + + align:start position:0% +won't discuss that what can go along +with methods in this bioinformatics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so how many of you have used blast + + align:start position:0% +yeah so how many of you have used blast + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so how many of you have used blast +how many of you know what blast stands + + align:start position:0% +how many of you know what blast stands + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you know what blast stands +for you know basic local alignment + + align:start position:0% +for you know basic local alignment + + + align:start position:0% +for you know basic local alignment +search tool so you know what does this + + align:start position:0% +search tool so you know what does this + + + align:start position:0% +search tool so you know what does this +let you do right + + align:start position:0% +let you do right + + + align:start position:0% +let you do right +it lets you find regions or similarity + + align:start position:0% +it lets you find regions or similarity + + + align:start position:0% +it lets you find regions or similarity +between sequences whether that's amino + + align:start position:0% +between sequences whether that's amino + + + align:start position:0% +between sequences whether that's amino +acid sequence a nucleotide sequence and + + align:start position:0% +acid sequence a nucleotide sequence and + + + align:start position:0% +acid sequence a nucleotide sequence and +you can use that information to make + + align:start position:0% +you can use that information to make + + + align:start position:0% +you can use that information to make +hypotheses and design experiments there + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses and design experiments there + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses and design experiments there +so that will come up with additional + + align:start position:0% +so that will come up with additional + + + align:start position:0% +so that will come up with additional +methods and possibilities okay what + + align:start position:0% +methods and possibilities okay what + + + align:start position:0% +methods and possibilities okay what +about fluorescence so how many of you + + align:start position:0% +about fluorescence so how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +about fluorescence so how many of you +have done an experiment that involves + + align:start position:0% +have done an experiment that involves + + + align:start position:0% +have done an experiment that involves +fluorescence either in lab or in your + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence either in lab or in your + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence either in lab or in your +research + + align:start position:0% +research + + + align:start position:0% +research +how many did that involve a fluorescent + + align:start position:0% +how many did that involve a fluorescent + + + align:start position:0% +how many did that involve a fluorescent +protein what about a small molecule + + align:start position:0% +protein what about a small molecule + + + align:start position:0% +protein what about a small molecule +yeah that's Florence so have you thought + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's Florence so have you thought + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's Florence so have you thought +about why the protein was used versus + + align:start position:0% +about why the protein was used versus + + + align:start position:0% +about why the protein was used versus +maybe why a small molecule and what our + + align:start position:0% +maybe why a small molecule and what our + + + align:start position:0% +maybe why a small molecule and what our +inherent strengths and limitations are + + align:start position:0% +inherent strengths and limitations are + + + align:start position:0% +inherent strengths and limitations are +one or the other depending what you want + + align:start position:0% +one or the other depending what you want + + + align:start position:0% +one or the other depending what you want +to do right so fluorescence is used in + + align:start position:0% +to do right so fluorescence is used in + + + align:start position:0% +to do right so fluorescence is used in +many many different contexts we can + + align:start position:0% +many many different contexts we can + + + align:start position:0% +many many different contexts we can +think about proteins like green + + align:start position:0% +think about proteins like green + + + align:start position:0% +think about proteins like green +fluorescent protein we can think about + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent protein we can think about + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent protein we can think about +using small molecules okay and we like + + align:start position:0% +using small molecules okay and we like + + + align:start position:0% +using small molecules okay and we like +fluorescence because it allows us to see + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence because it allows us to see + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence because it allows us to see +right we can get visual information and + + align:start position:0% +right we can get visual information and + + + align:start position:0% +right we can get visual information and +so where fluorescence will first come up + + align:start position:0% +so where fluorescence will first come up + + + align:start position:0% +so where fluorescence will first come up +in this class is with the ribosome and + + align:start position:0% +in this class is with the ribosome and + + + align:start position:0% +in this class is with the ribosome and +in recitation week 2 there'll be some + + align:start position:0% +in recitation week 2 there'll be some + + + align:start position:0% +in recitation week 2 there'll be some +discussion about using small molecule + + align:start position:0% +discussion about using small molecule + + + align:start position:0% +discussion about using small molecule +fluorophores to label trna s-- and using + + align:start position:0% +fluorophores to label trna s-- and using + + + align:start position:0% +fluorophores to label trna s-- and using +fluorescence as a readout of steps in + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence as a readout of steps in + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence as a readout of steps in +the translation process and there's a + + align:start position:0% +the translation process and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the translation process and there's a +lot of considerations and caveats + + align:start position:0% +lot of considerations and caveats + + + align:start position:0% +lot of considerations and caveats +do that do we have a pizza delivery + + align:start position:0% +do that do we have a pizza delivery + + + align:start position:0% +do that do we have a pizza delivery +thank goodness no okay often in this + + align:start position:0% +thank goodness no okay often in this + + + align:start position:0% +thank goodness no okay often in this +class we get pizza deliveries for + + align:start position:0% +class we get pizza deliveries for + + + align:start position:0% +class we get pizza deliveries for +someone else I don't know if that's + + align:start position:0% +someone else I don't know if that's + + + align:start position:0% +someone else I don't know if that's +already starting yeah yeah okay we'll + + align:start position:0% +already starting yeah yeah okay we'll + + + align:start position:0% +already starting yeah yeah okay we'll +also see GFP being used in the + + align:start position:0% +also see GFP being used in the + + + align:start position:0% +also see GFP being used in the +proteasome section for degradation so a + + align:start position:0% +proteasome section for degradation so a + + + align:start position:0% +proteasome section for degradation so a +folded protein has fluorescence a + + align:start position:0% +folded protein has fluorescence a + + + align:start position:0% +folded protein has fluorescence a +degraded protein does not what about + + align:start position:0% +degraded protein does not what about + + + align:start position:0% +degraded protein does not what about +kinetics here so what different types of + + align:start position:0% +kinetics here so what different types of + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics here so what different types of +kinetic studies can be done so what do + + align:start position:0% +kinetic studies can be done so what do + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic studies can be done so what do +we all hear about an introductory + + align:start position:0% +we all hear about an introductory + + + align:start position:0% +we all hear about an introductory +biochemistry class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pardon yeah steady-state kinetics right + + align:start position:0% +pardon yeah steady-state kinetics right + + + align:start position:0% +pardon yeah steady-state kinetics right +turnover so we have steady state which I + + align:start position:0% +turnover so we have steady state which I + + + align:start position:0% +turnover so we have steady state which I +encourage you to review Michaelis Menten + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to review Michaelis Menten + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to review Michaelis Menten +kinetics here and you'll also be + + align:start position:0% +kinetics here and you'll also be + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics here and you'll also be +introduced in the first weeks of this + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the first weeks of this + + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the first weeks of this +course of especially recitation three so + + align:start position:0% +course of especially recitation three so + + + align:start position:0% +course of especially recitation three so +recitation two is going to build up to + + align:start position:0% +recitation two is going to build up to + + + align:start position:0% +recitation two is going to build up to +this pre steady-state kinetics okay + + align:start position:0% +this pre steady-state kinetics okay + + + align:start position:0% +this pre steady-state kinetics okay +so here you've heard about this in 507 + + align:start position:0% +so here you've heard about this in 507 + + + align:start position:0% +so here you've heard about this in 507 +or another course introductory course + + align:start position:0% +or another course introductory course + + + align:start position:0% +or another course introductory course +right and we're looking at multiple + + align:start position:0% +right and we're looking at multiple + + + align:start position:0% +right and we're looking at multiple +turnover of an enzyme okay and these + + align:start position:0% +turnover of an enzyme okay and these + + + align:start position:0% +turnover of an enzyme okay and these +experiments are set up with an excess of + + align:start position:0% +experiments are set up with an excess of + + + align:start position:0% +experiments are set up with an excess of +substrate right in order to afford + + align:start position:0% +substrate right in order to afford + + + align:start position:0% +substrate right in order to afford +conditions that allow multiple turnover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so there's formation of an enzyme + + align:start position:0% +right so there's formation of an enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's formation of an enzyme +substrate complex and then there's + + align:start position:0% +substrate complex and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +substrate complex and then there's +product formation so review as needed so + + align:start position:0% +product formation so review as needed so + + + align:start position:0% +product formation so review as needed so +what about pre study state kinetics how + + align:start position:0% +what about pre study state kinetics how + + + align:start position:0% +what about pre study state kinetics how +many of you are familiar with with this + + align:start position:0% +many of you are familiar with with this + + + align:start position:0% +many of you are familiar with with this +method not so much so what does the name + + align:start position:0% +method not so much so what does the name + + + align:start position:0% +method not so much so what does the name +suggest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cardon okay so I'm Gabi I'm just speak + + align:start position:0% +Cardon okay so I'm Gabi I'm just speak + + + align:start position:0% +Cardon okay so I'm Gabi I'm just speak +one we're both dead we're but I'm really + + align:start position:0% +one we're both dead we're but I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +one we're both dead we're but I'm really +deaf so do you want to say something so + + align:start position:0% +deaf so do you want to say something so + + + align:start position:0% +deaf so do you want to say something so +I hear ya a single turn over maybe I + + align:start position:0% +I hear ya a single turn over maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +I hear ya a single turn over maybe I +think is what if we're having multiple + + align:start position:0% +think is what if we're having multiple + + + align:start position:0% +think is what if we're having multiple +turnovers here in the study state right + + align:start position:0% +turnovers here in the study state right + + + align:start position:0% +turnovers here in the study state right +if we're before the study state what + + align:start position:0% +if we're before the study state what + + + align:start position:0% +if we're before the study state what +does that mean right it means we're in + + align:start position:0% +does that mean right it means we're in + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean right it means we're in +the initial really initial part of this + + align:start position:0% +the initial really initial part of this + + + align:start position:0% +the initial really initial part of this +reaction right where we're looking at a + + align:start position:0% +reaction right where we're looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +reaction right where we're looking at a +single turn over here and how do you do + + align:start position:0% +single turn over here and how do you do + + + align:start position:0% +single turn over here and how do you do +this okay basically you look with sub + + align:start position:0% +this okay basically you look with sub + + + align:start position:0% +this okay basically you look with sub +stabbing limiting substrate rather than + + align:start position:0% +stabbing limiting substrate rather than + + + align:start position:0% +stabbing limiting substrate rather than +excess substrate and this is just to + + align:start position:0% +excess substrate and this is just to + + + align:start position:0% +excess substrate and this is just to +give a little Prelude in terms of + + align:start position:0% +give a little Prelude in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +give a little Prelude in terms of +thinking about experimental design okay + + align:start position:0% +thinking about experimental design okay + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about experimental design okay +so here look at the first moments of a + + align:start position:0% +so here look at the first moments of a + + + align:start position:0% +so here look at the first moments of a +reaction alright so so what type of + + align:start position:0% +reaction alright so so what type of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction alright so so what type of +timescale is that yeah small right maybe + + align:start position:0% +timescale is that yeah small right maybe + + + align:start position:0% +timescale is that yeah small right maybe +a millisecond timescale right compared + + align:start position:0% +a millisecond timescale right compared + + + align:start position:0% +a millisecond timescale right compared +to a timescale of seconds or minutes all + + align:start position:0% +to a timescale of seconds or minutes all + + + align:start position:0% +to a timescale of seconds or minutes all +right so what does that mean it means + + align:start position:0% +right so what does that mean it means + + + align:start position:0% +right so what does that mean it means +you need some different experimental + + align:start position:0% +you need some different experimental + + + align:start position:0% +you need some different experimental +setup right you can't do pre + + align:start position:0% +setup right you can't do pre + + + align:start position:0% +setup right you can't do pre +steady-state kinetics in the way we've + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetics in the way we've + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetics in the way we've +done steady-state kinetics say in a lab + + align:start position:0% +done steady-state kinetics say in a lab + + + align:start position:0% +done steady-state kinetics say in a lab +class for instance and so you need a + + align:start position:0% +class for instance and so you need a + + + align:start position:0% +class for instance and so you need a +special apparatus and you know what does + + align:start position:0% +special apparatus and you know what does + + + align:start position:0% +special apparatus and you know what does +that let you see here you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +that let you see here you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +that let you see here you're looking at +multiple turnover products forming you + + align:start position:0% +multiple turnover products forming you + + + align:start position:0% +multiple turnover products forming you +know here in the early stages what can + + align:start position:0% +know here in the early stages what can + + + align:start position:0% +know here in the early stages what can +you see + + align:start position:0% +you see + + + align:start position:0% +you see +maybe intermediates in intermediate + + align:start position:0% +maybe intermediates in intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +maybe intermediates in intermediate +formation and why might that be + + align:start position:0% +formation and why might that be + + + align:start position:0% +formation and why might that be +important for thinking about mechanism + + align:start position:0% +important for thinking about mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +important for thinking about mechanism +so those will come up in the first weeks + + align:start position:0% +so those will come up in the first weeks + + + align:start position:0% +so those will come up in the first weeks +of recitation here another topic that + + align:start position:0% +of recitation here another topic that + + + align:start position:0% +of recitation here another topic that +will come up + + align:start position:0% +will come up + + + align:start position:0% +will come up +and it's something that you always need + + align:start position:0% +and it's something that you always need + + + align:start position:0% +and it's something that you always need +to think about and relates to integrity + + align:start position:0% +to think about and relates to integrity + + + align:start position:0% +to think about and relates to integrity +of materials is that of purification + + align:start position:0% +of materials is that of purification + + + align:start position:0% +of materials is that of purification +okay so how our proteins purified for + + align:start position:0% +okay so how our proteins purified for + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how our proteins purified for +studying the ribosome how do we get + + align:start position:0% +studying the ribosome how do we get + + + align:start position:0% +studying the ribosome how do we get +ribosomes that are pure and are correct + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes that are pure and are correct + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes that are pure and are correct +or what if you'd like to use a mutant + + align:start position:0% +or what if you'd like to use a mutant + + + align:start position:0% +or what if you'd like to use a mutant +ribosome how how does that get generated + + align:start position:0% +ribosome how how does that get generated + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome how how does that get generated +so here you can talk about ribosome or + + align:start position:0% +so here you can talk about ribosome or + + + align:start position:0% +so here you can talk about ribosome or +protein purification and so I'll present + + align:start position:0% +protein purification and so I'll present + + + align:start position:0% +protein purification and so I'll present +to you on ribosomes and mutant ribosomes + + align:start position:0% +to you on ribosomes and mutant ribosomes + + + align:start position:0% +to you on ribosomes and mutant ribosomes +in week four of recitation and this + + align:start position:0% +in week four of recitation and this + + + align:start position:0% +in week four of recitation and this +topic more generally of proteins will + + align:start position:0% +topic more generally of proteins will + + + align:start position:0% +topic more generally of proteins will +come up in passing again and again so + + align:start position:0% +come up in passing again and again so + + + align:start position:0% +come up in passing again and again so +how many of you have purified a protein + + align:start position:0% +how many of you have purified a protein + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you have purified a protein +many how many of you used an affinity + + align:start position:0% +many how many of you used an affinity + + + align:start position:0% +many how many of you used an affinity +tag yeah so are they the answer to all + + align:start position:0% +tag yeah so are they the answer to all + + + align:start position:0% +tag yeah so are they the answer to all +problems no there can be a huge help but + + align:start position:0% +problems no there can be a huge help but + + + align:start position:0% +problems no there can be a huge help but +they can also be problematic in one way + + align:start position:0% +they can also be problematic in one way + + + align:start position:0% +they can also be problematic in one way +or another right so with the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +or another right so with the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +or another right so with the ribosome +we'll look at a case where there is + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at a case where there is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at a case where there is +really some elegant work done using an + + align:start position:0% +really some elegant work done using an + + + align:start position:0% +really some elegant work done using an +affinity tag approach to allow + + align:start position:0% +affinity tag approach to allow + + + align:start position:0% +affinity tag approach to allow +researchers to obtain mutant ribosomes + + align:start position:0% +researchers to obtain mutant ribosomes + + + align:start position:0% +researchers to obtain mutant ribosomes +we'll also though talk about the + + align:start position:0% +we'll also though talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll also though talk about the +limitations and that type of methodology + + align:start position:0% +limitations and that type of methodology + + + align:start position:0% +limitations and that type of methodology +and the things you need to think about + + align:start position:0% +and the things you need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +and the things you need to think about +if you're doing protein biochemistry and + + align:start position:0% +if you're doing protein biochemistry and + + + align:start position:0% +if you're doing protein biochemistry and +how a tag may affect your experiments + + align:start position:0% +how a tag may affect your experiments + + + align:start position:0% +how a tag may affect your experiments +and data there in addition to think + + align:start position:0% +and data there in addition to think + + + align:start position:0% +and data there in addition to think +about is assay development + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +an analytical methods and so there will + + align:start position:0% +an analytical methods and so there will + + + align:start position:0% +an analytical methods and so there will +be many different types of assays that + + align:start position:0% +be many different types of assays that + + + align:start position:0% +be many different types of assays that +are presented in this course and + + align:start position:0% +are presented in this course and + + + align:start position:0% +are presented in this course and +something just to think about how do you + + align:start position:0% +something just to think about how do you + + + align:start position:0% +something just to think about how do you +develop the right assay what are all of + + align:start position:0% +develop the right assay what are all of + + + align:start position:0% +develop the right assay what are all of +the considerations how do you know your + + align:start position:0% +the considerations how do you know your + + + align:start position:0% +the considerations how do you know your +assay is a good one for the question you + + align:start position:0% +assay is a good one for the question you + + + align:start position:0% +assay is a good one for the question you +want to address there this is actually + + align:start position:0% +want to address there this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +want to address there this is actually +really complicated and so there'll be + + align:start position:0% +really complicated and so there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +really complicated and so there'll be +some case studies that come up in the + + align:start position:0% +some case studies that come up in the + + + align:start position:0% +some case studies that come up in the +course but just more broadly to think + + align:start position:0% +course but just more broadly to think + + + align:start position:0% +course but just more broadly to think +about so often you know in lab classes + + align:start position:0% +about so often you know in lab classes + + + align:start position:0% +about so often you know in lab classes +you may have an assay but you might not + + align:start position:0% +you may have an assay but you might not + + + align:start position:0% +you may have an assay but you might not +be aware of all of the considerations + + align:start position:0% +be aware of all of the considerations + + + align:start position:0% +be aware of all of the considerations +that went into actually developing that + + align:start position:0% +that went into actually developing that + + + align:start position:0% +that went into actually developing that +assay such that it works and then + + align:start position:0% +assay such that it works and then + + + align:start position:0% +assay such that it works and then +there's the analytical methods that are + + align:start position:0% +there's the analytical methods that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's the analytical methods that are +used either for analyzing assay data or + + align:start position:0% +used either for analyzing assay data or + + + align:start position:0% +used either for analyzing assay data or +other data and again these have + + align:start position:0% +other data and again these have + + + align:start position:0% +other data and again these have +strengths and limitations just some that + + align:start position:0% +strengths and limitations just some that + + + align:start position:0% +strengths and limitations just some that +will come up to present Western blots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay an immuno precipitation so these + + align:start position:0% +okay an immuno precipitation so these + + + align:start position:0% +okay an immuno precipitation so these +methods involve antibodies and so we + + align:start position:0% +methods involve antibodies and so we + + + align:start position:0% +methods involve antibodies and so we +need to think about the antibodies + + align:start position:0% +need to think about the antibodies + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about the antibodies +themselves here radioactivity okay how + + align:start position:0% +themselves here radioactivity okay how + + + align:start position:0% +themselves here radioactivity okay how +does this work + + align:start position:0% +does this work + + + align:start position:0% +does this work +why did biochemists like to use + + align:start position:0% +why did biochemists like to use + + + align:start position:0% +why did biochemists like to use +radioactivity and assay development and + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity and assay development and + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity and assay development and +how to think about this productively and + + align:start position:0% +how to think about this productively and + + + align:start position:0% +how to think about this productively and +correctly so should you be afraid of + + align:start position:0% +correctly so should you be afraid of + + + align:start position:0% +correctly so should you be afraid of +iron 55 you know yes or no you know how + + align:start position:0% +iron 55 you know yes or no you know how + + + align:start position:0% +iron 55 you know yes or no you know how +does that exposure compared to being in + + align:start position:0% +does that exposure compared to being in + + + align:start position:0% +does that exposure compared to being in +an airplane for instance they're so + + align:start position:0% +an airplane for instance they're so + + + align:start position:0% +an airplane for instance they're so +seriously because there's a lot of fear + + align:start position:0% +seriously because there's a lot of fear + + + align:start position:0% +seriously because there's a lot of fear +associ + + align:start position:0% +associ + + + align:start position:0% +associ +with radioactivity that may or may not + + align:start position:0% +with radioactivity that may or may not + + + align:start position:0% +with radioactivity that may or may not +be well-founded depending on what you're + + align:start position:0% +be well-founded depending on what you're + + + align:start position:0% +be well-founded depending on what you're +doing and so this gives us a lot of + + align:start position:0% +doing and so this gives us a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +doing and so this gives us a lot of +sensitivity and Joanne will talk and + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity and Joanne will talk and + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity and Joanne will talk and +week to a recitation about about + + align:start position:0% +week to a recitation about about + + + align:start position:0% +week to a recitation about about +radioactivity and designing experiments + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity and designing experiments + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity and designing experiments +that use this as a readout what else + + align:start position:0% +that use this as a readout what else + + + align:start position:0% +that use this as a readout what else +so affinity measurements okay so + + align:start position:0% +so affinity measurements okay so + + + align:start position:0% +so affinity measurements okay so +dissociation constants or affinity + + align:start position:0% +dissociation constants or affinity + + + align:start position:0% +dissociation constants or affinity +constants how are these measured when + + align:start position:0% +constants how are these measured when + + + align:start position:0% +constants how are these measured when +reading the literature is a value a good + + align:start position:0% +reading the literature is a value a good + + + align:start position:0% +reading the literature is a value a good +one or a not-so-good one and how can you + + align:start position:0% +one or a not-so-good one and how can you + + + align:start position:0% +one or a not-so-good one and how can you +make that distinction mass spec in + + align:start position:0% +make that distinction mass spec in + + + align:start position:0% +make that distinction mass spec in +proteomics so these will be in the later + + align:start position:0% +proteomics so these will be in the later + + + align:start position:0% +proteomics so these will be in the later +half of the class I believe recitations + + align:start position:0% +half of the class I believe recitations + + + align:start position:0% +half of the class I believe recitations +eleven and twelve and and many others + + align:start position:0% +eleven and twelve and and many others + + + align:start position:0% +eleven and twelve and and many others +and we're introducing CRISPR this year + + align:start position:0% +and we're introducing CRISPR this year + + + align:start position:0% +and we're introducing CRISPR this year +in the context of the caress cholesterol + + align:start position:0% +in the context of the caress cholesterol + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of the caress cholesterol +unit as well so as I said we can't take + + align:start position:0% +unit as well so as I said we can't take + + + align:start position:0% +unit as well so as I said we can't take +care of all these methods immediately + + align:start position:0% +care of all these methods immediately + + + align:start position:0% +care of all these methods immediately +we'll let you know when they're coming + + align:start position:0% +we'll let you know when they're coming + + + align:start position:0% +we'll let you know when they're coming +up when when you need to more know more + + align:start position:0% +up when when you need to more know more + + + align:start position:0% +up when when you need to more know more +details about them as we go through the + + align:start position:0% +details about them as we go through the + + + align:start position:0% +details about them as we go through the +course here before that so we can get + + align:start position:0% +course here before that so we can get + + + align:start position:0% +course here before that so we can get +started and in the last few minutes what + + align:start position:0% +started and in the last few minutes what + + + align:start position:0% +started and in the last few minutes what +I'll do is just give you a brief + + align:start position:0% +I'll do is just give you a brief + + + align:start position:0% +I'll do is just give you a brief +overview of the macro molecular machines + + align:start position:0% +overview of the macro molecular machines + + + align:start position:0% +overview of the macro molecular machines +we'll look at through modules one + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at through modules one + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at through modules one +through three + + align:start position:0% +through three + + + align:start position:0% +through three +and basically what is the big picture + + align:start position:0% +and basically what is the big picture + + + align:start position:0% +and basically what is the big picture +and then we're going to break that down + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to break that down + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to break that down +into looking at individual components so + + align:start position:0% +into looking at individual components so + + + align:start position:0% +into looking at individual components so +if we think about the lifecycle of a + + align:start position:0% +if we think about the lifecycle of a + + + align:start position:0% +if we think about the lifecycle of a +protein okay basically well fast forward + + align:start position:0% +protein okay basically well fast forward + + + align:start position:0% +protein okay basically well fast forward +to having mRNA from transcription of the + + align:start position:0% +to having mRNA from transcription of the + + + align:start position:0% +to having mRNA from transcription of the +genetic code and then we have the macro + + align:start position:0% +genetic code and then we have the macro + + + align:start position:0% +genetic code and then we have the macro +molecular machine the ribosome that + + align:start position:0% +molecular machine the ribosome that + + + align:start position:0% +molecular machine the ribosome that +allows for translation of this message + + align:start position:0% +allows for translation of this message + + + align:start position:0% +allows for translation of this message +message to give us a polypeptide chains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so some linear sequence of amino + + align:start position:0% +okay so some linear sequence of amino + + + align:start position:0% +okay so some linear sequence of amino +acids and then what happens we need to + + align:start position:0% +acids and then what happens we need to + + + align:start position:0% +acids and then what happens we need to +get from a polypeptide chain to some + + align:start position:0% +get from a polypeptide chain to some + + + align:start position:0% +get from a polypeptide chain to some +functional unit and so there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +functional unit and so there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +functional unit and so there's a whole +number of interesting players that are + + align:start position:0% +number of interesting players that are + + + align:start position:0% +number of interesting players that are +involved in protein folding so we have + + align:start position:0% +involved in protein folding so we have + + + align:start position:0% +involved in protein folding so we have +folding which is enabled by chaperones + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay is what we call these proteins that + + align:start position:0% +okay is what we call these proteins that + + + align:start position:0% +okay is what we call these proteins that +facilitate folding right and that's + + align:start position:0% +facilitate folding right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +facilitate folding right and that's +going to give us some structure that has + + align:start position:0% +going to give us some structure that has + + + align:start position:0% +going to give us some structure that has +some function and this protein has some + + align:start position:0% +some function and this protein has some + + + align:start position:0% +some function and this protein has some +lifetime in the cell so at some time for + + align:start position:0% +lifetime in the cell so at some time for + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime in the cell so at some time for +some reason it will be time for this + + align:start position:0% +some reason it will be time for this + + + align:start position:0% +some reason it will be time for this +protein to get degraded right in which + + align:start position:0% +protein to get degraded right in which + + + align:start position:0% +protein to get degraded right in which +case we need machinery that will + + align:start position:0% +case we need machinery that will + + + align:start position:0% +case we need machinery that will +facilitate the process to break down + + align:start position:0% +facilitate the process to break down + + + align:start position:0% +facilitate the process to break down +this folded protein into smaller + + align:start position:0% +this folded protein into smaller + + + align:start position:0% +this folded protein into smaller +fragments whether that be individual + + align:start position:0% +fragments whether that be individual + + + align:start position:0% +fragments whether that be individual +amino acids or short polypeptide chains + + align:start position:0% +amino acids or short polypeptide chains + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids or short polypeptide chains +of seven to eight amino acids right so + + align:start position:0% +of seven to eight amino acids right so + + + align:start position:0% +of seven to eight amino acids right so +from here we have degradation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay to give us small fragments okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay to give us small fragments okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay to give us small fragments okay and +the players here our protease is and + + align:start position:0% +the players here our protease is and + + + align:start position:0% +the players here our protease is and +chambers of June one of which is the + + align:start position:0% +chambers of June one of which is the + + + align:start position:0% +chambers of June one of which is the +proteosome and actually I forgot to + + align:start position:0% +proteosome and actually I forgot to + + + align:start position:0% +proteosome and actually I forgot to +mention there will be a second guest + + align:start position:0% +mention there will be a second guest + + + align:start position:0% +mention there will be a second guest +lecturer in recitation this year Ruben + + align:start position:0% +lecturer in recitation this year Ruben + + + align:start position:0% +lecturer in recitation this year Ruben +Sanders who is a senior and does + + align:start position:0% +Sanders who is a senior and does + + + align:start position:0% +Sanders who is a senior and does +research in the Sauer lab on one of + + align:start position:0% +research in the Sauer lab on one of + + + align:start position:0% +research in the Sauer lab on one of +these chambers of doom called clip XP + + align:start position:0% +these chambers of doom called clip XP + + + align:start position:0% +these chambers of doom called clip XP +and so he'll present on single molecule + + align:start position:0% +and so he'll present on single molecule + + + align:start position:0% +and so he'll present on single molecule +methods and fluorescence methods to + + align:start position:0% +methods and fluorescence methods to + + + align:start position:0% +methods and fluorescence methods to +study how this degradation chamber works + + align:start position:0% +study how this degradation chamber works + + + align:start position:0% +study how this degradation chamber works +so that that will be really exciting he + + align:start position:0% +so that that will be really exciting he + + + align:start position:0% +so that that will be really exciting he +was the student in our course two years + + align:start position:0% +was the student in our course two years + + + align:start position:0% +was the student in our course two years +ago so let's just take a look we have + + align:start position:0% +ago so let's just take a look we have + + + align:start position:0% +ago so let's just take a look we have +the ribosome here what are the + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome here what are the + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome here what are the +structural features of this macro + + align:start position:0% +structural features of this macro + + + align:start position:0% +structural features of this macro +molecular machine and how does it do its + + align:start position:0% +molecular machine and how does it do its + + + align:start position:0% +molecular machine and how does it do its +job we'll look at a number of seminal + + align:start position:0% +job we'll look at a number of seminal + + + align:start position:0% +job we'll look at a number of seminal +studies that we're done and it's truly + + align:start position:0% +studies that we're done and it's truly + + + align:start position:0% +studies that we're done and it's truly +fascinating and incredible what about + + align:start position:0% +fascinating and incredible what about + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating and incredible what about +protein folding so look at this macro + + align:start position:0% +protein folding so look at this macro + + + align:start position:0% +protein folding so look at this macro +molecular machine here grow a Oh grow a + + align:start position:0% +molecular machine here grow a Oh grow a + + + align:start position:0% +molecular machine here grow a Oh grow a +yes look at how big this is so how does + + align:start position:0% +yes look at how big this is so how does + + + align:start position:0% +yes look at how big this is so how does +this chaperone allows some nascent + + align:start position:0% +this chaperone allows some nascent + + + align:start position:0% +this chaperone allows some nascent +polypeptide that's unfolded or partially + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide that's unfolded or partially + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide that's unfolded or partially +folded to obtain its native structure + + align:start position:0% +folded to obtain its native structure + + + align:start position:0% +folded to obtain its native structure +okay and there's many details in this + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's many details in this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's many details in this +depiction here that probably aren't + + align:start position:0% +depiction here that probably aren't + + + align:start position:0% +depiction here that probably aren't +apparent yet but by the time we're done + + align:start position:0% +apparent yet but by the time we're done + + + align:start position:0% +apparent yet but by the time we're done +with module two it will be their protein + + align:start position:0% +with module two it will be their protein + + + align:start position:0% +with module two it will be their protein +degradation so here is just a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +degradation so here is just a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +degradation so here is just a cartoon +type depiction of a chamber of doom and + + align:start position:0% +type depiction of a chamber of doom and + + + align:start position:0% +type depiction of a chamber of doom and +its accessory protein from ecoli clip x + + align:start position:0% +its accessory protein from ecoli clip x + + + align:start position:0% +its accessory protein from ecoli clip x +clip P so look we have a folded protein + + align:start position:0% +clip P so look we have a folded protein + + + align:start position:0% +clip P so look we have a folded protein +here it's a beta barrel our friend GFP + + align:start position:0% +here it's a beta barrel our friend GFP + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a beta barrel our friend GFP +that emits green light and somehow this + + align:start position:0% +that emits green light and somehow this + + + align:start position:0% +that emits green light and somehow this +protein gets threaded through clip X + + align:start position:0% +protein gets threaded through clip X + + + align:start position:0% +protein gets threaded through clip X +enters this chamber which has multiple + + align:start position:0% +enters this chamber which has multiple + + + align:start position:0% +enters this chamber which has multiple +protease active sites and that proof + + align:start position:0% +protease active sites and that proof + + + align:start position:0% +protease active sites and that proof +Dean gets all degraded so how does this + + align:start position:0% +Dean gets all degraded so how does this + + + align:start position:0% +Dean gets all degraded so how does this +work how did clip X and P work together + + align:start position:0% +work how did clip X and P work together + + + align:start position:0% +work how did clip X and P work together +to allow aggradation of this condemned + + align:start position:0% +to allow aggradation of this condemned + + + align:start position:0% +to allow aggradation of this condemned +protein and then finally we're all + + align:start position:0% +protein and then finally we're all + + + align:start position:0% +protein and then finally we're all +clothes is on something I think a little + + align:start position:0% +clothes is on something I think a little + + + align:start position:0% +clothes is on something I think a little +bit different for most everyone and it's + + align:start position:0% +bit different for most everyone and it's + + + align:start position:0% +bit different for most everyone and it's +a type of template driven polymerization + + align:start position:0% +a type of template driven polymerization + + + align:start position:0% +a type of template driven polymerization +involved in the synthesis of small + + align:start position:0% +involved in the synthesis of small + + + align:start position:0% +involved in the synthesis of small +molecules like penicillins and + + align:start position:0% +molecules like penicillins and + + + align:start position:0% +molecules like penicillins and +erythromycin so these are antibiotics so + + align:start position:0% +erythromycin so these are antibiotics so + + + align:start position:0% +erythromycin so these are antibiotics so +how do we get at molecules like these + + align:start position:0% +how do we get at molecules like these + + + align:start position:0% +how do we get at molecules like these +from simple amino acid precursors or + + align:start position:0% +from simple amino acid precursors or + + + align:start position:0% +from simple amino acid precursors or +precursors like those you've seen in + + align:start position:0% +precursors like those you've seen in + + + align:start position:0% +precursors like those you've seen in +fatty acid biosynthesis here and often + + align:start position:0% +fatty acid biosynthesis here and often + + + align:start position:0% +fatty acid biosynthesis here and often +these are described as assembly lines + + align:start position:0% +these are described as assembly lines + + + align:start position:0% +these are described as assembly lines +and something will just need to keep in + + align:start position:0% +and something will just need to keep in + + + align:start position:0% +and something will just need to keep in +mind in this unit is you know are these + + align:start position:0% +mind in this unit is you know are these + + + align:start position:0% +mind in this unit is you know are these +proteins really acting like an assembly + + align:start position:0% +proteins really acting like an assembly + + + align:start position:0% +proteins really acting like an assembly +line or is this just a way to help us + + align:start position:0% +line or is this just a way to help us + + + align:start position:0% +line or is this just a way to help us +think about the templates and what's + + align:start position:0% +think about the templates and what's + + + align:start position:0% +think about the templates and what's +going on here so that's where we'll + + align:start position:0% +going on here so that's where we'll + + + align:start position:0% +going on here so that's where we'll +close okay so with that I'll finish up + + align:start position:0% +close okay so with that I'll finish up + + + align:start position:0% +close okay so with that I'll finish up +and on Friday we'll begin with looking + + align:start position:0% +and on Friday we'll begin with looking + + + align:start position:0% +and on Friday we'll begin with looking +at the structure of the prokaryotic + + align:start position:0% +at the structure of the prokaryotic + + + align:start position:0% +at the structure of the prokaryotic +ribosomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/QI0sbbKVB00.txt b/QI0sbbKVB00.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b60aaafd8a312791825728014a6a482df47a5cf --- /dev/null +++ b/QI0sbbKVB00.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17219 @@ +align:start position:0% + +uh today I am sort of picking back up uh + + align:start position:0% +uh today I am sort of picking back up uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh today I am sort of picking back up uh +with a gap in between on advertising and + + align:start position:0% +with a gap in between on advertising and + + + align:start position:0% +with a gap in between on advertising and +So the plan is today I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +So the plan is today I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +So the plan is today I'm going to talk +about uh empirical work on advertising + + align:start position:0% +about uh empirical work on advertising + + + align:start position:0% +about uh empirical work on advertising +and then talking about empirical ad + + align:start position:0% +and then talking about empirical ad + + + align:start position:0% +and then talking about empirical ad +advertising it's it's a big challenge + + align:start position:0% +advertising it's it's a big challenge + + + align:start position:0% +advertising it's it's a big challenge +for for this a class like this + + align:start position:0% +for for this a class like this + + + align:start position:0% +for for this a class like this +because marketing is a field unto itself + + align:start position:0% +because marketing is a field unto itself + + + align:start position:0% +because marketing is a field unto itself +and I don't know if there are like you + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know if there are like you + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know if there are like you +know half as many marketing economists + + align:start position:0% +know half as many marketing economists + + + align:start position:0% +know half as many marketing economists +as there are economists of all you know + + align:start position:0% +as there are economists of all you know + + + align:start position:0% +as there are economists of all you know +economists of all Fields together + + align:start position:0% +economists of all Fields together + + + align:start position:0% +economists of all Fields together +um you know much of marketing marketing + + align:start position:0% +um you know much of marketing marketing + + + align:start position:0% +um you know much of marketing marketing +is an overwhelmingly empirical field if + + align:start position:0% +is an overwhelmingly empirical field if + + + align:start position:0% +is an overwhelmingly empirical field if +you look at sort of what marketing + + align:start position:0% +you look at sort of what marketing + + + align:start position:0% +you look at sort of what marketing +faculty do um you know there's sort of + + align:start position:0% +faculty do um you know there's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +faculty do um you know there's sort of +multiple motivations you know one is + + align:start position:0% +multiple motivations you know one is + + + align:start position:0% +multiple motivations you know one is +there is tremendous demand from + + align:start position:0% +there is tremendous demand from + + + align:start position:0% +there is tremendous demand from +practitioners to understand the value of + + align:start position:0% +practitioners to understand the value of + + + align:start position:0% +practitioners to understand the value of +advertising you know this is the this is + + align:start position:0% +advertising you know this is the this is + + + align:start position:0% +advertising you know this is the this is +what advertisers want to do is know how + + align:start position:0% +what advertisers want to do is know how + + + align:start position:0% +what advertisers want to do is know how +valuable the advertising they're buying + + align:start position:0% +valuable the advertising they're buying + + + align:start position:0% +valuable the advertising they're buying +is there are many consulting firms who + + align:start position:0% +is there are many consulting firms who + + + align:start position:0% +is there are many consulting firms who +try to help them figure out how valuable + + align:start position:0% +try to help them figure out how valuable + + + align:start position:0% +try to help them figure out how valuable +the marketing is and there are many + + align:start position:0% +the marketing is and there are many + + + align:start position:0% +the marketing is and there are many +academics who try to help the + + align:start position:0% +academics who try to help the + + + align:start position:0% +academics who try to help the +Consultants devel you know try to help + + align:start position:0% +Consultants devel you know try to help + + + align:start position:0% +Consultants devel you know try to help +develop new Cutting Edge techniques for + + align:start position:0% +develop new Cutting Edge techniques for + + + align:start position:0% +develop new Cutting Edge techniques for +how you would measure the effectiveness + + align:start position:0% +how you would measure the effectiveness + + + align:start position:0% +how you would measure the effectiveness +of advertising uh but then there's also + + align:start position:0% +of advertising uh but then there's also + + + align:start position:0% +of advertising uh but then there's also +you know substantial marketing + + align:start position:0% +you know substantial marketing + + + align:start position:0% +you know substantial marketing +literature that is about basic economic + + align:start position:0% +literature that is about basic economic + + + align:start position:0% +literature that is about basic economic +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +you know as I said we have these + + align:start position:0% +you know as I said we have these + + + align:start position:0% +you know as I said we have these +different ways in which advertising + + align:start position:0% +different ways in which advertising + + + align:start position:0% +different ways in which advertising +could be effective whether it's changing + + align:start position:0% +could be effective whether it's changing + + + align:start position:0% +could be effective whether it's changing +taste or whether it's providing + + align:start position:0% +taste or whether it's providing + + + align:start position:0% +taste or whether it's providing +information uh or whether it's signaling + + align:start position:0% +information uh or whether it's signaling + + + align:start position:0% +information uh or whether it's signaling +something and you know I think we want + + align:start position:0% +something and you know I think we want + + + align:start position:0% +something and you know I think we want +to know why you know like the sometimes + + align:start position:0% +to know why you know like the sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +to know why you know like the sometimes +those effects the welfare effects were + + align:start position:0% +those effects the welfare effects were + + + align:start position:0% +those effects the welfare effects were +different depending on what advertising + + align:start position:0% +different depending on what advertising + + + align:start position:0% +different depending on what advertising +was doing so I think there's also sort + + align:start position:0% +was doing so I think there's also sort + + + align:start position:0% +was doing so I think there's also sort +of academic interest in what is + + align:start position:0% +of academic interest in what is + + + align:start position:0% +of academic interest in what is +marketing what is advertising doing and + + align:start position:0% +marketing what is advertising doing and + + + align:start position:0% +marketing what is advertising doing and +what are its sort of General equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +what are its sort of General equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +what are its sort of General equilibrium +effects on the markets involved um + + align:start position:0% +effects on the markets involved um + + + align:start position:0% +effects on the markets involved um +so you know you see many different + + align:start position:0% +so you know you see many different + + + align:start position:0% +so you know you see many different +methodologies going on you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +methodologies going on you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +methodologies going on you know sort of +marketing faculty at places top places + + align:start position:0% +marketing faculty at places top places + + + align:start position:0% +marketing faculty at places top places +like Sloan you know number of them have + + align:start position:0% +like Sloan you know number of them have + + + align:start position:0% +like Sloan you know number of them have +relationships with advertisers or with + + align:start position:0% +relationships with advertisers or with + + + align:start position:0% +relationships with advertisers or with +advertising firms that'll let them do + + align:start position:0% +advertising firms that'll let them do + + + align:start position:0% +advertising firms that'll let them do +exper sophisticated experimental work to + + align:start position:0% +exper sophisticated experimental work to + + + align:start position:0% +exper sophisticated experimental work to +evaluate advertising with that + + align:start position:0% +evaluate advertising with that + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate advertising with that +Advantage you know there's also sort of + + align:start position:0% +Advantage you know there's also sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Advantage you know there's also sort of +you know if you look at iio there's you + + align:start position:0% +you know if you look at iio there's you + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you look at iio there's you +know like IO it's not like IO is really + + align:start position:0% +know like IO it's not like IO is really + + + align:start position:0% +know like IO it's not like IO is really +ahead of marketing in structural demand + + align:start position:0% +ahead of marketing in structural demand + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of marketing in structural demand +models for understanding consumer + + align:start position:0% +models for understanding consumer + + + align:start position:0% +models for understanding consumer +preferences and how a a affects consumer + + align:start position:0% +preferences and how a a affects consumer + + + align:start position:0% +preferences and how a a affects consumer +utility so there's a lot of complicated + + align:start position:0% +utility so there's a lot of complicated + + + align:start position:0% +utility so there's a lot of complicated +structural stuff what's actually you + + align:start position:0% +structural stuff what's actually you + + + align:start position:0% +structural stuff what's actually you +know sort of funny is there's it's sort + + align:start position:0% +know sort of funny is there's it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of funny is there's it's sort +of the more recent Trend in marketing is + + align:start position:0% +of the more recent Trend in marketing is + + + align:start position:0% +of the more recent Trend in marketing is +there's actually been this recent rise + + align:start position:0% +there's actually been this recent rise + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually been this recent rise +in just plain vanilla causal inference + + align:start position:0% +in just plain vanilla causal inference + + + align:start position:0% +in just plain vanilla causal inference +techniques and using plain vanilla + + align:start position:0% +techniques and using plain vanilla + + + align:start position:0% +techniques and using plain vanilla +causal inference techniques to try to + + align:start position:0% +causal inference techniques to try to + + + align:start position:0% +causal inference techniques to try to +evaluate advertising and in some + + align:start position:0% +evaluate advertising and in some + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate advertising and in some +ways you know when you're trying to sort + + align:start position:0% +ways you know when you're trying to sort + + + align:start position:0% +ways you know when you're trying to sort +of talk about what's the sort of General + + align:start position:0% +of talk about what's the sort of General + + + align:start position:0% +of talk about what's the sort of General +equili ium effects of advertising like + + align:start position:0% +equili ium effects of advertising like + + + align:start position:0% +equili ium effects of advertising like +what's the if you allow advertising in a + + align:start position:0% +what's the if you allow advertising in a + + + align:start position:0% +what's the if you allow advertising in a +market how does it affect market + + align:start position:0% +market how does it affect market + + + align:start position:0% +market how does it affect market +prices you know you can't do that + + align:start position:0% +prices you know you can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +prices you know you can't do that +experimentally because it's a + + align:start position:0% +experimentally because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally because it's a +market-wide question and so for those + + align:start position:0% +market-wide question and so for those + + + align:start position:0% +market-wide question and so for those +market-wide questions we're seeing more + + align:start position:0% +market-wide questions we're seeing more + + + align:start position:0% +market-wide questions we're seeing more +people do sort of just simple difference + + align:start position:0% +people do sort of just simple difference + + + align:start position:0% +people do sort of just simple difference +and difference and other sort of causal + + align:start position:0% +and difference and other sort of causal + + + align:start position:0% +and difference and other sort of causal +techniques to try to figure out what are + + align:start position:0% +techniques to try to figure out what are + + + align:start position:0% +techniques to try to figure out what are +Market level effects of + + align:start position:0% +Market level effects of + + + align:start position:0% +Market level effects of +advertising + + align:start position:0% +advertising + + + align:start position:0% +advertising +um anyway um you know I don't know + + align:start position:0% +um anyway um you know I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +um anyway um you know I don't know +Katherine Tucker in she has a recent + + align:start position:0% +Katherine Tucker in she has a recent + + + align:start position:0% +Katherine Tucker in she has a recent +survey article sort of discussing a + + align:start position:0% +survey article sort of discussing a + + + align:start position:0% +survey article sort of discussing a +number of recent papers that have done + + align:start position:0% +number of recent papers that have done + + + align:start position:0% +number of recent papers that have done +this so I'm going to start with sort of + + align:start position:0% +this so I'm going to start with sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this so I'm going to start with sort of +first one of the earlier of these + + align:start position:0% +first one of the earlier of these + + + align:start position:0% +first one of the earlier of these +difference and difference papers um this + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference papers um this + + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference papers um this +is M Malo and Wald Fogle um so uh you + + align:start position:0% +is M Malo and Wald Fogle um so uh you + + + align:start position:0% +is M Malo and Wald Fogle um so uh you +know paper titles effective price + + align:start position:0% +know paper titles effective price + + + align:start position:0% +know paper titles effective price +advertising on prices evidence in the + + align:start position:0% +advertising on prices evidence in the + + + align:start position:0% +advertising on prices evidence in the +wake of 44 Liquor Mart uh 44 Liquor Mart + + align:start position:0% +wake of 44 Liquor Mart uh 44 Liquor Mart + + + align:start position:0% +wake of 44 Liquor Mart uh 44 Liquor Mart +I think is the name of Rhode Island + + align:start position:0% +I think is the name of Rhode Island + + + align:start position:0% +I think is the name of Rhode Island +liquor store uh and the backstory of + + align:start position:0% +liquor store uh and the backstory of + + + align:start position:0% +liquor store uh and the backstory of +this is from 1956 to + + align:start position:0% +this is from 1956 to + + + align:start position:0% +this is from 1956 to +1996 Rhode Island banned all advertising + + align:start position:0% +1996 Rhode Island banned all advertising + + + align:start position:0% +1996 Rhode Island banned all advertising +of alcohol prices so you know these + + align:start position:0% +of alcohol prices so you know these + + + align:start position:0% +of alcohol prices so you know these +kinds of circulars you'd get in the mail + + align:start position:0% +kinds of circulars you'd get in the mail + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of circulars you'd get in the mail +you know of Like Liquor Warehouse mix + + align:start position:0% +you know of Like Liquor Warehouse mix + + + align:start position:0% +you know of Like Liquor Warehouse mix +and match by this many bottles you know + + align:start position:0% +and match by this many bottles you know + + + align:start position:0% +and match by this many bottles you know +Sam Adams 799 a sixpack this was all + + align:start position:0% +Sam Adams 799 a sixpack this was all + + + align:start position:0% +Sam Adams 799 a sixpack this was all +illegal in Rhode Island um this was also + + align:start position:0% +illegal in Rhode Island um this was also + + + align:start position:0% +illegal in Rhode Island um this was also +illegal in Rhode Island you could not in + + align:start position:0% +illegal in Rhode Island you could not in + + + align:start position:0% +illegal in Rhode Island you could not in +the state of Rhode Island have a sto a + + align:start position:0% +the state of Rhode Island have a sto a + + + align:start position:0% +the state of Rhode Island have a sto a +sign in your liquor store window visible + + align:start position:0% +sign in your liquor store window visible + + + align:start position:0% +sign in your liquor store window visible +from the street showing how expensive + + align:start position:0% +from the street showing how expensive + + + align:start position:0% +from the street showing how expensive +the beer was um so it was a just + + align:start position:0% +the beer was um so it was a just + + + align:start position:0% +the beer was um so it was a just +complete total B on any advertising of + + align:start position:0% +complete total B on any advertising of + + + align:start position:0% +complete total B on any advertising of +alcohol prices um and in uh liquor store + + align:start position:0% +alcohol prices um and in uh liquor store + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol prices um and in uh liquor store +I think called 44 liquor Mar sued you + + align:start position:0% +I think called 44 liquor Mar sued you + + + align:start position:0% +I think called 44 liquor Mar sued you +know the state of rhod Island saying + + align:start position:0% +know the state of rhod Island saying + + + align:start position:0% +know the state of rhod Island saying +that um this was a ban impingement on + + align:start position:0% +that um this was a ban impingement on + + + align:start position:0% +that um this was a ban impingement on +their freedom of speech and in in 1996 + + align:start position:0% +their freedom of speech and in in 1996 + + + align:start position:0% +their freedom of speech and in in 1996 +the Supreme Court overturned the law as + + align:start position:0% +the Supreme Court overturned the law as + + + align:start position:0% +the Supreme Court overturned the law as +an unwarranted restriction on freedom of + + align:start position:0% +an unwarranted restriction on freedom of + + + align:start position:0% +an unwarranted restriction on freedom of +speech and so starting on that one date + + align:start position:0% +speech and so starting on that one date + + + align:start position:0% +speech and so starting on that one date +May 13th 1996 advertising alcohol was + + align:start position:0% +May 13th 1996 advertising alcohol was + + + align:start position:0% +May 13th 1996 advertising alcohol was +legal in state of Rhode Island and so at + + align:start position:0% +legal in state of Rhode Island and so at + + + align:start position:0% +legal in state of Rhode Island and so at +my Lo walv we're trying to do is do a + + align:start position:0% +my Lo walv we're trying to do is do a + + + align:start position:0% +my Lo walv we're trying to do is do a +difference and difference approach to + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference approach to + + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference approach to +see how does that affect alcohol pricing + + align:start position:0% +see how does that affect alcohol pricing + + + align:start position:0% +see how does that affect alcohol pricing +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +state and I could say there's actually + + align:start position:0% +state and I could say there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +state and I could say there's actually +you know there's a in some sense they're + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a in some sense they're + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a in some sense they're +building there's an earlier paper uh you + + align:start position:0% +building there's an earlier paper uh you + + + align:start position:0% +building there's an earlier paper uh you +know there's a sort of classic paper + + align:start position:0% +know there's a sort of classic paper + + + align:start position:0% +know there's a sort of classic paper +from the 1970s by benam on Advertising + + align:start position:0% +from the 1970s by benam on Advertising + + + align:start position:0% +from the 1970s by benam on Advertising +eyeglasses so some states allow you to + + align:start position:0% +eyeglasses so some states allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +eyeglasses so some states allow you to +advertise eyeglass prices and some + + align:start position:0% +advertise eyeglass prices and some + + + align:start position:0% +advertise eyeglass prices and some +states do not and benam has this classic + + align:start position:0% +states do not and benam has this classic + + + align:start position:0% +states do not and benam has this classic +paper from 1970s basically just a + + align:start position:0% +paper from 1970s basically just a + + + align:start position:0% +paper from 1970s basically just a +cross-sectional regression showing that + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional regression showing that + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional regression showing that +glasses cost 20% Less in states where + + align:start position:0% +glasses cost 20% Less in states where + + + align:start position:0% +glasses cost 20% Less in states where +you're allowed to advertise eyeglass + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to advertise eyeglass + + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to advertise eyeglass +prices than than ones that you don't and + + align:start position:0% +prices than than ones that you don't and + + + align:start position:0% +prices than than ones that you don't and +so I think that was part of the + + align:start position:0% +so I think that was part of the + + + align:start position:0% +so I think that was part of the +background is is there really a big + + align:start position:0% +background is is there really a big + + + align:start position:0% +background is is there really a big +going to be a big effect on alcohol + + align:start position:0% +going to be a big effect on alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a big effect on alcohol +prices of allowing advertising um which + + align:start position:0% +prices of allowing advertising um which + + + align:start position:0% +prices of allowing advertising um which +you know would if your view of + + align:start position:0% +you know would if your view of + + + align:start position:0% +you know would if your view of +advertising is this is like reducing + + align:start position:0% +advertising is this is like reducing + + + align:start position:0% +advertising is this is like reducing +consumer search costs and consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumer search costs and consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer search costs and consumer +search costs are big part of markups you + + align:start position:0% +search costs are big part of markups you + + + align:start position:0% +search costs are big part of markups you +could think advertising would have a big + + align:start position:0% +could think advertising would have a big + + + align:start position:0% +could think advertising would have a big +effect there um anyway the you know I + + align:start position:0% +effect there um anyway the you know I + + + align:start position:0% +effect there um anyway the you know I +think the ambitious thing that mil and + + align:start position:0% +think the ambitious thing that mil and + + + align:start position:0% +think the ambitious thing that mil and +wal Fogle did on this paper was they + + align:start position:0% +wal Fogle did on this paper was they + + + align:start position:0% +wal Fogle did on this paper was they +gambled on the ca result of the Supreme + + align:start position:0% +gambled on the ca result of the Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +gambled on the ca result of the Supreme +Court case uh and basically they just + + align:start position:0% +Court case uh and basically they just + + + align:start position:0% +Court case uh and basically they just +you know it was Rhode Island in the + + align:start position:0% +you know it was Rhode Island in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know it was Rhode Island in the +1990s it wasn't like every liquor store + + align:start position:0% +1990s it wasn't like every liquor store + + + align:start position:0% +1990s it wasn't like every liquor store +was big and had Supermarket scanners and + + align:start position:0% +was big and had Supermarket scanners and + + + align:start position:0% +was big and had Supermarket scanners and +you could make contract with a scanner + + align:start position:0% +you could make contract with a scanner + + + align:start position:0% +you could make contract with a scanner +company to get all the prices so what + + align:start position:0% +company to get all the prices so what + + + align:start position:0% +company to get all the prices so what +they started doing is just manually + + align:start position:0% +they started doing is just manually + + + align:start position:0% +they started doing is just manually +collecting prices for 33 different + + align:start position:0% +collecting prices for 33 different + + + align:start position:0% +collecting prices for 33 different +alcoholic beverages at 115 liquor + + align:start position:0% +alcoholic beverages at 115 liquor + + + align:start position:0% +alcoholic beverages at 115 liquor +stores in June 1995 so this was + + align:start position:0% +stores in June 1995 so this was + + + align:start position:0% +stores in June 1995 so this was +basically the Supreme Court announced + + align:start position:0% +basically the Supreme Court announced + + + align:start position:0% +basically the Supreme Court announced +that it would take the case in June you + + align:start position:0% +that it would take the case in June you + + + align:start position:0% +that it would take the case in June you +know they had no idea when the case + + align:start position:0% +know they had no idea when the case + + + align:start position:0% +know they had no idea when the case +would get taken what the decision would + + align:start position:0% +would get taken what the decision would + + + align:start position:0% +would get taken what the decision would +be if if the law was upheld they would + + align:start position:0% +be if if the law was upheld they would + + + align:start position:0% +be if if the law was upheld they would +have had no paper whatsoever but anyway + + align:start position:0% +have had no paper whatsoever but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +have had no paper whatsoever but anyway +they just started Gathering data on + + align:start position:0% +they just started Gathering data on + + + align:start position:0% +they just started Gathering data on +liquor store prices uh in anticipation + + align:start position:0% +liquor store prices uh in anticipation + + + align:start position:0% +liquor store prices uh in anticipation +of uh anticipation of the law being + + align:start position:0% +of uh anticipation of the law being + + + align:start position:0% +of uh anticipation of the law being +overturned and and to do a difference + + align:start position:0% +overturned and and to do a difference + + + align:start position:0% +overturned and and to do a difference +and difference thing they did a control + + align:start position:0% +and difference thing they did a control + + + align:start position:0% +and difference thing they did a control +group of Massachusetts stores they + + align:start position:0% +group of Massachusetts stores they + + + align:start position:0% +group of Massachusetts stores they +picked Rhode Island stores and then + + align:start position:0% +picked Rhode Island stores and then + + + align:start position:0% +picked Rhode Island stores and then +Massachusetts stores some of which are + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts stores some of which are + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts stores some of which are +near the Rhode Island border and some of + + align:start position:0% +near the Rhode Island border and some of + + + align:start position:0% +near the Rhode Island border and some of +which are not and then they can sort of + + align:start position:0% +which are not and then they can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +which are not and then they can sort of +do a difference and difference and + + align:start position:0% +do a difference and difference and + + + align:start position:0% +do a difference and difference and +compare how prices in Massachusetts and + + align:start position:0% +compare how prices in Massachusetts and + + + align:start position:0% +compare how prices in Massachusetts and +and uh Rhode Island changed when the + + align:start position:0% +and uh Rhode Island changed when the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh Rhode Island changed when the +liquor store when the advertising bands + + align:start position:0% +liquor store when the advertising bands + + + align:start position:0% +liquor store when the advertising bands +overturned um in addition to these sort + + align:start position:0% +overturned um in addition to these sort + + + align:start position:0% +overturned um in addition to these sort +of um I me say the the + + align:start position:0% +of um I me say the the + + + align:start position:0% +of um I me say the the +um price data collection is pretty + + align:start position:0% +um price data collection is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +um price data collection is pretty +impressive it's like you know they just + + align:start position:0% +impressive it's like you know they just + + + align:start position:0% +impressive it's like you know they just +went to the liquor stores personally and + + align:start position:0% +went to the liquor stores personally and + + + align:start position:0% +went to the liquor stores personally and +this is something you know I I think + + align:start position:0% +this is something you know I I think + + + align:start position:0% +this is something you know I I think +also mentioned like in Alan Sorenson's + + align:start position:0% +also mentioned like in Alan Sorenson's + + + align:start position:0% +also mentioned like in Alan Sorenson's +paper you can't take a clipboard into a + + align:start position:0% +paper you can't take a clipboard into a + + + align:start position:0% +paper you can't take a clipboard into a +liquor store and start writing down the + + align:start position:0% +liquor store and start writing down the + + + align:start position:0% +liquor store and start writing down the +prices of everything that they sell and + + align:start position:0% +prices of everything that they sell and + + + align:start position:0% +prices of everything that they sell and +walk around for 15 minutes wrting on all + + align:start position:0% +walk around for 15 minutes wrting on all + + + align:start position:0% +walk around for 15 minutes wrting on all +the price that they sell they kick you + + align:start position:0% +the price that they sell they kick you + + + align:start position:0% +the price that they sell they kick you +out of the store um so what they + + align:start position:0% +out of the store um so what they + + + align:start position:0% +out of the store um so what they +actually did is they would go in there + + align:start position:0% +actually did is they would go in there + + + align:start position:0% +actually did is they would go in there +and sometimes they would sort of have a + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes they would sort of have a + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes they would sort of have a +set of prices and then try to memorize + + align:start position:0% +set of prices and then try to memorize + + + align:start position:0% +set of prices and then try to memorize +them and go walk in memorize them and + + align:start position:0% +them and go walk in memorize them and + + + align:start position:0% +them and go walk in memorize them and +walk out um Joel also has these stories + + align:start position:0% +walk out um Joel also has these stories + + + align:start position:0% +walk out um Joel also has these stories +of he would bring his child with him and + + align:start position:0% +of he would bring his child with him and + + + align:start position:0% +of he would bring his child with him and +you know you can spend longer if you've + + align:start position:0% +you know you can spend longer if you've + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can spend longer if you've +got a four-year-old wandering around the + + align:start position:0% +got a four-year-old wandering around the + + + align:start position:0% +got a four-year-old wandering around the +aisles than you can as a person and put + + align:start position:0% +aisles than you can as a person and put + + + align:start position:0% +aisles than you can as a person and put +like a voice recorder in his pocket and + + align:start position:0% +like a voice recorder in his pocket and + + + align:start position:0% +like a voice recorder in his pocket and +just read out to himself like the bardis + + align:start position:0% +just read out to himself like the bardis + + + align:start position:0% +just read out to himself like the bardis +899 the whatever until he collected the + + align:start position:0% +899 the whatever until he collected the + + + align:start position:0% +899 the whatever until he collected the +prices anyway they did this for a year + + align:start position:0% +prices anyway they did this for a year + + + align:start position:0% +prices anyway they did this for a year +beforehand they did it for a year + + align:start position:0% +beforehand they did it for a year + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand they did it for a year +afterwards that's the main data set but + + align:start position:0% +afterwards that's the main data set but + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards that's the main data set but +then they also have several other things + + align:start position:0% +then they also have several other things + + + align:start position:0% +then they also have several other things +they were able to find they have + + align:start position:0% +they were able to find they have + + + align:start position:0% +they were able to find they have +Massachusetts and Rhode Island both have + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts and Rhode Island both have + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts and Rhode Island both have +regulated wholesale prices they got the + + align:start position:0% +regulated wholesale prices they got the + + + align:start position:0% +regulated wholesale prices they got the +wholesale prices in the stores um they + + align:start position:0% +wholesale prices in the stores um they + + + align:start position:0% +wholesale prices in the stores um they +gathered data on whether the Rhode + + align:start position:0% +gathered data on whether the Rhode + + + align:start position:0% +gathered data on whether the Rhode +Island stores used print advertising + + align:start position:0% +Island stores used print advertising + + + align:start position:0% +Island stores used print advertising +whether they used window advertisements + + align:start position:0% +whether they used window advertisements + + + align:start position:0% +whether they used window advertisements +and they also um got lottery ticket + + align:start position:0% +and they also um got lottery ticket + + + align:start position:0% +and they also um got lottery ticket +sales and their their idea was that they + + align:start position:0% +sales and their their idea was that they + + + align:start position:0% +sales and their their idea was that they +they didn't have any way to gather Quant + + align:start position:0% +they didn't have any way to gather Quant + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't have any way to gather Quant +that the liquor stores were selling but + + align:start position:0% +that the liquor stores were selling but + + + align:start position:0% +that the liquor stores were selling but +they could get data from the state on + + align:start position:0% +they could get data from the state on + + + align:start position:0% +they could get data from the state on +how many how many lottery tickets were + + align:start position:0% +how many how many lottery tickets were + + + align:start position:0% +how many how many lottery tickets were +sold at each liquor store and they're + + align:start position:0% +sold at each liquor store and they're + + + align:start position:0% +sold at each liquor store and they're +going to use the sort of lottery tickets + + align:start position:0% +going to use the sort of lottery tickets + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the sort of lottery tickets +as another prox a rough proxy for + + align:start position:0% +as another prox a rough proxy for + + + align:start position:0% +as another prox a rough proxy for +quantity figuring that if more people + + align:start position:0% +quantity figuring that if more people + + + align:start position:0% +quantity figuring that if more people +come into the store to buy alcohol more + + align:start position:0% +come into the store to buy alcohol more + + + align:start position:0% +come into the store to buy alcohol more +people are going to buy liquor uh buy + + align:start position:0% +people are going to buy liquor uh buy + + + align:start position:0% +people are going to buy liquor uh buy +lottery tickets at the stores uh and + + align:start position:0% +lottery tickets at the stores uh and + + + align:start position:0% +lottery tickets at the stores uh and +that they could get for all stores that + + align:start position:0% +that they could get for all stores that + + + align:start position:0% +that they could get for all stores that +sold lottery tickets which is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +sold lottery tickets which is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +sold lottery tickets which is a lot of +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +um so you know here's + + align:start position:0% +um so you know here's + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know here's +a rough uh schematic of what they were + + align:start position:0% +a rough uh schematic of what they were + + + align:start position:0% +a rough uh schematic of what they were +doing + + align:start position:0% +doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing +so you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know +they ear early data collections they're + + align:start position:0% +they ear early data collections they're + + + align:start position:0% +they ear early data collections they're +visiting sort of 20 stores in June then + + align:start position:0% +visiting sort of 20 stores in June then + + + align:start position:0% +visiting sort of 20 stores in June then +they do a bigger data collection in + + align:start position:0% +they do a bigger data collection in + + + align:start position:0% +they do a bigger data collection in +September and visit 30 or 40 stores they + + align:start position:0% +September and visit 30 or 40 stores they + + + align:start position:0% +September and visit 30 or 40 stores they +get tired waiting around for the law to + + align:start position:0% +get tired waiting around for the law to + + + align:start position:0% +get tired waiting around for the law to +be overturn they only visit 10 or 15 in + + align:start position:0% +be overturn they only visit 10 or 15 in + + + align:start position:0% +be overturn they only visit 10 or 15 in +February and then once the law is + + align:start position:0% +February and then once the law is + + + align:start position:0% +February and then once the law is +overturned then they ramp up the data + + align:start position:0% +overturned then they ramp up the data + + + align:start position:0% +overturned then they ramp up the data +collection they're collecting from 40 or + + align:start position:0% +collection they're collecting from 40 or + + + align:start position:0% +collection they're collecting from 40 or +50 Stores um in in each wave um + + align:start position:0% +50 Stores um in in each wave um + + + align:start position:0% +50 Stores um in in each wave um +advertising you can see that advertising + + align:start position:0% +advertising you can see that advertising + + + align:start position:0% +advertising you can see that advertising +didn't actually get all that uh big so + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually get all that uh big so + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually get all that uh big so +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +um you know the in their Sample Stores + + align:start position:0% +um you know the in their Sample Stores + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the in their Sample Stores +it's like uh 3156 so it's less than 10% + + align:start position:0% +it's like uh 3156 so it's less than 10% + + + align:start position:0% +it's like uh 3156 so it's less than 10% +of the stores are choosing to advertise + + align:start position:0% +of the stores are choosing to advertise + + + align:start position:0% +of the stores are choosing to advertise +once advertising is allowed um yeah + + align:start position:0% +once advertising is allowed um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +once advertising is allowed um yeah +anyway but so then they collected by + + align:start position:0% +anyway but so then they collected by + + + align:start position:0% +anyway but so then they collected by +hand sort of whether the stores were + + align:start position:0% +hand sort of whether the stores were + + + align:start position:0% +hand sort of whether the stores were +advertising but it was not you know many + + align:start position:0% +advertising but it was not you know many + + + align:start position:0% +advertising but it was not you know many +stores which obviously had not been + + align:start position:0% +stores which obviously had not been + + + align:start position:0% +stores which obviously had not been +advertising for 40 years just went long + + align:start position:0% +advertising for 40 years just went long + + + align:start position:0% +advertising for 40 years just went long +happily not advertising once the law + + align:start position:0% +happily not advertising once the law + + + align:start position:0% +happily not advertising once the law +ended okay um here's an example of uh + + align:start position:0% +ended okay um here's an example of uh + + + align:start position:0% +ended okay um here's an example of uh +these are the the products that were in + + align:start position:0% +these are the the products that were in + + + align:start position:0% +these are the the products that were in +their study um so they have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +their study um so they have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +their study um so they have a bunch of +different sort of standard liquor items + + align:start position:0% +different sort of standard liquor items + + + align:start position:0% +different sort of standard liquor items +they have several different beers they + + align:start position:0% +they have several different beers they + + + align:start position:0% +they have several different beers they +have uh bunch of uh relatively bunch of + + align:start position:0% +have uh bunch of uh relatively bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +have uh bunch of uh relatively bunch of +relatively cheap wine they have a few a + + align:start position:0% +relatively cheap wine they have a few a + + + align:start position:0% +relatively cheap wine they have a few a +few Champagnes and sparkling wines + + align:start position:0% +few Champagnes and sparkling wines + + + align:start position:0% +few Champagnes and sparkling wines +okay and again and you know the goal of + + align:start position:0% +okay and again and you know the goal of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and again and you know the goal of +the of the data collection was to sort + + align:start position:0% +the of the data collection was to sort + + + align:start position:0% +the of the data collection was to sort +of walk around the store and get all + + align:start position:0% +of walk around the store and get all + + + align:start position:0% +of walk around the store and get all +these prices if they couldn't get all + + align:start position:0% +these prices if they couldn't get all + + + align:start position:0% +these prices if they couldn't get all +these prices they just got some subset + + align:start position:0% +these prices they just got some subset + + + align:start position:0% +these prices they just got some subset +of these prices and that's why you can + + align:start position:0% +of these prices and that's why you can + + + align:start position:0% +of these prices and that's why you can +see the number of observations differ a + + align:start position:0% +see the number of observations differ a + + + align:start position:0% +see the number of observations differ a +lot across + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +product okay so uh what does uh what + + align:start position:0% +product okay so uh what does uh what + + + align:start position:0% +product okay so uh what does uh what +does advertising do um so Result One um + + align:start position:0% +does advertising do um so Result One um + + + align:start position:0% +does advertising do um so Result One um +you know they're going to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +you know they're going to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +you know they're going to estimate the +effect of alcohol the end of the alcohol + + align:start position:0% +effect of alcohol the end of the alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +effect of alcohol the end of the alcohol +band simple difference and difference + + align:start position:0% +band simple difference and difference + + + align:start position:0% +band simple difference and difference +estimate you just do prices in Rhode + + align:start position:0% +estimate you just do prices in Rhode + + + align:start position:0% +estimate you just do prices in Rhode +Island after minus price in Rhode Island + + align:start position:0% +Island after minus price in Rhode Island + + + align:start position:0% +Island after minus price in Rhode Island +before minus price in Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +before minus price in Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +before minus price in Massachusetts +after price in Massachusetts before it's + + align:start position:0% +after price in Massachusetts before it's + + + align:start position:0% +after price in Massachusetts before it's +you know it's a regression with time + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a regression with time + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a regression with time +fixed effects and state fixed effects + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects and state fixed effects + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects and state fixed effects +and then a Rhode Island times post dummy + + align:start position:0% +and then a Rhode Island times post dummy + + + align:start position:0% +and then a Rhode Island times post dummy +and that's the thing you're estimating + + align:start position:0% +and that's the thing you're estimating + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the thing you're estimating +uh and what they find is + + align:start position:0% +uh and what they find is + + + align:start position:0% +uh and what they find is +that you know + + align:start position:0% +that you know + + + align:start position:0% +that you know +the price was very low the difference + + align:start position:0% +the price was very low the difference + + + align:start position:0% +the price was very low the difference +was very very low so you put in the + + align:start position:0% +was very very low so you put in the + + + align:start position:0% +was very very low so you put in the +state product and the store fixed + + align:start position:0% +state product and the store fixed + + + align:start position:0% +state product and the store fixed +effects and the price is on average and + + align:start position:0% +effects and the price is on average and + + + align:start position:0% +effects and the price is on average and +their sample are going down by like half + + align:start position:0% +their sample are going down by like half + + + align:start position:0% +their sample are going down by like half +a percent or to 1% after the advertising + + align:start position:0% +a percent or to 1% after the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +a percent or to 1% after the advertising +ban comes into effect um so it's just + + align:start position:0% +ban comes into effect um so it's just + + + align:start position:0% +ban comes into effect um so it's just +you know advertising leads to very very + + align:start position:0% +you know advertising leads to very very + + + align:start position:0% +you know advertising leads to very very +slightly low allowing advertising leads + + align:start position:0% +slightly low allowing advertising leads + + + align:start position:0% +slightly low allowing advertising leads +to very very slightly lower prices and + + align:start position:0% +to very very slightly lower prices and + + + align:start position:0% +to very very slightly lower prices and +this is you know they're tracking it for + + align:start position:0% +this is you know they're tracking it for + + + align:start position:0% +this is you know they're tracking it for +one year afterwards so you get one year + + align:start position:0% +one year afterwards so you get one year + + + align:start position:0% +one year afterwards so you get one year +afterwards and within a year this + + align:start position:0% +afterwards and within a year this + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards and within a year this +effectively had had very little impact + + align:start position:0% +effectively had had very little impact + + + align:start position:0% +effectively had had very little impact +on retail prices um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +breaking it down product by product how + + align:start position:0% +breaking it down product by product how + + + align:start position:0% +breaking it down product by product how +to advertisements work um when stores + + align:start position:0% +to advertisements work um when stores + + + align:start position:0% +to advertisements work um when stores +choose to advertise they advertise much + + align:start position:0% +choose to advertise they advertise much + + + align:start position:0% +choose to advertise they advertise much +lower prices so the advertised items uh + + align:start position:0% +lower prices so the advertised items uh + + + align:start position:0% +lower prices so the advertised items uh +at an advertising store are roughly 20% + + align:start position:0% +at an advertising store are roughly 20% + + + align:start position:0% +at an advertising store are roughly 20% +lower than the prices of those items at + + align:start position:0% +lower than the prices of those items at + + + align:start position:0% +lower than the prices of those items at +the massachusett stores are the + + align:start position:0% +the massachusett stores are the + + + align:start position:0% +the massachusett stores are the +non-advertising Rhode Island stores so + + align:start position:0% +non-advertising Rhode Island stores so + + + align:start position:0% +non-advertising Rhode Island stores so +stores that + + align:start position:0% +stores that + + + align:start position:0% +stores that +advertise do p set very low prices uh + + align:start position:0% +advertise do p set very low prices uh + + + align:start position:0% +advertise do p set very low prices uh +and then you might your question might + + align:start position:0% +and then you might your question might + + + align:start position:0% +and then you might your question might +be you know what what's the a good + + align:start position:0% +be you know what what's the a good + + + align:start position:0% +be you know what what's the a good +effect of the + + align:start position:0% +effect of the + + + align:start position:0% +effect of the +advertising um you know as I said right + + align:start position:0% +advertising um you know as I said right + + + align:start position:0% +advertising um you know as I said right +I did sort of loss leader model saying + + align:start position:0% +I did sort of loss leader model saying + + + align:start position:0% +I did sort of loss leader model saying +that like you know you're going to + + align:start position:0% +that like you know you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that like you know you're going to +advertise very low prices for turkeys at + + align:start position:0% +advertise very low prices for turkeys at + + + align:start position:0% +advertise very low prices for turkeys at +Thanksgiving that doesn't mean that + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving that doesn't mean that + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving that doesn't mean that +Thanksgiving isn't the single most + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving isn't the single most + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving isn't the single most +expensive day of the year to shop + + align:start position:0% +expensive day of the year to shop + + + align:start position:0% +expensive day of the year to shop +because you can just raise use that as a + + align:start position:0% +because you can just raise use that as a + + + align:start position:0% +because you can just raise use that as a +loss leader bring people in and then + + align:start position:0% +loss leader bring people in and then + + + align:start position:0% +loss leader bring people in and then +adverti raise the price of everything + + align:start position:0% +adverti raise the price of everything + + + align:start position:0% +adverti raise the price of everything +else um that's not what's happening so + + align:start position:0% +else um that's not what's happening so + + + align:start position:0% +else um that's not what's happening so +the non-advertised prices at advertising + + align:start position:0% +the non-advertised prices at advertising + + + align:start position:0% +the non-advertised prices at advertising +stores are you know within a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +stores are you know within a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +stores are you know within a fraction of +a percent uh of of the prices elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +a percent uh of of the prices elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +a percent uh of of the prices elsewhere +and if anything they're slightly lower + + align:start position:0% +and if anything they're slightly lower + + + align:start position:0% +and if anything they're slightly lower +so it's not like the stores advertise + + align:start position:0% +so it's not like the stores advertise + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not like the stores advertise +and jack up the prices of everything + + align:start position:0% +and jack up the prices of everything + + + align:start position:0% +and jack up the prices of everything +else what they do is they advertise low + + align:start position:0% +else what they do is they advertise low + + + align:start position:0% +else what they do is they advertise low +prices and basically leave the prices of + + align:start position:0% +prices and basically leave the prices of + + + align:start position:0% +prices and basically leave the prices of +everything else unchanged or if anything + + align:start position:0% +everything else unchanged or if anything + + + align:start position:0% +everything else unchanged or if anything +slightly decrease them + + align:start position:0% +slightly decrease them + + + align:start position:0% +slightly decrease them +um and the you know non-advertising + + align:start position:0% +um and the you know non-advertising + + + align:start position:0% +um and the you know non-advertising +stores in Rhode Island they their prices + + align:start position:0% +stores in Rhode Island they their prices + + + align:start position:0% +stores in Rhode Island they their prices +are now going down by like 0.2% so + + align:start position:0% +are now going down by like 0.2% so + + + align:start position:0% +are now going down by like 0.2% so +whatever the the competitive effect is + + align:start position:0% +whatever the the competitive effect is + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the the competitive effect is +the non-advertising stores are just not + + align:start position:0% +the non-advertising stores are just not + + + align:start position:0% +the non-advertising stores are just not +reactive ing they're not reacting to the + + align:start position:0% +reactive ing they're not reacting to the + + + align:start position:0% +reactive ing they're not reacting to the +advertising of their Rivals other than + + align:start position:0% +advertising of their Rivals other than + + + align:start position:0% +advertising of their Rivals other than +this you know just very very tiny cotton + + align:start position:0% +this you know just very very tiny cotton + + + align:start position:0% +this you know just very very tiny cotton +average + + align:start position:0% +average + + + align:start position:0% +average +prices other things in the paper so you + + align:start position:0% +prices other things in the paper so you + + + align:start position:0% +prices other things in the paper so you +know wasn't on table Rivals don't + + align:start position:0% +know wasn't on table Rivals don't + + + align:start position:0% +know wasn't on table Rivals don't +respond to advertised prices so like you + + align:start position:0% +respond to advertised prices so like you + + + align:start position:0% +respond to advertised prices so like you +you sort of advertise I've got uh + + align:start position:0% +you sort of advertise I've got uh + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of advertise I've got uh +budlight 20% off this week your rival + + align:start position:0% +budlight 20% off this week your rival + + + align:start position:0% +budlight 20% off this week your rival +stores don't have budlight at 20% off + + align:start position:0% +stores don't have budlight at 20% off + + + align:start position:0% +stores don't have budlight at 20% off +they basically just don't react at all + + align:start position:0% +they basically just don't react at all + + + align:start position:0% +they basically just don't react at all +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +advertising um on the quantity effects + + align:start position:0% +advertising um on the quantity effects + + + align:start position:0% +advertising um on the quantity effects +um advertising stores share of lottery + + align:start position:0% +um advertising stores share of lottery + + + align:start position:0% +um advertising stores share of lottery +ticket sales went from + + align:start position:0% +ticket sales went from + + + align:start position:0% +ticket sales went from +16.4% to 18.4% after the ban ends um so + + align:start position:0% +16.4% to 18.4% after the ban ends um so + + + align:start position:0% +16.4% to 18.4% after the ban ends um so +the you know right the if you remember + + align:start position:0% +the you know right the if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +the you know right the if you remember +like I it looked like the advertising + + align:start position:0% +like I it looked like the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +like I it looked like the advertising +levels were about 10% so the advertising + + align:start position:0% +levels were about 10% so the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +levels were about 10% so the advertising +stores were bigger Stores um they were + + align:start position:0% +stores were bigger Stores um they were + + + align:start position:0% +stores were bigger Stores um they were +selling more than their you know more + + align:start position:0% +selling more than their you know more + + + align:start position:0% +selling more than their you know more +than 10% of the lottery tickets but they + + align:start position:0% +than 10% of the lottery tickets but they + + + align:start position:0% +than 10% of the lottery tickets but they +go from 16 to 18 so that suggests that + + align:start position:0% +go from 16 to 18 so that suggests that + + + align:start position:0% +go from 16 to 18 so that suggests that +their quantity are going up um but again + + align:start position:0% +their quantity are going up um but again + + + align:start position:0% +their quantity are going up um but again +if you think about like you know so so + + align:start position:0% +if you think about like you know so so + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about like you know so so +the FRA the half a percent or the 7% + + align:start position:0% +the FRA the half a percent or the 7% + + + align:start position:0% +the FRA the half a percent or the 7% +that was a sort of price on a just item + + align:start position:0% +that was a sort of price on a just item + + + align:start position:0% +that was a sort of price on a just item +weighted basis you could sort of you + + align:start position:0% +weighted basis you could sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +weighted basis you could sort of you +know your question would be well okay on + + align:start position:0% +know your question would be well okay on + + + align:start position:0% +know your question would be well okay on +a sale weighted basis could the drops + + align:start position:0% +a sale weighted basis could the drops + + + align:start position:0% +a sale weighted basis could the drops +and prices that consumers pay be much + + align:start position:0% +and prices that consumers pay be much + + + align:start position:0% +and prices that consumers pay be much +larger um you know this is suggesting + + align:start position:0% +larger um you know this is suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +larger um you know this is suggesting +that it's only 2% of the demand that may + + align:start position:0% +that it's only 2% of the demand that may + + + align:start position:0% +that it's only 2% of the demand that may +be moving and so if only 2% of the + + align:start position:0% +be moving and so if only 2% of the + + + align:start position:0% +be moving and so if only 2% of the +demand may be moving the aggregate + + align:start position:0% +demand may be moving the aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +demand may be moving the aggregate +effect on cons consumers is probably + + align:start position:0% +effect on cons consumers is probably + + + align:start position:0% +effect on cons consumers is probably +small now if that 2% were all getting + + align:start position:0% +small now if that 2% were all getting + + + align:start position:0% +small now if that 2% were all getting +stuff that was 20% off you know still 2% + + align:start position:0% +stuff that was 20% off you know still 2% + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that was 20% off you know still 2% +of the people buying stuff that's 20% + + align:start position:0% +of the people buying stuff that's 20% + + + align:start position:0% +of the people buying stuff that's 20% +off that's like was that 0 4% so it's + + align:start position:0% +off that's like was that 0 4% so it's + + + align:start position:0% +off that's like was that 0 4% so it's +not a very big effect um a second thing + + align:start position:0% +not a very big effect um a second thing + + + align:start position:0% +not a very big effect um a second thing +that they not is that the stores that + + align:start position:0% +that they not is that the stores that + + + align:start position:0% +that they not is that the stores that +eventually advertise were charging 7% + + align:start position:0% +eventually advertise were charging 7% + + + align:start position:0% +eventually advertise were charging 7% +less before the advertising uh ban was + + align:start position:0% +less before the advertising uh ban was + + + align:start position:0% +less before the advertising uh ban was +eliminated so these larger stores were + + align:start position:0% +eliminated so these larger stores were + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated so these larger stores were +the larger cheaper stores to begin with + + align:start position:0% +the larger cheaper stores to begin with + + + align:start position:0% +the larger cheaper stores to begin with +um so again if the 2% of the people are + + align:start position:0% +um so again if the 2% of the people are + + + align:start position:0% +um so again if the 2% of the people are +moving and buying stuff that's on + + align:start position:0% +moving and buying stuff that's on + + + align:start position:0% +moving and buying stuff that's on +average 7% less that's again adding a + + align:start position:0% +average 7% less that's again adding a + + + align:start position:0% +average 7% less that's again adding a +few T of a percent to what consumers are + + align:start position:0% +few T of a percent to what consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +few T of a percent to what consumers are +saving um so I I think you know in + + align:start position:0% +saving um so I I think you know in + + + align:start position:0% +saving um so I I think you know in +aggregate it looks + + align:start position:0% +aggregate it looks + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate it looks +like this shift consumers shift to lower + + align:start position:0% +like this shift consumers shift to lower + + + align:start position:0% +like this shift consumers shift to lower +price stores presumbly within the + + align:start position:0% +price stores presumbly within the + + + align:start position:0% +price stores presumbly within the +advertising stores consumers buy the + + align:start position:0% +advertising stores consumers buy the + + + align:start position:0% +advertising stores consumers buy the +things that are the 20% off price levels + + align:start position:0% +things that are the 20% off price levels + + + align:start position:0% +things that are the 20% off price levels +but on aggregate you know average prices + + align:start position:0% +but on aggregate you know average prices + + + align:start position:0% +but on aggregate you know average prices +in a qu in an unweighted app sense don't + + align:start position:0% +in a qu in an unweighted app sense don't + + + align:start position:0% +in a qu in an unweighted app sense don't +change and and on a whatever consumers + + align:start position:0% +change and and on a whatever consumers + + + align:start position:0% +change and and on a whatever consumers +are better off since it's consumers are + + align:start position:0% +are better off since it's consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +are better off since it's consumers are +making a couple percent off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so I don't know I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +this so I don't know I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +this so I don't know I don't know if +this this makes us think that you know + + align:start position:0% +this this makes us think that you know + + + align:start position:0% +this this makes us think that you know +all these sort of search costs for + + align:start position:0% +all these sort of search costs for + + + align:start position:0% +all these sort of search costs for +consumers at least for buying beer and + + align:start position:0% +consumers at least for buying beer and + + + align:start position:0% +consumers at least for buying beer and +wine and liquor are not such a big deal + + align:start position:0% +wine and liquor are not such a big deal + + + align:start position:0% +wine and liquor are not such a big deal +or such a big determinant of + + align:start position:0% +or such a big determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +or such a big determinant of +markups or at least the advertising is + + align:start position:0% +markups or at least the advertising is + + + align:start position:0% +markups or at least the advertising is +limited Effectiveness in changing those + + align:start position:0% +limited Effectiveness in changing those + + + align:start position:0% +limited Effectiveness in changing those +consumer search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs + + align:start position:0% +costs + + + align:start position:0% +costs +questions no + + align:start position:0% +questions no + + + align:start position:0% +questions no +okay um so I thought uh you know next + + align:start position:0% +okay um so I thought uh you know next + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so I thought uh you know next +thing I would do is is go to The Other + + align:start position:0% +thing I would do is is go to The Other + + + align:start position:0% +thing I would do is is go to The Other +Extreme in data and just give you a + + align:start position:0% +Extreme in data and just give you a + + + align:start position:0% +Extreme in data and just give you a +sense of you know what are the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +sense of you know what are the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +sense of you know what are the kinds of +papers that people are writing with good + + align:start position:0% +papers that people are writing with good + + + align:start position:0% +papers that people are writing with good +access to um uh uh good access to sort + + align:start position:0% +access to um uh uh good access to sort + + + align:start position:0% +access to um uh uh good access to sort +of uh you know firms that allow them to + + align:start position:0% +of uh you know firms that allow them to + + + align:start position:0% +of uh you know firms that allow them to +do experimental work uh so this is a + + align:start position:0% +do experimental work uh so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +do experimental work uh so this is a +paper by Randall Lewis and David Riley + + align:start position:0% +paper by Randall Lewis and David Riley + + + align:start position:0% +paper by Randall Lewis and David Riley +online ads and offline sales measuring + + align:start position:0% +online ads and offline sales measuring + + + align:start position:0% +online ads and offline sales measuring +the effects of retail advertising uh via + + align:start position:0% +the effects of retail advertising uh via + + + align:start position:0% +the effects of retail advertising uh via +controlled experiment so at the time + + align:start position:0% +controlled experiment so at the time + + + align:start position:0% +controlled experiment so at the time +that they started working on this paper + + align:start position:0% +that they started working on this paper + + + align:start position:0% +that they started working on this paper +uh Randall and David were both employees + + align:start position:0% +uh Randall and David were both employees + + + align:start position:0% +uh Randall and David were both employees +of Yahoo were working at Yahoo research + + align:start position:0% +of Yahoo were working at Yahoo research + + + align:start position:0% +of Yahoo were working at Yahoo research +um you know I think well I don't know + + align:start position:0% +um you know I think well I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +um you know I think well I don't know +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +uh I guess funny to be elction in class + + align:start position:0% +uh I guess funny to be elction in class + + + align:start position:0% +uh I guess funny to be elction in class +people so young they probably don't + + align:start position:0% +people so young they probably don't + + + align:start position:0% +people so young they probably don't +really remember Yahoo but um you know in + + align:start position:0% +really remember Yahoo but um you know in + + + align:start position:0% +really remember Yahoo but um you know in +in the year 2000 Yahoo had 25% of all + + align:start position:0% +in the year 2000 Yahoo had 25% of all + + + align:start position:0% +in the year 2000 Yahoo had 25% of all +page views on the internet so you think + + align:start position:0% +page views on the internet so you think + + + align:start position:0% +page views on the internet so you think +about like what do people do when + + align:start position:0% +about like what do people do when + + + align:start position:0% +about like what do people do when +they're on the internet in the year 2000 + + align:start position:0% +they're on the internet in the year 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +they're on the internet in the year 2000 +was people were on Yahoo and and it was + + align:start position:0% +was people were on Yahoo and and it was + + + align:start position:0% +was people were on Yahoo and and it was +like you know Yahoo was just like Yahoo + + align:start position:0% +like you know Yahoo was just like Yahoo + + + align:start position:0% +like you know Yahoo was just like Yahoo +was like you know what what Facebook and + + align:start position:0% +was like you know what what Facebook and + + + align:start position:0% +was like you know what what Facebook and +Google and Amazon whatever like at the + + align:start position:0% +Google and Amazon whatever like at the + + + align:start position:0% +Google and Amazon whatever like at the +time in in 2000 Yahoo was the dominant + + align:start position:0% +time in in 2000 Yahoo was the dominant + + + align:start position:0% +time in in 2000 Yahoo was the dominant +online firm and people like like that + + align:start position:0% +online firm and people like like that + + + align:start position:0% +online firm and people like like that +Yahoo was their homepage and they would + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo was their homepage and they would + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo was their homepage and they would +go through Yahoo and they would look + + align:start position:0% +go through Yahoo and they would look + + + align:start position:0% +go through Yahoo and they would look +through Yahoo shopping Yahoo you know + + align:start position:0% +through Yahoo shopping Yahoo you know + + + align:start position:0% +through Yahoo shopping Yahoo you know +Yahoo mail Yahoo whatever um this is + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo mail Yahoo whatever um this is + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo mail Yahoo whatever um this is +what the Yahoo front page um looked like + + align:start position:0% +what the Yahoo front page um looked like + + + align:start position:0% +what the Yahoo front page um looked like +um Yahoo front page it was kind of like + + align:start position:0% +um Yahoo front page it was kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +um Yahoo front page it was kind of like +a news site what your sort of starting + + align:start position:0% +a news site what your sort of starting + + + align:start position:0% +a news site what your sort of starting +page you can sort of see over here you + + align:start position:0% +page you can sort of see over here you + + + align:start position:0% +page you can sort of see over here you +had other things you could do on Yahoo + + align:start position:0% +had other things you could do on Yahoo + + + align:start position:0% +had other things you could do on Yahoo +like Yahoo autos answers jobs groups + + align:start position:0% +like Yahoo autos answers jobs groups + + + align:start position:0% +like Yahoo autos answers jobs groups +mobile web movies TV whatever um but was + + align:start position:0% +mobile web movies TV whatever um but was + + + align:start position:0% +mobile web movies TV whatever um but was +mostly like a news page and then they + + align:start position:0% +mostly like a news page and then they + + + align:start position:0% +mostly like a news page and then they +would have these display ads like this + + align:start position:0% +would have these display ads like this + + + align:start position:0% +would have these display ads like this +one um this is what they call an lre ad + + align:start position:0% +one um this is what they call an lre ad + + + align:start position:0% +one um this is what they call an lre ad +which stands for large rectangle um + + align:start position:0% +which stands for large rectangle um + + + align:start position:0% +which stands for large rectangle um +you'd have this large rectangle in the + + align:start position:0% +you'd have this large rectangle in the + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have this large rectangle in the +page with some ad You' then have other + + align:start position:0% +page with some ad You' then have other + + + align:start position:0% +page with some ad You' then have other +smaller ads here on the front page and + + align:start position:0% +smaller ads here on the front page and + + + align:start position:0% +smaller ads here on the front page and +as you went through if you read the news + + align:start position:0% +as you went through if you read the news + + + align:start position:0% +as you went through if you read the news +Pages or whatever there will be more ads + + align:start position:0% +Pages or whatever there will be more ads + + + align:start position:0% +Pages or whatever there will be more ads +like this appearing on on subsequent + + align:start position:0% +like this appearing on on subsequent + + + align:start position:0% +like this appearing on on subsequent +pages and Yahoo made its money by uh + + align:start position:0% +pages and Yahoo made its money by uh + + + align:start position:0% +pages and Yahoo made its money by uh +selling these + + align:start position:0% +selling these + + + align:start position:0% +selling these +um how did those get sold um Yahoo sold + + align:start position:0% +um how did those get sold um Yahoo sold + + + align:start position:0% +um how did those get sold um Yahoo sold +Those ads in um in multiple different + + align:start position:0% +Those ads in um in multiple different + + + align:start position:0% +Those ads in um in multiple different +ways the front page ad there was + + align:start position:0% +ways the front page ad there was + + + align:start position:0% +ways the front page ad there was +actually sold uh uh by the day so every + + align:start position:0% +actually sold uh uh by the day so every + + + align:start position:0% +actually sold uh uh by the day so every +day there would be a new Advertiser on + + align:start position:0% +day there would be a new Advertiser on + + + align:start position:0% +day there would be a new Advertiser on +the Yahoo front page some days it would + + align:start position:0% +the Yahoo front page some days it would + + + align:start position:0% +the Yahoo front page some days it would +be a 50/50 split 50% of page views would + + align:start position:0% +be a 50/50 split 50% of page views would + + + align:start position:0% +be a 50/50 split 50% of page views would +be uh ad a 50% of the pages would be ad + + align:start position:0% +be uh ad a 50% of the pages would be ad + + + align:start position:0% +be uh ad a 50% of the pages would be ad +B other days it would be everybody but + + align:start position:0% +B other days it would be everybody but + + + align:start position:0% +B other days it would be everybody but +basically you could just run a one-day + + align:start position:0% +basically you could just run a one-day + + + align:start position:0% +basically you could just run a one-day +ad campaign on Yahoo and they'd sell you + + align:start position:0% +ad campaign on Yahoo and they'd sell you + + + align:start position:0% +ad campaign on Yahoo and they'd sell you +that lre on the front page um when you + + align:start position:0% +that lre on the front page um when you + + + align:start position:0% +that lre on the front page um when you +got to the inside pages on Yahoo there + + align:start position:0% +got to the inside pages on Yahoo there + + + align:start position:0% +got to the inside pages on Yahoo there +were many many many different ways to + + align:start position:0% +were many many many different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +were many many many different ways to +buy bid for ads like you could buy an ad + + align:start position:0% +buy bid for ads like you could buy an ad + + + align:start position:0% +buy bid for ads like you could buy an ad +that would like if if I'm + + align:start position:0% +that would like if if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that would like if if I'm +if I'm Netflix or whatever I could buy + + align:start position:0% +if I'm Netflix or whatever I could buy + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm Netflix or whatever I could buy +an ad that appears on pages that mention + + align:start position:0% +an ad that appears on pages that mention + + + align:start position:0% +an ad that appears on pages that mention +a movie title and like I want to buy + + align:start position:0% +a movie title and like I want to buy + + + align:start position:0% +a movie title and like I want to buy +movie title or you could buy ads + + align:start position:0% +movie title or you could buy ads + + + align:start position:0% +movie title or you could buy ads +targeted to Consumers I want women 18 to + + align:start position:0% +targeted to Consumers I want women 18 to + + + align:start position:0% +targeted to Consumers I want women 18 to +39 I want men 25 to 54 and I'm willing + + align:start position:0% +39 I want men 25 to 54 and I'm willing + + + align:start position:0% +39 I want men 25 to 54 and I'm willing +to bid this much if if it's someone in + + align:start position:0% +to bid this much if if it's someone in + + + align:start position:0% +to bid this much if if it's someone in +that category you could bid retarget + + align:start position:0% +that category you could bid retarget + + + align:start position:0% +that category you could bid retarget +retargeting kinds of ads like I don't + + align:start position:0% +retargeting kinds of ads like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +retargeting kinds of ads like I don't +know if you've ever noticed you look at + + align:start position:0% +know if you've ever noticed you look at + + + align:start position:0% +know if you've ever noticed you look at +a pair of shoes on Zappos or something + + align:start position:0% +a pair of shoes on Zappos or something + + + align:start position:0% +a pair of shoes on Zappos or something +and then those shoes follow you around + + align:start position:0% +and then those shoes follow you around + + + align:start position:0% +and then those shoes follow you around +the internet you know you can bid I'm + + align:start position:0% +the internet you know you can bid I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the internet you know you can bid I'm +paying $5 per thousand anytime someone + + align:start position:0% +paying $5 per thousand anytime someone + + + align:start position:0% +paying $5 per thousand anytime someone +who's visited my site and put something + + align:start position:0% +who's visited my site and put something + + + align:start position:0% +who's visited my site and put something +in their card and not bought it I'm + + align:start position:0% +in their card and not bought it I'm + + + align:start position:0% +in their card and not bought it I'm +going to buy an ad and Target it there + + align:start position:0% +going to buy an ad and Target it there + + + align:start position:0% +going to buy an ad and Target it there +so you can you know you can Target by + + align:start position:0% +so you can you know you can Target by + + + align:start position:0% +so you can you know you can Target by +the individual characteristics you can + + align:start position:0% +the individual characteristics you can + + + align:start position:0% +the individual characteristics you can +Target by the content of the pages you + + align:start position:0% +Target by the content of the pages you + + + align:start position:0% +Target by the content of the pages you +can Target on the person's past Behavior + + align:start position:0% +can Target on the person's past Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +can Target on the person's past Behavior +VI and cookies but they would sort of + + align:start position:0% +VI and cookies but they would sort of + + + align:start position:0% +VI and cookies but they would sort of +sell all those things + + align:start position:0% +sell all those things + + + align:start position:0% +sell all those things +um this particular experiment they do + + align:start position:0% +um this particular experiment they do + + + align:start position:0% +um this particular experiment they do +they're trying to assess the + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to assess the + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to assess the +effectiveness of Yahoo ads and you know + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness of Yahoo ads and you know + + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness of Yahoo ads and you know +ambitious project trying to assess the + + align:start position:0% +ambitious project trying to assess the + + + align:start position:0% +ambitious project trying to assess the +effectivess on on Yahoo ads on both + + align:start position:0% +effectivess on on Yahoo ads on both + + + align:start position:0% +effectivess on on Yahoo ads on both +online purchases and offline purchases + + align:start position:0% +online purchases and offline purchases + + + align:start position:0% +online purchases and offline purchases +which is something that's usually much + + align:start position:0% +which is something that's usually much + + + align:start position:0% +which is something that's usually much +harder to get at um so how did this + + align:start position:0% +harder to get at um so how did this + + + align:start position:0% +harder to get at um so how did this +experiment work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so they run a randomized control + + align:start position:0% +um so they run a randomized control + + + align:start position:0% +um so they run a randomized control +trial so they have some uh large offline + + align:start position:0% +trial so they have some uh large offline + + + align:start position:0% +trial so they have some uh large offline +firm that's interested in running a big + + align:start position:0% +firm that's interested in running a big + + + align:start position:0% +firm that's interested in running a big +ad campaign on Yahoo and they proposed + + align:start position:0% +ad campaign on Yahoo and they proposed + + + align:start position:0% +ad campaign on Yahoo and they proposed +to the firm that they're going to + + align:start position:0% +to the firm that they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to the firm that they're going to +evaluate the ad campaign as well as + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the ad campaign as well as + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the ad campaign as well as +running the ad campaign for them so so + + align:start position:0% +running the ad campaign for them so so + + + align:start position:0% +running the ad campaign for them so so +the retailer you know so think of this + + align:start position:0% +the retailer you know so think of this + + + align:start position:0% +the retailer you know so think of this +as a firm like Macy's or Bloomingdale's + + align:start position:0% +as a firm like Macy's or Bloomingdale's + + + align:start position:0% +as a firm like Macy's or Bloomingdale's +some very large department store + + align:start position:0% +some very large department store + + + align:start position:0% +some very large department store +probably um this large retailer had a + + align:start position:0% +probably um this large retailer had a + + + align:start position:0% +probably um this large retailer had a +data had a data set of 1.5 million + + align:start position:0% +data had a data set of 1.5 million + + + align:start position:0% +data had a data set of 1.5 million +customers they wanted to advertise to so + + align:start position:0% +customers they wanted to advertise to so + + + align:start position:0% +customers they wanted to advertise to so +they're going to display the advertising + + align:start position:0% +they're going to display the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to display the advertising +only to those people and then what they + + align:start position:0% +only to those people and then what they + + + align:start position:0% +only to those people and then what they +did is they matched it to the Yahoo uh + + align:start position:0% +did is they matched it to the Yahoo uh + + + align:start position:0% +did is they matched it to the Yahoo uh +you know Yahoo database um so you know + + align:start position:0% +you know Yahoo database um so you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know Yahoo database um so you know +like you know today Google and Facebook + + align:start position:0% +like you know today Google and Facebook + + + align:start position:0% +like you know today Google and Facebook +and whomever know who you are when + + align:start position:0% +and whomever know who you are when + + + align:start position:0% +and whomever know who you are when +you're searching people had Yahoo mail + + align:start position:0% +you're searching people had Yahoo mail + + + align:start position:0% +you're searching people had Yahoo mail +accounts they were sort of permanently + + align:start position:0% +accounts they were sort of permanently + + + align:start position:0% +accounts they were sort of permanently +logged into Yahoo so they got someone to + + align:start position:0% +logged into Yahoo so they got someone to + + + align:start position:0% +logged into Yahoo so they got someone to +match this database that the firm had of + + align:start position:0% +match this database that the firm had of + + + align:start position:0% +match this database that the firm had of +like people and their credit card + + align:start position:0% +like people and their credit card + + + align:start position:0% +like people and their credit card +numbers and their home addresses to + + align:start position:0% +numbers and their home addresses to + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and their home addresses to +Yahoo's membership database and so uh + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo's membership database and so uh + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo's membership database and so uh +they were able to jointly identify 1.5 + + align:start position:0% +they were able to jointly identify 1.5 + + + align:start position:0% +they were able to jointly identify 1.5 +million people who both existed in the + + align:start position:0% +million people who both existed in the + + + align:start position:0% +million people who both existed in the +retail or database and had Yahoo + + align:start position:0% +retail or database and had Yahoo + + + align:start position:0% +retail or database and had Yahoo +accounts that they may have been logged + + align:start position:0% +accounts that they may have been logged + + + align:start position:0% +accounts that they may have been logged +into when they were uh web browsing + + align:start position:0% +into when they were uh web browsing + + + align:start position:0% +into when they were uh web browsing +uh they used an 8020 split of treatment + + align:start position:0% +uh they used an 8020 split of treatment + + + align:start position:0% +uh they used an 8020 split of treatment +and control so 80% of the people they + + align:start position:0% +and control so 80% of the people they + + + align:start position:0% +and control so 80% of the people they +tried to advertise to them when they saw + + align:start position:0% +tried to advertise to them when they saw + + + align:start position:0% +tried to advertise to them when they saw +them 20% of the people they held out as + + align:start position:0% +them 20% of the people they held out as + + + align:start position:0% +them 20% of the people they held out as +controls and they never advertised to + + align:start position:0% +controls and they never advertised to + + + align:start position:0% +controls and they never advertised to +them okay um one thing about the a sort + + align:start position:0% +them okay um one thing about the a sort + + + align:start position:0% +them okay um one thing about the a sort +of treatment control design like this is + + align:start position:0% +of treatment control design like this is + + + align:start position:0% +of treatment control design like this is +again the retailer had a bid that it was + + align:start position:0% +again the retailer had a bid that it was + + + align:start position:0% +again the retailer had a bid that it was +willing to pay to reach those people + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay to reach those people + + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay to reach those people +okay and so I would guess you know early + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I would guess you know early + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I would guess you know early +2000 advertising prices it may have been + + align:start position:0% +2000 advertising prices it may have been + + + align:start position:0% +2000 advertising prices it may have been +like a dollar per thousand or something + + align:start position:0% +like a dollar per thousand or something + + + align:start position:0% +like a dollar per thousand or something +like that uh for impression ads so that + + align:start position:0% +like that uh for impression ads so that + + + align:start position:0% +like that uh for impression ads so that +every time every time one of these ads + + align:start position:0% +every time every time one of these ads + + + align:start position:0% +every time every time one of these ads +was displayed to a consumer they owed + + align:start position:0% +was displayed to a consumer they owed + + + align:start position:0% +was displayed to a consumer they owed +Yahoo on10th of 1 cent um whether Those + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo on10th of 1 cent um whether Those + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo on10th of 1 cent um whether Those +ads actually got displayed depended on + + align:start position:0% +ads actually got displayed depended on + + + align:start position:0% +ads actually got displayed depended on +what else that per you know whether that + + align:start position:0% +what else that per you know whether that + + + align:start position:0% +what else that per you know whether that +person was actually on the internet and + + align:start position:0% +person was actually on the internet and + + + align:start position:0% +person was actually on the internet and +what else they were doing so if that + + align:start position:0% +what else they were doing so if that + + + align:start position:0% +what else they were doing so if that +person was on the Internet only rarely + + align:start position:0% +person was on the Internet only rarely + + + align:start position:0% +person was on the Internet only rarely +they might not see an ad uh if that + + align:start position:0% +they might not see an ad uh if that + + + align:start position:0% +they might not see an ad uh if that +person was on the internet but they'd + + align:start position:0% +person was on the internet but they'd + + + align:start position:0% +person was on the internet but they'd +recently looked at shoes or something + + align:start position:0% +recently looked at shoes or something + + + align:start position:0% +recently looked at shoes or something +like that and had a retargeting ad that + + align:start position:0% +like that and had a retargeting ad that + + + align:start position:0% +like that and had a retargeting ad that +wanted to follow them around that + + align:start position:0% +wanted to follow them around that + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to follow them around that +retargeting ad would outbid the Macy's + + align:start position:0% +retargeting ad would outbid the Macy's + + + align:start position:0% +retargeting ad would outbid the Macy's +ad and they would never see the Macy's + + align:start position:0% +ad and they would never see the Macy's + + + align:start position:0% +ad and they would never see the Macy's +ad or it could be if that person was in + + align:start position:0% +ad or it could be if that person was in + + + align:start position:0% +ad or it could be if that person was in +a very valuable demographic group + + align:start position:0% +a very valuable demographic group + + + align:start position:0% +a very valuable demographic group +somebody wanted young people the young + + align:start position:0% +somebody wanted young people the young + + + align:start position:0% +somebody wanted young people the young +people price would be higher than than + + align:start position:0% +people price would be higher than than + + + align:start position:0% +people price would be higher than than +Macy's bid also so whether or not you + + align:start position:0% +Macy's bid also so whether or not you + + + align:start position:0% +Macy's bid also so whether or not you +see an ad it's you know it's like an + + align:start position:0% +see an ad it's you know it's like an + + + align:start position:0% +see an ad it's you know it's like an +intent to treat thing that like the + + align:start position:0% +intent to treat thing that like the + + + align:start position:0% +intent to treat thing that like the +being in in the treatment group means + + align:start position:0% +being in in the treatment group means + + + align:start position:0% +being in in the treatment group means +Macy's is bidding to to get your their + + align:start position:0% +Macy's is bidding to to get your their + + + align:start position:0% +Macy's is bidding to to get your their +ad shown to you but they may not + + align:start position:0% +ad shown to you but they may not + + + align:start position:0% +ad shown to you but they may not +actually get their ad shown to you okay + + align:start position:0% +actually get their ad shown to you okay + + + align:start position:0% +actually get their ad shown to you okay +uh and then the impressive part of this + + align:start position:0% +uh and then the impressive part of this + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then the impressive part of this +campaign + + align:start position:0% +campaign + + + align:start position:0% +campaign +was uh they're able to monitor the + + align:start position:0% +was uh they're able to monitor the + + + align:start position:0% +was uh they're able to monitor the +purchases by these people through the + + align:start position:0% +purchases by these people through the + + + align:start position:0% +purchases by these people through the +online you know so this store is a store + + align:start position:0% +online you know so this store is a store + + + align:start position:0% +online you know so this store is a store +that has an online online presence but + + align:start position:0% +that has an online online presence but + + + align:start position:0% +that has an online online presence but +they have a much bigger offline sales + + align:start position:0% +they have a much bigger offline sales + + + align:start position:0% +they have a much bigger offline sales +and they able to monitor s purchases + + align:start position:0% +and they able to monitor s purchases + + + align:start position:0% +and they able to monitor s purchases +both online by and offline by those + + align:start position:0% +both online by and offline by those + + + align:start position:0% +both online by and offline by those +consumers so if somebody who saw one of + + align:start position:0% +consumers so if somebody who saw one of + + + align:start position:0% +consumers so if somebody who saw one of +these a Macy's ad walks into the Macy's + + align:start position:0% +these a Macy's ad walks into the Macy's + + + align:start position:0% +these a Macy's ad walks into the Macy's +store they buy something if they use + + align:start position:0% +store they buy something if they use + + + align:start position:0% +store they buy something if they use +their credit card Macy's going to know + + align:start position:0% +their credit card Macy's going to know + + + align:start position:0% +their credit card Macy's going to know +who they are they're going to record all + + align:start position:0% +who they are they're going to record all + + + align:start position:0% +who they are they're going to record all +those sales and they match those sales + + align:start position:0% +those sales and they match those sales + + + align:start position:0% +those sales and they match those sales +back up to what you saw on the internet + + align:start position:0% +back up to what you saw on the internet + + + align:start position:0% +back up to what you saw on the internet +you know five days + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +earlier so what have um things campaigns + + align:start position:0% +earlier so what have um things campaigns + + + align:start position:0% +earlier so what have um things campaigns +look through like this um you know again + + align:start position:0% +look through like this um you know again + + + align:start position:0% +look through like this um you know again +you're sort of putting those sort of + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of putting those sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of putting those sort of +relatively large ads on there I don't + + align:start position:0% +relatively large ads on there I don't + + + align:start position:0% +relatively large ads on there I don't +know what the ads said the ads could + + align:start position:0% +know what the ads said the ads could + + + align:start position:0% +know what the ads said the ads could +have said you know Macy's sale 15% off + + align:start position:0% +have said you know Macy's sale 15% off + + + align:start position:0% +have said you know Macy's sale 15% off +all purchases with this code something + + align:start position:0% +all purchases with this code something + + + align:start position:0% +all purchases with this code something +like that um the ad got a 0.28% + + align:start position:0% +like that um the ad got a 0.28% + + + align:start position:0% +like that um the ad got a 0.28% +click-through rate so when people were + + align:start position:0% +click-through rate so when people were + + + align:start position:0% +click-through rate so when people were +displayed an ad there was probability + + align:start position:0% +displayed an ad there was probability + + + align:start position:0% +displayed an ad there was probability +you know uh you know 28 per th000 uh 28 + + align:start position:0% +you know uh you know 28 per th000 uh 28 + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh you know 28 per th000 uh 28 +per 10,000 they would click on it um + + align:start position:0% +per 10,000 they would click on it um + + + align:start position:0% +per 10,000 they would click on it um +7.2% of those who saw at least one ad uh + + align:start position:0% +7.2% of those who saw at least one ad uh + + + align:start position:0% +7.2% of those who saw at least one ad uh +clicked on an ad during the course of + + align:start position:0% +clicked on an ad during the course of + + + align:start position:0% +clicked on an ad during the course of +the campaign + + align:start position:0% +the campaign + + + align:start position:0% +the campaign +so they were advertising people many + + align:start position:0% +so they were advertising people many + + + align:start position:0% +so they were advertising people many +many times so you can get a sense of the + + align:start position:0% +many times so you can get a sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +many times so you can get a sense of the +scale here so there there were two waves + + align:start position:0% +scale here so there there were two waves + + + align:start position:0% +scale here so there there were two waves +of the campaign there was an early fall + + align:start position:0% +of the campaign there was an early fall + + + align:start position:0% +of the campaign there was an early fall +campaign then there was a late fall + + align:start position:0% +campaign then there was a late fall + + + align:start position:0% +campaign then there was a late fall +campaign the early fall campaign was the + + align:start position:0% +campaign the early fall campaign was the + + + align:start position:0% +campaign the early fall campaign was the +main one um so they displayed uh 32 + + align:start position:0% +main one um so they displayed uh 32 + + + align:start position:0% +main one um so they displayed uh 32 +million ads to 814,000 people so if you + + align:start position:0% +million ads to 814,000 people so if you + + + align:start position:0% +million ads to 814,000 people so if you +remember the the intent to treat was was + + align:start position:0% +remember the the intent to treat was was + + + align:start position:0% +remember the the intent to treat was was +1.2 million so 2third of the people um + + align:start position:0% +1.2 million so 2third of the people um + + + align:start position:0% +1.2 million so 2third of the people um +onethird of the people either never got + + align:start position:0% +onethird of the people either never got + + + align:start position:0% +onethird of the people either never got +on the Internet or got on the Internet + + align:start position:0% +on the Internet or got on the Internet + + + align:start position:0% +on the Internet or got on the Internet +only rarely and then Macy's never made + + align:start position:0% +only rarely and then Macy's never made + + + align:start position:0% +only rarely and then Macy's never made +it to the top of their bid Q uh to + + align:start position:0% +it to the top of their bid Q uh to + + + align:start position:0% +it to the top of their bid Q uh to +display an ad to them but the people who + + align:start position:0% +display an ad to them but the people who + + + align:start position:0% +display an ad to them but the people who +were on the internet you know they saw + + align:start position:0% +were on the internet you know they saw + + + align:start position:0% +were on the internet you know they saw +an average that if you conditional on + + align:start position:0% +an average that if you conditional on + + + align:start position:0% +an average that if you conditional on +seeing at least one ad you saw an + + align:start position:0% +seeing at least one ad you saw an + + + align:start position:0% +seeing at least one ad you saw an +average of 39.6 ads um and then + + align:start position:0% +average of 39.6 ads um and then + + + align:start position:0% +average of 39.6 ads um and then +conditional on seeing at least one ad um + + align:start position:0% +conditional on seeing at least one ad um + + + align:start position:0% +conditional on seeing at least one ad um +you 7% chance that you clicked on an ad + + align:start position:0% +you 7% chance that you clicked on an ad + + + align:start position:0% +you 7% chance that you clicked on an ad +at some point uh during the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +campaign and then the second campaign + + align:start position:0% +campaign and then the second campaign + + + align:start position:0% +campaign and then the second campaign +was a bit smaller you can see it's about + + align:start position:0% +was a bit smaller you can see it's about + + + align:start position:0% +was a bit smaller you can see it's about +a third ads per viewer + + align:start position:0% +a third ads per viewer + + + align:start position:0% +a third ads per viewer +133% reach was only slightly less 56 + + align:start position:0% +133% reach was only slightly less 56 + + + align:start position:0% +133% reach was only slightly less 56 +versus + + align:start position:0% +versus + + + align:start position:0% +versus +63 and the you know you'll notice the ad + + align:start position:0% +63 and the you know you'll notice the ad + + + align:start position:0% +63 and the you know you'll notice the ad +mean AD views per viewer isn't 39 plus + + align:start position:0% +mean AD views per viewer isn't 39 plus + + + align:start position:0% +mean AD views per viewer isn't 39 plus +13 it's a little bit less because + + align:start position:0% +13 it's a little bit less because + + + align:start position:0% +13 it's a little bit less because +there's some people who only saw an ad + + align:start position:0% +there's some people who only saw an ad + + + align:start position:0% +there's some people who only saw an ad +in in the first campaign and some people + + align:start position:0% +in in the first campaign and some people + + + align:start position:0% +in in the first campaign and some people +only saw an ad in the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +campaign okay so uh what are my + + align:start position:0% +campaign okay so uh what are my + + + align:start position:0% +campaign okay so uh what are my +observations you know the first one is + + align:start position:0% +observations you know the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +observations you know the first one is +actually you know this is uh sometimes + + align:start position:0% +actually you know this is uh sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +actually you know this is uh sometimes +you write a paper and the paper kind of + + align:start position:0% +you write a paper and the paper kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you write a paper and the paper kind of +fails and then in some sense they they + + align:start position:0% +fails and then in some sense they they + + + align:start position:0% +fails and then in some sense they they +resurrect the paper it's like our fail + + align:start position:0% +resurrect the paper it's like our fail + + + align:start position:0% +resurrect the paper it's like our fail +the failure of this paper is notable + + align:start position:0% +the failure of this paper is notable + + + align:start position:0% +the failure of this paper is notable +that like it's we get very imprecise + + align:start position:0% +that like it's we get very imprecise + + + align:start position:0% +that like it's we get very imprecise +estimates and part of their thing was + + align:start position:0% +estimates and part of their thing was + + + align:start position:0% +estimates and part of their thing was +that like us going into this maybe as + + align:start position:0% +that like us going into this maybe as + + + align:start position:0% +that like us going into this maybe as +naive people we sort of thought we have + + align:start position:0% +naive people we sort of thought we have + + + align:start position:0% +naive people we sort of thought we have +this massive experiment and we're going + + align:start position:0% +this massive experiment and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +this massive experiment and we're going +to sort of Target a million people and + + align:start position:0% +to sort of Target a million people and + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of Target a million people and +send 30 million ads at them we will be + + align:start position:0% +send 30 million ads at them we will be + + + align:start position:0% +send 30 million ads at them we will be +able to get very precise Returns the + + align:start position:0% +able to get very precise Returns the + + + align:start position:0% +able to get very precise Returns the +advertising and one the first + + align:start position:0% +advertising and one the first + + + align:start position:0% +advertising and one the first +observations is that estimating return + + align:start position:0% +observations is that estimating return + + + align:start position:0% +observations is that estimating return +on advert ising is really really hard uh + + align:start position:0% +on advert ising is really really hard uh + + + align:start position:0% +on advert ising is really really hard uh +and it's really hard even with advert + + align:start position:0% +and it's really hard even with advert + + + align:start position:0% +and it's really hard even with advert +with campaigns of this scale uh and and + + align:start position:0% +with campaigns of this scale uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +with campaigns of this scale uh and and +so why is that here's a simple + + align:start position:0% +so why is that here's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +so why is that here's a simple +calculation so first thing about the + + align:start position:0% +calculation so first thing about the + + + align:start position:0% +calculation so first thing about the +sales data is that sales are very very + + align:start position:0% +sales data is that sales are very very + + + align:start position:0% +sales data is that sales are very very +noisy if you think about you know like + + align:start position:0% +noisy if you think about you know like + + + align:start position:0% +noisy if you think about you know like +what does Macy's care about I I don't + + align:start position:0% +what does Macy's care about I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +what does Macy's care about I I don't +know that the store is Macy's but just a + + align:start position:0% +know that the store is Macy's but just a + + + align:start position:0% +know that the store is Macy's but just a +store like Macy's what does Macy's care + + align:start position:0% +store like Macy's what does Macy's care + + + align:start position:0% +store like Macy's what does Macy's care +about it's how much people buy from them + + align:start position:0% +about it's how much people buy from them + + + align:start position:0% +about it's how much people buy from them +and so they care about the dollar value + + align:start position:0% +and so they care about the dollar value + + + align:start position:0% +and so they care about the dollar value +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +purchases what does purchases from Macy + + align:start position:0% +purchases what does purchases from Macy + + + align:start position:0% +purchases what does purchases from Macy +Macy's look like in the day + + align:start position:0% +Macy's look like in the day + + + align:start position:0% +Macy's look like in the day +it's an awful lot of zeros and then a + + align:start position:0% +it's an awful lot of zeros and then a + + + align:start position:0% +it's an awful lot of zeros and then a +few hundred and 200 and 500 and $1,000 + + align:start position:0% +few hundred and 200 and 500 and $1,000 + + + align:start position:0% +few hundred and 200 and 500 and $1,000 +things so you get this enormous variance + + align:start position:0% +things so you get this enormous variance + + + align:start position:0% +things so you get this enormous variance +in how much purchases people make from + + align:start position:0% +in how much purchases people make from + + + align:start position:0% +in how much purchases people make from +Macy's in a given week okay so their + + align:start position:0% +Macy's in a given week okay so their + + + align:start position:0% +Macy's in a given week okay so their +sales in the treatment um uh period + + align:start position:0% +sales in the treatment um uh period + + + align:start position:0% +sales in the treatment um uh period +average + + align:start position:0% +average + + + align:start position:0% +average +$189 although this is a fake currency to + + align:start position:0% +$189 although this is a fake currency to + + + align:start position:0% +$189 although this is a fake currency to +sort of not reveal exactly how much + + align:start position:0% +sort of not reveal exactly how much + + + align:start position:0% +sort of not reveal exactly how much +money was involved but they average $18 + + align:start position:0% +money was involved but they average $18 + + + align:start position:0% +money was involved but they average $18 +9 and they have a standard deviation of + + align:start position:0% +9 and they have a standard deviation of + + + align:start position:0% +9 and they have a standard deviation of +$19 so the standard deviation of sales + + align:start position:0% +$19 so the standard deviation of sales + + + align:start position:0% +$19 so the standard deviation of sales +to a customer in a week or whatever is + + align:start position:0% +to a customer in a week or whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +to a customer in a week or whatever is +um actually in a two-e period is 10 + + align:start position:0% +um actually in a two-e period is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +um actually in a two-e period is 10 +times standard devation is 10 times the + + align:start position:0% +times standard devation is 10 times the + + + align:start position:0% +times standard devation is 10 times the +mean because you just have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +mean because you just have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +mean because you just have a lot of +zeros and then you fat upper tail um a + + align:start position:0% +zeros and then you fat upper tail um a + + + align:start position:0% +zeros and then you fat upper tail um a +percent of return on investment is a + + align:start position:0% +percent of return on investment is a + + + align:start position:0% +percent of return on investment is a +very small fraction of sale so this + + align:start position:0% +very small fraction of sale so this + + + align:start position:0% +very small fraction of sale so this +campaign uh cost about + + align:start position:0% +campaign uh cost about + + + align:start position:0% +campaign uh cost about +1% of sales to the targeted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +customers so that says that you know + + align:start position:0% +customers so that says that you know + + + align:start position:0% +customers so that says that you know +they were paying + + align:start position:0% +they were paying + + + align:start position:0% +they were paying +um if if they were averaging if they + + align:start position:0% +um if if they were averaging if they + + + align:start position:0% +um if if they were averaging if they +were averaging $2 worth of sales per + + align:start position:0% +were averaging $2 worth of sales per + + + align:start position:0% +were averaging $2 worth of sales per +person uh they were only averaging + + align:start position:0% +person uh they were only averaging + + + align:start position:0% +person uh they were only averaging +spending uh two cents on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +campaign + + align:start position:0% +campaign + + + align:start position:0% +campaign +um so if you think about the way you + + align:start position:0% +um so if you think about the way you + + + align:start position:0% +um so if you think about the way you +know like if you're selling if you have + + align:start position:0% +know like if you're selling if you have + + + align:start position:0% +know like if you're selling if you have +a campaign the campaign is costing you + + align:start position:0% +a campaign the campaign is costing you + + + align:start position:0% +a campaign the campaign is costing you +1% of your sales suppose your profit + + align:start position:0% +1% of your sales suppose your profit + + + align:start position:0% +1% of your sales suppose your profit +margins are + + align:start position:0% +margins are + + + align:start position:0% +margins are +50% then if your sales go up by + + align:start position:0% +50% then if your sales go up by + + + align:start position:0% +50% then if your sales go up by +2% if your sales go up by 2% then your + + align:start position:0% +2% if your sales go up by 2% then your + + + align:start position:0% +2% if your sales go up by 2% then your +profit goes up by 1% that offsets the + + align:start position:0% +profit goes up by 1% that offsets the + + + align:start position:0% +profit goes up by 1% that offsets the +cost of the advertising campaign so if + + align:start position:0% +cost of the advertising campaign so if + + + align:start position:0% +cost of the advertising campaign so if +sales go up by 2% they're break even if + + align:start position:0% +sales go up by 2% they're break even if + + + align:start position:0% +sales go up by 2% they're break even if +sales go up by 2.2% that's a 10% return + + align:start position:0% +sales go up by 2.2% that's a 10% return + + + align:start position:0% +sales go up by 2.2% that's a 10% return +on the investment if sales go up by + + align:start position:0% +on the investment if sales go up by + + + align:start position:0% +on the investment if sales go up by +1.8% that's a negative 10% return on the + + align:start position:0% +1.8% that's a negative 10% return on the + + + align:start position:0% +1.8% that's a negative 10% return on the +investment so the return on the + + align:start position:0% +investment so the return on the + + + align:start position:0% +investment so the return on the +investment you know what you need to do + + align:start position:0% +investment you know what you need to do + + + align:start position:0% +investment you know what you need to do +is be able to estimate whether did sales + + align:start position:0% +is be able to estimate whether did sales + + + align:start position:0% +is be able to estimate whether did sales +go up by you know you need sort of a did + + align:start position:0% +go up by you know you need sort of a did + + + align:start position:0% +go up by you know you need sort of a did +sales go you need sort of a standard + + align:start position:0% +sales go you need sort of a standard + + + align:start position:0% +sales go you need sort of a standard +error of + + align:start position:0% +error of + + + align:start position:0% +error of +0.1% on your estimate of the effect on + + align:start position:0% +0.1% on your estimate of the effect on + + + align:start position:0% +0.1% on your estimate of the effect on +sales to be able to tell like you if + + align:start position:0% +sales to be able to tell like you if + + + align:start position:0% +sales to be able to tell like you if +you're trying to tell 2% apart from 2.2 + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to tell 2% apart from 2.2 + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to tell 2% apart from 2.2 +to 1.8 you want sort of a standard error + + align:start position:0% +to 1.8 you want sort of a standard error + + + align:start position:0% +to 1.8 you want sort of a standard error +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +0.1 so you need sort of a standard error + + align:start position:0% +0.1 so you need sort of a standard error + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 so you need sort of a standard error +of your estimate of one one 1000th of + + align:start position:0% +of your estimate of one one 1000th of + + + align:start position:0% +of your estimate of one one 1000th of +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +sales + + align:start position:0% +sales + + + align:start position:0% +sales +um you know so then since the standard + + align:start position:0% +um you know so then since the standard + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so then since the standard +deviation is 10 times the mean that's + + align:start position:0% +deviation is 10 times the mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +deviation is 10 times the mean that's +one 10,000th of a standard deviation if + + align:start position:0% +one 10,000th of a standard deviation if + + + align:start position:0% +one 10,000th of a standard deviation if +you think of like variances going down + + align:start position:0% +you think of like variances going down + + + align:start position:0% +you think of like variances going down +like route n you know that's like one + + align:start position:0% +like route n you know that's like one + + + align:start position:0% +like route n you know that's like one +over 100 + + align:start position:0% +over 100 + + + align:start position:0% +over 100 +million to get the standard error you + + align:start position:0% +million to get the standard error you + + + align:start position:0% +million to get the standard error you +want uh and so even though this campaign + + align:start position:0% +want uh and so even though this campaign + + + align:start position:0% +want uh and so even though this campaign +seems like you know this campaign had + + align:start position:0% +seems like you know this campaign had + + + align:start position:0% +seems like you know this campaign had +whether you think of it as you know a + + align:start position:0% +whether you think of it as you know a + + + align:start position:0% +whether you think of it as you know a +million observations of people or you + + align:start position:0% +million observations of people or you + + + align:start position:0% +million observations of people or you +think of it as 30 million observations + + align:start position:0% +think of it as 30 million observations + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as 30 million observations +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +ads orders of magnitude you're going to + + align:start position:0% +ads orders of magnitude you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ads orders of magnitude you're going to +need tens of millions or hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +need tens of millions or hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +need tens of millions or hundreds of +millions to get to do something like + + align:start position:0% +millions to get to do something like + + + align:start position:0% +millions to get to do something like +this and get statistically significant + + align:start position:0% +this and get statistically significant + + + align:start position:0% +this and get statistically significant +estimates so it's sort of a cautionary + + align:start position:0% +estimates so it's sort of a cautionary + + + align:start position:0% +estimates so it's sort of a cautionary +tale that we should think of estimating + + align:start position:0% +tale that we should think of estimating + + + align:start position:0% +tale that we should think of estimating +returns to advertising for goods like + + align:start position:0% +returns to advertising for goods like + + + align:start position:0% +returns to advertising for goods like +this where there's an upper tale of + + align:start position:0% +this where there's an upper tale of + + + align:start position:0% +this where there's an upper tale of +sales as a very very difficult thing to + + align:start position:0% +sales as a very very difficult thing to + + + align:start position:0% +sales as a very very difficult thing to +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay second observation they make is + + align:start position:0% +um okay second observation they make is + + + align:start position:0% +um okay second observation they make is +that you know this is really another + + align:start position:0% +that you know this is really another + + + align:start position:0% +that you know this is really another +cautionary tale for many papers you see + + align:start position:0% +cautionary tale for many papers you see + + + align:start position:0% +cautionary tale for many papers you see +that are estimating advertising + + align:start position:0% +that are estimating advertising + + + align:start position:0% +that are estimating advertising +that you know viewing advertising is not + + align:start position:0% +that you know viewing advertising is not + + + align:start position:0% +that you know viewing advertising is not +an exogenous treatment you can't just + + align:start position:0% +an exogenous treatment you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +an exogenous treatment you can't just +regress purchases on whether someone saw + + align:start position:0% +regress purchases on whether someone saw + + + align:start position:0% +regress purchases on whether someone saw +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +ad you know if here they have + + align:start position:0% +ad you know if here they have + + + align:start position:0% +ad you know if here they have +experimental variation let's say you + + align:start position:0% +experimental variation let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +experimental variation let's say you +didn't have the experimental variation + + align:start position:0% +didn't have the experimental variation + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have the experimental variation +you try to regress purchases on whether + + align:start position:0% +you try to regress purchases on whether + + + align:start position:0% +you try to regress purchases on whether +people saw an ad that's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +people saw an ad that's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +people saw an ad that's not going to be +a very good estimate you know like so + + align:start position:0% +a very good estimate you know like so + + + align:start position:0% +a very good estimate you know like so +there's this you know many firms like + + align:start position:0% +there's this you know many firms like + + + align:start position:0% +there's this you know many firms like +you know if you I don't know if you've + + align:start position:0% +you know if you I don't know if you've + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you I don't know if you've +ever thought it seems weird like you do + + align:start position:0% +ever thought it seems weird like you do + + + align:start position:0% +ever thought it seems weird like you do +a Google Search and like you want you + + align:start position:0% +a Google Search and like you want you + + + align:start position:0% +a Google Search and like you want you +know you want to rent a car from Herz + + align:start position:0% +know you want to rent a car from Herz + + + align:start position:0% +know you want to rent a car from Herz +and you type in Herz and then you get + + align:start position:0% +and you type in Herz and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +and you type in Herz and then you get +the first thing as a ad for hertz.com + + align:start position:0% +the first thing as a ad for hertz.com + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing as a ad for hertz.com +and the second thing is just + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is just + + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is just +hertz.com and you know Herz is paying 50 + + align:start position:0% +hertz.com and you know Herz is paying 50 + + + align:start position:0% +hertz.com and you know Herz is paying 50 +cents per click for that top ad and you + + align:start position:0% +cents per click for that top ad and you + + + align:start position:0% +cents per click for that top ad and you +click on that first click and you're + + align:start position:0% +click on that first click and you're + + + align:start position:0% +click on that first click and you're +sort of wondering you know like why does + + align:start position:0% +sort of wondering you know like why does + + + align:start position:0% +sort of wondering you know like why does +Herz buy that top ad that says hertz.com + + align:start position:0% +Herz buy that top ad that says hertz.com + + + align:start position:0% +Herz buy that top ad that says hertz.com +you know it does make it does bump Avis + + align:start position:0% +you know it does make it does bump Avis + + + align:start position:0% +you know it does make it does bump Avis +down to third on the page instead of + + align:start position:0% +down to third on the page instead of + + + align:start position:0% +down to third on the page instead of +second on the page or something like + + align:start position:0% +second on the page or something like + + + align:start position:0% +second on the page or something like +that but you know again if you do a + + align:start position:0% +that but you know again if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +that but you know again if you do a +naive study to hers and say oh you + + align:start position:0% +naive study to hers and say oh you + + + align:start position:0% +naive study to hers and say oh you +bought this ad campaign on Herz and of + + align:start position:0% +bought this ad campaign on Herz and of + + + align:start position:0% +bought this ad campaign on Herz and of +the people who clicked on your ad for + + align:start position:0% +the people who clicked on your ad for + + + align:start position:0% +the people who clicked on your ad for +hertz.com you know 30% of them went and + + align:start position:0% +hertz.com you know 30% of them went and + + + align:start position:0% +hertz.com you know 30% of them went and +rented a car from you you did fabulously + + align:start position:0% +rented a car from you you did fabulously + + + align:start position:0% +rented a car from you you did fabulously +well on your 50 Cent that you paid in + + align:start position:0% +well on your 50 Cent that you paid in + + + align:start position:0% +well on your 50 Cent that you paid in +the fee well obviously those people were + + align:start position:0% +the fee well obviously those people were + + + align:start position:0% +the fee well obviously those people were +clicking on the Hertz ad because they' + + align:start position:0% +clicking on the Hertz ad because they' + + + align:start position:0% +clicking on the Hertz ad because they' +already done a search and typed in the + + align:start position:0% +already done a search and typed in the + + + align:start position:0% +already done a search and typed in the +word + + align:start position:0% +word + + + align:start position:0% +word +hertz.com they were going to buy from + + align:start position:0% +hertz.com they were going to buy from + + + align:start position:0% +hertz.com they were going to buy from +you anyway and so the fact that someone + + align:start position:0% +you anyway and so the fact that someone + + + align:start position:0% +you anyway and so the fact that someone +sees your ad like in that case it's + + align:start position:0% +sees your ad like in that case it's + + + align:start position:0% +sees your ad like in that case it's +obvious or clicks on your ad that tells + + align:start position:0% +obvious or clicks on your ad that tells + + + align:start position:0% +obvious or clicks on your ad that tells +you an awful lot about the person's + + align:start position:0% +you an awful lot about the person's + + + align:start position:0% +you an awful lot about the person's +intent you can't view that ad as as + + align:start position:0% +intent you can't view that ad as as + + + align:start position:0% +intent you can't view that ad as as +exogenous here you know they're arguing + + align:start position:0% +exogenous here you know they're arguing + + + align:start position:0% +exogenous here you know they're arguing +that this is + + align:start position:0% +that this is + + + align:start position:0% +that this is +true you know even in an environment + + align:start position:0% +true you know even in an environment + + + align:start position:0% +true you know even in an environment +like their experiment + + align:start position:0% +like their experiment + + + align:start position:0% +like their experiment +where you know whether someone sees the + + align:start position:0% +where you know whether someone sees the + + + align:start position:0% +where you know whether someone sees the +ad for Macy's is different is determined + + align:start position:0% +ad for Macy's is different is determined + + + align:start position:0% +ad for Macy's is different is determined +by whether they're on the internet to + + align:start position:0% +by whether they're on the internet to + + + align:start position:0% +by whether they're on the internet to +begin with whether by their browsing + + align:start position:0% +begin with whether by their browsing + + + align:start position:0% +begin with whether by their browsing +Behavior if you had just done a naive + + align:start position:0% +Behavior if you had just done a naive + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior if you had just done a naive +estimate of you know someone like you + + align:start position:0% +estimate of you know someone like you + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of you know someone like you +think think about it like you do an + + align:start position:0% +think think about it like you do an + + + align:start position:0% +think think about it like you do an +estimate even if you don't have this + + align:start position:0% +estimate even if you don't have this + + + align:start position:0% +estimate even if you don't have this +data set you do an estimate of like not + + align:start position:0% +data set you do an estimate of like not + + + align:start position:0% +data set you do an estimate of like not +the Herz example just when someone sees + + align:start position:0% +the Herz example just when someone sees + + + align:start position:0% +the Herz example just when someone sees +an ad for Herz cars do are they more + + align:start position:0% +an ad for Herz cars do are they more + + + align:start position:0% +an ad for Herz cars do are they more +likely to rent a Herz car than not yes + + align:start position:0% +likely to rent a Herz car than not yes + + + align:start position:0% +likely to rent a Herz car than not yes +they're more likely to rent a Herz car + + align:start position:0% +they're more likely to rent a Herz car + + + align:start position:0% +they're more likely to rent a Herz car +when they see a Herz rectangle ad just + + align:start position:0% +when they see a Herz rectangle ad just + + + align:start position:0% +when they see a Herz rectangle ad just +pop up on their screen because they're + + align:start position:0% +pop up on their screen because they're + + + align:start position:0% +pop up on their screen because they're +on the internet and if they're out + + align:start position:0% +on the internet and if they're out + + + align:start position:0% +on the internet and if they're out +hiking with their friends or if they're + + align:start position:0% +hiking with their friends or if they're + + + align:start position:0% +hiking with their friends or if they're +in a movie theater or they're in a bar + + align:start position:0% +in a movie theater or they're in a bar + + + align:start position:0% +in a movie theater or they're in a bar +they're never going to buy rent the Herz + + align:start position:0% +they're never going to buy rent the Herz + + + align:start position:0% +they're never going to buy rent the Herz +car because they don't they're not on + + align:start position:0% +car because they don't they're not on + + + align:start position:0% +car because they don't they're not on +their computer or on their on their + + align:start position:0% +their computer or on their on their + + + align:start position:0% +their computer or on their on their +phone and so you know browsing isn't + + align:start position:0% +phone and so you know browsing isn't + + + align:start position:0% +phone and so you know browsing isn't +random and you know you can't think of + + align:start position:0% +random and you know you can't think of + + + align:start position:0% +random and you know you can't think of +like I put individual fixed effects and + + align:start position:0% +like I put individual fixed effects and + + + align:start position:0% +like I put individual fixed effects and +that solves all the problem people are + + align:start position:0% +that solves all the problem people are + + + align:start position:0% +that solves all the problem people are +different people at different points in + + align:start position:0% +different people at different points in + + + align:start position:0% +different people at different points in +time and there's you who's the browsing + + align:start position:0% +time and there's you who's the browsing + + + align:start position:0% +time and there's you who's the browsing +the internet you and there's you who's + + align:start position:0% +the internet you and there's you who's + + + align:start position:0% +the internet you and there's you who's +doing something else you those are + + align:start position:0% +doing something else you those are + + + align:start position:0% +doing something else you those are +different people they have different + + align:start position:0% +different people they have different + + + align:start position:0% +different people they have different +preferences and different likelihoods to + + align:start position:0% +preferences and different likelihoods to + + + align:start position:0% +preferences and different likelihoods to +purchase and then there's also that + + align:start position:0% +purchase and then there's also that + + + align:start position:0% +purchase and then there's also that +these ad serving engines have all these + + align:start position:0% +these ad serving engines have all these + + + align:start position:0% +these ad serving engines have all these +ads available the untargeted ones the + + align:start position:0% +ads available the untargeted ones the + + + align:start position:0% +ads available the untargeted ones the +content ones the demographic ones the + + align:start position:0% +content ones the demographic ones the + + + align:start position:0% +content ones the demographic ones the +retargeting ones all those things can + + align:start position:0% +retargeting ones all those things can + + + align:start position:0% +retargeting ones all those things can +affect your ad View use so whether you + + align:start position:0% +affect your ad View use so whether you + + + align:start position:0% +affect your ad View use so whether you +see an ad or not depends on who you are + + align:start position:0% +see an ad or not depends on who you are + + + align:start position:0% +see an ad or not depends on who you are +and you're and it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +and you're and it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and you're and it's going to be +correlated with your likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +correlated with your likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with your likelihood of +buying something from Macy's because you + + align:start position:0% +buying something from Macy's because you + + + align:start position:0% +buying something from Macy's because you +know people who buy from Macy's just are + + align:start position:0% +know people who buy from Macy's just are + + + align:start position:0% +know people who buy from Macy's just are +different than other people usually this + + align:start position:0% +different than other people usually this + + + align:start position:0% +different than other people usually this +makes us overestimate ad Effectiveness + + align:start position:0% +makes us overestimate ad Effectiveness + + + align:start position:0% +makes us overestimate ad Effectiveness +here what's funny is that this is an + + align:start position:0% +here what's funny is that this is an + + + align:start position:0% +here what's funny is that this is an +example where this was a campaign where + + align:start position:0% +example where this was a campaign where + + + align:start position:0% +example where this was a campaign where +the opposite effect was true that effect + + align:start position:0% +the opposite effect was true that effect + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite effect was true that effect +would make you underestimate ad + + align:start position:0% +would make you underestimate ad + + + align:start position:0% +would make you underestimate ad +Effectiveness and so that's why I sort + + align:start position:0% +Effectiveness and so that's why I sort + + + align:start position:0% +Effectiveness and so that's why I sort +of use like Macy's or Bloomingdales as + + align:start position:0% +of use like Macy's or Bloomingdales as + + + align:start position:0% +of use like Macy's or Bloomingdales as +examples my model for what's going on + + align:start position:0% +examples my model for what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +examples my model for what's going on +here is you have a store that sells to + + align:start position:0% +here is you have a store that sells to + + + align:start position:0% +here is you have a store that sells to +people who are in their 60s or 70s who + + align:start position:0% +people who are in their 60s or 70s who + + + align:start position:0% +people who are in their 60s or 70s who +are not on the internet much and then if + + align:start position:0% +are not on the internet much and then if + + + align:start position:0% +are not on the internet much and then if +you learn that someone is on the + + align:start position:0% +you learn that someone is on the + + + align:start position:0% +you learn that someone is on the +internet for hours a day you learn that + + align:start position:0% +internet for hours a day you learn that + + + align:start position:0% +internet for hours a day you learn that +they're not the typical customer of + + align:start position:0% +they're not the typical customer of + + + align:start position:0% +they're not the typical customer of +they're not the high spending customers + + align:start position:0% +they're not the high spending customers + + + align:start position:0% +they're not the high spending customers +of that department store there are + + align:start position:0% +of that department store there are + + + align:start position:0% +of that department store there are +people who are younger people who may + + align:start position:0% +people who are younger people who may + + + align:start position:0% +people who are younger people who may +have one time bought something at Macy's + + align:start position:0% +have one time bought something at Macy's + + + align:start position:0% +have one time bought something at Macy's +but rarely shop at like large fancy + + align:start position:0% +but rarely shop at like large fancy + + + align:start position:0% +but rarely shop at like large fancy +Department Stores um so anyway the fact + + align:start position:0% +Department Stores um so anyway the fact + + + align:start position:0% +Department Stores um so anyway the fact +that you saw an a like seeing an ad in + + align:start position:0% +that you saw an a like seeing an ad in + + + align:start position:0% +that you saw an a like seeing an ad in +in the you know in the uh because they + + align:start position:0% +in the you know in the uh because they + + + align:start position:0% +in the you know in the uh because they +have sales in the pre period before the + + align:start position:0% +have sales in the pre period before the + + + align:start position:0% +have sales in the pre period before the +campaign started uh and so what they + + align:start position:0% +campaign started uh and so what they + + + align:start position:0% +campaign started uh and so what they +find is that the people who saw ads were + + align:start position:0% +find is that the people who saw ads were + + + align:start position:0% +find is that the people who saw ads were +buying Less in the pre period than the + + align:start position:0% +buying Less in the pre period than the + + + align:start position:0% +buying Less in the pre period than the +people who didn't see + + align:start position:0% +people who didn't see + + + align:start position:0% +people who didn't see +ads okay so here there's this negative + + align:start position:0% +ads okay so here there's this negative + + + align:start position:0% +ads okay so here there's this negative +correlation um so I guess the difference + + align:start position:0% +correlation um so I guess the difference + + + align:start position:0% +correlation um so I guess the difference +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +um you know $2 versus 181 and it's + + align:start position:0% +um you know $2 versus 181 and it's + + + align:start position:0% +um you know $2 versus 181 and it's +just the viewers of the ads are just the + + align:start position:0% +just the viewers of the ads are just the + + + align:start position:0% +just the viewers of the ads are just the +worse clientele than the non-viewers of + + align:start position:0% +worse clientele than the non-viewers of + + + align:start position:0% +worse clientele than the non-viewers of +the ads based on probably the + + align:start position:0% +the ads based on probably the + + + align:start position:0% +the ads based on probably the +demographics of of who are viewers and + + align:start position:0% +demographics of of who are viewers and + + + align:start position:0% +demographics of of who are viewers and +who are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-viewers and this is a retailer where + + align:start position:0% +non-viewers and this is a retailer where + + + align:start position:0% +non-viewers and this is a retailer where +I think it was uh 85% of the sales in + + align:start position:0% +I think it was uh 85% of the sales in + + + align:start position:0% +I think it was uh 85% of the sales in +this campaign were in in store rather + + align:start position:0% +this campaign were in in store rather + + + align:start position:0% +this campaign were in in store rather +than online so you know some people buy + + align:start position:0% +than online so you know some people buy + + + align:start position:0% +than online so you know some people buy +from macy's.com but probably most people + + align:start position:0% +from macy's.com but probably most people + + + align:start position:0% +from macy's.com but probably most people +store sales dominate their online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sales okay um as I said uh intent to + + align:start position:0% +sales okay um as I said uh intent to + + + align:start position:0% +sales okay um as I said uh intent to +treat estimates are inconclusive so you + + align:start position:0% +treat estimates are inconclusive so you + + + align:start position:0% +treat estimates are inconclusive so you +know you do have this sort of very + + align:start position:0% +know you do have this sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +know you do have this sort of very +classic high quality you know sort of IV + + align:start position:0% +classic high quality you know sort of IV + + + align:start position:0% +classic high quality you know sort of IV +thing where you just instrument for + + align:start position:0% +thing where you just instrument for + + + align:start position:0% +thing where you just instrument for +seeing an ad with uh being in the + + align:start position:0% +seeing an ad with uh being in the + + + align:start position:0% +seeing an ad with uh being in the +treatment group and then you sort of + + align:start position:0% +treatment group and then you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +treatment group and then you sort of +look at what are the how to the sales + + align:start position:0% +look at what are the how to the sales + + + align:start position:0% +look at what are the how to the sales +compare that gives you a valid estimate + + align:start position:0% +compare that gives you a valid estimate + + + align:start position:0% +compare that gives you a valid estimate +that's not contaminated by any of these + + align:start position:0% +that's not contaminated by any of these + + + align:start position:0% +that's not contaminated by any of these +things uh and what you find that in the + + align:start position:0% +things uh and what you find that in the + + + align:start position:0% +things uh and what you find that in the +treatment group um in the treatment + + align:start position:0% +treatment group um in the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +treatment group um in the treatment +group uh sales are uh during the + + align:start position:0% +group uh sales are uh during the + + + align:start position:0% +group uh sales are uh during the +treatment period sales are 189 in the + + align:start position:0% +treatment period sales are 189 in the + + + align:start position:0% +treatment period sales are 189 in the +treatment group uh 184 in the control + + align:start position:0% +treatment group uh 184 in the control + + + align:start position:0% +treatment group uh 184 in the control +group so the difference is 5.3 cents + + align:start position:0% +group so the difference is 5.3 cents + + + align:start position:0% +group so the difference is 5.3 cents +standard error of 3.8 cents uh in terms + + align:start position:0% +standard error of 3.8 cents uh in terms + + + align:start position:0% +standard error of 3.8 cents uh in terms +of the estimating Roi of this campaign + + align:start position:0% +of the estimating Roi of this campaign + + + align:start position:0% +of the estimating Roi of this campaign +there's estimating that this campaign + + align:start position:0% +there's estimating that this campaign + + + align:start position:0% +there's estimating that this campaign +has a return on investment of 40% so + + align:start position:0% +has a return on investment of 40% so + + + align:start position:0% +has a return on investment of 40% so +that Macy should be very happy to run + + align:start position:0% +that Macy should be very happy to run + + + align:start position:0% +that Macy should be very happy to run +this campaign however it's it's got a + + align:start position:0% +this campaign however it's it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +this campaign however it's it's got a +return of 40% plus or minus 100% so we + + align:start position:0% +return of 40% plus or minus 100% so we + + + align:start position:0% +return of 40% plus or minus 100% so we +get this very very noisy estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +get this very very noisy estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +get this very very noisy estimate of the +return to campaign suggesting that this + + align:start position:0% +return to campaign suggesting that this + + + align:start position:0% +return to campaign suggesting that this +campaign is effective but we really + + align:start position:0% +campaign is effective but we really + + + align:start position:0% +campaign is effective but we really +don't know um they then also do a + + align:start position:0% +don't know um they then also do a + + + align:start position:0% +don't know um they then also do a +differences and differences equation + + align:start position:0% +differences and differences equation + + + align:start position:0% +differences and differences equation +taking into account that the pre-period + + align:start position:0% +taking into account that the pre-period + + + align:start position:0% +taking into account that the pre-period +treatment control group purchases were + + align:start position:0% +treatment control group purchases were + + + align:start position:0% +treatment control group purchases were +not exactly identical you know it was + + align:start position:0% +not exactly identical you know it was + + + align:start position:0% +not exactly identical you know it was +Rand you randomizing one 1.5 million + + align:start position:0% +Rand you randomizing one 1.5 million + + + align:start position:0% +Rand you randomizing one 1.5 million +people but you know when you randomize + + align:start position:0% +people but you know when you randomize + + + align:start position:0% +people but you know when you randomize +1.5 million people they're not always + + align:start position:0% +1.5 million people they're not always + + + align:start position:0% +1.5 million people they're not always +exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same +representative uh and and you know they + + align:start position:0% +representative uh and and you know they + + + align:start position:0% +representative uh and and you know they +didn't randomize based on pre-period + + align:start position:0% +didn't randomize based on pre-period + + + align:start position:0% +didn't randomize based on pre-period +purch purchases because they didn't have + + align:start position:0% +purch purchases because they didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +purch purchases because they didn't have +the data on pre purchase at the time + + align:start position:0% +the data on pre purchase at the time + + + align:start position:0% +the data on pre purchase at the time +they were doing the + + align:start position:0% +they were doing the + + + align:start position:0% +they were doing the +randomization uh so anyway they + + align:start position:0% +randomization uh so anyway they + + + align:start position:0% +randomization uh so anyway they +differences and differences account + + align:start position:0% +differences and differences account + + + align:start position:0% +differences and differences account +estimates that it's sort of 8.3 cents + + align:start position:0% +estimates that it's sort of 8.3 cents + + + align:start position:0% +estimates that it's sort of 8.3 cents +plus or minus 5.9 so even bigger return + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus 5.9 so even bigger return + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus 5.9 so even bigger return +on investment even + + align:start position:0% +on investment even + + + align:start position:0% +on investment even +noisier um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +estimate + + align:start position:0% +estimate + + + align:start position:0% +estimate +um difference and difference estimates + + align:start position:0% +um difference and difference estimates + + + align:start position:0% +um difference and difference estimates +also suggest there may be longr run + + align:start position:0% +also suggest there may be longr run + + + align:start position:0% +also suggest there may be longr run +benefits after the campaign ends the + + align:start position:0% +benefits after the campaign ends the + + + align:start position:0% +benefits after the campaign ends the +point estimates are you're making right + + align:start position:0% +point estimates are you're making right + + + align:start position:0% +point estimates are you're making right +5 point something cents during 5 point + + align:start position:0% +5 point something cents during 5 point + + + align:start position:0% +5 point something cents during 5 point +something cents during the treatment + + align:start position:0% +something cents during the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +something cents during the treatment +period uh you're making another six + + align:start position:0% +period uh you're making another six + + + align:start position:0% +period uh you're making another six +cents in the week after and then seven + + align:start position:0% +cents in the week after and then seven + + + align:start position:0% +cents in the week after and then seven +cents total for the three weeks after uh + + align:start position:0% +cents total for the three weeks after uh + + + align:start position:0% +cents total for the three weeks after uh +you can certainly imagine that if this + + align:start position:0% +you can certainly imagine that if this + + + align:start position:0% +you can certainly imagine that if this +is you're showing ads for a department + + align:start position:0% +is you're showing ads for a department + + + align:start position:0% +is you're showing ads for a department +store some people see the ads for the + + align:start position:0% +store some people see the ads for the + + + align:start position:0% +store some people see the ads for the +department store they decide that makes + + align:start position:0% +department store they decide that makes + + + align:start position:0% +department store they decide that makes +them think about going to the department + + align:start position:0% +them think about going to the department + + + align:start position:0% +them think about going to the department +store and then they go the week after + + align:start position:0% +store and then they go the week after + + + align:start position:0% +store and then they go the week after +they've seen the ad online or they've + + align:start position:0% +they've seen the ad online or they've + + + align:start position:0% +they've seen the ad online or they've +seen you know 30 ads online uh or + + align:start position:0% +seen you know 30 ads online uh or + + + align:start position:0% +seen you know 30 ads online uh or +something like that um you the paper + + align:start position:0% +something like that um you the paper + + + align:start position:0% +something like that um you the paper +sort of refer to the sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of refer to the sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of refer to the sort of you know +difference and difference estimates as + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference estimates as + + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference estimates as +their preferred + + align:start position:0% +their preferred + + + align:start position:0% +their preferred +estimates I mean my view is I think the + + align:start position:0% +estimates I mean my view is I think the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates I mean my view is I think the +differences in different estimates are + + align:start position:0% +differences in different estimates are + + + align:start position:0% +differences in different estimates are +somewhat problematic again if you sort + + align:start position:0% +somewhat problematic again if you sort + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat problematic again if you sort +of take this view that people are + + align:start position:0% +of take this view that people are + + + align:start position:0% +of take this view that people are +different people on different + + align:start position:0% +different people on different + + + align:start position:0% +different people on different +days do we really want to trust putting + + align:start position:0% +days do we really want to trust putting + + + align:start position:0% +days do we really want to trust putting +in indivual fixed effects because maybe + + align:start position:0% +in indivual fixed effects because maybe + + + align:start position:0% +in indivual fixed effects because maybe +the maybe the reason that + + align:start position:0% +the maybe the reason that + + + align:start position:0% +the maybe the reason that +people you know spent less in the pre + + align:start position:0% +people you know spent less in the pre + + + align:start position:0% +people you know spent less in the pre +period in one group than the other was + + align:start position:0% +period in one group than the other was + + + align:start position:0% +period in one group than the other was +because during the pre period they were + + align:start position:0% +because during the pre period they were + + + align:start position:0% +because during the pre period they were +doing things other than shopping and + + align:start position:0% +doing things other than shopping and + + + align:start position:0% +doing things other than shopping and +postponing their shopping and then + + align:start position:0% +postponing their shopping and then + + + align:start position:0% +postponing their shopping and then +during the next period they may be doing + + align:start position:0% +during the next period they may be doing + + + align:start position:0% +during the next period they may be doing +like you know there must be something + + align:start position:0% +like you know there must be something + + + align:start position:0% +like you know there must be something +different about them and like the fact + + align:start position:0% +different about them and like the fact + + + align:start position:0% +different about them and like the fact +that they were doing less shopping in + + align:start position:0% +that they were doing less shopping in + + + align:start position:0% +that they were doing less shopping in +one doesn't mean that they're be doing + + align:start position:0% +one doesn't mean that they're be doing + + + align:start position:0% +one doesn't mean that they're be doing +less shopping in another or they're + + align:start position:0% +less shopping in another or they're + + + align:start position:0% +less shopping in another or they're +spending more time online one versus the + + align:start position:0% +spending more time online one versus the + + + align:start position:0% +spending more time online one versus the +other I sort of find that you know in + + align:start position:0% +other I sort of find that you know in + + + align:start position:0% +other I sort of find that you know in +some sense the paper is very skeptical + + align:start position:0% +some sense the paper is very skeptical + + + align:start position:0% +some sense the paper is very skeptical +that individual fixed effects are a way + + align:start position:0% +that individual fixed effects are a way + + + align:start position:0% +that individual fixed effects are a way +to control for things like + + align:start position:0% +to control for things like + + + align:start position:0% +to control for things like +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay any questions on that and you + + align:start position:0% +um okay any questions on that and you + + + align:start position:0% +um okay any questions on that and you +know say if you are there other AD + + align:start position:0% +know say if you are there other AD + + + align:start position:0% +know say if you are there other AD +Effectiveness studies that give more + + align:start position:0% +Effectiveness studies that give more + + + align:start position:0% +Effectiveness studies that give more +significant estimates you know yes there + + align:start position:0% +significant estimates you know yes there + + + align:start position:0% +significant estimates you know yes there +are you know one thing + + align:start position:0% +are you know one thing + + + align:start position:0% +are you know one thing +that's difficult here is this this you + + align:start position:0% +that's difficult here is this this you + + + align:start position:0% +that's difficult here is this this you +know you get that factor of 10 that the + + align:start position:0% +know you get that factor of 10 that the + + + align:start position:0% +know you get that factor of 10 that the +mean is $19 and the standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +mean is $19 and the standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +mean is $19 and the standard deviation +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +$19 if you're doing a 01 treatment where + + align:start position:0% +$19 if you're doing a 01 treatment where + + + align:start position:0% +$19 if you're doing a 01 treatment where +you're trying to get people to sign up + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get people to sign up + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get people to sign up +to buy cell phone service you show them + + align:start position:0% +to buy cell phone service you show them + + + align:start position:0% +to buy cell phone service you show them +an ad they can click on it and buy the + + align:start position:0% +an ad they can click on it and buy the + + + align:start position:0% +an ad they can click on it and buy the +cell phone service right there at least + + align:start position:0% +cell phone service right there at least + + + align:start position:0% +cell phone service right there at least +that's one thing that you've you've + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing that you've you've + + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing that you've you've +eliminated at least that one source of + + align:start position:0% +eliminated at least that one source of + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated at least that one source of +the standard deviation being 10 times + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation being 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation being 10 times +the mean um and so uh you know you can + + align:start position:0% +the mean um and so uh you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +the mean um and so uh you know you can +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +least some part of it you can over you + + align:start position:0% +least some part of it you can over you + + + align:start position:0% +least some part of it you can over you +know some part of it you can overcome + + align:start position:0% +know some part of it you can overcome + + + align:start position:0% +know some part of it you can overcome +when you have the sort of low variance + + align:start position:0% +when you have the sort of low variance + + + align:start position:0% +when you have the sort of low variance +um in the individual level data rather + + align:start position:0% +um in the individual level data rather + + + align:start position:0% +um in the individual level data rather +than the high variance in that + + align:start position:0% +than the high variance in that + + + align:start position:0% +than the high variance in that +individual level purchase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data yeah obviously you can also + + align:start position:0% +data yeah obviously you can also + + + align:start position:0% +data yeah obviously you can also +estimate Roi better if the campaign is + + align:start position:0% +estimate Roi better if the campaign is + + + align:start position:0% +estimate Roi better if the campaign is +more expensive um if you have someone + + align:start position:0% +more expensive um if you have someone + + + align:start position:0% +more expensive um if you have someone +who's basically spending all of the you + + align:start position:0% +who's basically spending all of the you + + + align:start position:0% +who's basically spending all of the you +you know like the you know this + + align:start position:0% +you know like the you know this + + + align:start position:0% +you know like the you know this +advertising campaign is scaled to be a + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign is scaled to be a + + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign is scaled to be a +small fraction of the revenue of this + + align:start position:0% +small fraction of the revenue of this + + + align:start position:0% +small fraction of the revenue of this +store if you have a campaign that's a + + align:start position:0% +store if you have a campaign that's a + + + align:start position:0% +store if you have a campaign that's a +large fraction of the revenue of some + + align:start position:0% +large fraction of the revenue of some + + + align:start position:0% +large fraction of the revenue of some +online business that again makes it + + align:start position:0% +online business that again makes it + + + align:start position:0% +online business that again makes it +easier to estimate the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +return + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay um so question I go on to I + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um so question I go on to I + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um so question I go on to I +going to do another um another + + align:start position:0% +going to do another um another + + + align:start position:0% +going to do another um another +difference in difference paper u i I + + align:start position:0% +difference in difference paper u i I + + + align:start position:0% +difference in difference paper u i I +wanted + + align:start position:0% +wanted + + + align:start position:0% +wanted +to include tobias's paper uh both + + align:start position:0% +to include tobias's paper uh both + + + align:start position:0% +to include tobias's paper uh both +because it's great been great to have + + align:start position:0% +because it's great been great to have + + + align:start position:0% +because it's great been great to have +him in the course and because I think + + align:start position:0% +him in the course and because I think + + + align:start position:0% +him in the course and because I think +it's a really nice paper um so uh and I + + align:start position:0% +it's a really nice paper um so uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +it's a really nice paper um so uh and I +think actually this is a you know a + + align:start position:0% +think actually this is a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +think actually this is a you know a +evidence on what I think of is a very + + align:start position:0% +evidence on what I think of is a very + + + align:start position:0% +evidence on what I think of is a very +very timely and important question in + + align:start position:0% +very timely and important question in + + + align:start position:0% +very timely and important question in +online advertising um you know in in + + align:start position:0% +online advertising um you know in in + + + align:start position:0% +online advertising um you know in in +online advertis in targeting is just + + align:start position:0% +online advertis in targeting is just + + + align:start position:0% +online advertis in targeting is just +playing a tremendous role now you know + + align:start position:0% +playing a tremendous role now you know + + + align:start position:0% +playing a tremendous role now you know +most ads that you see on the internet + + align:start position:0% +most ads that you see on the internet + + + align:start position:0% +most ads that you see on the internet +are targeted somehow to you um targeted + + align:start position:0% +are targeted somehow to you um targeted + + + align:start position:0% +are targeted somehow to you um targeted +ads sell for much higher rates than + + align:start position:0% +ads sell for much higher rates than + + + align:start position:0% +ads sell for much higher rates than +untargeted ads um you know it can be + + align:start position:0% +untargeted ads um you know it can be + + + align:start position:0% +untargeted ads um you know it can be +a you know order of magnitude or two + + align:start position:0% +a you know order of magnitude or two + + + align:start position:0% +a you know order of magnitude or two +orders of magnitude difference in prices + + align:start position:0% +orders of magnitude difference in prices + + + align:start position:0% +orders of magnitude difference in prices +you know just if you have just + + align:start position:0% +you know just if you have just + + + align:start position:0% +you know just if you have just +a random web page you know no and + + align:start position:0% +a random web page you know no and + + + align:start position:0% +a random web page you know no and +someone's using privacy blocking + + align:start position:0% +someone's using privacy blocking + + + align:start position:0% +someone's using privacy blocking +software you know nothing about them + + align:start position:0% +software you know nothing about them + + + align:start position:0% +software you know nothing about them +you're just trying to show them a + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to show them a + + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to show them a +display ad for Coca-Cola or whatever + + align:start position:0% +display ad for Coca-Cola or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +display ad for Coca-Cola or whatever +those ads cost very very little um Those + + align:start position:0% +those ads cost very very little um Those + + + align:start position:0% +those ads cost very very little um Those +ads following you around of the things + + align:start position:0% +ads following you around of the things + + + align:start position:0% +ads following you around of the things +that are in your shopping cart somewhere + + align:start position:0% +that are in your shopping cart somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +that are in your shopping cart somewhere +Those ads just cost you know two orders + + align:start position:0% +Those ads just cost you know two orders + + + align:start position:0% +Those ads just cost you know two orders +of magnitude more than the ad that's + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude more than the ad that's + + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude more than the ad that's +just a random Banner ad that displayed + + align:start position:0% +just a random Banner ad that displayed + + + align:start position:0% +just a random Banner ad that displayed +to any anyone on the every single person + + align:start position:0% +to any anyone on the every single person + + + align:start position:0% +to any anyone on the every single person +on the internet + + align:start position:0% +on the internet + + + align:start position:0% +on the internet +um you know there's been + + align:start position:0% +um you know there's been + + + align:start position:0% +um you know there's been +increasing interest in privacy I think + + align:start position:0% +increasing interest in privacy I think + + + align:start position:0% +increasing interest in privacy I think +driven by two things you know one is + + align:start position:0% +driven by two things you know one is + + + align:start position:0% +driven by two things you know one is +there's a set of consumers who we know + + align:start position:0% +there's a set of consumers who we know + + + align:start position:0% +there's a set of consumers who we know +care very much about privacy uh or at + + align:start position:0% +care very much about privacy uh or at + + + align:start position:0% +care very much about privacy uh or at +least say they care very very much about + + align:start position:0% +least say they care very very much about + + + align:start position:0% +least say they care very very much about +privacy it's always one of these puzzles + + align:start position:0% +privacy it's always one of these puzzles + + + align:start position:0% +privacy it's always one of these puzzles +that people say they care a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +that people say they care a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +that people say they care a tremendous +amount about privacy but then they do + + align:start position:0% +amount about privacy but then they do + + + align:start position:0% +amount about privacy but then they do +things to give away their privacy for + + align:start position:0% +things to give away their privacy for + + + align:start position:0% +things to give away their privacy for +almost nothing um you know so like you + + align:start position:0% +almost nothing um you know so like you + + + align:start position:0% +almost nothing um you know so like you +know there many you you probably know + + align:start position:0% +know there many you you probably know + + + align:start position:0% +know there many you you probably know +like on your phone there are many apps + + align:start position:0% +like on your phone there are many apps + + + align:start position:0% +like on your phone there are many apps +that track you and like will report back + + align:start position:0% +that track you and like will report back + + + align:start position:0% +that track you and like will report back +to the Mothership everything about you + + align:start position:0% +to the Mothership everything about you + + + align:start position:0% +to the Mothership everything about you +like you know you have a you install you + + align:start position:0% +like you know you have a you install you + + + align:start position:0% +like you know you have a you install you +know you have a weather app on your + + align:start position:0% +know you have a weather app on your + + + align:start position:0% +know you have a weather app on your +phone that you look at once every month + + align:start position:0% +phone that you look at once every month + + + align:start position:0% +phone that you look at once every month +to look at the weather + + align:start position:0% +to look at the weather + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the weather +and that weather thing is actually + + align:start position:0% +and that weather thing is actually + + + align:start position:0% +and that weather thing is actually +reporting your location back to the uh + + align:start position:0% +reporting your location back to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +reporting your location back to the uh +owner of the weather app every half hour + + align:start position:0% +owner of the weather app every half hour + + + align:start position:0% +owner of the weather app every half hour +when your phone is active and sending + + align:start position:0% +when your phone is active and sending + + + align:start position:0% +when your phone is active and sending +that information to all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that information to all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that information to all kinds of +advertisers who are targeting you based + + align:start position:0% +advertisers who are targeting you based + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers who are targeting you based +on knowing where you are and you gave up + + align:start position:0% +on knowing where you are and you gave up + + + align:start position:0% +on knowing where you are and you gave up +all that privacy just to install some + + align:start position:0% +all that privacy just to install some + + + align:start position:0% +all that privacy just to install some +app and then not bother to figure out in + + align:start position:0% +app and then not bother to figure out in + + + align:start position:0% +app and then not bother to figure out in +its privacy settings whether it's + + align:start position:0% +its privacy settings whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +its privacy settings whether it's +allowed to send your location to people + + align:start position:0% +allowed to send your location to people + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to send your location to people +or not when you're not using it um you + + align:start position:0% +or not when you're not using it um you + + + align:start position:0% +or not when you're not using it um you +know people are often also you know sort + + align:start position:0% +know people are often also you know sort + + + align:start position:0% +know people are often also you know sort +of you'll get some click on on here for + + align:start position:0% +of you'll get some click on on here for + + + align:start position:0% +of you'll get some click on on here for +enhanced displays or something like that + + align:start position:0% +enhanced displays or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced displays or something like that +and and you get better better service + + align:start position:0% +and and you get better better service + + + align:start position:0% +and and you get better better service +you know so but anyway people say they + + align:start position:0% +you know so but anyway people say they + + + align:start position:0% +you know so but anyway people say they +don't want to be tracked on the internet + + align:start position:0% +don't want to be tracked on the internet + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to be tracked on the internet +and then also it there's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +and then also it there's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +and then also it there's sort of a +battle between different internet firms + + align:start position:0% +battle between different internet firms + + + align:start position:0% +battle between different internet firms +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +um you know Apple in particular probably + + align:start position:0% +um you know Apple in particular probably + + + align:start position:0% +um you know Apple in particular probably +prefers for Google to make less money + + align:start position:0% +prefers for Google to make less money + + + align:start position:0% +prefers for Google to make less money +rather than more and apple prefers for + + align:start position:0% +rather than more and apple prefers for + + + align:start position:0% +rather than more and apple prefers for +Facebook to make less money rather than + + align:start position:0% +Facebook to make less money rather than + + + align:start position:0% +Facebook to make less money rather than +more Apple would like apple to make all + + align:start position:0% +more Apple would like apple to make all + + + align:start position:0% +more Apple would like apple to make all +the money um Apple knows that you know + + align:start position:0% +the money um Apple knows that you know + + + align:start position:0% +the money um Apple knows that you know +these other firms that may like Google + + align:start position:0% +these other firms that may like Google + + + align:start position:0% +these other firms that may like Google +may be able to sell Android phones + + align:start position:0% +may be able to sell Android phones + + + align:start position:0% +may be able to sell Android phones +really cheap because Google makes all + + align:start position:0% +really cheap because Google makes all + + + align:start position:0% +really cheap because Google makes all +the advertising Revenue if Apple can get + + align:start position:0% +the advertising Revenue if Apple can get + + + align:start position:0% +the advertising Revenue if Apple can get +Google to make less advertising Revenue + + align:start position:0% +Google to make less advertising Revenue + + + align:start position:0% +Google to make less advertising Revenue +app Google may be less able to compete + + align:start position:0% +app Google may be less able to compete + + + align:start position:0% +app Google may be less able to compete +with apple in the phone space um so + + align:start position:0% +with apple in the phone space um so + + + align:start position:0% +with apple in the phone space um so +Apple's been a big proponent maybe maybe + + align:start position:0% +Apple's been a big proponent maybe maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Apple's been a big proponent maybe maybe +for the goodness of their heart they've + + align:start position:0% +for the goodness of their heart they've + + + align:start position:0% +for the goodness of their heart they've +been a big proponent of online privacy + + align:start position:0% +been a big proponent of online privacy + + + align:start position:0% +been a big proponent of online privacy +and of settings in the iPhone that make + + align:start position:0% +and of settings in the iPhone that make + + + align:start position:0% +and of settings in the iPhone that make +it harder for firms to track you using + + align:start position:0% +it harder for firms to track you using + + + align:start position:0% +it harder for firms to track you using +data that's on your iPhone um so there's + + align:start position:0% +data that's on your iPhone um so there's + + + align:start position:0% +data that's on your iPhone um so there's +both the sort of Apple trying to be the + + align:start position:0% +both the sort of Apple trying to be the + + + align:start position:0% +both the sort of Apple trying to be the +protector of privacy and governments + + align:start position:0% +protector of privacy and governments + + + align:start position:0% +protector of privacy and governments +especially in Europe trying to be the + + align:start position:0% +especially in Europe trying to be the + + + align:start position:0% +especially in Europe trying to be the +protector of people's privacy and make + + align:start position:0% +protector of people's privacy and make + + + align:start position:0% +protector of people's privacy and make +it harder to track people uh and and you + + align:start position:0% +it harder to track people uh and and you + + + align:start position:0% +it harder to track people uh and and you +know it's a big question of what is + + align:start position:0% +know it's a big question of what is + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a big question of what is +going to happen as it if it does get + + align:start position:0% +going to happen as it if it does get + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen as it if it does get +harder and harder for to track consumers + + align:start position:0% +harder and harder for to track consumers + + + align:start position:0% +harder and harder for to track consumers +on the internet um one is you could have + + align:start position:0% +on the internet um one is you could have + + + align:start position:0% +on the internet um one is you could have +a real Decline and AD supported content + + align:start position:0% +a real Decline and AD supported content + + + align:start position:0% +a real Decline and AD supported content +it may be that you know websites you + + align:start position:0% +it may be that you know websites you + + + align:start position:0% +it may be that you know websites you +know obviously the New York Times does + + align:start position:0% +know obviously the New York Times does + + + align:start position:0% +know obviously the New York Times does +have a pay wall but it could be that + + align:start position:0% +have a pay wall but it could be that + + + align:start position:0% +have a pay wall but it could be that +many online newspapers that regard + + align:start position:0% +many online newspapers that regard + + + align:start position:0% +many online newspapers that regard +largely on Advertising if they can't + + align:start position:0% +largely on Advertising if they can't + + + align:start position:0% +largely on Advertising if they can't +track the consumers and their + + align:start position:0% +track the consumers and their + + + align:start position:0% +track the consumers and their +advertisements instead of being able to + + align:start position:0% +advertisements instead of being able to + + + align:start position:0% +advertisements instead of being able to +show you the shoes that you put in your + + align:start position:0% +show you the shoes that you put in your + + + align:start position:0% +show you the shoes that you put in your +shopping cart all they can do is show + + align:start position:0% +shopping cart all they can do is show + + + align:start position:0% +shopping cart all they can do is show +you an ad for Coca-Cola it may be they + + align:start position:0% +you an ad for Coca-Cola it may be they + + + align:start position:0% +you an ad for Coca-Cola it may be they +don't make enough money to continue to + + align:start position:0% +don't make enough money to continue to + + + align:start position:0% +don't make enough money to continue to +survive and we may have a big decline in + + align:start position:0% +survive and we may have a big decline in + + + align:start position:0% +survive and we may have a big decline in +ad supported content relative to non-ad + + align:start position:0% +ad supported content relative to non-ad + + + align:start position:0% +ad supported content relative to non-ad +supported content um there could be + + align:start position:0% +supported content um there could be + + + align:start position:0% +supported content um there could be +twisting of what's available on the + + align:start position:0% +twisting of what's available on the + + + align:start position:0% +twisting of what's available on the +internet you know like you don't need if + + align:start position:0% +internet you know like you don't need if + + + align:start position:0% +internet you know like you don't need if +you know like exact like if if if you + + align:start position:0% +you know like exact like if if if you + + + align:start position:0% +you know like exact like if if if you +know that someone is reading a you know + + align:start position:0% +know that someone is reading a you know + + + align:start position:0% +know that someone is reading a you know +um uh vintage sneaker website will you + + align:start position:0% +um uh vintage sneaker website will you + + + align:start position:0% +um uh vintage sneaker website will you +know what to advertise them if they + + align:start position:0% +know what to advertise them if they + + + align:start position:0% +know what to advertise them if they +browsing a vintage sneaker website + + align:start position:0% +browsing a vintage sneaker website + + + align:start position:0% +browsing a vintage sneaker website +whereas if they're just browsing a new a + + align:start position:0% +whereas if they're just browsing a new a + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if they're just browsing a new a +newspage or boston.com you have no idea + + align:start position:0% +newspage or boston.com you have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +newspage or boston.com you have no idea +what to advertise to them so it could be + + align:start position:0% +what to advertise to them so it could be + + + align:start position:0% +what to advertise to them so it could be +that you know we get this twisting of + + align:start position:0% +that you know we get this twisting of + + + align:start position:0% +that you know we get this twisting of +content away from places that need + + align:start position:0% +content away from places that need + + + align:start position:0% +content away from places that need +targeting ad based on exogenous + + align:start position:0% +targeting ad based on exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +targeting ad based on exogenous +information the ones who can Target + + align:start position:0% +information the ones who can Target + + + align:start position:0% +information the ones who can Target +based on the content of their page um + + align:start position:0% +based on the content of their page um + + + align:start position:0% +based on the content of their page um +you could also sort of imagine this is + + align:start position:0% +you could also sort of imagine this is + + + align:start position:0% +you could also sort of imagine this is +going to increase the power of large + + align:start position:0% +going to increase the power of large + + + align:start position:0% +going to increase the power of large +versus small firms because people are + + align:start position:0% +versus small firms because people are + + + align:start position:0% +versus small firms because people are +often logged into Facebook or logged + + align:start position:0% +often logged into Facebook or logged + + + align:start position:0% +often logged into Facebook or logged +into Google all the time therefore + + align:start position:0% +into Google all the time therefore + + + align:start position:0% +into Google all the time therefore +Google can advertise to you in a + + align:start position:0% +Google can advertise to you in a + + + align:start position:0% +Google can advertise to you in a +targeted way even if you're turning off + + align:start position:0% +targeted way even if you're turning off + + + align:start position:0% +targeted way even if you're turning off +your cookies for many other things + + align:start position:0% +your cookies for many other things + + + align:start position:0% +your cookies for many other things +because you're still logged into Google + + align:start position:0% +because you're still logged into Google + + + align:start position:0% +because you're still logged into Google +and so it could be that blocking other + + align:start position:0% +and so it could be that blocking other + + + align:start position:0% +and so it could be that blocking other +people from tracking sort of then just + + align:start position:0% +people from tracking sort of then just + + + align:start position:0% +people from tracking sort of then just +makes Google and Facebook all the more + + align:start position:0% +makes Google and Facebook all the more + + + align:start position:0% +makes Google and Facebook all the more +dominant because they're the ones that + + align:start position:0% +dominant because they're the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +dominant because they're the ones that +you're always logged into and they can + + align:start position:0% +you're always logged into and they can + + + align:start position:0% +you're always logged into and they can +Target you when others can't um anyway + + align:start position:0% +Target you when others can't um anyway + + + align:start position:0% +Target you when others can't um anyway +so most important regulation on this + + align:start position:0% +so most important regulation on this + + + align:start position:0% +so most important regulation on this +thing is um eu's uh General data + + align:start position:0% +thing is um eu's uh General data + + + align:start position:0% +thing is um eu's uh General data +protection regulation gdpr it was + + align:start position:0% +protection regulation gdpr it was + + + align:start position:0% +protection regulation gdpr it was +adopted in April 2016 it went into + + align:start position:0% +adopted in April 2016 it went into + + + align:start position:0% +adopted in April 2016 it went into +effect May 2018 and and gdpr says that + + align:start position:0% +effect May 2018 and and gdpr says that + + + align:start position:0% +effect May 2018 and and gdpr says that +you know websites cannot track European + + align:start position:0% +you know websites cannot track European + + + align:start position:0% +you know websites cannot track European +consumers without explicit opt-in + + align:start position:0% +consumers without explicit opt-in + + + align:start position:0% +consumers without explicit opt-in +consent um so I guess we don't have many + + align:start position:0% +consent um so I guess we don't have many + + + align:start position:0% +consent um so I guess we don't have many +Europeans here so you know like I If + + align:start position:0% +Europeans here so you know like I If + + + align:start position:0% +Europeans here so you know like I If +you've you know I mean for me I know it + + align:start position:0% +you've you know I mean for me I know it + + + align:start position:0% +you've you know I mean for me I know it +was a shock going to Europe in 2018 and + + align:start position:0% +was a shock going to Europe in 2018 and + + + align:start position:0% +was a shock going to Europe in 2018 and +just every single website you went to + + align:start position:0% +just every single website you went to + + + align:start position:0% +just every single website you went to +and like you know when you a slow home + + align:start position:0% +and like you know when you a slow home + + + align:start position:0% +and like you know when you a slow home +internet connection which I did every + + align:start position:0% +internet connection which I did every + + + align:start position:0% +internet connection which I did every +website you come you're just trying to + + align:start position:0% +website you come you're just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +website you come you're just trying to +look at a website and immediately pops + + align:start position:0% +look at a website and immediately pops + + + align:start position:0% +look at a website and immediately pops +up this sort of informed consent thing + + align:start position:0% +up this sort of informed consent thing + + + align:start position:0% +up this sort of informed consent thing +where you have to give your consent and + + align:start position:0% +where you have to give your consent and + + + align:start position:0% +where you have to give your consent and +click either yes I consent or click on + + align:start position:0% +click either yes I consent or click on + + + align:start position:0% +click either yes I consent or click on +the show me the privacy settings and + + align:start position:0% +the show me the privacy settings and + + + align:start position:0% +the show me the privacy settings and +then click on you know if you show the + + align:start position:0% +then click on you know if you show the + + + align:start position:0% +then click on you know if you show the +privacy settings and then click on the + + align:start position:0% +privacy settings and then click on the + + + align:start position:0% +privacy settings and then click on the +minimal it's automatically the default + + align:start position:0% +minimal it's automatically the default + + + align:start position:0% +minimal it's automatically the default +is you get the minimal only the strictly + + align:start position:0% +is you get the minimal only the strictly + + + align:start position:0% +is you get the minimal only the strictly +necessary cookies are enabled um but + + align:start position:0% +necessary cookies are enabled um but + + + align:start position:0% +necessary cookies are enabled um but +like you know every European website has + + align:start position:0% +like you know every European website has + + + align:start position:0% +like you know every European website has +this popup thing that you have to answer + + align:start position:0% +this popup thing that you have to answer + + + align:start position:0% +this popup thing that you have to answer +the very first time you visit it um + + align:start position:0% +the very first time you visit it um + + + align:start position:0% +the very first time you visit it um +maybe you're used this like if you're + + align:start position:0% +maybe you're used this like if you're + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you're used this like if you're +right if you go to look at any World Cup + + align:start position:0% +right if you go to look at any World Cup + + + align:start position:0% +right if you go to look at any World Cup +website or the guardian.com you always + + align:start position:0% +website or the guardian.com you always + + + align:start position:0% +website or the guardian.com you always +get this popup thing that you have to + + align:start position:0% +get this popup thing that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +get this popup thing that you have to +get rid of anyway that that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +get rid of anyway that that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of anyway that that's sort of +gdpr it went into effect on one date uh + + align:start position:0% +gdpr it went into effect on one date uh + + + align:start position:0% +gdpr it went into effect on one date uh +and you know not everybody complied on + + align:start position:0% +and you know not everybody complied on + + + align:start position:0% +and you know not everybody complied on +the first date but you know there were + + align:start position:0% +the first date but you know there were + + + align:start position:0% +the first date but you know there were +very large fines for not complying with + + align:start position:0% +very large fines for not complying with + + + align:start position:0% +very large fines for not complying with +gdpr so many many firms did comply + + align:start position:0% +gdpr so many many firms did comply + + + align:start position:0% +gdpr so many many firms did comply +pretty much right away um and then uh + + align:start position:0% +pretty much right away um and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much right away um and then uh +what arodor CH and are trying to do is + + align:start position:0% +what arodor CH and are trying to do is + + + align:start position:0% +what arodor CH and are trying to do is +use a difference and difference design + + align:start position:0% +use a difference and difference design + + + align:start position:0% +use a difference and difference design +to um explore a number of things about + + align:start position:0% +to um explore a number of things about + + + align:start position:0% +to um explore a number of things about +gdpr the first basic question is how are + + align:start position:0% +gdpr the first basic question is how are + + + align:start position:0% +gdpr the first basic question is how are +consumers going to react to these popup + + align:start position:0% +consumers going to react to these popup + + + align:start position:0% +consumers going to react to these popup +opt out things how many consumers are + + align:start position:0% +opt out things how many consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +opt out things how many consumers are +going to opt out of data collection and + + align:start position:0% +going to opt out of data collection and + + + align:start position:0% +going to opt out of data collection and +how many consumers are just going to get + + align:start position:0% +how many consumers are just going to get + + + align:start position:0% +how many consumers are just going to get +used to clicking yes yes yes yes yes + + align:start position:0% +used to clicking yes yes yes yes yes + + + align:start position:0% +used to clicking yes yes yes yes yes +because it is the single quickest way to + + align:start position:0% +because it is the single quickest way to + + + align:start position:0% +because it is the single quickest way to +get rid of the thing is like accept all + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the thing is like accept all + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the thing is like accept all +cookies um box um + + align:start position:0% +cookies um box um + + + align:start position:0% +cookies um box um +second question is then you know how + + align:start position:0% +second question is then you know how + + + align:start position:0% +second question is then you know how +does gdpr change the composition of + + align:start position:0% +does gdpr change the composition of + + + align:start position:0% +does gdpr change the composition of +consumers who are observed you know the + + align:start position:0% +consumers who are observed you know the + + + align:start position:0% +consumers who are observed you know the +consumers are not opting out at random + + align:start position:0% +consumers are not opting out at random + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are not opting out at random +it's not like you're losing a x% of + + align:start position:0% +it's not like you're losing a x% of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like you're losing a x% of +consumers chosen equally likely using + + align:start position:0% +consumers chosen equally likely using + + + align:start position:0% +consumers chosen equally likely using +people who want to opt out and so the + + align:start position:0% +people who want to opt out and so the + + + align:start position:0% +people who want to opt out and so the +people who opt out could be different uh + + align:start position:0% +people who opt out could be different uh + + + align:start position:0% +people who opt out could be different uh +from the persons that opt + + align:start position:0% +from the persons that opt + + + align:start position:0% +from the persons that opt +in and then sort of it's some sense it's + + align:start position:0% +in and then sort of it's some sense it's + + + align:start position:0% +in and then sort of it's some sense it's +one and two together that are + + align:start position:0% +one and two together that are + + + align:start position:0% +one and two together that are +determining how gdpr is going to impact + + align:start position:0% +determining how gdpr is going to impact + + + align:start position:0% +determining how gdpr is going to impact +firms that do rely on consumer data for + + align:start position:0% +firms that do rely on consumer data for + + + align:start position:0% +firms that do rely on consumer data for +their business model and they have this + + align:start position:0% +their business model and they have this + + + align:start position:0% +their business model and they have this +interesting idea that + + align:start position:0% +interesting idea that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting idea that +it's possible that gdpr could even help + + align:start position:0% +it's possible that gdpr could even help + + + align:start position:0% +it's possible that gdpr could even help +firms because you're getting rid of + + align:start position:0% +firms because you're getting rid of + + + align:start position:0% +firms because you're getting rid of +customers who don't want to be tracked + + align:start position:0% +customers who don't want to be tracked + + + align:start position:0% +customers who don't want to be tracked +it may be that customers who don't want + + align:start position:0% +it may be that customers who don't want + + + align:start position:0% +it may be that customers who don't want +to be tracked just naturally buy less or + + align:start position:0% +to be tracked just naturally buy less or + + + align:start position:0% +to be tracked just naturally buy less or +it could be that who don't want to be + + align:start position:0% +it could be that who don't want to be + + + align:start position:0% +it could be that who don't want to be +tracked are going to be screwing with + + align:start position:0% +tracked are going to be screwing with + + + align:start position:0% +tracked are going to be screwing with +your data by eliminating their cookies + + align:start position:0% +your data by eliminating their cookies + + + align:start position:0% +your data by eliminating their cookies +or using pop-up blockers and using other + + align:start position:0% +or using pop-up blockers and using other + + + align:start position:0% +or using pop-up blockers and using other +things and once you get those people who + + align:start position:0% +things and once you get those people who + + + align:start position:0% +things and once you get those people who +are obfuscating their presence and + + align:start position:0% +are obfuscating their presence and + + + align:start position:0% +are obfuscating their presence and +screwing up your statistics the + + align:start position:0% +screwing up your statistics the + + + align:start position:0% +screwing up your statistics the +statistics on the remaining people are + + align:start position:0% +statistics on the remaining people are + + + align:start position:0% +statistics on the remaining people are +cleaner and easier to analyze and it + + align:start position:0% +cleaner and easier to analyze and it + + + align:start position:0% +cleaner and easier to analyze and it +could be that there at least that could + + align:start position:0% +could be that there at least that could + + + align:start position:0% +could be that there at least that could +offset part of what you lose by not + + align:start position:0% +offset part of what you lose by not + + + align:start position:0% +offset part of what you lose by not +being able to attct people anymore okay + + align:start position:0% +being able to attct people anymore okay + + + align:start position:0% +being able to attct people anymore okay +um so they have this you know again it's + + align:start position:0% +um so they have this you know again it's + + + align:start position:0% +um so they have this you know again it's +a it's a simple difference and + + align:start position:0% +a it's a simple difference and + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a simple difference and +difference estimate but it's a + + align:start position:0% +difference estimate but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +difference estimate but it's a +difference and difference estimate + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference estimate + + + align:start position:0% +difference and difference estimate +exploiting again a very detailed + + align:start position:0% +exploiting again a very detailed + + + align:start position:0% +exploiting again a very detailed +relationship with some firm that does on + + align:start position:0% +relationship with some firm that does on + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with some firm that does on +that operates online I had not been + + align:start position:0% +that operates online I had not been + + + align:start position:0% +that operates online I had not been +aware that such a firm existed but + + align:start position:0% +aware that such a firm existed but + + + align:start position:0% +aware that such a firm existed but +here's you know my attempt to sort of + + align:start position:0% +here's you know my attempt to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +here's you know my attempt to sort of +infer like what does this firm do so + + align:start position:0% +infer like what does this firm do so + + + align:start position:0% +infer like what does this firm do so +this is an intermediary that contracts + + align:start position:0% +this is an intermediary that contracts + + + align:start position:0% +this is an intermediary that contracts +they say with almost all top EU and US + + align:start position:0% +they say with almost all top EU and US + + + align:start position:0% +they say with almost all top EU and US +travel sites so that means it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +travel sites so that means it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +travel sites so that means it's it's a +very large behind the-scenes firm that + + align:start position:0% +very large behind the-scenes firm that + + + align:start position:0% +very large behind the-scenes firm that +has contracts with pretty much everybody + + align:start position:0% +has contracts with pretty much everybody + + + align:start position:0% +has contracts with pretty much everybody +which I would not have guessed existed + + align:start position:0% +which I would not have guessed existed + + + align:start position:0% +which I would not have guessed existed +and what does it do will you enter a + + align:start position:0% +and what does it do will you enter a + + + align:start position:0% +and what does it do will you enter a +query on one of the sites like I just + + align:start position:0% +query on one of the sites like I just + + + align:start position:0% +query on one of the sites like I just +went yesterday to kayak.com and typed in + + align:start position:0% +went yesterday to kayak.com and typed in + + + align:start position:0% +went yesterday to kayak.com and typed in +a search for a flight from Boston to + + align:start position:0% +a search for a flight from Boston to + + + align:start position:0% +a search for a flight from Boston to +Orange County and to try to look like + + align:start position:0% +Orange County and to try to look like + + + align:start position:0% +Orange County and to try to look like +somebody who wasn't actually going to + + align:start position:0% +somebody who wasn't actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who wasn't actually going to +buy the flight I didn't change the + + align:start position:0% +buy the flight I didn't change the + + + align:start position:0% +buy the flight I didn't change the +default date + + align:start position:0% +default date + + + align:start position:0% +default date +I just click Boston to Orange County + + align:start position:0% +I just click Boston to Orange County + + + align:start position:0% +I just click Boston to Orange County +click search um I was trying to signal + + align:start position:0% +click search um I was trying to signal + + + align:start position:0% +click search um I was trying to signal +to kayak that I wasn't actually going to + + align:start position:0% +to kayak that I wasn't actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +to kayak that I wasn't actually going to +buy this plane ticket and I sort of + + align:start position:0% +buy this plane ticket and I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +buy this plane ticket and I sort of +figured that if you ask how is someone + + align:start position:0% +figured that if you ask how is someone + + + align:start position:0% +figured that if you ask how is someone +going to not buy the plane ticket they + + align:start position:0% +going to not buy the plane ticket they + + + align:start position:0% +going to not buy the plane ticket they +just searched for the fact that they + + align:start position:0% +just searched for the fact that they + + + align:start position:0% +just searched for the fact that they +left the default dates on there of + + align:start position:0% +left the default dates on there of + + + align:start position:0% +left the default dates on there of +January 3rd to January 10th is probably + + align:start position:0% +January 3rd to January 10th is probably + + + align:start position:0% +January 3rd to January 10th is probably +a good sign that they're not buying + + align:start position:0% +a good sign that they're not buying + + + align:start position:0% +a good sign that they're not buying +anyway so what did Kayak do it popped up + + align:start position:0% +anyway so what did Kayak do it popped up + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so what did Kayak do it popped up +as the you know it did give me the + + align:start position:0% +as the you know it did give me the + + + align:start position:0% +as the you know it did give me the +flight prices but it popped up as the + + align:start position:0% +flight prices but it popped up as the + + + align:start position:0% +flight prices but it popped up as the +very first um ad here above all the + + align:start position:0% +very first um ad here above all the + + + align:start position:0% +very first um ad here above all the +flight prices I don't if you can read + + align:start position:0% +flight prices I don't if you can read + + + align:start position:0% +flight prices I don't if you can read +this this says aa.com ad and this says + + align:start position:0% +this this says aa.com ad and this says + + + align:start position:0% +this this says aa.com ad and this says +uh you know your next adventure is a + + align:start position:0% +uh you know your next adventure is a + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know your next adventure is a +flight away $371 American Airlines quote + + align:start position:0% +flight away $371 American Airlines quote + + + align:start position:0% +flight away $371 American Airlines quote +view deal and this is going to take me + + align:start position:0% +view deal and this is going to take me + + + align:start position:0% +view deal and this is going to take me +away from the kayak website the American + + align:start position:0% +away from the kayak website the American + + + align:start position:0% +away from the kayak website the American +Airlines website because the you know + + align:start position:0% +Airlines website because the you know + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines website because the you know +the description in the paper of what + + align:start position:0% +the description in the paper of what + + + align:start position:0% +the description in the paper of what +this intermediary does is anytime anyone + + align:start position:0% +this intermediary does is anytime anyone + + + align:start position:0% +this intermediary does is anytime anyone +visits a travel website it has like + + align:start position:0% +visits a travel website it has like + + + align:start position:0% +visits a travel website it has like +cookies on them it analyzes their + + align:start position:0% +cookies on them it analyzes their + + + align:start position:0% +cookies on them it analyzes their +behavior does a machine learning + + align:start position:0% +behavior does a machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +behavior does a machine learning +algorithm to figure out whether they're + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to figure out whether they're + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to figure out whether they're +going to buy from the website they're + + align:start position:0% +going to buy from the website they're + + + align:start position:0% +going to buy from the website they're +currently searching on if it thinks + + align:start position:0% +currently searching on if it thinks + + + align:start position:0% +currently searching on if it thinks +there's a low probability they're going + + align:start position:0% +there's a low probability they're going + + + align:start position:0% +there's a low probability they're going +to buy in the website they're currently + + align:start position:0% +to buy in the website they're currently + + + align:start position:0% +to buy in the website they're currently +searching on it runs an auction and + + align:start position:0% +searching on it runs an auction and + + + align:start position:0% +searching on it runs an auction and +auctions off the ability to show a + + align:start position:0% +auctions off the ability to show a + + + align:start position:0% +auctions off the ability to show a +display ad to them to all the other + + align:start position:0% +display ad to them to all the other + + + align:start position:0% +display ad to them to all the other +firms that it serves and then those + + align:start position:0% +firms that it serves and then those + + + align:start position:0% +firms that it serves and then those +other firms can bid for this consumer + + align:start position:0% +other firms can bid for this consumer + + + align:start position:0% +other firms can bid for this consumer +who is probably not going to buy where + + align:start position:0% +who is probably not going to buy where + + + align:start position:0% +who is probably not going to buy where +they are now and so in this case of what + + align:start position:0% +they are now and so in this case of what + + + align:start position:0% +they are now and so in this case of what +I think it did was it said Glenn is not + + align:start position:0% +I think it did was it said Glenn is not + + + align:start position:0% +I think it did was it said Glenn is not +actually going to purchase a ticket on + + align:start position:0% +actually going to purchase a ticket on + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to purchase a ticket on +kayak so let's him an ad for something + + align:start position:0% +kayak so let's him an ad for something + + + align:start position:0% +kayak so let's him an ad for something +he might want to buy he might go if he + + align:start position:0% +he might want to buy he might go if he + + + align:start position:0% +he might want to buy he might go if he +goes to the American Airlines website + + align:start position:0% +goes to the American Airlines website + + + align:start position:0% +goes to the American Airlines website +American is the biggest carrier I think + + align:start position:0% +American is the biggest carrier I think + + + align:start position:0% +American is the biggest carrier I think +in Orange County airport he may be + + align:start position:0% +in Orange County airport he may be + + + align:start position:0% +in Orange County airport he may be +trying to buy he it may be that uh you + + align:start position:0% +trying to buy he it may be that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +trying to buy he it may be that uh you +know American Airlines is willing to pay + + align:start position:0% +know American Airlines is willing to pay + + + align:start position:0% +know American Airlines is willing to pay +n cents to have me visit their website + + align:start position:0% +n cents to have me visit their website + + + align:start position:0% +n cents to have me visit their website +or something like that + + align:start position:0% +or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that +okay uh anyway so what they have is they + + align:start position:0% +okay uh anyway so what they have is they + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh anyway so what they have is they +have you know they have access to uh + + align:start position:0% +have you know they have access to uh + + + align:start position:0% +have you know they have access to uh +clickstream data so they have in some + + align:start position:0% +clickstream data so they have in some + + + align:start position:0% +clickstream data so they have in some +sense access to every you know + + align:start position:0% +sense access to every you know + + + align:start position:0% +sense access to every you know +Glenn Ellison typed in at at 10:13 p.m. + + align:start position:0% +Glenn Ellison typed in at at 10:13 p.m. + + + align:start position:0% +Glenn Ellison typed in at at 10:13 p.m. +last night search Boston Santa Ana we + + align:start position:0% +last night search Boston Santa Ana we + + + align:start position:0% +last night search Boston Santa Ana we +conducted this auction American Airlines + + align:start position:0% +conducted this auction American Airlines + + + align:start position:0% +conducted this auction American Airlines +won the auction they bid nine cents he + + align:start position:0% +won the auction they bid nine cents he + + + align:start position:0% +won the auction they bid nine cents he +either clicked on the American website + + align:start position:0% +either clicked on the American website + + + align:start position:0% +either clicked on the American website +or he didn't if he clicked on the + + align:start position:0% +or he didn't if he clicked on the + + + align:start position:0% +or he didn't if he clicked on the +American website did he buy from + + align:start position:0% +American website did he buy from + + + align:start position:0% +American website did he buy from +American + + align:start position:0% +American + + + align:start position:0% +American +Airlines um so they have the whole click + + align:start position:0% +Airlines um so they have the whole click + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines um so they have the whole click +stream of everything that I was doing uh + + align:start position:0% +stream of everything that I was doing uh + + + align:start position:0% +stream of everything that I was doing uh +they they mostly aggregated to the + + align:start position:0% +they they mostly aggregated to the + + + align:start position:0% +they they mostly aggregated to the +website country week level so it's + + align:start position:0% +website country week level so it's + + + align:start position:0% +website country week level so it's +mostly going to be comparing + + align:start position:0% +mostly going to be comparing + + + align:start position:0% +mostly going to be comparing +customers in France on the first week of + + align:start position:0% +customers in France on the first week of + + + align:start position:0% +customers in France on the first week of +gdpr uh on kayak.com to customers week + + align:start position:0% +gdpr uh on kayak.com to customers week + + + align:start position:0% +gdpr uh on kayak.com to customers week +before ddpr kayak.com first customers um + + align:start position:0% +before ddpr kayak.com first customers um + + + align:start position:0% +before ddpr kayak.com first customers um +you they have it's large difference + + align:start position:0% +you they have it's large difference + + + align:start position:0% +you they have it's large difference +differ is a treat it's a treatment + + align:start position:0% +differ is a treat it's a treatment + + + align:start position:0% +differ is a treat it's a treatment +control design the they have five + + align:start position:0% +control design the they have five + + + align:start position:0% +control design the they have five +treatment countries UK France Germany + + align:start position:0% +treatment countries UK France Germany + + + align:start position:0% +treatment countries UK France Germany +Italy Spain and then they have three + + align:start position:0% +Italy Spain and then they have three + + + align:start position:0% +Italy Spain and then they have three +control countries US Canada Russia and + + align:start position:0% +control countries US Canada Russia and + + + align:start position:0% +control countries US Canada Russia and +depending on which website it is some of + + align:start position:0% +depending on which website it is some of + + + align:start position:0% +depending on which website it is some of +the websites are Act active in you know + + align:start position:0% +the websites are Act active in you know + + + align:start position:0% +the websites are Act active in you know +different subsets of these countries but + + align:start position:0% +different subsets of these countries but + + + align:start position:0% +different subsets of these countries but +enough of them have sort of activities + + align:start position:0% +enough of them have sort of activities + + + align:start position:0% +enough of them have sort of activities +both in treatment countries and either + + align:start position:0% +both in treatment countries and either + + + align:start position:0% +both in treatment countries and either +sort of Russia or or North America that + + align:start position:0% +sort of Russia or or North America that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Russia or or North America that +they can then sort of uh do regressions + + align:start position:0% +they can then sort of uh do regressions + + + align:start position:0% +they can then sort of uh do regressions +that have sort of website fixed effects + + align:start position:0% +that have sort of website fixed effects + + + align:start position:0% +that have sort of website fixed effects +and Country fixed effects and time fixed + + align:start position:0% +and Country fixed effects and time fixed + + + align:start position:0% +and Country fixed effects and time fixed +effects and try to analyze the effects + + align:start position:0% +effects and try to analyze the effects + + + align:start position:0% +effects and try to analyze the effects +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +gdpr um they have some nice sort of + + align:start position:0% +gdpr um they have some nice sort of + + + align:start position:0% +gdpr um they have some nice sort of +simple pictures here showing you um that + + align:start position:0% +simple pictures here showing you um that + + + align:start position:0% +simple pictures here showing you um that +gdpr is having an effect + + align:start position:0% +gdpr is having an effect + + + align:start position:0% +gdpr is having an effect +so this is an example graphing the + + align:start position:0% +so this is an example graphing the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is an example graphing the +number of so and the way gdpr works if + + align:start position:0% +number of so and the way gdpr works if + + + align:start position:0% +number of so and the way gdpr works if +um if the gdpr popup shows up and then + + align:start position:0% +um if the gdpr popup shows up and then + + + align:start position:0% +um if the gdpr popup shows up and then +you click don't track me this company + + align:start position:0% +you click don't track me this company + + + align:start position:0% +you click don't track me this company +never saw you you know because it's like + + align:start position:0% +never saw you you know because it's like + + + align:start position:0% +never saw you you know because it's like +you know kayak someone did the search on + + align:start position:0% +you know kayak someone did the search on + + + align:start position:0% +you know kayak someone did the search on +kayak the per kayak popped up the track + + align:start position:0% +kayak the per kayak popped up the track + + + align:start position:0% +kayak the per kayak popped up the track +track me or not box they click do not + + align:start position:0% +track me or not box they click do not + + + align:start position:0% +track me or not box they click do not +track me and then once they click do not + + align:start position:0% +track me and then once they click do not + + + align:start position:0% +track me and then once they click do not +track me they can't send the query to + + align:start position:0% +track me they can't send the query to + + + align:start position:0% +track me they can't send the query to +whatever this H behind the scenes + + align:start position:0% +whatever this H behind the scenes + + + align:start position:0% +whatever this H behind the scenes +intermediary is the behind inter never + + align:start position:0% +intermediary is the behind inter never + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary is the behind inter never +get any message whatsoever and they + + align:start position:0% +get any message whatsoever and they + + + align:start position:0% +get any message whatsoever and they +specify that if the behind the scenes in + + align:start position:0% +specify that if the behind the scenes in + + + align:start position:0% +specify that if the behind the scenes in +Mary never gets a message it's basically + + align:start position:0% +Mary never gets a message it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +Mary never gets a message it's basically +this box isn't here and just the lowest + + align:start position:0% +this box isn't here and just the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +this box isn't here and just the lowest +price flight would have been in this box + + align:start position:0% +price flight would have been in this box + + + align:start position:0% +price flight would have been in this box +instead okay um anyway so what they + + align:start position:0% +instead okay um anyway so what they + + + align:start position:0% +instead okay um anyway so what they +track is they recognize that gdpr is in + + align:start position:0% +track is they recognize that gdpr is in + + + align:start position:0% +track is they recognize that gdpr is in +effect by the number of uh cookies that + + align:start position:0% +effect by the number of uh cookies that + + + align:start position:0% +effect by the number of uh cookies that +they're that they the number of of reest + + align:start position:0% +they're that they the number of of reest + + + align:start position:0% +they're that they the number of of reest +that they get from kayak + + align:start position:0% +that they get from kayak + + + align:start position:0% +that they get from kayak +drops and what they show here is this is + + align:start position:0% +drops and what they show here is this is + + + align:start position:0% +drops and what they show here is this is +like uh you know raw data behind the + + align:start position:0% +like uh you know raw data behind the + + + align:start position:0% +like uh you know raw data behind the +differences and differences this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the this is the sort of searches that + + align:start position:0% +the this is the sort of searches that + + + align:start position:0% +the this is the sort of searches that +this intermediary is being told about uh + + align:start position:0% +this intermediary is being told about uh + + + align:start position:0% +this intermediary is being told about uh +in the US and Canada and this is the + + align:start position:0% +in the US and Canada and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +in the US and Canada and this is the +number of searches that they're being + + align:start position:0% +number of searches that they're being + + + align:start position:0% +number of searches that they're being +told about in each of the EU countries + + align:start position:0% +told about in each of the EU countries + + + align:start position:0% +told about in each of the EU countries +and you can see that immediately or + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that immediately or + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that immediately or +perhaps even starting the week before + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even starting the week before + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even starting the week before +there's this big drop off in searches + + align:start position:0% +there's this big drop off in searches + + + align:start position:0% +there's this big drop off in searches +uh that they're being told about in all + + align:start position:0% +uh that they're being told about in all + + + align:start position:0% +uh that they're being told about in all +the EU countries and then there's not a + + align:start position:0% +the EU countries and then there's not a + + + align:start position:0% +the EU countries and then there's not a +corresponding drop off in the US and + + align:start position:0% +corresponding drop off in the US and + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding drop off in the US and +Canada so that indicates that gdpr is + + align:start position:0% +Canada so that indicates that gdpr is + + + align:start position:0% +Canada so that indicates that gdpr is +having an effect they also note in the + + align:start position:0% +having an effect they also note in the + + + align:start position:0% +having an effect they also note in the +data that that there are other firms who + + align:start position:0% +data that that there are other firms who + + + align:start position:0% +data that that there are other firms who +you suspect and in this case they were + + align:start position:0% +you suspect and in this case they were + + + align:start position:0% +you suspect and in this case they were +able to verify did not actually comply + + align:start position:0% +able to verify did not actually comply + + + align:start position:0% +able to verify did not actually comply +with gdpr right away and so in this case + + align:start position:0% +with gdpr right away and so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +with gdpr right away and so in this case +the searches in the e one EU country and + + align:start position:0% +the searches in the e one EU country and + + + align:start position:0% +the searches in the e one EU country and +the one non-eu country that this website + + align:start position:0% +the one non-eu country that this website + + + align:start position:0% +the one non-eu country that this website +served pretty much just continued on the + + align:start position:0% +served pretty much just continued on the + + + align:start position:0% +served pretty much just continued on the +same path across the line and didn't + + align:start position:0% +same path across the line and didn't + + + align:start position:0% +same path across the line and didn't +have a big drop off so somehow you know + + align:start position:0% +have a big drop off so somehow you know + + + align:start position:0% +have a big drop off so somehow you know +this website they were able to then go + + align:start position:0% +this website they were able to then go + + + align:start position:0% +this website they were able to then go +back and verify that website was not + + align:start position:0% +back and verify that website was not + + + align:start position:0% +back and verify that website was not +gdbr compliant right away uh and it took + + align:start position:0% +gdbr compliant right away uh and it took + + + align:start position:0% +gdbr compliant right away uh and it took +later to become into compliance whereas + + align:start position:0% +later to become into compliance whereas + + + align:start position:0% +later to become into compliance whereas +this one did okay but you know when they + + align:start position:0% +this one did okay but you know when they + + + align:start position:0% +this one did okay but you know when they +do it's it's immediately apparent that + + align:start position:0% +do it's it's immediately apparent that + + + align:start position:0% +do it's it's immediately apparent that +the regulations are having an effect and + + align:start position:0% +the regulations are having an effect and + + + align:start position:0% +the regulations are having an effect and +they're seeing fewer customers from + + align:start position:0% +they're seeing fewer customers from + + + align:start position:0% +they're seeing fewer customers from +those websites um and obviously you know + + align:start position:0% +those websites um and obviously you know + + + align:start position:0% +those websites um and obviously you know +it could be the consumers go to kayak + + align:start position:0% +it could be the consumers go to kayak + + + align:start position:0% +it could be the consumers go to kayak +and get annoyed by the popup boxes and + + align:start position:0% +and get annoyed by the popup boxes and + + + align:start position:0% +and get annoyed by the popup boxes and +never actually do their service but you + + align:start position:0% +never actually do their service but you + + + align:start position:0% +never actually do their service but you +know this is fewer people are doing a + + align:start position:0% +know this is fewer people are doing a + + + align:start position:0% +know this is fewer people are doing a +search and then having the intermediary + + align:start position:0% +search and then having the intermediary + + + align:start position:0% +search and then having the intermediary +being told about their search whether + + align:start position:0% +being told about their search whether + + + align:start position:0% +being told about their search whether +it's they're never doing the search or + + align:start position:0% +it's they're never doing the search or + + + align:start position:0% +it's they're never doing the search or +they do the search but they do the + + align:start position:0% +they do the search but they do the + + + align:start position:0% +they do the search but they do the +search and they're not being + + align:start position:0% +search and they're not being + + + align:start position:0% +search and they're not being +tracked um so what are the magnitudes um + + align:start position:0% +tracked um so what are the magnitudes um + + + align:start position:0% +tracked um so what are the magnitudes um +first one is that you know while people + + align:start position:0% +first one is that you know while people + + + align:start position:0% +first one is that you know while people +talk a lot about privacy it seems like + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot about privacy it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot about privacy it seems like +most consumers Just Go With It just get + + align:start position:0% +most consumers Just Go With It just get + + + align:start position:0% +most consumers Just Go With It just get +that thing off my screen by just saying + + align:start position:0% +that thing off my screen by just saying + + + align:start position:0% +that thing off my screen by just saying +yeah fine I accept all cookies uh and I + + align:start position:0% +yeah fine I accept all cookies uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah fine I accept all cookies uh and I +know I accept all cookies all the time + + align:start position:0% +know I accept all cookies all the time + + + align:start position:0% +know I accept all cookies all the time +on European websites um and what they + + align:start position:0% +on European websites um and what they + + + align:start position:0% +on European websites um and what they +find is that the uh you know log of + + align:start position:0% +find is that the uh you know log of + + + align:start position:0% +find is that the uh you know log of +unique cookies goes down by 12% log of + + align:start position:0% +unique cookies goes down by 12% log of + + + align:start position:0% +unique cookies goes down by 12% log of +recorded searches goes down by + + align:start position:0% +recorded searches goes down by + + + align:start position:0% +recorded searches goes down by +11% um so there is this big drop off + + align:start position:0% +11% um so there is this big drop off + + + align:start position:0% +11% um so there is this big drop off +right at the same time that people + + align:start position:0% +right at the same time that people + + + align:start position:0% +right at the same time that people +appears to be people not giving + + align:start position:0% +appears to be people not giving + + + align:start position:0% +appears to be people not giving +consent + + align:start position:0% +consent + + + align:start position:0% +consent +um also interesting here is + + align:start position:0% +um also interesting here is + + + align:start position:0% +um also interesting here is +the this a they they sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +the this a they they sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +the this a they they sort of you know +every consumer who who they are allowed + + align:start position:0% +every consumer who who they are allowed + + + align:start position:0% +every consumer who who they are allowed +to track every consumer they are allowed + + align:start position:0% +to track every consumer they are allowed + + + align:start position:0% +to track every consumer they are allowed +to track they know how many times + + align:start position:0% +to track they know how many times + + + align:start position:0% +to track they know how many times +they've seen that consumer search in the + + align:start position:0% +they've seen that consumer search in the + + + align:start position:0% +they've seen that consumer search in the +past uh and how many searches are + + align:start position:0% +past uh and how many searches are + + + align:start position:0% +past uh and how many searches are +recorded on the cookie that they're + + align:start position:0% +recorded on the cookie that they're + + + align:start position:0% +recorded on the cookie that they're +putting on that uh + + align:start position:0% +putting on that uh + + + align:start position:0% +putting on that uh +machine uh and so what they show is a + + align:start position:0% +machine uh and so what they show is a + + + align:start position:0% +machine uh and so what they show is a +change in the you know like so there's + + align:start position:0% +change in the you know like so there's + + + align:start position:0% +change in the you know like so there's +this distribution of how many times have + + align:start position:0% +this distribution of how many times have + + + align:start position:0% +this distribution of how many times have +you seen a consumer and it's you know a + + align:start position:0% +you seen a consumer and it's you know a + + + align:start position:0% +you seen a consumer and it's you know a +histogram that's like a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +histogram that's like a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +histogram that's like a lot of the +consumers you've seen exactly once and + + align:start position:0% +consumers you've seen exactly once and + + + align:start position:0% +consumers you've seen exactly once and +then some consumers you've seen twice + + align:start position:0% +then some consumers you've seen twice + + + align:start position:0% +then some consumers you've seen twice +and then many consumers you've seen + + align:start position:0% +and then many consumers you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +and then many consumers you've seen +three four five times whatever so there + + align:start position:0% +three four five times whatever so there + + + align:start position:0% +three four five times whatever so there +you know there you have this histogram + + align:start position:0% +you know there you have this histogram + + + align:start position:0% +you know there you have this histogram +of how many times you seen this consumer + + align:start position:0% +of how many times you seen this consumer + + + align:start position:0% +of how many times you seen this consumer +before um what they note is that + + align:start position:0% +before um what they note is that + + + align:start position:0% +before um what they note is that +immediately after gdpr goes into effect + + align:start position:0% +immediately after gdpr goes into effect + + + align:start position:0% +immediately after gdpr goes into effect +the number of consumers that you've seen + + align:start position:0% +the number of consumers that you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +the number of consumers that you've seen +exactly one time this bar goes way + + align:start position:0% +exactly one time this bar goes way + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one time this bar goes way +down and the number of time consumers + + align:start position:0% +down and the number of time consumers + + + align:start position:0% +down and the number of time consumers +you've seen 2 3 4 5 6 78 times seem to + + align:start position:0% +you've seen 2 3 4 5 6 78 times seem to + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen 2 3 4 5 6 78 times seem to +just increase proportionally and and be + + align:start position:0% +just increase proportionally and and be + + + align:start position:0% +just increase proportionally and and be +ve very very slightly so what they + + align:start position:0% +ve very very slightly so what they + + + align:start position:0% +ve very very slightly so what they +notice that it seems that when these + + align:start position:0% +notice that it seems that when these + + + align:start position:0% +notice that it seems that when these +consumers now opt out you're seeing many + + align:start position:0% +consumers now opt out you're seeing many + + + align:start position:0% +consumers now opt out you're seeing many +fewer consumers who you're seeing + + align:start position:0% +fewer consumers who you're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +fewer consumers who you're seeing +exactly once which would be consumers + + align:start position:0% +exactly once which would be consumers + + + align:start position:0% +exactly once which would be consumers +who may have something already installed + + align:start position:0% +who may have something already installed + + + align:start position:0% +who may have something already installed +to delete their cookies or to block the + + align:start position:0% +to delete their cookies or to block the + + + align:start position:0% +to delete their cookies or to block the +cookies from identifying them and make + + align:start position:0% +cookies from identifying them and make + + + align:start position:0% +cookies from identifying them and make +them look like a new person every time + + align:start position:0% +them look like a new person every time + + + align:start position:0% +them look like a new person every time +they show up even though they're + + align:start position:0% +they show up even though they're + + + align:start position:0% +they show up even though they're +actually someone who you're seeing over + + align:start position:0% +actually someone who you're seeing over + + + align:start position:0% +actually someone who you're seeing over +and over and over again and so what they + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again and so what they + + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again and so what they +know is that it seems like this drop in + + align:start position:0% +know is that it seems like this drop in + + + align:start position:0% +know is that it seems like this drop in +the number of people seen exactly once + + align:start position:0% +the number of people seen exactly once + + + align:start position:0% +the number of people seen exactly once +makes you think that of those 13% of the + + align:start position:0% +makes you think that of those 13% of the + + + align:start position:0% +makes you think that of those 13% of the +people who dropped out or whatever it is + + align:start position:0% +people who dropped out or whatever it is + + + align:start position:0% +people who dropped out or whatever it is +many of them also were were cookie um + + align:start position:0% +many of them also were were cookie um + + + align:start position:0% +many of them also were were cookie um +deleters or had some blocking technology + + align:start position:0% +deleters or had some blocking technology + + + align:start position:0% +deleters or had some blocking technology +they were already already + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using um so advertising Revenue there's + + align:start position:0% +using um so advertising Revenue there's + + + align:start position:0% +using um so advertising Revenue there's +an immediate drop in the number of + + align:start position:0% +an immediate drop in the number of + + + align:start position:0% +an immediate drop in the number of +clicks um that are recorded on the on + + align:start position:0% +clicks um that are recorded on the on + + + align:start position:0% +clicks um that are recorded on the on +the on the compliant websites uh number + + align:start position:0% +the on the compliant websites uh number + + + align:start position:0% +the on the compliant websites uh number +of clicks + + align:start position:0% +of clicks + + + align:start position:0% +of clicks +drop uh I guess it's + + align:start position:0% +drop uh I guess it's + + + align:start position:0% +drop uh I guess it's +133% Revenue goes down 6 16% like on the + + align:start position:0% +133% Revenue goes down 6 16% like on the + + + align:start position:0% +133% Revenue goes down 6 16% like on the +day the thing takes in effect so this is + + align:start position:0% +day the thing takes in effect so this is + + + align:start position:0% +day the thing takes in effect so this is +certainly a this is bad news for this + + align:start position:0% +certainly a this is bad news for this + + + align:start position:0% +certainly a this is bad news for this +advertising intermediary who are getting + + align:start position:0% +advertising intermediary who are getting + + + align:start position:0% +advertising intermediary who are getting +the data from it's like you know they + + align:start position:0% +the data from it's like you know they + + + align:start position:0% +the data from it's like you know they +just 133% + + align:start position:0% +just 133% + + + align:start position:0% +just 133% +fewer um 133% fewer clicks referred to + + align:start position:0% +fewer um 133% fewer clicks referred to + + + align:start position:0% +fewer um 133% fewer clicks referred to +them to try to find an extra potential + + align:start position:0% +them to try to find an extra potential + + + align:start position:0% +them to try to find an extra potential +to assess you know you presume they get + + align:start position:0% +to assess you know you presume they get + + + align:start position:0% +to assess you know you presume they get +paid based on on a per click basis for + + align:start position:0% +paid based on on a per click basis for + + + align:start position:0% +paid based on on a per click basis for +how much revenue they can produce for + + align:start position:0% +how much revenue they can produce for + + + align:start position:0% +how much revenue they can produce for +kayak 133% of the searches disappear for + + align:start position:0% +kayak 133% of the searches disappear for + + + align:start position:0% +kayak 133% of the searches disappear for +them 16% of the revenue disappears + + align:start position:0% +them 16% of the revenue disappears + + + align:start position:0% +them 16% of the revenue disappears +uh but then this interesting effect they + + align:start position:0% +uh but then this interesting effect they + + + align:start position:0% +uh but then this interesting effect they +find is + + align:start position:0% +find is + + + align:start position:0% +find is +that you know the bids drop off are + + align:start position:0% +that you know the bids drop off are + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the bids drop off are +appear to be slightly low on first week + + align:start position:0% +appear to be slightly low on first week + + + align:start position:0% +appear to be slightly low on first week +and then over the next seven weeks + + align:start position:0% +and then over the next seven weeks + + + align:start position:0% +and then over the next seven weeks +there's just this steady climb in what + + align:start position:0% +there's just this steady climb in what + + + align:start position:0% +there's just this steady climb in what +people are bidding for the ads so again + + align:start position:0% +people are bidding for the ads so again + + + align:start position:0% +people are bidding for the ads so again +the bidding for the ads is like bidding + + align:start position:0% +the bidding for the ads is like bidding + + + align:start position:0% +the bidding for the ads is like bidding +to what American Airlines paid to show + + align:start position:0% +to what American Airlines paid to show + + + align:start position:0% +to what American Airlines paid to show +that ad to me because i' done the Orange + + align:start position:0% +that ad to me because i' done the Orange + + + align:start position:0% +that ad to me because i' done the Orange +County search and what they show is that + + align:start position:0% +County search and what they show is that + + + align:start position:0% +County search and what they show is that +like you know there's nothing going on + + align:start position:0% +like you know there's nothing going on + + + align:start position:0% +like you know there's nothing going on +in the first two weeks but then it's as + + align:start position:0% +in the first two weeks but then it's as + + + align:start position:0% +in the first two weeks but then it's as +if uh bids go up and up and up so why + + align:start position:0% +if uh bids go up and up and up so why + + + align:start position:0% +if uh bids go up and up and up so why +would that happen you know two potential + + align:start position:0% +would that happen you know two potential + + + align:start position:0% +would that happen you know two potential +explanations the people who are left + + align:start position:0% +explanations the people who are left + + + align:start position:0% +explanations the people who are left +behind are just more valuable because + + align:start position:0% +behind are just more valuable because + + + align:start position:0% +behind are just more valuable because +they're different people and those more + + align:start position:0% +they're different people and those more + + + align:start position:0% +they're different people and those more +valuable people they didn't know that + + align:start position:0% +valuable people they didn't know that + + + align:start position:0% +valuable people they didn't know that +the people left behind would be more + + align:start position:0% +the people left behind would be more + + + align:start position:0% +the people left behind would be more +valuable people but they're learning + + align:start position:0% +valuable people but they're learning + + + align:start position:0% +valuable people but they're learning +that those people left behind are more + + align:start position:0% +that those people left behind are more + + + align:start position:0% +that those people left behind are more +valuable people and so the bids go up or + + align:start position:0% +valuable people and so the bids go up or + + + align:start position:0% +valuable people and so the bids go up or +two the intermediary is better able to + + align:start position:0% +two the intermediary is better able to + + + align:start position:0% +two the intermediary is better able to +figure out what those people want to buy + + align:start position:0% +figure out what those people want to buy + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what those people want to buy +so those the intermediary may also be + + align:start position:0% +so those the intermediary may also be + + + align:start position:0% +so those the intermediary may also be +sort of providing American Airlines and + + align:start position:0% +sort of providing American Airlines and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of providing American Airlines and +hotels.com predictions of the + + align:start position:0% +hotels.com predictions of the + + + align:start position:0% +hotels.com predictions of the +probability that I will buy an American + + align:start position:0% +probability that I will buy an American + + + align:start position:0% +probability that I will buy an American +flight or that I will sort of rent a + + align:start position:0% +flight or that I will sort of rent a + + + align:start position:0% +flight or that I will sort of rent a +hotel through + + align:start position:0% +hotel through + + + align:start position:0% +hotel through +hotels.com that lead the fact that they + + align:start position:0% +hotels.com that lead the fact that they + + + align:start position:0% +hotels.com that lead the fact that they +can tell provide better information + + align:start position:0% +can tell provide better information + + + align:start position:0% +can tell provide better information +about me may get their bids to go up in + + align:start position:0% +about me may get their bids to go up in + + + align:start position:0% +about me may get their bids to go up in +these auctions and so if you know the + + align:start position:0% +these auctions and so if you know the + + + align:start position:0% +these auctions and so if you know the +intermediary is better able to decide + + align:start position:0% +intermediary is better able to decide + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary is better able to decide +who is going to purchase from kayak + + align:start position:0% +who is going to purchase from kayak + + + align:start position:0% +who is going to purchase from kayak +versus versus who would purchase from + + align:start position:0% +versus versus who would purchase from + + + align:start position:0% +versus versus who would purchase from +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +firm if they can do a better job of data + + align:start position:0% +firm if they can do a better job of data + + + align:start position:0% +firm if they can do a better job of data +analysis that also makes prices go up so + + align:start position:0% +analysis that also makes prices go up so + + + align:start position:0% +analysis that also makes prices go up so +either people are better or you're + + align:start position:0% +either people are better or you're + + + align:start position:0% +either people are better or you're +better figuring out which of who are the + + align:start position:0% +better figuring out which of who are the + + + align:start position:0% +better figuring out which of who are the +valuable people and that causes the + + align:start position:0% +valuable people and that causes the + + + align:start position:0% +valuable people and that causes the +average prices to go up okay um and so + + align:start position:0% +average prices to go up okay um and so + + + align:start position:0% +average prices to go up okay um and so +you know this effect it's not + + align:start position:0% +you know this effect it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you know this effect it's not +um you know it's not like it's good news + + align:start position:0% +um you know it's not like it's good news + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it's not like it's good news +uh for all the for all the firms + + align:start position:0% +uh for all the for all the firms + + + align:start position:0% +uh for all the for all the firms +involved they can't track consumers but + + align:start position:0% +involved they can't track consumers but + + + align:start position:0% +involved they can't track consumers but +at least what's happened here in the + + align:start position:0% +at least what's happened here in the + + + align:start position:0% +at least what's happened here in the +first seven weeks that's offsetting + + align:start position:0% +first seven weeks that's offsetting + + + align:start position:0% +first seven weeks that's offsetting +about half of the decline that you would + + align:start position:0% +about half of the decline that you would + + + align:start position:0% +about half of the decline that you would +have gotten so if you've gotten a + + align:start position:0% +have gotten so if you've gotten a + + + align:start position:0% +have gotten so if you've gotten a +initial 16% decline it may be actually + + align:start position:0% +initial 16% decline it may be actually + + + align:start position:0% +initial 16% decline it may be actually +you're only going to get an 8% decline + + align:start position:0% +you're only going to get an 8% decline + + + align:start position:0% +you're only going to get an 8% decline +in Revenue because the bids are going to + + align:start position:0% +in Revenue because the bids are going to + + + align:start position:0% +in Revenue because the bids are going to +go up over time once people realize who + + align:start position:0% +go up over time once people realize who + + + align:start position:0% +go up over time once people realize who +the consumers are who are left over and + + align:start position:0% +the consumers are who are left over and + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers are who are left over and +how well you can track + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them okay and then the third thing is + + align:start position:0% +them okay and then the third thing is + + + align:start position:0% +them okay and then the third thing is +that you know they did have access this + + align:start position:0% +that you know they did have access this + + + align:start position:0% +that you know they did have access this +firm is doing a machine learning + + align:start position:0% +firm is doing a machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +firm is doing a machine learning +algorithm to predict whether you're + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to predict whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to predict whether you're +going to buy from kayak.com when you + + align:start position:0% +going to buy from kayak.com when you + + + align:start position:0% +going to buy from kayak.com when you +search on kayak.com and so they have a + + align:start position:0% +search on kayak.com and so they have a + + + align:start position:0% +search on kayak.com and so they have a +they have access both to the predictions + + align:start position:0% +they have access both to the predictions + + + align:start position:0% +they have access both to the predictions +that the intermediary made at the time + + align:start position:0% +that the intermediary made at the time + + + align:start position:0% +that the intermediary made at the time +that the click at the time that the + + align:start position:0% +that the click at the time that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the click at the time that the +search occurred and whether the person + + align:start position:0% +search occurred and whether the person + + + align:start position:0% +search occurred and whether the person +actually then bought from kayak.com uh + + align:start position:0% +actually then bought from kayak.com uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually then bought from kayak.com uh +at the end of their session uh and what + + align:start position:0% +at the end of their session uh and what + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of their session uh and what +they find is that you know true purchase + + align:start position:0% +they find is that you know true purchase + + + align:start position:0% +they find is that you know true purchase +frequencies increase so and obviously + + align:start position:0% +frequencies increase so and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies increase so and obviously +they can't you know + + align:start position:0% +they can't you know + + + align:start position:0% +they can't you know +they they can't do a this is not a + + align:start position:0% +they they can't do a this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +they they can't do a this is not a +difference in difference estimates + + align:start position:0% +difference in difference estimates + + + align:start position:0% +difference in difference estimates +because they don't know whose purchases + + align:start position:0% +because they don't know whose purchases + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't know whose purchases +would have been observed they're + + align:start position:0% +would have been observed they're + + + align:start position:0% +would have been observed they're +observing this selected sample + + align:start position:0% +observing this selected sample + + + align:start position:0% +observing this selected sample +afterwards but the selected sample + + align:start position:0% +afterwards but the selected sample + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards but the selected sample +afterwards is purchasing more often than + + align:start position:0% +afterwards is purchasing more often than + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards is purchasing more often than +the unselected sample was in the pre + + align:start position:0% +the unselected sample was in the pre + + + align:start position:0% +the unselected sample was in the pre +period so these people are more frequent + + align:start position:0% +period so these people are more frequent + + + align:start position:0% +period so these people are more frequent +purchasers um and you know when they + + align:start position:0% +purchasers um and you know when they + + + align:start position:0% +purchasers um and you know when they +look at how how well is the intermediary + + align:start position:0% +look at how how well is the intermediary + + + align:start position:0% +look at how how well is the intermediary +predicting purchases the mean squared + + align:start position:0% +predicting purchases the mean squared + + + align:start position:0% +predicting purchases the mean squared +error goes up after the uh after the + + align:start position:0% +error goes up after the uh after the + + + align:start position:0% +error goes up after the uh after the +regulation goes into effect so they're + + align:start position:0% +regulation goes into effect so they're + + + align:start position:0% +regulation goes into effect so they're +predicting worse but you know mean squ + + align:start position:0% +predicting worse but you know mean squ + + + align:start position:0% +predicting worse but you know mean squ +eror is sort of a problema measure of of + + align:start position:0% +eror is sort of a problema measure of of + + + align:start position:0% +eror is sort of a problema measure of of +prediction because you know the + + align:start position:0% +prediction because you know the + + + align:start position:0% +prediction because you know the +probability of purchase is a very small + + align:start position:0% +probability of purchase is a very small + + + align:start position:0% +probability of purchase is a very small +number like it it's it maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +number like it it's it maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +number like it it's it maybe you know +10% or whatever and so if the mean goes + + align:start position:0% +10% or whatever and so if the mean goes + + + align:start position:0% +10% or whatever and so if the mean goes +up like you're trying to predict a 01 + + align:start position:0% +up like you're trying to predict a 01 + + + align:start position:0% +up like you're trying to predict a 01 +random variable 01 random variables are + + align:start position:0% +random variable 01 random variables are + + + align:start position:0% +random variable 01 random variables are +hardest to predict when their mean is 05 + + align:start position:0% +hardest to predict when their mean is 05 + + + align:start position:0% +hardest to predict when their mean is 05 +if their mean is 01 they're very easy to + + align:start position:0% +if their mean is 01 they're very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +if their mean is 01 they're very easy to +predict uh and so mean square error + + align:start position:0% +predict uh and so mean square error + + + align:start position:0% +predict uh and so mean square error +sense when the average purchase + + align:start position:0% +sense when the average purchase + + + align:start position:0% +sense when the average purchase +frequency goes up their mean squared + + align:start position:0% +frequency goes up their mean squared + + + align:start position:0% +frequency goes up their mean squared +error goes up what they show is that + + align:start position:0% +error goes up what they show is that + + + align:start position:0% +error goes up what they show is that +there's a graph I don't think I have it + + align:start position:0% +there's a graph I don't think I have it + + + align:start position:0% +there's a graph I don't think I have it +here that the you know the mean Square + + align:start position:0% +here that the you know the mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +here that the you know the mean Square +err looks like this the mean squared + + align:start position:0% +err looks like this the mean squared + + + align:start position:0% +err looks like this the mean squared +error goes up and then the mean squared + + align:start position:0% +error goes up and then the mean squared + + + align:start position:0% +error goes up and then the mean squared +error comes back down so by the end of + + align:start position:0% +error comes back down so by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +error comes back down so by the end of +the sample even though the mean is + + align:start position:0% +the sample even though the mean is + + + align:start position:0% +the sample even though the mean is +higher the mean squared error is not + + align:start position:0% +higher the mean squared error is not + + + align:start position:0% +higher the mean squared error is not +higher uh and so it seems that when the + + align:start position:0% +higher uh and so it seems that when the + + + align:start position:0% +higher uh and so it seems that when the +firm is updating its machine learning + + align:start position:0% +firm is updating its machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +firm is updating its machine learning +algorithms using the new better quality + + align:start position:0% +algorithms using the new better quality + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms using the new better quality +data it actually looks like if anything + + align:start position:0% +data it actually looks like if anything + + + align:start position:0% +data it actually looks like if anything +it's predicting better what consumers + + align:start position:0% +it's predicting better what consumers + + + align:start position:0% +it's predicting better what consumers +are doing so it initially suffers + + align:start position:0% +are doing so it initially suffers + + + align:start position:0% +are doing so it initially suffers +because it's predicting in the wrong + + align:start position:0% +because it's predicting in the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +because it's predicting in the wrong +environment or for a selected sample of + + align:start position:0% +environment or for a selected sample of + + + align:start position:0% +environment or for a selected sample of +people using its unselected data but + + align:start position:0% +people using its unselected data but + + + align:start position:0% +people using its unselected data but +then once it does it it looks like the + + align:start position:0% +then once it does it it looks like the + + + align:start position:0% +then once it does it it looks like the +intermediary looks like it's improving + + align:start position:0% +intermediary looks like it's improving + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary looks like it's improving +its predictive ability in this new + + align:start position:0% +its predictive ability in this new + + + align:start position:0% +its predictive ability in this new +cleaner in some sense the gdpr has + + align:start position:0% +cleaner in some sense the gdpr has + + + align:start position:0% +cleaner in some sense the gdpr has +cleaned the data for them a little bit + + align:start position:0% +cleaned the data for them a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +cleaned the data for them a little bit +and made their job + + align:start position:0% +and made their job + + + align:start position:0% +and made their job +easier okay at least it's it's not so + + align:start position:0% +easier okay at least it's it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +easier okay at least it's it's not so +significantly easier but at least it's + + align:start position:0% +significantly easier but at least it's + + + align:start position:0% +significantly easier but at least it's +clear that it didn't make their job + + align:start position:0% +clear that it didn't make their job + + + align:start position:0% +clear that it didn't make their job +harder on the remaining + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +okay okay I think that's what I had on + + align:start position:0% +okay okay I think that's what I had on + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay I think that's what I had on +on on on tobias's paper else + + align:start position:0% +on on on tobias's paper else + + + align:start position:0% +on on on tobias's paper else +okay uh so I wanted to go to one other + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so I wanted to go to one other + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so I wanted to go to one other +um uh one other causal paper um so this + + align:start position:0% +um uh one other causal paper um so this + + + align:start position:0% +um uh one other causal paper um so this +is you know a example of as I said you + + align:start position:0% +is you know a example of as I said you + + + align:start position:0% +is you know a example of as I said you +know there's been a big increase just in + + align:start position:0% +know there's been a big increase just in + + + align:start position:0% +know there's been a big increase just in +the last you know five years or five you + + align:start position:0% +the last you know five years or five you + + + align:start position:0% +the last you know five years or five you +know whatever of people interested in + + align:start position:0% +know whatever of people interested in + + + align:start position:0% +know whatever of people interested in +just using same kinds of Quasi + + align:start position:0% +just using same kinds of Quasi + + + align:start position:0% +just using same kinds of Quasi +experimental methods you see in many + + align:start position:0% +experimental methods you see in many + + + align:start position:0% +experimental methods you see in many +other applied micro fields to do + + align:start position:0% +other applied micro fields to do + + + align:start position:0% +other applied micro fields to do +advertising studies and think about how + + align:start position:0% +advertising studies and think about how + + + align:start position:0% +advertising studies and think about how +do we made the effect of advertising + + align:start position:0% +do we made the effect of advertising + + + align:start position:0% +do we made the effect of advertising +using quasi experimental designs there + + align:start position:0% +using quasi experimental designs there + + + align:start position:0% +using quasi experimental designs there +are lots of sort of need effects here um + + align:start position:0% +are lots of sort of need effects here um + + + align:start position:0% +are lots of sort of need effects here um +you know there are lots of things that + + align:start position:0% +you know there are lots of things that + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are lots of things that +do like just sort of again straight + + align:start position:0% +do like just sort of again straight + + + align:start position:0% +do like just sort of again straight +difference and differences using some + + align:start position:0% +difference and differences using some + + + align:start position:0% +difference and differences using some +kind of Regulation goes into effect + + align:start position:0% +kind of Regulation goes into effect + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Regulation goes into effect +Banning advertising or allowing + + align:start position:0% +Banning advertising or allowing + + + align:start position:0% +Banning advertising or allowing +advertising or someone's runs an + + align:start position:0% +advertising or someone's runs an + + + align:start position:0% +advertising or someone's runs an +advertising campaign that lasts for four + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign that lasts for four + + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign that lasts for four +months and then it stops on one day and + + align:start position:0% +months and then it stops on one day and + + + align:start position:0% +months and then it stops on one day and +you use it before and after um + + align:start position:0% +you use it before and after um + + + align:start position:0% +you use it before and after um +spillovers from political advertising a + + align:start position:0% +spillovers from political advertising a + + + align:start position:0% +spillovers from political advertising a +really neat general purpose idea you + + align:start position:0% +really neat general purpose idea you + + + align:start position:0% +really neat general purpose idea you +know I guess guess um maybe you guys + + align:start position:0% +know I guess guess um maybe you guys + + + align:start position:0% +know I guess guess um maybe you guys +don't watch TV um but like you know if + + align:start position:0% +don't watch TV um but like you know if + + + align:start position:0% +don't watch TV um but like you know if +you're watching TV in Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +you're watching TV in Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +you're watching TV in Massachusetts +right before an election you may have + + align:start position:0% +right before an election you may have + + + align:start position:0% +right before an election you may have +noticed tons and tons of campaigns for + + align:start position:0% +noticed tons and tons of campaigns for + + + align:start position:0% +noticed tons and tons of campaigns for +Maggie Hassen versus Don Bulluck in New + + align:start position:0% +Maggie Hassen versus Don Bulluck in New + + + align:start position:0% +Maggie Hassen versus Don Bulluck in New +Hampshire you know buying up all the ads + + align:start position:0% +Hampshire you know buying up all the ads + + + align:start position:0% +Hampshire you know buying up all the ads +on Massachusetts TV if you live in New + + align:start position:0% +on Massachusetts TV if you live in New + + + align:start position:0% +on Massachusetts TV if you live in New +Hampshire you know that is your entire + + align:start position:0% +Hampshire you know that is your entire + + + align:start position:0% +Hampshire you know that is your entire +TV for a month before the election is + + align:start position:0% +TV for a month before the election is + + + align:start position:0% +TV for a month before the election is +nothing but + + align:start position:0% +nothing but + + + align:start position:0% +nothing but +adverti uh political campaign ads the + + align:start position:0% +adverti uh political campaign ads the + + + align:start position:0% +adverti uh political campaign ads the +political campaign ads shift other ads + + align:start position:0% +political campaign ads shift other ads + + + align:start position:0% +political campaign ads shift other ads +off the TV and you can do these sort of + + align:start position:0% +off the TV and you can do these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +off the TV and you can do these sort of +designs taking into effect like you know + + align:start position:0% +designs taking into effect like you know + + + align:start position:0% +designs taking into effect like you know +New Hampshire versus Vermont no one + + align:start position:0% +New Hampshire versus Vermont no one + + + align:start position:0% +New Hampshire versus Vermont no one +advertises on Vermont TV because the + + align:start position:0% +advertises on Vermont TV because the + + + align:start position:0% +advertises on Vermont TV because the +Democrats always win New Hampshire has a + + align:start position:0% +Democrats always win New Hampshire has a + + + align:start position:0% +Democrats always win New Hampshire has a +ton of political ads because it's a + + align:start position:0% +ton of political ads because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +ton of political ads because it's a +tossup state you can do New Hampshire + + align:start position:0% +tossup state you can do New Hampshire + + + align:start position:0% +tossup state you can do New Hampshire +versus Vermont before and after an + + align:start position:0% +versus Vermont before and after an + + + align:start position:0% +versus Vermont before and after an +election and see all these other + + align:start position:0% +election and see all these other + + + align:start position:0% +election and see all these other +advertisers were getting blocked out of + + align:start position:0% +advertisers were getting blocked out of + + + align:start position:0% +advertisers were getting blocked out of +New Hampshire but still advertising in + + align:start position:0% +New Hampshire but still advertising in + + + align:start position:0% +New Hampshire but still advertising in +Vermont and Maine and use that as an + + align:start position:0% +Vermont and Maine and use that as an + + + align:start position:0% +Vermont and Maine and use that as an +instrument for advertising um they + + align:start position:0% +instrument for advertising um they + + + align:start position:0% +instrument for advertising um they +papers using sporting events if your + + align:start position:0% +papers using sporting events if your + + + align:start position:0% +papers using sporting events if your +team gets the Super Bowl you see you + + align:start position:0% +team gets the Super Bowl you see you + + + align:start position:0% +team gets the Super Bowl you see you +therefore see all everyone watches the + + align:start position:0% +therefore see all everyone watches the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore see all everyone watches the +Super Bowl they see many more Budweiser + + align:start position:0% +Super Bowl they see many more Budweiser + + + align:start position:0% +Super Bowl they see many more Budweiser +ads and they would see otherwise how + + align:start position:0% +ads and they would see otherwise how + + + align:start position:0% +ads and they would see otherwise how +does that effect purchasing uh you know + + align:start position:0% +does that effect purchasing uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +does that effect purchasing uh you know +in some ways the I talked about the sort + + align:start position:0% +in some ways the I talked about the sort + + + align:start position:0% +in some ways the I talked about the sort +of uh uh brenberg dubet + + align:start position:0% +of uh uh brenberg dubet + + + align:start position:0% +of uh uh brenberg dubet +jcow paper about you know people moving + + align:start position:0% +jcow paper about you know people moving + + + align:start position:0% +jcow paper about you know people moving +from one city to another if you move + + align:start position:0% +from one city to another if you move + + + align:start position:0% +from one city to another if you move +from one city to another you're seeing + + align:start position:0% +from one city to another you're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +from one city to another you're seeing +different ads when you've moved there + + align:start position:0% +different ads when you've moved there + + + align:start position:0% +different ads when you've moved there +that could be an exogenous difference in + + align:start position:0% +that could be an exogenous difference in + + + align:start position:0% +that could be an exogenous difference in +the ads that you've seen we can use it + + align:start position:0% +the ads that you've seen we can use it + + + align:start position:0% +the ads that you've seen we can use it +ideas like that um uh Brad Shapiro's + + align:start position:0% +ideas like that um uh Brad Shapiro's + + + align:start position:0% +ideas like that um uh Brad Shapiro's +paper is um you using a what we call a + + align:start position:0% +paper is um you using a what we call a + + + align:start position:0% +paper is um you using a what we call a +border design in media + + align:start position:0% +border design in media + + + align:start position:0% +border design in media +markets so the application here is to uh + + align:start position:0% +markets so the application here is to uh + + + align:start position:0% +markets so the application here is to uh +anti-depressant drugs so there was a + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressant drugs so there was a + + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressant drugs so there was a +class of anti-depressant drugs called + + align:start position:0% +class of anti-depressant drugs called + + + align:start position:0% +class of anti-depressant drugs called +ssris I forget what that stands for uh + + align:start position:0% +ssris I forget what that stands for uh + + + align:start position:0% +ssris I forget what that stands for uh +introduced in the late 80s and 90s these + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the late 80s and 90s these + + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the late 80s and 90s these +drugs were under patent protection and + + align:start position:0% +drugs were under patent protection and + + + align:start position:0% +drugs were under patent protection and +you know earned billions and billions of + + align:start position:0% +you know earned billions and billions of + + + align:start position:0% +you know earned billions and billions of +dollars a year in revenues in the period + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year in revenues in the period + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year in revenues in the period +he's studying which is late 90s to early + + align:start position:0% +he's studying which is late 90s to early + + + align:start position:0% +he's studying which is late 90s to early +2000s uh and you know the + + align:start position:0% +2000s uh and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +2000s uh and you know the +are uh this is sort of just picture of + + align:start position:0% +are uh this is sort of just picture of + + + align:start position:0% +are uh this is sort of just picture of +that's what a Zoloft ad on TV would look + + align:start position:0% +that's what a Zoloft ad on TV would look + + + align:start position:0% +that's what a Zoloft ad on TV would look +like you know you'd sort of see this ad + + align:start position:0% +like you know you'd sort of see this ad + + + align:start position:0% +like you know you'd sort of see this ad +you know this is the guy who's depressed + + align:start position:0% +you know this is the guy who's depressed + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is the guy who's depressed +and he's under a cloud and symptoms + + align:start position:0% +and he's under a cloud and symptoms + + + align:start position:0% +and he's under a cloud and symptoms +persist every day for at least two weeks + + align:start position:0% +persist every day for at least two weeks + + + align:start position:0% +persist every day for at least two weeks +and then later in the commercial somehow + + align:start position:0% +and then later in the commercial somehow + + + align:start position:0% +and then later in the commercial somehow +he takes zof and the clouds part and the + + align:start position:0% +he takes zof and the clouds part and the + + + align:start position:0% +he takes zof and the clouds part and the +Sun comes out and he's happy um and then + + align:start position:0% +Sun comes out and he's happy um and then + + + align:start position:0% +Sun comes out and he's happy um and then +you have this woman you know talking + + align:start position:0% +you have this woman you know talking + + + align:start position:0% +you have this woman you know talking +about how you + + align:start position:0% +about how you + + + align:start position:0% +about how you +know I couldn't do anything my life now + + align:start position:0% +know I couldn't do anything my life now + + + align:start position:0% +know I couldn't do anything my life now +my life is so much better and then + + align:start position:0% +my life is so much better and then + + + align:start position:0% +my life is so much better and then +obviously then that 15 10-sec comment + + align:start position:0% +obviously then that 15 10-sec comment + + + align:start position:0% +obviously then that 15 10-sec comment +from her followed by this sort of long + + align:start position:0% +from her followed by this sort of long + + + align:start position:0% +from her followed by this sort of long +Litany of may cause Suicidal Thoughts + + align:start position:0% +Litany of may cause Suicidal Thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +Litany of may cause Suicidal Thoughts +may cause gastrointestinal symptoms may + + align:start position:0% +may cause gastrointestinal symptoms may + + + align:start position:0% +may cause gastrointestinal symptoms may +cause loss of appetite may cause cancer + + align:start position:0% +cause loss of appetite may cause cancer + + + align:start position:0% +cause loss of appetite may cause cancer +and various kinds but you know they + + align:start position:0% +and various kinds but you know they + + + align:start position:0% +and various kinds but you know they +anyway it was sort of it + + align:start position:0% +anyway it was sort of it + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it was sort of it +was it was B you know I don't know um + + align:start position:0% +was it was B you know I don't know um + + + align:start position:0% +was it was B you know I don't know um +again you know prior to 1997 TV + + align:start position:0% +again you know prior to 1997 TV + + + align:start position:0% +again you know prior to 1997 TV +commercials were not at were not there + + align:start position:0% +commercials were not at were not there + + + align:start position:0% +commercials were not at were not there +were not TV commercials for prescription + + align:start position:0% +were not TV commercials for prescription + + + align:start position:0% +were not TV commercials for prescription +drugs in the United States prior to + + align:start position:0% +drugs in the United States prior to + + + align:start position:0% +drugs in the United States prior to +1997 just there was no TV the United + + align:start position:0% +1997 just there was no TV the United + + + align:start position:0% +1997 just there was no TV the United +States was like every other country in + + align:start position:0% +States was like every other country in + + + align:start position:0% +States was like every other country in +the world there was no advertising for + + align:start position:0% +the world there was no advertising for + + + align:start position:0% +the world there was no advertising for +drugs + + align:start position:0% +drugs + + + align:start position:0% +drugs +um rules were changed for how many of + + align:start position:0% +um rules were changed for how many of + + + align:start position:0% +um rules were changed for how many of +those warnings you had to put in an ad + + align:start position:0% +those warnings you had to put in an ad + + + align:start position:0% +those warnings you had to put in an ad +around 1997 and so 1999 it became + + align:start position:0% +around 1997 and so 1999 it became + + + align:start position:0% +around 1997 and so 1999 it became +feasible to like have only 20 seconds of + + align:start position:0% +feasible to like have only 20 seconds of + + + align:start position:0% +feasible to like have only 20 seconds of +your ad with all the side effects and to + + align:start position:0% +your ad with all the side effects and to + + + align:start position:0% +your ad with all the side effects and to +still have an ad that survived with all + + align:start position:0% +still have an ad that survived with all + + + align:start position:0% +still have an ad that survived with all +the the side effect stuff um so anyway + + align:start position:0% +the the side effect stuff um so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +the the side effect stuff um so anyway +first depress as appeared in + + align:start position:0% +first depress as appeared in + + + align:start position:0% +first depress as appeared in +1999 what does Brad have in this paper + + align:start position:0% +1999 what does Brad have in this paper + + + align:start position:0% +1999 what does Brad have in this paper +um he's got prescription data so the + + align:start position:0% +um he's got prescription data so the + + + align:start position:0% +um he's got prescription data so the +prescription data is a 5% random sample + + align:start position:0% +prescription data is a 5% random sample + + + align:start position:0% +prescription data is a 5% random sample +of Physicians who prescribe + + align:start position:0% +of Physicians who prescribe + + + align:start position:0% +of Physicians who prescribe +anti-depressants the data set also + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressants the data set also + + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressants the data set also +includes physici characteristics + + align:start position:0% +includes physici characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +includes physici characteristics +including the exact office address using + + align:start position:0% +including the exact office address using + + + align:start position:0% +including the exact office address using +the exact office address you can then + + align:start position:0% +the exact office address you can then + + + align:start position:0% +the exact office address you can then +map each physici to a county now + + align:start position:0% +map each physici to a county now + + + align:start position:0% +map each physici to a county now +obviously not all patients get uh visit + + align:start position:0% +obviously not all patients get uh visit + + + align:start position:0% +obviously not all patients get uh visit +a physician in the county in which they + + align:start position:0% +a physician in the county in which they + + + align:start position:0% +a physician in the county in which they +live but these are relatively rural + + align:start position:0% +live but these are relatively rural + + + align:start position:0% +live but these are relatively rural +counties so we hope that's not such a + + align:start position:0% +counties so we hope that's not such a + + + align:start position:0% +counties so we hope that's not such a +bad assumption and then he takes the uh + + align:start position:0% +bad assumption and then he takes the uh + + + align:start position:0% +bad assumption and then he takes the uh +physician level data Aggregates that to + + align:start position:0% +physician level data Aggregates that to + + + align:start position:0% +physician level data Aggregates that to +the county month level + + align:start position:0% +the county month level + + + align:start position:0% +the county month level +and most the analysis is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and most the analysis is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and most the analysis is going to be +done at the county month level you know + + align:start position:0% +done at the county month level you know + + + align:start position:0% +done at the county month level you know +I guess you know continuing the theme on + + align:start position:0% +I guess you know continuing the theme on + + + align:start position:0% +I guess you know continuing the theme on +many of the papers we look at you know + + align:start position:0% +many of the papers we look at you know + + + align:start position:0% +many of the papers we look at you know +it is using an impressive data set and + + align:start position:0% +it is using an impressive data set and + + + align:start position:0% +it is using an impressive data set and +you need detailed data sets to write + + align:start position:0% +you need detailed data sets to write + + + align:start position:0% +you need detailed data sets to write +good papers these days so what does he + + align:start position:0% +good papers these days so what does he + + + align:start position:0% +good papers these days so what does he +have on uh advertising he has TV + + align:start position:0% +have on uh advertising he has TV + + + align:start position:0% +have on uh advertising he has TV +advertising expenditures by brand in + + align:start position:0% +advertising expenditures by brand in + + + align:start position:0% +advertising expenditures by brand in +each of 101 uh markets in the US um from + + align:start position:0% +each of 101 uh markets in the US um from + + + align:start position:0% +each of 101 uh markets in the US um from +September 1999 to December 2003 so the + + align:start position:0% +September 1999 to December 2003 so the + + + align:start position:0% +September 1999 to December 2003 so the +basic uh advertising data set is at the + + align:start position:0% +basic uh advertising data set is at the + + + align:start position:0% +basic uh advertising data set is at the +uh dma which is sort of what you can + + align:start position:0% +uh dma which is sort of what you can + + + align:start position:0% +uh dma which is sort of what you can +think of as roughly as a city the dma + + align:start position:0% +think of as roughly as a city the dma + + + align:start position:0% +think of as roughly as a city the dma +times uh month level now much of the + + align:start position:0% +times uh month level now much of the + + + align:start position:0% +times uh month level now much of the +advertising of pharmaceuticals is + + align:start position:0% +advertising of pharmaceuticals is + + + align:start position:0% +advertising of pharmaceuticals is +National um but there is substantial + + align:start position:0% +National um but there is substantial + + + align:start position:0% +National um but there is substantial +local advertising also so what he does + + align:start position:0% +local advertising also so what he does + + + align:start position:0% +local advertising also so what he does +he creates a measure of local + + align:start position:0% +he creates a measure of local + + + align:start position:0% +he creates a measure of local +advertising in each market by basically + + align:start position:0% +advertising in each market by basically + + + align:start position:0% +advertising in each market by basically +apportioning the national spending + + align:start position:0% +apportioning the national spending + + + align:start position:0% +apportioning the national spending +according to each dma's share of the + + align:start position:0% +according to each dma's share of the + + + align:start position:0% +according to each dma's share of the +national population and then adding on + + align:start position:0% +national population and then adding on + + + align:start position:0% +national population and then adding on +top of that the advertising that's + + align:start position:0% +top of that the advertising that's + + + align:start position:0% +top of that the advertising that's +purely local uh to that DM + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh Shapiro's strategy for identification + + align:start position:0% +uh Shapiro's strategy for identification + + + align:start position:0% +uh Shapiro's strategy for identification +is to limit the analysis to dma borders + + align:start position:0% +is to limit the analysis to dma borders + + + align:start position:0% +is to limit the analysis to dma borders +and to and to treat monthly advertising + + align:start position:0% +and to and to treat monthly advertising + + + align:start position:0% +and to and to treat monthly advertising +cynist once you include the product + + align:start position:0% +cynist once you include the product + + + align:start position:0% +cynist once you include the product +border quarter and product border dma + + align:start position:0% +border quarter and product border dma + + + align:start position:0% +border quarter and product border dma +fixed effects so why does that make + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects so why does that make + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects so why does that make +sense you know so imagine that you + + align:start position:0% +sense you know so imagine that you + + + align:start position:0% +sense you know so imagine that you +didn't have just the borders here and + + align:start position:0% +didn't have just the borders here and + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have just the borders here and +you were going to try to + + align:start position:0% +you were going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +you were going to try to +compare advertising and sales in the + + align:start position:0% +compare advertising and sales in the + + + align:start position:0% +compare advertising and sales in the +Columbus area with advertising and sales + + align:start position:0% +Columbus area with advertising and sales + + + align:start position:0% +Columbus area with advertising and sales +in the Cleveland area you know there + + align:start position:0% +in the Cleveland area you know there + + + align:start position:0% +in the Cleveland area you know there +you'd really worry that inherent demand + + align:start position:0% +you'd really worry that inherent demand + + + align:start position:0% +you'd really worry that inherent demand +is different in Columbus than it is from + + align:start position:0% +is different in Columbus than it is from + + + align:start position:0% +is different in Columbus than it is from +Cleveland and that the firms who are + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland and that the firms who are + + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland and that the firms who are +advertising know that demand is + + align:start position:0% +advertising know that demand is + + + align:start position:0% +advertising know that demand is +different from Columbus and Cleveland + + align:start position:0% +different from Columbus and Cleveland + + + align:start position:0% +different from Columbus and Cleveland +and therefore the advertising is + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the advertising is + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the advertising is +Columbus is is correlated with the + + align:start position:0% +Columbus is is correlated with the + + + align:start position:0% +Columbus is is correlated with the +demand in Columbus um the idea of the + + align:start position:0% +demand in Columbus um the idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +demand in Columbus um the idea of the +Border effect is to say that it's it's + + align:start position:0% +Border effect is to say that it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +Border effect is to say that it's it's +kind of like the same thing you would do + + align:start position:0% +kind of like the same thing you would do + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like the same thing you would do +in a regression discontinuity design but + + align:start position:0% +in a regression discontinuity design but + + + align:start position:0% +in a regression discontinuity design but +in a spatial sense so you know colum if + + align:start position:0% +in a spatial sense so you know colum if + + + align:start position:0% +in a spatial sense so you know colum if +you look at sort of uh Columbus uh + + align:start position:0% +you look at sort of uh Columbus uh + + + align:start position:0% +you look at sort of uh Columbus uh +versus uh Cleveland dma you see 1 2 3 4 + + align:start position:0% +versus uh Cleveland dma you see 1 2 3 4 + + + align:start position:0% +versus uh Cleveland dma you see 1 2 3 4 +five count counties along the Columbus + + align:start position:0% +five count counties along the Columbus + + + align:start position:0% +five count counties along the Columbus +side of the border and then you see 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +side of the border and then you see 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +side of the border and then you see 1 2 +3 four counties along the Cleveland side + + align:start position:0% +3 four counties along the Cleveland side + + + align:start position:0% +3 four counties along the Cleveland side +of the Border uh you know these counties + + align:start position:0% +of the Border uh you know these counties + + + align:start position:0% +of the Border uh you know these counties +are going to be relatively rural + + align:start position:0% +are going to be relatively rural + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be relatively rural +counties they're going to be fairly far + + align:start position:0% +counties they're going to be fairly far + + + align:start position:0% +counties they're going to be fairly far +from the center the cities that are the + + align:start position:0% +from the center the cities that are the + + + align:start position:0% +from the center the cities that are the +center of these dmas so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +center of these dmas so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +center of these dmas so the idea is +supposed to be that the people on the + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be that the people on the + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be that the people on the +Columbus side the people at the + + align:start position:0% +Columbus side the people at the + + + align:start position:0% +Columbus side the people at the +Cleveland side are very similar um the + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland side are very similar um the + + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland side are very similar um the +advertising in the in the that the col + + align:start position:0% +advertising in the in the that the col + + + align:start position:0% +advertising in the in the that the col +people see is not going to be driven by + + align:start position:0% +people see is not going to be driven by + + + align:start position:0% +people see is not going to be driven by +the characteristics of the people on the + + align:start position:0% +the characteristics of the people on the + + + align:start position:0% +the characteristics of the people on the +Columbus side of the Border because + + align:start position:0% +Columbus side of the Border because + + + align:start position:0% +Columbus side of the Border because +people on the Columbus side of the + + align:start position:0% +people on the Columbus side of the + + + align:start position:0% +people on the Columbus side of the +Border by perhaps you know one or or 5% + + align:start position:0% +Border by perhaps you know one or or 5% + + + align:start position:0% +Border by perhaps you know one or or 5% +of the prescriptions of anti-depressants + + align:start position:0% +of the prescriptions of anti-depressants + + + align:start position:0% +of the prescriptions of anti-depressants +in the combus dma prescriptions are + + align:start position:0% +in the combus dma prescriptions are + + + align:start position:0% +in the combus dma prescriptions are +going to be you know the advertising + + align:start position:0% +going to be you know the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +going to be you know the advertising +will be driven by something Factor + + align:start position:0% +will be driven by something Factor + + + align:start position:0% +will be driven by something Factor +affecting the Columbus dma or the + + align:start position:0% +affecting the Columbus dma or the + + + align:start position:0% +affecting the Columbus dma or the +Cleveland dma and so you can treat the + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland dma and so you can treat the + + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland dma and so you can treat the +sort of advertising choices as exogenous + + align:start position:0% +sort of advertising choices as exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +sort of advertising choices as exogenous +once you put in the sort of product + + align:start position:0% +once you put in the sort of product + + + align:start position:0% +once you put in the sort of product +border quarter and product border by dma + + align:start position:0% +border quarter and product border by dma + + + align:start position:0% +border quarter and product border by dma +fixed effects and again the sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects and again the sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects and again the sort of uh +product border dma fixed effects those + + align:start position:0% +product border dma fixed effects those + + + align:start position:0% +product border dma fixed effects those +are going to capture if the people in + + align:start position:0% +are going to capture if the people in + + + align:start position:0% +are going to capture if the people in +the Columbus side of the Border are + + align:start position:0% +the Columbus side of the Border are + + + align:start position:0% +the Columbus side of the Border are +slightly more depressed people on the + + align:start position:0% +slightly more depressed people on the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more depressed people on the +Cleveland side of the border that would + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland side of the border that would + + + align:start position:0% +Cleveland side of the border that would +get captured by that non uh non-time + + align:start position:0% +get captured by that non uh non-time + + + align:start position:0% +get captured by that non uh non-time +varying fixed effect for the Columbus + + align:start position:0% +varying fixed effect for the Columbus + + + align:start position:0% +varying fixed effect for the Columbus +side of the Border okay so the basic + + align:start position:0% +side of the Border okay so the basic + + + align:start position:0% +side of the Border okay so the basic +exercise here is to just put in all + + align:start position:0% +exercise here is to just put in all + + + align:start position:0% +exercise here is to just put in all +those fixed effects and regress the log + + align:start position:0% +those fixed effects and regress the log + + + align:start position:0% +those fixed effects and regress the log +of sales in each uh on each side of the + + align:start position:0% +of sales in each uh on each side of the + + + align:start position:0% +of sales in each uh on each side of the +Border in a month on the advertising on + + align:start position:0% +Border in a month on the advertising on + + + align:start position:0% +Border in a month on the advertising on +each side of the Border order in a month + + align:start position:0% +each side of the Border order in a month + + + align:start position:0% +each side of the Border order in a month +plus these fixed effects and what do you + + align:start position:0% +plus these fixed effects and what do you + + + align:start position:0% +plus these fixed effects and what do you +find so first thing that he finds is + + align:start position:0% +find so first thing that he finds is + + + align:start position:0% +find so first thing that he finds is +that advertising has large effects um so + + align:start position:0% +that advertising has large effects um so + + + align:start position:0% +that advertising has large effects um so +the look at the first number I put in + + align:start position:0% +the look at the first number I put in + + + align:start position:0% +the look at the first number I put in +the box there the DTC has a uh direct to + + align:start position:0% +the box there the DTC has a uh direct to + + + align:start position:0% +the box there the DTC has a uh direct to +Consumer advertising in this market as a + + align:start position:0% +Consumer advertising in this market as a + + + align:start position:0% +Consumer advertising in this market as a +coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of +0.024 uh I believe the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +0.024 uh I believe the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +0.024 uh I believe the right hand side +variable is in the scale of pennies per + + align:start position:0% +variable is in the scale of pennies per + + + align:start position:0% +variable is in the scale of pennies per +person so this says if you conduct an + + align:start position:0% +person so this says if you conduct an + + + align:start position:0% +person so this says if you conduct an +advertising campaign that costs one cent + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign that costs one cent + + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign that costs one cent +per person uh in that area you in in the + + align:start position:0% +per person uh in that area you in in the + + + align:start position:0% +per person uh in that area you in in the +dma you would get direct consumer you + + align:start position:0% +dma you would get direct consumer you + + + align:start position:0% +dma you would get direct consumer you +would get uh sales go up by + + align:start position:0% +would get uh sales go up by + + + align:start position:0% +would get uh sales go up by +2.4% okay second significant effect you + + align:start position:0% +2.4% okay second significant effect you + + + align:start position:0% +2.4% okay second significant effect you +see here is the spill over rival + + align:start position:0% +see here is the spill over rival + + + align:start position:0% +see here is the spill over rival +advertising so the spill over rival + + align:start position:0% +advertising so the spill over rival + + + align:start position:0% +advertising so the spill over rival +advertising is a coefficient of 0.016 + + align:start position:0% +advertising is a coefficient of 0.016 + + + align:start position:0% +advertising is a coefficient of 0.016 +which is roughly 2third of the size of + + align:start position:0% +which is roughly 2third of the size of + + + align:start position:0% +which is roughly 2third of the size of +uh the own advertising effect so that is + + align:start position:0% +uh the own advertising effect so that is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the own advertising effect so that is +you know it's better to advertise + + align:start position:0% +you know it's better to advertise + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's better to advertise +yourself but having a rival advertise + + align:start position:0% +yourself but having a rival advertise + + + align:start position:0% +yourself but having a rival advertise +gives you almost 2third of the sales + + align:start position:0% +gives you almost 2third of the sales + + + align:start position:0% +gives you almost 2third of the sales +boost and obviously you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +boost and obviously you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +boost and obviously you don't have to +pay for the Rival + + align:start position:0% +pay for the Rival + + + align:start position:0% +pay for the Rival +advertising uh result here if you look + + align:start position:0% +advertising uh result here if you look + + + align:start position:0% +advertising uh result here if you look +at the quadratic terms this one and this + + align:start position:0% +at the quadratic terms this one and this + + + align:start position:0% +at the quadratic terms this one and this +one uh quadratic terms have negative + + align:start position:0% +one uh quadratic terms have negative + + + align:start position:0% +one uh quadratic terms have negative +coefficients on them which means that + + align:start position:0% +coefficients on them which means that + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients on them which means that +there is decreasing returns to + + align:start position:0% +there is decreasing returns to + + + align:start position:0% +there is decreasing returns to +advertising uh if you look at the gra + + align:start position:0% +advertising uh if you look at the gra + + + align:start position:0% +advertising uh if you look at the gra +shape of those uh quadratic things uh + + align:start position:0% +shape of those uh quadratic things uh + + + align:start position:0% +shape of those uh quadratic things uh +functions it would be that sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +functions it would be that sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +functions it would be that sort of uh +advertising Max is out at about five and + + align:start position:0% +advertising Max is out at about five and + + + align:start position:0% +advertising Max is out at about five and +a half on the own advertising nine on + + align:start position:0% +a half on the own advertising nine on + + + align:start position:0% +a half on the own advertising nine on +the rifle advertising those levels are + + align:start position:0% +the rifle advertising those levels are + + + align:start position:0% +the rifle advertising those levels are +well above the levels of actual + + align:start position:0% +well above the levels of actual + + + align:start position:0% +well above the levels of actual +advertising than data so it's just sort + + align:start position:0% +advertising than data so it's just sort + + + align:start position:0% +advertising than data so it's just sort +of capturing the curvature that there + + align:start position:0% +of capturing the curvature that there + + + align:start position:0% +of capturing the curvature that there +are decreasing returns as you advertise + + align:start position:0% +are decreasing returns as you advertise + + + align:start position:0% +are decreasing returns as you advertise +more and then the third important effect + + align:start position:0% +more and then the third important effect + + + align:start position:0% +more and then the third important effect +uh in this uh regression is the DTC + + align:start position:0% +uh in this uh regression is the DTC + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this uh regression is the DTC +times dtt rival coefficient what that + + align:start position:0% +times dtt rival coefficient what that + + + align:start position:0% +times dtt rival coefficient what that +says is that the marginal return to my + + align:start position:0% +says is that the marginal return to my + + + align:start position:0% +says is that the marginal return to my +advertising goes down when my rival is + + align:start position:0% +advertising goes down when my rival is + + + align:start position:0% +advertising goes down when my rival is +advertising more you know that fits with + + align:start position:0% +advertising more you know that fits with + + + align:start position:0% +advertising more you know that fits with +the general if there's decreasing + + align:start position:0% +the general if there's decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +the general if there's decreasing +returns to aggregate advertising that + + align:start position:0% +returns to aggregate advertising that + + + align:start position:0% +returns to aggregate advertising that +would be true as my rival advertises + + align:start position:0% +would be true as my rival advertises + + + align:start position:0% +would be true as my rival advertises +more we're already getting further out + + align:start position:0% +more we're already getting further out + + + align:start position:0% +more we're already getting further out +on the decreasing return inside and + + align:start position:0% +on the decreasing return inside and + + + align:start position:0% +on the decreasing return inside and +that's going to cause a reduced uh + + align:start position:0% +that's going to cause a reduced uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to cause a reduced uh +benefit from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +advertising and it you it's fairly + + align:start position:0% +advertising and it you it's fairly + + + align:start position:0% +advertising and it you it's fairly +simple uh estimation strategy but I + + align:start position:0% +simple uh estimation strategy but I + + + align:start position:0% +simple uh estimation strategy but I +think you know fairly simple estimation + + align:start position:0% +think you know fairly simple estimation + + + align:start position:0% +think you know fairly simple estimation +strategy you you just have to buy these + + align:start position:0% +strategy you you just have to buy these + + + align:start position:0% +strategy you you just have to buy these +regression discontinuity type + + align:start position:0% +regression discontinuity type + + + align:start position:0% +regression discontinuity type +assumptions that the people along the + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that the people along the + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that the people along the +two sides of the Border are similar + + align:start position:0% +two sides of the Border are similar + + + align:start position:0% +two sides of the Border are similar +other than a fixed effect that's not + + align:start position:0% +other than a fixed effect that's not + + + align:start position:0% +other than a fixed effect that's not +time varying and that the advertising is + + align:start position:0% +time varying and that the advertising is + + + align:start position:0% +time varying and that the advertising is +not being driven by something that's + + align:start position:0% +not being driven by something that's + + + align:start position:0% +not being driven by something that's +border specific be something that if + + align:start position:0% +border specific be something that if + + + align:start position:0% +border specific be something that if +it's anything if it's not just purely + + align:start position:0% +it's anything if it's not just purely + + + align:start position:0% +it's anything if it's not just purely +random it's driven by something a + + align:start position:0% +random it's driven by something a + + + align:start position:0% +random it's driven by something a +related to the cities and therefore + + align:start position:0% +related to the cities and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +related to the cities and therefore +wouldn't have different effects on the + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have different effects on the + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have different effects on the +different sides of the Border + + align:start position:0% +different sides of the Border + + + align:start position:0% +different sides of the Border +okay um next thing Shapiro does though + + align:start position:0% +okay um next thing Shapiro does though + + + align:start position:0% +okay um next thing Shapiro does though +this is you know like many papers it + + align:start position:0% +this is you know like many papers it + + + align:start position:0% +this is you know like many papers it +both combines a sort of uh standard + + align:start position:0% +both combines a sort of uh standard + + + align:start position:0% +both combines a sort of uh standard +modern causal inference approach with a + + align:start position:0% +modern causal inference approach with a + + + align:start position:0% +modern causal inference approach with a +structural estimation so his structural + + align:start position:0% +structural estimation so his structural + + + align:start position:0% +structural estimation so his structural +estimation is basically driven off the + + align:start position:0% +estimation is basically driven off the + + + align:start position:0% +estimation is basically driven off the +same levels of uh the same exogenous + + align:start position:0% +same levels of uh the same exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +same levels of uh the same exogenous +variation that's driving the reduced + + align:start position:0% +variation that's driving the reduced + + + align:start position:0% +variation that's driving the reduced +form estimates uh but here he does this + + align:start position:0% +form estimates uh but here he does this + + + align:start position:0% +form estimates uh but here he does this +uh nest of loit model demand the nest of + + align:start position:0% +uh nest of loit model demand the nest of + + + align:start position:0% +uh nest of loit model demand the nest of +loit model has three levels at the top + + align:start position:0% +loit model has three levels at the top + + + align:start position:0% +loit model has three levels at the top +level there's a choice between an inside + + align:start position:0% +level there's a choice between an inside + + + align:start position:0% +level there's a choice between an inside +good and the outside good that choice is + + align:start position:0% +good and the outside good that choice is + + + align:start position:0% +good and the outside good that choice is +driven in part by total advertising in + + align:start position:0% +driven in part by total advertising in + + + align:start position:0% +driven in part by total advertising in +the market the second level is a choice + + align:start position:0% +the market the second level is a choice + + + align:start position:0% +the market the second level is a choice +between categories I think I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +between categories I think I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +between categories I think I mentioned +there are six different categories of uh + + align:start position:0% +there are six different categories of uh + + + align:start position:0% +there are six different categories of uh +anti-depressant drugs being sold at the + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressant drugs being sold at the + + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressant drugs being sold at the +time one of them is other um and so that + + align:start position:0% +time one of them is other um and so that + + + align:start position:0% +time one of them is other um and so that +that choice is driven by has right- hand + + align:start position:0% +that choice is driven by has right- hand + + + align:start position:0% +that choice is driven by has right- hand +side variable which is advertising + + align:start position:0% +side variable which is advertising + + + align:start position:0% +side variable which is advertising +within that particular category of + + align:start position:0% +within that particular category of + + + align:start position:0% +within that particular category of +anti-depressant and then the bottom + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressant and then the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressant and then the bottom +level which is going to be the you know + + align:start position:0% +level which is going to be the you know + + + align:start position:0% +level which is going to be the you know +most purely business dealing level is uh + + align:start position:0% +most purely business dealing level is uh + + + align:start position:0% +most purely business dealing level is uh +competition between people make a choice + + align:start position:0% +competition between people make a choice + + + align:start position:0% +competition between people make a choice +of which drug within a class of + + align:start position:0% +of which drug within a class of + + + align:start position:0% +of which drug within a class of +anti-depressants they buy again that's + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressants they buy again that's + + + align:start position:0% +anti-depressants they buy again that's +going to have advertising on the right + + align:start position:0% +going to have advertising on the right + + + align:start position:0% +going to have advertising on the right +side that's advertising of the + + align:start position:0% +side that's advertising of the + + + align:start position:0% +side that's advertising of the +particular molecule at least uh early in + + align:start position:0% +particular molecule at least uh early in + + + align:start position:0% +particular molecule at least uh early in +his data there actually only two of the + + align:start position:0% +his data there actually only two of the + + + align:start position:0% +his data there actually only two of the +firms doing advertising there's a glos + + align:start position:0% +firms doing advertising there's a glos + + + align:start position:0% +firms doing advertising there's a glos +Klein advertising paxel and there's Eli + + align:start position:0% +Klein advertising paxel and there's Eli + + + align:start position:0% +Klein advertising paxel and there's Eli +Lily advertising proac okay uh what are + + align:start position:0% +Lily advertising proac okay uh what are + + + align:start position:0% +Lily advertising proac okay uh what are +the advertising variables look like you + + align:start position:0% +the advertising variables look like you + + + align:start position:0% +the advertising variables look like you +know the advertising variable that's on + + align:start position:0% +know the advertising variable that's on + + + align:start position:0% +know the advertising variable that's on +the right side of this so advertising + + align:start position:0% +the right side of this so advertising + + + align:start position:0% +the right side of this so advertising +for product + + align:start position:0% +for product + + + align:start position:0% +for product +J uh size Border level B time T is going + + align:start position:0% +J uh size Border level B time T is going + + + align:start position:0% +J uh size Border level B time T is going +to be a sum of Delta to the S times + + align:start position:0% +to be a sum of Delta to the S times + + + align:start position:0% +to be a sum of Delta to the S times +advertising + + align:start position:0% +advertising + + + align:start position:0% +advertising +uh by that firm in in in the same region + + align:start position:0% +uh by that firm in in in the same region + + + align:start position:0% +uh by that firm in in in the same region +at time T minus s uh so he estimates + + align:start position:0% +at time T minus s uh so he estimates + + + align:start position:0% +at time T minus s uh so he estimates +these discount factors Delta the S to + + align:start position:0% +these discount factors Delta the S to + + + align:start position:0% +these discount factors Delta the S to +estimate how quickly does advertising + + align:start position:0% +estimate how quickly does advertising + + + align:start position:0% +estimate how quickly does advertising +die + + align:start position:0% +die + + + align:start position:0% +die +out again there are three separate + + align:start position:0% +out again there are three separate + + + align:start position:0% +out again there are three separate +Deltas being estimated there's a Delta + + align:start position:0% +Deltas being estimated there's a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Deltas being estimated there's a Delta +being estimated for the uh aggregate + + align:start position:0% +being estimated for the uh aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +being estimated for the uh aggregate +demand for the inside good versus the + + align:start position:0% +demand for the inside good versus the + + + align:start position:0% +demand for the inside good versus the +outside good there's a Delta being + + align:start position:0% +outside good there's a Delta being + + + align:start position:0% +outside good there's a Delta being +estimated for the within category effect + + align:start position:0% +estimated for the within category effect + + + align:start position:0% +estimated for the within category effect +there's a Delta being estimated for the + + align:start position:0% +there's a Delta being estimated for the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a Delta being estimated for the +product effect um biggest results he has + + align:start position:0% +product effect um biggest results he has + + + align:start position:0% +product effect um biggest results he has +there on those Delta is that the Deltas + + align:start position:0% +there on those Delta is that the Deltas + + + align:start position:0% +there on those Delta is that the Deltas +are fairly large uh but the Delta is + + align:start position:0% +are fairly large uh but the Delta is + + + align:start position:0% +are fairly large uh but the Delta is +sorry fairly small advertising dries out + + align:start position:0% +sorry fairly small advertising dries out + + + align:start position:0% +sorry fairly small advertising dries out +fairly quickly uh but and it dries out + + align:start position:0% +fairly quickly uh but and it dries out + + + align:start position:0% +fairly quickly uh but and it dries out +at different it it dies out at different + + align:start position:0% +at different it it dies out at different + + + align:start position:0% +at different it it dies out at different +speeds at the different levels so um it + + align:start position:0% +speeds at the different levels so um it + + + align:start position:0% +speeds at the different levels so um it +dies out most quickly at the sort of + + align:start position:0% +dies out most quickly at the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +dies out most quickly at the sort of +within uh within category level there he + + align:start position:0% +within uh within category level there he + + + align:start position:0% +within uh within category level there he +finds that within three months uh 90% of + + align:start position:0% +finds that within three months uh 90% of + + + align:start position:0% +finds that within three months uh 90% of +the benefit of advertising has died out + + align:start position:0% +the benefit of advertising has died out + + + align:start position:0% +the benefit of advertising has died out +in terms of getting shared to you versus + + align:start position:0% +in terms of getting shared to you versus + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of getting shared to you versus +other firms selling similar drugs and + + align:start position:0% +other firms selling similar drugs and + + + align:start position:0% +other firms selling similar drugs and +then at the it drives out + + align:start position:0% +then at the it drives out + + + align:start position:0% +then at the it drives out +more slowly but still fairly quickly at + + align:start position:0% +more slowly but still fairly quickly at + + + align:start position:0% +more slowly but still fairly quickly at +the aggregate level there it takes six + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate level there it takes six + + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate level there it takes six +months for 90% of the demand to Dr to + + align:start position:0% +months for 90% of the demand to Dr to + + + align:start position:0% +months for 90% of the demand to Dr to +die out so in the graph I put on here at + + align:start position:0% +die out so in the graph I put on here at + + + align:start position:0% +die out so in the graph I put on here at +the right I graphed these effects so + + align:start position:0% +the right I graphed these effects so + + + align:start position:0% +the right I graphed these effects so +this is looking at what the marginal + + align:start position:0% +this is looking at what the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +this is looking at what the marginal +effect would be if zof started an + + align:start position:0% +effect would be if zof started an + + + align:start position:0% +effect would be if zof started an +advertising campaign of some size uh at + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign of some size uh at + + + align:start position:0% +advertising campaign of some size uh at +the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of +2002 uh the red line at the bottom of + + align:start position:0% +2002 uh the red line at the bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +2002 uh the red line at the bottom of +that graph shows how many extra + + align:start position:0% +that graph shows how many extra + + + align:start position:0% +that graph shows how many extra +prescriptions per month uh zoff gets uh + + align:start position:0% +prescriptions per month uh zoff gets uh + + + align:start position:0% +prescriptions per month uh zoff gets uh +in thousands and so what they're getting + + align:start position:0% +in thousands and so what they're getting + + + align:start position:0% +in thousands and so what they're getting +is 20,000 extra prescriptions uh in the + + align:start position:0% +is 20,000 extra prescriptions uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +is 20,000 extra prescriptions uh in the +first month but then as I said you know + + align:start position:0% +first month but then as I said you know + + + align:start position:0% +first month but then as I said you know +much of that dies out and so you can see + + align:start position:0% +much of that dies out and so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +much of that dies out and so you can see +by uh three months + + align:start position:0% +by uh three months + + + align:start position:0% +by uh three months +later uh many of those prescriptions are + + align:start position:0% +later uh many of those prescriptions are + + + align:start position:0% +later uh many of those prescriptions are +lost and then the effect continues to + + align:start position:0% +lost and then the effect continues to + + + align:start position:0% +lost and then the effect continues to +die out uh the black line or is it dark + + align:start position:0% +die out uh the black line or is it dark + + + align:start position:0% +die out uh the black line or is it dark +blue in contrast is this is the gains in + + align:start position:0% +blue in contrast is this is the gains in + + + align:start position:0% +blue in contrast is this is the gains in +total prescriptions so while Zola + + align:start position:0% +total prescriptions so while Zola + + + align:start position:0% +total prescriptions so while Zola +prescriptions go up by 20,000 total + + align:start position:0% +prescriptions go up by 20,000 total + + + align:start position:0% +prescriptions go up by 20,000 total +prescriptions go up by 70,000 so it's + + align:start position:0% +prescriptions go up by 70,000 so it's + + + align:start position:0% +prescriptions go up by 70,000 so it's +saying 50,000 extra prescriptions are + + align:start position:0% +saying 50,000 extra prescriptions are + + + align:start position:0% +saying 50,000 extra prescriptions are +being gained by other firms uh not the + + align:start position:0% +being gained by other firms uh not the + + + align:start position:0% +being gained by other firms uh not the +manufacturer of Zoloft um those also die + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer of Zoloft um those also die + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer of Zoloft um those also die +out and th here we see those dying out + + align:start position:0% +out and th here we see those dying out + + + align:start position:0% +out and th here we see those dying out +more slowly so at the beginning it's + + align:start position:0% +more slowly so at the beginning it's + + + align:start position:0% +more slowly so at the beginning it's +20,000 and 50,000 uh the other firms are + + align:start position:0% +20,000 and 50,000 uh the other firms are + + + align:start position:0% +20,000 and 50,000 uh the other firms are +getting two and a half times what zof is + + align:start position:0% +getting two and a half times what zof is + + + align:start position:0% +getting two and a half times what zof is +getting uh the dash line here is showing + + align:start position:0% +getting uh the dash line here is showing + + + align:start position:0% +getting uh the dash line here is showing +that by the end of the sample the other + + align:start position:0% +that by the end of the sample the other + + + align:start position:0% +that by the end of the sample the other +firms are getting five and a half times + + align:start position:0% +firms are getting five and a half times + + + align:start position:0% +firms are getting five and a half times +what Olaf's manufacturer is getting um + + align:start position:0% +what Olaf's manufacturer is getting um + + + align:start position:0% +what Olaf's manufacturer is getting um +so this is showing that there is really + + align:start position:0% +so this is showing that there is really + + + align:start position:0% +so this is showing that there is really +substantial spill over the Rival + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +firms uh next topic he does in the + + align:start position:0% +firms uh next topic he does in the + + + align:start position:0% +firms uh next topic he does in the +structural model is asking how much + + align:start position:0% +structural model is asking how much + + + align:start position:0% +structural model is asking how much +advertising are the firms do relative to + + align:start position:0% +advertising are the firms do relative to + + + align:start position:0% +advertising are the firms do relative to +what the model says would be the optimal + + align:start position:0% +what the model says would be the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +what the model says would be the optimal +level of advertising you know many many + + align:start position:0% +level of advertising you know many many + + + align:start position:0% +level of advertising you know many many +structural papers impose the supply side + + align:start position:0% +structural papers impose the supply side + + + align:start position:0% +structural papers impose the supply side +first order conditions imposing that + + align:start position:0% +first order conditions imposing that + + + align:start position:0% +first order conditions imposing that +firms are behaving optimally uh Shapiro + + align:start position:0% +firms are behaving optimally uh Shapiro + + + align:start position:0% +firms are behaving optimally uh Shapiro +does not want to do that his argument + + align:start position:0% +does not want to do that his argument + + + align:start position:0% +does not want to do that his argument +for why he does not want to do that is + + align:start position:0% +for why he does not want to do that is + + + align:start position:0% +for why he does not want to do that is +advertising is brand new it's being done + + align:start position:0% +advertising is brand new it's being done + + + align:start position:0% +advertising is brand new it's being done +for the first time in the United States + + align:start position:0% +for the first time in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +for the first time in the United States +Doesn't Really Happen elsewhere in the + + align:start position:0% +Doesn't Really Happen elsewhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +Doesn't Really Happen elsewhere in the +world why would the firms know what the + + align:start position:0% +world why would the firms know what the + + + align:start position:0% +world why would the firms know what the +marginal return to advertising is until + + align:start position:0% +marginal return to advertising is until + + + align:start position:0% +marginal return to advertising is until +they've been doing advertising for some + + align:start position:0% +they've been doing advertising for some + + + align:start position:0% +they've been doing advertising for some +period of time uh what he finds in his + + align:start position:0% +period of time uh what he finds in his + + + align:start position:0% +period of time uh what he finds in his +simulation is that it looks like the fir + + align:start position:0% +simulation is that it looks like the fir + + + align:start position:0% +simulation is that it looks like the fir +advertising given the if advertising is + + align:start position:0% +advertising given the if advertising is + + + align:start position:0% +advertising given the if advertising is +effective firms should be doing much + + align:start position:0% +effective firms should be doing much + + + align:start position:0% +effective firms should be doing much +more advertising than they do uh in + + align:start position:0% +more advertising than they do uh in + + + align:start position:0% +more advertising than they do uh in +particular in in the early part of the + + align:start position:0% +particular in in the early part of the + + + align:start position:0% +particular in in the early part of the +sample when it is just paxel and proac + + align:start position:0% +sample when it is just paxel and proac + + + align:start position:0% +sample when it is just paxel and proac +being advertised uh The Firm should be + + align:start position:0% +being advertised uh The Firm should be + + + align:start position:0% +being advertised uh The Firm should be +advertising four T four times more than + + align:start position:0% +advertising four T four times more than + + + align:start position:0% +advertising four T four times more than +they do if they sort of did the + + align:start position:0% +they do if they sort of did the + + + align:start position:0% +they do if they sort of did the +equilibrium level of advertising uh even + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium level of advertising uh even + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium level of advertising uh even +given the free writing a problem um it's + + align:start position:0% +given the free writing a problem um it's + + + align:start position:0% +given the free writing a problem um it's +different across the firms you know + + align:start position:0% +different across the firms you know + + + align:start position:0% +different across the firms you know +paxel which doesn't have a big market + + align:start position:0% +paxel which doesn't have a big market + + + align:start position:0% +paxel which doesn't have a big market +share or doesn't have a very big market + + align:start position:0% +share or doesn't have a very big market + + + align:start position:0% +share or doesn't have a very big market +share is doing about as much advertising + + align:start position:0% +share is doing about as much advertising + + + align:start position:0% +share is doing about as much advertising +as it should and it's uh Eli Lily who's + + align:start position:0% +as it should and it's uh Eli Lily who's + + + align:start position:0% +as it should and it's uh Eli Lily who's +sort of saying is doing much less + + align:start position:0% +sort of saying is doing much less + + + align:start position:0% +sort of saying is doing much less +advertising than it should um although + + align:start position:0% +advertising than it should um although + + + align:start position:0% +advertising than it should um although +Eli Lily does come in notably and do a + + align:start position:0% +Eli Lily does come in notably and do a + + + align:start position:0% +Eli Lily does come in notably and do a +lot of advertising right in the very + + align:start position:0% +lot of advertising right in the very + + + align:start position:0% +lot of advertising right in the very +final month of that sample so what he + + align:start position:0% +final month of that sample so what he + + + align:start position:0% +final month of that sample so what he +finds is that firms should be doing four + + align:start position:0% +finds is that firms should be doing four + + + align:start position:0% +finds is that firms should be doing four +times as much advertising as they could + + align:start position:0% +times as much advertising as they could + + + align:start position:0% +times as much advertising as they could +if they were playing the equili of this + + align:start position:0% +if they were playing the equili of this + + + align:start position:0% +if they were playing the equili of this +game uh second counteract was then well + + align:start position:0% +game uh second counteract was then well + + + align:start position:0% +game uh second counteract was then well +what if they they were had an + + align:start position:0% +what if they they were had an + + + align:start position:0% +what if they they were had an +advertising Cooperative as you said you + + align:start position:0% +advertising Cooperative as you said you + + + align:start position:0% +advertising Cooperative as you said you +know advertising can be much less than + + align:start position:0% +know advertising can be much less than + + + align:start position:0% +know advertising can be much less than +as optimal for the firms given that + + align:start position:0% +as optimal for the firms given that + + + align:start position:0% +as optimal for the firms given that +there are so many spillovers and and + + align:start position:0% +there are so many spillovers and and + + + align:start position:0% +there are so many spillovers and and +that advertising by one firm uh + + align:start position:0% +that advertising by one firm uh + + + align:start position:0% +that advertising by one firm uh +decreases the incentives of the other + + align:start position:0% +decreases the incentives of the other + + + align:start position:0% +decreases the incentives of the other +firms to advertise and what he finds is + + align:start position:0% +firms to advertise and what he finds is + + + align:start position:0% +firms to advertise and what he finds is +that an advertising Cooperative would + + align:start position:0% +that an advertising Cooperative would + + + align:start position:0% +that an advertising Cooperative would +then do get two and a half times more + + align:start position:0% +then do get two and a half times more + + + align:start position:0% +then do get two and a half times more +advertising than would happen in + + align:start position:0% +advertising than would happen in + + + align:start position:0% +advertising than would happen in +equilibrium so that's uh you know 10 + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so that's uh you know 10 + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so that's uh you know 10 +times the current level of advertising + + align:start position:0% +times the current level of advertising + + + align:start position:0% +times the current level of advertising +is what an advertising Cooperative would + + align:start position:0% +is what an advertising Cooperative would + + + align:start position:0% +is what an advertising Cooperative would +do what would be the profit impact of + + align:start position:0% +do what would be the profit impact of + + + align:start position:0% +do what would be the profit impact of +that uh that all raising advertising by + + align:start position:0% +that uh that all raising advertising by + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that all raising advertising by +a factor of 10 you know the advertising + + align:start position:0% +a factor of 10 you know the advertising + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of 10 you know the advertising +does cost money uh ends up raising + + align:start position:0% +does cost money uh ends up raising + + + align:start position:0% +does cost money uh ends up raising +profits by about 15% for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +firms so I guess that that's sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +firms so I guess that that's sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +firms so I guess that that's sort of uh +roughly a summary of the paper is that + + align:start position:0% +roughly a summary of the paper is that + + + align:start position:0% +roughly a summary of the paper is that +he sort of has these two parts he's got + + align:start position:0% +he sort of has these two parts he's got + + + align:start position:0% +he sort of has these two parts he's got +the sort of nice simple um causal + + align:start position:0% +the sort of nice simple um causal + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of nice simple um causal +analysis part using this dma border + + align:start position:0% +analysis part using this dma border + + + align:start position:0% +analysis part using this dma border +variation + + align:start position:0% +variation + + + align:start position:0% +variation +dma border variation sort of tells us + + align:start position:0% +dma border variation sort of tells us + + + align:start position:0% +dma border variation sort of tells us +that advertising is effective and + + align:start position:0% +that advertising is effective and + + + align:start position:0% +that advertising is effective and +advertising crowds outrival advertising + + align:start position:0% +advertising crowds outrival advertising + + + align:start position:0% +advertising crowds outrival advertising +he then builds that structural model the + + align:start position:0% +he then builds that structural model the + + + align:start position:0% +he then builds that structural model the +structural model lets us put sort of + + align:start position:0% +structural model lets us put sort of + + + align:start position:0% +structural model lets us put sort of +more um more detail on what these curves + + align:start position:0% +more um more detail on what these curves + + + align:start position:0% +more um more detail on what these curves +look like obviously more detail on what + + align:start position:0% +look like obviously more detail on what + + + align:start position:0% +look like obviously more detail on what +they look like given assumptions on what + + align:start position:0% +they look like given assumptions on what + + + align:start position:0% +they look like given assumptions on what +they look like but the advantage of + + align:start position:0% +they look like but the advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +they look like but the advantage of +putting that s of second part in is in + + align:start position:0% +putting that s of second part in is in + + + align:start position:0% +putting that s of second part in is in +the second part we can talk about + + align:start position:0% +the second part we can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the second part we can talk about +optimality and the optimality what he is + + align:start position:0% +optimality and the optimality what he is + + + align:start position:0% +optimality and the optimality what he is +that in equilibrium once the firms learn + + align:start position:0% +that in equilibrium once the firms learn + + + align:start position:0% +that in equilibrium once the firms learn +how how effective advertising is you + + align:start position:0% +how how effective advertising is you + + + align:start position:0% +how how effective advertising is you +would expect them to advertise much more + + align:start position:0% +would expect them to advertise much more + + + align:start position:0% +would expect them to advertise much more +than they do that seems like that could + + align:start position:0% +than they do that seems like that could + + + align:start position:0% +than they do that seems like that could +explain what's happened in American TV + + align:start position:0% +explain what's happened in American TV + + + align:start position:0% +explain what's happened in American TV +where we do see a lot of advertising and + + align:start position:0% +where we do see a lot of advertising and + + + align:start position:0% +where we do see a lot of advertising and +then he talks about the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +then he talks about the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +then he talks about the magnitude of the +Free Rider effects and again Free Rider + + align:start position:0% +Free Rider effects and again Free Rider + + + align:start position:0% +Free Rider effects and again Free Rider +effects are very large here and firms + + align:start position:0% +effects are very large here and firms + + + align:start position:0% +effects are very large here and firms +are greatly under advertising relative + + align:start position:0% +are greatly under advertising relative + + + align:start position:0% +are greatly under advertising relative +to the firm's Collective interest + + align:start position:0% +to the firm's Collective interest + + + align:start position:0% +to the firm's Collective interest +whether you think it's social interest + + align:start position:0% +whether you think it's social interest + + + align:start position:0% +whether you think it's social interest +or not obviously depends on whether you + + align:start position:0% +or not obviously depends on whether you + + + align:start position:0% +or not obviously depends on whether you +think depression is being undertreated + + align:start position:0% +think depression is being undertreated + + + align:start position:0% +think depression is being undertreated +or overtreated with medications and what + + align:start position:0% +or overtreated with medications and what + + + align:start position:0% +or overtreated with medications and what +are the benefits of that to the + + align:start position:0% +are the benefits of that to the + + + align:start position:0% +are the benefits of that to the +people okay um so I guess that's about + + align:start position:0% +people okay um so I guess that's about + + + align:start position:0% +people okay um so I guess that's about +all I had for today so I'm going to then + + align:start position:0% +all I had for today so I'm going to then + + + align:start position:0% +all I had for today so I'm going to then +uh just finish up say next uh class + + align:start position:0% +uh just finish up say next uh class + + + align:start position:0% +uh just finish up say next uh class +we're going to be back in the sort of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be back in the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be back in the sort of +theory empirical rotation I'll go back + + align:start position:0% +theory empirical rotation I'll go back + + + align:start position:0% +theory empirical rotation I'll go back +to talking about Theory work uh and I'll + + align:start position:0% +to talking about Theory work uh and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +to talking about Theory work uh and I'll +do three theoretical papers that are on + + align:start position:0% +do three theoretical papers that are on + + + align:start position:0% +do three theoretical papers that are on +search engines the adman estrosi Schwarz + + align:start position:0% +search engines the adman estrosi Schwarz + + + align:start position:0% +search engines the adman estrosi Schwarz +my paper with Susan ay and uh Anderson + + align:start position:0% +my paper with Susan ay and uh Anderson + + + align:start position:0% +my paper with Susan ay and uh Anderson +and Rena's paper and then I will do one + + align:start position:0% +and Rena's paper and then I will do one + + + align:start position:0% +and Rena's paper and then I will do one +paper uh by Armstrong and Joe which is + + align:start position:0% +paper uh by Armstrong and Joe which is + + + align:start position:0% +paper uh by Armstrong and Joe which is +about uh retail platforms and thinking + + align:start position:0% +about uh retail platforms and thinking + + + align:start position:0% +about uh retail platforms and thinking +about design of a retail platform how + + align:start position:0% +about design of a retail platform how + + + align:start position:0% +about design of a retail platform how +much information to give consumers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/QI13S04w8dM.txt b/QI13S04w8dM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c14b262a44c2d7f8646055be67635c4c28a01a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/QI13S04w8dM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3049 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +So, we'll get started. + +And as I mentioned, +to some degree + +this is going to be review on +the setting of our notation + +and conventions clear. + +So, our first topic is +the Schrodinger equation. + +So this Schrodinger +equation is an equation + +that takes the following form. + +I h bar partial +derivative of this object + +called the wave function +that depends on x and t + +is equal to minus h squared +over 2m second derivative + +with respect to x plus v +of x and t Psi of x and t. + +And that's the full equation. + +That's the Schrodinger equation. + +Now actually, this is not +the Schrodinger equation + +in most generality, but it's +the Schrodinger equation + +for the case that you +have a potential that + +depends on x and t. + +For the case that we are doing +non-relativistic physics, + +because this thing you may +remember is p squared over 2m + +is the kinetic energy operator. + +So p squared over 2m +is non-relativistic. + +That's a non-relativistic +kinetic energy. + +So this is non-relativistic. + +Moreover, we have +just one x here. + +That means it's a +particle in one dimension. + +So we've done a few things, +but this is generally enough + +to illustrate our ideas. + +And the most +important thing that + +should be said at +this point is that Psi + +of x and t-- which is +the wave function-- + +belongs to the complex numbers. + +It's a complex number. + +And that's by necessity. + +If Psi would be real, this +quantity-- the right hand + +side-- would be real. + +The potential is a real number. + +On the left hand side, on the +other hand, if Psi is real, + +its derivative would be real, +and this would be imaginary. + +So, it's just impossible to get +the solution of this equation + +if Psi is real. + +So, Psi complex is really +the fundamental thing + +that can be said about +this wave function. + +Now, you've used complex +numbers in physics all the time, + +and even in electromagnetism, +you use complex numbers. + +But you use them really +in an auxiliary way only. + +You didn't use them in an +absolutely necessary way. + +So, for example. + +In E&M, you had an electric +field, for example, + +for a circularly polarized wave. + +And you would write it as this. + +Let me put the z here. + +Zero. + +X hat plus y hat-- +those are unit vectors. + +I is a complex number. + +It's the square root of minus 1. + +E to the IKZ minus omega t. + +You typically wrote +things like that, + +but, in fact, you +always meant real part. + +An electric field +is a real quantity. + +And the Maxwell's equations +are real equations. + +This is a circularly +polarized wave. + +And this whole +thing-- by the time + +you take the real part of +this, all these complex numbers + +play absolutely no role. + +It's just a neat way of writing +a complicated electric field + +in which the x component and the +y component are out of phase, + +and that you have a wave at +the same time propagating + +in the z direction. + +So this-- in the +here, E is real, + +and all i's are auxiliary. + +This is completely +different from the case + +of the Schrodinger equation. + +This i there is fundamental. + +The Psi is the +dynamical variable, + +and it has to be complex. + +So, we make a few remarks +about the Schrodinger equation + +to get started. + +First remark is that this +is first order differential + +equation in time. + +This has implications. + +Those two derivatives +are maybe-- + +for some funny +Hamiltonians, you can + +have even more than two +derivatives or more complicated + +things. + +But definitely there's just +one derivative in time. + +So, what this means +is that if you + +know the wave function +all over space, + +you can calculate +what it's going + +to be a little time later. + +Because if you know +it all over space, + +you can calculate +this right hand side + +and know what is +the time derivative. + +And with the time +derivative, you + +can figure it out what +it's going to be later. + +A first order differential +equation in time + +is something that if you know +the quantity at one time, + +the differential +equation tells you + +what it's going to be later. + +So, that's really sufficient. + +Psi of x-- of all x's-- at some +time t naught determines Psi + +at all times. + +Second property, +fundamental property. + +The equation is linear. + +So, if you have +two solutions, you + +can form a third by +superimposing them, + +and you can superimpose them +with complex coefficients. + +So, if you have two +solutions, Psi 1 and Psi 2, + +then a 1 Psi 1 plus A2 +Psi 2 is a solution. + +And here the a's belong +to the complex numbers. + +So A 1 and A 2 are +complex numbers. + +As far as complex +numbers are concerned, + +the first thing you +just need to know + +is the definition of the +length of a complex number. + +So, if you have z, a +typical name people + +use for a complex number, +having two components. + +A plus ib, where +a and b are real. + +There's the definition of +the complex conjugate, which + +is a minus ib, and +there's the definition + +of the length of the +complex number, which + +is square root of a +squared plus b squared, + +which is the square +root of z times z star. + +So, that's for your +complex number. + +So, the property that this makes +this into a physical theory + +and goes beyond math +is what you know + +is the interpretation of the +wave function as a probability. + +So, what do we construct? + +We construct p of x and +t, or sometimes called + +the row of x and t as a density. + +And it's defined +as Psi star of x t. + +Now, here the notation +means this Psi star-- + +we'd put the star +here-- it really + +means Psi of x and +t complex conjugate. + +You complex conjugate +the wave function. + +And you get that. + +We'd put the star here, +and typically don't + +put the parentheses, unless +you have to complex conjugate + +something that's a +little ambiguous. + +So, Psi star of x and +t times Psi of x and t. + +And this is called the +probability density. + +Probability density. + +And the interpretation is +that if you take p of x and t + +and multiply by little dx, +this is the probability + +to find the particle in the +interval x comma x plus dx + +at time t. + +So, this is our +probability density. + +It's a way to make physics +out of the wave function. + +It's a postulate. + +And so the consequence +of this postulate, + +since we're describing +just one particle, + +is that we must have the +particle as somewhere. + +So, if we add the probabilities +that the particle is somewhere + +all over space, this +is the probability + +that the particle is in +this little dx we integrated + +that must be equal to 1. + +And this must hold +for all times. + +In terms of things +to notice here, + +maybe one thing you can +notice is the units of Psi. + +The units of Psi must be 1 +over square root of length, + +because when we square it, +then we multiply it by length, + +we get one, which has no units. + +Key property of the +Schrodinger equation. + +We will revisit the Schrodinger +equation later and derive it, + +sort of the way [? De ?] +[? Rack ?] derives it in his + +textbook. + +As just a consequence of +unitary time evolution, + +it would be a very +neat derivation. + +It will give you a +feeling that you really + +understand something deep +about quantum mechanics. + +And it will be +true, that feeling. + +But here, we're going to +go the other way around. + +Just simply ask the +question-- suppose + +you have a wave function +such that the integral + +of this quantity at some +specific time is equal to one. + +Will this integral be +equal to one for all times, + +given that it is one +at some given time? + +Now, you say, well, +why do you ask that? + +I ask that because actually +this could be a problem. + +We've said that if you know the +wave function all over space + +at one time, it's +determined everywhere. + +So any time later. + +Therefore, if I know the wave +function at time equal zero + +is good-- time equal t zero-- +is a good wave function, + +I might warranty that when I +saw the Schrodinger equation, + +the wave function will be +normalized, well, later? + +Yes, you are. + +And it's a simple or +interesting exercise + +that we'll call it +the quick calculation + +that I'll leave +it for you to do. + +Which is show that d dt of +this integral Psi of x and t + +squared dx is equal to zero. + +So, basically what +this is saying. + +You got one but, think of +this integral-- I'm sorry, + +I'm missing a dx here-- think +of this integral for all times. + +Now it could be a +function of time, + +because you put an +arbitrary time here. + +The integral might +depend on time. + +So, it's a good question to +think of that integral that + +may be a function of time +and take its derivative. + +If its derivative is +zero for all times, + +and that sometimes equal to +one, it will be one forever. + +So, you must show +that this is true. + +Now, this I think you've done +one way or another several ways + +maybe in 804. + +But I ask you to do it again. + +So this is left for you as a +way to warm up on this object. + +And you will see actually +that it's a little subtle. + +It's a little delicate, +because how is it going to go? + +You're going to go in and take +the derivative of Psi Psi star. + +You're going to take +the derivative of Psi + +and you're going to use +the Schrodinger equation. + +You're going to take the +derivative of Psi star, + +and you're going to use +the complex conjugate + +of the Schrodinger equation. + +It's going to be a little messy. + +But then you're going to +do integration by parts, + +and you're going to get zero, +but only if you throw away + +the terms at infinity. + +And what gives you the +right to throw them away? + +You will have to think. + +And the answer is that +you will throw them away + +if the wave function +goes to zero + +at infinity, which must do it. + +The wave function must +go to zero at infinity, + +because if it didn't +go to zero at infinity, + +it went to a +constant at infinity, + +it would pick up an +un-normalizable thing here. + +So the wave function definitely +has to go to zero at infinity. + +But that will also +not be quite enough + +if you're careful about +what you're doing. + +You will have to demand that the +derivative of the wave function + +doesn't blow up. + +It's not asking too much, +but it's asking something. + +A function could go +to zero, presumably, + +and its derivative at +the same time blow up, + +but it would be a very +pathological function. + +This will bring us to +something that we said. + +We're going to +try to be precise, + +but it's not so +easy to be precise. + +When you try to be +precise, you can + +exaggerate and go +precise to a point + +that you're paralyzed with +fear with every equation. + +We don't want to get that far. + +We want you to notice what +happens and just look at it + +and state what you need. + +Why can't we be precise? + +Because at the end of +the day, this equation + +is extraordinarily +complicated, and maybe crazy. + +The potential is crazy enough. + +So, functions-- mathematicians +can invent crazy functions, + +things like a function that is +one for every rational number + +and zero for every +rational number. + +Put that for a potential here, +and who knows what one gets. + +So, we're going to +take mild functions. + +We're not going to make +them a very complicated, + +and we're going to be stating +very soon what we need. + +So, what you need +for this to work + +is that the function +goes to zero + +and the relative goes to zero. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: The potential +has to be real always? + +PROFESSOR: The potential +is real at this moment. + +Yes. + +For the discussion +that we're doing here, + +v is also a real number. + +AUDIENCE: So it +can't be complex? + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Can it be complex? + +PROFESSOR: It could be +in certain applications + +for particles in +electromagnetic fields. + +You can have +something that looks + +like a complex Hamiltonian. + +So we will not discuss that +in this couple of lectures, + +but maybe later. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Are there +any conditions + +that the potential has +to be time-dependent? + +PROFESSOR: Well, at this +moment, I put it time dependent. + +Also, it complicated +potentials, but they're + +sometimes necessary. + +And we will discuss +some of them. + +We will have very simple +time dependencies. + +Otherwise, it's difficult +to solve this equation. + +But very soon-- in +about five minutes, + +I will say-- let's consider +time-independent things + +to review the things that are a +little more basic and important + +and that you should +definitely remember well. + +OK, so that's this part of +the Schrodinger equation. + +I want to remind you of +another concept called + +the current-- +probability current. + +Probability current. + +What is it? + +It's a j of x and +t-- that you will + +review in the homework-- +is given by h over m, + +the imaginary part of +Psi star d Psi over dx. + +So, it's a real quantity. + +And it's called a +probability current. + +And it goes together with +this probability density, + +this probability density +that we wrote over here. + +So it's the current +associated to that density. + +Let's think a second +what this means. + +In electromagnetism, you have +currents and charged densities. + +So in E&M, you have a current. + +It's a vector and +a charged density. + +Now, this current +could also be a vector. + +If you're working in +more than one dimension, + +it would be a vector. + +But if you have +electromagnetism, + +the most famous thing associated +to electromagnetism currents + +and charged densities is the +so-called conservation law. + +This differential +equations satisfied + +by the current and the density. + +Divergence of j plus d +Rho dt is equal to zero. + +That means charge conservation. + +You may or may +not remember that. + +If you don't, it's a good +time to review it in E&M + +and check on that, +discuss it in recitation. + +Think about it. + +This means charge conservation +as we usually understand, + +and the way to do it-- +I'm saying just in words-- + +is you think of +a volume, you can + +see how much charge +is inside, and you + +see that the rate of +change of the charge + +is proportional to the current +that is escaping the volume. + +Which is to say, charge is +never destroyed or created. + +It can escape a volume, +because the charges are moving, + +but if it doesn't escape, well, +the charge remains the same. + +So, this is charge conservation. + +And this is the same thing. + +So the divergence +of j in this case + +reduces to dj dx plus +d Rho dt equals zero. + +It has a very similar +interpretation. + +So, perhaps in +equations, it's easier + +to think of interpretation. + +Consider the real line +and the point a and b, + +with a less than b. + +And define the +probability pab of t + +of finding the particle in +this interval between a and b + +at any time. + +You should be able to +show-- and it's again + +another thing to review. + +This you can review. + +And this review as well. + +You will use this differential +equation, things like that, + +to show that dpab dt-- the +rate at which the probability + +that you find the particle +in this interval changes + +depends on what the +current is doing here + +and what the current +is doing here. + +So, it's actually given by j of +a and t minus j at b at time t. + +You can show, and +please try to show it. + +So, what does that mean? + +You can have the particle +here at any time. + +But if you want to know how +the probability changing, + +you must see how +it's leaking from a + +or how it's leaking from b. + +Now j's are defined, +by convention, + +positive to the right. + +So, if there's a current-- +a bit of current at a, + +it increases the probability. + +This particle is sort of +moving into the interval. + +And here at b, there's a +positive current decreases + +the probability. + +Finally, for wave functions, +the last thing we say + +is that these wave functions +are-- you want them normalized, + +but we can work with +them and they're + +physically equivalent if they +differ just by a constant. + +So Psi 1 and Psi 2 are +said to be equivalent + +if Psi 1 of x and t is equal to +some complex constant of Psi 2 + +of x and t. + +Now, you would say, +well, I don't like that. + +I like normalized +wave functions, + +and you could have +a point there. + +But even if these are +normalized functions, + +they could differ by a phase. + +And they would still be +physically equivalent. + +This part of the definition +of the theory-- the definition + +of the theory is that these +wave functions are really + +physically equivalent +and indistinguishable. + +And that puts a constraint on +the way we define observables. + +Any observable should +have this property + +that, whether we used this +wave function or the other, + +they give you the +same observables. + +So, if your wave +functions are normalized, + +this can be complex +constant of length one. + +Then one normalized implies +the other is normalized. + +If they're not normalized, you +can say, look, the only reason + +I'm not normalizing +it because I don't + +gain all that much by +normalizing it, in fact. + +I can do almost everything +without normalizing the wave + +function. + +So, why should I bother? + +And we'll explain that +also as well very soon. + +So, this is something +that this part + +of the physical interpretation +that we should keep. + +So, now we've reviewed +the Schrodinger equation. + +Next thing we want to say is +the most important solutions + +of the Schrodinger equations +are those energy Eigenstates, + +stationary states. + +And let's just go +through that subject + +and explain what it was. + +So, I'm going to +start erasing here. + +So we're going to look at-- +whoops-- stationary solutions. + +Now, I've used this +week wave function + +with a capital +Psi for a purpose, + +because I want to distinguish +it from another Psi + +that we're going to +encounter very soon. + +So, stationary solutions. + +And we'll take it-- from now +assume v is time-independent. + +The case is +sufficiently important + +that we may as well do it. + +So, in this case, the +Schrodinger equation + +is written as I h bar +d Psi dt, and we'll + +write it with something +called an h hat acting on Psi. + +And h hat at this +point is nothing else + +than minus h squared over 2m +second derivative with respect + +to x plus v of x. + +We say that h hat is an operator +acting on the wave function + +Psi on the right. + +Operator acting on that-- +what does that mean? + +Basically, when we say an +operator acts on some space, + +we mean that it takes +elements of that space + +and moves them +around in the space. + +So, you've got a wave function, +which is a complex number that + +depends on x and t +ultimately, and then you + +act with this thing, which +involves taking derivatives, + +multiplying by v +of x, and you still + +got some complex +function of x and t. + +So, this is called the +Hamiltonian operator, + +and it's written like that. + +This Hamiltonian operator +is time-independent. + +So, what is a stationary state? + +A stationary state-- the way +it's defined is as follows. + +A stationary state of energy +e-- which is a real number-- + +is a Psi of x and t +of the following form. + +It's a simple form. + +It's a pure exponential in +time times a function that + +just depends on x. + +So, it's a pretty simple object. + +So what is it? + +We say that this is +a stationary state. + +e to the minus i Et +over H bar Psi of x. + +And this Psi is in purpose +different from this Psi. + +It doesn't have the +bar at the bottom, + +and that signals +to you that that's + +the time-independent one. + +So this also belongs +to the complex numbers, + +but doesn't depend on time. + +So, it's called stationary +because, as it turns out, + +when we will compute expectation +values of any observable + +on this state, in +this stationary state, + +it will be time-independent. + +In particular, you +know, one thing + +that observable is the +probability density. + +And when you look at that, +you have Psi star and Psi. + +Since E is real, +this phase cancels-- + +this is really a face, +because E is real. + +Therefore, Psi star Psi, the +e cancels, and all the time + +dependence cancels +and goes away. + +Same thing here for the j. + +The x derivative over here +it doesn't do anything + +to that phase. + +Therefore, the phase e +to the i Et over H bar + +cancels from there two. + +And the current also +has no time dependence. + +So, this will be the case +for any operator that + +is called a +time-independent operator. + +It will have time-independent +expectation values. + +So you can ask anything about +some familiar operator-- energy + +operator, momentum operator, +angular momentum operator-- all + +the famous operators +of quantum mechanics, + +and it will have real +expectation values. + +So, as you, you're +supposed to now plug this + +into this equation. + +And it's a famous result. + +Let's just do it. + +Plug back into the top equation. + +So, we have I H bar. + +The DET will only +act on the phase, + +because the Psi has +no time-dependence. + +And on the other hand, +on the right hand side, + +the H has nothing +to do with time, + +and therefore it can slide +through the exponential + +until it hits Psi. + +So here we have H-- well, +I'll put the exponential + +in front-- H on little Psi. + +So, we multiply here, +and what do we get? + +Well, the H bars cancel. + +The i at minus i gives you one. + +You get that E in front. + +So you get E times +this phase Psi of x. + +And the phase is +supposed to be here, + +but I cancel it with +this phase as well. + +And I get on the +right hand side H Psi. + +I will put it as +a left hand Psi. + +And this is the time-independent +Schrodinger equation. + +So far this is really +a simple matter. + +We've written a solution +that will represent + +the stationary state, +but then this energy + +should be such that you +can solve this equation. + +And as you've +learned before, it's + +something not so easy +to solve that equation. + +So what do we want to +say about this equation? + +Well, we have a lot to +say, and a few things + +will be pointed out now +that are very important. + +So, we have a +differential equation now. + +This differential equation has +second derivatives with respect + +to x. + +Now it has no time derivatives. + +The time has been factored out. + +Time is not a problem anymore. + +This equation, in +fact, looks quite + +real in that it seems that +Psi could even be real here. + +And in fact, yes, +there's no problem + +with this Psi being real. + +The total Psi just can't +be real in general. + +But this one can be +a real, and we'll + +consider those cases as well. + +So, things that +we want to say is + +that this is a second +order differential + +equations in space. + +So second order differential +equation in space. + +You could write it here. + +The H operator has +partial derivatives, + +but this time time, +you might as well + +say that this is minus +h squared over 2m. + +The second Psi vx squared +plus v of x tines Psi of x. + +Because Psi only depends +on x, might as well + +write it as complete derivative. + +So, second order +differential equation. + +And therefore, the +strategy for this equation + +is a little out there in +relation to the Schrodinger + +equation. + +We said, in the +Schrodinger equation, + +we know the wave function +everywhere, you know it later. + +Here, if you know it at one +point-- the wave function-- + +and you know the derivative +at that one point, + +you have it everywhere. + +Why is that? + +Because that's how you solve +a differential equation. + +If you know the wave +function and the derivative + +at the point, you go to +the equation and say, + +I know the wave function and +I know the first derivative, + +and I know the +second derivative. + +So, a little later I can know +what the first derivative is, + +and if I know what the first +derivative is a little later, + +I can then know what the wave +function is a little later, + +and you just integrate +it numerically. + +So, you just need to know the +wave function Psi of x zero + +and Psi prime at x zero +suffice for a solution + +when v is regular. + +But this v is not too +complicated, or too strange, + +because you can always +find exceptions. + +You have the square +well potential, + +and you say, oh, I know +the wave function is here + +and its derivative is zero. + +Does that determine +the solution? + +No, because it's infinite. + +There's no space here, really, +and you should work here. + +So, basically, unless v +is really pathological, + +Psi and Psi prime are enough +to solve for everything. + +And that actually means +something very important, + +that if Psi is equal to zero +at x zero is equal to zero, + +and Psi prime at x zero +is equal to zero, then + +under these regular conditions, +Psi of all x is zero. + +Because you have a +differential equation which + +the initial value is zero, +the Psi prime is zero. + +And you go through +the equation, you + +see that every solution +has to be zero. + +It's the only possibility here. + +So what happens now is the +following-- that you have + +a physical understanding +that your wave function, + +when it becomes zero-- it may +do it slowly that it's becoming + +zero, but never quite being +zero-- but if it's zero, + +it does it with Psi prime +different from zero, + +so the wave function +is not zero all over. + +So, this is a pretty important +fact that is useful many times + +when you try to understand +the nature of solutions. + +So what else do we have here? + +Well, we have energy +Eigenstates on the spectrum. + +So, what is an +energy Eigenstate? + +Well, it's a solution +of this equation. + +So a solution Psi-- +a solution for Psi + +is an energy Eigenstate. + +Then, this set of values +of E is this spectrum. + +And these two values +of E-- if there's + +a value of E that has +more than one solution, + +we say the spectrum +is degenerate. + +So a degenerate spectrum is +more than one Psi for a given E. + +So, these are just definitions, +but they're used all the time. + +So, our energy Eigenstates +are the solutions of this. + +The funny thing +about this equation + +is that sometimes +the requirement + +that Psi be normalized +means that you can't always + +find the solution +for any value of E. + +So, only specific +values of Es are + +allowed-- you know that for +the harmonic oscillator, + +for example-- and +therefore there's + +something called the spectrum, +which is the allowed values. + +And many times you +have degeneracies, + +and that makes for very +interesting physics. + +Let's say a couple more things +about the nature of this wave + +function. + +So, what kind of +potentials do we allow? + +We will allow potentials +that can fail to be bounded. + +What do we allow? + +We allow failure of continuity. + +Certainly, we must allow +that in our potentials + +that we consider, +because you have + +even the finite square well. + +The potential is not continuous. + +You can allow as well +failure to be bounded. + +So, what is a typical example? + +The harmonic oscillator, +the x squared potential. + +It's not bounded. + +It goes to infinity. + +So, we can fail +to be continuous, + +but we can fail at one +point, another point, + +but we shouldn't fail at +infinitely many points, + +presumably. + +So, it's piecewise continuous. + +It can fail to be bounded, and +it can include delta functions. + +Which is pretty interesting, +because a lot of physics + +uses delta functions, +but a delta function + +is a complicated thing. + +We'll include delta +functions but not + +derivatives of them, nor powers. + +So we won't take anything more +strange than delta functions, + +collections of delta functions. + +So, this is really how delicate +your potentials will be. + +They will not be more +complicated than that. + +But for that, we +will assume, and it + +will be completely +consistent to require + +the following for +the wave functions. + +So Psi is continuous-- Psi of +x-- is continuous and bounded. + +And its derivative is bounded. + +Psi prime is bounded. + +AUDIENCE: What about Psi's +behavior at infinity? + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: What kind +of extra conditions + +do we have to impose of +Psi's behavior at infinity? + +PROFESSOR: Well, I will not +impose any condition that + +is further than that, +except the condition + +that they've been normalizable. + +And even that we will +be a little-- how would + +I say, not too +demanding on that. + +Because there will +be wave functions, + +like momentum Eigenstates +that can't be normalized. + +So, we'll leave it at that. + +I think probably this is +what you should really box, + +because for a +momentum Eigenstate, + +e to the ipx over h bar. + +This is a momentum Eigenstate. + +This is continuous. + +It's bounded. + +The derivative is bounded. + +It is not normalizable, +but it's so useful + +that we must include in the +list of things that we allow. + +So, bound states +and non-bound states + +are things that are +not normalizable. + +So, I don't put normalization. + +Now, if you put normalization, +then the wave function + +will go to zero at infinity. + +And that's all you +would want to impose. + +Nothing else. + +So, really in some +sense, this is it. + +You don't want more than that. + +AUDIENCE: Is normalization +sufficient to ensure + +the derivative also goes +to zero at infinity? + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Is normalization +sufficient to ensure that the-- + +PROFESSOR: Not that I know. + +I don't think so. + +AUDIENCE: Then why is +integration by price + +generically valid? + +PROFESSOR: It's probably +valid for restricted kinds + +of potentials. + +So you could not +prove it in general. + +So, you know, +there may be things + +that one can generalize and +be a little more general, + +but I'm trying to +be conservative. + +I know that for any +decent potential-- + +and we definitely need +Psi prime bounded. + +And wave functions that +go to zero, the only ones + +I know that also have +Psi prime going to zero. + +But I don't think it's easy +to prove that's generic, + +unless you make +more assumptions. + +So, all right. + +So, this we'll have +for our wave functions, + +and now I want to say +a couple of things + +about properties +of the Eigenstates. + +Now, we will calculate +many of these Eigenstates, + +but we need to understand +some of the basic properties + +that they have. + +And there's really two +types of identities + +that I want you to be +very aware that they + +play some sort of dual role-- a +pretty interesting dual role-- + +that has to do with +these wave functions. + +So, the Eigenstates +of-- Eigenstates of H + +hat-- these are the +energy Eigenstates. + +you can consider them +and make a list of them. + +So, you have an energy E zero +less than or equal an E 1, E 2. + +Just goes like that. + +And you have a Psi zero, Psi 1. + +All this wave functions. + +And then H hat Psi N +is equal to E N Psi + +N. You have a set of solutions. + +So, this is what will happen +if you have a good problem. + +A reasonable potential, and +nothing terribly strange + +going on. + +There would be a +lot of solutions, + +and they can be chosen +to be orthonormal. + +Now at first sight, it's a +funny term to use-- orthonormal. + +This is a term that +we use for vectors. + +Two vectors are +orthogonal, and we + +say they're orthonormal if they +have unit length, and things + +like that. + +But what do we mean the two +functions are orthonormal? + +Well, our function's vectors. + +Well, that's a little dubious. + +But the way we will think +in quantum mechanics + +is that, in some +sense, functions + +are vectors in an infinite +dimensional space. + +So, they're just vectors, +but not in three dimensions. + +Why? + +Think of it. + +If you have a function, +you have to give values-- + +independent values-- at many +points-- Infinitely many. + +And if you give +all those values, + +you've got the function. + +If you have a vector, you +have to give components, + +and you've got the vector. + +So, in a sense, to +give a function, + +I have to give a lot of numbers. + +And I can say the +first vector is + +the value along the direction-- +the first component is + +the value around zero. + +The second unit vector is the +value of about 0.01, 9.02, + +going on and on. + +And then list of +them, and you have + +a vector of infinite dimensions. + +You say, totally +useless. [LAUGHTER] No, + +it's not totally useless. + +Actually, if you +visualize that-- + +and we'll do it +later more-- you will + +be able to understand many +formulas as natural extensions. + +So, what does it mean that these +two functions are orthonormal? + +Well, a dot product, +or orthonormality, + +is to say that the +dot product is zero. + +And the way we dot product +functions Psi m and Psi n of x + +is we take their values at +the same point with star one, + +and we integrate. + +And, if this is +equal to delta mn, + +we say the functions +are orthonormal. + +So, ortho, for +orthogonal, which says + +that if m is different from +n, the Kronecker delta, + +that symbol is equal to +one if the two labels + +are the same, or zero otherwise. + +If they're different, +you get zero. + +The inner product-- +this left hand + +side is called the +inner product-- is zero. + +On the other hand, if they are +the same, if m is equal to n, + +it says that the +Psi squared is one. + +Kind of like a wave function +that is well normalized. + +So we say normal +for orthonormal. + +So these are orthonormal wave +functions, and that's good. + +This is called orthonormality. + +But then there is a +more subtle property, + +which is that this +set of functions + +is enough to expand any +function in this interval + +that you're doing your +quantum mechanics. + +So, if you have any +reasonable function, + +it can be written as a +superposition of these ones. + +So, this differential +equation furnishes for you + +a collection of functions +that are very useful. + +So this is orthonormality. + +This is also +completeness, which is + +to say that any +function can be written + +as a sum of of this function. + +So I will write it as this. + +Psi of x-- an +arbitrary Psi of x-- + +can be written as +bm Psi n of x n + +equals zero to infinity, +where the bn's are complex. + +So, this is an assumption, but +it's a very solid assumption. + +When you study differential +equations of this type-- + +Sturm-Liouville +problem-- this is + +one thing that +mathematicians prove for you, + +and it's not all that easy. + +But the collection +of wave functions + +is good in this sense. + +It provides you a +complete set of things + +that any function can be +written in terms of that. + +I'm not saying this satisfies +any particular equation. + +You see, this function satisfies +very particular equations-- + +those equations-- but this +is an arbitrary function. + +And it can be written +as a sum of this. + +See, these equations +have different energies + +for different Psi's. + +This Psi here satisfies +no obvious equation. + +But here is a problem +that this is useful for. + +Suppose you're given a wave +function at, at the given time, + +you know what it looks like. + +So, here is your wave function. + +Psi. + +And you know that +Psi at x and time + +equals to zero happens to +be equal to this Psi of x + +that we wrote above. + +So, it's equal to bn Psi n of x. + +Well, if you know that, if you +can calculate this coefficient, + +the wave function of time +equals zero is known, + +say, and it was given +by this thing, which + +is then written in this form. + +If you can write +it in this form, + +you've solved the problem +of time evolution, + +because then Psi +of x at any time + +is just simply obtained by +evolving each component. + +Which is bn e to the minus +iEnt over h bar Psi n of x. + +So this is the important result. + +Now, look what has happened. + +We have replaced each term. + +We added this exponential. + +Why? + +Because then each one +of these is a solution + +of the full +Schrodinger equation. + +And therefore a superposition +with complex coefficients + +is still a solution of +the Schrodinger equation. + +Therefore, this thing +I've put by hand + +is, you would say it's ad hoc. + +No, it's not. + +We've put it by +hand, yes, but we've + +produced a solution of the +Schrodinger equation, which + +has another virtue. + +When t is equal to +zero, it becomes + +what you know the +wave function is. + +So, since this solves the +Schrodinger equation-- + +time equals zero gives +you the right answer. + +And you remember that +the Schrodinger equation, + +if you know that +time equals zero, + +the term is a wave +function everywhere-- + +this is the solution. + +It's not just a solution. + +It's the solution. + +So, you've solved this equation, +and it's a very nice thing. + +It all depends, of +course, on having + +found the coefficients bn. + +Because typically +at time equals zero, + +you may know what +the wave function is, + +but you may not +know how to write it + +in terms of these +coefficients bn. + +So, what do you do then? + +If you don't know +those coefficients, + +you can calculate them. + +How do you calculate them? + +Well, you use orthonormality. + +So you actually take this and +integrate against another Psi + +star. + +So you take a Psi star +sub m and integrate-- + +multiply and integrate. + +And then the right hand side +will get the Kronecker delta + +that will pick out one term. + +So, I'm just saying in +words a two line calculation + +that you should do if you +don't see this as obvious. + +Because it's a +kind of calculation + +that you do a few times in life. + +Then it becomes obvious +and you never do it again. + +It's minus infinity to infinity +dx Psi m star of x Psi of x dx. + +So, bm is given +by this quantity, + +or bn is given by this quantity. + +You obtain it from here +plus orthonormality. + +So, once you have +this bn, you can + +do something that may-- if +you look at these things + +and say, well, I'm +bored, what should I do? + +I say, well, you have bm. + +Plug it back. + +What happens then? + +You say, why would +I plug it back? + +I don't need to plug it back. + +And that's true, but it's +not a crazy thing to do, + +because it somehow must +lead to some identity. + +Because you solve an equation +and then plug it back + +and try to see if +somehow it makes sense. + +So either it makes sense, or +you learned something new. + +So, we were supposed +to calculate the bn's. + +And now we have them, so +I can plug this back here. + +So what do I Get Psi of x now is +equal to the sum from n equals + +zero to infinity. + +bn-- but this bn is the integral +of Psi n star of x prime. + +I put here Psi of x prime. + +dx prime. + +I don't want to confuse +the x's with x prime, + +so I should put the x +primes all over here. + +Psi n of x. + +Well, can I do the integral? + +No. + +So, have I gained anything? + +Well, you've gained something +if you write it in a way + +that Psi is equal to +something times Psi. + +That doesn't look +all that simple, + +but we can at least organize it. + +Let's assume things +are convergent enough + +that you can change orders +of sums and integrals. + +That's an assumption +we always do. + +I'll write it like this. + +dx prime. + +And now I'll put the +sum here equals zero + +to infinity of Psi +n star of x prime. + +And I'll put the other +Psi here as well. + +The Psi n of x over here. + +I'll put the parentheses, and +finally the Psi of x prime + +here. + +So, now it's put in a nice way. + +And it's a nice way +because it allows + +you to learn something new +and interesting about this. + +And what is that? + +That this must be a +very peculiar function, + +such that integrated +against Psi gives you Psi. + +And what could it be? + +Well, this is of +the form, if you + +wish-- the x prime-- +some function + +of x and x prime-- +times Psi of x prime. + +So, this k is this thing. + +Well, you can try to +think what this is. + +If you put the delta +function here-- + +which may be a little +bit of a cheat-- + +you will figure out +the right answer. + +This must be a function +that sort of picks out + +the value of the function +at x by integrating. + +So it only cares +about the value at x. + +So, it must be a delta function. + +So, in fact, this +is a delta function, + +or should be a delta function. + +And therefore the +claim is that we now + +have a very curious identity +that looks as follows. + +It looks like n equal zero +to infinity, Psi n star + +of x prime Psi n +of x is actually + +delta of x minus x prime. + +So, this must be true. + +If what we said at +the beginning is true, + +that you can expand any function +in terms of the Eigenfunctions, + +then, well, that's not +such a trivial assumption. + +And therefore, it allows you +to prove something fairly + +surprising, that +this must be true, + +that this identity must be true. + +And I want you to realize +and compare and contrast + +with this identity here. + +One is completeness. + +One is orthonormality. + +There are two kinds +of sums going on here. + +Here is sum over space, and +you keep labels arbitrary-- + +label indices arbitrary. + +So, sum over space. + +These functions depend +on space and on labels. + +Sum over space, and +keep the labels, + +and you get sort of a +unit matrix in this space, + +in the space of labels. + +Here, you keep the positions +arbitrary, but sum over labels. + +And now you get +like a unit matrix + +in the space of positions. + +Something is one-- +but actually infinite, + +but you couldn't do better-- +when x is equal to x prime. + +So, if you think +of it as a matrix, + +this function in x and x prime +is a very strange matrix, + +with two indices, x and x prime. + +And when x is different +from x prime, it's zero, + +but when x is equal +to x prime, it's one. + +But it has to be +a delta function, + +because continuous variables. + +But it's the same idea. + +So, actually if you think +of these two things, x and m + +as dual variables, this +is a matrix variable, + +and then you're sort of +keeping these two indices open + +and summing over +the other index. + +Multiplying in one way +you get a unit matrix. + +Here, you do the +other way around. + +You have a matrix in m and n. + +This is a more familiar +matrix, but then you + +sum over the other things. + +So, they're dual, +and two properties + +that look very different in the +way you express them in words. + +One is that they're orthonormal. + +The other is that +they're complete. + +And then suddenly +then the mathematics + +tells you there's a nice +duality between them. + +So, the last thing +I want to say today + +is about expectation +values, which + +is another concept we +have to review and recall. + +So let's give those ideas. + +So, if we have a +time-dependent operator-- no, + +a time independent-- we'll do +a time-independent operator, + +I'm sorry. + +Time-Independent operator. + +And this operator +will be called A hat. + +No time dependence +on the operator. + +So, then we have the +expectation value + +of this operator on +a normalized state. + +So what does that mean? + +The expectation value of this +operator on a state-- on a wave + +function here. + +Now, this wave function +is time-dependent. + +So this expectation +value of this operator + +is expected to be +a function of time. + +And how is it defined? + +It's defined by doing +the following integral. + +Again, from minus +infinity to infinity, + +dx Psi star of x and t, +and then the operator + +A acting on Psi of x and t. + +And Psi is supposed to +be a normalized state. + +So, notice the notation here. + +We put the Psi here because +of the expectation-- whenever + +somebody asks you +the expectation + +value for an operator, it +has to be on a given state. + +So you put the state. + +Then you realize that this is +a time-dependent wave function + +typically, so it +could depend on time. + +Now, we said about +stationary states + +that if the state is +stationary, there's + +a single time exponential here. + +There's just one term, e to +the minus iEt over h bar. + +And if A, of course, is a +time-independent operator, + +you won't care about +the exponential. + +You will cancel this +one, and there will not + +be a time dependence there. + +But if this state +is not stationary-- + +like most states +are not stationary-- + +remember it's very important. + +If you have a stationary +state, and you superimpose + +another stationary state, +the result is not stationary. + +Stationary is a +single exponential. + +More than one exponential +is not stationary. + +So when you have this, you +could have time dependence. + +So that's why we wrote it. + +Whenever you have a state +that is not stationary, + +there is time dependence. + +Now, you could do +the following thing. + +So here is a simple but +important calculation + +that should be done. + +And it's the expectation +value of H. So + +what is the expectation value +of the Hamiltonian at time + +t on this wave function Psi +that we've computed there? + +So, we would have to +do that whole integral. + +And in fact, I ask +you that you do it. + +It's not too hard. + +In fact, I will say +it's relatively simple. + +And you have H on +Psi of x and t, + +and then you must substitute +this Psi equal the sum of bn + +Psi n. + +And you have two sums. + +And the H acting on each +side n-- you know what it is. + +And then the two sums-- you +can do the integral using + +orthonormality. + +It's a relatively +standard calculation. + +You should be able to do it. + +If you find it hard, you +will see it, of course, + +in the notes. + +But it's the kind of thing +that I want you to review. + +So, what is the answer here? + +It's a famous answer. + +It's bm squared En. + +So, you get the expected +value of the energy. + +It's a weighted average over all +of the stationary states that + +are involved in this state +that you've been building. + +So your state has a little +bit of Psi zero, Psi 1, Psi 2, + +Psi 3. + +And for each one, you square its +component and multiply by En. + +And this is time-independent. + +And you say, well, +you told me that only + +for stationary states, +things are time-independent. + +Yes, only for stationary +states, all operators + +are time-independent, +but the Hamiltonian + +is a very special operator. + +It's an energy +operator, and this + +is a time independent system. + +It's not being +driven by something, + +so you would expect the +energy to be conserved. + +And this is pretty +much the statement + +of conservation of energy, +the time-independence + +of this thing. + +My last remark is technical +about normalizations, + +and it's something +you may find useful. + +If you have a wave function +that is Psi, which is not + +normalized, you may say, +OK, let's normalize it. + +So, what is the +normalized wave function? + +The normalized wave +function is Psi + +divided by the square root of +the integral of Psi star Psi + +dx. + +You see, this is a number, and +you take the square root of it. + +And this is the Psi of x and t. + +If the Psi is not normalized, +this thing is normalized. + +So, think of doing this here. + +Suppose you don't +want to work too hard, + +and you want to normalize +your wave function. + +So, your Psi is not normalized. + +Well, then this is +definitely normalized. + +You should check that. + +Square it, an integrate +it, and you'll see. + +You'll get one. + +But then I can then calculate +the expectation value of A + +on that state, +and wherever I see + +a Psi that should be normalized, +I put this whole thing. + +So what do I end up with? + +I end up with this +integral from infinity + +to infinity dx Psi star A A +hat Psi divided by the integral + +from minus infinity to +infinity of Psi star Psi dx. + +If you don't want to normalize +a wave function, that's OK. + +You can still calculate +its expectation value + +by working with a +not-normalized wave function. + +So in this definition, +Psi is not normalized, + +but you still get +the right value. + +OK, so that's it for today. + +Next time we'll do properties +of the spectrum in one dimension + +and begin something new called +the variational problem. + +All right. + +[APPLAUSE] + +Thank you, thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/R4KxlqsuZ0A.txt b/R4KxlqsuZ0A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8611f8d3727cda937a5f14f8935dcc6a6d276f48 --- /dev/null +++ b/R4KxlqsuZ0A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1793 @@ +We have put some of the quiz +stats here. + +The mean was about 75%. +And I must tell you that that + +is very impressive. +I guess MIT undergrads never + +cease to amaze me. +And this was not an easy quiz. + +This was a relatively hard +quiz. + +And that average implies that +you guys did well on a + +relatively hard quiz. +Good. + +Let's get back to our final +lecture on amplifiers and small + +signal circuits. +And as always let me start with + +a review. +Very quickly -- + +-- we came up with a notation +to represent small signals. + +And our notation looked like +this. + +Our total variable was small +and capital, and this was a DC + +bias and this was a small +signal. + +This is also called the +operating point. + +And the small signal is also +called the incremental signal. + +In general, if you have some +function, some variable of + +interest in the circuit, +say a total variable V out, + +let's say it relates to some +input variable as F of VI. + +So mathematically we can find +out V out by simply finding the + +slope of this function at the +operating point and then + +multiplying it by the +incremental change in the input. + +Gold standard math. +So we do the slope of this + +function and evaluate it at the +operating point. + +So this would give us the slope +of the function. + +And multiply that by small VI, +which is incremental change. + +This is standard math. +What this will tell you is + +given a small change in VI this +function gives you, + +this expression gives you the +small change in V out. + +And in lecture we have pretty +much used this method so far, + +used the math to get to where +we wanted it to be. + +And then the way we provided +biasing and so on was for our + +amplifier in particular we had a +bias voltage, + +some small signal value, +VS. + +And this was output which was +also given to be some output + +operating point plus a small +change, which was a change in + +the output voltage. +So what we have done here is + +mathematically computed small V +out. + +And what I am showing you here +is to get the same effect in a + +circuit is you build your +circuit and replace what used to + +be a total variable with a DC +bias plus a small change. + +And then you will get your +output here. + +And this output will relate to +this input using this + +expression. + +So this is more review. +To continue on with the math + +review, for our amplifier VO was +given to be VS-K/2(vI-VT)^2 RL. + +So this was the output versus +input relationship for the + +amplifier. +And mathematically I could get + +the small change in the output +VO by simply differentiating + +this function with respect to +VI, evaluating that function, + +at capital VI and multiplying +by the small change in the + +input. +And the resulting expression + +that we got for small VO -- + +-- was simply minus K, +this was our DC value, + +and RL times small VI. +So we derived all of this the + +last time. +So nothing new so far. + +So my small signal output was +some function given by + +K(VI-VT)RL times small vi. +And notice that this is how VI + +relates to VO. +And this is a constant with + +respect to VI. +V capital I is a DC bias, + +so this is a constant. +So therefore this is the linear + +relationship that we had set out +to get. + +This term here, +for reasons we will see today, + +this term here K(VI-VT) is +called gm. + +Transconductance. +We will look at it in more + +detail a little later. + +Even more review. + +So I can draw the transfer +function and plot VO versus VI. + +Another way to graphically view +what is going on is by plotting + +the load line curve for this +circuit, so this is VI. + +And I said we draw that by +first plotting the -- + +These were our MOSFET curves. +And we know that at some point + +the MOSFET gets into saturation, +so this curve was iDS=K/2 VO^2. + +And to the right side of the +curve the MOSFET is in + +saturation. +And we said we will adhere to + +the saturation discipline and +operate in this regime. + +When the MOSFET gets into this +region it is in its triode + +region. +And then we could draw the load + +line here. +The load line codified the + +following relationship, +iDS=VS/RL-VO/RL. + +This was a load line. +So I have superimposed a load + +line on the device +characteristics, + +and I am going to show you a +little demonstration based on + +that at this point. +So these curves were drawn for + +increasing values of VI. +And if I choose some operating + +point here then this point would +correspond to some bias, + +this bias point would +correspond to some input voltage + +VI, a corresponding output bias +VO and a corresponding current + +iDS. +So iDS capitals, + +VO capitals, +VI capitals represent the + +operating point values for our +little circuit. + +So far there is nothing new. +One thing we stopped the last + +time by pointing out that the +gain of our amplifier, + +this is the gain, +-K(VI-VT)RL. + +That is the gain A of the +amplifier. + +That gain related to VI. +A gain was proportional to + +VI-VT. +So therefore if I increased VI, + +I would get more gain. +So the question is how do we + +choose a bias point? +And in our particular example, + +let's say we are free to play +around with VI. + +So we play around with VI and I +can choose various bias points. + +So where do you set the bias +point? + +What are the various +characteristics of the circuit + +that relate to my bias point? +Well, first, + +of course, is gain. +The gain depends on how I + +choose VI. +I will show you that in a + +moment. +The second important thing, + +in other words, +if I choose a bias point that + +is a small VI then my gain is +going to be smaller. + +If I choose a bias point that's +at a much higher value of VI, + +I get a bigger gain. +The second important + +consideration is operating +range. + +Notice that if I choose a bias +point here then as the input + +changes -- +Notice VI in this graph goes up + +or down, and I would be +traversing and following + +different lines here in my +MOSFET characteristic. + +And as VI increases the +operating point would come up + +here and so on. +So if about this operating + +point I varied my input voltage +VI then, so let's say about this + +operating point, +if my input VI, + +my small signal VI varied about +a small range then + +correspondingly the output value +would vary about this part of my + +load line. +So notice now that the + +operating range, +how far can VI vary before the + +MOSFET goes out of its +saturation discipline? + +Well, on the low side my VI can +come down to here. + +And we looked at the operating +ranges for an amplifier. + +And I can come all the way down +to VT. + +At that point the output will +come here. + +Similarly at the high end VI +could get up to a high value. + +And we computed that value in +the last lecture. + +And the corresponding value of +the input would be here. + +So in some sense I can traverse +all the way from here to here + +and have the MOSFET remain in +saturation. + +Remember we are not talking +about linearity right now, + +just about the valid operating +range based on my definition + +which is that the MOSFET should +stay in saturation. + +So if I chose my operating +point here then I get this range + +here. +And, on the other hand, + +if I chose my operating point +to be here, for negative + +excursions of the input signal I +have a very small amount before + +I hit cutoff. +So if I chose my operating + +point here then for negative +traversals of VI about the + +operating point I very quickly +hit cutoff. + +So if I want symmetric swings +then this is the best that I can + +do in terms of the valid input +operating range if I want + +symmetric swings given that this +is my bias point. + +On the other hand, +if I chose my bias point + +somewhere here, +or very carefully chose my bias + +point then my input can vary on +a much wider region and still + +get symmetric swings. +And so therefore the choice of + +bias point also influences the +maximum swing range of my input + +signal. +I shouldn't call this operating + +range. +I should call it input swing + +range. +We defined the valid input + +operating range as the range for +which the amplifier satisfied + +the saturation discipline. +So the two key issues, + +gain and the input swing. +Let me show you a quick demo + +and try to point out on a graph +some of the characteristics that + +relate to the matter we have +been talking about so far. + +So what I show here are these +curves for the MOSFET. + +This is VO and this iDS. +This is the zero point. + +Ignore this line down here. +This line up here corresponds + +to the output voltage VO. +What I am going to do now is, + +through some careful circuit +hacking, I'm going to show show + +you a load line and show you the +bias point, and show you how the + +bias point can be moved up and +down by changing the input + +voltage which changes the +corresponding output voltage. + +It is hardly visible out there. + +Is it there? +OK. + +It is not really clear, +but notice that as I increase + +my input, I am increasing my +input. + +My output keeps coming down. +And I hope your eyesight is + +better than mine because I don't +see a dot up there. + +I am amazed. +This is the first time this has + +happened to me. +That's OK. + +All right. +As you can see, + +as I change the input value the +output operating point changes, + +and the dot out there +traverses, articulates a load + +line. +I guess I have to believe that + +there is a dot out there. +Next what I will do is show you + +some more fun stuff. +What I will do is instead of + +having just a dot by having a DC +voltage, let me apply an input + +sinusoid. +So if I apply an input sinusoid + +at some bias then I should see +an articulation of the + +corresponding region of the load +line corresponding to the input. + +So, as you can see here, +now the bottom line, + +here is my input and this is my +output. + +And notice that this the region +of the load line articulated + +when the input is of this +magnitude. + +Now let's have some fun. +As I increase my input, + +you can see that a larger +portion of the load line is + +articulated, right? +There you go. + +And as I decrease my input a +smaller region of the load line + +is articulated. +Let's leave it here for a + +moment. +And what I will do next, + +this is the region here that we +are looking at, + +let me increase the bias. +If I increase the bias, + +if I increase VI, +what do you think should happen + +to this line here? +Well, if I increase the bias, + +the line should go up, +right? + +Because remember the dot? +The dot is in the middle of + +this thing here. +If I increase the bias this + +should move up here. +So that line moves up. + +Do you expect anything else to +happen to that line? + +Pardon? +It increases, + +exactly. +If I increase the bias point to + +here then this must also +increase because my gain has + +increased. +Let me do that. + +So let me increase the input +bias. + +Indeed notice that the region +of the load line articulated is + +larger now. +Let me decrease the bias. + +And notice that because the +gain is smaller the little + +segment shown is also smaller. +I have shown you two things so + +far. +One is that I as I increase my + +bias the line indeed rises up +corresponding to a higher value + +for the input operating point. +And the second is that I get a + +larger swing in the output as I +increase the bias. + +Just to show that for those +like me who were visually + +challenged in terms of viewing +that little dot up there, + +let me get some audio so you +can actually hear the sinusoidal + +tone. +It is a big annoying. + +As I reduce the bias the gain +is decreased. + +As I increase the bias you can +see that the gain is increased + +and the tone is louder. +Let's have some more fun and + +let's play some music now. +And what I am going to show you + +with the music -- +The reason I play the music is + +not just for fun. +Well, it's 85% fun and 15% + +learning. +Can we turn it on for a second? + +What I would like to do is, +as we play the music, + +the reason I am playing the +music for that 15% is so you can + +listen to distortion. +I want you to listen to the + +distortion. +That is when the articulation + +is here you are not going to get +much distortion. + +But as I get into cutoff you +should be getting a bunch of + +distortion. +Similarly, as you get into the + +triode region you should also be +getting distortion because the + +amplification from being +somewhat nonlinear here becomes + +highly nonlinear at those two +points. + +So let's just play the signal. +So volume increases, + +or rather the amplitude +increases by increasing the + +bias. +Now you should hear the volume + +go down and distortion. + +So notice now that the bias +point is way down here. + +So the gain is very low, +and plus there is a distortion + +because of cutoff. +Now what I will do is blast it + +up here, and you will see that +the volume has gone up but then + +you see distortion again. +Let's see if you can stand the + +volume here. + +Even the CD doesn't like that. + +Notice that as I went up here +the volume kept increasing + +because the gain kept +increasing, but as I got into + +the triode region I began to +lose my gain because, + +remember, the amplifier doesn't +have gain in the triode region, + +MOSFET in its triode region, +and we also get a bunch of + +distortion out there. +Finally, it turns out that as + +people are building amplifiers +-- + +I think this was in the mid to +late `50s and `60s and so on. + +They said man, +electrical engineers are not + +going to get their thing right. +So they invented a new kind of + +music which was much more +tolerant to distortion. + +And I will play that music for +you. + +It is called hard rock. +I challenge you to tell me it + +is distorting. + +Sounds good to me. + +OK. +All right. + +That'll do it. +Thank you. + +I hope there are no hard rock +musicians in here who will come + +and beat me up after lecture or +something. + +All right. +Believe it or not most of that + +was review. +There is nothing new today + +besides some fun and games and +so on. + +I will give you a breather for +five seconds before jumping into + +something even more fun. + +I want you to look at the +middle board here. + +And, as I told you in the +beginning of 6.002, + +engineering is about building +useful systems. + +Engineering is not about +showing off at math or saying + +man, I am really cool in math +and stuff. + +Engineering is about building +useful systems, + +and you want to find the +simplest, easiest, + +cheapest way to get there. +Unlike deep areas of math and + +theory and so on, +the beauty is in the + +simplicity. +So the aesthetics are in how + +simply can we make things and +still get to where we want to + +be? +All through the course what you + +will be seeing happening again +and again and again is when + +things begin to get too grovelly +in terms of math, + +we will step back and say oops, +we are engineers, + +remember? +Let's find a much simpler way + +to do it and use intuition. +So time and time and time + +again, I am going to take you on +a simpler path where you can + +solve things by inspection by +pure intuition. + +Most circuit designers do that. +So take a look at this. + +I don't like this nasty +differentiation here. + +That's getting into late high +school calculus and so on. + +Let's avoid the math and let's +see if you find some way of + +doing it that is even much more +simpler. + +And that is what I will do next +and show you what is called the + +small signal circuit view. +A purely circuit way of + +developing the small signal +model. + +So let me just start by drawing +the large signal equivalent + +circuit for you. +I will draw it here for reasons + +that will be obvious at the end +of the class. + +All right. +This is the large signal + +equivalent circuit model for our +MOSFET amplifier. + +VS and here is my current +source. + +iDS relates to the square of VI +minus VT. + +So stare at that for a second. +And that is a nonlinear + +circuit. +iDS relates to the square of VI + +minus VT. +Let me start by making the + +following claim. +Let me shoot from the hip here + +and make the following grand +claim, and then I will show you + +how I can prove that claim. +The grand claim I am about to + +make says the following. +A bunch of little devices here. + +It is a nonlinear circuit. +Just suppose for a moment we do + +a Gedanken experiment. +Suppose I replace each of my + +circuit elements here with its +linearized element equivalent. + +In other words, +here is a VS source, + +here is a dependent current +source, let me replace them with + +their linear equivalent circuit +models. + +In other words, +with their corresponding small + +signal element models. +And I will show you what those + +are in a second. +The resistor has a + +corresponding small signal +element. + +The dependent current source +has a corresponding small signal + +behavioral element model. +And what I am going to do is + +keep the same circuit +connections and simply pull out + +the large signal model for the +element and replace it with a + +small signal element model. +And by the nature of the small + +signal model they are all going +to be linear. + +So what I am going to be left +with is a linear circuit with + +simple linear circuit elements +in there. + +And then once I have a linear +circuit, I should be able to + +analyze that linear circuit +using methods 1, + +2 and 3, superposition, +Thevenin, node method and so + +on. +And certainly the intuitive + +methods like superposition and +Thevenin, which make life a lot + +easier for me with linear +models, and thereby get the + +function that I am looking for +very quickly. + +Again, my claim is that I can +replace each of these large + +signal models by just small +signal equivalents and then just + +analyze the resultant circuit. +And I claim that I should be + +able to get the same answer. +That's a claim. + +All right? +So what I will do is give you + +an informal proof for why I can +do that. + +And I also ask you to refer to +Section 8.2.1 of the course + +notes to go through the +foundations of the small circuit + +model in more detail. +The intuition is that, + +remember KVL and KCL? +I can write down KVL and KCL + +for every loop in that circuit +and every node in that circuit. + +If I do KVL and KCL, +I will end up with something + +like this. +For the input loop I get VI + +something or the other applying +KVL. + +For the output loop I get V out +something or the other. + +And then applying KCL I get +some other equation in iDS. + +So here are my KVL and KCL +equations for that circuit. + +Now, KVL and KCL are simply a +different representation of the + +circuit because within those KVL +and KCL is encoded the topology + +of the circuit. +Remember each KVL equation + +represents a loop and each KCL +equation represents how nodes + +are connected together. +So KVL and KCL equations encode + +within them the topology of my +circuit. + +What I do next is, +say, I replace each of these + +with the bias plus the small +signal, so I get the bias plus + +the small signal and keep the +equations the same. + +All I have done in my big set +of KVL, KCL equations, + +I have simply replaced the +total variable with the large + +signal variable and the small +signal quantity. + +Then comes a key trick. +The key trick is that because + +the bias point variables, +they are a valid solution to + +the circuit. +The circuit is in this + +quiescent state, +and those are valid solutions + +to circuit. +So therefore I can cancel them + +out. +So the VI, the large signal + +values can be cancelled out +leaving just small signal + +variables in there. +So from the KVL, + +KCL equations I can cancel out +the large signal values, + +the DC bias points because they +satisfy the KVL and KCL + +themselves. +In other words, + +I could have written VI plus V +out and so on. + +Since they are satisfied I just +strike out the large signal + +variable from both sides of each +of these equations, + +so what is left is the same +KVL, KCL equations but with + +small variables in place of the +big variables. + +What that should tell you, +this informal proof should tell + +you is that the small signal +variables should then satisfy + +the same form of the KVL, +KCL equations that the total + +variables satisfy. +And because the KVL, + +KCL equations are a reflection +of the topology of the circuit, + +what that says is that the +small signal variables must also + +satisfy KVL and KCL. +And since these arrive from the + +small signal elements that says +that I can replace the big + +elements with the small elements +and KVL and KCL will hold for + +the resulting circuit. +This is a very quick breeze + +through, an informal proof to +show that I can replace the big + +elements with the corresponding +little element models and then + +simply apply linear techniques. +Refer to Section 8.2.1 for more + +foundations and more discussion +about the foundations for why we + +can do this. +That brings up the small signal + +circuit method. +The circuit method for small + +signal analysis has three steps. +The first step is find + +operating point by using LS. +First you analyze your large + +signal circuit and find the +operating point. + +You have to do this, +because remember, + +the small signal models depend +on the operating point values. + +Remember the gain of our +amplifier depended on the bias + +point. +Second step is develop small + +signal models of elements. +Second step is take each of the + +elements in your circuit and +find their equivalent small + +circuit model for each of the +elements. + +Third step is replace original +elements with their small signal + +model elements. +Third step is simply take the + +large elements and replace them +with their small signal + +equivalent models. +Then analyze resulting circuit, + +and that circuit will be a +linear circuit. + +So let's do an example. +I will just use the amplifier + +as an example of this method. +And convince you that you are + +going to get the same expression +at the end, but just so, + +so simply without even the +smallest amount of grubby math. + +Three steps. +The first step is to find the + +operating point using the large +signal model. + +And let me just do that here. +I get my V out = + +VS-K/2(VI-VT)^2 RL. +Let me just write down that out + +here. +Don't worry about copying that + +down. +It is on the last page of your + +notes. +The first step of the method + +simply applies the large signal +model and finds out the behavior + +of that circuit to find out what +the bias point values are. + +The second step is to develop +the small signal model of my + +elements. +How do I go about developing + +the small signal models of +elements? + +Let's start with the MOSFET. +The large signal model for the + +MOSFET looks like this. + +Here is my Vgs. +This is my gate. + +This is my drain. +This is my source. + +And I know my iDS to be +K/2(Vgs-VT)^2. + +So this is the large signal +model for the MOSFET, + +again in saturation. +I am talking about all of these + +models are under the saturation +discipline. + +So Vgs relates to iDS in the +following way for the MOSFET. + +That is iDS, +is K/2 and that is my square + +law relationship. +So what is a corresponding + +small signal model? +I go ahead and start with this. + +The corresponding small signal +model simply says that iDS + +relates to Vgs in the following +way. + +All I have to do is find a +small signal equivalent where I + +need to find out, +given a small change in the + +input Vgs, what is the small +change in the iDS? + +So I can apply my standard +trick to a much simpler + +expression here, +which is iDS simply, + +I differentiate this function +with respect to Vgs. + +So I don't completely eliminate +the math here, + +but it is a much simpler +problem here. + +At Vgs equals the bias point +times small vgs. + +I can find the small change in +iDS corresponding to a small + +change in the input using this +expression. + +That gives me iDS as simply +K(Vgs-VT) vgs. + +I call this gm, +and I will tell you why in a + +second. +So what does this expression + +say? +This expression says that if I + +have a small change in Vgs then +this will be my small change in + +iDS. +Notice that the resulting small + +signal model is also a dependent +current source. + +It is a voltage controlled +dependent current source. + +So the output is the current, +and it is a dependent current + +source and it depends on the +input voltage. + +The good news is that notice +that this one, + +this expression here gm is a +constant related to the bias + +point values. +Therefore, notice that the + +small signal model for the +MOSFET in saturation, + +not surprisingly, +is a linear voltage controlled + +current source according to the +following expression. + +So iDS=gm Vgs. +Gm is a representation for + +K(Vgs-VT) and is called a +transconductance. + +It is called a transconductance +because it, in some sense, + +deflects the conductance +properties of this based on the + +input. +So it is a transconductance. + +So this value is called Vgs. +Therefore, I can build the + +small signal model as follows. +Vgs is a voltage controlled + +current source and iDS is simply +gm Vgs. + +So this is my gate, +drain, source. + +So that is the small signal +model for my MOSFET. + +As a next step what are the +other elements in my circuit? + +Let's see. +I have a voltage source and I + +have a resistor, +so let me find out the + +corresponding small signal model +for a DC supply VS. + +This is Page 7. +I will do it mathematically for + +you, but often times it is +always good to do a sanity check + +using intuition. +Let me ask you, + +the large signal for a DC +supply looks like this. + +The element law for a voltage +source is VS equals some capital + +VS. +It is a constant voltage. + +So what do you expect to be the +small signal model for a voltage + +source? +In other words, + +for a small change, +suppose I have a small change + +in the current, +by how much should the output + +VS change? +It shouldn't change. + +It is a voltage source. +So what does intuition tell you + +is a small signal model for the +voltage source? + +A short. +So the key here is that a + +voltage source behaves like a +short circuit for small + +perturbations. +In other words, + +if I change the current flowing +through it by a small amount + +somehow, the output is still +going to held at VS. + +In other words, +small signals are simply going + +to scoot through this voltage +source without having any impact + +whatsoever on the voltage. +Or mathematically I could also + +do small vs is del by del IS of +VS evaluated at IS equals some + +capital IS times small IS. +And therefore VS equals zero. + +What that means is that the +small signal model for my + +voltage source is simply a short +circuit. + +So in a small circuit voltage +sources appear like a short + +circuit. +Finally, I have a resistor, + +my resistor R. +Let me find out its + +corresponding small signal +model. + +The large signal model looks +like this R, VR, + +IR. +And I know that VR is simply + +RIR. +And to find the small signal + +equivalent I do del of IRR +divided by del IR for IR + +calculated at some constant +value times small IR. + +What I am looking to do is to +find out what is the change in + +the voltage across R for a small +perturbation in the current? + +Again, let me exhort you to +rely on intuition to at least + +sanity check your answers. +So what do you think this + +should look like? +It's a resistor and I have a + +small change in the current, +by what do you expect the + +voltage to change? +Think about, + +for the next five seconds, +what the small signal model for + +this should look like and then I +will go ahead and write down the + +answer. + +So differentiating I simply get +RIR. + +In other words, +for a resistor the small signal + +model is the resistor itself. + +So what I have done so far, +let me just take you through + +where we are right now, +give you the big picture there. + +I began by suggesting that +looking to find an even simpler + +way to do small signal analysis. +I gave you an informal proof to + +show that if I had small signal +element models for all of my + +elements, I could simply replace +them in the circuit and then do + +a corresponding linear circuit +analysis phase to get the result + +I am looking for. +There are three steps to the + +method. +As a first step we began by + +finding small signal models for +each of our elements. + +For the nonlinear MOSFET the +small signal model was a linear + +dependent current source. +For a voltage source the + +corresponding small signal model +was a short circuit. + +Again, that makes sense +intuitively if I change the + +current through a voltage source +by a small amount. + +By how much does the voltage +change? + +It is a voltage source, +silly. + +The voltage doesn't change. +So the small signal V, + +the small change in the voltage +is zero, and that is the same + +thing as a short circuit. +For a resistor by how much does + +the voltage change if I change +the current by a small amount? + +Well, it will change by R times +the current change, + +and that is the property of a +resistor, R. + +As a final step what I would +like to do, on Page 8, + +I'd like to very quickly draw +for you the small signal circuit + +and then analyze it. +This is the large signal + +circuit. +That is a large signal circuit. + +And let me draw the small +signal circuit. + +And the method says simply +pluck out, gouge out each of + +these elements. +And simply replace each of + +these nasty nonlinear elements +with the corresponding small + +signal linear equivalents. +So let's do that. + +Remember, for the input you +replace input with its small + +signal voltage because I am +telling you that it's sourcing a + +small change in VI. +So that is VI. + +And then I replace a short for +VS. + +I replace an R for RL because +it is an RL itself for the small + +signal model. +And then for the dependent + +source, we discovered that the +dependent source was a linear + +dependent source given where +ids=gmvi. + +Remember, this was my small VO. +Here you go. + +I have a small signal circuit +here where I have simply created + +that by replacing each of the +big elements by little + +rinky-dink elements. +Now these are all linear + +elements so I can do a really +simple linear analysis. + +What method shall we use? +Well, this is so simple. + +I will just go ahead and use +the node method. + +So applying the node method at +the node with voltage VO, + +what I will do is the current +going up, VO divided by RL + +equals the current going down +iDS. + +And so the current going up is +VO divided by RL and the current + +going down is -- +Oops, I should have done this. + +The total current going out is +zero, so the sum of these two is + +zero. +That is my good old node method + +here. +And I know that iDS is simply + +gmvi equals zero. +So right there I have the + +relationship between VO and VI. +So VO is simply minus gmviRL. + +And remember gm was simply K VI +minus VT. + +We are done, +OK? + +What have we here? +I created a linear circuit + +which simply comprised small +signal models for each of my big + +elements. +And then I simply did a + +straightforward linear analysis +using any one of the linear + +techniques I knew about. +This is simple enough so I + +apply the node method. +And I've got the equation at + +this node, simplified it and I +directly got the answer. + +In one or two steps I directly +gave you the output as a + +function of the input. +It can't get any simpler. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RBH2RVDrJYI.txt b/RBH2RVDrJYI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..488e692b228e39b170aa95c5fd9c0ac8512b917c --- /dev/null +++ b/RBH2RVDrJYI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9195 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recitation two and recitation three are + + align:start position:0% +recitation two and recitation three are + + + align:start position:0% +recitation two and recitation three are +on the same paper you only have to read + + align:start position:0% +on the same paper you only have to read + + + align:start position:0% +on the same paper you only have to read +one paper that liz has been discussing + + align:start position:0% +one paper that liz has been discussing + + + align:start position:0% +one paper that liz has been discussing +in class the rod nina paper the paper + + align:start position:0% +in class the rod nina paper the paper + + + align:start position:0% +in class the rod nina paper the paper +was published in 1999 okay and it's + + align:start position:0% +was published in 1999 okay and it's + + + align:start position:0% +was published in 1999 okay and it's +still I would say a seminal paper and + + align:start position:0% +still I would say a seminal paper and + + + align:start position:0% +still I would say a seminal paper and +what they propose or what you've read + + align:start position:0% +what they propose or what you've read + + + align:start position:0% +what they propose or what you've read +about their model is still the working + + align:start position:0% +about their model is still the working + + + align:start position:0% +about their model is still the working +hypothesis in the field but if you go in + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis in the field but if you go in + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis in the field but if you go in +google the ribosome in elongation you + + align:start position:0% +google the ribosome in elongation you + + + align:start position:0% +google the ribosome in elongation you +will find out that that in the last 10 + + align:start position:0% +will find out that that in the last 10 + + + align:start position:0% +will find out that that in the last 10 +years there are hundreds of papers now + + align:start position:0% +years there are hundreds of papers now + + + align:start position:0% +years there are hundreds of papers now +taking potshots at this model using + + align:start position:0% +taking potshots at this model using + + + align:start position:0% +taking potshots at this model using +modern technological mechanisms like + + align:start position:0% +modern technological mechanisms like + + + align:start position:0% +modern technological mechanisms like +single molecule spectroscopy cryo a.m. + + align:start position:0% +single molecule spectroscopy cryo a.m. + + + align:start position:0% +single molecule spectroscopy cryo a.m. +and so they're flushing things out but + + align:start position:0% +and so they're flushing things out but + + + align:start position:0% +and so they're flushing things out but +so it was still the basic model holds so + + align:start position:0% +so it was still the basic model holds so + + + align:start position:0% +so it was still the basic model holds so +we continue to go through this because + + align:start position:0% +we continue to go through this because + + + align:start position:0% +we continue to go through this because +in my opinion all the machines that + + align:start position:0% +in my opinion all the machines that + + + align:start position:0% +in my opinion all the machines that +you're going to be talking about and Liz + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be talking about and Liz + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be talking about and Liz +as part of the course have complex + + align:start position:0% +as part of the course have complex + + + align:start position:0% +as part of the course have complex +behavior like this with numerous + + align:start position:0% +behavior like this with numerous + + + align:start position:0% +behavior like this with numerous +substrates and many many steps and so + + align:start position:0% +substrates and many many steps and so + + + align:start position:0% +substrates and many many steps and so +hopefully one thing you got out of this + + align:start position:0% +hopefully one thing you got out of this + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully one thing you got out of this +paper is that kinetics are important + + align:start position:0% +paper is that kinetics are important + + + align:start position:0% +paper is that kinetics are important +okay so today what I want to do I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay so today what I want to do I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay so today what I want to do I'm +going to ask you questions I'm gonna put + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you questions I'm gonna put + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you questions I'm gonna put +some things on the board we get you at + + align:start position:0% +some things on the board we get you at + + + align:start position:0% +some things on the board we get you at +talking points I'm gonna ask you some + + align:start position:0% +talking points I'm gonna ask you some + + + align:start position:0% +talking points I'm gonna ask you some +questions and then the discussion will + + align:start position:0% +questions and then the discussion will + + + align:start position:0% +questions and then the discussion will +continue into the next recitation on the + + align:start position:0% +continue into the next recitation on the + + + align:start position:0% +continue into the next recitation on the +same exact same topic but kinetics are + + align:start position:0% +same exact same topic but kinetics are + + + align:start position:0% +same exact same topic but kinetics are +important but to do kinetics what do you + + align:start position:0% +important but to do kinetics what do you + + + align:start position:0% +important but to do kinetics what do you +have to have what's required can do + + align:start position:0% +have to have what's required can do + + + align:start position:0% +have to have what's required can do +kinetics if you look at this model so + + align:start position:0% +kinetics if you look at this model so + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics if you look at this model so +this is the model out of your paper if + + align:start position:0% +this is the model out of your paper if + + + align:start position:0% +this is the model out of your paper if +you want to do kinetics what do you need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you not only that you have to speak + + align:start position:0% +you not only that you have to speak + + + align:start position:0% +you not only that you have to speak +aloud because I'm deaf anyhow what do + + align:start position:0% +aloud because I'm deaf anyhow what do + + + align:start position:0% +aloud because I'm deaf anyhow what do +you need ya to do kinetic studies yeah + + align:start position:0% +you need ya to do kinetic studies yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you need ya to do kinetic studies yeah +so you have to have an assay okay and + + align:start position:0% +so you have to have an assay okay and + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to have an assay okay and +you'll see that everything you're doing + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that everything you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that everything you're doing +over the course of the semester requires + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the semester requires + + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the semester requires +development of an assay and I would say + + align:start position:0% +development of an assay and I would say + + + align:start position:0% +development of an assay and I would say +the more complex you get the more + + align:start position:0% +the more complex you get the more + + + align:start position:0% +the more complex you get the more +complex these machines and that's what + + align:start position:0% +complex these machines and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +complex these machines and that's what +people are studying now as opposed to if + + align:start position:0% +people are studying now as opposed to if + + + align:start position:0% +people are studying now as opposed to if +you look at it Liz's lecture on trna + + align:start position:0% +you look at it Liz's lecture on trna + + + align:start position:0% +you look at it Liz's lecture on trna +synthetases you saw a simple reaction + + align:start position:0% +synthetases you saw a simple reaction + + + align:start position:0% +synthetases you saw a simple reaction +okay that assay was developed decades + + align:start position:0% +okay that assay was developed decades + + + align:start position:0% +okay that assay was developed decades +ago but when you get into these more + + align:start position:0% +ago but when you get into these more + + + align:start position:0% +ago but when you get into these more +complicated machines you have to be + + align:start position:0% +complicated machines you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +complicated machines you have to be +really pretty creative to develop an + + align:start position:0% +really pretty creative to develop an + + + align:start position:0% +really pretty creative to develop an +assay and you need to have substrates + + align:start position:0% +assay and you need to have substrates + + + align:start position:0% +assay and you need to have substrates +you need to get them from somewhere and + + align:start position:0% +you need to get them from somewhere and + + + align:start position:0% +you need to get them from somewhere and +then you need to do kinetics and so + + align:start position:0% +then you need to do kinetics and so + + + align:start position:0% +then you need to do kinetics and so +today what I want to do is go through + + align:start position:0% +today what I want to do is go through + + + align:start position:0% +today what I want to do is go through +the kinetics part of this asking you + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics part of this asking you + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics part of this asking you +questions as we go along and I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +questions as we go along and I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +questions as we go along and I'm gonna +start so kinetics in my opinion is a key + + align:start position:0% +start so kinetics in my opinion is a key + + + align:start position:0% +start so kinetics in my opinion is a key +tool so we're using kinetics as a tool + + align:start position:0% +tool so we're using kinetics as a tool + + + align:start position:0% +tool so we're using kinetics as a tool +and to study machines and the Machine + + align:start position:0% +and to study machines and the Machine + + + align:start position:0% +and to study machines and the Machine +we're studying is and have been studying + + align:start position:0% +we're studying is and have been studying + + + align:start position:0% +we're studying is and have been studying +is it's the ribosome okay so how many of + + align:start position:0% +is it's the ribosome okay so how many of + + + align:start position:0% +is it's the ribosome okay so how many of +you have had an introductory last lab + + align:start position:0% +you have had an introductory last lab + + + align:start position:0% +you have had an introductory last lab +course we did kinetics only one - okay + + align:start position:0% +course we did kinetics only one - okay + + + align:start position:0% +course we did kinetics only one - okay +because steady state kinetics is where + + align:start position:0% +because steady state kinetics is where + + + align:start position:0% +because steady state kinetics is where +you start for everything okay and I find + + align:start position:0% +you start for everything okay and I find + + + align:start position:0% +you start for everything okay and I find +when I T I've been teaching for many + + align:start position:0% +when I T I've been teaching for many + + + align:start position:0% +when I T I've been teaching for many +years that there are certain things + + align:start position:0% +years that there are certain things + + + align:start position:0% +years that there are certain things +about steady state kinetics that people + + align:start position:0% +about steady state kinetics that people + + + align:start position:0% +about steady state kinetics that people +don't seem to get and furthermore + + align:start position:0% +don't seem to get and furthermore + + + align:start position:0% +don't seem to get and furthermore +studies where steady state kinetics + + align:start position:0% +studies where steady state kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +studies where steady state kinetics +important in this paper you had to read + + align:start position:0% +important in this paper you had to read + + + align:start position:0% +important in this paper you had to read +can anybody tell me did you get anything + + align:start position:0% +can anybody tell me did you get anything + + + align:start position:0% +can anybody tell me did you get anything +about steady state kinetics did you + + align:start position:0% +about steady state kinetics did you + + + align:start position:0% +about steady state kinetics did you +think about it just will tell me how + + align:start position:0% +think about it just will tell me how + + + align:start position:0% +think about it just will tell me how +closely you read the paper No + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not no one okay so this paper is hard + + align:start position:0% +not no one okay so this paper is hard + + + align:start position:0% +not no one okay so this paper is hard +and this is a paper that even though I + + align:start position:0% +and this is a paper that even though I + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a paper that even though I +read it probably 20 times I still learn + + align:start position:0% +read it probably 20 times I still learn + + + align:start position:0% +read it probably 20 times I still learn +stuff every time I read it so you can't + + align:start position:0% +stuff every time I read it so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +stuff every time I read it so you can't +read a paper once this huge amounts of + + align:start position:0% +read a paper once this huge amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +read a paper once this huge amounts of +information in this paper and if you go + + align:start position:0% +information in this paper and if you go + + + align:start position:0% +information in this paper and if you go +back and look at it you know three weeks + + align:start position:0% +back and look at it you know three weeks + + + align:start position:0% +back and look at it you know three weeks +from now you'll probably get a lot more + + align:start position:0% +from now you'll probably get a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +from now you'll probably get a lot more +because we're continually filling in + + align:start position:0% +because we're continually filling in + + + align:start position:0% +because we're continually filling in +pieces of information from you in this + + align:start position:0% +pieces of information from you in this + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of information from you in this +complex system yeah right so that that's + + align:start position:0% +complex system yeah right so that that's + + + align:start position:0% +complex system yeah right so that that's +where the steady-state kinetic sand is + + align:start position:0% +where the steady-state kinetic sand is + + + align:start position:0% +where the steady-state kinetic sand is +and so it goes to the question of what + + align:start position:0% +and so it goes to the question of what + + + align:start position:0% +and so it goes to the question of what +can you learn from steady-state kinetics + + align:start position:0% +can you learn from steady-state kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +can you learn from steady-state kinetics +okay so let me just put down a simple + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just put down a simple + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just put down a simple +system which you've all seen if you take + + align:start position:0% +system which you've all seen if you take + + + align:start position:0% +system which you've all seen if you take +an introductory biochemistry course + + align:start position:0% +an introductory biochemistry course + + + align:start position:0% +an introductory biochemistry course +people use this system because you don't + + align:start position:0% +people use this system because you don't + + + align:start position:0% +people use this system because you don't +have very many rate constants so when I + + align:start position:0% +have very many rate constants so when I + + + align:start position:0% +have very many rate constants so when I +write down rate constants + + align:start position:0% +write down rate constants + + + align:start position:0% +write down rate constants +I don't put k's I just put 1 2 3 because + + align:start position:0% +I don't put k's I just put 1 2 3 because + + + align:start position:0% +I don't put k's I just put 1 2 3 because +it becomes hard to read anything ok so + + align:start position:0% +it becomes hard to read anything ok so + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes hard to read anything ok so +this is a simple system for any catalyst + + align:start position:0% +this is a simple system for any catalyst + + + align:start position:0% +this is a simple system for any catalyst +okay where some substrate okay it could + + align:start position:0% +okay where some substrate okay it could + + + align:start position:0% +okay where some substrate okay it could +be ef-tu and tRNA and GTP binding to the + + align:start position:0% +be ef-tu and tRNA and GTP binding to the + + + align:start position:0% +be ef-tu and tRNA and GTP binding to the +ribosome okay you do some chemistry to + + align:start position:0% +ribosome okay you do some chemistry to + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome okay you do some chemistry to +form some product ok and then the + + align:start position:0% +form some product ok and then the + + + align:start position:0% +form some product ok and then the +product dissociates ok so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +product dissociates ok so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +product dissociates ok so if you look at +the rate of the reaction so this + + align:start position:0% +the rate of the reaction so this + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of the reaction so this +involves the assay you have to develop + + align:start position:0% +involves the assay you have to develop + + + align:start position:0% +involves the assay you have to develop +an assay where you can monitor something + + align:start position:0% +an assay where you can monitor something + + + align:start position:0% +an assay where you can monitor something +as easily as possible that's the key + + align:start position:0% +as easily as possible that's the key + + + align:start position:0% +as easily as possible that's the key +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +so I think he is where your chemistry + + align:start position:0% +so I think he is where your chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +so I think he is where your chemistry +background plays an incredibly important + + align:start position:0% +background plays an incredibly important + + + align:start position:0% +background plays an incredibly important +role because you can be creative about + + align:start position:0% +role because you can be creative about + + + align:start position:0% +role because you can be creative about +your assays and so and you look at this + + align:start position:0% +your assays and so and you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +your assays and so and you look at this +as a function of the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +as a function of the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of the concentration of +your substrate what is that what is the + + align:start position:0% +your substrate what is that what is the + + + align:start position:0% +your substrate what is that what is the +spectrum look like what is the graph + + align:start position:0% +spectrum look like what is the graph + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum look like what is the graph +look like how would you describe the + + align:start position:0% +look like how would you describe the + + + align:start position:0% +look like how would you describe the +graphs this is something you've seen in + + align:start position:0% +graphs this is something you've seen in + + + align:start position:0% +graphs this is something you've seen in +507 we're just going back what does it + + align:start position:0% +507 we're just going back what does it + + + align:start position:0% +507 we're just going back what does it +look like yeah right exactly a + + align:start position:0% +look like yeah right exactly a + + + align:start position:0% +look like yeah right exactly a +rectangular + + align:start position:0% +rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular +okay and so I think what's important is + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I think what's important is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I think what's important is +that this kind of behavior has been + + align:start position:0% +that this kind of behavior has been + + + align:start position:0% +that this kind of behavior has been +observed over and over and over again + + align:start position:0% +observed over and over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +observed over and over and over again +since 1940s when this curve was first + + align:start position:0% +since 1940s when this curve was first + + + align:start position:0% +since 1940s when this curve was first +described by Michaelis and Menten with + + align:start position:0% +described by Michaelis and Menten with + + + align:start position:0% +described by Michaelis and Menten with +many variations on the theme and so what + + align:start position:0% +many variations on the theme and so what + + + align:start position:0% +many variations on the theme and so what +you need to think about is you have two + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about is you have two + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about is you have two +parts of the curve what's happening up + + align:start position:0% +parts of the curve what's happening up + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the curve what's happening up +here what is the dependence on the + + align:start position:0% +here what is the dependence on the + + + align:start position:0% +here what is the dependence on the +reaction on substrate so we have an + + align:start position:0% +reaction on substrate so we have an + + + align:start position:0% +reaction on substrate so we have an +enzyme that's a catalyst doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +enzyme that's a catalyst doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme that's a catalyst doesn't matter +whether you're an organic chemist an + + align:start position:0% +whether you're an organic chemist an + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're an organic chemist an +inorganic chemist a biochemist all of + + align:start position:0% +inorganic chemist a biochemist all of + + + align:start position:0% +inorganic chemist a biochemist all of +these things can be described by this + + align:start position:0% +these things can be described by this + + + align:start position:0% +these things can be described by this +simple simple cartoon so what's + + align:start position:0% +simple simple cartoon so what's + + + align:start position:0% +simple simple cartoon so what's +happening up here what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +happening up here what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +happening up here what's happening in +this part of your graph yeah see your + + align:start position:0% +this part of your graph yeah see your + + + align:start position:0% +this part of your graph yeah see your +saturated say your zero water and + + align:start position:0% +saturated say your zero water and + + + align:start position:0% +saturated say your zero water and +substrate okay and then what's happening + + align:start position:0% +substrate okay and then what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +substrate okay and then what's happening +over here your first order in substrate + + align:start position:0% +over here your first order in substrate + + + align:start position:0% +over here your first order in substrate +okay so from those observations people + + align:start position:0% +okay so from those observations people + + + align:start position:0% +okay so from those observations people +derived equations a general equation so + + align:start position:0% +derived equations a general equation so + + + align:start position:0% +derived equations a general equation so +the rate of product formation whatever + + align:start position:0% +the rate of product formation whatever + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of product formation whatever +your assay is that you're you're using + + align:start position:0% +your assay is that you're you're using + + + align:start position:0% +your assay is that you're you're using +is equal to v-max times a concentration + + align:start position:0% +is equal to v-max times a concentration + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to v-max times a concentration +of substrate over km plus the + + align:start position:0% +of substrate over km plus the + + + align:start position:0% +of substrate over km plus the +concentration of substrate okay + + align:start position:0% +concentration of substrate okay + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of substrate okay +so you've all seen this before and if + + align:start position:0% +so you've all seen this before and if + + + align:start position:0% +so you've all seen this before and if +you look at this one simple case and you + + align:start position:0% +you look at this one simple case and you + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this one simple case and you +look at what does v-max equal to can + + align:start position:0% +look at what does v-max equal to can + + + align:start position:0% +look at what does v-max equal to can +anybody tell me what are the what are + + align:start position:0% +anybody tell me what are the what are + + + align:start position:0% +anybody tell me what are the what are +the sub right where the rate constants + + align:start position:0% +the sub right where the rate constants + + + align:start position:0% +the sub right where the rate constants +within V Max so cake cake at times the + + align:start position:0% +within V Max so cake cake at times the + + + align:start position:0% +within V Max so cake cake at times the +concentration of enzyme + + align:start position:0% +concentration of enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of enzyme +okay so v-max and what does that mean + + align:start position:0% +okay so v-max and what does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +okay so v-max and what does that mean +cake at we'll see in a minute is the + + align:start position:0% +cake at we'll see in a minute is the + + + align:start position:0% +cake at we'll see in a minute is the +turnover and over times the + + align:start position:0% +turnover and over times the + + + align:start position:0% +turnover and over times the +concentration of the enzyme that means + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme that means + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme that means +all your catalysts has stuff on it it + + align:start position:0% +all your catalysts has stuff on it it + + + align:start position:0% +all your catalysts has stuff on it it +can't go any faster doesn't matter if + + align:start position:0% +can't go any faster doesn't matter if + + + align:start position:0% +can't go any faster doesn't matter if +you add more and more more substrate you + + align:start position:0% +you add more and more more substrate you + + + align:start position:0% +you add more and more more substrate you +have no catalysts so that's what's + + align:start position:0% +have no catalysts so that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +have no catalysts so that's what's +limiting the reaction so if you derive + + align:start position:0% +limiting the reaction so if you derive + + + align:start position:0% +limiting the reaction so if you derive +this equation using steady-state + + align:start position:0% +this equation using steady-state + + + align:start position:0% +this equation using steady-state +assumptions what are the what are the + + align:start position:0% +assumptions what are the what are the + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions what are the what are the +four sets of equation + + align:start position:0% +four sets of equation + + + align:start position:0% +four sets of equation +to be able to derive this expression + + align:start position:0% +to be able to derive this expression + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to derive this expression +anybody tell me what are the conditions + + align:start position:0% +anybody tell me what are the conditions + + + align:start position:0% +anybody tell me what are the conditions +you need to do so what's the goal of + + align:start position:0% +you need to do so what's the goal of + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do so what's the goal of +deriving this equation first of all and + + align:start position:0% +deriving this equation first of all and + + + align:start position:0% +deriving this equation first of all and +then what are the assumptions you make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you want to be able to describe + + align:start position:0% +okay so you want to be able to describe + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you want to be able to describe +what you see experimentally okay so the + + align:start position:0% +what you see experimentally okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +what you see experimentally okay so the +first thing you have to do is be able to + + align:start position:0% +first thing you have to do is be able to + + + align:start position:0% +first thing you have to do is be able to +measure it experimentally okay so you + + align:start position:0% +measure it experimentally okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +measure it experimentally okay so you +have to have something in terms an + + align:start position:0% +have to have something in terms an + + + align:start position:0% +have to have something in terms an +experimentally measurable parameter and + + align:start position:0% +experimentally measurable parameter and + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally measurable parameter and +if you look at e ESCP which one of these + + align:start position:0% +if you look at e ESCP which one of these + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at e ESCP which one of these +are going to be measurable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so substrate and product yeah you + + align:start position:0% +okay so substrate and product yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so substrate and product yeah you +can measure a substrate you can measure + + align:start position:0% +can measure a substrate you can measure + + + align:start position:0% +can measure a substrate you can measure +product but I'm talking about e okay so + + align:start position:0% +product but I'm talking about e okay so + + + align:start position:0% +product but I'm talking about e okay so +we have e we have an es in this case we + + align:start position:0% +we have e we have an es in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +we have e we have an es in this case we +have an EP most of the times you have 20 + + align:start position:0% +have an EP most of the times you have 20 + + + align:start position:0% +have an EP most of the times you have 20 +more e + + align:start position:0% +more e + + + align:start position:0% +more e +equilibria so which one can you measure + + align:start position:0% +equilibria so which one can you measure + + + align:start position:0% +equilibria so which one can you measure +experimentally pardon me + + align:start position:0% +experimentally pardon me + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally pardon me +I can't yeah so you could measure the + + align:start position:0% +I can't yeah so you could measure the + + + align:start position:0% +I can't yeah so you could measure the +total enzyme okay so that's the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +total enzyme okay so that's the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +total enzyme okay so that's the enzyme +conservation equation so you have I'm + + align:start position:0% +conservation equation so you have I'm + + + align:start position:0% +conservation equation so you have I'm +not going to draw this all out this is a + + align:start position:0% +not going to draw this all out this is a + + + align:start position:0% +not going to draw this all out this is a +review that you've already seen + + align:start position:0% +review that you've already seen + + + align:start position:0% +review that you've already seen +presumably so that's the conservation + + align:start position:0% +presumably so that's the conservation + + + align:start position:0% +presumably so that's the conservation +equation how do you measure the + + align:start position:0% +equation how do you measure the + + + align:start position:0% +equation how do you measure the +concentration of an enzyme uv-vis how + + align:start position:0% +concentration of an enzyme uv-vis how + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of an enzyme uv-vis how +many how much what amino acid is + + align:start position:0% +many how much what amino acid is + + + align:start position:0% +many how much what amino acid is +absorbed in the visible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the visible none so don't say Yuri + + align:start position:0% +and the visible none so don't say Yuri + + + align:start position:0% +and the visible none so don't say Yuri +vis say UV okay so so this is key to + + align:start position:0% +vis say UV okay so so this is key to + + + align:start position:0% +vis say UV okay so so this is key to +being able to sort things out so what + + align:start position:0% +being able to sort things out so what + + + align:start position:0% +being able to sort things out so what +are the amino acid side chains the + + align:start position:0% +are the amino acid side chains the + + + align:start position:0% +are the amino acid side chains the +absorb in the UV this comes back to you + + align:start position:0% +absorb in the UV this comes back to you + + + align:start position:0% +absorb in the UV this comes back to you +need so tryptophan and tyrosine are the + + align:start position:0% +need so tryptophan and tyrosine are the + + + align:start position:0% +need so tryptophan and tyrosine are the +major ones and phenylalanine is much + + align:start position:0% +major ones and phenylalanine is much + + + align:start position:0% +major ones and phenylalanine is much +much so you can measure this but in + + align:start position:0% +much so you can measure this but in + + + align:start position:0% +much so you can measure this but in +general you can't measure all the other + + align:start position:0% +general you can't measure all the other + + + align:start position:0% +general you can't measure all the other +forms okay so you know this and that's + + align:start position:0% +forms okay so you know this and that's + + + align:start position:0% +forms okay so you know this and that's +required to be able to to get this + + align:start position:0% +required to be able to to get this + + + align:start position:0% +required to be able to to get this +expression that describes this + + align:start position:0% +expression that describes this + + + align:start position:0% +expression that describes this +rectangular hyperbola what about the + + align:start position:0% +rectangular hyperbola what about the + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular hyperbola what about the +substrate concentration under normal + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration under normal + + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration under normal +assays if you've done an assay in the + + align:start position:0% +assays if you've done an assay in the + + + align:start position:0% +assays if you've done an assay in the +lab how is the reaction set up how much + + align:start position:0% +lab how is the reaction set up how much + + + align:start position:0% +lab how is the reaction set up how much +enzyme do you have in there how much + + align:start position:0% +enzyme do you have in there how much + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme do you have in there how much +substrate do you have in there a lot of + + align:start position:0% +substrate do you have in there a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +substrate do you have in there a lot of +substrate and what conditions are you + + align:start position:0% +substrate and what conditions are you + + + align:start position:0% +substrate and what conditions are you +under perhaps if you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +under perhaps if you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +under perhaps if you have a lot of +substrate over here on this graph yeah + + align:start position:0% +substrate over here on this graph yeah + + + align:start position:0% +substrate over here on this graph yeah +so well you don't have to but you would + + align:start position:0% +so well you don't have to but you would + + + align:start position:0% +so well you don't have to but you would +be saturated if you had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +be saturated if you had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +be saturated if you had a lot of +substrate how much enzyme do you have in + + align:start position:0% +substrate how much enzyme do you have in + + + align:start position:0% +substrate how much enzyme do you have in +there a lot or a little a little okay so + + align:start position:0% +there a lot or a little a little okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there a lot or a little a little okay so +the enzyme the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme the concentration of the +substrate is much much greater than the + + align:start position:0% +substrate is much much greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +substrate is much much greater than the +concentration of the enzyme okay so + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme okay so + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme okay so +that's a typical steady-state assay when + + align:start position:0% +that's a typical steady-state assay when + + + align:start position:0% +that's a typical steady-state assay when +you go to determine the rate of your + + align:start position:0% +you go to determine the rate of your + + + align:start position:0% +you go to determine the rate of your +reaction so because the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +reaction so because the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so because the concentration of +the enzyme is much much greater than the + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme is much much greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme is much much greater than the +concentration the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +concentration the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration the concentration of the +substrate it's much much greater in the + + align:start position:0% +substrate it's much much greater in the + + + align:start position:0% +substrate it's much much greater in the +concentration of the enzyme you don't + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme you don't + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme you don't +have to worry about substrate being + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about substrate being + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about substrate being +bound in these forms so the second + + align:start position:0% +bound in these forms so the second + + + align:start position:0% +bound in these forms so the second +equation you routinely use is called the + + align:start position:0% +equation you routinely use is called the + + + align:start position:0% +equation you routinely use is called the +substrate conservation equation okay cuz + + align:start position:0% +substrate conservation equation okay cuz + + + align:start position:0% +substrate conservation equation okay cuz +it doesn't change because the amount of + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't change because the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't change because the amount of +this es on the enzyme which is tiny you + + align:start position:0% +this es on the enzyme which is tiny you + + + align:start position:0% +this es on the enzyme which is tiny you +don't need to measure it so this is the + + align:start position:0% +don't need to measure it so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to measure it so this is the +second so these are both conservation + + align:start position:0% +second so these are both conservation + + + align:start position:0% +second so these are both conservation +equations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we just said we were doing + + align:start position:0% +okay so we just said we were doing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we just said we were doing +steady-state kinetics okay so now you + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetics okay so now you + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetics okay so now you +need to be able to make the steady state + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to make the steady state + + + align:start position:0% +need to be able to make the steady state +assumption which hopefully all of you + + align:start position:0% +assumption which hopefully all of you + + + align:start position:0% +assumption which hopefully all of you +know so the rate of change of some + + align:start position:0% +know so the rate of change of some + + + align:start position:0% +know so the rate of change of some +intermediate with respect to time is + + align:start position:0% +intermediate with respect to time is + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate with respect to time is +equal to zero that is we're under a set + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero that is we're under a set + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero that is we're under a set +of conditions where the rate of + + align:start position:0% +of conditions where the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +of conditions where the rate of +formation is equal to the rate of + + align:start position:0% +formation is equal to the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +formation is equal to the rate of +disappearance of whatever this species + + align:start position:0% +disappearance of whatever this species + + + align:start position:0% +disappearance of whatever this species +is and what what is the fourth equation + + align:start position:0% +is and what what is the fourth equation + + + align:start position:0% +is and what what is the fourth equation +we need to be able to set up this what + + align:start position:0% +we need to be able to set up this what + + + align:start position:0% +we need to be able to set up this what +do you what is the fourth thing which is + + align:start position:0% +do you what is the fourth thing which is + + + align:start position:0% +do you what is the fourth thing which is +probably the most straightforward and + + align:start position:0% +probably the most straightforward and + + + align:start position:0% +probably the most straightforward and +again it needs to be in terms of + + align:start position:0% +again it needs to be in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +again it needs to be in terms of +experimentally measurable parameters + + align:start position:0% +experimentally measurable parameters + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally measurable parameters +what are we measuring in our reaction no + + align:start position:0% +what are we measuring in our reaction no + + + align:start position:0% +what are we measuring in our reaction no +you don't mean I could have I could have + + align:start position:0% +you don't mean I could have I could have + + + align:start position:0% +you don't mean I could have I could have +done us okay + + align:start position:0% +done us okay + + + align:start position:0% +done us okay +and what would that have done to my + + align:start position:0% +and what would that have done to my + + + align:start position:0% +and what would that have done to my +equation just would have put in more + + align:start position:0% +equation just would have put in more + + + align:start position:0% +equation just would have put in more +rate constants I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +rate constants I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +rate constants I'm going to show you +what the rate constants are in a minute + + align:start position:0% +what the rate constants are in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +what the rate constants are in a minute +there's nothing in fact almost no enzyme + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing in fact almost no enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing in fact almost no enzyme +reactions are irreversible if you look + + align:start position:0% +reactions are irreversible if you look + + + align:start position:0% +reactions are irreversible if you look +you can find reversibility and almost + + align:start position:0% +you can find reversibility and almost + + + align:start position:0% +you can find reversibility and almost +all reactions this is so why do people + + align:start position:0% +all reactions this is so why do people + + + align:start position:0% +all reactions this is so why do people +write equations like this they like + + align:start position:0% +write equations like this they like + + + align:start position:0% +write equations like this they like +irreversible reactions because it makes + + align:start position:0% +irreversible reactions because it makes + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible reactions because it makes +the kinetic derivations simpler you + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic derivations simpler you + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic derivations simpler you +don't have as many rate constants okay + + align:start position:0% +don't have as many rate constants okay + + + align:start position:0% +don't have as many rate constants okay +so but what do you need now or what + + align:start position:0% +so but what do you need now or what + + + align:start position:0% +so but what do you need now or what +we're monitoring the reaction what are + + align:start position:0% +we're monitoring the reaction what are + + + align:start position:0% +we're monitoring the reaction what are +you going to monitor so we've got we + + align:start position:0% +you going to monitor so we've got we + + + align:start position:0% +you going to monitor so we've got we +know how much enzyme we have we can + + align:start position:0% +know how much enzyme we have we can + + + align:start position:0% +know how much enzyme we have we can +measure that we know how much substrate + + align:start position:0% +measure that we know how much substrate + + + align:start position:0% +measure that we know how much substrate +we can have we can measure that we know + + align:start position:0% +we can have we can measure that we know + + + align:start position:0% +we can have we can measure that we know +what the steady state assumption is and + + align:start position:0% +what the steady state assumption is and + + + align:start position:0% +what the steady state assumption is and +we have an equation so we can describe + + align:start position:0% +we have an equation so we can describe + + + align:start position:0% +we have an equation so we can describe +that what's the other thing you need + + align:start position:0% +that what's the other thing you need + + + align:start position:0% +that what's the other thing you need +it's the standard thing how do you + + align:start position:0% +it's the standard thing how do you + + + align:start position:0% +it's the standard thing how do you +describe the rate of product formation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's this guy over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what do you need you need some kind + + align:start position:0% +so what do you need you need some kind + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you need you need some kind +of an equation that expresses + + align:start position:0% +of an equation that expresses + + + align:start position:0% +of an equation that expresses +disappearance of substrate formation or + + align:start position:0% +disappearance of substrate formation or + + + align:start position:0% +disappearance of substrate formation or +products so you need a way of measuring + + align:start position:0% +products so you need a way of measuring + + + align:start position:0% +products so you need a way of measuring +this and you can do this many ways even + + align:start position:0% +this and you can do this many ways even + + + align:start position:0% +this and you can do this many ways even +from a simple equation we've shown over + + align:start position:0% +from a simple equation we've shown over + + + align:start position:0% +from a simple equation we've shown over +here because a description of the rate + + align:start position:0% +here because a description of the rate + + + align:start position:0% +here because a description of the rate +of product formation is simply the net + + align:start position:0% +of product formation is simply the net + + + align:start position:0% +of product formation is simply the net +flux through any step in the pathway you + + align:start position:0% +flux through any step in the pathway you + + + align:start position:0% +flux through any step in the pathway you +know and so what you see people writing + + align:start position:0% +know and so what you see people writing + + + align:start position:0% +know and so what you see people writing +is they immediately go to an + + align:start position:0% +is they immediately go to an + + + align:start position:0% +is they immediately go to an +irreversible step because it makes a + + align:start position:0% +irreversible step because it makes a + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible step because it makes a +algebra simpler so k3 times the + + align:start position:0% +algebra simpler so k3 times the + + + align:start position:0% +algebra simpler so k3 times the +concentration of e P Y would be the net + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e P Y would be the net + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e P Y would be the net +flux through this step but I could write + + align:start position:0% +flux through this step but I could write + + + align:start position:0% +flux through this step but I could write +the net flux through this step and I + + align:start position:0% +the net flux through this step and I + + + align:start position:0% +the net flux through this step and I +would get the same answer so it's the + + align:start position:0% +would get the same answer so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +would get the same answer so it's the +net flux through any step in the pathway + + align:start position:0% +net flux through any step in the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +net flux through any step in the pathway +okay so why am I going through all of + + align:start position:0% +okay so why am I going through all of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so why am I going through all of +this okay and the reason I'm going + + align:start position:0% +this okay and the reason I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +this okay and the reason I'm going +through this is because of this cake hat + + align:start position:0% +through this is because of this cake hat + + + align:start position:0% +through this is because of this cake hat +over km which I just described to you + + align:start position:0% +over km which I just described to you + + + align:start position:0% +over km which I just described to you +the people so one of the questions I + + align:start position:0% +the people so one of the questions I + + + align:start position:0% +the people so one of the questions I +asked you to think about when you're + + align:start position:0% +asked you to think about when you're + + + align:start position:0% +asked you to think about when you're +thinking about steady-state kinetics is + + align:start position:0% +thinking about steady-state kinetics is + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about steady-state kinetics is +what are the two important parameters + + align:start position:0% +what are the two important parameters + + + align:start position:0% +what are the two important parameters +you get out of Michaelis Menten analysis + + align:start position:0% +you get out of Michaelis Menten analysis + + + align:start position:0% +you get out of Michaelis Menten analysis +and the reason I ask this is because in + + align:start position:0% +and the reason I ask this is because in + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason I ask this is because in +my opinion it's not correct in most + + align:start position:0% +my opinion it's not correct in most + + + align:start position:0% +my opinion it's not correct in most +textbooks so what are the two important + + align:start position:0% +textbooks so what are the two important + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks so what are the two important +parameters you get that you learned + + align:start position:0% +parameters you get that you learned + + + align:start position:0% +parameters you get that you learned +about that you probably even evaluated + + align:start position:0% +about that you probably even evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +about that you probably even evaluated +if you did something in the lab + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k-kat is one of them okay and what's the + + align:start position:0% +k-kat is one of them okay and what's the + + + align:start position:0% +k-kat is one of them okay and what's the +other one okay so this is what everybody + + align:start position:0% +other one okay so this is what everybody + + + align:start position:0% +other one okay so this is what everybody +says is Kam and that's not correct okay + + align:start position:0% +says is Kam and that's not correct okay + + + align:start position:0% +says is Kam and that's not correct okay +so let me put down what the what did I + + align:start position:0% +so let me put down what the what did I + + + align:start position:0% +so let me put down what the what did I +do with it + + align:start position:0% +do with it + + + align:start position:0% +do with it +what the values for the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +what the values for the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +what the values for the kinetic +constants are here so in this particular + + align:start position:0% +constants are here so in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +constants are here so in this particular +simple equation it's K cot is 2 times 3 + + align:start position:0% +simple equation it's K cot is 2 times 3 + + + align:start position:0% +simple equation it's K cot is 2 times 3 +over 2 plus 3 okay so this is K cap and + + align:start position:0% +over 2 plus 3 okay so this is K cap and + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 plus 3 okay so this is K cap and +km out of this analysis is 3 if the + + align:start position:0% +km out of this analysis is 3 if the + + + align:start position:0% +km out of this analysis is 3 if the +numbers really aren't important what I + + align:start position:0% +numbers really aren't important what I + + + align:start position:0% +numbers really aren't important what I +want you to see is that there are a huge + + align:start position:0% +want you to see is that there are a huge + + + align:start position:0% +want you to see is that there are a huge +number of first-order rate constants in + + align:start position:0% +number of first-order rate constants in + + + align:start position:0% +number of first-order rate constants in +each of these parameters K m and K cap + + align:start position:0% +each of these parameters K m and K cap + + + align:start position:0% +each of these parameters K m and K cap +ok can you measure these can you measure + + align:start position:0% +ok can you measure these can you measure + + + align:start position:0% +ok can you measure these can you measure +these rate constants that's what you + + align:start position:0% +these rate constants that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +these rate constants that's what you +want to know if you want to understand + + align:start position:0% +want to know if you want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +want to know if you want to understand +how this works you would like to + + align:start position:0% +how this works you would like to + + + align:start position:0% +how this works you would like to +understand the reaction coordinate and + + align:start position:0% +understand the reaction coordinate and + + + align:start position:0% +understand the reaction coordinate and +what the rate constants are for every + + align:start position:0% +what the rate constants are for every + + + align:start position:0% +what the rate constants are for every +step on the pathway that's what the + + align:start position:0% +step on the pathway that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +step on the pathway that's what the +whole rod Nina paper is about with the + + align:start position:0% +whole rod Nina paper is about with the + + + align:start position:0% +whole rod Nina paper is about with the +long-range goal of understanding + + align:start position:0% +long-range goal of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +long-range goal of understanding +fidelity can we come up with a model for + + align:start position:0% +fidelity can we come up with a model for + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity can we come up with a model for +fidelity in the translational process + + align:start position:0% +fidelity in the translational process + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity in the translational process +that's contributed by ef-tu so can we + + align:start position:0% +that's contributed by ef-tu so can we + + + align:start position:0% +that's contributed by ef-tu so can we +measure these guys from an assay the + + align:start position:0% +measure these guys from an assay the + + + align:start position:0% +measure these guys from an assay the +concentration of the enzyme the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme the +concentration of the substrate the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the substrate the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the substrate the +steady state assumption what do you + + align:start position:0% +steady state assumption what do you + + + align:start position:0% +steady state assumption what do you +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't be afraid this is a discussion + + align:start position:0% +don't be afraid this is a discussion + + + align:start position:0% +don't be afraid this is a discussion +what do you think can we measure no no + + align:start position:0% +what do you think can we measure no no + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think can we measure no no +that uh it is dependent on how fast it + + align:start position:0% +that uh it is dependent on how fast it + + + align:start position:0% +that uh it is dependent on how fast it +is but it doesn't matter how fast it is + + align:start position:0% +is but it doesn't matter how fast it is + + + align:start position:0% +is but it doesn't matter how fast it is +to answer this question okay anybody + + align:start position:0% +to answer this question okay anybody + + + align:start position:0% +to answer this question okay anybody +anybody else got another guess what + + align:start position:0% +anybody else got another guess what + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else got another guess what +what's your name Rebecca what's your + + align:start position:0% +what's your name Rebecca what's your + + + align:start position:0% +what's your name Rebecca what's your +name oh okay yeah so you get takeout and + + align:start position:0% +name oh okay yeah so you get takeout and + + + align:start position:0% +name oh okay yeah so you get takeout and +you get km that's not the question I + + align:start position:0% +you get km that's not the question I + + + align:start position:0% +you get km that's not the question I +asked I asked can you measure all the + + align:start position:0% +asked I asked can you measure all the + + + align:start position:0% +asked I asked can you measure all the +first-order rate constants that make up + + align:start position:0% +first-order rate constants that make up + + + align:start position:0% +first-order rate constants that make up +cake out in km no so the problem with + + align:start position:0% +cake out in km no so the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +cake out in km no so the problem with +steady sate kinetics is you can't really + + align:start position:0% +steady sate kinetics is you can't really + + + align:start position:0% +steady sate kinetics is you can't really +learn very much okay so what can you + + align:start position:0% +learn very much okay so what can you + + + align:start position:0% +learn very much okay so what can you +learn from steady-state kinetics and why + + align:start position:0% +learn from steady-state kinetics and why + + + align:start position:0% +learn from steady-state kinetics and why +do we keep looking at it okay why is it + + align:start position:0% +do we keep looking at it okay why is it + + + align:start position:0% +do we keep looking at it okay why is it +the first thing you've seen this with + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you've seen this with + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you've seen this with +the trna synthetases you saw takeout + + align:start position:0% +the trna synthetases you saw takeout + + + align:start position:0% +the trna synthetases you saw takeout +over km values for the charging with + + align:start position:0% +over km values for the charging with + + + align:start position:0% +over km values for the charging with +valine or isoleucine right in this paper + + align:start position:0% +valine or isoleucine right in this paper + + + align:start position:0% +valine or isoleucine right in this paper +if you go back and look carefully at the + + align:start position:0% +if you go back and look carefully at the + + + align:start position:0% +if you go back and look carefully at the +discussion at the end of the paper so + + align:start position:0% +discussion at the end of the paper so + + + align:start position:0% +discussion at the end of the paper so +hopefully after this class you'll go + + align:start position:0% +hopefully after this class you'll go + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully after this class you'll go +back and you read that a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +back and you read that a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +back and you read that a lot of the +discussion is about mechanisms of + + align:start position:0% +discussion is about mechanisms of + + + align:start position:0% +discussion is about mechanisms of +fidelity where they're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +fidelity where they're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity where they're thinking about +these initial steps and so these initial + + align:start position:0% +these initial steps and so these initial + + + align:start position:0% +these initial steps and so these initial +steps are really a selection steps of + + align:start position:0% +steps are really a selection steps of + + + align:start position:0% +steps are really a selection steps of +these things binding okay and if you go + + align:start position:0% +these things binding okay and if you go + + + align:start position:0% +these things binding okay and if you go +back and you look at the equation that + + align:start position:0% +back and you look at the equation that + + + align:start position:0% +back and you look at the equation that +they derive it's amazingly complicated + + align:start position:0% +they derive it's amazingly complicated + + + align:start position:0% +they derive it's amazingly complicated +why because we have many more equilibria + + align:start position:0% +why because we have many more equilibria + + + align:start position:0% +why because we have many more equilibria +in our equation but what you can get out + + align:start position:0% +in our equation but what you can get out + + + align:start position:0% +in our equation but what you can get out +of all this is cake hat and cake hat + + align:start position:0% +of all this is cake hat and cake hat + + + align:start position:0% +of all this is cake hat and cake hat +over km so what you should what so cam + + align:start position:0% +over km so what you should what so cam + + + align:start position:0% +over km so what you should what so cam +really is not very informative at all + + align:start position:0% +really is not very informative at all + + + align:start position:0% +really is not very informative at all +because it's composed of a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +because it's composed of a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +because it's composed of a whole bunch +of first-order rate constants it's + + align:start position:0% +of first-order rate constants it's + + + align:start position:0% +of first-order rate constants it's +almost never equal to the dissociation + + align:start position:0% +almost never equal to the dissociation + + + align:start position:0% +almost never equal to the dissociation +constant okay so you can't so what it is + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so you can't so what it is + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so you can't so what it is +mathematically it's the concentration + + align:start position:0% +mathematically it's the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically it's the concentration +required to reach half maximal velocity + + align:start position:0% +required to reach half maximal velocity + + + align:start position:0% +required to reach half maximal velocity +so it doesn't really tell + + align:start position:0% +so it doesn't really tell + + + align:start position:0% +so it doesn't really tell +you anything it's just have maximum + + align:start position:0% +you anything it's just have maximum + + + align:start position:0% +you anything it's just have maximum +velocity okay so the two parameters that + + align:start position:0% +velocity okay so the two parameters that + + + align:start position:0% +velocity okay so the two parameters that +you need to think about and this goes + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about and this goes + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about and this goes +back to the way you do experiments in + + align:start position:0% +back to the way you do experiments in + + + align:start position:0% +back to the way you do experiments in +the steady-state versus the pre + + align:start position:0% +the steady-state versus the pre + + + align:start position:0% +the steady-state versus the pre +steady-state which is what we're + + align:start position:0% +steady-state which is what we're + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state which is what we're +focusing on in this in this paper is + + align:start position:0% +focusing on in this in this paper is + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on in this in this paper is +that you have two extremes when you do + + align:start position:0% +that you have two extremes when you do + + + align:start position:0% +that you have two extremes when you do +kinetics and kinetics is something how + + align:start position:0% +kinetics and kinetics is something how + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics and kinetics is something how +do you learn how to do kinetics you do + + align:start position:0% +do you learn how to do kinetics you do + + + align:start position:0% +do you learn how to do kinetics you do +them yourself and you think about you + + align:start position:0% +them yourself and you think about you + + + align:start position:0% +them yourself and you think about you +know you think about what you think is + + align:start position:0% +know you think about what you think is + + + align:start position:0% +know you think about what you think is +going on and then you sort of make + + align:start position:0% +going on and then you sort of make + + + align:start position:0% +going on and then you sort of make +guesses about what's going on and this + + align:start position:0% +guesses about what's going on and this + + + align:start position:0% +guesses about what's going on and this +is these are one of the types of + + align:start position:0% +is these are one of the types of + + + align:start position:0% +is these are one of the types of +experiments when you're doing them you + + align:start position:0% +experiments when you're doing them you + + + align:start position:0% +experiments when you're doing them you +change your experimental design in the + + align:start position:0% +change your experimental design in the + + + align:start position:0% +change your experimental design in the +middle of your experiment so it takes a + + align:start position:0% +middle of your experiment so it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +middle of your experiment so it takes a +lot of practice to get good at kinetics + + align:start position:0% +lot of practice to get good at kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +lot of practice to get good at kinetics +but what you do with all kinetics is + + align:start position:0% +but what you do with all kinetics is + + + align:start position:0% +but what you do with all kinetics is +look at the extremes the limits so one + + align:start position:0% +look at the extremes the limits so one + + + align:start position:0% +look at the extremes the limits so one +extreme is the concentration of s goes + + align:start position:0% +extreme is the concentration of s goes + + + align:start position:0% +extreme is the concentration of s goes +to infinity okay so if you look at that + + align:start position:0% +to infinity okay so if you look at that + + + align:start position:0% +to infinity okay so if you look at that +extreme what do you have if s goes to + + align:start position:0% +extreme what do you have if s goes to + + + align:start position:0% +extreme what do you have if s goes to +infinity what happens to be what has + + align:start position:0% +infinity what happens to be what has + + + align:start position:0% +infinity what happens to be what has +happened to this equation yes it goes to + + align:start position:0% +happened to this equation yes it goes to + + + align:start position:0% +happened to this equation yes it goes to +v-max okay so core cake hat times the + + align:start position:0% +v-max okay so core cake hat times the + + + align:start position:0% +v-max okay so core cake hat times the +concentration of e so you're up here + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e so you're up here + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e so you're up here +okay and so what is cake at so you can + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what is cake at so you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what is cake at so you can +get out of this take out why is cake at + + align:start position:0% +get out of this take out why is cake at + + + align:start position:0% +get out of this take out why is cake at +an important parameter why do people + + align:start position:0% +an important parameter why do people + + + align:start position:0% +an important parameter why do people +care about cake hat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hey what's your name Alex Alex I like my + + align:start position:0% +hey what's your name Alex Alex I like my + + + align:start position:0% +hey what's your name Alex Alex I like my +nephew's name is Alex I'll remember that + + align:start position:0% +nephew's name is Alex I'll remember that + + + align:start position:0% +nephew's name is Alex I'll remember that +okay you're you're stuck what's k-kat + + align:start position:0% +okay you're you're stuck what's k-kat + + + align:start position:0% +okay you're you're stuck what's k-kat +that's like how quickly the yeah / / + + align:start position:0% +that's like how quickly the yeah / / + + + align:start position:0% +that's like how quickly the yeah / / +active / active site so it's called the + + align:start position:0% +active / active site so it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +active / active site so it's called the +turnover number okay so what does it + + align:start position:0% +turnover number okay so what does it + + + align:start position:0% +turnover number okay so what does it +tell you tells you how good your + + align:start position:0% +tell you tells you how good your + + + align:start position:0% +tell you tells you how good your +catalyst is okay so that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +catalyst is okay so that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +catalyst is okay so that's pretty +important so this is the turnover number + + align:start position:0% +important so this is the turnover number + + + align:start position:0% +important so this is the turnover number +and I would also say it's pretty in the + + align:start position:0% +and I would also say it's pretty in the + + + align:start position:0% +and I would also say it's pretty in the +in the age of recombinant production or + + align:start position:0% +in the age of recombinant production or + + + align:start position:0% +in the age of recombinant production or +proteins where we never isolate proteins + + align:start position:0% +proteins where we never isolate proteins + + + align:start position:0% +proteins where we never isolate proteins +from the normal source we isolate them + + align:start position:0% +from the normal source we isolate them + + + align:start position:0% +from the normal source we isolate them +all from bacteria or from yeast cake hat + + align:start position:0% +all from bacteria or from yeast cake hat + + + align:start position:0% +all from bacteria or from yeast cake hat +becomes really important to know okay so + + align:start position:0% +becomes really important to know okay so + + + align:start position:0% +becomes really important to know okay so +how do you know what real the real cake + + align:start position:0% +how do you know what real the real cake + + + align:start position:0% +how do you know what real the real cake +at should be if you isolate your enzyme + + align:start position:0% +at should be if you isolate your enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +at should be if you isolate your enzyme +from a protein that's expressed in + + align:start position:0% +from a protein that's expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +from a protein that's expressed in +e.coli do you think you'd get the real + + align:start position:0% +e.coli do you think you'd get the real + + + align:start position:0% +e.coli do you think you'd get the real +cake hat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ever thought about that you know most + + align:start position:0% +ever thought about that you know most + + + align:start position:0% +ever thought about that you know most +people haven't okay so you're not alone + + align:start position:0% +people haven't okay so you're not alone + + + align:start position:0% +people haven't okay so you're not alone +what could happen if you expressed you + + align:start position:0% +what could happen if you expressed you + + + align:start position:0% +what could happen if you expressed you +express your protein in a bacterial or + + align:start position:0% +express your protein in a bacterial or + + + align:start position:0% +express your protein in a bacterial or +in another model organism like yeast + + align:start position:0% +in another model organism like yeast + + + align:start position:0% +in another model organism like yeast +yeah it might not have the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +yeah it might not have the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it might not have the appropriate +it's probably not it could be post + + align:start position:0% +it's probably not it could be post + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably not it could be post +translational modification it could be + + align:start position:0% +translational modification it could be + + + align:start position:0% +translational modification it could be +cofactors so there are examples in the + + align:start position:0% +cofactors so there are examples in the + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors so there are examples in the +literature a very very smart scientist + + align:start position:0% +literature a very very smart scientist + + + align:start position:0% +literature a very very smart scientist +who has spent 25 years of their life + + align:start position:0% +who has spent 25 years of their life + + + align:start position:0% +who has spent 25 years of their life +studying an enzyme that was only 1% + + align:start position:0% +studying an enzyme that was only 1% + + + align:start position:0% +studying an enzyme that was only 1% +active so this is in this course and I + + align:start position:0% +active so this is in this course and I + + + align:start position:0% +active so this is in this course and I +think in general in biochemistry you got + + align:start position:0% +think in general in biochemistry you got + + + align:start position:0% +think in general in biochemistry you got +to go back and forth between the cell + + align:start position:0% +to go back and forth between the cell + + + align:start position:0% +to go back and forth between the cell +and what you see in the test tube so + + align:start position:0% +and what you see in the test tube so + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see in the test tube so +this cake at you know if the number is + + align:start position:0% +this cake at you know if the number is + + + align:start position:0% +this cake at you know if the number is +0.0001 per second you have to have some + + align:start position:0% +0.0001 per second you have to have some + + + align:start position:0% +0.0001 per second you have to have some +intuition that tells you oh my god + + align:start position:0% +intuition that tells you oh my god + + + align:start position:0% +intuition that tells you oh my god +that's so slow something something is + + align:start position:0% +that's so slow something something is + + + align:start position:0% +that's so slow something something is +wrong so this number of turnover is + + align:start position:0% +wrong so this number of turnover is + + + align:start position:0% +wrong so this number of turnover is +incredibly important it gives you a + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important it gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important it gives you a +feeling for how good your catalyst is ok + + align:start position:0% +feeling for how good your catalyst is ok + + + align:start position:0% +feeling for how good your catalyst is ok +but the number we're really after is the + + align:start position:0% +but the number we're really after is the + + + align:start position:0% +but the number we're really after is the +second example and the other limit and + + align:start position:0% +second example and the other limit and + + + align:start position:0% +second example and the other limit and +what happens is s goes to zero what + + align:start position:0% +what happens is s goes to zero what + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is s goes to zero what +happens to this equation so those are + + align:start position:0% +happens to this equation so those are + + + align:start position:0% +happens to this equation so those are +the two extremes okay so as s goes to + + align:start position:0% +the two extremes okay so as s goes to + + + align:start position:0% +the two extremes okay so as s goes to +zero okay so that's the other part of + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so that's the other part of + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so that's the other part of +this equation what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +this equation what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +this equation what happens to the +equation the rate of product formation + + align:start position:0% +equation the rate of product formation + + + align:start position:0% +equation the rate of product formation +is equal to and I'll now write v-max + + align:start position:0% +is equal to and I'll now write v-max + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to and I'll now write v-max +as KT times the concentration of total + + align:start position:0% +as KT times the concentration of total + + + align:start position:0% +as KT times the concentration of total +enzyme okay we just I didn't write it + + align:start position:0% +enzyme okay we just I didn't write it + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme okay we just I didn't write it +down hopefully you all know that so what + + align:start position:0% +down hopefully you all know that so what + + + align:start position:0% +down hopefully you all know that so what +you now get is k-kat over km times the + + align:start position:0% +you now get is k-kat over km times the + + + align:start position:0% +you now get is k-kat over km times the +concentration of e times the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e times the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e times the +concentration of s so what is this guy + + align:start position:0% +concentration of s so what is this guy + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of s so what is this guy +if you look at this equation what's cake + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this equation what's cake + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this equation what's cake +hat over km what are the units + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kinetics isn't that hurt these are these + + align:start position:0% +kinetics isn't that hurt these are these + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics isn't that hurt these are these +are pretty if you think this is Howard + + align:start position:0% +are pretty if you think this is Howard + + + align:start position:0% +are pretty if you think this is Howard +way to you start shipping we're not + + align:start position:0% +way to you start shipping we're not + + + align:start position:0% +way to you start shipping we're not +going to go into derivation of + + align:start position:0% +going to go into derivation of + + + align:start position:0% +going to go into derivation of +steady-state pre steady-state analysis + + align:start position:0% +steady-state pre steady-state analysis + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state pre steady-state analysis +but this is pretty simple compared to + + align:start position:0% +but this is pretty simple compared to + + + align:start position:0% +but this is pretty simple compared to +pre study said analysis so what cake had + + align:start position:0% +pre study said analysis so what cake had + + + align:start position:0% +pre study said analysis so what cake had +over km what are the units yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +over km what are the units yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +over km what are the units yeah yeah so +it's second order rate constant so + + align:start position:0% +it's second order rate constant so + + + align:start position:0% +it's second order rate constant so +that's the key thing so what are you + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing so what are you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing so what are you +looking at I mean you can look at that + + align:start position:0% +looking at I mean you can look at that + + + align:start position:0% +looking at I mean you can look at that +by this equation what you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +by this equation what you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +by this equation what you're looking at +is the enzyme combining with the + + align:start position:0% +is the enzyme combining with the + + + align:start position:0% +is the enzyme combining with the +substrate okay and that's what we care + + align:start position:0% +substrate okay and that's what we care + + + align:start position:0% +substrate okay and that's what we care +about that's the specificity specificity + + align:start position:0% +about that's the specificity specificity + + + align:start position:0% +about that's the specificity specificity +or efficiency of a reaction so if you + + align:start position:0% +or efficiency of a reaction so if you + + + align:start position:0% +or efficiency of a reaction so if you +have a tRNA leucine and a tRNA + + align:start position:0% +have a tRNA leucine and a tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +have a tRNA leucine and a tRNA +phenylalanine they're both competing for + + align:start position:0% +phenylalanine they're both competing for + + + align:start position:0% +phenylalanine they're both competing for +binding to the substrate so the + + align:start position:0% +binding to the substrate so the + + + align:start position:0% +binding to the substrate so the +important parameter to think about that + + align:start position:0% +important parameter to think about that + + + align:start position:0% +important parameter to think about that +selection and that's why that's + + align:start position:0% +selection and that's why that's + + + align:start position:0% +selection and that's why that's +important at the end of this paper + + align:start position:0% +important at the end of this paper + + + align:start position:0% +important at the end of this paper +relates to k-kat over km it's a + + align:start position:0% +relates to k-kat over km it's a + + + align:start position:0% +relates to k-kat over km it's a +specificity or efficiency number and if + + align:start position:0% +specificity or efficiency number and if + + + align:start position:0% +specificity or efficiency number and if +any of you ever work in a pharmaceutical + + align:start position:0% +any of you ever work in a pharmaceutical + + + align:start position:0% +any of you ever work in a pharmaceutical +industry you'll find out that of course + + align:start position:0% +industry you'll find out that of course + + + align:start position:0% +industry you'll find out that of course +you never and you're looking for + + align:start position:0% +you never and you're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +you never and you're looking for +inhibitors you never look at k-kat why + + align:start position:0% +inhibitors you never look at k-kat why + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitors you never look at k-kat why +don't you look at cake hat you always + + align:start position:0% +don't you look at cake hat you always + + + align:start position:0% +don't you look at cake hat you always +look at cake hat over km why is that + + align:start position:0% +look at cake hat over km why is that + + + align:start position:0% +look at cake hat over km why is that +true anybody tell me if you would + + align:start position:0% +true anybody tell me if you would + + + align:start position:0% +true anybody tell me if you would +looking for a drug if you were looking + + align:start position:0% +looking for a drug if you were looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a drug if you were looking +for an antibiotic few CITIC acid that we + + align:start position:0% +for an antibiotic few CITIC acid that we + + + align:start position:0% +for an antibiotic few CITIC acid that we +talked about today that inhibits the EF + + align:start position:0% +talked about today that inhibits the EF + + + align:start position:0% +talked about today that inhibits the EF +g that was talked about how would you + + align:start position:0% +g that was talked about how would you + + + align:start position:0% +g that was talked about how would you +set up the experiment to look for an + + align:start position:0% +set up the experiment to look for an + + + align:start position:0% +set up the experiment to look for an +inhibition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would you do with your + + align:start position:0% +what would you do with your + + + align:start position:0% +what would you do with your +concentration of substrate you want it + + align:start position:0% +concentration of substrate you want it + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of substrate you want it +higher do you want it low you want it + + align:start position:0% +higher do you want it low you want it + + + align:start position:0% +higher do you want it low you want it +low why do you want it low + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so if your inhibitor is binding to + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if your inhibitor is binding to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if your inhibitor is binding to +the same site and you have a huge amount + + align:start position:0% +the same site and you have a huge amount + + + align:start position:0% +the same site and you have a huge amount +of this no matter what you do even if + + align:start position:0% +of this no matter what you do even if + + + align:start position:0% +of this no matter what you do even if +this is a great in here B if you had + + align:start position:0% +this is a great in here B if you had + + + align:start position:0% +this is a great in here B if you had +10,000 times the amount of this you're + + align:start position:0% +10,000 times the amount of this you're + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 times the amount of this you're +never gonna see any inhibition so + + align:start position:0% +never gonna see any inhibition so + + + align:start position:0% +never gonna see any inhibition so +understanding these simple principles + + align:start position:0% +understanding these simple principles + + + align:start position:0% +understanding these simple principles +which I can tell you there were people + + align:start position:0% +which I can tell you there were people + + + align:start position:0% +which I can tell you there were people +that don't get this and drug companies + + align:start position:0% +that don't get this and drug companies + + + align:start position:0% +that don't get this and drug companies +are pretty important okay so cake and + + align:start position:0% +are pretty important okay so cake and + + + align:start position:0% +are pretty important okay so cake and +cake at over km boring but it's not + + align:start position:0% +cake at over km boring but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +cake at over km boring but it's not +really so boring it's sort of central to + + align:start position:0% +really so boring it's sort of central to + + + align:start position:0% +really so boring it's sort of central to +everything that you'll be thinking about + + align:start position:0% +everything that you'll be thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +everything that you'll be thinking about +over the course of semester and almost + + align:start position:0% +over the course of semester and almost + + + align:start position:0% +over the course of semester and almost +all the modules in some form although we + + align:start position:0% +all the modules in some form although we + + + align:start position:0% +all the modules in some form although we +won't highlight it like we're + + align:start position:0% +won't highlight it like we're + + + align:start position:0% +won't highlight it like we're +highlighting it here okay so again the + + align:start position:0% +highlighting it here okay so again the + + + align:start position:0% +highlighting it here okay so again the +reason we care about cake out over KL is + + align:start position:0% +reason we care about cake out over KL is + + + align:start position:0% +reason we care about cake out over KL is +this question of selectivity and I urge + + align:start position:0% +this question of selectivity and I urge + + + align:start position:0% +this question of selectivity and I urge +you to go back and look at the in the + + align:start position:0% +you to go back and look at the in the + + + align:start position:0% +you to go back and look at the in the +methods section of your paper now this + + align:start position:0% +methods section of your paper now this + + + align:start position:0% +methods section of your paper now this +paper is packed full of stuff okay so as + + align:start position:0% +paper is packed full of stuff okay so as + + + align:start position:0% +paper is packed full of stuff okay so as +I said I'd read it read it 20 times + + align:start position:0% +I said I'd read it read it 20 times + + + align:start position:0% +I said I'd read it read it 20 times +every time I read it I find out + + align:start position:0% +every time I read it I find out + + + align:start position:0% +every time I read it I find out +something new and furthermore I think + + align:start position:0% +something new and furthermore I think + + + align:start position:0% +something new and furthermore I think +the paper how many of you found it a + + align:start position:0% +the paper how many of you found it a + + + align:start position:0% +the paper how many of you found it a +tough slog to go through this paper this + + align:start position:0% +tough slog to go through this paper this + + + align:start position:0% +tough slog to go through this paper this +is probably the hardest paper you're + + align:start position:0% +is probably the hardest paper you're + + + align:start position:0% +is probably the hardest paper you're +gonna look at in my opinion what did you + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at in my opinion what did you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at in my opinion what did you +do think it was well-written did you + + align:start position:0% +do think it was well-written did you + + + align:start position:0% +do think it was well-written did you +sort of get the ideas okay did you all + + align:start position:0% +sort of get the ideas okay did you all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of get the ideas okay did you all +get the ideas or not or were you + + align:start position:0% +get the ideas or not or were you + + + align:start position:0% +get the ideas or not or were you +completely confused or you didn't spend + + align:start position:0% +completely confused or you didn't spend + + + align:start position:0% +completely confused or you didn't spend +enough time on it how much time did you + + align:start position:0% +enough time on it how much time did you + + + align:start position:0% +enough time on it how much time did you +have to spend on it okay an hour okay so + + align:start position:0% +have to spend on it okay an hour okay so + + + align:start position:0% +have to spend on it okay an hour okay so +I would say I've read the paper shortest + + align:start position:0% +I would say I've read the paper shortest + + + align:start position:0% +I would say I've read the paper shortest +times it takes me two hours to read a + + align:start position:0% +times it takes me two hours to read a + + + align:start position:0% +times it takes me two hours to read a +paper like this okay so so again it's a + + align:start position:0% +paper like this okay so so again it's a + + + align:start position:0% +paper like this okay so so again it's a +question of what level you want to look + + align:start position:0% +question of what level you want to look + + + align:start position:0% +question of what level you want to look +at things and I think part of what this + + align:start position:0% +at things and I think part of what this + + + align:start position:0% +at things and I think part of what this +course is about is looking at + + align:start position:0% +course is about is looking at + + + align:start position:0% +course is about is looking at +experimental details you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +experimental details you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +experimental details you're going to see +that and the problem set you're going to + + align:start position:0% +that and the problem set you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that and the problem set you're going to +see that and in lecture even to see that + + align:start position:0% +see that and in lecture even to see that + + + align:start position:0% +see that and in lecture even to see that +probably next time when we when we + + align:start position:0% +probably next time when we when we + + + align:start position:0% +probably next time when we when we +continue to look at the primary data + + align:start position:0% +continue to look at the primary data + + + align:start position:0% +continue to look at the primary data +that they collected how important it is + + align:start position:0% +that they collected how important it is + + + align:start position:0% +that they collected how important it is +to look at the axes okay and not just + + align:start position:0% +to look at the axes okay and not just + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the axes okay and not just +sort of look at it rapidly you really + + align:start position:0% +sort of look at it rapidly you really + + + align:start position:0% +sort of look at it rapidly you really +have to think about what the data is + + align:start position:0% +have to think about what the data is + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about what the data is +telling you so this paper is complicated + + align:start position:0% +telling you so this paper is complicated + + + align:start position:0% +telling you so this paper is complicated +from my point of view because it's based + + align:start position:0% +from my point of view because it's based + + + align:start position:0% +from my point of view because it's based +on it's based on 15 other papers okay so + + align:start position:0% +on it's based on 15 other papers okay so + + + align:start position:0% +on it's based on 15 other papers okay so +for you to really believe what + + align:start position:0% +for you to really believe what + + + align:start position:0% +for you to really believe what +they say which is what you need to do as + + align:start position:0% +they say which is what you need to do as + + + align:start position:0% +they say which is what you need to do as +a scientist how to critically evaluate + + align:start position:0% +a scientist how to critically evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +a scientist how to critically evaluate +somebody else's data you need to really + + align:start position:0% +somebody else's data you need to really + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else's data you need to really +go back and we didn't ask you to do that + + align:start position:0% +go back and we didn't ask you to do that + + + align:start position:0% +go back and we didn't ask you to do that +and really critically evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +and really critically evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +and really critically evaluate the +earlier experiments they've done because + + align:start position:0% +earlier experiments they've done because + + + align:start position:0% +earlier experiments they've done because +some of the conclusions they turn when + + align:start position:0% +some of the conclusions they turn when + + + align:start position:0% +some of the conclusions they turn when +we look at the primary data I could have + + align:start position:0% +we look at the primary data I could have + + + align:start position:0% +we look at the primary data I could have +drawn without knowing all that primary + + align:start position:0% +drawn without knowing all that primary + + + align:start position:0% +drawn without knowing all that primary +data I could have drawn something a + + align:start position:0% +data I could have drawn something a + + + align:start position:0% +data I could have drawn something a +conclusion completely different so you + + align:start position:0% +conclusion completely different so you + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion completely different so you +see something and you got to explain it + + align:start position:0% +see something and you got to explain it + + + align:start position:0% +see something and you got to explain it +okay and so when you start out you have + + align:start position:0% +okay and so when you start out you have + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so when you start out you have +no idea you have a very simple model and + + align:start position:0% +no idea you have a very simple model and + + + align:start position:0% +no idea you have a very simple model and +in general the models almost always get + + align:start position:0% +in general the models almost always get + + + align:start position:0% +in general the models almost always get +more and more complex that's what you're + + align:start position:0% +more and more complex that's what you're + + + align:start position:0% +more and more complex that's what you're +going to see you over and over again + + align:start position:0% +going to see you over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +going to see you over and over again +start out as simple as possible and then + + align:start position:0% +start out as simple as possible and then + + + align:start position:0% +start out as simple as possible and then +things get more complex okay so um okay + + align:start position:0% +things get more complex okay so um okay + + + align:start position:0% +things get more complex okay so um okay +so what we want to do now is ask the + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do now is ask the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do now is ask the +question I just told you you can't + + align:start position:0% +question I just told you you can't + + + align:start position:0% +question I just told you you can't +evaluate these individual rate constants + + align:start position:0% +evaluate these individual rate constants + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate these individual rate constants +we just don't have enough variables okay + + align:start position:0% +we just don't have enough variables okay + + + align:start position:0% +we just don't have enough variables okay +we we don't have enough that we can + + align:start position:0% +we we don't have enough that we can + + + align:start position:0% +we we don't have enough that we can +measure so that we can change the + + align:start position:0% +measure so that we can change the + + + align:start position:0% +measure so that we can change the +subsidiary concentration we can change + + align:start position:0% +subsidiary concentration we can change + + + align:start position:0% +subsidiary concentration we can change +which changes the rate of product + + align:start position:0% +which changes the rate of product + + + align:start position:0% +which changes the rate of product +formation so those are two variable we + + align:start position:0% +formation so those are two variable we + + + align:start position:0% +formation so those are two variable we +have many more unknowns we have K 1 K 2 + + align:start position:0% +have many more unknowns we have K 1 K 2 + + + align:start position:0% +have many more unknowns we have K 1 K 2 +K minus 2 K 3 etc so we can't evaluate + + align:start position:0% +K minus 2 K 3 etc so we can't evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +K minus 2 K 3 etc so we can't evaluate +these things so the question is is there + + align:start position:0% +these things so the question is is there + + + align:start position:0% +these things so the question is is there +any way you can start getting the + + align:start position:0% +any way you can start getting the + + + align:start position:0% +any way you can start getting the +primary rate constant numbers for the + + align:start position:0% +primary rate constant numbers for the + + + align:start position:0% +primary rate constant numbers for the +primary rate constants okay and so one + + align:start position:0% +primary rate constants okay and so one + + + align:start position:0% +primary rate constants okay and so one +way that people do this nowadays and + + align:start position:0% +way that people do this nowadays and + + + align:start position:0% +way that people do this nowadays and +when this paper was done this was not an + + align:start position:0% +when this paper was done this was not an + + + align:start position:0% +when this paper was done this was not an +easy task + + align:start position:0% +easy task + + + align:start position:0% +easy task +okay now because of molecular biology + + align:start position:0% +okay now because of molecular biology + + + align:start position:0% +okay now because of molecular biology +where you can get large amounts of + + align:start position:0% +where you can get large amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +where you can get large amounts of +protein it's become much more of an easy + + align:start position:0% +protein it's become much more of an easy + + + align:start position:0% +protein it's become much more of an easy +task you can get a large amount of + + align:start position:0% +task you can get a large amount of + + + align:start position:0% +task you can get a large amount of +protein you want to turn to the pre + + align:start position:0% +protein you want to turn to the pre + + + align:start position:0% +protein you want to turn to the pre +steady state so what I want to do very + + align:start position:0% +steady state so what I want to do very + + + align:start position:0% +steady state so what I want to do very +briefly is discuss pre steady sate I + + align:start position:0% +briefly is discuss pre steady sate I + + + align:start position:0% +briefly is discuss pre steady sate I +asked you to think about I asked you to + + align:start position:0% +asked you to think about I asked you to + + + align:start position:0% +asked you to think about I asked you to +draw this out this is one of the talking + + align:start position:0% +draw this out this is one of the talking + + + align:start position:0% +draw this out this is one of the talking +points and the questions I handed out + + align:start position:0% +points and the questions I handed out + + + align:start position:0% +points and the questions I handed out +but in the steady state were over here + + align:start position:0% +but in the steady state were over here + + + align:start position:0% +but in the steady state were over here +and the pre steady state is before we + + align:start position:0% +and the pre steady state is before we + + + align:start position:0% +and the pre steady state is before we +get to the steady state and does anybody + + align:start position:0% +get to the steady state and does anybody + + + align:start position:0% +get to the steady state and does anybody +have any idea what time scale you're + + align:start position:0% +have any idea what time scale you're + + + align:start position:0% +have any idea what time scale you're +you're running in that region of the + + align:start position:0% +you're running in that region of the + + + align:start position:0% +you're running in that region of the +curve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me is it ours yeah so it's + + align:start position:0% +let me is it ours yeah so it's + + + align:start position:0% +let me is it ours yeah so it's +milliseconds so fortunately this didn't + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds so fortunately this didn't + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds so fortunately this didn't +necessarily have to be true + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have to be true + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have to be true +most enzymatic reactions occur the + + align:start position:0% +most enzymatic reactions occur the + + + align:start position:0% +most enzymatic reactions occur the +catalysis occurs in that time regime or + + align:start position:0% +catalysis occurs in that time regime or + + + align:start position:0% +catalysis occurs in that time regime or +maybe 0.1 milliseconds two milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +maybe 0.1 milliseconds two milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 0.1 milliseconds two milliseconds +allowing you to be able to use this + + align:start position:0% +allowing you to be able to use this + + + align:start position:0% +allowing you to be able to use this +method in an effort to try to understand + + align:start position:0% +method in an effort to try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +method in an effort to try to understand +what these reevaluate what the rate + + align:start position:0% +what these reevaluate what the rate + + + align:start position:0% +what these reevaluate what the rate +constants are and when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +constants are and when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +constants are and when you look at the +table in the red nina paper you know + + align:start position:0% +table in the red nina paper you know + + + align:start position:0% +table in the red nina paper you know +we're gonna talk about where we're all + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about where we're all + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about where we're all +those three constants came from okay and + + align:start position:0% +those three constants came from okay and + + + align:start position:0% +those three constants came from okay and +i've a good or really not good but + + align:start position:0% +i've a good or really not good but + + + align:start position:0% +i've a good or really not good but +that's what you'd like to know for every + + align:start position:0% +that's what you'd like to know for every + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you'd like to know for every +system to really understand the question + + align:start position:0% +system to really understand the question + + + align:start position:0% +system to really understand the question +of fidelity okay whether it's + + align:start position:0% +of fidelity okay whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +of fidelity okay whether it's +translation fidelity DNA fidelity and + + align:start position:0% +translation fidelity DNA fidelity and + + + align:start position:0% +translation fidelity DNA fidelity and +replication transcriptional fidelity and + + align:start position:0% +replication transcriptional fidelity and + + + align:start position:0% +replication transcriptional fidelity and +you'll even see in Liz's section on + + align:start position:0% +you'll even see in Liz's section on + + + align:start position:0% +you'll even see in Liz's section on +polyketide synthases which make natural + + align:start position:0% +polyketide synthases which make natural + + + align:start position:0% +polyketide synthases which make natural +products you also have fidelity issues + + align:start position:0% +products you also have fidelity issues + + + align:start position:0% +products you also have fidelity issues +almost everywhere so you'd like to be + + align:start position:0% +almost everywhere so you'd like to be + + + align:start position:0% +almost everywhere so you'd like to be +able to evaluate these things and you + + align:start position:0% +able to evaluate these things and you + + + align:start position:0% +able to evaluate these things and you +can get a handle on this if you're a + + align:start position:0% +can get a handle on this if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +can get a handle on this if you're a +chemist and really care about the + + align:start position:0% +chemist and really care about the + + + align:start position:0% +chemist and really care about the +molecular details using potentially + + align:start position:0% +molecular details using potentially + + + align:start position:0% +molecular details using potentially +kinetics so this is why kinetics is one + + align:start position:0% +kinetics so this is why kinetics is one + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics so this is why kinetics is one +of the first places that you actually + + align:start position:0% +of the first places that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +of the first places that you actually +start to think about what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +start to think about what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +start to think about what's going on in +any reaction okay so let's say a few + + align:start position:0% +any reaction okay so let's say a few + + + align:start position:0% +any reaction okay so let's say a few +things about pre steady-state I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +things about pre steady-state I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +things about pre steady-state I'm gonna +ask you a few questions I can remember + + align:start position:0% +ask you a few questions I can remember + + + align:start position:0% +ask you a few questions I can remember +what I'm going to ask you okay so okay + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to ask you okay so okay + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to ask you okay so okay +so let's suppose in this simple case + + align:start position:0% +so let's suppose in this simple case + + + align:start position:0% +so let's suppose in this simple case +which I just cover it up Oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this step is rate limiting okay so what + + align:start position:0% +this step is rate limiting okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +this step is rate limiting okay so what +is that step do you think it's common + + align:start position:0% +is that step do you think it's common + + + align:start position:0% +is that step do you think it's common +that a step like this so we have e + S + + align:start position:0% +that a step like this so we have e + S + + + align:start position:0% +that a step like this so we have e + S +and eventually the enzyme gets recycled + + align:start position:0% +and eventually the enzyme gets recycled + + + align:start position:0% +and eventually the enzyme gets recycled +I'm saying this is the rate limiting + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying this is the rate limiting + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying this is the rate limiting +step where is the chemical steps we're + + align:start position:0% +step where is the chemical steps we're + + + align:start position:0% +step where is the chemical steps we're +the chemical steps in this reaction yeah + + align:start position:0% +the chemical steps in this reaction yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical steps in this reaction yeah +so K - what are these steps over here K + + align:start position:0% +so K - what are these steps over here K + + + align:start position:0% +so K - what are these steps over here K +1 and K minus 1 and K 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so the physical steps okay so as a + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the physical steps okay so as a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the physical steps okay so as a +chemist and you're trying to understand + + align:start position:0% +chemist and you're trying to understand + + + align:start position:0% +chemist and you're trying to understand +what's going on isn't it at a problem if + + align:start position:0% +what's going on isn't it at a problem if + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on isn't it at a problem if +the rate limiting step is physical it + + align:start position:0% +the rate limiting step is physical it + + + align:start position:0% +the rate limiting step is physical it +masks all the chemistry okay so what you + + align:start position:0% +masks all the chemistry okay so what you + + + align:start position:0% +masks all the chemistry okay so what you +see in this paper is they have to figure + + align:start position:0% +see in this paper is they have to figure + + + align:start position:0% +see in this paper is they have to figure +out clever ways to get around these + + align:start position:0% +out clever ways to get around these + + + align:start position:0% +out clever ways to get around these +kinds of issues and you see that over + + align:start position:0% +kinds of issues and you see that over + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of issues and you see that over +and over again when you're studying + + align:start position:0% +and over again when you're studying + + + align:start position:0% +and over again when you're studying +enzyme systems because enzymes have + + align:start position:0% +enzyme systems because enzymes have + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme systems because enzymes have +billions of years to evolve they are + + align:start position:0% +billions of years to evolve they are + + + align:start position:0% +billions of years to evolve they are +evolved their catalytic transformations + + align:start position:0% +evolved their catalytic transformations + + + align:start position:0% +evolved their catalytic transformations +are amazing they go 10 to the 15th per + + align:start position:0% +are amazing they go 10 to the 15th per + + + align:start position:0% +are amazing they go 10 to the 15th per +second right I mean that's totally + + align:start position:0% +second right I mean that's totally + + + align:start position:0% +second right I mean that's totally +mind-boggling chemists can't come close + + align:start position:0% +mind-boggling chemists can't come close + + + align:start position:0% +mind-boggling chemists can't come close +and so what happens then is you're + + align:start position:0% +and so what happens then is you're + + + align:start position:0% +and so what happens then is you're +limited by physical steps so what we + + align:start position:0% +limited by physical steps so what we + + + align:start position:0% +limited by physical steps so what we +want to do is try and then look at the + + align:start position:0% +want to do is try and then look at the + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is try and then look at the +first part of this transformation and + + align:start position:0% +first part of this transformation and + + + align:start position:0% +first part of this transformation and +basically what we're then doing is using + + align:start position:0% +basically what we're then doing is using + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we're then doing is using +the enzyme sort of as a reagent there + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme sort of as a reagent there + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme sort of as a reagent there +are numbers of ways you can do this so + + align:start position:0% +are numbers of ways you can do this so + + + align:start position:0% +are numbers of ways you can do this so +that you can have a way of not looking + + align:start position:0% +that you can have a way of not looking + + + align:start position:0% +that you can have a way of not looking +at multiple turnovers because you can + + align:start position:0% +at multiple turnovers because you can + + + align:start position:0% +at multiple turnovers because you can +only look at one turnover if this is + + align:start position:0% +only look at one turnover if this is + + + align:start position:0% +only look at one turnover if this is +blocked in terms of product release okay + + align:start position:0% +blocked in terms of product release okay + + + align:start position:0% +blocked in terms of product release okay +so I think this product release is quite + + align:start position:0% +so I think this product release is quite + + + align:start position:0% +so I think this product release is quite +often the rate limiting step and + + align:start position:0% +often the rate limiting step and + + + align:start position:0% +often the rate limiting step and +biological transformations and what have + + align:start position:0% +biological transformations and what have + + + align:start position:0% +biological transformations and what have +you seen from reading the rod mean a + + align:start position:0% +you seen from reading the rod mean a + + + align:start position:0% +you seen from reading the rod mean a +paper have you seen conformational + + align:start position:0% +paper have you seen conformational + + + align:start position:0% +paper have you seen conformational +changes in thinking about the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +changes in thinking about the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +changes in thinking about the kinetic +model we had up there before and lose + + align:start position:0% +model we had up there before and lose + + + align:start position:0% +model we had up there before and lose +head on the slide + + align:start position:0% +head on the slide + + + align:start position:0% +head on the slide +have you seen conformational changes is + + align:start position:0% +have you seen conformational changes is + + + align:start position:0% +have you seen conformational changes is +that part of the mechanism are they fast + + align:start position:0% +that part of the mechanism are they fast + + + align:start position:0% +that part of the mechanism are they fast +are they slow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +their reasoning that like the difference + + align:start position:0% +their reasoning that like the difference + + + align:start position:0% +their reasoning that like the difference +between if you have like a cognate + + align:start position:0% +between if you have like a cognate + + + align:start position:0% +between if you have like a cognate +versus like if you have a mismatch that + + align:start position:0% +versus like if you have a mismatch that + + + align:start position:0% +versus like if you have a mismatch that +influences the rate of the reaction + + align:start position:0% +influences the rate of the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +influences the rate of the reaction +based on like how it can affect a + + align:start position:0% +based on like how it can affect a + + + align:start position:0% +based on like how it can affect a +conformational change wait so that's + + align:start position:0% +conformational change wait so that's + + + align:start position:0% +conformational change wait so that's +exactly what happened it's gonna happen + + align:start position:0% +exactly what happened it's gonna happen + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what happened it's gonna happen +so there are multiple places how you're + + align:start position:0% +so there are multiple places how you're + + + align:start position:0% +so there are multiple places how you're +going to discriminate between two amino + + align:start position:0% +going to discriminate between two amino + + + align:start position:0% +going to discriminate between two amino +acids cognate near cognate whatever they + + align:start position:0% +acids cognate near cognate whatever they + + + align:start position:0% +acids cognate near cognate whatever they +are will get will get to the data you + + align:start position:0% +are will get will get to the data you + + + align:start position:0% +are will get will get to the data you +know the question is how do you do that + + align:start position:0% +know the question is how do you do that + + + align:start position:0% +know the question is how do you do that +and one of the steps is we talked about + + align:start position:0% +and one of the steps is we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the steps is we talked about +today GTP hydrolysis but GTP hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +today GTP hydrolysis but GTP hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +today GTP hydrolysis but GTP hydrolysis +is limited by a conformational change + + align:start position:0% +is limited by a conformational change + + + align:start position:0% +is limited by a conformational change +and then once that go the hydrolysis is + + align:start position:0% +and then once that go the hydrolysis is + + + align:start position:0% +and then once that go the hydrolysis is +foundered theft very fast and so it + + align:start position:0% +foundered theft very fast and so it + + + align:start position:0% +foundered theft very fast and so it +looks like the rate constant for GTP + + align:start position:0% +looks like the rate constant for GTP + + + align:start position:0% +looks like the rate constant for GTP +hydrolysis is the same as the rate + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis is the same as the rate + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis is the same as the rate +constant for the conformational change + + align:start position:0% +constant for the conformational change + + + align:start position:0% +constant for the conformational change +where else have we seen a conformational + + align:start position:0% +where else have we seen a conformational + + + align:start position:0% +where else have we seen a conformational +change in the accomodation yeah so + + align:start position:0% +change in the accomodation yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +change in the accomodation yeah so +peptide bond formation this is shown + + align:start position:0% +peptide bond formation this is shown + + + align:start position:0% +peptide bond formation this is shown +here is this little cartoon where this + + align:start position:0% +here is this little cartoon where this + + + align:start position:0% +here is this little cartoon where this +red ball is the amino acid it needs to + + align:start position:0% +red ball is the amino acid it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +red ball is the amino acid it needs to +reorient itself so it can form a peptide + + align:start position:0% +reorient itself so it can form a peptide + + + align:start position:0% +reorient itself so it can form a peptide +bond so conformational changes are all + + align:start position:0% +bond so conformational changes are all + + + align:start position:0% +bond so conformational changes are all +over the place and enzymology and you + + align:start position:0% +over the place and enzymology and you + + + align:start position:0% +over the place and enzymology and you +know if you look at the ribosome do you + + align:start position:0% +know if you look at the ribosome do you + + + align:start position:0% +know if you look at the ribosome do you +think it's easy to tell what those + + align:start position:0% +think it's easy to tell what those + + + align:start position:0% +think it's easy to tell what those +conformational changes are from a + + align:start position:0% +conformational changes are from a + + + align:start position:0% +conformational changes are from a +molecular point of view where do you + + align:start position:0% +molecular point of view where do you + + + align:start position:0% +molecular point of view where do you +think do you think is easier hard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very hard okay so here you I mean one of + + align:start position:0% +very hard okay so here you I mean one of + + + align:start position:0% +very hard okay so here you I mean one of +the most amazing things about the + + align:start position:0% +the most amazing things about the + + + align:start position:0% +the most amazing things about the +ribosome I mean you've got to think this + + align:start position:0% +ribosome I mean you've got to think this + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome I mean you've got to think this +is amazing we have this code the + + align:start position:0% +is amazing we have this code the + + + align:start position:0% +is amazing we have this code the +anticodon code on loop way down here in + + align:start position:0% +anticodon code on loop way down here in + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon code on loop way down here in +the 30s and the gtp ace is 80 angstroms + + align:start position:0% +the 30s and the gtp ace is 80 angstroms + + + align:start position:0% +the 30s and the gtp ace is 80 angstroms +away and somehow twiddling you saw this + + align:start position:0% +away and somehow twiddling you saw this + + + align:start position:0% +away and somehow twiddling you saw this +in class today these guys to form the + + align:start position:0% +in class today these guys to form the + + + align:start position:0% +in class today these guys to form the +rate confirmation is transferred 80 + + align:start position:0% +rate confirmation is transferred 80 + + + align:start position:0% +rate confirmation is transferred 80 +angstroms and that triggers the reaction + + align:start position:0% +angstroms and that triggers the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +angstroms and that triggers the reaction +rapid and irreversible and the reaction + + align:start position:0% +rapid and irreversible and the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +rapid and irreversible and the reaction +goes to the right you see this over and + + align:start position:0% +goes to the right you see this over and + + + align:start position:0% +goes to the right you see this over and +over and over again in these machines + + align:start position:0% +over and over again in these machines + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again in these machines +okay so this is a really important + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a really important + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a really important +observation how does that happen + + align:start position:0% +observation how does that happen + + + align:start position:0% +observation how does that happen +well I mean I think what's mind-boggling + + align:start position:0% +well I mean I think what's mind-boggling + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean I think what's mind-boggling +about the ribosome again if you google + + align:start position:0% +about the ribosome again if you google + + + align:start position:0% +about the ribosome again if you google +ribosome and elongation you'll see we + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and elongation you'll see we + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and elongation you'll see we +have another 150 papers published where + + align:start position:0% +have another 150 papers published where + + + align:start position:0% +have another 150 papers published where +people are trying to sort out because we + + align:start position:0% +people are trying to sort out because we + + + align:start position:0% +people are trying to sort out because we +have cryo-em structures we have we have + + align:start position:0% +have cryo-em structures we have we have + + + align:start position:0% +have cryo-em structures we have we have +stagnant crystallographic structures we + + align:start position:0% +stagnant crystallographic structures we + + + align:start position:0% +stagnant crystallographic structures we +have single molecule stuff now on top of + + align:start position:0% +have single molecule stuff now on top of + + + align:start position:0% +have single molecule stuff now on top of +all this model we have from Rodney know + + align:start position:0% +all this model we have from Rodney know + + + align:start position:0% +all this model we have from Rodney know +people are trying to sort all those out + + align:start position:0% +people are trying to sort all those out + + + align:start position:0% +people are trying to sort all those out +because they care about how it works in + + align:start position:0% +because they care about how it works in + + + align:start position:0% +because they care about how it works in +some detail so whoever would have + + align:start position:0% +some detail so whoever would have + + + align:start position:0% +some detail so whoever would have +thought we could get to the stage where + + align:start position:0% +thought we could get to the stage where + + + align:start position:0% +thought we could get to the stage where +we sort of you seen the picture if you + + align:start position:0% +we sort of you seen the picture if you + + + align:start position:0% +we sort of you seen the picture if you +saw her in class today I mean those + + align:start position:0% +saw her in class today I mean those + + + align:start position:0% +saw her in class today I mean those +pictures you know when I was your age do + + align:start position:0% +pictures you know when I was your age do + + + align:start position:0% +pictures you know when I was your age do +you know how many structures there were + + align:start position:0% +you know how many structures there were + + + align:start position:0% +you know how many structures there were +maybe three okay we had hemoglobin we + + align:start position:0% +maybe three okay we had hemoglobin we + + + align:start position:0% +maybe three okay we had hemoglobin we +had chymotrypsin there were no + + align:start position:0% +had chymotrypsin there were no + + + align:start position:0% +had chymotrypsin there were no +structures and then why was that true + + align:start position:0% +structures and then why was that true + + + align:start position:0% +structures and then why was that true +because we had no molecular biology so I + + align:start position:0% +because we had no molecular biology so I + + + align:start position:0% +because we had no molecular biology so I +used to spend three I'm digressing this + + align:start position:0% +used to spend three I'm digressing this + + + align:start position:0% +used to spend three I'm digressing this +happens to me all the time you're going + + align:start position:0% +happens to me all the time you're going + + + align:start position:0% +happens to me all the time you're going +to see you're gonna hate me for this I'm + + align:start position:0% +to see you're gonna hate me for this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to see you're gonna hate me for this I'm +gonna get hammered for this but you know + + align:start position:0% +gonna get hammered for this but you know + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get hammered for this but you know +I usually spent three months in the cold + + align:start position:0% +I usually spent three months in the cold + + + align:start position:0% +I usually spent three months in the cold +room isolating a microgram or protein + + align:start position:0% +room isolating a microgram or protein + + + align:start position:0% +room isolating a microgram or protein +okay and then molecular biology came in + + align:start position:0% +okay and then molecular biology came in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then molecular biology came in +and it's still not easy and Liz will + + align:start position:0% +and it's still not easy and Liz will + + + align:start position:0% +and it's still not easy and Liz will +tell you what the issues are with + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the issues are with + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the issues are with +purification of protein but you can get + + align:start position:0% +purification of protein but you can get + + + align:start position:0% +purification of protein but you can get +grams of protein now in a day ok so + + align:start position:0% +grams of protein now in a day ok so + + + align:start position:0% +grams of protein now in a day ok so +there's been a revolution and that + + align:start position:0% +there's been a revolution and that + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a revolution and that +allowed these crystallographic Chris + + align:start position:0% +allowed these crystallographic Chris + + + align:start position:0% +allowed these crystallographic Chris +your pure material they crystallized + + align:start position:0% +your pure material they crystallized + + + align:start position:0% +your pure material they crystallized +more readily and then the technology on + + align:start position:0% +more readily and then the technology on + + + align:start position:0% +more readily and then the technology on +top of that is really sort of + + align:start position:0% +top of that is really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +top of that is really sort of +revolutionized what you can do I mean I + + align:start position:0% +revolutionized what you can do I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +revolutionized what you can do I mean I +think it's a very exciting time and I + + align:start position:0% +think it's a very exciting time and I + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a very exciting time and I +think any of you want to be biochemists + + align:start position:0% +think any of you want to be biochemists + + + align:start position:0% +think any of you want to be biochemists +or thinking about drug design you + + align:start position:0% +or thinking about drug design you + + + align:start position:0% +or thinking about drug design you +need to learn how to look at structures + + align:start position:0% +need to learn how to look at structures + + + align:start position:0% +need to learn how to look at structures +so that was the first module takes a lot + + align:start position:0% +so that was the first module takes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +so that was the first module takes a lot +of practice you need you need to figure + + align:start position:0% +of practice you need you need to figure + + + align:start position:0% +of practice you need you need to figure +that all out okay so pre steady-state so + + align:start position:0% +that all out okay so pre steady-state so + + + align:start position:0% +that all out okay so pre steady-state so +we're gonna look at pre steady-state and + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna look at pre steady-state and + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna look at pre steady-state and +the goal is to evaluate the individual + + align:start position:0% +the goal is to evaluate the individual + + + align:start position:0% +the goal is to evaluate the individual +rate constants okay so that's the goal + + align:start position:0% +rate constants okay so that's the goal + + + align:start position:0% +rate constants okay so that's the goal +and you may or may not be able to + + align:start position:0% +and you may or may not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +and you may or may not be able to +achieve this goal + + align:start position:0% +achieve this goal + + + align:start position:0% +achieve this goal +but and this happens we just said on the + + align:start position:0% +but and this happens we just said on the + + + align:start position:0% +but and this happens we just said on the +millisecond timescale and so one of the + + align:start position:0% +millisecond timescale and so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond timescale and so one of the +questions and we're doing this under + + align:start position:0% +questions and we're doing this under + + + align:start position:0% +questions and we're doing this under +single turnover okay so let's look at a + + align:start position:0% +single turnover okay so let's look at a + + + align:start position:0% +single turnover okay so let's look at a +simple so and I we just talked about in + + align:start position:0% +simple so and I we just talked about in + + + align:start position:0% +simple so and I we just talked about in +the steady-state the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +the steady-state the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +the steady-state the concentration of +the substrate has to be much much + + align:start position:0% +the substrate has to be much much + + + align:start position:0% +the substrate has to be much much +greater than the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +greater than the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the concentration of the +enzyme and the enzyme concentrations are + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and the enzyme concentrations are + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and the enzyme concentrations are +really low so let's say we have an + + align:start position:0% +really low so let's say we have an + + + align:start position:0% +really low so let's say we have an +enzyme concentration of 0.01 micro molar + + align:start position:0% +enzyme concentration of 0.01 micro molar + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme concentration of 0.01 micro molar +okay so that's our enzyme concentration + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's our enzyme concentration + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's our enzyme concentration +that would be typical you would be using + + align:start position:0% +that would be typical you would be using + + + align:start position:0% +that would be typical you would be using +in a steady-state I'll say if you have + + align:start position:0% +in a steady-state I'll say if you have + + + align:start position:0% +in a steady-state I'll say if you have +done those and let's say that we're + + align:start position:0% +done those and let's say that we're + + + align:start position:0% +done those and let's say that we're +going to monitor this reaction by some + + align:start position:0% +going to monitor this reaction by some + + + align:start position:0% +going to monitor this reaction by some +kind of absorption change a unique + + align:start position:0% +kind of absorption change a unique + + + align:start position:0% +kind of absorption change a unique +absorption change so we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +absorption change so we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +absorption change so we're looking at +absorption at some wavelength okay and + + align:start position:0% +absorption at some wavelength okay and + + + align:start position:0% +absorption at some wavelength okay and +let's say the extinction coefficient for + + align:start position:0% +let's say the extinction coefficient for + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the extinction coefficient for +this is 10 to the fourth per molar per + + align:start position:0% +this is 10 to the fourth per molar per + + + align:start position:0% +this is 10 to the fourth per molar per +second per centum you like ATP or Kawai + + align:start position:0% +second per centum you like ATP or Kawai + + + align:start position:0% +second per centum you like ATP or Kawai +then you can ask to set yourself the + + align:start position:0% +then you can ask to set yourself the + + + align:start position:0% +then you can ask to set yourself the +question under these conditions the + + align:start position:0% +question under these conditions the + + + align:start position:0% +question under these conditions the +change in absorption at whatever this + + align:start position:0% +change in absorption at whatever this + + + align:start position:0% +change in absorption at whatever this +wavelength is is equal to the path + + align:start position:0% +wavelength is is equal to the path + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength is is equal to the path +length of light and centimeters times 10 + + align:start position:0% +length of light and centimeters times 10 + + + align:start position:0% +length of light and centimeters times 10 +to the minus 8 molar times 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +to the minus 8 molar times 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus 8 molar times 10 to the +fourth per molar per centimeter okay + + align:start position:0% +fourth per molar per centimeter okay + + + align:start position:0% +fourth per molar per centimeter okay +so what would you change in absorption + + align:start position:0% +so what would you change in absorption + + + align:start position:0% +so what would you change in absorption +be if you were measuring this in a + + align:start position:0% +be if you were measuring this in a + + + align:start position:0% +be if you were measuring this in a +single turnover it would be really + + align:start position:0% +single turnover it would be really + + + align:start position:0% +single turnover it would be really +really small 0.01 can you measure that + + align:start position:0% +really small 0.01 can you measure that + + + align:start position:0% +really small 0.01 can you measure that +maybe you could measure this if you took + + align:start position:0% +maybe you could measure this if you took + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you could measure this if you took +hundreds of samples and you did a + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of samples and you did a + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of samples and you did a +statistical analysis on it but it's + + align:start position:0% +statistical analysis on it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +statistical analysis on it but it's +really low so what do you wanted + + align:start position:0% +really low so what do you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +really low so what do you wanted +then to do pretty steady state what's + + align:start position:0% +then to do pretty steady state what's + + + align:start position:0% +then to do pretty steady state what's +the thing to change so that you will be + + align:start position:0% +the thing to change so that you will be + + + align:start position:0% +the thing to change so that you will be +able to see something yeah see adjust + + align:start position:0% +able to see something yeah see adjust + + + align:start position:0% +able to see something yeah see adjust +you increase so when you have this and + + align:start position:0% +you increase so when you have this and + + + align:start position:0% +you increase so when you have this and +you can't see something it obviously it + + align:start position:0% +you can't see something it obviously it + + + align:start position:0% +you can't see something it obviously it +depends on what this extinction + + align:start position:0% +depends on what this extinction + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what this extinction +coefficient is but this is a pretty high + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is but this is a pretty high + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is but this is a pretty high +extinction coefficient so what you do is + + align:start position:0% +extinction coefficient so what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +extinction coefficient so what you do is +you increase the concentration of enzyme + + align:start position:0% +you increase the concentration of enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the concentration of enzyme +and if we increase it say a thousandfold + + align:start position:0% +and if we increase it say a thousandfold + + + align:start position:0% +and if we increase it say a thousandfold +then so we're now at ten to the minus + + align:start position:0% +then so we're now at ten to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +then so we're now at ten to the minus +five then now what is the change in + + align:start position:0% +five then now what is the change in + + + align:start position:0% +five then now what is the change in +absorption the change in absorption is + + align:start position:0% +absorption the change in absorption is + + + align:start position:0% +absorption the change in absorption is +0.1 which you can measure fairly easily + + align:start position:0% +0.1 which you can measure fairly easily + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 which you can measure fairly easily +and any kind of current instrumentation + + align:start position:0% +and any kind of current instrumentation + + + align:start position:0% +and any kind of current instrumentation +so the thing is you have to be able to + + align:start position:0% +so the thing is you have to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +so the thing is you have to be able to +see so the key thing with pre-study + + align:start position:0% +see so the key thing with pre-study + + + align:start position:0% +see so the key thing with pre-study +state and the reason you need to have + + align:start position:0% +state and the reason you need to have + + + align:start position:0% +state and the reason you need to have +large amounts of enzyme is you need to + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of enzyme is you need to + + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of enzyme is you need to +be able to see what you're monitoring so + + align:start position:0% +be able to see what you're monitoring so + + + align:start position:0% +be able to see what you're monitoring so +it's all about sensitivity you need to + + align:start position:0% +it's all about sensitivity you need to + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about sensitivity you need to +see and this usually implies increasing + + align:start position:0% +see and this usually implies increasing + + + align:start position:0% +see and this usually implies increasing +the concentration of the enzyme okay so + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of the enzyme okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of the enzyme okay so +what's the problem if you increase the + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem if you increase the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem if you increase the +concentration of the enzyme we say we + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme we say we + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme we say we +normally are at you know 0.01 micro + + align:start position:0% +normally are at you know 0.01 micro + + + align:start position:0% +normally are at you know 0.01 micro +molar steady state we now are at you + + align:start position:0% +molar steady state we now are at you + + + align:start position:0% +molar steady state we now are at you +know a thousand times higher what's + + align:start position:0% +know a thousand times higher what's + + + align:start position:0% +know a thousand times higher what's +going to happen that makes the analysis + + align:start position:0% +going to happen that makes the analysis + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen that makes the analysis +complicated if you increase the + + align:start position:0% +complicated if you increase the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated if you increase the +concentration of the enzyme what does + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme what does + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the enzyme what does +that do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're kind of yeah it increases the + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of yeah it increases the + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of yeah it increases the +rate of the reaction because the rate of + + align:start position:0% +rate of the reaction because the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the reaction because the rate of +the reaction is proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +the reaction is proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +the reaction is proportional to the +concentration of every catalyst if you + + align:start position:0% +concentration of every catalyst if you + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of every catalyst if you +don't remember anything else out of this + + align:start position:0% +don't remember anything else out of this + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember anything else out of this +course or anything in chemistry that's + + align:start position:0% +course or anything in chemistry that's + + + align:start position:0% +course or anything in chemistry that's +pretty important no matter what area of + + align:start position:0% +pretty important no matter what area of + + + align:start position:0% +pretty important no matter what area of +chemistry you're in so now what happens + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you're in so now what happens + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you're in so now what happens +is the reactions going like a bat out of + + align:start position:0% +is the reactions going like a bat out of + + + align:start position:0% +is the reactions going like a bat out of +hell instead of pipetting by hand by the + + align:start position:0% +hell instead of pipetting by hand by the + + + align:start position:0% +hell instead of pipetting by hand by the +time you pipetted and put this into + + align:start position:0% +time you pipetted and put this into + + + align:start position:0% +time you pipetted and put this into +whatever however you're observing it and + + align:start position:0% +whatever however you're observing it and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever however you're observing it and +the specter of retirement reactions over + + align:start position:0% +the specter of retirement reactions over + + + align:start position:0% +the specter of retirement reactions over +okay so that's what the issue is okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what the issue is okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what the issue is okay so +the sensitivity is key and then the + + align:start position:0% +the sensitivity is key and then the + + + align:start position:0% +the sensitivity is key and then the +second thing you need to think about so + + align:start position:0% +second thing you need to think about so + + + align:start position:0% +second thing you need to think about so +sensitivity is one thing and the other + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity is one thing and the other + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity is one thing and the other +thing you need to think about is what + + align:start position:0% +thing you need to think about is what + + + align:start position:0% +thing you need to think about is what +are the limitations of this method how + + align:start position:0% +are the limitations of this method how + + + align:start position:0% +are the limitations of this method how +fast can the rate cut how it on the + + align:start position:0% +fast can the rate cut how it on the + + + align:start position:0% +fast can the rate cut how it on the +millisecond timescale what are the + + align:start position:0% +millisecond timescale what are the + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond timescale what are the +limitations in terms of the rate + + align:start position:0% +limitations in terms of the rate + + + align:start position:0% +limitations in terms of the rate +constants you can actually measure so + + align:start position:0% +constants you can actually measure so + + + align:start position:0% +constants you can actually measure so +when you're looking at these reactions + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking at these reactions + + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking at these reactions +you're looking at in general first-order + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at in general first-order + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at in general first-order +reactions so all of these take place on + + align:start position:0% +reactions so all of these take place on + + + align:start position:0% +reactions so all of these take place on +the enzyme so everything is stuck on the + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme so everything is stuck on the + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme so everything is stuck on the +enzyme so it's all first-order so the + + align:start position:0% +enzyme so it's all first-order so the + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme so it's all first-order so the +half-life of the reaction is if you go + + align:start position:0% +half-life of the reaction is if you go + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of the reaction is if you go +back and you look at your introductory + + align:start position:0% +back and you look at your introductory + + + align:start position:0% +back and you look at your introductory +kinetics is 0.693 divided by K observed + + align:start position:0% +kinetics is 0.693 divided by K observed + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics is 0.693 divided by K observed +and so if you had say a rate constant of + + align:start position:0% +and so if you had say a rate constant of + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you had say a rate constant of +500 per second then that gives you a + + align:start position:0% +500 per second then that gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +500 per second then that gives you a +half-life of one point five milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +half-life of one point five milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of one point five milliseconds +okay so that means you have to be able + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means you have to be able + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that means you have to be able +to make your measurement faster than + + align:start position:0% +to make your measurement faster than + + + align:start position:0% +to make your measurement faster than +that okay so the instrumentation we're + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the instrumentation we're + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so the instrumentation we're +going to be using can't do that so the + + align:start position:0% +going to be using can't do that so the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be using can't do that so the +instrumentation we're doing so this + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation we're doing so this + + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation we're doing so this +would give you a half-life if you + + align:start position:0% +would give you a half-life if you + + + align:start position:0% +would give you a half-life if you +calculate this I don't remember what the + + align:start position:0% +calculate this I don't remember what the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this I don't remember what the +number is but the dead time of the + + align:start position:0% +number is but the dead time of the + + + align:start position:0% +number is but the dead time of the +instruments that you would be using to + + align:start position:0% +instruments that you would be using to + + + align:start position:0% +instruments that you would be using to +make pre steady-state kinetics is + + align:start position:0% +make pre steady-state kinetics is + + + align:start position:0% +make pre steady-state kinetics is +approximately two milliseconds so by the + + align:start position:0% +approximately two milliseconds so by the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately two milliseconds so by the +time you could start looking at the + + align:start position:0% +time you could start looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +time you could start looking at the +reaction in some form you know more than + + align:start position:0% +reaction in some form you know more than + + + align:start position:0% +reaction in some form you know more than +50% of the reactions gone okay so the + + align:start position:0% +50% of the reactions gone okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +50% of the reactions gone okay so the +rate constant + + align:start position:0% +rate constant + + + align:start position:0% +rate constant +than limits also what you can measure so + + align:start position:0% +than limits also what you can measure so + + + align:start position:0% +than limits also what you can measure so +we asked this question before how would + + align:start position:0% +we asked this question before how would + + + align:start position:0% +we asked this question before how would +you how could you modify this rate + + align:start position:0% +you how could you modify this rate + + + align:start position:0% +you how could you modify this rate +constant what it's what could you + + align:start position:0% +constant what it's what could you + + + align:start position:0% +constant what it's what could you +actually do how could you make it so you + + align:start position:0% +actually do how could you make it so you + + + align:start position:0% +actually do how could you make it so you +might be able to say your rate constant + + align:start position:0% +might be able to say your rate constant + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to say your rate constant +was 500 per second you missed more than + + align:start position:0% +was 500 per second you missed more than + + + align:start position:0% +was 500 per second you missed more than +half your reaction what could you + + align:start position:0% +half your reaction what could you + + + align:start position:0% +half your reaction what could you +potentially do so that you could monitor + + align:start position:0% +potentially do so that you could monitor + + + align:start position:0% +potentially do so that you could monitor +more of the reaction + + align:start position:0% +more of the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +more of the reaction +what's the parameter you would change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kinetics way to think about kinetics so + + align:start position:0% +kinetics way to think about kinetics so + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics way to think about kinetics so +what do you always control in kinetics + + align:start position:0% +what do you always control in kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +what do you always control in kinetics +okay you can control substrate + + align:start position:0% +okay you can control substrate + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can control substrate +concentration but that's not the one I'm + + align:start position:0% +concentration but that's not the one I'm + + + align:start position:0% +concentration but that's not the one I'm +looking for temperature yeah so in most + + align:start position:0% +looking for temperature yeah so in most + + + align:start position:0% +looking for temperature yeah so in most +in in our body we're at 37 degrees that + + align:start position:0% +in in our body we're at 37 degrees that + + + align:start position:0% +in in our body we're at 37 degrees that +really is where you want to be making + + align:start position:0% +really is where you want to be making + + + align:start position:0% +really is where you want to be making +all of your measurements in reality many + + align:start position:0% +all of your measurements in reality many + + + align:start position:0% +all of your measurements in reality many +of the measurements are sort of right on + + align:start position:0% +of the measurements are sort of right on + + + align:start position:0% +of the measurements are sort of right on +the edge and so if you read the papers + + align:start position:0% +the edge and so if you read the papers + + + align:start position:0% +the edge and so if you read the papers +carefully you'll see that people do + + align:start position:0% +carefully you'll see that people do + + + align:start position:0% +carefully you'll see that people do +lower the temperature okay and that the + + align:start position:0% +lower the temperature okay and that the + + + align:start position:0% +lower the temperature okay and that the +rate of the reaction is related to the + + align:start position:0% +rate of the reaction is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +rate of the reaction is related to the +temperature what's the problem with + + align:start position:0% +temperature what's the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +temperature what's the problem with +lowering the temperature these are all + + align:start position:0% +lowering the temperature these are all + + + align:start position:0% +lowering the temperature these are all +things just you got to think about in + + align:start position:0% +things just you got to think about in + + + align:start position:0% +things just you got to think about in +the back of your mind they're all + + align:start position:0% +the back of your mind they're all + + + align:start position:0% +the back of your mind they're all +playoffs in terms of how bad you want + + align:start position:0% +playoffs in terms of how bad you want + + + align:start position:0% +playoffs in terms of how bad you want +your experimental data and what the + + align:start position:0% +your experimental data and what the + + + align:start position:0% +your experimental data and what the +issues are with interpretation of data + + align:start position:0% +issues are with interpretation of data + + + align:start position:0% +issues are with interpretation of data +yeah Rebecca okay so that's true you + + align:start position:0% +yeah Rebecca okay so that's true you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Rebecca okay so that's true you +could have a huge conformational change + + align:start position:0% +could have a huge conformational change + + + align:start position:0% +could have a huge conformational change +that it's not it doesn't have a rainiest + + align:start position:0% +that it's not it doesn't have a rainiest + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not it doesn't have a rainiest +behavior I mean I think quite frequently + + align:start position:0% +behavior I mean I think quite frequently + + + align:start position:0% +behavior I mean I think quite frequently +most enzymes said designed to work at 37 + + align:start position:0% +most enzymes said designed to work at 37 + + + align:start position:0% +most enzymes said designed to work at 37 +degrees and when you start cooling them + + align:start position:0% +degrees and when you start cooling them + + + align:start position:0% +degrees and when you start cooling them +down they do weird things so you could + + align:start position:0% +down they do weird things so you could + + + align:start position:0% +down they do weird things so you could +make the measurements but then you have + + align:start position:0% +make the measurements but then you have + + + align:start position:0% +make the measurements but then you have +this issue I think which is what you + + align:start position:0% +this issue I think which is what you + + + align:start position:0% +this issue I think which is what you +were saying of how do you extrapolate + + align:start position:0% +were saying of how do you extrapolate + + + align:start position:0% +were saying of how do you extrapolate +yeah so a lot of times you will change + + align:start position:0% +yeah so a lot of times you will change + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so a lot of times you will change +the temperature because that's the only + + align:start position:0% +the temperature because that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature because that's the only +way you could make the measurement but + + align:start position:0% +way you could make the measurement but + + + align:start position:0% +way you could make the measurement but +the caveat is like with everything that + + align:start position:0% +the caveat is like with everything that + + + align:start position:0% +the caveat is like with everything that +you need to think about what the + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about what the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about what the +consequences of that actually are okay + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that actually are okay + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that actually are okay +so the methods that we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +so the methods that we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so the methods that we're going to be +using lives already introduced you to + + align:start position:0% +using lives already introduced you to + + + align:start position:0% +using lives already introduced you to +know in class not not today but the + + align:start position:0% +know in class not not today but the + + + align:start position:0% +know in class not not today but the +previous time and so what you want to do + + align:start position:0% +previous time and so what you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +previous time and so what you want to do +since you can't type + + align:start position:0% +since you can't type + + + align:start position:0% +since you can't type +on the millisecond timescale by hand you + + align:start position:0% +on the millisecond timescale by hand you + + + align:start position:0% +on the millisecond timescale by hand you +want to have an instrument that allows + + align:start position:0% +want to have an instrument that allows + + + align:start position:0% +want to have an instrument that allows +you to control the rate of reaction by + + align:start position:0% +you to control the rate of reaction by + + + align:start position:0% +you to control the rate of reaction by +you put two different things and your + + align:start position:0% +you put two different things and your + + + align:start position:0% +you put two different things and your +your syringes and then you have an + + align:start position:0% +your syringes and then you have an + + + align:start position:0% +your syringes and then you have an +instrument push the two syringes into a + + align:start position:0% +instrument push the two syringes into a + + + align:start position:0% +instrument push the two syringes into a +chamber where they're mixed do you know + + align:start position:0% +chamber where they're mixed do you know + + + align:start position:0% +chamber where they're mixed do you know +what the rate limiting step in this + + align:start position:0% +what the rate limiting step in this + + + align:start position:0% +what the rate limiting step in this +process is it's the mixing process okay + + align:start position:0% +process is it's the mixing process okay + + + align:start position:0% +process is it's the mixing process okay +so the mixing process is 2 milli second + + align:start position:0% +so the mixing process is 2 milli second + + + align:start position:0% +so the mixing process is 2 milli second +dead time I don't know if any of you + + align:start position:0% +dead time I don't know if any of you + + + align:start position:0% +dead time I don't know if any of you +have ever mixed something very discus + + align:start position:0% +have ever mixed something very discus + + + align:start position:0% +have ever mixed something very discus +with something not so viscous what do + + align:start position:0% +with something not so viscous what do + + + align:start position:0% +with something not so viscous what do +you see if you have you ever made up a + + align:start position:0% +you see if you have you ever made up a + + + align:start position:0% +you see if you have you ever made up a +solution of glycerol no they probably + + align:start position:0% +solution of glycerol no they probably + + + align:start position:0% +solution of glycerol no they probably +give you all this in a kit nowadays you + + align:start position:0% +give you all this in a kit nowadays you + + + align:start position:0% +give you all this in a kit nowadays you +don't have to make cloning them anymore + + align:start position:0% +don't have to make cloning them anymore + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to make cloning them anymore +so you know it's so this goes back to + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's so this goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's so this goes back to +experimental design and I'm not here to + + align:start position:0% +experimental design and I'm not here to + + + align:start position:0% +experimental design and I'm not here to +teach you how to do experimental design + + align:start position:0% +teach you how to do experimental design + + + align:start position:0% +teach you how to do experimental design +but if you had very high concentration + + align:start position:0% +but if you had very high concentration + + + align:start position:0% +but if you had very high concentration +of enzyme because we need a lot to be + + align:start position:0% +of enzyme because we need a lot to be + + + align:start position:0% +of enzyme because we need a lot to be +able to see something and you're mixing + + align:start position:0% +able to see something and you're mixing + + + align:start position:0% +able to see something and you're mixing +it against substrate you have something + + align:start position:0% +it against substrate you have something + + + align:start position:0% +it against substrate you have something +very viscous and something not discus + + align:start position:0% +very viscous and something not discus + + + align:start position:0% +very viscous and something not discus +and when you mix them it takes a lot + + align:start position:0% +and when you mix them it takes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and when you mix them it takes a lot +longer to remove all the lines from the + + align:start position:0% +longer to remove all the lines from the + + + align:start position:0% +longer to remove all the lines from the +mixing process so experimental design + + align:start position:0% +mixing process so experimental design + + + align:start position:0% +mixing process so experimental design +really you really need to do some + + align:start position:0% +really you really need to do some + + + align:start position:0% +really you really need to do some +thinking about that once it gets into + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that once it gets into + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that once it gets into +the mixer the liquid in the mixer pushes + + align:start position:0% +the mixer the liquid in the mixer pushes + + + align:start position:0% +the mixer the liquid in the mixer pushes +a third syringe back it fills the + + align:start position:0% +a third syringe back it fills the + + + align:start position:0% +a third syringe back it fills the +syringe up with liquid it hits some kind + + align:start position:0% +syringe up with liquid it hits some kind + + + align:start position:0% +syringe up with liquid it hits some kind +of a stop position which then triggers + + align:start position:0% +of a stop position which then triggers + + + align:start position:0% +of a stop position which then triggers +detection okay so that's what you're + + align:start position:0% +detection okay so that's what you're + + + align:start position:0% +detection okay so that's what you're +looking at and the beauty of this method + + align:start position:0% +looking at and the beauty of this method + + + align:start position:0% +looking at and the beauty of this method +is is continuous and so what do you have + + align:start position:0% +is is continuous and so what do you have + + + align:start position:0% +is is continuous and so what do you have +to do to be able to look at this what + + align:start position:0% +to do to be able to look at this what + + + align:start position:0% +to do to be able to look at this what +did they do in the case of the rod Nina + + align:start position:0% +did they do in the case of the rod Nina + + + align:start position:0% +did they do in the case of the rod Nina +paper what kind of method did they use + + align:start position:0% +paper what kind of method did they use + + + align:start position:0% +paper what kind of method did they use +did you think about that they they + + align:start position:0% +did you think about that they they + + + align:start position:0% +did you think about that they they +described it but you might know how to + + align:start position:0% +described it but you might know how to + + + align:start position:0% +described it but you might know how to +fight about it in terms of experimental + + align:start position:0% +fight about it in terms of experimental + + + align:start position:0% +fight about it in terms of experimental +design how do they monitor their + + align:start position:0% +design how do they monitor their + + + align:start position:0% +design how do they monitor their +reaction one of the reactions yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +reaction one of the reactions yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +reaction one of the reactions yeah so so +they are gonna be able to somehow CAG + + align:start position:0% +they are gonna be able to somehow CAG + + + align:start position:0% +they are gonna be able to somehow CAG +and this is a key thing is how do you + + align:start position:0% +and this is a key thing is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a key thing is how do you +tag something in the right place so you + + align:start position:0% +tag something in the right place so you + + + align:start position:0% +tag something in the right place so you +can see a unique + + align:start position:0% +can see a unique + + + align:start position:0% +can see a unique +has change that's not so easy okay so + + align:start position:0% +has change that's not so easy okay so + + + align:start position:0% +has change that's not so easy okay so +you mix this you can monitor this + + align:start position:0% +you mix this you can monitor this + + + align:start position:0% +you mix this you can monitor this +continuously by change in fluorescence + + align:start position:0% +continuously by change in fluorescence + + + align:start position:0% +continuously by change in fluorescence +if you had something that was has a + + align:start position:0% +if you had something that was has a + + + align:start position:0% +if you had something that was has a +visible absorption could you use that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would limit that say if you looked + + align:start position:0% +what would limit that say if you looked + + + align:start position:0% +what would limit that say if you looked +at it trna synthetases that you talked + + align:start position:0% +at it trna synthetases that you talked + + + align:start position:0% +at it trna synthetases that you talked +about in class two times ago where you + + align:start position:0% +about in class two times ago where you + + + align:start position:0% +about in class two times ago where you +were looking at ATP that isolates the + + align:start position:0% +were looking at ATP that isolates the + + + align:start position:0% +were looking at ATP that isolates the +amino acid to form the identity which + + align:start position:0% +amino acid to form the identity which + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid to form the identity which +then reacts with the tRNA could you use + + align:start position:0% +then reacts with the tRNA could you use + + + align:start position:0% +then reacts with the tRNA could you use +ATP has an absorption at 260 could you + + align:start position:0% +ATP has an absorption at 260 could you + + + align:start position:0% +ATP has an absorption at 260 could you +use that absorption change do you + + align:start position:0% +use that absorption change do you + + + align:start position:0% +use that absorption change do you +remember what that equation is you + + align:start position:0% +remember what that equation is you + + + align:start position:0% +remember what that equation is you +remember an isolation of amino acid + + align:start position:0% +remember an isolation of amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +remember an isolation of amino acid +you're gonna see this again in + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna see this again in + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna see this again in +polyketide synthases + + align:start position:0% +polyketide synthases + + + align:start position:0% +polyketide synthases +use quite frequently in biology nobody + + align:start position:0% +use quite frequently in biology nobody + + + align:start position:0% +use quite frequently in biology nobody +has any idea Nebraska + + align:start position:0% +has any idea Nebraska + + + align:start position:0% +has any idea Nebraska +how about you okay so here we have amino + + align:start position:0% +how about you okay so here we have amino + + + align:start position:0% +how about you okay so here we have amino +acid plus ATP I'm digressing but you + + align:start position:0% +acid plus ATP I'm digressing but you + + + align:start position:0% +acid plus ATP I'm digressing but you +know if you learn this part you've + + align:start position:0% +know if you learn this part you've + + + align:start position:0% +know if you learn this part you've +learned something out of all of this + + align:start position:0% +learned something out of all of this + + + align:start position:0% +learned something out of all of this +okay it performs that acyl adenylate + + align:start position:0% +okay it performs that acyl adenylate + + + align:start position:0% +okay it performs that acyl adenylate +okay how do they monitor this reaction + + align:start position:0% +okay how do they monitor this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +okay how do they monitor this reaction +you discuss this in class how do they + + align:start position:0% +you discuss this in class how do they + + + align:start position:0% +you discuss this in class how do they +monitor this reaction you need to talk + + align:start position:0% +monitor this reaction you need to talk + + + align:start position:0% +monitor this reaction you need to talk +louder you need to be assertive okay + + align:start position:0% +louder you need to be assertive okay + + + align:start position:0% +louder you need to be assertive okay +yeah so I mean we're gonna talk about + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I mean we're gonna talk about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I mean we're gonna talk about +radioactivity next time this will be one + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity next time this will be one + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity next time this will be one +of the methods we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +of the methods we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the methods we're going to be +introduced to why could why couldn't + + align:start position:0% +introduced to why could why couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +introduced to why could why couldn't +they use ATP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah they're the same yeah so you have + + align:start position:0% +yeah they're the same yeah so you have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah they're the same yeah so you have +to have a difference in absorption to be + + align:start position:0% +to have a difference in absorption to be + + + align:start position:0% +to have a difference in absorption to be +able to measure the visible so the total + + align:start position:0% +able to measure the visible so the total + + + align:start position:0% +able to measure the visible so the total +absorption is due to the adenosine + + align:start position:0% +absorption is due to the adenosine + + + align:start position:0% +absorption is due to the adenosine +moiety which is the same in both + + align:start position:0% +moiety which is the same in both + + + align:start position:0% +moiety which is the same in both +molecules okay so you can't do that okay + + align:start position:0% +molecules okay so you can't do that okay + + + align:start position:0% +molecules okay so you can't do that okay +so that's one and then let me just do + + align:start position:0% +so that's one and then let me just do + + + align:start position:0% +so that's one and then let me just do +one more thing and then we'll quit I + + align:start position:0% +one more thing and then we'll quit I + + + align:start position:0% +one more thing and then we'll quit I +still have another minute according to + + align:start position:0% +still have another minute according to + + + align:start position:0% +still have another minute according to +my watch okay so the second method which + + align:start position:0% +my watch okay so the second method which + + + align:start position:0% +my watch okay so the second method which +they also used in the ride nina paper is + + align:start position:0% +they also used in the ride nina paper is + + + align:start position:0% +they also used in the ride nina paper is +rapid chemical quench okay so again you + + align:start position:0% +rapid chemical quench okay so again you + + + align:start position:0% +rapid chemical quench okay so again you +have two things you mix them there's + + align:start position:0% +have two things you mix them there's + + + align:start position:0% +have two things you mix them there's +some plunger that allows the mixing and + + align:start position:0% +some plunger that allows the mixing and + + + align:start position:0% +some plunger that allows the mixing and +then this is a discontinuous method so + + align:start position:0% +then this is a discontinuous method so + + + align:start position:0% +then this is a discontinuous method so +what happens is you mix and then you + + align:start position:0% +what happens is you mix and then you + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is you mix and then you +have to stop the reaction okay so you + + align:start position:0% +have to stop the reaction okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +have to stop the reaction okay so you +have a third syringe where you mix in + + align:start position:0% +have a third syringe where you mix in + + + align:start position:0% +have a third syringe where you mix in +something to stop the reaction and then + + align:start position:0% +something to stop the reaction and then + + + align:start position:0% +something to stop the reaction and then +you have to analyze what comes out the + + align:start position:0% +you have to analyze what comes out the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to analyze what comes out the +other side and this is where they're + + align:start position:0% +other side and this is where they're + + + align:start position:0% +other side and this is where they're +going to use radio activity and do you + + align:start position:0% +going to use radio activity and do you + + + align:start position:0% +going to use radio activity and do you +know so this is rapid chemical quench + + align:start position:0% +know so this is rapid chemical quench + + + align:start position:0% +know so this is rapid chemical quench +and how do they how can you monitor a + + align:start position:0% +and how do they how can you monitor a + + + align:start position:0% +and how do they how can you monitor a +rapid chemical punch experiment what's + + align:start position:0% +rapid chemical punch experiment what's + + + align:start position:0% +rapid chemical punch experiment what's +the best way to stop the reaction what + + align:start position:0% +the best way to stop the reaction what + + + align:start position:0% +the best way to stop the reaction what +do they do in this paper how else could + + align:start position:0% +do they do in this paper how else could + + + align:start position:0% +do they do in this paper how else could +you stop the reaction anybody got any + + align:start position:0% +you stop the reaction anybody got any + + + align:start position:0% +you stop the reaction anybody got any +ideas you need so what's the first + + align:start position:0% +ideas you need so what's the first + + + align:start position:0% +ideas you need so what's the first +criteria if you're gonna stop the + + align:start position:0% +criteria if you're gonna stop the + + + align:start position:0% +criteria if you're gonna stop the +reaction what what does it have to be + + align:start position:0% +reaction what what does it have to be + + + align:start position:0% +reaction what what does it have to be +able to do you just can't throw in + + align:start position:0% +able to do you just can't throw in + + + align:start position:0% +able to do you just can't throw in +anything right what what is the key + + align:start position:0% +anything right what what is the key + + + align:start position:0% +anything right what what is the key +criteria for successful stopping yeah + + align:start position:0% +criteria for successful stopping yeah + + + align:start position:0% +criteria for successful stopping yeah +and it has to be able to do it on the + + align:start position:0% +and it has to be able to do it on the + + + align:start position:0% +and it has to be able to do it on the +millisecond time scale so you need + + align:start position:0% +millisecond time scale so you need + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond time scale so you need +millisecond stopping okay + + align:start position:0% +millisecond stopping okay + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond stopping okay +how could you milli sec how could you + + align:start position:0% +how could you milli sec how could you + + + align:start position:0% +how could you milli sec how could you +stop something on the millisecond what + + align:start position:0% +stop something on the millisecond what + + + align:start position:0% +stop something on the millisecond what +would you use anybody got any ideas so + + align:start position:0% +would you use anybody got any ideas so + + + align:start position:0% +would you use anybody got any ideas so +this is not trivial actually yeah so + + align:start position:0% +this is not trivial actually yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +this is not trivial actually yeah so +changing the pH but so you could go acid + + align:start position:0% +changing the pH but so you could go acid + + + align:start position:0% +changing the pH but so you could go acid +or base acid works in general base + + align:start position:0% +or base acid works in general base + + + align:start position:0% +or base acid works in general base +doesn't work so if you read the handout + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work so if you read the handout + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work so if you read the handout +that I'd given you people it does work + + align:start position:0% +that I'd given you people it does work + + + align:start position:0% +that I'd given you people it does work +but it's much much much slower and every + + align:start position:0% +but it's much much much slower and every + + + align:start position:0% +but it's much much much slower and every +base is different acid works all the + + align:start position:0% +base is different acid works all the + + + align:start position:0% +base is different acid works all the +time there's another thing that you can + + align:start position:0% +time there's another thing that you can + + + align:start position:0% +time there's another thing that you can +use that is quite frequently used a + + align:start position:0% +use that is quite frequently used a + + + align:start position:0% +use that is quite frequently used a +special + + align:start position:0% +special + + + align:start position:0% +special +with polymerases that work on nucleic + + align:start position:0% +with polymerases that work on nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +with polymerases that work on nucleic +acids and that's EDTA so this is a key + + align:start position:0% +acids and that's EDTA so this is a key + + + align:start position:0% +acids and that's EDTA so this is a key +later and EDTA key lates the metal which + + align:start position:0% +later and EDTA key lates the metal which + + + align:start position:0% +later and EDTA key lates the metal which +is essential for viability so that also + + align:start position:0% +is essential for viability so that also + + + align:start position:0% +is essential for viability so that also +the chelation can occur in the + + align:start position:0% +the chelation can occur in the + + + align:start position:0% +the chelation can occur in the +millisecond timescale so what we're + + align:start position:0% +millisecond timescale so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond timescale so what we're +gonna do next time I sort of introduce + + align:start position:0% +gonna do next time I sort of introduce + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do next time I sort of introduce +you to the preset he said the next time + + align:start position:0% +you to the preset he said the next time + + + align:start position:0% +you to the preset he said the next time +we'll come in and we're gonna look at + + align:start position:0% +we'll come in and we're gonna look at + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come in and we're gonna look at +the actual experiments will look at + + align:start position:0% +the actual experiments will look at + + + align:start position:0% +the actual experiments will look at +fluorescence will look at radioactivity + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence will look at radioactivity + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence will look at radioactivity +and how you measure radioactivity we're + + align:start position:0% +and how you measure radioactivity we're + + + align:start position:0% +and how you measure radioactivity we're +gonna look at antibiotics like you + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at antibiotics like you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at antibiotics like you +talked about today we're gonna look at + + align:start position:0% +talked about today we're gonna look at + + + align:start position:0% +talked about today we're gonna look at +non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs what if you + + align:start position:0% +non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs what if you + + + align:start position:0% +non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs what if you +look carefully at this paper it's + + align:start position:0% +look carefully at this paper it's + + + align:start position:0% +look carefully at this paper it's +amazing how many methods they use to + + align:start position:0% +amazing how many methods they use to + + + align:start position:0% +amazing how many methods they use to +come up with this model and that's one + + align:start position:0% +come up with this model and that's one + + + align:start position:0% +come up with this model and that's one +of the take-home messages what it that + + align:start position:0% +of the take-home messages what it that + + + align:start position:0% +of the take-home messages what it that +you have to use many many methods and + + align:start position:0% +you have to use many many methods and + + + align:start position:0% +you have to use many many methods and +then you never get an exact solution to + + align:start position:0% +then you never get an exact solution to + + + align:start position:0% +then you never get an exact solution to +your equations it's a numerical + + align:start position:0% +your equations it's a numerical + + + align:start position:0% +your equations it's a numerical +integration of all the data that leads + + align:start position:0% +integration of all the data that leads + + + align:start position:0% +integration of all the data that leads +you to the model that they've actually + + align:start position:0% +you to the model that they've actually + + + align:start position:0% +you to the model that they've actually +used okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RbeY5CT9Go4.txt b/RbeY5CT9Go4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d787b14d9497648d0c780663bb0652935b20ed54 --- /dev/null +++ b/RbeY5CT9Go4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18667 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, so some of my my perspective on what + + align:start position:0% +Um, so some of my my perspective on what + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so some of my my perspective on what +kinds of things you can do with bio + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things you can do with bio + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things you can do with bio +action game mechanics and kind of like + + align:start position:0% +action game mechanics and kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +action game mechanics and kind of like +see through that. + + align:start position:0% +see through that. + + + align:start position:0% +see through that. +Yeah. But it's not it's not the be all + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. But it's not it's not the be all + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. But it's not it's not the be all +and end all. Uh, I'm basically sharing + + align:start position:0% +and end all. Uh, I'm basically sharing + + + align:start position:0% +and end all. Uh, I'm basically sharing +you my my my perspectives, but it's not + + align:start position:0% +you my my my perspectives, but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you my my my perspectives, but it's not +the only perspective on that. In + + align:start position:0% +the only perspective on that. In + + + align:start position:0% +the only perspective on that. In +particular, I have very little that I I + + align:start position:0% +particular, I have very little that I I + + + align:start position:0% +particular, I have very little that I I +I feel qualified to say about things + + align:start position:0% +I feel qualified to say about things + + + align:start position:0% +I feel qualified to say about things +like sports. uh things where you're + + align:start position:0% +like sports. uh things where you're + + + align:start position:0% +like sports. uh things where you're +talking about athletic competitions, uh + + align:start position:0% +talking about athletic competitions, uh + + + align:start position:0% +talking about athletic competitions, uh +you know, faster, higher, uh stronger, + + align:start position:0% +you know, faster, higher, uh stronger, + + + align:start position:0% +you know, faster, higher, uh stronger, +that that that sort of thing. Um but I + + align:start position:0% +that that that sort of thing. Um but I + + + align:start position:0% +that that that sort of thing. Um but I +I'm a little bit more engaged in games + + align:start position:0% +I'm a little bit more engaged in games + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a little bit more engaged in games +where there's role playing where you're + + align:start position:0% +where there's role playing where you're + + + align:start position:0% +where there's role playing where you're +taking on a a persona or at least some + + align:start position:0% +taking on a a persona or at least some + + + align:start position:0% +taking on a a persona or at least some +sort of behavior that you aren't just + + align:start position:0% +sort of behavior that you aren't just + + + align:start position:0% +sort of behavior that you aren't just +normally doing in real life. Um, it's + + align:start position:0% +normally doing in real life. Um, it's + + + align:start position:0% +normally doing in real life. Um, it's +not just about how fast you can run or + + align:start position:0% +not just about how fast you can run or + + + align:start position:0% +not just about how fast you can run or +how skilled you are at hitting ball that + + align:start position:0% +how skilled you are at hitting ball that + + + align:start position:0% +how skilled you are at hitting ball that +that that sort of thing. Um, + + align:start position:0% +that that sort of thing. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +that that sort of thing. Um, +let's see. And and also not every single + + align:start position:0% +let's see. And and also not every single + + + align:start position:0% +let's see. And and also not every single +liveaction game needs to necessarily fit + + align:start position:0% +liveaction game needs to necessarily fit + + + align:start position:0% +liveaction game needs to necessarily fit +within role playing or sports. You know, + + align:start position:0% +within role playing or sports. You know, + + + align:start position:0% +within role playing or sports. You know, +you've got things like party games. This + + align:start position:0% +you've got things like party games. This + + + align:start position:0% +you've got things like party games. This +a this afternoon uh we'll have uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +a this afternoon uh we'll have uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +a this afternoon uh we'll have uh uh the +lead designer for Dance Central coming + + align:start position:0% +lead designer for Dance Central coming + + + align:start position:0% +lead designer for Dance Central coming +in to to uh do a little Q&A about D uh + + align:start position:0% +in to to uh do a little Q&A about D uh + + + align:start position:0% +in to to uh do a little Q&A about D uh +about Dance Central around 4:00 4:30 in + + align:start position:0% +about Dance Central around 4:00 4:30 in + + + align:start position:0% +about Dance Central around 4:00 4:30 in +the TV lounge. You guys all welcome to + + align:start position:0% +the TV lounge. You guys all welcome to + + + align:start position:0% +the TV lounge. You guys all welcome to +do that. And that's arguably a live + + align:start position:0% +do that. And that's arguably a live + + + align:start position:0% +do that. And that's arguably a live +action game. It sure you got a computer. + + align:start position:0% +action game. It sure you got a computer. + + + align:start position:0% +action game. It sure you got a computer. +You got a one. How How much is the is + + align:start position:0% +You got a one. How How much is the is + + + align:start position:0% +You got a one. How How much is the is +the connect? + + align:start position:0% +the connect? + + + align:start position:0% +the connect? +>> $150 something like that. + + align:start position:0% +>> $150 something like that. + + + align:start position:0% +>> $150 something like that. +>> Something like $150 + + align:start position:0% +>> Something like $150 + + + align:start position:0% +>> Something like $150 +piece of equipment connected to a $250 + + align:start position:0% +piece of equipment connected to a $250 + + + align:start position:0% +piece of equipment connected to a $250 +Xbox + + align:start position:0% +Xbox + + + align:start position:0% +Xbox +to a screen that's probably even more + + align:start position:0% +to a screen that's probably even more + + + align:start position:0% +to a screen that's probably even more +than that. + + align:start position:0% +than that. + + + align:start position:0% +than that. +>> You know, oh, you got all this + + align:start position:0% +>> You know, oh, you got all this + + + align:start position:0% +>> You know, oh, you got all this +technology, but in the end, what's that + + align:start position:0% +technology, but in the end, what's that + + + align:start position:0% +technology, but in the end, what's that +game about? You know, what's Rock Band + + align:start position:0% +game about? You know, what's Rock Band + + + align:start position:0% +game about? You know, what's Rock Band +about? + + align:start position:0% +about? + + + align:start position:0% +about? +>> It's about the people who are in the + + align:start position:0% +>> It's about the people who are in the + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's about the people who are in the +living room. you know what and and and + + align:start position:0% +living room. you know what and and and + + + align:start position:0% +living room. you know what and and and +and what that's one of the arguments + + align:start position:0% +and what that's one of the arguments + + + align:start position:0% +and what that's one of the arguments +that Jesper Rio um in a different + + align:start position:0% +that Jesper Rio um in a different + + + align:start position:0% +that Jesper Rio um in a different +chapter in um in casual re revolution he + + align:start position:0% +chapter in um in casual re revolution he + + + align:start position:0% +chapter in um in casual re revolution he +argues that uh one of the big things + + align:start position:0% +argues that uh one of the big things + + + align:start position:0% +argues that uh one of the big things +that's happened with gaming is this + + align:start position:0% +that's happened with gaming is this + + + align:start position:0% +that's happened with gaming is this +reintroduction of the space in front of + + align:start position:0% +reintroduction of the space in front of + + + align:start position:0% +reintroduction of the space in front of +the screen the the the uh the the living + + align:start position:0% +the screen the the the uh the the living + + + align:start position:0% +the screen the the the uh the the living +room space has has come back into play + + align:start position:0% +room space has has come back into play + + + align:start position:0% +room space has has come back into play +um you you you you haven't lost that + + align:start position:0% +um you you you you haven't lost that + + + align:start position:0% +um you you you you haven't lost that +with board games or card games but you + + align:start position:0% +with board games or card games but you + + + align:start position:0% +with board games or card games but you +know for electronic games really. It + + align:start position:0% +know for electronic games really. It + + + align:start position:0% +know for electronic games really. It +used to be something that existed with + + align:start position:0% +used to be something that existed with + + + align:start position:0% +used to be something that existed with +arcade games. You know, you got these + + align:start position:0% +arcade games. You know, you got these + + + align:start position:0% +arcade games. You know, you got these +giant um motorcycles or uh steering + + align:start position:0% +giant um motorcycles or uh steering + + + align:start position:0% +giant um motorcycles or uh steering +wheels and stuff like that. Um and you + + align:start position:0% +wheels and stuff like that. Um and you + + + align:start position:0% +wheels and stuff like that. Um and you +still kind of had it with some really + + align:start position:0% +still kind of had it with some really + + + align:start position:0% +still kind of had it with some really +expensive computer games like Flight + + align:start position:0% +expensive computer games like Flight + + + align:start position:0% +expensive computer games like Flight +Simulators with people buying like + + align:start position:0% +Simulators with people buying like + + + align:start position:0% +Simulators with people buying like +joysticks. And I'm I'm a big train fan. + + align:start position:0% +joysticks. And I'm I'm a big train fan. + + + align:start position:0% +joysticks. And I'm I'm a big train fan. +So, I've got uh I've got a PlayStation + + align:start position:0% +So, I've got uh I've got a PlayStation + + + align:start position:0% +So, I've got uh I've got a PlayStation +one train controller. It's a speed and + + align:start position:0% +one train controller. It's a speed and + + + align:start position:0% +one train controller. It's a speed and +it's throttle and brakes. That's all it + + align:start position:0% +it's throttle and brakes. That's all it + + + align:start position:0% +it's throttle and brakes. That's all it +is. That's a steering when it comes to + + align:start position:0% +is. That's a steering when it comes to + + + align:start position:0% +is. That's a steering when it comes to +trains. + + align:start position:0% +trains. + + + align:start position:0% +trains. +It's a lot of fun. Um + + align:start position:0% +It's a lot of fun. Um + + + align:start position:0% +It's a lot of fun. Um +uh but you know, so with with arcade + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know, so with with arcade + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know, so with with arcade +games and of course you have things like + + align:start position:0% +games and of course you have things like + + + align:start position:0% +games and of course you have things like +DDR, there's this whole idea that you're + + align:start position:0% +DDR, there's this whole idea that you're + + + align:start position:0% +DDR, there's this whole idea that you're +going to be engaging your entire body. + + align:start position:0% +going to be engaging your entire body. + + + align:start position:0% +going to be engaging your entire body. +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +and and you could argue that those are + + align:start position:0% +and and you could argue that those are + + + align:start position:0% +and and you could argue that those are +live action games. And you take the + + align:start position:0% +live action games. And you take the + + + align:start position:0% +live action games. And you take the +technology out and you and what and what + + align:start position:0% +technology out and you and what and what + + + align:start position:0% +technology out and you and what and what +you've got this whole idea of this + + align:start position:0% +you've got this whole idea of this + + + align:start position:0% +you've got this whole idea of this +here's this human body and you're + + align:start position:0% +here's this human body and you're + + + align:start position:0% +here's this human body and you're +playing with it and all its constraints. + + align:start position:0% +playing with it and all its constraints. + + + align:start position:0% +playing with it and all its constraints. +It's beholdened to gravity. Uh it's uh + + align:start position:0% +It's beholdened to gravity. Uh it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +It's beholdened to gravity. Uh it's uh +it can't move faster than a certain than + + align:start position:0% +it can't move faster than a certain than + + + align:start position:0% +it can't move faster than a certain than +a certain speed. It's kind of ungamely + + align:start position:0% +a certain speed. It's kind of ungamely + + + align:start position:0% +a certain speed. It's kind of ungamely +and it's got roughly a certain size. Um + + align:start position:0% +and it's got roughly a certain size. Um + + + align:start position:0% +and it's got roughly a certain size. Um +gives you constraints that you can work + + align:start position:0% +gives you constraints that you can work + + + align:start position:0% +gives you constraints that you can work +with in terms of game mechanics. One of + + align:start position:0% +with in terms of game mechanics. One of + + + align:start position:0% +with in terms of game mechanics. One of +the things that we did last year was uh + + align:start position:0% +the things that we did last year was uh + + + align:start position:0% +the things that we did last year was uh +we had a live we actually had a live + + align:start position:0% +we had a live we actually had a live + + + align:start position:0% +we had a live we actually had a live +action game assignment in this class and + + align:start position:0% +action game assignment in this class and + + + align:start position:0% +action game assignment in this class and +the constraint was you had to be able to + + align:start position:0% +the constraint was you had to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the constraint was you had to be able to +play the game in this room. Um and I I + + align:start position:0% +play the game in this room. Um and I I + + + align:start position:0% +play the game in this room. Um and I I +was newspaper a constraint uh + + align:start position:0% +was newspaper a constraint uh + + + align:start position:0% +was newspaper a constraint uh +>> no + + align:start position:0% +>> no + + + align:start position:0% +>> no +>> no that was one team's decision to use + + align:start position:0% +>> no that was one team's decision to use + + + align:start position:0% +>> no that was one team's decision to use +uh to use the newspaper as a constraint. + + align:start position:0% +uh to use the newspaper as a constraint. + + + align:start position:0% +uh to use the newspaper as a constraint. +Um, but they did things like blindfold + + align:start position:0% +Um, but they did things like blindfold + + + align:start position:0% +Um, but they did things like blindfold +people, you know, they like they were + + align:start position:0% +people, you know, they like they were + + + align:start position:0% +people, you know, they like they were +playing around with the senses of the + + align:start position:0% +playing around with the senses of the + + + align:start position:0% +playing around with the senses of the +body so that you could hear where one + + align:start position:0% +body so that you could hear where one + + + align:start position:0% +body so that you could hear where one +where one person had unlimited + + align:start position:0% +where one person had unlimited + + + align:start position:0% +where one person had unlimited +ammunition in terms of like little balls + + align:start position:0% +ammunition in terms of like little balls + + + align:start position:0% +ammunition in terms of like little balls +of newspaper um and and and a bucket um + + align:start position:0% +of newspaper um and and and a bucket um + + + align:start position:0% +of newspaper um and and and a bucket um +but uh but couldn't see where everybody + + align:start position:0% +but uh but couldn't see where everybody + + + align:start position:0% +but uh but couldn't see where everybody +else was. And everybody else could move + + align:start position:0% +else was. And everybody else could move + + + align:start position:0% +else was. And everybody else could move +around the room + + align:start position:0% +around the room + + + align:start position:0% +around the room +uh on on sheets of newspaper. They had + + align:start position:0% +uh on on sheets of newspaper. They had + + + align:start position:0% +uh on on sheets of newspaper. They had +to step on sheets of newspaper. So you + + align:start position:0% +to step on sheets of newspaper. So you + + + align:start position:0% +to step on sheets of newspaper. So you +could always hear where they were + + align:start position:0% +could always hear where they were + + + align:start position:0% +could always hear where they were +stepping and you know the the the the + + align:start position:0% +stepping and you know the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +stepping and you know the the the the +person with the bucket was trying to + + align:start position:0% +person with the bucket was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +person with the bucket was trying to +help the people who were starting + + align:start position:0% +help the people who were starting + + + align:start position:0% +help the people who were starting +around. If you got hit, you had to like + + align:start position:0% +around. If you got hit, you had to like + + + align:start position:0% +around. If you got hit, you had to like +go out of the out of the the magic + + align:start position:0% +go out of the out of the the magic + + + align:start position:0% +go out of the out of the the magic +circle and then you know start coming + + align:start position:0% +circle and then you know start coming + + + align:start position:0% +circle and then you know start coming +in. The whole idea is to be able to tag + + align:start position:0% +in. The whole idea is to be able to tag + + + align:start position:0% +in. The whole idea is to be able to tag +the person who's actually throwing all + + align:start position:0% +the person who's actually throwing all + + + align:start position:0% +the person who's actually throwing all +of these newspaper balls. They had a + + align:start position:0% +of these newspaper balls. They had a + + + align:start position:0% +of these newspaper balls. They had a +little newspaper hat that you could like + + align:start position:0% +little newspaper hat that you could like + + + align:start position:0% +little newspaper hat that you could like +grab. It was pretty awesome because you + + align:start position:0% +grab. It was pretty awesome because you + + + align:start position:0% +grab. It was pretty awesome because you +know what do you need to play that game? + + align:start position:0% +know what do you need to play that game? + + + align:start position:0% +know what do you need to play that game? +You need one set of rules, a chair, a + + align:start position:0% +You need one set of rules, a chair, a + + + align:start position:0% +You need one set of rules, a chair, a +clean recycle bin, specifically that was + + align:start position:0% +clean recycle bin, specifically that was + + + align:start position:0% +clean recycle bin, specifically that was +that big and a newspaper, you know. Uh + + align:start position:0% +that big and a newspaper, you know. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +that big and a newspaper, you know. Uh +but but there were all these things in + + align:start position:0% +but but there were all these things in + + + align:start position:0% +but but there were all these things in +flight about what you can do. It's like, + + align:start position:0% +flight about what you can do. It's like, + + + align:start position:0% +flight about what you can do. It's like, +well, okay, your target is going to be + + align:start position:0% +well, okay, your target is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well, okay, your target is going to be +roughly the size of a human body and + + align:start position:0% +roughly the size of a human body and + + + align:start position:0% +roughly the size of a human body and +roughly the weight of a human body. It's + + align:start position:0% +roughly the weight of a human body. It's + + + align:start position:0% +roughly the weight of a human body. It's +going to be able to move at roughly the + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to move at roughly the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to move at roughly the +same speed of human body and cannot be + + align:start position:0% +same speed of human body and cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +same speed of human body and cannot be +you cannot have multiple targets in the + + align:start position:0% +you cannot have multiple targets in the + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot have multiple targets in the +same place at once. In fact, it's + + align:start position:0% +same place at once. In fact, it's + + + align:start position:0% +same place at once. In fact, it's +hilarious when they try because you know + + align:start position:0% +hilarious when they try because you know + + + align:start position:0% +hilarious when they try because you know +you get these collisions and um uh and + + align:start position:0% +you get these collisions and um uh and + + + align:start position:0% +you get these collisions and um uh and +because they're playing with the human + + align:start position:0% +because they're playing with the human + + + align:start position:0% +because they're playing with the human +with all five of human senses usually + + align:start position:0% +with all five of human senses usually + + + align:start position:0% +with all five of human senses usually +just sight hearing. I don't know + + align:start position:0% +just sight hearing. I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +just sight hearing. I don't know +anyone's made a smell game but um the + + align:start position:0% +anyone's made a smell game but um the + + + align:start position:0% +anyone's made a smell game but um the +you you will have uh you will have a + + align:start position:0% +you you will have uh you will have a + + + align:start position:0% +you you will have uh you will have a +situation where some where the people + + align:start position:0% +situation where some where the people + + + align:start position:0% +situation where some where the people +who were standing on the newspapers will + + align:start position:0% +who were standing on the newspapers will + + + align:start position:0% +who were standing on the newspapers will +try to make noise near their near the + + align:start position:0% +try to make noise near their near the + + + align:start position:0% +try to make noise near their near the +other people who are playing the game so + + align:start position:0% +other people who are playing the game so + + + align:start position:0% +other people who are playing the game so +that uh so they will draw attention away + + align:start position:0% +that uh so they will draw attention away + + + align:start position:0% +that uh so they will draw attention away +from themselves. Uh, sometimes it works, + + align:start position:0% +from themselves. Uh, sometimes it works, + + + align:start position:0% +from themselves. Uh, sometimes it works, +sometimes it doesn't. Sometimes it leads + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it doesn't. Sometimes it leads + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it doesn't. Sometimes it leads +to hilarious uh collisions. A good time + + align:start position:0% +to hilarious uh collisions. A good time + + + align:start position:0% +to hilarious uh collisions. A good time +to set up. Um, and those kinds of party + + align:start position:0% +to set up. Um, and those kinds of party + + + align:start position:0% +to set up. Um, and those kinds of party +games, you know, King of the Hill, uh, + + align:start position:0% +games, you know, King of the Hill, uh, + + + align:start position:0% +games, you know, King of the Hill, uh, +you know, uh, + + align:start position:0% +you know, uh, + + + align:start position:0% +you know, uh, +um, any other Can anyone think of any + + align:start position:0% +um, any other Can anyone think of any + + + align:start position:0% +um, any other Can anyone think of any +like playground type games that that are + + align:start position:0% +like playground type games that that are + + + align:start position:0% +like playground type games that that are +personal favorites? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Lava. What's a what's you have like + + align:start position:0% +>> Lava. What's a what's you have like + + + align:start position:0% +>> Lava. What's a what's you have like +playground like you know swings and all + + align:start position:0% +playground like you know swings and all + + + align:start position:0% +playground like you know swings and all +all the things you can climb on and like + + align:start position:0% +all the things you can climb on and like + + + align:start position:0% +all the things you can climb on and like +you you're playing generally on like a + + align:start position:0% +you you're playing generally on like a + + + align:start position:0% +you you're playing generally on like a +rock like the little pedal like rocky + + align:start position:0% +rock like the little pedal like rocky + + + align:start position:0% +rock like the little pedal like rocky +stuff and like you step on the pedal + + align:start position:0% +stuff and like you step on the pedal + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and like you step on the pedal +stuff that's like the lava and you get + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's like the lava and you get + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's like the lava and you get +burnt. Um and so like you have to stay + + align:start position:0% +burnt. Um and so like you have to stay + + + align:start position:0% +burnt. Um and so like you have to stay +hanging on like all the metal parts and + + align:start position:0% +hanging on like all the metal parts and + + + align:start position:0% +hanging on like all the metal parts and +then usually there's someone who's like + + align:start position:0% +then usually there's someone who's like + + + align:start position:0% +then usually there's someone who's like +immune to the lava trying to tag you so + + align:start position:0% +immune to the lava trying to tag you so + + + align:start position:0% +immune to the lava trying to tag you so +that like they can walk all over the + + align:start position:0% +that like they can walk all over the + + + align:start position:0% +that like they can walk all over the +lava but they can't go on the structure. + + align:start position:0% +lava but they can't go on the structure. + + + align:start position:0% +lava but they can't go on the structure. +>> So lava monster + + align:start position:0% +>> So lava monster + + + align:start position:0% +>> So lava monster +ever stopped just out of curiosity. + + align:start position:0% +ever stopped just out of curiosity. + + + align:start position:0% +ever stopped just out of curiosity. +Well, someone comes the next lava + + align:start position:0% +Well, someone comes the next lava + + + align:start position:0% +Well, someone comes the next lava +monster. + + align:start position:0% +monster. + + + align:start position:0% +monster. +>> Yeah. Once you take then you switch + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Once you take then you switch + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Once you take then you switch +roles, keep going. + + align:start position:0% +roles, keep going. + + + align:start position:0% +roles, keep going. +>> But the thing is like I never played + + align:start position:0% +>> But the thing is like I never played + + + align:start position:0% +>> But the thing is like I never played +that in like playground. I always played + + align:start position:0% +that in like playground. I always played + + + align:start position:0% +that in like playground. I always played +in like my living room. They're like + + align:start position:0% +in like my living room. They're like + + + align:start position:0% +in like my living room. They're like +couch cushions and stuff. All I ever + + align:start position:0% +couch cushions and stuff. All I ever + + + align:start position:0% +couch cushions and stuff. All I ever +did. + + align:start position:0% +did. + + + align:start position:0% +did. +>> Cool. + + align:start position:0% +>> Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Cool. +>> That sounds really dangerous. + + align:start position:0% +>> That sounds really dangerous. + + + align:start position:0% +>> That sounds really dangerous. +>> I used + + align:start position:0% +>> I used + + + align:start position:0% +>> I used +wheelie chairs and push off thing. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +wheelie chairs and push off thing. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +wheelie chairs and push off thing. Yeah. +>> I used to have the bunk bed. So So there + + align:start position:0% +>> I used to have the bunk bed. So So there + + + align:start position:0% +>> I used to have the bunk bed. So So there +was like some verticality that I could + + align:start position:0% +was like some verticality that I could + + + align:start position:0% +was like some verticality that I could +have in my in my bedroom bedroom and + + align:start position:0% +have in my in my bedroom bedroom and + + + align:start position:0% +have in my in my bedroom bedroom and +with my uh with my two brothers and but + + align:start position:0% +with my uh with my two brothers and but + + + align:start position:0% +with my uh with my two brothers and but +they were both bigger than me. So I was + + align:start position:0% +they were both bigger than me. So I was + + + align:start position:0% +they were both bigger than me. So I was +lost. + + align:start position:0% +lost. + + + align:start position:0% +lost. +about that would be awesome. + + align:start position:0% +about that would be awesome. + + + align:start position:0% +about that would be awesome. +>> I mean you can sort of think of you know + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean you can sort of think of you know + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean you can sort of think of you know +that on one hand these are athletic + + align:start position:0% +that on one hand these are athletic + + + align:start position:0% +that on one hand these are athletic +games because they they do test your + + align:start position:0% +games because they they do test your + + + align:start position:0% +games because they they do test your +ability to move and the control that you + + align:start position:0% +ability to move and the control that you + + + align:start position:0% +ability to move and the control that you +have in your body which is why it's so + + align:start position:0% +have in your body which is why it's so + + + align:start position:0% +have in your body which is why it's so +popular among kids who are sort of + + align:start position:0% +popular among kids who are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +popular among kids who are sort of +trying to master what their bodies are + + align:start position:0% +trying to master what their bodies are + + + align:start position:0% +trying to master what their bodies are +capable of. Um, but on the other hand, + + align:start position:0% +capable of. Um, but on the other hand, + + + align:start position:0% +capable of. Um, but on the other hand, +um, they're also sort of games of + + align:start position:0% +um, they're also sort of games of + + + align:start position:0% +um, they're also sort of games of +mimicry, going back to Kalawa, uh, + + align:start position:0% +mimicry, going back to Kalawa, uh, + + + align:start position:0% +mimicry, going back to Kalawa, uh, +definition, because they're sort of + + align:start position:0% +definition, because they're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +definition, because they're sort of +pretending that there's lava and they're + + align:start position:0% +pretending that there's lava and they're + + + align:start position:0% +pretending that there's lava and they're +sort of pretending that you're a person + + align:start position:0% +sort of pretending that you're a person + + + align:start position:0% +sort of pretending that you're a person +who cares that there's lava. Uh, you + + align:start position:0% +who cares that there's lava. Uh, you + + + align:start position:0% +who cares that there's lava. Uh, you +know, or a monster that's immune to it. + + align:start position:0% +know, or a monster that's immune to it. + + + align:start position:0% +know, or a monster that's immune to it. +Um, and + + align:start position:0% +Um, and + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and +these games don't necessarily, and there + + align:start position:0% +these games don't necessarily, and there + + + align:start position:0% +these games don't necessarily, and there +may be some rules about, okay, you've + + align:start position:0% +may be some rules about, okay, you've + + + align:start position:0% +may be some rules about, okay, you've +been tagged, now we swap. Um, I've seen + + align:start position:0% +been tagged, now we swap. Um, I've seen + + + align:start position:0% +been tagged, now we swap. Um, I've seen +games where sure I've technically been + + align:start position:0% +games where sure I've technically been + + + align:start position:0% +games where sure I've technically been +tagged out of this game, but since this + + align:start position:0% +tagged out of this game, but since this + + + align:start position:0% +tagged out of this game, but since this +game really has no end state, that just + + align:start position:0% +game really has no end state, that just + + + align:start position:0% +game really has no end state, that just +means that, oh, I lost now. I'm back in + + align:start position:0% +means that, oh, I lost now. I'm back in + + + align:start position:0% +means that, oh, I lost now. I'm back in +the game again. Um, it's like it's like + + align:start position:0% +the game again. Um, it's like it's like + + + align:start position:0% +the game again. Um, it's like it's like +playing a Doom Death match, you know, + + align:start position:0% +playing a Doom Death match, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +playing a Doom Death match, you know, +and you die and you just you're just + + align:start position:0% +and you die and you just you're just + + + align:start position:0% +and you die and you just you're just +right back in the game again, right? Um, + + align:start position:0% +right back in the game again, right? Um, + + + align:start position:0% +right back in the game again, right? Um, +>> let's see. and want to play those um I + + align:start position:0% +>> let's see. and want to play those um I + + + align:start position:0% +>> let's see. and want to play those um I +think it's like I can't remember what's + + align:start position:0% +think it's like I can't remember what's + + + align:start position:0% +think it's like I can't remember what's +the name of the football variant where + + align:start position:0% +the name of the football variant where + + + align:start position:0% +the name of the football variant where +you just have like a scarf attached to + + align:start position:0% +you just have like a scarf attached to + + + align:start position:0% +you just have like a scarf attached to +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +>> Oh flag football flag football yeah and + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh flag football flag football yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh flag football flag football yeah and +um for those people who everyone knows + + align:start position:0% +um for those people who everyone knows + + + align:start position:0% +um for those people who everyone knows +what it is yeah anyone doesn't + + align:start position:0% +what it is yeah anyone doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +what it is yeah anyone doesn't +>> I mean like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you just have a flag and instead of + + align:start position:0% +you just have a flag and instead of + + + align:start position:0% +you just have a flag and instead of +>> being + + align:start position:0% +>> being + + + align:start position:0% +>> being +instead of tackling you just grab the + + align:start position:0% +instead of tackling you just grab the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of tackling you just grab the +flag and that's that's an abstraction + + align:start position:0% +flag and that's that's an abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +flag and that's that's an abstraction +All right. And that's an abstraction of + + align:start position:0% +All right. And that's an abstraction of + + + align:start position:0% +All right. And that's an abstraction of +something that you well could physically + + align:start position:0% +something that you well could physically + + + align:start position:0% +something that you well could physically +do. You could grab this person and pull + + align:start position:0% +do. You could grab this person and pull + + + align:start position:0% +do. You could grab this person and pull +him to the ground. + + align:start position:0% +him to the ground. + + + align:start position:0% +him to the ground. +>> This touch football. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> That's another + + align:start position:0% +>> That's another + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's another +smaller level of abstraction because you + + align:start position:0% +smaller level of abstraction because you + + + align:start position:0% +smaller level of abstraction because you +can really hit someone pretty damn hard + + align:start position:0% +can really hit someone pretty damn hard + + + align:start position:0% +can really hit someone pretty damn hard +with touch with touch football. Um, but + + align:start position:0% +with touch with touch football. Um, but + + + align:start position:0% +with touch with touch football. Um, but +it's an abstraction of here's this thing + + align:start position:0% +it's an abstraction of here's this thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's an abstraction of here's this thing +that I personally physically could do, + + align:start position:0% +that I personally physically could do, + + + align:start position:0% +that I personally physically could do, +but I'm going to introduce a level of + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to introduce a level of + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to introduce a level of +abstraction for I don't know safety. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +abstraction for I don't know safety. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction for I don't know safety. Uh, +that's usually the reason. Um, and so + + align:start position:0% +that's usually the reason. Um, and so + + + align:start position:0% +that's usually the reason. Um, and so +you've got the human body and you've got + + align:start position:0% +you've got the human body and you've got + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the human body and you've got +all of its all of its values and virtues + + align:start position:0% +all of its all of its values and virtues + + + align:start position:0% +all of its all of its values and virtues +and all of its curses. You know, you've + + align:start position:0% +and all of its curses. You know, you've + + + align:start position:0% +and all of its curses. You know, you've +got issues of safety. You've got uh uh + + align:start position:0% +got issues of safety. You've got uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +got issues of safety. You've got uh uh +you know, you you don't want people to + + align:start position:0% +you know, you you don't want people to + + + align:start position:0% +you know, you you don't want people to +hurt each other and you can and but yet + + align:start position:0% +hurt each other and you can and but yet + + + align:start position:0% +hurt each other and you can and but yet +human beings and their bodies are + + align:start position:0% +human beings and their bodies are + + + align:start position:0% +human beings and their bodies are +extremely capable of hurting each other + + align:start position:0% +extremely capable of hurting each other + + + align:start position:0% +extremely capable of hurting each other +with no added implements at all. Even + + align:start position:0% +with no added implements at all. Even + + + align:start position:0% +with no added implements at all. Even +worse when it gets to a game and there + + align:start position:0% +worse when it gets to a game and there + + + align:start position:0% +worse when it gets to a game and there +and someone's trying to win something, + + align:start position:0% +and someone's trying to win something, + + + align:start position:0% +and someone's trying to win something, +you know, and and you know, if you don't + + align:start position:0% +you know, and and you know, if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you know, and and you know, if you don't +have an explicit rule that says you + + align:start position:0% +have an explicit rule that says you + + + align:start position:0% +have an explicit rule that says you +can't punch this person, but you have a + + align:start position:0% +can't punch this person, but you have a + + + align:start position:0% +can't punch this person, but you have a +game that that's very athletic, + + align:start position:0% +game that that's very athletic, + + + align:start position:0% +game that that's very athletic, +someone's going to try. Um, that's why + + align:start position:0% +someone's going to try. Um, that's why + + + align:start position:0% +someone's going to try. Um, that's why +you get these sort of abstractions or uh + + align:start position:0% +you get these sort of abstractions or uh + + + align:start position:0% +you get these sort of abstractions or uh +and you can't to pretend in that + + align:start position:0% +and you can't to pretend in that + + + align:start position:0% +and you can't to pretend in that +military form like all right, I grabbed + + align:start position:0% +military form like all right, I grabbed + + + align:start position:0% +military form like all right, I grabbed +this thing off you now, you have just + + align:start position:0% +this thing off you now, you have just + + + align:start position:0% +this thing off you now, you have just +been attacked uh and now I've + + align:start position:0% +been attacked uh and now I've + + + align:start position:0% +been attacked uh and now I've +effectively tackled you. You can't move + + align:start position:0% +effectively tackled you. You can't move + + + align:start position:0% +effectively tackled you. You can't move +anymore. Um, + + align:start position:0% +anymore. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +anymore. Um, +so what I'm trying to draw attention to + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm trying to draw attention to + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm trying to draw attention to +with these examples is that um, with + + align:start position:0% +with these examples is that um, with + + + align:start position:0% +with these examples is that um, with +live action games, the thing that you + + align:start position:0% +live action games, the thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +live action games, the thing that you +have to keep in mind all the time is at + + align:start position:0% +have to keep in mind all the time is at + + + align:start position:0% +have to keep in mind all the time is at +what point is the person who's playing + + align:start position:0% +what point is the person who's playing + + + align:start position:0% +what point is the person who's playing +actually the character who's playing? + + align:start position:0% +actually the character who's playing? + + + align:start position:0% +actually the character who's playing? +It's really, really hard to tell when it + + align:start position:0% +It's really, really hard to tell when it + + + align:start position:0% +It's really, really hard to tell when it +comes to live action games. If you're + + align:start position:0% +comes to live action games. If you're + + + align:start position:0% +comes to live action games. If you're +playing in um in sports, it's the same + + align:start position:0% +playing in um in sports, it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +playing in um in sports, it's the same +it's it's the same thing, you know. Um + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the same thing, you know. Um + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the same thing, you know. Um +name any given athlete, you know, and + + align:start position:0% +name any given athlete, you know, and + + + align:start position:0% +name any given athlete, you know, and +and and their performance in the sport + + align:start position:0% +and and their performance in the sport + + + align:start position:0% +and and their performance in the sport +is who they are. It's the same person. + + align:start position:0% +is who they are. It's the same person. + + + align:start position:0% +is who they are. It's the same person. +If I'm role playing, then the person + + align:start position:0% +If I'm role playing, then the person + + + align:start position:0% +If I'm role playing, then the person +that I'm playing is not supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +that I'm playing is not supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm playing is not supposed to be +the same. But there need to be a whole + + align:start position:0% +the same. But there need to be a whole + + + align:start position:0% +the same. But there need to be a whole +bunch of rules that basically specify + + align:start position:0% +bunch of rules that basically specify + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of rules that basically specify +that the character that I'm playing is + + align:start position:0% +that the character that I'm playing is + + + align:start position:0% +that the character that I'm playing is +not actually the charact the person that + + align:start position:0% +not actually the charact the person that + + + align:start position:0% +not actually the charact the person that +you're seeing in front of you. Um, you + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing in front of you. Um, you + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing in front of you. Um, you +know, Philip Than the player is not the + + align:start position:0% +know, Philip Than the player is not the + + + align:start position:0% +know, Philip Than the player is not the +count of Monte Crystal or something like + + align:start position:0% +count of Monte Crystal or something like + + + align:start position:0% +count of Monte Crystal or something like +that. One interesting exception to that + + align:start position:0% +that. One interesting exception to that + + + align:start position:0% +that. One interesting exception to that +is like uh like wrestling like like like + + align:start position:0% +is like uh like wrestling like like like + + + align:start position:0% +is like uh like wrestling like like like +the not like wrestling like actual like + + align:start position:0% +the not like wrestling like actual like + + + align:start position:0% +the not like wrestling like actual like +high school wrestling but like wrestling + + align:start position:0% +high school wrestling but like wrestling + + + align:start position:0% +high school wrestling but like wrestling +that's on TV like I don't remember what + + align:start position:0% +that's on TV like I don't remember what + + + align:start position:0% +that's on TV like I don't remember what +it's called. + + align:start position:0% +it's called. + + + align:start position:0% +it's called. +>> Oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh yeah +>> cuz everybody puts on a persona like + + align:start position:0% +>> cuz everybody puts on a persona like + + + align:start position:0% +>> cuz everybody puts on a persona like +they're never the same person that they + + align:start position:0% +they're never the same person that they + + + align:start position:0% +they're never the same person that they +are. I just thought it was interesting + + align:start position:0% +are. I just thought it was interesting + + + align:start position:0% +are. I just thought it was interesting +when you said that any sports person but + + align:start position:0% +when you said that any sports person but + + + align:start position:0% +when you said that any sports person but +like that's one exception + + align:start position:0% +like that's one exception + + + align:start position:0% +like that's one exception +>> that's true and well it's and and that + + align:start position:0% +>> that's true and well it's and and that + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's true and well it's and and that +leads a lot that creates a lot of + + align:start position:0% +leads a lot that creates a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +leads a lot that creates a lot of +discussion about whether is wrestling is + + align:start position:0% +discussion about whether is wrestling is + + + align:start position:0% +discussion about whether is wrestling is +a spot a sport. It's athletic. Everyone + + align:start position:0% +a spot a sport. It's athletic. Everyone + + + align:start position:0% +a spot a sport. It's athletic. Everyone +agrees that it's athletic basis artists + + align:start position:0% +agrees that it's athletic basis artists + + + align:start position:0% +agrees that it's athletic basis artists +are athletic but you wouldn't call + + align:start position:0% +are athletic but you wouldn't call + + + align:start position:0% +are athletic but you wouldn't call +consider that sport right. So um in fact + + align:start position:0% +consider that sport right. So um in fact + + + align:start position:0% +consider that sport right. So um in fact +if I understand correctly wrestlers are + + align:start position:0% +if I understand correctly wrestlers are + + + align:start position:0% +if I understand correctly wrestlers are +insured as circus performers uh because + + align:start position:0% +insured as circus performers uh because + + + align:start position:0% +insured as circus performers uh because +they have the same risks and they're + + align:start position:0% +they have the same risks and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they have the same risks and they're +sort of playing the same role as a + + align:start position:0% +sort of playing the same role as a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of playing the same role as a +performance. Um but you're right that + + align:start position:0% +performance. Um but you're right that + + + align:start position:0% +performance. Um but you're right that +that's that's that's one of those things + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's one of those things + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's one of those things +where it's a persona. Um + + align:start position:0% +where it's a persona. Um + + + align:start position:0% +where it's a persona. Um +the really really good wrestling + + align:start position:0% +the really really good wrestling + + + align:start position:0% +the really really good wrestling +networks play around with what's real + + align:start position:0% +networks play around with what's real + + + align:start position:0% +networks play around with what's real +and what's not, you know. Yeah, sure. + + align:start position:0% +and what's not, you know. Yeah, sure. + + + align:start position:0% +and what's not, you know. Yeah, sure. +This these two people are putting on + + align:start position:0% +This these two people are putting on + + + align:start position:0% +This these two people are putting on +these ridiculous uh personalities, + + align:start position:0% +these ridiculous uh personalities, + + + align:start position:0% +these ridiculous uh personalities, +you know, threatening to kill each other + + align:start position:0% +you know, threatening to kill each other + + + align:start position:0% +you know, threatening to kill each other +over the most trivial and made up of of + + align:start position:0% +over the most trivial and made up of of + + + align:start position:0% +over the most trivial and made up of of +circumstances um and uh and crazy + + align:start position:0% +circumstances um and uh and crazy + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances um and uh and crazy +accents and costumes and everything. But + + align:start position:0% +accents and costumes and everything. But + + + align:start position:0% +accents and costumes and everything. But +when they're bleeding, they're actually + + align:start position:0% +when they're bleeding, they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +when they're bleeding, they're actually +bleeding. + + align:start position:0% +bleeding. + + + align:start position:0% +bleeding. +that there's no denying on that and no + + align:start position:0% +that there's no denying on that and no + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no denying on that and no +doubt occasionally they actually get + + align:start position:0% +doubt occasionally they actually get + + + align:start position:0% +doubt occasionally they actually get +angry at each other and you know people + + align:start position:0% +angry at each other and you know people + + + align:start position:0% +angry at each other and you know people +actually get get hurt and playing around + + align:start position:0% +actually get get hurt and playing around + + + align:start position:0% +actually get get hurt and playing around +with that line is actually some of the + + align:start position:0% +with that line is actually some of the + + + align:start position:0% +with that line is actually some of the +appeal that you get in in things like + + align:start position:0% +appeal that you get in in things like + + + align:start position:0% +appeal that you get in in things like +professional professional wrestling I + + align:start position:0% +professional professional wrestling I + + + align:start position:0% +professional professional wrestling I +guess that's what's the term the + + align:start position:0% +guess that's what's the term the + + + align:start position:0% +guess that's what's the term the +terminology + + align:start position:0% +terminology + + + align:start position:0% +terminology +um that we use very different from + + align:start position:0% +um that we use very different from + + + align:start position:0% +um that we use very different from +something like mixed martial arts right + + align:start position:0% +something like mixed martial arts right + + + align:start position:0% +something like mixed martial arts right +you know there's no + + align:start position:0% +you know there's no + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's no +>> it's I don't watch mixed martial arts + + align:start position:0% +>> it's I don't watch mixed martial arts + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's I don't watch mixed martial arts +>> I don't think so I'm pretty sure it's + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't think so I'm pretty sure it's + + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't think so I'm pretty sure it's +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +But they are very associated with the + + align:start position:0% +But they are very associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +But they are very associated with the +person. + + align:start position:0% +person. + + + align:start position:0% +person. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> So they are the person stage + + align:start position:0% +>> So they are the person stage + + + align:start position:0% +>> So they are the person stage +personalities but they do have strong + + align:start position:0% +personalities but they do have strong + + + align:start position:0% +personalities but they do have strong +personalities. + + align:start position:0% +personalities. + + + align:start position:0% +personalities. +>> That's definitely a sport. I mean + + align:start position:0% +>> That's definitely a sport. I mean + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's definitely a sport. I mean +they're actually fighting. + + align:start position:0% +they're actually fighting. + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually fighting. +>> Yeah. I mean I mean that's I mean if you + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean I mean that's I mean if you + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean I mean that's I mean if you +take if you look at Muhammad Ali for + + align:start position:0% +take if you look at Muhammad Ali for + + + align:start position:0% +take if you look at Muhammad Ali for +instance you know half you're extremely + + align:start position:0% +instance you know half you're extremely + + + align:start position:0% +instance you know half you're extremely +athletic person but the personality had + + align:start position:0% +athletic person but the personality had + + + align:start position:0% +athletic person but the personality had +a lot to do with it with how successful + + align:start position:0% +a lot to do with it with how successful + + + align:start position:0% +a lot to do with it with how successful +that he was. you know, the way that he + + align:start position:0% +that he was. you know, the way that he + + + align:start position:0% +that he was. you know, the way that he +taunt people uh you know, on TV and on + + align:start position:0% +taunt people uh you know, on TV and on + + + align:start position:0% +taunt people uh you know, on TV and on +cameras before the game so that people + + align:start position:0% +cameras before the game so that people + + + align:start position:0% +cameras before the game so that people +would get all worked up for the game + + align:start position:0% +would get all worked up for the game + + + align:start position:0% +would get all worked up for the game +made him a star. Sure, he was athletic, + + align:start position:0% +made him a star. Sure, he was athletic, + + + align:start position:0% +made him a star. Sure, he was athletic, +but you know, that's most part of it. Um + + align:start position:0% +but you know, that's most part of it. Um + + + align:start position:0% +but you know, that's most part of it. Um +so where that line is and as designers, + + align:start position:0% +so where that line is and as designers, + + + align:start position:0% +so where that line is and as designers, +you get to you get some control over + + align:start position:0% +you get to you get some control over + + + align:start position:0% +you get to you get some control over +that through the rules that you that + + align:start position:0% +that through the rules that you that + + + align:start position:0% +that through the rules that you that +that you're writing. Um, and there are a + + align:start position:0% +that you're writing. Um, and there are a + + + align:start position:0% +that you're writing. Um, and there are a +couple of tactics that that that uh that + + align:start position:0% +couple of tactics that that that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +couple of tactics that that that uh that +you can focus on, but um I want to segue + + align:start position:0% +you can focus on, but um I want to segue + + + align:start position:0% +you can focus on, but um I want to segue +into that. That's attention. That is one + + align:start position:0% +into that. That's attention. That is one + + + align:start position:0% +into that. That's attention. That is one +thing that's pulling your design in one + + align:start position:0% +thing that's pulling your design in one + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's pulling your design in one +direction, which is how am I going to + + align:start position:0% +direction, which is how am I going to + + + align:start position:0% +direction, which is how am I going to +figure out what the difference between + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the difference between +the person who's playing this game and + + align:start position:0% +the person who's playing this game and + + + align:start position:0% +the person who's playing this game and +the character that they're playing or + + align:start position:0% +the character that they're playing or + + + align:start position:0% +the character that they're playing or +the role that they're playing is going + + align:start position:0% +the role that they're playing is going + + + align:start position:0% +the role that they're playing is going +to be. um you know in your games for + + align:start position:0% +to be. um you know in your games for + + + align:start position:0% +to be. um you know in your games for +this next assignment. You know you if + + align:start position:0% +this next assignment. You know you if + + + align:start position:0% +this next assignment. You know you if +you got people playing mental patience + + align:start position:0% +you got people playing mental patience + + + align:start position:0% +you got people playing mental patience +then you've got to figure out how you're + + align:start position:0% +then you've got to figure out how you're + + + align:start position:0% +then you've got to figure out how you're +going to draw that line. You don't you + + align:start position:0% +going to draw that line. You don't you + + + align:start position:0% +going to draw that line. You don't you +don't you want to be kind of clear + + align:start position:0% +don't you want to be kind of clear + + + align:start position:0% +don't you want to be kind of clear +whether it's the player who's actually + + align:start position:0% +whether it's the player who's actually + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's the player who's actually +upset at you or the characters who's + + align:start position:0% +upset at you or the characters who's + + + align:start position:0% +upset at you or the characters who's +actually upset at you. Um, but if you + + align:start position:0% +actually upset at you. Um, but if you + + + align:start position:0% +actually upset at you. Um, but if you +draw that line too broadly, then you got + + align:start position:0% +draw that line too broadly, then you got + + + align:start position:0% +draw that line too broadly, then you got +this situation where I'm supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +this situation where I'm supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +this situation where I'm supposed to be +angry at you, but I'm laughing all the + + align:start position:0% +angry at you, but I'm laughing all the + + + align:start position:0% +angry at you, but I'm laughing all the +time because this is a ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +time because this is a ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +time because this is a ridiculous +situation and emotional pretending to be + + align:start position:0% +situation and emotional pretending to be + + + align:start position:0% +situation and emotional pretending to be +really emotional can possibly can + + align:start position:0% +really emotional can possibly can + + + align:start position:0% +really emotional can possibly can +usually + + align:start position:0% +usually + + + align:start position:0% +usually +make a lot of people react by laughing + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of people react by laughing + + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of people react by laughing +just to release the tension in space. + + align:start position:0% +just to release the tension in space. + + + align:start position:0% +just to release the tension in space. +Um, in fact, that happened when uh Dion + + align:start position:0% +Um, in fact, that happened when uh Dion + + + align:start position:0% +Um, in fact, that happened when uh Dion +was were playing with Cesar, right? I + + align:start position:0% +was were playing with Cesar, right? I + + + align:start position:0% +was were playing with Cesar, right? I +mean, sure, they they were laughing. + + align:start position:0% +mean, sure, they they were laughing. + + + align:start position:0% +mean, sure, they they were laughing. +They were trying their level best to + + align:start position:0% +They were trying their level best to + + + align:start position:0% +They were trying their level best to +take it as seriously as possible. And + + align:start position:0% +take it as seriously as possible. And + + + align:start position:0% +take it as seriously as possible. And +everybody else in the room was trying to + + align:start position:0% +everybody else in the room was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else in the room was trying to +um to relieve that tension and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +um to relieve that tension and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +um to relieve that tension and sometimes +that's okay for your game. In fact, + + align:start position:0% +that's okay for your game. In fact, + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay for your game. In fact, +sometimes that's great for your game and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's great for your game and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's great for your game and +sometimes that's detrimental. Depends on + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's detrimental. Depends on + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's detrimental. Depends on +what you're going for. Um but you have + + align:start position:0% +what you're going for. Um but you have + + + align:start position:0% +what you're going for. Um but you have +to understand that that that is + + align:start position:0% +to understand that that that is + + + align:start position:0% +to understand that that that is +something that's pulling all your + + align:start position:0% +something that's pulling all your + + + align:start position:0% +something that's pulling all your +design, why your rule exists, why your + + align:start position:0% +design, why your rule exists, why your + + + align:start position:0% +design, why your rule exists, why your +game mechanic exists, and why your game + + align:start position:0% +game mechanic exists, and why your game + + + align:start position:0% +game mechanic exists, and why your game +mechanic is written in a certain way. + + align:start position:0% +mechanic is written in a certain way. + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic is written in a certain way. +That's one of the tensions that's + + align:start position:0% +That's one of the tensions that's + + + align:start position:0% +That's one of the tensions that's +pulling it in the in a certain + + align:start position:0% +pulling it in the in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +pulling it in the in a certain +direction. + + align:start position:0% +direction. + + + align:start position:0% +direction. +In reality, that's actually two + + align:start position:0% +In reality, that's actually two + + + align:start position:0% +In reality, that's actually two +different tensions because on one sense, + + align:start position:0% +different tensions because on one sense, + + + align:start position:0% +different tensions because on one sense, +you're trying to make an experience as + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to make an experience as + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to make an experience as +as immersive, as you know, feeling like + + align:start position:0% +as immersive, as you know, feeling like + + + align:start position:0% +as immersive, as you know, feeling like +you're actually doing it as possible. + + align:start position:0% +you're actually doing it as possible. + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually doing it as possible. +And on the other hand, you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +And on the other hand, you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +And on the other hand, you don't want to +make it so associated with who you are + + align:start position:0% +make it so associated with who you are + + + align:start position:0% +make it so associated with who you are +and what you're actually doing that + + align:start position:0% +and what you're actually doing that + + + align:start position:0% +and what you're actually doing that +people start to think, "Oh, wow. This + + align:start position:0% +people start to think, "Oh, wow. This + + + align:start position:0% +people start to think, "Oh, wow. This +person, this this player is actually mad + + align:start position:0% +person, this this player is actually mad + + + align:start position:0% +person, this this player is actually mad +at me, you know, or this player could + + align:start position:0% +at me, you know, or this player could + + + align:start position:0% +at me, you know, or this player could +actually hit me at this point." Uh, you + + align:start position:0% +actually hit me at this point." Uh, you + + + align:start position:0% +actually hit me at this point." Uh, you +know, whereas they say, "No, the + + align:start position:0% +know, whereas they say, "No, the + + + align:start position:0% +know, whereas they say, "No, the +character could hit me, but the player + + align:start position:0% +character could hit me, but the player + + + align:start position:0% +character could hit me, but the player +is not going to hit me, you know." Um, + + align:start position:0% +is not going to hit me, you know." Um, + + + align:start position:0% +is not going to hit me, you know." Um, +so I call that um uh very simplitude. Uh + + align:start position:0% +so I call that um uh very simplitude. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +so I call that um uh very simplitude. Uh +these are just words that I that I + + align:start position:0% +these are just words that I that I + + + align:start position:0% +these are just words that I that I +picked up from dictionary to to describe + + align:start position:0% +picked up from dictionary to to describe + + + align:start position:0% +picked up from dictionary to to describe +these things. This will be during my + + align:start position:0% +these things. This will be during my + + + align:start position:0% +these things. This will be during my +master's thesis. Um, + + align:start position:0% +master's thesis. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +master's thesis. Um, +jurisditude is basically the um when + + align:start position:0% +jurisditude is basically the um when + + + align:start position:0% +jurisditude is basically the um when +you're trying to it's it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to it's it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to it's it's it's a +tension when you're designing a game + + align:start position:0% +tension when you're designing a game + + + align:start position:0% +tension when you're designing a game +mechanic. And that tension is telling + + align:start position:0% +mechanic. And that tension is telling + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic. And that tension is telling +you I want to make this experience as + + align:start position:0% +you I want to make this experience as + + + align:start position:0% +you I want to make this experience as +immersive and as true to life as + + align:start position:0% +immersive and as true to life as + + + align:start position:0% +immersive and as true to life as +possible. Um, and the opposite of that + + align:start position:0% +possible. Um, and the opposite of that + + + align:start position:0% +possible. Um, and the opposite of that +is uh what I call dissociation. Um, + + align:start position:0% +is uh what I call dissociation. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +is uh what I call dissociation. Um, +which is really hard to pronounce. So + + align:start position:0% +which is really hard to pronounce. So + + + align:start position:0% +which is really hard to pronounce. So +sometimes I just call it separation. Um, + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I just call it separation. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I just call it separation. Um, +but how do you draw that line between + + align:start position:0% +but how do you draw that line between + + + align:start position:0% +but how do you draw that line between +who I am and who my character is? Uh, + + align:start position:0% +who I am and who my character is? Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +who I am and who my character is? Uh, +and I I'll give you a couple of + + align:start position:0% +and I I'll give you a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +and I I'll give you a couple of +examples. Uh, just just just to get + + align:start position:0% +examples. Uh, just just just to get + + + align:start position:0% +examples. Uh, just just just to get +these ideas down. Um, + + align:start position:0% +these ideas down. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas down. Um, +in in a live action role playing game, + + align:start position:0% +in in a live action role playing game, + + + align:start position:0% +in in a live action role playing game, +uh, actually, who doesn't know what a + + align:start position:0% +uh, actually, who doesn't know what a + + + align:start position:0% +uh, actually, who doesn't know what a +live action role playing game is or + + align:start position:0% +live action role playing game is or + + + align:start position:0% +live action role playing game is or +doesn't have a good a clear idea + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a good a clear idea + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a good a clear idea +>> how they work? + + align:start position:0% +>> how they work? + + + align:start position:0% +>> how they work? +>> Okay. Um, okay. Okay. So, so some so + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Um, okay. Okay. So, so some so + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Um, okay. Okay. So, so some so +some so maybe a little bit of background + + align:start position:0% +some so maybe a little bit of background + + + align:start position:0% +some so maybe a little bit of background +on how on ju just so that I I can use + + align:start position:0% +on how on ju just so that I I can use + + + align:start position:0% +on how on ju just so that I I can use +the examples. Um do you know do do you + + align:start position:0% +the examples. Um do you know do do you + + + align:start position:0% +the examples. Um do you know do do you +know do you folks know how a tabletop + + align:start position:0% +know do you folks know how a tabletop + + + align:start position:0% +know do you folks know how a tabletop +role playing game generally works? You + + align:start position:0% +role playing game generally works? You + + + align:start position:0% +role playing game generally works? You +know like a D and D game. + + align:start position:0% +know like a D and D game. + + + align:start position:0% +know like a D and D game. +>> Not really. No. + + align:start position:0% +>> Not really. No. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Not really. No. +>> Okay. All right. So start from scratch. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. All right. So start from scratch. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. All right. So start from scratch. +Imagine improv theater. Imagine you have + + align:start position:0% +Imagine improv theater. Imagine you have + + + align:start position:0% +Imagine improv theater. Imagine you have +a environment where you have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +a environment where you have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +a environment where you have a bunch of +people who want to enact some sort of + + align:start position:0% +people who want to enact some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +people who want to enact some sort of +scene together. This scene in on + + align:start position:0% +scene together. This scene in on + + + align:start position:0% +scene together. This scene in on +theater, the scene is usually something + + align:start position:0% +theater, the scene is usually something + + + align:start position:0% +theater, the scene is usually something +like five minutes, maybe half an hour. + + align:start position:0% +like five minutes, maybe half an hour. + + + align:start position:0% +like five minutes, maybe half an hour. +Uh in a live action role playing game, + + align:start position:0% +Uh in a live action role playing game, + + + align:start position:0% +Uh in a live action role playing game, +that's more likely an hour to 10 days to + + align:start position:0% +that's more likely an hour to 10 days to + + + align:start position:0% +that's more likely an hour to 10 days to +30 days long. Uh a much longer uh period + + align:start position:0% +30 days long. Uh a much longer uh period + + + align:start position:0% +30 days long. Uh a much longer uh period +of of time, but the but the motivation + + align:start position:0% +of of time, but the but the motivation + + + align:start position:0% +of of time, but the but the motivation +is the same. We're in this space to + + align:start position:0% +is the same. We're in this space to + + + align:start position:0% +is the same. We're in this space to +enact some sort of shared reality, + + align:start position:0% +enact some sort of shared reality, + + + align:start position:0% +enact some sort of shared reality, +shared created reality to together. Now, + + align:start position:0% +shared created reality to together. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +shared created reality to together. Now, +in a role playing game, that's done by, + + align:start position:0% +in a role playing game, that's done by, + + + align:start position:0% +in a role playing game, that's done by, +you know, the usual additional rules, + + align:start position:0% +you know, the usual additional rules, + + + align:start position:0% +you know, the usual additional rules, +uh, uh, and usually some sort of world + + align:start position:0% +uh, uh, and usually some sort of world + + + align:start position:0% +uh, uh, and usually some sort of world +setting and some sort of character + + align:start position:0% +setting and some sort of character + + + align:start position:0% +setting and some sort of character +description. And how these things are + + align:start position:0% +description. And how these things are + + + align:start position:0% +description. And how these things are +told to you could be as simple as the + + align:start position:0% +told to you could be as simple as the + + + align:start position:0% +told to you could be as simple as the +game master walks up to each person and + + align:start position:0% +game master walks up to each person and + + + align:start position:0% +game master walks up to each person and +explains what's going on. You know, you + + align:start position:0% +explains what's going on. You know, you + + + align:start position:0% +explains what's going on. You know, you +are all cats in an alleyway, you know, + + align:start position:0% +are all cats in an alleyway, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +are all cats in an alleyway, you know, +and that and some of you are, you know, + + align:start position:0% +and that and some of you are, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +and that and some of you are, you know, +are hungry and looking for food. you're + + align:start position:0% +are hungry and looking for food. you're + + + align:start position:0% +are hungry and looking for food. you're +on top of the packing order and you kind + + align:start position:0% +on top of the packing order and you kind + + + align:start position:0% +on top of the packing order and you kind +of make sure that you get all the food. + + align:start position:0% +of make sure that you get all the food. + + + align:start position:0% +of make sure that you get all the food. +Here's how here's how you eat food. + + align:start position:0% +Here's how here's how you eat food. + + + align:start position:0% +Here's how here's how you eat food. +Here's how you move food around. Go, you + + align:start position:0% +Here's how you move food around. Go, you + + + align:start position:0% +Here's how you move food around. Go, you +know, that sort of thing. A GM, a game + + align:start position:0% +know, that sort of thing. A GM, a game + + + align:start position:0% +know, that sort of thing. A GM, a game +master could could just do it at that + + align:start position:0% +master could could just do it at that + + + align:start position:0% +master could could just do it at that +level. And you've got a live action role + + align:start position:0% +level. And you've got a live action role + + + align:start position:0% +level. And you've got a live action role +playing game. There's usually some sort + + align:start position:0% +playing game. There's usually some sort + + + align:start position:0% +playing game. There's usually some sort +of win condition or at least some sort + + align:start position:0% +of win condition or at least some sort + + + align:start position:0% +of win condition or at least some sort +of time limit to tell you when the + + align:start position:0% +of time limit to tell you when the + + + align:start position:0% +of time limit to tell you when the +game's over. + + align:start position:0% +game's over. + + + align:start position:0% +game's over. +Um, when you get a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +Um, when you get a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +Um, when you get a little bit more +detail and when you start mixing and + + align:start position:0% +detail and when you start mixing and + + + align:start position:0% +detail and when you start mixing and +matching it with thing with the + + align:start position:0% +matching it with thing with the + + + align:start position:0% +matching it with thing with the +conventions of other kinds of role + + align:start position:0% +conventions of other kinds of role + + + align:start position:0% +conventions of other kinds of role +playing games, computer and tabletop + + align:start position:0% +playing games, computer and tabletop + + + align:start position:0% +playing games, computer and tabletop +role playing games, you have things like + + align:start position:0% +role playing games, you have things like + + + align:start position:0% +role playing games, you have things like +character sheets where you're given your + + align:start position:0% +character sheets where you're given your + + + align:start position:0% +character sheets where you're given your +information on a piece of paper or you + + align:start position:0% +information on a piece of paper or you + + + align:start position:0% +information on a piece of paper or you +create your information in a piece of + + align:start position:0% +create your information in a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +create your information in a piece of +paper. Um, and that information's + + align:start position:0% +paper. Um, and that information's + + + align:start position:0% +paper. Um, and that information's +information is only available to you and + + align:start position:0% +information is only available to you and + + + align:start position:0% +information is only available to you and +the game master. Um, the secret + + align:start position:0% +the game master. Um, the secret + + + align:start position:0% +the game master. Um, the secret +information for intents and purposes. + + align:start position:0% +information for intents and purposes. + + + align:start position:0% +information for intents and purposes. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +and uh, and you will use different means + + align:start position:0% +and uh, and you will use different means + + + align:start position:0% +and uh, and you will use different means +to convey chunks of the information to + + align:start position:0% +to convey chunks of the information to + + + align:start position:0% +to convey chunks of the information to +the rest of the world. Like um, I'm + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the world. Like um, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the world. Like um, I'm +actually not female, but I'm playing a + + align:start position:0% +actually not female, but I'm playing a + + + align:start position:0% +actually not female, but I'm playing a +female character, so maybe I'll wear a + + align:start position:0% +female character, so maybe I'll wear a + + + align:start position:0% +female character, so maybe I'll wear a +badge or something that has my gender on + + align:start position:0% +badge or something that has my gender on + + + align:start position:0% +badge or something that has my gender on +it, and that tells the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +it, and that tells the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +it, and that tells the rest of the +world, treat me like a female. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +world, treat me like a female. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +world, treat me like a female. Uh, +that's that's that's one example. Um, I + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's one example. Um, I + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's one example. Um, I +may actually be psychic, but the rest of + + align:start position:0% +may actually be psychic, but the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +may actually be psychic, but the rest of +the world can't necessarily see that + + align:start position:0% +the world can't necessarily see that + + + align:start position:0% +the world can't necessarily see that +except for maybe other psychic people. + + align:start position:0% +except for maybe other psychic people. + + + align:start position:0% +except for maybe other psychic people. +So, maybe I'll have a little Greek + + align:start position:0% +So, maybe I'll have a little Greek + + + align:start position:0% +So, maybe I'll have a little Greek +symbol or something. Um, not not sigh. + + align:start position:0% +symbol or something. Um, not not sigh. + + + align:start position:0% +symbol or something. Um, not not sigh. +That would be too obvious. + + align:start position:0% +That would be too obvious. + + + align:start position:0% +That would be too obvious. +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +um or or you know or maybe my badge is + + align:start position:0% +um or or you know or maybe my badge is + + + align:start position:0% +um or or you know or maybe my badge is +just a different color or something. And + + align:start position:0% +just a different color or something. And + + + align:start position:0% +just a different color or something. And +people who are not psychic have no idea + + align:start position:0% +people who are not psychic have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +people who are not psychic have no idea +what it means. And people who are + + align:start position:0% +what it means. And people who are + + + align:start position:0% +what it means. And people who are +playing other psychic characters now + + align:start position:0% +playing other psychic characters now + + + align:start position:0% +playing other psychic characters now +say, "Oh, that person has a red badge. + + align:start position:0% +say, "Oh, that person has a red badge. + + + align:start position:0% +say, "Oh, that person has a red badge. +you know, I am sensing psychic ways. + + align:start position:0% +you know, I am sensing psychic ways. + + + align:start position:0% +you know, I am sensing psychic ways. +Um, and maybe then now there are game + + align:start position:0% +Um, and maybe then now there are game + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and maybe then now there are game +mechanics that I can do with that + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that I can do with that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that I can do with that +person. It's like actually all the + + align:start position:0% +person. It's like actually all the + + + align:start position:0% +person. It's like actually all the +psychic people know each other's cell + + align:start position:0% +psychic people know each other's cell + + + align:start position:0% +psychic people know each other's cell +phone numbers or something. We can talk + + align:start position:0% +phone numbers or something. We can talk + + + align:start position:0% +phone numbers or something. We can talk +to each other. Uh, that's that's an + + align:start position:0% +to each other. Uh, that's that's an + + + align:start position:0% +to each other. Uh, that's that's an +example. Um, + + align:start position:0% +example. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +example. Um, +>> that's awesome. + + align:start position:0% +>> that's awesome. + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's awesome. +>> That would be an easy way to to manage + + align:start position:0% +>> That would be an easy way to to manage + + + align:start position:0% +>> That would be an easy way to to manage +it. Um + + align:start position:0% +it. Um + + + align:start position:0% +it. Um +uh then um so so the connection with + + align:start position:0% +uh then um so so the connection with + + + align:start position:0% +uh then um so so the connection with +improv theater is actually + + align:start position:0% +improv theater is actually + + + align:start position:0% +improv theater is actually +stronger than a lot of people may + + align:start position:0% +stronger than a lot of people may + + + align:start position:0% +stronger than a lot of people may +generally assume because a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +generally assume because a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +generally assume because a lot of people +think of it think of live action role + + align:start position:0% +think of it think of live action role + + + align:start position:0% +think of it think of live action role +playing games and they focus on the + + align:start position:0% +playing games and they focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +playing games and they focus on the +games part of it you know and they and + + align:start position:0% +games part of it you know and they and + + + align:start position:0% +games part of it you know and they and +they think of it as an RPG uh in the + + align:start position:0% +they think of it as an RPG uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +they think of it as an RPG uh in the +computer sense so you ro your character + + align:start position:0% +computer sense so you ro your character + + + align:start position:0% +computer sense so you ro your character +um in the sense of I have my character + + align:start position:0% +um in the sense of I have my character + + + align:start position:0% +um in the sense of I have my character +stats my character's abilities + + align:start position:0% +stats my character's abilities + + + align:start position:0% +stats my character's abilities +A lot of these stats and abilities don't + + align:start position:0% +A lot of these stats and abilities don't + + + align:start position:0% +A lot of these stats and abilities don't +necessarily need to be stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +necessarily need to be stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily need to be stuff that's +written down because again you're + + align:start position:0% +written down because again you're + + + align:start position:0% +written down because again you're +dealing with a human body. So um how + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a human body. So um how + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a human body. So um how +strong is your character? I don't know + + align:start position:0% +strong is your character? I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +strong is your character? I don't know +how strong are you? You know um how long + + align:start position:0% +how strong are you? You know um how long + + + align:start position:0% +how strong are you? You know um how long +you know how long a sword do I have? + + align:start position:0% +you know how long a sword do I have? + + + align:start position:0% +you know how long a sword do I have? +Well how long is that piece of foam over + + align:start position:0% +Well how long is that piece of foam over + + + align:start position:0% +Well how long is that piece of foam over +there? Like that's your sword now. + + align:start position:0% +there? Like that's your sword now. + + + align:start position:0% +there? Like that's your sword now. +>> You got to when I left the assassin + + align:start position:0% +>> You got to when I left the assassin + + + align:start position:0% +>> You got to when I left the assassin +skill I played a character that's + + align:start position:0% +skill I played a character that's + + + align:start position:0% +skill I played a character that's +supposed to be very very strong. I'm not + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be very very strong. I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be very very strong. I'm not +very very strong, but I had like as you + + align:start position:0% +very very strong, but I had like as you + + + align:start position:0% +very very strong, but I had like as you +describe a little badge, the way that it + + align:start position:0% +describe a little badge, the way that it + + + align:start position:0% +describe a little badge, the way that it +manifested itself in gameplay was that + + align:start position:0% +manifested itself in gameplay was that + + + align:start position:0% +manifested itself in gameplay was that +at some point I challenged someone to an + + align:start position:0% +at some point I challenged someone to an + + + align:start position:0% +at some point I challenged someone to an +arm wrestling duel + + align:start position:0% +arm wrestling duel + + + align:start position:0% +arm wrestling duel +>> and they made sure to like looked at my + + align:start position:0% +>> and they made sure to like looked at my + + + align:start position:0% +>> and they made sure to like looked at my +stat and saw, oh, I know what this + + align:start position:0% +stat and saw, oh, I know what this + + + align:start position:0% +stat and saw, oh, I know what this +means. And so even though they were + + align:start position:0% +means. And so even though they were + + + align:start position:0% +means. And so even though they were +about twice my size, they pretended to + + align:start position:0% +about twice my size, they pretended to + + + align:start position:0% +about twice my size, they pretended to +lose. + + align:start position:0% +lose. + + + align:start position:0% +lose. +>> Yeah, it was it was very entertaining. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, it was it was very entertaining. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, it was it was very entertaining. +So, so that that's the spectrum of, you + + align:start position:0% +So, so that that's the spectrum of, you + + + align:start position:0% +So, so that that's the spectrum of, you +know, on one hand there are these games + + align:start position:0% +know, on one hand there are these games + + + align:start position:0% +know, on one hand there are these games +where uh well the the kinds of games + + align:start position:0% +where uh well the the kinds of games + + + align:start position:0% +where uh well the the kinds of games +that Jeremy + + align:start position:0% +that Jeremy + + + align:start position:0% +that Jeremy +describes allows you to play things that + + align:start position:0% +describes allows you to play things that + + + align:start position:0% +describes allows you to play things that +are physically very different from you + + align:start position:0% +are physically very different from you + + + align:start position:0% +are physically very different from you +and then there are games there are some + + align:start position:0% +and then there are games there are some + + + align:start position:0% +and then there are games there are some +live action role playing games + + align:start position:0% +live action role playing games + + + align:start position:0% +live action role playing games +>> it's just how strong you are. + + align:start position:0% +>> it's just how strong you are. + + + align:start position:0% +>> it's just how strong you are. +>> Yeah, it's just how strong you are. Um a + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, it's just how strong you are. Um a + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, it's just how strong you are. Um a +lot of those are like buffer LARs. Um + + align:start position:0% +lot of those are like buffer LARs. Um + + + align:start position:0% +lot of those are like buffer LARs. Um +people uh will dress up in actual armor + + align:start position:0% +people uh will dress up in actual armor + + + align:start position:0% +people uh will dress up in actual armor +that they've decided to make out of + + align:start position:0% +that they've decided to make out of + + + align:start position:0% +that they've decided to make out of +leather or duct tape. Uh and you know + + align:start position:0% +leather or duct tape. Uh and you know + + + align:start position:0% +leather or duct tape. Uh and you know +they will swing around swords that are + + align:start position:0% +they will swing around swords that are + + + align:start position:0% +they will swing around swords that are +foam padded. They'll go out to a forest + + align:start position:0% +foam padded. They'll go out to a forest + + + align:start position:0% +foam padded. They'll go out to a forest +somewhere in typically New England and + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in typically New England and + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in typically New England and +you know spend two two days three days + + align:start position:0% +you know spend two two days three days + + + align:start position:0% +you know spend two two days three days +in the middle of forest you know + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of forest you know + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of forest you know +sleeping in in a cabin somewhere and + + align:start position:0% +sleeping in in a cabin somewhere and + + + align:start position:0% +sleeping in in a cabin somewhere and +pretending to do fantasy adventuring. + + align:start position:0% +pretending to do fantasy adventuring. + + + align:start position:0% +pretending to do fantasy adventuring. +And every once in a while there will be + + align:start position:0% +And every once in a while there will be + + + align:start position:0% +And every once in a while there will be +GM control volunteers who will be + + align:start position:0% +GM control volunteers who will be + + + align:start position:0% +GM control volunteers who will be +wearing like monster masks and people + + align:start position:0% +wearing like monster masks and people + + + align:start position:0% +wearing like monster masks and people +you know that's that's that's one for + + align:start position:0% +you know that's that's that's one for + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's that's that's one for +that that's that's that's on the other + + align:start position:0% +that that's that's that's on the other + + + align:start position:0% +that that's that's that's on the other +spectrum but it's all this it's a + + align:start position:0% +spectrum but it's all this it's a + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum but it's all this it's a +spectrum you know it's not like you know + + align:start position:0% +spectrum you know it's not like you know + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum you know it's not like you know +there's there's these life um there are + + align:start position:0% +there's there's these life um there are + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's these life um there are +bottle arps where you run around with + + align:start position:0% +bottle arps where you run around with + + + align:start position:0% +bottle arps where you run around with +sticks and there are + + align:start position:0% +sticks and there are + + + align:start position:0% +sticks and there are +um assassin guild type arps where your + + align:start position:0% +um assassin guild type arps where your + + + align:start position:0% +um assassin guild type arps where your +and where most of your abilities are + + align:start position:0% +and where most of your abilities are + + + align:start position:0% +and where most of your abilities are +governed by numbers and stats. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +governed by numbers and stats. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +governed by numbers and stats. Yeah, +kind of this spectrum. You can think of + + align:start position:0% +kind of this spectrum. You can think of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of this spectrum. You can think of +the assassin guilt type things as being + + align:start position:0% +the assassin guilt type things as being + + + align:start position:0% +the assassin guilt type things as being +very much inspired by what you could do + + align:start position:0% +very much inspired by what you could do + + + align:start position:0% +very much inspired by what you could do +on a computer, what you could do on + + align:start position:0% +on a computer, what you could do on + + + align:start position:0% +on a computer, what you could do on +tabletop LAR because on tabletop LAR, + + align:start position:0% +tabletop LAR because on tabletop LAR, + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop LAR because on tabletop LAR, +how strong the character is has nothing + + align:start position:0% +how strong the character is has nothing + + + align:start position:0% +how strong the character is has nothing +to do with how strong the player is, + + align:start position:0% +to do with how strong the player is, + + + align:start position:0% +to do with how strong the player is, +right? It's what's that you + + align:start position:0% +right? It's what's that you + + + align:start position:0% +right? It's what's that you +just recently found out that in New + + align:start position:0% +just recently found out that in New + + + align:start position:0% +just recently found out that in New +England there are basically lots which + + align:start position:0% +England there are basically lots which + + + align:start position:0% +England there are basically lots which +get done with air rifles. + + align:start position:0% +get done with air rifles. + + + align:start position:0% +get done with air rifles. +>> Mhm. So + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. So + + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. So +>> military + + align:start position:0% +>> military + + + align:start position:0% +>> military +paintball people, + + align:start position:0% +paintball people, + + + align:start position:0% +paintball people, +>> but they're not they're not paintball. + + align:start position:0% +>> but they're not they're not paintball. + + + align:start position:0% +>> but they're not they're not paintball. +So institute people with plastic + + align:start position:0% +So institute people with plastic + + + align:start position:0% +So institute people with plastic +pellets. + + align:start position:0% +pellets. + + + align:start position:0% +pellets. +>> And yeah, airsoft is what they're + + align:start position:0% +>> And yeah, airsoft is what they're + + + align:start position:0% +>> And yeah, airsoft is what they're +called. And then and so like one team + + align:start position:0% +called. And then and so like one team + + + align:start position:0% +called. And then and so like one team +will dress up as US soldiers and the + + align:start position:0% +will dress up as US soldiers and the + + + align:start position:0% +will dress up as US soldiers and the +other one's like Middle East insurgents + + align:start position:0% +other one's like Middle East insurgents + + + align:start position:0% +other one's like Middle East insurgents +or something in town. Yeah. Yeah. It's + + align:start position:0% +or something in town. Yeah. Yeah. It's + + + align:start position:0% +or something in town. Yeah. Yeah. It's +it's elaborate but it's slightly + + align:start position:0% +it's elaborate but it's slightly + + + align:start position:0% +it's elaborate but it's slightly +distasteful. + + align:start position:0% +distasteful. + + + align:start position:0% +distasteful. +>> And you can go and look at their + + align:start position:0% +>> And you can go and look at their + + + align:start position:0% +>> And you can go and look at their +website. I think it's the New England + + align:start position:0% +website. I think it's the New England + + + align:start position:0% +website. I think it's the New England +Airsoft Association or something like + + align:start position:0% +Airsoft Association or something like + + + align:start position:0% +Airsoft Association or something like +that and they have like little excerpts + + align:start position:0% +that and they have like little excerpts + + + align:start position:0% +that and they have like little excerpts +that have been video cam of these + + align:start position:0% +that have been video cam of these + + + align:start position:0% +that have been video cam of these +>> but but the people who are + + align:start position:0% +>> but but the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +>> but but the people who are +>> when there's like negotiation between + + align:start position:0% +>> when there's like negotiation between + + + align:start position:0% +>> when there's like negotiation between +between the two sides and what have you. + + align:start position:0% +between the two sides and what have you. + + + align:start position:0% +between the two sides and what have you. +They actually could tend to take on the + + align:start position:0% +They actually could tend to take on the + + + align:start position:0% +They actually could tend to take on the +roles of the insurgents or the people + + align:start position:0% +roles of the insurgents or the people + + + align:start position:0% +roles of the insurgents or the people +sometimes. So yeah, sometimes they're + + align:start position:0% +sometimes. So yeah, sometimes they're + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes. So yeah, sometimes they're +just shooting each other. Other times + + align:start position:0% +just shooting each other. Other times + + + align:start position:0% +just shooting each other. Other times +they're like trying to find out who in + + align:start position:0% +they're like trying to find out who in + + + align:start position:0% +they're like trying to find out who in +the town is the person who's the bad + + align:start position:0% +the town is the person who's the bad + + + align:start position:0% +the town is the person who's the bad +guy. + + align:start position:0% +guy. + + + align:start position:0% +guy. +Sometimes it gets more elaborate and + + align:start position:0% +Sometimes it gets more elaborate and + + + align:start position:0% +Sometimes it gets more elaborate and +it's like, you know, we're all going to + + align:start position:0% +it's like, you know, we're all going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's like, you know, we're all going to +some of us are actually going to be + + align:start position:0% +some of us are actually going to be + + + align:start position:0% +some of us are actually going to be +civilians and some of us are actually + + align:start position:0% +civilians and some of us are actually + + + align:start position:0% +civilians and some of us are actually +going to be combatants and the other to + + align:start position:0% +going to be combatants and the other to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be combatants and the other to +figure out who's who. + + align:start position:0% +figure out who's who. + + + align:start position:0% +figure out who's who. +>> Um, + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, +that one will be really really + + align:start position:0% +that one will be really really + + + align:start position:0% +that one will be really really +interesting to have rules for IEDs. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +interesting to have rules for IEDs. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to have rules for IEDs. Uh, +because I think that will that will + + align:start position:0% +because I think that will that will + + + align:start position:0% +because I think that will that will +that's something that I that I that that + + align:start position:0% +that's something that I that I that that + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that I that I that that +annoys me about games that involve + + align:start position:0% +annoys me about games that involve + + + align:start position:0% +annoys me about games that involve +Middle Eastern combatants + + align:start position:0% +Middle Eastern combatants + + + align:start position:0% +Middle Eastern combatants +>> is that they don't have rules for IEDs. + + align:start position:0% +>> is that they don't have rules for IEDs. + + + align:start position:0% +>> is that they don't have rules for IEDs. +And it's like that's the primary form of + + align:start position:0% +And it's like that's the primary form of + + + align:start position:0% +And it's like that's the primary form of +combat in that space. Anyway, + + align:start position:0% +combat in that space. Anyway, + + + align:start position:0% +combat in that space. Anyway, +um but yeah, but but actually that + + align:start position:0% +um but yeah, but but actually that + + + align:start position:0% +um but yeah, but but actually that +that's a good point. Military military + + align:start position:0% +that's a good point. Military military + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good point. Military military +exercises are actually a lot of them are + + align:start position:0% +exercises are actually a lot of them are + + + align:start position:0% +exercises are actually a lot of them are +basically live action role playing + + align:start position:0% +basically live action role playing + + + align:start position:0% +basically live action role playing +games. They all the way from I'm + + align:start position:0% +games. They all the way from I'm + + + align:start position:0% +games. They all the way from I'm +actually running around with a gun full + + align:start position:0% +actually running around with a gun full + + + align:start position:0% +actually running around with a gun full +of blanks or shooting pellets or + + align:start position:0% +of blanks or shooting pellets or + + + align:start position:0% +of blanks or shooting pellets or +shooting a laser beam that is going to + + align:start position:0% +shooting a laser beam that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +shooting a laser beam that is going to +register on some other soldiers gear uh + + align:start position:0% +register on some other soldiers gear uh + + + align:start position:0% +register on some other soldiers gear uh +as as being hit. + + align:start position:0% +as as being hit. + + + align:start position:0% +as as being hit. +>> We call them war games. + + align:start position:0% +>> We call them war games. + + + align:start position:0% +>> We call them war games. +>> We call them war games. + + align:start position:0% +>> We call them war games. + + + align:start position:0% +>> We call them war games. +>> Yeah. And + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And +Yes, that that's really um um but you + + align:start position:0% +Yes, that that's really um um but you + + + align:start position:0% +Yes, that that's really um um but you +also have the other end of military + + align:start position:0% +also have the other end of military + + + align:start position:0% +also have the other end of military +simulations where it's just a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +simulations where it's just a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +simulations where it's just a bunch of +people in a room on looking at a screen + + align:start position:0% +people in a room on looking at a screen + + + align:start position:0% +people in a room on looking at a screen +uh or you not not even a screen a + + align:start position:0% +uh or you not not even a screen a + + + align:start position:0% +uh or you not not even a screen a +whiteboard uh with a world map on it and + + align:start position:0% +whiteboard uh with a world map on it and + + + align:start position:0% +whiteboard uh with a world map on it and +they're moving forces around you know + + align:start position:0% +they're moving forces around you know + + + align:start position:0% +they're moving forces around you know +like a tabletop LA but those are still + + align:start position:0% +like a tabletop LA but those are still + + + align:start position:0% +like a tabletop LA but those are still +considered sort of live action things + + align:start position:0% +considered sort of live action things + + + align:start position:0% +considered sort of live action things +because every person in the room is + + align:start position:0% +because every person in the room is + + + align:start position:0% +because every person in the room is +representing someone in the chain of + + align:start position:0% +representing someone in the chain of + + + align:start position:0% +representing someone in the chain of +command that would normally be in a war + + align:start position:0% +command that would normally be in a war + + + align:start position:0% +command that would normally be in a war +room at a like um you know I'm the + + align:start position:0% +room at a like um you know I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +room at a like um you know I'm the +commander, + + align:start position:0% +commander, + + + align:start position:0% +commander, +you're the lieutenant or something like + + align:start position:0% +you're the lieutenant or something like + + + align:start position:0% +you're the lieutenant or something like +that and I'm going to say give me the + + align:start position:0% +that and I'm going to say give me the + + + align:start position:0% +that and I'm going to say give me the +status of you know Washington DC has it + + align:start position:0% +status of you know Washington DC has it + + + align:start position:0% +status of you know Washington DC has it +been used yet that sort of thing and you + + align:start position:0% +been used yet that sort of thing and you + + + align:start position:0% +been used yet that sort of thing and you +know lieutenant says you know we have + + align:start position:0% +know lieutenant says you know we have + + + align:start position:0% +know lieutenant says you know we have +three three three missiles coming in or + + align:start position:0% +three three three missiles coming in or + + + align:start position:0% +three three three missiles coming in or +something based on some lookup um the + + align:start position:0% +something based on some lookup um the + + + align:start position:0% +something based on some lookup um the +term for that is typically called creek + + align:start position:0% +term for that is typically called creek + + + align:start position:0% +term for that is typically called creek +spiel especially when it's um when it's + + align:start position:0% +spiel especially when it's um when it's + + + align:start position:0% +spiel especially when it's um when it's +real people playing against real people + + align:start position:0% +real people playing against real people + + + align:start position:0% +real people playing against real people +uh like this is two or more player uh + + align:start position:0% +uh like this is two or more player uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh like this is two or more player uh +game uh where not everyone's on the same + + align:start position:0% +game uh where not everyone's on the same + + + align:start position:0% +game uh where not everyone's on the same +side. If it's on if it's just on one + + align:start position:0% +side. If it's on if it's just on one + + + align:start position:0% +side. If it's on if it's just on one +side, then just the war game terminology + + align:start position:0% +side, then just the war game terminology + + + align:start position:0% +side, then just the war game terminology +tends to be more a catchall. Um but when + + align:start position:0% +tends to be more a catchall. Um but when + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be more a catchall. Um but when +you have two players on each side and + + align:start position:0% +you have two players on each side and + + + align:start position:0% +you have two players on each side and +they're playing through these things, + + align:start position:0% +they're playing through these things, + + + align:start position:0% +they're playing through these things, +how results get resolved uh uh also uh + + align:start position:0% +how results get resolved uh uh also uh + + + align:start position:0% +how results get resolved uh uh also uh +can vary. There are obviously digital + + align:start position:0% +can vary. There are obviously digital + + + align:start position:0% +can vary. There are obviously digital +and mathematical ways to compute. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +and mathematical ways to compute. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +and mathematical ways to compute. Okay, +I fired I have given an order to fire a + + align:start position:0% +I fired I have given an order to fire a + + + align:start position:0% +I fired I have given an order to fire a +missile at + + align:start position:0% +missile at + + + align:start position:0% +missile at +Singapore and and + + align:start position:0% +Singapore and and + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore and and +you know and it's going to take you know + + align:start position:0% +you know and it's going to take you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know and it's going to take you know +two hours for it to land and there's a + + align:start position:0% +two hours for it to land and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +two hours for it to land and there's a +percentage that it might land and things + + align:start position:0% +percentage that it might land and things + + + align:start position:0% +percentage that it might land and things +like that. you you you could do it you + + align:start position:0% +like that. you you you could do it you + + + align:start position:0% +like that. you you you could do it you +could do it that way but traditionally + + align:start position:0% +could do it that way but traditionally + + + align:start position:0% +could do it that way but traditionally +what's actually been done is that you + + align:start position:0% +what's actually been done is that you + + + align:start position:0% +what's actually been done is that you +say this is what I'm going to do and + + align:start position:0% +say this is what I'm going to do and + + + align:start position:0% +say this is what I'm going to do and +someone far more experienced than you + + align:start position:0% +someone far more experienced than you + + + align:start position:0% +someone far more experienced than you +usually your instructor or one of + + align:start position:0% +usually your instructor or one of + + + align:start position:0% +usually your instructor or one of +several instructors takes that + + align:start position:0% +several instructors takes that + + + align:start position:0% +several instructors takes that +information and goes into another room + + align:start position:0% +information and goes into another room + + + align:start position:0% +information and goes into another room +and talks to the people who are actually + + align:start position:0% +and talks to the people who are actually + + + align:start position:0% +and talks to the people who are actually +doing the same thing with your opposing + + align:start position:0% +doing the same thing with your opposing + + + align:start position:0% +doing the same thing with your opposing +team and they're just saying okay in + + align:start position:0% +team and they're just saying okay in + + + align:start position:0% +team and they're just saying okay in +this in this event what's going to + + align:start position:0% +this in this event what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this in this event what's going to +happen and then they go back to each + + align:start position:0% +happen and then they go back to each + + + align:start position:0% +happen and then they go back to each +team and they report, you know, your + + align:start position:0% +team and they report, you know, your + + + align:start position:0% +team and they report, you know, your +missile missed or, you know, your troops + + align:start position:0% +missile missed or, you know, your troops + + + align:start position:0% +missile missed or, you know, your troops +engag you found your opponent's troops + + align:start position:0% +engag you found your opponent's troops + + + align:start position:0% +engag you found your opponent's troops +in this location and you lost 50% of + + align:start position:0% +in this location and you lost 50% of + + + align:start position:0% +in this location and you lost 50% of +your troops. This sort of thing. And + + align:start position:0% +your troops. This sort of thing. And + + + align:start position:0% +your troops. This sort of thing. And +that's kind of the traditional pre- + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the traditional pre- + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the traditional pre- +creature game. The nice thing about that + + align:start position:0% +creature game. The nice thing about that + + + align:start position:0% +creature game. The nice thing about that +that takes advantage of the fact that + + align:start position:0% +that takes advantage of the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +that takes advantage of the fact that +not just the players, but everybody is + + align:start position:0% +not just the players, but everybody is + + + align:start position:0% +not just the players, but everybody is +live action human being because you have + + align:start position:0% +live action human being because you have + + + align:start position:0% +live action human being because you have +flexibility. You know, you can do + + align:start position:0% +flexibility. You know, you can do + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility. You know, you can do +ridiculous things like, you know, uh + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous things like, you know, uh + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous things like, you know, uh +that that programmers or game designers + + align:start position:0% +that that programmers or game designers + + + align:start position:0% +that that programmers or game designers +may not necessarily have assumed were + + align:start position:0% +may not necessarily have assumed were + + + align:start position:0% +may not necessarily have assumed were +possible, but happen to make sense in + + align:start position:0% +possible, but happen to make sense in + + + align:start position:0% +possible, but happen to make sense in +the heat in the heat of that particular + + align:start position:0% +the heat in the heat of that particular + + + align:start position:0% +the heat in the heat of that particular +game. Uh and you have real people + + align:start position:0% +game. Uh and you have real people + + + align:start position:0% +game. Uh and you have real people +deciding this is what's going to happen. + + align:start position:0% +deciding this is what's going to happen. + + + align:start position:0% +deciding this is what's going to happen. +So, we'll we'll make up a logical uh uh + + align:start position:0% +So, we'll we'll make up a logical uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +So, we'll we'll make up a logical uh uh +solution. In military, that's why you + + align:start position:0% +solution. In military, that's why you + + + align:start position:0% +solution. In military, that's why you +want people who are really really + + align:start position:0% +want people who are really really + + + align:start position:0% +want people who are really really +experienced. um in a non-military live + + align:start position:0% +experienced. um in a non-military live + + + align:start position:0% +experienced. um in a non-military live +action role playing game by the kind + + align:start position:0% +action role playing game by the kind + + + align:start position:0% +action role playing game by the kind +that has played around in MIT. People + + align:start position:0% +that has played around in MIT. People + + + align:start position:0% +that has played around in MIT. People +will still still do that, you know. I So + + align:start position:0% +will still still do that, you know. I So + + + align:start position:0% +will still still do that, you know. I So +I'm in a game where + + align:start position:0% +I'm in a game where + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in a game where +I know it's a steampunk setting and I + + align:start position:0% +I know it's a steampunk setting and I + + + align:start position:0% +I know it's a steampunk setting and I +don't have all the equipment I need to + + align:start position:0% +don't have all the equipment I need to + + + align:start position:0% +don't have all the equipment I need to +build this machine of death that I'm + + align:start position:0% +build this machine of death that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +build this machine of death that I'm +trying that I'm supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +trying that I'm supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +trying that I'm supposed to be +completing, but I could take apart some + + align:start position:0% +completing, but I could take apart some + + + align:start position:0% +completing, but I could take apart some +of the other machines that are in the + + align:start position:0% +of the other machines that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the other machines that are in the +world. And then the game master says, + + align:start position:0% +world. And then the game master says, + + + align:start position:0% +world. And then the game master says, +"Wait a minute. If you're going to put + + align:start position:0% +"Wait a minute. If you're going to put + + + align:start position:0% +"Wait a minute. If you're going to put +rules about that or we never thought + + align:start position:0% +rules about that or we never thought + + + align:start position:0% +rules about that or we never thought +about anyone taking a part of the abuse + + align:start position:0% +about anyone taking a part of the abuse + + + align:start position:0% +about anyone taking a part of the abuse +quick, but it makes perfect sense in + + align:start position:0% +quick, but it makes perfect sense in + + + align:start position:0% +quick, but it makes perfect sense in +this world. So, okay, it's going to take + + align:start position:0% +this world. So, okay, it's going to take + + + align:start position:0% +this world. So, okay, it's going to take +you two hours and you have to be in this + + align:start position:0% +you two hours and you have to be in this + + + align:start position:0% +you two hours and you have to be in this +room, but after that, you all the parts + + align:start position:0% +room, but after that, you all the parts + + + align:start position:0% +room, but after that, you all the parts +you need, you know, and and that's one + + align:start position:0% +you need, you know, and and that's one + + + align:start position:0% +you need, you know, and and that's one +of the the other side of live action + + align:start position:0% +of the the other side of live action + + + align:start position:0% +of the the other side of live action +role playing is that often the people + + align:start position:0% +role playing is that often the people + + + align:start position:0% +role playing is that often the people +who are controlling the game are also + + align:start position:0% +who are controlling the game are also + + + align:start position:0% +who are controlling the game are also +live action. They're also there uh and + + align:start position:0% +live action. They're also there uh and + + + align:start position:0% +live action. They're also there uh and +and and they can they can improvise + + align:start position:0% +and and they can they can improvise + + + align:start position:0% +and and they can they can improvise +along with the players. + + align:start position:0% +along with the players. + + + align:start position:0% +along with the players. +Um, so you have that bit of flexibility. + + align:start position:0% +Um, so you have that bit of flexibility. + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so you have that bit of flexibility. +You're limited by how experienced those + + align:start position:0% +You're limited by how experienced those + + + align:start position:0% +You're limited by how experienced those +people are. Um, people who don't tend to + + align:start position:0% +people are. Um, people who don't tend to + + + align:start position:0% +people are. Um, people who don't tend to +be terribly experienced tend to make + + align:start position:0% +be terribly experienced tend to make + + + align:start position:0% +be terribly experienced tend to make +rash decisions + + align:start position:0% +rash decisions + + + align:start position:0% +rash decisions +uh that end up hurting the playability + + align:start position:0% +uh that end up hurting the playability + + + align:start position:0% +uh that end up hurting the playability +of game. Sometimes they get lucky, + + align:start position:0% +of game. Sometimes they get lucky, + + + align:start position:0% +of game. Sometimes they get lucky, +sometimes they don't. Uh uh let me see + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they don't. Uh uh let me see + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they don't. Uh uh let me see +one example + + align:start position:0% +one example + + + align:start position:0% +one example +in early on when I was making live + + align:start position:0% +in early on when I was making live + + + align:start position:0% +in early on when I was making live +action role playing games was I had a + + align:start position:0% +action role playing games was I had a + + + align:start position:0% +action role playing games was I had a +game mechanic where if anybody um if if + + align:start position:0% +game mechanic where if anybody um if if + + + align:start position:0% +game mechanic where if anybody um if if +one of the police officers you know in + + align:start position:0% +one of the police officers you know in + + + align:start position:0% +one of the police officers you know in +in this sort of detective scenario + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of detective scenario + + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of detective scenario +wanted to do a background check um they + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do a background check um they + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do a background check um they +could they could ask the game master and + + align:start position:0% +could they could ask the game master and + + + align:start position:0% +could they could ask the game master and +some amount of time actually you'll + + align:start position:0% +some amount of time actually you'll + + + align:start position:0% +some amount of time actually you'll +spend instant because a fairly modern + + align:start position:0% +spend instant because a fairly modern + + + align:start position:0% +spend instant because a fairly modern +kind of uh system and the assumption was + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh system and the assumption was + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh system and the assumption was +that they find a computer and they will + + align:start position:0% +that they find a computer and they will + + + align:start position:0% +that they find a computer and they will +look it up and I will give them + + align:start position:0% +look it up and I will give them + + + align:start position:0% +look it up and I will give them +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +and that led to two problems was that + + align:start position:0% +and that led to two problems was that + + + align:start position:0% +and that led to two problems was that +first of all what happens if I'm not + + align:start position:0% +first of all what happens if I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +first of all what happens if I'm not +have physically in the same location as + + align:start position:0% +have physically in the same location as + + + align:start position:0% +have physically in the same location as +a person who has the information and + + align:start position:0% +a person who has the information and + + + align:start position:0% +a person who has the information and +it's just weird to think of a computer + + align:start position:0% +it's just weird to think of a computer + + + align:start position:0% +it's just weird to think of a computer +with legs walking around all stuff it's + + align:start position:0% +with legs walking around all stuff it's + + + align:start position:0% +with legs walking around all stuff it's +not a science fiction game um and on the + + align:start position:0% +not a science fiction game um and on the + + + align:start position:0% +not a science fiction game um and on the +other hand it means that I needed to + + align:start position:0% +other hand it means that I needed to + + + align:start position:0% +other hand it means that I needed to +have all the information about everybody + + align:start position:0% +have all the information about everybody + + + align:start position:0% +have all the information about everybody +at my fingertips at all times + + align:start position:0% +at my fingertips at all times + + + align:start position:0% +at my fingertips at all times +uh which often was not true. So someone + + align:start position:0% +uh which often was not true. So someone + + + align:start position:0% +uh which often was not true. So someone +will come here, I need the information + + align:start position:0% +will come here, I need the information + + + align:start position:0% +will come here, I need the information +about this character, you know, I'm + + align:start position:0% +about this character, you know, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +about this character, you know, I'm +performing a lookup and it's like I'll + + align:start position:0% +performing a lookup and it's like I'll + + + align:start position:0% +performing a lookup and it's like I'll +get back to you in two hours because I + + align:start position:0% +get back to you in two hours because I + + + align:start position:0% +get back to you in two hours because I +do not have that information with me. + + align:start position:0% +do not have that information with me. + + + align:start position:0% +do not have that information with me. +I'm going to look it up and I'll give it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to look it up and I'll give it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to look it up and I'll give it +to you later. Now I don't make that + + align:start position:0% +to you later. Now I don't make that + + + align:start position:0% +to you later. Now I don't make that +mistake anymore but that was the kind of + + align:start position:0% +mistake anymore but that was the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +mistake anymore but that was the kind of +mistake that I used to make when I was a + + align:start position:0% +mistake that I used to make when I was a + + + align:start position:0% +mistake that I used to make when I was a +when I was a VGM because I hadn't really + + align:start position:0% +when I was a VGM because I hadn't really + + + align:start position:0% +when I was a VGM because I hadn't really +thought about about what that will + + align:start position:0% +thought about about what that will + + + align:start position:0% +thought about about what that will +require from me as investor. Now that's + + align:start position:0% +require from me as investor. Now that's + + + align:start position:0% +require from me as investor. Now that's +a different tension. Um I am actually + + align:start position:0% +a different tension. Um I am actually + + + align:start position:0% +a different tension. Um I am actually +going to take a chunk of this to sort of + + align:start position:0% +going to take a chunk of this to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a chunk of this to sort of +figure out the tensions while I'm + + align:start position:0% +figure out the tensions while I'm + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the tensions while I'm +discussing them. I talked about very + + align:start position:0% +discussing them. I talked about very + + + align:start position:0% +discussing them. I talked about very +simplitude. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I talked about dissociation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or separation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and what I'm talking about with that + + align:start position:0% +and and what I'm talking about with that + + + align:start position:0% +and and what I'm talking about with that +mistake that I made is just plain old + + align:start position:0% +mistake that I made is just plain old + + + align:start position:0% +mistake that I made is just plain old +feasibility. um some something that you + + align:start position:0% +feasibility. um some something that you + + + align:start position:0% +feasibility. um some something that you +probably have already run into with the + + align:start position:0% +probably have already run into with the + + + align:start position:0% +probably have already run into with the +games that you've designed, + + align:start position:0% +games that you've designed, + + + align:start position:0% +games that you've designed, +>> but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know, in many of the games that you + + align:start position:0% +you know, in many of the games that you + + + align:start position:0% +you know, in many of the games that you +designed, feasibility could be thought + + align:start position:0% +designed, feasibility could be thought + + + align:start position:0% +designed, feasibility could be thought +of as just playing on scope. You know, + + align:start position:0% +of as just playing on scope. You know, + + + align:start position:0% +of as just playing on scope. You know, +it's like how big is this game? Uh how + + align:start position:0% +it's like how big is this game? Uh how + + + align:start position:0% +it's like how big is this game? Uh how +long is it going to take us to put all + + align:start position:0% +long is it going to take us to put all + + + align:start position:0% +long is it going to take us to put all +these bits together? + + align:start position:0% +these bits together? + + + align:start position:0% +these bits together? +I'm looking at you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you know can we order these bits in + + align:start position:0% +um you know can we order these bits in + + + align:start position:0% +um you know can we order these bits in +time and are they going to be delivered + + align:start position:0% +time and are they going to be delivered + + + align:start position:0% +time and are they going to be delivered +in time for the class? I know multiple + + align:start position:0% +in time for the class? I know multiple + + + align:start position:0% +in time for the class? I know multiple +teams had this problem. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +teams had this problem. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +teams had this problem. Yeah. +>> Yeah. Uh + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Uh +one thing that the uh Okay, so here's + + align:start position:0% +one thing that the uh Okay, so here's + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that the uh Okay, so here's +let me see whether I can combine some of + + align:start position:0% +let me see whether I can combine some of + + + align:start position:0% +let me see whether I can combine some of +these ideas together. Um, one thing that + + align:start position:0% +these ideas together. Um, one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas together. Um, one thing that +the uh that the assassin guild likes to + + align:start position:0% +the uh that the assassin guild likes to + + + align:start position:0% +the uh that the assassin guild likes to +have are people who kind of have locked + + align:start position:0% +have are people who kind of have locked + + + align:start position:0% +have are people who kind of have locked +memories. You know, they know something, + + align:start position:0% +memories. You know, they know something, + + + align:start position:0% +memories. You know, they know something, +but they don't know that they know it. + + align:start position:0% +but they don't know that they know it. + + + align:start position:0% +but they don't know that they know it. +>> Memory packets. + + align:start position:0% +>> Memory packets. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Memory packets. +>> Yes. Little memory packets. Little + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Little memory packets. Little + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Little memory packets. Little +pieces of paper that they print it out + + align:start position:0% +pieces of paper that they print it out + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of paper that they print it out +and fold it up and staple. You know, + + align:start position:0% +and fold it up and staple. You know, + + + align:start position:0% +and fold it up and staple. You know, +takes you about 20 seconds to make one + + align:start position:0% +takes you about 20 seconds to make one + + + align:start position:0% +takes you about 20 seconds to make one +of those. Um, now imagine a game that + + align:start position:0% +of those. Um, now imagine a game that + + + align:start position:0% +of those. Um, now imagine a game that +has maybe 60 people and about and each + + align:start position:0% +has maybe 60 people and about and each + + + align:start position:0% +has maybe 60 people and about and each +person maybe has five locked memories + + align:start position:0% +person maybe has five locked memories + + + align:start position:0% +person maybe has five locked memories +because the GMs really love this idea. + + align:start position:0% +because the GMs really love this idea. + + + align:start position:0% +because the GMs really love this idea. +And how long is that? 5* 60 300 + + align:start position:0% +And how long is that? 5* 60 300 + + + align:start position:0% +And how long is that? 5* 60 300 +>> that's only about an hour. + + align:start position:0% +>> that's only about an hour. + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's only about an hour. +>> Huh? + + align:start position:0% +>> Huh? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Huh? +>> Only about an hour. + + align:start position:0% +>> Only about an hour. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Only about an hour. +>> It's only about an hour. Does it ever + + align:start position:0% +>> It's only about an hour. Does it ever + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's only about an hour. Does it ever +actually only take an hour to actually + + align:start position:0% +actually only take an hour to actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually only take an hour to actually +produce that? You You get like staple + + align:start position:0% +produce that? You You get like staple + + + align:start position:0% +produce that? You You get like staple +codes and paper + + align:start position:0% +codes and paper + + + align:start position:0% +codes and paper +towels. It's like 2 hours. Oh yeah. + + align:start position:0% +towels. It's like 2 hours. Oh yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +towels. It's like 2 hours. Oh yeah. +>> Okay. It's it's a little less than 2 + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. It's it's a little less than 2 + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. It's it's a little less than 2 +hours actually. + + align:start position:0% +hours actually. + + + align:start position:0% +hours actually. +>> Yeah. But + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. But + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. But +>> by the end of it + + align:start position:0% +>> by the end of it + + + align:start position:0% +>> by the end of it +>> 20 seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> 20 times. + + align:start position:0% +>> 20 times. + + + align:start position:0% +>> 20 times. +>> And then and then what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +>> And then and then what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +>> And then and then what happens is that +oh wow we have 300 pieces of paper all + + align:start position:0% +oh wow we have 300 pieces of paper all + + + align:start position:0% +oh wow we have 300 pieces of paper all +of which are now folded and almost + + align:start position:0% +of which are now folded and almost + + + align:start position:0% +of which are now folded and almost +indistinguishable from each other. And + + align:start position:0% +indistinguishable from each other. And + + + align:start position:0% +indistinguishable from each other. And +we've got to figure out who gets which. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> And this and these are the the the + + align:start position:0% +>> And this and these are the the the + + + align:start position:0% +>> And this and these are the the the +concerns. You know it's like when when + + align:start position:0% +concerns. You know it's like when when + + + align:start position:0% +concerns. You know it's like when when +you know that that's a feasibility + + align:start position:0% +you know that that's a feasibility + + + align:start position:0% +you know that that's a feasibility +issue. It's like um doing something for + + align:start position:0% +issue. It's like um doing something for + + + align:start position:0% +issue. It's like um doing something for +doing something like that for one or two + + align:start position:0% +doing something like that for one or two + + + align:start position:0% +doing something like that for one or two +players is extremely feasible. Takes + + align:start position:0% +players is extremely feasible. Takes + + + align:start position:0% +players is extremely feasible. Takes +almost no time from the game master's + + align:start position:0% +almost no time from the game master's + + + align:start position:0% +almost no time from the game master's +point of view. Um doing like that for + + align:start position:0% +point of view. Um doing like that for + + + align:start position:0% +point of view. Um doing like that for +your entire player base if you have a 60 + + align:start position:0% +your entire player base if you have a 60 + + + align:start position:0% +your entire player base if you have a 60 +person game and on a large scale you + + align:start position:0% +person game and on a large scale you + + + align:start position:0% +person game and on a large scale you +know becomes the majority of your of + + align:start position:0% +know becomes the majority of your of + + + align:start position:0% +know becomes the majority of your of +your prep time. You know s c suddenly + + align:start position:0% +your prep time. You know s c suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +your prep time. You know s c suddenly +you're setting aside a whole day just to + + align:start position:0% +you're setting aside a whole day just to + + + align:start position:0% +you're setting aside a whole day just to +deal with that and your game's only like + + align:start position:0% +deal with that and your game's only like + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that and your game's only like +three days long or or something like + + align:start position:0% +three days long or or something like + + + align:start position:0% +three days long or or something like +that. You know exactly that that level + + align:start position:0% +that. You know exactly that that level + + + align:start position:0% +that. You know exactly that that level +of effort. um things to preserve the + + align:start position:0% +of effort. um things to preserve the + + + align:start position:0% +of effort. um things to preserve the +game master's sanity, you know. Um + + align:start position:0% +game master's sanity, you know. Um + + + align:start position:0% +game master's sanity, you know. Um +the MIT uh janitorial staff, the + + align:start position:0% +the MIT uh janitorial staff, the + + + align:start position:0% +the MIT uh janitorial staff, the +facility staff are pretty ruthless when + + align:start position:0% +facility staff are pretty ruthless when + + + align:start position:0% +facility staff are pretty ruthless when +it comes to picking up stuff that has + + align:start position:0% +it comes to picking up stuff that has + + + align:start position:0% +it comes to picking up stuff that has +fallen on the floor. So, say that's a + + align:start position:0% +fallen on the floor. So, say that's a + + + align:start position:0% +fallen on the floor. So, say that's a +really important piece of paper that + + align:start position:0% +really important piece of paper that + + + align:start position:0% +really important piece of paper that +you've taped up on the wall somewhere + + align:start position:0% +you've taped up on the wall somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +you've taped up on the wall somewhere +here in MIT. Uh and uh you know, this + + align:start position:0% +here in MIT. Uh and uh you know, this + + + align:start position:0% +here in MIT. Uh and uh you know, this +information and this is the place that + + align:start position:0% +information and this is the place that + + + align:start position:0% +information and this is the place that +your players are looking for. They've + + align:start position:0% +your players are looking for. They've + + + align:start position:0% +your players are looking for. They've +combed all of campus and they need to + + align:start position:0% +combed all of campus and they need to + + + align:start position:0% +combed all of campus and they need to +find this location. And that tape that + + align:start position:0% +find this location. And that tape that + + + align:start position:0% +find this location. And that tape that +you used just wasn't that strong. It + + align:start position:0% +you used just wasn't that strong. It + + + align:start position:0% +you used just wasn't that strong. It +fell on the piece of giant stuff just + + align:start position:0% +fell on the piece of giant stuff just + + + align:start position:0% +fell on the piece of giant stuff just +vacuums it up, throws it away. Now, what + + align:start position:0% +vacuums it up, throws it away. Now, what + + + align:start position:0% +vacuums it up, throws it away. Now, what +happens to your game? You know, can your + + align:start position:0% +happens to your game? You know, can your + + + align:start position:0% +happens to your game? You know, can your +game even end? You know, um are you + + align:start position:0% +game even end? You know, um are you + + + align:start position:0% +game even end? You know, um are you +going to just have a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +going to just have a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +going to just have a whole bunch of +really tired pissed players on your uh + + align:start position:0% +really tired pissed players on your uh + + + align:start position:0% +really tired pissed players on your uh +you know, chasing you down as a game + + align:start position:0% +you know, chasing you down as a game + + + align:start position:0% +you know, chasing you down as a game +master? Um so that the way how you + + align:start position:0% +master? Um so that the way how you + + + align:start position:0% +master? Um so that the way how you +resolve this can be built into your game + + align:start position:0% +resolve this can be built into your game + + + align:start position:0% +resolve this can be built into your game +mechanics. You can build things like + + align:start position:0% +mechanics. You can build things like + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics. You can build things like +multiple redundancy. You know it's like + + align:start position:0% +multiple redundancy. You know it's like + + + align:start position:0% +multiple redundancy. You know it's like +in addition to a sign that will usually + + align:start position:0% +in addition to a sign that will usually + + + align:start position:0% +in addition to a sign that will usually +be this other thing in that same area. + + align:start position:0% +be this other thing in that same area. + + + align:start position:0% +be this other thing in that same area. +If you find one and don't find the + + align:start position:0% +If you find one and don't find the + + + align:start position:0% +If you find one and don't find the +other, it means something has dropped + + align:start position:0% +other, it means something has dropped + + + align:start position:0% +other, it means something has dropped +off. You know, inform the game master + + align:start position:0% +off. You know, inform the game master + + + align:start position:0% +off. You know, inform the game master +and the game master will go and fix it + + align:start position:0% +and the game master will go and fix it + + + align:start position:0% +and the game master will go and fix it +at some point in time in the future. Um, + + align:start position:0% +at some point in time in the future. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +at some point in time in the future. Um, +you could give people, if you have a + + align:start position:0% +you could give people, if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you could give people, if you have a +game that has no secret locations and + + align:start position:0% +game that has no secret locations and + + + align:start position:0% +game that has no secret locations and +you're making it, I don't know, campus + + align:start position:0% +you're making it, I don't know, campus + + + align:start position:0% +you're making it, I don't know, campus +wide, you could just give people a map + + align:start position:0% +wide, you could just give people a map + + + align:start position:0% +wide, you could just give people a map +of all the information. Sure, you still + + align:start position:0% +of all the information. Sure, you still + + + align:start position:0% +of all the information. Sure, you still +want stuff on the wall because, you + + align:start position:0% +want stuff on the wall because, you + + + align:start position:0% +want stuff on the wall because, you +know, it's kind of neat to be able to + + align:start position:0% +know, it's kind of neat to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +know, it's kind of neat to be able to +walk into a classroom like this and say, + + align:start position:0% +walk into a classroom like this and say, + + + align:start position:0% +walk into a classroom like this and say, +"Oh, mortuary, that's where I am." And + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, mortuary, that's where I am." And + + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, mortuary, that's where I am." And +then you're suddenly reminded, okay, + + align:start position:0% +then you're suddenly reminded, okay, + + + align:start position:0% +then you're suddenly reminded, okay, +maybe I should be role playing for the + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should be role playing for the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should be role playing for the +fact that I'm more, you know, that sort + + align:start position:0% +fact that I'm more, you know, that sort + + + align:start position:0% +fact that I'm more, you know, that sort +of thing. Um but uh you know instead of + + align:start position:0% +of thing. Um but uh you know instead of + + + align:start position:0% +of thing. Um but uh you know instead of +like walking through a space and you had + + align:start position:0% +like walking through a space and you had + + + align:start position:0% +like walking through a space and you had +a map that told you that you were in + + align:start position:0% +a map that told you that you were in + + + align:start position:0% +a map that told you that you were in +mortuary but you weren't looking in your + + align:start position:0% +mortuary but you weren't looking in your + + + align:start position:0% +mortuary but you weren't looking in your +map so you just walked through the space + + align:start position:0% +map so you just walked through the space + + + align:start position:0% +map so you just walked through the space +and you entreated it like classroom like + + align:start position:0% +and you entreated it like classroom like + + + align:start position:0% +and you entreated it like classroom like +yes I am going to do my tooling in this + + align:start position:0% +yes I am going to do my tooling in this + + + align:start position:0% +yes I am going to do my tooling in this +room. It's a bor what you doing. + + align:start position:0% +room. It's a bor what you doing. + + + align:start position:0% +room. It's a bor what you doing. +Um, so it's really neat to be able to + + align:start position:0% +Um, so it's really neat to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so it's really neat to be able to +have those things to give players + + align:start position:0% +have those things to give players + + + align:start position:0% +have those things to give players +information about what's going on in the + + align:start position:0% +information about what's going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +information about what's going on in the +space and to help them make believe, + + align:start position:0% +space and to help them make believe, + + + align:start position:0% +space and to help them make believe, +help them imagine what they could + + align:start position:0% +help them imagine what they could + + + align:start position:0% +help them imagine what they could +possibly do in the space, maybe even + + align:start position:0% +possibly do in the space, maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +possibly do in the space, maybe even +give them clues about what they need to + + align:start position:0% +give them clues about what they need to + + + align:start position:0% +give them clues about what they need to +be doing in order to advance their + + align:start position:0% +be doing in order to advance their + + + align:start position:0% +be doing in order to advance their +goals. But, uh, but then you also want + + align:start position:0% +goals. But, uh, but then you also want + + + align:start position:0% +goals. But, uh, but then you also want +to be able to have backup plans for when + + align:start position:0% +to be able to have backup plans for when + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to have backup plans for when +those things fail. Uh, that's that's + + align:start position:0% +those things fail. Uh, that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +those things fail. Uh, that's that's +part of feasibility. you know, you don't + + align:start position:0% +part of feasibility. you know, you don't + + + align:start position:0% +part of feasibility. you know, you don't +want your game to break halfway just + + align:start position:0% +want your game to break halfway just + + + align:start position:0% +want your game to break halfway just +because janitorial stack came to or the + + align:start position:0% +because janitorial stack came to or the + + + align:start position:0% +because janitorial stack came to or the +glue, you know, the wind blew or + + align:start position:0% +glue, you know, the wind blew or + + + align:start position:0% +glue, you know, the wind blew or +something and now you your your your + + align:start position:0% +something and now you your your your + + + align:start position:0% +something and now you your your your +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so that's that's another information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's not entirely unlike the + + align:start position:0% +and that's not entirely unlike the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not entirely unlike the +information that we've discussed in this + + align:start position:0% +information that we've discussed in this + + + align:start position:0% +information that we've discussed in this +class uh back earlier this semester. Um + + align:start position:0% +class uh back earlier this semester. Um + + + align:start position:0% +class uh back earlier this semester. Um +but uh with live action games, + + align:start position:0% +but uh with live action games, + + + align:start position:0% +but uh with live action games, +especially live action games that don't + + align:start position:0% +especially live action games that don't + + + align:start position:0% +especially live action games that don't +have any kind of turnbased thing, + + align:start position:0% +have any kind of turnbased thing, + + + align:start position:0% +have any kind of turnbased thing, +they're happening in real time. You're + + align:start position:0% +they're happening in real time. You're + + + align:start position:0% +they're happening in real time. You're +you're moving in real time. Um + + align:start position:0% +you're moving in real time. Um + + + align:start position:0% +you're moving in real time. Um +information overload on the player + + align:start position:0% +information overload on the player + + + align:start position:0% +information overload on the player +becomes something that you have to be + + align:start position:0% +becomes something that you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +becomes something that you have to be +very careful when you're designing a + + align:start position:0% +very careful when you're designing a + + + align:start position:0% +very careful when you're designing a +game mechanic. How much is someone is + + align:start position:0% +game mechanic. How much is someone is + + + align:start position:0% +game mechanic. How much is someone is +someone expected to know at any given + + align:start position:0% +someone expected to know at any given + + + align:start position:0% +someone expected to know at any given +time? Um, this is going to be very + + align:start position:0% +time? Um, this is going to be very + + + align:start position:0% +time? Um, this is going to be very +applicable for any of the games that you + + align:start position:0% +applicable for any of the games that you + + + align:start position:0% +applicable for any of the games that you +design for the third assignment bin. Um, + + align:start position:0% +design for the third assignment bin. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +design for the third assignment bin. Um, +if you decide to do a live action game, + + align:start position:0% +if you decide to do a live action game, + + + align:start position:0% +if you decide to do a live action game, +you think about here's somebody who's + + align:start position:0% +you think about here's somebody who's + + + align:start position:0% +you think about here's somebody who's +moving around in a space. Maybe it's a + + align:start position:0% +moving around in a space. Maybe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +moving around in a space. Maybe it's a +hospital or maybe it's a doctor's + + align:start position:0% +hospital or maybe it's a doctor's + + + align:start position:0% +hospital or maybe it's a doctor's +office. Um, + + align:start position:0% +office. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +office. Um, +and this person is trying to remember + + align:start position:0% +and this person is trying to remember + + + align:start position:0% +and this person is trying to remember +ex uh some number of stat of statistics, + + align:start position:0% +ex uh some number of stat of statistics, + + + align:start position:0% +ex uh some number of stat of statistics, +you know, about their character, how + + align:start position:0% +you know, about their character, how + + + align:start position:0% +you know, about their character, how +agitated I am, how um what's what's my + + align:start position:0% +agitated I am, how um what's what's my + + + align:start position:0% +agitated I am, how um what's what's my +current uh the the a number that + + align:start position:0% +current uh the the a number that + + + align:start position:0% +current uh the the a number that +determines how many drugs I've got in me + + align:start position:0% +determines how many drugs I've got in me + + + align:start position:0% +determines how many drugs I've got in me +right now, you know, that that sort of + + align:start position:0% +right now, you know, that that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +right now, you know, that that sort of +thing. um that you've got these stats + + align:start position:0% +thing. um that you've got these stats + + + align:start position:0% +thing. um that you've got these stats +and once you get too high then what + + align:start position:0% +and once you get too high then what + + + align:start position:0% +and once you get too high then what +happens is that you've got a character + + align:start position:0% +happens is that you've got a character + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that you've got a character +standing there trying to do all the math + + align:start position:0% +standing there trying to do all the math + + + align:start position:0% +standing there trying to do all the math +in their head and not role playing. If + + align:start position:0% +in their head and not role playing. If + + + align:start position:0% +in their head and not role playing. If +they're role playing anything they're + + align:start position:0% +they're role playing anything they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're role playing anything they're +roleplaying like a mathematician or or a + + align:start position:0% +roleplaying like a mathematician or or a + + + align:start position:0% +roleplaying like a mathematician or or a +deer in their legs. They you know you're + + align:start position:0% +deer in their legs. They you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +deer in their legs. They you know you're +losing their immersion. You're losing + + align:start position:0% +losing their immersion. You're losing + + + align:start position:0% +losing their immersion. You're losing +the diverse meat of the I'm supposed to + + align:start position:0% +the diverse meat of the I'm supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +the diverse meat of the I'm supposed to +be an angry person but I'm instead I'm + + align:start position:0% +be an angry person but I'm instead I'm + + + align:start position:0% +be an angry person but I'm instead I'm +standing here trying to do math about + + align:start position:0% +standing here trying to do math about + + + align:start position:0% +standing here trying to do math about +how angry I am. um and you've got the + + align:start position:0% +how angry I am. um and you've got the + + + align:start position:0% +how angry I am. um and you've got the +attention of information and person. + + align:start position:0% +attention of information and person. + + + align:start position:0% +attention of information and person. +Um there are times where you actually + + align:start position:0% +Um there are times where you actually + + + align:start position:0% +Um there are times where you actually +kind of want that though. Uh this there + + align:start position:0% +kind of want that though. Uh this there + + + align:start position:0% +kind of want that though. Uh this there +are ways to take that to uh turn that + + align:start position:0% +are ways to take that to uh turn that + + + align:start position:0% +are ways to take that to uh turn that +into to your advantage. Um + + align:start position:0% +into to your advantage. Um + + + align:start position:0% +into to your advantage. Um +uh this the in particular when the thing + + align:start position:0% +uh this the in particular when the thing + + + align:start position:0% +uh this the in particular when the thing +that you want people to be doing the + + align:start position:0% +that you want people to be doing the + + + align:start position:0% +that you want people to be doing the +kind of activity you want them to be to + + align:start position:0% +kind of activity you want them to be to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of activity you want them to be to +engage to engage in are the things that + + align:start position:0% +engage to engage in are the things that + + + align:start position:0% +engage to engage in are the things that +players will generally be uncomfortable + + align:start position:0% +players will generally be uncomfortable + + + align:start position:0% +players will generally be uncomfortable +doing with each other. Physical violence + + align:start position:0% +doing with each other. Physical violence + + + align:start position:0% +doing with each other. Physical violence +would be a good example of that. You + + align:start position:0% +would be a good example of that. You + + + align:start position:0% +would be a good example of that. You +know, I want to be able to hurt this + + align:start position:0% +know, I want to be able to hurt this + + + align:start position:0% +know, I want to be able to hurt this +other character, but I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +other character, but I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +other character, but I don't want to +hurt this other player. So, what are the + + align:start position:0% +hurt this other player. So, what are the + + + align:start position:0% +hurt this other player. So, what are the +things that I can do to to bridge that + + align:start position:0% +things that I can do to to bridge that + + + align:start position:0% +things that I can do to to bridge that +gap? + + align:start position:0% +gap? + + + align:start position:0% +gap? +>> Insult is another + + align:start position:0% +>> Insult is another + + + align:start position:0% +>> Insult is another +>> verbally. Sure. there there are ways to + + align:start position:0% +>> verbally. Sure. there there are ways to + + + align:start position:0% +>> verbally. Sure. there there are ways to +to do that but you might need rules or + + align:start position:0% +to do that but you might need rules or + + + align:start position:0% +to do that but you might need rules or +at least some guidance from the GM to + + align:start position:0% +at least some guidance from the GM to + + + align:start position:0% +at least some guidance from the GM to +say take that seriously you know because + + align:start position:0% +say take that seriously you know because + + + align:start position:0% +say take that seriously you know because +that can very easily drift into the + + align:start position:0% +that can very easily drift into the + + + align:start position:0% +that can very easily drift into the +realm of yeah that's just a joke you + + align:start position:0% +realm of yeah that's just a joke you + + + align:start position:0% +realm of yeah that's just a joke you +know um + + align:start position:0% +know um + + + align:start position:0% +know um +>> rockiss rock paper scissors you know + + align:start position:0% +>> rockiss rock paper scissors you know + + + align:start position:0% +>> rockiss rock paper scissors you know +it's like that that could mechanic that + + align:start position:0% +it's like that that could mechanic that + + + align:start position:0% +it's like that that could mechanic that +that could be a mechanic for a fist + + align:start position:0% +that could be a mechanic for a fist + + + align:start position:0% +that could be a mechanic for a fist +fight for instance you know or or just a + + align:start position:0% +fight for instance you know or or just a + + + align:start position:0% +fight for instance you know or or just a +fist do you succeed in avoiding that + + align:start position:0% +fist do you succeed in avoiding that + + + align:start position:0% +fist do you succeed in avoiding that +>> nerf guns + + align:start position:0% +>> nerf guns + + + align:start position:0% +>> nerf guns +>> Nerf guns things games of + + align:start position:0% +>> Nerf guns things games of + + + align:start position:0% +>> Nerf guns things games of +>> shoot pieces of plastic dice. + + align:start position:0% +>> shoot pieces of plastic dice. + + + align:start position:0% +>> shoot pieces of plastic dice. +>> Odds or something. + + align:start position:0% +>> Odds or something. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Odds or something. +>> Odds and evens. Yeah. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Odds and evens. Yeah. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Odds and evens. Yeah. Okay. +>> Health tokens like football. + + align:start position:0% +>> Health tokens like football. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Health tokens like football. +>> Say what? + + align:start position:0% +>> Say what? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Say what? +>> Health tokens like in fact football. + + align:start position:0% +>> Health tokens like in fact football. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Health tokens like in fact football. +>> Give me some more detail. + + align:start position:0% +>> Give me some more detail. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Give me some more detail. +>> Tokens football. + + align:start position:0% +>> Tokens football. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Tokens football. +>> I mean like in if someone has like a + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean like in if someone has like a + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean like in if someone has like a +certain number of like flags and so you + + align:start position:0% +certain number of like flags and so you + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of like flags and so you +hurt them by taking one. + + align:start position:0% +hurt them by taking one. + + + align:start position:0% +hurt them by taking one. +>> Oh, I see. So like you might have like + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, I see. So like you might have like + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, I see. So like you might have like +multiple flags for instance. Okay. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +multiple flags for instance. Okay. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +multiple flags for instance. Okay. Yeah, +that's an idea. Yeah, it's like a health + + align:start position:0% +that's an idea. Yeah, it's like a health + + + align:start position:0% +that's an idea. Yeah, it's like a health +bar almost. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +bar almost. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +bar almost. Okay. +Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> uh so CR ratings, dice rolling and or + + align:start position:0% +>> uh so CR ratings, dice rolling and or + + + align:start position:0% +>> uh so CR ratings, dice rolling and or +sorry ratings, dice rolling and puffers. + + align:start position:0% +sorry ratings, dice rolling and puffers. + + + align:start position:0% +sorry ratings, dice rolling and puffers. +>> Yeah. So so dice dice rolling in sort of + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So so dice dice rolling in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So so dice dice rolling in sort of +the general term of like things + + align:start position:0% +the general term of like things + + + align:start position:0% +the general term of like things +randomizing uh numbers. In fact, rock + + align:start position:0% +randomizing uh numbers. In fact, rock + + + align:start position:0% +randomizing uh numbers. In fact, rock +paper is kind of randomizing thing + + align:start position:0% +paper is kind of randomizing thing + + + align:start position:0% +paper is kind of randomizing thing +almost. Um and then you have like toy + + align:start position:0% +almost. Um and then you have like toy + + + align:start position:0% +almost. Um and then you have like toy +weapons, right? you know um probably not + + align:start position:0% +weapons, right? you know um probably not + + + align:start position:0% +weapons, right? you know um probably not +so relevant for the V uh for the Yin + + align:start position:0% +so relevant for the V uh for the Yin + + + align:start position:0% +so relevant for the V uh for the Yin +virus but you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +virus but you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +virus but you could imagine +a setting up a room full of foam things + + align:start position:0% +a setting up a room full of foam things + + + align:start position:0% +a setting up a room full of foam things +and which you will be quite happy to + + align:start position:0% +and which you will be quite happy to + + + align:start position:0% +and which you will be quite happy to +throw at each other. You know that this + + align:start position:0% +throw at each other. You know that this + + + align:start position:0% +throw at each other. You know that this +cylinder of foam of pipe insulating + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of foam of pipe insulating + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder of foam of pipe insulating +material is not going to hurt anyone + + align:start position:0% +material is not going to hurt anyone + + + align:start position:0% +material is not going to hurt anyone +when you throw that. Um which makes it + + align:start position:0% +when you throw that. Um which makes it + + + align:start position:0% +when you throw that. Um which makes it +more likely that I'm going to pick it up + + align:start position:0% +more likely that I'm going to pick it up + + + align:start position:0% +more likely that I'm going to pick it up +and throw it at someone. you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +and throw it at someone. you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +and throw it at someone. you know, it's +like clearly it's something that was + + align:start position:0% +like clearly it's something that was + + + align:start position:0% +like clearly it's something that was +designed for me to throw that the GMs + + align:start position:0% +designed for me to throw that the GMs + + + align:start position:0% +designed for me to throw that the GMs +put there. Um, and if you want your + + align:start position:0% +put there. Um, and if you want your + + + align:start position:0% +put there. Um, and if you want your +players to be engaging in that kind of + + align:start position:0% +players to be engaging in that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +players to be engaging in that kind of +activity, that is technically you could + + align:start position:0% +activity, that is technically you could + + + align:start position:0% +activity, that is technically you could +have put a real bottle there. You could + + align:start position:0% +have put a real bottle there. You could + + + align:start position:0% +have put a real bottle there. You could +have put a real bug or or a computer or + + align:start position:0% +have put a real bug or or a computer or + + + align:start position:0% +have put a real bug or or a computer or +something like that. Um, there's no + + align:start position:0% +something like that. Um, there's no + + + align:start position:0% +something like that. Um, there's no +reason why you as a GM couldn't, but + + align:start position:0% +reason why you as a GM couldn't, but + + + align:start position:0% +reason why you as a GM couldn't, but +they are deliberately deciding to put + + align:start position:0% +they are deliberately deciding to put + + + align:start position:0% +they are deliberately deciding to put +something fake there to clue the player + + align:start position:0% +something fake there to clue the player + + + align:start position:0% +something fake there to clue the player +into maybe there is something I can do + + align:start position:0% +into maybe there is something I can do + + + align:start position:0% +into maybe there is something I can do +with that that I wouldn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +with that that I wouldn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +with that that I wouldn't necessarily +want to do if it was a real thing. I + + align:start position:0% +want to do if it was a real thing. I + + + align:start position:0% +want to do if it was a real thing. I +wouldn't want to throw a real bottle at + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to throw a real bottle at + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to throw a real bottle at +somebody, but I could easily throw a + + align:start position:0% +somebody, but I could easily throw a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody, but I could easily throw a +full model at somebody. Um, same thing + + align:start position:0% +full model at somebody. Um, same thing + + + align:start position:0% +full model at somebody. Um, same thing +for uh for Nerf I mean for Nerf guns, + + align:start position:0% +for uh for Nerf I mean for Nerf guns, + + + align:start position:0% +for uh for Nerf I mean for Nerf guns, +dart guns, this guns, you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +dart guns, this guns, you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +dart guns, this guns, you know, it's +like you put this something with a + + align:start position:0% +like you put this something with a + + + align:start position:0% +like you put this something with a +trigger and somebody's hands going to + + align:start position:0% +trigger and somebody's hands going to + + + align:start position:0% +trigger and somebody's hands going to +launch a little cheap piece of of + + align:start position:0% +launch a little cheap piece of of + + + align:start position:0% +launch a little cheap piece of of +plastic at someone that they're itching + + align:start position:0% +plastic at someone that they're itching + + + align:start position:0% +plastic at someone that they're itching +for a chance to use it. Uh really + + align:start position:0% +for a chance to use it. Uh really + + + align:start position:0% +for a chance to use it. Uh really +um um let's see + + align:start position:0% +um um let's see + + + align:start position:0% +um um let's see +what else. Dice are difficult. Uh the + + align:start position:0% +what else. Dice are difficult. Uh the + + + align:start position:0% +what else. Dice are difficult. Uh the +problem with dice is you kind of need a + + align:start position:0% +problem with dice is you kind of need a + + + align:start position:0% +problem with dice is you kind of need a +flat surface to roll it on and you may + + align:start position:0% +flat surface to roll it on and you may + + + align:start position:0% +flat surface to roll it on and you may +not you might not have that and + + align:start position:0% +not you might not have that and + + + align:start position:0% +not you might not have that and +>> much more frequently people do card + + align:start position:0% +>> much more frequently people do card + + + align:start position:0% +>> much more frequently people do card +drawing. So you have to get + + align:start position:0% +drawing. So you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +drawing. So you have to get +>> card of currency. + + align:start position:0% +>> card of currency. + + + align:start position:0% +>> card of currency. +>> Still a little bit risky. It could end + + align:start position:0% +>> Still a little bit risky. It could end + + + align:start position:0% +>> Still a little bit risky. It could end +up going all over the floor. + + align:start position:0% +up going all over the floor. + + + align:start position:0% +up going all over the floor. +>> Another thing that I've seen people do + + align:start position:0% +>> Another thing that I've seen people do + + + align:start position:0% +>> Another thing that I've seen people do +is um some kind of resource management + + align:start position:0% +is um some kind of resource management + + + align:start position:0% +is um some kind of resource management +style thing where essentially you have + + align:start position:0% +style thing where essentially you have + + + align:start position:0% +style thing where essentially you have +like set of like might cards or + + align:start position:0% +like set of like might cards or + + + align:start position:0% +like set of like might cards or +something you might have three of them. + + align:start position:0% +something you might have three of them. + + + align:start position:0% +something you might have three of them. +You can win a challenge by just by + + align:start position:0% +You can win a challenge by just by + + + align:start position:0% +You can win a challenge by just by +giving one to the other player that + + align:start position:0% +giving one to the other player that + + + align:start position:0% +giving one to the other player that +you're you're fighting with. + + align:start position:0% +you're you're fighting with. + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're fighting with. +>> Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. +>> And then kind of when you run out of + + align:start position:0% +>> And then kind of when you run out of + + + align:start position:0% +>> And then kind of when you run out of +them, you can't like overpower people + + align:start position:0% +them, you can't like overpower people + + + align:start position:0% +them, you can't like overpower people +anymore. So + + align:start position:0% +anymore. So + + + align:start position:0% +anymore. So +>> So it's like the amount of energy I've + + align:start position:0% +>> So it's like the amount of energy I've + + + align:start position:0% +>> So it's like the amount of energy I've +got. + + align:start position:0% +got. + + + align:start position:0% +got. +>> Yeah. It's like the amount of energy + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. It's like the amount of energy + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. It's like the amount of energy +you've got. + + align:start position:0% +you've got. + + + align:start position:0% +you've got. +>> Yep. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yep. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yep. +>> And also if you discard them or give + + align:start position:0% +>> And also if you discard them or give + + + align:start position:0% +>> And also if you discard them or give +them to another player, then it's kind + + align:start position:0% +them to another player, then it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +them to another player, then it's kind +of the difference between + + align:start position:0% +of the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +of the difference between +these things are just gone and the they + + align:start position:0% +these things are just gone and the they + + + align:start position:0% +these things are just gone and the they +kind of circle circulate around. + + align:start position:0% +kind of circle circulate around. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of circle circulate around. +>> There's a limited amount of resource. + + align:start position:0% +>> There's a limited amount of resource. + + + align:start position:0% +>> There's a limited amount of resource. +>> Yeah. Yeah. So if there's the + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. So if there's the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. So if there's the +circulation thing then you can get + + align:start position:0% +circulation thing then you can get + + + align:start position:0% +circulation thing then you can get +whooped a few times but after being + + align:start position:0% +whooped a few times but after being + + + align:start position:0% +whooped a few times but after being +whooped then suddenly you get a chance + + align:start position:0% +whooped then suddenly you get a chance + + + align:start position:0% +whooped then suddenly you get a chance +to whoop back + + align:start position:0% +to whoop back + + + align:start position:0% +to whoop back +>> then it becomes + + align:start position:0% +>> then it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +>> then it becomes +>> well that that one's interesting um this + + align:start position:0% +>> well that that one's interesting um this + + + align:start position:0% +>> well that that one's interesting um this +is the this is the biggest point that I + + align:start position:0% +is the this is the biggest point that I + + + align:start position:0% +is the this is the biggest point that I +want to talk about which is just + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about which is just + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about which is just +competition + + align:start position:0% +competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition +you know a term that you guys are + + align:start position:0% +you know a term that you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +you know a term that you guys are +already very familiar with but you know + + align:start position:0% +already very familiar with but you know + + + align:start position:0% +already very familiar with but you know +at what point do your game mechanics + + align:start position:0% +at what point do your game mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +at what point do your game mechanics +are you designing your game mechanics + + align:start position:0% +are you designing your game mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +are you designing your game mechanics +not necessarily to enhance the reality + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily to enhance the reality + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily to enhance the reality +ism or to encourage certain behaviors or + + align:start position:0% +ism or to encourage certain behaviors or + + + align:start position:0% +ism or to encourage certain behaviors or +to give the player enough information + + align:start position:0% +to give the player enough information + + + align:start position:0% +to give the player enough information +about what they're allowed to do or what + + align:start position:0% +about what they're allowed to do or what + + + align:start position:0% +about what they're allowed to do or what +they should be doing and you're just + + align:start position:0% +they should be doing and you're just + + + align:start position:0% +they should be doing and you're just +going into the realm of how do I make + + align:start position:0% +going into the realm of how do I make + + + align:start position:0% +going into the realm of how do I make +this competitively interesting. Um, real + + align:start position:0% +this competitively interesting. Um, real + + + align:start position:0% +this competitively interesting. Um, real +fights if you've taken a bunch of blows, + + align:start position:0% +fights if you've taken a bunch of blows, + + + align:start position:0% +fights if you've taken a bunch of blows, +you do not get stronger. But from a game + + align:start position:0% +you do not get stronger. But from a game + + + align:start position:0% +you do not get stronger. But from a game +point of view, well, well, if a Bruce + + align:start position:0% +point of view, well, well, if a Bruce + + + align:start position:0% +point of view, well, well, if a Bruce +Banner maybe I + + align:start position:0% +Banner maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +Banner maybe I +but you know, but from a from a + + align:start position:0% +but you know, but from a from a + + + align:start position:0% +but you know, but from a from a +competitive point of view or at least + + align:start position:0% +competitive point of view or at least + + + align:start position:0% +competitive point of view or at least +from a game play traditional gameplay + + align:start position:0% +from a game play traditional gameplay + + + align:start position:0% +from a game play traditional gameplay +point of view, that sounds like a great + + align:start position:0% +point of view, that sounds like a great + + + align:start position:0% +point of view, that sounds like a great +idea. You know, it gets you back into + + align:start position:0% +idea. You know, it gets you back into + + + align:start position:0% +idea. You know, it gets you back into +the game. Uh whereas um you know, + + align:start position:0% +the game. Uh whereas um you know, + + + align:start position:0% +the game. Uh whereas um you know, +whereas any very realistic fight + + align:start position:0% +whereas any very realistic fight + + + align:start position:0% +whereas any very realistic fight +mechanic is really probably going to be + + align:start position:0% +mechanic is really probably going to be + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic is really probably going to be +a positive feedback mechanic. you win, + + align:start position:0% +a positive feedback mechanic. you win, + + + align:start position:0% +a positive feedback mechanic. you win, +you you keep winning. Um + + align:start position:0% +you you keep winning. Um + + + align:start position:0% +you you keep winning. Um +so so you can think of these five + + align:start position:0% +so so you can think of these five + + + align:start position:0% +so so you can think of these five +different things as you know + + align:start position:0% +different things as you know + + + align:start position:0% +different things as you know +not not it's not like game balance but + + align:start position:0% +not not it's not like game balance but + + + align:start position:0% +not not it's not like game balance but +these are decisions that you have to + + align:start position:0% +these are decisions that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +these are decisions that you have to +make either as an individual designer or + + align:start position:0% +make either as an individual designer or + + + align:start position:0% +make either as an individual designer or +as a team about what any given mechanic + + align:start position:0% +as a team about what any given mechanic + + + align:start position:0% +as a team about what any given mechanic +in your game is trying to accomplish. + + align:start position:0% +in your game is trying to accomplish. + + + align:start position:0% +in your game is trying to accomplish. +It's you is rarely mutually exclusive. + + align:start position:0% +It's you is rarely mutually exclusive. + + + align:start position:0% +It's you is rarely mutually exclusive. +It's usually trying to hit multiple one + + align:start position:0% +It's usually trying to hit multiple one + + + align:start position:0% +It's usually trying to hit multiple one +of these things. You don't want to fall + + align:start position:0% +of these things. You don't want to fall + + + align:start position:0% +of these things. You don't want to fall +down on any of these things, especially + + align:start position:0% +down on any of these things, especially + + + align:start position:0% +down on any of these things, especially +not feasibility. You know, it's like, + + align:start position:0% +not feasibility. You know, it's like, + + + align:start position:0% +not feasibility. You know, it's like, +yes, this is the perfect game mechanic + + align:start position:0% +yes, this is the perfect game mechanic + + + align:start position:0% +yes, this is the perfect game mechanic +if we had two years to be able to put + + align:start position:0% +if we had two years to be able to put + + + align:start position:0% +if we had two years to be able to put +together this uh all all the things that + + align:start position:0% +together this uh all all the things that + + + align:start position:0% +together this uh all all the things that +that we had. Um, and there are games + + align:start position:0% +that we had. Um, and there are games + + + align:start position:0% +that we had. Um, and there are games +that have failed to run because of that + + align:start position:0% +that have failed to run because of that + + + align:start position:0% +that have failed to run because of that +idea. Um, especially uh live action + + align:start position:0% +idea. Um, especially uh live action + + + align:start position:0% +idea. Um, especially uh live action +games that have a hidden computer + + align:start position:0% +games that have a hidden computer + + + align:start position:0% +games that have a hidden computer +component uh very rap especially if + + align:start position:0% +component uh very rap especially if + + + align:start position:0% +component uh very rap especially if +they're designed by MIT students, + + align:start position:0% +they're designed by MIT students, + + + align:start position:0% +they're designed by MIT students, +rapidly designed into a software + + align:start position:0% +rapidly designed into a software + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly designed into a software +engineering project that never finishes. + + align:start position:0% +engineering project that never finishes. + + + align:start position:0% +engineering project that never finishes. +um and the the game kind of disappears + + align:start position:0% +um and the the game kind of disappears + + + align:start position:0% +um and the the game kind of disappears +and it's all about this damn website. Um + + align:start position:0% +and it's all about this damn website. Um + + + align:start position:0% +and it's all about this damn website. Um +that won't have solved everything else. + + align:start position:0% +that won't have solved everything else. + + + align:start position:0% +that won't have solved everything else. +You know, it's completely realistic + + align:start position:0% +You know, it's completely realistic + + + align:start position:0% +You know, it's completely realistic +because it's a hacking mechanic. It + + align:start position:0% +because it's a hacking mechanic. It + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a hacking mechanic. It +actually happens on a computer and the + + align:start position:0% +actually happens on a computer and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually happens on a computer and the +skills scale to your ability as a + + align:start position:0% +skills scale to your ability as a + + + align:start position:0% +skills scale to your ability as a +character which the computer already + + align:start position:0% +character which the computer already + + + align:start position:0% +character which the computer already +knows and you don't have to remember + + align:start position:0% +knows and you don't have to remember + + + align:start position:0% +knows and you don't have to remember +because so you can feel really neat and + + align:start position:0% +because so you can feel really neat and + + + align:start position:0% +because so you can feel really neat and +it's competitive because it's like you + + align:start position:0% +it's competitive because it's like you + + + align:start position:0% +it's competitive because it's like you +know you know what your opponents are + + align:start position:0% +know you know what your opponents are + + + align:start position:0% +know you know what your opponents are +doing but not everything that you're + + align:start position:0% +doing but not everything that you're + + + align:start position:0% +doing but not everything that you're +doing and it's going to take us five + + align:start position:0% +doing and it's going to take us five + + + align:start position:0% +doing and it's going to take us five +years to write this code. Never game's + + align:start position:0% +years to write this code. Never game's + + + align:start position:0% +years to write this code. Never game's +never going to happen. So, + + align:start position:0% +never going to happen. So, + + + align:start position:0% +never going to happen. So, +so let's see. Let me think of other + + align:start position:0% +so let's see. Let me think of other + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see. Let me think of other +examples just to sort of uh put some + + align:start position:0% +examples just to sort of uh put some + + + align:start position:0% +examples just to sort of uh put some +ideas in your head. Um, + + align:start position:0% +ideas in your head. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +ideas in your head. Um, +back to the idea of things that you + + align:start position:0% +back to the idea of things that you + + + align:start position:0% +back to the idea of things that you +might be that players might be + + align:start position:0% +might be that players might be + + + align:start position:0% +might be that players might be +uncomfortable doing with each other. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable doing with each other. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +uncomfortable doing with each other. Uh, +seduction is one of those things that's + + align:start position:0% +seduction is one of those things that's + + + align:start position:0% +seduction is one of those things that's +if you don't have a game mechanic for + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have a game mechanic for + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have a game mechanic for +it, it never happens in the way that you + + align:start position:0% +it, it never happens in the way that you + + + align:start position:0% +it, it never happens in the way that you +want it to. uh and that that that helps + + align:start position:0% +want it to. uh and that that that helps + + + align:start position:0% +want it to. uh and that that that helps +the game. You know, if it happens, it's + + align:start position:0% +the game. You know, if it happens, it's + + + align:start position:0% +the game. You know, if it happens, it's +happening between the players and that + + align:start position:0% +happening between the players and that + + + align:start position:0% +happening between the players and that +causes all kinds of problems to the + + align:start position:0% +causes all kinds of problems to the + + + align:start position:0% +causes all kinds of problems to the +game. Um so you so you come up with a + + align:start position:0% +game. Um so you so you come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +game. Um so you so you come up with a +rule, come up with a game mechanic that + + align:start position:0% +rule, come up with a game mechanic that + + + align:start position:0% +rule, come up with a game mechanic that +feels nothing like real life seduction. + + align:start position:0% +feels nothing like real life seduction. + + + align:start position:0% +feels nothing like real life seduction. +We're going to play a game of blackjack + + align:start position:0% +We're going to play a game of blackjack + + + align:start position:0% +We're going to play a game of blackjack +now. If we win, you're now in love with + + align:start position:0% +now. If we win, you're now in love with + + + align:start position:0% +now. If we win, you're now in love with +me, you know? It's like that's not how + + align:start position:0% +me, you know? It's like that's not how + + + align:start position:0% +me, you know? It's like that's not how +seduction actually works. But it + + align:start position:0% +seduction actually works. But it + + + align:start position:0% +seduction actually works. But it +actually makes it easier for players to + + align:start position:0% +actually makes it easier for players to + + + align:start position:0% +actually makes it easier for players to +say I can I can do that. I can play a + + align:start position:0% +say I can I can do that. I can play a + + + align:start position:0% +say I can I can do that. I can play a +game of blackjack. There's no social + + align:start position:0% +game of blackjack. There's no social + + + align:start position:0% +game of blackjack. There's no social +awkwardness in playing a game. + + align:start position:0% +awkwardness in playing a game. + + + align:start position:0% +awkwardness in playing a game. +>> I mean, you can associate that with + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, you can associate that with + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean, you can associate that with +like, hm, I I win this game, so I + + align:start position:0% +like, hm, I I win this game, so I + + + align:start position:0% +like, hm, I I win this game, so I +slipped I slipped inside your glass a + + align:start position:0% +slipped I slipped inside your glass a + + + align:start position:0% +slipped I slipped inside your glass a +love potion, so now you're in love with + + align:start position:0% +love potion, so now you're in love with + + + align:start position:0% +love potion, so now you're in love with +me. + + align:start position:0% +me. + + + align:start position:0% +me. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Something like that. + + align:start position:0% +>> Something like that. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Something like that. +>> Yeah. I mean that that's but you see in + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean that that's but you see in + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I mean that that's but you see in +that particular case you're describing + + align:start position:0% +that particular case you're describing + + + align:start position:0% +that particular case you're describing +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you're describing an action that people + + align:start position:0% +you're describing an action that people + + + align:start position:0% +you're describing an action that people +might be more actually willing to do uh + + align:start position:0% +might be more actually willing to do uh + + + align:start position:0% +might be more actually willing to do uh +through some sort of simple mechanic + + align:start position:0% +through some sort of simple mechanic + + + align:start position:0% +through some sort of simple mechanic +like okay instead of love potion we're + + align:start position:0% +like okay instead of love potion we're + + + align:start position:0% +like okay instead of love potion we're +going to mechanic that with maple syrup + + align:start position:0% +going to mechanic that with maple syrup + + + align:start position:0% +going to mechanic that with maple syrup +or something you know we're going to + + align:start position:0% +or something you know we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +or something you know we're going to +actually give you a vial and if and if + + align:start position:0% +actually give you a vial and if and if + + + align:start position:0% +actually give you a vial and if and if +you drink something in the game that + + align:start position:0% +you drink something in the game that + + + align:start position:0% +you drink something in the game that +tastes like maple syrup talk to a GM + + align:start position:0% +tastes like maple syrup talk to a GM + + + align:start position:0% +tastes like maple syrup talk to a GM +because you probably just to drank some + + align:start position:0% +because you probably just to drank some + + + align:start position:0% +because you probably just to drank some +some magical potion. Um, but if you're + + align:start position:0% +some magical potion. Um, but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +some magical potion. Um, but if you're +going to if if if the goal is all right, + + align:start position:0% +going to if if if the goal is all right, + + + align:start position:0% +going to if if if the goal is all right, +you're playing in a film no more game + + align:start position:0% +you're playing in a film no more game + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing in a film no more game +and you're supposed to ex you're + + align:start position:0% +and you're supposed to ex you're + + + align:start position:0% +and you're supposed to ex you're +supposed to be engaging in constant + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be engaging in constant + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be engaging in constant +witty banter lead anyway. + + align:start position:0% +witty banter lead anyway. + + + align:start position:0% +witty banter lead anyway. +A lot of people have a lot of difficulty + + align:start position:0% +A lot of people have a lot of difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +A lot of people have a lot of difficulty +with with with with that. Sometimes they + + align:start position:0% +with with with with that. Sometimes they + + + align:start position:0% +with with with with that. Sometimes they +sometimes it works. I I I've made it + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it works. I I I've made it + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it works. I I I've made it +work in some games. uh but uh it makes + + align:start position:0% +work in some games. uh but uh it makes + + + align:start position:0% +work in some games. uh but uh it makes +it a lot easier if the success or + + align:start position:0% +it a lot easier if the success or + + + align:start position:0% +it a lot easier if the success or +failure in that is not going to be + + align:start position:0% +failure in that is not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +failure in that is not going to be +bottlenecked by whether the players feel + + align:start position:0% +bottlenecked by whether the players feel + + + align:start position:0% +bottlenecked by whether the players feel +comfortable doing it, you know. So + + align:start position:0% +comfortable doing it, you know. So + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable doing it, you know. So +creating a game mechanic that actually + + align:start position:0% +creating a game mechanic that actually + + + align:start position:0% +creating a game mechanic that actually +feels a little bit less than what what + + align:start position:0% +feels a little bit less than what what + + + align:start position:0% +feels a little bit less than what what +activity you're trying to to to + + align:start position:0% +activity you're trying to to to + + + align:start position:0% +activity you're trying to to to +represent uh may make it easier for + + align:start position:0% +represent uh may make it easier for + + + align:start position:0% +represent uh may make it easier for +people to engage in in the activity. The + + align:start position:0% +people to engage in in the activity. The + + + align:start position:0% +people to engage in in the activity. The +same thing goes in combat. Playing rock + + align:start position:0% +same thing goes in combat. Playing rock + + + align:start position:0% +same thing goes in combat. Playing rock +paper scissors feels nothing like an + + align:start position:0% +paper scissors feels nothing like an + + + align:start position:0% +paper scissors feels nothing like an +actual fight. But people will be much + + align:start position:0% +actual fight. But people will be much + + + align:start position:0% +actual fight. But people will be much +more willing to play rock paper scissors + + align:start position:0% +more willing to play rock paper scissors + + + align:start position:0% +more willing to play rock paper scissors +with each other than to punch each + + align:start position:0% +with each other than to punch each + + + align:start position:0% +with each other than to punch each +other. So, you know, come up with that + + align:start position:0% +other. So, you know, come up with that + + + align:start position:0% +other. So, you know, come up with that +rule. You know, give them a little + + align:start position:0% +rule. You know, give them a little + + + align:start position:0% +rule. You know, give them a little +plastic gun, give them something to make + + align:start position:0% +plastic gun, give them something to make + + + align:start position:0% +plastic gun, give them something to make +it easier, and they'll be willing to + + align:start position:0% +it easier, and they'll be willing to + + + align:start position:0% +it easier, and they'll be willing to +engage in that activity more often. + + align:start position:0% +engage in that activity more often. + + + align:start position:0% +engage in that activity more often. +Uh, violence will probably be the thing + + align:start position:0% +Uh, violence will probably be the thing + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, violence will probably be the thing +that comes up a lot in the next segment. + + align:start position:0% +that comes up a lot in the next segment. + + + align:start position:0% +that comes up a lot in the next segment. +Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let me see what else we can get into. + + align:start position:0% +let me see what else we can get into. + + + align:start position:0% +let me see what else we can get into. +Um, how many of folks here have played + + align:start position:0% +Um, how many of folks here have played + + + align:start position:0% +Um, how many of folks here have played +some variant of Mafia or Werewolf or + + align:start position:0% +some variant of Mafia or Werewolf or + + + align:start position:0% +some variant of Mafia or Werewolf or +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um, who's who's played Mafia in + + align:start position:0% +Um, who's who's played Mafia in + + + align:start position:0% +Um, who's who's played Mafia in +particular? Okay. Who's played Werewolf? + + align:start position:0% +particular? Okay. Who's played Werewolf? + + + align:start position:0% +particular? Okay. Who's played Werewolf? +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um, so, um, those are live action games, + + align:start position:0% +Um, so, um, those are live action games, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so, um, those are live action games, +too. And those are live action games + + align:start position:0% +too. And those are live action games + + + align:start position:0% +too. And those are live action games +that specifically don't try to draw too + + align:start position:0% +that specifically don't try to draw too + + + align:start position:0% +that specifically don't try to draw too +sharp a division between who you are and + + align:start position:0% +sharp a division between who you are and + + + align:start position:0% +sharp a division between who you are and +who your player is. + + align:start position:0% +who your player is. + + + align:start position:0% +who your player is. +>> You're you're given a role that's, you + + align:start position:0% +>> You're you're given a role that's, you + + + align:start position:0% +>> You're you're given a role that's, you +know, that that that's a card that + + align:start position:0% +know, that that that's a card that + + + align:start position:0% +know, that that that's a card that +basically says whether you're mafia or + + align:start position:0% +basically says whether you're mafia or + + + align:start position:0% +basically says whether you're mafia or +whether you're you're you're a villager. + + align:start position:0% +whether you're you're you're a villager. + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're you're you're a villager. +I think those are + + align:start position:0% +I think those are + + + align:start position:0% +I think those are +>> civilian, + + align:start position:0% +>> civilian, + + + align:start position:0% +>> civilian, +>> right? And the whole idea is that + + align:start position:0% +>> right? And the whole idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +>> right? And the whole idea is that +everybody who's that that's a character + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's that that's a character + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's that that's a character +sheet that tells you that gives you + + align:start position:0% +sheet that tells you that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +sheet that tells you that gives you +private secret information about the + + align:start position:0% +private secret information about the + + + align:start position:0% +private secret information about the +role that you're supposed to play. But + + align:start position:0% +role that you're supposed to play. But + + + align:start position:0% +role that you're supposed to play. But +that's in my opinion those these + + align:start position:0% +that's in my opinion those these + + + align:start position:0% +that's in my opinion those these +particular games and we're going to play + + align:start position:0% +particular games and we're going to play + + + align:start position:0% +particular games and we're going to play +uh some variants of them. Um they are + + align:start position:0% +uh some variants of them. Um they are + + + align:start position:0% +uh some variants of them. Um they are +there what what you are told by the + + align:start position:0% +there what what you are told by the + + + align:start position:0% +there what what you are told by the +cards is only what you're allowed to do. + + align:start position:0% +cards is only what you're allowed to do. + + + align:start position:0% +cards is only what you're allowed to do. +What actually gives you the role is what + + align:start position:0% +What actually gives you the role is what + + + align:start position:0% +What actually gives you the role is what +you decide to do. It's what it's like + + align:start position:0% +you decide to do. It's what it's like + + + align:start position:0% +you decide to do. It's what it's like +I'm playing mafia and I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +I'm playing mafia and I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +I'm playing mafia and I'm going to say +Patrick gets you know you know and other + + align:start position:0% +Patrick gets you know you know and other + + + align:start position:0% +Patrick gets you know you know and other +people in in in a room agree with me and + + align:start position:0% +people in in in a room agree with me and + + + align:start position:0% +people in in in a room agree with me and +you know Patrick's character gets taken + + align:start position:0% +you know Patrick's character gets taken + + + align:start position:0% +you know Patrick's character gets taken +out of the game. That decision is the + + align:start position:0% +out of the game. That decision is the + + + align:start position:0% +out of the game. That decision is the +decision that actually made me and + + align:start position:0% +decision that actually made me and + + + align:start position:0% +decision that actually made me and +that's and that decision is the decision + + align:start position:0% +that's and that decision is the decision + + + align:start position:0% +that's and that decision is the decision +that other people are trying to catch + + align:start position:0% +that other people are trying to catch + + + align:start position:0% +that other people are trying to catch +cuz that's because that's why you know + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's because that's why you know + + + align:start position:0% +cuz that's because that's why you know +that the the they're trying to find a + + align:start position:0% +that the the they're trying to find a + + + align:start position:0% +that the the they're trying to find a +person who's actually responsible for + + align:start position:0% +person who's actually responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +person who's actually responsible for +various acts when everybody's eyes are + + align:start position:0% +various acts when everybody's eyes are + + + align:start position:0% +various acts when everybody's eyes are +closed. Um the general model for these + + align:start position:0% +closed. Um the general model for these + + + align:start position:0% +closed. Um the general model for these +games is you know there are cycles there + + align:start position:0% +games is you know there are cycles there + + + align:start position:0% +games is you know there are cycles there +for werewolf is a day and night cycle + + align:start position:0% +for werewolf is a day and night cycle + + + align:start position:0% +for werewolf is a day and night cycle +and for mafia it's also day and night + + align:start position:0% +and for mafia it's also day and night + + + align:start position:0% +and for mafia it's also day and night +but the idea is that um during the night + + align:start position:0% +but the idea is that um during the night + + + align:start position:0% +but the idea is that um during the night +everybody who's not mafia gets to have + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's not mafia gets to have + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's not mafia gets to have +their eyes open uh everybody who is + + align:start position:0% +their eyes open uh everybody who is + + + align:start position:0% +their eyes open uh everybody who is +mafia sorry everybody who's not m mafia + + align:start position:0% +mafia sorry everybody who's not m mafia + + + align:start position:0% +mafia sorry everybody who's not m mafia +keeps their eyes closed everybody who is + + align:start position:0% +keeps their eyes closed everybody who is + + + align:start position:0% +keeps their eyes closed everybody who is +mafia keeps their eyes open and the + + align:start position:0% +mafia keeps their eyes open and the + + + align:start position:0% +mafia keeps their eyes open and the +people who are mafia can communicate + + align:start position:0% +people who are mafia can communicate + + + align:start position:0% +people who are mafia can communicate +through some GN mediator some game + + align:start position:0% +through some GN mediator some game + + + align:start position:0% +through some GN mediator some game +master mediated way to specify a player + + align:start position:0% +master mediated way to specify a player + + + align:start position:0% +master mediated way to specify a player +to be taken out of the game. It's point. + + align:start position:0% +to be taken out of the game. It's point. + + + align:start position:0% +to be taken out of the game. It's point. +It's usually a point. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +It's usually a point. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +It's usually a point. Yeah. +>> Uh I I I I've seen things with links + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh I I I I've seen things with links + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh I I I I've seen things with links +with with because as the GM moves around + + align:start position:0% +with with because as the GM moves around + + + align:start position:0% +with with because as the GM moves around +sometimes that gives you clues because + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that gives you clues because + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that gives you clues because +you can hear even with your eyes closed + + align:start position:0% +you can hear even with your eyes closed + + + align:start position:0% +you can hear even with your eyes closed +you can hear where the GM is. Um but uh + + align:start position:0% +you can hear where the GM is. Um but uh + + + align:start position:0% +you can hear where the GM is. Um but uh +the and and then and then you then + + align:start position:0% +the and and then and then you then + + + align:start position:0% +the and and then and then you then +that's like the night cycle and then + + align:start position:0% +that's like the night cycle and then + + + align:start position:0% +that's like the night cycle and then +during the day cycle everyone opens + + align:start position:0% +during the day cycle everyone opens + + + align:start position:0% +during the day cycle everyone opens +their eyes and then the whoever's been + + align:start position:0% +their eyes and then the whoever's been + + + align:start position:0% +their eyes and then the whoever's been +taken out of the game you know is is is + + align:start position:0% +taken out of the game you know is is is + + + align:start position:0% +taken out of the game you know is is is +informs you and everyone knows and then + + align:start position:0% +informs you and everyone knows and then + + + align:start position:0% +informs you and everyone knows and then +everyone starts discussing and accusing + + align:start position:0% +everyone starts discussing and accusing + + + align:start position:0% +everyone starts discussing and accusing +each other of being responsible for it. + + align:start position:0% +each other of being responsible for it. + + + align:start position:0% +each other of being responsible for it. +And the whole point of the game is uh + + align:start position:0% +And the whole point of the game is uh + + + align:start position:0% +And the whole point of the game is uh +for the villagers to identify who all + + align:start position:0% +for the villagers to identify who all + + + align:start position:0% +for the villagers to identify who all +the mafia is before everyone in the + + align:start position:0% +the mafia is before everyone in the + + + align:start position:0% +the mafia is before everyone in the +village does. Um + + align:start position:0% +village does. Um + + + align:start position:0% +village does. Um +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +you know that's a it's a live action + + align:start position:0% +you know that's a it's a live action + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's a it's a live action +game that doesn't have a lot of action I + + align:start position:0% +game that doesn't have a lot of action I + + + align:start position:0% +game that doesn't have a lot of action I +would say. You know this is one action + + align:start position:0% +would say. You know this is one action + + + align:start position:0% +would say. You know this is one action +which is closing well there closing your + + align:start position:0% +which is closing well there closing your + + + align:start position:0% +which is closing well there closing your +eyes opening your eyes and it's pointing + + align:start position:0% +eyes opening your eyes and it's pointing + + + align:start position:0% +eyes opening your eyes and it's pointing +um uh there are variants where uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh there are variants where uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh there are variants where uh +sometimes there is a this godfather + + align:start position:0% +sometimes there is a this godfather + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes there is a this godfather +there's a I've seen websites with whole + + align:start position:0% +there's a I've seen websites with whole + + + align:start position:0% +there's a I've seen websites with whole +list of different roles that are just + + align:start position:0% +list of different roles that are just + + + align:start position:0% +list of different roles that are just +ridiculous like this gravekeeper + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous like this gravekeeper + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous like this gravekeeper +necromancer or something like + + align:start position:0% +necromancer or something like + + + align:start position:0% +necromancer or something like +>> yeah it's like there's like people can + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah it's like there's like people can + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah it's like there's like people can +bring characters back back from the dead + + align:start position:0% +bring characters back back from the dead + + + align:start position:0% +bring characters back back from the dead +there people who can basically do a + + align:start position:0% +there people who can basically do a + + + align:start position:0% +there people who can basically do a +background check you know I think that + + align:start position:0% +background check you know I think that + + + align:start position:0% +background check you know I think that +angels I've heard of angels in cops + + align:start position:0% +angels I've heard of angels in cops + + + align:start position:0% +angels I've heard of angels in cops +um who have, you know, and then you you + + align:start position:0% +um who have, you know, and then you you + + + align:start position:0% +um who have, you know, and then you you +go from two cycles to three cycles per + + align:start position:0% +go from two cycles to three cycles per + + + align:start position:0% +go from two cycles to three cycles per +round, you know, four cycles per round + + align:start position:0% +round, you know, four cycles per round + + + align:start position:0% +round, you know, four cycles per round +where different people have eyes open + + align:start position:0% +where different people have eyes open + + + align:start position:0% +where different people have eyes open +and you get different bits of + + align:start position:0% +and you get different bits of + + + align:start position:0% +and you get different bits of +information about what what's in the + + align:start position:0% +information about what what's in the + + + align:start position:0% +information about what what's in the +what what the world stated is like, you + + align:start position:0% +what what the world stated is like, you + + + align:start position:0% +what what the world stated is like, you +know, the fact that killing somebody is + + align:start position:0% +know, the fact that killing somebody is + + + align:start position:0% +know, the fact that killing somebody is +pointing at them, you know, that's + + align:start position:0% +pointing at them, you know, that's + + + align:start position:0% +pointing at them, you know, that's +that's a dissociation mechanic, right? + + align:start position:0% +that's a dissociation mechanic, right? + + + align:start position:0% +that's a dissociation mechanic, right? +It's not that you're actually being + + align:start position:0% +It's not that you're actually being + + + align:start position:0% +It's not that you're actually being +asked to engage in physical combat with + + align:start position:0% +asked to engage in physical combat with + + + align:start position:0% +asked to engage in physical combat with +with with them even though the fiction + + align:start position:0% +with with them even though the fiction + + + align:start position:0% +with with them even though the fiction +of the game is that you're assassinating + + align:start position:0% +of the game is that you're assassinating + + + align:start position:0% +of the game is that you're assassinating +this person in a build tonight. Um + + align:start position:0% +this person in a build tonight. Um + + + align:start position:0% +this person in a build tonight. Um +but uh the very similitude I would + + align:start position:0% +but uh the very similitude I would + + + align:start position:0% +but uh the very similitude I would +imagine and and compet and competition + + align:start position:0% +imagine and and compet and competition + + + align:start position:0% +imagine and and compet and competition +largely comes down in the discussion + + align:start position:0% +largely comes down in the discussion + + + align:start position:0% +largely comes down in the discussion +phase. You know, they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +phase. You know, they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +phase. You know, they're trying to +put players in an environment where you + + align:start position:0% +put players in an environment where you + + + align:start position:0% +put players in an environment where you +got a paranoid group of villagers, a + + align:start position:0% +got a paranoid group of villagers, a + + + align:start position:0% +got a paranoid group of villagers, a +paranoid town, and they're all mutually + + align:start position:0% +paranoid town, and they're all mutually + + + align:start position:0% +paranoid town, and they're all mutually +exclusing uh uh uh mutually ex accusing + + align:start position:0% +exclusing uh uh uh mutually ex accusing + + + align:start position:0% +exclusing uh uh uh mutually ex accusing +each other. And um both the the act of + + align:start position:0% +each other. And um both the the act of + + + align:start position:0% +each other. And um both the the act of +trying to not be accused and trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to not be accused and trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to not be accused and trying to +deduce who is the right person to accuse + + align:start position:0% +deduce who is the right person to accuse + + + align:start position:0% +deduce who is the right person to accuse +um is a compelling competitive + + align:start position:0% +um is a compelling competitive + + + align:start position:0% +um is a compelling competitive +experience. That that's what all these + + align:start position:0% +experience. That that's what all these + + + align:start position:0% +experience. That that's what all these +games are really about. Um so all the + + align:start position:0% +games are really about. Um so all the + + + align:start position:0% +games are really about. Um so all the +emphasis is all all the time of the game + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is all all the time of the game + + + align:start position:0% +emphasis is all all the time of the game +frankly is devoted to that phase of when + + align:start position:0% +frankly is devoted to that phase of when + + + align:start position:0% +frankly is devoted to that phase of when +everyone sits down and discusses with + + align:start position:0% +everyone sits down and discusses with + + + align:start position:0% +everyone sits down and discusses with +each other who could be the mafia in + + align:start position:0% +each other who could be the mafia in + + + align:start position:0% +each other who could be the mafia in +this in this environment. You want to um + + align:start position:0% +this in this environment. You want to um + + + align:start position:0% +this in this environment. You want to um +walk us through one of the the the + + align:start position:0% +walk us through one of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +walk us through one of the the the +variants maybe? + + align:start position:0% +variants maybe? + + + align:start position:0% +variants maybe? +>> Yeah. Do you want to like actually play + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Do you want to like actually play + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Do you want to like actually play +it or just describe it? + + align:start position:0% +it or just describe it? + + + align:start position:0% +it or just describe it? +>> Uh if it we have one, two, three, four, + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh if it we have one, two, three, four, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh if it we have one, two, three, four, +five, six, seven, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, + + align:start position:0% +five, six, seven, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, + + + align:start position:0% +five, six, seven, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, +14. + + align:start position:0% +14. + + + align:start position:0% +14. +>> We could have two groups or one big + + align:start position:0% +>> We could have two groups or one big + + + align:start position:0% +>> We could have two groups or one big +group. One big group will rest. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +group. One big group will rest. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +group. One big group will rest. Yeah, +take a while. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +take a while. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +take a while. Yeah, +>> let's let's do two two groups, but how + + align:start position:0% +>> let's let's do two two groups, but how + + + align:start position:0% +>> let's let's do two two groups, but how +many different rule variants do we + + align:start position:0% +many different rule variants do we + + + align:start position:0% +many different rule variants do we +>> Well, I I only found one I thought was + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, I I only found one I thought was + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, I I only found one I thought was +really interesting. Although we can + + align:start position:0% +really interesting. Although we can + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting. Although we can +certainly like even the Wikipedia page + + align:start position:0% +certainly like even the Wikipedia page + + + align:start position:0% +certainly like even the Wikipedia page +has a million variants. We + + align:start position:0% +has a million variants. We + + + align:start position:0% +has a million variants. We +>> could the one I normally would play + + align:start position:0% +>> could the one I normally would play + + + align:start position:0% +>> could the one I normally would play +would be the one where there's there's + + align:start position:0% +would be the one where there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +would be the one where there's there's +mafia and there's cops. Maybe there + + align:start position:0% +mafia and there's cops. Maybe there + + + align:start position:0% +mafia and there's cops. Maybe there +might be a medic, but + + align:start position:0% +might be a medic, but + + + align:start position:0% +might be a medic, but +>> inspector angel and prostitute. Oh, I + + align:start position:0% +>> inspector angel and prostitute. Oh, I + + + align:start position:0% +>> inspector angel and prostitute. Oh, I +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +>> Where's the pro? + + align:start position:0% +>> Where's the pro? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Where's the pro? +>> If you sleep with the mafia, they don't + + align:start position:0% +>> If you sleep with the mafia, they don't + + + align:start position:0% +>> If you sleep with the mafia, they don't +tell anybody. If you sleep with + + align:start position:0% +tell anybody. If you sleep with + + + align:start position:0% +tell anybody. If you sleep with +inspector, they get incorrect + + align:start position:0% +inspector, they get incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +inspector, they get incorrect +information. If you sleep with the + + align:start position:0% +information. If you sleep with the + + + align:start position:0% +information. If you sleep with the +nurse, they don't heal. + + align:start position:0% +nurse, they don't heal. + + + align:start position:0% +nurse, they don't heal. +That's just the most interesting + + align:start position:0% +That's just the most interesting + + + align:start position:0% +That's just the most interesting +prostitute rules that I've heard so far. + + align:start position:0% +prostitute rules that I've heard so far. + + + align:start position:0% +prostitute rules that I've heard so far. +This this is why it's very important to + + align:start position:0% +This this is why it's very important to + + + align:start position:0% +This this is why it's very important to +make sure that you know what rules that + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you know what rules that + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you know what rules that +you're playing with before the game + + align:start position:0% +you're playing with before the game + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing with before the game +starts. + + align:start position:0% +starts. + + + align:start position:0% +starts. +>> Um so so walk us through the rules and + + align:start position:0% +>> Um so so walk us through the rules and + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um so so walk us through the rules and +then what we'll do is we'll break this + + align:start position:0% +then what we'll do is we'll break this + + + align:start position:0% +then what we'll do is we'll break this +into two groups. Uh and we'll have two + + align:start position:0% +into two groups. Uh and we'll have two + + + align:start position:0% +into two groups. Uh and we'll have two +groups play separately and uh + + align:start position:0% +groups play separately and uh + + + align:start position:0% +groups play separately and uh +uh that's probably the end of the class + + align:start position:0% +uh that's probably the end of the class + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's probably the end of the class +activity. + + align:start position:0% +activity. + + + align:start position:0% +activity. +>> Yeah. Well, so I had I had found a + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Well, so I had I had found a + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Well, so I had I had found a +variant today called thing, which is + + align:start position:0% +variant today called thing, which is + + + align:start position:0% +variant today called thing, which is +based on the John Carpenter movie, which + + align:start position:0% +based on the John Carpenter movie, which + + + align:start position:0% +based on the John Carpenter movie, which +it seems interesting because it takes + + align:start position:0% +it seems interesting because it takes + + + align:start position:0% +it seems interesting because it takes +out one of the roles. The idea is um one + + align:start position:0% +out one of the roles. The idea is um one + + + align:start position:0% +out one of the roles. The idea is um one +person is the shape-shifting thing and + + align:start position:0% +person is the shape-shifting thing and + + + align:start position:0% +person is the shape-shifting thing and +at night they infect someone else and + + align:start position:0% +at night they infect someone else and + + + align:start position:0% +at night they infect someone else and +that person becomes a thing as well. So + + align:start position:0% +that person becomes a thing as well. So + + + align:start position:0% +that person becomes a thing as well. So +they're not knocked outright. + + align:start position:0% +they're not knocked outright. + + + align:start position:0% +they're not knocked outright. +And then during the day, the group votes + + align:start position:0% +And then during the day, the group votes + + + align:start position:0% +And then during the day, the group votes +and decides on one person to test. And + + align:start position:0% +and decides on one person to test. And + + + align:start position:0% +and decides on one person to test. And +if they test a thing, that person is + + align:start position:0% +if they test a thing, that person is + + + align:start position:0% +if they test a thing, that person is +killed and they get to test another one. + + align:start position:0% +killed and they get to test another one. + + + align:start position:0% +killed and they get to test another one. +>> And the idea is the things are trying to + + align:start position:0% +>> And the idea is the things are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +>> And the idea is the things are trying to +outnumber the people, + + align:start position:0% +outnumber the people, + + + align:start position:0% +outnumber the people, +>> which to me sounds interesting because + + align:start position:0% +>> which to me sounds interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +>> which to me sounds interesting because +it takes away that kind of inspector + + align:start position:0% +it takes away that kind of inspector + + + align:start position:0% +it takes away that kind of inspector +role. + + align:start position:0% +role. + + + align:start position:0% +role. +>> Do you do you know who gets thing in the + + align:start position:0% +>> Do you do you know who gets thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Do you do you know who gets thing in the +middle of the night or like just + + align:start position:0% +middle of the night or like just + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the night or like just +>> So I was I was thinking about this. What + + align:start position:0% +>> So I was I was thinking about this. What + + + align:start position:0% +>> So I was I was thinking about this. What +you would need is like for the person + + align:start position:0% +you would need is like for the person + + + align:start position:0% +you would need is like for the person +who's the thing to kind of indicate to + + align:start position:0% +who's the thing to kind of indicate to + + + align:start position:0% +who's the thing to kind of indicate to +the moderator and then maybe the + + align:start position:0% +the moderator and then maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +the moderator and then maybe the +moderator could tap them or something + + align:start position:0% +moderator could tap them or something + + + align:start position:0% +moderator could tap them or something +and just + + align:start position:0% +and just + + + align:start position:0% +and just +>> Okay. So, if you're a thing, you know, + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, if you're a thing, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, if you're a thing, you know, +you're a thing. + + align:start position:0% +you're a thing. + + + align:start position:0% +you're a thing. +>> Yeah. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. +>> Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. +>> Yeah. The things are spreading as + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. The things are spreading as + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. The things are spreading as +opposed to just + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just +>> then if there's two things, do they both + + align:start position:0% +>> then if there's two things, do they both + + + align:start position:0% +>> then if there's two things, do they both +agree on another + + align:start position:0% +agree on another + + + align:start position:0% +agree on another +>> presumably the only So, this is really + + align:start position:0% +>> presumably the only So, this is really + + + align:start position:0% +>> presumably the only So, this is really +interesting because apparently it's + + align:start position:0% +interesting because apparently it's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because apparently it's +played at like um this conference for + + align:start position:0% +played at like um this conference for + + + align:start position:0% +played at like um this conference for +science fiction writers. + + align:start position:0% +science fiction writers. + + + align:start position:0% +science fiction writers. +>> So, there's little snippets of it on the + + align:start position:0% +>> So, there's little snippets of it on the + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, there's little snippets of it on the +web about + + align:start position:0% +web about + + + align:start position:0% +web about +um the rules from like different blogs + + align:start position:0% +um the rules from like different blogs + + + align:start position:0% +um the rules from like different blogs +and stuff and it sounds interesting but + + align:start position:0% +and stuff and it sounds interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff and it sounds interesting but +of course the problem is how do you + + align:start position:0% +of course the problem is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +of course the problem is how do you +Google for mafia thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> but it sound interesting to me and then + + align:start position:0% +>> but it sound interesting to me and then + + + align:start position:0% +>> but it sound interesting to me and then +it seems like there's + + align:start position:0% +it seems like there's + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like there's +>> probably the thing mafia + + align:start position:0% +>> probably the thing mafia + + + align:start position:0% +>> probably the thing mafia +>> to try and like trust me I spent a while + + align:start position:0% +>> to try and like trust me I spent a while + + + align:start position:0% +>> to try and like trust me I spent a while +>> so it might be fun actually to have two + + align:start position:0% +>> so it might be fun actually to have two + + + align:start position:0% +>> so it might be fun actually to have two +groups figure out how to play that game + + align:start position:0% +groups figure out how to play that game + + + align:start position:0% +groups figure out how to play that game +just from the description that you just + + align:start position:0% +just from the description that you just + + + align:start position:0% +just from the description that you just +given I mean I think if we split this + + align:start position:0% +given I mean I think if we split this + + + align:start position:0% +given I mean I think if we split this +path to two there's going to be enough + + align:start position:0% +path to two there's going to be enough + + + align:start position:0% +path to two there's going to be enough +people who traditional mafia to know how + + align:start position:0% +people who traditional mafia to know how + + + align:start position:0% +people who traditional mafia to know how +that works and uh and then we'll just + + align:start position:0% +that works and uh and then we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +that works and uh and then we'll just +reconvene at the end of it to see + + align:start position:0% +reconvene at the end of it to see + + + align:start position:0% +reconvene at the end of it to see +whether what each version people came up + + align:start position:0% +whether what each version people came up + + + align:start position:0% +whether what each version people came up +with uh what what were the similarities + + align:start position:0% +with uh what what were the similarities + + + align:start position:0% +with uh what what were the similarities +and what were the differences. Um again + + align:start position:0% +and what were the differences. Um again + + + align:start position:0% +and what were the differences. Um again +that's the flexibility of doing a live + + align:start position:0% +that's the flexibility of doing a live + + + align:start position:0% +that's the flexibility of doing a live +action game where the people who + + align:start position:0% +action game where the people who + + + align:start position:0% +action game where the people who +actually coming up with the rules are + + align:start position:0% +actually coming up with the rules are + + + align:start position:0% +actually coming up with the rules are +actually in the rule the same rule as + + align:start position:0% +actually in the rule the same rule as + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the rule the same rule as +the players or or the players + + align:start position:0% +the players or or the players + + + align:start position:0% +the players or or the players +themselves. You get to make stuff up on + + align:start position:0% +themselves. You get to make stuff up on + + + align:start position:0% +themselves. You get to make stuff up on +on the fly as long as everyone agrees. + + align:start position:0% +on the fly as long as everyone agrees. + + + align:start position:0% +on the fly as long as everyone agrees. +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +so let's give that a shot. Um while + + align:start position:0% +so let's give that a shot. Um while + + + align:start position:0% +so let's give that a shot. Um while +while uh uh Jason is sorting out the + + align:start position:0% +while uh uh Jason is sorting out the + + + align:start position:0% +while uh uh Jason is sorting out the +cards, any questions about the stuff + + align:start position:0% +cards, any questions about the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +cards, any questions about the stuff +that we Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +that we Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +that we Yeah. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +the two biggest challenges that I come + + align:start position:0% +the two biggest challenges that I come + + + align:start position:0% +the two biggest challenges that I come +across in coming up with like good + + align:start position:0% +across in coming up with like good + + + align:start position:0% +across in coming up with like good +mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics +have to do with + + align:start position:0% +have to do with + + + align:start position:0% +have to do with +social challenges and and like + + align:start position:0% +social challenges and and like + + + align:start position:0% +social challenges and and like +intellectual skill. + + align:start position:0% +intellectual skill. + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual skill. +>> So um let's go with intellectual. So, + + align:start position:0% +>> So um let's go with intellectual. So, + + + align:start position:0% +>> So um let's go with intellectual. So, +it's easy to play a character that's + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to play a character that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to play a character that's +stupid than you. It's really hard to + + align:start position:0% +stupid than you. It's really hard to + + + align:start position:0% +stupid than you. It's really hard to +play a character that's smarter than + + align:start position:0% +play a character that's smarter than + + + align:start position:0% +play a character that's smarter than +you. + + align:start position:0% +you. + + + align:start position:0% +you. +>> And it's and in particular, it's really + + align:start position:0% +>> And it's and in particular, it's really + + + align:start position:0% +>> And it's and in particular, it's really +hard to play a character that's smarter + + align:start position:0% +hard to play a character that's smarter + + + align:start position:0% +hard to play a character that's smarter +than you if you don't have a GM around + + align:start position:0% +than you if you don't have a GM around + + + align:start position:0% +than you if you don't have a GM around +all the time to tell you + + align:start position:0% +all the time to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +all the time to tell you +>> stuff. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> stuff. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> stuff. Yeah. +>> So, I don't know if you have any ideas + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I don't know if you have any ideas + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I don't know if you have any ideas +about how to deal with that. No, the + + align:start position:0% +about how to deal with that. No, the + + + align:start position:0% +about how to deal with that. No, the +other one is um arbitrating social + + align:start position:0% +other one is um arbitrating social + + + align:start position:0% +other one is um arbitrating social +social conflicts. Like this is this is + + align:start position:0% +social conflicts. Like this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +social conflicts. Like this is this is +hard in any role playing game. Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +hard in any role playing game. Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +hard in any role playing game. Mhm. +>> Um because it feels like if you want to + + align:start position:0% +>> Um because it feels like if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um because it feels like if you want to +be able to persuade a character of + + align:start position:0% +be able to persuade a character of + + + align:start position:0% +be able to persuade a character of +something, you just want to persuade + + align:start position:0% +something, you just want to persuade + + + align:start position:0% +something, you just want to persuade +them because you're role playing, right? + + align:start position:0% +them because you're role playing, right? + + + align:start position:0% +them because you're role playing, right? +>> But you're supposed to be playing a + + align:start position:0% +>> But you're supposed to be playing a + + + align:start position:0% +>> But you're supposed to be playing a +character who is more persuasive than + + align:start position:0% +character who is more persuasive than + + + align:start position:0% +character who is more persuasive than +you. + + align:start position:0% +you. + + + align:start position:0% +you. +>> Um but it feels really cheap. + + align:start position:0% +>> Um but it feels really cheap. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um but it feels really cheap. +>> Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Mhm. +>> Um if you can just sort of + + align:start position:0% +>> Um if you can just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um if you can just sort of +>> you believe me, + + align:start position:0% +>> you believe me, + + + align:start position:0% +>> you believe me, +>> you believe. + + align:start position:0% +>> you believe. + + + align:start position:0% +>> you believe. +>> This also ties in with a with another + + align:start position:0% +>> This also ties in with a with another + + + align:start position:0% +>> This also ties in with a with another +issue which frequently pops up in in LS + + align:start position:0% +issue which frequently pops up in in LS + + + align:start position:0% +issue which frequently pops up in in LS +and role playing games in general, which + + align:start position:0% +and role playing games in general, which + + + align:start position:0% +and role playing games in general, which +is like use of metagate knowledge. Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +is like use of metagate knowledge. Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +is like use of metagate knowledge. Mhm. +>> So frequently if you've been persuaded + + align:start position:0% +>> So frequently if you've been persuaded + + + align:start position:0% +>> So frequently if you've been persuaded +to do something, then you come across + + align:start position:0% +to do something, then you come across + + + align:start position:0% +to do something, then you come across +players who know using their metag game + + align:start position:0% +players who know using their metag game + + + align:start position:0% +players who know using their metag game +knowledge that they don't want to do the + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that they don't want to do the + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that they don't want to do the +thing that they've been mechanically + + align:start position:0% +thing that they've been mechanically + + + align:start position:0% +thing that they've been mechanically +forced to do. + + align:start position:0% +forced to do. + + + align:start position:0% +forced to do. +>> So they try and find loopholes + + align:start position:0% +>> So they try and find loopholes + + + align:start position:0% +>> So they try and find loopholes +constantly. + + align:start position:0% +constantly. + + + align:start position:0% +constantly. +>> Um I don't know if you can really force + + align:start position:0% +>> Um I don't know if you can really force + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um I don't know if you can really force +people to abandon their navigating + + align:start position:0% +people to abandon their navigating + + + align:start position:0% +people to abandon their navigating +knowledge mechanically, + + align:start position:0% +knowledge mechanically, + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge mechanically, +>> but uh I don't know. + + align:start position:0% +>> but uh I don't know. + + + align:start position:0% +>> but uh I don't know. +if you have any behavioral + + align:start position:0% +if you have any behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +if you have any behavioral +>> I I I I have some examples on how the + + align:start position:0% +>> I I I I have some examples on how the + + + align:start position:0% +>> I I I I have some examples on how the +Assassin's Guild in particular has dealt + + align:start position:0% +Assassin's Guild in particular has dealt + + + align:start position:0% +Assassin's Guild in particular has dealt +with that. Um and um and in some ways + + align:start position:0% +with that. Um and um and in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +with that. Um and um and in some ways +it's cheating because they they decide + + align:start position:0% +it's cheating because they they decide + + + align:start position:0% +it's cheating because they they decide +in some in some we're not going to try + + align:start position:0% +in some in some we're not going to try + + + align:start position:0% +in some in some we're not going to try +to do some of those things. Um in + + align:start position:0% +to do some of those things. Um in + + + align:start position:0% +to do some of those things. Um in +particular, let's take persuasion for + + align:start position:0% +particular, let's take persuasion for + + + align:start position:0% +particular, let's take persuasion for +one of those things. Um the I the + + align:start position:0% +one of those things. Um the I the + + + align:start position:0% +one of those things. Um the I the +problem with persuasion is that whatever + + align:start position:0% +problem with persuasion is that whatever + + + align:start position:0% +problem with persuasion is that whatever +mechanic you come to use other than what + + align:start position:0% +mechanic you come to use other than what + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic you come to use other than what +you see is what you get. you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +you see is what you get. you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +you see is what you get. you know, it's +like, well, if you manage to persuade + + align:start position:0% +like, well, if you manage to persuade + + + align:start position:0% +like, well, if you manage to persuade +someone to do it, then I'll get + + align:start position:0% +someone to do it, then I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +someone to do it, then I'll get +persuaded. Um, any other mechanic that + + align:start position:0% +persuaded. Um, any other mechanic that + + + align:start position:0% +persuaded. Um, any other mechanic that +you come up with has runs that risk of + + align:start position:0% +you come up with has runs that risk of + + + align:start position:0% +you come up with has runs that risk of +the wait a minute, this is not what I + + align:start position:0% +the wait a minute, this is not what I + + + align:start position:0% +the wait a minute, this is not what I +really really want want to do. So, um, + + align:start position:0% +really really want want to do. So, um, + + + align:start position:0% +really really want want to do. So, um, +the assassin skill has replaced that + + align:start position:0% +the assassin skill has replaced that + + + align:start position:0% +the assassin skill has replaced that +with brainwashing, which is the whole + + align:start position:0% +with brainwashing, which is the whole + + + align:start position:0% +with brainwashing, which is the whole +idea of you are not being persuaded, you + + align:start position:0% +idea of you are not being persuaded, you + + + align:start position:0% +idea of you are not being persuaded, you +are being forcibly your goals are being + + align:start position:0% +are being forcibly your goals are being + + + align:start position:0% +are being forcibly your goals are being +forcibly changed, but now you have other + + align:start position:0% +forcibly changed, but now you have other + + + align:start position:0% +forcibly changed, but now you have other +goals and that's the big difference. um + + align:start position:0% +goals and that's the big difference. um + + + align:start position:0% +goals and that's the big difference. um +uh you now have your old goals are no + + align:start position:0% +uh you now have your old goals are no + + + align:start position:0% +uh you now have your old goals are no +longer your win conditions. Your new + + align:start position:0% +longer your win conditions. Your new + + + align:start position:0% +longer your win conditions. Your new +goals are now your win conditions and + + align:start position:0% +goals are now your win conditions and + + + align:start position:0% +goals are now your win conditions and +you can still win the game by obeying + + align:start position:0% +you can still win the game by obeying + + + align:start position:0% +you can still win the game by obeying +your new goals. So, um + + align:start position:0% +your new goals. So, um + + + align:start position:0% +your new goals. So, um +>> that's cool. + + align:start position:0% +>> that's cool. + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's cool. +>> Yeah, that's that's the brainwashing + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, that's that's the brainwashing + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, that's that's the brainwashing +mechanics, + + align:start position:0% +mechanics, + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics, +>> right? It kind of aligns the interests + + align:start position:0% +>> right? It kind of aligns the interests + + + align:start position:0% +>> right? It kind of aligns the interests +of the player with the interests of the + + align:start position:0% +of the player with the interests of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the player with the interests of the +character. Yeah, it's like you want to + + align:start position:0% +character. Yeah, it's like you want to + + + align:start position:0% +character. Yeah, it's like you want to +you you you want to go with your new + + align:start position:0% +you you you want to go with your new + + + align:start position:0% +you you you want to go with your new +goals now because uh and then um how + + align:start position:0% +goals now because uh and then um how + + + align:start position:0% +goals now because uh and then um how +this came up typically uh in the + + align:start position:0% +this came up typically uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +this came up typically uh in the +Assassin's Guild, the Assassin's Guild + + align:start position:0% +Assassin's Guild, the Assassin's Guild + + + align:start position:0% +Assassin's Guild, the Assassin's Guild +actually grew out from Circle of Death + + align:start position:0% +actually grew out from Circle of Death + + + align:start position:0% +actually grew out from Circle of Death +games, which is kind of like getting to + + align:start position:0% +games, which is kind of like getting to + + + align:start position:0% +games, which is kind of like getting to +know you. I've got a name of somebody + + align:start position:0% +know you. I've got a name of somebody + + + align:start position:0% +know you. I've got a name of somebody +and I need to shoot them with this water + + align:start position:0% +and I need to shoot them with this water + + + align:start position:0% +and I need to shoot them with this water +gun. Uh who's this person again? I don't + + align:start position:0% +gun. Uh who's this person again? I don't + + + align:start position:0% +gun. Uh who's this person again? I don't +know. I'm a freshman. I haven't met + + align:start position:0% +know. I'm a freshman. I haven't met + + + align:start position:0% +know. I'm a freshman. I haven't met +everybody on campus. I'm going to figure + + align:start position:0% +everybody on campus. I'm going to figure + + + align:start position:0% +everybody on campus. I'm going to figure +out who this person is. That's where + + align:start position:0% +out who this person is. That's where + + + align:start position:0% +out who this person is. That's where +those games came uh uh came from. The + + align:start position:0% +those games came uh uh came from. The + + + align:start position:0% +those games came uh uh came from. The +assassin skill kind of grew out from + + align:start position:0% +assassin skill kind of grew out from + + + align:start position:0% +assassin skill kind of grew out from +that. Then they became teams. Um, and + + align:start position:0% +that. Then they became teams. Um, and + + + align:start position:0% +that. Then they became teams. Um, and +brainwashing was basically the game the + + align:start position:0% +brainwashing was basically the game the + + + align:start position:0% +brainwashing was basically the game the +set of game mechanics that were used for + + align:start position:0% +set of game mechanics that were used for + + + align:start position:0% +set of game mechanics that were used for +recruiting people into your team. You + + align:start position:0% +recruiting people into your team. You + + + align:start position:0% +recruiting people into your team. You +know, it's like, all right, everyone's + + align:start position:0% +know, it's like, all right, everyone's + + + align:start position:0% +know, it's like, all right, everyone's +got one target, but there are a few + + align:start position:0% +got one target, but there are a few + + + align:start position:0% +got one target, but there are a few +people out there whose job is destroy + + align:start position:0% +people out there whose job is destroy + + + align:start position:0% +people out there whose job is destroy +everybody on this opposing faction, but + + align:start position:0% +everybody on this opposing faction, but + + + align:start position:0% +everybody on this opposing faction, but +there's only one person in that opposing + + align:start position:0% +there's only one person in that opposing + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one person in that opposing +faction right now. There's only one of + + align:start position:0% +faction right now. There's only one of + + + align:start position:0% +faction right now. There's only one of +me, but I have this brainwashing + + align:start position:0% +me, but I have this brainwashing + + + align:start position:0% +me, but I have this brainwashing +mechanic that recruits more and more + + align:start position:0% +mechanic that recruits more and more + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic that recruits more and more +people. So what you thought was one uh + + align:start position:0% +people. So what you thought was one uh + + + align:start position:0% +people. So what you thought was one uh +I'm just against another individual + + align:start position:0% +I'm just against another individual + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just against another individual +becomes a my group is against that + + align:start position:0% +becomes a my group is against that + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a my group is against that +group. Um and it comes it feels pretty + + align:start position:0% +group. Um and it comes it feels pretty + + + align:start position:0% +group. Um and it comes it feels pretty +awesome actually because what it + + align:start position:0% +awesome actually because what it + + + align:start position:0% +awesome actually because what it +actually feels it's it's a weird game + + align:start position:0% +actually feels it's it's a weird game + + + align:start position:0% +actually feels it's it's a weird game +mechanic way of making your character + + align:start position:0% +mechanic way of making your character + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic way of making your character +have some sort of development in the + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of development in the + + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of development in the +game because if you think about a role + + align:start position:0% +game because if you think about a role + + + align:start position:0% +game because if you think about a role +playing game character development means + + align:start position:0% +playing game character development means + + + align:start position:0% +playing game character development means +your goals now change somehow. But it's + + align:start position:0% +your goals now change somehow. But it's + + + align:start position:0% +your goals now change somehow. But it's +really really difficult for players to + + align:start position:0% +really really difficult for players to + + + align:start position:0% +really really difficult for players to +give players a a means of doing that + + align:start position:0% +give players a a means of doing that + + + align:start position:0% +give players a a means of doing that +themselves. Brainwashing was one of the + + align:start position:0% +themselves. Brainwashing was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +themselves. Brainwashing was one of the +few ways that seems to actually have + + align:start position:0% +few ways that seems to actually have + + + align:start position:0% +few ways that seems to actually have +worked as I'm actively going to knock + + align:start position:0% +worked as I'm actively going to knock + + + align:start position:0% +worked as I'm actively going to knock +out this character, put this blicky + + align:start position:0% +out this character, put this blicky + + + align:start position:0% +out this character, put this blicky +helmet on them for 5 seconds, and if + + align:start position:0% +helmet on them for 5 seconds, and if + + + align:start position:0% +helmet on them for 5 seconds, and if +nobody catches me in this process, I + + align:start position:0% +nobody catches me in this process, I + + + align:start position:0% +nobody catches me in this process, I +give them new goals and the person who's + + align:start position:0% +give them new goals and the person who's + + + align:start position:0% +give them new goals and the person who's +reading it, dude, this is way more + + align:start position:0% +reading it, dude, this is way more + + + align:start position:0% +reading it, dude, this is way more +exciting than anything I was doing + + align:start position:0% +exciting than anything I was doing + + + align:start position:0% +exciting than anything I was doing +earlier. You know, um and um you also + + align:start position:0% +earlier. You know, um and um you also + + + align:start position:0% +earlier. You know, um and um you also +avoid the metag game problem of loyalty, + + align:start position:0% +avoid the metag game problem of loyalty, + + + align:start position:0% +avoid the metag game problem of loyalty, +right? It's like, "Yeah, I've got this + + align:start position:0% +right? It's like, "Yeah, I've got this + + + align:start position:0% +right? It's like, "Yeah, I've got this +information from this other group, but + + align:start position:0% +information from this other group, but + + + align:start position:0% +information from this other group, but +I've been brainwashed. I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +I've been brainwashed. I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +I've been brainwashed. I don't want to +tell you." It's like, "No, if you want + + align:start position:0% +tell you." It's like, "No, if you want + + + align:start position:0% +tell you." It's like, "No, if you want +to tell me now, because it's actually + + align:start position:0% +to tell me now, because it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +to tell me now, because it's actually +going to help you win." Um, but + + align:start position:0% +going to help you win." Um, but + + + align:start position:0% +going to help you win." Um, but +metagaming um in the in live action role + + align:start position:0% +metagaming um in the in live action role + + + align:start position:0% +metagaming um in the in live action role +playing games, all kinds of live action + + align:start position:0% +playing games, all kinds of live action + + + align:start position:0% +playing games, all kinds of live action +games is a big thing is that you know + + align:start position:0% +games is a big thing is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +games is a big thing is that you know +things about the player that or you know + + align:start position:0% +things about the player that or you know + + + align:start position:0% +things about the player that or you know +things about the games that they not + + align:start position:0% +things about the games that they not + + + align:start position:0% +things about the games that they not +really supposed to know. You know, if a + + align:start position:0% +really supposed to know. You know, if a + + + align:start position:0% +really supposed to know. You know, if a +person is supposed to be able to + + align:start position:0% +person is supposed to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +person is supposed to be able to +teleport from one end of campus to the + + align:start position:0% +teleport from one end of campus to the + + + align:start position:0% +teleport from one end of campus to the +other end of campus, unfort the + + align:start position:0% +other end of campus, unfort the + + + align:start position:0% +other end of campus, unfort the +character may be able to do that, the + + align:start position:0% +character may be able to do that, the + + + align:start position:0% +character may be able to do that, the +damn player is going to walk all the way + + align:start position:0% +damn player is going to walk all the way + + + align:start position:0% +damn player is going to walk all the way +in between. Uh, and you happen to run a + + align:start position:0% +in between. Uh, and you happen to run a + + + align:start position:0% +in between. Uh, and you happen to run a +player halfway. I now know that that + + align:start position:0% +player halfway. I now know that that + + + align:start position:0% +player halfway. I now know that that +player is probably on this side of + + align:start position:0% +player is probably on this side of + + + align:start position:0% +player is probably on this side of +campus. Uh, even though they your + + align:start position:0% +campus. Uh, even though they your + + + align:start position:0% +campus. Uh, even though they your +character really had no idea on how to + + align:start position:0% +character really had no idea on how to + + + align:start position:0% +character really had no idea on how to +deal with that. That's just one of those + + align:start position:0% +deal with that. That's just one of those + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that. That's just one of those +like um there are game mechanic designed + + align:start position:0% +like um there are game mechanic designed + + + align:start position:0% +like um there are game mechanic designed +there are ways to design game mechanics + + align:start position:0% +there are ways to design game mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +there are ways to design game mechanics +to sort of avoid those situations but in + + align:start position:0% +to sort of avoid those situations but in + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of avoid those situations but in +many many live action role playing there + + align:start position:0% +many many live action role playing there + + + align:start position:0% +many many live action role playing there +is a there is a honor system that really + + align:start position:0% +is a there is a honor system that really + + + align:start position:0% +is a there is a honor system that really +has to kick in. The nice thing about it + + align:start position:0% +has to kick in. The nice thing about it + + + align:start position:0% +has to kick in. The nice thing about it +is that if everyone decides to go by the + + align:start position:0% +is that if everyone decides to go by the + + + align:start position:0% +is that if everyone decides to go by the +honor system and agrees that that this + + align:start position:0% +honor system and agrees that that this + + + align:start position:0% +honor system and agrees that that this +honor system is necessary for the world + + align:start position:0% +honor system is necessary for the world + + + align:start position:0% +honor system is necessary for the world +to be reinforced um it actually helps + + align:start position:0% +to be reinforced um it actually helps + + + align:start position:0% +to be reinforced um it actually helps +reinforce that mutual + + align:start position:0% +reinforce that mutual + + + align:start position:0% +reinforce that mutual +illusion that this world is real. you + + align:start position:0% +illusion that this world is real. you + + + align:start position:0% +illusion that this world is real. you +know by by by by saying I know that I'm + + align:start position:0% +know by by by by saying I know that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know by by by by saying I know that I'm +not supposed to know this thing but I am + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to know this thing but I am + + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to know this thing but I am +going to play this game as hard as I can + + align:start position:0% +going to play this game as hard as I can + + + align:start position:0% +going to play this game as hard as I can +in uh in a way that does not take + + align:start position:0% +in uh in a way that does not take + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in a way that does not take +advantage of that information actually + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that information actually + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that information actually +reinforces the world for everybody else + + align:start position:0% +reinforces the world for everybody else + + + align:start position:0% +reinforces the world for everybody else +it's the same thing for improv theater + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing for improv theater + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing for improv theater +you know it's like um anyone here + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like um anyone here + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like um anyone here +involved in improv improv comedy ro yeah + + align:start position:0% +involved in improv improv comedy ro yeah + + + align:start position:0% +involved in improv improv comedy ro yeah +so you know yes and sure so you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know yes and sure so you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know yes and sure so you know +what what's what's what's the basic + + align:start position:0% +what what's what's what's the basic + + + align:start position:0% +what what's what's what's the basic +concept behind that Um, yes. And is an + + align:start position:0% +concept behind that Um, yes. And is an + + + align:start position:0% +concept behind that Um, yes. And is an +idea where if you give someone an offer, + + align:start position:0% +idea where if you give someone an offer, + + + align:start position:0% +idea where if you give someone an offer, +they'll take your offer. Uh, so if I + + align:start position:0% +they'll take your offer. Uh, so if I + + + align:start position:0% +they'll take your offer. Uh, so if I +say, "Man, we're all out of tomatoes." + + align:start position:0% +say, "Man, we're all out of tomatoes." + + + align:start position:0% +say, "Man, we're all out of tomatoes." +Someone will say, "Yes, and the big + + align:start position:0% +Someone will say, "Yes, and the big + + + align:start position:0% +Someone will say, "Yes, and the big +tomato cookoff is tomorrow," or + + align:start position:0% +tomato cookoff is tomorrow," or + + + align:start position:0% +tomato cookoff is tomorrow," or +something like this. You cannot + + align:start position:0% +something like this. You cannot + + + align:start position:0% +something like this. You cannot +contradict what was said. + + align:start position:0% +contradict what was said. + + + align:start position:0% +contradict what was said. +>> Yeah. Not only do you not contradict, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Not only do you not contradict, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Not only do you not contradict, +you all you always add information. + + align:start position:0% +you all you always add information. + + + align:start position:0% +you all you always add information. +Every line, at least in the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +Every line, at least in the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +Every line, at least in the beginning of +the scene, you should be adding + + align:start position:0% +the scene, you should be adding + + + align:start position:0% +the scene, you should be adding +information to the scene. And then after + + align:start position:0% +information to the scene. And then after + + + align:start position:0% +information to the scene. And then after +a few lines, you have very very + + align:start position:0% +a few lines, you have very very + + + align:start position:0% +a few lines, you have very very +elaborate setup that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +elaborate setup that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate setup that's kind of +ridiculous. + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous. + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> But mutually shared. + + align:start position:0% +>> But mutually shared. + + + align:start position:0% +>> But mutually shared. +>> Exactly. + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Exactly. +>> So, so in that same that same situation + + align:start position:0% +>> So, so in that same that same situation + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, so in that same that same situation +of like metagaming is one of those + + align:start position:0% +of like metagaming is one of those + + + align:start position:0% +of like metagaming is one of those +things that's actively working to + + align:start position:0% +things that's actively working to + + + align:start position:0% +things that's actively working to +destroy the reality of your world and as + + align:start position:0% +destroy the reality of your world and as + + + align:start position:0% +destroy the reality of your world and as +all of your if all your players agree to + + align:start position:0% +all of your if all your players agree to + + + align:start position:0% +all of your if all your players agree to +try the damn hardest to not let it + + align:start position:0% +try the damn hardest to not let it + + + align:start position:0% +try the damn hardest to not let it +interfere with the world. that actually + + align:start position:0% +interfere with the world. that actually + + + align:start position:0% +interfere with the world. that actually +strengthens uh the illusion um in a way + + align:start position:0% +strengthens uh the illusion um in a way + + + align:start position:0% +strengthens uh the illusion um in a way +that it strengthens the scene for for + + align:start position:0% +that it strengthens the scene for for + + + align:start position:0% +that it strengthens the scene for for +improv theater. + + align:start position:0% +improv theater. + + + align:start position:0% +improv theater. +Um hold on just just one second. There + + align:start position:0% +Um hold on just just one second. There + + + align:start position:0% +Um hold on just just one second. There +was the other concern that you had + + align:start position:0% +was the other concern that you had + + + align:start position:0% +was the other concern that you had +before the persuasion issue which was + + align:start position:0% +before the persuasion issue which was + + + align:start position:0% +before the persuasion issue which was +characters who + + align:start position:0% +characters who + + + align:start position:0% +characters who +in particular this comes up a lot in + + align:start position:0% +in particular this comes up a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +in particular this comes up a lot in +superhero type situations what have you + + align:start position:0% +superhero type situations what have you + + + align:start position:0% +superhero type situations what have you +where you have somebody who's either a + + align:start position:0% +where you have somebody who's either a + + + align:start position:0% +where you have somebody who's either a +super genius or + + align:start position:0% +super genius or + + + align:start position:0% +super genius or +>> so abilities that are just much better + + align:start position:0% +>> so abilities that are just much better + + + align:start position:0% +>> so abilities that are just much better +than you + + align:start position:0% +than you + + + align:start position:0% +than you +>> and like how to do mechanic that + + align:start position:0% +>> and like how to do mechanic that + + + align:start position:0% +>> and like how to do mechanic that +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +>> the best way that you can do that is to + + align:start position:0% +>> the best way that you can do that is to + + + align:start position:0% +>> the best way that you can do that is to +the right person. But uh what I've + + align:start position:0% +the right person. But uh what I've + + + align:start position:0% +the right person. But uh what I've +generally found is is that old role + + align:start position:0% +generally found is is that old role + + + align:start position:0% +generally found is is that old role +playing game chestnut of separating + + align:start position:0% +playing game chestnut of separating + + + align:start position:0% +playing game chestnut of separating +intelligence from wisdom makes it a + + align:start position:0% +intelligence from wisdom makes it a + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence from wisdom makes it a +little bit easier. You know, there's + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier. You know, there's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier. You know, there's +intelligence which is your ability to + + align:start position:0% +intelligence which is your ability to + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence which is your ability to +think on the feet. It is wisdom which is + + align:start position:0% +think on the feet. It is wisdom which is + + + align:start position:0% +think on the feet. It is wisdom which is +how much you know about the world. Um + + align:start position:0% +how much you know about the world. Um + + + align:start position:0% +how much you know about the world. Um +and if you are as if you in as a game + + align:start position:0% +and if you are as if you in as a game + + + align:start position:0% +and if you are as if you in as a game +master designing a game can figure out + + align:start position:0% +master designing a game can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +master designing a game can figure out +when I say someone's really smart, what + + align:start position:0% +when I say someone's really smart, what + + + align:start position:0% +when I say someone's really smart, what +do I mean? Intelligence or wisdom? It + + align:start position:0% +do I mean? Intelligence or wisdom? It + + + align:start position:0% +do I mean? Intelligence or wisdom? It +helps you a little bit on thinking what + + align:start position:0% +helps you a little bit on thinking what + + + align:start position:0% +helps you a little bit on thinking what +how I can use game mechanics or gamew + + align:start position:0% +how I can use game mechanics or gamew + + + align:start position:0% +how I can use game mechanics or gamew +writing to uh to fix that problem. So if + + align:start position:0% +writing to uh to fix that problem. So if + + + align:start position:0% +writing to uh to fix that problem. So if +it's intelligence, it's just like um I + + align:start position:0% +it's intelligence, it's just like um I + + + align:start position:0% +it's intelligence, it's just like um I +have the ability to do stuff that other + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to do stuff that other + + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to do stuff that other +people can't do because I am so smart + + align:start position:0% +people can't do because I am so smart + + + align:start position:0% +people can't do because I am so smart +and you can literally just give them + + align:start position:0% +and you can literally just give them + + + align:start position:0% +and you can literally just give them +abilities to act on things that other + + align:start position:0% +abilities to act on things that other + + + align:start position:0% +abilities to act on things that other +people do not have that people just + + align:start position:0% +people do not have that people just + + + align:start position:0% +people do not have that people just +don't have. I am able to build a + + align:start position:0% +don't have. I am able to build a + + + align:start position:0% +don't have. I am able to build a +telephone out of this co because I'm the + + align:start position:0% +telephone out of this co because I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +telephone out of this co because I'm the +freaking professor of pilot, you know. + + align:start position:0% +freaking professor of pilot, you know. + + + align:start position:0% +freaking professor of pilot, you know. +uh quite smart, you know, it's like + + align:start position:0% +uh quite smart, you know, it's like + + + align:start position:0% +uh quite smart, you know, it's like +doesn't mean that I act have to act + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that I act have to act + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that I act have to act +terribly smart if I'm capable of doing + + align:start position:0% +terribly smart if I'm capable of doing + + + align:start position:0% +terribly smart if I'm capable of doing +things that other people can't because I + + align:start position:0% +things that other people can't because I + + + align:start position:0% +things that other people can't because I +have I've been told specifically I have + + align:start position:0% +have I've been told specifically I have + + + align:start position:0% +have I've been told specifically I have +these abilities. But that's like the + + align:start position:0% +these abilities. But that's like the + + + align:start position:0% +these abilities. But that's like the +intelligence side of things. The wisdom + + align:start position:0% +intelligence side of things. The wisdom + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence side of things. The wisdom +side of things is a little bit harder + + align:start position:0% +side of things is a little bit harder + + + align:start position:0% +side of things is a little bit harder +which is basically you dump you dump a + + align:start position:0% +which is basically you dump you dump a + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically you dump you dump a +whole bunch of information on somebody + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of information on somebody + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of information on somebody +and you hope that they are capable of + + align:start position:0% +and you hope that they are capable of + + + align:start position:0% +and you hope that they are capable of +making the associations between what's + + align:start position:0% +making the associations between what's + + + align:start position:0% +making the associations between what's +happening in game and what they read in. + + align:start position:0% +happening in game and what they read in. + + + align:start position:0% +happening in game and what they read in. +That's a lot harder. Um it's it is a + + align:start position:0% +That's a lot harder. Um it's it is a + + + align:start position:0% +That's a lot harder. Um it's it is a +problem but uh but I find that by + + align:start position:0% +problem but uh but I find that by + + + align:start position:0% +problem but uh but I find that by +separating those two it makes it makes + + align:start position:0% +separating those two it makes it makes + + + align:start position:0% +separating those two it makes it makes +it a slightly easier problem. + + align:start position:0% +it a slightly easier problem. + + + align:start position:0% +it a slightly easier problem. +>> Uh Patrick um + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh Patrick um + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh Patrick um +>> yeah this is a bit of a notice question. + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah this is a bit of a notice question. + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah this is a bit of a notice question. +Uh are LARs usually played in real time? + + align:start position:0% +Uh are LARs usually played in real time? + + + align:start position:0% +Uh are LARs usually played in real time? +>> Typically um they have rules about when + + align:start position:0% +>> Typically um they have rules about when + + + align:start position:0% +>> Typically um they have rules about when +to hit the pause button. Basically uh in + + align:start position:0% +to hit the pause button. Basically uh in + + + align:start position:0% +to hit the pause button. Basically uh in +MIT those are usually enacted when + + align:start position:0% +MIT those are usually enacted when + + + align:start position:0% +MIT those are usually enacted when +safety becomes an issue. um people are + + align:start position:0% +safety becomes an issue. um people are + + + align:start position:0% +safety becomes an issue. um people are +running too fast. Uh somebody just fell + + align:start position:0% +running too fast. Uh somebody just fell + + + align:start position:0% +running too fast. Uh somebody just fell +down and you want to be able to stop + + align:start position:0% +down and you want to be able to stop + + + align:start position:0% +down and you want to be able to stop +everyone from running, you know, and so + + align:start position:0% +everyone from running, you know, and so + + + align:start position:0% +everyone from running, you know, and so +they so they shout halt. Um but + + align:start position:0% +they so they shout halt. Um but + + + align:start position:0% +they so they shout halt. Um but +typically they have they're happening in + + align:start position:0% +typically they have they're happening in + + + align:start position:0% +typically they have they're happening in +real time because it's really hard to do + + align:start position:0% +real time because it's really hard to do + + + align:start position:0% +real time because it's really hard to do +turnbased stuff that doesn't quickly + + align:start position:0% +turnbased stuff that doesn't quickly + + + align:start position:0% +turnbased stuff that doesn't quickly +feel like a board game. + + align:start position:0% +feel like a board game. + + + align:start position:0% +feel like a board game. +>> I mean like when you uh when you say + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean like when you uh when you say + + + align:start position:0% +>> I mean like when you uh when you say +someone would want to do like a + + align:start position:0% +someone would want to do like a + + + align:start position:0% +someone would want to do like a +background check and you say I don't + + align:start position:0% +background check and you say I don't + + + align:start position:0% +background check and you say I don't +know come back in two hours, but you + + align:start position:0% +know come back in two hours, but you + + + align:start position:0% +know come back in two hours, but you +literally was like two hours. So yeah, + + align:start position:0% +literally was like two hours. So yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +literally was like two hours. So yeah, +it's it's it's like often that that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's like often that that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's like often that that +literally means just two hours. And and + + align:start position:0% +literally means just two hours. And and + + + align:start position:0% +literally means just two hours. And and +and that's an interesting thing of the + + align:start position:0% +and that's an interesting thing of the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's an interesting thing of the +it's real time, but it's kind of a time + + align:start position:0% +it's real time, but it's kind of a time + + + align:start position:0% +it's real time, but it's kind of a time +delay at the same time. And so so you as + + align:start position:0% +delay at the same time. And so so you as + + + align:start position:0% +delay at the same time. And so so you as +a as a game master, you can build in + + align:start position:0% +a as a game master, you can build in + + + align:start position:0% +a as a game master, you can build in +game mechanics that take advantage of + + align:start position:0% +game mechanics that take advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +game mechanics that take advantage of +real-time delays to be able to give you + + align:start position:0% +real-time delays to be able to give you + + + align:start position:0% +real-time delays to be able to give you +give you as a game master some time to + + align:start position:0% +give you as a game master some time to + + + align:start position:0% +give you as a game master some time to +breathe. Uh typically they're happening + + align:start position:0% +breathe. Uh typically they're happening + + + align:start position:0% +breathe. Uh typically they're happening +in real time. Uh, I wrote a game where + + align:start position:0% +in real time. Uh, I wrote a game where + + + align:start position:0% +in real time. Uh, I wrote a game where +no where the clock stopped somewhere + + align:start position:0% +no where the clock stopped somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +no where the clock stopped somewhere +between midnight and 8:00 a.m. like like + + align:start position:0% +between midnight and 8:00 a.m. like like + + + align:start position:0% +between midnight and 8:00 a.m. like like +the like the game world literally froze. + + align:start position:0% +the like the game world literally froze. + + + align:start position:0% +the like the game world literally froze. +Well, not literally figuratively froze + + align:start position:0% +Well, not literally figuratively froze + + + align:start position:0% +Well, not literally figuratively froze +at 12 + + align:start position:0% +at 12 + + + align:start position:0% +at 12 +and um and and 1 minute after 8, the + + align:start position:0% +and um and and 1 minute after 8, the + + + align:start position:0% +and um and and 1 minute after 8, the +clock will practically uh in game terms + + align:start position:0% +clock will practically uh in game terms + + + align:start position:0% +clock will practically uh in game terms +have moved one one one minute even + + align:start position:0% +have moved one one one minute even + + + align:start position:0% +have moved one one one minute even +though there were eight in the meeting + + align:start position:0% +though there were eight in the meeting + + + align:start position:0% +though there were eight in the meeting +hours in three so that people could go + + align:start position:0% +hours in three so that people could go + + + align:start position:0% +hours in three so that people could go +and take a break. Um, + + align:start position:0% +and take a break. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +and take a break. Um, +so which will be great for like an army + + align:start position:0% +so which will be great for like an army + + + align:start position:0% +so which will be great for like an army +of darkness type type of scenario, + + align:start position:0% +of darkness type type of scenario, + + + align:start position:0% +of darkness type type of scenario, +right? Because those three people I + + align:start position:0% +right? Because those three people I + + + align:start position:0% +right? Because those three people I +don't know how familiar people are with + + align:start position:0% +don't know how familiar people are with + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how familiar people are with +the dark time, but those three films are + + align:start position:0% +the dark time, but those three films are + + + align:start position:0% +the dark time, but those three films are +supposed to all happen like within 48 + + align:start position:0% +supposed to all happen like within 48 + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to all happen like within 48 +hours. + + align:start position:0% +hours. + + + align:start position:0% +hours. +>> Um, so Andrew and I just are moving + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, so Andrew and I just are moving + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, so Andrew and I just are moving +across. + + align:start position:0% +across. + + + align:start position:0% +across. +>> So I guess two good things. One is in + + align:start position:0% +>> So I guess two good things. One is in + + + align:start position:0% +>> So I guess two good things. One is in +terms of wisdom, could you possibly have + + align:start position:0% +terms of wisdom, could you possibly have + + + align:start position:0% +terms of wisdom, could you possibly have +little note cards start flipped over + + align:start position:0% +little note cards start flipped over + + + align:start position:0% +little note cards start flipped over +everywhere and then the wisdom person or + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and then the wisdom person or + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and then the wisdom person or +person with high wisdom could read about + + align:start position:0% +person with high wisdom could read about + + + align:start position:0% +person with high wisdom could read about +like information in there? + + align:start position:0% +like information in there? + + + align:start position:0% +like information in there? +>> You could you you you could certainly + + align:start position:0% +>> You could you you you could certainly + + + align:start position:0% +>> You could you you you could certainly +have you know take advantage of oh you + + align:start position:0% +have you know take advantage of oh you + + + align:start position:0% +have you know take advantage of oh you +know if you have piece of paper tape on + + align:start position:0% +know if you have piece of paper tape on + + + align:start position:0% +know if you have piece of paper tape on +the wall just put them on the back right + + align:start position:0% +the wall just put them on the back right + + + align:start position:0% +the wall just put them on the back right +you know it's like some people can are + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like some people can are + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like some people can are +given the ability to read the back of + + align:start position:0% +given the ability to read the back of + + + align:start position:0% +given the ability to read the back of +the paper some people aren't uh which + + align:start position:0% +the paper some people aren't uh which + + + align:start position:0% +the paper some people aren't uh which +will be a little bit easier than trying + + align:start position:0% +will be a little bit easier than trying + + + align:start position:0% +will be a little bit easier than trying +to keep it all in your head at once. Um, + + align:start position:0% +to keep it all in your head at once. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +to keep it all in your head at once. Um, +you can also give very limited wisdom + + align:start position:0% +you can also give very limited wisdom + + + align:start position:0% +you can also give very limited wisdom +like the whole like the psychic example, + + align:start position:0% +like the whole like the psychic example, + + + align:start position:0% +like the whole like the psychic example, +right? You know, I I am sensitive in + + align:start position:0% +right? You know, I I am sensitive in + + + align:start position:0% +right? You know, I I am sensitive in +some way. I can tell when certain things + + align:start position:0% +some way. I can tell when certain things + + + align:start position:0% +some way. I can tell when certain things +are cursed uh by giving them clues on + + align:start position:0% +are cursed uh by giving them clues on + + + align:start position:0% +are cursed uh by giving them clues on +printed pieces of paper that nobody else + + align:start position:0% +printed pieces of paper that nobody else + + + align:start position:0% +printed pieces of paper that nobody else +knows how to interpret. You know, like I + + align:start position:0% +knows how to interpret. You know, like I + + + align:start position:0% +knows how to interpret. You know, like I +see this there is a there is a number + + align:start position:0% +see this there is a there is a number + + + align:start position:0% +see this there is a there is a number +associated with each one of these rooms. + + align:start position:0% +associated with each one of these rooms. + + + align:start position:0% +associated with each one of these rooms. +If that number happens to be even, this + + align:start position:0% +If that number happens to be even, this + + + align:start position:0% +If that number happens to be even, this +is not a place that that any sane person + + align:start position:0% +is not a place that that any sane person + + + align:start position:0% +is not a place that that any sane person +will want to be, you know, and there are + + align:start position:0% +will want to be, you know, and there are + + + align:start position:0% +will want to be, you know, and there are +people who have the wisdom to tell that + + align:start position:0% +people who have the wisdom to tell that + + + align:start position:0% +people who have the wisdom to tell that +and there are some people who don't. Um, + + align:start position:0% +and there are some people who don't. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +and there are some people who don't. Um, +so that that's another way that you can + + align:start position:0% +so that that's another way that you can + + + align:start position:0% +so that that's another way that you can +put little environmental clues. uh + + align:start position:0% +put little environmental clues. uh + + + align:start position:0% +put little environmental clues. uh +the there are in particularly um in MIT + + align:start position:0% +the there are in particularly um in MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the there are in particularly um in MIT +the sort of like hiding clues in plain + + align:start position:0% +the sort of like hiding clues in plain + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of like hiding clues in plain +sight uh and every single way that you + + align:start position:0% +sight uh and every single way that you + + + align:start position:0% +sight uh and every single way that you +can possibly do that uh is uh is really + + align:start position:0% +can possibly do that uh is uh is really + + + align:start position:0% +can possibly do that uh is uh is really +exploited. So the numbers for instance I + + align:start position:0% +exploited. So the numbers for instance I + + + align:start position:0% +exploited. So the numbers for instance I +I've seen games where where everyone has + + align:start position:0% +I've seen games where where everyone has + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen games where where everyone has +like five digits on their badge and + + align:start position:0% +like five digits on their badge and + + + align:start position:0% +like five digits on their badge and +every single one of those digits means + + align:start position:0% +every single one of those digits means + + + align:start position:0% +every single one of those digits means +something if you happen to be the you + + align:start position:0% +something if you happen to be the you + + + align:start position:0% +something if you happen to be the you +happen to have the ability to interpret + + align:start position:0% +happen to have the ability to interpret + + + align:start position:0% +happen to have the ability to interpret +that but each one of those digits means + + align:start position:0% +that but each one of those digits means + + + align:start position:0% +that but each one of those digits means +something different. Um, so that's an + + align:start position:0% +something different. Um, so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +something different. Um, so that's an +example. + + align:start position:0% +example. + + + align:start position:0% +example. +>> And just really quickly, in terms of + + align:start position:0% +>> And just really quickly, in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +>> And just really quickly, in terms of +space, how much space do like Assassin's + + align:start position:0% +space, how much space do like Assassin's + + + align:start position:0% +space, how much space do like Assassin's +Gild? + + align:start position:0% +Gild? + + + align:start position:0% +Gild? +>> Assassin Guilds. MIT Assassin's Guild + + align:start position:0% +>> Assassin Guilds. MIT Assassin's Guild + + + align:start position:0% +>> Assassin Guilds. MIT Assassin's Guild +has the advantage of the MIT campus. So + + align:start position:0% +has the advantage of the MIT campus. So + + + align:start position:0% +has the advantage of the MIT campus. So +it it can go anywhere from uh main + + align:start position:0% +it it can go anywhere from uh main + + + align:start position:0% +it it can go anywhere from uh main +campus uh you know by Mass F and A + + align:start position:0% +campus uh you know by Mass F and A + + + align:start position:0% +campus uh you know by Mass F and A +Street to all of freaking campus. Uh but + + align:start position:0% +Street to all of freaking campus. Uh but + + + align:start position:0% +Street to all of freaking campus. Uh but +players hear that. Players walking all + + align:start position:0% +players hear that. Players walking all + + + align:start position:0% +players hear that. Players walking all +the way across campus. it kills their + + align:start position:0% +the way across campus. it kills their + + + align:start position:0% +the way across campus. it kills their +feet. Uh so um often it just turns out + + align:start position:0% +feet. Uh so um often it just turns out + + + align:start position:0% +feet. Uh so um often it just turns out +to be the few rooms that they could res + + align:start position:0% +to be the few rooms that they could res + + + align:start position:0% +to be the few rooms that they could res +could get room reservations for MIT + + align:start position:0% +could get room reservations for MIT + + + align:start position:0% +could get room reservations for MIT +campus activities complex and the sort + + align:start position:0% +campus activities complex and the sort + + + align:start position:0% +campus activities complex and the sort +of general vicinity around there. Um + + align:start position:0% +of general vicinity around there. Um + + + align:start position:0% +of general vicinity around there. Um +outdoors is really not used much because + + align:start position:0% +outdoors is really not used much because + + + align:start position:0% +outdoors is really not used much because +MIT Assassin's C loves shooting little + + align:start position:0% +MIT Assassin's C loves shooting little + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Assassin's C loves shooting little +plastic things at each other and with + + align:start position:0% +plastic things at each other and with + + + align:start position:0% +plastic things at each other and with +the wind blows that just sucks. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Can you tell us a story or anecdotes of + + align:start position:0% +Can you tell us a story or anecdotes of + + + align:start position:0% +Can you tell us a story or anecdotes of +games that have like gone really + + align:start position:0% +games that have like gone really + + + align:start position:0% +games that have like gone really +horribly slash fallen apart + + align:start position:0% +horribly slash fallen apart + + + align:start position:0% +horribly slash fallen apart +>> and just how much time have we got and + + align:start position:0% +>> and just how much time have we got and + + + align:start position:0% +>> and just how much time have we got and +then just more specifically highlight + + align:start position:0% +then just more specifically highlight + + + align:start position:0% +then just more specifically highlight +like what are the like mistakes that + + align:start position:0% +like what are the like mistakes that + + + align:start position:0% +like what are the like mistakes that +made everyone who's doing these + + align:start position:0% +made everyone who's doing these + + + align:start position:0% +made everyone who's doing these +especially MIT they're all smart people + + align:start position:0% +especially MIT they're all smart people + + + align:start position:0% +especially MIT they're all smart people +and they're written by smart people so + + align:start position:0% +and they're written by smart people so + + + align:start position:0% +and they're written by smart people so +what kinds of mistakes do smart people + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of mistakes do smart people + + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of mistakes do smart people +still make that result in these games + + align:start position:0% +still make that result in these games + + + align:start position:0% +still make that result in these games +like falling apart + + align:start position:0% +like falling apart + + + align:start position:0% +like falling apart +>> well or or or bad things + + align:start position:0% +>> well or or or bad things + + + align:start position:0% +>> well or or or bad things +>> the most common thing that happens is + + align:start position:0% +>> the most common thing that happens is + + + align:start position:0% +>> the most common thing that happens is +not even an issue of how smart the game + + align:start position:0% +not even an issue of how smart the game + + + align:start position:0% +not even an issue of how smart the game +writers were, but how much experience + + align:start position:0% +writers were, but how much experience + + + align:start position:0% +writers were, but how much experience +they've had in seeing things go horribly + + align:start position:0% +they've had in seeing things go horribly + + + align:start position:0% +they've had in seeing things go horribly +wrong. Um, + + align:start position:0% +wrong. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +wrong. Um, +>> and I'm asking + + align:start position:0% +>> and I'm asking + + + align:start position:0% +>> and I'm asking +>> just as this class, you know, has given + + align:start position:0% +>> just as this class, you know, has given + + + align:start position:0% +>> just as this class, you know, has given +you experience making games, you've seen + + align:start position:0% +you experience making games, you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +you experience making games, you've seen +how some projects can go wrong, a lot of + + align:start position:0% +how some projects can go wrong, a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +how some projects can go wrong, a lot of +it is just system dynamics, right? You + + align:start position:0% +it is just system dynamics, right? You + + + align:start position:0% +it is just system dynamics, right? You +know, it's like I put together a bunch + + align:start position:0% +know, it's like I put together a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +know, it's like I put together a bunch +of rules and I did not expect those + + align:start position:0% +of rules and I did not expect those + + + align:start position:0% +of rules and I did not expect those +rules to interact in that way. But + + align:start position:0% +rules to interact in that way. But + + + align:start position:0% +rules to interact in that way. But +because a live action game is difficult + + align:start position:0% +because a live action game is difficult + + + align:start position:0% +because a live action game is difficult +to run multiple times, uh + + align:start position:0% +to run multiple times, uh + + + align:start position:0% +to run multiple times, uh +>> the first time you see it, + + align:start position:0% +>> the first time you see it, + + + align:start position:0% +>> the first time you see it, +>> you play test a live action game that + + align:start position:0% +>> you play test a live action game that + + + align:start position:0% +>> you play test a live action game that +lasts two a month. + + align:start position:0% +lasts two a month. + + + align:start position:0% +lasts two a month. +>> Uh that actually came up in the forums. + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh that actually came up in the forums. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh that actually came up in the forums. +I believe somebody was asking about + + align:start position:0% +I believe somebody was asking about + + + align:start position:0% +I believe somebody was asking about +this. Um you can at best play test given + + align:start position:0% +this. Um you can at best play test given + + + align:start position:0% +this. Um you can at best play test given +mechanics. Uh you can you can play test + + align:start position:0% +mechanics. Uh you can you can play test + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics. Uh you can you can play test +certain game mechanics and write down a + + align:start position:0% +certain game mechanics and write down a + + + align:start position:0% +certain game mechanics and write down a +stripped down version which takes out + + align:start position:0% +stripped down version which takes out + + + align:start position:0% +stripped down version which takes out +all of the plot motivations and just + + align:start position:0% +all of the plot motivations and just + + + align:start position:0% +all of the plot motivations and just +test say combat. This is our combat play + + align:start position:0% +test say combat. This is our combat play + + + align:start position:0% +test say combat. This is our combat play +uh play test. I did that for a matrix + + align:start position:0% +uh play test. I did that for a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +uh play test. I did that for a matrix +game once. You know it's like I'm + + align:start position:0% +game once. You know it's like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +game once. You know it's like I'm +writing a game about a matrix. Combat is + + align:start position:0% +writing a game about a matrix. Combat is + + + align:start position:0% +writing a game about a matrix. Combat is +really freaking important. Uh so I just + + align:start position:0% +really freaking important. Uh so I just + + + align:start position:0% +really freaking important. Uh so I just +made an entire game where all it was was + + align:start position:0% +made an entire game where all it was was + + + align:start position:0% +made an entire game where all it was was +you want you want to go in and get this + + align:start position:0% +you want you want to go in and get this + + + align:start position:0% +you want you want to go in and get this +thing and then get out. That's the whole + + align:start position:0% +thing and then get out. That's the whole + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then get out. That's the whole +rule. And here's your three pages of + + align:start position:0% +rule. And here's your three pages of + + + align:start position:0% +rule. And here's your three pages of +combat. And people like holy this + + align:start position:0% +combat. And people like holy this + + + align:start position:0% +combat. And people like holy this +is a lot of memory. Um but uh and that + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of memory. Um but uh and that + + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of memory. Um but uh and that +showed me the problems uh that I had. + + align:start position:0% +showed me the problems uh that I had. + + + align:start position:0% +showed me the problems uh that I had. +Unfortunately, it's not one of those. It + + align:start position:0% +Unfortunately, it's not one of those. It + + + align:start position:0% +Unfortunately, it's not one of those. It +didn't it wasn't so catastrophic that I + + align:start position:0% +didn't it wasn't so catastrophic that I + + + align:start position:0% +didn't it wasn't so catastrophic that I +would use it as a catastrophic game + + align:start position:0% +would use it as a catastrophic game + + + align:start position:0% +would use it as a catastrophic game +example. So + + align:start position:0% +example. So + + + align:start position:0% +example. So +>> tell us about catastrophic examples. + + align:start position:0% +>> tell us about catastrophic examples. + + + align:start position:0% +>> tell us about catastrophic examples. +>> Catastrophic game examples. Uh okay. I + + align:start position:0% +>> Catastrophic game examples. Uh okay. I + + + align:start position:0% +>> Catastrophic game examples. Uh okay. I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +>> someone tripped and hurt himself. That's + + align:start position:0% +>> someone tripped and hurt himself. That's + + + align:start position:0% +>> someone tripped and hurt himself. That's +what I'm not. + + align:start position:0% +what I'm not. + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm not. +>> No, no, no, no, no, no. That's that's + + align:start position:0% +>> No, no, no, no, no, no. That's that's + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, no, no, no, no, no. That's that's +that's uh that's that's that's not what + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's that's that's not what + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's that's that's not what +you're looking for. I understand. It was + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for. I understand. It was + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for. I understand. It was +a game where + + align:start position:0% +a game where + + + align:start position:0% +a game where +everyone was uh + + align:start position:0% +everyone was uh + + + align:start position:0% +everyone was uh +was was playing undead. I can't remember + + align:start position:0% +was was playing undead. I can't remember + + + align:start position:0% +was was playing undead. I can't remember +if they were vampire. I think they were + + align:start position:0% +if they were vampire. I think they were + + + align:start position:0% +if they were vampire. I think they were +vampires. So, they could get knocked + + align:start position:0% +vampires. So, they could get knocked + + + align:start position:0% +vampires. So, they could get knocked +down if they got shot uh and they will + + align:start position:0% +down if they got shot uh and they will + + + align:start position:0% +down if they got shot uh and they will +get up again in five minutes because + + align:start position:0% +get up again in five minutes because + + + align:start position:0% +get up again in five minutes because +they were immortal. Unless they got + + align:start position:0% +they were immortal. Unless they got + + + align:start position:0% +they were immortal. Unless they got +staked or something, they would get up + + align:start position:0% +staked or something, they would get up + + + align:start position:0% +staked or something, they would get up +again. Unfortunately, there were a lot + + align:start position:0% +again. Unfortunately, there were a lot + + + align:start position:0% +again. Unfortunately, there were a lot +of vampires in game. Often of them, many + + align:start position:0% +of vampires in game. Often of them, many + + + align:start position:0% +of vampires in game. Often of them, many +of them were on different factions. So, + + align:start position:0% +of them were on different factions. So, + + + align:start position:0% +of them were on different factions. So, +they were going after each other with + + align:start position:0% +they were going after each other with + + + align:start position:0% +they were going after each other with +guns. So when two people who were + + align:start position:0% +guns. So when two people who were + + + align:start position:0% +guns. So when two people who were +obviously against each other shot each + + align:start position:0% +obviously against each other shot each + + + align:start position:0% +obviously against each other shot each +other, fell over, they would get up in + + align:start position:0% +other, fell over, they would get up in + + + align:start position:0% +other, fell over, they would get up in +five minutes and shoot each other again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +repeatedly begging for someone to show + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly begging for someone to show + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly begging for someone to show +up for a certain to come and do + + align:start position:0% +up for a certain to come and do + + + align:start position:0% +up for a certain to come and do +something to break this deadlock cuz and + + align:start position:0% +something to break this deadlock cuz and + + + align:start position:0% +something to break this deadlock cuz and +that's one of those things where it's + + align:start position:0% +that's one of those things where it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of those things where it's +like game mechanically you know what's + + align:start position:0% +like game mechanically you know what's + + + align:start position:0% +like game mechanically you know what's +supposed to happen but it sucks, you + + align:start position:0% +supposed to happen but it sucks, you + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to happen but it sucks, you +know, and + + align:start position:0% +know, and + + + align:start position:0% +know, and +and then was it really Right. So that's + + align:start position:0% +and then was it really Right. So that's + + + align:start position:0% +and then was it really Right. So that's +that's funny. + + align:start position:0% +that's funny. + + + align:start position:0% +that's funny. +>> We have to wait five minutes. Can we + + align:start position:0% +>> We have to wait five minutes. Can we + + + align:start position:0% +>> We have to wait five minutes. Can we +just do can we just continue like shoot? + + align:start position:0% +just do can we just continue like shoot? + + + align:start position:0% +just do can we just continue like shoot? +>> Well, but but that's the but the issue + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, but but that's the but the issue + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, but but that's the but the issue +is again these games are happening in + + align:start position:0% +is again these games are happening in + + + align:start position:0% +is again these games are happening in +real time. So the five minute rule is + + align:start position:0% +real time. So the five minute rule is + + + align:start position:0% +real time. So the five minute rule is +there possibly for a reason you know uh + + align:start position:0% +there possibly for a reason you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +there possibly for a reason you know uh +uh while you are down for five minutes + + align:start position:0% +uh while you are down for five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +uh while you are down for five minutes +those five minutes may become very + + align:start position:0% +those five minutes may become very + + + align:start position:0% +those five minutes may become very +valuable for someone who wants you down + + align:start position:0% +valuable for someone who wants you down + + + align:start position:0% +valuable for someone who wants you down +for for those five minutes. So you know + + align:start position:0% +for for those five minutes. So you know + + + align:start position:0% +for for those five minutes. So you know +I you can't kill me I can't kill you but + + align:start position:0% +I you can't kill me I can't kill you but + + + align:start position:0% +I you can't kill me I can't kill you but +both of us can knock each other down for + + align:start position:0% +both of us can knock each other down for + + + align:start position:0% +both of us can knock each other down for +five minutes. That's a great delaying + + align:start position:0% +five minutes. That's a great delaying + + + align:start position:0% +five minutes. That's a great delaying +tactic. If I can send one of my friends + + align:start position:0% +tactic. If I can send one of my friends + + + align:start position:0% +tactic. If I can send one of my friends +and do something that I don't want you + + align:start position:0% +and do something that I don't want you + + + align:start position:0% +and do something that I don't want you +interfering with. Um, and if that's the + + align:start position:0% +interfering with. Um, and if that's the + + + align:start position:0% +interfering with. Um, and if that's the +case, then that's great. But often it + + align:start position:0% +case, then that's great. But often it + + + align:start position:0% +case, then that's great. But often it +was just that, oh crap, there's just no + + align:start position:0% +was just that, oh crap, there's just no + + + align:start position:0% +was just that, oh crap, there's just no +way to break the deadlock. + + align:start position:0% +way to break the deadlock. + + + align:start position:0% +way to break the deadlock. +>> You'd fear the the limiting factor of + + align:start position:0% +>> You'd fear the the limiting factor of + + + align:start position:0% +>> You'd fear the the limiting factor of +the ammunition, though. + + align:start position:0% +the ammunition, though. + + + align:start position:0% +the ammunition, though. +>> I think that game actually let you pick + + align:start position:0% +>> I think that game actually let you pick + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think that game actually let you pick +up your ammunition while you were + + align:start position:0% +up your ammunition while you were + + + align:start position:0% +up your ammunition while you were +>> because because it can be a really + + align:start position:0% +>> because because it can be a really + + + align:start position:0% +>> because because it can be a really +annoying limit limitation to run off to + + align:start position:0% +annoying limit limitation to run off to + + + align:start position:0% +annoying limit limitation to run off to +run off ammunition, especially if you're + + align:start position:0% +run off ammunition, especially if you're + + + align:start position:0% +run off ammunition, especially if you're +playing with the little rubber dart + + align:start position:0% +playing with the little rubber dart + + + align:start position:0% +playing with the little rubber dart +guns. uh cuz carrying a whole pile of + + align:start position:0% +guns. uh cuz carrying a whole pile of + + + align:start position:0% +guns. uh cuz carrying a whole pile of +them is really annoying. So if the if + + align:start position:0% +them is really annoying. So if the if + + + align:start position:0% +them is really annoying. So if the if +the rule is I can I get to pick them up + + align:start position:0% +the rule is I can I get to pick them up + + + align:start position:0% +the rule is I can I get to pick them up +then you you have the illusion of having + + align:start position:0% +then you you have the illusion of having + + + align:start position:0% +then you you have the illusion of having +a lot of ammunition without having to + + align:start position:0% +a lot of ammunition without having to + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of ammunition without having to +carry a lot of ammunition. + + align:start position:0% +carry a lot of ammunition. + + + align:start position:0% +carry a lot of ammunition. +Uh so that's one example of a + + align:start position:0% +Uh so that's one example of a + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so that's one example of a +catastrophic failure that there's a + + align:start position:0% +catastrophic failure that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophic failure that there's a +really funny quote regarding u + + align:start position:0% +really funny quote regarding u + + + align:start position:0% +really funny quote regarding u +brainwashing actually which is you know + + align:start position:0% +brainwashing actually which is you know + + + align:start position:0% +brainwashing actually which is you know +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +who were know what where were you I was + + align:start position:0% +who were know what where were you I was + + + align:start position:0% +who were know what where were you I was +not being brainwashed. Who are you with? + + align:start position:0% +not being brainwashed. Who are you with? + + + align:start position:0% +not being brainwashed. Who are you with? +Not with the people who are + + align:start position:0% +Not with the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +Not with the people who are +brainwashing. + + align:start position:0% +brainwashing. + + + align:start position:0% +brainwashing. +This is exactly the problem with the + + align:start position:0% +This is exactly the problem with the + + + align:start position:0% +This is exactly the problem with the +persuasion thing, right? You know, it's + + align:start position:0% +persuasion thing, right? You know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +persuasion thing, right? You know, it's +like, you know, I I I want to tell you + + align:start position:0% +like, you know, I I I want to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +like, you know, I I I want to tell you +something because my goals haven't + + align:start position:0% +something because my goals haven't + + + align:start position:0% +something because my goals haven't +changed far uh far enough to want to + + align:start position:0% +changed far uh far enough to want to + + + align:start position:0% +changed far uh far enough to want to +align me to my new goals. So, I'm going + + align:start position:0% +align me to my new goals. So, I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +align me to my new goals. So, I'm going +to do everything that I can without + + align:start position:0% +to do everything that I can without + + + align:start position:0% +to do everything that I can without +breaking the rules. I'm not allowed to + + align:start position:0% +breaking the rules. I'm not allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +breaking the rules. I'm not allowed to +tell you that I was being brainwashed, + + align:start position:0% +tell you that I was being brainwashed, + + + align:start position:0% +tell you that I was being brainwashed, +right? So, I can say that I wasn't being + + align:start position:0% +right? So, I can say that I wasn't being + + + align:start position:0% +right? So, I can say that I wasn't being +brainwashed. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Other catastrophic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +How long does the thing take? Probably + + align:start position:0% +How long does the thing take? Probably + + + align:start position:0% +How long does the thing take? Probably +>> I don't know. + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I don't know. +>> Probably about as long as + + align:start position:0% +>> Probably about as long as + + + align:start position:0% +>> Probably about as long as +half an hour. + + align:start position:0% +half an hour. + + + align:start position:0% +half an hour. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Depends on the people. + + align:start position:0% +>> Depends on the people. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Depends on the people. +>> Well, if you put a time limit on like + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, if you put a time limit on like + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, if you put a time limit on like +discussions then + + align:start position:0% +discussions then + + + align:start position:0% +discussions then +>> cuz I plan on a password where it's less + + align:start position:0% +>> cuz I plan on a password where it's less + + + align:start position:0% +>> cuz I plan on a password where it's less +hours just because there was no cap and + + align:start position:0% +hours just because there was no cap and + + + align:start position:0% +hours just because there was no cap and +people just went to these long + + align:start position:0% +people just went to these long + + + align:start position:0% +people just went to these long +discussions in between rounds. + + align:start position:0% +discussions in between rounds. + + + align:start position:0% +discussions in between rounds. +>> So if you put a cap like okay we're + + align:start position:0% +>> So if you put a cap like okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +>> So if you put a cap like okay we're +going to it's going to be this long + + align:start position:0% +going to it's going to be this long + + + align:start position:0% +going to it's going to be this long +discussion and then we're going to kill + + align:start position:0% +discussion and then we're going to kill + + + align:start position:0% +discussion and then we're going to kill +someone off. So something + + align:start position:0% +someone off. So something + + + align:start position:0% +someone off. So something +Let's see. I have one. Anybody here + + align:start position:0% +Let's see. I have one. Anybody here + + + align:start position:0% +Let's see. I have one. Anybody here +played online mafia? So totally + + align:start position:0% +played online mafia? So totally + + + align:start position:0% +played online mafia? So totally +different experience. + + align:start position:0% +different experience. + + + align:start position:0% +different experience. +>> Yeah, for sure. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, for sure. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, for sure. +>> Pinball or something + + align:start position:0% +>> Pinball or something + + + align:start position:0% +>> Pinball or something +>> on forums usually. + + align:start position:0% +>> on forums usually. + + + align:start position:0% +>> on forums usually. +>> Oh, + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, +>> yeah. So anybody? + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah. So anybody? + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah. So anybody? +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> So basically when you can look at the + + align:start position:0% +>> So basically when you can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +>> So basically when you can look at the +history of what people have said and who + + align:start position:0% +history of what people have said and who + + + align:start position:0% +history of what people have said and who +they've accused and what order they did + + align:start position:0% +they've accused and what order they did + + + align:start position:0% +they've accused and what order they did +it in changes how mafia pans out, right? + + align:start position:0% +it in changes how mafia pans out, right? + + + align:start position:0% +it in changes how mafia pans out, right? +Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. +>> Because all of a sudden people start + + align:start position:0% +>> Because all of a sudden people start + + + align:start position:0% +>> Because all of a sudden people start +going back and look at the history of + + align:start position:0% +going back and look at the history of + + + align:start position:0% +going back and look at the history of +compiling statistics of who says who and + + align:start position:0% +compiling statistics of who says who and + + + align:start position:0% +compiling statistics of who says who and +who said what and then who must be on + + align:start position:0% +who said what and then who must be on + + + align:start position:0% +who said what and then who must be on +their side if that's the case. But then + + align:start position:0% +their side if that's the case. But then + + + align:start position:0% +their side if that's the case. But then +there's this kind of meta knowledge that + + align:start position:0% +there's this kind of meta knowledge that + + + align:start position:0% +there's this kind of meta knowledge that +you can use of this if you're a mafia + + align:start position:0% +you can use of this if you're a mafia + + + align:start position:0% +you can use of this if you're a mafia +>> because you can kind of tell your m so + + align:start position:0% +>> because you can kind of tell your m so + + + align:start position:0% +>> because you can kind of tell your m so +in in our particular case with forums we + + align:start position:0% +in in our particular case with forums we + + + align:start position:0% +in in our particular case with forums we +were able to kind of communicate at the + + align:start position:0% +were able to kind of communicate at the + + + align:start position:0% +were able to kind of communicate at the +mafia privately. Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +mafia privately. Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +mafia privately. Mhm. +>> Um, and that meant we could, for + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, and that meant we could, for + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, and that meant we could, for +instance, do things like making sure + + align:start position:0% +instance, do things like making sure + + + align:start position:0% +instance, do things like making sure +that we were never the first people to + + align:start position:0% +that we were never the first people to + + + align:start position:0% +that we were never the first people to +accuse anyone. + + align:start position:0% +accuse anyone. + + + align:start position:0% +accuse anyone. +>> So, as a mafia, you should never do that + + align:start position:0% +>> So, as a mafia, you should never do that + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, as a mafia, you should never do that +because it immediately makes you look + + align:start position:0% +because it immediately makes you look + + + align:start position:0% +because it immediately makes you look +suspicious later on if somebody turns + + align:start position:0% +suspicious later on if somebody turns + + + align:start position:0% +suspicious later on if somebody turns +out to be or not be in the mafia. + + align:start position:0% +out to be or not be in the mafia. + + + align:start position:0% +out to be or not be in the mafia. +>> Like, there's no way that you can admit + + align:start position:0% +>> Like, there's no way that you can admit + + + align:start position:0% +>> Like, there's no way that you can admit +if you're the first person who accuses, + + align:start position:0% +if you're the first person who accuses, + + + align:start position:0% +if you're the first person who accuses, +but bandwagoning somebody who's not in + + align:start position:0% +but bandwagoning somebody who's not in + + + align:start position:0% +but bandwagoning somebody who's not in +the mafia is always great. So, so you + + align:start position:0% +the mafia is always great. So, so you + + + align:start position:0% +the mafia is always great. So, so you +can kind of coordinate to do this sort + + align:start position:0% +can kind of coordinate to do this sort + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of coordinate to do this sort +of thing and then like try and defeat + + align:start position:0% +of thing and then like try and defeat + + + align:start position:0% +of thing and then like try and defeat +the statistical analysis that somebody + + align:start position:0% +the statistical analysis that somebody + + + align:start position:0% +the statistical analysis that somebody +else is doing. + + align:start position:0% +else is doing. + + + align:start position:0% +else is doing. +>> You've got you've got this whole shadow + + align:start position:0% +>> You've got you've got this whole shadow + + + align:start position:0% +>> You've got you've got this whole shadow +governing feeling. + + align:start position:0% +governing feeling. + + + align:start position:0% +governing feeling. +>> Also, a great like tactic to get to draw + + align:start position:0% +>> Also, a great like tactic to get to draw + + + align:start position:0% +>> Also, a great like tactic to get to draw +get you away from being on team someone + + align:start position:0% +get you away from being on team someone + + + align:start position:0% +get you away from being on team someone +else is to execute someone on your team + + align:start position:0% +else is to execute someone on your team + + + align:start position:0% +else is to execute someone on your team +and hope that if they they don't + + align:start position:0% +and hope that if they they don't + + + align:start position:0% +and hope that if they they don't +actually like vote. + + align:start position:0% +actually like vote. + + + align:start position:0% +actually like vote. +that. Yeah. I mean, I've definitely been + + align:start position:0% +that. Yeah. I mean, I've definitely been + + + align:start position:0% +that. Yeah. I mean, I've definitely been +in a game where we purposely killed off + + align:start position:0% +in a game where we purposely killed off + + + align:start position:0% +in a game where we purposely killed off +one of the people on our team just so + + align:start position:0% +one of the people on our team just so + + + align:start position:0% +one of the people on our team just so +that we wouldn't be accused. I like, + + align:start position:0% +that we wouldn't be accused. I like, + + + align:start position:0% +that we wouldn't be accused. I like, +"Oh, you he cannot be on mafia because + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, you he cannot be on mafia because + + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, you he cannot be on mafia because +he killed off a mafia." + + align:start position:0% +he killed off a mafia." + + + align:start position:0% +he killed off a mafia." +>> Okay. He's And then we end up winning + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. He's And then we end up winning + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. He's And then we end up winning +because no one no one figured that out. + + align:start position:0% +because no one no one figured that out. + + + align:start position:0% +because no one no one figured that out. +I I mean that's one of the best things + + align:start position:0% +I I mean that's one of the best things + + + align:start position:0% +I I mean that's one of the best things +about all kinds of live action games is + + align:start position:0% +about all kinds of live action games is + + + align:start position:0% +about all kinds of live action games is +that it almost encourages people to look + + align:start position:0% +that it almost encourages people to look + + + align:start position:0% +that it almost encourages people to look +for these kind of slightly out of the + + align:start position:0% +for these kind of slightly out of the + + + align:start position:0% +for these kind of slightly out of the +box illusions. These sort of emergent + + align:start position:0% +box illusions. These sort of emergent + + + align:start position:0% +box illusions. These sort of emergent +I'm not really going to expect that but + + align:start position:0% +I'm not really going to expect that but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not really going to expect that but +still fits within the rules because + + align:start position:0% +still fits within the rules because + + + align:start position:0% +still fits within the rules because +you're dealing with real people for the + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with real people for the + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with real people for the +most part. You're not you're not limited + + align:start position:0% +most part. You're not you're not limited + + + align:start position:0% +most part. You're not you're not limited +to the cards that you're allowed to play + + align:start position:0% +to the cards that you're allowed to play + + + align:start position:0% +to the cards that you're allowed to play +or the turns that that you're allowed to + + align:start position:0% +or the turns that that you're allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +or the turns that that you're allowed to +take. Uh so taking advantage of that. Um + + align:start position:0% +take. Uh so taking advantage of that. Um + + + align:start position:0% +take. Uh so taking advantage of that. Um +I I have one more disaster story. Uh + + align:start position:0% +I I have one more disaster story. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +I I have one more disaster story. Uh +>> I want to hear + + align:start position:0% +>> I want to hear + + + align:start position:0% +>> I want to hear +>> there is I I'll I'll limit it to just + + align:start position:0% +>> there is I I'll I'll limit it to just + + + align:start position:0% +>> there is I I'll I'll limit it to just +one for the people who don't. Um the the + + align:start position:0% +one for the people who don't. Um the the + + + align:start position:0% +one for the people who don't. Um the the +this is a game where there is a virus + + align:start position:0% +this is a game where there is a virus + + + align:start position:0% +this is a game where there is a virus +that was spreading. + + align:start position:0% +that was spreading. + + + align:start position:0% +that was spreading. +People who are in the assassin skill + + align:start position:0% +People who are in the assassin skill + + + align:start position:0% +People who are in the assassin skill +might have really heard of this one but + + align:start position:0% +might have really heard of this one but + + + align:start position:0% +might have really heard of this one but +um the whole basic idea is that there + + align:start position:0% +um the whole basic idea is that there + + + align:start position:0% +um the whole basic idea is that there +was a explosive nano virus. um people + + align:start position:0% +was a explosive nano virus. um people + + + align:start position:0% +was a explosive nano virus. um people +who got infected after a certain amount + + align:start position:0% +who got infected after a certain amount + + + align:start position:0% +who got infected after a certain amount +of time will explode and anybody in the + + align:start position:0% +of time will explode and anybody in the + + + align:start position:0% +of time will explode and anybody in the +room with them will now be infected. Um + + align:start position:0% +room with them will now be infected. Um + + + align:start position:0% +room with them will now be infected. Um +of course this was a game, you know, + + align:start position:0% +of course this was a game, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +of course this was a game, you know, +this is kind of a game in set in science + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of a game in set in science + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of a game in set in science +fiction kind of thing and they've got + + align:start position:0% +fiction kind of thing and they've got + + + align:start position:0% +fiction kind of thing and they've got +doctors who are capable who have + + align:start position:0% +doctors who are capable who have + + + align:start position:0% +doctors who are capable who have +mechanics to be able to research cures. + + align:start position:0% +mechanics to be able to research cures. + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics to be able to research cures. +Um however when the doctor happens to be + + align:start position:0% +Um however when the doctor happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +Um however when the doctor happens to be +one of the first people to die + + align:start position:0% +one of the first people to die + + + align:start position:0% +one of the first people to die +game um what rapidly happens is that + + align:start position:0% +game um what rapidly happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +game um what rapidly happens is that +what should have been a one night game + + align:start position:0% +what should have been a one night game + + + align:start position:0% +what should have been a one night game +turned out to be a one-hour game when + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be a one-hour game when + + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be a one-hour game when +everybody exploded. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So you know um I guess that might come + + align:start position:0% +So you know um I guess that might come + + + align:start position:0% +So you know um I guess that might come +down to feasibility but that that I mean + + align:start position:0% +down to feasibility but that that I mean + + + align:start position:0% +down to feasibility but that that I mean +you can think about it as as a you need + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it as as a you need + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it as as a you need +a certain amount of redundancy when + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of redundancy when + + + align:start position:0% +a certain amount of redundancy when +you're coming when you're designing any + + align:start position:0% +you're coming when you're designing any + + + align:start position:0% +you're coming when you're designing any +game but particularly live action games + + align:start position:0% +game but particularly live action games + + + align:start position:0% +game but particularly live action games +because happens. Um and you've got + + align:start position:0% +because happens. Um and you've got + + + align:start position:0% +because happens. Um and you've got +to expect that to happen. You there's + + align:start position:0% +to expect that to happen. You there's + + + align:start position:0% +to expect that to happen. You there's +always this fear about oh I put in too + + align:start position:0% +always this fear about oh I put in too + + + align:start position:0% +always this fear about oh I put in too +many resources into this game then the + + align:start position:0% +many resources into this game then the + + + align:start position:0% +many resources into this game then the +players are going to find it too easy. + + align:start position:0% +players are going to find it too easy. + + + align:start position:0% +players are going to find it too easy. +And it's most more often than not, yeah, + + align:start position:0% +And it's most more often than not, yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +And it's most more often than not, yeah, +there are some players that are going to + + align:start position:0% +there are some players that are going to + + + align:start position:0% +there are some players that are going to +say, "We breeze through that." But + + align:start position:0% +say, "We breeze through that." But + + + align:start position:0% +say, "We breeze through that." But +rarely do people get terribly upset in a + + align:start position:0% +rarely do people get terribly upset in a + + + align:start position:0% +rarely do people get terribly upset in a +live action game when something is + + align:start position:0% +live action game when something is + + + align:start position:0% +live action game when something is +slightly too easy. Um, they get really + + align:start position:0% +slightly too easy. Um, they get really + + + align:start position:0% +slightly too easy. Um, they get really +upset when it becomes when it's even + + align:start position:0% +upset when it becomes when it's even + + + align:start position:0% +upset when it becomes when it's even +near possible. you know, it's like, oh, + + align:start position:0% +near possible. you know, it's like, oh, + + + align:start position:0% +near possible. you know, it's like, oh, +so the GMs only made it possible for + + align:start position:0% +so the GMs only made it possible for + + + align:start position:0% +so the GMs only made it possible for +only made one made it possible for one + + align:start position:0% +only made one made it possible for one + + + align:start position:0% +only made one made it possible for one +person to fix this problem and that + + align:start position:0% +person to fix this problem and that + + + align:start position:0% +person to fix this problem and that +person and they didn't think about that + + align:start position:0% +person and they didn't think about that + + + align:start position:0% +person and they didn't think about that +person just dying in the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +person just dying in the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +person just dying in the beginning of +So yeah, that was that was another + + align:start position:0% +So yeah, that was that was another + + + align:start position:0% +So yeah, that was that was another +example. None of which were my my games. + + align:start position:0% +example. None of which were my my games. + + + align:start position:0% +example. None of which were my my games. +I'm sorry. I feel really bad about bring + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry. I feel really bad about bring + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry. I feel really bad about bring +not bringing examples for my games, but + + align:start position:0% +not bringing examples for my games, but + + + align:start position:0% +not bringing examples for my games, but +I don't know which ones were the ones + + align:start position:0% +I don't know which ones were the ones + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know which ones were the ones +that I generally Oh, I do have one more. + + align:start position:0% +that I generally Oh, I do have one more. + + + align:start position:0% +that I generally Oh, I do have one more. +So, this was after The Sims came out and + + align:start position:0% +So, this was after The Sims came out and + + + align:start position:0% +So, this was after The Sims came out and +and people should already be worried + + align:start position:0% +and people should already be worried + + + align:start position:0% +and people should already be worried +about that. Um, I I I thought having a + + align:start position:0% +about that. Um, I I I thought having a + + + align:start position:0% +about that. Um, I I I thought having a +blatant stat would be a really good idea + + align:start position:0% +blatant stat would be a really good idea + + + align:start position:0% +blatant stat would be a really good idea +for a game. This was a game that was set + + align:start position:0% +for a game. This was a game that was set + + + align:start position:0% +for a game. This was a game that was set +on a train. + + align:start position:0% +on a train. + + + align:start position:0% +on a train. +>> Oh, + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, +>> this was this was a game that was set in + + align:start position:0% +>> this was this was a game that was set in + + + align:start position:0% +>> this was this was a game that was set in +a train. It was steampunk. So, tea was a + + align:start position:0% +a train. It was steampunk. So, tea was a + + + align:start position:0% +a train. It was steampunk. So, tea was a +game. I think tea was in fact a combat + + align:start position:0% +game. I think tea was in fact a combat + + + align:start position:0% +game. I think tea was in fact a combat +drug. Um, if you drank tea, your combat + + align:start position:0% +drug. Um, if you drank tea, your combat + + + align:start position:0% +drug. Um, if you drank tea, your combat +stats will increase, but so would your + + align:start position:0% +stats will increase, but so would your + + + align:start position:0% +stats will increase, but so would your +bladder stat. every once your bladder + + align:start position:0% +bladder stat. every once your bladder + + + align:start position:0% +bladder stat. every once your bladder +stat was past a certain point uh all the + + align:start position:0% +stat was past a certain point uh all the + + + align:start position:0% +stat was past a certain point uh all the +combat stats went down and you really + + align:start position:0% +combat stats went down and you really + + + align:start position:0% +combat stats went down and you really +had to get to the restroom. Um which was + + align:start position:0% +had to get to the restroom. Um which was + + + align:start position:0% +had to get to the restroom. Um which was +really interesting. + + align:start position:0% +really interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting. +Most people just reviled that that game + + align:start position:0% +Most people just reviled that that game + + + align:start position:0% +Most people just reviled that that game +back me back me back me back me back me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% +back me back me back me back me back me +back because it was one more number they + + align:start position:0% +back because it was one more number they + + + align:start position:0% +back because it was one more number they +had to hit cold in their head that was + + align:start position:0% +had to hit cold in their head that was + + + align:start position:0% +had to hit cold in their head that was +stupid annoying and really didn't do + + align:start position:0% +stupid annoying and really didn't do + + + align:start position:0% +stupid annoying and really didn't do +terribly much for the immersion of the + + align:start position:0% +terribly much for the immersion of the + + + align:start position:0% +terribly much for the immersion of the +game. You know, I I was thinking, oh, + + align:start position:0% +game. You know, I I was thinking, oh, + + + align:start position:0% +game. You know, I I was thinking, oh, +it's a game about traveling on a train. + + align:start position:0% +it's a game about traveling on a train. + + + align:start position:0% +it's a game about traveling on a train. +So, you use the restroom all the time. + + align:start position:0% +So, you use the restroom all the time. + + + align:start position:0% +So, you use the restroom all the time. +That's the only thing I do when I'm + + align:start position:0% +That's the only thing I do when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +That's the only thing I do when I'm +traveling. I use the restroom. It's the + + align:start position:0% +traveling. I use the restroom. It's the + + + align:start position:0% +traveling. I use the restroom. It's the +most momentous event. Um, but um but + + align:start position:0% +most momentous event. Um, but um but + + + align:start position:0% +most momentous event. Um, but um but +then that even that led to some + + align:start position:0% +then that even that led to some + + + align:start position:0% +then that even that led to some +interesting emergent situations because + + align:start position:0% +interesting emergent situations because + + + align:start position:0% +interesting emergent situations because +when this train gets attacked and + + align:start position:0% +when this train gets attacked and + + + align:start position:0% +when this train gets attacked and +everybody needs to find a safe place to + + align:start position:0% +everybody needs to find a safe place to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody needs to find a safe place to +hide, what they all do is they get into + + align:start position:0% +hide, what they all do is they get into + + + align:start position:0% +hide, what they all do is they get into +the washroom, + + align:start position:0% +the washroom, + + + align:start position:0% +the washroom, +barricade it, and drink tea until all + + align:start position:0% +barricade it, and drink tea until all + + + align:start position:0% +barricade it, and drink tea until all +the combat stats go up the roof and then + + align:start position:0% +the combat stats go up the roof and then + + + align:start position:0% +the combat stats go up the roof and then +win the fight. Um because we were right + + align:start position:0% +win the fight. Um because we were right + + + align:start position:0% +win the fight. Um because we were right +there in the restroom, we could afford + + align:start position:0% +there in the restroom, we could afford + + + align:start position:0% +there in the restroom, we could afford +to do that. + + align:start position:0% +to do that. + + + align:start position:0% +to do that. +>> It was hilarious. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> These people come up with exploits and + + align:start position:0% +>> These people come up with exploits and + + + align:start position:0% +>> These people come up with exploits and +>> that's fun. + + align:start position:0% +>> that's fun. + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's fun. +>> They may hate the rules, but once they + + align:start position:0% +>> They may hate the rules, but once they + + + align:start position:0% +>> They may hate the rules, but once they +understand how the systems work, they're + + align:start position:0% +understand how the systems work, they're + + + align:start position:0% +understand how the systems work, they're +going to come up with ways to to to use + + align:start position:0% +going to come up with ways to to to use + + + align:start position:0% +going to come up with ways to to to use +it to their advantage. And that can be + + align:start position:0% +it to their advantage. And that can be + + + align:start position:0% +it to their advantage. And that can be +some of the most enjoyable. + + align:start position:0% +some of the most enjoyable. + + + align:start position:0% +some of the most enjoyable. +>> I saw a squirrel this past weekend and + + align:start position:0% +>> I saw a squirrel this past weekend and + + + align:start position:0% +>> I saw a squirrel this past weekend and +figured out it stood under a bird feed. + + align:start position:0% +figured out it stood under a bird feed. + + + align:start position:0% +figured out it stood under a bird feed. +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +>> ah + + align:start position:0% +>> ah + + + align:start position:0% +>> ah +>> thing that was spending the tree + + align:start position:0% +>> thing that was spending the tree + + + align:start position:0% +>> thing that was spending the tree +>> it could just get pre-cluded because + + align:start position:0% +>> it could just get pre-cluded because + + + align:start position:0% +>> it could just get pre-cluded because +when the birds ate it once every two + + align:start position:0% +when the birds ate it once every two + + + align:start position:0% +when the birds ate it once every two +three minutes they would drop a grain + + align:start position:0% +three minutes they would drop a grain + + + align:start position:0% +three minutes they would drop a grain +accidentally + + align:start position:0% +accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally +>> and and there was this really fat + + align:start position:0% +>> and and there was this really fat + + + align:start position:0% +>> and and there was this really fat +squirrel in it just sitting there and + + align:start position:0% +squirrel in it just sitting there and + + + align:start position:0% +squirrel in it just sitting there and +spent the entire day just sitting under + + align:start position:0% +spent the entire day just sitting under + + + align:start position:0% +spent the entire day just sitting under +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +>> so I mean like it's so natural to just + + align:start position:0% +>> so I mean like it's so natural to just + + + align:start position:0% +>> so I mean like it's so natural to just +try to find exploits everything and + + align:start position:0% +try to find exploits everything and + + + align:start position:0% +try to find exploits everything and +>> there is there is a moral + + align:start position:0% +>> there is there is a moral + + + align:start position:0% +>> there is there is a moral +>> like it doesn't work for immersion but + + align:start position:0% +>> like it doesn't work for immersion but + + + align:start position:0% +>> like it doesn't work for immersion but +you still do it anyway + + align:start position:0% +you still do it anyway + + + align:start position:0% +you still do it anyway +>> there is a moral to that though is that + + align:start position:0% +>> there is a moral to that though is that + + + align:start position:0% +>> there is a moral to that though is that +for live action games especially if + + align:start position:0% +for live action games especially if + + + align:start position:0% +for live action games especially if +you're playing a live action game + + align:start position:0% +you're playing a live action game + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing a live action game +community. Uh there is whatever you + + align:start position:0% +community. Uh there is whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +community. Uh there is whatever you +write down as a rule, you may put it up + + align:start position:0% +write down as a rule, you may put it up + + + align:start position:0% +write down as a rule, you may put it up +on the wall, you may put it in a piece + + align:start position:0% +on the wall, you may put it in a piece + + + align:start position:0% +on the wall, you may put it in a piece +of paper, someone's going to try to do + + align:start position:0% +of paper, someone's going to try to do + + + align:start position:0% +of paper, someone's going to try to do +it. And uh and you you have to think of + + align:start position:0% +it. And uh and you you have to think of + + + align:start position:0% +it. And uh and you you have to think of +I'm going to put in a rule that's so + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put in a rule that's so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put in a rule that's so +ridiculous that that people are not + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous that that people are not + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous that that people are not +going to want to try to do it uh because + + align:start position:0% +going to want to try to do it uh because + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to try to do it uh because +it's going to hurt them. Something like + + align:start position:0% +it's going to hurt them. Something like + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to hurt them. Something like +jump on this jump jump on the spot 100 + + align:start position:0% +jump on this jump jump on the spot 100 + + + align:start position:0% +jump on this jump jump on the spot 100 +times and you unlock this door. Or you + + align:start position:0% +times and you unlock this door. Or you + + + align:start position:0% +times and you unlock this door. Or you +could find someone with lock with + + align:start position:0% +could find someone with lock with + + + align:start position:0% +could find someone with lock with +lockpicking, you know, and you would + + align:start position:0% +lockpicking, you know, and you would + + + align:start position:0% +lockpicking, you know, and you would +just assume that person's going to find + + align:start position:0% +just assume that person's going to find + + + align:start position:0% +just assume that person's going to find +someone with lockpicking. No, someone's + + align:start position:0% +someone with lockpicking. No, someone's + + + align:start position:0% +someone with lockpicking. No, someone's +going to jump on the spot 100 times and + + align:start position:0% +going to jump on the spot 100 times and + + + align:start position:0% +going to jump on the spot 100 times and +they're gonna hate you for it because + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna hate you for it because + + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna hate you for it because +you put a rule in there for it. So, um, + + align:start position:0% +you put a rule in there for it. So, um, + + + align:start position:0% +you put a rule in there for it. So, um, +you know, try not to hurt your players. + + align:start position:0% +you know, try not to hurt your players. + + + align:start position:0% +you know, try not to hurt your players. +It'll be tomorrow, you know, because + + align:start position:0% +It'll be tomorrow, you know, because + + + align:start position:0% +It'll be tomorrow, you know, because +they will do what you tell them to do. + + align:start position:0% +they will do what you tell them to do. + + + align:start position:0% +they will do what you tell them to do. +>> Disclosure form. + + align:start position:0% +>> Disclosure form. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Disclosure form. +>> All right, that's uh cards. Um so um + + align:start position:0% +>> All right, that's uh cards. Um so um + + + align:start position:0% +>> All right, that's uh cards. Um so um +before we go I want to like clarify the + + align:start position:0% +before we go I want to like clarify the + + + align:start position:0% +before we go I want to like clarify the +in this version the um investigation + + align:start position:0% +in this version the um investigation + + + align:start position:0% +in this version the um investigation +mechanic. So the group gets to the group + + align:start position:0% +mechanic. So the group gets to the group + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic. So the group gets to the group +of scientists gets to test two people. + + align:start position:0% +of scientists gets to test two people. + + + align:start position:0% +of scientists gets to test two people. +Um if you catch the thing then they're + + align:start position:0% +Um if you catch the thing then they're + + + align:start position:0% +Um if you catch the thing then they're +dead and out. If you if you catch them + + align:start position:0% +dead and out. If you if you catch them + + + align:start position:0% +dead and out. If you if you catch them +on the second time, this is what I've + + align:start position:0% +on the second time, this is what I've + + + align:start position:0% +on the second time, this is what I've +read. If you catch them on the second + + align:start position:0% +read. If you catch them on the second + + + align:start position:0% +read. If you catch them on the second +guess, you get another guess. Um I'm not + + align:start position:0% +guess, you get another guess. Um I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +guess, you get another guess. Um I'm not +sure if that means you can have infinite + + align:start position:0% +sure if that means you can have infinite + + + align:start position:0% +sure if that means you can have infinite +guesses or not. So that's something to + + align:start position:0% +guesses or not. So that's something to + + + align:start position:0% +guesses or not. So that's something to +play around. If you test your wrong + + align:start position:0% +play around. If you test your wrong + + + align:start position:0% +play around. If you test your wrong +person is not a thing, they don't die. + + align:start position:0% +person is not a thing, they don't die. + + + align:start position:0% +person is not a thing, they don't die. +>> No. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> No. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No. Okay. +>> So, I test someone the first time + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I test someone the first time + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I test someone the first time +they're a thing, then they're out. But I + + align:start position:0% +they're a thing, then they're out. But I + + + align:start position:0% +they're a thing, then they're out. But I +have someone a second time. + + align:start position:0% +have someone a second time. + + + align:start position:0% +have someone a second time. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Regardless of whether or not I've tested + + align:start position:0% +>> Regardless of whether or not I've tested + + + align:start position:0% +>> Regardless of whether or not I've tested +a thing the first time. + + align:start position:0% +a thing the first time. + + + align:start position:0% +a thing the first time. +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> At least two guesses. + + align:start position:0% +>> At least two guesses. + + + align:start position:0% +>> At least two guesses. +>> But if you test someone on the second + + align:start position:0% +>> But if you test someone on the second + + + align:start position:0% +>> But if you test someone on the second +one, they don't die. + + align:start position:0% +one, they don't die. + + + align:start position:0% +one, they don't die. +>> If they're the thing, they're dead. + + align:start position:0% +>> If they're the thing, they're dead. + + + align:start position:0% +>> If they're the thing, they're dead. +>> Thing dies. But if you test someone on + + align:start position:0% +>> Thing dies. But if you test someone on + + + align:start position:0% +>> Thing dies. But if you test someone on +the first time and they're the thing, + + align:start position:0% +the first time and they're the thing, + + + align:start position:0% +the first time and they're the thing, +you don't get an extra guess. + + align:start position:0% +you don't get an extra guess. + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get an extra guess. +>> Well, not necessarily. + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, not necessarily. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, not necessarily. +>> No, you get you get two. + + align:start position:0% +>> No, you get you get two. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, you get you get two. +>> You always get two of these two. So you + + align:start position:0% +>> You always get two of these two. So you + + + align:start position:0% +>> You always get two of these two. So you +have if you guess anytime I'm saying if + + align:start position:0% +have if you guess anytime I'm saying if + + + align:start position:0% +have if you guess anytime I'm saying if +you get a thing only one person a knife. + + align:start position:0% +you get a thing only one person a knife. + + + align:start position:0% +you get a thing only one person a knife. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> But if you guess a thing and then not a + + align:start position:0% +>> But if you guess a thing and then not a + + + align:start position:0% +>> But if you guess a thing and then not a +thing and you get a thing. + + align:start position:0% +thing and you get a thing. + + + align:start position:0% +thing and you get a thing. +>> Yeah. Like you can catch the thing. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Like you can catch the thing. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Like you can catch the thing. +>> Yeah. I think you can catch the thing + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I think you can catch the thing + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. I think you can catch the thing +without actually doing anything other + + align:start position:0% +without actually doing anything other + + + align:start position:0% +without actually doing anything other +than like making a system where you + + align:start position:0% +than like making a system where you + + + align:start position:0% +than like making a system where you +automatically catch the thing + + align:start position:0% +automatically catch the thing + + + align:start position:0% +automatically catch the thing +>> and you're getting two guesses. So the + + align:start position:0% +>> and you're getting two guesses. So the + + + align:start position:0% +>> and you're getting two guesses. So the +ratio of like by randomly guessing + + align:start position:0% +ratio of like by randomly guessing + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of like by randomly guessing +you'll certainly change it, right? I + + align:start position:0% +you'll certainly change it, right? I + + + align:start position:0% +you'll certainly change it, right? I +mean this is just what I found and it + + align:start position:0% +mean this is just what I found and it + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is just what I found and it +seemed like an interesting way. part of + + align:start position:0% +seemed like an interesting way. part of + + + align:start position:0% +seemed like an interesting way. part of +the point, right? + + align:start position:0% +the point, right? + + + align:start position:0% +the point, right? +>> Which which which means do you start + + align:start position:0% +>> Which which which means do you start + + + align:start position:0% +>> Which which which means do you start +with? + + align:start position:0% +with? + + + align:start position:0% +with? +>> No, you're not perfectly because you + + align:start position:0% +>> No, you're not perfectly because you + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, you're not perfectly because you +could then + + align:start position:0% +could then + + + align:start position:0% +could then +>> as I recogn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +bias towards the nonffected + + align:start position:0% +bias towards the nonffected + + + align:start position:0% +bias towards the nonffected +Appreciate something. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RoxLGn5VN4g.txt b/RoxLGn5VN4g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4245226fae59a3d0454d2bb9be83911ebe663254 --- /dev/null +++ b/RoxLGn5VN4g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1792 @@ +PROFESSOR: Any questions before +we push bravely onward? + +OK if there's no question +on any of this I shall + +clean off the board. + +And the last thing I wanted to +do in connection with thermal + +expansion is to examine how the +macroscopic linear thermal + +expansion coefficient relates to +the nature of the potential + +minimum between-- + +in the attraction between-- +neighboring atoms. + +So let me suppose we have a +pair of atoms separated by + +some distance, d, and there is +a cohesive force between them + +or else the material would +not be in a solid state. + +And the nature of +the potential-- + +and I'm going to call +the distance + +between the atoms, x-- + +and this is going to +be the energy. + +And I'm measuring now +relative to-- + +let me call this d as I did over +here-- so the energy as a + +function of d is going to +consist of a very short range, + +repulsive interaction, that +rises very, very rapidly when + +you attempt to squeeze the atoms +any closer than a fairly + +small value. + +And then there'll be some +sort of cohesive energy. + +And everybody loves to model +ionic compounds because in an + +ionic compound this cohesive +force would be purely a + +Coulombic force that would be, +in rationalized MKS units, 1 + +over 4 pi epsilon zero times the +product of the charges and + +divided by the distance +between them. + +Taking those two potentials +together, and you've all seen + +this many times before, there +is a minimum in the energy. + +And then absolute zero-- + +that is the separation +at which this + +atom pair would sit-- + +and this would be the binding +energy of that ionic pair. + +If you carry this through to get +the entire energy of the + +crystal, you find that the +energy of the crystal goes as + +1 minus 1 over-- + +haven't introduced +this term yet, so + +let's hold off on that. + +What I'm going to do now is to +take a look at this potential + +and expand it around the +equilibrium separation just + +with an empirical collection +of terms. + +But from the shape of this well, +we can see why the bond + +length should increase +as the energy of + +the atomic pair increases. + +At absolute zero, the separation +will be this + +equilibrium separation, +d zero. + +But as you increase the +temperature and pump + +vibrational energy into this +pair of atoms, they will get a + +certain increase in energy. + +And as a result, the pair will +be able to vibrate between + +these two limits. + +Put in some more thermal +energy by raising the + +temperature, and the pair will +be able to vibrate between + +these limits-- + +larger limits. + +And so the average position of +the atom, the separation of + +the atoms, is something that +is going to increase with + +increasing temperature. + +And that is purely a consequence +of the asymmetry + +in this potential well. + +If this were a Coulombic bond, +we know exactly how to model + +the attractive part. + +The repulsive part is a little +harder to model because that + +is something that's inherently +quantum mechanical. + +As the ion pair gets close +together, the electrons start + +to perturb each other's +orbitals. + +And a very common thing to do +is to model this as 1 over d + +to the sum power n. + +And n is typically on the +order of 8 to 12. + +So this is something that rises +very, very steeply. + +I was once at the Gordon +conference where a fist fight + +almost broke out because +somebody was giving a + +presentation and started from +the beginning by introducing + +this model to the +potential well. + +And he says, "As usual, we'll +write this as a power law, 1 + +over d to the n." And somebody +in a front row jumped up and + +said, "what do you +mean usually? + +Sensible people use +exponentials." And the speaker + +said, "No, I'm going to use +a power law." That's dumb. + +Exponentials work better. + +Power laws, exponentials, power +laws, exponentials. + +But in point of fact they're +both grossly empirical and one + +is not better than the other. + +The algebra changes a little +bit, but people get very, very + +emotionally attached to +their physical models. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +law in the exponential. + +PROFESSOR: Good, you should've +been there to + +break up the fight. + +If you'd gotten between them, +you'd have been likely punched + +in the nose. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +OK so I'm going to use the power +law because as we've + +seen they're the same thing +as exponentials. + +So now what I'm going to do +is expand this in a purely + +empirical way-- + +measuring distance from the +minimum of the potential well. + +So what I'm going to say is +that the potential as a + +function of x-- and now I won't +call it d because I'm + +going to measure distance, x, +from the minimum in this well. + +I'm going to say V is +a function of x. + +There is a well in which the-- + +which keeps the atoms +separate. + +I'll assume that is a parabolic +potential well, so + +it'll go as first some constant +c times x squared. + +Then the thing that +causes thermal + +expansion is the asymmetry. + +And I want the asymmetry to +increase the energy more + +rapidly on the side of negative +x than on the side of + +positive x. + +So I'll put in a term, +g x cubed. + +And I put a negative sign in +here because I want it to go + +up as x becomes negative. + +That means the ion pairs are +decreasing at separation. + +And finally, a very fine touch, +if x becomes very + +large, the potential +well should soften. + +The edges of this are starting +to level out and get lower + +than the purely parabolic part +for very large separations. + +So that's what I'll use +as a very simple + +model for my potential. + +This is what gives the +asymmetry, and this is what + +gives softening. + +And now I'm going to ask, what +is the average value of x? + +The probability of finding a +particular x is going to be + +proportional to e to the +minus V of x over kt. + +So I can say that the average +value of x is going to be the + +integral from minus infinity to +plus infinity of the value + +that I'm trying to find the +average of, namely x times the + +probability of finding that x. + +And that's going to e to the +minus V of x over kt. + +And I will integrate +that over x. + +And then I will normalize by a +term which is the integral of + +the probability from minus +infinity to plus infinity of e + +to the minus V of x over kt. + +So that's a general expression +for an average. + +It's the thing you want to +average times the probability + +of finding the particular value +divided by the integral + +of the probabilities. + +OK now let me do some very +straightforward things and I'm + +just going to rattle these +off very quickly. + +We'll expand this in terms +of a series of terms. + +And I'm going to expand both the +numerator and denominator + +using the approximation that +e to the u is approximately + +equal to 1 plus u. + +So the numerator-- + +x times e to the minus +cx squared over kt. + +I'm going to take the higher +order terms and say that e to + +the gx cubed over kt times +e to the minus-- + +this is a minus sign +out in front-- + +times e to the fx fourth over +kt, can be approximated by, + +since these are very, very small +terms, 1 plus g x cubed + +over kt times 1 plus +fx fourth over kt. + +So that's going to be, if I +put an x e to the minus cx + +squared, I'm going to have a +term 1 plus g x cubed over kt, + +plus f x fourth over kt. + +And then a very, very minuscule +term, f times g + +times x to the 7th over kt. + +And I'm going to +throw that out. + +If I look at these integrals +one at a time, the integral + +from minus infinity to plus +infinity of x e to the minus + +cx squared over k t, that's +the first term in + +expansion, times dx. + +That's going to be zero. + +Because for positive x, +the thing that we're + +integrating is plus. + +For negative x, the thing that +we're integrating has the same + +exponential but has +a minus sign. + +So that integral is zero. + +So the next term I want +to look at is x times + +gx cubed over kt. + +And for this I turned to my +handy book of integrals. + +The integral from zero to +infinity of x to the 2n, where + +that quantity is even, times e +to the minus a x squared dx, + +is equal to, as you all know, 1 +times 3 times 5 all the way + +up to 2n minus 1 divided by 2 to +the n plus 1 times a to the + +n times the square root +of pi over a. + +And proof of that the integral +is left as an exercise to the + +reckless student. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: The x cubed +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That's why +this is a 2n here. + +So I can say that the x cubed +term is--but we don't have an + +x cubed term. + +The next term is going to +be equal to x fourth. + +And this I'm going to +drop because that's + +going to be x fifth. + +So the integral from minus +infinity to plus infinity of x + +to the fourth power times g over +kt times e to the minus + +cx squared over kt dx. + +If I use this formula, +turns out to be a + +very, very simple thing. + +It turns out to be 3/4 times the +square root of pi times g + +times kt over c to the 5/2. + +And kt is to the power 3/2. + +So that is-- + +if I throw away the term in x +times x fourth which is odd, + +that will vanish and I've then +thrown out only a really large + +term in x to the 7th. + +For the denominator, the +integral that is there before + +us is the integral from minus +infinity to plus infinity of e + +to the minus cx squared +over kt times 1 plus g + +x cubed over kt. + +This thing is going to vanish +because x is odd. + +And then I'll have plus +fx fourth over kt. + +That will not vanish but it's +going to be a relatively small + +term, so I'll go like that. + +Which means I just +have to integrate + +this Gaussian factor. + +And that turns out to be equal +to 2 times 1/2 times square + +root of pi kT pi +times T over c. + +So this is the denominator. + +And if I take the ratio of those +two integrals, I have + +that the average value of x will +be equal to 3/4 square + +root of pi times g times kt to +the 3/2 over c to the 5/2, + +divided by the square root +of pi times kt over c + +to the power 1/2. + +And if I carry through the +algebra correctly, this turns + +out to be 3/4 of g over +c squared times kt. + +So there is the average distance +between this pair of + +atoms as a function of +temperature in terms of + +characteristics of +the potential. + +The first thing that is very +gratifying is that the bond + +length, according to the simple +model, should increase + +linearly with temperature. + +So it tells us we would expect +things to expand linearly with + +temperature which corresponds +to reality. + +The next thing we'll see is that +the amount of expansion + +goes inversely as the square. + +That's a strong dependence-- + +inversely as the square of the + +parabolic part of our potential. + +That was the c-- c was the +coefficient in front of cx + +squared in our potential. + +So the stronger the bond, the +smaller the thermal expansion + +coefficient is in proportion +to the reciprocal of the + +square of that term. + +And then finally, the last +important term to survive is + +g, the asymmetry. + +And the thermal expansion +coefficient should increase + +with the first power of the +term that describes the + +asymmetry of the +potential well. + +So your intuition would +tell you that + +that's the way the thermal-- + +linear thermal expansion +coefficient should vary. + +The interesting thing is that +it depends more strongly on + +the parameter that gives the +parabolic part of the + +potential well. + +And secondly, that it does +predict a thermal expansion + +coefficient that increases-- + +the separation that +increases with-- + +in proportion to temperature. + +And therefore there is a +constant linear thermal + +expansion coefficient. + +Now all this is true at +elevated temperatures. + +At low temperatures, +thermodynamics kicks in. + +And it turns out that the +linear thermal expansion + +coefficient, as does energies of +vibrating atoms, must go to + +zero as temperature approaches +absolute zero. + +So a typical variation of the +thermal expansion coefficient + +with temperature is something +that does this. + +The same way as-- the same sort +of variation as things + +like heat capacity. + +And this temperature in here is +on the order of the Debye + +temperature of the particular +material. + +All right, so much for linear +thermal expansion. + +And I would now like to turn +to something much more + +interesting. + +And that is physical properties +that involve + +property tensors of rank +higher than two. + +One of the important and more +interesting of these is a + +property called +piezoelectricity. + +Piezo means pressure, so the +property literally means + +pressure electricity or pressure +induced charge. + +Now what is the charge? + +First of all, this does not +describe a property where-- if + +I were to pick up a chunk of +crystal, and I drop it because + +I just got an electric charge. + +These are not mobile charges, +these are bound charges. + +And the reason for the induced +charge is the fact that we are + +squeezing or stretching an ionic +material, and that's + +moving charged ions around. + +So what we're going to do if +that process involves motion + +of charged ions is to induce a +dipole moment per unit volume. + +I have a little primer on some +quantities in electromagnetic + +theory and I-- + +I brought them with me upstairs +to look them over and + +I forgot to bring them down. + +But I don't think we'll +need them in what's + +left of this hour. + +So let me say that for matter +and bulk, the quantity that is + +involved in piezoelectricity +is the polarization. + +And polarization is dipole +moment per unit volume. + +And a dipole moment, to refresh +your memory, is that + +if I have a positive charge +plus q and negative charge + +minus q separated by +a distance, d. + +The dipole moment, which I'll +indicate by a lowercase p, has + +a vector quality and it's equal +to the magnitude of one + +of these charges times the +distance between them. + +And we'll define the distance +as going from the positive + +charge to the negative charge. + +That's a crazy way of defining a +pair of charges of equal but + +opposite sign. + +The reason for defining a +quantity like the dipole + +moment is that this combination +of charge and + +separation of the charges +comes up in all sorts of + +problems in electrostatics +and electrodynamics. + +And this is the delight +of people who + +teach elementary physics. + +You are given, on the first +quiz, a question that says-- + +calculate the electric field +that is created by a set of + +dipoles on the Great Court +which spell out MIT. + +And we can come up with all +sorts of crazy configurations + +of dipoles and then calculate +the field that they produce. + +And the field turns out to be +something that always involves + +the product of charge and +separation in a vector sense. + +Probably the best illustration +of this would be if I have a + +dipole charge plus q, charge +minus q, separated by d. + +And I put it in the +electric field. + +The electric field, which is +defined as the force per unit + +charge on a positive charge is +going to pull the positive + +charge this way. + +And it's going to pull the +negative charge this way. + +And what that's going +to do is to place a + +torque on the dipole. + +And that torque is going to be +equal to a vector product of + +the electric field +and a vector. + +You can express it in terms of +the separation of charges + +defined in a vector sense going +from the positive charge + +to the negative charge. + +So there's an example of how +the torque on a dipole + +directly involves the product +of charge and the separation + +between them and the +angle between the + +field and the dipole. + +So it's a useful quality and, +without further apology, we + +will use it in our discussion. + +Now polarization-- + +dipole moment per unit volume-- +is just going to be + +the dipole moment of one dipole +pair times the number + +of them per unit volume. + +And that will be a macroscopic +measure of polarization. + +OK, if we subject a piece of +material that contains ions to + +a stress- so here is a stress +tensor, sigma ij. + +Let me call it jk. + +We will create reorientation +of the dipoles. + +We will have a polarization, a +dipole moment per unit volume. + +This will be a vector because +there will be some net dipole + +moment per unit volume. + +And that will just be the sum +of all the little individual + +dipole moments on the ions-- + +ion pairs. + +And if the stress is not too +large, every component of + +polarization is going to be +given by a linear combination + +of every one of the components +of stress. + +So we will have an array of +coefficients, d ijk The i goes + +with the P and the +j and k goes with + +the elements of stress. + +This is something that's +called the direct + +piezoelectric effect. + +It's the basis of a lot +of every day devices-- + +pick ups on the old records +which nobody uses anymore, + +cigarette lighter which nobody +uses anymore because + +everybody's quit smoking-- + +but worked the cigarette +lighter, in some of the more + +modern incarnations of +the lighter, was the + +piezoelectric effect. + +It's important to note that the +charges that are involved + +in the piezoelectric effect +are bound charges. + +Again you can't get a shock +by picking up a piece of a + +strongly piezoelectric +material like quartz. + +Might say then, well if there's +no spark, how could a + +piezoelectric material in a +cigarette lighter cause the + +lighter fuel to ignite. + +The charge doesn't move. + +How could there be a spark? + +How could the lighter +fluid be ignited? + +Anybody got an idea? + +Charge can induce current flow +in circuit elements that are + +removed from the charge. + +So if you have a little +capacitor in the lighter that + +is near the piezoelectric +element that will develop the + +charge, you can induce current +flow in a circuit as a result + +of that capacitor experiencing +the electric charge of the + +piezoelectric induced charge. + +And that's how the little +piezoelectric cigarette + +lighters worked. + +OK, this stress-- + +array of stress elements, nine +of them, constitutes a tensor + +of second rank. + +Polarization is a vector +per unit volume. + +This is a tensor +of first rank. + +This is a tensor +of second rank. + +Therefore it follows that this +array of coefficients, d ijk + +will be three equations +involving all + +nine elements of stress. + +So it'll be a total of 27 +coefficients in the array. + +And this array constitutes a +tensor of the third rank. + +So this is clearly a property +tensor which relates a + +generalized force-- + +the stress tensor to a +generalized displacement, + +which is the dipole moment +per unit volume. + +Since this is a property of +a crystal, that tensor is + +subject to symmetry +restrictions. + +In particular, if there is some +direction, cosine scheme + +Cij, that corresponds to the +operation of a symmetry + +element, then it follows that if +we evaluate the new tensor + +elements, d ijk prime in terms +of the old elements, that is + +going to be a transformation +of the form Cil, Cjm, Ckn + +times all 27 of the original +tensor elements, d lmn. + +And the l, m, and n are dummy +indices, just as with our + +second rank tensors. + +And the ijk are real indices +that go with the subscripts on + +the particular tensor element. + +So there are 27 coefficients. + +And each transformed element is +going to be a sum therefore + +of 27 coefficients times-- + +each times three direction +cosines. + +So each transform tensor element +is going to be given + +by a sum of 3 times +27 quantities. + +And to do the complete +transformation would involve + +doing it 27 times. + +So 3 times 27 squared is the +number of terms that we're + +going to have to write down to +transform the entire tensor. + +Not a terribly encouraging +prospect unless you use the + +method of direct inspection, +namely that the tensor + +transforms like the product of +the corresponding coordinates. + +And then it works fairly +quickly, particularly for + +symmetry transformations, where +there are a lot of zeros + +in the direction +cosine scheme. + +So we're going to have to do +this for each of the crystal-- + +crystal point groups. + +So we're going to have to do +this exercise of 3 times 27 + +times 27 times the 32 point +groups that exist, which + +becomes an even more +daunting task. + +But let's do one such +transformation and let me show + +you that it, in fact, it's going +to go fairly easily. + +So let me follow the tracks of +what we did with second rank + +tensors and examine the + +restrictions imposed by inversion. + +OK so the transformation of +the axes, as we've seen + +before, that's produced +by 1 bar. + +That's going to take +x1 and change its + +direction to minus x1. + +It's going to take x2 and change +its sense to an x2 + +prime that points in +this direction. + +And take x3 and change its +sense to something + +that points down here. + +So that's x3 prime. + +So the relation between the +axes, before and after + +inversion, is that x1 +prime equals x1-- + +minus x1-- + +x2 prime is equal to minus x2. + +And x3 prime is equal +to minus x3. + +And we've seen this before. + +It's deja vu all over again. + +So Cij, the direction cosine +scheme, is equal + +to minus 1, 0, 0. + +0, minus 1, 0. + +0, 0, minus 1. + +So let's transform a +representative tensor element + +for a change of axes that +corresponds to that direction + +cosine scheme. + +And that's the same as +physically inverting the + +crystal and demanding that the +property be unchanged if that + +is a symmetry transformation +which + +leaves the crystal invariant. + +So if we look at some d ijk +prime, that's going to be Cil, + +Cjm, Ckn, d lmn, where this is +a sum over the index l, the + +dummy index m, and the double +index n, from 1 to 3. + +If we sum over Ci something, the +only term of the form Ci + +something, regardless of what +i is, is going to be the + +diagonal term Cii, the diagonal +direction cosine Cii. + +In other words, if i were 1, the +only term of the form C1 + +something that is non-zero, +is C11. + +If I sum over m, the only term +that is non-zero is C, with m + +equal to j. + +So this is going to be Cjj. + +And if I sum over n, the +only term that is going + +to be left is Ckk. + +And all this will be +times d ijk, the + +single tensor element. + +Regardless of the values of i, +j, and k, they are all equal + +to minus 1. + +So the operation then of +inversion, then says that for + +the transformed crystal, d ijk +prime for any i, j, and k, is + +going to be equal +to minus d ijk. + +But if this is a symmetry +transformation, the tensor + +element has to be the same +before and after. + +And the only number which can +be equal to the negative of + +itself is zero. + +So we have, with +one swell foop, + +transformed 27th tensor elements-- + +each one of them a sum +of 27 elements in + +the original tensor. + +So the conclusion is, if a +crystal has the operation of + +inversion, all d ijk vanish. + +What does that mean? + +Means the property just +doesn't exist. + +So no crystal which has an +inversion center can display + +piezoelectricity. + +Which means that none of the +11 Laue groups can be + +piezoelectric. + +And the only point groups +for crystals that can be + +piezoelectric are the 32 +minus 11 equals 21-- + +and this isn't even one +of my good days-- + +acentric point groups-- + +the noncentrosymmetric +point groups. + +And, these, in principle, +can be all different. + +So we can't get away with just +looking at the restrictions of + +Laue groups as we did with +second rank tensors. + +We're going to have to look at +every one of the point groups + +that have no inversion center. + +And these can, in principle, +be different, and + +they usually are. + +Let me give you a physically-- + +physical feeling for why the +piezoelectric effect cannot + +exist for a crystal that has +an inversion center in it. + +Let's suppose we cut a wafer +from our single crystal, + +regardless of orientation. + +And we subject it to a +compressive stress. + +We will see-- + +and I've got a primer on some +simple electrostatics that may + +be useful-- + +that a polarization in the x1 +direction manifests itself as + +a charge per unit area on the +surface and an opposite charge + +on the other surface. + +So P1 corresponds, numerically +and physically, to a charge + +per unit area on a surface +that's normal to x1. + +OK now let's suppose that that +crystal has an inversion + +center in it. + +And that means we should be able +to invert the crystal and + +measure exactly the same +charge per unit area. + +Well, if this is surface a, and +this is surface b, we can + +imagine ourselves doing the +thought experiment in which we + +invert the crystal. + +So this surface becomes b and +this surface becomes a. + +And we apply the same +sigma along x1-- + +a compressive stress. + +It's really doing exactly the +same thing that we were doing + +before-- inverting +the crystal. + +And now we say that the property +has to stay the same. + +So now we are demanding that +surface b have a positive + +charge per unit area, and +surface a develop a negative + +charge per unit area-- + +completely the reverse of +what happened here. + +But yet what we're doing is +just squeezing the plate. + +The crystal can't tell +which side is up, + +which side is down. + +We're applying the same +compressive effect. + +So these two distributions of +charge are not the same and + +can be the same only if +that charge is zero. + +So physically we can see why +the crystal can't be + +piezoelectric. + +If you don't like to invert +the crystal-- + +if you can't do that +physically-- + +one thing we can do is leave the +crystal alone and invert + +the compressive stress. + +So this is sigma top and this +is sigma bottom which is + +exactly equal to it but +opposite in direction. + +If we invert the stress +relative-- + +relative to the crystal-- + +then what we've done is +to take sigma top-- + +leave the crystal alone-- + +so this is now the sigma that +was squishing the top. + +Here's the sigma that was +squishing the bottom and well, + +that's clearly doing +the same thing. + +So inverting the stress, +relative to the crystal, is + +the same as inverting +the crystal + +relative to the stress. + +And nothing is supposed to +happen but clearly the sign of + +the charge is going +to be reversed. + +So that just won't work. + +The charge has to disappear. + +OK this is the direct +piezoelectric effect. + +It can exist only for crystals +that lack an inversion center. + +Let me mention some other +piezoelectric effects. + +So we mentioned that a +polarization, given by a third + +rank tensor times an applied +stress, sigma ij, is the + +direct piezoelectric +photoelectric effect. + +However, if we have a stress, +we also have a strain. + +So another piezoelectric effect, +which is not dignified + +with a name, is that we can +apply a stress that creates a + +given state of strain. + +And we again, we'll get a +polarization per unit-- + +a charge per unit area +of polarization. + +And this is a set of +coefficients which are + +represented by e. + +And we can write a tensor +relation of this sort-- that + +components of polarization, +charge per unit area, normal + +to axis xi, is given by a linear +combination of every + +one of the components +of strain. + +This is something that is not +dignified by any name. + +And clearly, the piezoelectric +coefficients, e, have to be + +related to the piezoelectric +coefficients, d, by the + +elastic constant somehow-- + +unless we are doing +the same thing. + +We've got to create a stress, +operationally, in order to + +create the strain. + +So a stress creates a strain. + +And that has to describe the +same polarization if we've + +done the same thing. + +So the e's and the d's +have to be related. + +Another piezoelectric effect +involves a applying an + +electric field. + +And if we apply an electric +field, we will in general + +create a strain. + +This direct piezoelectric effect +is three equations that + +involve a linear combination +of nine elements of stress. + +This piezoelectric relation +here is going to involve + +writing an equation for each +of nine elements of strain. + +And there would be three +components of the electric + +field vector. + +So it'll be three this way. + +So both of these relations +involve 27 elements. + +So again we're going to have a +third rank tensor because the + +electric field is a vector-- + +strain is a tensor. + +And now the mind boggling thing +that I will leave you + +with is exactly the same set of +coefficients, d ij describe + +both effects. + +And this effect is given +a special name. + +This is called the converse +piezoelectric effect. + +And it's not at all clear how +strain, in terms of electric + +field, should be described in +terms of the same array of 27 + +numbers as polarization +per unit + +volume in terms of stress. + +And that is an argument that +is based on thermodynamics. + +So that's a good +place to quit. + +We'll have some fun in looking +at a few symmetry restrictions + +imposed on the acentric point +groups, 21 of them. + +We're not going to do all 21. + +If you know how to do one or +two, and marvel over the + +results, you can do them all. + +But one thing that we'll be +asking is how can we represent + +the variation of the +piezoelectric effect with + +orientation of the crystal. + +And the answer is we can't. + +We can't. + +Because what is the direction +of what we're doing? + +There are nine elements of +stress, not just three + +components of a vector which +defines an orientation. + +There are nine parameters +here. + +And there are three components +to the charge per unit area-- + +that's a vector. + +So all that one can do for these +higher ranked tensors is + +to look for a special, +generalized force. + +And then perhaps for a very +special form of that + +generalized force, that tensor, +look at how the + +polarization changes. + +But you're going to have to +look at six different + +representation surfaces-- + +each one which will describe +a different + +piezoelectric effect. + +So this will become less simple +in many respects. + +But correspondingly, more +interesting because we'll have + +some really wild, mind boggling +representation + +surfaces for piezoelectric +effects. + +OK so we'll stop there and +resume on Thursday. + +And I'll let you get back to +the MRS if that's where you + +earlier today. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RytA_qiN7TY.txt b/RytA_qiN7TY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f46bdaa82dc3430bb9365abb2fb23a5b228a643 --- /dev/null +++ b/RytA_qiN7TY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charge induced in the ground plane by an + + align:start position:0% +charge induced in the ground plane by an + + + align:start position:0% +charge induced in the ground plane by an +overhead conductor illustrates the + + align:start position:0% +overhead conductor illustrates the + + + align:start position:0% +overhead conductor illustrates the +method of images and the superposition + + align:start position:0% +method of images and the superposition + + + align:start position:0% +method of images and the superposition +of fields due to line charges to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +of fields due to line charges to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +of fields due to line charges to satisfy +boundary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conditions in practice this circular + + align:start position:0% +conditions in practice this circular + + + align:start position:0% +conditions in practice this circular +conductor could be a high voltage power + + align:start position:0% +conductor could be a high voltage power + + + align:start position:0% +conductor could be a high voltage power +line and this conducting ground plane + + align:start position:0% +line and this conducting ground plane + + + align:start position:0% +line and this conducting ground plane +could be the Earth underneath + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the potential between the conductor and + + align:start position:0% +the potential between the conductor and + + + align:start position:0% +the potential between the conductor and +the ground plane is that of two line + + align:start position:0% +the ground plane is that of two line + + + align:start position:0% +the ground plane is that of two line +charges one just below the center of the + + align:start position:0% +charges one just below the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +charges one just below the center of the +conductor and the other its image + + align:start position:0% +conductor and the other its image + + + align:start position:0% +conductor and the other its image +symmetrically located below the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane here are these line charges one + + align:start position:0% +plane here are these line charges one + + + align:start position:0% +plane here are these line charges one +just below the center of the + + align:start position:0% +just below the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +just below the center of the +conductor and its image here below the + + align:start position:0% +conductor and its image here below the + + + align:start position:0% +conductor and its image here below the +ground + + align:start position:0% +ground + + + align:start position:0% +ground +plane with the line charges at these + + align:start position:0% +plane with the line charges at these + + + align:start position:0% +plane with the line charges at these +positions the equip potential surfaces + + align:start position:0% +positions the equip potential surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +positions the equip potential surfaces +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +cylinders including as a limiting case + + align:start position:0% +cylinders including as a limiting case + + + align:start position:0% +cylinders including as a limiting case +the x equals 0 symmetry + + align:start position:0% +the x equals 0 symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +the x equals 0 symmetry +plane the value of a is just that which + + align:start position:0% +plane the value of a is just that which + + + align:start position:0% +plane the value of a is just that which +makes the cylinder of radius R an equip + + align:start position:0% +makes the cylinder of radius R an equip + + + align:start position:0% +makes the cylinder of radius R an equip +potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface we apply a volage from this 100 + + align:start position:0% +surface we apply a volage from this 100 + + + align:start position:0% +surface we apply a volage from this 100 +HZ source to the circular conductor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the actual charges are induced on its + + align:start position:0% +the actual charges are induced on its + + + align:start position:0% +the actual charges are induced on its +surface in just such a way that every + + align:start position:0% +surface in just such a way that every + + + align:start position:0% +surface in just such a way that every +Point has the same potential as the + + align:start position:0% +Point has the same potential as the + + + align:start position:0% +Point has the same potential as the +source similarly charges are induced on + + align:start position:0% +source similarly charges are induced on + + + align:start position:0% +source similarly charges are induced on +the surface of the ground plane in just + + align:start position:0% +the surface of the ground plane in just + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of the ground plane in just +such a way as to make it have zero + + align:start position:0% +such a way as to make it have zero + + + align:start position:0% +such a way as to make it have zero +potential we can measure the charge + + align:start position:0% +potential we can measure the charge + + + align:start position:0% +potential we can measure the charge +induced on the ground plane with this + + align:start position:0% +induced on the ground plane with this + + + align:start position:0% +induced on the ground plane with this +probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the probe has a center section + + align:start position:0% +the probe has a center section + + + align:start position:0% +the probe has a center section +electrically insulating from the + + align:start position:0% +electrically insulating from the + + + align:start position:0% +electrically insulating from the +surrounding Shield which contacts the + + align:start position:0% +surrounding Shield which contacts the + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding Shield which contacts the +ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane the surface charge density + + align:start position:0% +plane the surface charge density + + + align:start position:0% +plane the surface charge density +Distribution on the ground plane is + + align:start position:0% +Distribution on the ground plane is + + + align:start position:0% +Distribution on the ground plane is +proportional to the normal component of + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the normal component of + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the normal component of +the electric + + align:start position:0% +the electric + + + align:start position:0% +the electric +field it is therefore proportional to + + align:start position:0% +field it is therefore proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +field it is therefore proportional to +the volage of the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +the volage of the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +the volage of the cylinder +conservation of charge requires that the + + align:start position:0% +conservation of charge requires that the + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of charge requires that the +probe current be the time rate of change + + align:start position:0% +probe current be the time rate of change + + + align:start position:0% +probe current be the time rate of change +of the charge on the probe + + align:start position:0% +of the charge on the probe + + + align:start position:0% +of the charge on the probe +surface it follows that the voltage + + align:start position:0% +surface it follows that the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +surface it follows that the voltage +induced across the internal resistance + + align:start position:0% +induced across the internal resistance + + + align:start position:0% +induced across the internal resistance +of the scope is proportional to the rate + + align:start position:0% +of the scope is proportional to the rate + + + align:start position:0% +of the scope is proportional to the rate +of change of the applied + + align:start position:0% +of change of the applied + + + align:start position:0% +of change of the applied +voltage the upper Trace is the applied + + align:start position:0% +voltage the upper Trace is the applied + + + align:start position:0% +voltage the upper Trace is the applied +volage the lower one is that of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe because the probe voltage is the + + align:start position:0% +probe because the probe voltage is the + + + align:start position:0% +probe because the probe voltage is the +time derivative of the applied voltage + + align:start position:0% +time derivative of the applied voltage + + + align:start position:0% +time derivative of the applied voltage +the signals are 90° out of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phase our line charge potentials predict + + align:start position:0% +phase our line charge potentials predict + + + align:start position:0% +phase our line charge potentials predict +the probe + + align:start position:0% +the probe + + + align:start position:0% +the probe +voltage Y is the location of the Probe + + align:start position:0% +voltage Y is the location of the Probe + + + align:start position:0% +voltage Y is the location of the Probe +on the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane why measures the distance to the + + align:start position:0% +plane why measures the distance to the + + + align:start position:0% +plane why measures the distance to the +probe from the center line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the predicted distribution of + + align:start position:0% +this is the predicted distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the predicted distribution of +normalized probe signal with normalized + + align:start position:0% +normalized probe signal with normalized + + + align:start position:0% +normalized probe signal with normalized +probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +position the signal is largest directly + + align:start position:0% +position the signal is largest directly + + + align:start position:0% +position the signal is largest directly +under the + + align:start position:0% +under the + + + align:start position:0% +under the +conductor trailing off to zero as the + + align:start position:0% +conductor trailing off to zero as the + + + align:start position:0% +conductor trailing off to zero as the +probe is pulled + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away as the probe is moved out from + + align:start position:0% +away as the probe is moved out from + + + align:start position:0% +away as the probe is moved out from +under the conductor + + align:start position:0% +under the conductor + + + align:start position:0% +under the conductor +the lower scope tray shows the charge + + align:start position:0% +the lower scope tray shows the charge + + + align:start position:0% +the lower scope tray shows the charge +induced on its surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decreases let's make a quantitative + + align:start position:0% +decreases let's make a quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +decreases let's make a quantitative +comparison of what we predict and what + + align:start position:0% +comparison of what we predict and what + + + align:start position:0% +comparison of what we predict and what +we measure for our experiment the scope + + align:start position:0% +we measure for our experiment the scope + + + align:start position:0% +we measure for our experiment the scope +resistance is 1 megohm + + align:start position:0% +resistance is 1 megohm + + + align:start position:0% +resistance is 1 megohm +the probe area is pi * 3 cm + + align:start position:0% +the probe area is pi * 3 cm + + + align:start position:0% +the probe area is pi * 3 cm +squ the capacitance per unit length + + align:start position:0% +squ the capacitance per unit length + + + align:start position:0% +squ the capacitance per unit length +between the cylinder and the ground + + align:start position:0% +between the cylinder and the ground + + + align:start position:0% +between the cylinder and the ground +plane is calculated to be 23.8 picofarad + + align:start position:0% +plane is calculated to be 23.8 picofarad + + + align:start position:0% +plane is calculated to be 23.8 picofarad +per + + align:start position:0% +per + + + align:start position:0% +per +meter the applied voltage is 10 volts + + align:start position:0% +meter the applied voltage is 10 volts + + + align:start position:0% +meter the applied voltage is 10 volts +Peak and the frequency is 100 + + align:start position:0% +Peak and the frequency is 100 + + + align:start position:0% +Peak and the frequency is 100 +Hertz a the distance from the image + + align:start position:0% +Hertz a the distance from the image + + + align:start position:0% +Hertz a the distance from the image +charge to the ground plane is calculated + + align:start position:0% +charge to the ground plane is calculated + + + align:start position:0% +charge to the ground plane is calculated +as 10.8 + + align:start position:0% +as 10.8 + + + align:start position:0% +as 10.8 +CM then v0 the voltage with the probe + + align:start position:0% +CM then v0 the voltage with the probe + + + align:start position:0% +CM then v0 the voltage with the probe +directly centered under the cylinder is + + align:start position:0% +directly centered under the cylinder is + + + align:start position:0% +directly centered under the cylinder is +calculated as 1.25 molts + + align:start position:0% +calculated as 1.25 molts + + + align:start position:0% +calculated as 1.25 molts +Peak this compares to a measured value + + align:start position:0% +Peak this compares to a measured value + + + align:start position:0% +Peak this compares to a measured value +of about 1.15 molts + + align:start position:0% +of about 1.15 molts + + + align:start position:0% +of about 1.15 molts +Peak our Theory gives an absolute + + align:start position:0% +Peak our Theory gives an absolute + + + align:start position:0% +Peak our Theory gives an absolute +prediction to within + + align:start position:0% +prediction to within + + + align:start position:0% +prediction to within +10% this is consistent with sources of + + align:start position:0% +10% this is consistent with sources of + + + align:start position:0% +10% this is consistent with sources of +error such as the finite probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area to test the prediction of the shape + + align:start position:0% +area to test the prediction of the shape + + + align:start position:0% +area to test the prediction of the shape +of this distribution we have taken these + + align:start position:0% +of this distribution we have taken these + + + align:start position:0% +of this distribution we have taken these +data points so that the shapes can be + + align:start position:0% +data points so that the shapes can be + + + align:start position:0% +data points so that the shapes can be +compared the probe voltages have been + + align:start position:0% +compared the probe voltages have been + + + align:start position:0% +compared the probe voltages have been +normalized to the value v0 measured at y + + align:start position:0% +normalized to the value v0 measured at y + + + align:start position:0% +normalized to the value v0 measured at y +equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0 in the analysis it is assumed that the + + align:start position:0% +0 in the analysis it is assumed that the + + + align:start position:0% +0 in the analysis it is assumed that the +plane is grounded presumably even the + + align:start position:0% +plane is grounded presumably even the + + + align:start position:0% +plane is grounded presumably even the +section of surface occupied by the probe + + align:start position:0% +section of surface occupied by the probe + + + align:start position:0% +section of surface occupied by the probe +is constrained to zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential in Computing the current to + + align:start position:0% +potential in Computing the current to + + + align:start position:0% +potential in Computing the current to +the probe using this assumption and then + + align:start position:0% +the probe using this assumption and then + + + align:start position:0% +the probe using this assumption and then +finding the probe voltage we are making + + align:start position:0% +finding the probe voltage we are making + + + align:start position:0% +finding the probe voltage we are making +an approximation that is valid only if + + align:start position:0% +an approximation that is valid only if + + + align:start position:0% +an approximation that is valid only if +the voltage is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small one way to ensure this is to make + + align:start position:0% +small one way to ensure this is to make + + + align:start position:0% +small one way to ensure this is to make +the resistance of the scope + + align:start position:0% +the resistance of the scope + + + align:start position:0% +the resistance of the scope +small the scope resistance is 1 megga + + align:start position:0% +small the scope resistance is 1 megga + + + align:start position:0% +small the scope resistance is 1 megga +ohm it may come as a surprise that such + + align:start position:0% +ohm it may come as a surprise that such + + + align:start position:0% +ohm it may come as a surprise that such +a resistance is treated here as a short + + align:start position:0% +a resistance is treated here as a short + + + align:start position:0% +a resistance is treated here as a short +circuit however at 100 htz the voltage + + align:start position:0% +circuit however at 100 htz the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +circuit however at 100 htz the voltage +is small enough we can see our + + align:start position:0% +is small enough we can see our + + + align:start position:0% +is small enough we can see our +approximation get into trouble by + + align:start position:0% +approximation get into trouble by + + + align:start position:0% +approximation get into trouble by +raising the + + align:start position:0% +raising the + + + align:start position:0% +raising the +frequency our formula says that the + + align:start position:0% +frequency our formula says that the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency our formula says that the +voltage should be proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +voltage should be proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage should be proportional to the +frequency as the frequency is raised + + align:start position:0% +frequency as the frequency is raised + + + align:start position:0% +frequency as the frequency is raised +from 100 HZ to 200 Hertz the voltage + + align:start position:0% +from 100 HZ to 200 Hertz the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +from 100 HZ to 200 Hertz the voltage +does indeed essentially double as the + + align:start position:0% +does indeed essentially double as the + + + align:start position:0% +does indeed essentially double as the +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suggests remember the lower Trace is the + + align:start position:0% +suggests remember the lower Trace is the + + + align:start position:0% +suggests remember the lower Trace is the +probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +voltage but as the frequency is raised + + align:start position:0% +voltage but as the frequency is raised + + + align:start position:0% +voltage but as the frequency is raised +from 500 to 1,00 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Herz the probe signal saturates as the + + align:start position:0% +Herz the probe signal saturates as the + + + align:start position:0% +Herz the probe signal saturates as the +frequency is raised to this range the + + align:start position:0% +frequency is raised to this range the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is raised to this range the +voltage of the probe becomes large + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the probe becomes large + + + align:start position:0% +voltage of the probe becomes large +enough that it does begin to influence + + align:start position:0% +enough that it does begin to influence + + + align:start position:0% +enough that it does begin to influence +the field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution some of the field lines + + align:start position:0% +distribution some of the field lines + + + align:start position:0% +distribution some of the field lines +that originally terminated on the + + align:start position:0% +that originally terminated on the + + + align:start position:0% +that originally terminated on the +electrode are diverted to the ground + + align:start position:0% +electrode are diverted to the ground + + + align:start position:0% +electrode are diverted to the ground +part of the + + align:start position:0% +part of the + + + align:start position:0% +part of the +plane also charges of opposite polarity + + align:start position:0% +plane also charges of opposite polarity + + + align:start position:0% +plane also charges of opposite polarity +are induced on the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +are induced on the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +are induced on the other side of the +probe between the probe and the ground + + align:start position:0% +probe between the probe and the ground + + + align:start position:0% +probe between the probe and the ground +plane underneath the result is an output + + align:start position:0% +plane underneath the result is an output + + + align:start position:0% +plane underneath the result is an output +signal that no longer increases with + + align:start position:0% +signal that no longer increases with + + + align:start position:0% +signal that no longer increases with +frequency a frequency response of the + + align:start position:0% +frequency a frequency response of the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency a frequency response of the +probe voltage that does not increase + + align:start position:0% +probe voltage that does not increase + + + align:start position:0% +probe voltage that does not increase +linearly with frequency is therefore + + align:start position:0% +linearly with frequency is therefore + + + align:start position:0% +linearly with frequency is therefore +Telltale evidence that the resistance is + + align:start position:0% +Telltale evidence that the resistance is + + + align:start position:0% +Telltale evidence that the resistance is +too large or the frequency too + + align:start position:0% +too large or the frequency too + + + align:start position:0% +too large or the frequency too +high electric fields at low frequency do + + align:start position:0% +high electric fields at low frequency do + + + align:start position:0% +high electric fields at low frequency do +not penetrate the body provided a person + + align:start position:0% +not penetrate the body provided a person + + + align:start position:0% +not penetrate the body provided a person +is grounded the hand effectively Shields + + align:start position:0% +is grounded the hand effectively Shields + + + align:start position:0% +is grounded the hand effectively Shields +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe our experiment illustrates how the + + align:start position:0% +probe our experiment illustrates how the + + + align:start position:0% +probe our experiment illustrates how the +potential of two line charges can be + + align:start position:0% +potential of two line charges can be + + + align:start position:0% +potential of two line charges can be +used to predict the surface charged + + align:start position:0% +used to predict the surface charged + + + align:start position:0% +used to predict the surface charged +induced on a conducting surface \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SZHcBYWN-4Q.txt b/SZHcBYWN-4Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b37bc086f75c7107c5f4e9c8b0b80302ff03378f --- /dev/null +++ b/SZHcBYWN-4Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15451 @@ +align:start position:0% + +go ahead and get started with today's + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and get started with today's + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and get started with today's +class um I've got a couple of + + align:start position:0% +class um I've got a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +class um I've got a couple of +announcements there's one hand out for + + align:start position:0% +announcements there's one hand out for + + + align:start position:0% +announcements there's one hand out for +today which is in the back hopefully you + + align:start position:0% +today which is in the back hopefully you + + + align:start position:0% +today which is in the back hopefully you +have all have a copy of that and I uh + + align:start position:0% +have all have a copy of that and I uh + + + align:start position:0% +have all have a copy of that and I uh +I've brought with me the um clipboard + + align:start position:0% +I've brought with me the um clipboard + + + align:start position:0% +I've brought with me the um clipboard +with the project signup sheet so I'd + + align:start position:0% +with the project signup sheet so I'd + + + align:start position:0% +with the project signup sheet so I'd +like you to um put down your name uh on + + align:start position:0% +like you to um put down your name uh on + + + align:start position:0% +like you to um put down your name uh on +a one of the lines here and the most + + align:start position:0% +a one of the lines here and the most + + + align:start position:0% +a one of the lines here and the most +important thing right at today is + + align:start position:0% +important thing right at today is + + + align:start position:0% +important thing right at today is +whether you want to give a written or an + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to give a written or an + + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to give a written or an +oral a written would be a 20page uh + + align:start position:0% +oral a written would be a 20page uh + + + align:start position:0% +oral a written would be a 20page uh +written report the uh presentation would + + align:start position:0% +written report the uh presentation would + + + align:start position:0% +written report the uh presentation would +be a um 15 to 20 minute presentation to + + align:start position:0% +be a um 15 to 20 minute presentation to + + + align:start position:0% +be a um 15 to 20 minute presentation to +the class and all that is described in + + align:start position:0% +the class and all that is described in + + + align:start position:0% +the class and all that is described in +the handout I gave to you about a week + + align:start position:0% +the handout I gave to you about a week + + + align:start position:0% +the handout I gave to you about a week +ago which hopefully you have if you + + align:start position:0% +ago which hopefully you have if you + + + align:start position:0% +ago which hopefully you have if you +don't have a copy of it it's on the web + + align:start position:0% +don't have a copy of it it's on the web + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a copy of it it's on the web +or it's + + align:start position:0% +or it's + + + align:start position:0% +or it's +here um on Miss + + align:start position:0% +here um on Miss + + + align:start position:0% +here um on Miss +clipboard so I'd like to know um today + + align:start position:0% +clipboard so I'd like to know um today + + + align:start position:0% +clipboard so I'd like to know um today +or Thursday if a late is whether you + + align:start position:0% +or Thursday if a late is whether you + + + align:start position:0% +or Thursday if a late is whether you +want to do um a written report or an + + align:start position:0% +want to do um a written report or an + + + align:start position:0% +want to do um a written report or an +oral report even if you don't know your + + align:start position:0% +oral report even if you don't know your + + + align:start position:0% +oral report even if you don't know your +topic this will help me in scheduling + + align:start position:0% +topic this will help me in scheduling + + + align:start position:0% +topic this will help me in scheduling +your oral presentations I have to figure + + align:start position:0% +your oral presentations I have to figure + + + align:start position:0% +your oral presentations I have to figure +out when at the end of the ter + + align:start position:0% +out when at the end of the ter + + + align:start position:0% +out when at the end of the ter +um you know which which class periods + + align:start position:0% +um you know which which class periods + + + align:start position:0% +um you know which which class periods +we're going to dedicate to oral + + align:start position:0% +we're going to dedicate to oral + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to dedicate to oral +presentations and then if you know your + + align:start position:0% +presentations and then if you know your + + + align:start position:0% +presentations and then if you know your +topic that'd be great go ahead and write + + align:start position:0% +topic that'd be great go ahead and write + + + align:start position:0% +topic that'd be great go ahead and write +that in the last column on this uh + + align:start position:0% +that in the last column on this uh + + + align:start position:0% +that in the last column on this uh +signup sheet says whether it's approved + + align:start position:0% +signup sheet says whether it's approved + + + align:start position:0% +signup sheet says whether it's approved +or not and I'll I'll I'll look through + + align:start position:0% +or not and I'll I'll I'll look through + + + align:start position:0% +or not and I'll I'll I'll look through +this over the next few weeks and as time + + align:start position:0% +this over the next few weeks and as time + + + align:start position:0% +this over the next few weeks and as time +goes on I'll I'll look at your topics if + + align:start position:0% +goes on I'll I'll look at your topics if + + + align:start position:0% +goes on I'll I'll look at your topics if +I have a question I'll talk to you about + + align:start position:0% +I have a question I'll talk to you about + + + align:start position:0% +I have a question I'll talk to you about +it and uh if I don't I'll just go ahead + + align:start position:0% +it and uh if I don't I'll just go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +it and uh if I don't I'll just go ahead +and approve it so when it's checked off + + align:start position:0% +and approve it so when it's checked off + + + align:start position:0% +and approve it so when it's checked off +then then your topic uh is approved so + + align:start position:0% +then then your topic uh is approved so + + + align:start position:0% +then then your topic uh is approved so +if you can fill that information out um + + align:start position:0% +if you can fill that information out um + + + align:start position:0% +if you can fill that information out um +the sooner the better um on the written + + align:start position:0% +the sooner the better um on the written + + + align:start position:0% +the sooner the better um on the written +versus oral and as well as on your topic + + align:start position:0% +versus oral and as well as on your topic + + + align:start position:0% +versus oral and as well as on your topic +if you have any questions about topics + + align:start position:0% +if you have any questions about topics + + + align:start position:0% +if you have any questions about topics +um feel free to to ask me so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +um feel free to to ask me so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +um feel free to to ask me so I'm going +to start passing that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around uh what are the things homework + + align:start position:0% +around uh what are the things homework + + + align:start position:0% +around uh what are the things homework +homework number three is being graded + + align:start position:0% +homework number three is being graded + + + align:start position:0% +homework number three is being graded +hopefully we'll have that back to you um + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we'll have that back to you um + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we'll have that back to you um +soon homework number four went out last + + align:start position:0% +soon homework number four went out last + + + align:start position:0% +soon homework number four went out last +time uh hopefully you got to copy that + + align:start position:0% +time uh hopefully you got to copy that + + + align:start position:0% +time uh hopefully you got to copy that +if you didn't it's all posted on the web + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't it's all posted on the web + + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't it's all posted on the web +everything is posted on the website this + + align:start position:0% +everything is posted on the website this + + + align:start position:0% +everything is posted on the website this +is where where we are on the class + + align:start position:0% +is where where we are on the class + + + align:start position:0% +is where where we are on the class +schedule what I'm looking at here is + + align:start position:0% +schedule what I'm looking at here is + + + align:start position:0% +schedule what I'm looking at here is +this Excel file which is sort of shows + + align:start position:0% +this Excel file which is sort of shows + + + align:start position:0% +this Excel file which is sort of shows +that we're at lecture 14 we're uh going + + align:start position:0% +that we're at lecture 14 we're uh going + + + align:start position:0% +that we're at lecture 14 we're uh going +to talk today about Transit enhanced + + align:start position:0% +to talk today about Transit enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +to talk today about Transit enhanced +diffusion from chapter + + align:start position:0% +diffusion from chapter + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion from chapter +8 um and you've got a couple of more + + align:start position:0% +8 um and you've got a couple of more + + + align:start position:0% +8 um and you've got a couple of more +lectures the homework the next homework + + align:start position:0% +lectures the homework the next homework + + + align:start position:0% +lectures the homework the next homework +uh du date is homework number four which + + align:start position:0% +uh du date is homework number four which + + + align:start position:0% +uh du date is homework number four which +is due uh a week from today uh election + + align:start position:0% +is due uh a week from today uh election + + + align:start position:0% +is due uh a week from today uh election +day uh November + + align:start position:0% +day uh November + + + align:start position:0% +day uh November +2nd okay so let's go ahead and uh start + + align:start position:0% +2nd okay so let's go ahead and uh start + + + align:start position:0% +2nd okay so let's go ahead and uh start +with the today's uh lecture + + align:start position:0% +with the today's uh lecture + + + align:start position:0% +with the today's uh lecture +these are + + align:start position:0% +these are + + + align:start position:0% +these are +uh the notes are handout number + + align:start position:0% +uh the notes are handout number + + + align:start position:0% +uh the notes are handout number +24 and this is the um third lecture on + + align:start position:0% +24 and this is the um third lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +24 and this is the um third lecture on +chapter number eight chapter eight + + align:start position:0% +chapter number eight chapter eight + + + align:start position:0% +chapter number eight chapter eight +hopefully you you've been you're reading + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you you've been you're reading + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you you've been you're reading +through chapter eight at this point um + + align:start position:0% +through chapter eight at this point um + + + align:start position:0% +through chapter eight at this point um +chapter eight is all about ey + + align:start position:0% +chapter eight is all about ey + + + align:start position:0% +chapter eight is all about ey +implantation but this lecture and the + + align:start position:0% +implantation but this lecture and the + + + align:start position:0% +implantation but this lecture and the +next lecture are are about Transit + + align:start position:0% +next lecture are are about Transit + + + align:start position:0% +next lecture are are about Transit +enhanced + + align:start position:0% +enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced +diffusion so let me just remind you what + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so let me just remind you what + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so let me just remind you what +we talked about last time we talked + + align:start position:0% +we talked about last time we talked + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about last time we talked +about the physics of nuclear stopping + + align:start position:0% +about the physics of nuclear stopping + + + align:start position:0% +about the physics of nuclear stopping +and electronic stopping or electronic + + align:start position:0% +and electronic stopping or electronic + + + align:start position:0% +and electronic stopping or electronic +energy loss processes we said that um if + + align:start position:0% +energy loss processes we said that um if + + + align:start position:0% +energy loss processes we said that um if +if you have a heavy Lon say if you're + + align:start position:0% +if you have a heavy Lon say if you're + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a heavy Lon say if you're +implanting antimony and and heavy and + + align:start position:0% +implanting antimony and and heavy and + + + align:start position:0% +implanting antimony and and heavy and +lighter always relative to the substrate + + align:start position:0% +lighter always relative to the substrate + + + align:start position:0% +lighter always relative to the substrate +so animon and arsenic for example are + + align:start position:0% +so animon and arsenic for example are + + + align:start position:0% +so animon and arsenic for example are +very heavy compared to Silicon um then + + align:start position:0% +very heavy compared to Silicon um then + + + align:start position:0% +very heavy compared to Silicon um then +nuclear stopping tends to dominate over + + align:start position:0% +nuclear stopping tends to dominate over + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear stopping tends to dominate over +their entire path as they go into the + + align:start position:0% +their entire path as they go into the + + + align:start position:0% +their entire path as they go into the +Silicon substrate and as they come to + + align:start position:0% +Silicon substrate and as they come to + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon substrate and as they come to +rest nuclear stopping is is dominant um + + align:start position:0% +rest nuclear stopping is is dominant um + + + align:start position:0% +rest nuclear stopping is is dominant um +if you have uh a heavy or a light ion + + align:start position:0% +if you have uh a heavy or a light ion + + + align:start position:0% +if you have uh a heavy or a light ion +the nuclear stop stopping dominates + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear stop stopping dominates + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear stop stopping dominates +towards the end of path the end of range + + align:start position:0% +towards the end of path the end of range + + + align:start position:0% +towards the end of path the end of range +so when the energy gets low enough so uh + + align:start position:0% +so when the energy gets low enough so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so when the energy gets low enough so uh +as as we saw last time the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +as as we saw last time the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +as as we saw last time the nuclear +stopping power goes down as energy + + align:start position:0% +stopping power goes down as energy + + + align:start position:0% +stopping power goes down as energy +increases um and the electronic stopping + + align:start position:0% +increases um and the electronic stopping + + + align:start position:0% +increases um and the electronic stopping +power goes up so only at very low + + align:start position:0% +power goes up so only at very low + + + align:start position:0% +power goes up so only at very low +energies do you have a lot of nuclear + + align:start position:0% +energies do you have a lot of nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +energies do you have a lot of nuclear +scattering for a light + + align:start position:0% +scattering for a light + + + align:start position:0% +scattering for a light +ion um it's the nuclear stopping not the + + align:start position:0% +ion um it's the nuclear stopping not the + + + align:start position:0% +ion um it's the nuclear stopping not the +electronic it's the nuclear stopping the + + align:start position:0% +electronic it's the nuclear stopping the + + + align:start position:0% +electronic it's the nuclear stopping the +collisions that contribute to Crystal + + align:start position:0% +collisions that contribute to Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +collisions that contribute to Crystal +damage clearly so the the ions are + + align:start position:0% +damage clearly so the the ions are + + + align:start position:0% +damage clearly so the the ions are +coming in and in a nuclear event you + + align:start position:0% +coming in and in a nuclear event you + + + align:start position:0% +coming in and in a nuclear event you +have a billiard ball Collision and + + align:start position:0% +have a billiard ball Collision and + + + align:start position:0% +have a billiard ball Collision and +you're knocking the Silicon off its lot + + align:start position:0% +you're knocking the Silicon off its lot + + + align:start position:0% +you're knocking the Silicon off its lot +of site um and you're creating in that + + align:start position:0% +of site um and you're creating in that + + + align:start position:0% +of site um and you're creating in that +process both silicon interstitials and + + align:start position:0% +process both silicon interstitials and + + + align:start position:0% +process both silicon interstitials and +vacancies um and these results in + + align:start position:0% +vacancies um and these results in + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies um and these results in +something which we call the Collision + + align:start position:0% +something which we call the Collision + + + align:start position:0% +something which we call the Collision +Cascade we talked a little bit to how + + align:start position:0% +Cascade we talked a little bit to how + + + align:start position:0% +Cascade we talked a little bit to how +people have calculated damage profile so + + align:start position:0% +people have calculated damage profile so + + + align:start position:0% +people have calculated damage profile so +they calculate the amount of energy + + align:start position:0% +they calculate the amount of energy + + + align:start position:0% +they calculate the amount of energy +deposited into these nuclear stopping + + align:start position:0% +deposited into these nuclear stopping + + + align:start position:0% +deposited into these nuclear stopping +processes as a function of depth and the + + align:start position:0% +processes as a function of depth and the + + + align:start position:0% +processes as a function of depth and the +peak damage so the most amount of damage + + align:start position:0% +peak damage so the most amount of damage + + + align:start position:0% +peak damage so the most amount of damage +you do uh the profile tends to peak near + + align:start position:0% +you do uh the profile tends to peak near + + + align:start position:0% +you do uh the profile tends to peak near +the projected range of the primary ion + + align:start position:0% +the projected range of the primary ion + + + align:start position:0% +the projected range of the primary ion +maybe just slightly um shorter or uh + + align:start position:0% +maybe just slightly um shorter or uh + + + align:start position:0% +maybe just slightly um shorter or uh +shallower than the projected range RP so + + align:start position:0% +shallower than the projected range RP so + + + align:start position:0% +shallower than the projected range RP so +if you're let's say you're doing an IR + + align:start position:0% +if you're let's say you're doing an IR + + + align:start position:0% +if you're let's say you're doing an IR +implant of Arsenic and you can easily + + align:start position:0% +implant of Arsenic and you can easily + + + align:start position:0% +implant of Arsenic and you can easily +calculate using one of the theories the + + align:start position:0% +calculate using one of the theories the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate using one of the theories the +um arsenic + + align:start position:0% +um arsenic + + + align:start position:0% +um arsenic +profile you can use the range statistics + + align:start position:0% +profile you can use the range statistics + + + align:start position:0% +profile you can use the range statistics +for the arsonic whatever um you know + + align:start position:0% +for the arsonic whatever um you know + + + align:start position:0% +for the arsonic whatever um you know +where RP of the arsonic is then you can + + align:start position:0% +where RP of the arsonic is then you can + + + align:start position:0% +where RP of the arsonic is then you can +figure out where the most of the damage + + align:start position:0% +figure out where the most of the damage + + + align:start position:0% +figure out where the most of the damage +is going to be done uh it'll be just + + align:start position:0% +is going to be done uh it'll be just + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be done uh it'll be just +about uh 90% or so of RP will be the + + align:start position:0% +about uh 90% or so of RP will be the + + + align:start position:0% +about uh 90% or so of RP will be the +peak of that damaged profile + + align:start position:0% +peak of that damaged profile + + + align:start position:0% +peak of that damaged profile +for a heavy ion like arsenic or an + + align:start position:0% +for a heavy ion like arsenic or an + + + align:start position:0% +for a heavy ion like arsenic or an +ammonian silicon uh the damage is more + + align:start position:0% +ammonian silicon uh the damage is more + + + align:start position:0% +ammonian silicon uh the damage is more +stable okay so it doesn't tend to a knal + + align:start position:0% +stable okay so it doesn't tend to a knal + + + align:start position:0% +stable okay so it doesn't tend to a knal +out at room temperature you it's it's + + align:start position:0% +out at room temperature you it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +out at room temperature you it's it's +relatively easy to form an amorphous + + align:start position:0% +relatively easy to form an amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +relatively easy to form an amorphous +layer with a heavy ion uh at room + + align:start position:0% +layer with a heavy ion uh at room + + + align:start position:0% +layer with a heavy ion uh at room +temperature and this can then be regrown + + align:start position:0% +temperature and this can then be regrown + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and this can then be regrown +we talked about a process called + + align:start position:0% +we talked about a process called + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about a process called +solidphase epitaxy to regrow that + + align:start position:0% +solidphase epitaxy to regrow that + + + align:start position:0% +solidphase epitaxy to regrow that +amorphous layer and so this is a + + align:start position:0% +amorphous layer and so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous layer and so this is a +relatively efficient way to do dopen + + align:start position:0% +relatively efficient way to do dopen + + + align:start position:0% +relatively efficient way to do dopen +activation I'll I'll say a little bit + + align:start position:0% +activation I'll I'll say a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +activation I'll I'll say a little bit +more about dop activation in this + + align:start position:0% +more about dop activation in this + + + align:start position:0% +more about dop activation in this +lecture um and finally we mentioned last + + align:start position:0% +lecture um and finally we mentioned last + + + align:start position:0% +lecture um and finally we mentioned last +time we just started this topic we said + + align:start position:0% +time we just started this topic we said + + + align:start position:0% +time we just started this topic we said +that the excess interstitials that are + + align:start position:0% +that the excess interstitials that are + + + align:start position:0% +that the excess interstitials that are +created by this implant uh all these + + align:start position:0% +created by this implant uh all these + + + align:start position:0% +created by this implant uh all these +nuclear collisions they can cluster into + + align:start position:0% +nuclear collisions they can cluster into + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear collisions they can cluster into +a particular type of defect called a 311 + + align:start position:0% +a particular type of defect called a 311 + + + align:start position:0% +a particular type of defect called a 311 +defect later these 311's dissolve and + + align:start position:0% +defect later these 311's dissolve and + + + align:start position:0% +defect later these 311's dissolve and +they give off interstitials and these + + align:start position:0% +they give off interstitials and these + + + align:start position:0% +they give off interstitials and these +interstitials then uh are what determine + + align:start position:0% +interstitials then uh are what determine + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials then uh are what determine +the kinetics of transient enhanced + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics of transient enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics of transient enhanced +diffusion of boron and other + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of boron and other + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of boron and other +dopin so that's just a riew of what we + + align:start position:0% +dopin so that's just a riew of what we + + + align:start position:0% +dopin so that's just a riew of what we +talked about last time what I want to + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time what I want to +cover this time I want to make I have a + + align:start position:0% +cover this time I want to make I have a + + + align:start position:0% +cover this time I want to make I have a +I have a few slides in this lecture on + + align:start position:0% +I have a few slides in this lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +I have a few slides in this lecture on +dop and activation just to go through + + align:start position:0% +dop and activation just to go through + + + align:start position:0% +dop and activation just to go through +that a little bit more uh carefully and + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit more uh carefully and + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit more uh carefully and +then most of the lecture is going to be + + align:start position:0% +then most of the lecture is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +then most of the lecture is going to be +talking about Transit enhanced diffusion + + align:start position:0% +talking about Transit enhanced diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Transit enhanced diffusion +this teed uh effect and how how it's + + align:start position:0% +this teed uh effect and how how it's + + + align:start position:0% +this teed uh effect and how how it's +modeled so let's go on to slide number + + align:start position:0% +modeled so let's go on to slide number + + + align:start position:0% +modeled so let's go on to slide number +two uh I think I showed this last time + + align:start position:0% +two uh I think I showed this last time + + + align:start position:0% +two uh I think I showed this last time +crosssection um PM um uh we're going to + + align:start position:0% +crosssection um PM um uh we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +crosssection um PM um uh we're going to +talk about this case on slide number two + + align:start position:0% +talk about this case on slide number two + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this case on slide number two +when the do and the mass are high enough + + align:start position:0% +when the do and the mass are high enough + + + align:start position:0% +when the do and the mass are high enough +to amorphize the Silicon uh and these + + align:start position:0% +to amorphize the Silicon uh and these + + + align:start position:0% +to amorphize the Silicon uh and these +are cross-section transmission electron + + align:start position:0% +are cross-section transmission electron + + + align:start position:0% +are cross-section transmission electron +micrograph images of um a sample that + + align:start position:0% +micrograph images of um a sample that + + + align:start position:0% +micrograph images of um a sample that +has been ion implanted uh and amorphized + + align:start position:0% +has been ion implanted uh and amorphized + + + align:start position:0% +has been ion implanted uh and amorphized +and then it it is being regrown by + + align:start position:0% +and then it it is being regrown by + + + align:start position:0% +and then it it is being regrown by +putting it in a furnace at 525° C the + + align:start position:0% +putting it in a furnace at 525° C the + + + align:start position:0% +putting it in a furnace at 525° C the +initial implant was 200 Kev of animony + + align:start position:0% +initial implant was 200 Kev of animony + + + align:start position:0% +initial implant was 200 Kev of animony +and look at the animon dose quite High + + align:start position:0% +and look at the animon dose quite High + + + align:start position:0% +and look at the animon dose quite High +610 15th per square cmet that's a high + + align:start position:0% +610 15th per square cmet that's a high + + + align:start position:0% +610 15th per square cmet that's a high +dose and so you can see at this should + + align:start position:0% +dose and so you can see at this should + + + align:start position:0% +dose and so you can see at this should +say zero minutes I'm not sure what + + align:start position:0% +say zero minutes I'm not sure what + + + align:start position:0% +say zero minutes I'm not sure what +happened to the zero but anyway this + + align:start position:0% +happened to the zero but anyway this + + + align:start position:0% +happened to the zero but anyway this +means when you when you're you're when + + align:start position:0% +means when you when you're you're when + + + align:start position:0% +means when you when you're you're when +you're close to starting up um what you + + align:start position:0% +you're close to starting up um what you + + + align:start position:0% +you're close to starting up um what you +have is an amorphous layer from the + + align:start position:0% +have is an amorphous layer from the + + + align:start position:0% +have is an amorphous layer from the +surface down to some depth and in fact + + align:start position:0% +surface down to some depth and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +surface down to some depth and in fact +here's the scale bar this is 100 nanm + + align:start position:0% +here's the scale bar this is 100 nanm + + + align:start position:0% +here's the scale bar this is 100 nanm +from here to here so that's maybe 300 + + align:start position:0% +from here to here so that's maybe 300 + + + align:start position:0% +from here to here so that's maybe 300 +nmet 3,000 anrs deep something like that + + align:start position:0% +nmet 3,000 anrs deep something like that + + + align:start position:0% +nmet 3,000 anrs deep something like that +is all amorphized has the crystal + + align:start position:0% +is all amorphized has the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +is all amorphized has the crystal +structure is completely destroyed you + + align:start position:0% +structure is completely destroyed you + + + align:start position:0% +structure is completely destroyed you +have an amorphous solid um now after 10 + + align:start position:0% +have an amorphous solid um now after 10 + + + align:start position:0% +have an amorphous solid um now after 10 +minutes what has happened well this the + + align:start position:0% +minutes what has happened well this the + + + align:start position:0% +minutes what has happened well this the +amorphous Crystal interface has moved up + + align:start position:0% +amorphous Crystal interface has moved up + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous Crystal interface has moved up +so we have um regrowth we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have um regrowth we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have um regrowth we have +solidphase epitaxy a layer by layer + + align:start position:0% +solidphase epitaxy a layer by layer + + + align:start position:0% +solidphase epitaxy a layer by layer +process this epitaxy process is not that + + align:start position:0% +process this epitaxy process is not that + + + align:start position:0% +process this epitaxy process is not that +different from growth from the Melt the + + align:start position:0% +different from growth from the Melt the + + + align:start position:0% +different from growth from the Melt the +only difference here is we're talking + + align:start position:0% +only difference here is we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +only difference here is we're talking +about we're getting a phase transition + + align:start position:0% +about we're getting a phase transition + + + align:start position:0% +about we're getting a phase transition +or we're getting a a transition from uh + + align:start position:0% +or we're getting a a transition from uh + + + align:start position:0% +or we're getting a a transition from uh +in the solid phase from amorphus to + + align:start position:0% +in the solid phase from amorphus to + + + align:start position:0% +in the solid phase from amorphus to +solid phase single Crystal and that's + + align:start position:0% +solid phase single Crystal and that's + + + align:start position:0% +solid phase single Crystal and that's +happening in in sort of a a layer by + + align:start position:0% +happening in in sort of a a layer by + + + align:start position:0% +happening in in sort of a a layer by +layer fashion here after 10 minutes I've + + align:start position:0% +layer fashion here after 10 minutes I've + + + align:start position:0% +layer fashion here after 10 minutes I've +grown up a little distance 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +grown up a little distance 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +grown up a little distance 15 minutes +you can see the amorphous Crystal + + align:start position:0% +you can see the amorphous Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the amorphous Crystal +interface has progressed and in fact + + align:start position:0% +interface has progressed and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +interface has progressed and in fact +this is a linear growth rate you'll + + align:start position:0% +this is a linear growth rate you'll + + + align:start position:0% +this is a linear growth rate you'll +find on the right hand side all the way + + align:start position:0% +find on the right hand side all the way + + + align:start position:0% +find on the right hand side all the way +on the right at 20 minutes there's only + + align:start position:0% +on the right at 20 minutes there's only + + + align:start position:0% +on the right at 20 minutes there's only +a small amorphous layer remaining and if + + align:start position:0% +a small amorphous layer remaining and if + + + align:start position:0% +a small amorphous layer remaining and if +we were to go longer you the amorphous + + align:start position:0% +we were to go longer you the amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +we were to go longer you the amorphous +layer would entirely regrow H and you + + align:start position:0% +layer would entirely regrow H and you + + + align:start position:0% +layer would entirely regrow H and you +would have single Crystal silicon uh + + align:start position:0% +would have single Crystal silicon uh + + + align:start position:0% +would have single Crystal silicon uh +completely uh in in depth from the + + align:start position:0% +completely uh in in depth from the + + + align:start position:0% +completely uh in in depth from the +surface on down then the only thing + + align:start position:0% +surface on down then the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +surface on down then the only thing +you're left with you you still have + + align:start position:0% +you're left with you you still have + + + align:start position:0% +you're left with you you still have +single Crystal material is down just + + align:start position:0% +single Crystal material is down just + + + align:start position:0% +single Crystal material is down just +below just below the original morphous + + align:start position:0% +below just below the original morphous + + + align:start position:0% +below just below the original morphous +Crystal interface you are left with + + align:start position:0% +Crystal interface you are left with + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal interface you are left with +what's called these end of Rage damage + + align:start position:0% +what's called these end of Rage damage + + + align:start position:0% +what's called these end of Rage damage +it's a series of these dislocation loops + + align:start position:0% +it's a series of these dislocation loops + + + align:start position:0% +it's a series of these dislocation loops +and other sort of extended defects that + + align:start position:0% +and other sort of extended defects that + + + align:start position:0% +and other sort of extended defects that +don't anal out end of range damage in + + align:start position:0% +don't anal out end of range damage in + + + align:start position:0% +don't anal out end of range damage in +general unless you were to melt the + + align:start position:0% +general unless you were to melt the + + + align:start position:0% +general unless you were to melt the +sample or do something it is something + + align:start position:0% +sample or do something it is something + + + align:start position:0% +sample or do something it is something +we we most of the time we end up having + + align:start position:0% +we we most of the time we end up having + + + align:start position:0% +we we most of the time we end up having +to live with to a certain extent um it's + + align:start position:0% +to live with to a certain extent um it's + + + align:start position:0% +to live with to a certain extent um it's +very hard to get rid of but the Amorphis + + align:start position:0% +very hard to get rid of but the Amorphis + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to get rid of but the Amorphis +layer is gone and we have single Crystal + + align:start position:0% +layer is gone and we have single Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +layer is gone and we have single Crystal +silicon so that's just a reminder when + + align:start position:0% +silicon so that's just a reminder when + + + align:start position:0% +silicon so that's just a reminder when +we're talking about uh amorphization and + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about uh amorphization and + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about uh amorphization and +uh a process for restoring the crystal + + align:start position:0% +uh a process for restoring the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +uh a process for restoring the crystal +to its single Crystal + + align:start position:0% +to its single Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +to its single Crystal +nature so let's go on to slide three uh + + align:start position:0% +nature so let's go on to slide three uh + + + align:start position:0% +nature so let's go on to slide three uh +I wanted to just remind ourselves uh + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to just remind ourselves uh + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to just remind ourselves uh +remind us uh about dopen activ + + align:start position:0% +remind us uh about dopen activ + + + align:start position:0% +remind us uh about dopen activ +activation and this particularly applies + + align:start position:0% +activation and this particularly applies + + + align:start position:0% +activation and this particularly applies +to Boron and + + align:start position:0% +to Boron and + + + align:start position:0% +to Boron and +silicon uh it's it's much more difficult + + align:start position:0% +silicon uh it's it's much more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +silicon uh it's it's much more difficult +to enal a silicon sample that is when I + + align:start position:0% +to enal a silicon sample that is when I + + + align:start position:0% +to enal a silicon sample that is when I +say difficult to anal really what we + + align:start position:0% +say difficult to anal really what we + + + align:start position:0% +say difficult to anal really what we +mean it's difficult to activate to + + align:start position:0% +mean it's difficult to activate to + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's difficult to activate to +electrically activate so to get when + + align:start position:0% +electrically activate so to get when + + + align:start position:0% +electrically activate so to get when +we're what do we mean by electrically + + align:start position:0% +we're what do we mean by electrically + + + align:start position:0% +we're what do we mean by electrically +activate well for every ion I implant I + + align:start position:0% +activate well for every ion I implant I + + + align:start position:0% +activate well for every ion I implant I +like to have it go into a substitutional + + align:start position:0% +like to have it go into a substitutional + + + align:start position:0% +like to have it go into a substitutional +place and if it's a donor i' like to + + align:start position:0% +place and if it's a donor i' like to + + + align:start position:0% +place and if it's a donor i' like to +donate electron so I get a free electron + + align:start position:0% +donate electron so I get a free electron + + + align:start position:0% +donate electron so I get a free electron +if it's an acceptor I'd like to get a + + align:start position:0% +if it's an acceptor I'd like to get a + + + align:start position:0% +if it's an acceptor I'd like to get a +free hole that's the whole purpose of + + align:start position:0% +free hole that's the whole purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +free hole that's the whole purpose of +doing the ion implant so if I implant a + + align:start position:0% +doing the ion implant so if I implant a + + + align:start position:0% +doing the ion implant so if I implant a +dose of 10 the 15th of arsenic or brwn + + align:start position:0% +dose of 10 the 15th of arsenic or brwn + + + align:start position:0% +dose of 10 the 15th of arsenic or brwn +I'd like to get 10 15th per square + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to get 10 15th per square + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to get 10 15th per square +centimeter free electrons of free holes + + align:start position:0% +centimeter free electrons of free holes + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter free electrons of free holes +that's what I mean by activating this + + align:start position:0% +that's what I mean by activating this + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I mean by activating this +activation is is more difficult um when + + align:start position:0% +activation is is more difficult um when + + + align:start position:0% +activation is is more difficult um when +the when the ironically when you've only + + align:start position:0% +the when the ironically when you've only + + + align:start position:0% +the when the ironically when you've only +partially damaged uh the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +partially damaged uh the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +partially damaged uh the Silicon +particularly um intermediate doses are + + align:start position:0% +particularly um intermediate doses are + + + align:start position:0% +particularly um intermediate doses are +difficult so let's just take the range + + align:start position:0% +difficult so let's just take the range + + + align:start position:0% +difficult so let's just take the range +of doses I think we talked a little bit + + align:start position:0% +of doses I think we talked a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +of doses I think we talked a little bit +about this last time if we have a very + + align:start position:0% +about this last time if we have a very + + + align:start position:0% +about this last time if we have a very +low dose 10 to 12 atoms per square + + align:start position:0% +low dose 10 to 12 atoms per square + + + align:start position:0% +low dose 10 to 12 atoms per square +centimeter not much damage is done um + + align:start position:0% +centimeter not much damage is done um + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter not much damage is done um +and it's not too hard to anneal the + + align:start position:0% +and it's not too hard to anneal the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not too hard to anneal the +sapple get the crystal structure um uh + + align:start position:0% +sapple get the crystal structure um uh + + + align:start position:0% +sapple get the crystal structure um uh +restored to more to more of a perfect a + + align:start position:0% +restored to more to more of a perfect a + + + align:start position:0% +restored to more to more of a perfect a +perfect State and to activate all the + + align:start position:0% +perfect State and to activate all the + + + align:start position:0% +perfect State and to activate all the +dopin and subsal sites a very high dose + + align:start position:0% +dopin and subsal sites a very high dose + + + align:start position:0% +dopin and subsal sites a very high dose +you create a morphous layer like we just + + align:start position:0% +you create a morphous layer like we just + + + align:start position:0% +you create a morphous layer like we just +saw on the previous slide and it's + + align:start position:0% +saw on the previous slide and it's + + + align:start position:0% +saw on the previous slide and it's +relatively easy to anal out um uh the + + align:start position:0% +relatively easy to anal out um uh the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively easy to anal out um uh the +amorphous layer by solid phase Epi solid + + align:start position:0% +amorphous layer by solid phase Epi solid + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous layer by solid phase Epi solid +phase Epi can take place at 5 or 600° so + + align:start position:0% +phase Epi can take place at 5 or 600° so + + + align:start position:0% +phase Epi can take place at 5 or 600° so +it's not that you don't have to go very + + align:start position:0% +it's not that you don't have to go very + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that you don't have to go very +hot typically you would go a little + + align:start position:0% +hot typically you would go a little + + + align:start position:0% +hot typically you would go a little +higher than that maybe uh after the this + + align:start position:0% +higher than that maybe uh after the this + + + align:start position:0% +higher than that maybe uh after the this +SP regrowth step you might go to 800 or + + align:start position:0% +SP regrowth step you might go to 800 or + + + align:start position:0% +SP regrowth step you might go to 800 or +900 to get a little better dope and + + align:start position:0% +900 to get a little better dope and + + + align:start position:0% +900 to get a little better dope and +activation but that's not so hard the + + align:start position:0% +activation but that's not so hard the + + + align:start position:0% +activation but that's not so hard the +the hard one is the last one listed here + + align:start position:0% +the hard one is the last one listed here + + + align:start position:0% +the hard one is the last one listed here +these are the immediate intermediate + + align:start position:0% +these are the immediate intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +these are the immediate intermediate +doses + + align:start position:0% +doses + + + align:start position:0% +doses +um and this is a dose that is is it's + + align:start position:0% +um and this is a dose that is is it's + + + align:start position:0% +um and this is a dose that is is it's +high enough to do some damage but it's + + align:start position:0% +high enough to do some damage but it's + + + align:start position:0% +high enough to do some damage but it's +not high enough to create complete + + align:start position:0% +not high enough to create complete + + + align:start position:0% +not high enough to create complete +amorphous layer so you cannot have solid + + align:start position:0% +amorphous layer so you cannot have solid + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous layer so you cannot have solid +phase uh layer by layer regrowth so it's + + align:start position:0% +phase uh layer by layer regrowth so it's + + + align:start position:0% +phase uh layer by layer regrowth so it's +it's right in the middle that you have a + + align:start position:0% +it's right in the middle that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +it's right in the middle that you have a +problem um and this leads to kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +problem um and this leads to kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem um and this leads to kind of uh +a lot of complex Behavior where uh + + align:start position:0% +a lot of complex Behavior where uh + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of complex Behavior where uh +secondary defects other types of defects + + align:start position:0% +secondary defects other types of defects + + + align:start position:0% +secondary defects other types of defects +besides just interstitials and vacancies + + align:start position:0% +besides just interstitials and vacancies + + + align:start position:0% +besides just interstitials and vacancies +um can + + align:start position:0% +um can + + + align:start position:0% +um can +form uh and particularly for Boron which + + align:start position:0% +form uh and particularly for Boron which + + + align:start position:0% +form uh and particularly for Boron which +is a light ion because of the nature of + + align:start position:0% +is a light ion because of the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +is a light ion because of the nature of +the type of damage it does this + + align:start position:0% +the type of damage it does this + + + align:start position:0% +the type of damage it does this +intermediate dose range is is a real + + align:start position:0% +intermediate dose range is is a real + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate dose range is is a real +problem and uh this complicated Behavior + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh this complicated Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh this complicated Behavior +can occur over a a wide range of boron + + align:start position:0% +can occur over a a wide range of boron + + + align:start position:0% +can occur over a a wide range of boron +doses that are used in practice in in + + align:start position:0% +doses that are used in practice in in + + + align:start position:0% +doses that are used in practice in in +seos + + align:start position:0% +seos + + + align:start position:0% +seos +fabrication as it's because the nature + + align:start position:0% +fabrication as it's because the nature + + + align:start position:0% +fabrication as it's because the nature +of the damage created by born is + + align:start position:0% +of the damage created by born is + + + align:start position:0% +of the damage created by born is +different it's a light ion so it's not + + align:start position:0% +different it's a light ion so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +different it's a light ion so it's not +doing that much very effective nuclear + + align:start position:0% +doing that much very effective nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +doing that much very effective nuclear +uh damage at least until you get to the + + align:start position:0% +uh damage at least until you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh damage at least until you get to the +towards its end of + + align:start position:0% +towards its end of + + + align:start position:0% +towards its end of +range um so you'll hear people say oh + + align:start position:0% +range um so you'll hear people say oh + + + align:start position:0% +range um so you'll hear people say oh +boron's a lot harder to to activate the + + align:start position:0% +boron's a lot harder to to activate the + + + align:start position:0% +boron's a lot harder to to activate the +Arsenic indeed it is it's hard to repair + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic indeed it is it's hard to repair + + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic indeed it is it's hard to repair +the damage harder to repair the damage + + align:start position:0% +the damage harder to repair the damage + + + align:start position:0% +the damage harder to repair the damage +from a Bor implant in Silicon than from + + align:start position:0% +from a Bor implant in Silicon than from + + + align:start position:0% +from a Bor implant in Silicon than from +an arsenic implant in Silicon uh what do + + align:start position:0% +an arsenic implant in Silicon uh what do + + + align:start position:0% +an arsenic implant in Silicon uh what do +people do about this well there are a + + align:start position:0% +people do about this well there are a + + + align:start position:0% +people do about this well there are a +couple of approaches I think we + + align:start position:0% +couple of approaches I think we + + + align:start position:0% +couple of approaches I think we +mentioned last time born is light okay + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time born is light okay + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned last time born is light okay +that's a problem it's not in some sense + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem it's not in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem it's not in some sense +it's doing damage but not enough damage + + align:start position:0% +it's doing damage but not enough damage + + + align:start position:0% +it's doing damage but not enough damage +So within the dose range that you want + + align:start position:0% +So within the dose range that you want + + + align:start position:0% +So within the dose range that you want +to implant it sometime sometimes what + + align:start position:0% +to implant it sometime sometimes what + + + align:start position:0% +to implant it sometime sometimes what +people do is they don't implant pure + + align:start position:0% +people do is they don't implant pure + + + align:start position:0% +people do is they don't implant pure +Boron they implant a molecule bf2 so + + align:start position:0% +Boron they implant a molecule bf2 so + + + align:start position:0% +Boron they implant a molecule bf2 so +these two extra flines add quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +these two extra flines add quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +these two extra flines add quite a bit +of extra mass to the um species that + + align:start position:0% +of extra mass to the um species that + + + align:start position:0% +of extra mass to the um species that +you're eyon implanting so it's not just + + align:start position:0% +you're eyon implanting so it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +you're eyon implanting so it's not just +Boron 11 it's Boron with two Florine uh + + align:start position:0% +Boron 11 it's Boron with two Florine uh + + + align:start position:0% +Boron 11 it's Boron with two Florine uh +atoms attached and this is the ion that + + align:start position:0% +atoms attached and this is the ion that + + + align:start position:0% +atoms attached and this is the ion that +you ionize in the ion implanter and that + + align:start position:0% +you ionize in the ion implanter and that + + + align:start position:0% +you ionize in the ion implanter and that +you impart energy and you put into the + + align:start position:0% +you impart energy and you put into the + + + align:start position:0% +you impart energy and you put into the +Silicon so when the bf2 uh molecule hits + + align:start position:0% +Silicon so when the bf2 uh molecule hits + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon so when the bf2 uh molecule hits +the Silicon what happens well it + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon what happens well it + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon what happens well it +dissociates most likely it has so much + + align:start position:0% +dissociates most likely it has so much + + + align:start position:0% +dissociates most likely it has so much +energy and the Boron goes along and the + + align:start position:0% +energy and the Boron goes along and the + + + align:start position:0% +energy and the Boron goes along and the +Florine goes in and they both impart + + align:start position:0% +Florine goes in and they both impart + + + align:start position:0% +Florine goes in and they both impart +energy though they both can do some kind + + align:start position:0% +energy though they both can do some kind + + + align:start position:0% +energy though they both can do some kind +of nuclear damage so we can kind of um + + align:start position:0% +of nuclear damage so we can kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +of nuclear damage so we can kind of um +uh treat this uh we can we can sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh treat this uh we can we can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh treat this uh we can we can sort of +say that the energy is a portioned a + + align:start position:0% +say that the energy is a portioned a + + + align:start position:0% +say that the energy is a portioned a +certain amount to the Boron you know + + align:start position:0% +certain amount to the Boron you know + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount to the Boron you know +ratio to its Z number and a certain + + align:start position:0% +ratio to its Z number and a certain + + + align:start position:0% +ratio to its Z number and a certain +fraction to the uh the energy goes to + + align:start position:0% +fraction to the uh the energy goes to + + + align:start position:0% +fraction to the uh the energy goes to +the fline and having the extra Florine + + align:start position:0% +the fline and having the extra Florine + + + align:start position:0% +the fline and having the extra Florine +in there is is awaited to amorphize the + + align:start position:0% +in there is is awaited to amorphize the + + + align:start position:0% +in there is is awaited to amorphize the +sample so bf2 sometimes people use to + + align:start position:0% +sample so bf2 sometimes people use to + + + align:start position:0% +sample so bf2 sometimes people use to +try to improve the activation uh it's + + align:start position:0% +try to improve the activation uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +try to improve the activation uh it's +also a way of getting effectively a + + align:start position:0% +also a way of getting effectively a + + + align:start position:0% +also a way of getting effectively a +lower energy implant cuz you um if you + + align:start position:0% +lower energy implant cuz you um if you + + + align:start position:0% +lower energy implant cuz you um if you +have a certain energy uh imparted to bf2 + + align:start position:0% +have a certain energy uh imparted to bf2 + + + align:start position:0% +have a certain energy uh imparted to bf2 +the Brin only shares uh a certain + + align:start position:0% +the Brin only shares uh a certain + + + align:start position:0% +the Brin only shares uh a certain +fraction of that when it actually hits + + align:start position:0% +fraction of that when it actually hits + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of that when it actually hits +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +sample the other thing people do is they + + align:start position:0% +sample the other thing people do is they + + + align:start position:0% +sample the other thing people do is they +they do what's called pre amorphization + + align:start position:0% +they do what's called pre amorphization + + + align:start position:0% +they do what's called pre amorphization +pre what what that means prior to + + align:start position:0% +pre what what that means prior to + + + align:start position:0% +pre what what that means prior to +implanting the Boron the am morphies the + + align:start position:0% +implanting the Boron the am morphies the + + + align:start position:0% +implanting the Boron the am morphies the +sample with another species typically + + align:start position:0% +sample with another species typically + + + align:start position:0% +sample with another species typically +you would not want to use an end typ + + align:start position:0% +you would not want to use an end typ + + + align:start position:0% +you would not want to use an end typ +open because then you're compensating + + align:start position:0% +open because then you're compensating + + + align:start position:0% +open because then you're compensating +the Boron so typically you use either + + align:start position:0% +the Boron so typically you use either + + + align:start position:0% +the Boron so typically you use either +silicon or + + align:start position:0% +silicon or + + + align:start position:0% +silicon or +Germania so uh which are not + + align:start position:0% +Germania so uh which are not + + + align:start position:0% +Germania so uh which are not +electrically active per se right silicon + + align:start position:0% +electrically active per se right silicon + + + align:start position:0% +electrically active per se right silicon +is the same as silicon so it's not going + + align:start position:0% +is the same as silicon so it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as silicon so it's not going +to produce any doping effects geranium + + align:start position:0% +to produce any doping effects geranium + + + align:start position:0% +to produce any doping effects geranium +is also in column 4 it turns out it does + + align:start position:0% +is also in column 4 it turns out it does + + + align:start position:0% +is also in column 4 it turns out it does +not produce a doping effect uh that is + + align:start position:0% +not produce a doping effect uh that is + + + align:start position:0% +not produce a doping effect uh that is +it does not add P or n type character to + + align:start position:0% +it does not add P or n type character to + + + align:start position:0% +it does not add P or n type character to +the substrate so and it's heavy so it's + + align:start position:0% +the substrate so and it's heavy so it's + + + align:start position:0% +the substrate so and it's heavy so it's +easy to amorphize so you'll see people + + align:start position:0% +easy to amorphize so you'll see people + + + align:start position:0% +easy to amorphize so you'll see people +doing pre prior to a shallow Boran + + align:start position:0% +doing pre prior to a shallow Boran + + + align:start position:0% +doing pre prior to a shallow Boran +implant they may implant uh silicon or + + align:start position:0% +implant they may implant uh silicon or + + + align:start position:0% +implant they may implant uh silicon or +at liquid nitrogen or germanium at room + + align:start position:0% +at liquid nitrogen or germanium at room + + + align:start position:0% +at liquid nitrogen or germanium at room +temperature create an amorphous + + align:start position:0% +temperature create an amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +temperature create an amorphous +layer into that amorphous layer implant + + align:start position:0% +layer into that amorphous layer implant + + + align:start position:0% +layer into that amorphous layer implant +the Boron um and then a relatively low + + align:start position:0% +the Boron um and then a relatively low + + + align:start position:0% +the Boron um and then a relatively low +temperature activation to try to um try + + align:start position:0% +temperature activation to try to um try + + + align:start position:0% +temperature activation to try to um try +to uh to activate the B um and get a + + align:start position:0% +to uh to activate the B um and get a + + + align:start position:0% +to uh to activate the B um and get a +little bit of better um analan Behavior + + align:start position:0% +little bit of better um analan Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of better um analan Behavior +Uh it pre amorphization also has another + + align:start position:0% +Uh it pre amorphization also has another + + + align:start position:0% +Uh it pre amorphization also has another +Advantage if if you want to think about + + align:start position:0% +Advantage if if you want to think about + + + align:start position:0% +Advantage if if you want to think about +it remember we were talking about ion + + align:start position:0% +it remember we were talking about ion + + + align:start position:0% +it remember we were talking about ion +implantation a few lectures ago we were + + align:start position:0% +implantation a few lectures ago we were + + + align:start position:0% +implantation a few lectures ago we were +talking about ion + + align:start position:0% +talking about ion + + + align:start position:0% +talking about ion +channeling and the fact that ions can be + + align:start position:0% +channeling and the fact that ions can be + + + align:start position:0% +channeling and the fact that ions can be +knocked into these channels because you + + align:start position:0% +knocked into these channels because you + + + align:start position:0% +knocked into these channels because you +have a perfect Crystal they can go a + + align:start position:0% +have a perfect Crystal they can go a + + + align:start position:0% +have a perfect Crystal they can go a +long ways before they stop and this + + align:start position:0% +long ways before they stop and this + + + align:start position:0% +long ways before they stop and this +creates very these long tail Nails it + + align:start position:0% +creates very these long tail Nails it + + + align:start position:0% +creates very these long tail Nails it +makes it very hard to get an Abrupt uh + + align:start position:0% +makes it very hard to get an Abrupt uh + + + align:start position:0% +makes it very hard to get an Abrupt uh +shallow Junction well if you amorphize + + align:start position:0% +shallow Junction well if you amorphize + + + align:start position:0% +shallow Junction well if you amorphize +the top 3,000 angstroms prior to putting + + align:start position:0% +the top 3,000 angstroms prior to putting + + + align:start position:0% +the top 3,000 angstroms prior to putting +the boron in that eliminates the + + align:start position:0% +the boron in that eliminates the + + + align:start position:0% +the boron in that eliminates the +possibility of iron channeling in those + + align:start position:0% +possibility of iron channeling in those + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of iron channeling in those +top 3,000 an there is no Crystal it's + + align:start position:0% +top 3,000 an there is no Crystal it's + + + align:start position:0% +top 3,000 an there is no Crystal it's +not single Crystal it's it's completely + + align:start position:0% +not single Crystal it's it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +not single Crystal it's it's completely +random so more preor isation has two + + align:start position:0% +random so more preor isation has two + + + align:start position:0% +random so more preor isation has two +benefits uh you can get a little better + + align:start position:0% +benefits uh you can get a little better + + + align:start position:0% +benefits uh you can get a little better +activation of the brwn and eliminates + + align:start position:0% +activation of the brwn and eliminates + + + align:start position:0% +activation of the brwn and eliminates +ion channeling so you can do shallower + + align:start position:0% +ion channeling so you can do shallower + + + align:start position:0% +ion channeling so you can do shallower +Junctions it costs more money it takes + + align:start position:0% +Junctions it costs more money it takes + + + align:start position:0% +Junctions it costs more money it takes +time um it does create end of range + + align:start position:0% +time um it does create end of range + + + align:start position:0% +time um it does create end of range +damage so they're they're trade-offs + + align:start position:0% +damage so they're they're trade-offs + + + align:start position:0% +damage so they're they're trade-offs +uh in in using pre amorphization as a + + align:start position:0% +uh in in using pre amorphization as a + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in using pre amorphization as a +way to do um Boron + + align:start position:0% +way to do um Boron + + + align:start position:0% +way to do um Boron +implants so um that's mainly what I + + align:start position:0% +implants so um that's mainly what I + + + align:start position:0% +implants so um that's mainly what I +wanted to say about uh comments I wanted + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say about uh comments I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say about uh comments I wanted +to make about dopen activation one more + + align:start position:0% +to make about dopen activation one more + + + align:start position:0% +to make about dopen activation one more +comment before I leave slide number + + align:start position:0% +comment before I leave slide number + + + align:start position:0% +comment before I leave slide number +three um because we probably have a + + align:start position:0% +three um because we probably have a + + + align:start position:0% +three um because we probably have a +homework problem coming up in homework + + align:start position:0% +homework problem coming up in homework + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem coming up in homework +five about activation uh it when you're + + align:start position:0% +five about activation uh it when you're + + + align:start position:0% +five about activation uh it when you're +using supreme Supreme can model dopent + + align:start position:0% +using supreme Supreme can model dopent + + + align:start position:0% +using supreme Supreme can model dopent +activation uh in a very crude way if + + align:start position:0% +activation uh in a very crude way if + + + align:start position:0% +activation uh in a very crude way if +you're do an iron implant in Supreme + + align:start position:0% +you're do an iron implant in Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +you're do an iron implant in Supreme +you let's say you implant arsenic to a + + align:start position:0% +you let's say you implant arsenic to a + + + align:start position:0% +you let's say you implant arsenic to a +certain concentration or dose um and + + align:start position:0% +certain concentration or dose um and + + + align:start position:0% +certain concentration or dose um and +then you tell it you anal it at just + + align:start position:0% +then you tell it you anal it at just + + + align:start position:0% +then you tell it you anal it at just +about any temperature the default + + align:start position:0% +about any temperature the default + + + align:start position:0% +about any temperature the default +assumption is that um everything is + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that um everything is + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that um everything is +activated almost immediately you know + + align:start position:0% +activated almost immediately you know + + + align:start position:0% +activated almost immediately you know +within a few micros seconds or something + + align:start position:0% +within a few micros seconds or something + + + align:start position:0% +within a few micros seconds or something +so Supreme doesn't really have any good + + align:start position:0% +so Supreme doesn't really have any good + + + align:start position:0% +so Supreme doesn't really have any good +kinetics any time dependence of the + + align:start position:0% +kinetics any time dependence of the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics any time dependence of the +activation so you do a one minute uh a + + align:start position:0% +activation so you do a one minute uh a + + + align:start position:0% +activation so you do a one minute uh a +Neal at 800 it you know it assumes + + align:start position:0% +Neal at 800 it you know it assumes + + + align:start position:0% +Neal at 800 it you know it assumes +you're getting the same amount of activ + + align:start position:0% +you're getting the same amount of activ + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting the same amount of activ +activation as a one minute it's a 30 + + align:start position:0% +activation as a one minute it's a 30 + + + align:start position:0% +activation as a one minute it's a 30 +minute inal at 800 it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +minute inal at 800 it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +minute inal at 800 it doesn't have +kinetics to activation built in but it + + align:start position:0% +kinetics to activation built in but it + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics to activation built in but it +can plot for you it will plot the active + + align:start position:0% +can plot for you it will plot the active + + + align:start position:0% +can plot for you it will plot the active +carrier concentration and it will clip + + align:start position:0% +carrier concentration and it will clip + + + align:start position:0% +carrier concentration and it will clip +it off at the solubility limit so if you + + align:start position:0% +it off at the solubility limit so if you + + + align:start position:0% +it off at the solubility limit so if you +implant arsenic to a peak of 10 of 21 + + align:start position:0% +implant arsenic to a peak of 10 of 21 + + + align:start position:0% +implant arsenic to a peak of 10 of 21 +let's say a huge Peak per cubic + + align:start position:0% +let's say a huge Peak per cubic + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a huge Peak per cubic +centimeter uh and then you tell it I + + align:start position:0% +centimeter uh and then you tell it I + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter uh and then you tell it I +want to I want to anal it at 1 th000 + + align:start position:0% +want to I want to anal it at 1 th000 + + + align:start position:0% +want to I want to anal it at 1 th000 +degrees for 10 seconds fine it'll it'll + + align:start position:0% +degrees for 10 seconds fine it'll it'll + + + align:start position:0% +degrees for 10 seconds fine it'll it'll +give you the active fraction it'll give + + align:start position:0% +give you the active fraction it'll give + + + align:start position:0% +give you the active fraction it'll give +you the active uh arsenic it'll take it + + align:start position:0% +you the active uh arsenic it'll take it + + + align:start position:0% +you the active uh arsenic it'll take it +up to at 1,000 degrees whatever the + + align:start position:0% +up to at 1,000 degrees whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +up to at 1,000 degrees whatever the +solubility limit is say it's 320 and + + align:start position:0% +solubility limit is say it's 320 and + + + align:start position:0% +solubility limit is say it's 320 and +just clip off the profile and go down + + align:start position:0% +just clip off the profile and go down + + + align:start position:0% +just clip off the profile and go down +from there so it imposes a very + + align:start position:0% +from there so it imposes a very + + + align:start position:0% +from there so it imposes a very +kindergarten likee sort of Elementary uh + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten likee sort of Elementary uh + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten likee sort of Elementary uh +activation model but um but it can still + + align:start position:0% +activation model but um but it can still + + + align:start position:0% +activation model but um but it can still +be useful if you're trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +be useful if you're trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +be useful if you're trying to figure out +what your sheet resistance should be but + + align:start position:0% +what your sheet resistance should be but + + + align:start position:0% +what your sheet resistance should be but +it doesn't have a lot of these uh + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have a lot of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have a lot of these uh +kinetics built in um people need to to + + align:start position:0% +kinetics built in um people need to to + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics built in um people need to to +do that more more empirically do an + + align:start position:0% +do that more more empirically do an + + + align:start position:0% +do that more more empirically do an +implant do an an eel uh at various + + align:start position:0% +implant do an an eel uh at various + + + align:start position:0% +implant do an an eel uh at various +temperatures and see how your activation + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and see how your activation + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and see how your activation +uh uh what your activation ratio + + align:start position:0% +uh uh what your activation ratio + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh what your activation ratio +is okay so let's go on to slide four and + + align:start position:0% +is okay so let's go on to slide four and + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so let's go on to slide four and +this is again review from last time but + + align:start position:0% +this is again review from last time but + + + align:start position:0% +this is again review from last time but +I think it's important to review this + + align:start position:0% +I think it's important to review this + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's important to review this +before we talk about uh transient + + align:start position:0% +before we talk about uh transient + + + align:start position:0% +before we talk about uh transient +enhanced diffusion last time we talked + + align:start position:0% +enhanced diffusion last time we talked + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced diffusion last time we talked +about this model with a funny name + + align:start position:0% +about this model with a funny name + + + align:start position:0% +about this model with a funny name +called the plus one model of implant + + align:start position:0% +called the plus one model of implant + + + align:start position:0% +called the plus one model of implant +damage and uh or plus one model for + + align:start position:0% +damage and uh or plus one model for + + + align:start position:0% +damage and uh or plus one model for +residual damage it was published by + + align:start position:0% +residual damage it was published by + + + align:start position:0% +residual damage it was published by +Giles uh back in + + align:start position:0% +Giles uh back in + + + align:start position:0% +Giles uh back in +1991 and the idea was this um uh what + + align:start position:0% +1991 and the idea was this um uh what + + + align:start position:0% +1991 and the idea was this um uh what +the model says is it it most of the of + + align:start position:0% +the model says is it it most of the of + + + align:start position:0% +the model says is it it most of the of +the recoiled silicon interstitials and + + align:start position:0% +the recoiled silicon interstitials and + + + align:start position:0% +the recoiled silicon interstitials and +and vacancies recombined very rapidly in + + align:start position:0% +and vacancies recombined very rapidly in + + + align:start position:0% +and vacancies recombined very rapidly in +the first first few milliseconds or + + align:start position:0% +the first first few milliseconds or + + + align:start position:0% +the first first few milliseconds or +hundreds of a second during the implant + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of a second during the implant + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of a second during the implant +or else just when you when you just put + + align:start position:0% +or else just when you when you just put + + + align:start position:0% +or else just when you when you just put +it into the anal um so you create a huge + + align:start position:0% +it into the anal um so you create a huge + + + align:start position:0% +it into the anal um so you create a huge +number of these but most of the + + align:start position:0% +number of these but most of the + + + align:start position:0% +number of these but most of the +interstitials find a vacy and they find + + align:start position:0% +interstitials find a vacy and they find + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials find a vacy and they find +a place uh to go back to how about the + + align:start position:0% +a place uh to go back to how about the + + + align:start position:0% +a place uh to go back to how about the +remaining it's only the net remaining + + align:start position:0% +remaining it's only the net remaining + + + align:start position:0% +remaining it's only the net remaining +that we care about um so the + + align:start position:0% +that we care about um so the + + + align:start position:0% +that we care about um so the +distribution of the remaining + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the remaining +interstitials uh or the recoils um shows + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh or the recoils um shows + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh or the recoils um shows +a net tends to have a net excess of + + align:start position:0% +a net tends to have a net excess of + + + align:start position:0% +a net tends to have a net excess of +vacancies near the surface and a net + + align:start position:0% +vacancies near the surface and a net + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies near the surface and a net +excess of interstitials towards the bulk + + align:start position:0% +excess of interstitials towards the bulk + + + align:start position:0% +excess of interstitials towards the bulk +so in fact um if you plot uh on this + + align:start position:0% +so in fact um if you plot uh on this + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact um if you plot uh on this +plot this is a plot from Giles + + align:start position:0% +plot this is a plot from Giles + + + align:start position:0% +plot this is a plot from Giles +concentration versus depth this is the + + align:start position:0% +concentration versus depth this is the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration versus depth this is the +total number of interstitials up here in + + align:start position:0% +total number of interstitials up here in + + + align:start position:0% +total number of interstitials up here in +the 10 to the 21 range or high 10 of the + + align:start position:0% +the 10 to the 21 range or high 10 of the + + + align:start position:0% +the 10 to the 21 range or high 10 of the +20s uh for this phosphorus implant and + + align:start position:0% +20s uh for this phosphorus implant and + + + align:start position:0% +20s uh for this phosphorus implant and +the total vacancies you can't even + + align:start position:0% +the total vacancies you can't even + + + align:start position:0% +the total vacancies you can't even +distinguish the two to two curves + + align:start position:0% +distinguish the two to two curves + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish the two to two curves +they're practic they're really on top of + + align:start position:0% +they're practic they're really on top of + + + align:start position:0% +they're practic they're really on top of +each other on the log scale When you + + align:start position:0% +each other on the log scale When you + + + align:start position:0% +each other on the log scale When you +subtract them from each other what you + + align:start position:0% +subtract them from each other what you + + + align:start position:0% +subtract them from each other what you +find so you subtract interstitials from + + align:start position:0% +find so you subtract interstitials from + + + align:start position:0% +find so you subtract interstitials from +the vacancies um that the net vacancy + + align:start position:0% +the vacancies um that the net vacancy + + + align:start position:0% +the vacancies um that the net vacancy +concentration looks something like this + + align:start position:0% +concentration looks something like this + + + align:start position:0% +concentration looks something like this +that's what's shown by this little uh + + align:start position:0% +that's what's shown by this little uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's shown by this little uh +profile here so near the surface we have + + align:start position:0% +profile here so near the surface we have + + + align:start position:0% +profile here so near the surface we have +some extra vacancies of a concentration + + align:start position:0% +some extra vacancies of a concentration + + + align:start position:0% +some extra vacancies of a concentration +in this example of about 10 of the 17th + + align:start position:0% +in this example of about 10 of the 17th + + + align:start position:0% +in this example of about 10 of the 17th +in the ball a little bit deeper we have + + align:start position:0% +in the ball a little bit deeper we have + + + align:start position:0% +in the ball a little bit deeper we have +net interstitials but their total + + align:start position:0% +net interstitials but their total + + + align:start position:0% +net interstitials but their total +numbers is orders of magnitude lower + + align:start position:0% +numbers is orders of magnitude lower + + + align:start position:0% +numbers is orders of magnitude lower +because a lot of them have + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of them have + + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of them have +recombined um and look at their order of + + align:start position:0% +recombined um and look at their order of + + + align:start position:0% +recombined um and look at their order of +magnitude what is their height well lo + + align:start position:0% +magnitude what is their height well lo + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude what is their height well lo +and behold the height of these net + + align:start position:0% +and behold the height of these net + + + align:start position:0% +and behold the height of these net +interstitials uh its concentration is + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh its concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh its concentration is +very close to the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +very close to the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +very close to the concentration of the +phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus +implant very very close so of order of + + align:start position:0% +implant very very close so of order of + + + align:start position:0% +implant very very close so of order of +magnitude so to to first order what + + align:start position:0% +magnitude so to to first order what + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude so to to first order what +Giles said um is that all of the + + align:start position:0% +Giles said um is that all of the + + + align:start position:0% +Giles said um is that all of the +original implant damage recombines and + + align:start position:0% +original implant damage recombines and + + + align:start position:0% +original implant damage recombines and +leaves behind only one excess + + align:start position:0% +leaves behind only one excess + + + align:start position:0% +leaves behind only one excess +interstitial for every dopen atom you + + align:start position:0% +interstitial for every dopen atom you + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial for every dopen atom you +iron implanted so if I I implanted in + + align:start position:0% +iron implanted so if I I implanted in + + + align:start position:0% +iron implanted so if I I implanted in +this case 10 of the 13th phosphorus then + + align:start position:0% +this case 10 of the 13th phosphorus then + + + align:start position:0% +this case 10 of the 13th phosphorus then +he would say that the number of of + + align:start position:0% +he would say that the number of of + + + align:start position:0% +he would say that the number of of +interstitial Left Behind is 10 13th per + + align:start position:0% +interstitial Left Behind is 10 13th per + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial Left Behind is 10 13th per +square cm because every phosphorus atom + + align:start position:0% +square cm because every phosphorus atom + + + align:start position:0% +square cm because every phosphorus atom +eventually finds a home on a silicon + + align:start position:0% +eventually finds a home on a silicon + + + align:start position:0% +eventually finds a home on a silicon +lattice and those 10 to the 13th um + + align:start position:0% +lattice and those 10 to the 13th um + + + align:start position:0% +lattice and those 10 to the 13th um +silicon atoms must then be + + align:start position:0% +silicon atoms must then be + + + align:start position:0% +silicon atoms must then be +interstitials um so that's the most + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um so that's the most + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um so that's the most +Elementary uh model if you so to speak + + align:start position:0% +Elementary uh model if you so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary uh model if you so to speak +for um for the amount of damage that's + + align:start position:0% +for um for the amount of damage that's + + + align:start position:0% +for um for the amount of damage that's +produced and it's easy to do you just + + align:start position:0% +produced and it's easy to do you just + + + align:start position:0% +produced and it's easy to do you just +take the dose and that's the answer more + + align:start position:0% +take the dose and that's the answer more + + + align:start position:0% +take the dose and that's the answer more +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +less actually if we want to be a little + + align:start position:0% +less actually if we want to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +less actually if we want to be a little +more sophisticated people since that + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated people since that + + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated people since that +time have come up with what they call A + + align:start position:0% +time have come up with what they call A + + + align:start position:0% +time have come up with what they call A +Plus n model where where n is of order + + align:start position:0% +Plus n model where where n is of order + + + align:start position:0% +Plus n model where where n is of order +one but not exactly equal to one and + + align:start position:0% +one but not exactly equal to one and + + + align:start position:0% +one but not exactly equal to one and +this is some Paz at all from the mrss + + align:start position:0% +this is some Paz at all from the mrss + + + align:start position:0% +this is some Paz at all from the mrss +meeting uh in in 1997 came up with this + + align:start position:0% +meeting uh in in 1997 came up with this + + + align:start position:0% +meeting uh in in 1997 came up with this +sort of Plus in model what what they + + align:start position:0% +sort of Plus in model what what they + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Plus in model what what they +were saying is that um the multiplier on + + align:start position:0% +were saying is that um the multiplier on + + + align:start position:0% +were saying is that um the multiplier on +the dose for the original uh ion implant + + align:start position:0% +the dose for the original uh ion implant + + + align:start position:0% +the dose for the original uh ion implant +dose the multiplier may not be exactly + + align:start position:0% +dose the multiplier may not be exactly + + + align:start position:0% +dose the multiplier may not be exactly +one uh it may be two it may be three + + align:start position:0% +one uh it may be two it may be three + + + align:start position:0% +one uh it may be two it may be three +something of that order so this this + + align:start position:0% +something of that order so this this + + + align:start position:0% +something of that order so this this +Plus one approximation which says that + + align:start position:0% +Plus one approximation which says that + + + align:start position:0% +Plus one approximation which says that +the the the number of interstitials + + align:start position:0% +the the the number of interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +the the the number of interstitials +created exactly equals the dose um it's + + align:start position:0% +created exactly equals the dose um it's + + + align:start position:0% +created exactly equals the dose um it's +actually uh it's it's reasonably good + + align:start position:0% +actually uh it's it's reasonably good + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh it's it's reasonably good +but it's not necessarily perfect and it + + align:start position:0% +but it's not necessarily perfect and it + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not necessarily perfect and it +may be particularly not as good for a + + align:start position:0% +may be particularly not as good for a + + + align:start position:0% +may be particularly not as good for a +heavy iron a low energy or low dose and + + align:start position:0% +heavy iron a low energy or low dose and + + + align:start position:0% +heavy iron a low energy or low dose and +particularly for heavy ions the reason + + align:start position:0% +particularly for heavy ions the reason + + + align:start position:0% +particularly for heavy ions the reason +we don't think it's so great it's not as + + align:start position:0% +we don't think it's so great it's not as + + + align:start position:0% +we don't think it's so great it's not as +perfect is because there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +perfect is because there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +perfect is because there's a lot of +recoils if I I implant arsenic it's a + + align:start position:0% +recoils if I I implant arsenic it's a + + + align:start position:0% +recoils if I I implant arsenic it's a +very heavy IR it comes in it can impart + + align:start position:0% +very heavy IR it comes in it can impart + + + align:start position:0% +very heavy IR it comes in it can impart +a fair amount of um energy to a silicon + + align:start position:0% +a fair amount of um energy to a silicon + + + align:start position:0% +a fair amount of um energy to a silicon +that's originally at rest and then that + + align:start position:0% +that's originally at rest and then that + + + align:start position:0% +that's originally at rest and then that +creates more recoils so you can have a + + align:start position:0% +creates more recoils so you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +creates more recoils so you can have a +large population of + + align:start position:0% +large population of + + + align:start position:0% +large population of +recoils um for each ion uh relative to + + align:start position:0% +recoils um for each ion uh relative to + + + align:start position:0% +recoils um for each ion uh relative to +the ion population and so that means you + + align:start position:0% +the ion population and so that means you + + + align:start position:0% +the ion population and so that means you +can they can essentially do a little + + align:start position:0% +can they can essentially do a little + + + align:start position:0% +can they can essentially do a little +more damage so + + align:start position:0% +more damage so + + + align:start position:0% +more damage so +um a simple approximation use a plus n + + align:start position:0% +um a simple approximation use a plus n + + + align:start position:0% +um a simple approximation use a plus n +Factor as the uh which is a function of + + align:start position:0% +Factor as the uh which is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +Factor as the uh which is a function of +the iron species the energy and the dose + + align:start position:0% +the iron species the energy and the dose + + + align:start position:0% +the iron species the energy and the dose +and here's an example of a plot from + + align:start position:0% +and here's an example of a plot from + + + align:start position:0% +and here's an example of a plot from +that paper uh this is a plot of the end + + align:start position:0% +that paper uh this is a plot of the end + + + align:start position:0% +that paper uh this is a plot of the end +Factor so what do we mean by the N + + align:start position:0% +Factor so what do we mean by the N + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so what do we mean by the N +Factor that's the multiplier that you + + align:start position:0% +Factor that's the multiplier that you + + + align:start position:0% +Factor that's the multiplier that you +need to multiply the dose of of the + + align:start position:0% +need to multiply the dose of of the + + + align:start position:0% +need to multiply the dose of of the +primary ion and that'll tell you the + + align:start position:0% +primary ion and that'll tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +primary ion and that'll tell you the +number then the dose of excess + + align:start position:0% +number then the dose of excess + + + align:start position:0% +number then the dose of excess +interstitials and so let's say if you're + + align:start position:0% +interstitials and so let's say if you're + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials and so let's say if you're +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +boron so look at this look at this solid + + align:start position:0% +boron so look at this look at this solid + + + align:start position:0% +boron so look at this look at this solid +line and we're doing Boron uh somewhere + + align:start position:0% +line and we're doing Boron uh somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +line and we're doing Boron uh somewhere +around 5 to 10 Kev well the N factor is + + align:start position:0% +around 5 to 10 Kev well the N factor is + + + align:start position:0% +around 5 to 10 Kev well the N factor is +very close to one so if I implant 10 + + align:start position:0% +very close to one so if I implant 10 + + + align:start position:0% +very close to one so if I implant 10 +13th per square cenm I get 10 13th per + + align:start position:0% +13th per square cenm I get 10 13th per + + + align:start position:0% +13th per square cenm I get 10 13th per +square centimeter interstitials excess + + align:start position:0% +square centimeter interstitials excess + + + align:start position:0% +square centimeter interstitials excess +created um look at bf2 is a little + + align:start position:0% +created um look at bf2 is a little + + + align:start position:0% +created um look at bf2 is a little +heavier and in that same range the the N + + align:start position:0% +heavier and in that same range the the N + + + align:start position:0% +heavier and in that same range the the N +factor is one and a half so if I implant + + align:start position:0% +factor is one and a half so if I implant + + + align:start position:0% +factor is one and a half so if I implant +1 time 10 13th uh bf2 per square then I + + align:start position:0% +1 time 10 13th uh bf2 per square then I + + + align:start position:0% +1 time 10 13th uh bf2 per square then I +would assume that the number of + + align:start position:0% +would assume that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +would assume that the number of +interstitials is 1 and a half * 10 13th + + align:start position:0% +interstitials is 1 and a half * 10 13th + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials is 1 and a half * 10 13th +in this model and look at arsenic it's + + align:start position:0% +in this model and look at arsenic it's + + + align:start position:0% +in this model and look at arsenic it's +actually almost up to a factor of three + + align:start position:0% +actually almost up to a factor of three + + + align:start position:0% +actually almost up to a factor of three +to three and a half um so somewhere + + align:start position:0% +to three and a half um so somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +to three and a half um so somewhere +between one and three and and uh + + align:start position:0% +between one and three and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +between one and three and and uh +particularly at low energies where + + align:start position:0% +particularly at low energies where + + + align:start position:0% +particularly at low energies where +there's a lot of nuclear stopping the N + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of nuclear stopping the N + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of nuclear stopping the N +Factor tends to increase uh at high + + align:start position:0% +Factor tends to increase uh at high + + + align:start position:0% +Factor tends to increase uh at high +Energies they'll all approach uh one and + + align:start position:0% +Energies they'll all approach uh one and + + + align:start position:0% +Energies they'll all approach uh one and +particularly for um for heavy ons the + + align:start position:0% +particularly for um for heavy ons the + + + align:start position:0% +particularly for um for heavy ons the +end Factor can be + + align:start position:0% +end Factor can be + + + align:start position:0% +end Factor can be +greater now the reason we're emphasizing + + align:start position:0% +greater now the reason we're emphasizing + + + align:start position:0% +greater now the reason we're emphasizing +is you need to know the dose of + + align:start position:0% +is you need to know the dose of + + + align:start position:0% +is you need to know the dose of +interstitials you need to understand + + align:start position:0% +interstitials you need to understand + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials you need to understand +that because it's those excess + + align:start position:0% +that because it's those excess + + + align:start position:0% +that because it's those excess +interstitials that are going to be + + align:start position:0% +interstitials that are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials that are going to be +responsible for Trans enhanced + + align:start position:0% +responsible for Trans enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for Trans enhanced +diffusion so that's why people pay a lot + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so that's why people pay a lot + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so that's why people pay a lot +of attention uh to these uh to these + + align:start position:0% +of attention uh to these uh to these + + + align:start position:0% +of attention uh to these uh to these +damage + + align:start position:0% +damage + + + align:start position:0% +damage +models okay so that's the next topic we + + align:start position:0% +models okay so that's the next topic we + + + align:start position:0% +models okay so that's the next topic we +go on to slide number six uh on TD I + + align:start position:0% +go on to slide number six uh on TD I + + + align:start position:0% +go on to slide number six uh on TD I +think I I show show this last time as a + + align:start position:0% +think I I show show this last time as a + + + align:start position:0% +think I I show show this last time as a +way of finishing up uh this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +way of finishing up uh this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +way of finishing up uh this is kind of +an anomalous plot it's a concentration + + align:start position:0% +an anomalous plot it's a concentration + + + align:start position:0% +an anomalous plot it's a concentration +as a function of depth these are Brawn + + align:start position:0% +as a function of depth these are Brawn + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of depth these are Brawn +profiles and what's anomalous is about + + align:start position:0% +profiles and what's anomalous is about + + + align:start position:0% +profiles and what's anomalous is about +it is if you look at the um blue profile + + align:start position:0% +it is if you look at the um blue profile + + + align:start position:0% +it is if you look at the um blue profile +here it's a 10sec at a th000 deges a + + align:start position:0% +here it's a 10sec at a th000 deges a + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a 10sec at a th000 deges a +very high + + align:start position:0% +very high + + + align:start position:0% +very high +temperature as opposed to 2 minutes at + + align:start position:0% +temperature as opposed to 2 minutes at + + + align:start position:0% +temperature as opposed to 2 minutes at +800 the th000 degree profile this is + + align:start position:0% +800 the th000 degree profile this is + + + align:start position:0% +800 the th000 degree profile this is +after being on implanted the th degree + + align:start position:0% +after being on implanted the th degree + + + align:start position:0% +after being on implanted the th degree +profile is actually + + align:start position:0% +profile is actually + + + align:start position:0% +profile is actually +shallower less motion at a higher + + align:start position:0% +shallower less motion at a higher + + + align:start position:0% +shallower less motion at a higher +temperature so this is very much non non + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this is very much non non + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this is very much non non +F in he is very uh difficult to explain + + align:start position:0% +F in he is very uh difficult to explain + + + align:start position:0% +F in he is very uh difficult to explain +from a simple uh single diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +from a simple uh single diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +from a simple uh single diffusivity +which is electrically which is um + + align:start position:0% +which is electrically which is um + + + align:start position:0% +which is electrically which is um +exponentially activated because we know + + align:start position:0% +exponentially activated because we know + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially activated because we know +if you look in your text for the + + align:start position:0% +if you look in your text for the + + + align:start position:0% +if you look in your text for the +intrinsic uh diffusion of boron that uh + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic uh diffusion of boron that uh + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic uh diffusion of boron that uh +at a th000 deges it's it's like two or + + align:start position:0% +at a th000 deges it's it's like two or + + + align:start position:0% +at a th000 deges it's it's like two or +three orders of magnitude higher and yet + + align:start position:0% +three orders of magnitude higher and yet + + + align:start position:0% +three orders of magnitude higher and yet +here this cannot be normal regular + + align:start position:0% +here this cannot be normal regular + + + align:start position:0% +here this cannot be normal regular +intrinsic diffusion because you're + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic diffusion because you're + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic diffusion because you're +getting a lot less diffusion at a + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot less diffusion at a + + + align:start position:0% +getting a lot less diffusion at a +thousand um and so this is because of uh + + align:start position:0% +thousand um and so this is because of uh + + + align:start position:0% +thousand um and so this is because of uh +teed and it it'll turn out that we'll + + align:start position:0% +teed and it it'll turn out that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +teed and it it'll turn out that we'll +we'll talk about in the modeling in this + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in the modeling in this + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in the modeling in this +lecture why it is that at low + + align:start position:0% +lecture why it is that at low + + + align:start position:0% +lecture why it is that at low +temperature we actually can get higher + + align:start position:0% +temperature we actually can get higher + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we actually can get higher +amounts of Transit enhanced diffusion + + align:start position:0% +amounts of Transit enhanced diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of Transit enhanced diffusion +higher amounts of this damage induced + + align:start position:0% +higher amounts of this damage induced + + + align:start position:0% +higher amounts of this damage induced +diffusion than at high temperatures um + + align:start position:0% +diffusion than at high temperatures um + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion than at high temperatures um +people didn't see this for many years + + align:start position:0% +people didn't see this for many years + + + align:start position:0% +people didn't see this for many years +this teed was first started to be + + align:start position:0% +this teed was first started to be + + + align:start position:0% +this teed was first started to be +observed in the mid 80s and then by uh + + align:start position:0% +observed in the mid 80s and then by uh + + + align:start position:0% +observed in the mid 80s and then by uh +by the early 90s it became pretty + + align:start position:0% +by the early 90s it became pretty + + + align:start position:0% +by the early 90s it became pretty +prevalent and why not why didn't people + + align:start position:0% +prevalent and why not why didn't people + + + align:start position:0% +prevalent and why not why didn't people +see it well for years people analed uh + + align:start position:0% +see it well for years people analed uh + + + align:start position:0% +see it well for years people analed uh +devices were very large they were large + + align:start position:0% +devices were very large they were large + + + align:start position:0% +devices were very large they were large +in lateral Dimension they were large in + + align:start position:0% +in lateral Dimension they were large in + + + align:start position:0% +in lateral Dimension they were large in +vertical Dimension so anas took place at + + align:start position:0% +vertical Dimension so anas took place at + + + align:start position:0% +vertical Dimension so anas took place at +at reasonably high temperature and + + align:start position:0% +at reasonably high temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +at reasonably high temperature and +they're very long and so the teed effect + + align:start position:0% +they're very long and so the teed effect + + + align:start position:0% +they're very long and so the teed effect +of the dam the damage effects were + + align:start position:0% +of the dam the damage effects were + + + align:start position:0% +of the dam the damage effects were +completely masked by normal diffusion + + align:start position:0% +completely masked by normal diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +completely masked by normal diffusion +because teed what does that mean + + align:start position:0% +because teed what does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +because teed what does that mean +transient it only lasts for a long + + align:start position:0% +transient it only lasts for a long + + + align:start position:0% +transient it only lasts for a long +period of time a short period so if you + + align:start position:0% +period of time a short period so if you + + + align:start position:0% +period of time a short period so if you +put it wa for in a fness at a th000 + + align:start position:0% +put it wa for in a fness at a th000 + + + align:start position:0% +put it wa for in a fness at a th000 +degrees or 800 uh for four or five hours + + align:start position:0% +degrees or 800 uh for four or five hours + + + align:start position:0% +degrees or 800 uh for four or five hours +a couple of hours you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +a couple of hours you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of hours you're not going to +see it it's only when people started to + + align:start position:0% +see it it's only when people started to + + + align:start position:0% +see it it's only when people started to +trying to get very little amount of + + align:start position:0% +trying to get very little amount of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get very little amount of +motion and they cut back on the time 10 + + align:start position:0% +motion and they cut back on the time 10 + + + align:start position:0% +motion and they cut back on the time 10 +seconds at a thousand or a few minutes + + align:start position:0% +seconds at a thousand or a few minutes + + + align:start position:0% +seconds at a thousand or a few minutes +so development of Rapid thermal analing + + align:start position:0% +so development of Rapid thermal analing + + + align:start position:0% +so development of Rapid thermal analing +techniques where the anomalous diffusion + + align:start position:0% +techniques where the anomalous diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +techniques where the anomalous diffusion +became + + align:start position:0% +became + + + align:start position:0% +became +obvious because the thermal budget today + + align:start position:0% +obvious because the thermal budget today + + + align:start position:0% +obvious because the thermal budget today +are so small um that in fact teed is + + align:start position:0% +are so small um that in fact teed is + + + align:start position:0% +are so small um that in fact teed is +actually the dominant effect that + + align:start position:0% +actually the dominant effect that + + + align:start position:0% +actually the dominant effect that +determines many Junction deps not + + align:start position:0% +determines many Junction deps not + + + align:start position:0% +determines many Junction deps not +ordinary diffusion that we taught you + + align:start position:0% +ordinary diffusion that we taught you + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary diffusion that we taught you +about in uh you know earlier in in the + + align:start position:0% +about in uh you know earlier in in the + + + align:start position:0% +about in uh you know earlier in in the +couple lecture lectures ago and even + + align:start position:0% +couple lecture lectures ago and even + + + align:start position:0% +couple lecture lectures ago and even +sometimes not even concentration + + align:start position:0% +sometimes not even concentration + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes not even concentration +dependent diffusion doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +dependent diffusion doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +dependent diffusion doesn't really +matter that much A lot of it is + + align:start position:0% +matter that much A lot of it is + + + align:start position:0% +matter that much A lot of it is +dominated by the te the transient uh + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the te the transient uh + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the te the transient uh +diffusion effect at least for for for + + align:start position:0% +diffusion effect at least for for for + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion effect at least for for for +certain dopin particularly + + align:start position:0% +certain dopin particularly + + + align:start position:0% +certain dopin particularly +Boron so the type of enhancement we're + + align:start position:0% +Boron so the type of enhancement we're + + + align:start position:0% +Boron so the type of enhancement we're +talking about here it may only last for + + align:start position:0% +talking about here it may only last for + + + align:start position:0% +talking about here it may only last for +a short period but we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +a short period but we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +a short period but we're talking about +maybe 20,000 times the diffusivity the + + align:start position:0% +maybe 20,000 times the diffusivity the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 20,000 times the diffusivity the +ordinary diffusivity at 700 or maybe + + align:start position:0% +ordinary diffusivity at 700 or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary diffusivity at 700 or maybe +even 400 times the diffusivity um at a + + align:start position:0% +even 400 times the diffusivity um at a + + + align:start position:0% +even 400 times the diffusivity um at a +thousand so these are not negligible + + align:start position:0% +thousand so these are not negligible + + + align:start position:0% +thousand so these are not negligible +these are huge enhancements + + align:start position:0% +these are huge enhancements + + + align:start position:0% +these are huge enhancements +and there was a lot of work in the early + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of work in the early + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of work in the early +days spend of trying to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +days spend of trying to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +days spend of trying to figure out what +this could possibly uh be due + + align:start position:0% +this could possibly uh be due + + + align:start position:0% +this could possibly uh be due +to so let's go on to slide + + align:start position:0% +to so let's go on to slide + + + align:start position:0% +to so let's go on to slide +seven um the basic model for D teed what + + align:start position:0% +seven um the basic model for D teed what + + + align:start position:0% +seven um the basic model for D teed what +we assume is that all the implant damage + + align:start position:0% +we assume is that all the implant damage + + + align:start position:0% +we assume is that all the implant damage +recombines very quickly except for the + + align:start position:0% +recombines very quickly except for the + + + align:start position:0% +recombines very quickly except for the +one interstitial generated per dopen + + align:start position:0% +one interstitial generated per dopen + + + align:start position:0% +one interstitial generated per dopen +atom so the easy way we think about it + + align:start position:0% +atom so the easy way we think about it + + + align:start position:0% +atom so the easy way we think about it +is just use the Giles plus one model or + + align:start position:0% +is just use the Giles plus one model or + + + align:start position:0% +is just use the Giles plus one model or +a plus n if you want to be really + + align:start position:0% +a plus n if you want to be really + + + align:start position:0% +a plus n if you want to be really +accurate but for now we just do plus one + + align:start position:0% +accurate but for now we just do plus one + + + align:start position:0% +accurate but for now we just do plus one +and uh here's an example of how we can + + align:start position:0% +and uh here's an example of how we can + + + align:start position:0% +and uh here's an example of how we can +uh teed effects can be seen and and + + align:start position:0% +uh teed effects can be seen and and + + + align:start position:0% +uh teed effects can be seen and and +they're actually quite + + align:start position:0% +they're actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually quite +non-local and that's what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +non-local and that's what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +non-local and that's what's interesting +about them too so here is an experiment + + align:start position:0% +about them too so here is an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +about them too so here is an experiment +that was done this is a concentration as + + align:start position:0% +that was done this is a concentration as + + + align:start position:0% +that was done this is a concentration as +a function of depth so maybe a Sims + + align:start position:0% +a function of depth so maybe a Sims + + + align:start position:0% +a function of depth so maybe a Sims +profile and the initial profile um + + align:start position:0% +profile and the initial profile um + + + align:start position:0% +profile and the initial profile um +before any uh analing looked like this + + align:start position:0% +before any uh analing looked like this + + + align:start position:0% +before any uh analing looked like this +so you have um Boron which there's very + + align:start position:0% +so you have um Boron which there's very + + + align:start position:0% +so you have um Boron which there's very +low Boron at the surface and then you + + align:start position:0% +low Boron at the surface and then you + + + align:start position:0% +low Boron at the surface and then you +have a boron marker layer so it has some + + align:start position:0% +have a boron marker layer so it has some + + + align:start position:0% +have a boron marker layer so it has some +depth + + align:start position:0% +depth + + + align:start position:0% +depth +at some depth there's a boron layer it's + + align:start position:0% +at some depth there's a boron layer it's + + + align:start position:0% +at some depth there's a boron layer it's +doped about one8 this marker layer can + + align:start position:0% +doped about one8 this marker layer can + + + align:start position:0% +doped about one8 this marker layer can +be put in in a variety of ways could be + + align:start position:0% +be put in in a variety of ways could be + + + align:start position:0% +be put in in a variety of ways could be +put in by epital growth whatever it's a + + align:start position:0% +put in by epital growth whatever it's a + + + align:start position:0% +put in by epital growth whatever it's a +region that's brond + + align:start position:0% +region that's brond + + + align:start position:0% +region that's brond +doped uh we call it a marker layer it + + align:start position:0% +doped uh we call it a marker layer it + + + align:start position:0% +doped uh we call it a marker layer it +could be the base of a bipolar + + align:start position:0% +could be the base of a bipolar + + + align:start position:0% +could be the base of a bipolar +transistor for all we know and it looks + + align:start position:0% +transistor for all we know and it looks + + + align:start position:0% +transistor for all we know and it looks +like a box + + align:start position:0% +like a box + + + align:start position:0% +like a box +initially and then you go and you ey to + + align:start position:0% +initially and then you go and you ey to + + + align:start position:0% +initially and then you go and you ey to +plant arsenic above + + align:start position:0% +plant arsenic above + + + align:start position:0% +plant arsenic above +it uh now notice the Arsenic never + + align:start position:0% +it uh now notice the Arsenic never + + + align:start position:0% +it uh now notice the Arsenic never +touches the Boron so I'm not I imp + + align:start position:0% +touches the Boron so I'm not I imp + + + align:start position:0% +touches the Boron so I'm not I imp +planting arsenic deep into the wafer it + + align:start position:0% +planting arsenic deep into the wafer it + + + align:start position:0% +planting arsenic deep into the wafer it +just in the near surface this region uh + + align:start position:0% +just in the near surface this region uh + + + align:start position:0% +just in the near surface this region uh +now this arsenic is a reasonably high + + align:start position:0% +now this arsenic is a reasonably high + + + align:start position:0% +now this arsenic is a reasonably high +dose you can see the concentration is is + + align:start position:0% +dose you can see the concentration is is + + + align:start position:0% +dose you can see the concentration is is +quite uh high this arsenic does a lot of + + align:start position:0% +quite uh high this arsenic does a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +quite uh high this arsenic does a lot of +implant it creates a lot of implant + + align:start position:0% +implant it creates a lot of implant + + + align:start position:0% +implant it creates a lot of implant +damage but the damage of course is + + align:start position:0% +damage but the damage of course is + + + align:start position:0% +damage but the damage of course is +confined to the near surface + + align:start position:0% +confined to the near surface + + + align:start position:0% +confined to the near surface +region a lot of the damage will enal + + align:start position:0% +region a lot of the damage will enal + + + align:start position:0% +region a lot of the damage will enal +because if it's amorphous you get SP + + align:start position:0% +because if it's amorphous you get SP + + + align:start position:0% +because if it's amorphous you get SP +right in the fact this little dash line + + align:start position:0% +right in the fact this little dash line + + + align:start position:0% +right in the fact this little dash line +was supposed to represent the amorphous + + align:start position:0% +was supposed to represent the amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +was supposed to represent the amorphous +crystalline interface so everything to + + align:start position:0% +crystalline interface so everything to + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline interface so everything to +the left is + + align:start position:0% +the left is + + + align:start position:0% +the left is +amorphized but uh we know that um there + + align:start position:0% +amorphized but uh we know that um there + + + align:start position:0% +amorphized but uh we know that um there +uh there is you know a certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +uh there is you know a certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +uh there is you know a certain amount of +damage at the end of range create that + + align:start position:0% +damage at the end of range create that + + + align:start position:0% +damage at the end of range create that +there are excess + + align:start position:0% +there are excess + + + align:start position:0% +there are excess +interstitials um and so these excess + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um and so these excess + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um and so these excess +intertial are then going to diffuse in + + align:start position:0% +intertial are then going to diffuse in + + + align:start position:0% +intertial are then going to diffuse in +um they're going to uh form these 311 + + align:start position:0% +um they're going to uh form these 311 + + + align:start position:0% +um they're going to uh form these 311 +defects they're going to diffuse in and + + align:start position:0% +defects they're going to diffuse in and + + + align:start position:0% +defects they're going to diffuse in and +then they're going to dramatically + + align:start position:0% +then they're going to dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +then they're going to dramatically +enhance the uh diffusion coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +enhance the uh diffusion coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +enhance the uh diffusion coefficient of +the Boron below so don't think + + align:start position:0% +the Boron below so don't think + + + align:start position:0% +the Boron below so don't think +necessarily of the implant damage effect + + align:start position:0% +necessarily of the implant damage effect + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily of the implant damage effect +as being oh the implant damage and the + + align:start position:0% +as being oh the implant damage and the + + + align:start position:0% +as being oh the implant damage and the +enhanced diffusion occurs only where the + + align:start position:0% +enhanced diffusion occurs only where the + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced diffusion occurs only where the +implant is just like oxidation remember + + align:start position:0% +implant is just like oxidation remember + + + align:start position:0% +implant is just like oxidation remember +in OED you can have a process happening + + align:start position:0% +in OED you can have a process happening + + + align:start position:0% +in OED you can have a process happening +at the surface and you can have + + align:start position:0% +at the surface and you can have + + + align:start position:0% +at the surface and you can have +interstitials injected and influencing + + align:start position:0% +interstitials injected and influencing + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials injected and influencing +diffusion going on much deeper teed can + + align:start position:0% +diffusion going on much deeper teed can + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion going on much deeper teed can +be like that uh the only the difference + + align:start position:0% +be like that uh the only the difference + + + align:start position:0% +be like that uh the only the difference +is that um TD is transient it only lasts + + align:start position:0% +is that um TD is transient it only lasts + + + align:start position:0% +is that um TD is transient it only lasts +for a certain period until the damage uh + + align:start position:0% +for a certain period until the damage uh + + + align:start position:0% +for a certain period until the damage uh +goes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away oh one question I just had so this + + align:start position:0% +away oh one question I just had so this + + + align:start position:0% +away oh one question I just had so this +in this schematic uh illustration see + + align:start position:0% +in this schematic uh illustration see + + + align:start position:0% +in this schematic uh illustration see +the green profile after diffusion look + + align:start position:0% +the green profile after diffusion look + + + align:start position:0% +the green profile after diffusion look +at the amount of diffusion of there was + + align:start position:0% +at the amount of diffusion of there was + + + align:start position:0% +at the amount of diffusion of there was +a lot of teed of the Bor and not much + + align:start position:0% +a lot of teed of the Bor and not much + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of teed of the Bor and not much +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +Arsenic does anybody have any ideas + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic does anybody have any ideas + + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic does anybody have any ideas +knowing what we know about the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +knowing what we know about the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +knowing what we know about the diffusion +mechanisms of boron and Arsenic and + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms of boron and Arsenic and + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms of boron and Arsenic and +other things why you would expect a lot + + align:start position:0% +other things why you would expect a lot + + + align:start position:0% +other things why you would expect a lot +more damage enhanced diffusion for Boron + + align:start position:0% +more damage enhanced diffusion for Boron + + + align:start position:0% +more damage enhanced diffusion for Boron +than you would for arsenic in this as + + align:start position:0% +than you would for arsenic in this as + + + align:start position:0% +than you would for arsenic in this as +shown in this + + align:start position:0% +shown in this + + + align:start position:0% +shown in this +example anybody have any + + align:start position:0% +example anybody have any + + + align:start position:0% +example anybody have any +ideas heard + + align:start position:0% +ideas heard + + + align:start position:0% +ideas heard +that what do we know about F subi the + + align:start position:0% +that what do we know about F subi the + + + align:start position:0% +that what do we know about F subi the +what do we know about the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about the diffusion +mechanism of boron is it most mostly + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of boron is it most mostly + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of boron is it most mostly +interstitials mostly vacancies or + + align:start position:0% +interstitials mostly vacancies or + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials mostly vacancies or +both does anybody remember fi for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brwn well let's take a vote how many + + align:start position:0% +brwn well let's take a vote how many + + + align:start position:0% +brwn well let's take a vote how many +people think it's one F + + align:start position:0% +people think it's one F + + + align:start position:0% +people think it's one F +subi all right yeah it's one so what + + align:start position:0% +subi all right yeah it's one so what + + + align:start position:0% +subi all right yeah it's one so what +that means is fi means Boron diffusion + + align:start position:0% +that means is fi means Boron diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +that means is fi means Boron diffusion +mechanism and is almost entirely by + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and is almost entirely by + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and is almost entirely by +interstitials as opposed to diffusing + + align:start position:0% +interstitials as opposed to diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials as opposed to diffusing +with vacancies okay so access + + align:start position:0% +with vacancies okay so access + + + align:start position:0% +with vacancies okay so access +interstitials Boron needs interstitials + + align:start position:0% +interstitials Boron needs interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials Boron needs interstitials +around in order to move that's its + + align:start position:0% +around in order to move that's its + + + align:start position:0% +around in order to move that's its +mechanism of moving how do we know that + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of moving how do we know that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of moving how do we know that +we know that from a whole series of + + align:start position:0% +we know that from a whole series of + + + align:start position:0% +we know that from a whole series of +oxidation enhanced diffusion experiments + + align:start position:0% +oxidation enhanced diffusion experiments + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation enhanced diffusion experiments +and nitridation diffusion + + align:start position:0% +and nitridation diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +and nitridation diffusion +experiments that people have done + + align:start position:0% +experiments that people have done + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that people have done +injecting interstitials injecting + + align:start position:0% +injecting interstitials injecting + + + align:start position:0% +injecting interstitials injecting +vacancies and they see what happens to + + align:start position:0% +vacancies and they see what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies and they see what happens to +brwn so in Ted modeling what we're going + + align:start position:0% +brwn so in Ted modeling what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +brwn so in Ted modeling what we're going +to say is that this implant damage is + + align:start position:0% +to say is that this implant damage is + + + align:start position:0% +to say is that this implant damage is +going to inject into the um into the + + align:start position:0% +going to inject into the um into the + + + align:start position:0% +going to inject into the um into the +Silicon a lot of excess interstitials + + align:start position:0% +Silicon a lot of excess interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon a lot of excess interstitials +Thon diffuses by interstitials and its + + align:start position:0% +Thon diffuses by interstitials and its + + + align:start position:0% +Thon diffuses by interstitials and its +diffusion coefficient is going to be + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient is going to be +enhanced or pumped up by these excess + + align:start position:0% +enhanced or pumped up by these excess + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced or pumped up by these excess +interstitials arsonic at what about the + + align:start position:0% +interstitials arsonic at what about the + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials arsonic at what about the +F subi for arsonic C what do we think + + align:start position:0% +F subi for arsonic C what do we think + + + align:start position:0% +F subi for arsonic C what do we think +that is is it + + align:start position:0% +that is is it + + + align:start position:0% +that is is it +one one + + align:start position:0% +one one + + + align:start position:0% +one one +half and anybody vote for a + + align:start position:0% +half and anybody vote for a + + + align:start position:0% +half and anybody vote for a +half it's on the order of half roughly + + align:start position:0% +half it's on the order of half roughly + + + align:start position:0% +half it's on the order of half roughly +maybe it's 60% depends on who you talk + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's 60% depends on who you talk + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's 60% depends on who you talk +to people who do this for a living will + + align:start position:0% +to people who do this for a living will + + + align:start position:0% +to people who do this for a living will +argue their career on it but you know I + + align:start position:0% +argue their career on it but you know I + + + align:start position:0% +argue their career on it but you know I +I think it's like close to 60% anyway + + align:start position:0% +I think it's like close to 60% anyway + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's like close to 60% anyway +part of it's partly enhanced by + + align:start position:0% +part of it's partly enhanced by + + + align:start position:0% +part of it's partly enhanced by +intertial it's partly um rather it's + + align:start position:0% +intertial it's partly um rather it's + + + align:start position:0% +intertial it's partly um rather it's +partly diffusing with interstitials + + align:start position:0% +partly diffusing with interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +partly diffusing with interstitials +partly with vacancies so you don't + + align:start position:0% +partly with vacancies so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +partly with vacancies so you don't +expect doesn't have quite as much + + align:start position:0% +expect doesn't have quite as much + + + align:start position:0% +expect doesn't have quite as much +dependence on interstitials as does + + align:start position:0% +dependence on interstitials as does + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on interstitials as does +Boron uh and also most of the Arsenic + + align:start position:0% +Boron uh and also most of the Arsenic + + + align:start position:0% +Boron uh and also most of the Arsenic +profile here it's a little tricky + + align:start position:0% +profile here it's a little tricky + + + align:start position:0% +profile here it's a little tricky +question but most of it remember was to + + align:start position:0% +question but most of it remember was to + + + align:start position:0% +question but most of it remember was to +the left of the dash line so most of it + + align:start position:0% +the left of the dash line so most of it + + + align:start position:0% +the left of the dash line so most of it +occurred in the region where there was + + align:start position:0% +occurred in the region where there was + + + align:start position:0% +occurred in the region where there was +SP so that's going to regrow very + + align:start position:0% +SP so that's going to regrow very + + + align:start position:0% +SP so that's going to regrow very +quickly and and sort of get not cause + + align:start position:0% +quickly and and sort of get not cause + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and and sort of get not cause +too much diffusion so it'll turn out as + + align:start position:0% +too much diffusion so it'll turn out as + + + align:start position:0% +too much diffusion so it'll turn out as +you'll see in many most examples not all + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in many most examples not all + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in many most examples not all +um arsic certainly has some teed but + + align:start position:0% +um arsic certainly has some teed but + + + align:start position:0% +um arsic certainly has some teed but +it's it's more much more prevalent for + + align:start position:0% +it's it's more much more prevalent for + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's more much more prevalent for +boron in fact I want to show you some + + align:start position:0% +boron in fact I want to show you some + + + align:start position:0% +boron in fact I want to show you some +actual examples that was a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +actual examples that was a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +actual examples that was a cartoon +picture but um it's based on um things + + align:start position:0% +picture but um it's based on um things + + + align:start position:0% +picture but um it's based on um things +that people observed in real life here's + + align:start position:0% +that people observed in real life here's + + + align:start position:0% +that people observed in real life here's +some here's an example I want to show + + align:start position:0% +some here's an example I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +some here's an example I want to show +you of some data in the literature on + + align:start position:0% +you of some data in the literature on + + + align:start position:0% +you of some data in the literature on +where teed can affect a bipolar + + align:start position:0% +where teed can affect a bipolar + + + align:start position:0% +where teed can affect a bipolar +transistor + + align:start position:0% +transistor + + + align:start position:0% +transistor +structure um and these are epitaxially + + align:start position:0% +structure um and these are epitaxially + + + align:start position:0% +structure um and these are epitaxially +grown I haven't talked about epia yet + + align:start position:0% +grown I haven't talked about epia yet + + + align:start position:0% +grown I haven't talked about epia yet +but it's a it's a crystal growth + + align:start position:0% +but it's a it's a crystal growth + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a it's a crystal growth +technique by CBD by which you can put in + + align:start position:0% +technique by CBD by which you can put in + + + align:start position:0% +technique by CBD by which you can put in +Fairly arbitrary and quite abrupt dop + + align:start position:0% +Fairly arbitrary and quite abrupt dop + + + align:start position:0% +Fairly arbitrary and quite abrupt dop +profiles so let's take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +profiles so let's take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +profiles so let's take a look at the +inset up here and the inset shows uh + + align:start position:0% +inset up here and the inset shows uh + + + align:start position:0% +inset up here and the inset shows uh +schematically the initial epitaxial + + align:start position:0% +schematically the initial epitaxial + + + align:start position:0% +schematically the initial epitaxial +structure of this bipolar transistor so + + align:start position:0% +structure of this bipolar transistor so + + + align:start position:0% +structure of this bipolar transistor so +there's a a region on the bottom um in + + align:start position:0% +there's a a region on the bottom um in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a a region on the bottom um in +depth which is n minus + + align:start position:0% +depth which is n minus + + + align:start position:0% +depth which is n minus +silicon um and then there's a region + + align:start position:0% +silicon um and then there's a region + + + align:start position:0% +silicon um and then there's a region +that is um p+ so it's got a high amount + + align:start position:0% +that is um p+ so it's got a high amount + + + align:start position:0% +that is um p+ so it's got a high amount +of boron silicon geranium and then + + align:start position:0% +of boron silicon geranium and then + + + align:start position:0% +of boron silicon geranium and then +there's um some lightly dope region and + + align:start position:0% +there's um some lightly dope region and + + + align:start position:0% +there's um some lightly dope region and +then there's uh an N minus silicon cap + + align:start position:0% +then there's uh an N minus silicon cap + + + align:start position:0% +then there's uh an N minus silicon cap +so it looks like in fact if you look at + + align:start position:0% +so it looks like in fact if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +so it looks like in fact if you look at +the Sims data Boron versus depth the + + align:start position:0% +the Sims data Boron versus depth the + + + align:start position:0% +the Sims data Boron versus depth the +region down here Mark silicon that's all + + align:start position:0% +region down here Mark silicon that's all + + + align:start position:0% +region down here Mark silicon that's all +epitaxial silicon the region in the + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial silicon the region in the + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial silicon the region in the +center is epitaxial silicon geranium + + align:start position:0% +center is epitaxial silicon geranium + + + align:start position:0% +center is epitaxial silicon geranium +it's an alloy of silicon and geranium + + align:start position:0% +it's an alloy of silicon and geranium + + + align:start position:0% +it's an alloy of silicon and geranium +this used in a lot of high-speed uh + + align:start position:0% +this used in a lot of high-speed uh + + + align:start position:0% +this used in a lot of high-speed uh +bipolar transistors these days and the + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors these days and the + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors these days and the +cap on top is single Crystal silicon so + + align:start position:0% +cap on top is single Crystal silicon so + + + align:start position:0% +cap on top is single Crystal silicon so +those are the and those are the + + align:start position:0% +those are the and those are the + + + align:start position:0% +those are the and those are the +dimensions and the Silicon geranium + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and the Silicon geranium + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and the Silicon geranium +region it when it was epitaxially grown + + align:start position:0% +region it when it was epitaxially grown + + + align:start position:0% +region it when it was epitaxially grown +was doped with Boron and in fact here + + align:start position:0% +was doped with Boron and in fact here + + + align:start position:0% +was doped with Boron and in fact here +the ASG grown profile is the diamonds + + align:start position:0% +the ASG grown profile is the diamonds + + + align:start position:0% +the ASG grown profile is the diamonds +it's a little hard to see but see these + + align:start position:0% +it's a little hard to see but see these + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little hard to see but see these +diamonds it's a box ASG grown it looks + + align:start position:0% +diamonds it's a box ASG grown it looks + + + align:start position:0% +diamonds it's a box ASG grown it looks +like a box pretty much and it has a + + align:start position:0% +like a box pretty much and it has a + + + align:start position:0% +like a box pretty much and it has a +height or a doping level of about 3 * 10 + + align:start position:0% +height or a doping level of about 3 * 10 + + + align:start position:0% +height or a doping level of about 3 * 10 +of the 19th so that's the ASG grown very + + align:start position:0% +of the 19th so that's the ASG grown very + + + align:start position:0% +of the 19th so that's the ASG grown very +abrupt profile by Epi it has this little + + align:start position:0% +abrupt profile by Epi it has this little + + + align:start position:0% +abrupt profile by Epi it has this little +tail you see here this is Sims knock on + + align:start position:0% +tail you see here this is Sims knock on + + + align:start position:0% +tail you see here this is Sims knock on +so again this is a Sims profile so it + + align:start position:0% +so again this is a Sims profile so it + + + align:start position:0% +so again this is a Sims profile so it +has some broadening due to the the + + align:start position:0% +has some broadening due to the the + + + align:start position:0% +has some broadening due to the the +measurement technique so that's what uh + + align:start position:0% +measurement technique so that's what uh + + + align:start position:0% +measurement technique so that's what uh +it looked like in the ASG grown and if + + align:start position:0% +it looked like in the ASG grown and if + + + align:start position:0% +it looked like in the ASG grown and if +you look at the the um the crosses if + + align:start position:0% +you look at the the um the crosses if + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the the um the crosses if +you do no iron implant so you do not + + align:start position:0% +you do no iron implant so you do not + + + align:start position:0% +you do no iron implant so you do not +implant the emitter uh after you inal it + + align:start position:0% +implant the emitter uh after you inal it + + + align:start position:0% +implant the emitter uh after you inal it +you get something that looks just like + + align:start position:0% +you get something that looks just like + + + align:start position:0% +you get something that looks just like +the as + + align:start position:0% +the as + + + align:start position:0% +the as +grown um so with the anneal and this + + align:start position:0% +grown um so with the anneal and this + + + align:start position:0% +grown um so with the anneal and this +particular anal is 850 for 10 seconds so + + align:start position:0% +particular anal is 850 for 10 seconds so + + + align:start position:0% +particular anal is 850 for 10 seconds so +it's an RTA you don't expect much + + align:start position:0% +it's an RTA you don't expect much + + + align:start position:0% +it's an RTA you don't expect much +diffusion of the Boron and in fact you + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of the Boron and in fact you + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of the Boron and in fact you +don't get any measured by S it's still + + align:start position:0% +don't get any measured by S it's still + + + align:start position:0% +don't get any measured by S it's still +perfectly abrupt now the third wafer + + align:start position:0% +perfectly abrupt now the third wafer + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly abrupt now the third wafer +which is shown by these triangles had an + + align:start position:0% +which is shown by these triangles had an + + + align:start position:0% +which is shown by these triangles had an +arsic implant shown the upper surface + + align:start position:0% +arsic implant shown the upper surface + + + align:start position:0% +arsic implant shown the upper surface +region just like I showed you in that um + + align:start position:0% +region just like I showed you in that um + + + align:start position:0% +region just like I showed you in that um +Caron this is actual data and now look + + align:start position:0% +Caron this is actual data and now look + + + align:start position:0% +Caron this is actual data and now look +at the uh Boron profile the open + + align:start position:0% +at the uh Boron profile the open + + + align:start position:0% +at the uh Boron profile the open +triangles for the exact same anal what + + align:start position:0% +triangles for the exact same anal what + + + align:start position:0% +triangles for the exact same anal what +when you implanted the emitter the open + + align:start position:0% +when you implanted the emitter the open + + + align:start position:0% +when you implanted the emitter the open +triangles have broadened that profile is + + align:start position:0% +triangles have broadened that profile is + + + align:start position:0% +triangles have broadened that profile is +completely broadened the peak + + align:start position:0% +completely broadened the peak + + + align:start position:0% +completely broadened the peak +concentration is dropped and now you + + align:start position:0% +concentration is dropped and now you + + + align:start position:0% +concentration is dropped and now you +have these large + + align:start position:0% +have these large + + + align:start position:0% +have these large +Wings there's a lot of um enhanced uh + + align:start position:0% +Wings there's a lot of um enhanced uh + + + align:start position:0% +Wings there's a lot of um enhanced uh +Boron diffusion this is teed and this + + align:start position:0% +Boron diffusion this is teed and this + + + align:start position:0% +Boron diffusion this is teed and this +makes the device essentially inoperable + + align:start position:0% +makes the device essentially inoperable + + + align:start position:0% +makes the device essentially inoperable +so you cannot the hbt cannot be doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so you cannot the hbt cannot be doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so you cannot the hbt cannot be doesn't +work when it when it looks like this + + align:start position:0% +work when it when it looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +work when it when it looks like this +it's the device is ruined so a simple um + + align:start position:0% +it's the device is ruined so a simple um + + + align:start position:0% +it's the device is ruined so a simple um +structure you where you would calculate + + align:start position:0% +structure you where you would calculate + + + align:start position:0% +structure you where you would calculate +oh this anal should be no problem um + + align:start position:0% +oh this anal should be no problem um + + + align:start position:0% +oh this anal should be no problem um +here you do an arsenic implant on top + + align:start position:0% +here you do an arsenic implant on top + + + align:start position:0% +here you do an arsenic implant on top +and all the interstitials injected cause + + align:start position:0% +and all the interstitials injected cause + + + align:start position:0% +and all the interstitials injected cause +this dramatic uh enhancement in the born + + align:start position:0% +this dramatic uh enhancement in the born + + + align:start position:0% +this dramatic uh enhancement in the born +diffusion so it happens in real life + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so it happens in real life + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so it happens in real life +structures and um it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +structures and um it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +structures and um it's it's an +issue now people have found ways around + + align:start position:0% +issue now people have found ways around + + + align:start position:0% +issue now people have found ways around +in fact here's uh from that same article + + align:start position:0% +in fact here's uh from that same article + + + align:start position:0% +in fact here's uh from that same article +uh on slide nine here's some example of + + align:start position:0% +uh on slide nine here's some example of + + + align:start position:0% +uh on slide nine here's some example of +some attempts that were made in that + + align:start position:0% +some attempts that were made in that + + + align:start position:0% +some attempts that were made in that +article some of them successful some not + + align:start position:0% +article some of them successful some not + + + align:start position:0% +article some of them successful some not +to get rid of + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of +teed well one attempt was PE well people + + align:start position:0% +teed well one attempt was PE well people + + + align:start position:0% +teed well one attempt was PE well people +thought okay after you implant the + + align:start position:0% +thought okay after you implant the + + + align:start position:0% +thought okay after you implant the +Arsenic just do an a Neal + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic just do an a Neal + + + align:start position:0% +Arsenic just do an a Neal +600° low enough temperature so the Boron + + align:start position:0% +600° low enough temperature so the Boron + + + align:start position:0% +600° low enough temperature so the Boron +shouldn't diffuse but maybe high enough + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't diffuse but maybe high enough + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't diffuse but maybe high enough +to get rid of all the interstitials okay + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of all the interstitials okay + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of all the interstitials okay +that seems maybe like a reasonable idea + + align:start position:0% +that seems maybe like a reasonable idea + + + align:start position:0% +that seems maybe like a reasonable idea +but doesn't help at all um in fact um if + + align:start position:0% +but doesn't help at all um in fact um if + + + align:start position:0% +but doesn't help at all um in fact um if +you look at these diamonds again these + + align:start position:0% +you look at these diamonds again these + + + align:start position:0% +you look at these diamonds again these +diamonds are for the anal that took + + align:start position:0% +diamonds are for the anal that took + + + align:start position:0% +diamonds are for the anal that took +place at 600° followed by the usual 850 + + align:start position:0% +place at 600° followed by the usual 850 + + + align:start position:0% +place at 600° followed by the usual 850 +10 seconds and it's still just as broad + + align:start position:0% +10 seconds and it's still just as broad + + + align:start position:0% +10 seconds and it's still just as broad +as it was before plenty of TD so 600 + + align:start position:0% +as it was before plenty of TD so 600 + + + align:start position:0% +as it was before plenty of TD so 600 +degree in kneeling doesn't seem to be a + + align:start position:0% +degree in kneeling doesn't seem to be a + + + align:start position:0% +degree in kneeling doesn't seem to be a +way to get rid of the damage very + + align:start position:0% +way to get rid of the damage very + + + align:start position:0% +way to get rid of the damage very +effectively well the second panel down + + align:start position:0% +effectively well the second panel down + + + align:start position:0% +effectively well the second panel down +shows you another idea how about melt + + align:start position:0% +shows you another idea how about melt + + + align:start position:0% +shows you another idea how about melt +the sample That's pretty drastic hit it + + align:start position:0% +the sample That's pretty drastic hit it + + + align:start position:0% +the sample That's pretty drastic hit it +with a laser and melt it for a few Nan + + align:start position:0% +with a laser and melt it for a few Nan + + + align:start position:0% +with a laser and melt it for a few Nan +so it completely melts but it melts for + + align:start position:0% +so it completely melts but it melts for + + + align:start position:0% +so it completely melts but it melts for +so short a time that nothing moves okay + + align:start position:0% +so short a time that nothing moves okay + + + align:start position:0% +so short a time that nothing moves okay +that's that's that's uh melt induced + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's uh melt induced + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's uh melt induced +laser analing uh and regrowth and you + + align:start position:0% +laser analing uh and regrowth and you + + + align:start position:0% +laser analing uh and regrowth and you +can see there um and then after you do + + align:start position:0% +can see there um and then after you do + + + align:start position:0% +can see there um and then after you do +that you've melted the sample you get + + align:start position:0% +that you've melted the sample you get + + + align:start position:0% +that you've melted the sample you get +rid of everything uh then you do the 850 + + align:start position:0% +rid of everything uh then you do the 850 + + + align:start position:0% +rid of everything uh then you do the 850 +10c RTA and hello and behold all those + + align:start position:0% +10c RTA and hello and behold all those + + + align:start position:0% +10c RTA and hello and behold all those +wings are gone so the the Bron stays + + align:start position:0% +wings are gone so the the Bron stays + + + align:start position:0% +wings are gone so the the Bron stays +put so one way to get rid of that teed + + align:start position:0% +put so one way to get rid of that teed + + + align:start position:0% +put so one way to get rid of that teed +of course is to melt the sample but + + align:start position:0% +of course is to melt the sample but + + + align:start position:0% +of course is to melt the sample but +that's kind of extreme uh you need to + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of extreme uh you need to + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of extreme uh you need to +use a laser but it does prove that you + + align:start position:0% +use a laser but it does prove that you + + + align:start position:0% +use a laser but it does prove that you +can get rid of excess inter IAL by + + align:start position:0% +can get rid of excess inter IAL by + + + align:start position:0% +can get rid of excess inter IAL by +melting of course um and then when you + + align:start position:0% +melting of course um and then when you + + + align:start position:0% +melting of course um and then when you +do an 850 RTA there's normal diffusion + + align:start position:0% +do an 850 RTA there's normal diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +do an 850 RTA there's normal diffusion +no more of the teed effect so you you + + align:start position:0% +no more of the teed effect so you you + + + align:start position:0% +no more of the teed effect so you you +can restore diffusion to normal and this + + align:start position:0% +can restore diffusion to normal and this + + + align:start position:0% +can restore diffusion to normal and this +was another interesting on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +was another interesting on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +was another interesting on the bottom +panel uh this was a sample um where uh + + align:start position:0% +panel uh this was a sample um where uh + + + align:start position:0% +panel uh this was a sample um where uh +it was just in yield at 850 for 10 + + align:start position:0% +it was just in yield at 850 for 10 + + + align:start position:0% +it was just in yield at 850 for 10 +second but there was a very high + + align:start position:0% +second but there was a very high + + + align:start position:0% +second but there was a very high +concentration of oxygen background + + align:start position:0% +concentration of oxygen background + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of oxygen background +oxygen in the sample in fact the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in the sample in fact the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in the sample in fact the oxygen +was about in the sample was about 10 to + + align:start position:0% +was about in the sample was about 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +was about in the sample was about 10 to +the 20 + + align:start position:0% +the 20 + + + align:start position:0% +the 20 +so during the epitaxial growth the um + + align:start position:0% +so during the epitaxial growth the um + + + align:start position:0% +so during the epitaxial growth the um +silicon geranium layer was accidentally + + align:start position:0% +silicon geranium layer was accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +silicon geranium layer was accidentally +doped with oxygen was not really high + + align:start position:0% +doped with oxygen was not really high + + + align:start position:0% +doped with oxygen was not really high +Purity material and interestingly teed + + align:start position:0% +Purity material and interestingly teed + + + align:start position:0% +Purity material and interestingly teed +is completely elim eliminated in the + + align:start position:0% +is completely elim eliminated in the + + + align:start position:0% +is completely elim eliminated in the +presence of a very high concentration of + + align:start position:0% +presence of a very high concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +presence of a very high concentration of +AR of of oxygen in fact you can see + + align:start position:0% +AR of of oxygen in fact you can see + + + align:start position:0% +AR of of oxygen in fact you can see +these plus signs are the Boron profile + + align:start position:0% +these plus signs are the Boron profile + + + align:start position:0% +these plus signs are the Boron profile +on a sample an Neil that again 850 10 + + align:start position:0% +on a sample an Neil that again 850 10 + + + align:start position:0% +on a sample an Neil that again 850 10 +second same RTA the difference is and it + + align:start position:0% +second same RTA the difference is and it + + + align:start position:0% +second same RTA the difference is and it +was the same damage uh implant done on + + align:start position:0% +was the same damage uh implant done on + + + align:start position:0% +was the same damage uh implant done on +top in in the presence of a high con + + align:start position:0% +top in in the presence of a high con + + + align:start position:0% +top in in the presence of a high con +conentration of of oxygen there was no + + align:start position:0% +conentration of of oxygen there was no + + + align:start position:0% +conentration of of oxygen there was no +teed so that's kind of strange um and in + + align:start position:0% +teed so that's kind of strange um and in + + + align:start position:0% +teed so that's kind of strange um and in +fact uh similar results what was since + + align:start position:0% +fact uh similar results what was since + + + align:start position:0% +fact uh similar results what was since +that time have been found for carbon you + + align:start position:0% +that time have been found for carbon you + + + align:start position:0% +that time have been found for carbon you +don't need quite so much carbon you + + align:start position:0% +don't need quite so much carbon you + + + align:start position:0% +don't need quite so much carbon you +don't need 10 of a 20 if you can get + + align:start position:0% +don't need 10 of a 20 if you can get + + + align:start position:0% +don't need 10 of a 20 if you can get +away with about 10 of a 19th carbon so + + align:start position:0% +away with about 10 of a 19th carbon so + + + align:start position:0% +away with about 10 of a 19th carbon so +people intentionally dope carbon now in + + align:start position:0% +people intentionally dope carbon now in + + + align:start position:0% +people intentionally dope carbon now in +Silicon in those regions where they want + + align:start position:0% +Silicon in those regions where they want + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon in those regions where they want +to get rid of teed so this was kind of + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of teed so this was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of teed so this was kind of +an accidental Discovery initially but + + align:start position:0% +an accidental Discovery initially but + + + align:start position:0% +an accidental Discovery initially but +pretty soon people started to realize + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon people started to realize + + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon people started to realize +this is a tremendous benefit so we'll at + + align:start position:0% +this is a tremendous benefit so we'll at + + + align:start position:0% +this is a tremendous benefit so we'll at +towards the end of today we'll + + align:start position:0% +towards the end of today we'll + + + align:start position:0% +towards the end of today we'll +understand a little better where these + + align:start position:0% +understand a little better where these + + + align:start position:0% +understand a little better where these +you know interstitials are coming from + + align:start position:0% +you know interstitials are coming from + + + align:start position:0% +you know interstitials are coming from +um but anything you can do to create a + + align:start position:0% +um but anything you can do to create a + + + align:start position:0% +um but anything you can do to create a +sink for interstitials be it a high + + align:start position:0% +sink for interstitials be it a high + + + align:start position:0% +sink for interstitials be it a high +oxygen oxygen is not the best element to + + align:start position:0% +oxygen oxygen is not the best element to + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen oxygen is not the best element to +use it also kills the lifetime minority + + align:start position:0% +use it also kills the lifetime minority + + + align:start position:0% +use it also kills the lifetime minority +care lifetime so your bipolar transistor + + align:start position:0% +care lifetime so your bipolar transistor + + + align:start position:0% +care lifetime so your bipolar transistor +is not the best bipolar in the world but + + align:start position:0% +is not the best bipolar in the world but + + + align:start position:0% +is not the best bipolar in the world but +neither is this one where the brwn base + + align:start position:0% +neither is this one where the brwn base + + + align:start position:0% +neither is this one where the brwn base +is diffused out + + align:start position:0% +is diffused out + + + align:start position:0% +is diffused out +completely carbon turns out to be a + + align:start position:0% +completely carbon turns out to be a + + + align:start position:0% +completely carbon turns out to be a +little better to use you don't need as + + align:start position:0% +little better to use you don't need as + + + align:start position:0% +little better to use you don't need as +much you only need maybe a tenth the + + align:start position:0% +much you only need maybe a tenth the + + + align:start position:0% +much you only need maybe a tenth the +amount of carbon and so because it's + + align:start position:0% +amount of carbon and so because it's + + + align:start position:0% +amount of carbon and so because it's +lower in the LA lower concentration it + + align:start position:0% +lower in the LA lower concentration it + + + align:start position:0% +lower in the LA lower concentration it +doesn't uh disturb the lifetime quite as + + align:start position:0% +doesn't uh disturb the lifetime quite as + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't uh disturb the lifetime quite as +much as the oxygen so people have found + + align:start position:0% +much as the oxygen so people have found + + + align:start position:0% +much as the oxygen so people have found +they can dope with carbon without + + align:start position:0% +they can dope with carbon without + + + align:start position:0% +they can dope with carbon without +inducing a lot of uh bad electrical + + align:start position:0% +inducing a lot of uh bad electrical + + + align:start position:0% +inducing a lot of uh bad electrical +effects and then completely kill teed + + align:start position:0% +effects and then completely kill teed + + + align:start position:0% +effects and then completely kill teed +and fact this is a topic we're not going + + align:start position:0% +and fact this is a topic we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +and fact this is a topic we're not going +to get to talk about it too much in this + + align:start position:0% +to get to talk about it too much in this + + + align:start position:0% +to get to talk about it too much in this +course maybe a little but um this is a + + align:start position:0% +course maybe a little but um this is a + + + align:start position:0% +course maybe a little but um this is a +good topic if anyone's interested in in + + align:start position:0% +good topic if anyone's interested in in + + + align:start position:0% +good topic if anyone's interested in in +researching for their uh final report + + align:start position:0% +researching for their uh final report + + + align:start position:0% +researching for their uh final report +because we won't get to talk about it + + align:start position:0% +because we won't get to talk about it + + + align:start position:0% +because we won't get to talk about it +but it is being used in production today + + align:start position:0% +but it is being used in production today + + + align:start position:0% +but it is being used in production today +bipolar transistors the highest speed + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors the highest speed + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors the highest speed +are dope with carbon to eliminate the + + align:start position:0% +are dope with carbon to eliminate the + + + align:start position:0% +are dope with carbon to eliminate the +Boron Ted otherwise the base width would + + align:start position:0% +Boron Ted otherwise the base width would + + + align:start position:0% +Boron Ted otherwise the base width would +be really wide the device would be + + align:start position:0% +be really wide the device would be + + + align:start position:0% +be really wide the device would be +really slow and uh it would be a problem + + align:start position:0% +really slow and uh it would be a problem + + + align:start position:0% +really slow and uh it would be a problem +so it's kind of an interesting uh story + + align:start position:0% +so it's kind of an interesting uh story + + + align:start position:0% +so it's kind of an interesting uh story +about how that developed so if you're + + align:start position:0% +about how that developed so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +about how that developed so if you're +interested please think about signing up + + align:start position:0% +interested please think about signing up + + + align:start position:0% +interested please think about signing up +for that topic although I only want one + + align:start position:0% +for that topic although I only want one + + + align:start position:0% +for that topic although I only want one +person to do one topic so you might have + + align:start position:0% +person to do one topic so you might have + + + align:start position:0% +person to do one topic so you might have +to fight fight a little bit there's + + align:start position:0% +to fight fight a little bit there's + + + align:start position:0% +to fight fight a little bit there's +plenty of topics to go + + align:start position:0% +plenty of topics to go + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of topics to go +around okay given that little bit + + align:start position:0% +around okay given that little bit + + + align:start position:0% +around okay given that little bit +experimental introduction now we finally + + align:start position:0% +experimental introduction now we finally + + + align:start position:0% +experimental introduction now we finally +get to talk about all right how do + + align:start position:0% +get to talk about all right how do + + + align:start position:0% +get to talk about all right how do +people model p well I showed this slide + + align:start position:0% +people model p well I showed this slide + + + align:start position:0% +people model p well I showed this slide +last time I just wanted to review what a + + align:start position:0% +last time I just wanted to review what a + + + align:start position:0% +last time I just wanted to review what a +311 defect looks like here's a um a + + align:start position:0% +311 defect looks like here's a um a + + + align:start position:0% +311 defect looks like here's a um a +highresolution electron micrograph so + + align:start position:0% +highresolution electron micrograph so + + + align:start position:0% +highresolution electron micrograph so +this is electron microscopy uh high + + align:start position:0% +this is electron microscopy uh high + + + align:start position:0% +this is electron microscopy uh high +resolution the electron microscope is uh + + align:start position:0% +resolution the electron microscope is uh + + + align:start position:0% +resolution the electron microscope is uh +looking uh at a very high um + + align:start position:0% +looking uh at a very high um + + + align:start position:0% +looking uh at a very high um +magnification in fact you can see these + + align:start position:0% +magnification in fact you can see these + + + align:start position:0% +magnification in fact you can see these +little rows of dots each dot corresponds + + align:start position:0% +little rows of dots each dot corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +little rows of dots each dot corresponds +to a Diemer to two silicon atoms and the + + align:start position:0% +to a Diemer to two silicon atoms and the + + + align:start position:0% +to a Diemer to two silicon atoms and the +reason they're in such nice regular + + align:start position:0% +reason they're in such nice regular + + + align:start position:0% +reason they're in such nice regular +planes is because you they are in nice + + align:start position:0% +planes is because you they are in nice + + + align:start position:0% +planes is because you they are in nice +regular planes it's a single Crystal + + align:start position:0% +regular planes it's a single Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +regular planes it's a single Crystal +material uh but here you see this + + align:start position:0% +material uh but here you see this + + + align:start position:0% +material uh but here you see this +defraction contrast this dark region + + align:start position:0% +defraction contrast this dark region + + + align:start position:0% +defraction contrast this dark region +where the perfect rows are Disturbed + + align:start position:0% +where the perfect rows are Disturbed + + + align:start position:0% +where the perfect rows are Disturbed +their symmetry because there's a defect + + align:start position:0% +their symmetry because there's a defect + + + align:start position:0% +their symmetry because there's a defect +and that's what we you look at in in + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we you look at in in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we you look at in in +cross-section temm we're looking for + + align:start position:0% +cross-section temm we're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section temm we're looking for +disturbing uh defraction uh disturbances + + align:start position:0% +disturbing uh defraction uh disturbances + + + align:start position:0% +disturbing uh defraction uh disturbances +and we see that by this dark region and + + align:start position:0% +and we see that by this dark region and + + + align:start position:0% +and we see that by this dark region and +this dark region has been analyzed to + + align:start position:0% +this dark region has been analyzed to + + + align:start position:0% +this dark region has been analyzed to +death by microscopists and they uh it + + align:start position:0% +death by microscopists and they uh it + + + align:start position:0% +death by microscopists and they uh it +lies along a certain plane which is um + + align:start position:0% +lies along a certain plane which is um + + + align:start position:0% +lies along a certain plane which is um +typically + + align:start position:0% +typically + + + align:start position:0% +typically +311 Direction that's where it gets its + + align:start position:0% +311 Direction that's where it gets its + + + align:start position:0% +311 Direction that's where it gets its +name and what it's believed to be is a + + align:start position:0% +name and what it's believed to be is a + + + align:start position:0% +name and what it's believed to be is a +ribbonlike + + align:start position:0% +ribbonlike + + + align:start position:0% +ribbonlike +defect um where this direction this + + align:start position:0% +defect um where this direction this + + + align:start position:0% +defect um where this direction this +Arrow points along 311 and this + + align:start position:0% +Arrow points along 311 and this + + + align:start position:0% +Arrow points along 311 and this +direction uh where the length the long + + align:start position:0% +direction uh where the length the long + + + align:start position:0% +direction uh where the length the long +section into the page is lying along + + align:start position:0% +section into the page is lying along + + + align:start position:0% +section into the page is lying along +110 and it is a whole series of dimers + + align:start position:0% +110 and it is a whole series of dimers + + + align:start position:0% +110 and it is a whole series of dimers +of silicon um or + + align:start position:0% +of silicon um or + + + align:start position:0% +of silicon um or +imers little silicon clusters uh into + + align:start position:0% +imers little silicon clusters uh into + + + align:start position:0% +imers little silicon clusters uh into +this defect and uh it may be um 100 + + align:start position:0% +this defect and uh it may be um 100 + + + align:start position:0% +this defect and uh it may be um 100 +anrom long say 10 n and maybe uh 30 or + + align:start position:0% +anrom long say 10 n and maybe uh 30 or + + + align:start position:0% +anrom long say 10 n and maybe uh 30 or +so in this direction something like + + align:start position:0% +so in this direction something like + + + align:start position:0% +so in this direction something like +that it is um so it's a little cluster + + align:start position:0% +that it is um so it's a little cluster + + + align:start position:0% +that it is um so it's a little cluster +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +interstitials uh that has a particular + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh that has a particular + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh that has a particular +orientation to the cluster and these 311 + + align:start position:0% +orientation to the cluster and these 311 + + + align:start position:0% +orientation to the cluster and these 311 +defects they form during the first few + + align:start position:0% +defects they form during the first few + + + align:start position:0% +defects they form during the first few +uh fractions of a second of a kneeling + + align:start position:0% +uh fractions of a second of a kneeling + + + align:start position:0% +uh fractions of a second of a kneeling +they can even be formed during the + + align:start position:0% +they can even be formed during the + + + align:start position:0% +they can even be formed during the +implant + + align:start position:0% +implant + + + align:start position:0% +implant +itself the so their formation is + + align:start position:0% +itself the so their formation is + + + align:start position:0% +itself the so their formation is +important more important is when how do + + align:start position:0% +important more important is when how do + + + align:start position:0% +important more important is when how do +they dissolve they knal out in the time + + align:start position:0% +they dissolve they knal out in the time + + + align:start position:0% +they dissolve they knal out in the time +range that's on the order of seconds to + + align:start position:0% +range that's on the order of seconds to + + + align:start position:0% +range that's on the order of seconds to +minutes could even be you know longer + + align:start position:0% +minutes could even be you know longer + + + align:start position:0% +minutes could even be you know longer +times at moderate temperates so as they + + align:start position:0% +times at moderate temperates so as they + + + align:start position:0% +times at moderate temperates so as they +inal out once they form they form very + + align:start position:0% +inal out once they form they form very + + + align:start position:0% +inal out once they form they form very +quickly and then they gradually inal out + + align:start position:0% +quickly and then they gradually inal out + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and then they gradually inal out +as they inal out they give off excess + + align:start position:0% +as they inal out they give off excess + + + align:start position:0% +as they inal out they give off excess +interstitials um and it's these excess + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um and it's these excess + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um and it's these excess +interstitials given off by the + + align:start position:0% +interstitials given off by the + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials given off by the +evaporating 311's that are that that + + align:start position:0% +evaporating 311's that are that that + + + align:start position:0% +evaporating 311's that are that that +cause the Boron uh teed that people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +observe so Atomic level understanding + + align:start position:0% +observe so Atomic level understanding + + + align:start position:0% +observe so Atomic level understanding +Ted uh let's let's go on to slide number + + align:start position:0% +Ted uh let's let's go on to slide number + + + align:start position:0% +Ted uh let's let's go on to slide number +11 um how did people discover this this + + align:start position:0% +11 um how did people discover this this + + + align:start position:0% +11 um how did people discover this this +seems really weird or it seems very + + align:start position:0% +seems really weird or it seems very + + + align:start position:0% +seems really weird or it seems very +subtle uh and in some ways you might + + align:start position:0% +subtle uh and in some ways you might + + + align:start position:0% +subtle uh and in some ways you might +think of it as maybe partly accidental + + align:start position:0% +think of it as maybe partly accidental + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as maybe partly accidental +what people people were looking in the + + align:start position:0% +what people people were looking in the + + + align:start position:0% +what people people were looking in the +microscope um for years at the kind of + + align:start position:0% +microscope um for years at the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +microscope um for years at the kind of +these kind of Def interesting defects + + align:start position:0% +these kind of Def interesting defects + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of Def interesting defects +that they + + align:start position:0% +that they + + + align:start position:0% +that they +saw um and in fact they looked at the + + align:start position:0% +saw um and in fact they looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +saw um and in fact they looked at the +kinetics of the defects um they looked + + align:start position:0% +kinetics of the defects um they looked + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics of the defects um they looked +at their how their concentration changed + + align:start position:0% +at their how their concentration changed + + + align:start position:0% +at their how their concentration changed +over time and they noticed that the time + + align:start position:0% +over time and they noticed that the time + + + align:start position:0% +over time and they noticed that the time +it took to shrink all the 31 RS or get + + align:start position:0% +it took to shrink all the 31 RS or get + + + align:start position:0% +it took to shrink all the 31 RS or get +rid of them was about of the same order + + align:start position:0% +rid of them was about of the same order + + + align:start position:0% +rid of them was about of the same order +of magnitude as the time that teed + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude as the time that teed + + + align:start position:0% +of magnitude as the time that teed +lasted so people were doing teed + + align:start position:0% +lasted so people were doing teed + + + align:start position:0% +lasted so people were doing teed +experiments and they said oh yeah let's + + align:start position:0% +experiments and they said oh yeah let's + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and they said oh yeah let's +see at 800 Degrees uh teed lasts for a + + align:start position:0% +see at 800 Degrees uh teed lasts for a + + + align:start position:0% +see at 800 Degrees uh teed lasts for a +certain number of minutes and other + + align:start position:0% +certain number of minutes and other + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of minutes and other +microscopists were looking at and saying + + align:start position:0% +microscopists were looking at and saying + + + align:start position:0% +microscopists were looking at and saying +gee at 800 Degrees these 311's hang + + align:start position:0% +gee at 800 Degrees these 311's hang + + + align:start position:0% +gee at 800 Degrees these 311's hang +around for about that same amount of + + align:start position:0% +around for about that same amount of + + + align:start position:0% +around for about that same amount of +timeon could the two phenomena be + + align:start position:0% +timeon could the two phenomena be + + + align:start position:0% +timeon could the two phenomena be +related in fact they are people said + + align:start position:0% +related in fact they are people said + + + align:start position:0% +related in fact they are people said +found that the time scale is the same of + + align:start position:0% +found that the time scale is the same of + + + align:start position:0% +found that the time scale is the same of +ttin is same as that uh of the time + + align:start position:0% +ttin is same as that uh of the time + + + align:start position:0% +ttin is same as that uh of the time +scale of the shrinkage of these defects + + align:start position:0% +scale of the shrinkage of these defects + + + align:start position:0% +scale of the shrinkage of these defects +and when we're talking about shrinkage + + align:start position:0% +and when we're talking about shrinkage + + + align:start position:0% +and when we're talking about shrinkage +people sometimes people were use the + + align:start position:0% +people sometimes people were use the + + + align:start position:0% +people sometimes people were use the +word of apparation so the little 311 is + + align:start position:0% +word of apparation so the little 311 is + + + align:start position:0% +word of apparation so the little 311 is +sitting there evaporating off or giving + + align:start position:0% +sitting there evaporating off or giving + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there evaporating off or giving +off interstitials from the + + align:start position:0% +off interstitials from the + + + align:start position:0% +off interstitials from the +Clusters this is some experimental data + + align:start position:0% +Clusters this is some experimental data + + + align:start position:0% +Clusters this is some experimental data +I took this uh from your textbook it's + + align:start position:0% +I took this uh from your textbook it's + + + align:start position:0% +I took this uh from your textbook it's +referenced it comes out of bell Labs um + + align:start position:0% +referenced it comes out of bell Labs um + + + align:start position:0% +referenced it comes out of bell Labs um +and it shows it's a plot of the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +and it shows it's a plot of the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +and it shows it's a plot of the Silicon +self interstitial density uh in number + + align:start position:0% +self interstitial density uh in number + + + align:start position:0% +self interstitial density uh in number +of interstitials per square centimeter + + align:start position:0% +of interstitials per square centimeter + + + align:start position:0% +of interstitials per square centimeter +contained in 311 defects so they're + + align:start position:0% +contained in 311 defects so they're + + + align:start position:0% +contained in 311 defects so they're +basically looking in the microscope and + + align:start position:0% +basically looking in the microscope and + + + align:start position:0% +basically looking in the microscope and +Counting the density of 311 defects and + + align:start position:0% +Counting the density of 311 defects and + + + align:start position:0% +Counting the density of 311 defects and +then estimating from their size and + + align:start position:0% +then estimating from their size and + + + align:start position:0% +then estimating from their size and +density how many interstitials are in + + align:start position:0% +density how many interstitials are in + + + align:start position:0% +density how many interstitials are in +them as a function of time at different + + align:start position:0% +them as a function of time at different + + + align:start position:0% +them as a function of time at different +temperatures so here let's take the the + + align:start position:0% +temperatures so here let's take the the + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures so here let's take the the +um the red boxes here at 815 de + + align:start position:0% +um the red boxes here at 815 de + + + align:start position:0% +um the red boxes here at 815 de +initially at the very first beginning + + align:start position:0% +initially at the very first beginning + + + align:start position:0% +initially at the very first beginning +after the implant there's a certain + + align:start position:0% +after the implant there's a certain + + + align:start position:0% +after the implant there's a certain +density maybe midtimes 10 13 + + align:start position:0% +density maybe midtimes 10 13 + + + align:start position:0% +density maybe midtimes 10 13 +interstitials per square cimer contained + + align:start position:0% +interstitials per square cimer contained + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials per square cimer contained +in these defects and then what you find + + align:start position:0% +in these defects and then what you find + + + align:start position:0% +in these defects and then what you find +is exponen ially so the defect density + + align:start position:0% +is exponen ially so the defect density + + + align:start position:0% +is exponen ially so the defect density +is sort of constant then it goes down + + align:start position:0% +is sort of constant then it goes down + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of constant then it goes down +exponentially after a certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +exponentially after a certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially after a certain amount of +time it just drops like a rocket so + + align:start position:0% +time it just drops like a rocket so + + + align:start position:0% +time it just drops like a rocket so +after uh 200 seconds it's gone down by + + align:start position:0% +after uh 200 seconds it's gone down by + + + align:start position:0% +after uh 200 seconds it's gone down by +several orders of magnitude so these 311 + + align:start position:0% +several orders of magnitude so these 311 + + + align:start position:0% +several orders of magnitude so these 311 +defects have a lot of them have + + align:start position:0% +defects have a lot of them have + + + align:start position:0% +defects have a lot of them have +disappeared and so the uh they're + + align:start position:0% +disappeared and so the uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared and so the uh they're +they're dissolving or evaporating um at + + align:start position:0% +they're dissolving or evaporating um at + + + align:start position:0% +they're dissolving or evaporating um at +a certain rate at 800 now let's take a + + align:start position:0% +a certain rate at 800 now let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +a certain rate at 800 now let's take a +look at the red circles over here those + + align:start position:0% +look at the red circles over here those + + + align:start position:0% +look at the red circles over here those +are at 670 so a much lower temperature + + align:start position:0% +are at 670 so a much lower temperature + + + align:start position:0% +are at 670 so a much lower temperature +look at this um you get a high + + align:start position:0% +look at this um you get a high + + + align:start position:0% +look at this um you get a high +concentration of them say uh 10 the 14th + + align:start position:0% +concentration of them say uh 10 the 14th + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of them say uh 10 the 14th +or mid 10 the 13th and then they last a + + align:start position:0% +or mid 10 the 13th and then they last a + + + align:start position:0% +or mid 10 the 13th and then they last a +long time maybe 10 the 4th or 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +long time maybe 10 the 4th or 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +long time maybe 10 the 4th or 10 to the +5th seconds and then it starts to drop + + align:start position:0% +5th seconds and then it starts to drop + + + align:start position:0% +5th seconds and then it starts to drop +dramatically so we're talking at a very + + align:start position:0% +dramatically so we're talking at a very + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically so we're talking at a very +long time at at low temperatures um so + + align:start position:0% +long time at at low temperatures um so + + + align:start position:0% +long time at at low temperatures um so +this is sort of the kinetics of The + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the kinetics of The + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the kinetics of The +Disappearance of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +311's and in fact uh this is the um + + align:start position:0% +311's and in fact uh this is the um + + + align:start position:0% +311's and in fact uh this is the um +these are some um micrographs that + + align:start position:0% +these are some um micrographs that + + + align:start position:0% +these are some um micrographs that +people used I'm just showing you on + + align:start position:0% +people used I'm just showing you on + + + align:start position:0% +people used I'm just showing you on +slide 12 to to obtain this data this is + + align:start position:0% +slide 12 to to obtain this data this is + + + align:start position:0% +slide 12 to to obtain this data this is +from Dave Eagles sham at Bell Labs + + align:start position:0% +from Dave Eagles sham at Bell Labs + + + align:start position:0% +from Dave Eagles sham at Bell Labs +published in 1994 in Applied Physics + + align:start position:0% +published in 1994 in Applied Physics + + + align:start position:0% +published in 1994 in Applied Physics +letters and what he's showing here in + + align:start position:0% +letters and what he's showing here in + + + align:start position:0% +letters and what he's showing here in +the upper uh diagram these are both plan + + align:start position:0% +the upper uh diagram these are both plan + + + align:start position:0% +the upper uh diagram these are both plan +view temm images this is a sample of + + align:start position:0% +view temm images this is a sample of + + + align:start position:0% +view temm images this is a sample of +silicon that's been implanted with an + + align:start position:0% +silicon that's been implanted with an + + + align:start position:0% +silicon that's been implanted with an +intermediate dose 5 * 10 13th Boron for + + align:start position:0% +intermediate dose 5 * 10 13th Boron for + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate dose 5 * 10 13th Boron for +square centimeter um uh into the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +square centimeter um uh into the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +square centimeter um uh into the Silicon +substrate and it's been analed at 810 + + align:start position:0% +substrate and it's been analed at 810 + + + align:start position:0% +substrate and it's been analed at 810 +and this is after 5 seconds and you see + + align:start position:0% +and this is after 5 seconds and you see + + + align:start position:0% +and this is after 5 seconds and you see +you're looking in plan View and each one + + align:start position:0% +you're looking in plan View and each one + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking in plan View and each one +of these little um sort of dot areas is + + align:start position:0% +of these little um sort of dot areas is + + + align:start position:0% +of these little um sort of dot areas is +a 311 defect so there's a huge density + + align:start position:0% +a 311 defect so there's a huge density + + + align:start position:0% +a 311 defect so there's a huge density +of defects and the scale bar is a little + + align:start position:0% +of defects and the scale bar is a little + + + align:start position:0% +of defects and the scale bar is a little +hard to see in the upper left from here + + align:start position:0% +hard to see in the upper left from here + + + align:start position:0% +hard to see in the upper left from here +to here that's 40 nmet That's 400 + + align:start position:0% +to here that's 40 nmet That's 400 + + + align:start position:0% +to here that's 40 nmet That's 400 +angstroms so you have a huge number of + + align:start position:0% +angstroms so you have a huge number of + + + align:start position:0% +angstroms so you have a huge number of +these a lot of these defs so again if I + + align:start position:0% +these a lot of these defs so again if I + + + align:start position:0% +these a lot of these defs so again if I +go back one slide to slide 11 he's + + align:start position:0% +go back one slide to slide 11 he's + + + align:start position:0% +go back one slide to slide 11 he's +starting out here after just um a few + + align:start position:0% +starting out here after just um a few + + + align:start position:0% +starting out here after just um a few +seconds that's the number of that's + + align:start position:0% +seconds that's the number of that's + + + align:start position:0% +seconds that's the number of that's +where he got this interstitial density + + align:start position:0% +where he got this interstitial density + + + align:start position:0% +where he got this interstitial density +at 815 now look at the bottom um + + align:start position:0% +at 815 now look at the bottom um + + + align:start position:0% +at 815 now look at the bottom um +uh on slide 12 look at the bottom temm + + align:start position:0% +uh on slide 12 look at the bottom temm + + + align:start position:0% +uh on slide 12 look at the bottom temm +bottom left in B this is after 100 + + align:start position:0% +bottom left in B this is after 100 + + + align:start position:0% +bottom left in B this is after 100 +seconds again the number of defects here + + align:start position:0% +seconds again the number of defects here + + + align:start position:0% +seconds again the number of defects here +is now 311 is a lot lower I can almost + + align:start position:0% +is now 311 is a lot lower I can almost + + + align:start position:0% +is now 311 is a lot lower I can almost +count them 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 eight of some + + align:start position:0% +count them 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 eight of some + + + align:start position:0% +count them 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 eight of some +order and and based on their size and + + align:start position:0% +order and and based on their size and + + + align:start position:0% +order and and based on their size and +density you can calculate uh after 100 + + align:start position:0% +density you can calculate uh after 100 + + + align:start position:0% +density you can calculate uh after 100 +seconds oops sorry let me go back one + + align:start position:0% +seconds oops sorry let me go back one + + + align:start position:0% +seconds oops sorry let me go back one +more so here we are at 100 seconds and + + align:start position:0% +more so here we are at 100 seconds and + + + align:start position:0% +more so here we are at 100 seconds and +it's down by several orders of magnitude + + align:start position:0% +it's down by several orders of magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +it's down by several orders of magnitude +so people sat and in this paper and + + align:start position:0% +so people sat and in this paper and + + + align:start position:0% +so people sat and in this paper and +counted all these defects figured out + + align:start position:0% +counted all these defects figured out + + + align:start position:0% +counted all these defects figured out +the Silicon interstitial density and how + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon interstitial density and how + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon interstitial density and how +it was changing with time at different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperatures and so in fact I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and so in fact I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and so in fact I'm showing +here now uh also from your textbook on + + align:start position:0% +here now uh also from your textbook on + + + align:start position:0% +here now uh also from your textbook on +slide + + align:start position:0% +slide + + + align:start position:0% +slide +13 this is a diagram it's supposed to um + + align:start position:0% +13 this is a diagram it's supposed to um + + + align:start position:0% +13 this is a diagram it's supposed to um +give you an idea of the kinetics of of + + align:start position:0% +give you an idea of the kinetics of of + + + align:start position:0% +give you an idea of the kinetics of of +sort of what's going on with these + + align:start position:0% +sort of what's going on with these + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what's going on with these +defects so um this is simulated though + + align:start position:0% +defects so um this is simulated though + + + align:start position:0% +defects so um this is simulated though +the what I just showed you was actual + + align:start position:0% +the what I just showed you was actual + + + align:start position:0% +the what I just showed you was actual +data this is more um simulation so this + + align:start position:0% +data this is more um simulation so this + + + align:start position:0% +data this is more um simulation so this +is uh on the on the left Axis or the uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh on the on the left Axis or the uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh on the on the left Axis or the uh +vertical axis is silicon self intertial + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis is silicon self intertial + + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis is silicon self intertial +density now this is in terms of per + + align:start position:0% +density now this is in terms of per + + + align:start position:0% +density now this is in terms of per +there's different ways of expressing it + + align:start position:0% +there's different ways of expressing it + + + align:start position:0% +there's different ways of expressing it +this is per cubic centimeter and this is + + align:start position:0% +this is per cubic centimeter and this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is per cubic centimeter and this is +as a function of + + align:start position:0% +as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of +depth so there's a particular implant + + align:start position:0% +depth so there's a particular implant + + + align:start position:0% +depth so there's a particular implant +that's been done um 40 K Boron 10 14th + + align:start position:0% +that's been done um 40 K Boron 10 14th + + + align:start position:0% +that's been done um 40 K Boron 10 14th +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +initially uh this red line represents + + align:start position:0% +initially uh this red line represents + + + align:start position:0% +initially uh this red line represents +the initial plus one damage so right + + align:start position:0% +the initial plus one damage so right + + + align:start position:0% +the initial plus one damage so right +after the implant is done um this is if + + align:start position:0% +after the implant is done um this is if + + + align:start position:0% +after the implant is done um this is if +you would assume um you had this damage + + align:start position:0% +you would assume um you had this damage + + + align:start position:0% +you would assume um you had this damage +this amount of number of interstitials + + align:start position:0% +this amount of number of interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +this amount of number of interstitials +so the interstitial density Peaks here + + align:start position:0% +so the interstitial density Peaks here + + + align:start position:0% +so the interstitial density Peaks here +very very high after a microsc it's + + align:start position:0% +very very high after a microsc it's + + + align:start position:0% +very very high after a microsc it's +about the same but look at it after um a + + align:start position:0% +about the same but look at it after um a + + + align:start position:0% +about the same but look at it after um a +tenth of a second or a 100th of a second + + align:start position:0% +tenth of a second or a 100th of a second + + + align:start position:0% +tenth of a second or a 100th of a second +we're talking about this flat profile + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about this flat profile + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about this flat profile +right here so after a tenth of a second + + align:start position:0% +right here so after a tenth of a second + + + align:start position:0% +right here so after a tenth of a second +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +750 we've formed all these 311 defects + + align:start position:0% +750 we've formed all these 311 defects + + + align:start position:0% +750 we've formed all these 311 defects +and the interstitial concentration is + + align:start position:0% +and the interstitial concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +and the interstitial concentration is +now down to about mid10 of a 12 or 10 + + align:start position:0% +now down to about mid10 of a 12 or 10 + + + align:start position:0% +now down to about mid10 of a 12 or 10 +13th per per cubic centimeter according + + align:start position:0% +13th per per cubic centimeter according + + + align:start position:0% +13th per per cubic centimeter according +to supre and it's fairly uniform okay + + align:start position:0% +to supre and it's fairly uniform okay + + + align:start position:0% +to supre and it's fairly uniform okay +let's think about that what is CI star + + align:start position:0% +let's think about that what is CI star + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about that what is CI star +we have equations in your textbook uh + + align:start position:0% +we have equations in your textbook uh + + + align:start position:0% +we have equations in your textbook uh +from a prior chapter the the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +from a prior chapter the the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +from a prior chapter the the equilibrium +silicon interstitial density is about + + align:start position:0% +silicon interstitial density is about + + + align:start position:0% +silicon interstitial density is about +108 per cubic centimeter at 750 so what + + align:start position:0% +108 per cubic centimeter at 750 so what + + + align:start position:0% +108 per cubic centimeter at 750 so what +is that enhancement ratio CI over cisar + + align:start position:0% +is that enhancement ratio CI over cisar + + + align:start position:0% +is that enhancement ratio CI over cisar +that's 10 the 13th over 10 to the eth + + align:start position:0% +that's 10 the 13th over 10 to the eth + + + align:start position:0% +that's 10 the 13th over 10 to the eth +roughly it's still greater than um than + + align:start position:0% +roughly it's still greater than um than + + + align:start position:0% +roughly it's still greater than um than +10,000 so we've gotten rid of most of + + align:start position:0% +10,000 so we've gotten rid of most of + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 so we've gotten rid of most of +this initial damage but now we have this + + align:start position:0% +this initial damage but now we have this + + + align:start position:0% +this initial damage but now we have this +sort of uniform concent contion uh of we + + align:start position:0% +sort of uniform concent contion uh of we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uniform concent contion uh of we +have this concentration of 311's and + + align:start position:0% +have this concentration of 311's and + + + align:start position:0% +have this concentration of 311's and +this silicon self interstitial density + + align:start position:0% +this silicon self interstitial density + + + align:start position:0% +this silicon self interstitial density +um CI over ciar is is still much larger + + align:start position:0% +um CI over ciar is is still much larger + + + align:start position:0% +um CI over ciar is is still much larger +than it would be in equilibrium by Maybe + + align:start position:0% +than it would be in equilibrium by Maybe + + + align:start position:0% +than it would be in equilibrium by Maybe +by a factor of of uh 10,000 in this case + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of of uh 10,000 in this case + + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of of uh 10,000 in this case +so the teed is going to occur between + + align:start position:0% +so the teed is going to occur between + + + align:start position:0% +so the teed is going to occur between +this period this period here of 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +this period this period here of 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +this period this period here of 0.1 +seconds and a th000 seconds depending on + + align:start position:0% +seconds and a th000 seconds depending on + + + align:start position:0% +seconds and a th000 seconds depending on +the temperature that you're at how long + + align:start position:0% +the temperature that you're at how long + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature that you're at how long +it takes to evaporate the + + align:start position:0% +it takes to evaporate the + + + align:start position:0% +it takes to evaporate the +311 during that period when the super + + align:start position:0% +311 during that period when the super + + + align:start position:0% +311 during that period when the super +saturation ratio is large + + align:start position:0% +saturation ratio is large + + + align:start position:0% +saturation ratio is large +uh it's going to be some high number + + align:start position:0% +uh it's going to be some high number + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's going to be some high number +could be um factor of 10 100 100,000 + + align:start position:0% +could be um factor of 10 100 100,000 + + + align:start position:0% +could be um factor of 10 100 100,000 +something like that and uniform in in + + align:start position:0% +something like that and uniform in in + + + align:start position:0% +something like that and uniform in in +depth so as the 311 defects they've all + + align:start position:0% +depth so as the 311 defects they've all + + + align:start position:0% +depth so as the 311 defects they've all +been formed now they start evaporating + + align:start position:0% +been formed now they start evaporating + + + align:start position:0% +been formed now they start evaporating +and emitting interstitials eventually + + align:start position:0% +and emitting interstitials eventually + + + align:start position:0% +and emitting interstitials eventually +they're all evaporate away and teed will + + align:start position:0% +they're all evaporate away and teed will + + + align:start position:0% +they're all evaporate away and teed will +be over but for some period they'll be + + align:start position:0% +be over but for some period they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +be over but for some period they'll be +evaporating and they'll be holding CI + + align:start position:0% +evaporating and they'll be holding CI + + + align:start position:0% +evaporating and they'll be holding CI +over CI star very high and therefore um + + align:start position:0% +over CI star very high and therefore um + + + align:start position:0% +over CI star very high and therefore um +they'll be holding the uh the Boron + + align:start position:0% +they'll be holding the uh the Boron + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be holding the uh the Boron +diffusivity very + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity very + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity very +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +so uh let's go on to slide uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's go on to slide uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's go on to slide uh +14 and this is a model that that was + + align:start position:0% +14 and this is a model that that was + + + align:start position:0% +14 and this is a model that that was +proposed in the mid90s or so for 311 + + align:start position:0% +proposed in the mid90s or so for 311 + + + align:start position:0% +proposed in the mid90s or so for 311 +growth so you have the growth of these + + align:start position:0% +growth so you have the growth of these + + + align:start position:0% +growth so you have the growth of these +clusters and their evaporation or + + align:start position:0% +clusters and their evaporation or + + + align:start position:0% +clusters and their evaporation or +shrinkage and this kinetic model then is + + align:start position:0% +shrinkage and this kinetic model then is + + + align:start position:0% +shrinkage and this kinetic model then is +going to determine the time dependence + + align:start position:0% +going to determine the time dependence + + + align:start position:0% +going to determine the time dependence +and the magnitude of Transit enhanced + + align:start position:0% +and the magnitude of Transit enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +and the magnitude of Transit enhanced +diffusion so um what people wrote down + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so um what people wrote down + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so um what people wrote down +in this uh in this paper was and there's + + align:start position:0% +in this uh in this paper was and there's + + + align:start position:0% +in this uh in this paper was and there's +a reference in your text if you want to + + align:start position:0% +a reference in your text if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +a reference in your text if you want to +read the original paper I I would invite + + align:start position:0% +read the original paper I I would invite + + + align:start position:0% +read the original paper I I would invite +you to read that um you can write down + + align:start position:0% +you to read that um you can write down + + + align:start position:0% +you to read that um you can write down +an equation that describes cluster + + align:start position:0% +an equation that describes cluster + + + align:start position:0% +an equation that describes cluster +growth so C subn in this equation is + + align:start position:0% +growth so C subn in this equation is + + + align:start position:0% +growth so C subn in this equation is +just a 311 cluster that has n number of + + align:start position:0% +just a 311 cluster that has n number of + + + align:start position:0% +just a 311 cluster that has n number of +interstitials n could be 100 could be a + + align:start position:0% +interstitials n could be 100 could be a + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials n could be 100 could be a +thousand whatever it's it's a cluster + + align:start position:0% +thousand whatever it's it's a cluster + + + align:start position:0% +thousand whatever it's it's a cluster +and um if I add to that n number one + + align:start position:0% +and um if I add to that n number one + + + align:start position:0% +and um if I add to that n number one +more interstitial I get cl to the N plus + + align:start position:0% +more interstitial I get cl to the N plus + + + align:start position:0% +more interstitial I get cl to the N plus +one so this equation can go either way I + + align:start position:0% +one so this equation can go either way I + + + align:start position:0% +one so this equation can go either way I +can either add an interstitial and grow + + align:start position:0% +can either add an interstitial and grow + + + align:start position:0% +can either add an interstitial and grow +the cluster I can evaporate away or redu + + align:start position:0% +the cluster I can evaporate away or redu + + + align:start position:0% +the cluster I can evaporate away or redu +or take away uh the interstitial and + + align:start position:0% +or take away uh the interstitial and + + + align:start position:0% +or take away uh the interstitial and +shrink the cluster either + + align:start position:0% +shrink the cluster either + + + align:start position:0% +shrink the cluster either +way so given a simple equation like this + + align:start position:0% +way so given a simple equation like this + + + align:start position:0% +way so given a simple equation like this +then we can actually write down um a + + align:start position:0% +then we can actually write down um a + + + align:start position:0% +then we can actually write down um a +Time + + align:start position:0% +Time + + + align:start position:0% +Time +dependence we can say that the time rate + + align:start position:0% +dependence we can say that the time rate + + + align:start position:0% +dependence we can say that the time rate +of change of the cluster uh + + align:start position:0% +of change of the cluster uh + + + align:start position:0% +of change of the cluster uh +interstitials a number of interstitials + + align:start position:0% +interstitials a number of interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials a number of interstitials +in the cluster as unit of as a function + + align:start position:0% +in the cluster as unit of as a function + + + align:start position:0% +in the cluster as unit of as a function +of time the partial is equal to this + + align:start position:0% +of time the partial is equal to this + + + align:start position:0% +of time the partial is equal to this +there's a growth term on the left minus + + align:start position:0% +there's a growth term on the left minus + + + align:start position:0% +there's a growth term on the left minus +the shrinkage term so the growth term + + align:start position:0% +the shrinkage term so the growth term + + + align:start position:0% +the shrinkage term so the growth term +has some constant uh some equal constant + + align:start position:0% +has some constant uh some equal constant + + + align:start position:0% +has some constant uh some equal constant +k subf for the forward reaction that + + align:start position:0% +k subf for the forward reaction that + + + align:start position:0% +k subf for the forward reaction that +says well I'm adding interstitials and + + align:start position:0% +says well I'm adding interstitials and + + + align:start position:0% +says well I'm adding interstitials and +I'm growing this thing so it's a + + align:start position:0% +I'm growing this thing so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm growing this thing so it's a +constant K subf times the um + + align:start position:0% +constant K subf times the um + + + align:start position:0% +constant K subf times the um +concentration of interstitials times the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of interstitials times the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of interstitials times the +concentration of clusters that is the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of clusters that is the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of clusters that is the +forward term minus the reverse reaction + + align:start position:0% +forward term minus the reverse reaction + + + align:start position:0% +forward term minus the reverse reaction +if I shrink it I I go the other way and + + align:start position:0% +if I shrink it I I go the other way and + + + align:start position:0% +if I shrink it I I go the other way and +I release an interstitial so the + + align:start position:0% +I release an interstitial so the + + + align:start position:0% +I release an interstitial so the +shrinking the this the reverse uh + + align:start position:0% +shrinking the this the reverse uh + + + align:start position:0% +shrinking the this the reverse uh +reaction has equilibrium constant KR and + + align:start position:0% +reaction has equilibrium constant KR and + + + align:start position:0% +reaction has equilibrium constant KR and +some concentration of in of cluster CL + + align:start position:0% +some concentration of in of cluster CL + + + align:start position:0% +some concentration of in of cluster CL +so we write a simple differential + + align:start position:0% +so we write a simple differential + + + align:start position:0% +so we write a simple differential +equation time dependence depends on a + + align:start position:0% +equation time dependence depends on a + + + align:start position:0% +equation time dependence depends on a +growth term and a minus a shrinkage + + align:start position:0% +growth term and a minus a shrinkage + + + align:start position:0% +growth term and a minus a shrinkage +term and now this this is a little uh + + align:start position:0% +term and now this this is a little uh + + + align:start position:0% +term and now this this is a little uh +hand wavy but in your text we people we + + align:start position:0% +hand wavy but in your text we people we + + + align:start position:0% +hand wavy but in your text we people we +talk about how this fluid reaction rate + + align:start position:0% +talk about how this fluid reaction rate + + + align:start position:0% +talk about how this fluid reaction rate +is believed to be diffusion limited so + + align:start position:0% +is believed to be diffusion limited so + + + align:start position:0% +is believed to be diffusion limited so +the interstitials have to diffuse into + + align:start position:0% +the interstitials have to diffuse into + + + align:start position:0% +the interstitials have to diffuse into +this cluster they're in fact they're + + align:start position:0% +this cluster they're in fact they're + + + align:start position:0% +this cluster they're in fact they're +created throughout the Crystal but they + + align:start position:0% +created throughout the Crystal but they + + + align:start position:0% +created throughout the Crystal but they +have to diffuse into the 311 cluster so + + align:start position:0% +have to diffuse into the 311 cluster so + + + align:start position:0% +have to diffuse into the 311 cluster so +we we usually say that this forward + + align:start position:0% +we we usually say that this forward + + + align:start position:0% +we we usually say that this forward +reaction constant case subf is somehow + + align:start position:0% +reaction constant case subf is somehow + + + align:start position:0% +reaction constant case subf is somehow +proportional to some nearest neighbor + + align:start position:0% +proportional to some nearest neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to some nearest neighbor +distance a and an interstitial + + align:start position:0% +distance a and an interstitial + + + align:start position:0% +distance a and an interstitial +diffusivity D subi so at least we know + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity D subi so at least we know + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity D subi so at least we know +what kind of parameters go into that so + + align:start position:0% +what kind of parameters go into that so + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of parameters go into that so +that's what we write for + + align:start position:0% +that's what we write for + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we write for +quf um and the exact form is not it + + align:start position:0% +quf um and the exact form is not it + + + align:start position:0% +quf um and the exact form is not it +doesn't have to be perfect we just want + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be perfect we just want + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to be perfect we just want +to get the temp temperature dependencies + + align:start position:0% +to get the temp temperature dependencies + + + align:start position:0% +to get the temp temperature dependencies +in MO most of these cases the reverse + + align:start position:0% +in MO most of these cases the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +in MO most of these cases the reverse +reaction so going the other way for the + + align:start position:0% +reaction so going the other way for the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so going the other way for the +evaporation of the shrinkage is actually + + align:start position:0% +evaporation of the shrinkage is actually + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation of the shrinkage is actually +dominated by um a diffusion uh mechanism + + align:start position:0% +dominated by um a diffusion uh mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by um a diffusion uh mechanism +as as well but so there's this uh term + + align:start position:0% +as as well but so there's this uh term + + + align:start position:0% +as as well but so there's this uh term +that's related to the diffusivity of the + + align:start position:0% +that's related to the diffusivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's related to the diffusivity of the +interstitials again um it's actually + + align:start position:0% +interstitials again um it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials again um it's actually +like a um this looks like a um hopping + + align:start position:0% +like a um this looks like a um hopping + + + align:start position:0% +like a um this looks like a um hopping +frequency times a boltzman factor e the + + align:start position:0% +frequency times a boltzman factor e the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency times a boltzman factor e the +minus EB over KT now where EB is The + + align:start position:0% +minus EB over KT now where EB is The + + + align:start position:0% +minus EB over KT now where EB is The +Binding energy so again if I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy so again if I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy so again if I'm going to +get rid of an interstitial from the + + align:start position:0% +get rid of an interstitial from the + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of an interstitial from the +cluster it's going to be bound by some + + align:start position:0% +cluster it's going to be bound by some + + + align:start position:0% +cluster it's going to be bound by some +energy somehow there's a lower energy to + + align:start position:0% +energy somehow there's a lower energy to + + + align:start position:0% +energy somehow there's a lower energy to +be in the cluster I have to overcome + + align:start position:0% +be in the cluster I have to overcome + + + align:start position:0% +be in the cluster I have to overcome +that to get rid of it and that's why you + + align:start position:0% +that to get rid of it and that's why you + + + align:start position:0% +that to get rid of it and that's why you +have e the minus EB over KT so simple + + align:start position:0% +have e the minus EB over KT so simple + + + align:start position:0% +have e the minus EB over KT so simple +differential equation with two um K subf + + align:start position:0% +differential equation with two um K subf + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation with two um K subf +and K subr that have certain temperature + + align:start position:0% +and K subr that have certain temperature + + + align:start position:0% +and K subr that have certain temperature +dependencies let's go to slide 15 so the + + align:start position:0% +dependencies let's go to slide 15 so the + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies let's go to slide 15 so the +interesting part of this differential + + align:start position:0% +interesting part of this differential + + + align:start position:0% +interesting part of this differential +equation the interesting time is the + + align:start position:0% +equation the interesting time is the + + + align:start position:0% +equation the interesting time is the +period where its steady + + align:start position:0% +period where its steady + + + align:start position:0% +period where its steady +state uh exists between cluster growth + + align:start position:0% +state uh exists between cluster growth + + + align:start position:0% +state uh exists between cluster growth +and cluster evaporation so in fact to + + align:start position:0% +and cluster evaporation so in fact to + + + align:start position:0% +and cluster evaporation so in fact to +make the equation easy we're just going + + align:start position:0% +make the equation easy we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +make the equation easy we're just going +to solve for the case when it's equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero we're going to solve for the case + + align:start position:0% +zero we're going to solve for the case + + + align:start position:0% +zero we're going to solve for the case +where the cluster concentration isn't + + align:start position:0% +where the cluster concentration isn't + + + align:start position:0% +where the cluster concentration isn't +really changing very much and we're + + align:start position:0% +really changing very much and we're + + + align:start position:0% +really changing very much and we're +going to say that's equal to zero so + + align:start position:0% +going to say that's equal to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +going to say that's equal to zero so +that's relatively easy I just go back + + align:start position:0% +that's relatively easy I just go back + + + align:start position:0% +that's relatively easy I just go back +I'm just setting this equation equal to + + align:start position:0% +I'm just setting this equation equal to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just setting this equation equal to +zero uh and now I'm going to solve now + + align:start position:0% +zero uh and now I'm going to solve now + + + align:start position:0% +zero uh and now I'm going to solve now +for the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +for the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +for the concentration of +interstitials uh because the the the the + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh because the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh because the the the the +cluster concentration drops out right so + + align:start position:0% +cluster concentration drops out right so + + + align:start position:0% +cluster concentration drops out right so +everything I can solve then for the + + align:start position:0% +everything I can solve then for the + + + align:start position:0% +everything I can solve then for the +maximum interstitial concentration just + + align:start position:0% +maximum interstitial concentration just + + + align:start position:0% +maximum interstitial concentration just +in terms of the ratio of KF and + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the ratio of KF and + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the ratio of KF and +KR so going going back to your slide 15 + + align:start position:0% +KR so going going back to your slide 15 + + + align:start position:0% +KR so going going back to your slide 15 +I can then uh figure out a maximum + + align:start position:0% +I can then uh figure out a maximum + + + align:start position:0% +I can then uh figure out a maximum +concentration of interstitials that are + + align:start position:0% +concentration of interstitials that are + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of interstitials that are +trapped in these um uh in these 31 ones + + align:start position:0% +trapped in these um uh in these 31 ones + + + align:start position:0% +trapped in these um uh in these 31 ones +it's just KR over KF and it looks like + + align:start position:0% +it's just KR over KF and it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it's just KR over KF and it looks like +this depends exponentially on The + + align:start position:0% +this depends exponentially on The + + + align:start position:0% +this depends exponentially on The +Binding energy over + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy over + + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy over +KT so that is an estimate of the maximum + + align:start position:0% +KT so that is an estimate of the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +KT so that is an estimate of the maximum +number of uh excess interstitials if I + + align:start position:0% +number of uh excess interstitials if I + + + align:start position:0% +number of uh excess interstitials if I +divide that by CI star that gives me the + + align:start position:0% +divide that by CI star that gives me the + + + align:start position:0% +divide that by CI star that gives me the +super saturation ratio again why do I + + align:start position:0% +super saturation ratio again why do I + + + align:start position:0% +super saturation ratio again why do I +want that remember in our discussion of + + align:start position:0% +want that remember in our discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +want that remember in our discussion of +diffusion diffusion coefficient goes + + align:start position:0% +diffusion diffusion coefficient goes + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion diffusion coefficient goes +like a diffusivity times f subi time CI + + align:start position:0% +like a diffusivity times f subi time CI + + + align:start position:0% +like a diffusivity times f subi time CI +over CI star so whenever you enhance CI + + align:start position:0% +over CI star so whenever you enhance CI + + + align:start position:0% +over CI star so whenever you enhance CI +over CI star you enhance the deity um + + align:start position:0% +over CI star you enhance the deity um + + + align:start position:0% +over CI star you enhance the deity um +say of of boron so I I write down this + + align:start position:0% +say of of boron so I I write down this + + + align:start position:0% +say of of boron so I I write down this +ratio and uh we have to use the CI star + + align:start position:0% +ratio and uh we have to use the CI star + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and uh we have to use the CI star +I we use the formula for it coming from + + align:start position:0% +I we use the formula for it coming from + + + align:start position:0% +I we use the formula for it coming from +chapter 3 and CI star brings in with it + + align:start position:0% +chapter 3 and CI star brings in with it + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 3 and CI star brings in with it +um a formation energy of the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +um a formation energy of the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +um a formation energy of the Silicon +interstitial that we're calling ISF + + align:start position:0% +interstitial that we're calling ISF + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial that we're calling ISF +that's not the fmy energy that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's not the fmy energy that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the fmy energy that's the +formation + + align:start position:0% +formation + + + align:start position:0% +formation +energy so this is the formula uh that + + align:start position:0% +energy so this is the formula uh that + + + align:start position:0% +energy so this is the formula uh that +was used for CI star depends it's got a + + align:start position:0% +was used for CI star depends it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +was used for CI star depends it's got a +preactor + + align:start position:0% +preactor + + + align:start position:0% +preactor +ci0 uh and an exponential eus EF over KT + + align:start position:0% +ci0 uh and an exponential eus EF over KT + + + align:start position:0% +ci0 uh and an exponential eus EF over KT +so the formation energy is about three + + align:start position:0% +so the formation energy is about three + + + align:start position:0% +so the formation energy is about three +electron volts roughly for a silicon + + align:start position:0% +electron volts roughly for a silicon + + + align:start position:0% +electron volts roughly for a silicon +interstitial The Binding Air energy + + align:start position:0% +interstitial The Binding Air energy + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial The Binding Air energy +people have fit data to show that The + + align:start position:0% +people have fit data to show that The + + + align:start position:0% +people have fit data to show that The +Binding energy of a silicon to this 311 + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy of a silicon to this 311 + + + align:start position:0% +Binding energy of a silicon to this 311 +cluster is about 1.8 electron volts so + + align:start position:0% +cluster is about 1.8 electron volts so + + + align:start position:0% +cluster is about 1.8 electron volts so +people have estimates for this term here + + align:start position:0% +people have estimates for this term here + + + align:start position:0% +people have estimates for this term here +and this term here um you can put in + + align:start position:0% +and this term here um you can put in + + + align:start position:0% +and this term here um you can put in +estimates for you know the nearest + + align:start position:0% +estimates for you know the nearest + + + align:start position:0% +estimates for you know the nearest +neighbor distance and ci0 can be + + align:start position:0% +neighbor distance and ci0 can be + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor distance and ci0 can be +estimated so you can plot this equation + + align:start position:0% +estimated so you can plot this equation + + + align:start position:0% +estimated so you can plot this equation +CI Max over CI Star as a function of + + align:start position:0% +CI Max over CI Star as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +CI Max over CI Star as a function of +temperature and in fact that's what + + align:start position:0% +temperature and in fact that's what + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and in fact that's what +slide number 16 + + align:start position:0% +slide number 16 + + + align:start position:0% +slide number 16 +shows this is a plot of that simple + + align:start position:0% +shows this is a plot of that simple + + + align:start position:0% +shows this is a plot of that simple +equation as a function of temperature + + align:start position:0% +equation as a function of temperature + + + align:start position:0% +equation as a function of temperature +the interstitial super saturation ratio + + align:start position:0% +the interstitial super saturation ratio + + + align:start position:0% +the interstitial super saturation ratio +uh as a a function of temperature so + + align:start position:0% +uh as a a function of temperature so + + + align:start position:0% +uh as a a function of temperature so +what does this tell + + align:start position:0% +what does this tell + + + align:start position:0% +what does this tell +you well it gives you an idea of the + + align:start position:0% +you well it gives you an idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +you well it gives you an idea of the +maximum enhancement in the diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +maximum enhancement in the diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +maximum enhancement in the diffusivity +right because if I'm going to say that + + align:start position:0% +right because if I'm going to say that + + + align:start position:0% +right because if I'm going to say that +boron's diffusivity depends on F subi + + align:start position:0% +boron's diffusivity depends on F subi + + + align:start position:0% +boron's diffusivity depends on F subi +times this ratio and uh let's say I'm at + + align:start position:0% +times this ratio and uh let's say I'm at + + + align:start position:0% +times this ratio and uh let's say I'm at +800 and I'm I'm I'm in a period where I + + align:start position:0% +800 and I'm I'm I'm in a period where I + + + align:start position:0% +800 and I'm I'm I'm in a period where I +have teed at 800 CI over CI star can be + + align:start position:0% +have teed at 800 CI over CI star can be + + + align:start position:0% +have teed at 800 CI over CI star can be +as large as almost 10 the 4 uh maybe mid + + align:start position:0% +as large as almost 10 the 4 uh maybe mid + + + align:start position:0% +as large as almost 10 the 4 uh maybe mid +10 the 3 so it gives you an idea of the + + align:start position:0% +10 the 3 so it gives you an idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +10 the 3 so it gives you an idea of the +magnitude of the enhancement in the Bon + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the enhancement in the Bon + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the enhancement in the Bon +diffusivity relatively simple derivation + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity relatively simple derivation + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity relatively simple derivation +you can get an idea right off the bat of + + align:start position:0% +you can get an idea right off the bat of + + + align:start position:0% +you can get an idea right off the bat of +how much CI over CI star can be + + align:start position:0% +how much CI over CI star can be + + + align:start position:0% +how much CI over CI star can be +enhanced during that during the steady + + align:start position:0% +enhanced during that during the steady + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced during that during the steady +state period now eventually it's going + + align:start position:0% +state period now eventually it's going + + + align:start position:0% +state period now eventually it's going +to end eventually all the Silicon will + + align:start position:0% +to end eventually all the Silicon will + + + align:start position:0% +to end eventually all the Silicon will +evaporate the the 311's there'll be no + + align:start position:0% +evaporate the the 311's there'll be no + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate the the 311's there'll be no +more excess interstitials and teed is + + align:start position:0% +more excess interstitials and teed is + + + align:start position:0% +more excess interstitials and teed is +over so the question on slide 17 is how + + align:start position:0% +over so the question on slide 17 is how + + + align:start position:0% +over so the question on slide 17 is how +long is that so now I know how much CI + + align:start position:0% +long is that so now I know how much CI + + + align:start position:0% +long is that so now I know how much CI +over CI star is boosted up simply a + + align:start position:0% +over CI star is boosted up simply a + + + align:start position:0% +over CI star is boosted up simply a +function of temperature we can pull it + + align:start position:0% +function of temperature we can pull it + + + align:start position:0% +function of temperature we can pull it +right off that + + align:start position:0% +right off that + + + align:start position:0% +right off that +plot now the question you ask me well I + + align:start position:0% +plot now the question you ask me well I + + + align:start position:0% +plot now the question you ask me well I +know the temperature how long does this + + align:start position:0% +know the temperature how long does this + + + align:start position:0% +know the temperature how long does this +event last how long does it take to + + align:start position:0% +event last how long does it take to + + + align:start position:0% +event last how long does it take to +evaporate all these + + align:start position:0% +evaporate all these + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate all these +311's well eventually over time the + + align:start position:0% +311's well eventually over time the + + + align:start position:0% +311's well eventually over time the +311's all evaporate and CI over CI star + + align:start position:0% +311's all evaporate and CI over CI star + + + align:start position:0% +311's all evaporate and CI over CI star +goes back um actually it it should go + + align:start position:0% +goes back um actually it it should go + + + align:start position:0% +goes back um actually it it should go +back to to one basically um so here's an + + align:start position:0% +back to to one basically um so here's an + + + align:start position:0% +back to to one basically um so here's an +example uh on slide 17 this is from a + + align:start position:0% +example uh on slide 17 this is from a + + + align:start position:0% +example uh on slide 17 this is from a +supreme simulation this was for Boron uh + + align:start position:0% +supreme simulation this was for Boron uh + + + align:start position:0% +supreme simulation this was for Boron uh +te and uh we're kneeling at a certain + + align:start position:0% +te and uh we're kneeling at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +te and uh we're kneeling at a certain +temperature this is the implant that was + + align:start position:0% +temperature this is the implant that was + + + align:start position:0% +temperature this is the implant that was +done 10 KV uh Boron uh 10 the 14th atoms + + align:start position:0% +done 10 KV uh Boron uh 10 the 14th atoms + + + align:start position:0% +done 10 KV uh Boron uh 10 the 14th atoms +per square centimeter and here's the um + + align:start position:0% +per square centimeter and here's the um + + + align:start position:0% +per square centimeter and here's the um +as implanted concentration profile here + + align:start position:0% +as implanted concentration profile here + + + align:start position:0% +as implanted concentration profile here +shown in blue so that's the brwn just to + + align:start position:0% +shown in blue so that's the brwn just to + + + align:start position:0% +shown in blue so that's the brwn just to +give you an idea um and then after 1 + + align:start position:0% +give you an idea um and then after 1 + + + align:start position:0% +give you an idea um and then after 1 +minute at 750 this is how the brwn has + + align:start position:0% +minute at 750 this is how the brwn has + + + align:start position:0% +minute at 750 this is how the brwn has +diffused the black + + align:start position:0% +diffused the black + + + align:start position:0% +diffused the black +line and look at at 1 minute at 750 uh + + align:start position:0% +line and look at at 1 minute at 750 uh + + + align:start position:0% +line and look at at 1 minute at 750 uh +the the dash line refers to the right + + align:start position:0% +the the dash line refers to the right + + + align:start position:0% +the the dash line refers to the right +hand axis sorry you should write that in + + align:start position:0% +hand axis sorry you should write that in + + + align:start position:0% +hand axis sorry you should write that in +so this dash line is to the right hand + + align:start position:0% +so this dash line is to the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +so this dash line is to the right hand +axis that's the interstitial super + + align:start position:0% +axis that's the interstitial super + + + align:start position:0% +axis that's the interstitial super +saturation ratio at 750 it's about 10 + + align:start position:0% +saturation ratio at 750 it's about 10 + + + align:start position:0% +saturation ratio at 750 it's about 10 +the 4th + + align:start position:0% +the 4th + + + align:start position:0% +the 4th +and it's pretty uniform throughout the + + align:start position:0% +and it's pretty uniform throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's pretty uniform throughout the +sample in fact I could probably have put + + align:start position:0% +sample in fact I could probably have put + + + align:start position:0% +sample in fact I could probably have put +that off from the last plot if you go to + + align:start position:0% +that off from the last plot if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +that off from the last plot if you go to +back to your last um 516 750 look it up + + align:start position:0% +back to your last um 516 750 look it up + + + align:start position:0% +back to your last um 516 750 look it up +CI over CI star is about 10 the 4th so + + align:start position:0% +CI over CI star is about 10 the 4th so + + + align:start position:0% +CI over CI star is about 10 the 4th so +you can use this as a simple back of the + + align:start position:0% +you can use this as a simple back of the + + + align:start position:0% +you can use this as a simple back of the +envelope uh C way of calculating the + + align:start position:0% +envelope uh C way of calculating the + + + align:start position:0% +envelope uh C way of calculating the +amount of enhancement CI over CI star + + align:start position:0% +amount of enhancement CI over CI star + + + align:start position:0% +amount of enhancement CI over CI star +and so and then after 10 minutes look + + align:start position:0% +and so and then after 10 minutes look + + + align:start position:0% +and so and then after 10 minutes look +how far the boron has + + align:start position:0% +how far the boron has + + + align:start position:0% +how far the boron has +gone the Boron profile has gone quite a + + align:start position:0% +gone the Boron profile has gone quite a + + + align:start position:0% +gone the Boron profile has gone quite a +ways the junction depth now here is + + align:start position:0% +ways the junction depth now here is + + + align:start position:0% +ways the junction depth now here is +about4 Micron so that's the red profile + + align:start position:0% +about4 Micron so that's the red profile + + + align:start position:0% +about4 Micron so that's the red profile +uh solid line and the dash line here you + + align:start position:0% +uh solid line and the dash line here you + + + align:start position:0% +uh solid line and the dash line here you +should also reference that to the right + + align:start position:0% +should also reference that to the right + + + align:start position:0% +should also reference that to the right +hand axis the interstitial super + + align:start position:0% +hand axis the interstitial super + + + align:start position:0% +hand axis the interstitial super +saturation ratio is now down instead of + + align:start position:0% +saturation ratio is now down instead of + + + align:start position:0% +saturation ratio is now down instead of +10 4th it's 10 the two it's about 100 + + align:start position:0% +10 4th it's 10 the two it's about 100 + + + align:start position:0% +10 4th it's 10 the two it's about 100 +after 10 minutes because we're getting + + align:start position:0% +after 10 minutes because we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +after 10 minutes because we're getting +rid of more 311's and eventually the + + align:start position:0% +rid of more 311's and eventually the + + + align:start position:0% +rid of more 311's and eventually the +number of them is going down so this + + align:start position:0% +number of them is going down so this + + + align:start position:0% +number of them is going down so this +thing only lasts so long and so the + + align:start position:0% +thing only lasts so long and so the + + + align:start position:0% +thing only lasts so long and so the +question is how do I figure out to uh a + + align:start position:0% +question is how do I figure out to uh a + + + align:start position:0% +question is how do I figure out to uh a +back of the envelope calculation how + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope calculation how + + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope calculation how +long I need to to know that this + + align:start position:0% +long I need to to know that this + + + align:start position:0% +long I need to to know that this +enhancement is going to + + align:start position:0% +enhancement is going to + + + align:start position:0% +enhancement is going to +last as a function of + + align:start position:0% +last as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +last as a function of +temperature so let's go to slide um + + align:start position:0% +temperature so let's go to slide um + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so let's go to slide um +number 18 and here's a way a simple + + align:start position:0% +number 18 and here's a way a simple + + + align:start position:0% +number 18 and here's a way a simple +quick and dirty way of estimating it + + align:start position:0% +quick and dirty way of estimating it + + + align:start position:0% +quick and dirty way of estimating it +what we say is that all these excess + + align:start position:0% +what we say is that all these excess + + + align:start position:0% +what we say is that all these excess +interstitials how do they get how do we + + align:start position:0% +interstitials how do they get how do we + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials how do they get how do we +get rid of them they are emitted by a + + align:start position:0% +get rid of them they are emitted by a + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of them they are emitted by a +311 they don't just sit there they're + + align:start position:0% +311 they don't just sit there they're + + + align:start position:0% +311 they don't just sit there they're +going to diffuse okay where are they + + align:start position:0% +going to diffuse okay where are they + + + align:start position:0% +going to diffuse okay where are they +going to diffuse well they're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to diffuse well they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to diffuse well they're going to +diffuse into the bulk uh and recombine + + align:start position:0% +diffuse into the bulk uh and recombine + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse into the bulk uh and recombine +in the bulk and they're going to diffuse + + align:start position:0% +in the bulk and they're going to diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +in the bulk and they're going to diffuse +to the surface surface and the surface + + align:start position:0% +to the surface surface and the surface + + + align:start position:0% +to the surface surface and the surface +you know is a perfect place to have + + align:start position:0% +you know is a perfect place to have + + + align:start position:0% +you know is a perfect place to have +recombination because there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +recombination because there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +recombination because there's lots of +vacancies at the surface so an extra + + align:start position:0% +vacancies at the surface so an extra + + + align:start position:0% +vacancies at the surface so an extra +silicon atom can always be accommodated + + align:start position:0% +silicon atom can always be accommodated + + + align:start position:0% +silicon atom can always be accommodated +at the surface so the diffusion the you + + align:start position:0% +at the surface so the diffusion the you + + + align:start position:0% +at the surface so the diffusion the you +have this um uh let's say this uh + + align:start position:0% +have this um uh let's say this uh + + + align:start position:0% +have this um uh let's say this uh +initial profile of excess interstitials + + align:start position:0% +initial profile of excess interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +initial profile of excess interstitials +this is a very crude profile uh as a + + align:start position:0% +this is a very crude profile uh as a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very crude profile uh as a +function of depth so this uh red line is + + align:start position:0% +function of depth so this uh red line is + + + align:start position:0% +function of depth so this uh red line is +meant to represent the surface moving + + align:start position:0% +meant to represent the surface moving + + + align:start position:0% +meant to represent the surface moving +from left to right we're going in deeper + + align:start position:0% +from left to right we're going in deeper + + + align:start position:0% +from left to right we're going in deeper +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +sample um I have some dose Q of + + align:start position:0% +sample um I have some dose Q of + + + align:start position:0% +sample um I have some dose Q of +interstitials that I've implanted how + + align:start position:0% +interstitials that I've implanted how + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials that I've implanted how +did they get there well they got there + + align:start position:0% +did they get there well they got there + + + align:start position:0% +did they get there well they got there +because they were + + align:start position:0% +because they were + + + align:start position:0% +because they were +recoiled uh so here's my dose q and it + + align:start position:0% +recoiled uh so here's my dose q and it + + + align:start position:0% +recoiled uh so here's my dose q and it +it Peaks at some projected range RP okay + + align:start position:0% +it Peaks at some projected range RP okay + + + align:start position:0% +it Peaks at some projected range RP okay +and the surface being the dominant sink + + align:start position:0% +and the surface being the dominant sink + + + align:start position:0% +and the surface being the dominant sink +uh especially if it's a low energy + + align:start position:0% +uh especially if it's a low energy + + + align:start position:0% +uh especially if it's a low energy +implant I'm going to have a certain Flux + + align:start position:0% +implant I'm going to have a certain Flux + + + align:start position:0% +implant I'm going to have a certain Flux +Of interstitials towards the + + align:start position:0% +Of interstitials towards the + + + align:start position:0% +Of interstitials towards the +surface well how can I write that flux + + align:start position:0% +surface well how can I write that flux + + + align:start position:0% +surface well how can I write that flux +well we can write it as the diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +well we can write it as the diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +well we can write it as the diffusivity +D subi times the ma the peak + + align:start position:0% +D subi times the ma the peak + + + align:start position:0% +D subi times the ma the peak +concentration CI Max over RP where RP is + + align:start position:0% +concentration CI Max over RP where RP is + + + align:start position:0% +concentration CI Max over RP where RP is +the distance where the peak uh it's the + + align:start position:0% +the distance where the peak uh it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the distance where the peak uh it's the +range of the implant how do we get that + + align:start position:0% +range of the implant how do we get that + + + align:start position:0% +range of the implant how do we get that +well remember fixed law flux is a + + align:start position:0% +well remember fixed law flux is a + + + align:start position:0% +well remember fixed law flux is a +diffusion coefficient times a + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient times a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient times a +concentration gradient well here's a + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradient well here's a + + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradient well here's a +very crude way of estimating the + + align:start position:0% +very crude way of estimating the + + + align:start position:0% +very crude way of estimating the +concentration gradient it's just the + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradient it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradient it's just the +peak concentration divided by the + + align:start position:0% +peak concentration divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +peak concentration divided by the +distance over which it Rec combines + + align:start position:0% +distance over which it Rec combines + + + align:start position:0% +distance over which it Rec combines +assuming they all recombine at the + + align:start position:0% +assuming they all recombine at the + + + align:start position:0% +assuming they all recombine at the +surface or it recombines to zero so + + align:start position:0% +surface or it recombines to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +surface or it recombines to zero so +here's a very quick estimate of the flux + + align:start position:0% +here's a very quick estimate of the flux + + + align:start position:0% +here's a very quick estimate of the flux +towards the surface DCI Max over + + align:start position:0% +towards the surface DCI Max over + + + align:start position:0% +towards the surface DCI Max over +RP um now I need to know how much time + + align:start position:0% +RP um now I need to know how much time + + + align:start position:0% +RP um now I need to know how much time +do it take to dissolve all those for um + + align:start position:0% +do it take to dissolve all those for um + + + align:start position:0% +do it take to dissolve all those for um +uh is going to be the um the dose Q + + align:start position:0% +uh is going to be the um the dose Q + + + align:start position:0% +uh is going to be the um the dose Q +which is whatever I implanted divided by + + align:start position:0% +which is whatever I implanted divided by + + + align:start position:0% +which is whatever I implanted divided by +that flux here's my + + align:start position:0% +that flux here's my + + + align:start position:0% +that flux here's my +flux so at the bottom of slide 18 I've + + align:start position:0% +flux so at the bottom of slide 18 I've + + + align:start position:0% +flux so at the bottom of slide 18 I've +just taken the dose and I I multiply it + + align:start position:0% +just taken the dose and I I multiply it + + + align:start position:0% +just taken the dose and I I multiply it +by one over the flux so the time to + + align:start position:0% +by one over the flux so the time to + + + align:start position:0% +by one over the flux so the time to +dissolve these + + align:start position:0% +dissolve these + + + align:start position:0% +dissolve these +clusters is going to be Q * RP divided + + align:start position:0% +clusters is going to be Q * RP divided + + + align:start position:0% +clusters is going to be Q * RP divided +by the diffusivity of the interstitials + + align:start position:0% +by the diffusivity of the interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +by the diffusivity of the interstitials +times the maximum concentration CI Max + + align:start position:0% +times the maximum concentration CI Max + + + align:start position:0% +times the maximum concentration CI Max +the maximum excess concentration that + + align:start position:0% +the maximum excess concentration that + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum excess concentration that +gives me an idea there I have an idea + + align:start position:0% +gives me an idea there I have an idea + + + align:start position:0% +gives me an idea there I have an idea +how long will teed last will it lasts + + align:start position:0% +how long will teed last will it lasts + + + align:start position:0% +how long will teed last will it lasts +until all the Clusters have been + + align:start position:0% +until all the Clusters have been + + + align:start position:0% +until all the Clusters have been +dissolved or evaporated and you can see + + align:start position:0% +dissolved or evaporated and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +dissolved or evaporated and you can see +if I implant the higher dose Q I expect + + align:start position:0% +if I implant the higher dose Q I expect + + + align:start position:0% +if I implant the higher dose Q I expect +teed to last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +longer um if if CI uh is is larger then + + align:start position:0% +longer um if if CI uh is is larger then + + + align:start position:0% +longer um if if CI uh is is larger then +the concentration then then you expect + + align:start position:0% +the concentration then then you expect + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration then then you expect +the the time to last a little shorter so + + align:start position:0% +the the time to last a little shorter so + + + align:start position:0% +the the time to last a little shorter so +this gives us a rough idea in fact we + + align:start position:0% +this gives us a rough idea in fact we + + + align:start position:0% +this gives us a rough idea in fact we +can simplify this and put it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +can simplify this and put it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +can simplify this and put it in terms of +a temperature dependence if we go to + + align:start position:0% +a temperature dependence if we go to + + + align:start position:0% +a temperature dependence if we go to +slide + + align:start position:0% +slide + + + align:start position:0% +slide +19 so here is um the um time that TD + + align:start position:0% +19 so here is um the um time that TD + + + align:start position:0% +19 so here is um the um time that TD +lasts to uh as I just showed it from the + + align:start position:0% +lasts to uh as I just showed it from the + + + align:start position:0% +lasts to uh as I just showed it from the +last slide now I'm going to put in what + + align:start position:0% +last slide now I'm going to put in what + + + align:start position:0% +last slide now I'm going to put in what +CI Max is we just calculated the maximum + + align:start position:0% +CI Max is we just calculated the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +CI Max is we just calculated the maximum +interstitial excess interstitial + + align:start position:0% +interstitial excess interstitial + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial excess interstitial +concentration uh induced by the implant + + align:start position:0% +concentration uh induced by the implant + + + align:start position:0% +concentration uh induced by the implant +remember we said it was KR over + + align:start position:0% +remember we said it was KR over + + + align:start position:0% +remember we said it was KR over +KF so we have that in terms of a bolman + + align:start position:0% +KF so we have that in terms of a bolman + + + align:start position:0% +KF so we have that in terms of a bolman +factor on The Binding + + align:start position:0% +factor on The Binding + + + align:start position:0% +factor on The Binding +energy uh and so I can just substitute + + align:start position:0% +energy uh and so I can just substitute + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh and so I can just substitute +that in and then in the middle of the + + align:start position:0% +that in and then in the middle of the + + + align:start position:0% +that in and then in the middle of the +slide we can write down the time to + + align:start position:0% +slide we can write down the time to + + + align:start position:0% +slide we can write down the time to +resolve with the Clusters uh is showing + + align:start position:0% +resolve with the Clusters uh is showing + + + align:start position:0% +resolve with the Clusters uh is showing +here well it depends on Q the dose + + align:start position:0% +here well it depends on Q the dose + + + align:start position:0% +here well it depends on Q the dose +implanted RP the diffusion rate and an + + align:start position:0% +implanted RP the diffusion rate and an + + + align:start position:0% +implanted RP the diffusion rate and an +exponential of The Binding energy of the + + align:start position:0% +exponential of The Binding energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of The Binding energy of the +silicon atom to the cluster of the + + align:start position:0% +silicon atom to the cluster of the + + + align:start position:0% +silicon atom to the cluster of the +Silicon interstitials uh we can put in + + align:start position:0% +Silicon interstitials uh we can put in + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon interstitials uh we can put in +what the diffusivity looks like for S + + align:start position:0% +what the diffusivity looks like for S + + + align:start position:0% +what the diffusivity looks like for S +interstitials it's a c of preactor * eus + + align:start position:0% +interstitials it's a c of preactor * eus + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials it's a c of preactor * eus +e migration over KT where people have + + align:start position:0% +e migration over KT where people have + + + align:start position:0% +e migration over KT where people have +estimated what that migration uh energy + + align:start position:0% +estimated what that migration uh energy + + + align:start position:0% +estimated what that migration uh energy +is and here we have a simple a + + align:start position:0% +is and here we have a simple a + + + align:start position:0% +is and here we have a simple a +relatively simple expression for the + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple expression for the +time constant the length of time that + + align:start position:0% +time constant the length of time that + + + align:start position:0% +time constant the length of time that +teed lasts as a function of temperature + + align:start position:0% +teed lasts as a function of temperature + + + align:start position:0% +teed lasts as a function of temperature +it depends exponentially on the + + align:start position:0% +it depends exponentially on the + + + align:start position:0% +it depends exponentially on the +temperature and the um exponential in + + align:start position:0% +temperature and the um exponential in + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and the um exponential in +the in the inside the exponential over + + align:start position:0% +the in the inside the exponential over + + + align:start position:0% +the in the inside the exponential over +KT I have The Binding energy plus em the + + align:start position:0% +KT I have The Binding energy plus em the + + + align:start position:0% +KT I have The Binding energy plus em the +migration energy so I have a nice little + + align:start position:0% +migration energy so I have a nice little + + + align:start position:0% +migration energy so I have a nice little +formula for how long teed lasts + + align:start position:0% +formula for how long teed lasts + + + align:start position:0% +formula for how long teed lasts +it depends on the dose too in RP so + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the dose too in RP so + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the dose too in RP so +let's go to 520 here's an actual example + + align:start position:0% +let's go to 520 here's an actual example + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to 520 here's an actual example +using that simple formula uh we're asked + + align:start position:0% +using that simple formula uh we're asked + + + align:start position:0% +using that simple formula uh we're asked +to calculate and plot how long T lasts + + align:start position:0% +to calculate and plot how long T lasts + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate and plot how long T lasts +and how it depends on temperature for an + + align:start position:0% +and how it depends on temperature for an + + + align:start position:0% +and how it depends on temperature for an +implant of 40 K phosphorus at 10 + + align:start position:0% +implant of 40 K phosphorus at 10 + + + align:start position:0% +implant of 40 K phosphorus at 10 +14th well from the figure um you you can + + align:start position:0% +14th well from the figure um you you can + + + align:start position:0% +14th well from the figure um you you can +go back to figure 8.3 that's just RP as + + align:start position:0% +go back to figure 8.3 that's just RP as + + + align:start position:0% +go back to figure 8.3 that's just RP as +a function of energy you can figure out + + align:start position:0% +a function of energy you can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +a function of energy you can figure out +the projected range has an RP of 16 nmet + + align:start position:0% +the projected range has an RP of 16 nmet + + + align:start position:0% +the projected range has an RP of 16 nmet +and you have everything you need to know + + align:start position:0% +and you have everything you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +and you have everything you need to know +in this formula you have the dose uh you + + align:start position:0% +in this formula you have the dose uh you + + + align:start position:0% +in this formula you have the dose uh you +have the RP estimate um we know EB + + align:start position:0% +have the RP estimate um we know EB + + + align:start position:0% +have the RP estimate um we know EB +binding energy is 1.7 a migration energy + + align:start position:0% +binding energy is 1.7 a migration energy + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy is 1.7 a migration energy +1.8 we add all that up and here is the + + align:start position:0% +1.8 we add all that up and here is the + + + align:start position:0% +1.8 we add all that up and here is the +equation so this gives us the time + + align:start position:0% +equation so this gives us the time + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this gives us the time +dependence for this particular energy + + align:start position:0% +dependence for this particular energy + + + align:start position:0% +dependence for this particular energy +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +dose and there it is on slide number + + align:start position:0% +dose and there it is on slide number + + + align:start position:0% +dose and there it is on slide number +21 so this is the time the duration in + + align:start position:0% +21 so this is the time the duration in + + + align:start position:0% +21 so this is the time the duration in +seconds how long teed is going to last + + align:start position:0% +seconds how long teed is going to last + + + align:start position:0% +seconds how long teed is going to last +for for this particular dose and energy + + align:start position:0% +for for this particular dose and energy + + + align:start position:0% +for for this particular dose and energy +of phosphorus as a function of + + align:start position:0% +of phosphorus as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +of phosphorus as a function of +temperature and lo and behold look what + + align:start position:0% +temperature and lo and behold look what + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and lo and behold look what +it shows at 1,000° or maybe 950 teed + + align:start position:0% +it shows at 1,000° or maybe 950 teed + + + align:start position:0% +it shows at 1,000° or maybe 950 teed +only lasts about a + + align:start position:0% +only lasts about a + + + align:start position:0% +only lasts about a +second okay so it's very short because + + align:start position:0% +second okay so it's very short because + + + align:start position:0% +second okay so it's very short because +you form the 311's and they have a + + align:start position:0% +you form the 311's and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +you form the 311's and they have a +pretty high evaporation rate if you're + + align:start position:0% +pretty high evaporation rate if you're + + + align:start position:0% +pretty high evaporation rate if you're +down here at + + align:start position:0% +down here at + + + align:start position:0% +down here at +800 Ted lasts maybe for this implant + + align:start position:0% +800 Ted lasts maybe for this implant + + + align:start position:0% +800 Ted lasts maybe for this implant +about 100 seconds okay could so could + + align:start position:0% +about 100 seconds okay could so could + + + align:start position:0% +about 100 seconds okay could so could +last a lot longer minutes um um and the + + align:start position:0% +last a lot longer minutes um um and the + + + align:start position:0% +last a lot longer minutes um um and the +the the temperature dependence of this + + align:start position:0% +the the temperature dependence of this + + + align:start position:0% +the the temperature dependence of this +time is given by this equation now if I + + align:start position:0% +time is given by this equation now if I + + + align:start position:0% +time is given by this equation now if I +have a higher dose let's say I do 10 + + align:start position:0% +have a higher dose let's say I do 10 + + + align:start position:0% +have a higher dose let's say I do 10 +times the dose what happens to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line the red line does it stay the same + + align:start position:0% +line the red line does it stay the same + + + align:start position:0% +line the red line does it stay the same +does it move up by a factor of 10 times + + align:start position:0% +does it move up by a factor of 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +does it move up by a factor of 10 times +longer or 10 times + + align:start position:0% +longer or 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +longer or 10 times +shorter based on let's just go back one + + align:start position:0% +shorter based on let's just go back one + + + align:start position:0% +shorter based on let's just go back one +slide what is the dose dependence of + + align:start position:0% +slide what is the dose dependence of + + + align:start position:0% +slide what is the dose dependence of +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time depends directly on the dose right + + align:start position:0% +time depends directly on the dose right + + + align:start position:0% +time depends directly on the dose right +so if I implant 10 times the dose teed + + align:start position:0% +so if I implant 10 times the dose teed + + + align:start position:0% +so if I implant 10 times the dose teed +is going to last 10 times as long see + + align:start position:0% +is going to last 10 times as long see + + + align:start position:0% +is going to last 10 times as long see +the Q dependence so you can use this in + + align:start position:0% +the Q dependence so you can use this in + + + align:start position:0% +the Q dependence so you can use this in +a lot of your homework problems or + + align:start position:0% +a lot of your homework problems or + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of your homework problems or +anytime you have a problem assuming the + + align:start position:0% +anytime you have a problem assuming the + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you have a problem assuming the +RP is about the same you can use this + + align:start position:0% +RP is about the same you can use this + + + align:start position:0% +RP is about the same you can use this +nice curve because if it just scales + + align:start position:0% +nice curve because if it just scales + + + align:start position:0% +nice curve because if it just scales +linearly with a dose so if I implant 10 + + align:start position:0% +linearly with a dose so if I implant 10 + + + align:start position:0% +linearly with a dose so if I implant 10 +the 15th then in a th000 degrees instead + + align:start position:0% +the 15th then in a th000 degrees instead + + + align:start position:0% +the 15th then in a th000 degrees instead +of lasting a fraction of a second could + + align:start position:0% +of lasting a fraction of a second could + + + align:start position:0% +of lasting a fraction of a second could +last a full second at 800 instead of + + align:start position:0% +last a full second at 800 instead of + + + align:start position:0% +last a full second at 800 instead of +lasting 100 seconds could be a th000 + + align:start position:0% +lasting 100 seconds could be a th000 + + + align:start position:0% +lasting 100 seconds could be a th000 +seconds + + align:start position:0% +seconds + + + align:start position:0% +seconds +so that's the interesting thing about + + align:start position:0% +so that's the interesting thing about + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the interesting thing about +the dose of the implant it tells you how + + align:start position:0% +the dose of the implant it tells you how + + + align:start position:0% +the dose of the implant it tells you how +long T lasts because the dose injects a + + align:start position:0% +long T lasts because the dose injects a + + + align:start position:0% +long T lasts because the dose injects a +certain amount of these interstitials + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of these interstitials + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of these interstitials +they come together to form 31 ones + + align:start position:0% +they come together to form 31 ones + + + align:start position:0% +they come together to form 31 ones +depending on how many you originally + + align:start position:0% +depending on how many you originally + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how many you originally +form let's say how long it takes to get + + align:start position:0% +form let's say how long it takes to get + + + align:start position:0% +form let's say how long it takes to get +rid of + + align:start position:0% +rid of + + + align:start position:0% +rid of +them and there and how long it takes to + + align:start position:0% +them and there and how long it takes to + + + align:start position:0% +them and there and how long it takes to +get rid of them is a strong function of + + align:start position:0% +get rid of them is a strong function of + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of them is a strong function of +temperature as + + align:start position:0% +temperature as + + + align:start position:0% +temperature as +well I pass it so slide 22 I took this + + align:start position:0% +well I pass it so slide 22 I took this + + + align:start position:0% +well I pass it so slide 22 I took this +equation from your text looks a little + + align:start position:0% +equation from your text looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +equation from your text looks a little +mysterious it really it shouldn't be uh + + align:start position:0% +mysterious it really it shouldn't be uh + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious it really it shouldn't be uh +what this is saying is the overall + + align:start position:0% +what this is saying is the overall + + + align:start position:0% +what this is saying is the overall +amount of profile motion remember we + + align:start position:0% +amount of profile motion remember we + + + align:start position:0% +amount of profile motion remember we +said we could multip we had something + + align:start position:0% +said we could multip we had something + + + align:start position:0% +said we could multip we had something +called the DT product it gives you the + + align:start position:0% +called the DT product it gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +called the DT product it gives you the +idea of the thermal budget the DT + + align:start position:0% +idea of the thermal budget the DT + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the thermal budget the DT +product effective of ad + + align:start position:0% +product effective of ad + + + align:start position:0% +product effective of ad +dopant uh remember it depends on its + + align:start position:0% +dopant uh remember it depends on its + + + align:start position:0% +dopant uh remember it depends on its +equilibrium diffusivity D times CI over + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium diffusivity D times CI over + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium diffusivity D times CI over +CI star now instead of putting down time + + align:start position:0% +CI star now instead of putting down time + + + align:start position:0% +CI star now instead of putting down time +the total time of the implant of the + + align:start position:0% +the total time of the implant of the + + + align:start position:0% +the total time of the implant of the +anal I'm going to put down to enhance to + + align:start position:0% +anal I'm going to put down to enhance to + + + align:start position:0% +anal I'm going to put down to enhance to +enhances the time that teed + + align:start position:0% +enhances the time that teed + + + align:start position:0% +enhances the time that teed +lasts so you can plug in for those + + align:start position:0% +lasts so you can plug in for those + + + align:start position:0% +lasts so you can plug in for those +things uh CI over C star and Tow enhance + + align:start position:0% +things uh CI over C star and Tow enhance + + + align:start position:0% +things uh CI over C star and Tow enhance +and you get something that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay so it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +this okay so it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so it depends on the +diffusivity of the + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity of the +dpit um the self diffusion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +dpit um the self diffusion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +dpit um the self diffusion coefficient +of silicon + + align:start position:0% +of silicon + + + align:start position:0% +of silicon +interstitials uh the concentration uh of + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh the concentration uh of + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials uh the concentration uh of +silicon and the dose and RP so this the + + align:start position:0% +silicon and the dose and RP so this the + + + align:start position:0% +silicon and the dose and RP so this the +purpose of showing this is it explains + + align:start position:0% +purpose of showing this is it explains + + + align:start position:0% +purpose of showing this is it explains +the um the backwards or anomalous + + align:start position:0% +the um the backwards or anomalous + + + align:start position:0% +the um the backwards or anomalous +temperature dependence + + align:start position:0% +temperature dependence + + + align:start position:0% +temperature dependence +T even though the dope and diffusivity + + align:start position:0% +T even though the dope and diffusivity + + + align:start position:0% +T even though the dope and diffusivity +has an activation energy of about three + + align:start position:0% +has an activation energy of about three + + + align:start position:0% +has an activation energy of about three +and a half so that's what you expect for + + align:start position:0% +and a half so that's what you expect for + + + align:start position:0% +and a half so that's what you expect for +this thing this is the overwhelmed by + + align:start position:0% +this thing this is the overwhelmed by + + + align:start position:0% +this thing this is the overwhelmed by +the activation energy of the self + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy of the self + + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy of the self +diffusion so here we have da activation + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so here we have da activation + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so here we have da activation +inergy the dopa uh diffusion it might be + + align:start position:0% +inergy the dopa uh diffusion it might be + + + align:start position:0% +inergy the dopa uh diffusion it might be +e to Theus 3.5 over KT but on in the + + align:start position:0% +e to Theus 3.5 over KT but on in the + + + align:start position:0% +e to Theus 3.5 over KT but on in the +denominator is the the diffusion of + + align:start position:0% +denominator is the the diffusion of + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is the the diffusion of +silicon itself which has a much higher + + align:start position:0% +silicon itself which has a much higher + + + align:start position:0% +silicon itself which has a much higher +activation energy Theus 4.8 over + + align:start position:0% +activation energy Theus 4.8 over + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy Theus 4.8 over +KT so this is how we can when we ratio + + align:start position:0% +KT so this is how we can when we ratio + + + align:start position:0% +KT so this is how we can when we ratio +these two we get end up with a positive + + align:start position:0% +these two we get end up with a positive + + + align:start position:0% +these two we get end up with a positive +in the exponential so this is how it's + + align:start position:0% +in the exponential so this is how it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the exponential so this is how it's +possible to get more broadening at a + + align:start position:0% +possible to get more broadening at a + + + align:start position:0% +possible to get more broadening at a +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +temperature um let's just from looking + + align:start position:0% +temperature um let's just from looking + + + align:start position:0% +temperature um let's just from looking +at the equation the thinking behind this + + align:start position:0% +at the equation the thinking behind this + + + align:start position:0% +at the equation the thinking behind this +the rationale is you have a fixed amount + + align:start position:0% +the rationale is you have a fixed amount + + + align:start position:0% +the rationale is you have a fixed amount +of damage introduced by the + + align:start position:0% +of damage introduced by the + + + align:start position:0% +of damage introduced by the +implant um but the background Point + + align:start position:0% +implant um but the background Point + + + align:start position:0% +implant um but the background Point +defect concentration CI star and the + + align:start position:0% +defect concentration CI star and the + + + align:start position:0% +defect concentration CI star and the +interstitial self-de Fusion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +interstitial self-de Fusion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +interstitial self-de Fusion coefficient +they go down rapidly with temperature + + align:start position:0% +they go down rapidly with temperature + + + align:start position:0% +they go down rapidly with temperature +okay so again the the amount of profile + + align:start position:0% +okay so again the the amount of profile + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again the the amount of profile +motion depends on the ratio CI over CI + + align:start position:0% +motion depends on the ratio CI over CI + + + align:start position:0% +motion depends on the ratio CI over CI +star so CI star is going down very + + align:start position:0% +star so CI star is going down very + + + align:start position:0% +star so CI star is going down very +rapidly with temperature so the super + + align:start position:0% +rapidly with temperature so the super + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly with temperature so the super +saturation is then going up as + + align:start position:0% +saturation is then going up as + + + align:start position:0% +saturation is then going up as +temperature is + + align:start position:0% +temperature is + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is +lowered okay so it's it's partly because + + align:start position:0% +lowered okay so it's it's partly because + + + align:start position:0% +lowered okay so it's it's partly because +CI star goes down that this ratio uh is + + align:start position:0% +CI star goes down that this ratio uh is + + + align:start position:0% +CI star goes down that this ratio uh is +lowered and so you get more Ted at low + + align:start position:0% +lowered and so you get more Ted at low + + + align:start position:0% +lowered and so you get more Ted at low +temperatures and also um the duration of + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and also um the duration of + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and also um the duration of +the excess interstitials is longer at + + align:start position:0% +the excess interstitials is longer at + + + align:start position:0% +the excess interstitials is longer at +low T due to the lower uh diffusion + + align:start position:0% +low T due to the lower uh diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +low T due to the lower uh diffusion +coefficient we just saw that look at + + align:start position:0% +coefficient we just saw that look at + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient we just saw that look at +this plot slide 21 Low the the lower I + + align:start position:0% +this plot slide 21 Low the the lower I + + + align:start position:0% +this plot slide 21 Low the the lower I +go in temperature the longer it's going + + align:start position:0% +go in temperature the longer it's going + + + align:start position:0% +go in temperature the longer it's going +to take to evaporate all those + + align:start position:0% +to take to evaporate all those + + + align:start position:0% +to take to evaporate all those +interstitials and get rid of them so Ted + + align:start position:0% +interstitials and get rid of them so Ted + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials and get rid of them so Ted +lasts longer and it can be have a + + align:start position:0% +lasts longer and it can be have a + + + align:start position:0% +lasts longer and it can be have a +stronger effect at low + + align:start position:0% +stronger effect at low + + + align:start position:0% +stronger effect at low +temperatures in fact slide 23 is just an + + align:start position:0% +temperatures in fact slide 23 is just an + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures in fact slide 23 is just an +example of that taken from Supreme + + align:start position:0% +example of that taken from Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +example of that taken from Supreme +simulation + + align:start position:0% +simulation + + + align:start position:0% +simulation +um this is uh a boron Prof file and + + align:start position:0% +um this is uh a boron Prof file and + + + align:start position:0% +um this is uh a boron Prof file and +yield at different temperatures so it's + + align:start position:0% +yield at different temperatures so it's + + + align:start position:0% +yield at different temperatures so it's +concentration versus depth the solid + + align:start position:0% +concentration versus depth the solid + + + align:start position:0% +concentration versus depth the solid +lines here represent the Boron and they + + align:start position:0% +lines here represent the Boron and they + + + align:start position:0% +lines here represent the Boron and they +refer to the left axis the dash lines + + align:start position:0% +refer to the left axis the dash lines + + + align:start position:0% +refer to the left axis the dash lines +represent CI over CI star they refer to + + align:start position:0% +represent CI over CI star they refer to + + + align:start position:0% +represent CI over CI star they refer to +the right Axis um so let's see what + + align:start position:0% +the right Axis um so let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +the right Axis um so let's see what +happens to Boron um at different + + align:start position:0% +happens to Boron um at different + + + align:start position:0% +happens to Boron um at different +temperatures for the same amount of time + + align:start position:0% +temperatures for the same amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures for the same amount of time +900° uh 800° + + align:start position:0% +900° uh 800° + + + align:start position:0% +900° uh 800° +700° um look at CI over CI s at 700 much + + align:start position:0% +700° um look at CI over CI s at 700 much + + + align:start position:0% +700° um look at CI over CI s at 700 much +higher than at 800 and also much higher + + align:start position:0% +higher than at 800 and also much higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher than at 800 and also much higher +than at 900 um and um it lasts a lot + + align:start position:0% +than at 900 um and um it lasts a lot + + + align:start position:0% +than at 900 um and um it lasts a lot +longer at 700 so you know you do a + + align:start position:0% +longer at 700 so you know you do a + + + align:start position:0% +longer at 700 so you know you do a +30-minute anal at 700 the entire period + + align:start position:0% +30-minute anal at 700 the entire period + + + align:start position:0% +30-minute anal at 700 the entire period +is trans and enhanced whereas if I do an + + align:start position:0% +is trans and enhanced whereas if I do an + + + align:start position:0% +is trans and enhanced whereas if I do an +anal at 900 what is the how long does it + + align:start position:0% +anal at 900 what is the how long does it + + + align:start position:0% +anal at 900 what is the how long does it +last well of of this order of magnitude + + align:start position:0% +last well of of this order of magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +last well of of this order of magnitude +of a second so only the first second is + + align:start position:0% +of a second so only the first second is + + + align:start position:0% +of a second so only the first second is +enhanced uh and then teed goes away so + + align:start position:0% +enhanced uh and then teed goes away so + + + align:start position:0% +enhanced uh and then teed goes away so +that's how you can explain you know a + + align:start position:0% +that's how you can explain you know a + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you can explain you know a +low temperature and heal ending up with + + align:start position:0% +low temperature and heal ending up with + + + align:start position:0% +low temperature and heal ending up with +so much more um uh so much more uh + + align:start position:0% +so much more um uh so much more uh + + + align:start position:0% +so much more um uh so much more uh +motion it's got a higher CI over C star + + align:start position:0% +motion it's got a higher CI over C star + + + align:start position:0% +motion it's got a higher CI over C star +and it lasts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +longer slide 24 just going through a + + align:start position:0% +longer slide 24 just going through a + + + align:start position:0% +longer slide 24 just going through a +little more of the subtle effects and + + align:start position:0% +little more of the subtle effects and + + + align:start position:0% +little more of the subtle effects and +you can read through this in your text + + align:start position:0% +you can read through this in your text + + + align:start position:0% +you can read through this in your text +um we have this simp we have this sort + + align:start position:0% +um we have this simp we have this sort + + + align:start position:0% +um we have this simp we have this sort +of equation that we just wrote down for + + align:start position:0% +of equation that we just wrote down for + + + align:start position:0% +of equation that we just wrote down for +the DT product which is a measure of the + + align:start position:0% +the DT product which is a measure of the + + + align:start position:0% +the DT product which is a measure of the +amount of of broadening uh and uh for + + align:start position:0% +amount of of broadening uh and uh for + + + align:start position:0% +amount of of broadening uh and uh for +for transi enhanced diff + + align:start position:0% +for transi enhanced diff + + + align:start position:0% +for transi enhanced diff +fusion um and uh the question is how + + align:start position:0% +fusion um and uh the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +fusion um and uh the question is how +does it depend on energy and uh and dose + + align:start position:0% +does it depend on energy and uh and dose + + + align:start position:0% +does it depend on energy and uh and dose +well on the leftand axis I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +well on the leftand axis I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +well on the leftand axis I'm showing +some actual I mean on the left-hand plot + + align:start position:0% +some actual I mean on the left-hand plot + + + align:start position:0% +some actual I mean on the left-hand plot +I'm sorry this is some actual data that + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry this is some actual data that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry this is some actual data that +was taken people measured the square of + + align:start position:0% +was taken people measured the square of + + + align:start position:0% +was taken people measured the square of +DT how how much does the um uh does the + + align:start position:0% +DT how how much does the um uh does the + + + align:start position:0% +DT how how much does the um uh does the +the dopent move um as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +the dopent move um as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +the dopent move um as a function of the +energy of the implant that was inducing + + align:start position:0% +energy of the implant that was inducing + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the implant that was inducing +the damage and as you can see at High + + align:start position:0% +the damage and as you can see at High + + + align:start position:0% +the damage and as you can see at High +energies actually um you actually get + + align:start position:0% +energies actually um you actually get + + + align:start position:0% +energies actually um you actually get +the saturating effect you see this this + + align:start position:0% +the saturating effect you see this this + + + align:start position:0% +the saturating effect you see this this +equation predicts that the amount of + + align:start position:0% +equation predicts that the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +equation predicts that the amount of +motion should depend on RP right + + align:start position:0% +motion should depend on RP right + + + align:start position:0% +motion should depend on RP right +linearly so if you go to a higher energy + + align:start position:0% +linearly so if you go to a higher energy + + + align:start position:0% +linearly so if you go to a higher energy +you expect a higher amount of of of uh a + + align:start position:0% +you expect a higher amount of of of uh a + + + align:start position:0% +you expect a higher amount of of of uh a +larger amount of of bring and that's + + align:start position:0% +larger amount of of bring and that's + + + align:start position:0% +larger amount of of bring and that's +true in the beginning so here we go low + + align:start position:0% +true in the beginning so here we go low + + + align:start position:0% +true in the beginning so here we go low +energy here 10 KV 60 we do see this + + align:start position:0% +energy here 10 KV 60 we do see this + + + align:start position:0% +energy here 10 KV 60 we do see this +increase and starts to saturate out and + + align:start position:0% +increase and starts to saturate out and + + + align:start position:0% +increase and starts to saturate out and +that that's because high enough energy + + align:start position:0% +that that's because high enough energy + + + align:start position:0% +that that's because high enough energy +the surface is no longer um the dominant + + align:start position:0% +the surface is no longer um the dominant + + + align:start position:0% +the surface is no longer um the dominant +sink in fact you get bulk Rec + + align:start position:0% +sink in fact you get bulk Rec + + + align:start position:0% +sink in fact you get bulk Rec +combination as the profile gets really + + align:start position:0% +combination as the profile gets really + + + align:start position:0% +combination as the profile gets really +deep and remember when we back here when + + align:start position:0% +deep and remember when we back here when + + + align:start position:0% +deep and remember when we back here when +we were doing this simple derivation + + align:start position:0% +we were doing this simple derivation + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing this simple derivation +back of the envelope derivation uh on on + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope derivation uh on on + + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope derivation uh on on +page 18 remember we were saying we + + align:start position:0% +page 18 remember we were saying we + + + align:start position:0% +page 18 remember we were saying we +ignored the diffusion flux that went + + align:start position:0% +ignored the diffusion flux that went + + + align:start position:0% +ignored the diffusion flux that went +into the bulk and Rec combined for a + + align:start position:0% +into the bulk and Rec combined for a + + + align:start position:0% +into the bulk and Rec combined for a +simple back at the out envelope + + align:start position:0% +simple back at the out envelope + + + align:start position:0% +simple back at the out envelope +calculation we set all the + + align:start position:0% +calculation we set all the + + + align:start position:0% +calculation we set all the +interstitials um re diffused towards the + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um re diffused towards the + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials um re diffused towards the +surface and recombine there when you get + + align:start position:0% +surface and recombine there when you get + + + align:start position:0% +surface and recombine there when you get +them deep enough in the bulk that's not + + align:start position:0% +them deep enough in the bulk that's not + + + align:start position:0% +them deep enough in the bulk that's not +necessarily the right model again it + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the right model again it + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the right model again it +just just to show this is a little back + + align:start position:0% +just just to show this is a little back + + + align:start position:0% +just just to show this is a little back +of the envelope so in real case um the + + align:start position:0% +of the envelope so in real case um the + + + align:start position:0% +of the envelope so in real case um the +the motion the amount of teed will + + align:start position:0% +the motion the amount of teed will + + + align:start position:0% +the motion the amount of teed will +actually saturate at some U some energy + + align:start position:0% +actually saturate at some U some energy + + + align:start position:0% +actually saturate at some U some energy +so take this RP dependence with a grain + + align:start position:0% +so take this RP dependence with a grain + + + align:start position:0% +so take this RP dependence with a grain +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +salt uh same thing for the dose + + align:start position:0% +salt uh same thing for the dose + + + align:start position:0% +salt uh same thing for the dose +dependence this is again the DT square + + align:start position:0% +dependence this is again the DT square + + + align:start position:0% +dependence this is again the DT square +of DT the diffusion distance now this + + align:start position:0% +of DT the diffusion distance now this + + + align:start position:0% +of DT the diffusion distance now this +time versus um anal + + align:start position:0% +time versus um anal + + + align:start position:0% +time versus um anal +time um it turns out if you look at + + align:start position:0% +time um it turns out if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +time um it turns out if you look at +different doses indeed if you do it long + + align:start position:0% +different doses indeed if you do it long + + + align:start position:0% +different doses indeed if you do it long +enough time here which uh I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +enough time here which uh I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +enough time here which uh I'm showing +here say close to a th000 seconds or or + + align:start position:0% +here say close to a th000 seconds or or + + + align:start position:0% +here say close to a th000 seconds or or +close to 10,000 seconds you can see a um + + align:start position:0% +close to 10,000 seconds you can see a um + + + align:start position:0% +close to 10,000 seconds you can see a um +a dose dependence and in fact this open + + align:start position:0% +a dose dependence and in fact this open + + + align:start position:0% +a dose dependence and in fact this open +bullet is for 10 the 13th the closed + + align:start position:0% +bullet is for 10 the 13th the closed + + + align:start position:0% +bullet is for 10 the 13th the closed +bullet is four times that and indeed you + + align:start position:0% +bullet is four times that and indeed you + + + align:start position:0% +bullet is four times that and indeed you +do see about four times the dopent + + align:start position:0% +do see about four times the dopent + + + align:start position:0% +do see about four times the dopent +motion so it does scale with the dose + + align:start position:0% +motion so it does scale with the dose + + + align:start position:0% +motion so it does scale with the dose +but only at long enough times at Short + + align:start position:0% +but only at long enough times at Short + + + align:start position:0% +but only at long enough times at Short +times the dose dependent is not so + + align:start position:0% +times the dose dependent is not so + + + align:start position:0% +times the dose dependent is not so +evident uh and that's because again we + + align:start position:0% +evident uh and that's because again we + + + align:start position:0% +evident uh and that's because again we +did a very simple calculation of that of + + align:start position:0% +did a very simple calculation of that of + + + align:start position:0% +did a very simple calculation of that of +that um differential equation we solved + + align:start position:0% +that um differential equation we solved + + + align:start position:0% +that um differential equation we solved +only for the steady state period which + + align:start position:0% +only for the steady state period which + + + align:start position:0% +only for the steady state period which +takes a certain time to develop so um + + align:start position:0% +takes a certain time to develop so um + + + align:start position:0% +takes a certain time to develop so um +it's uh this is more of a second order + + align:start position:0% +it's uh this is more of a second order + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh this is more of a second order +effect so this equation again you take + + align:start position:0% +effect so this equation again you take + + + align:start position:0% +effect so this equation again you take +it with a grain of salt it's meant to + + align:start position:0% +it with a grain of salt it's meant to + + + align:start position:0% +it with a grain of salt it's meant to +give you a back of the envelope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +estimate so on slide 25 this is the when + + align:start position:0% +estimate so on slide 25 this is the when + + + align:start position:0% +estimate so on slide 25 this is the when +you walk away today this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +you walk away today this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +you walk away today this is sort of the +general picture you should take in your + + align:start position:0% +general picture you should take in your + + + align:start position:0% +general picture you should take in your +head of teed um and what is it's a plot + + align:start position:0% +head of teed um and what is it's a plot + + + align:start position:0% +head of teed um and what is it's a plot +of the enhancement in CI over CI star in + + align:start position:0% +of the enhancement in CI over CI star in + + + align:start position:0% +of the enhancement in CI over CI star in +a log scale as a function of time and so + + align:start position:0% +a log scale as a function of time and so + + + align:start position:0% +a log scale as a function of time and so +what say is we have some steady state + + align:start position:0% +what say is we have some steady state + + + align:start position:0% +what say is we have some steady state +period and its length is called tow + + align:start position:0% +period and its length is called tow + + + align:start position:0% +period and its length is called tow +enhancement it's the time during which + + align:start position:0% +enhancement it's the time during which + + + align:start position:0% +enhancement it's the time during which +the 311 clusters are decaying it lasts a + + align:start position:0% +the 311 clusters are decaying it lasts a + + + align:start position:0% +the 311 clusters are decaying it lasts a +certain period to uh and that period + + align:start position:0% +certain period to uh and that period + + + align:start position:0% +certain period to uh and that period +depends on uh the duration depends on + + align:start position:0% +depends on uh the duration depends on + + + align:start position:0% +depends on uh the duration depends on +the dose of how many insts I put in and + + align:start position:0% +the dose of how many insts I put in and + + + align:start position:0% +the dose of how many insts I put in and +then after that period it just rapidly + + align:start position:0% +then after that period it just rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +then after that period it just rapidly +exponentials exponentially + + align:start position:0% +exponentials exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials exponentially +decays so the critical parameters are + + align:start position:0% +decays so the critical parameters are + + + align:start position:0% +decays so the critical parameters are +what is the super saturation height or + + align:start position:0% +what is the super saturation height or + + + align:start position:0% +what is the super saturation height or +the level which depends on the + + align:start position:0% +the level which depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +the level which depends on the +temperature as we know it goes up with + + align:start position:0% +temperature as we know it goes up with + + + align:start position:0% +temperature as we know it goes up with +temper as temperature goes down and what + + align:start position:0% +temper as temperature goes down and what + + + align:start position:0% +temper as temperature goes down and what +is the duration of of that Cady State + + align:start position:0% +is the duration of of that Cady State + + + align:start position:0% +is the duration of of that Cady State +conditioning tow enhanced um so with + + align:start position:0% +conditioning tow enhanced um so with + + + align:start position:0% +conditioning tow enhanced um so with +those two pieces of information how high + + align:start position:0% +those two pieces of information how high + + + align:start position:0% +those two pieces of information how high +is it enhanced and how long does it last + + align:start position:0% +is it enhanced and how long does it last + + + align:start position:0% +is it enhanced and how long does it last +you can do a lot of predicting roughly + + align:start position:0% +you can do a lot of predicting roughly + + + align:start position:0% +you can do a lot of predicting roughly +of the amount of profile motion you're + + align:start position:0% +of the amount of profile motion you're + + + align:start position:0% +of the amount of profile motion you're +going to get um due to the teed + + align:start position:0% +going to get um due to the teed + + + align:start position:0% +going to get um due to the teed +effect okay so let me just + + align:start position:0% +effect okay so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +effect okay so let me just +summarize um what we've said about inl + + align:start position:0% +summarize um what we've said about inl + + + align:start position:0% +summarize um what we've said about inl +TD inl is the dominant method for + + align:start position:0% +TD inl is the dominant method for + + + align:start position:0% +TD inl is the dominant method for +putting dop in we talked about range + + align:start position:0% +putting dop in we talked about range + + + align:start position:0% +putting dop in we talked about range +statistics that we can calculate using + + align:start position:0% +statistics that we can calculate using + + + align:start position:0% +statistics that we can calculate using +simple distributions we talked about + + align:start position:0% +simple distributions we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +simple distributions we talked about +Pearson 4 uh in a morphis targets how it + + align:start position:0% +Pearson 4 uh in a morphis targets how it + + + align:start position:0% +Pearson 4 uh in a morphis targets how it +works very well ion channeling has to be + + align:start position:0% +works very well ion channeling has to be + + + align:start position:0% +works very well ion channeling has to be +modeled by something more complex and + + align:start position:0% +modeled by something more complex and + + + align:start position:0% +modeled by something more complex and +complete like Monte Carlo uh next time + + align:start position:0% +complete like Monte Carlo uh next time + + + align:start position:0% +complete like Monte Carlo uh next time +I'll show you some ion channeling + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you some ion channeling + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you some ion channeling +profiles and how they're fit by dual + + align:start position:0% +profiles and how they're fit by dual + + + align:start position:0% +profiles and how they're fit by dual +Pearson uh we spent some time today + + align:start position:0% +Pearson uh we spent some time today + + + align:start position:0% +Pearson uh we spent some time today +talking about the plus n model from uh + + align:start position:0% +talking about the plus n model from uh + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the plus n model from uh +for residual implant damage um it tells + + align:start position:0% +for residual implant damage um it tells + + + align:start position:0% +for residual implant damage um it tells +you that you get roughly n excess + + align:start position:0% +you that you get roughly n excess + + + align:start position:0% +you that you get roughly n excess +interstitials per primary ion these + + align:start position:0% +interstitials per primary ion these + + + align:start position:0% +interstitials per primary ion these +excess interstitials all get together + + align:start position:0% +excess interstitials all get together + + + align:start position:0% +excess interstitials all get together +they cluster into these + + align:start position:0% +they cluster into these + + + align:start position:0% +they cluster into these +311's very quickly uh in less than you + + align:start position:0% +311's very quickly uh in less than you + + + align:start position:0% +311's very quickly uh in less than you +know uh um a tenth of a second and they + + align:start position:0% +know uh um a tenth of a second and they + + + align:start position:0% +know uh um a tenth of a second and they +dissolve very slowly and that they're + + align:start position:0% +dissolve very slowly and that they're + + + align:start position:0% +dissolve very slowly and that they're +they're they're dissolving process that + + align:start position:0% +they're they're dissolving process that + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're dissolving process that +gives rise to teed and we have a simple + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to teed and we have a simple + + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to teed and we have a simple +model for teed that they can explain the + + align:start position:0% +model for teed that they can explain the + + + align:start position:0% +model for teed that they can explain the +time the temperature the dose and + + align:start position:0% +time the temperature the dose and + + + align:start position:0% +time the temperature the dose and +roughly the energy dependence uh of Ted + + align:start position:0% +roughly the energy dependence uh of Ted + + + align:start position:0% +roughly the energy dependence uh of Ted +and so next time uh in class we'll do a + + align:start position:0% +and so next time uh in class we'll do a + + + align:start position:0% +and so next time uh in class we'll do a +few calculation examples if can bring a + + align:start position:0% +few calculation examples if can bring a + + + align:start position:0% +few calculation examples if can bring a +calculator we'll do some calculations + + align:start position:0% +calculator we'll do some calculations + + + align:start position:0% +calculator we'll do some calculations +together if you have a calculator be + + align:start position:0% +together if you have a calculator be + + + align:start position:0% +together if you have a calculator be +easier we'll actually do some + + align:start position:0% +easier we'll actually do some + + + align:start position:0% +easier we'll actually do some +calculations back of the envelope + + align:start position:0% +calculations back of the envelope + + + align:start position:0% +calculations back of the envelope +calculations on uh T kinetics uh and + + align:start position:0% +calculations on uh T kinetics uh and + + + align:start position:0% +calculations on uh T kinetics uh and +that clipboard is going around anybody + + align:start position:0% +that clipboard is going around anybody + + + align:start position:0% +that clipboard is going around anybody +have that uh please sign up for your + + align:start position:0% +have that uh please sign up for your + + + align:start position:0% +have that uh please sign up for your +project and at least sign up for whether + + align:start position:0% +project and at least sign up for whether + + + align:start position:0% +project and at least sign up for whether +you want to do written report or oril + + align:start position:0% +you want to do written report or oril + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do written report or oril +report okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SxaoWJ2gkzc.txt b/SxaoWJ2gkzc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db3d69d9f50dcc5a8e91669d8b7fbe80e72d6fda --- /dev/null +++ b/SxaoWJ2gkzc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,697 @@ +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So I need to move on a little +bit now, and I want to talk + +about in fact, the earlier way +that nature developed to make + +energy using proton gradients. + +And this part actually preceded +the development of + +respiration as you'll see. + +It's what I somewhat flippantly +refer to as + +photosynthesis release 1. + +In my first lecture, +when I was giving + +you a sketch of evolution. + +Who knows, I mean these are very +rough numbers, but may + +have evolved about $3.4 billion +years ago and early + +life had begun to exhaust +this sea of chemicals + +that had been produced. + +And it's known as cyclic +photophosphorylation. + +And it's a way of taking +the energy in + +sunlight and making ATP. + +So whatever organism figured +this out, this was + +a really big deal. + +Because now instead of having +to use the sort of natural + +reserves like the way the food +around is a depleting resource + +just like our petroleum +reserves, this was able to + +take the abundantly-available +sunlight and + +use it to make energy. + +So that's the principle. + +It uses the energy in sunlight, +and the way it does + +it, is it uses the sunlight to +establish a proton gradient + +just as we've been discussing +earlier, and then uses + +that to make ATP. + +And there's a special molecule +that's involved in absorbing + +the energy from the sunlight. + +We've all heard it I'm +sure, chlorophyll. + +There are a couple of two major + +variants of this molecule. + +Here's one of them, chlorophyll +a, and you don't + +have to memorize +the structure. + +But I want you to notice +a couple of things. + +One is there's a metal in the +middle, a magnesium, and then + +it's coordinated with the +cyclic ring system. + +And notice all the conjugated +double bonds. + +So this chlorophyll was tuned +to absorb energy from the + +visible range of sunlight. + +And when it absorbs a photon +of energy, it kicks an + +electron up to a +higher orbital. + +And if the electron's in a +higher orbital, it's more + +easily lost. + +And this has a consequence. + +So the way this system works +is you have a molecule of + +chlorophyll, that's what +I'm abbreviating here. + +Oh, let me tell you something +else too. + +It's more sophisticated +than this. + +So this is the molecule that +absorbs a particular + +wavelength from sunlight. + +But this is embedded in a +multi-protein structure that + +has a bunch of other molecules +that absorb at different + +wavelengths and then funnel that +energy down to the one + +the chlorophyll comes in. + +So in fact, the whole thing is +like a big antenna that's able + +to absorb quite a bit of +energy from different + +wavelengths in sunlight +and get it down to the + +chlorophyll. + +When the chlorophyll absorbs +energy, it goes up to an + +excited state. + +And as I said, now that the +electron's in a higher + +orbital, it's lost +more easily. + +So this has become a better +reducing agent. + +It's able to give its electrons +to things that it + +couldn't do down in +this energy state. + +So we come down one of these +thermodynamic hills that + +you're hopefully starting to +get used to where it comes + +down in little hops to a carrier +that has this set + +level of energy, down, +free energy, down. + +And similarly, to the principle +that we talked about + +in respiration, a proton is +pumped from what I'm going to + +say, in this case, I'll show you +what I mean, but I'll say + +from a proton that's out +to a proton that's in. + +And by doing that, it +establishes a proton gradient, + +and that gives rise to ATP. + +At the end of this cycle, we +have this chlorophyll minus + +the electrons. + +These come, flow back. + +That's why it's called cyclic +photophosphorylation. + +The electrons go through these +carriers, and then they return + +to chlorophyll. + +So wonderful system. + +I seemed to have accidentally +advanced this. + +OK. + +There are still bacteria around +that run this system. + +So if you remember, we talked +about biosynthesis, the need + +for energy. + +Well, here we are. + +We got ATP. + +But there is something else +hopefully you now appreciate + +in that is that ATP is not +enough to take carbon dioxide + +and make it into sugars +or carbon compounds. + +We need a source of reducing +power as well. + +Because remember, carbon dioxide +is the most oxidized + +form of carbon. + +So these early organism solved +it by making reducing power + +from another source. + +Many of them used hydrogen +sulfide as a source, and they + +used NADP plus. + +Now, this is a minor +variation of NADH. + +It's got one more +phosphate on it. + +You can look it up +in your book. + +This variant of NAD is used +preferentially for + +biosynthetic purposes. + +But everything I've told you +about NAD in terms of banking + +electrons applies here. + +So the electrons from +here are grabbed. + +The cell makes NADPH, which you +can use as reducing power + +for biosynthesis. + +You get elemental sulfur +and hydrogen ions. + +So this process an organism +that used this kind of + +photophosphorylation to make +ATP would get its reducing + +power through a process +something like this. + +And then it could make sugars, +and then from that point on, + +they can be used to +make all the other + +molecules that you need. + +The key thing is to get from the +carbon dioxide down into a + +more reduced form of carbon. + +So that works pretty well. + +However, a better system came +up involved in evolution. + +This was the one I again +somewhat flippantly called + +photosynthesis release 2, +when I was talking. + +This is known as, probably came +up who knows again but + +maybe 3 billion years ago, and +it's known as noncyclic + +photophosphorylation. + +And what's important about this +system and why it's an + +improvement over the other, is +it uses the energy in sunlight + +to make ATP just as we've +learned, but it also uses the + +energy in sunlight +to make NADPH. + +So in other words, this second +version gives the cell simply + +from the energy in sunlight +everything it needs to take + +carbon dioxide and make it +into organic compounds. + +And it's a pretty cool system +evolutionarily. + +It's built on the older one, +the first arising one. + +You'll still see the elements of +the present but with a new + +variation added in, very much +the way we do design when + +you're doing engineering. + +You get something that's +working, and you can use that + +as a basis to move to a new +and improved version. + +And naturally, if you get a new +and improved version, and + +you get a little advantage over +your neighbors, natural + +selection makes sure that +that better system gets + +established. + +So here's here how +this noncyclic + +photophosphorylation starts. + +We take a chlorophyll and it +absorbs the quantum of energy, + +and it kicks itself up +to an excited state. + +The chlorophyll, as before, +electrons come down, + +energetically downhill and +remember that theme. + +I keep saying that's at least +thermodynamic properties. + +If we think about free energy, +it doesn't matter + +what path you take. + +Whether you come shooting right +down or you come down + +through it, you get the +same energy back. + +What's amazing about the system, +if it didn't have all + +this extra apparatus, you'd kick +up the electron, and then + +it would just come right back +and you'd get a little + +radiated, a little +energy given off. + +We wouldn't have accomplished +anything. + +And what's terrific about this +photophosphorylation system, + +it's able to capture the energy +that's in that excited + +chlorophyll. + +So at this point, and as it's +coming down as I said, we have + +H plus going from H +plus, H plus in. + +I'll give you a picture of +what I mean by that. + +Then we're getting ATP made. + +So this time the difference is +instead of the electrons going + +back to that chlorophyll, it was +missing its electrons, the + +electrons, instead, go to a +chlorophyll, which is at a + +somewhat higher energy level +than the first one. + +And it has just absorbed quantum +of energy, and it's + +kicked itself up to an even +more excited state. + +And these electrons from this +system come on and fill up + +this chlorophyll. + +So this one over here is +called photosystem II. + +And the term used in the field +to describe what I'm about to + +tell you here is now called +photosystem I. + +So what we have now from this +system is an excited molecule, + +chlorophyll, that's even more +excited than we were before. + +And so it's even more able to +give off its electrons. + +It has more reducing power. + +In fact, it has enough reducing +power that it can + +reduce NADP. + +So NADP plus, electrons coming +downhill, you get NADPH. + +So here we are, reducing power +made by using the energy in + +sunlight, ATP made using +the energy in sunlight. + +So by just using this noncyclic +photophosphorylation + +system, the cell's got what it +needs to take carbon dioxide + +and put it through a sequence of +reactions that will let it + +make sugars and other things. + +In this course, I don't have +enough time to go through the + +biosynthetic pathway. + +It's in your textbooks. + +You might find it interesting +to look at. + +We're not making a big +issue of it in there. + +But it exists, and you can see +that it obviously exists. + +So there's one more wrinkle here +which might be sort of + +eerily reminiscent of one of the +issue I posed for you when + +I asked about whether we could +just keep on doing glycolysis. + +I can't just let +the system run. + +I forgot about something +so far. + +Over here, this guy +lost an electron. + +It can't get it back because the +electrons went over there. + +They have to come +from somewhere. + +Well, the energetics of the +system now are such that it + +can get electrons from water. + +And what's left over when you +take the electrons from water? + +We have half of an +oxygen molecule. + +So here's the class. + +It's a waste product, if you +will, from this very efficient + +noncyclic photophosphorylation +system, but + +it's molecular oxygen. + +And it was when this system +developed that we started to + +have oxygen appear +in this world. + +The organelle that carries out +photosynthesis, actually, the + +first organisms that learned +how to do this is called + +cyanobacteria, which they +sometimes sort of rather + +incorrectly call blue-green +algae + +because they're bacteria. + +But you see cyanobacteria +all the time. + +And similarly to what happened +with the mitochondria, there's + +no abundant evidence that the +way photosynthesis happens in + +plants is a cyanobacterium got +trapped somehow inside a early + +plant cell, and is now +a permanent part + +of the plant cell. + +And it's called a chloroplast. + +So it's derived from +a bacterium. + +If you see plants are green. + +If you can look in and see the +chloroplast inside, this shows + +the chloroplast coming in. + +And here's their basic +structure. + +They too have a double +membrane. + +They have an outer membrane. + +They have an inner membrane. + +They have a part that's called +the stroma, and that's + +essentially, like the cytoplasm +of a normal cell. + +And they have something in +here called a lumen. + +It's a space, and the membrane +that bounds it is a special + +membrane called a thylakoid +membrane. + +And that gradient is established +by pumping an + +electron from the stroma, which +I called out, into the + +lumen, which I called in. + +Again, the point is this cell +managed to establish a proton + +gradient, and it's able to make +the chloroplast, able to + +establish a protein gradient, +and make ATP. + +And there's a transmission +micrograph of a chloroplast. + +You can see the thylakoid +membranes inside. + +It's not too hard to imagine +that that was, in fact, a + +cyanobacterium that +got in there. + +And there's quite a bit of +additional evidence that + +supports that. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TDZVCli3bEs.txt b/TDZVCli3bEs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02e4ddcfd9d8b0a3254239995b4609c93c06875d --- /dev/null +++ b/TDZVCli3bEs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay why don't we get + + align:start position:0% +okay why don't we get + + + align:start position:0% +okay why don't we get +going what I wanted to do today was + + align:start position:0% +going what I wanted to do today was + + + align:start position:0% +going what I wanted to do today was +continue our discussion of Resident + + align:start position:0% +continue our discussion of Resident + + + align:start position:0% +continue our discussion of Resident +converters and specifically talk about + + align:start position:0% +converters and specifically talk about + + + align:start position:0% +converters and specifically talk about +more about Resident dcdc converters and + + align:start position:0% +more about Resident dcdc converters and + + + align:start position:0% +more about Resident dcdc converters and +sort of last time when we just as we + + align:start position:0% +sort of last time when we just as we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of last time when we just as we +were running out of time uh we talked + + align:start position:0% +were running out of time uh we talked + + + align:start position:0% +were running out of time uh we talked +about rectifiers right so um I might + + align:start position:0% +about rectifiers right so um I might + + + align:start position:0% +about rectifiers right so um I might +have a rectifier for Resident dcds + + align:start position:0% +have a rectifier for Resident dcds + + + align:start position:0% +have a rectifier for Resident dcds +converter and I might like to model that + + align:start position:0% +converter and I might like to model that + + + align:start position:0% +converter and I might like to model that +rectifier as a resistor because + + align:start position:0% +rectifier as a resistor because + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier as a resistor because +everything I've said about resin + + align:start position:0% +everything I've said about resin + + + align:start position:0% +everything I've said about resin +inverters right we're talking about you + + align:start position:0% +inverters right we're talking about you + + + align:start position:0% +inverters right we're talking about you +know say an LCR tank so the question is + + align:start position:0% +know say an LCR tank so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +know say an LCR tank so the question is +what's the what's the resistance we have + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the resistance we have + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what's the resistance we have +so for example suppose um I just have a + + align:start position:0% +so for example suppose um I just have a + + + align:start position:0% +so for example suppose um I just have a +classical full Bridge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectifier okay and let's assume that I'm + + align:start position:0% +rectifier okay and let's assume that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier okay and let's assume that I'm +going to drive this from a perfect + + align:start position:0% +going to drive this from a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +going to drive this from a perfect +sinusoid I I sin Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t Okay um where am I getting this I sign + + align:start position:0% +t Okay um where am I getting this I sign + + + align:start position:0% +t Okay um where am I getting this I sign +or Omega this is going to be coming from + + align:start position:0% +or Omega this is going to be coming from + + + align:start position:0% +or Omega this is going to be coming from +my resonant converter and if I have the + + align:start position:0% +my resonant converter and if I have the + + + align:start position:0% +my resonant converter and if I have the +fundamental harmonic approximation for + + align:start position:0% +fundamental harmonic approximation for + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental harmonic approximation for +example in a ser series resonant tank I + + align:start position:0% +example in a ser series resonant tank I + + + align:start position:0% +example in a ser series resonant tank I +can think of their tank current as being + + align:start position:0% +can think of their tank current as being + + + align:start position:0% +can think of their tank current as being +perfectly sinusoidal so here's the + + align:start position:0% +perfectly sinusoidal so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly sinusoidal so here's the +sinusoidal current right and maybe I can + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal current right and maybe I can + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal current right and maybe I can +say okay I have VRE + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here as the input voltage to the + + align:start position:0% +here as the input voltage to the + + + align:start position:0% +here as the input voltage to the +rectifier now I'm going to consider a + + align:start position:0% +rectifier now I'm going to consider a + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier now I'm going to consider a +capacitively + + align:start position:0% +capacitively + + + align:start position:0% +capacitively +loaded fullbridge rectifier okay where + + align:start position:0% +loaded fullbridge rectifier okay where + + + align:start position:0% +loaded fullbridge rectifier okay where +we have C big here okay so the output + + align:start position:0% +we have C big here okay so the output + + + align:start position:0% +we have C big here okay so the output +voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage +VD is approximately equal to its DC + + align:start position:0% +VD is approximately equal to its DC + + + align:start position:0% +VD is approximately equal to its DC +component okay and maybe I have a load + + align:start position:0% +component okay and maybe I have a load + + + align:start position:0% +component okay and maybe I have a load +resistor RDC over here okay so then the + + align:start position:0% +resistor RDC over here okay so then the + + + align:start position:0% +resistor RDC over here okay so then the +question is um what do the waveforms in + + align:start position:0% +question is um what do the waveforms in + + + align:start position:0% +question is um what do the waveforms in +this thing look like and I could plot + + align:start position:0% +this thing look like and I could plot + + + align:start position:0% +this thing look like and I could plot +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +example this current I I'll call this I + + align:start position:0% +example this current I I'll call this I + + + align:start position:0% +example this current I I'll call this I +sub + + align:start position:0% +sub + + + align:start position:0% +sub +x i of + + align:start position:0% +x i of + + + align:start position:0% +x i of +X right if this is a s wave when the S + + align:start position:0% +X right if this is a s wave when the S + + + align:start position:0% +X right if this is a s wave when the S +wave's positive these two diodes are on + + align:start position:0% +wave's positive these two diodes are on + + + align:start position:0% +wave's positive these two diodes are on +and I subx looks like I sin Omega + + align:start position:0% +and I subx looks like I sin Omega + + + align:start position:0% +and I subx looks like I sin Omega +T if I is negative these two diodes are + + align:start position:0% +T if I is negative these two diodes are + + + align:start position:0% +T if I is negative these two diodes are +on and IX looks like minus I sin Omega T + + align:start position:0% +on and IX looks like minus I sin Omega T + + + align:start position:0% +on and IX looks like minus I sin Omega T +so I subx looks just like the rectified + + align:start position:0% +so I subx looks just like the rectified + + + align:start position:0% +so I subx looks just like the rectified +sine wave right where this is + + align:start position:0% +sine wave right where this is + + + align:start position:0% +sine wave right where this is +um 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +um 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +um 2 pi +over Omega s in terms of this being T + + align:start position:0% +over Omega s in terms of this being T + + + align:start position:0% +over Omega s in terms of this being T +okay and the peak value here is just I + + align:start position:0% +okay and the peak value here is just I + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the peak value here is just I +right and if I said what is the average + + align:start position:0% +right and if I said what is the average + + + align:start position:0% +right and if I said what is the average +value of I subx right a simple analysis + + align:start position:0% +value of I subx right a simple analysis + + + align:start position:0% +value of I subx right a simple analysis +will show that the average value of I + + align:start position:0% +will show that the average value of I + + + align:start position:0% +will show that the average value of I +subx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay will be equal to 2 over piun * + + align:start position:0% +here okay will be equal to 2 over piun * + + + align:start position:0% +here okay will be equal to 2 over piun * +I it's pretty straightforward analysis + + align:start position:0% +I it's pretty straightforward analysis + + + align:start position:0% +I it's pretty straightforward analysis +okay why do I care about the average + + align:start position:0% +okay why do I care about the average + + + align:start position:0% +okay why do I care about the average +value of I subx because clearly you know + + align:start position:0% +value of I subx because clearly you know + + + align:start position:0% +value of I subx because clearly you know +in periodic steady state the average + + align:start position:0% +in periodic steady state the average + + + align:start position:0% +in periodic steady state the average +current goes to the load resistor and + + align:start position:0% +current goes to the load resistor and + + + align:start position:0% +current goes to the load resistor and +the Ripple current goes to the capacitor + + align:start position:0% +the Ripple current goes to the capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +the Ripple current goes to the capacitor +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +idealization okay we know we don't get + + align:start position:0% +idealization okay we know we don't get + + + align:start position:0% +idealization okay we know we don't get +any DC current in the capacitor in + + align:start position:0% +any DC current in the capacitor in + + + align:start position:0% +any DC current in the capacitor in +periodic city + + align:start position:0% +periodic city + + + align:start position:0% +periodic city +state so um if I wanted to analyze this + + align:start position:0% +state so um if I wanted to analyze this + + + align:start position:0% +state so um if I wanted to analyze this +thing what do I get for output power the + + align:start position:0% +thing what do I get for output power the + + + align:start position:0% +thing what do I get for output power the +the average output power is simply equal + + align:start position:0% +the average output power is simply equal + + + align:start position:0% +the average output power is simply equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um the average output power is simply + + align:start position:0% +um the average output power is simply + + + align:start position:0% +um the average output power is simply +equal to the average of VD times + + align:start position:0% +equal to the average of VD times + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the average of VD times +IX which if V if this capacitor is + + align:start position:0% +IX which if V if this capacitor is + + + align:start position:0% +IX which if V if this capacitor is +really big and VD is approximately + + align:start position:0% +really big and VD is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +really big and VD is approximately +constant this is approximately equal to + + align:start position:0% +constant this is approximately equal to + + + align:start position:0% +constant this is approximately equal to +Capital VD time the average of + + align:start position:0% +Capital VD time the average of + + + align:start position:0% +Capital VD time the average of +IX which uh we could say is equal to V2 + + align:start position:0% +IX which uh we could say is equal to V2 + + + align:start position:0% +IX which uh we could say is equal to V2 +over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pi VD * I + + align:start position:0% +Pi VD * I + + + align:start position:0% +Pi VD * I +and this is the power that's going to + + align:start position:0% +and this is the power that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the power that's going to +the load this is the DC power and of + + align:start position:0% +the load this is the DC power and of + + + align:start position:0% +the load this is the DC power and of +course you know if these are just ideal + + align:start position:0% +course you know if these are just ideal + + + align:start position:0% +course you know if these are just ideal +of diodes then all that power came from + + align:start position:0% +of diodes then all that power came from + + + align:start position:0% +of diodes then all that power came from +the AC side + + align:start position:0% +the AC side + + + align:start position:0% +the AC side +right looking at the AC side what do I + + align:start position:0% +right looking at the AC side what do I + + + align:start position:0% +right looking at the AC side what do I +see on the AC + + align:start position:0% +see on the AC + + + align:start position:0% +see on the AC +side what I see + + align:start position:0% +side what I see + + + align:start position:0% +side what I see +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +voltage VRE that looks like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um it's a square wave and this is + + align:start position:0% +okay um it's a square wave and this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay um it's a square wave and this is +again 2 pi over Omega s and this is pi + + align:start position:0% +again 2 pi over Omega s and this is pi + + + align:start position:0% +again 2 pi over Omega s and this is pi +over Omega + + align:start position:0% +over Omega + + + align:start position:0% +over Omega +s all right this is uh + + align:start position:0% +s all right this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +s all right this is uh +VD and this is minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VD + + align:start position:0% +VD + + + align:start position:0% +VD +okay and so the power on the AC side + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the power on the AC side + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the power on the AC side +right would just be the integral of I + + align:start position:0% +right would just be the integral of I + + + align:start position:0% +right would just be the integral of I +sin Omega T * + + align:start position:0% +sin Omega T * + + + align:start position:0% +sin Omega T * +V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but we know that we only transfer + + align:start position:0% +okay but we know that we only transfer + + + align:start position:0% +okay but we know that we only transfer +power through voltages and currents at + + align:start position:0% +power through voltages and currents at + + + align:start position:0% +power through voltages and currents at +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +frequency right so if I make the + + align:start position:0% +frequency right so if I make the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency right so if I make the +fundamental harmonic + + align:start position:0% +fundamental harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental harmonic +approximation then what I can say is + + align:start position:0% +approximation then what I can say is + + + align:start position:0% +approximation then what I can say is +look the only component of this voltage + + align:start position:0% +look the only component of this voltage + + + align:start position:0% +look the only component of this voltage +V rect and boy he doesn't look exactly + + align:start position:0% +V rect and boy he doesn't look exactly + + + align:start position:0% +V rect and boy he doesn't look exactly +square but let's pre Let's Pretend e + + align:start position:0% +square but let's pre Let's Pretend e + + + align:start position:0% +square but let's pre Let's Pretend e +Square okay the only component of V rect + + align:start position:0% +Square okay the only component of V rect + + + align:start position:0% +Square okay the only component of V rect +that generates power is the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +that generates power is the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +that generates power is the fundamental +right because the current's fundamental + + align:start position:0% +right because the current's fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +right because the current's fundamental +so it's only going to be the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +so it's only going to be the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +so it's only going to be the fundamental +current times the fundamental voltage + + align:start position:0% +current times the fundamental voltage + + + align:start position:0% +current times the fundamental voltage +that are delivering power real power and + + align:start position:0% +that are delivering power real power and + + + align:start position:0% +that are delivering power real power and +all other power components have to be + + align:start position:0% +all other power components have to be + + + align:start position:0% +all other power components have to be +reactive right so um I might + + align:start position:0% +reactive right so um I might + + + align:start position:0% +reactive right so um I might +then just think about what VRE one looks + + align:start position:0% +then just think about what VRE one looks + + + align:start position:0% +then just think about what VRE one looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +VRE one if I did the + + align:start position:0% +VRE one if I did the + + + align:start position:0% +VRE one if I did the +analysis the fundamental of a square + + align:start position:0% +analysis the fundamental of a square + + + align:start position:0% +analysis the fundamental of a square +wave is 4 over Pi * the peak value of + + align:start position:0% +wave is 4 over Pi * the peak value of + + + align:start position:0% +wave is 4 over Pi * the peak value of +the square wave right so I might think + + align:start position:0% +the square wave right so I might think + + + align:start position:0% +the square wave right so I might think +about a waveform that was the + + align:start position:0% +about a waveform that was the + + + align:start position:0% +about a waveform that was the +fundamental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +component right where this peak value is + + align:start position:0% +component right where this peak value is + + + align:start position:0% +component right where this peak value is +um 4 over + + align:start position:0% +um 4 over + + + align:start position:0% +um 4 over +Pi VDC or 4 over pi VD s of Omega s t is + + align:start position:0% +Pi VDC or 4 over pi VD s of Omega s t is + + + align:start position:0% +Pi VDC or 4 over pi VD s of Omega s t is +equal to VRE one of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +T does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +T does that make sense +everybody I'm sorry this this peak value + + align:start position:0% +everybody I'm sorry this this peak value + + + align:start position:0% +everybody I'm sorry this this peak value +this peak value is 4 over + + align:start position:0% +this peak value is 4 over + + + align:start position:0% +this peak value is 4 over +Pi VD and this whole waveform is 4 over + + align:start position:0% +Pi VD and this whole waveform is 4 over + + + align:start position:0% +Pi VD and this whole waveform is 4 over +Pi VD sin Omega s okay so what I get + + align:start position:0% +Pi VD sin Omega s okay so what I get + + + align:start position:0% +Pi VD sin Omega s okay so what I get +with ideal diodes at any rate is a + + align:start position:0% +with ideal diodes at any rate is a + + + align:start position:0% +with ideal diodes at any rate is a +square wave that's in Phase with the + + align:start position:0% +square wave that's in Phase with the + + + align:start position:0% +square wave that's in Phase with the +drive current remember the drive current + + align:start position:0% +drive current remember the drive current + + + align:start position:0% +drive current remember the drive current +looks something like this this is is sin + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this this is is sin + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this this is is sin +Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega +T right so here's is sin Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t i sin Omega t i sin Omega s + + align:start position:0% +t i sin Omega t i sin Omega s + + + align:start position:0% +t i sin Omega t i sin Omega s +t um so what I get is a voltage whose + + align:start position:0% +t um so what I get is a voltage whose + + + align:start position:0% +t um so what I get is a voltage whose +fundamental component is in Phase with + + align:start position:0% +fundamental component is in Phase with + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental component is in Phase with +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +current right so for power transfer + + align:start position:0% +current right so for power transfer + + + align:start position:0% +current right so for power transfer +purposes I might as well think of this + + align:start position:0% +purposes I might as well think of this + + + align:start position:0% +purposes I might as well think of this +thing as a resistor right it's the + + align:start position:0% +thing as a resistor right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +thing as a resistor right it's the +essentially it's sort of a describing + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's sort of a describing + + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's sort of a describing +function approach it's the amplitude of + + align:start position:0% +function approach it's the amplitude of + + + align:start position:0% +function approach it's the amplitude of +the voltage divided by the amplitude of + + align:start position:0% +the voltage divided by the amplitude of + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage divided by the amplitude of +the current so I might think of an + + align:start position:0% +the current so I might think of an + + + align:start position:0% +the current so I might think of an +equivalent rectifier impedance like + + align:start position:0% +equivalent rectifier impedance like + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent rectifier impedance like +looking into the rectifier from the AC + + align:start position:0% +looking into the rectifier from the AC + + + align:start position:0% +looking into the rectifier from the AC +side R + + align:start position:0% +side R + + + align:start position:0% +side R +A okay is going to be equal to uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VRE one over the current which is going + + align:start position:0% +VRE one over the current which is going + + + align:start position:0% +VRE one over the current which is going +to give me 4 over Pi VD / + + align:start position:0% +to give me 4 over Pi VD / + + + align:start position:0% +to give me 4 over Pi VD / +I okay this is the equivalent AC + + align:start position:0% +I okay this is the equivalent AC + + + align:start position:0% +I okay this is the equivalent AC +resistance that relates the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +resistance that relates the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +resistance that relates the fundamental +Drive current with the fundamental of + + align:start position:0% +Drive current with the fundamental of + + + align:start position:0% +Drive current with the fundamental of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +voltage any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that now it turns out I can write this a + + align:start position:0% +that now it turns out I can write this a + + + align:start position:0% +that now it turns out I can write this a +couple of other ways which are useful to + + align:start position:0% +couple of other ways which are useful to + + + align:start position:0% +couple of other ways which are useful to +think about one of these is as follows + + align:start position:0% +think about one of these is as follows + + + align:start position:0% +think about one of these is as follows +because I have this relationship between + + align:start position:0% +because I have this relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +because I have this relationship between +the current and the power I could write + + align:start position:0% +the current and the power I could write + + + align:start position:0% +the current and the power I could write +this as being equal + + align:start position:0% +this as being equal + + + align:start position:0% +this as being equal +to 8 over pi^ + + align:start position:0% +to 8 over pi^ + + + align:start position:0% +to 8 over pi^ +2 VD SAR / the + + align:start position:0% +2 VD SAR / the + + + align:start position:0% +2 VD SAR / the +power okay so why would I think about it + + align:start position:0% +power okay so why would I think about it + + + align:start position:0% +power okay so why would I think about it +that way well it's pretend I don't know + + align:start position:0% +that way well it's pretend I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +that way well it's pretend I don't know +what this resistance look like but I + + align:start position:0% +what this resistance look like but I + + + align:start position:0% +what this resistance look like but I +know I'm delivering a certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +know I'm delivering a certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm delivering a certain amount of +power into the load and and I know I + + align:start position:0% +power into the load and and I know I + + + align:start position:0% +power into the load and and I know I +have a certain DC output voltage then I + + align:start position:0% +have a certain DC output voltage then I + + + align:start position:0% +have a certain DC output voltage then I +could express the equivalent AC + + align:start position:0% +could express the equivalent AC + + + align:start position:0% +could express the equivalent AC +resistance owing to this rectifier based + + align:start position:0% +resistance owing to this rectifier based + + + align:start position:0% +resistance owing to this rectifier based +on 8 over pi^ 2 VD ^2 over + + align:start position:0% +on 8 over pi^ 2 VD ^2 over + + + align:start position:0% +on 8 over pi^ 2 VD ^2 over +power okay or + + align:start position:0% +power okay or + + + align:start position:0% +power okay or +equivalently I know the relationship + + align:start position:0% +equivalently I know the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +equivalently I know the relationship +between the average current and VD is + + align:start position:0% +between the average current and VD is + + + align:start position:0% +between the average current and VD is +related to you know average of + + align:start position:0% +related to you know average of + + + align:start position:0% +related to you know average of +iix time RDC has to be VD right and if I + + align:start position:0% +iix time RDC has to be VD right and if I + + + align:start position:0% +iix time RDC has to be VD right and if I +apply that relationship I can also uh + + align:start position:0% +apply that relationship I can also uh + + + align:start position:0% +apply that relationship I can also uh +write this as equal to being equal + + align:start position:0% +write this as equal to being equal + + + align:start position:0% +write this as equal to being equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um 8 over pi^ 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +RDC okay it's just a question of whether + + align:start position:0% +RDC okay it's just a question of whether + + + align:start position:0% +RDC okay it's just a question of whether +you know if I had some other load + + align:start position:0% +you know if I had some other load + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I had some other load +besides a resistor I couldn't write it + + align:start position:0% +besides a resistor I couldn't write it + + + align:start position:0% +besides a resistor I couldn't write it +this way but I could always write it + + align:start position:0% +this way but I could always write it + + + align:start position:0% +this way but I could always write it +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +way okay any questions about where I'm + + align:start position:0% +way okay any questions about where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +way okay any questions about where I'm +getting that notion of an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +getting that notion of an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +getting that notion of an equivalent +resistance from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I can + + align:start position:0% +so I can + + + align:start position:0% +so I can +take a + + align:start position:0% +take a + + + align:start position:0% +take a +rectifier and model it as an + + align:start position:0% +rectifier and model it as an + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier and model it as an +equivalent resistance for purposes of + + align:start position:0% +equivalent resistance for purposes of + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent resistance for purposes of +power transfer assuming that it's being + + align:start position:0% +power transfer assuming that it's being + + + align:start position:0% +power transfer assuming that it's being +driven by a perfectly sinusal + + align:start position:0% +driven by a perfectly sinusal + + + align:start position:0% +driven by a perfectly sinusal +current okay and that's going to become + + align:start position:0% +current okay and that's going to become + + + align:start position:0% +current okay and that's going to become +really handy why is that going to be + + align:start position:0% +really handy why is that going to be + + + align:start position:0% +really handy why is that going to be +handy that's going to be handy because + + align:start position:0% +handy that's going to be handy because + + + align:start position:0% +handy that's going to be handy because +because we would like to model the + + align:start position:0% +because we would like to model the + + + align:start position:0% +because we would like to model the +behavior of a DC todc converter okay and + + align:start position:0% +behavior of a DC todc converter okay and + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of a DC todc converter okay and +what I've been talking about up to now + + align:start position:0% +what I've been talking about up to now + + + align:start position:0% +what I've been talking about up to now +is series resonant inverters right so + + align:start position:0% +is series resonant inverters right so + + + align:start position:0% +is series resonant inverters right so +let's think about um what a series + + align:start position:0% +let's think about um what a series + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about um what a series +resonant inverter I'm sorry series + + align:start position:0% +resonant inverter I'm sorry series + + + align:start position:0% +resonant inverter I'm sorry series +resonant dcdd converter might look like + + align:start position:0% +resonant dcdd converter might look like + + + align:start position:0% +resonant dcdd converter might look like +it could look like this maybe I have an + + align:start position:0% +it could look like this maybe I have an + + + align:start position:0% +it could look like this maybe I have an +input voltage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VDC and then I will use a half Bridge + + align:start position:0% +VDC and then I will use a half Bridge + + + align:start position:0% +VDC and then I will use a half Bridge +inverter right so this is just a simple + + align:start position:0% +inverter right so this is just a simple + + + align:start position:0% +inverter right so this is just a simple +half + + align:start position:0% +half + + + align:start position:0% +half +Bridge okay and I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +Bridge okay and I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +Bridge okay and I'm going to call +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +Vin that's the inverter voltage Vin + + align:start position:0% +Vin that's the inverter voltage Vin + + + align:start position:0% +Vin that's the inverter voltage Vin +right what does VMV look like VM looks + + align:start position:0% +right what does VMV look like VM looks + + + align:start position:0% +right what does VMV look like VM looks +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay here's + + align:start position:0% +this okay here's + + + align:start position:0% +this okay here's +vin it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modulating between + + align:start position:0% +modulating between + + + align:start position:0% +modulating between +someday I'm going to get to 50% Duty + + align:start position:0% +someday I'm going to get to 50% Duty + + + align:start position:0% +someday I'm going to get to 50% Duty +ratio here he's modulating between VDC + + align:start position:0% +ratio here he's modulating between VDC + + + align:start position:0% +ratio here he's modulating between VDC +and zero and this is 2 pi over Omega s + + align:start position:0% +and zero and this is 2 pi over Omega s + + + align:start position:0% +and zero and this is 2 pi over Omega s +whatever my switching frequency is and + + align:start position:0% +whatever my switching frequency is and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever my switching frequency is and +this is pi over Omega + + align:start position:0% +this is pi over Omega + + + align:start position:0% +this is pi over Omega +s in terms of time okay all right + + align:start position:0% +s in terms of time okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +s in terms of time okay all right +um then I'm going to connect him up to + + align:start position:0% +um then I'm going to connect him up to + + + align:start position:0% +um then I'm going to connect him up to +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +tank right and in this case I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +tank right and in this case I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +tank right and in this case I'm going to +use the series resonant tank right so + + align:start position:0% +use the series resonant tank right so + + + align:start position:0% +use the series resonant tank right so +I'm going to have a capacitor C and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have a capacitor C and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have a capacitor C and +inductor + + align:start position:0% +inductor + + + align:start position:0% +inductor +L okay and + + align:start position:0% +L okay and + + + align:start position:0% +L okay and +um I could kind of think of that as um + + align:start position:0% +um I could kind of think of that as um + + + align:start position:0% +um I could kind of think of that as um +running into whatever my net load is + + align:start position:0% +running into whatever my net load is + + + align:start position:0% +running into whatever my net load is +okay so let me just call this voltage + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just call this voltage + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just call this voltage +over here V + + align:start position:0% +over here V + + + align:start position:0% +over here V +subr okay + + align:start position:0% +subr okay + + + align:start position:0% +subr okay +and then maybe I go and I say okay I + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe I go and I say okay I + + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe I go and I say okay I +need a Transformer here in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +need a Transformer here in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +need a Transformer here in the middle of +my AC converter because now I have AC + + align:start position:0% +my AC converter because now I have AC + + + align:start position:0% +my AC converter because now I have AC +waveforms let me put + + align:start position:0% +waveforms let me put + + + align:start position:0% +waveforms let me put +in an N1 to N2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Transformer + + align:start position:0% +Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer +okay and I'm going to use this thing and + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to use this thing and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to use this thing and +let me call this voltage + + align:start position:0% +let me call this voltage + + + align:start position:0% +let me call this voltage +VRE and I'm going to run this into my + + align:start position:0% +VRE and I'm going to run this into my + + + align:start position:0% +VRE and I'm going to run this into my +rectifier here's my rectifier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so what am I doing I'm going + + align:start position:0% +all right so what am I doing I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +all right so what am I doing I'm going +DC to + + align:start position:0% +DC to + + + align:start position:0% +DC to +AC running through my frequency + + align:start position:0% +AC running through my frequency + + + align:start position:0% +AC running through my frequency +selective resonant + + align:start position:0% +selective resonant + + + align:start position:0% +selective resonant +tank all + + align:start position:0% +tank all + + + align:start position:0% +tank all +right maybe I have an additional voltage + + align:start position:0% +right maybe I have an additional voltage + + + align:start position:0% +right maybe I have an additional voltage +transformation in here here I'm doing it + + align:start position:0% +transformation in here here I'm doing it + + + align:start position:0% +transformation in here here I'm doing it +with a Transformer you can do it with + + align:start position:0% +with a Transformer you can do it with + + + align:start position:0% +with a Transformer you can do it with +other kinds of transforming elements too + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of transforming elements too + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of transforming elements too +running into a rectifier and getting my + + align:start position:0% +running into a rectifier and getting my + + + align:start position:0% +running into a rectifier and getting my +output voltage so I come from a DC input + + align:start position:0% +output voltage so I come from a DC input + + + align:start position:0% +output voltage so I come from a DC input +to a DC output okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% +to a DC output okay any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +to a DC output okay any questions about +the structure of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system so because I'm going to make the + + align:start position:0% +system so because I'm going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +system so because I'm going to make the +fundamental harmonic approximation I'm + + align:start position:0% +fundamental harmonic approximation I'm + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental harmonic approximation I'm +going to assume that my current here I + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that my current here I + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that my current here I +sub + + align:start position:0% +sub + + + align:start position:0% +sub +L is approximately sinusoidal that this + + align:start position:0% +L is approximately sinusoidal that this + + + align:start position:0% +L is approximately sinusoidal that this +LC tank is high enough Q when loaded by + + align:start position:0% +LC tank is high enough Q when loaded by + + + align:start position:0% +LC tank is high enough Q when loaded by +this rectifier system that I can ignore + + align:start position:0% +this rectifier system that I can ignore + + + align:start position:0% +this rectifier system that I can ignore +all the harmonic currents in + + align:start position:0% +all the harmonic currents in + + + align:start position:0% +all the harmonic currents in +iil + + align:start position:0% +iil + + + align:start position:0% +iil +okay if I do that then the only thing + + align:start position:0% +okay if I do that then the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +okay if I do that then the only thing +that matters for power transfer just as + + align:start position:0% +that matters for power transfer just as + + + align:start position:0% +that matters for power transfer just as +the only thing that M mattered on the + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that M mattered on the + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that M mattered on the +rectifier was the fundamental of the + + align:start position:0% +rectifier was the fundamental of the + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier was the fundamental of the +rectifier voltage the only thing that + + align:start position:0% +rectifier voltage the only thing that + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier voltage the only thing that +matters on the inverter side is the + + align:start position:0% +matters on the inverter side is the + + + align:start position:0% +matters on the inverter side is the +fundamental of the inverter + + align:start position:0% +fundamental of the inverter + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental of the inverter +voltage right so maybe I could just go + + align:start position:0% +voltage right so maybe I could just go + + + align:start position:0% +voltage right so maybe I could just go +focus on for example uh V + + align:start position:0% +focus on for example uh V + + + align:start position:0% +focus on for example uh V +inverter one it's + + align:start position:0% +inverter one it's + + + align:start position:0% +inverter one it's +fundamental + + align:start position:0% +fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental +right well what is the inverter + + align:start position:0% +right well what is the inverter + + + align:start position:0% +right well what is the inverter +fundamental voltage look like it's it's + + align:start position:0% +fundamental voltage look like it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental voltage look like it's it's +a square wave between ver zero and VDC + + align:start position:0% +a square wave between ver zero and VDC + + + align:start position:0% +a square wave between ver zero and VDC +but it's DC component is going to get + + align:start position:0% +but it's DC component is going to get + + + align:start position:0% +but it's DC component is going to get +blocked anyway so it's between plus VDC + + align:start position:0% +blocked anyway so it's between plus VDC + + + align:start position:0% +blocked anyway so it's between plus VDC +/ 2 and minus VDC over + + align:start position:0% +/ 2 and minus VDC over + + + align:start position:0% +/ 2 and minus VDC over +2times 4 over Pi for it's fundamental + + align:start position:0% +2times 4 over Pi for it's fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +2times 4 over Pi for it's fundamental +and I'm going to get an in V inverter + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to get an in V inverter + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to get an in V inverter +one that's basically equal + + align:start position:0% +one that's basically equal + + + align:start position:0% +one that's basically equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um an + + align:start position:0% +um an + + + align:start position:0% +um an +amplitude of 2 over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pi + + align:start position:0% +Pi + + + align:start position:0% +Pi +VDC and this is V inverter 1 okay and + + align:start position:0% +VDC and this is V inverter 1 okay and + + + align:start position:0% +VDC and this is V inverter 1 okay and +this is the only thing that matters in + + align:start position:0% +this is the only thing that matters in + + + align:start position:0% +this is the only thing that matters in +terms of transferring + + align:start position:0% +terms of transferring + + + align:start position:0% +terms of transferring +power okay so maybe then + + align:start position:0% +power okay so maybe then + + + align:start position:0% +power okay so maybe then +I could think of this + + align:start position:0% +I could think of this + + + align:start position:0% +I could think of this +system as + + align:start position:0% +system as + + + align:start position:0% +system as +being V inverter + + align:start position:0% +being V inverter + + + align:start position:0% +being V inverter +one right the + + align:start position:0% +one right the + + + align:start position:0% +one right the +sinusoidal fundamental component of the + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal fundamental component of the + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal fundamental component of the +square wave voltage on + + align:start position:0% +square wave voltage on + + + align:start position:0% +square wave voltage on +synthesizing running into a + + align:start position:0% +synthesizing running into a + + + align:start position:0% +synthesizing running into a +tank + + align:start position:0% +tank + + + align:start position:0% +tank +first C then L right and + + align:start position:0% +first C then L right and + + + align:start position:0% +first C then L right and +then I'm going through it I'm going + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going through it I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going through it I'm going +through a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Transformer okay and back into a + + align:start position:0% +Transformer okay and back into a + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer okay and back into a +rectifier but how did I model the + + align:start position:0% +rectifier but how did I model the + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier but how did I model the +rectifier I modeled the rectifier as + + align:start position:0% +rectifier I modeled the rectifier as + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier I modeled the rectifier as +this r + + align:start position:0% +this r + + + align:start position:0% +this r +a right I just did this what's my value + + align:start position:0% +a right I just did this what's my value + + + align:start position:0% +a right I just did this what's my value +of R it's right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so I get some value of + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I get some value of + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I get some value of +RAC this is N1 to N2 + + align:start position:0% +RAC this is N1 to N2 + + + align:start position:0% +RAC this is N1 to N2 +right maybe I could say What's the value + + align:start position:0% +right maybe I could say What's the value + + + align:start position:0% +right maybe I could say What's the value +of R subr here what's the resistance I + + align:start position:0% +of R subr here what's the resistance I + + + align:start position:0% +of R subr here what's the resistance I +see in here can anybody tell me what + + align:start position:0% +see in here can anybody tell me what + + + align:start position:0% +see in here can anybody tell me what +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is if I had If This Were honestly God a + + align:start position:0% +is if I had If This Were honestly God a + + + align:start position:0% +is if I had If This Were honestly God a +resistor here right then the ideal + + align:start position:0% +resistor here right then the ideal + + + align:start position:0% +resistor here right then the ideal +Transformer scales impedances by the + + align:start position:0% +Transformer scales impedances by the + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer scales impedances by the +square of the turns ratio + + align:start position:0% +square of the turns ratio + + + align:start position:0% +square of the turns ratio +right so that means I ought to scale + + align:start position:0% +right so that means I ought to scale + + + align:start position:0% +right so that means I ought to scale +this up by N1 over n22 so this ought to + + align:start position:0% +this up by N1 over n22 so this ought to + + + align:start position:0% +this up by N1 over n22 so this ought to +be R subr ought to be N1 over N2 Quan + + align:start position:0% +be R subr ought to be N1 over N2 Quan + + + align:start position:0% +be R subr ought to be N1 over N2 Quan +SAR + + align:start position:0% +SAR + + + align:start position:0% +SAR +RAC right so I could think looking this + + align:start position:0% +RAC right so I could think looking this + + + align:start position:0% +RAC right so I could think looking this +way I could imagine I'm just seeing an + + align:start position:0% +way I could imagine I'm just seeing an + + + align:start position:0% +way I could imagine I'm just seeing an +AC + + align:start position:0% +AC + + + align:start position:0% +AC +resistance scaled by the transformation + + align:start position:0% +resistance scaled by the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +resistance scaled by the transformation +ratio and all of that so long as I + + align:start position:0% +ratio and all of that so long as I + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and all of that so long as I +Isabel is + + align:start position:0% +Isabel is + + + align:start position:0% +Isabel is +sinusoidal all of this preserves power + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal all of this preserves power + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoidal all of this preserves power +transfer in the system because we're + + align:start position:0% +transfer in the system because we're + + + align:start position:0% +transfer in the system because we're +only transferring power through the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fundamental any questions about that + + align:start position:0% +fundamental any questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental any questions about that +yeah so is the voltage gain all coming + + align:start position:0% +yeah so is the voltage gain all coming + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so is the voltage gain all coming +from the Transformer that is an + + align:start position:0% +from the Transformer that is an + + + align:start position:0% +from the Transformer that is an +excellent question no it's + + align:start position:0% +excellent question no it's + + + align:start position:0% +excellent question no it's +not um but that's precisely you're very + + align:start position:0% +not um but that's precisely you're very + + + align:start position:0% +not um but that's precisely you're very +astute because that's precisely how we + + align:start position:0% +astute because that's precisely how we + + + align:start position:0% +astute because that's precisely how we +want to think about the system is in + + align:start position:0% +want to think about the system is in + + + align:start position:0% +want to think about the system is in +terms of the voltage + + align:start position:0% +terms of the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the voltage +gain um we get a lot we may get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +gain um we get a lot we may get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +gain um we get a lot we may get a lot of +the voltage gain for the trans from the + + align:start position:0% +the voltage gain for the trans from the + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage gain for the trans from the +Transformer that's why we put the trans + + align:start position:0% +Transformer that's why we put the trans + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer that's why we put the trans +that's one reason why we put the + + align:start position:0% +that's one reason why we put the + + + align:start position:0% +that's one reason why we put the +Transformer there one reason is I just + + align:start position:0% +Transformer there one reason is I just + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer there one reason is I just +want you know this voltage and this + + align:start position:0% +want you know this voltage and this + + + align:start position:0% +want you know this voltage and this +voltage should be isolated so I get + + align:start position:0% +voltage should be isolated so I get + + + align:start position:0% +voltage should be isolated so I get +isolation but I can also you know if I + + align:start position:0% +isolation but I can also you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +isolation but I can also you know if I +have a high voltage input and a low + + align:start position:0% +have a high voltage input and a low + + + align:start position:0% +have a high voltage input and a low +voltage output maybe I do a big step + + align:start position:0% +voltage output maybe I do a big step + + + align:start position:0% +voltage output maybe I do a big step +down here okay but I also get some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some voltage transformation from the + + align:start position:0% +some voltage transformation from the + + + align:start position:0% +some voltage transformation from the +tank right so + + align:start position:0% +tank right so + + + align:start position:0% +tank right so +maybe I think about this thing in the + + align:start position:0% +maybe I think about this thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I think about this thing in the +following way right I have + + align:start position:0% +following way right I have + + + align:start position:0% +following way right I have +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +some V inverter + + align:start position:0% +some V inverter + + + align:start position:0% +some V inverter +one right then I have my LC + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Network and let me just preserve the + + align:start position:0% +Network and let me just preserve the + + + align:start position:0% +Network and let me just preserve the +order of my components even though it + + align:start position:0% +order of my components even though it + + + align:start position:0% +order of my components even though it +doesn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matter right if I'm going to operate + + align:start position:0% +matter right if I'm going to operate + + + align:start position:0% +matter right if I'm going to operate +above + + align:start position:0% +above + + + align:start position:0% +above +resonance + + align:start position:0% +resonance + + + align:start position:0% +resonance +this series resonant tank looks net + + align:start position:0% +this series resonant tank looks net + + + align:start position:0% +this series resonant tank looks net +inductive right if I'm going to go above + + align:start position:0% +inductive right if I'm going to go above + + + align:start position:0% +inductive right if I'm going to go above +this natural resonant frequency Omega + + align:start position:0% +this natural resonant frequency Omega + + + align:start position:0% +this natural resonant frequency Omega +one over the of LC this looks going to + + align:start position:0% +one over the of LC this looks going to + + + align:start position:0% +one over the of LC this looks going to +be you know whatever the cancellation + + align:start position:0% +be you know whatever the cancellation + + + align:start position:0% +be you know whatever the cancellation +between C and L is this is going to give + + align:start position:0% +between C and L is this is going to give + + + align:start position:0% +between C and L is this is going to give +me some sort of L effective which is you + + align:start position:0% +me some sort of L effective which is you + + + align:start position:0% +me some sort of L effective which is you +know some equivalent + + align:start position:0% +know some equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +know some equivalent +impedance and and so this is going to + + align:start position:0% +impedance and and so this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +impedance and and so this is going to +give me some net impedance which + + align:start position:0% +give me some net impedance which + + + align:start position:0% +give me some net impedance which +then um voltage + + align:start position:0% +then um voltage + + + align:start position:0% +then um voltage +divides with R + + align:start position:0% +divides with R + + + align:start position:0% +divides with R +subr to give + + align:start position:0% +subr to give + + + align:start position:0% +subr to give +me a voltage I'm calling V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subr or V subr one in this model right + + align:start position:0% +subr or V subr one in this model right + + + align:start position:0% +subr or V subr one in this model right +so this is V sub R1 right so I basically + + align:start position:0% +so this is V sub R1 right so I basically + + + align:start position:0% +so this is V sub R1 right so I basically +have a voltage divider between my + + align:start position:0% +have a voltage divider between my + + + align:start position:0% +have a voltage divider between my +inverter generated voltage the voltage + + align:start position:0% +inverter generated voltage the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +inverter generated voltage the voltage +generated my half Bridge divided down by + + align:start position:0% +generated my half Bridge divided down by + + + align:start position:0% +generated my half Bridge divided down by +this with r subr right and that's what + + align:start position:0% +this with r subr right and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +this with r subr right and that's what +we said was one of the nice things about + + align:start position:0% +we said was one of the nice things about + + + align:start position:0% +we said was one of the nice things about +a resonant tank is the value of this + + align:start position:0% +a resonant tank is the value of this + + + align:start position:0% +a resonant tank is the value of this +effective impedance varies very quickly + + align:start position:0% +effective impedance varies very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +effective impedance varies very quickly +with frequency that's why the admittance + + align:start position:0% +with frequency that's why the admittance + + + align:start position:0% +with frequency that's why the admittance +looking in here is varying very quickly + + align:start position:0% +looking in here is varying very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +looking in here is varying very quickly +with frequency and hence I get a + + align:start position:0% +with frequency and hence I get a + + + align:start position:0% +with frequency and hence I get a +frequency dependent voltage divider + + align:start position:0% +frequency dependent voltage divider + + + align:start position:0% +frequency dependent voltage divider +between the effective resistance posed + + align:start position:0% +between the effective resistance posed + + + align:start position:0% +between the effective resistance posed +by my load and the resonant the the + + align:start position:0% +by my load and the resonant the the + + + align:start position:0% +by my load and the resonant the the +resonant tank components + + align:start position:0% +resonant tank components + + + align:start position:0% +resonant tank components +themselves + + align:start position:0% +themselves + + + align:start position:0% +themselves +okay excellent question any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so how might I think about + + align:start position:0% +questions so how might I think about + + + align:start position:0% +questions so how might I think about +that I might think about this + + align:start position:0% +that I might think about this + + + align:start position:0% +that I might think about this +gain I might think about my resonant + + align:start position:0% +gain I might think about my resonant + + + align:start position:0% +gain I might think about my resonant +tank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gain my resident tank voltage gain just + + align:start position:0% +gain my resident tank voltage gain just + + + align:start position:0% +gain my resident tank voltage gain just +owing to the operation of the resident + + align:start position:0% +owing to the operation of the resident + + + align:start position:0% +owing to the operation of the resident +tank dividing with the equ equivalent + + align:start position:0% +tank dividing with the equ equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +tank dividing with the equ equivalent +load I'll call that some gain g + + align:start position:0% +load I'll call that some gain g + + + align:start position:0% +load I'll call that some gain g +subt which I'm defining as being VR1 the + + align:start position:0% +subt which I'm defining as being VR1 the + + + align:start position:0% +subt which I'm defining as being VR1 the +magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of +VR1 divided by the magnitude of V Inver + + align:start position:0% +VR1 divided by the magnitude of V Inver + + + align:start position:0% +VR1 divided by the magnitude of V Inver +in one okay and this resonant tank gain + + align:start position:0% +in one okay and this resonant tank gain + + + align:start position:0% +in one okay and this resonant tank gain +is going to be frequency + + align:start position:0% +is going to be frequency + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be frequency +dependent okay because as I go up in + + align:start position:0% +dependent okay because as I go up in + + + align:start position:0% +dependent okay because as I go up in +frequency you know if if I were dead on + + align:start position:0% +frequency you know if if I were dead on + + + align:start position:0% +frequency you know if if I were dead on +resonance what would the resonant tank + + align:start position:0% +resonance what would the resonant tank + + + align:start position:0% +resonance what would the resonant tank +gain be + + align:start position:0% +gain be + + + align:start position:0% +gain be +here if I were to run this to where L + + align:start position:0% +here if I were to run this to where L + + + align:start position:0% +here if I were to run this to where L +and C exactly cancel in + + align:start position:0% +and C exactly cancel in + + + align:start position:0% +and C exactly cancel in +impedance right this would be a short + + align:start position:0% +impedance right this would be a short + + + align:start position:0% +impedance right this would be a short +circuit at the fundamental and I'd have + + align:start position:0% +circuit at the fundamental and I'd have + + + align:start position:0% +circuit at the fundamental and I'd have +a gain of one between V inverter one and + + align:start position:0% +a gain of one between V inverter one and + + + align:start position:0% +a gain of one between V inverter one and +VR1 if I go above resonance or for that + + align:start position:0% +VR1 if I go above resonance or for that + + + align:start position:0% +VR1 if I go above resonance or for that +matter below resonance this becomes a + + align:start position:0% +matter below resonance this becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +matter below resonance this becomes a +nonzero net reactance and I get voltage + + align:start position:0% +nonzero net reactance and I get voltage + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero net reactance and I get voltage +Division and I get a lower gain okay so + + align:start position:0% +Division and I get a lower gain okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Division and I get a lower gain okay so +I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to +have this tank gain is a function of + + align:start position:0% +have this tank gain is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +have this tank gain is a function of +frequency okay the other thing I need to + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay the other thing I need to + + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay the other thing I need to +think about is what is the effective + + align:start position:0% +think about is what is the effective + + + align:start position:0% +think about is what is the effective +quality factor of this tank + + align:start position:0% +quality factor of this tank + + + align:start position:0% +quality factor of this tank +right and we said we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +right and we said we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +right and we said we're talking about +the quality Factor what we're really + + align:start position:0% +the quality Factor what we're really + + + align:start position:0% +the quality Factor what we're really +meaning is how sharply tuned is the + + align:start position:0% +meaning is how sharply tuned is the + + + align:start position:0% +meaning is how sharply tuned is the +behavior change and I got to be a little + + align:start position:0% +behavior change and I got to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +behavior change and I got to be a little +bit careful about that but we could say + + align:start position:0% +bit careful about that but we could say + + + align:start position:0% +bit careful about that but we could say +that the Q + + align:start position:0% +that the Q + + + align:start position:0% +that the Q +KN the effective quality factor of the + + align:start position:0% +KN the effective quality factor of the + + + align:start position:0% +KN the effective quality factor of the +tank I might write as theare root of L / + + align:start position:0% +tank I might write as theare root of L / + + + align:start position:0% +tank I might write as theare root of L / +C / R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subr does that make sense every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +so how does this play out in + + align:start position:0% +so how does this play out in + + + align:start position:0% +so how does this play out in +practice um first of all let's recognize + + align:start position:0% +practice um first of all let's recognize + + + align:start position:0% +practice um first of all let's recognize +that this tank gain is a function of + + align:start position:0% +that this tank gain is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +that this tank gain is a function of +frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequency +right and it's also a function and the + + align:start position:0% +right and it's also a function and the + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's also a function and the +the tank quality Factor the effective + + align:start position:0% +the tank quality Factor the effective + + + align:start position:0% +the tank quality Factor the effective +tank quality factor is a because it's a + + align:start position:0% +tank quality factor is a because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +tank quality factor is a because it's a +function of RR and RR is aun function is + + align:start position:0% +function of RR and RR is aun function is + + + align:start position:0% +function of RR and RR is aun function is +determined by RAC it's also a function + + align:start position:0% +determined by RAC it's also a function + + + align:start position:0% +determined by RAC it's also a function +of power as well as + + align:start position:0% +of power as well as + + + align:start position:0% +of power as well as +voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage +okay so how might I model this whole + + align:start position:0% +okay so how might I model this whole + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how might I model this whole +dcddc conversion system okay let's break + + align:start position:0% +dcddc conversion system okay let's break + + + align:start position:0% +dcddc conversion system okay let's break +it up and now I'm going Beyond like you + + align:start position:0% +it up and now I'm going Beyond like you + + + align:start position:0% +it up and now I'm going Beyond like you +know sort of a resonant inverter is very + + align:start position:0% +know sort of a resonant inverter is very + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of a resonant inverter is very +simple I just have to think about you + + align:start position:0% +simple I just have to think about you + + + align:start position:0% +simple I just have to think about you +know my gain from from my inverter to my + + align:start position:0% +know my gain from from my inverter to my + + + align:start position:0% +know my gain from from my inverter to my +fundamental and what happens and how I + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and what happens and how I + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and what happens and how I +control Power but now I have sort of DC + + align:start position:0% +control Power but now I have sort of DC + + + align:start position:0% +control Power but now I have sort of DC +on the input side DC on the output side + + align:start position:0% +on the input side DC on the output side + + + align:start position:0% +on the input side DC on the output side +but I'm mod mediating it through purely + + align:start position:0% +but I'm mod mediating it through purely + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm mod mediating it through purely +sinusal waveforms okay so maybe here's + + align:start position:0% +sinusal waveforms okay so maybe here's + + + align:start position:0% +sinusal waveforms okay so maybe here's +how I might think about my dcdc + + align:start position:0% +how I might think about my dcdc + + + align:start position:0% +how I might think about my dcdc +converter maybe I would think about this + + align:start position:0% +converter maybe I would think about this + + + align:start position:0% +converter maybe I would think about this +things as + + align:start position:0% +things as + + + align:start position:0% +things as +um you know I come from my DC input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VDC and maybe I have an inverter + + align:start position:0% +VDC and maybe I have an inverter + + + align:start position:0% +VDC and maybe I have an inverter +gain and I'm going to call this the gain + + align:start position:0% +gain and I'm going to call this the gain + + + align:start position:0% +gain and I'm going to call this the gain +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +inverter okay which basically gives me + + align:start position:0% +inverter okay which basically gives me + + + align:start position:0% +inverter okay which basically gives me +the AC + + align:start position:0% +the AC + + + align:start position:0% +the AC +fundamental divided by the DC voltage so + + align:start position:0% +fundamental divided by the DC voltage so + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental divided by the DC voltage so +this is sort of V inverter + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of V inverter + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of V inverter +1 divided by + + align:start position:0% +1 divided by + + + align:start position:0% +1 divided by +VDC + + align:start position:0% +VDC + + + align:start position:0% +VDC +okay I've already told you what that is + + align:start position:0% +okay I've already told you what that is + + + align:start position:0% +okay I've already told you what that is +it's basically I come in from VDC and at + + align:start position:0% +it's basically I come in from VDC and at + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically I come in from VDC and at +DC and I get 2 over Pi VDC AC so in my + + align:start position:0% +DC and I get 2 over Pi VDC AC so in my + + + align:start position:0% +DC and I get 2 over Pi VDC AC so in my +example here this is equal to 2 over + + align:start position:0% +example here this is equal to 2 over + + + align:start position:0% +example here this is equal to 2 over +PI right if I use the full Bridge + + align:start position:0% +PI right if I use the full Bridge + + + align:start position:0% +PI right if I use the full Bridge +inverter maybe it would be four in + + align:start position:0% +inverter maybe it would be four in + + + align:start position:0% +inverter maybe it would be four in +square wave it' be four over Pi if I use + + align:start position:0% +square wave it' be four over Pi if I use + + + align:start position:0% +square wave it' be four over Pi if I use +some other inverter that I haven't told + + align:start position:0% +some other inverter that I haven't told + + + align:start position:0% +some other inverter that I haven't told +you about it could be some other value + + align:start position:0% +you about it could be some other value + + + align:start position:0% +you about it could be some other value +again but this is just to say okay going + + align:start position:0% +again but this is just to say okay going + + + align:start position:0% +again but this is just to say okay going +through the switch portion of my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inverter there's some gain between the + + align:start position:0% +inverter there's some gain between the + + + align:start position:0% +inverter there's some gain between the +DC input and the fundamental AC out + + align:start position:0% +DC input and the fundamental AC out + + + align:start position:0% +DC input and the fundamental AC out +outut that I'm getting from my + + align:start position:0% +outut that I'm getting from my + + + align:start position:0% +outut that I'm getting from my +inverter does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +inverter does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +inverter does that make sense +everybody the next thing I + + align:start position:0% +everybody the next thing I + + + align:start position:0% +everybody the next thing I +have is the tank gain it's basically + + align:start position:0% +have is the tank gain it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +have is the tank gain it's basically +this model + + align:start position:0% +this model + + + align:start position:0% +this model +here right this is G sub tank so maybe I + + align:start position:0% +here right this is G sub tank so maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +here right this is G sub tank so maybe I +will uh put that in yellow right so now + + align:start position:0% +will uh put that in yellow right so now + + + align:start position:0% +will uh put that in yellow right so now +I have G sub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tank okay and G sub tank is the + + align:start position:0% +tank okay and G sub tank is the + + + align:start position:0% +tank okay and G sub tank is the +magnitude V sub + + align:start position:0% +magnitude V sub + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude V sub +R1 divid by magnitude of V inverter + + align:start position:0% +R1 divid by magnitude of V inverter + + + align:start position:0% +R1 divid by magnitude of V inverter +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay and this is this thing is a + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is this thing is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is this thing is a +function of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tank it's a function of you know like is + + align:start position:0% +tank it's a function of you know like is + + + align:start position:0% +tank it's a function of you know like is +it a series tank or a parallel tank and + + align:start position:0% +it a series tank or a parallel tank and + + + align:start position:0% +it a series tank or a parallel tank and +the values of the + + align:start position:0% +the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +the values of the +tank it's a function of + + align:start position:0% +tank it's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +tank it's a function of +frequency it's a function of + + align:start position:0% +frequency it's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency it's a function of +power okay but importantly it's a + + align:start position:0% +power okay but importantly it's a + + + align:start position:0% +power okay but importantly it's a +function of the switching frequency + + align:start position:0% +function of the switching frequency + + + align:start position:0% +function of the switching frequency +right so basically I get to control this + + align:start position:0% +right so basically I get to control this + + + align:start position:0% +right so basically I get to control this +tank gain by controlling my switching + + align:start position:0% +tank gain by controlling my switching + + + align:start position:0% +tank gain by controlling my switching +frequency all right the output of this + + align:start position:0% +frequency all right the output of this + + + align:start position:0% +frequency all right the output of this +thing we said was + + align:start position:0% +thing we said was + + + align:start position:0% +thing we said was +VR1 the fundamental of the voltage + + align:start position:0% +VR1 the fundamental of the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +VR1 the fundamental of the voltage +here okay and this should be you know + + align:start position:0% +here okay and this should be you know + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and this should be you know +what does this voltage look like here + + align:start position:0% +what does this voltage look like here + + + align:start position:0% +what does this voltage look like here +it's actually a square wave this is a + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a square wave this is a + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually a square wave this is a +square W on the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +square W on the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +square W on the other side of the +Transformer I get a square wave but it + + align:start position:0% +Transformer I get a square wave but it + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer I get a square wave but it +has a fundamental component that we + + align:start position:0% +has a fundamental component that we + + + align:start position:0% +has a fundamental component that we +looked at up there so we can kind of + + align:start position:0% +looked at up there so we can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +looked at up there so we can kind of +treat it as fundamental then I have my + + align:start position:0% +treat it as fundamental then I have my + + + align:start position:0% +treat it as fundamental then I have my +Transformer gain I put my Transformer in + + align:start position:0% +Transformer gain I put my Transformer in + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer gain I put my Transformer in +green right so let me call this G subx + + align:start position:0% +green right so let me call this G subx + + + align:start position:0% +green right so let me call this G subx +that's for the Transformer this is + + align:start position:0% +that's for the Transformer this is + + + align:start position:0% +that's for the Transformer this is +magnitude of VRE one over + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of VRE one over + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of VRE one over +VR1 and this is simply equal to in my + + align:start position:0% +VR1 and this is simply equal to in my + + + align:start position:0% +VR1 and this is simply equal to in my +example N2 over N1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense +everybody and what's on the output side + + align:start position:0% +everybody and what's on the output side + + + align:start position:0% +everybody and what's on the output side +of this guy it's simply equal + + align:start position:0% +of this guy it's simply equal + + + align:start position:0% +of this guy it's simply equal +to um V Rec + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and then the last thing I have to + + align:start position:0% +one and then the last thing I have to + + + align:start position:0% +one and then the last thing I have to +think about is what is the effect of + + align:start position:0% +think about is what is the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +think about is what is the effect of +this inverter and what I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +this inverter and what I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +this inverter and what I'm interested in +is for this kind of model the conversion + + align:start position:0% +is for this kind of model the conversion + + + align:start position:0% +is for this kind of model the conversion +between the fundamental of the rectifier + + align:start position:0% +between the fundamental of the rectifier + + + align:start position:0% +between the fundamental of the rectifier +voltage to the DC out outut voltage so + + align:start position:0% +voltage to the DC out outut voltage so + + + align:start position:0% +voltage to the DC out outut voltage so +this gains sort of an AC to DC gain but + + align:start position:0% +this gains sort of an AC to DC gain but + + + align:start position:0% +this gains sort of an AC to DC gain but +I'm going to use it from the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use it from the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to use it from the fundamental +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +output okay what would that be well I've + + align:start position:0% +output okay what would that be well I've + + + align:start position:0% +output okay what would that be well I've +already I've already shown you that + + align:start position:0% +already I've already shown you that + + + align:start position:0% +already I've already shown you that +right uh the fundamental that the input + + align:start position:0% +right uh the fundamental that the input + + + align:start position:0% +right uh the fundamental that the input +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +rectifier is uh 4 over Pi VD and the + + align:start position:0% +rectifier is uh 4 over Pi VD and the + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier is uh 4 over Pi VD and the +output of the rectifier the DC output is + + align:start position:0% +output of the rectifier the DC output is + + + align:start position:0% +output of the rectifier the DC output is +just VD so the gain must then be PI + + align:start position:0% +just VD so the gain must then be PI + + + align:start position:0% +just VD so the gain must then be PI +over4 right so here's the rectifier + + align:start position:0% +over4 right so here's the rectifier + + + align:start position:0% +over4 right so here's the rectifier +what did I call that I guess I called it + + align:start position:0% +what did I call that I guess I called it + + + align:start position:0% +what did I call that I guess I called it +g subr the gain of the + + align:start position:0% +g subr the gain of the + + + align:start position:0% +g subr the gain of the +rectifier and this is in my exam this is + + align:start position:0% +rectifier and this is in my exam this is + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier and this is in my exam this is +magnitude of VD divided by V re + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of VD divided by V re + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of VD divided by V re +one right and this is equal to uh Pi + + align:start position:0% +one right and this is equal to uh Pi + + + align:start position:0% +one right and this is equal to uh Pi +over4 because it's a full Bridge + + align:start position:0% +over4 because it's a full Bridge + + + align:start position:0% +over4 because it's a full Bridge +rectifier if I had used a so-called + + align:start position:0% +rectifier if I had used a so-called + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier if I had used a so-called +voltage doubler rectifier which would + + align:start position:0% +voltage doubler rectifier which would + + + align:start position:0% +voltage doubler rectifier which would +basically be a half Bridge with a + + align:start position:0% +basically be a half Bridge with a + + + align:start position:0% +basically be a half Bridge with a +capacitor it would be + + align:start position:0% +capacitor it would be + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor it would be +Pi + + align:start position:0% +Pi + + + align:start position:0% +Pi +2 if I used a voltage multiplying + + align:start position:0% +2 if I used a voltage multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +2 if I used a voltage multiplying +rectifier like a cockro walon rectifier + + align:start position:0% +rectifier like a cockro walon rectifier + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier like a cockro walon rectifier +could be a different game okay so I can + + align:start position:0% +could be a different game okay so I can + + + align:start position:0% +could be a different game okay so I can +pick you know do I use a half Bridge or + + align:start position:0% +pick you know do I use a half Bridge or + + + align:start position:0% +pick you know do I use a half Bridge or +a full Bridge or some other inverter do + + align:start position:0% +a full Bridge or some other inverter do + + + align:start position:0% +a full Bridge or some other inverter do +I use what kind of rectifier do I use + + align:start position:0% +I use what kind of rectifier do I use + + + align:start position:0% +I use what kind of rectifier do I use +what kind of tank do I use all of which + + align:start position:0% +what kind of tank do I use all of which + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of tank do I use all of which +helps me shape this gain and the output + + align:start position:0% +helps me shape this gain and the output + + + align:start position:0% +helps me shape this gain and the output +of this thing is then VD right so what I + + align:start position:0% +of this thing is then VD right so what I + + + align:start position:0% +of this thing is then VD right so what I +get is at my output I get VD over VDC + + align:start position:0% +get is at my output I get VD over VDC + + + align:start position:0% +get is at my output I get VD over VDC +right this is the voltage game of my + + align:start position:0% +right this is the voltage game of my + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the voltage game of my +converter right I come in from VDC and I + + align:start position:0% +converter right I come in from VDC and I + + + align:start position:0% +converter right I come in from VDC and I +get VD at the output and that's simply + + align:start position:0% +get VD at the output and that's simply + + + align:start position:0% +get VD at the output and that's simply +just going to be G sub + + align:start position:0% +just going to be G sub + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be G sub +I times G sub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tank times G + + align:start position:0% +Tank times G + + + align:start position:0% +Tank times G +subx time G + + align:start position:0% +subx time G + + + align:start position:0% +subx time G +subr + + align:start position:0% +subr + + + align:start position:0% +subr +okay and what I'm going to do in this + + align:start position:0% +okay and what I'm going to do in this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what I'm going to do in this +whole game is I'm trying to build a + + align:start position:0% +whole game is I'm trying to build a + + + align:start position:0% +whole game is I'm trying to build a +power converter that's going to regulate + + align:start position:0% +power converter that's going to regulate + + + align:start position:0% +power converter that's going to regulate +VD for a given input + + align:start position:0% +VD for a given input + + + align:start position:0% +VD for a given input +voltage the thing I'm going to control + + align:start position:0% +voltage the thing I'm going to control + + + align:start position:0% +voltage the thing I'm going to control +is the tank + + align:start position:0% +is the tank + + + align:start position:0% +is the tank +gain right everything else is fixed I I + + align:start position:0% +gain right everything else is fixed I I + + + align:start position:0% +gain right everything else is fixed I I +choose it to get the gain I you know + + align:start position:0% +choose it to get the gain I you know + + + align:start position:0% +choose it to get the gain I you know +some range I want but how do I deal with + + align:start position:0% +some range I want but how do I deal with + + + align:start position:0% +some range I want but how do I deal with +variations in power and + + align:start position:0% +variations in power and + + + align:start position:0% +variations in power and +voltage or especially variation in + + align:start position:0% +voltage or especially variation in + + + align:start position:0% +voltage or especially variation in +voltage I vary the tank + + align:start position:0% +voltage I vary the tank + + + align:start position:0% +voltage I vary the tank +gain does that make sense everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so let's think about + + align:start position:0% +questions so let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +questions so let's think about +this this is the same + + align:start position:0% +this this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the same +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +right I've got my half Bridge inverter + + align:start position:0% +right I've got my half Bridge inverter + + + align:start position:0% +right I've got my half Bridge inverter +which gives me my inverter gain here and + + align:start position:0% +which gives me my inverter gain here and + + + align:start position:0% +which gives me my inverter gain here and +that generates a fund I consider the + + align:start position:0% +that generates a fund I consider the + + + align:start position:0% +that generates a fund I consider the +fundamental ac voltage here I go through + + align:start position:0% +fundamental ac voltage here I go through + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental ac voltage here I go through +the tank gain which is a function of + + align:start position:0% +the tank gain which is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the tank gain which is a function of +frequency the Transformer gain the + + align:start position:0% +frequency the Transformer gain the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency the Transformer gain the +rectifier gain and then I get my DC + + align:start position:0% +rectifier gain and then I get my DC + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier gain and then I get my DC +output again okay what is the the + + align:start position:0% +output again okay what is the the + + + align:start position:0% +output again okay what is the the +important thing in all this the thing + + align:start position:0% +important thing in all this the thing + + + align:start position:0% +important thing in all this the thing +I'm controlling is the tank gain right + + align:start position:0% +I'm controlling is the tank gain right + + + align:start position:0% +I'm controlling is the tank gain right +and my tank my model for my tank gain is + + align:start position:0% +and my tank my model for my tank gain is + + + align:start position:0% +and my tank my model for my tank gain is +a sort essentially right here right it's + + align:start position:0% +a sort essentially right here right it's + + + align:start position:0% +a sort essentially right here right it's +you know if I thought about this as + + align:start position:0% +you know if I thought about this as + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I thought about this as +being an equivalent resistor actually + + align:start position:0% +being an equivalent resistor actually + + + align:start position:0% +being an equivalent resistor actually +it's right here right this models the + + align:start position:0% +it's right here right this models the + + + align:start position:0% +it's right here right this models the +tank gain right here well this circuit I + + align:start position:0% +tank gain right here well this circuit I + + + align:start position:0% +tank gain right here well this circuit I +can analyze if I tell you R + + align:start position:0% +can analyze if I tell you R + + + align:start position:0% +can analyze if I tell you R +subr then I know the + + align:start position:0% +subr then I know the + + + align:start position:0% +subr then I know the +operating I I know qot and I can + + align:start position:0% +operating I I know qot and I can + + + align:start position:0% +operating I I know qot and I can +calculate the tank gain versus frequency + + align:start position:0% +calculate the tank gain versus frequency + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the tank gain versus frequency +right what does that look like it looks + + align:start position:0% +right what does that look like it looks + + + align:start position:0% +right what does that look like it looks +like this all right so what I've plotted + + align:start position:0% +like this all right so what I've plotted + + + align:start position:0% +like this all right so what I've plotted +is for Q which would + + align:start position:0% +is for Q which would + + + align:start position:0% +is for Q which would +be RR is equal to the root of l c q + + align:start position:0% +be RR is equal to the root of l c q + + + align:start position:0% +be RR is equal to the root of l c q +equals 1 it looks like + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 it looks like +this all right so if I had an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +this all right so if I had an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so if I had an equivalent +resistance that looked like that then + + align:start position:0% +resistance that looked like that then + + + align:start position:0% +resistance that looked like that then +you know if I'm operating right at + + align:start position:0% +you know if I'm operating right at + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I'm operating right at +resonance the tank gains one why because + + align:start position:0% +resonance the tank gains one why because + + + align:start position:0% +resonance the tank gains one why because +this thing looks like a short circuit + + align:start position:0% +this thing looks like a short circuit + + + align:start position:0% +this thing looks like a short circuit +and I'm just applying the fundamental to + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just applying the fundamental to + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just applying the fundamental to +the load if I go above + + align:start position:0% +the load if I go above + + + align:start position:0% +the load if I go above +resonance right this looks like a net + + align:start position:0% +resonance right this looks like a net + + + align:start position:0% +resonance right this looks like a net +reactance and I get a voltage divider + + align:start position:0% +reactance and I get a voltage divider + + + align:start position:0% +reactance and I get a voltage divider +and it droops down and if my operating + + align:start position:0% +and it droops down and if my operating + + + align:start position:0% +and it droops down and if my operating +tank Q is low it droops down kind of + + align:start position:0% +tank Q is low it droops down kind of + + + align:start position:0% +tank Q is low it droops down kind of +slowly okay if on the other hand my + + align:start position:0% +slowly okay if on the other hand my + + + align:start position:0% +slowly okay if on the other hand my +effective RR were small right my if tank + + align:start position:0% +effective RR were small right my if tank + + + align:start position:0% +effective RR were small right my if tank +quality Factor would be high squ of l c + + align:start position:0% +quality Factor would be high squ of l c + + + align:start position:0% +quality Factor would be high squ of l c +r would get big and maybe it would look + + align:start position:0% +r would get big and maybe it would look + + + align:start position:0% +r would get big and maybe it would look +like you know tank quality factor of + + align:start position:0% +like you know tank quality factor of + + + align:start position:0% +like you know tank quality factor of +five in which case the change in gain + + align:start position:0% +five in which case the change in gain + + + align:start position:0% +five in which case the change in gain +with frequency is very + + align:start position:0% +with frequency is very + + + align:start position:0% +with frequency is very +steep does that make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody so what do we have to + + align:start position:0% +everybody so what do we have to + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so what do we have to +do well suppose I know my input + + align:start position:0% +do well suppose I know my input + + + align:start position:0% +do well suppose I know my input +voltage my DC input voltage and I know + + align:start position:0% +voltage my DC input voltage and I know + + + align:start position:0% +voltage my DC input voltage and I know +the output voltage that I'm regulating + + align:start position:0% +the output voltage that I'm regulating + + + align:start position:0% +the output voltage that I'm regulating +the output to okay that sets a voltage + + align:start position:0% +the output to okay that sets a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +the output to okay that sets a voltage +conversion + + align:start position:0% +conversion + + + align:start position:0% +conversion +ratio + + align:start position:0% +ratio + + + align:start position:0% +ratio +right and that you know so I know this + + align:start position:0% +right and that you know so I know this + + + align:start position:0% +right and that you know so I know this +conversion ratio and I have to pick GT + + align:start position:0% +conversion ratio and I have to pick GT + + + align:start position:0% +conversion ratio and I have to pick GT +to match that conversion ratio if I'm + + align:start position:0% +to match that conversion ratio if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to match that conversion ratio if I'm +going to if I'm going to operate there + + align:start position:0% +going to if I'm going to operate there + + + align:start position:0% +going to if I'm going to operate there +that means essentially suppose I needed + + align:start position:0% +that means essentially suppose I needed + + + align:start position:0% +that means essentially suppose I needed +to operate at a a a + + align:start position:0% +to operate at a a a + + + align:start position:0% +to operate at a a a +net total conversion ratio right this is + + align:start position:0% +net total conversion ratio right this is + + + align:start position:0% +net total conversion ratio right this is +2 over piun * piun 4 * whatever my + + align:start position:0% +2 over piun * piun 4 * whatever my + + + align:start position:0% +2 over piun * piun 4 * whatever my +Transformer gain is Factor those out + + align:start position:0% +Transformer gain is Factor those out + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer gain is Factor those out +let's just pretend those are all one for + + align:start position:0% +let's just pretend those are all one for + + + align:start position:0% +let's just pretend those are all one for +the moment even though they're not one + + align:start position:0% +the moment even though they're not one + + + align:start position:0% +the moment even though they're not one +here uh suppose I needed or to get to + + align:start position:0% +here uh suppose I needed or to get to + + + align:start position:0% +here uh suppose I needed or to get to +the correct ratio here supposed I needed + + align:start position:0% +the correct ratio here supposed I needed + + + align:start position:0% +the correct ratio here supposed I needed +a tank gain of a half right that means + + align:start position:0% +a tank gain of a half right that means + + + align:start position:0% +a tank gain of a half right that means +I'd have to operate + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to operate + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to operate +somewhere + + align:start position:0% +somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere +here okay so I'd have to be sitting on + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I'd have to be sitting on + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so I'd have to be sitting on +this line of exactly the tank GS a + + align:start position:0% +this line of exactly the tank GS a + + + align:start position:0% +this line of exactly the tank GS a +half and which curve am I sitting on + + align:start position:0% +half and which curve am I sitting on + + + align:start position:0% +half and which curve am I sitting on +well it depends what power I'm operating + + align:start position:0% +well it depends what power I'm operating + + + align:start position:0% +well it depends what power I'm operating +at right or equivalently which load + + align:start position:0% +at right or equivalently which load + + + align:start position:0% +at right or equivalently which load +resistance I'm operating at right + + align:start position:0% +resistance I'm operating at right + + + align:start position:0% +resistance I'm operating at right +because for a smaller load resistance + + align:start position:0% +because for a smaller load resistance + + + align:start position:0% +because for a smaller load resistance +the AC resistance gets smaller the tank + + align:start position:0% +the AC resistance gets smaller the tank + + + align:start position:0% +the AC resistance gets smaller the tank +gain gets higher the tank Q gets higher + + align:start position:0% +gain gets higher the tank Q gets higher + + + align:start position:0% +gain gets higher the tank Q gets higher +but between those two for a given + + align:start position:0% +but between those two for a given + + + align:start position:0% +but between those two for a given +operating power that's going to + + align:start position:0% +operating power that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +operating power that's going to +determine one of these tank gain curves + + align:start position:0% +determine one of these tank gain curves + + + align:start position:0% +determine one of these tank gain curves +and I'm going to go sit here and maybe + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to go sit here and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to go sit here and maybe +if my my um tank loaded quality factor + + align:start position:0% +if my my um tank loaded quality factor + + + align:start position:0% +if my my um tank loaded quality factor +is two that means I need to operate at 1 + + align:start position:0% +is two that means I need to operate at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is two that means I need to operate at 1 +Time 5 time the resonant frequency to + + align:start position:0% +Time 5 time the resonant frequency to + + + align:start position:0% +Time 5 time the resonant frequency to +get the conversion I + + align:start position:0% +get the conversion I + + + align:start position:0% +get the conversion I +wanted right now if my output voltage + + align:start position:0% +wanted right now if my output voltage + + + align:start position:0% +wanted right now if my output voltage +stayed the same but my input voltage + + align:start position:0% +stayed the same but my input voltage + + + align:start position:0% +stayed the same but my input voltage +went + + align:start position:0% +went + + + align:start position:0% +went +down maybe I would only need a tank gain + + align:start position:0% +down maybe I would only need a tank gain + + + align:start position:0% +down maybe I would only need a tank gain +instead of tank gain of half I need a + + align:start position:0% +instead of tank gain of half I need a + + + align:start position:0% +instead of tank gain of half I need a +tank gain of 2/3 I'd jump up + + align:start position:0% +tank gain of 2/3 I'd jump up + + + align:start position:0% +tank gain of 2/3 I'd jump up +here okay and in here and I'd have to + + align:start position:0% +here okay and in here and I'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and in here and I'd have to +operate at a different frequency to sit + + align:start position:0% +operate at a different frequency to sit + + + align:start position:0% +operate at a different frequency to sit +up the same power line + + align:start position:0% +up the same power line + + + align:start position:0% +up the same power line +okay so basically when I think about a + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically when I think about a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically when I think about a +resident + + align:start position:0% +resident + + + align:start position:0% +resident +converter okay it's like a resident + + align:start position:0% +converter okay it's like a resident + + + align:start position:0% +converter okay it's like a resident +inverter in the sense that I'm + + align:start position:0% +inverter in the sense that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +inverter in the sense that I'm +doing voltage division with the tank or + + align:start position:0% +doing voltage division with the tank or + + + align:start position:0% +doing voltage division with the tank or +I'm controlling Power by controlling the + + align:start position:0% +I'm controlling Power by controlling the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm controlling Power by controlling the +net impedance of this thing to feed + + align:start position:0% +net impedance of this thing to feed + + + align:start position:0% +net impedance of this thing to feed +power through to my load resistor but at + + align:start position:0% +power through to my load resistor but at + + + align:start position:0% +power through to my load resistor but at +the same time I have to think that + + align:start position:0% +the same time I have to think that + + + align:start position:0% +the same time I have to think that +because I have a rectifier it's not a + + align:start position:0% +because I have a rectifier it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +because I have a rectifier it's not a +fixed resistor I'm running into but it's + + align:start position:0% +fixed resistor I'm running into but it's + + + align:start position:0% +fixed resistor I'm running into but it's +a resistor that's a function of uh + + align:start position:0% +a resistor that's a function of uh + + + align:start position:0% +a resistor that's a function of uh +equivalently DC load resistance or + + align:start position:0% +equivalently DC load resistance or + + + align:start position:0% +equivalently DC load resistance or +operating power and output + + align:start position:0% +operating power and output + + + align:start position:0% +operating power and output +voltage okay so maybe what I could do is + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay so maybe what I could do is + + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay so maybe what I could do is +by knowing the range of powers that I + + align:start position:0% +by knowing the range of powers that I + + + align:start position:0% +by knowing the range of powers that I +have to operate at and the range of + + align:start position:0% +have to operate at and the range of + + + align:start position:0% +have to operate at and the range of +voltage conversion ratios I could + + align:start position:0% +voltage conversion ratios I could + + + align:start position:0% +voltage conversion ratios I could +operate at I can kind of put a bounding + + align:start position:0% +operate at I can kind of put a bounding + + + align:start position:0% +operate at I can kind of put a bounding +box for a given T tank gain on what + + align:start position:0% +box for a given T tank gain on what + + + align:start position:0% +box for a given T tank gain on what +frequency range I needed to run over + + align:start position:0% +frequency range I needed to run over + + + align:start position:0% +frequency range I needed to run over +okay and there's an example in + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's an example in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's an example in +principles of Power Electronics that + + align:start position:0% +principles of Power Electronics that + + + align:start position:0% +principles of Power Electronics that +that works over just this such a + + align:start position:0% +that works over just this such a + + + align:start position:0% +that works over just this such a +range okay so that's the basic notion of + + align:start position:0% +range okay so that's the basic notion of + + + align:start position:0% +range okay so that's the basic notion of +how we think about resin dcds + + align:start position:0% +how we think about resin dcds + + + align:start position:0% +how we think about resin dcds +converters okay or it's typical resin + + align:start position:0% +converters okay or it's typical resin + + + align:start position:0% +converters okay or it's typical resin +GCC converter + + align:start position:0% +GCC converter + + + align:start position:0% +GCC converter +um where we're going to basically pick + + align:start position:0% +um where we're going to basically pick + + + align:start position:0% +um where we're going to basically pick +all the designs to help us get the + + align:start position:0% +all the designs to help us get the + + + align:start position:0% +all the designs to help us get the +voltage gain we want I might pick my + + align:start position:0% +voltage gain we want I might pick my + + + align:start position:0% +voltage gain we want I might pick my +inverter and rectifier topologies to + + align:start position:0% +inverter and rectifier topologies to + + + align:start position:0% +inverter and rectifier topologies to +help me get part of the gain and the + + align:start position:0% +help me get part of the gain and the + + + align:start position:0% +help me get part of the gain and the +rest of the gain I'm going to get out of + + align:start position:0% +rest of the gain I'm going to get out of + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the gain I'm going to get out of +picking the right tank and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +picking the right tank and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +picking the right tank and I'm going to +pick the tank components such as the + + align:start position:0% +pick the tank components such as the + + + align:start position:0% +pick the tank components such as the +quality factors operating quality + + align:start position:0% +quality factors operating quality + + + align:start position:0% +quality factors operating quality +factors I'm going to get are going to + + align:start position:0% +factors I'm going to get are going to + + + align:start position:0% +factors I'm going to get are going to +put me in sort of an allowable range of + + align:start position:0% +put me in sort of an allowable range of + + + align:start position:0% +put me in sort of an allowable range of +frequency and then I'm going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +frequency and then I'm going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and then I'm going to sort of +operate there to get the conversion I + + align:start position:0% +operate there to get the conversion I + + + align:start position:0% +operate there to get the conversion I +want questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yeah so we're playing with the LC + + align:start position:0% +that yeah so we're playing with the LC + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah so we're playing with the LC +react to do this s voltage division is + + align:start position:0% +react to do this s voltage division is + + + align:start position:0% +react to do this s voltage division is +the power factor these kind of systems + + align:start position:0% +the power factor these kind of systems + + + align:start position:0% +the power factor these kind of systems +bad that so that's a that's an excellent + + align:start position:0% +bad that so that's a that's an excellent + + + align:start position:0% +bad that so that's a that's an excellent +question yes so if I thought about the + + align:start position:0% +question yes so if I thought about the + + + align:start position:0% +question yes so if I thought about the +power factor + + align:start position:0% +power factor + + + align:start position:0% +power factor +seen by this inverter right he first of + + align:start position:0% +seen by this inverter right he first of + + + align:start position:0% +seen by this inverter right he first of +all he's putting out a square wave and + + align:start position:0% +all he's putting out a square wave and + + + align:start position:0% +all he's putting out a square wave and +then I'm only delivering Power by the + + align:start position:0% +then I'm only delivering Power by the + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm only delivering Power by the +sine wave that's sort of in some sense + + align:start position:0% +sine wave that's sort of in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +sine wave that's sort of in some sense +Distortion Factor right but also yeah + + align:start position:0% +Distortion Factor right but also yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Distortion Factor right but also yeah +the current phase shifted from the + + align:start position:0% +the current phase shifted from the + + + align:start position:0% +the current phase shifted from the +voltage right so if I compared this to + + align:start position:0% +voltage right so if I compared this to + + + align:start position:0% +voltage right so if I compared this to +just doing like some kind of pwm + + align:start position:0% +just doing like some kind of pwm + + + align:start position:0% +just doing like some kind of pwm +isolated converter like we've talked + + align:start position:0% +isolated converter like we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +isolated converter like we've talked +about before where we're putting like + + align:start position:0% +about before where we're putting like + + + align:start position:0% +about before where we're putting like +more or less sort of square wav through + + align:start position:0% +more or less sort of square wav through + + + align:start position:0% +more or less sort of square wav through +our converter we end up with + + align:start position:0% +our converter we end up with + + + align:start position:0% +our converter we end up with +higher PE voltage and current stresses + + align:start position:0% +higher PE voltage and current stresses + + + align:start position:0% +higher PE voltage and current stresses +in a resident converter than I do um in + + align:start position:0% +in a resident converter than I do um in + + + align:start position:0% +in a resident converter than I do um in +a pwm + + align:start position:0% +a pwm + + + align:start position:0% +a pwm +converter okay so you are paying + + align:start position:0% +converter okay so you are paying + + + align:start position:0% +converter okay so you are paying +definitely paying something and I think + + align:start position:0% +definitely paying something and I think + + + align:start position:0% +definitely paying something and I think +you'll conc this is a heck of a lot more + + align:start position:0% +you'll conc this is a heck of a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +you'll conc this is a heck of a lot more +complex to think about then say a + + align:start position:0% +complex to think about then say a + + + align:start position:0% +complex to think about then say a +forward converter right it's you know + + align:start position:0% +forward converter right it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +forward converter right it's you know +and the models and we haven't even + + align:start position:0% +and the models and we haven't even + + + align:start position:0% +and the models and we haven't even +talked about control modeling for these + + align:start position:0% +talked about control modeling for these + + + align:start position:0% +talked about control modeling for these +things it's really tricky + + align:start position:0% +things it's really tricky + + + align:start position:0% +things it's really tricky +okay um so you you give up a lot to do a + + align:start position:0% +okay um so you you give up a lot to do a + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so you you give up a lot to do a +resident d DC converter right so why + + align:start position:0% +resident d DC converter right so why + + + align:start position:0% +resident d DC converter right so why +would I do that the reason I might do it + + align:start position:0% +would I do that the reason I might do it + + + align:start position:0% +would I do that the reason I might do it +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +because we said before if + + align:start position:0% +because we said before if + + + align:start position:0% +because we said before if +my load looks inductive I can soft + + align:start position:0% +my load looks inductive I can soft + + + align:start position:0% +my load looks inductive I can soft +switch + + align:start position:0% +switch + + + align:start position:0% +switch +these I can soft switch these + + align:start position:0% +these I can soft switch these + + + align:start position:0% +these I can soft switch these +transistors right so I can get zero + + align:start position:0% +transistors right so I can get zero + + + align:start position:0% +transistors right so I can get zero +voltage switching of my inverter and + + align:start position:0% +voltage switching of my inverter and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage switching of my inverter and +hence run him at a really high + + align:start position:0% +hence run him at a really high + + + align:start position:0% +hence run him at a really high +frequency likewise you know I'm putting + + align:start position:0% +frequency likewise you know I'm putting + + + align:start position:0% +frequency likewise you know I'm putting +sinal currents in here so these diodes + + align:start position:0% +sinal currents in here so these diodes + + + align:start position:0% +sinal currents in here so these diodes +kind of switch nicely too or if I'm + + align:start position:0% +kind of switch nicely too or if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +kind of switch nicely too or if I'm +using depending if I'm using diodes or + + align:start position:0% +using depending if I'm using diodes or + + + align:start position:0% +using depending if I'm using diodes or +fets or whatever I'm using there okay so + + align:start position:0% +fets or whatever I'm using there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +fets or whatever I'm using there okay so +the thing I can get about it is the + + align:start position:0% +the thing I can get about it is the + + + align:start position:0% +the thing I can get about it is the +ability to push up to pretty darn high + + align:start position:0% +ability to push up to pretty darn high + + + align:start position:0% +ability to push up to pretty darn high +frequencies and keep good efficiency and + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and keep good efficiency and + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and keep good efficiency and +hence get down to small sizes so a lot + + align:start position:0% +hence get down to small sizes so a lot + + + align:start position:0% +hence get down to small sizes so a lot +of high performance designs despite all + + align:start position:0% +of high performance designs despite all + + + align:start position:0% +of high performance designs despite all +the complexity of doing this will do + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of doing this will do + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of doing this will do +that and in fact if you look at this is + + align:start position:0% +that and in fact if you look at this is + + + align:start position:0% +that and in fact if you look at this is +a this is a rectifier right this comes + + align:start position:0% +a this is a rectifier right this comes + + + align:start position:0% +a this is a rectifier right this comes +from line voltage and eventually gives + + align:start position:0% +from line voltage and eventually gives + + + align:start position:0% +from line voltage and eventually gives +me the voltage for my laptop this has a + + align:start position:0% +me the voltage for my laptop this has a + + + align:start position:0% +me the voltage for my laptop this has a +resonant converter in it it's tiny for + + align:start position:0% +resonant converter in it it's tiny for + + + align:start position:0% +resonant converter in it it's tiny for +65 watts and it's you know north of 96% + + align:start position:0% +65 watts and it's you know north of 96% + + + align:start position:0% +65 watts and it's you know north of 96% +efficient right and the reason it can be + + align:start position:0% +efficient right and the reason it can be + + + align:start position:0% +efficient right and the reason it can be +you know not hot and very tiny is + + align:start position:0% +you know not hot and very tiny is + + + align:start position:0% +you know not hot and very tiny is +because they went to the Great Lengths + + align:start position:0% +because they went to the Great Lengths + + + align:start position:0% +because they went to the Great Lengths +of Designing the right kind of very high + + align:start position:0% +of Designing the right kind of very high + + + align:start position:0% +of Designing the right kind of very high +frequency resonant converter okay so you + + align:start position:0% +frequency resonant converter okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +frequency resonant converter okay so you +know would you always do this no right + + align:start position:0% +know would you always do this no right + + + align:start position:0% +know would you always do this no right +the design time and everything else is + + align:start position:0% +the design time and everything else is + + + align:start position:0% +the design time and everything else is +going to cost you a lot but what you + + align:start position:0% +going to cost you a lot but what you + + + align:start position:0% +going to cost you a lot but what you +will find is a lot of very high + + align:start position:0% +will find is a lot of very high + + + align:start position:0% +will find is a lot of very high +performance systems they're going to go + + align:start position:0% +performance systems they're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +performance systems they're going to go +through the effort of figuring all this + + align:start position:0% +through the effort of figuring all this + + + align:start position:0% +through the effort of figuring all this +stuff out to get you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yeah what would be like for this + + align:start position:0% +that yeah what would be like for this + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah what would be like for this +laptop charger that you have what would + + align:start position:0% +laptop charger that you have what would + + + align:start position:0% +laptop charger that you have what would +be the load variation on that's a very + + align:start position:0% +be the load variation on that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +be the load variation on that's a very +good question the load variation is + + align:start position:0% +good question the load variation is + + + align:start position:0% +good question the load variation is +essentially infinite right so that that + + align:start position:0% +essentially infinite right so that that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially infinite right so that that +brings me to another point right I've + + align:start position:0% +brings me to another point right I've + + + align:start position:0% +brings me to another point right I've +talked about essentially one mode of + + align:start position:0% +talked about essentially one mode of + + + align:start position:0% +talked about essentially one mode of +power control in this thing + + align:start position:0% +power control in this thing + + + align:start position:0% +power control in this thing +right I've talked about essentially + + align:start position:0% +right I've talked about essentially + + + align:start position:0% +right I've talked about essentially +varying the switching frequency to vary + + align:start position:0% +varying the switching frequency to vary + + + align:start position:0% +varying the switching frequency to vary +you know where you're sitting on these + + align:start position:0% +you know where you're sitting on these + + + align:start position:0% +you know where you're sitting on these +curves right and that is a good method + + align:start position:0% +curves right and that is a good method + + + align:start position:0% +curves right and that is a good method +of power control but it'll only get you + + align:start position:0% +of power control but it'll only get you + + + align:start position:0% +of power control but it'll only get you +so far right or another way to think + + align:start position:0% +so far right or another way to think + + + align:start position:0% +so far right or another way to think +about it is if + + align:start position:0% +about it is if + + + align:start position:0% +about it is if +my right if my current goes to zero and + + align:start position:0% +my right if my current goes to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +my right if my current goes to zero and +my power goes to + + align:start position:0% +my power goes to + + + align:start position:0% +my power goes to +zero my my effective AC resistance is + + align:start position:0% +zero my my effective AC resistance is + + + align:start position:0% +zero my my effective AC resistance is +going through the roof right so what + + align:start position:0% +going through the roof right so what + + + align:start position:0% +going through the roof right so what +will happen eventually is maybe you + + align:start position:0% +will happen eventually is maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +will happen eventually is maybe you +enter a different mode of operation you + + align:start position:0% +enter a different mode of operation you + + + align:start position:0% +enter a different mode of operation you +can't keep soft switching so people will + + align:start position:0% +can't keep soft switching so people will + + + align:start position:0% +can't keep soft switching so people will +do all kinds of different other things + + align:start position:0% +do all kinds of different other things + + + align:start position:0% +do all kinds of different other things +to control Power they might burst the + + align:start position:0% +to control Power they might burst the + + + align:start position:0% +to control Power they might burst the +converter they run the converter at full + + align:start position:0% +converter they run the converter at full + + + align:start position:0% +converter they run the converter at full +power or some nominal power for some + + align:start position:0% +power or some nominal power for some + + + align:start position:0% +power or some nominal power for some +time and then shut it off burst it on + + align:start position:0% +time and then shut it off burst it on + + + align:start position:0% +time and then shut it off burst it on +and off and use the output capacitor + + align:start position:0% +and off and use the output capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +and off and use the output capacitor +here to hold the voltage so that when + + align:start position:0% +here to hold the voltage so that when + + + align:start position:0% +here to hold the voltage so that when +it's running it's running at high power + + align:start position:0% +it's running it's running at high power + + + align:start position:0% +it's running it's running at high power +and then it runs at zero power for a + + align:start position:0% +and then it runs at zero power for a + + + align:start position:0% +and then it runs at zero power for a +while that's called onoff control or + + align:start position:0% +while that's called onoff control or + + + align:start position:0% +while that's called onoff control or +burst + + align:start position:0% +burst + + + align:start position:0% +burst +control if I had a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +control if I had a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +control if I had a different kind of +inverter in the input maybe I can do + + align:start position:0% +inverter in the input maybe I can do + + + align:start position:0% +inverter in the input maybe I can do +phase shift or some degree of kind of + + align:start position:0% +phase shift or some degree of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift or some degree of kind of +pwm control okay uh or what's known as + + align:start position:0% +pwm control okay uh or what's known as + + + align:start position:0% +pwm control okay uh or what's known as +outphasing control if you're doing it + + align:start position:0% +outphasing control if you're doing it + + + align:start position:0% +outphasing control if you're doing it +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +sinusoids so there's a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +sinusoids so there's a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoids so there's a lot of other +control techniques you can bring in to + + align:start position:0% +control techniques you can bring in to + + + align:start position:0% +control techniques you can bring in to +deal with the really light load cases + + align:start position:0% +deal with the really light load cases + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the really light load cases +the other piece of it is is there's + + align:start position:0% +the other piece of it is is there's + + + align:start position:0% +the other piece of it is is there's +other kinds of Tanks this tank really + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of Tanks this tank really + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of Tanks this tank really +doesn't like going down to zero power + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like going down to zero power + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't like going down to zero power +because when the load resistance goes to + + align:start position:0% +because when the load resistance goes to + + + align:start position:0% +because when the load resistance goes to +Infinity the tank Q goes to zero and you + + align:start position:0% +Infinity the tank Q goes to zero and you + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity the tank Q goes to zero and you +get really wide frequency ranges that + + align:start position:0% +get really wide frequency ranges that + + + align:start position:0% +get really wide frequency ranges that +wouldn't be very good right on the other + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be very good right on the other + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be very good right on the other +hand if I used a parallel resonant tank + + align:start position:0% +hand if I used a parallel resonant tank + + + align:start position:0% +hand if I used a parallel resonant tank +I could do something different and it + + align:start position:0% +I could do something different and it + + + align:start position:0% +I could do something different and it +can go down to zero load just happily + + align:start position:0% +can go down to zero load just happily + + + align:start position:0% +can go down to zero load just happily +okay it has circulating current maybe + + align:start position:0% +okay it has circulating current maybe + + + align:start position:0% +okay it has circulating current maybe +the efficiency decreases but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the efficiency decreases but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the efficiency decreases but it doesn't +mind why because if I look at a parallel + + align:start position:0% +mind why because if I look at a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +mind why because if I look at a parallel +tank in a parallel tank Q goes up as R + + align:start position:0% +tank in a parallel tank Q goes up as R + + + align:start position:0% +tank in a parallel tank Q goes up as R +goes gets bigger and so my frequency + + align:start position:0% +goes gets bigger and so my frequency + + + align:start position:0% +goes gets bigger and so my frequency +range goes down so I can go to zero load + + align:start position:0% +range goes down so I can go to zero load + + + align:start position:0% +range goes down so I can go to zero load +with that or maybe I use an LCC tank + + align:start position:0% +with that or maybe I use an LCC tank + + + align:start position:0% +with that or maybe I use an LCC tank +which has some of the properties of both + + align:start position:0% +which has some of the properties of both + + + align:start position:0% +which has some of the properties of both +or an LLC tank which has two inductors + + align:start position:0% +or an LLC tank which has two inductors + + + align:start position:0% +or an LLC tank which has two inductors +and one capacitor that's a very popular + + align:start position:0% +and one capacitor that's a very popular + + + align:start position:0% +and one capacitor that's a very popular +one for very high performance converters + + align:start position:0% +one for very high performance converters + + + align:start position:0% +one for very high performance converters +okay so you can basically trade + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can basically trade + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can basically trade +Simplicity and and still use frequency + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity and and still use frequency + + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity and and still use frequency +control but then go to burst control or + + align:start position:0% +control but then go to burst control or + + + align:start position:0% +control but then go to burst control or +outphasing control or other control + + align:start position:0% +outphasing control or other control + + + align:start position:0% +outphasing control or other control +mechanisms and people do that and is it + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and people do that and is it + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and people do that and is it +worth the complexity it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +worth the complexity it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +worth the complexity it depends on the +application in some cases straight up + + align:start position:0% +application in some cases straight up + + + align:start position:0% +application in some cases straight up +fly converter is the right thing to do + + align:start position:0% +fly converter is the right thing to do + + + align:start position:0% +fly converter is the right thing to do +right you don't you don't have to do + + align:start position:0% +right you don't you don't have to do + + + align:start position:0% +right you don't you don't have to do +this to do a dcd's converter but in some + + align:start position:0% +this to do a dcd's converter but in some + + + align:start position:0% +this to do a dcd's converter but in some +high performance applications this is + + align:start position:0% +high performance applications this is + + + align:start position:0% +high performance applications this is +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +popular other questions I should say by + + align:start position:0% +popular other questions I should say by + + + align:start position:0% +popular other questions I should say by +the way why else looking at this why + + align:start position:0% +the way why else looking at this why + + + align:start position:0% +the way why else looking at this why +else might I choose a parallel resonant + + align:start position:0% +else might I choose a parallel resonant + + + align:start position:0% +else might I choose a parallel resonant +tank besides the fact that it goes down + + align:start position:0% +tank besides the fact that it goes down + + + align:start position:0% +tank besides the fact that it goes down +to zero load + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happily voltage gain right here you know + + align:start position:0% +happily voltage gain right here you know + + + align:start position:0% +happily voltage gain right here you know +a series resent tank the best I can do + + align:start position:0% +a series resent tank the best I can do + + + align:start position:0% +a series resent tank the best I can do +is make this thing look like a short + + align:start position:0% +is make this thing look like a short + + + align:start position:0% +is make this thing look like a short +circuit and get a gain of one with a + + align:start position:0% +circuit and get a gain of one with a + + + align:start position:0% +circuit and get a gain of one with a +parallel resident tank especially if I'm + + align:start position:0% +parallel resident tank especially if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +parallel resident tank especially if I'm +going to operate up here I can get a lot + + align:start position:0% +going to operate up here I can get a lot + + + align:start position:0% +going to operate up here I can get a lot +of voltage gain out of that in fact if + + align:start position:0% +of voltage gain out of that in fact if + + + align:start position:0% +of voltage gain out of that in fact if +you want to build a really high gain + + align:start position:0% +you want to build a really high gain + + + align:start position:0% +you want to build a really high gain +dcds converter + + align:start position:0% +dcds converter + + + align:start position:0% +dcds converter +and design that was done in my group + + align:start position:0% +and design that was done in my group + + + align:start position:0% +and design that was done in my group +some time ago went from like 200 volts + + align:start position:0% +some time ago went from like 200 volts + + + align:start position:0% +some time ago went from like 200 volts +to 40,000 volts one thing you might do + + align:start position:0% +to 40,000 volts one thing you might do + + + align:start position:0% +to 40,000 volts one thing you might do +you might pick a voltage multiplying + + align:start position:0% +you might pick a voltage multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +you might pick a voltage multiplying +rectifier a rectifier with a huge + + align:start position:0% +rectifier a rectifier with a huge + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier a rectifier with a huge +voltage gain you might pair that with a + + align:start position:0% +voltage gain you might pair that with a + + + align:start position:0% +voltage gain you might pair that with a +parallel in tank that would give you + + align:start position:0% +parallel in tank that would give you + + + align:start position:0% +parallel in tank that would give you +help you give you voltage gain from the + + align:start position:0% +help you give you voltage gain from the + + + align:start position:0% +help you give you voltage gain from the +tank right so you know all these DEC + + align:start position:0% +tank right so you know all these DEC + + + align:start position:0% +tank right so you know all these DEC +design decisions I might choose instead + + align:start position:0% +design decisions I might choose instead + + + align:start position:0% +design decisions I might choose instead +of a half Bridge inverter maybe I'll + + align:start position:0% +of a half Bridge inverter maybe I'll + + + align:start position:0% +of a half Bridge inverter maybe I'll +choose a full Bridge inverter because + + align:start position:0% +choose a full Bridge inverter because + + + align:start position:0% +choose a full Bridge inverter because +instead of getting a gain of two over Pi + + align:start position:0% +instead of getting a gain of two over Pi + + + align:start position:0% +instead of getting a gain of two over Pi +I get a gain of four over PI right so + + align:start position:0% +I get a gain of four over PI right so + + + align:start position:0% +I get a gain of four over PI right so +there's there's all kinds of games that + + align:start position:0% +there's there's all kinds of games that + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's all kinds of games that +can be played to help you get to some + + align:start position:0% +can be played to help you get to some + + + align:start position:0% +can be played to help you get to some +large conversion ratio that you might + + align:start position:0% +large conversion ratio that you might + + + align:start position:0% +large conversion ratio that you might +want to get to which might be hard with + + align:start position:0% +want to get to which might be hard with + + + align:start position:0% +want to get to which might be hard with +a standard pwm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +converter okay I would like to say + + align:start position:0% +converter okay I would like to say + + + align:start position:0% +converter okay I would like to say +and we're getting close to the end + + align:start position:0% +and we're getting close to the end + + + align:start position:0% +and we're getting close to the end +here um + + align:start position:0% +here um + + + align:start position:0% +here um +that not all Resident power converters + + align:start position:0% +that not all Resident power converters + + + align:start position:0% +that not all Resident power converters +are quite as I don't want to say as + + align:start position:0% +are quite as I don't want to say as + + + align:start position:0% +are quite as I don't want to say as +simple as this because this is not + + align:start position:0% +simple as this because this is not + + + align:start position:0% +simple as this because this is not +simple but are quite as clean as this in + + align:start position:0% +simple but are quite as clean as this in + + + align:start position:0% +simple but are quite as clean as this in +this version of a resident converter we + + align:start position:0% +this version of a resident converter we + + + align:start position:0% +this version of a resident converter we +had this intermediate current wave form + + align:start position:0% +had this intermediate current wave form + + + align:start position:0% +had this intermediate current wave form +that was purely sinusoidal right and + + align:start position:0% +that was purely sinusoidal right and + + + align:start position:0% +that was purely sinusoidal right and +that helped us think about the analysis + + align:start position:0% +that helped us think about the analysis + + + align:start position:0% +that helped us think about the analysis +just thinking about sinusoids throughout + + align:start position:0% +just thinking about sinusoids throughout + + + align:start position:0% +just thinking about sinusoids throughout +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +converter you don't always always get + + align:start position:0% +converter you don't always always get + + + align:start position:0% +converter you don't always always get +that sometimes you get um waveforms that + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes you get um waveforms that + + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes you get um waveforms that +are Quasi s and sometimes they'll call + + align:start position:0% +are Quasi s and sometimes they'll call + + + align:start position:0% +are Quasi s and sometimes they'll call +that a quasi resonant + + align:start position:0% +that a quasi resonant + + + align:start position:0% +that a quasi resonant +converter okay um depending upon the + + align:start position:0% +converter okay um depending upon the + + + align:start position:0% +converter okay um depending upon the +typee but I wanted to show you an + + align:start position:0% +typee but I wanted to show you an + + + align:start position:0% +typee but I wanted to show you an +example like a very um a very useful + + align:start position:0% +example like a very um a very useful + + + align:start position:0% +example like a very um a very useful +home + + align:start position:0% +home + + + align:start position:0% +home +example and um what this thing is is + + align:start position:0% +example and um what this thing is is + + + align:start position:0% +example and um what this thing is is +this is your standard home induction + + align:start position:0% +this is your standard home induction + + + align:start position:0% +this is your standard home induction +cooker right so if you have a you if you + + align:start position:0% +cooker right so if you have a you if you + + + align:start position:0% +cooker right so if you have a you if you +want to go out and spend I don't know + + align:start position:0% +want to go out and spend I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +want to go out and spend I don't know +what did you spend for this 50 bucks 50 + + align:start position:0% +what did you spend for this 50 bucks 50 + + + align:start position:0% +what did you spend for this 50 bucks 50 +bucks for one of these things these were + + align:start position:0% +bucks for one of these things these were + + + align:start position:0% +bucks for one of these things these were +so cheap we bent went out and bought + + align:start position:0% +so cheap we bent went out and bought + + + align:start position:0% +so cheap we bent went out and bought +multiple and took them all apart um + + align:start position:0% +multiple and took them all apart um + + + align:start position:0% +multiple and took them all apart um +actually the SL I have the following + + align:start position:0% +actually the SL I have the following + + + align:start position:0% +actually the SL I have the following +slides that Dave prepared so I don't + + align:start position:0% +slides that Dave prepared so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +slides that Dave prepared so I don't +know if Dave you want to present the + + align:start position:0% +know if Dave you want to present the + + + align:start position:0% +know if Dave you want to present the +topology and everything that's going on + + align:start position:0% +topology and everything that's going on + + + align:start position:0% +topology and everything that's going on +and then uh show it show it off that'd + + align:start position:0% +and then uh show it show it off that'd + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh show it show it off that'd +be great no no go ahead all right I'll + + align:start position:0% +be great no no go ahead all right I'll + + + align:start position:0% +be great no no go ahead all right I'll +describe okay I'll describe the circuit + + align:start position:0% +describe okay I'll describe the circuit + + + align:start position:0% +describe okay I'll describe the circuit +here's the circuit + + align:start position:0% +here's the circuit + + + align:start position:0% +here's the circuit +okay and it turns out a lot of the a lot + + align:start position:0% +okay and it turns out a lot of the a lot + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it turns out a lot of the a lot +of the systems are um designed like + + align:start position:0% +of the systems are um designed like + + + align:start position:0% +of the systems are um designed like +this and here you can see the coil now + + align:start position:0% +this and here you can see the coil now + + + align:start position:0% +this and here you can see the coil now +this coil + + align:start position:0% +this coil + + + align:start position:0% +this coil +is both serves as the + + align:start position:0% +is both serves as the + + + align:start position:0% +is both serves as the +inductor you know both serves as sort of + + align:start position:0% +inductor you know both serves as sort of + + + align:start position:0% +inductor you know both serves as sort of +an inductor to store energy but it also + + align:start position:0% +an inductor to store energy but it also + + + align:start position:0% +an inductor to store energy but it also +couples into the pan to deliver you know + + align:start position:0% +couples into the pan to deliver you know + + + align:start position:0% +couples into the pan to deliver you know +the fields from this inductor hit your + + align:start position:0% +the fields from this inductor hit your + + + align:start position:0% +the fields from this inductor hit your +pan and make a resist effective + + align:start position:0% +pan and make a resist effective + + + align:start position:0% +pan and make a resist effective +resistive load on the tank okay and then + + align:start position:0% +resistive load on the tank okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +resistive load on the tank okay and then +here you can see it's a interesting + + align:start position:0% +here you can see it's a interesting + + + align:start position:0% +here you can see it's a interesting +circuit okay here's the here's the + + align:start position:0% +circuit okay here's the here's the + + + align:start position:0% +circuit okay here's the here's the +topology okay we can we can pass these + + align:start position:0% +topology okay we can we can pass these + + + align:start position:0% +topology okay we can we can pass these +around but please I need them back um + + align:start position:0% +around but please I need them back um + + + align:start position:0% +around but please I need them back um +but let's see what's inside this + + align:start position:0% +but let's see what's inside this + + + align:start position:0% +but let's see what's inside this +toy pie of on the back of theil deflect + + align:start position:0% +toy pie of on the back of theil deflect + + + align:start position:0% +toy pie of on the back of theil deflect +the field into your into your pan and + + align:start position:0% +the field into your into your pan and + + + align:start position:0% +the field into your into your pan and +not into the circuit that's right yeah + + align:start position:0% +not into the circuit that's right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +not into the circuit that's right yeah +so the fields supposed to go into the + + align:start position:0% +so the fields supposed to go into the + + + align:start position:0% +so the fields supposed to go into the +pan side and that's the feret chunks + + align:start position:0% +pan side and that's the feret chunks + + + align:start position:0% +pan side and that's the feret chunks +there help you out and Dave is kind of + + align:start position:0% +there help you out and Dave is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there help you out and Dave is kind of +taken this thing apart and instrumented + + align:start position:0% +taken this thing apart and instrumented + + + align:start position:0% +taken this thing apart and instrumented +it okay um here's you see the top this + + align:start position:0% +it okay um here's you see the top this + + + align:start position:0% +it okay um here's you see the top this +is where the pan goes the bottom you can + + align:start position:0% +is where the pan goes the bottom you can + + + align:start position:0% +is where the pan goes the bottom you can +see these ferite pieces to force the + + align:start position:0% +see these ferite pieces to force the + + + align:start position:0% +see these ferite pieces to force the +fields to the other side here's the + + align:start position:0% +fields to the other side here's the + + + align:start position:0% +fields to the other side here's the +circuit board here's what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +circuit board here's what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +circuit board here's what it looks like +okay it has + + align:start position:0% +okay it has + + + align:start position:0% +okay it has +a you know sort of input filter an a + + align:start position:0% +a you know sort of input filter an a + + + align:start position:0% +a you know sort of input filter an a +line frequency rectifier followed by a + + align:start position:0% +line frequency rectifier followed by a + + + align:start position:0% +line frequency rectifier followed by a +low frequency filter + + align:start position:0% +low frequency filter + + + align:start position:0% +low frequency filter +so that at least at one point in the + + align:start position:0% +so that at least at one point in the + + + align:start position:0% +so that at least at one point in the +line cycle you could imagine this being + + align:start position:0% +line cycle you could imagine this being + + + align:start position:0% +line cycle you could imagine this being +a DC voltage okay essentially this + + align:start position:0% +a DC voltage okay essentially this + + + align:start position:0% +a DC voltage okay essentially this +voltage goes almost as the rectified + + align:start position:0% +voltage goes almost as the rectified + + + align:start position:0% +voltage goes almost as the rectified +sign voltage okay and here's the + + align:start position:0% +sign voltage okay and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +sign voltage okay and here's the +circuit this is the inductor Transformer + + align:start position:0% +circuit this is the inductor Transformer + + + align:start position:0% +circuit this is the inductor Transformer +right so that that's that's the coil + + align:start position:0% +right so that that's that's the coil + + + align:start position:0% +right so that that's that's the coil +right here there's a capacitor across + + align:start position:0% +right here there's a capacitor across + + + align:start position:0% +right here there's a capacitor across +the coil okay so this is going to give + + align:start position:0% +the coil okay so this is going to give + + + align:start position:0% +the coil okay so this is going to give +us our resonance swing okay but this + + align:start position:0% +us our resonance swing okay but this + + + align:start position:0% +us our resonance swing okay but this +circuit only has one + + align:start position:0% +circuit only has one + + + align:start position:0% +circuit only has one +switch okay so what's essentially going + + align:start position:0% +switch okay so what's essentially going + + + align:start position:0% +switch okay so what's essentially going +to happen is think about this as a this + + align:start position:0% +to happen is think about this as a this + + + align:start position:0% +to happen is think about this as a this +voltage as being constant input + + align:start position:0% +voltage as being constant input + + + align:start position:0% +voltage as being constant input +voltage we're going to turn on the + + align:start position:0% +voltage we're going to turn on the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage we're going to turn on the +switch and apply a constant voltage + + align:start position:0% +switch and apply a constant voltage + + + align:start position:0% +switch and apply a constant voltage +across this inductor and ramp up current + + align:start position:0% +across this inductor and ramp up current + + + align:start position:0% +across this inductor and ramp up current +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +inductor then we're going to turn off + + align:start position:0% +inductor then we're going to turn off + + + align:start position:0% +inductor then we're going to turn off +the switch and this is connected to a + + align:start position:0% +the switch and this is connected to a + + + align:start position:0% +the switch and this is connected to a +voltage source and this thing's going to + + align:start position:0% +voltage source and this thing's going to + + + align:start position:0% +voltage source and this thing's going to +go through essentially a parallel + + align:start position:0% +go through essentially a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +go through essentially a parallel +resonance it's going to voltage going to + + align:start position:0% +resonance it's going to voltage going to + + + align:start position:0% +resonance it's going to voltage going to +ring up and it's going to ring back down + + align:start position:0% +ring up and it's going to ring back down + + + align:start position:0% +ring up and it's going to ring back down +and when it rings back down we can turn + + align:start position:0% +and when it rings back down we can turn + + + align:start position:0% +and when it rings back down we can turn +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +switch okay and so in this AC ring we're + + align:start position:0% +switch okay and so in this AC ring we're + + + align:start position:0% +switch okay and so in this AC ring we're +coupling energy via induction into the + + align:start position:0% +coupling energy via induction into the + + + align:start position:0% +coupling energy via induction into the +output which is sort of the essentially + + align:start position:0% +output which is sort of the essentially + + + align:start position:0% +output which is sort of the essentially +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +resistance everybody get the basic idea + + align:start position:0% +resistance everybody get the basic idea + + + align:start position:0% +resistance everybody get the basic idea +so this thing it doesn't quite have + + align:start position:0% +so this thing it doesn't quite have + + + align:start position:0% +so this thing it doesn't quite have +sinusal waveforms at all but it is using + + align:start position:0% +sinusal waveforms at all but it is using + + + align:start position:0% +sinusal waveforms at all but it is using +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +resonance and in fact we do get um zero + + align:start position:0% +resonance and in fact we do get um zero + + + align:start position:0% +resonance and in fact we do get um zero +voltage switching as with a single + + align:start position:0% +voltage switching as with a single + + + align:start position:0% +voltage switching as with a single +switch here this is there there are many + + align:start position:0% +switch here this is there there are many + + + align:start position:0% +switch here this is there there are many +inverters that actually only need a + + align:start position:0% +inverters that actually only need a + + + align:start position:0% +inverters that actually only need a +single switch one of the most famous of + + align:start position:0% +single switch one of the most famous of + + + align:start position:0% +single switch one of the most famous of +which is the class E inverter this is a + + align:start position:0% +which is the class E inverter this is a + + + align:start position:0% +which is the class E inverter this is a +variant on that concept to control Power + + align:start position:0% +variant on that concept to control Power + + + align:start position:0% +variant on that concept to control Power +we're going to vary how long we hold up + + align:start position:0% +we're going to vary how long we hold up + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to vary how long we hold up +the switch and ramp up current in the + + align:start position:0% +the switch and ramp up current in the + + + align:start position:0% +the switch and ramp up current in the +inductor and but at a given power level + + align:start position:0% +inductor and but at a given power level + + + align:start position:0% +inductor and but at a given power level +that's going to be fixed now the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be fixed now the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be fixed now the +beautiful thing about this is is the + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thing about this is is the + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thing about this is is the +amount current ramps up in this is + + align:start position:0% +amount current ramps up in this is + + + align:start position:0% +amount current ramps up in this is +proportional to this voltage which + + align:start position:0% +proportional to this voltage which + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to this voltage which +varies over the line cycle so almost for + + align:start position:0% +varies over the line cycle so almost for + + + align:start position:0% +varies over the line cycle so almost for +free this thing operates at super high + + align:start position:0% +free this thing operates at super high + + + align:start position:0% +free this thing operates at super high +power factor because the switching + + align:start position:0% +power factor because the switching + + + align:start position:0% +power factor because the switching +frequency of this thing is way above the + + align:start position:0% +frequency of this thing is way above the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of this thing is way above the +line frequency and so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +line frequency and so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +line frequency and so we're going to +draw power that is proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +draw power that is proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +draw power that is proportional to the +square of the line voltage which lets us + + align:start position:0% +square of the line voltage which lets us + + + align:start position:0% +square of the line voltage which lets us +get very high power factor okay so + + align:start position:0% +get very high power factor okay so + + + align:start position:0% +get very high power factor okay so +basically with one active switch and + + align:start position:0% +basically with one active switch and + + + align:start position:0% +basically with one active switch and +some resonant components plus a diode + + align:start position:0% +some resonant components plus a diode + + + align:start position:0% +some resonant components plus a diode +rectifier and some filters we get + + align:start position:0% +rectifier and some filters we get + + + align:start position:0% +rectifier and some filters we get +basically an induction heater which is + + align:start position:0% +basically an induction heater which is + + + align:start position:0% +basically an induction heater which is +why they can do it for 50 bucks I will + + align:start position:0% +why they can do it for 50 bucks I will + + + align:start position:0% +why they can do it for 50 bucks I will +turn it now turn it over to Dave and he + + align:start position:0% +turn it now turn it over to Dave and he + + + align:start position:0% +turn it now turn it over to Dave and he +can uh sort of explain what's going on + + align:start position:0% +can uh sort of explain what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +can uh sort of explain what's going on +okay so I've got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh let me tell you let me tell you what + + align:start position:0% +uh let me tell you let me tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me tell you let me tell you what +we're working with here so uh I want to + + align:start position:0% +we're working with here so uh I want to + + + align:start position:0% +we're working with here so uh I want to +adjust this so that it + + align:start position:0% +adjust this so that it + + + align:start position:0% +adjust this so that it +triggers so the pink waveform is the + + align:start position:0% +triggers so the pink waveform is the + + + align:start position:0% +triggers so the pink waveform is the +input voltage after the rectifier so you + + align:start position:0% +input voltage after the rectifier so you + + + align:start position:0% +input voltage after the rectifier so you +can it doesn't go all the way down to + + align:start position:0% +can it doesn't go all the way down to + + + align:start position:0% +can it doesn't go all the way down to +zero but you can see it has some humps + + align:start position:0% +zero but you can see it has some humps + + + align:start position:0% +zero but you can see it has some humps +in it okay the blue waveform is the + + align:start position:0% +in it okay the blue waveform is the + + + align:start position:0% +in it okay the blue waveform is the +voltage across the switch so you can see + + align:start position:0% +voltage across the switch so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +voltage across the switch so you can see +it's zero for a period of time that's + + align:start position:0% +it's zero for a period of time that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero for a period of time that's +when the switch is on when the switch + + align:start position:0% +when the switch is on when the switch + + + align:start position:0% +when the switch is on when the switch +turns off then you see that the voltage + + align:start position:0% +turns off then you see that the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +turns off then you see that the voltage +resonates up and then down again now the + + align:start position:0% +resonates up and then down again now the + + + align:start position:0% +resonates up and then down again now the +real thing that we're interested in is + + align:start position:0% +real thing that we're interested in is + + + align:start position:0% +real thing that we're interested in is +the current in the coil that's the + + align:start position:0% +the current in the coil that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the current in the coil that's the +yellow waveform so you can see that when + + align:start position:0% +yellow waveform so you can see that when + + + align:start position:0% +yellow waveform so you can see that when +the blue waveform is flat the switch is + + align:start position:0% +the blue waveform is flat the switch is + + + align:start position:0% +the blue waveform is flat the switch is +on the current ramps up at some point + + align:start position:0% +on the current ramps up at some point + + + align:start position:0% +on the current ramps up at some point +the switch turns off the voltage builds + + align:start position:0% +the switch turns off the voltage builds + + + align:start position:0% +the switch turns off the voltage builds +up the current goes down okay and and so + + align:start position:0% +up the current goes down okay and and so + + + align:start position:0% +up the current goes down okay and and so +that's the uh current waveform that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the uh current waveform that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the uh current waveform that's +actually being used for the heat now if + + align:start position:0% +actually being used for the heat now if + + + align:start position:0% +actually being used for the heat now if +I change the uh Power so that was 12200 + + align:start position:0% +I change the uh Power so that was 12200 + + + align:start position:0% +I change the uh Power so that was 12200 +Watts I'm going to go to 700 watts and + + align:start position:0% +Watts I'm going to go to 700 watts and + + + align:start position:0% +Watts I'm going to go to 700 watts and +I'm going to adjust the thing so that it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to adjust the thing so that it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to adjust the thing so that it +triggers okay you can you can see + + align:start position:0% +triggers okay you can you can see + + + align:start position:0% +triggers okay you can you can see +that uh the current is lower okay and + + align:start position:0% +that uh the current is lower okay and + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the current is lower okay and +and now while it's running I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and now while it's running I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and now while it's running I'm going to +try to turn up the voltage I turn up the + + align:start position:0% +try to turn up the voltage I turn up the + + + align:start position:0% +try to turn up the voltage I turn up the +power and you can see that the control + + align:start position:0% +power and you can see that the control + + + align:start position:0% +power and you can see that the control +system is going to increase the time + + align:start position:0% +system is going to increase the time + + + align:start position:0% +system is going to increase the time +that the switch is on that allows the + + align:start position:0% +that the switch is on that allows the + + + align:start position:0% +that the switch is on that allows the +current to build up more it turns out + + align:start position:0% +current to build up more it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +current to build up more it turns out +that it makes the frequency go down but + + align:start position:0% +that it makes the frequency go down but + + + align:start position:0% +that it makes the frequency go down but +I think that uh you know the time is + + align:start position:0% +I think that uh you know the time is + + + align:start position:0% +I think that uh you know the time is +what's more important okay now uh there + + align:start position:0% +what's more important okay now uh there + + + align:start position:0% +what's more important okay now uh there +are several ways to look at this circuit + + align:start position:0% +are several ways to look at this circuit + + + align:start position:0% +are several ways to look at this circuit +okay right now I'm sort of showing you + + align:start position:0% +okay right now I'm sort of showing you + + + align:start position:0% +okay right now I'm sort of showing you +one high frequency signal okay now I'm + + align:start position:0% +one high frequency signal okay now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one high frequency signal okay now I'm +going to change the time scale so that + + align:start position:0% +going to change the time scale so that + + + align:start position:0% +going to change the time scale so that +we look at one full cycle of 60 Cycles + + align:start position:0% +we look at one full cycle of 60 Cycles + + + align:start position:0% +we look at one full cycle of 60 Cycles +so let me adjust the triggering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh maybe one + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe one + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe one +more okay uh so and then let me go down + + align:start position:0% +more okay uh so and then let me go down + + + align:start position:0% +more okay uh so and then let me go down +in power this one triggers more more + + align:start position:0% +in power this one triggers more more + + + align:start position:0% +in power this one triggers more more +reasonably so now you can see the + + align:start position:0% +reasonably so now you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably so now you can see the +feature that I was talking about where + + align:start position:0% +feature that I was talking about where + + + align:start position:0% +feature that I was talking about where +uh during uh one period of 60 Cycles + + align:start position:0% +uh during uh one period of 60 Cycles + + + align:start position:0% +uh during uh one period of 60 Cycles +this is really 120 hertz so it's twice + + align:start position:0% +this is really 120 hertz so it's twice + + + align:start position:0% +this is really 120 hertz so it's twice +that okay you can see that the input + + align:start position:0% +that okay you can see that the input + + + align:start position:0% +that okay you can see that the input +voltage which is the Pink goes basically + + align:start position:0% +voltage which is the Pink goes basically + + + align:start position:0% +voltage which is the Pink goes basically +to zero and up again uh then the current + + align:start position:0% +to zero and up again uh then the current + + + align:start position:0% +to zero and up again uh then the current +is the yellow waveform so that has an + + align:start position:0% +is the yellow waveform so that has an + + + align:start position:0% +is the yellow waveform so that has an +envelope of a sine wave okay and then + + align:start position:0% +envelope of a sine wave okay and then + + + align:start position:0% +envelope of a sine wave okay and then +the the voltage sort of matches that + + align:start position:0% +the the voltage sort of matches that + + + align:start position:0% +the the voltage sort of matches that +okay I should point out this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay I should point out this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I should point out this is the +parallel resonance circuit and so the uh + + align:start position:0% +parallel resonance circuit and so the uh + + + align:start position:0% +parallel resonance circuit and so the uh +Peak voltage is you know 7 800 volts + + align:start position:0% +Peak voltage is you know 7 800 volts + + + align:start position:0% +Peak voltage is you know 7 800 volts +okay uh the peak current when we get up + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the peak current when we get up + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the peak current when we get up +to full power 1800 watts is about 70 + + align:start position:0% +to full power 1800 watts is about 70 + + + align:start position:0% +to full power 1800 watts is about 70 +amps so it's serious okay let me just + + align:start position:0% +amps so it's serious okay let me just + + + align:start position:0% +amps so it's serious okay let me just +turn up the power and you should + + align:start position:0% +turn up the power and you should + + + align:start position:0% +turn up the power and you should +see the current is building up so this + + align:start position:0% +see the current is building up so this + + + align:start position:0% +see the current is building up so this +is, 1400 + + align:start position:0% +is, 1400 + + + align:start position:0% +is, 1400 +Watts this is uh 1,600 and whether we + + align:start position:0% +Watts this is uh 1,600 and whether we + + + align:start position:0% +Watts this is uh 1,600 and whether we +get 1,00 actually has something to do + + align:start position:0% +get 1,00 actually has something to do + + + align:start position:0% +get 1,00 actually has something to do +with the line voltage okay so I'll just + + align:start position:0% +with the line voltage okay so I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +with the line voltage okay so I'll just +turn it down now if I uh we were talking + + align:start position:0% +turn it down now if I uh we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +turn it down now if I uh we were talking +about different modes of control before + + align:start position:0% +about different modes of control before + + + align:start position:0% +about different modes of control before +I programmed the thing for 500 watts + + align:start position:0% +I programmed the thing for 500 watts + + + align:start position:0% +I programmed the thing for 500 watts +okay so it runs and then all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +okay so it runs and then all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it runs and then all of a sudden +it stops okay so this can doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +it stops okay so this can doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +it stops okay so this can doesn't really +want to work at really low power and so + + align:start position:0% +want to work at really low power and so + + + align:start position:0% +want to work at really low power and so +it pulses on and off uh normally if + + align:start position:0% +it pulses on and off uh normally if + + + align:start position:0% +it pulses on and off uh normally if +you're just trying to heat water that + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to heat water that + + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to heat water that +doesn't really make a difference and so + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really make a difference and so + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really make a difference and so +uh you know they can get away with this + + align:start position:0% +uh you know they can get away with this + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know they can get away with this +type of operation notice how the soft + + align:start position:0% +type of operation notice how the soft + + + align:start position:0% +type of operation notice how the soft +start it slowly slowly builds itself up + + align:start position:0% +start it slowly slowly builds itself up + + + align:start position:0% +start it slowly slowly builds itself up +okay my egg yeah okay so just just to + + align:start position:0% +okay my egg yeah okay so just just to + + + align:start position:0% +okay my egg yeah okay so just just to +show that this thing is real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see how fast we can cook with 12200 + + align:start position:0% +see how fast we can cook with 12200 + + + align:start position:0% +see how fast we can cook with 12200 +watts and there we go wow that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +watts and there we go wow that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +watts and there we go wow that's pretty +quick anybody hungry it is it's just + + align:start position:0% +quick anybody hungry it is it's just + + + align:start position:0% +quick anybody hungry it is it's just +after lunch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right all right there we go one cook + + align:start position:0% +all right all right there we go one cook + + + align:start position:0% +all right all right there we go one cook +teg uh we'll wrap it up for the day but + + align:start position:0% +teg uh we'll wrap it up for the day but + + + align:start position:0% +teg uh we'll wrap it up for the day but +there you can see how even resident + + align:start position:0% +there you can see how even resident + + + align:start position:0% +there you can see how even resident +principles can be applied we've got zero + + align:start position:0% +principles can be applied we've got zero + + + align:start position:0% +principles can be applied we've got zero +voltage switching pushing 1800 watts + + align:start position:0% +voltage switching pushing 1800 watts + + + align:start position:0% +voltage switching pushing 1800 watts +with a single active switch so that's + + align:start position:0% +with a single active switch so that's + + + align:start position:0% +with a single active switch so that's +that's sort of on the clever end of the + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of on the clever end of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of on the clever end of the +trickery you can do with resident + + align:start position:0% +trickery you can do with resident + + + align:start position:0% +trickery you can do with resident +converters but as I mentioned they're in + + align:start position:0% +converters but as I mentioned they're in + + + align:start position:0% +converters but as I mentioned they're in +a lot of kind of applications have a + + align:start position:0% +a lot of kind of applications have a + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of kind of applications have a +great day + + align:start position:0% +great day + + + align:start position:0% +great day +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TQTDkpZP02A.txt b/TQTDkpZP02A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a890107927f96ad40a387711814e832e9ddbac9e --- /dev/null +++ b/TQTDkpZP02A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to recitation in this video + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation in this video + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation in this video +I want us to work on the following + + align:start position:0% +I want us to work on the following + + + align:start position:0% +I want us to work on the following +problem so we're going to assume little + + align:start position:0% +problem so we're going to assume little + + + align:start position:0% +problem so we're going to assume little +f is a continuous function and if we + + align:start position:0% +f is a continuous function and if we + + + align:start position:0% +f is a continuous function and if we +know that the integral from 0 to X of f + + align:start position:0% +know that the integral from 0 to X of f + + + align:start position:0% +know that the integral from 0 to X of f +of tdt is equal to x^2 sin + + align:start position:0% +of tdt is equal to x^2 sin + + + align:start position:0% +of tdt is equal to x^2 sin +pix I want us to find little F of two so + + align:start position:0% +pix I want us to find little F of two so + + + align:start position:0% +pix I want us to find little F of two so +I'm going to give you a little while to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you a little while to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you a little while to +work on the problem when you're ready + + align:start position:0% +work on the problem when you're ready + + + align:start position:0% +work on the problem when you're ready +come back and we'll we'll take a look at + + align:start position:0% +come back and we'll we'll take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +come back and we'll we'll take a look at +how I do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem welcome back so again we're + + align:start position:0% +problem welcome back so again we're + + + align:start position:0% +problem welcome back so again we're +working on a problem where we know uh + + align:start position:0% +working on a problem where we know uh + + + align:start position:0% +working on a problem where we know uh +that f is a continuous function we know + + align:start position:0% +that f is a continuous function we know + + + align:start position:0% +that f is a continuous function we know +the integral from 0 to X of f of tdt is + + align:start position:0% +the integral from 0 to X of f of tdt is + + + align:start position:0% +the integral from 0 to X of f of tdt is +equal to a certain function and we want + + align:start position:0% +equal to a certain function and we want + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a certain function and we want +to find F of two so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to find F of two so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to find F of two so what we're going to +use because we know little f is + + align:start position:0% +use because we know little f is + + + align:start position:0% +use because we know little f is +continuous we can actually use the + + align:start position:0% +continuous we can actually use the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous we can actually use the +fundamental theorem of calculus and we + + align:start position:0% +fundamental theorem of calculus and we + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental theorem of calculus and we +know that + + align:start position:0% +know that + + + align:start position:0% +know that +DDX of this whole expression here is + + align:start position:0% +DDX of this whole expression here is + + + align:start position:0% +DDX of this whole expression here is +actually little F ofx so let's just + + align:start position:0% +actually little F ofx so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +actually little F ofx so let's just +remind remind us I'll write it down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formally FTC + + align:start position:0% +formally FTC + + + align:start position:0% +formally FTC +implies that + + align:start position:0% +implies that + + + align:start position:0% +implies that +DDX the integral from 0 to x f of T + + align:start position:0% +DDX the integral from 0 to x f of T + + + align:start position:0% +DDX the integral from 0 to x f of T +DDT is equal to F + + align:start position:0% +DDT is equal to F + + + align:start position:0% +DDT is equal to F +ofx right we know that so we know that + + align:start position:0% +ofx right we know that so we know that + + + align:start position:0% +ofx right we know that so we know that +DDX of the right hand side and DDX of + + align:start position:0% +DDX of the right hand side and DDX of + + + align:start position:0% +DDX of the right hand side and DDX of +the left hand side are the + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side are the + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side are the +same and so we know that if we take DDX + + align:start position:0% +same and so we know that if we take DDX + + + align:start position:0% +same and so we know that if we take DDX +of the right hand side we'll get little + + align:start position:0% +of the right hand side we'll get little + + + align:start position:0% +of the right hand side we'll get little +F ofx because DDX of the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +F ofx because DDX of the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +F ofx because DDX of the left hand side +of this equation is is little F ofx so + + align:start position:0% +of this equation is is little F ofx so + + + align:start position:0% +of this equation is is little F ofx so +DDX of the right hand side is also + + align:start position:0% +DDX of the right hand side is also + + + align:start position:0% +DDX of the right hand side is also +little F ofx so now all we have to do is + + align:start position:0% +little F ofx so now all we have to do is + + + align:start position:0% +little F ofx so now all we have to do is +apply what we know about taking + + align:start position:0% +apply what we know about taking + + + align:start position:0% +apply what we know about taking +derivatives to find little F ofx then + + align:start position:0% +derivatives to find little F ofx then + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives to find little F ofx then +once we find little f of x we can + + align:start position:0% +once we find little f of x we can + + + align:start position:0% +once we find little f of x we can +evaluate it at F equal 2 at two sorry at + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it at F equal 2 at two sorry at + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate it at F equal 2 at two sorry at +x equal 2 sorry about that so let's come + + align:start position:0% +x equal 2 sorry about that so let's come + + + align:start position:0% +x equal 2 sorry about that so let's come +over to the right part of the board and + + align:start position:0% +over to the right part of the board and + + + align:start position:0% +over to the right part of the board and +we'll find DDX of this function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so what do we have to use we have + + align:start position:0% +here so what do we have to use we have + + + align:start position:0% +here so what do we have to use we have +to use the product rule and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +to use the product rule and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to use the product rule and then we'll +have to use a little chain rule really + + align:start position:0% +have to use a little chain rule really + + + align:start position:0% +have to use a little chain rule really +simple chain rule in the second term I'm + + align:start position:0% +simple chain rule in the second term I'm + + + align:start position:0% +simple chain rule in the second term I'm +going to write it down below so we have + + align:start position:0% +going to write it down below so we have + + + align:start position:0% +going to write it down below so we have +some room here so the first term we get + + align:start position:0% +some room here so the first term we get + + + align:start position:0% +some room here so the first term we get +2x sin + + align:start position:0% +2x sin + + + align:start position:0% +2x sin +pix the second term we get x squared + + align:start position:0% +pix the second term we get x squared + + + align:start position:0% +pix the second term we get x squared +derivative of s is cosine pix and then + + align:start position:0% +derivative of s is cosine pix and then + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of s is cosine pix and then +we have to pull out a pi which I'll just + + align:start position:0% +we have to pull out a pi which I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +we have to pull out a pi which I'll just +put well I'll put it here for the moment + + align:start position:0% +put well I'll put it here for the moment + + + align:start position:0% +put well I'll put it here for the moment +the pi comes from taking the derivative + + align:start position:0% +the pi comes from taking the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +the pi comes from taking the derivative +of pix and now all we need this is then + + align:start position:0% +of pix and now all we need this is then + + + align:start position:0% +of pix and now all we need this is then +F ofx right so I just will remind us + + align:start position:0% +F ofx right so I just will remind us + + + align:start position:0% +F ofx right so I just will remind us +this is f ofx let me put it right here + + align:start position:0% +this is f ofx let me put it right here + + + align:start position:0% +this is f ofx let me put it right here +little of X so if I want to find F of + + align:start position:0% +little of X so if I want to find F of + + + align:start position:0% +little of X so if I want to find F of +two all I have to do is evaluate this at + + align:start position:0% +two all I have to do is evaluate this at + + + align:start position:0% +two all I have to do is evaluate this at +xal 2 so F of two is going to equal 2 * + + align:start position:0% +xal 2 so F of two is going to equal 2 * + + + align:start position:0% +xal 2 so F of two is going to equal 2 * +2 is + + align:start position:0% +2 is + + + align:start position:0% +2 is +4 S 2 + + align:start position:0% +4 S 2 + + + align:start position:0% +4 S 2 +pi plus four I'll bring the pi in + + align:start position:0% +pi plus four I'll bring the pi in + + + align:start position:0% +pi plus four I'll bring the pi in +front 4 Pi cosine 2 pi so what do I get + + align:start position:0% +front 4 Pi cosine 2 pi so what do I get + + + align:start position:0% +front 4 Pi cosine 2 pi so what do I get +sin 2 pi is 0er cosine 2 pi is 1 so + + align:start position:0% +sin 2 pi is 0er cosine 2 pi is 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +sin 2 pi is 0er cosine 2 pi is 1 so +ultimately + + align:start position:0% +ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately +I just get 4 + + align:start position:0% +I just get 4 + + + align:start position:0% +I just get 4 +Pi so hopefully you were able to solve + + align:start position:0% +Pi so hopefully you were able to solve + + + align:start position:0% +Pi so hopefully you were able to solve +this problem and get the same + + align:start position:0% +this problem and get the same + + + align:start position:0% +this problem and get the same +answer now let me remind you one more + + align:start position:0% +answer now let me remind you one more + + + align:start position:0% +answer now let me remind you one more +time what we + + align:start position:0% +time what we + + + align:start position:0% +time what we +did let's come over here we started with + + align:start position:0% +did let's come over here we started with + + + align:start position:0% +did let's come over here we started with +a function that we knew was continuous + + align:start position:0% +a function that we knew was continuous + + + align:start position:0% +a function that we knew was continuous +we knew the integral from0 to X of that + + align:start position:0% +we knew the integral from0 to X of that + + + align:start position:0% +we knew the integral from0 to X of that +function was equal to a certain function + + align:start position:0% +function was equal to a certain function + + + align:start position:0% +function was equal to a certain function +of X and we wanted to to evaluate this + + align:start position:0% +of X and we wanted to to evaluate this + + + align:start position:0% +of X and we wanted to to evaluate this +function at a certain at a certain point + + align:start position:0% +function at a certain at a certain point + + + align:start position:0% +function at a certain at a certain point +so what we exploited was the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +so what we exploited was the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +so what we exploited was the fundamental +theorem of calculus and the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +theorem of calculus and the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +theorem of calculus and the fundamental +the of calculus tells us that DDX of the + + align:start position:0% +the of calculus tells us that DDX of the + + + align:start position:0% +the of calculus tells us that DDX of the +left hand side is f ofx and so that we + + align:start position:0% +left hand side is f ofx and so that we + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side is f ofx and so that we +can take DDX of the right hand side and + + align:start position:0% +can take DDX of the right hand side and + + + align:start position:0% +can take DDX of the right hand side and +figure out what f ofx is and then we + + align:start position:0% +figure out what f ofx is and then we + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what f ofx is and then we +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +evaluate so I think I'll stop there \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TSmui37yrL8.txt b/TSmui37yrL8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36edfb9ed80e309eaf2982970a462ab529f1af28 --- /dev/null +++ b/TSmui37yrL8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,667 @@ +align:start position:0% + +using a deregister as the memory + + align:start position:0% +using a deregister as the memory + + + align:start position:0% +using a deregister as the memory +component in our sequential logic system + + align:start position:0% +component in our sequential logic system + + + align:start position:0% +component in our sequential logic system +works great at each rising edge of the + + align:start position:0% +works great at each rising edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +works great at each rising edge of the +clock the register loads the new state + + align:start position:0% +clock the register loads the new state + + + align:start position:0% +clock the register loads the new state +which then appears at the registers + + align:start position:0% +which then appears at the registers + + + align:start position:0% +which then appears at the registers +output as the current state for the rest + + align:start position:0% +output as the current state for the rest + + + align:start position:0% +output as the current state for the rest +of the clock period the combinational + + align:start position:0% +of the clock period the combinational + + + align:start position:0% +of the clock period the combinational +logic uses the current state and the + + align:start position:0% +logic uses the current state and the + + + align:start position:0% +logic uses the current state and the +value of the inputs to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +value of the inputs to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +value of the inputs to calculate the +next state and the values for the + + align:start position:0% +next state and the values for the + + + align:start position:0% +next state and the values for the +outputs a sequence of rising clock edges + + align:start position:0% +outputs a sequence of rising clock edges + + + align:start position:0% +outputs a sequence of rising clock edges +and inputs will produce a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +and inputs will produce a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +and inputs will produce a sequence of +states which leads to a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +states which leads to a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +states which leads to a sequence of +outputs in the next chapter we'll + + align:start position:0% +outputs in the next chapter we'll + + + align:start position:0% +outputs in the next chapter we'll +introduce a new abstraction finite state + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new abstraction finite state + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new abstraction finite state +machines that will make it easy to + + align:start position:0% +machines that will make it easy to + + + align:start position:0% +machines that will make it easy to +design sequential logic systems let's + + align:start position:0% +design sequential logic systems let's + + + align:start position:0% +design sequential logic systems let's +use the timing analysis techniques we've + + align:start position:0% +use the timing analysis techniques we've + + + align:start position:0% +use the timing analysis techniques we've +learned on the sequential logic system + + align:start position:0% +learned on the sequential logic system + + + align:start position:0% +learned on the sequential logic system +shown here the timing specifications for + + align:start position:0% +shown here the timing specifications for + + + align:start position:0% +shown here the timing specifications for +the register and combinational logic are + + align:start position:0% +the register and combinational logic are + + + align:start position:0% +the register and combinational logic are +as shown here are the questions we need + + align:start position:0% +as shown here are the questions we need + + + align:start position:0% +as shown here are the questions we need +to answer the contamination delay of the + + align:start position:0% +to answer the contamination delay of the + + + align:start position:0% +to answer the contamination delay of the +combinational logic isn't specified what + + align:start position:0% +combinational logic isn't specified what + + + align:start position:0% +combinational logic isn't specified what +does it have to be in order for this + + align:start position:0% +does it have to be in order for this + + + align:start position:0% +does it have to be in order for this +system to work correctly well we know + + align:start position:0% +system to work correctly well we know + + + align:start position:0% +system to work correctly well we know +that the sum of the register and logic + + align:start position:0% +that the sum of the register and logic + + + align:start position:0% +that the sum of the register and logic +contamination delays has to be greater + + align:start position:0% +contamination delays has to be greater + + + align:start position:0% +contamination delays has to be greater +than or equal to the whole time of the + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to the whole time of the + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to the whole time of the +register using the timing parameters we + + align:start position:0% +register using the timing parameters we + + + align:start position:0% +register using the timing parameters we +do know along with a little arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +do know along with a little arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +do know along with a little arithmetic +tells us that the contamination delay of + + align:start position:0% +tells us that the contamination delay of + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that the contamination delay of +the logic has to be at least one + + align:start position:0% +the logic has to be at least one + + + align:start position:0% +the logic has to be at least one +nanosecond what is the minimum value for + + align:start position:0% +nanosecond what is the minimum value for + + + align:start position:0% +nanosecond what is the minimum value for +the clock period T clock the second + + align:start position:0% +the clock period T clock the second + + + align:start position:0% +the clock period T clock the second +timing inequality from the previous + + align:start position:0% +timing inequality from the previous + + + align:start position:0% +timing inequality from the previous +section tells us that T clock has to be + + align:start position:0% +section tells us that T clock has to be + + + align:start position:0% +section tells us that T clock has to be +greater than the sum of the register and + + align:start position:0% +greater than the sum of the register and + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the sum of the register and +logic propagation delays plus the set-up + + align:start position:0% +logic propagation delays plus the set-up + + + align:start position:0% +logic propagation delays plus the set-up +time with the register using the known + + align:start position:0% +time with the register using the known + + + align:start position:0% +time with the register using the known +values for these parameters gives us a + + align:start position:0% +values for these parameters gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +values for these parameters gives us a +minimum clock period of 10 nanoseconds + + align:start position:0% +minimum clock period of 10 nanoseconds + + + align:start position:0% +minimum clock period of 10 nanoseconds +what are the timing constraints for the + + align:start position:0% +what are the timing constraints for the + + + align:start position:0% +what are the timing constraints for the +input signal relative to the rising edge + + align:start position:0% +input signal relative to the rising edge + + + align:start position:0% +input signal relative to the rising edge +of the clock for this we'll need a + + align:start position:0% +of the clock for this we'll need a + + + align:start position:0% +of the clock for this we'll need a +diagram the next state signal is the + + align:start position:0% +diagram the next state signal is the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram the next state signal is the +input to the register so it has to meet + + align:start position:0% +input to the register so it has to meet + + + align:start position:0% +input to the register so it has to meet +the setup and hold x is shown here next + + align:start position:0% +the setup and hold x is shown here next + + + align:start position:0% +the setup and hold x is shown here next +we show the input signal how the timing + + align:start position:0% +we show the input signal how the timing + + + align:start position:0% +we show the input signal how the timing +of each transitions affect the timing of + + align:start position:0% +of each transitions affect the timing of + + + align:start position:0% +of each transitions affect the timing of +the next state signal now it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +the next state signal now it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the next state signal now it's pretty +easy to figure out when input has to be + + align:start position:0% +easy to figure out when input has to be + + + align:start position:0% +easy to figure out when input has to be +stable before the rising clock edge in + + align:start position:0% +stable before the rising clock edge in + + + align:start position:0% +stable before the rising clock edge in +other words + + align:start position:0% +other words + + + align:start position:0% +other words +time for input the set-up time for input + + align:start position:0% +time for input the set-up time for input + + + align:start position:0% +time for input the set-up time for input +is the sum of the propagation delay of + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the propagation delay of + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the propagation delay of +the logic plus the set-up time for the + + align:start position:0% +the logic plus the set-up time for the + + + align:start position:0% +the logic plus the set-up time for the +register which we calculated seven + + align:start position:0% +register which we calculated seven + + + align:start position:0% +register which we calculated seven +nanoseconds in other words if the input + + align:start position:0% +nanoseconds in other words if the input + + + align:start position:0% +nanoseconds in other words if the input +signal is stable at least seven + + align:start position:0% +signal is stable at least seven + + + align:start position:0% +signal is stable at least seven +nanoseconds before the rising clock edge + + align:start position:0% +nanoseconds before the rising clock edge + + + align:start position:0% +nanoseconds before the rising clock edge +the next state will be stable at least + + align:start position:0% +the next state will be stable at least + + + align:start position:0% +the next state will be stable at least +two nanoseconds before the rising clock + + align:start position:0% +two nanoseconds before the rising clock + + + align:start position:0% +two nanoseconds before the rising clock +edge and hence meet the register + + align:start position:0% +edge and hence meet the register + + + align:start position:0% +edge and hence meet the register +specified set-up time similarly the + + align:start position:0% +specified set-up time similarly the + + + align:start position:0% +specified set-up time similarly the +whole time of input has to be the whole + + align:start position:0% +whole time of input has to be the whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole time of input has to be the whole +time of the register minus the + + align:start position:0% +time of the register minus the + + + align:start position:0% +time of the register minus the +contamination delay of the logic which + + align:start position:0% +contamination delay of the logic which + + + align:start position:0% +contamination delay of the logic which +we calculate as one nanosecond in other + + align:start position:0% +we calculate as one nanosecond in other + + + align:start position:0% +we calculate as one nanosecond in other +words if input is stable at least one + + align:start position:0% +words if input is stable at least one + + + align:start position:0% +words if input is stable at least one +nanosecond after the rising clock edge + + align:start position:0% +nanosecond after the rising clock edge + + + align:start position:0% +nanosecond after the rising clock edge +the next state will be stable for + + align:start position:0% +the next state will be stable for + + + align:start position:0% +the next state will be stable for +another one now second in other words a + + align:start position:0% +another one now second in other words a + + + align:start position:0% +another one now second in other words a +total of two nanoseconds after the + + align:start position:0% +total of two nanoseconds after the + + + align:start position:0% +total of two nanoseconds after the +rising clock edge this meets the + + align:start position:0% +rising clock edge this meets the + + + align:start position:0% +rising clock edge this meets the +specified hole time of the register this + + align:start position:0% +specified hole time of the register this + + + align:start position:0% +specified hole time of the register this +completes our introduction to sequential + + align:start position:0% +completes our introduction to sequential + + + align:start position:0% +completes our introduction to sequential +logic pretty much every digital system + + align:start position:0% +logic pretty much every digital system + + + align:start position:0% +logic pretty much every digital system +out there is a sequential logic system + + align:start position:0% +out there is a sequential logic system + + + align:start position:0% +out there is a sequential logic system +and hence is obeying the timing + + align:start position:0% +and hence is obeying the timing + + + align:start position:0% +and hence is obeying the timing +constraints imposed by the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +constraints imposed by the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +constraints imposed by the dynamic +discipline so next time you see an ad + + align:start position:0% +discipline so next time you see an ad + + + align:start position:0% +discipline so next time you see an ad +for a 1.7 Kiko Hertz processor chip + + align:start position:0% +for a 1.7 Kiko Hertz processor chip + + + align:start position:0% +for a 1.7 Kiko Hertz processor chip +you'll know where the 1.7 came from \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TXgH4G81iH0.txt b/TXgH4G81iH0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d51b33f811f087bd5c7f26572c7769dac986016 --- /dev/null +++ b/TXgH4G81iH0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8955 @@ +align:start position:0% + +class um and the last lecture today + + align:start position:0% +class um and the last lecture today + + + align:start position:0% +class um and the last lecture today +traditionally um we bring in a guest + + align:start position:0% +traditionally um we bring in a guest + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally um we bring in a guest +lecturer to tell us about their + + align:start position:0% +lecturer to tell us about their + + + align:start position:0% +lecturer to tell us about their +perspective on systems and my great + + align:start position:0% +perspective on systems and my great + + + align:start position:0% +perspective on systems and my great +pleasure to + + align:start position:0% +pleasure to + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure to +welcome Professor here been here for + + align:start position:0% +welcome Professor here been here for + + + align:start position:0% +welcome Professor here been here for +many years some of you may have already + + align:start position:0% +many years some of you may have already + + + align:start position:0% +many years some of you may have already +Tak classes from him and what he's going + + align:start position:0% +Tak classes from him and what he's going + + + align:start position:0% +Tak classes from him and what he's going +to talk about is topic we touched upon + + align:start position:0% +to talk about is topic we touched upon + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about is topic we touched upon +but not in particular detail the first + + align:start position:0% +but not in particular detail the first + + + align:start position:0% +but not in particular detail the first +two lectures and particular the + + align:start position:0% +two lectures and particular the + + + align:start position:0% +two lectures and particular the +interaction of technology and comp + + align:start position:0% +interaction of technology and comp + + + align:start position:0% +interaction of technology and comp +systems uh with uh law and social issues + + align:start position:0% +systems uh with uh law and social issues + + + align:start position:0% +systems uh with uh law and social issues +so okay thanks okay hi + + align:start position:0% +so okay thanks okay hi + + + align:start position:0% +so okay thanks okay hi +um said he asked me to talk about + + align:start position:0% +um said he asked me to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um said he asked me to talk about +complex systems which is kind of what + + align:start position:0% +complex systems which is kind of what + + + align:start position:0% +complex systems which is kind of what +you've been studying all + + align:start position:0% +you've been studying all + + + align:start position:0% +you've been studying all +semester today I want to give you a + + align:start position:0% +semester today I want to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +semester today I want to give you a +hintch of another kind of + + align:start position:0% +hintch of another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +hintch of another kind of +conu so you can doing the technical + + align:start position:0% +conu so you can doing the technical + + + align:start position:0% +conu so you can doing the technical +infrastructure for essentially what's + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure for essentially what's + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure for essentially what's +become the you know the information + + align:start position:0% +become the you know the information + + + align:start position:0% +become the you know the information +age but the know the information age + + align:start position:0% +age but the know the information age + + + align:start position:0% +age but the know the information age +yeah got to turn the mic but you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah got to turn the mic but you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah got to turn the mic but you know +the information age has uh you know just + + align:start position:0% +the information age has uh you know just + + + align:start position:0% +the information age has uh you know just +changed the world immensely over the + + align:start position:0% +changed the world immensely over the + + + align:start position:0% +changed the world immensely over the +last 20 years and it's R smack into + + align:start position:0% +last 20 years and it's R smack into + + + align:start position:0% +last 20 years and it's R smack into +another kind of + + align:start position:0% +another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +another kind of +complexity and that's the complexity of + + align:start position:0% +complexity and that's the complexity of + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and that's the complexity of +how the stuff that we have all built as + + align:start position:0% +how the stuff that we have all built as + + + align:start position:0% +how the stuff that we have all built as +computer scientists and engineers + + align:start position:0% +computer scientists and engineers + + + align:start position:0% +computer scientists and engineers +has created these enormous stresses in + + align:start position:0% +has created these enormous stresses in + + + align:start position:0% +has created these enormous stresses in +the way people think about the legal + + align:start position:0% +the way people think about the legal + + + align:start position:0% +the way people think about the legal +structures and the regulatory structures + + align:start position:0% +structures and the regulatory structures + + + align:start position:0% +structures and the regulatory structures +the way people deal with the world + + align:start position:0% +the way people deal with the world + + + align:start position:0% +the way people deal with the world +and learning what you guys know can be a + + align:start position:0% +and learning what you guys know can be a + + + align:start position:0% +and learning what you guys know can be a +source + + align:start position:0% +source + + + align:start position:0% +source +of but in order to use that you have to + + align:start position:0% +of but in order to use that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +of but in order to use that you have to +understand that suddenly you're dealing + + align:start position:0% +understand that suddenly you're dealing + + + align:start position:0% +understand that suddenly you're dealing +with the real word not just problem say + + align:start position:0% +with the real word not just problem say + + + align:start position:0% +with the real word not just problem say +or it's not just uh little theoretical + + align:start position:0% +or it's not just uh little theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +or it's not just uh little theoretical +issues about protocols or or how + + align:start position:0% +issues about protocols or or how + + + align:start position:0% +issues about protocols or or how +authorization it's real impact on + + align:start position:0% +authorization it's real impact on + + + align:start position:0% +authorization it's real impact on +people's + + align:start position:0% +people's + + + align:start position:0% +people's +lives and you run into people who think + + align:start position:0% +lives and you run into people who think + + + align:start position:0% +lives and you run into people who think +differently in particular you're going + + align:start position:0% +differently in particular you're going + + + align:start position:0% +differently in particular you're going +to have to learn to think about how + + align:start position:0% +to have to learn to think about how + + + align:start position:0% +to have to learn to think about how +lawmakers and the law and lots of other + + align:start position:0% +lawmakers and the law and lots of other + + + align:start position:0% +lawmakers and the law and lots of other +institutions deal with this so this + + align:start position:0% +institutions deal with this so this + + + align:start position:0% +institutions deal with this so this +lecture uh if you like is partly a a bit + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh if you like is partly a a bit + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh if you like is partly a a bit +ofate advertisement for 6805 which is of + + align:start position:0% +ofate advertisement for 6805 which is of + + + align:start position:0% +ofate advertisement for 6805 which is of +course I teach in the in the + + align:start position:0% +course I teach in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +course I teach in the in the +fall and what 6805 really is about is a + + align:start position:0% +fall and what 6805 really is about is a + + + align:start position:0% +fall and what 6805 really is about is a +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +empowering + + align:start position:0% +empowering + + + align:start position:0% +empowering +you what you have to understand is by + + align:start position:0% +you what you have to understand is by + + + align:start position:0% +you what you have to understand is by +having + + align:start position:0% +having + + + align:start position:0% +having +taken know the courses you take like + + align:start position:0% +taken know the courses you take like + + + align:start position:0% +taken know the courses you take like +6033 you now know + + align:start position:0% +6033 you now know + + + align:start position:0% +6033 you now know +more about the information architecture + + align:start position:0% +more about the information architecture + + + align:start position:0% +more about the information architecture +that makes the world worth and all but + + align:start position:0% +that makes the world worth and all but + + + align:start position:0% +that makes the world worth and all but +you know the most minuscule part of + + align:start position:0% +you know the most minuscule part of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the most minuscule part of +humanity and that can be a way to have + + align:start position:0% +humanity and that can be a way to have + + + align:start position:0% +humanity and that can be a way to have +impact but only if you understand how + + align:start position:0% +impact but only if you understand how + + + align:start position:0% +impact but only if you understand how +that impacts how impacts the regulatory + + align:start position:0% +that impacts how impacts the regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +that impacts how impacts the regulatory +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +so just to give you a tiny example about + + align:start position:0% +so just to give you a tiny example about + + + align:start position:0% +so just to give you a tiny example about +two weeks ago uh the + + align:start position:0% +two weeks ago uh the + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks ago uh the +NBTA put out for comments their new + + align:start position:0% +NBTA put out for comments their new + + + align:start position:0% +NBTA put out for comments their new +privacy policy which is stimulated by + + align:start position:0% +privacy policy which is stimulated by + + + align:start position:0% +privacy policy which is stimulated by +the fact that the MBTA is planning on + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the MBTA is planning on + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the MBTA is planning on +instituting a new Fair system that uses + + align:start position:0% +instituting a new Fair system that uses + + + align:start position:0% +instituting a new Fair system that uses +RFID + + align:start position:0% +RFID + + + align:start position:0% +RFID +tokens and one of the things that went + + align:start position:0% +tokens and one of the things that went + + + align:start position:0% +tokens and one of the things that went +into that policy is a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +into that policy is a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +into that policy is a whole bunch of +criticism by a student project team in + + align:start position:0% +criticism by a student project team in + + + align:start position:0% +criticism by a student project team in +6805 last last fall who worked with a + + align:start position:0% +6805 last last fall who worked with a + + + align:start position:0% +6805 last last fall who worked with a +sen with a state senator who was getting + + align:start position:0% +sen with a state senator who was getting + + + align:start position:0% +sen with a state senator who was getting +on the mbta's case about not having + + align:start position:0% +on the mbta's case about not having + + + align:start position:0% +on the mbta's case about not having +adequate privacy regulations so this + + align:start position:0% +adequate privacy regulations so this + + + align:start position:0% +adequate privacy regulations so this +bunch of MIT students essentially wrote + + align:start position:0% +bunch of MIT students essentially wrote + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of MIT students essentially wrote +wrote the Privacy regulations that are + + align:start position:0% +wrote the Privacy regulations that are + + + align:start position:0% +wrote the Privacy regulations that are +now being uh sent out to the public in + + align:start position:0% +now being uh sent out to the public in + + + align:start position:0% +now being uh sent out to the public in +the state of Massachusetts that's a tiny + + align:start position:0% +the state of Massachusetts that's a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +the state of Massachusetts that's a tiny +tiny example of the kind of thing that + + align:start position:0% +tiny example of the kind of thing that + + + align:start position:0% +tiny example of the kind of thing that +you are now prepared to do better than + + align:start position:0% +you are now prepared to do better than + + + align:start position:0% +you are now prepared to do better than +almost anybody else in the + + align:start position:0% +almost anybody else in the + + + align:start position:0% +almost anybody else in the +world so what I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +world so what I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +world so what I'm going to talk about +today is how + + align:start position:0% +today is how + + + align:start position:0% +today is how +these new architectures the ones you've + + align:start position:0% +these new architectures the ones you've + + + align:start position:0% +these new architectures the ones you've +been studying as you've already seen + + align:start position:0% +been studying as you've already seen + + + align:start position:0% +been studying as you've already seen +right what happens when you have a big + + align:start position:0% +right what happens when you have a big + + + align:start position:0% +right what happens when you have a big +complex architecture you have to think + + align:start position:0% +complex architecture you have to think + + + align:start position:0% +complex architecture you have to think +about interactions and protocols and + + align:start position:0% +about interactions and protocols and + + + align:start position:0% +about interactions and protocols and +their standards and their enormous + + align:start position:0% +their standards and their enormous + + + align:start position:0% +their standards and their enormous +unintended consequences of things + + align:start position:0% +unintended consequences of things + + + align:start position:0% +unintended consequences of things +putting together so that's what you've + + align:start position:0% +putting together so that's what you've + + + align:start position:0% +putting together so that's what you've +been doing for lots of the semester is + + align:start position:0% +been doing for lots of the semester is + + + align:start position:0% +been doing for lots of the semester is +understanding that but today I want to + + align:start position:0% +understanding that but today I want to + + + align:start position:0% +understanding that but today I want to +talk a little bit how the same thing + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit how the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit how the same thing +happens with the legal + + align:start position:0% +happens with the legal + + + align:start position:0% +happens with the legal +architecture same thing there are + + align:start position:0% +architecture same thing there are + + + align:start position:0% +architecture same thing there are +protocols there are standards and + + align:start position:0% +protocols there are standards and + + + align:start position:0% +protocols there are standards and +there're enormous enormous unintended + + align:start position:0% +there're enormous enormous unintended + + + align:start position:0% +there're enormous enormous unintended +consequences of people working on a + + align:start position:0% +consequences of people working on a + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of people working on a +complex on different parts of a complex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system well I'm not going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +system well I'm not going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +system well I'm not going to talk about +privacy today that is a thing that the + + align:start position:0% +privacy today that is a thing that the + + + align:start position:0% +privacy today that is a thing that the +fall course does today I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +fall course does today I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +fall course does today I want to talk +about regulating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speech okay the kind of things you know + + align:start position:0% +speech okay the kind of things you know + + + align:start position:0% +speech okay the kind of things you know +speech images sounds the way that + + align:start position:0% +speech images sounds the way that + + + align:start position:0% +speech images sounds the way that +Society thinks about that and the way + + align:start position:0% +Society thinks about that and the way + + + align:start position:0% +Society thinks about that and the way +sort of the mess that the uh internet + + align:start position:0% +sort of the mess that the uh internet + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the mess that the uh internet +has created around that so we can take + + align:start position:0% +has created around that so we can take + + + align:start position:0% +has created around that so we can take +like the simplest picture right so + + align:start position:0% +like the simplest picture right so + + + align:start position:0% +like the simplest picture right so +there's the internet and there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's the internet and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's the internet and there's a +source some player in place and there's + + align:start position:0% +source some player in place and there's + + + align:start position:0% +source some player in place and there's +a destination someplace and then there's + + align:start position:0% +a destination someplace and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +a destination someplace and then there's +this Cloud that's the internet that + + align:start position:0% +this Cloud that's the internet that + + + align:start position:0% +this Cloud that's the internet that +they're communicating with you know and + + align:start position:0% +they're communicating with you know and + + + align:start position:0% +they're communicating with you know and +that's the stupidest simplest picture + + align:start position:0% +that's the stupidest simplest picture + + + align:start position:0% +that's the stupidest simplest picture +right you guys know infinitely more + + align:start position:0% +right you guys know infinitely more + + + align:start position:0% +right you guys know infinitely more +about this picture just to unpeel the + + align:start position:0% +about this picture just to unpeel the + + + align:start position:0% +about this picture just to unpeel the +very first level of it so you know that + + align:start position:0% +very first level of it so you know that + + + align:start position:0% +very first level of it so you know that +the both both the source and destination + + align:start position:0% +the both both the source and destination + + + align:start position:0% +the both both the source and destination +are probably connected to the net using + + align:start position:0% +are probably connected to the net using + + + align:start position:0% +are probably connected to the net using +an internet service water and of course + + align:start position:0% +an internet service water and of course + + + align:start position:0% +an internet service water and of course +inside that cloud there's all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +inside that cloud there's all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +inside that cloud there's all sorts of +stuff right there's there's Cisco + + align:start position:0% +stuff right there's there's Cisco + + + align:start position:0% +stuff right there's there's Cisco +switches and hubs and phone companies + + align:start position:0% +switches and hubs and phone companies + + + align:start position:0% +switches and hubs and phone companies +and all sorts of things translating you + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of things translating you + + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of things translating you +could fill out the complexity of that + + align:start position:0% +could fill out the complexity of that + + + align:start position:0% +could fill out the complexity of that +picture right + + align:start position:0% +picture right + + + align:start position:0% +picture right +now but let's stay even at this simple + + align:start position:0% +now but let's stay even at this simple + + + align:start position:0% +now but let's stay even at this simple +one suppose something's happening there + + align:start position:0% +one suppose something's happening there + + + align:start position:0% +one suppose something's happening there +that oh somebody doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that oh somebody doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that oh somebody doesn't +like okay somebody is uh downloading + + align:start position:0% +like okay somebody is uh downloading + + + align:start position:0% +like okay somebody is uh downloading +copyrighted information copyrighted + + align:start position:0% +copyrighted information copyrighted + + + align:start position:0% +copyrighted information copyrighted +music or something and the recording + + align:start position:0% +music or something and the recording + + + align:start position:0% +music or something and the recording +industry hates that somebody is sending + + align:start position:0% +industry hates that somebody is sending + + + align:start position:0% +industry hates that somebody is sending +threatening + + align:start position:0% +threatening + + + align:start position:0% +threatening +letters to somebody else somebody is + + align:start position:0% +letters to somebody else somebody is + + + align:start position:0% +letters to somebody else somebody is +doing gambling at a place where you're + + align:start position:0% +doing gambling at a place where you're + + + align:start position:0% +doing gambling at a place where you're +not supposed to gamble something that + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to gamble something that + + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to gamble something that +somebody doesn't + + align:start position:0% +somebody doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +somebody doesn't +like and let's think about we + + align:start position:0% +like and let's think about we + + + align:start position:0% +like and let's think about we +society would like to figure out how you + + align:start position:0% +society would like to figure out how you + + + align:start position:0% +society would like to figure out how you +can stop that or make it make it happen + + align:start position:0% +can stop that or make it make it happen + + + align:start position:0% +can stop that or make it make it happen +less BYO by imposing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regulation and the question is + + align:start position:0% +regulation and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +regulation and the question is +you know in any of these transactions + + align:start position:0% +you know in any of these transactions + + + align:start position:0% +you know in any of these transactions +there are all sorts of places that you + + align:start position:0% +there are all sorts of places that you + + + align:start position:0% +there are all sorts of places that you +can impose + + align:start position:0% +can impose + + + align:start position:0% +can impose +regulation right you can go to the + + align:start position:0% +regulation right you can go to the + + + align:start position:0% +regulation right you can go to the +source and you can say hey stop sending + + align:start position:0% +source and you can say hey stop sending + + + align:start position:0% +source and you can say hey stop sending +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +pornography right you could go to the + + align:start position:0% +pornography right you could go to the + + + align:start position:0% +pornography right you could go to the +destination and you'd say hey stop + + align:start position:0% +destination and you'd say hey stop + + + align:start position:0% +destination and you'd say hey stop +pulling down that copyrighted + + align:start position:0% +pulling down that copyrighted + + + align:start position:0% +pulling down that copyrighted +music you could go to the isps right you + + align:start position:0% +music you could go to the isps right you + + + align:start position:0% +music you could go to the isps right you +somebody's uh I'm sure nobody here has + + align:start position:0% +somebody's uh I'm sure nobody here has + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's uh I'm sure nobody here has +ever downloaded copyrighted music over + + align:start position:0% +ever downloaded copyrighted music over + + + align:start position:0% +ever downloaded copyrighted music over +the internet + + align:start position:0% +the internet + + + align:start position:0% +the internet +but you can imagine the ra going to MIT + + align:start position:0% +but you can imagine the ra going to MIT + + + align:start position:0% +but you can imagine the ra going to MIT +and saying hey MIT you know you're the + + align:start position:0% +and saying hey MIT you know you're the + + + align:start position:0% +and saying hey MIT you know you're the +ISP for this connection you put a stop + + align:start position:0% +ISP for this connection you put a stop + + + align:start position:0% +ISP for this connection you put a stop +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +it you could imagine you could even + + align:start position:0% +it you could imagine you could even + + + align:start position:0% +it you could imagine you could even +imagine somebody going to the cloud + + align:start position:0% +imagine somebody going to the cloud + + + align:start position:0% +imagine somebody going to the cloud +right you can imagine Congress passing a + + align:start position:0% +right you can imagine Congress passing a + + + align:start position:0% +right you can imagine Congress passing a +regulation or maybe you can't imagine it + + align:start position:0% +regulation or maybe you can't imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +regulation or maybe you can't imagine it +but unfortunately a lot of Congress can + + align:start position:0% +but unfortunately a lot of Congress can + + + align:start position:0% +but unfortunately a lot of Congress can +imagine passing a regulation that would + + align:start position:0% +imagine passing a regulation that would + + + align:start position:0% +imagine passing a regulation that would +say something like hey let's change + + align:start position:0% +say something like hey let's change + + + align:start position:0% +say something like hey let's change +those Cisco + + align:start position:0% +those Cisco + + + align:start position:0% +those Cisco +routers so that they won't pass along + + align:start position:0% +routers so that they won't pass along + + + align:start position:0% +routers so that they won't pass along +copyrighted information without + + align:start position:0% +copyrighted information without + + + align:start position:0% +copyrighted information without +permission and everybody here you know + + align:start position:0% +permission and everybody here you know + + + align:start position:0% +permission and everybody here you know +hopefully you're shrinking in horror + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're shrinking in horror + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're shrinking in horror +because you know about things like the + + align:start position:0% +because you know about things like the + + + align:start position:0% +because you know about things like the +end to-end principle and you say oh my + + align:start position:0% +end to-end principle and you say oh my + + + align:start position:0% +end to-end principle and you say oh my +God you know that violates the end + + align:start position:0% +God you know that violates the end + + + align:start position:0% +God you know that violates the end +to-end principle in a horrible horrible + + align:start position:0% +to-end principle in a horrible horrible + + + align:start position:0% +to-end principle in a horrible horrible +way but you don't think people in + + align:start position:0% +way but you don't think people in + + + align:start position:0% +way but you don't think people in +Congress know about the endend + + align:start position:0% +Congress know about the endend + + + align:start position:0% +Congress know about the endend +principal right they need people like + + align:start position:0% +principal right they need people like + + + align:start position:0% +principal right they need people like +you guys to explain it to them that's + + align:start position:0% +you guys to explain it to them that's + + + align:start position:0% +you guys to explain it to them that's +the kind of thing that you can become + + align:start position:0% +the kind of thing that you can become + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of thing that you can become +empowered to + + align:start position:0% +empowered to + + + align:start position:0% +empowered to +do so within that context let's think + + align:start position:0% +do so within that context let's think + + + align:start position:0% +do so within that context let's think +about you know controlling what people + + align:start position:0% +about you know controlling what people + + + align:start position:0% +about you know controlling what people +can say and how people can express + + align:start position:0% +can say and how people can express + + + align:start position:0% +can say and how people can express +themselves and words or music or images + + align:start position:0% +themselves and words or music or images + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and words or music or images +or whatever you know somebody comes down + + align:start position:0% +or whatever you know somebody comes down + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever you know somebody comes down +and says hey stop doing that right stop + + align:start position:0% +and says hey stop doing that right stop + + + align:start position:0% +and says hey stop doing that right stop +you really shouldn't post that thing + + align:start position:0% +you really shouldn't post that thing + + + align:start position:0% +you really shouldn't post that thing +it's bugging it's bugging somebody to + + align:start position:0% +it's bugging it's bugging somebody to + + + align:start position:0% +it's bugging it's bugging somebody to +hell and you say oh no because or I've + + align:start position:0% +hell and you say oh no because or I've + + + align:start position:0% +hell and you say oh no because or I've +got freedom of + + align:start position:0% +got freedom of + + + align:start position:0% +got freedom of +speech so let's look at freedom of + + align:start position:0% +speech so let's look at freedom of + + + align:start position:0% +speech so let's look at freedom of +speech little so where's freedom of + + align:start position:0% +speech little so where's freedom of + + + align:start position:0% +speech little so where's freedom of +speech come from in this country + + align:start position:0% +speech come from in this country + + + align:start position:0% +speech come from in this country +right First Amendment right so this + + align:start position:0% +right First Amendment right so this + + + align:start position:0% +right First Amendment right so this +country has first First Amendment right + + align:start position:0% +country has first First Amendment right + + + align:start position:0% +country has first First Amendment right +Congress shall make no law right + + align:start position:0% +Congress shall make no law right + + + align:start position:0% +Congress shall make no law right +Congress shall make no + + align:start position:0% +Congress shall make no + + + align:start position:0% +Congress shall make no +law right respecting the establishment + + align:start position:0% +law right respecting the establishment + + + align:start position:0% +law right respecting the establishment +of religion or abridging the freedom of + + align:start position:0% +of religion or abridging the freedom of + + + align:start position:0% +of religion or abridging the freedom of +speech dot dot dot dot dot so let's + + align:start position:0% +speech dot dot dot dot dot so let's + + + align:start position:0% +speech dot dot dot dot dot so let's +spend a little time thinking about + + align:start position:0% +spend a little time thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +spend a little time thinking about +that what's it mean when it + + align:start position:0% +that what's it mean when it + + + align:start position:0% +that what's it mean when it +says Congress shall make no + + align:start position:0% +says Congress shall make no + + + align:start position:0% +says Congress shall make no +law okay who's Congress + + align:start position:0% +law okay who's Congress + + + align:start position:0% +law okay who's Congress +right Congress is Congress right who + + align:start position:0% +right Congress is Congress right who + + + align:start position:0% +right Congress is Congress right who +else is right who else is restricted by + + align:start position:0% +else is right who else is restricted by + + + align:start position:0% +else is right who else is restricted by +the first amend so like is the state of + + align:start position:0% +the first amend so like is the state of + + + align:start position:0% +the first amend so like is the state of +Massachusetts Congress in the state of + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts Congress in the state of + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts Congress in the state of +Massachusetts pass a law that says you + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts pass a law that says you + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts pass a law that says you +may + + align:start position:0% +may + + + align:start position:0% +may +not post a certain kind of information + + align:start position:0% +not post a certain kind of information + + + align:start position:0% +not post a certain kind of information +you may not post harassing information + + align:start position:0% +you may not post harassing information + + + align:start position:0% +you may not post harassing information +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +internet could well can they do it with + + align:start position:0% +internet could well can they do it with + + + align:start position:0% +internet could well can they do it with +in with let me be more more precise + + align:start position:0% +in with let me be more more precise + + + align:start position:0% +in with let me be more more precise +could they do it within the confines of + + align:start position:0% +could they do it within the confines of + + + align:start position:0% +could they do it within the confines of +the First Amendment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so we know that Congress is + + align:start position:0% +right so we know that Congress is + + + align:start position:0% +right so we know that Congress is +Congress right how about how about the + + align:start position:0% +Congress right how about how about the + + + align:start position:0% +Congress right how about how about the +state of Massachusetts are they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Congress anything else well actually + + align:start position:0% +Congress anything else well actually + + + align:start position:0% +Congress anything else well actually +turns out the state of masss is Congress + + align:start position:0% +turns out the state of masss is Congress + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the state of masss is Congress +for the for the first amend question the + + align:start position:0% +for the for the first amend question the + + + align:start position:0% +for the for the first amend question the +Constitution is supposed to be like the + + align:start position:0% +Constitution is supposed to be like the + + + align:start position:0% +Constitution is supposed to be like the +supreme law of land you can't do + + align:start position:0% +supreme law of land you can't do + + + align:start position:0% +supreme law of land you can't do +anything with the con the Constitution + + align:start position:0% +anything with the con the Constitution + + + align:start position:0% +anything with the con the Constitution +just the law of the land the + + align:start position:0% +just the law of the land the + + + align:start position:0% +just the law of the land the +Constitution says what it says it says + + align:start position:0% +Constitution says what it says it says + + + align:start position:0% +Constitution says what it says it says +Congress can't do it and the Supreme + + align:start position:0% +Congress can't do it and the Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +Congress can't do it and the Supreme +Court has + + align:start position:0% +Court has + + + align:start position:0% +Court has +interpreted Congress to me in the state + + align:start position:0% +interpreted Congress to me in the state + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted Congress to me in the state +of massachus the city of Cambridge City + + align:start position:0% +of massachus the city of Cambridge City + + + align:start position:0% +of massachus the city of Cambridge City +of Cambridge pass a law that says you + + align:start position:0% +of Cambridge pass a law that says you + + + align:start position:0% +of Cambridge pass a law that says you +can't post you can't send this kind of + + align:start position:0% +can't post you can't send this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +can't post you can't send this kind of +things or other these kinds of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +things okay well it turns out city of + + align:start position:0% +things okay well it turns out city of + + + align:start position:0% +things okay well it turns out city of +Cambridge is too turns out the First + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge is too turns out the First + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge is too turns out the First +Amendment covers most governmental + + align:start position:0% +Amendment covers most governmental + + + align:start position:0% +Amendment covers most governmental +things in the US how that + + align:start position:0% +things in the US how that + + + align:start position:0% +things in the US how that +MIT have an + + align:start position:0% +MIT have an + + + align:start position:0% +MIT have an +MIT could MIT for example have a rule + + align:start position:0% +MIT could MIT for example have a rule + + + align:start position:0% +MIT could MIT for example have a rule +that says this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay right can there be an MIT + + align:start position:0% +okay right can there be an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +okay right can there be an MIT +regulation that says that how many + + align:start position:0% +regulation that says that how many + + + align:start position:0% +regulation that says that how many +people think there could be and by could + + align:start position:0% +people think there could be and by could + + + align:start position:0% +people think there could be and by could +I mean + + align:start position:0% +I mean + + + align:start position:0% +I mean +without violating the Constitution how + + align:start position:0% +without violating the Constitution how + + + align:start position:0% +without violating the Constitution how +many people think MIT could do + + align:start position:0% +many people think MIT could do + + + align:start position:0% +many people think MIT could do +that how many how many people think MIT + + align:start position:0% +that how many how many people think MIT + + + align:start position:0% +that how many how many people think MIT +can't right you go and you take them to + + align:start position:0% +can't right you go and you take them to + + + align:start position:0% +can't right you go and you take them to +court you say it's + + align:start position:0% +court you say it's + + + align:start position:0% +court you say it's +unconstitutional okay + + align:start position:0% +unconstitutional okay + + + align:start position:0% +unconstitutional okay +how about UMass + + align:start position:0% +how about UMass + + + align:start position:0% +how about UMass +Boston could UMass Boston have a + + align:start position:0% +Boston could UMass Boston have a + + + align:start position:0% +Boston could UMass Boston have a +regulation like that without be without + + align:start position:0% +regulation like that without be without + + + align:start position:0% +regulation like that without be without +uh violating the First + + align:start position:0% +uh violating the First + + + align:start position:0% +uh violating the First +Amendment what do you think how many + + align:start position:0% +Amendment what do you think how many + + + align:start position:0% +Amendment what do you think how many +people think it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +could how many people think it + + align:start position:0% +could how many people think it + + + align:start position:0% +could how many people think it +couldn't how many people have no + + align:start position:0% +couldn't how many people have no + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't how many people have no +idea yeah well sort of have no idea it's + + align:start position:0% +idea yeah well sort of have no idea it's + + + align:start position:0% +idea yeah well sort of have no idea it's +the right answer but it kind of turns + + align:start position:0% +the right answer but it kind of turns + + + align:start position:0% +the right answer but it kind of turns +out that they this language actually + + align:start position:0% +out that they this language actually + + + align:start position:0% +out that they this language actually +comes exactly from a policy at uh + + align:start position:0% +comes exactly from a policy at uh + + + align:start position:0% +comes exactly from a policy at uh +University of Michigan 10 years + + align:start position:0% +University of Michigan 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +University of Michigan 10 years +ago which was struck down by the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +court so that was a an whatever we call + + align:start position:0% +court so that was a an whatever we call + + + align:start position:0% +court so that was a an whatever we call +these things uh harass harassment policy + + align:start position:0% +these things uh harass harassment policy + + + align:start position:0% +these things uh harass harassment policy +or something that was actually struck + + align:start position:0% +or something that was actually struck + + + align:start position:0% +or something that was actually struck +down by the court and what the judge + + align:start position:0% +down by the court and what the judge + + + align:start position:0% +down by the court and what the judge +said is look this might be a good idea + + align:start position:0% +said is look this might be a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +said is look this might be a good idea +we might like it but in this country + + align:start position:0% +we might like it but in this country + + + align:start position:0% +we might like it but in this country +government institutions like by + + align:start position:0% +government institutions like by + + + align:start position:0% +government institutions like by +extension the state of Michigan and the + + align:start position:0% +extension the state of Michigan and the + + + align:start position:0% +extension the state of Michigan and the +University of Michigan are constrained + + align:start position:0% +University of Michigan are constrained + + + align:start position:0% +University of Michigan are constrained +by the First + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Amendment okay uh MIT is not we can + + align:start position:0% +Amendment okay uh MIT is not we can + + + align:start position:0% +Amendment okay uh MIT is not we can +argue whether or not it's a good idea + + align:start position:0% +argue whether or not it's a good idea + + + align:start position:0% +argue whether or not it's a good idea +but it's not + + align:start position:0% +but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not +unconstitutional for MIT to do that now + + align:start position:0% +unconstitutional for MIT to do that now + + + align:start position:0% +unconstitutional for MIT to do that now +you might ask you know do you guys have + + align:start position:0% +you might ask you know do you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +you might ask you know do you guys have +have less solid guarantees of freedom of + + align:start position:0% +have less solid guarantees of freedom of + + + align:start position:0% +have less solid guarantees of freedom of +speech than students at UMass + + align:start position:0% +speech than students at UMass + + + align:start position:0% +speech than students at UMass +Boston well yeah probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there are lots of things that + + align:start position:0% +so there are lots of things that + + + align:start position:0% +so there are lots of things that +Congress and by the extension of + + align:start position:0% +Congress and by the extension of + + + align:start position:0% +Congress and by the extension of +Congress cannot + + align:start position:0% +Congress cannot + + + align:start position:0% +Congress cannot +prohibit but what are some things that + + align:start position:0% +prohibit but what are some things that + + + align:start position:0% +prohibit but what are some things that +Congress can prohibit what's some kinds + + align:start position:0% +Congress can prohibit what's some kinds + + + align:start position:0% +Congress can prohibit what's some kinds +of speech or images or things that you + + align:start position:0% +of speech or images or things that you + + + align:start position:0% +of speech or images or things that you +actually can have laws + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +against what do you think you say is + + align:start position:0% +against what do you think you say is + + + align:start position:0% +against what do you think you say is +there is there stuff that's are there + + align:start position:0% +there is there stuff that's are there + + + align:start position:0% +there is there stuff that's are there +any limits to this at all what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think there any kind of thing that you + + align:start position:0% +think there any kind of thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +think there any kind of thing that you +have aage the classic yelling fire PR + + align:start position:0% +have aage the classic yelling fire PR + + + align:start position:0% +have aage the classic yelling fire PR +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theat something that's clear very + + align:start position:0% +theat something that's clear very + + + align:start position:0% +theat something that's clear very +dangerous this about speech this isn't + + align:start position:0% +dangerous this about speech this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous this about speech this isn't +about actions are the kinds of speech or + + align:start position:0% +about actions are the kinds of speech or + + + align:start position:0% +about actions are the kinds of speech or +images or + + align:start position:0% +images or + + + align:start position:0% +images or +things child pornography child + + align:start position:0% +things child pornography child + + + align:start position:0% +things child pornography child +pornography right you can't actually + + align:start position:0% +pornography right you can't actually + + + align:start position:0% +pornography right you can't actually +possess child pornography in this + + align:start position:0% +possess child pornography in this + + + align:start position:0% +possess child pornography in this +country we'll get back to that in a + + align:start position:0% +country we'll get back to that in a + + + align:start position:0% +country we'll get back to that in a +second how about more anything that can + + align:start position:0% +second how about more anything that can + + + align:start position:0% +second how about more anything that can +be defined as interstate + + align:start position:0% +be defined as interstate + + + align:start position:0% +be defined as interstate +commerce no that just means you can't be + + align:start position:0% +commerce no that just means you can't be + + + align:start position:0% +commerce no that just means you can't be +regulated I'm asking you what's a what's + + align:start position:0% +regulated I'm asking you what's a what's + + + align:start position:0% +regulated I'm asking you what's a what's +the thing you're not what's something + + align:start position:0% +the thing you're not what's something + + + align:start position:0% +the thing you're not what's something +examples of stuff you can't post on the + + align:start position:0% +examples of stuff you can't post on the + + + align:start position:0% +examples of stuff you can't post on the +internet LI or + + align:start position:0% +internet LI or + + + align:start position:0% +internet LI or +slander liel or slander yeah there's a + + align:start position:0% +slander liel or slander yeah there's a + + + align:start position:0% +slander liel or slander yeah there's a +whole bit about + + align:start position:0% +whole bit about + + + align:start position:0% +whole bit about +uh there there's a whole bit copyright + + align:start position:0% +uh there there's a whole bit copyright + + + align:start position:0% +uh there there's a whole bit copyright +we talk about how about + + align:start position:0% +we talk about how about + + + align:start position:0% +we talk about how about +pornography right you get in trouble for + + align:start position:0% +pornography right you get in trouble for + + + align:start position:0% +pornography right you get in trouble for +posting pornography on the Internet is + + align:start position:0% +posting pornography on the Internet is + + + align:start position:0% +posting pornography on the Internet is +that prohibited by can that be + + align:start position:0% +that prohibited by can that be + + + align:start position:0% +that prohibited by can that be +prohibited under the state under state + + align:start position:0% +prohibited under the state under state + + + align:start position:0% +prohibited under the state under state +law turn turns out it depends what you + + align:start position:0% +law turn turns out it depends what you + + + align:start position:0% +law turn turns out it depends what you +mean by + + align:start position:0% +mean by + + + align:start position:0% +mean by +pornography in fact if we sort of + + align:start position:0% +pornography in fact if we sort of + + + align:start position:0% +pornography in fact if we sort of +elevate up from pornography to what's + + align:start position:0% +elevate up from pornography to what's + + + align:start position:0% +elevate up from pornography to what's +normally called you know not you know + + align:start position:0% +normally called you know not you know + + + align:start position:0% +normally called you know not you know +pornography is bad but like really bad + + align:start position:0% +pornography is bad but like really bad + + + align:start position:0% +pornography is bad but like really bad +right so the word for the word for + + align:start position:0% +right so the word for the word for + + + align:start position:0% +right so the word for the word for +really bad in us laws + + align:start position:0% +really bad in us laws + + + align:start position:0% +really bad in us laws +obscenity and it turns + + align:start position:0% +obscenity and it turns + + + align:start position:0% +obscenity and it turns +out well let's see if you know do you + + align:start position:0% +out well let's see if you know do you + + + align:start position:0% +out well let's see if you know do you +think there's a legal definition of + + align:start position:0% +think there's a legal definition of + + + align:start position:0% +think there's a legal definition of +obscenity or is it like hey it's really + + align:start position:0% +obscenity or is it like hey it's really + + + align:start position:0% +obscenity or is it like hey it's really +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +stuff which you how many how many think + + align:start position:0% +stuff which you how many how many think + + + align:start position:0% +stuff which you how many how many think +there's actually a formal legal + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a formal legal + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually a formal legal +definition of the Court looks at + + align:start position:0% +definition of the Court looks at + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the Court looks at +something and says it's + + align:start position:0% +something and says it's + + + align:start position:0% +something and says it's +Oban okay and how many think it's well + + align:start position:0% +Oban okay and how many think it's well + + + align:start position:0% +Oban okay and how many think it's well +you know it's like really bad + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like really bad + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like really bad +stuff okay so the first first people are + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so the first first people are + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so the first first people are +right there actually is in this country + + align:start position:0% +right there actually is in this country + + + align:start position:0% +right there actually is in this country +a legal definition of obscenity which + + align:start position:0% +a legal definition of obscenity which + + + align:start position:0% +a legal definition of obscenity which +was established in a case called Miller + + align:start position:0% +was established in a case called Miller + + + align:start position:0% +was established in a case called Miller +versus California in the 70s and it say + + align:start position:0% +versus California in the 70s and it say + + + align:start position:0% +versus California in the 70s and it say +this this is the definition of obscenity + + align:start position:0% +this this is the definition of obscenity + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the definition of obscenity +according to the law it's called the + + align:start position:0% +according to the law it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +according to the law it's called the +Miller test and it says something is + + align:start position:0% +Miller test and it says something is + + + align:start position:0% +Miller test and it says something is +obscene if it satisfies all of the all + + align:start position:0% +obscene if it satisfies all of the all + + + align:start position:0% +obscene if it satisfies all of the all +of the following three things all three + + align:start position:0% +of the following three things all three + + + align:start position:0% +of the following three things all three +all three have to be true the first one + + align:start position:0% +all three have to be true the first one + + + align:start position:0% +all three have to be true the first one +is that it depicts sexual activity + + align:start position:0% +is that it depicts sexual activity + + + align:start position:0% +is that it depicts sexual activity +in a patently offensive way so like it's + + align:start position:0% +in a patently offensive way so like it's + + + align:start position:0% +in a patently offensive way so like it's +not an anatomy + + align:start position:0% +not an anatomy + + + align:start position:0% +not an anatomy +book okay so that's sort of about what + + align:start position:0% +book okay so that's sort of about what + + + align:start position:0% +book okay so that's sort of about what +the stuff is the second one is how + + align:start position:0% +the stuff is the second one is how + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff is the second one is how +people react to it it's a very + + align:start position:0% +people react to it it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +people react to it it's a very +interesting test it says would the + + align:start position:0% +interesting test it says would the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting test it says would the +average + + align:start position:0% +average + + + align:start position:0% +average +person applying + + align:start position:0% +person applying + + + align:start position:0% +person applying +contemporary Community + + align:start position:0% +contemporary Community + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary Community +standards right contemporary Community + + align:start position:0% +standards right contemporary Community + + + align:start position:0% +standards right contemporary Community +standards find that that appeals to the + + align:start position:0% +standards find that that appeals to the + + + align:start position:0% +standards find that that appeals to the +puran interests so it sort of saying + + align:start position:0% +puran interests so it sort of saying + + + align:start position:0% +puran interests so it sort of saying +well it's not you know the extreme guys + + align:start position:0% +well it's not you know the extreme guys + + + align:start position:0% +well it's not you know the extreme guys +who are really sensitive and it's not + + align:start position:0% +who are really sensitive and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +who are really sensitive and it's not +the the guys who just tolerate + + align:start position:0% +the the guys who just tolerate + + + align:start position:0% +the the guys who just tolerate +everything it's the average person + + align:start position:0% +everything it's the average person + + + align:start position:0% +everything it's the average person +applying contemporary Community + + align:start position:0% +applying contemporary Community + + + align:start position:0% +applying contemporary Community +standards and then the third one is the + + align:start position:0% +standards and then the third one is the + + + align:start position:0% +standards and then the third one is the +thing what people usually say utterly + + align:start position:0% +thing what people usually say utterly + + + align:start position:0% +thing what people usually say utterly +devoid of any uh scientific literary + + align:start position:0% +devoid of any uh scientific literary + + + align:start position:0% +devoid of any uh scientific literary +artistic or political value that's + + align:start position:0% +artistic or political value that's + + + align:start position:0% +artistic or political value that's +sometimes called the slap test in + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called the slap test in + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called the slap test in +law so there is a thing called obscenity + + align:start position:0% +law so there is a thing called obscenity + + + align:start position:0% +law so there is a thing called obscenity +and according to the law the Supreme + + align:start position:0% +and according to the law the Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +and according to the law the Supreme +Court actually in the Miller case found + + align:start position:0% +Court actually in the Miller case found + + + align:start position:0% +Court actually in the Miller case found +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +constitutional for there to be laws + + align:start position:0% +constitutional for there to be laws + + + align:start position:0% +constitutional for there to be laws +against + + align:start position:0% +against + + + align:start position:0% +against +transmitting OB seen material and + + align:start position:0% +transmitting OB seen material and + + + align:start position:0% +transmitting OB seen material and +somebody said it before interstate + + align:start position:0% +somebody said it before interstate + + + align:start position:0% +somebody said it before interstate +commerce so interstate commerce isn't + + align:start position:0% +commerce so interstate commerce isn't + + + align:start position:0% +commerce so interstate commerce isn't +prohibited but it's the hook by which + + align:start position:0% +prohibited but it's the hook by which + + + align:start position:0% +prohibited but it's the hook by which +you can prohibit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so it's 19 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +94 it's + + align:start position:0% +94 it's + + + align:start position:0% +94 it's +1994 and Robert and carlen + + align:start position:0% +1994 and Robert and carlen + + + align:start position:0% +1994 and Robert and carlen +Thomas have a cute little family + + align:start position:0% +Thomas have a cute little family + + + align:start position:0% +Thomas have a cute little family +business in mil pedus + + align:start position:0% +business in mil pedus + + + align:start position:0% +business in mil pedus +California and what they do they run a + + align:start position:0% +California and what they do they run a + + + align:start position:0% +California and what they do they run a +thing called The Amateur action + + align:start position:0% +thing called The Amateur action + + + align:start position:0% +thing called The Amateur action +bullettin board system so back before we + + align:start position:0% +bullettin board system so back before we + + + align:start position:0% +bullettin board system so back before we +had bullet internet and isps right + + align:start position:0% +had bullet internet and isps right + + + align:start position:0% +had bullet internet and isps right +people have these bulletin boards you + + align:start position:0% +people have these bulletin boards you + + + align:start position:0% +people have these bulletin boards you +up they ran they ran the amateur + + align:start position:0% +up they ran they ran the amateur + + + align:start position:0% +up they ran they ran the amateur +action bulletin board system and they + + align:start position:0% +action bulletin board system and they + + + align:start position:0% +action bulletin board system and they +distributed from that well stuff that + + align:start position:0% +distributed from that well stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +distributed from that well stuff that +she wouldn't show around in polite + + align:start position:0% +she wouldn't show around in polite + + + align:start position:0% +she wouldn't show around in polite +company in fact their logo was we are + + align:start position:0% +company in fact their logo was we are + + + align:start position:0% +company in fact their logo was we are +the nastiest place on Earth + + align:start position:0% +the nastiest place on Earth + + + align:start position:0% +the nastiest place on Earth +1994 well two years ago + + align:start position:0% +1994 well two years ago + + + align:start position:0% +1994 well two years ago +1992 they got raided by the mil pedus + + align:start position:0% +1992 they got raided by the mil pedus + + + align:start position:0% +1992 they got raided by the mil pedus +police who said God you got all this + + align:start position:0% +police who said God you got all this + + + align:start position:0% +police who said God you got all this +around we're going to close you down uh + + align:start position:0% +around we're going to close you down uh + + + align:start position:0% +around we're going to close you down uh +they protested the police looked at it + + align:start position:0% +they protested the police looked at it + + + align:start position:0% +they protested the police looked at it +and they said well you + + align:start position:0% +and they said well you + + + align:start position:0% +and they said well you +know it's bad stuff but it's not obscene + + align:start position:0% +know it's bad stuff but it's not obscene + + + align:start position:0% +know it's bad stuff but it's not obscene +by the standards of mil Peters + + align:start position:0% +by the standards of mil Peters + + + align:start position:0% +by the standards of mil Peters +California we'll leave you + + align:start position:0% +California we'll leave you + + + align:start position:0% +California we'll leave you +alone now we're back in + + align:start position:0% +alone now we're back in + + + align:start position:0% +alone now we're back in +1994 there's knock on the door and in + + align:start position:0% +1994 there's knock on the door and in + + + align:start position:0% +1994 there's knock on the door and in +come the milk petus police accompanied + + align:start position:0% +come the milk petus police accompanied + + + align:start position:0% +come the milk petus police accompanied +by the US Postal inspectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and Robert and carlen are + + align:start position:0% +and Robert and carlen are + + + align:start position:0% +and Robert and carlen are +accused of + + align:start position:0% +accused of + + + align:start position:0% +accused of +using a means of in of transmitting + + align:start position:0% +using a means of in of transmitting + + + align:start position:0% +using a means of in of transmitting +obscene material using a means of in + + align:start position:0% +obscene material using a means of in + + + align:start position:0% +obscene material using a means of in +Interstate + + align:start position:0% +Interstate + + + align:start position:0% +Interstate +communication namely a computer and a + + align:start position:0% +communication namely a computer and a + + + align:start position:0% +communication namely a computer and a +modem and a phone + + align:start position:0% +modem and a phone + + + align:start position:0% +modem and a phone +line to transmit obscene materials + + align:start position:0% +line to transmit obscene materials + + + align:start position:0% +line to transmit obscene materials +interstate and they're accused of + + align:start position:0% +interstate and they're accused of + + + align:start position:0% +interstate and they're accused of +transmitting them Interstate + + align:start position:0% +transmitting them Interstate + + + align:start position:0% +transmitting them Interstate +to David + + align:start position:0% +to David + + + align:start position:0% +to David +dear who's David + + align:start position:0% +dear who's David + + + align:start position:0% +dear who's David +dear they don't know who this guy is + + align:start position:0% +dear they don't know who this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +dear they don't know who this guy is +turns out that David dear is a Postal + + align:start position:0% +turns out that David dear is a Postal + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that David dear is a Postal +Inspector in Memphis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tennessee and he gets a complaint from + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee and he gets a complaint from + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee and he gets a complaint from +somebody in Western Tennessee saying hey + + align:start position:0% +somebody in Western Tennessee saying hey + + + align:start position:0% +somebody in Western Tennessee saying hey +there's this awful smut on the internet + + align:start position:0% +there's this awful smut on the internet + + + align:start position:0% +there's this awful smut on the internet +can't the US Postal Authority do + + align:start position:0% +can't the US Postal Authority do + + + align:start position:0% +can't the US Postal Authority do +anything about + + align:start position:0% +anything about + + + align:start position:0% +anything about +it so + + align:start position:0% +it so + + + align:start position:0% +it so +we take takes + + align:start position:0% +we take takes + + + align:start position:0% +we take takes +his takes his computer goes dials up + + align:start position:0% +his takes his computer goes dials up + + + align:start position:0% +his takes his computer goes dials up +right welcome to amateur action + + align:start position:0% +right welcome to amateur action + + + align:start position:0% +right welcome to amateur action +bullettin board the nastiest place on + + align:start position:0% +bullettin board the nastiest place on + + + align:start position:0% +bullettin board the nastiest place on +Earth and here's some titilating little + + align:start position:0% +Earth and here's some titilating little + + + align:start position:0% +Earth and here's some titilating little +pieces of stuff that you can get from us + + align:start position:0% +pieces of stuff that you can get from us + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of stuff that you can get from us +but you know if you really want the good + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you really want the good + + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you really want the good +stuff send in 55 bucks register and + + align:start position:0% +stuff send in 55 bucks register and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff send in 55 bucks register and +join so he sends in his phone number and + + align:start position:0% +join so he sends in his phone number and + + + align:start position:0% +join so he sends in his phone number and +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +address and an assumed name with his 55 + + align:start position:0% +address and an assumed name with his 55 + + + align:start position:0% +address and an assumed name with his 55 +bucks a couple of days later he gets a + + align:start position:0% +bucks a couple of days later he gets a + + + align:start position:0% +bucks a couple of days later he gets a +call from Robert Thomas saying hi thanks + + align:start position:0% +call from Robert Thomas saying hi thanks + + + align:start position:0% +call from Robert Thomas saying hi thanks +for your 55 bucks here's your password + + align:start position:0% +for your 55 bucks here's your password + + + align:start position:0% +for your 55 bucks here's your password +go to town have fun welcome to the + + align:start position:0% +go to town have fun welcome to the + + + align:start position:0% +go to town have fun welcome to the +nastiest place on Earth so he downloads + + align:start position:0% +nastiest place on Earth so he downloads + + + align:start position:0% +nastiest place on Earth so he downloads +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +stuff and then files files a complain + + align:start position:0% +stuff and then files files a complain + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and then files files a complain +against them because of this + + align:start position:0% +against them because of this + + + align:start position:0% +against them because of this +transmission of this material interstate + + align:start position:0% +transmission of this material interstate + + + align:start position:0% +transmission of this material interstate +from Mil petus California to Memphis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tennessee Okay so police come they + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee Okay so police come they + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee Okay so police come they +arrest the Thomases they they + + align:start position:0% +arrest the Thomases they they + + + align:start position:0% +arrest the Thomases they they +uh impound all their stuff and they go + + align:start position:0% +uh impound all their stuff and they go + + + align:start position:0% +uh impound all their stuff and they go +before on trial before a jury in Memphis + + align:start position:0% +before on trial before a jury in Memphis + + + align:start position:0% +before on trial before a jury in Memphis +Tennessee which convicts them + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee which convicts them + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee which convicts them +of transmitting material that is obscene + + align:start position:0% +of transmitting material that is obscene + + + align:start position:0% +of transmitting material that is obscene +by the community standards of Memphis + + align:start position:0% +by the community standards of Memphis + + + align:start position:0% +by the community standards of Memphis +Tennessee which are different from the + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee which are different from the + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee which are different from the +community standards of milus + + align:start position:0% +community standards of milus + + + align:start position:0% +community standards of milus +California okay so what do you think of + + align:start position:0% +California okay so what do you think of + + + align:start position:0% +California okay so what do you think of +that what do you think okay + + align:start position:0% +that what do you think okay + + + align:start position:0% +that what do you think okay +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +what you think she go by right whose + + align:start position:0% +what you think she go by right whose + + + align:start position:0% +what you think she go by right whose +standard should have f is this Tennessee + + align:start position:0% +standard should have f is this Tennessee + + + align:start position:0% +standard should have f is this Tennessee +is this what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think right so that's the question if + + align:start position:0% +think right so that's the question if + + + align:start position:0% +think right so that's the question if +you go and commit an atrocity in another + + align:start position:0% +you go and commit an atrocity in another + + + align:start position:0% +you go and commit an atrocity in another +country right is Thomas in Tennessee or + + align:start position:0% +country right is Thomas in Tennessee or + + + align:start position:0% +country right is Thomas in Tennessee or +is he in California that's the question + + align:start position:0% +is he in California that's the question + + + align:start position:0% +is he in California that's the question +he appeals they appeal their conviction + + align:start position:0% +he appeals they appeal their conviction + + + align:start position:0% +he appeals they appeal their conviction +and they + + align:start position:0% +and they + + + align:start position:0% +and they +lose and the judge basically says well I + + align:start position:0% +lose and the judge basically says well I + + + align:start position:0% +lose and the judge basically says well I +don't quite want to decide this but + + align:start position:0% +don't quite want to decide this but + + + align:start position:0% +don't quite want to decide this but +notice dum dum that you had the guy's + + align:start position:0% +notice dum dum that you had the guy's + + + align:start position:0% +notice dum dum that you had the guy's +phone number so you knew where he was + + align:start position:0% +phone number so you knew where he was + + + align:start position:0% +phone number so you knew where he was +when you called him so you should have + + align:start position:0% +when you called him so you should have + + + align:start position:0% +when you called him so you should have +been aware that this stuff was going to + + align:start position:0% +been aware that this stuff was going to + + + align:start position:0% +been aware that this stuff was going to +to mil to uh Memphis + + align:start position:0% +to mil to uh Memphis + + + align:start position:0% +to mil to uh Memphis +Tennessee right three years in jail + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee right three years in jail + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee right three years in jail +under + + align:start position:0% +under + + + align:start position:0% +under +that you might want to compare that + + align:start position:0% +that you might want to compare that + + + align:start position:0% +that you might want to compare that +let's move away from pornography or + + align:start position:0% +let's move away from pornography or + + + align:start position:0% +let's move away from pornography or +obscenity for a minute um here's another + + align:start position:0% +obscenity for a minute um here's another + + + align:start position:0% +obscenity for a minute um here's another +thing that's + + align:start position:0% +thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's +illegal it is illegal to traffic in that + + align:start position:0% +illegal it is illegal to traffic in that + + + align:start position:0% +illegal it is illegal to traffic in that +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +right it is illegal to traffic and that + + align:start position:0% +right it is illegal to traffic and that + + + align:start position:0% +right it is illegal to traffic and that +stuff that's Hitler's birthday something + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's Hitler's birthday something + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's Hitler's birthday something +birthday commemorative stamp in + + align:start position:0% +birthday commemorative stamp in + + + align:start position:0% +birthday commemorative stamp in +France it's okay in the US but in France + + align:start position:0% +France it's okay in the US but in France + + + align:start position:0% +France it's okay in the US but in France +it is illegal to traffic a Nazi + + align:start position:0% +it is illegal to traffic a Nazi + + + align:start position:0% +it is illegal to traffic a Nazi +memorabilia and in 2000 some folks in + + align:start position:0% +memorabilia and in 2000 some folks in + + + align:start position:0% +memorabilia and in 2000 some folks in +France right this is on the Yahoo + + align:start position:0% +France right this is on the Yahoo + + + align:start position:0% +France right this is on the Yahoo +auction which actually this page isn't + + align:start position:0% +auction which actually this page isn't + + + align:start position:0% +auction which actually this page isn't +up anymore uh this some people in France + + align:start position:0% +up anymore uh this some people in France + + + align:start position:0% +up anymore uh this some people in France +filed a lawsuit against + + align:start position:0% +filed a lawsuit against + + + align:start position:0% +filed a lawsuit against +Yahoo for allowing people in France to + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo for allowing people in France to + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo for allowing people in France to +connect to Yahoo in the + + align:start position:0% +connect to Yahoo in the + + + align:start position:0% +connect to Yahoo in the +US and Order Nazi + + align:start position:0% +US and Order Nazi + + + align:start position:0% +US and Order Nazi +memorabilia and that case you might want + + align:start position:0% +memorabilia and that case you might want + + + align:start position:0% +memorabilia and that case you might want +to compare that with the with the + + align:start position:0% +to compare that with the with the + + + align:start position:0% +to compare that with the with the +amateur action case but that case is + + align:start position:0% +amateur action case but that case is + + + align:start position:0% +amateur action case but that case is +still going on it's gone back and forth + + align:start position:0% +still going on it's gone back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +still going on it's gone back and forth +It's wildly complicated because involves + + align:start position:0% +It's wildly complicated because involves + + + align:start position:0% +It's wildly complicated because involves +international law and French courts and + + align:start position:0% +international law and French courts and + + + align:start position:0% +international law and French courts and +US courts it's still going on since 2000 + + align:start position:0% +US courts it's still going on since 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +US courts it's still going on since 2000 +there's a uh there's an article that + + align:start position:0% +there's a uh there's an article that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a uh there's an article that +came out uh what two weeks ago that + + align:start position:0% +came out uh what two weeks ago that + + + align:start position:0% +came out uh what two weeks ago that +talks about this case being argued in + + align:start position:0% +talks about this case being argued in + + + align:start position:0% +talks about this case being argued in +front of the ninth circuit in California + + align:start position:0% +front of the ninth circuit in California + + + align:start position:0% +front of the ninth circuit in California +enormously enormously complex stuff + + align:start position:0% +enormously enormously complex stuff + + + align:start position:0% +enormously enormously complex stuff +right because the internet you know + + align:start position:0% +right because the internet you know + + + align:start position:0% +right because the internet you know +what's this stuff mean in a world where + + align:start position:0% +what's this stuff mean in a world where + + + align:start position:0% +what's this stuff mean in a world where +distance is + + align:start position:0% +distance is + + + align:start position:0% +distance is +meaningless right I mean you guys know + + align:start position:0% +meaningless right I mean you guys know + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless right I mean you guys know +there there are McDonald's in + + align:start position:0% +there there are McDonald's in + + + align:start position:0% +there there are McDonald's in +Missouri where you you know you drive up + + align:start position:0% +Missouri where you you know you drive up + + + align:start position:0% +Missouri where you you know you drive up +to this window and you put in your order + + align:start position:0% +to this window and you put in your order + + + align:start position:0% +to this window and you put in your order +and there's a camera and you say what + + align:start position:0% +and there's a camera and you say what + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a camera and you say what +your order is and then you drive around + + align:start position:0% +your order is and then you drive around + + + align:start position:0% +your order is and then you drive around +and you pick up your stuff at the + + align:start position:0% +and you pick up your stuff at the + + + align:start position:0% +and you pick up your stuff at the +kitchen they're McDonald's in Missouri + + align:start position:0% +kitchen they're McDonald's in Missouri + + + align:start position:0% +kitchen they're McDonald's in Missouri +where that + + align:start position:0% +where that + + + align:start position:0% +where that +transaction from you ordering + + align:start position:0% +transaction from you ordering + + + align:start position:0% +transaction from you ordering +it goes to a McDonald's call center in + + align:start position:0% +it goes to a McDonald's call center in + + + align:start position:0% +it goes to a McDonald's call center in +Colorado which pieces the thing together + + align:start position:0% +Colorado which pieces the thing together + + + align:start position:0% +Colorado which pieces the thing together +sends it back to the + + align:start position:0% +sends it back to the + + + align:start position:0% +sends it back to the +kitchen right sends it back to the + + align:start position:0% +kitchen right sends it back to the + + + align:start position:0% +kitchen right sends it back to the +kitchen at the McDonald's you're at in + + align:start position:0% +kitchen at the McDonald's you're at in + + + align:start position:0% +kitchen at the McDonald's you're at in +Missouri and by the time you drive + + align:start position:0% +Missouri and by the time you drive + + + align:start position:0% +Missouri and by the time you drive +around the McDonald's to pick this thing + + align:start position:0% +around the McDonald's to pick this thing + + + align:start position:0% +around the McDonald's to pick this thing +up your ord's ready and be and because + + align:start position:0% +up your ord's ready and be and because + + + align:start position:0% +up your ord's ready and be and because +this call center in Colorado does a + + align:start position:0% +this call center in Colorado does a + + + align:start position:0% +this call center in Colorado does a +whole bunch of has people who trange it + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of has people who trange it + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of has people who trange it +is cheaper for McDonald's and faster to + + align:start position:0% +is cheaper for McDonald's and faster to + + + align:start position:0% +is cheaper for McDonald's and faster to +Route this + + align:start position:0% +Route this + + + align:start position:0% +Route this +transaction from Missouri to Colorado + + align:start position:0% +transaction from Missouri to Colorado + + + align:start position:0% +transaction from Missouri to Colorado +and the time you're driving around the + + align:start position:0% +and the time you're driving around the + + + align:start position:0% +and the time you're driving around the +building than it would be if they ran + + align:start position:0% +building than it would be if they ran + + + align:start position:0% +building than it would be if they ran +the thing through the kitchen you have + + align:start position:0% +the thing through the kitchen you have + + + align:start position:0% +the thing through the kitchen you have +to ask in a world like that that's the + + align:start position:0% +to ask in a world like that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +to ask in a world like that that's the +world that we're all making with the + + align:start position:0% +world that we're all making with the + + + align:start position:0% +world that we're all making with the +internet you know and what do these what + + align:start position:0% +internet you know and what do these what + + + align:start position:0% +internet you know and what do these what +do these laws + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +so that's a little bit about obscenity + + align:start position:0% +so that's a little bit about obscenity + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a little bit about obscenity +and contemporary + + align:start position:0% +and contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +and contemporary +standards um + + align:start position:0% +standards um + + + align:start position:0% +standards um +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +1995 most people in this country were + + align:start position:0% +1995 most people in this country were + + + align:start position:0% +1995 most people in this country were +barely aware that there was an + + align:start position:0% +barely aware that there was an + + + align:start position:0% +barely aware that there was an +internet and the way most people in the + + align:start position:0% +internet and the way most people in the + + + align:start position:0% +internet and the way most people in the +country learned in + + align:start position:0% +country learned in + + + align:start position:0% +country learned in +1995 that there was a thing called the + + align:start position:0% +1995 that there was a thing called the + + + align:start position:0% +1995 that there was a thing called the +internet was this way that's Time + + align:start position:0% +internet was this way that's Time + + + align:start position:0% +internet was this way that's Time +Magazine from July + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1995 right you guys think it's funny + + align:start position:0% +1995 right you guys think it's funny + + + align:start position:0% +1995 right you guys think it's funny +right Right Time Magazine teaching + + align:start position:0% +right Right Time Magazine teaching + + + align:start position:0% +right Right Time Magazine teaching +people about the internet right sex is + + align:start position:0% +people about the internet right sex is + + + align:start position:0% +people about the internet right sex is +everywhere these days in books magazines + + align:start position:0% +everywhere these days in books magazines + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere these days in books magazines +films televisions music videos and busst + + align:start position:0% +films televisions music videos and busst + + + align:start position:0% +films televisions music videos and busst +stop perfume ads Americans have become + + align:start position:0% +stop perfume ads Americans have become + + + align:start position:0% +stop perfume ads Americans have become +so inure to the open display of + + align:start position:0% +so inure to the open display of + + + align:start position:0% +so inure to the open display of +eroticism and the arguments for why + + align:start position:0% +eroticism and the arguments for why + + + align:start position:0% +eroticism and the arguments for why +enjoy special status under the first + + align:start position:0% +enjoy special status under the first + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy special status under the first +amendment that they hardly notice it's + + align:start position:0% +amendment that they hardly notice it's + + + align:start position:0% +amendment that they hardly notice it's +there but something about the + + align:start position:0% +there but something about the + + + align:start position:0% +there but something about the +combination of sex and computers seems + + align:start position:0% +combination of sex and computers seems + + + align:start position:0% +combination of sex and computers seems +to make otherwise worldly wide adults a + + align:start position:0% +to make otherwise worldly wide adults a + + + align:start position:0% +to make otherwise worldly wide adults a +little crazy and if you think things are + + align:start position:0% +little crazy and if you think things are + + + align:start position:0% +little crazy and if you think things are +crazy now still quoting from the article + + align:start position:0% +crazy now still quoting from the article + + + align:start position:0% +crazy now still quoting from the article +1995 wait until the politicians get hold + + align:start position:0% +1995 wait until the politicians get hold + + + align:start position:0% +1995 wait until the politicians get hold +of a report coming out this week a + + align:start position:0% +of a report coming out this week a + + + align:start position:0% +of a report coming out this week a +report a research team at Carnegie + + align:start position:0% +report a research team at Carnegie + + + align:start position:0% +report a research team at Carnegie +Millan + + align:start position:0% +Millan + + + align:start position:0% +Millan +university has conducted an exhaustive + + align:start position:0% +university has conducted an exhaustive + + + align:start position:0% +university has conducted an exhaustive +study of online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +porn who's downloading it what turns + + align:start position:0% +porn who's downloading it what turns + + + align:start position:0% +porn who's downloading it what turns +them on and feelings are sure to pour + + align:start position:0% +them on and feelings are sure to pour + + + align:start position:0% +them on and feelings are sure to pour +out and lo and behold published a is a + + align:start position:0% +out and lo and behold published a is a + + + align:start position:0% +out and lo and behold published a is a +study about online porn + + align:start position:0% +study about online porn + + + align:start position:0% +study about online porn +where they carefully studied the habits + + align:start position:0% +where they carefully studied the habits + + + align:start position:0% +where they carefully studied the habits +of average Americans who I think were + + align:start position:0% +of average Americans who I think were + + + align:start position:0% +of average Americans who I think were +CMU + + align:start position:0% +CMU + + + align:start position:0% +CMU +undergraduates + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates +using using uset and they found out + + align:start position:0% +using using uset and they found out + + + align:start position:0% +using using uset and they found out +interesting conclusions one is they + + align:start position:0% +interesting conclusions one is they + + + align:start position:0% +interesting conclusions one is they +found out that uh Robert and Thomas were + + align:start position:0% +found out that uh Robert and Thomas were + + + align:start position:0% +found out that uh Robert and Thomas were +doing actually doing really well they + + align:start position:0% +doing actually doing really well they + + + align:start position:0% +doing actually doing really well they +were pulling in over a million bucks a + + align:start position:0% +were pulling in over a million bucks a + + + align:start position:0% +were pulling in over a million bucks a +year in their business ad of mil + + align:start position:0% +year in their business ad of mil + + + align:start position:0% +year in their business ad of mil +Pedas and the other is 83 and a + + align:start position:0% +Pedas and the other is 83 and a + + + align:start position:0% +Pedas and the other is 83 and a +half% of all + + align:start position:0% +half% of all + + + align:start position:0% +half% of all +images posted on us net are + + align:start position:0% +images posted on us net are + + + align:start position:0% +images posted on us net are +pornographic right June 26th 1995 + + align:start position:0% +pornographic right June 26th 1995 + + + align:start position:0% +pornographic right June 26th 1995 +Senator Charles Grassley who is still in + + align:start position:0% +Senator Charles Grassley who is still in + + + align:start position:0% +Senator Charles Grassley who is still in +the Senate right up on the floor of the + + align:start position:0% +the Senate right up on the floor of the + + + align:start position:0% +the Senate right up on the floor of the +Senate Mr President there is an article + + align:start position:0% +Senate Mr President there is an article + + + align:start position:0% +Senate Mr President there is an article +from Time Magazine and an article that I + + align:start position:0% +from Time Magazine and an article that I + + + align:start position:0% +from Time Magazine and an article that I +ask unanimous consent to have printed in + + align:start position:0% +ask unanimous consent to have printed in + + + align:start position:0% +ask unanimous consent to have printed in +the Congressional Record Mr President + + align:start position:0% +the Congressional Record Mr President + + + align:start position:0% +the Congressional Record Mr President +this morning I want to speak on a topic + + align:start position:0% +this morning I want to speak on a topic + + + align:start position:0% +this morning I want to speak on a topic +that has received a lot of attention + + align:start position:0% +that has received a lot of attention + + + align:start position:0% +that has received a lot of attention +around here lately my topic is cyber + + align:start position:0% +around here lately my topic is cyber + + + align:start position:0% +around here lately my topic is cyber +porn Mr President Georgetown University + + align:start position:0% +porn Mr President Georgetown University + + + align:start position:0% +porn Mr President Georgetown University +has released a remarkable study + + align:start position:0% +has released a remarkable study + + + align:start position:0% +has released a remarkable study +conducted by researchers of cardie melon + + align:start position:0% +conducted by researchers of cardie melon + + + align:start position:0% +conducted by researchers of cardie melon +University the study raises important + + align:start position:0% +University the study raises important + + + align:start position:0% +University the study raises important +questions about the availability and the + + align:start position:0% +questions about the availability and the + + + align:start position:0% +questions about the availability and the +nature of cyber porn the university + + align:start position:0% +nature of cyber porn the university + + + align:start position:0% +nature of cyber porn the university +surveyed 900,000 computer images of + + align:start position:0% +surveyed 900,000 computer images of + + + align:start position:0% +surveyed 900,000 computer images of +these 900,000 83 a half% of all + + align:start position:0% +these 900,000 83 a half% of all + + + align:start position:0% +these 900,000 83 a half% of all +computerized photographs available on + + align:start position:0% +computerized photographs available on + + + align:start position:0% +computerized photographs available on +the internet are + + align:start position:0% +the internet are + + + align:start position:0% +the internet are +pornographic I want to repeat that 83 + + align:start position:0% +pornographic I want to repeat that 83 + + + align:start position:0% +pornographic I want to repeat that 83 +and a half% these are all on the + + align:start position:0% +and a half% these are all on the + + + align:start position:0% +and a half% these are all on the +internet and are porographic according + + align:start position:0% +internet and are porographic according + + + align:start position:0% +internet and are porographic according +to the Carnegie melon + + align:start position:0% +to the Carnegie melon + + + align:start position:0% +to the Carnegie melon +study I believe Congress must act and do + + align:start position:0% +study I believe Congress must act and do + + + align:start position:0% +study I believe Congress must act and do +so in a constitutional manner to help + + align:start position:0% +so in a constitutional manner to help + + + align:start position:0% +so in a constitutional manner to help +parents who are under assault this day + + align:start position:0% +parents who are under assault this day + + + align:start position:0% +parents who are under assault this day +and age there's a flood of vile + + align:start position:0% +and age there's a flood of vile + + + align:start position:0% +and age there's a flood of vile +pornography and we must act now to stem + + align:start position:0% +pornography and we must act now to stem + + + align:start position:0% +pornography and we must act now to stem +the growing + + align:start position:0% +the growing + + + align:start position:0% +the growing +tide and + + align:start position:0% +tide and + + + align:start position:0% +tide and +indeed Congress + + align:start position:0% +indeed Congress + + + align:start position:0% +indeed Congress +acted and passed a law called the + + align:start position:0% +acted and passed a law called the + + + align:start position:0% +acted and passed a law called the +communications decency + + align:start position:0% +communications decency + + + align:start position:0% +communications decency +act which basically said that anybody + + align:start position:0% +act which basically said that anybody + + + align:start position:0% +act which basically said that anybody +who you want to look at the words of + + align:start position:0% +who you want to look at the words of + + + align:start position:0% +who you want to look at the words of +this they're quite important important + + align:start position:0% +this they're quite important important + + + align:start position:0% +this they're quite important important +who makes available to someone under the + + align:start position:0% +who makes available to someone under the + + + align:start position:0% +who makes available to someone under the +age of 18 + + align:start position:0% +age of 18 + + + align:start position:0% +age of 18 +years things that are patently offensive + + align:start position:0% +years things that are patently offensive + + + align:start position:0% +years things that are patently offensive +measured by contemporary Community + + align:start position:0% +measured by contemporary Community + + + align:start position:0% +measured by contemporary Community +standards dot dot + + align:start position:0% +standards dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +standards dot dot +dot + + align:start position:0% +dot + + + align:start position:0% +dot +or allows knowingly allows a + + align:start position:0% +or allows knowingly allows a + + + align:start position:0% +or allows knowingly allows a +telecommunications facility to be used + + align:start position:0% +telecommunications facility to be used + + + align:start position:0% +telecommunications facility to be used +for that purpose shall be find uh shall + + align:start position:0% +for that purpose shall be find uh shall + + + align:start position:0% +for that purpose shall be find uh shall +be found under Title 18 or prison for + + align:start position:0% +be found under Title 18 or prison for + + + align:start position:0% +be found under Title 18 or prison for +not more than 2 + + align:start position:0% +not more than 2 + + + align:start position:0% +not more than 2 +years okay this called the display + + align:start position:0% +years okay this called the display + + + align:start position:0% +years okay this called the display +provision of the communications decency + + align:start position:0% +provision of the communications decency + + + align:start position:0% +provision of the communications decency +Act passed into law the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +Act passed into law the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +Act passed into law the beginning of +1996 okay and notice what it's doing in + + align:start position:0% +1996 okay and notice what it's doing in + + + align:start position:0% +1996 okay and notice what it's doing in +terms of our picture it's saying there's + + align:start position:0% +terms of our picture it's saying there's + + + align:start position:0% +terms of our picture it's saying there's +bad stuff going on who can get + + align:start position:0% +bad stuff going on who can get + + + align:start position:0% +bad stuff going on who can get +hammered right the person sending it the + + align:start position:0% +hammered right the person sending it the + + + align:start position:0% +hammered right the person sending it the +ISP who knowingly makes that stuff + + align:start position:0% +ISP who knowingly makes that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +ISP who knowingly makes that stuff +available Cisco who who's building the + + align:start position:0% +available Cisco who who's building the + + + align:start position:0% +available Cisco who who's building the +routers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe this became part of US + + align:start position:0% +maybe this became part of US + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this became part of US +law they also added another + + align:start position:0% +law they also added another + + + align:start position:0% +law they also added another +thing that kind of + + align:start position:0% +thing that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +thing that kind of +interesting they added a thing called + + align:start position:0% +interesting they added a thing called + + + align:start position:0% +interesting they added a thing called +the uh Good Samaritan provision of the + + align:start position:0% +the uh Good Samaritan provision of the + + + align:start position:0% +the uh Good Samaritan provision of the +ACT which says nobody who's an ISP right + + align:start position:0% +ACT which says nobody who's an ISP right + + + align:start position:0% +ACT which says nobody who's an ISP right +and that was to to help these poor guys + + align:start position:0% +and that was to to help these poor guys + + + align:start position:0% +and that was to to help these poor guys +who are feeling very nervous nobody + + align:start position:0% +who are feeling very nervous nobody + + + align:start position:0% +who are feeling very nervous nobody +who's in ISP shall be treated as the + + align:start position:0% +who's in ISP shall be treated as the + + + align:start position:0% +who's in ISP shall be treated as the +publisher of bad + + align:start position:0% +publisher of bad + + + align:start position:0% +publisher of bad +St if the information came from + + align:start position:0% +St if the information came from + + + align:start position:0% +St if the information came from +somewhere else and I'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and I'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else and I'll come back to +that in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minute okay why' they add + + align:start position:0% +minute okay why' they add + + + align:start position:0% +minute okay why' they add +that well it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1990 and there's a bulletin board system + + align:start position:0% +1990 and there's a bulletin board system + + + align:start position:0% +1990 and there's a bulletin board system +called comput serve is Compu serve still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +mol okay so Compu serve is one of the + + align:start position:0% +mol okay so Compu serve is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +mol okay so Compu serve is one of the +one of the early ones and compy serve + + align:start position:0% +one of the early ones and compy serve + + + align:start position:0% +one of the early ones and compy serve +had a bunch of uh BB boards and they had + + align:start position:0% +had a bunch of uh BB boards and they had + + + align:start position:0% +had a bunch of uh BB boards and they had +uh they had a thing called rumorville or + + align:start position:0% +uh they had a thing called rumorville or + + + align:start position:0% +uh they had a thing called rumorville or +someone was using com to post a thing + + align:start position:0% +someone was using com to post a thing + + + align:start position:0% +someone was using com to post a thing +called rumorville which was part of + + align:start position:0% +called rumorville which was part of + + + align:start position:0% +called rumorville which was part of +their journalism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Forum so another guy named Robert + + align:start position:0% +Forum so another guy named Robert + + + align:start position:0% +Forum so another guy named Robert +Blanchard starts up another online + + align:start position:0% +Blanchard starts up another online + + + align:start position:0% +Blanchard starts up another online +publication called scuttlebutt and it + + align:start position:0% +publication called scuttlebutt and it + + + align:start position:0% +publication called scuttlebutt and it +was designed to compete with rumorville + + align:start position:0% +was designed to compete with rumorville + + + align:start position:0% +was designed to compete with rumorville +roville + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then starts publishing defamatory + + align:start position:0% +then starts publishing defamatory + + + align:start position:0% +then starts publishing defamatory +statements about Blanchard and Scuttle + + align:start position:0% +statements about Blanchard and Scuttle + + + align:start position:0% +statements about Blanchard and Scuttle +butt right the whole thing's a scam + + align:start position:0% +butt right the whole thing's a scam + + + align:start position:0% +butt right the whole thing's a scam +they're no good they rip off their + + align:start position:0% +they're no good they rip off their + + + align:start position:0% +they're no good they rip off their +stories by by copying them from rumor + + align:start position:0% +stories by by copying them from rumor + + + align:start position:0% +stories by by copying them from rumor +villain dot dot dot dot dot and + + align:start position:0% +villain dot dot dot dot dot and + + + align:start position:0% +villain dot dot dot dot dot and +Blanchard goes and + + align:start position:0% +Blanchard goes and + + + align:start position:0% +Blanchard goes and +sues comp you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +serve + + align:start position:0% +serve + + + align:start position:0% +serve +okay you guys are letting this stuff + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys are letting this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +okay you guys are letting this stuff +happen it's hurting my business it's + + align:start position:0% +happen it's hurting my business it's + + + align:start position:0% +happen it's hurting my business it's +hurting my my stuff + + align:start position:0% +hurting my my stuff + + + align:start position:0% +hurting my my stuff +now what what's he suing them for he's + + align:start position:0% +now what what's he suing them for he's + + + align:start position:0% +now what what's he suing them for he's +suing them under law called defamation + + align:start position:0% +suing them under law called defamation + + + align:start position:0% +suing them under law called defamation +so another little piece of law this is + + align:start position:0% +so another little piece of law this is + + + align:start position:0% +so another little piece of law this is +another thing that you can get in + + align:start position:0% +another thing that you can get in + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that you can get in +trouble for defamation is something that + + align:start position:0% +trouble for defamation is something that + + + align:start position:0% +trouble for defamation is something that +again all three things is false you + + align:start position:0% +again all three things is false you + + + align:start position:0% +again all three things is false you +communicate to somebody else and causes + + align:start position:0% +communicate to somebody else and causes + + + align:start position:0% +communicate to somebody else and causes +damage it's defamation LA and there are + + align:start position:0% +damage it's defamation LA and there are + + + align:start position:0% +damage it's defamation LA and there are +two kinds of defamation there's the + + align:start position:0% +two kinds of defamation there's the + + + align:start position:0% +two kinds of defamation there's the +stuff that you say which is slander and + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you say which is slander and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you say which is slander and +the stuff that you write that's liable + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that you write that's liable + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that you write that's liable +so Blanchard goes and sues comp you + + align:start position:0% +so Blanchard goes and sues comp you + + + align:start position:0% +so Blanchard goes and sues comp you +serve for def + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in one of the basic first rulings on + + align:start position:0% +and in one of the basic first rulings on + + + align:start position:0% +and in one of the basic first rulings on +internet defamation law cubby versus + + align:start position:0% +internet defamation law cubby versus + + + align:start position:0% +internet defamation law cubby versus +compy serve the judge basically says + + align:start position:0% +compy serve the judge basically says + + + align:start position:0% +compy serve the judge basically says +tough compy serve they're just like a + + align:start position:0% +tough compy serve they're just like a + + + align:start position:0% +tough compy serve they're just like a +bookstore and they got some books there + + align:start position:0% +bookstore and they got some books there + + + align:start position:0% +bookstore and they got some books there +and they don't really know what's in + + align:start position:0% +and they don't really know what's in + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't really know what's in +those books you can't really Hammer them + + align:start position:0% +those books you can't really Hammer them + + + align:start position:0% +those books you can't really Hammer them +for what's in their books they can't + + align:start position:0% +for what's in their books they can't + + + align:start position:0% +for what's in their books they can't +they neither knew nor had any reason to + + align:start position:0% +they neither knew nor had any reason to + + + align:start position:0% +they neither knew nor had any reason to +know what was in that stuff go Su uh the + + align:start position:0% +know what was in that stuff go Su uh the + + + align:start position:0% +know what was in that stuff go Su uh the +guys who who go go through Scuttle go + + align:start position:0% +guys who who go go through Scuttle go + + + align:start position:0% +guys who who go go through Scuttle go +through rumorville but compy serves off + + align:start position:0% +through rumorville but compy serves off + + + align:start position:0% +through rumorville but compy serves off +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hook okay so in terms of our picture of + + align:start position:0% +hook okay so in terms of our picture of + + + align:start position:0% +hook okay so in terms of our picture of +Regulation the court is saying for + + align:start position:0% +Regulation the court is saying for + + + align:start position:0% +Regulation the court is saying for +defamation it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that why is + + align:start position:0% +that why is + + + align:start position:0% +that why is +it why is + + align:start position:0% +it why is + + + align:start position:0% +it why is +it oh why why did we not consider the + + align:start position:0% +it oh why why did we not consider the + + + align:start position:0% +it oh why why did we not consider the +destination like people get well some + + align:start position:0% +destination like people get well some + + + align:start position:0% +destination like people get well some +poor innocent people you right you're + + align:start position:0% +poor innocent people you right you're + + + align:start position:0% +poor innocent people you right you're +you're sitting there you're logged into + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting there you're logged into + + + align:start position:0% +you're sitting there you're logged into +Cy serve you read some awful thing about + + align:start position:0% +Cy serve you read some awful thing about + + + align:start position:0% +Cy serve you read some awful thing about +rumorville she's supposed to get + + align:start position:0% +rumorville she's supposed to get + + + align:start position:0% +rumorville she's supposed to get +hammered for + + align:start position:0% +hammered for + + + align:start position:0% +hammered for +that yeah this is other people who's who + + align:start position:0% +that yeah this is other people who's who + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah this is other people who's who +are just sort of knowing it the source + + align:start position:0% +are just sort of knowing it the source + + + align:start position:0% +are just sort of knowing it the source +is coming from + + align:start position:0% +is coming from + + + align:start position:0% +is coming from +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that was 1990 it's five years + + align:start position:0% +okay that was 1990 it's five years + + + align:start position:0% +okay that was 1990 it's five years +later five years later the internet is + + align:start position:0% +later five years later the internet is + + + align:start position:0% +later five years later the internet is +growing there's concern about + + align:start position:0% +growing there's concern about + + + align:start position:0% +growing there's concern about +pornography it's not only the Uber Geeks + + align:start position:0% +pornography it's not only the Uber Geeks + + + align:start position:0% +pornography it's not only the Uber Geeks +who were using + + align:start position:0% +who were using + + + align:start position:0% +who were using +CompuServe there's a company called + + align:start position:0% +CompuServe there's a company called + + + align:start position:0% +CompuServe there's a company called +prodigy prodigy still exists right so + + align:start position:0% +prodigy prodigy still exists right so + + + align:start position:0% +prodigy prodigy still exists right so +Prodigy was a was a bulletin board they + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy was a was a bulletin board they + + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy was a was a bulletin board they +advertise themselves as a familyfriendly + + align:start position:0% +advertise themselves as a familyfriendly + + + align:start position:0% +advertise themselves as a familyfriendly +service hi guys you know there's this + + align:start position:0% +service hi guys you know there's this + + + align:start position:0% +service hi guys you know there's this +internet and you can join up prod + + align:start position:0% +internet and you can join up prod + + + align:start position:0% +internet and you can join up prod +Prodigy it's kind of safe for your kids + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy it's kind of safe for your kids + + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy it's kind of safe for your kids +and the way they did that is they had + + align:start position:0% +and the way they did that is they had + + + align:start position:0% +and the way they did that is they had +chat rooms and they hired people to + + align:start position:0% +chat rooms and they hired people to + + + align:start position:0% +chat rooms and they hired people to +moderate their chat + + align:start position:0% +moderate their chat + + + align:start position:0% +moderate their chat +rooms and if any bad stuff happened the + + align:start position:0% +rooms and if any bad stuff happened the + + + align:start position:0% +rooms and if any bad stuff happened the +moderator would cut it + + align:start position:0% +moderator would cut it + + + align:start position:0% +moderator would cut it +off okay + + align:start position:0% +off okay + + + align:start position:0% +off okay +so Prodigy is running the family + + align:start position:0% +so Prodigy is running the family + + + align:start position:0% +so Prodigy is running the family +oriented bbard + + align:start position:0% +oriented bbard + + + align:start position:0% +oriented bbard +service and there's a company that's an + + align:start position:0% +service and there's a company that's an + + + align:start position:0% +service and there's a company that's an +investment banking place called Stratton + + align:start position:0% +investment banking place called Stratton + + + align:start position:0% +investment banking place called Stratton +Oakmont and they're about to make a new + + align:start position:0% +Oakmont and they're about to make a new + + + align:start position:0% +Oakmont and they're about to make a new +offering and somebody on one of the + + align:start position:0% +offering and somebody on one of the + + + align:start position:0% +offering and somebody on one of the +Prodigy bulletin boards starts + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy bulletin boards starts + + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy bulletin boards starts +publishing stuff about Stratton + + align:start position:0% +publishing stuff about Stratton + + + align:start position:0% +publishing stuff about Stratton +Oakmont they don't know who the somebody + + align:start position:0% +Oakmont they don't know who the somebody + + + align:start position:0% +Oakmont they don't know who the somebody +is it's Anonymous but Strat Oak wants a + + align:start position:0% +is it's Anonymous but Strat Oak wants a + + + align:start position:0% +is it's Anonymous but Strat Oak wants a +bunch of crooks the the the president + + align:start position:0% +bunch of crooks the the the president + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of crooks the the the president +was in jail this offering they're going + + align:start position:0% +was in jail this offering they're going + + + align:start position:0% +was in jail this offering they're going +to do is a fraud and Stratton Oakmont + + align:start position:0% +to do is a fraud and Stratton Oakmont + + + align:start position:0% +to do is a fraud and Stratton Oakmont +goes and sues + + align:start position:0% +goes and sues + + + align:start position:0% +goes and sues +Prodigy right because you know the + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy right because you know the + + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy right because you know the +whoever is posting it was Anonymous they + + align:start position:0% +whoever is posting it was Anonymous they + + + align:start position:0% +whoever is posting it was Anonymous they +go Sue + + align:start position:0% +go Sue + + + align:start position:0% +go Sue +Prodigy and Prodigy says hey guys we + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy and Prodigy says hey guys we + + + align:start position:0% +Prodigy and Prodigy says hey guys we +went through this you know this is Cubby + + align:start position:0% +went through this you know this is Cubby + + + align:start position:0% +went through this you know this is Cubby +V compy serve all over again go find go + + align:start position:0% +V compy serve all over again go find go + + + align:start position:0% +V compy serve all over again go find go +find the people who are doing it get on + + align:start position:0% +find the people who are doing it get on + + + align:start position:0% +find the people who are doing it get on +their backs we're + + align:start position:0% +their backs we're + + + align:start position:0% +their backs we're +clean and the New + + align:start position:0% +clean and the New + + + align:start position:0% +clean and the New +York Court of Appeals New York state + + align:start position:0% +York Court of Appeals New York state + + + align:start position:0% +York Court of Appeals New York state +court of appeals says uh-uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're not the same because you are + + align:start position:0% +you're not the same because you are + + + align:start position:0% +you're not the same because you are +moderating those chat rooms you are + + align:start position:0% +moderating those chat rooms you are + + + align:start position:0% +moderating those chat rooms you are +taking + + align:start position:0% +taking + + + align:start position:0% +taking +responsibility for what is being said + + align:start position:0% +responsibility for what is being said + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility for what is being said +there and therefore you have + + align:start position:0% +there and therefore you have + + + align:start position:0% +there and therefore you have +liability right because you are doing + + align:start position:0% +liability right because you are doing + + + align:start position:0% +liability right because you are doing +the moderation you in fact are liable as + + align:start position:0% +the moderation you in fact are liable as + + + align:start position:0% +the moderation you in fact are liable as +the publisher of that stuff because + + align:start position:0% +the publisher of that stuff because + + + align:start position:0% +the publisher of that stuff because +you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +controlling spech allowing isps to get + + align:start position:0% +controlling spech allowing isps to get + + + align:start position:0% +controlling spech allowing isps to get +off the hook so it's quite comforting + + align:start position:0% +off the hook so it's quite comforting + + + align:start position:0% +off the hook so it's quite comforting +for freedom of speech to let isps to get + + align:start position:0% +for freedom of speech to let isps to get + + + align:start position:0% +for freedom of speech to let isps to get +off the hook so in response to this + + align:start position:0% +off the hook so in response to this + + + align:start position:0% +off the hook so in response to this +every University lawyer at any place + + align:start position:0% +every University lawyer at any place + + + align:start position:0% +every University lawyer at any place +that had an internet went to the + + align:start position:0% +that had an internet went to the + + + align:start position:0% +that had an internet went to the +administration and said hey guys don't + + align:start position:0% +administration and said hey guys don't + + + align:start position:0% +administration and said hey guys don't +control what the students are + + align:start position:0% +control what the students are + + + align:start position:0% +control what the students are +doing right whatever you do don't + + align:start position:0% +doing right whatever you do don't + + + align:start position:0% +doing right whatever you do don't +control it because as soon as you do you + + align:start position:0% +control it because as soon as you do you + + + align:start position:0% +control it because as soon as you do you +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +liable okay it certainly happened in MIT + + align:start position:0% +liable okay it certainly happened in MIT + + + align:start position:0% +liable okay it certainly happened in MIT +and I assume every place else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um right but what's it doing in terms of + + align:start position:0% +um right but what's it doing in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +um right but what's it doing in terms of +our picture + + align:start position:0% +our picture + + + align:start position:0% +our picture +here okay so our poor isps who were off + + align:start position:0% +here okay so our poor isps who were off + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so our poor isps who were off +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +hook now get targeted in a way big + + align:start position:0% +hook now get targeted in a way big + + + align:start position:0% +hook now get targeted in a way big +time so coming back to the + + align:start position:0% +time so coming back to the + + + align:start position:0% +time so coming back to the +communications decency act right why was + + align:start position:0% +communications decency act right why was + + + align:start position:0% +communications decency act right why was +there that Good Samaritan position that + + align:start position:0% +there that Good Samaritan position that + + + align:start position:0% +there that Good Samaritan position that +Good Samaritan provision well Congress + + align:start position:0% +Good Samaritan provision well Congress + + + align:start position:0% +Good Samaritan provision well Congress +was sitting there and they were saying + + align:start position:0% +was sitting there and they were saying + + + align:start position:0% +was sitting there and they were saying +well G not only do we want to regulate + + align:start position:0% +well G not only do we want to regulate + + + align:start position:0% +well G not only do we want to regulate +pornography and stop that but we really + + align:start position:0% +pornography and stop that but we really + + + align:start position:0% +pornography and stop that but we really +would like the isps to help us you know + + align:start position:0% +would like the isps to help us you know + + + align:start position:0% +would like the isps to help us you know +we'd like them to filter this stuff out + + align:start position:0% +we'd like them to filter this stuff out + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like them to filter this stuff out +so it's the policy and this is part of + + align:start position:0% +so it's the policy and this is part of + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the policy and this is part of +the law this is It's the policy of the + + align:start position:0% +the law this is It's the policy of the + + + align:start position:0% +the law this is It's the policy of the +US that there should be filtering of the + + align:start position:0% +US that there should be filtering of the + + + align:start position:0% +US that there should be filtering of the +elol and we want to encourage you know + + align:start position:0% +elol and we want to encourage you know + + + align:start position:0% +elol and we want to encourage you know +parents and isps and everybody to keep + + align:start position:0% +parents and isps and everybody to keep + + + align:start position:0% +parents and isps and everybody to keep +this smut off the + + align:start position:0% +this smut off the + + + align:start position:0% +this smut off the +network on the other hand that was right + + align:start position:0% +network on the other hand that was right + + + align:start position:0% +network on the other hand that was right +after the Prodigy + + align:start position:0% +after the Prodigy + + + align:start position:0% +after the Prodigy +decision and all the ISP said well hey + + align:start position:0% +decision and all the ISP said well hey + + + align:start position:0% +decision and all the ISP said well hey +wait a minute um that's not going to + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute um that's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute um that's not going to +work so they passed this Good Samaritan + + align:start position:0% +work so they passed this Good Samaritan + + + align:start position:0% +work so they passed this Good Samaritan +provision which was was trying to let + + align:start position:0% +provision which was was trying to let + + + align:start position:0% +provision which was was trying to let +them get off the hook and it's actually + + align:start position:0% +them get off the hook and it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +them get off the hook and it's actually +a little bit more complicated than that + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more complicated than that + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more complicated than that +because this had to do with the + + align:start position:0% +because this had to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +because this had to do with the +Republicans and the Democrats and stuff + + align:start position:0% +Republicans and the Democrats and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans and the Democrats and stuff +that got worked out in committee and + + align:start position:0% +that got worked out in committee and + + + align:start position:0% +that got worked out in committee and +different bills that of which pieces + + align:start position:0% +different bills that of which pieces + + + align:start position:0% +different bills that of which pieces +were taken from other bills and put + + align:start position:0% +were taken from other bills and put + + + align:start position:0% +were taken from other bills and put +together Winston Churchill once said + + align:start position:0% +together Winston Churchill once said + + + align:start position:0% +together Winston Churchill once said +that anyone who likes sausages or law + + align:start position:0% +that anyone who likes sausages or law + + + align:start position:0% +that anyone who likes sausages or law +should never watch either of them being + + align:start position:0% +should never watch either of them being + + + align:start position:0% +should never watch either of them being +made and the communications decency Act + + align:start position:0% +made and the communications decency Act + + + align:start position:0% +made and the communications decency Act +is a little bit like that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well the law got passed in February 1996 + + align:start position:0% +well the law got passed in February 1996 + + + align:start position:0% +well the law got passed in February 1996 +the whole civil liberties were all went + + align:start position:0% +the whole civil liberties were all went + + + align:start position:0% +the whole civil liberties were all went +nuts everybody kind of who was looking + + align:start position:0% +nuts everybody kind of who was looking + + + align:start position:0% +nuts everybody kind of who was looking +at the internet law went nuts um if you + + align:start position:0% +at the internet law went nuts um if you + + + align:start position:0% +at the internet law went nuts um if you +take 605 6805 there's a long story about + + align:start position:0% +take 605 6805 there's a long story about + + + align:start position:0% +take 605 6805 there's a long story about +what eventually turned out to be a major + + align:start position:0% +what eventually turned out to be a major + + + align:start position:0% +what eventually turned out to be a major +major decision in First Amendment law + + align:start position:0% +major decision in First Amendment law + + + align:start position:0% +major decision in First Amendment law +which I won't go into here + + align:start position:0% +which I won't go into here + + + align:start position:0% +which I won't go into here +but the net result is the Supreme Court + + align:start position:0% +but the net result is the Supreme Court + + + align:start position:0% +but the net result is the Supreme Court +decided that the display provision of + + align:start position:0% +decided that the display provision of + + + align:start position:0% +decided that the display provision of +the communications decency Act was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constitutional right let me go back for + + align:start position:0% +constitutional right let me go back for + + + align:start position:0% +constitutional right let me go back for +a second right and they + + align:start position:0% +a second right and they + + + align:start position:0% +a second right and they +said they said you know why well the + + align:start position:0% +said they said you know why well the + + + align:start position:0% +said they said you know why well the +community standards are too broad it + + align:start position:0% +community standards are too broad it + + + align:start position:0% +community standards are too broad it +means that if you apply that that means + + align:start position:0% +means that if you apply that that means + + + align:start position:0% +means that if you apply that that means +the the most restrictive the standard of + + align:start position:0% +the the most restrictive the standard of + + + align:start position:0% +the the most restrictive the standard of +the most restrictive Community will + + align:start position:0% +the most restrictive Community will + + + align:start position:0% +the most restrictive Community will +start replying across the whole country + + align:start position:0% +start replying across the whole country + + + align:start position:0% +start replying across the whole country +and a provision of First Amendment law + + align:start position:0% +and a provision of First Amendment law + + + align:start position:0% +and a provision of First Amendment law +turns out the turns out the government + + align:start position:0% +turns out the turns out the government + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the turns out the government +can pass laws to protect kids access to + + align:start position:0% +can pass laws to protect kids access to + + + align:start position:0% +can pass laws to protect kids access to +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +but they said Gee in this case by this + + align:start position:0% +but they said Gee in this case by this + + + align:start position:0% +but they said Gee in this case by this +desire to protect kids you're + + align:start position:0% +desire to protect kids you're + + + align:start position:0% +desire to protect kids you're +restricting adults from what they should + + align:start position:0% +restricting adults from what they should + + + align:start position:0% +restricting adults from what they should +be able to get anyway a long very very + + align:start position:0% +be able to get anyway a long very very + + + align:start position:0% +be able to get anyway a long very very +important First Amendment decision uh + + align:start position:0% +important First Amendment decision uh + + + align:start position:0% +important First Amendment decision uh +Reno versus + + align:start position:0% +Reno versus + + + align:start position:0% +Reno versus +ACLU so the Supreme Court ruling came + + align:start position:0% +ACLU so the Supreme Court ruling came + + + align:start position:0% +ACLU so the Supreme Court ruling came +down and everybody was was happy civil + + align:start position:0% +down and everybody was was happy civil + + + align:start position:0% +down and everybody was was happy civil +liberty through groups and everybody + + align:start position:0% +liberty through groups and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +liberty through groups and everybody +jumped up and down and said the internet + + align:start position:0% +jumped up and down and said the internet + + + align:start position:0% +jumped up and down and said the internet +is a a zone of free + + align:start position:0% +is a a zone of free + + + align:start position:0% +is a a zone of free +speech which brings us to camp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it + + align:start position:0% +so it + + + align:start position:0% +so it +is 19 we're back in + + align:start position:0% +is 19 we're back in + + + align:start position:0% +is 19 we're back in +1995 it's April April 19th 1995 so we + + align:start position:0% +1995 it's April April 19th 1995 so we + + + align:start position:0% +1995 it's April April 19th 1995 so we +just went through the + + align:start position:0% +just went through the + + + align:start position:0% +just went through the +10th uh anniversary of a really horrible + + align:start position:0% +10th uh anniversary of a really horrible + + + align:start position:0% +10th uh anniversary of a really horrible +thing in US history anybody know what it + + align:start position:0% +thing in US history anybody know what it + + + align:start position:0% +thing in US history anybody know what it +is almost exactly 10 years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ago the the bombing the bombing of the + + align:start position:0% +ago the the bombing the bombing of the + + + align:start position:0% +ago the the bombing the bombing of the +courthouse in ok + + align:start position:0% +courthouse in ok + + + align:start position:0% +courthouse in ok +City April 19th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1995 okay so I I guess you guys remember + + align:start position:0% +1995 okay so I I guess you guys remember + + + align:start position:0% +1995 okay so I I guess you guys remember +that so about a week later appears on + + align:start position:0% +that so about a week later appears on + + + align:start position:0% +that so about a week later appears on +AOL an announcement that + + align:start position:0% +AOL an announcement that + + + align:start position:0% +AOL an announcement that +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +hey Noy Oklahoma + + align:start position:0% +hey Noy Oklahoma + + + align:start position:0% +hey Noy Oklahoma +t-shirts visit Oklahoma it's a + + align:start position:0% +t-shirts visit Oklahoma it's a + + + align:start position:0% +t-shirts visit Oklahoma it's a +blast and lots of cruder things about + + align:start position:0% +blast and lots of cruder things about + + + align:start position:0% +blast and lots of cruder things about +referring to the kids who'd been killed + + align:start position:0% +referring to the kids who'd been killed + + + align:start position:0% +referring to the kids who'd been killed +in that bombing and all sorts of stuff + + align:start position:0% +in that bombing and all sorts of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +in that bombing and all sorts of stuff +right visit Oklahoma it's a blast call + + align:start position:0% +right visit Oklahoma it's a blast call + + + align:start position:0% +right visit Oklahoma it's a blast call +Ken for nauy Oklahoma t-shirts and there + + align:start position:0% +Ken for nauy Oklahoma t-shirts and there + + + align:start position:0% +Ken for nauy Oklahoma t-shirts and there +in the message is the phone number of + + align:start position:0% +in the message is the phone number of + + + align:start position:0% +in the message is the phone number of +Ken + + align:start position:0% +Ken + + + align:start position:0% +Ken +Zaron who's like just a guy who lives in + + align:start position:0% +Zaron who's like just a guy who lives in + + + align:start position:0% +Zaron who's like just a guy who lives in +Seattle well lots of people call Ken + + align:start position:0% +Seattle well lots of people call Ken + + + align:start position:0% +Seattle well lots of people call Ken +right they call him angry and upset with + + align:start position:0% +right they call him angry and upset with + + + align:start position:0% +right they call him angry and upset with +obscene phone calls threatening phone + + align:start position:0% +obscene phone calls threatening phone + + + align:start position:0% +obscene phone calls threatening phone +calls and so you know he says he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +calls and so you know he says he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +calls and so you know he says he doesn't +know anything about they said what the + + align:start position:0% +know anything about they said what the + + + align:start position:0% +know anything about they said what the +hell are you doing they tell him about + + align:start position:0% +hell are you doing they tell him about + + + align:start position:0% +hell are you doing they tell him about +this thing he did right how could you + + align:start position:0% +this thing he did right how could you + + + align:start position:0% +this thing he did right how could you +possibly do that you you + + align:start position:0% +possibly do that you you + + + align:start position:0% +possibly do that you you +bastard so he calls + + align:start position:0% +bastard so he calls + + + align:start position:0% +bastard so he calls +AOL and he says to + + align:start position:0% +AOL and he says to + + + align:start position:0% +AOL and he says to +AOL come on you know I didn't put this + + align:start position:0% +AOL come on you know I didn't put this + + + align:start position:0% +AOL come on you know I didn't put this +up it's got this stuff that says it's + + align:start position:0% +up it's got this stuff that says it's + + + align:start position:0% +up it's got this stuff that says it's +got my name on it take it down and + + align:start position:0% +got my name on it take it down and + + + align:start position:0% +got my name on it take it down and +publish a + + align:start position:0% +publish a + + + align:start position:0% +publish a +retraction oh I'm sorry Mr Zaron you + + align:start position:0% +retraction oh I'm sorry Mr Zaron you + + + align:start position:0% +retraction oh I'm sorry Mr Zaron you +know we sort of have to look into this + + align:start position:0% +know we sort of have to look into this + + + align:start position:0% +know we sort of have to look into this +and you have to understand that we don't + + align:start position:0% +and you have to understand that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to understand that we don't +actually know who had this account + + align:start position:0% +actually know who had this account + + + align:start position:0% +actually know who had this account +because they're Anonymous and oh oh it's + + align:start position:0% +because they're Anonymous and oh oh it's + + + align:start position:0% +because they're Anonymous and oh oh it's +not our policy to publish retractions + + align:start position:0% +not our policy to publish retractions + + + align:start position:0% +not our policy to publish retractions +but you know we'll sort of do it and + + align:start position:0% +but you know we'll sort of do it and + + + align:start position:0% +but you know we'll sort of do it and +we'll you know we'll get maybe we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll you know we'll get maybe we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll you know we'll get maybe we'll +turn off the account we'll go check into + + align:start position:0% +turn off the account we'll go check into + + + align:start position:0% +turn off the account we'll go check into +it next + + align:start position:0% +it next + + + align:start position:0% +it next +day more slogans no Oklahoma we got + + align:start position:0% +day more slogans no Oklahoma we got + + + align:start position:0% +day more slogans no Oklahoma we got +t-shirts we got bumper stickers visit + + align:start position:0% +t-shirts we got bumper stickers visit + + + align:start position:0% +t-shirts we got bumper stickers visit +Oklahoma it's a blast call Ken and by + + align:start position:0% +Oklahoma it's a blast call Ken and by + + + align:start position:0% +Oklahoma it's a blast call Ken and by +the way there's a real demand for these + + align:start position:0% +the way there's a real demand for these + + + align:start position:0% +the way there's a real demand for these +things so if you call on the line's busy + + align:start position:0% +things so if you call on the line's busy + + + align:start position:0% +things so if you call on the line's busy +make sure you call back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay April by April 30th Ken Aaron's + + align:start position:0% +okay April by April 30th Ken Aaron's + + + align:start position:0% +okay April by April 30th Ken Aaron's +getting an abusive phone call every two + + align:start position:0% +getting an abusive phone call every two + + + align:start position:0% +getting an abusive phone call every two +minutes okay May 1st kxra a local + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay May 1st kxra a local + + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay May 1st kxra a local +Oklahoma radio station says you know + + align:start position:0% +Oklahoma radio station says you know + + + align:start position:0% +Oklahoma radio station says you know +what's going on in Seattle there's this + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in Seattle there's this + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in Seattle there's this +guy who's publishing who's publishing + + align:start position:0% +guy who's publishing who's publishing + + + align:start position:0% +guy who's publishing who's publishing +stuff selling T-shirts making fun of our + + align:start position:0% +stuff selling T-shirts making fun of our + + + align:start position:0% +stuff selling T-shirts making fun of our +kids who died in the blast two weeks ago + + align:start position:0% +kids who died in the blast two weeks ago + + + align:start position:0% +kids who died in the blast two weeks ago +his name is Ken Zaron why don't you tell + + align:start position:0% +his name is Ken Zaron why don't you tell + + + align:start position:0% +his name is Ken Zaron why don't you tell +him what you think about him here's his + + align:start position:0% +him what you think about him here's his + + + align:start position:0% +him what you think about him here's his +phone number here's his + + align:start position:0% +phone number here's his + + + align:start position:0% +phone number here's his +address right the police are guarding + + align:start position:0% +address right the police are guarding + + + align:start position:0% +address right the police are guarding +zarin's house + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now well Zaron finally gets in touch + + align:start position:0% +now well Zaron finally gets in touch + + + align:start position:0% +now well Zaron finally gets in touch +with kxra and they they published the + + align:start position:0% +with kxra and they they published the + + + align:start position:0% +with kxra and they they published the +announcement that it's a mistake they + + align:start position:0% +announcement that it's a mistake they + + + align:start position:0% +announcement that it's a mistake they +they broadcast a retraction of that you + + align:start position:0% +they broadcast a retraction of that you + + + align:start position:0% +they broadcast a retraction of that you +know and by by the end of May uh zarin's + + align:start position:0% +know and by by the end of May uh zarin's + + + align:start position:0% +know and by by the end of May uh zarin's +down to only 15 threatening phone calls + + align:start position:0% +down to only 15 threatening phone calls + + + align:start position:0% +down to only 15 threatening phone calls +a day + + align:start position:0% +a day + + + align:start position:0% +a day +okay so over the next months he gets a + + align:start position:0% +okay so over the next months he gets a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so over the next months he gets a +lawyer and he sues + + align:start position:0% +lawyer and he sues + + + align:start position:0% +lawyer and he sues +AOL he says you guys are + + align:start position:0% +AOL he says you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +AOL he says you guys are +negligent I called you about this thing + + align:start position:0% +negligent I called you about this thing + + + align:start position:0% +negligent I called you about this thing +it was causing me harm it was on your it + + align:start position:0% +it was causing me harm it was on your it + + + align:start position:0% +it was causing me harm it was on your it +was on your thing you did not take + + align:start position:0% +was on your thing you did not take + + + align:start position:0% +was on your thing you did not take +action it took a real long time for them + + align:start position:0% +action it took a real long time for them + + + align:start position:0% +action it took a real long time for them +to shut off these accounts and you guys + + align:start position:0% +to shut off these accounts and you guys + + + align:start position:0% +to shut off these accounts and you guys +are are guilty of + + align:start position:0% +are are guilty of + + + align:start position:0% +are are guilty of +negligence and AOL aol's lawyers go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh hey he hey + + align:start position:0% +uh hey he hey + + + align:start position:0% +uh hey he hey +hey the Supreme Court well this actually + + align:start position:0% +hey the Supreme Court well this actually + + + align:start position:0% +hey the Supreme Court well this actually +the law hadn't been struck down by then + + align:start position:0% +the law hadn't been struck down by then + + + align:start position:0% +the law hadn't been struck down by then +they go hey hey the look at this + + align:start position:0% +they go hey hey the look at this + + + align:start position:0% +they go hey hey the look at this +provision that Congress has passed into + + align:start position:0% +provision that Congress has passed into + + + align:start position:0% +provision that Congress has passed into +law I don't care what you said we + + align:start position:0% +law I don't care what you said we + + + align:start position:0% +law I don't care what you said we +did we didn't provide that information + + align:start position:0% +did we didn't provide that information + + + align:start position:0% +did we didn't provide that information +we have no liability for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it and the court agrees with + + align:start position:0% +it and the court agrees with + + + align:start position:0% +it and the court agrees with +them and it turns out by the way that + + align:start position:0% +them and it turns out by the way that + + + align:start position:0% +them and it turns out by the way that +when Congress struck down the + + align:start position:0% +when Congress struck down the + + + align:start position:0% +when Congress struck down the +communications y act they struck down + + align:start position:0% +communications y act they struck down + + + align:start position:0% +communications y act they struck down +that display + + align:start position:0% +that display + + + align:start position:0% +that display +provision but there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +provision but there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +provision but there's nothing +unconstitutional about that can argue + + align:start position:0% +unconstitutional about that can argue + + + align:start position:0% +unconstitutional about that can argue +whether or not it's a good idea but + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's a good idea but + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's a good idea but +there's nothing unconstitutional about + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing unconstitutional about + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing unconstitutional about +it this thing is still part of US law + + align:start position:0% +it this thing is still part of US law + + + align:start position:0% +it this thing is still part of US law +you had a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question what was struck was the + + align:start position:0% +question what was struck was the + + + align:start position:0% +question what was struck was the +lawsuit the laws the lawsuit was + + align:start position:0% +lawsuit the laws the lawsuit was + + + align:start position:0% +lawsuit the laws the lawsuit was +actually at the beginning of uh at the + + align:start position:0% +actually at the beginning of uh at the + + + align:start position:0% +actually at the beginning of uh at the +beginning of 96 it sort of went through + + align:start position:0% +beginning of 96 it sort of went through + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of 96 it sort of went through +this whole thing + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +this whole thing +took him yeah I think it was the + + align:start position:0% +took him yeah I think it was the + + + align:start position:0% +took him yeah I think it was the +beginning of 0 of 1996 was there a lot + + align:start position:0% +beginning of 0 of 1996 was there a lot + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of 0 of 1996 was there a lot +of arguing and harass and going back and + + align:start position:0% +of arguing and harass and going back and + + + align:start position:0% +of arguing and harass and going back and +forth with AOL between when it was done + + align:start position:0% +forth with AOL between when it was done + + + align:start position:0% +forth with AOL between when it was done +it took several + + align:start position:0% +it took several + + + align:start position:0% +it took several +months okay so AOL said I don't care if + + align:start position:0% +months okay so AOL said I don't care if + + + align:start position:0% +months okay so AOL said I don't care if +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +negligent we're uh we're free not our + + align:start position:0% +negligent we're uh we're free not our + + + align:start position:0% +negligent we're uh we're free not our +problem gets worse uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2001 Jane Doe in an anonymous + + align:start position:0% +2001 Jane Doe in an anonymous + + + align:start position:0% +2001 Jane Doe in an anonymous +lawsuit SU Su AOL on behalf of her + + align:start position:0% +lawsuit SU Su AOL on behalf of her + + + align:start position:0% +lawsuit SU Su AOL on behalf of her +teenage son John do right it's Anonymous + + align:start position:0% +teenage son John do right it's Anonymous + + + align:start position:0% +teenage son John do right it's Anonymous +they're protecting him because he's a + + align:start position:0% +they're protecting him because he's a + + + align:start position:0% +they're protecting him because he's a +minor and she's suing AOL she lives in + + align:start position:0% +minor and she's suing AOL she lives in + + + align:start position:0% +minor and she's suing AOL she lives in +Florida turns out there's a guy named + + align:start position:0% +Florida turns out there's a guy named + + + align:start position:0% +Florida turns out there's a guy named +Richard Russell who by that time was in + + align:start position:0% +Richard Russell who by that time was in + + + align:start position:0% +Richard Russell who by that time was in +prison as you'll see for obvious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasons advertised on + + align:start position:0% +reasons advertised on + + + align:start position:0% +reasons advertised on +AOL to find kids who come to his his + + align:start position:0% +AOL to find kids who come to his his + + + align:start position:0% +AOL to find kids who come to his his +house and he filmed them in pornographic + + align:start position:0% +house and he filmed them in pornographic + + + align:start position:0% +house and he filmed them in pornographic +acts right including Jane Do's son John + + align:start position:0% +acts right including Jane Do's son John + + + align:start position:0% +acts right including Jane Do's son John +Doe and sold the stuff over the internet + + align:start position:0% +Doe and sold the stuff over the internet + + + align:start position:0% +Doe and sold the stuff over the internet +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AOL so Jane + + align:start position:0% +AOL so Jane + + + align:start position:0% +AOL so Jane +do su AOL you guys are making money from + + align:start position:0% +do su AOL you guys are making money from + + + align:start position:0% +do su AOL you guys are making money from +trafficking in child pornography in + + align:start position:0% +trafficking in child pornography in + + + align:start position:0% +trafficking in child pornography in +pornographic pictures of my + + align:start position:0% +pornographic pictures of my + + + align:start position:0% +pornographic pictures of my +son right now we're talking child + + align:start position:0% +son right now we're talking child + + + align:start position:0% +son right now we're talking child +pornography + + align:start position:0% +pornography + + + align:start position:0% +pornography +says hey hey + + align:start position:0% +says hey hey + + + align:start position:0% +says hey hey +hey the Good Samaritan the Good + + align:start position:0% +hey the Good Samaritan the Good + + + align:start position:0% +hey the Good Samaritan the Good +Samaritan provision Title 18 section 230 + + align:start position:0% +Samaritan provision Title 18 section 230 + + + align:start position:0% +Samaritan provision Title 18 section 230 +we're not + + align:start position:0% +we're not + + + align:start position:0% +we're not +liable right this is 2001 and dis + + align:start position:0% +liable right this is 2001 and dis + + + align:start position:0% +liable right this is 2001 and dis +bounced around in the courts for about + + align:start position:0% +bounced around in the courts for about + + + align:start position:0% +bounced around in the courts for about +three years finally went to the Florida + + align:start position:0% +three years finally went to the Florida + + + align:start position:0% +three years finally went to the Florida +Supreme Court and the Florida Supreme + + align:start position:0% +Supreme Court and the Florida Supreme + + + align:start position:0% +Supreme Court and the Florida Supreme +Court agreed with + + align:start position:0% +Court agreed with + + + align:start position:0% +Court agreed with +AOL it ain't the greatest thing man but + + align:start position:0% +AOL it ain't the greatest thing man but + + + align:start position:0% +AOL it ain't the greatest thing man but +that's what the law says you are not + + align:start position:0% +that's what the law says you are not + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the law says you are not +liable as an ISP P if you're not the + + align:start position:0% +liable as an ISP P if you're not the + + + align:start position:0% +liable as an ISP P if you're not the +provider of that information that's a + + align:start position:0% +provider of that information that's a + + + align:start position:0% +provider of that information that's a +two to one that's a two to1 decision in + + align:start position:0% +two to one that's a two to1 decision in + + + align:start position:0% +two to one that's a two to1 decision in +the Florida Supreme Court uh the + + align:start position:0% +the Florida Supreme Court uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the Florida Supreme Court uh the +minority opinion by uh judge Lewis the + + align:start position:0% +minority opinion by uh judge Lewis the + + + align:start position:0% +minority opinion by uh judge Lewis the +guy just went ape he said this is + + align:start position:0% +guy just went ape he said this is + + + align:start position:0% +guy just went ape he said this is +nuts right it can't how could it + + align:start position:0% +nuts right it can't how could it + + + align:start position:0% +nuts right it can't how could it +conceivably have been the intent of + + align:start position:0% +conceivably have been the intent of + + + align:start position:0% +conceivably have been the intent of +Congress in a law that came from that + + align:start position:0% +Congress in a law that came from that + + + align:start position:0% +Congress in a law that came from that +was motivated by protecting kids from + + align:start position:0% +was motivated by protecting kids from + + + align:start position:0% +was motivated by protecting kids from +pornography on the internet how could it + + align:start position:0% +pornography on the internet how could it + + + align:start position:0% +pornography on the internet how could it +conceive been the intent of Congress + + align:start position:0% +conceive been the intent of Congress + + + align:start position:0% +conceive been the intent of Congress +that a consequence of that law is now + + align:start position:0% +that a consequence of that law is now + + + align:start position:0% +that a consequence of that law is now +that somebody who's trafficking in child + + align:start position:0% +that somebody who's trafficking in child + + + align:start position:0% +that somebody who's trafficking in child +pornography is actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +immunized okay but that's the current + + align:start position:0% +immunized okay but that's the current + + + align:start position:0% +immunized okay but that's the current +state of the that's the current state of + + align:start position:0% +state of the that's the current state of + + + align:start position:0% +state of the that's the current state of +the world and you see what it comes from + + align:start position:0% +the world and you see what it comes from + + + align:start position:0% +the world and you see what it comes from +it comes from looking at this very + + align:start position:0% +it comes from looking at this very + + + align:start position:0% +it comes from looking at this very +complex system of regulations and the + + align:start position:0% +complex system of regulations and the + + + align:start position:0% +complex system of regulations and the +interaction between First Amendment + + align:start position:0% +interaction between First Amendment + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between First Amendment +law and defamation law and the fact that + + align:start position:0% +law and defamation law and the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +law and defamation law and the fact that +you can apply regulations right you want + + align:start position:0% +you can apply regulations right you want + + + align:start position:0% +you can apply regulations right you want +to you want to partly immunize those + + align:start position:0% +to you want to partly immunize those + + + align:start position:0% +to you want to partly immunize those +isps right but you you don't want to let + + align:start position:0% +isps right but you you don't want to let + + + align:start position:0% +isps right but you you don't want to let +them off free and you end up with you + + align:start position:0% +them off free and you end up with you + + + align:start position:0% +them off free and you end up with you +know exactly the same kinds of + + align:start position:0% +know exactly the same kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly the same kinds of +unintended + + align:start position:0% +unintended + + + align:start position:0% +unintended +consequences that happen whenever you + + align:start position:0% +consequences that happen whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +consequences that happen whenever you +monkey with any complex system it's not + + align:start position:0% +monkey with any complex system it's not + + + align:start position:0% +monkey with any complex system it's not +a whole lot different from the kind of + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot different from the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot different from the kind of +stuff you've seen on the technology side + + align:start position:0% +stuff you've seen on the technology side + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you've seen on the technology side +when you're talking about how the + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about how the + + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about how the +technical base of the internet + + align:start position:0% +technical base of the internet + + + align:start position:0% +technical base of the internet +works so where's that leave us + + align:start position:0% +works so where's that leave us + + + align:start position:0% +works so where's that leave us +well I guess in terms of the law + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it kind of leaves us uh there in a very + + align:start position:0% +it kind of leaves us uh there in a very + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of leaves us uh there in a very +very confused + + align:start position:0% +very confused + + + align:start position:0% +very confused +State and getting more and more confused + + align:start position:0% +State and getting more and more confused + + + align:start position:0% +State and getting more and more confused +because what's happened recently this + + align:start position:0% +because what's happened recently this + + + align:start position:0% +because what's happened recently this +whole thing is now mixed in + + align:start position:0% +whole thing is now mixed in + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing is now mixed in +international + + align:start position:0% +international + + + align:start position:0% +international +law right if you go search on Google for + + align:start position:0% +law right if you go search on Google for + + + align:start position:0% +law right if you go search on Google for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh uh stuff from the Taiwan Ministry of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh stuff from the Taiwan Ministry of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh stuff from the Taiwan Ministry of +Defense you'll find that in the US you + + align:start position:0% +Defense you'll find that in the US you + + + align:start position:0% +Defense you'll find that in the US you +find it in China no Google China has a + + align:start position:0% +find it in China no Google China has a + + + align:start position:0% +find it in China no Google China has a +different search will you find it if you + + align:start position:0% +different search will you find it if you + + + align:start position:0% +different search will you find it if you +somehow are able + + align:start position:0% +somehow are able + + + align:start position:0% +somehow are able +to log into US Google from Beijing yeah + + align:start position:0% +to log into US Google from Beijing yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to log into US Google from Beijing yeah +you'd see it what kind of liability is + + align:start position:0% +you'd see it what kind of liability is + + + align:start position:0% +you'd see it what kind of liability is +there is that your personal liability + + align:start position:0% +there is that your personal liability + + + align:start position:0% +there is that your personal liability +with the Chinese government is it Google + + align:start position:0% +with the Chinese government is it Google + + + align:start position:0% +with the Chinese government is it Google +who's going to get hammered in their + + align:start position:0% +who's going to get hammered in their + + + align:start position:0% +who's going to get hammered in their +trade agreements terms with China we + + align:start position:0% +trade agreements terms with China we + + + align:start position:0% +trade agreements terms with China we +don't know what's going to happen with + + align:start position:0% +don't know what's going to happen with + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what's going to happen with +France and + + align:start position:0% +France and + + + align:start position:0% +France and +Yahoo right so this whole this whole + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo right so this whole this whole + + + align:start position:0% +Yahoo right so this whole this whole +picture has become even much much much + + align:start position:0% +picture has become even much much much + + + align:start position:0% +picture has become even much much much +much more + + align:start position:0% +much more + + + align:start position:0% +much more +complex as a consequence of you know all + + align:start position:0% +complex as a consequence of you know all + + + align:start position:0% +complex as a consequence of you know all +of us Engineers making this in making + + align:start position:0% +of us Engineers making this in making + + + align:start position:0% +of us Engineers making this in making +this internet which is effectively uh + + align:start position:0% +this internet which is effectively uh + + + align:start position:0% +this internet which is effectively uh +made distance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vanish so where's that leave us it + + align:start position:0% +vanish so where's that leave us it + + + align:start position:0% +vanish so where's that leave us it +leaves us with uh you I + + align:start position:0% +leaves us with uh you I + + + align:start position:0% +leaves us with uh you I +guess and where I + + align:start position:0% +guess and where I + + + align:start position:0% +guess and where I +started you guys have enormous power + + align:start position:0% +started you guys have enormous power + + + align:start position:0% +started you guys have enormous power +that comes from the stuff you've learned + + align:start position:0% +that comes from the stuff you've learned + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from the stuff you've learned +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +course you have the ability to go out + + align:start position:0% +course you have the ability to go out + + + align:start position:0% +course you have the ability to go out +and really really really influence the + + align:start position:0% +and really really really influence the + + + align:start position:0% +and really really really influence the +World by making stuff by explaining + + align:start position:0% +World by making stuff by explaining + + + align:start position:0% +World by making stuff by explaining +right by explaining to people stuff they + + align:start position:0% +right by explaining to people stuff they + + + align:start position:0% +right by explaining to people stuff they +don't know like the end to-end + + align:start position:0% +don't know like the end to-end + + + align:start position:0% +don't know like the end to-end +principles one right and it's really a + + align:start position:0% +principles one right and it's really a + + + align:start position:0% +principles one right and it's really a +it's really a question of you know would + + align:start position:0% +it's really a question of you know would + + + align:start position:0% +it's really a question of you know would +you like to grab that power and take + + align:start position:0% +you like to grab that power and take + + + align:start position:0% +you like to grab that power and take +advantage of it but in order to do that + + align:start position:0% +advantage of it but in order to do that + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of it but in order to do that +you need to understand this other piece + + align:start position:0% +you need to understand this other piece + + + align:start position:0% +you need to understand this other piece +of the world okay thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Tcv3_Gk1Ysg.txt b/Tcv3_Gk1Ysg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c43411212b351fcc64e6243725370a19a8620d01 --- /dev/null +++ b/Tcv3_Gk1Ysg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay let me then say a little more about + + align:start position:0% +okay let me then say a little more about + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me then say a little more about +that extra term let's rewrite it in a + + align:start position:0% +that extra term let's rewrite it in a + + + align:start position:0% +that extra term let's rewrite it in a +slightly different way so that we get + + align:start position:0% +slightly different way so that we get + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different way so that we get +the feeling of what it has to do with + + align:start position:0% +the feeling of what it has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +the feeling of what it has to do with +hamiltonians so this is the coupling + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonians so this is the coupling + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonians so this is the coupling +term so we try to understand what is + + align:start position:0% +term so we try to understand what is + + + align:start position:0% +term so we try to understand what is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +coupling sigh capes I and dot what how + + align:start position:0% +coupling sigh capes I and dot what how + + + align:start position:0% +coupling sigh capes I and dot what how +can we write it so what is sy k sy and + + align:start position:0% +can we write it so what is sy k sy and + + + align:start position:0% +can we write it so what is sy k sy and +dot okay to figure this out we have no + + align:start position:0% +dot okay to figure this out we have no + + + align:start position:0% +dot okay to figure this out we have no +option probably except looking at the + + align:start position:0% +option probably except looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +option probably except looking at the +Schrodinger equation not really showing + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation not really showing + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation not really showing +the equation date-time instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +the equation date-time instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +the equation date-time instantaneous +state conditions the end of the side so + + align:start position:0% +state conditions the end of the side so + + + align:start position:0% +state conditions the end of the side so +you look at this instantaneous state + + align:start position:0% +you look at this instantaneous state + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this instantaneous state +condition for N and say okay I'm going + + align:start position:0% +condition for N and say okay I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +condition for N and say okay I'm going +to differentiate and then I'm gonna make + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate and then I'm gonna make + + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate and then I'm gonna make +the overlap what else could you do + + align:start position:0% +the overlap what else could you do + + + align:start position:0% +the overlap what else could you do +this is the equation that tells you how + + align:start position:0% +this is the equation that tells you how + + + align:start position:0% +this is the equation that tells you how +the instantaneous energy eigenstate is + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous energy eigenstate is + + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous energy eigenstate is +supposed to change in time so it must + + align:start position:0% +supposed to change in time so it must + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to change in time so it must +have the information of how to compute + + align:start position:0% +have the information of how to compute + + + align:start position:0% +have the information of how to compute +this or how to rewrite it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +this or how to rewrite it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +this or how to rewrite it in terms of +other things that are interesting + + align:start position:0% +other things that are interesting + + + align:start position:0% +other things that are interesting +so let's differentiate with respect to + + align:start position:0% +so let's differentiate with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +so let's differentiate with respect to +time respect to time and we use dots as + + align:start position:0% +time respect to time and we use dots as + + + align:start position:0% +time respect to time and we use dots as +well so let's write this as H dot times + + align:start position:0% +well so let's write this as H dot times + + + align:start position:0% +well so let's write this as H dot times +pi + + + + align:start position:0% +pi + + + + + align:start position:0% +pi + + +age sigh and dot is equal to e and dot + + align:start position:0% +age sigh and dot is equal to e and dot + + + align:start position:0% +age sigh and dot is equal to e and dot +SCI n + e n sy and dot and then we do + + align:start position:0% +SCI n + e n sy and dot and then we do + + + align:start position:0% +SCI n + e n sy and dot and then we do +what we want + + align:start position:0% +what we want + + + align:start position:0% +what we want +upside K here from the left so we'll + + align:start position:0% +upside K here from the left so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +upside K here from the left so we'll +have AB side K H dot SCI n + now you're + + align:start position:0% +have AB side K H dot SCI n + now you're + + + align:start position:0% +have AB side K H dot SCI n + now you're +going to put up sy k here the H will act + + align:start position:0% +going to put up sy k here the H will act + + + align:start position:0% +going to put up sy k here the H will act +on the left so we will have an ek sy k + + align:start position:0% +on the left so we will have an ek sy k + + + align:start position:0% +on the left so we will have an ek sy k +sy + dot that's all that is left from + + align:start position:0% +sy + dot that's all that is left from + + + align:start position:0% +sy + dot that's all that is left from +mr. the psyche came from the left and + + align:start position:0% +mr. the psyche came from the left and + + + align:start position:0% +mr. the psyche came from the left and +was acted by the age to give you an e k + + align:start position:0% +was acted by the age to give you an e k + + + align:start position:0% +was acted by the age to give you an e k +times this on this state I have the PI K + + align:start position:0% +times this on this state I have the PI K + + + align:start position:0% +times this on this state I have the PI K +already hitting the PSI n now we are + + align:start position:0% +already hitting the PSI n now we are + + + align:start position:0% +already hitting the PSI n now we are +interested in this term when K is + + align:start position:0% +interested in this term when K is + + + align:start position:0% +interested in this term when K is +different from n these are the couplings + + align:start position:0% +different from n these are the couplings + + + align:start position:0% +different from n these are the couplings +to other states in the analysis of the + + align:start position:0% +to other states in the analysis of the + + + align:start position:0% +to other states in the analysis of the +adiabatic approximation so let's take a + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic approximation so let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic approximation so let's take a +different from n in which case this term + + align:start position:0% +different from n in which case this term + + + align:start position:0% +different from n in which case this term +will give 0 because K is different from + + align:start position:0% +will give 0 because K is different from + + + align:start position:0% +will give 0 because K is different from +n and the state just hits it and here we + + align:start position:0% +n and the state just hits it and here we + + + align:start position:0% +n and the state just hits it and here we +have finally e n times sy k sy n dot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so good I think we can solve for this + + align:start position:0% +so good I think we can solve for this + + + align:start position:0% +so good I think we can solve for this +state in terms of a matrix element of + + align:start position:0% +state in terms of a matrix element of + + + align:start position:0% +state in terms of a matrix element of +the time derivative of the Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative of the Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative of the Hamiltonian +so so what do we have we have that side + + align:start position:0% +so so what do we have we have that side + + + align:start position:0% +so so what do we have we have that side +K sy n dot is equal to 1 over e n- EK x + + align:start position:0% +K sy n dot is equal to 1 over e n- EK x + + + align:start position:0% +K sy n dot is equal to 1 over e n- EK x +sy k h dot sy n which is up we can use + + align:start position:0% +sy k h dot sy n which is up we can use + + + align:start position:0% +sy k h dot sy n which is up we can use +the notation 8 dot k and the k and + + align:start position:0% +the notation 8 dot k and the k and + + + align:start position:0% +the notation 8 dot k and the k and +matrix element of H dot is not equal to + + align:start position:0% +matrix element of H dot is not equal to + + + align:start position:0% +matrix element of H dot is not equal to +the time derivative of the K and matrix + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative of the K and matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the time derivative of the K and matrix +element of H you calculate H dot and you + + align:start position:0% +element of H you calculate H dot and you + + + align:start position:0% +element of H you calculate H dot and you +put the K n if you wish it really is + + align:start position:0% +put the K n if you wish it really is + + + align:start position:0% +put the K n if you wish it really is +this thing the matrix element of H dot k + + align:start position:0% +this thing the matrix element of H dot k + + + align:start position:0% +this thing the matrix element of H dot k +n over e and minus ek the nice thing of + + align:start position:0% +n over e and minus ek the nice thing of + + + align:start position:0% +n over e and minus ek the nice thing of +this representation is that it now + + align:start position:0% +this representation is that it now + + + align:start position:0% +this representation is that it now +begins to give you a feeling of why we + + align:start position:0% +begins to give you a feeling of why we + + + align:start position:0% +begins to give you a feeling of why we +care even about slow changes we have in + + align:start position:0% +care even about slow changes we have in + + + align:start position:0% +care even about slow changes we have in +this coupling term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the coupling term that will take + + align:start position:0% +this is the coupling term that will take + + + align:start position:0% +this is the coupling term that will take +you away from an instantaneous energy + + align:start position:0% +you away from an instantaneous energy + + + align:start position:0% +you away from an instantaneous energy +eigenstate this is the term that can + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate this is the term that can + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate this is the term that can +ruin your adiabatic approximation and + + align:start position:0% +ruin your adiabatic approximation and + + + align:start position:0% +ruin your adiabatic approximation and +that term now you understand that it has + + align:start position:0% +that term now you understand that it has + + + align:start position:0% +that term now you understand that it has +to do with the rate of change of the + + align:start position:0% +to do with the rate of change of the + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the rate of change of the +Hamiltonian which after all is the thing + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian which after all is the thing + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian which after all is the thing +that drives the physics you know you + + align:start position:0% +that drives the physics you know you + + + align:start position:0% +that drives the physics you know you +could say that term must be small + + align:start position:0% +could say that term must be small + + + align:start position:0% +could say that term must be small +because the instantaneous energy + + align:start position:0% +because the instantaneous energy + + + align:start position:0% +because the instantaneous energy +eigenstates must be slow and that's true + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates must be slow and that's true + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates must be slow and that's true +but this equation makes it clear that + + align:start position:0% +but this equation makes it clear that + + + align:start position:0% +but this equation makes it clear that +you have here matrix element or some + + align:start position:0% +you have here matrix element or some + + + align:start position:0% +you have here matrix element or some +information about the time rate of + + align:start position:0% +information about the time rate of + + + align:start position:0% +information about the time rate of +change of your Hamiltonian if that is + + align:start position:0% +change of your Hamiltonian if that is + + + align:start position:0% +change of your Hamiltonian if that is +slow then this term is small and + + align:start position:0% +slow then this term is small and + + + align:start position:0% +slow then this term is small and +presumably a small term in a + + align:start position:0% +presumably a small term in a + + + align:start position:0% +presumably a small term in a +differential equation has a little + + align:start position:0% +differential equation has a little + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation has a little +effect so probably it's a good idea to + + align:start position:0% +effect so probably it's a good idea to + + + align:start position:0% +effect so probably it's a good idea to +just represent a particular case of a + + align:start position:0% +just represent a particular case of a + + + align:start position:0% +just represent a particular case of a +Hamiltonian to just complete this + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian to just complete this + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian to just complete this +discussion so imagine you have a + + align:start position:0% +discussion so imagine you have a + + + align:start position:0% +discussion so imagine you have a +Hamiltonian that it's of this kind + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian that it's of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian that it's of this kind +varies a bit maybe it doesn't vary for + + align:start position:0% +varies a bit maybe it doesn't vary for + + + align:start position:0% +varies a bit maybe it doesn't vary for +time equal less than zero it varies for + + align:start position:0% +time equal less than zero it varies for + + + align:start position:0% +time equal less than zero it varies for +awhile and then it stops varying and + + align:start position:0% +awhile and then it stops varying and + + + align:start position:0% +awhile and then it stops varying and +let's call the time capital T the time + + align:start position:0% +let's call the time capital T the time + + + align:start position:0% +let's call the time capital T the time +for the variation this is the typical + + align:start position:0% +for the variation this is the typical + + + align:start position:0% +for the variation this is the typical +thing that people do in the adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +thing that people do in the adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +thing that people do in the adiabatic +approximation so that is the language of + + align:start position:0% +approximation so that is the language of + + + align:start position:0% +approximation so that is the language of +things noting variation during a time T + + align:start position:0% +things noting variation during a time T + + + align:start position:0% +things noting variation during a time T +nothing after all so what is the golden + + align:start position:0% +nothing after all so what is the golden + + + align:start position:0% +nothing after all so what is the golden +result here what is the real statement + + align:start position:0% +result here what is the real statement + + + align:start position:0% +result here what is the real statement +at the end of the day is that the errors + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day is that the errors + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day is that the errors +that appear in the idea batting + + align:start position:0% +that appear in the idea batting + + + align:start position:0% +that appear in the idea batting +approximation are + + align:start position:0% +approximation are + + + align:start position:0% +approximation are +all proportional to 1 over T so that is + + align:start position:0% +all proportional to 1 over T so that is + + + align:start position:0% +all proportional to 1 over T so that is +a mathematical statement the one over + + align:start position:0% +a mathematical statement the one over + + + align:start position:0% +a mathematical statement the one over +this capital T controls all the errors + + align:start position:0% +this capital T controls all the errors + + + align:start position:0% +this capital T controls all the errors +so if the change happens very slowly the + + align:start position:0% +so if the change happens very slowly the + + + align:start position:0% +so if the change happens very slowly the +errors go to 0 like 1 over T and we can + + align:start position:0% +errors go to 0 like 1 over T and we can + + + align:start position:0% +errors go to 0 like 1 over T and we can +see the beginning of that because I + + align:start position:0% +see the beginning of that because I + + + align:start position:0% +see the beginning of that because I +could make a model of this Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +could make a model of this Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +could make a model of this Hamiltonian +is a little different it just may be a + + align:start position:0% +is a little different it just may be a + + + align:start position:0% +is a little different it just may be a +long in growing here for example so this + + align:start position:0% +long in growing here for example so this + + + align:start position:0% +long in growing here for example so this +is a Hamiltonian H of T that begins as H + + align:start position:0% +is a Hamiltonian H of T that begins as H + + + align:start position:0% +is a Hamiltonian H of T that begins as H +0 plus T over capital T times of V that + + align:start position:0% +0 plus T over capital T times of V that + + + align:start position:0% +0 plus T over capital T times of V that +is for T between 0 and capital T and + + align:start position:0% +is for T between 0 and capital T and + + + align:start position:0% +is for T between 0 and capital T and +then H 0 plus V for T greater than that + + align:start position:0% +then H 0 plus V for T greater than that + + + align:start position:0% +then H 0 plus V for T greater than that +capital T so here is H 0 here's H 0 plus + + align:start position:0% +capital T so here is H 0 here's H 0 plus + + + align:start position:0% +capital T so here is H 0 here's H 0 plus +V all right so if you have this thing + + align:start position:0% +V all right so if you have this thing + + + align:start position:0% +V all right so if you have this thing +here you will have that H dot is equal + + align:start position:0% +here you will have that H dot is equal + + + align:start position:0% +here you will have that H dot is equal +to V over T capital T and that's + + align:start position:0% +to V over T capital T and that's + + + align:start position:0% +to V over T capital T and that's +intuitive the more time you take to make + + align:start position:0% +intuitive the more time you take to make + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive the more time you take to make +this finite transition the smaller the + + align:start position:0% +this finite transition the smaller the + + + align:start position:0% +this finite transition the smaller the +value of the derivative and therefore an + + align:start position:0% +value of the derivative and therefore an + + + align:start position:0% +value of the derivative and therefore an +H dot matrix element K n will be 1 over + + align:start position:0% +H dot matrix element K n will be 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +H dot matrix element K n will be 1 over +capital T the matrix element K n of the + + align:start position:0% +capital T the matrix element K n of the + + + align:start position:0% +capital T the matrix element K n of the +operator V + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this term this overlap will be + + align:start position:0% +this term this overlap will be + + + align:start position:0% +this term this overlap will be +proportional to one over T and this + + align:start position:0% +proportional to one over T and this + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to one over T and this +error term in the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +error term in the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +error term in the differential equation +will be proportional to 1 over capital T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that takes still some effort to show + + align:start position:0% +that takes still some effort to show + + + align:start position:0% +that takes still some effort to show +that when you integrate the differential + + align:start position:0% +that when you integrate the differential + + + align:start position:0% +that when you integrate the differential +equation the error remains 1 over + + align:start position:0% +equation the error remains 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +equation the error remains 1 over +capital T it doesn't get increased but + + align:start position:0% +capital T it doesn't get increased but + + + align:start position:0% +capital T it doesn't get increased but +that is precisely the statement of the + + align:start position:0% +that is precisely the statement of the + + + align:start position:0% +that is precisely the statement of the +adiabatic theorem the adiabatic theorem + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic theorem the adiabatic theorem + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic theorem the adiabatic theorem +says that I'll quote it maybe this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have the norm of a wave function + + align:start position:0% +if you have the norm of a wave function + + + align:start position:0% +if you have the norm of a wave function +you can define a square root of the + + align:start position:0% +you can define a square root of the + + + align:start position:0% +you can define a square root of the +overlap of the wave function then the + + align:start position:0% +overlap of the wave function then the + + + align:start position:0% +overlap of the wave function then the +way people + + align:start position:0% +way people + + + align:start position:0% +way people +precisely state the adiabatic theorem is + + align:start position:0% +precisely state the adiabatic theorem is + + + align:start position:0% +precisely state the adiabatic theorem is +that the state sigh during a time t + + align:start position:0% +that the state sigh during a time t + + + align:start position:0% +that the state sigh during a time t +minus the sigh adiabatic the an sets for + + align:start position:0% +minus the sigh adiabatic the an sets for + + + align:start position:0% +minus the sigh adiabatic the an sets for +the adiabatic state at time T the true + + align:start position:0% +the adiabatic state at time T the true + + + align:start position:0% +the adiabatic state at time T the true +the different sorry the difference + + align:start position:0% +the different sorry the difference + + + align:start position:0% +the different sorry the difference +between the true state sigh of T and the + + align:start position:0% +between the true state sigh of T and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the true state sigh of T and the +adiabatic approximation T for T between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0 and T is less than or equal than a + + align:start position:0% +0 and T is less than or equal than a + + + align:start position:0% +0 and T is less than or equal than a +number times T so the adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +number times T so the adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +number times T so the adiabatic +approximation that we've written the + + align:start position:0% +approximation that we've written the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation that we've written the +state with all these phases is as close + + align:start position:0% +state with all these phases is as close + + + align:start position:0% +state with all these phases is as close +to the real showing or equation solution + + align:start position:0% +to the real showing or equation solution + + + align:start position:0% +to the real showing or equation solution +the error is less than 1 over T where T + + align:start position:0% +the error is less than 1 over T where T + + + align:start position:0% +the error is less than 1 over T where T +is this time in which you have nothing + + align:start position:0% +is this time in which you have nothing + + + align:start position:0% +is this time in which you have nothing +here nothing there so and this in fact + + align:start position:0% +here nothing there so and this in fact + + + align:start position:0% +here nothing there so and this in fact +gets even better for larger times + + align:start position:0% +gets even better for larger times + + + align:start position:0% +gets even better for larger times +so after larger times the error doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so after larger times the error doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so after larger times the error doesn't +increase so you can keep the change has + + align:start position:0% +increase so you can keep the change has + + + align:start position:0% +increase so you can keep the change has +already happened and it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +already happened and it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +already happened and it doesn't matter +so so basically we've argued intuitively + + align:start position:0% +so so basically we've argued intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +so so basically we've argued intuitively +what the idea batting approximation + + align:start position:0% +what the idea batting approximation + + + align:start position:0% +what the idea batting approximation +should be by tracking an instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +should be by tracking an instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +should be by tracking an instantaneous +eigenstate with now done it with + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate with now done it with + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate with now done it with +explicit differential equations if you + + align:start position:0% +explicit differential equations if you + + + align:start position:0% +explicit differential equations if you +have an explicit problem + + align:start position:0% +have an explicit problem + + + align:start position:0% +have an explicit problem +you can after all solve this and see + + align:start position:0% +you can after all solve this and see + + + align:start position:0% +you can after all solve this and see +what things happen and therefore reach + + align:start position:0% +what things happen and therefore reach + + + align:start position:0% +what things happen and therefore reach +the conclusion that than they're a good + + align:start position:0% +the conclusion that than they're a good + + + align:start position:0% +the conclusion that than they're a good +number of conditions many situations + + align:start position:0% +number of conditions many situations + + + align:start position:0% +number of conditions many situations +they're slowly varying the adiabatic + + align:start position:0% +they're slowly varying the adiabatic + + + align:start position:0% +they're slowly varying the adiabatic +answers will give a good solution to the + + align:start position:0% +answers will give a good solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +answers will give a good solution to the +Schrodinger equation so that completes + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation so that completes + + + align:start position:0% +Schrodinger equation so that completes +our first part of the analysis now we're + + align:start position:0% +our first part of the analysis now we're + + + align:start position:0% +our first part of the analysis now we're +going to turn into a little different + + align:start position:0% +going to turn into a little different + + + align:start position:0% +going to turn into a little different +story \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UQHz2U1ik9c.txt b/UQHz2U1ik9c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e77de4389de5e93d667452cbd5fe5990bedeb2ad --- /dev/null +++ b/UQHz2U1ik9c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,803 @@ +align:start position:0% + +to download the data that we'll be + + align:start position:0% +to download the data that we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +to download the data that we'll be +working with in this video click on the + + align:start position:0% +working with in this video click on the + + + align:start position:0% +working with in this video click on the +hyperlink given in the text above this + + align:start position:0% +hyperlink given in the text above this + + + align:start position:0% +hyperlink given in the text above this +video don't use Internet Explorer Chrome + + align:start position:0% +video don't use Internet Explorer Chrome + + + align:start position:0% +video don't use Internet Explorer Chrome +Safari or Firefox should all work fine + + align:start position:0% +Safari or Firefox should all work fine + + + align:start position:0% +Safari or Firefox should all work fine +after you click on the hyperlink it will + + align:start position:0% +after you click on the hyperlink it will + + + align:start position:0% +after you click on the hyperlink it will +take you to a page that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +take you to a page that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +take you to a page that looks like this +go ahead and copy all of the text on + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and copy all of the text on + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and copy all of the text on +this page by first selecting all of it + + align:start position:0% +this page by first selecting all of it + + + align:start position:0% +this page by first selecting all of it +and then hitting ctrl C on a PC or + + align:start position:0% +and then hitting ctrl C on a PC or + + + align:start position:0% +and then hitting ctrl C on a PC or +command C on a Mac then go to a simple + + align:start position:0% +command C on a Mac then go to a simple + + + align:start position:0% +command C on a Mac then go to a simple +text editor like notepad on a PC or + + align:start position:0% +text editor like notepad on a PC or + + + align:start position:0% +text editor like notepad on a PC or +TextEdit on a Mac and paste what you + + align:start position:0% +TextEdit on a Mac and paste what you + + + align:start position:0% +TextEdit on a Mac and paste what you +just copied into the text editor with + + align:start position:0% +just copied into the text editor with + + + align:start position:0% +just copied into the text editor with +control V on a PC or command V on a Mac + + align:start position:0% +control V on a PC or command V on a Mac + + + align:start position:0% +control V on a PC or command V on a Mac +then go ahead and save this file as the + + align:start position:0% +then go ahead and save this file as the + + + align:start position:0% +then go ahead and save this file as the +name movie' lens dot txt for text save + + align:start position:0% +name movie' lens dot txt for text save + + + align:start position:0% +name movie' lens dot txt for text save +this somewhere that you can easily + + align:start position:0% +this somewhere that you can easily + + + align:start position:0% +this somewhere that you can easily +navigate to in R now let's switch to our + + align:start position:0% +navigate to in R now let's switch to our + + + align:start position:0% +navigate to in R now let's switch to our +and load our data first in your AR + + align:start position:0% +and load our data first in your AR + + + align:start position:0% +and load our data first in your AR +console navigate to the directory where + + align:start position:0% +console navigate to the directory where + + + align:start position:0% +console navigate to the directory where +you just saved that file + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and click okay now to load our data + + align:start position:0% +and click okay now to load our data + + + align:start position:0% +and click okay now to load our data +we'll be using a slightly different + + align:start position:0% +we'll be using a slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be using a slightly different +command - this time our data is not a + + align:start position:0% +command - this time our data is not a + + + align:start position:0% +command - this time our data is not a +CSV file it's a text file where the + + align:start position:0% +CSV file it's a text file where the + + + align:start position:0% +CSV file it's a text file where the +entries are separated by a vertical bar + + align:start position:0% +entries are separated by a vertical bar + + + align:start position:0% +entries are separated by a vertical bar +so we'll call our dataset movies and + + align:start position:0% +so we'll call our dataset movies and + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll call our dataset movies and +then we'll use the re dot table function + + align:start position:0% +then we'll use the re dot table function + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll use the re dot table function +where the first argument is the name of + + align:start position:0% +where the first argument is the name of + + + align:start position:0% +where the first argument is the name of +our data set in quotes the second + + align:start position:0% +our data set in quotes the second + + + align:start position:0% +our data set in quotes the second +argument is header equals false this is + + align:start position:0% +argument is header equals false this is + + + align:start position:0% +argument is header equals false this is +because our data doesn't have a header + + align:start position:0% +because our data doesn't have a header + + + align:start position:0% +because our data doesn't have a header +or variable name row and then the next + + align:start position:0% +or variable name row and then the next + + + align:start position:0% +or variable name row and then the next +argument is SCP for separator equals and + + align:start position:0% +argument is SCP for separator equals and + + + align:start position:0% +argument is SCP for separator equals and +in quotes the vertical bar which can be + + align:start position:0% +in quotes the vertical bar which can be + + + align:start position:0% +in quotes the vertical bar which can be +found above the Enter key on your + + align:start position:0% +found above the Enter key on your + + + align:start position:0% +found above the Enter key on your +keyboard we need one more argument which + + align:start position:0% +keyboard we need one more argument which + + + align:start position:0% +keyboard we need one more argument which +is quote equals and then a double quote + + align:start position:0% +is quote equals and then a double quote + + + align:start position:0% +is quote equals and then a double quote +a backslash and then two double quotes + + align:start position:0% +a backslash and then two double quotes + + + align:start position:0% +a backslash and then two double quotes +close the parentheses and hit enter that + + align:start position:0% +close the parentheses and hit enter that + + + align:start position:0% +close the parentheses and hit enter that +last argument just made sure that our + + align:start position:0% +last argument just made sure that our + + + align:start position:0% +last argument just made sure that our +text was read in properly let's take a + + align:start position:0% +text was read in properly let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +text was read in properly let's take a +look at the structure of our data using + + align:start position:0% +look at the structure of our data using + + + align:start position:0% +look at the structure of our data using +the STR function we have 1682 + + align:start position:0% +the STR function we have 1682 + + + align:start position:0% +the STR function we have 1682 +observations of 24 different variables + + align:start position:0% +observations of 24 different variables + + + align:start position:0% +observations of 24 different variables +since our variables didn't have names + + align:start position:0% +since our variables didn't have names + + + align:start position:0% +since our variables didn't have names +header equalled false our just label to + + align:start position:0% +header equalled false our just label to + + + align:start position:0% +header equalled false our just label to +them with v1 v2 v3 etc but from the + + align:start position:0% +them with v1 v2 v3 etc but from the + + + align:start position:0% +them with v1 v2 v3 etc but from the +movie lens documentation we know what + + align:start position:0% +movie lens documentation we know what + + + align:start position:0% +movie lens documentation we know what +these variables are so we'll go ahead + + align:start position:0% +these variables are so we'll go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +these variables are so we'll go ahead +and add in the column names ourselves to + + align:start position:0% +and add in the column names ourselves to + + + align:start position:0% +and add in the column names ourselves to +do this start by typing Co L names for + + align:start position:0% +do this start by typing Co L names for + + + align:start position:0% +do this start by typing Co L names for +column names and then in parentheses the + + align:start position:0% +column names and then in parentheses the + + + align:start position:0% +column names and then in parentheses the +name of our data set movies and then + + align:start position:0% +name of our data set movies and then + + + align:start position:0% +name of our data set movies and then +equals and we'll use the C function + + align:start position:0% +equals and we'll use the C function + + + align:start position:0% +equals and we'll use the C function +where we're going to list all of the + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to list all of the + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to list all of the +variable names each of them in double + + align:start position:0% +variable names each of them in double + + + align:start position:0% +variable names each of them in double +quotes and separated by commas so first + + align:start position:0% +quotes and separated by commas so first + + + align:start position:0% +quotes and separated by commas so first +we have ID the idea of the movie then + + align:start position:0% +we have ID the idea of the movie then + + + align:start position:0% +we have ID the idea of the movie then +title release date + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +video release date IMDB unknown this is + + align:start position:0% +video release date IMDB unknown this is + + + align:start position:0% +video release date IMDB unknown this is +the unknown genre and then our 18 other + + align:start position:0% +the unknown genre and then our 18 other + + + align:start position:0% +the unknown genre and then our 18 other +genres action-adventure animation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +children's comedy crime documentary + + align:start position:0% +children's comedy crime documentary + + + align:start position:0% +children's comedy crime documentary +drama fantasy film noir horror musical + + align:start position:0% +drama fantasy film noir horror musical + + + align:start position:0% +drama fantasy film noir horror musical +mystery romance sci-fi thriller war and + + align:start position:0% +mystery romance sci-fi thriller war and + + + align:start position:0% +mystery romance sci-fi thriller war and +Western go ahead and close the + + align:start position:0% +Western go ahead and close the + + + align:start position:0% +Western go ahead and close the +parentheses and hit enter let's see what + + align:start position:0% +parentheses and hit enter let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses and hit enter let's see what +our data looks like now using the STR + + align:start position:0% +our data looks like now using the STR + + + align:start position:0% +our data looks like now using the STR +function again we can see that we have + + align:start position:0% +function again we can see that we have + + + align:start position:0% +function again we can see that we have +the same number of observations and the + + align:start position:0% +the same number of observations and the + + + align:start position:0% +the same number of observations and the +same number of variables but each of + + align:start position:0% +same number of variables but each of + + + align:start position:0% +same number of variables but each of +them now has the name that we just gave + + align:start position:0% +them now has the name that we just gave + + + align:start position:0% +them now has the name that we just gave +we won't be using the ID release date + + align:start position:0% +we won't be using the ID release date + + + align:start position:0% +we won't be using the ID release date +video release date or IMDB variables so + + align:start position:0% +video release date or IMDB variables so + + + align:start position:0% +video release date or IMDB variables so +let's go ahead and remove them to do + + align:start position:0% +let's go ahead and remove them to do + + + align:start position:0% +let's go ahead and remove them to do +this we type the name of our data set + + align:start position:0% +this we type the name of our data set + + + align:start position:0% +this we type the name of our data set +movies dollar sign the name of the + + align:start position:0% +movies dollar sign the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +movies dollar sign the name of the +variable we want to remove and then just + + align:start position:0% +variable we want to remove and then just + + + align:start position:0% +variable we want to remove and then just +say equals null and capital letters this + + align:start position:0% +say equals null and capital letters this + + + align:start position:0% +say equals null and capital letters this +will just remove the variable from our + + align:start position:0% +will just remove the variable from our + + + align:start position:0% +will just remove the variable from our +data set let's repeat this with release + + align:start position:0% +data set let's repeat this with release + + + align:start position:0% +data set let's repeat this with release +date video release date + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and IMDB and there are a few duplicate + + align:start position:0% +and IMDB and there are a few duplicate + + + align:start position:0% +and IMDB and there are a few duplicate +entries in our data set so we'll go + + align:start position:0% +entries in our data set so we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +entries in our data set so we'll go +ahead and remove them with the unique + + align:start position:0% +ahead and remove them with the unique + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and remove them with the unique +function so just type the name of our + + align:start position:0% +function so just type the name of our + + + align:start position:0% +function so just type the name of our +data set movies and then unique and in + + align:start position:0% +data set movies and then unique and in + + + align:start position:0% +data set movies and then unique and in +parentheses movies let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +parentheses movies let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses movies let's take a look at +our data one more time now we have one + + align:start position:0% +our data one more time now we have one + + + align:start position:0% +our data one more time now we have one +thousand six hundred and sixty-four + + align:start position:0% +thousand six hundred and sixty-four + + + align:start position:0% +thousand six hundred and sixty-four +observations a few less than before and + + align:start position:0% +observations a few less than before and + + + align:start position:0% +observations a few less than before and +twenty variables the title of the movie + + align:start position:0% +twenty variables the title of the movie + + + align:start position:0% +twenty variables the title of the movie +the unknown genre label and then the + + align:start position:0% +the unknown genre label and then the + + + align:start position:0% +the unknown genre label and then the +eighteen other genre labels in this + + align:start position:0% +eighteen other genre labels in this + + + align:start position:0% +eighteen other genre labels in this +video we've seen one example of how to + + align:start position:0% +video we've seen one example of how to + + + align:start position:0% +video we've seen one example of how to +prepare data taken from the internet to + + align:start position:0% +prepare data taken from the internet to + + + align:start position:0% +prepare data taken from the internet to +work with it in our in the next video + + align:start position:0% +work with it in our in the next video + + + align:start position:0% +work with it in our in the next video +we'll use this data set to cluster our + + align:start position:0% +we'll use this data set to cluster our + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use this data set to cluster our +movies using hierarchical clustering \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/U_dpm7SCIpg.txt b/U_dpm7SCIpg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5967b296f504b9cec0fd86878a1d3838815ebc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/U_dpm7SCIpg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,631 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons License. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +SAL BARRIGA: Hi, I'm Sal. + +Today, we're going to +solve Problem #5 of + +Exam 3 of Fall 2009. + +Now before you start this +problem, there are a couple of + +things that you need to know +in order for you to fully + +understand the science +behind it. + +And so what you need to know +is Fick's first law. + +Not just knowledge of it, +but how it works. + +Also, Fick's second law. + +And not necessarily the +equation form, but the + +solution to Fick's second law, +which is a function of + +concentrations, and which +we will refer to + +to solve the problem. + +And also know popular +dislocations, how they help + +your material and whatnot. + +So the problem reads +as follows. + +Specimens of steel are being +surface hardened by the + +introduction of carbon. + +The concentration of carbon at +the free surface of the steel + +is kept constant at c sub s. + +Chemical analysis of a number +of specimens indicate that + +after a time-- + +t sub 1-- + +the carbon concentration has the +value of c star at a depth + +from the surface-- x1-- + +shown below, which is +shown on your graph. + +So this is given to you. + +So this pretty much is your +concentration profile as a + +function of position. + +And it's telling you +what's happening. + +So a good thing to do is draw +a picture of the science + +that's happening here. + +And they tell you, first of +all, I'm going to draw it + +underneath here that you +have a rod of steel. + +And so this is steel. + +And I have a certain fixed +concentration here at the + +surface of carbon. + +So I have some type of a carbon +flux in my surface. + +And this is a visual image +of how it looks. + +And what the problem says is +that you have a certain + +concentration on your surface, +which is given by c sub s. + +And then it starts telling you +that chemical analysis was + +able to go ahead and measure +this concentration at two + +different values inside your +position at different times. + +So if I continue reading the +problem, it says that chemical + +analysis of a number of +specimens indicate that after + +a time-- t1-- + +the carbon concentration +has a value of c star. + +So this one right here-- + +this is x1-- + +so this has a value +of x1 at t1. + +And it also tells you that after +a certain time-- t2, + +which is equal to 2 times t1-- + +the carbon concentration has a +value of c star, so the same + +value at a depth of x2. + +So now, this thing says that at +a depth of x2, at a time of + +t2, we measure the same +concentration, c sub star in + +the specimen. + +And it tells you that x2 equals +2x1, and it also tells + +us that t2 equals 2t1. + +Now they tell us that for a +reason, because it's probably + +expected for us to use this to +solve the problem, so don't + +forget that. + +So the question is, under these +conditions, would you + +describe the rate of +carburization as one, steady + +state diffusion. + +Two, transient state +diffusion. + +Or three, not governed by any +diffusion, i.e., rate limited + +by some other process. + +Now you have to justify +your choice. + +So this is pretty much a +problem of process of + +elimination. + +And for part a, which is-- + +I'll label this part a-- + +it wants us to do +three things. + +So the first thing, it asks +us if it's steady state. + +So the first thing to ask +yourself is, well, what's + +steady state? + +And the definition of steady +state is that whatever + +phenomenon is happening doesn't +vary with time. + +But the problem already tells +you that it varies with time. + +It tells you that at a certain +time you measure this and at + +another time you measure this, +and you have this flux coming + +in, and this is what's +happening. + +So from just reading the +problem, I can already say + +that this process can't be +steady state, because your + +concentration profile varies +as a function of time. + +So for one, I would write, can't +be steady state due to + +the concentration being +a function of time. + +So one is out, so we +can scratch that. + +It's not a steady state. + +Now two. + +This is where it gets a little +bit more complicated. + +Two is a transient +state diffusion. + +Well, how do we know whether +or not this is + +governed with time? + +Well, you would argue, because +this is not steady state, then + +it has to be time dependent. + +But, there are certain rules +that you need to know to be + +able to make that +justification. + +First of all, if it's time +dependent, then whatever your + +concentration and whatever your +position in your time is, + +has to fit into your solution +to Fick's law. + +So if I look at my solution to +Fick's law right here, I know + +that on the left side of +my equation, I have the + +concentration at any +point in x-- + +that's what c stands for-- + +minus the concentration +at my surface, + +which is given as cs-- + +sorry, this is supposed +to be sub s-- + +divided by the initial +concentration. + +So c sub naught is if there was +already some carbon in my + +steel, minus, again, the +surface concentration. + +This equals to an +error function-- + +which is the solution to +Fick's second law-- + +and this error function has +the values of position, + +diffusion coefficient, +and time. + +So in order to verify if it's a +transient state, we're going + +to go ahead and take that +equation and break it down. + +So if I assume that there's no +carbon, I can go ahead and + +write this down. + +Assume c0 is 0, just to make +the equation easy. + +I can, because there was no +information given about that. + +I can go ahead and-- + +because we're trying +to figure out if + +it's a transient state-- + +write this down. + +So c minus c sub s over +negative c sub s. + +This equals to my error +function, which is x divided + +by 2 squared of Dt. + +And I know that at x1 +and time-- t1-- + +I have this value of my +concentration, c sub star. + +So I'm going to go ahead +and plug that in + +here into this equation. + +So I know that my concentration +is c sub star. + +So that's what we measured, c +sub star minus c sub s over + +negative c sub s. + +This equals to my error +function, x1 over 2 square + +root of Dt1. + +So this is for the first +time point, x1, t1. + +Now I want to go ahead +and do the same thing + +for the second point. + +And if I do it for the second +point, I know that just by + +looking at the equation, I have +the same concentration at + +x2, and I have the same +surface concentration. + +So what that tells me is that +this value is going to be the + +same for x1, t1, and x2, t2. + +So if I go ahead and plug +this into my equation. + +I can go ahead and look at this +and say, this is for t + +equals 1 for that, and +this is going to be-- + +or, t equals t sub 1, sorry-- +and this is t sub 2. + +I have c star minus cs +all over negative cs. + +This equals to my error function +of x2 over 2 square + +root of Dt2. + +So I know that this value is +the same as this value. + +So therefore, this should +be the same as this. + +The argument in both your +error functions. + +So we have to go ahead +and prove that. + +Well, how are we going +to do that? + +Do I know x2 as a +function of x1? + +I do, because that's +given in the data. + +And I know again, that x2 equals +2x1 and t2 equals 2t1. + +So what I want to know, does x1 +over 2 root Dt1, does this + +equal to x2 over 2 root Dt2? + +Well, I'm going to go ahead and +plug in my values that I + +know, and this becomes 2x1 +divided by 2 times the square + +root of D-- + +and t2 happens to be 2t1. + +So those two cancel each other +out, and I end up getting that + +this is actually equal to x1 +over square root of 2Dt1. + +Now this and this are +not the same. + +Because this has a square root +of 2, where the other + +one is just a 2. + +So because it did not satisfy +the solution to Fick's second + +law, we can say that it's +not case two either. + +This is not transient +state diffusion. + +So therefore, by the process of +elimination, it has to be + +governed by some other +phenomena. + +And that is the answer +to this problem. + +The fact that it's governed by +something that we don't have + +enough information to answer. + +We don't have enough data +points to answer. + +So that's part a, +which is good. + +Now part b asks, if the steel +specimens in part a were + +replaced with steel specimens +of identical composition but + +with a dislocation density 10 +times greater than that of the + +steel in part a, how +would the rate of + +uptake of carbon change? + +Explain. + +Again, this requires you +to know properties of + +dislocations, and what + +dislocations do to your materials. + +Your metals, for example. + +What is a dislocation? + +Well, a dislocation is-- +if you have a bunch + +of a plane of atoms-- + +what a line dislocation is, or +an edge dislocation is, this + +line defect such that +it just terminates. + +So you have a plane of atoms +that just comes to a point and + +then it stops. + +And what do you create here? + +Well it creates void, and void +facilitates diffusion. + +It increases-- + +in our case, we're talking +about carbon + +diffusion into steel-- + +so I would argue that the more +dislocations that you have, + +the greater the diffusion +should be. + +Because you have more +void-- more spaces-- + +for your carbon atom to +jump into and from. + +So for part b, just by arguing +the fact that dislocations + +represent defects in +your crystal-- + +specifically a defect that +can create void-- + +then with that argument, the +fact that more void means + +higher diffusion, I would +conclude that-- + +for this part-- + +that my rate of diffusion of +carbon should increase when + +using steel of a greater +dislocation density. + +So the rate of carbon uptake +or diffusion of carbon into + +your steel increases +as you increase + +your dislocation density. + +And with that, you're to be able +to solve a lot of these + +problems. And these are +common in 3.091. + +And again, knowledge of Fick's +first and second law, how to + +use the solutions to Fick's +first, second law, and knowing + +what a dislocation is, that will +help you a lot in solving + +these problems. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Vg8t8_IOHDg.txt b/Vg8t8_IOHDg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d06d754f6fdf53bb0a58ccbc91e27acb34f6bbbc --- /dev/null +++ b/Vg8t8_IOHDg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,931 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's examine when the momentum of a + + align:start position:0% +let's examine when the momentum of a + + + align:start position:0% +let's examine when the momentum of a +system is constant and apply that to + + align:start position:0% +system is constant and apply that to + + + align:start position:0% +system is constant and apply that to +solving problems first we'll revisit the + + align:start position:0% +solving problems first we'll revisit the + + + align:start position:0% +solving problems first we'll revisit the +impulse equation on the Left we have the + + align:start position:0% +impulse equation on the Left we have the + + + align:start position:0% +impulse equation on the Left we have the +impulse the integral of the total + + align:start position:0% +impulse the integral of the total + + + align:start position:0% +impulse the integral of the total +external force acting on a system + + align:start position:0% +external force acting on a system + + + align:start position:0% +external force acting on a system +between some initial and final times and + + align:start position:0% +between some initial and final times and + + + align:start position:0% +between some initial and final times and +on the right we have the change in the + + align:start position:0% +on the right we have the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +on the right we have the change in the +total momentum of the system between + + align:start position:0% +total momentum of the system between + + + align:start position:0% +total momentum of the system between +those initial and final times in a + + align:start position:0% +those initial and final times in a + + + align:start position:0% +those initial and final times in a +situation where the impulse is zero we + + align:start position:0% +situation where the impulse is zero we + + + align:start position:0% +situation where the impulse is zero we +have that the change in the momentum is + + align:start position:0% +have that the change in the momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +have that the change in the momentum is +zero P initial is equal to P final in + + align:start position:0% +zero P initial is equal to P final in + + + align:start position:0% +zero P initial is equal to P final in +other words the momentum of the system + + align:start position:0% +other words the momentum of the system + + + align:start position:0% +other words the momentum of the system +is constant between some initial and + + align:start position:0% +is constant between some initial and + + + align:start position:0% +is constant between some initial and +final time this is a vector equation but + + align:start position:0% +final time this is a vector equation but + + + align:start position:0% +final time this is a vector equation but +in many problems we can set up our + + align:start position:0% +in many problems we can set up our + + + align:start position:0% +in many problems we can set up our +coordinate system so we only have to + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so we only have to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system so we only have to +consider one dimension here's a simple + + align:start position:0% +consider one dimension here's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +consider one dimension here's a simple +example of one block moving along a + + align:start position:0% +example of one block moving along a + + + align:start position:0% +example of one block moving along a +horizontal surface with some initial + + align:start position:0% +horizontal surface with some initial + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal surface with some initial +velocity colliding with a block at rest + + align:start position:0% +velocity colliding with a block at rest + + + align:start position:0% +velocity colliding with a block at rest +and then the two blocks stick together + + align:start position:0% +and then the two blocks stick together + + + align:start position:0% +and then the two blocks stick together +and move is momentum constant during + + align:start position:0% +and move is momentum constant during + + + align:start position:0% +and move is momentum constant during +this collision to answer that question + + align:start position:0% +this collision to answer that question + + + align:start position:0% +this collision to answer that question +we need to think about what our system + + align:start position:0% +we need to think about what our system + + + align:start position:0% +we need to think about what our system +is let's look at the system of both + + align:start position:0% +is let's look at the system of both + + + align:start position:0% +is let's look at the system of both +blocks together we can see the external + + align:start position:0% +blocks together we can see the external + + + align:start position:0% +blocks together we can see the external +forces gravity and the normal force add + + align:start position:0% +forces gravity and the normal force add + + + align:start position:0% +forces gravity and the normal force add +up to zero so our total external force + + align:start position:0% +up to zero so our total external force + + + align:start position:0% +up to zero so our total external force +is zero during the collision each block + + align:start position:0% +is zero during the collision each block + + + align:start position:0% +is zero during the collision each block +exerts a force on the other but that is + + align:start position:0% +exerts a force on the other but that is + + + align:start position:0% +exerts a force on the other but that is +an internal force if both blocks are + + align:start position:0% +an internal force if both blocks are + + + align:start position:0% +an internal force if both blocks are +included in our system you can see that + + align:start position:0% +included in our system you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +included in our system you can see that +if our system was just one of the two + + align:start position:0% +if our system was just one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +if our system was just one of the two +blocks we would need to know the + + align:start position:0% +blocks we would need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +blocks we would need to know the +collision force in order to solve for + + align:start position:0% +collision force in order to solve for + + + align:start position:0% +collision force in order to solve for +the final speed therefore we will choose + + align:start position:0% +the final speed therefore we will choose + + + align:start position:0% +the final speed therefore we will choose +our system to be the two blocks together + + align:start position:0% +our system to be the two blocks together + + + align:start position:0% +our system to be the two blocks together +we then need to set up a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +we then need to set up a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +we then need to set up a coordinate +system will click the origin here and + + align:start position:0% +system will click the origin here and + + + align:start position:0% +system will click the origin here and +this direction to be positive X now we + + align:start position:0% +this direction to be positive X now we + + + align:start position:0% +this direction to be positive X now we +need to identify the initial and final + + align:start position:0% +need to identify the initial and final + + + align:start position:0% +need to identify the initial and final +States our initial state will be just + + align:start position:0% +States our initial state will be just + + + align:start position:0% +States our initial state will be just +before the blocks collide the momentum + + align:start position:0% +before the blocks collide the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +before the blocks collide the momentum +of the system is the sum of the momentum + + align:start position:0% +of the system is the sum of the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +of the system is the sum of the momentum +of each block individually we have m1 + + align:start position:0% +of each block individually we have m1 + + + align:start position:0% +of each block individually we have m1 +times v1 initial X + + align:start position:0% +times v1 initial X + + + align:start position:0% +times v1 initial X +times I hat plus m2 times V to initial X + + align:start position:0% +times I hat plus m2 times V to initial X + + + align:start position:0% +times I hat plus m2 times V to initial X +times I hat this second term is 0 since + + align:start position:0% +times I hat this second term is 0 since + + + align:start position:0% +times I hat this second term is 0 since +block 2 starts at rest the final state + + align:start position:0% +block 2 starts at rest the final state + + + align:start position:0% +block 2 starts at rest the final state +is right after the collision when the + + align:start position:0% +is right after the collision when the + + + align:start position:0% +is right after the collision when the +two blocks are moving together they have + + align:start position:0% +two blocks are moving together they have + + + align:start position:0% +two blocks are moving together they have +the same velocity so the final momentum + + align:start position:0% +the same velocity so the final momentum + + + align:start position:0% +the same velocity so the final momentum +is m1 plus m2 times V final x times I + + align:start position:0% +is m1 plus m2 times V final x times I + + + align:start position:0% +is m1 plus m2 times V final x times I +hat this gives us an equation that will + + align:start position:0% +hat this gives us an equation that will + + + align:start position:0% +hat this gives us an equation that will +allow us to solve for whatever quantity + + align:start position:0% +allow us to solve for whatever quantity + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to solve for whatever quantity +we are not given now let's look at a + + align:start position:0% +we are not given now let's look at a + + + align:start position:0% +we are not given now let's look at a +similar collision one that's happening + + align:start position:0% +similar collision one that's happening + + + align:start position:0% +similar collision one that's happening +in two dimensions if we have one block + + align:start position:0% +in two dimensions if we have one block + + + align:start position:0% +in two dimensions if we have one block +coming up from the bottom hitting one + + align:start position:0% +coming up from the bottom hitting one + + + align:start position:0% +coming up from the bottom hitting one +that's coming in from the side I'll + + align:start position:0% +that's coming in from the side I'll + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming in from the side I'll +choose my unit vectors to be like this + + align:start position:0% +choose my unit vectors to be like this + + + align:start position:0% +choose my unit vectors to be like this +my origin here the momentum equation + + align:start position:0% +my origin here the momentum equation + + + align:start position:0% +my origin here the momentum equation +gives us two equations one along the x + + align:start position:0% +gives us two equations one along the x + + + align:start position:0% +gives us two equations one along the x +direction and the other along the y + + align:start position:0% +direction and the other along the y + + + align:start position:0% +direction and the other along the y +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +once again I'll choose the initial state + + align:start position:0% +once again I'll choose the initial state + + + align:start position:0% +once again I'll choose the initial state +to be just before the collision and the + + align:start position:0% +to be just before the collision and the + + + align:start position:0% +to be just before the collision and the +final state to be just after the + + align:start position:0% +final state to be just after the + + + align:start position:0% +final state to be just after the +collision the momentum in the initial + + align:start position:0% +collision the momentum in the initial + + + align:start position:0% +collision the momentum in the initial +state is again the sum of the momentum + + align:start position:0% +state is again the sum of the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +state is again the sum of the momentum +of each block individually and the + + align:start position:0% +of each block individually and the + + + align:start position:0% +of each block individually and the +momentum in the final state is the mass + + align:start position:0% +momentum in the final state is the mass + + + align:start position:0% +momentum in the final state is the mass +of the two blocks added together times + + align:start position:0% +of the two blocks added together times + + + align:start position:0% +of the two blocks added together times +the velocity of the two blocks + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the two blocks + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the two blocks +notice that this velocity has a + + align:start position:0% +notice that this velocity has a + + + align:start position:0% +notice that this velocity has a +component in both the X and the y + + align:start position:0% +component in both the X and the y + + + align:start position:0% +component in both the X and the y +directions again the total external + + align:start position:0% +directions again the total external + + + align:start position:0% +directions again the total external +force on the system is zero so the + + align:start position:0% +force on the system is zero so the + + + align:start position:0% +force on the system is zero so the +impulse is zero in both the X and y + + align:start position:0% +impulse is zero in both the X and y + + + align:start position:0% +impulse is zero in both the X and y +directions and therefore momentum is + + align:start position:0% +directions and therefore momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +directions and therefore momentum is +conserved for both the x and y + + align:start position:0% +conserved for both the x and y + + + align:start position:0% +conserved for both the x and y +components so I can write my two + + align:start position:0% +components so I can write my two + + + align:start position:0% +components so I can write my two +momentum equations like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the impulse equation is a vector + + align:start position:0% +the impulse equation is a vector + + + align:start position:0% +the impulse equation is a vector +equation so generically in two + + align:start position:0% +equation so generically in two + + + align:start position:0% +equation so generically in two +dimensions we will have two equations we + + align:start position:0% +dimensions we will have two equations we + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions we will have two equations we +always need to check that the momentum + + align:start position:0% +always need to check that the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +always need to check that the momentum +is conserved in each direction + + align:start position:0% +is conserved in each direction + + + align:start position:0% +is conserved in each direction +separately and it is possible to have a + + align:start position:0% +separately and it is possible to have a + + + align:start position:0% +separately and it is possible to have a +case where momentum is conserved in one + + align:start position:0% +case where momentum is conserved in one + + + align:start position:0% +case where momentum is conserved in one +direction but not the other if we have + + align:start position:0% +direction but not the other if we have + + + align:start position:0% +direction but not the other if we have +some net external force in one direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would happen if in our 1d collision + + align:start position:0% +what would happen if in our 1d collision + + + align:start position:0% +what would happen if in our 1d collision +example the blocks now experienced + + align:start position:0% +example the blocks now experienced + + + align:start position:0% +example the blocks now experienced +friction along the surface can we still + + align:start position:0% +friction along the surface can we still + + + align:start position:0% +friction along the surface can we still +assume that the momentum is conserved in + + align:start position:0% +assume that the momentum is conserved in + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the momentum is conserved in +fact if we pick a point in time right + + align:start position:0% +fact if we pick a point in time right + + + align:start position:0% +fact if we pick a point in time right +before the collision and compare that to + + align:start position:0% +before the collision and compare that to + + + align:start position:0% +before the collision and compare that to +a point in time right after the + + align:start position:0% +a point in time right after the + + + align:start position:0% +a point in time right after the +collision we can see that the impulse + + align:start position:0% +collision we can see that the impulse + + + align:start position:0% +collision we can see that the impulse +from friction is such over such a short + + align:start position:0% +from friction is such over such a short + + + align:start position:0% +from friction is such over such a short +period of time that the impulse is + + align:start position:0% +period of time that the impulse is + + + align:start position:0% +period of time that the impulse is +really really small and we can say that + + align:start position:0% +really really small and we can say that + + + align:start position:0% +really really small and we can say that +the momentum is approximately constant + + align:start position:0% +the momentum is approximately constant + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum is approximately constant +if we consider times later after the + + align:start position:0% +if we consider times later after the + + + align:start position:0% +if we consider times later after the +collision is over then momentum is + + align:start position:0% +collision is over then momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +collision is over then momentum is +certainly not conserved which is what + + align:start position:0% +certainly not conserved which is what + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not conserved which is what +you would expect you'll see the two + + align:start position:0% +you would expect you'll see the two + + + align:start position:0% +you would expect you'll see the two +blocks slowed down due to friction so + + align:start position:0% +blocks slowed down due to friction so + + + align:start position:0% +blocks slowed down due to friction so +even if there are other forces acting on + + align:start position:0% +even if there are other forces acting on + + + align:start position:0% +even if there are other forces acting on +the system like friction or gravity we + + align:start position:0% +the system like friction or gravity we + + + align:start position:0% +the system like friction or gravity we +can still calculate the result of a + + align:start position:0% +can still calculate the result of a + + + align:start position:0% +can still calculate the result of a +collision as if the momentum is constant + + align:start position:0% +collision as if the momentum is constant + + + align:start position:0% +collision as if the momentum is constant +during the collision by picking times + + align:start position:0% +during the collision by picking times + + + align:start position:0% +during the collision by picking times +only a very small delta T apart \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VoLP28-OSRU.txt b/VoLP28-OSRU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6aebf12d910f5efa1cab5a09795534767e3bf71 --- /dev/null +++ b/VoLP28-OSRU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so today what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +okay so today what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so today what we're going to do is +uh talk about health economics um I + + align:start position:0% +uh talk about health economics um I + + + align:start position:0% +uh talk about health economics um I +essentially this is sort of really just + + align:start position:0% +essentially this is sort of really just + + + align:start position:0% +essentially this is sort of really just +an applied lecture where I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +an applied lecture where I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +an applied lecture where I want to talk +about a particular policy topic and + + align:start position:0% +about a particular policy topic and + + + align:start position:0% +about a particular policy topic and +throw in along the way what we've + + align:start position:0% +throw in along the way what we've + + + align:start position:0% +throw in along the way what we've +learned in this course that informs you + + align:start position:0% +learned in this course that informs you + + + align:start position:0% +learned in this course that informs you +think about that topic so this just an + + align:start position:0% +think about that topic so this just an + + + align:start position:0% +think about that topic so this just an +example of how you can take the set of + + align:start position:0% +example of how you can take the set of + + + align:start position:0% +example of how you can take the set of +things we learn the semester and help + + align:start position:0% +things we learn the semester and help + + + align:start position:0% +things we learn the semester and help +understand really one of the one of the + + align:start position:0% +understand really one of the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +understand really one of the one of the +two or three most fundamental public + + align:start position:0% +two or three most fundamental public + + + align:start position:0% +two or three most fundamental public +policy issues of our time and also the + + align:start position:0% +policy issues of our time and also the + + + align:start position:0% +policy issues of our time and also the +one I happen to work on so uh the one + + align:start position:0% +one I happen to work on so uh the one + + + align:start position:0% +one I happen to work on so uh the one +that I find particularly important uh + + align:start position:0% +that I find particularly important uh + + + align:start position:0% +that I find particularly important uh +and appealing okay so let's set the + + align:start position:0% +and appealing okay so let's set the + + + align:start position:0% +and appealing okay so let's set the +stage talk about Healthcare economics by + + align:start position:0% +stage talk about Healthcare economics by + + + align:start position:0% +stage talk about Healthcare economics by +talk about Healthcare in the US and + + align:start position:0% +talk about Healthcare in the US and + + + align:start position:0% +talk about Healthcare in the US and +let's just throw out a couple of facts + + align:start position:0% +let's just throw out a couple of facts + + + align:start position:0% +let's just throw out a couple of facts +the US in + + align:start position:0% +the US in + + + align:start position:0% +the US in +1950 spent 4% of our GDP in 1950 we + + align:start position:0% +1950 spent 4% of our GDP in 1950 we + + + align:start position:0% +1950 spent 4% of our GDP in 1950 we +spent 4% of our GDP on Healthcare that + + align:start position:0% +spent 4% of our GDP on Healthcare that + + + align:start position:0% +spent 4% of our GDP on Healthcare that +was that's pretty big that's a 25th of + + align:start position:0% +was that's pretty big that's a 25th of + + + align:start position:0% +was that's pretty big that's a 25th of +the economy but it was you know the 10th + + align:start position:0% +the economy but it was you know the 10th + + + align:start position:0% +the economy but it was you know the 10th +biggest sector of the economy + + align:start position:0% +biggest sector of the economy + + + align:start position:0% +biggest sector of the economy +today we spend more than 18% of our GDP + + align:start position:0% +today we spend more than 18% of our GDP + + + align:start position:0% +today we spend more than 18% of our GDP +on Healthcare it's the largest single + + align:start position:0% +on Healthcare it's the largest single + + + align:start position:0% +on Healthcare it's the largest single +sector of the US + + align:start position:0% +sector of the US + + + align:start position:0% +sector of the US +economy okay so we have the spending on + + align:start position:0% +economy okay so we have the spending on + + + align:start position:0% +economy okay so we have the spending on +healthc care has grown enormously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now do you have to the question is um + + align:start position:0% +now do you have to the question is um + + + align:start position:0% +now do you have to the question is um +has it been worth it both overall and + + align:start position:0% +has it been worth it both overall and + + + align:start position:0% +has it been worth it both overall and +distributionally so overall if we want + + align:start position:0% +distributionally so overall if we want + + + align:start position:0% +distributionally so overall if we want +to think about how it's been worth it we + + align:start position:0% +to think about how it's been worth it we + + + align:start position:0% +to think about how it's been worth it we +can't look at many people look at these + + align:start position:0% +can't look at many people look at these + + + align:start position:0% +can't look at many people look at these +numbers say oh my God we've got a crisis + + align:start position:0% +numbers say oh my God we've got a crisis + + + align:start position:0% +numbers say oh my God we've got a crisis +well that number does not tell you + + align:start position:0% +well that number does not tell you + + + align:start position:0% +well that number does not tell you +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +crisis okay what we care about is what + + align:start position:0% +crisis okay what we care about is what + + + align:start position:0% +crisis okay what we care about is what +has been the benefit and cost of this + + align:start position:0% +has been the benefit and cost of this + + + align:start position:0% +has been the benefit and cost of this +growth in healthcare + + align:start position:0% +growth in healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +growth in healthcare +spending okay maybe this number was just + + align:start position:0% +spending okay maybe this number was just + + + align:start position:0% +spending okay maybe this number was just +disturbingly low and this is the maybe + + align:start position:0% +disturbingly low and this is the maybe + + + align:start position:0% +disturbingly low and this is the maybe +this number is still too low maybe we're + + align:start position:0% +this number is still too low maybe we're + + + align:start position:0% +this number is still too low maybe we're +not at the right level you can't look at + + align:start position:0% +not at the right level you can't look at + + + align:start position:0% +not at the right level you can't look at +these big numbers and this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +these big numbers and this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +these big numbers and this is sort of +how we want to you to think coming out + + align:start position:0% +how we want to you to think coming out + + + align:start position:0% +how we want to you to think coming out +of this class is to not have the + + align:start position:0% +of this class is to not have the + + + align:start position:0% +of this class is to not have the +knee-jerk reaction you'll do and say oh + + align:start position:0% +knee-jerk reaction you'll do and say oh + + + align:start position:0% +knee-jerk reaction you'll do and say oh +my God we have a crisis think well do we + + align:start position:0% +my God we have a crisis think well do we + + + align:start position:0% +my God we have a crisis think well do we +have a crisis it's been worth it and the + + align:start position:0% +have a crisis it's been worth it and the + + + align:start position:0% +have a crisis it's been worth it and the +answer to that is + + align:start position:0% +answer to that is + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that is +mixed on the one + + align:start position:0% +mixed on the one + + + align:start position:0% +mixed on the one +hand if you look at the overall average + + align:start position:0% +hand if you look at the overall average + + + align:start position:0% +hand if you look at the overall average +health of the US the growth and spending + + align:start position:0% +health of the US the growth and spending + + + align:start position:0% +health of the US the growth and spending +has been worth it that is as I've + + align:start position:0% +has been worth it that is as I've + + + align:start position:0% +has been worth it that is as I've +referred to a few times in this class + + align:start position:0% +referred to a few times in this class + + + align:start position:0% +referred to a few times in this class +economists have methods for trying to + + align:start position:0% +economists have methods for trying to + + + align:start position:0% +economists have methods for trying to +Value Health improvements trying to + + align:start position:0% +Value Health improvements trying to + + + align:start position:0% +Value Health improvements trying to +Value life I talk about them more in + + align:start position:0% +Value life I talk about them more in + + + align:start position:0% +Value life I talk about them more in +1441 we'll get the methodology now but + + align:start position:0% +1441 we'll get the methodology now but + + + align:start position:0% +1441 we'll get the methodology now but +we have methodology putting a value on + + align:start position:0% +we have methodology putting a value on + + + align:start position:0% +we have methodology putting a value on +extending life a value on improving + + align:start position:0% +extending life a value on improving + + + align:start position:0% +extending life a value on improving +health and by those estimates it's been + + align:start position:0% +health and by those estimates it's been + + + align:start position:0% +health and by those estimates it's been +massively worth it healthc care sucked + + align:start position:0% +massively worth it healthc care sucked + + + align:start position:0% +massively worth it healthc care sucked +in 1950 babies who are born prematurely + + align:start position:0% +in 1950 babies who are born prematurely + + + align:start position:0% +in 1950 babies who are born prematurely +we're four times as likely to die okay I + + align:start position:0% +we're four times as likely to die okay I + + + align:start position:0% +we're four times as likely to die okay I +have a friend just had a baby eight + + align:start position:0% +have a friend just had a baby eight + + + align:start position:0% +have a friend just had a baby eight +weeks prematur at four pounds that baby + + align:start position:0% +weeks prematur at four pounds that baby + + + align:start position:0% +weeks prematur at four pounds that baby +would have been dead in 1950 they just + + align:start position:0% +would have been dead in 1950 they just + + + align:start position:0% +would have been dead in 1950 they just +went home today the baby's perfectly + + align:start position:0% +went home today the baby's perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +went home today the baby's perfectly +healthy okay if you had a heart attack + + align:start position:0% +healthy okay if you had a heart attack + + + align:start position:0% +healthy okay if you had a heart attack +in 1950 chances were you were going to + + align:start position:0% +in 1950 chances were you were going to + + + align:start position:0% +in 1950 chances were you were going to +die today you'll live four times many + + align:start position:0% +die today you'll live four times many + + + align:start position:0% +die today you'll live four times many +people live after heart attacks today as + + align:start position:0% +people live after heart attacks today as + + + align:start position:0% +people live after heart attacks today as +they did in 1950 the odds are four times + + align:start position:0% +they did in 1950 the odds are four times + + + align:start position:0% +they did in 1950 the odds are four times +higher or you guys aren't having babies + + align:start position:0% +higher or you guys aren't having babies + + + align:start position:0% +higher or you guys aren't having babies +or having heart attacks it's a relevant + + align:start position:0% +or having heart attacks it's a relevant + + + align:start position:0% +or having heart attacks it's a relevant +number okay how many skiers do we have + + align:start position:0% +number okay how many skiers do we have + + + align:start position:0% +number okay how many skiers do we have +here okay if you were skiing in 1950 and + + align:start position:0% +here okay if you were skiing in 1950 and + + + align:start position:0% +here okay if you were skiing in 1950 and +you crashed and tore your ACL or or or + + align:start position:0% +you crashed and tore your ACL or or or + + + align:start position:0% +you crashed and tore your ACL or or or +spraying your your MCL or one of those + + align:start position:0% +spraying your your MCL or one of those + + + align:start position:0% +spraying your your MCL or one of those +things okay you're in the hospital for a + + align:start position:0% +things okay you're in the hospital for a + + + align:start position:0% +things okay you're in the hospital for a +week you're on crutches for six weeks + + align:start position:0% +week you're on crutches for six weeks + + + align:start position:0% +week you're on crutches for six weeks +and you arthritis the rest of your life + + align:start position:0% +and you arthritis the rest of your life + + + align:start position:0% +and you arthritis the rest of your life +today you get arthoscopic outpatient + + align:start position:0% +today you get arthoscopic outpatient + + + align:start position:0% +today you get arthoscopic outpatient +surgery within a day you go home that + + align:start position:0% +surgery within a day you go home that + + + align:start position:0% +surgery within a day you go home that +night and you're back on the slopes + + align:start position:0% +night and you're back on the slopes + + + align:start position:0% +night and you're back on the slopes +within a few weeks okay healthc care is + + align:start position:0% +within a few weeks okay healthc care is + + + align:start position:0% +within a few weeks okay healthc care is +just much much better and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +just much much better and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +just much much better and if you look at +a typical value of how Economist value + + align:start position:0% +a typical value of how Economist value + + + align:start position:0% +a typical value of how Economist value +improved Health it has been worth it we + + align:start position:0% +improved Health it has been worth it we + + + align:start position:0% +improved Health it has been worth it we +are better off as a nation + + align:start position:0% +are better off as a nation + + + align:start position:0% +are better off as a nation +spending 18% of GDP on healthare today + + align:start position:0% +spending 18% of GDP on healthare today + + + align:start position:0% +spending 18% of GDP on healthare today +than we were spending 4% in 1950 but + + align:start position:0% +than we were spending 4% in 1950 but + + + align:start position:0% +than we were spending 4% in 1950 but +there's another way to test that what's + + align:start position:0% +there's another way to test that what's + + + align:start position:0% +there's another way to test that what's +the other way economists would say if + + align:start position:0% +the other way economists would say if + + + align:start position:0% +the other way economists would say if +someone says well we're worse off today + + align:start position:0% +someone says well we're worse off today + + + align:start position:0% +someone says well we're worse off today +how would an economist challenge + + align:start position:0% +how would an economist challenge + + + align:start position:0% +how would an economist challenge +them how could you prove that people + + align:start position:0% +them how could you prove that people + + + align:start position:0% +them how could you prove that people +don't want 1950s Healthcare 1950s prices + + align:start position:0% +don't want 1950s Healthcare 1950s prices + + + align:start position:0% +don't want 1950s Healthcare 1950s prices +yeah no one's demanding 1950s Healthcare + + align:start position:0% +yeah no one's demanding 1950s Healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no one's demanding 1950s Healthcare +at 1950s prices no one's out there + + align:start position:0% +at 1950s prices no one's out there + + + align:start position:0% +at 1950s prices no one's out there +saying oh yeah I want crap happy + + align:start position:0% +saying oh yeah I want crap happy + + + align:start position:0% +saying oh yeah I want crap happy +healthare for low prices it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +healthare for low prices it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +healthare for low prices it's sort of +the opposite of the airline example + + align:start position:0% +the opposite of the airline example + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite of the airline example +remember with Airlines we talked about + + align:start position:0% +remember with Airlines we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +remember with Airlines we talked about +people about service but the truth + + align:start position:0% +people about service but the truth + + + align:start position:0% +people about service but the truth +is if it was really a problem there'd be + + align:start position:0% +is if it was really a problem there'd be + + + align:start position:0% +is if it was really a problem there'd be +expensive High service Airlines which + + align:start position:0% +expensive High service Airlines which + + + align:start position:0% +expensive High service Airlines which +there aren't okay it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +there aren't okay it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't okay it's the same thing +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +Healthcare so Fact one is we spend a lot + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare so Fact one is we spend a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare so Fact one is we spend a lot +more Fact Two is overall it's been worth + + align:start position:0% +more Fact Two is overall it's been worth + + + align:start position:0% +more Fact Two is overall it's been worth +it fact three is the distributional + + align:start position:0% +it fact three is the distributional + + + align:start position:0% +it fact three is the distributional +consequences have been very bad so the + + align:start position:0% +consequences have been very bad so the + + + align:start position:0% +consequences have been very bad so the +other fact the reason people'll say us + + align:start position:0% +other fact the reason people'll say us + + + align:start position:0% +other fact the reason people'll say us +Healthcare is bad you'll hear facts like + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare is bad you'll hear facts like + + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare is bad you'll hear facts like +we are the most expensive by the way 18 + + align:start position:0% +we are the most expensive by the way 18 + + + align:start position:0% +we are the most expensive by the way 18 +% plus we are on average about a third + + align:start position:0% +% plus we are on average about a third + + + align:start position:0% +% plus we are on average about a third +relative to what unit space based on our + + align:start position:0% +relative to what unit space based on our + + + align:start position:0% +relative to what unit space based on our +income richer countries spend more on + + align:start position:0% +income richer countries spend more on + + + align:start position:0% +income richer countries spend more on +Healthcare it is a luxury good as your + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare it is a luxury good as your + + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare it is a luxury good as your +income goes up you spend more of your + + align:start position:0% +income goes up you spend more of your + + + align:start position:0% +income goes up you spend more of your +income on improving your + + align:start position:0% +income on improving your + + + align:start position:0% +income on improving your +health okay it's a luxury good the + + align:start position:0% +health okay it's a luxury good the + + + align:start position:0% +health okay it's a luxury good the +income eless is greater than one so + + align:start position:0% +income eless is greater than one so + + + align:start position:0% +income eless is greater than one so +richer countries do spend a higher share + + align:start position:0% +richer countries do spend a higher share + + + align:start position:0% +richer countries do spend a higher share +of the CHP in healthcare but if you draw + + align:start position:0% +of the CHP in healthcare but if you draw + + + align:start position:0% +of the CHP in healthcare but if you draw +a line we're way off that line we spent + + align:start position:0% +a line we're way off that line we spent + + + align:start position:0% +a line we're way off that line we spent +about a third more than you'd expect or + + align:start position:0% +about a third more than you'd expect or + + + align:start position:0% +about a third more than you'd expect or +other way put is Rel to other countries + + align:start position:0% +other way put is Rel to other countries + + + align:start position:0% +other way put is Rel to other countries +at our income love we spent about a + + align:start position:0% +at our income love we spent about a + + + align:start position:0% +at our income love we spent about a +third more than You' expect and if you + + align:start position:0% +third more than You' expect and if you + + + align:start position:0% +third more than You' expect and if you +look at overall outcomes despite the + + align:start position:0% +look at overall outcomes despite the + + + align:start position:0% +look at overall outcomes despite the +fact I just told you about how we're + + align:start position:0% +fact I just told you about how we're + + + align:start position:0% +fact I just told you about how we're +healthy overall since + + align:start position:0% +healthy overall since + + + align:start position:0% +healthy overall since +1950 today our outcomes on International + + align:start position:0% +1950 today our outcomes on International + + + align:start position:0% +1950 today our outcomes on International +standards are + + align:start position:0% +standards are + + + align:start position:0% +standards are +terrible we are about 16th in the world + + align:start position:0% +terrible we are about 16th in the world + + + align:start position:0% +terrible we are about 16th in the world +in infant mortality on any measure of + + align:start position:0% +in infant mortality on any measure of + + + align:start position:0% +in infant mortality on any measure of +sort of Health outcomes we look terrible + + align:start position:0% +sort of Health outcomes we look terrible + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Health outcomes we look terrible +other other countries so we spend a + + align:start position:0% +other other countries so we spend a + + + align:start position:0% +other other countries so we spend a +third more than we + + align:start position:0% +third more than we + + + align:start position:0% +third more than we +predict based on our income we have + + align:start position:0% +predict based on our income we have + + + align:start position:0% +predict based on our income we have +outcomes interntional comparison that + + align:start position:0% +outcomes interntional comparison that + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes interntional comparison that +are terrible well how's that consistent + + align:start position:0% +are terrible well how's that consistent + + + align:start position:0% +are terrible well how's that consistent +with the facts I just said that's worth + + align:start position:0% +with the facts I just said that's worth + + + align:start position:0% +with the facts I just said that's worth +it it's consistent because the the + + align:start position:0% +it it's consistent because the the + + + align:start position:0% +it it's consistent because the the +outcomes that we point to are driven by + + align:start position:0% +outcomes that we point to are driven by + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes that we point to are driven by +the bottom of our society which is not + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of our society which is not + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of our society which is not +true in other countries a white baby + + align:start position:0% +true in other countries a white baby + + + align:start position:0% +true in other countries a white baby +born in America today has the same + + align:start position:0% +born in America today has the same + + + align:start position:0% +born in America today has the same +chance of seeing their first birthday + + align:start position:0% +chance of seeing their first birthday + + + align:start position:0% +chance of seeing their first birthday +it's a white baby born in Europe a black + + align:start position:0% +it's a white baby born in Europe a black + + + align:start position:0% +it's a white baby born in Europe a black +baby born in America today has a lower + + align:start position:0% +baby born in America today has a lower + + + align:start position:0% +baby born in America today has a lower +chance than a black baby born in + + align:start position:0% +chance than a black baby born in + + + align:start position:0% +chance than a black baby born in +Barbados okay we basically and I talked + + align:start position:0% +Barbados okay we basically and I talked + + + align:start position:0% +Barbados okay we basically and I talked +about we talked the inequality lecture + + align:start position:0% +about we talked the inequality lecture + + + align:start position:0% +about we talked the inequality lecture +about those neighborhoods three miles + + align:start position:0% +about those neighborhoods three miles + + + align:start position:0% +about those neighborhoods three miles +apart Freddy Gray's neighborhood versus + + align:start position:0% +apart Freddy Gray's neighborhood versus + + + align:start position:0% +apart Freddy Gray's neighborhood versus +the rich neighborhood a 17-year + + align:start position:0% +the rich neighborhood a 17-year + + + align:start position:0% +the rich neighborhood a 17-year +differential life expectancy the bad + + align:start position:0% +differential life expectancy the bad + + + align:start position:0% +differential life expectancy the bad +outcomes in the US are not relevant for + + align:start position:0% +outcomes in the US are not relevant for + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes in the US are not relevant for +the people in this room for the people + + align:start position:0% +the people in this room for the people + + + align:start position:0% +the people in this room for the people +in this room the US is where you want to + + align:start position:0% +in this room the US is where you want to + + + align:start position:0% +in this room the US is where you want to +be for healthcare in terms of + + align:start position:0% +be for healthcare in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +be for healthcare in terms of +outcomes what's the way economists would + + align:start position:0% +outcomes what's the way economists would + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes what's the way economists would +test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what's would prove that for those + + align:start position:0% +that what's would prove that for those + + + align:start position:0% +that what's would prove that for those +who are in the system the US is the best + + align:start position:0% +who are in the system the US is the best + + + align:start position:0% +who are in the system the US is the best +place to be + + align:start position:0% +place to be + + + align:start position:0% +place to be +well every year about 1 million people + + align:start position:0% +well every year about 1 million people + + + align:start position:0% +well every year about 1 million people +come to America at Medical Care no one + + align:start position:0% +come to America at Medical Care no one + + + align:start position:0% +come to America at Medical Care no one +leaves they might go to k keeper drugs + + align:start position:0% +leaves they might go to k keeper drugs + + + align:start position:0% +leaves they might go to k keeper drugs +but no one's flying to France for + + align:start position:0% +but no one's flying to France for + + + align:start position:0% +but no one's flying to France for +surgery they fly to America once again + + align:start position:0% +surgery they fly to America once again + + + align:start position:0% +surgery they fly to America once again +that's how economists think about + + align:start position:0% +that's how economists think about + + + align:start position:0% +that's how economists think about +testing hypothesis we look at the data + + align:start position:0% +testing hypothesis we look at the data + + + align:start position:0% +testing hypothesis we look at the data +the real preference is for those who are + + align:start position:0% +the real preference is for those who are + + + align:start position:0% +the real preference is for those who are +in the system we have the best + + align:start position:0% +in the system we have the best + + + align:start position:0% +in the system we have the best +Healthcare in the world the reason our + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare in the world the reason our + + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare in the world the reason our +outcome is so terrible of to other + + align:start position:0% +outcome is so terrible of to other + + + align:start position:0% +outcome is so terrible of to other +countries is we have taale outcomes + + align:start position:0% +countries is we have taale outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +countries is we have taale outcomes +other countries don't have and that's + + align:start position:0% +other countries don't have and that's + + + align:start position:0% +other countries don't have and that's +about access and + + align:start position:0% +about access and + + + align:start position:0% +about access and +Equity so the bottom line is where we + + align:start position:0% +Equity so the bottom line is where we + + + align:start position:0% +Equity so the bottom line is where we +stand today a system that's + + align:start position:0% +stand today a system that's + + + align:start position:0% +stand today a system that's +expensive that delivers flows in the + + align:start position:0% +expensive that delivers flows in the + + + align:start position:0% +expensive that delivers flows in the +system as good outcomes as other places + + align:start position:0% +system as good outcomes as other places + + + align:start position:0% +system as good outcomes as other places +but it's highly + + align:start position:0% +but it's highly + + + align:start position:0% +but it's highly +inequitable last point I did say a white + + align:start position:0% +inequitable last point I did say a white + + + align:start position:0% +inequitable last point I did say a white +baby born America day is the same + + align:start position:0% +baby born America day is the same + + + align:start position:0% +baby born America day is the same +chaning their first birthday as one born + + align:start position:0% +chaning their first birthday as one born + + + align:start position:0% +chaning their first birthday as one born +in Europe but not a not a 50% better + + align:start position:0% +in Europe but not a not a 50% better + + + align:start position:0% +in Europe but not a not a 50% better +chance even though we spend 50% more in + + align:start position:0% +chance even though we spend 50% more in + + + align:start position:0% +chance even though we spend 50% more in +healthcare so while we spend 18% and + + align:start position:0% +healthcare so while we spend 18% and + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare so while we spend 18% and +it's been worth it we still may waste a + + align:start position:0% +it's been worth it we still may waste a + + + align:start position:0% +it's been worth it we still may waste a +lot the fact that it's worth at 18% + + align:start position:0% +lot the fact that it's worth at 18% + + + align:start position:0% +lot the fact that it's worth at 18% +doesn't mean we couldn't have equally + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean we couldn't have equally + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean we couldn't have equally +good outcomes at 12 or 13% it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +good outcomes at 12 or 13% it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +good outcomes at 12 or 13% it doesn't +mean we're on the efficient Frontier it + + align:start position:0% +mean we're on the efficient Frontier it + + + align:start position:0% +mean we're on the efficient Frontier it +doesn't mean producing Healthcare + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean producing Healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean producing Healthcare +efficiently in other words there were so + + align:start position:0% +efficiently in other words there were so + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently in other words there were so +many good opportunities to improve + + align:start position:0% +many good opportunities to improve + + + align:start position:0% +many good opportunities to improve +health that even though we might be + + align:start position:0% +health that even though we might be + + + align:start position:0% +health that even though we might be +wasting money we're still better off + + align:start position:0% +wasting money we're still better off + + + align:start position:0% +wasting money we're still better off +spending it and that's the key Point + + align:start position:0% +spending it and that's the key Point + + + align:start position:0% +spending it and that's the key Point +remember to avoid one lesson from this + + align:start position:0% +remember to avoid one lesson from this + + + align:start position:0% +remember to avoid one lesson from this +course is let's avoid extreme thinking + + align:start position:0% +course is let's avoid extreme thinking + + + align:start position:0% +course is let's avoid extreme thinking +if you have a something that's wasteful + + align:start position:0% +if you have a something that's wasteful + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a something that's wasteful +it doesn't mean it wasn't worth doing + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't mean it wasn't worth doing + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't mean it wasn't worth doing +you've got to compare the benefits in + + align:start position:0% +you've got to compare the benefits in + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to compare the benefits in +the cost we are probably and I'll come + + align:start position:0% +the cost we are probably and I'll come + + + align:start position:0% +the cost we are probably and I'll come +back to this relative to the efficient + + align:start position:0% +back to this relative to the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +back to this relative to the efficient +Frontier wasting a lot of money we can + + align:start position:0% +Frontier wasting a lot of money we can + + + align:start position:0% +Frontier wasting a lot of money we can +produce the same Healthcare outcomes in + + align:start position:0% +produce the same Healthcare outcomes in + + + align:start position:0% +produce the same Healthcare outcomes in +the US for a lot less money that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the US for a lot less money that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the US for a lot less money that doesn't +mean we're worse off today than we used + + align:start position:0% +mean we're worse off today than we used + + + align:start position:0% +mean we're worse off today than we used +to be it just means we could be even + + align:start position:0% +to be it just means we could be even + + + align:start position:0% +to be it just means we could be even +better okay questions about any of + + align:start position:0% +better okay questions about any of + + + align:start position:0% +better okay questions about any of +that now what I want to do then is focus + + align:start position:0% +that now what I want to do then is focus + + + align:start position:0% +that now what I want to do then is focus +on two topics + + align:start position:0% +on two topics + + + align:start position:0% +on two topics +today the first topic is the fairness + + align:start position:0% +today the first topic is the fairness + + + align:start position:0% +today the first topic is the fairness +topic and that revolves around insurance + + align:start position:0% +topic and that revolves around insurance + + + align:start position:0% +topic and that revolves around insurance +coverage so I want to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +coverage so I want to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +coverage so I want to talk about the +fact the US is the only developed nation + + align:start position:0% +fact the US is the only developed nation + + + align:start position:0% +fact the US is the only developed nation +in the world without Universal coverage + + align:start position:0% +in the world without Universal coverage + + + align:start position:0% +in the world without Universal coverage +buing + + align:start position:0% +buing + + + align:start position:0% +buing +insurance and what we're doing about it + + align:start position:0% +insurance and what we're doing about it + + + align:start position:0% +insurance and what we're doing about it +the second topic is what do we do about + + align:start position:0% +the second topic is what do we do about + + + align:start position:0% +the second topic is what do we do about +the fact that we spend much more on + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we spend much more on + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we spend much more on +Healthcare to other countries that have + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare to other countries that have + + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare to other countries that have +better or at least comparable outcomes + + align:start position:0% +better or at least comparable outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +better or at least comparable outcomes +to ours so let's talk about the first + + align:start position:0% +to ours so let's talk about the first + + + align:start position:0% +to ours so let's talk about the first +topic the US is the only country in the + + align:start position:0% +topic the US is the only country in the + + + align:start position:0% +topic the US is the only country in the +world where citizens face the risk of + + align:start position:0% +world where citizens face the risk of + + + align:start position:0% +world where citizens face the risk of +being uninsured so I want you to cast + + align:start position:0% +being uninsured so I want you to cast + + + align:start position:0% +being uninsured so I want you to cast +your mind back to when you were little + + align:start position:0% +your mind back to when you were little + + + align:start position:0% +your mind back to when you were little +kids before + + align:start position:0% +kids before + + + align:start position:0% +kids before +2010 okay before the Affordable Care Act + + align:start position:0% +2010 okay before the Affordable Care Act + + + align:start position:0% +2010 okay before the Affordable Care Act +the way the US looked in + + align:start position:0% +the way the US looked in + + + align:start position:0% +the way the US looked in +2009 was about 60% of + + align:start position:0% +2009 was about 60% of + + + align:start position:0% +2009 was about 60% of +Americans had employer sponsored + + align:start position:0% +Americans had employer sponsored + + + align:start position:0% +Americans had employer sponsored +insurance they had insured through their + + align:start position:0% +insurance they had insured through their + + + align:start position:0% +insurance they had insured through their +employer like I have through + + align:start position:0% +employer like I have through + + + align:start position:0% +employer like I have through +MIT about 20% of + + align:start position:0% +MIT about 20% of + + + align:start position:0% +MIT about 20% of +Americans had public + + align:start position:0% +Americans had public + + + align:start position:0% +Americans had public +Insurance okay that's insurance through + + align:start position:0% +Insurance okay that's insurance through + + + align:start position:0% +Insurance okay that's insurance through +two programs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Medicare Medicare which is in Universal + + align:start position:0% +Medicare Medicare which is in Universal + + + align:start position:0% +Medicare Medicare which is in Universal +coverage for the elderly so do have + + align:start position:0% +coverage for the elderly so do have + + + align:start position:0% +coverage for the elderly so do have +Universal coverage Once you turn 65 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Medicaid which is Health insures + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid which is Health insures + + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid which is Health insures +coverage for the poor so we had public + + align:start position:0% +coverage for the poor so we had public + + + align:start position:0% +coverage for the poor so we had public +coverage entitlement but only if you + + align:start position:0% +coverage entitlement but only if you + + + align:start position:0% +coverage entitlement but only if you +were poor or + + align:start position:0% +were poor or + + + align:start position:0% +were poor or +elderly okay the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +20% + + align:start position:0% +20% + + + align:start position:0% +20% +okay why because remember what I talked + + align:start position:0% +okay why because remember what I talked + + + align:start position:0% +okay why because remember what I talked +about insurance market equilibrium okay + + align:start position:0% +about insurance market equilibrium okay + + + align:start position:0% +about insurance market equilibrium okay +I talk Insurance market equilibrium I + + align:start position:0% +I talk Insurance market equilibrium I + + + align:start position:0% +I talk Insurance market equilibrium I +said give an adverse selection several + + align:start position:0% +said give an adverse selection several + + + align:start position:0% +said give an adverse selection several +things can + + align:start position:0% +things can + + + align:start position:0% +things can +happen Okay and the thing that is going + + align:start position:0% +happen Okay and the thing that is going + + + align:start position:0% +happen Okay and the thing that is going +to happen now I don't know what they + + align:start position:0% +to happen now I don't know what they + + + align:start position:0% +to happen now I don't know what they +could do with that on the video they + + align:start position:0% +could do with that on the video they + + + align:start position:0% +could do with that on the video they +bleep my swears I guess they G have to + + align:start position:0% +bleep my swears I guess they G have to + + + align:start position:0% +bleep my swears I guess they G have to +like like sorry I'll just I'll erase + + align:start position:0% +like like sorry I'll just I'll erase + + + align:start position:0% +like like sorry I'll just I'll erase +that because I'm GNA be in trouble on + + align:start position:0% +that because I'm GNA be in trouble on + + + align:start position:0% +that because I'm GNA be in trouble on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +video they'll just they'll have to like + + align:start position:0% +video they'll just they'll have to like + + + align:start position:0% +video they'll just they'll have to like +white it out or something um so um I am + + align:start position:0% +white it out or something um so um I am + + + align:start position:0% +white it out or something um so um I am +I am I'll have you know proudly I'm the + + align:start position:0% +I am I'll have you know proudly I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +I am I'll have you know proudly I'm the +most Bleak professor at MIT so um at + + align:start position:0% +most Bleak professor at MIT so um at + + + align:start position:0% +most Bleak professor at MIT so um at +least who has videos online um so + + align:start position:0% +least who has videos online um so + + + align:start position:0% +least who has videos online um so +um what we have a situation with with + + align:start position:0% +um what we have a situation with with + + + align:start position:0% +um what we have a situation with with +other 20% of people the insurance Market + + align:start position:0% +other 20% of people the insurance Market + + + align:start position:0% +other 20% of people the insurance Market +is broken if you work for a big employer + + align:start position:0% +is broken if you work for a big employer + + + align:start position:0% +is broken if you work for a big employer +the insurance Market Works remember we + + align:start position:0% +the insurance Market Works remember we + + + align:start position:0% +the insurance Market Works remember we +learned our insurance lecture people + + align:start position:0% +learned our insurance lecture people + + + align:start position:0% +learned our insurance lecture people +want to be insured that's optimal they + + align:start position:0% +want to be insured that's optimal they + + + align:start position:0% +want to be insured that's optimal they +want to smooth their consumption across + + align:start position:0% +want to smooth their consumption across + + + align:start position:0% +want to smooth their consumption across +States if you work for a big employer + + align:start position:0% +States if you work for a big employer + + + align:start position:0% +States if you work for a big employer +like MIT it works MIT offers me + + align:start position:0% +like MIT it works MIT offers me + + + align:start position:0% +like MIT it works MIT offers me +insurance they offer that insurance at + + align:start position:0% +insurance they offer that insurance at + + + align:start position:0% +insurance they offer that insurance at +basically a pretty fair rate given the + + align:start position:0% +basically a pretty fair rate given the + + + align:start position:0% +basically a pretty fair rate given the +health risk of people at + + align:start position:0% +health risk of people at + + + align:start position:0% +health risk of people at +MIT okay and I buy it and MIT subsidizes + + align:start position:0% +MIT okay and I buy it and MIT subsidizes + + + align:start position:0% +MIT okay and I buy it and MIT subsidizes +it for to help me buy it if you public + + align:start position:0% +it for to help me buy it if you public + + + align:start position:0% +it for to help me buy it if you public +insurance is typically free or low cost + + align:start position:0% +insurance is typically free or low cost + + + align:start position:0% +insurance is typically free or low cost +for everyone else if you want an insur + + align:start position:0% +for everyone else if you want an insur + + + align:start position:0% +for everyone else if you want an insur +to walk in insurance company and say I + + align:start position:0% +to walk in insurance company and say I + + + align:start position:0% +to walk in insurance company and say I +want Insurance they're like whoa why do + + align:start position:0% +want Insurance they're like whoa why do + + + align:start position:0% +want Insurance they're like whoa why do +you want Insurance you must be sick if + + align:start position:0% +you want Insurance you must be sick if + + + align:start position:0% +you want Insurance you must be sick if +you want insurance I'm going to test the + + align:start position:0% +you want insurance I'm going to test the + + + align:start position:0% +you want insurance I'm going to test the +Wazoo out of you deny you if you're at + + align:start position:0% +Wazoo out of you deny you if you're at + + + align:start position:0% +Wazoo out of you deny you if you're at +all sick if you're not sick I'll offer + + align:start position:0% +all sick if you're not sick I'll offer + + + align:start position:0% +all sick if you're not sick I'll offer +you insurance but if you get sick I'm + + align:start position:0% +you insurance but if you get sick I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you insurance but if you get sick I'm +going to drop you so essentially there + + align:start position:0% +going to drop you so essentially there + + + align:start position:0% +going to drop you so essentially there +was no insurance essentially the rest of + + align:start position:0% +was no insurance essentially the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +was no insurance essentially the rest of +this 20% of the population had no access + + align:start position:0% +this 20% of the population had no access + + + align:start position:0% +this 20% of the population had no access +to insurance and we know that's a huge + + align:start position:0% +to insurance and we know that's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +to insurance and we know that's a huge +market failure we know that people are + + align:start position:0% +market failure we know that people are + + + align:start position:0% +market failure we know that people are +much worse off uninsured than + + align:start position:0% +much worse off uninsured than + + + align:start position:0% +much worse off uninsured than +insured we had about 50 million American + + align:start position:0% +insured we had about 50 million American + + + align:start position:0% +insured we had about 50 million American +about the majority of this number were + + align:start position:0% +about the majority of this number were + + + align:start position:0% +about the majority of this number were +uninsured and about another four to + + align:start position:0% +uninsured and about another four to + + + align:start position:0% +uninsured and about another four to +five% of + + align:start position:0% +five% of + + + align:start position:0% +five% of +Americans uh were uh about 15% of + + align:start position:0% +Americans uh were uh about 15% of + + + align:start position:0% +Americans uh were uh about 15% of +Americans were uninsured about 45% of + + align:start position:0% +Americans were uninsured about 45% of + + + align:start position:0% +Americans were uninsured about 45% of +Americans were buying Insurance because + + align:start position:0% +Americans were buying Insurance because + + + align:start position:0% +Americans were buying Insurance because +they were the healthy ones who could get + + align:start position:0% +they were the healthy ones who could get + + + align:start position:0% +they were the healthy ones who could get +in the market and buy + + align:start position:0% +in the market and buy + + + align:start position:0% +in the market and buy +it so what did we propose to do about + + align:start position:0% +it so what did we propose to do about + + + align:start position:0% +it so what did we propose to do about +this well we proposed to do + + align:start position:0% +this well we proposed to do + + + align:start position:0% +this well we proposed to do +was first proposed here so um by + + align:start position:0% +was first proposed here so um by + + + align:start position:0% +was first proposed here so um by +Governor Mitt Romney a Republican and + + align:start position:0% +Governor Mitt Romney a Republican and + + + align:start position:0% +Governor Mitt Romney a Republican and +then eventually picked up by President + + align:start position:0% +then eventually picked up by President + + + align:start position:0% +then eventually picked up by President +Obama democrat was to propose what I + + align:start position:0% +Obama democrat was to propose what I + + + align:start position:0% +Obama democrat was to propose what I +call a three-legged stool solution to + + align:start position:0% +call a three-legged stool solution to + + + align:start position:0% +call a three-legged stool solution to +this problem I actually wrote a comic + + align:start position:0% +this problem I actually wrote a comic + + + align:start position:0% +this problem I actually wrote a comic +book to explain this uh it's called a + + align:start position:0% +book to explain this uh it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +book to explain this uh it's called a +graphic novel but it's a comic book uh + + align:start position:0% +graphic novel but it's a comic book uh + + + align:start position:0% +graphic novel but it's a comic book uh +ambitiously entitled Healthcare reform + + align:start position:0% +ambitiously entitled Healthcare reform + + + align:start position:0% +ambitiously entitled Healthcare reform +um it's like nine bucks on Amazon and uh + + align:start position:0% +um it's like nine bucks on Amazon and uh + + + align:start position:0% +um it's like nine bucks on Amazon and uh +to try to explain this I think of + + align:start position:0% +to try to explain this I think of + + + align:start position:0% +to try to explain this I think of +graphic images about how we think about + + align:start position:0% +graphic images about how we think about + + + align:start position:0% +graphic images about how we think about +this law and I think it's a three-leg + + align:start position:0% +this law and I think it's a three-leg + + + align:start position:0% +this law and I think it's a three-leg +stool leg one is to say insurers you can + + align:start position:0% +stool leg one is to say insurers you can + + + align:start position:0% +stool leg one is to say insurers you can +no longer + + align:start position:0% +no longer + + + align:start position:0% +no longer +discriminate anyone of a given age you + + align:start position:0% +discriminate anyone of a given age you + + + align:start position:0% +discriminate anyone of a given age you +could charge old people more than young + + align:start position:0% +could charge old people more than young + + + align:start position:0% +could charge old people more than young +people within reason and you could + + align:start position:0% +people within reason and you could + + + align:start position:0% +people within reason and you could +charge people in an expensive area more + + align:start position:0% +charge people in an expensive area more + + + align:start position:0% +charge people in an expensive area more +than a less expensive area within reason + + align:start position:0% +than a less expensive area within reason + + + align:start position:0% +than a less expensive area within reason +but for a given age and a given area if + + align:start position:0% +but for a given age and a given area if + + + align:start position:0% +but for a given age and a given area if +I come in coughing and hacking and sick + + align:start position:0% +I come in coughing and hacking and sick + + + align:start position:0% +I come in coughing and hacking and sick +you cannot charge me more than someone + + align:start position:0% +you cannot charge me more than someone + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot charge me more than someone +who comes in running having run in and + + align:start position:0% +who comes in running having run in and + + + align:start position:0% +who comes in running having run in and +looks healthy okay you can no longer + + align:start position:0% +looks healthy okay you can no longer + + + align:start position:0% +looks healthy okay you can no longer +discriminate you can't charge women more + + align:start position:0% +discriminate you can't charge women more + + + align:start position:0% +discriminate you can't charge women more +than men for health insurance which they + + align:start position:0% +than men for health insurance which they + + + align:start position:0% +than men for health insurance which they +did you can't charge sick people more + + align:start position:0% +did you can't charge sick people more + + + align:start position:0% +did you can't charge sick people more +more than healthy for health + + align:start position:0% +more than healthy for health + + + align:start position:0% +more than healthy for health +insurance + + align:start position:0% +insurance + + + align:start position:0% +insurance +okay but we realized that alone would + + align:start position:0% +okay but we realized that alone would + + + align:start position:0% +okay but we realized that alone would +not work and in fact we had evidence why + + align:start position:0% +not work and in fact we had evidence why + + + align:start position:0% +not work and in fact we had evidence why +that wouldn't work because in the 19907 + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't work because in the 19907 + + + align:start position:0% +that wouldn't work because in the 19907 +States including Massachusetts tried to + + align:start position:0% +States including Massachusetts tried to + + + align:start position:0% +States including Massachusetts tried to +do that they passed laws which said for + + align:start position:0% +do that they passed laws which said for + + + align:start position:0% +do that they passed laws which said for +those will leave these people alone but + + align:start position:0% +those will leave these people alone but + + + align:start position:0% +those will leave these people alone but +for there remaining of people the people + + align:start position:0% +for there remaining of people the people + + + align:start position:0% +for there remaining of people the people +have to buy in what we call the + + align:start position:0% +have to buy in what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +have to buy in what we call the +non-group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Market the people left to buy in the + + align:start position:0% +Market the people left to buy in the + + + align:start position:0% +Market the people left to buy in the +non-group market okay for those people + + align:start position:0% +non-group market okay for those people + + + align:start position:0% +non-group market okay for those people +okay we going to say insurers can't + + align:start position:0% +okay we going to say insurers can't + + + align:start position:0% +okay we going to say insurers can't +discriminate what do you think happened + + align:start position:0% +discriminate what do you think happened + + + align:start position:0% +discriminate what do you think happened +so think of yourself as an insurer + + align:start position:0% +so think of yourself as an insurer + + + align:start position:0% +so think of yourself as an insurer +you're the guy like I set you up selling + + align:start position:0% +you're the guy like I set you up selling + + + align:start position:0% +you're the guy like I set you up selling +Insurance to MIT students you suffer a + + align:start position:0% +Insurance to MIT students you suffer a + + + align:start position:0% +Insurance to MIT students you suffer a +massive adverse election or that risk + + align:start position:0% +massive adverse election or that risk + + + align:start position:0% +massive adverse election or that risk +and I tell you you can't + + align:start position:0% +and I tell you you can't + + + align:start position:0% +and I tell you you can't +discriminate what do you + + align:start position:0% +discriminate what do you + + + align:start position:0% +discriminate what do you +do you quit you say well forget it the + + align:start position:0% +do you quit you say well forget it the + + + align:start position:0% +do you quit you say well forget it the +Market's gonna fail if you're G to tell + + align:start position:0% +Market's gonna fail if you're G to tell + + + align:start position:0% +Market's gonna fail if you're G to tell +me I can't discriminate I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +me I can't discriminate I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +me I can't discriminate I'm not going to +make money because I know I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +make money because I know I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +make money because I know I'm going to +get selected against so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +get selected against so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +get selected against so I'm just going +to bag and that's what happened the + + align:start position:0% +to bag and that's what happened the + + + align:start position:0% +to bag and that's what happened the +insurance markets collapsed + + align:start position:0% +insurance markets collapsed + + + align:start position:0% +insurance markets collapsed +in all these states which is you can't + + align:start position:0% +in all these states which is you can't + + + align:start position:0% +in all these states which is you can't +regulatorily enforce a pooling + + align:start position:0% +regulatorily enforce a pooling + + + align:start position:0% +regulatorily enforce a pooling +equilibrium by just saying you should + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium by just saying you should + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium by just saying you should +have to charge everyone the same that + + align:start position:0% +have to charge everyone the same that + + + align:start position:0% +have to charge everyone the same that +doesn't work if only the sick buy so the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work if only the sick buy so the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work if only the sick buy so the +market + + align:start position:0% +market + + + align:start position:0% +market +collapsed so that's why I realize we + + align:start position:0% +collapsed so that's why I realize we + + + align:start position:0% +collapsed so that's why I realize we +need the second leg of the stool and by + + align:start position:0% +need the second leg of the stool and by + + + align:start position:0% +need the second leg of the stool and by +we I do actually mean we like I work + + align:start position:0% +we I do actually mean we like I work + + + align:start position:0% +we I do actually mean we like I work +with Governor Romney on this uh and help + + align:start position:0% +with Governor Romney on this uh and help + + + align:start position:0% +with Governor Romney on this uh and help +design this program okay we as we need a + + align:start position:0% +design this program okay we as we need a + + + align:start position:0% +design this program okay we as we need a +second leg of the stool which was a + + align:start position:0% +second leg of the stool which was a + + + align:start position:0% +second leg of the stool which was a +mandate that individuals buy health + + align:start position:0% +mandate that individuals buy health + + + align:start position:0% +mandate that individuals buy health +insurance which was to say look if if + + align:start position:0% +insurance which was to say look if if + + + align:start position:0% +insurance which was to say look if if +we're going to tell insurers they have + + align:start position:0% +we're going to tell insurers they have + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to tell insurers they have +to charge the pooling price then we got + + align:start position:0% +to charge the pooling price then we got + + + align:start position:0% +to charge the pooling price then we got +to enforce the pool and the way you + + align:start position:0% +to enforce the pool and the way you + + + align:start position:0% +to enforce the pool and the way you +enforce the pool is a mandate so an + + align:start position:0% +enforce the pool is a mandate so an + + + align:start position:0% +enforce the pool is a mandate so an +individual it's called an individual + + align:start position:0% +individual it's called an individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual it's called an individual +mandate requirement that people buy + + align:start position:0% +mandate requirement that people buy + + + align:start position:0% +mandate requirement that people buy +health insurance or they have to pay a + + align:start position:0% +health insurance or they have to pay a + + + align:start position:0% +health insurance or they have to pay a +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +fine okay so that was the second leg of + + align:start position:0% +fine okay so that was the second leg of + + + align:start position:0% +fine okay so that was the second leg of +this tool say we're going to have a fair + + align:start position:0% +this tool say we're going to have a fair + + + align:start position:0% +this tool say we're going to have a fair +prices insurers be able to offer a + + align:start position:0% +prices insurers be able to offer a + + + align:start position:0% +prices insurers be able to offer a +pooling price because they know what the + + align:start position:0% +pooling price because they know what the + + + align:start position:0% +pooling price because they know what the +average price is going to be because + + align:start position:0% +average price is going to be because + + + align:start position:0% +average price is going to be because +everyone's going to buy but that laid a + + align:start position:0% +everyone's going to buy but that laid a + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's going to buy but that laid a +third problem in 2004 before we were + + align:start position:0% +third problem in 2004 before we were + + + align:start position:0% +third problem in 2004 before we were +writing this law the average family + + align:start position:0% +writing this law the average family + + + align:start position:0% +writing this law the average family +health insurance plan was + + align:start position:0% +health insurance plan was + + + align:start position:0% +health insurance plan was +$122,000 and the US poverty + + align:start position:0% +$122,000 and the US poverty + + + align:start position:0% +$122,000 and the US poverty +line that the family plan and the US + + align:start position:0% +line that the family plan and the US + + + align:start position:0% +line that the family plan and the US +poverty line for a family of four was + + align:start position:0% +poverty line for a family of four was + + + align:start position:0% +poverty line for a family of four was +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +$188,000 you can't mandate a family pay + + align:start position:0% +$188,000 you can't mandate a family pay + + + align:start position:0% +$188,000 you can't mandate a family pay +two-thirds of their income for health + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds of their income for health + + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds of their income for health +insurance that's both INF feasable and + + align:start position:0% +insurance that's both INF feasable and + + + align:start position:0% +insurance that's both INF feasable and +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +politics so we need the Third Leg of the + + align:start position:0% +politics so we need the Third Leg of the + + + align:start position:0% +politics so we need the Third Leg of the +stool which was subsidies we need to + + align:start position:0% +stool which was subsidies we need to + + + align:start position:0% +stool which was subsidies we need to +make health insurance affordable for the + + align:start position:0% +make health insurance affordable for the + + + align:start position:0% +make health insurance affordable for the +lower income groups + + align:start position:0% +lower income groups + + + align:start position:0% +lower income groups +so the pool was the three legs of the + + align:start position:0% +so the pool was the three legs of the + + + align:start position:0% +so the pool was the three legs of the +stool were no + + align:start position:0% +stool were no + + + align:start position:0% +stool were no +discrimination or what we call an in in + + align:start position:0% +discrimination or what we call an in in + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination or what we call an in in +health insurance terms Community + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rating which means you have to charge + + align:start position:0% +rating which means you have to charge + + + align:start position:0% +rating which means you have to charge +everyone the same + + align:start position:0% +everyone the same + + + align:start position:0% +everyone the same +thing that matched with the + + align:start position:0% +thing that matched with the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that matched with the +Mandate was the second leg matched with + + align:start position:0% +Mandate was the second leg matched with + + + align:start position:0% +Mandate was the second leg matched with +subsidies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay to basically make it + + align:start position:0% +okay to basically make it + + + align:start position:0% +okay to basically make it +affordable so essentially the idea was + + align:start position:0% +affordable so essentially the idea was + + + align:start position:0% +affordable so essentially the idea was +by doing all three things at once you + + align:start position:0% +by doing all three things at once you + + + align:start position:0% +by doing all three things at once you +make health insurance affordable for + + align:start position:0% +make health insurance affordable for + + + align:start position:0% +make health insurance affordable for +low-income people we set up a program + + align:start position:0% +low-income people we set up a program + + + align:start position:0% +low-income people we set up a program +called Commonwealth Care remember I + + align:start position:0% +called Commonwealth Care remember I + + + align:start position:0% +called Commonwealth Care remember I +talked about the poverty line in our + + align:start position:0% +talked about the poverty line in our + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the poverty line in our +lecture on inequality we said anyone who + + align:start position:0% +lecture on inequality we said anyone who + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on inequality we said anyone who +lived below three times the poverty line + + align:start position:0% +lived below three times the poverty line + + + align:start position:0% +lived below three times the poverty line +we would heavily subsidize their health + + align:start position:0% +we would heavily subsidize their health + + + align:start position:0% +we would heavily subsidize their health +insurance to make it + + align:start position:0% +insurance to make it + + + align:start position:0% +insurance to make it +affordable then we said make it + + align:start position:0% +affordable then we said make it + + + align:start position:0% +affordable then we said make it +affordable we're going to make you buy + + align:start position:0% +affordable we're going to make you buy + + + align:start position:0% +affordable we're going to make you buy +it we're not make it it free make it + + align:start position:0% +it we're not make it it free make it + + + align:start position:0% +it we're not make it it free make it +affordable we set have a slide what's + + align:start position:0% +affordable we set have a slide what's + + + align:start position:0% +affordable we set have a slide what's +called a sliding income scale scale you + + align:start position:0% +called a sliding income scale scale you + + + align:start position:0% +called a sliding income scale scale you +had to pay a certain percent of your + + align:start position:0% +had to pay a certain percent of your + + + align:start position:0% +had to pay a certain percent of your +income to get health insurance we have + + align:start position:0% +income to get health insurance we have + + + align:start position:0% +income to get health insurance we have +sliding income scale we're going to make + + align:start position:0% +sliding income scale we're going to make + + + align:start position:0% +sliding income scale we're going to make +it affordable we're going to make + + align:start position:0% +it affordable we're going to make + + + align:start position:0% +it affordable we're going to make +everyone buy it and make insurers offer + + align:start position:0% +everyone buy it and make insurers offer + + + align:start position:0% +everyone buy it and make insurers offer +insurance with no discrimination offer + + align:start position:0% +insurance with no discrimination offer + + + align:start position:0% +insurance with no discrimination offer +Community rating and we passed that law + + align:start position:0% +Community rating and we passed that law + + + align:start position:0% +Community rating and we passed that law +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +2005 okay what happened 20 God now my + + align:start position:0% +2005 okay what happened 20 God now my + + + align:start position:0% +2005 okay what happened 20 God now my +dates are bad was it 2006 I don't even + + align:start position:0% +dates are bad was it 2006 I don't even + + + align:start position:0% +dates are bad was it 2006 I don't even +remember getting old anyway 2005 2006 I + + align:start position:0% +remember getting old anyway 2005 2006 I + + + align:start position:0% +remember getting old anyway 2005 2006 I +don't remember um what + + align:start position:0% +don't remember um what + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember um what +happened was uh an enormous success now + + align:start position:0% +happened was uh an enormous success now + + + align:start position:0% +happened was uh an enormous success now +you won't find any more any more biased + + align:start position:0% +you won't find any more any more biased + + + align:start position:0% +you won't find any more any more biased +than me okay on this topic but I think + + align:start position:0% +than me okay on this topic but I think + + + align:start position:0% +than me okay on this topic but I think +it's hard to argu as anything but a + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to argu as anything but a + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to argu as anything but a +success how would you measure success + + align:start position:0% +success how would you measure success + + + align:start position:0% +success how would you measure success +first of all was it popular yes it never + + align:start position:0% +first of all was it popular yes it never + + + align:start position:0% +first of all was it popular yes it never +had below 60% public support Second of + + align:start position:0% +had below 60% public support Second of + + + align:start position:0% +had below 60% public support Second of +all did it achieve its goals what were + + align:start position:0% +all did it achieve its goals what were + + + align:start position:0% +all did it achieve its goals what were +its two goals the first goal was + + align:start position:0% +its two goals the first goal was + + + align:start position:0% +its two goals the first goal was +covering uninsured people the mass + + align:start position:0% +covering uninsured people the mass + + + align:start position:0% +covering uninsured people the mass +uninsurance rate fell fell by 2third + + align:start position:0% +uninsurance rate fell fell by 2third + + + align:start position:0% +uninsurance rate fell fell by 2third +bring the insurance rate to 3% in + + align:start position:0% +bring the insurance rate to 3% in + + + align:start position:0% +bring the insurance rate to 3% in +Massachusetts which is lower than which + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts which is lower than which + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts which is lower than which +is as low as many countries in Europe + + align:start position:0% +is as low as many countries in Europe + + + align:start position:0% +is as low as many countries in Europe +that was a success + + align:start position:0% +that was a success + + + align:start position:0% +that was a success +the third Al was did it fix the broken + + align:start position:0% +the third Al was did it fix the broken + + + align:start position:0% +the third Al was did it fix the broken +non-group Market the market we' broken + + align:start position:0% +non-group Market the market we' broken + + + align:start position:0% +non-group Market the market we' broken +by just trying to do this alone we tried + + align:start position:0% +by just trying to do this alone we tried + + + align:start position:0% +by just trying to do this alone we tried +to this alone first and broke the market + + align:start position:0% +to this alone first and broke the market + + + align:start position:0% +to this alone first and broke the market +and the answer is it did fix it many new + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is it did fix it many new + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is it did fix it many new +insurers came in prices came down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +50% so what you had at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +50% so what you had at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +50% so what you had at the end of the +day after this was a state where anyone + + align:start position:0% +day after this was a state where anyone + + + align:start position:0% +day after this was a state where anyone +regardless of Health could get fairly + + align:start position:0% +regardless of Health could get fairly + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of Health could get fairly +priced health insurance subsidized if + + align:start position:0% +priced health insurance subsidized if + + + align:start position:0% +priced health insurance subsidized if +they couldn't afford + + align:start position:0% +they couldn't afford + + + align:start position:0% +they couldn't afford +it so this was viewed as a huge success + + align:start position:0% +it so this was viewed as a huge success + + + align:start position:0% +it so this was viewed as a huge success +let me say on the right and the left + + align:start position:0% +let me say on the right and the left + + + align:start position:0% +let me say on the right and the left +okay if I can develop into politics a + + align:start position:0% +okay if I can develop into politics a + + + align:start position:0% +okay if I can develop into politics a +little bit because I'm personally + + align:start position:0% +little bit because I'm personally + + + align:start position:0% +little bit because I'm personally +personally upset about this okay this + + align:start position:0% +personally upset about this okay this + + + align:start position:0% +personally upset about this okay this +was a law signed by a republican + + align:start position:0% +was a law signed by a republican + + + align:start position:0% +was a law signed by a republican +Governor the speaker at the event where + + align:start position:0% +Governor the speaker at the event where + + + align:start position:0% +Governor the speaker at the event where +they signed it the main speaker on the + + align:start position:0% +they signed it the main speaker on the + + + align:start position:0% +they signed it the main speaker on the +podium was a conservative someone for + + align:start position:0% +podium was a conservative someone for + + + align:start position:0% +podium was a conservative someone for +conservative think tank this was viewed + + align:start position:0% +conservative think tank this was viewed + + + align:start position:0% +conservative think tank this was viewed +as a victory for individual + + align:start position:0% +as a victory for individual + + + align:start position:0% +as a victory for individual +responsibility conservatives praise + + align:start position:0% +responsibility conservatives praise + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility conservatives praise +individual responsibility we're going to + + align:start position:0% +individual responsibility we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +individual responsibility we're going to +make people take responsibility for + + align:start position:0% +make people take responsibility for + + + align:start position:0% +make people take responsibility for +their own Healthcare by having this + + align:start position:0% +their own Healthcare by having this + + + align:start position:0% +their own Healthcare by having this +individual mandate and indeed it was so + + align:start position:0% +individual mandate and indeed it was so + + + align:start position:0% +individual mandate and indeed it was so +successful that many other states wanted + + align:start position:0% +successful that many other states wanted + + + align:start position:0% +successful that many other states wanted +to replicate it probably my favorite + + align:start position:0% +to replicate it probably my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +to replicate it probably my favorite +experience this was getting to work in + + align:start position:0% +experience this was getting to work in + + + align:start position:0% +experience this was getting to work in +California now as a child of 80s action + + align:start position:0% +California now as a child of 80s action + + + align:start position:0% +California now as a child of 80s action +movies getting to work person with + + align:start position:0% +movies getting to work person with + + + align:start position:0% +movies getting to work person with +Governor Schwarzenegger was pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +Governor Schwarzenegger was pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +Governor Schwarzenegger was pretty cool +indeed in the anti room before you meet + + align:start position:0% +indeed in the anti room before you meet + + + align:start position:0% +indeed in the anti room before you meet +him I he has the sword from Conan the + + align:start position:0% +him I he has the sword from Conan the + + + align:start position:0% +him I he has the sword from Conan the +Barbarian so I got to hold I have a + + align:start position:0% +Barbarian so I got to hold I have a + + + align:start position:0% +Barbarian so I got to hold I have a +picture holding the sword from Conan + + align:start position:0% +picture holding the sword from Conan + + + align:start position:0% +picture holding the sword from Conan +which was really cool and Schwarzenegger + + align:start position:0% +which was really cool and Schwarzenegger + + + align:start position:0% +which was really cool and Schwarzenegger +really does he says we must cover all + + align:start position:0% +really does he says we must cover all + + + align:start position:0% +really does he says we must cover all +the uninsured in California you know it + + align:start position:0% +the uninsured in California you know it + + + align:start position:0% +the uninsured in California you know it +really sounds like that and uh that was + + align:start position:0% +really sounds like that and uh that was + + + align:start position:0% +really sounds like that and uh that was +very cool and I work with California + + align:start position:0% +very cool and I work with California + + + align:start position:0% +very cool and I work with California +other states and we'd get almost the + + align:start position:0% +other states and we'd get almost the + + + align:start position:0% +other states and we'd get almost the +finish line and then every time they'd + + align:start position:0% +finish line and then every time they'd + + + align:start position:0% +finish line and then every time they'd +say wait a second how are we going to + + align:start position:0% +say wait a second how are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +say wait a second how are we going to +pay for this this is really expensive in + + align:start position:0% +pay for this this is really expensive in + + + align:start position:0% +pay for this this is really expensive in +massach since it turned out we had sort + + align:start position:0% +massach since it turned out we had sort + + + align:start position:0% +massach since it turned out we had sort +of a cheat which is we were already + + align:start position:0% +of a cheat which is we were already + + + align:start position:0% +of a cheat which is we were already +spending a lot of money uninsured we + + align:start position:0% +spending a lot of money uninsured we + + + align:start position:0% +spending a lot of money uninsured we +could just + + align:start position:0% +could just + + + align:start position:0% +could just +rededicate other states didn't have that + + align:start position:0% +rededicate other states didn't have that + + + align:start position:0% +rededicate other states didn't have that +benefit so every state when they got to + + align:start position:0% +benefit so every state when they got to + + + align:start position:0% +benefit so every state when they got to +finish line we're like yeah sounds good + + align:start position:0% +finish line we're like yeah sounds good + + + align:start position:0% +finish line we're like yeah sounds good +in theory we can't afford it they + + align:start position:0% +in theory we can't afford it they + + + align:start position:0% +in theory we can't afford it they +stopped and we realized that if you're + + align:start position:0% +stopped and we realized that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +stopped and we realized that if you're +were going to do this nationally there + + align:start position:0% +were going to do this nationally there + + + align:start position:0% +were going to do this nationally there +had to be a national source of financing + + align:start position:0% +had to be a national source of financing + + + align:start position:0% +had to be a national source of financing +and that's what led President Obama to + + align:start position:0% +and that's what led President Obama to + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what led President Obama to +propose the Affordable Care Act + + align:start position:0% +propose the Affordable Care Act + + + align:start position:0% +propose the Affordable Care Act +Affordable Care Act was basically the + + align:start position:0% +Affordable Care Act was basically the + + + align:start position:0% +Affordable Care Act was basically the +Massachusetts law with three more zeros + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts law with three more zeros + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts law with three more zeros +it's basically the national massach law + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the national massach law + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the national massach law +at the federal level what do the foral + + align:start position:0% +at the federal level what do the foral + + + align:start position:0% +at the federal level what do the foral +Care Act do it opposes Community rating + + align:start position:0% +Care Act do it opposes Community rating + + + align:start position:0% +Care Act do it opposes Community rating +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +insurance okay it mandates mandated + + align:start position:0% +insurance okay it mandates mandated + + + align:start position:0% +insurance okay it mandates mandated +individuals to have health + + align:start position:0% +individuals to have health + + + align:start position:0% +individuals to have health +insurance and it set up subsidies to + + align:start position:0% +insurance and it set up subsidies to + + + align:start position:0% +insurance and it set up subsidies to +make that health insurance + + align:start position:0% +make that health insurance + + + align:start position:0% +make that health insurance +affordable in particular subsidized in + + align:start position:0% +affordable in particular subsidized in + + + align:start position:0% +affordable in particular subsidized in +two ways one is it expanded the Medicaid + + align:start position:0% +two ways one is it expanded the Medicaid + + + align:start position:0% +two ways one is it expanded the Medicaid +Program the Medicaid Program used to be + + align:start position:0% +Program the Medicaid Program used to be + + + align:start position:0% +Program the Medicaid Program used to be +only for very very poor people people + + align:start position:0% +only for very very poor people people + + + align:start position:0% +only for very very poor people people +living below like a quarter of the + + align:start position:0% +living below like a quarter of the + + + align:start position:0% +living below like a quarter of the +poverty line like super poor people now + + align:start position:0% +poverty line like super poor people now + + + align:start position:0% +poverty line like super poor people now +it's available to everyone up to 133% of + + align:start position:0% +it's available to everyone up to 133% of + + + align:start position:0% +it's available to everyone up to 133% of +the poverty line so like $30,000 for a + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line so like $30,000 for a + + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line so like $30,000 for a +family still poor but many more people + + align:start position:0% +family still poor but many more people + + + align:start position:0% +family still poor but many more people +and we set up subsidies like in + + align:start position:0% +and we set up subsidies like in + + + align:start position:0% +and we set up subsidies like in +Massachusetts for those who were above + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts for those who were above + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts for those who were above +133% of the poverty line but below four + + align:start position:0% +133% of the poverty line but below four + + + align:start position:0% +133% of the poverty line but below four +times the poverty line so it's like a + + align:start position:0% +times the poverty line so it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +times the poverty line so it's like a +three- tier system if you're below 133% + + align:start position:0% +three- tier system if you're below 133% + + + align:start position:0% +three- tier system if you're below 133% +of the poverty line insurance is free + + align:start position:0% +of the poverty line insurance is free + + + align:start position:0% +of the poverty line insurance is free +from 133 to four times the poverty line + + align:start position:0% +from 133 to four times the poverty line + + + align:start position:0% +from 133 to four times the poverty line +we're going to subsize Insurance on a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to subsize Insurance on a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to subsize Insurance on a +sliding scale and then above four times + + align:start position:0% +sliding scale and then above four times + + + align:start position:0% +sliding scale and then above four times +the poverty line you're on your own but + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line you're on your own but + + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line you're on your own but +we did one other thing which we set up + + align:start position:0% +we did one other thing which we set up + + + align:start position:0% +we did one other thing which we set up +exchanges so people could easily find + + align:start position:0% +exchanges so people could easily find + + + align:start position:0% +exchanges so people could easily find +and shop for insurance so they could go + + align:start position:0% +and shop for insurance so they could go + + + align:start position:0% +and shop for insurance so they could go +into the exchange we said the state + + align:start position:0% +into the exchange we said the state + + + align:start position:0% +into the exchange we said the state +exchang could easily find and shop for + + align:start position:0% +exchang could easily find and shop for + + + align:start position:0% +exchang could easily find and shop for +their insurance using these subsidies to + + align:start position:0% +their insurance using these subsidies to + + + align:start position:0% +their insurance using these subsidies to +buy health + + align:start position:0% +buy health + + + align:start position:0% +buy health +insurance okay and that's basically what + + align:start position:0% +insurance okay and that's basically what + + + align:start position:0% +insurance okay and that's basically what +the Affordable Care Act did now um let's + + align:start position:0% +the Affordable Care Act did now um let's + + + align:start position:0% +the Affordable Care Act did now um let's +talk about the Affordable Care Act on + + align:start position:0% +talk about the Affordable Care Act on + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the Affordable Care Act on +policy front it was an enormous success + + align:start position:0% +policy front it was an enormous success + + + align:start position:0% +policy front it was an enormous success +within several years of the law was + + align:start position:0% +within several years of the law was + + + align:start position:0% +within several years of the law was +passed in + + align:start position:0% +passed in + + + align:start position:0% +passed in +2010 implemented in + + align:start position:0% +2010 implemented in + + + align:start position:0% +2010 implemented in +2014 by 2016 we covered about 20 million + + align:start position:0% +2014 by 2016 we covered about 20 million + + + align:start position:0% +2014 by 2016 we covered about 20 million +Americans with health insurance + + align:start position:0% +Americans with health insurance + + + align:start position:0% +Americans with health insurance +coverage okay which was and we had fixed + + align:start position:0% +coverage okay which was and we had fixed + + + align:start position:0% +coverage okay which was and we had fixed +discrimination there was no longer + + align:start position:0% +discrimination there was no longer + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination there was no longer +discrimination Insurance markets I + + align:start position:0% +discrimination Insurance markets I + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination Insurance markets I +cannot emphasize this enough people do + + align:start position:0% +cannot emphasize this enough people do + + + align:start position:0% +cannot emphasize this enough people do +not talk about this enough with that + + align:start position:0% +not talk about this enough with that + + + align:start position:0% +not talk about this enough with that +with the foral Care Act they talk about + + align:start position:0% +with the foral Care Act they talk about + + + align:start position:0% +with the foral Care Act they talk about +its effects on costs or coverage they + + align:start position:0% +its effects on costs or coverage they + + + align:start position:0% +its effects on costs or coverage they +don't talk about the most important part + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about the most important part + + + align:start position:0% +don't talk about the most important part +of the phal Care Act which is the US is + + align:start position:0% +of the phal Care Act which is the US is + + + align:start position:0% +of the phal Care Act which is the US is +no longer a nation where you can be + + align:start position:0% +no longer a nation where you can be + + + align:start position:0% +no longer a nation where you can be +denied Insurance because you're sick + + align:start position:0% +denied Insurance because you're sick + + + align:start position:0% +denied Insurance because you're sick +it's no longer a nation where women get + + align:start position:0% +it's no longer a nation where women get + + + align:start position:0% +it's no longer a nation where women get +charged more for insurance than men it's + + align:start position:0% +charged more for insurance than men it's + + + align:start position:0% +charged more for insurance than men it's +and these this is these are critical + + align:start position:0% +and these this is these are critical + + + align:start position:0% +and these this is these are critical +change every other nation in the world + + align:start position:0% +change every other nation in the world + + + align:start position:0% +change every other nation in the world +has this principle no other nation in + + align:start position:0% +has this principle no other nation in + + + align:start position:0% +has this principle no other nation in +the world allowed Insurance to + + align:start position:0% +the world allowed Insurance to + + + align:start position:0% +the world allowed Insurance to +discriminate the discriminate the way we + + align:start position:0% +discriminate the discriminate the way we + + + align:start position:0% +discriminate the discriminate the way we +did and that ended so in policy grounds + + align:start position:0% +did and that ended so in policy grounds + + + align:start position:0% +did and that ended so in policy grounds +enormous success politically massive + + align:start position:0% +enormous success politically massive + + + align:start position:0% +enormous success politically massive +failure why why massive failure well + + align:start position:0% +failure why why massive failure well + + + align:start position:0% +failure why why massive failure well +books have been written and we'll + + align:start position:0% +books have been written and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +books have been written and we'll +continue written on + + align:start position:0% +continue written on + + + align:start position:0% +continue written on +this I think a couple of interesting + + align:start position:0% +this I think a couple of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this I think a couple of interesting +lessons one lesson is you know we don't + + align:start position:0% +lessons one lesson is you know we don't + + + align:start position:0% +lessons one lesson is you know we don't +talk in this class about political + + align:start position:0% +talk in this class about political + + + align:start position:0% +talk in this class about political +economy which is the study of how voters + + align:start position:0% +economy which is the study of how voters + + + align:start position:0% +economy which is the study of how voters +make their decisions and how politicians + + align:start position:0% +make their decisions and how politicians + + + align:start position:0% +make their decisions and how politicians +make their decisions but if you go back + + align:start position:0% +make their decisions but if you go back + + + align:start position:0% +make their decisions but if you go back +to these numbers the idea of both the + + align:start position:0% +to these numbers the idea of both the + + + align:start position:0% +to these numbers the idea of both the +massachusett bill and the Affordable + + align:start position:0% +massachusett bill and the Affordable + + + align:start position:0% +massachusett bill and the Affordable +Care Act was look for 80% of people the + + align:start position:0% +Care Act was look for 80% of people the + + + align:start position:0% +Care Act was look for 80% of people the +system's working let's leave them alone + + align:start position:0% +system's working let's leave them alone + + + align:start position:0% +system's working let's leave them alone +let's focus on 20% it's not working + + align:start position:0% +let's focus on 20% it's not working + + + align:start position:0% +let's focus on 20% it's not working +for in mass that work great because 80% + + align:start position:0% +for in mass that work great because 80% + + + align:start position:0% +for in mass that work great because 80% +said hey look I don't care and you're + + align:start position:0% +said hey look I don't care and you're + + + align:start position:0% +said hey look I don't care and you're +helping uninsured people great I'll + + align:start position:0% +helping uninsured people great I'll + + + align:start position:0% +helping uninsured people great I'll +support it + + align:start position:0% +support it + + + align:start position:0% +support it +nationally we had the problem that there + + align:start position:0% +nationally we had the problem that there + + + align:start position:0% +nationally we had the problem that there +are many people out there saying this + + align:start position:0% +are many people out there saying this + + + align:start position:0% +are many people out there saying this +law was terrible and the 80% said wait a + + align:start position:0% +law was terrible and the 80% said wait a + + + align:start position:0% +law was terrible and the 80% said wait a +second maybe this Turbo's not doing + + align:start position:0% +second maybe this Turbo's not doing + + + align:start position:0% +second maybe this Turbo's not doing +anything for me so may his law isn't so + + align:start position:0% +anything for me so may his law isn't so + + + align:start position:0% +anything for me so may his law isn't so +great so the conversation was changed in + + align:start position:0% +great so the conversation was changed in + + + align:start position:0% +great so the conversation was changed in +a away wasn't in + + align:start position:0% +a away wasn't in + + + align:start position:0% +a away wasn't in +Massachusetts so essentially by leaving + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts so essentially by leaving + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts so essentially by leaving +80% of people alone the theory was gee + + align:start position:0% +80% of people alone the theory was gee + + + align:start position:0% +80% of people alone the theory was gee +they'll at best at worst be neutral at + + align:start position:0% +they'll at best at worst be neutral at + + + align:start position:0% +they'll at best at worst be neutral at +best be supportive because they we doing + + align:start position:0% +best be supportive because they we doing + + + align:start position:0% +best be supportive because they we doing +good things we missed the fact that they + + align:start position:0% +good things we missed the fact that they + + + align:start position:0% +good things we missed the fact that they +were up to being + + align:start position:0% +were up to being + + + align:start position:0% +were up to being +persuaded and they're easily persuaded + + align:start position:0% +persuaded and they're easily persuaded + + + align:start position:0% +persuaded and they're easily persuaded +because of these important numbers if + + align:start position:0% +because of these important numbers if + + + align:start position:0% +because of these important numbers if +you pass a law in 2010 and don't + + align:start position:0% +you pass a law in 2010 and don't + + + align:start position:0% +you pass a law in 2010 and don't +Implement till 2014 you give four years + + align:start position:0% +Implement till 2014 you give four years + + + align:start position:0% +Implement till 2014 you give four years +people don't like the law talk about how + + align:start position:0% +people don't like the law talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +people don't like the law talk about how +terrible it is with nothing to point to + + align:start position:0% +terrible it is with nothing to point to + + + align:start position:0% +terrible it is with nothing to point to +so for four years people said this could + + align:start position:0% +so for four years people said this could + + + align:start position:0% +so for four years people said this could +to be disaster it's destroying the US + + align:start position:0% +to be disaster it's destroying the US + + + align:start position:0% +to be disaster it's destroying the US +economy D D D D D and all the supporters + + align:start position:0% +economy D D D D D and all the supporters + + + align:start position:0% +economy D D D D D and all the supporters +says well wait after 2014 things will be + + align:start position:0% +says well wait after 2014 things will be + + + align:start position:0% +says well wait after 2014 things will be +better but by then opinions had kind of + + align:start position:0% +better but by then opinions had kind of + + + align:start position:0% +better but by then opinions had kind of +hardened so it's interesting lessons + + align:start position:0% +hardened so it's interesting lessons + + + align:start position:0% +hardened so it's interesting lessons +politics what's the economics of + + align:start position:0% +politics what's the economics of + + + align:start position:0% +politics what's the economics of +this the economics of this is that + + align:start position:0% +this the economics of this is that + + + align:start position:0% +this the economics of this is that +basically when that in some sense when + + align:start position:0% +basically when that in some sense when + + + align:start position:0% +basically when that in some sense when +thinking about optimal policy polic + + align:start position:0% +thinking about optimal policy polic + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about optimal policy polic +design politics is another + + align:start position:0% +design politics is another + + + align:start position:0% +design politics is another +constraint that we can't just as + + align:start position:0% +constraint that we can't just as + + + align:start position:0% +constraint that we can't just as +economists and policiers say well I + + align:start position:0% +economists and policiers say well I + + + align:start position:0% +economists and policiers say well I +studed 1401 here's the optimal policy we + + align:start position:0% +studed 1401 here's the optimal policy we + + + align:start position:0% +studed 1401 here's the optimal policy we +have to recognize that optimal policy is + + align:start position:0% +have to recognize that optimal policy is + + + align:start position:0% +have to recognize that optimal policy is +constrained by what politicians want to + + align:start position:0% +constrained by what politicians want to + + + align:start position:0% +constrained by what politicians want to +do and voters want and that's okay that + + align:start position:0% +do and voters want and that's okay that + + + align:start position:0% +do and voters want and that's okay that +just means that when you optimize + + align:start position:0% +just means that when you optimize + + + align:start position:0% +just means that when you optimize +there's another constraint in + + align:start position:0% +there's another constraint in + + + align:start position:0% +there's another constraint in +optimization which is recognizing that + + align:start position:0% +optimization which is recognizing that + + + align:start position:0% +optimization which is recognizing that +you need to think about the real world + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about the real world + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about the real world +political + + align:start position:0% +political + + + align:start position:0% +political +consequences of uh decisions you make + + align:start position:0% +consequences of uh decisions you make + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of uh decisions you make +like delaying for years pass to have the + + align:start position:0% +like delaying for years pass to have the + + + align:start position:0% +like delaying for years pass to have the +law take effect or like doing nothing + + align:start position:0% +law take effect or like doing nothing + + + align:start position:0% +law take effect or like doing nothing +for these 80% of the public Etc now a + + align:start position:0% +for these 80% of the public Etc now a + + + align:start position:0% +for these 80% of the public Etc now a +funny thing happened in 2016 well not a + + align:start position:0% +funny thing happened in 2016 well not a + + + align:start position:0% +funny thing happened in 2016 well not a +funny thing happened first in 2016 + + align:start position:0% +funny thing happened first in 2016 + + + align:start position:0% +funny thing happened first in 2016 +partly as a result of this the + + align:start position:0% +partly as a result of this the + + + align:start position:0% +partly as a result of this the +Republicans took over both the + + align:start position:0% +Republicans took over both the + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans took over both the +presidency both sides of the Congress + + align:start position:0% +presidency both sides of the Congress + + + align:start position:0% +presidency both sides of the Congress +and their number one policy platform was + + align:start position:0% +and their number one policy platform was + + + align:start position:0% +and their number one policy platform was +repealing the Affordable Care + + align:start position:0% +repealing the Affordable Care + + + align:start position:0% +repealing the Affordable Care +Act and so we pretty much figured all + + align:start position:0% +Act and so we pretty much figured all + + + align:start position:0% +Act and so we pretty much figured all +the supporters figured well it's been a + + align:start position:0% +the supporters figured well it's been a + + + align:start position:0% +the supporters figured well it's been a +good run but it's over now but then a + + align:start position:0% +good run but it's over now but then a + + + align:start position:0% +good run but it's over now but then a +funny thing happened by the time 2017 + + align:start position:0% +funny thing happened by the time 2017 + + + align:start position:0% +funny thing happened by the time 2017 +rolled around the law in place for a few + + align:start position:0% +rolled around the law in place for a few + + + align:start position:0% +rolled around the law in place for a few +years and people were like gee this law + + align:start position:0% +years and people were like gee this law + + + align:start position:0% +years and people were like gee this law +isn't so bad we kind of like it we don't + + align:start position:0% +isn't so bad we kind of like it we don't + + + align:start position:0% +isn't so bad we kind of like it we don't +want to go away and so actually repeal + + align:start position:0% +want to go away and so actually repeal + + + align:start position:0% +want to go away and so actually repeal +never + + align:start position:0% +never + + + align:start position:0% +never +happened so in in fact in 2017 support + + align:start position:0% +happened so in in fact in 2017 support + + + align:start position:0% +happened so in in fact in 2017 support +went above water went above 50% for the + + align:start position:0% +went above water went above 50% for the + + + align:start position:0% +went above water went above 50% for the +first time and the law was not repealed + + align:start position:0% +first time and the law was not repealed + + + align:start position:0% +first time and the law was not repealed +and now will not be repealed president + + align:start position:0% +and now will not be repealed president + + + align:start position:0% +and now will not be repealed president +you know candidate Trump has talked + + align:start position:0% +you know candidate Trump has talked + + + align:start position:0% +you know candidate Trump has talked +recently about wanting to repal the law + + align:start position:0% +recently about wanting to repal the law + + + align:start position:0% +recently about wanting to repal the law +repeal the law again it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +repeal the law again it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +repeal the law again it's going to be +politically very challenging because + + align:start position:0% +politically very challenging because + + + align:start position:0% +politically very challenging because +it's now popular it's now a popular + + align:start position:0% +it's now popular it's now a popular + + + align:start position:0% +it's now popular it's now a popular +piece of legislation it's now sort of + + align:start position:0% +piece of legislation it's now sort of + + + align:start position:0% +piece of legislation it's now sort of +embedded into our system it's an + + align:start position:0% +embedded into our system it's an + + + align:start position:0% +embedded into our system it's an +interesting lesson here in some + + align:start position:0% +interesting lesson here in some + + + align:start position:0% +interesting lesson here in some +behavioral economics as applied to + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics as applied to + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics as applied to +economy which is we talked about loss + + align:start position:0% +economy which is we talked about loss + + + align:start position:0% +economy which is we talked about loss +version the endowment effect another + + align:start position:0% +version the endowment effect another + + + align:start position:0% +version the endowment effect another +version of the endowment effect is + + align:start position:0% +version of the endowment effect is + + + align:start position:0% +version of the endowment effect is +what's called status quo bias which is + + align:start position:0% +what's called status quo bias which is + + + align:start position:0% +what's called status quo bias which is +Once A law is in place it is harder to + + align:start position:0% +Once A law is in place it is harder to + + + align:start position:0% +Once A law is in place it is harder to +take it away than it is to implement it + + align:start position:0% +take it away than it is to implement it + + + align:start position:0% +take it away than it is to implement it +in the first place so one of the uh the + + align:start position:0% +in the first place so one of the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +in the first place so one of the uh the +main criticisms you heard of the foral C + + align:start position:0% +main criticisms you heard of the foral C + + + align:start position:0% +main criticisms you heard of the foral C +is oh it's socialized medicine and those + + align:start position:0% +is oh it's socialized medicine and those + + + align:start position:0% +is oh it's socialized medicine and those +same critics would say it should be more + + align:start position:0% +same critics would say it should be more + + + align:start position:0% +same critics would say it should be more +like Medicare + + align:start position:0% +like Medicare + + + align:start position:0% +like Medicare +well Medicare is socialized medicine + + align:start position:0% +well Medicare is socialized medicine + + + align:start position:0% +well Medicare is socialized medicine +Medicare is government provided + + align:start position:0% +Medicare is government provided + + + align:start position:0% +Medicare is government provided +healthare for the for the elderly it's a + + align:start position:0% +healthare for the for the elderly it's a + + + align:start position:0% +healthare for the for the elderly it's a +government system and you know one of + + align:start position:0% +government system and you know one of + + + align:start position:0% +government system and you know one of +the most famous moments in the B foral + + align:start position:0% +the most famous moments in the B foral + + + align:start position:0% +the most famous moments in the B foral +Care Act is people holding up a sign + + align:start position:0% +Care Act is people holding up a sign + + + align:start position:0% +Care Act is people holding up a sign +saying keep the government's hands off + + align:start position:0% +saying keep the government's hands off + + + align:start position:0% +saying keep the government's hands off +my medicare which is ironic because it's + + align:start position:0% +my medicare which is ironic because it's + + + align:start position:0% +my medicare which is ironic because it's +a government program but it's embedded + + align:start position:0% +a government program but it's embedded + + + align:start position:0% +a government program but it's embedded +it's in our endowment it's in the status + + align:start position:0% +it's in our endowment it's in the status + + + align:start position:0% +it's in our endowment it's in the status +quo so we kind of like it so it does + + align:start position:0% +quo so we kind of like it so it does + + + align:start position:0% +quo so we kind of like it so it does +sort of speak to how behavioral + + align:start position:0% +sort of speak to how behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +sort of speak to how behavioral +economics matters in world world + + align:start position:0% +economics matters in world world + + + align:start position:0% +economics matters in world world +political decisions as + + align:start position:0% +political decisions as + + + align:start position:0% +political decisions as +well okay that's what I want to say just + + align:start position:0% +well okay that's what I want to say just + + + align:start position:0% +well okay that's what I want to say just +last thing on coverage obviously there's + + align:start position:0% +last thing on coverage obviously there's + + + align:start position:0% +last thing on coverage obviously there's +still + + align:start position:0% +still + + + align:start position:0% +still +about uh on the order of 25 million + + align:start position:0% +about uh on the order of 25 million + + + align:start position:0% +about uh on the order of 25 million +uninsured Americans maybe 30 million + + align:start position:0% +uninsured Americans maybe 30 million + + + align:start position:0% +uninsured Americans maybe 30 million +uninsured Americans we still do not have + + align:start position:0% +uninsured Americans we still do not have + + + align:start position:0% +uninsured Americans we still do not have +Universal coverage we've cut the number + + align:start position:0% +Universal coverage we've cut the number + + + align:start position:0% +Universal coverage we've cut the number +almost in half the Affordable Care Act + + align:start position:0% +almost in half the Affordable Care Act + + + align:start position:0% +almost in half the Affordable Care Act +which is great but it's still much too + + align:start position:0% +which is great but it's still much too + + + align:start position:0% +which is great but it's still much too +large the question is what next and that + + align:start position:0% +large the question is what next and that + + + align:start position:0% +large the question is what next and that +becomes the the debate that your + + align:start position:0% +becomes the the debate that your + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the the debate that your +generation will have to engage in which + + align:start position:0% +generation will have to engage in which + + + align:start position:0% +generation will have to engage in which +is how do we take it all the way to get + + align:start position:0% +is how do we take it all the way to get + + + align:start position:0% +is how do we take it all the way to get +to getting everyone insured + + align:start position:0% +to getting everyone insured + + + align:start position:0% +to getting everyone insured +okay so that's what want to say about + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what want to say about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what want to say about +insurance coverage questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that all right now let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +that all right now let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +that all right now let's talk about the +other big topic let's talk about C + + align:start position:0% +other big topic let's talk about C + + + align:start position:0% +other big topic let's talk about C +healthcare + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +costs by most estimates this is + + align:start position:0% +costs by most estimates this is + + + align:start position:0% +costs by most estimates this is +imprecise by most estimates about a + + align:start position:0% +imprecise by most estimates about a + + + align:start position:0% +imprecise by most estimates about a +third of what we spend on Healthcare in + + align:start position:0% +third of what we spend on Healthcare in + + + align:start position:0% +third of what we spend on Healthcare in +the US does not actually improve + + align:start position:0% +the US does not actually improve + + + align:start position:0% +the US does not actually improve +health which is sort of consistent with + + align:start position:0% +health which is sort of consistent with + + + align:start position:0% +health which is sort of consistent with +the notion that we spend a third more + + align:start position:0% +the notion that we spend a third more + + + align:start position:0% +the notion that we spend a third more +than other countries that are in + + align:start position:0% +than other countries that are in + + + align:start position:0% +than other countries that are in +level okay about a third of what we + + align:start position:0% +level okay about a third of what we + + + align:start position:0% +level okay about a third of what we +spend in healthcare is not actually + + align:start position:0% +spend in healthcare is not actually + + + align:start position:0% +spend in healthcare is not actually +Health + + align:start position:0% +Health + + + align:start position:0% +Health +improving so what is going on what's + + align:start position:0% +improving so what is going on what's + + + align:start position:0% +improving so what is going on what's +going on is that there is no Market that + + align:start position:0% +going on is that there is no Market that + + + align:start position:0% +going on is that there is no Market that +exists in history which is as Rife with + + align:start position:0% +exists in history which is as Rife with + + + align:start position:0% +exists in history which is as Rife with +market failures as Healthcare every + + align:start position:0% +market failures as Healthcare every + + + align:start position:0% +market failures as Healthcare every +market failure we learned about in this + + align:start position:0% +market failure we learned about in this + + + align:start position:0% +market failure we learned about in this +class is Central to healthcare let's go + + align:start position:0% +class is Central to healthcare let's go + + + align:start position:0% +class is Central to healthcare let's go +through them what's the First Market we + + align:start position:0% +through them what's the First Market we + + + align:start position:0% +through them what's the First Market we +learned about Market power and Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +learned about Market power and Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +learned about Market power and Monopoly +well talk about Market power what + + align:start position:0% +well talk about Market power what + + + align:start position:0% +well talk about Market power what +defeats Market power is the ability to + + align:start position:0% +defeats Market power is the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +defeats Market power is the ability to +shop when you're in the back of an + + align:start position:0% +shop when you're in the back of an + + + align:start position:0% +shop when you're in the back of an +ambulance having had a heart attack + + align:start position:0% +ambulance having had a heart attack + + + align:start position:0% +ambulance having had a heart attack +you're not a very good + + align:start position:0% +you're not a very good + + + align:start position:0% +you're not a very good +shopper okay there's no shopping in + + align:start position:0% +shopper okay there's no shopping in + + + align:start position:0% +shopper okay there's no shopping in +healthcare information is incredibly bad + + align:start position:0% +healthcare information is incredibly bad + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare information is incredibly bad +it's hard transaction costs are huge + + align:start position:0% +it's hard transaction costs are huge + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard transaction costs are huge +there are very few competitive pressures + + align:start position:0% +there are very few competitive pressures + + + align:start position:0% +there are very few competitive pressures +in the healthcare Market leading to + + align:start position:0% +in the healthcare Market leading to + + + align:start position:0% +in the healthcare Market leading to +massive Market power some of the market + + align:start position:0% +massive Market power some of the market + + + align:start position:0% +massive Market power some of the market +power is geographic okay if you have a + + align:start position:0% +power is geographic okay if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +power is geographic okay if you have a +heart attack on Nantucket there is one + + align:start position:0% +heart attack on Nantucket there is one + + + align:start position:0% +heart attack on Nantucket there is one +Hospital on Nantucket you're done talk + + align:start position:0% +Hospital on Nantucket you're done talk + + + align:start position:0% +Hospital on Nantucket you're done talk +about timal Market power okay some of it + + align:start position:0% +about timal Market power okay some of it + + + align:start position:0% +about timal Market power okay some of it +is not Geographic reputational + + align:start position:0% +is not Geographic reputational + + + align:start position:0% +is not Geographic reputational +Boston has probably the highest density + + align:start position:0% +Boston has probably the highest density + + + align:start position:0% +Boston has probably the highest density +of hospital beds per capita of anywhere + + align:start position:0% +of hospital beds per capita of anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +of hospital beds per capita of anywhere +you cannot fall down without hitting a + + align:start position:0% +you cannot fall down without hitting a + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot fall down without hitting a +hospital okay yet when David Ortiz was + + align:start position:0% +hospital okay yet when David Ortiz was + + + align:start position:0% +hospital okay yet when David Ortiz was +shot in the Dominican Republic and flown + + align:start position:0% +shot in the Dominican Republic and flown + + + align:start position:0% +shot in the Dominican Republic and flown +to America for treatment because + + align:start position:0% +to America for treatment because + + + align:start position:0% +to America for treatment because +remember we do have the best Healthcare + + align:start position:0% +remember we do have the best Healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +remember we do have the best Healthcare +if you're in the system did he go to the + + align:start position:0% +if you're in the system did he go to the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in the system did he go to the +official Hospital the Red Sox Beth + + align:start position:0% +official Hospital the Red Sox Beth + + + align:start position:0% +official Hospital the Red Sox Beth +Israel one of the nation's top rated + + align:start position:0% +Israel one of the nation's top rated + + + align:start position:0% +Israel one of the nation's top rated +hospitals no he went to MGH which is + + align:start position:0% +hospitals no he went to MGH which is + + + align:start position:0% +hospitals no he went to MGH which is +slightly higher in the nation's rankings + + align:start position:0% +slightly higher in the nation's rankings + + + align:start position:0% +slightly higher in the nation's rankings +and paid considerably more okay there's + + align:start position:0% +and paid considerably more okay there's + + + align:start position:0% +and paid considerably more okay there's +also reputational monopolies monopolies + + align:start position:0% +also reputational monopolies monopolies + + + align:start position:0% +also reputational monopolies monopolies +not have to be purely natural they can + + align:start position:0% +not have to be purely natural they can + + + align:start position:0% +not have to be purely natural they can +come for other reasons which is people + + align:start position:0% +come for other reasons which is people + + + align:start position:0% +come for other reasons which is people +always the very best hospital and that + + align:start position:0% +always the very best hospital and that + + + align:start position:0% +always the very best hospital and that +gives Market power to the very best + + align:start position:0% +gives Market power to the very best + + + align:start position:0% +gives Market power to the very best +hospital in Boston which is + + align:start position:0% +hospital in Boston which is + + + align:start position:0% +hospital in Boston which is +MGH Mass General Hospital so basically + + align:start position:0% +MGH Mass General Hospital so basically + + + align:start position:0% +MGH Mass General Hospital so basically +first market failure massive Market + + align:start position:0% +first market failure massive Market + + + align:start position:0% +first market failure massive Market +power second market failure information + + align:start position:0% +power second market failure information + + + align:start position:0% +power second market failure information +imperfections we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +imperfections we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +imperfections we talked about the +imperfect information in Insurance + + align:start position:0% +imperfect information in Insurance + + + align:start position:0% +imperfect information in Insurance +markets what about imperfect information + + align:start position:0% +markets what about imperfect information + + + align:start position:0% +markets what about imperfect information +in medical markets I go to the doctor + + align:start position:0% +in medical markets I go to the doctor + + + align:start position:0% +in medical markets I go to the doctor +they tell me what test I need how do I + + align:start position:0% +they tell me what test I need how do I + + + align:start position:0% +they tell me what test I need how do I +know if they're right how do I know + + align:start position:0% +know if they're right how do I know + + + align:start position:0% +know if they're right how do I know +whether that's whether I need that test + + align:start position:0% +whether that's whether I need that test + + + align:start position:0% +whether that's whether I need that test +or not how do I know whether I need the + + align:start position:0% +or not how do I know whether I need the + + + align:start position:0% +or not how do I know whether I need the +treatment there's enormous information + + align:start position:0% +treatment there's enormous information + + + align:start position:0% +treatment there's enormous information +asymmetries in healthcare third Mark of + + align:start position:0% +asymmetries in healthcare third Mark of + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetries in healthcare third Mark of +failure we talked about + + align:start position:0% +failure we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +failure we talked about +externalities Healthcare is a classic + + align:start position:0% +externalities Healthcare is a classic + + + align:start position:0% +externalities Healthcare is a classic +externality if I don't have health + + align:start position:0% +externality if I don't have health + + + align:start position:0% +externality if I don't have health +insurance and I get sick and I come and + + align:start position:0% +insurance and I get sick and I come and + + + align:start position:0% +insurance and I get sick and I come and +cough on you you get sick that is a + + align:start position:0% +cough on you you get sick that is a + + + align:start position:0% +cough on you you get sick that is a +classic negative externality or more + + align:start position:0% +classic negative externality or more + + + align:start position:0% +classic negative externality or more +realistically if I'm + + align:start position:0% +realistically if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +realistically if I'm +uninsured there's a law in America + + align:start position:0% +uninsured there's a law in America + + + align:start position:0% +uninsured there's a law in America +called mtala which says emergency rooms + + align:start position:0% +called mtala which says emergency rooms + + + align:start position:0% +called mtala which says emergency rooms +must treat everyone who shows up + + align:start position:0% +must treat everyone who shows up + + + align:start position:0% +must treat everyone who shows up +regardless of their insurance coverage + + align:start position:0% +regardless of their insurance coverage + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of their insurance coverage +so when uninsured people go to the + + align:start position:0% +so when uninsured people go to the + + + align:start position:0% +so when uninsured people go to the +hospital they have to get treated how + + align:start position:0% +hospital they have to get treated how + + + align:start position:0% +hospital they have to get treated how +does that get paid for by the hospital + + align:start position:0% +does that get paid for by the hospital + + + align:start position:0% +does that get paid for by the hospital +charging more to their insured patients + + align:start position:0% +charging more to their insured patients + + + align:start position:0% +charging more to their insured patients +that's an + + align:start position:0% +that's an + + + align:start position:0% +that's an +externality so every market failure we + + align:start position:0% +externality so every market failure we + + + align:start position:0% +externality so every market failure we +talked about is r in healthcare you + + align:start position:0% +talked about is r in healthcare you + + + align:start position:0% +talked about is r in healthcare you +would never find a + + align:start position:0% +would never find a + + + align:start position:0% +would never find a +market Which is less well + + align:start position:0% +market Which is less well + + + align:start position:0% +market Which is less well +suited to the classic analysis we did in + + align:start position:0% +suited to the classic analysis we did in + + + align:start position:0% +suited to the classic analysis we did in +the first half of this class and yet + + align:start position:0% +the first half of this class and yet + + + align:start position:0% +the first half of this class and yet +unlike the rest of the world we allow + + align:start position:0% +unlike the rest of the world we allow + + + align:start position:0% +unlike the rest of the world we allow +the free market to determine many of our + + align:start position:0% +the free market to determine many of our + + + align:start position:0% +the free market to determine many of our +outcomes in healthcare + + align:start position:0% +outcomes in healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes in healthcare +settings okay and in particular + + align:start position:0% +settings okay and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +settings okay and in particular +there is a fundamental difference from + + align:start position:0% +there is a fundamental difference from + + + align:start position:0% +there is a fundamental difference from +the rest of the world in the US we're + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the world in the US we're + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the world in the US we're +the only country in the world that does + + align:start position:0% +the only country in the world that does + + + align:start position:0% +the only country in the world that does +not regulate our health care prices + + align:start position:0% +not regulate our health care prices + + + align:start position:0% +not regulate our health care prices +let's go back to the Monopoly analysis + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to the Monopoly analysis + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to the Monopoly analysis +we talked about how with + + align:start position:0% +we talked about how with + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about how with +Monopoly you have a situation where you + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly you have a situation where you + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly you have a situation where you +can improve outcomes through regulation + + align:start position:0% +can improve outcomes through regulation + + + align:start position:0% +can improve outcomes through regulation +not necessarily you can go too far but + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily you can go too far but + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily you can go too far but +basically there a deadweight loss from + + align:start position:0% +basically there a deadweight loss from + + + align:start position:0% +basically there a deadweight loss from +under production and regulation can + + align:start position:0% +under production and regulation can + + + align:start position:0% +under production and regulation can +prove outcomes we talked about + + align:start position:0% +prove outcomes we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +prove outcomes we talked about +information asymmetries we talked about + + align:start position:0% +information asymmetries we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +information asymmetries we talked about +regulations like mandates and subsidies + + align:start position:0% +regulations like mandates and subsidies + + + align:start position:0% +regulations like mandates and subsidies +can Pro outcomes externalities we talked + + align:start position:0% +can Pro outcomes externalities we talked + + + align:start position:0% +can Pro outcomes externalities we talked +about corrective taxation when there's + + align:start position:0% +about corrective taxation when there's + + + align:start position:0% +about corrective taxation when there's +market failures you need government + + align:start position:0% +market failures you need government + + + align:start position:0% +market failures you need government +involvement and the US now to be clear + + align:start position:0% +involvement and the US now to be clear + + + align:start position:0% +involvement and the US now to be clear +let me be very clear the US does not + + align:start position:0% +let me be very clear the US does not + + + align:start position:0% +let me be very clear the US does not +have a purely private healthare system + + align:start position:0% +have a purely private healthare system + + + align:start position:0% +have a purely private healthare system +literally if you look at us Healthcare + + align:start position:0% +literally if you look at us Healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +literally if you look at us Healthcare +spending 50% is government and 50% is + + align:start position:0% +spending 50% is government and 50% is + + + align:start position:0% +spending 50% is government and 50% is +private we're a very mixed system the + + align:start position:0% +private we're a very mixed system the + + + align:start position:0% +private we're a very mixed system the +difference from other and other + + align:start position:0% +difference from other and other + + + align:start position:0% +difference from other and other +countries are mixed too every other + + align:start position:0% +countries are mixed too every other + + + align:start position:0% +countries are mixed too every other +country also has some public and some + + align:start position:0% +country also has some public and some + + + align:start position:0% +country also has some public and some +private spending the difference is other + + align:start position:0% +private spending the difference is other + + + align:start position:0% +private spending the difference is other +countries regulate the private sector in + + align:start position:0% +countries regulate the private sector in + + + align:start position:0% +countries regulate the private sector in +a way we don't other countries set the + + align:start position:0% +a way we don't other countries set the + + + align:start position:0% +a way we don't other countries set the +prices that doctors and hospitals and + + align:start position:0% +prices that doctors and hospitals and + + + align:start position:0% +prices that doctors and hospitals and +drugs can charge and the US does not + + align:start position:0% +drugs can charge and the US does not + + + align:start position:0% +drugs can charge and the US does not +okay and that is the fund I think where + + align:start position:0% +okay and that is the fund I think where + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that is the fund I think where +Health economists now are that is the + + align:start position:0% +Health economists now are that is the + + + align:start position:0% +Health economists now are that is the +fundamental difference the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +fundamental difference the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental difference the fundamental +challenge that we face it's a challenge + + align:start position:0% +challenge that we face it's a challenge + + + align:start position:0% +challenge that we face it's a challenge +that leads to a number of problems the + + align:start position:0% +that leads to a number of problems the + + + align:start position:0% +that leads to a number of problems the +first problem is we know in the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +first problem is we know in the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +first problem is we know in the Monopoly +case prices will be too high okay the + + align:start position:0% +case prices will be too high okay the + + + align:start position:0% +case prices will be too high okay the +first problem pric are just too high + + align:start position:0% +first problem pric are just too high + + + align:start position:0% +first problem pric are just too high +price too high we spend too much money + + align:start position:0% +price too high we spend too much money + + + align:start position:0% +price too high we spend too much money +so for example for a typical drug or + + align:start position:0% +so for example for a typical drug or + + + align:start position:0% +so for example for a typical drug or +procedure we pay two to three times what + + align:start position:0% +procedure we pay two to three times what + + + align:start position:0% +procedure we pay two to three times what +they pay in Europe + + align:start position:0% +they pay in Europe + + + align:start position:0% +they pay in Europe +okay an MRI in a Boston Hospital $1,500 + + align:start position:0% +okay an MRI in a Boston Hospital $1,500 + + + align:start position:0% +okay an MRI in a Boston Hospital $1,500 +in Japan is + + align:start position:0% +in Japan is + + + align:start position:0% +in Japan is +$75 okay we have massive differences + + align:start position:0% +$75 okay we have massive differences + + + align:start position:0% +$75 okay we have massive differences +that's the first + + align:start position:0% +that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first +problem the second problem is more + + align:start position:0% +problem the second problem is more + + + align:start position:0% +problem the second problem is more +subtle but important as we think about + + align:start position:0% +subtle but important as we think about + + + align:start position:0% +subtle but important as we think about +Market design thinking about more + + align:start position:0% +Market design thinking about more + + + align:start position:0% +Market design thinking about more +sophisticated models of markets than we + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated models of markets than we + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated models of markets than we +covered in this class which is when you + + align:start position:0% +covered in this class which is when you + + + align:start position:0% +covered in this class which is when you +have imperfect information and so when + + align:start position:0% +have imperfect information and so when + + + align:start position:0% +have imperfect information and so when +selling good soone buying the good there + + align:start position:0% +selling good soone buying the good there + + + align:start position:0% +selling good soone buying the good there +will emerge a class of middlemen which + + align:start position:0% +will emerge a class of middlemen which + + + align:start position:0% +will emerge a class of middlemen which +will help negotiate between the + + align:start position:0% +will help negotiate between the + + + align:start position:0% +will help negotiate between the +uninformed seller the informed selling + + align:start position:0% +uninformed seller the informed selling + + + align:start position:0% +uninformed seller the informed selling +or the uninformed buyer of the good + + align:start position:0% +or the uninformed buyer of the good + + + align:start position:0% +or the uninformed buyer of the good +which in principle is good they can help + + align:start position:0% +which in principle is good they can help + + + align:start position:0% +which in principle is good they can help +squeeze the rents out the problem is in + + align:start position:0% +squeeze the rents out the problem is in + + + align:start position:0% +squeeze the rents out the problem is in +practice the whole extra layer of + + align:start position:0% +practice the whole extra layer of + + + align:start position:0% +practice the whole extra layer of +expenses you add in America you don't + + align:start position:0% +expenses you add in America you don't + + + align:start position:0% +expenses you add in America you don't +have in other + + align:start position:0% +have in other + + + align:start position:0% +have in other +countries the bottom line is we spend a + + align:start position:0% +countries the bottom line is we spend a + + + align:start position:0% +countries the bottom line is we spend a +lot more simply because we not regulate + + align:start position:0% +lot more simply because we not regulate + + + align:start position:0% +lot more simply because we not regulate +prices okay and the answer is really + + align:start position:0% +prices okay and the answer is really + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay and the answer is really +easy we just need to regulate prices we + + align:start position:0% +easy we just need to regulate prices we + + + align:start position:0% +easy we just need to regulate prices we +do what the rest of the world does + + align:start position:0% +do what the rest of the world does + + + align:start position:0% +do what the rest of the world does +regulate prices the problem is the + + align:start position:0% +regulate prices the problem is the + + + align:start position:0% +regulate prices the problem is the +politics and it's once again the status + + align:start position:0% +politics and it's once again the status + + + align:start position:0% +politics and it's once again the status +quo bias if it's one thing to set up a + + align:start position:0% +quo bias if it's one thing to set up a + + + align:start position:0% +quo bias if it's one thing to set up a +new system with regulated prices it's + + align:start position:0% +new system with regulated prices it's + + + align:start position:0% +new system with regulated prices it's +another thing to take an existing system + + align:start position:0% +another thing to take an existing system + + + align:start position:0% +another thing to take an existing system +and regulate the prices and the reason + + align:start position:0% +and regulate the prices and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +and regulate the prices and the reason +as the famous Health Economist U + + align:start position:0% +as the famous Health Economist U + + + align:start position:0% +as the famous Health Economist U +Reinhardt once said is that health care + + align:start position:0% +Reinhardt once said is that health care + + + align:start position:0% +Reinhardt once said is that health care +costs are also Healthcare income and + + align:start position:0% +costs are also Healthcare income and + + + align:start position:0% +costs are also Healthcare income and +when you cut costs you're often cutting + + align:start position:0% +when you cut costs you're often cutting + + + align:start position:0% +when you cut costs you're often cutting +someone's income and that person will + + align:start position:0% +someone's income and that person will + + + align:start position:0% +someone's income and that person will +get politically involved to stop you so + + align:start position:0% +get politically involved to stop you so + + + align:start position:0% +get politically involved to stop you so +let me give a classic depressing + + align:start position:0% +let me give a classic depressing + + + align:start position:0% +let me give a classic depressing +example some drugs we buy at the + + align:start position:0% +example some drugs we buy at the + + + align:start position:0% +example some drugs we buy at the +pharmacy some drugs are + + align:start position:0% +pharmacy some drugs are + + + align:start position:0% +pharmacy some drugs are +injected those injected drugs are at the + + align:start position:0% +injected those injected drugs are at the + + + align:start position:0% +injected those injected drugs are at the +doctor's office those injected drugs are + + align:start position:0% +doctor's office those injected drugs are + + + align:start position:0% +doctor's office those injected drugs are +reimbursed by Medicare for elderly with + + align:start position:0% +reimbursed by Medicare for elderly with + + + align:start position:0% +reimbursed by Medicare for elderly with +a specific rule which is when the doctor + + align:start position:0% +a specific rule which is when the doctor + + + align:start position:0% +a specific rule which is when the doctor +get you with those drugs the doctor's + + align:start position:0% +get you with those drugs the doctor's + + + align:start position:0% +get you with those drugs the doctor's +reimbursed besides the cost of drugs the + + align:start position:0% +reimbursed besides the cost of drugs the + + + align:start position:0% +reimbursed besides the cost of drugs the +doctor's effort is reimbursed at s and a + + align:start position:0% +doctor's effort is reimbursed at s and a + + + align:start position:0% +doctor's effort is reimbursed at s and a +half percent of the cost of the drug + + align:start position:0% +half percent of the cost of the drug + + + align:start position:0% +half percent of the cost of the drug +think about what that means that means + + align:start position:0% +think about what that means that means + + + align:start position:0% +think about what that means that means +if I give Andrew a shot that cost $100 I + + align:start position:0% +if I give Andrew a shot that cost $100 I + + + align:start position:0% +if I give Andrew a shot that cost $100 I +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +$7.50 if I give Andrew a cost shot that + + align:start position:0% +$7.50 if I give Andrew a cost shot that + + + align:start position:0% +$7.50 if I give Andrew a cost shot that +cost $1,000 + + align:start position:0% +cost $1,000 + + + align:start position:0% +cost $1,000 +effort same risk of carpal tunnels okay + + align:start position:0% +effort same risk of carpal tunnels okay + + + align:start position:0% +effort same risk of carpal tunnels okay +I get + + align:start position:0% +I get + + + align:start position:0% +I get +$75 that makes no sense remember we + + align:start position:0% +$75 that makes no sense remember we + + + align:start position:0% +$75 that makes no sense remember we +should reward marginal costs we should + + align:start position:0% +should reward marginal costs we should + + + align:start position:0% +should reward marginal costs we should +said the marginal benefits of the + + align:start position:0% +said the marginal benefits of the + + + align:start position:0% +said the marginal benefits of the +marginal costs well here the marginal + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs well here the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal costs well here the marginal +benefit of my giving into a more + + align:start position:0% +benefit of my giving into a more + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of my giving into a more +expensive shot is way higher my marginal + + align:start position:0% +expensive shot is way higher my marginal + + + align:start position:0% +expensive shot is way higher my marginal +cost is the same that makes no sense so + + align:start position:0% +cost is the same that makes no sense so + + + align:start position:0% +cost is the same that makes no sense so +20 Senators wrote a letteror President + + align:start position:0% +20 Senators wrote a letteror President + + + align:start position:0% +20 Senators wrote a letteror President +Obama shortly after he entered office + + align:start position:0% +Obama shortly after he entered office + + + align:start position:0% +Obama shortly after he entered office +saying this system's broken we to fix it + + align:start position:0% +saying this system's broken we to fix it + + + align:start position:0% +saying this system's broken we to fix it +and President Obama then developed a + + align:start position:0% +and President Obama then developed a + + + align:start position:0% +and President Obama then developed a +proposal to fix it he said no we should + + align:start position:0% +proposal to fix it he said no we should + + + align:start position:0% +proposal to fix it he said no we should +pay doctors the fixed amount it's a + + align:start position:0% +pay doctors the fixed amount it's a + + + align:start position:0% +pay doctors the fixed amount it's a +fixed amount of effort so it should be a + + align:start position:0% +fixed amount of effort so it should be a + + + align:start position:0% +fixed amount of effort so it should be a +fixed + + align:start position:0% +fixed + + + align:start position:0% +fixed +reimbursement okay makes sense every + + align:start position:0% +reimbursement okay makes sense every + + + align:start position:0% +reimbursement okay makes sense every +Economist in the world said that was + + align:start position:0% +Economist in the world said that was + + + align:start position:0% +Economist in the world said that was +sensible okay um shortly that after he + + align:start position:0% +sensible okay um shortly that after he + + + align:start position:0% +sensible okay um shortly that after he +made that proposal 80 Senators including + + align:start position:0% +made that proposal 80 Senators including + + + align:start position:0% +made that proposal 80 Senators including +almost all the original 20 wrote a + + align:start position:0% +almost all the original 20 wrote a + + + align:start position:0% +almost all the original 20 wrote a +letter to him saying how dare you + + align:start position:0% +letter to him saying how dare you + + + align:start position:0% +letter to him saying how dare you +propose such a radical and destructive + + align:start position:0% +propose such a radical and destructive + + + align:start position:0% +propose such a radical and destructive +reform to the US Healthcare System + + align:start position:0% +reform to the US Healthcare System + + + align:start position:0% +reform to the US Healthcare System +you'll destroy the US Healthcare System + + align:start position:0% +you'll destroy the US Healthcare System + + + align:start position:0% +you'll destroy the US Healthcare System +with such a proposal what happened well + + align:start position:0% +with such a proposal what happened well + + + align:start position:0% +with such a proposal what happened well +the guys give the Thousand shots are + + align:start position:0% +the guys give the Thousand shots are + + + align:start position:0% +the guys give the Thousand shots are +called on ol ologists they're cancer + + align:start position:0% +called on ol ologists they're cancer + + + align:start position:0% +called on ol ologists they're cancer +doctors they lobbied they got to the + + align:start position:0% +doctors they lobbied they got to the + + + align:start position:0% +doctors they lobbied they got to the +congressman and said look we want to + + align:start position:0% +congressman and said look we want to + + + align:start position:0% +congressman and said look we want to +keep getting 75 bucks for th shot we'll + + align:start position:0% +keep getting 75 bucks for th shot we'll + + + align:start position:0% +keep getting 75 bucks for th shot we'll +make up some reason why it's a + + align:start position:0% +make up some reason why it's a + + + align:start position:0% +make up some reason why it's a +bad + + align:start position:0% +bad + + + align:start position:0% +bad +idea and you'll advocate for us because + + align:start position:0% +idea and you'll advocate for us because + + + align:start position:0% +idea and you'll advocate for us because +we contribute to your campaigns and they + + align:start position:0% +we contribute to your campaigns and they + + + align:start position:0% +we contribute to your campaigns and they +did and the proposal was killed we still + + align:start position:0% +did and the proposal was killed we still + + + align:start position:0% +did and the proposal was killed we still +pay in this broken + + align:start position:0% +pay in this broken + + + align:start position:0% +pay in this broken +way okay it is that's the difficulty + + align:start position:0% +way okay it is that's the difficulty + + + align:start position:0% +way okay it is that's the difficulty +that the status quo bias so while status + + align:start position:0% +that the status quo bias so while status + + + align:start position:0% +that the status quo bias so while status +quo bias in some sense was my friend as + + align:start position:0% +quo bias in some sense was my friend as + + + align:start position:0% +quo bias in some sense was my friend as +a fan of the Affordable Care Act and + + align:start position:0% +a fan of the Affordable Care Act and + + + align:start position:0% +a fan of the Affordable Care Act and +preserving the Affordable Care + + align:start position:0% +preserving the Affordable Care + + + align:start position:0% +preserving the Affordable Care +Act as someone who wants ultimately + + align:start position:0% +Act as someone who wants ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +Act as someone who wants ultimately +rationally regulate Healthcare prices + + align:start position:0% +rationally regulate Healthcare prices + + + align:start position:0% +rationally regulate Healthcare prices +it's it's an enemy it makes it hard to + + align:start position:0% +it's it's an enemy it makes it hard to + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's an enemy it makes it hard to +go forward so what do you do well it's + + align:start position:0% +go forward so what do you do well it's + + + align:start position:0% +go forward so what do you do well it's +very hard and I don't really know the + + align:start position:0% +very hard and I don't really know the + + + align:start position:0% +very hard and I don't really know the +answer this is really in some sense the + + align:start position:0% +answer this is really in some sense the + + + align:start position:0% +answer this is really in some sense the +struggle of your generation let me be + + align:start position:0% +struggle of your generation let me be + + + align:start position:0% +struggle of your generation let me be +clear this 18% number we can afford we + + align:start position:0% +clear this 18% number we can afford we + + + align:start position:0% +clear this 18% number we can afford we +can afford to spend 8% of Healthcare on + + align:start position:0% +can afford to spend 8% of Healthcare on + + + align:start position:0% +can afford to spend 8% of Healthcare on +the US the projection is by the end of + + align:start position:0% +the US the projection is by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +the US the projection is by the end of +the century this number is 40% we cannot + + align:start position:0% +the century this number is 40% we cannot + + + align:start position:0% +the century this number is 40% we cannot +afford that something has to give we are + + align:start position:0% +afford that something has to give we are + + + align:start position:0% +afford that something has to give we are +going to going to have to take steps + + align:start position:0% +going to going to have to take steps + + + align:start position:0% +going to going to have to take steps +burden on I I like to say there's only + + align:start position:0% +burden on I I like to say there's only + + + align:start position:0% +burden on I I like to say there's only +two things in the world that really + + align:start position:0% +two things in the world that really + + + align:start position:0% +two things in the world that really +matter for the long run which is global + + align:start position:0% +matter for the long run which is global + + + align:start position:0% +matter for the long run which is global +warming and healthare costs because + + align:start position:0% +warming and healthare costs because + + + align:start position:0% +warming and healthare costs because +either way you're + + align:start position:0% +either way you're + + + align:start position:0% +either way you're +underwater okay we cannot as a nation + + align:start position:0% +underwater okay we cannot as a nation + + + align:start position:0% +underwater okay we cannot as a nation +afford to spend 40% of our healthare + + align:start position:0% +afford to spend 40% of our healthare + + + align:start position:0% +afford to spend 40% of our healthare +spending 40% of our GDP on Healthcare + + align:start position:0% +spending 40% of our GDP on Healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +spending 40% of our GDP on Healthcare +Something's Gonna have to give so how do + + align:start position:0% +Something's Gonna have to give so how do + + + align:start position:0% +Something's Gonna have to give so how do +you do this well the first step the + + align:start position:0% +you do this well the first step the + + + align:start position:0% +you do this well the first step the +first B first sort of victory has + + align:start position:0% +first B first sort of victory has + + + align:start position:0% +first B first sort of victory has +already been struck which is that the + + align:start position:0% +already been struck which is that the + + + align:start position:0% +already been struck which is that the +place where people are most interested + + align:start position:0% +place where people are most interested + + + align:start position:0% +place where people are most interested +in regulating drug prices and regulating + + align:start position:0% +in regulating drug prices and regulating + + + align:start position:0% +in regulating drug prices and regulating +prices in drugs pharmaceutical sector + + align:start position:0% +prices in drugs pharmaceutical sector + + + align:start position:0% +prices in drugs pharmaceutical sector +why are they most interested in + + align:start position:0% +why are they most interested in + + + align:start position:0% +why are they most interested in +regulating pharmaceutical prices well + + align:start position:0% +regulating pharmaceutical prices well + + + align:start position:0% +regulating pharmaceutical prices well +the theory most people give is because + + align:start position:0% +the theory most people give is because + + + align:start position:0% +the theory most people give is because +they're the most transparent prices in + + align:start position:0% +they're the most transparent prices in + + + align:start position:0% +they're the most transparent prices in +the healthcare sector you don't know + + align:start position:0% +the healthcare sector you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +the healthcare sector you don't know +when you get surgery you have no idea + + align:start position:0% +when you get surgery you have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +when you get surgery you have no idea +what the doctors get what the hospitals + + align:start position:0% +what the doctors get what the hospitals + + + align:start position:0% +what the doctors get what the hospitals +get when you buy a drug you see the + + align:start position:0% +get when you buy a drug you see the + + + align:start position:0% +get when you buy a drug you see the +price of the drug so that transparency + + align:start position:0% +price of the drug so that transparency + + + align:start position:0% +price of the drug so that transparency +and the enormous high prices make people + + align:start position:0% +and the enormous high prices make people + + + align:start position:0% +and the enormous high prices make people +upset and that's why they come at it I + + align:start position:0% +upset and that's why they come at it I + + + align:start position:0% +upset and that's why they come at it I +have another theory my theory is that + + align:start position:0% +have another theory my theory is that + + + align:start position:0% +have another theory my theory is that +people are mad at the drug companies + + align:start position:0% +people are mad at the drug companies + + + align:start position:0% +people are mad at the drug companies +because they're ads now kids are a + + align:start position:0% +because they're ads now kids are a + + + align:start position:0% +because they're ads now kids are a +little bit younger than my kids but grew + + align:start position:0% +little bit younger than my kids but grew + + + align:start position:0% +little bit younger than my kids but grew +up in a similar era did you ever ask + + align:start position:0% +up in a similar era did you ever ask + + + align:start position:0% +up in a similar era did you ever ask +your parents as my kids did what's + + align:start position:0% +your parents as my kids did what's + + + align:start position:0% +your parents as my kids did what's +Viagra and why is that guy throwing that + + align:start position:0% +Viagra and why is that guy throwing that + + + align:start position:0% +Viagra and why is that guy throwing that +ball through the tire over and over + + align:start position:0% +ball through the tire over and over + + + align:start position:0% +ball through the tire over and over +again okay I got pissed I was like why + + align:start position:0% +again okay I got pissed I was like why + + + align:start position:0% +again okay I got pissed I was like why +are they putting this stuff on TV indeed + + align:start position:0% +are they putting this stuff on TV indeed + + + align:start position:0% +are they putting this stuff on TV indeed +I have a friend true story he's a + + align:start position:0% +I have a friend true story he's a + + + align:start position:0% +I have a friend true story he's a +pediatrician in Lexington where I live + + align:start position:0% +pediatrician in Lexington where I live + + + align:start position:0% +pediatrician in Lexington where I live +and he said a nine-year-old come into + + align:start position:0% +and he said a nine-year-old come into + + + align:start position:0% +and he said a nine-year-old come into +his office and say I'd like to talk to + + align:start position:0% +his office and say I'd like to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +his office and say I'd like to talk to +you about seis which is an erectile + + align:start position:0% +you about seis which is an erectile + + + align:start position:0% +you about seis which is an erectile +dysfunction drug for those who don't + + align:start position:0% +dysfunction drug for those who don't + + + align:start position:0% +dysfunction drug for those who don't +know and the pediatrician said why and + + align:start position:0% +know and the pediatrician said why and + + + align:start position:0% +know and the pediatrician said why and +he said well it's said on TV talk to + + align:start position:0% +he said well it's said on TV talk to + + + align:start position:0% +he said well it's said on TV talk to +your drct about + + align:start position:0% +your drct about + + + align:start position:0% +your drct about +seis okay I think people are mad at the + + align:start position:0% +seis okay I think people are mad at the + + + align:start position:0% +seis okay I think people are mad at the +drug companies the price are high and so + + align:start position:0% +drug companies the price are high and so + + + align:start position:0% +drug companies the price are high and so +in the recently past inflation reduction + + align:start position:0% +in the recently past inflation reduction + + + align:start position:0% +in the recently past inflation reduction +act for the first time in our nation's + + align:start position:0% +act for the first time in our nation's + + + align:start position:0% +act for the first time in our nation's +history we came in and regulated drug + + align:start position:0% +history we came in and regulated drug + + + align:start position:0% +history we came in and regulated drug +prices on a very small sub 10 drugs 10 + + align:start position:0% +prices on a very small sub 10 drugs 10 + + + align:start position:0% +prices on a very small sub 10 drugs 10 +of the thousands we take it was an + + align:start position:0% +of the thousands we take it was an + + + align:start position:0% +of the thousands we take it was an +incremental step but it was a step + + align:start position:0% +incremental step but it was a step + + + align:start position:0% +incremental step but it was a step +forward so the so maybe that's a good + + align:start position:0% +forward so the so maybe that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +forward so the so maybe that's a good +sign that we can move forward to this by + + align:start position:0% +sign that we can move forward to this by + + + align:start position:0% +sign that we can move forward to this by +the way + + align:start position:0% +the way + + + align:start position:0% +the way +editorializing many economists would not + + align:start position:0% +editorializing many economists would not + + + align:start position:0% +editorializing many economists would not +agree with my position on this okay but + + align:start position:0% +agree with my position on this okay but + + + align:start position:0% +agree with my position on this okay but +I think that that up a step forward now + + align:start position:0% +I think that that up a step forward now + + + align:start position:0% +I think that that up a step forward now +why would other economists not agree + + align:start position:0% +why would other economists not agree + + + align:start position:0% +why would other economists not agree +with me what is the best + + align:start position:0% +with me what is the best + + + align:start position:0% +with me what is the best +counterargument against regulating + + align:start position:0% +counterargument against regulating + + + align:start position:0% +counterargument against regulating +prices well there's two the first is the + + align:start position:0% +prices well there's two the first is the + + + align:start position:0% +prices well there's two the first is the +government will screw it up and that's + + align:start position:0% +government will screw it up and that's + + + align:start position:0% +government will screw it up and that's +an absolutely valid argument remember we + + align:start position:0% +an absolutely valid argument remember we + + + align:start position:0% +an absolutely valid argument remember we +talked about Monopoly price regulation + + align:start position:0% +talked about Monopoly price regulation + + + align:start position:0% +talked about Monopoly price regulation +if the government set the price too low + + align:start position:0% +if the government set the price too low + + + align:start position:0% +if the government set the price too low +it was worse than not regulating at all + + align:start position:0% +it was worse than not regulating at all + + + align:start position:0% +it was worse than not regulating at all +totally valid point you know uh we can + + align:start position:0% +totally valid point you know uh we can + + + align:start position:0% +totally valid point you know uh we can +debate that all day there's a second + + align:start position:0% +debate that all day there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +debate that all day there's a second +point which is less valid which is it + + align:start position:0% +point which is less valid which is it + + + align:start position:0% +point which is less valid which is it +will kill innovation + + align:start position:0% +will kill innovation + + + align:start position:0% +will kill innovation +and here's how the argument goes the US + + align:start position:0% +and here's how the argument goes the US + + + align:start position:0% +and here's how the argument goes the US +has the highest drug prices in the world + + align:start position:0% +has the highest drug prices in the world + + + align:start position:0% +has the highest drug prices in the world +we also have do the most drug R&D in the + + align:start position:0% +we also have do the most drug R&D in the + + + align:start position:0% +we also have do the most drug R&D in the +world indeed a huge share of all the R&D + + align:start position:0% +world indeed a huge share of all the R&D + + + align:start position:0% +world indeed a huge share of all the R&D +done in America is pharmaceutical R&D + + align:start position:0% +done in America is pharmaceutical R&D + + + align:start position:0% +done in America is pharmaceutical R&D +it's the largest source of famous + + align:start position:0% +it's the largest source of famous + + + align:start position:0% +it's the largest source of famous +manufacturing R&D in America is + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing R&D in America is + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing R&D in America is +pharmaceutical where do they get the + + align:start position:0% +pharmaceutical where do they get the + + + align:start position:0% +pharmaceutical where do they get the +money from that R&D from the excessive + + align:start position:0% +money from that R&D from the excessive + + + align:start position:0% +money from that R&D from the excessive +prices they get for their drugs so the + + align:start position:0% +prices they get for their drugs so the + + + align:start position:0% +prices they get for their drugs so the +argument was if we regulate drug prices + + align:start position:0% +argument was if we regulate drug prices + + + align:start position:0% +argument was if we regulate drug prices +pharmaceutical compies would no longer + + align:start position:0% +pharmaceutical compies would no longer + + + align:start position:0% +pharmaceutical compies would no longer +innovate and deliver the incredible + + align:start position:0% +innovate and deliver the incredible + + + align:start position:0% +innovate and deliver the incredible +drugs that that are amazing miraculous + + align:start position:0% +drugs that that are amazing miraculous + + + align:start position:0% +drugs that that are amazing miraculous +okay the drugs we have are miraculous + + align:start position:0% +okay the drugs we have are miraculous + + + align:start position:0% +okay the drugs we have are miraculous +now okay look no further than the covid + + align:start position:0% +now okay look no further than the covid + + + align:start position:0% +now okay look no further than the covid +vaccine to see the miracle that we get + + align:start position:0% +vaccine to see the miracle that we get + + + align:start position:0% +vaccine to see the miracle that we get +from drug + + align:start position:0% +from drug + + + align:start position:0% +from drug +development that argument is in theory + + align:start position:0% +development that argument is in theory + + + align:start position:0% +development that argument is in theory +right in practice very misleading and + + align:start position:0% +right in practice very misleading and + + + align:start position:0% +right in practice very misleading and +why is that once again this is I want to + + align:start position:0% +why is that once again this is I want to + + + align:start position:0% +why is that once again this is I want to +think about how we apply we learned in + + align:start position:0% +think about how we apply we learned in + + + align:start position:0% +think about how we apply we learned in +this class think about that so you could + + align:start position:0% +this class think about that so you could + + + align:start position:0% +this class think about that so you could +see the argument which is Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +see the argument which is Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +see the argument which is Monopoly +profits the rents monopolis earn have a + + align:start position:0% +profits the rents monopolis earn have a + + + align:start position:0% +profits the rents monopolis earn have a +different effect because remember I + + align:start position:0% +different effect because remember I + + + align:start position:0% +different effect because remember I +showed you in external we underinvested + + align:start position:0% +showed you in external we underinvested + + + align:start position:0% +showed you in external we underinvested +R&D right we undervest in R&D so it's a + + align:start position:0% +R&D right we undervest in R&D so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +R&D right we undervest in R&D so it's a +totally legitim economic legitimate + + align:start position:0% +totally legitim economic legitimate + + + align:start position:0% +totally legitim economic legitimate +argument that the cost of distorting the + + align:start position:0% +argument that the cost of distorting the + + + align:start position:0% +argument that the cost of distorting the +Distortion from monopolis making too + + align:start position:0% +Distortion from monopolis making too + + + align:start position:0% +Distortion from monopolis making too +much money is worth it because we + + align:start position:0% +much money is worth it because we + + + align:start position:0% +much money is worth it because we +subsidize R&D as a positive externality + + align:start position:0% +subsidize R&D as a positive externality + + + align:start position:0% +subsidize R&D as a positive externality +like the externalities could cancel the + + align:start position:0% +like the externalities could cancel the + + + align:start position:0% +like the externalities could cancel the +market value of monopolis getting too + + align:start position:0% +market value of monopolis getting too + + + align:start position:0% +market value of monopolis getting too +much money could be canell by the + + align:start position:0% +much money could be canell by the + + + align:start position:0% +much money could be canell by the +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +externality of producing more R&D people + + align:start position:0% +externality of producing more R&D people + + + align:start position:0% +externality of producing more R&D people +see so that's just a classic + + align:start position:0% +see so that's just a classic + + + align:start position:0% +see so that's just a classic +externalities argument + + align:start position:0% +externalities argument + + + align:start position:0% +externalities argument +what it misses is R&D consists of two + + align:start position:0% +what it misses is R&D consists of two + + + align:start position:0% +what it misses is R&D consists of two +parts the basic science and applying the + + align:start position:0% +parts the basic science and applying the + + + align:start position:0% +parts the basic science and applying the +science and in fact the basic science is + + align:start position:0% +science and in fact the basic science is + + + align:start position:0% +science and in fact the basic science is +not paid for by the drug companies it's + + align:start position:0% +not paid for by the drug companies it's + + + align:start position:0% +not paid for by the drug companies it's +paid for by the government and it turns + + align:start position:0% +paid for by the government and it turns + + + align:start position:0% +paid for by the government and it turns +out the rate of return Innovation to + + align:start position:0% +out the rate of return Innovation to + + + align:start position:0% +out the rate of return Innovation to +basic science is incredibly high so + + align:start position:0% +basic science is incredibly high so + + + align:start position:0% +basic science is incredibly high so +here's a super cool empirical study done + + align:start position:0% +here's a super cool empirical study done + + + align:start position:0% +here's a super cool empirical study done +here at MIT give you an example kind of + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT give you an example kind of + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT give you an example kind of +empirical work economists do they looked + + align:start position:0% +empirical work economists do they looked + + + align:start position:0% +empirical work economists do they looked +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +NIH + + align:start position:0% +NIH + + + align:start position:0% +NIH +grants that got funded and get funded + + align:start position:0% +grants that got funded and get funded + + + align:start position:0% +grants that got funded and get funded +that were very similar got funded and + + align:start position:0% +that were very similar got funded and + + + align:start position:0% +that were very similar got funded and +didn't get funded and they followed on + + align:start position:0% +didn't get funded and they followed on + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get funded and they followed on +and found what happened and what they + + align:start position:0% +and found what happened and what they + + + align:start position:0% +and found what happened and what they +found is that NIH funding funding from + + align:start position:0% +found is that NIH funding funding from + + + align:start position:0% +found is that NIH funding funding from +the National Institute of Health for + + align:start position:0% +the National Institute of Health for + + + align:start position:0% +the National Institute of Health for +basic science is incredibly productive + + align:start position:0% +basic science is incredibly productive + + + align:start position:0% +basic science is incredibly productive +in causing + + align:start position:0% +in causing + + + align:start position:0% +in causing +Innovation and by their estimates if we + + align:start position:0% +Innovation and by their estimates if we + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation and by their estimates if we +regulated drug prices and took that + + align:start position:0% +regulated drug prices and took that + + + align:start position:0% +regulated drug prices and took that +money and gave it to the government to + + align:start position:0% +money and gave it to the government to + + + align:start position:0% +money and gave it to the government to +fund basic science we'd be way better + + align:start position:0% +fund basic science we'd be way better + + + align:start position:0% +fund basic science we'd be way better +off in other words the notion these that + + align:start position:0% +off in other words the notion these that + + + align:start position:0% +off in other words the notion these that +you sort of in some sense have to give + + align:start position:0% +you sort of in some sense have to give + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of in some sense have to give +Monopoly profits to fund R&D is not + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly profits to fund R&D is not + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly profits to fund R&D is not +right you can fund R&D with public + + align:start position:0% +right you can fund R&D with public + + + align:start position:0% +right you can fund R&D with public +dollars and you raise a lot of public + + align:start position:0% +dollars and you raise a lot of public + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and you raise a lot of public +dollars by regulating those drug prices + + align:start position:0% +dollars by regulating those drug prices + + + align:start position:0% +dollars by regulating those drug prices +this is an argument if you want to see + + align:start position:0% +this is an argument if you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +this is an argument if you want to see +this is sort of fleshed out much more in + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of fleshed out much more in + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of fleshed out much more in +my book jump starting America uh with + + align:start position:0% +my book jump starting America uh with + + + align:start position:0% +my book jump starting America uh with +Simon Johnson we talk about how public + + align:start position:0% +Simon Johnson we talk about how public + + + align:start position:0% +Simon Johnson we talk about how public +R&D is an incredibly important part of + + align:start position:0% +R&D is an incredibly important part of + + + align:start position:0% +R&D is an incredibly important part of +the American growth story and uh these + + align:start position:0% +the American growth story and uh these + + + align:start position:0% +the American growth story and uh these +are places where it could play out so + + align:start position:0% +are places where it could play out so + + + align:start position:0% +are places where it could play out so +that is a very rapid overview of the the + + align:start position:0% +that is a very rapid overview of the the + + + align:start position:0% +that is a very rapid overview of the the +Healthcare System okay if you want to + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare System okay if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +Healthcare System okay if you want to +learn more there's lots of resources you + + align:start position:0% +learn more there's lots of resources you + + + align:start position:0% +learn more there's lots of resources you +want to learn about the ACA you can read + + align:start position:0% +want to learn about the ACA you can read + + + align:start position:0% +want to learn about the ACA you can read +my comic book if you want to learn more + + align:start position:0% +my comic book if you want to learn more + + + align:start position:0% +my comic book if you want to learn more +about Healthcare you can take my class + + align:start position:0% +about Healthcare you can take my class + + + align:start position:0% +about Healthcare you can take my class +1441 I spent about four lectures on this + + align:start position:0% +1441 I spent about four lectures on this + + + align:start position:0% +1441 I spent about four lectures on this +topic uh we don't currently have a + + align:start position:0% +topic uh we don't currently have a + + + align:start position:0% +topic uh we don't currently have a +health economics class unfortunately in + + align:start position:0% +health economics class unfortunately in + + + align:start position:0% +health economics class unfortunately in +MIT uh we may have one eventually but + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh we may have one eventually but + + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh we may have one eventually but +there's lots of resources you can look + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of resources you can look + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of resources you can look +at to learn more and this as I said is + + align:start position:0% +at to learn more and this as I said is + + + align:start position:0% +at to learn more and this as I said is +the key public this and global climate + + align:start position:0% +the key public this and global climate + + + align:start position:0% +the key public this and global climate +change are the two key public policies + + align:start position:0% +change are the two key public policies + + + align:start position:0% +change are the two key public policies +who facing your generation going + + align:start position:0% +who facing your generation going + + + align:start position:0% +who facing your generation going +forward okay stop there new material + + align:start position:0% +forward okay stop there new material + + + align:start position:0% +forward okay stop there new material +here's the good news Okay hate to say it + + align:start position:0% +here's the good news Okay hate to say it + + + align:start position:0% +here's the good news Okay hate to say it +now nothing I T today on the exam okay + + align:start position:0% +now nothing I T today on the exam okay + + + align:start position:0% +now nothing I T today on the exam okay +this is all all for fun in quotes Okay + + align:start position:0% +this is all all for fun in quotes Okay + + + align:start position:0% +this is all all for fun in quotes Okay +so I hope you enjoyed learning that for + + align:start position:0% +so I hope you enjoyed learning that for + + + align:start position:0% +so I hope you enjoyed learning that for +Pure learning sake okay last thing I + + align:start position:0% +Pure learning sake okay last thing I + + + align:start position:0% +Pure learning sake okay last thing I +want to say which is um what I hope you + + align:start position:0% +want to say which is um what I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +want to say which is um what I hope you +got out of this course who what I hope + + align:start position:0% +got out of this course who what I hope + + + align:start position:0% +got out of this course who what I hope +you got out of this course was learning + + align:start position:0% +you got out of this course was learning + + + align:start position:0% +you got out of this course was learning +how to think like an economist I hope I + + align:start position:0% +how to think like an economist I hope I + + + align:start position:0% +how to think like an economist I hope I +inspired you to take more economics + + align:start position:0% +inspired you to take more economics + + + align:start position:0% +inspired you to take more economics +that's awesome even if I didn't I hope + + align:start position:0% +that's awesome even if I didn't I hope + + + align:start position:0% +that's awesome even if I didn't I hope +that you will take from this course the + + align:start position:0% +that you will take from this course the + + + align:start position:0% +that you will take from this course the +ability to think like economists the be + + align:start position:0% +ability to think like economists the be + + + align:start position:0% +ability to think like economists the be +able to think critically about the + + align:start position:0% +able to think critically about the + + + align:start position:0% +able to think critically about the +important problems and to recognize that + + align:start position:0% +important problems and to recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +important problems and to recognize that +everything has an opportunity cost + + align:start position:0% +everything has an opportunity cost + + + align:start position:0% +everything has an opportunity cost +everything is a trade-off nothing is + + align:start position:0% +everything is a trade-off nothing is + + + align:start position:0% +everything is a trade-off nothing is +easy okay everything requires thought + + align:start position:0% +easy okay everything requires thought + + + align:start position:0% +easy okay everything requires thought +everything requires some subtlety in + + align:start position:0% +everything requires some subtlety in + + + align:start position:0% +everything requires some subtlety in +trying to figure it out okay and we've + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure it out okay and we've + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure it out okay and we've +given you the tools to do that okay + + align:start position:0% +given you the tools to do that okay + + + align:start position:0% +given you the tools to do that okay +we've given you the tools to always + + align:start position:0% +we've given you the tools to always + + + align:start position:0% +we've given you the tools to always +think about the marginal cost and + + align:start position:0% +think about the marginal cost and + + + align:start position:0% +think about the marginal cost and +marginal benefits of different decisions + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefits of different decisions + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefits of different decisions +we've given you tools think about where + + align:start position:0% +we've given you tools think about where + + + align:start position:0% +we've given you tools think about where +markets working where they don't and to + + align:start position:0% +markets working where they don't and to + + + align:start position:0% +markets working where they don't and to +use those tools in everyday life and the + + align:start position:0% +use those tools in everyday life and the + + + align:start position:0% +use those tools in everyday life and the +best way I think can do this is with a + + align:start position:0% +best way I think can do this is with a + + + align:start position:0% +best way I think can do this is with a +joke okay and the joke which quite + + align:start position:0% +joke okay and the joke which quite + + + align:start position:0% +joke okay and the joke which quite +frankly could be told about engineering + + align:start position:0% +frankly could be told about engineering + + + align:start position:0% +frankly could be told about engineering +as well as economics but I like + + align:start position:0% +as well as economics but I like + + + align:start position:0% +as well as economics but I like +economics is about the priest the doctor + + align:start position:0% +economics is about the priest the doctor + + + align:start position:0% +economics is about the priest the doctor +and the economist to go golfing they go + + align:start position:0% +and the economist to go golfing they go + + + align:start position:0% +and the economist to go golfing they go +golfing and they get in the golf course + + align:start position:0% +golfing and they get in the golf course + + + align:start position:0% +golfing and they get in the golf course +and they're behind one guy golfing alone + + align:start position:0% +and they're behind one guy golfing alone + + + align:start position:0% +and they're behind one guy golfing alone +which is already unusual what's more + + align:start position:0% +which is already unusual what's more + + + align:start position:0% +which is already unusual what's more +unusual is he's awful he takes about 30 + + align:start position:0% +unusual is he's awful he takes about 30 + + + align:start position:0% +unusual is he's awful he takes about 30 +shots per hole and what's even more than + + align:start position:0% +shots per hole and what's even more than + + + align:start position:0% +shots per hole and what's even more than +usual is he won't let the people behind + + align:start position:0% +usual is he won't let the people behind + + + align:start position:0% +usual is he won't let the people behind +him play through good golfers are + + align:start position:0% +him play through good golfers are + + + align:start position:0% +him play through good golfers are +supposed to if you're much worse people + + align:start position:0% +supposed to if you're much worse people + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to if you're much worse people +in front of you you're supposed to let + + align:start position:0% +in front of you you're supposed to let + + + align:start position:0% +in front of you you're supposed to let +people behind you play through he + + align:start position:0% +people behind you play through he + + + align:start position:0% +people behind you play through he +wouldn't let them so after nine holes + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't let them so after nine holes + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't let them so after nine holes +the queue behind this guy is like + + align:start position:0% +the queue behind this guy is like + + + align:start position:0% +the queue behind this guy is like +hundred people these guys are so pissed + + align:start position:0% +hundred people these guys are so pissed + + + align:start position:0% +hundred people these guys are so pissed +they just quit they go back to the + + align:start position:0% +they just quit they go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +they just quit they go back to the +clubhouse they're so mad they're + + align:start position:0% +clubhouse they're so mad they're + + + align:start position:0% +clubhouse they're so mad they're +pounding their fist like what an + + align:start position:0% +pounding their fist like what an + + + align:start position:0% +pounding their fist like what an +why do you not let us play through + + align:start position:0% +why do you not let us play through + + + align:start position:0% +why do you not let us play through +someone comes up to them and says You + + align:start position:0% +someone comes up to them and says You + + + align:start position:0% +someone comes up to them and says You +must be new at the club here and they + + align:start position:0% +must be new at the club here and they + + + align:start position:0% +must be new at the club here and they +said yes we are they said well I could + + align:start position:0% +said yes we are they said well I could + + + align:start position:0% +said yes we are they said well I could +tell you're new because if you weren't + + align:start position:0% +tell you're new because if you weren't + + + align:start position:0% +tell you're new because if you weren't +new you'd know the guy who's playing + + align:start position:0% +new you'd know the guy who's playing + + + align:start position:0% +new you'd know the guy who's playing +ahead of you was blind and actually it's + + align:start position:0% +ahead of you was blind and actually it's + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of you was blind and actually it's +pretty amazing he can get the ball in + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing he can get the ball in + + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing he can get the ball in +the hole at all and you should be pretty + + align:start position:0% +the hole at all and you should be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the hole at all and you should be pretty +you know upset at yourself that you + + align:start position:0% +you know upset at yourself that you + + + align:start position:0% +you know upset at yourself that you +would criticize this guy who's actually + + align:start position:0% +would criticize this guy who's actually + + + align:start position:0% +would criticize this guy who's actually +a pretty amazing go forgiv he's blind he + + align:start position:0% +a pretty amazing go forgiv he's blind he + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty amazing go forgiv he's blind he +walks away and there's a hush silence + + align:start position:0% +walks away and there's a hush silence + + + align:start position:0% +walks away and there's a hush silence +and the the doctor goes like I I feel + + align:start position:0% +and the the doctor goes like I I feel + + + align:start position:0% +and the the doctor goes like I I feel +terrible I can't believe I'm someone + + align:start position:0% +terrible I can't believe I'm someone + + + align:start position:0% +terrible I can't believe I'm someone +supposed to heal the sick and I here I + + align:start position:0% +supposed to heal the sick and I here I + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to heal the sick and I here I +am like insulting the sick I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +am like insulting the sick I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +am like insulting the sick I'm going to +dedicate a wing of my hospit to the + + align:start position:0% +dedicate a wing of my hospit to the + + + align:start position:0% +dedicate a wing of my hospit to the +Blind and the priest goes you feel + + align:start position:0% +Blind and the priest goes you feel + + + align:start position:0% +Blind and the priest goes you feel +terrible I feel terrible I'm supposed to + + align:start position:0% +terrible I feel terrible I'm supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +terrible I feel terrible I'm supposed to +be giving Comfort to the ill and the + + align:start position:0% +be giving Comfort to the ill and the + + + align:start position:0% +be giving Comfort to the ill and the +sick and here I'm insulting the man I'm + + align:start position:0% +sick and here I'm insulting the man I'm + + + align:start position:0% +sick and here I'm insulting the man I'm +going to have a free soup kitchen for + + align:start position:0% +going to have a free soup kitchen for + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a free soup kitchen for +the Blind and they go to The Economist + + align:start position:0% +the Blind and they go to The Economist + + + align:start position:0% +the Blind and they go to The Economist +The Economist says well if he's blind + + align:start position:0% +The Economist says well if he's blind + + + align:start position:0% +The Economist says well if he's blind +why doesn't he golf at + + align:start position:0% +why doesn't he golf at + + + align:start position:0% +why doesn't he golf at +night which sort of points out that the + + align:start position:0% +night which sort of points out that the + + + align:start position:0% +night which sort of points out that the +role of Economist is to be a pain in the + + align:start position:0% +role of Economist is to be a pain in the + + + align:start position:0% +role of Economist is to be a pain in the +ass okay is to actually ask the + + align:start position:0% +ass okay is to actually ask the + + + align:start position:0% +ass okay is to actually ask the +difficult questions point out the + + align:start position:0% +difficult questions point out the + + + align:start position:0% +difficult questions point out the +challenges ask and to really think + + align:start position:0% +challenges ask and to really think + + + align:start position:0% +challenges ask and to really think +through the trade-offs that are inherent + + align:start position:0% +through the trade-offs that are inherent + + + align:start position:0% +through the trade-offs that are inherent +every decision we make in life okay and + + align:start position:0% +every decision we make in life okay and + + + align:start position:0% +every decision we make in life okay and +I hope you'll take that with you I hope + + align:start position:0% +I hope you'll take that with you I hope + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you'll take that with you I hope +it'll Inspire take more economics and + + align:start position:0% +it'll Inspire take more economics and + + + align:start position:0% +it'll Inspire take more economics and +thank you very much for for coming to + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much for for coming to + + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much for for coming to +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Vss3nofHpZI.txt b/Vss3nofHpZI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f903a3f882e2a071cabfb68755bb0b8dd58bd62 --- /dev/null +++ b/Vss3nofHpZI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2230 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So what I want to +do today is I want to talk + +about what the heck +this course is. + +What is microeconomics? + +What are you going to be +learning in this course? + +And just, sort of, set us +up for the semester. + +OK. + +So basically, microeconomics +is all about scarcity. + +It's all about how individuals +and firms make decisions given + +that we live in a world +of scarcity. + +Scarcity is key because +basically what we're going to + +learn about this semester in +various shapes and forms is a + +lot of different types of +constrained optimization. + +We're going to learn a lot +about different ways that + +individuals make choices +in a world of scarcity. + +OK? + +That is, this course is going +to be about trade-offs. + +Given scarce resources, how +the individuals and firms + +trade off different alternatives +to make + +themselves as well-off +as possible. + +That's why economics is called +the dismal science. + +OK? + +It's called the dismal science +because we are not about + +everyone have everything. + +We're always the people who +say, no, you can't have + +everything. + +You have to make a trade-off. + +OK? + +You have to give +up x to get y. + +And that's why people +don't like us. + +OK? + +Because that's why we're called +the dismal science, + +because we're always +pointing out the + +trade-offs that people face. + +Now, some may call it dismal, +but I call it fun. + +And that may be because of my +MIT training, as I said I was + +an undergraduate here. + +In fact, MIT is the perfect +place to teach microeconomics + +because this whole institute is +about engineering solutions + +which are really ultimately +about constrained + +optimization. + +Indeed, what's the best +example in the + +world we have of this? + +It's the 270 contest. Right? + +You're given a pile of junk, +you've got to build something + +that does something else. + +That's an exercise in +constrained optimization. + +All engineering is really +constrained optimization. + +How do you take the resources +you're given and do the best + +job building something. + +And that's really what +microeconomics is. + +Just like 270 is not a dismal +contest, microeconomics is not + +to me a dismal science. + +You could think of this +course like 270. + +But instead of the building +robots, we're + +running people's lives. + +OK? + +That's, kind of, the +way I like to + +think about this course. + +Instead of trying to decide how +we can build something to + +move a ping pong ball across a +table, we're trying to decide + +how people make their decisions +to consume, and + +firms make their decisions +to produce. + +That's basically what's going +to go on in this class. + +OK? + +And that's why basically modern +microeconomics was + +founded at MIT in the 1950s +by Paul Samuelson. + +The father of modern economics +was a professor here, and he + +basically founded the field. + +He basically introduced +mathematics to economics. + +And through teaching this +course, 14.01, 50, 60 years + +ago, actually developed the +field that we now study. + +Now, what we're going to do in +this class, is focused on two + +types of actors in the economy: + +consumers and producers. + +OK? + +And we are going to build models +of how consumers and + +producers behave. Now, +technically, a model is going + +to be a description of any +relationship between two or + +more economic variables. + +OK? + +That's a model. + +A description of any +relationship between two or + +more economic variables. + +The trick with economics, and +the reason many of you will be + +frustrated during the semester, +is that unlike the + +modern relationship between +say energy and mass these + +models are never precise. + +They are never accurate +to the 10th decimal. + +OK? + +This is not a precise, +scientific + +relationship with modeling. + +We'll be making a number of +simplifying assumptions that + +allow us to capture the main +tendencies in the data. + +That allow us to capture the +main insights into how + +individuals make consumption +decisions and how firms make + +production decisions. + +But it's not going to be as +clean and precise as the kind + +of proofs you're going to be +doing in some of your other + +classes in freshman and +sophomore year. + +OK? + +So basically, we have a trade +off with the simplifying + +assumptions. + +On the one hand, obviously we +want a model that can explain + +reality as much as possible. + +If a model can't explain +reality, it's not useful. + +On the other hand, we need a +model that's tractable, a + +model that I can teach you +in a lecture or less. + +OK? + +And basically, what we do is we +make a lot of simplifying + +assumptions in this class to +make those models work. + +And yet, what we'll find is +despite these assumptions, + +we'll come up with incredibly +powerful predictions of how + +consumers and producers +behave. + +So with consumers what we're +going to do is, we're going to + +say that consumers are +constrained by their limited + +wealth or what we'll call +their budget constraint. + +And subject to that constraint +they choose the set of goods + +that makes them as well +off as possible. + +OK? + +That's what we're going to call +utility maximization. + +We'll say the consumers maximize +their utility, + +consumers are going to maximize +utility subject to a + +budget constraint. + +That's going to be what +we're going to develop + +the consumer decision. + +They have some utility function +which is going to be + +a model of their preferences. + +OK? + +So I'm going to propose to take +everything you love in + +life and write it down +as a u function. + +OK? + +Then I'm going to propose you +take all the resources at your + +disposal, write them down as a +budget constraint and then I + +just do constrained maximization +to solve for how + +you make decisions. + +Firms, on the other hand, are +going to maximize profits. + +Pi is profits. + +Firms are going to +maximize profits. + +Their goal is to make as much +profit as possible, to earn as + +much money as possible. + +OK? + +However, that's going to be +subject to both the demands of + +consumers, we get to firms it's +a lot harder, subject to + +both consumer demand +and input costs. + +So firms have to consider, +consumers have to consider + +look what does stuff cost +and what do I like, + +I'll make my decision. + +Firms is a little more +complicated. + +They've go to consider, what do +consumers want and how do I + +make what they want? + +So they've got to consider both +the output side, what a + +consumer is going to want me to +make and what's it going to + +cost me to produce that good? + +And how do I combine those +to make the most profits? + +OK? + +So from these assumptions, we +will be able to answer the + +three fundamental questions +of microeconomics. + +OK? + +The three fundamental questions +of microeconomics + +will be, what goods and services +should be produced? + +What goods and services +should be produced? + +How to produce those +goods and services? + +And who gets the goods +and services? + +What goods and services +get produced? + +How to produce those +goods and services? + +And who gets them? + +And what's amazing, we'll learn +in this course, is that + +all three of these questions, +the three fundamental + +questions that drive our entire +economy, are all solved + +through the role of +one key state + +variable, which is prices. + +Prices in the economy resolve +all of these problems. OK? + +Consumers and firms will +interact in a market, they'll + +interact in a marketplace. + +And out of that marketplace will +emerge a set of prices, + +in a way we'll describe. + +And those prices will allow +firms and consumers to make + +the relevant decisions. + +OK? + +So let me just give you one, and +we're going to do all this + +rigorously throughout the +semester, let me just start + +with one casual example. + +OK? + +Let's think about the +development of the iPod. + +OK? + +Let's cast our minds way back, +lo way back to the development + +of the iPod. + +OK? + +Now, when Apple was thinking +about making the iPod, they + +had to ask, would consumers +want this? + +So consumers had to decide given +their limited resources, + +given the fact that they were +buying a certain set of things + +would they be willing to forsake +some things they were + +already doing to spend the +money on the iPod? + +OK? + +It was a non-trivial +amount of money. + +Would they be willing to +forsake things they are + +already doing? + +OK? + +To spend money on the iPod. + +And clearly they were. + +Clearly, consumers were willing +to spend money, to + +spend a lot of money, +to get an iPod. + +They were originally +what? $300 Back + +when $300 meant something. + +OK. + +So basically, what the firm will +do is they'll say, OK, we + +get a signal from the consumer +that they're willing to pay + +money to get the iPod. + +They're willing to pay a high +price to get the iPod. + +Now, the firm will say, well, +should we make iPods? + +Well, that will depend on what +it cost to make them. + +So we have to then assess what +are the inputs that we'll need + +to make an iPod? + +Well, to do that we have to +look at the prices of the + +various inputs that we'll need, +of the chip in them and + +the metal and all the other +stuff that goes into the iPod. + +OK? + +So they can shop across +different countries, to + +different kinds of chips, they +can look at different kinds of + +monitors, et cetera. + +But, once again, what they'll +do is they'll use the prices + +of those different inputs +to decide how + +to produce the iPod. + +So whether to produce the iPod +will depend on the price + +people are willing +to pay for it. + +How to make the iPod will depend +on the prices that + +firms have to pay for the chip +and the casing and all the + +other things that go +into the iPod. + +OK? + +And then finally, who's +going to get the iPod? + +Well, they're going to make +a certain amount. + +What decided who gets them? + +Well, the person who gets them +are the people who are willing + +to pay the price that Apple +decides to charge. + +Some people are willing to pay +that price, they're going to + +get an iPod. + +Some people are not willing to +pay that price, they will not + +get an iPod. + +So the price in the market will +ultimately decide who + +gets the iPod, as well. + +OK? + +So basically, prices will +determine what gets produced, + +how it's produced, +and who gets the + +goods that are produced. + +OK? + +Of course, this is a very, very +simplified example, as + +you can already tell. + +There are lots of cases +where prices don't + +decide these things. + +So my favorite example is the +fact that there are lines for + +hours to get tickets to see +a Lady Gaga concert. + +OK? + +Now if it's really true that +prices determine everything, + +we shouldn't see any lines. + +It should just be that those +who are willing to pay the + +most to see Lady Gaga should. + +Those who want the most +to get Lady Gaga + +should get the tickets. + +Those who aren't willing to pay +shouldn't get the tickets. + +Why should there be a line? + +Not to mention the fact that +people shouldn't be willing to + +pay anything, but that's +a different issue. + +That's a taste issue. + +We'll come to taste later. + +OK? + +So basically, clearly this +is not working perfectly. + +If the world worked in the way +I just described, then what + +should happen is there should be +essentially an auction and + +whoever is willing to pay the +most for Lady Gaga tickets + +would get them. + +And whoever is not willing +to pay wouldn't. + +It wouldn't involve +any waiting in + +line or other things. + +Now, what's very interesting +is we've actually seen an + +evolution from my youth to +your youth towards the + +economic model. + +When I was a kid, if you wanted, +so then it was Cars + +tickets, OK, to date myself, OK, +you had to go and camp out + +at 3:00 in the morning outside +the store where they're + +selling them to get +the tickets. + +Now, of course, you don't +do that anymore. + +Now you go on Stub Hub or +Ticketmaster or these other + +secondary sellers and there +there are prices that + +determine it. + +So how many people have +waited on line to + +get a concert ticket? + +That's amazing. + +So if I asked this question 30 +years ago, 90% of the hands + +would have gone up. + +OK? + +So what that means is the +price mechanism has + +started to be used. + +It has replaced the line +mechanism as a way to allocate + +those tickets. + +And we see prices working. + +That wasn't true. + +There wasn't StubHub. + +There weren't these secondary +ticket sellers 30 years ago. + +You had to wait on line +to get the tickets. + +Now, so that's basically, sort +of, an overview about, sort of + +an example, of how we think +about the role of prices. + +Now, let me draw a couple of +important distinctions, terms + +I'm going to use this semester +that I want you to be + +comfortable with. + +OK? + +The first distinction I want to +draw is between theoretical + +versus empirical economics. + +Theoretical versus empirical +economics. + +OK. + +Theoretical economics is the +process of building models to + +explain the world. + +OK? + +Empirical economics is the +process of testing those + +models to see how good +a job they do in + +explaining the world. + +OK? + +We could all make up a model. + +OK? + +Anybody with math skills +could make up a model. + +But it doesn't do any good +unless it's actually doing + +something to explain +the world. + +And so basically, the goal of +theoretical economics is + +essentially to build a model +that has some testable + +predictions. + +To build a model that says, +look here's my simplified + +model of how consumers decide +whether or not to buy an iPod. + +OK? + +I have a model of that, that +I've built theoretically. + +Well, that has some testable +predictions. + +And the role of empirical +economics is to gather the + +data and go and test them using +statistical methods. + +Specifically, typically +regression analysis like the + +kind you learn about in +advanced statistics. + +OK? + +So basically, what we're going +to do is we're going to is 95% + +of this course will be +about theoretical + +economics this semester. + +It will be about understanding +how economists develop the + +models to model how consumers +and firms behave. But I will + +try to talk somewhat about +empirical economics and what + +data we can bring to bear to +understand whether or not + +these models explain +the world. + +OK? + +The other distinction that's +very important is positive + +versus normative economics. + +Positive versus normative +economics. + +And this is the distinction +between the way things are, + +which is positive economics, and +the way things should be + +which is normative economics. + +Distinction between the way +things are and the way + +things should be. + +OK? + +So let's consider a great +example of microeconomics at + +work which is auctions +on eBay. + +OK? + +Auctions on eBay, economists +love studying auctions on eBay + +because it's a textbook example +of what we call a + +perfectly competitive market +which is what we'll focus on + +the semester. + +A perfectly competitive +market. + +OK? + +And by that we mean that +basically that producers in + +this market offer up +their good to a + +wide range of consumers. + +OK? + +A number of producers offer +up their goods to a + +wide range of consumers. + +OK? + +And the consumers bid up the +price until the person who has + +the highest value for +the good gets it. + +So price serves exactly +the signal it should + +in allocating goods. + +OK? + +So really eBay's really sort of +about this third thing of + +who gets the good. + +OK? + +I offer my alarm clock or +whatever on eBay, OK, and then + +people bid on that. + +And whoever values that the +most, that rare Jon Gruber + +alarm clock the most, +they get it. + +OK? + +So it's a perfect textbook +example. + +OK? + +And basically, because on eBay +the price is used, or now with + +also StubHub and concert +tickets, the price is used to + +allocate the good to the +person who wants + +it the most. OK? + +Now, a recent example of an +auction on eBay that a lot of + +attention, not so recent anymore +a couple years ago, + +someone tried to auction +their kidney on eBay. + +OK? + +Someone offered their kidney for +auction on eBay and said, + +I have two kidneys +I only need one. + +So I'm going to auction my +kidney, you pay for me to fly + +to wherever you need my kidney +and the operation, they take + +it out and they give +it to you. + +And that's the way it goes. + +So what happened was person +offered their kidney and they + +said the starting price +will be $25,000. + +They didn't do a buy it now. + +They said the starting price +will be $25,000 and the + +bidding went on. + +The price got to $5 million +before eBay shot it down. + +eBay shut the auction down. + +And eBay said no, in fact, +you can't do this. + +Now there's two questions +here. + +The first is, why did +the price of the + +kidney go so high? + +That's the positive question. + +The positive question is, why +did the price the kidney on + +eBay get so high? + +And here, we'll talk, and you'll +learn more starting + +Friday, about the twin forces +of supply and demand. + +The twin forces that drive the +economy of supply and demand. + +And you'll talk more rigorously + +about these on Friday. + +Basically, they're what +they sound like. + +Demand is how much someone +wants something. + +Supply is how much of +it there is to have. + +And the intuition here +is surprising. + +OK? + +The more that there's demand for +a good, the higher will be + +the upward pressure on prices. + +The more people want a good, +the higher prices will go. + +And the less supply there is +of a good, also the higher + +prices will go. + +So if everybody wants something +but it's common, the + +price will be low. + +And if no one wants something +but it's uncommon, the price + +will still be low, +and vice versa. + +In fact, the development of the +model of supply and demand + +framework was from Adam Smith, +the, sort of, so-called first + +economist who wrote The Wealth +of Nations in 1776 which is, + +sort of, viewed as the, +kind of, first + +serious book about economics. + +And he posed what he called +the water diamond paradox. + +What Smith said in that book is, +look, it's clear water is + +the most important +thing in life. + +We can't live without water. + +And diamonds are completely +irrelevant to life. + +You can live totally fine +without a diamond. + +And yet, the price +of diamonds is + +astronomical and water's free. + +How can this be? + +How can it be that water which +is so much more of a + +fundamental building block of +our life is so much cheaper + +than diamonds which are not. + +And the answer, of course, is +that so far you've only + +considered demand +and not supply. + +Yes, it's true. + +The demand for water +is much higher than + +the demand for diamonds. + +But the supply is even larger. + +So that basically, yes it's true +that while water should + +be worth more, in fact, in the +end the price of water is much + +lower, because of the twin +forces of demand and supply. + +The demand is higher, but the +supply is much higher. + +So the price ends up lower. + +And that was his diamond +water paradox. + +OK? + +Well, in this case, it's +a similar thing. + +What determines the demand +for a kidney? + +What determines the demand for +a kidney is going to be the + +fact that you die without it. + +OK? + +If you have no kidneys, you're +having kidney failure. + +OK? + +You'll die without it. + +So basically, what will +determine it is people are + +willing to spend all their +wealth, as much money as they + +can have, to get a kidney OK? + +So the demand will +be quite high. + +The supply will be quite low. + +Sadly, not many people are +willing to be organ donors. + +More relevantly, a lot of +people aren't in good + +situations to be organ donors. + +OK? + +As a result, the supply is much +lower than the demand. + +So we have a situation with a +high demand, a low supply and + +the price went through +the roof. + +That's a positive analysis. + +OK? + +So we can understand +pretty intuitively. + +We don't need this course +to understand why + +the price went up. + +OK? + +It's just the twin powers +of demand and supply. + +But what about the normative +question which is, should eBay + +have allowed this +sale to happen? + +EBay at $5 million cut it off +and then passed the rule + +saying you can't auction your +body parts on eBay. + +OK? + +Should they have done that? + +That's the normative question. + +That's economics gets really +interesting, which is you all + +are smart enough to figure out +why the price went up. + +But this is where it gets +interesting is should people + +have been able to auction +their kidney on eBay? + +On the one hand, many, many +people in this country die for + +want of a body part. + +OK? + +Thousands to hundreds of +thousands of people die every + +year waiting for a transplant. + +OK? + +If someone is incredibly rich +and they want a body part, + +which to me a surplus because +I have two kidneys, why + +shouldn't they be allowed +to buy it from me? + +I'm better off because they +can pay me a ton of money. + +They are better off +because they live. + +So I've just described a +transaction that makes both + +parties better off. + +Why shouldn't that be +allowed to happen? + +So you tell me. + +Does everyone think +eBay was wrong? + +Yeah, go ahead. + +AUDIENCE: Say there is another +person who doesn't have as + +much money, and that +person also dies. + +PROFESSOR: You mean the person +who, what do you mean the + +person doesn't have as much- + +AUDIENCE: --so obviously +somebody + +doesn't get the kidney. + +PROFESSOR: So in other words, +what you're assuming is, let's + +say that if I hadn't done the +auction on eBay, I would have + +just given my kidney away to +the transplant center. + +Then that's one less kidney +that can go to + +the transplant center. + +And that means the rich guy gets +the kidney, and someone + +else implicitly doesn't. + +That's a trade-off. + +You've just described +a trade-off. + +The trade-off is that basically +now we've allocated + +the kidney away from the poor +person to the rich person. + +Now, but why do we +care about that? + +I mean one person dies, +another person + +lives, why do we care? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: There would +be some sort of case + +of severity in condition. + +Like there might be someone +who's poor who would get the + +kidney if it went to a +transplant association because + +they would die in a couple +of days without it. + +Whereas the rich person might +just be able to afford it, and + +it might make their life +more convenient. + +But they might not be +in any more peril. + +PROFESSOR: They might +be a collector. + +So basically, that's right. + +So one reason we might care is +because we think that kidneys + +should be allocated on the +basis of who needs + +it the most. OK? + +So a great example of this, of +course, was Mickey Mantle with + +a liver transplant. + +Mickey Mantle, famous +ballplayer, raging alcoholic, + +who had liver failure because +he was basically drinking + +himself to death, and jumped +the queue and got a liver + +above a bunch, a lot of people +and then he kept drinking and + +killed himself and wasted +the liver he'd gotten. + +OK? + +So basically, you can think +that doesn't make sense. + +We should give it to people who +need it the most. For who + +it would do the most +good in terms of + +increasing their life. + +OK. + +So we've got the substitution +point. + +OK. + +Let's come back to the +substitution point though. + +Tell me a situation in +which that's wrong. + +Can someone tell me a situation +in which, in fact, + +that not a valid point. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Well, if the guy +is only going to sell it. + +He's not going to +give it away. + +PROFESSOR: Exactly. + +You're assuming that the +guy who did sell + +would give it away. + +But, in fact, if it's +sell it or keep it + +then there's no trade-off. + +And similar here, if it's sell +it or keep it then you might + +as well let the rich +guy get it. + +Or is there another argument? + +Is there another reason +why you might not + +want this to happen? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: It would encourage +people to use illegal ways of + +getting kidneys. + +PROFESSOR: So the other reason +could be that we don't trust + +people to make good decisions +when money's involved. + +That we think that, gee, if it's +really true I can get a + +couple million bucks for a +kidney, I might give mine up + +even if I haven't really +thought through the + +ramifications of doing so. + +Even if there's a risk to the +surgery, if there's a risk + +that my other kidney will then +fail then I'll be screwed. + +OK? + +So basically, we might have a +paternalistic attitude that + +will lead us to not want to +allow people to engage in this + +kind of risky behavior. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: There may also be +some legal ramifications + +associated with that if someone +sells their kidney and + +then their other kidney fails, +they might then blame eBay. + +PROFESSOR: Want it back. + +Like that Repo movie. + +That's right. + +There could, but let's leave the +lawyers out of this, OK? + +I don't like lawyers. + +I'm going to rag on lawyers +this semester. + +We're going leave the +lawyers out of this. + +But, in any case, +you're right. + +That's, sort of, a + +ramification of the same thing. + +So we've talked about the fact +that there's substitution. + +We've talked about the fact +that it's not allocated to + +those who need it the most. +We've talked about the fact + +that people might be making bad +decisions in doing this. + +But there's another factor, as +well, which is we may just as + +a society feel it's unfair +that rich people can get + +things poor people can't. + +There may be a pure equity +component here. + +OK? + +Which is simply that we as a +society value equality, value + +income inequality. + +And we think people should not +have an extra shot at getting + +a resource just because +they're rich. + +Now that is a very deep and hard +concept, and we'll spend + +a couple lectures talking about +equity towards the end + +of the semester. + +By and large, we won't +consider it. + +OK? + +But it turns out to be behind +much of what we'll discuss, + +OK, in much of what we'll +discuss this semester and much + +of what goes on in economics. + +OK? + +Just take a look at the debate +that's going on right now in + +terms of President Obama trying +to decide whether or + +not to extend tax cuts to +wealthy individuals in the US. + +Some people argue that allowing +those tax cuts would + +promote the economy. + +OK? + +But others argue it's +unfair for rich + +people to get tax breaks. + +And that fairness argument +matters a lot in terms of + +driving the kind of +economic policy + +decisions we need to make. + +So this semester, we're going +to focus a lot on efficiency + +and optimization and how +to get resources + +to the right place. + +But you have to remember behind +a lot of this is deep + +normative issues about what +should be happening, how + +should an economy function, and, +in particular, how should + +we think about these +kind of equity + +issues that are so important. + +OK. + +The last thing I want to talk +about is I want to talk about + +why micro is not just an +abstract concept for things + +like you might say, oh this is +all pretty funny and it's like + +selling kidneys on eBay and +tax cuts for the rich + +and why do I care? + +OK? + +Well, you care because literally +every decision you + +make is made through the kind +of framework we're going to + +think about this semester. + +OK? + +Now, different decisions may +follow our models more closely + +and less closely. + +But there is not an +economic decision. + +OK? + +Sorry, let me back up. + +There's not a decision that +people have made that + +economists haven't +tried to model. + +From whether to produce iPods, +to how many times to + +have sex each week. + +OK? + +These are all things economists +have tried to model + +with varying degrees +of success. + +OK? + +Because economists think that +these all come from the same + +decision theoretic framework +that we can discuss. + +Let's talk about a simple +example from this course. + +Your decision of whether or +not to buy the textbook. + +There's a textbook and +what's it cost? $140? + +What's it cost? + +Does anyone know? + +AUDIENCE: This line says $180. + +And this one says $180, but +it's available for $130. + +PROFESSOR: $130, fine. + +So $130 for Professor Perloff +out at Berkeley. + +He doesn't get it all. + +I wrote a textbook too. + +He gets a small share of it. + +OK. + +So you have to decide, now has +anyone bought a used version + +of the fourth, well it's the +fifth edition now, does + +anybody use a version of +the fourth edition? + +Does anyone know what +the used price is? + +You can be honest. +I don't care. + +AUDIENCE: I know some people +found it for like $85 or so. + +PROFESSOR: So $85. + +So you've got to decide. + +So let's say you can buy the +previous edition, the fourth + +edition, for $85 or the current +edition for $130. + +OK? + +You've got to make +that decision. + +OK? + +How do you make that decision. + +Well you may think, gee I +just make the decision. + +It's not really about +microeconomics. + +But it is. + +We're going to model how +you think about a + +decision like that. + +Well how do you think about +a decision like that? + +Well, the first thing you +consider is your preferences. + +How much are you willing to take +a chance that there's new + +stuff in the fifth edition +that you need to know? + +OK? + +If the fifth issue was identical +to the fourth + +edition then you'd be an idiot +to not just buy the used + +fourth edition. + +But it's not. + +Textbook writers are smart. + +They update their book. + +OK? + +So basically, the fifth +edition is updated. + +There's new things in it. + +So you have to ask yourself, +what are the odds that I need + +some of the new information in +the fifth edition and not in + +the fourth edition? + +And in thinking about that, +you're going to think about + +your preferences. + +In particular, are you very risk +averse, are you afraid to + +take a chance? + +Or are you risk loving? + +Are you willing to +take a chance? + +OK? + +That's one side of +the equation. + +If you're someone that says, +you know I will not take a + +chance in life. + +I just have to make sure I learn +the most possible from + +this course. + +Then you're going to want +that new edition. + +If you're someone that says, you +know what screw it, I'll + +just figure it out later. + +I'm going to the lectures. + +I don't care. + +OK? + +Then you might not want +it that much. + +So that's the first factor, is +going to be your preferences + +and break down how much you +are willing to take a risk + +that you need this +fifth edition. + +The second factor is going to +be your constraint: how much + +money you have. OK. + +The more money you have, the +more you're willing, or more + +relevant perhaps your parents +have, the more willing you are + +to go ahead and buy +that new edition. + +The less money you have, the +less willing you are. + +OK? + +So basically, it's going to +depend on whether you're + +paying or your parents are +paying, in which case what the + +hell you might as well buy +the fifth edition. + +OK? + +And then finally, you're going +to take these preferences and + +this constraint, your +preferences and your + +resources, and go to the market +and look at what does + +the market tell me the +difference is. + +So you're going to say, here's +how much I kind of care about + +fifth versus fourth edition, +here's the resources I have, + +now I'll go to the market and +say, aha there is a $45 + +difference between these +two editions. + +So now I will solve +that constrained + +optimization problem. + +And I'll decide whether I +want to get that book. + +You are going to be thinking to +yourself, this is stupid. + +I never think about +it that way. + +But the key point is you don't +have to think about it + +exactly that way. + +There's a famous example in +economics of what's called the + +as if principle. + +I don't know if kids still +say this one, as if. + +So it's the as if principle. + +OK? + +And basically it's from Milton +Friedman, the famous economist + +from Chicago, who said, look, +when you're playing pool, + +technically you could compute +the optimal angles of which to + +shoot the ball every single time +to get the appropriate + +bounce and get the balls in. + +You could do the mathematics +and compute it. + +But professional pool players +are not in this class with + +you, I'll only say that. + +OK? + +They're not guys who are able +to do that computation. + +They just know how to hit the +ball to get the same outcome + +they would get if they +mathematically solved for the + +optimal trajectory +to hit the ball. + +OK? + +They behave as if they've +solved the constrained + +optimization problem. + +And your decision when you buy +this book, you may not think + +it through the very framework +that I just laid out very + +heuristically and will lay out +more rigorously this semester. + +But you're going to behave +as if you do. + +Because those facts are going to +be in your mind, and you'll + +be thinking about it when +you make that decision. + +So while you may feel the models +we learn in this course + +are rather abstract and don't +really explain how you behave + +in an everyday basis, you're +going to behave as if those + +models are really +applying to you. + +And if you think about, over the +next few days, think about + +the decisions you make. + +From should I bring +an umbrella today, + +it looks like rain? + +Well, on the one hand, +I might lose it. + +It's a pain to carry. + +On the other hand, how much do +I care about getting wet? + +That's a constrained +optimization decision. + +To should I have an extra drink +at a party Friday night? + +On the one hand, that could +have some pros and cons. + +OK? + +These are all decisions, +constrained optimization + +decisions, you're +going to make. + +They're going to affect +your life. + +And what we'll learn this +semester is about how you make + +them and how we model, how +economists can use what we + +learn about that to understand +the function of the economy. + +OK? + +So I'm going to stop there. + +One other announcement, there +will, in general, be handouts + +every lecture. + +I'm not going to +do PowerPoint. + +I'm going to do handouts. + +So when you come in every +lecture, please look at the + +back banister. + +Though typically, not today. + +But typically, they'll be +handouts that you'll need to + +follow along with in class. + +So remember, go to section on +Friday, first problems that + +will be posted on Friday and it +will be due in section the + +Friday after. + +And I'll see you all back here +on Monday, next Monday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VxVF6QzwtwI.txt b/VxVF6QzwtwI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b585bb2b9b8bc171769c132391859ca7d2bd4861 --- /dev/null +++ b/VxVF6QzwtwI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +Now let's figure out how to implement semaphores. + +They are themselves shared data and implementing +the WAIT and SIGNAL operations will require + +read/modify/write sequences that must be executed +as critical sections. + +Normally we'd use a lock semaphore to implement +the mutual exclusion constraint for critical + +sections. + +But obviously we can't use semaphores to implement +semaphores! + +We have what's called a bootstrapping problem: +we need to implement the required functionality + +from scratch. + +Happily, if we're running on a timeshared +processor with an uninterruptible OS kernel, + +we can use the supervisor call (SVC) mechanism +to implement the required functionality. + +We can also extend the ISA to include a special +test-and-set instruction that will let us + +implement a simple lock semaphore, +which can then be used to protect critical + +sections that implement more complex semaphore +semantics. + +Single instructions are inherently atomic +and, in a multi-core processor, will do what + +we want if the shared main memory supports +reading the old value and writing a new value + +to a specific memory location as a single +memory access. + +There are other, more complex, software-only +solutions that rely only on the atomicity + +of individual reads and writes to implement +a simple lock. + +For example, see "Dekker's Algorithm" on Wikipedia. + +We'll look in more detail at the first two +approaches. + +Here are the OS handlers for the WAIT and +SIGNAL supervisor calls. + +Since SVCs are run kernel mode, they can't +be interrupted, so the handler code is naturally + +executed as a critical section. + +Both handlers expect the address of the semaphore +location to be passed as an argument in the + +user's R0. + +The WAIT handler checks the semaphore's value +and if it's non-zero, the value is decremented + +and the handler resumes execution of the user's +program at the instruction following the WAIT + +SVC. + +If the semaphore is 0, the code arranges to +re-execute the WAIT SVC when the user program + +resumes execution and then calls SLEEP to +mark the process as inactive until the corresponding + +WAKEUP call is made. + +The SIGNAL handler is simpler: it increments +the semaphore value and calls WAKEUP to mark + +as active any processes that were WAITing +for this particular semaphore. + +Eventually the round-robin scheduler will +select a process that was WAITing and it will + +be able to decrement the semaphore and proceed. + +Note that the code makes no provision for +fairness, i.e., there's no guarantee that + +a WAITing process will eventually succeed +in finding the semaphore non-zero. + +The scheduler has a specific order in which +it runs processes, so the next-in-sequence + +WAITing process will always get the semaphore +even if there are later-in-sequence processes + +that have been WAITing longer. + +If fairness is desired, WAIT could maintain +a queue of waiting processes and use the queue + +to determine which process is next in line, +independent of scheduling order. + +Many ISAs support an instruction like the +TEST-and-CLEAR instruction shown here. + +The TCLR instruction reads the current value +of a memory location and then sets it to zero, + +all as a single operation. + +It's like a LD except that it zeros the memory +location after reading its value. + +To implement TCLR, the memory needs to support +read-and-clear operations, as well as normal + +reads and writes. + +The assembly code at the bottom of the slide +shows how to use TCLR to implement a simple + +lock. + +The program uses TCLR to access the value +of the lock semaphore. + +If the returned value in RC is zero, then +some other process has the lock and the program + +loops to try TCLR again. + +If the returned value is non-zero, the lock +has been acquired and execution of the critical + +section can proceed. + +In this case, TCLR has also set the lock to +zero, so that other processes will be prevented + +from entering the critical section. + +When the critical section has finished executing, +a ST instruction is used to set the semaphore + +to a non-zero value. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WFQ-UcH4jMM.txt b/WFQ-UcH4jMM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9f1c45a0028fd92b0c8c1886a6dde6be108a61a --- /dev/null +++ b/WFQ-UcH4jMM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2472 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation, or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK so we're going to +do this thing of the hydrogen + +atom and the algebraic solution. + +And I think it's +not that long stuff + +so we can take it +easy as we go along. + +I want to remind you of a couple +of facts that will play a role. + +One result that is very general +about the addition of angular + +momentum that you +should of course know + +is that if you +have a j1 times j2. + +What does this mean? + +You have some states of-- +first angular momentum J1 + +that so you have a +whole multiplet with J1 + +equals little j1. + +Which means the states in that +multiplet have J1 squared, + +giving you h squared. + +Little j1 times +little j1 plus 1. + +That's having a j1 multiplet. + +You have a j2 multiplet. + +And these are two independent +commuting angular momenta + +acting on different +degrees of freedom + +of the same particle +or different particles. + +And what you've +learned is that this + +can be written as a +sum of representations. + +As a direct sum of +angular momenta, + +which goes from j1 plus +j2 plus j1 plus j2 minus 1 + +all the way up to +the representation + +with j1 minus j2. + +And these are all +representations or multiplets + +that live in the +tense or product, + +but they are multiplets +of J equals j1 plus j2. + +These states here +can be reorganized + +into these +multiplets, and that's + +our main result for the +addition of angular momentum. + +Mathematically, this +formula summarizes it all. + +These states, when +you write them + +as a basis here-- you +take a basis state here + +times a basis state here-- these +are called the coupled bases. + +And then you reorganize, +you form linear combinations + +that you have been +playing with, and then + +they get reorganized +into these states. + +So these are called +the coupled bases + +in which we're +talking about states + +of the sum of angular momentum. + +So that's one fact +we've learned about. + +Now as far as +hydrogen is concerned, + +we're going to try today +to understand the spectrum. + +And for that let me remind +you what the spectrum was. + +The way we organized it was +with an L versus energy levels. + +And we would put an L equals +0 state here-- well maybe-- + +there's color, so +why not using color. + +Let's see if it works. + +Yeah, it's OK. + +L equals 0. + +And this was called n equals 1. + +There's an n equals 2 that +has an L equals 0 state + +and an L equals 1 state. + +There's an n equals 3 +state, set of states + +that come within L equals 0 and +L equals 1 and an L equals 2. + +And it just goes on and on. + +With the energy levels En +equals minus e squared over 2a0. + +That combination is familiar +for energy, Bohr radius, charge + +of electron, with +a 1 over n squared. + +And the fact is that for +any level, for each n, + +L goes from 0, 1, +2, up to n minus 1. + +And for each n there's a +total of n squared states. + +And you see it here, you have +n equals 2, n equals 1, one + +state. + +n equals 2, you have +L equals 0, one state. + +L equals 1 is 3 states. + +So it's 4. + +Here we'll have 4 plus 5. + +So 9. + +And maybe you can do +it, it's a famous thing, + +there's n squared +states at every level. + +So this pattern that +of course continues + +and-- it's a little +difficult to do + +a nice diagram of the +hydrogen atom in scale + +because it's all pushed +towards the zero energy + +with 1 over n squared, +but that's how it goes. + +For n equals 4, you have +1, 2, 3, 4 for example. + +And this is what we +want to understand. + +So in order to do that, let's +return to this Hamiltonian, + +which is p squared over +2m minus e squared over r. + +And to the Runge-Lenz vector +that we talked about in lecture + +and you've been playing with. + +So this Runge-Lenz +vector, r, is defined + +to be 1 over 2me squared p +cross L minus L cross p minus r + +over r. + +And it has no units. + +It's a vector that +you've learned + +has interpretation of +a constant vector that + +points in this direction, r. + +And it just stays fixed +wherever the particle is going. + +Classically this is +a constant vector + +that points in the direction of +the major axis of the ellipse. + +With respect to this vector, +this vector is Hermitian. + +And you may recall that when +we did the classical vector, + +you had just p cross +L and no 2 here. + +There are now two terms here. + +And they are necessary because +we want to have a Hermitian + +operator, and this +is the simplest + +way to construct the +Hermitian operator, r. + +And the way is that you +add to this this term, + +that if L and p commuted as +they do in classical mechanics, + +that the term is +identical to this. + +And you get back to +the conventional thing + +that you had in +classical mechanics. + +But in quantum mechanics, of +course, they don't commute, + +so it's a little bit different. + +And moreover this +thing, r, is Hermitian. + +L and p are Hermitian but +when you take the Hermitian + +conjugate, L goes to +the other side of p. + +And since they don't commute, +that's not the same thing. + +So actually the Hermitian +conjugate of this term is this. + +There's an extra minus +sign in hermiticity + +when you have a cross product. + +So this is the Hermitian +conjugate of this, + +this is the Hermitian +conjugate of this second term, + +here's the first and +therefore this is actually + +a Hermitian operator. + +And you can work with it. + +Moreover, in the case +of classical mechanics, + +it was conserved. + +In the case of quantum +mechanics this statement + +of conservation +quantum mechanics + +is something that in one of the +exercises that you were asked + +to try to do this computation +so these computations + +are challenging. + +They're not all that trivial +and are good exercises. + +So this is one of them. + +This is practice. + +OK this is the vector r. + +What about it? + +A few more things about +it that are interesting. + +Because of the +hermiticity condition + +or in-- a way you can +check this directly + +in fact was one of the +exercises for you to do, + +was p cross L-- you +did it long time ago, + +I think-- is equal to minus +L cross b plus 2ih bar p. + +This is an identity. + +And this identity helps +you write this kind of term + +in a way in which you have +just one order of products + +and a little extra +term, rather than + +having two complicated terms. + +So the r can be +written as 1 over me + +squared alone, p cross L +minus ihp minus r over r. + +For example. + +By writing this term as another +p cross L minus that thing + +gives you that expression for r. + +You have an +alternative expression + +in which you solve +for the other one. + +So it's 1 over me squared +minus L cross p plus ih bar p. + +Now, r-- we need to +understand r better. + +That's really the challenge +of this whole derivation. + +So we have one thing +that is conserved. + +Angular momentum is conserved. + +It commutes with +the Hamiltonian. + +We have another thing +that is conserved, this r. + +But we have to understand +better what it is. + +So one thing that you can +ask is, well, r is conserved, + +so r squared is +conserved as well. + +So r squared, if I can simplify +it-- if I can do the algebra + +and simplify it-- it should +not be that complicated. + +So again a practice problem was +given to do that computation. + +And I think these forms are +useful for that, to work less. + +And the computation +gives a very nice result, + +where r squared is equal +to 1 plus 2 H over me + +to the fourth L squared +plus h bar squared. + +Kind of a strange result +if you think about it. + +People that want to +do this classically + +first would find that +there's no h squared. + +And here, this h, is that +whole h that we have here. + +It's a complicated thing. + +So this right hand side +is quite substantial. + +You don't have to worry +that h is in this side + +or whether it's +on the other side + +because h commutes +with L. L is conserved. + +So h appears like that. + +And this, again, is the +result of another computation. + +So we've learned something. + +r-- oh, I'm sorry, +this is r squared. + +Apologies. + +r is conserved. + +r squared must be conserved +because if h commutes with r + +it commutes with +r squared as well. + +And therefore whatever you +see on the right hand side, + +the whole thing +must be conserved. + +And h is conserved, of course. + +And L squared is conserved. + +Now we need one more property +of a relation-- you see, + +you have to do these things. + +Even if you probably don't have +an inspiration at this moment + +how you're going to +try to understand this, + +there are things +that just curiosity + +should tell that you should do. + +We have L, we do L squared. + +It's an important operator. + +OK. + +We had r, we did r squared, +which is an important operator. + +But one thing we +can do is L dot r. + +It's a good question +what L dot r is. + +So what is L dot r? + +So-- or r dot L. What is it? + +Well a few things that +are important to note + +are that you did +show before that you + +know that r dot L, +little r dot L, is 0. + +And little p dot L is 0. + +These are obvious +classically, because L + +is perpendicular +to both r and p. + +But quantum mechanically +they take a little more work. + +They're not complicated, +but you've shown those two. + +So if you have r dot +L, you would have, + +for example, here-- +r dot L, you would + +have to do and think +of this whole r + +and put an L on the right. + +Well this little r dotted with +the L on the right would be 0. + +That p dotted with L on +the right would be 0. + +And we're almost there, +but p cross L dot L, + +well, what is that? + +Let me talk about it here. + +P cross L dot L-- +so this is part + +of the computation of this +r dot L. We've already + +seen this term +will give nothing, + +this term will give nothing. + +But this term could +give something. + +So when you face +something like that, + +maybe you say, +well, I don't know + +any identities I +should be using here. + +So you just do it. + +Then you say, this +is i-th component + +of this vector times +the i-th of that. + +So it's epsilon ijkpjLkLi. + +And then you say look this +looks a little-- you could + +say many things that are wrong +and get the right answer. + +So you could say, +oh, ki symmetric + +and ki anti-symmetric. + +But that's wrong, because +these k and i are not + +symmetric really because +these operators don't commute. + +So the answer will be zero, but +for a more complicated reason. + +So what do you have in here? + +ki. + +Let's move the i to the end +of the epsilon, so jkipjLkLi. + +And now you see this part +is pj L cross cross L j. + +Is the cross product of this. + +But what is L cross L? + +You probably remember. + +This is ih bar L +L cross L, that's + +the computation in relation +of angular momentum. + +In case you kind +of don't remember + +it was ih bar L. Like that. + +So now p dot L is anyway 0. + +So this is 0. + +So it's kind of-- +it's a little delicate + +to do these computations. + +But so since that term is +zero, this thing is zero. + +Now you may as +well-- r dot L is 0. + +Is L dot r also 0? + +It's not all that obvious +you can even do that. + +Well in a second we'll see +that that's true as well. + +L dot r and r dot +L, capital R, are 0. + +Let's remember-- let's +continue-- let's see, + +I wanted to number some +of these equations. + +We're going to need them. + +So this will be equation one. + +This will be equation two, +it's an important one. + +Now what was-- let me +remind you of a notation + +we also had about vectors +and their rotations. + +Vector under rotations. + +So what was a vector, +Vi, under rotations + +was something that you had LiVj +equals ih bar epsilon ijkvk. + +So there is a way to write +this with cross products that + +is useful in some cases. + +So I will do it. + +You probably have seen +that in the notes, + +but let me remind you. + +Consider this product, +L cross V plus V + +cross L and the i-th +component of it. + +i-th component of this product. + +So this is epsilon ijk and +you have LjVk plus VjLk. + +Now in this term you +can do something nice. + +If you think of it +like expanded out, + +you have the second +term has epsilon ijkVjk. + +Change j for k. + +If you change j for +k, this will be VkLj. + +And these would have +the opposite order. + +But this order can be changed +up to the cost of a minus sign. + +So I claim this is ijk-- first +term is the same-- minus VkLj. + +So in the second term, +for this term alone, we've + +done for this term, multiplied +with this of course, + +we've done j and k relabeling. + +But this is nothing else than +the commutator of L with V. + +So this is epsilon ijkLjVk. + +That's epsilon ijk, and +this is epsilon jkp or LVL. + +Now, 2 epsilons with +2 common indices + +is something that it simple. + +It's a commutator dealt +on the other indices. + +Now it's better if they are sort +of all aligned in the same way, + +but they kind of are because +this L, without paying a price, + +can be put as the first index. + +So you have jk as +the second and third + +and-- jk as the +second and third-- + +once L has been moved +to the first position. + +So this thing is +2 times delta iL. + +And there's an h bar, +ih bar I forgot here. + +ih bar. + +2 delta ik ih bar iL ih bar VL. + +So this is 2 ih bar Vi. + +So this whole thing the i-th +component of this thing, + +using this commutation +relation is this. + +So what we've learned +is that L cross + +V plus V cross L you +see go to 2 ih bar V. + +And that's a statement as a +vector relation of the fact + +that V is a vector +in the rotations. + +So for V to be a vector in +the rotations means this. + +And if you wish, it +means this thing as well. + +It's just another +thing of what it means. + +Now R is a vector +in the rotations. + +This capital R. Why? + +You've shown that if you have +a vector in the rotations + +and you multiply it by another +vector in the rotations + +under the cross +product, it's still + +a vector in the rotations. + +So this is a vector in +the rotations, this is, + +and this is a vector +in the rotations. + +R is a vector in the rotations. + +So this capital R is a +vector on the rotations, + +which means two things. + +It means it satisfies +this kind of equation. + +So r cross-- or L cross R plus +R cross L is equal to ih bar R. + +So R is a vector +in the rotation. + +It's a fact beyond doubt. + +And that means that we now +know the commutation relations + +between L and R. So we're +starting to put together + +this picture in which +we get familiar with R + +and the commutators +that are possible. + +So I can summarize it here. + +L dot R LiRj is ih +bar epsilon ijkRk. + +That's the same statement as +this one but in components. + +And now you see why R dot +L is equal to L dot R. + +Because actually if you put the +same two indices here, i and i, + +you get zero. + +So when you have R dot L you +have R1L1 plus R2L2 plus R3L3. + +And each of these +two commute when + +the two indices are the same. + +Because of the epsilon. + +So R dot L is 0. + +And now you also appreciate +that L dot R is also 0, too. + +OK. + +Now comes, in a sense, the most +difficult of all calculations. + +Even if this seemed +a little easy. + +But you can get +quite far with it. + +So what do you do with Ls? + +You computed L +commutators and you + +got the algebra of +angular momentum. + +Over here. + +This is the algebra +for angular momentum. + +And this kind of +nontrivial calculation, + +you did it by building results. + +You knew how R was a +vector in the rotation + +or how p was a vector +in the rotation. + +You multiplied the two of them, +and it was not so difficult. + +But the calculation that +you really need to do now + +is the calculation of the +commutator say of Ri with Rj. + +And that looks like a +little bit of a nightmare. + +You have to commute this +whole thing with itself. + +Lots of p's, L's, R's. + +1 over R's, those +don't commute with p. + +You remember that. + +So this kind of calculation +done by brute force. + +You're talking a day, probably. + +I think so. + +And probably it +becomes a mess, but. + +You'll find a little trick +helps to organize it better. + +It's less of a +mess, but still you + +don't get it and-- +try several times. + +So what we're going +to do is try to think + +of what the answer could +be by some arguments. + +And then once we know +what the answer can be, + +there's still one +calculation to be done. + +That I will probably +put in the notes, + +but it's not a difficult one. + +And the answer just pops out. + +So the question is what is R +cross R. R cross R is really + +what we have when we +have this commutator. + +So we need to know what R cross +R is, just like L cross L. + +Now R is not likely to +be an angular momentum. + +It's a vector but it's +not an angular momentum. + +Has nothing to do with it. + +It's more complicated. + +So what is R cross R +quantum-mechanically? + +Classically, of course, +it would be zero. + +So first thing is you think +of what this should be. + +We have a vector, because the +cross product of two vectors. + +Now I want to emphasize +one other thing, + +that it should be this +thing-- R cross R-- is + +tantamount to this thing. + +What is this thing? + +It should be +actually proportional + +to some conserved quantity. + +And the reason is +quite interesting. + +So this is a small aside here. + +If some operator +is conserved, it + +commutes with the Hamiltonian. + +Say if S1 and S2 are symmetries, +that means that S1 with h + +is equal to S2 with +h is equal to zero. + +Then the claim is that the +commutator of this S1 and S2 + +claim S1 commutator with +S2 is also a symmetry. + +So the reason is +because commutator + +of S1 S2 commutator with h +is equal actually to zero. + +And why would it +be equal to zero? + +It's because of the +so-called Jacobi + +identity for commutators. + +You'll remember when you +have three things like that, + +this term is equal to +1-- this term plus 1, + +in which you cycle them. + +And plus another one +where you cycle them again + +is equal to zero. + +That's a Jacobi identity. + +And in those cyclings +you get an h with S2, + +for example, that is zero. + +And then an h with +S1, which is zero. + +So you use these things +here and you prove that. + +So I write here, by Jacobi. + +So if you have a +conserved-- this + +is the great thing about +conserved quantities, + +if you have one conserved +quantity, it's OK. + +But if you have two, +you're in business. + +Because you can then take the +commutator of these two and you + +get another conserved quantity. + +And then more commutators and +you keep taking commutators + +and if you're lucky you get all +of the conserved quantities. + +So here R cross R refers +to this commutator. + +So whatever is on the +right should be a vector + +and should be conserved. + +And what are our +conserved vectors? + +Well our conserved +vectors-- candidates here-- + +are L, R itself, and L cross +R. That's pretty much it. + +L and R are our only conserved +things, so it better be that. + +Still this is far too much. + +So there could be +a term proportional + +to L, a term proportional to R, +a term proportional to L dot R. + +So this kind of analysis +is based by something + +that Julian Schwinger did. + +This same guy that +actually did quantum + +electrodynamics along +with Feynman and Tomonaga. + +And he's the one of +those who invented + +the trick of using +three-dimensional angular + +momentum for the +two-dimensional oscillator. + +And had lots of bags of tricks. + +So actually this whole +discussion of the hydrogen + +atom-- most books just say, +well, these calculations are + +hopeless. + +Let me give you the answers. + +Schwinger, on the other hand, in +his book on quantum mechanics-- + +which is kind of interesting +but very idiosyncratic-- + +finds a trick to do +every calculation. + +So you never get +into a big mess. + +He's absolutely elegant +and keeps pulling tricks + +from the bag. + +So this is one of those tricks. + +Basically he goes through +the following analysis now + +and says, look, suppose +I have the vector R + +and I do a parity +transformation. + +I change it for minus R. + +What happens under +those circumstances? + +Well the momentum is +the rate of change of R, + +should also change sign. + +Quantum mechanically +this is consistent, + +because a commutation between +R and p should give you h bar. + +And if R changes, p +should change sign. + +But now when you do this, +L, which is R cross p, + +just goes to L. And R, +however, changes sign + +because L doesn't change +sign but p does and R does. + +So under these changes-- +so this is the originator, + +the troublemaker and +then everybody else + +follows-- R also changes sign. + +So this is extremely powerful +because if you imagine + +this being equal to +something, well it + +should be consistent +with the symmetries. + +So as I change R to minus +R, capital R changes sign + +but the left hand side +doesn't change sign. + +Therefore the right hand +side should not change sign. + +And R changes sign and +L cross R changes sign. + +So computation kind of +finished because the only thing + +you can get on the right is L. + +This is the kind of +thing that you do + +and probably if you +were writing a paper on + +that you would anyway +do the calculation. + +The silly way, +the- the right way. + +But this is quite save of times. + +So actually what +you have learned + +is that R cross R is equal to +some scalar conserved quantity, + +which is something that +is conserved that could + +be like an h, for example, here. + +But it's a scalar. + +And, L. + +Well once you know that much, +it doesn't take much work + +to do this and to +calculate what it is. + +But I will skip +that calculation. + +This is the sort of +thoughtful part of it. + +And R cross R turns out to +be ih bar minus 2 h again. + +h shows up in several +places, like here, + +so it tends-- it has +a tendency to show up. + +me to the fourth L. + +So this is our equation +for-- and in a sense, + +all the hard work has been done. + +Because now you have a complete +understanding of these two + +vectors, L and R. You +know what L squared is, + +what R squared is, +what L dot R is. + +And you know all +the commutators, + +you know the commutation of L +with L, L with R, and R with R. + +You've done all +the algebraic work. + +And the question is, how +do we proceed from now + +to solve the hydrogen atom. + +So the way we proceed +is kind of interesting. + +We're going to try to +build from this L that + +is an angular momentum. + +And this R that is not +an angular momentum. + +Two sets of angular momenta. + +You have two vectors. + +So somehow we want to try to +combine them in such a way + +that we can invent +two angular momenta. + +Just like the +angular momentum in + +the two-dimensional +harmonic oscillator. + +It was not directly +through angular momentum, + +but was mathematical +angular momentum. + +These two angular momenta we're +going to build, one of them + +is going to be recognizable. + +The other one is going to +be a little unfamiliar. + +But now I have to do +something that-- it + +may sound a little +unusual, but is + +necessary to simplify our life. + +I want to say some +words that will + +allow me to think of +this h here as a number. + +And would allow me to think +of this h as a number. + +So here's what +we're going to say. + +It's an assumption-- +it's no assumption, + +but it sounds like +an assumption. + +But there's no +assumption whatsoever. + +We say the following: +this hydrogen atom + +is going to have some states. + +So let's assume there is one +state, and it has some energy. + +If I have that state +with some energy, well, + +that would be the +end of the story. + +But in fact, the +thing that they want + +to allow the possibility for is +that at that the energy there + +are more states. + +One state would be OK, +maybe sometimes it happens. + +But in general there are +more states at that energy. + +So I don't-- I'm not making any +physical assumption to state + +that there is a subspace +of degenerate states. + +And in that subspace +of degenerate states, + +there may be just one +state, there are two states, + +there are three +states, but there's + +subspace of degenerate +states that have some energy. + +And I'm going to work +in that subspace. + +And all the +operators that I have + +are going to be acting +in that subspace. + +And I'm going to +analyze subspace + +by subspace of +different energies. + +So we're going to +work with one subspace + +of degenerate energies. + +And if I have, for example, +the operator R squared + +acting on any state +of that subspace, + +since h commutes +with L squared, h + +can go here, acts on this +thing, becomes a number. + +So you might as well +put a number here. + +You might as well put +a number here as well. + +It has to be stated like that. + +Carefully. + +We're going to work on +a degenerate subspace + +of some energy. + +But then we can treat +the h as a number. + +So let me say it here. + +We'll work in a +degenerate subspace + +with eigenvalues of h equal +to h prime, for h prime. + +Now I want to write some numbers +here to simplify my algebra. + +So without loss of +generality we put + +what this dimensionless-- +this is dimensionless. + +I'm sorry, this is +not dimensionless. + +This one has units of energy. + +This is roughly +the right energy, + +with this one would be the right +energy for the ground state. + +Now we don't know +the energies and this + +is going to give us +the energies as well. + +So without solving the +differential equation, + +we're going to get the energies. + +So if I say, well that's +the energies you would say, + +come on, you're cheating. + +So I'll put one over nu squared +where nu can be anything. + +Nu is real. + +And that's just a +way to write things + +in order to simplify +the algebra. + +I don't know what nu is. + +How you say-- you don't know, +but you have this in mind + +and it's going to +be an integer, sure. + +That's what good +notation is all about. + +You write things and +then, you know, it's nu. + +You don't call it N. Because +you don't know it's an integer. + +You call it nu, and you proceed. + +So once you have +called it nu, you + +see here that, well, that's +what we call h really. + +h will be-- this h prime +is kind of not necessary. + +This is what-- where h +becomes in every formula. + +So from here you get that +minus 2h over me to the fourth + +is 1 over h squared nu squared. + +I have a minus here, I'm sorry. + +2h minus me to the fourth +down is h squared nu squared. + +So we can substitute +that in our nice formulas + +that hme to the fourth so +our formulas four and five + +have become-- I'm going +to use this blackboard. + +Any blackboard where I +don't have a formula boxed + +can be erased. + +So I will continue here. + +And so what do we have? + +R cross R, from that +formula, well this thing + +is over there minus 2h +over me to the fourth, + +you substitute it in here. + +So it's i over h +bar, one over nu + +squared L. Doesn't +look that bad. + +And, R squared is equal to 1 +minus 1 over h bar nu squared. + +Like this. + +L squared plus h squared. + +2h, that's minus h +squared nu squared. + +Yeah. + +So these are nice formulas. + +These are already quite clean. + +We'll call them +five, equation five. + +I still want to rewrite +them in a way that perhaps + +is a little more +understandable or suggestive. + +I will put an h bar nu +together with each R. + +So h nu R cross h +nu R is equal to ih + +bar L. Makes it look nice. + +Then for this one +you'll put h squared + +nu squared R squared is equal +to h squared nu squared minus 1 + +minus L squared. + +It's sort of trivial algebra. + +You multiply by h squared +nu squared, you get this. + +You get h squared nu squared +minus L squared because it's + +all multiplied minus h squared. + +So these two equations, +five, have become six. + +So five and six are +really the same equations. + +Nothing much has been done. + +And if you wish, in +terms of commutators + +this equation says that the +commutator h nu Ri with h nu Rj + +is equal to ih +bar epsilon ijkLk. + +H cross this thing h nu R, h nu +R cross equal iHL in components + +means this. + +That is not totally obvious. + +It requires a small computation, +but is the same computation + +that shows that +this thing is really + +LiLj equal ih bar epsilon ijkLk. + +In which these L's +have now become R's. + +OK so, we've cleaned +up everything. + +We've made great progress +even though at this moment + +it still looks like we haven't +solved the problem at all. + +But we're very close. + +So are there any questions +about what we've done so far? + +Have I lost you in the +algebra, or any goals here? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Why is R cross +R not a commutation? + +Why would we expect that +to not be a commutation? + +PROFESSOR: In general, it's +the same thing as here. + +L cross L is this. + +The commutator of two Hermitian +operators is anti-Hermitian. + +So there's always +an i over there. + +Other questions? + +It's good, you have +to-- you should + +worry about those things. + +Are the units right, or +the right number of i's + +on the right hand side. + +That's a great way +to catch mistakes. + +OK so we're there. + +And now it should +really almost look + +reasonable to do what +we're going to do. + +h nu R with h nu R +gives you like L. + +So you have L with L, +form angular momentum. + +L and R are vectors in +their angular momentum. + +Now R cross R is L. +And with these units, + +h nu R and h nu R +looks like it has + +the units of angular momentum. + +So h nu R can be added +to angular momentum + +to form more angular momentum. + +So that's exactly what +we're going to do. + +So here it comes. + +Key step. + +J1-- I'm going to define +two angular momenta. + +Well, we hope that they +are angular momenta. + +L plus h nu R. And J2, one +half L minus h nu R. These + +are definitions. + +It's just defining +two operators. + +We hope something good +happens with these operators, + +but at this moment +you don't know. + +It's a good suggestion +because of the units + +match and all that stuff. + +So this is going to be +our definitions, seven. + +And from these of course follows +that L, the quantity we know, + +is J1 plus J2. + +And R, or h nu R, +is J1 minus J2. + +You solve in the other way. + +Now my first claim is +that J1 and J2 commute. + +Commute with each other. + +So these are nice, +commuting angular momenta. + +Now this computation has +to be done-- let me-- yeah, + +we can do it. + +J1i with J2J. + +It's one half and +one half gives you + +one quarter of Li plus h nu +Ri with LJ minus h nu RJ. + +Now the question +is where do I-- I + +think I can erase most +of this blackboard. + +I can leave this formula. + +It's kind of the only +very much needed one. + +So I'll continue with +this computation here. + +This gives me one quarter-- and +we have a big parentheses-- ih + +bar epsilon iJkLk. + +For the commutator of these two. + +And then you have the +commutator of the cross terms. + +So what do they look like? + +They look like minus h nu +Li with RJ, and minus h + +nu Ri with-- no. + +So I have minus h nu +Li with RJ, and now I + +have a plus of this term. + +But I will write this as a +minus h nu of LJ with Ri. + +Those are the two +cross products. + +And then finally we have this +thing, the h nu with h nu Rijk. + +So I have minus h nu squared, +and you have then RiRJk. + +No, I'll do it this way. + +I'm sorry. + +You have minus over there, +and I have this thing + +so it's minus ih bar epsilon +iJkLk from the last two + +commutators. + +So this one you use +essentially equation six. + +Now look. + +This thing and +this thing cancels. + +And these two terms, they +actually cancel as well. + +Because here you +get an epsilon iJR. + +And here there's an +epsilon Ji something. + +So these two terms +actually add up to zero. + +And this is zero. + +So indeed, J1i and +J2i-- 2J-- is zero. + +And these are commuting things. + +I wanted to say commuting +angular momentum, + +but not quite yet. + +Haven't shown their +angular momenta. + +So how do we show +their angular momenta? + +We have to try it and +see if they really + +do form an algebra +of angular momentum. + +So again, for saving room, I'm +going to erase this formula. + +It will reappear +in lecture notes. + +But now it should go. + +So the next computation is +something that I want to do. + +J1 cross J1 or the +J2 cross J2, to see + +if they form angular momenta. + +And I want to do +them simultaneously, + +so I will do one +quarter of J1 cross + +J2 would be L plus minus h nu +R cross L plus minus h nu R. + +OK that doesn't look bad at +all, especially because we + +have all these +formulas for products. + +So look, you have L +cross L, which we know. + +Then you have L cross +R plus R cross L + +that is conveniently here. + +And finally, you have R +cross R which is here. + +So it's all sort +of done in a way + +that the composition +should be easy. + +So indeed 1 over 4 +L cross L gives you + +an ih bar L. From L +cross L. From these ones, + +you get plus minus +with plus minus. + +It's always plus but +you get another ihL. + +So you get another ihL. + +And then you get plus minus +L cross h nu R plus h nu R + +cross L. So here you get +one quarter of 2 ihL. + +And look at this formula, just +put an h nu here and h nu here + +and an h nu here. + +So you get plus minus 2 ih +from here and an h nu R. + +OK so the twos and the fours +and the iH's go out and then you + +get ih times one half +times L plus minus h nu R, + +which is either J1 or J2. + +So, very nicely, +we've shown that J1 + +cross J1 is ih bar J1 and +J2 cross J2 is ih bar J2. + +And now finally you +can say that you've + +discovered two independent +angular momenta in the hydrogen + +atom. + +You did have an angular +momentum on an R vector, + +and all of our work has +gone into showing now + +that you have two +angular momenta. + +Pretty much we're +at the end of this + +because, after we do one more +little thing, we're there. + +So let me do it here. + +I will not need these +equations anymore. + +Except this one I will need. + +So + +L dot R is zero. + +So from L dot R +equals zero, this time + +you get J1 plus J2 is +equal to-- no, times-- + +J1 minus J2 is equal to zero. + +Now J1 and J2 commute. + +So the cross terms vanish. + +J1 and J2 commute. + +So this implies that J1 +squared is equal to J2 squared. + +Now this is a very +surprising thing. + +These two angular momenta +have the same length squared. + +Let's look a little more at +the length squared of it. + +So let's, for +example, square J1. + +Well, if I square J1, I have one +fourth L squared plus h squared + +nu squared R squared. + +No L dot R term, +because L dot R is 0. + +And h squared nu squared +R squared is here. + +So this is good news. + +This is one fourth L +squared plus h squared + +nu squared minus +1 minus L squared. + +The L squared cancels. + +And you've got that J1 +equals to J2 squared. + +And it's equal to one fourth of +h squared nu squared minus 1. + +OK. + +Well the problem +has been solved, + +even if you don't +notice at this moment. + +It's all solved. + +Why? + +You've been talking +a degenerate subspace + +with angular momentum +with equal energies. + +And there's two +angular momenta there. + +And their squares equal +to the same thing. + +So these two angular +momenta, our squares + +are the same and the +square is precisely what + +we call h squared J times J +plus 1, where j J is quantized. + +It can be zero, one +half, one, all of this. + +So here comes a quantization. + +J squared being nu squared, we +didn't know what nu squared is, + +but it's now equal +to these things. + +So at this moment, things +have been quantized. + +And let's look into a little +more detail what has happened + +and confirm that we got +everything we wanted. + +So let me write that +equation again here. + +J1 squared is equal J2 squared +is equal to one quarter + +h squared nu squared +minus 1, which + +is h squared J times J plus 1. + +So cancel the h squares +and solve for nu squared. + +Nu squared would +be 1 plus 4J times + +J plus 1, which is 4J +squared plus 4J plus 1, + +which is 2J plus 1 squared. + +That's pretty neat. + +Why is it so neat? + +Because as J is equal to +zero, all the possible values + +of angular momentum-- +three halves, + +all these things-- nu, +which is 2J plus 1, + +will be equal to 1, 2, +3, 4-- all the integers. + +And what was nu? + +It was the values +of the energies. + +So actually you've +proven the spectrum. + +Nu has come out to +be either 1, 2, 3, + +but you have all representations +of angular momentum. + +You have the +singlet, the spin one + +half-- where are the spins here? + +Nowhere. + +There was an electron, +a proton, we never + +put spin for the hydrogen atom. + +But it all shows up as +these representations + +in which they come along. + +Even more is true, as +we will see right away + +and confirm that everything +really shows up the right way. + +So what happened now? + +We have two independent, +equal angular momentum. + +So what is this degenerate +subspace we were inventing? + +Is the space J, which is +J1 and m1 tensor product + +with J, which is J2 +but has the same value + +because the squares +are the same, m2. + +So this is an uncoupled basis. + +Uncoupled basis of states +in the degenerate subspace. + +And now, you know, it's +all a little surreal + +because these don't look +like our states at all. + +But this is the way +algebraically they show up. + +We choose our value of J, we +have then that nu is equal + +to this and for that value of +J there's some values of m's. + +And therefore, this must +be the degenerate subspace. + +So this is nothing +but the tensor product + +of a J multiplet +with a J multiplet. + +Where J is that integer here. + +And what is the tensor +product of a J multiplet? + +First, J is for J1. + +The second J is for J2. + +So at this moment +of course we're + +calling this N for +the quantum number. + +But what is this thing? + +This is 2J plus 2J minus +1 plus-- all the way + +up to the singlet. + +But what are these +representations of? + +Well here we have +J1 and here is J2. + +These must be the +ones of the sum. + +But who is the sum, L? + +So these are the L +representations that you get. + +L is your angular momentum. + +L representations. + +And if 2J plus 1 is N, +you got a representation + +with L equals N minus +1, because 2J plus 1 + +is N, L equals N minus 2, +all the way up to L equals 0. + +Therefore, you get precisely +this whole structure. + +So, just in time as +we get to 2 o'clock, + +we've finished the quantization +of the hydrogen atom. + +We've finished 805. + +I hope you enjoyed. + +I did a lot. [INAUDIBLE] +and Will did, too. + +Good luck and +we'll see you soon. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WyrBTEVku1I.txt b/WyrBTEVku1I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..886e5cc350a96354d64c167d5cbee28d8d8ace73 --- /dev/null +++ b/WyrBTEVku1I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,403 @@ +align:start position:0% + +by studying nanotechnology and + + align:start position:0% +by studying nanotechnology and + + + align:start position:0% +by studying nanotechnology and +nanomechanical Technology at small + + align:start position:0% +nanomechanical Technology at small + + + align:start position:0% +nanomechanical Technology at small +forces we can try to understand how + + align:start position:0% +forces we can try to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +forces we can try to understand how +materials behave in very very small + + align:start position:0% +materials behave in very very small + + + align:start position:0% +materials behave in very very small +volumes we are trying to work at Lens + + align:start position:0% +volumes we are trying to work at Lens + + + align:start position:0% +volumes we are trying to work at Lens +scales that are less than 1,000th to + + align:start position:0% +scales that are less than 1,000th to + + + align:start position:0% +scales that are less than 1,000th to +11,000 of the diameter of the human + + align:start position:0% +11,000 of the diameter of the human + + + align:start position:0% +11,000 of the diameter of the human +hair and uh that's really challenging so + + align:start position:0% +hair and uh that's really challenging so + + + align:start position:0% +hair and uh that's really challenging so +in biology for example we can use the to + + align:start position:0% +in biology for example we can use the to + + + align:start position:0% +in biology for example we can use the to +study cell + + align:start position:0% +study cell + + + align:start position:0% +study cell +adition forces between different + + align:start position:0% +adition forces between different + + + align:start position:0% +adition forces between different +chemicals and surfaces of cells we can + + align:start position:0% +chemicals and surfaces of cells we can + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals and surfaces of cells we can +make a connection + + align:start position:0% +make a connection + + + align:start position:0% +make a connection +between the measurements that we make at + + align:start position:0% +between the measurements that we make at + + + align:start position:0% +between the measurements that we make at +very very small lens + + align:start position:0% +very very small lens + + + align:start position:0% +very very small lens +scales uh to the behavior of materials + + align:start position:0% +scales uh to the behavior of materials + + + align:start position:0% +scales uh to the behavior of materials +and surfaces and biological cells and + + align:start position:0% +and surfaces and biological cells and + + + align:start position:0% +and surfaces and biological cells and +molecules and hopefully connected to + + align:start position:0% +molecules and hopefully connected to + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and hopefully connected to +human health and + + align:start position:0% +human health and + + + align:start position:0% +human health and +diseases one of the instruments you'll + + align:start position:0% +diseases one of the instruments you'll + + + align:start position:0% +diseases one of the instruments you'll +see in the Nano lab is a nano + + align:start position:0% +see in the Nano lab is a nano + + + align:start position:0% +see in the Nano lab is a nano +indentor and the nanoindentor tries to + + align:start position:0% +indentor and the nanoindentor tries to + + + align:start position:0% +indentor and the nanoindentor tries to +help us understand how surfaces + + align:start position:0% +help us understand how surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +help us understand how surfaces +behave it entails a sharp object made of + + align:start position:0% +behave it entails a sharp object made of + + + align:start position:0% +behave it entails a sharp object made of +diamond and it pushes the sharp object + + align:start position:0% +diamond and it pushes the sharp object + + + align:start position:0% +diamond and it pushes the sharp object +into a surface the surface can be the + + align:start position:0% +into a surface the surface can be the + + + align:start position:0% +into a surface the surface can be the +surface of an engineering material it + + align:start position:0% +surface of an engineering material it + + + align:start position:0% +surface of an engineering material it +can be a polymer it can be a biological + + align:start position:0% +can be a polymer it can be a biological + + + align:start position:0% +can be a polymer it can be a biological +sample and from the way in which the + + align:start position:0% +sample and from the way in which the + + + align:start position:0% +sample and from the way in which the +forces and displacements are measured at + + align:start position:0% +forces and displacements are measured at + + + align:start position:0% +forces and displacements are measured at +the surface you can try to understand + + align:start position:0% +the surface you can try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +the surface you can try to understand +how surfaces behave now through a series + + align:start position:0% +how surfaces behave now through a series + + + align:start position:0% +how surfaces behave now through a series +of modeling and Theory we can try to + + align:start position:0% +of modeling and Theory we can try to + + + align:start position:0% +of modeling and Theory we can try to +interpret how these forces and + + align:start position:0% +interpret how these forces and + + + align:start position:0% +interpret how these forces and +deformation at the surface translate + + align:start position:0% +deformation at the surface translate + + + align:start position:0% +deformation at the surface translate +into properties of materials so once we + + align:start position:0% +into properties of materials so once we + + + align:start position:0% +into properties of materials so once we +know that we can design new materials + + align:start position:0% +know that we can design new materials + + + align:start position:0% +know that we can design new materials +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +surfaces the experimental capabilities + + align:start position:0% +surfaces the experimental capabilities + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces the experimental capabilities +uh are so new that only in the last 5 + + align:start position:0% +uh are so new that only in the last 5 + + + align:start position:0% +uh are so new that only in the last 5 +years we've been able to push the limits + + align:start position:0% +years we've been able to push the limits + + + align:start position:0% +years we've been able to push the limits +of this technology to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +of this technology to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +of this technology to the extent that +we've been able to do we are doing at + + align:start position:0% +we've been able to do we are doing at + + + align:start position:0% +we've been able to do we are doing at +the present time at the same time there + + align:start position:0% +the present time at the same time there + + + align:start position:0% +the present time at the same time there +is a revolution in computer hardware and + + align:start position:0% +is a revolution in computer hardware and + + + align:start position:0% +is a revolution in computer hardware and +software so we can do modeling and + + align:start position:0% +software so we can do modeling and + + + align:start position:0% +software so we can do modeling and +simulations of these experiments to a + + align:start position:0% +simulations of these experiments to a + + + align:start position:0% +simulations of these experiments to a +level of sophistication that we could + + align:start position:0% +level of sophistication that we could + + + align:start position:0% +level of sophistication that we could +not have done just a few years ago it's + + align:start position:0% +not have done just a few years ago it's + + + align:start position:0% +not have done just a few years ago it's +a wonderful time to be doing experiments + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful time to be doing experiments + + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful time to be doing experiments +and simulations in nanotechnology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/X-ix97pw0xY.txt b/X-ix97pw0xY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95158db78ad1bfba89834b1adfd16c12a2aedf84 --- /dev/null +++ b/X-ix97pw0xY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu the chapter is a natural + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu the chapter is a natural + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu the chapter is a natural +Capstone chapter for uh this entire + + align:start position:0% +Capstone chapter for uh this entire + + + align:start position:0% +Capstone chapter for uh this entire +course we'll see some of the things + + align:start position:0% +course we'll see some of the things + + + align:start position:0% +course we'll see some of the things +we've seen during uh maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +we've seen during uh maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen during uh maximum likelihood +and some of the things we seen during uh + + align:start position:0% +and some of the things we seen during uh + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the things we seen during uh +linear uh regression some of the things + + align:start position:0% +linear uh regression some of the things + + + align:start position:0% +linear uh regression some of the things +we've seen in terms of the basic + + align:start position:0% +we've seen in terms of the basic + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen in terms of the basic +modeling that we've had before we're not + + align:start position:0% +modeling that we've had before we're not + + + align:start position:0% +modeling that we've had before we're not +going to go back to uh much inference + + align:start position:0% +going to go back to uh much inference + + + align:start position:0% +going to go back to uh much inference +questions it's really going to be about + + align:start position:0% +questions it's really going to be about + + + align:start position:0% +questions it's really going to be about +modeling and in a way generalized linear + + align:start position:0% +modeling and in a way generalized linear + + + align:start position:0% +modeling and in a way generalized linear +models as the word says are just a + + align:start position:0% +models as the word says are just a + + + align:start position:0% +models as the word says are just a +generalization of linear models and + + align:start position:0% +generalization of linear models and + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of linear models and +they're actually extremely useful they + + align:start position:0% +they're actually extremely useful they + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually extremely useful they +are so often forgotten about and people + + align:start position:0% +are so often forgotten about and people + + + align:start position:0% +are so often forgotten about and people +just jump onto machine learning and + + align:start position:0% +just jump onto machine learning and + + + align:start position:0% +just jump onto machine learning and +sophisticated techniques but those + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated techniques but those + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated techniques but those +things do the J the job quite well so + + align:start position:0% +things do the J the job quite well so + + + align:start position:0% +things do the J the job quite well so +let's see in what sense they are + + align:start position:0% +let's see in what sense they are + + + align:start position:0% +let's see in what sense they are +generalization of the + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of the +linear Models All right so remember the + + align:start position:0% +linear Models All right so remember the + + + align:start position:0% +linear Models All right so remember the +linear model looked like this we said + + align:start position:0% +linear model looked like this we said + + + align:start position:0% +linear model looked like this we said +that y was equal to X transpose beta + + align:start position:0% +that y was equal to X transpose beta + + + align:start position:0% +that y was equal to X transpose beta +plus Epsilon right that was our linear + + align:start position:0% +plus Epsilon right that was our linear + + + align:start position:0% +plus Epsilon right that was our linear +regression model and uh it's another way + + align:start position:0% +regression model and uh it's another way + + + align:start position:0% +regression model and uh it's another way +to say this is that if I and if let's + + align:start position:0% +to say this is that if I and if let's + + + align:start position:0% +to say this is that if I and if let's +assume that those were say gaussian with + + align:start position:0% +assume that those were say gaussian with + + + align:start position:0% +assume that those were say gaussian with +mean zero and identity cence Matrix then + + align:start position:0% +mean zero and identity cence Matrix then + + + align:start position:0% +mean zero and identity cence Matrix then +another way to say this is that the + + align:start position:0% +another way to say this is that the + + + align:start position:0% +another way to say this is that the +conditional distribution of Y given X is + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution of Y given X is + + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution of Y given X is +equal to uh uh sorry is a gussan with + + align:start position:0% +equal to uh uh sorry is a gussan with + + + align:start position:0% +equal to uh uh sorry is a gussan with +mean X transpose + + align:start position:0% +mean X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +mean X transpose +beta and uh variance well we had a sigma + + align:start position:0% +beta and uh variance well we had a sigma + + + align:start position:0% +beta and uh variance well we had a sigma +Square which I will forget as usual uh X + + align:start position:0% +Square which I will forget as usual uh X + + + align:start position:0% +Square which I will forget as usual uh X +transpose beta and then Sigma Square + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta and then Sigma Square + + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta and then Sigma Square +okay so here we just assumed that so + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we just assumed that so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we just assumed that so +what is regression is just saying I'm + + align:start position:0% +what is regression is just saying I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what is regression is just saying I'm +trying to explain y as a function of x + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain y as a function of x + + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain y as a function of x +given X I'm assuming a distribution for + + align:start position:0% +given X I'm assuming a distribution for + + + align:start position:0% +given X I'm assuming a distribution for +the Y and this x is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +the Y and this x is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the Y and this x is just going to be +here to help me model what the um what + + align:start position:0% +here to help me model what the um what + + + align:start position:0% +here to help me model what the um what +the mean of this Gan is right I mean I + + align:start position:0% +the mean of this Gan is right I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +the mean of this Gan is right I mean I +could have something crazy I could + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have something that looks like y given X + + align:start position:0% +have something that looks like y given X + + + align:start position:0% +have something that looks like y given X +is n0 X transpose beta and then this guy + + align:start position:0% +is n0 X transpose beta and then this guy + + + align:start position:0% +is n0 X transpose beta and then this guy +could be some other thing which looks + + align:start position:0% +could be some other thing which looks + + + align:start position:0% +could be some other thing which looks +like I don't know some X transpose gamma + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know some X transpose gamma + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know some X transpose gamma +squared uh times uh I don't know x x + + align:start position:0% +squared uh times uh I don't know x x + + + align:start position:0% +squared uh times uh I don't know x x +transpose plus identity some crazy thing + + align:start position:0% +transpose plus identity some crazy thing + + + align:start position:0% +transpose plus identity some crazy thing +that depends on X here right and we + + align:start position:0% +that depends on X here right and we + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on X here right and we +deliberately assumed that all the thing + + align:start position:0% +deliberately assumed that all the thing + + + align:start position:0% +deliberately assumed that all the thing +that depends on X shows up in the mean + + align:start position:0% +that depends on X shows up in the mean + + + align:start position:0% +that depends on X shows up in the mean +okay and so what I have here is that y + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what I have here is that y + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what I have here is that y +given X is a Galan with a mean that + + align:start position:0% +given X is a Galan with a mean that + + + align:start position:0% +given X is a Galan with a mean that +depends on X and cence Matrix Sigma + + align:start position:0% +depends on X and cence Matrix Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +depends on X and cence Matrix Sigma +Square + + align:start position:0% +Square + + + align:start position:0% +Square +identity now the linear model assumed a + + align:start position:0% +identity now the linear model assumed a + + + align:start position:0% +identity now the linear model assumed a +very specific form for the mean it said + + align:start position:0% +very specific form for the mean it said + + + align:start position:0% +very specific form for the mean it said +I want the + + align:start position:0% +I want the + + + align:start position:0% +I want the +mean to be equal to X transpose beta + + align:start position:0% +mean to be equal to X transpose beta + + + align:start position:0% +mean to be equal to X transpose beta +which remember was the sum from say Jal + + align:start position:0% +which remember was the sum from say Jal + + + align:start position:0% +which remember was the sum from say Jal +1 to P of beta J XJ + + align:start position:0% +1 to P of beta J XJ + + + align:start position:0% +1 to P of beta J XJ +right where the xjs are the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +right where the xjs are the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +right where the xjs are the coordinates +of X but I could do something also more + + align:start position:0% +of X but I could do something also more + + + align:start position:0% +of X but I could do something also more +complicated right that could have + + align:start position:0% +complicated right that could have + + + align:start position:0% +complicated right that could have +something that looks like uh instead + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like uh instead + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like uh instead +replace this by I don't know sum of beta + + align:start position:0% +replace this by I don't know sum of beta + + + align:start position:0% +replace this by I don't know sum of beta +J um log of x to the J divided by + + align:start position:0% +J um log of x to the J divided by + + + align:start position:0% +J um log of x to the J divided by +x to the J2 or something like this right + + align:start position:0% +x to the J2 or something like this right + + + align:start position:0% +x to the J2 or something like this right +I could do this as + + align:start position:0% +I could do this as + + + align:start position:0% +I could do this as +well so there's two things that we've + + align:start position:0% +well so there's two things that we've + + + align:start position:0% +well so there's two things that we've +assumed the first one is that when I + + align:start position:0% +assumed the first one is that when I + + + align:start position:0% +assumed the first one is that when I +look at the conditional distribution of + + align:start position:0% +look at the conditional distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the conditional distribution of +Y even x x affects only the mean I also + + align:start position:0% +Y even x x affects only the mean I also + + + align:start position:0% +Y even x x affects only the mean I also +assume that it was Gan and that it + + align:start position:0% +assume that it was Gan and that it + + + align:start position:0% +assume that it was Gan and that it +affects only the mean and the mean is + + align:start position:0% +affects only the mean and the mean is + + + align:start position:0% +affects only the mean and the mean is +affected in a very specific way which is + + align:start position:0% +affected in a very specific way which is + + + align:start position:0% +affected in a very specific way which is +linear in + + align:start position:0% +linear in + + + align:start position:0% +linear in +X right so this is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +X right so this is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +X right so this is essentially the +things we're going to try to relax so + + align:start position:0% +things we're going to try to relax so + + + align:start position:0% +things we're going to try to relax so +the first thing that we assume the fact + + align:start position:0% +the first thing that we assume the fact + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing that we assume the fact +that y was gussan and had only its mean + + align:start position:0% +that y was gussan and had only its mean + + + align:start position:0% +that y was gussan and had only its mean +that dependent on X is What's called the + + align:start position:0% +that dependent on X is What's called the + + + align:start position:0% +that dependent on X is What's called the +random component it just says that the + + align:start position:0% +random component it just says that the + + + align:start position:0% +random component it just says that the +response variables you know sort of Mak + + align:start position:0% +response variables you know sort of Mak + + + align:start position:0% +response variables you know sort of Mak +sense to assume that they're + + align:start position:0% +sense to assume that they're + + + align:start position:0% +sense to assume that they're +gaussian and uh and uh everything was + + align:start position:0% +gaussian and uh and uh everything was + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian and uh and uh everything was +essentially captured right so there's + + align:start position:0% +essentially captured right so there's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially captured right so there's +this property of gaussians that if uh uh + + align:start position:0% +this property of gaussians that if uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +this property of gaussians that if uh uh +you tell me if the variance is known all + + align:start position:0% +you tell me if the variance is known all + + + align:start position:0% +you tell me if the variance is known all +you need to tell me to understand + + align:start position:0% +you need to tell me to understand + + + align:start position:0% +you need to tell me to understand +exactly what the distribution of a + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the distribution of a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the distribution of a +gaussian is all you need to tell me is + + align:start position:0% +gaussian is all you need to tell me is + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian is all you need to tell me is +its expected value all right so that's + + align:start position:0% +its expected value all right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +its expected value all right so that's +this mu of X and the second thing is + + align:start position:0% +this mu of X and the second thing is + + + align:start position:0% +this mu of X and the second thing is +that uh we had this link that says well + + align:start position:0% +that uh we had this link that says well + + + align:start position:0% +that uh we had this link that says well +I need to find a way to use my x's to + + align:start position:0% +I need to find a way to use my x's to + + + align:start position:0% +I need to find a way to use my x's to +explain this mu and the link was exactly + + align:start position:0% +explain this mu and the link was exactly + + + align:start position:0% +explain this mu and the link was exactly +mu of X was equal to X transpose + + align:start position:0% +mu of X was equal to X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +mu of X was equal to X transpose +beta okay now we are talking about + + align:start position:0% +beta okay now we are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +beta okay now we are talking about +generalized linear models so this part + + align:start position:0% +generalized linear models so this part + + + align:start position:0% +generalized linear models so this part +here or mu of X is of the form the way I + + align:start position:0% +here or mu of X is of the form the way I + + + align:start position:0% +here or mu of X is of the form the way I +want my Beta my X to show up is linear + + align:start position:0% +want my Beta my X to show up is linear + + + align:start position:0% +want my Beta my X to show up is linear +this will never be + + align:start position:0% +this will never be + + + align:start position:0% +this will never be +questioned in principle I could add a + + align:start position:0% +questioned in principle I could add a + + + align:start position:0% +questioned in principle I could add a +third point which is just question this + + align:start position:0% +third point which is just question this + + + align:start position:0% +third point which is just question this +part the fact that uh mu of X is XP beta + + align:start position:0% +part the fact that uh mu of X is XP beta + + + align:start position:0% +part the fact that uh mu of X is XP beta +I could have some more complicated + + align:start position:0% +I could have some more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +I could have some more complicated +nonlinear function of X and I will never + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear function of X and I will never + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear function of X and I will never +do that because we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +do that because we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +do that because we're talking about +generalized linear model the only thing + + align:start position:0% +generalized linear model the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +generalized linear model the only thing +with generalize are the random component + + align:start position:0% +with generalize are the random component + + + align:start position:0% +with generalize are the random component +the conditional distribution of Y given + + align:start position:0% +the conditional distribution of Y given + + + align:start position:0% +the conditional distribution of Y given +X and the link that just says well once + + align:start position:0% +X and the link that just says well once + + + align:start position:0% +X and the link that just says well once +you actually tell me that the only thing + + align:start position:0% +you actually tell me that the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +you actually tell me that the only thing +I need to figure out is the mean I'm + + align:start position:0% +I need to figure out is the mean I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I need to figure out is the mean I'm +just going to slap it exactly this x + + align:start position:0% +just going to slap it exactly this x + + + align:start position:0% +just going to slap it exactly this x +transpose beta thing without any + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta thing without any + + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta thing without any +transformation of X transpose + + align:start position:0% +transformation of X transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of X transpose +beta okay so those are the two + + align:start position:0% +beta okay so those are the two + + + align:start position:0% +beta okay so those are the two +things it will become clearer what I + + align:start position:0% +things it will become clearer what I + + + align:start position:0% +things it will become clearer what I +mean those this sounds like a topology + + align:start position:0% +mean those this sounds like a topology + + + align:start position:0% +mean those this sounds like a topology +but let's just see how we could extend + + align:start position:0% +but let's just see how we could extend + + + align:start position:0% +but let's just see how we could extend +that so what we're going to do and + + align:start position:0% +that so what we're going to do and + + + align:start position:0% +that so what we're going to do and +generalize linear models right so when I + + align:start position:0% +generalize linear models right so when I + + + align:start position:0% +generalize linear models right so when I +talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +glms the first thing I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +glms the first thing I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +glms the first thing I'm going to do +with my X is turn it into some X + + align:start position:0% +with my X is turn it into some X + + + align:start position:0% +with my X is turn it into some X +transpose beta and that's just the L + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta and that's just the L + + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta and that's just the L +part right this I'm not going to be able + + align:start position:0% +part right this I'm not going to be able + + + align:start position:0% +part right this I'm not going to be able +to change that's the way it works I'm + + align:start position:0% +to change that's the way it works I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to change that's the way it works I'm +not going to do anything on linear but + + align:start position:0% +not going to do anything on linear but + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do anything on linear but +the two things I'm going to change is + + align:start position:0% +the two things I'm going to change is + + + align:start position:0% +the two things I'm going to change is +this random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +component which is that Y which used to + + align:start position:0% +component which is that Y which used to + + + align:start position:0% +component which is that Y which used to +be some gaussian with mean mu of X Vari + + align:start position:0% +be some gaussian with mean mu of X Vari + + + align:start position:0% +be some gaussian with mean mu of X Vari +Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma +squ so y given X + + align:start position:0% +squ so y given X + + + align:start position:0% +squ so y given X +sorry this is going to + + align:start position:0% +sorry this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +sorry this is going to +become y X follows + + align:start position:0% +become y X follows + + + align:start position:0% +become y X follows +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +distribution and I'm not going to allow + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I'm not going to allow + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I'm not going to allow +any distribution I want something that + + align:start position:0% +any distribution I want something that + + + align:start position:0% +any distribution I want something that +looks comes from the exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +family who knows what the exponential + + align:start position:0% +family who knows what the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +family who knows what the exponential +family of distribution is this is not + + align:start position:0% +family of distribution is this is not + + + align:start position:0% +family of distribution is this is not +the same thing as the exponential + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as the exponential +distribution it's a family of + + align:start position:0% +distribution it's a family of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution it's a family of +distributions all right so see that it's + + align:start position:0% +distributions all right so see that it's + + + align:start position:0% +distributions all right so see that it's +wow + + align:start position:0% +wow + + + align:start position:0% +wow +uh what can that be oh yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +uh what can that be oh yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh what can that be oh yeah that's +actually my + + align:start position:0% +actually my + + + align:start position:0% +actually my +um so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm +sorry okay um I'm inan presentation mode + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay um I'm inan presentation mode + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay um I'm inan presentation mode +that should not happen um okay so + + align:start position:0% +that should not happen um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that should not happen um okay so +hopefully this is muted um + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this is muted um + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this is muted um +so uh uh so essentially this is going to + + align:start position:0% +so uh uh so essentially this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +so uh uh so essentially this is going to +be a family of distributions and uh what + + align:start position:0% +be a family of distributions and uh what + + + align:start position:0% +be a family of distributions and uh what +makes them exponential typically is that + + align:start position:0% +makes them exponential typically is that + + + align:start position:0% +makes them exponential typically is that +there's an exponential that shows up in + + align:start position:0% +there's an exponential that shows up in + + + align:start position:0% +there's an exponential that shows up in +the definition of the density all right + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the density all right + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the density all right +we'll see that the gaussian belongs to + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that the gaussian belongs to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that the gaussian belongs to +the exponential family but they're + + align:start position:0% +the exponential family but they're + + + align:start position:0% +the exponential family but they're +slightly less expected ones because + + align:start position:0% +slightly less expected ones because + + + align:start position:0% +slightly less expected ones because +there's this crazyy thing that a to the + + align:start position:0% +there's this crazyy thing that a to the + + + align:start position:0% +there's this crazyy thing that a to the +x is exponential X log a which makes the + + align:start position:0% +x is exponential X log a which makes the + + + align:start position:0% +x is exponential X log a which makes the +exponential show up without being there + + align:start position:0% +exponential show up without being there + + + align:start position:0% +exponential show up without being there +so if there's an exponential or some + + align:start position:0% +so if there's an exponential or some + + + align:start position:0% +so if there's an exponential or some +power it's going to show up but it's + + align:start position:0% +power it's going to show up but it's + + + align:start position:0% +power it's going to show up but it's +more than that so we'll actually come to + + align:start position:0% +more than that so we'll actually come to + + + align:start position:0% +more than that so we'll actually come to +this particular family of distributions + + align:start position:0% +this particular family of distributions + + + align:start position:0% +this particular family of distributions +why this particular family because in a + + align:start position:0% +why this particular family because in a + + + align:start position:0% +why this particular family because in a +way everything we've done for the linear + + align:start position:0% +way everything we've done for the linear + + + align:start position:0% +way everything we've done for the linear +model with gussan is going to extend + + align:start position:0% +model with gussan is going to extend + + + align:start position:0% +model with gussan is going to extend +fairly naturally to this family all + + align:start position:0% +fairly naturally to this family all + + + align:start position:0% +fairly naturally to this family all +right and it actually also because it + + align:start position:0% +right and it actually also because it + + + align:start position:0% +right and it actually also because it +UNC compasses pretty much everything all + + align:start position:0% +UNC compasses pretty much everything all + + + align:start position:0% +UNC compasses pretty much everything all +the distributions we've discussed + + align:start position:0% +the distributions we've discussed + + + align:start position:0% +the distributions we've discussed +before all right so the two the second + + align:start position:0% +before all right so the two the second + + + align:start position:0% +before all right so the two the second +thing that I want to + + align:start position:0% +thing that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I want to +question right so before we just said + + align:start position:0% +question right so before we just said + + + align:start position:0% +question right so before we just said +well mu of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X was directly equal to this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +new of X was directly extr transpose + + align:start position:0% +new of X was directly extr transpose + + + align:start position:0% +new of X was directly extr transpose +beta so I knew I was going to have an + + align:start position:0% +beta so I knew I was going to have an + + + align:start position:0% +beta so I knew I was going to have an +extros beta and I said well I could do + + align:start position:0% +extros beta and I said well I could do + + + align:start position:0% +extros beta and I said well I could do +something with this ex transpose beta + + align:start position:0% +something with this ex transpose beta + + + align:start position:0% +something with this ex transpose beta +before I used it to explain the expected + + align:start position:0% +before I used it to explain the expected + + + align:start position:0% +before I used it to explain the expected +value but I'm actually taking it like + + align:start position:0% +value but I'm actually taking it like + + + align:start position:0% +value but I'm actually taking it like +that here we're going to say let's + + align:start position:0% +that here we're going to say let's + + + align:start position:0% +that here we're going to say let's +extend this to some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function is equal to this thing now + + align:start position:0% +function is equal to this thing now + + + align:start position:0% +function is equal to this thing now +admittedly this is not the most natural + + align:start position:0% +admittedly this is not the most natural + + + align:start position:0% +admittedly this is not the most natural +way to think about it what you would + + align:start position:0% +way to think about it what you would + + + align:start position:0% +way to think about it what you would +probably feel more comfortable doing is + + align:start position:0% +probably feel more comfortable doing is + + + align:start position:0% +probably feel more comfortable doing is +write something like mu of X is a + + align:start position:0% +write something like mu of X is a + + + align:start position:0% +write something like mu of X is a +function let's call it f of Xpose beta + + align:start position:0% +function let's call it f of Xpose beta + + + align:start position:0% +function let's call it f of Xpose beta +but here I just decide to call F G + + align:start position:0% +but here I just decide to call F G + + + align:start position:0% +but here I just decide to call F G +inverse okay that's just my G inverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I mean what transformation you want + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean what transformation you want + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean what transformation you want +to put on your AIS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh no certainly not right I mean if I + + align:start position:0% +oh no certainly not right I mean if I + + + align:start position:0% +oh no certainly not right I mean if I +give you if I force you to work with X1 + + align:start position:0% +give you if I force you to work with X1 + + + align:start position:0% +give you if I force you to work with X1 +plus X2 you cannot work with any + + align:start position:0% +plus X2 you cannot work with any + + + align:start position:0% +plus X2 you cannot work with any +function of X1 plus any function of X2 + + align:start position:0% +function of X1 plus any function of X2 + + + align:start position:0% +function of X1 plus any function of X2 +right so yeah this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different all right so yeah uh the + + align:start position:0% +different all right so yeah uh the + + + align:start position:0% +different all right so yeah uh the +transformation would be just the simple + + align:start position:0% +transformation would be just the simple + + + align:start position:0% +transformation would be just the simple +part of your linear regression problem + + align:start position:0% +part of your linear regression problem + + + align:start position:0% +part of your linear regression problem +you would take your X's transform them + + align:start position:0% +you would take your X's transform them + + + align:start position:0% +you would take your X's transform them +and then just apply another linear + + align:start position:0% +and then just apply another linear + + + align:start position:0% +and then just apply another linear +regression this is genuinely + + align:start position:0% +regression this is genuinely + + + align:start position:0% +regression this is genuinely +new any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question all right so this function G + + align:start position:0% +question all right so this function G + + + align:start position:0% +question all right so this function G +and the reason why I sort of have to + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why I sort of have to + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why I sort of have to +like stick to this slightly less natural + + align:start position:0% +like stick to this slightly less natural + + + align:start position:0% +like stick to this slightly less natural +way of defining it is because that's G + + align:start position:0% +way of defining it is because that's G + + + align:start position:0% +way of defining it is because that's G +that gets a name not g inverse that gets + + align:start position:0% +that gets a name not g inverse that gets + + + align:start position:0% +that gets a name not g inverse that gets +a name and the name of G is the link + + align:start position:0% +a name and the name of G is the link + + + align:start position:0% +a name and the name of G is the link +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I want to give you a generalized + + align:start position:0% +so if I want to give you a generalized + + + align:start position:0% +so if I want to give you a generalized +linear models I give you I need to give + + align:start position:0% +linear models I give you I need to give + + + align:start position:0% +linear models I give you I need to give +you two ingredients the first one is the + + align:start position:0% +you two ingredients the first one is the + + + align:start position:0% +you two ingredients the first one is the +random component which is the + + align:start position:0% +random component which is the + + + align:start position:0% +random component which is the +distribution of Y given X and it's it + + align:start position:0% +distribution of Y given X and it's it + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of Y given X and it's it +can be anything in the what will the + + align:start position:0% +can be anything in the what will the + + + align:start position:0% +can be anything in the what will the +What's called the exponential family of + + align:start position:0% +What's called the exponential family of + + + align:start position:0% +What's called the exponential family of +distributions so for example I could say + + align:start position:0% +distributions so for example I could say + + + align:start position:0% +distributions so for example I could say +y given X is gussan with mean mux Sigma + + align:start position:0% +y given X is gussan with mean mux Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +y given X is gussan with mean mux Sigma +Square identity but I could also tell + + align:start position:0% +Square identity but I could also tell + + + align:start position:0% +Square identity but I could also tell +you y given X is gamma with shape + + align:start position:0% +you y given X is gamma with shape + + + align:start position:0% +you y given X is gamma with shape +parameter equal to Alpha of X okay I + + align:start position:0% +parameter equal to Alpha of X okay I + + + align:start position:0% +parameter equal to Alpha of X okay I +could do some weird things like this + + align:start position:0% +could do some weird things like this + + + align:start position:0% +could do some weird things like this +and the second thing is I need to give + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is I need to give + + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing is I need to give +you a link + + align:start position:0% +you a link + + + align:start position:0% +you a link +function and the link function is going + + align:start position:0% +function and the link function is going + + + align:start position:0% +function and the link function is going +to become very clear how you pick a link + + align:start position:0% +to become very clear how you pick a link + + + align:start position:0% +to become very clear how you pick a link +function and the only reason that you + + align:start position:0% +function and the only reason that you + + + align:start position:0% +function and the only reason that you +actually pick a link function is because + + align:start position:0% +actually pick a link function is because + + + align:start position:0% +actually pick a link function is because +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +compatibility this mu of X I call it mu + + align:start position:0% +compatibility this mu of X I call it mu + + + align:start position:0% +compatibility this mu of X I call it mu +because mu of X is always the + + align:start position:0% +because mu of X is always the + + + align:start position:0% +because mu of X is always the +conditional expectation of Y given X + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation of Y given X + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation of Y given X +always which means that let's think of Y + + align:start position:0% +always which means that let's think of Y + + + align:start position:0% +always which means that let's think of Y +as being a burnly random variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which where does mu of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +live 0 one right that's the expectation + + align:start position:0% +live 0 one right that's the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +live 0 one right that's the expectation +of a Burnal it's just the probability + + align:start position:0% +of a Burnal it's just the probability + + + align:start position:0% +of a Burnal it's just the probability +that my coin flip gives me one so it's a + + align:start position:0% +that my coin flip gives me one so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that my coin flip gives me one so it's a +number between zero and one but this guy + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and one but this guy + + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and one but this guy +right here if my x's are anything right + + align:start position:0% +right here if my x's are anything right + + + align:start position:0% +right here if my x's are anything right +think of any body measurements plus I + + align:start position:0% +think of any body measurements plus I + + + align:start position:0% +think of any body measurements plus I +take linear combinations with arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +take linear combinations with arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +take linear combinations with arbitrary +large coefficients this thing can be any + + align:start position:0% +large coefficients this thing can be any + + + align:start position:0% +large coefficients this thing can be any +real number so the link function what + + align:start position:0% +real number so the link function what + + + align:start position:0% +real number so the link function what +it's effectively going to do is make + + align:start position:0% +it's effectively going to do is make + + + align:start position:0% +it's effectively going to do is make +those two things compatible it's going + + align:start position:0% +those two things compatible it's going + + + align:start position:0% +those two things compatible it's going +to take my number which for example is + + align:start position:0% +to take my number which for example is + + + align:start position:0% +to take my number which for example is +constrained to be between zero and one + + align:start position:0% +constrained to be between zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +constrained to be between zero and one +and map it into the entire real + + align:start position:0% +and map it into the entire real + + + align:start position:0% +and map it into the entire real +line if I have mu which is forced to be + + align:start position:0% +line if I have mu which is forced to be + + + align:start position:0% +line if I have mu which is forced to be +positive for example in an exponential + + align:start position:0% +positive for example in an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +positive for example in an exponential +distribution the mean is positive right + + align:start position:0% +distribution the mean is positive right + + + align:start position:0% +distribution the mean is positive right +that's the uh say I don't know inter + + align:start position:0% +that's the uh say I don't know inter + + + align:start position:0% +that's the uh say I don't know inter +arrival uh time for queston process this + + align:start position:0% +arrival uh time for queston process this + + + align:start position:0% +arrival uh time for queston process this +thing is known to be positive for an + + align:start position:0% +thing is known to be positive for an + + + align:start position:0% +thing is known to be positive for an +exponential I need to map something + + align:start position:0% +exponential I need to map something + + + align:start position:0% +exponential I need to map something +that's exponential to the entire real + + align:start position:0% +that's exponential to the entire real + + + align:start position:0% +that's exponential to the entire real +line I need a function that something + + align:start position:0% +line I need a function that something + + + align:start position:0% +line I need a function that something +positive and take it everyone so we'll + + align:start position:0% +positive and take it everyone so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +positive and take it everyone so we'll +see by the end of this chapter you will + + align:start position:0% +see by the end of this chapter you will + + + align:start position:0% +see by the end of this chapter you will +have a hundred ways of doing this but + + align:start position:0% +have a hundred ways of doing this but + + + align:start position:0% +have a hundred ways of doing this but +there are some more traditional ones + + align:start position:0% +there are some more traditional ones + + + align:start position:0% +there are some more traditional ones +than another so before we go any further + + align:start position:0% +than another so before we go any further + + + align:start position:0% +than another so before we go any further +I gave you this example of um I gave you + + align:start position:0% +I gave you this example of um I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you this example of um I gave you +this example of um uh uh burnly R + + align:start position:0% +this example of um uh uh burnly R + + + align:start position:0% +this example of um uh uh burnly R +variable let's see a few examples that + + align:start position:0% +variable let's see a few examples that + + + align:start position:0% +variable let's see a few examples that +actually fit there yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well actually this will not come up + + align:start position:0% +well actually this will not come up + + + align:start position:0% +well actually this will not come up +later it should be very clear from here + + align:start position:0% +later it should be very clear from here + + + align:start position:0% +later it should be very clear from here +because if I actually have a model I + + align:start position:0% +because if I actually have a model I + + + align:start position:0% +because if I actually have a model I +just want it to be plausible right I + + align:start position:0% +just want it to be plausible right I + + + align:start position:0% +just want it to be plausible right I +mean what happens if I suddenly decide + + align:start position:0% +mean what happens if I suddenly decide + + + align:start position:0% +mean what happens if I suddenly decide +that my so this is what's going to + + align:start position:0% +that my so this is what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that my so this is what's going to +happen you're going to have only data to + + align:start position:0% +happen you're going to have only data to + + + align:start position:0% +happen you're going to have only data to +fit this model let's say you actually + + align:start position:0% +fit this model let's say you actually + + + align:start position:0% +fit this model let's say you actually +forget about the this thing here you can + + align:start position:0% +forget about the this thing here you can + + + align:start position:0% +forget about the this thing here you can +always do this right you can always say + + align:start position:0% +always do this right you can always say + + + align:start position:0% +always do this right you can always say +I'm going to pretend my wise uh are any + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pretend my wise uh are any + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to pretend my wise uh are any +uh just happen to be the realizations of + + align:start position:0% +uh just happen to be the realizations of + + + align:start position:0% +uh just happen to be the realizations of +say Gins that happen to be zero or one + + align:start position:0% +say Gins that happen to be zero or one + + + align:start position:0% +say Gins that happen to be zero or one +only you can always like stuff that in + + align:start position:0% +only you can always like stuff that in + + + align:start position:0% +only you can always like stuff that in +some linear model right you will have + + align:start position:0% +some linear model right you will have + + + align:start position:0% +some linear model right you will have +some Le squares estimator for beta but + + align:start position:0% +some Le squares estimator for beta but + + + align:start position:0% +some Le squares estimator for beta but +what's going to happen and and it's + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen and and it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen and and it's +going to be fine for all the points that + + align:start position:0% +going to be fine for all the points that + + + align:start position:0% +going to be fine for all the points that +you see it will definitely put some + + align:start position:0% +you see it will definitely put some + + + align:start position:0% +you see it will definitely put some +number that's actually between zero and + + align:start position:0% +number that's actually between zero and + + + align:start position:0% +number that's actually between zero and +one right so this is what your picture + + align:start position:0% +one right so this is what your picture + + + align:start position:0% +one right so this is what your picture +is going to look like you're going to + + align:start position:0% +is going to look like you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to look like you're going to +have a bunch of values for + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of values for + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of values for +X this is your Y and for different so + + align:start position:0% +X this is your Y and for different so + + + align:start position:0% +X this is your Y and for different so +these are the values of x that you will + + align:start position:0% +these are the values of x that you will + + + align:start position:0% +these are the values of x that you will +get and for y you will see either zero + + align:start position:0% +get and for y you will see either zero + + + align:start position:0% +get and for y you will see either zero +or one right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's what your uh that's what + + align:start position:0% +right that's what your uh that's what + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what your uh that's what +your uh a burnly data set would look + + align:start position:0% +your uh a burnly data set would look + + + align:start position:0% +your uh a burnly data set would look +like with a onedimensional x now if you + + align:start position:0% +like with a onedimensional x now if you + + + align:start position:0% +like with a onedimensional x now if you +do Le squares on this you will find + + align:start position:0% +do Le squares on this you will find + + + align:start position:0% +do Le squares on this you will find +this and for this guy this line + + align:start position:0% +this and for this guy this line + + + align:start position:0% +this and for this guy this line +certainly takes values between zero and + + align:start position:0% +certainly takes values between zero and + + + align:start position:0% +certainly takes values between zero and +one but let's say now you get an X here + + align:start position:0% +one but let's say now you get an X here + + + align:start position:0% +one but let's say now you get an X here +you're going to actually start + + align:start position:0% +you're going to actually start + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to actually start +pretending that the probability it spits + + align:start position:0% +pretending that the probability it spits + + + align:start position:0% +pretending that the probability it spits +out one conditionally in X is like 1 + + align:start position:0% +out one conditionally in X is like 1 + + + align:start position:0% +out one conditionally in X is like 1 +point2 and that's going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +weird + + align:start position:0% +weird + + + align:start position:0% +weird +okay any other question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's start with some + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's start with some + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's start with some +examples right I mean you got so used to + + align:start position:0% +examples right I mean you got so used to + + + align:start position:0% +examples right I mean you got so used to +them uh throughout this course so the + + align:start position:0% +them uh throughout this course so the + + + align:start position:0% +them uh throughout this course so the +first one is uh uh so all these things + + align:start position:0% +first one is uh uh so all these things + + + align:start position:0% +first one is uh uh so all these things +are taken so there's a few books on + + align:start position:0% +are taken so there's a few books on + + + align:start position:0% +are taken so there's a few books on +journalizing your models journalized + + align:start position:0% +journalizing your models journalized + + + align:start position:0% +journalizing your models journalized +additive models and there's tons of + + align:start position:0% +additive models and there's tons of + + + align:start position:0% +additive models and there's tons of +applications uh that you can see those + + align:start position:0% +applications uh that you can see those + + + align:start position:0% +applications uh that you can see those +are extremely versatile and as soon as + + align:start position:0% +are extremely versatile and as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +are extremely versatile and as soon as +you want to do modeling to explain some + + align:start position:0% +you want to do modeling to explain some + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do modeling to explain some +y given X you sort of need to do that if + + align:start position:0% +y given X you sort of need to do that if + + + align:start position:0% +y given X you sort of need to do that if +you want to go beyond linear + + align:start position:0% +you want to go beyond linear + + + align:start position:0% +you want to go beyond linear +models so this was the disease occurring + + align:start position:0% +models so this was the disease occurring + + + align:start position:0% +models so this was the disease occurring +rate so uh you have a disease epidemic + + align:start position:0% +rate so uh you have a disease epidemic + + + align:start position:0% +rate so uh you have a disease epidemic +and um you want to basically model the + + align:start position:0% +and um you want to basically model the + + + align:start position:0% +and um you want to basically model the +uh expected number of new cases given uh + + align:start position:0% +uh expected number of new cases given uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh expected number of new cases given uh +at at a certain time okay so you have + + align:start position:0% +at at a certain time okay so you have + + + align:start position:0% +at at a certain time okay so you have +time that progresses for each of your + + align:start position:0% +time that progresses for each of your + + + align:start position:0% +time that progresses for each of your +reservation each of your reservation is + + align:start position:0% +reservation each of your reservation is + + + align:start position:0% +reservation each of your reservation is +a time stamp say I don't know 20th day + + align:start position:0% +a time stamp say I don't know 20th day + + + align:start position:0% +a time stamp say I don't know 20th day +and your response is uh the number of + + align:start position:0% +and your response is uh the number of + + + align:start position:0% +and your response is uh the number of +new cases and you're going to actually + + align:start position:0% +new cases and you're going to actually + + + align:start position:0% +new cases and you're going to actually +put your model directly on me right + + align:start position:0% +put your model directly on me right + + + align:start position:0% +put your model directly on me right +right when I looked at this everything + + align:start position:0% +right when I looked at this everything + + + align:start position:0% +right when I looked at this everything +here was on mu itself on the expected + + align:start position:0% +here was on mu itself on the expected + + + align:start position:0% +here was on mu itself on the expected +right mu of X is always the + + align:start position:0% +right mu of X is always the + + + align:start position:0% +right mu of X is always the +expected + + align:start position:0% +expected + + + align:start position:0% +expected +uh the conditional expectation of Y + + align:start position:0% +uh the conditional expectation of Y + + + align:start position:0% +uh the conditional expectation of Y +given + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X right + + align:start position:0% +X right + + + align:start position:0% +X right +so all I need to model is this expected + + align:start position:0% +so all I need to model is this expected + + + align:start position:0% +so all I need to model is this expected +value so this mew I'm going to actually + + align:start position:0% +value so this mew I'm going to actually + + + align:start position:0% +value so this mew I'm going to actually +say so I look at some parameters and it + + align:start position:0% +say so I look at some parameters and it + + + align:start position:0% +say so I look at some parameters and it +says well it of it increases + + align:start position:0% +says well it of it increases + + + align:start position:0% +says well it of it increases +exponentially so I want to have some + + align:start position:0% +exponentially so I want to have some + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially so I want to have some +sort of exponential Trend I can + + align:start position:0% +sort of exponential Trend I can + + + align:start position:0% +sort of exponential Trend I can +parameterize that in several ways and + + align:start position:0% +parameterize that in several ways and + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize that in several ways and +the two parameters I want to slap in is + + align:start position:0% +the two parameters I want to slap in is + + + align:start position:0% +the two parameters I want to slap in is +like some sort of gamma which is just + + align:start position:0% +like some sort of gamma which is just + + + align:start position:0% +like some sort of gamma which is just +the coefficient and then there's some + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient and then there's some + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient and then there's some +rate Delta that's in the exponential + + align:start position:0% +rate Delta that's in the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +rate Delta that's in the exponential +okay so if I tell you it's exponential + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I tell you it's exponential + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I tell you it's exponential +that's a nice family of functions you + + align:start position:0% +that's a nice family of functions you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a nice family of functions you +might want to think about okay so here + + align:start position:0% +might want to think about okay so here + + + align:start position:0% +might want to think about okay so here +mu of + + align:start position:0% +mu of + + + align:start position:0% +mu of +x if I want to keep the notation X is + + align:start position:0% +x if I want to keep the notation X is + + + align:start position:0% +x if I want to keep the notation X is +gamma + + align:start position:0% +gamma + + + align:start position:0% +gamma +exponential Delta X right + + align:start position:0% +exponential Delta X right + + + align:start position:0% +exponential Delta X right +right except that here my X are T1 T2 T3 + + align:start position:0% +right except that here my X are T1 T2 T3 + + + align:start position:0% +right except that here my X are T1 T2 T3 +Etc okay and I want to find what the + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay and I want to find what the + + + align:start position:0% +Etc okay and I want to find what the +parameters gamma and Delta R because I + + align:start position:0% +parameters gamma and Delta R because I + + + align:start position:0% +parameters gamma and Delta R because I +want to be able to maybe compare + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to maybe compare + + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to maybe compare +different epidemics and see if they have + + align:start position:0% +different epidemics and see if they have + + + align:start position:0% +different epidemics and see if they have +the same parameter or maybe uh just do + + align:start position:0% +the same parameter or maybe uh just do + + + align:start position:0% +the same parameter or maybe uh just do +some prediction based on the data that I + + align:start position:0% +some prediction based on the data that I + + + align:start position:0% +some prediction based on the data that I +have without to extrapolate in the + + align:start position:0% +have without to extrapolate in the + + + align:start position:0% +have without to extrapolate in the +future + + align:start position:0% +future + + + align:start position:0% +future +okay so here clearly mu of + + align:start position:0% +okay so here clearly mu of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here clearly mu of +X is not of the form X transposed + + align:start position:0% +X is not of the form X transposed + + + align:start position:0% +X is not of the form X transposed +beta right that's not X transposed beta + + align:start position:0% +beta right that's not X transposed beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta right that's not X transposed beta +at all and it's actually not even a + + align:start position:0% +at all and it's actually not even a + + + align:start position:0% +at all and it's actually not even a +function of X transposed beta right + + align:start position:0% +function of X transposed beta right + + + align:start position:0% +function of X transposed beta right +there's two parameters gamma and Delta + + align:start position:0% +there's two parameters gamma and Delta + + + align:start position:0% +there's two parameters gamma and Delta +and it's not of the form uh uh so here I + + align:start position:0% +and it's not of the form uh uh so here I + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not of the form uh uh so here I +have X which is one and X right I have + + align:start position:0% +have X which is one and X right I have + + + align:start position:0% +have X which is one and X right I have +two so what I do here is that I say well + + align:start position:0% +two so what I do here is that I say well + + + align:start position:0% +two so what I do here is that I say well +first let me transform me in such a way + + align:start position:0% +first let me transform me in such a way + + + align:start position:0% +first let me transform me in such a way +that I can hope to see something that's + + align:start position:0% +that I can hope to see something that's + + + align:start position:0% +that I can hope to see something that's +linear so if I transform mu I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +linear so if I transform mu I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +linear so if I transform mu I'm going to +have log of mu which is log of this + + align:start position:0% +have log of mu which is log of this + + + align:start position:0% +have log of mu which is log of this +thing right so log mu of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X is equal well to log of gamma plus log + + align:start position:0% +X is equal well to log of gamma plus log + + + align:start position:0% +X is equal well to log of gamma plus log +of exponential Delta X which is Delta + + align:start position:0% +of exponential Delta X which is Delta + + + align:start position:0% +of exponential Delta X which is Delta +X okay and now this thing is actually + + align:start position:0% +X okay and now this thing is actually + + + align:start position:0% +X okay and now this thing is actually +linear in X so I have that this guy is + + align:start position:0% +linear in X so I have that this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +linear in X so I have that this guy is +my first beta 1 and so that's beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +my first beta 1 and so that's beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +my first beta 1 and so that's beta 1 +Time 1 and this guy is beta 2 times + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 and this guy is beta 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 and this guy is beta 2 times +sorry let's say beta 0 * 1 and this guy + + align:start position:0% +sorry let's say beta 0 * 1 and this guy + + + align:start position:0% +sorry let's say beta 0 * 1 and this guy +is beta 1 * X okay so that looks like + + align:start position:0% +is beta 1 * X okay so that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +is beta 1 * X okay so that looks like +like a linear model I just have to + + align:start position:0% +like a linear model I just have to + + + align:start position:0% +like a linear model I just have to +change my parameters my parameters beta + + align:start position:0% +change my parameters my parameters beta + + + align:start position:0% +change my parameters my parameters beta +1 becomes the log of gamma and beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +1 becomes the log of gamma and beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +1 becomes the log of gamma and beta 2 +becomes Delta itself and the reason why + + align:start position:0% +becomes Delta itself and the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +becomes Delta itself and the reason why +we do this is because well the way we + + align:start position:0% +we do this is because well the way we + + + align:start position:0% +we do this is because well the way we +put those gamma and those Delta was just + + align:start position:0% +put those gamma and those Delta was just + + + align:start position:0% +put those gamma and those Delta was just +so that we have some parameterization it + + align:start position:0% +so that we have some parameterization it + + + align:start position:0% +so that we have some parameterization it +just so happens that if we want this to + + align:start position:0% +just so happens that if we want this to + + + align:start position:0% +just so happens that if we want this to +be linear we need to just change the + + align:start position:0% +be linear we need to just change the + + + align:start position:0% +be linear we need to just change the +parameterization itself this is going to + + align:start position:0% +parameterization itself this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization itself this is going to +have some effects we know that it's + + align:start position:0% +have some effects we know that it's + + + align:start position:0% +have some effects we know that it's +going to have some effect in the Fisher + + align:start position:0% +going to have some effect in the Fisher + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some effect in the Fisher +information it's going to have a bunch + + align:start position:0% +information it's going to have a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +information it's going to have a bunch +of effect to change those things but + + align:start position:0% +of effect to change those things but + + + align:start position:0% +of effect to change those things but +that's what we need needs to be done to + + align:start position:0% +that's what we need needs to be done to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we need needs to be done to +have a generalized linear model now here + + align:start position:0% +have a generalized linear model now here + + + align:start position:0% +have a generalized linear model now here +the function that I took to turn it into + + align:start position:0% +the function that I took to turn it into + + + align:start position:0% +the function that I took to turn it into +something that's linear is simple it + + align:start position:0% +something that's linear is simple it + + + align:start position:0% +something that's linear is simple it +came directly from some natural thing I + + align:start position:0% +came directly from some natural thing I + + + align:start position:0% +came directly from some natural thing I +would do here which is taking the log + + align:start position:0% +would do here which is taking the log + + + align:start position:0% +would do here which is taking the log +and so the function G the link that I + + align:start position:0% +and so the function G the link that I + + + align:start position:0% +and so the function G the link that I +take is called the log link very + + align:start position:0% +take is called the log link very + + + align:start position:0% +take is called the log link very +creatively and uh uh it's just the + + align:start position:0% +creatively and uh uh it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +creatively and uh uh it's just the +function that I apply to me so that I + + align:start position:0% +function that I apply to me so that I + + + align:start position:0% +function that I apply to me so that I +see something that's linear and that + + align:start position:0% +see something that's linear and that + + + align:start position:0% +see something that's linear and that +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +this okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now this only tells me how to deal + + align:start position:0% +so now this only tells me how to deal + + + align:start position:0% +so now this only tells me how to deal +with the uh link function but I still + + align:start position:0% +with the uh link function but I still + + + align:start position:0% +with the uh link function but I still +have to do deal with 01 and this again + + align:start position:0% +have to do deal with 01 and this again + + + align:start position:0% +have to do deal with 01 and this again +is just some modeling given some data + + align:start position:0% +is just some modeling given some data + + + align:start position:0% +is just some modeling given some data +some random data what distribution do + + align:start position:0% +some random data what distribution do + + + align:start position:0% +some random data what distribution do +you choose to explain the randomness and + + align:start position:0% +you choose to explain the randomness and + + + align:start position:0% +you choose to explain the randomness and +this I mean unless there's no choice you + + align:start position:0% +this I mean unless there's no choice you + + + align:start position:0% +this I mean unless there's no choice you +know it's just a matter of practice + + align:start position:0% +know it's just a matter of practice + + + align:start position:0% +know it's just a matter of practice +right I mean why would it be gaussian + + align:start position:0% +right I mean why would it be gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean why would it be gaussian +and not you know doubly exponential this + + align:start position:0% +and not you know doubly exponential this + + + align:start position:0% +and not you know doubly exponential this +is you know there's matters of + + align:start position:0% +is you know there's matters of + + + align:start position:0% +is you know there's matters of +convenience that come into this and + + align:start position:0% +convenience that come into this and + + + align:start position:0% +convenience that come into this and +there's just matter of experience that + + align:start position:0% +there's just matter of experience that + + + align:start position:0% +there's just matter of experience that +come into this all right you know I + + align:start position:0% +come into this all right you know I + + + align:start position:0% +come into this all right you know I +remember when I was when you chat with + + align:start position:0% +remember when I was when you chat with + + + align:start position:0% +remember when I was when you chat with +Engineers they have a very good notion + + align:start position:0% +Engineers they have a very good notion + + + align:start position:0% +Engineers they have a very good notion +of what the distribution should be and + + align:start position:0% +of what the distribution should be and + + + align:start position:0% +of what the distribution should be and +they have you know wable distributions + + align:start position:0% +they have you know wable distributions + + + align:start position:0% +they have you know wable distributions +you know they do Optics and things like + + align:start position:0% +you know they do Optics and things like + + + align:start position:0% +you know they do Optics and things like +this so there's some distributions just + + align:start position:0% +this so there's some distributions just + + + align:start position:0% +this so there's some distributions just +come up but sometimes just have to work + + align:start position:0% +come up but sometimes just have to work + + + align:start position:0% +come up but sometimes just have to work +now here what do we have the thing we're + + align:start position:0% +now here what do we have the thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +now here what do we have the thing we're +trying to measure y as we said so mu is + + align:start position:0% +trying to measure y as we said so mu is + + + align:start position:0% +trying to measure y as we said so mu is +the expectation the conditional + + align:start position:0% +the expectation the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation the conditional +expectation of Y given X but Y is the + + align:start position:0% +expectation of Y given X but Y is the + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of Y given X but Y is the +number of new cases right well it's a + + align:start position:0% +number of new cases right well it's a + + + align:start position:0% +number of new cases right well it's a +number of and the first thing you should + + align:start position:0% +number of and the first thing you should + + + align:start position:0% +number of and the first thing you should +to think of when you think about number + + align:start position:0% +to think of when you think about number + + + align:start position:0% +to think of when you think about number +of if it were bounded above you would + + align:start position:0% +of if it were bounded above you would + + + align:start position:0% +of if it were bounded above you would +think binomial baby but here it's just a + + align:start position:0% +think binomial baby but here it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +think binomial baby but here it's just a +number so you think that's how insurers + + align:start position:0% +number so you think that's how insurers + + + align:start position:0% +number so you think that's how insurers +think I have a number of you know uh + + align:start position:0% +think I have a number of you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +think I have a number of you know uh +claims per year this is a w distribution + + align:start position:0% +claims per year this is a w distribution + + + align:start position:0% +claims per year this is a w distribution +okay and hopefully they can model it the + + align:start position:0% +okay and hopefully they can model it the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and hopefully they can model it the +conditional distribution of the number + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution of the number + + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution of the number +of claims given everything that they + + align:start position:0% +of claims given everything that they + + + align:start position:0% +of claims given everything that they +actually ask you in this + + align:start position:0% +actually ask you in this + + + align:start position:0% +actually ask you in this +surveys that I hear you now fail in 15 + + align:start position:0% +surveys that I hear you now fail in 15 + + + align:start position:0% +surveys that I hear you now fail in 15 +minutes all right so uh so now you have + + align:start position:0% +minutes all right so uh so now you have + + + align:start position:0% +minutes all right so uh so now you have +this uh uh Pon distribution uh and + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh Pon distribution uh and + + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh Pon distribution uh and +that's just the modeling assumption + + align:start position:0% +that's just the modeling assumption + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the modeling assumption +there's no particular reason why you + + align:start position:0% +there's no particular reason why you + + + align:start position:0% +there's no particular reason why you +should do this except that you know that + + align:start position:0% +should do this except that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +should do this except that you know that +might be a good idea and the expected + + align:start position:0% +might be a good idea and the expected + + + align:start position:0% +might be a good idea and the expected +value of your press has to be this mui + + align:start position:0% +value of your press has to be this mui + + + align:start position:0% +value of your press has to be this mui +okay at time + + align:start position:0% +okay at time + + + align:start position:0% +okay at time +I any question about this + + align:start position:0% +I any question about this + + + align:start position:0% +I any question about this +slide okay so let's switch to another + + align:start position:0% +slide okay so let's switch to another + + + align:start position:0% +slide okay so let's switch to another +example another example is the So-Cal + + align:start position:0% +example another example is the So-Cal + + + align:start position:0% +example another example is the So-Cal +precapture rate so here what you're TR + + align:start position:0% +precapture rate so here what you're TR + + + align:start position:0% +precapture rate so here what you're TR +what you're interested in is uh the + + align:start position:0% +what you're interested in is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +what you're interested in is uh the +Rapture of of Praise + + align:start position:0% +Rapture of of Praise + + + align:start position:0% +Rapture of of Praise +Yi uh for a given prey and uh you have + + align:start position:0% +Yi uh for a given prey and uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +Yi uh for a given prey and uh you have +uh XI which is your uh explanation and + + align:start position:0% +uh XI which is your uh explanation and + + + align:start position:0% +uh XI which is your uh explanation and +this is just the density of prey so + + align:start position:0% +this is just the density of prey so + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the density of prey so +you're trying to explain the rate of + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to explain the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to explain the rate of +captures of Praise uh given the density + + align:start position:0% +captures of Praise uh given the density + + + align:start position:0% +captures of Praise uh given the density +of the pray okay and uh so you need to + + align:start position:0% +of the pray okay and uh so you need to + + + align:start position:0% +of the pray okay and uh so you need to +find some sort of relationship between + + align:start position:0% +find some sort of relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +find some sort of relationship between +the two and here again you talk to + + align:start position:0% +the two and here again you talk to + + + align:start position:0% +the two and here again you talk to +experts and what they tell you is that + + align:start position:0% +experts and what they tell you is that + + + align:start position:0% +experts and what they tell you is that +well it's going to be increasing right I + + align:start position:0% +well it's going to be increasing right I + + + align:start position:0% +well it's going to be increasing right I +mean animals like uh predators are going + + align:start position:0% +mean animals like uh predators are going + + + align:start position:0% +mean animals like uh predators are going +to you know just eat more if there's + + align:start position:0% +to you know just eat more if there's + + + align:start position:0% +to you know just eat more if there's +more praise and uh but at some point + + align:start position:0% +more praise and uh but at some point + + + align:start position:0% +more praise and uh but at some point +they're just going to level off because + + align:start position:0% +they're just going to level off because + + + align:start position:0% +they're just going to level off because +they just going to be completely full + + align:start position:0% +they just going to be completely full + + + align:start position:0% +they just going to be completely full +and they're going to stop uh uh stop uh + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to stop uh uh stop uh + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to stop uh uh stop uh +capturing those prays and you're just + + align:start position:0% +capturing those prays and you're just + + + align:start position:0% +capturing those prays and you're just +going to have some some phenomenon that + + align:start position:0% +going to have some some phenomenon that + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some some phenomenon that +looks like this so here is a curve that + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so here is a curve that + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so here is a curve that +sort of makes sense right as your uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of makes sense right as your uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of makes sense right as your uh +capture rate uh goes from zero to one + + align:start position:0% +capture rate uh goes from zero to one + + + align:start position:0% +capture rate uh goes from zero to one +you're increasing and then you see you + + align:start position:0% +you're increasing and then you see you + + + align:start position:0% +you're increasing and then you see you +have this like concave function that + + align:start position:0% +have this like concave function that + + + align:start position:0% +have this like concave function that +says that you know at some point it + + align:start position:0% +says that you know at some point it + + + align:start position:0% +says that you know at some point it +levels + + align:start position:0% +levels + + + align:start position:0% +levels +off okay so here one way I could I mean + + align:start position:0% +off okay so here one way I could I mean + + + align:start position:0% +off okay so here one way I could I mean +there's again many ways I could just + + align:start position:0% +there's again many ways I could just + + + align:start position:0% +there's again many ways I could just +model a function that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +model a function that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +model a function that looks like this +but a simple one that has only two + + align:start position:0% +but a simple one that has only two + + + align:start position:0% +but a simple one that has only two +parameters is this one where mui is just + + align:start position:0% +parameters is this one where mui is just + + + align:start position:0% +parameters is this one where mui is just +this function of XI where I have some + + align:start position:0% +this function of XI where I have some + + + align:start position:0% +this function of XI where I have some +parameter Alpha here and some parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter Alpha here and some parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter Alpha here and some parameter +H here okay so there's clearly um so + + align:start position:0% +H here okay so there's clearly um so + + + align:start position:0% +H here okay so there's clearly um so +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +function uh uh there's one that + + align:start position:0% +function uh uh there's one that + + + align:start position:0% +function uh uh there's one that +essentially tells you so this thing + + align:start position:0% +essentially tells you so this thing + + + align:start position:0% +essentially tells you so this thing +starts at zero for sure uh and + + align:start position:0% +starts at zero for sure uh and + + + align:start position:0% +starts at zero for sure uh and +essentially Alpha tells you how sharp + + align:start position:0% +essentially Alpha tells you how sharp + + + align:start position:0% +essentially Alpha tells you how sharp +this thing is and uh H tells you at + + align:start position:0% +this thing is and uh H tells you at + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is and uh H tells you at +which points you end here okay when it's + + align:start position:0% +which points you end here okay when it's + + + align:start position:0% +which points you end here okay when it's +not exactly what those values are equal + + align:start position:0% +not exactly what those values are equal + + + align:start position:0% +not exactly what those values are equal +to but it tells you + + align:start position:0% +to but it tells you + + + align:start position:0% +to but it tells you +this okay so + + align:start position:0% +this okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so +um so you know simple uh and uh well no + + align:start position:0% +um so you know simple uh and uh well no + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know simple uh and uh well no +okay sorry that's actually Alpha which + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry that's actually Alpha which + + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry that's actually Alpha which +is the maximum capture no rate and H + + align:start position:0% +is the maximum capture no rate and H + + + align:start position:0% +is the maximum capture no rate and H +represent the pre density at which the + + align:start position:0% +represent the pre density at which the + + + align:start position:0% +represent the pre density at which the +capture rate is so that's the half time + + align:start position:0% +capture rate is so that's the half time + + + align:start position:0% +capture rate is so that's the half time +okay so there's actual values for this + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's actual values for this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's actual values for this +all right so now I have this function + + align:start position:0% +all right so now I have this function + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now I have this function +it's certainly not a function there's no + + align:start position:0% +it's certainly not a function there's no + + + align:start position:0% +it's certainly not a function there's no +I don't see has a function of X so I + + align:start position:0% +I don't see has a function of X so I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't see has a function of X so I +need to find something that looks + + align:start position:0% +need to find something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +need to find something that looks +like a function of X + + align:start position:0% +like a function of X + + + align:start position:0% +like a function of X +okay so now here there's no log there's + + align:start position:0% +okay so now here there's no log there's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now here there's no log there's +no well I could actually take a log + + align:start position:0% +no well I could actually take a log + + + align:start position:0% +no well I could actually take a log +here but I would have log of x and log + + align:start position:0% +here but I would have log of x and log + + + align:start position:0% +here but I would have log of x and log +of x plus h so that would be weird so uh + + align:start position:0% +of x plus h so that would be weird so uh + + + align:start position:0% +of x plus h so that would be weird so uh +what we're proposed to do here is to + + align:start position:0% +what we're proposed to do here is to + + + align:start position:0% +what we're proposed to do here is to +look rather than looking at mui we look + + align:start position:0% +look rather than looking at mui we look + + + align:start position:0% +look rather than looking at mui we look +at one over mui right then so since your + + align:start position:0% +at one over mui right then so since your + + + align:start position:0% +at one over mui right then so since your +function was uh mui + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you take one over mui you get H + + + align:start position:0% +when you take one over mui you get H + + + + align:start position:0% +when you take one over mui you get H + +XI divided Alpha XI which is H over + + align:start position:0% +XI divided Alpha XI which is H over + + + align:start position:0% +XI divided Alpha XI which is H over +Alpha * 1X I plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +Alpha * 1X I plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha * 1X I plus 1 +Alpha and now if I willing to make this + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and now if I willing to make this + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and now if I willing to make this +transformation of Ables and say actually + + align:start position:0% +transformation of Ables and say actually + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of Ables and say actually +I don't my X whether it's the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +I don't my X whether it's the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +I don't my X whether it's the uh uh +density of pray or the in density of + + align:start position:0% +density of pray or the in density of + + + align:start position:0% +density of pray or the in density of +prey it really doesn't matter I can + + align:start position:0% +prey it really doesn't matter I can + + + align:start position:0% +prey it really doesn't matter I can +always make the transformation when the + + align:start position:0% +always make the transformation when the + + + align:start position:0% +always make the transformation when the +data comes then uh I'm actually just + + align:start position:0% +data comes then uh I'm actually just + + + align:start position:0% +data comes then uh I'm actually just +going to think of this as being some + + align:start position:0% +going to think of this as being some + + + align:start position:0% +going to think of this as being some +linear function uh beta 0 plus beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +linear function uh beta 0 plus beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +linear function uh beta 0 plus beta 1 +which is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy time 1/x I and now my new variable + + align:start position:0% +guy time 1/x I and now my new variable + + + align:start position:0% +guy time 1/x I and now my new variable +becomes one overx I and now it's linear + + align:start position:0% +becomes one overx I and now it's linear + + + align:start position:0% +becomes one overx I and now it's linear +and the the transformation I had to take + + align:start position:0% +and the the transformation I had to take + + + align:start position:0% +and the the transformation I had to take +was this one /x which is called the + + align:start position:0% +was this one /x which is called the + + + align:start position:0% +was this one /x which is called the +reciprocal link + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you can probably guess what the + + align:start position:0% +okay you can probably guess what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can probably guess what the +exponential link is going to be and + + align:start position:0% +exponential link is going to be and + + + align:start position:0% +exponential link is going to be and +things like this all right so we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +things like this all right so we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +things like this all right so we'll talk +about other links that have slightly + + align:start position:0% +about other links that have slightly + + + align:start position:0% +about other links that have slightly +less obious names now again modeling + + align:start position:0% +less obious names now again modeling + + + align:start position:0% +less obious names now again modeling +right so this was the random component + + align:start position:0% +right so this was the random component + + + align:start position:0% +right so this was the random component +this was the easy part now I need to + + align:start position:0% +this was the easy part now I need to + + + align:start position:0% +this was the easy part now I need to +just you know pour in some Domin + + align:start position:0% +just you know pour in some Domin + + + align:start position:0% +just you know pour in some Domin +knowledge about how do I think this + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about how do I think this + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about how do I think this +function this uh Y which is um uh uh + + align:start position:0% +function this uh Y which is um uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +function this uh Y which is um uh uh +which is the rate of capture of Praise I + + align:start position:0% +which is the rate of capture of Praise I + + + align:start position:0% +which is the rate of capture of Praise I +want to understand how this thing is + + align:start position:0% +want to understand how this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +want to understand how this thing is +actually uh changing uh what is the + + align:start position:0% +actually uh changing uh what is the + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh changing uh what is the +randomness of the thing around its mean + + align:start position:0% +randomness of the thing around its mean + + + align:start position:0% +randomness of the thing around its mean +and uh you know something that so that + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know something that so that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know something that so that +comes from this textbook the standard + + align:start position:0% +comes from this textbook the standard + + + align:start position:0% +comes from this textbook the standard +deviation of capture rate might be + + align:start position:0% +deviation of capture rate might be + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of capture rate might be +approximately proportional to the mean + + align:start position:0% +approximately proportional to the mean + + + align:start position:0% +approximately proportional to the mean +rate so you need to find a distribution + + align:start position:0% +rate so you need to find a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +rate so you need to find a distribution +that actually has this property and it + + align:start position:0% +that actually has this property and it + + + align:start position:0% +that actually has this property and it +turns out that this happens for uh gamma + + align:start position:0% +turns out that this happens for uh gamma + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that this happens for uh gamma +distributions all right in gamma + + align:start position:0% +distributions all right in gamma + + + align:start position:0% +distributions all right in gamma +distributions just like say foron + + align:start position:0% +distributions just like say foron + + + align:start position:0% +distributions just like say foron +distribution the the uh um well for p + + align:start position:0% +distribution the the uh um well for p + + + align:start position:0% +distribution the the uh um well for p +the variance and the mean are of the + + align:start position:0% +the variance and the mean are of the + + + align:start position:0% +the variance and the mean are of the +same order here is the standard + + align:start position:0% +same order here is the standard + + + align:start position:0% +same order here is the standard +deviation that's of the same order as + + align:start position:0% +deviation that's of the same order as + + + align:start position:0% +deviation that's of the same order as +the uh as the as the me okay for gas and + + align:start position:0% +the uh as the as the me okay for gas and + + + align:start position:0% +the uh as the as the me okay for gas and +it's a positive distribution as well + + align:start position:0% +it's a positive distribution as well + + + align:start position:0% +it's a positive distribution as well +right so here's a candidate now since + + align:start position:0% +right so here's a candidate now since + + + align:start position:0% +right so here's a candidate now since +we're sort of constrained to work under + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of constrained to work under + + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of constrained to work under +the uh exponential family of + + align:start position:0% +the uh exponential family of + + + align:start position:0% +the uh exponential family of +distributions then you can just go + + align:start position:0% +distributions then you can just go + + + align:start position:0% +distributions then you can just go +through your list and just you know + + align:start position:0% +through your list and just you know + + + align:start position:0% +through your list and just you know +decide which one works best for + + align:start position:0% +decide which one works best for + + + align:start position:0% +decide which one works best for +you all right third example so here we + + align:start position:0% +you all right third example so here we + + + align:start position:0% +you all right third example so here we +have binary response + + align:start position:0% +have binary response + + + align:start position:0% +have binary response +uh here essentially the binary response + + align:start position:0% +uh here essentially the binary response + + + align:start position:0% +uh here essentially the binary response +variable indicates the presence or + + align:start position:0% +variable indicates the presence or + + + align:start position:0% +variable indicates the presence or +absence of postoperative deforming for + + align:start position:0% +absence of postoperative deforming for + + + align:start position:0% +absence of postoperative deforming for +kosis on uh children and here rather + + align:start position:0% +kosis on uh children and here rather + + + align:start position:0% +kosis on uh children and here rather +than having one coari which was before + + align:start position:0% +than having one coari which was before + + + align:start position:0% +than having one coari which was before +in the first example was time in the + + align:start position:0% +in the first example was time in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the first example was time in the +second example was the density here + + align:start position:0% +second example was the density here + + + align:start position:0% +second example was the density here +there's three coari that you measure on + + align:start position:0% +there's three coari that you measure on + + + align:start position:0% +there's three coari that you measure on +children uh the first one is uh age of + + align:start position:0% +children uh the first one is uh age of + + + align:start position:0% +children uh the first one is uh age of +the child then second one is the number + + align:start position:0% +the child then second one is the number + + + align:start position:0% +the child then second one is the number +of vertebrae involved in the operation + + align:start position:0% +of vertebrae involved in the operation + + + align:start position:0% +of vertebrae involved in the operation +and the third one is the start of the + + align:start position:0% +and the third one is the start of the + + + align:start position:0% +and the third one is the start of the +range right so where it is on the on the + + align:start position:0% +range right so where it is on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +range right so where it is on the on the +SP + + align:start position:0% +SP + + + align:start position:0% +SP +okay so uh uh so the response variable + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh uh so the response variable + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh uh so the response variable +here is you know did it work or not + + align:start position:0% +here is you know did it work or not + + + align:start position:0% +here is you know did it work or not +right I mean that's very simple and uh + + align:start position:0% +right I mean that's very simple and uh + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean that's very simple and uh +so here it's nice because the random + + align:start position:0% +so here it's nice because the random + + + align:start position:0% +so here it's nice because the random +component is the easiest one as I said + + align:start position:0% +component is the easiest one as I said + + + align:start position:0% +component is the easiest one as I said +any random variable that takes only two + + align:start position:0% +any random variable that takes only two + + + align:start position:0% +any random variable that takes only two +outcomes must be + + align:start position:0% +outcomes must be + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes must be +a burnly right so there's that's nice + + align:start position:0% +a burnly right so there's that's nice + + + align:start position:0% +a burnly right so there's that's nice +there's no modeling going on here so you + + align:start position:0% +there's no modeling going on here so you + + + align:start position:0% +there's no modeling going on here so you +know that y given X is going to be + + align:start position:0% +know that y given X is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +know that y given X is going to be +burnly but of course all your efforts + + align:start position:0% +burnly but of course all your efforts + + + align:start position:0% +burnly but of course all your efforts +are going to try to understand what the + + align:start position:0% +are going to try to understand what the + + + align:start position:0% +are going to try to understand what the +conditional mean of your Burly what the + + align:start position:0% +conditional mean of your Burly what the + + + align:start position:0% +conditional mean of your Burly what the +conditional probability of being one is + + align:start position:0% +conditional probability of being one is + + + align:start position:0% +conditional probability of being one is +going to be okay and so in particular so + + align:start position:0% +going to be okay and so in particular so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be okay and so in particular so +I'm just here I'm spelling it out before + + align:start position:0% +I'm just here I'm spelling it out before + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just here I'm spelling it out before +we close those examples I cannot say + + align:start position:0% +we close those examples I cannot say + + + align:start position:0% +we close those examples I cannot say +that mu of X is X transpose beta for + + align:start position:0% +that mu of X is X transpose beta for + + + align:start position:0% +that mu of X is X transpose beta for +exactly this picture that I drw for you + + align:start position:0% +exactly this picture that I drw for you + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this picture that I drw for you +here right there's just no way here the + + align:start position:0% +here right there's just no way here the + + + align:start position:0% +here right there's just no way here the +goal of doing this is certainly to be + + align:start position:0% +goal of doing this is certainly to be + + + align:start position:0% +goal of doing this is certainly to be +able to extrapolate for yet unseen + + align:start position:0% +able to extrapolate for yet unseen + + + align:start position:0% +able to extrapolate for yet unseen +children whether this is something that + + align:start position:0% +children whether this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +children whether this is something that +we should be doing and maybe the range + + align:start position:0% +we should be doing and maybe the range + + + align:start position:0% +we should be doing and maybe the range +of x's is actually going to be slightly + + align:start position:0% +of x's is actually going to be slightly + + + align:start position:0% +of x's is actually going to be slightly +out and so okay I I don't want to say + + align:start position:0% +out and so okay I I don't want to say + + + align:start position:0% +out and so okay I I don't want to say +that I have a negative probability of a + + align:start position:0% +that I have a negative probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +that I have a negative probability of a +of of outcome or positive one sorry or a + + align:start position:0% +of of outcome or positive one sorry or a + + + align:start position:0% +of of outcome or positive one sorry or a +or a uh one that's slower than one so I + + align:start position:0% +or a uh one that's slower than one so I + + + align:start position:0% +or a uh one that's slower than one so I +need to make this transformation so what + + align:start position:0% +need to make this transformation so what + + + align:start position:0% +need to make this transformation so what +I need to do is to transform mu which is + + align:start position:0% +I need to do is to transform mu which is + + + align:start position:0% +I need to do is to transform mu which is +we know only a number all we know is a + + align:start position:0% +we know only a number all we know is a + + + align:start position:0% +we know only a number all we know is a +number between zero and one and we need + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and one and we need + + + align:start position:0% +number between zero and one and we need +to transform it in such a way that it + + align:start position:0% +to transform it in such a way that it + + + align:start position:0% +to transform it in such a way that it +Maps the entire real line or you know + + align:start position:0% +Maps the entire real line or you know + + + align:start position:0% +Maps the entire real line or you know +reciprocally to say that uh um uh or + + align:start position:0% +reciprocally to say that uh um uh or + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocally to say that uh um uh or +inversely I should say that f of x + + align:start position:0% +inversely I should say that f of x + + + align:start position:0% +inversely I should say that f of x +transpose beta should be a number + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta should be a number + + + align:start position:0% +transpose beta should be a number +between 0 and one okay I need to find a + + align:start position:0% +between 0 and one okay I need to find a + + + align:start position:0% +between 0 and one okay I need to find a +function that takes any real number and + + align:start position:0% +function that takes any real number and + + + align:start position:0% +function that takes any real number and +Maps it into 0 and one and we'll see + + align:start position:0% +Maps it into 0 and one and we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +Maps it into 0 and one and we'll see +that again but you you have an army of + + align:start position:0% +that again but you you have an army of + + + align:start position:0% +that again but you you have an army of +functions that do that for you what are + + align:start position:0% +functions that do that for you what are + + + align:start position:0% +functions that do that for you what are +those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions I'm + + align:start position:0% +functions I'm + + + align:start position:0% +functions I'm +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +trait + + align:start position:0% +trait + + + align:start position:0% +trait +oh yeah I want them to be invertible + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I want them to be invertible + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah I want them to be invertible +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have an arm a function I'm not asking + + align:start position:0% +I have an arm a function I'm not asking + + + align:start position:0% +I have an arm a function I'm not asking +for one soldier in this Army I on the + + align:start position:0% +for one soldier in this Army I on the + + + align:start position:0% +for one soldier in this Army I on the +name of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Army well they're not really invertible + + align:start position:0% +Army well they're not really invertible + + + align:start position:0% +Army well they're not really invertible +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +right so they're actually in stats + + align:start position:0% +right so they're actually in stats + + + align:start position:0% +right so they're actually in stats +textbooks because remember statisticians + + align:start position:0% +textbooks because remember statisticians + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks because remember statisticians +don't know how to integrate functions + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to integrate functions + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to integrate functions +but they know how to turn a function + + align:start position:0% +but they know how to turn a function + + + align:start position:0% +but they know how to turn a function +into a gaps an integral so we know it + + align:start position:0% +into a gaps an integral so we know it + + + align:start position:0% +into a gaps an integral so we know it +integrates to one and things like this + + align:start position:0% +integrates to one and things like this + + + align:start position:0% +integrates to one and things like this +same thing here we don't know how to + + align:start position:0% +same thing here we don't know how to + + + align:start position:0% +same thing here we don't know how to +build functions that you know are + + align:start position:0% +build functions that you know are + + + align:start position:0% +build functions that you know are +invertible and map the entire ra line to + + align:start position:0% +invertible and map the entire ra line to + + + align:start position:0% +invertible and map the entire ra line to +01 but there's all the cumul + + align:start position:0% +01 but there's all the cumul + + + align:start position:0% +01 but there's all the cumul +distribution functions that do that for + + align:start position:0% +distribution functions that do that for + + + align:start position:0% +distribution functions that do that for +us so I can use any of those guys and + + align:start position:0% +us so I can use any of those guys and + + + align:start position:0% +us so I can use any of those guys and +that's what I'm going to be doing + + align:start position:0% +that's what I'm going to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I'm going to be doing +next all right so um just to recap what + + align:start position:0% +next all right so um just to recap what + + + align:start position:0% +next all right so um just to recap what +I just said as we were uh speaking so + + align:start position:0% +I just said as we were uh speaking so + + + align:start position:0% +I just said as we were uh speaking so +normal uh linear model is not + + align:start position:0% +normal uh linear model is not + + + align:start position:0% +normal uh linear model is not +appropriate for those examples if only + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for those examples if only + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for those examples if only +because the uh um if only because the + + align:start position:0% +because the uh um if only because the + + + align:start position:0% +because the uh um if only because the +response variable is not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +response variable is not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +response variable is not necessarily +gaussian so and also because the linear + + align:start position:0% +gaussian so and also because the linear + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian so and also because the linear +model has to be the mean has to be + + align:start position:0% +model has to be the mean has to be + + + align:start position:0% +model has to be the mean has to be +transformed before I can actually apply + + align:start position:0% +transformed before I can actually apply + + + align:start position:0% +transformed before I can actually apply +a linear model for all these plausible + + align:start position:0% +a linear model for all these plausible + + + align:start position:0% +a linear model for all these plausible +nonlinear models that I actually came up + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear models that I actually came up + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear models that I actually came up +with okay so uh uh so the family we're + + align:start position:0% +with okay so uh uh so the family we're + + + align:start position:0% +with okay so uh uh so the family we're +going to go for is the exponential + + align:start position:0% +going to go for is the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +going to go for is the exponential +family of distributions and we're going + + align:start position:0% +family of distributions and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +family of distributions and we're going +to be able to show uh uh so one of the + + align:start position:0% +to be able to show uh uh so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to show uh uh so one of the +nice part of this is to actually compute + + align:start position:0% +nice part of this is to actually compute + + + align:start position:0% +nice part of this is to actually compute +maximum like estimators for those right + + align:start position:0% +maximum like estimators for those right + + + align:start position:0% +maximum like estimators for those right +in the linear model maximum like in the + + align:start position:0% +in the linear model maximum like in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the linear model maximum like in the +gauson linear model maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +gauson linear model maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +gauson linear model maximum likelihood +was as nice as it gets right this + + align:start position:0% +was as nice as it gets right this + + + align:start position:0% +was as nice as it gets right this +actually was the Le squares estimator we + + align:start position:0% +actually was the Le squares estimator we + + + align:start position:0% +actually was the Le squares estimator we +had a close form X transpose X inverse X + + align:start position:0% +had a close form X transpose X inverse X + + + align:start position:0% +had a close form X transpose X inverse X +transpose Y and that was it okay we had + + align:start position:0% +transpose Y and that was it okay we had + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Y and that was it okay we had +to just take one derivative here we're + + align:start position:0% +to just take one derivative here we're + + + align:start position:0% +to just take one derivative here we're +going to have a generally concave + + align:start position:0% +going to have a generally concave + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a generally concave +likelihood we're not going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +likelihood we're not going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood we're not going to be able to +actually solve this thing uh directly in + + align:start position:0% +actually solve this thing uh directly in + + + align:start position:0% +actually solve this thing uh directly in +close form unless it's Gan but we will + + align:start position:0% +close form unless it's Gan but we will + + + align:start position:0% +close form unless it's Gan but we will +have I will we'll see actually how + + align:start position:0% +have I will we'll see actually how + + + align:start position:0% +have I will we'll see actually how +this is not just a blackbox optimization + + align:start position:0% +this is not just a blackbox optimization + + + align:start position:0% +this is not just a blackbox optimization +of a concave function we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of a concave function we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of a concave function we have a lot of +uh uh properties of this concave + + align:start position:0% +uh uh properties of this concave + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh properties of this concave +function and we will be able to show + + align:start position:0% +function and we will be able to show + + + align:start position:0% +function and we will be able to show +some iterative algorithms we'll + + align:start position:0% +some iterative algorithms we'll + + + align:start position:0% +some iterative algorithms we'll +basically see how when you open the box + + align:start position:0% +basically see how when you open the box + + + align:start position:0% +basically see how when you open the box +of of convex optimization you will + + align:start position:0% +of of convex optimization you will + + + align:start position:0% +of of convex optimization you will +actually be able to see how things work + + align:start position:0% +actually be able to see how things work + + + align:start position:0% +actually be able to see how things work +and actually implement it using lead + + align:start position:0% +and actually implement it using lead + + + align:start position:0% +and actually implement it using lead +squares so each iteration of this it + + align:start position:0% +squares so each iteration of this it + + + align:start position:0% +squares so each iteration of this it +algorithm would essentially P Square + + align:start position:0% +algorithm would essentially P Square + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm would essentially P Square +that's actually quite mute it's also + + align:start position:0% +that's actually quite mute it's also + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually quite mute it's also +very demonstrative of statisticians + + align:start position:0% +very demonstrative of statisticians + + + align:start position:0% +very demonstrative of statisticians +being you know pretty ingenious uh so + + align:start position:0% +being you know pretty ingenious uh so + + + align:start position:0% +being you know pretty ingenious uh so +that they don't have to call in some + + align:start position:0% +that they don't have to call in some + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't have to call in some +statistical software but just can + + align:start position:0% +statistical software but just can + + + align:start position:0% +statistical software but just can +repeatedly call their Le squares uh uh + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly call their Le squares uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly call their Le squares uh uh +Oracle within a statistical + + align:start position:0% +Oracle within a statistical + + + align:start position:0% +Oracle within a statistical +s okay so what is the exponential family + + align:start position:0% +s okay so what is the exponential family + + + align:start position:0% +s okay so what is the exponential family +right I promise to you the exponential + + align:start position:0% +right I promise to you the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +right I promise to you the exponential +family before we go into + + align:start position:0% +family before we go into + + + align:start position:0% +family before we go into +this let me just tell you something + + align:start position:0% +this let me just tell you something + + + align:start position:0% +this let me just tell you something +about exponential families and what's + + align:start position:0% +about exponential families and what's + + + align:start position:0% +about exponential families and what's +what's the only thing that differentiate + + align:start position:0% +what's the only thing that differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +what's the only thing that differentiate +an exponential family from all possible + + align:start position:0% +an exponential family from all possible + + + align:start position:0% +an exponential family from all possible +distributions an exponential family has + + align:start position:0% +distributions an exponential family has + + + align:start position:0% +distributions an exponential family has +two parameters right and those are not + + align:start position:0% +two parameters right and those are not + + + align:start position:0% +two parameters right and those are not +really parameters but there's the Theta + + align:start position:0% +really parameters but there's the Theta + + + align:start position:0% +really parameters but there's the Theta +parameter of my distribution okay so + + align:start position:0% +parameter of my distribution okay so + + + align:start position:0% +parameter of my distribution okay so +it's going to be indexed by some + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be indexed by some + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be indexed by some +parameter here I'm only talking about + + align:start position:0% +parameter here I'm only talking about + + + align:start position:0% +parameter here I'm only talking about +the distribution of say some random + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of say some random + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of say some random +variable or some random Vector okay so + + align:start position:0% +variable or some random Vector okay so + + + align:start position:0% +variable or some random Vector okay so +here in this slide you see that the + + align:start position:0% +here in this slide you see that the + + + align:start position:0% +here in this slide you see that the +parameter Theta that index those family + + align:start position:0% +parameter Theta that index those family + + + align:start position:0% +parameter Theta that index those family +that index those distribution is K + + align:start position:0% +that index those distribution is K + + + align:start position:0% +that index those distribution is K +dimensional and uh the space of the x is + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and uh the space of the x is + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and uh the space of the x is +that I'm looking at so that should + + align:start position:0% +that I'm looking at so that should + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm looking at so that should +really be y right so that what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +really be y right so that what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +really be y right so that what I'm going +to plug in here is the conditional + + align:start position:0% +to plug in here is the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +to plug in here is the conditional +distri of Y given X and Theta is going + + align:start position:0% +distri of Y given X and Theta is going + + + align:start position:0% +distri of Y given X and Theta is going +to depend on X but this really is the y + + align:start position:0% +to depend on X but this really is the y + + + align:start position:0% +to depend on X but this really is the y +That's the distribution of the response + + align:start position:0% +That's the distribution of the response + + + align:start position:0% +That's the distribution of the response +variable and so this is on Q right so I + + align:start position:0% +variable and so this is on Q right so I + + + align:start position:0% +variable and so this is on Q right so I +have I'm going to assume that y takes Q + + align:start position:0% +have I'm going to assume that y takes Q + + + align:start position:0% +have I'm going to assume that y takes Q +dimensional is Q dimensional clearly + + align:start position:0% +dimensional is Q dimensional clearly + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional is Q dimensional clearly +soon Q is going to be equal to one but I + + align:start position:0% +soon Q is going to be equal to one but I + + + align:start position:0% +soon Q is going to be equal to one but I +can define those things generally okay + + align:start position:0% +can define those things generally okay + + + align:start position:0% +can define those things generally okay +so I have this I have to tell you what + + align:start position:0% +so I have this I have to tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +so I have this I have to tell you what +this looks like and let's assume that + + align:start position:0% +this looks like and let's assume that + + + align:start position:0% +this looks like and let's assume that +this is a probability density function + + align:start position:0% +this is a probability density function + + + align:start position:0% +this is a probability density function +so this right this notation the fact + + align:start position:0% +so this right this notation the fact + + + align:start position:0% +so this right this notation the fact +that I just put my Theta in subscript is + + align:start position:0% +that I just put my Theta in subscript is + + + align:start position:0% +that I just put my Theta in subscript is +just for me to remember that this is the + + align:start position:0% +just for me to remember that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +just for me to remember that this is the +variable uh that indicates the random + + align:start position:0% +variable uh that indicates the random + + + align:start position:0% +variable uh that indicates the random +variable and this is just the parameter + + align:start position:0% +variable and this is just the parameter + + + align:start position:0% +variable and this is just the parameter +but I could just write it as a function + + align:start position:0% +but I could just write it as a function + + + align:start position:0% +but I could just write it as a function +of theta and X right this is just going + + align:start position:0% +of theta and X right this is just going + + + align:start position:0% +of theta and X right this is just going +to be right if you were in Cal in + + align:start position:0% +to be right if you were in Cal in + + + align:start position:0% +to be right if you were in Cal in +multivariable Cal you would have two + + align:start position:0% +multivariable Cal you would have two + + + align:start position:0% +multivariable Cal you would have two +parameters Theta and x and you would + + align:start position:0% +parameters Theta and x and you would + + + align:start position:0% +parameters Theta and x and you would +need to give me a + + align:start position:0% +need to give me a + + + align:start position:0% +need to give me a +function now think of all think of X and + + align:start position:0% +function now think of all think of X and + + + align:start position:0% +function now think of all think of X and +and and and Theta as being + + align:start position:0% +and and and Theta as being + + + align:start position:0% +and and and Theta as being +onedimensional at this point think of + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional at this point think of + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional at this point think of +all the functions that can be depending + + align:start position:0% +all the functions that can be depending + + + align:start position:0% +all the functions that can be depending +on Theta and X there's many of + + align:start position:0% +on Theta and X there's many of + + + align:start position:0% +on Theta and X there's many of +them and in particular + + align:start position:0% +them and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +them and in particular +there's many ways Theta and X can + + align:start position:0% +there's many ways Theta and X can + + + align:start position:0% +there's many ways Theta and X can +interact what the exponential family + + align:start position:0% +interact what the exponential family + + + align:start position:0% +interact what the exponential family +does for you is that it restricts the + + align:start position:0% +does for you is that it restricts the + + + align:start position:0% +does for you is that it restricts the +way these things can actually interact + + align:start position:0% +way these things can actually interact + + + align:start position:0% +way these things can actually interact +with each other it's essentially saying + + align:start position:0% +with each other it's essentially saying + + + align:start position:0% +with each other it's essentially saying +the following it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saying this is going to be of the form + + align:start position:0% +saying this is going to be of the form + + + align:start position:0% +saying this is going to be of the form +exponential so this exponential is + + align:start position:0% +exponential so this exponential is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential so this exponential is +really not much because I could put a + + align:start position:0% +really not much because I could put a + + + align:start position:0% +really not much because I could put a +log next to it but uh uh what I want is + + align:start position:0% +log next to it but uh uh what I want is + + + align:start position:0% +log next to it but uh uh what I want is +that this the the the way Theta and X + + align:start position:0% +that this the the the way Theta and X + + + align:start position:0% +that this the the the way Theta and X +interact has to be of the form Theta + + align:start position:0% +interact has to be of the form Theta + + + align:start position:0% +interact has to be of the form Theta +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +x in an exponential okay so that's the + + align:start position:0% +x in an exponential okay so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +x in an exponential okay so that's the +simplest that's one of the ways you can + + align:start position:0% +simplest that's one of the ways you can + + + align:start position:0% +simplest that's one of the ways you can +think of them interacting you just take + + align:start position:0% +think of them interacting you just take + + + align:start position:0% +think of them interacting you just take +the product of the two now clearly this + + align:start position:0% +the product of the two now clearly this + + + align:start position:0% +the product of the two now clearly this +is not a very rich family so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +is not a very rich family so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is not a very rich family so what I'm +allowing myself is to just slap on some + + align:start position:0% +allowing myself is to just slap on some + + + align:start position:0% +allowing myself is to just slap on some +terms that depend only on Theta and + + align:start position:0% +terms that depend only on Theta and + + + align:start position:0% +terms that depend only on Theta and +depend only on X okay so let's just call + + align:start position:0% +depend only on X okay so let's just call + + + align:start position:0% +depend only on X okay so let's just call +this thing I don't know f + + align:start position:0% +this thing I don't know f + + + align:start position:0% +this thing I don't know f +ofx g of theta okay so here I've + + align:start position:0% +ofx g of theta okay so here I've + + + align:start position:0% +ofx g of theta okay so here I've +restricted the way Theta and X can + + align:start position:0% +restricted the way Theta and X can + + + align:start position:0% +restricted the way Theta and X can +interact so I have something that + + align:start position:0% +interact so I have something that + + + align:start position:0% +interact so I have something that +depends only on X something depends only + + align:start position:0% +depends only on X something depends only + + + align:start position:0% +depends only on X something depends only +on Theta and here I have this very + + align:start position:0% +on Theta and here I have this very + + + align:start position:0% +on Theta and here I have this very +specific + + align:start position:0% +specific + + + align:start position:0% +specific +interaction and that's all that + + align:start position:0% +interaction and that's all that + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and that's all that +exponential families are doing for you + + align:start position:0% +exponential families are doing for you + + + align:start position:0% +exponential families are doing for you +okay so if we go back to this slide this + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we go back to this slide this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we go back to this slide this +is much more General right if I want to + + align:start position:0% +is much more General right if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +is much more General right if I want to +go from Theta and X in R to Theta and X + + align:start position:0% +go from Theta and X in R to Theta and X + + + align:start position:0% +go from Theta and X in R to Theta and X +Theta in + + align:start position:0% +Theta in + + + align:start position:0% +Theta in +R uh to Theta in r k and X in + + align:start position:0% +R uh to Theta in r k and X in + + + align:start position:0% +R uh to Theta in r k and X in +RQ I cannot take the product of theta + + align:start position:0% +RQ I cannot take the product of theta + + + align:start position:0% +RQ I cannot take the product of theta +and X I cannot leave even take the inner + + align:start position:0% +and X I cannot leave even take the inner + + + align:start position:0% +and X I cannot leave even take the inner +product between Theta and X because + + align:start position:0% +product between Theta and X because + + + align:start position:0% +product between Theta and X because +they're not even of compatible + + align:start position:0% +they're not even of compatible + + + align:start position:0% +they're not even of compatible +Dimensions but what I can do is to first + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions but what I can do is to first + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions but what I can do is to first +map my Theta into something and map my X + + align:start position:0% +map my Theta into something and map my X + + + align:start position:0% +map my Theta into something and map my X +into something that so that I actually + + align:start position:0% +into something that so that I actually + + + align:start position:0% +into something that so that I actually +end up having the same dimensions and + + align:start position:0% +end up having the same dimensions and + + + align:start position:0% +end up having the same dimensions and +then I can take the inner product that's + + align:start position:0% +then I can take the inner product that's + + + align:start position:0% +then I can take the inner product that's +the natural generalization of this + + align:start position:0% +the natural generalization of this + + + align:start position:0% +the natural generalization of this +simple product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what I have is uh um right so if + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I have is uh um right so if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I have is uh um right so if +I want to go from Theta to x what I'm + + align:start position:0% +I want to go from Theta to x what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I want to go from Theta to x what I'm +going to first do is I'm gonna so I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to first do is I'm gonna so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to first do is I'm gonna so I'm +going to take + + align:start position:0% +going to take + + + align:start position:0% +going to take +thetaa of theta so let's say EA one of + + align:start position:0% +thetaa of theta so let's say EA one of + + + align:start position:0% +thetaa of theta so let's say EA one of +theta to EA K of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theta and then I'm going to actually + + align:start position:0% +theta and then I'm going to actually + + + align:start position:0% +theta and then I'm going to actually +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +X becomes T1 of + + align:start position:0% +X becomes T1 of + + + align:start position:0% +X becomes T1 of +x all the way to TK of + + align:start position:0% +x all the way to TK of + + + align:start position:0% +x all the way to TK of +X and what I'm going to do is take the + + align:start position:0% +X and what I'm going to do is take the + + + align:start position:0% +X and what I'm going to do is take the +inner product so let's call this ITA and + + align:start position:0% +inner product so let's call this ITA and + + + align:start position:0% +inner product so let's call this ITA and +let's call this T and I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +let's call this T and I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +let's call this T and I'm going to take +the inner product of v and + + align:start position:0% +the inner product of v and + + + align:start position:0% +the inner product of v and +T right which is just the sum from Jal 1 + + align:start position:0% +T right which is just the sum from Jal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +T right which is just the sum from Jal 1 +to K of EA J of theta times T1 uh TJ of + + align:start position:0% +to K of EA J of theta times T1 uh TJ of + + + align:start position:0% +to K of EA J of theta times T1 uh TJ of +FX okay so that's just a way to say I + + align:start position:0% +FX okay so that's just a way to say I + + + align:start position:0% +FX okay so that's just a way to say I +want this simple interaction but in + + align:start position:0% +want this simple interaction but in + + + align:start position:0% +want this simple interaction but in +higher Dimension the simplest way I can + + align:start position:0% +higher Dimension the simplest way I can + + + align:start position:0% +higher Dimension the simplest way I can +actually make those things happen is + + align:start position:0% +actually make those things happen is + + + align:start position:0% +actually make those things happen is +just by taking in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +product okay and so now what it's + + align:start position:0% +product okay and so now what it's + + + align:start position:0% +product okay and so now what it's +telling me is that the distribution so I + + align:start position:0% +telling me is that the distribution so I + + + align:start position:0% +telling me is that the distribution so I +want the exponential times something + + align:start position:0% +want the exponential times something + + + align:start position:0% +want the exponential times something +that depends only on Theta and something + + align:start position:0% +that depends only on Theta and something + + + align:start position:0% +that depends only on Theta and something +that depends only on X and so what it + + align:start position:0% +that depends only on X and so what it + + + align:start position:0% +that depends only on X and so what it +tells me is that when I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +tells me is that when I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +tells me is that when I'm going to take +P of theta X is just going to be + + align:start position:0% +P of theta X is just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +P of theta X is just going to be +something which is + + align:start position:0% +something which is + + + align:start position:0% +something which is +exponential times the + + align:start position:0% +exponential times the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential times the +sum from Jal 1 to K of EA J Theta TJ of + + align:start position:0% +sum from Jal 1 to K of EA J Theta TJ of + + + align:start position:0% +sum from Jal 1 to K of EA J Theta TJ of +X and then I'm going to have a function + + align:start position:0% +X and then I'm going to have a function + + + align:start position:0% +X and then I'm going to have a function +that depends only so let me write it for + + align:start position:0% +that depends only so let me write it for + + + align:start position:0% +that depends only so let me write it for +now like C of theta and then a function + + align:start position:0% +now like C of theta and then a function + + + align:start position:0% +now like C of theta and then a function +that depends only on X let me call it h + + align:start position:0% +that depends only on X let me call it h + + + align:start position:0% +that depends only on X let me call it h +of X and for convenience there's no + + align:start position:0% +of X and for convenience there's no + + + align:start position:0% +of X and for convenience there's no +particular reason why I do that I'm + + align:start position:0% +particular reason why I do that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +particular reason why I do that I'm +taking this function C of theta and I'm + + align:start position:0% +taking this function C of theta and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +taking this function C of theta and I'm +just actually pushing it in there so I + + align:start position:0% +just actually pushing it in there so I + + + align:start position:0% +just actually pushing it in there so I +can write C of theta as + + align:start position:0% +can write C of theta as + + + align:start position:0% +can write C of theta as +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +um minus log of 1 / C of theeta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and now I have exponential times + + align:start position:0% +right and now I have exponential times + + + align:start position:0% +right and now I have exponential times +exponential so I push it in and this + + align:start position:0% +exponential so I push it in and this + + + align:start position:0% +exponential so I push it in and this +thing actually looks like + + align:start position:0% +thing actually looks like + + + align:start position:0% +thing actually looks like +exponential sum from Jal 1 to K of + + align:start position:0% +exponential sum from Jal 1 to K of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential sum from Jal 1 to K of +J Theta TG of + + align:start position:0% +J Theta TG of + + + align:start position:0% +J Theta TG of +x minus log 1 / C of theta * h of X and + + align:start position:0% +x minus log 1 / C of theta * h of X and + + + align:start position:0% +x minus log 1 / C of theta * h of X and +this thing here log 1 over C of theta I + + align:start position:0% +this thing here log 1 over C of theta I + + + align:start position:0% +this thing here log 1 over C of theta I +call actually B of theta + + align:start position:0% +call actually B of theta + + + align:start position:0% +call actually B of theta +because C I called it C but I can + + align:start position:0% +because C I called it C but I can + + + align:start position:0% +because C I called it C but I can +actually directly call this guy B and I + + align:start position:0% +actually directly call this guy B and I + + + align:start position:0% +actually directly call this guy B and I +don't actually care about C itself now + + align:start position:0% +don't actually care about C itself now + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually care about C itself now +why do not why don't I put back also x h + + align:start position:0% +why do not why don't I put back also x h + + + align:start position:0% +why do not why don't I put back also x h +of X in there because h of X is really + + align:start position:0% +of X in there because h of X is really + + + align:start position:0% +of X in there because h of X is really +here um to just + + align:start position:0% +here um to just + + + align:start position:0% +here um to just +um how to put it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay h of X and and and B of theta don't + + align:start position:0% +okay h of X and and and B of theta don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay h of X and and and B of theta don't +play the same role B of theta in many + + align:start position:0% +play the same role B of theta in many + + + align:start position:0% +play the same role B of theta in many +ways is a normalizing constant right I + + align:start position:0% +ways is a normalizing constant right I + + + align:start position:0% +ways is a normalizing constant right I +want this density to integrate to one if + + align:start position:0% +want this density to integrate to one if + + + align:start position:0% +want this density to integrate to one if +I did not have this guy I'm not + + align:start position:0% +I did not have this guy I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +I did not have this guy I'm not +guaranteed that this thing integrates to + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that this thing integrates to + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that this thing integrates to +one but by tweaking this function B of + + align:start position:0% +one but by tweaking this function B of + + + align:start position:0% +one but by tweaking this function B of +theta or C of theta they're equivalent I + + align:start position:0% +theta or C of theta they're equivalent I + + + align:start position:0% +theta or C of theta they're equivalent I +can actually ensure that this thing + + align:start position:0% +can actually ensure that this thing + + + align:start position:0% +can actually ensure that this thing +integrates to so B of theta is just a + + align:start position:0% +integrates to so B of theta is just a + + + align:start position:0% +integrates to so B of theta is just a +normalizing + + align:start position:0% +normalizing + + + align:start position:0% +normalizing +constant h of X is something that's + + align:start position:0% +constant h of X is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +constant h of X is something that's +going to be funny for us it's going to + + align:start position:0% +going to be funny for us it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be funny for us it's going to +be something that allows us to be able + + align:start position:0% +be something that allows us to be able + + + align:start position:0% +be something that allows us to be able +to treat both discrete and continuous + + align:start position:0% +to treat both discrete and continuous + + + align:start position:0% +to treat both discrete and continuous +variables within the framework of um + + align:start position:0% +variables within the framework of um + + + align:start position:0% +variables within the framework of um +within the framework of uh of uh + + align:start position:0% +within the framework of uh of uh + + + align:start position:0% +within the framework of uh of uh +exponential families so for those that + + align:start position:0% +exponential families so for those that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential families so for those that +are familiar with this this is + + align:start position:0% +are familiar with this this is + + + align:start position:0% +are familiar with this this is +essentially saying that h of X is really + + align:start position:0% +essentially saying that h of X is really + + + align:start position:0% +essentially saying that h of X is really +just a change of measure when I actually + + align:start position:0% +just a change of measure when I actually + + + align:start position:0% +just a change of measure when I actually +look at the density of P of theta this + + align:start position:0% +look at the density of P of theta this + + + align:start position:0% +look at the density of P of theta this +is with respect to some measure the fact + + align:start position:0% +is with respect to some measure the fact + + + align:start position:0% +is with respect to some measure the fact +that I just multiply by a function of X + + align:start position:0% +that I just multiply by a function of X + + + align:start position:0% +that I just multiply by a function of X +just means that I'm not looking that + + align:start position:0% +just means that I'm not looking that + + + align:start position:0% +just means that I'm not looking that +this guy here without h of theta is not + + align:start position:0% +this guy here without h of theta is not + + + align:start position:0% +this guy here without h of theta is not +the density with respect to the original + + align:start position:0% +the density with respect to the original + + + align:start position:0% +the density with respect to the original +measure but it's the density with + + align:start position:0% +measure but it's the density with + + + align:start position:0% +measure but it's the density with +respect to the distribution that has H + + align:start position:0% +respect to the distribution that has H + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the distribution that has H +as a + + align:start position:0% +as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a +density that's all I'm saying right so I + + align:start position:0% +density that's all I'm saying right so I + + + align:start position:0% +density that's all I'm saying right so I +can first transform my x's and then take + + align:start position:0% +can first transform my x's and then take + + + align:start position:0% +can first transform my x's and then take +the density with respect to that if you + + align:start position:0% +the density with respect to that if you + + + align:start position:0% +the density with respect to that if you +don't want to think about densities or + + align:start position:0% +don't want to think about densities or + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to think about densities or +measures uh you don't have to this is + + align:start position:0% +measures uh you don't have to this is + + + align:start position:0% +measures uh you don't have to this is +just the way this is just the definition + + align:start position:0% +just the way this is just the definition + + + align:start position:0% +just the way this is just the definition +is there any question about this + + align:start position:0% +is there any question about this + + + align:start position:0% +is there any question about this +definition right so it looks complicated + + align:start position:0% +definition right so it looks complicated + + + align:start position:0% +definition right so it looks complicated +but it's actually essentially the + + align:start position:0% +but it's actually essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's actually essentially the +simplest way you could think about it + + align:start position:0% +simplest way you could think about it + + + align:start position:0% +simplest way you could think about it +you H you want to be able to have X and + + align:start position:0% +you H you want to be able to have X and + + + align:start position:0% +you H you want to be able to have X and +Theta interact and you just say I want + + align:start position:0% +Theta interact and you just say I want + + + align:start position:0% +Theta interact and you just say I want +the interaction to be of the form + + align:start position:0% +the interaction to be of the form + + + align:start position:0% +the interaction to be of the form +exponential x * Theta and if they're + + align:start position:0% +exponential x * Theta and if they're + + + align:start position:0% +exponential x * Theta and if they're +higher Dimensions I'm going to take the + + align:start position:0% +higher Dimensions I'm going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +higher Dimensions I'm going to take the +exponential of a function of X inner + + align:start position:0% +exponential of a function of X inner + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of a function of X inner +product with a function of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theeta all right so I claimed since the + + align:start position:0% +theeta all right so I claimed since the + + + align:start position:0% +theeta all right so I claimed since the +beginning that the gaan was such an + + align:start position:0% +beginning that the gaan was such an + + + align:start position:0% +beginning that the gaan was such an +example so let's just do it so is the + + align:start position:0% +example so let's just do it so is the + + + align:start position:0% +example so let's just do it so is the +gaussian of the is the interaction + + align:start position:0% +gaussian of the is the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian of the is the interaction +between Theta and X in a gan uh uh of + + align:start position:0% +between Theta and X in a gan uh uh of + + + align:start position:0% +between Theta and X in a gan uh uh of +the form in a product and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +the form in a product and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +the form in a product and the answer is +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +actually whether I know or not what the + + align:start position:0% +actually whether I know or not what the + + + align:start position:0% +actually whether I know or not what the +variance is okay so let's start for the + + align:start position:0% +variance is okay so let's start for the + + + align:start position:0% +variance is okay so let's start for the +case where I actually do not know what + + align:start position:0% +case where I actually do not know what + + + align:start position:0% +case where I actually do not know what +the variance is so here I have X is + + align:start position:0% +the variance is so here I have X is + + + align:start position:0% +the variance is so here I have X is +n u Sigma Square this is all + + align:start position:0% +n u Sigma Square this is all + + + align:start position:0% +n u Sigma Square this is all +onedimensional and here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional and here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional and here I'm going to +assume that my parameter is both mu and + + align:start position:0% +assume that my parameter is both mu and + + + align:start position:0% +assume that my parameter is both mu and +sigma + + align:start position:0% +sigma + + + align:start position:0% +sigma +Square okay so what I need to do is to + + align:start position:0% +Square okay so what I need to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +Square okay so what I need to do is to +have some function of mu some function + + align:start position:0% +have some function of mu some function + + + align:start position:0% +have some function of mu some function +of Sigma square and take an in product + + align:start position:0% +of Sigma square and take an in product + + + align:start position:0% +of Sigma square and take an in product +of some function of X and some other + + align:start position:0% +of some function of X and some other + + + align:start position:0% +of some function of X and some other +function of X Okay so so I want to show + + align:start position:0% +function of X Okay so so I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +function of X Okay so so I want to show +that so p uh Theta of X is what well + + align:start position:0% +that so p uh Theta of X is what well + + + align:start position:0% +that so p uh Theta of X is what well +it's 1 / < TK Sigma 2 pi exponential + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 / < TK Sigma 2 pi exponential + + + align:start position:0% +it's 1 / < TK Sigma 2 pi exponential +minus uh x - mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma s + + align:start position:0% +minus uh x - mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma s + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh x - mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma s +right so that's just my gaussian density + + align:start position:0% +right so that's just my gaussian density + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's just my gaussian density +and I want to re I want to say that this + + align:start position:0% +and I want to re I want to say that this + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to re I want to say that this +thing here so clearly the exponential + + align:start position:0% +thing here so clearly the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +thing here so clearly the exponential +shows up already I want to show that + + align:start position:0% +shows up already I want to show that + + + align:start position:0% +shows up already I want to show that +this is something that looks + + align:start position:0% +this is something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that looks +like um you know know + + align:start position:0% +like um you know know + + + align:start position:0% +like um you know know +ITA one of uh sorry so that was yeah ITA + + align:start position:0% +ITA one of uh sorry so that was yeah ITA + + + align:start position:0% +ITA one of uh sorry so that was yeah ITA +one of uh say mu Sigma squ so I have + + align:start position:0% +one of uh say mu Sigma squ so I have + + + align:start position:0% +one of uh say mu Sigma squ so I have +only two of those guys so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +only two of those guys so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +only two of those guys so I'm going to +need only two itas right so I want it to + + align:start position:0% +need only two itas right so I want it to + + + align:start position:0% +need only two itas right so I want it to +be ITA one of mu and sigma time T1 of X + + align:start position:0% +be ITA one of mu and sigma time T1 of X + + + align:start position:0% +be ITA one of mu and sigma time T1 of X +Plus ETA 2 mu1 mu Sigma s * T2 of X + + align:start position:0% +Plus ETA 2 mu1 mu Sigma s * T2 of X + + + align:start position:0% +Plus ETA 2 mu1 mu Sigma s * T2 of X +right so I want to have something like + + align:start position:0% +right so I want to have something like + + + align:start position:0% +right so I want to have something like +that that shows up and the rest is going + + align:start position:0% +that that shows up and the rest is going + + + align:start position:0% +that that shows up and the rest is going +to and and the only things that are left + + align:start position:0% +to and and the only things that are left + + + align:start position:0% +to and and the only things that are left +I want them to depend either only on + + align:start position:0% +I want them to depend either only on + + + align:start position:0% +I want them to depend either only on +Theta or only on + + align:start position:0% +Theta or only on + + + align:start position:0% +Theta or only on +X so to find that out we just need to to + + align:start position:0% +X so to find that out we just need to to + + + align:start position:0% +X so to find that out we just need to to +expand okay so I'm going to first put + + align:start position:0% +expand okay so I'm going to first put + + + align:start position:0% +expand okay so I'm going to first put +everything into my uh my + + align:start position:0% +everything into my uh my + + + align:start position:0% +everything into my uh my +exponential and expand this guy so the + + align:start position:0% +exponential and expand this guy so the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and expand this guy so the +first term here is going to be minus x^2 + + align:start position:0% +first term here is going to be minus x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +first term here is going to be minus x^2 +over 2 Sigma 2 the second term is going + + align:start position:0% +over 2 Sigma 2 the second term is going + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 Sigma 2 the second term is going +to be minus mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma sare and + + align:start position:0% +to be minus mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma sare and + + + align:start position:0% +to be minus mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma sare and +then the cross term is going to be plus + + align:start position:0% +then the cross term is going to be plus + + + align:start position:0% +then the cross term is going to be plus +X mu ID Sigma squ and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +X mu ID Sigma squ and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +X mu ID Sigma squ and then I'm going to +put this guy here so I have a minus log + + align:start position:0% +put this guy here so I have a minus log + + + align:start position:0% +put this guy here so I have a minus log +Sigma < tk2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay is this so this term here is + + align:start position:0% +okay okay is this so this term here is + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay is this so this term here is +has contains an interaction between X + + align:start position:0% +has contains an interaction between X + + + align:start position:0% +has contains an interaction between X +and the parameters this term here + + align:start position:0% +and the parameters this term here + + + align:start position:0% +and the parameters this term here +contains an interaction between X and + + align:start position:0% +contains an interaction between X and + + + align:start position:0% +contains an interaction between X and +the parameters so let me try to write + + align:start position:0% +the parameters so let me try to write + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters so let me try to write +them in a way that I want this guy only + + align:start position:0% +them in a way that I want this guy only + + + align:start position:0% +them in a way that I want this guy only +depends on the parameters this guy only + + align:start position:0% +depends on the parameters this guy only + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the parameters this guy only +depends on the + + align:start position:0% +depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the +parameter so I'm going to rearrange + + align:start position:0% +parameter so I'm going to rearrange + + + align:start position:0% +parameter so I'm going to rearrange +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +and so I'm I claim that this is of the + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm I claim that this is of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm I claim that this is of the +form um x^2 well let's say do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh who's getting the minus ITA okay so + + align:start position:0% +uh who's getting the minus ITA okay so + + + align:start position:0% +uh who's getting the minus ITA okay so +um so it's + + align:start position:0% +um so it's + + + align:start position:0% +um so it's +X2 times - 1 2 Sigma 2 plus x * U over + + align:start position:0% +X2 times - 1 2 Sigma 2 plus x * U over + + + align:start position:0% +X2 times - 1 2 Sigma 2 plus x * U over +Sigma squ right so that's this term here + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ right so that's this term here + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma squ right so that's this term here +that's this term here now I need to get + + align:start position:0% +that's this term here now I need to get + + + align:start position:0% +that's this term here now I need to get +this guy here and that's minus so I'm + + align:start position:0% +this guy here and that's minus so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this guy here and that's minus so I'm +going to write it like this minus and + + align:start position:0% +going to write it like this minus and + + + align:start position:0% +going to write it like this minus and +now I have mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma 2 plus log + + align:start position:0% +now I have mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma 2 plus log + + + align:start position:0% +now I have mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma 2 plus log +Sigma < tk2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pi + + align:start position:0% +Pi + + + align:start position:0% +Pi +okay and now this thing is definitely of + + align:start position:0% +okay and now this thing is definitely of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now this thing is definitely of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +form uh T1 of x + + align:start position:0% +form uh T1 of x + + + align:start position:0% +form uh T1 of x +times did I call them the right way or + + align:start position:0% +times did I call them the right way or + + + align:start position:0% +times did I call them the right way or +not of course not um okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +not of course not um okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +not of course not um okay so that's +going to be T2 of X time ETA 2 of XA 2 + + align:start position:0% +going to be T2 of X time ETA 2 of XA 2 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be T2 of X time ETA 2 of XA 2 +of theta this guy is going to be T1 of x + + align:start position:0% +of theta this guy is going to be T1 of x + + + align:start position:0% +of theta this guy is going to be T1 of x +times EA one of theta right so just a + + align:start position:0% +times EA one of theta right so just a + + + align:start position:0% +times EA one of theta right so just a +function of theta times a function of X + + align:start position:0% +function of theta times a function of X + + + align:start position:0% +function of theta times a function of X +just a function of theta times a + + align:start position:0% +just a function of theta times a + + + align:start position:0% +just a function of theta times a +function of X and the way I combine it + + align:start position:0% +function of X and the way I combine it + + + align:start position:0% +function of X and the way I combine it +is just by summing them and this is + + align:start position:0% +is just by summing them and this is + + + align:start position:0% +is just by summing them and this is +going to be my + + align:start position:0% +going to be my + + + align:start position:0% +going to be my +B of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theta what is h of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x one there's one thing I can actually + + align:start position:0% +x one there's one thing I can actually + + + align:start position:0% +x one there's one thing I can actually +play with and uh this is something + + align:start position:0% +play with and uh this is something + + + align:start position:0% +play with and uh this is something +you're going to have some uh free + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have some uh free + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have some uh free +choices right this is not actually + + align:start position:0% +choices right this is not actually + + + align:start position:0% +choices right this is not actually +completely determined here is that for + + align:start position:0% +completely determined here is that for + + + align:start position:0% +completely determined here is that for +example right so when I + + align:start position:0% +example right so when I + + + align:start position:0% +example right so when I +write uh the log Sigma < tk2 Pi this is + + align:start position:0% +write uh the log Sigma < tk2 Pi this is + + + align:start position:0% +write uh the log Sigma < tk2 Pi this is +just log of Sigma plus log < TK 2 pi so + + align:start position:0% +just log of Sigma plus log < TK 2 pi so + + + align:start position:0% +just log of Sigma plus log < TK 2 pi so +I have two choices here either my B + + align:start position:0% +I have two choices here either my B + + + align:start position:0% +I have two choices here either my B +becomes this guy or so either I have B + + align:start position:0% +becomes this guy or so either I have B + + + align:start position:0% +becomes this guy or so either I have B +of theta which is mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma S + + align:start position:0% +of theta which is mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma S + + + align:start position:0% +of theta which is mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma S +Plus log Sigma < tk2 Pi and H of X is + + align:start position:0% +Plus log Sigma < tk2 Pi and H of X is + + + align:start position:0% +Plus log Sigma < tk2 Pi and H of X is +equal to 1 or I have that b of + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 or I have that b of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 or I have that b of +theta is mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma 2 plus log + + align:start position:0% +theta is mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma 2 plus log + + + align:start position:0% +theta is mu^ 2 over 2 Sigma 2 plus log +Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma +and H of X is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what well I can just push this guy out + + align:start position:0% +what well I can just push this guy out + + + align:start position:0% +what well I can just push this guy out +right I can push it out of the + + align:start position:0% +right I can push it out of the + + + align:start position:0% +right I can push it out of the +exponential and so it's just square root + + align:start position:0% +exponential and so it's just square root + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and so it's just square root +of two of two Pi which is a function of + + align:start position:0% +of two of two Pi which is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +of two of two Pi which is a function of +X technically I mean it's a constant + + align:start position:0% +X technically I mean it's a constant + + + align:start position:0% +X technically I mean it's a constant +function of X but it's a function of so + + align:start position:0% +function of X but it's a function of so + + + align:start position:0% +function of X but it's a function of so +you can see that it's not like + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it's not like +completely clear how you're going to do + + align:start position:0% +completely clear how you're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +completely clear how you're going to do +the tradeoff right so the constant terms + + align:start position:0% +the tradeoff right so the constant terms + + + align:start position:0% +the tradeoff right so the constant terms +can go either in b or in h but you know + + align:start position:0% +can go either in b or in h but you know + + + align:start position:0% +can go either in b or in h but you know +why bother with you know tracking down B + + align:start position:0% +why bother with you know tracking down B + + + align:start position:0% +why bother with you know tracking down B +and H when you can actually stuff + + align:start position:0% +and H when you can actually stuff + + + align:start position:0% +and H when you can actually stuff +everything into one and just call H1 and + + align:start position:0% +everything into one and just call H1 and + + + align:start position:0% +everything into one and just call H1 and +call it a day right so you can just + + align:start position:0% +call it a day right so you can just + + + align:start position:0% +call it a day right so you can just +forget about H you know it's one and and + + align:start position:0% +forget about H you know it's one and and + + + align:start position:0% +forget about H you know it's one and and +think about the rest H won't matter + + align:start position:0% +think about the rest H won't matter + + + align:start position:0% +think about the rest H won't matter +actually for estimation purposes or + + align:start position:0% +actually for estimation purposes or + + + align:start position:0% +actually for estimation purposes or +anything like + + align:start position:0% +anything like + + + align:start position:0% +anything like +this all right so that's basically + + align:start position:0% +this all right so that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so that's basically +everything that's written when Sigma + + align:start position:0% +everything that's written when Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +everything that's written when Sigma +square is + + align:start position:0% +square is + + + align:start position:0% +square is +known what's happening is that this guy + + align:start position:0% +known what's happening is that this guy + + + align:start position:0% +known what's happening is that this guy +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is no longer a function of theta + + align:start position:0% +is no longer a function of theta + + + align:start position:0% +is no longer a function of theta +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +agreed this is no longer a parameter + + align:start position:0% +agreed this is no longer a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +agreed this is no longer a parameter +when Sigma square is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +known then Theta is equal to Mu only + + align:start position:0% +known then Theta is equal to Mu only + + + align:start position:0% +known then Theta is equal to Mu only +there's no Sigma Square going on so this + + align:start position:0% +there's no Sigma Square going on so this + + + align:start position:0% +there's no Sigma Square going on so this +everything that depends on Sigma Square + + align:start position:0% +everything that depends on Sigma Square + + + align:start position:0% +everything that depends on Sigma Square +can be thought as a constant think one + + align:start position:0% +can be thought as a constant think one + + + align:start position:0% +can be thought as a constant think one +so in particular this term + + align:start position:0% +so in particular this term + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular this term +here does not belong in the interaction + + align:start position:0% +here does not belong in the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +here does not belong in the interaction +between X and Theta it belongs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +H right so if Sigma is known then this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy is only a function of + + align:start position:0% +guy is only a function of + + + align:start position:0% +guy is only a function of +H of X so h of + + align:start position:0% +H of X so h of + + + align:start position:0% +H of X so h of +X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +becomes exponential + + align:start position:0% +becomes exponential + + + align:start position:0% +becomes exponential +I x^2 - + + align:start position:0% +I x^2 - + + + align:start position:0% +I x^2 - +x^2 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma right that's just a function of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clear so if you complete this uh + + align:start position:0% +clear so if you complete this uh + + + align:start position:0% +clear so if you complete this uh +computation what you're going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get is that your new one parameter thing + + align:start position:0% +get is that your new one parameter thing + + + align:start position:0% +get is that your new one parameter thing +is that P Theta P Theta X is not equal + + align:start position:0% +is that P Theta P Theta X is not equal + + + align:start position:0% +is that P Theta P Theta X is not equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +exponential x * mu over Sigma + + align:start position:0% +exponential x * mu over Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +exponential x * mu over Sigma +squ minus well it's still the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing and then you have your h of X that + + align:start position:0% +thing and then you have your h of X that + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then you have your h of X that +comes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out x^2 over 2 Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +out x^2 over 2 Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +out x^2 over 2 Sigma 2 +okay so that's my h of + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's my h of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's my h of +X that's still my B of theta and that's + + align:start position:0% +X that's still my B of theta and that's + + + align:start position:0% +X that's still my B of theta and that's +my uh this is my T one of X and this is + + align:start position:0% +my uh this is my T one of X and this is + + + align:start position:0% +my uh this is my T one of X and this is +my ETA + + align:start position:0% +my ETA + + + align:start position:0% +my ETA +one of theta and remember Theta is just + + align:start position:0% +one of theta and remember Theta is just + + + align:start position:0% +one of theta and remember Theta is just +equal to Mu in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case okay so if I ask you prove that + + align:start position:0% +case okay so if I ask you prove that + + + align:start position:0% +case okay so if I ask you prove that +this distribution belong to any + + align:start position:0% +this distribution belong to any + + + align:start position:0% +this distribution belong to any +exponential family you just have to you + + align:start position:0% +exponential family you just have to you + + + align:start position:0% +exponential family you just have to you +know work it out typically it's + + align:start position:0% +know work it out typically it's + + + align:start position:0% +know work it out typically it's +expanding what's in the exponential and + + align:start position:0% +expanding what's in the exponential and + + + align:start position:0% +expanding what's in the exponential and +see uh what's uh and just write it in + + align:start position:0% +see uh what's uh and just write it in + + + align:start position:0% +see uh what's uh and just write it in +this term and identify all the + + align:start position:0% +this term and identify all the + + + align:start position:0% +this term and identify all the +components right so here notice those + + align:start position:0% +components right so here notice those + + + align:start position:0% +components right so here notice those +guys don't even get an index anymore + + align:start position:0% +guys don't even get an index anymore + + + align:start position:0% +guys don't even get an index anymore +because there's just one of them so I + + align:start position:0% +because there's just one of them so I + + + align:start position:0% +because there's just one of them so I +wrote Thea one and N T1 but it's really + + align:start position:0% +wrote Thea one and N T1 but it's really + + + align:start position:0% +wrote Thea one and N T1 but it's really +just ITA and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T oh sorry this guy also + + align:start position:0% +T oh sorry this guy also + + + align:start position:0% +T oh sorry this guy also +goes right this is also a constant right + + align:start position:0% +goes right this is also a constant right + + + align:start position:0% +goes right this is also a constant right +so I can actually just put + + align:start position:0% +so I can actually just put + + + align:start position:0% +so I can actually just put +Sigma uh divided by Sigma 2 pi so h of X + + align:start position:0% +Sigma uh divided by Sigma 2 pi so h of X + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma uh divided by Sigma 2 pi so h of X +is what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually is the density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of it's not standard it's centered it + + align:start position:0% +of it's not standard it's centered it + + + align:start position:0% +of it's not standard it's centered it +has mean zero but it has variant Sigma + + align:start position:0% +has mean zero but it has variant Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +has mean zero but it has variant Sigma +square right but it's the density of a + + align:start position:0% +square right but it's the density of a + + + align:start position:0% +square right but it's the density of a +gaussian and this is what I meant when I + + align:start position:0% +gaussian and this is what I meant when I + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian and this is what I meant when I +said h of X is really just telling you + + align:start position:0% +said h of X is really just telling you + + + align:start position:0% +said h of X is really just telling you +with respect respect to which + + align:start position:0% +with respect respect to which + + + align:start position:0% +with respect respect to which +distribution which measure you're taking + + align:start position:0% +distribution which measure you're taking + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which measure you're taking +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +density and uh so this thing here is + + align:start position:0% +density and uh so this thing here is + + + align:start position:0% +density and uh so this thing here is +really telling you the density of my + + align:start position:0% +really telling you the density of my + + + align:start position:0% +really telling you the density of my +gussan with mean mu is equal to is this + + align:start position:0% +gussan with mean mu is equal to is this + + + align:start position:0% +gussan with mean mu is equal to is this +with respect to a centered gussan is + + align:start position:0% +with respect to a centered gussan is + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to a centered gussan is +this guy right that's what it means if + + align:start position:0% +this guy right that's what it means if + + + align:start position:0% +this guy right that's what it means if +if this thing ends up being a density it + + align:start position:0% +if this thing ends up being a density it + + + align:start position:0% +if this thing ends up being a density it +just means that now you just have a new + + align:start position:0% +just means that now you just have a new + + + align:start position:0% +just means that now you just have a new +measure which is this density so it's + + align:start position:0% +measure which is this density so it's + + + align:start position:0% +measure which is this density so it's +just saying that the density of + + align:start position:0% +just saying that the density of + + + align:start position:0% +just saying that the density of +the gaussin with mean mu with respect to + + align:start position:0% +the gaussin with mean mu with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +the gaussin with mean mu with respect to +the gaan with mean zero is just this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing all right so let's move + + align:start position:0% +thing all right so let's move + + + align:start position:0% +thing all right so let's move +on so here is that I said you can + + align:start position:0% +on so here is that I said you can + + + align:start position:0% +on so here is that I said you can +actually do all these computations and + + align:start position:0% +actually do all these computations and + + + align:start position:0% +actually do all these computations and +forget about the fact that X is + + align:start position:0% +forget about the fact that X is + + + align:start position:0% +forget about the fact that X is +continuous you can actually do it with + + align:start position:0% +continuous you can actually do it with + + + align:start position:0% +continuous you can actually do it with +pmfs and do it for X is discrete this + + align:start position:0% +pmfs and do it for X is discrete this + + + align:start position:0% +pmfs and do it for X is discrete this +actually also tells you if you write if + + align:start position:0% +actually also tells you if you write if + + + align:start position:0% +actually also tells you if you write if +you can actually get the same form for + + align:start position:0% +you can actually get the same form for + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually get the same form for +your density which is the form + + align:start position:0% +your density which is the form + + + align:start position:0% +your density which is the form +exponential times the product of the of + + align:start position:0% +exponential times the product of the of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential times the product of the of +the where the interaction between Theta + + align:start position:0% +the where the interaction between Theta + + + align:start position:0% +the where the interaction between Theta +and X is just taking this product then a + + align:start position:0% +and X is just taking this product then a + + + align:start position:0% +and X is just taking this product then a +functional of theta and a function only + + align:start position:0% +functional of theta and a function only + + + align:start position:0% +functional of theta and a function only +of X for the pmf it also + + align:start position:0% +of X for the pmf it also + + + align:start position:0% +of X for the pmf it also +works okay so I claim that the burle + + align:start position:0% +works okay so I claim that the burle + + + align:start position:0% +works okay so I claim that the burle +belongs to this + + align:start position:0% +belongs to this + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to this +family right so the the pmf of of a + + align:start position:0% +family right so the the pmf of of a + + + align:start position:0% +family right so the the pmf of of a +burnly we say parameter p is p to the x + + align:start position:0% +burnly we say parameter p is p to the x + + + align:start position:0% +burnly we say parameter p is p to the x +1 - P to the 1 - x right because we know + + align:start position:0% +1 - P to the 1 - x right because we know + + + align:start position:0% +1 - P to the 1 - x right because we know +so that's only for x equal 0 or 1 and + + align:start position:0% +so that's only for x equal 0 or 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +so that's only for x equal 0 or 1 and +the reason is uh because when X is equal + + align:start position:0% +the reason is uh because when X is equal + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is uh because when X is equal +to Z this is 1 minus P when X is equal + + align:start position:0% +to Z this is 1 minus P when X is equal + + + align:start position:0% +to Z this is 1 minus P when X is equal +to one this is p okay we've seen that + + align:start position:0% +to one this is p okay we've seen that + + + align:start position:0% +to one this is p okay we've seen that +when we were looking at likelihoods for + + align:start position:0% +when we were looking at likelihoods for + + + align:start position:0% +when we were looking at likelihoods for +Burnal okay this is not clear this is + + align:start position:0% +Burnal okay this is not clear this is + + + align:start position:0% +Burnal okay this is not clear this is +going to look like this at all but let's + + align:start position:0% +going to look like this at all but let's + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like this at all but let's +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +it okay so what does this thing look + + align:start position:0% +it okay so what does this thing look + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so what does this thing look +like well the first thing I want to do + + align:start position:0% +like well the first thing I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +like well the first thing I want to do +is to make an exponential show up so + + align:start position:0% +is to make an exponential show up so + + + align:start position:0% +is to make an exponential show up so +what I'm going to write is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to write is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to write is I'm going to +write p to the X as + + align:start position:0% +write p to the X as + + + align:start position:0% +write p to the X as +exponential X log P + + align:start position:0% +exponential X log P + + + align:start position:0% +exponential X log P +right and so I'm going to do that for + + align:start position:0% +right and so I'm going to do that for + + + align:start position:0% +right and so I'm going to do that for +the other one so this thing here so I'm + + align:start position:0% +the other one so this thing here so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the other one so this thing here so I'm +going to get um + + align:start position:0% +going to get um + + + align:start position:0% +going to get um +exponential X log p + 1 - x log 1 - + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P so what I need to do is to collect my + + align:start position:0% +P so what I need to do is to collect my + + + align:start position:0% +P so what I need to do is to collect my +terms in X and my terms in whatever + + align:start position:0% +terms in X and my terms in whatever + + + align:start position:0% +terms in X and my terms in whatever +parameters I have here Theta is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P so if I do this what I end up having + + align:start position:0% +P so if I do this what I end up having + + + align:start position:0% +P so if I do this what I end up having +is equal to exponential so determine X + + align:start position:0% +is equal to exponential so determine X + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to exponential so determine X +is log P minus log 1 minus P so that's x + + align:start position:0% +is log P minus log 1 minus P so that's x + + + align:start position:0% +is log P minus log 1 minus P so that's x +* log p over 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +* log p over 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +* log p over 1 minus +p and then the term that rest is just + + align:start position:0% +p and then the term that rest is just + + + align:start position:0% +p and then the term that rest is just +this that stays is just one * log 1 + + align:start position:0% +this that stays is just one * log 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this that stays is just one * log 1 +minus P but I want to see this as a + + align:start position:0% +minus P but I want to see this as a + + + align:start position:0% +minus P but I want to see this as a +minus something right it was minus of + + align:start position:0% +minus something right it was minus of + + + align:start position:0% +minus something right it was minus of +theta so I'm going to write it as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus uh well I can just keep the plus + + align:start position:0% +minus uh well I can just keep the plus + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh well I can just keep the plus +and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do and that's + + align:start position:0% +do and that's + + + align:start position:0% +do and that's +all aha well this is of the form + + align:start position:0% +all aha well this is of the form + + + align:start position:0% +all aha well this is of the form +exponential something that depends only + + align:start position:0% +exponential something that depends only + + + align:start position:0% +exponential something that depends only +on x times something that depends only + + align:start position:0% +on x times something that depends only + + + align:start position:0% +on x times something that depends only +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +Theta minus a function that depends only + + align:start position:0% +Theta minus a function that depends only + + + align:start position:0% +Theta minus a function that depends only +on Theta and then h of X is equal to one + + align:start position:0% +on Theta and then h of X is equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +on Theta and then h of X is equal to one +again okay so let's see so I have T1 of + + align:start position:0% +again okay so let's see so I have T1 of + + + align:start position:0% +again okay so let's see so I have T1 of +X is equal to X that's this guy ETA one + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to X that's this guy ETA one + + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to X that's this guy ETA one +of theta is equal to log P1 minus p and + + align:start position:0% +of theta is equal to log P1 minus p and + + + align:start position:0% +of theta is equal to log P1 minus p and +B of theta is equal to + + align:start position:0% +B of theta is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +B of theta is equal to +log 1 over 1us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P okay and H of + + align:start position:0% +P okay and H of + + + align:start position:0% +P okay and H of +X is equal to one all right all + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to one all right all + + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to one all right all +right guys want to do or you want to + + align:start position:0% +right guys want to do or you want to + + + align:start position:0% +right guys want to do or you want to +have it in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homework it's a dilemma because that's + + align:start position:0% +homework it's a dilemma because that's + + + align:start position:0% +homework it's a dilemma because that's +an easy homework versus no homework at + + align:start position:0% +an easy homework versus no homework at + + + align:start position:0% +an easy homework versus no homework at +all but maybe something more difficult + + align:start position:0% +all but maybe something more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +all but maybe something more difficult +Okay who wants to do it now who does not + + align:start position:0% +Okay who wants to do it now who does not + + + align:start position:0% +Okay who wants to do it now who does not +want to raise their hand now who wants + + align:start position:0% +want to raise their hand now who wants + + + align:start position:0% +want to raise their hand now who wants +to raise their hand now all right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's move on I'll just I'll just do + + align:start position:0% +um let's move on I'll just I'll just do + + + align:start position:0% +um let's move on I'll just I'll just do +do you want to do the gamas instead in + + align:start position:0% +do you want to do the gamas instead in + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to do the gamas instead in +the homework that's gonna be fun I'm not + + align:start position:0% +the homework that's gonna be fun I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +the homework that's gonna be fun I'm not +even I'm not even going to propose to do + + align:start position:0% +even I'm not even going to propose to do + + + align:start position:0% +even I'm not even going to propose to do +the gamas all right so um so this is the + + align:start position:0% +the gamas all right so um so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the gamas all right so um so this is the +gamma distribution it's brilliantly C + + align:start position:0% +gamma distribution it's brilliantly C + + + align:start position:0% +gamma distribution it's brilliantly C +called gamma because it has the gamma + + align:start position:0% +called gamma because it has the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +called gamma because it has the gamma +function just like the beta distribution + + align:start position:0% +function just like the beta distribution + + + align:start position:0% +function just like the beta distribution +was at the beta function in there they + + align:start position:0% +was at the beta function in there they + + + align:start position:0% +was at the beta function in there they +look very similar when it's defined over + + align:start position:0% +look very similar when it's defined over + + + align:start position:0% +look very similar when it's defined over +R plus the positive real line and the + + align:start position:0% +R plus the positive real line and the + + + align:start position:0% +R plus the positive real line and the +remember the beta was defin over the + + align:start position:0% +remember the beta was defin over the + + + align:start position:0% +remember the beta was defin over the +interval 01 and it's of the form X some + + align:start position:0% +interval 01 and it's of the form X some + + + align:start position:0% +interval 01 and it's of the form X some +power time exponential minus X to some + + align:start position:0% +power time exponential minus X to some + + + align:start position:0% +power time exponential minus X to some +uh uh time something right so there's a + + align:start position:0% +uh uh time something right so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh time something right so there's a +function a polinomial in X where the + + align:start position:0% +function a polinomial in X where the + + + align:start position:0% +function a polinomial in X where the +exponent depends on the parameter and + + align:start position:0% +exponent depends on the parameter and + + + align:start position:0% +exponent depends on the parameter and +then there's exponential minus x times + + align:start position:0% +then there's exponential minus x times + + + align:start position:0% +then there's exponential minus x times +something depends on the parameters so + + align:start position:0% +something depends on the parameters so + + + align:start position:0% +something depends on the parameters so +this is going to also look like some + + align:start position:0% +this is going to also look like some + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to also look like some +function of uh uh X sorry like some + + align:start position:0% +function of uh uh X sorry like some + + + align:start position:0% +function of uh uh X sorry like some +exponential distribution can somebody + + align:start position:0% +exponential distribution can somebody + + + align:start position:0% +exponential distribution can somebody +guess what is going to be T2 of x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh those are the functions of X that + + align:start position:0% +oh those are the functions of X that + + + align:start position:0% +oh those are the functions of X that +show up in this product right remember + + align:start position:0% +show up in this product right remember + + + align:start position:0% +show up in this product right remember +when we have this uh we just need to + + align:start position:0% +when we have this uh we just need to + + + align:start position:0% +when we have this uh we just need to +take some transformations of X so it + + align:start position:0% +take some transformations of X so it + + + align:start position:0% +take some transformations of X so it +looks linear in those things and not in + + align:start position:0% +looks linear in those things and not in + + + align:start position:0% +looks linear in those things and not in +X itself remember we had x squar and x + + align:start position:0% +X itself remember we had x squar and x + + + align:start position:0% +X itself remember we had x squar and x +for example in the Gin case I don't know + + align:start position:0% +for example in the Gin case I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +for example in the Gin case I don't know +if it's still there uh yeah it's still + + align:start position:0% +if it's still there uh yeah it's still + + + align:start position:0% +if it's still there uh yeah it's still +there right T2 was x squ what do you + + align:start position:0% +there right T2 was x squ what do you + + + align:start position:0% +there right T2 was x squ what do you +think X is going to be uh T2 of X here I + + align:start position:0% +think X is going to be uh T2 of X here I + + + align:start position:0% +think X is going to be uh T2 of X here I +so here's a hence T1 is g to be + + align:start position:0% +so here's a hence T1 is g to be + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a hence T1 is g to be +X yeah arjin what is GNA be T2 yeah you + + align:start position:0% +X yeah arjin what is GNA be T2 yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +X yeah arjin what is GNA be T2 yeah you +cannot this one is taken this one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +taken what log X right because this x to + + align:start position:0% +taken what log X right because this x to + + + align:start position:0% +taken what log X right because this x to +the a minus one I'm going to write it as + + align:start position:0% +the a minus one I'm going to write it as + + + align:start position:0% +the a minus one I'm going to write it as +exponential a minus one log + + align:start position:0% +exponential a minus one log + + + align:start position:0% +exponential a minus one log +X right so basically AA 1 is going to be + + align:start position:0% +X right so basically AA 1 is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +X right so basically AA 1 is going to be +a minus one ITA 2 is going to be um + + align:start position:0% +a minus one ITA 2 is going to be um + + + align:start position:0% +a minus one ITA 2 is going to be um +minus one over B well actually the + + align:start position:0% +minus one over B well actually the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one over B well actually the +opposite and then you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +opposite and then you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +opposite and then you're going to have +uh but this is actually not too too + + align:start position:0% +uh but this is actually not too too + + + align:start position:0% +uh but this is actually not too too +complicated all right then those + + align:start position:0% +complicated all right then those + + + align:start position:0% +complicated all right then those +parameters get names a is the shape + + align:start position:0% +parameters get names a is the shape + + + align:start position:0% +parameters get names a is the shape +parameter B is the scale parameter it + + align:start position:0% +parameter B is the scale parameter it + + + align:start position:0% +parameter B is the scale parameter it +doesn't really matter you have other + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter you have other + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter you have other +things that are called the inverse gamma + + align:start position:0% +things that are called the inverse gamma + + + align:start position:0% +things that are called the inverse gamma +distribution which has this form the uh + + align:start position:0% +distribution which has this form the uh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which has this form the uh +difference is that the parameter Alpha + + align:start position:0% +difference is that the parameter Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +difference is that the parameter Alpha +Shows uh negatively there um and then uh + + align:start position:0% +Shows uh negatively there um and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +Shows uh negatively there um and then uh +the inverse gussan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution you know just densities you + + align:start position:0% +distribution you know just densities you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution you know just densities you +can come up with and that just happened + + align:start position:0% +can come up with and that just happened + + + align:start position:0% +can come up with and that just happened +to fall in this uh in this family and + + align:start position:0% +to fall in this uh in this family and + + + align:start position:0% +to fall in this uh in this family and +there's other ones that you can actually + + align:start position:0% +there's other ones that you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +there's other ones that you can actually +put in there that we've seen before four + + align:start position:0% +put in there that we've seen before four + + + align:start position:0% +put in there that we've seen before four +the K square is actually part of this + + align:start position:0% +the K square is actually part of this + + + align:start position:0% +the K square is actually part of this +family the beta distribution is part of + + align:start position:0% +family the beta distribution is part of + + + align:start position:0% +family the beta distribution is part of +this family the binomial distribution is + + align:start position:0% +this family the binomial distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +this family the binomial distribution is +part of this family well that's easy + + align:start position:0% +part of this family well that's easy + + + align:start position:0% +part of this family well that's easy +because the Burnley was uh the negative + + align:start position:0% +because the Burnley was uh the negative + + + align:start position:0% +because the Burnley was uh the negative +binomial which is uh uh some stopping + + align:start position:0% +binomial which is uh uh some stopping + + + align:start position:0% +binomial which is uh uh some stopping +time the first time you hit number + + align:start position:0% +time the first time you hit number + + + align:start position:0% +time the first time you hit number +certain number of successes uh when you + + align:start position:0% +certain number of successes uh when you + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of successes uh when you +flip some burnly + + align:start position:0% +flip some burnly + + + align:start position:0% +flip some burnly +coins uh so you can check for all of + + align:start position:0% +coins uh so you can check for all of + + + align:start position:0% +coins uh so you can check for all of +those and you will see that you can + + align:start position:0% +those and you will see that you can + + + align:start position:0% +those and you will see that you can +actually write them as part of the + + align:start position:0% +actually write them as part of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually write them as part of the +exponential family so the main goal of + + align:start position:0% +exponential family so the main goal of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential family so the main goal of +this slide is to convince you that this + + align:start position:0% +this slide is to convince you that this + + + align:start position:0% +this slide is to convince you that this +is actually a pretty broad range of + + align:start position:0% +is actually a pretty broad range of + + + align:start position:0% +is actually a pretty broad range of +distribution because it basically + + align:start position:0% +distribution because it basically + + + align:start position:0% +distribution because it basically +includes everything we've seen uh uh but + + align:start position:0% +includes everything we've seen uh uh but + + + align:start position:0% +includes everything we've seen uh uh but +not uh anything there not sorry plus + + align:start position:0% +not uh anything there not sorry plus + + + align:start position:0% +not uh anything there not sorry plus +more okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uniform anything that has a support that + + align:start position:0% +uniform anything that has a support that + + + align:start position:0% +uniform anything that has a support that +depends on the parameter is not going to + + align:start position:0% +depends on the parameter is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the parameter is not going to +fall it's not going to fit in + + align:start position:0% +fall it's not going to fit in + + + align:start position:0% +fall it's not going to fit in +there right and you can actually + + align:start position:0% +there right and you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +there right and you can actually +convince yourself + + align:start position:0% +convince yourself + + + align:start position:0% +convince yourself +why anything that has the param the the + + align:start position:0% +why anything that has the param the the + + + align:start position:0% +why anything that has the param the the +the support that does not that depends + + align:start position:0% +the support that does not that depends + + + align:start position:0% +the support that does not that depends +on the parameter is not going to be part + + align:start position:0% +on the parameter is not going to be part + + + align:start position:0% +on the parameter is not going to be part +of this guy it's kind of a hard thing to + + align:start position:0% +of this guy it's kind of a hard thing to + + + align:start position:0% +of this guy it's kind of a hard thing to +if I ask you prove that it's not and you + + align:start position:0% +if I ask you prove that it's not and you + + + align:start position:0% +if I ask you prove that it's not and you +would prove this this rule it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +would prove this this rule it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +would prove this this rule it's kind of +little difficult but the way you can + + align:start position:0% +little difficult but the way you can + + + align:start position:0% +little difficult but the way you can +convince yourself is that remember the + + align:start position:0% +convince yourself is that remember the + + + align:start position:0% +convince yourself is that remember the +only interaction between X and Theta + + align:start position:0% +only interaction between X and Theta + + + align:start position:0% +only interaction between X and Theta +that I allowed was taking the product of + + align:start position:0% +that I allowed was taking the product of + + + align:start position:0% +that I allowed was taking the product of +those guys and then the exponential + + align:start position:0% +those guys and then the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +those guys and then the exponential +right if you have something that depends + + align:start position:0% +right if you have something that depends + + + align:start position:0% +right if you have something that depends +on some paramet let's say you're going + + align:start position:0% +on some paramet let's say you're going + + + align:start position:0% +on some paramet let's say you're going +to see something that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +to see something that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +to see something that looks like this +right for uniform it looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this well this is not of the form + + align:start position:0% +this well this is not of the form + + + align:start position:0% +this well this is not of the form +exponential X time Theta there's an + + align:start position:0% +exponential X time Theta there's an + + + align:start position:0% +exponential X time Theta there's an +interaction between X and Theta here but + + align:start position:0% +interaction between X and Theta here but + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between X and Theta here but +it's actually certainly not of the form + + align:start position:0% +it's actually certainly not of the form + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually certainly not of the form +X exponential xine Theta so this is + + align:start position:0% +X exponential xine Theta so this is + + + align:start position:0% +X exponential xine Theta so this is +definitely not going to be part of the + + align:start position:0% +definitely not going to be part of the + + + align:start position:0% +definitely not going to be part of the +exponential family and every time you + + align:start position:0% +exponential family and every time you + + + align:start position:0% +exponential family and every time you +start doing things like that it's just + + align:start position:0% +start doing things like that it's just + + + align:start position:0% +start doing things like that it's just +not going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen actually to be fair uh I'm not + + align:start position:0% +happen actually to be fair uh I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +happen actually to be fair uh I'm not +even sure that all these guys when you + + align:start position:0% +even sure that all these guys when you + + + align:start position:0% +even sure that all these guys when you +allow them to have all their parameters + + align:start position:0% +allow them to have all their parameters + + + align:start position:0% +allow them to have all their parameters +free are actually going to be part of + + align:start position:0% +free are actually going to be part of + + + align:start position:0% +free are actually going to be part of +this uh for examp the beta probably yes + + align:start position:0% +this uh for examp the beta probably yes + + + align:start position:0% +this uh for examp the beta probably yes +but I'm not actually entirely convinced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there's books on exponential + + align:start position:0% +um there's books on exponential + + + align:start position:0% +um there's books on exponential +families all right so let's go back so + + align:start position:0% +families all right so let's go back so + + + align:start position:0% +families all right so let's go back so +here we've put a lot of effort + + align:start position:0% +here we've put a lot of effort + + + align:start position:0% +here we've put a lot of effort +understanding how big how much wider + + align:start position:0% +understanding how big how much wider + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how big how much wider +than the uh gaon distribution can we + + align:start position:0% +than the uh gaon distribution can we + + + align:start position:0% +than the uh gaon distribution can we +think of for the response of our the the + + align:start position:0% +think of for the response of our the the + + + align:start position:0% +think of for the response of our the the +conditional distribution of our response + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution of our response + + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution of our response +y given X so let's go back to the + + align:start position:0% +y given X so let's go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +y given X so let's go back to the +generalized linear models right so the + + align:start position:0% +generalized linear models right so the + + + align:start position:0% +generalized linear models right so the +generalized line model said okay the + + align:start position:0% +generalized line model said okay the + + + align:start position:0% +generalized line model said okay the +random component why has to be part of + + align:start position:0% +random component why has to be part of + + + align:start position:0% +random component why has to be part of +some exponential family distribution + + align:start position:0% +some exponential family distribution + + + align:start position:0% +some exponential family distribution +check we know what this means so now I + + align:start position:0% +check we know what this means so now I + + + align:start position:0% +check we know what this means so now I +have to understand two things I have to + + align:start position:0% +have to understand two things I have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to understand two things I have to +understand how what is the expectation + + align:start position:0% +understand how what is the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +understand how what is the expectation +right because that's actually what I + + align:start position:0% +right because that's actually what I + + + align:start position:0% +right because that's actually what I +model right I take the expectation the + + align:start position:0% +model right I take the expectation the + + + align:start position:0% +model right I take the expectation the +conditional expectation of Y given X so + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation of Y given X so + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation of Y given X so +I need to understand given this guy it + + align:start position:0% +I need to understand given this guy it + + + align:start position:0% +I need to understand given this guy it +would be nice if he had some simple + + align:start position:0% +would be nice if he had some simple + + + align:start position:0% +would be nice if he had some simple +rules that would tell me exactly what + + align:start position:0% +rules that would tell me exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +rules that would tell me exactly what +the expectation is rather than having to + + align:start position:0% +the expectation is rather than having to + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation is rather than having to +do it over and over again right if I + + align:start position:0% +do it over and over again right if I + + + align:start position:0% +do it over and over again right if I +told you here's a gaon compute the + + align:start position:0% +told you here's a gaon compute the + + + align:start position:0% +told you here's a gaon compute the +expectation every time you had to use + + align:start position:0% +expectation every time you had to use + + + align:start position:0% +expectation every time you had to use +that it would be slightly painful okay + + align:start position:0% +that it would be slightly painful okay + + + align:start position:0% +that it would be slightly painful okay +so hopefully this thing being simple + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully this thing being simple + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully this thing being simple +enough we've actually selected a simple + + align:start position:0% +enough we've actually selected a simple + + + align:start position:0% +enough we've actually selected a simple +class that's simple enough so that we + + align:start position:0% +class that's simple enough so that we + + + align:start position:0% +class that's simple enough so that we +can have rules whereas as soon as I give + + align:start position:0% +can have rules whereas as soon as I give + + + align:start position:0% +can have rules whereas as soon as I give +you those parameters T1 + + align:start position:0% +you those parameters T1 + + + align:start position:0% +you those parameters T1 +t212 B and H you can actually have some + + align:start position:0% +t212 B and H you can actually have some + + + align:start position:0% +t212 B and H you can actually have some +simple rules to comp + + align:start position:0% +simple rules to comp + + + align:start position:0% +simple rules to comp +mean and variance and all things okay + + align:start position:0% +mean and variance and all things okay + + + align:start position:0% +mean and variance and all things okay +and uh uh so in particular I'm + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh so in particular I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh so in particular I'm +interested in the mean and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +interested in the mean and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the mean and I'm going to +have to actually say well you know this + + align:start position:0% +have to actually say well you know this + + + align:start position:0% +have to actually say well you know this +mean has to be mapped into uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +mean has to be mapped into uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +mean has to be mapped into uh uh the +whole real line so I can actually talk + + align:start position:0% +whole real line so I can actually talk + + + align:start position:0% +whole real line so I can actually talk +about modeling this function of the mean + + align:start position:0% +about modeling this function of the mean + + + align:start position:0% +about modeling this function of the mean +as X transpose beta and we saw that for + + align:start position:0% +as X transpose beta and we saw that for + + + align:start position:0% +as X transpose beta and we saw that for +the kosis data set or uh whatever other + + align:start position:0% +the kosis data set or uh whatever other + + + align:start position:0% +the kosis data set or uh whatever other +data sets um uh you actually can uh you + + align:start position:0% +data sets um uh you actually can uh you + + + align:start position:0% +data sets um uh you actually can uh you +can actually do this using the log or + + align:start position:0% +can actually do this using the log or + + + align:start position:0% +can actually do this using the log or +the reciprocal or for the oh actually we + + align:start position:0% +the reciprocal or for the oh actually we + + + align:start position:0% +the reciprocal or for the oh actually we +didn't do it for the Burnley we'll come + + align:start position:0% +didn't do it for the Burnley we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +didn't do it for the Burnley we'll come +to this this is the most important one + + align:start position:0% +to this this is the most important one + + + align:start position:0% +to this this is the most important one +and that's called the logit or logistic + + align:start position:0% +and that's called the logit or logistic + + + align:start position:0% +and that's called the logit or logistic +link but before we go there this was + + align:start position:0% +link but before we go there this was + + + align:start position:0% +link but before we go there this was +actually a very broad family right when + + align:start position:0% +actually a very broad family right when + + + align:start position:0% +actually a very broad family right when +I wrote this thing on the bottom board + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this thing on the bottom board + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this thing on the bottom board +it's gone now but when I wrote it in the + + align:start position:0% +it's gone now but when I wrote it in the + + + align:start position:0% +it's gone now but when I wrote it in the +first place the only thing that I wrote + + align:start position:0% +first place the only thing that I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +first place the only thing that I wrote +is I wanted x times Theta wouldn't it be + + align:start position:0% +is I wanted x times Theta wouldn't it be + + + align:start position:0% +is I wanted x times Theta wouldn't it be +nice if I have some distribution was + + align:start position:0% +nice if I have some distribution was + + + align:start position:0% +nice if I have some distribution was +just X time Theta not some function of X + + align:start position:0% +just X time Theta not some function of X + + + align:start position:0% +just X time Theta not some function of X +time some function of theta the function + + align:start position:0% +time some function of theta the function + + + align:start position:0% +time some function of theta the function +seem to be here so that they actually uh + + align:start position:0% +seem to be here so that they actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be here so that they actually uh +make things um uh a little um so the + + align:start position:0% +make things um uh a little um so the + + + align:start position:0% +make things um uh a little um so the +functions were here so that I can + + align:start position:0% +functions were here so that I can + + + align:start position:0% +functions were here so that I can +actually put a lot of functions there + + align:start position:0% +actually put a lot of functions there + + + align:start position:0% +actually put a lot of functions there +but first of all if I actually decide to + + align:start position:0% +but first of all if I actually decide to + + + align:start position:0% +but first of all if I actually decide to +reparameterize my problem I can always + + align:start position:0% +reparameterize my problem I can always + + + align:start position:0% +reparameterize my problem I can always +assume if I have one dimensional I can + + align:start position:0% +assume if I have one dimensional I can + + + align:start position:0% +assume if I have one dimensional I can +always assume thata one of theta becomes + + align:start position:0% +always assume thata one of theta becomes + + + align:start position:0% +always assume thata one of theta becomes +my new Theta right so this + + align:start position:0% +my new Theta right so this + + + align:start position:0% +my new Theta right so this +thing here for example I could say well + + align:start position:0% +thing here for example I could say well + + + align:start position:0% +thing here for example I could say well +this is actually the parameter of my + + align:start position:0% +this is actually the parameter of my + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually the parameter of my +Burnal let me call this guy Theta right + + align:start position:0% +Burnal let me call this guy Theta right + + + align:start position:0% +Burnal let me call this guy Theta right +I could do + + align:start position:0% +I could do + + + align:start position:0% +I could do +that then I could say well here I have X + + align:start position:0% +that then I could say well here I have X + + + align:start position:0% +that then I could say well here I have X +that shows up here and here since I'm + + align:start position:0% +that shows up here and here since I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that shows up here and here since I'm +talking about the um response I cannot + + align:start position:0% +talking about the um response I cannot + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the um response I cannot +really make any transformation so here + + align:start position:0% +really make any transformation so here + + + align:start position:0% +really make any transformation so here +I'm going to actually talk about a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to actually talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to actually talk about a +specific family for which this guy is + + align:start position:0% +specific family for which this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +specific family for which this guy is +not x square or x to the or square root + + align:start position:0% +not x square or x to the or square root + + + align:start position:0% +not x square or x to the or square root +of x or log of x or anything I want I'm + + align:start position:0% +of x or log of x or anything I want I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of x or log of x or anything I want I'm +just going to actually look at + + align:start position:0% +just going to actually look at + + + align:start position:0% +just going to actually look at +distributions for which this is X this + + align:start position:0% +distributions for which this is X this + + + align:start position:0% +distributions for which this is X this +exponential families are called exponen + + align:start position:0% +exponential families are called exponen + + + align:start position:0% +exponential families are called exponen +canonical exponential family so in the + + align:start position:0% +canonical exponential family so in the + + + align:start position:0% +canonical exponential family so in the +canonical exponential family what I have + + align:start position:0% +canonical exponential family what I have + + + align:start position:0% +canonical exponential family what I have +is that I have my time Theta I'm going + + align:start position:0% +is that I have my time Theta I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +is that I have my time Theta I'm going +to allow myself some normalization + + align:start position:0% +to allow myself some normalization + + + align:start position:0% +to allow myself some normalization +Factor five and we'll see for example + + align:start position:0% +Factor five and we'll see for example + + + align:start position:0% +Factor five and we'll see for example +that it's very convenient when I talk + + align:start position:0% +that it's very convenient when I talk + + + align:start position:0% +that it's very convenient when I talk +about the Gan right because even if I + + align:start position:0% +about the Gan right because even if I + + + align:start position:0% +about the Gan right because even if I +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +uh yeah even if I know this guy which I + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah even if I know this guy which I + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah even if I know this guy which I +actually pull into my uh oh that's over + + align:start position:0% +actually pull into my uh oh that's over + + + align:start position:0% +actually pull into my uh oh that's over +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right I know Sigma squared but I + + align:start position:0% +right right I know Sigma squared but I + + + align:start position:0% +right right I know Sigma squared but I +don't want to change my parameter to be + + align:start position:0% +don't want to change my parameter to be + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to change my parameter to be +mu over Sigma Square it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +mu over Sigma Square it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +mu over Sigma Square it's kind of +painful so I just take me and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +painful so I just take me and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +painful so I just take me and I'm going +to keep this guy as being the Spy over + + align:start position:0% +to keep this guy as being the Spy over + + + align:start position:0% +to keep this guy as being the Spy over +there and it's called the dispersion + + align:start position:0% +there and it's called the dispersion + + + align:start position:0% +there and it's called the dispersion +parameter from a clear analogy with the + + align:start position:0% +parameter from a clear analogy with the + + + align:start position:0% +parameter from a clear analogy with the +uh with the gaon right that's the + + align:start position:0% +uh with the gaon right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +uh with the gaon right that's the +variance and that's measuring + + align:start position:0% +variance and that's measuring + + + align:start position:0% +variance and that's measuring +dispersion okay so here what I want is + + align:start position:0% +dispersion okay so here what I want is + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion okay so here what I want is +uh uh I'm going to think throughout this + + align:start position:0% +uh uh I'm going to think throughout this + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh I'm going to think throughout this +class so fi may be known or not and + + align:start position:0% +class so fi may be known or not and + + + align:start position:0% +class so fi may be known or not and +depending when it's not known this + + align:start position:0% +depending when it's not known this + + + align:start position:0% +depending when it's not known this +actually might turn into some + + align:start position:0% +actually might turn into some + + + align:start position:0% +actually might turn into some +exponential family or it might not and + + align:start position:0% +exponential family or it might not and + + + align:start position:0% +exponential family or it might not and +the main reason is because uh uh this B + + align:start position:0% +the main reason is because uh uh this B + + + align:start position:0% +the main reason is because uh uh this B +of theta over f is not necessarily a + + align:start position:0% +of theta over f is not necessarily a + + + align:start position:0% +of theta over f is not necessarily a +function of theta over F right if I + + align:start position:0% +function of theta over F right if I + + + align:start position:0% +function of theta over F right if I +actually have fi unknown then y Theta + + align:start position:0% +actually have fi unknown then y Theta + + + align:start position:0% +actually have fi unknown then y Theta +over fi has to be this guy has to be my + + align:start position:0% +over fi has to be this guy has to be my + + + align:start position:0% +over fi has to be this guy has to be my +new parameter and B might not be a + + align:start position:0% +new parameter and B might not be a + + + align:start position:0% +new parameter and B might not be a +function of this new + + align:start position:0% +function of this new + + + align:start position:0% +function of this new +parameter okay so in a way uh I'm just + + align:start position:0% +parameter okay so in a way uh I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +parameter okay so in a way uh I'm just +uh it may or may not but this is not + + align:start position:0% +uh it may or may not but this is not + + + align:start position:0% +uh it may or may not but this is not +really a a concern that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +really a a concern that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +really a a concern that we're going to +have because throughout this class we're + + align:start position:0% +have because throughout this class we're + + + align:start position:0% +have because throughout this class we're +going to assume that fi is known okay fi + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that fi is known okay fi + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume that fi is known okay fi +is going to be known all the time which + + align:start position:0% +is going to be known all the time which + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be known all the time which +means that this is always an exponential + + align:start position:0% +means that this is always an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +means that this is always an exponential +family and it's just the simplest one + + align:start position:0% +family and it's just the simplest one + + + align:start position:0% +family and it's just the simplest one +you could think of onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +you could think of onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +you could think of onedimensional +parameter onedimensional response and I + + align:start position:0% +parameter onedimensional response and I + + + align:start position:0% +parameter onedimensional response and I +just have the the the product is just y + + align:start position:0% +just have the the the product is just y + + + align:start position:0% +just have the the the product is just y +times or we used to call it X now I've + + align:start position:0% +times or we used to call it X now I've + + + align:start position:0% +times or we used to call it X now I've +switched to Y but y times Theta divided + + align:start position:0% +switched to Y but y times Theta divided + + + align:start position:0% +switched to Y but y times Theta divided +by five + + align:start position:0% +by five + + + align:start position:0% +by five +okay should I write this or this this + + align:start position:0% +okay should I write this or this this + + + align:start position:0% +okay should I write this or this this +clear to everyone what this is let me + + align:start position:0% +clear to everyone what this is let me + + + align:start position:0% +clear to everyone what this is let me +write it somewhere so we actually keep + + align:start position:0% +write it somewhere so we actually keep + + + align:start position:0% +write it somewhere so we actually keep +track of it for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 okay so this is we have remember we + + align:start position:0% +10 okay so this is we have remember we + + + align:start position:0% +10 okay so this is we have remember we +had all the + + align:start position:0% +had all the + + + align:start position:0% +had all the +distributions and then here we had the + + align:start position:0% +distributions and then here we had the + + + align:start position:0% +distributions and then here we had the +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +family and now we have the canonical + + align:start position:0% +family and now we have the canonical + + + align:start position:0% +family and now we have the canonical +exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +family it's actually much much + + align:start position:0% +family it's actually much much + + + align:start position:0% +family it's actually much much +smaller uh well actually it's probably + + align:start position:0% +smaller uh well actually it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +smaller uh well actually it's probably +sort of a good picture and uh what I + + align:start position:0% +sort of a good picture and uh what I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a good picture and uh what I +have is that my + + align:start position:0% +have is that my + + + align:start position:0% +have is that my +density or my pmf is just + + align:start position:0% +density or my pmf is just + + + align:start position:0% +density or my pmf is just +exponential uh y * Theta minus B of + + align:start position:0% +exponential uh y * Theta minus B of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential uh y * Theta minus B of +theta / + + align:start position:0% +theta / + + + align:start position:0% +theta / +5 and uh I have uh well plus C of uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah plus C of + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah plus C of + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah plus C of +yfi which means that this is really if f + + align:start position:0% +yfi which means that this is really if f + + + align:start position:0% +yfi which means that this is really if f +is known + + align:start position:0% +is known + + + align:start position:0% +is known +h of Y is just exponential C of YF + + align:start position:0% +h of Y is just exponential C of YF + + + align:start position:0% +h of Y is just exponential C of YF +right agreed actually this is the reason + + align:start position:0% +right agreed actually this is the reason + + + align:start position:0% +right agreed actually this is the reason +why it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +why it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +why it's not necessarily +A canonical family might not be that + + align:start position:0% +A canonical family might not be that + + + align:start position:0% +A canonical family might not be that +this depends only on y could depend on Y + + align:start position:0% +this depends only on y could depend on Y + + + align:start position:0% +this depends only on y could depend on Y +and five in some annoying way and I can + + align:start position:0% +and five in some annoying way and I can + + + align:start position:0% +and five in some annoying way and I can +may not be able to break + + align:start position:0% +may not be able to break + + + align:start position:0% +may not be able to break +it okay but if f is known this is just a + + align:start position:0% +it okay but if f is known this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +it okay but if f is known this is just a +function that depends on + + align:start position:0% +function that depends on + + + align:start position:0% +function that depends on +y agreed + + align:start position:0% +y agreed + + + align:start position:0% +y agreed +those are the two same this is in + + align:start position:0% +those are the two same this is in + + + align:start position:0% +those are the two same this is in +particular I think you need I hope you + + align:start position:0% +particular I think you need I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +particular I think you need I hope you +can convince yourself that this is just + + align:start position:0% +can convince yourself that this is just + + + align:start position:0% +can convince yourself that this is just +a subcase of everything we've seen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so for example the gaussian when + + align:start position:0% +right so for example the gaussian when + + + align:start position:0% +right so for example the gaussian when +the variance is known is indeed of this + + align:start position:0% +the variance is known is indeed of this + + + align:start position:0% +the variance is known is indeed of this +form right so we still have it on the + + align:start position:0% +form right so we still have it on the + + + align:start position:0% +form right so we still have it on the +board so here's my y right so let me + + align:start position:0% +board so here's my y right so let me + + + align:start position:0% +board so here's my y right so let me +write this as F Theta of Y so every X is + + align:start position:0% +write this as F Theta of Y so every X is + + + align:start position:0% +write this as F Theta of Y so every X is +replaced with y y blah blah blah uh this + + align:start position:0% +replaced with y y blah blah blah uh this + + + align:start position:0% +replaced with y y blah blah blah uh this +is this + + align:start position:0% +is this + + + align:start position:0% +is this +guy and uh now what I have is that this + + align:start position:0% +guy and uh now what I have is that this + + + align:start position:0% +guy and uh now what I have is that this +is going to be my + + align:start position:0% +is going to be my + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be my +fi this is my parameter + + align:start position:0% +fi this is my parameter + + + align:start position:0% +fi this is my parameter +Theta so I'm definitely of the form y * + + align:start position:0% +Theta so I'm definitely of the form y * + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so I'm definitely of the form y * +Theta / f and then here I have a + + align:start position:0% +Theta / f and then here I have a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta / f and then here I have a +function B that depends only on Theta + + align:start position:0% +function B that depends only on Theta + + + align:start position:0% +function B that depends only on Theta +over F again right so B of + + align:start position:0% +over F again right so B of + + + align:start position:0% +over F again right so B of +theta is uh mu^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +theta is uh mu^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +theta is uh mu^ 2 +divided by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two okay then it's divided by Sigma + + align:start position:0% +two okay then it's divided by Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +two okay then it's divided by Sigma +square and then I have this extra stuff + + align:start position:0% +square and then I have this extra stuff + + + align:start position:0% +square and then I have this extra stuff +but I really don't care what it is for + + align:start position:0% +but I really don't care what it is for + + + align:start position:0% +but I really don't care what it is for +now it's just something that depends + + align:start position:0% +now it's just something that depends + + + align:start position:0% +now it's just something that depends +only on Y and known + + align:start position:0% +only on Y and known + + + align:start position:0% +only on Y and known +stuff okay so it's just a function of Y + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so it's just a function of Y + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so it's just a function of Y +and just like my h i stuff everything in + + align:start position:0% +and just like my h i stuff everything in + + + align:start position:0% +and just like my h i stuff everything in +there the B though this thing here this + + align:start position:0% +there the B though this thing here this + + + align:start position:0% +there the B though this thing here this +is actually what's important because in + + align:start position:0% +is actually what's important because in + + + align:start position:0% +is actually what's important because in +a canonical family if you think about it + + align:start position:0% +a canonical family if you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +a canonical family if you think about it +when you know f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry this is right this is just y times + + align:start position:0% +sorry this is right this is just y times + + + align:start position:0% +sorry this is right this is just y times +Theta scale by a known constant sorry y + + align:start position:0% +Theta scale by a known constant sorry y + + + align:start position:0% +Theta scale by a known constant sorry y +* Theta scale by known constant is the + + align:start position:0% +* Theta scale by known constant is the + + + align:start position:0% +* Theta scale by known constant is the +first term the second term is B of theta + + align:start position:0% +first term the second term is B of theta + + + align:start position:0% +first term the second term is B of theta +scal by some known constant but B of + + align:start position:0% +scal by some known constant but B of + + + align:start position:0% +scal by some known constant but B of +theta is what's going to make the + + align:start position:0% +theta is what's going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +theta is what's going to make the +difference between gaussian and Burnes + + align:start position:0% +difference between gaussian and Burnes + + + align:start position:0% +difference between gaussian and Burnes +and gamas and betas this is all in this + + align:start position:0% +and gamas and betas this is all in this + + + align:start position:0% +and gamas and betas this is all in this +B of theta B of theta contains + + align:start position:0% +B of theta B of theta contains + + + align:start position:0% +B of theta B of theta contains +everything that's idiosyncratic to this + + align:start position:0% +everything that's idiosyncratic to this + + + align:start position:0% +everything that's idiosyncratic to this +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +distribution and so this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so this is going to be +important and we will see that b of + + align:start position:0% +important and we will see that b of + + + align:start position:0% +important and we will see that b of +theta is going to capture information + + align:start position:0% +theta is going to capture information + + + align:start position:0% +theta is going to capture information +about the mean about the variance about + + align:start position:0% +about the mean about the variance about + + + align:start position:0% +about the mean about the variance about +the likelihood about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everything okay uh should I go through + + align:start position:0% +everything okay uh should I go through + + + align:start position:0% +everything okay uh should I go through +this computation I mean it's the same + + align:start position:0% +this computation I mean it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +this computation I mean it's the same +just we've just done it right so maybe + + align:start position:0% +just we've just done it right so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +just we've just done it right so maybe +it's probably better if you can redo it + + align:start position:0% +it's probably better if you can redo it + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably better if you can redo it +on your + + align:start position:0% +on your + + + align:start position:0% +on your +own all right so the canonical expon Cal + + align:start position:0% +own all right so the canonical expon Cal + + + align:start position:0% +own all right so the canonical expon Cal +family also has other distributions + + align:start position:0% +family also has other distributions + + + align:start position:0% +family also has other distributions +right so there's the gaussin and there's + + align:start position:0% +right so there's the gaussin and there's + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's the gaussin and there's +the p and there's the burnly but other + + align:start position:0% +the p and there's the burnly but other + + + align:start position:0% +the p and there's the burnly but other +ones may not be part of this right and + + align:start position:0% +ones may not be part of this right and + + + align:start position:0% +ones may not be part of this right and +in particular think about the gamma + + align:start position:0% +in particular think about the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +in particular think about the gamma +distribution we had this um uh log X was + + align:start position:0% +distribution we had this um uh log X was + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we had this um uh log X was +one of the those things that showed up I + + align:start position:0% +one of the those things that showed up I + + + align:start position:0% +one of the those things that showed up I +mean there's I cannot get rid of this + + align:start position:0% +mean there's I cannot get rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +mean there's I cannot get rid of this +log X I mean that's part of it except if + + align:start position:0% +log X I mean that's part of it except if + + + align:start position:0% +log X I mean that's part of it except if +a is equal to one and I know it for sure + + align:start position:0% +a is equal to one and I know it for sure + + + align:start position:0% +a is equal to one and I know it for sure +right so if a is equal to one then I'm + + align:start position:0% +right so if a is equal to one then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right so if a is equal to one then I'm +going to have a minus one which is equal + + align:start position:0% +going to have a minus one which is equal + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a minus one which is equal +to zero so I'm going to have a minus one + + align:start position:0% +to zero so I'm going to have a minus one + + + align:start position:0% +to zero so I'm going to have a minus one +* log X which is going to be just zero + + align:start position:0% +* log X which is going to be just zero + + + align:start position:0% +* log X which is going to be just zero +so log X is going to vanish from here + + align:start position:0% +so log X is going to vanish from here + + + align:start position:0% +so log X is going to vanish from here +but if a is equal to one then this + + align:start position:0% +but if a is equal to one then this + + + align:start position:0% +but if a is equal to one then this +distribution is actually much nicer and + + align:start position:0% +distribution is actually much nicer and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is actually much nicer and +it actually does not even deserve the + + align:start position:0% +it actually does not even deserve the + + + align:start position:0% +it actually does not even deserve the +name gamma what is it if a is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one it's an exponential right gamma of 1 + + align:start position:0% +one it's an exponential right gamma of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one it's an exponential right gamma of 1 +is equal to 1 x to the a minus 1 is + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 1 x to the a minus 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 1 x to the a minus 1 is +equal to 1 B so I have exponential X + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 B so I have exponential X + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 B so I have exponential X +over B / by B so 1 over B call it Lambda + + align:start position:0% +over B / by B so 1 over B call it Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +over B / by B so 1 over B call it Lambda +and this is just an exponential + + align:start position:0% +and this is just an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just an exponential +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +and so every time you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +and so every time you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +and so every time you're going to see +something so all these guys that don't + + align:start position:0% +something so all these guys that don't + + + align:start position:0% +something so all these guys that don't +make it to this table they could be part + + align:start position:0% +make it to this table they could be part + + + align:start position:0% +make it to this table they could be part +of those guys but they're just uh more + + align:start position:0% +of those guys but they're just uh more + + + align:start position:0% +of those guys but they're just uh more +they're just too U uh they just have + + align:start position:0% +they're just too U uh they just have + + + align:start position:0% +they're just too U uh they just have +another name in this thing all right so + + align:start position:0% +another name in this thing all right so + + + align:start position:0% +another name in this thing all right so +you can compute the value of theta for + + align:start position:0% +you can compute the value of theta for + + + align:start position:0% +you can compute the value of theta for +different values right so again you + + align:start position:0% +different values right so again you + + + align:start position:0% +different values right so again you +still have some continuous or discrete + + align:start position:0% +still have some continuous or discrete + + + align:start position:0% +still have some continuous or discrete +ones uh this is my B of theta and I said + + align:start position:0% +ones uh this is my B of theta and I said + + + align:start position:0% +ones uh this is my B of theta and I said +this is actually really what captures my + + align:start position:0% +this is actually really what captures my + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually really what captures my +theeta this B is actually called + + align:start position:0% +theeta this B is actually called + + + align:start position:0% +theeta this B is actually called +cumulant gener function okay I don't + + align:start position:0% +cumulant gener function okay I don't + + + align:start position:0% +cumulant gener function okay I don't +have time I could write five slides to + + align:start position:0% +have time I could write five slides to + + + align:start position:0% +have time I could write five slides to +explain to you but it would just only + + align:start position:0% +explain to you but it would just only + + + align:start position:0% +explain to you but it would just only +tell you why it's called cumulant dist + + align:start position:0% +tell you why it's called cumulant dist + + + align:start position:0% +tell you why it's called cumulant dist +generating function is also known as the + + align:start position:0% +generating function is also known as the + + + align:start position:0% +generating function is also known as the +log of the M generating function and way + + align:start position:0% +log of the M generating function and way + + + align:start position:0% +log of the M generating function and way +it's called + + align:start position:0% +it's called + + + align:start position:0% +it's called +cumulant um cumulant generating function + + align:start position:0% +cumulant um cumulant generating function + + + align:start position:0% +cumulant um cumulant generating function +is because if I start taking successive + + align:start position:0% +is because if I start taking successive + + + align:start position:0% +is because if I start taking successive +derivatives and evaluating them at zero + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and evaluating them at zero + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives and evaluating them at zero +I get the successive cumulant of this + + align:start position:0% +I get the successive cumulant of this + + + align:start position:0% +I get the successive cumulant of this +distribution which are some + + align:start position:0% +distribution which are some + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which are some +transformation of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moments uh the function B + + align:start position:0% +moments uh the function B + + + align:start position:0% +moments uh the function B +so this is just normalization so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is just normalization so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just normalization so this is +just to tell you I can compute this but + + align:start position:0% +just to tell you I can compute this but + + + align:start position:0% +just to tell you I can compute this but +I really don't care and obviously I + + align:start position:0% +I really don't care and obviously I + + + align:start position:0% +I really don't care and obviously I +don't care about stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +don't care about stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +don't care about stuff that's +complicated this is actually cute and + + align:start position:0% +complicated this is actually cute and + + + align:start position:0% +complicated this is actually cute and +this is what competes everything and the + + align:start position:0% +this is what competes everything and the + + + align:start position:0% +this is what competes everything and the +rest is just like some general + + align:start position:0% +rest is just like some general + + + align:start position:0% +rest is just like some general +description you don't need me to tell + + align:start position:0% +description you don't need me to tell + + + align:start position:0% +description you don't need me to tell +you that the range of Y zero to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +you that the range of Y zero to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +you that the range of Y zero to Infinity +right and that is essentially telling me + + align:start position:0% +right and that is essentially telling me + + + align:start position:0% +right and that is essentially telling me +uh this is going to give me some hints + + align:start position:0% +uh this is going to give me some hints + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is going to give me some hints +as to which link function it should be + + align:start position:0% +as to which link function it should be + + + align:start position:0% +as to which link function it should be +using right because the range of Y tells + + align:start position:0% +using right because the range of Y tells + + + align:start position:0% +using right because the range of Y tells +me what the range of expectation of Y is + + align:start position:0% +me what the range of expectation of Y is + + + align:start position:0% +me what the range of expectation of Y is +going to be right here it tells me the + + align:start position:0% +going to be right here it tells me the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be right here it tells me the +range of Y is between zero and + + align:start position:0% +range of Y is between zero and + + + align:start position:0% +range of Y is between zero and +one okay so what I want to show you is + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what I want to show you is + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what I want to show you is +that this captures a variety of + + align:start position:0% +that this captures a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +that this captures a variety of +different uh ranges that you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have okay + + align:start position:0% +have okay + + + align:start position:0% +have okay +so I'm going to want to go into the + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to want to go into the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to want to go into the +likelihood and the likelihood I'm + + align:start position:0% +likelihood and the likelihood I'm + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood and the likelihood I'm +actually going to use to compute the + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use to compute the +expectations but uh since I actually + + align:start position:0% +expectations but uh since I actually + + + align:start position:0% +expectations but uh since I actually +don't have time to do this now let's + + align:start position:0% +don't have time to do this now let's + + + align:start position:0% +don't have time to do this now let's +just go quickly through this and give + + align:start position:0% +just go quickly through this and give + + + align:start position:0% +just go quickly through this and give +you a spoiler alert to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +you a spoiler alert to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +you a spoiler alert to make sure that +you all wake up on sun on Thursday and + + align:start position:0% +you all wake up on sun on Thursday and + + + align:start position:0% +you all wake up on sun on Thursday and +really really want to think about coming + + align:start position:0% +really really want to think about coming + + + align:start position:0% +really really want to think about coming +here immediately all right so the thing + + align:start position:0% +here immediately all right so the thing + + + align:start position:0% +here immediately all right so the thing +I'm going to want to do as I said is it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to want to do as I said is it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to want to do as I said is it +would be nice if at least for this + + align:start position:0% +would be nice if at least for this + + + align:start position:0% +would be nice if at least for this +canonical family when I give I give you + + align:start position:0% +canonical family when I give I give you + + + align:start position:0% +canonical family when I give I give you +B you would be able to say oh here's a + + align:start position:0% +B you would be able to say oh here's a + + + align:start position:0% +B you would be able to say oh here's a +simple computation of B that would + + align:start position:0% +simple computation of B that would + + + align:start position:0% +simple computation of B that would +actually give me uh the mean and the + + align:start position:0% +actually give me uh the mean and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually give me uh the mean and the +variance the mean and the variance are + + align:start position:0% +variance the mean and the variance are + + + align:start position:0% +variance the mean and the variance are +also known as moments B is called cumul + + align:start position:0% +also known as moments B is called cumul + + + align:start position:0% +also known as moments B is called cumul +cumulant generating function so it + + align:start position:0% +cumulant generating function so it + + + align:start position:0% +cumulant generating function so it +sounds like moments being related to I + + align:start position:0% +sounds like moments being related to I + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like moments being related to I +might have a path to finding those right + + align:start position:0% +might have a path to finding those right + + + align:start position:0% +might have a path to finding those right +and it might involve taking derivatives + + align:start position:0% +and it might involve taking derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +and it might involve taking derivatives +of b as we'll see the way we're going to + + align:start position:0% +of b as we'll see the way we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of b as we'll see the way we're going to +prove this is by using this thing that + + align:start position:0% +prove this is by using this thing that + + + align:start position:0% +prove this is by using this thing that +we view several times U so this property + + align:start position:0% +we view several times U so this property + + + align:start position:0% +we view several times U so this property +we used when we were Computing remember + + align:start position:0% +we used when we were Computing remember + + + align:start position:0% +we used when we were Computing remember +the Fisher information right we had two + + align:start position:0% +the Fisher information right we had two + + + align:start position:0% +the Fisher information right we had two +formulas for the Fisher information one + + align:start position:0% +formulas for the Fisher information one + + + align:start position:0% +formulas for the Fisher information one +was the expectation of uh the second + + align:start position:0% +was the expectation of uh the second + + + align:start position:0% +was the expectation of uh the second +derivative of the L likelihood and one + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the L likelihood and one + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the L likelihood and one +was negative expectation of the square + + align:start position:0% +was negative expectation of the square + + + align:start position:0% +was negative expectation of the square +sorry expectation of the square and the + + align:start position:0% +sorry expectation of the square and the + + + align:start position:0% +sorry expectation of the square and the +other one was negative the expectation + + align:start position:0% +other one was negative the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +other one was negative the expectation +of the second derivative right the log + + align:start position:0% +of the second derivative right the log + + + align:start position:0% +of the second derivative right the log +likelihood is concave so this number is + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is concave so this number is + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is concave so this number is +negative this number is positive and the + + align:start position:0% +negative this number is positive and the + + + align:start position:0% +negative this number is positive and the +way we did this is by just permuting + + align:start position:0% +way we did this is by just permuting + + + align:start position:0% +way we did this is by just permuting +some derivative an integral here and it + + align:start position:0% +some derivative an integral here and it + + + align:start position:0% +some derivative an integral here and it +was just we used the fact that something + + align:start position:0% +was just we used the fact that something + + + align:start position:0% +was just we used the fact that something +that looked like this right the log + + align:start position:0% +that looked like this right the log + + + align:start position:0% +that looked like this right the log +likelihood is log of f Theta and when I + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is log of f Theta and when I + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is log of f Theta and when I +take uh the derivative of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy uh with respect to uh + + align:start position:0% +guy uh with respect to uh + + + align:start position:0% +guy uh with respect to uh +Theta then I have something that looks + + align:start position:0% +Theta then I have something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +Theta then I have something that looks +like the + + align:start position:0% +like the + + + align:start position:0% +like the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +derivative divided by F Theta and if I + + align:start position:0% +derivative divided by F Theta and if I + + + align:start position:0% +derivative divided by F Theta and if I +start taking the in uh the integral + + align:start position:0% +start taking the in uh the integral + + + align:start position:0% +start taking the in uh the integral +against F Theta of this thing so the + + align:start position:0% +against F Theta of this thing so the + + + align:start position:0% +against F Theta of this thing so the +expectation of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing those things would + + align:start position:0% +thing those things would + + + align:start position:0% +thing those things would +cancel and then I had just uh the the D + + align:start position:0% +cancel and then I had just uh the the D + + + align:start position:0% +cancel and then I had just uh the the D +the integral of a derivative which I + + align:start position:0% +the integral of a derivative which I + + + align:start position:0% +the integral of a derivative which I +would make a leap of faith and say that + + align:start position:0% +would make a leap of faith and say that + + + align:start position:0% +would make a leap of faith and say that +it's actually the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integral but this was equal to one + + align:start position:0% +integral but this was equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +integral but this was equal to one +so this derivative was actually equal to + + align:start position:0% +so this derivative was actually equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so this derivative was actually equal to +zero and so that's how you got that the + + align:start position:0% +zero and so that's how you got that the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and so that's how you got that the +expectation of the derivative of the log + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the derivative of the log + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the derivative of the log +likelihood is equal to zero and you do + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is equal to zero and you do + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is equal to zero and you do +it once again and you get this guy there + + align:start position:0% +it once again and you get this guy there + + + align:start position:0% +it once again and you get this guy there +just some nice things that happen with + + align:start position:0% +just some nice things that happen with + + + align:start position:0% +just some nice things that happen with +the taking derivative of the log we've + + align:start position:0% +the taking derivative of the log we've + + + align:start position:0% +the taking derivative of the log we've +done that we'll do that again but once + + align:start position:0% +done that we'll do that again but once + + + align:start position:0% +done that we'll do that again but once +you do this you can actually apply + + align:start position:0% +you do this you can actually apply + + + align:start position:0% +you do this you can actually apply +it and and uh missing a parenthesis over + + align:start position:0% +it and and uh missing a parenthesis over + + + align:start position:0% +it and and uh missing a parenthesis over +there so uh when you write the log + + align:start position:0% +there so uh when you write the log + + + align:start position:0% +there so uh when you write the log +likelihood it's just log of an + + align:start position:0% +likelihood it's just log of an + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood it's just log of an +exponential huh that's actually pretty + + align:start position:0% +exponential huh that's actually pretty + + + align:start position:0% +exponential huh that's actually pretty +nice just like the Le squares came + + align:start position:0% +nice just like the Le squares came + + + align:start position:0% +nice just like the Le squares came +naturally Le Criterion came naturally + + align:start position:0% +naturally Le Criterion came naturally + + + align:start position:0% +naturally Le Criterion came naturally +when we took the log likelihood of the + + align:start position:0% +when we took the log likelihood of the + + + align:start position:0% +when we took the log likelihood of the +Gans we're going to have the same thing + + align:start position:0% +Gans we're going to have the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +Gans we're going to have the same thing +that happens when I take the log of the + + align:start position:0% +that happens when I take the log of the + + + align:start position:0% +that happens when I take the log of the +density the exponential is going to go + + align:start position:0% +density the exponential is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +density the exponential is going to go +away and then I'm going to use this + + align:start position:0% +away and then I'm going to use this + + + align:start position:0% +away and then I'm going to use this +formula but this formula is going to + + align:start position:0% +formula but this formula is going to + + + align:start position:0% +formula but this formula is going to +actually give me an equ an equation + + align:start position:0% +actually give me an equ an equation + + + align:start position:0% +actually give me an equ an equation +directly oh that's where it was uh so + + align:start position:0% +directly oh that's where it was uh so + + + align:start position:0% +directly oh that's where it was uh so +that's the one that's missing up there + + align:start position:0% +that's the one that's missing up there + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one that's missing up there +and uh so uh the expectation minus this + + align:start position:0% +and uh so uh the expectation minus this + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so uh the expectation minus this +thing is going to be equal to zero which + + align:start position:0% +thing is going to be equal to zero which + + + align:start position:0% +thing is going to be equal to zero which +tells me that the expectation is just a + + align:start position:0% +tells me that the expectation is just a + + + align:start position:0% +tells me that the expectation is just a +derivative right so it's still a + + align:start position:0% +derivative right so it's still a + + + align:start position:0% +derivative right so it's still a +function of Thea but it's just the + + align:start position:0% +function of Thea but it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +function of Thea but it's just the +derivative of B and uh the variance is + + align:start position:0% +derivative of B and uh the variance is + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of B and uh the variance is +just going to be the second derivative + + align:start position:0% +just going to be the second derivative + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be the second derivative +of B but remember this was some sort of + + align:start position:0% +of B but remember this was some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of B but remember this was some sort of +a scaling right it's called the + + align:start position:0% +a scaling right it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +a scaling right it's called the +dispersion parameter so the if I had a + + align:start position:0% +dispersion parameter so the if I had a + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion parameter so the if I had a +gussan and the variance of the gussan + + align:start position:0% +gussan and the variance of the gussan + + + align:start position:0% +gussan and the variance of the gussan +did not depend on the sigma Square which + + align:start position:0% +did not depend on the sigma Square which + + + align:start position:0% +did not depend on the sigma Square which +I stuffed in this SP that would be + + align:start position:0% +I stuffed in this SP that would be + + + align:start position:0% +I stuffed in this SP that would be +certainly weird and uh it cannot depend + + align:start position:0% +certainly weird and uh it cannot depend + + + align:start position:0% +certainly weird and uh it cannot depend +only on you and so this will for the Gan + + align:start position:0% +only on you and so this will for the Gan + + + align:start position:0% +only on you and so this will for the Gan +this is definitely going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +this is definitely going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this is definitely going to be equal to +one and this is just going to be equal + + align:start position:0% +one and this is just going to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +one and this is just going to be equal +to my variance okay so uh uh uh this is + + align:start position:0% +to my variance okay so uh uh uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +to my variance okay so uh uh uh this is +just by taking the second derivative so + + align:start position:0% +just by taking the second derivative so + + + align:start position:0% +just by taking the second derivative so +basically the take-home message is that + + align:start position:0% +basically the take-home message is that + + + align:start position:0% +basically the take-home message is that +this function B + + align:start position:0% +this function B + + + align:start position:0% +this function B +captures by taking one derivative the + + align:start position:0% +captures by taking one derivative the + + + align:start position:0% +captures by taking one derivative the +expectation and by taking two + + align:start position:0% +expectation and by taking two + + + align:start position:0% +expectation and by taking two +derivatives captures the variance + + align:start position:0% +derivatives captures the variance + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives captures the variance +another thing that's actually cool and + + align:start position:0% +another thing that's actually cool and + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that's actually cool and +we'll come back to this and I want you + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to this and I want you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to this and I want you +to think about is if this second + + align:start position:0% +to think about is if this second + + + align:start position:0% +to think about is if this second +derivative is the + + align:start position:0% +derivative is the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is the +variance what can I say about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing what do I know about a + + align:start position:0% +thing what do I know about a + + + align:start position:0% +thing what do I know about a +variance yeah yeah it's positive so I + + align:start position:0% +variance yeah yeah it's positive so I + + + align:start position:0% +variance yeah yeah it's positive so I +know that this is positive so what does + + align:start position:0% +know that this is positive so what does + + + align:start position:0% +know that this is positive so what does +it tell + + align:start position:0% +it tell + + + align:start position:0% +it tell +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +positive that's convex right a function + + align:start position:0% +positive that's convex right a function + + + align:start position:0% +positive that's convex right a function +that has positive second derivative is + + align:start position:0% +that has positive second derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +that has positive second derivative is +convex so we're going to use that as + + align:start position:0% +convex so we're going to use that as + + + align:start position:0% +convex so we're going to use that as +well all right so um yeah I'll see you + + align:start position:0% +well all right so um yeah I'll see you + + + align:start position:0% +well all right so um yeah I'll see you +on Thursday I have your homework \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XRkgBWbWvg4.txt b/XRkgBWbWvg4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3675b1485341200738a3adaf267086b6df914076 --- /dev/null +++ b/XRkgBWbWvg4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to uh + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to uh + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today we're going to uh +continue our discussion of parametric + + align:start position:0% +continue our discussion of parametric + + + align:start position:0% +continue our discussion of parametric +curves I have to tell you about Ark + + align:start position:0% +curves I have to tell you about Ark + + + align:start position:0% +curves I have to tell you about Ark +length + + align:start position:0% +length + + + align:start position:0% +length +and let me remind you where we left off + + align:start position:0% +and let me remind you where we left off + + + align:start position:0% +and let me remind you where we left off +last time this is parametric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continued last time we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +continued last time we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +continued last time we talked about the +uh parametric representation for the + + align:start position:0% +uh parametric representation for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh parametric representation for the +circle or one of the parametric + + align:start position:0% +circle or one of the parametric + + + align:start position:0% +circle or one of the parametric +representations for the + + align:start position:0% +representations for the + + + align:start position:0% +representations for the +circle which was this one here and first + + align:start position:0% +circle which was this one here and first + + + align:start position:0% +circle which was this one here and first +we noted that this does parameterize as + + align:start position:0% +we noted that this does parameterize as + + + align:start position:0% +we noted that this does parameterize as +we say the circle that satisfies the + + align:start position:0% +we say the circle that satisfies the + + + align:start position:0% +we say the circle that satisfies the +equation for the circle and it's traced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +counterclockwise the picture looks like + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise the picture looks like + + + align:start position:0% +counterclockwise the picture looks like +this here's the + + align:start position:0% +this here's the + + + align:start position:0% +this here's the +circle and it starts out here at tal 0 + + align:start position:0% +circle and it starts out here at tal 0 + + + align:start position:0% +circle and it starts out here at tal 0 +and it gets up to here at at time Tal + + align:start position:0% +and it gets up to here at at time Tal + + + align:start position:0% +and it gets up to here at at time Tal +pi/ + + align:start position:0% +pi/ + + + align:start position:0% +pi/ +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so now I have to talk to you about + + align:start position:0% +so so now I have to talk to you about + + + align:start position:0% +so so now I have to talk to you about +arc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +length in this parametric + + align:start position:0% +length in this parametric + + + align:start position:0% +length in this parametric +form and the results should be the same + + align:start position:0% +form and the results should be the same + + + align:start position:0% +form and the results should be the same +as Arc Length around the circle + + align:start position:0% +as Arc Length around the circle + + + align:start position:0% +as Arc Length around the circle +ordinarily and we start out with this + + align:start position:0% +ordinarily and we start out with this + + + align:start position:0% +ordinarily and we start out with this +basic differential relationship ds^ 2 is + + align:start position:0% +basic differential relationship ds^ 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +basic differential relationship ds^ 2 is +dx^ 2 + dy^ 2 and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +dx^ 2 + dy^ 2 and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +dx^ 2 + dy^ 2 and then I'm going to +divide by take the square root divide by + + align:start position:0% +divide by take the square root divide by + + + align:start position:0% +divide by take the square root divide by +DT so the rate of change with respect to + + align:start position:0% +DT so the rate of change with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +DT so the rate of change with respect to +T of s is going to be the square root + + align:start position:0% +T of s is going to be the square root + + + align:start position:0% +T of s is going to be the square root +well maybe I'll write it without + + align:start position:0% +well maybe I'll write it without + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe I'll write it without +dividing I'll just write it as DS so + + align:start position:0% +dividing I'll just write it as DS so + + + align:start position:0% +dividing I'll just write it as DS so +this would be DX DT the quantity squar + + align:start position:0% +this would be DX DT the quantity squar + + + align:start position:0% +this would be DX DT the quantity squar +plus Dy DT the quantity squar DT so this + + align:start position:0% +plus Dy DT the quantity squar DT so this + + + align:start position:0% +plus Dy DT the quantity squar DT so this +is what you get formally from this + + align:start position:0% +is what you get formally from this + + + align:start position:0% +is what you get formally from this +equation if you take its square root and + + align:start position:0% +equation if you take its square root and + + + align:start position:0% +equation if you take its square root and +you divide by DT ^ s in the uh inside + + align:start position:0% +you divide by DT ^ s in the uh inside + + + align:start position:0% +you divide by DT ^ s in the uh inside +the square root and you multiply by DT + + align:start position:0% +the square root and you multiply by DT + + + align:start position:0% +the square root and you multiply by DT +outside so that those cancel and this is + + align:start position:0% +outside so that those cancel and this is + + + align:start position:0% +outside so that those cancel and this is +the formal connection between the two + + align:start position:0% +the formal connection between the two + + + align:start position:0% +the formal connection between the two +we'll be saying just a few more words in + + align:start position:0% +we'll be saying just a few more words in + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be saying just a few more words in +a few minutes about uh how to make that + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes about uh how to make that + + + align:start position:0% +a few minutes about uh how to make that +sense of that + + align:start position:0% +sense of that + + + align:start position:0% +sense of that +rigorously all right so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +rigorously all right so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +rigorously all right so that's that's +the the set of formulas for uh the uh + + align:start position:0% +the the set of formulas for uh the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the set of formulas for uh the uh +infinitesimal the differential of arc + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal the differential of arc + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal the differential of arc +length and so to figure it out I have to + + align:start position:0% +length and so to figure it out I have to + + + align:start position:0% +length and so to figure it out I have to +differentiate x with respect to + + align:start position:0% +differentiate x with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate x with respect to +T and remember X is up here it's defined + + align:start position:0% +T and remember X is up here it's defined + + + align:start position:0% +T and remember X is up here it's defined +by a cosine T so its derivative is minus + + align:start position:0% +by a cosine T so its derivative is minus + + + align:start position:0% +by a cosine T so its derivative is minus +a sin + + align:start position:0% +a sin + + + align:start position:0% +a sin +T and similarly + + align:start position:0% +T and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +T and similarly +dydt is a cosine + + align:start position:0% +dydt is a cosine + + + align:start position:0% +dydt is a cosine +T all + + align:start position:0% +T all + + + align:start position:0% +T all +right and so I can plug this in and I + + align:start position:0% +right and so I can plug this in and I + + + align:start position:0% +right and so I can plug this in and I +get the arcl length element which is the + + align:start position:0% +get the arcl length element which is the + + + align:start position:0% +get the arcl length element which is the +square + + align:start position:0% +square + + + align:start position:0% +square +root + + align:start position:0% +root + + + align:start position:0% +root +of Min - a sin t + + align:start position:0% +of Min - a sin t + + + align:start position:0% +of Min - a sin t +2 + a cosine t^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +2 + a cosine t^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 + a cosine t^ 2 +DT which just becomes the square root of + + align:start position:0% +DT which just becomes the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +DT which just becomes the square root of +a^2 DT or a + + align:start position:0% +a^2 DT or a + + + align:start position:0% +a^2 DT or a +DT now I was about to divide by T let me + + align:start position:0% +DT now I was about to divide by T let me + + + align:start position:0% +DT now I was about to divide by T let me +do that now we can also write the rate + + align:start position:0% +do that now we can also write the rate + + + align:start position:0% +do that now we can also write the rate +of change of Arc Length with respect to + + align:start position:0% +of change of Arc Length with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +of change of Arc Length with respect to +T and that's a in this case and this + + align:start position:0% +T and that's a in this case and this + + + align:start position:0% +T and that's a in this case and this +gets interpreted as the speed + + align:start position:0% +gets interpreted as the speed + + + align:start position:0% +gets interpreted as the speed +of the of the particle going around so + + align:start position:0% +of the of the particle going around so + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the particle going around so +not only let me trade these two + + align:start position:0% +not only let me trade these two + + + align:start position:0% +not only let me trade these two +guys not only do we have the + + align:start position:0% +guys not only do we have the + + + align:start position:0% +guys not only do we have the +um the direction is counterclockwise but + + align:start position:0% +um the direction is counterclockwise but + + + align:start position:0% +um the direction is counterclockwise but +we also have that the + + align:start position:0% +we also have that the + + + align:start position:0% +we also have that the +speed is if you like it's uniform it's + + align:start position:0% +speed is if you like it's uniform it's + + + align:start position:0% +speed is if you like it's uniform it's +it's constant speed and the the rate is + + align:start position:0% +it's constant speed and the the rate is + + + align:start position:0% +it's constant speed and the the rate is +a so that's + + align:start position:0% +a so that's + + + align:start position:0% +a so that's +dsdt traveling around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that means that we can play around + + align:start position:0% +and that means that we can play around + + + align:start position:0% +and that means that we can play around +with the speed and I just want to point + + align:start position:0% +with the speed and I just want to point + + + align:start position:0% +with the speed and I just want to point +out so the the standard thing what + + align:start position:0% +out so the the standard thing what + + + align:start position:0% +out so the the standard thing what +you'll have to get used to and this is a + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to get used to and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to get used to and this is a +standard presentation you'll see this + + align:start position:0% +standard presentation you'll see this + + + align:start position:0% +standard presentation you'll see this +everywhere in your uh physics classes + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in your uh physics classes + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in your uh physics classes +and your other math classes if you want + + align:start position:0% +and your other math classes if you want + + + align:start position:0% +and your other math classes if you want +to change the + + align:start position:0% +to change the + + + align:start position:0% +to change the +speed so a new speed going around this + + align:start position:0% +speed so a new speed going around this + + + align:start position:0% +speed so a new speed going around this +would be if I set up the equations this + + align:start position:0% +would be if I set up the equations this + + + align:start position:0% +would be if I set up the equations this +way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I'm tracing around the same + + align:start position:0% +now I'm tracing around the same + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm tracing around the same +Circle but the speed is going to turn + + align:start position:0% +Circle but the speed is going to turn + + + align:start position:0% +Circle but the speed is going to turn +out to be if you uh figure it out + + align:start position:0% +out to be if you uh figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +out to be if you uh figure it out +there'll be an extra factor of K so + + align:start position:0% +there'll be an extra factor of K so + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be an extra factor of K so +it'll be a * + + align:start position:0% +it'll be a * + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be a * +K that's what will'll work out to be the + + align:start position:0% +K that's what will'll work out to be the + + + align:start position:0% +K that's what will'll work out to be the +uh the speed provided K is positive and + + align:start position:0% +uh the speed provided K is positive and + + + align:start position:0% +uh the speed provided K is positive and +a is positive so we're making these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conventions that that + + align:start position:0% +conventions that that + + + align:start position:0% +conventions that that +constants that we're using are + + align:start position:0% +constants that we're using are + + + align:start position:0% +constants that we're using are +positive all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right now now that's that's the first + + align:start position:0% +right now now that's that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +right now now that's that's the first +and most basic example the one that + + align:start position:0% +and most basic example the one that + + + align:start position:0% +and most basic example the one that +comes up constantly now let me just make + + align:start position:0% +comes up constantly now let me just make + + + align:start position:0% +comes up constantly now let me just make +those those comments about notation that + + align:start position:0% +those those comments about notation that + + + align:start position:0% +those those comments about notation that +I wanted to make and and we've been + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to make and and we've been + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to make and and we've been +treating these Square differentials here + + align:start position:0% +treating these Square differentials here + + + align:start position:0% +treating these Square differentials here +for a little while and I just want to + + align:start position:0% +for a little while and I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +for a little while and I just want to +pay attention a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +pay attention a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention a little bit more +carefully to these manipulations and + + align:start position:0% +carefully to these manipulations and + + + align:start position:0% +carefully to these manipulations and +what's allowed and what's not and what's + + align:start position:0% +what's allowed and what's not and what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's allowed and what's not and what's +Justified and what's not so the basis + + align:start position:0% +Justified and what's not so the basis + + + align:start position:0% +Justified and what's not so the basis +for this was this uh approximate + + align:start position:0% +for this was this uh approximate + + + align:start position:0% +for this was this uh approximate +calculation that we had that Delta s^2 + + align:start position:0% +calculation that we had that Delta s^2 + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that we had that Delta s^2 +was Delta x^2 + Delta y^2 this is how we + + align:start position:0% +was Delta x^2 + Delta y^2 this is how we + + + align:start position:0% +was Delta x^2 + Delta y^2 this is how we +how we Justified the ark length formula + + align:start position:0% +how we Justified the ark length formula + + + align:start position:0% +how we Justified the ark length formula +before and let me just show you that the + + align:start position:0% +before and let me just show you that the + + + align:start position:0% +before and let me just show you that the +formula that I have up here this basic + + align:start position:0% +formula that I have up here this basic + + + align:start position:0% +formula that I have up here this basic +formula for Ark length in the parametric + + align:start position:0% +formula for Ark length in the parametric + + + align:start position:0% +formula for Ark length in the parametric +form follows just as the other one did + + align:start position:0% +form follows just as the other one did + + + align:start position:0% +form follows just as the other one did +and now I'm going to do it slightly more + + align:start position:0% +and now I'm going to do it slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +and now I'm going to do it slightly more +rigorously I do the division really in + + align:start position:0% +rigorously I do the division really in + + + align:start position:0% +rigorously I do the division really in +Disguise before I take the limit of the + + align:start position:0% +Disguise before I take the limit of the + + + align:start position:0% +Disguise before I take the limit of the +infinite tmal so all I'm really doing is + + align:start position:0% +infinite tmal so all I'm really doing is + + + align:start position:0% +infinite tmal so all I'm really doing is +I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing +this dividing through by this sorry this + + align:start position:0% +this dividing through by this sorry this + + + align:start position:0% +this dividing through by this sorry this +is still approximately equal so I'm not + + align:start position:0% +is still approximately equal so I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +is still approximately equal so I'm not +dividing by something that's that's zero + + align:start position:0% +dividing by something that's that's zero + + + align:start position:0% +dividing by something that's that's zero +or infinitesimal I'm dividing by + + align:start position:0% +or infinitesimal I'm dividing by + + + align:start position:0% +or infinitesimal I'm dividing by +something non zero and here I have Delta + + align:start position:0% +something non zero and here I have Delta + + + align:start position:0% +something non zero and here I have Delta +X Delta t^ 2 plus Delta y delta T the + + align:start position:0% +X Delta t^ 2 plus Delta y delta T the + + + align:start position:0% +X Delta t^ 2 plus Delta y delta T the +quantity squared and then in the limit I + + align:start position:0% +quantity squared and then in the limit I + + + align:start position:0% +quantity squared and then in the limit I +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +dsdt is equal to the square root of this + + align:start position:0% +dsdt is equal to the square root of this + + + align:start position:0% +dsdt is equal to the square root of this +guy or if you like the square of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay so so the it's legal to divide + + align:start position:0% +so okay so so the it's legal to divide + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so so the it's legal to divide +by something that's almost zero and then + + align:start position:0% +by something that's almost zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +by something that's almost zero and then +take the limit as we go to zero this is + + align:start position:0% +take the limit as we go to zero this is + + + align:start position:0% +take the limit as we go to zero this is +really what derivatives are all about + + align:start position:0% +really what derivatives are all about + + + align:start position:0% +really what derivatives are all about +that we get a limit here uh as the + + align:start position:0% +that we get a limit here uh as the + + + align:start position:0% +that we get a limit here uh as the +denominator goes to zero because the + + align:start position:0% +denominator goes to zero because the + + + align:start position:0% +denominator goes to zero because the +numerator is going to zero too + + align:start position:0% +numerator is going to zero too + + + align:start position:0% +numerator is going to zero too +all right so that's the notation and now + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the notation and now + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the notation and now +I I want to warn you maybe just a little + + align:start position:0% +I I want to warn you maybe just a little + + + align:start position:0% +I I want to warn you maybe just a little +bit about about misuses if you like of + + align:start position:0% +bit about about misuses if you like of + + + align:start position:0% +bit about about misuses if you like of +the notation we don't do absolutely + + align:start position:0% +the notation we don't do absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +the notation we don't do absolutely +everything this way this expression that + + align:start position:0% +everything this way this expression that + + + align:start position:0% +everything this way this expression that +came up with the + + align:start position:0% +came up with the + + + align:start position:0% +came up with the +squares you should never write + + align:start position:0% +squares you should never write + + + align:start position:0% +squares you should never write +it as + + align:start position:0% +it as + + + align:start position:0% +it as +this okay this this I've put it on the + + align:start position:0% +this okay this this I've put it on the + + + align:start position:0% +this okay this this I've put it on the +board but very quickly hurry hurry h + + align:start position:0% +board but very quickly hurry hurry h + + + align:start position:0% +board but very quickly hurry hurry h +never okay don't don't do + + align:start position:0% +never okay don't don't do + + + align:start position:0% +never okay don't don't do +that it's + + align:start position:0% +that it's + + + align:start position:0% +that it's +it's we we we use these Square + + align:start position:0% +it's we we we use these Square + + + align:start position:0% +it's we we we use these Square +differentials but we don't do it with + + align:start position:0% +differentials but we don't do it with + + + align:start position:0% +differentials but we don't do it with +these ratios + + align:start position:0% +these ratios + + + align:start position:0% +these ratios +here but there was another place which + + align:start position:0% +here but there was another place which + + + align:start position:0% +here but there was another place which +is slightly confusing it looks very + + align:start position:0% +is slightly confusing it looks very + + + align:start position:0% +is slightly confusing it looks very +similar where we did use the square of + + align:start position:0% +similar where we did use the square of + + + align:start position:0% +similar where we did use the square of +the differential in a denominator I just + + align:start position:0% +the differential in a denominator I just + + + align:start position:0% +the differential in a denominator I just +want to point out to you that it's + + align:start position:0% +want to point out to you that it's + + + align:start position:0% +want to point out to you that it's +different it's not the same and it is + + align:start position:0% +different it's not the same and it is + + + align:start position:0% +different it's not the same and it is +okay and that was this + + align:start position:0% +okay and that was this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that was this +one whoops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this thing here okay this is a second + + align:start position:0% +this thing here okay this is a second + + + align:start position:0% +this thing here okay this is a second +derivative it's something else and it's + + align:start position:0% +derivative it's something else and it's + + + align:start position:0% +derivative it's something else and it's +got a dt^ squ in the denominator so it + + align:start position:0% +got a dt^ squ in the denominator so it + + + align:start position:0% +got a dt^ squ in the denominator so it +looks rather similar but what this + + align:start position:0% +looks rather similar but what this + + + align:start position:0% +looks rather similar but what this +represents is the quantity D over DT + + align:start position:0% +represents is the quantity D over DT + + + align:start position:0% +represents is the quantity D over DT +squared and you can see the squares came + + align:start position:0% +squared and you can see the squares came + + + align:start position:0% +squared and you can see the squares came +in and squared the two the two + + align:start position:0% +in and squared the two the two + + + align:start position:0% +in and squared the two the two +expressions and then there's also an X + + align:start position:0% +expressions and then there's also an X + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and then there's also an X +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +here all right so that's legal that's + + align:start position:0% +here all right so that's legal that's + + + align:start position:0% +here all right so that's legal that's +those are notations that we do use and + + align:start position:0% +those are notations that we do use and + + + align:start position:0% +those are notations that we do use and +we can even calculate this it has a + + align:start position:0% +we can even calculate this it has a + + + align:start position:0% +we can even calculate this it has a +perfectly good meaning it's the same as + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good meaning it's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good meaning it's the same as +the derivative with respect to T of the + + align:start position:0% +the derivative with respect to T of the + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative with respect to T of the +derivative of x which we already know + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x which we already know + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x which we already know +was minus s uh uh sorry a sin T I + + align:start position:0% +was minus s uh uh sorry a sin T I + + + align:start position:0% +was minus s uh uh sorry a sin T I +guess all right not not this example but + + align:start position:0% +guess all right not not this example but + + + align:start position:0% +guess all right not not this example but +the previous one right up here so the + + align:start position:0% +the previous one right up here so the + + + align:start position:0% +the previous one right up here so the +derivative is this and so I can + + align:start position:0% +derivative is this and so I can + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is this and so I can +differentiate a second time and I get + + align:start position:0% +differentiate a second time and I get + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate a second time and I get +minus a cosine t + + align:start position:0% +minus a cosine t + + + align:start position:0% +minus a cosine t +all right so that's a perfectly legal + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's a perfectly legal + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's a perfectly legal +operation everything in there makes + + align:start position:0% +operation everything in there makes + + + align:start position:0% +operation everything in there makes +sense just don't use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that there's another really unfortunate + + align:start position:0% +that there's another really unfortunate + + + align:start position:0% +that there's another really unfortunate +thing right which is that the two Creeps + + align:start position:0% +thing right which is that the two Creeps + + + align:start position:0% +thing right which is that the two Creeps +in funny places right with signs right + + align:start position:0% +in funny places right with signs right + + + align:start position:0% +in funny places right with signs right +you have sign squared we that the the it + + align:start position:0% +you have sign squared we that the the it + + + align:start position:0% +you have sign squared we that the the it +would be out here it comes up here for + + align:start position:0% +would be out here it comes up here for + + + align:start position:0% +would be out here it comes up here for +some strange reason you know this is + + align:start position:0% +some strange reason you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +some strange reason you know this is +just because typographers are lazy or + + align:start position:0% +just because typographers are lazy or + + + align:start position:0% +just because typographers are lazy or +somebody somewhere in the history of + + align:start position:0% +somebody somewhere in the history of + + + align:start position:0% +somebody somewhere in the history of +mathematical typography decided to let + + align:start position:0% +mathematical typography decided to let + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical typography decided to let +the two migrate it would be like putting + + align:start position:0% +the two migrate it would be like putting + + + align:start position:0% +the two migrate it would be like putting +the two over here it's you know there's + + align:start position:0% +the two over here it's you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +the two over here it's you know there's +there's inconsistency in mathematics + + align:start position:0% +there's inconsistency in mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +there's inconsistency in mathematics +right I mean we're not we're not perfect + + align:start position:0% +right I mean we're not we're not perfect + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean we're not we're not perfect +and people just develop these notations + + align:start position:0% +and people just develop these notations + + + align:start position:0% +and people just develop these notations +so we have to live with + + align:start position:0% +so we have to live with + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to live with +them all right the ones that people + + align:start position:0% +them all right the ones that people + + + align:start position:0% +them all right the ones that people +accept as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conventions all right now uh the next + + align:start position:0% +conventions all right now uh the next + + + align:start position:0% +conventions all right now uh the next +example that I want to give you is just + + align:start position:0% +example that I want to give you is just + + + align:start position:0% +example that I want to give you is just +slightly different it'll be a non + + align:start position:0% +slightly different it'll be a non + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different it'll be a non +constant speed parameterization here X + + align:start position:0% +constant speed parameterization here X + + + align:start position:0% +constant speed parameterization here X +is 2 sin + + align:start position:0% +is 2 sin + + + align:start position:0% +is 2 sin +T and Y is say cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and let's keep track of what this one + + align:start position:0% +T and let's keep track of what this one + + + align:start position:0% +T and let's keep track of what this one +does now this is a skill which you're + + align:start position:0% +does now this is a skill which you're + + + align:start position:0% +does now this is a skill which you're +I'm going to ask you about quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask you about quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask you about quite a bit +and it's one of several skills you'll + + align:start position:0% +and it's one of several skills you'll + + + align:start position:0% +and it's one of several skills you'll +have to connect this with some kind of + + align:start position:0% +have to connect this with some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have to connect this with some kind of +rectangular equation an equation for x + + align:start position:0% +rectangular equation an equation for x + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular equation an equation for x +and y and we'll be doing a certain + + align:start position:0% +and y and we'll be doing a certain + + + align:start position:0% +and y and we'll be doing a certain +amount of this today in another + + align:start position:0% +amount of this today in another + + + align:start position:0% +amount of this today in another +context right here to see the pattern we + + align:start position:0% +context right here to see the pattern we + + + align:start position:0% +context right here to see the pattern we +know that the uh relationship we're + + align:start position:0% +know that the uh relationship we're + + + align:start position:0% +know that the uh relationship we're +going to want to use is that sin s plus + + align:start position:0% +going to want to use is that sin s plus + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to use is that sin s plus +cosine squ is equal to 1 so in fact the + + align:start position:0% +cosine squ is equal to 1 so in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine squ is equal to 1 so in fact the +right thing to do here is to take 1/4 of + + align:start position:0% +right thing to do here is to take 1/4 of + + + align:start position:0% +right thing to do here is to take 1/4 of +x^2 + y^2 and that's going to turn out + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + y^2 and that's going to turn out + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + y^2 and that's going to turn out +to be sin^2 t + cosine 2 T which is one + + align:start position:0% +to be sin^2 t + cosine 2 T which is one + + + align:start position:0% +to be sin^2 t + cosine 2 T which is one +so here's the equation here's the + + align:start position:0% +so here's the equation here's the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the equation here's the +rectangular equation for this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +rectangular equation for this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular equation for this uh uh +parametric curve and uh the uh this + + align:start position:0% +parametric curve and uh the uh this + + + align:start position:0% +parametric curve and uh the uh this +describes an ellipse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now that's not the only information that + + align:start position:0% +now that's not the only information that + + + align:start position:0% +now that's not the only information that +we can get here the other information + + align:start position:0% +we can get here the other information + + + align:start position:0% +we can get here the other information +that we can get is this qualitative + + align:start position:0% +that we can get is this qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +that we can get is this qualitative +information of where we start where + + align:start position:0% +information of where we start where + + + align:start position:0% +information of where we start where +we're going the direction it starts out + + align:start position:0% +we're going the direction it starts out + + + align:start position:0% +we're going the direction it starts out +I claim a t equals + + align:start position:0% +I claim a t equals + + + align:start position:0% +I claim a t equals +z that's uh when T is equal to Z this is + + align:start position:0% +z that's uh when T is equal to Z this is + + + align:start position:0% +z that's uh when T is equal to Z this is +uh uh 2 sin 0 cosine 0 right 2 sin 0 + + align:start position:0% +uh uh 2 sin 0 cosine 0 right 2 sin 0 + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh 2 sin 0 cosine 0 right 2 sin 0 +cosine 0 is equal to the point 0a 1 so + + align:start position:0% +cosine 0 is equal to the point 0a 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +cosine 0 is equal to the point 0a 1 so +it starts up up here at 0a + + align:start position:0% +it starts up up here at 0a + + + align:start position:0% +it starts up up here at 0a +1 and then the next little place so this + + align:start position:0% +1 and then the next little place so this + + + align:start position:0% +1 and then the next little place so this +is this is one thing that certainly + + align:start position:0% +is this is one thing that certainly + + + align:start position:0% +is this is one thing that certainly +you'll want to do tal Pi / 2 is maybe + + align:start position:0% +you'll want to do tal Pi / 2 is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you'll want to do tal Pi / 2 is maybe +the next easy point to plot and that's + + align:start position:0% +the next easy point to plot and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the next easy point to plot and that's +going to be uh 2 sin < / 2 cosine Pi / 2 + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh 2 sin < / 2 cosine Pi / 2 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh 2 sin < / 2 cosine Pi / 2 +and that's just 2 comma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0 and so that's over here some + + align:start position:0% +0 and so that's over here some + + + align:start position:0% +0 and so that's over here some +where this is 2 comma 0 and we know it + + align:start position:0% +where this is 2 comma 0 and we know it + + + align:start position:0% +where this is 2 comma 0 and we know it +travels along the ellipse and we know + + align:start position:0% +travels along the ellipse and we know + + + align:start position:0% +travels along the ellipse and we know +the minor axis is uh one and the major + + align:start position:0% +the minor axis is uh one and the major + + + align:start position:0% +the minor axis is uh one and the major +axis is two so it's it's doing this all + + align:start position:0% +axis is two so it's it's doing this all + + + align:start position:0% +axis is two so it's it's doing this all +right so this is what happens at T + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what happens at T + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what happens at T +equals z this is this is where we are at + + align:start position:0% +equals z this is this is where we are at + + + align:start position:0% +equals z this is this is where we are at +T = Pi / 2 and it continues all the way + + align:start position:0% +T = Pi / 2 and it continues all the way + + + align:start position:0% +T = Pi / 2 and it continues all the way +around Etc to the rest of the ellipse + + align:start position:0% +around Etc to the rest of the ellipse + + + align:start position:0% +around Etc to the rest of the ellipse +all right this is the direction right so + + align:start position:0% +all right this is the direction right so + + + align:start position:0% +all right this is the direction right so +this one happens to be + + align:start position:0% +this one happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +this one happens to be +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clockwise all right now let's keep track + + align:start position:0% +clockwise all right now let's keep track + + + align:start position:0% +clockwise all right now let's keep track +of its speed let's keep track of the + + align:start position:0% +of its speed let's keep track of the + + + align:start position:0% +of its speed let's keep track of the +speed and also the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the Arc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Length so the speed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the square root of the derivatives + + align:start position:0% +is the square root of the derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +is the square root of the derivatives +here that would be um 2 cosine t^ + + align:start position:0% +here that would be um 2 cosine t^ + + + align:start position:0% +here that would be um 2 cosine t^ +2+ sin + + align:start position:0% +2+ sin + + + align:start position:0% +2+ sin +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +squared all right and the arc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +length is what well if we want to go all + + align:start position:0% +length is what well if we want to go all + + + align:start position:0% +length is what well if we want to go all +the way around we need to know that that + + align:start position:0% +the way around we need to know that that + + + align:start position:0% +the way around we need to know that that +takes a total of 2 pi so 0 to 2 pi and + + align:start position:0% +takes a total of 2 pi so 0 to 2 pi and + + + align:start position:0% +takes a total of 2 pi so 0 to 2 pi and +then we have to integrate DS which is + + align:start position:0% +then we have to integrate DS which is + + + align:start position:0% +then we have to integrate DS which is +this expression or D + + align:start position:0% +this expression or D + + + align:start position:0% +this expression or D +sdt DT so that's theun of 4 cosine 2 t + + align:start position:0% +sdt DT so that's theun of 4 cosine 2 t + + + align:start position:0% +sdt DT so that's theun of 4 cosine 2 t +plus sin^2 + + align:start position:0% +plus sin^2 + + + align:start position:0% +plus sin^2 +T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT all right now the bad news if you + + align:start position:0% +DT all right now the bad news if you + + + align:start position:0% +DT all right now the bad news if you +like is that this is not an elementary + + align:start position:0% +like is that this is not an elementary + + + align:start position:0% +like is that this is not an elementary +integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in other words no matter how long you + + align:start position:0% +in other words no matter how long you + + + align:start position:0% +in other words no matter how long you +try to uh figure out how to anti-i + + align:start position:0% +try to uh figure out how to anti-i + + + align:start position:0% +try to uh figure out how to anti-i +differentiate this expression no matter + + align:start position:0% +differentiate this expression no matter + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate this expression no matter +how many substitutions you try you will + + align:start position:0% +how many substitutions you try you will + + + align:start position:0% +how many substitutions you try you will +fail all right that's the bad news the + + align:start position:0% +fail all right that's the bad news the + + + align:start position:0% +fail all right that's the bad news the +good news + + align:start position:0% +good news + + + align:start position:0% +good news +is this is not an elementary interval an + + align:start position:0% +is this is not an elementary interval an + + + align:start position:0% +is this is not an elementary interval an +integral sorry it's not an Elementary + + align:start position:0% +integral sorry it's not an Elementary + + + align:start position:0% +integral sorry it's not an Elementary +integral which means that this is the + + align:start position:0% +integral which means that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +integral which means that this is the +answer to a question not something that + + align:start position:0% +answer to a question not something that + + + align:start position:0% +answer to a question not something that +you have to work on so if somebody asks + + align:start position:0% +you have to work on so if somebody asks + + + align:start position:0% +you have to work on so if somebody asks +you for this Arc Length you stop + + align:start position:0% +you for this Arc Length you stop + + + align:start position:0% +you for this Arc Length you stop +here okay that's the answer so it's + + align:start position:0% +here okay that's the answer so it's + + + align:start position:0% +here okay that's the answer so it's +actually better than it looks right and + + align:start position:0% +actually better than it looks right and + + + align:start position:0% +actually better than it looks right and +we we'll try to to uh I mean I'm not I I + + align:start position:0% +we we'll try to to uh I mean I'm not I I + + + align:start position:0% +we we'll try to to uh I mean I'm not I I +don't expect you to know already what + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to know already what + + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to know already what +all of the integrals are that are + + align:start position:0% +all of the integrals are that are + + + align:start position:0% +all of the integrals are that are +impossible and which ones are hard and + + align:start position:0% +impossible and which ones are hard and + + + align:start position:0% +impossible and which ones are hard and +which ones are easy so we'll try to + + align:start position:0% +which ones are easy so we'll try to + + + align:start position:0% +which ones are easy so we'll try to +coach you through uh when You Face these + + align:start position:0% +coach you through uh when You Face these + + + align:start position:0% +coach you through uh when You Face these +things it's it's not so easy to + + align:start position:0% +things it's it's not so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +things it's it's not so easy to +decide I'll give you a few Clues but + + align:start position:0% +decide I'll give you a few Clues but + + + align:start position:0% +decide I'll give you a few Clues but +okay so this is the U this is the Arc + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the U this is the Arc + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the U this is the Arc +Length now I want to move on to the to + + align:start position:0% +Length now I want to move on to the to + + + align:start position:0% +Length now I want to move on to the to +the last thing that we did last type of + + align:start position:0% +the last thing that we did last type of + + + align:start position:0% +the last thing that we did last type of +thing that we did last time which is the + + align:start position:0% +thing that we did last time which is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we did last time which is the +surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area and yeah question I have a question + + align:start position:0% +area and yeah question I have a question + + + align:start position:0% +area and yeah question I have a question +when you're dra with the ellip not take + + align:start position:0% +when you're dra with the ellip not take + + + align:start position:0% +when you're dra with the ellip not take +into account what is to the point the + + align:start position:0% +into account what is to the point the + + + align:start position:0% +into account what is to the point the +the question this is a good question the + + align:start position:0% +the question this is a good question the + + + align:start position:0% +the question this is a good question the +question is when you draw the ellipse do + + align:start position:0% +question is when you draw the ellipse do + + + align:start position:0% +question is when you draw the ellipse do +you not take into account what T is the + + align:start position:0% +you not take into account what T is the + + + align:start position:0% +you not take into account what T is the +answer is that um this is in Disguise + + align:start position:0% +answer is that um this is in Disguise + + + align:start position:0% +answer is that um this is in Disguise +what's going on here is we have a + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here is we have a + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here is we have a +trouble with plotting in the plane + + align:start position:0% +trouble with plotting in the plane + + + align:start position:0% +trouble with plotting in the plane +what's really happening so in other + + align:start position:0% +what's really happening so in other + + + align:start position:0% +what's really happening so in other +words we're we're kind of in trouble uh + + align:start position:0% +words we're we're kind of in trouble uh + + + align:start position:0% +words we're we're kind of in trouble uh +so I wasn't the point is that we have + + align:start position:0% +so I wasn't the point is that we have + + + align:start position:0% +so I wasn't the point is that we have +two functions of T not One X of T and Y + + align:start position:0% +two functions of T not One X of T and Y + + + align:start position:0% +two functions of T not One X of T and Y +of T so one thing that I can do if I + + align:start position:0% +of T so one thing that I can do if I + + + align:start position:0% +of T so one thing that I can do if I +plot things in the plane in other words + + align:start position:0% +plot things in the plane in other words + + + align:start position:0% +plot things in the plane in other words +the the main point to make here is that + + align:start position:0% +the the main point to make here is that + + + align:start position:0% +the the main point to make here is that +we're not talking about the situation Y + + align:start position:0% +we're not talking about the situation Y + + + align:start position:0% +we're not talking about the situation Y +is a function of X we're out of that + + align:start position:0% +is a function of X we're out of that + + + align:start position:0% +is a function of X we're out of that +realm now we're somewhere in a different + + align:start position:0% +realm now we're somewhere in a different + + + align:start position:0% +realm now we're somewhere in a different +part of the universe in our thought and + + align:start position:0% +part of the universe in our thought and + + + align:start position:0% +part of the universe in our thought and +you should drop this point of view all + + align:start position:0% +you should drop this point of view all + + + align:start position:0% +you should drop this point of view all +right so this depiction is not Y is a + + align:start position:0% +right so this depiction is not Y is a + + + align:start position:0% +right so this depiction is not Y is a +function of X well you know that's + + align:start position:0% +function of X well you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +function of X well you know that's +obvious because because there are two + + align:start position:0% +obvious because because there are two + + + align:start position:0% +obvious because because there are two +values here as opposed to one so we're + + align:start position:0% +values here as opposed to one so we're + + + align:start position:0% +values here as opposed to one so we're +in trouble with that and and we have + + align:start position:0% +in trouble with that and and we have + + + align:start position:0% +in trouble with that and and we have +this background parameter and that's + + align:start position:0% +this background parameter and that's + + + align:start position:0% +this background parameter and that's +exactly why we're using it this + + align:start position:0% +exactly why we're using it this + + + align:start position:0% +exactly why we're using it this +parameter T so that we can depict the + + align:start position:0% +parameter T so that we can depict the + + + align:start position:0% +parameter T so that we can depict the +entire curve and deal with as one + + align:start position:0% +entire curve and deal with as one + + + align:start position:0% +entire curve and deal with as one +thing so I since I can't really draw it + + align:start position:0% +thing so I since I can't really draw it + + + align:start position:0% +thing so I since I can't really draw it +and since T is nowhere on the map you + + align:start position:0% +and since T is nowhere on the map you + + + align:start position:0% +and since T is nowhere on the map you +should sort of imagine it as time and + + align:start position:0% +should sort of imagine it as time and + + + align:start position:0% +should sort of imagine it as time and +there's some kind of trajectory which is + + align:start position:0% +there's some kind of trajectory which is + + + align:start position:0% +there's some kind of trajectory which is +traveling around and then I just labeled + + align:start position:0% +traveling around and then I just labeled + + + align:start position:0% +traveling around and then I just labeled +a couple of the places if somebody asked + + align:start position:0% +a couple of the places if somebody asked + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of the places if somebody asked +you to draw a picture of this well I'll + + align:start position:0% +you to draw a picture of this well I'll + + + align:start position:0% +you to draw a picture of this well I'll +I'll tell you exactly where you need the + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you exactly where you need the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you exactly where you need the +picture in just one second all right + + align:start position:0% +picture in just one second all right + + + align:start position:0% +picture in just one second all right +it's going to come up right now in + + align:start position:0% +it's going to come up right now in + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to come up right now in +surface area but otherwise if some + + align:start position:0% +surface area but otherwise if some + + + align:start position:0% +surface area but otherwise if some +nobody asks you to you don't even have + + align:start position:0% +nobody asks you to you don't even have + + + align:start position:0% +nobody asks you to you don't even have +to put down tals 0 and tal pi/ 2 here + + align:start position:0% +to put down tals 0 and tal pi/ 2 here + + + align:start position:0% +to put down tals 0 and tal pi/ 2 here +because nobody nobody demanded it of you + + align:start position:0% +because nobody nobody demanded it of you + + + align:start position:0% +because nobody nobody demanded it of you +yeah another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question ah yeah so very another very + + align:start position:0% +question ah yeah so very another very + + + align:start position:0% +question ah yeah so very another very +good question which is exactly connected + + align:start position:0% +good question which is exactly connected + + + align:start position:0% +good question which is exactly connected +to this picture so how is it that we're + + align:start position:0% +to this picture so how is it that we're + + + align:start position:0% +to this picture so how is it that we're +going to use the picture and how is it + + align:start position:0% +going to use the picture and how is it + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the picture and how is it +we're going to use the notion of the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use the notion of the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use the notion of the +T the question was why is this from tal + + align:start position:0% +T the question was why is this from tal + + + align:start position:0% +T the question was why is this from tal +0 to tal 2 pi that does use the T + + align:start position:0% +0 to tal 2 pi that does use the T + + + align:start position:0% +0 to tal 2 pi that does use the T +information on this on this diagram the + + align:start position:0% +information on this on this diagram the + + + align:start position:0% +information on this on this diagram the +point is we do know that t starts here + + align:start position:0% +point is we do know that t starts here + + + align:start position:0% +point is we do know that t starts here +this is Pi / 2 this is a pi this is 3 pi + + align:start position:0% +this is Pi / 2 this is a pi this is 3 pi + + + align:start position:0% +this is Pi / 2 this is a pi this is 3 pi +over 2 and this is 2 pi when you go all + + align:start position:0% +over 2 and this is 2 pi when you go all + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 and this is 2 pi when you go all +the way around once it's going to come + + align:start position:0% +the way around once it's going to come + + + align:start position:0% +the way around once it's going to come +back to itself these are periodic + + align:start position:0% +back to itself these are periodic + + + align:start position:0% +back to itself these are periodic +functions of Period 2 pi and they come + + align:start position:0% +functions of Period 2 pi and they come + + + align:start position:0% +functions of Period 2 pi and they come +back to themselves exactly at 2 pi and + + align:start position:0% +back to themselves exactly at 2 pi and + + + align:start position:0% +back to themselves exactly at 2 pi and +so that's why we know in order to get + + align:start position:0% +so that's why we know in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why we know in order to get +around once we need to we need to go + + align:start position:0% +around once we need to we need to go + + + align:start position:0% +around once we need to we need to go +from 0 to 2 pi and that's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to 2 pi and that's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to 2 pi and that's the same thing +is going to come up with surface area + + align:start position:0% +is going to come up with surface area + + + align:start position:0% +is going to come up with surface area +right now we're going that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +right now we're going that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +right now we're going that's going to be +the issue is what range of T we're going + + align:start position:0% +the issue is what range of T we're going + + + align:start position:0% +the issue is what range of T we're going +to need when we compute the surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area in a question what you might be + + align:start position:0% +area in a question what you might be + + + align:start position:0% +area in a question what you might be +asked is what's the rectangular equation + + align:start position:0% +asked is what's the rectangular equation + + + align:start position:0% +asked is what's the rectangular equation +for a parametric curve so that would be + + align:start position:0% +for a parametric curve so that would be + + + align:start position:0% +for a parametric curve so that would be +one4 x2+ y^2 equals 1 and then you might + + align:start position:0% +one4 x2+ y^2 equals 1 and then you might + + + align:start position:0% +one4 x2+ y^2 equals 1 and then you might +be asked to plot it well that would be a + + align:start position:0% +be asked to plot it well that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +be asked to plot it well that would be a +picture of the + + align:start position:0% +picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the +ellipse okay that's those are types of + + align:start position:0% +ellipse okay that's those are types of + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse okay that's those are types of +questions that are legal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +um the question is do do I need to know + + align:start position:0% +um the question is do do I need to know + + + align:start position:0% +um the question is do do I need to know +any specific formulas any formulas that + + align:start position:0% +any specific formulas any formulas that + + + align:start position:0% +any specific formulas any formulas that +you know and remember will help you they + + align:start position:0% +you know and remember will help you they + + + align:start position:0% +you know and remember will help you they +may be of limited use I would I'm not + + align:start position:0% +may be of limited use I would I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +may be of limited use I would I'm not +going to ask you to memorize anything + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you to memorize anything + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you to memorize anything +except I guarantee you that the circle + + align:start position:0% +except I guarantee you that the circle + + + align:start position:0% +except I guarantee you that the circle +is going to come up not not the ellipse + + align:start position:0% +is going to come up not not the ellipse + + + align:start position:0% +is going to come up not not the ellipse +the circle will come up everywhere in + + align:start position:0% +the circle will come up everywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +the circle will come up everywhere in +your life so at least at MIT your life + + align:start position:0% +your life so at least at MIT your life + + + align:start position:0% +your life so at least at MIT your life +at MIT we're very round + + align:start position:0% +at MIT we're very round + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT we're very round +here all + + align:start position:0% +here all + + + align:start position:0% +here all +right yeah another question um I'm just + + align:start position:0% +right yeah another question um I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah another question um I'm just +a tiny bit confused back to the basics + + align:start position:0% +a tiny bit confused back to the basics + + + align:start position:0% +a tiny bit confused back to the basics +this is more of a question from + + align:start position:0% +this is more of a question from + + + align:start position:0% +this is more of a question from +yesterday I guess but when you have your + + align:start position:0% +yesterday I guess but when you have your + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday I guess but when you have your +original DS2 = dx2 + D y^2 and then you + + align:start position:0% +original DS2 = dx2 + D y^2 and then you + + + align:start position:0% +original DS2 = dx2 + D y^2 and then you +integrate that to get AR length yes it's + + align:start position:0% +integrate that to get AR length yes it's + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that to get AR length yes it's +how are you the integral has + + align:start position:0% +how are you the integral has + + + align:start position:0% +how are you the integral has +DX's and dys so how are you just + + align:start position:0% +DX's and dys so how are you just + + + align:start position:0% +DX's and dys so how are you just +integrating with respect to DX and + + align:start position:0% +integrating with respect to DX and + + + align:start position:0% +integrating with respect to DX and +getting okay the the question is how are + + align:start position:0% +getting okay the the question is how are + + + align:start position:0% +getting okay the the question is how are +we just integrating with respect to X so + + align:start position:0% +we just integrating with respect to X so + + + align:start position:0% +we just integrating with respect to X so +this is a question which goes back to + + align:start position:0% +this is a question which goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +this is a question which goes back to +last time and what is it with Ark length + + align:start position:0% +last time and what is it with Ark length + + + align:start position:0% +last time and what is it with Ark length +so so uh I'm I'm going to uh I'm going + + align:start position:0% +so so uh I'm I'm going to uh I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +so so uh I'm I'm going to uh I'm going +to have to answer that question in + + align:start position:0% +to have to answer that question in + + + align:start position:0% +to have to answer that question in +connection with what we did today so + + align:start position:0% +connection with what we did today so + + + align:start position:0% +connection with what we did today so +this is this is a a subtle question but + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a a subtle question but + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a a subtle question but +I but I want you to + + align:start position:0% +I but I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +I but I want you to +realize uh this is actually an important + + align:start position:0% +realize uh this is actually an important + + + align:start position:0% +realize uh this is actually an important +conceptual step here so sh everybody + + align:start position:0% +conceptual step here so sh everybody + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual step here so sh everybody +listen + + align:start position:0% +listen + + + align:start position:0% +listen +right if you're representing + + align:start position:0% +right if you're representing + + + align:start position:0% +right if you're representing +one-dimensional objects which are curves + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional objects which are curves + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional objects which are curves +maybe in space or in two + + align:start position:0% +maybe in space or in two + + + align:start position:0% +maybe in space or in two +Dimensions when you're you're keeping + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions when you're you're keeping + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions when you're you're keeping +track of Arc Length you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +track of Arc Length you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +track of Arc Length you're going to have +to have an integral which is with + + align:start position:0% +to have an integral which is with + + + align:start position:0% +to have an integral which is with +respect to some variable but that + + align:start position:0% +respect to some variable but that + + + align:start position:0% +respect to some variable but that +variable you get to pick and we're + + align:start position:0% +variable you get to pick and we're + + + align:start position:0% +variable you get to pick and we're +launching now into this variety of + + align:start position:0% +launching now into this variety of + + + align:start position:0% +launching now into this variety of +choices of variables with respect to + + align:start position:0% +choices of variables with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +choices of variables with respect to +which you can you can represent + + align:start position:0% +which you can you can represent + + + align:start position:0% +which you can you can represent +something now there are some + + align:start position:0% +something now there are some + + + align:start position:0% +something now there are some +disadvantages on the circle to + + align:start position:0% +disadvantages on the circle to + + + align:start position:0% +disadvantages on the circle to +representing things with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +representing things with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +representing things with respect to the +variable X because there are two points + + align:start position:0% +variable X because there are two points + + + align:start position:0% +variable X because there are two points +on the circle here on the other hand you + + align:start position:0% +on the circle here on the other hand you + + + align:start position:0% +on the circle here on the other hand you +actually can succeed with half the + + align:start position:0% +actually can succeed with half the + + + align:start position:0% +actually can succeed with half the +circle so you can figure out the dark + + align:start position:0% +circle so you can figure out the dark + + + align:start position:0% +circle so you can figure out the dark +length that way and then you can set it + + align:start position:0% +length that way and then you can set it + + + align:start position:0% +length that way and then you can set it +up as an integral DX but you can also + + align:start position:0% +up as an integral DX but you can also + + + align:start position:0% +up as an integral DX but you can also +set it up as an integral with respect to + + align:start position:0% +set it up as an integral with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +set it up as an integral with respect to +any parameter you want and the uniform + + align:start position:0% +any parameter you want and the uniform + + + align:start position:0% +any parameter you want and the uniform +parameter is perhaps the easiest one + + align:start position:0% +parameter is perhaps the easiest one + + + align:start position:0% +parameter is perhaps the easiest one +this one is perhaps the easiest + + align:start position:0% +this one is perhaps the easiest + + + align:start position:0% +this one is perhaps the easiest +one and all of the so now the thing + + align:start position:0% +one and all of the so now the thing + + + align:start position:0% +one and all of the so now the thing +that's strange about this perspective + + align:start position:0% +that's strange about this perspective + + + align:start position:0% +that's strange about this perspective +and I'm going to I'm going to make this + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to I'm going to make this + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to I'm going to make this +point later in the in the lecture as + + align:start position:0% +point later in the in the lecture as + + + align:start position:0% +point later in the in the lecture as +well is that the letters X and Y you + + align:start position:0% +well is that the letters X and Y you + + + align:start position:0% +well is that the letters X and Y you +should as I say you should drop this + + align:start position:0% +should as I say you should drop this + + + align:start position:0% +should as I say you should drop this +notion that y + + align:start position:0% +notion that y + + + align:start position:0% +notion that y +is a function of X this is what we're + + align:start position:0% +is a function of X this is what we're + + + align:start position:0% +is a function of X this is what we're +throwing away at this point what we're + + align:start position:0% +throwing away at this point what we're + + + align:start position:0% +throwing away at this point what we're +thinking of is you can describe things + + align:start position:0% +thinking of is you can describe things + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of is you can describe things +in terms of any coordinate you want you + + align:start position:0% +in terms of any coordinate you want you + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of any coordinate you want you +just have to say what each one is in + + align:start position:0% +just have to say what each one is in + + + align:start position:0% +just have to say what each one is in +terms of the others and this these X and + + align:start position:0% +terms of the others and this these X and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the others and this these X and +Y over here are where we are in the + + align:start position:0% +Y over here are where we are in the + + + align:start position:0% +Y over here are where we are in the +cartisian coordinate system they're not + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinate system they're not + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinate system they're not +and in this case they're functions of + + align:start position:0% +and in this case they're functions of + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case they're functions of +some other + + align:start position:0% +some other + + + align:start position:0% +some other +variable some other variable so they're + + align:start position:0% +variable some other variable so they're + + + align:start position:0% +variable some other variable so they're +each function so the letters X and Y + + align:start position:0% +each function so the letters X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +each function so the letters X and Y +just just changed on you they mean + + align:start position:0% +just just changed on you they mean + + + align:start position:0% +just just changed on you they mean +something different Y is not X is no + + align:start position:0% +something different Y is not X is no + + + align:start position:0% +something different Y is not X is no +longer the variable it's the + + align:start position:0% +longer the variable it's the + + + align:start position:0% +longer the variable it's the +function all + + align:start position:0% +function all + + + align:start position:0% +function all +right well you're going to have to get + + align:start position:0% +right well you're going to have to get + + + align:start position:0% +right well you're going to have to get +used to that that's because we run out + + align:start position:0% +used to that that's because we run out + + + align:start position:0% +used to that that's because we run out +of letters and we kind of want to use + + align:start position:0% +of letters and we kind of want to use + + + align:start position:0% +of letters and we kind of want to use +all of them the way we want I I'll say + + align:start position:0% +all of them the way we want I I'll say + + + align:start position:0% +all of them the way we want I I'll say +some more about that later all right so + + align:start position:0% +some more about that later all right so + + + align:start position:0% +some more about that later all right so +now I want to do this surface area + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do this surface area + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do this surface area +example I'm going to just take the + + align:start position:0% +example I'm going to just take the + + + align:start position:0% +example I'm going to just take the +surface area of the ellipsoid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the surface of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ellipsoid + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid +uh uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formed + + align:start position:0% +formed + + + align:start position:0% +formed +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +revolving this previous example which + + align:start position:0% +revolving this previous example which + + + align:start position:0% +revolving this previous example which +was example + + align:start position:0% +was example + + + align:start position:0% +was example +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +around the Y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AIS all right so I want to set up that + + align:start position:0% +AIS all right so I want to set up that + + + align:start position:0% +AIS all right so I want to set up that +surface area integral here for + + align:start position:0% +surface area integral here for + + + align:start position:0% +surface area integral here for +you now I remind you that the area + + align:start position:0% +you now I remind you that the area + + + align:start position:0% +you now I remind you that the area +element looks like + + align:start position:0% +element looks like + + + align:start position:0% +element looks like +this if you're revolving around the Y + + align:start position:0% +this if you're revolving around the Y + + + align:start position:0% +this if you're revolving around the Y +AIS that means you're going around this + + align:start position:0% +AIS that means you're going around this + + + align:start position:0% +AIS that means you're going around this +way and you have some curve in this case + + align:start position:0% +way and you have some curve in this case + + + align:start position:0% +way and you have some curve in this case +it's this piece of an ellipse if you + + align:start position:0% +it's this piece of an ellipse if you + + + align:start position:0% +it's this piece of an ellipse if you +sweep it around you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +sweep it around you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +sweep it around you're going to get +what's called an + + align:start position:0% +what's called an + + + align:start position:0% +what's called an +ellipsoid and there's a little chunk + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid and there's a little chunk + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid and there's a little chunk +here that you're wrapping + + align:start position:0% +here that you're wrapping + + + align:start position:0% +here that you're wrapping +around and the important thing you need + + align:start position:0% +around and the important thing you need + + + align:start position:0% +around and the important thing you need +besides this DS this this AR length + + align:start position:0% +besides this DS this this AR length + + + align:start position:0% +besides this DS this this AR length +piece over here is the distance to the + + align:start position:0% +piece over here is the distance to the + + + align:start position:0% +piece over here is the distance to the +axis so that's this horizontal distance + + align:start position:0% +axis so that's this horizontal distance + + + align:start position:0% +axis so that's this horizontal distance +here I'll draw it in another + + align:start position:0% +here I'll draw it in another + + + align:start position:0% +here I'll draw it in another +color + + align:start position:0% +color + + + align:start position:0% +color +and that horizontal distance now has a + + align:start position:0% +and that horizontal distance now has a + + + align:start position:0% +and that horizontal distance now has a +name and this is again the virtue of + + align:start position:0% +name and this is again the virtue of + + + align:start position:0% +name and this is again the virtue of +this coordinate system the t is + + align:start position:0% +this coordinate system the t is + + + align:start position:0% +this coordinate system the t is +something else this has a name this + + align:start position:0% +something else this has a name this + + + align:start position:0% +something else this has a name this +distance has a name this distance is + + align:start position:0% +distance has a name this distance is + + + align:start position:0% +distance has a name this distance is +called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X and it even has a formula + + align:start position:0% +X and it even has a formula + + + align:start position:0% +X and it even has a formula +its formula is uh 2 sin + + align:start position:0% +its formula is uh 2 sin + + + align:start position:0% +its formula is uh 2 sin +T in terms of + + align:start position:0% +T in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +T in terms of +T so the full formula for the integral + + align:start position:0% +T so the full formula for the integral + + + align:start position:0% +T so the full formula for the integral +here is uh I have to take the uh + + align:start position:0% +here is uh I have to take the uh + + + align:start position:0% +here is uh I have to take the uh +circumference when I spin this thing + + align:start position:0% +circumference when I spin this thing + + + align:start position:0% +circumference when I spin this thing +around and this little arcl length + + align:start position:0% +around and this little arcl length + + + align:start position:0% +around and this little arcl length +element so I have here 2 pi * 2 sin T + + align:start position:0% +element so I have here 2 pi * 2 sin T + + + align:start position:0% +element so I have here 2 pi * 2 sin T +that's the that's the X variable here + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the X variable here + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the X variable here +and then I have here DS + + align:start position:0% +and then I have here DS + + + align:start position:0% +and then I have here DS +which uh is kind of a mess so + + align:start position:0% +which uh is kind of a mess so + + + align:start position:0% +which uh is kind of a mess so +unfortunately I don't quite have room + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I don't quite have room + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I don't quite have room +for it plan ahead uh square root of 4 + + align:start position:0% +for it plan ahead uh square root of 4 + + + align:start position:0% +for it plan ahead uh square root of 4 +cosine 2 t+ sin 2 T is that what it was + + align:start position:0% +cosine 2 t+ sin 2 T is that what it was + + + align:start position:0% +cosine 2 t+ sin 2 T is that what it was +DT all right I guess I squeezed it in + + align:start position:0% +DT all right I guess I squeezed it in + + + align:start position:0% +DT all right I guess I squeezed it in +there all right so that was the Arc + + align:start position:0% +there all right so that was the Arc + + + align:start position:0% +there all right so that was the Arc +Length which I recopied from this board + + align:start position:0% +Length which I recopied from this board + + + align:start position:0% +Length which I recopied from this board +above here that was the DS piece sorry + + align:start position:0% +above here that was the DS piece sorry + + + align:start position:0% +above here that was the DS piece sorry +it's this it's this whole thing + + align:start position:0% +it's this it's this whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's this it's this whole thing +including the DT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right that's the answer except for + + align:start position:0% +all right that's the answer except for + + + align:start position:0% +all right that's the answer except for +one thing what else do we need we don't + + align:start position:0% +one thing what else do we need we don't + + + align:start position:0% +one thing what else do we need we don't +just need the integran this is half of + + align:start position:0% +just need the integran this is half of + + + align:start position:0% +just need the integran this is half of +setting up an integral the other half of + + align:start position:0% +setting up an integral the other half of + + + align:start position:0% +setting up an integral the other half of +setting up an integral is the limits we + + align:start position:0% +setting up an integral is the limits we + + + align:start position:0% +setting up an integral is the limits we +need specific limits here otherwise we + + align:start position:0% +need specific limits here otherwise we + + + align:start position:0% +need specific limits here otherwise we +don't have a number that we can get + + align:start position:0% +don't have a number that we can get + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a number that we can get +out so we now have to think about what + + align:start position:0% +out so we now have to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +out so we now have to think about what +the limits are and maybe somebody can + + align:start position:0% +the limits are and maybe somebody can + + + align:start position:0% +the limits are and maybe somebody can +see it has something to do with this + + align:start position:0% +see it has something to do with this + + + align:start position:0% +see it has something to do with this +diagram of the ellipse over here can + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the ellipse over here can + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of the ellipse over here can +somebody guess what it is + + align:start position:0% +somebody guess what it is + + + align:start position:0% +somebody guess what it is +0 to Pi oh that was quick wow all right + + align:start position:0% +0 to Pi oh that was quick wow all right + + + align:start position:0% +0 to Pi oh that was quick wow all right +that's it because we go from the top to + + align:start position:0% +that's it because we go from the top to + + + align:start position:0% +that's it because we go from the top to +the bottom but we don't want to continue + + align:start position:0% +the bottom but we don't want to continue + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom but we don't want to continue +around we don't want to go from 0 to 2 + + align:start position:0% +around we don't want to go from 0 to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +around we don't want to go from 0 to 2 +pi because that would be duplicating + + align:start position:0% +pi because that would be duplicating + + + align:start position:0% +pi because that would be duplicating +what we're going to get when we spin + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to get when we spin + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to get when we spin +around all right and we know that we + + align:start position:0% +around all right and we know that we + + + align:start position:0% +around all right and we know that we +start at zero it's interesting because + + align:start position:0% +start at zero it's interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +start at zero it's interesting because +it descends when you change variables to + + align:start position:0% +it descends when you change variables to + + + align:start position:0% +it descends when you change variables to +think of it in terms of the Y variable + + align:start position:0% +think of it in terms of the Y variable + + + align:start position:0% +think of it in terms of the Y variable +it's going the opposite way but anyway + + align:start position:0% +it's going the opposite way but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +it's going the opposite way but anyway +just one piece of this is what we want + + align:start position:0% +just one piece of this is what we want + + + align:start position:0% +just one piece of this is what we want +all right so that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's that's the +setup and now now I claim that this is + + align:start position:0% +setup and now now I claim that this is + + + align:start position:0% +setup and now now I claim that this is +actually a doable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integral uh however it's long I'm going + + align:start position:0% +integral uh however it's long I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +integral uh however it's long I'm going +to spare you I'll just tell you how you + + align:start position:0% +to spare you I'll just tell you how you + + + align:start position:0% +to spare you I'll just tell you how you +would get started you would use the + + align:start position:0% +would get started you would use the + + + align:start position:0% +would get started you would use the +substitution U is equal to cosine T and + + align:start position:0% +substitution U is equal to cosine T and + + + align:start position:0% +substitution U is equal to cosine T and +then the DU is going to be uh minus sin + + align:start position:0% +then the DU is going to be uh minus sin + + + align:start position:0% +then the DU is going to be uh minus sin +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +DT uh but then unfortunately there's a + + align:start position:0% +DT uh but then unfortunately there's a + + + align:start position:0% +DT uh but then unfortunately there's a +lot more there's another trig + + align:start position:0% +lot more there's another trig + + + align:start position:0% +lot more there's another trig +substitution with some other multiple of + + align:start position:0% +substitution with some other multiple of + + + align:start position:0% +substitution with some other multiple of +the cosine and so forth so it goes on + + align:start position:0% +the cosine and so forth so it goes on + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine and so forth so it goes on +and on if you want to check it yourself + + align:start position:0% +and on if you want to check it yourself + + + align:start position:0% +and on if you want to check it yourself +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +can right there's another there's an + + align:start position:0% +can right there's another there's an + + + align:start position:0% +can right there's another there's an +inverse trig substitution which isn't + + align:start position:0% +inverse trig substitution which isn't + + + align:start position:0% +inverse trig substitution which isn't +compatible with this one all right but + + align:start position:0% +compatible with this one all right but + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with this one all right but +it but it can be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calculated all + + align:start position:0% +calculated all + + + align:start position:0% +calculated all +right in elementary + + align:start position:0% +right in elementary + + + align:start position:0% +right in elementary +terms all right yeah another question + + align:start position:0% +terms all right yeah another question + + + align:start position:0% +terms all right yeah another question +get this in the exam so if you get this + + align:start position:0% +get this in the exam so if you get this + + + align:start position:0% +get this in the exam so if you get this +on an exam I'm going to have to coach + + align:start position:0% +on an exam I'm going to have to coach + + + align:start position:0% +on an exam I'm going to have to coach +you through it either I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +you through it either I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +you through it either I'm going to have +to tell you don't evaluate it or you're + + align:start position:0% +to tell you don't evaluate it or you're + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you don't evaluate it or you're +going to have to work really hard or + + align:start position:0% +going to have to work really hard or + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to work really hard or +here's the first step and then the next + + align:start position:0% +here's the first step and then the next + + + align:start position:0% +here's the first step and then the next +step is keep on going or something I'll + + align:start position:0% +step is keep on going or something I'll + + + align:start position:0% +step is keep on going or something I'll +have to give you I have to give you some + + align:start position:0% +have to give you I have to give you some + + + align:start position:0% +have to give you I have to give you some +cues because it's quite long this is way + + align:start position:0% +cues because it's quite long this is way + + + align:start position:0% +cues because it's quite long this is way +too long for an exam this particular one + + align:start position:0% +too long for an exam this particular one + + + align:start position:0% +too long for an exam this particular one +okay it it's not too long for a problem + + align:start position:0% +okay it it's not too long for a problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay it it's not too long for a problem +set this is where I would leave you off + + align:start position:0% +set this is where I would leave you off + + + align:start position:0% +set this is where I would leave you off +if I were if I were giving it to you on + + align:start position:0% +if I were if I were giving it to you on + + + align:start position:0% +if I were if I were giving it to you on +a problem just to give you an idea of + + align:start position:0% +a problem just to give you an idea of + + + align:start position:0% +a problem just to give you an idea of +the order of magnitude whereas one of + + align:start position:0% +the order of magnitude whereas one of + + + align:start position:0% +the order of magnitude whereas one of +the ones that I did yesterday I wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +the ones that I did yesterday I wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that I did yesterday I wouldn't +even give you on a problem set it was so + + align:start position:0% +even give you on a problem set it was so + + + align:start position:0% +even give you on a problem set it was so +long + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all + + align:start position:0% +okay all + + + align:start position:0% +okay all +right so now uh our next job is to move + + align:start position:0% +right so now uh our next job is to move + + + align:start position:0% +right so now uh our next job is to move +on to Polar coordinates now polar + + align:start position:0% +on to Polar coordinates now polar + + + align:start position:0% +on to Polar coordinates now polar +coordinates involve the geometry of + + align:start position:0% +coordinates involve the geometry of + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates involve the geometry of +circles as I said we're really love + + align:start position:0% +circles as I said we're really love + + + align:start position:0% +circles as I said we're really love +circles here we're very round just as I + + align:start position:0% +circles here we're very round just as I + + + align:start position:0% +circles here we're very round just as I +love zero the rest of the Institute + + align:start position:0% +love zero the rest of the Institute + + + align:start position:0% +love zero the rest of the Institute +loves circles so we're g to do that + + align:start position:0% +loves circles so we're g to do that + + + align:start position:0% +loves circles so we're g to do that +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now all right what we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +now all right what we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +now all right what we're going to talk +about now is polar coordinates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which are set up in the following way + + align:start position:0% +which are set up in the following way + + + align:start position:0% +which are set up in the following way +it's a way of describing the points in + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of describing the points in + + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of describing the points in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +plane here's a point in the plane and + + align:start position:0% +plane here's a point in the plane and + + + align:start position:0% +plane here's a point in the plane and +here's what we think of as the usual XY + + align:start position:0% +here's what we think of as the usual XY + + + align:start position:0% +here's what we think of as the usual XY +axis and now this point is going to be + + align:start position:0% +axis and now this point is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +axis and now this point is going to be +described by a different pair of + + align:start position:0% +described by a different pair of + + + align:start position:0% +described by a different pair of +coordinates different pair of numbers + + align:start position:0% +coordinates different pair of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates different pair of numbers +namely the distance to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin and the second parameter here + + align:start position:0% +origin and the second parameter here + + + align:start position:0% +origin and the second parameter here +second number here is this angle Theta + + align:start position:0% +second number here is this angle Theta + + + align:start position:0% +second number here is this angle Theta +which is the + + align:start position:0% +which is the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the +angle of Ray + + align:start position:0% +angle of Ray + + + align:start position:0% +angle of Ray +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +origin with the horizontal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axis so that's what it is in language + + align:start position:0% +axis so that's what it is in language + + + align:start position:0% +axis so that's what it is in language +and you should put this in quotation + + align:start position:0% +and you should put this in quotation + + + align:start position:0% +and you should put this in quotation +marks because it's not a perfect match + + align:start position:0% +marks because it's not a perfect match + + + align:start position:0% +marks because it's not a perfect match +all right this is this is geometrically + + align:start position:0% +all right this is this is geometrically + + + align:start position:0% +all right this is this is geometrically +what you should always think of but the + + align:start position:0% +what you should always think of but the + + + align:start position:0% +what you should always think of but the +technical details involve dealing + + align:start position:0% +technical details involve dealing + + + align:start position:0% +technical details involve dealing +directly with + + align:start position:0% +directly with + + + align:start position:0% +directly with +formulas the first Formula is the + + align:start position:0% +formulas the first Formula is the + + + align:start position:0% +formulas the first Formula is the +formula for x and this is the + + align:start position:0% +formula for x and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +formula for x and this is the +fundamental these two are the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental these two are the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental these two are the +fundamental ones namely X is our cosine + + align:start position:0% +fundamental ones namely X is our cosine + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental ones namely X is our cosine +Theta the second formula is the formula + + align:start position:0% +Theta the second formula is the formula + + + align:start position:0% +Theta the second formula is the formula +for Y which is R sin Theta so these are + + align:start position:0% +for Y which is R sin Theta so these are + + + align:start position:0% +for Y which is R sin Theta so these are +the unambiguous definitions of polar + + align:start position:0% +the unambiguous definitions of polar + + + align:start position:0% +the unambiguous definitions of polar +coordinates this is this is it + + align:start position:0% +coordinates this is this is it + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates this is this is it +and this is the thing from which all + + align:start position:0% +and this is the thing from which all + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the thing from which all +other almost correct + + align:start position:0% +other almost correct + + + align:start position:0% +other almost correct +statements almost + + align:start position:0% +statements almost + + + align:start position:0% +statements almost +follow but this is the one you should + + align:start position:0% +follow but this is the one you should + + + align:start position:0% +follow but this is the one you should +trust always this is the + + align:start position:0% +trust always this is the + + + align:start position:0% +trust always this is the +unambiguous + + align:start position:0% +unambiguous + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguous +statement all right so let me give you + + align:start position:0% +statement all right so let me give you + + + align:start position:0% +statement all right so let me give you +an example of something that's close to + + align:start position:0% +an example of something that's close to + + + align:start position:0% +an example of something that's close to +being a good formula and is certainly + + align:start position:0% +being a good formula and is certainly + + + align:start position:0% +being a good formula and is certainly +useful in its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way namely + + align:start position:0% +way namely + + + align:start position:0% +way namely +uh you can think of r as being theun of + + align:start position:0% +uh you can think of r as being theun of + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can think of r as being theun of +x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + +y^2 right that's easy enough to derive + + align:start position:0% +y^2 right that's easy enough to derive + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 right that's easy enough to derive +it's the distance to the origin that's + + align:start position:0% +it's the distance to the origin that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's the distance to the origin that's +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +obvious and the formula for Theta which + + align:start position:0% +obvious and the formula for Theta which + + + align:start position:0% +obvious and the formula for Theta which +you can also derive which is that it's + + align:start position:0% +you can also derive which is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +you can also derive which is that it's +the inverse tangent of Y / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X however let me just warn you that + + align:start position:0% +X however let me just warn you that + + + align:start position:0% +X however let me just warn you that +these formulas are slightly + + align:start position:0% +these formulas are slightly + + + align:start position:0% +these formulas are slightly +ambiguous so somewhat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ambiguous in other words you can't just + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous in other words you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous in other words you can't just +apply them blindly you actually have to + + align:start position:0% +apply them blindly you actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +apply them blindly you actually have to +look at a picture in order to get them + + align:start position:0% +look at a picture in order to get them + + + align:start position:0% +look at a picture in order to get them +right in particular uh R could be plus + + align:start position:0% +right in particular uh R could be plus + + + align:start position:0% +right in particular uh R could be plus +or minus here and when you take the + + align:start position:0% +or minus here and when you take the + + + align:start position:0% +or minus here and when you take the +inverse + + align:start position:0% +inverse + + + align:start position:0% +inverse +tangent uh there's an ambiguity between + + align:start position:0% +tangent uh there's an ambiguity between + + + align:start position:0% +tangent uh there's an ambiguity between +it's the same as the inverse tangent of + + align:start position:0% +it's the same as the inverse tangent of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same as the inverse tangent of +minus y over - x so these minus signs + + align:start position:0% +minus y over - x so these minus signs + + + align:start position:0% +minus y over - x so these minus signs +are plague on your + + align:start position:0% +are plague on your + + + align:start position:0% +are plague on your +existence and you're not going to get a + + align:start position:0% +existence and you're not going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +existence and you're not going to get a +completely unambiguous answer out of + + align:start position:0% +completely unambiguous answer out of + + + align:start position:0% +completely unambiguous answer out of +these formulas without re without paying + + align:start position:0% +these formulas without re without paying + + + align:start position:0% +these formulas without re without paying +attention to the diagram on the other + + align:start position:0% +attention to the diagram on the other + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the diagram on the other +hand the formula up in the box there + + align:start position:0% +hand the formula up in the box there + + + align:start position:0% +hand the formula up in the box there +always + + align:start position:0% +always + + + align:start position:0% +always +works all right so when people mean + + align:start position:0% +works all right so when people mean + + + align:start position:0% +works all right so when people mean +polar coordinates they always mean that + + align:start position:0% +polar coordinates they always mean that + + + align:start position:0% +polar coordinates they always mean that +and then they have conventions which + + align:start position:0% +and then they have conventions which + + + align:start position:0% +and then they have conventions which +sometimes uh match things up with with + + align:start position:0% +sometimes uh match things up with with + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes uh match things up with with +uh with the formulas over on the on this + + align:start position:0% +uh with the formulas over on the on this + + + align:start position:0% +uh with the formulas over on the on this +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +board all right let me let me give you + + align:start position:0% +board all right let me let me give you + + + align:start position:0% +board all right let me let me give you +uh various examples here + + align:start position:0% +uh various examples here + + + align:start position:0% +uh various examples here +first but first well maybe maybe first I + + align:start position:0% +first but first well maybe maybe first I + + + align:start position:0% +first but first well maybe maybe first I +should I should draw the two coordinate + + align:start position:0% +should I should draw the two coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +should I should draw the two coordinate +systems so the the coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +systems so the the coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +systems so the the coordinate system +that we're used to is the rectangular + + align:start position:0% +that we're used to is the rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +that we're used to is the rectangular +coordinate system and maybe I'll draw it + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and maybe I'll draw it + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and maybe I'll draw it +in orange and green here so so these are + + align:start position:0% +in orange and green here so so these are + + + align:start position:0% +in orange and green here so so these are +the coordinate + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate +lines uh y = 0 y = 1 Y = 2 that's how + + align:start position:0% +lines uh y = 0 y = 1 Y = 2 that's how + + + align:start position:0% +lines uh y = 0 y = 1 Y = 2 that's how +the coordinate system works and over + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate system works and over + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate system works and over +here we have the rest of the coordinate + + align:start position:0% +here we have the rest of the coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +here we have the rest of the coordinate +system and this is the way we're + + align:start position:0% +system and this is the way we're + + + align:start position:0% +system and this is the way we're +thinking of X and Y now we're no longer + + align:start position:0% +thinking of X and Y now we're no longer + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of X and Y now we're no longer +thinking of Y as a function of X and X + + align:start position:0% +thinking of Y as a function of X and X + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of Y as a function of X and X +as a function of Y we're thinking of X + + align:start position:0% +as a function of Y we're thinking of X + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of Y we're thinking of X +is a label of a place in the plane and Y + + align:start position:0% +is a label of a place in the plane and Y + + + align:start position:0% +is a label of a place in the plane and Y +as a label of a place in the + + align:start position:0% +as a label of a place in the + + + align:start position:0% +as a label of a place in the +plane so here we have uh uh x = 0 x = 1 + + align:start position:0% +plane so here we have uh uh x = 0 x = 1 + + + align:start position:0% +plane so here we have uh uh x = 0 x = 1 +x = 2 Etc here's + + align:start position:0% +x = 2 Etc here's + + + align:start position:0% +x = 2 Etc here's +xal 1 so forth all right so that's what + + align:start position:0% +xal 1 so forth all right so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +xal 1 so forth all right so that's what +the that's what the the rectangular + + align:start position:0% +the that's what the the rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +the that's what the the rectangular +coordinate system looks like and now uh + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system looks like and now uh + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system looks like and now uh +I should draw the other coordinate + + align:start position:0% +I should draw the other coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +I should draw the other coordinate +system that we have which is this guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here well close enough and these guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here kind of this Bullseye or Target + + align:start position:0% +here kind of this Bullseye or Target + + + align:start position:0% +here kind of this Bullseye or Target +operation and this one is say Theta is + + align:start position:0% +operation and this one is say Theta is + + + align:start position:0% +operation and this one is say Theta is +equal to pi over 2 this is theta equals + + align:start position:0% +equal to pi over 2 this is theta equals + + + align:start position:0% +equal to pi over 2 this is theta equals +0 this is Theta equal over 4 for + + align:start position:0% +0 this is Theta equal over 4 for + + + align:start position:0% +0 this is Theta equal over 4 for +instance so I've just labeled for you + + align:start position:0% +instance so I've just labeled for you + + + align:start position:0% +instance so I've just labeled for you +three of the Rays on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram it's kind of like a uh a radar + + align:start position:0% +diagram it's kind of like a uh a radar + + + align:start position:0% +diagram it's kind of like a uh a radar +screen and then in pink this is maybe R + + align:start position:0% +screen and then in pink this is maybe R + + + align:start position:0% +screen and then in pink this is maybe R +equals 2 the radius two and inside is + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 the radius two and inside is + + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 the radius two and inside is +Ral + + align:start position:0% +Ral + + + align:start position:0% +Ral +1 right so it's a different coordinate + + align:start position:0% +1 right so it's a different coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +1 right so it's a different coordinate +system for the plane and again the + + align:start position:0% +system for the plane and again the + + + align:start position:0% +system for the plane and again the +letter R + + align:start position:0% +letter R + + + align:start position:0% +letter R +represents uh measuring how far we are + + align:start position:0% +represents uh measuring how far we are + + + align:start position:0% +represents uh measuring how far we are +from the origin + + align:start position:0% +from the origin + + + align:start position:0% +from the origin +the the Theta represents something about + + align:start position:0% +the the Theta represents something about + + + align:start position:0% +the the Theta represents something about +the angle which Ray we're + + align:start position:0% +the angle which Ray we're + + + align:start position:0% +the angle which Ray we're +on and they're just two different + + align:start position:0% +on and they're just two different + + + align:start position:0% +on and they're just two different +variables and this is a very different + + align:start position:0% +variables and this is a very different + + + align:start position:0% +variables and this is a very different +kind of coordinate system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the our main job is just to get + + align:start position:0% +okay so the our main job is just to get + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the our main job is just to get +used to this for now you will be using + + align:start position:0% +used to this for now you will be using + + + align:start position:0% +used to this for now you will be using +this a lot in 1802 it's very useful in + + align:start position:0% +this a lot in 1802 it's very useful in + + + align:start position:0% +this a lot in 1802 it's very useful in +physics and our job is just to just to + + align:start position:0% +physics and our job is just to just to + + + align:start position:0% +physics and our job is just to just to +get get started with + + align:start position:0% +get get started with + + + align:start position:0% +get get started with +it and so let's uh try a few examples + + align:start position:0% +it and so let's uh try a few examples + + + align:start position:0% +it and so let's uh try a few examples +here tons of examples we'll start out + + align:start position:0% +here tons of examples we'll start out + + + align:start position:0% +here tons of examples we'll start out +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +slow if you have XY equals 1 comma minus + + align:start position:0% +slow if you have XY equals 1 comma minus + + + align:start position:0% +slow if you have XY equals 1 comma minus +one that's a point in the plane I can + + align:start position:0% +one that's a point in the plane I can + + + align:start position:0% +one that's a point in the plane I can +draw that P that that point it's down + + align:start position:0% +draw that P that that point it's down + + + align:start position:0% +draw that P that that point it's down +here right this is negative 1 and this + + align:start position:0% +here right this is negative 1 and this + + + align:start position:0% +here right this is negative 1 and this +is one and here's my point + + align:start position:0% +is one and here's my point + + + align:start position:0% +is one and here's my point +one1 I can figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +one1 I can figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +one1 I can figure out what the +representative is it is of this uh in + + align:start position:0% +representative is it is of this uh in + + + align:start position:0% +representative is it is of this uh in +polar coordinates so in polar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates there are actually a bunch + + align:start position:0% +coordinates there are actually a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates there are actually a bunch +of choices here first of all I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +of choices here first of all I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +of choices here first of all I'll tell +you uh one choice if I start with the + + align:start position:0% +you uh one choice if I start with the + + + align:start position:0% +you uh one choice if I start with the +angle horizontally I wrap all the way + + align:start position:0% +angle horizontally I wrap all the way + + + align:start position:0% +angle horizontally I wrap all the way +around that would be to this this Ray + + align:start position:0% +around that would be to this this Ray + + + align:start position:0% +around that would be to this this Ray +here let's do it in green again all + + align:start position:0% +here let's do it in green again all + + + align:start position:0% +here let's do it in green again all +right I labeled actually as minus Pi + + align:start position:0% +right I labeled actually as minus Pi + + + align:start position:0% +right I labeled actually as minus Pi +over4 but another way of looking at it + + align:start position:0% +over4 but another way of looking at it + + + align:start position:0% +over4 but another way of looking at it +is that it's it's it's this angle here + + align:start position:0% +is that it's it's it's this angle here + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's it's it's this angle here +that would be R = < TK 2 th = 7 piun + + align:start position:0% +that would be R = < TK 2 th = 7 piun + + + align:start position:0% +that would be R = < TK 2 th = 7 piun +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +four all right so that's one possibility + + align:start position:0% +four all right so that's one possibility + + + align:start position:0% +four all right so that's one possibility +of the angle and the distance I know the + + align:start position:0% +of the angle and the distance I know the + + + align:start position:0% +of the angle and the distance I know the +distance is square root of two that's + + align:start position:0% +distance is square root of two that's + + + align:start position:0% +distance is square root of two that's +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +hard another way of looking at it is the + + align:start position:0% +hard another way of looking at it is the + + + align:start position:0% +hard another way of looking at it is the +way which was suggested when I labeled + + align:start position:0% +way which was suggested when I labeled + + + align:start position:0% +way which was suggested when I labeled +this with a negative angle and that + + align:start position:0% +this with a negative angle and that + + + align:start position:0% +this with a negative angle and that +would be R = < TK 2 = - PK 4 and these + + align:start position:0% +would be R = < TK 2 = - PK 4 and these + + + align:start position:0% +would be R = < TK 2 = - PK 4 and these +are both both legal these are perfectly + + align:start position:0% +are both both legal these are perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +are both both legal these are perfectly +legal representatives and that's what I + + align:start position:0% +legal representatives and that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +legal representatives and that's what I +meant by saying that it that these + + align:start position:0% +meant by saying that it that these + + + align:start position:0% +meant by saying that it that these +representations over here are somewhat + + align:start position:0% +representations over here are somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +representations over here are somewhat +ambiguous there's more than one answer + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous there's more than one answer + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous there's more than one answer +to this question of what the polar + + align:start position:0% +to this question of what the polar + + + align:start position:0% +to this question of what the polar +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +is a third possibility which is even + + align:start position:0% +is a third possibility which is even + + + align:start position:0% +is a third possibility which is even +more dicey but also + + align:start position:0% +more dicey but also + + + align:start position:0% +more dicey but also +legal is R = minus < + + align:start position:0% +legal is R = minus < + + + align:start position:0% +legal is R = minus < +tk2 Theta = 3i 4 now what that + + align:start position:0% +tk2 Theta = 3i 4 now what that + + + align:start position:0% +tk2 Theta = 3i 4 now what that +corresponds to doing is going around to + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to doing is going around to + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to doing is going around to +here we're pointing out uh 3/4 PI + + align:start position:0% +here we're pointing out uh 3/4 PI + + + align:start position:0% +here we're pointing out uh 3/4 PI +Direction but then going + + align:start position:0% +Direction but then going + + + align:start position:0% +Direction but then going +negative square root of two distance + + align:start position:0% +negative square root of two distance + + + align:start position:0% +negative square root of two distance +we're going + + align:start position:0% +we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we're going +backwards so we're Landing in the same + + align:start position:0% +backwards so we're Landing in the same + + + align:start position:0% +backwards so we're Landing in the same +place so this is also + + align:start position:0% +place so this is also + + + align:start position:0% +place so this is also +legal yeah don't the radiuses have to be + + align:start position:0% +legal yeah don't the radiuses have to be + + + align:start position:0% +legal yeah don't the radiuses have to be +positive because they represent a + + align:start position:0% +positive because they represent a + + + align:start position:0% +positive because they represent a +distance from the origin the question is + + align:start position:0% +distance from the origin the question is + + + align:start position:0% +distance from the origin the question is +don't the radiuses have to be positive + + align:start position:0% +don't the radiuses have to be positive + + + align:start position:0% +don't the radiuses have to be positive +because they represent a distance to the + + align:start position:0% +because they represent a distance to the + + + align:start position:0% +because they represent a distance to the +origin the answer is I lied to you + + align:start position:0% +origin the answer is I lied to you + + + align:start position:0% +origin the answer is I lied to you +here all of these things that I said are + + align:start position:0% +here all of these things that I said are + + + align:start position:0% +here all of these things that I said are +wrong except for this which is the rule + + align:start position:0% +wrong except for this which is the rule + + + align:start position:0% +wrong except for this which is the rule +for what polar coordinates mean okay so + + align:start position:0% +for what polar coordinates mean okay so + + + align:start position:0% +for what polar coordinates mean okay so +it's maybe plus or minus the distance is + + align:start position:0% +it's maybe plus or minus the distance is + + + align:start position:0% +it's maybe plus or minus the distance is +the is is what it is + + align:start position:0% +the is is what it is + + + align:start position:0% +the is is what it is +always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay gotta + + align:start position:0% +okay gotta + + + align:start position:0% +okay gotta +be now I don't I try not to lie to you + + align:start position:0% +be now I don't I try not to lie to you + + + align:start position:0% +be now I don't I try not to lie to you +too much but you + + align:start position:0% +too much but you + + + align:start position:0% +too much but you +know but I do succeed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now now let's let's let's do a little + + align:start position:0% +now now let's let's let's do a little + + + align:start position:0% +now now let's let's let's do a little +bit more practice here uh there are some + + align:start position:0% +bit more practice here uh there are some + + + align:start position:0% +bit more practice here uh there are some +easy examples which I will run through + + align:start position:0% +easy examples which I will run through + + + align:start position:0% +easy examples which I will run through +very quickly R equals a we already know + + align:start position:0% +very quickly R equals a we already know + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly R equals a we already know +this is a + + align:start position:0% +this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a +circle and the three theta equals a + + align:start position:0% +circle and the three theta equals a + + + align:start position:0% +circle and the three theta equals a +constant is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +array however this involves an implicit + + align:start position:0% +array however this involves an implicit + + + align:start position:0% +array however this involves an implicit +assumption which I I I I want to point + + align:start position:0% +assumption which I I I I want to point + + + align:start position:0% +assumption which I I I I want to point +out to you so this is example three + + align:start position:0% +out to you so this is example three + + + align:start position:0% +out to you so this is example three +Theta is equal to constant is array but + + align:start position:0% +Theta is equal to constant is array but + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is equal to constant is array but +this implicitly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumes 0 is less than or equal to R is + + align:start position:0% +assumes 0 is less than or equal to R is + + + align:start position:0% +assumes 0 is less than or equal to R is +less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +infinity if you really wanted to allow + + align:start position:0% +infinity if you really wanted to allow + + + align:start position:0% +infinity if you really wanted to allow +minus infinity less than R less than + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity less than R less than + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity less than R less than +infinity in this example you would get a + + align:start position:0% +infinity in this example you would get a + + + align:start position:0% +infinity in this example you would get a +line gives the whole line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right it gives everything behind so + + align:start position:0% +all right it gives everything behind so + + + align:start position:0% +all right it gives everything behind so +you go out on some Ray you go backwards + + align:start position:0% +you go out on some Ray you go backwards + + + align:start position:0% +you go out on some Ray you go backwards +on that Ray and you get the whole line + + align:start position:0% +on that Ray and you get the whole line + + + align:start position:0% +on that Ray and you get the whole line +through the origin both ways if you + + align:start position:0% +through the origin both ways if you + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin both ways if you +allow R going to minus infinity as well + + align:start position:0% +allow R going to minus infinity as well + + + align:start position:0% +allow R going to minus infinity as well +so the the typical conventions so here + + align:start position:0% +so the the typical conventions so here + + + align:start position:0% +so the the typical conventions so here +are the typical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conventions and you will see people + + align:start position:0% +conventions and you will see people + + + align:start position:0% +conventions and you will see people +assume this without even telling you so + + align:start position:0% +assume this without even telling you so + + + align:start position:0% +assume this without even telling you so +you need to watch out for it the typical + + align:start position:0% +you need to watch out for it the typical + + + align:start position:0% +you need to watch out for it the typical +conventions are certainly this way which + + align:start position:0% +conventions are certainly this way which + + + align:start position:0% +conventions are certainly this way which +is a nice thing to do pretty much all + + align:start position:0% +is a nice thing to do pretty much all + + + align:start position:0% +is a nice thing to do pretty much all +the time although not all the + + align:start position:0% +the time although not all the + + + align:start position:0% +the time although not all the +time most of the time and then you might + + align:start position:0% +time most of the time and then you might + + + align:start position:0% +time most of the time and then you might +have Theta + + align:start position:0% +have Theta + + + align:start position:0% +have Theta +ranging from uh minus pi to Pi so in + + align:start position:0% +ranging from uh minus pi to Pi so in + + + align:start position:0% +ranging from uh minus pi to Pi so in +other words symmetric around + + align:start position:0% +other words symmetric around + + + align:start position:0% +other words symmetric around +zero or another very popular case uh + + align:start position:0% +zero or another very popular case uh + + + align:start position:0% +zero or another very popular case uh +choice is is is this one Theta uh + + align:start position:0% +choice is is is this one Theta uh + + + align:start position:0% +choice is is is this one Theta uh +greater than or equal to zero and + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to zero and +strictly less than 2 pi so these are the + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than 2 pi so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than 2 pi so these are the +these are the two two typical ranges in + + align:start position:0% +these are the two two typical ranges in + + + align:start position:0% +these are the two two typical ranges in +which all of these variables are + + align:start position:0% +which all of these variables are + + + align:start position:0% +which all of these variables are +chosen but not always you'll you'll find + + align:start position:0% +chosen but not always you'll you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +chosen but not always you'll you'll find +that it's uh uh not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consistent all right let's do as I said + + align:start position:0% +consistent all right let's do as I said + + + align:start position:0% +consistent all right let's do as I said +our job is to get used to this and I + + align:start position:0% +our job is to get used to this and I + + + align:start position:0% +our job is to get used to this and I +need to work up to some slightly more + + align:start position:0% +need to work up to some slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +need to work up to some slightly more +complicated examples some of which I'll + + align:start position:0% +complicated examples some of which I'll + + + align:start position:0% +complicated examples some of which I'll +give you on uh next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +give you on uh next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +give you on uh next Tuesday +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +let's let's do a few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more so example I guess this is example + + align:start position:0% +more so example I guess this is example + + + align:start position:0% +more so example I guess this is example +four example four I'm going to take yal + + align:start position:0% +four example four I'm going to take yal + + + align:start position:0% +four example four I'm going to take yal +1 that's awfully simple in uh in + + align:start position:0% +1 that's awfully simple in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +1 that's awfully simple in uh in +rectangular coordinates but uh + + align:start position:0% +rectangular coordinates but uh + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular coordinates but uh +interestingly you might conceivably want + + align:start position:0% +interestingly you might conceivably want + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly you might conceivably want +to deal with it in polar coordinates if + + align:start position:0% +to deal with it in polar coordinates if + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with it in polar coordinates if +you do so here's how you make the + + align:start position:0% +you do so here's how you make the + + + align:start position:0% +you do so here's how you make the +translation now this translation is not + + align:start position:0% +translation now this translation is not + + + align:start position:0% +translation now this translation is not +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +terrible what you do is you plug in y = + + align:start position:0% +terrible what you do is you plug in y = + + + align:start position:0% +terrible what you do is you plug in y = +r sin + + align:start position:0% +r sin + + + align:start position:0% +r sin +Theta that's all you have to do and so + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's all you have to do and so + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's all you have to do and so +that's going to be equal to one and + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be equal to one and + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be equal to one and +that's going to give us our polar + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give us our polar + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give us our polar +equation the polar equation is r = 1 sin + + align:start position:0% +equation the polar equation is r = 1 sin + + + align:start position:0% +equation the polar equation is r = 1 sin +thet there it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is and let's draw a picture of it + + align:start position:0% +is and let's draw a picture of it + + + align:start position:0% +is and let's draw a picture of it +so here's a picture of the line yal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 and now we see that if we take our + + align:start position:0% +1 and now we see that if we take our + + + align:start position:0% +1 and now we see that if we take our +Rays going + + align:start position:0% +Rays going + + + align:start position:0% +Rays going +out from + + align:start position:0% +out from + + + align:start position:0% +out from +here they collide with the line at + + align:start position:0% +here they collide with the line at + + + align:start position:0% +here they collide with the line at +various + + align:start position:0% +various + + + align:start position:0% +various +lengths so if you take a an angle Theta + + align:start position:0% +lengths so if you take a an angle Theta + + + align:start position:0% +lengths so if you take a an angle Theta +here there will be a distance R + + align:start position:0% +here there will be a distance R + + + align:start position:0% +here there will be a distance R +corresponding that and you'll hit this + + align:start position:0% +corresponding that and you'll hit this + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding that and you'll hit this +in exactly one spot for each Theta + + align:start position:0% +in exactly one spot for each Theta + + + align:start position:0% +in exactly one spot for each Theta +you'll have a different uh radius and + + align:start position:0% +you'll have a different uh radius and + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have a different uh radius and +it's a very radius it's given by this + + align:start position:0% +it's a very radius it's given by this + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very radius it's given by this +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +here and so to trace this line out you + + align:start position:0% +here and so to trace this line out you + + + align:start position:0% +here and so to trace this line out you +actually have to realize that there's + + align:start position:0% +actually have to realize that there's + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to realize that there's +one more thing involved which is the + + align:start position:0% +one more thing involved which is the + + + align:start position:0% +one more thing involved which is the +possible range of + + align:start position:0% +possible range of + + + align:start position:0% +possible range of +theta again when you're doing + + align:start position:0% +theta again when you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +theta again when you're doing +Integrations you're going to need to + + align:start position:0% +Integrations you're going to need to + + + align:start position:0% +Integrations you're going to need to +know those limits of integration so + + align:start position:0% +know those limits of integration so + + + align:start position:0% +know those limits of integration so +you're going to need to know + + align:start position:0% +you're going to need to know + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to need to know +this the range here goes from theta + + align:start position:0% +this the range here goes from theta + + + align:start position:0% +this the range here goes from theta +equals z that's sort of when it's out at + + align:start position:0% +equals z that's sort of when it's out at + + + align:start position:0% +equals z that's sort of when it's out at +Infinity that's when the denominator is + + align:start position:0% +Infinity that's when the denominator is + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity that's when the denominator is +zero here and it goes all the way to Pi + + align:start position:0% +zero here and it goes all the way to Pi + + + align:start position:0% +zero here and it goes all the way to Pi +swing around just2 turn so the range + + align:start position:0% +swing around just2 turn so the range + + + align:start position:0% +swing around just2 turn so the range +here is 0 less than th less than + + align:start position:0% +here is 0 less than th less than + + + align:start position:0% +here is 0 less than th less than +Pi Yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question matter the question is is it + + align:start position:0% +question matter the question is is it + + + align:start position:0% +question matter the question is is it +typical to express r as a function of + + align:start position:0% +typical to express r as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +typical to express r as a function of +theta or vice versa or does it matter + + align:start position:0% +theta or vice versa or does it matter + + + align:start position:0% +theta or vice versa or does it matter +the answer is that for the purposes of + + align:start position:0% +the answer is that for the purposes of + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is that for the purposes of +this course we're almost always going to + + align:start position:0% +this course we're almost always going to + + + align:start position:0% +this course we're almost always going to +be writing things in this form R is a + + align:start position:0% +be writing things in this form R is a + + + align:start position:0% +be writing things in this form R is a +function of theta + + align:start position:0% +function of theta + + + align:start position:0% +function of theta +and uh you can do whatever you want this + + align:start position:0% +and uh you can do whatever you want this + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you can do whatever you want this +turns out to be what we'll be doing in + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be what we'll be doing in + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be what we'll be doing in +this course exclusively it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +this course exclusively it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +this course exclusively it's it's it's +uh as you'll see when we get to other + + align:start position:0% +uh as you'll see when we get to other + + + align:start position:0% +uh as you'll see when we get to other +examples it's the it's the traditional + + align:start position:0% +examples it's the it's the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +examples it's the it's the traditional +sort of thing to do when you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +sort of thing to do when you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +sort of thing to do when you're thinking +about observing a planet or something + + align:start position:0% +about observing a planet or something + + + align:start position:0% +about observing a planet or something +like that you're you're you're observing + + align:start position:0% +like that you're you're you're observing + + + align:start position:0% +like that you're you're you're observing +its a the you see the angle and then you + + align:start position:0% +its a the you see the angle and then you + + + align:start position:0% +its a the you see the angle and then you +see how you guess how far away it is so + + align:start position:0% +see how you guess how far away it is so + + + align:start position:0% +see how you guess how far away it is so +it's but it's but it's not necessary you + + align:start position:0% +it's but it's but it's not necessary you + + + align:start position:0% +it's but it's but it's not necessary you +could the formulas are often + + align:start position:0% +could the formulas are often + + + align:start position:0% +could the formulas are often +easier this way for for the examples + + align:start position:0% +easier this way for for the examples + + + align:start position:0% +easier this way for for the examples +that we have because it's usually a trig + + align:start position:0% +that we have because it's usually a trig + + + align:start position:0% +that we have because it's usually a trig +function of theta whereas the other way + + align:start position:0% +function of theta whereas the other way + + + align:start position:0% +function of theta whereas the other way +it would be an inverse trig function so + + align:start position:0% +it would be an inverse trig function so + + + align:start position:0% +it would be an inverse trig function so +it's an uglier + + align:start position:0% +it's an uglier + + + align:start position:0% +it's an uglier +expression all right as you can see the + + align:start position:0% +expression all right as you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +expression all right as you can see the +real reason is that we choose the thing + + align:start position:0% +real reason is that we choose the thing + + + align:start position:0% +real reason is that we choose the thing +that's easier to deal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with all right so now uh let me give you + + align:start position:0% +with all right so now uh let me give you + + + align:start position:0% +with all right so now uh let me give you +a slightly more complicated example of + + align:start position:0% +a slightly more complicated example of + + + align:start position:0% +a slightly more complicated example of +the same type where we we use a shortcut + + align:start position:0% +the same type where we we use a shortcut + + + align:start position:0% +the same type where we we use a shortcut +uh uh this is a this is a standard + + align:start position:0% +uh uh this is a this is a standard + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh this is a this is a standard +example and it comes up a lot and so + + align:start position:0% +example and it comes up a lot and so + + + align:start position:0% +example and it comes up a lot and so +this is an off center + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circle a circle is a really easy to + + align:start position:0% +circle a circle is a really easy to + + + align:start position:0% +circle a circle is a really easy to +describe but not necessarily if this if + + align:start position:0% +describe but not necessarily if this if + + + align:start position:0% +describe but not necessarily if this if +the um Center is on + + align:start position:0% +the um Center is on + + + align:start position:0% +the um Center is on +the is is is on the rim of the circle + + align:start position:0% +the is is is on the rim of the circle + + + align:start position:0% +the is is is on the rim of the circle +all right so that's a different problem + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's a different problem + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's a different problem +now let's do this with a circle of + + align:start position:0% +now let's do this with a circle of + + + align:start position:0% +now let's do this with a circle of +radius a so this is this is the point a + + align:start position:0% +radius a so this is this is the point a + + + align:start position:0% +radius a so this is this is the point a +comma 0 and this is 2 a comma + + align:start position:0% +comma 0 and this is 2 a comma + + + align:start position:0% +comma 0 and this is 2 a comma +0 and actually if you know these two + + align:start position:0% +0 and actually if you know these two + + + align:start position:0% +0 and actually if you know these two +numbers you'll be able to remember the + + align:start position:0% +numbers you'll be able to remember the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers you'll be able to remember the +result of this calculation which you'll + + align:start position:0% +result of this calculation which you'll + + + align:start position:0% +result of this calculation which you'll +do about five or six times and then + + align:start position:0% +do about five or six times and then + + + align:start position:0% +do about five or six times and then +finally you'll memorize it during 1802 + + align:start position:0% +finally you'll memorize it during 1802 + + + align:start position:0% +finally you'll memorize it during 1802 +when you will need it a lot so this is a + + align:start position:0% +when you will need it a lot so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +when you will need it a lot so this is a +standard calculation + + align:start position:0% +standard calculation + + + align:start position:0% +standard calculation +here the what the first the starting + + align:start position:0% +here the what the first the starting + + + align:start position:0% +here the what the first the starting +place is the rectangular equation and + + align:start position:0% +place is the rectangular equation and + + + align:start position:0% +place is the rectangular equation and +we're going to pass to the polar + + align:start position:0% +we're going to pass to the polar + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to pass to the polar +represent ation the rectangular + + align:start position:0% +represent ation the rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +represent ation the rectangular +representation is x - A 2 + y^2 isal a 2 + + align:start position:0% +representation is x - A 2 + y^2 isal a 2 + + + align:start position:0% +representation is x - A 2 + y^2 isal a 2 +so this is a circle centered at a comma + + align:start position:0% +so this is a circle centered at a comma + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a circle centered at a comma +0 of radius + + align:start position:0% +0 of radius + + + align:start position:0% +0 of radius +a and now the if you like the slow way + + align:start position:0% +a and now the if you like the slow way + + + align:start position:0% +a and now the if you like the slow way +of doing this would be to plug in x + + align:start position:0% +of doing this would be to plug in x + + + align:start position:0% +of doing this would be to plug in x +equals sorry xal R cosine Theta yal R + + align:start position:0% +equals sorry xal R cosine Theta yal R + + + align:start position:0% +equals sorry xal R cosine Theta yal R +sin Theta the way I did in this first + + align:start position:0% +sin Theta the way I did in this first + + + align:start position:0% +sin Theta the way I did in this first +step and that works perfectly well but + + align:start position:0% +step and that works perfectly well but + + + align:start position:0% +step and that works perfectly well but +I'm going to do it more quickly than + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it more quickly than + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do it more quickly than +that because I can sort of see in + + align:start position:0% +that because I can sort of see in + + + align:start position:0% +that because I can sort of see in +advance how it's going to work I'm just + + align:start position:0% +advance how it's going to work I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +advance how it's going to work I'm just +going to expand this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out all right and now I see the a squs + + align:start position:0% +out all right and now I see the a squs + + + align:start position:0% +out all right and now I see the a squs +cancel and not only that but x^2 + y^2 + + align:start position:0% +cancel and not only that but x^2 + y^2 + + + align:start position:0% +cancel and not only that but x^2 + y^2 +is R 2 so this becomes R 2 that's x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +is R 2 so this becomes R 2 that's x^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +is R 2 so this becomes R 2 that's x^2 + +y^2 - 2 ax is equal to + + align:start position:0% +y^2 - 2 ax is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 - 2 ax is equal to +0 all right did the r the r came from + + align:start position:0% +0 all right did the r the r came from + + + align:start position:0% +0 all right did the r the r came from +the fact that r^2 is equal to x^2 + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y^2 all right so I'm doing this the + + align:start position:0% +y^2 all right so I'm doing this the + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 all right so I'm doing this the +rapid way you can do it by plugging in + + align:start position:0% +rapid way you can do it by plugging in + + + align:start position:0% +rapid way you can do it by plugging in +as I said R + + align:start position:0% +as I said R + + + align:start position:0% +as I said R +equals so now I'm now that I've + + align:start position:0% +equals so now I'm now that I've + + + align:start position:0% +equals so now I'm now that I've +simplified it I'm actually am going to + + align:start position:0% +simplified it I'm actually am going to + + + align:start position:0% +simplified it I'm actually am going to +use that procedure I'm going to plug in + + align:start position:0% +use that procedure I'm going to plug in + + + align:start position:0% +use that procedure I'm going to plug in +so here I have r^ 2 minus 2 a r cine + + align:start position:0% +so here I have r^ 2 minus 2 a r cine + + + align:start position:0% +so here I have r^ 2 minus 2 a r cine +theta equals 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just plugged in for + + align:start position:0% +I just plugged in for + + + align:start position:0% +I just plugged in for +X as I said I could have done that at + + align:start position:0% +X as I said I could have done that at + + + align:start position:0% +X as I said I could have done that at +the beginning I just simplified + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first and now uh this is the same thing + + align:start position:0% +first and now uh this is the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +first and now uh this is the same thing +as R2 is equal to 2 a r cosine Theta and + + align:start position:0% +as R2 is equal to 2 a r cosine Theta and + + + align:start position:0% +as R2 is equal to 2 a r cosine Theta and +we're almost done there's a boring part + + align:start position:0% +we're almost done there's a boring part + + + align:start position:0% +we're almost done there's a boring part +of this equation which is R equals + + align:start position:0% +of this equation which is R equals + + + align:start position:0% +of this equation which is R equals +0 and then there's if I divide by R + + align:start position:0% +0 and then there's if I divide by R + + + align:start position:0% +0 and then there's if I divide by R +there's the interesting part of the + + align:start position:0% +there's the interesting part of the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the interesting part of the +equation which is + + align:start position:0% +equation which is + + + align:start position:0% +equation which is +this so this is or R equals z which is + + align:start position:0% +this so this is or R equals z which is + + + align:start position:0% +this so this is or R equals z which is +already included in that equation + + align:start position:0% +already included in that equation + + + align:start position:0% +already included in that equation +anyway all right so I'm allowed to + + align:start position:0% +anyway all right so I'm allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +anyway all right so I'm allowed to +divide by R because in the case R equals + + align:start position:0% +divide by R because in the case R equals + + + align:start position:0% +divide by R because in the case R equals +z this is represented + + align:start position:0% +z this is represented + + + align:start position:0% +z this is represented +anyway question how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doeses R R equals z is just one case + + align:start position:0% +doeses R R equals z is just one case + + + align:start position:0% +doeses R R equals z is just one case +that is it's the union of these two it's + + align:start position:0% +that is it's the union of these two it's + + + align:start position:0% +that is it's the union of these two it's +both both are possible so r equal 0 is + + align:start position:0% +both both are possible so r equal 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +both both are possible so r equal 0 is +one point on it and this is all of it + + align:start position:0% +one point on it and this is all of it + + + align:start position:0% +one point on it and this is all of it +okay so we can just IGN ignore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this all right so now I want to say one + + align:start position:0% +this all right so now I want to say one + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so now I want to say one +more important thing you need to + + align:start position:0% +more important thing you need to + + + align:start position:0% +more important thing you need to +understand the range of this so so wait + + align:start position:0% +understand the range of this so so wait + + + align:start position:0% +understand the range of this so so wait +a second and we're going to figure out + + align:start position:0% +a second and we're going to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +a second and we're going to figure out +the range here the range is very + + align:start position:0% +the range here the range is very + + + align:start position:0% +the range here the range is very +important because otherwise you'll never + + align:start position:0% +important because otherwise you'll never + + + align:start position:0% +important because otherwise you'll never +be able to integrate using this + + align:start position:0% +be able to integrate using this + + + align:start position:0% +be able to integrate using this +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +here so this is the representation but + + align:start position:0% +here so this is the representation but + + + align:start position:0% +here so this is the representation but +notice when Theta is equal to zero we're + + align:start position:0% +notice when Theta is equal to zero we're + + + align:start position:0% +notice when Theta is equal to zero we're +out out here at 2 a that's consistent + + align:start position:0% +out out here at 2 a that's consistent + + + align:start position:0% +out out here at 2 a that's consistent +and that's actually how you remember + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually how you remember + + + align:start position:0% +and that's actually how you remember +this Factor 2A here is if you remember + + align:start position:0% +this Factor 2A here is if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +this Factor 2A here is if you remember +this picture and where you land when + + align:start position:0% +this picture and where you land when + + + align:start position:0% +this picture and where you land when +Theta is equal to zero right so that's + + align:start position:0% +Theta is equal to zero right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is equal to zero right so that's +the theta equals Z part but now as I tip + + align:start position:0% +the theta equals Z part but now as I tip + + + align:start position:0% +the theta equals Z part but now as I tip +up like this you see that when we get to + + align:start position:0% +up like this you see that when we get to + + + align:start position:0% +up like this you see that when we get to +Vertical we're done with the circle it's + + align:start position:0% +Vertical we're done with the circle it's + + + align:start position:0% +Vertical we're done with the circle it's +gotten shorter and shorter and shorter + + align:start position:0% +gotten shorter and shorter and shorter + + + align:start position:0% +gotten shorter and shorter and shorter +and and at theta equals pi over 2 we're + + align:start position:0% +and and at theta equals pi over 2 we're + + + align:start position:0% +and and at theta equals pi over 2 we're +down at zero because that's cosine of pi + + align:start position:0% +down at zero because that's cosine of pi + + + align:start position:0% +down at zero because that's cosine of pi +over2 is zero so it swings up like this + + align:start position:0% +over2 is zero so it swings up like this + + + align:start position:0% +over2 is zero so it swings up like this +and it gets up to Pi / 2 similarly we + + align:start position:0% +and it gets up to Pi / 2 similarly we + + + align:start position:0% +and it gets up to Pi / 2 similarly we +swing down like like this and then we're + + align:start position:0% +swing down like like this and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +swing down like like this and then we're +done so the range is - PK / 2 is less + + align:start position:0% +done so the range is - PK / 2 is less + + + align:start position:0% +done so the range is - PK / 2 is less +than Theta is less thank / 2 or if you + + align:start position:0% +than Theta is less thank / 2 or if you + + + align:start position:0% +than Theta is less thank / 2 or if you +want to throw in the R equals z case you + + align:start position:0% +want to throw in the R equals z case you + + + align:start position:0% +want to throw in the R equals z case you +can throw in this this is repeating if + + align:start position:0% +can throw in this this is repeating if + + + align:start position:0% +can throw in this this is repeating if +you like at the ends all right so so + + align:start position:0% +you like at the ends all right so so + + + align:start position:0% +you like at the ends all right so so +this is the range of this circle and uh + + align:start position:0% +this is the range of this circle and uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is the range of this circle and uh +let's see uh next time we'll figure out + + align:start position:0% +let's see uh next time we'll figure out + + + align:start position:0% +let's see uh next time we'll figure out +uh area in polar coordinates \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XWKXOUvqC-U.txt b/XWKXOUvqC-U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..708842cc9cbb2f18755cac068790e857dee2574c --- /dev/null +++ b/XWKXOUvqC-U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we will now study what happens when we + + align:start position:0% +we will now study what happens when we + + + align:start position:0% +we will now study what happens when we +merge independent Poisson processes the + + align:start position:0% +merge independent Poisson processes the + + + align:start position:0% +merge independent Poisson processes the +story as well as the final conclusion is + + align:start position:0% +story as well as the final conclusion is + + + align:start position:0% +story as well as the final conclusion is +going to be similar to what happened for + + align:start position:0% +going to be similar to what happened for + + + align:start position:0% +going to be similar to what happened for +the case where we merge independent + + align:start position:0% +the case where we merge independent + + + align:start position:0% +the case where we merge independent +Bernoulli processes in particular we + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli processes in particular we + + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli processes in particular we +will see that the merged process will + + align:start position:0% +will see that the merged process will + + + align:start position:0% +will see that the merged process will +also be Poisson what is the story + + align:start position:0% +also be Poisson what is the story + + + align:start position:0% +also be Poisson what is the story +suppose that you have two light bulbs + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you have two light bulbs + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you have two light bulbs +one of them is red and flashes at random + + align:start position:0% +one of them is red and flashes at random + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is red and flashes at random +times that are described according to a + + align:start position:0% +times that are described according to a + + + align:start position:0% +times that are described according to a +Poisson process with a certain rate + + align:start position:0% +Poisson process with a certain rate + + + align:start position:0% +Poisson process with a certain rate +lambda 1 the other light bulb is green + + align:start position:0% +lambda 1 the other light bulb is green + + + align:start position:0% +lambda 1 the other light bulb is green +flashes also is a Poisson process with a + + align:start position:0% +flashes also is a Poisson process with a + + + align:start position:0% +flashes also is a Poisson process with a +certain rate furthermore we assume that + + align:start position:0% +certain rate furthermore we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +certain rate furthermore we assume that +the two light bulbs are independent of + + align:start position:0% +the two light bulbs are independent of + + + align:start position:0% +the two light bulbs are independent of +each other if you are colorblind so that + + align:start position:0% +each other if you are colorblind so that + + + align:start position:0% +each other if you are colorblind so that +the only thing that you see is flashes + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that you see is flashes + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that you see is flashes +but without being able to tell the + + align:start position:0% +but without being able to tell the + + + align:start position:0% +but without being able to tell the +caller what kind of process are you + + align:start position:0% +caller what kind of process are you + + + align:start position:0% +caller what kind of process are you +going to see well you will see a Poisson + + align:start position:0% +going to see well you will see a Poisson + + + align:start position:0% +going to see well you will see a Poisson +process also and at this point you can + + align:start position:0% +process also and at this point you can + + + align:start position:0% +process also and at this point you can +probably guess what the arrival rate is + + align:start position:0% +probably guess what the arrival rate is + + + align:start position:0% +probably guess what the arrival rate is +going to be for this Poisson process it + + align:start position:0% +going to be for this Poisson process it + + + align:start position:0% +going to be for this Poisson process it +should be the sum of these two arrival + + align:start position:0% +should be the sum of these two arrival + + + align:start position:0% +should be the sum of these two arrival +rates of the processes that you started + + align:start position:0% +rates of the processes that you started + + + align:start position:0% +rates of the processes that you started +with so this will be our final + + align:start position:0% +with so this will be our final + + + align:start position:0% +with so this will be our final +conclusion but we want to verify that + + align:start position:0% +conclusion but we want to verify that + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion but we want to verify that +this is indeed the correct conclusion so + + align:start position:0% +this is indeed the correct conclusion so + + + align:start position:0% +this is indeed the correct conclusion so +let us look at the situation in some + + align:start position:0% +let us look at the situation in some + + + align:start position:0% +let us look at the situation in some +more detail we have the two processes + + align:start position:0% +more detail we have the two processes + + + align:start position:0% +more detail we have the two processes +two arrival processes the red one and + + align:start position:0% +two arrival processes the red one and + + + align:start position:0% +two arrival processes the red one and +the green one and the merged process is + + align:start position:0% +the green one and the merged process is + + + align:start position:0% +the green one and the merged process is +formed by recording an arrival at any + + align:start position:0% +formed by recording an arrival at any + + + align:start position:0% +formed by recording an arrival at any +time where either of the two processes + + align:start position:0% +time where either of the two processes + + + align:start position:0% +time where either of the two processes +that you started with records an arrival + + align:start position:0% +that you started with records an arrival + + + align:start position:0% +that you started with records an arrival +let us now look at the time interval and + + align:start position:0% +let us now look at the time interval and + + + align:start position:0% +let us now look at the time interval and +think about the number of arrivals in + + align:start position:0% +think about the number of arrivals in + + + align:start position:0% +think about the number of arrivals in +the merged process during this time + + align:start position:0% +the merged process during this time + + + align:start position:0% +the merged process during this time +interval what is that number that number + + align:start position:0% +interval what is that number that number + + + align:start position:0% +interval what is that number that number +is equal to the number of arrivals that + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the number of arrivals that + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the number of arrivals that +you have in the first process plus the + + align:start position:0% +you have in the first process plus the + + + align:start position:0% +you have in the first process plus the +number of arrivals that you have in the + + align:start position:0% +number of arrivals that you have in the + + + align:start position:0% +number of arrivals that you have in the +second process let's call that let's + + align:start position:0% +second process let's call that let's + + + align:start position:0% +second process let's call that let's +call those numbers and 1 and n 2 so that + + align:start position:0% +call those numbers and 1 and n 2 so that + + + align:start position:0% +call those numbers and 1 and n 2 so that +what we have here is n + + align:start position:0% +what we have here is n + + + align:start position:0% +what we have here is n +1 plus n 2 now n 1 is a Poisson random + + align:start position:0% +1 plus n 2 now n 1 is a Poisson random + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus n 2 now n 1 is a Poisson random +variable because this is a Poisson + + align:start position:0% +variable because this is a Poisson + + + align:start position:0% +variable because this is a Poisson +process similarly n 2 is a Poisson + + align:start position:0% +process similarly n 2 is a Poisson + + + align:start position:0% +process similarly n 2 is a Poisson +random variable we assumed that these + + align:start position:0% +random variable we assumed that these + + + align:start position:0% +random variable we assumed that these +two processes are independent therefore + + align:start position:0% +two processes are independent therefore + + + align:start position:0% +two processes are independent therefore +n 1 plus n 2 is the sum of independent + + align:start position:0% +n 1 plus n 2 is the sum of independent + + + align:start position:0% +n 1 plus n 2 is the sum of independent +Poisson random variables and therefore n + + align:start position:0% +Poisson random variables and therefore n + + + align:start position:0% +Poisson random variables and therefore n +1 plus n 2 is also a Poisson random + + align:start position:0% +1 plus n 2 is also a Poisson random + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus n 2 is also a Poisson random +variable this is reassuring it's a good + + align:start position:0% +variable this is reassuring it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +variable this is reassuring it's a good +piece of evidence that the blue process + + align:start position:0% +piece of evidence that the blue process + + + align:start position:0% +piece of evidence that the blue process +is a Poisson process but this is not + + align:start position:0% +is a Poisson process but this is not + + + align:start position:0% +is a Poisson process but this is not +enough to argue that it is a Poisson + + align:start position:0% +enough to argue that it is a Poisson + + + align:start position:0% +enough to argue that it is a Poisson +process we need to check the defining + + align:start position:0% +process we need to check the defining + + + align:start position:0% +process we need to check the defining +properties of a Poisson process one + + align:start position:0% +properties of a Poisson process one + + + align:start position:0% +properties of a Poisson process one +defining property is the independence + + align:start position:0% +defining property is the independence + + + align:start position:0% +defining property is the independence +property if we take disjoint intervals + + align:start position:0% +property if we take disjoint intervals + + + align:start position:0% +property if we take disjoint intervals +the number of arrivals here is + + align:start position:0% +the number of arrivals here is + + + align:start position:0% +the number of arrivals here is +independent or should be independent + + align:start position:0% +independent or should be independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent or should be independent +from the number of arrivals there the + + align:start position:0% +from the number of arrivals there the + + + align:start position:0% +from the number of arrivals there the +argument here is exactly the same as for + + align:start position:0% +argument here is exactly the same as for + + + align:start position:0% +argument here is exactly the same as for +the Bernoulli case so we will not go + + align:start position:0% +the Bernoulli case so we will not go + + + align:start position:0% +the Bernoulli case so we will not go +through it in any detail we we just + + align:start position:0% +through it in any detail we we just + + + align:start position:0% +through it in any detail we we just +notice that whatever happens during that + + align:start position:0% +notice that whatever happens during that + + + align:start position:0% +notice that whatever happens during that +time has to do with whatever happens + + align:start position:0% +time has to do with whatever happens + + + align:start position:0% +time has to do with whatever happens +during those times in the two processes + + align:start position:0% +during those times in the two processes + + + align:start position:0% +during those times in the two processes +that we started with and similarly what + + align:start position:0% +that we started with and similarly what + + + align:start position:0% +that we started with and similarly what +happens in these times has to do with + + align:start position:0% +happens in these times has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +happens in these times has to do with +what happens in these two processes + + align:start position:0% +what happens in these two processes + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in these two processes +during those times because for each one + + align:start position:0% +during those times because for each one + + + align:start position:0% +during those times because for each one +of the two processes that we start with + + align:start position:0% +of the two processes that we start with + + + align:start position:0% +of the two processes that we start with +we have the Poisson assumption so that + + align:start position:0% +we have the Poisson assumption so that + + + align:start position:0% +we have the Poisson assumption so that +this interval is independent from that + + align:start position:0% +this interval is independent from that + + + align:start position:0% +this interval is independent from that +interval in the sense that arrivals here + + align:start position:0% +interval in the sense that arrivals here + + + align:start position:0% +interval in the sense that arrivals here +and arrivals they are independent so + + align:start position:0% +and arrivals they are independent so + + + align:start position:0% +and arrivals they are independent so +because of this whatever happens during + + align:start position:0% +because of this whatever happens during + + + align:start position:0% +because of this whatever happens during +those times has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +those times has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +those times has nothing to do with +whatever happens in those times so + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens in those times so + + + align:start position:0% +whatever happens in those times so +number of arrivals here is independent + + align:start position:0% +number of arrivals here is independent + + + align:start position:0% +number of arrivals here is independent +from the number of arrivals there the + + align:start position:0% +from the number of arrivals there the + + + align:start position:0% +from the number of arrivals there the +other property that we need to check is + + align:start position:0% +other property that we need to check is + + + align:start position:0% +other property that we need to check is +that the probability of recording an + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of recording an + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of recording an +arrival during a small time interval of + + align:start position:0% +arrival during a small time interval of + + + align:start position:0% +arrival during a small time interval of +length Delta that this probability has + + align:start position:0% +length Delta that this probability has + + + align:start position:0% +length Delta that this probability has +the right scaling properties that it is + + align:start position:0% +the right scaling properties that it is + + + align:start position:0% +the right scaling properties that it is +linear in Delta in the length of this + + align:start position:0% +linear in Delta in the length of this + + + align:start position:0% +linear in Delta in the length of this +interval and that the probability of two + + align:start position:0% +interval and that the probability of two + + + align:start position:0% +interval and that the probability of two +or more arrivals here is negligible to + + align:start position:0% +or more arrivals here is negligible to + + + align:start position:0% +or more arrivals here is negligible to +see what happens during a typical + + align:start position:0% +see what happens during a typical + + + align:start position:0% +see what happens during a typical +interval on the merged process we need + + align:start position:0% +interval on the merged process we need + + + align:start position:0% +interval on the merged process we need +to consider what is going to happen + + align:start position:0% +to consider what is going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +to consider what is going to happen +during that typical interval in the + + align:start position:0% +during that typical interval in the + + + align:start position:0% +during that typical interval in the +other two processes and consider all the + + align:start position:0% +other two processes and consider all the + + + align:start position:0% +other two processes and consider all the +possible combinations + + align:start position:0% +possible combinations + + + align:start position:0% +possible combinations +during a little interval the read + + align:start position:0% +during a little interval the read + + + align:start position:0% +during a little interval the read +process is going to have zero arrivals + + align:start position:0% +process is going to have zero arrivals + + + align:start position:0% +process is going to have zero arrivals +with this probability one arrival with + + align:start position:0% +with this probability one arrival with + + + align:start position:0% +with this probability one arrival with +this probability and two or more + + align:start position:0% +this probability and two or more + + + align:start position:0% +this probability and two or more +arrivals with this probability which is + + align:start position:0% +arrivals with this probability which is + + + align:start position:0% +arrivals with this probability which is +negligible actually here we're ignoring + + align:start position:0% +negligible actually here we're ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +negligible actually here we're ignoring +terms of order Delta squared these are + + align:start position:0% +terms of order Delta squared these are + + + align:start position:0% +terms of order Delta squared these are +the correct expressions if we only focus + + align:start position:0% +the correct expressions if we only focus + + + align:start position:0% +the correct expressions if we only focus +on terms that are either constant or + + align:start position:0% +on terms that are either constant or + + + align:start position:0% +on terms that are either constant or +linear in Delta we are ignoring terms + + align:start position:0% +linear in Delta we are ignoring terms + + + align:start position:0% +linear in Delta we are ignoring terms +that are of order Delta square or higher + + align:start position:0% +that are of order Delta square or higher + + + align:start position:0% +that are of order Delta square or higher +and similarly for the green process we + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for the green process we + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for the green process we +have these probabilities for the number + + align:start position:0% +have these probabilities for the number + + + align:start position:0% +have these probabilities for the number +of arrivals that may happen during a + + align:start position:0% +of arrivals that may happen during a + + + align:start position:0% +of arrivals that may happen during a +small interval for the merged process we + + align:start position:0% +small interval for the merged process we + + + align:start position:0% +small interval for the merged process we +will have zero arrivals if and only if + + align:start position:0% +will have zero arrivals if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +will have zero arrivals if and only if +we have zero arrivals in the read + + align:start position:0% +we have zero arrivals in the read + + + align:start position:0% +we have zero arrivals in the read +process and zero arrivals in the green + + align:start position:0% +process and zero arrivals in the green + + + align:start position:0% +process and zero arrivals in the green +process the probability of these two + + align:start position:0% +process the probability of these two + + + align:start position:0% +process the probability of these two +events happening because we assume that + + align:start position:0% +events happening because we assume that + + + align:start position:0% +events happening because we assume that +the two processes that we started with + + align:start position:0% +the two processes that we started with + + + align:start position:0% +the two processes that we started with +are independent is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +are independent is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +are independent is going to be the +product of the probabilities of zero + + align:start position:0% +product of the probabilities of zero + + + align:start position:0% +product of the probabilities of zero +arrivals in one process times zero + + align:start position:0% +arrivals in one process times zero + + + align:start position:0% +arrivals in one process times zero +arrivals in the other process we + + align:start position:0% +arrivals in the other process we + + + align:start position:0% +arrivals in the other process we +multiply those two terms and if we throw + + align:start position:0% +multiply those two terms and if we throw + + + align:start position:0% +multiply those two terms and if we throw +away the term Delta squared which is + + align:start position:0% +away the term Delta squared which is + + + align:start position:0% +away the term Delta squared which is +negligible we see that this event is + + align:start position:0% +negligible we see that this event is + + + align:start position:0% +negligible we see that this event is +going to happen with probability 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +going to happen with probability 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen with probability 1 minus +lambda 1 plus lambda 2 times Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the probability that we get one + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that we get one + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that we get one +arrival this is an event that can happen + + align:start position:0% +arrival this is an event that can happen + + + align:start position:0% +arrival this is an event that can happen +in two ways we could have one arrival in + + align:start position:0% +in two ways we could have one arrival in + + + align:start position:0% +in two ways we could have one arrival in +the red process and zero arrivals in the + + align:start position:0% +the red process and zero arrivals in the + + + align:start position:0% +the red process and zero arrivals in the +green process and this combination + + align:start position:0% +green process and this combination + + + align:start position:0% +green process and this combination +happens with this probability + + align:start position:0% +happens with this probability + + + align:start position:0% +happens with this probability +alternatively we could have one arrival + + align:start position:0% +alternatively we could have one arrival + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively we could have one arrival +in the green process and zero arrivals + + align:start position:0% +in the green process and zero arrivals + + + align:start position:0% +in the green process and zero arrivals +in the red process this is this event + + align:start position:0% +in the red process this is this event + + + align:start position:0% +in the red process this is this event +and it happens with this probability + + align:start position:0% +and it happens with this probability + + + align:start position:0% +and it happens with this probability +having one arrival in the blue process + + align:start position:0% +having one arrival in the blue process + + + align:start position:0% +having one arrival in the blue process +can happen either this way or that way + + align:start position:0% +can happen either this way or that way + + + align:start position:0% +can happen either this way or that way +so the probability of one arrival will + + align:start position:0% +so the probability of one arrival will + + + align:start position:0% +so the probability of one arrival will +be the sum of these two probabilities + + align:start position:0% +be the sum of these two probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +be the sum of these two probabilities +and if we throw away terms that are + + align:start position:0% +and if we throw away terms that are + + + align:start position:0% +and if we throw away terms that are +order of Delta squared what we're left + + align:start position:0% +order of Delta squared what we're left + + + align:start position:0% +order of Delta squared what we're left +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +is just lambda 1 plus lambda 2 times + + align:start position:0% +is just lambda 1 plus lambda 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +is just lambda 1 plus lambda 2 times +Delta finally there's the possibility + + align:start position:0% +Delta finally there's the possibility + + + align:start position:0% +Delta finally there's the possibility +that the blue process is going to have + + align:start position:0% +that the blue process is going to have + + + align:start position:0% +that the blue process is going to have +two or more arrivals this happens if we + + align:start position:0% +two or more arrivals this happens if we + + + align:start position:0% +two or more arrivals this happens if we +have one red and one green arrival which + + align:start position:0% +have one red and one green arrival which + + + align:start position:0% +have one red and one green arrival which +happens with this probability or if any + + align:start position:0% +happens with this probability or if any + + + align:start position:0% +happens with this probability or if any +one of the processes has two or more + + align:start position:0% +one of the processes has two or more + + + align:start position:0% +one of the processes has two or more +arrivals which would be terms here here + + align:start position:0% +arrivals which would be terms here here + + + align:start position:0% +arrivals which would be terms here here +and these would be the scenarios but we + + align:start position:0% +and these would be the scenarios but we + + + align:start position:0% +and these would be the scenarios but we +notice that each one of these scenarios + + align:start position:0% +notice that each one of these scenarios + + + align:start position:0% +notice that each one of these scenarios +has probability that order of Delta + + align:start position:0% +has probability that order of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +has probability that order of Delta +squared this term also has probability + + align:start position:0% +squared this term also has probability + + + align:start position:0% +squared this term also has probability +of order Delta squared + + align:start position:0% +of order Delta squared + + + align:start position:0% +of order Delta squared +so overall the possibility that the blue + + align:start position:0% +so overall the possibility that the blue + + + align:start position:0% +so overall the possibility that the blue +process has two or more arrivals this is + + align:start position:0% +process has two or more arrivals this is + + + align:start position:0% +process has two or more arrivals this is +something that has probability that of + + align:start position:0% +something that has probability that of + + + align:start position:0% +something that has probability that of +order Delta squared so during a typical + + align:start position:0% +order Delta squared so during a typical + + + align:start position:0% +order Delta squared so during a typical +small interval there is probability + + align:start position:0% +small interval there is probability + + + align:start position:0% +small interval there is probability +proportional to the length of the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the length of the +interval of having one arrival and + + align:start position:0% +interval of having one arrival and + + + align:start position:0% +interval of having one arrival and +lambda 1 plus lambda 2 is the factor of + + align:start position:0% +lambda 1 plus lambda 2 is the factor of + + + align:start position:0% +lambda 1 plus lambda 2 is the factor of +this proportionality and the remaining + + align:start position:0% +this proportionality and the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +this proportionality and the remaining +probability is assigned to the event + + align:start position:0% +probability is assigned to the event + + + align:start position:0% +probability is assigned to the event +that there are zero arrivals there is + + align:start position:0% +that there are zero arrivals there is + + + align:start position:0% +that there are zero arrivals there is +essentially negligible probability of + + align:start position:0% +essentially negligible probability of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially negligible probability of +having two or more arrivals but this + + align:start position:0% +having two or more arrivals but this + + + align:start position:0% +having two or more arrivals but this +together with independence assumption is + + align:start position:0% +together with independence assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +together with independence assumption is +exactly what comes in the definition of + + align:start position:0% +exactly what comes in the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what comes in the definition of +a Poisson process with an arrival rate + + align:start position:0% +a Poisson process with an arrival rate + + + align:start position:0% +a Poisson process with an arrival rate +equal to this number and so we have + + align:start position:0% +equal to this number and so we have + + + align:start position:0% +equal to this number and so we have +established that the merged process is a + + align:start position:0% +established that the merged process is a + + + align:start position:0% +established that the merged process is a +Poisson process whose rate is the sum of + + align:start position:0% +Poisson process whose rate is the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +Poisson process whose rate is the sum of +the rates of the processes that we + + align:start position:0% +the rates of the processes that we + + + align:start position:0% +the rates of the processes that we +started from \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Y25UBGeu_2g.txt b/Y25UBGeu_2g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be8b05909d2b8822dc0d8181f5d4b95aeeb63ca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Y25UBGeu_2g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7291 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so uh I I hope in time for + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so uh I I hope in time for + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so uh I I hope in time for +you to uh consider this material also + + align:start position:0% +you to uh consider this material also + + + align:start position:0% +you to uh consider this material also +for uh in thinking about projects cuz + + align:start position:0% +for uh in thinking about projects cuz + + + align:start position:0% +for uh in thinking about projects cuz +lots of experiments to do with these I I + + align:start position:0% +lots of experiments to do with these I I + + + align:start position:0% +lots of experiments to do with these I I +did a little mat lab experiment that + + align:start position:0% +did a little mat lab experiment that + + + align:start position:0% +did a little mat lab experiment that +I'll mention uh and I guess it was too + + align:start position:0% +I'll mention uh and I guess it was too + + + align:start position:0% +I'll mention uh and I guess it was too +small because it didn't make multi- grid + + align:start position:0% +small because it didn't make multi- grid + + + align:start position:0% +small because it didn't make multi- grid +look uh as good as it is so can I + + align:start position:0% +look uh as good as it is so can I + + + align:start position:0% +look uh as good as it is so can I +remember the steps of multi-grid and + + align:start position:0% +remember the steps of multi-grid and + + + align:start position:0% +remember the steps of multi-grid and +then you will remember why we take those + + align:start position:0% +then you will remember why we take those + + + align:start position:0% +then you will remember why we take those +steps and then uh make + + align:start position:0% +steps and then uh make + + + align:start position:0% +steps and then uh make +a a sort of basic analysis of H how + + align:start position:0% +a a sort of basic analysis of H how + + + align:start position:0% +a a sort of basic analysis of H how +would you how do you decide whether + + align:start position:0% +would you how do you decide whether + + + align:start position:0% +would you how do you decide whether +this multip multiple step process uh is + + align:start position:0% +this multip multiple step process uh is + + + align:start position:0% +this multip multiple step process uh is +successful how much does it reduce the + + align:start position:0% +successful how much does it reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +successful how much does it reduce the +error so you remember the steps uh oh + + align:start position:0% +error so you remember the steps uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +error so you remember the steps uh oh +thanks so the first step is really a + + align:start position:0% +thanks so the first step is really a + + + align:start position:0% +thanks so the first step is really a +little bit outside + + align:start position:0% +little bit outside + + + align:start position:0% +little bit outside +multi-grid it it uses an ordinary + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid it it uses an ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid it it uses an ordinary +iteration like jacobe a few + + align:start position:0% +iteration like jacobe a few + + + align:start position:0% +iteration like jacobe a few +times and uh so you remember that the + + align:start position:0% +times and uh so you remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +times and uh so you remember that the +Matrix that that governs this this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that that governs this this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that that governs this this +ordinary step the the the Matrix that's + + align:start position:0% +ordinary step the the the Matrix that's + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary step the the the Matrix that's +crucial for this is the uh so the the + + align:start position:0% +crucial for this is the uh so the the + + + align:start position:0% +crucial for this is the uh so the the +what multiplies the error at every step + + align:start position:0% +what multiplies the error at every step + + + align:start position:0% +what multiplies the error at every step +so that we have an initial error and if + + align:start position:0% +so that we have an initial error and if + + + align:start position:0% +so that we have an initial error and if +we take a a smoothing + + align:start position:0% +we take a a smoothing + + + align:start position:0% +we take a a smoothing +step uh with a with a uh precond + + align:start position:0% +step uh with a with a uh precond + + + align:start position:0% +step uh with a with a uh precond +conditioner p then the error is + + align:start position:0% +conditioner p then the error is + + + align:start position:0% +conditioner p then the error is +multiplied by I minus P inverse a so + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by I minus P inverse a so + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by I minus P inverse a so +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +Matrix that's sort of the one onestep + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that's sort of the one onestep + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that's sort of the one onestep +one iteration Matrix for ordinary + + align:start position:0% +one iteration Matrix for ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +one iteration Matrix for ordinary +iteration where a is our of course we're + + align:start position:0% +iteration where a is our of course we're + + + align:start position:0% +iteration where a is our of course we're +solving Au U equal B that's our problem + + align:start position:0% +solving Au U equal B that's our problem + + + align:start position:0% +solving Au U equal B that's our problem +The Matrix p is close to a of course if + + align:start position:0% +The Matrix p is close to a of course if + + + align:start position:0% +The Matrix p is close to a of course if +we took P equal to a then the error + + align:start position:0% +we took P equal to a then the error + + + align:start position:0% +we took P equal to a then the error +would be reduced to zero right away way + + align:start position:0% +would be reduced to zero right away way + + + align:start position:0% +would be reduced to zero right away way +cuz we would be solving the system one + + align:start position:0% +cuz we would be solving the system one + + + align:start position:0% +cuz we would be solving the system one +shot but now we're left with some + + align:start position:0% +shot but now we're left with some + + + align:start position:0% +shot but now we're left with some +error and this steps 2 3 4 reduce it + + align:start position:0% +error and this steps 2 3 4 reduce it + + + align:start position:0% +error and this steps 2 3 4 reduce it +further and the our hope is to see that + + align:start position:0% +further and the our hope is to see that + + + align:start position:0% +further and the our hope is to see that +this multi-grid operation reduces the + + align:start position:0% +this multi-grid operation reduces the + + + align:start position:0% +this multi-grid operation reduces the +low frequency part because this one will + + align:start position:0% +low frequency part because this one will + + + align:start position:0% +low frequency part because this one will +act successfully on the high frequency + + align:start position:0% +act successfully on the high frequency + + + align:start position:0% +act successfully on the high frequency +part the the the the oscillating error + + align:start position:0% +part the the the the oscillating error + + + align:start position:0% +part the the the the oscillating error +but smooth error + + align:start position:0% +but smooth error + + + align:start position:0% +but smooth error +uh for smooth error the igen values here + + align:start position:0% +uh for smooth error the igen values here + + + align:start position:0% +uh for smooth error the igen values here +are too close to one and uh it's too + + align:start position:0% +are too close to one and uh it's too + + + align:start position:0% +are too close to one and uh it's too +slow okay so I was just going to track + + align:start position:0% +slow okay so I was just going to track + + + align:start position:0% +slow okay so I was just going to track +down well first have to remember what + + align:start position:0% +down well first have to remember what + + + align:start position:0% +down well first have to remember what +are the pieces here so there's a matrix + + align:start position:0% +are the pieces here so there's a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +are the pieces here so there's a matrix +R restriction Matrix a matrix + + align:start position:0% +R restriction Matrix a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +R restriction Matrix a matrix +a2h which is the original Matrix a or ah + + align:start position:0% +a2h which is the original Matrix a or ah + + + align:start position:0% +a2h which is the original Matrix a or ah +I could call that the original one is on + + align:start position:0% +I could call that the original one is on + + + align:start position:0% +I could call that the original one is on +the fine mesh so I need a coarse + + align:start position:0% +the fine mesh so I need a coarse + + + align:start position:0% +the fine mesh so I need a coarse +mesh uh + + align:start position:0% +mesh uh + + + align:start position:0% +mesh uh +version and + + align:start position:0% +version and + + + align:start position:0% +version and +then so that's what I solve on the + + align:start position:0% +then so that's what I solve on the + + + align:start position:0% +then so that's what I solve on the +coarse mesh the smaller problem and then + + align:start position:0% +coarse mesh the smaller problem and then + + + align:start position:0% +coarse mesh the smaller problem and then +interpolate back with a matrix I back to + + align:start position:0% +interpolate back with a matrix I back to + + + align:start position:0% +interpolate back with a matrix I back to +the Fine mesh okay so can I just + + align:start position:0% +the Fine mesh okay so can I just + + + align:start position:0% +the Fine mesh okay so can I just +remember also what uh those + + align:start position:0% +remember also what uh those + + + align:start position:0% +remember also what uh those +matrices we have all the pieces + + align:start position:0% +matrices we have all the pieces + + + align:start position:0% +matrices we have all the pieces +really so if I remember what R and I are + + align:start position:0% +really so if I remember what R and I are + + + align:start position:0% +really so if I remember what R and I are +okay so let's let me write down all + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's let me write down all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's let me write down all +those pieces so a is let let me tell you + + align:start position:0% +those pieces so a is let let me tell you + + + align:start position:0% +those pieces so a is let let me tell you +the mat lab experiment I I Ran So a is + + align:start position:0% +the mat lab experiment I I Ran So a is + + + align:start position:0% +the mat lab experiment I I Ran So a is +our uh twos and minus one's Matrix our + + align:start position:0% +our uh twos and minus one's Matrix our + + + align:start position:0% +our uh twos and minus one's Matrix our +second difference + + align:start position:0% +second difference + + + align:start position:0% +second difference +Matrix in 1D to keep it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simple and um and it should be divided + + align:start position:0% +simple and um and it should be divided + + + align:start position:0% +simple and um and it should be divided +by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +8^2 and uh so that is on well we I guess + + align:start position:0% +8^2 and uh so that is on well we I guess + + + align:start position:0% +8^2 and uh so that is on well we I guess +we took the mesh uh with with um where + + align:start position:0% +we took the mesh uh with with um where + + + align:start position:0% +we took the mesh uh with with um where +the coar mesh just had two interior + + align:start position:0% +the coar mesh just had two interior + + + align:start position:0% +the coar mesh just had two interior +points the value at the boundaries was + + align:start position:0% +points the value at the boundaries was + + + align:start position:0% +points the value at the boundaries was +zero and the fine + + align:start position:0% +zero and the fine + + + align:start position:0% +zero and the fine +mesh has five inter so this will be 5 by + + align:start position:0% +mesh has five inter so this will be 5 by + + + align:start position:0% +mesh has five inter so this will be 5 by +five + + align:start position:0% +five + + + align:start position:0% +five +okay then we needed the uh restriction + + align:start position:0% +okay then we needed the uh restriction + + + align:start position:0% +okay then we needed the uh restriction +and interpolation matrices so this was R + + align:start position:0% +and interpolation matrices so this was R + + + align:start position:0% +and interpolation matrices so this was R +the Restriction so the Restriction which + + align:start position:0% +the Restriction so the Restriction which + + + align:start position:0% +the Restriction so the Restriction which +we're going to use right away will take + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use right away will take + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use right away will take +us from the fine to the + + align:start position:0% +us from the fine to the + + + align:start position:0% +us from the fine to the +course so that Matrix will + + align:start position:0% +course so that Matrix will + + + align:start position:0% +course so that Matrix will +be it'll multiply things with five + + align:start position:0% +be it'll multiply things with five + + + align:start position:0% +be it'll multiply things with five +components and produce an output with + + align:start position:0% +components and produce an output with + + + align:start position:0% +components and produce an output with +only two components + + align:start position:0% +only two components + + + align:start position:0% +only two components +corresponding to those mesh points and + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to those mesh points and + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to those mesh points and +the numbers were 1 2 1 0 0 and 0 01 2 1 + + align:start position:0% +the numbers were 1 2 1 0 0 and 0 01 2 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers were 1 2 1 0 0 and 0 01 2 1 +and needed to divide by a fourth because + + align:start position:0% +and needed to divide by a fourth because + + + align:start position:0% +and needed to divide by a fourth because +those rows added up to + + align:start position:0% +those rows added up to + + + align:start position:0% +those rows added up to +four the idea being that if we + + align:start position:0% +four the idea being that if we + + + align:start position:0% +four the idea being that if we +restricted all ones we should get all + + align:start position:0% +restricted all ones we should get all + + + align:start position:0% +restricted all ones we should get all +ones and we need that 1/4 factor to do + + align:start position:0% +ones and we need that 1/4 factor to do + + + align:start position:0% +ones and we need that 1/4 factor to do +it and the interpolation went the other + + align:start position:0% +it and the interpolation went the other + + + align:start position:0% +it and the interpolation went the other +way and it was essentially the transpose + + align:start position:0% +way and it was essentially the transpose + + + align:start position:0% +way and it was essentially the transpose +the the that's the nice connection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between nice connection to have and + + align:start position:0% +between nice connection to have and + + + align:start position:0% +between nice connection to have and +again we need a factor oh and maybe the + + align:start position:0% +again we need a factor oh and maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +again we need a factor oh and maybe the +factor is a half + + align:start position:0% +factor is a half + + + align:start position:0% +factor is a half +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +good so those we we've now got all the + + align:start position:0% +good so those we we've now got all the + + + align:start position:0% +good so those we we've now got all the +pieces except a2h and I think just at + + align:start position:0% +pieces except a2h and I think just at + + + align:start position:0% +pieces except a2h and I think just at +the very last minute last time I said + + align:start position:0% +the very last minute last time I said + + + align:start position:0% +the very last minute last time I said +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +a2h should + + align:start position:0% +a2h should + + + align:start position:0% +a2h should +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +and the good choice for + + align:start position:0% +and the good choice for + + + align:start position:0% +and the good choice for +a2h is to because so that's on the co + + align:start position:0% +a2h is to because so that's on the co + + + align:start position:0% +a2h is to because so that's on the co +mesh right so that's going to be small + + align:start position:0% +mesh right so that's going to be small + + + align:start position:0% +mesh right so that's going to be small +Matrix so the good choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +I which puts it up on the fine mesh + + align:start position:0% +I which puts it up on the fine mesh + + + align:start position:0% +I which puts it up on the fine mesh +ah which which is our operator on the + + align:start position:0% +ah which which is our operator on the + + + align:start position:0% +ah which which is our operator on the +fine mesh and then r that restricts back + + align:start position:0% +fine mesh and then r that restricts back + + + align:start position:0% +fine mesh and then r that restricts back +so R AI is the right Construction + + align:start position:0% +so R AI is the right Construction + + + align:start position:0% +so R AI is the right Construction +for um the the uh it's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +for um the the uh it's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +for um the the uh it's sort of the +natural construction for the + + align:start position:0% +natural construction for the + + + align:start position:0% +natural construction for the +um the co mesh + + align:start position:0% +um the co mesh + + + align:start position:0% +um the co mesh +operator and notice + + align:start position:0% +operator and notice + + + align:start position:0% +operator and notice +of I don't know if you appreciate having + + align:start position:0% +of I don't know if you appreciate having + + + align:start position:0% +of I don't know if you appreciate having +this this is the same as r a r transpose + + align:start position:0% +this this is the same as r a r transpose + + + align:start position:0% +this this is the same as r a r transpose +with some + + align:start position:0% +with some + + + align:start position:0% +with some +Factor so that it comes it'll come out + + align:start position:0% +Factor so that it comes it'll come out + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so that it comes it'll come out +symmetric it'll come out positive + + align:start position:0% +symmetric it'll come out positive + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric it'll come out positive +definite and actually it'll come out in + + align:start position:0% +definite and actually it'll come out in + + + align:start position:0% +definite and actually it'll come out in +this example it will come out exactly uh + + align:start position:0% +this example it will come out exactly uh + + + align:start position:0% +this example it will come out exactly uh +the second difference operator on the + + align:start position:0% +the second difference operator on the + + + align:start position:0% +the second difference operator on the +course mesh so this will turn out to + + align:start position:0% +course mesh so this will turn out to + + + align:start position:0% +course mesh so this will turn out to +be 2 - one - one 2 the 2x two operator + + align:start position:0% +be 2 - one - one 2 the 2x two operator + + + align:start position:0% +be 2 - one - one 2 the 2x two operator +and since we're on the course + + align:start position:0% +and since we're on the course + + + align:start position:0% +and since we're on the course +mesh the step size is 2 h i I won't do + + align:start position:0% +mesh the step size is 2 h i I won't do + + + align:start position:0% +mesh the step size is 2 h i I won't do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +multiplication but mat lab confirmed it + + align:start position:0% +multiplication but mat lab confirmed it + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication but mat lab confirmed it +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now so that's where we were that's so + + align:start position:0% +now so that's where we were that's so + + + align:start position:0% +now so that's where we were that's so +I've sort of done now a recap of um + + align:start position:0% +I've sort of done now a recap of um + + + align:start position:0% +I've sort of done now a recap of um +multi-grid and I'm ready to tackle a + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid and I'm ready to tackle a + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid and I'm ready to tackle a +little understanding now of what happens + + align:start position:0% +little understanding now of what happens + + + align:start position:0% +little understanding now of what happens +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +error so at this stage I end up with + + align:start position:0% +error so at this stage I end up with + + + align:start position:0% +error so at this stage I end up with +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +error uh is not the exact answer I have + + align:start position:0% +error uh is not the exact answer I have + + + align:start position:0% +error uh is not the exact answer I have +an error E Eh which is uus uhu that's + + align:start position:0% +an error E Eh which is uus uhu that's + + + align:start position:0% +an error E Eh which is uus uhu that's +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +error at the + + align:start position:0% +error at the + + + align:start position:0% +error at the +end + + align:start position:0% +end + + + align:start position:0% +end +okay now question is what happens to + + align:start position:0% +okay now question is what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +okay now question is what happens to +that error can we see how and why it's + + align:start position:0% +that error can we see how and why it's + + + align:start position:0% +that error can we see how and why it's +reduced as we do a a v cycle as we as we + + align:start position:0% +reduced as we do a a v cycle as we as we + + + align:start position:0% +reduced as we do a a v cycle as we as we +do a 2 three four cycle so since + + align:start position:0% +do a 2 three four cycle so since + + + align:start position:0% +do a 2 three four cycle so since +everything's + + align:start position:0% +everything's + + + align:start position:0% +everything's +linear that error is mult multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +linear that error is mult multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +linear that error is mult multiplied by +some Matrix and we just have to track + + align:start position:0% +some Matrix and we just have to track + + + align:start position:0% +some Matrix and we just have to track +those steps see what that Matrix is and + + align:start position:0% +those steps see what that Matrix is and + + + align:start position:0% +those steps see what that Matrix is and +look at its I values so that's my goal + + align:start position:0% +look at its I values so that's my goal + + + align:start position:0% +look at its I values so that's my goal +here is to find the Matrix call it + + align:start position:0% +here is to find the Matrix call it + + + align:start position:0% +here is to find the Matrix call it +s that takes a step a multi-grid + + align:start position:0% +s that takes a step a multi-grid + + + align:start position:0% +s that takes a step a multi-grid +step uh + + align:start position:0% +step uh + + + align:start position:0% +step uh +and what does it do to the error okay so + + align:start position:0% +and what does it do to the error okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and what does it do to the error okay so +can I just follow that step all right so + + align:start position:0% +can I just follow that step all right so + + + align:start position:0% +can I just follow that step all right so +here's the key mat maybe I'll write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +underneath okay so what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +underneath okay so what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +underneath okay so what happens to the +error first of + + align:start position:0% +error first of + + + align:start position:0% +error first of +all I have let me write the steps down + + align:start position:0% +all I have let me write the steps down + + + align:start position:0% +all I have let me write the steps down +eh then is uus + + align:start position:0% +eh then is uus + + + align:start position:0% +eh then is uus +uh that's entering multi-grid that's + + align:start position:0% +uh that's entering multi-grid that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's entering multi-grid that's +that's my error okay now I compute this + + align:start position:0% +that's my error okay now I compute this + + + align:start position:0% +that's my error okay now I compute this +residual + + align:start position:0% +residual + + + align:start position:0% +residual +RH + + align:start position:0% +RH + + + align:start position:0% +RH +which is I I want to say that it's + + align:start position:0% +which is I I want to say that it's + + + align:start position:0% +which is I I want to say that it's +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +eh can I check that that's + + align:start position:0% +eh can I check that that's + + + align:start position:0% +eh can I check that that's +true yes a * this is a * U that's the B + + align:start position:0% +true yes a * this is a * U that's the B + + + align:start position:0% +true yes a * this is a * U that's the B +minus a h * uh that's the second term so + + align:start position:0% +minus a h * uh that's the second term so + + + align:start position:0% +minus a h * uh that's the second term so +that's okay so that's what happened + + align:start position:0% +that's okay so that's what happened + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay so that's what happened +there then it got restricted so now can + + align:start position:0% +there then it got restricted so now can + + + align:start position:0% +there then it got restricted so now can +I I'll keep a record + + align:start position:0% +I I'll keep a record + + + align:start position:0% +I I'll keep a record +what happens to e so it's multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +what happens to e so it's multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to e so it's multiplied by +a to get the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +residual because we work with the + + align:start position:0% +residual because we work with the + + + align:start position:0% +residual because we work with the +residual and with B Because B is the + + align:start position:0% +residual and with B Because B is the + + + align:start position:0% +residual and with B Because B is the +input we know then at this step two that + + align:start position:0% +input we know then at this step two that + + + align:start position:0% +input we know then at this step two that +residual is restricted by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R now we've got + + align:start position:0% +R now we've got + + + align:start position:0% +R now we've got +r2h right when I when I multip + + align:start position:0% +r2h right when I when I multip + + + align:start position:0% +r2h right when I when I multip +multiplied by R I've got + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by R I've got + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by R I've got +r2h okay next + + align:start position:0% +r2h okay next + + + align:start position:0% +r2h okay next +step to get the e2h so what do I do + + align:start position:0% +step to get the e2h so what do I do + + + align:start position:0% +step to get the e2h so what do I do +there I multiply by the inverse I solve + + align:start position:0% +there I multiply by the inverse I solve + + + align:start position:0% +there I multiply by the inverse I solve +this system so I don't of course I don't + + align:start position:0% +this system so I don't of course I don't + + + align:start position:0% +this system so I don't of course I don't +actually find an inverse Matrix but + + align:start position:0% +actually find an inverse Matrix but + + + align:start position:0% +actually find an inverse Matrix but +that's what's that's what gives that's + + align:start position:0% +that's what's that's what gives that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's that's what gives that's +the formula to get + + align:start position:0% +the formula to get + + + align:start position:0% +the formula to get +this I multiply the inverse matrix by + + align:start position:0% +this I multiply the inverse matrix by + + + align:start position:0% +this I multiply the inverse matrix by +that so I've got an inverse Matrix here + + align:start position:0% +that so I've got an inverse Matrix here + + + align:start position:0% +that so I've got an inverse Matrix here +shall I write it as a2h + + align:start position:0% +shall I write it as a2h + + + align:start position:0% +shall I write it as a2h +inverse this was + + align:start position:0% +inverse this was + + + align:start position:0% +inverse this was +a okay now when I multiply by a2h + + align:start position:0% +a okay now when I multiply by a2h + + + align:start position:0% +a okay now when I multiply by a2h +inverse I'm this far and the final step + + align:start position:0% +inverse I'm this far and the final step + + + align:start position:0% +inverse I'm this far and the final step +multiplies that by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I so there you go that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +I so there you go that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +I so there you go that's the that's the +uh it looks pretty + + align:start position:0% +uh it looks pretty + + + align:start position:0% +uh it looks pretty +awkward and but that's the Matrix S that + + align:start position:0% +awkward and but that's the Matrix S that + + + align:start position:0% +awkward and but that's the Matrix S that +that produces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eh + + align:start position:0% +eh + + + align:start position:0% +eh +so I'm I'm thinking that my Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +so I'm I'm thinking that my Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm I'm thinking that my Matrix is +going to be called s this Matrix here is + + align:start position:0% +going to be called s this Matrix here is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be called s this Matrix here is +going to be called + + align:start position:0% +going to be called + + + align:start position:0% +going to be called +s so let me write down what s is it's + + align:start position:0% +s so let me write down what s is it's + + + align:start position:0% +s so let me write down what s is it's +just I all I want to do is remind us + + align:start position:0% +just I all I want to do is remind us + + + align:start position:0% +just I all I want to do is remind us +what a2h is by this Choice there it's R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ai and then comes R and then comes a a + + align:start position:0% +Ai and then comes R and then comes a a + + + align:start position:0% +Ai and then comes R and then comes a a +is now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah + + align:start position:0% +ah + + + align:start position:0% +ah +well we've got a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrix and um for this example I I can + + align:start position:0% +matrix and um for this example I I can + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and um for this example I I can +compute what it + + align:start position:0% +compute what it + + + align:start position:0% +compute what it +is can we say anything about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix um from its formula it looks a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um from its formula it looks a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix um from its formula it looks a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +messy but of course it's built out of + + align:start position:0% +messy but of course it's built out of + + + align:start position:0% +messy but of course it's built out of +these pieces it's built out of the given + + align:start position:0% +these pieces it's built out of the given + + + align:start position:0% +these pieces it's built out of the given +Matrix a and our R and and and r i and + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a and our R and and and r i and + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a and our R and and and r i and +there is a neat property hiding + + align:start position:0% +there is a neat property hiding + + + align:start position:0% +there is a neat property hiding +there which you can see if you square + + align:start position:0% +there which you can see if you square + + + align:start position:0% +there which you can see if you square +that Matrix so look at s + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix so look at s + + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix so look at s +squ if we look at s squ so this is the + + align:start position:0% +squ if we look at s squ so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +squ if we look at s squ so this is the +Matrix to understand + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to understand + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to understand +now and I don't claim to understand it + + align:start position:0% +now and I don't claim to understand it + + + align:start position:0% +now and I don't claim to understand it +as well as I would like but + + align:start position:0% +as well as I would like but + + + align:start position:0% +as well as I would like but +so this is the Matrix for these three + + align:start position:0% +so this is the Matrix for these three + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the Matrix for these three +steps we we would have a a full + + align:start position:0% +steps we we would have a a full + + + align:start position:0% +steps we we would have a a full +multi-grid full multi-grid V cycle just + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid full multi-grid V cycle just + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid full multi-grid V cycle just +to before I lose the track on that a + + align:start position:0% +to before I lose the track on that a + + + align:start position:0% +to before I lose the track on that a +full multi-grid vcycle would would do m + + align:start position:0% +full multi-grid vcycle would would do m + + + align:start position:0% +full multi-grid vcycle would would do m +a few times say + + align:start position:0% +a few times say + + + align:start position:0% +a few times say +twice two smoothers then it would do a v + + align:start position:0% +twice two smoothers then it would do a v + + + align:start position:0% +twice two smoothers then it would do a v +cycle and then and then smooth again + + align:start position:0% +cycle and then and then smooth again + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and then and then smooth again +well I should have said the smooth again + + align:start position:0% +well I should have said the smooth again + + + align:start position:0% +well I should have said the smooth again +would be the one on the left uh this is + + align:start position:0% +would be the one on the left uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +would be the one on the left uh this is +the original so this two smoothers + + align:start position:0% +the original so this two smoothers + + + align:start position:0% +the original so this two smoothers +followed by a multi-grid cycle followed + + align:start position:0% +followed by a multi-grid cycle followed + + + align:start position:0% +followed by a multi-grid cycle followed +by a couple of smoothers that would that + + align:start position:0% +by a couple of smoothers that would that + + + align:start position:0% +by a couple of smoothers that would that +that would be our total overall + + align:start position:0% +that would be our total overall + + + align:start position:0% +that would be our total overall +Matrix but I want to focus for right now + + align:start position:0% +Matrix but I want to focus for right now + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix but I want to focus for right now +on this Matrix S and I guess I hope + + align:start position:0% +on this Matrix S and I guess I hope + + + align:start position:0% +on this Matrix S and I guess I hope +anybody + + align:start position:0% +anybody + + + align:start position:0% +anybody +who uh does a project or a homework in + + align:start position:0% +who uh does a project or a homework in + + + align:start position:0% +who uh does a project or a homework in +on this + + align:start position:0% +on this + + + align:start position:0% +on this +topic uh you're going to create I RNA a + + align:start position:0% +topic uh you're going to create I RNA a + + + align:start position:0% +topic uh you're going to create I RNA a +and uh compute s and it should show what + + align:start position:0% +and uh compute s and it should show what + + + align:start position:0% +and uh compute s and it should show what +s squ is so could I compute could I look + + align:start position:0% +s squ is so could I compute could I look + + + align:start position:0% +s squ is so could I compute could I look +at s squ you'll see why uh so I just + + align:start position:0% +at s squ you'll see why uh so I just + + + align:start position:0% +at s squ you'll see why uh so I just +write s down + + align:start position:0% +write s down + + + align:start position:0% +write s down +twice r a i inverse R A so that's once + + align:start position:0% +twice r a i inverse R A so that's once + + + align:start position:0% +twice r a i inverse R A so that's once +now I'll repeat the whole thing i r a i + + align:start position:0% +now I'll repeat the whole thing i r a i + + + align:start position:0% +now I'll repeat the whole thing i r a i +inverse r + + align:start position:0% +inverse r + + + align:start position:0% +inverse r +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +so that's I've multiplied + + align:start position:0% +so that's I've multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +so that's I've multiplied +s by + + align:start position:0% +s by + + + align:start position:0% +s by +itself and what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see well it's nice + + align:start position:0% +see well it's nice + + + align:start position:0% +see well it's nice +right if you look at this you see that + + align:start position:0% +right if you look at this you see that + + + align:start position:0% +right if you look at this you see that +the we've got this combination ra AI + + align:start position:0% +the we've got this combination ra AI + + + align:start position:0% +the we've got this combination ra AI +sitting in the middle because when I did + + align:start position:0% +sitting in the middle because when I did + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in the middle because when I did +it twice the ra came from there and then + + align:start position:0% +it twice the ra came from there and then + + + align:start position:0% +it twice the ra came from there and then +an I was at the start so it's so this + + align:start position:0% +an I was at the start so it's so this + + + align:start position:0% +an I was at the start so it's so this +this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's + + align:start position:0% +so what's + + + align:start position:0% +so what's +left s s this Matrix S is equal to its + + align:start position:0% +left s s this Matrix S is equal to its + + + align:start position:0% +left s s this Matrix S is equal to its +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +Square s squ equals + + align:start position:0% +Square s squ equals + + + align:start position:0% +Square s squ equals +s you know we've got this we're able to + + align:start position:0% +s you know we've got this we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +s you know we've got this we're able to +see this without uh this would apply for + + align:start position:0% +see this without uh this would apply for + + + align:start position:0% +see this without uh this would apply for +this example but for all + + align:start position:0% +this example but for all + + + align:start position:0% +this example but for all +examples now what does now I'm ready to + + align:start position:0% +examples now what does now I'm ready to + + + align:start position:0% +examples now what does now I'm ready to +think about igen values a little + + align:start position:0% +think about igen values a little + + + align:start position:0% +think about igen values a little +bit what does that tell me about the + + align:start position:0% +bit what does that tell me about the + + + align:start position:0% +bit what does that tell me about the +igen values of s so this is a the small + + align:start position:0% +igen values of s so this is a the small + + + align:start position:0% +igen values of s so this is a the small +class of matrices with this property + + align:start position:0% +class of matrices with this property + + + align:start position:0% +class of matrices with this property +that S2 = + + align:start position:0% +that S2 = + + + align:start position:0% +that S2 = +s and uh maybe I say something about + + align:start position:0% +s and uh maybe I say something about + + + align:start position:0% +s and uh maybe I say something about +those here so if if s^2 equals s what + + align:start position:0% +those here so if if s^2 equals s what + + + align:start position:0% +those here so if if s^2 equals s what +what does that tell us about igen values + + align:start position:0% +what does that tell us about igen values + + + align:start position:0% +what does that tell us about igen values +of that mat of it's a square + + align:start position:0% +of that mat of it's a square + + + align:start position:0% +of that mat of it's a square +Matrix it doesn't happen to be symmetric + + align:start position:0% +Matrix it doesn't happen to be symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix it doesn't happen to be symmetric +very often we're looking at symmetric + + align:start position:0% +very often we're looking at symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +very often we're looking at symmetric +matrices but this is a little lopsided + + align:start position:0% +matrices but this is a little lopsided + + + align:start position:0% +matrices but this is a little lopsided +we have an A off on the right uh I might + + align:start position:0% +we have an A off on the right uh I might + + + align:start position:0% +we have an A off on the right uh I might +be able to make it symmetric by bringing + + align:start position:0% +be able to make it symmetric by bringing + + + align:start position:0% +be able to make it symmetric by bringing +part of that a off to the left but this + + align:start position:0% +part of that a off to the left but this + + + align:start position:0% +part of that a off to the left but this +is the main point what are the Poss what + + align:start position:0% +is the main point what are the Poss what + + + align:start position:0% +is the main point what are the Poss what +are the possible igen values of that + + align:start position:0% +are the possible igen values of that + + + align:start position:0% +are the possible igen values of that +Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S + + align:start position:0% +S + + + align:start position:0% +S +well 0 and one the only I values are 0er + + align:start position:0% +well 0 and one the only I values are 0er + + + align:start position:0% +well 0 and one the only I values are 0er +and one why is that because if S E + + align:start position:0% +and one why is that because if S E + + + align:start position:0% +and one why is that because if S E +equals Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e so I'll put that word if in if s + + align:start position:0% +e so I'll put that word if in if s + + + align:start position:0% +e so I'll put that word if in if s +equals Lambda E I could multiply by S + + align:start position:0% +equals Lambda E I could multiply by S + + + align:start position:0% +equals Lambda E I could multiply by S +again so I would get s² + + align:start position:0% +again so I would get s² + + + align:start position:0% +again so I would get s² +e equal Lambda SE + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e and that's Lambda squ e + + align:start position:0% +e and that's Lambda squ e + + + align:start position:0% +e and that's Lambda squ e +right all I haven't done anything fancy + + align:start position:0% +right all I haven't done anything fancy + + + align:start position:0% +right all I haven't done anything fancy +here all I'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +here all I'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +here all I'm saying is +that and any Matrix if it has an IG + + align:start position:0% +that and any Matrix if it has an IG + + + align:start position:0% +that and any Matrix if it has an IG +value Lambda and an igen Vector e then s + + align:start position:0% +value Lambda and an igen Vector e then s + + + align:start position:0% +value Lambda and an igen Vector e then s +s has that same IG vector and its igen + + align:start position:0% +s has that same IG vector and its igen + + + align:start position:0% +s has that same IG vector and its igen +value is Lambda squar but now + + align:start position:0% +value is Lambda squar but now + + + align:start position:0% +value is Lambda squar but now +s s is s so this is the same as SE which + + align:start position:0% +s s is s so this is the same as SE which + + + align:start position:0% +s s is s so this is the same as SE which +is Lambda + + align:start position:0% +is Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +is Lambda +e you see that I now have Lambda equal + + align:start position:0% +e you see that I now have Lambda equal + + + align:start position:0% +e you see that I now have Lambda equal +Lambda squar sorry I probably made that + + align:start position:0% +Lambda squar sorry I probably made that + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda squar sorry I probably made that +take more time than it had + + align:start position:0% +take more time than it had + + + align:start position:0% +take more time than it had +to if S2 equal s then Lambda s equals + + align:start position:0% +to if S2 equal s then Lambda s equals + + + align:start position:0% +to if S2 equal s then Lambda s equals +Lambda so I have Lambda s equal Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so I have Lambda s equal Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda so I have Lambda s equal Lambda +and the only two possibilities that's a + + align:start position:0% +and the only two possibilities that's a + + + align:start position:0% +and the only two possibilities that's a +quadratic equation it's got two roots + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equation it's got two roots + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equation it's got two roots +and those are the roots if Lambda s + + align:start position:0% +and those are the roots if Lambda s + + + align:start position:0% +and those are the roots if Lambda s +equals Lambda then Lambda could be zero + + align:start position:0% +equals Lambda then Lambda could be zero + + + align:start position:0% +equals Lambda then Lambda could be zero +or it could be one so what does that + + align:start position:0% +or it could be one so what does that + + + align:start position:0% +or it could be one so what does that +tell + + align:start position:0% +tell + + + align:start position:0% +tell +me that tells me that the I these these + + align:start position:0% +me that tells me that the I these these + + + align:start position:0% +me that tells me that the I these these +the igen vectors that have I value + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors that have I value + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors that have I value +zero what happens to those in multi- + + align:start position:0% +zero what happens to those in multi- + + + align:start position:0% +zero what happens to those in multi- +Grid they they're + + align:start position:0% +Grid they they're + + + align:start position:0% +Grid they they're +killed an igen Vector with an igen value + + align:start position:0% +killed an igen Vector with an igen value + + + align:start position:0% +killed an igen Vector with an igen value +of zero means that s e is zero so + + align:start position:0% +of zero means that s e is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +of zero means that s e is zero so +whatever error we started with one cycle + + align:start position:0% +whatever error we started with one cycle + + + align:start position:0% +whatever error we started with one cycle +through multi-grid will remove it okay + + align:start position:0% +through multi-grid will remove it okay + + + align:start position:0% +through multi-grid will remove it okay +so these are uh + + align:start position:0% +so these are uh + + + align:start position:0% +so these are uh +so these are in the null space of s + + align:start position:0% +so these are in the null space of s + + + align:start position:0% +so these are in the null space of s +they're vectors that s completely + + align:start position:0% +they're vectors that s completely + + + align:start position:0% +they're vectors that s completely +removes and these are + + align:start position:0% +removes and these are + + + align:start position:0% +removes and these are +vectors where SE equals e the igen value + + align:start position:0% +vectors where SE equals e the igen value + + + align:start position:0% +vectors where SE equals e the igen value +is one and multi- grid does + + align:start position:0% +is one and multi- grid does + + + align:start position:0% +is one and multi- grid does +nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing +so well one part of the message then is + + align:start position:0% +so well one part of the message then is + + + align:start position:0% +so well one part of the message then is +that if I could use multi- + + align:start position:0% +that if I could use multi- + + + align:start position:0% +that if I could use multi- +grid well I guess I hadn't thought about + + align:start position:0% +grid well I guess I hadn't thought about + + + align:start position:0% +grid well I guess I hadn't thought about +this but one message is don't repeat 2 + + align:start position:0% +this but one message is don't repeat 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this but one message is don't repeat 2 +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +4 right that would be a large waste of + + align:start position:0% +4 right that would be a large waste of + + + align:start position:0% +4 right that would be a large waste of +time if you just repeated if you just + + align:start position:0% +time if you just repeated if you just + + + align:start position:0% +time if you just repeated if you just +did another V cycle and didn't do any + + align:start position:0% +did another V cycle and didn't do any + + + align:start position:0% +did another V cycle and didn't do any +smoothing or anything in between then + + align:start position:0% +smoothing or anything in between then + + + align:start position:0% +smoothing or anything in between then +the error + + align:start position:0% +the error + + + align:start position:0% +the error +that came out of the first V cycle would + + align:start position:0% +that came out of the first V cycle would + + + align:start position:0% +that came out of the first V cycle would +survive right through nothing nothing + + align:start position:0% +survive right through nothing nothing + + + align:start position:0% +survive right through nothing nothing +good would happen in the second cycle + + align:start position:0% +good would happen in the second cycle + + + align:start position:0% +good would happen in the second cycle +that didn't already happen in the first + + align:start position:0% +that didn't already happen in the first + + + align:start position:0% +that didn't already happen in the first +now and another message is of course I + + align:start position:0% +now and another message is of course I + + + align:start position:0% +now and another message is of course I +could do multi-grid forever and I'm not + + align:start position:0% +could do multi-grid forever and I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +could do multi-grid forever and I'm not +going to get + + align:start position:0% +going to get + + + align:start position:0% +going to get +convergence actually that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +convergence actually that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +convergence actually that's sort of +interesting because we're we're totally + + align:start position:0% +interesting because we're we're totally + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because we're we're totally +accustomed + + align:start position:0% +accustomed + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed +to uh working + + align:start position:0% +to uh working + + + align:start position:0% +to uh working +with matrices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh whose I values are are are spread out + + align:start position:0% +uh whose I values are are are spread out + + + align:start position:0% +uh whose I values are are are spread out +but below + + align:start position:0% +but below + + + align:start position:0% +but below +one this has its I values not spread out + + align:start position:0% +one this has its I values not spread out + + + align:start position:0% +one this has its I values not spread out +at all zero or one that's it okay and + + align:start position:0% +at all zero or one that's it okay and + + + align:start position:0% +at all zero or one that's it okay and +and I had better say quickly that the + + align:start position:0% +and I had better say quickly that the + + + align:start position:0% +and I had better say quickly that the +key Matrix + + align:start position:0% +key Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +key Matrix +here is I minus F just the way it was + + align:start position:0% +here is I minus F just the way it was + + + align:start position:0% +here is I minus F just the way it was +IUS P inverse a so the the multi- grid + + align:start position:0% +IUS P inverse a so the the multi- grid + + + align:start position:0% +IUS P inverse a so the the multi- grid +Matrix yeah maybe I I could could have + + align:start position:0% +Matrix yeah maybe I I could could have + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix yeah maybe I I could could have +messed up the multi- grid error matri + + align:start position:0% +messed up the multi- grid error matri + + + align:start position:0% +messed up the multi- grid error matri +the the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +is really I minus s so let me let me be + + align:start position:0% +is really I minus s so let me let me be + + + align:start position:0% +is really I minus s so let me let me be +sure I see where that happen uh I guess + + align:start position:0% +sure I see where that happen uh I guess + + + align:start position:0% +sure I see where that happen uh I guess +I got down here to to figure out what eh + + align:start position:0% +I got down here to to figure out what eh + + + align:start position:0% +I got down here to to figure out what eh +is and then I didn't do anything with it + + align:start position:0% +is and then I didn't do anything with it + + + align:start position:0% +is and then I didn't do anything with it +I I forgot to write in the key step that + + align:start position:0% +I I forgot to write in the key step that + + + align:start position:0% +I I forgot to write in the key step that +at the end of step four when I I + + align:start position:0% +at the end of step four when I I + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of step four when I I +have a the piece of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +error then I add that to uh so so the + + align:start position:0% +error then I add that to uh so so the + + + align:start position:0% +error then I add that to uh so so the +new so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +add uh plus + + align:start position:0% +add uh plus + + + align:start position:0% +add uh plus +this this estimated error see if I knew + + align:start position:0% +this this estimated error see if I knew + + + align:start position:0% +this this estimated error see if I knew +the if I knew eh if I knew small eh the + + align:start position:0% +the if I knew eh if I knew small eh the + + + align:start position:0% +the if I knew eh if I knew small eh the +exact error then when I added I would + + align:start position:0% +exact error then when I added I would + + + align:start position:0% +exact error then when I added I would +get you the answer of course I don't + + align:start position:0% +get you the answer of course I don't + + + align:start position:0% +get you the answer of course I don't +know that what I know is + + align:start position:0% +know that what I know is + + + align:start position:0% +know that what I know is +is capital E so that's a cap + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e which will agree with e on some of + + align:start position:0% +e which will agree with e on some of + + + align:start position:0% +e which will agree with e on some of +these but not others so all right I + + align:start position:0% +these but not others so all right I + + + align:start position:0% +these but not others so all right I +guess I'm seeing that prob I may have + + align:start position:0% +guess I'm seeing that prob I may have + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'm seeing that prob I may have +had it in reverse because it's I minus s + + align:start position:0% +had it in reverse because it's I minus s + + + align:start position:0% +had it in reverse because it's I minus s +that's crucial so these are errors what + + align:start position:0% +that's crucial so these are errors what + + + align:start position:0% +that's crucial so these are errors what +now what happens to them the are these + + align:start position:0% +now what happens to them the are these + + + align:start position:0% +now what happens to them the are these +the good + + align:start position:0% +the good + + + align:start position:0% +the good +ones + + align:start position:0% +ones + + + align:start position:0% +ones +I think they're the good ones is that + + align:start position:0% +I think they're the good ones is that + + + align:start position:0% +I think they're the good ones is that +right they're the good ones + + align:start position:0% +right they're the good ones + + + align:start position:0% +right they're the good ones +because the errors in this + + align:start position:0% +because the errors in this + + + align:start position:0% +because the errors in this +stage s gets them multigrid gets them + + align:start position:0% +stage s gets them multigrid gets them + + + align:start position:0% +stage s gets them multigrid gets them +exactly so that when I add this in it's + + align:start position:0% +exactly so that when I add this in it's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so that when I add this in it's +right on target it's got the it's it's + + align:start position:0% +right on target it's got the it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +right on target it's got the it's it's +accounted for so these are these are + + align:start position:0% +accounted for so these are these are + + + align:start position:0% +accounted for so these are these are +ones that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +multi-grid + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid +fixes because of course everybody + + align:start position:0% +fixes because of course everybody + + + align:start position:0% +fixes because of course everybody +recognizes that IUS let me just say it + + align:start position:0% +recognizes that IUS let me just say it + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes that IUS let me just say it +though that IUS + + align:start position:0% +though that IUS + + + align:start position:0% +though that IUS +stimes those errors is + + align:start position:0% +stimes those errors is + + + align:start position:0% +stimes those errors is +zero so the igen vectors with IG value + + align:start position:0% +zero so the igen vectors with IG value + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the igen vectors with IG value +one are the ones that are perfectly + + align:start position:0% +one are the ones that are perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +one are the ones that are perfectly +captured by eh has got those components + + align:start position:0% +captured by eh has got those components + + + align:start position:0% +captured by eh has got those components +of small eh exactly right when I add + + align:start position:0% +of small eh exactly right when I add + + + align:start position:0% +of small eh exactly right when I add +them on Perfection but then there are + + align:start position:0% +them on Perfection but then there are + + + align:start position:0% +them on Perfection but then there are +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +components which is it hasn't got it + + align:start position:0% +components which is it hasn't got it + + + align:start position:0% +components which is it hasn't got it +all and when I add those on no change no + + align:start position:0% +all and when I add those on no change no + + + align:start position:0% +all and when I add those on no change no +improvement + + align:start position:0% +improvement + + + align:start position:0% +improvement +okay by the way how + + align:start position:0% +okay by the way how + + + align:start position:0% +okay by the way how +many IG values how so these IG values + + align:start position:0% +many IG values how so these IG values + + + align:start position:0% +many IG values how so these IG values +are repeated like here I've got 5x5 + + align:start position:0% +are repeated like here I've got 5x5 + + + align:start position:0% +are repeated like here I've got 5x5 +Matrix how many zeros and how many ones + + align:start position:0% +Matrix how many zeros and how many ones + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix how many zeros and how many ones +are going to be it's a you could say + + align:start position:0% +are going to be it's a you could say + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be it's a you could say +it's a projection Matrix IT projects s + + align:start position:0% +it's a projection Matrix IT projects s + + + align:start position:0% +it's a projection Matrix IT projects s +projects onto the these igen vectors i- + + align:start position:0% +projects onto the these igen vectors i- + + + align:start position:0% +projects onto the these igen vectors i- +s projects onto these I vectors and what + + align:start position:0% +s projects onto these I vectors and what + + + align:start position:0% +s projects onto these I vectors and what +are the how many zeros and how many ones + + align:start position:0% +are the how many zeros and how many ones + + + align:start position:0% +are the how many zeros and how many ones +for this if if a is 5 by + + align:start position:0% +for this if if a is 5 by + + + align:start position:0% +for this if if a is 5 by +five well what is a this a is 2x + + align:start position:0% +five well what is a this a is 2x + + + align:start position:0% +five well what is a this a is 2x +two so if I look at my + + align:start position:0% +two so if I look at my + + + align:start position:0% +two so if I look at my +s look at my Nifty formula for S can you + + align:start position:0% +s look at my Nifty formula for S can you + + + align:start position:0% +s look at my Nifty formula for S can you +so do do you see all this here it's just + + align:start position:0% +so do do you see all this here it's just + + + align:start position:0% +so do do you see all this here it's just +get the sizes a is five 5x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five R is + + align:start position:0% +five R is + + + align:start position:0% +five R is +2x5 it shrinks us down to the co mesh + + align:start position:0% +2x5 it shrinks us down to the co mesh + + + align:start position:0% +2x5 it shrinks us down to the co mesh +which is only where this is only 2x two + + align:start position:0% +which is only where this is only 2x two + + + align:start position:0% +which is only where this is only 2x two +and this takes us back up so the total + + align:start position:0% +and this takes us back up so the total + + + align:start position:0% +and this takes us back up so the total +result 5x two 2x two 2x 5 5x 5 is 5X + + align:start position:0% +result 5x two 2x two 2x 5 5x 5 is 5X + + + align:start position:0% +result 5x two 2x two 2x 5 5x 5 is 5X +5 but what's the rank of + + align:start position:0% +5 but what's the rank of + + + align:start position:0% +5 but what's the rank of +s small prize for telling me the + + align:start position:0% +s small prize for telling me the + + + align:start position:0% +s small prize for telling me the +rank how I'm I'm interested in this + + align:start position:0% +rank how I'm I'm interested in this + + + align:start position:0% +rank how I'm I'm interested in this +count how many vectors + + align:start position:0% +count how many vectors + + + align:start position:0% +count how many vectors +are killed how many go through unchanged + + align:start position:0% +are killed how many go through unchanged + + + align:start position:0% +are killed how many go through unchanged +when I multiply by S so what what's your + + align:start position:0% +when I multiply by S so what what's your + + + align:start position:0% +when I multiply by S so what what's your +guess for the rank of s two exactly so s + + align:start position:0% +guess for the rank of s two exactly so s + + + align:start position:0% +guess for the rank of s two exactly so s +will have two of these + + align:start position:0% +will have two of these + + + align:start position:0% +will have two of these +guys two this has multiplicity + + align:start position:0% +guys two this has multiplicity + + + align:start position:0% +guys two this has multiplicity +to in the 5x5 case and this one has m + + align:start position:0% +to in the 5x5 case and this one has m + + + align:start position:0% +to in the 5x5 case and this one has m +multiplicity + + align:start position:0% +multiplicity + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicity +three and these are so multigrid is only + + align:start position:0% +three and these are so multigrid is only + + + align:start position:0% +three and these are so multigrid is only +fixing + + align:start position:0% +fixing + + + align:start position:0% +fixing +two getting two vectors exactly right + + align:start position:0% +two getting two vectors exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +two getting two vectors exactly right +and not getting these right + + align:start position:0% +and not getting these right + + + align:start position:0% +and not getting these right +well I mean two is half of five + + align:start position:0% +well I mean two is half of five + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean two is half of five +right well in fact two is exactly half + + align:start position:0% +right well in fact two is exactly half + + + align:start position:0% +right well in fact two is exactly half +of five because well if I went up it + + align:start position:0% +of five because well if I went up it + + + align:start position:0% +of five because well if I went up it +would be three and seven four and N the + + align:start position:0% +would be three and seven four and N the + + + align:start position:0% +would be three and seven four and N the +point is that the number + + align:start position:0% +point is that the number + + + align:start position:0% +point is that the number +of coarse grid points is about half the + + align:start position:0% +of coarse grid points is about half the + + + align:start position:0% +of coarse grid points is about half the +number of fine grid points so two is + + align:start position:0% +number of fine grid points so two is + + + align:start position:0% +number of fine grid points so two is +about half of 1 2 3 4 five + + align:start position:0% +about half of 1 2 3 4 five + + + align:start position:0% +about half of 1 2 3 4 five +yeah of course how could I expect + + align:start position:0% +yeah of course how could I expect + + + align:start position:0% +yeah of course how could I expect +uh better + + align:start position:0% +uh better + + + align:start position:0% +uh better +than getting two perfect I can't expect + + align:start position:0% +than getting two perfect I can't expect + + + align:start position:0% +than getting two perfect I can't expect +more because the problem I ultimately + + align:start position:0% +more because the problem I ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +more because the problem I ultimately +solve here is on the 2 by two size so + + align:start position:0% +solve here is on the 2 by two size so + + + align:start position:0% +solve here is on the 2 by two size so +there so when I actually do something + + align:start position:0% +there so when I actually do something + + + align:start position:0% +there so when I actually do something +useful I'm only doing it on the course + + align:start position:0% +useful I'm only doing it on the course + + + align:start position:0% +useful I'm only doing it on the course +grid and that's got Dimension two and so + + align:start position:0% +grid and that's got Dimension two and so + + + align:start position:0% +grid and that's got Dimension two and so +there will be two igen vectors that get + + align:start position:0% +there will be two igen vectors that get + + + align:start position:0% +there will be two igen vectors that get +perfectly fixed but the others don't + + align:start position:0% +perfectly fixed but the others don't + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly fixed but the others don't +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now I do have to + + align:start position:0% +now I do have to + + + align:start position:0% +now I do have to +think which vectors which are the igen + + align:start position:0% +think which vectors which are the igen + + + align:start position:0% +think which vectors which are the igen +vectors what igen vectors are + + align:start position:0% +vectors what igen vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +vectors what igen vectors are +there and and so I guess what I hope is + + align:start position:0% +there and and so I guess what I hope is + + + align:start position:0% +there and and so I guess what I hope is +what I believe is that these igen + + align:start position:0% +what I believe is that these igen + + + align:start position:0% +what I believe is that these igen +vectors which multi-grid gets exact + + align:start position:0% +vectors which multi-grid gets exact + + + align:start position:0% +vectors which multi-grid gets exact +fixes for + + align:start position:0% +fixes for + + + align:start position:0% +fixes for +me those e well the the the E have five + + align:start position:0% +me those e well the the the E have five + + + align:start position:0% +me those e well the the the E have five +components right we're in our Matrix S + + align:start position:0% +components right we're in our Matrix S + + + align:start position:0% +components right we're in our Matrix S +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +5x5 but I I guess I'm thinking I'm + + align:start position:0% +5x5 but I I guess I'm thinking I'm + + + align:start position:0% +5x5 but I I guess I'm thinking I'm +expecting that the igen vectors that + + align:start position:0% +expecting that the igen vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +expecting that the igen vectors that +these two are somehow basically on the + + align:start position:0% +these two are somehow basically on the + + + align:start position:0% +these two are somehow basically on the +co mesh + + align:start position:0% +co mesh + + + align:start position:0% +co mesh +and that these three that don't get + + align:start position:0% +and that these three that don't get + + + align:start position:0% +and that these three that don't get +fixed are somehow basically orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +fixed are somehow basically orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +fixed are somehow basically orthogonal +to the co mesh I would say that these + + align:start position:0% +to the co mesh I would say that these + + + align:start position:0% +to the co mesh I would say that these +will be low frequency vectors and these + + align:start position:0% +will be low frequency vectors and these + + + align:start position:0% +will be low frequency vectors and these +will be high frequency vectors that + + align:start position:0% +will be high frequency vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +will be high frequency vectors that +that's that's what I expect and that's + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what I expect and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what I expect and that's +what somebody who I mean there are whole + + align:start position:0% +what somebody who I mean there are whole + + + align:start position:0% +what somebody who I mean there are whole +books on + + align:start position:0% +books on + + + align:start position:0% +books on +multi-grid which were the main step in + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid which were the main step in + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid which were the main step in +the analysis is to see that those igen + + align:start position:0% +the analysis is to see that those igen + + + align:start position:0% +the analysis is to see that those igen +vectors are as I described sort of coar + + align:start position:0% +vectors are as I described sort of coar + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are as I described sort of coar +mesh vectors that are fixed and fine + + align:start position:0% +mesh vectors that are fixed and fine + + + align:start position:0% +mesh vectors that are fixed and fine +mesh vectors that don't get fixed by + + align:start position:0% +mesh vectors that don't get fixed by + + + align:start position:0% +mesh vectors that don't get fixed by +multi- grid and those are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +multi- grid and those are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +multi- grid and those are the ones that +the smoother better deal with + + align:start position:0% +the smoother better deal with + + + align:start position:0% +the smoother better deal with +okay can I I'll I mentioned that just + + align:start position:0% +okay can I I'll I mentioned that just + + + align:start position:0% +okay can I I'll I mentioned that just +before class I did a matlb experiment + + align:start position:0% +before class I did a matlb experiment + + + align:start position:0% +before class I did a matlb experiment +and I actually did it on these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrices with the jacobe + + align:start position:0% +matrices with the jacobe + + + align:start position:0% +matrices with the jacobe +smoother and uh I wrote down the numbers + + align:start position:0% +smoother and uh I wrote down the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +smoother and uh I wrote down the numbers +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and actually I was a little + + align:start position:0% +and actually I was a little + + + align:start position:0% +and actually I was a little +disappointed five but I came away saying + + align:start position:0% +disappointed five but I came away saying + + + align:start position:0% +disappointed five but I came away saying +okay 5x5 just wasn't big enough so I'll + + align:start position:0% +okay 5x5 just wasn't big enough so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay 5x5 just wasn't big enough so I'll +put down what I've got okay so well what + + align:start position:0% +put down what I've got okay so well what + + + align:start position:0% +put down what I've got okay so well what +did I get for the igen vectors igen + + align:start position:0% +did I get for the igen vectors igen + + + align:start position:0% +did I get for the igen vectors igen +values of s I got one and zero that was + + align:start position:0% +values of s I got one and zero that was + + + align:start position:0% +values of s I got one and zero that was +a good thing okay now did I did I write + + align:start position:0% +a good thing okay now did I did I write + + + align:start position:0% +a good thing okay now did I did I write +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +down I sure hope I did yep + + align:start position:0% +down I sure hope I did yep + + + align:start position:0% +down I sure hope I did yep +okay so the question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is what + + align:start position:0% +is what + + + align:start position:0% +is what +about when em is in there so so the and + + align:start position:0% +about when em is in there so so the and + + + align:start position:0% +about when em is in there so so the and +so the exercises were find the igen + + align:start position:0% +so the exercises were find the igen + + + align:start position:0% +so the exercises were find the igen +values well it would be interesting + + align:start position:0% +values well it would be interesting + + + align:start position:0% +values well it would be interesting +first of all to know the igen values of + + align:start position:0% +first of all to know the igen values of + + + align:start position:0% +first of all to know the igen values of +M this is the jacobe smoother weighted + + align:start position:0% +M this is the jacobe smoother weighted + + + align:start position:0% +M this is the jacobe smoother weighted +jacobe then here's the one that we're + + align:start position:0% +jacobe then here's the one that we're + + + align:start position:0% +jacobe then here's the one that we're +here's one we're really interested in + + align:start position:0% +here's one we're really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +here's one we're really interested in +we're interested in doing a smoother + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in doing a smoother + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in doing a smoother +doing a multi-grid cycle and doing a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +smoother and I guess I'm hoping that + + align:start position:0% +smoother and I guess I'm hoping that + + + align:start position:0% +smoother and I guess I'm hoping that +those igen values are below this so this + + align:start position:0% +those igen values are below this so this + + + align:start position:0% +those igen values are below this so this +is one + + align:start position:0% +is one + + + align:start position:0% +is one +smoother and this is smoother smoothers + + align:start position:0% +smoother and this is smoother smoothers + + + align:start position:0% +smoother and this is smoother smoothers +with multi-grid and this would + + align:start position:0% +with multi-grid and this would + + + align:start position:0% +with multi-grid and this would +be two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +smoothers and two post + + align:start position:0% +smoothers and two post + + + align:start position:0% +smoothers and two post +smoothers so repeating jacobe twice and + + align:start position:0% +smoothers so repeating jacobe twice and + + + align:start position:0% +smoothers so repeating jacobe twice and +M cubed would be interesting + + align:start position:0% +M cubed would be interesting + + + align:start position:0% +M cubed would be interesting +I so here here's this here's what I got + + align:start position:0% +I so here here's this here's what I got + + + align:start position:0% +I so here here's this here's what I got +for these things okay + + align:start position:0% +for these things okay + + + align:start position:0% +for these things okay +so what do I know about the igen values + + align:start position:0% +so what do I know about the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +so what do I know about the igen values +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M you remember that we actually worked + + align:start position:0% +M you remember that we actually worked + + + align:start position:0% +M you remember that we actually worked +those out for ordinary jacobe they were + + align:start position:0% +those out for ordinary jacobe they were + + + align:start position:0% +those out for ordinary jacobe they were +their cosiness and for weighted jacobe + + align:start position:0% +their cosiness and for weighted jacobe + + + align:start position:0% +their cosiness and for weighted jacobe +that weight o that weight Omega which I + + align:start position:0% +that weight o that weight Omega which I + + + align:start position:0% +that weight o that weight Omega which I +chose to be 2/3 comes into it anyway + + align:start position:0% +chose to be 2/3 comes into it anyway + + + align:start position:0% +chose to be 2/3 comes into it anyway +so on the in the 5x5 case well it's the + + align:start position:0% +so on the in the 5x5 case well it's the + + + align:start position:0% +so on the in the 5x5 case well it's the +biggest one that we all really want to + + align:start position:0% +biggest one that we all really want to + + + align:start position:0% +biggest one that we all really want to +know and the biggest one so this is the + + align:start position:0% +know and the biggest one so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +know and the biggest one so this is the +maximum I value let me just write down + + align:start position:0% +maximum I value let me just write down + + + align:start position:0% +maximum I value let me just write down +the maximum so the maximum I value of M + + align:start position:0% +the maximum so the maximum I value of M + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum so the maximum I value of M +was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +.91 so that says that ordinary jacobe on + + align:start position:0% +.91 so that says that ordinary jacobe on + + + align:start position:0% +.91 so that says that ordinary jacobe on +a 5x5 problem reduces the error by that + + align:start position:0% +a 5x5 problem reduces the error by that + + + align:start position:0% +a 5x5 problem reduces the error by that +factor at every step and of + + align:start position:0% +factor at every step and of + + + align:start position:0% +factor at every step and of +course that factor is totally + + align:start position:0% +course that factor is totally + + + align:start position:0% +course that factor is totally +satisfactory if if we could if we could + + align:start position:0% +satisfactory if if we could if we could + + + align:start position:0% +satisfactory if if we could if we could +always do that we wouldn't uh need to do + + align:start position:0% +always do that we wouldn't uh need to do + + + align:start position:0% +always do that we wouldn't uh need to do +multigrid but that 0. + + align:start position:0% +multigrid but that 0. + + + align:start position:0% +multigrid but that 0. +91 if I go to 7 by S or 9 by9 it's going + + align:start position:0% +91 if I go to 7 by S or 9 by9 it's going + + + align:start position:0% +91 if I go to 7 by S or 9 by9 it's going +to quickly move up toward one so that's + + align:start position:0% +to quickly move up toward one so that's + + + align:start position:0% +to quickly move up toward one so that's +that's uh that's an indication that + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's an indication that + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's an indication that +my little experiment here is a bit small + + align:start position:0% +my little experiment here is a bit small + + + align:start position:0% +my little experiment here is a bit small +because uh cuz that's not as near one as + + align:start position:0% +because uh cuz that's not as near one as + + + align:start position:0% +because uh cuz that's not as near one as +a true thing okay then what was + + align:start position:0% +a true thing okay then what was + + + align:start position:0% +a true thing okay then what was +my what was the result + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after this I'm afraid I'm sorry to say + + align:start position:0% +after this I'm afraid I'm sorry to say + + + align:start position:0% +after this I'm afraid I'm sorry to say +that it was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +88 disappointing so I did this one they + + align:start position:0% +88 disappointing so I did this one they + + + align:start position:0% +88 disappointing so I did this one they +did two smoothers well of course that's + + align:start position:0% +did two smoothers well of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +did two smoothers well of course that's +going to give me 0.91 squared in there + + align:start position:0% +going to give me 0.91 squared in there + + + align:start position:0% +going to give me 0.91 squared in there +but anyway I got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +64 okay so + + align:start position:0% +64 okay so + + + align:start position:0% +64 okay so +I which of course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is very good if we could + + align:start position:0% +is very good if we could + + + align:start position:0% +is very good if we could +well I'll say very good but but actually + + align:start position:0% +well I'll say very good but but actually + + + align:start position:0% +well I'll say very good but but actually +for that size I had hoped for better + + align:start position:0% +for that size I had hoped for better + + + align:start position:0% +for that size I had hoped for better +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh my impression of + + align:start position:0% +uh my impression of + + + align:start position:0% +uh my impression of +multi-grid from Reading uh reading about + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid from Reading uh reading about + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid from Reading uh reading about +it is that + + align:start position:0% +it is that + + + align:start position:0% +it is that +oh I mean that a good a good + + align:start position:0% +oh I mean that a good a good + + + align:start position:0% +oh I mean that a good a good +multi-grid + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid + + + align:start position:0% +multi-grid +um psycho but that that this is probably + + align:start position:0% +um psycho but that that this is probably + + + align:start position:0% +um psycho but that that this is probably +is going has a igen value of about 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +is going has a igen value of about 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +is going has a igen value of about 0.1 +is is is the + + align:start position:0% +is is is the + + + align:start position:0% +is is is the +goal so how is that achieved + + align:start position:0% +goal so how is that achieved + + + align:start position:0% +goal so how is that achieved +well I don't want to achieve it by just + + align:start position:0% +well I don't want to achieve it by just + + + align:start position:0% +well I don't want to achieve it by just +doing a whole lot more + + align:start position:0% +doing a whole lot more + + + align:start position:0% +doing a whole lot more +smoothing actually it's achieved by + + align:start position:0% +smoothing actually it's achieved by + + + align:start position:0% +smoothing actually it's achieved by +doing a whole lot more multi-grid + + align:start position:0% +doing a whole lot more multi-grid + + + align:start position:0% +doing a whole lot more multi-grid +instead of doing just a little V cycle + + align:start position:0% +instead of doing just a little V cycle + + + align:start position:0% +instead of doing just a little V cycle +this would be the thing for a good deep + + align:start position:0% +this would be the thing for a good deep + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the thing for a good deep +V cycle that to went down maybe four and + + align:start position:0% +V cycle that to went down maybe four and + + + align:start position:0% +V cycle that to went down maybe four and +maybe maybe a w cycle do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +twice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then of course this is this is for a big + + align:start position:0% +then of course this is this is for a big + + + align:start position:0% +then of course this is this is for a big +problem but but really making multi-grid + + align:start position:0% +problem but but really making multi-grid + + + align:start position:0% +problem but but really making multi-grid +work like a w + + align:start position:0% +work like a w + + + align:start position:0% +work like a w +cycle or even there's something called + + align:start position:0% +cycle or even there's something called + + + align:start position:0% +cycle or even there's something called +Full multi-grid shall I draw the picture + + align:start position:0% +Full multi-grid shall I draw the picture + + + align:start position:0% +Full multi-grid shall I draw the picture +that corresponds to W for full multi- + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to W for full multi- + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to W for full multi- +grid so full multi- grid you start on a + + align:start position:0% +grid so full multi- grid you start on a + + + align:start position:0% +grid so full multi- grid you start on a +coarse mesh go up back up up back back + + align:start position:0% +coarse mesh go up back up up back back + + + align:start position:0% +coarse mesh go up back up up back back +maybe twice + + align:start position:0% +maybe twice + + + align:start position:0% +maybe twice +up up up to this level back back back + + align:start position:0% +up up up to this level back back back + + + align:start position:0% +up up up to this level back back back +and up + + align:start position:0% +and up + + + align:start position:0% +and up +again uh so that's called Full multi- + + align:start position:0% +again uh so that's called Full multi- + + + align:start position:0% +again uh so that's called Full multi- +grid that turn that's uh has the best + + align:start position:0% +grid that turn that's uh has the best + + + align:start position:0% +grid that turn that's uh has the best +gives the best numbers anyway we get + + align:start position:0% +gives the best numbers anyway we get + + + align:start position:0% +gives the best numbers anyway we get +numbers like this for uh um when we + + align:start position:0% +numbers like this for uh um when we + + + align:start position:0% +numbers like this for uh um when we +really do more and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and it's very much worth it I mean + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's very much worth it I mean + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's very much worth it I mean +it's complet completely a success okay I + + align:start position:0% +it's complet completely a success okay I + + + align:start position:0% +it's complet completely a success okay I +I would be interested to see a little + + align:start position:0% +I would be interested to see a little + + + align:start position:0% +I would be interested to see a little +well I I guess what I'm going to do now + + align:start position:0% +well I I guess what I'm going to do now + + + align:start position:0% +well I I guess what I'm going to do now +is for this model problem that we've + + align:start position:0% +is for this model problem that we've + + + align:start position:0% +is for this model problem that we've +worked + + align:start position:0% +worked + + + align:start position:0% +worked +on I + + align:start position:0% +on I + + + align:start position:0% +on I +could find these ion + + align:start position:0% +could find these ion + + + align:start position:0% +could find these ion +vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e and + + align:start position:0% +e and + + + align:start position:0% +e and +uh and and under understand the whole + + align:start position:0% +uh and and under understand the whole + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and under understand the whole +analyze this model problem okay so how + + align:start position:0% +analyze this model problem okay so how + + + align:start position:0% +analyze this model problem okay so how +to find these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors again for these particular + + align:start position:0% +vectors again for these particular + + + align:start position:0% +vectors again for these particular +matrices well let me start with the igen + + align:start position:0% +matrices well let me start with the igen + + + align:start position:0% +matrices well let me start with the igen +values of a igen vectors of a + + align:start position:0% +values of a igen vectors of a + + + align:start position:0% +values of a igen vectors of a +itself do we know the IG vectors of a + + align:start position:0% +itself do we know the IG vectors of a + + + align:start position:0% +itself do we know the IG vectors of a +that this is uh if I I guess if + + align:start position:0% +that this is uh if I I guess if + + + align:start position:0% +that this is uh if I I guess if +I had one important + + align:start position:0% +I had one important + + + align:start position:0% +I had one important +Matrix whose Vector one and non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +Matrix whose Vector one and non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix whose Vector one and non-trivial +I can't look at the 5x5 there and guess + + align:start position:0% +I can't look at the 5x5 there and guess + + + align:start position:0% +I can't look at the 5x5 there and guess +you know at sight say what the IG + + align:start position:0% +you know at sight say what the IG + + + align:start position:0% +you know at sight say what the IG +vectors are so everybody sees this + + align:start position:0% +vectors are so everybody sees this + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are so everybody sees this +5x5 with four minus 1es below five twos + + align:start position:0% +5x5 with four minus 1es below five twos + + + align:start position:0% +5x5 with four minus 1es below five twos +on the diagonal four minus 1's above the + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal four minus 1's above the + + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal four minus 1's above the +diagonal and the I vectors of those of + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and the I vectors of those of + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and the I vectors of those of +those special matrices have + + align:start position:0% +those special matrices have + + + align:start position:0% +those special matrices have +a special form so which allows us to do + + align:start position:0% +a special form so which allows us to do + + + align:start position:0% +a special form so which allows us to do +everything here I I I could so what can + + align:start position:0% +everything here I I I could so what can + + + align:start position:0% +everything here I I I could so what can +I do + + align:start position:0% +I do + + + align:start position:0% +I do +here I can I I can do the computation of + + align:start position:0% +here I can I I can do the computation of + + + align:start position:0% +here I can I I can do the computation of +what s is maybe I I should can I report + + align:start position:0% +what s is maybe I I should can I report + + + align:start position:0% +what s is maybe I I should can I report +on that which will be in the notes let + + align:start position:0% +on that which will be in the notes let + + + align:start position:0% +on that which will be in the notes let +me tell you what s is if I take that as + + align:start position:0% +me tell you what s is if I take that as + + + align:start position:0% +me tell you what s is if I take that as +r that is I that is a2h I get S to be + + align:start position:0% +r that is I that is a2h I get S to be + + + align:start position:0% +r that is I that is a2h I get S to be +this Matrix column of + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix column of + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix column of +zeros um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +12 one + + align:start position:0% +12 one + + + align:start position:0% +12 one +12 column of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zeros 1 12 one 1 12 and column of zero + + align:start position:0% +zeros 1 12 one 1 12 and column of zero + + + align:start position:0% +zeros 1 12 one 1 12 and column of zero +so it's rather + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remarkable in this particular case now + + align:start position:0% +remarkable in this particular case now + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable in this particular case now +can we what can we recognize from + + align:start position:0% +can we what can we recognize from + + + align:start position:0% +can we what can we recognize from +this um well can we see the igen values + + align:start position:0% +this um well can we see the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +this um well can we see the igen values +of of s from that from that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh from explicitly from The + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix well we certainly see that it has + + align:start position:0% +Matrix well we certainly see that it has + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix well we certainly see that it has +rank two right it has two independent + + align:start position:0% +rank two right it has two independent + + + align:start position:0% +rank two right it has two independent +columns so its rank is is two as we + + align:start position:0% +columns so its rank is is two as we + + + align:start position:0% +columns so its rank is is two as we +predicted so it will have + + align:start position:0% +predicted so it will have + + + align:start position:0% +predicted so it will have +three zero igen + + align:start position:0% +three zero igen + + + align:start position:0% +three zero igen +values and we can see what the igen + + align:start position:0% +values and we can see what the igen + + + align:start position:0% +values and we can see what the igen +vectors are actually what are the igen + + align:start position:0% +vectors are actually what are the igen + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are actually what are the igen +vectors what if I go up above here can I + + align:start position:0% +vectors what if I go up above here can I + + + align:start position:0% +vectors what if I go up above here can I +do that I want to go up and say + + align:start position:0% +do that I want to go up and say + + + align:start position:0% +do that I want to go up and say +something about the IG vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here with IG value + + align:start position:0% +here with IG value + + + align:start position:0% +here with IG value +zero can you what M what's the null + + align:start position:0% +zero can you what M what's the null + + + align:start position:0% +zero can you what M what's the null +space of that + + align:start position:0% +space of that + + + align:start position:0% +space of that +Matrix If I multiply s by vectors I want + + align:start position:0% +Matrix If I multiply s by vectors I want + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix If I multiply s by vectors I want +to get zero vectors okay the the the ion + + align:start position:0% +to get zero vectors okay the the the ion + + + align:start position:0% +to get zero vectors okay the the the ion +vectors e + + align:start position:0% +vectors e + + + align:start position:0% +vectors e +for Lambda equals z If I multiply by + + align:start position:0% +for Lambda equals z If I multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +for Lambda equals z If I multiply by +anything with a first component nothing + + align:start position:0% +anything with a first component nothing + + + align:start position:0% +anything with a first component nothing +in the with these with these three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components you see that if I'm + + align:start position:0% +components you see that if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +components you see that if I'm +multiply SE is zero + + align:start position:0% +multiply SE is zero + + + align:start position:0% +multiply SE is zero +then for these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e in a way that's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +e in a way that's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +e in a way that's exactly what +I hoped for that these vectors e are the + + align:start position:0% +I hoped for that these vectors e are the + + + align:start position:0% +I hoped for that these vectors e are the +vectors that live on the fine grid but + + align:start position:0% +vectors that live on the fine grid but + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that live on the fine grid but +with no component on the coar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grid and they're the ones that multi-d + + align:start position:0% +grid and they're the ones that multi-d + + + align:start position:0% +grid and they're the ones that multi-d +that which have SE equals zero and + + align:start position:0% +that which have SE equals zero and + + + align:start position:0% +that which have SE equals zero and +multi- grid doesn't help multi-grid + + align:start position:0% +multi- grid doesn't help multi-grid + + + align:start position:0% +multi- grid doesn't help multi-grid +doesn't help i- s times those vectors + + align:start position:0% +doesn't help i- s times those vectors + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't help i- s times those vectors +is those vectors no no improvement so + + align:start position:0% +is those vectors no no improvement so + + + align:start position:0% +is those vectors no no improvement so +they're igen vectors with IG value zero + + align:start position:0% +they're igen vectors with IG value zero + + + align:start position:0% +they're igen vectors with IG value zero +for S but with one for I minus s okay so + + align:start position:0% +for S but with one for I minus s okay so + + + align:start position:0% +for S but with one for I minus s okay so +those are the ones that and are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those see my my general thought is those + + align:start position:0% +those see my my general thought is those + + + align:start position:0% +those see my my general thought is those +would be the high frequency igen vectors + + align:start position:0% +would be the high frequency igen vectors + + + align:start position:0% +would be the high frequency igen vectors +The High Frequency + + align:start position:0% +The High Frequency + + + align:start position:0% +The High Frequency +vectors uh they're sort of high + + align:start position:0% +vectors uh they're sort of high + + + align:start position:0% +vectors uh they're sort of high +frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but there they're not low frequency + + align:start position:0% +but there they're not low frequency + + + align:start position:0% +but there they're not low frequency +anyway because low frequency these would + + align:start position:0% +anyway because low frequency these would + + + align:start position:0% +anyway because low frequency these would +be a smooth Vector e okay so what are + + align:start position:0% +be a smooth Vector e okay so what are + + + align:start position:0% +be a smooth Vector e okay so what are +the igen vectors with with the other two + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors with with the other two + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors with with the other two +IG vectors the ones that multigrid + + align:start position:0% +IG vectors the ones that multigrid + + + align:start position:0% +IG vectors the ones that multigrid +fixes okay so I'm looking for the other + + align:start position:0% +fixes okay so I'm looking for the other + + + align:start position:0% +fixes okay so I'm looking for the other +two igen vectors here and how do I find + + align:start position:0% +two igen vectors here and how do I find + + + align:start position:0% +two igen vectors here and how do I find +them let's see let me see if I can even + + align:start position:0% +them let's see let me see if I can even + + + align:start position:0% +them let's see let me see if I can even +do it for this + + align:start position:0% +do it for this + + + align:start position:0% +do it for this +Matrix uh so what I'm look looking for + + align:start position:0% +Matrix uh so what I'm look looking for + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix uh so what I'm look looking for +the igen vectors with igen value one now + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors with igen value one now + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors with igen value one now +so I should subtract the identity from + + align:start position:0% +so I should subtract the identity from + + + align:start position:0% +so I should subtract the identity from +this Matrix so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +this Matrix so I'm going +to when I subtract the identity the ones + + align:start position:0% +to when I subtract the identity the ones + + + align:start position:0% +to when I subtract the identity the ones +become zeros and the Zer become minus + + align:start position:0% +become zeros and the Zer become minus + + + align:start position:0% +become zeros and the Zer become minus +ones right that's s minus I now try to + + align:start position:0% +ones right that's s minus I now try to + + + align:start position:0% +ones right that's s minus I now try to +keep a running equation that's correct + + align:start position:0% +keep a running equation that's correct + + + align:start position:0% +keep a running equation that's correct +that's s minus I and I'm looking for the + + align:start position:0% +that's s minus I and I'm looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +that's s minus I and I'm looking for the +null space of that now + + align:start position:0% +null space of that now + + + align:start position:0% +null space of that now +okay oh am I going to find it I don't + + align:start position:0% +okay oh am I going to find it I don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh am I going to find it I don't +know do you see immediately what that + + align:start position:0% +know do you see immediately what that + + + align:start position:0% +know do you see immediately what that +has a two-dimensional m space there are + + align:start position:0% +has a two-dimensional m space there are + + + align:start position:0% +has a two-dimensional m space there are +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +vectors and can you see what they + + align:start position:0% +vectors and can you see what they + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and can you see what they +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well what do you + + align:start position:0% +well what do you + + + align:start position:0% +well what do you +think yeah we we certainly could I don't + + align:start position:0% +think yeah we we certainly could I don't + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah we we certainly could I don't +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whether any anybody see a vector that's + + align:start position:0% +whether any anybody see a vector that's + + + align:start position:0% +whether any anybody see a vector that's +in the null space of that Matrix let me + + align:start position:0% +in the null space of that Matrix let me + + + align:start position:0% +in the null space of that Matrix let me +let me just start and try to get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so I'm looking at that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +one so I'm looking at that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +one so I'm looking at that Matrix +looking for a vector in its null space + + align:start position:0% +looking for a vector in its null space + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a vector in its null space +and that will be an error Vector that + + align:start position:0% +and that will be an error Vector that + + + align:start position:0% +and that will be an error Vector that +that multigrid totally fixes so if if + + align:start position:0% +that multigrid totally fixes so if if + + + align:start position:0% +that multigrid totally fixes so if if +say if I start with a one up in that + + align:start position:0% +say if I start with a one up in that + + + align:start position:0% +say if I start with a one up in that +first component then the first row will + + align:start position:0% +first component then the first row will + + + align:start position:0% +first component then the first row will +force me to have a two + + align:start position:0% +force me to have a two + + + align:start position:0% +force me to have a two +there is that + + align:start position:0% +there is that + + + align:start position:0% +there is that +right and then the next row and then I + + align:start position:0% +right and then the next row and then I + + + align:start position:0% +right and then the next row and then I +fixed the first row the second row is + + align:start position:0% +fixed the first row the second row is + + + align:start position:0% +fixed the first row the second row is +all zeros already then I have 0 five of + + align:start position:0% +all zeros already then I have 0 five of + + + align:start position:0% +all zeros already then I have 0 five of +that which + + align:start position:0% +that which + + + align:start position:0% +that which +is one oh well let me start from the + + align:start position:0% +is one oh well let me start from the + + + align:start position:0% +is one oh well let me start from the +bottom here well it's probably symmetric + + align:start position:0% +bottom here well it's probably symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +bottom here well it's probably symmetric +what do you think maybe something like + + align:start position:0% +what do you think maybe something like + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think maybe something like +one two and what's that middle + + align:start position:0% +one two and what's that middle + + + align:start position:0% +one two and what's that middle +number maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two I guess I think that that that is in + + align:start position:0% +two I guess I think that that that is in + + + align:start position:0% +two I guess I think that that that is in +the null space of s- I because if I + + align:start position:0% +the null space of s- I because if I + + + align:start position:0% +the null space of s- I because if I +multiply by the first row I get -1 + 1 + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the first row I get -1 + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the first row I get -1 + 1 +and the second row gives me third row + + align:start position:0% +and the second row gives me third row + + + align:start position:0% +and the second row gives me third row +gives me 1 - 2 + 1 and the last yes so + + align:start position:0% +gives me 1 - 2 + 1 and the last yes so + + + align:start position:0% +gives me 1 - 2 + 1 and the last yes so +that's one of them anyway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the point about it is it's pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +smooth so that that's what I anticipate + + align:start position:0% +smooth so that that's what I anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +smooth so that that's what I anticipate +that vectors with + + align:start position:0% +that vectors with + + + align:start position:0% +that vectors with +uh the vectors that are + + align:start position:0% +uh the vectors that are + + + align:start position:0% +uh the vectors that are +smooth are the that's the type of + + align:start position:0% +smooth are the that's the type of + + + align:start position:0% +smooth are the that's the type of +vectors we're going to find multi- grid + + align:start position:0% +vectors we're going to find multi- grid + + + align:start position:0% +vectors we're going to find multi- grid +fixing so I've got one more uh I Vector + + align:start position:0% +fixing so I've got one more uh I Vector + + + align:start position:0% +fixing so I've got one more uh I Vector +to find I maybe I'll leave that as a + + align:start position:0% +to find I maybe I'll leave that as a + + + align:start position:0% +to find I maybe I'll leave that as a +puzzle for what somewhere there's + + align:start position:0% +puzzle for what somewhere there's + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle for what somewhere there's +another ion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vector guess I'm not sure where it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I think it should be smooth yeah + + align:start position:0% +but I think it should be smooth yeah + + + align:start position:0% +but I think it should be smooth yeah +okay somewhere there is one okay so can + + align:start position:0% +okay somewhere there is one okay so can + + + align:start position:0% +okay somewhere there is one okay so can +I now go away from this numerical + + align:start position:0% +I now go away from this numerical + + + align:start position:0% +I now go away from this numerical +example to give you the answer + + align:start position:0% +example to give you the answer + + + align:start position:0% +example to give you the answer +for this problem but for any size so + + align:start position:0% +for this problem but for any size so + + + align:start position:0% +for this problem but for any size so +that the the notes oh it's because we + + align:start position:0% +that the the notes oh it's because we + + + align:start position:0% +that the the notes oh it's because we +know the igen vectors of a I started to + + align:start position:0% +know the igen vectors of a I started to + + + align:start position:0% +know the igen vectors of a I started to +talk about the igen vectors of a and I + + align:start position:0% +talk about the igen vectors of a and I + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the igen vectors of a and I +didn't finish + + align:start position:0% +didn't finish + + + align:start position:0% +didn't finish +okay so let me if I want to if I want to + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me if I want to if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me if I want to if I want to +get formulas for these I need to know + + align:start position:0% +get formulas for these I need to know + + + align:start position:0% +get formulas for these I need to know +the igen vectors of a so + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors of a so + + + align:start position:0% +the igen vectors of a so +a this this Matrix of twos and minus + + align:start position:0% +a this this Matrix of twos and minus + + + align:start position:0% +a this this Matrix of twos and minus +ones the igon vectors of those of that + + align:start position:0% +ones the igon vectors of those of that + + + align:start position:0% +ones the igon vectors of those of that +of that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +of that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +of that Matrix +are uh discrete sign functions so the an + + align:start position:0% +are uh discrete sign functions so the an + + + align:start position:0% +are uh discrete sign functions so the an +igen Vector would be for example sine of + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector would be for example sine of + + + align:start position:0% +igen Vector would be for example sine of +Pi on 6 sine of 2 pi on 6 up to S of 5 + + align:start position:0% +Pi on 6 sine of 2 pi on 6 up to S of 5 + + + align:start position:0% +Pi on 6 sine of 2 pi on 6 up to S of 5 +Pi on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +6 it it's worth knowing that this um + + align:start position:0% +6 it it's worth knowing that this um + + + align:start position:0% +6 it it's worth knowing that this um +that those are I vectors that the and + + align:start position:0% +that those are I vectors that the and + + + align:start position:0% +that those are I vectors that the and +other IG vectors would be double the + + align:start position:0% +other IG vectors would be double the + + + align:start position:0% +other IG vectors would be double the +frequency triple the frequency for four + + align:start position:0% +frequency triple the frequency for four + + + align:start position:0% +frequency triple the frequency for four +times the frequency and five times so + + align:start position:0% +times the frequency and five times so + + + align:start position:0% +times the frequency and five times so +those the igen vectors of this uh Matrix + + align:start position:0% +those the igen vectors of this uh Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +those the igen vectors of this uh Matrix +are the discrete what I will call + + align:start position:0% +are the discrete what I will call + + + align:start position:0% +are the discrete what I will call +discret + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +signs discret sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors and why because this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +vectors and why because this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and why because this Matrix +um it builds in the boundary condition + + align:start position:0% +um it builds in the boundary condition + + + align:start position:0% +um it builds in the boundary condition +since this there there should be a minus + + align:start position:0% +since this there there should be a minus + + + align:start position:0% +since this there there should be a minus +one there but it's chopped + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +off that minus one if it was there would + + align:start position:0% +off that minus one if it was there would + + + align:start position:0% +off that minus one if it was there would +multiply the zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +component but the zeroth component is + + align:start position:0% +component but the zeroth component is + + + align:start position:0% +component but the zeroth component is +removed so we have to be sure + + align:start position:0% +removed so we have to be sure + + + align:start position:0% +removed so we have to be sure +that the zero component would have been + + align:start position:0% +that the zero component would have been + + + align:start position:0% +that the zero component would have been +zero anyway and and that's the point you + + align:start position:0% +zero anyway and and that's the point you + + + align:start position:0% +zero anyway and and that's the point you +see if I follow this pattern the zero + + align:start position:0% +see if I follow this pattern the zero + + + align:start position:0% +see if I follow this pattern the zero +component that I'm missing the would be + + align:start position:0% +component that I'm missing the would be + + + align:start position:0% +component that I'm missing the would be +S of zero the component I'm missing up + + align:start position:0% +S of zero the component I'm missing up + + + align:start position:0% +S of zero the component I'm missing up +here would be s of 0 Pi / 6 which is + + align:start position:0% +here would be s of 0 Pi / 6 which is + + + align:start position:0% +here would be s of 0 Pi / 6 which is +zero and the V and the component that's + + align:start position:0% +zero and the V and the component that's + + + align:start position:0% +zero and the V and the component that's +missing down at this boundary would be s + + align:start position:0% +missing down at this boundary would be s + + + align:start position:0% +missing down at this boundary would be s +6 pi/ 6 which is sin Pi which is zero so + + align:start position:0% +6 pi/ 6 which is sin Pi which is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +6 pi/ 6 which is sin Pi which is zero so +so this has like that choice of + + align:start position:0% +so this has like that choice of + + + align:start position:0% +so this has like that choice of +vectors has the is is the perfect forier + + align:start position:0% +vectors has the is is the perfect forier + + + align:start position:0% +vectors has the is is the perfect forier +Vector I expect forier when I see + + align:start position:0% +Vector I expect forier when I see + + + align:start position:0% +Vector I expect forier when I see +constant coefficients there with the + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients there with the + + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients there with the +right boundary condition zero at both + + align:start position:0% +right boundary condition zero at both + + + align:start position:0% +right boundary condition zero at both +ends okay anyway those are the igen + + align:start position:0% +ends okay anyway those are the igen + + + align:start position:0% +ends okay anyway those are the igen +vectors the kigen vector would have sin + + align:start position:0% +vectors the kigen vector would have sin + + + align:start position:0% +vectors the kigen vector would have sin +K Pi sin K2 Pi down to S K5 Pi all over + + align:start position:0% +K Pi sin K2 Pi down to S K5 Pi all over + + + align:start position:0% +K Pi sin K2 Pi down to S K5 Pi all over +6 and I'll just in the remaining moment + + align:start position:0% +6 and I'll just in the remaining moment + + + align:start position:0% +6 and I'll just in the remaining moment +write down + + align:start position:0% +write down + + + align:start position:0% +write down +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +result of following through those + + align:start position:0% +result of following through those + + + align:start position:0% +result of following through those +vectors and finding finally the igen + + align:start position:0% +vectors and finding finally the igen + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and finding finally the igen +vectors of + + align:start position:0% +vectors of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of +um of uh of s itself okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +um of uh of s itself okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +um of uh of s itself okay so this is +like multi- Grid in a nutshell if I can + + align:start position:0% +like multi- Grid in a nutshell if I can + + + align:start position:0% +like multi- Grid in a nutshell if I can +find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it multi- Grid in a nutshell all right + + align:start position:0% +it multi- Grid in a nutshell all right + + + align:start position:0% +it multi- Grid in a nutshell all right +better be on this final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +board okay I - + + align:start position:0% +board okay I - + + + align:start position:0% +board okay I - +s times this s Vector the k s Vector + + align:start position:0% +s times this s Vector the k s Vector + + + align:start position:0% +s times this s Vector the k s Vector +that I wrote over there and I - s times + + align:start position:0% +that I wrote over there and I - s times + + + align:start position:0% +that I wrote over there and I - s times +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +n minus K sin Vector the high so these + + align:start position:0% +n minus K sin Vector the high so these + + + align:start position:0% +n minus K sin Vector the high so these +will be low frequencies for small K and + + align:start position:0% +will be low frequencies for small K and + + + align:start position:0% +will be low frequencies for small K and +these will be high frequencies and it + + align:start position:0% +these will be high frequencies and it + + + align:start position:0% +these will be high frequencies and it +turns out that these are a half 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +turns out that these are a half 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that these are a half 1 minus +the cosine of K pi over 6 or n + 1 time + + align:start position:0% +the cosine of K pi over 6 or n + 1 time + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine of K pi over 6 or n + 1 time +YK + + align:start position:0% +YK + + + align:start position:0% +YK ++ or S sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S Plus s n minus k + + align:start position:0% +S Plus s n minus k + + + align:start position:0% +S Plus s n minus k +and this acting on the high frequencies + + align:start position:0% +and this acting on the high frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +and this acting on the high frequencies +is a half of 1 plus cosine Pi K pi/ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +6 s k + S + + align:start position:0% +6 s k + S + + + align:start position:0% +6 s k + S +nus what am + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I what am I seeing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there if let's just accept the the + + align:start position:0% +there if let's just accept the the + + + align:start position:0% +there if let's just accept the the +algebra that went into this and see does + + align:start position:0% +algebra that went into this and see does + + + align:start position:0% +algebra that went into this and see does +that tell me what the igen vectors of + + align:start position:0% +that tell me what the igen vectors of + + + align:start position:0% +that tell me what the igen vectors of +IUS s are because that's my goal well it + + align:start position:0% +IUS s are because that's my goal well it + + + align:start position:0% +IUS s are because that's my goal well it +does look if I add these two + + align:start position:0% +does look if I add these two + + + align:start position:0% +does look if I add these two +equations let me look first just at this + + align:start position:0% +equations let me look first just at this + + + align:start position:0% +equations let me look first just at this +equation so this says that if I start + + align:start position:0% +equation so this says that if I start + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this says that if I start +with a low + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency K small low low value of + + align:start position:0% +frequency K small low low value of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency K small low low value of +K that it's nearly removed right if if K + + align:start position:0% +K that it's nearly removed right if if K + + + align:start position:0% +K that it's nearly removed right if if K +is very small the cosine of K pi/ 6 is + + align:start position:0% +is very small the cosine of K pi/ 6 is + + + align:start position:0% +is very small the cosine of K pi/ 6 is +somewhere near one of course six was a + + align:start position:0% +somewhere near one of course six was a + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere near one of course six was a +little feeble so let me take n + + align:start position:0% +little feeble so let me take n + + + align:start position:0% +little feeble so let me take n +n bigger matrices okay + + align:start position:0% +n bigger matrices okay + + + align:start position:0% +n bigger matrices okay +okay then the low frequencies are the + + align:start position:0% +okay then the low frequencies are the + + + align:start position:0% +okay then the low frequencies are the +ones where this cosine is near one this + + align:start position:0% +ones where this cosine is near one this + + + align:start position:0% +ones where this cosine is near one this +number is near zero and they're + + align:start position:0% +number is near zero and they're + + + align:start position:0% +number is near zero and they're +practically removed where the high + + align:start position:0% +practically removed where the high + + + align:start position:0% +practically removed where the high +frequencies + + align:start position:0% +frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies +not much happens because the cosine is + + align:start position:0% +not much happens because the cosine is + + + align:start position:0% +not much happens because the cosine is +near one this number is near two I + + align:start position:0% +near one this number is near two I + + + align:start position:0% +near one this number is near two I +divide by two and it's near one so the + + align:start position:0% +divide by two and it's near one so the + + + align:start position:0% +divide by two and it's near one so the +the overall picture is right now to get + + align:start position:0% +the overall picture is right now to get + + + align:start position:0% +the overall picture is right now to get +to pin it down if I add the two + + align:start position:0% +to pin it down if I add the two + + + align:start position:0% +to pin it down if I add the two +equations then I get this combination s + + align:start position:0% +equations then I get this combination s + + + align:start position:0% +equations then I get this combination s +k + S minus K oh in fact I guess I see + + align:start position:0% +k + S minus K oh in fact I guess I see + + + align:start position:0% +k + S minus K oh in fact I guess I see +it what happens if I add the two + + align:start position:0% +it what happens if I add the two + + + align:start position:0% +it what happens if I add the two +equations I get i - + + align:start position:0% +equations I get i - + + + align:start position:0% +equations I get i - +s time SK + s n minus K and and what do + + align:start position:0% +s time SK + s n minus K and and what do + + + align:start position:0% +s time SK + s n minus K and and what do +I have on the right hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +well one that these add to one so I get + + align:start position:0% +well one that these add to one so I get + + + align:start position:0% +well one that these add to one so I get +SK plus Snus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K those are the igen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors of i- s with I value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one y so they're the one they're the + + align:start position:0% +one y so they're the one they're the + + + align:start position:0% +one y so they're the one they're the +ones I found here they're the igen + + align:start position:0% +ones I found here they're the igen + + + align:start position:0% +ones I found here they're the igen +values of s with igen value zero these + + align:start position:0% +values of s with igen value zero these + + + align:start position:0% +values of s with igen value zero these +are the are the S Plus s n minus + + align:start position:0% +are the are the S Plus s n minus + + + align:start position:0% +are the are the S Plus s n minus +K and they live completely on + + align:start position:0% +K and they live completely on + + + align:start position:0% +K and they live completely on +the the mesh points that are in the fine + + align:start position:0% +the the mesh points that are in the fine + + + align:start position:0% +the the mesh points that are in the fine +but not the co mesh and then if I play + + align:start position:0% +but not the co mesh and then if I play + + + align:start position:0% +but not the co mesh and then if I play +around one more step I can find the igen + + align:start position:0% +around one more step I can find the igen + + + align:start position:0% +around one more step I can find the igen +vectors for the other igen + + align:start position:0% +vectors for the other igen + + + align:start position:0% +vectors for the other igen +value the ones that are basically low + + align:start position:0% +value the ones that are basically low + + + align:start position:0% +value the ones that are basically low +frequency and that + + align:start position:0% +frequency and that + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and that +uh and and that where we have a + + align:start position:0% +uh and and that where we have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and that where we have a +numerical + + align:start position:0% +numerical + + + align:start position:0% +numerical +example okay I I I've run out of time + + align:start position:0% +example okay I I I've run out of time + + + align:start position:0% +example okay I I I've run out of time +before I can do that last bit of algebra + + align:start position:0% +before I can do that last bit of algebra + + + align:start position:0% +before I can do that last bit of algebra +that will be in the notes which we get + + align:start position:0% +that will be in the notes which we get + + + align:start position:0% +that will be in the notes which we get +onto the website uh Monday at the + + align:start position:0% +onto the website uh Monday at the + + + align:start position:0% +onto the website uh Monday at the +latest um so I hope you've H have a sort + + align:start position:0% +latest um so I hope you've H have a sort + + + align:start position:0% +latest um so I hope you've H have a sort +of picture of what mat lab of what of + + align:start position:0% +of picture of what mat lab of what of + + + align:start position:0% +of picture of what mat lab of what of +what uh + + align:start position:0% +what uh + + + align:start position:0% +what uh +uh multi-grid does and the experiments + + align:start position:0% +uh multi-grid does and the experiments + + + align:start position:0% +uh multi-grid does and the experiments +that you might do to uh check it out + + align:start position:0% +that you might do to uh check it out + + + align:start position:0% +that you might do to uh check it out +okay I'll see you Monday and we'll take + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll see you Monday and we'll take + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll see you Monday and we'll take +a little more time to discuss + + align:start position:0% +a little more time to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +a little more time to discuss +projects uh because we'll have material + + align:start position:0% +projects uh because we'll have material + + + align:start position:0% +projects uh because we'll have material +on the web to work with okay + + align:start position:0% +on the web to work with okay + + + align:start position:0% +on the web to work with okay +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Y7NWOuTjWVw.txt b/Y7NWOuTjWVw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..898261643196e704d4cd22d9608e790b3533f12c --- /dev/null +++ b/Y7NWOuTjWVw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10299 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Let's uh let's talk about him and what + + align:start position:0% +Let's uh let's talk about him and what + + + align:start position:0% +Let's uh let's talk about him and what +this uh uh dialogues is up to um + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh dialogues is up to um + + + align:start position:0% +this uh uh dialogues is up to um +dialogues concerning natural religion so + + align:start position:0% +dialogues concerning natural religion so + + + align:start position:0% +dialogues concerning natural religion so +what is natural religion and what's it + + align:start position:0% +what is natural religion and what's it + + + align:start position:0% +what is natural religion and what's it +to be compared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to what what do you what do you think + + align:start position:0% +to what what do you what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +to what what do you what do you think +somebody means uh Did you sort of grasp + + align:start position:0% +somebody means uh Did you sort of grasp + + + align:start position:0% +somebody means uh Did you sort of grasp +as you read the what he's getting at + + align:start position:0% +as you read the what he's getting at + + + align:start position:0% +as you read the what he's getting at +when he's talking about natural religion + + align:start position:0% +when he's talking about natural religion + + + align:start position:0% +when he's talking about natural religion +Char um so natural religion means um + + align:start position:0% +Char um so natural religion means um + + + align:start position:0% +Char um so natural religion means um +approaching religion from a reason + + align:start position:0% +approaching religion from a reason + + + align:start position:0% +approaching religion from a reason +standpoint rather than belief trying to + + align:start position:0% +standpoint rather than belief trying to + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint rather than belief trying to +reason your way through + + align:start position:0% +reason your way through + + + align:start position:0% +reason your way through +it yeah natural religion is the idea of + + align:start position:0% +it yeah natural religion is the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah natural religion is the idea of +looking for evidences of uh the creation + + align:start position:0% +looking for evidences of uh the creation + + + align:start position:0% +looking for evidences of uh the creation +by looking at uh nature + + align:start position:0% +by looking at uh nature + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at uh nature +itself so the saying was up through + + align:start position:0% +itself so the saying was up through + + + align:start position:0% +itself so the saying was up through +nature to Nature's God if we look at + + align:start position:0% +nature to Nature's God if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +nature to Nature's God if we look at +nature we can see evidences of a + + align:start position:0% +nature we can see evidences of a + + + align:start position:0% +nature we can see evidences of a +Creator and this is very much part of + + align:start position:0% +Creator and this is very much part of + + + align:start position:0% +Creator and this is very much part of +the expression of um uh wordsworth's + + align:start position:0% +the expression of um uh wordsworth's + + + align:start position:0% +the expression of um uh wordsworth's +poem I mean Wordsworth goes into nature + + align:start position:0% +poem I mean Wordsworth goes into nature + + + align:start position:0% +poem I mean Wordsworth goes into nature +and he sees evidences of a spiritual + + align:start position:0% +and he sees evidences of a spiritual + + + align:start position:0% +and he sees evidences of a spiritual +being that simply comes to him through + + align:start position:0% +being that simply comes to him through + + + align:start position:0% +being that simply comes to him through +his uh his uh feeling and his intuition + + align:start position:0% +his uh his uh feeling and his intuition + + + align:start position:0% +his uh his uh feeling and his intuition +and his experience in the natural world + + align:start position:0% +and his experience in the natural world + + + align:start position:0% +and his experience in the natural world +and so natural religion was a emergence + + align:start position:0% +and so natural religion was a emergence + + + align:start position:0% +and so natural religion was a emergence +in the 18th century and it's uh it's + + align:start position:0% +in the 18th century and it's uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the 18th century and it's uh it's +often associated with the product of uh + + align:start position:0% +often associated with the product of uh + + + align:start position:0% +often associated with the product of uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +enlightenment so what other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment so what other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment so what other kinds of +religion are + + align:start position:0% +religion are + + + align:start position:0% +religion are +there they don't talk about like any + + align:start position:0% +there they don't talk about like any + + + align:start position:0% +there they don't talk about like any +biblical text or anything so that's the + + align:start position:0% +biblical text or anything so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +biblical text or anything so that's the +complet different side of it so the + + align:start position:0% +complet different side of it so the + + + align:start position:0% +complet different side of it so the +other the other approach to to religion + + align:start position:0% +other the other approach to to religion + + + align:start position:0% +other the other approach to to religion +is what we call revealed + + align:start position:0% +is what we call revealed + + + align:start position:0% +is what we call revealed +religion uh religion that's revealed + + align:start position:0% +religion uh religion that's revealed + + + align:start position:0% +religion uh religion that's revealed +through a sacred + + align:start position:0% +through a sacred + + + align:start position:0% +through a sacred +text so you you read the Bible and you + + align:start position:0% +text so you you read the Bible and you + + + align:start position:0% +text so you you read the Bible and you +see the accounts in the Bible and this + + align:start position:0% +see the accounts in the Bible and this + + + align:start position:0% +see the accounts in the Bible and this +is something that has been revealed + + align:start position:0% +is something that has been revealed + + + align:start position:0% +is something that has been revealed +Revelation through + + align:start position:0% +Revelation through + + + align:start position:0% +Revelation through +Revelation so they uh in in this in this + + align:start position:0% +Revelation so they uh in in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +Revelation so they uh in in this in this +book in hume's book we have this + + align:start position:0% +book in hume's book we have this + + + align:start position:0% +book in hume's book we have this +dialogue about these different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +dialogue about these different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue about these different kinds of +religion and the origin of the world um + + align:start position:0% +religion and the origin of the world um + + + align:start position:0% +religion and the origin of the world um +I mean they're talking about creation + + align:start position:0% +I mean they're talking about creation + + + align:start position:0% +I mean they're talking about creation +they're talking about the natural world + + align:start position:0% +they're talking about the natural world + + + align:start position:0% +they're talking about the natural world +uh and how did it come into + + align:start position:0% +uh and how did it come into + + + align:start position:0% +uh and how did it come into +existence yes at the same time they're + + align:start position:0% +existence yes at the same time they're + + + align:start position:0% +existence yes at the same time they're +not concerning themselves with whether + + align:start position:0% +not concerning themselves with whether + + + align:start position:0% +not concerning themselves with whether +or not God exists that's not even a + + align:start position:0% +or not God exists that's not even a + + + align:start position:0% +or not God exists that's not even a +question that's being put on the table + + align:start position:0% +question that's being put on the table + + + align:start position:0% +question that's being put on the table +they're just like well it's perfectly + + align:start position:0% +they're just like well it's perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +they're just like well it's perfectly +clear that God's here so let's just + + align:start position:0% +clear that God's here so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +clear that God's here so let's just +figure out how he works and you know say + + align:start position:0% +figure out how he works and you know say + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how he works and you know say +as what's God's nature + + align:start position:0% +as what's God's nature + + + align:start position:0% +as what's God's nature +so partially yes yes I mean not totally + + align:start position:0% +so partially yes yes I mean not totally + + + align:start position:0% +so partially yes yes I mean not totally +I mean we we have some skeptic ISM going + + align:start position:0% +I mean we we have some skeptic ISM going + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we we have some skeptic ISM going +on in here so as we read through this + + align:start position:0% +on in here so as we read through this + + + align:start position:0% +on in here so as we read through this +book we're going to find a lot of + + align:start position:0% +book we're going to find a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +book we're going to find a lot of +different complex + + align:start position:0% +different complex + + + align:start position:0% +different complex +positions because we have three + + align:start position:0% +positions because we have three + + + align:start position:0% +positions because we have three +characters here and each one has a sort + + align:start position:0% +characters here and each one has a sort + + + align:start position:0% +characters here and each one has a sort +of different take on things and so hum + + align:start position:0% +of different take on things and so hum + + + align:start position:0% +of different take on things and so hum +has sort of set them in this library and + + align:start position:0% +has sort of set them in this library and + + + align:start position:0% +has sort of set them in this library and +they're having this this uh this + + align:start position:0% +they're having this this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +they're having this this uh this +discourse they're kind of talking and + + align:start position:0% +discourse they're kind of talking and + + + align:start position:0% +discourse they're kind of talking and +what are the what are the three what + + align:start position:0% +what are the what are the three what + + + align:start position:0% +what are the what are the three what +what are they like uh we're still on + + align:start position:0% +what are they like uh we're still on + + + align:start position:0% +what are they like uh we're still on +this question + + align:start position:0% +this question + + + align:start position:0% +this question +we're what what are the three characters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like um he + + align:start position:0% +like um he + + + align:start position:0% +like um he +says the three discussants these are + + align:start position:0% +says the three discussants these are + + + align:start position:0% +says the three discussants these are +hum's own words uh one is uh this + + align:start position:0% +hum's own words uh one is uh this + + + align:start position:0% +hum's own words uh one is uh this +demia who is said to be an + + align:start position:0% +demia who is said to be an + + + align:start position:0% +demia who is said to be an +orthodox uh has a Orthodox view of the + + align:start position:0% +orthodox uh has a Orthodox view of the + + + align:start position:0% +orthodox uh has a Orthodox view of the +world of of religion religious + + align:start position:0% +world of of religion religious + + + align:start position:0% +world of of religion religious +Orthodoxy but Hume and hum's account he + + align:start position:0% +Orthodoxy but Hume and hum's account he + + + align:start position:0% +Orthodoxy but Hume and hum's account he +says uh he we can talk about theia in a + + align:start position:0% +says uh he we can talk about theia in a + + + align:start position:0% +says uh he we can talk about theia in a +minute that it's rigid sort of a rigid + + align:start position:0% +minute that it's rigid sort of a rigid + + + align:start position:0% +minute that it's rigid sort of a rigid +Orthodoxy then we have cleanthes and + + align:start position:0% +Orthodoxy then we have cleanthes and + + + align:start position:0% +Orthodoxy then we have cleanthes and +cleanthes is a second discussion and + + align:start position:0% +cleanthes is a second discussion and + + + align:start position:0% +cleanthes is a second discussion and +what sort of things is cleanth is + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things is cleanth is + + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things is cleanth is +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +in did you pick that up as + + align:start position:0% +in did you pick that up as + + + align:start position:0% +in did you pick that up as +you he's promoting natural religion yes + + align:start position:0% +you he's promoting natural religion yes + + + align:start position:0% +you he's promoting natural religion yes +he's the one who says look out and you + + align:start position:0% +he's the one who says look out and you + + + align:start position:0% +he's the one who says look out and you +see this great Universe it's like a the + + align:start position:0% +see this great Universe it's like a the + + + align:start position:0% +see this great Universe it's like a the +great machine of the universe it's so + + align:start position:0% +great machine of the universe it's so + + + align:start position:0% +great machine of the universe it's so +perfectly beautifully designed that how + + align:start position:0% +perfectly beautifully designed that how + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly beautifully designed that how +could we doubt that some great Creator + + align:start position:0% +could we doubt that some great Creator + + + align:start position:0% +could we doubt that some great Creator +made it and we'll come back to that + + align:start position:0% +made it and we'll come back to that + + + align:start position:0% +made it and we'll come back to that +argument then we have + + align:start position:0% +argument then we have + + + align:start position:0% +argument then we have +Pho who is this he likes to sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +Pho who is this he likes to sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +Pho who is this he likes to sort of uh +he likes to sort of poke and and oppose + + align:start position:0% +he likes to sort of poke and and oppose + + + align:start position:0% +he likes to sort of poke and and oppose +and he's playing some game here and you + + align:start position:0% +and he's playing some game here and you + + + align:start position:0% +and he's playing some game here and you +didn't get too much exposure to Pho + + align:start position:0% +didn't get too much exposure to Pho + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get too much exposure to Pho +in the first part or felo whatever um in + + align:start position:0% +in the first part or felo whatever um in + + + align:start position:0% +in the first part or felo whatever um in +in the in the first three chapters that + + align:start position:0% +in the in the first three chapters that + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the first three chapters that +I had you read uh he doesn't really come + + align:start position:0% +I had you read uh he doesn't really come + + + align:start position:0% +I had you read uh he doesn't really come +out except as a kind of he's always + + align:start position:0% +out except as a kind of he's always + + + align:start position:0% +out except as a kind of he's always +offering an oppositional + + align:start position:0% +offering an oppositional + + + align:start position:0% +offering an oppositional +view so uh it turns out that he's going + + align:start position:0% +view so uh it turns out that he's going + + + align:start position:0% +view so uh it turns out that he's going +to be much more a skeptic so we're going + + align:start position:0% +to be much more a skeptic so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +to be much more a skeptic so we're going +to get a skeptic and of course we know + + align:start position:0% +to get a skeptic and of course we know + + + align:start position:0% +to get a skeptic and of course we know +that Hume himself was a skeptic and + + align:start position:0% +that Hume himself was a skeptic and + + + align:start position:0% +that Hume himself was a skeptic and +there's been many many debates over whe + + align:start position:0% +there's been many many debates over whe + + + align:start position:0% +there's been many many debates over whe +you know which one of these guys does + + align:start position:0% +you know which one of these guys does + + + align:start position:0% +you know which one of these guys does +Hume represent present hume's View and + + align:start position:0% +Hume represent present hume's View and + + + align:start position:0% +Hume represent present hume's View and +you know there's there's been some ink + + align:start position:0% +you know there's there's been some ink + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's there's been some ink +spilt on this this set of questions we + + align:start position:0% +spilt on this this set of questions we + + + align:start position:0% +spilt on this this set of questions we +can we can decide ourselves but so you + + align:start position:0% +can we can decide ourselves but so you + + + align:start position:0% +can we can decide ourselves but so you +have these these three different + + align:start position:0% +have these these three different + + + align:start position:0% +have these these three different +approaches and of course um this is all + + align:start position:0% +approaches and of course um this is all + + + align:start position:0% +approaches and of course um this is all +uh in in in in the cause of trying to + + align:start position:0% +uh in in in in the cause of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in in in the cause of trying to +discuss this this world and how how the + + align:start position:0% +discuss this this world and how how the + + + align:start position:0% +discuss this this world and how how the +world came into existence so if we go + + align:start position:0% +world came into existence so if we go + + + align:start position:0% +world came into existence so if we go +back to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +start let me say a few things uh first + + align:start position:0% +start let me say a few things uh first + + + align:start position:0% +start let me say a few things uh first +about Hume + + align:start position:0% +about Hume + + + align:start position:0% +about Hume +um uh David hum was one of the great uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh David hum was one of the great uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh David hum was one of the great uh +philosophers of the Enlightenment uh he + + align:start position:0% +philosophers of the Enlightenment uh he + + + align:start position:0% +philosophers of the Enlightenment uh he +was very much uh a philosophical + + align:start position:0% +was very much uh a philosophical + + + align:start position:0% +was very much uh a philosophical +skeptic he he he had problems with + + align:start position:0% +skeptic he he he had problems with + + + align:start position:0% +skeptic he he he had problems with +arguments about miracles uh we'll look + + align:start position:0% +arguments about miracles uh we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +arguments about miracles uh we'll look +at his uh he he rejected the notion of a + + align:start position:0% +at his uh he he rejected the notion of a + + + align:start position:0% +at his uh he he rejected the notion of a +miracle as something that is + + align:start position:0% +miracle as something that is + + + align:start position:0% +miracle as something that is +simply doesn't fit within the experience + + align:start position:0% +simply doesn't fit within the experience + + + align:start position:0% +simply doesn't fit within the experience +of uh + + align:start position:0% +of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of uh +doesn't fit within Human Experience + + align:start position:0% +doesn't fit within Human Experience + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't fit within Human Experience +itself Miracles are uh in in hume's view + + align:start position:0% +itself Miracles are uh in in hume's view + + + align:start position:0% +itself Miracles are uh in in hume's view +are simply don't make any sense in the + + align:start position:0% +are simply don't make any sense in the + + + align:start position:0% +are simply don't make any sense in the +rational Order of Things um we'll look + + align:start position:0% +rational Order of Things um we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +rational Order of Things um we'll look +at this in a minute uh he's he's + + align:start position:0% +at this in a minute uh he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +at this in a minute uh he's he's +considered an empiricist and by + + align:start position:0% +considered an empiricist and by + + + align:start position:0% +considered an empiricist and by +empiricist we mean uh a philosophy + + align:start position:0% +empiricist we mean uh a philosophy + + + align:start position:0% +empiricist we mean uh a philosophy +that's based on inductive reasoning from + + align:start position:0% +that's based on inductive reasoning from + + + align:start position:0% +that's based on inductive reasoning from +uh experience to + + align:start position:0% +uh experience to + + + align:start position:0% +uh experience to +generalizations so rather than the + + align:start position:0% +generalizations so rather than the + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations so rather than the +deductive from principles to uh + + align:start position:0% +deductive from principles to uh + + + align:start position:0% +deductive from principles to uh +conclusions um and he's associated with + + align:start position:0% +conclusions um and he's associated with + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions um and he's associated with +uh naturalism what do you think + + align:start position:0% +uh naturalism what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +uh naturalism what do you think +naturalism refers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to ever come across that + + align:start position:0% +to ever come across that + + + align:start position:0% +to ever come across that +word what do you think it would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean I know this is all sort of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +mean I know this is all sort of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +mean I know this is all sort of a lot of +isms here well naturalism came across + + align:start position:0% +isms here well naturalism came across + + + align:start position:0% +isms here well naturalism came across +then art + + align:start position:0% +then art + + + align:start position:0% +then art +history um but there it meant more of + + align:start position:0% +history um but there it meant more of + + + align:start position:0% +history um but there it meant more of +kind of exposing what nature really is + + align:start position:0% +kind of exposing what nature really is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of exposing what nature really is +like nature isn't all like ideal and + + align:start position:0% +like nature isn't all like ideal and + + + align:start position:0% +like nature isn't all like ideal and +stuff there's some like grittiness to + + align:start position:0% +stuff there's some like grittiness to + + + align:start position:0% +stuff there's some like grittiness to +Nature and it's also that also comes + + align:start position:0% +Nature and it's also that also comes + + + align:start position:0% +Nature and it's also that also comes +that should come through + + align:start position:0% +that should come through + + + align:start position:0% +that should come through +okay I looked up the definition of + + align:start position:0% +okay I looked up the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +okay I looked up the definition of +naturalism and came across two two + + align:start position:0% +naturalism and came across two two + + + align:start position:0% +naturalism and came across two two +definitions one is methodology + + align:start position:0% +definitions one is methodology + + + align:start position:0% +definitions one is methodology +methodological uh naturalism the other + + align:start position:0% +methodological uh naturalism the other + + + align:start position:0% +methodological uh naturalism the other +was epid + + align:start position:0% +was epid + + + align:start position:0% +was epid +epidemiological naturalism and I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +epidemiological naturalism and I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +epidemiological naturalism and I wasn't +sure which one + + align:start position:0% +sure which one + + + align:start position:0% +sure which one +epistemological so naturalism really + + align:start position:0% +epistemological so naturalism really + + + align:start position:0% +epistemological so naturalism really +refers to an approach to experience that + + align:start position:0% +refers to an approach to experience that + + + align:start position:0% +refers to an approach to experience that +simply holds that experience can only be + + align:start position:0% +simply holds that experience can only be + + + align:start position:0% +simply holds that experience can only be +explained with principles that have been + + align:start position:0% +explained with principles that have been + + + align:start position:0% +explained with principles that have been +observed in the natural world that uh + + align:start position:0% +observed in the natural world that uh + + + align:start position:0% +observed in the natural world that uh +explanations that move beyond the + + align:start position:0% +explanations that move beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +explanations that move beyond the +experience of the natural world are + + align:start position:0% +experience of the natural world are + + + align:start position:0% +experience of the natural world are +simply not accepted so + + align:start position:0% +simply not accepted so + + + align:start position:0% +simply not accepted so +naturalism uh is an approach to + + align:start position:0% +naturalism uh is an approach to + + + align:start position:0% +naturalism uh is an approach to +knowledge that incorporates all + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that incorporates all + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that incorporates all +explanation and even questions to uh + + align:start position:0% +explanation and even questions to uh + + + align:start position:0% +explanation and even questions to uh +previously determined elements of + + align:start position:0% +previously determined elements of + + + align:start position:0% +previously determined elements of +experience so uh it's really a + + align:start position:0% +experience so uh it's really a + + + align:start position:0% +experience so uh it's really a +naturalistic approach it's it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +naturalistic approach it's it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +naturalistic approach it's it's a it's +an approach to physical experience to uh + + align:start position:0% +an approach to physical experience to uh + + + align:start position:0% +an approach to physical experience to uh +experience itself that's based on always + + align:start position:0% +experience itself that's based on always + + + align:start position:0% +experience itself that's based on always +uh based on prior + + align:start position:0% +uh based on prior + + + align:start position:0% +uh based on prior +experience um and the idea that um what + + align:start position:0% +experience um and the idea that um what + + + align:start position:0% +experience um and the idea that um what +we've observed in nature is pretty much + + align:start position:0% +we've observed in nature is pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +we've observed in nature is pretty much +the limit of what we're going to get uh + + align:start position:0% +the limit of what we're going to get uh + + + align:start position:0% +the limit of what we're going to get uh +if we want to go beyond nature for extra + + align:start position:0% +if we want to go beyond nature for extra + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to go beyond nature for extra +natural + + align:start position:0% +natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural +explanations uh the naturalist refuses + + align:start position:0% +explanations uh the naturalist refuses + + + align:start position:0% +explanations uh the naturalist refuses +to go into that + + align:start position:0% +to go into that + + + align:start position:0% +to go into that +direction so these are these are + + align:start position:0% +direction so these are these are + + + align:start position:0% +direction so these are these are +approaches that are associated with the + + align:start position:0% +approaches that are associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +approaches that are associated with the +enlightenment um and the enlightenment + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment um and the enlightenment + + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment um and the enlightenment +was of course a + + align:start position:0% +was of course a + + + align:start position:0% +was of course a +product of the great scientific + + align:start position:0% +product of the great scientific + + + align:start position:0% +product of the great scientific +revolution uh Newton was uh I mean uh + + align:start position:0% +revolution uh Newton was uh I mean uh + + + align:start position:0% +revolution uh Newton was uh I mean uh +Hume discusses Newton in the book and + + align:start position:0% +Hume discusses Newton in the book and + + + align:start position:0% +Hume discusses Newton in the book and +why is Newton so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important well Newton yes uh Newton + + align:start position:0% +important well Newton yes uh Newton + + + align:start position:0% +important well Newton yes uh Newton +extended so Newton's + + align:start position:0% +extended so Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +extended so Newton's +prinkipia extended the + + align:start position:0% +prinkipia extended the + + + align:start position:0% +prinkipia extended the +laws that are + + align:start position:0% +laws that are + + + align:start position:0% +laws that are +observed around + + align:start position:0% +observed around + + + align:start position:0% +observed around +us beyond the Earth the notion that + + align:start position:0% +us beyond the Earth the notion that + + + align:start position:0% +us beyond the Earth the notion that +gravity is a universal + + align:start position:0% +gravity is a universal + + + align:start position:0% +gravity is a universal +phenomenon that is not simply limited to + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that is not simply limited to + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon that is not simply limited to +a local environment but actually in + + align:start position:0% +a local environment but actually in + + + align:start position:0% +a local environment but actually in +Newton's uh accounts uh he involved + + align:start position:0% +Newton's uh accounts uh he involved + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's uh accounts uh he involved +celestial bodies the motion of celestial + + align:start position:0% +celestial bodies the motion of celestial + + + align:start position:0% +celestial bodies the motion of celestial +bodies and the whole notion that the + + align:start position:0% +bodies and the whole notion that the + + + align:start position:0% +bodies and the whole notion that the +empirical observations of humans really + + align:start position:0% +empirical observations of humans really + + + align:start position:0% +empirical observations of humans really +extended to Cosmic scale Hume was the uh + + align:start position:0% +extended to Cosmic scale Hume was the uh + + + align:start position:0% +extended to Cosmic scale Hume was the uh +inheritor of this tradition and he uh in + + align:start position:0% +inheritor of this tradition and he uh in + + + align:start position:0% +inheritor of this tradition and he uh in +in the dialogues here he he refers to he + + align:start position:0% +in the dialogues here he he refers to he + + + align:start position:0% +in the dialogues here he he refers to he +refers to to Newton as uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +refers to to Newton as uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +refers to to Newton as uh one of the +great uh uh prior figures and of course + + align:start position:0% +great uh uh prior figures and of course + + + align:start position:0% +great uh uh prior figures and of course +this is partly because he's trying to + + align:start position:0% +this is partly because he's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +this is partly because he's trying to +understand in this + + align:start position:0% +understand in this + + + align:start position:0% +understand in this +dialogue what various kinds of views of + + align:start position:0% +dialogue what various kinds of views of + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue what various kinds of views of +the creation or or the of the world + + align:start position:0% +the creation or or the of the world + + + align:start position:0% +the creation or or the of the world +itself + + align:start position:0% +itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself +I want to get away from the world word + + align:start position:0% +I want to get away from the world word + + + align:start position:0% +I want to get away from the world word +creation I think you're quite right + + align:start position:0% +creation I think you're quite right + + + align:start position:0% +creation I think you're quite right +they're not interested in the origins + + align:start position:0% +they're not interested in the origins + + + align:start position:0% +they're not interested in the origins +they're interested in uh I mean in some + + align:start position:0% +they're interested in uh I mean in some + + + align:start position:0% +they're interested in uh I mean in some +sense they're interested in Origins but + + align:start position:0% +sense they're interested in Origins but + + + align:start position:0% +sense they're interested in Origins but +they're interested in what can we say + + align:start position:0% +they're interested in what can we say + + + align:start position:0% +they're interested in what can we say +about the world as a a whole or an + + align:start position:0% +about the world as a a whole or an + + + align:start position:0% +about the world as a a whole or an +entity as far as its origins or the way + + align:start position:0% +entity as far as its origins or the way + + + align:start position:0% +entity as far as its origins or the way +it operates so I you know there's some + + align:start position:0% +it operates so I you know there's some + + + align:start position:0% +it operates so I you know there's some +okay so we we start out here with uh the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we we start out here with uh the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we we start out here with uh the +three discussions + + align:start position:0% +three discussions + + + align:start position:0% +three discussions +in in in the library library is a great + + align:start position:0% +in in in the library library is a great + + + align:start position:0% +in in in the library library is a great +setting + + align:start position:0% +setting + + + align:start position:0% +setting +um there are a lot of um interesting + + align:start position:0% +um there are a lot of um interesting + + + align:start position:0% +um there are a lot of um interesting +aspects to this dialogue um one of the + + align:start position:0% +aspects to this dialogue um one of the + + + align:start position:0% +aspects to this dialogue um one of the +things that's taking place of course is + + align:start position:0% +things that's taking place of course is + + + align:start position:0% +things that's taking place of course is +uh a lot of changes in terms of U the + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot of changes in terms of U the + + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot of changes in terms of U the +way in which people are beginning to + + align:start position:0% +way in which people are beginning to + + + align:start position:0% +way in which people are beginning to +study the world + + align:start position:0% +study the world + + + align:start position:0% +study the world +itself uh there was of course Franklin's + + align:start position:0% +itself uh there was of course Franklin's + + + align:start position:0% +itself uh there was of course Franklin's +great experiments these were on people's + + align:start position:0% +great experiments these were on people's + + + align:start position:0% +great experiments these were on people's +minds the fact that he began to connect + + align:start position:0% +minds the fact that he began to connect + + + align:start position:0% +minds the fact that he began to connect +uh electricity to the operation of uh + + align:start position:0% +uh electricity to the operation of uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh electricity to the operation of uh +the world and he began to find out uh + + align:start position:0% +the world and he began to find out uh + + + align:start position:0% +the world and he began to find out uh +fundamental truths about uh uh the way + + align:start position:0% +fundamental truths about uh uh the way + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental truths about uh uh the way +in which energy is transformed uh or + + align:start position:0% +in which energy is transformed uh or + + + align:start position:0% +in which energy is transformed uh or +transmitted there this this uh painting + + align:start position:0% +transmitted there this this uh painting + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted there this this uh painting +here is a painting titled men of + + align:start position:0% +here is a painting titled men of + + + align:start position:0% +here is a painting titled men of +progress in the + + align:start position:0% +progress in the + + + align:start position:0% +progress in the +1860s and this notion that uh people + + align:start position:0% +1860s and this notion that uh people + + + align:start position:0% +1860s and this notion that uh people +were beginning to uh + + align:start position:0% +were beginning to uh + + + align:start position:0% +were beginning to uh +uh find out + + align:start position:0% +uh find out + + + align:start position:0% +uh find out +empirically new ways of understanding + + align:start position:0% +empirically new ways of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +empirically new ways of understanding +there was this notion that uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +there was this notion that uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +there was this notion that uh uh the +that the the uh the knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +that the the uh the knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +that the the uh the knowledge of +the world was not a static thing it was + + align:start position:0% +the world was not a static thing it was + + + align:start position:0% +the world was not a static thing it was +something that people could actually + + align:start position:0% +something that people could actually + + + align:start position:0% +something that people could actually +understand and Advance the notion that + + align:start position:0% +understand and Advance the notion that + + + align:start position:0% +understand and Advance the notion that +you could Advance understandings uh so + + align:start position:0% +you could Advance understandings uh so + + + align:start position:0% +you could Advance understandings uh so +these are these are American inventors + + align:start position:0% +these are these are American inventors + + + align:start position:0% +these are these are American inventors +Morse Colt + + align:start position:0% +Morse Colt + + + align:start position:0% +Morse Colt +McCormack uh Henry a number of people + + align:start position:0% +McCormack uh Henry a number of people + + + align:start position:0% +McCormack uh Henry a number of people +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +were important in uh all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +were important in uh all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +were important in uh all sorts of +different Innovations from Reapers to + + align:start position:0% +different Innovations from Reapers to + + + align:start position:0% +different Innovations from Reapers to +revolving pistols to uh various + + align:start position:0% +revolving pistols to uh various + + + align:start position:0% +revolving pistols to uh various +electromagnetic phenomena there they + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic phenomena there they + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic phenomena there they +were all studying so the study of the + + align:start position:0% +were all studying so the study of the + + + align:start position:0% +were all studying so the study of the +world the study of the uh of of uh + + align:start position:0% +world the study of the uh of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +world the study of the uh of of uh +nature itself was on the March and there + + align:start position:0% +nature itself was on the March and there + + + align:start position:0% +nature itself was on the March and there +were incredible amounts of new + + align:start position:0% +were incredible amounts of new + + + align:start position:0% +were incredible amounts of new +understand incredible amounts of new + + align:start position:0% +understand incredible amounts of new + + + align:start position:0% +understand incredible amounts of new +data and uh new understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +data and uh new understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +data and uh new understanding of the +world so this is all coming in uh around + + align:start position:0% +world so this is all coming in uh around + + + align:start position:0% +world so this is all coming in uh around +uh this is a over a hundred years before + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a over a hundred years before + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a over a hundred years before +Darwin wrote um uh when when Hume + + align:start position:0% +Darwin wrote um uh when when Hume + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin wrote um uh when when Hume +actually published his book so hum is uh + + align:start position:0% +actually published his book so hum is uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually published his book so hum is uh +he well not when he published he wrote + + align:start position:0% +he well not when he published he wrote + + + align:start position:0% +he well not when he published he wrote +the book in 1857 it didn't get published + + align:start position:0% +the book in 1857 it didn't get published + + + align:start position:0% +the book in 1857 it didn't get published +till later but uh he's he's really in + + align:start position:0% +till later but uh he's he's really in + + + align:start position:0% +till later but uh he's he's really in +the midst of a revolution that's taking + + align:start position:0% +the midst of a revolution that's taking + + + align:start position:0% +the midst of a revolution that's taking +place as far as knowledge and um he uses + + align:start position:0% +place as far as knowledge and um he uses + + + align:start position:0% +place as far as knowledge and um he uses +a dialogic form here in in this book The + + align:start position:0% +a dialogic form here in in this book The + + + align:start position:0% +a dialogic form here in in this book The +dialogues what's good about a + + align:start position:0% +dialogues what's good about a + + + align:start position:0% +dialogues what's good about a +dialogue U well like I think as we said + + align:start position:0% +dialogue U well like I think as we said + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue U well like I think as we said +earlier that we can't really pinpoint + + align:start position:0% +earlier that we can't really pinpoint + + + align:start position:0% +earlier that we can't really pinpoint +which one he's representing so it's kind + + align:start position:0% +which one he's representing so it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +which one he's representing so it's kind +of like is a veil of anity anonymity + + align:start position:0% +of like is a veil of anity anonymity + + + align:start position:0% +of like is a veil of anity anonymity +like so so people can't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +like so so people can't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +like so so people can't necessarily +accuse him of being a skepticism right + + align:start position:0% +accuse him of being a skepticism right + + + align:start position:0% +accuse him of being a skepticism right +away okay so there's he he he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +away okay so there's he he he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +away okay so there's he he he doesn't +necessarily get us identified with any + + align:start position:0% +necessarily get us identified with any + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily get us identified with any +single view yeah you can a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +single view yeah you can a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +single view yeah you can a bunch of +different uh views without it being like + + align:start position:0% +different uh views without it being like + + + align:start position:0% +different uh views without it being like +awkward to read and write it the + + align:start position:0% +awkward to read and write it the + + + align:start position:0% +awkward to read and write it the +dialogue LS itself to having different + + align:start position:0% +dialogue LS itself to having different + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue LS itself to having different +sort of ideas all put together rather + + align:start position:0% +sort of ideas all put together rather + + + align:start position:0% +sort of ideas all put together rather +than having to separate them in like + + align:start position:0% +than having to separate them in like + + + align:start position:0% +than having to separate them in like +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +chapters yes uh dialogue is uh has this + + align:start position:0% +chapters yes uh dialogue is uh has this + + + align:start position:0% +chapters yes uh dialogue is uh has this +T this this uh give and take that allows + + align:start position:0% +T this this uh give and take that allows + + + align:start position:0% +T this this uh give and take that allows +an outside Observer to sort of think and + + align:start position:0% +an outside Observer to sort of think and + + + align:start position:0% +an outside Observer to sort of think and +make a + + align:start position:0% +make a + + + align:start position:0% +make a +decision and this is really something + + align:start position:0% +decision and this is really something + + + align:start position:0% +decision and this is really something +that was part of the experimental + + align:start position:0% +that was part of the experimental + + + align:start position:0% +that was part of the experimental +movement that came that developed with + + align:start position:0% +movement that came that developed with + + + align:start position:0% +movement that came that developed with +the Royal Society uh of London and + + align:start position:0% +the Royal Society uh of London and + + + align:start position:0% +the Royal Society uh of London and +gentleman of science who actually uh did + + align:start position:0% +gentleman of science who actually uh did + + + align:start position:0% +gentleman of science who actually uh did +experiments in front of each other and + + align:start position:0% +experiments in front of each other and + + + align:start position:0% +experiments in front of each other and +talked about the experiments and debated + + align:start position:0% +talked about the experiments and debated + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the experiments and debated +them and so on and so forth this notion + + align:start position:0% +them and so on and so forth this notion + + + align:start position:0% +them and so on and so forth this notion +of debate and observation and + + align:start position:0% +of debate and observation and + + + align:start position:0% +of debate and observation and +comparison uh emerged uh from the 17th + + align:start position:0% +comparison uh emerged uh from the 17th + + + align:start position:0% +comparison uh emerged uh from the 17th +century into the 18th century as an + + align:start position:0% +century into the 18th century as an + + + align:start position:0% +century into the 18th century as an +important way to sort of + + align:start position:0% +important way to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +important way to sort of +discover uh and you + + align:start position:0% +discover uh and you + + + align:start position:0% +discover uh and you +know letting people do give and take + + align:start position:0% +know letting people do give and take + + + align:start position:0% +know letting people do give and take +along ows people to uh contradict each + + align:start position:0% +along ows people to uh contradict each + + + align:start position:0% +along ows people to uh contradict each +other challenge each other suggest new + + align:start position:0% +other challenge each other suggest new + + + align:start position:0% +other challenge each other suggest new +possibilities and in general opens + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and in general opens + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities and in general opens +up the the way in which uh we can + + align:start position:0% +up the the way in which uh we can + + + align:start position:0% +up the the way in which uh we can +discover new new things it's very much a + + align:start position:0% +discover new new things it's very much a + + + align:start position:0% +discover new new things it's very much a +kind of U uh a generative literary form + + align:start position:0% +kind of U uh a generative literary form + + + align:start position:0% +kind of U uh a generative literary form +if you will it generates new + + align:start position:0% +if you will it generates new + + + align:start position:0% +if you will it generates new +understandings any other thoughts and + + align:start position:0% +understandings any other thoughts and + + + align:start position:0% +understandings any other thoughts and +dialogue yeah this is a fairly + + align:start position:0% +dialogue yeah this is a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue yeah this is a fairly +Topic in the 18th century wouldn't you + + align:start position:0% +Topic in the 18th century wouldn't you + + + align:start position:0% +Topic in the 18th century wouldn't you +imagine I mean you know get out there + + align:start position:0% +imagine I mean you know get out there + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I mean you know get out there +and start talking about well what are + + align:start position:0% +and start talking about well what are + + + align:start position:0% +and start talking about well what are +the possibilities for the uh for the way + + align:start position:0% +the possibilities for the uh for the way + + + align:start position:0% +the possibilities for the uh for the way +in which nature operates and it's coming + + align:start position:0% +in which nature operates and it's coming + + + align:start position:0% +in which nature operates and it's coming +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +existence so this brings us to our first + + align:start position:0% +existence so this brings us to our first + + + align:start position:0% +existence so this brings us to our first +uh our first uh + + align:start position:0% +uh our first uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh our first uh +uh our first presenter and the first + + align:start position:0% +uh our first presenter and the first + + + align:start position:0% +uh our first presenter and the first +presenter is of course deia + + align:start position:0% +presenter is of course deia + + + align:start position:0% +presenter is of course deia +this is in um actually the uh deia's uh + + align:start position:0% +this is in um actually the uh deia's uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is in um actually the uh deia's uh +presentation actually begins in the + + align:start position:0% +presentation actually begins in the + + + align:start position:0% +presentation actually begins in the +second I mean in + + align:start position:0% +second I mean in + + + align:start position:0% +second I mean in +Earnest so what kind of approach does + + align:start position:0% +Earnest so what kind of approach does + + + align:start position:0% +Earnest so what kind of approach does +he have of + + align:start position:0% +he have of + + + align:start position:0% +he have of +um I can find him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so what kind of approach does he + + align:start position:0% +here so what kind of approach does he + + + align:start position:0% +here so what kind of approach does he +have we we've humans called him a uh + + align:start position:0% +have we we've humans called him a uh + + + align:start position:0% +have we we've humans called him a uh +rigid + + align:start position:0% +rigid + + + align:start position:0% +rigid +Orthodox but uh is that your your view + + align:start position:0% +Orthodox but uh is that your your view + + + align:start position:0% +Orthodox but uh is that your your view +of his his + + align:start position:0% +of his his + + + align:start position:0% +of his his +presentation he starts right out at the + + align:start position:0% +presentation he starts right out at the + + + align:start position:0% +presentation he starts right out at the +in in the first chapter and he + + align:start position:0% +in in the first chapter and he + + + align:start position:0% +in in the first chapter and he +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um he says I must own cleanth said de + + align:start position:0% +um he says I must own cleanth said de + + + align:start position:0% +um he says I must own cleanth said de +Mia that nothing can more surprise me + + align:start position:0% +Mia that nothing can more surprise me + + + align:start position:0% +Mia that nothing can more surprise me +than the light in which you have all + + align:start position:0% +than the light in which you have all + + + align:start position:0% +than the light in which you have all +along put this argument referring to the + + align:start position:0% +along put this argument referring to the + + + align:start position:0% +along put this argument referring to the +argument of the existence of God by the + + align:start position:0% +argument of the existence of God by the + + + align:start position:0% +argument of the existence of God by the +whole tenor of your discourse one would + + align:start position:0% +whole tenor of your discourse one would + + + align:start position:0% +whole tenor of your discourse one would +imagine that you were Imagining the + + align:start position:0% +imagine that you were Imagining the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that you were Imagining the +being of God against the cavals of + + align:start position:0% +being of God against the cavals of + + + align:start position:0% +being of God against the cavals of +atheists and infidels and were + + align:start position:0% +atheists and infidels and were + + + align:start position:0% +atheists and infidels and were +necessitated to become a champion for + + align:start position:0% +necessitated to become a champion for + + + align:start position:0% +necessitated to become a champion for +that fundamental principle of all + + align:start position:0% +that fundamental principle of all + + + align:start position:0% +that fundamental principle of all +religion I.E the existence of + + align:start position:0% +religion I.E the existence of + + + align:start position:0% +religion I.E the existence of +God but this I hope is not by any means + + align:start position:0% +God but this I hope is not by any means + + + align:start position:0% +God but this I hope is not by any means +a question Among Us + + align:start position:0% +a question Among Us + + + align:start position:0% +a question Among Us +I mean he's assuming we're all members + + align:start position:0% +I mean he's assuming we're all members + + + align:start position:0% +I mean he's assuming we're all members +of a you know civilized uh what he what + + align:start position:0% +of a you know civilized uh what he what + + + align:start position:0% +of a you know civilized uh what he what +he would say a civilized Christian + + align:start position:0% +he would say a civilized Christian + + + align:start position:0% +he would say a civilized Christian +Society but this I hope is not by any + + align:start position:0% +Society but this I hope is not by any + + + align:start position:0% +Society but this I hope is not by any +means a question Among Us no man no man + + align:start position:0% +means a question Among Us no man no man + + + align:start position:0% +means a question Among Us no man no man +at least of common sense I am persuaded + + align:start position:0% +at least of common sense I am persuaded + + + align:start position:0% +at least of common sense I am persuaded +ever entertained a serious doubt with + + align:start position:0% +ever entertained a serious doubt with + + + align:start position:0% +ever entertained a serious doubt with +regard to the truth so certain and + + align:start position:0% +regard to the truth so certain and + + + align:start position:0% +regard to the truth so certain and +self-evident the question is not + + align:start position:0% +self-evident the question is not + + + align:start position:0% +self-evident the question is not +concerning the being but the nature of + + align:start position:0% +concerning the being but the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +concerning the being but the nature of +God this I affirm from the infirmities + + align:start position:0% +God this I affirm from the infirmities + + + align:start position:0% +God this I affirm from the infirmities +of human understanding to be altogether + + align:start position:0% +of human understanding to be altogether + + + align:start position:0% +of human understanding to be altogether +incomprehensible and unknown to us the + + align:start position:0% +incomprehensible and unknown to us the + + + align:start position:0% +incomprehensible and unknown to us the +essence of that Supreme mind his + + align:start position:0% +essence of that Supreme mind his + + + align:start position:0% +essence of that Supreme mind his +attributes the manner of his existence + + align:start position:0% +attributes the manner of his existence + + + align:start position:0% +attributes the manner of his existence +the very nature of his duration are + + align:start position:0% +the very nature of his duration are + + + align:start position:0% +the very nature of his duration are +mysterious to + + align:start position:0% +mysterious to + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious to +men uh finite weak blind creatures we + + align:start position:0% +men uh finite weak blind creatures we + + + align:start position:0% +men uh finite weak blind creatures we +ought to Humble ourselves in his August + + align:start position:0% +ought to Humble ourselves in his August + + + align:start position:0% +ought to Humble ourselves in his August +presence and conscious of our frailties + + align:start position:0% +presence and conscious of our frailties + + + align:start position:0% +presence and conscious of our frailties +adore and silence his infinite + + align:start position:0% +adore and silence his infinite + + + align:start position:0% +adore and silence his infinite +Perfections the eye hath not seen ear + + align:start position:0% +Perfections the eye hath not seen ear + + + align:start position:0% +Perfections the eye hath not seen ear +hath not heard nor hath it entered into + + align:start position:0% +hath not heard nor hath it entered into + + + align:start position:0% +hath not heard nor hath it entered into +the heart of man to conceive them they + + align:start position:0% +the heart of man to conceive them they + + + align:start position:0% +the heart of man to conceive them they +are covered in a deep cloud from Human + + align:start position:0% +are covered in a deep cloud from Human + + + align:start position:0% +are covered in a deep cloud from Human +curiosity it is profaneness to attempt + + align:start position:0% +curiosity it is profaneness to attempt + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity it is profaneness to attempt +penetrating through these uh sacred + + align:start position:0% +penetrating through these uh sacred + + + align:start position:0% +penetrating through these uh sacred +obscurities and next to the impiety of + + align:start position:0% +obscurities and next to the impiety of + + + align:start position:0% +obscurities and next to the impiety of +denying his existence is the tarity the + + align:start position:0% +denying his existence is the tarity the + + + align:start position:0% +denying his existence is the tarity the +cheek of prying into his nature and + + align:start position:0% +cheek of prying into his nature and + + + align:start position:0% +cheek of prying into his nature and +Essence decrees and + + align:start position:0% +Essence decrees and + + + align:start position:0% +Essence decrees and +attributes pretty strong statement isn't + + align:start position:0% +attributes pretty strong statement isn't + + + align:start position:0% +attributes pretty strong statement isn't +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +old fion rational + + align:start position:0% +old fion rational + + + align:start position:0% +old fion rational +Faith okay all right this is you know + + align:start position:0% +Faith okay all right this is you know + + + align:start position:0% +Faith okay all right this is you know +you should not even go into this + + align:start position:0% +you should not even go into this + + + align:start position:0% +you should not even go into this +territory just bow down and and and and + + align:start position:0% +territory just bow down and and and and + + + align:start position:0% +territory just bow down and and and and +you know thank God + + align:start position:0% +you know thank God + + + align:start position:0% +you know thank God +for what you have and and uh and + + align:start position:0% +for what you have and and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +for what you have and and uh and +appreciate your existence and save your + + align:start position:0% +appreciate your existence and save your + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate your existence and save your +soul by adoring God so this is uh this + + align:start position:0% +soul by adoring God so this is uh this + + + align:start position:0% +soul by adoring God so this is uh this +is this is a uh what Hume uh takes as a + + align:start position:0% +is this is a uh what Hume uh takes as a + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a uh what Hume uh takes as a +Orthodox Orthodox position um is there + + align:start position:0% +Orthodox Orthodox position um is there + + + align:start position:0% +Orthodox Orthodox position um is there +any so is yeah it's old fashioned good + + align:start position:0% +any so is yeah it's old fashioned good + + + align:start position:0% +any so is yeah it's old fashioned good +old fashioned any other thoughts on + + align:start position:0% +old fashioned any other thoughts on + + + align:start position:0% +old fashioned any other thoughts on +this well one of the things that I found + + align:start position:0% +this well one of the things that I found + + + align:start position:0% +this well one of the things that I found +interesting this is another quote from + + align:start position:0% +interesting this is another quote from + + + align:start position:0% +interesting this is another quote from +the book is like or how do you Mystics + + align:start position:0% +the book is like or how do you Mystics + + + align:start position:0% +the book is like or how do you Mystics +who maintain absolute + + align:start position:0% +who maintain absolute + + + align:start position:0% +who maintain absolute +incomprehensibility of the deity + + align:start position:0% +incomprehensibility of the deity + + + align:start position:0% +incomprehensibility of the deity +different from Skeptics or atheists who + + align:start position:0% +different from Skeptics or atheists who + + + align:start position:0% +different from Skeptics or atheists who +assert the first cause is all unknown + + align:start position:0% +assert the first cause is all unknown + + + align:start position:0% +assert the first cause is all unknown +and unintelligible so I think that fits + + align:start position:0% +and unintelligible so I think that fits + + + align:start position:0% +and unintelligible so I think that fits +in really well like if if you say this + + align:start position:0% +in really well like if if you say this + + + align:start position:0% +in really well like if if you say this +is absolutely we can't understand it how + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely we can't understand it how + + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely we can't understand it how +is that any different from all believing + + align:start position:0% +is that any different from all believing + + + align:start position:0% +is that any different from all believing +in in the first + + align:start position:0% +in in the first + + + align:start position:0% +in in the first +place good question um how is it any + + align:start position:0% +place good question um how is it any + + + align:start position:0% +place good question um how is it any +thoughts um I mean I think there's a + + align:start position:0% +thoughts um I mean I think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts um I mean I think there's a +difference between believe believing in + + align:start position:0% +difference between believe believing in + + + align:start position:0% +difference between believe believing in +a God and then and saying we can't uh + + align:start position:0% +a God and then and saying we can't uh + + + align:start position:0% +a God and then and saying we can't uh +understand anything he does but in this + + align:start position:0% +understand anything he does but in this + + + align:start position:0% +understand anything he does but in this +context when they're talking more about + + align:start position:0% +context when they're talking more about + + + align:start position:0% +context when they're talking more about +uh like natural religion I I I think is + + align:start position:0% +uh like natural religion I I I think is + + + align:start position:0% +uh like natural religion I I I think is +pretty similar I mean there is uh I + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar I mean there is uh I + + + align:start position:0% +pretty similar I mean there is uh I +think felo brings up this parallel there + + align:start position:0% +think felo brings up this parallel there + + + align:start position:0% +think felo brings up this parallel there +is some similarity + + align:start position:0% +is some similarity + + + align:start position:0% +is some similarity +between the simply the position of + + align:start position:0% +between the simply the position of + + + align:start position:0% +between the simply the position of +simply saying we can't + + align:start position:0% +simply saying we can't + + + align:start position:0% +simply saying we can't +understand and the skeptic's + + align:start position:0% +understand and the skeptic's + + + align:start position:0% +understand and the skeptic's +position uh he Associates in one place + + align:start position:0% +position uh he Associates in one place + + + align:start position:0% +position uh he Associates in one place +with the purus view the idea that you + + align:start position:0% +with the purus view the idea that you + + + align:start position:0% +with the purus view the idea that you +destroy all knowledge no knowledge + + align:start position:0% +destroy all knowledge no knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +destroy all knowledge no knowledge +nothing is valid but uh those positions + + align:start position:0% +nothing is valid but uh those positions + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is valid but uh those positions +as you're quite right + + align:start position:0% +as you're quite right + + + align:start position:0% +as you're quite right +have there is a certain parallel + + align:start position:0% +have there is a certain parallel + + + align:start position:0% +have there is a certain parallel +there however the first position + + align:start position:0% +there however the first position + + + align:start position:0% +there however the first position +I assumes that God exists in fact Mia + + align:start position:0% +I assumes that God exists in fact Mia + + + align:start position:0% +I assumes that God exists in fact Mia +says we're not going to discuss this + + align:start position:0% +says we're not going to discuss this + + + align:start position:0% +says we're not going to discuss this +question this is surely not a question + + align:start position:0% +question this is surely not a question + + + align:start position:0% +question this is surely not a question +anybody rational would want to + + align:start position:0% +anybody rational would want to + + + align:start position:0% +anybody rational would want to +discuss so he's simply assuming this is + + align:start position:0% +discuss so he's simply assuming this is + + + align:start position:0% +discuss so he's simply assuming this is +this is this is it where whereas a + + align:start position:0% +this is this is it where whereas a + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is it where whereas a +skeptic the position of a skeptic is + + align:start position:0% +skeptic the position of a skeptic is + + + align:start position:0% +skeptic the position of a skeptic is +going to be more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what that there is no God yeah I mean + + align:start position:0% +what that there is no God yeah I mean + + + align:start position:0% +what that there is no God yeah I mean +you can show me some evidence uh of you + + align:start position:0% +you can show me some evidence uh of you + + + align:start position:0% +you can show me some evidence uh of you +know I'm I have no basis for + + align:start position:0% +know I'm I have no basis for + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm I have no basis for +belief so those are two similar + + align:start position:0% +belief so those are two similar + + + align:start position:0% +belief so those are two similar +positions in Curious way and yet + + align:start position:0% +positions in Curious way and yet + + + align:start position:0% +positions in Curious way and yet +completely opposite in their ultimate + + align:start position:0% +completely opposite in their ultimate + + + align:start position:0% +completely opposite in their ultimate +view of of of uh the nature of God or + + align:start position:0% +view of of of uh the nature of God or + + + align:start position:0% +view of of of uh the nature of God or +whether God + + align:start position:0% +whether God + + + align:start position:0% +whether God +exists you going to say uh I thought it + + align:start position:0% +exists you going to say uh I thought it + + + align:start position:0% +exists you going to say uh I thought it +was sort of interesting how cenes + + align:start position:0% +was sort of interesting how cenes + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of interesting how cenes +um his view + + align:start position:0% +um his view + + + align:start position:0% +um his view +doesn't um have any aspect of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't um have any aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't um have any aspect of +inquiry um terms of cleanthes you're + + align:start position:0% +inquiry um terms of cleanthes you're + + + align:start position:0% +inquiry um terms of cleanthes you're +talking about cleanes or or deia uh oh + + align:start position:0% +talking about cleanes or or deia uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +talking about cleanes or or deia uh oh +yeah demia sorry de deia um just because + + align:start position:0% +yeah demia sorry de deia um just because + + + align:start position:0% +yeah demia sorry de deia um just because +uh in the beginning they talked about + + align:start position:0% +uh in the beginning they talked about + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the beginning they talked about +different ways of teaching their + + align:start position:0% +different ways of teaching their + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of teaching their +students and then deia said we should + + align:start position:0% +students and then deia said we should + + + align:start position:0% +students and then deia said we should +teach everything first and then teach + + align:start position:0% +teach everything first and then teach + + + align:start position:0% +teach everything first and then teach +religion afterwards okay but wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +religion afterwards okay but wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +religion afterwards okay but wouldn't +education in itself lead to + + align:start position:0% +education in itself lead to + + + align:start position:0% +education in itself lead to +inquiry and more + + align:start position:0% +inquiry and more + + + align:start position:0% +inquiry and more +curiosity well yeah so you're you're + + align:start position:0% +curiosity well yeah so you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity well yeah so you're you're +touching on this this this question of + + align:start position:0% +touching on this this this question of + + + align:start position:0% +touching on this this this question of +the natural religion so revealed + + align:start position:0% +the natural religion so revealed + + + align:start position:0% +the natural religion so revealed +religion is really what Deus does I mean + + align:start position:0% +religion is really what Deus does I mean + + + align:start position:0% +religion is really what Deus does I mean +he he he is he's read he's read a sacred + + align:start position:0% +he he he is he's read he's read a sacred + + + align:start position:0% +he he he is he's read he's read a sacred +texts he believes uh uh he believes + + align:start position:0% +texts he believes uh uh he believes + + + align:start position:0% +texts he believes uh uh he believes +deeply in these texts he has a certain + + align:start position:0% +deeply in these texts he has a certain + + + align:start position:0% +deeply in these texts he has a certain +Pious view of the world he has a + + align:start position:0% +Pious view of the world he has a + + + align:start position:0% +Pious view of the world he has a +certain yeah he's Orthodox and rigid but + + align:start position:0% +certain yeah he's Orthodox and rigid but + + + align:start position:0% +certain yeah he's Orthodox and rigid but +he's + + align:start position:0% +he's + + + align:start position:0% +he's +also you know he has a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +also you know he has a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +also you know he has a certain kind of +uh uh faith if you + + align:start position:0% +uh uh faith if you + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh faith if you +will that there is a deity and he he he + + align:start position:0% +will that there is a deity and he he he + + + align:start position:0% +will that there is a deity and he he he +supports that Faith with a a passionate + + align:start position:0% +supports that Faith with a a passionate + + + align:start position:0% +supports that Faith with a a passionate +Devotion to his + + align:start position:0% +Devotion to his + + + align:start position:0% +Devotion to his +sense of the deity I mean so I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +sense of the deity I mean so I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the deity I mean so I mean it's +it's it's easy to kind of say well this + + align:start position:0% +it's it's easy to kind of say well this + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's easy to kind of say well this +guy doesn't have any you know he hasn't + + align:start position:0% +guy doesn't have any you know he hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +guy doesn't have any you know he hasn't +really done any research or anything + + align:start position:0% +really done any research or anything + + + align:start position:0% +really done any research or anything +like that research is beside the point + + align:start position:0% +like that research is beside the point + + + align:start position:0% +like that research is beside the point +we're talking about something that + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about something that + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about something that +exists at a scale that is just too vast + + align:start position:0% +exists at a scale that is just too vast + + + align:start position:0% +exists at a scale that is just too vast +and too uh Beyond human + + align:start position:0% +and too uh Beyond human + + + align:start position:0% +and too uh Beyond human +Frailty to understand much about and to + + align:start position:0% +Frailty to understand much about and to + + + align:start position:0% +Frailty to understand much about and to +actually use the reason to try to + + align:start position:0% +actually use the reason to try to + + + align:start position:0% +actually use the reason to try to +understand God is in deia's View kind of + + align:start position:0% +understand God is in deia's View kind of + + + align:start position:0% +understand God is in deia's View kind of +a profane sacrilegious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing and you know this is something + + align:start position:0% +thing and you know this is something + + + align:start position:0% +thing and you know this is something +that uh can be associated with you know + + align:start position:0% +that uh can be associated with you know + + + align:start position:0% +that uh can be associated with you know +a very Earnest sense of + + align:start position:0% +a very Earnest sense of + + + align:start position:0% +a very Earnest sense of +piety so so then we have okay so yeah + + align:start position:0% +piety so so then we have okay so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +piety so so then we have okay so yeah +there isn't there isn't a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +there isn't there isn't a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't there isn't a whole lot of +um um experiential inquiry so now we + + align:start position:0% +um um experiential inquiry so now we + + + align:start position:0% +um um experiential inquiry so now we +have cleanthes who comes + + align:start position:0% +have cleanthes who comes + + + align:start position:0% +have cleanthes who comes +in and uh cleanthes here he + + align:start position:0% +in and uh cleanthes here he + + + align:start position:0% +in and uh cleanthes here he +is so you know there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +is so you know there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +is so you know there's a little bit of +uh discourse about the the first cause + + align:start position:0% +uh discourse about the the first cause + + + align:start position:0% +uh discourse about the the first cause +the great first cause God and U + + align:start position:0% +the great first cause God and U + + + align:start position:0% +the great first cause God and U +cleanthes really feels that he's sort of + + align:start position:0% +cleanthes really feels that he's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +cleanthes really feels that he's sort of +supporting de Mia in some sense um so he + + align:start position:0% +supporting de Mia in some sense um so he + + + align:start position:0% +supporting de Mia in some sense um so he +says um not to lose any time in circu + + align:start position:0% +says um not to lose any time in circu + + + align:start position:0% +says um not to lose any time in circu +circumlocution said cleanthes addressing + + align:start position:0% +circumlocution said cleanthes addressing + + + align:start position:0% +circumlocution said cleanthes addressing +himself to deia much less in replying to + + align:start position:0% +himself to deia much less in replying to + + + align:start position:0% +himself to deia much less in replying to +the pious declamations of + + align:start position:0% +the pious declamations of + + + align:start position:0% +the pious declamations of +felo I shall briefly explain how I + + align:start position:0% +felo I shall briefly explain how I + + + align:start position:0% +felo I shall briefly explain how I +conceive this matter I.E of the nature + + align:start position:0% +conceive this matter I.E of the nature + + + align:start position:0% +conceive this matter I.E of the nature +of God look around the world contemplate + + align:start position:0% +of God look around the world contemplate + + + align:start position:0% +of God look around the world contemplate +the whole and every part of it you will + + align:start position:0% +the whole and every part of it you will + + + align:start position:0% +the whole and every part of it you will +find it to be nothing but one great + + align:start position:0% +find it to be nothing but one great + + + align:start position:0% +find it to be nothing but one great +machine subdivided into an infinite + + align:start position:0% +machine subdivided into an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +machine subdivided into an infinite +number of lesser machines which again + + align:start position:0% +number of lesser machines which again + + + align:start position:0% +number of lesser machines which again +admit of subdivisions to a degree beyond + + align:start position:0% +admit of subdivisions to a degree beyond + + + align:start position:0% +admit of subdivisions to a degree beyond +what human senses and faculties can + + align:start position:0% +what human senses and faculties can + + + align:start position:0% +what human senses and faculties can +trace and + + align:start position:0% +trace and + + + align:start position:0% +trace and +explain all these various machines even + + align:start position:0% +explain all these various machines even + + + align:start position:0% +explain all these various machines even +their most Min parts are adjusted to + + align:start position:0% +their most Min parts are adjusted to + + + align:start position:0% +their most Min parts are adjusted to +each other with an accuracy which + + align:start position:0% +each other with an accuracy which + + + align:start position:0% +each other with an accuracy which +ravishes into admiration all men who + + align:start position:0% +ravishes into admiration all men who + + + align:start position:0% +ravishes into admiration all men who +have ever contemplated them the Curious + + align:start position:0% +have ever contemplated them the Curious + + + align:start position:0% +have ever contemplated them the Curious +adapting of means to ends remember that + + align:start position:0% +adapting of means to ends remember that + + + align:start position:0% +adapting of means to ends remember that +design definition the Curious adapting + + align:start position:0% +design definition the Curious adapting + + + align:start position:0% +design definition the Curious adapting +of means to ends throughout all nature + + align:start position:0% +of means to ends throughout all nature + + + align:start position:0% +of means to ends throughout all nature +resembles exactly though it much exceeds + + align:start position:0% +resembles exactly though it much exceeds + + + align:start position:0% +resembles exactly though it much exceeds +the Productions of human contr + + align:start position:0% +the Productions of human contr + + + align:start position:0% +the Productions of human contr +of human design thought wisdom and + + align:start position:0% +of human design thought wisdom and + + + align:start position:0% +of human design thought wisdom and +intelligence since therefore the effects + + align:start position:0% +intelligence since therefore the effects + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence since therefore the effects +resemble each other we are led to infer + + align:start position:0% +resemble each other we are led to infer + + + align:start position:0% +resemble each other we are led to infer +by all the rules of analogy that the + + align:start position:0% +by all the rules of analogy that the + + + align:start position:0% +by all the rules of analogy that the +causes also resemble and that the author + + align:start position:0% +causes also resemble and that the author + + + align:start position:0% +causes also resemble and that the author +of nature is somewhat similar to the + + align:start position:0% +of nature is somewhat similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +of nature is somewhat similar to the +mind of + + align:start position:0% +mind of + + + align:start position:0% +mind of +man though possessed of much larger + + align:start position:0% +man though possessed of much larger + + + align:start position:0% +man though possessed of much larger +faculties proportion to the Grandeur of + + align:start position:0% +faculties proportion to the Grandeur of + + + align:start position:0% +faculties proportion to the Grandeur of +the work which he has executed by this + + align:start position:0% +the work which he has executed by this + + + align:start position:0% +the work which he has executed by this +argument + + align:start position:0% +argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument +aiori and by this argument alone we do + + align:start position:0% +aiori and by this argument alone we do + + + align:start position:0% +aiori and by this argument alone we do +prove that at once the existence of a + + align:start position:0% +prove that at once the existence of a + + + align:start position:0% +prove that at once the existence of a +deity and a similarity to human mind and + + align:start position:0% +deity and a similarity to human mind and + + + align:start position:0% +deity and a similarity to human mind and +intelligence okay what about + + align:start position:0% +intelligence okay what about + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence okay what about +this I think that um this is Clan's + + align:start position:0% +this I think that um this is Clan's + + + align:start position:0% +this I think that um this is Clan's +point of view and I think that Clan is + + align:start position:0% +point of view and I think that Clan is + + + align:start position:0% +point of view and I think that Clan is +coming from a like more + + align:start position:0% +coming from a like more + + + align:start position:0% +coming from a like more +scientific um uh perspective this world + + align:start position:0% +scientific um uh perspective this world + + + align:start position:0% +scientific um uh perspective this world +view this like this perspective is um + + align:start position:0% +view this like this perspective is um + + + align:start position:0% +view this like this perspective is um +kind of skewed in a overly + + align:start position:0% +kind of skewed in a overly + + + align:start position:0% +kind of skewed in a overly +rigorous um kind of sense and that like + + align:start position:0% +rigorous um kind of sense and that like + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous um kind of sense and that like +so from just from that you can see + + align:start position:0% +so from just from that you can see + + + align:start position:0% +so from just from that you can see +already see how it's kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +already see how it's kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +already see how it's kind of like a +scientific process where he notices + + align:start position:0% +scientific process where he notices + + + align:start position:0% +scientific process where he notices +something and then he's reasoning + + align:start position:0% +something and then he's reasoning + + + align:start position:0% +something and then he's reasoning +through and saying oh therefore + + align:start position:0% +through and saying oh therefore + + + align:start position:0% +through and saying oh therefore +therefore um but then I think there's + + align:start position:0% +therefore um but then I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +therefore um but then I think there's +like is not like sometimes s is a little + + align:start position:0% +like is not like sometimes s is a little + + + align:start position:0% +like is not like sometimes s is a little +rigid and I think that's where he might + + align:start position:0% +rigid and I think that's where he might + + + align:start position:0% +rigid and I think that's where he might +fall short a + + align:start position:0% +fall short a + + + align:start position:0% +fall short a +little yeah all right I think Clan's + + align:start position:0% +little yeah all right I think Clan's + + + align:start position:0% +little yeah all right I think Clan's +argument um confuses correlation with + + align:start position:0% +argument um confuses correlation with + + + align:start position:0% +argument um confuses correlation with +causality sense that he sees all these + + align:start position:0% +causality sense that he sees all these + + + align:start position:0% +causality sense that he sees all these +patterns but it's not necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +patterns but it's not necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +patterns but it's not necessarily the +case that a implies + + align:start position:0% +case that a implies + + + align:start position:0% +case that a implies +B okay so he makes an analogy that's fos + + align:start position:0% +B okay so he makes an analogy that's fos + + + align:start position:0% +B okay so he makes an analogy that's fos +I think Jennifer what do you think this + + align:start position:0% +I think Jennifer what do you think this + + + align:start position:0% +I think Jennifer what do you think this +this great machine in the univers you + + align:start position:0% +this great machine in the univers you + + + align:start position:0% +this great machine in the univers you +think that's uh do you think it's true + + align:start position:0% +think that's uh do you think it's true + + + align:start position:0% +think that's uh do you think it's true +that the universe is a great beautiful + + align:start position:0% +that the universe is a great beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +that the universe is a great beautiful +machine that operates with Incredible + + align:start position:0% +machine that operates with Incredible + + + align:start position:0% +machine that operates with Incredible +complexity + + align:start position:0% +complexity + + + align:start position:0% +complexity +and sounds sort of mysterious but uh + + align:start position:0% +and sounds sort of mysterious but uh + + + align:start position:0% +and sounds sort of mysterious but uh +phenomenally + + align:start position:0% +phenomenally + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenally +interesting well I mean that's an + + align:start position:0% +interesting well I mean that's an + + + align:start position:0% +interesting well I mean that's an +interesting way to look at it but + + align:start position:0% +interesting way to look at it but + + + align:start position:0% +interesting way to look at it but +like I don't know I kind of agree with + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know I kind of agree with + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know I kind of agree with +um Chris and that like it's it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +um Chris and that like it's it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um Chris and that like it's it's kind of +a broad analogy like you can't + + align:start position:0% +a broad analogy like you can't + + + align:start position:0% +a broad analogy like you can't +really compare such like something such + + align:start position:0% +really compare such like something such + + + align:start position:0% +really compare such like something such +a mast scope to like what humans design + + align:start position:0% +a mast scope to like what humans design + + + align:start position:0% +a mast scope to like what humans design +because it's like incorporates I think + + align:start position:0% +because it's like incorporates I think + + + align:start position:0% +because it's like incorporates I think +um Pho was saying that um the whole + + align:start position:0% +um Pho was saying that um the whole + + + align:start position:0% +um Pho was saying that um the whole +universe consists of man and what he + + align:start position:0% +universe consists of man and what he + + + align:start position:0% +universe consists of man and what he +creates so you can't really compare the + + align:start position:0% +creates so you can't really compare the + + + align:start position:0% +creates so you can't really compare the +two because one of them compasses the + + align:start position:0% +two because one of them compasses the + + + align:start position:0% +two because one of them compasses the +other and it's just + + align:start position:0% +other and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +other and it's just +so Grand of a like I guess we're we're + + align:start position:0% +so Grand of a like I guess we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +so Grand of a like I guess we're we're +isn't isn't the world incredibly I mean + + align:start position:0% +isn't isn't the world incredibly I mean + + + align:start position:0% +isn't isn't the world incredibly I mean +don't you when you take a course in + + align:start position:0% +don't you when you take a course in + + + align:start position:0% +don't you when you take a course in +physics or chem don't you Marvel at how + + align:start position:0% +physics or chem don't you Marvel at how + + + align:start position:0% +physics or chem don't you Marvel at how +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +amazingly arranged and organized things + + align:start position:0% +amazingly arranged and organized things + + + align:start position:0% +amazingly arranged and organized things +actually appear to be if we have the if + + align:start position:0% +actually appear to be if we have the if + + + align:start position:0% +actually appear to be if we have the if +we have the mental power to penetrate + + align:start position:0% +we have the mental power to penetrate + + + align:start position:0% +we have the mental power to penetrate +this this complexity I mean aren't we + + align:start position:0% +this this complexity I mean aren't we + + + align:start position:0% +this this complexity I mean aren't we +always discovering + + align:start position:0% +always discovering + + + align:start position:0% +always discovering +especially in in if you're in the + + align:start position:0% +especially in in if you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +especially in in if you're in the +Sciences or if you're in the P the + + align:start position:0% +Sciences or if you're in the P the + + + align:start position:0% +Sciences or if you're in the P the +amazing way which things are + + align:start position:0% +amazing way which things are + + + align:start position:0% +amazing way which things are +organized the periodic table I mean you + + align:start position:0% +organized the periodic table I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +organized the periodic table I mean you +know things that I mean really that's + + align:start position:0% +know things that I mean really that's + + + align:start position:0% +know things that I mean really that's +it's pretty impressive isn't it if you + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty impressive isn't it if you + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty impressive isn't it if you +look at the order of the world and the + + align:start position:0% +look at the order of the world and the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the order of the world and the +fact that I mean if the world were + + align:start position:0% +fact that I mean if the world were + + + align:start position:0% +fact that I mean if the world were +not orderly in some incredible way we + + align:start position:0% +not orderly in some incredible way we + + + align:start position:0% +not orderly in some incredible way we +none of us would be here we're here + + align:start position:0% +none of us would be here we're here + + + align:start position:0% +none of us would be here we're here +because we can study phenomena + + align:start position:0% +because we can study phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +because we can study phenomena +and find patterns and recognize those + + align:start position:0% +and find patterns and recognize those + + + align:start position:0% +and find patterns and recognize those +patterns and make imp inferences from + + align:start position:0% +patterns and make imp inferences from + + + align:start position:0% +patterns and make imp inferences from +those patterns and move on to the next + + align:start position:0% +those patterns and move on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +those patterns and move on to the next +and you know uh think of the you know + + align:start position:0% +and you know uh think of the you know + + + align:start position:0% +and you know uh think of the you know +the double helix think of the you it's + + align:start position:0% +the double helix think of the you it's + + + align:start position:0% +the double helix think of the you it's +amazing isn't it I mean this is not a + + align:start position:0% +amazing isn't it I mean this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +amazing isn't it I mean this is not a +foolish thing to + + align:start position:0% +foolish thing to + + + align:start position:0% +foolish thing to +say that the universe or or the world + + align:start position:0% +say that the universe or or the world + + + align:start position:0% +say that the universe or or the world +and nature itself is organized at a + + align:start position:0% +and nature itself is organized at a + + + align:start position:0% +and nature itself is organized at a +level that we're still trying to + + align:start position:0% +level that we're still trying to + + + align:start position:0% +level that we're still trying to +understand but we've understood a + + align:start position:0% +understand but we've understood a + + + align:start position:0% +understand but we've understood a +lot there are order there are principles + + align:start position:0% +lot there are order there are principles + + + align:start position:0% +lot there are order there are principles +in this world world that we can study in + + align:start position:0% +in this world world that we can study in + + + align:start position:0% +in this world world that we can study in +a deep way and get deep Knowledge from + + align:start position:0% +a deep way and get deep Knowledge from + + + align:start position:0% +a deep way and get deep Knowledge from +and if that order did not exist we + + align:start position:0% +and if that order did not exist we + + + align:start position:0% +and if that order did not exist we +couldn't get the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +base so that was part of the rational + + align:start position:0% +base so that was part of the rational + + + align:start position:0% +base so that was part of the rational +that was the inheritance of the + + align:start position:0% +that was the inheritance of the + + + align:start position:0% +that was the inheritance of the +Scientific + + align:start position:0% +Scientific + + + align:start position:0% +Scientific +Revolution Newton moving into the + + align:start position:0% +Revolution Newton moving into the + + + align:start position:0% +Revolution Newton moving into the +enlightenment of which Hume is a major + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment of which Hume is a major + + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment of which Hume is a major +exponent Express of of this this new + + align:start position:0% +exponent Express of of this this new + + + align:start position:0% +exponent Express of of this this new +understanding or this new + + align:start position:0% +understanding or this new + + + align:start position:0% +understanding or this new +sense that nature itself had an order of + + align:start position:0% +sense that nature itself had an order of + + + align:start position:0% +sense that nature itself had an order of +profoundly uh determinable + + align:start position:0% +profoundly uh determinable + + + align:start position:0% +profoundly uh determinable +order that we could + + align:start position:0% +order that we could + + + align:start position:0% +order that we could +understand and it sits right at the core + + align:start position:0% +understand and it sits right at the core + + + align:start position:0% +understand and it sits right at the core +of Charles + + align:start position:0% +of Charles + + + align:start position:0% +of Charles +Darwin and his thinking that if we + + align:start position:0% +Darwin and his thinking that if we + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin and his thinking that if we +penetrate deeply enough into the way + + align:start position:0% +penetrate deeply enough into the way + + + align:start position:0% +penetrate deeply enough into the way +nature works we can understand + + align:start position:0% +nature works we can understand + + + align:start position:0% +nature works we can understand +complexities that + + align:start position:0% +complexities that + + + align:start position:0% +complexities that +previous generations just you know threw + + align:start position:0% +previous generations just you know threw + + + align:start position:0% +previous generations just you know threw +up their + + align:start position:0% +up their + + + align:start position:0% +up their +handset Pho Pho is you know he's a + + align:start position:0% +handset Pho Pho is you know he's a + + + align:start position:0% +handset Pho Pho is you know he's a +troublemaker he's he's always you know + + align:start position:0% +troublemaker he's he's always you know + + + align:start position:0% +troublemaker he's he's always you know +so he doesn't he responds to cleanthes + + align:start position:0% +so he doesn't he responds to cleanthes + + + align:start position:0% +so he doesn't he responds to cleanthes +in a in a curious and interesting way he + + align:start position:0% +in a in a curious and interesting way he + + + align:start position:0% +in a in a curious and interesting way he +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +um you know first of all his critique of + + align:start position:0% +um you know first of all his critique of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know first of all his critique of +clean's you know great machine of the of + + align:start position:0% +clean's you know great machine of the of + + + align:start position:0% +clean's you know great machine of the of +the universe this great Cosmic machine + + align:start position:0% +the universe this great Cosmic machine + + + align:start position:0% +the universe this great Cosmic machine +is showing this this principle of order + + align:start position:0% +is showing this this principle of order + + + align:start position:0% +is showing this this principle of order +coming out from the Mind of a great + + align:start position:0% +coming out from the Mind of a great + + + align:start position:0% +coming out from the Mind of a great +Creator um his first critique of that + + align:start position:0% +Creator um his first critique of that + + + align:start position:0% +Creator um his first critique of that +ph's filo's first critique of that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what he mentions the limits of + + align:start position:0% +what he mentions the limits of + + + align:start position:0% +what he mentions the limits of +analogy what does he mean by the limits + + align:start position:0% +analogy what does he mean by the limits + + + align:start position:0% +analogy what does he mean by the limits +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analogy well cleanthes is arguing + + align:start position:0% +analogy well cleanthes is arguing + + + align:start position:0% +analogy well cleanthes is arguing +analogically is he not he's saying that + + align:start position:0% +analogically is he not he's saying that + + + align:start position:0% +analogically is he not he's saying that +you know okay this is a great ordered + + align:start position:0% +you know okay this is a great ordered + + + align:start position:0% +you know okay this is a great ordered +machine of the the the world we know + + align:start position:0% +machine of the the the world we know + + + align:start position:0% +machine of the the the world we know +this from the Scientific Revolution and + + align:start position:0% +this from the Scientific Revolution and + + + align:start position:0% +this from the Scientific Revolution and +the way things work uh we know that + + align:start position:0% +the way things work uh we know that + + + align:start position:0% +the way things work uh we know that +there's incredible massive degree of + + align:start position:0% +there's incredible massive degree of + + + align:start position:0% +there's incredible massive degree of +order in + + align:start position:0% +order in + + + align:start position:0% +order in +existence and that order because we can + + align:start position:0% +existence and that order because we can + + + align:start position:0% +existence and that order because we can +understand it with our + + align:start position:0% +understand it with our + + + align:start position:0% +understand it with our +minds and because that is the product of + + align:start position:0% +minds and because that is the product of + + + align:start position:0% +minds and because that is the product of +a greater + + align:start position:0% +a greater + + + align:start position:0% +a greater +mind our minds must be similar in some + + align:start position:0% +mind our minds must be similar in some + + + align:start position:0% +mind our minds must be similar in some +way to the mind of that great Creator + + align:start position:0% +way to the mind of that great Creator + + + align:start position:0% +way to the mind of that great Creator +because we can understand that great + + align:start position:0% +because we can understand that great + + + align:start position:0% +because we can understand that great +creators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +works + + align:start position:0% +works + + + align:start position:0% +works +and uh this this uh fer really finds + + align:start position:0% +and uh this this uh fer really finds + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this this uh fer really finds +this uh problematic because uh as he + + align:start position:0% +this uh problematic because uh as he + + + align:start position:0% +this uh problematic because uh as he +says you know the analogy of you know + + align:start position:0% +says you know the analogy of you know + + + align:start position:0% +says you know the analogy of you know +the mind of a human or even the analogy + + align:start position:0% +the mind of a human or even the analogy + + + align:start position:0% +the mind of a human or even the analogy +of a of a of a machine and the universe + + align:start position:0% +of a of a of a machine and the universe + + + align:start position:0% +of a of a of a machine and the universe +itself it just doesn't hold because + + align:start position:0% +itself it just doesn't hold because + + + align:start position:0% +itself it just doesn't hold because +there're they're so different in scale + + align:start position:0% +there're they're so different in scale + + + align:start position:0% +there're they're so different in scale +it's it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of +it's nice to write but in the end it + + align:start position:0% +it's nice to write but in the end it + + + align:start position:0% +it's nice to write but in the end it +it's just + + align:start position:0% +it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it's just +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +different a set of phenomena to actually + + align:start position:0% +different a set of phenomena to actually + + + align:start position:0% +different a set of phenomena to actually +compare + + align:start position:0% +compare + + + align:start position:0% +compare +them I mean how can you compare + + align:start position:0% +them I mean how can you compare + + + align:start position:0% +them I mean how can you compare +something of the scale of universe + + align:start position:0% +something of the scale of universe + + + align:start position:0% +something of the scale of universe +itself to uh the order of something that + + align:start position:0% +itself to uh the order of something that + + + align:start position:0% +itself to uh the order of something that +uh humans would make so in this sense he + + align:start position:0% +uh humans would make so in this sense he + + + align:start position:0% +uh humans would make so in this sense he +sort of agrees with demia no it's only + + align:start position:0% +sort of agrees with demia no it's only + + + align:start position:0% +sort of agrees with demia no it's only +from a skeptical point of view then he + + align:start position:0% +from a skeptical point of view then he + + + align:start position:0% +from a skeptical point of view then he +says um so he says uh + + align:start position:0% +says um so he says uh + + + align:start position:0% +says um so he says uh +this is in ch in part two here + + align:start position:0% +this is in ch in part two here + + + align:start position:0% +this is in ch in part two here +uh uh but wherever you depart in at + + align:start position:0% +uh uh but wherever you depart in at + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh but wherever you depart in at +least from the similarity of cases you + + align:start position:0% +least from the similarity of cases you + + + align:start position:0% +least from the similarity of cases you +diminish proportionately the evidence + + align:start position:0% +diminish proportionately the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +diminish proportionately the evidence +and May at last bring it to a very weak + + align:start position:0% +and May at last bring it to a very weak + + + align:start position:0% +and May at last bring it to a very weak +analogy which is confessa liable to + + align:start position:0% +analogy which is confessa liable to + + + align:start position:0% +analogy which is confessa liable to +error and + + align:start position:0% +error and + + + align:start position:0% +error and +uncertainty okay so let me um so the + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty okay so let me um so the + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty okay so let me um so the +analogical reason reasoning this is felo + + align:start position:0% +analogical reason reasoning this is felo + + + align:start position:0% +analogical reason reasoning this is felo +again uh is much weaker when we infer + + align:start position:0% +again uh is much weaker when we infer + + + align:start position:0% +again uh is much weaker when we infer +the the circulation of the sap and + + align:start position:0% +the the circulation of the sap and + + + align:start position:0% +the the circulation of the sap and +vegetables from our experience that the + + align:start position:0% +vegetables from our experience that the + + + align:start position:0% +vegetables from our experience that the +blood circulates in animals and those + + align:start position:0% +blood circulates in animals and those + + + align:start position:0% +blood circulates in animals and those +who hastily followed that imperfect + + align:start position:0% +who hastily followed that imperfect + + + align:start position:0% +who hastily followed that imperfect +analogy if we see a house cleanthes we + + align:start position:0% +analogy if we see a house cleanthes we + + + align:start position:0% +analogy if we see a house cleanthes we +conclude with the greatest certainty + + align:start position:0% +conclude with the greatest certainty + + + align:start position:0% +conclude with the greatest certainty +that it had an architect or Builder + + align:start position:0% +that it had an architect or Builder + + + align:start position:0% +that it had an architect or Builder +because this is precisely that species + + align:start position:0% +because this is precisely that species + + + align:start position:0% +because this is precisely that species +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +effect which we have experienced to + + align:start position:0% +effect which we have experienced to + + + align:start position:0% +effect which we have experienced to +proceed from that species of cause but + + align:start position:0% +proceed from that species of cause but + + + align:start position:0% +proceed from that species of cause but +surely you will not affirm that the + + align:start position:0% +surely you will not affirm that the + + + align:start position:0% +surely you will not affirm that the +Universe Bears such a resemblance to a + + align:start position:0% +Universe Bears such a resemblance to a + + + align:start position:0% +Universe Bears such a resemblance to a +house that we can with the same + + align:start position:0% +house that we can with the same + + + align:start position:0% +house that we can with the same +certainty infer similar + + align:start position:0% +certainty infer similar + + + align:start position:0% +certainty infer similar +causes or that the analogy is here + + align:start position:0% +causes or that the analogy is here + + + align:start position:0% +causes or that the analogy is here +entire and perfect so that's you know he + + align:start position:0% +entire and perfect so that's you know he + + + align:start position:0% +entire and perfect so that's you know he +just says you're it sounds good but the + + align:start position:0% +just says you're it sounds good but the + + + align:start position:0% +just says you're it sounds good but the +analogy really just doesn't work because + + align:start position:0% +analogy really just doesn't work because + + + align:start position:0% +analogy really just doesn't work because +you know you're talking about two + + align:start position:0% +you know you're talking about two + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're talking about two +different entirely different things + + align:start position:0% +different entirely different things + + + align:start position:0% +different entirely different things +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what else feel + + align:start position:0% +um what else feel + + + align:start position:0% +um what else feel +has some other suggestions about order + + align:start position:0% +has some other suggestions about order + + + align:start position:0% +has some other suggestions about order +did you pick up on that I know it's + + align:start position:0% +did you pick up on that I know it's + + + align:start position:0% +did you pick up on that I know it's +fairly dense here so you probably get + + align:start position:0% +fairly dense here so you probably get + + + align:start position:0% +fairly dense here so you probably get +all these + + align:start position:0% +all these + + + align:start position:0% +all these +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um did you did you + + align:start position:0% +um did you did you + + + align:start position:0% +um did you did you +come okay he says something on the next + + align:start position:0% +come okay he says something on the next + + + align:start position:0% +come okay he says something on the next +page that is quite interesting uh he's + + align:start position:0% +page that is quite interesting uh he's + + + align:start position:0% +page that is quite interesting uh he's +still talking about clean's great + + align:start position:0% +still talking about clean's great + + + align:start position:0% +still talking about clean's great +metaphor his great model here um and he + + align:start position:0% +metaphor his great model here um and he + + + align:start position:0% +metaphor his great model here um and he +says um + + align:start position:0% +says um + + + align:start position:0% +says um +he says uh + + align:start position:0% +he says uh + + + align:start position:0% +he says uh +uh for a we + + align:start position:0% +uh for a we + + + align:start position:0% +uh for a we +know so for a we can know a priori + + align:start position:0% +know so for a we can know a priori + + + align:start position:0% +know so for a we can know a priori +matter may contain the source or spring + + align:start position:0% +matter may contain the source or spring + + + align:start position:0% +matter may contain the source or spring +of order originally within + + align:start position:0% +of order originally within + + + align:start position:0% +of order originally within +itself as well as mind + + align:start position:0% +itself as well as mind + + + align:start position:0% +itself as well as mind +does and there is no more difficulty in + + align:start position:0% +does and there is no more difficulty in + + + align:start position:0% +does and there is no more difficulty in +conceiving that the several elements + + align:start position:0% +conceiving that the several elements + + + align:start position:0% +conceiving that the several elements +from an internal unknown cause may fall + + align:start position:0% +from an internal unknown cause may fall + + + align:start position:0% +from an internal unknown cause may fall +into the most Exquisite Arrangement than + + align:start position:0% +into the most Exquisite Arrangement than + + + align:start position:0% +into the most Exquisite Arrangement than +to conceive that ideas in the great + + align:start position:0% +to conceive that ideas in the great + + + align:start position:0% +to conceive that ideas in the great +Universal Mind take from a like internal + + align:start position:0% +Universal Mind take from a like internal + + + align:start position:0% +Universal Mind take from a like internal +unknown cause fall into that Arrangement + + align:start position:0% +unknown cause fall into that Arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +unknown cause fall into that Arrangement +you get what he's saying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here that if uh everything in the + + align:start position:0% +here that if uh everything in the + + + align:start position:0% +here that if uh everything in the +universe is ordered then shouldn't like + + align:start position:0% +universe is ordered then shouldn't like + + + align:start position:0% +universe is ordered then shouldn't like +the mind of God be ordered in some + + align:start position:0% +the mind of God be ordered in some + + + align:start position:0% +the mind of God be ordered in some +sense yes if if that's the analogy you + + align:start position:0% +sense yes if if that's the analogy you + + + align:start position:0% +sense yes if if that's the analogy you +wanted to make but he's suggesting + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make but he's suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make but he's suggesting +something a little different here I + + align:start position:0% +something a little different here I + + + align:start position:0% +something a little different here I +think he's mentioning that uh the order + + align:start position:0% +think he's mentioning that uh the order + + + align:start position:0% +think he's mentioning that uh the order +could have arised naturally or arised by + + align:start position:0% +could have arised naturally or arised by + + + align:start position:0% +could have arised naturally or arised by +chance rather than by some Crea okay + + align:start position:0% +chance rather than by some Crea okay + + + align:start position:0% +chance rather than by some Crea okay +we're back to but yeah he's he's + + align:start position:0% +we're back to but yeah he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +we're back to but yeah he's he's +suggesting order can come from some + + align:start position:0% +suggesting order can come from some + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting order can come from some +other source than external source is he + + align:start position:0% +other source than external source is he + + + align:start position:0% +other source than external source is he +not talking about a different way of + + align:start position:0% +not talking about a different way of + + + align:start position:0% +not talking about a different way of +thinking about order than you know it's + + align:start position:0% +thinking about order than you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about order than you know it's +something that somebody gave it to uh in + + align:start position:0% +something that somebody gave it to uh in + + + align:start position:0% +something that somebody gave it to uh in +every instance + + align:start position:0% +every instance + + + align:start position:0% +every instance +yeah you want to fish oh no just like + + align:start position:0% +yeah you want to fish oh no just like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you want to fish oh no just like +order from within like what would that + + align:start position:0% +order from within like what would that + + + align:start position:0% +order from within like what would that +even mean + + align:start position:0% +even mean + + + align:start position:0% +even mean +well one one example I'd look at that I + + align:start position:0% +well one one example I'd look at that I + + + align:start position:0% +well one one example I'd look at that I +for me is a striking example of order + + align:start position:0% +for me is a striking example of order + + + align:start position:0% +for me is a striking example of order +without any kind of reason is the + + align:start position:0% +without any kind of reason is the + + + align:start position:0% +without any kind of reason is the +property of emergence which you see on + + align:start position:0% +property of emergence which you see on + + + align:start position:0% +property of emergence which you see on +every scale you can see it from you're + + align:start position:0% +every scale you can see it from you're + + + align:start position:0% +every scale you can see it from you're +looking at say ant hills where each ant + + align:start position:0% +looking at say ant hills where each ant + + + align:start position:0% +looking at say ant hills where each ant +is working towards you know in his own + + align:start position:0% +is working towards you know in his own + + + align:start position:0% +is working towards you know in his own +interest or you look at economies or + + align:start position:0% +interest or you look at economies or + + + align:start position:0% +interest or you look at economies or +like look at look at Los Angeles right + + align:start position:0% +like look at look at Los Angeles right + + + align:start position:0% +like look at look at Los Angeles right +Los Angeles is a city that doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +Los Angeles is a city that doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +Los Angeles is a city that doesn't have +that didn't have a set like City layout + + align:start position:0% +that didn't have a set like City layout + + + align:start position:0% +that didn't have a set like City layout +from what I know and it just kind of + + align:start position:0% +from what I know and it just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +from what I know and it just kind of +evolved because different zoning + + align:start position:0% +evolved because different zoning + + + align:start position:0% +evolved because different zoning +planners are bu this stuff and all and + + align:start position:0% +planners are bu this stuff and all and + + + align:start position:0% +planners are bu this stuff and all and +out of it came this remarkably ordered + + align:start position:0% +out of it came this remarkably ordered + + + align:start position:0% +out of it came this remarkably ordered +thing with no intentional design so no + + align:start position:0% +thing with no intentional design so no + + + align:start position:0% +thing with no intentional design so no +architect sat down in the city and said + + align:start position:0% +architect sat down in the city and said + + + align:start position:0% +architect sat down in the city and said +this is what we're going to build it was + + align:start position:0% +this is what we're going to build it was + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we're going to build it was +simply through the these individual + + align:start position:0% +simply through the these individual + + + align:start position:0% +simply through the these individual +agents activities that still an ordered + + align:start position:0% +agents activities that still an ordered + + + align:start position:0% +agents activities that still an ordered +structure came about but there was no + + align:start position:0% +structure came about but there was no + + + align:start position:0% +structure came about but there was no +grand scheme involved and I think that + + align:start position:0% +grand scheme involved and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +grand scheme involved and I think that +might serve as a as a case for this kind + + align:start position:0% +might serve as a as a case for this kind + + + align:start position:0% +might serve as a as a case for this kind +of self-regulated order it's all over + + align:start position:0% +of self-regulated order it's all over + + + align:start position:0% +of self-regulated order it's all over +we're all studying it I mean I don't + + align:start position:0% +we're all studying it I mean I don't + + + align:start position:0% +we're all studying it I mean I don't +care what your field is I mean there are + + align:start position:0% +care what your field is I mean there are + + + align:start position:0% +care what your field is I mean there are +principles of order that are you know + + align:start position:0% +principles of order that are you know + + + align:start position:0% +principles of order that are you know +emerged by the understanding and the + + align:start position:0% +emerged by the understanding and the + + + align:start position:0% +emerged by the understanding and the +principles of the materials themselves + + align:start position:0% +principles of the materials themselves + + + align:start position:0% +principles of the materials themselves +whether it's you + + align:start position:0% +whether it's you + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's you +know uh Atomic attract subatomic + + align:start position:0% +know uh Atomic attract subatomic + + + align:start position:0% +know uh Atomic attract subatomic +attraction or whether it's a genetic uh + + align:start position:0% +attraction or whether it's a genetic uh + + + align:start position:0% +attraction or whether it's a genetic uh +I mean these are principles of order + + align:start position:0% +I mean these are principles of order + + + align:start position:0% +I mean these are principles of order +that are emerge out of the the things + + align:start position:0% +that are emerge out of the the things + + + align:start position:0% +that are emerge out of the the things +themselves and nobody sits there and + + align:start position:0% +themselves and nobody sits there and + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and nobody sits there and +invents every every you know molecule of + + align:start position:0% +invents every every you know molecule of + + + align:start position:0% +invents every every you know molecule of +uh you know Carbon or every I mean you + + align:start position:0% +uh you know Carbon or every I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know Carbon or every I mean you +know and the way in which they interact + + align:start position:0% +know and the way in which they interact + + + align:start position:0% +know and the way in which they interact +and create uh orderly processes that we + + align:start position:0% +and create uh orderly processes that we + + + align:start position:0% +and create uh orderly processes that we +study I mean we don't have to go outside + + align:start position:0% +study I mean we don't have to go outside + + + align:start position:0% +study I mean we don't have to go outside +and figure out oh where did this + + align:start position:0% +and figure out oh where did this + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out oh where did this +principle of order come we study the + + align:start position:0% +principle of order come we study the + + + align:start position:0% +principle of order come we study the +substances themselves the materials the + + align:start position:0% +substances themselves the materials the + + + align:start position:0% +substances themselves the materials the +way they + + align:start position:0% +way they + + + align:start position:0% +way they +behave so what he's suggesting is that + + align:start position:0% +behave so what he's suggesting is that + + + align:start position:0% +behave so what he's suggesting is that +you know Hume is offering these as + + align:start position:0% +you know Hume is offering these as + + + align:start position:0% +you know Hume is offering these as +provocative ways of + + align:start position:0% +provocative ways of + + + align:start position:0% +provocative ways of +thinking and you know I think that's a + + align:start position:0% +thinking and you know I think that's a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and you know I think that's a +great idea is to look at all the + + align:start position:0% +great idea is to look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +great idea is to look at all the +different sides and don't discount them + + align:start position:0% +different sides and don't discount them + + + align:start position:0% +different sides and don't discount them +but you know this is a valid new + + align:start position:0% +but you know this is a valid new + + + align:start position:0% +but you know this is a valid new +approach to thinking about physical + + align:start position:0% +approach to thinking about physical + + + align:start position:0% +approach to thinking about physical +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +of the world is cleanth view of the + + align:start position:0% +of the world is cleanth view of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the world is cleanth view of the +world as this perfect + + align:start position:0% +world as this perfect + + + align:start position:0% +world as this perfect +place you know an accurate + + align:start position:0% +place you know an accurate + + + align:start position:0% +place you know an accurate +view or is the world you know kind of + + align:start position:0% +view or is the world you know kind of + + + align:start position:0% +view or is the world you know kind of +certain level of Chaos in the world that + + align:start position:0% +certain level of Chaos in the world that + + + align:start position:0% +certain level of Chaos in the world that +makes you wonder at times you know we'll + + align:start position:0% +makes you wonder at times you know we'll + + + align:start position:0% +makes you wonder at times you know we'll +get we we'll get into this next class + + align:start position:0% +get we we'll get into this next class + + + align:start position:0% +get we we'll get into this next class +but yeah so we're still on the we're + + align:start position:0% +but yeah so we're still on the we're + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah so we're still on the we're +still on the natural religion argument + + align:start position:0% +still on the natural religion argument + + + align:start position:0% +still on the natural religion argument +but uh the force of this natural + + align:start position:0% +but uh the force of this natural + + + align:start position:0% +but uh the force of this natural +religious argument I mean this was I + + align:start position:0% +religious argument I mean this was I + + + align:start position:0% +religious argument I mean this was I +mean this was a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +common view or approach by many of the + + align:start position:0% +common view or approach by many of the + + + align:start position:0% +common view or approach by many of the +scientific individuals of the time + + align:start position:0% +scientific individuals of the time + + + align:start position:0% +scientific individuals of the time +Joseph Priestley for + + align:start position:0% +Joseph Priestley for + + + align:start position:0% +Joseph Priestley for +example who you know you know priest + + align:start position:0% +example who you know you know priest + + + align:start position:0% +example who you know you know priest +Lees work oxygen and so forth um um he + + align:start position:0% +Lees work oxygen and so forth um um he + + + align:start position:0% +Lees work oxygen and so forth um um he +he he he definitely believed that + + align:start position:0% +he he he definitely believed that + + + align:start position:0% +he he he definitely believed that +the complexity and Order of the world + + align:start position:0% +the complexity and Order of the world + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity and Order of the world +was a product of a great Creator + + align:start position:0% +was a product of a great Creator + + + align:start position:0% +was a product of a great Creator +creative figure a principal if you will + + align:start position:0% +creative figure a principal if you will + + + align:start position:0% +creative figure a principal if you will +so they're the these group of people + + align:start position:0% +so they're the these group of people + + + align:start position:0% +so they're the these group of people +some of them associated with what we + + align:start position:0% +some of them associated with what we + + + align:start position:0% +some of them associated with what we +call deism who who thought + + align:start position:0% +call deism who who thought + + + align:start position:0% +call deism who who thought +that you know uh uh there was a there + + align:start position:0% +that you know uh uh there was a there + + + align:start position:0% +that you know uh uh there was a there +was a a a deistic + + align:start position:0% +was a a a deistic + + + align:start position:0% +was a a a deistic +principle that did create the world but + + align:start position:0% +principle that did create the world but + + + align:start position:0% +principle that did create the world but +they sort of thought of it of the + + align:start position:0% +they sort of thought of it of the + + + align:start position:0% +they sort of thought of it of the +principle of God more as an + + align:start position:0% +principle of God more as an + + + align:start position:0% +principle of God more as an +abstract + + align:start position:0% +abstract + + + align:start position:0% +abstract +figure Newton himself was a very strong + + align:start position:0% +figure Newton himself was a very strong + + + align:start position:0% +figure Newton himself was a very strong +believer and in I + + align:start position:0% +believer and in I + + + align:start position:0% +believer and in I +mean not withstanding the prinkipia and + + align:start position:0% +mean not withstanding the prinkipia and + + + align:start position:0% +mean not withstanding the prinkipia and +you know his all his work uh he was a + + align:start position:0% +you know his all his work uh he was a + + + align:start position:0% +you know his all his work uh he was a +very strong uh believer in God so he he + + align:start position:0% +very strong uh believer in God so he he + + + align:start position:0% +very strong uh believer in God so he he +he did believe that U the universe that + + align:start position:0% +he did believe that U the universe that + + + align:start position:0% +he did believe that U the universe that +he had discovered in the order in the + + align:start position:0% +he had discovered in the order in the + + + align:start position:0% +he had discovered in the order in the +the gravitational order and Celestial + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational order and Celestial + + + align:start position:0% +the gravitational order and Celestial +motion and so forth was really a uh + + align:start position:0% +motion and so forth was really a uh + + + align:start position:0% +motion and so forth was really a uh +Advance into understanding the way that + + align:start position:0% +Advance into understanding the way that + + + align:start position:0% +Advance into understanding the way that +the mind of God + + align:start position:0% +the mind of God + + + align:start position:0% +the mind of God +worked so there was this expression as I + + align:start position:0% +worked so there was this expression as I + + + align:start position:0% +worked so there was this expression as I +mentioned earlier up through nature to + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier up through nature to + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier up through nature to +Nature's God you could sort of and this + + align:start position:0% +Nature's God you could sort of and this + + + align:start position:0% +Nature's God you could sort of and this +was very much the principle of natural + + align:start position:0% +was very much the principle of natural + + + align:start position:0% +was very much the principle of natural +religion the approach of natural + + align:start position:0% +religion the approach of natural + + + align:start position:0% +religion the approach of natural +religion + + align:start position:0% +religion + + + align:start position:0% +religion +to you know sort of observe the + + align:start position:0% +to you know sort of observe the + + + align:start position:0% +to you know sort of observe the +complexity and phenomena of the world + + align:start position:0% +complexity and phenomena of the world + + + align:start position:0% +complexity and phenomena of the world +and then understand through that that + + align:start position:0% +and then understand through that that + + + align:start position:0% +and then understand through that that +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +showed that there was a great creative + + align:start position:0% +showed that there was a great creative + + + align:start position:0% +showed that there was a great creative +force of incredible capacity to put this + + align:start position:0% +force of incredible capacity to put this + + + align:start position:0% +force of incredible capacity to put this +order into the world and that was uh + + align:start position:0% +order into the world and that was uh + + + align:start position:0% +order into the world and that was uh +widely widely widely uh shared view + + align:start position:0% +widely widely widely uh shared view + + + align:start position:0% +widely widely widely uh shared view +among many of the + + align:start position:0% +among many of the + + + align:start position:0% +among many of the +rationalists and um scientific figures + + align:start position:0% +rationalists and um scientific figures + + + align:start position:0% +rationalists and um scientific figures +of the day um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is sometimes what is called the + + align:start position:0% +so this is sometimes what is called the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is sometimes what is called the +teic universe a universe that shows + + align:start position:0% +teic universe a universe that shows + + + align:start position:0% +teic universe a universe that shows +purpose uh universe that shows that + + align:start position:0% +purpose uh universe that shows that + + + align:start position:0% +purpose uh universe that shows that +there was some kind of intention in + + align:start position:0% +there was some kind of intention in + + + align:start position:0% +there was some kind of intention in +creating + + align:start position:0% +creating + + + align:start position:0% +creating +it as opposed + + align:start position:0% +it as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +it as opposed +to I suppose uh a non-ic universe would + + align:start position:0% +to I suppose uh a non-ic universe would + + + align:start position:0% +to I suppose uh a non-ic universe would +be one that did + + align:start position:0% +be one that did + + + align:start position:0% +be one that did +not uh in which uh it would be held uh + + align:start position:0% +not uh in which uh it would be held uh + + + align:start position:0% +not uh in which uh it would be held uh +did not show any particular purpose + + align:start position:0% +did not show any particular purpose + + + align:start position:0% +did not show any particular purpose +there's no purpose + + align:start position:0% +there's no purpose + + + align:start position:0% +there's no purpose +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so uh cleanthes comes up with a couple + + align:start position:0% +so uh cleanthes comes up with a couple + + + align:start position:0% +so uh cleanthes comes up with a couple +more suggestions + + align:start position:0% +more suggestions + + + align:start position:0% +more suggestions +for proving his idea that the order of + + align:start position:0% +for proving his idea that the order of + + + align:start position:0% +for proving his idea that the order of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +world is a very powerful proof of the + + align:start position:0% +world is a very powerful proof of the + + + align:start position:0% +world is a very powerful proof of the +existence of God what are + + align:start position:0% +existence of God what are + + + align:start position:0% +existence of God what are +they he mentions the + + align:start position:0% +they he mentions the + + + align:start position:0% +they he mentions the +library and he mentions the + + align:start position:0% +library and he mentions the + + + align:start position:0% +library and he mentions the +ey what is he what is he trying to say + + align:start position:0% +ey what is he what is he trying to say + + + align:start position:0% +ey what is he what is he trying to say +in these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analogies what is a what is a library he + + align:start position:0% +analogies what is a what is a library he + + + align:start position:0% +analogies what is a what is a library he +says what does he say a library when you + + align:start position:0% +says what does he say a library when you + + + align:start position:0% +says what does he say a library when you +read a book how does he use that as an + + align:start position:0% +read a book how does he use that as an + + + align:start position:0% +read a book how does he use that as an +analogy anybody come across + + align:start position:0% +analogy anybody come across + + + align:start position:0% +analogy anybody come across +that I guess this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +that I guess this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that I guess this is a pretty +challenging uh but I I like to go + + align:start position:0% +challenging uh but I I like to go + + + align:start position:0% +challenging uh but I I like to go +through it because it it really does set + + align:start position:0% +through it because it it really does set + + + align:start position:0% +through it because it it really does set +out the different um so he says here + + align:start position:0% +out the different um so he says here + + + align:start position:0% +out the different um so he says here +this is in part three + + align:start position:0% +this is in part three + + + align:start position:0% +this is in part three +um he says uh uh suppose that there is a + + align:start position:0% +um he says uh uh suppose that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +um he says uh uh suppose that there is a +natural Universal invariable + + align:start position:0% +natural Universal invariable + + + align:start position:0% +natural Universal invariable +language uh common to every individual + + align:start position:0% +language uh common to every individual + + + align:start position:0% +language uh common to every individual +of the human race and that books are + + align:start position:0% +of the human race and that books are + + + align:start position:0% +of the human race and that books are +natural Productions which perpetuate + + align:start position:0% +natural Productions which perpetuate + + + align:start position:0% +natural Productions which perpetuate +themselves in the same manner with + + align:start position:0% +themselves in the same manner with + + + align:start position:0% +themselves in the same manner with +animals and vegetables by descent and + + align:start position:0% +animals and vegetables by descent and + + + align:start position:0% +animals and vegetables by descent and +propagation that is a book producing + + align:start position:0% +propagation that is a book producing + + + align:start position:0% +propagation that is a book producing +another book I mean it's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +another book I mean it's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +another book I mean it's kind of an +absurd but you know he's using it for + + align:start position:0% +absurd but you know he's using it for + + + align:start position:0% +absurd but you know he's using it for +analogy um um + + align:start position:0% +analogy um um + + + align:start position:0% +analogy um um +several expressions of our passions + + align:start position:0% +several expressions of our passions + + + align:start position:0% +several expressions of our passions +contain a universal language all brute + + align:start position:0% +contain a universal language all brute + + + align:start position:0% +contain a universal language all brute +animals have a natural speech which + + align:start position:0% +animals have a natural speech which + + + align:start position:0% +animals have a natural speech which +however limited is very intelligible to + + align:start position:0% +however limited is very intelligible to + + + align:start position:0% +however limited is very intelligible to +their own species and as there are + + align:start position:0% +their own species and as there are + + + align:start position:0% +their own species and as there are +infinitely fewer parts and less + + align:start position:0% +infinitely fewer parts and less + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely fewer parts and less +contrivance in the finest composition of + + align:start position:0% +contrivance in the finest composition of + + + align:start position:0% +contrivance in the finest composition of +eloquence then in the coarsest organized + + align:start position:0% +eloquence then in the coarsest organized + + + align:start position:0% +eloquence then in the coarsest organized +body the propagation of an Iliad or an + + align:start position:0% +body the propagation of an Iliad or an + + + align:start position:0% +body the propagation of an Iliad or an +anad those are two great classical works + + align:start position:0% +anad those are two great classical works + + + align:start position:0% +anad those are two great classical works +is an easier supposition than that of + + align:start position:0% +is an easier supposition than that of + + + align:start position:0% +is an easier supposition than that of +any plant or animal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you following that that's a + + align:start position:0% +you following that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you following that that's a +little what he's saying is it's easier + + align:start position:0% +little what he's saying is it's easier + + + align:start position:0% +little what he's saying is it's easier +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +imagine that one book would produce + + align:start position:0% +imagine that one book would produce + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that one book would produce +another book because they're much + + align:start position:0% +another book because they're much + + + align:start position:0% +another book because they're much +simpler uh I mean this could be debated + + align:start position:0% +simpler uh I mean this could be debated + + + align:start position:0% +simpler uh I mean this could be debated +in many different ways but it's an + + align:start position:0% +in many different ways but it's an + + + align:start position:0% +in many different ways but it's an +interesting example then that's it's + + align:start position:0% +interesting example then that's it's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting example then that's it's +easier to imagine that happening than + + align:start position:0% +easier to imagine that happening than + + + align:start position:0% +easier to imagine that happening than +one animal producing another animal just + + align:start position:0% +one animal producing another animal just + + + align:start position:0% +one animal producing another animal just +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +it he's saying you know that's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +it he's saying you know that's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +it he's saying you know that's a pretty +amazing thing that one animal can + + align:start position:0% +amazing thing that one animal can + + + align:start position:0% +amazing thing that one animal can +produce another animal um and he goes on + + align:start position:0% +produce another animal um and he goes on + + + align:start position:0% +produce another animal um and he goes on +to say suppose therefore that you enter + + align:start position:0% +to say suppose therefore that you enter + + + align:start position:0% +to say suppose therefore that you enter +into your library thus peop by natural + + align:start position:0% +into your library thus peop by natural + + + align:start position:0% +into your library thus peop by natural +volumes uh that is volumes that have can + + align:start position:0% +volumes uh that is volumes that have can + + + align:start position:0% +volumes uh that is volumes that have can +reproduce each other containing the most + + align:start position:0% +reproduce each other containing the most + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce each other containing the most +refined reason and most exquisite beauty + + align:start position:0% +refined reason and most exquisite beauty + + + align:start position:0% +refined reason and most exquisite beauty +could you possibly open one of them and + + align:start position:0% +could you possibly open one of them and + + + align:start position:0% +could you possibly open one of them and +doubt that its original cause bore the + + align:start position:0% +doubt that its original cause bore the + + + align:start position:0% +doubt that its original cause bore the +strongest analogy to mind and + + align:start position:0% +strongest analogy to mind and + + + align:start position:0% +strongest analogy to mind and +intelligence when it reasons in + + align:start position:0% +intelligence when it reasons in + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence when it reasons in +discourses when it expostulates argues + + align:start position:0% +discourses when it expostulates argues + + + align:start position:0% +discourses when it expostulates argues +and reinforces its views and topics when + + align:start position:0% +and reinforces its views and topics when + + + align:start position:0% +and reinforces its views and topics when +it applies sometimes to the pure + + align:start position:0% +it applies sometimes to the pure + + + align:start position:0% +it applies sometimes to the pure +intellect sometimes to the affections uh + + align:start position:0% +intellect sometimes to the affections uh + + + align:start position:0% +intellect sometimes to the affections uh +etc etc uh could you persist in + + align:start position:0% +etc etc uh could you persist in + + + align:start position:0% +etc etc uh could you persist in +asserting that all this at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +asserting that all this at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +asserting that all this at the bottom +had really no meaning and that the first + + align:start position:0% +had really no meaning and that the first + + + align:start position:0% +had really no meaning and that the first +formation of this volume in the loins of + + align:start position:0% +formation of this volume in the loins of + + + align:start position:0% +formation of this volume in the loins of +its original Parent proceeded not from + + align:start position:0% +its original Parent proceeded not from + + + align:start position:0% +its original Parent proceeded not from +thought and + + align:start position:0% +thought and + + + align:start position:0% +thought and +design are you following + + align:start position:0% +design are you following + + + align:start position:0% +design are you following +that what's he suggesting here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +books can see can be seen as a + + align:start position:0% +books can see can be seen as a + + + align:start position:0% +books can see can be seen as a +reflection of + + align:start position:0% +reflection of + + + align:start position:0% +reflection of +Mind have to be seen I mean we wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +Mind have to be seen I mean we wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +Mind have to be seen I mean we wouldn't +come up with a book and think oh this + + align:start position:0% +come up with a book and think oh this + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a book and think oh this +thing just you know got produced by + + align:start position:0% +thing just you know got produced by + + + align:start position:0% +thing just you know got produced by +50,000 monkeys typing for you know a + + align:start position:0% +50,000 monkeys typing for you know a + + + align:start position:0% +50,000 monkeys typing for you know a +millennium I mean a book is an + + align:start position:0% +millennium I mean a book is an + + + align:start position:0% +millennium I mean a book is an +intention object is complex it shows a + + align:start position:0% +intention object is complex it shows a + + + align:start position:0% +intention object is complex it shows a +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +uh a evidence of an + + align:start position:0% +uh a evidence of an + + + align:start position:0% +uh a evidence of an +author everything uh everything in about + + align:start position:0% +author everything uh everything in about + + + align:start position:0% +author everything uh everything in about +a book suggests an + + align:start position:0% +a book suggests an + + + align:start position:0% +a book suggests an +author + + align:start position:0% +author + + + align:start position:0% +author +so this is in in his view another + + align:start position:0% +so this is in in his view another + + + align:start position:0% +so this is in in his view another +example of an an + + align:start position:0% +example of an an + + + align:start position:0% +example of an an +analogy that makes us appreciate the + + align:start position:0% +analogy that makes us appreciate the + + + align:start position:0% +analogy that makes us appreciate the +fact that something like nature the book + + align:start position:0% +fact that something like nature the book + + + align:start position:0% +fact that something like nature the book +of nature if you will + + align:start position:0% +of nature if you will + + + align:start position:0% +of nature if you will +is the product of a great mind that is + + align:start position:0% +is the product of a great mind that is + + + align:start position:0% +is the product of a great mind that is +capable of creating it yeah he goes and + + align:start position:0% +capable of creating it yeah he goes and + + + align:start position:0% +capable of creating it yeah he goes and +picking his analogy is to make exactly + + align:start position:0% +picking his analogy is to make exactly + + + align:start position:0% +picking his analogy is to make exactly +the point he was surely if you pick if + + align:start position:0% +the point he was surely if you pick if + + + align:start position:0% +the point he was surely if you pick if +you pick certain things made by man + + align:start position:0% +you pick certain things made by man + + + align:start position:0% +you pick certain things made by man +they're going to be ordered but that the + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be ordered but that the + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be ordered but that the +problem is he doesn't seem to be willing + + align:start position:0% +problem is he doesn't seem to be willing + + + align:start position:0% +problem is he doesn't seem to be willing +to bring in analogies for example any + + align:start position:0% +to bring in analogies for example any + + + align:start position:0% +to bring in analogies for example any +kind of emergence properties that + + align:start position:0% +kind of emergence properties that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of emergence properties that +counter that argument that are still + + align:start position:0% +counter that argument that are still + + + align:start position:0% +counter that argument that are still +perfectly good analogies that come from + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good analogies that come from + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good analogies that come from +the built environment but just don't + + align:start position:0% +the built environment but just don't + + + align:start position:0% +the built environment but just don't +translate so I I I don't know about + + align:start position:0% +translate so I I I don't know about + + + align:start position:0% +translate so I I I don't know about +anyone else but I found that a little + + align:start position:0% +anyone else but I found that a little + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else but I found that a little +bit lacking and that sure if you pick + + align:start position:0% +bit lacking and that sure if you pick + + + align:start position:0% +bit lacking and that sure if you pick +you pick only the green apples and not + + align:start position:0% +you pick only the green apples and not + + + align:start position:0% +you pick only the green apples and not +the red ones you're only going to have + + align:start position:0% +the red ones you're only going to have + + + align:start position:0% +the red ones you're only going to have +you know what you're looking for so + + align:start position:0% +you know what you're looking for so + + + align:start position:0% +you know what you're looking for so +yeah yeah well certainly your argument + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah well certainly your argument + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah well certainly your argument +about La is is one that uh we're going + + align:start position:0% +about La is is one that uh we're going + + + align:start position:0% +about La is is one that uh we're going +to explore when we look at um Adam Smith + + align:start position:0% +to explore when we look at um Adam Smith + + + align:start position:0% +to explore when we look at um Adam Smith +because you know what did Smith say the + + align:start position:0% +because you know what did Smith say the + + + align:start position:0% +because you know what did Smith say the +the economy who created the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +economy we don't know no we the economy + + align:start position:0% +economy we don't know no we the economy + + + align:start position:0% +economy we don't know no we the economy +exists you know and yet it shows you + + align:start position:0% +exists you know and yet it shows you + + + align:start position:0% +exists you know and yet it shows you +know an incredible level of uh order and + + align:start position:0% +know an incredible level of uh order and + + + align:start position:0% +know an incredible level of uh order and +you know process and not that we can + + align:start position:0% +you know process and not that we can + + + align:start position:0% +you know process and not that we can +understand it perfectly as we know the + + align:start position:0% +understand it perfectly as we know the + + + align:start position:0% +understand it perfectly as we know the +economists + + align:start position:0% +economists + + + align:start position:0% +economists +are not always correct but you know + + align:start position:0% +are not always correct but you know + + + align:start position:0% +are not always correct but you know +there's a there's a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a certain kind of +order that emerges in these large + + align:start position:0% +order that emerges in these large + + + align:start position:0% +order that emerges in these large +systems that uh we wouldn't say is the + + align:start position:0% +systems that uh we wouldn't say is the + + + align:start position:0% +systems that uh we wouldn't say is the +product of any + + align:start position:0% +product of any + + + align:start position:0% +product of any +single intellect Charles I think the gap + + align:start position:0% +single intellect Charles I think the gap + + + align:start position:0% +single intellect Charles I think the gap +between um what uhan is trying to say + + align:start position:0% +between um what uhan is trying to say + + + align:start position:0% +between um what uhan is trying to say +about the book in a library and say the + + align:start position:0% +about the book in a library and say the + + + align:start position:0% +about the book in a library and say the +book of nature is that when we read a + + align:start position:0% +book of nature is that when we read a + + + align:start position:0% +book of nature is that when we read a +book it's evident that there's a Creator + + align:start position:0% +book it's evident that there's a Creator + + + align:start position:0% +book it's evident that there's a Creator +behind it because we can tell that it's + + align:start position:0% +behind it because we can tell that it's + + + align:start position:0% +behind it because we can tell that it's +both objective in many senses and like I + + align:start position:0% +both objective in many senses and like I + + + align:start position:0% +both objective in many senses and like I +I guess logical flow or something like + + align:start position:0% +I guess logical flow or something like + + + align:start position:0% +I guess logical flow or something like +that but then at the same time it's also + + align:start position:0% +that but then at the same time it's also + + + align:start position:0% +that but then at the same time it's also +got an element of subjectivity in it and + + align:start position:0% +got an element of subjectivity in it and + + + align:start position:0% +got an element of subjectivity in it and +we know that it's subjective because we + + align:start position:0% +we know that it's subjective because we + + + align:start position:0% +we know that it's subjective because we +can compare to other um other books + + align:start position:0% +can compare to other um other books + + + align:start position:0% +can compare to other um other books +where other authors might have other + + align:start position:0% +where other authors might have other + + + align:start position:0% +where other authors might have other +ideas but if we tried to look at the + + align:start position:0% +ideas but if we tried to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +ideas but if we tried to look at the +book of nature we might not be able to + + align:start position:0% +book of nature we might not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +book of nature we might not be able to +see maybe we can see interpret some + + align:start position:0% +see maybe we can see interpret some + + + align:start position:0% +see maybe we can see interpret some +objectivity but as for subjectivity we + + align:start position:0% +objectivity but as for subjectivity we + + + align:start position:0% +objectivity but as for subjectivity we +would need to have other books of nature + + align:start position:0% +would need to have other books of nature + + + align:start position:0% +would need to have other books of nature +like maybe other things like so I feel + + align:start position:0% +like maybe other things like so I feel + + + align:start position:0% +like maybe other things like so I feel +like there's disconnect there so you + + align:start position:0% +like there's disconnect there so you + + + align:start position:0% +like there's disconnect there so you +can't really say that there is + + align:start position:0% +can't really say that there is + + + align:start position:0% +can't really say that there is +definitely an author behind the book of + + align:start position:0% +definitely an author behind the book of + + + align:start position:0% +definitely an author behind the book of +nature because what human books have is + + align:start position:0% +nature because what human books have is + + + align:start position:0% +nature because what human books have is +subjectivity and that's not what say + + align:start position:0% +subjectivity and that's not what say + + + align:start position:0% +subjectivity and that's not what say +a good point yeah good point yeah + + align:start position:0% +a good point yeah good point yeah + + + align:start position:0% +a good point yeah good point yeah +there's a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain kind of +uh uh context to a book and + + align:start position:0% +uh uh context to a book and + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh context to a book and +content that you know the parallel + + align:start position:0% +content that you know the parallel + + + align:start position:0% +content that you know the parallel +doesn't extend to Nature and nature + + align:start position:0% +doesn't extend to Nature and nature + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't extend to Nature and nature +isn't like a text really well he comes + + align:start position:0% +isn't like a text really well he comes + + + align:start position:0% +isn't like a text really well he comes +up with another example this is the I + + align:start position:0% +up with another example this is the I + + + align:start position:0% +up with another example this is the I +example and this is a very famous + + align:start position:0% +example and this is a very famous + + + align:start position:0% +example and this is a very famous +example in in Hume um he says + + align:start position:0% +example in in Hume um he says + + + align:start position:0% +example in in Hume um he says +um um he says now that uh this is still + + align:start position:0% +um um he says now that uh this is still + + + align:start position:0% +um um he says now that uh this is still +C he's still pushing his natural + + align:start position:0% +C he's still pushing his natural + + + align:start position:0% +C he's still pushing his natural +religion approach and you know one thing + + align:start position:0% +religion approach and you know one thing + + + align:start position:0% +religion approach and you know one thing +has got to be said about hum he's very + + align:start position:0% +has got to be said about hum he's very + + + align:start position:0% +has got to be said about hum he's very +thorough so you know by the time you've + + align:start position:0% +thorough so you know by the time you've + + + align:start position:0% +thorough so you know by the time you've +got through the the chapter short as it + + align:start position:0% +got through the the chapter short as it + + + align:start position:0% +got through the the chapter short as it +is uh he's really given you a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is uh he's really given you a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is uh he's really given you a lot of +different ways of thinking about this + + align:start position:0% +different ways of thinking about this + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of thinking about this +concept of natural + + align:start position:0% +concept of natural + + + align:start position:0% +concept of natural +religion and it's a really important + + align:start position:0% +religion and it's a really important + + + align:start position:0% +religion and it's a really important +thing to do because he's he's trying to + + align:start position:0% +thing to do because he's he's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do because he's he's trying to +set the stage for thinking + + align:start position:0% +set the stage for thinking + + + align:start position:0% +set the stage for thinking +about valid alternatives + + align:start position:0% +about valid alternatives + + + align:start position:0% +about valid alternatives +and I think he does his best in many + + align:start position:0% +and I think he does his best in many + + + align:start position:0% +and I think he does his best in many +ways to give each alternative the + + align:start position:0% +ways to give each alternative the + + + align:start position:0% +ways to give each alternative the +strongest uh account that he + + align:start position:0% +strongest uh account that he + + + align:start position:0% +strongest uh account that he +can he's not I don't get the sense + + align:start position:0% +can he's not I don't get the sense + + + align:start position:0% +can he's not I don't get the sense +myself I know you you can all tell me + + align:start position:0% +myself I know you you can all tell me + + + align:start position:0% +myself I know you you can all tell me +what you think at the when we finish the + + align:start position:0% +what you think at the when we finish the + + + align:start position:0% +what you think at the when we finish the +book that he's really you know thumping + + align:start position:0% +book that he's really you know thumping + + + align:start position:0% +book that he's really you know thumping +for one of these + + align:start position:0% +for one of these + + + align:start position:0% +for one of these +views and in fact as I said there's been + + align:start position:0% +views and in fact as I said there's been + + + align:start position:0% +views and in fact as I said there's been +scholarly ink spilled over you know + + align:start position:0% +scholarly ink spilled over you know + + + align:start position:0% +scholarly ink spilled over you know +which view does him really himself + + align:start position:0% +which view does him really himself + + + align:start position:0% +which view does him really himself +accept and that's really to me uh an + + align:start position:0% +accept and that's really to me uh an + + + align:start position:0% +accept and that's really to me uh an +amazing + + align:start position:0% +amazing + + + align:start position:0% +amazing +achievement that somebody but anyway he + + align:start position:0% +achievement that somebody but anyway he + + + align:start position:0% +achievement that somebody but anyway he +he goes on so cleanth goes on with this + + align:start position:0% +he goes on so cleanth goes on with this + + + align:start position:0% +he goes on so cleanth goes on with this +argument of the eye now the arguments + + align:start position:0% +argument of the eye now the arguments + + + align:start position:0% +argument of the eye now the arguments +for natural religion are plainly of this + + align:start position:0% +for natural religion are plainly of this + + + align:start position:0% +for natural religion are plainly of this +kind and nothing but the most perverse + + align:start position:0% +kind and nothing but the most perverse + + + align:start position:0% +kind and nothing but the most perverse +obstinate metaphysics can reject them so + + align:start position:0% +obstinate metaphysics can reject them so + + + align:start position:0% +obstinate metaphysics can reject them so +he's a little special pleading here + + align:start position:0% +he's a little special pleading here + + + align:start position:0% +he's a little special pleading here +consider anatomize the eye survey its + + align:start position:0% +consider anatomize the eye survey its + + + align:start position:0% +consider anatomize the eye survey its +structure and contrivance and tell me + + align:start position:0% +structure and contrivance and tell me + + + align:start position:0% +structure and contrivance and tell me +from your own feelings if the idea of a + + align:start position:0% +from your own feelings if the idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +from your own feelings if the idea of a +contriver does not immediately flow in + + align:start position:0% +contriver does not immediately flow in + + + align:start position:0% +contriver does not immediately flow in +upon you with a force like that of + + align:start position:0% +upon you with a force like that of + + + align:start position:0% +upon you with a force like that of +sensation the most obvious conclusion + + align:start position:0% +sensation the most obvious conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +sensation the most obvious conclusion +surely is in favor of + + align:start position:0% +surely is in favor of + + + align:start position:0% +surely is in favor of +design and it requires time Perfection + + align:start position:0% +design and it requires time Perfection + + + align:start position:0% +design and it requires time Perfection +and study to summon up those frivolous + + align:start position:0% +and study to summon up those frivolous + + + align:start position:0% +and study to summon up those frivolous +though abstruse objections which can + + align:start position:0% +though abstruse objections which can + + + align:start position:0% +though abstruse objections which can +support + + align:start position:0% +support + + + align:start position:0% +support +infidelity who can behold the male and + + align:start position:0% +infidelity who can behold the male and + + + align:start position:0% +infidelity who can behold the male and +female of each species the + + align:start position:0% +female of each species the + + + align:start position:0% +female of each species the +correspondence of their parts and + + align:start position:0% +correspondence of their parts and + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence of their parts and +instincts their passions and the whole + + align:start position:0% +instincts their passions and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +instincts their passions and the whole +course of life before and after gen + + align:start position:0% +course of life before and after gen + + + align:start position:0% +course of life before and after gen +generation but must be sensible that the + + align:start position:0% +generation but must be sensible that the + + + align:start position:0% +generation but must be sensible that the +propagation of the species is intended + + align:start position:0% +propagation of the species is intended + + + align:start position:0% +propagation of the species is intended +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +Nature so what about the I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +argument this is a biological so this is + + align:start position:0% +argument this is a biological so this is + + + align:start position:0% +argument this is a biological so this is +a little more you know he's getting into + + align:start position:0% +a little more you know he's getting into + + + align:start position:0% +a little more you know he's getting into +the nitty-gritty here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now how's he using this argument of the + + align:start position:0% +now how's he using this argument of the + + + align:start position:0% +now how's he using this argument of the +eye sort of a detail by saying it's way + + align:start position:0% +eye sort of a detail by saying it's way + + + align:start position:0% +eye sort of a detail by saying it's way +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +complex it's have happened yeah how + + align:start position:0% +complex it's have happened yeah how + + + align:start position:0% +complex it's have happened yeah how +could this how could this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simply being made somebody made this I + + align:start position:0% +simply being made somebody made this I + + + align:start position:0% +simply being made somebody made this I +mean it's it's vastly more complicated + + align:start position:0% +mean it's it's vastly more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's it's vastly more complicated +than anything we can + + align:start position:0% +than anything we can + + + align:start position:0% +than anything we can +make you know so how can we have + + align:start position:0% +make you know so how can we have + + + align:start position:0% +make you know so how can we have +eyes if something didn't some great + + align:start position:0% +eyes if something didn't some great + + + align:start position:0% +eyes if something didn't some great +power didn't didn't create this + + align:start position:0% +power didn't didn't create this + + + align:start position:0% +power didn't didn't create this +possibility or actually create I mean + + align:start position:0% +possibility or actually create I mean + + + align:start position:0% +possibility or actually create I mean +it's it's not explain exactly how all + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not explain exactly how all + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not explain exactly how all +this works when we talk about creation + + align:start position:0% +this works when we talk about creation + + + align:start position:0% +this works when we talk about creation +but but nevertheless the existence of an + + align:start position:0% +but but nevertheless the existence of an + + + align:start position:0% +but but nevertheless the existence of an +eye in clean's view + + align:start position:0% +eye in clean's view + + + align:start position:0% +eye in clean's view +is makes it almost + + align:start position:0% +is makes it almost + + + align:start position:0% +is makes it almost +impossible to + + align:start position:0% +impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to +deny that there is some force in + + align:start position:0% +deny that there is some force in + + + align:start position:0% +deny that there is some force in +creation that led to this kind of + + align:start position:0% +creation that led to this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +creation that led to this kind of +complexity that makes it possible for + + align:start position:0% +complexity that makes it possible for + + + align:start position:0% +complexity that makes it possible for +all these different animals + + align:start position:0% +all these different animals + + + align:start position:0% +all these different animals +organisms to actually see I + + align:start position:0% +organisms to actually see I + + + align:start position:0% +organisms to actually see I +mean he just can't come up with another + + align:start position:0% +mean he just can't come up with another + + + align:start position:0% +mean he just can't come up with another +explanation it's just like and even the + + align:start position:0% +explanation it's just like and even the + + + align:start position:0% +explanation it's just like and even the +the the notion that uh filo has said + + align:start position:0% +the the notion that uh filo has said + + + align:start position:0% +the the notion that uh filo has said +well maybe things have an internal + + align:start position:0% +well maybe things have an internal + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe things have an internal +principle in themselves that create the + + align:start position:0% +principle in themselves that create the + + + align:start position:0% +principle in themselves that create the +order what internal principle can create + + align:start position:0% +order what internal principle can create + + + align:start position:0% +order what internal principle can create +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +eye I + + align:start position:0% +eye I + + + align:start position:0% +eye I +mean this is one of the most complex + + align:start position:0% +mean this is one of the most complex + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is one of the most complex +organs that we can imagine and we're not + + align:start position:0% +organs that we can imagine and we're not + + + align:start position:0% +organs that we can imagine and we're not +even close to being able to do that as + + align:start position:0% +even close to being able to do that as + + + align:start position:0% +even close to being able to do that as +humans it's vastly more complicated than + + align:start position:0% +humans it's vastly more complicated than + + + align:start position:0% +humans it's vastly more complicated than +anything we know how to + + align:start position:0% +anything we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +anything we know how to +do so this is again his his + + align:start position:0% +do so this is again his his + + + align:start position:0% +do so this is again his his +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +to to cleanthes the ey is just you know + + align:start position:0% +to to cleanthes the ey is just you know + + + align:start position:0% +to to cleanthes the ey is just you know +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +it's all but proof of the existence of + + align:start position:0% +it's all but proof of the existence of + + + align:start position:0% +it's all but proof of the existence of +God there's really no concept of how + + align:start position:0% +God there's really no concept of how + + + align:start position:0% +God there's really no concept of how +something could emerge out of + + align:start position:0% +something could emerge out of + + + align:start position:0% +something could emerge out of +these internal principles if you will + + align:start position:0% +these internal principles if you will + + + align:start position:0% +these internal principles if you will +you know maybe as as uh felo says that + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe as as uh felo says that + + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe as as uh felo says that +you know there are internal principles + + align:start position:0% +you know there are internal principles + + + align:start position:0% +you know there are internal principles +that lead to certain kinds of order but + + align:start position:0% +that lead to certain kinds of order but + + + align:start position:0% +that lead to certain kinds of order but +we don't have a mechanism to understand + + align:start position:0% +we don't have a mechanism to understand + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have a mechanism to understand +what that is at this time and Hume + + align:start position:0% +what that is at this time and Hume + + + align:start position:0% +what that is at this time and Hume +doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't +either so I mean you have to look at you + + align:start position:0% +either so I mean you have to look at you + + + align:start position:0% +either so I mean you have to look at you +have to so historically when you think + + align:start position:0% +have to so historically when you think + + + align:start position:0% +have to so historically when you think +of cleanthes this is this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +of cleanthes this is this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +of cleanthes this is this is a pretty +this is a pretty powerful set of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +arguments and you know if you're a + + align:start position:0% +arguments and you know if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +arguments and you know if you're a +rationalist and an + + align:start position:0% +rationalist and an + + + align:start position:0% +rationalist and an +empiricist + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that's that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +um that's that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +um that's that's pretty +state-of-the-art reflection on the order + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art reflection on the order + + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art reflection on the order +of the world yeah well how would they + + align:start position:0% +of the world yeah well how would they + + + align:start position:0% +of the world yeah well how would they +account for for things like mules + + align:start position:0% +account for for things like mules + + + align:start position:0% +account for for things like mules +because surely like mules because surely + + align:start position:0% +because surely like mules because surely + + + align:start position:0% +because surely like mules because surely +they had mules back then and I I'd just + + align:start position:0% +they had mules back then and I I'd just + + + align:start position:0% +they had mules back then and I I'd just +be curious to thinking you know so you + + align:start position:0% +be curious to thinking you know so you + + + align:start position:0% +be curious to thinking you know so you +know designer designs a horse and he + + align:start position:0% +know designer designs a horse and he + + + align:start position:0% +know designer designs a horse and he +designs a do and they're meant for their + + align:start position:0% +designs a do and they're meant for their + + + align:start position:0% +designs a do and they're meant for their +purpose they do their thing and you know + + align:start position:0% +purpose they do their thing and you know + + + align:start position:0% +purpose they do their thing and you know +but just by some fluke one horse and one + + align:start position:0% +but just by some fluke one horse and one + + + align:start position:0% +but just by some fluke one horse and one +donkey get together and all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +donkey get together and all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +donkey get together and all of a sudden +you've got this third thing now is it + + align:start position:0% +you've got this third thing now is it + + + align:start position:0% +you've got this third thing now is it +automatically was it designed that the + + align:start position:0% +automatically was it designed that the + + + align:start position:0% +automatically was it designed that the +horse and the donkey be pre-programmed + + align:start position:0% +horse and the donkey be pre-programmed + + + align:start position:0% +horse and the donkey be pre-programmed +for this case where they should should + + align:start position:0% +for this case where they should should + + + align:start position:0% +for this case where they should should +meet each other or or not you know that + + align:start position:0% +meet each other or or not you know that + + + align:start position:0% +meet each other or or not you know that +lier huh the liger yeah right just how + + align:start position:0% +lier huh the liger yeah right just how + + + align:start position:0% +lier huh the liger yeah right just how +do you how does the notion of design + + align:start position:0% +do you how does the notion of design + + + align:start position:0% +do you how does the notion of design +account for these experiences they + + align:start position:0% +account for these experiences they + + + align:start position:0% +account for these experiences they +surely knew about for for things like + + align:start position:0% +surely knew about for for things like + + + align:start position:0% +surely knew about for for things like +you know well + + align:start position:0% +you know well + + + align:start position:0% +you know well +yeah I mean I suppose the first the the + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I suppose the first the the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I suppose the first the the +first thing to say would be they + + align:start position:0% +first thing to say would be they + + + align:start position:0% +first thing to say would be they +probably didn't know about all the you + + align:start position:0% +probably didn't know about all the you + + + align:start position:0% +probably didn't know about all the you +know weird things and and you know + + align:start position:0% +know weird things and and you know + + + align:start position:0% +know weird things and and you know +nature had what they called uh what what + + align:start position:0% +nature had what they called uh what what + + + align:start position:0% +nature had what they called uh what what +were called monsters aberations + + align:start position:0% +were called monsters aberations + + + align:start position:0% +were called monsters aberations +aberration yeah and and nature was full + + align:start position:0% +aberration yeah and and nature was full + + + align:start position:0% +aberration yeah and and nature was full +of aberration I mean people were aware + + align:start position:0% +of aberration I mean people were aware + + + align:start position:0% +of aberration I mean people were aware +of that but they they saw them as sort + + align:start position:0% +of that but they they saw them as sort + + + align:start position:0% +of that but they they saw them as sort +of uh in the aaan + + align:start position:0% +of uh in the aaan + + + align:start position:0% +of uh in the aaan +sense as uh accidental things + + align:start position:0% +sense as uh accidental things + + + align:start position:0% +sense as uh accidental things +deia is not having a good time I I don't + + align:start position:0% +deia is not having a good time I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +deia is not having a good time I I don't +know if you've followed his comments + + align:start position:0% +know if you've followed his comments + + + align:start position:0% +know if you've followed his comments +here but he doesn't like this + + align:start position:0% +here but he doesn't like this + + + align:start position:0% +here but he doesn't like this +speculation deia feels that once so deia + + align:start position:0% +speculation deia feels that once so deia + + + align:start position:0% +speculation deia feels that once so deia +is the Orthodox believer he + + align:start position:0% +is the Orthodox believer he + + + align:start position:0% +is the Orthodox believer he +feels once you get into this kind of + + align:start position:0% +feels once you get into this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +feels once you get into this kind of +discussion no telling where it's going + + align:start position:0% +discussion no telling where it's going + + + align:start position:0% +discussion no telling where it's going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +go I mean you're sort of leaving the + + align:start position:0% +go I mean you're sort of leaving the + + + align:start position:0% +go I mean you're sort of leaving the +proof of God to + + align:start position:0% +proof of God to + + + align:start position:0% +proof of God to +reason uh you know to him that's that's + + align:start position:0% +reason uh you know to him that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +reason uh you know to him that's that's +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +profane actually put up this argument + + align:start position:0% +profane actually put up this argument + + + align:start position:0% +profane actually put up this argument +about God and say yeah we can prove God + + align:start position:0% +about God and say yeah we can prove God + + + align:start position:0% +about God and say yeah we can prove God +to him that is a very slippery slope + + align:start position:0% +to him that is a very slippery slope + + + align:start position:0% +to him that is a very slippery slope +because once you allow that kind of + + align:start position:0% +because once you allow that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +because once you allow that kind of +discussion of this + + align:start position:0% +discussion of this + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of this +question who knows where the conclusions + + align:start position:0% +question who knows where the conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +question who knows where the conclusions +are going to go and to him it's a + + align:start position:0% +are going to go and to him it's a + + + align:start position:0% +are going to go and to him it's a +completely inappropriate + + align:start position:0% +completely inappropriate + + + align:start position:0% +completely inappropriate +approach to contemplating God it's you + + align:start position:0% +approach to contemplating God it's you + + + align:start position:0% +approach to contemplating God it's you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +sacrilegious whereas cleanthes thinks + + align:start position:0% +sacrilegious whereas cleanthes thinks + + + align:start position:0% +sacrilegious whereas cleanthes thinks +you know in his empirical and his you + + align:start position:0% +you know in his empirical and his you + + + align:start position:0% +you know in his empirical and his you +know his his sense of the science and + + align:start position:0% +know his his sense of the science and + + + align:start position:0% +know his his sense of the science and +scientific revolution he's got Newton + + align:start position:0% +scientific revolution he's got Newton + + + align:start position:0% +scientific revolution he's got Newton +behind him he's got Ben Franklin behind + + align:start position:0% +behind him he's got Ben Franklin behind + + + align:start position:0% +behind him he's got Ben Franklin behind +him all these great figures who and they + + align:start position:0% +him all these great figures who and they + + + align:start position:0% +him all these great figures who and they +were all de they believed in God they + + align:start position:0% +were all de they believed in God they + + + align:start position:0% +were all de they believed in God they +believed in a force that created this + + align:start position:0% +believed in a force that created this + + + align:start position:0% +believed in a force that created this +incredible + + align:start position:0% +incredible + + + align:start position:0% +incredible +world and you know + + align:start position:0% +world and you know + + + align:start position:0% +world and you know +Newton was just uh just + + align:start position:0% +Newton was just uh just + + + align:start position:0% +Newton was just uh just +completely + + align:start position:0% +completely + + + align:start position:0% +completely +um um taken with this this order that he + + align:start position:0% +um um taken with this this order that he + + + align:start position:0% +um um taken with this this order that he +had discovered in a sense that he had + + align:start position:0% +had discovered in a sense that he had + + + align:start position:0% +had discovered in a sense that he had +found you know uh some way of getting + + align:start position:0% +found you know uh some way of getting + + + align:start position:0% +found you know uh some way of getting +closer to the + + align:start position:0% +closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +closer to the +creation so that's that's really in many + + align:start position:0% +creation so that's that's really in many + + + align:start position:0% +creation so that's that's really in many +ways what hum means Clan is to represent + + align:start position:0% +ways what hum means Clan is to represent + + + align:start position:0% +ways what hum means Clan is to represent +is this sort of this great expression of + + align:start position:0% +is this sort of this great expression of + + + align:start position:0% +is this sort of this great expression of +human understanding and knowledge and + + align:start position:0% +human understanding and knowledge and + + + align:start position:0% +human understanding and knowledge and +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +knowledge and as this + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and as this + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and as this +knowledge unfolded and + + align:start position:0% +knowledge unfolded and + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge unfolded and +developed it showed a picture of order + + align:start position:0% +developed it showed a picture of order + + + align:start position:0% +developed it showed a picture of order +an order that was uh deeply + + align:start position:0% +an order that was uh deeply + + + align:start position:0% +an order that was uh deeply +impressive and so these these uh natural + + align:start position:0% +impressive and so these these uh natural + + + align:start position:0% +impressive and so these these uh natural +theologians they call themselves well + + align:start position:0% +theologians they call themselves well + + + align:start position:0% +theologians they call themselves well +people call them natural + + align:start position:0% +people call them natural + + + align:start position:0% +people call them natural +theologians actually used this as a a + + align:start position:0% +theologians actually used this as a a + + + align:start position:0% +theologians actually used this as a a +powerful what they thought was a + + align:start position:0% +powerful what they thought was a + + + align:start position:0% +powerful what they thought was a +powerful set of approaches understanding + + align:start position:0% +powerful set of approaches understanding + + + align:start position:0% +powerful set of approaches understanding +and and proving the existence of + + align:start position:0% +and and proving the existence of + + + align:start position:0% +and and proving the existence of +God and this + + align:start position:0% +God and this + + + align:start position:0% +God and this +movement of uh of of natural theology + + align:start position:0% +movement of uh of of natural theology + + + align:start position:0% +movement of uh of of natural theology +existed in Darwin's + + align:start position:0% +existed in Darwin's + + + align:start position:0% +existed in Darwin's +day these are you know these are people + + align:start position:0% +day these are you know these are people + + + align:start position:0% +day these are you know these are people +who are we would associate with you know + + align:start position:0% +who are we would associate with you know + + + align:start position:0% +who are we would associate with you know +state-of-the-art science who who really + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art science who who really + + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art science who who really +um who really thought about + + align:start position:0% +um who really thought about + + + align:start position:0% +um who really thought about +religion as a + + align:start position:0% +religion as a + + + align:start position:0% +religion as a +natural sub a subject of of uh that you + + align:start position:0% +natural sub a subject of of uh that you + + + align:start position:0% +natural sub a subject of of uh that you +could speculate about through examining + + align:start position:0% +could speculate about through examining + + + align:start position:0% +could speculate about through examining +natural + + align:start position:0% +natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural +phenomena that's a an amazing expression + + align:start position:0% +phenomena that's a an amazing expression + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena that's a an amazing expression +of the Enlightenment of you know the + + align:start position:0% +of the Enlightenment of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +of the Enlightenment of you know the +fact that you could understand + + align:start position:0% +fact that you could understand + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you could understand +everything reason was this powerful + + align:start position:0% +everything reason was this powerful + + + align:start position:0% +everything reason was this powerful +thing and you know if you applied it + + align:start position:0% +thing and you know if you applied it + + + align:start position:0% +thing and you know if you applied it +appropriately and effectively you could + + align:start position:0% +appropriately and effectively you could + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately and effectively you could +understand almost anything \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YBKJ9Qi2PxM.txt b/YBKJ9Qi2PxM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12b76b82edd7620fe72bf2cf1e86347e15e81310 --- /dev/null +++ b/YBKJ9Qi2PxM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome to lab two the shooting magnets + + align:start position:0% +welcome to lab two the shooting magnets + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to lab two the shooting magnets +lab in this lab you will characterize a + + align:start position:0% +lab in this lab you will characterize a + + + align:start position:0% +lab in this lab you will characterize a +coil launcher you will measure the back + + align:start position:0% +coil launcher you will measure the back + + + align:start position:0% +coil launcher you will measure the back +EMF and the average current as a magnet + + align:start position:0% +EMF and the average current as a magnet + + + align:start position:0% +EMF and the average current as a magnet +is launched from the coil launcher and + + align:start position:0% +is launched from the coil launcher and + + + align:start position:0% +is launched from the coil launcher and +use the energy method to predict how + + align:start position:0% +use the energy method to predict how + + + align:start position:0% +use the energy method to predict how +high the magnet will fly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the first part of the lab you will + + align:start position:0% +in the first part of the lab you will + + + align:start position:0% +in the first part of the lab you will +measure the back EMF using a test + + align:start position:0% +measure the back EMF using a test + + + align:start position:0% +measure the back EMF using a test +station first measure the position y of + + align:start position:0% +station first measure the position y of + + + align:start position:0% +station first measure the position y of +each coil using a ruler then connect the + + align:start position:0% +each coil using a ruler then connect the + + + align:start position:0% +each coil using a ruler then connect the +four coils of the test station to the + + align:start position:0% +four coils of the test station to the + + + align:start position:0% +four coils of the test station to the +four channels of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oscilloscope e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drop the magnets through the middle of + + align:start position:0% +drop the magnets through the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +drop the magnets through the middle of +the tube set the scope to trigger on the + + align:start position:0% +the tube set the scope to trigger on the + + + align:start position:0% +the tube set the scope to trigger on the +rising slope and the trigger level at + + align:start position:0% +rising slope and the trigger level at + + + align:start position:0% +rising slope and the trigger level at +around 45 molts so you can see all Four + + align:start position:0% +around 45 molts so you can see all Four + + + align:start position:0% +around 45 molts so you can see all Four +Peaks your waveform should look like the + + align:start position:0% +Peaks your waveform should look like the + + + align:start position:0% +Peaks your waveform should look like the +following you'll be using the distance + + align:start position:0% +following you'll be using the distance + + + align:start position:0% +following you'll be using the distance +between waveforms to find the constant + + align:start position:0% +between waveforms to find the constant + + + align:start position:0% +between waveforms to find the constant +of acceleration due to + + align:start position:0% +of acceleration due to + + + align:start position:0% +of acceleration due to +gravity then you will combine veloc + + align:start position:0% +gravity then you will combine veloc + + + align:start position:0% +gravity then you will combine veloc +with a back EMF data to find D Lambda + + align:start position:0% +with a back EMF data to find D Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +with a back EMF data to find D Lambda +Dy save the data on a compact flash card + + align:start position:0% +Dy save the data on a compact flash card + + + align:start position:0% +Dy save the data on a compact flash card +for later + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analysis now you will use the coil + + align:start position:0% +analysis now you will use the coil + + + align:start position:0% +analysis now you will use the coil +launcher itself to characterize the + + align:start position:0% +launcher itself to characterize the + + + align:start position:0% +launcher itself to characterize the +height of the magnets as they're + + align:start position:0% +height of the magnets as they're + + + align:start position:0% +height of the magnets as they're +launched as well as the average + + align:start position:0% +launched as well as the average + + + align:start position:0% +launched as well as the average +current make sure the launcher is hooked + + align:start position:0% +current make sure the launcher is hooked + + + align:start position:0% +current make sure the launcher is hooked +to the power supplies + + align:start position:0% +to the power supplies + + + align:start position:0% +to the power supplies +properly use the current probe to + + align:start position:0% +properly use the current probe to + + + align:start position:0% +properly use the current probe to +measure the current + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +waveform launch the magnets and measure + + align:start position:0% +waveform launch the magnets and measure + + + align:start position:0% +waveform launch the magnets and measure +how high they fly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you should see the current rise quickly + + align:start position:0% +you should see the current rise quickly + + + align:start position:0% +you should see the current rise quickly +to a constant value and you should see a + + align:start position:0% +to a constant value and you should see a + + + align:start position:0% +to a constant value and you should see a +dip due to the back EMF generated by the + + align:start position:0% +dip due to the back EMF generated by the + + + align:start position:0% +dip due to the back EMF generated by the +magnets as they are leaving the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coil repeat the experiment several times + + align:start position:0% +coil repeat the experiment several times + + + align:start position:0% +coil repeat the experiment several times +for consistency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember that once you're done with + + align:start position:0% +remember that once you're done with + + + align:start position:0% +remember that once you're done with +collecting data you will follow the lab + + align:start position:0% +collecting data you will follow the lab + + + align:start position:0% +collecting data you will follow the lab +handout to compare the predicted and + + align:start position:0% +handout to compare the predicted and + + + align:start position:0% +handout to compare the predicted and +measured Heights for the magnets \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YBajUR3EFSM.txt b/YBajUR3EFSM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a5bec598ee7df91d1d87e4c40fc8f94dde70566 --- /dev/null +++ b/YBajUR3EFSM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7155 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu the topic for today is going + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu the topic for today is going + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu the topic for today is going +to be equations of planes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and how it relates how they relate to + + align:start position:0% +and how it relates how they relate to + + + align:start position:0% +and how it relates how they relate to +linear systems and matrices as we have + + align:start position:0% +linear systems and matrices as we have + + + align:start position:0% +linear systems and matrices as we have +seen during Tuesday's + + align:start position:0% +seen during Tuesday's + + + align:start position:0% +seen during Tuesday's +lecture + + align:start position:0% +lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture +so let's start again with equations of + + align:start position:0% +so let's start again with equations of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start again with equations of +planes so + + align:start position:0% +planes so + + + align:start position:0% +planes so +remember we've seen + + align:start position:0% +remember we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +remember we've seen +briefly that an + + align:start position:0% +briefly that an + + + align:start position:0% +briefly that an +equation for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is of a + + align:start position:0% +is of a + + + align:start position:0% +is of a +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +ax plus b y + C zal D where a b c and d + + align:start position:0% +ax plus b y + C zal D where a b c and d + + + align:start position:0% +ax plus b y + C zal D where a b c and d +are just + + align:start position:0% +are just + + + align:start position:0% +are just +numbers okay and so this expresses the + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay and so this expresses the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay and so this expresses the +condition for a point at coordinates XYZ + + align:start position:0% +condition for a point at coordinates XYZ + + + align:start position:0% +condition for a point at coordinates XYZ +to be in the + + align:start position:0% +to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +to be in the +plane and so an equation of this form + + align:start position:0% +plane and so an equation of this form + + + align:start position:0% +plane and so an equation of this form +defines a plane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's see how that works + + align:start position:0% +so let's see how that works + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see how that works +again so let's start with an example + + align:start position:0% +again so let's start with an example + + + align:start position:0% +again so let's start with an example +let's say that we want to find an + + align:start position:0% +let's say that we want to find an + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that we want to find an +equation for a + + align:start position:0% +equation for a + + + align:start position:0% +equation for a +plane through the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin with normal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vector let's say Vector n equals let's + + align:start position:0% +Vector let's say Vector n equals let's + + + align:start position:0% +Vector let's say Vector n equals let's +say the normal Vector + + align:start position:0% +say the normal Vector + + + align:start position:0% +say the normal Vector +1510 okay so how do we find an equation + + align:start position:0% +1510 okay so how do we find an equation + + + align:start position:0% +1510 okay so how do we find an equation +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we can get that equation by + + align:start position:0% +that we can get that equation by + + + align:start position:0% +that we can get that equation by +thinking geometrically so what's our + + align:start position:0% +thinking geometrically so what's our + + + align:start position:0% +thinking geometrically so what's our +thinking going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be well so we have the X1 y z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AIS + + align:start position:0% +AIS + + + align:start position:0% +AIS +and we have this Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +1510 and it's supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +1510 and it's supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +1510 and it's supposed to be +perpendicular to our plane and our plane + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to our plane and our plane + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to our plane and our plane +passes for the origin here okay so we + + align:start position:0% +passes for the origin here okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +passes for the origin here okay so we +want to think of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane that's perpendicular to this + + align:start position:0% +plane that's perpendicular to this + + + align:start position:0% +plane that's perpendicular to this +vector well when is a point in that + + align:start position:0% +vector well when is a point in that + + + align:start position:0% +vector well when is a point in that +plane let's say we have a point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P at coordinates + + align:start position:0% +P at coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +P at coordinates +XYZ well the condition for p to be in + + align:start position:0% +XYZ well the condition for p to be in + + + align:start position:0% +XYZ well the condition for p to be in +the plane should be that we have a right + + align:start position:0% +the plane should be that we have a right + + + align:start position:0% +the plane should be that we have a right +angle + + align:start position:0% +angle + + + align:start position:0% +angle +here okay so p is in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane whenever op do n is + + align:start position:0% +plane whenever op do n is + + + align:start position:0% +plane whenever op do n is +zero and if we write that explicitly + + align:start position:0% +zero and if we write that explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +zero and if we write that explicitly +well Vector op has components XYZ and + + align:start position:0% +well Vector op has components XYZ and + + + align:start position:0% +well Vector op has components XYZ and +has components 510 so that will give us + + align:start position:0% +has components 510 so that will give us + + + align:start position:0% +has components 510 so that will give us +x + 5 y+ 10 Z equal Z okay that's the + + align:start position:0% +x + 5 y+ 10 Z equal Z okay that's the + + + align:start position:0% +x + 5 y+ 10 Z equal Z okay that's the +equation of our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +now let's think about a slightly + + align:start position:0% +now let's think about a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +now let's think about a slightly +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +problem so let's do another problem + + align:start position:0% +problem so let's do another problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem so let's do another problem +let's try to find the equation of a + + align:start position:0% +let's try to find the equation of a + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to find the equation of a +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +through a point p 0 with coordinates say + + align:start position:0% +through a point p 0 with coordinates say + + + align:start position:0% +through a point p 0 with coordinates say +2 1 - one + + align:start position:0% +2 1 - one + + + align:start position:0% +2 1 - one +and with normal Vector again the same + + align:start position:0% +and with normal Vector again the same + + + align:start position:0% +and with normal Vector again the same +guy + + align:start position:0% +guy + + + align:start position:0% +guy +1510 okay + + align:start position:0% +1510 okay + + + align:start position:0% +1510 okay +so how do we find an equation of this + + align:start position:0% +so how do we find an equation of this + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we find an equation of this +thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well we are going to use the same method + + align:start position:0% +well we are going to use the same method + + + align:start position:0% +well we are going to use the same method +in fact let's think first for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second so I said we have a normal Vector + + align:start position:0% +second so I said we have a normal Vector + + + align:start position:0% +second so I said we have a normal Vector +n and it's going to be perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +n and it's going to be perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +n and it's going to be perpendicular to +both planes at the same time so in fact + + align:start position:0% +both planes at the same time so in fact + + + align:start position:0% +both planes at the same time so in fact +our two planes will be parallel to each + + align:start position:0% +our two planes will be parallel to each + + + align:start position:0% +our two planes will be parallel to each +other the difference is well before we + + align:start position:0% +other the difference is well before we + + + align:start position:0% +other the difference is well before we +had a plane that was + + align:start position:0% +had a plane that was + + + align:start position:0% +had a plane that was +perpendicular to n and passing through + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to n and passing through + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to n and passing through +the origin and now we have a new + + align:start position:0% +the origin and now we have a new + + + align:start position:0% +the origin and now we have a new +plane that's going to pass well not + + align:start position:0% +plane that's going to pass well not + + + align:start position:0% +plane that's going to pass well not +through the origin but through maybe + + align:start position:0% +through the origin but through maybe + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin but through maybe +this point p 0 and I don't really know + + align:start position:0% +this point p 0 and I don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +this point p 0 and I don't really know +where it is but let's say for example + + align:start position:0% +where it is but let's say for example + + + align:start position:0% +where it is but let's say for example +that p 0 is + + align:start position:0% +that p 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +that p 0 is +here then I will + + align:start position:0% +here then I will + + + align:start position:0% +here then I will +just have to shift my plane so that + + align:start position:0% +just have to shift my plane so that + + + align:start position:0% +just have to shift my plane so that +instead of passing for the origin it + + align:start position:0% +instead of passing for the origin it + + + align:start position:0% +instead of passing for the origin it +passes through this new + + align:start position:0% +passes through this new + + + align:start position:0% +passes through this new +Point okay + + align:start position:0% +Point okay + + + align:start position:0% +Point okay +so how we going to do that well now for + + align:start position:0% +so how we going to do that well now for + + + align:start position:0% +so how we going to do that well now for +a point P to be in our new plane we need + + align:start position:0% +a point P to be in our new plane we need + + + align:start position:0% +a point P to be in our new plane we need +the vector no longer op but p 0 P to be + + align:start position:0% +the vector no longer op but p 0 P to be + + + align:start position:0% +the vector no longer op but p 0 P to be +perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to +n okay + + align:start position:0% +n okay + + + align:start position:0% +n okay +so p is in this new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane if the vector p 0 + + align:start position:0% +plane if the vector p 0 + + + align:start position:0% +plane if the vector p 0 +p is perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +p is perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +p is perpendicular to +n and now let's think for a second + + align:start position:0% +n and now let's think for a second + + + align:start position:0% +n and now let's think for a second +what's Vector p 0 P well we take the + + align:start position:0% +what's Vector p 0 P well we take the + + + align:start position:0% +what's Vector p 0 P well we take the +coordinates of p and we subtract those + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of p and we subtract those + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of p and we subtract those +of p + + align:start position:0% +of p + + + align:start position:0% +of p +0 so that should be x - + + align:start position:0% +0 so that should be x - + + + align:start position:0% +0 so that should be x - +2 y + + align:start position:0% +2 y + + + align:start position:0% +2 y +-1 and Z + + + align:start position:0% +-1 and Z + + + + align:start position:0% +-1 and Z + +1 dot product with + + align:start position:0% +1 dot product with + + + align:start position:0% +1 dot product with +1510 equals + + align:start position:0% +1510 equals + + + align:start position:0% +1510 equals +z or let's expand this well we + + align:start position:0% +z or let's expand this well we + + + align:start position:0% +z or let's expand this well we +get x - 2 plus 5 * y - 1 + 10 * Z + + + align:start position:0% +get x - 2 plus 5 * y - 1 + 10 * Z + + + + align:start position:0% +get x - 2 plus 5 * y - 1 + 10 * Z + +1 = 0 + + align:start position:0% +1 = 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1 = 0 +or let's put the constants on the other + + align:start position:0% +or let's put the constants on the other + + + align:start position:0% +or let's put the constants on the other +side we get x + 5 y + 10 Z equals well + + align:start position:0% +side we get x + 5 y + 10 Z equals well + + + align:start position:0% +side we get x + 5 y + 10 Z equals well +here we have - 2 becomes 2 - 5 becomes 5 + + align:start position:0% +here we have - 2 becomes 2 - 5 becomes 5 + + + align:start position:0% +here we have - 2 becomes 2 - 5 becomes 5 +10 becomes minus 10 I think we end up + + align:start position:0% +10 becomes minus 10 I think we end up + + + align:start position:0% +10 becomes minus 10 I think we end up +with -3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so see the only thing that changes + + align:start position:0% +so see the only thing that changes + + + align:start position:0% +so see the only thing that changes +between these two equations is the + + align:start position:0% +between these two equations is the + + + align:start position:0% +between these two equations is the +constant term on the right hand side the + + align:start position:0% +constant term on the right hand side the + + + align:start position:0% +constant term on the right hand side the +thing that I call D and the other common + + align:start position:0% +thing that I call D and the other common + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I call D and the other common +feature is that the coefficients of X Y + + align:start position:0% +feature is that the coefficients of X Y + + + align:start position:0% +feature is that the coefficients of X Y +and Z 1 5 and 10 correspond exactly to + + align:start position:0% +and Z 1 5 and 10 correspond exactly to + + + align:start position:0% +and Z 1 5 and 10 correspond exactly to +the normal Vector okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +the normal Vector okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the normal Vector okay so that's +something you should remember about + + align:start position:0% +something you should remember about + + + align:start position:0% +something you should remember about +planes these coefficients here + + align:start position:0% +planes these coefficients here + + + align:start position:0% +planes these coefficients here +correspond exactly to a normal vector + + align:start position:0% +correspond exactly to a normal vector + + + align:start position:0% +correspond exactly to a normal vector +and well this constant term here roughly + + align:start position:0% +and well this constant term here roughly + + + align:start position:0% +and well this constant term here roughly +measures how far you know when you move + + align:start position:0% +measures how far you know when you move + + + align:start position:0% +measures how far you know when you move +from so if you have a plane through the + + align:start position:0% +from so if you have a plane through the + + + align:start position:0% +from so if you have a plane through the +origin the right hand side will be zero + + align:start position:0% +origin the right hand side will be zero + + + align:start position:0% +origin the right hand side will be zero +and if you move to a parallel plane then + + align:start position:0% +and if you move to a parallel plane then + + + align:start position:0% +and if you move to a parallel plane then +this number will become something + + align:start position:0% +this number will become something + + + align:start position:0% +this number will become something +else so how actually could we have found + + align:start position:0% +else so how actually could we have found + + + align:start position:0% +else so how actually could we have found +that minus three more quickly well we + + align:start position:0% +that minus three more quickly well we + + + align:start position:0% +that minus three more quickly well we +know that the first part of the equation + + align:start position:0% +know that the first part of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +know that the first part of the equation +is like + + align:start position:0% +is like + + + align:start position:0% +is like +this okay and we know something else we + + align:start position:0% +this okay and we know something else we + + + align:start position:0% +this okay and we know something else we +know that the point p 0 is in the + + align:start position:0% +know that the point p 0 is in the + + + align:start position:0% +know that the point p 0 is in the +plane so if we plug the coordinates of p + + align:start position:0% +plane so if we plug the coordinates of p + + + align:start position:0% +plane so if we plug the coordinates of p +0 into this well X is 2 + 5 * 1 + 10 * + + align:start position:0% +0 into this well X is 2 + 5 * 1 + 10 * + + + align:start position:0% +0 into this well X is 2 + 5 * 1 + 10 * +-1 we get- 3 so in fact the number we + + align:start position:0% +-1 we get- 3 so in fact the number we + + + align:start position:0% +-1 we get- 3 so in fact the number we +should have here should be minus three + + align:start position:0% +should have here should be minus three + + + align:start position:0% +should have here should be minus three +so that P0 is a + + align:start position:0% +so that P0 is a + + + align:start position:0% +so that P0 is a +solution okay + + align:start position:0% +solution okay + + + align:start position:0% +solution okay +so let me point out so maybe I'll put a + + align:start position:0% +so let me point out so maybe I'll put a + + + align:start position:0% +so let me point out so maybe I'll put a +one here + + align:start position:0% +one here + + + align:start position:0% +one here +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +so these three numbers 15 10 are exactly + + align:start position:0% +so these three numbers 15 10 are exactly + + + align:start position:0% +so these three numbers 15 10 are exactly +the normal vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and one way that we can get this + + align:start position:0% +okay and one way that we can get this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and one way that we can get this +number here is by Computing the value of + + align:start position:0% +number here is by Computing the value of + + + align:start position:0% +number here is by Computing the value of +the left hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side at the point p 0 we plug in the + + align:start position:0% +side at the point p 0 we plug in the + + + align:start position:0% +side at the point p 0 we plug in the +point p 0 into the left hand + + align:start position:0% +point p 0 into the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +point p 0 into the left hand +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +okay any questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no okay by the way I mean of course a + + align:start position:0% +no okay by the way I mean of course a + + + align:start position:0% +no okay by the way I mean of course a +plane doesn't have just one equation it + + align:start position:0% +plane doesn't have just one equation it + + + align:start position:0% +plane doesn't have just one equation it +has infinitely many equations because if + + align:start position:0% +has infinitely many equations because if + + + align:start position:0% +has infinitely many equations because if +I take instead say If I multiply + + align:start position:0% +I take instead say If I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +I take instead say If I multiply +everything by two 2x + 10 y + 20 Z = - 6 + + align:start position:0% +everything by two 2x + 10 y + 20 Z = - 6 + + + align:start position:0% +everything by two 2x + 10 y + 20 Z = - 6 +is also an equation for this plane okay + + align:start position:0% +is also an equation for this plane okay + + + align:start position:0% +is also an equation for this plane okay +that's because of course we have normal + + align:start position:0% +that's because of course we have normal + + + align:start position:0% +that's because of course we have normal +vectors of all sizes we can choose how + + align:start position:0% +vectors of all sizes we can choose how + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of all sizes we can choose how +big we make it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again just to repeat the single most + + align:start position:0% +so again just to repeat the single most + + + align:start position:0% +so again just to repeat the single most +important thing here in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation a x + b y + CZ = D the + + align:start position:0% +equation a x + b y + CZ = D the + + + align:start position:0% +equation a x + b y + CZ = D the +coefficients a b + + align:start position:0% +coefficients a b + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients a b +c give us actually a normal + + align:start position:0% +c give us actually a normal + + + align:start position:0% +c give us actually a normal +Vector to the plane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's why in + + align:start position:0% +so that's why in + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why in +fact what matters to us mostly is + + align:start position:0% +fact what matters to us mostly is + + + align:start position:0% +fact what matters to us mostly is +finding the normal vector and in + + align:start position:0% +finding the normal vector and in + + + align:start position:0% +finding the normal vector and in +particular if you remember last time I + + align:start position:0% +particular if you remember last time I + + + align:start position:0% +particular if you remember last time I +explained something about how we can + + align:start position:0% +explained something about how we can + + + align:start position:0% +explained something about how we can +find normal Vector to the plane if we + + align:start position:0% +find normal Vector to the plane if we + + + align:start position:0% +find normal Vector to the plane if we +know points in the plane namely we can + + align:start position:0% +know points in the plane namely we can + + + align:start position:0% +know points in the plane namely we can +take the cross product of two vectors + + align:start position:0% +take the cross product of two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +take the cross product of two vectors +contained in the plane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's just do an example to + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just do an example to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's just do an example to +see if we completely understand what's + + align:start position:0% +see if we completely understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +see if we completely understand what's +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +so let's say that I give you the vector + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that I give you the vector + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that I give you the vector +with components 1 + + align:start position:0% +with components 1 + + + align:start position:0% +with components 1 +21 and I give you the plane x + y + 3 Z + + align:start position:0% +21 and I give you the plane x + y + 3 Z + + + align:start position:0% +21 and I give you the plane x + y + 3 Z += 5 so do you think this do you think + + align:start position:0% += 5 so do you think this do you think + + + align:start position:0% += 5 so do you think this do you think +that this Vector is parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +that this Vector is parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +that this Vector is parallel to the +plane perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +plane perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +plane perpendicular to +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nether okay I'm starting to see a few + + align:start position:0% +nether okay I'm starting to see a few + + + align:start position:0% +nether okay I'm starting to see a few +votes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so I see that most of you are answering + + align:start position:0% +so I see that most of you are answering + + + align:start position:0% +so I see that most of you are answering +number two this Vector is perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +number two this Vector is perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +number two this Vector is perpendicular +to the plane uh there are some other + + align:start position:0% +to the plane uh there are some other + + + align:start position:0% +to the plane uh there are some other +answers too well let's try to figure it + + align:start position:0% +answers too well let's try to figure it + + + align:start position:0% +answers too well let's try to figure it +out okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's do the example say V is 1 + + align:start position:0% +let's do the example say V is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the example say V is 1 +to1 and the + + align:start position:0% +to1 and the + + + align:start position:0% +to1 and the +plane is x + y + 3 Z = 5 so let's just + + align:start position:0% +plane is x + y + 3 Z = 5 so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +plane is x + y + 3 Z = 5 so let's just +draw you know that plane anywhere it + + align:start position:0% +draw you know that plane anywhere it + + + align:start position:0% +draw you know that plane anywhere it +doesn't really matter let's first get a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter let's first get a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter let's first get a +normal Vector out of it well to get a + + align:start position:0% +normal Vector out of it well to get a + + + align:start position:0% +normal Vector out of it well to get a +normal + + align:start position:0% +normal + + + align:start position:0% +normal +Vector to the + + align:start position:0% +Vector to the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector to the +plane what I do is I will take the + + align:start position:0% +plane what I do is I will take the + + + align:start position:0% +plane what I do is I will take the +coefficients of X Y and Z so that's + + align:start position:0% +coefficients of X Y and Z so that's + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients of X Y and Z so that's +13 okay so 13 is perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +13 okay so 13 is perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +13 okay so 13 is perpendicular to the +plane how do we get all the other + + align:start position:0% +plane how do we get all the other + + + align:start position:0% +plane how do we get all the other +vectors that perpendicular to the plane + + align:start position:0% +vectors that perpendicular to the plane + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that perpendicular to the plane +that are perpendicular to the plane well + + align:start position:0% +that are perpendicular to the plane well + + + align:start position:0% +that are perpendicular to the plane well +all the perpendicular vectors are + + align:start position:0% +all the perpendicular vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +all the perpendicular vectors are +parallel to each other okay so that + + align:start position:0% +parallel to each other okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to each other okay so that +means that they're just obtained by + + align:start position:0% +means that they're just obtained by + + + align:start position:0% +means that they're just obtained by +maybe multiplying this guy by some + + align:start position:0% +maybe multiplying this guy by some + + + align:start position:0% +maybe multiplying this guy by some +number okay 226 for example would still + + align:start position:0% +number okay 226 for example would still + + + align:start position:0% +number okay 226 for example would still +be perpendicular to the plane uh 1 half + + align:start position:0% +be perpendicular to the plane uh 1 half + + + align:start position:0% +be perpendicular to the plane uh 1 half +one half three halves is also + + align:start position:0% +one half three halves is also + + + align:start position:0% +one half three halves is also +perpendicular to the plane but now see + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the plane but now see + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the plane but now see +these guys are not proportional to each + + align:start position:0% +these guys are not proportional to each + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are not proportional to each +other so V is not perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane so it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perpendicular to the plane + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the plane + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the plane +being perpendicular to the plane is the + + align:start position:0% +being perpendicular to the plane is the + + + align:start position:0% +being perpendicular to the plane is the +same as being parallel to its normal + + align:start position:0% +same as being parallel to its normal + + + align:start position:0% +same as being parallel to its normal +Vector now what about testing if V is + + align:start position:0% +Vector now what about testing if V is + + + align:start position:0% +Vector now what about testing if V is +instead parallel to the plane well it's + + align:start position:0% +instead parallel to the plane well it's + + + align:start position:0% +instead parallel to the plane well it's +parallel to the plane if it's + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the plane if it's + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the plane if it's +perpendicular to n well let's check + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so let's try to see if + + align:start position:0% +that so let's try to see if + + + align:start position:0% +that so let's try to see if +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +pendicular to + + align:start position:0% +pendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +pendicular to +n well let's do V do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n that's 1 + + align:start position:0% +n that's 1 + + + align:start position:0% +n that's 1 +21 do 1 + + align:start position:0% +21 do 1 + + + align:start position:0% +21 do 1 +13 you get 1 + 2 - + + align:start position:0% +13 you get 1 + 2 - + + + align:start position:0% +13 you get 1 + 2 - +3 that's zero so + + align:start position:0% +3 that's zero so + + + align:start position:0% +3 that's zero so +yes so if it's perpendicular to n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means maybe + + align:start position:0% +means maybe + + + align:start position:0% +means maybe +it's somewhere like + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhere like + + + align:start position:0% +it's somewhere like +that it's actually going to be parallel + + align:start position:0% +that it's actually going to be parallel + + + align:start position:0% +that it's actually going to be parallel +to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane okay any questions yes when you + + align:start position:0% +plane okay any questions yes when you + + + align:start position:0% +plane okay any questions yes when you +plug the vector into the equation you + + align:start position:0% +plug the vector into the equation you + + + align:start position:0% +plug the vector into the equation you +get zero what is that what's the signic + + align:start position:0% +get zero what is that what's the signic + + + align:start position:0% +get zero what is that what's the signic +ah when you + + align:start position:0% +ah when you + + + align:start position:0% +ah when you +plug um let's see so if I plug the + + align:start position:0% +plug um let's see so if I plug the + + + align:start position:0% +plug um let's see so if I plug the +vector into the plane + + align:start position:0% +vector into the plane + + + align:start position:0% +vector into the plane +equation so + + align:start position:0% +equation so + + + align:start position:0% +equation so +x 1 + 2 - 3 well the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +x 1 + 2 - 3 well the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +x 1 + 2 - 3 well the left hand side +becomes zero so it's not a solution of a + + align:start position:0% +becomes zero so it's not a solution of a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes zero so it's not a solution of a +Plaine equation okay so I should say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there's two different things + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's two different things + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's two different things +here one is the point with coordinates 1 + + align:start position:0% +here one is the point with coordinates 1 + + + align:start position:0% +here one is the point with coordinates 1 +2us one is not in the + + align:start position:0% +2us one is not in the + + + align:start position:0% +2us one is not in the +plane okay so what that tells + + align:start position:0% +plane okay so what that tells + + + align:start position:0% +plane okay so what that tells +us is + + align:start position:0% +us is + + + align:start position:0% +us is +that if I put my vector v at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin okay then the point here is not + + align:start position:0% +origin okay then the point here is not + + + align:start position:0% +origin okay then the point here is not +going to be in the plane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the other hand your right the left + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand your right the left + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand your right the left +hand side evaluates to zero what that + + align:start position:0% +hand side evaluates to zero what that + + + align:start position:0% +hand side evaluates to zero what that +means is If instead I had taken the + + align:start position:0% +means is If instead I had taken the + + + align:start position:0% +means is If instead I had taken the +plane x + y + 3 Z equal 0 then it would + + align:start position:0% +plane x + y + 3 Z equal 0 then it would + + + align:start position:0% +plane x + y + 3 Z equal 0 then it would +be inside and the plane x + y so this + + align:start position:0% +be inside and the plane x + y so this + + + align:start position:0% +be inside and the plane x + y so this +one is x + y + 3 Z = 5 x + y + 3 Z = 0 + + align:start position:0% +one is x + y + 3 Z = 5 x + y + 3 Z = 0 + + + align:start position:0% +one is x + y + 3 Z = 5 x + y + 3 Z = 0 +would be a plane parallel to it but + + align:start position:0% +would be a plane parallel to it but + + + align:start position:0% +would be a plane parallel to it but +through the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin so that would be another way to + + align:start position:0% +origin so that would be another way to + + + align:start position:0% +origin so that would be another way to +see that the vector is parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +see that the vector is parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +see that the vector is parallel to the +plane if we move the plane to a parallel + + align:start position:0% +plane if we move the plane to a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +plane if we move the plane to a parallel +plane through the origin then the end + + align:start position:0% +plane through the origin then the end + + + align:start position:0% +plane through the origin then the end +point of the vector is in the + + align:start position:0% +point of the vector is in the + + + align:start position:0% +point of the vector is in the +plane okay that's another way to + + align:start position:0% +plane okay that's another way to + + + align:start position:0% +plane okay that's another way to +convince + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yourselves um any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions Okay so + + align:start position:0% +questions Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +questions Okay so +let's move + + align:start position:0% +let's move + + + align:start position:0% +let's move +on so last time we saw about matrices we + + align:start position:0% +on so last time we saw about matrices we + + + align:start position:0% +on so last time we saw about matrices we +learned about matrices and linear + + align:start position:0% +learned about matrices and linear + + + align:start position:0% +learned about matrices and linear +systems so let's try to think now about + + align:start position:0% +systems so let's try to think now about + + + align:start position:0% +systems so let's try to think now about +linear systems in terms of equations of + + align:start position:0% +linear systems in terms of equations of + + + align:start position:0% +linear systems in terms of equations of +planes and intersections of planes I + + align:start position:0% +planes and intersections of planes I + + + align:start position:0% +planes and intersections of planes I +mean remember a linear system it's a + + align:start position:0% +mean remember a linear system it's a + + + align:start position:0% +mean remember a linear system it's a +bunch of equations let's say a 3X3 + + align:start position:0% +bunch of equations let's say a 3X3 + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of equations let's say a 3X3 +linear system it's three different + + align:start position:0% +linear system it's three different + + + align:start position:0% +linear system it's three different +equations each of the equation is the + + align:start position:0% +equations each of the equation is the + + + align:start position:0% +equations each of the equation is the +equation of a plane so in fact if we try + + align:start position:0% +equation of a plane so in fact if we try + + + align:start position:0% +equation of a plane so in fact if we try +to solve a system of equations that + + align:start position:0% +to solve a system of equations that + + + align:start position:0% +to solve a system of equations that +means actually we're trying to find a + + align:start position:0% +means actually we're trying to find a + + + align:start position:0% +means actually we're trying to find a +point that is on several planes at the + + align:start position:0% +point that is on several planes at the + + + align:start position:0% +point that is on several planes at the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +so one more board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so let's say that we have a 3X3 + + align:start position:0% +here so let's say that we have a 3X3 + + + align:start position:0% +here so let's say that we have a 3X3 +linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system and just to take an example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doesn't really matter what I give you + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter what I give you + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter what I give you +but let's say I give you x + + align:start position:0% +but let's say I give you x + + + align:start position:0% +but let's say I give you x ++ z = 1 X + Y = + + align:start position:0% ++ z = 1 X + Y = + + + align:start position:0% ++ z = 1 X + Y = +2 x + 2 y + 3 Z equals + + align:start position:0% +2 x + 2 y + 3 Z equals + + + align:start position:0% +2 x + 2 y + 3 Z equals +three well what does it what what does + + align:start position:0% +three well what does it what what does + + + align:start position:0% +three well what does it what what does +this mean what does it mean to solve + + align:start position:0% +this mean what does it mean to solve + + + align:start position:0% +this mean what does it mean to solve +this it means we want to find XYZ which + + align:start position:0% +this it means we want to find XYZ which + + + align:start position:0% +this it means we want to find XYZ which +satisfy all of these + + align:start position:0% +satisfy all of these + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy all of these +conditions so let's just look at the + + align:start position:0% +conditions so let's just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions so let's just look at the +first equation first well the first + + align:start position:0% +first equation first well the first + + + align:start position:0% +first equation first well the first +equation says our point should be on the + + align:start position:0% +equation says our point should be on the + + + align:start position:0% +equation says our point should be on the +plane which has this + + align:start position:0% +plane which has this + + + align:start position:0% +plane which has this +equation then the second equation says + + align:start position:0% +equation then the second equation says + + + align:start position:0% +equation then the second equation says +oh our point should also be on this + + align:start position:0% +oh our point should also be on this + + + align:start position:0% +oh our point should also be on this +plane okay so in fact if you just look + + align:start position:0% +plane okay so in fact if you just look + + + align:start position:0% +plane okay so in fact if you just look +at the first two equations that means + + align:start position:0% +at the first two equations that means + + + align:start position:0% +at the first two equations that means +you have two + + align:start position:0% +you have two + + + align:start position:0% +you have two +planes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations determine for you two planes + + align:start position:0% +equations determine for you two planes + + + align:start position:0% +equations determine for you two planes +and two planes + + align:start position:0% +and two planes + + + align:start position:0% +and two planes +intersect in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now well what happens with a third + + align:start position:0% +now well what happens with a third + + + align:start position:0% +now well what happens with a third +equation that's actually going to be a + + align:start position:0% +equation that's actually going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's actually going to be a +third plane + + align:start position:0% +third plane + + + align:start position:0% +third plane +so if we want to solve the first two + + align:start position:0% +so if we want to solve the first two + + + align:start position:0% +so if we want to solve the first two +equations we have to be on this line and + + align:start position:0% +equations we have to be on this line and + + + align:start position:0% +equations we have to be on this line and +if we want to solve the third one we + + align:start position:0% +if we want to solve the third one we + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to solve the third one we +also need to be on another plane and in + + align:start position:0% +also need to be on another plane and in + + + align:start position:0% +also need to be on another plane and in +general three planes intersect in a + + align:start position:0% +general three planes intersect in a + + + align:start position:0% +general three planes intersect in a +point because this line of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersection so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so three planes intersect in a + + align:start position:0% +okay so three planes intersect in a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so three planes intersect in a +point and one way to think about it is + + align:start position:0% +point and one way to think about it is + + + align:start position:0% +point and one way to think about it is +that the line where the first two points + + align:start position:0% +that the line where the first two points + + + align:start position:0% +that the line where the first two points +sorry the line with where the first two + + align:start position:0% +sorry the line with where the first two + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the line with where the first two +planes intersect meets the third plane + + align:start position:0% +planes intersect meets the third plane + + + align:start position:0% +planes intersect meets the third plane +in a point and that point is the + + align:start position:0% +in a point and that point is the + + + align:start position:0% +in a point and that point is the +solution to the linear + + align:start position:0% +solution to the linear + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the linear +system okay + + align:start position:0% +system okay + + + align:start position:0% +system okay +so the + + align:start position:0% +so the + + + align:start position:0% +so the +line let's say formed by V so this is + + align:start position:0% +line let's say formed by V so this is + + + align:start position:0% +line let's say formed by V so this is +mathematical notation for the + + align:start position:0% +mathematical notation for the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical notation for the +intersection between the first two + + align:start position:0% +intersection between the first two + + + align:start position:0% +intersection between the first two +planes + + align:start position:0% +planes + + + align:start position:0% +planes +intersect the third plane in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point which is going to be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution okay + + align:start position:0% +solution okay + + + align:start position:0% +solution okay +so the solution actually how do we find + + align:start position:0% +so the solution actually how do we find + + + align:start position:0% +so the solution actually how do we find +it Well one way is to draw pictures and + + align:start position:0% +it Well one way is to draw pictures and + + + align:start position:0% +it Well one way is to draw pictures and +try to figure out where the solution is + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out where the solution is + + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out where the solution is +but that's not how we do it in practice + + align:start position:0% +but that's not how we do it in practice + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not how we do it in practice +if we are given the equ + + align:start position:0% +if we are given the equ + + + align:start position:0% +if we are given the equ +equations uh the solution is + + align:start position:0% +equations uh the solution is + + + align:start position:0% +equations uh the solution is +given sorry so let me use Matrix + + align:start position:0% +given sorry so let me use Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +given sorry so let me use Matrix +notation remember we saw on Tuesday that + + align:start position:0% +notation remember we saw on Tuesday that + + + align:start position:0% +notation remember we saw on Tuesday that +the solution to axal + + align:start position:0% +the solution to axal + + + align:start position:0% +the solution to axal +B is given + + align:start position:0% +B is given + + + align:start position:0% +B is given +by x equal a inverse + + align:start position:0% +by x equal a inverse + + + align:start position:0% +by x equal a inverse +B okay and we get from here to Here by + + align:start position:0% +B okay and we get from here to Here by + + + align:start position:0% +B okay and we get from here to Here by +multiplying on the left by a inverse a + + align:start position:0% +multiplying on the left by a inverse a + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying on the left by a inverse a +inverse a x simplifies to X x equals a + + align:start position:0% +inverse a x simplifies to X x equals a + + + align:start position:0% +inverse a x simplifies to X x equals a +inverse B and once again it's a inverse + + align:start position:0% +inverse B and once again it's a inverse + + + align:start position:0% +inverse B and once again it's a inverse +B and not b a inverse if you try to set + + align:start position:0% +B and not b a inverse if you try to set + + + align:start position:0% +B and not b a inverse if you try to set +up the multiplication ba inverse doesn't + + align:start position:0% +up the multiplication ba inverse doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +up the multiplication ba inverse doesn't +work the sizes are not compatible you + + align:start position:0% +work the sizes are not compatible you + + + align:start position:0% +work the sizes are not compatible you +can't multiply the other way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around okay + + align:start position:0% +around okay + + + align:start position:0% +around okay +so that's pretty good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unless well unless it doesn't work that + + align:start position:0% +unless well unless it doesn't work that + + + align:start position:0% +unless well unless it doesn't work that +way okay and what could go wrong well + + align:start position:0% +way okay and what could go wrong well + + + align:start position:0% +way okay and what could go wrong well +let's say that our first two planes do + + align:start position:0% +let's say that our first two planes do + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that our first two planes do +intersect nicely in a line but let's + + align:start position:0% +intersect nicely in a line but let's + + + align:start position:0% +intersect nicely in a line but let's +think about the third plane maybe the + + align:start position:0% +think about the third plane maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +think about the third plane maybe the +third plane does not intersect that line + + align:start position:0% +third plane does not intersect that line + + + align:start position:0% +third plane does not intersect that line +nicely in a point maybe it's actually + + align:start position:0% +nicely in a point maybe it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +nicely in a point maybe it's actually +parallel to that + + align:start position:0% +parallel to that + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to that +line okay + + align:start position:0% +line okay + + + align:start position:0% +line okay +so let's try to think about this + + align:start position:0% +so let's try to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's try to think about this +question for a + + align:start position:0% +question for a + + + align:start position:0% +question for a +second oh sorry this is too far + + align:start position:0% +second oh sorry this is too far + + + align:start position:0% +second oh sorry this is too far +so let's say that the set of solutions + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that the set of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that the set of solutions +to a free by fre linear system is not + + align:start position:0% +to a free by fre linear system is not + + + align:start position:0% +to a free by fre linear system is not +just one + + align:start position:0% +just one + + + align:start position:0% +just one +point so we don't have a unique solution + + align:start position:0% +point so we don't have a unique solution + + + align:start position:0% +point so we don't have a unique solution +that we can get this way what could + + align:start position:0% +that we can get this way what could + + + align:start position:0% +that we can get this way what could +happen what do you think would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen okay I + + align:start position:0% +happen okay I + + + align:start position:0% +happen okay I +see answers + + align:start position:0% +see answers + + + align:start position:0% +see answers +number three and five seem to be + + align:start position:0% +number three and five seem to be + + + align:start position:0% +number three and five seem to be +dominating there's also a bit of answer + + align:start position:0% +dominating there's also a bit of answer + + + align:start position:0% +dominating there's also a bit of answer +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +one and in fact these are pretty good + + align:start position:0% +one and in fact these are pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +one and in fact these are pretty good +answers I see even some of you figured + + align:start position:0% +answers I see even some of you figured + + + align:start position:0% +answers I see even some of you figured +out that you can answer one and three at + + align:start position:0% +out that you can answer one and three at + + + align:start position:0% +out that you can answer one and three at +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +time or three and five at the same time + + align:start position:0% +time or three and five at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +time or three and five at the same time +uh I yet have to see somebody with three + + align:start position:0% +uh I yet have to see somebody with three + + + align:start position:0% +uh I yet have to see somebody with three +hands answer all three numbers at the + + align:start position:0% +hands answer all three numbers at the + + + align:start position:0% +hands answer all three numbers at the +same time but uh okay so indeed we'll + + align:start position:0% +same time but uh okay so indeed we'll + + + align:start position:0% +same time but uh okay so indeed we'll +see very soon that we could have either + + align:start position:0% +see very soon that we could have either + + + align:start position:0% +see very soon that we could have either +no solution a line or a plane + + align:start position:0% +no solution a line or a plane + + + align:start position:0% +no solution a line or a plane +the other answers well two points two + + align:start position:0% +the other answers well two points two + + + align:start position:0% +the other answers well two points two +solutions uh we will see is not actually + + align:start position:0% +solutions uh we will see is not actually + + + align:start position:0% +solutions uh we will see is not actually +a possibility because if you have two + + align:start position:0% +a possibility because if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +a possibility because if you have two +different solutions then the entire line + + align:start position:0% +different solutions then the entire line + + + align:start position:0% +different solutions then the entire line +through these two points is also going + + align:start position:0% +through these two points is also going + + + align:start position:0% +through these two points is also going +to be made of + + align:start position:0% +to be made of + + + align:start position:0% +to be made of +solutions a tetron is just there to you + + align:start position:0% +solutions a tetron is just there to you + + + align:start position:0% +solutions a tetron is just there to you +know amuse you uh it's not actually a + + align:start position:0% +know amuse you uh it's not actually a + + + align:start position:0% +know amuse you uh it's not actually a +good answer to that question it's not + + align:start position:0% +good answer to that question it's not + + + align:start position:0% +good answer to that question it's not +very likely that you will get a tedron + + align:start position:0% +very likely that you will get a tedron + + + align:start position:0% +very likely that you will get a tedron +out of intersecting planes a plane is + + align:start position:0% +out of intersecting planes a plane is + + + align:start position:0% +out of intersecting planes a plane is +indeed possible and I don't know is + + align:start position:0% +indeed possible and I don't know is + + + align:start position:0% +indeed possible and I don't know is +still okay for a few more + + align:start position:0% +still okay for a few more + + + align:start position:0% +still okay for a few more +minutes but we are going to get to the + + align:start position:0% +minutes but we are going to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +minutes but we are going to get to the +bottom of this and then we will + + align:start position:0% +bottom of this and then we will + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of this and then we will +know okay so let's try to figure out + + align:start position:0% +know okay so let's try to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +know okay so let's try to figure out +what can + + align:start position:0% +what can + + + align:start position:0% +what can +happen so let me go back to my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture and so I had my first two planes + + align:start position:0% +picture and so I had my first two planes + + + align:start position:0% +picture and so I had my first two planes +the detal line and now I have my third + + align:start position:0% +the detal line and now I have my third + + + align:start position:0% +the detal line and now I have my third +plane and maybe my third plane is + + align:start position:0% +plane and maybe my third plane is + + + align:start position:0% +plane and maybe my third plane is +actually parallel to the + + align:start position:0% +actually parallel to the + + + align:start position:0% +actually parallel to the +line but doesn't pass through it + + align:start position:0% +line but doesn't pass through it + + + align:start position:0% +line but doesn't pass through it +well then I'm afraid that there's no + + align:start position:0% +well then I'm afraid that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +well then I'm afraid that there's no +Solutions okay because to solve the + + align:start position:0% +Solutions okay because to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions okay because to solve the +system of equations I need to be in the + + align:start position:0% +system of equations I need to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +system of equations I need to be in the +first two planes so that means I need to + + align:start position:0% +first two planes so that means I need to + + + align:start position:0% +first two planes so that means I need to +be in that vertical line well that line + + align:start position:0% +be in that vertical line well that line + + + align:start position:0% +be in that vertical line well that line +was supposed to be red but I guess it + + align:start position:0% +was supposed to be red but I guess it + + + align:start position:0% +was supposed to be red but I guess it +doesn't really show up as + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really show up as + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really show up as +red uh and it also needs to be in the + + align:start position:0% +red uh and it also needs to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +red uh and it also needs to be in the +third plane but the line and the plane + + align:start position:0% +third plane but the line and the plane + + + align:start position:0% +third plane but the line and the plane +are parallel to each other there's just + + align:start position:0% +are parallel to each other there's just + + + align:start position:0% +are parallel to each other there's just +no place where they intersect okay so + + align:start position:0% +no place where they intersect okay so + + + align:start position:0% +no place where they intersect okay so +there's no way to solve all the + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to solve all the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to solve all the +equations + + align:start position:0% +equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations +on the other hand the other thing that + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand the other thing that + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand the other thing that +could happen is that actually the line + + align:start position:0% +could happen is that actually the line + + + align:start position:0% +could happen is that actually the line +is contained in the + + align:start position:0% +is contained in the + + + align:start position:0% +is contained in the +plane and then well it means any point + + align:start position:0% +plane and then well it means any point + + + align:start position:0% +plane and then well it means any point +on that line will actually solve + + align:start position:0% +on that line will actually solve + + + align:start position:0% +on that line will actually solve +automatically the third + + align:start position:0% +automatically the third + + + align:start position:0% +automatically the third +equation okay so if you try solving a + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so if you try solving a + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay so if you try solving a +system that looks like this by hand what + + align:start position:0% +system that looks like this by hand what + + + align:start position:0% +system that looks like this by hand what +you will notice you know if you do + + align:start position:0% +you will notice you know if you do + + + align:start position:0% +you will notice you know if you do +substitutions eliminations and so on + + align:start position:0% +substitutions eliminations and so on + + + align:start position:0% +substitutions eliminations and so on +what you will notice is that you know + + align:start position:0% +what you will notice is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +what you will notice is that you know +after you've dealt with two V equations + + align:start position:0% +after you've dealt with two V equations + + + align:start position:0% +after you've dealt with two V equations +the third one here would actually turn + + align:start position:0% +the third one here would actually turn + + + align:start position:0% +the third one here would actually turn +out to be the same as what you got out + + align:start position:0% +out to be the same as what you got out + + + align:start position:0% +out to be the same as what you got out +of the first two it doesn't give you any + + align:start position:0% +of the first two it doesn't give you any + + + align:start position:0% +of the first two it doesn't give you any +additional information it's as if you + + align:start position:0% +additional information it's as if you + + + align:start position:0% +additional information it's as if you +had only two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations the previous + + align:start position:0% +equations the previous + + + align:start position:0% +equations the previous +case would be when actually the third + + align:start position:0% +case would be when actually the third + + + align:start position:0% +case would be when actually the third +equation contradicts something that you + + align:start position:0% +equation contradicts something that you + + + align:start position:0% +equation contradicts something that you +can get out of the first two for example + + align:start position:0% +can get out of the first two for example + + + align:start position:0% +can get out of the first two for example +maybe out of the first two you got X + + align:start position:0% +maybe out of the first two you got X + + + align:start position:0% +maybe out of the first two you got X +Plus zal 1 and the third equation is X + + align:start position:0% +Plus zal 1 and the third equation is X + + + align:start position:0% +Plus zal 1 and the third equation is X +plus zal 2 Well it can't be one and two + + align:start position:0% +plus zal 2 Well it can't be one and two + + + align:start position:0% +plus zal 2 Well it can't be one and two +at the same time + + align:start position:0% +at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time +um maybe another way to say it is that + + align:start position:0% +um maybe another way to say it is that + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe another way to say it is that +this picture is one where you can get + + align:start position:0% +this picture is one where you can get + + + align:start position:0% +this picture is one where you can get +you know out of the equations you get a + + align:start position:0% +you know out of the equations you get a + + + align:start position:0% +you know out of the equations you get a +number equals a different number that's + + align:start position:0% +number equals a different number that's + + + align:start position:0% +number equals a different number that's +impossible and that picture is one where + + align:start position:0% +impossible and that picture is one where + + + align:start position:0% +impossible and that picture is one where +out of the equations you get 0 equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +out of the equations you get 0 equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +out of the equations you get 0 equals 0 +which is certainly true but isn't very + + align:start position:0% +which is certainly true but isn't very + + + align:start position:0% +which is certainly true but isn't very +useful equation so you can't actually + + align:start position:0% +useful equation so you can't actually + + + align:start position:0% +useful equation so you can't actually +finish + + align:start position:0% +finish + + + align:start position:0% +finish +solving okay so let me write that + + align:start position:0% +solving okay so let me write that + + + align:start position:0% +solving okay so let me write that +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +so unless the third + + align:start position:0% +so unless the third + + + align:start position:0% +so unless the third +plane I say is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parallel to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line where P1 and P2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so then there's two + + align:start position:0% +so then there's two + + + align:start position:0% +so then there's two +subcases if + + align:start position:0% +subcases if + + + align:start position:0% +subcases if +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +line of intersections of P1 and P2 is + + align:start position:0% +line of intersections of P1 and P2 is + + + align:start position:0% +line of intersections of P1 and P2 is +actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contained in P3 in the third plane then + + align:start position:0% +contained in P3 in the third plane then + + + align:start position:0% +contained in P3 in the third plane then +we have infinitely many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solutions namely any point on the line + + align:start position:0% +solutions namely any point on the line + + + align:start position:0% +solutions namely any point on the line +will automatically solve the Third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation now the other possibility the + + align:start position:0% +equation now the other possibility the + + + align:start position:0% +equation now the other possibility the +other subcase is + + align:start position:0% +other subcase is + + + align:start position:0% +other subcase is +if the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line of intersection of P1 and + + align:start position:0% +line of intersection of P1 and + + + align:start position:0% +line of intersection of P1 and +P2 is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parallel to + + align:start position:0% +parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to +P3 and not contained in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it then we get no Solutions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so again just to show you the + + align:start position:0% +okay so again just to show you the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again just to show you the +pictures once again when we have the + + align:start position:0% +pictures once again when we have the + + + align:start position:0% +pictures once again when we have the +first two + + align:start position:0% +first two + + + align:start position:0% +first two +planes they give us a + + align:start position:0% +planes they give us a + + + align:start position:0% +planes they give us a +line and now depending on what happens + + align:start position:0% +line and now depending on what happens + + + align:start position:0% +line and now depending on what happens +to that line in relation to the third + + align:start position:0% +to that line in relation to the third + + + align:start position:0% +to that line in relation to the third +plane various situations can happen so + + align:start position:0% +plane various situations can happen so + + + align:start position:0% +plane various situations can happen so +if the third + + align:start position:0% +if the third + + + align:start position:0% +if the third +line Just Hits sorry if a line hits the + + align:start position:0% +line Just Hits sorry if a line hits the + + + align:start position:0% +line Just Hits sorry if a line hits the +third plane in a point then that's going + + align:start position:0% +third plane in a point then that's going + + + align:start position:0% +third plane in a point then that's going +to be our + + align:start position:0% +to be our + + + align:start position:0% +to be our +solution and if that line instead is + + align:start position:0% +solution and if that line instead is + + + align:start position:0% +solution and if that line instead is +parallel to the third plane well if it's + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the third plane well if it's + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the third plane well if it's +parallel and outside of it then we have + + align:start position:0% +parallel and outside of it then we have + + + align:start position:0% +parallel and outside of it then we have +no solution if it's parallel and + + align:start position:0% +no solution if it's parallel and + + + align:start position:0% +no solution if it's parallel and +contained in it actually then we have + + align:start position:0% +contained in it actually then we have + + + align:start position:0% +contained in it actually then we have +infinitely many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solutions okay so going back to our list + + align:start position:0% +solutions okay so going back to our list + + + align:start position:0% +solutions okay so going back to our list +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +possibilities that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means well let's see what can happen + + align:start position:0% +means well let's see what can happen + + + align:start position:0% +means well let's see what can happen +so no solution well we've seen that + + align:start position:0% +so no solution well we've seen that + + + align:start position:0% +so no solution well we've seen that +happens when the line where the first + + align:start position:0% +happens when the line where the first + + + align:start position:0% +happens when the line where the first +two planes intersect is to the third one + + align:start position:0% +two planes intersect is to the third one + + + align:start position:0% +two planes intersect is to the third one +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +exists two points well that didn't come + + align:start position:0% +exists two points well that didn't come + + + align:start position:0% +exists two points well that didn't come +up okay and as I said the problem is if + + align:start position:0% +up okay and as I said the problem is if + + + align:start position:0% +up okay and as I said the problem is if +the line of intersection of the first + + align:start position:0% +the line of intersection of the first + + + align:start position:0% +the line of intersection of the first +two planes actually has two points that + + align:start position:0% +two planes actually has two points that + + + align:start position:0% +two planes actually has two points that +are in the third + + align:start position:0% +are in the third + + + align:start position:0% +are in the third +plane well then that means actually the + + align:start position:0% +plane well then that means actually the + + + align:start position:0% +plane well then that means actually the +entire line must also be in the third + + align:start position:0% +entire line must also be in the third + + + align:start position:0% +entire line must also be in the third +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +so if you have two solutions you have + + align:start position:0% +so if you have two solutions you have + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have two solutions you have +more than two actually in fact you have + + align:start position:0% +more than two actually in fact you have + + + align:start position:0% +more than two actually in fact you have +infinitely many and we've seen that can + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many and we've seen that can + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many and we've seen that can +happen okay tetraedron still doesn't + + align:start position:0% +happen okay tetraedron still doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +happen okay tetraedron still doesn't +look very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +promising um what about a plane well + + align:start position:0% +promising um what about a plane well + + + align:start position:0% +promising um what about a plane well +that's a case that I didn't explain + + align:start position:0% +that's a case that I didn't explain + + + align:start position:0% +that's a case that I didn't explain +because I've been assuming that P1 and + + align:start position:0% +because I've been assuming that P1 and + + + align:start position:0% +because I've been assuming that P1 and +P2 are different planes and they + + align:start position:0% +P2 are different planes and they + + + align:start position:0% +P2 are different planes and they +intersect in a line but in fact well + + align:start position:0% +intersect in a line but in fact well + + + align:start position:0% +intersect in a line but in fact well +they could be parallel in which case we + + align:start position:0% +they could be parallel in which case we + + + align:start position:0% +they could be parallel in which case we +already have no solution to the first + + align:start position:0% +already have no solution to the first + + + align:start position:0% +already have no solution to the first +two equations + + align:start position:0% +two equations + + + align:start position:0% +two equations +or they could be the same plane and now + + align:start position:0% +or they could be the same plane and now + + + align:start position:0% +or they could be the same plane and now +if the third plane is also the same + + align:start position:0% +if the third plane is also the same + + + align:start position:0% +if the third plane is also the same +plane you know if all three planes are + + align:start position:0% +plane you know if all three planes are + + + align:start position:0% +plane you know if all three planes are +the same plane well then you have a + + align:start position:0% +the same plane well then you have a + + + align:start position:0% +the same plane well then you have a +plane of solutions you know if I give + + align:start position:0% +plane of solutions you know if I give + + + align:start position:0% +plane of solutions you know if I give +you three times the same equation that + + align:start position:0% +you three times the same equation that + + + align:start position:0% +you three times the same equation that +is a linear system it's not a very + + align:start position:0% +is a linear system it's not a very + + + align:start position:0% +is a linear system it's not a very +interesting one but it is a linear + + align:start position:0% +interesting one but it is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one but it is a linear +system okay and I don't know is no + + align:start position:0% +system okay and I don't know is no + + + align:start position:0% +system okay and I don't know is no +longer a solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either okay any + + align:start position:0% +either okay any + + + align:start position:0% +either okay any +questions yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's a very good question + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a very good question + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a very good question +question is what is the geometric + + align:start position:0% +question is what is the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +question is what is the geometric +significance of an equation like X+ y + + + align:start position:0% +significance of an equation like X+ y + + + + align:start position:0% +significance of an equation like X+ y + +z say this one equals to 1 2 three or + + align:start position:0% +z say this one equals to 1 2 three or + + + align:start position:0% +z say this one equals to 1 2 three or +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +else well if the equation is x + y+ z + + align:start position:0% +else well if the equation is x + y+ z + + + align:start position:0% +else well if the equation is x + y+ z +equal Z it means that our plane is + + align:start position:0% +equal Z it means that our plane is + + + align:start position:0% +equal Z it means that our plane is +passing through the + + align:start position:0% +passing through the + + + align:start position:0% +passing through the +origin and then if we change the + + align:start position:0% +origin and then if we change the + + + align:start position:0% +origin and then if we change the +constant it means we move to a parallel + + align:start position:0% +constant it means we move to a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +constant it means we move to a parallel +plane so so the first guess that you + + align:start position:0% +plane so so the first guess that you + + + align:start position:0% +plane so so the first guess that you +might have is that this number on the + + align:start position:0% +might have is that this number on the + + + align:start position:0% +might have is that this number on the +right hand side is the distance between + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is the distance between +the origin and the plane it tells us how + + align:start position:0% +the origin and the plane it tells us how + + + align:start position:0% +the origin and the plane it tells us how +far from the origin we are that is not + + align:start position:0% +far from the origin we are that is not + + + align:start position:0% +far from the origin we are that is not +quite + + align:start position:0% +quite + + + align:start position:0% +quite +true uh in fact that would be true if + + align:start position:0% +true uh in fact that would be true if + + + align:start position:0% +true uh in fact that would be true if +the coefficients here form the unit + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients here form the unit + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients here form the unit +Vector then this guy would just be the + + align:start position:0% +Vector then this guy would just be the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector then this guy would just be the +distance to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin otherwise you have to actually + + align:start position:0% +origin otherwise you have to actually + + + align:start position:0% +origin otherwise you have to actually +scale by the length of this normal + + align:start position:0% +scale by the length of this normal + + + align:start position:0% +scale by the length of this normal +vector and I think there's a problem in + + align:start position:0% +vector and I think there's a problem in + + + align:start position:0% +vector and I think there's a problem in +the notes that will show you exactly how + + align:start position:0% +the notes that will show you exactly how + + + align:start position:0% +the notes that will show you exactly how +this works okay but you should think of + + align:start position:0% +this works okay but you should think of + + + align:start position:0% +this works okay but you should think of +it roughly as how much have we moved the + + align:start position:0% +it roughly as how much have we moved the + + + align:start position:0% +it roughly as how much have we moved the +plane away from the + + align:start position:0% +plane away from the + + + align:start position:0% +plane away from the +origin that's the meaning of this last + + align:start position:0% +origin that's the meaning of this last + + + align:start position:0% +origin that's the meaning of this last +term d uh that's in the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +term d uh that's in the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +term d uh that's in the right hand side +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's try to think + + align:start position:0% +so let's try to think + + + align:start position:0% +so let's try to think +about what exactly this case you know + + align:start position:0% +about what exactly this case you know + + + align:start position:0% +about what exactly this case you know +how how do we detect now in which + + align:start position:0% +how how do we detect now in which + + + align:start position:0% +how how do we detect now in which +situation we are because that's all very + + align:start position:0% +situation we are because that's all very + + + align:start position:0% +situation we are because that's all very +nice in the + + align:start position:0% +nice in the + + + align:start position:0% +nice in the +picture but you know it's difficult to + + align:start position:0% +picture but you know it's difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +picture but you know it's difficult to +draw planes in fact when I draw these + + align:start position:0% +draw planes in fact when I draw these + + + align:start position:0% +draw planes in fact when I draw these +pictures I'm always very careful not to + + align:start position:0% +pictures I'm always very careful not to + + + align:start position:0% +pictures I'm always very careful not to +actually try to pretend to draw an + + align:start position:0% +actually try to pretend to draw an + + + align:start position:0% +actually try to pretend to draw an +actual plane given by an equation or + + align:start position:0% +actual plane given by an equation or + + + align:start position:0% +actual plane given by an equation or +when I do then it's blatantly + + align:start position:0% +when I do then it's blatantly + + + align:start position:0% +when I do then it's blatantly +false um it's difficult to draw a plane + + align:start position:0% +false um it's difficult to draw a plane + + + align:start position:0% +false um it's difficult to draw a plane +correctly so + + align:start position:0% +correctly so + + + align:start position:0% +correctly so +instead let's try to think about it in + + align:start position:0% +instead let's try to think about it in + + + align:start position:0% +instead let's try to think about it in +terms of + + align:start position:0% +terms of + + + align:start position:0% +terms of +matrices in particular what's wrong with + + align:start position:0% +matrices in particular what's wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +matrices in particular what's wrong with +this you know why can't we always say + + align:start position:0% +this you know why can't we always say + + + align:start position:0% +this you know why can't we always say +the solution is xal a inverse + + align:start position:0% +the solution is xal a inverse + + + align:start position:0% +the solution is xal a inverse +B + + align:start position:0% +B + + + align:start position:0% +B +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the point is actually you cannot + + align:start position:0% +so the point is actually you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +so the point is actually you cannot +always invert a matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so recall we've seen this formula + + align:start position:0% +okay so recall we've seen this formula + + + align:start position:0% +okay so recall we've seen this formula +that a inverse is one determinant of + + align:start position:0% +that a inverse is one determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +that a inverse is one determinant of +a times The adjoint + + align:start position:0% +a times The adjoint + + + align:start position:0% +a times The adjoint +Matrix and well we've learned how to + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and well we've learned how to + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and well we've learned how to +compute this thing remember we had to + + align:start position:0% +compute this thing remember we had to + + + align:start position:0% +compute this thing remember we had to +take minors then flip some signs and + + align:start position:0% +take minors then flip some signs and + + + align:start position:0% +take minors then flip some signs and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +transpose well that step we can always + + align:start position:0% +transpose well that step we can always + + + align:start position:0% +transpose well that step we can always +do we can always do these + + align:start position:0% +do we can always do these + + + align:start position:0% +do we can always do these +calculations but then at the end we have + + align:start position:0% +calculations but then at the end we have + + + align:start position:0% +calculations but then at the end we have +to divide by the + + align:start position:0% +to divide by the + + + align:start position:0% +to divide by the +determinant well that's fine if the + + align:start position:0% +determinant well that's fine if the + + + align:start position:0% +determinant well that's fine if the +determinant is not zero but if the + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero but if the + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero but if the +determinant is zero then certainly we + + align:start position:0% +determinant is zero then certainly we + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is zero then certainly we +cannot do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in fact what I didn't mention last + + align:start position:0% +so in fact what I didn't mention last + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact what I didn't mention last +time is that the Matrix is invertible + + align:start position:0% +time is that the Matrix is invertible + + + align:start position:0% +time is that the Matrix is invertible +that means it has an + + align:start position:0% +that means it has an + + + align:start position:0% +that means it has an +inverse exactly when its + + align:start position:0% +inverse exactly when its + + + align:start position:0% +inverse exactly when its +determinant is not + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not +zero okay so that's something we should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember so if a determinant is not zero + + align:start position:0% +remember so if a determinant is not zero + + + align:start position:0% +remember so if a determinant is not zero +then we can use our method to find the + + align:start position:0% +then we can use our method to find the + + + align:start position:0% +then we can use our method to find the +inverse and then we can solve using this + + align:start position:0% +inverse and then we can solve using this + + + align:start position:0% +inverse and then we can solve using this +method if not then not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes that's correct so what I'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +yes that's correct so what I'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's correct so what I'm saying is +we can invert The Matrix a if the + + align:start position:0% +we can invert The Matrix a if the + + + align:start position:0% +we can invert The Matrix a if the +determinant is not zero and if you look + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero and if you look + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero and if you look +again at the method that we saw last + + align:start position:0% +again at the method that we saw last + + + align:start position:0% +again at the method that we saw last +time so first we had to compute this + + align:start position:0% +time so first we had to compute this + + + align:start position:0% +time so first we had to compute this +adjoint Matrix and these operations we + + align:start position:0% +adjoint Matrix and these operations we + + + align:start position:0% +adjoint Matrix and these operations we +can always do if we given a 3 by3 Matrix + + align:start position:0% +can always do if we given a 3 by3 Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +can always do if we given a 3 by3 Matrix +we can always compute the adjoint and + + align:start position:0% +we can always compute the adjoint and + + + align:start position:0% +we can always compute the adjoint and +then the last step to the inverse was to + + align:start position:0% +then the last step to the inverse was to + + + align:start position:0% +then the last step to the inverse was to +divide by the determinant and that we + + align:start position:0% +divide by the determinant and that we + + + align:start position:0% +divide by the determinant and that we +can only do if the determinant is not + + align:start position:0% +can only do if the determinant is not + + + align:start position:0% +can only do if the determinant is not +zero so if we have a matrix whose + + align:start position:0% +zero so if we have a matrix whose + + + align:start position:0% +zero so if we have a matrix whose +determinant is not zero then we know how + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero then we know how + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero then we know how +to find the + + align:start position:0% +to find the + + + align:start position:0% +to find the +inverse if the determinant is zero then + + align:start position:0% +inverse if the determinant is zero then + + + align:start position:0% +inverse if the determinant is zero then +of course this method doesn't work but + + align:start position:0% +of course this method doesn't work but + + + align:start position:0% +of course this method doesn't work but +I'm saying actually even more there + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying actually even more there + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying actually even more there +isn't an inverse at all it's not just + + align:start position:0% +isn't an inverse at all it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +isn't an inverse at all it's not just +that our method fails I cannot take the + + align:start position:0% +that our method fails I cannot take the + + + align:start position:0% +that our method fails I cannot take the +inverse of a matrix with determinant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and geometrically + + align:start position:0% +zero and geometrically + + + align:start position:0% +zero and geometrically +well precisely the situation where the + + align:start position:0% +well precisely the situation where the + + + align:start position:0% +well precisely the situation where the +determinant is not zero is exactly this + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero is exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is not zero is exactly this +nice usual situation where the three + + align:start position:0% +nice usual situation where the three + + + align:start position:0% +nice usual situation where the three +planes intersecting a point while the + + align:start position:0% +planes intersecting a point while the + + + align:start position:0% +planes intersecting a point while the +situation where the determinant is zero + + align:start position:0% +situation where the determinant is zero + + + align:start position:0% +situation where the determinant is zero +is this situation here where the line + + align:start position:0% +is this situation here where the line + + + align:start position:0% +is this situation here where the line +determined by the first two planes is + + align:start position:0% +determined by the first two planes is + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the first two planes is +parallel to the third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me emphasize this again + + align:start position:0% +so let me emphasize this again + + + align:start position:0% +so let me emphasize this again +and let's see again what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens okay so let's start with an + + align:start position:0% +happens okay so let's start with an + + + align:start position:0% +happens okay so let's start with an +easier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case so it's called the case of a + + align:start position:0% +case so it's called the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +case so it's called the case of a +homogeneous system it's called + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous system it's called + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous system it's called +homogeneous because it's the situation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where the equations are invariant under + + align:start position:0% +where the equations are invariant under + + + align:start position:0% +where the equations are invariant under +scaling so a homogeneous system is one + + align:start position:0% +scaling so a homogeneous system is one + + + align:start position:0% +scaling so a homogeneous system is one +where the right hand side is zero okay + + align:start position:0% +where the right hand side is zero okay + + + align:start position:0% +where the right hand side is zero okay +there's no B if you want the constant + + align:start position:0% +there's no B if you want the constant + + + align:start position:0% +there's no B if you want the constant +terms here are all zero 0 0 0 okay so + + align:start position:0% +terms here are all zero 0 0 0 okay so + + + align:start position:0% +terms here are all zero 0 0 0 okay so +this one is not + + align:start position:0% +this one is not + + + align:start position:0% +this one is not +homogenous so let's see what happens + + align:start position:0% +homogenous so let's see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +homogenous so let's see what happens +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +well so what that + + align:start position:0% +well so what that + + + align:start position:0% +well so what that +means you know + + align:start position:0% +means you know + + + align:start position:0% +means you know +so let's take an example instead of this + + align:start position:0% +so let's take an example instead of this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's take an example instead of this +guy we could take x + z = 0 x + y = 0 + + align:start position:0% +guy we could take x + z = 0 x + y = 0 + + + align:start position:0% +guy we could take x + z = 0 x + y = 0 +and x + 2 y + 3 Z also equals + + align:start position:0% +and x + 2 y + 3 Z also equals + + + align:start position:0% +and x + 2 y + 3 Z also equals +z well can we solve these + + align:start position:0% +z well can we solve these + + + align:start position:0% +z well can we solve these +equations yeah I think actually you + + align:start position:0% +equations yeah I think actually you + + + align:start position:0% +equations yeah I think actually you +already know a very simple solution to + + align:start position:0% +already know a very simple solution to + + + align:start position:0% +already know a very simple solution to +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +equations yeah you can just take X Y and + + align:start position:0% +equations yeah you can just take X Y and + + + align:start position:0% +equations yeah you can just take X Y and +Z all to be + + align:start position:0% +Z all to be + + + align:start position:0% +Z all to be +zero so + + align:start position:0% +zero so + + + align:start position:0% +zero so +there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +always an obvious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution namely 0 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +solution namely 0 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +solution namely 0 0 0 +and in mathematical jungon this is + + align:start position:0% +and in mathematical jungon this is + + + align:start position:0% +and in mathematical jungon this is +called the trivial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so there's always this trivial solution + + align:start position:0% +so there's always this trivial solution + + + align:start position:0% +so there's always this trivial solution +and what's the geometric + + align:start position:0% +and what's the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +and what's the geometric +interpretation well having Zer here + + align:start position:0% +interpretation well having Zer here + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation well having Zer here +means that all three planes pass through + + align:start position:0% +means that all three planes pass through + + + align:start position:0% +means that all three planes pass through +the origin so certainly the origin is + + align:start position:0% +the origin so certainly the origin is + + + align:start position:0% +the origin so certainly the origin is +always a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution so the origin is always a + + align:start position:0% +solution so the origin is always a + + + align:start position:0% +solution so the origin is always a +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +because the free plan + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Plus for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin + + align:start position:0% +origin + + + align:start position:0% +origin +okay so now there's two subcases + + align:start position:0% +okay so now there's two subcases + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now there's two subcases +okay one case is if a determinant of a + + align:start position:0% +okay one case is if a determinant of a + + + align:start position:0% +okay one case is if a determinant of a +matrix a is non + + align:start position:0% +matrix a is non + + + align:start position:0% +matrix a is non +zero well that means + + align:start position:0% +zero well that means + + + align:start position:0% +zero well that means +that we can invert a + + align:start position:0% +that we can invert a + + + align:start position:0% +that we can invert a +so if we can invert a then that means we + + align:start position:0% +so if we can invert a then that means we + + + align:start position:0% +so if we can invert a then that means we +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +solve the system by multiplying by a + + align:start position:0% +solve the system by multiplying by a + + + align:start position:0% +solve the system by multiplying by a +inverse if we multiply by a inverse well + + align:start position:0% +inverse if we multiply by a inverse well + + + align:start position:0% +inverse if we multiply by a inverse well +we'll get xal a inverse * 0 which is + + align:start position:0% +we'll get xal a inverse * 0 which is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get xal a inverse * 0 which is +zero okay and that's the only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution because well you know if ax is + + align:start position:0% +solution because well you know if ax is + + + align:start position:0% +solution because well you know if ax is +zero then let's multiply by a inverse we + + align:start position:0% +zero then let's multiply by a inverse we + + + align:start position:0% +zero then let's multiply by a inverse we +get a inverse ax that's xal a inverse 0 + + align:start position:0% +get a inverse ax that's xal a inverse 0 + + + align:start position:0% +get a inverse ax that's xal a inverse 0 +that's 0 we get xal 0 we've solved + + align:start position:0% +that's 0 we get xal 0 we've solved + + + align:start position:0% +that's 0 we get xal 0 we've solved +it okay no other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution so to go back to these pictures + + align:start position:0% +solution so to go back to these pictures + + + align:start position:0% +solution so to go back to these pictures +that we all enjoy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's it's this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case if a determinant of a equals Zer + + align:start position:0% +case if a determinant of a equals Zer + + + align:start position:0% +case if a determinant of a equals Zer +then it means that + + align:start position:0% +then it means that + + + align:start position:0% +then it means that +actually this doesn't quite + + align:start position:0% +actually this doesn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +actually this doesn't quite +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +so let's see what does it mean that DET + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what does it mean that DET + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what does it mean that DET +of a is zero well remember the entries + + align:start position:0% +of a is zero well remember the entries + + + align:start position:0% +of a is zero well remember the entries +in a they are the coefficients in the + + align:start position:0% +in a they are the coefficients in the + + + align:start position:0% +in a they are the coefficients in the +equations okay but now the coefficients + + align:start position:0% +equations okay but now the coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +equations okay but now the coefficients +in the equations + + align:start position:0% +in the equations + + + align:start position:0% +in the equations +they're exactly the normal vectors to + + align:start position:0% +they're exactly the normal vectors to + + + align:start position:0% +they're exactly the normal vectors to +the planes so that's the same thing as + + align:start position:0% +the planes so that's the same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +the planes so that's the same thing as +saying that the + + align:start position:0% +saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +saying that the +determinant of the three normal vectors + + align:start position:0% +determinant of the three normal vectors + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of the three normal vectors +to our threee + + align:start position:0% +to our threee + + + align:start position:0% +to our threee +planes is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +means that N1 N2 and N3 are actually in + + align:start position:0% +means that N1 N2 and N3 are actually in + + + align:start position:0% +means that N1 N2 and N3 are actually in +the same plane it's called co- planer + + align:start position:0% +the same plane it's called co- planer + + + align:start position:0% +the same plane it's called co- planer +okay these three vectors are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coer so let's see what + + align:start position:0% +coer so let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +coer so let's see what +happens so I claim it will correspond to + + align:start position:0% +happens so I claim it will correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +happens so I claim it will correspond to +this situation here let's draw the + + align:start position:0% +this situation here let's draw the + + + align:start position:0% +this situation here let's draw the +normal vectors to these three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +planes okay well it's not very easy to + + align:start position:0% +planes okay well it's not very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +planes okay well it's not very easy to +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +but okay so I've tried to draw the + + align:start position:0% +but okay so I've tried to draw the + + + align:start position:0% +but okay so I've tried to draw the +normal vectors to my + + align:start position:0% +normal vectors to my + + + align:start position:0% +normal vectors to my +planes well they're + + align:start position:0% +planes well they're + + + align:start position:0% +planes well they're +all in the direction that's + + align:start position:0% +all in the direction that's + + + align:start position:0% +all in the direction that's +perpendicular to the line of + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the line of + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the line of +intersection they're all in the same + + align:start position:0% +intersection they're all in the same + + + align:start position:0% +intersection they're all in the same +plane so if I try to form a box you know + + align:start position:0% +plane so if I try to form a box you know + + + align:start position:0% +plane so if I try to form a box you know +aipad with these three normal vectors + + align:start position:0% +aipad with these three normal vectors + + + align:start position:0% +aipad with these three normal vectors +well I will get something that's + + align:start position:0% +well I will get something that's + + + align:start position:0% +well I will get something that's +completely flat and has no volume has + + align:start position:0% +completely flat and has no volume has + + + align:start position:0% +completely flat and has no volume has +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +zero Okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parip has volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and the fact that the normal + + align:start position:0% +zero and the fact that the normal + + + align:start position:0% +zero and the fact that the normal +vectors are + + align:start position:0% +vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are +CER tells us that in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fact well let me start a new + + align:start position:0% +fact well let me start a new + + + align:start position:0% +fact well let me start a new +Blackboard if we okay so now let's say + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard if we okay so now let's say + + + align:start position:0% +Blackboard if we okay so now let's say +that our normal vectors N1 N2 N3 are all + + align:start position:0% +that our normal vectors N1 N2 N3 are all + + + align:start position:0% +that our normal vectors N1 N2 N3 are all +in the same plane + + align:start position:0% +in the same plane + + + align:start position:0% +in the same plane +and let's think about the direction + + align:start position:0% +and let's think about the direction + + + align:start position:0% +and let's think about the direction +that's perpendicular to N1 N2 and N3 at + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular to N1 N2 and N3 at + + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular to N1 N2 and N3 at +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +time okay I claim that will be the line + + align:start position:0% +time okay I claim that will be the line + + + align:start position:0% +time okay I claim that will be the line +of intersection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me try to draw that picture again + + align:start position:0% +so let me try to draw that picture again + + + align:start position:0% +so let me try to draw that picture again +so we have three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +planes okay now you see why I prepar the + + align:start position:0% +planes okay now you see why I prepar the + + + align:start position:0% +planes okay now you see why I prepar the +picture in advance it's + + align:start position:0% +picture in advance it's + + + align:start position:0% +picture in advance it's +easier I do it + + align:start position:0% +easier I do it + + + align:start position:0% +easier I do it +beforehand and I said there normal + + align:start position:0% +beforehand and I said there normal + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand and I said there normal +vectors are all in the same plane so oh + + align:start position:0% +vectors are all in the same plane so oh + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are all in the same plane so oh +what else do I know I know that all + + align:start position:0% +what else do I know I know that all + + + align:start position:0% +what else do I know I know that all +these planes pass through the origin + + align:start position:0% +these planes pass through the origin + + + align:start position:0% +these planes pass through the origin +okay so the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the +origin is somewhere in the intersection + + align:start position:0% +origin is somewhere in the intersection + + + align:start position:0% +origin is somewhere in the intersection +of the three + + align:start position:0% +of the three + + + align:start position:0% +of the three +planes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I say actually the normal vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to my three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +planes well that's kind of hard to draw + + align:start position:0% +planes well that's kind of hard to draw + + + align:start position:0% +planes well that's kind of hard to draw +but are all actually co- + + align:start position:0% +but are all actually co- + + + align:start position:0% +but are all actually co- +planer okay so N1 N2 N3 determine a + + align:start position:0% +planer okay so N1 N2 N3 determine a + + + align:start position:0% +planer okay so N1 N2 N3 determine a +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +well now if I look at the line through + + align:start position:0% +well now if I look at the line through + + + align:start position:0% +well now if I look at the line through +the origin that's perpendicular to N1 N2 + + align:start position:0% +the origin that's perpendicular to N1 N2 + + + align:start position:0% +the origin that's perpendicular to N1 N2 +and N3 so perpendicular to this red + + align:start position:0% +and N3 so perpendicular to this red + + + align:start position:0% +and N3 so perpendicular to this red +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +here that's a terrible + + align:start position:0% +here that's a terrible + + + align:start position:0% +here that's a terrible +picture it's supposed to be in all the + + align:start position:0% +picture it's supposed to be in all the + + + align:start position:0% +picture it's supposed to be in all the +planes okay you can see that better on + + align:start position:0% +planes okay you can see that better on + + + align:start position:0% +planes okay you can see that better on +the side + + align:start position:0% +the side + + + align:start position:0% +the side +screens okay and why is that well that's + + align:start position:0% +screens okay and why is that well that's + + + align:start position:0% +screens okay and why is that well that's +because my line it's perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +because my line it's perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +because my line it's perpendicular to +the normal vectors so it's parallel to + + align:start position:0% +the normal vectors so it's parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +the normal vectors so it's parallel to +the planes it's parallel to all the + + align:start position:0% +the planes it's parallel to all the + + + align:start position:0% +the planes it's parallel to all the +planes now why is it in the planes + + align:start position:0% +planes now why is it in the planes + + + align:start position:0% +planes now why is it in the planes +instead of parallel to them well that's + + align:start position:0% +instead of parallel to them well that's + + + align:start position:0% +instead of parallel to them well that's +because my line goes through the origin + + align:start position:0% +because my line goes through the origin + + + align:start position:0% +because my line goes through the origin +and the origin is on the plane so + + align:start position:0% +and the origin is on the plane so + + + align:start position:0% +and the origin is on the plane so +certainly my line has to be contained in + + align:start position:0% +certainly my line has to be contained in + + + align:start position:0% +certainly my line has to be contained in +the planes not parallel to + + align:start position:0% +the planes not parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +the planes not parallel to +them okay so the + + align:start position:0% +them okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +them okay so the +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +through the + + align:start position:0% +through the + + + align:start position:0% +through the +origin and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the +plane of N1 N2 2 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three is parallel to all three + + align:start position:0% +three is parallel to all three + + + align:start position:0% +three is parallel to all three +planes and because the planes go through + + align:start position:0% +planes and because the planes go through + + + align:start position:0% +planes and because the planes go through +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin It's + + align:start position:0% +origin It's + + + align:start position:0% +origin It's +contained in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them okay so what happens here is I have + + align:start position:0% +them okay so what happens here is I have + + + align:start position:0% +them okay so what happens here is I have +in fact infinitely many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Solutions and how do I find these + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and how do I find these + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and how do I find these +Solutions well if I want to find + + align:start position:0% +Solutions well if I want to find + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions well if I want to find +something that's perpendicular to N1 N2 + + align:start position:0% +something that's perpendicular to N1 N2 + + + align:start position:0% +something that's perpendicular to N1 N2 +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +N3 well if I just want to be + + align:start position:0% +N3 well if I just want to be + + + align:start position:0% +N3 well if I just want to be +perpendicular to N1 and N2 I can take + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to N1 and N2 I can take + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to N1 and N2 I can take +their cross product + + align:start position:0% +their cross product + + + align:start position:0% +their cross product +exactly so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for example if I do N1 cross + + align:start position:0% +for example if I do N1 cross + + + align:start position:0% +for example if I do N1 cross +N2 is perpendicular to N1 and to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N2 and also to N3 because N3 is in the + + align:start position:0% +N2 and also to N3 because N3 is in the + + + align:start position:0% +N2 and also to N3 because N3 is in the +same plane as N1 and N2 so if you're + + align:start position:0% +same plane as N1 and N2 so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +same plane as N1 and N2 so if you're +perpendicular to N1 and N2 you're also + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to N1 and N2 you're also + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to N1 and N2 you're also +perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to +N3 it's + + align:start position:0% +N3 it's + + + align:start position:0% +N3 it's +automatic um + + align:start position:0% +automatic um + + + align:start position:0% +automatic um +so it's a non-trivial solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this Vector goes along the line of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersections + + align:start position:0% +intersections + + + align:start position:0% +intersections +okay so that's the case of homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the case of homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the case of homogeneous +systems and then let's finish with the + + align:start position:0% +systems and then let's finish with the + + + align:start position:0% +systems and then let's finish with the +other case so the general + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case so that means if we look at a + + align:start position:0% +case so that means if we look at a + + + align:start position:0% +case so that means if we look at a +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +axal + + align:start position:0% +axal + + + align:start position:0% +axal +B well with B now anything there's two + + align:start position:0% +B well with B now anything there's two + + + align:start position:0% +B well with B now anything there's two +cases if the determinant of + + align:start position:0% +cases if the determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +cases if the determinant of +a is not zero then there's a unique + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution namely x equals a inverse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B if the determinant of a + + align:start position:0% +B if the determinant of a + + + align:start position:0% +B if the determinant of a +is zero then it means actually we have + + align:start position:0% +is zero then it means actually we have + + + align:start position:0% +is zero then it means actually we have +this situation with you know planes that + + align:start position:0% +this situation with you know planes that + + + align:start position:0% +this situation with you know planes that +are all parallel to the same line and + + align:start position:0% +are all parallel to the same line and + + + align:start position:0% +are all parallel to the same line and +then we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either no + + align:start position:0% +either no + + + align:start position:0% +either no +solution or infinitely many + + align:start position:0% +solution or infinitely many + + + align:start position:0% +solution or infinitely many +solutions it cannot be a single + + align:start position:0% +solutions it cannot be a single + + + align:start position:0% +solutions it cannot be a single +solution now whether you have no + + align:start position:0% +solution now whether you have no + + + align:start position:0% +solution now whether you have no +Solutions or infinitely many solutions + + align:start position:0% +Solutions or infinitely many solutions + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions or infinitely many solutions +well we haven't actually developed the + + align:start position:0% +well we haven't actually developed the + + + align:start position:0% +well we haven't actually developed the +tools to answer that but if you try + + align:start position:0% +tools to answer that but if you try + + + align:start position:0% +tools to answer that but if you try +solving the system by hand by + + align:start position:0% +solving the system by hand by + + + align:start position:0% +solving the system by hand by +elimination you will see that you end up + + align:start position:0% +elimination you will see that you end up + + + align:start position:0% +elimination you will see that you end up +maybe with something that says 0 equals + + align:start position:0% +maybe with something that says 0 equals + + + align:start position:0% +maybe with something that says 0 equals +z and you have infinitely many solutions + + align:start position:0% +z and you have infinitely many solutions + + + align:start position:0% +z and you have infinitely many solutions +you know actually if you can find one + + align:start position:0% +you know actually if you can find one + + + align:start position:0% +you know actually if you can find one +solution then you know that there's + + align:start position:0% +solution then you know that there's + + + align:start position:0% +solution then you know that there's +infinitely many on the other hand if you + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many on the other hand if you + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely many on the other hand if you +end up with something that's a + + align:start position:0% +end up with something that's a + + + align:start position:0% +end up with something that's a +contradiction like 1 equals 2 then you + + align:start position:0% +contradiction like 1 equals 2 then you + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction like 1 equals 2 then you +know there's no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Solutions okay so that's the end for + + align:start position:0% +Solutions okay so that's the end for + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions okay so that's the end for +today and two tomorrow we will learn + + align:start position:0% +today and two tomorrow we will learn + + + align:start position:0% +today and two tomorrow we will learn +about parametric equations for lines and + + align:start position:0% +about parametric equations for lines and + + + align:start position:0% +about parametric equations for lines and +curves \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YCeKtM6Hnmc.txt b/YCeKtM6Hnmc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a5d3e06fe03853d65e9a0611d2d5dee5376d638 --- /dev/null +++ b/YCeKtM6Hnmc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +INSTRUCTOR: Good morning. + +Good morning. + +So, anybody check The New +York Times yesterday? + +What did you see? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +INSTRUCTOR: People, +what people? + +AUDIENCE: I can't remember +their names. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +INSTRUCTOR: [LAUGHS] + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +I can't remember their names. + +INSTRUCTOR: Yeah, the Crick +and Watson people. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +INSTRUCTOR: Exactly. + +So, perfect timing, The New York +Times had an article in + +yesterday's paper. + +Francis Crick's correspondence +with Maurice Wilkins during + +the critical year when Crick and +Watson went down and saw + +the X-ray crystallography. + +By the way, I made a mistake. + +I said that Rosalind Franklin +showed it to Crick and Watson. + +Actually it was Maurice Wilkins +who showed it to Crick + +and Watson when Rosalind +Franklin was away. + +Which, was itself a slightly +complicated thing to be doing + +because it was really Rosalind +Franklin's work. + +But in any case, there was +correspondence, some heated + +correspondence that went +back between Crick + +and Wilkins and others. + +And it was believed that the +correspondence had been lost, + +had been thrown out. + +But in fact, it turns out that +in the papers of Sydney + +Brenner, another great person +of that period, Crick's + +correspondence had got misfiled +in Sydney's files. + +Sydney had donated his files +to the Cold Spring Harbor + +Laboratory on Long Island. + +And they went through the files +in the past several + +months and found them. + +So we actually now have, as The +New York Times reported + +yesterday, the letters with +Crick and Watson and Maurice + +Wilkins about just that period +I was telling you about. + +It doesn't radically change +any of the story. + +But it really shows +you the attitude. + +And if you read the New York +Times article, you'll find all + +sorts of juicy quotes about the +attitude back and forth + +there, including the first model +Crick and Watson made + +where they totally screwed up +because they had misunderstood + +some number. + +Anyway, it's interesting +stuff. + +And the reason I bring up this +history is because science is + +done by real people. + +It's a business of passion. + +It's a business of trying +to-- you know -- + +science is wonderful. + +It's objective in +a certain sense. + +And it's also about +convincing others. + +You know, a scientific result +doesn't mean anything unless + +you can convince +the community. + +So it's an inherently human +activity to bring people's + +attention to things, +make things clear. + +Anyway, that was kind of cool. + +I invite you all to go look +at The Times article. + +You don't realize how much work +we have to go to in 7.01 + +to arrange these things to come +out just at the right + +time during our curriculum. + +But we pay off The New York +Times and they do our bidding. + +So last time we were +talking about-- + +I want to briefly go back to +the Semiconservative Model, + +which I ended with last time, +of DNA replication, the work + +of Matt Meselson and Frank +Stahl, these graduate students + +at Caltech. + +So you remember, our DNA double +helix immediately + +suggests the secret of life, +the way that you copy + +information to daughter cells. + +Each strand is a sufficient +template for the other strand. + +If you just unzipped them, each +would be able to serve as + +a template for replication +for the other strand. + +Beautiful. + +It's called Semiconservative +because you've conserved. + +You used one strand. + +And you've made a new +strand on the other. + +It seems obvious, but +we can't take things + +for obvious in science. + +Because the alternative model, +alternative, which we know + +today is of course wrong, is +that somehow the cell comes + +along, feels this double helix +as a template, and somehow + +builds two new strands +that are the same + +as that double helix. + +They build a new double helix +with both strands being new. + +That's nuts-- + +why would you do it? + +It's so obvious you could +use one strand as the + +template for the other. + +But this is what Meselson and +Stahl had to rule out. + +They had to rule out that that +double helix stayed intact, + +and maybe the cell sent some +enzymes around to feel its + +shape and somehow construct +another double helix like it. + +That would be a non-conservative +model. + +You weren't using +any old strands. + +The two old strands +stayed together. + +And you made two new strands. + +That's what they were trying to +distinguish between, this + +semiconservative model or not. + +So I just remind you that their +really cool, cool idea-- + +see, they couldn't use a +radioactive tracer that was + +different on the new strand +than the old strand in the + +conventional sense. + +Because, of course, they're made +out of the same atoms. + +But what they did do, as we +talked about last time, was + +they take the DNA. + +They grow it up in +heavy nitrogen. + +They then shift the bacteria +to light nitrogen. + +And, if in fact the +Semiconservative Model is + +right, then the new DNA after +one generation of growth will + +have a lighter density. + +Very simple, except that they +had to go invent a way to + +measure density. + +They had to invent this +centrifugation process where + +they spin really, really, +really, really hard. + +And the salt gets a little +denser here, and a little less + +dense here, and a little +less dense here. + +And it's not a very +huge difference. + +But if you know the density of +DNA, and you arrange your salt + +concentration at just the right +density, you can spin it + +really hard so that there's +some gradient in + +density in the salt. + +And the heavier stuff +will band here. + +The lighter stuff from +one generation of + +growth will band there. + +And normal DNA would +band there. + +And that's a pretty +convincing proof. + +After no generations +it's all in 15-15. + +After one generation it's +all intermediate. + +After two generations some +of it is now 14-14. + +Some of it is 14-15. + +And onward like that. + +Obvious, and it's a gorgeous +experiment, just a gorgeous + +experiment. + +And this idea of density +centrifugation, which they + +invented for this purpose, has +been used for many other + +purposes since. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YT4ODWpKmGY.txt b/YT4ODWpKmGY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..603b0d054d54d3c1f7b1bf8518e496353709e614 --- /dev/null +++ b/YT4ODWpKmGY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I want to demonstrate two ways in which + + align:start position:0% +I want to demonstrate two ways in which + + + align:start position:0% +I want to demonstrate two ways in which +you can see fascia so basically the + + align:start position:0% +you can see fascia so basically the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see fascia so basically the +reason we use faces is that these are + + align:start position:0% +reason we use faces is that these are + + + align:start position:0% +reason we use faces is that these are +the things that you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +the things that you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the things that you can calculate +calculating phase shifts is possible so + + align:start position:0% +calculating phase shifts is possible so + + + align:start position:0% +calculating phase shifts is possible so +how do you do that will be a two-step + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that will be a two-step + + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that will be a two-step +procedure and will only finish that next + + align:start position:0% +procedure and will only finish that next + + + align:start position:0% +procedure and will only finish that next +time but let's let's get started so + + align:start position:0% +time but let's let's get started so + + + align:start position:0% +time but let's let's get started so +suppose you have your wave again and for + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have your wave again and for + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have your wave again and for +a fixed L a given partial wave this is + + align:start position:0% +a fixed L a given partial wave this is + + + align:start position:0% +a fixed L a given partial wave this is +the full solution for the scattering + + align:start position:0% +the full solution for the scattering + + + align:start position:0% +the full solution for the scattering +problem it is an ALJ L of kr plus BL at + + align:start position:0% +problem it is an ALJ L of kr plus BL at + + + align:start position:0% +problem it is an ALJ L of kr plus BL at +n L of kr yl0 that's your solution the + + align:start position:0% +n L of kr yl0 that's your solution the + + + align:start position:0% +n L of kr yl0 that's your solution the +signal that you got scattering and you + + align:start position:0% +signal that you got scattering and you + + + align:start position:0% +signal that you got scattering and you +have something not really the existence + + align:start position:0% +have something not really the existence + + + align:start position:0% +have something not really the existence +of this term because when there's no + + align:start position:0% +of this term because when there's no + + + align:start position:0% +of this term because when there's no +potential and no scattering the solution + + align:start position:0% +potential and no scattering the solution + + + align:start position:0% +potential and no scattering the solution +is valid all the way to R equals zero + + align:start position:0% +is valid all the way to R equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +is valid all the way to R equals zero +and therefore this has no singularity + + align:start position:0% +and therefore this has no singularity + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore this has no singularity +but this term is saying that this + + align:start position:0% +but this term is saying that this + + + align:start position:0% +but this term is saying that this +solution doesn't extend all the way to R + + align:start position:0% +solution doesn't extend all the way to R + + + align:start position:0% +solution doesn't extend all the way to R +equals 0 because this diverges so + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 because this diverges so + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 because this diverges so +something untrue Viall is happening so + + align:start position:0% +something untrue Viall is happening so + + + align:start position:0% +something untrue Viall is happening so +BL is the signal that they're scattering + + align:start position:0% +BL is the signal that they're scattering + + + align:start position:0% +BL is the signal that they're scattering +now expand for large R so this is + + align:start position:0% +now expand for large R so this is + + + align:start position:0% +now expand for large R so this is +proportional to a L sign kr minus L PI + + align:start position:0% +proportional to a L sign kr minus L PI + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to a L sign kr minus L PI +over 2 minus BL cosine K R minus L PI + + align:start position:0% +over 2 minus BL cosine K R minus L PI + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 minus BL cosine K R minus L PI +over 2 why L 0 1 over K R it's sim I'm + + align:start position:0% +over 2 why L 0 1 over K R it's sim I'm + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 why L 0 1 over K R it's sim I'm +gonna drop all constants very fast now + + align:start position:0% +gonna drop all constants very fast now + + + align:start position:0% +gonna drop all constants very fast now +here is my claim you were thinking of + + align:start position:0% +here is my claim you were thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +here is my claim you were thinking of +phase shifts well the phase shift is + + align:start position:0% +phase shifts well the phase shift is + + + align:start position:0% +phase shifts well the phase shift is +nothing else than BL over + + align:start position:0% +nothing else than BL over + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else than BL over +al is minus the tangent of the phase + + align:start position:0% +al is minus the tangent of the phase + + + align:start position:0% +al is minus the tangent of the phase +shift this is a claim or or you could + + align:start position:0% +shift this is a claim or or you could + + + align:start position:0% +shift this is a claim or or you could +say this is a definite another + + align:start position:0% +say this is a definite another + + + align:start position:0% +say this is a definite another +definition of a phase shift and I'm + + align:start position:0% +definition of a phase shift and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a phase shift and I'm +gonna argue that it's the same actually + + align:start position:0% +gonna argue that it's the same actually + + + align:start position:0% +gonna argue that it's the same actually +than what we did to do that I have to + + align:start position:0% +than what we did to do that I have to + + + align:start position:0% +than what we did to do that I have to +just expand a little more so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +just expand a little more so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +just expand a little more so what I'm +gonna do is divide by a so take the a + + align:start position:0% +gonna do is divide by a so take the a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do is divide by a so take the a +out a K R now you have sine K R minus L + + align:start position:0% +out a K R now you have sine K R minus L + + + align:start position:0% +out a K R now you have sine K R minus L +PI over two minus BL over a l BL over al + + align:start position:0% +PI over two minus BL over a l BL over al + + + align:start position:0% +PI over two minus BL over a l BL over al +is tangent Delta so plus tan Delta L + + align:start position:0% +is tangent Delta so plus tan Delta L + + + align:start position:0% +is tangent Delta so plus tan Delta L +cosine kr minus L PI over two why L zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that is proportional to a over K R + + align:start position:0% +and that is proportional to a over K R + + + align:start position:0% +and that is proportional to a over K R +tangent Delta L is sine over cosine so + + align:start position:0% +tangent Delta L is sine over cosine so + + + align:start position:0% +tangent Delta L is sine over cosine so +let's put one over cosine Delta L here + + align:start position:0% +let's put one over cosine Delta L here + + + align:start position:0% +let's put one over cosine Delta L here +sine K R minus L PI over two cosine + + align:start position:0% +sine K R minus L PI over two cosine + + + align:start position:0% +sine K R minus L PI over two cosine +Delta L plus cosine K R minus L PI over + + align:start position:0% +Delta L plus cosine K R minus L PI over + + + align:start position:0% +Delta L plus cosine K R minus L PI over +2 sine Delta L yl0 of theta so that + + align:start position:0% +2 sine Delta L yl0 of theta so that + + + align:start position:0% +2 sine Delta L yl0 of theta so that +ratio tangent I put the sign over close + + align:start position:0% +ratio tangent I put the sign over close + + + align:start position:0% +ratio tangent I put the sign over close +and I have it here but this by your + + align:start position:0% +and I have it here but this by your + + + align:start position:0% +and I have it here but this by your +favorite trigonometric identity is equal + + align:start position:0% +favorite trigonometric identity is equal + + + align:start position:0% +favorite trigonometric identity is equal +to well a over k mark one over cosine + + align:start position:0% +to well a over k mark one over cosine + + + align:start position:0% +to well a over k mark one over cosine +Delta L + + align:start position:0% +Delta L + + + align:start position:0% +Delta L +9 a single sign of K R minus L PI over 2 + + align:start position:0% +9 a single sign of K R minus L PI over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +9 a single sign of K R minus L PI over 2 +plus Delta L so if this is the phase + + align:start position:0% +plus Delta L so if this is the phase + + + align:start position:0% +plus Delta L so if this is the phase +shift the solution looks like this far + + align:start position:0% +shift the solution looks like this far + + + align:start position:0% +shift the solution looks like this far +away a sign of K R minus L PI or 2 plus + + align:start position:0% +away a sign of K R minus L PI or 2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +away a sign of K R minus L PI or 2 plus +Delta L that's one way of identifying + + align:start position:0% +Delta L that's one way of identifying + + + align:start position:0% +Delta L that's one way of identifying +the phase shift but I want to show + + align:start position:0% +the phase shift but I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +the phase shift but I want to show +that's the same phase shift we had + + align:start position:0% +that's the same phase shift we had + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same phase shift we had +before but that's clear already up to + + align:start position:0% +before but that's clear already up to + + + align:start position:0% +before but that's clear already up to +constants this is I'm sorry why L 0 of + + align:start position:0% +constants this is I'm sorry why L 0 of + + + align:start position:0% +constants this is I'm sorry why L 0 of +theta and up to constants this is e to + + align:start position:0% +theta and up to constants this is e to + + + align:start position:0% +theta and up to constants this is e to +the I K R minus L PI over 2 plus I Delta + + align:start position:0% +the I K R minus L PI over 2 plus I Delta + + + align:start position:0% +the I K R minus L PI over 2 plus I Delta +minus e to the I minus I K R minus L PI + + align:start position:0% +minus e to the I minus I K R minus L PI + + + align:start position:0% +minus e to the I minus I K R minus L PI +over 2 minus I Delta and now I dropped + + align:start position:0% +over 2 minus I Delta and now I dropped + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 minus I Delta and now I dropped +everything else and now I multiply or + + align:start position:0% +everything else and now I multiply or + + + align:start position:0% +everything else and now I multiply or +take out this face take it out I'm just + + align:start position:0% +take out this face take it out I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +take out this face take it out I'm just +working up to proportionality which is + + align:start position:0% +working up to proportionality which is + + + align:start position:0% +working up to proportionality which is +all you care at this moment and this is + + align:start position:0% +all you care at this moment and this is + + + align:start position:0% +all you care at this moment and this is +e to the I K R minus L PI over 2 if I + + align:start position:0% +e to the I K R minus L PI over 2 if I + + + align:start position:0% +e to the I K R minus L PI over 2 if I +take that out this becomes plus 2 I + + align:start position:0% +take that out this becomes plus 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +take that out this becomes plus 2 I +Delta L and this becomes minus e to the + + align:start position:0% +Delta L and this becomes minus e to the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta L and this becomes minus e to the +minus I K R minus L PI over 2 and those + + align:start position:0% +minus I K R minus L PI over 2 and those + + + align:start position:0% +minus I K R minus L PI over 2 and those +are the waves we had before somewhere + + align:start position:0% +are the waves we had before somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +are the waves we had before somewhere +here here here they are can you see them + + align:start position:0% +here here here they are can you see them + + + align:start position:0% +here here here they are can you see them +still they were here this way from that + + align:start position:0% +still they were here this way from that + + + align:start position:0% +still they were here this way from that +wave with Delta here has showed up so + + align:start position:0% +wave with Delta here has showed up so + + + align:start position:0% +wave with Delta here has showed up so +this Delta that I've defined here is the + + align:start position:0% +this Delta that I've defined here is the + + + align:start position:0% +this Delta that I've defined here is the +same phase shift we introduced before so + + align:start position:0% +same phase shift we introduced before so + + + align:start position:0% +same phase shift we introduced before so +now you have three ways of recognizing a + + align:start position:0% +now you have three ways of recognizing a + + + align:start position:0% +now you have three ways of recognizing a +phase shift a phase shift can be + + align:start position:0% +phase shift a phase shift can be + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift a phase shift can be +recognized in the partial wave expansion + + align:start position:0% +recognized in the partial wave expansion + + + align:start position:0% +recognized in the partial wave expansion +a phase shift can be recognized by + + align:start position:0% +a phase shift can be recognized by + + + align:start position:0% +a phase shift can be recognized by +looking at the scattering way far away + + align:start position:0% +looking at the scattering way far away + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the scattering way far away +and seeing that it takes this form and + + align:start position:0% +and seeing that it takes this form and + + + align:start position:0% +and seeing that it takes this form and +say up here is the phase shift and the + + align:start position:0% +say up here is the phase shift and the + + + align:start position:0% +say up here is the phase shift and the +phase shift can be recognized by looking + + align:start position:0% +phase shift can be recognized by looking + + + align:start position:0% +phase shift can be recognized by looking +at the solution in terms of spherical + + align:start position:0% +at the solution in terms of spherical + + + align:start position:0% +at the solution in terms of spherical +Bessel functions and it's the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +Bessel functions and it's the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +Bessel functions and it's the ratio of +these coefficients those are the three + + align:start position:0% +these coefficients those are the three + + + align:start position:0% +these coefficients those are the three +definitions of the phase shift three + + align:start position:0% +definitions of the phase shift three + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of the phase shift three +ways of seeing your face instead of + + align:start position:0% +ways of seeing your face instead of + + + align:start position:0% +ways of seeing your face instead of +elaborating more on this let's do one + + align:start position:0% +elaborating more on this let's do one + + + align:start position:0% +elaborating more on this let's do one +example to convince you + + align:start position:0% +example to convince you + + + align:start position:0% +example to convince you +but this is solvable and doable in fact + + align:start position:0% +but this is solvable and doable in fact + + + align:start position:0% +but this is solvable and doable in fact +so the example is a hard sphere example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the object that you're + + align:start position:0% +this is the object that you're + + + align:start position:0% +this is the object that you're +scattering off the potential is equal to + + align:start position:0% +scattering off the potential is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +scattering off the potential is equal to +infinity for R less than a and 0 for R + + align:start position:0% +infinity for R less than a and 0 for R + + + align:start position:0% +infinity for R less than a and 0 for R +greater than a this is the origin and + + align:start position:0% +greater than a this is the origin and + + + align:start position:0% +greater than a this is the origin and +radius a sphere the waves come in you + + align:start position:0% +radius a sphere the waves come in you + + + align:start position:0% +radius a sphere the waves come in you +want the cross-section okay it might + + align:start position:0% +want the cross-section okay it might + + + align:start position:0% +want the cross-section okay it might +look like this is hard okay how are we + + align:start position:0% +look like this is hard okay how are we + + + align:start position:0% +look like this is hard okay how are we +ever gonna solve this in fact will be + + align:start position:0% +ever gonna solve this in fact will be + + + align:start position:0% +ever gonna solve this in fact will be +very easy we have everything for ready + + align:start position:0% +very easy we have everything for ready + + + align:start position:0% +very easy we have everything for ready +to solve so let's remember what we have + + align:start position:0% +to solve so let's remember what we have + + + align:start position:0% +to solve so let's remember what we have +well there's gonna be a radial solution + + align:start position:0% +well there's gonna be a radial solution + + + align:start position:0% +well there's gonna be a radial solution +RL remember RL is ul over R and that + + align:start position:0% +RL remember RL is ul over R and that + + + align:start position:0% +RL remember RL is ul over R and that +takes the form a l j l of KR + BL ml of + + align:start position:0% +takes the form a l j l of KR + BL ml of + + + align:start position:0% +takes the form a l j l of KR + BL ml of +KR that is the general solution for a + + align:start position:0% +KR that is the general solution for a + + + align:start position:0% +KR that is the general solution for a +radial thing and therefore your general + + align:start position:0% +radial thing and therefore your general + + + align:start position:0% +radial thing and therefore your general +solution for your wave function R of + + align:start position:0% +solution for your wave function R of + + + align:start position:0% +solution for your wave function R of +theta is what we were writing here + + align:start position:0% +theta is what we were writing here + + + align:start position:0% +theta is what we were writing here +except that the superposition of them so + + align:start position:0% +except that the superposition of them so + + + align:start position:0% +except that the superposition of them so +I said here is how you recognize what is + + align:start position:0% +I said here is how you recognize what is + + + align:start position:0% +I said here is how you recognize what is +the phase shift for a given partial wave + + align:start position:0% +the phase shift for a given partial wave + + + align:start position:0% +the phase shift for a given partial wave +but we're going to have all the partial + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to have all the partial + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to have all the partial +waves so this is gonna be the sum over L + + align:start position:0% +waves so this is gonna be the sum over L + + + align:start position:0% +waves so this is gonna be the sum over L +of these things al JL of kr plus BL ml + + align:start position:0% +of these things al JL of kr plus BL ml + + + align:start position:0% +of these things al JL of kr plus BL ml +of kr times P L of theta I could write Y + + align:start position:0% +of kr times P L of theta I could write Y + + + align:start position:0% +of kr times P L of theta I could write Y +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +zero but that's up to a constant pl so + + align:start position:0% +zero but that's up to a constant pl so + + + align:start position:0% +zero but that's up to a constant pl so +that's your general solution and in fact + + align:start position:0% +that's your general solution and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +that's your general solution and in fact +I didn't even have to write this because + + align:start position:0% +I didn't even have to write this because + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't even have to write this because +you have there on that blackboard that's + + align:start position:0% +you have there on that blackboard that's + + + align:start position:0% +you have there on that blackboard that's +the general solution for the full wave + + align:start position:0% +the general solution for the full wave + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution for the full wave +away from the sphere that's not valid + + align:start position:0% +away from the sphere that's not valid + + + align:start position:0% +away from the sphere that's not valid +for our less than zero but this is your + + align:start position:0% +for our less than zero but this is your + + + align:start position:0% +for our less than zero but this is your +full solution for a given partial wave + + align:start position:0% +full solution for a given partial wave + + + align:start position:0% +full solution for a given partial wave +for all the waves it's there okay so + + align:start position:0% +for all the waves it's there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +for all the waves it's there okay so +that equations of the problem PL of + + align:start position:0% +that equations of the problem PL of + + + align:start position:0% +that equations of the problem PL of +cosine theta yes it's it's really better + + align:start position:0% +cosine theta yes it's it's really better + + + align:start position:0% +cosine theta yes it's it's really better +written like that yes that's more + + align:start position:0% +written like that yes that's more + + + align:start position:0% +written like that yes that's more +readers yes okay so what do we do now we + + align:start position:0% +readers yes okay so what do we do now we + + + align:start position:0% +readers yes okay so what do we do now we +use them somehow you have to use that + + align:start position:0% +use them somehow you have to use that + + + align:start position:0% +use them somehow you have to use that +you have a sphere no we haven't used the + + align:start position:0% +you have a sphere no we haven't used the + + + align:start position:0% +you have a sphere no we haven't used the +sphere yet so what does this field tell + + align:start position:0% +sphere yet so what does this field tell + + + align:start position:0% +sphere yet so what does this field tell +you it tells you the wave function must + + align:start position:0% +you it tells you the wave function must + + + align:start position:0% +you it tells you the wave function must +vanish on the sphere because it's + + align:start position:0% +vanish on the sphere because it's + + + align:start position:0% +vanish on the sphere because it's +infinitely hard it's like an infinite + + align:start position:0% +infinitely hard it's like an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely hard it's like an infinite +wall so this wave function should vanish + + align:start position:0% +wall so this wave function should vanish + + + align:start position:0% +wall so this wave function should vanish +sigh at a theta which is equal to sum + + align:start position:0% +sigh at a theta which is equal to sum + + + align:start position:0% +sigh at a theta which is equal to sum +over L al JL of K a plus BL of n L of K + + align:start position:0% +over L al JL of K a plus BL of n L of K + + + align:start position:0% +over L al JL of K a plus BL of n L of K +a times P L of cosine theta should be + + align:start position:0% +a times P L of cosine theta should be + + + align:start position:0% +a times P L of cosine theta should be +zero okay one equation for infinitely + + align:start position:0% +zero okay one equation for infinitely + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay one equation for infinitely +many unknowns but the piell's are a + + align:start position:0% +many unknowns but the piell's are a + + + align:start position:0% +many unknowns but the piell's are a +complete set if you expand the function + + align:start position:0% +complete set if you expand the function + + + align:start position:0% +complete set if you expand the function +of theta in terms of P LS you can + + align:start position:0% +of theta in terms of P LS you can + + + align:start position:0% +of theta in terms of P LS you can +determine every coefficient they're + + align:start position:0% +determine every coefficient they're + + + align:start position:0% +determine every coefficient they're +linearly independent the pls so if you + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent the pls so if you + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent the pls so if you +can think of this this is that a this is + + align:start position:0% +can think of this this is that a this is + + + align:start position:0% +can think of this this is that a this is +just a number so this is a + + align:start position:0% +just a number so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +just a number so this is a +of numbers x pls must be zero all the + + align:start position:0% +of numbers x pls must be zero all the + + + align:start position:0% +of numbers x pls must be zero all the +numbers must be 0 because the pls are + + align:start position:0% +numbers must be 0 because the pls are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers must be 0 because the pls are +independent therefore here we have that + + align:start position:0% +independent therefore here we have that + + + align:start position:0% +independent therefore here we have that +a l j l of k a plus b l n l of k a must + + align:start position:0% +a l j l of k a plus b l n l of k a must + + + align:start position:0% +a l j l of k a plus b l n l of k a must +be 0 for all l and therefore tangent + + align:start position:0% +be 0 for all l and therefore tangent + + + align:start position:0% +be 0 for all l and therefore tangent +Delta L which is minus B L over Al has + + align:start position:0% +Delta L which is minus B L over Al has + + + align:start position:0% +Delta L which is minus B L over Al has +been determined the tangent Delta L is + + align:start position:0% +been determined the tangent Delta L is + + + align:start position:0% +been determined the tangent Delta L is +BL over al and that's equal to B L is + + align:start position:0% +BL over al and that's equal to B L is + + + align:start position:0% +BL over al and that's equal to B L is +Jay L of K a over N L of K done all + + align:start position:0% +Jay L of K a over N L of K done all + + + align:start position:0% +Jay L of K a over N L of K done all +phase shifts can be computed the Bessel + + align:start position:0% +phase shifts can be computed the Bessel + + + align:start position:0% +phase shifts can be computed the Bessel +functions are known you look them up you + + align:start position:0% +functions are known you look them up you + + + align:start position:0% +functions are known you look them up you +calculate them to any accuracy but you + + align:start position:0% +calculate them to any accuracy but you + + + align:start position:0% +calculate them to any accuracy but you +have here all the phase shifts therefore + + align:start position:0% +have here all the phase shifts therefore + + + align:start position:0% +have here all the phase shifts therefore +you have the cross-section of the sphere + + align:start position:0% +you have the cross-section of the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +you have the cross-section of the sphere +you have the differential cross-section + + align:start position:0% +you have the differential cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +you have the differential cross-section +you have anything you want it has all + + align:start position:0% +you have anything you want it has all + + + align:start position:0% +you have anything you want it has all +been determined we can do a little bit + + align:start position:0% +been determined we can do a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +been determined we can do a little bit +of algebra if you have if you want to + + align:start position:0% +of algebra if you have if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +of algebra if you have if you want to +calculate what the sine squared Delta of + + align:start position:0% +calculate what the sine squared Delta of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what the sine squared Delta of +something sine squared can be expressed + + align:start position:0% +something sine squared can be expressed + + + align:start position:0% +something sine squared can be expressed +in terms of x squared its tan squared + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x squared its tan squared + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x squared its tan squared +Delta L over 1 plus tan squared Delta L + + align:start position:0% +Delta L over 1 plus tan squared Delta L + + + align:start position:0% +Delta L over 1 plus tan squared Delta L +so it's our J l squared over J l squared + + align:start position:0% +so it's our J l squared over J l squared + + + align:start position:0% +so it's our J l squared over J l squared +plus an l squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can L you substitute this and you get + + align:start position:0% +can L you substitute this and you get + + + align:start position:0% +can L you substitute this and you get +that therefore of the cross-section can + + align:start position:0% +that therefore of the cross-section can + + + align:start position:0% +that therefore of the cross-section can +be calculated and the differential cross + + align:start position:0% +be calculated and the differential cross + + + align:start position:0% +be calculated and the differential cross +section can be calculated it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +section can be calculated it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +section can be calculated it's pretty +interesting let's do it here the cross + + align:start position:0% +interesting let's do it here the cross + + + align:start position:0% +interesting let's do it here the cross +section + + align:start position:0% +section + + + align:start position:0% +section +remember Sigma is 4 PI over K sum over L + + align:start position:0% +remember Sigma is 4 PI over K sum over L + + + align:start position:0% +remember Sigma is 4 PI over K sum over L +equals 0 to infinity to L plus 1 times + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 to infinity to L plus 1 times + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 to infinity to L plus 1 times +this sine squared so JL of K a squared + + align:start position:0% +this sine squared so JL of K a squared + + + align:start position:0% +this sine squared so JL of K a squared +over J l squared of K 8 + ml squared of + + align:start position:0% +over J l squared of K 8 + ml squared of + + + align:start position:0% +over J l squared of K 8 + ml squared of +K so that's your full cross section if + + align:start position:0% +K so that's your full cross section if + + + align:start position:0% +K so that's your full cross section if +ka is very small K a much less than 1 + + align:start position:0% +ka is very small K a much less than 1 + + + align:start position:0% +ka is very small K a much less than 1 +that small K that small energy long + + align:start position:0% +that small K that small energy long + + + align:start position:0% +that small K that small energy long +wavelength approximation this formula is + + align:start position:0% +wavelength approximation this formula is + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength approximation this formula is +interesting for high energy for low + + align:start position:0% +interesting for high energy for low + + + align:start position:0% +interesting for high energy for low +energy for intermediate energies the + + align:start position:0% +energy for intermediate energies the + + + align:start position:0% +energy for intermediate energies the +angular dependence is interesting it's + + align:start position:0% +angular dependence is interesting it's + + + align:start position:0% +angular dependence is interesting it's +lots of things you could look at let's + + align:start position:0% +lots of things you could look at let's + + + align:start position:0% +lots of things you could look at let's +look at low energy you need the + + align:start position:0% +look at low energy you need the + + + align:start position:0% +look at low energy you need the +expansion's of this quantities for small + + align:start position:0% +expansion's of this quantities for small + + + align:start position:0% +expansion's of this quantities for small +things and they're easy to find + + align:start position:0% +things and they're easy to find + + + align:start position:0% +things and they're easy to find +basically this remain finite this + + align:start position:0% +basically this remain finite this + + + align:start position:0% +basically this remain finite this +becomes infinite it dominates it's it's + + align:start position:0% +becomes infinite it dominates it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +becomes infinite it dominates it's it's +not difficult I'll write what one gets + + align:start position:0% +not difficult I'll write what one gets + + + align:start position:0% +not difficult I'll write what one gets +it's 4 PI over K squared sum over L + + align:start position:0% +it's 4 PI over K squared sum over L + + + align:start position:0% +it's 4 PI over K squared sum over L +equals 0 to infinity 1 over 2 L plus 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 to infinity 1 over 2 L plus 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 to infinity 1 over 2 L plus 1 2 +to the L L factorial 2 L factorials lots + + align:start position:0% +to the L L factorial 2 L factorials lots + + + align:start position:0% +to the L L factorial 2 L factorials lots +of a mess of factorials I'm sorry K a to + + align:start position:0% +of a mess of factorials I'm sorry K a to + + + align:start position:0% +of a mess of factorials I'm sorry K a to +the 4 L plus 2 and here is to the + + align:start position:0% +the 4 L plus 2 and here is to the + + + align:start position:0% +the 4 L plus 2 and here is to the +question of convergence if ka is much + + align:start position:0% +question of convergence if ka is much + + + align:start position:0% +question of convergence if ka is much +smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller +than one in this case this was the + + align:start position:0% +than one in this case this was the + + + align:start position:0% +than one in this case this was the +approximation that Wilshire converge the + + align:start position:0% +approximation that Wilshire converge the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation that Wilshire converge the +powers go up and up so for l equals 0 it + + align:start position:0% +powers go up and up so for l equals 0 it + + + align:start position:0% +powers go up and up so for l equals 0 it +is interesting is the dominant one so l + + align:start position:0% +is interesting is the dominant one so l + + + align:start position:0% +is interesting is the dominant one so l +equals 0 only Sigma turns out to be 4 PI + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 only Sigma turns out to be 4 PI + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 only Sigma turns out to be 4 PI +over K squared and all these factors + + align:start position:0% +over K squared and all these factors + + + align:start position:0% +over K squared and all these factors +just give you a 1 for l equals 0 decay a + + align:start position:0% +just give you a 1 for l equals 0 decay a + + + align:start position:0% +just give you a 1 for l equals 0 decay a +squared a squared ok a squared which is + + align:start position:0% +squared a squared ok a squared which is + + + align:start position:0% +squared a squared ok a squared which is +4 PI a squared which is a pretty cute + + align:start position:0% +4 PI a squared which is a pretty cute + + + align:start position:0% +4 PI a squared which is a pretty cute +answer this is the low frequency cross + + align:start position:0% +answer this is the low frequency cross + + + align:start position:0% +answer this is the low frequency cross +section if it's a long wavelength + + align:start position:0% +section if it's a long wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +section if it's a long wavelength +approximation the cross section of the + + align:start position:0% +approximation the cross section of the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation the cross section of the +object it's not the apparent cross + + align:start position:0% +object it's not the apparent cross + + + align:start position:0% +object it's not the apparent cross +section which is the diameter but it's + + align:start position:0% +section which is the diameter but it's + + + align:start position:0% +section which is the diameter but it's +actually the full area of the sphere for + + align:start position:0% +actually the full area of the sphere for + + + align:start position:0% +actually the full area of the sphere for +pi is where people try to imagine why it + + align:start position:0% +pi is where people try to imagine why it + + + align:start position:0% +pi is where people try to imagine why it +is almost like the wave length is so big + + align:start position:0% +is almost like the wave length is so big + + + align:start position:0% +is almost like the wave length is so big +that the wave wraps around the sphere + + align:start position:0% +that the wave wraps around the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +that the wave wraps around the sphere +and that stuck there so the way the + + align:start position:0% +and that stuck there so the way the + + + align:start position:0% +and that stuck there so the way the +sphere captures proportional to the area + + align:start position:0% +sphere captures proportional to the area + + + align:start position:0% +sphere captures proportional to the area +of the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +of the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +of the whole thing +so we'll see more of that next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Z5tZlfSwHrk.txt b/Z5tZlfSwHrk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16ac8490ba4e2bc367710a6ec08003085975b1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Z5tZlfSwHrk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11099 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay a recap of last lecture + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay a recap of last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay a recap of last lecture +um we start to talk about liquids I said + + align:start position:0% +um we start to talk about liquids I said + + + align:start position:0% +um we start to talk about liquids I said +I couldn't deal with the liquid using + + align:start position:0% +I couldn't deal with the liquid using + + + align:start position:0% +I couldn't deal with the liquid using +the approach uh that we have been using + + align:start position:0% +the approach uh that we have been using + + + align:start position:0% +the approach uh that we have been using +for dilute particles Bo M based equation + + align:start position:0% +for dilute particles Bo M based equation + + + align:start position:0% +for dilute particles Bo M based equation +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +example and so uh the discussion on + + align:start position:0% +example and so uh the discussion on + + + align:start position:0% +example and so uh the discussion on +liquid uh is incomplete and very short + + align:start position:0% +liquid uh is incomplete and very short + + + align:start position:0% +liquid uh is incomplete and very short +we started on bulk liquids we said a + + align:start position:0% +we started on bulk liquids we said a + + + align:start position:0% +we started on bulk liquids we said a +very useful uh definition is the measure + + align:start position:0% +very useful uh definition is the measure + + + align:start position:0% +very useful uh definition is the measure +is the radio distribution function which + + align:start position:0% +is the radio distribution function which + + + align:start position:0% +is the radio distribution function which +actually measure the structure of a + + align:start position:0% +actually measure the structure of a + + + align:start position:0% +actually measure the structure of a +liquid itself and uh then we uh + + align:start position:0% +liquid itself and uh then we uh + + + align:start position:0% +liquid itself and uh then we uh +introduced the wandar equation of States + + align:start position:0% +introduced the wandar equation of States + + + align:start position:0% +introduced the wandar equation of States +historically it's very important and of + + align:start position:0% +historically it's very important and of + + + align:start position:0% +historically it's very important and of +course we know the ideal gas equation + + align:start position:0% +course we know the ideal gas equation + + + align:start position:0% +course we know the ideal gas equation +but the onew equation of States uh + + align:start position:0% +but the onew equation of States uh + + + align:start position:0% +but the onew equation of States uh +actually give you the liquid and solid + + align:start position:0% +actually give you the liquid and solid + + + align:start position:0% +actually give you the liquid and solid +States uh no the vapor and liquid States + + align:start position:0% +States uh no the vapor and liquid States + + + align:start position:0% +States uh no the vapor and liquid States +and also give you the transition between + + align:start position:0% +and also give you the transition between + + + align:start position:0% +and also give you the transition between +uh the um liquid to Vapor so wher doome + + align:start position:0% +uh the um liquid to Vapor so wher doome + + + align:start position:0% +uh the um liquid to Vapor so wher doome +at least + + align:start position:0% +at least + + + align:start position:0% +at least +qualitatively and uh uh uh then say in + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively and uh uh uh then say in + + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively and uh uh uh then say in +terms of trading the transport and + + align:start position:0% +terms of trading the transport and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of trading the transport and +liquid uh their approach in the past + + align:start position:0% +liquid uh their approach in the past + + + align:start position:0% +liquid uh their approach in the past +modifying the borma equation and this + + align:start position:0% +modifying the borma equation and this + + + align:start position:0% +modifying the borma equation and this +eventually uh was the uh say it's a for + + align:start position:0% +eventually uh was the uh say it's a for + + + align:start position:0% +eventually uh was the uh say it's a for +example uh consider rather than bman + + align:start position:0% +example uh consider rather than bman + + + align:start position:0% +example uh consider rather than bman +equation is a single partical + + align:start position:0% +equation is a single partical + + + align:start position:0% +equation is a single partical +distribution function two partic + + align:start position:0% +distribution function two partic + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function two partic +distribution function that was the + + align:start position:0% +distribution function that was the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function that was the +uncope approach + + align:start position:0% +uncope approach + + + align:start position:0% +uncope approach +and but as I mentioned was not very + + align:start position:0% +and but as I mentioned was not very + + + align:start position:0% +and but as I mentioned was not very +successful because it can really deal + + align:start position:0% +successful because it can really deal + + + align:start position:0% +successful because it can really deal +with even with a very compx uncope + + align:start position:0% +with even with a very compx uncope + + + align:start position:0% +with even with a very compx uncope +equation which I didn't write down you + + align:start position:0% +equation which I didn't write down you + + + align:start position:0% +equation which I didn't write down you +cannot deal with uh liquid you can deal + + align:start position:0% +cannot deal with uh liquid you can deal + + + align:start position:0% +cannot deal with uh liquid you can deal +with approximate trading uh the denser + + align:start position:0% +with approximate trading uh the denser + + + align:start position:0% +with approximate trading uh the denser +uh gas but it can be extended to + + align:start position:0% +uh gas but it can be extended to + + + align:start position:0% +uh gas but it can be extended to +liquid so uh the uh then we talk about + + align:start position:0% +liquid so uh the uh then we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +liquid so uh the uh then we talk about +the Einstein's approach uh his purpose + + align:start position:0% +the Einstein's approach uh his purpose + + + align:start position:0% +the Einstein's approach uh his purpose +objective is actually determine + + align:start position:0% +objective is actually determine + + + align:start position:0% +objective is actually determine +the size of molecu small particles and + + align:start position:0% +the size of molecu small particles and + + + align:start position:0% +the size of molecu small particles and +he conceived the brown in Motion Picture + + align:start position:0% +he conceived the brown in Motion Picture + + + align:start position:0% +he conceived the brown in Motion Picture +although there were experiments Browning + + align:start position:0% +although there were experiments Browning + + + align:start position:0% +although there were experiments Browning +did experiment long before Einstein but + + align:start position:0% +did experiment long before Einstein but + + + align:start position:0% +did experiment long before Einstein but +he didn't seem to realize and so a lot + + align:start position:0% +he didn't seem to realize and so a lot + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't seem to realize and so a lot +of the his work was a ging as he is good + + align:start position:0% +of the his work was a ging as he is good + + + align:start position:0% +of the his work was a ging as he is good +at and he uh showed the relation between + + align:start position:0% +at and he uh showed the relation between + + + align:start position:0% +at and he uh showed the relation between +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +diffusivity and viscosity diffusivity of + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity and viscosity diffusivity of + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity and viscosity diffusivity of +particles in the fluids and the + + align:start position:0% +particles in the fluids and the + + + align:start position:0% +particles in the fluids and the +viscosity of the fluids then that's + + align:start position:0% +viscosity of the fluids then that's + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity of the fluids then that's +example of the fluctuation which is + + align:start position:0% +example of the fluctuation which is + + + align:start position:0% +example of the fluctuation which is +diffusion and dissipation which is + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and dissipation which is + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and dissipation which is +viscosity it's example of fluctuation + + align:start position:0% +viscosity it's example of fluctuation + + + align:start position:0% +viscosity it's example of fluctuation +dissipation + + align:start position:0% +dissipation + + + align:start position:0% +dissipation +theorem and uh uh from the Einstein + + align:start position:0% +theorem and uh uh from the Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and uh uh from the Einstein +approach there was then extension to L + + align:start position:0% +approach there was then extension to L + + + align:start position:0% +approach there was then extension to L +equation of motion so is essentially + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion so is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion so is essentially +fals ma uh except in the Force term + + align:start position:0% +fals ma uh except in the Force term + + + align:start position:0% +fals ma uh except in the Force term +there are two terms one is a random + + align:start position:0% +there are two terms one is a random + + + align:start position:0% +there are two terms one is a random +driving force and the other is a a uh + + align:start position:0% +driving force and the other is a a uh + + + align:start position:0% +driving force and the other is a a uh +drag Force so when you have particle in + + align:start position:0% +drag Force so when you have particle in + + + align:start position:0% +drag Force so when you have particle in +a fluid moving we know that picture is + + align:start position:0% +a fluid moving we know that picture is + + + align:start position:0% +a fluid moving we know that picture is +the uh stocks drag but that's actually + + align:start position:0% +the uh stocks drag but that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +the uh stocks drag but that's actually +very general it's basic direct force is + + align:start position:0% +very general it's basic direct force is + + + align:start position:0% +very general it's basic direct force is +proportional to Velocity and I comment + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Velocity and I comment + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to Velocity and I comment +that even the Lev + + align:start position:0% +that even the Lev + + + align:start position:0% +that even the Lev +equation uh was not uh uh quite right uh + + align:start position:0% +equation uh was not uh uh quite right uh + + + align:start position:0% +equation uh was not uh uh quite right uh +the way that's written because it didn't + + align:start position:0% +the way that's written because it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the way that's written because it didn't +consider uh this uh um time the finet + + align:start position:0% +consider uh this uh um time the finet + + + align:start position:0% +consider uh this uh um time the finet +time response when you use the stock + + align:start position:0% +time response when you use the stock + + + align:start position:0% +time response when you use the stock +solution if you actually write down the + + align:start position:0% +solution if you actually write down the + + + align:start position:0% +solution if you actually write down the +time response of the stocks say solution + + align:start position:0% +time response of the stocks say solution + + + align:start position:0% +time response of the stocks say solution +you actually get a integral differential + + align:start position:0% +you actually get a integral differential + + + align:start position:0% +you actually get a integral differential +equation so uh you've seen integral + + align:start position:0% +equation so uh you've seen integral + + + align:start position:0% +equation so uh you've seen integral +equation quite a few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times so that's uh uh the we come back + + align:start position:0% +times so that's uh uh the we come back + + + align:start position:0% +times so that's uh uh the we come back +to uh continue some of this discussion + + align:start position:0% +to uh continue some of this discussion + + + align:start position:0% +to uh continue some of this discussion +in the last lecture but then we turn our + + align:start position:0% +in the last lecture but then we turn our + + + align:start position:0% +in the last lecture but then we turn our +attention to deal with surfaces and uh + + align:start position:0% +attention to deal with surfaces and uh + + + align:start position:0% +attention to deal with surfaces and uh +uh say interfacing liquids and uh we + + align:start position:0% +uh say interfacing liquids and uh we + + + align:start position:0% +uh say interfacing liquids and uh we +started with potentials and forces so + + align:start position:0% +started with potentials and forces so + + + align:start position:0% +started with potentials and forces so +where what's most important in fact I + + align:start position:0% +where what's most important in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +where what's most important in fact I +think somewhere I said before if you + + align:start position:0% +think somewhere I said before if you + + + align:start position:0% +think somewhere I said before if you +understand energy you understand + + align:start position:0% +understand energy you understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand energy you understand +momentum you understand the second + + align:start position:0% +momentum you understand the second + + + align:start position:0% +momentum you understand the second +entropy you understand at least say uh + + align:start position:0% +entropy you understand at least say uh + + + align:start position:0% +entropy you understand at least say uh +all the mechanical word right and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +all the mechanical word right and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +all the mechanical word right and uh uh +the uh f equals uh see the force itself + + align:start position:0% +the uh f equals uh see the force itself + + + align:start position:0% +the uh f equals uh see the force itself +is the gradient of the potential so uh + + align:start position:0% +is the gradient of the potential so uh + + + align:start position:0% +is the gradient of the potential so uh +we start discussing uh the force uh + + align:start position:0% +we start discussing uh the force uh + + + align:start position:0% +we start discussing uh the force uh +particularly we focused on the columbic + + align:start position:0% +particularly we focused on the columbic + + + align:start position:0% +particularly we focused on the columbic +force the force interaction due to the + + align:start position:0% +force the force interaction due to the + + + align:start position:0% +force the force interaction due to the +charge uh we cannot easily deal with a + + align:start position:0% +charge uh we cannot easily deal with a + + + align:start position:0% +charge uh we cannot easily deal with a +calent force right they where you have + + align:start position:0% +calent force right they where you have + + + align:start position:0% +calent force right they where you have +to really solve the shorting equation + + align:start position:0% +to really solve the shorting equation + + + align:start position:0% +to really solve the shorting equation +but for the force interaction due to the + + align:start position:0% +but for the force interaction due to the + + + align:start position:0% +but for the force interaction due to the +charge direct non run charge interaction + + align:start position:0% +charge direct non run charge interaction + + + align:start position:0% +charge direct non run charge interaction +colum Force you can write uh starting + + align:start position:0% +colum Force you can write uh starting + + + align:start position:0% +colum Force you can write uh starting +with uh the uh Point potential construct + + align:start position:0% +with uh the uh Point potential construct + + + align:start position:0% +with uh the uh Point potential construct +with what if you have two positive + + align:start position:0% +with what if you have two positive + + + align:start position:0% +with what if you have two positive +negative charge together that's a dipole + + align:start position:0% +negative charge together that's a dipole + + + align:start position:0% +negative charge together that's a dipole +and then you have one point charge to a + + align:start position:0% +and then you have one point charge to a + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have one point charge to a +dipole and you have dipole to dipole and + + align:start position:0% +dipole and you have dipole to dipole and + + + align:start position:0% +dipole and you have dipole to dipole and +you can do dipole to S infinite object + + align:start position:0% +you can do dipole to S infinite object + + + align:start position:0% +you can do dipole to S infinite object +and finally we give expression for + + align:start position:0% +and finally we give expression for + + + align:start position:0% +and finally we give expression for +example what's the force the onew + + align:start position:0% +example what's the force the onew + + + align:start position:0% +example what's the force the onew +force between that's the dipole dipole + + align:start position:0% +force between that's the dipole dipole + + + align:start position:0% +force between that's the dipole dipole +based model dipo interaction between two + + align:start position:0% +based model dipo interaction between two + + + align:start position:0% +based model dipo interaction between two +uh sem infinite plates and uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh sem infinite plates and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh sem infinite plates and uh the +potential is inversely proportional to + + align:start position:0% +potential is inversely proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +potential is inversely proportional to +the separation + + align:start position:0% +the separation + + + align:start position:0% +the separation +D between and this two + + align:start position:0% +D between and this two + + + align:start position:0% +D between and this two +surfaces and this potential is uh you + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and this potential is uh you + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and this potential is uh you +can say when you go to smaller D it goes + + align:start position:0% +can say when you go to smaller D it goes + + + align:start position:0% +can say when you go to smaller D it goes +to more negative so it's attractive + + align:start position:0% +to more negative so it's attractive + + + align:start position:0% +to more negative so it's attractive +potential it's attractive force between + + align:start position:0% +potential it's attractive force between + + + align:start position:0% +potential it's attractive force between +the uh two surfaces and uh uh on the top + + align:start position:0% +the uh two surfaces and uh uh on the top + + + align:start position:0% +the uh two surfaces and uh uh on the top +the constant here is also called + + align:start position:0% +the constant here is also called + + + align:start position:0% +the constant here is also called +hammerer constant and has its physical + + align:start position:0% +hammerer constant and has its physical + + + align:start position:0% +hammerer constant and has its physical +origion if you learn uh say the if you + + align:start position:0% +origion if you learn uh say the if you + + + align:start position:0% +origion if you learn uh say the if you +do change you probably say this has + + align:start position:0% +do change you probably say this has + + + align:start position:0% +do change you probably say this has +chemic constant before and we that's the + + align:start position:0% +chemic constant before and we that's the + + + align:start position:0% +chemic constant before and we that's the +Casmir force is dipole dipole uh this uh + + align:start position:0% +Casmir force is dipole dipole uh this uh + + + align:start position:0% +Casmir force is dipole dipole uh this uh +dipole the onew force is dipole dipole + + align:start position:0% +dipole the onew force is dipole dipole + + + align:start position:0% +dipole the onew force is dipole dipole +interaction and the extension of that is + + align:start position:0% +interaction and the extension of that is + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and the extension of that is +the Casmir force and the Casmir force is + + align:start position:0% +the Casmir force and the Casmir force is + + + align:start position:0% +the Casmir force and the Casmir force is +as I explained uh it was a uh uh idea + + align:start position:0% +as I explained uh it was a uh uh idea + + + align:start position:0% +as I explained uh it was a uh uh idea +that the uh force uh between the two + + align:start position:0% +that the uh force uh between the two + + + align:start position:0% +that the uh force uh between the two +objects object one uh and two and can be + + align:start position:0% +objects object one uh and two and can be + + + align:start position:0% +objects object one uh and two and can be +think about the energy stored in this + + align:start position:0% +think about the energy stored in this + + + align:start position:0% +think about the energy stored in this +space between one and two the medium + + align:start position:0% +space between one and two the medium + + + align:start position:0% +space between one and two the medium +that's right could be vacuum and when I + + align:start position:0% +that's right could be vacuum and when I + + + align:start position:0% +that's right could be vacuum and when I +think about energy stored and there is a + + align:start position:0% +think about energy stored and there is a + + + align:start position:0% +think about energy stored and there is a +zero point we learned the quantization 1 + + align:start position:0% +zero point we learned the quantization 1 + + + align:start position:0% +zero point we learned the quantization 1 +half H one half H new and then how many + + align:start position:0% +half H one half H new and then how many + + + align:start position:0% +half H one half H new and then how many +modes you have electromagnetic modes in + + align:start position:0% +modes you have electromagnetic modes in + + + align:start position:0% +modes you have electromagnetic modes in +this space and if each mode contain + + align:start position:0% +this space and if each mode contain + + + align:start position:0% +this space and if each mode contain +energy one half H new you do that + + align:start position:0% +energy one half H new you do that + + + align:start position:0% +energy one half H new you do that +summation of the total energy and you + + align:start position:0% +summation of the total energy and you + + + align:start position:0% +summation of the total energy and you +find out that as the two surface gets + + align:start position:0% +find out that as the two surface gets + + + align:start position:0% +find out that as the two surface gets +closer to closer each other you're + + align:start position:0% +closer to closer each other you're + + + align:start position:0% +closer to closer each other you're +excluding modes so the energy is + + align:start position:0% +excluding modes so the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +excluding modes so the energy is +decreasing so you have attractive Force + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so you have attractive Force + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so you have attractive Force +so that give the uh Quantum spin to the + + align:start position:0% +so that give the uh Quantum spin to the + + + align:start position:0% +so that give the uh Quantum spin to the +onear uh say Force interaction + + align:start position:0% +onear uh say Force interaction + + + align:start position:0% +onear uh say Force interaction +picture and uh that was a Casmir uh very + + align:start position:0% +picture and uh that was a Casmir uh very + + + align:start position:0% +picture and uh that was a Casmir uh very +simple paper if you have interested you + + align:start position:0% +simple paper if you have interested you + + + align:start position:0% +simple paper if you have interested you +can read it and then there was extension + + align:start position:0% +can read it and then there was extension + + + align:start position:0% +can read it and then there was extension +by lifes uh the uh n lifes book The + + align:start position:0% +by lifes uh the uh n lifes book The + + + align:start position:0% +by lifes uh the uh n lifes book The +lifes is solving this problem from + + align:start position:0% +lifes is solving this problem from + + + align:start position:0% +lifes is solving this problem from +electromag dyamics point of view + + align:start position:0% +electromag dyamics point of view + + + align:start position:0% +electromag dyamics point of view +basically solve the uh consider uh the + + align:start position:0% +basically solve the uh consider uh the + + + align:start position:0% +basically solve the uh consider uh the +force interaction is say due to the Z + + align:start position:0% +force interaction is say due to the Z + + + align:start position:0% +force interaction is say due to the Z +Point + + align:start position:0% +Point + + + align:start position:0% +Point +jiggling so 0 point jiggling means what + + align:start position:0% +jiggling so 0 point jiggling means what + + + align:start position:0% +jiggling so 0 point jiggling means what +there's no temperature there right so + + align:start position:0% +there's no temperature there right so + + + align:start position:0% +there's no temperature there right so +any object is uncertain so the position + + align:start position:0% +any object is uncertain so the position + + + align:start position:0% +any object is uncertain so the position +is not fixed so 0 point has a + + align:start position:0% +is not fixed so 0 point has a + + + align:start position:0% +is not fixed so 0 point has a +fluctuation and this fluctuating will + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation and this fluctuating will + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation and this fluctuating will +generate electromagnetic wave the + + align:start position:0% +generate electromagnetic wave the + + + align:start position:0% +generate electromagnetic wave the +electromagnetic way propagate to this + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic way propagate to this + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic way propagate to this +side and uh that will create a + + align:start position:0% +side and uh that will create a + + + align:start position:0% +side and uh that will create a +interaction between the two sides so you + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the two sides so you + + + align:start position:0% +interaction between the two sides so you +basically Sol Maxwell uh equation and + + align:start position:0% +basically Sol Maxwell uh equation and + + + align:start position:0% +basically Sol Maxwell uh equation and +then that jiggling is again connected + + align:start position:0% +then that jiggling is again connected + + + align:start position:0% +then that jiggling is again connected +with the so-call fluctuation dissipation + + align:start position:0% +with the so-call fluctuation dissipation + + + align:start position:0% +with the so-call fluctuation dissipation +theorem so you can calculate uh the uh + + align:start position:0% +theorem so you can calculate uh the uh + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so you can calculate uh the uh +Force inter diretion From + + align:start position:0% +Force inter diretion From + + + align:start position:0% +Force inter diretion From +electrodynamics + + align:start position:0% +electrodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +electrodynamics +perspective and uh that's a much more + + align:start position:0% +perspective and uh that's a much more + + + align:start position:0% +perspective and uh that's a much more +generous Theory so what you have is one + + align:start position:0% +generous Theory so what you have is one + + + align:start position:0% +generous Theory so what you have is one +two 3 and what you need is the + + align:start position:0% +two 3 and what you need is the + + + align:start position:0% +two 3 and what you need is the +dialectric constant Epsilon one which + + align:start position:0% +dialectric constant Epsilon one which + + + align:start position:0% +dialectric constant Epsilon one which +could be a function of frequency and + + align:start position:0% +could be a function of frequency and + + + align:start position:0% +could be a function of frequency and +Epsilon 2 which could be a functional + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon 2 which could be a functional + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon 2 which could be a functional +frequency and Epsilon 3 which could be a + + align:start position:0% +frequency and Epsilon 3 which could be a + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and Epsilon 3 which could be a +functional frequency so with that you + + align:start position:0% +functional frequency so with that you + + + align:start position:0% +functional frequency so with that you +can calculate the force interaction uh + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the force interaction uh + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the force interaction uh +in any medium sometimes the two the + + align:start position:0% +in any medium sometimes the two the + + + align:start position:0% +in any medium sometimes the two the +medium in between are not + + align:start position:0% +medium in between are not + + + align:start position:0% +medium in between are not +it could be uh another material right + + align:start position:0% +it could be uh another material right + + + align:start position:0% +it could be uh another material right +and in + + align:start position:0% +and in + + + align:start position:0% +and in +fact uh there is a uh myself we even + + align:start position:0% +fact uh there is a uh myself we even + + + align:start position:0% +fact uh there is a uh myself we even +have a little bit confusion here uh this + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit confusion here uh this + + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit confusion here uh this +concept uh again if you do F change you + + align:start position:0% +concept uh again if you do F change you + + + align:start position:0% +concept uh again if you do F change you +probably encounter how many of you have + + align:start position:0% +probably encounter how many of you have + + + align:start position:0% +probably encounter how many of you have +heard this joining pressure anybody has + + align:start position:0% +heard this joining pressure anybody has + + + align:start position:0% +heard this joining pressure anybody has +heard about that okay yeah this Jing + + align:start position:0% +heard about that okay yeah this Jing + + + align:start position:0% +heard about that okay yeah this Jing +pressure is again another concept that + + align:start position:0% +pressure is again another concept that + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is again another concept that +encountered uh in the pH change process + + align:start position:0% +encountered uh in the pH change process + + + align:start position:0% +encountered uh in the pH change process +uh for example if you consider uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh for example if you consider uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh for example if you consider uh the +evaporation of a liquid + + align:start position:0% +evaporation of a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation of a liquid +fil right so you have a corner and the + + align:start position:0% +fil right so you have a corner and the + + + align:start position:0% +fil right so you have a corner and the +liquid film will spread and of course + + align:start position:0% +liquid film will spread and of course + + + align:start position:0% +liquid film will spread and of course +there is a surface tension part right + + align:start position:0% +there is a surface tension part right + + + align:start position:0% +there is a surface tension part right +but there could be another part say very + + align:start position:0% +but there could be another part say very + + + align:start position:0% +but there could be another part say very +very soon film spreading much larger + + align:start position:0% +very soon film spreading much larger + + + align:start position:0% +very soon film spreading much larger +distance and uh people say that's + + align:start position:0% +distance and uh people say that's + + + align:start position:0% +distance and uh people say that's +because of this gen Jing pressure and + + align:start position:0% +because of this gen Jing pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +because of this gen Jing pressure and +they uh uh reason for that is you can + + align:start position:0% +they uh uh reason for that is you can + + + align:start position:0% +they uh uh reason for that is you can +think about this as a medium one vacuum + + align:start position:0% +think about this as a medium one vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +think about this as a medium one vacuum +is a medium remember or uh uh say any + + align:start position:0% +is a medium remember or uh uh say any + + + align:start position:0% +is a medium remember or uh uh say any +space for electromagnetic wave is medium + + align:start position:0% +space for electromagnetic wave is medium + + + align:start position:0% +space for electromagnetic wave is medium +and the liquid film is medium three and + + align:start position:0% +and the liquid film is medium three and + + + align:start position:0% +and the liquid film is medium three and +whatever they solid is medium to right + + align:start position:0% +whatever they solid is medium to right + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they solid is medium to right +so I can calculate the three medium what + + align:start position:0% +so I can calculate the three medium what + + + align:start position:0% +so I can calculate the three medium what +then say what's the interaction and it + + align:start position:0% +then say what's the interaction and it + + + align:start position:0% +then say what's the interaction and it +turns out that in some of case right uh + + align:start position:0% +turns out that in some of case right uh + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that in some of case right uh +most of the case this is attractive in + + align:start position:0% +most of the case this is attractive in + + + align:start position:0% +most of the case this is attractive in +some case there the force in between + + align:start position:0% +some case there the force in between + + + align:start position:0% +some case there the force in between +could be also be + + align:start position:0% +could be also be + + + align:start position:0% +could be also be +repulsive okay if it's a repulsive Force + + align:start position:0% +repulsive okay if it's a repulsive Force + + + align:start position:0% +repulsive okay if it's a repulsive Force +then there actually will be a + + align:start position:0% +then there actually will be a + + + align:start position:0% +then there actually will be a +stable layer of liquid that sustain on + + align:start position:0% +stable layer of liquid that sustain on + + + align:start position:0% +stable layer of liquid that sustain on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +surface and that uh so that if it's + + align:start position:0% +surface and that uh so that if it's + + + align:start position:0% +surface and that uh so that if it's +evaporation if it's a heating then if + + align:start position:0% +evaporation if it's a heating then if + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation if it's a heating then if +you have a liquid f you help your heat + + align:start position:0% +you have a liquid f you help your heat + + + align:start position:0% +you have a liquid f you help your heat +transfer right so there is uh this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +transfer right so there is uh this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +transfer right so there is uh this uh uh +disjoining pressure that people + + align:start position:0% +disjoining pressure that people + + + align:start position:0% +disjoining pressure that people +sometimes use I think uh uh if anyone is + + align:start position:0% +sometimes use I think uh uh if anyone is + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes use I think uh uh if anyone is +interested you understand this you + + align:start position:0% +interested you understand this you + + + align:start position:0% +interested you understand this you +should look more into the + + align:start position:0% +should look more into the + + + align:start position:0% +should look more into the +literature okay so this is a uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +literature okay so this is a uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +literature okay so this is a uh uh the +picture that we have in terms of an + + align:start position:0% +picture that we have in terms of an + + + align:start position:0% +picture that we have in terms of an +attractive Force where we're going is + + align:start position:0% +attractive Force where we're going is + + + align:start position:0% +attractive Force where we're going is +talking about uh as I mentioned before + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh as I mentioned before + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh as I mentioned before +is I have a suspension particles in the + + align:start position:0% +is I have a suspension particles in the + + + align:start position:0% +is I have a suspension particles in the +liquid and the why the suspension I can + + align:start position:0% +liquid and the why the suspension I can + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and the why the suspension I can +sometimes make this stable why sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes make this stable why sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes make this stable why sometimes +I can make it stable right and uh of + + align:start position:0% +I can make it stable right and uh of + + + align:start position:0% +I can make it stable right and uh of +course if it's all attractive one force + + align:start position:0% +course if it's all attractive one force + + + align:start position:0% +course if it's all attractive one force +then I will not have stability because + + align:start position:0% +then I will not have stability because + + + align:start position:0% +then I will not have stability because +particle eventually glue to each other + + align:start position:0% +particle eventually glue to each other + + + align:start position:0% +particle eventually glue to each other +and sediment because of gravity right so + + align:start position:0% +and sediment because of gravity right so + + + align:start position:0% +and sediment because of gravity right so +what I lead is a repulsive + + align:start position:0% +what I lead is a repulsive + + + align:start position:0% +what I lead is a repulsive +force and uh um and one say common + + align:start position:0% +force and uh um and one say common + + + align:start position:0% +force and uh um and one say common +repulsive force uh particularly in ionic + + align:start position:0% +repulsive force uh particularly in ionic + + + align:start position:0% +repulsive force uh particularly in ionic +solution uh like say water is the + + align:start position:0% +solution uh like say water is the + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh like say water is the +electrical double layer so let's spend a + + align:start position:0% +electrical double layer so let's spend a + + + align:start position:0% +electrical double layer so let's spend a +little bit time discuss electrical + + align:start position:0% +little bit time discuss electrical + + + align:start position:0% +little bit time discuss electrical +double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +layer + + align:start position:0% +layer + + + align:start position:0% +layer +so uh lot of solid uh surfaces when you + + align:start position:0% +so uh lot of solid uh surfaces when you + + + align:start position:0% +so uh lot of solid uh surfaces when you +immersing in uh + + align:start position:0% +immersing in uh + + + align:start position:0% +immersing in uh +solution the solid itself the surface + + align:start position:0% +solution the solid itself the surface + + + align:start position:0% +solution the solid itself the surface +contains charge right and uh uh you can + + align:start position:0% +contains charge right and uh uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +contains charge right and uh uh you can +think about for example if I have uh + + align:start position:0% +think about for example if I have uh + + + align:start position:0% +think about for example if I have uh +oxygen termination on the surface if I + + align:start position:0% +oxygen termination on the surface if I + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen termination on the surface if I +put in + + align:start position:0% +put in + + + align:start position:0% +put in +water right what could be happening is + + align:start position:0% +water right what could be happening is + + + align:start position:0% +water right what could be happening is +is you think this will be a hydrophilic + + align:start position:0% +is you think this will be a hydrophilic + + + align:start position:0% +is you think this will be a hydrophilic +a hydrophobic + + align:start position:0% +a hydrophobic + + + align:start position:0% +a hydrophobic +surface does it like water or it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +surface does it like water or it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +surface does it like water or it doesn't +like water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H it will be hydrophilic most likely + + align:start position:0% +H it will be hydrophilic most likely + + + align:start position:0% +H it will be hydrophilic most likely +right because most likely the surface + + align:start position:0% +right because most likely the surface + + + align:start position:0% +right because most likely the surface +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +oxygen oxygen is negative + + align:start position:0% +oxygen oxygen is negative + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen oxygen is negative +charg and water has a hydrogen and the + + align:start position:0% +charg and water has a hydrogen and the + + + align:start position:0% +charg and water has a hydrogen and the +hydrogen and the oxygen will bond to + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the oxygen will bond to + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the oxygen will bond to +each other right and so lot of surface + + align:start position:0% +each other right and so lot of surface + + + align:start position:0% +each other right and so lot of surface +actually have a lead surface charge uh + + align:start position:0% +actually have a lead surface charge uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a lead surface charge uh +either because of the asymmetry of the + + align:start position:0% +either because of the asymmetry of the + + + align:start position:0% +either because of the asymmetry of the +bonds because on the surface atom is + + align:start position:0% +bonds because on the surface atom is + + + align:start position:0% +bonds because on the surface atom is +different from internal you don't have + + align:start position:0% +different from internal you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +different from internal you don't have +the surrounding atom to balance it or + + align:start position:0% +the surrounding atom to balance it or + + + align:start position:0% +the surrounding atom to balance it or +it's just because it just absorb some + + align:start position:0% +it's just because it just absorb some + + + align:start position:0% +it's just because it just absorb some +ions onto it to have a leg so lead + + align:start position:0% +ions onto it to have a leg so lead + + + align:start position:0% +ions onto it to have a leg so lead +charge on the surface so you have on the + + align:start position:0% +charge on the surface so you have on the + + + align:start position:0% +charge on the surface so you have on the +solid surface + + align:start position:0% +solid surface + + + align:start position:0% +solid surface +typically right uh uh let's say here I'm + + align:start position:0% +typically right uh uh let's say here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +typically right uh uh let's say here I'm +drawing the uh just a inside I got a a + + align:start position:0% +drawing the uh just a inside I got a a + + + align:start position:0% +drawing the uh just a inside I got a a +that balance of charge on the surface + + align:start position:0% +that balance of charge on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +that balance of charge on the surface +negative charge and now if I immersed in + + align:start position:0% +negative charge and now if I immersed in + + + align:start position:0% +negative charge and now if I immersed in +a solution that has positive negative + + align:start position:0% +a solution that has positive negative + + + align:start position:0% +a solution that has positive negative +ions and you know that positive ions + + align:start position:0% +ions and you know that positive ions + + + align:start position:0% +ions and you know that positive ions +will go towards the surface just to + + align:start position:0% +will go towards the surface just to + + + align:start position:0% +will go towards the surface just to +balance it right so what happens is some + + align:start position:0% +balance it right so what happens is some + + + align:start position:0% +balance it right so what happens is some +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +ion will be pretty much glued because + + align:start position:0% +ion will be pretty much glued because + + + align:start position:0% +ion will be pretty much glued because +the bond is strong enough so the first + + align:start position:0% +the bond is strong enough so the first + + + align:start position:0% +the bond is strong enough so the first +mol layer were pretty much in like glut + + align:start position:0% +mol layer were pretty much in like glut + + + align:start position:0% +mol layer were pretty much in like glut +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +surface and once you are uh say one M + + align:start position:0% +surface and once you are uh say one M + + + align:start position:0% +surface and once you are uh say one M +away that Force interaction decays + + align:start position:0% +away that Force interaction decays + + + align:start position:0% +away that Force interaction decays +rapidly and the bonding will not be + + align:start position:0% +rapidly and the bonding will not be + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly and the bonding will not be +strong enough to hold it so this other C + + align:start position:0% +strong enough to hold it so this other C + + + align:start position:0% +strong enough to hold it so this other C +ions will move around the surface but + + align:start position:0% +ions will move around the surface but + + + align:start position:0% +ions will move around the surface but +say because the charge balanced so there + + align:start position:0% +say because the charge balanced so there + + + align:start position:0% +say because the charge balanced so there +will be L uh uh more + + align:start position:0% +will be L uh uh more + + + align:start position:0% +will be L uh uh more +charge right mobile ions in this region + + align:start position:0% +charge right mobile ions in this region + + + align:start position:0% +charge right mobile ions in this region +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +liquid so what we will create is in the + + align:start position:0% +liquid so what we will create is in the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid so what we will create is in the +surface region like a capacitor on the + + align:start position:0% +surface region like a capacitor on the + + + align:start position:0% +surface region like a capacitor on the +uh say solid side you have one type of + + align:start position:0% +uh say solid side you have one type of + + + align:start position:0% +uh say solid side you have one type of +charge ions and on the liquid side you + + align:start position:0% +charge ions and on the liquid side you + + + align:start position:0% +charge ions and on the liquid side you +got another type of + + align:start position:0% +got another type of + + + align:start position:0% +got another type of +ions right this forms a electric dou + + align:start position:0% +ions right this forms a electric dou + + + align:start position:0% +ions right this forms a electric dou +layer and in fact if you uh Define more + + align:start position:0% +layer and in fact if you uh Define more + + + align:start position:0% +layer and in fact if you uh Define more +carefully and the immobile + + align:start position:0% +carefully and the immobile + + + align:start position:0% +carefully and the immobile +layer Alpha ions is a St layer it's + + align:start position:0% +layer Alpha ions is a St layer it's + + + align:start position:0% +layer Alpha ions is a St layer it's +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +St + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay and then the mobile layer between + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the mobile layer between + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the mobile layer between +this stand layer and outside where + + align:start position:0% +this stand layer and outside where + + + align:start position:0% +this stand layer and outside where +eventually they will go the uh charge + + align:start position:0% +eventually they will go the uh charge + + + align:start position:0% +eventually they will go the uh charge +will go to neutrality the bulk region of + + align:start position:0% +will go to neutrality the bulk region of + + + align:start position:0% +will go to neutrality the bulk region of +the fluids where not influenced by the + + align:start position:0% +the fluids where not influenced by the + + + align:start position:0% +the fluids where not influenced by the +surface right so this layer is uh the + + align:start position:0% +surface right so this layer is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +surface right so this layer is uh the +double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +layer if you do + + align:start position:0% +layer if you do + + + align:start position:0% +layer if you do +electrochemical devices if you do super + + align:start position:0% +electrochemical devices if you do super + + + align:start position:0% +electrochemical devices if you do super +capacitors for example where super + + align:start position:0% +capacitors for example where super + + + align:start position:0% +capacitors for example where super +capacitor is capacitance is proportional + + align:start position:0% +capacitor is capacitance is proportional + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor is capacitance is proportional +if you think about capacitors + + align:start position:0% +if you think about capacitors + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about capacitors +capacitance is proportional to a + + align:start position:0% +capacitance is proportional to a + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance is proportional to a +area right and it inversely proportional + + align:start position:0% +area right and it inversely proportional + + + align:start position:0% +area right and it inversely proportional +to distance and dialectric + + align:start position:0% +to distance and dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +to distance and dialectric +constant right so uh super capacitor is + + align:start position:0% +constant right so uh super capacitor is + + + align:start position:0% +constant right so uh super capacitor is +a one that you create a large surface + + align:start position:0% +a one that you create a large surface + + + align:start position:0% +a one that you create a large surface +area by making n par + + align:start position:0% +area by making n par + + + align:start position:0% +area by making n par +materials and then you put in the + + align:start position:0% +materials and then you put in the + + + align:start position:0% +materials and then you put in the +electrolyte because how you can create + + align:start position:0% +electrolyte because how you can create + + + align:start position:0% +electrolyte because how you can create +that capacitor layer you create the + + align:start position:0% +that capacitor layer you create the + + + align:start position:0% +that capacitor layer you create the +electrolyte and put it into there and + + align:start position:0% +electrolyte and put it into there and + + + align:start position:0% +electrolyte and put it into there and +you uh hope that the uh capacitance a + + align:start position:0% +you uh hope that the uh capacitance a + + + align:start position:0% +you uh hope that the uh capacitance a +loal capacitance between the electrolyte + + align:start position:0% +loal capacitance between the electrolyte + + + align:start position:0% +loal capacitance between the electrolyte +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +solid and uh uh using that to form your + + align:start position:0% +solid and uh uh using that to form your + + + align:start position:0% +solid and uh uh using that to form your +total capacitance of a super capacitor + + align:start position:0% +total capacitance of a super capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +total capacitance of a super capacitor +right and in super capacitor this layer + + align:start position:0% +right and in super capacitor this layer + + + align:start position:0% +right and in super capacitor this layer +is very important not just the electric + + align:start position:0% +is very important not just the electric + + + align:start position:0% +is very important not just the electric +D layer and if you do electr + + align:start position:0% +D layer and if you do electr + + + align:start position:0% +D layer and if you do electr +kinetics right if you uh electr kinetics + + align:start position:0% +kinetics right if you uh electr kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics right if you uh electr kinetics +including Electro + + align:start position:0% +including Electro + + + align:start position:0% +including Electro +osmosis and uh and where the mes or when + + align:start position:0% +osmosis and uh and where the mes or when + + + align:start position:0% +osmosis and uh and where the mes or when +you apply electric field or say the + + align:start position:0% +you apply electric field or say the + + + align:start position:0% +you apply electric field or say the +liquid mode in the electr kinetics is + + align:start position:0% +liquid mode in the electr kinetics is + + + align:start position:0% +liquid mode in the electr kinetics is +the when so both are because either the + + align:start position:0% +the when so both are because either the + + + align:start position:0% +the when so both are because either the +particle is charged the solid is charged + + align:start position:0% +particle is charged the solid is charged + + + align:start position:0% +particle is charged the solid is charged +then all the other case is a liquid is + + align:start position:0% +then all the other case is a liquid is + + + align:start position:0% +then all the other case is a liquid is +charged right so this in that in those + + align:start position:0% +charged right so this in that in those + + + align:start position:0% +charged right so this in that in those +cases the electric double layer are very + + align:start position:0% +cases the electric double layer are very + + + align:start position:0% +cases the electric double layer are very +important and uh so uh first uh the + + align:start position:0% +important and uh so uh first uh the + + + align:start position:0% +important and uh so uh first uh the +density of the iron on the surface so + + align:start position:0% +density of the iron on the surface so + + + align:start position:0% +density of the iron on the surface so +density + + align:start position:0% +density + + + align:start position:0% +density +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +iron on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Surface and this one can be uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Surface and this one can be uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Surface and this one can be uh uh +related to the case when you have zero + + align:start position:0% +related to the case when you have zero + + + align:start position:0% +related to the case when you have zero +uh charge on the surface right so one + + align:start position:0% +uh charge on the surface right so one + + + align:start position:0% +uh charge on the surface right so one +case you don't have any charge on the + + align:start position:0% +case you don't have any charge on the + + + align:start position:0% +case you don't have any charge on the +surface what's the density so this is + + align:start position:0% +surface what's the density so this is + + + align:start position:0% +surface what's the density so this is +the0 + + align:start position:0% +the0 + + + align:start position:0% +the0 +Point charge density and then we have um + + align:start position:0% +Point charge density and then we have um + + + align:start position:0% +Point charge density and then we have um +because I have certain ions + + align:start position:0% +because I have certain ions + + + align:start position:0% +because I have certain ions +absorbed on the surface right I have + + align:start position:0% +absorbed on the surface right I have + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed on the surface right I have +then say a surface + + align:start position:0% +then say a surface + + + align:start position:0% +then say a surface +potential and divide by KBT so this is + + align:start position:0% +potential and divide by KBT so this is + + + align:start position:0% +potential and divide by KBT so this is +essentially the BMA statistics bman + + align:start position:0% +essentially the BMA statistics bman + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the BMA statistics bman +distribution right if you recall the + + align:start position:0% +distribution right if you recall the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right if you recall the +bman distribution what we have is energy + + align:start position:0% +bman distribution what we have is energy + + + align:start position:0% +bman distribution what we have is energy +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +KBT right the probability of certain + + align:start position:0% +KBT right the probability of certain + + + align:start position:0% +KBT right the probability of certain +particles having certain energy and this + + align:start position:0% +particles having certain energy and this + + + align:start position:0% +particles having certain energy and this +energy is related to energy is related + + align:start position:0% +energy is related to energy is related + + + align:start position:0% +energy is related to energy is related +to electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +to electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +to electrostatic +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +beside by the charge + + align:start position:0% +beside by the charge + + + align:start position:0% +beside by the charge +Q right normalized to charge and Q is if + + align:start position:0% +Q right normalized to charge and Q is if + + + align:start position:0% +Q right normalized to charge and Q is if +I have uh at + + align:start position:0% +I have uh at + + + align:start position:0% +I have uh at +that has a certain number + + align:start position:0% +that has a certain number + + + align:start position:0% +that has a certain number +of um um for example protons Z right and + + align:start position:0% +of um um for example protons Z right and + + + align:start position:0% +of um um for example protons Z right and +then Z * e gives me the the charge e is + + align:start position:0% +then Z * e gives me the the charge e is + + + align:start position:0% +then Z * e gives me the the charge e is +the charge per electron so Q is z that's + + align:start position:0% +the charge per electron so Q is z that's + + + align:start position:0% +the charge per electron so Q is z that's +why I have Z times electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +why I have Z times electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +why I have Z times electrostatic +potential which is surface potential + + align:start position:0% +potential which is surface potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential which is surface potential +divide by + + align:start position:0% +divide by + + + align:start position:0% +divide by +KBT okay and this gives me a way uh to + + align:start position:0% +KBT okay and this gives me a way uh to + + + align:start position:0% +KBT okay and this gives me a way uh to +actually Define this surface potential + + align:start position:0% +actually Define this surface potential + + + align:start position:0% +actually Define this surface potential +as a log and you can inverse + + align:start position:0% +as a log and you can inverse + + + align:start position:0% +as a log and you can inverse +that now what I would like to find is + + align:start position:0% +that now what I would like to find is + + + align:start position:0% +that now what I would like to find is +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +the uh potential electrostatic potential + + align:start position:0% +the uh potential electrostatic potential + + + align:start position:0% +the uh potential electrostatic potential +distribution in the double + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the double + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the double +layer okay so because I have a surface + + align:start position:0% +layer okay so because I have a surface + + + align:start position:0% +layer okay so because I have a surface +potential cosign from the + + align:start position:0% +potential cosign from the + + + align:start position:0% +potential cosign from the +surface on the surface right and then + + align:start position:0% +surface on the surface right and then + + + align:start position:0% +surface on the surface right and then +when I move away from the surface there + + align:start position:0% +when I move away from the surface there + + + align:start position:0% +when I move away from the surface there +will be a um a distribution because that + + align:start position:0% +will be a um a distribution because that + + + align:start position:0% +will be a um a distribution because that +that potential eventually will disappear + + align:start position:0% +that potential eventually will disappear + + + align:start position:0% +that potential eventually will disappear +and I want to say how thick is this + + align:start position:0% +and I want to say how thick is this + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to say how thick is this +layer is the electrical double layer so + + align:start position:0% +layer is the electrical double layer so + + + align:start position:0% +layer is the electrical double layer so +from the soling the distribution so the + + align:start position:0% +from the soling the distribution so the + + + align:start position:0% +from the soling the distribution so the +way I do it is the uh look into uh the + + align:start position:0% +way I do it is the uh look into uh the + + + align:start position:0% +way I do it is the uh look into uh the +person equation which is one of the four + + align:start position:0% +person equation which is one of the four + + + align:start position:0% +person equation which is one of the four +Max equations right so what we had in + + align:start position:0% +Max equations right so what we had in + + + align:start position:0% +Max equations right so what we had in +the max equation is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the displacement Divergence equals the + + align:start position:0% +the displacement Divergence equals the + + + align:start position:0% +the displacement Divergence equals the +Le + + align:start position:0% +Le + + + align:start position:0% +Le +charge per unit volume at local charge + + align:start position:0% +charge per unit volume at local charge + + + align:start position:0% +charge per unit volume at local charge +density that's what we uh we had + + align:start position:0% +density that's what we uh we had + + + align:start position:0% +density that's what we uh we had +before and uh + + align:start position:0% +before and uh + + + align:start position:0% +before and uh +d uh will be let me write the One D form + + align:start position:0% +d uh will be let me write the One D form + + + align:start position:0% +d uh will be let me write the One D form +I don't want to do uh too complicated so + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to do uh too complicated so + + + align:start position:0% +I don't want to do uh too complicated so +I will write + + align:start position:0% +I will write + + + align:start position:0% +I will write +Theon right or epsilon0 Epsilon R this + + align:start position:0% +Theon right or epsilon0 Epsilon R this + + + align:start position:0% +Theon right or epsilon0 Epsilon R this +is Theon R is relative dialectric + + align:start position:0% +is Theon R is relative dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +is Theon R is relative dialectric +constanton Z is dialectric constant + + align:start position:0% +constanton Z is dialectric constant + + + align:start position:0% +constanton Z is dialectric constant +vacuum together give + + align:start position:0% +vacuum together give + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum together give +meon and uh so this will be times the + + align:start position:0% +meon and uh so this will be times the + + + align:start position:0% +meon and uh so this will be times the +electric field right because D equals + + align:start position:0% +electric field right because D equals + + + align:start position:0% +electric field right because D equals +Epsilon time e electric field and so + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon time e electric field and so + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon time e electric field and so +electric field I use uh you should write + + align:start position:0% +electric field I use uh you should write + + + align:start position:0% +electric field I use uh you should write +like larger Epsilon I'm running out of + + align:start position:0% +like larger Epsilon I'm running out of + + + align:start position:0% +like larger Epsilon I'm running out of +symbols and DX equals z + + align:start position:0% +symbols and DX equals z + + + align:start position:0% +symbols and DX equals z +right and uh uh electric field is uh uh + + align:start position:0% +right and uh uh electric field is uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh uh electric field is uh uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +gradient of the electrostatic potential + + align:start position:0% +gradient of the electrostatic potential + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of the electrostatic potential +negative gradient right so I have really + + align:start position:0% +negative gradient right so I have really + + + align:start position:0% +negative gradient right so I have really +Epsilon Epsilon R the negative gradient + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon Epsilon R the negative gradient + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon Epsilon R the negative gradient +of electrostatic potential DX Square so + + align:start position:0% +of electrostatic potential DX Square so + + + align:start position:0% +of electrostatic potential DX Square so +that's on the left hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +that's on the left hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's on the left hand side of the +personone + + align:start position:0% +personone + + + align:start position:0% +personone +equation right on the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +equation right on the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +equation right on the right hand side +I need to write my + + align:start position:0% +I need to write my + + + align:start position:0% +I need to write my +charge so recall here is my solid and + + align:start position:0% +charge so recall here is my solid and + + + align:start position:0% +charge so recall here is my solid and +locally I have a electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +locally I have a electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +locally I have a electrostatic +potential right and given electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +potential right and given electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +potential right and given electrostatic +potential I know the energy is Q uh say + + align:start position:0% +potential I know the energy is Q uh say + + + align:start position:0% +potential I know the energy is Q uh say +uh uh in fact this is reverse sorry this + + align:start position:0% +uh uh in fact this is reverse sorry this + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh in fact this is reverse sorry this +is the Pai equals the energy time + + align:start position:0% +is the Pai equals the energy time + + + align:start position:0% +is the Pai equals the energy time +Q right so energy local + + align:start position:0% +Q right so energy local + + + align:start position:0% +Q right so energy local +uh energy is electrostatic energy is a q + + align:start position:0% +uh energy is electrostatic energy is a q + + + align:start position:0% +uh energy is electrostatic energy is a q +* + + align:start position:0% +* + + + align:start position:0% +* +Pine right and then no core bman + + align:start position:0% +Pine right and then no core bman + + + align:start position:0% +Pine right and then no core bman +statistical distribution for that + + align:start position:0% +statistical distribution for that + + + align:start position:0% +statistical distribution for that +species can be written uh as the let's + + align:start position:0% +species can be written uh as the let's + + + align:start position:0% +species can be written uh as the let's +say is I have a zi different species in + + align:start position:0% +say is I have a zi different species in + + + align:start position:0% +say is I have a zi different species in +the solution zi e so this is the for + + align:start position:0% +the solution zi e so this is the for + + + align:start position:0% +the solution zi e so this is the for +species I and uh per ion and the density + + align:start position:0% +species I and uh per ion and the density + + + align:start position:0% +species I and uh per ion and the density +of the ion + + align:start position:0% +of the ion + + + align:start position:0% +of the ion +zero means semi infinite way and now + + align:start position:0% +zero means semi infinite way and now + + + align:start position:0% +zero means semi infinite way and now +because locally I have a potential + + align:start position:0% +because locally I have a potential + + + align:start position:0% +because locally I have a potential +difference from the uh uh semi infinite + + align:start position:0% +difference from the uh uh semi infinite + + + align:start position:0% +difference from the uh uh semi infinite +so I have uh z i e plus I that's energy + + align:start position:0% +so I have uh z i e plus I that's energy + + + align:start position:0% +so I have uh z i e plus I that's energy +divide by + + align:start position:0% +divide by + + + align:start position:0% +divide by +KBT so this is the bman + + align:start position:0% +KBT so this is the bman + + + align:start position:0% +KBT so this is the bman +distribution bman distribution how many + + align:start position:0% +distribution bman distribution how many + + + align:start position:0% +distribution bman distribution how many +particles each particle carry this much + + align:start position:0% +particles each particle carry this much + + + align:start position:0% +particles each particle carry this much +charge and I sum up with all the species + + align:start position:0% +charge and I sum up with all the species + + + align:start position:0% +charge and I sum up with all the species +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +iron + + align:start position:0% +iron + + + align:start position:0% +iron +right and here I got the + + align:start position:0% +right and here I got the + + + align:start position:0% +right and here I got the +so-called uh + + align:start position:0% +so-called uh + + + align:start position:0% +so-called uh +person bman + + align:start position:0% +person bman + + + align:start position:0% +person bman +equation okay here we + + align:start position:0% +equation okay here we + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay here we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +person I don't want to write the + + align:start position:0% +person I don't want to write the + + + align:start position:0% +person I don't want to write the +poison how to write + + align:start position:0% +poison how to write + + + align:start position:0% +poison how to write +person two 2 s p o s okay okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bman right so solving this P Bine + + align:start position:0% +bman right so solving this P Bine + + + align:start position:0% +bman right so solving this P Bine +equation you should be able to obtain + + align:start position:0% +equation you should be able to obtain + + + align:start position:0% +equation you should be able to obtain +the local field electrostatic field + + align:start position:0% +the local field electrostatic field + + + align:start position:0% +the local field electrostatic field +distribution in the double layer and it + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the double layer and it + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the double layer and it +turns out uh this is not so easy to + + align:start position:0% +turns out uh this is not so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +turns out uh this is not so easy to +solve in fact you could solve um this + + align:start position:0% +solve in fact you could solve um this + + + align:start position:0% +solve in fact you could solve um this +problem more rousely and the first one + + align:start position:0% +problem more rousely and the first one + + + align:start position:0% +problem more rousely and the first one +was approximate + + align:start position:0% +was approximate + + + align:start position:0% +was approximate +solution and this first approximation + + align:start position:0% +solution and this first approximation + + + align:start position:0% +solution and this first approximation +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +by the buy it's called the the hle + + align:start position:0% +by the buy it's called the the hle + + + align:start position:0% +by the buy it's called the the hle +solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theory ah okay by H Theory and it's + + align:start position:0% +Theory ah okay by H Theory and it's + + + align:start position:0% +Theory ah okay by H Theory and it's +linearized so rather than using the + + align:start position:0% +linearized so rather than using the + + + align:start position:0% +linearized so rather than using the +exponential we will assume that + + align:start position:0% +exponential we will assume that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential we will assume that +exponential can be nalized and this + + align:start position:0% +exponential can be nalized and this + + + align:start position:0% +exponential can be nalized and this +happens when the exponent is small so + + align:start position:0% +happens when the exponent is small so + + + align:start position:0% +happens when the exponent is small so +when uh the potential is not large + + align:start position:0% +when uh the potential is not large + + + align:start position:0% +when uh the potential is not large +zi much less than + + align:start position:0% +zi much less than + + + align:start position:0% +zi much less than +KBT and remember + + align:start position:0% +KBT and remember + + + align:start position:0% +KBT and remember +KBT is of the order KBT is 20 6 M + + align:start position:0% +KBT is of the order KBT is 20 6 M + + + align:start position:0% +KBT is of the order KBT is 20 6 M +electon volts at room temperature so + + align:start position:0% +electon volts at room temperature so + + + align:start position:0% +electon volts at room temperature so +this in fact is a poor approximation and + + align:start position:0% +this in fact is a poor approximation and + + + align:start position:0% +this in fact is a poor approximation and +in most cases uh the surface potential + + align:start position:0% +in most cases uh the surface potential + + + align:start position:0% +in most cases uh the surface potential +will be larger in many cases that I know + + align:start position:0% +will be larger in many cases that I know + + + align:start position:0% +will be larger in many cases that I know +is larger than this value so it's not a + + align:start position:0% +is larger than this value so it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +is larger than this value so it's not a +very good one but they gives it very + + align:start position:0% +very good one but they gives it very + + + align:start position:0% +very good one but they gives it very +instructive because so because of this I + + align:start position:0% +instructive because so because of this I + + + align:start position:0% +instructive because so because of this I +can actually linearize it soilon R + + align:start position:0% +can actually linearize it soilon R + + + align:start position:0% +can actually linearize it soilon R +Epsilon D side D + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon D side D + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon D side D +x² and + + align:start position:0% +x² and + + + align:start position:0% +x² and +I so z i e and the real I I linearize so + + align:start position:0% +I so z i e and the real I I linearize so + + + align:start position:0% +I so z i e and the real I I linearize so +I get uh 1 z i e plus side and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +KBT + + align:start position:0% +KBT + + + align:start position:0% +KBT +right and uh infinite + + align:start position:0% +right and uh infinite + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh infinite +away away from the double + + align:start position:0% +away away from the double + + + align:start position:0% +away away from the double +lay I have a balance of negative and + + align:start position:0% +lay I have a balance of negative and + + + align:start position:0% +lay I have a balance of negative and +positive charge so that's neutrality so + + align:start position:0% +positive charge so that's neutrality so + + + align:start position:0% +positive charge so that's neutrality so +I have positive negative this this of + + align:start position:0% +I have positive negative this this of + + + align:start position:0% +I have positive negative this this of +the first term is actually + + align:start position:0% +the first term is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the first term is actually +zero right so what I have then on the + + align:start position:0% +zero right so what I have then on the + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so what I have then on the +left hand side if the first term is zero + + align:start position:0% +left hand side if the first term is zero + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side if the first term is zero +I can pull out the plus side I have I uh + + align:start position:0% +I can pull out the plus side I have I uh + + + align:start position:0% +I can pull out the plus side I have I uh +z i square e square and + + align:start position:0% +z i square e square and + + + align:start position:0% +z i square e square and +KBT and n0 + + align:start position:0% +KBT and n0 + + + align:start position:0% +KBT and n0 +I so now I actually get uh simple for + + align:start position:0% +I so now I actually get uh simple for + + + align:start position:0% +I so now I actually get uh simple for +second order differential equation for + + align:start position:0% +second order differential equation for + + + align:start position:0% +second order differential equation for +the potential distribution near the uh + + align:start position:0% +the potential distribution near the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the potential distribution near the uh +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +here right it's exponential decay + + align:start position:0% +here right it's exponential decay + + + align:start position:0% +here right it's exponential decay +function as you can see it's the second + + align:start position:0% +function as you can see it's the second + + + align:start position:0% +function as you can see it's the second +order this is a your constant if I + + align:start position:0% +order this is a your constant if I + + + align:start position:0% +order this is a your constant if I +divide the Epsilon z r to this side this + + align:start position:0% +divide the Epsilon z r to this side this + + + align:start position:0% +divide the Epsilon z r to this side this +is a constant for that exponential decay + + align:start position:0% +is a constant for that exponential decay + + + align:start position:0% +is a constant for that exponential decay +so what I have then the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential and what I I I really want to + + align:start position:0% +potential and what I I I really want to + + + align:start position:0% +potential and what I I I really want to +say this potential I should use because + + align:start position:0% +say this potential I should use because + + + align:start position:0% +say this potential I should use because +I'm dealing with the double layer I + + align:start position:0% +I'm dealing with the double layer I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm dealing with the double layer I +should not actually use P S I should use + + align:start position:0% +should not actually use P S I should use + + + align:start position:0% +should not actually use P S I should use +the poten potential at this point let's + + align:start position:0% +the poten potential at this point let's + + + align:start position:0% +the poten potential at this point let's +say s0 that's where I start looking into + + align:start position:0% +say s0 that's where I start looking into + + + align:start position:0% +say s0 that's where I start looking into +uh the Decay the defuse uh layer here uh + + align:start position:0% +uh the Decay the defuse uh layer here uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh the Decay the defuse uh layer here uh +so what I have here is IGN s0 + + align:start position:0% +so what I have here is IGN s0 + + + align:start position:0% +so what I have here is IGN s0 +exponential - x/ Delta and this + + align:start position:0% +exponential - x/ Delta and this + + + align:start position:0% +exponential - x/ Delta and this +Delta the uh inverse of this Delta is + + align:start position:0% +Delta the uh inverse of this Delta is + + + align:start position:0% +Delta the uh inverse of this Delta is +just the square root of what I've + + align:start position:0% +just the square root of what I've + + + align:start position:0% +just the square root of what I've +written here so the square root of + + align:start position:0% +written here so the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +written here so the square root of +i z i square e i e square and n0 + + align:start position:0% +i z i square e i e square and n0 + + + align:start position:0% +i z i square e i e square and n0 +I and epsilon0 Epson R + + align:start position:0% +I and epsilon0 Epson R + + + align:start position:0% +I and epsilon0 Epson R +KBT so this Delta itself Delta is called + + align:start position:0% +KBT so this Delta itself Delta is called + + + align:start position:0% +KBT so this Delta itself Delta is called +the vience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you go to look at the literature in + + align:start position:0% +and you go to look at the literature in + + + align:start position:0% +and you go to look at the literature in +semiconductor P + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor P + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor P +Junction the space charge region is the + + align:start position:0% +Junction the space charge region is the + + + align:start position:0% +Junction the space charge region is the +same expression in fact when you solve + + align:start position:0% +same expression in fact when you solve + + + align:start position:0% +same expression in fact when you solve +for the potential of a p Junction you + + align:start position:0% +for the potential of a p Junction you + + + align:start position:0% +for the potential of a p Junction you +solve the same person bman equation and + + align:start position:0% +solve the same person bman equation and + + + align:start position:0% +solve the same person bman equation and +you use this + + align:start position:0% +you use this + + + align:start position:0% +you use this +linearization you get a similar + + align:start position:0% +linearization you get a similar + + + align:start position:0% +linearization you get a similar +expression and that in is also called + + align:start position:0% +expression and that in is also called + + + align:start position:0% +expression and that in is also called +the B length in P + + align:start position:0% +the B length in P + + + align:start position:0% +the B length in P +Junction and uh the history is the + + align:start position:0% +Junction and uh the history is the + + + align:start position:0% +Junction and uh the history is the +electrochemical battery SE was long + + align:start position:0% +electrochemical battery SE was long + + + align:start position:0% +electrochemical battery SE was long +developed injunction right so you can + + align:start position:0% +developed injunction right so you can + + + align:start position:0% +developed injunction right so you can +see the + + align:start position:0% +see the + + + align:start position:0% +see the +solid devices actually use this concept + + align:start position:0% +solid devices actually use this concept + + + align:start position:0% +solid devices actually use this concept +that was devolved for the uh + + align:start position:0% +that was devolved for the uh + + + align:start position:0% +that was devolved for the uh +electrochemical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrochemistry okay so it will be + + align:start position:0% +electrochemistry okay so it will be + + + align:start position:0% +electrochemistry okay so it will be +interesting to see what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +interesting to see what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to see what does this mean +how thick is this the length right if I + + align:start position:0% +how thick is this the length right if I + + + align:start position:0% +how thick is this the length right if I +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +water I put some salt into it what's my + + align:start position:0% +water I put some salt into it what's my + + + align:start position:0% +water I put some salt into it what's my +D lens I should be able to estimate + + align:start position:0% +D lens I should be able to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +D lens I should be able to estimate +given the expression here let's take one + + align:start position:0% +given the expression here let's take one + + + align:start position:0% +given the expression here let's take one +example I'm going to put a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one gr of Sal uh salt sodium + + align:start position:0% +one gr of Sal uh salt sodium + + + align:start position:0% +one gr of Sal uh salt sodium +chloride and into water you put in one + + align:start position:0% +chloride and into water you put in one + + + align:start position:0% +chloride and into water you put in one +niter + + align:start position:0% +niter + + + align:start position:0% +niter +water 1 cubic liter one niter of + + align:start position:0% +water 1 cubic liter one niter of + + + align:start position:0% +water 1 cubic liter one niter of +water right and what I need to find out + + align:start position:0% +water right and what I need to find out + + + align:start position:0% +water right and what I need to find out +what's the solution infinite way what's + + align:start position:0% +what's the solution infinite way what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the solution infinite way what's +the equilibrium concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium concentration of the +ions you see concentration of the ions + + align:start position:0% +ions you see concentration of the ions + + + align:start position:0% +ions you see concentration of the ions +and just dialectric constant say + + align:start position:0% +and just dialectric constant say + + + align:start position:0% +and just dialectric constant say +dialectric + + align:start position:0% +dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +dialectric +constant right and this is a + + align:start position:0% +constant right and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +constant right and this is a +inverse so uh one could be liter uh uh + + align:start position:0% +inverse so uh one could be liter uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +inverse so uh one could be liter uh uh +say millimeter and the density of South + + align:start position:0% +say millimeter and the density of South + + + align:start position:0% +say millimeter and the density of South +is 2.5 so the density is + + align:start position:0% +is 2.5 so the density is + + + align:start position:0% +is 2.5 so the density is +2.5 uh gam + + align:start position:0% +2.5 uh gam + + + align:start position:0% +2.5 uh gam +per cubic cm so with this I will get + + align:start position:0% +per cubic cm so with this I will get + + + align:start position:0% +per cubic cm so with this I will get +what I have + + align:start position:0% +what I have + + + align:start position:0% +what I have +here is + + align:start position:0% +here is + + + align:start position:0% +here is +uh uh 10 to Theus + + align:start position:0% +uh uh 10 to Theus + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh 10 to Theus +3 uh so here is 10us 3 cubic cm + + align:start position:0% +3 uh so here is 10us 3 cubic cm + + + align:start position:0% +3 uh so here is 10us 3 cubic cm +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +2.5 g per cm and I have uh here what I + + align:start position:0% +2.5 g per cm and I have uh here what I + + + align:start position:0% +2.5 g per cm and I have uh here what I +have here this is a cenm uh no this is + + align:start position:0% +have here this is a cenm uh no this is + + + align:start position:0% +have here this is a cenm uh no this is +centimeter and I have + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and I have + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and I have +2.5 + + align:start position:0% +2.5 + + + align:start position:0% +2.5 +milligram + + align:start position:0% +milligram + + + align:start position:0% +milligram +right of + + align:start position:0% +right of + + + align:start position:0% +right of +sot and then uh how much is that in + + align:start position:0% +sot and then uh how much is that in + + + align:start position:0% +sot and then uh how much is that in +terms of more + + align:start position:0% +terms of more + + + align:start position:0% +terms of more +so I realize my notes has a 10 the minus + + align:start position:0% +so I realize my notes has a 10 the minus + + + align:start position:0% +so I realize my notes has a 10 the minus +3 order magnitude difference I forgot + + align:start position:0% +3 order magnitude difference I forgot + + + align:start position:0% +3 order magnitude difference I forgot +this so say they in terms of Mo is 2.5 + + align:start position:0% +this so say they in terms of Mo is 2.5 + + + align:start position:0% +this so say they in terms of Mo is 2.5 +10 Theus 3 + + align:start position:0% +10 Theus 3 + + + align:start position:0% +10 Theus 3 +G right and the molar mass of sodium + + align:start position:0% +G right and the molar mass of sodium + + + align:start position:0% +G right and the molar mass of sodium +chloride sodium is + + align:start position:0% +chloride sodium is + + + align:start position:0% +chloride sodium is +11 chloride 17 so total is 28 times a + + align:start position:0% +11 chloride 17 so total is 28 times a + + + align:start position:0% +11 chloride 17 so total is 28 times a +multiple factor of two that's my mol + + align:start position:0% +multiple factor of two that's my mol + + + align:start position:0% +multiple factor of two that's my mol +Mass so so here I have is uh + + align:start position:0% +Mass so so here I have is uh + + + align:start position:0% +Mass so so here I have is uh +56 um G per + + align:start position:0% +56 um G per + + + align:start position:0% +56 um G per +Mo and this will give + + align:start position:0% +Mo and this will give + + + align:start position:0% +Mo and this will give +me uh + + align:start position:0% +me uh + + + align:start position:0% +me uh +045 10 Theus + + align:start position:0% +045 10 Theus + + + align:start position:0% +045 10 Theus +3 um + + align:start position:0% +3 um + + + align:start position:0% +3 um +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +huh okay so this is a this is my more + + align:start position:0% +huh okay so this is a this is my more + + + align:start position:0% +huh okay so this is a this is my more +number and then uh I also know one more + + align:start position:0% +number and then uh I also know one more + + + align:start position:0% +number and then uh I also know one more +I have avagadro constant so I have how + + align:start position:0% +I have avagadro constant so I have how + + + align:start position:0% +I have avagadro constant so I have how +many ions inside right so what I have + + align:start position:0% +many ions inside right so what I have + + + align:start position:0% +many ions inside right so what I have +here I multiply avagadro constant n a + + align:start position:0% +here I multiply avagadro constant n a + + + align:start position:0% +here I multiply avagadro constant n a +which is this 6 10 to the Min uh + + align:start position:0% +which is this 6 10 to the Min uh + + + align:start position:0% +which is this 6 10 to the Min uh +positive 23 ions per + + align:start position:0% +positive 23 ions per + + + align:start position:0% +positive 23 ions per +mole so I have um this L of ions + + align:start position:0% +mole so I have um this L of ions + + + align:start position:0% +mole so I have um this L of ions +23 so I will get this of course the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay so the lumber density is per + + align:start position:0% +um okay so the lumber density is per + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so the lumber density is per +liter right so + + align:start position:0% +liter right so + + + align:start position:0% +liter right so +045 10us 3 * 6 10 + + align:start position:0% +045 10us 3 * 6 10 + + + align:start position:0% +045 10us 3 * 6 10 +23 that's the L of ions per liter is 10^ + + align:start position:0% +23 that's the L of ions per liter is 10^ + + + align:start position:0% +23 that's the L of ions per liter is 10^ +Theus 3 uh meter cubic + + align:start position:0% +Theus 3 uh meter cubic + + + align:start position:0% +Theus 3 uh meter cubic +meter and so this cancel and what I have + + align:start position:0% +meter and so this cancel and what I have + + + align:start position:0% +meter and so this cancel and what I have +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +27 10 to the uh 23 per cubic meter + + align:start position:0% +27 10 to the uh 23 per cubic meter + + + align:start position:0% +27 10 to the uh 23 per cubic meter +that's the K lambra Le right so if you + + align:start position:0% +that's the K lambra Le right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the K lambra Le right so if you +go to do this I think I my uh length + + align:start position:0% +go to do this I think I my uh length + + + align:start position:0% +go to do this I think I my uh length +here because this one what I have Delta + + align:start position:0% +here because this one what I have Delta + + + align:start position:0% +here because this one what I have Delta +cuz the uh dialectric constant water is + + align:start position:0% +cuz the uh dialectric constant water is + + + align:start position:0% +cuz the uh dialectric constant water is +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +80 right water is a very large + + align:start position:0% +80 right water is a very large + + + align:start position:0% +80 right water is a very large +dialectric constant if you go to a polar + + align:start position:0% +dialectric constant if you go to a polar + + + align:start position:0% +dialectric constant if you go to a polar +liquid right uh then the dialectric + + align:start position:0% +liquid right uh then the dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +liquid right uh then the dialectric +constant will be much + + align:start position:0% +constant will be much + + + align:start position:0% +constant will be much +smaller and uh uh the uh because of that + + align:start position:0% +smaller and uh uh the uh because of that + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and uh uh the uh because of that +it's actually much harder to + + align:start position:0% +it's actually much harder to + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually much harder to +put a iron into Polar liquid so it's + + align:start position:0% +put a iron into Polar liquid so it's + + + align:start position:0% +put a iron into Polar liquid so it's +water you can dissolve iron much easier + + align:start position:0% +water you can dissolve iron much easier + + + align:start position:0% +water you can dissolve iron much easier +because a large dialectric constant but + + align:start position:0% +because a large dialectric constant but + + + align:start position:0% +because a large dialectric constant but +anyway so if you do that what I have + + align:start position:0% +anyway so if you do that what I have + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so if you do that what I have +here originally at one .5 but here + + align:start position:0% +here originally at one .5 but here + + + align:start position:0% +here originally at one .5 but here +because I realize I missed this so it + + align:start position:0% +because I realize I missed this so it + + + align:start position:0% +because I realize I missed this so it +should be 10 to the 3 nomer you can go + + align:start position:0% +should be 10 to the 3 nomer you can go + + + align:start position:0% +should be 10 to the 3 nomer you can go +to check so this will give me 15 to 20 + + align:start position:0% +to check so this will give me 15 to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +to check so this will give me 15 to 20 +nmet uh tens of nmet yes for Z do you + + align:start position:0% +nmet uh tens of nmet yes for Z do you + + + align:start position:0% +nmet uh tens of nmet yes for Z do you +use the full nuclear charge or the scen + + align:start position:0% +use the full nuclear charge or the scen + + + align:start position:0% +use the full nuclear charge or the scen +nuclear charge + + align:start position:0% +nuclear charge + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear charge +uh I use the no I use the just the the + + align:start position:0% +uh I use the no I use the just the the + + + align:start position:0% +uh I use the no I use the just the the +valance uh uh here I so I should use the + + align:start position:0% +valance uh uh here I so I should use the + + + align:start position:0% +valance uh uh here I so I should use the +scre I use + + align:start position:0% +scre I use + + + align:start position:0% +scre I use +screen wait a second so what should I + + align:start position:0% +screen wait a second so what should I + + + align:start position:0% +screen wait a second so what should I +use uh Z if I think about it + + align:start position:0% +use uh Z if I think about it + + + align:start position:0% +use uh Z if I think about it +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +Z yeah it's a it's a it should use + + align:start position:0% +Z yeah it's a it's a it should use + + + align:start position:0% +Z yeah it's a it's a it should use +screen because it's a lead Le charge you + + align:start position:0% +screen because it's a lead Le charge you + + + align:start position:0% +screen because it's a lead Le charge you +have most of the ion uh the electrons is + + align:start position:0% +have most of the ion uh the electrons is + + + align:start position:0% +have most of the ion uh the electrons is +uh glow on to uh the nucle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I should use the charge of the mobile Le + + align:start position:0% +I should use the charge of the mobile Le + + + align:start position:0% +I should use the charge of the mobile Le +charge of the mobile + + align:start position:0% +charge of the mobile + + + align:start position:0% +charge of the mobile +ions okay so the point is you can say + + align:start position:0% +ions okay so the point is you can say + + + align:start position:0% +ions okay so the point is you can say +the typical the B length is of the order + + align:start position:0% +the typical the B length is of the order + + + align:start position:0% +the typical the B length is of the order +depends on how much how much s you put + + align:start position:0% +depends on how much how much s you put + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how much how much s you put +there of order of T nmet right you put + + align:start position:0% +there of order of T nmet right you put + + + align:start position:0% +there of order of T nmet right you put +the more south your the balance will be + + align:start position:0% +the more south your the balance will be + + + align:start position:0% +the more south your the balance will be +smaller and you put the less out your + + align:start position:0% +smaller and you put the less out your + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and you put the less out your +the balance will be longer so this is + + align:start position:0% +the balance will be longer so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the balance will be longer so this is +the influence of the uh electric Double + + align:start position:0% +the influence of the uh electric Double + + + align:start position:0% +the influence of the uh electric Double +L how far away they extend in the + + align:start position:0% +L how far away they extend in the + + + align:start position:0% +L how far away they extend in the +liquid and now once I have that then the + + align:start position:0% +liquid and now once I have that then the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and now once I have that then the +next question is this is a around a + + align:start position:0% +next question is this is a around a + + + align:start position:0% +next question is this is a around a +singular surface and uh what's the + + align:start position:0% +singular surface and uh what's the + + + align:start position:0% +singular surface and uh what's the +pressure right and what's the force + + align:start position:0% +pressure right and what's the force + + + align:start position:0% +pressure right and what's the force +between two + + align:start position:0% +between two + + + align:start position:0% +between two +surfaces so to understand that I can + + align:start position:0% +surfaces so to understand that I can + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces so to understand that I can +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +first uh if I have a double layer with + + align:start position:0% +first uh if I have a double layer with + + + align:start position:0% +first uh if I have a double layer with +this you can also use this as effective + + align:start position:0% +this you can also use this as effective + + + align:start position:0% +this you can also use this as effective +thickness for capacitor right the + + align:start position:0% +thickness for capacitor right the + + + align:start position:0% +thickness for capacitor right the +capacitor is positive negative charge + + align:start position:0% +capacitor is positive negative charge + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor is positive negative charge +and that's your effective thickness and + + align:start position:0% +and that's your effective thickness and + + + align:start position:0% +and that's your effective thickness and +the good thing is that with capacitor + + align:start position:0% +the good thing is that with capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +the good thing is that with capacitor +the difference between uh electric + + align:start position:0% +the difference between uh electric + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between uh electric +double layer and uh P + + align:start position:0% +double layer and uh P + + + align:start position:0% +double layer and uh P +Junction is that there really is no + + align:start position:0% +Junction is that there really is no + + + align:start position:0% +Junction is that there really is no +charge ions cannot get into the solid + + align:start position:0% +charge ions cannot get into the solid + + + align:start position:0% +charge ions cannot get into the solid +right pin Junction you have electrons + + align:start position:0% +right pin Junction you have electrons + + + align:start position:0% +right pin Junction you have electrons +you have holes they can combine so uh + + align:start position:0% +you have holes they can combine so uh + + + align:start position:0% +you have holes they can combine so uh +you seldom use a p Junction simple P + + align:start position:0% +you seldom use a p Junction simple P + + + align:start position:0% +you seldom use a p Junction simple P +Junction the store charge but you can + + align:start position:0% +Junction the store charge but you can + + + align:start position:0% +Junction the store charge but you can +use the electrical double layer to store + + align:start position:0% +use the electrical double layer to store + + + align:start position:0% +use the electrical double layer to store +charge for for the super capacitors + + align:start position:0% +charge for for the super capacitors + + + align:start position:0% +charge for for the super capacitors +right because and uh once the uh irons + + align:start position:0% +right because and uh once the uh irons + + + align:start position:0% +right because and uh once the uh irons +get into the solid you become a uh + + align:start position:0% +get into the solid you become a uh + + + align:start position:0% +get into the solid you become a uh +chemical reaction that's your battery + + align:start position:0% +chemical reaction that's your battery + + + align:start position:0% +chemical reaction that's your battery +there your battery actually is the iron + + align:start position:0% +there your battery actually is the iron + + + align:start position:0% +there your battery actually is the iron +gets into into to the uh electrode + + align:start position:0% +gets into into to the uh electrode + + + align:start position:0% +gets into into to the uh electrode +right so what we have here let's look at + + align:start position:0% +right so what we have here let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we have here let's look at +the pressure so I have for example I + + align:start position:0% +the pressure so I have for example I + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure so I have for example I +have negative I on the surface I have + + align:start position:0% +have negative I on the surface I have + + + align:start position:0% +have negative I on the surface I have +counter and positive and they will + + align:start position:0% +counter and positive and they will + + + align:start position:0% +counter and positive and they will +attract each other right so I have + + align:start position:0% +attract each other right so I have + + + align:start position:0% +attract each other right so I have +attractive force and if I have Force + + align:start position:0% +attractive force and if I have Force + + + align:start position:0% +attractive force and if I have Force +unless I have counter Force otherwise + + align:start position:0% +unless I have counter Force otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +unless I have counter Force otherwise +all the sign should go to the plate + + align:start position:0% +all the sign should go to the plate + + + align:start position:0% +all the sign should go to the plate +right they will move so I got to have a + + align:start position:0% +right they will move so I got to have a + + + align:start position:0% +right they will move so I got to have a +counter Force the counter force is the + + align:start position:0% +counter Force the counter force is the + + + align:start position:0% +counter Force the counter force is the +pressure I have generated in the double + + align:start position:0% +pressure I have generated in the double + + + align:start position:0% +pressure I have generated in the double +layer so I have a pressure I can think + + align:start position:0% +layer so I have a pressure I can think + + + align:start position:0% +layer so I have a pressure I can think +this is a p this is p x plus + + align:start position:0% +this is a p this is p x plus + + + align:start position:0% +this is a p this is p x plus +DX and this is a DX + + align:start position:0% +DX and this is a DX + + + align:start position:0% +DX and this is a DX +right uh so the balance of this pressure + + align:start position:0% +right uh so the balance of this pressure + + + align:start position:0% +right uh so the balance of this pressure +force is against the electrostatic force + + align:start position:0% +force is against the electrostatic force + + + align:start position:0% +force is against the electrostatic force +so I write the force balance and the + + align:start position:0% +so I write the force balance and the + + + align:start position:0% +so I write the force balance and the +force balance will tell me this is a DP + + align:start position:0% +force balance will tell me this is a DP + + + align:start position:0% +force balance will tell me this is a DP +DX and negative uh and plus the density + + align:start position:0% +DX and negative uh and plus the density + + + align:start position:0% +DX and negative uh and plus the density +of the uh + + align:start position:0% +of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh +charge times the uh electric field on + + align:start position:0% +charge times the uh electric field on + + + align:start position:0% +charge times the uh electric field on +the charge is + + align:start position:0% +the charge is + + + align:start position:0% +the charge is +D DX and this should balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it right so this is the force balance + + align:start position:0% +it right so this is the force balance + + + align:start position:0% +it right so this is the force balance +and uh of course now I have the solution + + align:start position:0% +and uh of course now I have the solution + + + align:start position:0% +and uh of course now I have the solution +for the uh in fact you can use the uh + + align:start position:0% +for the uh in fact you can use the uh + + + align:start position:0% +for the uh in fact you can use the uh +original uh integ uh pign BMA say person + + align:start position:0% +original uh integ uh pign BMA say person + + + align:start position:0% +original uh integ uh pign BMA say person +BMA equation you can write this as + + align:start position:0% +BMA equation you can write this as + + + align:start position:0% +BMA equation you can write this as +DP equals mass D plusi because you can + + align:start position:0% +DP equals mass D plusi because you can + + + align:start position:0% +DP equals mass D plusi because you can +integrate DX directly get rid of it and + + align:start position:0% +integrate DX directly get rid of it and + + + align:start position:0% +integrate DX directly get rid of it and +the charge density is i z i e n0 i + + align:start position:0% +the charge density is i z i e n0 i + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density is i z i e n0 i +exponential minus Epsilon uh no z i e z + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus Epsilon uh no z i e z + + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus Epsilon uh no z i e z +i e sign and K + + align:start position:0% +i e sign and K + + + align:start position:0% +i e sign and K +BT so in this case I do not this is just + + align:start position:0% +BT so in this case I do not this is just + + + align:start position:0% +BT so in this case I do not this is just +the charge density are written in the uh + + align:start position:0% +the charge density are written in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density are written in the uh +right hand side of some BO equation I + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of some BO equation I + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of some BO equation I +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +integrate uh without any approximation + + align:start position:0% +integrate uh without any approximation + + + align:start position:0% +integrate uh without any approximation +in this case and if you do a integration + + align:start position:0% +in this case and if you do a integration + + + align:start position:0% +in this case and if you do a integration +I get a p at the xus p uh at the + + align:start position:0% +I get a p at the xus p uh at the + + + align:start position:0% +I get a p at the xus p uh at the +infinite I integrate to infinite and + + align:start position:0% +infinite I integrate to infinite and + + + align:start position:0% +infinite I integrate to infinite and +infinite way this is the concentration + + align:start position:0% +infinite way this is the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +infinite way this is the concentration +is n Zer I so I will have Sigma I and + + align:start position:0% +is n Zer I so I will have Sigma I and + + + align:start position:0% +is n Zer I so I will have Sigma I and +KBT and N + + align:start position:0% +KBT and N + + + align:start position:0% +KBT and N +IX minus n0 + + align:start position:0% +IX minus n0 + + + align:start position:0% +IX minus n0 +I so if you look at this and uh you can + + align:start position:0% +I so if you look at this and uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +I so if you look at this and uh you can +think this as this negative so I have + + align:start position:0% +think this as this negative so I have + + + align:start position:0% +think this as this negative so I have +positive ions here prepped and I have + + align:start position:0% +positive ions here prepped and I have + + + align:start position:0% +positive ions here prepped and I have +more positive ions than infinite we so + + align:start position:0% +more positive ions than infinite we so + + + align:start position:0% +more positive ions than infinite we so +this term is positive so what it means + + align:start position:0% +this term is positive so what it means + + + align:start position:0% +this term is positive so what it means +is the pressure is positive is is higher + + align:start position:0% +is the pressure is positive is is higher + + + align:start position:0% +is the pressure is positive is is higher +in the double layer than higher than the + + align:start position:0% +in the double layer than higher than the + + + align:start position:0% +in the double layer than higher than the +pressure away from the double + + align:start position:0% +pressure away from the double + + + align:start position:0% +pressure away from the double +layer okay and now when I have two + + align:start position:0% +layer okay and now when I have two + + + align:start position:0% +layer okay and now when I have two +surfaces because I want to look + + align:start position:0% +surfaces because I want to look + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces because I want to look +at right I have direct Force interaction + + align:start position:0% +at right I have direct Force interaction + + + align:start position:0% +at right I have direct Force interaction +that's one force or casm force in + + align:start position:0% +that's one force or casm force in + + + align:start position:0% +that's one force or casm force in +Direction between the two surfaces + + align:start position:0% +Direction between the two surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +Direction between the two surfaces +that's what we discussed before and now + + align:start position:0% +that's what we discussed before and now + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we discussed before and now +because the pressure in the double layer + + align:start position:0% +because the pressure in the double layer + + + align:start position:0% +because the pressure in the double layer +is positive so when I bring the two + + align:start position:0% +is positive so when I bring the two + + + align:start position:0% +is positive so when I bring the two +surfaces very close + + align:start position:0% +surfaces very close + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces very close +the pressure is positive inside you will + + align:start position:0% +the pressure is positive inside you will + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure is positive inside you will +repulse the two + + align:start position:0% +repulse the two + + + align:start position:0% +repulse the two +surface so I have a repulsion force that + + align:start position:0% +surface so I have a repulsion force that + + + align:start position:0% +surface so I have a repulsion force that +could balance the attraction + + align:start position:0% +could balance the attraction + + + align:start position:0% +could balance the attraction +Force right so this is the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Force right so this is the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Force right so this is the uh uh +repulsive force due to the electric + + align:start position:0% +repulsive force due to the electric + + + align:start position:0% +repulsive force due to the electric +double layer now with that I can now + + align:start position:0% +double layer now with that I can now + + + align:start position:0% +double layer now with that I can now +start thinking about when I put a liquid + + align:start position:0% +start thinking about when I put a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +start thinking about when I put a liquid +a particles into liquid when they are + + align:start position:0% +a particles into liquid when they are + + + align:start position:0% +a particles into liquid when they are +stable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have attractive one ver + + align:start position:0% +have attractive one ver + + + align:start position:0% +have attractive one ver +force and I have + + align:start position:0% +force and I have + + + align:start position:0% +force and I have +also uh repulsive + + align:start position:0% +also uh repulsive + + + align:start position:0% +also uh repulsive +electrostatic the double Air Force here + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic the double Air Force here + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic the double Air Force here +so I have in terms of the separation of + + align:start position:0% +so I have in terms of the separation of + + + align:start position:0% +so I have in terms of the separation of +the two particles + + align:start position:0% +the two particles + + + align:start position:0% +the two particles +right in a + + align:start position:0% +right in a + + + align:start position:0% +right in a +liquid when they get getting closer to + + align:start position:0% +liquid when they get getting closer to + + + align:start position:0% +liquid when they get getting closer to +closer that's one verse + + align:start position:0% +closer that's one verse + + + align:start position:0% +closer that's one verse +Force right and when they are getting + + align:start position:0% +Force right and when they are getting + + + align:start position:0% +Force right and when they are getting +closer together the pressure in between + + align:start position:0% +closer together the pressure in between + + + align:start position:0% +closer together the pressure in between +the liquid due to Electric double layer + + align:start position:0% +the liquid due to Electric double layer + + + align:start position:0% +the liquid due to Electric double layer +increases and that's a + + align:start position:0% +increases and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +increases and that's a +repulsive so this is the + + align:start position:0% +repulsive so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +repulsive so this is the +potential from the force to + + align:start position:0% +potential from the force to + + + align:start position:0% +potential from the force to +potential and you superimpose the two + + align:start position:0% +potential and you superimpose the two + + + align:start position:0% +potential and you superimpose the two +and you say which one + + align:start position:0% +and you say which one + + + align:start position:0% +and you say which one +wins and if the one force is very strong + + align:start position:0% +wins and if the one force is very strong + + + align:start position:0% +wins and if the one force is very strong +WR you will be just attract to each + + align:start position:0% +WR you will be just attract to each + + + align:start position:0% +WR you will be just attract to each +other and uh so what do you want so if I + + align:start position:0% +other and uh so what do you want so if I + + + align:start position:0% +other and uh so what do you want so if I +do the superposition of the two forces + + align:start position:0% +do the superposition of the two forces + + + align:start position:0% +do the superposition of the two forces +you could have different scenarios and + + align:start position:0% +you could have different scenarios and + + + align:start position:0% +you could have different scenarios and +one scenario + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is like + + align:start position:0% +is like + + + align:start position:0% +is like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +right and here is the uh onee force and + + align:start position:0% +right and here is the uh onee force and + + + align:start position:0% +right and here is the uh onee force and +then uh the repulse + + align:start position:0% +then uh the repulse + + + align:start position:0% +then uh the repulse +potential due to the electrostatic when + + align:start position:0% +potential due to the electrostatic when + + + align:start position:0% +potential due to the electrostatic when +they getting really + + align:start position:0% +they getting really + + + align:start position:0% +they getting really +close this B Force once again so it + + align:start position:0% +close this B Force once again so it + + + align:start position:0% +close this B Force once again so it +start to attract each other and now if + + align:start position:0% +start to attract each other and now if + + + align:start position:0% +start to attract each other and now if +you look at the uh the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the uh the +situation the particle tends to stay to + + align:start position:0% +situation the particle tends to stay to + + + align:start position:0% +situation the particle tends to stay to +minimum right minimum energy point and + + align:start position:0% +minimum right minimum energy point and + + + align:start position:0% +minimum right minimum energy point and +there are different scenario one minimum + + align:start position:0% +there are different scenario one minimum + + + align:start position:0% +there are different scenario one minimum +is here and the absolute minimum is here + + align:start position:0% +is here and the absolute minimum is here + + + align:start position:0% +is here and the absolute minimum is here +right and this minimum if the potential + + align:start position:0% +right and this minimum if the potential + + + align:start position:0% +right and this minimum if the potential +barrier here is much larger than the + + align:start position:0% +barrier here is much larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +barrier here is much larger than the +KT then you actually have a coite stable + + align:start position:0% +KT then you actually have a coite stable + + + align:start position:0% +KT then you actually have a coite stable +koid is a coite + + align:start position:0% +koid is a coite + + + align:start position:0% +koid is a coite +stable right it can stay this way keep a + + align:start position:0% +stable right it can stay this way keep a + + + align:start position:0% +stable right it can stay this way keep a +distance between the + + align:start position:0% +distance between the + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the +particles and uh until somehow you force + + align:start position:0% +particles and uh until somehow you force + + + align:start position:0% +particles and uh until somehow you force +them much + + align:start position:0% +them much + + + align:start position:0% +them much +closer right so this is the uh um + + align:start position:0% +closer right so this is the uh um + + + align:start position:0% +closer right so this is the uh um +different scenario you can have + + align:start position:0% +different scenario you can have + + + align:start position:0% +different scenario you can have +have that will push the particle + + align:start position:0% +have that will push the particle + + + align:start position:0% +have that will push the particle +away and or you could have + + align:start position:0% +away and or you could have + + + align:start position:0% +away and or you could have +this the one bar is just for wins right + + align:start position:0% +this the one bar is just for wins right + + + align:start position:0% +this the one bar is just for wins right +and in this case you never get a + + align:start position:0% +and in this case you never get a + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case you never get a +stability I wasn't sure whether you in + + align:start position:0% +stability I wasn't sure whether you in + + + align:start position:0% +stability I wasn't sure whether you in +this case you can get stability because + + align:start position:0% +this case you can get stability because + + + align:start position:0% +this case you can get stability because +this time consider only two bers maybe + + align:start position:0% +this time consider only two bers maybe + + + align:start position:0% +this time consider only two bers maybe +it all push to the boundaries of the + + align:start position:0% +it all push to the boundaries of the + + + align:start position:0% +it all push to the boundaries of the +container + + align:start position:0% +container + + + align:start position:0% +container +right and uh so this one is the real say + + align:start position:0% +right and uh so this one is the real say + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh so this one is the real say +because I say met stable State and + + align:start position:0% +because I say met stable State and + + + align:start position:0% +because I say met stable State and +that's when you you want to use the + + align:start position:0% +that's when you you want to use the + + + align:start position:0% +that's when you you want to use the +electrostatic uh method to stabilize the + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic uh method to stabilize the + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic uh method to stabilize the +chids and in that case you + + align:start position:0% +chids and in that case you + + + align:start position:0% +chids and in that case you +know right if you want to destabilize it + + align:start position:0% +know right if you want to destabilize it + + + align:start position:0% +know right if you want to destabilize it +you add the drop + + align:start position:0% +you add the drop + + + align:start position:0% +you add the drop +salt you will just fall to the bottom + + align:start position:0% +salt you will just fall to the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +salt you will just fall to the bottom +you change your electrostatic + + align:start position:0% +you change your electrostatic + + + align:start position:0% +you change your electrostatic +potential and there are different ways + + align:start position:0% +potential and there are different ways + + + align:start position:0% +potential and there are different ways +there are other ways uh so this is when + + align:start position:0% +there are other ways uh so this is when + + + align:start position:0% +there are other ways uh so this is when +you deal with ionic solution you do it's + + align:start position:0% +you deal with ionic solution you do it's + + + align:start position:0% +you deal with ionic solution you do it's +much easier and when you do with a + + align:start position:0% +much easier and when you do with a + + + align:start position:0% +much easier and when you do with a +nonpolar solution where you cannot just + + align:start position:0% +nonpolar solution where you cannot just + + + align:start position:0% +nonpolar solution where you cannot just +the ions concentration the solution it's + + align:start position:0% +the ions concentration the solution it's + + + align:start position:0% +the ions concentration the solution it's +much more difficult and in that case + + align:start position:0% +much more difficult and in that case + + + align:start position:0% +much more difficult and in that case +what you do is you uh for example wrap + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you uh for example wrap + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you uh for example wrap +the uh uh surface of the particle with + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh surface of the particle with + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh surface of the particle with +uh um polymers and then you use the + + align:start position:0% +uh um polymers and then you use the + + + align:start position:0% +uh um polymers and then you use the +configurational + + align:start position:0% +configurational + + + align:start position:0% +configurational +repulsion and uh say people call uh + + align:start position:0% +repulsion and uh say people call uh + + + align:start position:0% +repulsion and uh say people call uh +different there there are different way + + align:start position:0% +different there there are different way + + + align:start position:0% +different there there are different way +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +forces uh in this case to stabilize the + + align:start position:0% +forces uh in this case to stabilize the + + + align:start position:0% +forces uh in this case to stabilize the +solution so using this is a surfacant + + align:start position:0% +solution so using this is a surfacant + + + align:start position:0% +solution so using this is a surfacant +way to + + align:start position:0% +way to + + + align:start position:0% +way to +stabilize and in fact I was thinking uh + + align:start position:0% +stabilize and in fact I was thinking uh + + + align:start position:0% +stabilize and in fact I was thinking uh +even this morning uh whether the surf + + align:start position:0% +even this morning uh whether the surf + + + align:start position:0% +even this morning uh whether the surf +factant how to I haven't check I have to + + align:start position:0% +factant how to I haven't check I have to + + + align:start position:0% +factant how to I haven't check I have to +say I haven't checked the literature + + align:start position:0% +say I haven't checked the literature + + + align:start position:0% +say I haven't checked the literature +people use a in Tropic energy or that to + + align:start position:0% +people use a in Tropic energy or that to + + + align:start position:0% +people use a in Tropic energy or that to +explain it I was just thinking whether + + align:start position:0% +explain it I was just thinking whether + + + align:start position:0% +explain it I was just thinking whether +one could still go to modify the uh ni + + align:start position:0% +one could still go to modify the uh ni + + + align:start position:0% +one could still go to modify the uh ni +ni Theory and somehow uh whether this + + align:start position:0% +ni Theory and somehow uh whether this + + + align:start position:0% +ni Theory and somehow uh whether this +polymer can introduce repulsion just + + align:start position:0% +polymer can introduce repulsion just + + + align:start position:0% +polymer can introduce repulsion just +like we say you you can have a repulsive + + align:start position:0% +like we say you you can have a repulsive + + + align:start position:0% +like we say you you can have a repulsive +Force if the dialectric constant of the + + align:start position:0% +Force if the dialectric constant of the + + + align:start position:0% +Force if the dialectric constant of the +mediums are different but I wasn't sure + + align:start position:0% +mediums are different but I wasn't sure + + + align:start position:0% +mediums are different but I wasn't sure +I didn't I acknowledge I didn't check + + align:start position:0% +I didn't I acknowledge I didn't check + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't I acknowledge I didn't check +literature okay so that's the basics uh + + align:start position:0% +literature okay so that's the basics uh + + + align:start position:0% +literature okay so that's the basics uh +with the electric double layer and if + + align:start position:0% +with the electric double layer and if + + + align:start position:0% +with the electric double layer and if +you do micropolitics or nanop fics you + + align:start position:0% +you do micropolitics or nanop fics you + + + align:start position:0% +you do micropolitics or nanop fics you +know that people have used the electric + + align:start position:0% +know that people have used the electric + + + align:start position:0% +know that people have used the electric +dou a when you deal with liquid this is + + align:start position:0% +dou a when you deal with liquid this is + + + align:start position:0% +dou a when you deal with liquid this is +where there a lot of Technology advances + + align:start position:0% +where there a lot of Technology advances + + + align:start position:0% +where there a lot of Technology advances +in the past and people using the uh + + align:start position:0% +in the past and people using the uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the past and people using the uh +electric dare to do uh uh to make + + align:start position:0% +electric dare to do uh uh to make + + + align:start position:0% +electric dare to do uh uh to make +devices and one of this well established + + align:start position:0% +devices and one of this well established + + + align:start position:0% +devices and one of this well established +is uh this is long before micronano + + align:start position:0% +is uh this is long before micronano + + + align:start position:0% +is uh this is long before micronano +technology okay that's the electro + + align:start position:0% +technology okay that's the electro + + + align:start position:0% +technology okay that's the electro +osmosis right and uh uh or electr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forcs + + align:start position:0% +forcs + + + align:start position:0% +forcs +first electr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foric and uh the fadic is always some + + align:start position:0% +foric and uh the fadic is always some + + + align:start position:0% +foric and uh the fadic is always some +particles is moving solid is + + align:start position:0% +particles is moving solid is + + + align:start position:0% +particles is moving solid is +moving and when we have electrooptic + + align:start position:0% +moving and when we have electrooptic + + + align:start position:0% +moving and when we have electrooptic +what I mean is I have particles I put it + + align:start position:0% +what I mean is I have particles I put it + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean is I have particles I put it +in a liquid I say uh ionic liquid and + + align:start position:0% +in a liquid I say uh ionic liquid and + + + align:start position:0% +in a liquid I say uh ionic liquid and +the particle will of course have + + align:start position:0% +the particle will of course have + + + align:start position:0% +the particle will of course have +absorbed the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ions right and then say the surrounding + + align:start position:0% +ions right and then say the surrounding + + + align:start position:0% +ions right and then say the surrounding +has counter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ions and + + align:start position:0% +ions and + + + align:start position:0% +ions and +effectively when I apply a electric + + align:start position:0% +effectively when I apply a electric + + + align:start position:0% +effectively when I apply a electric +field on the particle they will move + + align:start position:0% +field on the particle they will move + + + align:start position:0% +field on the particle they will move +depends on the lead imbalance right so + + align:start position:0% +depends on the lead imbalance right so + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the lead imbalance right so +effective this particle is like charge + + align:start position:0% +effective this particle is like charge + + + align:start position:0% +effective this particle is like charge +particle and I give electric field the + + align:start position:0% +particle and I give electric field the + + + align:start position:0% +particle and I give electric field the +particle move right and of course the + + align:start position:0% +particle move right and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +particle move right and of course the +motion is a BAL balance of the driving + + align:start position:0% +motion is a BAL balance of the driving + + + align:start position:0% +motion is a BAL balance of the driving +force which is the electro static Force + + align:start position:0% +force which is the electro static Force + + + align:start position:0% +force which is the electro static Force +the charge times electric field balance + + align:start position:0% +the charge times electric field balance + + + align:start position:0% +the charge times electric field balance +the Dr Force which is a typical small + + align:start position:0% +the Dr Force which is a typical small + + + align:start position:0% +the Dr Force which is a typical small +particle you can use this stocks + + align:start position:0% +particle you can use this stocks + + + align:start position:0% +particle you can use this stocks +expression right so if I do uh this uh + + align:start position:0% +expression right so if I do uh this uh + + + align:start position:0% +expression right so if I do uh this uh +uh apply a electric field and in fact + + align:start position:0% +uh apply a electric field and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +uh apply a electric field and in fact +you can say depends on whether it's a + + align:start position:0% +you can say depends on whether it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you can say depends on whether it's a +positive or negative charge it can go + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative charge it can go + + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative charge it can go +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +directions right surface charge so with + + align:start position:0% +directions right surface charge so with + + + align:start position:0% +directions right surface charge so with +that you can tell whether your surface + + align:start position:0% +that you can tell whether your surface + + + align:start position:0% +that you can tell whether your surface +of the solid is charged positive or + + align:start position:0% +of the solid is charged positive or + + + align:start position:0% +of the solid is charged positive or +negatively and uh even though say + + align:start position:0% +negatively and uh even though say + + + align:start position:0% +negatively and uh even though say +they're surrounding charge moving with + + align:start position:0% +they're surrounding charge moving with + + + align:start position:0% +they're surrounding charge moving with +it in liquid but there a lead charge + + align:start position:0% +it in liquid but there a lead charge + + + align:start position:0% +it in liquid but there a lead charge +difference right so I have then say I do + + align:start position:0% +difference right so I have then say I do + + + align:start position:0% +difference right so I have then say I do +the balance is 3 Pi mu D * velocity + + align:start position:0% +the balance is 3 Pi mu D * velocity + + + align:start position:0% +the balance is 3 Pi mu D * velocity +That's The Strokes + + align:start position:0% +That's The Strokes + + + align:start position:0% +That's The Strokes +force and then I have the uh the charge + + align:start position:0% +force and then I have the uh the charge + + + align:start position:0% +force and then I have the uh the charge +on the surface Q * the electric field + + align:start position:0% +on the surface Q * the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +on the surface Q * the electric field +and this gives me the velocity I can + + align:start position:0% +and this gives me the velocity I can + + + align:start position:0% +and this gives me the velocity I can +easily uh Q times electric field apply + + align:start position:0% +easily uh Q times electric field apply + + + align:start position:0% +easily uh Q times electric field apply +and 3 Pi mu + + align:start position:0% +and 3 Pi mu + + + align:start position:0% +and 3 Pi mu +d right you use this to for example you + + align:start position:0% +d right you use this to for example you + + + align:start position:0% +d right you use this to for example you +can measure the velocity of the parle + + align:start position:0% +can measure the velocity of the parle + + + align:start position:0% +can measure the velocity of the parle +moving you can use that to do your parle + + align:start position:0% +moving you can use that to do your parle + + + align:start position:0% +moving you can use that to do your parle +sizing or you can also use that so say + + align:start position:0% +sizing or you can also use that so say + + + align:start position:0% +sizing or you can also use that so say +most of the time people actually use + + align:start position:0% +most of the time people actually use + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time people actually use +this to determine the Que + + align:start position:0% +this to determine the Que + + + align:start position:0% +this to determine the Que +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +surface right and the + + align:start position:0% +surface right and the + + + align:start position:0% +surface right and the +Q uh is this one is not the surface + + align:start position:0% +Q uh is this one is not the surface + + + align:start position:0% +Q uh is this one is not the surface +potential because it's a l surface right + + align:start position:0% +potential because it's a l surface right + + + align:start position:0% +potential because it's a l surface right +because it has if I the particle is + + align:start position:0% +because it has if I the particle is + + + align:start position:0% +because it has if I the particle is +negative charge there surrounding also + + align:start position:0% +negative charge there surrounding also + + + align:start position:0% +negative charge there surrounding also +positive charge that areh here to the + + align:start position:0% +positive charge that areh here to the + + + align:start position:0% +positive charge that areh here to the +surface and there are some sheer there's + + align:start position:0% +surface and there are some sheer there's + + + align:start position:0% +surface and there are some sheer there's +some mobile charges still moving with it + + align:start position:0% +some mobile charges still moving with it + + + align:start position:0% +some mobile charges still moving with it +so effectively you are really is looking + + align:start position:0% +so effectively you are really is looking + + + align:start position:0% +so effectively you are really is looking +at the that charge in a certain + + align:start position:0% +at the that charge in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +at the that charge in a certain +sphere that effective is moving with the + + align:start position:0% +sphere that effective is moving with the + + + align:start position:0% +sphere that effective is moving with the +solid right and this uh potential you + + align:start position:0% +solid right and this uh potential you + + + align:start position:0% +solid right and this uh potential you +can go to say what's the effective + + align:start position:0% +can go to say what's the effective + + + align:start position:0% +can go to say what's the effective +potential that's your Zeta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential that's uh uh Zeta potential is + + align:start position:0% +potential that's uh uh Zeta potential is + + + align:start position:0% +potential that's uh uh Zeta potential is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +q and 2 pi epon 0on R and uh + + align:start position:0% +q and 2 pi epon 0on R and uh + + + align:start position:0% +q and 2 pi epon 0on R and uh +approximately is the thickness of the + + align:start position:0% +approximately is the thickness of the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately is the thickness of the +the layer and the D is diameter over two + + align:start position:0% +the layer and the D is diameter over two + + + align:start position:0% +the layer and the D is diameter over two +so when this is much larger than the + + align:start position:0% +so when this is much larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +so when this is much larger than the +diameter you can see uh that the + + align:start position:0% +diameter you can see uh that the + + + align:start position:0% +diameter you can see uh that the +measuring seta potential is effective + + align:start position:0% +measuring seta potential is effective + + + align:start position:0% +measuring seta potential is effective +you know it's measuring the L of + + align:start position:0% +you know it's measuring the L of + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's measuring the L of +charge okay so this is the electr foric + + align:start position:0% +charge okay so this is the electr foric + + + align:start position:0% +charge okay so this is the electr foric +flow where you use the field to drive + + align:start position:0% +flow where you use the field to drive + + + align:start position:0% +flow where you use the field to drive +the uh uh particle motion and people + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh particle motion and people + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh particle motion and people +have you have you can actually buy + + align:start position:0% +have you have you can actually buy + + + align:start position:0% +have you have you can actually buy +commercial equipment that's the for + + align:start position:0% +commercial equipment that's the for + + + align:start position:0% +commercial equipment that's the for +example the measure the Z potential + + align:start position:0% +example the measure the Z potential + + + align:start position:0% +example the measure the Z potential +pretty much based on this + + align:start position:0% +pretty much based on this + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much based on this +principle and uh the uh other situation + + align:start position:0% +principle and uh the uh other situation + + + align:start position:0% +principle and uh the uh other situation +is let's suppose you want to use + + align:start position:0% +is let's suppose you want to use + + + align:start position:0% +is let's suppose you want to use +electric field to drive a flu flow in + + align:start position:0% +electric field to drive a flu flow in + + + align:start position:0% +electric field to drive a flu flow in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +channel right and uh if you have + + align:start position:0% +channel right and uh if you have + + + align:start position:0% +channel right and uh if you have +solid you have a liquid + + align:start position:0% +solid you have a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +solid you have a liquid +inside and uh uh you have uh in this + + align:start position:0% +inside and uh uh you have uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +inside and uh uh you have uh in this +case if you apply a voltage electric + + align:start position:0% +case if you apply a voltage electric + + + align:start position:0% +case if you apply a voltage electric +field in the flow in the actual + + align:start position:0% +field in the flow in the actual + + + align:start position:0% +field in the flow in the actual +Direction and now what happens is of + + align:start position:0% +Direction and now what happens is of + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and now what happens is of +course you have uh fixed ions that do + + align:start position:0% +course you have uh fixed ions that do + + + align:start position:0% +course you have uh fixed ions that do +not move you have then double + + align:start position:0% +not move you have then double + + + align:start position:0% +not move you have then double +layer ions that's + + align:start position:0% +layer ions that's + + + align:start position:0% +layer ions that's +mobile and this double A of course is + + align:start position:0% +mobile and this double A of course is + + + align:start position:0% +mobile and this double A of course is +only near the surface right so if we + + align:start position:0% +only near the surface right so if we + + + align:start position:0% +only near the surface right so if we +apply a electric field this double layer + + align:start position:0% +apply a electric field this double layer + + + align:start position:0% +apply a electric field this double layer +will move let's suppose in the this are + + align:start position:0% +will move let's suppose in the this are + + + align:start position:0% +will move let's suppose in the this are +the positive charge double layer and + + align:start position:0% +the positive charge double layer and + + + align:start position:0% +the positive charge double layer and +they will move towards the field + + align:start position:0% +they will move towards the field + + + align:start position:0% +they will move towards the field +Direction and because they are moving + + align:start position:0% +Direction and because they are moving + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and because they are moving +they will drag the surrounding fluids to + + align:start position:0% +they will drag the surrounding fluids to + + + align:start position:0% +they will drag the surrounding fluids to +move so what you have is essentially + + align:start position:0% +move so what you have is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +move so what you have is essentially +actually because now it's almost like + + align:start position:0% +actually because now it's almost like + + + align:start position:0% +actually because now it's almost like +you have a sleep boundary condition you + + align:start position:0% +you have a sleep boundary condition you + + + align:start position:0% +you have a sleep boundary condition you +do have that very thin layer between + + align:start position:0% +do have that very thin layer between + + + align:start position:0% +do have that very thin layer between +this uh stain layer and the uh some + + align:start position:0% +this uh stain layer and the uh some + + + align:start position:0% +this uh stain layer and the uh some +iMobile ions that's very thin few + + align:start position:0% +iMobile ions that's very thin few + + + align:start position:0% +iMobile ions that's very thin few +nanometers for for example and this the + + align:start position:0% +nanometers for for example and this the + + + align:start position:0% +nanometers for for example and this the +rest is all moving so it's like a plug + + align:start position:0% +rest is all moving so it's like a plug + + + align:start position:0% +rest is all moving so it's like a plug +flow where the velocity distribution + + align:start position:0% +flow where the velocity distribution + + + align:start position:0% +flow where the velocity distribution +through the whole channel is uniform + + align:start position:0% +through the whole channel is uniform + + + align:start position:0% +through the whole channel is uniform +right so you draw it it's pretty much a + + align:start position:0% +right so you draw it it's pretty much a + + + align:start position:0% +right so you draw it it's pretty much a +plug flow + + align:start position:0% +plug flow + + + align:start position:0% +plug flow +situation except the really close to the + + align:start position:0% +situation except the really close to the + + + align:start position:0% +situation except the really close to the +surface and so uh of course then you + + align:start position:0% +surface and so uh of course then you + + + align:start position:0% +surface and so uh of course then you +have to balance your wiscus and this is + + align:start position:0% +have to balance your wiscus and this is + + + align:start position:0% +have to balance your wiscus and this is +how people use for example uh + + align:start position:0% +how people use for example uh + + + align:start position:0% +how people use for example uh +electroosmotic pump right this is + + align:start position:0% +electroosmotic pump right this is + + + align:start position:0% +electroosmotic pump right this is +osmotic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electroosmotic okay + + align:start position:0% +electroosmotic okay + + + align:start position:0% +electroosmotic okay +and uh uh you can you can show that the + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh you can you can show that the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh you can you can show that the +velocity here of this motion is epsilon0 + + align:start position:0% +velocity here of this motion is epsilon0 + + + align:start position:0% +velocity here of this motion is epsilon0 +Epsilon R and they apply electric + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon R and they apply electric + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon R and they apply electric +field and + + align:start position:0% +field and + + + align:start position:0% +field and +viscosity and the uh uh Again The Zeta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential okay so + + align:start position:0% +potential okay so + + + align:start position:0% +potential okay so +um that's the + + align:start position:0% +um that's the + + + align:start position:0% +um that's the +electr kinetics including ftic osmatic + + align:start position:0% +electr kinetics including ftic osmatic + + + align:start position:0% +electr kinetics including ftic osmatic +and that due to the electric D + + align:start position:0% +and that due to the electric D + + + align:start position:0% +and that due to the electric D +layer and uh what we moving on next is + + align:start position:0% +layer and uh what we moving on next is + + + align:start position:0% +layer and uh what we moving on next is +talking about uh surface tension and + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh surface tension and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh surface tension and +face + + align:start position:0% +face + + + align:start position:0% +face +change okay surface tension and uh so + + align:start position:0% +change okay surface tension and uh so + + + align:start position:0% +change okay surface tension and uh so +what is the surface + + align:start position:0% +what is the surface + + + align:start position:0% +what is the surface +tension first question is what's the + + align:start position:0% +tension first question is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +tension first question is what's the +unit of surface tension + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H Newton per meter okay so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +H Newton per meter okay so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +H Newton per meter okay so let's look at +understand a little bit more on surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tension and uh surface tension is the + + align:start position:0% +tension and uh surface tension is the + + + align:start position:0% +tension and uh surface tension is the +energy so first is a uh the unit is new + + align:start position:0% +energy so first is a uh the unit is new + + + align:start position:0% +energy so first is a uh the unit is new +per + + align:start position:0% +per + + + align:start position:0% +per +meter right you think typical as a force + + align:start position:0% +meter right you think typical as a force + + + align:start position:0% +meter right you think typical as a force +right surface tension as a + + align:start position:0% +right surface tension as a + + + align:start position:0% +right surface tension as a +force but then I can write this Newton + + align:start position:0% +force but then I can write this Newton + + + align:start position:0% +force but then I can write this Newton +time meter per meter squar that's jar + + align:start position:0% +time meter per meter squar that's jar + + + align:start position:0% +time meter per meter squar that's jar +per meter + + align:start position:0% +per meter + + + align:start position:0% +per meter +Square what is it it's a surface + + align:start position:0% +Square what is it it's a surface + + + align:start position:0% +Square what is it it's a surface +energy right so the surface tension is + + align:start position:0% +energy right so the surface tension is + + + align:start position:0% +energy right so the surface tension is +how much energy I need to create a + + align:start position:0% +how much energy I need to create a + + + align:start position:0% +how much energy I need to create a +surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we can start with the same + + align:start position:0% +okay and we can start with the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we can start with the same +material so if I have material uh + + align:start position:0% +material so if I have material uh + + + align:start position:0% +material so if I have material uh +one right I want to break + + align:start position:0% +one right I want to break + + + align:start position:0% +one right I want to break +it what's the minimum energy I need to + + align:start position:0% +it what's the minimum energy I need to + + + align:start position:0% +it what's the minimum energy I need to +break this surface right the minimum + + align:start position:0% +break this surface right the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +break this surface right the minimum +energy I need is once I break into two + + align:start position:0% +energy I need is once I break into two + + + align:start position:0% +energy I need is once I break into two +halves I got the exposed to a surface + + align:start position:0% +halves I got the exposed to a surface + + + align:start position:0% +halves I got the exposed to a surface +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so the surface + + align:start position:0% +right so the surface + + + align:start position:0% +right so the surface +energy is then the surface + + align:start position:0% +energy is then the surface + + + align:start position:0% +energy is then the surface +energy Gamma One is then the work half + + align:start position:0% +energy Gamma One is then the work half + + + align:start position:0% +energy Gamma One is then the work half +of the work I need to do minimal work I + + align:start position:0% +of the work I need to do minimal work I + + + align:start position:0% +of the work I need to do minimal work I +need to do to create this two fra + + align:start position:0% +need to do to create this two fra + + + align:start position:0% +need to do to create this two fra +surfaces right so that's the cohesive + + align:start position:0% +surfaces right so that's the cohesive + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces right so that's the cohesive +energy it's the same + + align:start position:0% +energy it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +energy it's the same +material how much energy you you need + + align:start position:0% +material how much energy you you need + + + align:start position:0% +material how much energy you you need +it's cohesive energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cohes and uh uh W here is the work of + + align:start position:0% +cohes and uh uh W here is the work of + + + align:start position:0% +cohes and uh uh W here is the work of +cohesion and uh um so this is a one case + + align:start position:0% +cohesion and uh um so this is a one case + + + align:start position:0% +cohesion and uh um so this is a one case +now if I have two different + + align:start position:0% +now if I have two different + + + align:start position:0% +now if I have two different +material one and + + align:start position:0% +material one and + + + align:start position:0% +material one and +two how much energy I need to break and + + align:start position:0% +two how much energy I need to break and + + + align:start position:0% +two how much energy I need to break and +create two different surfaces right + + align:start position:0% +create two different surfaces right + + + align:start position:0% +create two different surfaces right +material one and matal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two okay and this is the interface + + align:start position:0% +two okay and this is the interface + + + align:start position:0% +two okay and this is the interface +between two different materials as my + + align:start position:0% +between two different materials as my + + + align:start position:0% +between two different materials as my +surface tension between the two + + align:start position:0% +surface tension between the two + + + align:start position:0% +surface tension between the two +materials so from energy perspective + + align:start position:0% +materials so from energy perspective + + + align:start position:0% +materials so from energy perspective +it's much easier to understand and my + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to understand and my + + + align:start position:0% +it's much easier to understand and my +surface tension + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so surface tension exist for any + + align:start position:0% +right so surface tension exist for any + + + align:start position:0% +right so surface tension exist for any +surface not only liquid but also solid + + align:start position:0% +surface not only liquid but also solid + + + align:start position:0% +surface not only liquid but also solid +and the surface tension in this case r + + align:start position:0% +and the surface tension in this case r + + + align:start position:0% +and the surface tension in this case r +one two can be uh expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +one two can be uh expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +one two can be uh expressed in terms of +the uh uh uh the uh surface energy R1 + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh uh the uh surface energy R1 + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh uh the uh surface energy R1 +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +R2 and uh + + align:start position:0% +R2 and uh + + + align:start position:0% +R2 and uh +minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 +* uh R so here I only look at the one + + align:start position:0% +* uh R so here I only look at the one + + + align:start position:0% +* uh R so here I only look at the one +word part so Wonder part of this uh + + align:start position:0% +word part so Wonder part of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +word part so Wonder part of this uh +break what how much Wonder surface + + align:start position:0% +break what how much Wonder surface + + + align:start position:0% +break what how much Wonder surface +energy for if I break up surface one + + align:start position:0% +energy for if I break up surface one + + + align:start position:0% +energy for if I break up surface one +only and I break up Surface Two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only okay so this gives us uh uh some + + align:start position:0% +only okay so this gives us uh uh some + + + align:start position:0% +only okay so this gives us uh uh some +ways to + + align:start position:0% +ways to + + + align:start position:0% +ways to +estimate uh the uh surface energy and + + align:start position:0% +estimate uh the uh surface energy and + + + align:start position:0% +estimate uh the uh surface energy and +surface tension now you go back to uh + + align:start position:0% +surface tension now you go back to uh + + + align:start position:0% +surface tension now you go back to uh +the what we deal with before right I can + + align:start position:0% +the what we deal with before right I can + + + align:start position:0% +the what we deal with before right I can +think about really when I bring two + + align:start position:0% +think about really when I bring two + + + align:start position:0% +think about really when I bring two +surface together what's the uh here we + + align:start position:0% +surface together what's the uh here we + + + align:start position:0% +surface together what's the uh here we +discuss what's the werse force what's + + align:start position:0% +discuss what's the werse force what's + + + align:start position:0% +discuss what's the werse force what's +the werse potential between the two + + align:start position:0% +the werse potential between the two + + + align:start position:0% +the werse potential between the two +surfaces right so with this Basics you + + align:start position:0% +surfaces right so with this Basics you + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces right so with this Basics you +can actually do your sort of back of + + align:start position:0% +can actually do your sort of back of + + + align:start position:0% +can actually do your sort of back of +envelope calculation in terms of how + + align:start position:0% +envelope calculation in terms of how + + + align:start position:0% +envelope calculation in terms of how +strong is the bounding between two + + align:start position:0% +strong is the bounding between two + + + align:start position:0% +strong is the bounding between two +surfaces and of course say uh say to for + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and of course say uh say to for + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and of course say uh say to for +this part there is a CO part right if if + + align:start position:0% +this part there is a CO part right if if + + + align:start position:0% +this part there is a CO part right if if +you if you uh the two surfaces are coent + + align:start position:0% +you if you uh the two surfaces are coent + + + align:start position:0% +you if you uh the two surfaces are coent +bonded I just can't deal with easily + + align:start position:0% +bonded I just can't deal with easily + + + align:start position:0% +bonded I just can't deal with easily +right I told you how to calculate W the + + align:start position:0% +right I told you how to calculate W the + + + align:start position:0% +right I told you how to calculate W the +dipole dipole interaction and charge + + align:start position:0% +dipole dipole interaction and charge + + + align:start position:0% +dipole dipole interaction and charge +dipole interaction by can do easily the + + align:start position:0% +dipole interaction by can do easily the + + + align:start position:0% +dipole interaction by can do easily the +calent bond that requires uh more + + align:start position:0% +calent bond that requires uh more + + + align:start position:0% +calent bond that requires uh more +sophistic calculation based on for + + align:start position:0% +sophistic calculation based on for + + + align:start position:0% +sophistic calculation based on for +example quantum + + align:start position:0% +example quantum + + + align:start position:0% +example quantum +mechanics short Shing equation solution + + align:start position:0% +mechanics short Shing equation solution + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics short Shing equation solution +okay so with this basic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +understanding you + + align:start position:0% +understanding you + + + align:start position:0% +understanding you +can of course you all heard about say + + align:start position:0% +can of course you all heard about say + + + align:start position:0% +can of course you all heard about say +this La + + align:start position:0% +this La + + + align:start position:0% +this La +plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation and uh so we have a laas + + align:start position:0% +equation and uh so we have a laas + + + align:start position:0% +equation and uh so we have a laas +equation if I have a sphere simplest + + align:start position:0% +equation if I have a sphere simplest + + + align:start position:0% +equation if I have a sphere simplest +case is a sphere right and uh um then I + + align:start position:0% +case is a sphere right and uh um then I + + + align:start position:0% +case is a sphere right and uh um then I +have the difference in the local radius + + align:start position:0% +have the difference in the local radius + + + align:start position:0% +have the difference in the local radius +curvature I have the pressure difference + + align:start position:0% +curvature I have the pressure difference + + + align:start position:0% +curvature I have the pressure difference +which you can say as say p inside + + align:start position:0% +which you can say as say p inside + + + align:start position:0% +which you can say as say p inside +outside and is a 2 gamma over + + align:start position:0% +outside and is a 2 gamma over + + + align:start position:0% +outside and is a 2 gamma over +r r is the + + align:start position:0% +r r is the + + + align:start position:0% +r r is the +radius of the + + align:start position:0% +radius of the + + + align:start position:0% +radius of the +sphere right so that's the gamma is the + + align:start position:0% +sphere right so that's the gamma is the + + + align:start position:0% +sphere right so that's the gamma is the +surface tension or Surface energy that's + + align:start position:0% +surface tension or Surface energy that's + + + align:start position:0% +surface tension or Surface energy that's +the laass equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Y equation is when you have a drop + + align:start position:0% +the Y equation is when you have a drop + + + align:start position:0% +the Y equation is when you have a drop +plate on the different surface where you + + align:start position:0% +plate on the different surface where you + + + align:start position:0% +plate on the different surface where you +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um whether the surface the droplet was + + align:start position:0% +um whether the surface the droplet was + + + align:start position:0% +um whether the surface the droplet was +spread or not so the contact + + align:start position:0% +spread or not so the contact + + + align:start position:0% +spread or not so the contact +angle of this is really uh energy + + align:start position:0% +angle of this is really uh energy + + + align:start position:0% +angle of this is really uh energy +balance or you can think this it's much + + align:start position:0% +balance or you can think this it's much + + + align:start position:0% +balance or you can think this it's much +it's easier in this case to do a force + + align:start position:0% +it's easier in this case to do a force + + + align:start position:0% +it's easier in this case to do a force +balance I have medium 3 medium 1 and + + align:start position:0% +balance I have medium 3 medium 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +balance I have medium 3 medium 1 and +medium 2 the contact angle Theta so you + + align:start position:0% +medium 2 the contact angle Theta so you + + + align:start position:0% +medium 2 the contact angle Theta so you +do your force balance uh you will say + + align:start position:0% +do your force balance uh you will say + + + align:start position:0% +do your force balance uh you will say +this is a uh R23 gamma 23 and here gamma + + align:start position:0% +this is a uh R23 gamma 23 and here gamma + + + align:start position:0% +this is a uh R23 gamma 23 and here gamma +13 and Gamma 1 2 so I have gamma 13 = + + align:start position:0% +13 and Gamma 1 2 so I have gamma 13 = + + + align:start position:0% +13 and Gamma 1 2 so I have gamma 13 = +gamma 23 cosine theta plus Gamma One 2 + + align:start position:0% +gamma 23 cosine theta plus Gamma One 2 + + + align:start position:0% +gamma 23 cosine theta plus Gamma One 2 +and here this is the Y equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so not sometimes we call this n plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +okay so this you you know this I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +okay so this you you know this I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this you you know this I'm sure +uh and you have seen in different uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and you have seen in different uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you have seen in different uh +situations and what I'm going to discuss + + align:start position:0% +situations and what I'm going to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +situations and what I'm going to discuss +Le is the size effect on ph + + align:start position:0% +Le is the size effect on ph + + + align:start position:0% +Le is the size effect on ph +transition okay and uh with this basic + + align:start position:0% +transition okay and uh with this basic + + + align:start position:0% +transition okay and uh with this basic +understanding on the surface tension + + align:start position:0% +understanding on the surface tension + + + align:start position:0% +understanding on the surface tension +let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the +size + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effects on face + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transition right so if I have a + + align:start position:0% +transition right so if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +transition right so if I have a +droplet or a vapor bubble it turns out + + align:start position:0% +droplet or a vapor bubble it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +droplet or a vapor bubble it turns out +that the thermodynamic properties of + + align:start position:0% +that the thermodynamic properties of + + + align:start position:0% +that the thermodynamic properties of +this drop little bubble are very + + align:start position:0% +this drop little bubble are very + + + align:start position:0% +this drop little bubble are very +different from both + + align:start position:0% +different from both + + + align:start position:0% +different from both +materials and uh uh this is based on if + + align:start position:0% +materials and uh uh this is based on if + + + align:start position:0% +materials and uh uh this is based on if +I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have or this also apply when I have a + + align:start position:0% +have or this also apply when I have a + + + align:start position:0% +have or this also apply when I have a +liquid uh say a solid n + + align:start position:0% +liquid uh say a solid n + + + align:start position:0% +liquid uh say a solid n +particle and the melting this could all + + align:start position:0% +particle and the melting this could all + + + align:start position:0% +particle and the melting this could all +happen right so basically I'm looking at + + align:start position:0% +happen right so basically I'm looking at + + + align:start position:0% +happen right so basically I'm looking at +the equilibrium thermodynamic mix of a + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium thermodynamic mix of a + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium thermodynamic mix of a +parer with the surrounding and this + + align:start position:0% +parer with the surrounding and this + + + align:start position:0% +parer with the surrounding and this +parer could be a liquid droplet or a + + align:start position:0% +parer could be a liquid droplet or a + + + align:start position:0% +parer could be a liquid droplet or a +vapor and when I look at the + + align:start position:0% +vapor and when I look at the + + + align:start position:0% +vapor and when I look at the +equilibrium right so uh what's the I'm + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right so uh what's the I'm + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right so uh what's the I'm +looking at the mass + + align:start position:0% +looking at the mass + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the mass +equili what's the condition for Mass + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium right what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition Mass transfer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huh you all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forget potential is z so the chemical + + align:start position:0% +forget potential is z so the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +forget potential is z so the chemical +potential gradient the chemical + + align:start position:0% +potential gradient the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +potential gradient the chemical +potential on both sides equal each other + + align:start position:0% +potential on both sides equal each other + + + align:start position:0% +potential on both sides equal each other +right you the equilibri you have + + align:start position:0% +right you the equilibri you have + + + align:start position:0% +right you the equilibri you have +mechanical is pressure heat is + + align:start position:0% +mechanical is pressure heat is + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical is pressure heat is +temperature mass is a chemic + + align:start position:0% +temperature mass is a chemic + + + align:start position:0% +temperature mass is a chemic +potential can't forget that okay uh so + + align:start position:0% +potential can't forget that okay uh so + + + align:start position:0% +potential can't forget that okay uh so +with what I have is the chemical + + align:start position:0% +with what I have is the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +with what I have is the chemical +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +equal each other that's always my + + align:start position:0% +equal each other that's always my + + + align:start position:0% +equal each other that's always my +condition and chemical potential turns + + align:start position:0% +condition and chemical potential turns + + + align:start position:0% +condition and chemical potential turns +out in the differential form for each + + align:start position:0% +out in the differential form for each + + + align:start position:0% +out in the differential form for each +phase right this is a uh where you can + + align:start position:0% +phase right this is a uh where you can + + + align:start position:0% +phase right this is a uh where you can +see the uh Gibs free energy is uh the + + align:start position:0% +see the uh Gibs free energy is uh the + + + align:start position:0% +see the uh Gibs free energy is uh the +enthalpy minus + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy minus + + + align:start position:0% +enthalpy minus +TS right and for each phase the GES free + + align:start position:0% +TS right and for each phase the GES free + + + align:start position:0% +TS right and for each phase the GES free +energy is a mu * n * mu number of + + align:start position:0% +energy is a mu * n * mu number of + + + align:start position:0% +energy is a mu * n * mu number of +particle times chemical potential and + + align:start position:0% +particle times chemical potential and + + + align:start position:0% +particle times chemical potential and +with this two together you can prove the + + align:start position:0% +with this two together you can prove the + + + align:start position:0% +with this two together you can prove the +gives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DM Dam + + align:start position:0% +DM Dam + + + align:start position:0% +DM Dam +equation which says where I have + + align:start position:0% +equation which says where I have + + + align:start position:0% +equation which says where I have +sdt minus uh way uh the specific volume + + align:start position:0% +sdt minus uh way uh the specific volume + + + align:start position:0% +sdt minus uh way uh the specific volume +DP plus uh D mu equals + + align:start position:0% +DP plus uh D mu equals + + + align:start position:0% +DP plus uh D mu equals +zero okay that's a the starting point + + align:start position:0% +zero okay that's a the starting point + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay that's a the starting point +point to derive all the Le + + align:start position:0% +point to derive all the Le + + + align:start position:0% +point to derive all the Le +Expressions is G still have + + align:start position:0% +Expressions is G still have + + + align:start position:0% +Expressions is G still have +relation plus the pressure where because + + align:start position:0% +relation plus the pressure where because + + + align:start position:0% +relation plus the pressure where because +when I have two faces this apply to each + + align:start position:0% +when I have two faces this apply to each + + + align:start position:0% +when I have two faces this apply to each +phas when two fa are equilib D mu + + align:start position:0% +phas when two fa are equilib D mu + + + align:start position:0% +phas when two fa are equilib D mu +difference between the two are zero + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two are zero + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two are zero +because mu Prime mu equals mu double + + align:start position:0% +because mu Prime mu equals mu double + + + align:start position:0% +because mu Prime mu equals mu double +Prime so let's look at the case uh where + + align:start position:0% +Prime so let's look at the case uh where + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so let's look at the case uh where +of course I have the pressure difference + + align:start position:0% +of course I have the pressure difference + + + align:start position:0% +of course I have the pressure difference +d p p primeus p uh one Double primeus T + + align:start position:0% +d p p primeus p uh one Double primeus T + + + align:start position:0% +d p p primeus p uh one Double primeus T +P Prime equals 2 uh + + align:start position:0% +P Prime equals 2 uh + + + align:start position:0% +P Prime equals 2 uh +d uh 2 gamma over R + + align:start position:0% +d uh 2 gamma over R + + + align:start position:0% +d uh 2 gamma over R +right that's the uh La plus + + align:start position:0% +right that's the uh La plus + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the uh La plus +equation and now I + + align:start position:0% +equation and now I + + + align:start position:0% +equation and now I +consider uh first I consider the F + + align:start position:0% +consider uh first I consider the F + + + align:start position:0% +consider uh first I consider the F +change which happens also under constant + + align:start position:0% +change which happens also under constant + + + align:start position:0% +change which happens also under constant +temperature right temperature doesn't + + align:start position:0% +temperature right temperature doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right temperature doesn't +change between the in theace change + + align:start position:0% +change between the in theace change + + + align:start position:0% +change between the in theace change +process and at the equilibrium the two + + align:start position:0% +process and at the equilibrium the two + + + align:start position:0% +process and at the equilibrium the two +chemical potential must be the same so + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential must be the same so + + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential must be the same so +what I have here this doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +what I have here this doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +what I have here this doesn't change +this doesn't change and what I need to + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't change and what I need to + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't change and what I need to +have is then the two faces V DP W Prime + + align:start position:0% +have is then the two faces V DP W Prime + + + align:start position:0% +have is then the two faces V DP W Prime +DP Prime equals V double Prime DP double + + align:start position:0% +DP Prime equals V double Prime DP double + + + align:start position:0% +DP Prime equals V double Prime DP double +Prim right + + align:start position:0% +Prim right + + + align:start position:0% +Prim right +specific volume times the + + align:start position:0% +specific volume times the + + + align:start position:0% +specific volume times the +pressure that's equal to each other to + + align:start position:0% +pressure that's equal to each other to + + + align:start position:0% +pressure that's equal to each other to +balance to have the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +balance to have the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +balance to have the equilibrium +condition so that the chemical potential + + align:start position:0% +condition so that the chemical potential + + + align:start position:0% +condition so that the chemical potential +on both Sid and uh uh with this with the + + align:start position:0% +on both Sid and uh uh with this with the + + + align:start position:0% +on both Sid and uh uh with this with the +to I can + + align:start position:0% +to I can + + + align:start position:0% +to I can +replace say the pressure say one of this + + align:start position:0% +replace say the pressure say one of this + + + align:start position:0% +replace say the pressure say one of this +I I can replace for example specific + + align:start position:0% +I I can replace for example specific + + + align:start position:0% +I I can replace for example specific +volume but I need to see which one is + + align:start position:0% +volume but I need to see which one is + + + align:start position:0% +volume but I need to see which one is +reap perace because uh I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +reap perace because uh I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +reap perace because uh I don't know the +say uh say in the waer face I use a + + align:start position:0% +say uh say in the waer face I use a + + + align:start position:0% +say uh say in the waer face I use a +ideal gas law so if I have first as a + + align:start position:0% +ideal gas law so if I have first as a + + + align:start position:0% +ideal gas law so if I have first as a +droplet I keep my p double + + align:start position:0% +droplet I keep my p double + + + align:start position:0% +droplet I keep my p double +Prime and so let me say if I have um + + align:start position:0% +Prime and so let me say if I have um + + + align:start position:0% +Prime and so let me say if I have um +first I have a droplet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +droplet right and uh uh it's say so we + + align:start position:0% +droplet right and uh uh it's say so we + + + align:start position:0% +droplet right and uh uh it's say so we +in the v perace i have V + + align:start position:0% +in the v perace i have V + + + align:start position:0% +in the v perace i have V +Prime equals RT and P + + align:start position:0% +Prime equals RT and P + + + align:start position:0% +Prime equals RT and P +Prime right so in the that's in the uh + + align:start position:0% +Prime right so in the that's in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +Prime right so in the that's in the uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +werace uh here V Prime equals so I can + + align:start position:0% +werace uh here V Prime equals so I can + + + align:start position:0% +werace uh here V Prime equals so I can +replace with P Prime and then I can put + + align:start position:0% +replace with P Prime and then I can put + + + align:start position:0% +replace with P Prime and then I can put +a pble prime in terms of P Prime so I + + align:start position:0% +a pble prime in terms of P Prime so I + + + align:start position:0% +a pble prime in terms of P Prime so I +can eliminate to have equation to solve + + align:start position:0% +can eliminate to have equation to solve + + + align:start position:0% +can eliminate to have equation to solve +for DP Prime only and if you solve for + + align:start position:0% +for DP Prime only and if you solve for + + + align:start position:0% +for DP Prime only and if you solve for +that so combine with the equation we + + align:start position:0% +that so combine with the equation we + + + align:start position:0% +that so combine with the equation we +have you'll find out the P Prime equals + + align:start position:0% +have you'll find out the P Prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +have you'll find out the P Prime equals +P0 uh + + align:start position:0% +P0 uh + + + align:start position:0% +P0 uh +exponential and uh 2 gamma over R and + + align:start position:0% +exponential and uh 2 gamma over R and + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and uh 2 gamma over R and +way double Prime + + align:start position:0% +way double Prime + + + align:start position:0% +way double Prime +RT V double Prime is the liquid the + + align:start position:0% +RT V double Prime is the liquid the + + + align:start position:0% +RT V double Prime is the liquid the +specific volume during the of the liquid + + align:start position:0% +specific volume during the of the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +specific volume during the of the liquid +doesn't change right doesn't change much + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change right doesn't change much + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change right doesn't change much +so I keep that as a constant when I do + + align:start position:0% +so I keep that as a constant when I do + + + align:start position:0% +so I keep that as a constant when I do +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +integration and this + + align:start position:0% +integration and this + + + align:start position:0% +integration and this +shows that if I have a droplet uh liquid + + align:start position:0% +shows that if I have a droplet uh liquid + + + align:start position:0% +shows that if I have a droplet uh liquid +droplet right and uh small + + align:start position:0% +droplet right and uh small + + + align:start position:0% +droplet right and uh small +droplet the corresponding outside vapor + + align:start position:0% +droplet the corresponding outside vapor + + + align:start position:0% +droplet the corresponding outside vapor +pressure is + + align:start position:0% +pressure is + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is +higher right so what does that mean if I + + align:start position:0% +higher right so what does that mean if I + + + align:start position:0% +higher right so what does that mean if I +have a cloud of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +droplets a different size at the one + + align:start position:0% +droplets a different size at the one + + + align:start position:0% +droplets a different size at the one +temperature what happens with the small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +droplet grows faster the small droplet + + align:start position:0% +droplet grows faster the small droplet + + + align:start position:0% +droplet grows faster the small droplet +will evaporate faster because vapor + + align:start position:0% +will evaporate faster because vapor + + + align:start position:0% +will evaporate faster because vapor +pressure is higher so they will + + align:start position:0% +pressure is higher so they will + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is higher so they will +disappear so it's the bigger particle + + align:start position:0% +disappear so it's the bigger particle + + + align:start position:0% +disappear so it's the bigger particle +wind right and if you do + + align:start position:0% +wind right and if you do + + + align:start position:0% +wind right and if you do +solid uh for example that's called osal + + align:start position:0% +solid uh for example that's called osal + + + align:start position:0% +solid uh for example that's called osal +rening your nanop particle together + + align:start position:0% +rening your nanop particle together + + + align:start position:0% +rening your nanop particle together +bigger nanopod will eat small + + align:start position:0% +bigger nanopod will eat small + + + align:start position:0% +bigger nanopod will eat small +ners and if you do liquid that's same + + align:start position:0% +ners and if you do liquid that's same + + + align:start position:0% +ners and if you do liquid that's same +say the uh small uh Vaper uh small + + align:start position:0% +say the uh small uh Vaper uh small + + + align:start position:0% +say the uh small uh Vaper uh small +droplets disappear faster + + align:start position:0% +droplets disappear faster + + + align:start position:0% +droplets disappear faster +okay and now if I do a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bubble you do the same right you reverse + + align:start position:0% +bubble you do the same right you reverse + + + align:start position:0% +bubble you do the same right you reverse +it right in this case your bubble is + + align:start position:0% +it right in this case your bubble is + + + align:start position:0% +it right in this case your bubble is +inside so p double Prime is say + + align:start position:0% +inside so p double Prime is say + + + align:start position:0% +inside so p double Prime is say +nrt and you solve your equation again + + align:start position:0% +nrt and you solve your equation again + + + align:start position:0% +nrt and you solve your equation again +what I have is pble + + align:start position:0% +what I have is pble + + + align:start position:0% +what I have is pble +prime equals + + align:start position:0% +prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +prime equals +P0 and exponential + + align:start position:0% +P0 and exponential + + + align:start position:0% +P0 and exponential +minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 +gamma r v Prime outside is liquid so V + + align:start position:0% +gamma r v Prime outside is liquid so V + + + align:start position:0% +gamma r v Prime outside is liquid so V +Prime is constant + + align:start position:0% +Prime is constant + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is constant +RT so pressure will be + + align:start position:0% +RT so pressure will be + + + align:start position:0% +RT so pressure will be +lower the vper pressure of the bubble is + + align:start position:0% +lower the vper pressure of the bubble is + + + align:start position:0% +lower the vper pressure of the bubble is +lower what does that + + align:start position:0% +lower what does that + + + align:start position:0% +lower what does that +mean for + + align:start position:0% +mean for + + + align:start position:0% +mean for +example this is where people want to uh + + align:start position:0% +example this is where people want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +example this is where people want to uh +use uh condensation you have Nano + + align:start position:0% +use uh condensation you have Nano + + + align:start position:0% +use uh condensation you have Nano +channels or Micron channels right the + + align:start position:0% +channels or Micron channels right the + + + align:start position:0% +channels or Micron channels right the +liquid will condense into the + + align:start position:0% +liquid will condense into the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid will condense into the +channel and uh in the condensation let's + + align:start position:0% +channel and uh in the condensation let's + + + align:start position:0% +channel and uh in the condensation let's +suppose this is a vapor W Prime and say + + align:start position:0% +suppose this is a vapor W Prime and say + + + align:start position:0% +suppose this is a vapor W Prime and say +liquid is here right now I have half + + align:start position:0% +liquid is here right now I have half + + + align:start position:0% +liquid is here right now I have half +bubble right it's the same + + align:start position:0% +bubble right it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +bubble right it's the same +scenario and in this case the uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +scenario and in this case the uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +scenario and in this case the uh uh uh +the oh I'm sorry this is double Prime + + align:start position:0% +the oh I'm sorry this is double Prime + + + align:start position:0% +the oh I'm sorry this is double Prime +this is V Prime right that's the my + + align:start position:0% +this is V Prime right that's the my + + + align:start position:0% +this is V Prime right that's the my +inside is double Prime this is the + + align:start position:0% +inside is double Prime this is the + + + align:start position:0% +inside is double Prime this is the +inside the curvature here is double + + align:start position:0% +inside the curvature here is double + + + align:start position:0% +inside the curvature here is double +Prime right + + align:start position:0% +Prime right + + + align:start position:0% +Prime right +so uh what it says in this curvature + + align:start position:0% +so uh what it says in this curvature + + + align:start position:0% +so uh what it says in this curvature +region the uh vapor pressure is lower + + align:start position:0% +region the uh vapor pressure is lower + + + align:start position:0% +region the uh vapor pressure is lower +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +bulk and what it means is if I have a + + align:start position:0% +bulk and what it means is if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +bulk and what it means is if I have a +vapor here at a certain temperature I + + align:start position:0% +vapor here at a certain temperature I + + + align:start position:0% +vapor here at a certain temperature I +can still have condensation inside at + + align:start position:0% +can still have condensation inside at + + + align:start position:0% +can still have condensation inside at +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +temperature okay and that's a capillary + + align:start position:0% +temperature okay and that's a capillary + + + align:start position:0% +temperature okay and that's a capillary +condensation and uh this will happen + + align:start position:0% +condensation and uh this will happen + + + align:start position:0% +condensation and uh this will happen +until you feel to the top and eventually + + align:start position:0% +until you feel to the top and eventually + + + align:start position:0% +until you feel to the top and eventually +at the top your curvature disappear you + + align:start position:0% +at the top your curvature disappear you + + + align:start position:0% +at the top your curvature disappear you +don't have condensation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anymore + + align:start position:0% +anymore + + + align:start position:0% +anymore +okay and uh you can do further same same + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh you can do further same same + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh you can do further same same +analysis you can so here we're doing the + + align:start position:0% +analysis you can so here we're doing the + + + align:start position:0% +analysis you can so here we're doing the +uh uh say wer pressure and I say + + align:start position:0% +uh uh say wer pressure and I say + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh say wer pressure and I say +you can even do the temperature + + align:start position:0% +you can even do the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +you can even do the temperature +analysis right so if I have an N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pole and uh uh here I can write that + + align:start position:0% +pole and uh uh here I can write that + + + align:start position:0% +pole and uh uh here I can write that +during the pH change process Delta s is + + align:start position:0% +during the pH change process Delta s is + + + align:start position:0% +during the pH change process Delta s is +Delta H over T that's a face change + + align:start position:0% +Delta H over T that's a face change + + + align:start position:0% +Delta H over T that's a face change +temperature right so you can again go + + align:start position:0% +temperature right so you can again go + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right so you can again go +back to the face change process + + align:start position:0% +back to the face change process + + + align:start position:0% +back to the face change process +analyze what what will be the trend of + + align:start position:0% +analyze what what will be the trend of + + + align:start position:0% +analyze what what will be the trend of +my temperature change of + + align:start position:0% +my temperature change of + + + align:start position:0% +my temperature change of +particles and you will find out if I + + align:start position:0% +particles and you will find out if I + + + align:start position:0% +particles and you will find out if I +have a small + + align:start position:0% +have a small + + + align:start position:0% +have a small +particle uh the uh Delta H t0 minus + + align:start position:0% +particle uh the uh Delta H t0 minus + + + align:start position:0% +particle uh the uh Delta H t0 minus +t and + + align:start position:0% +t and + + + align:start position:0% +t and +equals uh here is R log uh 2 gamma + + align:start position:0% +equals uh here is R log uh 2 gamma + + + align:start position:0% +equals uh here is R log uh 2 gamma +R plus P Prime over P Prime + + align:start position:0% +R plus P Prime over P Prime + + + align:start position:0% +R plus P Prime over P Prime +so what what happens is what this tells + + align:start position:0% +so what what happens is what this tells + + + align:start position:0% +so what what happens is what this tells +me if I have a small droplet the melting + + align:start position:0% +me if I have a small droplet the melting + + + align:start position:0% +me if I have a small droplet the melting +temperature compared to a flat surface + + align:start position:0% +temperature compared to a flat surface + + + align:start position:0% +temperature compared to a flat surface +melting temperature will be + + align:start position:0% +melting temperature will be + + + align:start position:0% +melting temperature will be +lower okay and this has been even proven + + align:start position:0% +lower okay and this has been even proven + + + align:start position:0% +lower okay and this has been even proven +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +solid where their experiment if you make + + align:start position:0% +solid where their experiment if you make + + + align:start position:0% +solid where their experiment if you make +a silver nanop + + align:start position:0% +a silver nanop + + + align:start position:0% +a silver nanop +particles and you put there the + + align:start position:0% +particles and you put there the + + + align:start position:0% +particles and you put there the +temperature could be as low as melting + + align:start position:0% +temperature could be as low as melting + + + align:start position:0% +temperature could be as low as melting +temperature a few let say just one or + + align:start position:0% +temperature a few let say just one or + + + align:start position:0% +temperature a few let say just one or +200° + + align:start position:0% +200° + + + align:start position:0% +200° +so people try to use this effect to + + align:start position:0% +so people try to use this effect to + + + align:start position:0% +so people try to use this effect to +print the N particle make printable + + align:start position:0% +print the N particle make printable + + + align:start position:0% +print the N particle make printable +circuit and you can put on plastic and + + align:start position:0% +circuit and you can put on plastic and + + + align:start position:0% +circuit and you can put on plastic and +you fire up to a very low temperature + + align:start position:0% +you fire up to a very low temperature + + + align:start position:0% +you fire up to a very low temperature +they will solidify the + + align:start position:0% +they will solidify the + + + align:start position:0% +they will solidify the +grow and in fact say once I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +grow and in fact say once I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +grow and in fact say once I was thinking +about this I didn't fire pattern but + + align:start position:0% +about this I didn't fire pattern but + + + align:start position:0% +about this I didn't fire pattern but +then somebody else did uh people say + + align:start position:0% +then somebody else did uh people say + + + align:start position:0% +then somebody else did uh people say +think about say using the interface + + align:start position:0% +think about say using the interface + + + align:start position:0% +think about say using the interface +right and uh if you think about solder + + align:start position:0% +right and uh if you think about solder + + + align:start position:0% +right and uh if you think about solder +shoulder is a lower temperature and + + align:start position:0% +shoulder is a lower temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +shoulder is a lower temperature and +but's say it's typically made of Alloys + + align:start position:0% +but's say it's typically made of Alloys + + + align:start position:0% +but's say it's typically made of Alloys +and alloy has a a little bit worse + + align:start position:0% +and alloy has a a little bit worse + + + align:start position:0% +and alloy has a a little bit worse +thermal + + align:start position:0% +thermal + + + align:start position:0% +thermal +conductivity but if I just use silver + + align:start position:0% +conductivity but if I just use silver + + + align:start position:0% +conductivity but if I just use silver +allo particle uh with low temperature I + + align:start position:0% +allo particle uh with low temperature I + + + align:start position:0% +allo particle uh with low temperature I +can still fire the 100 200 degree and + + align:start position:0% +can still fire the 100 200 degree and + + + align:start position:0% +can still fire the 100 200 degree and +they will Gro but big but it's permanent + + align:start position:0% +they will Gro but big but it's permanent + + + align:start position:0% +they will Gro but big but it's permanent +that's once they grow big they have + + align:start position:0% +that's once they grow big they have + + + align:start position:0% +that's once they grow big they have +higher thermal con so that was uh say uh + + align:start position:0% +higher thermal con so that was uh say uh + + + align:start position:0% +higher thermal con so that was uh say uh +random uh used to have a entropy + + align:start position:0% +random uh used to have a entropy + + + align:start position:0% +random uh used to have a entropy +Generation table that's one of the idea + + align:start position:0% +Generation table that's one of the idea + + + align:start position:0% +Generation table that's one of the idea +generator didn't fire pattern somebody + + align:start position:0% +generator didn't fire pattern somebody + + + align:start position:0% +generator didn't fire pattern somebody +did it + + align:start position:0% +did it + + + align:start position:0% +did it +pad so you can explore those kind of + + align:start position:0% +pad so you can explore those kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pad so you can explore those kind of +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +effects and those are all classical all + + align:start position:0% +effects and those are all classical all + + + align:start position:0% +effects and those are all classical all +those relation were derived by + + align:start position:0% +those relation were derived by + + + align:start position:0% +those relation were derived by +Kelvin okay Kelvin wrote over 500 + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin okay Kelvin wrote over 500 + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin okay Kelvin wrote over 500 +papers okay po only wrote 27 papers p so + + align:start position:0% +papers okay po only wrote 27 papers p so + + + align:start position:0% +papers okay po only wrote 27 papers p so +you don't have to write many papers to + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to write many papers to + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to write many papers to +leave your L behind Okay there people + + align:start position:0% +leave your L behind Okay there people + + + align:start position:0% +leave your L behind Okay there people +write a lot every paper is important and + + align:start position:0% +write a lot every paper is important and + + + align:start position:0% +write a lot every paper is important and +uh the final comment is even surface + + align:start position:0% +uh the final comment is even surface + + + align:start position:0% +uh the final comment is even surface +tension can depend on the + + align:start position:0% +tension can depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +tension can depend on the +size okay so there are also theory on + + align:start position:0% +size okay so there are also theory on + + + align:start position:0% +size okay so there are also theory on +the surface tension size dependent on + + align:start position:0% +the surface tension size dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +the surface tension size dependent on +surface tension and this we discussed in + + align:start position:0% +surface tension and this we discussed in + + + align:start position:0% +surface tension and this we discussed in +the book and uh with that I sort of + + align:start position:0% +the book and uh with that I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the book and uh with that I sort of +close this discussion on liquid and the + + align:start position:0% +close this discussion on liquid and the + + + align:start position:0% +close this discussion on liquid and the +last lecture what I'm going to do I'm + + align:start position:0% +last lecture what I'm going to do I'm + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture what I'm going to do I'm +surprised that I can actually go to + + align:start position:0% +surprised that I can actually go to + + + align:start position:0% +surprised that I can actually go to +chapter 10 many times I stop chapter 7 + + align:start position:0% +chapter 10 many times I stop chapter 7 + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 10 many times I stop chapter 7 +so you have been inuring with me very + + align:start position:0% +so you have been inuring with me very + + + align:start position:0% +so you have been inuring with me very +moving very fast but I'll talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +moving very fast but I'll talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +moving very fast but I'll talk about uh +more on the linear response Theory + + align:start position:0% +more on the linear response Theory + + + align:start position:0% +more on the linear response Theory +molecular Dynamic simulation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZFc_utdoexI.txt b/ZFc_utdoexI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55b2b4f75e5814c0dbe2199ef9eaaeed0cdd7eab --- /dev/null +++ b/ZFc_utdoexI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2277 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality, educational + +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: There's so many +things that we're going to + +start with today, one, +is we're going + +to review the quiz. + +And we'll be real +quick on that. + +Then, we're going to talk +about object oriented + +programming, which is something +that you'll probably + +be more interested in for +your problem set. + +So just going down problem (1): +it's false, true, false, + +false, false. + +Does anyone have any +questions on this? + +No. + +Everyone good with that? + +Anyone wonder why if +something's true? + +Or why something's false? + +AUDIENCE: Why is the +second one false? + +PROFESSOR: Why is it false? + +AUDIENCE: Why? + +PROFESSOR: It's true. + +Because, and this is an English +thing, so, or language + +thing, so it can kind +of trip people up. + +But it's basically saying that +there are some problems that + +you need to use recursion +or iteration to solve. + +AUDIENCE: Why do you always +have to use [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Well, if you have a +large number of inputs or the + +inputs are variable, the point +is that there are certain + +problems that you would need to +use recursion or iteration + +to solve them. + +There are some that you don't. + +But this is just asking if there +are problems that exist. + +AUDIENCE: Can you +use brute force? + +PROFESSOR: Well, brute force +usually involves + +some sort of iteration. + +Because you have to iterate +through all + +the possible solutions. + +Any other questions? + +OK. + +So the next one, this is just +an exercise in code reading. + +And we can actually just +look at how it runs. + +If I run like that. + +Also, if you don't have your +quiz, I have them up here, if + +you want to pick it up. + +But that's just the output +of that code. + +Does anyone not see +how that works? + +Or want me to step through it? + +Question (3) was the double +recurring question. + +And those are the two answers +we're were looking for. + +Does anyone not see +how that works? + +Or want to try and +walk through it? + +The way to tackle this problem +is walk through in your head. + +Let's take the first +set of input. + +At the top, that's your +initial call. + +Now, the string, s, here, is +not less than 1, right. + +You're going to go to this +double recursive call here. + +So that means you're going +to get as you return. + +And the way I got this at +is, I'm just taking s + +from one to the end. + +What this means is +that this part is + +going to execute first. + +And it's the same thing. + +Go into the function. + +This is now s. + +This is obviously not only +one character long. + +So we're going to have, again, +another double recursive call. + +And it's going to +look like this. + +Now, I've got this call +to contend with. + +This string is one +character long. + +So what does it do? + +It just returns the input. + +So, this function call is +just going to return t. + +And, then, this function +is going to get + +called with t, again. + +And we already know what happens +when you can pass a t. + +That means that this whole +function here, results in t. + +Then, we tack on the a. + +That means this function call, +'at', returns 'ta'. + +And then we pass it into this +outer function here. + +And we can already guess what +this is going to return + +because for this input it just +reversed the characters. + +It just flipped them. + +For 'ta', it's going +to flip them again. + +The entire function call +here, results in 'at'. + +And then we just append +'m' to it. + +The entire return for +this one is 'atm'. + +It's tricky, but you've just got +to step through the code + +and step through the functions +and look at each step, what + +the function is getting +as input. + +This was the coding question. + +Most of the questions up until +now has been, can you read + +code and understand +what it's doing. + +This one asked you to actually +implement a function. + +When you start with these +questions you should always + +start from the specification. + +So, this function is assuming +that we have a list of words + +in lowercase. + +lStr is a string of +lowercase letters. + +All the letters in +lStr are unique. + +And that the return of the +function are going to be all + +the words in word list that +have a one to one mapping + +between the letters in +the word and lStr. + +In English, let's say that +my lStr is raft. + +Ok. + +Assuming that I have a fairly +complete word list, I'm going + +to have two words that are going +to meet that criteria. + +I can say there's +an r, a, f, t. + +That's pretty obvious. + +And then we have a t, f, a, r. + +That's what we're looking at. + +A lot of you did something where +you iterated through all + +the words and then you had +another loop inside that tried + +to find this correspondence. + +The way that we solved it-- +and there are multiple + +solutions to this. + +So if your solution worked, +you got full credit. + +But the solution that we came up +with is first, we're going + +to take the letters in lStr and +we're going to sort them. + +So we're going to +have a, f, r, t. + +Alphabetically. + +And then for each word in word +list, we're going to do the + +same thing. + +Raft becomes a, f, r, t. + +Fart becomes a, f, +r, t, as well. + +Then it becomes just a simple +string comparison. + +And all you have to do is +iterate through the word list. + +Does that make sense +to everyone? + +Our solution has a trick. + +You don't need to +use this trick. + +A lot of people didn't and +they got full credit. + +But this is one way +of doing it. + +Question (5). + +This was the one where we asked +you to find the problem + +with this code. + +Or, rather we asked does this +code meet the specification. + +When you get a question like +that, first thing you should + +do is actually look at +the specification. + +Then, you should look for what +this code needs to do. + +Because the specification is +going to tell you what the + +function needs to do. + +If it doesn't say you need to do +something then, that means + +it's undefined. + +Right? + +So In those cases, you can do +whatever, as long as you meet + +the specification. + +The first requirement is it +returns a list of the + +pointwise sum of the elements. + +That's the first requirement +of the specification. + +And then it gives you 2 +implicit requirements. + +One is this example, where it +says if I'm given two vectors, + +this is what I expect +the return to be. + +In this case, the vectors are +two different lengths. + +It's also saying that your +vectors are not always going + +to be the same length. + +In that case, you take the +pointwise sum up to the + +shorter of the two lists and +just tack on the remainder + +from a longer list. + +So that's the second +requirement. + +The third requirement is, if +you have two empty lists + +you're going to return +an empty list. + +And, finally, your fourth +requirement is, does not + +modify input. + +Now, you know the four +requirements from the + +specification. + +And. now, you need to look in +the code and see if this code + +matches all those +requirements. + +The first one. + +Does it return a list containing +the pointwise some + +of the elements. + +Well, this is the portion of +the code that does that. + +It looks like it meets +that specification. + +Result is going to be the longer +of the two vectors. + +In this case if v1 +longer than v2. + +We set result to v1 +and other to v2. + +That's the shorter. + +Then, if we choose the longer, +we set result to v2. + +And other to the shorter +of the two vectors. + +Does everyone see that? + +We iterate through and we +get the pointwise sum. + +We meet the first requirement. + +The second requirement is that +if we're given two vectors + +that are different lengths then, +we're going to sum up + +the furthest that we can, up to +the length of the shortest + +one an tack on the remainder. + +Well, again, this for loop here, +that does a pointwise + +sum, it only goes up to the +length of the shorter list. + +Second requirement met. + +Third requirement. + +Two empty vectors returns +an empty vector. + +Well, if I have an empty +vector here, this + +is going to be 0. + +This FOR loop is never +going to execute. + +And my result is going +to be empty. + +And, then, finally that leaves a +fourth requirement, does not + +modify the input. + +What's result? + +Result is what we're ultimately +returning. + +And that's the only thing +that we really + +modify in this function. + +Result in this case, +is v1 or v2. + +But they're aliased. + +So it's modifying the inputs +and that's a violation. + +So the answer to this problem is +a total of six characters. + +Some of you wrote entire +redefinitions of the function + +or, copied Ryan's code +from the reviews. + +Perfectly acceptable, but +way too much work. + +Remember, programmers +are lazy. + +That's all we were +looking for. + +If you used the code from Ryan +or, you had a different + +implementation that met the +specifications, but was + +completely different you +got full credit. + +You have a question? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +. + +I'm just trying to figure out +what the distinction is + +[INAUDIBLE] + +do a dot copy. + +Why one is better +than the other. + +PROFESSOR: Dot copy applies +only to dictionaries. + +AUDIENCE: Oh. + +PROFESSOR: So if we try and +do a dot copy on a list. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, OK. + +PROFESSOR: Got it. + +I think we took one point +for that or something. + +We knew what your intent was but +you didn't have your IDE + +there with you. + +Question (6) was another +exercise in code reading. + +The way that I would attack this +one is to figure out what + +the two functions do first. + +Let's take the easier +of the two, addUp. + +Takes a dictionaries input and +it has a variable result that + +it initially sets to 0. + +And then it iterates through all +the keys in the dictionary + +and adds them to result. + +Basically, its assuming that the +values in the dictionary + +are some sort of number, and +it's summing them up, and + +returning the total. + +And, then, this f +function here -- + +takes the dictionary it +zeroes out any of the + +keys it might have. + +And then it iterates through +all the characters in s. + +If the character is already in +the dictionary then, it's + +going to add 1 to it. + +So it's going to increment it. + +And if the character isn't in +the dictionary, then, it's + +going to set up to 0. + +Then, it's going to return +the result in dictionary. + +Knowing that, the function +becomes pretty easy. + +f of abbc for d1, which is +an empty dictionary. + +Just walking through it, +starting from this point, if + +we iterate a, it's not going +to be in the dictionary. + +So we're going to +set d of a to 0. + +Then, we move on to the +next character, b. + +b is not in the dictionary. + +So d of b becomes 0. + +Now, we get one of +the second b. + +b Is now in the dictionary. + +So we increment b. + +Now, d of b is 1. + +Then, we move on to the final +character, c, again not the + +dictionary. + +So we set d of c to 0. + +Then, we return the +dictionary. + +That means that in my +dictionary, I have three keys + +a, b, and c. + +And they have values 0, +1, and 0 Respectively. + +So add up is going +to return 1. + +And same process for +all of these. + +Question I have here is what +happens when Python + +gets to that line? + +Anyone. + +It's going to be an error. + +Why? + +AUDIENCE: Result is +a local variable. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +Result is a local variable +to addUP. + +There you go. + +So, again, the approach to this +problem is to figure out + +which each of the functions +do, and then right walk + +through the code. + +Did anyone have trouble with +this or want me to actually + +step through it? + +First, when f gets an integer, +it just prints out + +the integer in binary. + +And then, this loop here, +prints out the binary + +representations from 0, 1, 2. + +Why is the first output +none in this case? + +Because in that first +iteration i is 0. + +When f is called, n, +is going to be 0. + +It's just going to +return nothing. + +So it gives you nothing. + +Now, the next question was under +the assumption that the + +log base 2 is o of n, what is +the order of the function, f? + +And to figure this out, you know +that this function here + +is o of n, because +we told you. + +We know that that's one +of the first things + +that's called in f. + +So automatically, a run +time is o of n. + +Now, this loop here, iterates +how many times? + +Log n. + +Well, log base 2n, +to be explicit. + +For this function, which is +the dominating term here? + +When we want to see o of n, it's +just going to be that. + +If you had o of n plus log n, +I think we took a point. + +Just because when we talk about +worst case scenario, + +we're looking for what the +dominating portion of this + +function is. + +How does it do it? + +You want to walk through +the code now? + +Alright. + +First thing it does, is it gets +something it's calling + +curve digit. + +All that is, is you take the log +base 2 of a number you're + +going to get the number of +binary digits in it. + +Think of it as like if I have +three which binary is 1, 1. + +If I take log base2 of this, +then my curve digit + +is going to be 1. + +I'm not sure, Python's +been around too long. + +Well, 1.5 but if we truncate +it to an int + +it's going to be 1. + +That's kind of like our +position marker + +in the binary number. + +Now, we're going to iterate +while the current digit is + +greater than or equal to 0. + +We're basically going to start +here and move down the line in + +this direction. + +All it does is says if my n mod +2 -- so I'm checking to + +see if it's odd or even -- + +if it's going to be 1 or 0. + +In this case, it's going to be +1 to the power of the current + +digit, which in this +case is 1. + +I'm sorry, misspoke. + +n is 3, The remainder +is going to be 1. + +In this case 1 to the power +of 1 is going to be 1. + +That's less than +n, which it is. + +Then, my ans is going +to be ans plus 1. + +I'm going to add 1 to the +string and construct it. + +Then, I'm going to subtract +whatever this part is. + +So 2 to the current digit, +in this case to the 1. + +It's just going to subtract +this off. + +Then, curve digit is going to be +decremented and moved here. + +Then, in this iteration, curve +digit is going to be 0 and n + +is going to be 1. + +So 1 mod 2 is going to be 1. + +Curve digit is 0. + +So that's going to +be 1 less than 1. + +It should print it out. + +I was not prepared for that. + +All right. + +So. the final question -- + +number (8). + +Big O notation, if we match +it up, does anyone + +know what it is? + +AUDIENCE: Upper bound. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +A lot of you put the expected +running time. + +And the letters are messed +up on this but-- + +a lot of you put the expected +running time, but when we are + +talking about Big +O, we're talking + +about worst case scenario. + +So, that's the upper bound. + +There is an expected bound. + +If you decide to do any more +algorithm analysis, you have + +Big O, expected, and little o. + +If I plot the run time of +a given function, my + +Big O might be this. + +The worst time, my expected, +might be like that. + +And my absolute best case +might be like that. + +When we say they go that's +what we're looking for. + +Alright Newton's method. + +What is that an example of? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +These don't look right. + +You know what, I'm sorry. + +This is a different version +of the quiz. + +Newton's method, that's +an approximation. + +Then the last one was recursion +on your test. + +The answer we were looking +for was induction. + +That's that. + +Anyone have any actual +questions. + +AUDIENCE: Go back +to number (4). + +PROFESSOR: Number (4). + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: What was the part +that you did not understand + +with number (4)? + +AUDIENCE: I thought it was +confusing how to join the + +[INAUDIBLE] together or how to +go through them to see if you + +know exactly [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Well, that's kind +of the trick we have here. + +We know we have a list of words +so to iterate through + +the words is just a FOR loop. + +So that's what that for +word in wordList does. + +To do the thing where you match +the letters one to one, + +what we implemented here is, we +first take lStr and we sort + +it, sort the characters +in lStr. + +Then, what we do for wordList is +for each word, we sort the + +characters in that word. + +And what that does is, it allows +us to just directly + +compare the two strings. + +And if they're equal, then we've +met the criteria for + +adding it into the wordList, +Or the return wordList. + +That's the quiz. + +If you don't have it, you +can come pick it up. + +AUDIENCE: Sorry, I was just +going to ask really quick. + +If you're getting a [INAUDIBLE] +string, you're + +concatenating [INAUDIBLE] +strings, the empty string, why + +can't you just set it equal +to the [INAUDIBLE] string? + +Is there something about the +way that operates that you + +couldn't do it? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, so if I say my +string is 'abcdef,' and I + +just say sorted(s), this +returns a list. + +What I'm doing with join +is I'm just converting + +it back to a string. + +Got it? + +OK, so on to object oriented +programming. + +So what can someone tell +me about classes? + +What do they allow you to do? + +AUDIENCE: Allow you to +define a custom type. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +So one thing they allow you to +do is to define a custom type. + +Now, when you define a class, +you can group your methods and + +data together with something +called encapsulation. + +So first stuff, we've actually +already been using classes. + +We just didn't tell +you, right? + +So ints, floats, dicts, +et cetera, these are + +all types of classes. + +And each of these, we've +already seen them, have + +something called methods +associated with them, right? + +Methods are basically functions +that are associated + +with a given class. + +So for example, if I have the +str class, which everyone's + +seen, then it has, say, +a method, dot lower. + +So if I have s equal-- + +well, let me write it +up here on the code. + +If I say something like s equal +'abcdef,' I can call the + +method, lower. + +So we've actually already been +doing object oriented + +programming. + +You just didn't know it. + +Along with that, classes +have methods. + +And they also have +something else. + +Someone help me? + +What? + +AUDIENCE: Parameters? + +Variables? + +PROFESSOR: I'm looking +for something-- + +terminology-wise, attributes. + +So they're a way of grouping +methods and attributes. + +So when we talk about +attributes, we're talking + +about things that pertain to a +specific instance of a class. + +So let's say that I have +a real world example. + +I have a person class. + +We've already kind +of seen this guy. + +A person has multiple +instances. + +So there's an instance +of Mitch. + +There's an instance of Garthi. + +There's an instance +of Phillipe. + +We're all people, +mostly human. + +And we all have attributes. + +So we all have an age, +when we were born. + +We all have a name. + +Some of us have hair and other +attributes, right? + +We also have actions +that we can take. + +So I can talk. + +And I could walk. + +I can talk to you, you, you, +you, you, and you. + +So a method that I could define +for a person might be + +talk to someone. + +So that's one way of thinking +about objects. + +So object-oriented programming +also gives us something called + +inheritance, right? + +So I could think of-- + +if I'm going along with +my person analogy-- + +I could think of sub-classing +person if I'm willing to draw + +hard binary on the genders. + +You have males and you +have females, right? + +And in this column, I +might have Tracy. + +I'm just picking on people +who come to office hours. + +And then, Garthi, et cetera. + +Now, the inheritance portion +of it is important because + +I've already said that one of +my methods on a person is I + +can talk to people. + +I can talk to other people. + +It shouldn't matter if I'm +talking to Garthi, as a male, + +versus Tracy, as a female. + +I talk to people basically +the same. + +So that gets into something +called polymorphism, which is + +we treat objects with a common +super class the same as their + +sub-classes. + +So as another example, let's +say that I have dogs and-- + +what's another canine, foxes? + +I'm not going to necessarily +talk to canines the way that I + +talk to a person. + +So they would exist with a +different super-class. + +And then, we could +all be animals. + +So really, what object-oriented +programming + +gives you is a different way of +thinking about how you're + +modeling your world. + +And what I want to do is now, +instead of just talking about + +these abstract things, +walk through + +some concrete examples. + +So the first thing that I want +to illustrate is let's say + +that we want to create +a person. + +But we don't want to use object +oriented programming. + +Or, we don't want +to use classes. + +Professor Guttag will get angry +at me if I say we're not + +using object oriented +programming. + +So let's say I have a function, +makePerson. + +And I'm going to represent a +person as a dictionary that + +has name, age, height, +weight as keys. + +All makePerson does is it +takes these things as + +parameters, makes a dictionary +with them as values, and then + +returns a dictionary. + +Then, I have a bunch of +helper functions, + +like get_name of person. + +All that does is +it just returns + +whatever's in the name key. + +I can also set the name in case +a person decides they + +don't want to be +known as Mitch. + +They want to be known +as Mitchell or + +something like that. + +So I have a bunch of these +getter and setter function. + +These are called accessor and +mutator functions, whatever + +terminology you want to use. + +I can also define another +function that will do + +something like print +out the person. + +So in this case, I'm just going +to print out name, age, + +height, and weight. + +And to see this in action, I'm +going to make a person, Mitch, + +32 70, 200. + +And then, Serena, 25, 65, 130. + +I don't know if these are +actually correct. + +So don't quote me on it. + +I have a syntax error. + +So if I run this, then all it's +going to do is just print + +out what I'd expect +it to print out. + +I can also set my age. + +So I can go back in time to +25, which is a great age. + +And now, I'm 25. + +Now, this is fine if you just +want to do simple things. + +But the reason why we kind +of like object oriented + +programming is because we +run into difficulties. + +So let's say that I print +out the type of Mitch. + +It says I'm a dict. + +But it doesn't give me +any more information. + +So that means that I could +define any random old dict and + +pass it to some of my functions +that I've defined to + +work on people. + +And it will probably +give me an error. + +It also makes other operations +kind of non-intuitive. + +So let's say that I want +to figure out if + +two people are equal. + +Well, I could do that by +defining a function, + +people_equal, or equal_people, +and passing in it a person1 + +and person2. + +And for our intents and +purposes, it's just going to + +be if they have the same name, +they're the same person. + +So this is going to, of course, +do what we expect it + +to do and return false, right? + +Because Serena and Mitch +aren't the same person. + +But it's kind of awkward. + +And if we do things using +classes, it becomes a little + +bit more elegant. + +And you get a lot more power. + +So let's say I do the exact +same thing with a class. + +So I have the class keyword. + +I have the name of my object, +or my class, my new type. + +And then, I have this +thing called init. + +All init does is it says, when +I get a new person object, + +Python automatically calls init +with whatever parameters + +are specified and tells the +object to make attributes or + +to set itself up. + +So in this case-- + +need a bigger screen-- + +I'm making a Mitch person, +all right? + +And the way that you make a new +object, or an instance of + +person, is you have +the class name. + +And then, you pass it whatever +parameters are + +specified in init. + +Now, behind the scenes, Python +will create a chunk of memory. + +And then, it'll call +this init function. + +And it'll pass a reference +to that chunk of memory. + +So visually, let's say this +is your magical memory. + +Python sees us call +person, goes in, + +grabs a chunk of memory-- + +this marker sucks-- + +grabs a chunk of memory and +says, this chunk of memory is + +of type person. + +Then, it calls init. + +init says, basically, Mitch +is a reference to + +this chunk of memory. + +This is a self parameter. + +And then, it has the +other parameters. + +And then, in the init method, +all we're doing is we're + +creating new attributes on +this chunk of memory. + +So we're going to have +an attribute name. + +We're going to have an attribute +age, height, weight. + +And then, we have a bunch of +accessors or getters, mutators + +or setters. + +Same exact thing as the +functions that I showed, that + +we had when we were trying to +do this without classes. + +The difference is +that these are + +lexically scoped to person. + +They are methods for an instance +of type person. + +Whereas before, they were just +functions that worked on + +something we called a person. + +But a person was actually +a dict. + +So let me just run this. + +So if I run this, I'm just going +to create a person, a + +Mitch person and a +Sarina person. + +I'm going to print out Mitch. + +It's the same thing that +I had before, right? + +Except I'm using a class. + +Now, if I want to use one of +the accessors, so I want to + +get younger again, I can just +take my object, Mitch, and I + +can call the set_age method +and pass it in my new age. + +And I've lost seven years. + +All right, now so far, this is +just a different way of doing + +the same thing, right? + +But if we look at the type +of Mitch, I'm a person. + +So there's now some extra +information that we didn't + +have before when we were using +a dict to represent a person. + +Before, it could've +been any dict. + +We didn't know that it +represented a person. + +The only reason that it +represented a person before we + +used a class was because we +had set certain keys to + +certain values. + +But other than that, +it was just a dict. + +Here, this is marked +as being a person. + +And that also gives us some +additional kind of power, + +which we'll see in +a little bit. + +So now, I've done something +sneaky. + +And I've created a way of +comparing Mitch and Sarina. + +Before I had that function, +people_equal. + +Now, I can use the double +equal operator, which is + +something that we're used to. + +We use it with all +the other types. + +Why don't we use +it with people? + +The way that we define that is +that on this person class, I + +have to find this function +underbar, underbar, EQ, + +underbar, underbar, right? + +The underbar methods-- + +and underbar, underbar, +init is one of them-- + +have a special significance +in Python. + +So in this case, the underbar, +underbar, EQ, underbar, + +underbar says that if I have an +object niche, and I have a + +double equal, and I have another +object, Serena, it's + +going to look in the +Mitch object. + +And it's going to say, does +it have an EQ method? + +Does it have this method name? + +In this case, it does. + +So it says, OK, this object is +capable of comparing itself to + +another object for equality. + +And so it calls this method. + +And self, in this case, is the +Mitch object, is this guy. + +And the other is the +Serena object. + +Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: So when it looks for +the EQ, does it look for EQ, + +or does it look for something +that has a double equal sign, + +and then go off from there? + +Is the underbar, underbar, +EQ, underbar, underbar -- + +is it defined for all? + +PROFESSOR: It's defined +for all persons. + +AUDIENCE: All persons. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +OK, I see what you're saying. + +Is it defined for objects +other than + +persons, like all objects? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Well, we can +check that out. + +You notice that person +inherits from object. + +This is where all classes +that you define + +should inherit from. + +And so object, like any other +type-- remember I showed the + +dir command before? + +If you do this, you can +see everything that's + +inherent to an object. + +So in this case, it +doesn't have the + +underbar, underbar, EQ. + +So it might be something special +that Python does. + +So this is where I'd actually +have to look it up to answer + +your question. + +So I'm going to punt on that. + +AUDIENCE: So it knows somehow +to look for EQ specifically? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +When it sees the double equals +sign, it knows to look for EQ. + +The double underbars +signify a magical + +operator or magical method. + +AUDIENCE: So when you're +calling EQ, you're not + +formally giving it two formal +parameters in the parentheses. + +So it's presumably taking the +first name before the equals + +and the second name before +the equals-- + +PROFESSOR: We'll +get into that. + +So the question is, are we +actually explicitly passing + +two formal parameters to it? + +And the answer is yes and no. + +This is a bit of syntactic sugar +for Python, which means + +that it's a nicer way +of writing things. + +But we could do something +like this. + +Which is totally awkward, but +in actuality, this is what + +Python does in the background. + +It does this sort of mangling. + +And I was actually going to +show that with something a + +little bit easier +to comprehend. + +So I have a method called +get_age, an accessor, right? + +And usually, you call a method +by having a reference to the + +object, dot, and then whatever +method name-- + +in this case, get_age. + +You can also write it like this, +which is, if you think + +about it, exactly what happened +with the double equal + +operator, right? + +Python took your nice, +intuitive syntax-- + +Mitch double equal Sarina-- + +and totally mangled it and made +it something that was + +completely ugly. + +And this is how Python would +actually see it. + +So that's why, when you +write these methods, + +you have a self parameter. + +This self parameter +is like this guy. + +Python says, ooh, I have +an object reference. + +And they're calling +a method, get_age? + +Do I have a get_age method? + +Yes, I do. + +Here it is. + +OK, now I'm going to take this +and make it look ugly. + +It's a person object. + +So I'm going to call +person.get_age, and I'm going + +to pass it Mitch, the reference +to the object. + +And that becomes a +self parameter. + +So that's where the self +parameter comes from. + +There's a little bit of +mangling that goes on. + +And it's partially +hidden from you. + +In other languages, it's +completely hidden from you. + +But in Python, you see +some of the ugliness. + +AUDIENCE: So in this case, how +did it know I was talking + +about Mitch self and not-- + +PROFESSOR: Serena? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: So the question was +how did Python know that the + +parameter was Mitch. + +Because-- + +let me comment this out +so we explicitly + +what I'm talking about. + +So Mitch is a reference to a +person that represents me on a + +computer, right? + +Python knows that this object +is of type person because it + +chunked that memory and made +it of type person. + +So when it sees this reference +and it knows it's of type + +person and it sees this dot +and get_age, what that + +automatically tells Python is, +hey, this instance of person + +is trying to call a method. + +Does this class have +a method, get_age? + +In this case, it does. + +So python says, oh, it does. + +So I'm going to call this +method, person.get_age, and + +pass it Mitch as a +self parameter. + +Does it make sense +in some way? + +AUDIENCE: So it basically allows +you to put in the name + +of the person instead of +the attribute, instead + +of using the type? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, so +you could do this. + +I don't recommend that +you do this. + +I'm trying to illustrate +where the self + +parameter is coming from. + +It's much cleaner to write-- + +than it is to write this. + +Fewer keystrokes, too. + +Remember, programmers +are lazy. + +But it'll do the same +exact thing. + +So can I move on? + +Wow, we've only got three +minutes left. + +I don't think I'm going to be +able to get through this. + +So my intent with this code was +to show inheritance with + +shapes, because that's +the classic. + +I'm going to define a base +class called shape. + +And I'm going to give it some +methods, area, perimeter, EQ, + +and less than. + +For my purposes, shapes are +equal if they have the same + +area, and they're less than +if the area's less than. + +So when we're doing logical +comparisons, + +we're comparing areas. + +So now, I'm going to define +a class, rectangle. + +It inherits from shape. + +It's got two sides, or the +lengths of two sides. + +So the area's pretty easy, +just a multiplication. + +And the parameter is just the +sum of the four sides. + +And then, I'm going to define +another shape, circle. + +It's got a radius. + +And it does the area and the +perimeter in the way that you + +expect a circle to do the +area and the perimeter. + +And then, I've got square, +which is a sub-class of + +rectangle, because a square is +just a special case, right? + +And all I'm going to do is when +I initialize my square, + +I'm just going to call the +rectangle's init method, and + +give it the same size twice. + +So what this gives us is some +inheritance, some nice + +properties. + +So first off, when Python +gets to this line, + +what's going to happen? + +s is of type shape, right? + +So what is the method +for shape? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: What's that? + +AUDIENCE: What is the +method for shape? + +PROFESSOR: What does the area +method for shape do? + +Because that's what +I'm calling here. + +AUDIENCE: It's going +to throw an error. + +PROFESSOR: So yeah, voila. + +And the reason is that we +haven't implemented it here. + +This method is a placeholder. + +It's saying that if I have +a shape, it should + +have an area method. + +And this is something that you +should see on your problem set + +when you're doing PS5 +with trigger. + +AUDIENCE: So it doesn't do +anything on its own. + +You can ignore it and +just put [INAUDIBLE] + +for a circle. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: It just reminds you? + +PROFESSOR: It reminds +you, yeah. + +AUDIENCE: It's like +commenting. + +PROFESSOR: What's that? + +AUDIENCE: So it's kind +of like commenting? + +PROFESSOR: It's like commenting, +except that you + +get a little bit nicer +error checking. + +So it is a way of explicitly +saying that if I have + +something that is sub-classed +from shape, then I can be + +guaranteed that there +is an area method. + +But if I sub-class off it-- + +so rectangle, square, and +circle-- they all have + +concrete implementation +for areas. + +So this is all going +to run fine. + +And then, I have my equality +operator and + +my less than operator. + +Those will run fine. + +So let me-- + +all right. + +The reason why this is useful, +and the big idea, is if I have + +a list of shapes-- + +circle, square, and +a rectangle-- + +then I can treat them all +exactly the same because they + +all have an area method, which +is defined on a shape. + +They all sub-class from shape. + +So it'll print all +those areas. + +And then, if I wanted +to, I could even-- + +because I have a list, I can +call the sort method. + +And because I've defined the +less than operator, it'll sort + +the shapes in descending +order by area. + +And that's what this last bit of +code does unless I comment + +out my assignment. + +There we go. + +So I know I rushed +through the shape + +implementation, and I'm sorry. + +But I'm actually out of time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZUWb9HHXGHM.txt b/ZUWb9HHXGHM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8834b4a6617bb6fe12f3c0f67e9f8a4b801b771 --- /dev/null +++ b/ZUWb9HHXGHM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,371 @@ +One of the most useful abstractions provided +by high-level languages is the notion of a + +procedure or subroutine, which is a sequence +of instructions that perform a specific task. + +A procedure has a single named entry point, +which can be used to refer to the procedure + +in other parts of the program. + +In the example here, this code is defining +the GCD procedure, which is declared to return + +an integer value. + +Procedures have zero or more formal parameters, +which are the names the code inside the procedure + +will use to refer the values supplied when +the procedure is invoked by a "procedure call". + +A procedure call is an expression that has +the name of the procedure followed by parenthesized + +list of values called "arguments" that will +be matched up with the formal parameters. + +For example, the value of the first argument +will become the value of the first formal + +parameter while the procedure is executing. + +The body of the procedure may define additional +variables, called "local variables", since + +they can only be accessed by statements in +the procedure body. + +Conceptually, the storage for local variables +only exists while the procedure is executing. + +They are allocated when the procedure is invoked +and deallocated when the procedure returns. + +The procedure may return a value that's the +result of the procedure's computation. + +It's legal to have procedures that do not +return a value, in which case the procedures + +would only be executed for their "side effects", +e.g., changes they make to shared data. + +Here we see another procedure, COPRIMES, that +invokes the GCD procedure to compute the greatest + +common divisor of two numbers. + +To use GCD, the programmer of COPRIMES only +needed to know the input/output behavior of + +GCD, i.e., the number and types of the arguments +and what type of value is returned as a result. + +The procedural abstraction has hidden the +implementation of GCD, while still making + +its functionality available as a "black box". + +This is a very powerful idea: encapsulating +a complex computation so that it can be used + +by others. + +Every high-level language comes with a collection +of pre-built procedures, called "libraries", + +which can be used to perform arithmetic functions +(e.g., square root or cosine), + +manipulate collections of data (e.g., lists +or dictionaries), read data from files, and + +so on - the list is nearly endless! + +Much of the expressive power and ease-of-use +provided by high-level languages comes from + +their libraries of "black boxes". + +The procedural abstraction is at the heart +of object-oriented languages, which encapsulate + +data and procedures as black boxes called +objects that support specific operations on + +their internal data. + +For example, a LIST object has procedures +(called "methods" in this context) for indexing + +into the list to read or change a value, adding +new elements to the list, inquiring about + +the length of the list, and so on. + +The internal representation of the data and +the algorithms used to implement the methods + +are hidden by the object abstraction. + +Indeed, there may be several different LIST +implementations to choose from depending on + +which operations you need to be particularly +efficient. + +Okay, enough about the virtues of the procedural +abstraction! + +Let's turn our attention to how to implement +procedures using the Beta ISA. + +A possible implementation is to "inline" the +procedure, where we replace the procedure + +call with a copy of the statements in the +procedure's body, substituting argument values + +for references to the formal parameters. + +In this approach we're treating procedures +very much like UASM macros, i.e., a simple + +notational shorthand for making a copy of +the procedure's body. + +Are there any problems with this approach? + +One obvious issue is the potential increase +in the code size. + +For example, if we had a lengthy procedure +that was called many times, the final expanded + +code would be huge! + +Enough so that inlining isn't a practical +solution except in the case of short procedures + +where optimizing compilers do sometimes decide +to inline the code. + +A bigger difficulty is apparent when we consider +a recursive procedure where there's a nested + +call to the procedure itself. + +During execution the recursion will terminate +for some values of the arguments and the recursive + +procedure will eventually return answer. + +But at compile time, the inlining process +would not terminate and so the inlining scheme + +fails if the language allows recursion. + +The second option is to "link" to the procedure. + +In this approach there is a single copy of +the procedure code which we arrange to be + +run for each procedure call - all the procedure +calls are said to link to the procedure code. + +Here the body of the procedure is translated +once into Beta instructions and the first + +instruction is identified as the procedure's +entry point. + +The procedure call is compiled into a set +of instructions that evaluate the argument + +expressions and save the values in an agreed-upon +location. + +Then we'll use a BR instruction to transfer +control to the entry point of the procedure. + +Recall that the BR instruction not only changes +the PC but saves the address of the instruction + +following the branch in a specified register. + +This saved address is the "return address" +where we want execution to resume when procedure + +execution is complete. + +After branching to the entry point, the procedure +code runs, stores the result in an agreed-upon + +location and then resumes execution of the +calling program by jumping to the supplied + +return address. + +To complete this implementation plan we need +a "calling convention" that specifies where + +to store the argument values during procedure +calls and where the procedure should store + +the return value. + +It's tempting to simply allocate specific +memory locations for the job. + +How about using registers? + +We could pass the argument value in registers +starting, say, with R1. + +The return address could be stored in another +register, say R28. + +As we can see, with this convention the BR +and JMP instructions are just what we need + +to implement procedure call and return. + +It's usual to call the register holding the +return address the "linkage pointer". + +And finally the procedure can use, say, R0 +to hold the return value. + +Let's see how this would work when executing +the procedure call fact(3). + +As shown on the right, fact(3) requires a +recursive call to compute fact(2), and so + +on. + +Our goal is to have a uniform calling convention +where all procedure calls and procedure bodies + +use the same convention for storing arguments, +return addresses and return values. + +In particular, we'll use the same convention +when compiling the recursive call fact(n-1) + +as we did for the initial call to fact(3). + +Okay. + +In the code shown on the right we've used +our proposed convention when compiling the + +Beta code for fact(). + +Let's take a quick tour. + +To compile the initial call fact(3) the compiler +generated a CMOVE instruction to put the argument + +value in R1 and then a BR instruction to transfer +control to fact's entry point while remembering + +the return address in R28. + +The first statement in the body of fact tests +the value of the argument using CMPLEC and + +BT instructions. + +When n is greater than 0, the code performs +a recursive call to fact, saving the value + +of the recursive argument n-1 in R1 as our +convention requires. + +Note that we had to first save the value of +the original argument n because we'll need + +it for the multiplication after the recursive +call returns its value in R0. + +If n is not greater than 0, the value 1 is +placed in R0. + +Then the two possible execution paths merge, +each having generated the appropriate return + +value in R0, and finally there's a JMP to +return control to the caller. + +The JMP instruction knows to find the return +address in R28, just where the BR put it as + +part of the original procedure call. + +Some of you may have noticed that there are +some difficulties with this particular implementation. + +The code is correct in the sense that it faithfully +implements procedure call and return using + +our proposed convention. + +The problem is that during recursive calls +we'll be overwriting register values we need + +later. + +For example, note that following our calling +convention, the recursive call also uses R28 + +to store the return address. + +When executed, the code for the original call +stored the address of the HALT instruction + +in R28. + +Inside the procedure, the recursive call will +store the address of the MUL instruction in + +R28. + +Unfortunately that overwrites the original +return address. + +Even the attempt to save the value of the +argument N in R2 is doomed to fail since during + +the execution of the recursive call R2 will +be overwritten. + +The crux of the problem is that each recursive +call needs to remember the value of its argument + +and return address, i.e., we need two storage +locations for each active call to fact(). + +And while executing fact(3), when we finally +get to calling fact(0) there are four nested + +active calls, so we'll need 4*2 = 8 storage +locations. + +In fact, the amount of storage needed varies +with the depth of the recursion. + +Obviously we can't use just two registers +(R2 and R28) to hold all the values we need + +to save. + +One fix is to disallow recursion! + +And, in fact, some of the early programming +languages such as FORTRAN did just that. + +But let's see if we can solve the problem +another way. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZUkM3_qPBo0.txt b/ZUkM3_qPBo0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e828162e3c2dc8505ac63709ee84abdca391a0d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/ZUkM3_qPBo0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so uh last time we + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so uh last time we + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so uh last time we +continued with our discussion of design + + align:start position:0% +continued with our discussion of design + + + align:start position:0% +continued with our discussion of design +of experiments and especially looking at + + align:start position:0% +of experiments and especially looking at + + + align:start position:0% +of experiments and especially looking at +fractional factorial designs some of the + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorial designs some of the + + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorial designs some of the +aliasing patterns that come up and how + + align:start position:0% +aliasing patterns that come up and how + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing patterns that come up and how +that interplays with model uh + + align:start position:0% +that interplays with model uh + + + align:start position:0% +that interplays with model uh +Construction in particular what terms of + + align:start position:0% +Construction in particular what terms of + + + align:start position:0% +Construction in particular what terms of +a model you can include what you can't + + align:start position:0% +a model you can include what you can't + + + align:start position:0% +a model you can include what you can't +include as well as a few ideas on uh uh + + align:start position:0% +include as well as a few ideas on uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +include as well as a few ideas on uh uh +different kinds of patterns things like + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of patterns things like + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of patterns things like +the central composite pattern as well as + + align:start position:0% +the central composite pattern as well as + + + align:start position:0% +the central composite pattern as well as +fractional or full factorial what I want + + align:start position:0% +fractional or full factorial what I want + + + align:start position:0% +fractional or full factorial what I want +to do today is pick up a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +to do today is pick up a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +to do today is pick up a little bit more +on response surface modeling or RSM um + + align:start position:0% +on response surface modeling or RSM um + + + align:start position:0% +on response surface modeling or RSM um +we've already touched on some of these + + align:start position:0% +we've already touched on some of these + + + align:start position:0% +we've already touched on some of these +but there's a couple of things I've + + align:start position:0% +but there's a couple of things I've + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a couple of things I've +alluded to but we haven't really sort of + + align:start position:0% +alluded to but we haven't really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +alluded to but we haven't really sort of +shown you things like how one gets + + align:start position:0% +shown you things like how one gets + + + align:start position:0% +shown you things like how one gets +confidence intervals on the estimates of + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on the estimates of + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on the estimates of +coefficients in the model just like when + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in the model just like when + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in the model just like when +we were doing some estimation of + + align:start position:0% +we were doing some estimation of + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing some estimation of +statistical distributions we would say + + align:start position:0% +statistical distributions we would say + + + align:start position:0% +statistical distributions we would say +we want more than just an estimate of + + align:start position:0% +we want more than just an estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +we want more than just an estimate of +the mean or an estimate of the variance + + align:start position:0% +the mean or an estimate of the variance + + + align:start position:0% +the mean or an estimate of the variance +of a process we would like to know what + + align:start position:0% +of a process we would like to know what + + + align:start position:0% +of a process we would like to know what +range we might say 90% of the time or + + align:start position:0% +range we might say 90% of the time or + + + align:start position:0% +range we might say 90% of the time or +with 90% confidence we think the true + + align:start position:0% +with 90% confidence we think the true + + + align:start position:0% +with 90% confidence we think the true +mean or true variance lies similarly + + align:start position:0% +mean or true variance lies similarly + + + align:start position:0% +mean or true variance lies similarly +when we're fitting models and model + + align:start position:0% +when we're fitting models and model + + + align:start position:0% +when we're fitting models and model +coefficients we'd like some notion of + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we'd like some notion of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we'd like some notion of +what range we think the true model + + align:start position:0% +what range we think the true model + + + align:start position:0% +what range we think the true model +coefficients likely lie based on the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients likely lie based on the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients likely lie based on the +data that we have so I want to go over + + align:start position:0% +data that we have so I want to go over + + + align:start position:0% +data that we have so I want to go over +that a little bit and then we'll start + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit and then we'll start + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit and then we'll start +talking about using these models for + + align:start position:0% +talking about using these models for + + + align:start position:0% +talking about using these models for +process optimization um so combining a + + align:start position:0% +process optimization um so combining a + + + align:start position:0% +process optimization um so combining a +little bit of the response surface + + align:start position:0% +little bit of the response surface + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of the response surface +methodology with design of experiments + + align:start position:0% +methodology with design of experiments + + + align:start position:0% +methodology with design of experiments +both in in sequential fashion and in + + align:start position:0% +both in in sequential fashion and in + + + align:start position:0% +both in in sequential fashion and in +kind of iterative fashion where one + + align:start position:0% +kind of iterative fashion where one + + + align:start position:0% +kind of iterative fashion where one +might adapt the model on the fly or + + align:start position:0% +might adapt the model on the fly or + + + align:start position:0% +might adapt the model on the fly or +based on additional experiments in order + + align:start position:0% +based on additional experiments in order + + + align:start position:0% +based on additional experiments in order +to drive the process or try to seek out + + align:start position:0% +to drive the process or try to seek out + + + align:start position:0% +to drive the process or try to seek out +and find an Optimum in the process so + + align:start position:0% +and find an Optimum in the process so + + + align:start position:0% +and find an Optimum in the process so +that's the plan I've noted here a + + align:start position:0% +that's the plan I've noted here a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the plan I've noted here a +reading + + align:start position:0% +reading + + + align:start position:0% +reading +assignment um you can read all of + + align:start position:0% +assignment um you can read all of + + + align:start position:0% +assignment um you can read all of +chapter 8 it's actually interesting but + + align:start position:0% +chapter 8 it's actually interesting but + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 8 it's actually interesting but +uh what I'm mostly focused on are the + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'm mostly focused on are the + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'm mostly focused on are the +first three sections in May and Spanos + + align:start position:0% +first three sections in May and Spanos + + + align:start position:0% +first three sections in May and Spanos +which talks about process modeling so + + align:start position:0% +which talks about process modeling so + + + align:start position:0% +which talks about process modeling so +it's covering a lot of the material here + + align:start position:0% +it's covering a lot of the material here + + + align:start position:0% +it's covering a lot of the material here +on response surface models uh model + + align:start position:0% +on response surface models uh model + + + align:start position:0% +on response surface models uh model +fitting uh a little bit of regression + + align:start position:0% +fitting uh a little bit of regression + + + align:start position:0% +fitting uh a little bit of regression +and then also using these things for + + align:start position:0% +and then also using these things for + + + align:start position:0% +and then also using these things for +optimization there's a couple of + + align:start position:0% +optimization there's a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +optimization there's a couple of +chapters that have uh a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +chapters that have uh a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +chapters that have uh a little bit more +advanced material on principal component + + align:start position:0% +advanced material on principal component + + + align:start position:0% +advanced material on principal component +analysis which we may come back to uh a + + align:start position:0% +analysis which we may come back to uh a + + + align:start position:0% +analysis which we may come back to uh a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +later okay so that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plan here's kind of a list of some of of + + align:start position:0% +plan here's kind of a list of some of of + + + align:start position:0% +plan here's kind of a list of some of of +the fundamentals of regression when we + + align:start position:0% +the fundamentals of regression when we + + + align:start position:0% +the fundamentals of regression when we +were talking about uh fractional + + align:start position:0% +were talking about uh fractional + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about uh fractional +factorial and factorial designs + + align:start position:0% +factorial and factorial designs + + + align:start position:0% +factorial and factorial designs +especially those formed out of contrast + + align:start position:0% +especially those formed out of contrast + + + align:start position:0% +especially those formed out of contrast +sort of that simplified method using uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of that simplified method using uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of that simplified method using uh +uh differences in different collections + + align:start position:0% +uh differences in different collections + + + align:start position:0% +uh differences in different collections +of the data um we found that those were + + align:start position:0% +of the data um we found that those were + + + align:start position:0% +of the data um we found that those were +very useful quick ways to be able to + + align:start position:0% +very useful quick ways to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +very useful quick ways to be able to +estimate model effects to fill those + + align:start position:0% +estimate model effects to fill those + + + align:start position:0% +estimate model effects to fill those +into anva Anova tables and decide if + + align:start position:0% +into anva Anova tables and decide if + + + align:start position:0% +into anva Anova tables and decide if +those effects are significant and then + + align:start position:0% +those effects are significant and then + + + align:start position:0% +those effects are significant and then +also the relationship of those for model + + align:start position:0% +also the relationship of those for model + + + align:start position:0% +also the relationship of those for model +coefficient + + align:start position:0% +coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient +estimation I want + + align:start position:0% +estimation I want + + + align:start position:0% +estimation I want +to talk a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +to talk a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +to talk a little bit about the +alternative perspective which is + + align:start position:0% +alternative perspective which is + + + align:start position:0% +alternative perspective which is +regression as a way for fitting those + + align:start position:0% +regression as a way for fitting those + + + align:start position:0% +regression as a way for fitting those +coefficients and we've already done uh + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and we've already done uh + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and we've already done uh +uh some of that what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +uh some of that what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of that what I'm going to +illustrate here is our basic assumption + + align:start position:0% +illustrate here is our basic assumption + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate here is our basic assumption +uh and what falls out of using uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and what falls out of using uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and what falls out of using uh +minimization of least square or or + + align:start position:0% +minimization of least square or or + + + align:start position:0% +minimization of least square or or +squared error uh estimates in order to + + align:start position:0% +squared error uh estimates in order to + + + align:start position:0% +squared error uh estimates in order to +uh fit the coefficients or estimate the + + align:start position:0% +uh fit the coefficients or estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +uh fit the coefficients or estimate the +coefficients in a model and I want to + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in a model and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients in a model and I want to +talk a little bit more about um + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit more about um + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit more about um +estimation we've already touched on + + align:start position:0% +estimation we've already touched on + + + align:start position:0% +estimation we've already touched on +estimation using the normal equations + + align:start position:0% +estimation using the normal equations + + + align:start position:0% +estimation using the normal equations +but especially I want to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +but especially I want to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +but especially I want to talk about the +variance again in these coefficients + + align:start position:0% +variance again in these coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +variance again in these coefficients +things like the confidence intervals for + + align:start position:0% +things like the confidence intervals for + + + align:start position:0% +things like the confidence intervals for +fitting + + align:start position:0% +fitting + + + align:start position:0% +fitting +of coefficients um I'm going to do this + + align:start position:0% +of coefficients um I'm going to do this + + + align:start position:0% +of coefficients um I'm going to do this +here mostly in the context of kind of a + + align:start position:0% +here mostly in the context of kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +here mostly in the context of kind of a +simplified perspective a one parameter + + align:start position:0% +simplified perspective a one parameter + + + align:start position:0% +simplified perspective a one parameter +model I just have one input and one + + align:start position:0% +model I just have one input and one + + + align:start position:0% +model I just have one input and one +output and we'll do the simplest model + + align:start position:0% +output and we'll do the simplest model + + + align:start position:0% +output and we'll do the simplest model +we'll build it up to a simple linear + + align:start position:0% +we'll build it up to a simple linear + + + align:start position:0% +we'll build it up to a simple linear +model but all of these ideas also carry + + align:start position:0% +model but all of these ideas also carry + + + align:start position:0% +model but all of these ideas also carry +through for polinomial regression when + + align:start position:0% +through for polinomial regression when + + + align:start position:0% +through for polinomial regression when +I've got multiple inputs um but I think + + align:start position:0% +I've got multiple inputs um but I think + + + align:start position:0% +I've got multiple inputs um but I think +it's a little bit easier to see and + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit easier to see and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit easier to see and +discuss uh in the context of a + + align:start position:0% +discuss uh in the context of a + + + align:start position:0% +discuss uh in the context of a +simplified a simplified model and we + + align:start position:0% +simplified a simplified model and we + + + align:start position:0% +simplified a simplified model and we +also talked uh last time a bit uh last + + align:start position:0% +also talked uh last time a bit uh last + + + align:start position:0% +also talked uh last time a bit uh last +couple of times about lack of fit and I + + align:start position:0% +couple of times about lack of fit and I + + + align:start position:0% +couple of times about lack of fit and I +have a little example that kind of + + align:start position:0% +have a little example that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have a little example that kind of +carries us through uh the development of + + align:start position:0% +carries us through uh the development of + + + align:start position:0% +carries us through uh the development of +a model looking for lack of fit perhaps + + align:start position:0% +a model looking for lack of fit perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +a model looking for lack of fit perhaps +seeing lack of fit and then extending + + align:start position:0% +seeing lack of fit and then extending + + + align:start position:0% +seeing lack of fit and then extending +the model uh so it's got a small a small + + align:start position:0% +the model uh so it's got a small a small + + + align:start position:0% +the model uh so it's got a small a small +example embedded in here in fact that + + align:start position:0% +example embedded in here in fact that + + + align:start position:0% +example embedded in here in fact that +small example might look familiar uh to + + align:start position:0% +small example might look familiar uh to + + + align:start position:0% +small example might look familiar uh to +to those of you that saw uh or took + + align:start position:0% +to those of you that saw uh or took + + + align:start position:0% +to those of you that saw uh or took +2853 uh it's actually the the the same + + align:start position:0% +2853 uh it's actually the the the same + + + align:start position:0% +2853 uh it's actually the the the same +model that I described in a very lecture + + align:start position:0% +model that I described in a very lecture + + + align:start position:0% +model that I described in a very lecture +there uh on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regression it's also important I think + + align:start position:0% +regression it's also important I think + + + align:start position:0% +regression it's also important I think +for us to uh get a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +for us to uh get a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +for us to uh get a little bit of +terminology you've probably run into + + align:start position:0% +terminology you've probably run into + + + align:start position:0% +terminology you've probably run into +measures of model goodness sort of an + + align:start position:0% +measures of model goodness sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +measures of model goodness sort of an +overall summary measure called r squar + + align:start position:0% +overall summary measure called r squar + + + align:start position:0% +overall summary measure called r squar +that is an attempt to capture how good + + align:start position:0% +that is an attempt to capture how good + + + align:start position:0% +that is an attempt to capture how good +the model is in describing what's going + + align:start position:0% +the model is in describing what's going + + + align:start position:0% +the model is in describing what's going +on with your data uh so once one's done + + align:start position:0% +on with your data uh so once one's done + + + align:start position:0% +on with your data uh so once one's done +the Nova analysis it's actually quite + + align:start position:0% +the Nova analysis it's actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +the Nova analysis it's actually quite +easy to calculate both the goodness of + + align:start position:0% +easy to calculate both the goodness of + + + align:start position:0% +easy to calculate both the goodness of +hit R squ and the adjusted r s uh as + + align:start position:0% +hit R squ and the adjusted r s uh as + + + align:start position:0% +hit R squ and the adjusted r s uh as +shown here because they both depend on + + align:start position:0% +shown here because they both depend on + + + align:start position:0% +shown here because they both depend on +both of these R squ measures and the + + align:start position:0% +both of these R squ measures and the + + + align:start position:0% +both of these R squ measures and the +Innova look at the the amount of uh + + align:start position:0% +Innova look at the the amount of uh + + + align:start position:0% +Innova look at the the amount of uh +variation in your data and the amount of + + align:start position:0% +variation in your data and the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +variation in your data and the amount of +variation expressed in your model and + + align:start position:0% +variation expressed in your model and + + + align:start position:0% +variation expressed in your model and +use those to summarize how good the + + align:start position:0% +use those to summarize how good the + + + align:start position:0% +use those to summarize how good the +model is + + align:start position:0% +model is + + + align:start position:0% +model is +so the first measure this R SAR is + + align:start position:0% +so the first measure this R SAR is + + + align:start position:0% +so the first measure this R SAR is +basically just looking and saying if I + + align:start position:0% +basically just looking and saying if I + + + align:start position:0% +basically just looking and saying if I +were to Simply model my + + align:start position:0% +were to Simply model my + + + align:start position:0% +were to Simply model my +output as the + + align:start position:0% +output as the + + + align:start position:0% +output as the +mean how much better does a model that + + align:start position:0% +mean how much better does a model that + + + align:start position:0% +mean how much better does a model that +has more than the mean in it do in + + align:start position:0% +has more than the mean in it do in + + + align:start position:0% +has more than the mean in it do in +explaining the data so essentially what + + align:start position:0% +explaining the data so essentially what + + + align:start position:0% +explaining the data so essentially what +we do is look at the sum of squared + + align:start position:0% +we do is look at the sum of squared + + + align:start position:0% +we do is look at the sum of squared +deviations around the + + align:start position:0% +deviations around the + + + align:start position:0% +deviations around the +mean so this is total sum of squar + + align:start position:0% +mean so this is total sum of squar + + + align:start position:0% +mean so this is total sum of squar +deviations + + align:start position:0% +deviations + + + align:start position:0% +deviations +around the mean and then we say okay how + + align:start position:0% +around the mean and then we say okay how + + + align:start position:0% +around the mean and then we say okay how +much Su of squ deviations based on + + align:start position:0% +much Su of squ deviations based on + + + align:start position:0% +much Su of squ deviations based on +U + + align:start position:0% +U + + + align:start position:0% +U +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +model so so the sort of the the amount + + align:start position:0% +model so so the sort of the the amount + + + align:start position:0% +model so so the sort of the the amount +explained in the model compared to the + + align:start position:0% +explained in the model compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +explained in the model compared to the +total deviations around the mean what + + align:start position:0% +total deviations around the mean what + + + align:start position:0% +total deviations around the mean what +fraction of those is captured uh + + align:start position:0% +fraction of those is captured uh + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of those is captured uh +captured in the model okay so in other + + align:start position:0% +captured in the model okay so in other + + + align:start position:0% +captured in the model okay so in other +words if there's really nothing going on + + align:start position:0% +words if there's really nothing going on + + + align:start position:0% +words if there's really nothing going on +except sort of a flat dependency that is + + align:start position:0% +except sort of a flat dependency that is + + + align:start position:0% +except sort of a flat dependency that is +there is no slope with X as I vary X + + align:start position:0% +there is no slope with X as I vary X + + + align:start position:0% +there is no slope with X as I vary X +nothing changes in the model then then + + align:start position:0% +nothing changes in the model then then + + + align:start position:0% +nothing changes in the model then then +the this simplified notion of R squ is + + align:start position:0% +the this simplified notion of R squ is + + + align:start position:0% +the this simplified notion of R squ is +basically saying there is no dependency + + align:start position:0% +basically saying there is no dependency + + + align:start position:0% +basically saying there is no dependency +on X and therefore I'm going to explain + + align:start position:0% +on X and therefore I'm going to explain + + + align:start position:0% +on X and therefore I'm going to explain +with the model essentially nothing now + + align:start position:0% +with the model essentially nothing now + + + align:start position:0% +with the model essentially nothing now +it's kind of funny because we are + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of funny because we are + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of funny because we are +ignoring the fact that you might also be + + align:start position:0% +ignoring the fact that you might also be + + + align:start position:0% +ignoring the fact that you might also be +Co fitting + + align:start position:0% +Co fitting + + + align:start position:0% +Co fitting +uh the mean value but the notion + + align:start position:0% +uh the mean value but the notion + + + align:start position:0% +uh the mean value but the notion +captured in the r s is dependence on the + + align:start position:0% +captured in the r s is dependence on the + + + align:start position:0% +captured in the r s is dependence on the +input dependence on + + align:start position:0% +input dependence on + + + align:start position:0% +input dependence on +X now the big gotcha with this simple + + align:start position:0% +X now the big gotcha with this simple + + + align:start position:0% +X now the big gotcha with this simple +measure is I can always add model + + align:start position:0% +measure is I can always add model + + + align:start position:0% +measure is I can always add model +coefficients and fit more of my data or + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and fit more of my data or + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and fit more of my data or +at least I can do that uh ignoring + + align:start position:0% +at least I can do that uh ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +at least I can do that uh ignoring +replication in the + + align:start position:0% +replication in the + + + align:start position:0% +replication in the +model for example we saw with a say a + + align:start position:0% +model for example we saw with a say a + + + align:start position:0% +model for example we saw with a say a +two input uh one output kind of model + + align:start position:0% +two input uh one output kind of model + + + align:start position:0% +two input uh one output kind of model +and a full + + align:start position:0% +and a full + + + align:start position:0% +and a full +factorial if I just have those four + + align:start position:0% +factorial if I just have those four + + + align:start position:0% +factorial if I just have those four +corner points I can fit up to a second + + align:start position:0% +corner points I can fit up to a second + + + align:start position:0% +corner points I can fit up to a second +order model with interaction terms if I + + align:start position:0% +order model with interaction terms if I + + + align:start position:0% +order model with interaction terms if I +have four data points I could fit the + + align:start position:0% +have four data points I could fit the + + + align:start position:0% +have four data points I could fit the +mean first order first order and + + align:start position:0% +mean first order first order and + + + align:start position:0% +mean first order first order and +interaction with exactly four + + align:start position:0% +interaction with exactly four + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with exactly four +coefficients and in that case what would + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and in that case what would + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and in that case what would +the r squar be if I fit my data with all + + align:start position:0% +the r squar be if I fit my data with all + + + align:start position:0% +the r squar be if I fit my data with all +four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficients one I would fit the data + + align:start position:0% +coefficients one I would fit the data + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients one I would fit the data +perfectly given this is without + + align:start position:0% +perfectly given this is without + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly given this is without +replication I would fit the data + + align:start position:0% +replication I would fit the data + + + align:start position:0% +replication I would fit the data +perfectly + + align:start position:0% +perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly +right and therefore I'd have an r s of + + align:start position:0% +right and therefore I'd have an r s of + + + align:start position:0% +right and therefore I'd have an r s of +one now is that really a perfect + + align:start position:0% +one now is that really a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +one now is that really a perfect +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +well kind of but what you've done is + + align:start position:0% +well kind of but what you've done is + + + align:start position:0% +well kind of but what you've done is +you've used all of the degrees of + + align:start position:0% +you've used all of the degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +you've used all of the degrees of +freedom in the data to actually fit or + + align:start position:0% +freedom in the data to actually fit or + + + align:start position:0% +freedom in the data to actually fit or +use them to fit the model we also don't + + align:start position:0% +use them to fit the model we also don't + + + align:start position:0% +use them to fit the model we also don't +have any notion of replication which + + align:start position:0% +have any notion of replication which + + + align:start position:0% +have any notion of replication which +isn't really uh uh uh uh completely + + align:start position:0% +isn't really uh uh uh uh completely + + + align:start position:0% +isn't really uh uh uh uh completely +captured so one way of sort of + + align:start position:0% +captured so one way of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +captured so one way of sort of +penalizing ourselves for the use of + + align:start position:0% +penalizing ourselves for the use of + + + align:start position:0% +penalizing ourselves for the use of +these additional model terms is to to + + align:start position:0% +these additional model terms is to to + + + align:start position:0% +these additional model terms is to to +essentially have a different perspective + + align:start position:0% +essentially have a different perspective + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have a different perspective +referred to as the r adjusted R squar + + align:start position:0% +referred to as the r adjusted R squar + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as the r adjusted R squar +which essentially looks at the residual + + align:start position:0% +which essentially looks at the residual + + + align:start position:0% +which essentially looks at the residual +data rather than the deviations captured + + align:start position:0% +data rather than the deviations captured + + + align:start position:0% +data rather than the deviations captured +by the model it's looking at okay what + + align:start position:0% +by the model it's looking at okay what + + + align:start position:0% +by the model it's looking at okay what +deviations are not captured by the model + + align:start position:0% +deviations are not captured by the model + + + align:start position:0% +deviations are not captured by the model +what residual data would I have which + + align:start position:0% +what residual data would I have which + + + align:start position:0% +what residual data would I have which +also has a side effect of essentially + + align:start position:0% +also has a side effect of essentially + + + align:start position:0% +also has a side effect of essentially +penalizing us for the use of additional + + align:start position:0% +penalizing us for the use of additional + + + align:start position:0% +penalizing us for the use of additional +model coefficients because we use up + + align:start position:0% +model coefficients because we use up + + + align:start position:0% +model coefficients because we use up +degrees of freedom uh in the + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom uh in the +model uh when we add model coefficients + + align:start position:0% +model uh when we add model coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +model uh when we add model coefficients +okay so very often people talk about the + + align:start position:0% +okay so very often people talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so very often people talk about the +adjusted R squ it's sort of this fair + + align:start position:0% +adjusted R squ it's sort of this fair + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted R squ it's sort of this fair +comparison between models especially + + align:start position:0% +comparison between models especially + + + align:start position:0% +comparison between models especially +between models where I had I may have a + + align:start position:0% +between models where I had I may have a + + + align:start position:0% +between models where I had I may have a +simplified model with fewer coefficients + + align:start position:0% +simplified model with fewer coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +simplified model with fewer coefficients +than a more complicated model with more + + align:start position:0% +than a more complicated model with more + + + align:start position:0% +than a more complicated model with more +coefficients and essentially what we do + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and essentially what we do + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and essentially what we do +is form it as the ratio of the mean + + align:start position:0% +is form it as the ratio of the mean + + + align:start position:0% +is form it as the ratio of the mean +square error of the residuals over the + + align:start position:0% +square error of the residuals over the + + + align:start position:0% +square error of the residuals over the +total mean + + align:start position:0% +total mean + + + align:start position:0% +total mean +Square variance if you will captured by + + align:start position:0% +Square variance if you will captured by + + + align:start position:0% +Square variance if you will captured by +deviations around the mean and then + + align:start position:0% +deviations around the mean and then + + + align:start position:0% +deviations around the mean and then +subtract that off from one and the way I + + align:start position:0% +subtract that off from one and the way I + + + align:start position:0% +subtract that off from one and the way I +like to think about it is essentially I + + align:start position:0% +like to think about it is essentially I + + + align:start position:0% +like to think about it is essentially I +start with the perfect model and then + + align:start position:0% +start with the perfect model and then + + + align:start position:0% +start with the perfect model and then +any residual + + align:start position:0% +any residual + + + align:start position:0% +any residual +error which could include both + + align:start position:0% +error which could include both + + + align:start position:0% +error which could include both +replication error error and lack of fit + + align:start position:0% +replication error error and lack of fit + + + align:start position:0% +replication error error and lack of fit +error uh whatever percentage error that + + align:start position:0% +error uh whatever percentage error that + + + align:start position:0% +error uh whatever percentage error that +I I don't capture in the data the sum of + + align:start position:0% +I I don't capture in the data the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +I I don't capture in the data the sum of +squared deviations uh divided by uh the + + align:start position:0% +squared deviations uh divided by uh the + + + align:start position:0% +squared deviations uh divided by uh the +degrees of freedom that's my mean square + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom that's my mean square + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom that's my mean square +error estimate or my estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +error estimate or my estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +error estimate or my estimate of the +true total variance around the + + align:start position:0% +true total variance around the + + + align:start position:0% +true total variance around the +mean um whatever fraction of that that + + align:start position:0% +mean um whatever fraction of that that + + + align:start position:0% +mean um whatever fraction of that that +is is in the residual that's what I'm + + align:start position:0% +is is in the residual that's what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is is in the residual that's what I'm +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +modeling so essentially uh what we're + + align:start position:0% +modeling so essentially uh what we're + + + align:start position:0% +modeling so essentially uh what we're +doing is simply looking at what's not + + align:start position:0% +doing is simply looking at what's not + + + align:start position:0% +doing is simply looking at what's not +expressed in the model and the model can + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the model and the model can + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the model and the model can +never capture pure replication error so + + align:start position:0% +never capture pure replication error so + + + align:start position:0% +never capture pure replication error so +it's got that variance but it might also + + align:start position:0% +it's got that variance but it might also + + + align:start position:0% +it's got that variance but it might also +have lack of fit in + + align:start position:0% +have lack of fit in + + + align:start position:0% +have lack of fit in +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay so most statistical packages o + + align:start position:0% +okay so most statistical packages o + + + align:start position:0% +okay so most statistical packages o +report out both of these numbers you can + + align:start position:0% +report out both of these numbers you can + + + align:start position:0% +report out both of these numbers you can +also calculate them but it's uh uh + + align:start position:0% +also calculate them but it's uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +also calculate them but it's uh uh +generally uh I kind of like the r + + align:start position:0% +generally uh I kind of like the r + + + align:start position:0% +generally uh I kind of like the r +squared adjusted as a better measure in + + align:start position:0% +squared adjusted as a better measure in + + + align:start position:0% +squared adjusted as a better measure in +in part because it it feels to me a + + align:start position:0% +in part because it it feels to me a + + + align:start position:0% +in part because it it feels to me a +little bit more conceptual and and + + align:start position:0% +little bit more conceptual and and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more conceptual and and +comprehensive in terms of telling me + + align:start position:0% +comprehensive in terms of telling me + + + align:start position:0% +comprehensive in terms of telling me +what's not captured in the model how + + align:start position:0% +what's not captured in the model how + + + align:start position:0% +what's not captured in the model how +much uh uh pure variation going on in + + align:start position:0% +much uh uh pure variation going on in + + + align:start position:0% +much uh uh pure variation going on in +the data is not in the model however you + + align:start position:0% +the data is not in the model however you + + + align:start position:0% +the data is not in the model however you +have to be really careful interpreting + + align:start position:0% +have to be really careful interpreting + + + align:start position:0% +have to be really careful interpreting +what that R squ is telling you it's not + + align:start position:0% +what that R squ is telling you it's not + + + align:start position:0% +what that R squ is telling you it's not +necessarily telling you that your model + + align:start position:0% +necessarily telling you that your model + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily telling you that your model +is good or + + align:start position:0% +is good or + + + align:start position:0% +is good or +bad you might have a perfect model given + + align:start position:0% +bad you might have a perfect model given + + + align:start position:0% +bad you might have a perfect model given +variance noise + + align:start position:0% +variance noise + + + align:start position:0% +variance noise +factors in the model so for example if + + align:start position:0% +factors in the model so for example if + + + align:start position:0% +factors in the model so for example if +underlying everything I've got a true + + align:start position:0% +underlying everything I've got a true + + + align:start position:0% +underlying everything I've got a true +systematic dependency but I also have + + align:start position:0% +systematic dependency but I also have + + + align:start position:0% +systematic dependency but I also have +pure replication variance that's going + + align:start position:0% +pure replication variance that's going + + + align:start position:0% +pure replication variance that's going +to limit how good your R squ can + + align:start position:0% +to limit how good your R squ can + + + align:start position:0% +to limit how good your R squ can +possibly be even if your model were + + align:start position:0% +possibly be even if your model were + + + align:start position:0% +possibly be even if your model were +perfect in terms of capturing the + + align:start position:0% +perfect in terms of capturing the + + + align:start position:0% +perfect in terms of capturing the +systematic + + align:start position:0% +systematic + + + align:start position:0% +systematic +dependency I think there was a question + + align:start position:0% +dependency I think there was a question + + + align:start position:0% +dependency I think there was a question +uh lurking there in in + + align:start position:0% +uh lurking there in in + + + align:start position:0% +uh lurking there in in +Singapore yes uh + + align:start position:0% +Singapore yes uh + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore yes uh +so so for R square and adust R square + + align:start position:0% +so so for R square and adust R square + + + align:start position:0% +so so for R square and adust R square +the the closer both values are to to one + + align:start position:0% +the the closer both values are to to one + + + align:start position:0% +the the closer both values are to to one +um the better the model is is that yes + + align:start position:0% +um the better the model is is that yes + + + align:start position:0% +um the better the model is is that yes +definitely okay definitely one is better + + align:start position:0% +definitely okay definitely one is better + + + align:start position:0% +definitely okay definitely one is better +um uh but you have to be a little + + align:start position:0% +um uh but you have to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +um uh but you have to be a little +careful in interpreting because even + + align:start position:0% +careful in interpreting because even + + + align:start position:0% +careful in interpreting because even +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +just no but what what Professor you just + + align:start position:0% +just no but what what Professor you just + + + align:start position:0% +just no but what what Professor you just +said is the R square they includes both + + align:start position:0% +said is the R square they includes both + + + align:start position:0% +said is the R square they includes both +the error of the model also the error of + + align:start position:0% +the error of the model also the error of + + + align:start position:0% +the error of the model also the error of +the noise so you can't really + + align:start position:0% +the noise so you can't really + + + align:start position:0% +the noise so you can't really +differentiate between these two that's + + align:start position:0% +differentiate between these two that's + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate between these two that's +right that's right okay and that's where + + align:start position:0% +right that's right okay and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +right that's right okay and that's where +a lack of fit analysis and we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +a lack of fit analysis and we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +a lack of fit analysis and we'll we'll +we'll go in and do one of those as well + + align:start position:0% +we'll go in and do one of those as well + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go in and do one of those as well +is also still important for being able + + align:start position:0% +is also still important for being able + + + align:start position:0% +is also still important for being able +to try to differentiate between those + + align:start position:0% +to try to differentiate between those + + + align:start position:0% +to try to differentiate between those +two sources of of uh imperfection in the + + align:start position:0% +two sources of of uh imperfection in the + + + align:start position:0% +two sources of of uh imperfection in the +model yeah + + align:start position:0% +model yeah + + + align:start position:0% +model yeah +Elish differ also you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mention you number of coefficients used + + align:start position:0% +mention you number of coefficients used + + + align:start position:0% +mention you number of coefficients used +right if your main concern is fit and + + align:start position:0% +right if your main concern is fit and + + + align:start position:0% +right if your main concern is fit and +having more coefficients is cheap would + + align:start position:0% +having more coefficients is cheap would + + + align:start position:0% +having more coefficients is cheap would +you prefer R square ored R square um so + + align:start position:0% +you prefer R square ored R square um so + + + align:start position:0% +you prefer R square ored R square um so +the question is what what would I prefer + + align:start position:0% +the question is what what would I prefer + + + align:start position:0% +the question is what what would I prefer +if if the number of if fitting + + align:start position:0% +if if the number of if fitting + + + align:start position:0% +if if the number of if fitting +additional coefficients is cheap is more + + align:start position:0% +additional coefficients is cheap is more + + + align:start position:0% +additional coefficients is cheap is more +important and fit is more important um I + + align:start position:0% +important and fit is more important um I + + + align:start position:0% +important and fit is more important um I +think I would + + align:start position:0% +think I would + + + align:start position:0% +think I would +still essentially think of r squared as + + align:start position:0% +still essentially think of r squared as + + + align:start position:0% +still essentially think of r squared as +somewhat a more representative + + align:start position:0% +somewhat a more representative + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat a more representative +description of the tradeoff between + + align:start position:0% +description of the tradeoff between + + + align:start position:0% +description of the tradeoff between +adding + + align:start position:0% +adding + + + align:start position:0% +adding +coefficients improving my my fit but + + align:start position:0% +coefficients improving my my fit but + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients improving my my fit but +also my R squar doesn't get as much + + align:start position:0% +also my R squar doesn't get as much + + + align:start position:0% +also my R squar doesn't get as much +better and in fact if if I start + + align:start position:0% +better and in fact if if I start + + + align:start position:0% +better and in fact if if I start +overfitting it will tend to degrade + + align:start position:0% +overfitting it will tend to degrade + + + align:start position:0% +overfitting it will tend to degrade +slightly my R + + align:start position:0% +slightly my R + + + align:start position:0% +slightly my R +squar however what I think a better + + align:start position:0% +squar however what I think a better + + + align:start position:0% +squar however what I think a better +mechanism for actually making the + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for actually making the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for actually making the +decision about whether to include + + align:start position:0% +decision about whether to include + + + align:start position:0% +decision about whether to include +coefficients or not is an analysis of + + align:start position:0% +coefficients or not is an analysis of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients or not is an analysis of +variant and looking at the significance + + align:start position:0% +variant and looking at the significance + + + align:start position:0% +variant and looking at the significance +of of those model + + align:start position:0% +of of those model + + + align:start position:0% +of of those model +coefficients um both the significance + + align:start position:0% +coefficients um both the significance + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients um both the significance +and the magnitude uh so so I would tend + + align:start position:0% +and the magnitude uh so so I would tend + + + align:start position:0% +and the magnitude uh so so I would tend +to do more the regression + + align:start position:0% +to do more the regression + + + align:start position:0% +to do more the regression +analysis together with the Innova and + + align:start position:0% +analysis together with the Innova and + + + align:start position:0% +analysis together with the Innova and +the r squar is kind of a nice aggregate + + align:start position:0% +the r squar is kind of a nice aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +the r squar is kind of a nice aggregate +measure but it's not the thing that + + align:start position:0% +measure but it's not the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +measure but it's not the thing that +drives my decision making so much so I + + align:start position:0% +drives my decision making so much so I + + + align:start position:0% +drives my decision making so much so I +hope that helps so we'll see some + + align:start position:0% +hope that helps so we'll see some + + + align:start position:0% +hope that helps so we'll see some +examples of some r squar that come out + + align:start position:0% +examples of some r squar that come out + + + align:start position:0% +examples of some r squar that come out +of of of some + + align:start position:0% +of of of some + + + align:start position:0% +of of of some +analyses now we said that regression is + + align:start position:0% +analyses now we said that regression is + + + align:start position:0% +analyses now we said that regression is +uh at least as almost or most commonly + + align:start position:0% +uh at least as almost or most commonly + + + align:start position:0% +uh at least as almost or most commonly +used uh is driven by minimization of a + + align:start position:0% +used uh is driven by minimization of a + + + align:start position:0% +used uh is driven by minimization of a +least or minimization of a squared error + + align:start position:0% +least or minimization of a squared error + + + align:start position:0% +least or minimization of a squared error +measure and this is just trying to + + align:start position:0% +measure and this is just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +measure and this is just trying to +illustrate what I'm what I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +illustrate what I'm what I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate what I'm what I'm talking +about here with where the uh + + align:start position:0% +about here with where the uh + + + align:start position:0% +about here with where the uh +residuals the differences between my + + align:start position:0% +residuals the differences between my + + + align:start position:0% +residuals the differences between my +model and my data may come from in the + + align:start position:0% +model and my data may come from in the + + + align:start position:0% +model and my data may come from in the +simple 1D case uh we've already talked a + + align:start position:0% +simple 1D case uh we've already talked a + + + align:start position:0% +simple 1D case uh we've already talked a +bit about this but I'm using a very very + + align:start position:0% +bit about this but I'm using a very very + + + align:start position:0% +bit about this but I'm using a very very +simple model here which has only one + + align:start position:0% +simple model here which has only one + + + align:start position:0% +simple model here which has only one +term it doesn't even have a have a a + + align:start position:0% +term it doesn't even have a have a a + + + align:start position:0% +term it doesn't even have a have a a +constant offset it's simply got a linear + + align:start position:0% +constant offset it's simply got a linear + + + align:start position:0% +constant offset it's simply got a linear +direct linear dependence of the output + + align:start position:0% +direct linear dependence of the output + + + align:start position:0% +direct linear dependence of the output +uh on the input and I'm saying that the + + align:start position:0% +uh on the input and I'm saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh on the input and I'm saying that the +true true model does have some noise in + + align:start position:0% +true true model does have some noise in + + + align:start position:0% +true true model does have some noise in +it which is normally distributed and I'm + + align:start position:0% +it which is normally distributed and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it which is normally distributed and I'm +fitting that or estimating that with + + align:start position:0% +fitting that or estimating that with + + + align:start position:0% +fitting that or estimating that with +some coefficient uh Little B + + align:start position:0% +some coefficient uh Little B + + + align:start position:0% +some coefficient uh Little B +and so this is my + + align:start position:0% +and so this is my + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is my +FIT uh through my data minimizing the + + align:start position:0% +FIT uh through my data minimizing the + + + align:start position:0% +FIT uh through my data minimizing the +squared deviations or I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +squared deviations or I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +squared deviations or I'd like to +minimize the squared deviations and + + align:start position:0% +minimize the squared deviations and + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the squared deviations and +again we're saying that any differences + + align:start position:0% +again we're saying that any differences + + + align:start position:0% +again we're saying that any differences +between the model prediction essentially + + align:start position:0% +between the model prediction essentially + + + align:start position:0% +between the model prediction essentially +the Y hat subi minus the Y subi for that + + align:start position:0% +the Y hat subi minus the Y subi for that + + + align:start position:0% +the Y hat subi minus the Y subi for that +data point that's a residual that's an + + align:start position:0% +data point that's a residual that's an + + + align:start position:0% +data point that's a residual that's an +error okay and it can come from two + + align:start position:0% +error okay and it can come from two + + + align:start position:0% +error okay and it can come from two +factors again either lack of fit and the + + align:start position:0% +factors again either lack of fit and the + + + align:start position:0% +factors again either lack of fit and the +the model or uh because of the + + align:start position:0% +the model or uh because of the + + + align:start position:0% +the model or uh because of the +underlying noise uh in the data now last + + align:start position:0% +underlying noise uh in the data now last + + + align:start position:0% +underlying noise uh in the data now last +time or maybe even two times ago we + + align:start position:0% +time or maybe even two times ago we + + + align:start position:0% +time or maybe even two times ago we +talked about the use of regression + + align:start position:0% +talked about the use of regression + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the use of regression +numerically if you will or or + + align:start position:0% +numerically if you will or or + + + align:start position:0% +numerically if you will or or +algebraically uh to estimate this beta + + align:start position:0% +algebraically uh to estimate this beta + + + align:start position:0% +algebraically uh to estimate this beta +with the best B based on a minimization + + align:start position:0% +with the best B based on a minimization + + + align:start position:0% +with the best B based on a minimization +of the sum of squared errors so we take + + align:start position:0% +of the sum of squared errors so we take + + + align:start position:0% +of the sum of squared errors so we take +each one of those residuals Square it + + align:start position:0% +each one of those residuals Square it + + + align:start position:0% +each one of those residuals Square it +and then we sum that over all of our + + align:start position:0% +and then we sum that over all of our + + + align:start position:0% +and then we sum that over all of our +data and it turns out what we're trying + + align:start position:0% +data and it turns out what we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +data and it turns out what we're trying +to do is find the beta hat the be that + + align:start position:0% +to do is find the beta hat the be that + + + align:start position:0% +to do is find the beta hat the be that +estimates the beta hat that minimizes + + align:start position:0% +estimates the beta hat that minimizes + + + align:start position:0% +estimates the beta hat that minimizes +that sum of squared deviations and + + align:start position:0% +that sum of squared deviations and + + + align:start position:0% +that sum of squared deviations and +what's nice with linear + + align:start position:0% +what's nice with linear + + + align:start position:0% +what's nice with linear +models is uh there's an algebraic way to + + align:start position:0% +models is uh there's an algebraic way to + + + align:start position:0% +models is uh there's an algebraic way to +find actually what B does that + + align:start position:0% +find actually what B does that + + + align:start position:0% +find actually what B does that +minimization for us but I also want to + + align:start position:0% +minimization for us but I also want to + + + align:start position:0% +minimization for us but I also want to +just remind you that kind of lurking + + align:start position:0% +just remind you that kind of lurking + + + align:start position:0% +just remind you that kind of lurking +inside of that minimization is is an + + align:start position:0% +inside of that minimization is is an + + + align:start position:0% +inside of that minimization is is an +estimate of the total sum of squared + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the total sum of squared + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the total sum of squared +residuals + + align:start position:0% +residuals + + + align:start position:0% +residuals +SSR kind of what's lurking back there in + + align:start position:0% +SSR kind of what's lurking back there in + + + align:start position:0% +SSR kind of what's lurking back there in +that R and R squ uh + + align:start position:0% +that R and R squ uh + + + align:start position:0% +that R and R squ uh +adjusted um and then if I divide that + + align:start position:0% +adjusted um and then if I divide that + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted um and then if I divide that +out again by the degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +out again by the degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +out again by the degrees of freedom +uh uh nuar then I've got also my + + align:start position:0% +uh uh nuar then I've got also my + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh nuar then I've got also my +estimate of variant in the underlying + + align:start position:0% +estimate of variant in the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of variant in the underlying +model assuming No Lack of fit + + align:start position:0% +model assuming No Lack of fit + + + align:start position:0% +model assuming No Lack of fit +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +oops so we said with Le squares + + align:start position:0% +oops so we said with Le squares + + + align:start position:0% +oops so we said with Le squares +estimation I can form the set of linear + + align:start position:0% +estimation I can form the set of linear + + + align:start position:0% +estimation I can form the set of linear +equations uh and and assuming that the + + align:start position:0% +equations uh and and assuming that the + + + align:start position:0% +equations uh and and assuming that the +residuals are all normal or orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +residuals are all normal or orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +residuals are all normal or orthogonal +to each other uh then the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +to each other uh then the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +to each other uh then the sum of the +product of our residual and the input + + align:start position:0% +product of our residual and the input + + + align:start position:0% +product of our residual and the input +should sum to zero and when you carry + + align:start position:0% +should sum to zero and when you carry + + + align:start position:0% +should sum to zero and when you carry +through the algebra for that out + + align:start position:0% +through the algebra for that out + + + align:start position:0% +through the algebra for that out +plops the formula for for the slope + + align:start position:0% +plops the formula for for the slope + + + align:start position:0% +plops the formula for for the slope +coefficient given our data just simply + + align:start position:0% +coefficient given our data just simply + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient given our data just simply +the sum of the product of my x subi * y + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the product of my x subi * y + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the product of my x subi * y +subi over the sum of my xub i^ squ is + + align:start position:0% +subi over the sum of my xub i^ squ is + + + align:start position:0% +subi over the sum of my xub i^ squ is +kind of funky and as I said here's our + + align:start position:0% +kind of funky and as I said here's our + + + align:start position:0% +kind of funky and as I said here's our +estimate of the underlying uh variance + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the underlying uh variance + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the underlying uh variance +that's our best estimate unbiased best + + align:start position:0% +that's our best estimate unbiased best + + + align:start position:0% +that's our best estimate unbiased best +estimate uh of the process variance and + + align:start position:0% +estimate uh of the process variance and + + + align:start position:0% +estimate uh of the process variance and +in this case we're only fitting one + + align:start position:0% +in this case we're only fitting one + + + align:start position:0% +in this case we're only fitting one +model coefficient so I've got my total + + align:start position:0% +model coefficient so I've got my total + + + align:start position:0% +model coefficient so I've got my total +number of set of data n and then I've + + align:start position:0% +number of set of data n and then I've + + + align:start position:0% +number of set of data n and then I've +just got n minus one since I've only got + + align:start position:0% +just got n minus one since I've only got + + + align:start position:0% +just got n minus one since I've only got +one model + + align:start position:0% +one model + + + align:start position:0% +one model +coefficient now the interesting thing + + align:start position:0% +coefficient now the interesting thing + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient now the interesting thing +that I've alluded to in a previous + + align:start position:0% +that I've alluded to in a previous + + + align:start position:0% +that I've alluded to in a previous +lecture but haven't sort of shown you is + + align:start position:0% +lecture but haven't sort of shown you is + + + align:start position:0% +lecture but haven't sort of shown you is +I want more than just the best estimate + + align:start position:0% +I want more than just the best estimate + + + align:start position:0% +I want more than just the best estimate +for B I'd like to have a confidence + + align:start position:0% +for B I'd like to have a confidence + + + align:start position:0% +for B I'd like to have a confidence +interval on + + align:start position:0% +interval on + + + align:start position:0% +interval on +B given the spread in the + + align:start position:0% +B given the spread in the + + + align:start position:0% +B given the spread in the +data and an underlying normal noise + + align:start position:0% +data and an underlying normal noise + + + align:start position:0% +data and an underlying normal noise +model or noise assumption what do I + + align:start position:0% +model or noise assumption what do I + + + align:start position:0% +model or noise assumption what do I +think the range say a 95% confidence + + align:start position:0% +think the range say a 95% confidence + + + align:start position:0% +think the range say a 95% confidence +interval might be on my estimation of B + + align:start position:0% +interval might be on my estimation of B + + + align:start position:0% +interval might be on my estimation of B +and we can do that very simply by taking + + align:start position:0% +and we can do that very simply by taking + + + align:start position:0% +and we can do that very simply by taking +the formula for B and simply doing our + + align:start position:0% +the formula for B and simply doing our + + + align:start position:0% +the formula for B and simply doing our +variance of + + align:start position:0% +variance of + + + align:start position:0% +variance of +B calculation on that + + align:start position:0% +B calculation on that + + + align:start position:0% +B calculation on that +formula okay it's just variance math and + + align:start position:0% +formula okay it's just variance math and + + + align:start position:0% +formula okay it's just variance math and +that's kind of what's broken out here in + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what's broken out here in + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what's broken out here in +the Y if I expand out the b summation + + align:start position:0% +the Y if I expand out the b summation + + + align:start position:0% +the Y if I expand out the b summation +into uh uh a some of those individual + + align:start position:0% +into uh uh a some of those individual + + + align:start position:0% +into uh uh a some of those individual +terms I can then apply my normal + + align:start position:0% +terms I can then apply my normal + + + align:start position:0% +terms I can then apply my normal +variance math + + align:start position:0% +variance math + + + align:start position:0% +variance math +here and what I've got for the variance + + align:start position:0% +here and what I've got for the variance + + + align:start position:0% +here and what I've got for the variance +of that sum just thinking of each of + + align:start position:0% +of that sum just thinking of each of + + + align:start position:0% +of that sum just thinking of each of +these elements as some constant you know + + align:start position:0% +these elements as some constant you know + + + align:start position:0% +these elements as some constant you know +then that the variance of that sum of + + align:start position:0% +then that the variance of that sum of + + + align:start position:0% +then that the variance of that sum of +terms is the variance of the constant + + align:start position:0% +terms is the variance of the constant + + + align:start position:0% +terms is the variance of the constant +squared or excuse me the the value of + + align:start position:0% +squared or excuse me the the value of + + + align:start position:0% +squared or excuse me the the value of +the constant squared times the variance + + align:start position:0% +the constant squared times the variance + + + align:start position:0% +the constant squared times the variance +of each of those underlying variables + + align:start position:0% +of each of those underlying variables + + + align:start position:0% +of each of those underlying variables +and when you go and and do that what + + align:start position:0% +and when you go and and do that what + + + align:start position:0% +and when you go and and do that what +you've got is another formula down here + + align:start position:0% +you've got is another formula down here + + + align:start position:0% +you've got is another formula down here +for the variance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in that coefficient B based on the data + + align:start position:0% +in that coefficient B based on the data + + + align:start position:0% +in that coefficient B based on the data +that you've + + align:start position:0% +that you've + + + align:start position:0% +that you've +got okay so once I've got that up here + + align:start position:0% +got okay so once I've got that up here + + + align:start position:0% +got okay so once I've got that up here +I've got my estimate for the variance + + align:start position:0% +I've got my estimate for the variance + + + align:start position:0% +I've got my estimate for the variance +now we've got an estimate of what sort + + align:start position:0% +now we've got an estimate of what sort + + + align:start position:0% +now we've got an estimate of what sort +of one standard deviation would be uh in + + align:start position:0% +of one standard deviation would be uh in + + + align:start position:0% +of one standard deviation would be uh in +the variance and then you can express + + align:start position:0% +the variance and then you can express + + + align:start position:0% +the variance and then you can express +that based on whatever confidence + + align:start position:0% +that based on whatever confidence + + + align:start position:0% +that based on whatever confidence +interval you want so I might write that + + align:start position:0% +interval you want so I might write that + + + align:start position:0% +interval you want so I might write that +typically as B plus or minus one + + align:start position:0% +typically as B plus or minus one + + + align:start position:0% +typically as B plus or minus one +standard error one standard deviation in + + align:start position:0% +standard error one standard deviation in + + + align:start position:0% +standard error one standard deviation in +in B one standard deviation I can't + + align:start position:0% +in B one standard deviation I can't + + + align:start position:0% +in B one standard deviation I can't +remember what's that correspond to as a + + align:start position:0% +remember what's that correspond to as a + + + align:start position:0% +remember what's that correspond to as a +typical uh is that about a + + align:start position:0% +typical uh is that about a + + + align:start position:0% +typical uh is that about a +90% uh confidence + + align:start position:0% +90% uh confidence + + + align:start position:0% +90% uh confidence +interval plus or minus one standard + + align:start position:0% +interval plus or minus one standard + + + align:start position:0% +interval plus or minus one standard +deviation 67% thank + + align:start position:0% +deviation 67% thank + + + align:start position:0% +deviation 67% thank +you I I the one I always remember is two + + align:start position:0% +you I I the one I always remember is two + + + align:start position:0% +you I I the one I always remember is two +standard errors that's about 95% + + align:start position:0% +standard errors that's about 95% + + + align:start position:0% +standard errors that's about 95% +confidence so um uh if you wanted a 95% + + align:start position:0% +confidence so um uh if you wanted a 95% + + + align:start position:0% +confidence so um uh if you wanted a 95% +confidence interval now you know how to + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval now you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval now you know how to +how to formulate that might be you know + + align:start position:0% +how to formulate that might be you know + + + align:start position:0% +how to formulate that might be you know +1.96 or whatever it + + align:start position:0% +1.96 or whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +1.96 or whatever it +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +okay so so there you have kind of nicely + + align:start position:0% +okay so so there you have kind of nicely + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so there you have kind of nicely +falling out of the basic mathematical + + align:start position:0% +falling out of the basic mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +falling out of the basic mathematical +formulation for uh minimizing the sum of + + align:start position:0% +formulation for uh minimizing the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +formulation for uh minimizing the sum of +squares both the best estimate for your + + align:start position:0% +squares both the best estimate for your + + + align:start position:0% +squares both the best estimate for your +slope and a confidence interval for the + + align:start position:0% +slope and a confidence interval for the + + + align:start position:0% +slope and a confidence interval for the +slope okay uh by the way if you've based + + align:start position:0% +slope okay uh by the way if you've based + + + align:start position:0% +slope okay uh by the way if you've based +that on a relatively small number of + + align:start position:0% +that on a relatively small number of + + + align:start position:0% +that on a relatively small number of +data points you should probably use a t + + align:start position:0% +data points you should probably use a t + + + align:start position:0% +data points you should probably use a t +distribution rather than a uh normal + + align:start position:0% +distribution rather than a uh normal + + + align:start position:0% +distribution rather than a uh normal +distribution so it might change my 1.96 + + align:start position:0% +distribution so it might change my 1.96 + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so it might change my 1.96 +for a 95% confidence interval uh uh as + + align:start position:0% +for a 95% confidence interval uh uh as + + + align:start position:0% +for a 95% confidence interval uh uh as +as we're used + + align:start position:0% +as we're used + + + align:start position:0% +as we're used +to okay so this also lets us now go back + + align:start position:0% +to okay so this also lets us now go back + + + align:start position:0% +to okay so this also lets us now go back +and do think again + + align:start position:0% +and do think again + + + align:start position:0% +and do think again +about another perspective on analysis of + + align:start position:0% +about another perspective on analysis of + + + align:start position:0% +about another perspective on analysis of +variance in fact you guys played with + + align:start position:0% +variance in fact you guys played with + + + align:start position:0% +variance in fact you guys played with +this a little bit or saw this in in a + + align:start position:0% +this a little bit or saw this in in a + + + align:start position:0% +this a little bit or saw this in in a +slightly different form uh on the quiz + + align:start position:0% +slightly different form uh on the quiz + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different form uh on the quiz +there's two ways of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +there's two ways of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +there's two ways of thinking about +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +significance uh or or whether uh some + + align:start position:0% +significance uh or or whether uh some + + + align:start position:0% +significance uh or or whether uh some +slope coefficient or model coefficient + + align:start position:0% +slope coefficient or model coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +slope coefficient or model coefficient +should be included in the model the + + align:start position:0% +should be included in the model the + + + align:start position:0% +should be included in the model the +basic hypothesis is are we saying do I + + align:start position:0% +basic hypothesis is are we saying do I + + + align:start position:0% +basic hypothesis is are we saying do I +have enough evidence to suggest that + + align:start position:0% +have enough evidence to suggest that + + + align:start position:0% +have enough evidence to suggest that +that slope term is non + + align:start position:0% +that slope term is non + + + align:start position:0% +that slope term is non +zero if it might be zero to some degree + + align:start position:0% +zero if it might be zero to some degree + + + align:start position:0% +zero if it might be zero to some degree +of confidence then I shouldn't include + + align:start position:0% +of confidence then I shouldn't include + + + align:start position:0% +of confidence then I shouldn't include +it okay so one way of doing it is the + + align:start position:0% +it okay so one way of doing it is the + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so one way of doing it is the +Anova with the ratio of variances in the + + align:start position:0% +Anova with the ratio of variances in the + + + align:start position:0% +Anova with the ratio of variances in the +F test the other way is basically + + align:start position:0% +F test the other way is basically + + + align:start position:0% +F test the other way is basically +looking at the confidence interval for + + align:start position:0% +looking at the confidence interval for + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the confidence interval for +beta say the 95% confidence interval and + + align:start position:0% +beta say the 95% confidence interval and + + + align:start position:0% +beta say the 95% confidence interval and +if that intersects zero that says that + + align:start position:0% +if that intersects zero that says that + + + align:start position:0% +if that intersects zero that says that +more than 5% of the time based on just + + align:start position:0% +more than 5% of the time based on just + + + align:start position:0% +more than 5% of the time based on just +random variation in the data I might + + align:start position:0% +random variation in the data I might + + + align:start position:0% +random variation in the data I might +have an a zero coefficient there in + + align:start position:0% +have an a zero coefficient there in + + + align:start position:0% +have an a zero coefficient there in +which case I cannot say that it is + + align:start position:0% +which case I cannot say that it is + + + align:start position:0% +which case I cannot say that it is +significantly different than + + align:start position:0% +significantly different than + + + align:start position:0% +significantly different than +zero so you can make that determination + + align:start position:0% +zero so you can make that determination + + + align:start position:0% +zero so you can make that determination +about whether you should include the + + align:start position:0% +about whether you should include the + + + align:start position:0% +about whether you should include the +model coefficient based on sort of your + + align:start position:0% +model coefficient based on sort of your + + + align:start position:0% +model coefficient based on sort of your +confidence interval for each individual + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval for each individual + + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval for each individual +term as + + align:start position:0% +term as + + + align:start position:0% +term as +well okay so that's just alluding back + + align:start position:0% +well okay so that's just alluding back + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so that's just alluding back +to what we already know but just trying + + align:start position:0% +to what we already know but just trying + + + align:start position:0% +to what we already know but just trying +to make sure you you see sort of the + + align:start position:0% +to make sure you you see sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure you you see sort of the +connection or alternative ways of + + align:start position:0% +connection or alternative ways of + + + align:start position:0% +connection or alternative ways of +looking at it either in the Anova table + + align:start position:0% +looking at it either in the Anova table + + + align:start position:0% +looking at it either in the Anova table +or if you want to look at individual + + align:start position:0% +or if you want to look at individual + + + align:start position:0% +or if you want to look at individual +coefficient terms the confidence + + align:start position:0% +coefficient terms the confidence + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient terms the confidence +intervals on those individual + + align:start position:0% +intervals on those individual + + + align:start position:0% +intervals on those individual +coefficients okay let's do an + + align:start position:0% +coefficients okay let's do an + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients okay let's do an +example here's a very simple set of data + + align:start position:0% +example here's a very simple set of data + + + align:start position:0% +example here's a very simple set of data +uh we've got some input some x value + + align:start position:0% +uh we've got some input some x value + + + align:start position:0% +uh we've got some input some x value +call that age and some y values call + + align:start position:0% +call that age and some y values call + + + align:start position:0% +call that age and some y values call +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +income and if I just plot the data let + + align:start position:0% +income and if I just plot the data let + + + align:start position:0% +income and if I just plot the data let +me get the data up + + align:start position:0% +me get the data up + + + align:start position:0% +me get the data up +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um actually what I've done here is I + + align:start position:0% +um actually what I've done here is I + + + align:start position:0% +um actually what I've done here is I +used jump I don't know how many of you + + align:start position:0% +used jump I don't know how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +used jump I don't know how many of you +have played with jump but I I love jump + + align:start position:0% +have played with jump but I I love jump + + + align:start position:0% +have played with jump but I I love jump +because it's nice and interactive uh it + + align:start position:0% +because it's nice and interactive uh it + + + align:start position:0% +because it's nice and interactive uh it +does a lot of uh regression analyses + + align:start position:0% +does a lot of uh regression analyses + + + align:start position:0% +does a lot of uh regression analyses +lets me explore the data uh fairly + + align:start position:0% +lets me explore the data uh fairly + + + align:start position:0% +lets me explore the data uh fairly +interactively I like it a lot better + + align:start position:0% +interactively I like it a lot better + + + align:start position:0% +interactively I like it a lot better +than uh Excel uh for doing some of these + + align:start position:0% +than uh Excel uh for doing some of these + + + align:start position:0% +than uh Excel uh for doing some of these +analyses I think uh in an earlier + + align:start position:0% +analyses I think uh in an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +analyses I think uh in an earlier +problem set we we did give you a pointer + + align:start position:0% +problem set we we did give you a pointer + + + align:start position:0% +problem set we we did give you a pointer +to where you could run that on Athena um + + align:start position:0% +to where you could run that on Athena um + + + align:start position:0% +to where you could run that on Athena um +and so on um and what this is doing is + + align:start position:0% +and so on um and what this is doing is + + + align:start position:0% +and so on um and what this is doing is +basically looking and doing my analysis + + align:start position:0% +basically looking and doing my analysis + + + align:start position:0% +basically looking and doing my analysis +of variance for a very simple linear + + align:start position:0% +of variance for a very simple linear + + + align:start position:0% +of variance for a very simple linear +model without a constant term so I've + + align:start position:0% +model without a constant term so I've + + + align:start position:0% +model without a constant term so I've +just got one model coefficient looks at + + align:start position:0% +just got one model coefficient looks at + + + align:start position:0% +just got one model coefficient looks at +the sum of squares the mean + + align:start position:0% +the sum of squares the mean + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of squares the mean +Square looks at the residual with the + + align:start position:0% +Square looks at the residual with the + + + align:start position:0% +Square looks at the residual with the +remaining data points forms an F that F + + align:start position:0% +remaining data points forms an F that F + + + align:start position:0% +remaining data points forms an F that F +ratio is huge it's a th uh and the + + align:start position:0% +ratio is huge it's a th uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is huge it's a th uh and the +probability of observing that large of + + align:start position:0% +probability of observing that large of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of observing that large of +an F is minuscule so I have great + + align:start position:0% +an F is minuscule so I have great + + + align:start position:0% +an F is minuscule so I have great +confidence that in fact there is a a + + align:start position:0% +confidence that in fact there is a a + + + align:start position:0% +confidence that in fact there is a a +slope and if I look down here at uh my + + align:start position:0% +slope and if I look down here at uh my + + + align:start position:0% +slope and if I look down here at uh my +income leverage residual versus the the + + align:start position:0% +income leverage residual versus the the + + + align:start position:0% +income leverage residual versus the the +age + + align:start position:0% +age + + + align:start position:0% +age +parameter I can see uh this is basically + + align:start position:0% +parameter I can see uh this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +parameter I can see uh this is basically +just y subi x subi um I see a definite + + align:start position:0% +just y subi x subi um I see a definite + + + align:start position:0% +just y subi x subi um I see a definite +definite Trend there now what this nice + + align:start position:0% +definite Trend there now what this nice + + + align:start position:0% +definite Trend there now what this nice +plot has done is uh the solid line is my + + align:start position:0% +plot has done is uh the solid line is my + + + align:start position:0% +plot has done is uh the solid line is my +best fit but it is also plotted for us + + align:start position:0% +best fit but it is also plotted for us + + + align:start position:0% +best fit but it is also plotted for us +with the dashed line the confidence on + + align:start position:0% +with the dashed line the confidence on + + + align:start position:0% +with the dashed line the confidence on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +output I think it's a 95% confidence + + align:start position:0% +output I think it's a 95% confidence + + + align:start position:0% +output I think it's a 95% confidence +interval on the output as + + align:start position:0% +interval on the output as + + + align:start position:0% +interval on the output as +well now I I told you how to get an + + align:start position:0% +well now I I told you how to get an + + + align:start position:0% +well now I I told you how to get an +estimate on the uh confidence interval + + align:start position:0% +estimate on the uh confidence interval + + + align:start position:0% +estimate on the uh confidence interval +for our B term how do we get a + + align:start position:0% +for our B term how do we get a + + + align:start position:0% +for our B term how do we get a +confidence interval on the output + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval on the output + + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval on the output +term okay well what we what we're going + + align:start position:0% +term okay well what we what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +term okay well what we what we're going +to need to do is also do the variance + + align:start position:0% +to need to do is also do the variance + + + align:start position:0% +to need to do is also do the variance +calculations on our y formula and see + + align:start position:0% +calculations on our y formula and see + + + align:start position:0% +calculations on our y formula and see +how uncertainty in our beta also + + align:start position:0% +how uncertainty in our beta also + + + align:start position:0% +how uncertainty in our beta also +propagates through to uncertainty in our + + align:start position:0% +propagates through to uncertainty in our + + + align:start position:0% +propagates through to uncertainty in our +in in our + + align:start position:0% +in in our + + + align:start position:0% +in in our +output uh but before we do that we can + + align:start position:0% +output uh but before we do that we can + + + align:start position:0% +output uh but before we do that we can +also see here in the jump output um + + align:start position:0% +also see here in the jump output um + + + align:start position:0% +also see here in the jump output um +things like uh the parameter estimates + + align:start position:0% +things like uh the parameter estimates + + + align:start position:0% +things like uh the parameter estimates +for our our age dependence so here's our + + align:start position:0% +for our our age dependence so here's our + + + align:start position:0% +for our our age dependence so here's our +best guess for the age dependence is a + + align:start position:0% +best guess for the age dependence is a + + + align:start position:0% +best guess for the age dependence is a +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +0.5 uh estimate and it is also showing + + align:start position:0% +0.5 uh estimate and it is also showing + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 uh estimate and it is also showing +us things like the standard error in + + align:start position:0% +us things like the standard error in + + + align:start position:0% +us things like the standard error in +these typical Inova tables which we've + + align:start position:0% +these typical Inova tables which we've + + + align:start position:0% +these typical Inova tables which we've +kind of ignored in the past if you've + + align:start position:0% +kind of ignored in the past if you've + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ignored in the past if you've +been looking at these but that can also + + align:start position:0% +been looking at these but that can also + + + align:start position:0% +been looking at these but that can also +be used then directly as we talked about + + align:start position:0% +be used then directly as we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +be used then directly as we talked about +to give me a confidence interval + + align:start position:0% +to give me a confidence interval + + + align:start position:0% +to give me a confidence interval +depending on what U you know level of + + align:start position:0% +depending on what U you know level of + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what U you know level of +Errors whatever level of alpha I want to + + align:start position:0% +Errors whatever level of alpha I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Errors whatever level of alpha I want to +be able to estimate those things and + + align:start position:0% +be able to estimate those things and + + + align:start position:0% +be able to estimate those things and +it's also looking at an individual ttio + + align:start position:0% +it's also looking at an individual ttio + + + align:start position:0% +it's also looking at an individual ttio +for each of the coefficients I've only + + align:start position:0% +for each of the coefficients I've only + + + align:start position:0% +for each of the coefficients I've only +got one here but it's basically doing a + + align:start position:0% +got one here but it's basically doing a + + + align:start position:0% +got one here but it's basically doing a +one by one assessment of each of my + + align:start position:0% +one by one assessment of each of my + + + align:start position:0% +one by one assessment of each of my +model coefficients to see if it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +significant and in fact it's significant + + align:start position:0% +significant and in fact it's significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant and in fact it's significant +since I it it's exactly ends up being + + align:start position:0% +since I it it's exactly ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +since I it it's exactly ends up being +the same probability uh not really shown + + align:start position:0% +the same probability uh not really shown + + + align:start position:0% +the same probability uh not really shown +here uh it's it's essentially the T Test + + align:start position:0% +here uh it's it's essentially the T Test + + + align:start position:0% +here uh it's it's essentially the T Test +and the F test are identical uh in these + + align:start position:0% +and the F test are identical uh in these + + + align:start position:0% +and the F test are identical uh in these +in this simple + + align:start position:0% +in this simple + + + align:start position:0% +in this simple +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so if we have some subset of + + align:start position:0% +so if we have some subset of + + + align:start position:0% +so if we have some subset of +data it sense to have part of the data + + align:start position:0% +data it sense to have part of the data + + + align:start position:0% +data it sense to have part of the data +then use some for + + align:start position:0% +then use some for + + + align:start position:0% +then use some for +tting model and see if it + + align:start position:0% +tting model and see if it + + + align:start position:0% +tting model and see if it +actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pred that's an interesting point so what + + align:start position:0% +pred that's an interesting point so what + + + align:start position:0% +pred that's an interesting point so what +what neish saying is uh how about the + + align:start position:0% +what neish saying is uh how about the + + + align:start position:0% +what neish saying is uh how about the +idea if you have a a fair amount of data + + align:start position:0% +idea if you have a a fair amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +idea if you have a a fair amount of data +of holding out some of the data fitting + + align:start position:0% +of holding out some of the data fitting + + + align:start position:0% +of holding out some of the data fitting +the data to some portion of it and then + + align:start position:0% +the data to some portion of it and then + + + align:start position:0% +the data to some portion of it and then +using the held back data to sort of test + + align:start position:0% +using the held back data to sort of test + + + align:start position:0% +using the held back data to sort of test +the model and I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh especially when you do + + align:start position:0% +uh especially when you do + + + align:start position:0% +uh especially when you do +nonlinear uh + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear uh + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear uh +models and I don't mean just polinomial + + align:start position:0% +models and I don't mean just polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +models and I don't mean just polinomial +but I mean some other nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +but I mean some other nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean some other nonlinear +dependence that kind of sort of cross + + align:start position:0% +dependence that kind of sort of cross + + + align:start position:0% +dependence that kind of sort of cross +validation is extremely common and very + + align:start position:0% +validation is extremely common and very + + + align:start position:0% +validation is extremely common and very +useful here you could do that + + align:start position:0% +useful here you could do that + + + align:start position:0% +useful here you could do that +um and essentially what I think that's + + align:start position:0% +um and essentially what I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +um and essentially what I think that's +doing is allowing you to kind of do a + + align:start position:0% +doing is allowing you to kind of do a + + + align:start position:0% +doing is allowing you to kind of do a +lack of Fit versus + + align:start position:0% +lack of Fit versus + + + align:start position:0% +lack of Fit versus +noise uh estimate in other words what + + align:start position:0% +noise uh estimate in other words what + + + align:start position:0% +noise uh estimate in other words what +you're doing I think conceptually there + + align:start position:0% +you're doing I think conceptually there + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing I think conceptually there +is saying here's what my model would + + align:start position:0% +is saying here's what my model would + + + align:start position:0% +is saying here's what my model would +have predicted here's my data point + + align:start position:0% +have predicted here's my data point + + + align:start position:0% +have predicted here's my data point +there's a residual that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +there's a residual that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +there's a residual that I'm going to +attribute maybe uh again it's to a mix I + + align:start position:0% +attribute maybe uh again it's to a mix I + + + align:start position:0% +attribute maybe uh again it's to a mix I +guess of random noise underlying but + + align:start position:0% +guess of random noise underlying but + + + align:start position:0% +guess of random noise underlying but +also model model lack of + + align:start position:0% +also model model lack of + + + align:start position:0% +also model model lack of +fidelity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I think it's more common to go ahead + + align:start position:0% +um I think it's more common to go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +um I think it's more common to go ahead +and use all of your + + align:start position:0% +and use all of your + + + align:start position:0% +and use all of your +data uh because then you've got sort of + + align:start position:0% +data uh because then you've got sort of + + + align:start position:0% +data uh because then you've got sort of +your aggregate measures uh and can run + + align:start position:0% +your aggregate measures uh and can run + + + align:start position:0% +your aggregate measures uh and can run +all of your tests with the highest + + align:start position:0% +all of your tests with the highest + + + align:start position:0% +all of your tests with the highest +resolution + + align:start position:0% +resolution + + + align:start position:0% +resolution +possible uh but I I I suspect there's + + align:start position:0% +possible uh but I I I suspect there's + + + align:start position:0% +possible uh but I I I suspect there's +actually a relationship that's very + + align:start position:0% +actually a relationship that's very + + + align:start position:0% +actually a relationship that's very +close in there um I think it's a little + + align:start position:0% +close in there um I think it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +close in there um I think it's a little +better to use all of the data because + + align:start position:0% +better to use all of the data because + + + align:start position:0% +better to use all of the data because +the more data you have the better your + + align:start position:0% +the more data you have the better your + + + align:start position:0% +the more data you have the better your +estimates of underlying process variants + + align:start position:0% +estimates of underlying process variants + + + align:start position:0% +estimates of underlying process variants +are so you can better differentiate lack + + align:start position:0% +are so you can better differentiate lack + + + align:start position:0% +are so you can better differentiate lack +of fit from + + align:start position:0% +of fit from + + + align:start position:0% +of fit from +noise but I haven't thought about that + + align:start position:0% +noise but I haven't thought about that + + + align:start position:0% +noise but I haven't thought about that +very much in especially in the simple + + align:start position:0% +very much in especially in the simple + + + align:start position:0% +very much in especially in the simple +linear cases it's an interesting an + + align:start position:0% +linear cases it's an interesting an + + + align:start position:0% +linear cases it's an interesting an +interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approach + + align:start position:0% +approach + + + align:start position:0% +approach +okay so I want to come back to this uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so I want to come back to this uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I want to come back to this uh +lack of Fit versus the the pure error + + align:start position:0% +lack of Fit versus the the pure error + + + align:start position:0% +lack of Fit versus the the pure error +because we talked about often being able + + align:start position:0% +because we talked about often being able + + + align:start position:0% +because we talked about often being able +to do multiple runs at the same X values + + align:start position:0% +to do multiple runs at the same X values + + + align:start position:0% +to do multiple runs at the same X values +in this data here that I've shown you we + + align:start position:0% +in this data here that I've shown you we + + + align:start position:0% +in this data here that I've shown you we +actually have a difficulty in + + align:start position:0% +actually have a difficulty in + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a difficulty in +distinguishing + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing +between model LA ofit and underlying + + align:start position:0% +between model LA ofit and underlying + + + align:start position:0% +between model LA ofit and underlying +variance I had to basically make an + + align:start position:0% +variance I had to basically make an + + + align:start position:0% +variance I had to basically make an +assumption that my underlying model was + + align:start position:0% +assumption that my underlying model was + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that my underlying model was +truly linear and then I'm I'm basically + + align:start position:0% +truly linear and then I'm I'm basically + + + align:start position:0% +truly linear and then I'm I'm basically +assuming if I go back even further here + + align:start position:0% +assuming if I go back even further here + + + align:start position:0% +assuming if I go back even further here +oops where did my data go + + align:start position:0% +oops where did my data go + + + align:start position:0% +oops where did my data go +well um I'm basically assuming a y subi + + align:start position:0% +well um I'm basically assuming a y subi + + + align:start position:0% +well um I'm basically assuming a y subi +is equal to Beta sub beta X subi Plus + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Beta sub beta X subi Plus + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Beta sub beta X subi Plus +Epsilon subi + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon subi + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon subi +model why not I have I have really + + align:start position:0% +model why not I have I have really + + + align:start position:0% +model why not I have I have really +nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing +except uh ideas of parsimony uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +except uh ideas of parsimony uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +except uh ideas of parsimony uh sort of +simplifi simple models in general and uh + + align:start position:0% +simplifi simple models in general and uh + + + align:start position:0% +simplifi simple models in general and uh +uh perhaps prior knowledge of the + + align:start position:0% +uh perhaps prior knowledge of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh perhaps prior knowledge of the +physics of the process process to really + + align:start position:0% +physics of the process process to really + + + align:start position:0% +physics of the process process to really +say this is the form of the model if you + + align:start position:0% +say this is the form of the model if you + + + align:start position:0% +say this is the form of the model if you +look at my data why couldn't my model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +that it may well be it might have a very + + align:start position:0% +that it may well be it might have a very + + + align:start position:0% +that it may well be it might have a very +complicated structure that might be + + align:start position:0% +complicated structure that might be + + + align:start position:0% +complicated structure that might be +truth the problem is I don't have in + + align:start position:0% +truth the problem is I don't have in + + + align:start position:0% +truth the problem is I don't have in +this random random data I don't have any + + align:start position:0% +this random random data I don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +this random random data I don't have any +replicates to be able to give me an + + align:start position:0% +replicates to be able to give me an + + + align:start position:0% +replicates to be able to give me an +independent notion of of underlying + + align:start position:0% +independent notion of of underlying + + + align:start position:0% +independent notion of of underlying +repeated variance sort of noise from + + align:start position:0% +repeated variance sort of noise from + + + align:start position:0% +repeated variance sort of noise from +model form and so that goes back to what + + align:start position:0% +model form and so that goes back to what + + + align:start position:0% +model form and so that goes back to what +we said is if we have multiple runs at + + align:start position:0% +we said is if we have multiple runs at + + + align:start position:0% +we said is if we have multiple runs at +the same X values especially if we + + align:start position:0% +the same X values especially if we + + + align:start position:0% +the same X values especially if we +design an experiment so that we do that + + align:start position:0% +design an experiment so that we do that + + + align:start position:0% +design an experiment so that we do that +and aren't using just sort of happen + + align:start position:0% +and aren't using just sort of happen + + + align:start position:0% +and aren't using just sort of happen +stance data then we can de decompose the + + align:start position:0% +stance data then we can de decompose the + + + align:start position:0% +stance data then we can de decompose the +total residual error into that lack of + + align:start position:0% +total residual error into that lack of + + + align:start position:0% +total residual error into that lack of +fit and pure replicate error and start + + align:start position:0% +fit and pure replicate error and start + + + align:start position:0% +fit and pure replicate error and start +to be able to distinguish between + + align:start position:0% +to be able to distinguish between + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to distinguish between +perhaps uh model + + align:start position:0% +perhaps uh model + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps uh model +structure uh and and and + + align:start position:0% +structure uh and and and + + + align:start position:0% +structure uh and and and +pure uh replication error and so we + + align:start position:0% +pure uh replication error and so we + + + align:start position:0% +pure uh replication error and so we +talked previously about being able to + + align:start position:0% +talked previously about being able to + + + align:start position:0% +talked previously about being able to +form the F test the ratio of of variance + + align:start position:0% +form the F test the ratio of of variance + + + align:start position:0% +form the F test the ratio of of variance +explained by deviations from model + + align:start position:0% +explained by deviations from model + + + align:start position:0% +explained by deviations from model +prediction in the replicate data over + + align:start position:0% +prediction in the replicate data over + + + align:start position:0% +prediction in the replicate data over +total uh error and then seeing How + + align:start position:0% +total uh error and then seeing How + + + align:start position:0% +total uh error and then seeing How +likely it would be to observe that kind + + align:start position:0% +likely it would be to observe that kind + + + align:start position:0% +likely it would be to observe that kind +of a ratio and and use the F test in the + + align:start position:0% +of a ratio and and use the F test in the + + + align:start position:0% +of a ratio and and use the F test in the +Inova test for + + align:start position:0% +Inova test for + + + align:start position:0% +Inova test for +that okay and we'll come back to that a + + align:start position:0% +that okay and we'll come back to that a + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and we'll come back to that a +little bit in an + + align:start position:0% +little bit in an + + + align:start position:0% +little bit in an +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +um this is a quick one I I showed you an + + align:start position:0% +um this is a quick one I I showed you an + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a quick one I I showed you an +example here where the the previous + + align:start position:0% +example here where the the previous + + + align:start position:0% +example here where the the previous +example was a pure linear term without + + align:start position:0% +example was a pure linear term without + + + align:start position:0% +example was a pure linear term without +even a constant + + align:start position:0% +even a constant + + + align:start position:0% +even a constant +offset we can also do models that have + + align:start position:0% +offset we can also do models that have + + + align:start position:0% +offset we can also do models that have +both a slope term and a constant term + + align:start position:0% +both a slope term and a constant term + + + align:start position:0% +both a slope term and a constant term +and this is simply formulated here as a + + align:start position:0% +and this is simply formulated here as a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is simply formulated here as a +mean centered model if I were to take my + + align:start position:0% +mean centered model if I were to take my + + + align:start position:0% +mean centered model if I were to take my +data and and say when X was at its mean + + align:start position:0% +data and and say when X was at its mean + + + align:start position:0% +data and and say when X was at its mean +um this term would be zero so this is + + align:start position:0% +um this term would be zero so this is + + + align:start position:0% +um this term would be zero so this is +not really an intercept this is saying + + align:start position:0% +not really an intercept this is saying + + + align:start position:0% +not really an intercept this is saying +my a coefficient is when X is at its + + align:start position:0% +my a coefficient is when X is at its + + + align:start position:0% +my a coefficient is when X is at its +mean I could similarly formulate it so + + align:start position:0% +mean I could similarly formulate it so + + + align:start position:0% +mean I could similarly formulate it so +that uh the a coefficient would be you + + align:start position:0% +that uh the a coefficient would be you + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the a coefficient would be you +know when when X was Zero the the point + + align:start position:0% +know when when X was Zero the the point + + + align:start position:0% +know when when X was Zero the the point +being that the same approach for + + align:start position:0% +being that the same approach for + + + align:start position:0% +being that the same approach for +estimating both a linear term and a + + align:start position:0% +estimating both a linear term and a + + + align:start position:0% +estimating both a linear term and a +constant offset term uh can apply and + + align:start position:0% +constant offset term uh can apply and + + + align:start position:0% +constant offset term uh can apply and +the same notion of not only getting + + align:start position:0% +the same notion of not only getting + + + align:start position:0% +the same notion of not only getting +Point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +estimates but also + + align:start position:0% +estimates but also + + + align:start position:0% +estimates but also +getting um confidence intervals based on + + align:start position:0% +getting um confidence intervals based on + + + align:start position:0% +getting um confidence intervals based on +variances in those + + align:start position:0% +variances in those + + + align:start position:0% +variances in those +coefficients applies so we can we can + + align:start position:0% +coefficients applies so we can we can + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients applies so we can we can +also use this to get confidence + + align:start position:0% +also use this to get confidence + + + align:start position:0% +also use this to get confidence +intervals not only on the slope term but + + align:start position:0% +intervals not only on the slope term but + + + align:start position:0% +intervals not only on the slope term but +also on the variance term I mean the um + + align:start position:0% +also on the variance term I mean the um + + + align:start position:0% +also on the variance term I mean the um +the offset + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term now we can also what's nice is uh + + align:start position:0% +term now we can also what's nice is uh + + + align:start position:0% +term now we can also what's nice is uh +do the same math now and look at a + + align:start position:0% +do the same math now and look at a + + + align:start position:0% +do the same math now and look at a +variance in our prediction of the output + + align:start position:0% +variance in our prediction of the output + + + align:start position:0% +variance in our prediction of the output +I already alluded to that with these + + align:start position:0% +I already alluded to that with these + + + align:start position:0% +I already alluded to that with these +confidence intervals on that that plot + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on that that plot + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on that that plot +of of uh Y versus X in that one set of + + align:start position:0% +of of uh Y versus X in that one set of + + + align:start position:0% +of of uh Y versus X in that one set of +data and if I basically I'm saying okay + + align:start position:0% +data and if I basically I'm saying okay + + + align:start position:0% +data and if I basically I'm saying okay +this is my best estimate this was my + + align:start position:0% +this is my best estimate this was my + + + align:start position:0% +this is my best estimate this was my +this is equal to the a coefficient this + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to the a coefficient this + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to the a coefficient this +is my best estimate of the uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +is my best estimate of the uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +is my best estimate of the uh uh the +underlying linear model with with an + + align:start position:0% +underlying linear model with with an + + + align:start position:0% +underlying linear model with with an +offset term and I just do my variance + + align:start position:0% +offset term and I just do my variance + + + align:start position:0% +offset term and I just do my variance +math on this I've got a variance of some + + align:start position:0% +math on this I've got a variance of some + + + align:start position:0% +math on this I've got a variance of some +of these terms and if you carry through + + align:start position:0% +of these terms and if you carry through + + + align:start position:0% +of these terms and if you carry through +that math this is just a constant at + + align:start position:0% +that math this is just a constant at + + + align:start position:0% +that math this is just a constant at +each X ofi since xar is a constant X of + + align:start position:0% +each X ofi since xar is a constant X of + + + align:start position:0% +each X ofi since xar is a constant X of +I is a constant so in the variance math + + align:start position:0% +I is a constant so in the variance math + + + align:start position:0% +I is a constant so in the variance math +when I look at the variance of this term + + align:start position:0% +when I look at the variance of this term + + + align:start position:0% +when I look at the variance of this term +it's the variance of of this times the + + align:start position:0% +it's the variance of of this times the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the variance of of this times the +variance of this this is a constant term + + align:start position:0% +variance of this this is a constant term + + + align:start position:0% +variance of this this is a constant term +so I've got that that constant squared + + align:start position:0% +so I've got that that constant squared + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got that that constant squared +out in front of the variance of my B we + + align:start position:0% +out in front of the variance of my B we + + + align:start position:0% +out in front of the variance of my B we +already calculated what the variance of + + align:start position:0% +already calculated what the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +already calculated what the variance of +the a term and the variance of the B + + align:start position:0% +the a term and the variance of the B + + + align:start position:0% +the a term and the variance of the B +term were I can plug those in and get an + + align:start position:0% +term were I can plug those in and get an + + + align:start position:0% +term were I can plug those in and get an +overall estimate of the variance of each + + align:start position:0% +overall estimate of the variance of each + + + align:start position:0% +overall estimate of the variance of each +of my y subi terms in my model and based + + align:start position:0% +of my y subi terms in my model and based + + + align:start position:0% +of my y subi terms in my model and based +on once I've got that for the single + + align:start position:0% +on once I've got that for the single + + + align:start position:0% +on once I've got that for the single +standard error my single standard + + align:start position:0% +standard error my single standard + + + align:start position:0% +standard error my single standard +deviation I can use use the T or the + + align:start position:0% +deviation I can use use the T or the + + + align:start position:0% +deviation I can use use the T or the +normal to get a confidence interval uh + + align:start position:0% +normal to get a confidence interval uh + + + align:start position:0% +normal to get a confidence interval uh +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +output + + align:start position:0% +output + + + align:start position:0% +output +okay so it's kind of the same thing we + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's kind of the same thing we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's kind of the same thing we +did on the coefficients I can also do it + + align:start position:0% +did on the coefficients I can also do it + + + align:start position:0% +did on the coefficients I can also do it +to tell me what kind of spread what + + align:start position:0% +to tell me what kind of spread what + + + align:start position:0% +to tell me what kind of spread what +confidence do I have in where the true + + align:start position:0% +confidence do I have in where the true + + + align:start position:0% +confidence do I have in where the true +output should + + align:start position:0% +output should + + + align:start position:0% +output should +lie when I'm predicting for any x value + + align:start position:0% +lie when I'm predicting for any x value + + + align:start position:0% +lie when I'm predicting for any x value +where I think the actual true output y + + align:start position:0% +where I think the actual true output y + + + align:start position:0% +where I think the actual true output y +would lie now there's an interesting uh + + align:start position:0% +would lie now there's an interesting uh + + + align:start position:0% +would lie now there's an interesting uh +aspect to this + + align:start position:0% +aspect to this + + + align:start position:0% +aspect to this +which is if I look for any given X subi + + align:start position:0% +which is if I look for any given X subi + + + align:start position:0% +which is if I look for any given X subi +input particular X input value notice + + align:start position:0% +input particular X input value notice + + + align:start position:0% +input particular X input value notice +okay that's right + + align:start position:0% +okay that's right + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's right +here I plug in for my particular xab of + + align:start position:0% +here I plug in for my particular xab of + + + align:start position:0% +here I plug in for my particular xab of +Interest notice that the denominator + + align:start position:0% +Interest notice that the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +Interest notice that the denominator +here was a sum over all of my data so + + align:start position:0% +here was a sum over all of my data so + + + align:start position:0% +here was a sum over all of my data so +that ends up being just a constant it it + + align:start position:0% +that ends up being just a constant it it + + + align:start position:0% +that ends up being just a constant it it +doesn't change but depending on what x + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change but depending on what x + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change but depending on what x +I'm looking at where I am on the X + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking at where I am on the X + + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking at where I am on the X +the size of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +changes so for example if I look in at + + align:start position:0% +changes so for example if I look in at + + + align:start position:0% +changes so for example if I look in at +my mean if I look where my XI is equal + + align:start position:0% +my mean if I look where my XI is equal + + + align:start position:0% +my mean if I look where my XI is equal +to xbar that numerator term goes to + + align:start position:0% +to xbar that numerator term goes to + + + align:start position:0% +to xbar that numerator term goes to +zero and essentially what I've got in + + align:start position:0% +zero and essentially what I've got in + + + align:start position:0% +zero and essentially what I've got in +that case is at the mean of my data my + + align:start position:0% +that case is at the mean of my data my + + + align:start position:0% +that case is at the mean of my data my +estimation is basically my variance in + + align:start position:0% +estimation is basically my variance in + + + align:start position:0% +estimation is basically my variance in +my output uh estimate is basically just + + align:start position:0% +my output uh estimate is basically just + + + align:start position:0% +my output uh estimate is basically just +related to the random noise in the + + align:start position:0% +related to the random noise in the + + + align:start position:0% +related to the random noise in the +data but then as I get further and + + align:start position:0% +data but then as I get further and + + + align:start position:0% +data but then as I get further and +further from the + + align:start position:0% +further from the + + + align:start position:0% +further from the +mean my confidence interval on my output + + align:start position:0% +mean my confidence interval on my output + + + align:start position:0% +mean my confidence interval on my output +spreads so what you will often see on + + align:start position:0% +spreads so what you will often see on + + + align:start position:0% +spreads so what you will often see on +data this was my X data and this is my + + align:start position:0% +data this was my X data and this is my + + + align:start position:0% +data this was my X data and this is my +Y is near the center of your data you've + + align:start position:0% +Y is near the center of your data you've + + + align:start position:0% +Y is near the center of your data you've +got the narrowest confidence intervals + + align:start position:0% +got the narrowest confidence intervals + + + align:start position:0% +got the narrowest confidence intervals +and as I get further and further away if + + align:start position:0% +and as I get further and further away if + + + align:start position:0% +and as I get further and further away if +I were to use say the dash for a 95% + + align:start position:0% +I were to use say the dash for a 95% + + + align:start position:0% +I were to use say the dash for a 95% +confidence on the output the further + + align:start position:0% +confidence on the output the further + + + align:start position:0% +confidence on the output the further +away that I get in X from from my xar + + align:start position:0% +away that I get in X from from my xar + + + align:start position:0% +away that I get in X from from my xar +The Wider my prediction error + + align:start position:0% +The Wider my prediction error + + + align:start position:0% +The Wider my prediction error +becomes okay even though I'm still maybe + + align:start position:0% +becomes okay even though I'm still maybe + + + align:start position:0% +becomes okay even though I'm still maybe +interpolating over the data I've + + align:start position:0% +interpolating over the data I've + + + align:start position:0% +interpolating over the data I've +got my variance does spread as I get fur + + align:start position:0% +got my variance does spread as I get fur + + + align:start position:0% +got my variance does spread as I get fur +further and further + + align:start position:0% +further and further + + + align:start position:0% +further and further +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +right which is kind of a an interesting + + align:start position:0% +right which is kind of a an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +right which is kind of a an interesting +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +all right we're almost ready to do a + + align:start position:0% +all right we're almost ready to do a + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're almost ready to do a +polinomial uh example I just want to + + align:start position:0% +polinomial uh example I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial uh example I just want to +point out we talked about this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +point out we talked about this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +point out we talked about this uh uh +previously we can also do not only a + + align:start position:0% +previously we can also do not only a + + + align:start position:0% +previously we can also do not only a +constant term but also a linear uh term + + align:start position:0% +constant term but also a linear uh term + + + align:start position:0% +constant term but also a linear uh term +we can do terms that include the square + + align:start position:0% +we can do terms that include the square + + + align:start position:0% +we can do terms that include the square +polinomial for example that include + + align:start position:0% +polinomial for example that include + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial for example that include +curvature in the X squ one important + + align:start position:0% +curvature in the X squ one important + + + align:start position:0% +curvature in the X squ one important +fact is this is still linear data in the + + align:start position:0% +fact is this is still linear data in the + + + align:start position:0% +fact is this is still linear data in the +coefficients + + align:start position:0% +coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients +and what this means is the least squares + + align:start position:0% +and what this means is the least squares + + + align:start position:0% +and what this means is the least squares +approach least squares minimization + + align:start position:0% +approach least squares minimization + + + align:start position:0% +approach least squares minimization +still applies so you can still do least + + align:start position:0% +still applies so you can still do least + + + align:start position:0% +still applies so you can still do least +squares minimization to estimate your + + align:start position:0% +squares minimization to estimate your + + + align:start position:0% +squares minimization to estimate your +beta coefficients and essentially what + + align:start position:0% +beta coefficients and essentially what + + + align:start position:0% +beta coefficients and essentially what +you what you do mechanically say in + + align:start position:0% +you what you do mechanically say in + + + align:start position:0% +you what you do mechanically say in +something like Excel is create that + + align:start position:0% +something like Excel is create that + + + align:start position:0% +something like Excel is create that +additional sort of fake column of data + + align:start position:0% +additional sort of fake column of data + + + align:start position:0% +additional sort of fake column of data +just taking your + + align:start position:0% +just taking your + + + align:start position:0% +just taking your +X you could almost think of this as + + align:start position:0% +X you could almost think of this as + + + align:start position:0% +X you could almost think of this as +equating that with an X2 think of this + + align:start position:0% +equating that with an X2 think of this + + + align:start position:0% +equating that with an X2 think of this +as an + + align:start position:0% +as an + + + align:start position:0% +as an +X1 and building your data column taking + + align:start position:0% +X1 and building your data column taking + + + align:start position:0% +X1 and building your data column taking +each of your x uh coefficients squaring + + align:start position:0% +each of your x uh coefficients squaring + + + align:start position:0% +each of your x uh coefficients squaring +it and that becomes a new x sub 2 kind + + align:start position:0% +it and that becomes a new x sub 2 kind + + + align:start position:0% +it and that becomes a new x sub 2 kind +of input and then all you're doing is + + align:start position:0% +of input and then all you're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +of input and then all you're doing is +just a linear fit now in these multiple + + align:start position:0% +just a linear fit now in these multiple + + + align:start position:0% +just a linear fit now in these multiple +coefficients so it looks exactly the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients so it looks exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients so it looks exactly the +same like we did um for multiple inputs + + align:start position:0% +same like we did um for multiple inputs + + + align:start position:0% +same like we did um for multiple inputs +even if we have additional higher + + align:start position:0% +even if we have additional higher + + + align:start position:0% +even if we have additional higher +ordered terms in the X + + align:start position:0% +ordered terms in the X + + + align:start position:0% +ordered terms in the X +squ + + align:start position:0% +squ + + + align:start position:0% +squ +okay so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's look at +let's look at a simple example here pull + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a simple example here pull + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a simple example here pull +these threads together look at + + align:start position:0% +these threads together look at + + + align:start position:0% +these threads together look at +confidence but also look at it in the + + align:start position:0% +confidence but also look at it in the + + + align:start position:0% +confidence but also look at it in the +case when I've got some replicate data + + align:start position:0% +case when I've got some replicate data + + + align:start position:0% +case when I've got some replicate data +so we can get a little experience with + + align:start position:0% +so we can get a little experience with + + + align:start position:0% +so we can get a little experience with +this lack of fit idea and so in this + + align:start position:0% +this lack of fit idea and so in this + + + align:start position:0% +this lack of fit idea and so in this +case see we've got uh importantly here + + align:start position:0% +case see we've got uh importantly here + + + align:start position:0% +case see we've got uh importantly here +um cases where I've replicated my X + + align:start position:0% +um cases where I've replicated my X + + + align:start position:0% +um cases where I've replicated my X +values so I've got two runs with uh 20 G + + align:start position:0% +values so I've got two runs with uh 20 G + + + align:start position:0% +values so I've got two runs with uh 20 G +of some kind of growth supplement + + align:start position:0% +of some kind of growth supplement + + + align:start position:0% +of some kind of growth supplement +and so I've got two different output + + align:start position:0% +and so I've got two different output + + + align:start position:0% +and so I've got two different output +values at that point and I've got + + align:start position:0% +values at that point and I've got + + + align:start position:0% +values at that point and I've got +another point where I've got three + + align:start position:0% +another point where I've got three + + + align:start position:0% +another point where I've got three +replicates triple replicated uh uh set + + align:start position:0% +replicates triple replicated uh uh set + + + align:start position:0% +replicates triple replicated uh uh set +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +data okay and what I'd like to do is try + + align:start position:0% +data okay and what I'd like to do is try + + + align:start position:0% +data okay and what I'd like to do is try +to fit a model and uh here what we've + + align:start position:0% +to fit a model and uh here what we've + + + align:start position:0% +to fit a model and uh here what we've +got in the in the picture is kind of an + + align:start position:0% +got in the in the picture is kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +got in the in the picture is kind of an +inkling or a foreshadowing of some of + + align:start position:0% +inkling or a foreshadowing of some of + + + align:start position:0% +inkling or a foreshadowing of some of +the kinds of models we might consider + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of models we might consider + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of models we might consider +and some of the issues we might consider + + align:start position:0% +and some of the issues we might consider + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the issues we might consider +if we look I think you can see it here + + align:start position:0% +if we look I think you can see it here + + + align:start position:0% +if we look I think you can see it here +the basic data here in Black these are + + align:start position:0% +the basic data here in Black these are + + + align:start position:0% +the basic data here in Black these are +the data points so this is just my + + align:start position:0% +the data points so this is just my + + + align:start position:0% +the data points so this is just my +output there's my triply replicated data + + align:start position:0% +output there's my triply replicated data + + + align:start position:0% +output there's my triply replicated data +here's my X data first off I could try + + align:start position:0% +here's my X data first off I could try + + + align:start position:0% +here's my X data first off I could try +to fit that with a mean that's just the + + align:start position:0% +to fit that with a mean that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +to fit that with a mean that's just the +red line that's the pure just mean of my + + align:start position:0% +red line that's the pure just mean of my + + + align:start position:0% +red line that's the pure just mean of my +data the green line here is a first + + align:start position:0% +data the green line here is a first + + + align:start position:0% +data the green line here is a first +order fit to just a slope coefficient + + align:start position:0% +order fit to just a slope coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +order fit to just a slope coefficient +and a mean so two model terms and you + + align:start position:0% +and a mean so two model terms and you + + + align:start position:0% +and a mean so two model terms and you +can sort of see already that's not going + + align:start position:0% +can sort of see already that's not going + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of see already that's not going +to be a very good model and what we've + + align:start position:0% +to be a very good model and what we've + + + align:start position:0% +to be a very good model and what we've +got is enough data here with the + + align:start position:0% +got is enough data here with the + + + align:start position:0% +got is enough data here with the +replicates to perhaps be able to detect + + align:start position:0% +replicates to perhaps be able to detect + + + align:start position:0% +replicates to perhaps be able to detect +that using our Machinery of an NOA and + + align:start position:0% +that using our Machinery of an NOA and + + + align:start position:0% +that using our Machinery of an NOA and +then perhaps then build that into a + + align:start position:0% +then perhaps then build that into a + + + align:start position:0% +then perhaps then build that into a +second order + + align:start position:0% +second order + + + align:start position:0% +second order +model that uh we can already kind of get + + align:start position:0% +model that uh we can already kind of get + + + align:start position:0% +model that uh we can already kind of get +a sense is going to be a quadratic model + + align:start position:0% +a sense is going to be a quadratic model + + + align:start position:0% +a sense is going to be a quadratic model +that fits the data a lot bit a lot + + align:start position:0% +that fits the data a lot bit a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that fits the data a lot bit a lot +better now if I were to just try it + + align:start position:0% +better now if I were to just try it + + + align:start position:0% +better now if I were to just try it +let's say I didn't you know already + + align:start position:0% +let's say I didn't you know already + + + align:start position:0% +let's say I didn't you know already +first off you should always plot your + + align:start position:0% +first off you should always plot your + + + align:start position:0% +first off you should always plot your +actual data so you have a feel for what + + align:start position:0% +actual data so you have a feel for what + + + align:start position:0% +actual data so you have a feel for what +kind of a model is going to be needed + + align:start position:0% +kind of a model is going to be needed + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a model is going to be needed +so if you were to actually plot that + + align:start position:0% +so if you were to actually plot that + + + align:start position:0% +so if you were to actually plot that +data you would already know you probably + + align:start position:0% +data you would already know you probably + + + align:start position:0% +data you would already know you probably +needed a quadratic model right so you + + align:start position:0% +needed a quadratic model right so you + + + align:start position:0% +needed a quadratic model right so you +might go ahead and upfront include that + + align:start position:0% +might go ahead and upfront include that + + + align:start position:0% +might go ahead and upfront include that +term but let's say we had not done that + + align:start position:0% +term but let's say we had not done that + + + align:start position:0% +term but let's say we had not done that +we'd um just tried to fit it with a very + + align:start position:0% +we'd um just tried to fit it with a very + + + align:start position:0% +we'd um just tried to fit it with a very +simple Model A simple linear model and + + align:start position:0% +simple Model A simple linear model and + + + align:start position:0% +simple Model A simple linear model and +if we go through and do the Inova now + + align:start position:0% +if we go through and do the Inova now + + + align:start position:0% +if we go through and do the Inova now +because we do have repeated residual I + + align:start position:0% +because we do have repeated residual I + + + align:start position:0% +because we do have repeated residual I +can split My overall residual sum of + + align:start position:0% +can split My overall residual sum of + + + align:start position:0% +can split My overall residual sum of +squared deviations into a lack of fit + + align:start position:0% +squared deviations into a lack of fit + + + align:start position:0% +squared deviations into a lack of fit +term that's the sum of squar deviations + + align:start position:0% +term that's the sum of squar deviations + + + align:start position:0% +term that's the sum of squar deviations +just for my replicated um or my total + + align:start position:0% +just for my replicated um or my total + + + align:start position:0% +just for my replicated um or my total +deviation from my model from my + + align:start position:0% +deviation from my model from my + + + align:start position:0% +deviation from my model from my +replicated data and I can formulate then + + align:start position:0% +replicated data and I can formulate then + + + align:start position:0% +replicated data and I can formulate then +a ratio of those two things and what + + align:start position:0% +a ratio of those two things and what + + + align:start position:0% +a ratio of those two things and what +I've got is deviations from my + + align:start position:0% +I've got is deviations from my + + + align:start position:0% +I've got is deviations from my +model that are much larger so this is a + + align:start position:0% +model that are much larger so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +model that are much larger so this is a +deviation oops it's not a good one + + align:start position:0% +deviation oops it's not a good one + + + align:start position:0% +deviation oops it's not a good one +actually right there the deviation from + + align:start position:0% +actually right there the deviation from + + + align:start position:0% +actually right there the deviation from +the model is quite small + + align:start position:0% +the model is quite small + + + align:start position:0% +the model is quite small +um if I were to look right here for + + align:start position:0% +um if I were to look right here for + + + align:start position:0% +um if I were to look right here for +example this is my deviation from the + + align:start position:0% +example this is my deviation from the + + + align:start position:0% +example this is my deviation from the +model I don't have any replicate data + + align:start position:0% +model I don't have any replicate data + + + align:start position:0% +model I don't have any replicate data +there right here I've got deviation from + + align:start position:0% +there right here I've got deviation from + + + align:start position:0% +there right here I've got deviation from +the linear model and then I've got Pure + + align:start position:0% +the linear model and then I've got Pure + + + align:start position:0% +the linear model and then I've got Pure +replicate + + align:start position:0% +replicate + + + align:start position:0% +replicate +error and you can start to see that the + + align:start position:0% +error and you can start to see that the + + + align:start position:0% +error and you can start to see that the +deviations + + align:start position:0% +deviations + + + align:start position:0% +deviations +from uh uh my best estimate prediction + + align:start position:0% +from uh uh my best estimate prediction + + + align:start position:0% +from uh uh my best estimate prediction +of the model is much much larger and + + align:start position:0% +of the model is much much larger and + + + align:start position:0% +of the model is much much larger and +that's what shows up in this ratio of + + align:start position:0% +that's what shows up in this ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +that's what shows up in this ratio of +the two + + align:start position:0% +the two + + + align:start position:0% +the two +variances if you do that and follow + + align:start position:0% +variances if you do that and follow + + + align:start position:0% +variances if you do that and follow +through with the F that's highly + + align:start position:0% +through with the F that's highly + + + align:start position:0% +through with the F that's highly +unlikely that big of a ratio is highly + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that big of a ratio is highly + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that big of a ratio is highly +unlikely to occur by chance given the + + align:start position:0% +unlikely to occur by chance given the + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely to occur by chance given the +noise + + align:start position:0% +noise + + + align:start position:0% +noise +spread okay so if you actually go in and + + align:start position:0% +spread okay so if you actually go in and + + + align:start position:0% +spread okay so if you actually go in and +do the lack of fit analysis it's already + + align:start position:0% +do the lack of fit analysis it's already + + + align:start position:0% +do the lack of fit analysis it's already +set setting up you know big red flags + + align:start position:0% +set setting up you know big red flags + + + align:start position:0% +set setting up you know big red flags +here's my red flag saying look out look + + align:start position:0% +here's my red flag saying look out look + + + align:start position:0% +here's my red flag saying look out look +out you've got a lot of evidence of a + + align:start position:0% +out you've got a lot of evidence of a + + + align:start position:0% +out you've got a lot of evidence of a +lack of + + align:start position:0% +lack of + + + align:start position:0% +lack of +fit what's interesting in this example + + align:start position:0% +fit what's interesting in this example + + + align:start position:0% +fit what's interesting in this example +is if I were to just look at + + align:start position:0% +is if I were to just look at + + + align:start position:0% +is if I were to just look at +significance of the individual mod model + + align:start position:0% +significance of the individual mod model + + + align:start position:0% +significance of the individual mod model +terms this pops out in fact that the + + align:start position:0% +terms this pops out in fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +terms this pops out in fact that the +mean is highly + + align:start position:0% +mean is highly + + + align:start position:0% +mean is highly +significant but the slope term is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not so this would say if I weren't + + align:start position:0% +not so this would say if I weren't + + + align:start position:0% +not so this would say if I weren't +looking at lack of fit and and paying + + align:start position:0% +looking at lack of fit and and paying + + + align:start position:0% +looking at lack of fit and and paying +attention to that red flag I might be + + align:start position:0% +attention to that red flag I might be + + + align:start position:0% +attention to that red flag I might be +tempted to + + align:start position:0% +tempted to + + + align:start position:0% +tempted to +say a very wrong thing + + align:start position:0% +say a very wrong thing + + + align:start position:0% +say a very wrong thing +I might be tempted to say there is a + + align:start position:0% +I might be tempted to say there is a + + + align:start position:0% +I might be tempted to say there is a +significant estimate of the mean that's + + align:start position:0% +significant estimate of the mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +significant estimate of the mean that's +non + + align:start position:0% +non + + + align:start position:0% +non +zero but there given the spread in my + + align:start position:0% +zero but there given the spread in my + + + align:start position:0% +zero but there given the spread in my +data I cannot conclude that there is a + + align:start position:0% +data I cannot conclude that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +data I cannot conclude that there is a +linear dependence on my + + align:start position:0% +linear dependence on my + + + align:start position:0% +linear dependence on my +input my my linear dependence on X could + + align:start position:0% +input my my linear dependence on X could + + + align:start position:0% +input my my linear dependence on X could +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +zero in other words with that green line + + align:start position:0% +zero in other words with that green line + + + align:start position:0% +zero in other words with that green line +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +here that's a small slope that given the + + align:start position:0% +here that's a small slope that given the + + + align:start position:0% +here that's a small slope that given the +spread in my data is not justified to + + align:start position:0% +spread in my data is not justified to + + + align:start position:0% +spread in my data is not justified to +actually estimate as anything other than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero interesting + + align:start position:0% +zero interesting + + + align:start position:0% +zero interesting +huh so you really need to look at both I + + align:start position:0% +huh so you really need to look at both I + + + align:start position:0% +huh so you really need to look at both I +I'd have to be very careful because the + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to be very careful because the + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to be very careful because the +extra explanatory power of the linear + + align:start position:0% +extra explanatory power of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +extra explanatory power of the linear +term is very very minimal here so I + + align:start position:0% +term is very very minimal here so I + + + align:start position:0% +term is very very minimal here so I +might think oh okay so I've really got + + align:start position:0% +might think oh okay so I've really got + + + align:start position:0% +might think oh okay so I've really got +no dependence at all whereas what I've + + align:start position:0% +no dependence at all whereas what I've + + + align:start position:0% +no dependence at all whereas what I've +really got is lack of + + align:start position:0% +really got is lack of + + + align:start position:0% +really got is lack of +fit + + align:start position:0% +fit + + + align:start position:0% +fit +is that making sense okay so what I + + align:start position:0% +is that making sense okay so what I + + + align:start position:0% +is that making sense okay so what I +might then do is say okay I am paying + + align:start position:0% +might then do is say okay I am paying + + + align:start position:0% +might then do is say okay I am paying +attention to that big red flag I've got + + align:start position:0% +attention to that big red flag I've got + + + align:start position:0% +attention to that big red flag I've got +lack of fit maybe I better um add a + + align:start position:0% +lack of fit maybe I better um add a + + + align:start position:0% +lack of fit maybe I better um add a +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +term refit my data so now if I look at + + align:start position:0% +term refit my data so now if I look at + + + align:start position:0% +term refit my data so now if I look at +the the fs for uh my model with the mean + + align:start position:0% +the the fs for uh my model with the mean + + + align:start position:0% +the the fs for uh my model with the mean +with a term for the linear coefficient + + align:start position:0% +with a term for the linear coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +with a term for the linear coefficient +and one for the quadratic now what do I + + align:start position:0% +and one for the quadratic now what do I + + + align:start position:0% +and one for the quadratic now what do I +get and return to breaking apart my + + align:start position:0% +get and return to breaking apart my + + + align:start position:0% +get and return to breaking apart my +residual and now looking and seeing how + + align:start position:0% +residual and now looking and seeing how + + + align:start position:0% +residual and now looking and seeing how +much deviation is there due to lack of + + align:start position:0% +much deviation is there due to lack of + + + align:start position:0% +much deviation is there due to lack of +fit compared to underlying replicate + + align:start position:0% +fit compared to underlying replicate + + + align:start position:0% +fit compared to underlying replicate +variants and now that ratio is very + + align:start position:0% +variants and now that ratio is very + + + align:start position:0% +variants and now that ratio is very +small so now I don't have any longer any + + align:start position:0% +small so now I don't have any longer any + + + align:start position:0% +small so now I don't have any longer any +evidence of lack of fit that's good and + + align:start position:0% +evidence of lack of fit that's good and + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of lack of fit that's good and +now I can return to deciding about + + align:start position:0% +now I can return to deciding about + + + align:start position:0% +now I can return to deciding about +whether uh individual terms are + + align:start position:0% +whether uh individual terms are + + + align:start position:0% +whether uh individual terms are +significant and what we don't see see + + align:start position:0% +significant and what we don't see see + + + align:start position:0% +significant and what we don't see see +the full F test this is sort of an + + align:start position:0% +the full F test this is sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +the full F test this is sort of an +incomplete Anova but what we would + + align:start position:0% +incomplete Anova but what we would + + + align:start position:0% +incomplete Anova but what we would +basically find here is the mean term is + + align:start position:0% +basically find here is the mean term is + + + align:start position:0% +basically find here is the mean term is +significant the quadratic term is + + align:start position:0% +significant the quadratic term is + + + align:start position:0% +significant the quadratic term is +significant how about the linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term it's still not significant so in + + align:start position:0% +term it's still not significant so in + + + align:start position:0% +term it's still not significant so in +fact we've got a a mean and a square + + align:start position:0% +fact we've got a a mean and a square + + + align:start position:0% +fact we've got a a mean and a square +term but no no dependence on the linear + + align:start position:0% +term but no no dependence on the linear + + + align:start position:0% +term but no no dependence on the linear +term and you will typically see that and + + align:start position:0% +term and you will typically see that and + + + align:start position:0% +term and you will typically see that and +in fact these the if these terms are + + align:start position:0% +in fact these the if these terms are + + + align:start position:0% +in fact these the if these terms are +truly orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +truly orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +truly orthogonal +um if I add the terms it should not + + align:start position:0% +um if I add the terms it should not + + + align:start position:0% +um if I add the terms it should not +change my estimates for the other terms + + align:start position:0% +change my estimates for the other terms + + + align:start position:0% +change my estimates for the other terms +that's not quite true if you throw those + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite true if you throw those + + + align:start position:0% +that's not quite true if you throw those +uh Missing terms into uh noise factors + + align:start position:0% +uh Missing terms into uh noise factors + + + align:start position:0% +uh Missing terms into uh noise factors +but the basic Point here is I've now + + align:start position:0% +but the basic Point here is I've now + + + align:start position:0% +but the basic Point here is I've now +actually captured the the the uh the + + align:start position:0% +actually captured the the the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +actually captured the the the uh the +dependence on X with this with this + + align:start position:0% +dependence on X with this with this + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on X with this with this +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +term so you can do exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +term so you can do exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +term so you can do exactly the same +thing this is the same data uh using + + align:start position:0% +thing this is the same data uh using + + + align:start position:0% +thing this is the same data uh using +Excel and you get uh you know the the + + align:start position:0% +Excel and you get uh you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +Excel and you get uh you know the the +same kind of a table here with an X term + + align:start position:0% +same kind of a table here with an X term + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of a table here with an X term +an X squ term and what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +an X squ term and what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +an X squ term and what's interesting +here is you can also go in and look at + + align:start position:0% +here is you can also go in and look at + + + align:start position:0% +here is you can also go in and look at +uh estimates of the coefficients the + + align:start position:0% +uh estimates of the coefficients the + + + align:start position:0% +uh estimates of the coefficients the +standard error 95% confidence intervals + + align:start position:0% +standard error 95% confidence intervals + + + align:start position:0% +standard error 95% confidence intervals +and I guess actually if you were to look + + align:start position:0% +and I guess actually if you were to look + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess actually if you were to look +at the 95% confidence interval for that + + align:start position:0% +at the 95% confidence interval for that + + + align:start position:0% +at the 95% confidence interval for that +uh X term looks like it actually + + align:start position:0% +uh X term looks like it actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh X term looks like it actually +is likely to be nonzero so uh I think + + align:start position:0% +is likely to be nonzero so uh I think + + + align:start position:0% +is likely to be nonzero so uh I think +I've got that right + + align:start position:0% +I've got that right + + + align:start position:0% +I've got that right +um so actually you you probably should + + align:start position:0% +um so actually you you probably should + + + align:start position:0% +um so actually you you probably should +include that term even though the the + + align:start position:0% +include that term even though the the + + + align:start position:0% +include that term even though the the +ratio is a little bit smaller uh it is + + align:start position:0% +ratio is a little bit smaller uh it is + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is a little bit smaller uh it is +still significant now I also put this + + align:start position:0% +still significant now I also put this + + + align:start position:0% +still significant now I also put this +one up because it's also got estimates + + align:start position:0% +one up because it's also got estimates + + + align:start position:0% +one up because it's also got estimates +of your R square and uh adjusted R + + align:start position:0% +of your R square and uh adjusted R + + + align:start position:0% +of your R square and uh adjusted R +square where uh uh sort of giving you a + + align:start position:0% +square where uh uh sort of giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +square where uh uh sort of giving you a +nice nice feel R squares of around you + + align:start position:0% +nice nice feel R squares of around you + + + align:start position:0% +nice nice feel R squares of around you +know 0.9 0.95 you start to feel pretty + + align:start position:0% +know 0.9 0.95 you start to feel pretty + + + align:start position:0% +know 0.9 0.95 you start to feel pretty +good about pretty good about your model + + align:start position:0% +good about pretty good about your model + + + align:start position:0% +good about pretty good about your model +okay so I don't know if you've played + + align:start position:0% +okay so I don't know if you've played + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I don't know if you've played +around with Excel uh again I encourage + + align:start position:0% +around with Excel uh again I encourage + + + align:start position:0% +around with Excel uh again I encourage +jump but if you do need to use Excel uh + + align:start position:0% +jump but if you do need to use Excel uh + + + align:start position:0% +jump but if you do need to use Excel uh +you there + + align:start position:0% +you there + + + align:start position:0% +you there +is under the data analysis tool if you + + align:start position:0% +is under the data analysis tool if you + + + align:start position:0% +is under the data analysis tool if you +pull that down uh you will also see the + + align:start position:0% +pull that down uh you will also see the + + + align:start position:0% +pull that down uh you will also see the +regression analysis and it will let you + + align:start position:0% +regression analysis and it will let you + + + align:start position:0% +regression analysis and it will let you +indicate what your output per columns + + align:start position:0% +indicate what your output per columns + + + align:start position:0% +indicate what your output per columns +are and what your input columns are and + + align:start position:0% +are and what your input columns are and + + + align:start position:0% +are and what your input columns are and +it does just a leas squares regression + + align:start position:0% +it does just a leas squares regression + + + align:start position:0% +it does just a leas squares regression +plops out your Anova table uh for you in + + align:start position:0% +plops out your Anova table uh for you in + + + align:start position:0% +plops out your Anova table uh for you in +that case you actually have to sort of + + align:start position:0% +that case you actually have to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that case you actually have to sort of +construct by hand your y squar or your X + + align:start position:0% +construct by hand your y squar or your X + + + align:start position:0% +construct by hand your y squar or your X +squar data if you want a polinomial fit + + align:start position:0% +squar data if you want a polinomial fit + + + align:start position:0% +squar data if you want a polinomial fit +and that's what I've just Illustrated + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I've just Illustrated + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I've just Illustrated +here uh you can't simply unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +here uh you can't simply unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +here uh you can't simply unfortunately +at least in the version of excel I have + + align:start position:0% +at least in the version of excel I have + + + align:start position:0% +at least in the version of excel I have +say I want to try a polom model up to + + align:start position:0% +say I want to try a polom model up to + + + align:start position:0% +say I want to try a polom model up to +some order and have it just know uh to + + align:start position:0% +some order and have it just know uh to + + + align:start position:0% +some order and have it just know uh to +do that on the polinomial input data you + + align:start position:0% +do that on the polinomial input data you + + + align:start position:0% +do that on the polinomial input data you +actually have to create columns for each + + align:start position:0% +actually have to create columns for each + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to create columns for each +of the model coefficients that you want + + align:start position:0% +of the model coefficients that you want + + + align:start position:0% +of the model coefficients that you want +to ask estimate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay here's the same polinomial + + align:start position:0% +okay here's the same polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's the same polinomial +regression using uh the jump package + + align:start position:0% +regression using uh the jump package + + + align:start position:0% +regression using uh the jump package +again with all of the lack of Fit versus + + align:start position:0% +again with all of the lack of Fit versus + + + align:start position:0% +again with all of the lack of Fit versus +pure error the X and X squar terms uh uh + + align:start position:0% +pure error the X and X squar terms uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +pure error the X and X squar terms uh uh +T ratios all of that but it's basically + + align:start position:0% +T ratios all of that but it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +T ratios all of that but it's basically +uh the same analysis with the second + + align:start position:0% +uh the same analysis with the second + + + align:start position:0% +uh the same analysis with the second +order term uh + + align:start position:0% +order term uh + + + align:start position:0% +order term uh +included okay so with that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +included okay so with that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +included okay so with that I'm going to +about to move on to process optimization + + align:start position:0% +about to move on to process optimization + + + align:start position:0% +about to move on to process optimization +but uh like to take any questions on + + align:start position:0% +but uh like to take any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +but uh like to take any questions on +kind of regression confidence intervals + + align:start position:0% +kind of regression confidence intervals + + + align:start position:0% +kind of regression confidence intervals +confidence intervals on inputs + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on inputs + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on inputs +confidence intervals on outputs is that + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on outputs is that + + + align:start position:0% +confidence intervals on outputs is that +all starting to feel are you confident + + align:start position:0% +all starting to feel are you confident + + + align:start position:0% +all starting to feel are you confident +in your understanding of confidence and + + align:start position:0% +in your understanding of confidence and + + + align:start position:0% +in your understanding of confidence and +roles Yeah + + align:start position:0% +roles Yeah + + + align:start position:0% +roles Yeah +question what do you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your ah okay so the question was what do + + align:start position:0% +your ah okay so the question was what do + + + align:start position:0% +your ah okay so the question was what do +you do if your inputs are + + align:start position:0% +you do if your inputs are + + + align:start position:0% +you do if your inputs are +correlated so what is assumed in all of + + align:start position:0% +correlated so what is assumed in all of + + + align:start position:0% +correlated so what is assumed in all of +these uh fits is essentially you've got + + align:start position:0% +these uh fits is essentially you've got + + + align:start position:0% +these uh fits is essentially you've got +orthogonality if we go back to the + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality if we go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality if we go back to the +tables we were forming with full + + align:start position:0% +tables we were forming with full + + + align:start position:0% +tables we were forming with full +factorial and so on we're assuming that + + align:start position:0% +factorial and so on we're assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +factorial and so on we're assuming that +each of your columns are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +each of your columns are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +each of your columns are orthogonal +which is to say we're assuming each of + + align:start position:0% +which is to say we're assuming each of + + + align:start position:0% +which is to say we're assuming each of +your coefficients and each of your your + + align:start position:0% +your coefficients and each of your your + + + align:start position:0% +your coefficients and each of your your +different terms are uncorrelated or + + align:start position:0% +different terms are uncorrelated or + + + align:start position:0% +different terms are uncorrelated or +orthogonal if they + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal if they + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal if they +are or orthogonal and you do a Le + + align:start position:0% +are or orthogonal and you do a Le + + + align:start position:0% +are or orthogonal and you do a Le +squares regression or or if they are not + + align:start position:0% +squares regression or or if they are not + + + align:start position:0% +squares regression or or if they are not +orthogonal they they are correlated what + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal they they are correlated what + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal they they are correlated what +happens well what happens is you've got + + align:start position:0% +happens well what happens is you've got + + + align:start position:0% +happens well what happens is you've got +two model coefficients both trying to + + align:start position:0% +two model coefficients both trying to + + + align:start position:0% +two model coefficients both trying to +explain some amount of the same data and + + align:start position:0% +explain some amount of the same data and + + + align:start position:0% +explain some amount of the same data and +they fight against each other and it's + + align:start position:0% +they fight against each other and it's + + + align:start position:0% +they fight against each other and it's +almost random how the effect of that + + align:start position:0% +almost random how the effect of that + + + align:start position:0% +almost random how the effect of that +that true underlying effect gets a + + align:start position:0% +that true underlying effect gets a + + + align:start position:0% +that true underlying effect gets a +portion between say a beta 1 and a beta + + align:start position:0% +portion between say a beta 1 and a beta + + + align:start position:0% +portion between say a beta 1 and a beta +2 term in fact very very tiny little + + align:start position:0% +2 term in fact very very tiny little + + + align:start position:0% +2 term in fact very very tiny little +perturbations and you can get a + + align:start position:0% +perturbations and you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +perturbations and you can get a +different mix of beta 1 and beta 2 and + + align:start position:0% +different mix of beta 1 and beta 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +different mix of beta 1 and beta 2 and +it turns out you might still be okay in + + align:start position:0% +it turns out you might still be okay in + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out you might still be okay in +terms of predicting an output because at + + align:start position:0% +terms of predicting an output because at + + + align:start position:0% +terms of predicting an output because at +least your model has both of them in + + align:start position:0% +least your model has both of them in + + + align:start position:0% +least your model has both of them in +there but it really screws up your + + align:start position:0% +there but it really screws up your + + + align:start position:0% +there but it really screws up your +ability to decide is that model + + align:start position:0% +ability to decide is that model + + + align:start position:0% +ability to decide is that model +term um um significant or not what you + + align:start position:0% +term um um significant or not what you + + + align:start position:0% +term um um significant or not what you +need to do is transform your data to get + + align:start position:0% +need to do is transform your data to get + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is transform your data to get +it into an orthogonal form to get get + + align:start position:0% +it into an orthogonal form to get get + + + align:start position:0% +it into an orthogonal form to get get +rid of the correlation to basically + + align:start position:0% +rid of the correlation to basically + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the correlation to basically +create new model + + align:start position:0% +create new model + + + align:start position:0% +create new model +coefficients and and new explanatory + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and and new explanatory + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and and new explanatory +values new sort of fake X + + align:start position:0% +values new sort of fake X + + + align:start position:0% +values new sort of fake X +values that don't have the correlation + + align:start position:0% +values that don't have the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +values that don't have the correlation +in them and the classic tool for doing + + align:start position:0% +in them and the classic tool for doing + + + align:start position:0% +in them and the classic tool for doing +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +um principal component analysis or some + + align:start position:0% +um principal component analysis or some + + + align:start position:0% +um principal component analysis or some +transformation of the data to a a + + align:start position:0% +transformation of the data to a a + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of the data to a a +different basis set than your original + + align:start position:0% +different basis set than your original + + + align:start position:0% +different basis set than your original +uh X1 X2 X3 three + + align:start position:0% +uh X1 X2 X3 three + + + align:start position:0% +uh X1 X2 X3 three +coefficients + + align:start position:0% +coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients +um we might talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +um we might talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +um we might talk a little bit about +multivariable things I I think we did a + + align:start position:0% +multivariable things I I think we did a + + + align:start position:0% +multivariable things I I think we did a +little bit with multivariable + + align:start position:0% +little bit with multivariable + + + align:start position:0% +little bit with multivariable +statistical and and T charts and so on + + align:start position:0% +statistical and and T charts and so on + + + align:start position:0% +statistical and and T charts and so on +but but essentially um a principal + + align:start position:0% +but but essentially um a principal + + + align:start position:0% +but but essentially um a principal +components or some other kind of + + align:start position:0% +components or some other kind of + + + align:start position:0% +components or some other kind of +transformation is needed on the data in + + align:start position:0% +transformation is needed on the data in + + + align:start position:0% +transformation is needed on the data in +order to then + + align:start position:0% +order to then + + + align:start position:0% +order to then +have individual coefficients that are + + align:start position:0% +have individual coefficients that are + + + align:start position:0% +have individual coefficients that are +not duplicating each other if you look I + + align:start position:0% +not duplicating each other if you look I + + + align:start position:0% +not duplicating each other if you look I +think it's chapter uh Section 8 made be + + align:start position:0% +think it's chapter uh Section 8 made be + + + align:start position:0% +think it's chapter uh Section 8 made be +8.4 the next one after what I assigned + + align:start position:0% +8.4 the next one after what I assigned + + + align:start position:0% +8.4 the next one after what I assigned +as the reading that talks about + + align:start position:0% +as the reading that talks about + + + align:start position:0% +as the reading that talks about +principal component analysis and how you + + align:start position:0% +principal component analysis and how you + + + align:start position:0% +principal component analysis and how you +do that in process modeling so you can + + align:start position:0% +do that in process modeling so you can + + + align:start position:0% +do that in process modeling so you can +read that section it's actually very + + align:start position:0% +read that section it's actually very + + + align:start position:0% +read that section it's actually very +very good very + + align:start position:0% +very good very + + + align:start position:0% +very good very +interesting other other + + align:start position:0% +interesting other other + + + align:start position:0% +interesting other other +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +progression yeah a difference R and R + + align:start position:0% +progression yeah a difference R and R + + + align:start position:0% +progression yeah a difference R and R +what is that this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so the question is what if you have + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the question is what if you have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the question is what if you have +big differences between R square and + + align:start position:0% +big differences between R square and + + + align:start position:0% +big differences between R square and +adjusted R + + align:start position:0% +adjusted R + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted R +square I think it's essentially telling + + align:start position:0% +square I think it's essentially telling + + + align:start position:0% +square I think it's essentially telling +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +um that the influence + + align:start position:0% +um that the influence + + + align:start position:0% +um that the influence +of additional model coefficients is + + align:start position:0% +of additional model coefficients is + + + align:start position:0% +of additional model coefficients is +really uh + + align:start position:0% +really uh + + + align:start position:0% +really uh +important um + + align:start position:0% +important um + + + align:start position:0% +important um +both this very quality ative but it but + + align:start position:0% +both this very quality ative but it but + + + align:start position:0% +both this very quality ative but it but +essentially it's telling you there's + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's telling you there's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's telling you there's +more than going on than just the mean + + align:start position:0% +more than going on than just the mean + + + align:start position:0% +more than going on than just the mean +response um so you're you're seeing a + + align:start position:0% +response um so you're you're seeing a + + + align:start position:0% +response um so you're you're seeing a +little bit of mix of both uh you know + + align:start position:0% +little bit of mix of both uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of mix of both uh you know +the penalty of adding more model + + align:start position:0% +the penalty of adding more model + + + align:start position:0% +the penalty of adding more model +coefficients but it's also telling you + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but it's also telling you + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but it's also telling you +uh there's likely additional structure + + align:start position:0% +uh there's likely additional structure + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's likely additional structure +that you needed in order to uh in order + + align:start position:0% +that you needed in order to uh in order + + + align:start position:0% +that you needed in order to uh in order +to use that but but that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +to use that but but that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +to use that but but that's pretty +qualitative I I think it's basically + + align:start position:0% +qualitative I I think it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative I I think it's basically +it's signaling that there's more than + + align:start position:0% +it's signaling that there's more than + + + align:start position:0% +it's signaling that there's more than +just mean go mean deviations going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it sounded like there was a was there a + + align:start position:0% +it sounded like there was a was there a + + + align:start position:0% +it sounded like there was a was there a +uh microphone question in Singapore uh + + align:start position:0% +uh microphone question in Singapore uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh microphone question in Singapore uh +in the slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +15 yeah you mention we should not only + + align:start position:0% +15 yeah you mention we should not only + + + align:start position:0% +15 yeah you mention we should not only +see the the mean which also focus on the + + align:start position:0% +see the the mean which also focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +see the the mean which also focus on the +the lack of feed and the pure error so + + align:start position:0% +the lack of feed and the pure error so + + + align:start position:0% +the lack of feed and the pure error so +why do you say that if we only see the + + align:start position:0% +why do you say that if we only see the + + + align:start position:0% +why do you say that if we only see the +mean we may say it's a good good model + + align:start position:0% +mean we may say it's a good good model + + + align:start position:0% +mean we may say it's a good good model +can you explain that again yeah actually + + align:start position:0% +can you explain that again yeah actually + + + align:start position:0% +can you explain that again yeah actually +what I was saying in this example is + + align:start position:0% +what I was saying in this example is + + + align:start position:0% +what I was saying in this example is +that if I only looked at the + + align:start position:0% +that if I only looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +that if I only looked at the +mean I might be uh hesitant to include + + align:start position:0% +mean I might be uh hesitant to include + + + align:start position:0% +mean I might be uh hesitant to include +any model terms beyond the mean so I + + align:start position:0% +any model terms beyond the mean so I + + + align:start position:0% +any model terms beyond the mean so I +might not actually think it's a good + + align:start position:0% +might not actually think it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +might not actually think it's a good +model at + + align:start position:0% +model at + + + align:start position:0% +model at +all um so so that that part of your + + align:start position:0% +all um so so that that part of your + + + align:start position:0% +all um so so that that part of your +question I'm not sure I quite understood + + align:start position:0% +question I'm not sure I quite understood + + + align:start position:0% +question I'm not sure I quite understood +or quite quite agreed + + align:start position:0% +or quite quite agreed + + + align:start position:0% +or quite quite agreed +with but I do I guess uh maybe I'm just + + align:start position:0% +with but I do I guess uh maybe I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +with but I do I guess uh maybe I'm just +repeating myself I think it is really + + align:start position:0% +repeating myself I think it is really + + + align:start position:0% +repeating myself I think it is really +critical to look for lack of fit because + + align:start position:0% +critical to look for lack of fit because + + + align:start position:0% +critical to look for lack of fit because +you need both perspectives you need to + + align:start position:0% +you need both perspectives you need to + + + align:start position:0% +you need both perspectives you need to +look not only at you know model + + align:start position:0% +look not only at you know model + + + align:start position:0% +look not only at you know model +coefficients and terms and whether they + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and terms and whether they + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and terms and whether they +should be included in the model but you + + align:start position:0% +should be included in the model but you + + + align:start position:0% +should be included in the model but you +also have to have to be alert am I + + align:start position:0% +also have to have to be alert am I + + + align:start position:0% +also have to have to be alert am I +missing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms that's what the lack of fit + + align:start position:0% +terms that's what the lack of fit + + + align:start position:0% +terms that's what the lack of fit +enables you to do this is basically + + align:start position:0% +enables you to do this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +enables you to do this is basically +saying the terms that are there are they + + align:start position:0% +saying the terms that are there are they + + + align:start position:0% +saying the terms that are there are they +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +so in some sense this one is basically + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense this one is basically + + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense this one is basically +just leading you to throw away + + align:start position:0% +just leading you to throw away + + + align:start position:0% +just leading you to throw away +coefficients and throw away model terms + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and throw away model terms + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and throw away model terms +and this number two the lack of fit is + + align:start position:0% +and this number two the lack of fit is + + + align:start position:0% +and this number two the lack of fit is +telling you hey wait a second there's + + align:start position:0% +telling you hey wait a second there's + + + align:start position:0% +telling you hey wait a second there's +stuff going on in the model that you're + + align:start position:0% +stuff going on in the model that you're + + + align:start position:0% +stuff going on in the model that you're +not explaining that's different than + + align:start position:0% +not explaining that's different than + + + align:start position:0% +not explaining that's different than +deviate than than random noise so maybe + + align:start position:0% +deviate than than random noise so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +deviate than than random noise so maybe +you should add model terms and so you + + align:start position:0% +you should add model terms and so you + + + align:start position:0% +you should add model terms and so you +need both + + align:start position:0% +need both + + + align:start position:0% +need both +perspectives + + align:start position:0% +perspectives + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives +okay okay so I think we're ready to uh + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I think we're ready to uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I think we're ready to uh +move on and look a little bit at uh + + align:start position:0% +move on and look a little bit at uh + + + align:start position:0% +move on and look a little bit at uh +process optimization I want to touch on + + align:start position:0% +process optimization I want to touch on + + + align:start position:0% +process optimization I want to touch on +kind of the most natural use of these + + align:start position:0% +kind of the most natural use of these + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the most natural use of these +sorts of models which is we Define an + + align:start position:0% +sorts of models which is we Define an + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of models which is we Define an +experimental design we go gather the + + align:start position:0% +experimental design we go gather the + + + align:start position:0% +experimental design we go gather the +data we build a model and then we start + + align:start position:0% +data we build a model and then we start + + + align:start position:0% +data we build a model and then we start +playing with the model I think of that + + align:start position:0% +playing with the model I think of that + + + align:start position:0% +playing with the model I think of that +as offline use of the model using it to + + align:start position:0% +as offline use of the model using it to + + + align:start position:0% +as offline use of the model using it to +try to identify an optimal point but + + align:start position:0% +try to identify an optimal point but + + + align:start position:0% +try to identify an optimal point but +it's not purely offline because I want + + align:start position:0% +it's not purely offline because I want + + + align:start position:0% +it's not purely offline because I want +to make the point that if you're + + align:start position:0% +to make the point that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +to make the point that if you're +predicting an Optimum you probably want + + align:start position:0% +predicting an Optimum you probably want + + + align:start position:0% +predicting an Optimum you probably want +to go back and run some confirming + + align:start position:0% +to go back and run some confirming + + + align:start position:0% +to go back and run some confirming +experiments and use those back with your + + align:start position:0% +experiments and use those back with your + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and use those back with your +physical process to check your model and + + align:start position:0% +physical process to check your model and + + + align:start position:0% +physical process to check your model and +maybe even iterate and improve your + + align:start position:0% +maybe even iterate and improve your + + + align:start position:0% +maybe even iterate and improve your +model so that's one natural approach and + + align:start position:0% +model so that's one natural approach and + + + align:start position:0% +model so that's one natural approach and +the other is that should be + + align:start position:0% +the other is that should be + + + align:start position:0% +the other is that should be +online um online use so another clever + + align:start position:0% +online um online use so another clever + + + align:start position:0% +online um online use so another clever +approach + + align:start position:0% +approach + + + align:start position:0% +approach +is actually build simplified models in a + + align:start position:0% +is actually build simplified models in a + + + align:start position:0% +is actually build simplified models in a +little part of the space use that to + + align:start position:0% +little part of the space use that to + + + align:start position:0% +little part of the space use that to +tell me what direction to move in in + + align:start position:0% +tell me what direction to move in in + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what direction to move in in +exploring My overall process space and + + align:start position:0% +exploring My overall process space and + + + align:start position:0% +exploring My overall process space and +then dynamically build and improve my + + align:start position:0% +then dynamically build and improve my + + + align:start position:0% +then dynamically build and improve my +model in the case when what I my real + + align:start position:0% +model in the case when what I my real + + + align:start position:0% +model in the case when what I my real +goal is getting to an Optimum not having + + align:start position:0% +goal is getting to an Optimum not having + + + align:start position:0% +goal is getting to an Optimum not having +the perfect model covering all of my + + align:start position:0% +the perfect model covering all of my + + + align:start position:0% +the perfect model covering all of my +space but rather get to an Optimum point + + align:start position:0% +space but rather get to an Optimum point + + + align:start position:0% +space but rather get to an Optimum point +so I want to touch on both of these + + align:start position:0% +so I want to touch on both of these + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to touch on both of these +ideas ways of using these sort of + + align:start position:0% +ideas ways of using these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +ideas ways of using these sort of +simplified response surface + + align:start position:0% +simplified response surface + + + align:start position:0% +simplified response surface +models and part of the point here is + + align:start position:0% +models and part of the point here is + + + align:start position:0% +models and part of the point here is +one important use of these models really + + align:start position:0% +one important use of these models really + + + align:start position:0% +one important use of these models really +is trying to find an optimal process + + align:start position:0% +is trying to find an optimal process + + + align:start position:0% +is trying to find an optimal process +output or find the inputs that give me + + align:start position:0% +output or find the inputs that give me + + + align:start position:0% +output or find the inputs that give me +an optimal process output and that + + align:start position:0% +an optimal process output and that + + + align:start position:0% +an optimal process output and that +optimal process output may have multiple + + align:start position:0% +optimal process output may have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +optimal process output may have multiple +characteristics about it that were that + + align:start position:0% +characteristics about it that were that + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics about it that were that +are important for us uh one is I want to + + align:start position:0% +are important for us uh one is I want to + + + align:start position:0% +are important for us uh one is I want to +be close to a Target value but the other + + align:start position:0% +be close to a Target value but the other + + + align:start position:0% +be close to a Target value but the other +is we may also want uh small + + align:start position:0% +is we may also want uh small + + + align:start position:0% +is we may also want uh small +sensitivity small deviations in my + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity small deviations in my + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity small deviations in my +output if we go back to our variation + + align:start position:0% +output if we go back to our variation + + + align:start position:0% +output if we go back to our variation +equation that may mean I want small + + align:start position:0% +equation that may mean I want small + + + align:start position:0% +equation that may mean I want small +deviations around noise factors that I'm + + align:start position:0% +deviations around noise factors that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +deviations around noise factors that I'm +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +controlling and I may also + + align:start position:0% +controlling and I may also + + + align:start position:0% +controlling and I may also +want relatively small uh uh sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +want relatively small uh uh sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +want relatively small uh uh sensitivity +even to some of my input parameters + + align:start position:0% +even to some of my input parameters + + + align:start position:0% +even to some of my input parameters +because I'm going to fix them in my + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to fix them in my + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to fix them in my +process and I'm not dynamically or uh in + + align:start position:0% +process and I'm not dynamically or uh in + + + align:start position:0% +process and I'm not dynamically or uh in +a feedback loop changing them so in some + + align:start position:0% +a feedback loop changing them so in some + + + align:start position:0% +a feedback loop changing them so in some +cases I want this to also be small okay + + align:start position:0% +cases I want this to also be small okay + + + align:start position:0% +cases I want this to also be small okay +so we'll talk a little bit about ways to + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk a little bit about ways to + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk a little bit about ways to +mix in these and other objectives for + + align:start position:0% +mix in these and other objectives for + + + align:start position:0% +mix in these and other objectives for +right now I'm going to mostly focus + + align:start position:0% +right now I'm going to mostly focus + + + align:start position:0% +right now I'm going to mostly focus +on say trying to meet + + align:start position:0% +on say trying to meet + + + align:start position:0% +on say trying to meet +some uh set of Target mean values but I + + align:start position:0% +some uh set of Target mean values but I + + + align:start position:0% +some uh set of Target mean values but I +I I can make the point you can + + align:start position:0% +I I can make the point you can + + + align:start position:0% +I I can make the point you can +generalize what I'm going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +generalize what I'm going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +generalize what I'm going to be uh +talking about here by thinking of some + + align:start position:0% +talking about here by thinking of some + + + align:start position:0% +talking about here by thinking of some +objective function or some cost function + + align:start position:0% +objective function or some cost function + + + align:start position:0% +objective function or some cost function +or some goodness function that actually + + align:start position:0% +or some goodness function that actually + + + align:start position:0% +or some goodness function that actually +mixes into together multiple objectives + + align:start position:0% +mixes into together multiple objectives + + + align:start position:0% +mixes into together multiple objectives +so some of the objectives you might have + + align:start position:0% +so some of the objectives you might have + + + align:start position:0% +so some of the objectives you might have +a cost function that penalizes for + + align:start position:0% +a cost function that penalizes for + + + align:start position:0% +a cost function that penalizes for +deviations from the Target or maybe some + + align:start position:0% +deviations from the Target or maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +deviations from the Target or maybe some +of squared deviations if I have multiple + + align:start position:0% +of squared deviations if I have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +of squared deviations if I have multiple +outputs from the target it may also + + align:start position:0% +outputs from the target it may also + + + align:start position:0% +outputs from the target it may also +penalize me for larger X's because + + align:start position:0% +penalize me for larger X's because + + + align:start position:0% +penalize me for larger X's because +larger inputs uh because there's more + + align:start position:0% +larger inputs uh because there's more + + + align:start position:0% +larger inputs uh because there's more +cost associated with you I don't know + + align:start position:0% +cost associated with you I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +cost associated with you I don't know +using more gas if I have a higher gas + + align:start position:0% +using more gas if I have a higher gas + + + align:start position:0% +using more gas if I have a higher gas +flow in some process and then I can also + + align:start position:0% +flow in some process and then I can also + + + align:start position:0% +flow in some process and then I can also +include other things like terms that + + align:start position:0% +include other things like terms that + + + align:start position:0% +include other things like terms that +penalize for + + align:start position:0% +penalize for + + + align:start position:0% +penalize for +sensitivity these Delta y's sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity these Delta y's sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity these Delta y's sensitivity +to the output and I can keep throwing + + align:start position:0% +to the output and I can keep throwing + + + align:start position:0% +to the output and I can keep throwing +additional things in um so if if I've + + align:start position:0% +additional things in um so if if I've + + + align:start position:0% +additional things in um so if if I've +got in general some complicated + + align:start position:0% +got in general some complicated + + + align:start position:0% +got in general some complicated +objective function I can if I can + + align:start position:0% +objective function I can if I can + + + align:start position:0% +objective function I can if I can +formulate that and actually + + align:start position:0% +formulate that and actually + + + align:start position:0% +formulate that and actually +model either empirically or or um + + align:start position:0% +model either empirically or or um + + + align:start position:0% +model either empirically or or um +analytically that cost function as a as + + align:start position:0% +analytically that cost function as a as + + + align:start position:0% +analytically that cost function as a as +a function of my inputs or as a function + + align:start position:0% +a function of my inputs or as a function + + + align:start position:0% +a function of my inputs or as a function +utilizing the models that I already have + + align:start position:0% +utilizing the models that I already have + + + align:start position:0% +utilizing the models that I already have +I can then formulate sort of an + + align:start position:0% +I can then formulate sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +I can then formulate sort of an +optimization function or an optimization + + align:start position:0% +optimization function or an optimization + + + align:start position:0% +optimization function or an optimization +problem where I might be trying to + + align:start position:0% +problem where I might be trying to + + + align:start position:0% +problem where I might be trying to +minimize that cost or + + align:start position:0% +minimize that cost or + + + align:start position:0% +minimize that cost or +minimize um um that objective or maybe + + align:start position:0% +minimize um um that objective or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +minimize um um that objective or maybe +I'm trying to maximize it because I + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to maximize it because I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to maximize it because I +think of it as really a goodness + + align:start position:0% +think of it as really a goodness + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as really a goodness +function rather than a penalty function + + align:start position:0% +function rather than a penalty function + + + align:start position:0% +function rather than a penalty function +but in overall I've got some complicated + + align:start position:0% +but in overall I've got some complicated + + + align:start position:0% +but in overall I've got some complicated +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +for J as a function of my + + align:start position:0% +for J as a function of my + + + align:start position:0% +for J as a function of my +factors where my factors might be my + + align:start position:0% +factors where my factors might be my + + + align:start position:0% +factors where my factors might be my +actual inputs but they may also + + align:start position:0% +actual inputs but they may also + + + align:start position:0% +actual inputs but they may also +be noise factors other factors that I + + align:start position:0% +be noise factors other factors that I + + + align:start position:0% +be noise factors other factors that I +haven't explicitly modeled um um and and + + align:start position:0% +haven't explicitly modeled um um and and + + + align:start position:0% +haven't explicitly modeled um um and and +we'll talk about robustness uh next week + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about robustness uh next week + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about robustness uh next week +actually or not uh not next week on on + + align:start position:0% +actually or not uh not next week on on + + + align:start position:0% +actually or not uh not next week on on +Thursday for right now I just want to + + align:start position:0% +Thursday for right now I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday for right now I just want to +talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about +adjusting uh or searching for good input + + align:start position:0% +adjusting uh or searching for good input + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting uh or searching for good input +factors to minimize or maximize some + + align:start position:0% +factors to minimize or maximize some + + + align:start position:0% +factors to minimize or maximize some +some cost function with with + + align:start position:0% +some cost function with with + + + align:start position:0% +some cost function with with +constraints so in general you can think + + align:start position:0% +constraints so in general you can think + + + align:start position:0% +constraints so in general you can think +about different approaches for this if + + align:start position:0% +about different approaches for this if + + + align:start position:0% +about different approaches for this if +I've got a full expression for y as some + + align:start position:0% +I've got a full expression for y as some + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a full expression for y as some +function of X and maybe J is some + + align:start position:0% +function of X and maybe J is some + + + align:start position:0% +function of X and maybe J is some +function of Y I've overall got some + + align:start position:0% +function of Y I've overall got some + + + align:start position:0% +function of Y I've overall got some +overall function you know for my cost as + + align:start position:0% +overall function you know for my cost as + + + align:start position:0% +overall function you know for my cost as +a function of my inputs um then I can go + + align:start position:0% +a function of my inputs um then I can go + + + align:start position:0% +a function of my inputs um then I can go +in and try to + + align:start position:0% +in and try to + + + align:start position:0% +in and try to +minimize really DJ d d uh X and find + + align:start position:0% +minimize really DJ d d uh X and find + + + align:start position:0% +minimize really DJ d d uh X and find +with some assumptions of monotonicity I + + align:start position:0% +with some assumptions of monotonicity I + + + align:start position:0% +with some assumptions of monotonicity I +can find an overall minimum or at least + + align:start position:0% +can find an overall minimum or at least + + + align:start position:0% +can find an overall minimum or at least +a local minimum or maximum to that + + align:start position:0% +a local minimum or maximum to that + + + align:start position:0% +a local minimum or maximum to that +function so that's if I've got a full + + align:start position:0% +function so that's if I've got a full + + + align:start position:0% +function so that's if I've got a full +expression and we'll we'll explore that + + align:start position:0% +expression and we'll we'll explore that + + + align:start position:0% +expression and we'll we'll explore that +a little bit another approach is more of + + align:start position:0% +a little bit another approach is more of + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit another approach is more of +an incremental approach rather than + + align:start position:0% +an incremental approach rather than + + + align:start position:0% +an incremental approach rather than +having the full expression and leaping + + align:start position:0% +having the full expression and leaping + + + align:start position:0% +having the full expression and leaping +right to the optimum point based on on a + + align:start position:0% +right to the optimum point based on on a + + + align:start position:0% +right to the optimum point based on on a +local minimum or local maximum I may + + align:start position:0% +local minimum or local maximum I may + + + align:start position:0% +local minimum or local maximum I may +have to search for it I may have to + + align:start position:0% +have to search for it I may have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to search for it I may have to +iteratively explore the space and we'll + + align:start position:0% +iteratively explore the space and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +iteratively explore the space and we'll +talk a little bit about these with hill + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about these with hill + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about these with hill +climbing uh or or steepest ascent and + + align:start position:0% +climbing uh or or steepest ascent and + + + align:start position:0% +climbing uh or or steepest ascent and +descent kinds of problems then I've + + align:start position:0% +descent kinds of problems then I've + + + align:start position:0% +descent kinds of problems then I've +already mentioned a little bit this + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned a little bit this + + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned a little bit this +online versus + + align:start position:0% +online versus + + + align:start position:0% +online versus +offline so here's a simplest picture for + + align:start position:0% +offline so here's a simplest picture for + + + align:start position:0% +offline so here's a simplest picture for +one of these optimization problems I've + + align:start position:0% +one of these optimization problems I've + + + align:start position:0% +one of these optimization problems I've +got my input X I've got my output Y and + + align:start position:0% +got my input X I've got my output Y and + + + align:start position:0% +got my input X I've got my output Y and +what I'm looking for is + + align:start position:0% +what I'm looking for is + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm looking for is +is uh a maximum for my for my output Y + + align:start position:0% +is uh a maximum for my for my output Y + + + align:start position:0% +is uh a maximum for my for my output Y +and maybe here simply my cost function + + align:start position:0% +and maybe here simply my cost function + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe here simply my cost function +is simply J uh or uh J is equal to Y + + align:start position:0% +is simply J uh or uh J is equal to Y + + + align:start position:0% +is simply J uh or uh J is equal to Y +something like that so I'm I'm not + + align:start position:0% +something like that so I'm I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +something like that so I'm I'm not +differentiating here too much between Y + + align:start position:0% +differentiating here too much between Y + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating here too much between Y +and J I'm just simply saying what I'm + + align:start position:0% +and J I'm just simply saying what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and J I'm just simply saying what I'm +looking for is the overall maximum for + + align:start position:0% +looking for is the overall maximum for + + + align:start position:0% +looking for is the overall maximum for +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +output and one knows from basic basic + + align:start position:0% +output and one knows from basic basic + + + align:start position:0% +output and one knows from basic basic +geometry basic algebra that uh the + + align:start position:0% +geometry basic algebra that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +geometry basic algebra that uh the +maximum uh will occur unless I hit some + + align:start position:0% +maximum uh will occur unless I hit some + + + align:start position:0% +maximum uh will occur unless I hit some +constraints or some boundary cases will + + align:start position:0% +constraints or some boundary cases will + + + align:start position:0% +constraints or some boundary cases will +occur when I've got zero + + align:start position:0% +occur when I've got zero + + + align:start position:0% +occur when I've got zero +curvature in that in that function so + + align:start position:0% +curvature in that in that function so + + + align:start position:0% +curvature in that in that function so +how do I find it Well one + + align:start position:0% +how do I find it Well one + + + align:start position:0% +how do I find it Well one +approach is again this analytic approach + + align:start position:0% +approach is again this analytic approach + + + align:start position:0% +approach is again this analytic approach +if I have a full expression I can simply + + align:start position:0% +if I have a full expression I can simply + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a full expression I can simply +recognize that that minimum occurs where + + align:start position:0% +recognize that that minimum occurs where + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that that minimum occurs where +there's zero + + align:start position:0% +there's zero + + + align:start position:0% +there's zero +curvature solve for the Y such that that + + align:start position:0% +curvature solve for the Y such that that + + + align:start position:0% +curvature solve for the Y such that that +curvature is zero and I directly get to + + align:start position:0% +curvature is zero and I directly get to + + + align:start position:0% +curvature is zero and I directly get to +the answer but in order to do that I + + align:start position:0% +the answer but in order to do that I + + + align:start position:0% +the answer but in order to do that I +need a full analytic model to do that I + + align:start position:0% +need a full analytic model to do that I + + + align:start position:0% +need a full analytic model to do that I +needed perhaps relatively small or good + + align:start position:0% +needed perhaps relatively small or good + + + align:start position:0% +needed perhaps relatively small or good +accurate increments in X or assumptions + + align:start position:0% +accurate increments in X or assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +accurate increments in X or assumptions +on the model + + align:start position:0% +on the model + + + align:start position:0% +on the model +form and especially if I have relatively + + align:start position:0% +form and especially if I have relatively + + + align:start position:0% +form and especially if I have relatively +sparse data points if I had say you know + + align:start position:0% +sparse data points if I had say you know + + + align:start position:0% +sparse data points if I had say you know +just these data points it's quite easy + + align:start position:0% +just these data points it's quite easy + + + align:start position:0% +just these data points it's quite easy +to miss the true Optimum because of + + align:start position:0% +to miss the true Optimum because of + + + align:start position:0% +to miss the true Optimum because of +noise or uh uh imperfections in my model + + align:start position:0% +noise or uh uh imperfections in my model + + + align:start position:0% +noise or uh uh imperfections in my model +fit okay so it can actually be a little + + align:start position:0% +fit okay so it can actually be a little + + + align:start position:0% +fit okay so it can actually be a little +bit tricky with small amounts of data to + + align:start position:0% +bit tricky with small amounts of data to + + + align:start position:0% +bit tricky with small amounts of data to +find that if I fit an overall analytic + + align:start position:0% +find that if I fit an overall analytic + + + align:start position:0% +find that if I fit an overall analytic +model to a very small number of data + + align:start position:0% +model to a very small number of data + + + align:start position:0% +model to a very small number of data +points okay an alternative is a little + + align:start position:0% +points okay an alternative is a little + + + align:start position:0% +points okay an alternative is a little +bit of an iterative or a search process + + align:start position:0% +bit of an iterative or a search process + + + align:start position:0% +bit of an iterative or a search process +process where we might actually add + + align:start position:0% +process where we might actually add + + + align:start position:0% +process where we might actually add +data uh or explore our model uh either + + align:start position:0% +data uh or explore our model uh either + + + align:start position:0% +data uh or explore our model uh either +explore experiments or explore a model + + align:start position:0% +explore experiments or explore a model + + + align:start position:0% +explore experiments or explore a model +in a in + + align:start position:0% +in a in + + + align:start position:0% +in a in +a smaller space in each case and sort of + + align:start position:0% +a smaller space in each case and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +a smaller space in each case and sort of +seek to find the optimum point and here + + align:start position:0% +seek to find the optimum point and here + + + align:start position:0% +seek to find the optimum point and here +a simple kind of conceptual idea here is + + align:start position:0% +a simple kind of conceptual idea here is + + + align:start position:0% +a simple kind of conceptual idea here is +in some regions of my space I may have + + align:start position:0% +in some regions of my space I may have + + + align:start position:0% +in some regions of my space I may have +very good model fits less so than with + + align:start position:0% +very good model fits less so than with + + + align:start position:0% +very good model fits less so than with +much less error than trying to fit this + + align:start position:0% +much less error than trying to fit this + + + align:start position:0% +much less error than trying to fit this +overall quadratic to a small number of + + align:start position:0% +overall quadratic to a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +overall quadratic to a small number of +data points I may have relatively good + + align:start position:0% +data points I may have relatively good + + + align:start position:0% +data points I may have relatively good +model fits in smaller regions of the + + align:start position:0% +model fits in smaller regions of the + + + align:start position:0% +model fits in smaller regions of the +space remember that confidence interval + + align:start position:0% +space remember that confidence interval + + + align:start position:0% +space remember that confidence interval +on the output I said as we get further + + align:start position:0% +on the output I said as we get further + + + align:start position:0% +on the output I said as we get further +and further away from say uh the the + + align:start position:0% +and further away from say uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +and further away from say uh the the +central moments of our data my + + align:start position:0% +central moments of our data my + + + align:start position:0% +central moments of our data my +confidence interval on my output + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval on my output + + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval on my output +prediction gets wider and wider if I + + align:start position:0% +prediction gets wider and wider if I + + + align:start position:0% +prediction gets wider and wider if I +shrink my space I get better estimates + + align:start position:0% +shrink my space I get better estimates + + + align:start position:0% +shrink my space I get better estimates +of my model in a local space and so one + + align:start position:0% +of my model in a local space and so one + + + align:start position:0% +of my model in a local space and so one +approach here is to say I'm gonna look + + align:start position:0% +approach here is to say I'm gonna look + + + align:start position:0% +approach here is to say I'm gonna look +in a local space get a good estimate of + + align:start position:0% +in a local space get a good estimate of + + + align:start position:0% +in a local space get a good estimate of +what the slope is maybe it's a reduced + + align:start position:0% +what the slope is maybe it's a reduced + + + align:start position:0% +what the slope is maybe it's a reduced +order model that's only + + align:start position:0% +order model that's only + + + align:start position:0% +order model that's only +linear so I'm not even trying to fit + + align:start position:0% +linear so I'm not even trying to fit + + + align:start position:0% +linear so I'm not even trying to fit +additional curvature and then use that + + align:start position:0% +additional curvature and then use that + + + align:start position:0% +additional curvature and then use that +to say ah my output Y is increasing in + + align:start position:0% +to say ah my output Y is increasing in + + + align:start position:0% +to say ah my output Y is increasing in +this Direction with X increasing and use + + align:start position:0% +this Direction with X increasing and use + + + align:start position:0% +this Direction with X increasing and use +that to project forward a small amount + + align:start position:0% +that to project forward a small amount + + + align:start position:0% +that to project forward a small amount +and and suggest a new x value to try so + + align:start position:0% +and and suggest a new x value to try so + + + align:start position:0% +and and suggest a new x value to try so +it's projecting and uh uh additional + + align:start position:0% +it's projecting and uh uh additional + + + align:start position:0% +it's projecting and uh uh additional +steps to explore if I then do that and + + align:start position:0% +steps to explore if I then do that and + + + align:start position:0% +steps to explore if I then do that and +build an additional linear model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whoa build an additional linear model + + align:start position:0% +whoa build an additional linear model + + + align:start position:0% +whoa build an additional linear model +here it might suggest another small step + + align:start position:0% +here it might suggest another small step + + + align:start position:0% +here it might suggest another small step +and as my linear model starts to have a + + align:start position:0% +and as my linear model starts to have a + + + align:start position:0% +and as my linear model starts to have a +a slope term that shrinks that's telling + + align:start position:0% +a slope term that shrinks that's telling + + + align:start position:0% +a slope term that shrinks that's telling +me I'm getting something closer to an + + align:start position:0% +me I'm getting something closer to an + + + align:start position:0% +me I'm getting something closer to an +Optimum point or at least a local + + align:start position:0% +Optimum point or at least a local + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum point or at least a local +Optimum point and it at that point + + align:start position:0% +Optimum point and it at that point + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum point and it at that point +that's signaling me that uh if I really + + align:start position:0% +that's signaling me that uh if I really + + + align:start position:0% +that's signaling me that uh if I really +want improved accuracy at that point in + + align:start position:0% +want improved accuracy at that point in + + + align:start position:0% +want improved accuracy at that point in +space to really zero in on the maximum I + + align:start position:0% +space to really zero in on the maximum I + + + align:start position:0% +space to really zero in on the maximum I +can do two things one is still constrain + + align:start position:0% +can do two things one is still constrain + + + align:start position:0% +can do two things one is still constrain +my search space but also in this region + + align:start position:0% +my search space but also in this region + + + align:start position:0% +my search space but also in this region +it's quite likely that + + align:start position:0% +it's quite likely that + + + align:start position:0% +it's quite likely that +my the heck it's quite likely I don't + + align:start position:0% +my the heck it's quite likely I don't + + + align:start position:0% +my the heck it's quite likely I don't +want this I don't know what that was oh + + align:start position:0% +want this I don't know what that was oh + + + align:start position:0% +want this I don't know what that was oh +wow something funky happening um in this + + align:start position:0% +wow something funky happening um in this + + + align:start position:0% +wow something funky happening um in this +space um it's just like with that + + align:start position:0% +space um it's just like with that + + + align:start position:0% +space um it's just like with that +curvature model that I showed you + + align:start position:0% +curvature model that I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +curvature model that I showed you +earlier the linear term is probably no + + align:start position:0% +earlier the linear term is probably no + + + align:start position:0% +earlier the linear term is probably no +longer very significant I really need + + align:start position:0% +longer very significant I really need + + + align:start position:0% +longer very significant I really need +the quadratic term so I might fit + + align:start position:0% +the quadratic term so I might fit + + + align:start position:0% +the quadratic term so I might fit +locally a quadratic model just near the + + align:start position:0% +locally a quadratic model just near the + + + align:start position:0% +locally a quadratic model just near the +optimum which allows me in a restricted + + align:start position:0% +optimum which allows me in a restricted + + + align:start position:0% +optimum which allows me in a restricted +space to get an accurate model that + + align:start position:0% +space to get an accurate model that + + + align:start position:0% +space to get an accurate model that +really lets me zero in on the on the uh + + align:start position:0% +really lets me zero in on the on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +really lets me zero in on the on the uh +Optimum point so out here a linear model + + align:start position:0% +Optimum point so out here a linear model + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum point so out here a linear model +might be good enough up in here I may + + align:start position:0% +might be good enough up in here I may + + + align:start position:0% +might be good enough up in here I may +need a beta KN plus a beta 2x^2 term + + align:start position:0% +need a beta KN plus a beta 2x^2 term + + + align:start position:0% +need a beta KN plus a beta 2x^2 term +maybe still also with a a linear term + + align:start position:0% +maybe still also with a a linear term + + + align:start position:0% +maybe still also with a a linear term +here as well but I can basically build + + align:start position:0% +here as well but I can basically build + + + align:start position:0% +here as well but I can basically build +dynamically the model get an accurate + + align:start position:0% +dynamically the model get an accurate + + + align:start position:0% +dynamically the model get an accurate +model near the optimum + + align:start position:0% +model near the optimum + + + align:start position:0% +model near the optimum +Point okay now I showed you this this in + + align:start position:0% +Point okay now I showed you this this in + + + align:start position:0% +Point okay now I showed you this this in +1D uh the point would be you can also do + + align:start position:0% +1D uh the point would be you can also do + + + align:start position:0% +1D uh the point would be you can also do +this in with two inputs where I've got a + + align:start position:0% +this in with two inputs where I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +this in with two inputs where I've got a +kind of a 3D model if this is an X1 this + + align:start position:0% +kind of a 3D model if this is an X1 this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a 3D model if this is an X1 this +is an X2 and this is an is a y but you + + align:start position:0% +is an X2 and this is an is a y but you + + + align:start position:0% +is an X2 and this is an is a y but you +can essentially think the same thing if + + align:start position:0% +can essentially think the same thing if + + + align:start position:0% +can essentially think the same thing if +I start out here in this space locally + + align:start position:0% +I start out here in this space locally + + + align:start position:0% +I start out here in this space locally +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +linear I can use that to suggest the + + align:start position:0% +linear I can use that to suggest the + + + align:start position:0% +linear I can use that to suggest the +next step to take using a simplified + + align:start position:0% +next step to take using a simplified + + + align:start position:0% +next step to take using a simplified +linear model in this region and then as + + align:start position:0% +linear model in this region and then as + + + align:start position:0% +linear model in this region and then as +I sort of hill + + align:start position:0% +I sort of hill + + + align:start position:0% +I sort of hill +climb up as I get close to the optimum + + align:start position:0% +climb up as I get close to the optimum + + + align:start position:0% +climb up as I get close to the optimum +then again now I near the optimum I + + align:start position:0% +then again now I near the optimum I + + + align:start position:0% +then again now I near the optimum I +need as my X1 and X2 I may need a + + align:start position:0% +need as my X1 and X2 I may need a + + + align:start position:0% +need as my X1 and X2 I may need a +quadratic model in those two + + align:start position:0% +quadratic model in those two + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic model in those two +coefficients but I can extend the same + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but I can extend the same + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients but I can extend the same +idea to sort of hill climbing not only + + align:start position:0% +idea to sort of hill climbing not only + + + align:start position:0% +idea to sort of hill climbing not only +in one input but two inputs three inputs + + align:start position:0% +in one input but two inputs three inputs + + + align:start position:0% +in one input but two inputs three inputs +multiple inputs in order to get to an + + align:start position:0% +multiple inputs in order to get to an + + + align:start position:0% +multiple inputs in order to get to an +Optimum + + align:start position:0% +Optimum + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum +point so essentially what we're doing + + align:start position:0% +point so essentially what we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +point so essentially what we're doing +here is again linear gradient modeling + + align:start position:0% +here is again linear gradient modeling + + + align:start position:0% +here is again linear gradient modeling +it is useful often to include still an + + align:start position:0% +it is useful often to include still an + + + align:start position:0% +it is useful often to include still an +interaction term but essentially we're + + align:start position:0% +interaction term but essentially we're + + + align:start position:0% +interaction term but essentially we're +doing exactly that same thing and if my + + align:start position:0% +doing exactly that same thing and if my + + + align:start position:0% +doing exactly that same thing and if my +model itself is + + align:start position:0% +model itself is + + + align:start position:0% +model itself is +linear an interesting thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens where is my overall Optimum if + + align:start position:0% +happens where is my overall Optimum if + + + align:start position:0% +happens where is my overall Optimum if +if I'm trying to get to a maximize y + + align:start position:0% +if I'm trying to get to a maximize y + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm trying to get to a maximize y +where's my maximum y going to + + align:start position:0% +where's my maximum y going to + + + align:start position:0% +where's my maximum y going to +occur it always occur on a boundary when + + align:start position:0% +occur it always occur on a boundary when + + + align:start position:0% +occur it always occur on a boundary when +I hit a limit of my inputs and X's uh uh + + align:start position:0% +I hit a limit of my inputs and X's uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +I hit a limit of my inputs and X's uh uh +so so an important thing that I haven't + + align:start position:0% +so so an important thing that I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +so so an important thing that I haven't +talked much about is also the notion of + + align:start position:0% +talked much about is also the notion of + + + align:start position:0% +talked much about is also the notion of +additional + + align:start position:0% +additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional +constraints we may be driving to an + + align:start position:0% +constraints we may be driving to an + + + align:start position:0% +constraints we may be driving to an +interior Point like in this model but + + align:start position:0% +interior Point like in this model but + + + align:start position:0% +interior Point like in this model but +it's also possible that we may be + + align:start position:0% +it's also possible that we may be + + + align:start position:0% +it's also possible that we may be +driving + + align:start position:0% +driving + + + align:start position:0% +driving +to a either a corner point or some other + + align:start position:0% +to a either a corner point or some other + + + align:start position:0% +to a either a corner point or some other +boundary point because of a constraint + + align:start position:0% +boundary point because of a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +boundary point because of a constraint +on my allowable ranges for my X inputs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is another piece of terminology + + align:start position:0% +there is another piece of terminology + + + align:start position:0% +there is another piece of terminology +that's sometimes used for these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that's sometimes used for these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that's sometimes used for these kinds of +uh searches uh either steepest descent + + align:start position:0% +uh searches uh either steepest descent + + + align:start position:0% +uh searches uh either steepest descent +or steepest descent whether you're hill + + align:start position:0% +or steepest descent whether you're hill + + + align:start position:0% +or steepest descent whether you're hill +climbing or looking for a local Minima + + align:start position:0% +climbing or looking for a local Minima + + + align:start position:0% +climbing or looking for a local Minima +and the basic point is when I've got + + align:start position:0% +and the basic point is when I've got + + + align:start position:0% +and the basic point is when I've got +that simplified linear + + align:start position:0% +that simplified linear + + + align:start position:0% +that simplified linear +model perhaps with the linear + + align:start position:0% +model perhaps with the linear + + + align:start position:0% +model perhaps with the linear +interaction uh term as well you can + + align:start position:0% +interaction uh term as well you can + + + align:start position:0% +interaction uh term as well you can +think about the local gradient with + + align:start position:0% +think about the local gradient with + + + align:start position:0% +think about the local gradient with +respect to X1 or the local gradient with + + align:start position:0% +respect to X1 or the local gradient with + + + align:start position:0% +respect to X1 or the local gradient with +respect to X2 + + align:start position:0% +respect to X2 + + + align:start position:0% +respect to X2 +and now when you make your step what you + + align:start position:0% +and now when you make your step what you + + + align:start position:0% +and now when you make your step what you +often want to do is make the step in the + + align:start position:0% +often want to do is make the step in the + + + align:start position:0% +often want to do is make the step in the +overall steepest descent Direction + + align:start position:0% +overall steepest descent Direction + + + align:start position:0% +overall steepest descent Direction +changing both your X1 and X2 parameters + + align:start position:0% +changing both your X1 and X2 parameters + + + align:start position:0% +changing both your X1 and X2 parameters +at the same time so this is simply + + align:start position:0% +at the same time so this is simply + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time so this is simply +showing um when I + + align:start position:0% +showing um when I + + + align:start position:0% +showing um when I +move and Hill Climb I may change X1 and + + align:start position:0% +move and Hill Climb I may change X1 and + + + align:start position:0% +move and Hill Climb I may change X1 and +X2 proportionally depending on the + + align:start position:0% +X2 proportionally depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +X2 proportionally depending on the +relative slope in those two coefficients + + align:start position:0% +relative slope in those two coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +relative slope in those two coefficients +and it's relatively easy once I've got + + align:start position:0% +and it's relatively easy once I've got + + + align:start position:0% +and it's relatively easy once I've got +that model to decide what direction is + + align:start position:0% +that model to decide what direction is + + + align:start position:0% +that model to decide what direction is +the overall steepest + + align:start position:0% +the overall steepest + + + align:start position:0% +the overall steepest +descent another Point here is that with + + align:start position:0% +descent another Point here is that with + + + align:start position:0% +descent another Point here is that with +quadratic + + align:start position:0% +quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic +terms you can have complicated functions + + align:start position:0% +terms you can have complicated functions + + + align:start position:0% +terms you can have complicated functions +where your Minima may occur in the + + align:start position:0% +where your Minima may occur in the + + + align:start position:0% +where your Minima may occur in the +interior of the space or your Maxima in + + align:start position:0% +interior of the space or your Maxima in + + + align:start position:0% +interior of the space or your Maxima in +the interior of the space but you can + + align:start position:0% +the interior of the space but you can + + + align:start position:0% +the interior of the space but you can +also have + + align:start position:0% +also have + + + align:start position:0% +also have +hyperbolic uh or or inverse polinomial + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic uh or or inverse polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic uh or or inverse polinomial +uh kinds of relationships where again um + + align:start position:0% +uh kinds of relationships where again um + + + align:start position:0% +uh kinds of relationships where again um +you may have local Minima or Maxima with + + align:start position:0% +you may have local Minima or Maxima with + + + align:start position:0% +you may have local Minima or Maxima with +respect to one variable depending on + + align:start position:0% +respect to one variable depending on + + + align:start position:0% +respect to one variable depending on +what you're doing with the other + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing with the other + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing with the other +variable or you may also have places + + align:start position:0% +variable or you may also have places + + + align:start position:0% +variable or you may also have places +where you end up with a Maxima again at + + align:start position:0% +where you end up with a Maxima again at + + + align:start position:0% +where you end up with a Maxima again at +your constraint points so in your search + + align:start position:0% +your constraint points so in your search + + + align:start position:0% +your constraint points so in your search +you got to you got to account for + + align:start position:0% +you got to you got to account for + + + align:start position:0% +you got to you got to account for +both so I can summarize kind of what we + + align:start position:0% +both so I can summarize kind of what we + + + align:start position:0% +both so I can summarize kind of what we +what we've done here with a combined + + align:start position:0% +what we've done here with a combined + + + align:start position:0% +what we've done here with a combined +procedure for design of experiments and + + align:start position:0% +procedure for design of experiments and + + + align:start position:0% +procedure for design of experiments and +optimization in either the iterative + + align:start position:0% +optimization in either the iterative + + + align:start position:0% +optimization in either the iterative +fashion or or at the end I I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +fashion or or at the end I I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +fashion or or at the end I I'll I'll +allude + + align:start position:0% +allude + + + align:start position:0% +allude +to um um kind of a an + + align:start position:0% +to um um kind of a an + + + align:start position:0% +to um um kind of a an +evolutionary or incremental uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary or incremental uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary or incremental uh kind of +version so this is kind of a summary of + + align:start position:0% +version so this is kind of a summary of + + + align:start position:0% +version so this is kind of a summary of +the last uh two or three lectures kind + + align:start position:0% +the last uh two or three lectures kind + + + align:start position:0% +the last uh two or three lectures kind +of boiled down into a reminder or + + align:start position:0% +of boiled down into a reminder or + + + align:start position:0% +of boiled down into a reminder or +summary uh of the basic process or + + align:start position:0% +summary uh of the basic process or + + + align:start position:0% +summary uh of the basic process or +procedure for doing doe and optimization + + align:start position:0% +procedure for doing doe and optimization + + + align:start position:0% +procedure for doing doe and optimization +we said originally our goal here is to + + align:start position:0% +we said originally our goal here is to + + + align:start position:0% +we said originally our goal here is to +build a model to do a design of + + align:start position:0% +build a model to do a design of + + + align:start position:0% +build a model to do a design of +experiments I do want to emphasize that + + align:start position:0% +experiments I do want to emphasize that + + + align:start position:0% +experiments I do want to emphasize that +depends on some knowledge of the process + + align:start position:0% +depends on some knowledge of the process + + + align:start position:0% +depends on some knowledge of the process +a little bit of knowledge either + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of knowledge either + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of knowledge either +experience-based or in the physics of + + align:start position:0% +experience-based or in the physics of + + + align:start position:0% +experience-based or in the physics of +the process because you need that in + + align:start position:0% +the process because you need that in + + + align:start position:0% +the process because you need that in +order to do things like decide what the + + align:start position:0% +order to do things like decide what the + + + align:start position:0% +order to do things like decide what the +important inputs are likely to + + align:start position:0% +important inputs are likely to + + + align:start position:0% +important inputs are likely to +be right now there are things you can do + + align:start position:0% +be right now there are things you can do + + + align:start position:0% +be right now there are things you can do +with the doe to confirm that or to + + align:start position:0% +with the doe to confirm that or to + + + align:start position:0% +with the doe to confirm that or to +expand your knowledge like Factor + + align:start position:0% +expand your knowledge like Factor + + + align:start position:0% +expand your knowledge like Factor +screening experiments we talked about + + align:start position:0% +screening experiments we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +screening experiments we talked about +fractional factorial with large numbers + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorial with large numbers + + + align:start position:0% +fractional factorial with large numbers +of coefficients where you're just trying + + align:start position:0% +of coefficients where you're just trying + + + align:start position:0% +of coefficients where you're just trying +to decide is there a main effect + + align:start position:0% +to decide is there a main effect + + + align:start position:0% +to decide is there a main effect +associated with that factor but up front + + align:start position:0% +associated with that factor but up front + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that factor but up front +defining the the inputs is very + + align:start position:0% +defining the the inputs is very + + + align:start position:0% +defining the the inputs is very +important we + + align:start position:0% +important we + + + align:start position:0% +important we +also need to Define limits on the inputs + + align:start position:0% +also need to Define limits on the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +also need to Define limits on the inputs +what space do we want to explore and + + align:start position:0% +what space do we want to explore and + + + align:start position:0% +what space do we want to explore and +build a model over in our design of + + align:start position:0% +build a model over in our design of + + + align:start position:0% +build a model over in our design of +experiments okay so overall we're going + + align:start position:0% +experiments okay so overall we're going + + + align:start position:0% +experiments okay so overall we're going +to need to First build our decide on a + + align:start position:0% +to need to First build our decide on a + + + align:start position:0% +to need to First build our decide on a +doe we go and run our experiments and + + align:start position:0% +doe we go and run our experiments and + + + align:start position:0% +doe we go and run our experiments and +then we're going to construct uh our + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to construct uh our + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to construct uh our +resp response surface model and if we're + + align:start position:0% +resp response surface model and if we're + + + align:start position:0% +resp response surface model and if we're +using it for the optimization I also + + align:start position:0% +using it for the optimization I also + + + align:start position:0% +using it for the optimization I also +want to make the point that you need to + + align:start position:0% +want to make the point that you need to + + + align:start position:0% +want to make the point that you need to +think early on about what your overall + + align:start position:0% +think early on about what your overall + + + align:start position:0% +think early on about what your overall +optimization or penalty function is + + align:start position:0% +optimization or penalty function is + + + align:start position:0% +optimization or penalty function is +because that may strongly + + align:start position:0% +because that may strongly + + + align:start position:0% +because that may strongly +influence your + + align:start position:0% +influence your + + + align:start position:0% +influence your +doe and maybe even your Factor selection + + align:start position:0% +doe and maybe even your Factor selection + + + align:start position:0% +doe and maybe even your Factor selection +so for example if you + + align:start position:0% +so for example if you + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if you +believe that you're really going to need + + align:start position:0% +believe that you're really going to need + + + align:start position:0% +believe that you're really going to need +um an optimization that folds in things + + align:start position:0% +um an optimization that folds in things + + + align:start position:0% +um an optimization that folds in things +like noise in addition to just trying to + + align:start position:0% +like noise in addition to just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +like noise in addition to just trying to +get to a Target that can have a profound + + align:start position:0% +get to a Target that can have a profound + + + align:start position:0% +get to a Target that can have a profound +effect on the on the doe that you + + align:start position:0% +effect on the on the doe that you + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the on the doe that you +explore and we'll talk about that next + + align:start position:0% +explore and we'll talk about that next + + + align:start position:0% +explore and we'll talk about that next +NE on Thursday where you might do + + align:start position:0% +NE on Thursday where you might do + + + align:start position:0% +NE on Thursday where you might do +additional small experiments at each + + align:start position:0% +additional small experiments at each + + + align:start position:0% +additional small experiments at each +point in the doe in order to build a + + align:start position:0% +point in the doe in order to build a + + + align:start position:0% +point in the doe in order to build a +sensitivity model of that deltay as a + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity model of that deltay as a + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity model of that deltay as a +function of some additional noise + + align:start position:0% +function of some additional noise + + + align:start position:0% +function of some additional noise +factors okay so so um depending on what + + align:start position:0% +factors okay so so um depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +factors okay so so um depending on what +it is you're trying to achieve achieve + + align:start position:0% +it is you're trying to achieve achieve + + + align:start position:0% +it is you're trying to achieve achieve +with your model that can of course I + + align:start position:0% +with your model that can of course I + + + align:start position:0% +with your model that can of course I +guess it's uh kind of obvious that can + + align:start position:0% +guess it's uh kind of obvious that can + + + align:start position:0% +guess it's uh kind of obvious that can +affect the structure of your model and + + align:start position:0% +affect the structure of your model and + + + align:start position:0% +affect the structure of your model and +and the design of experiments that you + + align:start position:0% +and the design of experiments that you + + + align:start position:0% +and the design of experiments that you +want to do so we've already talked about + + align:start position:0% +want to do so we've already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +want to do so we've already talked about +a lot of this again in summary your doe + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this again in summary your doe + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this again in summary your doe +includes decisions about what likely + + align:start position:0% +includes decisions about what likely + + + align:start position:0% +includes decisions about what likely +terms you think might be in there based + + align:start position:0% +terms you think might be in there based + + + align:start position:0% +terms you think might be in there based +on your knowledge of the physics is it + + align:start position:0% +on your knowledge of the physics is it + + + align:start position:0% +on your knowledge of the physics is it +going to be mostly linear might there be + + align:start position:0% +going to be mostly linear might there be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be mostly linear might there be +quadratic terms that can influence again + + align:start position:0% +quadratic terms that can influence again + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic terms that can influence again +the selection of the high low Center + + align:start position:0% +the selection of the high low Center + + + align:start position:0% +the selection of the high low Center +points do you need Center points do you + + align:start position:0% +points do you need Center points do you + + + align:start position:0% +points do you need Center points do you +need three levels for all factors and so + + align:start position:0% +need three levels for all factors and so + + + align:start position:0% +need three levels for all factors and so +on and you also need to think about + + align:start position:0% +on and you also need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +on and you also need to think about +things like the noise factors we talked + + align:start position:0% +things like the noise factors we talked + + + align:start position:0% +things like the noise factors we talked +about these these nuisance factors if + + align:start position:0% +about these these nuisance factors if + + + align:start position:0% +about these these nuisance factors if +you will or additional noise factors so + + align:start position:0% +you will or additional noise factors so + + + align:start position:0% +you will or additional noise factors so +that you might randomize or block + + align:start position:0% +that you might randomize or block + + + align:start position:0% +that you might randomize or block +against those if they're not going to be + + align:start position:0% +against those if they're not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +against those if they're not going to be +explicitly in the model you don't want + + align:start position:0% +explicitly in the model you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly in the model you don't want +them aliasing with or confounding with + + align:start position:0% +them aliasing with or confounding with + + + align:start position:0% +them aliasing with or confounding with +the terms you actually + + align:start position:0% +the terms you actually + + + align:start position:0% +the terms you actually +had the response surface modeling is + + align:start position:0% +had the response surface modeling is + + + align:start position:0% +had the response surface modeling is +actually a pretty easy piece especially + + align:start position:0% +actually a pretty easy piece especially + + + align:start position:0% +actually a pretty easy piece especially +if you uh uh you know use things like + + align:start position:0% +if you uh uh you know use things like + + + align:start position:0% +if you uh uh you know use things like +the regression the and the Innova + + align:start position:0% +the regression the and the Innova + + + align:start position:0% +the regression the and the Innova +approach again you can use contrasts uh + + align:start position:0% +approach again you can use contrasts uh + + + align:start position:0% +approach again you can use contrasts uh +if if you've got a highly structured + + align:start position:0% +if if you've got a highly structured + + + align:start position:0% +if if you've got a highly structured +design of experiment for very rapid + + align:start position:0% +design of experiment for very rapid + + + align:start position:0% +design of experiment for very rapid +estimation of those terms but overall + + align:start position:0% +estimation of those terms but overall + + + align:start position:0% +estimation of those terms but overall +the emphasis here is you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +the emphasis here is you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +the emphasis here is you're trying to +determine if there's uh significant + + align:start position:0% +determine if there's uh significant + + + align:start position:0% +determine if there's uh significant +variation in your data are individual + + align:start position:0% +variation in your data are individual + + + align:start position:0% +variation in your data are individual +terms significant do are you missing + + align:start position:0% +terms significant do are you missing + + + align:start position:0% +terms significant do are you missing +terms so that lack of fit is extremely + + align:start position:0% +terms so that lack of fit is extremely + + + align:start position:0% +terms so that lack of fit is extremely +important and there's often a + + align:start position:0% +important and there's often a + + + align:start position:0% +important and there's often a +very interesting sort of interplay with + + align:start position:0% +very interesting sort of interplay with + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting sort of interplay with +the regression modeling um in fact an + + align:start position:0% +the regression modeling um in fact an + + + align:start position:0% +the regression modeling um in fact an +approach we haven't talked about much + + align:start position:0% +approach we haven't talked about much + + + align:start position:0% +approach we haven't talked about much +but is essentially inherent in what + + align:start position:0% +but is essentially inherent in what + + + align:start position:0% +but is essentially inherent in what +we've been talking about here is uh also + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about here is uh also + + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about here is uh also +referred to as I think it's not piz wise + + align:start position:0% +referred to as I think it's not piz wise + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as I think it's not piz wise +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +stepwise stepwise regression and some of + + align:start position:0% +stepwise stepwise regression and some of + + + align:start position:0% +stepwise stepwise regression and some of +the interactive tools like jump actually + + align:start position:0% +the interactive tools like jump actually + + + align:start position:0% +the interactive tools like jump actually +explicitly support this where one factor + + align:start position:0% +explicitly support this where one factor + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly support this where one factor +at a time you look and say I would like + + align:start position:0% +at a time you look and say I would like + + + align:start position:0% +at a time you look and say I would like +to add a term or drop a term based on + + align:start position:0% +to add a term or drop a term based on + + + align:start position:0% +to add a term or drop a term based on +cut off decision points on significance + + align:start position:0% +cut off decision points on significance + + + align:start position:0% +cut off decision points on significance +and so on so you can build up an + + align:start position:0% +and so on so you can build up an + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so you can build up an +appropriate regression model uh by + + align:start position:0% +appropriate regression model uh by + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate regression model uh by +dropping or adding terms as as + + align:start position:0% +dropping or adding terms as as + + + align:start position:0% +dropping or adding terms as as +needed now we've talked dis at a fairly + + align:start position:0% +needed now we've talked dis at a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +needed now we've talked dis at a fairly +high order or high level about the optim + + align:start position:0% +high order or high level about the optim + + + align:start position:0% +high order or high level about the optim +optimization procedure and again just + + align:start position:0% +optimization procedure and again just + + + align:start position:0% +optimization procedure and again just +ideas of defining your penalty function + + align:start position:0% +ideas of defining your penalty function + + + align:start position:0% +ideas of defining your penalty function +and then searching for your + + align:start position:0% +and then searching for your + + + align:start position:0% +and then searching for your +optimization uh either piecewise or + + align:start position:0% +optimization uh either piecewise or + + + align:start position:0% +optimization uh either piecewise or +analytically I'll come back to this in + + align:start position:0% +analytically I'll come back to this in + + + align:start position:0% +analytically I'll come back to this in +just a second but I do want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +just a second but I do want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +just a second but I do want to emphasize +that once you've come + + align:start position:0% +that once you've come + + + align:start position:0% +that once you've come +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um some uh expected uh Optimum point you + + align:start position:0% +um some uh expected uh Optimum point you + + + align:start position:0% +um some uh expected uh Optimum point you +really should check that and confirm + + align:start position:0% +really should check that and confirm + + + align:start position:0% +really should check that and confirm +that that often because you're building + + align:start position:0% +that that often because you're building + + + align:start position:0% +that that often because you're building +your uh estimate of your model based on + + align:start position:0% +your uh estimate of your model based on + + + align:start position:0% +your uh estimate of your model based on +relatively limited data especially in + + align:start position:0% +relatively limited data especially in + + + align:start position:0% +relatively limited data especially in +the factorial models perhaps with only + + align:start position:0% +the factorial models perhaps with only + + + align:start position:0% +the factorial models perhaps with only +one interior point or Center Point based + + align:start position:0% +one interior point or Center Point based + + + align:start position:0% +one interior point or Center Point based +on mostly extremal data and especially + + align:start position:0% +on mostly extremal data and especially + + + align:start position:0% +on mostly extremal data and especially +if you've driven your Optimum to some + + align:start position:0% +if you've driven your Optimum to some + + + align:start position:0% +if you've driven your Optimum to some +interior + + align:start position:0% +interior + + + align:start position:0% +interior +Point using say the analytic model of + + align:start position:0% +Point using say the analytic model of + + + align:start position:0% +Point using say the analytic model of +the response surface model rather than + + align:start position:0% +the response surface model rather than + + + align:start position:0% +the response surface model rather than +uh iterative l or incrementally you're + + align:start position:0% +uh iterative l or incrementally you're + + + align:start position:0% +uh iterative l or incrementally you're +making a kind of a lot of big + + align:start position:0% +making a kind of a lot of big + + + align:start position:0% +making a kind of a lot of big +assumptions about the shape of the model + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the shape of the model + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the shape of the model +right near your Optimum right like it's + + align:start position:0% +right near your Optimum right like it's + + + align:start position:0% +right near your Optimum right like it's +it's convex right at that Optimum point + + align:start position:0% +it's convex right at that Optimum point + + + align:start position:0% +it's convex right at that Optimum point +so you really ought to go in and do a + + align:start position:0% +so you really ought to go in and do a + + + align:start position:0% +so you really ought to go in and do a +confirming experiment right at or right + + align:start position:0% +confirming experiment right at or right + + + align:start position:0% +confirming experiment right at or right +near your + + align:start position:0% +near your + + + align:start position:0% +near your +Optimum okay in order to really test the + + align:start position:0% +Optimum okay in order to really test the + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum okay in order to really test the +model uh and and consider uh uh model + + align:start position:0% +model uh and and consider uh uh model + + + align:start position:0% +model uh and and consider uh uh model +error right at that point and that might + + align:start position:0% +error right at that point and that might + + + align:start position:0% +error right at that point and that might +actually drive you to uh improving the + + align:start position:0% +actually drive you to uh improving the + + + align:start position:0% +actually drive you to uh improving the +model or exploring slightly different + + align:start position:0% +model or exploring slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +model or exploring slightly different +space uh right near that + + align:start position:0% +space uh right near that + + + align:start position:0% +space uh right near that +Optimum now the one last thing I just + + align:start position:0% +Optimum now the one last thing I just + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum now the one last thing I just +want to allude to + + align:start position:0% +want to allude to + + + align:start position:0% +want to allude to +is an alternative approach here is + + align:start position:0% +is an alternative approach here is + + + align:start position:0% +is an alternative approach here is +often starting with some data point in a + + align:start position:0% +often starting with some data point in a + + + align:start position:0% +often starting with some data point in a +in a in a small space and building your + + align:start position:0% +in a in a small space and building your + + + align:start position:0% +in a in a small space and building your +model iteratively or + + align:start position:0% +model iteratively or + + + align:start position:0% +model iteratively or +adaptively and next week at the end of + + align:start position:0% +adaptively and next week at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +adaptively and next week at the end of +next week uh we'll have a guest lecturer + + align:start position:0% +next week uh we'll have a guest lecturer + + + align:start position:0% +next week uh we'll have a guest lecturer +uh Dan Fry who is has actually studied + + align:start position:0% +uh Dan Fry who is has actually studied + + + align:start position:0% +uh Dan Fry who is has actually studied +one factor at a time incremental + + align:start position:0% +one factor at a time incremental + + + align:start position:0% +one factor at a time incremental +exploration uh and model building for + + align:start position:0% +exploration uh and model building for + + + align:start position:0% +exploration uh and model building for +the purpose of optimization a great deal + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of optimization a great deal + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of optimization a great deal +so he's going to lead us through an + + align:start position:0% +so he's going to lead us through an + + + align:start position:0% +so he's going to lead us through an +alternative approach of actually doing + + align:start position:0% +alternative approach of actually doing + + + align:start position:0% +alternative approach of actually doing +full factorial models but trying to find + + align:start position:0% +full factorial models but trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +full factorial models but trying to find +the Optimum by not defining upfront the + + align:start position:0% +the Optimum by not defining upfront the + + + align:start position:0% +the Optimum by not defining upfront the +whole doe and running the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +whole doe and running the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +whole doe and running the whole thing +but rather just sort of walking around + + align:start position:0% +but rather just sort of walking around + + + align:start position:0% +but rather just sort of walking around +your your multifactor space in order to + + align:start position:0% +your your multifactor space in order to + + + align:start position:0% +your your multifactor space in order to +try to find uh the optimum point and in + + align:start position:0% +try to find uh the optimum point and in + + + align:start position:0% +try to find uh the optimum point and in +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +that's has some relationship to another + + align:start position:0% +that's has some relationship to another + + + align:start position:0% +that's has some relationship to another +approach that is also in May and Spanos + + align:start position:0% +approach that is also in May and Spanos + + + align:start position:0% +approach that is also in May and Spanos +in chapter + + align:start position:0% +in chapter + + + align:start position:0% +in chapter +8.5 which I'll just mention to you but + + align:start position:0% +8.5 which I'll just mention to you but + + + align:start position:0% +8.5 which I'll just mention to you but +not expect that you actually uh have to + + align:start position:0% +not expect that you actually uh have to + + + align:start position:0% +not expect that you actually uh have to +know a lot about which is evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +know a lot about which is evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +know a lot about which is evolutionary +optimization which would say build a + + align:start position:0% +optimization which would say build a + + + align:start position:0% +optimization which would say build a +local model use that again in a hill + + align:start position:0% +local model use that again in a hill + + + align:start position:0% +local model use that again in a hill +climbing kind of fashion to suggest + + align:start position:0% +climbing kind of fashion to suggest + + + align:start position:0% +climbing kind of fashion to suggest +where you want want to uh you know go + + align:start position:0% +where you want want to uh you know go + + + align:start position:0% +where you want want to uh you know go +for your next point maybe in fact you + + align:start position:0% +for your next point maybe in fact you + + + align:start position:0% +for your next point maybe in fact you +simply pick one of those corners and + + align:start position:0% +simply pick one of those corners and + + + align:start position:0% +simply pick one of those corners and +then you build a new model around that + + align:start position:0% +then you build a new model around that + + + align:start position:0% +then you build a new model around that +and it might suggest you move your + + align:start position:0% +and it might suggest you move your + + + align:start position:0% +and it might suggest you move your +process to another Corner in which case + + align:start position:0% +process to another Corner in which case + + + align:start position:0% +process to another Corner in which case +you build another model and so on so + + align:start position:0% +you build another model and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +you build another model and so on so +that you can sort of walk or + + align:start position:0% +that you can sort of walk or + + + align:start position:0% +that you can sort of walk or +evolutionarily arrive at an Optimum + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily arrive at an Optimum + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily arrive at an Optimum +point in your process building local + + align:start position:0% +point in your process building local + + + align:start position:0% +point in your process building local +models along the + + align:start position:0% +models along the + + + align:start position:0% +models along the +way okay so next time the one additional + + align:start position:0% +way okay so next time the one additional + + + align:start position:0% +way okay so next time the one additional +topic I want to mention in this space of + + align:start position:0% +topic I want to mention in this space of + + + align:start position:0% +topic I want to mention in this space of +optimization and process optimization in + + align:start position:0% +optimization and process optimization in + + + align:start position:0% +optimization and process optimization in +doe is this notion of robustness Al uh + + align:start position:0% +doe is this notion of robustness Al uh + + + align:start position:0% +doe is this notion of robustness Al uh +allude to actually building models that + + align:start position:0% +allude to actually building models that + + + align:start position:0% +allude to actually building models that +include the variance in them and not + + align:start position:0% +include the variance in them and not + + + align:start position:0% +include the variance in them and not +just sort of the overall output so we'll + + align:start position:0% +just sort of the overall output so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of the overall output so we'll +come back to that on Thursday uh and + + align:start position:0% +come back to that on Thursday uh and + + + align:start position:0% +come back to that on Thursday uh and +enjoy in the meantime I think you've got + + align:start position:0% +enjoy in the meantime I think you've got + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy in the meantime I think you've got +the problem set is due on Thursday and + + align:start position:0% +the problem set is due on Thursday and + + + align:start position:0% +the problem set is due on Thursday and +it's going to let you explore a little + + align:start position:0% +it's going to let you explore a little + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to let you explore a little +bit more some of these doe and response + + align:start position:0% +bit more some of these doe and response + + + align:start position:0% +bit more some of these doe and response +service model + + align:start position:0% +service model + + + align:start position:0% +service model +kinds of things so we'll see you on + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things so we'll see you on + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things so we'll see you on +Thursday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_7vVBtiVXIw.txt b/_7vVBtiVXIw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef4a073a6b09aba082dc63c181411cf4e7b04891 --- /dev/null +++ b/_7vVBtiVXIw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1416 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to recitation in this video + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation in this video + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation in this video +I'd like us to work on the following + + align:start position:0% +I'd like us to work on the following + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like us to work on the following +problem we're going to let capital F ofx + + align:start position:0% +problem we're going to let capital F ofx + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're going to let capital F ofx +equal the integral from 0 to X of little + + align:start position:0% +equal the integral from 0 to X of little + + + align:start position:0% +equal the integral from 0 to X of little +F of T + + align:start position:0% +F of T + + + align:start position:0% +F of T +DT and I want us to find the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +DT and I want us to find the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +DT and I want us to find the quadratic +approximation for big F near x equals z + + align:start position:0% +approximation for big F near x equals z + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for big F near x equals z +in terms of a little F and then I want + + align:start position:0% +in terms of a little F and then I want + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of a little F and then I want +us to answer this question question what + + align:start position:0% +us to answer this question question what + + + align:start position:0% +us to answer this question question what +assumptions do we have to make about + + align:start position:0% +assumptions do we have to make about + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions do we have to make about +little F you'll see we're making some + + align:start position:0% +little F you'll see we're making some + + + align:start position:0% +little F you'll see we're making some +assumptions about little F I want to + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about little F I want to + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about little F I want to +know what those assumptions are so I'm + + align:start position:0% +know what those assumptions are so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know what those assumptions are so I'm +going to give you a little bit of time + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a little bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you a little bit of time +to work on this problem and then I'll be + + align:start position:0% +to work on this problem and then I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +to work on this problem and then I'll be +back and I will work on it with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you welcome back okay hopefully you were + + align:start position:0% +you welcome back okay hopefully you were + + + align:start position:0% +you welcome back okay hopefully you were +able to make some good Headway with this + + align:start position:0% +able to make some good Headway with this + + + align:start position:0% +able to make some good Headway with this +problem so again what we're trying to do + + align:start position:0% +problem so again what we're trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +problem so again what we're trying to do +is we've defined capital F and we want + + align:start position:0% +is we've defined capital F and we want + + + align:start position:0% +is we've defined capital F and we want +to find the quadratic approximation for + + align:start position:0% +to find the quadratic approximation for + + + align:start position:0% +to find the quadratic approximation for +it near xals 0 in terms of little F + + align:start position:0% +it near xals 0 in terms of little F + + + align:start position:0% +it near xals 0 in terms of little F +knowing that capital f of x is equal to + + align:start position:0% +knowing that capital f of x is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that capital f of x is equal to +the integral from 0 to X of little F of + + align:start position:0% +the integral from 0 to X of little F of + + + align:start position:0% +the integral from 0 to X of little F of +tdt and then at the end we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +tdt and then at the end we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +tdt and then at the end we'll talk about +what are the assumptions we've made so + + align:start position:0% +what are the assumptions we've made so + + + align:start position:0% +what are the assumptions we've made so +to start off what I actually want to do + + align:start position:0% +to start off what I actually want to do + + + align:start position:0% +to start off what I actually want to do +is remind us what is the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +is remind us what is the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +is remind us what is the quadratic +approximation for capital F just in + + align:start position:0% +approximation for capital F just in + + + align:start position:0% +approximation for capital F just in +terms of of it of itself of capital F so + + align:start position:0% +terms of of it of itself of capital F so + + + align:start position:0% +terms of of it of itself of capital F so +let me come over to the right and we'll + + align:start position:0% +let me come over to the right and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +let me come over to the right and we'll +write down what the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +write down what the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +write down what the quadratic +approximation + + align:start position:0% +approximation + + + align:start position:0% +approximation +near x equal 0 so this gives us that FX + + align:start position:0% +near x equal 0 so this gives us that FX + + + align:start position:0% +near x equal 0 so this gives us that FX +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approximately F of + + align:start position:0% +approximately F of + + + align:start position:0% +approximately F of + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +plus FR Prime of 0 * + + align:start position:0% +plus FR Prime of 0 * + + + align:start position:0% +plus FR Prime of 0 * +X Plus F Prime at 0 over 2 * x^2 this is + + align:start position:0% +X Plus F Prime at 0 over 2 * x^2 this is + + + align:start position:0% +X Plus F Prime at 0 over 2 * x^2 this is +just the quadratic approximation of + + align:start position:0% +just the quadratic approximation of + + + align:start position:0% +just the quadratic approximation of +capital F at x equals 0 that's what it + + align:start position:0% +capital F at x equals 0 that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +capital F at x equals 0 that's what it +is so now all need to do I've asked you + + align:start position:0% +is so now all need to do I've asked you + + + align:start position:0% +is so now all need to do I've asked you +to write it in terms of little F so what + + align:start position:0% +to write it in terms of little F so what + + + align:start position:0% +to write it in terms of little F so what +we need to do is figure out what each of + + align:start position:0% +we need to do is figure out what each of + + + align:start position:0% +we need to do is figure out what each of +these things actually is what capital F + + align:start position:0% +these things actually is what capital F + + + align:start position:0% +these things actually is what capital F +of Zer is what capital F Prime of Z is + + align:start position:0% +of Zer is what capital F Prime of Z is + + + align:start position:0% +of Zer is what capital F Prime of Z is +and what capital F double Prime of Z is + + align:start position:0% +and what capital F double Prime of Z is + + + align:start position:0% +and what capital F double Prime of Z is +in terms of the function little F so + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the function little F so + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the function little F so +let's see uh well first let's figure out + + align:start position:0% +let's see uh well first let's figure out + + + align:start position:0% +let's see uh well first let's figure out +what capital F of0 is let's write down + + align:start position:0% +what capital F of0 is let's write down + + + align:start position:0% +what capital F of0 is let's write down +what it is it's the integral from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +what it is it's the integral from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +what it is it's the integral from 0 to +zero of f of T + + align:start position:0% +zero of f of T + + + align:start position:0% +zero of f of T +DT well we know when you take the + + align:start position:0% +DT well we know when you take the + + + align:start position:0% +DT well we know when you take the +integral from a to a of of a function + + align:start position:0% +integral from a to a of of a function + + + align:start position:0% +integral from a to a of of a function +you should get zero so capital F at Zer + + align:start position:0% +you should get zero so capital F at Zer + + + align:start position:0% +you should get zero so capital F at Zer +is just + + align:start position:0% +is just + + + align:start position:0% +is just +zero so we have one piece now let's + + align:start position:0% +zero so we have one piece now let's + + + align:start position:0% +zero so we have one piece now let's +figure out what capital fime is well + + align:start position:0% +figure out what capital fime is well + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what capital fime is well +capital fime of + + align:start position:0% +capital fime of + + + align:start position:0% +capital fime of +X we know using fundamental theorem of + + align:start position:0% +X we know using fundamental theorem of + + + align:start position:0% +X we know using fundamental theorem of +calculus let's just write it down so we + + align:start position:0% +calculus let's just write it down so we + + + align:start position:0% +calculus let's just write it down so we +can see it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +easily we know this is just little F + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofx so if I wanted capital f Prime at + + align:start position:0% +ofx so if I wanted capital f Prime at + + + align:start position:0% +ofx so if I wanted capital f Prime at +zero I just come over here that's just + + align:start position:0% +zero I just come over here that's just + + + align:start position:0% +zero I just come over here that's just +going to be little F at + + align:start position:0% +going to be little F at + + + align:start position:0% +going to be little F at +zero so now if we look back up at what + + align:start position:0% +zero so now if we look back up at what + + + align:start position:0% +zero so now if we look back up at what +we have at the top we filled in this + + align:start position:0% +we have at the top we filled in this + + + align:start position:0% +we have at the top we filled in this +part or we know that part that's zero we + + align:start position:0% +part or we know that part that's zero we + + + align:start position:0% +part or we know that part that's zero we +know this part so now we need is capital + + align:start position:0% +know this part so now we need is capital + + + align:start position:0% +know this part so now we need is capital +F double Prime evaluated at x equals z + + align:start position:0% +F double Prime evaluated at x equals z + + + align:start position:0% +F double Prime evaluated at x equals z +and then we'll be done now how are we + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll be done now how are we + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll be done now how are we +going to do this well we know what + + align:start position:0% +going to do this well we know what + + + align:start position:0% +going to do this well we know what +capital F Prime is so let's come in sort + + align:start position:0% +capital F Prime is so let's come in sort + + + align:start position:0% +capital F Prime is so let's come in sort +of up here and look again we know what + + align:start position:0% +of up here and look again we know what + + + align:start position:0% +of up here and look again we know what +we know what capit F Prime is we know + + align:start position:0% +we know what capit F Prime is we know + + + align:start position:0% +we know what capit F Prime is we know +it's little F so if I want to take a + + align:start position:0% +it's little F so if I want to take a + + + align:start position:0% +it's little F so if I want to take a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +derivative of of capital F let me write + + align:start position:0% +derivative of of capital F let me write + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of of capital F let me write +that down + + align:start position:0% +that down + + + align:start position:0% +that down +here that's going to be taking a + + align:start position:0% +here that's going to be taking a + + + align:start position:0% +here that's going to be taking a +derivative of little F right that'll be + + align:start position:0% +derivative of little F right that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of little F right that'll be +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +DDX of little F ofx so I can just write + + align:start position:0% +DDX of little F ofx so I can just write + + + align:start position:0% +DDX of little F ofx so I can just write +this as little F Prime of + + align:start position:0% +this as little F Prime of + + + align:start position:0% +this as little F Prime of +X so again let me let me show you where + + align:start position:0% +X so again let me let me show you where + + + align:start position:0% +X so again let me let me show you where +that came from we knew we knew big F + + align:start position:0% +that came from we knew we knew big F + + + align:start position:0% +that came from we knew we knew big F +Prime was equal to little F so when I + + align:start position:0% +Prime was equal to little F so when I + + + align:start position:0% +Prime was equal to little F so when I +take another derivative of this I have + + align:start position:0% +take another derivative of this I have + + + align:start position:0% +take another derivative of this I have +to take a derivative of this so that's + + align:start position:0% +to take a derivative of this so that's + + + align:start position:0% +to take a derivative of this so that's +why capital F Prime is equal to little F + + align:start position:0% +why capital F Prime is equal to little F + + + align:start position:0% +why capital F Prime is equal to little F +Prime so we're almost there I think I'm + + align:start position:0% +Prime so we're almost there I think I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so we're almost there I think I'm +about to run out of room down here so + + align:start position:0% +about to run out of room down here so + + + align:start position:0% +about to run out of room down here so +let me come over a little bit + + align:start position:0% +let me come over a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +let me come over a little bit +further so now we just need to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +further so now we just need to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +further so now we just need to evaluate +this at zero while that's just going to + + align:start position:0% +this at zero while that's just going to + + + align:start position:0% +this at zero while that's just going to +be evaluating little fime at + + align:start position:0% +be evaluating little fime at + + + align:start position:0% +be evaluating little fime at +zero so now I have all the pieces let's + + align:start position:0% +zero so now I have all the pieces let's + + + align:start position:0% +zero so now I have all the pieces let's +let's come back in and and fill it in + + align:start position:0% +let's come back in and and fill it in + + + align:start position:0% +let's come back in and and fill it in +one more time so what do I get I get let + + align:start position:0% +one more time so what do I get I get let + + + align:start position:0% +one more time so what do I get I get let +me now I have all the pieces now to + + align:start position:0% +me now I have all the pieces now to + + + align:start position:0% +me now I have all the pieces now to +answer the + + align:start position:0% +answer the + + + align:start position:0% +answer the +question little F or sorry big F ofx its + + align:start position:0% +question little F or sorry big F ofx its + + + align:start position:0% +question little F or sorry big F ofx its +quadratic approximation is going to + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation is going to + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation is going to +be big F of zero which we said was zero + + align:start position:0% +be big F of zero which we said was zero + + + align:start position:0% +be big F of zero which we said was zero +so let's come over and look here's Big F + + align:start position:0% +so let's come over and look here's Big F + + + align:start position:0% +so let's come over and look here's Big F +of zero I know that's + + align:start position:0% +of zero I know that's + + + align:start position:0% +of zero I know that's +zero and then I'm going to add to that + + align:start position:0% +zero and then I'm going to add to that + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then I'm going to add to that +big fime at 0 * + + align:start position:0% +big fime at 0 * + + + align:start position:0% +big fime at 0 * +X that's little f of0 + + align:start position:0% +X that's little f of0 + + + align:start position:0% +X that's little f of0 +* X so let's come back over and do that + + align:start position:0% +* X so let's come back over and do that + + + align:start position:0% +* X so let's come back over and do that +so we add to that little f + + align:start position:0% +so we add to that little f + + + align:start position:0% +so we add to that little f +at0 * X and let's come back one more + + align:start position:0% +at0 * X and let's come back one more + + + align:start position:0% +at0 * X and let's come back one more +thing we're going to need we need one + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to need we need one + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to need we need one +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +term that's big F double Prime at 0 over + + align:start position:0% +term that's big F double Prime at 0 over + + + align:start position:0% +term that's big F double Prime at 0 over +2 * x squared that I've left big F + + align:start position:0% +2 * x squared that I've left big F + + + align:start position:0% +2 * x squared that I've left big F +double Prime at zero is little fime at + + align:start position:0% +double Prime at zero is little fime at + + + align:start position:0% +double Prime at zero is little fime at +zero so that's frime at zero over two * + + align:start position:0% +zero so that's frime at zero over two * + + + align:start position:0% +zero so that's frime at zero over two * +X2 so we had all the pieces we just had + + align:start position:0% +X2 so we had all the pieces we just had + + + align:start position:0% +X2 so we had all the pieces we just had +to had to put them in this does not look + + align:start position:0% +to had to put them in this does not look + + + align:start position:0% +to had to put them in this does not look +like an approximately by the way sorry + + align:start position:0% +like an approximately by the way sorry + + + align:start position:0% +like an approximately by the way sorry +there we go so what do we get this this + + align:start position:0% +there we go so what do we get this this + + + align:start position:0% +there we go so what do we get this this +expression above is equal to well why + + align:start position:0% +expression above is equal to well why + + + align:start position:0% +expression above is equal to well why +did I write the zero again sorry I was + + align:start position:0% +did I write the zero again sorry I was + + + align:start position:0% +did I write the zero again sorry I was +trying to avoid writing the zero it's + + align:start position:0% +trying to avoid writing the zero it's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to avoid writing the zero it's +equal to f of0 * + + align:start position:0% +equal to f of0 * + + + align:start position:0% +equal to f of0 * +X Plus F Prime 0 / 2 * x^2 so the + + align:start position:0% +X Plus F Prime 0 / 2 * x^2 so the + + + align:start position:0% +X Plus F Prime 0 / 2 * x^2 so the +quadratic approximation of capital f in + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation of capital f in + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation of capital f in +terms of little f is exactly this now + + align:start position:0% +terms of little f is exactly this now + + + align:start position:0% +terms of little f is exactly this now +what what assumptions are we making + + align:start position:0% +what what assumptions are we making + + + align:start position:0% +what what assumptions are we making +about little F Well to apply the + + align:start position:0% +about little F Well to apply the + + + align:start position:0% +about little F Well to apply the +fundamental theorem of calculus you need + + align:start position:0% +fundamental theorem of calculus you need + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental theorem of calculus you need +little f as continuous but we actually + + align:start position:0% +little f as continuous but we actually + + + align:start position:0% +little f as continuous but we actually +need more than that because what have we + + align:start position:0% +need more than that because what have we + + + align:start position:0% +need more than that because what have we +done we've actually taken a derivative + + align:start position:0% +done we've actually taken a derivative + + + align:start position:0% +done we've actually taken a derivative +of little F so we need that that this + + align:start position:0% +of little F so we need that that this + + + align:start position:0% +of little F so we need that that this +function little f is actually + + align:start position:0% +function little f is actually + + + align:start position:0% +function little f is actually +differentiable so that is that actually + + align:start position:0% +differentiable so that is that actually + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable so that is that actually +includes of course that uh little f is + + align:start position:0% +includes of course that uh little f is + + + align:start position:0% +includes of course that uh little f is +continuous so we don't even have to say + + align:start position:0% +continuous so we don't even have to say + + + align:start position:0% +continuous so we don't even have to say +continuous in the assumptions we just + + align:start position:0% +continuous in the assumptions we just + + + align:start position:0% +continuous in the assumptions we just +have to say we're assuming little f is + + align:start position:0% +have to say we're assuming little f is + + + align:start position:0% +have to say we're assuming little f is +differentiable at least near zero + + align:start position:0% +differentiable at least near zero + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable at least near zero +so let's go back and just remind + + align:start position:0% +so let's go back and just remind + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go back and just remind +ourselves what we did I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what we did I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what we did I'm going to go +all the way over remind ourselves the + + align:start position:0% +all the way over remind ourselves the + + + align:start position:0% +all the way over remind ourselves the +problem and kind of bring us back + + align:start position:0% +problem and kind of bring us back + + + align:start position:0% +problem and kind of bring us back +through so we started off with this with + + align:start position:0% +through so we started off with this with + + + align:start position:0% +through so we started off with this with +this uh definition of big F and I wanted + + align:start position:0% +this uh definition of big F and I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +this uh definition of big F and I wanted +us to find a quadratic approximation for + + align:start position:0% +us to find a quadratic approximation for + + + align:start position:0% +us to find a quadratic approximation for +it near x equal Z and then we just + + align:start position:0% +it near x equal Z and then we just + + + align:start position:0% +it near x equal Z and then we just +mentioned what are the assumptions so I + + align:start position:0% +mentioned what are the assumptions so I + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned what are the assumptions so I +reminded you first of what is the + + align:start position:0% +reminded you first of what is the + + + align:start position:0% +reminded you first of what is the +quadratic approximation of big F in + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation of big F in + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation of big F in +terms of itself in terms of big F and we + + align:start position:0% +terms of itself in terms of big F and we + + + align:start position:0% +terms of itself in terms of big F and we +just write it out + + align:start position:0% +just write it out + + + align:start position:0% +just write it out +and then we had to find what is this in + + align:start position:0% +and then we had to find what is this in + + + align:start position:0% +and then we had to find what is this in +terms of little F what is this in terms + + align:start position:0% +terms of little F what is this in terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms of little F what is this in terms +of little F and what is this in terms of + + align:start position:0% +of little F and what is this in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +of little F and what is this in terms of +little F and so what do we look at well + + align:start position:0% +little F and so what do we look at well + + + align:start position:0% +little F and so what do we look at well +we evaluate F of zero that's easy + + align:start position:0% +we evaluate F of zero that's easy + + + align:start position:0% +we evaluate F of zero that's easy +enough we + + align:start position:0% +enough we + + + align:start position:0% +enough we +found big F Prime in terms of little F + + align:start position:0% +found big F Prime in terms of little F + + + align:start position:0% +found big F Prime in terms of little F +that's fundamental theorem of calculus + + align:start position:0% +that's fundamental theorem of calculus + + + align:start position:0% +that's fundamental theorem of calculus +and then we evaluate that at x equals z + + align:start position:0% +and then we evaluate that at x equals z + + + align:start position:0% +and then we evaluate that at x equals z +and then we know that if we want to take + + align:start position:0% +and then we know that if we want to take + + + align:start position:0% +and then we know that if we want to take +a second derivative of this function we + + align:start position:0% +a second derivative of this function we + + + align:start position:0% +a second derivative of this function we +need to take a derivative of the little + + align:start position:0% +need to take a derivative of the little + + + align:start position:0% +need to take a derivative of the little +F and so we get big F Prime is actually + + align:start position:0% +F and so we get big F Prime is actually + + + align:start position:0% +F and so we get big F Prime is actually +little F Prime so we evaluate that at + + align:start position:0% +little F Prime so we evaluate that at + + + align:start position:0% +little F Prime so we evaluate that at +zero to get big FP Prime at zero and + + align:start position:0% +zero to get big FP Prime at zero and + + + align:start position:0% +zero to get big FP Prime at zero and +then we come in and we just fill in + + align:start position:0% +then we come in and we just fill in + + + align:start position:0% +then we come in and we just fill in +everything we needed and so ultimately + + align:start position:0% +everything we needed and so ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +everything we needed and so ultimately +this is this is the final answer of the + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the final answer of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the final answer of the +quadratic approximation of big F in + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation of big F in + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation of big F in +terms of little little F near x equals z + + align:start position:0% +terms of little little F near x equals z + + + align:start position:0% +terms of little little F near x equals z +so I think that's where we'll stop \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_RqqzyWDVMA.txt b/_RqqzyWDVMA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fb7249377776a230a2152e2c8515a04abf99864 --- /dev/null +++ b/_RqqzyWDVMA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@ +align:start position:0% + +one of the multiple definitions of trees + + align:start position:0% +one of the multiple definitions of trees + + + align:start position:0% +one of the multiple definitions of trees +that we saw is that it's a minimum edge + + align:start position:0% +that we saw is that it's a minimum edge + + + align:start position:0% +that we saw is that it's a minimum edge +a simple graph that connects up a bunch + + align:start position:0% +a simple graph that connects up a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +a simple graph that connects up a bunch +of vertices and that leads to the idea + + align:start position:0% +of vertices and that leads to the idea + + + align:start position:0% +of vertices and that leads to the idea +of finding a spanning tree within a + + align:start position:0% +of finding a spanning tree within a + + + align:start position:0% +of finding a spanning tree within a +simple graph that maintains the same + + align:start position:0% +simple graph that maintains the same + + + align:start position:0% +simple graph that maintains the same +connections so let's begin with a + + align:start position:0% +connections so let's begin with a + + + align:start position:0% +connections so let's begin with a +precise technical definition a spanning + + align:start position:0% +precise technical definition a spanning + + + align:start position:0% +precise technical definition a spanning +sub graph of an RF G is simply a sub + + align:start position:0% +sub graph of an RF G is simply a sub + + + align:start position:0% +sub graph of an RF G is simply a sub +graph that has all the vertices of G so + + align:start position:0% +graph that has all the vertices of G so + + + align:start position:0% +graph that has all the vertices of G so +again a sub graph of a graph means it's + + align:start position:0% +again a sub graph of a graph means it's + + + align:start position:0% +again a sub graph of a graph means it's +got a subset of the vertices and a + + align:start position:0% +got a subset of the vertices and a + + + align:start position:0% +got a subset of the vertices and a +subset of the edges spanning sub graph + + align:start position:0% +subset of the edges spanning sub graph + + + align:start position:0% +subset of the edges spanning sub graph +is that it has all of the vertices but a + + align:start position:0% +is that it has all of the vertices but a + + + align:start position:0% +is that it has all of the vertices but a +subset of the edges and the definition + + align:start position:0% +subset of the edges and the definition + + + align:start position:0% +subset of the edges and the definition +of a spanning tree is a spanning sub + + align:start position:0% +of a spanning tree is a spanning sub + + + align:start position:0% +of a spanning tree is a spanning sub +graph that is a tree now not all graphs + + align:start position:0% +graph that is a tree now not all graphs + + + align:start position:0% +graph that is a tree now not all graphs +are going to have a spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +are going to have a spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +are going to have a spanning tree +because the tree has to be connected if + + align:start position:0% +because the tree has to be connected if + + + align:start position:0% +because the tree has to be connected if +the original graph is not connected + + align:start position:0% +the original graph is not connected + + + align:start position:0% +the original graph is not connected +there's no way you can find a spanning + + align:start position:0% +there's no way you can find a spanning + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way you can find a spanning +tree using only the edges that are there + + align:start position:0% +tree using only the edges that are there + + + align:start position:0% +tree using only the edges that are there +already but it's going to turn out that + + align:start position:0% +already but it's going to turn out that + + + align:start position:0% +already but it's going to turn out that +if the graph is connected it's + + align:start position:0% +if the graph is connected it's + + + align:start position:0% +if the graph is connected it's +guaranteed to have a spanning tree let's + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed to have a spanning tree let's + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed to have a spanning tree let's +look at an example here's a simple graph + + align:start position:0% +look at an example here's a simple graph + + + align:start position:0% +look at an example here's a simple graph +and what I want then is a spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +and what I want then is a spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +and what I want then is a spanning tree +a selection of edges that connect up all + + align:start position:0% +a selection of edges that connect up all + + + align:start position:0% +a selection of edges that connect up all +the vertices such that we're only using + + align:start position:0% +the vertices such that we're only using + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices such that we're only using +edges in the original graph and there + + align:start position:0% +edges in the original graph and there + + + align:start position:0% +edges in the original graph and there +they form a tree there it is so if you + + align:start position:0% +they form a tree there it is so if you + + + align:start position:0% +they form a tree there it is so if you +check on these magenta edges that that + + align:start position:0% +check on these magenta edges that that + + + align:start position:0% +check on these magenta edges that that +I've highlighted they define a tree I + + align:start position:0% +I've highlighted they define a tree I + + + align:start position:0% +I've highlighted they define a tree I +haven't used three of the edges in the + + align:start position:0% +haven't used three of the edges in the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't used three of the edges in the +original graph now this particular + + align:start position:0% +original graph now this particular + + + align:start position:0% +original graph now this particular +choice of spanning sure is kind of + + align:start position:0% +choice of spanning sure is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +choice of spanning sure is kind of +arbitrary in general there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary in general there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary in general there's lots of +spanning trees here's another one this + + align:start position:0% +spanning trees here's another one this + + + align:start position:0% +spanning trees here's another one this +time with green edges again I'm using + + align:start position:0% +time with green edges again I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +time with green edges again I'm using +only edges from the original graph I've + + align:start position:0% +only edges from the original graph I've + + + align:start position:0% +only edges from the original graph I've +left out three different ones and used a + + align:start position:0% +left out three different ones and used a + + + align:start position:0% +left out three different ones and used a +different set of edges to form the tree + + align:start position:0% +different set of edges to form the tree + + + align:start position:0% +different set of edges to form the tree +but there it is + + align:start position:0% +but there it is + + + align:start position:0% +but there it is +it's got no cycles and it spans the + + align:start position:0% +it's got no cycles and it spans the + + + align:start position:0% +it's got no cycles and it spans the +graph because every vertex in the graph + + align:start position:0% +graph because every vertex in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph because every vertex in the graph +is part of it and of course it's + + align:start position:0% +is part of it and of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +is part of it and of course it's +connected since it's a tree okay there's + + align:start position:0% +connected since it's a tree okay there's + + + align:start position:0% +connected since it's a tree okay there's +actually some lovely combinatorial + + align:start position:0% +actually some lovely combinatorial + + + align:start position:0% +actually some lovely combinatorial +theory which enables you to calculate + + align:start position:0% +theory which enables you to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +theory which enables you to calculate +the number of spanning trees in a simple + + align:start position:0% +the number of spanning trees in a simple + + + align:start position:0% +the number of spanning trees in a simple +graph without too much difficulty just + + align:start position:0% +graph without too much difficulty just + + + align:start position:0% +graph without too much difficulty just +given its adjacency matrix but we're not + + align:start position:0% +given its adjacency matrix but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +given its adjacency matrix but we're not +going to go into that for now okay um + + align:start position:0% +going to go into that for now okay um + + + align:start position:0% +going to go into that for now okay um +first remark is that every connected + + align:start position:0% +first remark is that every connected + + + align:start position:0% +first remark is that every connected +graph is going to have a spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +graph is going to have a spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +graph is going to have a spanning tree +and the reason is you just pick a + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is you just pick a + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is you just pick a +minimal edge + + align:start position:0% +minimal edge + + + align:start position:0% +minimal edge +tree so minimal edge connected spanning + + align:start position:0% +tree so minimal edge connected spanning + + + align:start position:0% +tree so minimal edge connected spanning +sub graph rather so G itself if it's + + align:start position:0% +sub graph rather so G itself if it's + + + align:start position:0% +sub graph rather so G itself if it's +connected is by definition a spanning + + align:start position:0% +connected is by definition a spanning + + + align:start position:0% +connected is by definition a spanning +graph of itself because it's got all its + + align:start position:0% +graph of itself because it's got all its + + + align:start position:0% +graph of itself because it's got all its +own vertices that means by the well + + align:start position:0% +own vertices that means by the well + + + align:start position:0% +own vertices that means by the well +ordering principle there's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +ordering principle there's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +ordering principle there's going to be a +connected spanning sub graph with a + + align:start position:0% +connected spanning sub graph with a + + + align:start position:0% +connected spanning sub graph with a +minimum number of edges and that one + + align:start position:0% +minimum number of edges and that one + + + align:start position:0% +minimum number of edges and that one +given that it has a minimum number of + + align:start position:0% +given that it has a minimum number of + + + align:start position:0% +given that it has a minimum number of +edges it's guaranteed to be a spanning + + align:start position:0% +edges it's guaranteed to be a spanning + + + align:start position:0% +edges it's guaranteed to be a spanning +gray a spanning tree okay now the + + align:start position:0% +gray a spanning tree okay now the + + + align:start position:0% +gray a spanning tree okay now the +problem gets more interested when an + + align:start position:0% +problem gets more interested when an + + + align:start position:0% +problem gets more interested when an +interesting one has a little more + + align:start position:0% +interesting one has a little more + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one has a little more +structure of instead of just trying to + + align:start position:0% +structure of instead of just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +structure of instead of just trying to +find a spanning tree that has a minimum + + align:start position:0% +find a spanning tree that has a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +find a spanning tree that has a minimum +number of edges it's quite typical in + + align:start position:0% +number of edges it's quite typical in + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges it's quite typical in +applications that the edges have weights + + align:start position:0% +applications that the edges have weights + + + align:start position:0% +applications that the edges have weights +and we want to find a minimum weight + + align:start position:0% +and we want to find a minimum weight + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to find a minimum weight +spanning tree so here's an example where + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree so here's an example where + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree so here's an example where +we have a simple graph with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +we have a simple graph with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +we have a simple graph with a bunch of +edges and a bunch of vertices and the + + align:start position:0% +edges and a bunch of vertices and the + + + align:start position:0% +edges and a bunch of vertices and the +edges all are assigned in this case an + + align:start position:0% +edges all are assigned in this case an + + + align:start position:0% +edges all are assigned in this case an +integer weight now the motivation for + + align:start position:0% +integer weight now the motivation for + + + align:start position:0% +integer weight now the motivation for +this kind of graph is you could think of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of graph is you could think of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of graph is you could think of +these weights on the graph as indicating + + align:start position:0% +these weights on the graph as indicating + + + align:start position:0% +these weights on the graph as indicating +the cost of transporting some quantity + + align:start position:0% +the cost of transporting some quantity + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of transporting some quantity +commodity from this vertex to that + + align:start position:0% +commodity from this vertex to that + + + align:start position:0% +commodity from this vertex to that +vertex directly by a road or the time it + + align:start position:0% +vertex directly by a road or the time it + + + align:start position:0% +vertex directly by a road or the time it +takes to transmit a signal over this + + align:start position:0% +takes to transmit a signal over this + + + align:start position:0% +takes to transmit a signal over this +channel there are lots of ways that that + + align:start position:0% +channel there are lots of ways that that + + + align:start position:0% +channel there are lots of ways that that +simple graphs are used to model issues + + align:start position:0% +simple graphs are used to model issues + + + align:start position:0% +simple graphs are used to model issues +of communication among various locations + + align:start position:0% +of communication among various locations + + + align:start position:0% +of communication among various locations +and it's quite typical that the channels + + align:start position:0% +and it's quite typical that the channels + + + align:start position:0% +and it's quite typical that the channels +and connections between them have + + align:start position:0% +and connections between them have + + + align:start position:0% +and connections between them have +different costs and it's a natural + + align:start position:0% +different costs and it's a natural + + + align:start position:0% +different costs and it's a natural +question to say ok what's the minimum + + align:start position:0% +question to say ok what's the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +question to say ok what's the minimum +cost overall tree structure that will + + align:start position:0% +cost overall tree structure that will + + + align:start position:0% +cost overall tree structure that will +enable me to have everything connected + + align:start position:0% +enable me to have everything connected + + + align:start position:0% +enable me to have everything connected +to everything else in the same way but + + align:start position:0% +to everything else in the same way but + + + align:start position:0% +to everything else in the same way but +that I can tolerate some of my edges + + align:start position:0% +that I can tolerate some of my edges + + + align:start position:0% +that I can tolerate some of my edges +going down and I still would like to + + align:start position:0% +going down and I still would like to + + + align:start position:0% +going down and I still would like to +have the cheapest kind of tree that + + align:start position:0% +have the cheapest kind of tree that + + + align:start position:0% +have the cheapest kind of tree that +spans them all all right well there's a + + align:start position:0% +spans them all all right well there's a + + + align:start position:0% +spans them all all right well there's a +fairly simple way to construct such a + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple way to construct such a + + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple way to construct such a +minimum weight spanning tree and that's + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight spanning tree and that's + + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight spanning tree and that's +what we're going to talk about now how + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to talk about now how + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to talk about now how +do you find it well the idea is to build + + align:start position:0% +do you find it well the idea is to build + + + align:start position:0% +do you find it well the idea is to build +it using gray edges so what that means + + align:start position:0% +it using gray edges so what that means + + + align:start position:0% +it using gray edges so what that means +is that starting off with the vertices + + align:start position:0% +is that starting off with the vertices + + + align:start position:0% +is that starting off with the vertices +we're going to start building a tree and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start building a tree and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start building a tree and +at any point we will have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +at any point we will have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +at any point we will have a bunch of +edges that are going to be part of our + + align:start position:0% +edges that are going to be part of our + + + align:start position:0% +edges that are going to be part of our +spanning tree that means that the edges + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree that means that the edges + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree that means that the edges +don't have any cycles among them + + align:start position:0% +don't have any cycles among them + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any cycles among them +there are so called forests but they're + + align:start position:0% +there are so called forests but they're + + + align:start position:0% +there are so called forests but they're +not yet connected and at each stage in + + align:start position:0% +not yet connected and at each stage in + + + align:start position:0% +not yet connected and at each stage in +this procedure we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +this procedure we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +this procedure we're going to look at +the connected components of the graph + + align:start position:0% +the connected components of the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the connected components of the graph +that we have at this moment and color + + align:start position:0% +that we have at this moment and color + + + align:start position:0% +that we have at this moment and color +them black or white and then look at the + + align:start position:0% +them black or white and then look at the + + + align:start position:0% +them black or white and then look at the +gray edges so a gray edge is defined to + + align:start position:0% +gray edges so a gray edge is defined to + + + align:start position:0% +gray edges so a gray edge is defined to +be an edge where one endpoint is black + + align:start position:0% +be an edge where one endpoint is black + + + align:start position:0% +be an edge where one endpoint is black +and the other endpoint is white and what + + align:start position:0% +and the other endpoint is white and what + + + align:start position:0% +and the other endpoint is white and what +I'm gonna do at any stage in the + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do at any stage in the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do at any stage in the +procedure as I'm growing my spanning + + align:start position:0% +procedure as I'm growing my spanning + + + align:start position:0% +procedure as I'm growing my spanning +tree numb and white spanning tree is I'm + + align:start position:0% +tree numb and white spanning tree is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +tree numb and white spanning tree is I'm +gonna look at all the gray edges and + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at all the gray edges and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at all the gray edges and +pick a minimum white gray edge well + + align:start position:0% +pick a minimum white gray edge well + + + align:start position:0% +pick a minimum white gray edge well +let's do an example to get this clear so + + align:start position:0% +let's do an example to get this clear so + + + align:start position:0% +let's do an example to get this clear so +to begin with I don't have any edges oh + + align:start position:0% +to begin with I don't have any edges oh + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with I don't have any edges oh +I have are the isolated vertices so it + + align:start position:0% +I have are the isolated vertices so it + + + align:start position:0% +I have are the isolated vertices so it +means that I have six connected + + align:start position:0% +means that I have six connected + + + align:start position:0% +means that I have six connected +components each of which is a single + + align:start position:0% +components each of which is a single + + + align:start position:0% +components each of which is a single +vertex with no edges okay um that says + + align:start position:0% +vertex with no edges okay um that says + + + align:start position:0% +vertex with no edges okay um that says +that I'm allowed to color them black and + + align:start position:0% +that I'm allowed to color them black and + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm allowed to color them black and +white in any way I chose um and I will + + align:start position:0% +white in any way I chose um and I will + + + align:start position:0% +white in any way I chose um and I will +do that the only constraint on the + + align:start position:0% +do that the only constraint on the + + + align:start position:0% +do that the only constraint on the +coloring is there has to be at least one + + align:start position:0% +coloring is there has to be at least one + + + align:start position:0% +coloring is there has to be at least one +black component and one white component + + align:start position:0% +black component and one white component + + + align:start position:0% +black component and one white component +so there's an arbitrary colouring I've + + align:start position:0% +so there's an arbitrary colouring I've + + + align:start position:0% +so there's an arbitrary colouring I've +colored two of the vertices white and + + align:start position:0% +colored two of the vertices white and + + + align:start position:0% +colored two of the vertices white and +the other four black now in this + + align:start position:0% +the other four black now in this + + + align:start position:0% +the other four black now in this +particular coloring I could have chosen + + align:start position:0% +particular coloring I could have chosen + + + align:start position:0% +particular coloring I could have chosen +any one but I chose this one um where + + align:start position:0% +any one but I chose this one um where + + + align:start position:0% +any one but I chose this one um where +are the gray edges well I've highlighted + + align:start position:0% +are the gray edges well I've highlighted + + + align:start position:0% +are the gray edges well I've highlighted +them a bit by thickening them so this is + + align:start position:0% +them a bit by thickening them so this is + + + align:start position:0% +them a bit by thickening them so this is +a gray edge because it's black and white + + align:start position:0% +a gray edge because it's black and white + + + align:start position:0% +a gray edge because it's black and white +um this is a gray edge because it's + + align:start position:0% +um this is a gray edge because it's + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a gray edge because it's +black and white black and white black + + align:start position:0% +black and white black and white black + + + align:start position:0% +black and white black and white black +and white um this is not a gray edge + + align:start position:0% +and white um this is not a gray edge + + + align:start position:0% +and white um this is not a gray edge +because it's white and white this is not + + align:start position:0% +because it's white and white this is not + + + align:start position:0% +because it's white and white this is not +a gray edge because it's black and black + + align:start position:0% +a gray edge because it's black and black + + + align:start position:0% +a gray edge because it's black and black +so that's a simple enough idea and now + + align:start position:0% +so that's a simple enough idea and now + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a simple enough idea and now +what I'm supposed to do is among my gray + + align:start position:0% +what I'm supposed to do is among my gray + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm supposed to do is among my gray +edges pick the one with a minimum weight + + align:start position:0% +edges pick the one with a minimum weight + + + align:start position:0% +edges pick the one with a minimum weight +well if you look at the weights of the + + align:start position:0% +well if you look at the weights of the + + + align:start position:0% +well if you look at the weights of the +gray edges I got a for a for a nine a + + align:start position:0% +gray edges I got a for a for a nine a + + + align:start position:0% +gray edges I got a for a for a nine a +seven and a 2 the two is the minimum + + align:start position:0% +seven and a 2 the two is the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +seven and a 2 the two is the minimum +weight gray edge I'm gonna choose that + + align:start position:0% +weight gray edge I'm gonna choose that + + + align:start position:0% +weight gray edge I'm gonna choose that +to start building my tree okay so at + + align:start position:0% +to start building my tree okay so at + + + align:start position:0% +to start building my tree okay so at +this moment once I've committed to that + + align:start position:0% +this moment once I've committed to that + + + align:start position:0% +this moment once I've committed to that +magenta edge what I now have is a graph + + align:start position:0% +magenta edge what I now have is a graph + + + align:start position:0% +magenta edge what I now have is a graph +with five components namely the + + align:start position:0% +with five components namely the + + + align:start position:0% +with five components namely the +component defined by this edge with two + + align:start position:0% +component defined by this edge with two + + + align:start position:0% +component defined by this edge with two +vertices and the other four isolated + + align:start position:0% +vertices and the other four isolated + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and the other four isolated +vertices which still don't have any + + align:start position:0% +vertices which still don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +vertices which still don't have any +edges connecting them in the structure + + align:start position:0% +edges connecting them in the structure + + + align:start position:0% +edges connecting them in the structure +of magenta edges that I'm building to be + + align:start position:0% +of magenta edges that I'm building to be + + + align:start position:0% +of magenta edges that I'm building to be +my minimum spanning tree so according to + + align:start position:0% +my minimum spanning tree so according to + + + align:start position:0% +my minimum spanning tree so according to +the rules now with these five components + + align:start position:0% +the rules now with these five components + + + align:start position:0% +the rules now with these five components +I can recolor them and as long as I + + align:start position:0% +I can recolor them and as long as I + + + align:start position:0% +I can recolor them and as long as I +recall er them in a way that this + + align:start position:0% +recall er them in a way that this + + + align:start position:0% +recall er them in a way that this +component gets the same color there's a + + align:start position:0% +component gets the same color there's a + + + align:start position:0% +component gets the same color there's a +recoloring I've made both of those + + align:start position:0% +recoloring I've made both of those + + + align:start position:0% +recoloring I've made both of those +vertices in this component black and the + + align:start position:0% +vertices in this component black and the + + + align:start position:0% +vertices in this component black and the +other four vertices which are isolated + + align:start position:0% +other four vertices which are isolated + + + align:start position:0% +other four vertices which are isolated +components I can call her arbitrarily so + + align:start position:0% +components I can call her arbitrarily so + + + align:start position:0% +components I can call her arbitrarily so +here's my new colouring now again once I + + align:start position:0% +here's my new colouring now again once I + + + align:start position:0% +here's my new colouring now again once I +have this coloring I can proceed to + + align:start position:0% +have this coloring I can proceed to + + + align:start position:0% +have this coloring I can proceed to +identify the gray edges there they are + + align:start position:0% +identify the gray edges there they are + + + align:start position:0% +identify the gray edges there they are +and this time there are only two gray + + align:start position:0% +and this time there are only two gray + + + align:start position:0% +and this time there are only two gray +edges because I chose to have only one + + align:start position:0% +edges because I chose to have only one + + + align:start position:0% +edges because I chose to have only one +white vertex there's a gray edge and + + align:start position:0% +white vertex there's a gray edge and + + + align:start position:0% +white vertex there's a gray edge and +there's a gray edge and of course the + + align:start position:0% +there's a gray edge and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a gray edge and of course the +minimum weight among the two gray edges + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight among the two gray edges + + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight among the two gray edges +is three so that's gonna be my next edge + + align:start position:0% +is three so that's gonna be my next edge + + + align:start position:0% +is three so that's gonna be my next edge +in my little minimum weight spanning + + align:start position:0% +in my little minimum weight spanning + + + align:start position:0% +in my little minimum weight spanning +tree that I'm growing what's next + + align:start position:0% +tree that I'm growing what's next + + + align:start position:0% +tree that I'm growing what's next +well now I have four components left + + align:start position:0% +well now I have four components left + + + align:start position:0% +well now I have four components left +here's one component defined by that + + align:start position:0% +here's one component defined by that + + + align:start position:0% +here's one component defined by that +edge here's another connected component + + align:start position:0% +edge here's another connected component + + + align:start position:0% +edge here's another connected component +defined by that edge and these two + + align:start position:0% +defined by that edge and these two + + + align:start position:0% +defined by that edge and these two +vertices are isolated still so that + + align:start position:0% +vertices are isolated still so that + + + align:start position:0% +vertices are isolated still so that +components all by themselves and the + + align:start position:0% +components all by themselves and the + + + align:start position:0% +components all by themselves and the +rule is recolor in such a way that both + + align:start position:0% +rule is recolor in such a way that both + + + align:start position:0% +rule is recolor in such a way that both +of these vertices in that component have + + align:start position:0% +of these vertices in that component have + + + align:start position:0% +of these vertices in that component have +the same color all the vertices in this + + align:start position:0% +the same color all the vertices in this + + + align:start position:0% +the same color all the vertices in this +component have the same color I could + + align:start position:0% +component have the same color I could + + + align:start position:0% +component have the same color I could +switch them from black to white in fact + + align:start position:0% +switch them from black to white in fact + + + align:start position:0% +switch them from black to white in fact +I will and those can be colored + + align:start position:0% +I will and those can be colored + + + align:start position:0% +I will and those can be colored +arbitrarily let's do that there's eerie + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily let's do that there's eerie + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily let's do that there's eerie +coloring now this component is all white + + align:start position:0% +coloring now this component is all white + + + align:start position:0% +coloring now this component is all white +that component is all white these two + + align:start position:0% +that component is all white these two + + + align:start position:0% +that component is all white these two +separate components happen both to be + + align:start position:0% +separate components happen both to be + + + align:start position:0% +separate components happen both to be +black and as long as I had I could have + + align:start position:0% +black and as long as I had I could have + + + align:start position:0% +black and as long as I had I could have +called one of them white and one of them + + align:start position:0% +called one of them white and one of them + + + align:start position:0% +called one of them white and one of them +black I need to have one black given the + + align:start position:0% +black I need to have one black given the + + + align:start position:0% +black I need to have one black given the +other commitment to colors okay so now + + align:start position:0% +other commitment to colors okay so now + + + align:start position:0% +other commitment to colors okay so now +again we could find the minimum weight + + align:start position:0% +again we could find the minimum weight + + + align:start position:0% +again we could find the minimum weight +edge a gray edge I guess it would be + + align:start position:0% +edge a gray edge I guess it would be + + + align:start position:0% +edge a gray edge I guess it would be +there are two ties for minimum of both + + align:start position:0% +there are two ties for minimum of both + + + align:start position:0% +there are two ties for minimum of both +of those ones and I proceed in this way + + align:start position:0% +of those ones and I proceed in this way + + + align:start position:0% +of those ones and I proceed in this way +and I wind up with this minimum weight + + align:start position:0% +and I wind up with this minimum weight + + + align:start position:0% +and I wind up with this minimum weight +spanning tree that's the procedure now I + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree that's the procedure now I + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree that's the procedure now I +haven't discussed why it works yet and + + align:start position:0% +haven't discussed why it works yet and + + + align:start position:0% +haven't discussed why it works yet and +that is explained in the notes but we're + + align:start position:0% +that is explained in the notes but we're + + + align:start position:0% +that is explained in the notes but we're +going to hold off on that and just + + align:start position:0% +going to hold off on that and just + + + align:start position:0% +going to hold off on that and just +examine applying this algorithm so there + + align:start position:0% +examine applying this algorithm so there + + + align:start position:0% +examine applying this algorithm so there +are a bunch of ways now to grow a + + align:start position:0% +are a bunch of ways now to grow a + + + align:start position:0% +are a bunch of ways now to grow a +minimum weight spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight spanning tree +one way is to start at any vertex um and + + align:start position:0% +one way is to start at any vertex um and + + + align:start position:0% +one way is to start at any vertex um and +then start keep building around that + + align:start position:0% +then start keep building around that + + + align:start position:0% +then start keep building around that +vertex so you start with that vertex and + + align:start position:0% +vertex so you start with that vertex and + + + align:start position:0% +vertex so you start with that vertex and +color it black and everything else white + + align:start position:0% +color it black and everything else white + + + align:start position:0% +color it black and everything else white +well and that means that all the gray + + align:start position:0% +well and that means that all the gray + + + align:start position:0% +well and that means that all the gray +edges are going to be connected to that + + align:start position:0% +edges are going to be connected to that + + + align:start position:0% +edges are going to be connected to that +vertex so pick a minimum white one now + + align:start position:0% +vertex so pick a minimum white one now + + + align:start position:0% +vertex so pick a minimum white one now +you have a component with two vertices + + align:start position:0% +you have a component with two vertices + + + align:start position:0% +you have a component with two vertices +color it black and everything else white + + align:start position:0% +color it black and everything else white + + + align:start position:0% +color it black and everything else white +and in that way you keep working on one + + align:start position:0% +and in that way you keep working on one + + + align:start position:0% +and in that way you keep working on one +component that you're gonna grow by + + align:start position:0% +component that you're gonna grow by + + + align:start position:0% +component that you're gonna grow by +always coloring it one color and + + align:start position:0% +always coloring it one color and + + + align:start position:0% +always coloring it one color and +everything else the other color this is + + align:start position:0% +everything else the other color this is + + + align:start position:0% +everything else the other color this is +a method known as prims algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +a method known as prims algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +a method known as prims algorithm for +growing a minimum weight spanning tree + + align:start position:0% +growing a minimum weight spanning tree + + + align:start position:0% +growing a minimum weight spanning tree +another one is to globally among all the + + align:start position:0% +another one is to globally among all the + + + align:start position:0% +another one is to globally among all the +different connected components find a + + align:start position:0% +different connected components find a + + + align:start position:0% +different connected components find a +minimum weight edge among them so what + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight edge among them so what + + + align:start position:0% +minimum weight edge among them so what +that means is that you find the minimum + + align:start position:0% +that means is that you find the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +that means is that you find the minimum +weight edge among all the the connected + + align:start position:0% +weight edge among all the the connected + + + align:start position:0% +weight edge among all the the connected +components and then having identified + + align:start position:0% +components and then having identified + + + align:start position:0% +components and then having identified +where that minimum weight edge is you + + align:start position:0% +where that minimum weight edge is you + + + align:start position:0% +where that minimum weight edge is you +can color one of its components black + + align:start position:0% +can color one of its components black + + + align:start position:0% +can color one of its components black +and the other one white and that will + + align:start position:0% +and the other one white and that will + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one white and that will +cohabit conform to our procedure for + + align:start position:0% +cohabit conform to our procedure for + + + align:start position:0% +cohabit conform to our procedure for +picking a minimum weight edge between + + align:start position:0% +picking a minimum weight edge between + + + align:start position:0% +picking a minimum weight edge between +different coloured components that's + + align:start position:0% +different coloured components that's + + + align:start position:0% +different coloured components that's +kruskal's algorithm and finally you can + + align:start position:0% +kruskal's algorithm and finally you can + + + align:start position:0% +kruskal's algorithm and finally you can +grow the trees in parallel well you can + + align:start position:0% +grow the trees in parallel well you can + + + align:start position:0% +grow the trees in parallel well you can +just start choosing the minimum weight + + align:start position:0% +just start choosing the minimum weight + + + align:start position:0% +just start choosing the minimum weight +edge around each connected component + + align:start position:0% +edge around each connected component + + + align:start position:0% +edge around each connected component +because you can always take a connected + + align:start position:0% +because you can always take a connected + + + align:start position:0% +because you can always take a connected +component color it one color and color + + align:start position:0% +component color it one color and color + + + align:start position:0% +component color it one color and color +while the other edges another color and + + align:start position:0% +while the other edges another color and + + + align:start position:0% +while the other edges another color and +so all of the edges touching a given + + align:start position:0% +so all of the edges touching a given + + + align:start position:0% +so all of the edges touching a given +component will be gray in that color and + + align:start position:0% +component will be gray in that color and + + + align:start position:0% +component will be gray in that color and +you can choose the minimum one and grow + + align:start position:0% +you can choose the minimum one and grow + + + align:start position:0% +you can choose the minimum one and grow +that component and if they're not too + + align:start position:0% +that component and if they're not too + + + align:start position:0% +that component and if they're not too +close to each other so that your choice + + align:start position:0% +close to each other so that your choice + + + align:start position:0% +close to each other so that your choice +of engines doesn't conflict you can grow + + align:start position:0% +of engines doesn't conflict you can grow + + + align:start position:0% +of engines doesn't conflict you can grow +these trees in parallel so I call that + + align:start position:0% +these trees in parallel so I call that + + + align:start position:0% +these trees in parallel so I call that +jokingly Myers procedure and that is the + + align:start position:0% +jokingly Myers procedure and that is the + + + align:start position:0% +jokingly Myers procedure and that is the +application of this coloring approach to + + align:start position:0% +application of this coloring approach to + + + align:start position:0% +application of this coloring approach to +finding minimum weight spanning trees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_RyRYO4v24w.txt b/_RyRYO4v24w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..624dafae3903259138bb39a682d28212d8c2c8d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_RyRYO4v24w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19267 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where are we so we're just finishing up + + align:start position:0% +where are we so we're just finishing up + + + align:start position:0% +where are we so we're just finishing up +the last couple of things I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +the last couple of things I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +the last couple of things I wanted to +talk about about redistribution programs + + align:start position:0% +talk about about redistribution programs + + + align:start position:0% +talk about about redistribution programs +and transfer programs and then I'm going + + align:start position:0% +and transfer programs and then I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +and transfer programs and then I'm going +to talk about tax okay + + align:start position:0% +to talk about tax okay + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about tax okay +um all right so uh + + align:start position:0% +um all right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so uh +did I talk did I talk about cash versus + + align:start position:0% +did I talk did I talk about cash versus + + + align:start position:0% +did I talk did I talk about cash versus +did I did I go did I talk about the + + align:start position:0% +did I did I go did I talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +did I did I go did I talk about the +conceptual Supply shocks and man shocks + + align:start position:0% +conceptual Supply shocks and man shocks + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual Supply shocks and man shocks +and like all that stuff okay great but I + + align:start position:0% +and like all that stuff okay great but I + + + align:start position:0% +and like all that stuff okay great but I +didn't show you the results is that + + align:start position:0% +didn't show you the results is that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't show you the results is that +right that's okay right so just to + + align:start position:0% +right that's okay right so just to + + + align:start position:0% +right that's okay right so just to +remind you so um yeah I think this is + + align:start position:0% +remind you so um yeah I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +remind you so um yeah I think this is +what we went through last time right so + + align:start position:0% +what we went through last time right so + + + align:start position:0% +what we went through last time right so +the the point about these cash version + + align:start position:0% +the the point about these cash version + + + align:start position:0% +the the point about these cash version +client programs is um you know one thing + + align:start position:0% +client programs is um you know one thing + + + align:start position:0% +client programs is um you know one thing +you might think about is it a cash + + align:start position:0% +you might think about is it a cash + + + align:start position:0% +you might think about is it a cash +program is uh a demand gonna be a demand + + align:start position:0% +program is uh a demand gonna be a demand + + + align:start position:0% +program is uh a demand gonna be a demand +shock whereas in whereas a a uh an + + align:start position:0% +shock whereas in whereas a a uh an + + + align:start position:0% +shock whereas in whereas a a uh an +in-kind program may also be a supply + + align:start position:0% +in-kind program may also be a supply + + + align:start position:0% +in-kind program may also be a supply +shock right so this is like you know ref + + align:start position:0% +shock right so this is like you know ref + + + align:start position:0% +shock right so this is like you know ref +very basic right if you're all you know + + align:start position:0% +very basic right if you're all you know + + + align:start position:0% +very basic right if you're all you know +what happens + + align:start position:0% +what happens + + + align:start position:0% +what happens +um if we if we do the they can you can + + align:start position:0% +um if we if we do the they can you can + + + align:start position:0% +um if we if we do the they can you can +actually you know you can do it in + + align:start position:0% +actually you know you can do it in + + + align:start position:0% +actually you know you can do it in +different ways + + align:start position:0% +different ways + + + align:start position:0% +different ways +um in um + + align:start position:0% +um in um + + + align:start position:0% +um in um +you know it's as simple as just to draw + + align:start position:0% +you know it's as simple as just to draw + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's as simple as just to draw +it probably right which is we have you + + align:start position:0% +it probably right which is we have you + + + align:start position:0% +it probably right which is we have you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um this is the supply of whatever the + + align:start position:0% +um this is the supply of whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the supply of whatever the +good is it's the demand of the good if I + + align:start position:0% +good is it's the demand of the good if I + + + align:start position:0% +good is it's the demand of the good if I +give you cash right I'm holding the + + align:start position:0% +give you cash right I'm holding the + + + align:start position:0% +give you cash right I'm holding the +supply of the good if I give you a if a + + align:start position:0% +supply of the good if I give you a if a + + + align:start position:0% +supply of the good if I give you a if a +cash transfer right that's going to + + align:start position:0% +cash transfer right that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +cash transfer right that's going to +increase the demand if I give an in-kind + + align:start position:0% +increase the demand if I give an in-kind + + + align:start position:0% +increase the demand if I give an in-kind +transfer then the government may not + + align:start position:0% +transfer then the government may not + + + align:start position:0% +transfer then the government may not +only issue increase the demand but also + + align:start position:0% +only issue increase the demand but also + + + align:start position:0% +only issue increase the demand but also +may change the total aggregate supply + + align:start position:0% +may change the total aggregate supply + + + align:start position:0% +may change the total aggregate supply +and so there may be differences in terms + + align:start position:0% +and so there may be differences in terms + + + align:start position:0% +and so there may be differences in terms +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +um price effects from these two + + align:start position:0% +um price effects from these two + + + align:start position:0% +um price effects from these two +different programs yeah Ahmed well the + + align:start position:0% +different programs yeah Ahmed well the + + + align:start position:0% +different programs yeah Ahmed well the +system that I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different provinces or regions but it + + align:start position:0% +different provinces or regions but it + + + align:start position:0% +different provinces or regions but it +can also very well be that like + + align:start position:0% +can also very well be that like + + + align:start position:0% +can also very well be that like +government just buys from the + + align:start position:0% +government just buys from the + + + align:start position:0% +government just buys from the +supermarket in that region + + align:start position:0% +supermarket in that region + + + align:start position:0% +supermarket in that region +totally yes exactly and so you're + + align:start position:0% +totally yes exactly and so you're + + + align:start position:0% +totally yes exactly and so you're +totally right like if you think about + + align:start position:0% +totally right like if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +totally right like if you think about +rice is actually not not obvious like + + align:start position:0% +rice is actually not not obvious like + + + align:start position:0% +rice is actually not not obvious like +where is it like if you think about + + align:start position:0% +where is it like if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +where is it like if you think about +housing like you know government so one + + align:start position:0% +housing like you know government so one + + + align:start position:0% +housing like you know government so one +so this this example works really well + + align:start position:0% +so this this example works really well + + + align:start position:0% +so this this example works really well +if it's like um + + align:start position:0% +if it's like um + + + align:start position:0% +if it's like um +if you think about say uh public housing + + align:start position:0% +if you think about say uh public housing + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about say uh public housing +right where in public housing like the + + align:start position:0% +right where in public housing like the + + + align:start position:0% +right where in public housing like the +government goes and like builds Like + + align:start position:0% +government goes and like builds Like + + + align:start position:0% +government goes and like builds Like +Houses right as opposed to providing + + align:start position:0% +Houses right as opposed to providing + + + align:start position:0% +Houses right as opposed to providing +vouchers like that's clearly like a + + align:start position:0% +vouchers like that's clearly like a + + + align:start position:0% +vouchers like that's clearly like a +supply shock right I agree with you for + + align:start position:0% +supply shock right I agree with you for + + + align:start position:0% +supply shock right I agree with you for +something like right it's a little more + + align:start position:0% +something like right it's a little more + + + align:start position:0% +something like right it's a little more +complicated and depends on kind of where + + align:start position:0% +complicated and depends on kind of where + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and depends on kind of where +exactly where's the government sourcing + + align:start position:0% +exactly where's the government sourcing + + + align:start position:0% +exactly where's the government sourcing +this right it's like the cleanest + + align:start position:0% +this right it's like the cleanest + + + align:start position:0% +this right it's like the cleanest +examples are they Source it outside the + + align:start position:0% +examples are they Source it outside the + + + align:start position:0% +examples are they Source it outside the +country and bring it in obviously a + + align:start position:0% +country and bring it in obviously a + + + align:start position:0% +country and bring it in obviously a +supply shock right + + align:start position:0% +supply shock right + + + align:start position:0% +supply shock right +um I think if in some cases if they're + + align:start position:0% +um I think if in some cases if they're + + + align:start position:0% +um I think if in some cases if they're +sort of just going into the Super local + + align:start position:0% +sort of just going into the Super local + + + align:start position:0% +sort of just going into the Super local +market and buying it right there not a + + align:start position:0% +market and buying it right there not a + + + align:start position:0% +market and buying it right there not a +supply shock and so actually that's + + align:start position:0% +supply shock and so actually that's + + + align:start position:0% +supply shock and so actually that's +related to kind of what they're going to + + align:start position:0% +related to kind of what they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +related to kind of what they're going to +do in this paper so they're going to + + align:start position:0% +do in this paper so they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +do in this paper so they're going to +talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about +um they they cut this basically by the + + align:start position:0% +um they they cut this basically by the + + + align:start position:0% +um they they cut this basically by the +remoteness of the regions and the idea + + align:start position:0% +remoteness of the regions and the idea + + + align:start position:0% +remoteness of the regions and the idea +is that basically it's kind of related + + align:start position:0% +is that basically it's kind of related + + + align:start position:0% +is that basically it's kind of related +so the basic idea is in really remote + + align:start position:0% +so the basic idea is in really remote + + + align:start position:0% +so the basic idea is in really remote +locations what the government is doing + + align:start position:0% +locations what the government is doing + + + align:start position:0% +locations what the government is doing +is it's it probably is a net Supply + + align:start position:0% +is it's it probably is a net Supply + + + align:start position:0% +is it's it probably is a net Supply +shock it's sourcing the stuff externally + + align:start position:0% +shock it's sourcing the stuff externally + + + align:start position:0% +shock it's sourcing the stuff externally +bring into the kind of remote regions in + + align:start position:0% +bring into the kind of remote regions in + + + align:start position:0% +bring into the kind of remote regions in +less remote regions you know some + + align:start position:0% +less remote regions you know some + + + align:start position:0% +less remote regions you know some +combination of markets are more elastic + + align:start position:0% +combination of markets are more elastic + + + align:start position:0% +combination of markets are more elastic +because they are just uh you know + + align:start position:0% +because they are just uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +because they are just uh you know +thicker thicker markets so maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +thicker thicker markets so maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +thicker thicker markets so maybe it's +maybe the supply curve is more elastic + + align:start position:0% +maybe the supply curve is more elastic + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the supply curve is more elastic +right a supply curve is kind of if the + + align:start position:0% +right a supply curve is kind of if the + + + align:start position:0% +right a supply curve is kind of if the +supply curve obviously is totally + + align:start position:0% +supply curve obviously is totally + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve obviously is totally +elastic then you know this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +elastic then you know this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +elastic then you know this doesn't +matter right so in those Western regions + + align:start position:0% +matter right so in those Western regions + + + align:start position:0% +matter right so in those Western regions +it could they could be that or it could + + align:start position:0% +it could they could be that or it could + + + align:start position:0% +it could they could be that or it could +just be like you're kind of like buying + + align:start position:0% +just be like you're kind of like buying + + + align:start position:0% +just be like you're kind of like buying +you're buying in those regions and sort + + align:start position:0% +you're buying in those regions and sort + + + align:start position:0% +you're buying in those regions and sort +of sourcing anyway so for those two + + align:start position:0% +of sourcing anyway so for those two + + + align:start position:0% +of sourcing anyway so for those two +reasons I think um you know they focus + + align:start position:0% +reasons I think um you know they focus + + + align:start position:0% +reasons I think um you know they focus +on these more remote locations + + align:start position:0% +on these more remote locations + + + align:start position:0% +on these more remote locations +that's a really good really good point + + align:start position:0% +that's a really good really good point + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really good really good point +um and just you know what's the point of + + align:start position:0% +um and just you know what's the point of + + + align:start position:0% +um and just you know what's the point of +this the point is that if they + + align:start position:0% +this the point is that if they + + + align:start position:0% +this the point is that if they +look at sort of the price of of the + + align:start position:0% +look at sort of the price of of the + + + align:start position:0% +look at sort of the price of of the +goods they find + + align:start position:0% +goods they find + + + align:start position:0% +goods they find +um a uh uh a substantial increase a + + align:start position:0% +um a uh uh a substantial increase a + + + align:start position:0% +um a uh uh a substantial increase a +substantial change in the price where + + align:start position:0% +substantial change in the price where + + + align:start position:0% +substantial change in the price where +the prices you know and by the way you + + align:start position:0% +the prices you know and by the way you + + + align:start position:0% +the prices you know and by the way you +know this is relative to a control + + align:start position:0% +know this is relative to a control + + + align:start position:0% +know this is relative to a control +neither is significant but the + + align:start position:0% +neither is significant but the + + + align:start position:0% +neither is significant but the +difference between the Mississippi + + align:start position:0% +difference between the Mississippi + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the Mississippi +significant so they find that sort of + + align:start position:0% +significant so they find that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +significant so they find that sort of +prices are lower in the in-kind areas + + align:start position:0% +prices are lower in the in-kind areas + + + align:start position:0% +prices are lower in the in-kind areas +relative to the the cash areas + + align:start position:0% +relative to the the cash areas + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the the cash areas +um in the in the remote locations and um + + align:start position:0% +um in the in the remote locations and um + + + align:start position:0% +um in the in the remote locations and um +you know then then uh that can affect + + align:start position:0% +you know then then uh that can affect + + + align:start position:0% +you know then then uh that can affect +kind of consumption and people sort of + + align:start position:0% +kind of consumption and people sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of consumption and people sort of +overall well-being from the program + + align:start position:0% +overall well-being from the program + + + align:start position:0% +overall well-being from the program +because you get less + + align:start position:0% +because you get less + + + align:start position:0% +because you get less +it you get in real kind of quantity + + align:start position:0% +it you get in real kind of quantity + + + align:start position:0% +it you get in real kind of quantity +terms you get you get more on the in + + align:start position:0% +terms you get you get more on the in + + + align:start position:0% +terms you get you get more on the in +kind areas because of these price + + align:start position:0% +kind areas because of these price + + + align:start position:0% +kind areas because of these price +effects and that's that's basically uh + + align:start position:0% +effects and that's that's basically uh + + + align:start position:0% +effects and that's that's basically uh +what they um + + align:start position:0% +what they um + + + align:start position:0% +what they um +what what they sort of argue so the + + align:start position:0% +what what they sort of argue so the + + + align:start position:0% +what what they sort of argue so the +in-kind areas + + align:start position:0% +in-kind areas + + + align:start position:0% +in-kind areas +um people's total consumption is + + align:start position:0% +um people's total consumption is + + + align:start position:0% +um people's total consumption is +actually higher + + align:start position:0% +actually higher + + + align:start position:0% +actually higher +um uh for that reason + + align:start position:0% +um uh for that reason + + + align:start position:0% +um uh for that reason +so let me actually not go through the + + align:start position:0% +so let me actually not go through the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me actually not go through the +the details of this + + align:start position:0% +the details of this + + + align:start position:0% +the details of this +um but are there any other because it's + + align:start position:0% +um but are there any other because it's + + + align:start position:0% +um but are there any other because it's +a pretty simple point but I just want to + + align:start position:0% +a pretty simple point but I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty simple point but I just want to +say if there are any just mention of + + align:start position:0% +say if there are any just mention of + + + align:start position:0% +say if there are any just mention of +those two things we sort of seem like + + align:start position:0% +those two things we sort of seem like + + + align:start position:0% +those two things we sort of seem like +they should be equivalent in principle + + align:start position:0% +they should be equivalent in principle + + + align:start position:0% +they should be equivalent in principle +actually have these kind of different + + align:start position:0% +actually have these kind of different + + + align:start position:0% +actually have these kind of different +reasons for sort of basic prices + + align:start position:0% +reasons for sort of basic prices + + + align:start position:0% +reasons for sort of basic prices +um how do we think about programs where + + align:start position:0% +um how do we think about programs where + + + align:start position:0% +um how do we think about programs where +government buys realize and high price + + align:start position:0% +government buys realize and high price + + + align:start position:0% +government buys realize and high price +from The Producers but essentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it's still it's still going to have + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's still it's still going to have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's still it's still going to have +a that's still going to have a um in the + + align:start position:0% +a that's still going to have a um in the + + + align:start position:0% +a that's still going to have a um in the +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +it's still going to look like this in + + align:start position:0% +it's still going to look like this in + + + align:start position:0% +it's still going to look like this in +the uh oh sorry no that's a different + + align:start position:0% +the uh oh sorry no that's a different + + + align:start position:0% +the uh oh sorry no that's a different +program sorry so you're saying there's + + align:start position:0% +program sorry so you're saying there's + + + align:start position:0% +program sorry so you're saying there's +another program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think you're saying so this is the + + align:start position:0% +I think you're saying so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +I think you're saying so this is the +this is this would be the market level + + align:start position:0% +this is this would be the market level + + + align:start position:0% +this is this would be the market level +and you know we're sort of saying the + + align:start position:0% +and you know we're sort of saying the + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we're sort of saying the +government basically comes in and goes + + align:start position:0% +government basically comes in and goes + + + align:start position:0% +government basically comes in and goes +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +right I think you think of it like if + + align:start position:0% +right I think you think of it like if + + + align:start position:0% +right I think you think of it like if +you think of it like that's what's gonna + + align:start position:0% +you think of it like that's what's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you think of it like that's what's gonna +happen so it's going to raise the the + + align:start position:0% +happen so it's going to raise the the + + + align:start position:0% +happen so it's going to raise the the +the the price that sort of producers are + + align:start position:0% +the the price that sort of producers are + + + align:start position:0% +the the price that sort of producers are +selling it at it's going to lower the + + align:start position:0% +selling it at it's going to lower the + + + align:start position:0% +selling it at it's going to lower the +price people are consuming it at and + + align:start position:0% +price people are consuming it at and + + + align:start position:0% +price people are consuming it at and +it's going to inefficiently increase the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to inefficiently increase the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to inefficiently increase the +amount of the good or it's going to + + align:start position:0% +amount of the good or it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +amount of the good or it's going to +increase the amount of the good consumed + + align:start position:0% +increase the amount of the good consumed + + + align:start position:0% +increase the amount of the good consumed +above and beyond sort of the market + + align:start position:0% +above and beyond sort of the market + + + align:start position:0% +above and beyond sort of the market +level and so the way you should think + + align:start position:0% +level and so the way you should think + + + align:start position:0% +level and so the way you should think +about this is like a redistribution + + align:start position:0% +about this is like a redistribution + + + align:start position:0% +about this is like a redistribution +program is you know first of all you + + align:start position:0% +program is you know first of all you + + + align:start position:0% +program is you know first of all you +know we want to think about who kind of + + align:start position:0% +know we want to think about who kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know we want to think about who kind of +the welfare of these people are + + align:start position:0% +the welfare of these people are + + + align:start position:0% +the welfare of these people are +right are they rich or poor is that kind + + align:start position:0% +right are they rich or poor is that kind + + + align:start position:0% +right are they rich or poor is that kind +of like a good thing to be doing or not + + align:start position:0% +of like a good thing to be doing or not + + + align:start position:0% +of like a good thing to be doing or not +relative to to you know who are these + + align:start position:0% +relative to to you know who are these + + + align:start position:0% +relative to to you know who are these +different people + + align:start position:0% +different people + + + align:start position:0% +different people +second thing is we should think about + + align:start position:0% +second thing is we should think about + + + align:start position:0% +second thing is we should think about +like do we actually want more + + align:start position:0% +like do we actually want more + + + align:start position:0% +like do we actually want more +consumption of this good or not right so + + align:start position:0% +consumption of this good or not right so + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of this good or not right so +for example + + align:start position:0% +for example + + + align:start position:0% +for example +um you know governments often you know + + align:start position:0% +um you know governments often you know + + + align:start position:0% +um you know governments often you know +so so if we if we and the third thing we + + align:start position:0% +so so if we if we and the third thing we + + + align:start position:0% +so so if we if we and the third thing we +want to think about is like who are the + + align:start position:0% +want to think about is like who are the + + + align:start position:0% +want to think about is like who are the +people who are sort of induced to kind + + align:start position:0% +people who are sort of induced to kind + + + align:start position:0% +people who are sort of induced to kind +of buy more of it and sort of get the + + align:start position:0% +of buy more of it and sort of get the + + + align:start position:0% +of buy more of it and sort of get the +subsidy are they sort of the the the + + align:start position:0% +subsidy are they sort of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +subsidy are they sort of the the the +people you want to be sort of targeting + + align:start position:0% +people you want to be sort of targeting + + + align:start position:0% +people you want to be sort of targeting +so if this is like an inferior good this + + align:start position:0% +so if this is like an inferior good this + + + align:start position:0% +so if this is like an inferior good this +actually may not look so bad this is a + + align:start position:0% +actually may not look so bad this is a + + + align:start position:0% +actually may not look so bad this is a +normal good then you're actually sort of + + align:start position:0% +normal good then you're actually sort of + + + align:start position:0% +normal good then you're actually sort of +you know spending giving a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +you know spending giving a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know spending giving a lot of the +subsidy to kind of richer people and not + + align:start position:0% +subsidy to kind of richer people and not + + + align:start position:0% +subsidy to kind of richer people and not +be sufficient and the other thing is + + align:start position:0% +be sufficient and the other thing is + + + align:start position:0% +be sufficient and the other thing is +like do you actually care that you're + + align:start position:0% +like do you actually care that you're + + + align:start position:0% +like do you actually care that you're +sort of you know just distorting sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know just distorting sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know just distorting sort of +the the overall + + align:start position:0% +the the overall + + + align:start position:0% +the the overall +um consumption of this particular good + + align:start position:0% +um consumption of this particular good + + + align:start position:0% +um consumption of this particular good +if this is a good you think is being + + align:start position:0% +if this is a good you think is being + + + align:start position:0% +if this is a good you think is being +suppose you think this is as good as + + align:start position:0% +suppose you think this is as good as + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you think this is as good as +being inefficiently under consumed in + + align:start position:0% +being inefficiently under consumed in + + + align:start position:0% +being inefficiently under consumed in +the market equilibrium like you think + + align:start position:0% +the market equilibrium like you think + + + align:start position:0% +the market equilibrium like you think +maybe it's people who are undernourished + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's people who are undernourished + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's people who are undernourished +for example and you want them to consume + + align:start position:0% +for example and you want them to consume + + + align:start position:0% +for example and you want them to consume +more of this in the market price this + + align:start position:0% +more of this in the market price this + + + align:start position:0% +more of this in the market price this +looks great if this is like I don't know + + align:start position:0% +looks great if this is like I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +looks great if this is like I don't know +gasoline or something uh or maybe you + + align:start position:0% +gasoline or something uh or maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +gasoline or something uh or maybe you +think that actually there's no + + align:start position:0% +think that actually there's no + + + align:start position:0% +think that actually there's no +particular reason we think we're under + + align:start position:0% +particular reason we think we're under + + + align:start position:0% +particular reason we think we're under +consuming gasoline is terrible + + align:start position:0% +consuming gasoline is terrible + + + align:start position:0% +consuming gasoline is terrible +um you know so I think that's the way I + + align:start position:0% +um you know so I think that's the way I + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so I think that's the way I +think about it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the key difference in that policy is + + align:start position:0% +but the key difference in that policy is + + + align:start position:0% +but the key difference in that policy is +it's changing the marginal price + + align:start position:0% +it's changing the marginal price + + + align:start position:0% +it's changing the marginal price +right and that's why it has kind of + + align:start position:0% +right and that's why it has kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's why it has kind of +whereas these other things those things + + align:start position:0% +whereas these other things those things + + + align:start position:0% +whereas these other things those things +are not changing the marginal price + + align:start position:0% +are not changing the marginal price + + + align:start position:0% +are not changing the marginal price +and the the besley Canberra paper + + align:start position:0% +and the the besley Canberra paper + + + align:start position:0% +and the the besley Canberra paper +Works through all this stuff uh you know + + align:start position:0% +Works through all this stuff uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +Works through all this stuff uh you know +with sort of a poverty you know thinking + + align:start position:0% +with sort of a poverty you know thinking + + + align:start position:0% +with sort of a poverty you know thinking +about sort of heterogeneity and the + + align:start position:0% +about sort of heterogeneity and the + + + align:start position:0% +about sort of heterogeneity and the +population and poverty and who do we + + align:start position:0% +population and poverty and who do we + + + align:start position:0% +population and poverty and who do we +think about how do we think about the + + align:start position:0% +think about how do we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +think about how do we think about the +different agents and that's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +different agents and that's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +different agents and that's kind of a +very nice framework if you want to sort + + align:start position:0% +very nice framework if you want to sort + + + align:start position:0% +very nice framework if you want to sort +of look think about that and compare the + + align:start position:0% +of look think about that and compare the + + + align:start position:0% +of look think about that and compare the +infra marginal versus marginal transfers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay oh so the the other paper I sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay oh so the the other paper I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh so the the other paper I sort of +wanted to mention + + align:start position:0% +wanted to mention + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to mention +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and again I'm just sort of giving just a + + align:start position:0% +and again I'm just sort of giving just a + + + align:start position:0% +and again I'm just sort of giving just a +brief flavor there's an enormous + + align:start position:0% +brief flavor there's an enormous + + + align:start position:0% +brief flavor there's an enormous +literature on an expanding literature on + + align:start position:0% +literature on an expanding literature on + + + align:start position:0% +literature on an expanding literature on +sort of the design of these programs I + + align:start position:0% +sort of the design of these programs I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the design of these programs I +just wanted to sort of mention a couple + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to sort of mention a couple + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to sort of mention a couple +of a couple of things just to give you a + + align:start position:0% +of a couple of things just to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +of a couple of things just to give you a +sense and things people are looking at + + align:start position:0% +sense and things people are looking at + + + align:start position:0% +sense and things people are looking at +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um how many of you have heard of + + align:start position:0% +um how many of you have heard of + + + align:start position:0% +um how many of you have heard of +conditional cash transfer programs + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer programs + + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer programs +many most of you okay right great so + + align:start position:0% +many most of you okay right great so + + + align:start position:0% +many most of you okay right great so +these are programs that are uh very + + align:start position:0% +these are programs that are uh very + + + align:start position:0% +these are programs that are uh very +common now in the developing World + + align:start position:0% +common now in the developing World + + + align:start position:0% +common now in the developing World +um they condition Aid on fulfilling a + + align:start position:0% +um they condition Aid on fulfilling a + + + align:start position:0% +um they condition Aid on fulfilling a +set of criteria that government thinks + + align:start position:0% +set of criteria that government thinks + + + align:start position:0% +set of criteria that government thinks +are good like for example you know + + align:start position:0% +are good like for example you know + + + align:start position:0% +are good like for example you know +sending your kids to school or getting + + align:start position:0% +sending your kids to school or getting + + + align:start position:0% +sending your kids to school or getting +them sort of Health shocks or whatever + + align:start position:0% +them sort of Health shocks or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +them sort of Health shocks or whatever +you get the cash transfer to do this + + align:start position:0% +you get the cash transfer to do this + + + align:start position:0% +you get the cash transfer to do this +stuff okay so the government is + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so the government is + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so the government is +incentivizing these additional behaviors + + align:start position:0% +incentivizing these additional behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +incentivizing these additional behaviors +and um there's a there were several + + align:start position:0% +and um there's a there were several + + + align:start position:0% +and um there's a there were several +randomized trials that sort of showed + + align:start position:0% +randomized trials that sort of showed + + + align:start position:0% +randomized trials that sort of showed +that those did increase kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +that those did increase kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +that those did increase kind of the the +uh desired Behavior or the incentivized + + align:start position:0% +uh desired Behavior or the incentivized + + + align:start position:0% +uh desired Behavior or the incentivized +behavior not surprising because it's + + align:start position:0% +behavior not surprising because it's + + + align:start position:0% +behavior not surprising because it's +being incentivized uh but but turns out + + align:start position:0% +being incentivized uh but but turns out + + + align:start position:0% +being incentivized uh but but turns out +to be to be to be there + + align:start position:0% +to be to be to be there + + + align:start position:0% +to be to be to be there +um and the sort of justification for + + align:start position:0% +um and the sort of justification for + + + align:start position:0% +um and the sort of justification for +that is kind of intergenerational right + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of intergenerational right + + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of intergenerational right +the idea is that maybe parents don't + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that maybe parents don't + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that maybe parents don't +fully internalize the value of their + + align:start position:0% +fully internalize the value of their + + + align:start position:0% +fully internalize the value of their +human their kids human capital + + align:start position:0% +human their kids human capital + + + align:start position:0% +human their kids human capital +acquisition and governments can correct + + align:start position:0% +acquisition and governments can correct + + + align:start position:0% +acquisition and governments can correct +for this by sort of incentivizing these + + align:start position:0% +for this by sort of incentivizing these + + + align:start position:0% +for this by sort of incentivizing these +behaviors + + align:start position:0% +behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors +um what this paper was sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +um what this paper was sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +um what this paper was sort of the the +first paper that I know to sort of you + + align:start position:0% +first paper that I know to sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +first paper that I know to sort of you +know really rigorous way compare what + + align:start position:0% +know really rigorous way compare what + + + align:start position:0% +know really rigorous way compare what +what is the impact of the conditionality + + align:start position:0% +what is the impact of the conditionality + + + align:start position:0% +what is the impact of the conditionality +per se so those programs before were + + align:start position:0% +per se so those programs before were + + + align:start position:0% +per se so those programs before were +sort of bundled like you know where + + align:start position:0% +sort of bundled like you know where + + + align:start position:0% +sort of bundled like you know where +there's sort of overall randomized + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of overall randomized + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of overall randomized +evaluation of the conditional cash + + align:start position:0% +evaluation of the conditional cash + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation of the conditional cash +transfer developer for nothing but it + + align:start position:0% +transfer developer for nothing but it + + + align:start position:0% +transfer developer for nothing but it +didn't say is this conditioning thing + + align:start position:0% +didn't say is this conditioning thing + + + align:start position:0% +didn't say is this conditioning thing +actually like a good idea or not and + + align:start position:0% +actually like a good idea or not and + + + align:start position:0% +actually like a good idea or not and +this paper + + align:start position:0% +this paper + + + align:start position:0% +this paper +um is nice it sort of examines + + align:start position:0% +um is nice it sort of examines + + + align:start position:0% +um is nice it sort of examines +conditional and unconditional transfers + + align:start position:0% +conditional and unconditional transfers + + + align:start position:0% +conditional and unconditional transfers +in the same context + + align:start position:0% +in the same context + + + align:start position:0% +in the same context +and so how do we think about that well + + align:start position:0% +and so how do we think about that well + + + align:start position:0% +and so how do we think about that well +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the first thing you would think about if + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you would think about if + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you would think about if +you sort of condition on something is of + + align:start position:0% +you sort of condition on something is of + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of condition on something is of +course it's going to change the price + + align:start position:0% +course it's going to change the price + + + align:start position:0% +course it's going to change the price +right that's good if you want to + + align:start position:0% +right that's good if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +right that's good if you want to +incentivize that behavior right + + align:start position:0% +incentivize that behavior right + + + align:start position:0% +incentivize that behavior right +but the other point which I don't think + + align:start position:0% +but the other point which I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +but the other point which I don't think +that was you know people had necessarily + + align:start position:0% +that was you know people had necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +that was you know people had necessarily +it's it's maybe obvious ex-post but + + align:start position:0% +it's it's maybe obvious ex-post but + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's maybe obvious ex-post but +wasn't I think obvious until people have + + align:start position:0% +wasn't I think obvious until people have + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't I think obvious until people have +written this paper is if there are + + align:start position:0% +written this paper is if there are + + + align:start position:0% +written this paper is if there are +people who are really far from the + + align:start position:0% +people who are really far from the + + + align:start position:0% +people who are really far from the +margin uh who are not going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +margin uh who are not going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +margin uh who are not going to sort of +take up the incentivized behavior then + + align:start position:0% +take up the incentivized behavior then + + + align:start position:0% +take up the incentivized behavior then +you cut you cut them off from the cash + + align:start position:0% +you cut you cut them off from the cash + + + align:start position:0% +you cut you cut them off from the cash +transfer right so a rigidly enforced + + align:start position:0% +transfer right so a rigidly enforced + + + align:start position:0% +transfer right so a rigidly enforced +conditional cash transfer is not going + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer is not going + + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer is not going +to be providing the transfer those + + align:start position:0% +to be providing the transfer those + + + align:start position:0% +to be providing the transfer those +people who can't meet the conditions + + align:start position:0% +people who can't meet the conditions + + + align:start position:0% +people who can't meet the conditions +that's kind of the whole point + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the whole point + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the whole point +and therefore those households don't get + + align:start position:0% +and therefore those households don't get + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore those households don't get +the income effects from the transfer and + + align:start position:0% +the income effects from the transfer and + + + align:start position:0% +the income effects from the transfer and +that may also be important okay so how + + align:start position:0% +that may also be important okay so how + + + align:start position:0% +that may also be important okay so how +do they show this okay + + align:start position:0% +do they show this okay + + + align:start position:0% +do they show this okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh I should say by the way like there + + align:start position:0% +uh I should say by the way like there + + + align:start position:0% +uh I should say by the way like there +there's another there's another paper + + align:start position:0% +there's another there's another paper + + + align:start position:0% +there's another there's another paper +which I'm not going to talk about which + + align:start position:0% +which I'm not going to talk about which + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm not going to talk about which +is about the labeling effect of the + + align:start position:0% +is about the labeling effect of the + + + align:start position:0% +is about the labeling effect of the +conditional cash transfer which it just + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer which it just + + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer which it just +sort of says if you tell people the + + align:start position:0% +sort of says if you tell people the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of says if you tell people the +conditional cash transfer it's like + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer it's like + + + align:start position:0% +conditional cash transfer it's like +initial cash transfer but don't kind of + + align:start position:0% +initial cash transfer but don't kind of + + + align:start position:0% +initial cash transfer but don't kind of +incent don't actually enforce the + + align:start position:0% +incent don't actually enforce the + + + align:start position:0% +incent don't actually enforce the +conditions people may do made me kind of + + align:start position:0% +conditions people may do made me kind of + + + align:start position:0% +conditions people may do made me kind of +like think they're enforced and kind of + + align:start position:0% +like think they're enforced and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like think they're enforced and kind of +do them anyway and that paper sort of + + align:start position:0% +do them anyway and that paper sort of + + + align:start position:0% +do them anyway and that paper sort of +says like a labeled cash transfer for an + + align:start position:0% +says like a labeled cash transfer for an + + + align:start position:0% +says like a labeled cash transfer for an +actual conditional cash transfer you may + + align:start position:0% +actual conditional cash transfer you may + + + align:start position:0% +actual conditional cash transfer you may +get a lot of the benefits just from the + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of the benefits just from the + + + align:start position:0% +get a lot of the benefits just from the +labeling without kind of this negative + + align:start position:0% +labeling without kind of this negative + + + align:start position:0% +labeling without kind of this negative +kind of cost + + align:start position:0% +kind of cost + + + align:start position:0% +kind of cost +um but but what do they do in any case + + align:start position:0% +um but but what do they do in any case + + + align:start position:0% +um but but what do they do in any case +so what do they find in this case so + + align:start position:0% +so what do they find in this case so + + + align:start position:0% +so what do they find in this case so +let's look at this so so what are some + + align:start position:0% +let's look at this so so what are some + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at this so so what are some +of the things I wanted to sort of note + + align:start position:0% +of the things I wanted to sort of note + + + align:start position:0% +of the things I wanted to sort of note +so the first is let's look at um actual + + align:start position:0% +so the first is let's look at um actual + + + align:start position:0% +so the first is let's look at um actual +kind of enroll so they condition on sort + + align:start position:0% +kind of enroll so they condition on sort + + + align:start position:0% +kind of enroll so they condition on sort +of enrolling your kids at school + + align:start position:0% +of enrolling your kids at school + + + align:start position:0% +of enrolling your kids at school +let's they have these sort of + + align:start position:0% +let's they have these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +let's they have these sort of +self-reported enrollment but then they + + align:start position:0% +self-reported enrollment but then they + + + align:start position:0% +self-reported enrollment but then they +have teacher reported enrollment and + + align:start position:0% +have teacher reported enrollment and + + + align:start position:0% +have teacher reported enrollment and +they have some arguments in the paper + + align:start position:0% +they have some arguments in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +they have some arguments in the paper +that the teacher and teacher report + + align:start position:0% +that the teacher and teacher report + + + align:start position:0% +that the teacher and teacher report +enrollment is kind of the better one + + align:start position:0% +enrollment is kind of the better one + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment is kind of the better one +so lo and behold like you know the not + + align:start position:0% +so lo and behold like you know the not + + + align:start position:0% +so lo and behold like you know the not +super surprising the conditional cash + + align:start position:0% +super surprising the conditional cash + + + align:start position:0% +super surprising the conditional cash +treatment which is incentivizing people + + align:start position:0% +treatment which is incentivizing people + + + align:start position:0% +treatment which is incentivizing people +to go to school results in more kids + + align:start position:0% +to go to school results in more kids + + + align:start position:0% +to go to school results in more kids +going to school + + align:start position:0% +going to school + + + align:start position:0% +going to school +okay so that's that's that + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's that +uh and you can see it kind of for you + + align:start position:0% +uh and you can see it kind of for you + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you can see it kind of for you +know three years whatever + + align:start position:0% +know three years whatever + + + align:start position:0% +know three years whatever +um and you know that's those things are + + align:start position:0% +um and you know that's those things are + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know that's those things are +uh statistically definitely different in + + align:start position:0% +uh statistically definitely different in + + + align:start position:0% +uh statistically definitely different in +most of the specifications + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and they do better on their test + + align:start position:0% +um and they do better on their test + + + align:start position:0% +um and they do better on their test +scores okay + + align:start position:0% +scores okay + + + align:start position:0% +scores okay +um fine so so it seems like it works in + + align:start position:0% +um fine so so it seems like it works in + + + align:start position:0% +um fine so so it seems like it works in +terms the conditionality is important + + align:start position:0% +terms the conditionality is important + + + align:start position:0% +terms the conditionality is important +for the incentivized behaviors + + align:start position:0% +for the incentivized behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +for the incentivized behaviors +on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand +they also then look at + + align:start position:0% +they also then look at + + + align:start position:0% +they also then look at +um at sort of uh you know early marriage + + align:start position:0% +um at sort of uh you know early marriage + + + align:start position:0% +um at sort of uh you know early marriage +basically as another outcome + + align:start position:0% +basically as another outcome + + + align:start position:0% +basically as another outcome +so early marriage for girl particularly + + align:start position:0% +so early marriage for girl particularly + + + align:start position:0% +so early marriage for girl particularly +I think for girls in the households and + + align:start position:0% +I think for girls in the households and + + + align:start position:0% +I think for girls in the households and +early marriage is not incentivized + + align:start position:0% +early marriage is not incentivized + + + align:start position:0% +early marriage is not incentivized +outcome but it's something that you + + align:start position:0% +outcome but it's something that you + + + align:start position:0% +outcome but it's something that you +might think that + + align:start position:0% +might think that + + + align:start position:0% +might think that +um you know preventing early marriage + + align:start position:0% +um you know preventing early marriage + + + align:start position:0% +um you know preventing early marriage +might be something that the government + + align:start position:0% +might be something that the government + + + align:start position:0% +might be something that the government +might care about in this context even + + align:start position:0% +might care about in this context even + + + align:start position:0% +might care about in this context even +though they're not incentivizing it + + align:start position:0% +though they're not incentivizing it + + + align:start position:0% +though they're not incentivizing it +and what they find is that actually the + + align:start position:0% +and what they find is that actually the + + + align:start position:0% +and what they find is that actually the +fraction sort of were you know ever + + align:start position:0% +fraction sort of were you know ever + + + align:start position:0% +fraction sort of were you know ever +married in this period uh is is actually + + align:start position:0% +married in this period uh is is actually + + + align:start position:0% +married in this period uh is is actually +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +in the unconditional treatment than in + + align:start position:0% +in the unconditional treatment than in + + + align:start position:0% +in the unconditional treatment than in +the conditional treatment so both of + + align:start position:0% +the conditional treatment so both of + + + align:start position:0% +the conditional treatment so both of +these treatments lower early marriage + + align:start position:0% +these treatments lower early marriage + + + align:start position:0% +these treatments lower early marriage +compared to the control but it's larger + + align:start position:0% +compared to the control but it's larger + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the control but it's larger +in the unconditional treatment + + align:start position:0% +in the unconditional treatment + + + align:start position:0% +in the unconditional treatment +and what they argue it's going on you + + align:start position:0% +and what they argue it's going on you + + + align:start position:0% +and what they argue it's going on you +kind of see it here which is + + align:start position:0% +kind of see it here which is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of see it here which is +if you look among those who are not + + align:start position:0% +if you look among those who are not + + + align:start position:0% +if you look among those who are not +enrolled in school + + align:start position:0% +enrolled in school + + + align:start position:0% +enrolled in school +okay you know the + + align:start position:0% +okay you know the + + + align:start position:0% +okay you know the +so these are the people who are who + + align:start position:0% +so these are the people who are who + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the people who are who +would be + + align:start position:0% +would be + + + align:start position:0% +would be +not getting the con these are endogenous + + align:start position:0% +not getting the con these are endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +not getting the con these are endogenous +groups right so there's there's fewer + + align:start position:0% +groups right so there's there's fewer + + + align:start position:0% +groups right so there's there's fewer +people not enrolled in school in the + + align:start position:0% +people not enrolled in school in the + + + align:start position:0% +people not enrolled in school in the +conditional treatment than in the + + align:start position:0% +conditional treatment than in the + + + align:start position:0% +conditional treatment than in the +unconditional treatment right this is + + align:start position:0% +unconditional treatment right this is + + + align:start position:0% +unconditional treatment right this is +the share of the group so that's not + + align:start position:0% +the share of the group so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +the share of the group so that's not +surprising that's the condition that we + + align:start position:0% +surprising that's the condition that we + + + align:start position:0% +surprising that's the condition that we +just saw right that the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +just saw right that the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +just saw right that the sort of the +unconditional treatment + + align:start position:0% +unconditional treatment + + + align:start position:0% +unconditional treatment +uh the conditional treatment reduces the + + align:start position:0% +uh the conditional treatment reduces the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the conditional treatment reduces the +number of people enrolled in school + + align:start position:0% +number of people enrolled in school + + + align:start position:0% +number of people enrolled in school +who are not enrolled sorry + + align:start position:0% +who are not enrolled sorry + + + align:start position:0% +who are not enrolled sorry +but there's a big effect of the program + + align:start position:0% +but there's a big effect of the program + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a big effect of the program +on early marriage for the not enrolled + + align:start position:0% +on early marriage for the not enrolled + + + align:start position:0% +on early marriage for the not enrolled +group in the unconditional group but not + + align:start position:0% +group in the unconditional group but not + + + align:start position:0% +group in the unconditional group but not +in the uh conditional group and why is + + align:start position:0% +in the uh conditional group and why is + + + align:start position:0% +in the uh conditional group and why is +that because these people over here + + align:start position:0% +that because these people over here + + + align:start position:0% +that because these people over here +don't get the transfer + + align:start position:0% +don't get the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +don't get the transfer +okay if this is not this cross tab here + + align:start position:0% +okay if this is not this cross tab here + + + align:start position:0% +okay if this is not this cross tab here +is not super clean because this is kind + + align:start position:0% +is not super clean because this is kind + + + align:start position:0% +is not super clean because this is kind +of an endogenous variable there could be + + align:start position:0% +of an endogenous variable there could be + + + align:start position:0% +of an endogenous variable there could be +sample session here but I think that + + align:start position:0% +sample session here but I think that + + + align:start position:0% +sample session here but I think that +that this is a pretty natural + + align:start position:0% +that this is a pretty natural + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a pretty natural +explanation for but these effects are + + align:start position:0% +explanation for but these effects are + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for but these effects are +sort of well identified and this is a + + align:start position:0% +sort of well identified and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of well identified and this is a +pretty natural explanation for kind of + + align:start position:0% +pretty natural explanation for kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pretty natural explanation for kind of +what's going on over here + + align:start position:0% +what's going on over here + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on over here +right so basically what happens is + + align:start position:0% +right so basically what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +right so basically what happens is +there's I think the way to think about + + align:start position:0% +there's I think the way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +there's I think the way to think about +it is there's a bunch of kids right some + + align:start position:0% +it is there's a bunch of kids right some + + + align:start position:0% +it is there's a bunch of kids right some +of them are on the margin for going to + + align:start position:0% +of them are on the margin for going to + + + align:start position:0% +of them are on the margin for going to +school or not and they you know don't + + align:start position:0% +school or not and they you know don't + + + align:start position:0% +school or not and they you know don't +some of the in the conditional treatment + + align:start position:0% +some of the in the conditional treatment + + + align:start position:0% +some of the in the conditional treatment +some of them switch over here they don't + + align:start position:0% +some of them switch over here they don't + + + align:start position:0% +some of them switch over here they don't +go to school I mean they go to school + + align:start position:0% +go to school I mean they go to school + + + align:start position:0% +go to school I mean they go to school +right but there's another set of kids + + align:start position:0% +right but there's another set of kids + + + align:start position:0% +right but there's another set of kids +who are just not on the margin for going + + align:start position:0% +who are just not on the margin for going + + + align:start position:0% +who are just not on the margin for going +to school or not and for those kids the + + align:start position:0% +to school or not and for those kids the + + + align:start position:0% +to school or not and for those kids the +income effect could be really important + + align:start position:0% +income effect could be really important + + + align:start position:0% +income effect could be really important +and you're taking away the income effect + + align:start position:0% +and you're taking away the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +and you're taking away the income effect +for the kids who are um who are who are + + align:start position:0% +for the kids who are um who are who are + + + align:start position:0% +for the kids who are um who are who are +not enrolled + + align:start position:0% +not enrolled + + + align:start position:0% +not enrolled +uh in in a conditional treatment and so + + align:start position:0% +uh in in a conditional treatment and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in a conditional treatment and so +um this um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh basically sort of analyzes this I + + align:start position:0% +uh basically sort of analyzes this I + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically sort of analyzes this I +think a little more + + align:start position:0% +think a little more + + + align:start position:0% +think a little more +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh you know showing you sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh you know showing you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know showing you sort of +basically showing you the same thing + + align:start position:0% +basically showing you the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +basically showing you the same thing +kind of entails actually maybe not I + + align:start position:0% +kind of entails actually maybe not I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of entails actually maybe not I +don't need to go through that but this + + align:start position:0% +don't need to go through that but this + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to go through that but this +is kind of the key Insight yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unconditional yeah it affects a larger + + align:start position:0% +unconditional yeah it affects a larger + + + align:start position:0% +unconditional yeah it affects a larger +number of people + + align:start position:0% +number of people + + + align:start position:0% +number of people +foreign + + align:start position:0% +foreign + + + align:start position:0% +foreign +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +are we comparing and is the treatment + + align:start position:0% +are we comparing and is the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +are we comparing and is the treatment +the same it's more expensive you're + + align:start position:0% +the same it's more expensive you're + + + align:start position:0% +the same it's more expensive you're +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because you you write in the conditional + + align:start position:0% +because you you write in the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +because you you write in the conditional +treatment you don't pay the the trans I + + align:start position:0% +treatment you don't pay the the trans I + + + align:start position:0% +treatment you don't pay the the trans I +mean it is actually actually there's two + + align:start position:0% +mean it is actually actually there's two + + + align:start position:0% +mean it is actually actually there's two +different effects number one is in + + align:start position:0% +different effects number one is in + + + align:start position:0% +different effects number one is in +practice actually monitoring all the + + align:start position:0% +practice actually monitoring all the + + + align:start position:0% +practice actually monitoring all the +conditions is actually not not free so + + align:start position:0% +conditions is actually not not free so + + + align:start position:0% +conditions is actually not not free so +you do get a cost savings over here from + + align:start position:0% +you do get a cost savings over here from + + + align:start position:0% +you do get a cost savings over here from +not having to actually go and do all + + align:start position:0% +not having to actually go and do all + + + align:start position:0% +not having to actually go and do all +that monitoring or whatever so that's + + align:start position:0% +that monitoring or whatever so that's + + + align:start position:0% +that monitoring or whatever so that's +one point but on the other hand you're + + align:start position:0% +one point but on the other hand you're + + + align:start position:0% +one point but on the other hand you're +right you are saving you know quote + + align:start position:0% +right you are saving you know quote + + + align:start position:0% +right you are saving you know quote +saving unquote you're not paying the + + align:start position:0% +saving unquote you're not paying the + + + align:start position:0% +saving unquote you're not paying the +cost of um of those transfers for the + + align:start position:0% +cost of um of those transfers for the + + + align:start position:0% +cost of um of those transfers for the +people that are getting cut off which is + + align:start position:0% +people that are getting cut off which is + + + align:start position:0% +people that are getting cut off which is +you know 30 of the sample over here so + + align:start position:0% +you know 30 of the sample over here so + + + align:start position:0% +you know 30 of the sample over here so +you're right that the transfers you're + + align:start position:0% +you're right that the transfers you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're right that the transfers you're +giving out are are uh you know whatever + + align:start position:0% +giving out are are uh you know whatever + + + align:start position:0% +giving out are are uh you know whatever +um here you're only giving out 70 of the + + align:start position:0% +um here you're only giving out 70 of the + + + align:start position:0% +um here you're only giving out 70 of the +cash compared to what you're doing out + + align:start position:0% +cash compared to what you're doing out + + + align:start position:0% +cash compared to what you're doing out +here so you're right it's probably going + + align:start position:0% +here so you're right it's probably going + + + align:start position:0% +here so you're right it's probably going +to try a bit cheaper in that sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I suspect these differences + + align:start position:0% +um I suspect these differences + + + align:start position:0% +um I suspect these differences +officially start that maybe that's not + + align:start position:0% +officially start that maybe that's not + + + align:start position:0% +officially start that maybe that's not +gonna + + align:start position:0% +gonna + + + align:start position:0% +gonna +do it but but it's a fair point + + align:start position:0% +do it but but it's a fair point + + + align:start position:0% +do it but but it's a fair point +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +okay so you know I think that was sort + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know I think that was sort + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you know I think that was sort +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I just want to sort of mention that I + + align:start position:0% +I just want to sort of mention that I + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to sort of mention that I +sort of you know everyone always thinks + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know everyone always thinks + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know everyone always thinks +that these conditions that the + + align:start position:0% +that these conditions that the + + + align:start position:0% +that these conditions that the +conditions are good but it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +conditions are good but it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +conditions are good but it's sort of +worth keeping those in mind as well + + align:start position:0% +worth keeping those in mind as well + + + align:start position:0% +worth keeping those in mind as well +I'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna +I sort of wanted to sort of just put + + align:start position:0% +I sort of wanted to sort of just put + + + align:start position:0% +I sort of wanted to sort of just put +that out there as sort of a a pointer + + align:start position:0% +that out there as sort of a a pointer + + + align:start position:0% +that out there as sort of a a pointer +almost those two papers almost as a + + align:start position:0% +almost those two papers almost as a + + + align:start position:0% +almost those two papers almost as a +pointer to kind of a whole literature + + align:start position:0% +pointer to kind of a whole literature + + + align:start position:0% +pointer to kind of a whole literature +which is which I don't have the sort of + + align:start position:0% +which is which I don't have the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +which is which I don't have the sort of +bandwidth here to sort of go through uh + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth here to sort of go through uh + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth here to sort of go through uh +in detail but understanding kind of the + + align:start position:0% +in detail but understanding kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +in detail but understanding kind of the +design as countries are doing more of + + align:start position:0% +design as countries are doing more of + + + align:start position:0% +design as countries are doing more of +these transfer schemes and + + align:start position:0% +these transfer schemes and + + + align:start position:0% +these transfer schemes and +redistribution schemes understanding the + + align:start position:0% +redistribution schemes understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +redistribution schemes understanding the +design questions involved in doing that + + align:start position:0% +design questions involved in doing that + + + align:start position:0% +design questions involved in doing that +properly is kind of a really expanding + + align:start position:0% +properly is kind of a really expanding + + + align:start position:0% +properly is kind of a really expanding +area that people are thinking through so + + align:start position:0% +area that people are thinking through so + + + align:start position:0% +area that people are thinking through so +for example + + align:start position:0% +for example + + + align:start position:0% +for example +um you know some recent work we have a + + align:start position:0% +um you know some recent work we have a + + + align:start position:0% +um you know some recent work we have a +paper on like how do you actually + + align:start position:0% +paper on like how do you actually + + + align:start position:0% +paper on like how do you actually +deliver the transfers effectively and + + align:start position:0% +deliver the transfers effectively and + + + align:start position:0% +deliver the transfers effectively and +does transparency + + align:start position:0% +does transparency + + + align:start position:0% +does transparency +um you know uh uh you know and give + + align:start position:0% +um you know uh uh you know and give + + + align:start position:0% +um you know uh uh you know and give +people information about kind of what + + align:start position:0% +people information about kind of what + + + align:start position:0% +people information about kind of what +their rights are matter you know one of + + align:start position:0% +their rights are matter you know one of + + + align:start position:0% +their rights are matter you know one of +our recent paper says yes on this how + + align:start position:0% +our recent paper says yes on this how + + + align:start position:0% +our recent paper says yes on this how +about technology and reducing corruption + + align:start position:0% +about technology and reducing corruption + + + align:start position:0% +about technology and reducing corruption +there's a lot of interest in sort of + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of interest in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of interest in sort of +under what is the sort of underlying + + align:start position:0% +under what is the sort of underlying + + + align:start position:0% +under what is the sort of underlying +technological infrastructure of these + + align:start position:0% +technological infrastructure of these + + + align:start position:0% +technological infrastructure of these +programs + + align:start position:0% +programs + + + align:start position:0% +programs +um you know smart cars biometric + + align:start position:0% +um you know smart cars biometric + + + align:start position:0% +um you know smart cars biometric +authentication digital payments all that + + align:start position:0% +authentication digital payments all that + + + align:start position:0% +authentication digital payments all that +stuff is sort of kind of entering and + + align:start position:0% +stuff is sort of kind of entering and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff is sort of kind of entering and +sort of understanding that has been a + + align:start position:0% +sort of understanding that has been a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of understanding that has been a +really active area of research in the + + align:start position:0% +really active area of research in the + + + align:start position:0% +really active area of research in the +last kind of five years or so + + align:start position:0% +last kind of five years or so + + + align:start position:0% +last kind of five years or so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and actually even just sort of changing + + align:start position:0% +and actually even just sort of changing + + + align:start position:0% +and actually even just sort of changing +the back end this the like the kind of + + align:start position:0% +the back end this the like the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the back end this the like the kind of +the the nitty-gritty of kind of how the + + align:start position:0% +the the nitty-gritty of kind of how the + + + align:start position:0% +the the nitty-gritty of kind of how the +government to design you know reimburses + + align:start position:0% +government to design you know reimburses + + + align:start position:0% +government to design you know reimburses +itself for these programs can be really + + align:start position:0% +itself for these programs can be really + + + align:start position:0% +itself for these programs can be really +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +um there's some papers on on plaque we + + align:start position:0% +um there's some papers on on plaque we + + + align:start position:0% +um there's some papers on on plaque we +have a paper on kind of government + + align:start position:0% +have a paper on kind of government + + + align:start position:0% +have a paper on kind of government +versus private distribution of this + + align:start position:0% +versus private distribution of this + + + align:start position:0% +versus private distribution of this +there's some work on how do you get + + align:start position:0% +there's some work on how do you get + + + align:start position:0% +there's some work on how do you get +people enrolled there's questions about + + align:start position:0% +people enrolled there's questions about + + + align:start position:0% +people enrolled there's questions about +more stuff on the sort of cash versus + + align:start position:0% +more stuff on the sort of cash versus + + + align:start position:0% +more stuff on the sort of cash versus +kind + + align:start position:0% +kind + + + align:start position:0% +kind +um should you have transfers be lumpy + + align:start position:0% +um should you have transfers be lumpy + + + align:start position:0% +um should you have transfers be lumpy +should they be sort of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +should they be sort of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +should they be sort of uh you know +should they be + + align:start position:0% +should they be + + + align:start position:0% +should they be +um uh a series of big lump sum or a + + align:start position:0% +um uh a series of big lump sum or a + + + align:start position:0% +um uh a series of big lump sum or a +small series of payments Etc et cetera + + align:start position:0% +small series of payments Etc et cetera + + + align:start position:0% +small series of payments Etc et cetera +there's sort of a number of questions + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of a number of questions + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of a number of questions +that people are actually + + align:start position:0% +that people are actually + + + align:start position:0% +that people are actually +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um working uh studying here I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +um working uh studying here I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +um working uh studying here I'm actually +in the middle of sort of writing a a lit + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of sort of writing a a lit + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of sort of writing a a lit +review on this with with uh with several + + align:start position:0% +review on this with with uh with several + + + align:start position:0% +review on this with with uh with several +co-authors + + align:start position:0% +co-authors + + + align:start position:0% +co-authors +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that if you're interested in this I + + align:start position:0% +that if you're interested in this I + + + align:start position:0% +that if you're interested in this I +think this is a really active area but + + align:start position:0% +think this is a really active area but + + + align:start position:0% +think this is a really active area but +there's also sort of a lot going on and + + align:start position:0% +there's also sort of a lot going on and + + + align:start position:0% +there's also sort of a lot going on and +so it's worth sort of making sure you + + align:start position:0% +so it's worth sort of making sure you + + + align:start position:0% +so it's worth sort of making sure you +get up to speed if you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +get up to speed if you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +get up to speed if you're interested in +these topics but there's a lot of active + + align:start position:0% +these topics but there's a lot of active + + + align:start position:0% +these topics but there's a lot of active +research on this + + align:start position:0% +research on this + + + align:start position:0% +research on this +okay any last questions before I switch + + align:start position:0% +okay any last questions before I switch + + + align:start position:0% +okay any last questions before I switch +gears + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and uh and you know it's generally oh + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and you know it's generally oh + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and you know it's generally oh +sorry and one last thing + + align:start position:0% +sorry and one last thing + + + align:start position:0% +sorry and one last thing +I think + + align:start position:0% +I think + + + align:start position:0% +I think +a lot of sort of low and middle lower + + align:start position:0% +a lot of sort of low and middle lower + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of sort of low and middle lower +and middle income countries now it's + + align:start position:0% +and middle income countries now it's + + + align:start position:0% +and middle income countries now it's +kind of the poorest countries in the + + align:start position:0% +kind of the poorest countries in the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the poorest countries in the +world but kind of low middle income + + align:start position:0% +world but kind of low middle income + + + align:start position:0% +world but kind of low middle income +countries + + align:start position:0% +countries + + + align:start position:0% +countries +are starting to think about social + + align:start position:0% +are starting to think about social + + + align:start position:0% +are starting to think about social +insurance programs now like how do we + + align:start position:0% +insurance programs now like how do we + + + align:start position:0% +insurance programs now like how do we +provide health insurance disability + + align:start position:0% +provide health insurance disability + + + align:start position:0% +provide health insurance disability +insurance + + align:start position:0% +insurance + + + align:start position:0% +insurance +um whether Insurance crop insurance like + + align:start position:0% +um whether Insurance crop insurance like + + + align:start position:0% +um whether Insurance crop insurance like +those kinds of in you know um those + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of in you know um those + + + align:start position:0% +those kinds of in you know um those +kinds of schemes and + + align:start position:0% +kinds of schemes and + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of schemes and +I suspect and there's just beginning to + + align:start position:0% +I suspect and there's just beginning to + + + align:start position:0% +I suspect and there's just beginning to +be some research on that and I suspect + + align:start position:0% +be some research on that and I suspect + + + align:start position:0% +be some research on that and I suspect +that's kind of an important kind of next + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of an important kind of next + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of an important kind of next +Frontier of sort of how do we understand + + align:start position:0% +Frontier of sort of how do we understand + + + align:start position:0% +Frontier of sort of how do we understand +those challenges in kind of these low + + align:start position:0% +those challenges in kind of these low + + + align:start position:0% +those challenges in kind of these low +information and low governance kind of + + align:start position:0% +information and low governance kind of + + + align:start position:0% +information and low governance kind of +environments I think that's a I just + + align:start position:0% +environments I think that's a I just + + + align:start position:0% +environments I think that's a I just +wanted to mention that as sort of an + + align:start position:0% +wanted to mention that as sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to mention that as sort of an +important kind of next Frontier future + + align:start position:0% +important kind of next Frontier future + + + align:start position:0% +important kind of next Frontier future +research + + align:start position:0% +research + + + align:start position:0% +research +okay any last questions why before I + + align:start position:0% +okay any last questions why before I + + + align:start position:0% +okay any last questions why before I +switch gears + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no okay yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm sorry I'm sorry um how should we + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry I'm sorry um how should we + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry I'm sorry um how should we +compare these kind of spending with that + + align:start position:0% +compare these kind of spending with that + + + align:start position:0% +compare these kind of spending with that +infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure +is that possible or do we know anything + + align:start position:0% +is that possible or do we know anything + + + align:start position:0% +is that possible or do we know anything +about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe it comes off marginal value of + + align:start position:0% +maybe it comes off marginal value of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it comes off marginal value of +public well that's exactly what I was + + align:start position:0% +public well that's exactly what I was + + + align:start position:0% +public well that's exactly what I was +going to say yes exactly I was trying to + + align:start position:0% +going to say yes exactly I was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +going to say yes exactly I was trying to +sort of like say well yes you can + + align:start position:0% +sort of like say well yes you can + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like say well yes you can +compute the mvpf of all these things and + + align:start position:0% +compute the mvpf of all these things and + + + align:start position:0% +compute the mvpf of all these things and +try to sort of think them through that's + + align:start position:0% +try to sort of think them through that's + + + align:start position:0% +try to sort of think them through that's +not a that I think that the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so that's what I was going to say yes + + align:start position:0% +um so that's what I was going to say yes + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's what I was going to say yes +you just sort of figure out a welfare + + align:start position:0% +you just sort of figure out a welfare + + + align:start position:0% +you just sort of figure out a welfare +frame so two points the first is you + + align:start position:0% +frame so two points the first is you + + + align:start position:0% +frame so two points the first is you +need sort of a an augmented so okay so + + align:start position:0% +need sort of a an augmented so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +need sort of a an augmented so okay so +this is for those of you who've seen + + align:start position:0% +this is for those of you who've seen + + + align:start position:0% +this is for those of you who've seen +kind of Taken Public Finance you've + + align:start position:0% +kind of Taken Public Finance you've + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Taken Public Finance you've +probably talked about the marginal value + + align:start position:0% +probably talked about the marginal value + + + align:start position:0% +probably talked about the marginal value +of public funds it's sort of a framework + + align:start position:0% +of public funds it's sort of a framework + + + align:start position:0% +of public funds it's sort of a framework +for sort of just thinking about you know + + align:start position:0% +for sort of just thinking about you know + + + align:start position:0% +for sort of just thinking about you know +what is the marginal benefit of the of a + + align:start position:0% +what is the marginal benefit of the of a + + + align:start position:0% +what is the marginal benefit of the of a +marginal benefit of a dollar of + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of a dollar of + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit of a dollar of +government spending relative to the net + + align:start position:0% +government spending relative to the net + + + align:start position:0% +government spending relative to the net +cost of the government where you where + + align:start position:0% +cost of the government where you where + + + align:start position:0% +cost of the government where you where +the net cost takes into account the + + align:start position:0% +the net cost takes into account the + + + align:start position:0% +the net cost takes into account the +effect of the spending on future + + align:start position:0% +effect of the spending on future + + + align:start position:0% +effect of the spending on future +government revenue so it's sort of what + + align:start position:0% +government revenue so it's sort of what + + + align:start position:0% +government revenue so it's sort of what +is that's kind of the rough or another + + align:start position:0% +is that's kind of the rough or another + + + align:start position:0% +is that's kind of the rough or another +way of saying it is it's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +way of saying it is it's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +way of saying it is it's kind of like +what is the recipient's willingness to + + align:start position:0% +what is the recipient's willingness to + + + align:start position:0% +what is the recipient's willingness to +pay for whatever you're providing + + align:start position:0% +pay for whatever you're providing + + + align:start position:0% +pay for whatever you're providing +relative to the net cost to the + + align:start position:0% +relative to the net cost to the + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the net cost to the +government where the net cost takes into + + align:start position:0% +government where the net cost takes into + + + align:start position:0% +government where the net cost takes into +account effects and future government + + align:start position:0% +account effects and future government + + + align:start position:0% +account effects and future government +revenue so some of this stuff actually + + align:start position:0% +revenue so some of this stuff actually + + + align:start position:0% +revenue so some of this stuff actually +looks free like has infinite mvpfs it + + align:start position:0% +looks free like has infinite mvpfs it + + + align:start position:0% +looks free like has infinite mvpfs it +basically like the net cost of the + + align:start position:0% +basically like the net cost of the + + + align:start position:0% +basically like the net cost of the +government is zero because it like you + + align:start position:0% +government is zero because it like you + + + align:start position:0% +government is zero because it like you +know it increases people's future kind + + align:start position:0% +know it increases people's future kind + + + align:start position:0% +know it increases people's future kind +of earnings so much they pay more taxes + + align:start position:0% +of earnings so much they pay more taxes + + + align:start position:0% +of earnings so much they pay more taxes +and so on and so forth in principle + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth in principle + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth in principle +those approaches allow you to compare + + align:start position:0% +those approaches allow you to compare + + + align:start position:0% +those approaches allow you to compare +everything to everything else + + align:start position:0% +everything to everything else + + + align:start position:0% +everything to everything else +the problem is you have to actually + + align:start position:0% +the problem is you have to actually + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is you have to actually +estimate + + align:start position:0% +estimate + + + align:start position:0% +estimate +these are the true things number one you + + align:start position:0% +these are the true things number one you + + + align:start position:0% +these are the true things number one you +have to estimate kind of the the what + + align:start position:0% +have to estimate kind of the the what + + + align:start position:0% +have to estimate kind of the the what +are the what are the gains uh or what + + align:start position:0% +are the what are the gains uh or what + + + align:start position:0% +are the what are the gains uh or what +are the willingness what is kind of the + + align:start position:0% +are the willingness what is kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +are the willingness what is kind of the +willingness to pay in some real sense + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay in some real sense + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay in some real sense +and what and what are the real costs + + align:start position:0% +and what and what are the real costs + + + align:start position:0% +and what and what are the real costs +that's hard to do for some of these + + align:start position:0% +that's hard to do for some of these + + + align:start position:0% +that's hard to do for some of these +programs + + align:start position:0% +programs + + + align:start position:0% +programs +um particularly some of the + + align:start position:0% +um particularly some of the + + + align:start position:0% +um particularly some of the +infrastructure programs the other point + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure programs the other point + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure programs the other point +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +though you also need to sort of augment + + align:start position:0% +though you also need to sort of augment + + + align:start position:0% +though you also need to sort of augment +that approach to make sure it has + + align:start position:0% +that approach to make sure it has + + + align:start position:0% +that approach to make sure it has +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh takes into account redistribution + + align:start position:0% +uh takes into account redistribution + + + align:start position:0% +uh takes into account redistribution +effects so the Baseline the Baseline + + align:start position:0% +effects so the Baseline the Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +effects so the Baseline the Baseline +mvpf takes up like it considers like a + + align:start position:0% +mvpf takes up like it considers like a + + + align:start position:0% +mvpf takes up like it considers like a +dollar it's a dollar for everybody but + + align:start position:0% +dollar it's a dollar for everybody but + + + align:start position:0% +dollar it's a dollar for everybody but +if programs are fundamentally about + + align:start position:0% +if programs are fundamentally about + + + align:start position:0% +if programs are fundamentally about +redistribution you got to sort of take + + align:start position:0% +redistribution you got to sort of take + + + align:start position:0% +redistribution you got to sort of take +into account the fact that like + + align:start position:0% +into account the fact that like + + + align:start position:0% +into account the fact that like +giving a dollar from a poor person is + + align:start position:0% +giving a dollar from a poor person is + + + align:start position:0% +giving a dollar from a poor person is +more valuable than a dog or a rich + + align:start position:0% +more valuable than a dog or a rich + + + align:start position:0% +more valuable than a dog or a rich +person because of concave utility and + + align:start position:0% +person because of concave utility and + + + align:start position:0% +person because of concave utility and +you got to sort of include that kind of + + align:start position:0% +you got to sort of include that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you got to sort of include that kind of +in the welfare calculation somehow so + + align:start position:0% +in the welfare calculation somehow so + + + align:start position:0% +in the welfare calculation somehow so +the short the long and short of it is + + align:start position:0% +the short the long and short of it is + + + align:start position:0% +the short the long and short of it is +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +you can do it what you need to do is + + align:start position:0% +you can do it what you need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +you can do it what you need to do is +kind of a careful kind of cost benefit + + align:start position:0% +kind of a careful kind of cost benefit + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a careful kind of cost benefit +analysis or a careful marginal value + + align:start position:0% +analysis or a careful marginal value + + + align:start position:0% +analysis or a careful marginal value +public funds there's a bunch of inputs + + align:start position:0% +public funds there's a bunch of inputs + + + align:start position:0% +public funds there's a bunch of inputs +you need to sort of do that + + align:start position:0% +you need to sort of do that + + + align:start position:0% +you need to sort of do that +but you kind of want to think of net + + align:start position:0% +but you kind of want to think of net + + + align:start position:0% +but you kind of want to think of net +what is the net social return relative + + align:start position:0% +what is the net social return relative + + + align:start position:0% +what is the net social return relative +to the net social cost of the government + + align:start position:0% +to the net social cost of the government + + + align:start position:0% +to the net social cost of the government +taking you know weighted by some + + align:start position:0% +taking you know weighted by some + + + align:start position:0% +taking you know weighted by some +redistribution metrics roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay other questions + + align:start position:0% +okay other questions + + + align:start position:0% +okay other questions +and there's a there's a you know there's + + align:start position:0% +and there's a there's a you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a there's a you know there's +a there's a uh hendred and sprung Kaiser + + align:start position:0% +a there's a uh hendred and sprung Kaiser + + + align:start position:0% +a there's a uh hendred and sprung Kaiser +paper on so the marginal value of public + + align:start position:0% +paper on so the marginal value of public + + + align:start position:0% +paper on so the marginal value of public +funds and the qje like I think last year + + align:start position:0% +funds and the qje like I think last year + + + align:start position:0% +funds and the qje like I think last year +which sort of goes through some of this + + align:start position:0% +which sort of goes through some of this + + + align:start position:0% +which sort of goes through some of this +in a fair amount of detail of how do you + + align:start position:0% +in a fair amount of detail of how do you + + + align:start position:0% +in a fair amount of detail of how do you +think about that I don't think it talks + + align:start position:0% +think about that I don't think it talks + + + align:start position:0% +think about that I don't think it talks +about the redistribution component a bit + + align:start position:0% +about the redistribution component a bit + + + align:start position:0% +about the redistribution component a bit +as much but I think it's probably it's + + align:start position:0% +as much but I think it's probably it's + + + align:start position:0% +as much but I think it's probably it's +probably in there somewhere and also you + + align:start position:0% +probably in there somewhere and also you + + + align:start position:0% +probably in there somewhere and also you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +when our when our review paper is out + + align:start position:0% +when our when our review paper is out + + + align:start position:0% +when our when our review paper is out +it'll also talk about that too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +other questions yeah + + align:start position:0% +other questions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +other questions yeah +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +I don't think it's been very well + + align:start position:0% +I don't think it's been very well + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think it's been very well +calculated for most of these programs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people have I think that you know I + + align:start position:0% +people have I think that you know I + + + align:start position:0% +people have I think that you know I +think it's a great question I don't + + align:start position:0% +think it's a great question I don't + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a great question I don't +think people have calculated for a lot + + align:start position:0% +think people have calculated for a lot + + + align:start position:0% +think people have calculated for a lot +of these programs + + align:start position:0% +of these programs + + + align:start position:0% +of these programs +the other thing I'll also say is that + + align:start position:0% +the other thing I'll also say is that + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing I'll also say is that +you know the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah let me just leave it at that + + align:start position:0% +yeah let me just leave it at that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah let me just leave it at that +um but yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a lot of interest in some so + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of interest in some so + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of interest in some so +there's starting to be some long-run + + align:start position:0% +there's starting to be some long-run + + + align:start position:0% +there's starting to be some long-run +evaluations of some of these programs + + align:start position:0% +evaluations of some of these programs + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations of some of these programs +which are starting to sort of say what + + align:start position:0% +which are starting to sort of say what + + + align:start position:0% +which are starting to sort of say what +happens to these programs you know to + + align:start position:0% +happens to these programs you know to + + + align:start position:0% +happens to these programs you know to +people 10 20 years later to sort of see + + align:start position:0% +people 10 20 years later to sort of see + + + align:start position:0% +people 10 20 years later to sort of see +is it actually are they entering the + + align:start position:0% +is it actually are they entering the + + + align:start position:0% +is it actually are they entering the +workforce can we actually sort of you + + align:start position:0% +workforce can we actually sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +workforce can we actually sort of you +know because one + + align:start position:0% +know because one + + + align:start position:0% +know because one +one of the questions is sort of what is + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions is sort of what is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions is sort of what is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +long run valuation long-run impacts on + + align:start position:0% +long run valuation long-run impacts on + + + align:start position:0% +long run valuation long-run impacts on +people's kind of willing ability to work + + align:start position:0% +people's kind of willing ability to work + + + align:start position:0% +people's kind of willing ability to work +and ultimately pay taxes and come all + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately pay taxes and come all + + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately pay taxes and come all +that stuff and are they in the tax net + + align:start position:0% +that stuff and are they in the tax net + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff and are they in the tax net +and I don't think that stuff has + + align:start position:0% +and I don't think that stuff has + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't think that stuff has +actually sort of been fully fully + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of been fully fully + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of been fully fully +thought through frankly I think there's + + align:start position:0% +thought through frankly I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +thought through frankly I think there's +a lot of interesting issues in doing so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know often for example + + align:start position:0% +you know often for example + + + align:start position:0% +you know often for example +um when I've seen some analysis like + + align:start position:0% +um when I've seen some analysis like + + + align:start position:0% +um when I've seen some analysis like +this they'll say well we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this they'll say well we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this they'll say well we're going to +look at some interim impact like they'll + + align:start position:0% +look at some interim impact like they'll + + + align:start position:0% +look at some interim impact like they'll +maybe do it with two stages they'll say + + align:start position:0% +maybe do it with two stages they'll say + + + align:start position:0% +maybe do it with two stages they'll say +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +you know there's an impact of this in + + align:start position:0% +you know there's an impact of this in + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's an impact of this in +going to school and then we'll take the + + align:start position:0% +going to school and then we'll take the + + + align:start position:0% +going to school and then we'll take the +schooling regression sort of apply to + + align:start position:0% +schooling regression sort of apply to + + + align:start position:0% +schooling regression sort of apply to +that and so we'll you know and we'll + + align:start position:0% +that and so we'll you know and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that and so we'll you know and we'll +back something out kind of that so you + + align:start position:0% +back something out kind of that so you + + + align:start position:0% +back something out kind of that so you +you know that's kind of some of the + + align:start position:0% +you know that's kind of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's kind of some of the +approaches people take but I think the + + align:start position:0% +approaches people take but I think the + + + align:start position:0% +approaches people take but I think the +sort of you know thinking about some of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know thinking about some of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know thinking about some of +this stuff kind of seriously would be + + align:start position:0% +this stuff kind of seriously would be + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff kind of seriously would be +would be interesting and maybe more work + + align:start position:0% +would be interesting and maybe more work + + + align:start position:0% +would be interesting and maybe more work +to be done there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +okay so the flip side the next part of + + align:start position:0% +okay so the flip side the next part of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the flip side the next part of +it is well how do we raise money to pay + + align:start position:0% +it is well how do we raise money to pay + + + align:start position:0% +it is well how do we raise money to pay +for all this and how do we think about + + align:start position:0% +for all this and how do we think about + + + align:start position:0% +for all this and how do we think about +kind of the challenges of the public + + align:start position:0% +kind of the challenges of the public + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the challenges of the public +sector in kind of a developing country + + align:start position:0% +sector in kind of a developing country + + + align:start position:0% +sector in kind of a developing country +context okay and + + align:start position:0% +context okay and + + + align:start position:0% +context okay and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +broadly speaking + + align:start position:0% +broadly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +broadly speaking +um so what am I going to talk about I'm + + align:start position:0% +um so what am I going to talk about I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um so what am I going to talk about I'm +going to talk about a bunch of things + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a bunch of things + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a bunch of things +first is I'm going to talk about like + + align:start position:0% +first is I'm going to talk about like + + + align:start position:0% +first is I'm going to talk about like +what's different about sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +what's different about sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +what's different about sort of the the +public sector the tax side of things in + + align:start position:0% +public sector the tax side of things in + + + align:start position:0% +public sector the tax side of things in +a developing country context and I'll + + align:start position:0% +a developing country context and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +a developing country context and I'll +talk about a couple different theories + + align:start position:0% +talk about a couple different theories + + + align:start position:0% +talk about a couple different theories +for for what's going on there + + align:start position:0% +for for what's going on there + + + align:start position:0% +for for what's going on there +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I'll then talk about I think two + + align:start position:0% +I'll then talk about I think two + + + align:start position:0% +I'll then talk about I think two +different ways of approaching the + + align:start position:0% +different ways of approaching the + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of approaching the +problem of tax enforcement so one of + + align:start position:0% +problem of tax enforcement so one of + + + align:start position:0% +problem of tax enforcement so one of +them and this is related to the paper + + align:start position:0% +them and this is related to the paper + + + align:start position:0% +them and this is related to the paper +you guys read for today about the vat + + align:start position:0% +you guys read for today about the vat + + + align:start position:0% +you guys read for today about the vat +essentially you can think of that as + + align:start position:0% +essentially you can think of that as + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you can think of that as +like through the tax structure are + + align:start position:0% +like through the tax structure are + + + align:start position:0% +like through the tax structure are +certain kinds of taxes or tax structures + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of taxes or tax structures + + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of taxes or tax structures +going to work better and kind of these + + align:start position:0% +going to work better and kind of these + + + align:start position:0% +going to work better and kind of these +low information environments + + align:start position:0% +low information environments + + + align:start position:0% +low information environments +and the second is tax administration are + + align:start position:0% +and the second is tax administration are + + + align:start position:0% +and the second is tax administration are +there certain things we do about the way + + align:start position:0% +there certain things we do about the way + + + align:start position:0% +there certain things we do about the way +we collect taxes that are going to be + + align:start position:0% +we collect taxes that are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +we collect taxes that are going to be +sort of different in kind of these + + align:start position:0% +sort of different in kind of these + + + align:start position:0% +sort of different in kind of these +development contexts + + align:start position:0% +development contexts + + + align:start position:0% +development contexts +uh and ultimately it sort of does this + + align:start position:0% +uh and ultimately it sort of does this + + + align:start position:0% +uh and ultimately it sort of does this +matter and and then I also want to talk + + align:start position:0% +matter and and then I also want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +matter and and then I also want to talk +briefly if I have time about something + + align:start position:0% +briefly if I have time about something + + + align:start position:0% +briefly if I have time about something +called informal Taxation and sort of + + align:start position:0% +called informal Taxation and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +called informal Taxation and sort of +what is which is I think the the like + + align:start position:0% +what is which is I think the the like + + + align:start position:0% +what is which is I think the the like +the the analog to like informal + + align:start position:0% +the the analog to like informal + + + align:start position:0% +the the analog to like informal +Insurance on sort of the tax side okay + + align:start position:0% +Insurance on sort of the tax side okay + + + align:start position:0% +Insurance on sort of the tax side okay +so that's kind of the outline + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of the outline + + + align:start position:0% +so that's kind of the outline +all right so just definitely back you + + align:start position:0% +all right so just definitely back you + + + align:start position:0% +all right so just definitely back you +know if you take a public finance class + + align:start position:0% +know if you take a public finance class + + + align:start position:0% +know if you take a public finance class +there's a vast literature on um on + + align:start position:0% +there's a vast literature on um on + + + align:start position:0% +there's a vast literature on um on +taxation issues uh incidents off + + align:start position:0% +taxation issues uh incidents off + + + align:start position:0% +taxation issues uh incidents off +multiple income tax Theory Capital + + align:start position:0% +multiple income tax Theory Capital + + + align:start position:0% +multiple income tax Theory Capital +taxation contractions and considerations + + align:start position:0% +taxation contractions and considerations + + + align:start position:0% +taxation contractions and considerations +and so on and so forth uh you take an + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth uh you take an + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth uh you take an +entire semester on on this stuff + + align:start position:0% +entire semester on on this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +entire semester on on this stuff +um I think you know by comparison + + align:start position:0% +um I think you know by comparison + + + align:start position:0% +um I think you know by comparison +understanding kind of how do we think + + align:start position:0% +understanding kind of how do we think + + + align:start position:0% +understanding kind of how do we think +about this stuff in a developing country + + align:start position:0% +about this stuff in a developing country + + + align:start position:0% +about this stuff in a developing country +context is we know relatively little we + + align:start position:0% +context is we know relatively little we + + + align:start position:0% +context is we know relatively little we +know a lot more than we did maybe even + + align:start position:0% +know a lot more than we did maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +know a lot more than we did maybe even +10 years ago when I first started + + align:start position:0% +10 years ago when I first started + + + align:start position:0% +10 years ago when I first started +teaching this class which is exciting + + align:start position:0% +teaching this class which is exciting + + + align:start position:0% +teaching this class which is exciting +and it's actually been a really active + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually been a really active + + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually been a really active +area of research which is kind of part + + align:start position:0% +area of research which is kind of part + + + align:start position:0% +area of research which is kind of part +of the reason I sort of want to mention + + align:start position:0% +of the reason I sort of want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +of the reason I sort of want to mention +it for people who are interested in + + align:start position:0% +it for people who are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +it for people who are interested in +development economics questions + + align:start position:0% +development economics questions + + + align:start position:0% +development economics questions +um and the other thing is I think what + + align:start position:0% +um and the other thing is I think what + + + align:start position:0% +um and the other thing is I think what +we know suggests that there's something + + align:start position:0% +we know suggests that there's something + + + align:start position:0% +we know suggests that there's something +that is is kind of very much a + + align:start position:0% +that is is kind of very much a + + + align:start position:0% +that is is kind of very much a +development economics kind of issue + + align:start position:0% +development economics kind of issue + + + align:start position:0% +development economics kind of issue +um thinking about some in the tax + + align:start position:0% +um thinking about some in the tax + + + align:start position:0% +um thinking about some in the tax +structure and I think there's two the + + align:start position:0% +structure and I think there's two the + + + align:start position:0% +structure and I think there's two the +first is and these things these are the + + align:start position:0% +first is and these things these are the + + + align:start position:0% +first is and these things these are the +same themes that I think came up in the + + align:start position:0% +same themes that I think came up in the + + + align:start position:0% +same themes that I think came up in the +in the stuff I talked about retribution + + align:start position:0% +in the stuff I talked about retribution + + + align:start position:0% +in the stuff I talked about retribution +so one issue is an information problem + + align:start position:0% +so one issue is an information problem + + + align:start position:0% +so one issue is an information problem +right in the same way we hit information + + align:start position:0% +right in the same way we hit information + + + align:start position:0% +right in the same way we hit information +challenges of identifying who's poor + + align:start position:0% +challenges of identifying who's poor + + + align:start position:0% +challenges of identifying who's poor +we also have information problems about + + align:start position:0% +we also have information problems about + + + align:start position:0% +we also have information problems about +figuring out how to tax and how much tax + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to tax and how much tax + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to tax and how much tax +people right so how do you Levy an + + align:start position:0% +people right so how do you Levy an + + + align:start position:0% +people right so how do you Levy an +income tax on subsistence Farmers for + + align:start position:0% +income tax on subsistence Farmers for + + + align:start position:0% +income tax on subsistence Farmers for +example like you know or even do you + + align:start position:0% +example like you know or even do you + + + align:start position:0% +example like you know or even do you +want to do that + + align:start position:0% +want to do that + + + align:start position:0% +want to do that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know how do you uh how do you tax + + align:start position:0% +you know how do you uh how do you tax + + + align:start position:0% +you know how do you uh how do you tax +labor in a in a place where you have a + + align:start position:0% +labor in a in a place where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +labor in a in a place where you have a +50 of the of the economy is kind of in + + align:start position:0% +50 of the of the economy is kind of in + + + align:start position:0% +50 of the of the economy is kind of in +the informal sector like how do you + + align:start position:0% +the informal sector like how do you + + + align:start position:0% +the informal sector like how do you +the government just has much less + + align:start position:0% +the government just has much less + + + align:start position:0% +the government just has much less +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +um about a lot of people and so how do + + align:start position:0% +um about a lot of people and so how do + + + align:start position:0% +um about a lot of people and so how do +you how do you deal with that + + align:start position:0% +you how do you deal with that + + + align:start position:0% +you how do you deal with that +and the second is I think on enforcement + + align:start position:0% +and the second is I think on enforcement + + + align:start position:0% +and the second is I think on enforcement +or kind of governance which is you know + + align:start position:0% +or kind of governance which is you know + + + align:start position:0% +or kind of governance which is you know +I think also related to the information + + align:start position:0% +I think also related to the information + + + align:start position:0% +I think also related to the information +problems there's a lot of opportunity + + align:start position:0% +problems there's a lot of opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +problems there's a lot of opportunity +for corruption and sort of other + + align:start position:0% +for corruption and sort of other + + + align:start position:0% +for corruption and sort of other +problems and how do we think about the + + align:start position:0% +problems and how do we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +problems and how do we think about the +kind of enforcement side and I think + + align:start position:0% +kind of enforcement side and I think + + + align:start position:0% +kind of enforcement side and I think +that suggests that sort of the just kind + + align:start position:0% +that suggests that sort of the just kind + + + align:start position:0% +that suggests that sort of the just kind +of the way we may want to think about + + align:start position:0% +of the way we may want to think about + + + align:start position:0% +of the way we may want to think about +about taxation in a developing country + + align:start position:0% +about taxation in a developing country + + + align:start position:0% +about taxation in a developing country +context + + align:start position:0% +context + + + align:start position:0% +context +may not just be you know we should think + + align:start position:0% +may not just be you know we should think + + + align:start position:0% +may not just be you know we should think +about you know like you know uh what is + + align:start position:0% +about you know like you know uh what is + + + align:start position:0% +about you know like you know uh what is +the optimal Ramsay tax and how do we + + align:start position:0% +the optimal Ramsay tax and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal Ramsay tax and how do we +sort of you know set our taxes you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know set our taxes you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know set our taxes you know +I think some of those issues are perhaps + + align:start position:0% +I think some of those issues are perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +I think some of those issues are perhaps +important but some of these other issues + + align:start position:0% +important but some of these other issues + + + align:start position:0% +important but some of these other issues +may be kind of really first order and + + align:start position:0% +may be kind of really first order and + + + align:start position:0% +may be kind of really first order and +that's kind of what I want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what I want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what I want to talk about +uh today + + align:start position:0% +uh today + + + align:start position:0% +uh today +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that's yeah + + align:start position:0% +that's yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that's yeah +how much of these issues are limited to + + align:start position:0% +how much of these issues are limited to + + + align:start position:0% +how much of these issues are limited to +the public sector to describe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so I think it's a yeah it's a good + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I think it's a yeah it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I think it's a yeah it's a good +question so I think + + align:start position:0% +question so I think + + + align:start position:0% +question so I think +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me hold that thought for a minute I + + align:start position:0% +let me hold that thought for a minute I + + + align:start position:0% +let me hold that thought for a minute I +actually think that there are particular + + align:start position:0% +actually think that there are particular + + + align:start position:0% +actually think that there are particular +issues vis-a-b + + align:start position:0% +issues vis-a-b + + + align:start position:0% +issues vis-a-b +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +tax I think I think they are I think + + align:start position:0% +tax I think I think they are I think + + + align:start position:0% +tax I think I think they are I think +they are I think they're a bit different + + align:start position:0% +they are I think they're a bit different + + + align:start position:0% +they are I think they're a bit different +so let me let me let me give you some + + align:start position:0% +so let me let me let me give you some + + + align:start position:0% +so let me let me let me give you some +examples and then you can see what what + + align:start position:0% +examples and then you can see what what + + + align:start position:0% +examples and then you can see what what +you think + + align:start position:0% +you think + + + align:start position:0% +you think +well so in particular like one of the + + align:start position:0% +well so in particular like one of the + + + align:start position:0% +well so in particular like one of the +big themes actually is about third party + + align:start position:0% +big themes actually is about third party + + + align:start position:0% +big themes actually is about third party +reporting which is sort of which is + + align:start position:0% +reporting which is sort of which is + + + align:start position:0% +reporting which is sort of which is +about the four which is about formality + + align:start position:0% +about the four which is about formality + + + align:start position:0% +about the four which is about formality +and that's like has a very specific time + + align:start position:0% +and that's like has a very specific time + + + align:start position:0% +and that's like has a very specific time +of tax structure + + align:start position:0% +of tax structure + + + align:start position:0% +of tax structure +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean in general it's the opposite and + + align:start position:0% +I mean in general it's the opposite and + + + align:start position:0% +I mean in general it's the opposite and +general governments have a lot better + + align:start position:0% +general governments have a lot better + + + align:start position:0% +general governments have a lot better +options than private firms right like if + + align:start position:0% +options than private firms right like if + + + align:start position:0% +options than private firms right like if +you think about what the what the you + + align:start position:0% +you think about what the what the you + + + align:start position:0% +you think about what the what the you +know what what can the IRS observe about + + align:start position:0% +know what what can the IRS observe about + + + align:start position:0% +know what what can the IRS observe about +you they know a lot more than you know + + align:start position:0% +you they know a lot more than you know + + + align:start position:0% +you they know a lot more than you know +amazon.com maybe they don't actually in + + align:start position:0% +amazon.com maybe they don't actually in + + + align:start position:0% +amazon.com maybe they don't actually in +these in this day and age uh but in + + align:start position:0% +these in this day and age uh but in + + + align:start position:0% +these in this day and age uh but in +principle they can observe all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +principle they can observe all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +principle they can observe all kinds of +things that that the that the that the + + align:start position:0% +things that that the that the that the + + + align:start position:0% +things that that the that the that the +private sector can't because they can + + align:start position:0% +private sector can't because they can + + + align:start position:0% +private sector can't because they can +mandate that people report stuff to them + + align:start position:0% +mandate that people report stuff to them + + + align:start position:0% +mandate that people report stuff to them +right so that mandatory reporting of + + align:start position:0% +right so that mandatory reporting of + + + align:start position:0% +right so that mandatory reporting of +information and uh means that they can + + align:start position:0% +information and uh means that they can + + + align:start position:0% +information and uh means that they can +no it it's kind of interesting I said + + align:start position:0% +no it it's kind of interesting I said + + + align:start position:0% +no it it's kind of interesting I said +and then maybe in the new tech World + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe in the new tech World + + + align:start position:0% +and then maybe in the new tech World +they can figure out ways of backing a + + align:start position:0% +they can figure out ways of backing a + + + align:start position:0% +they can figure out ways of backing a +lot of stuff out you know by what you + + align:start position:0% +lot of stuff out you know by what you + + + align:start position:0% +lot of stuff out you know by what you +click on or whatever but they have the + + align:start position:0% +click on or whatever but they have the + + + align:start position:0% +click on or whatever but they have the +government has a fundamental Advantage + + align:start position:0% +government has a fundamental Advantage + + + align:start position:0% +government has a fundamental Advantage +which is it can make you tell them stuff + + align:start position:0% +which is it can make you tell them stuff + + + align:start position:0% +which is it can make you tell them stuff +and they can throw you in jail if you + + align:start position:0% +and they can throw you in jail if you + + + align:start position:0% +and they can throw you in jail if you +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +um or if you lie about it so like that + + align:start position:0% +um or if you lie about it so like that + + + align:start position:0% +um or if you lie about it so like that +that is a huge Advantage the government + + align:start position:0% +that is a huge Advantage the government + + + align:start position:0% +that is a huge Advantage the government +has over the private sector in in + + align:start position:0% +has over the private sector in in + + + align:start position:0% +has over the private sector in in +getting information + + align:start position:0% +getting information + + + align:start position:0% +getting information +um right okay + + align:start position:0% +um right okay + + + align:start position:0% +um right okay +it can make you tell them stuff it can + + align:start position:0% +it can make you tell them stuff it can + + + align:start position:0% +it can make you tell them stuff it can +make Banks tell them stuff it can I mean + + align:start position:0% +make Banks tell them stuff it can I mean + + + align:start position:0% +make Banks tell them stuff it can I mean +again how much how that's actually a + + align:start position:0% +again how much how that's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +again how much how that's actually a +policy question is sort of how much of + + align:start position:0% +policy question is sort of how much of + + + align:start position:0% +policy question is sort of how much of +that additional reporting we want in + + align:start position:0% +that additional reporting we want in + + + align:start position:0% +that additional reporting we want in +different countries you know make + + align:start position:0% +different countries you know make + + + align:start position:0% +different countries you know make +different choices about + + align:start position:0% +different choices about + + + align:start position:0% +different choices about +um how much information they want the + + align:start position:0% +um how much information they want the + + + align:start position:0% +um how much information they want the +tax authority to have and actually this + + align:start position:0% +tax authority to have and actually this + + + align:start position:0% +tax authority to have and actually this +is actually if you've been reading the + + align:start position:0% +is actually if you've been reading the + + + align:start position:0% +is actually if you've been reading the +news in the U.S for example this + + align:start position:0% +news in the U.S for example this + + + align:start position:0% +news in the U.S for example this +question about sort of like should the + + align:start position:0% +question about sort of like should the + + + align:start position:0% +question about sort of like should the +IRS be able to access information about + + align:start position:0% +IRS be able to access information about + + + align:start position:0% +IRS be able to access information about +your bank balances and under what + + align:start position:0% +your bank balances and under what + + + align:start position:0% +your bank balances and under what +circumstances actually an active + + align:start position:0% +circumstances actually an active + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances actually an active +question of policy debate where people + + align:start position:0% +question of policy debate where people + + + align:start position:0% +question of policy debate where people +seem to actually disagree about this + + align:start position:0% +seem to actually disagree about this + + + align:start position:0% +seem to actually disagree about this +question apparently so um okay so anyway + + align:start position:0% +question apparently so um okay so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +question apparently so um okay so anyway +so uh so so + + align:start position:0% +so uh so so + + + align:start position:0% +so uh so so +I think I think it's I think it is + + align:start position:0% +I think I think it's I think it is + + + align:start position:0% +I think I think it's I think it is +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so just a few overview facts so you + + align:start position:0% +um so just a few overview facts so you + + + align:start position:0% +um so just a few overview facts so you +know this this parent Gordon and Lee was + + align:start position:0% +know this this parent Gordon and Lee was + + + align:start position:0% +know this this parent Gordon and Lee was +kind of basically made the point + + align:start position:0% +kind of basically made the point + + + align:start position:0% +kind of basically made the point +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that just overall this paper's been out + + align:start position:0% +that just overall this paper's been out + + + align:start position:0% +that just overall this paper's been out +of date now but but uh overall the tax + + align:start position:0% +of date now but but uh overall the tax + + + align:start position:0% +of date now but but uh overall the tax +structure looks very different in kind + + align:start position:0% +structure looks very different in kind + + + align:start position:0% +structure looks very different in kind +of developing countries and it looks in + + align:start position:0% +of developing countries and it looks in + + + align:start position:0% +of developing countries and it looks in +developed countries there's just a few + + align:start position:0% +developed countries there's just a few + + + align:start position:0% +developed countries there's just a few +facts here I'm sure let me pass out the + + align:start position:0% +facts here I'm sure let me pass out the + + + align:start position:0% +facts here I'm sure let me pass out the +handout + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh I want one + + align:start position:0% +oh I want one + + + align:start position:0% +oh I want one +thanks + + align:start position:0% +thanks + + + align:start position:0% +thanks +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this is too small to read on the + + align:start position:0% +so this is too small to read on the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is too small to read on the +screen maybe I can zoom in zoom in a + + align:start position:0% +screen maybe I can zoom in zoom in a + + + align:start position:0% +screen maybe I can zoom in zoom in a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's the point + + align:start position:0% +so what's the point + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the point +several just facts first is rich + + align:start position:0% +several just facts first is rich + + + align:start position:0% +several just facts first is rich +countries have a lot more tax revenue as + + align:start position:0% +countries have a lot more tax revenue as + + + align:start position:0% +countries have a lot more tax revenue as +a share of GDP than poor countries + + align:start position:0% +a share of GDP than poor countries + + + align:start position:0% +a share of GDP than poor countries +okay so in general the size of the + + align:start position:0% +okay so in general the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in general the size of the +public sector looks really different + + align:start position:0% +public sector looks really different + + + align:start position:0% +public sector looks really different +number two where they're getting their + + align:start position:0% +number two where they're getting their + + + align:start position:0% +number two where they're getting their +tax looks really different + + align:start position:0% +tax looks really different + + + align:start position:0% +tax looks really different +so income taxes in general are a smaller + + align:start position:0% +so income taxes in general are a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +so income taxes in general are a smaller +share of Revenue in rich countries and + + align:start position:0% +share of Revenue in rich countries and + + + align:start position:0% +share of Revenue in rich countries and +in poor countries + + align:start position:0% +in poor countries + + + align:start position:0% +in poor countries +corporate income tax + + align:start position:0% +corporate income tax + + + align:start position:0% +corporate income tax +is a much larger share of income taxes + + align:start position:0% +is a much larger share of income taxes + + + align:start position:0% +is a much larger share of income taxes +in poor countries relative to rich + + align:start position:0% +in poor countries relative to rich + + + align:start position:0% +in poor countries relative to rich +countries so like in the very poorest + + align:start position:0% +countries so like in the very poorest + + + align:start position:0% +countries so like in the very poorest +countries you know half their income tax + + align:start position:0% +countries you know half their income tax + + + align:start position:0% +countries you know half their income tax +comes from corporate income taxes in + + align:start position:0% +comes from corporate income taxes in + + + align:start position:0% +comes from corporate income taxes in +rich countries is like a sixth or + + align:start position:0% +rich countries is like a sixth or + + + align:start position:0% +rich countries is like a sixth or +something so + + align:start position:0% +something so + + + align:start position:0% +something so +uh rich countries are a better or better + + align:start position:0% +uh rich countries are a better or better + + + align:start position:0% +uh rich countries are a better or better +taxing individuals relative to + + align:start position:0% +taxing individuals relative to + + + align:start position:0% +taxing individuals relative to +corporations poor countries tax + + align:start position:0% +corporations poor countries tax + + + align:start position:0% +corporations poor countries tax +corporations + + align:start position:0% +corporations + + + align:start position:0% +corporations +um at least in this period tariffs + + align:start position:0% +um at least in this period tariffs + + + align:start position:0% +um at least in this period tariffs +are like a non-trivial share of + + align:start position:0% +are like a non-trivial share of + + + align:start position:0% +are like a non-trivial share of +government revenue this by the way was + + align:start position:0% +government revenue this by the way was + + + align:start position:0% +government revenue this by the way was +true in the historical U.S for example + + align:start position:0% +true in the historical U.S for example + + + align:start position:0% +true in the historical U.S for example +also uh that you know tariffs used to be + + align:start position:0% +also uh that you know tariffs used to be + + + align:start position:0% +also uh that you know tariffs used to be +a much bigger deal than they are so + + align:start position:0% +a much bigger deal than they are so + + + align:start position:0% +a much bigger deal than they are so +tariffs are non-trivial uh they also + + align:start position:0% +tariffs are non-trivial uh they also + + + align:start position:0% +tariffs are non-trivial uh they also +talk about senior age as a function of + + align:start position:0% +talk about senior age as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about senior age as a function of +Revenue uh again this may not I'm not + + align:start position:0% +Revenue uh again this may not I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +Revenue uh again this may not I'm not +inflation has gone down up until like + + align:start position:0% +inflation has gone down up until like + + + align:start position:0% +inflation has gone down up until like +the last six months inflation had gone + + align:start position:0% +the last six months inflation had gone + + + align:start position:0% +the last six months inflation had gone +down a lot I think in around the world + + align:start position:0% +down a lot I think in around the world + + + align:start position:0% +down a lot I think in around the world +so this may be a little bit out of date + + align:start position:0% +so this may be a little bit out of date + + + align:start position:0% +so this may be a little bit out of date +but inflation was more of a big deal and + + align:start position:0% +but inflation was more of a big deal and + + + align:start position:0% +but inflation was more of a big deal and +senior age income which is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +senior age income which is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +senior age income which is sort of the +revenue the government gets for printing + + align:start position:0% +revenue the government gets for printing + + + align:start position:0% +revenue the government gets for printing +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +um was a much was a non-trivial share of + + align:start position:0% +um was a much was a non-trivial share of + + + align:start position:0% +um was a much was a non-trivial share of +the government budget in some of these + + align:start position:0% +the government budget in some of these + + + align:start position:0% +the government budget in some of these +countries and the other fact is the + + align:start position:0% +countries and the other fact is the + + + align:start position:0% +countries and the other fact is the +informal Excellency informal sector as a + + align:start position:0% +informal Excellency informal sector as a + + + align:start position:0% +informal Excellency informal sector as a +share of GDP are much larger so it looks + + align:start position:0% +share of GDP are much larger so it looks + + + align:start position:0% +share of GDP are much larger so it looks +like these countries are kind of doing + + align:start position:0% +like these countries are kind of doing + + + align:start position:0% +like these countries are kind of doing +different stuff and and the question is + + align:start position:0% +different stuff and and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +different stuff and and the question is +kind of why + + align:start position:0% +kind of why + + + align:start position:0% +kind of why +and so um + + align:start position:0% +and so um + + + align:start position:0% +and so um +so here so there's two kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +so here so there's two kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +so here so there's two kind of uh +theories that can here are two theories + + align:start position:0% +theories that can here are two theories + + + align:start position:0% +theories that can here are two theories +that can explain kind of why things look + + align:start position:0% +that can explain kind of why things look + + + align:start position:0% +that can explain kind of why things look +kind of really different + + align:start position:0% +kind of really different + + + align:start position:0% +kind of really different +so one is is this Theory by Gordon and + + align:start position:0% +so one is is this Theory by Gordon and + + + align:start position:0% +so one is is this Theory by Gordon and +Lee and the other is a theory by cleaner + + align:start position:0% +Lee and the other is a theory by cleaner + + + align:start position:0% +Lee and the other is a theory by cleaner +uh Clavin kreiner and zayas + + align:start position:0% +uh Clavin kreiner and zayas + + + align:start position:0% +uh Clavin kreiner and zayas +so this one is about uh the financial + + align:start position:0% +so this one is about uh the financial + + + align:start position:0% +so this one is about uh the financial +sector generating information + + align:start position:0% +sector generating information + + + align:start position:0% +sector generating information +so one which I'll talk about in a second + + align:start position:0% +so one which I'll talk about in a second + + + align:start position:0% +so one which I'll talk about in a second +and the other one is about third party + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is about third party + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is about third party +reporting generating information and the + + align:start position:0% +reporting generating information and the + + + align:start position:0% +reporting generating information and the +underlying both of them is this question + + align:start position:0% +underlying both of them is this question + + + align:start position:0% +underlying both of them is this question +of like the government needs information + + align:start position:0% +of like the government needs information + + + align:start position:0% +of like the government needs information +to tax you otherwise you evade and where + + align:start position:0% +to tax you otherwise you evade and where + + + align:start position:0% +to tax you otherwise you evade and where +do you get the information and why might + + align:start position:0% +do you get the information and why might + + + align:start position:0% +do you get the information and why might +that look different in sort of these two + + align:start position:0% +that look different in sort of these two + + + align:start position:0% +that look different in sort of these two +different contexts okay so let me I'm + + align:start position:0% +different contexts okay so let me I'm + + + align:start position:0% +different contexts okay so let me I'm +going to talk about this one very + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about this one very + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about this one very +quickly this will go through like a + + align:start position:0% +quickly this will go through like a + + + align:start position:0% +quickly this will go through like a +super simple model to make the point + + align:start position:0% +super simple model to make the point + + + align:start position:0% +super simple model to make the point +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um the Gordon and leap paper argues + + align:start position:0% +so um the Gordon and leap paper argues + + + align:start position:0% +so um the Gordon and leap paper argues +that the financial sector is really + + align:start position:0% +that the financial sector is really + + + align:start position:0% +that the financial sector is really +important and the basic idea is that uh + + align:start position:0% +important and the basic idea is that uh + + + align:start position:0% +important and the basic idea is that uh +you know if you use the bank Banks + + align:start position:0% +you know if you use the bank Banks + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you use the bank Banks +the banks observe how much money is + + align:start position:0% +the banks observe how much money is + + + align:start position:0% +the banks observe how much money is +flowing through your accounts because + + align:start position:0% +flowing through your accounts because + + + align:start position:0% +flowing through your accounts because +that's what banks do right they have to + + align:start position:0% +that's what banks do right they have to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what banks do right they have to +keep track of kind of how much money you + + align:start position:0% +keep track of kind of how much money you + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of kind of how much money you +have so that creates a a record of kind + + align:start position:0% +have so that creates a a record of kind + + + align:start position:0% +have so that creates a a record of kind +of what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +of what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +of what you're doing +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the government can sort of tap into that + + align:start position:0% +the government can sort of tap into that + + + align:start position:0% +the government can sort of tap into that +record and use that as information to + + align:start position:0% +record and use that as information to + + + align:start position:0% +record and use that as information to +sort of tax you + + align:start position:0% +sort of tax you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tax you +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and they kind of just argue basically + + align:start position:0% +and they kind of just argue basically + + + align:start position:0% +and they kind of just argue basically +that essentially + + align:start position:0% +that essentially + + + align:start position:0% +that essentially +larger uh organizations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +need to use the financial sector + + align:start position:0% +need to use the financial sector + + + align:start position:0% +need to use the financial sector +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um so sorry you knew it in a couple ways + + align:start position:0% +um so sorry you knew it in a couple ways + + + align:start position:0% +um so sorry you knew it in a couple ways +number one there's more financial + + align:start position:0% +number one there's more financial + + + align:start position:0% +number one there's more financial +development for other reasons in rich + + align:start position:0% +development for other reasons in rich + + + align:start position:0% +development for other reasons in rich +countries just like people are using + + align:start position:0% +countries just like people are using + + + align:start position:0% +countries just like people are using +banks for kind of other reasons or + + align:start position:0% +banks for kind of other reasons or + + + align:start position:0% +banks for kind of other reasons or +number and number two even within the + + align:start position:0% +number and number two even within the + + + align:start position:0% +number and number two even within the +corporate sector you know really you can + + align:start position:0% +corporate sector you know really you can + + + align:start position:0% +corporate sector you know really you can +run a local pizza shop maybe in cash but + + align:start position:0% +run a local pizza shop maybe in cash but + + + align:start position:0% +run a local pizza shop maybe in cash but +you can't run General Electric in cash + + align:start position:0% +you can't run General Electric in cash + + + align:start position:0% +you can't run General Electric in cash +because it's just too complicated right + + align:start position:0% +because it's just too complicated right + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just too complicated right +and you need to actually you know use + + align:start position:0% +and you need to actually you know use + + + align:start position:0% +and you need to actually you know use +Banks and there's another fact which + + align:start position:0% +Banks and there's another fact which + + + align:start position:0% +Banks and there's another fact which +we'll talk about in 14772 that kind of + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in 14772 that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in 14772 that kind of +like firms are just a lot bigger and + + align:start position:0% +like firms are just a lot bigger and + + + align:start position:0% +like firms are just a lot bigger and +kind of develop in developed countries + + align:start position:0% +kind of develop in developed countries + + + align:start position:0% +kind of develop in developed countries +for sort of other sets of reasons so you + + align:start position:0% +for sort of other sets of reasons so you + + + align:start position:0% +for sort of other sets of reasons so you +know little tiny mom and pop shops that + + align:start position:0% +know little tiny mom and pop shops that + + + align:start position:0% +know little tiny mom and pop shops that +maybe potentially could run in cash or a + + align:start position:0% +maybe potentially could run in cash or a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe potentially could run in cash or a +much larger share of kind of + + align:start position:0% +much larger share of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +much larger share of kind of +um uh what's happening kind of in the + + align:start position:0% +um uh what's happening kind of in the + + + align:start position:0% +um uh what's happening kind of in the +corporate world in like India than they + + align:start position:0% +corporate world in like India than they + + + align:start position:0% +corporate world in like India than they +are in the US for example + + align:start position:0% +are in the US for example + + + align:start position:0% +are in the US for example +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and so you know + + align:start position:0% +and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know +that also gives you they argue that + + align:start position:0% +that also gives you they argue that + + + align:start position:0% +that also gives you they argue that +basic fact of kind of like uh the the + + align:start position:0% +basic fact of kind of like uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +basic fact of kind of like uh the the +financial center generating information + + align:start position:0% +financial center generating information + + + align:start position:0% +financial center generating information +generates a lot more of the pattern some + + align:start position:0% +generates a lot more of the pattern some + + + align:start position:0% +generates a lot more of the pattern some +of these patterns so for example they're + + align:start position:0% +of these patterns so for example they're + + + align:start position:0% +of these patterns so for example they're +going to say that's what one of the + + align:start position:0% +going to say that's what one of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to say that's what one of the +reasons why developed countries + + align:start position:0% +reasons why developed countries + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why developed countries +developing countries are going to tax + + align:start position:0% +developing countries are going to tax + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries are going to tax +depend a lot of effort tax on + + align:start position:0% +depend a lot of effort tax on + + + align:start position:0% +depend a lot of effort tax on +corporations because at least they can + + align:start position:0% +corporations because at least they can + + + align:start position:0% +corporations because at least they can +see the corporations and see what + + align:start position:0% +see the corporations and see what + + + align:start position:0% +see the corporations and see what +they're doing + + align:start position:0% +they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing +right uh if sort of large corporations + + align:start position:0% +right uh if sort of large corporations + + + align:start position:0% +right uh if sort of large corporations +are sort of inelastic in kind of their + + align:start position:0% +are sort of inelastic in kind of their + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of inelastic in kind of their +use of the formal sector + + align:start position:0% +use of the formal sector + + + align:start position:0% +use of the formal sector +and then they sort of argue everything + + align:start position:0% +and then they sort of argue everything + + + align:start position:0% +and then they sort of argue everything +else has to sort of like uh do that + + align:start position:0% +else has to sort of like uh do that + + + align:start position:0% +else has to sort of like uh do that +which is now so for example we have this + + align:start position:0% +which is now so for example we have this + + + align:start position:0% +which is now so for example we have this +sector that's now being taxed a lot + + align:start position:0% +sector that's now being taxed a lot + + + align:start position:0% +sector that's now being taxed a lot +which is the sort of informal sector + + align:start position:0% +which is the sort of informal sector + + + align:start position:0% +which is the sort of informal sector +they started they said argumentative + + align:start position:0% +they started they said argumentative + + + align:start position:0% +they started they said argumentative +tariff to kind of protect them and sort + + align:start position:0% +tariff to kind of protect them and sort + + + align:start position:0% +tariff to kind of protect them and sort +of make sure everyone's on a Level + + align:start position:0% +of make sure everyone's on a Level + + + align:start position:0% +of make sure everyone's on a Level +Playing Field + + align:start position:0% +Playing Field + + + align:start position:0% +Playing Field +and then you use inflation at they sort + + align:start position:0% +and then you use inflation at they sort + + + align:start position:0% +and then you use inflation at they sort +of argue maybe as an optimal tax on the + + align:start position:0% +of argue maybe as an optimal tax on the + + + align:start position:0% +of argue maybe as an optimal tax on the +on the on the cash economy + + align:start position:0% +on the on the cash economy + + + align:start position:0% +on the on the cash economy +okay because so basically if you know if + + align:start position:0% +okay because so basically if you know if + + + align:start position:0% +okay because so basically if you know if +putting your money in the bank means it + + align:start position:0% +putting your money in the bank means it + + + align:start position:0% +putting your money in the bank means it +gets taxed we also kind of want to have + + align:start position:0% +gets taxed we also kind of want to have + + + align:start position:0% +gets taxed we also kind of want to have +an equivalent tax on on your cash + + align:start position:0% +an equivalent tax on on your cash + + + align:start position:0% +an equivalent tax on on your cash +Holdings since they do that through + + align:start position:0% +Holdings since they do that through + + + align:start position:0% +Holdings since they do that through +inflation + + align:start position:0% +inflation + + + align:start position:0% +inflation +this maybe is like a little like too + + align:start position:0% +this maybe is like a little like too + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe is like a little like too +neat maybe like it's not totally obvious + + align:start position:0% +neat maybe like it's not totally obvious + + + align:start position:0% +neat maybe like it's not totally obvious +to me that like in fact actually the + + align:start position:0% +to me that like in fact actually the + + + align:start position:0% +to me that like in fact actually the +what's really happening in these + + align:start position:0% +what's really happening in these + + + align:start position:0% +what's really happening in these +countries is the central Banker is + + align:start position:0% +countries is the central Banker is + + + align:start position:0% +countries is the central Banker is +saying like actually you know the + + align:start position:0% +saying like actually you know the + + + align:start position:0% +saying like actually you know the +optimal you know tailor rule level of + + align:start position:0% +optimal you know tailor rule level of + + + align:start position:0% +optimal you know tailor rule level of +inflation in our economy is is 10 + + align:start position:0% +inflation in our economy is is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +inflation in our economy is is 10 +because we want to sort of correct this + + align:start position:0% +because we want to sort of correct this + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to sort of correct this +tax wedge between so I'm not this this + + align:start position:0% +tax wedge between so I'm not this this + + + align:start position:0% +tax wedge between so I'm not this this +story is is I think consistent I'm not + + align:start position:0% +story is is I think consistent I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +story is is I think consistent I'm not +100 sure it's how people are actually + + align:start position:0% +100 sure it's how people are actually + + + align:start position:0% +100 sure it's how people are actually +thinking + + align:start position:0% +thinking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking +um but uh but but that's sort of a story + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but but that's sort of a story + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but but that's sort of a story +so they're basically they're arguing any + + align:start position:0% +so they're basically they're arguing any + + + align:start position:0% +so they're basically they're arguing any +sort of it all flows from this financial + + align:start position:0% +sort of it all flows from this financial + + + align:start position:0% +sort of it all flows from this financial +sector and kind of everything else in + + align:start position:0% +sector and kind of everything else in + + + align:start position:0% +sector and kind of everything else in +the tax structure kind of flows from + + align:start position:0% +the tax structure kind of flows from + + + align:start position:0% +the tax structure kind of flows from +that I'm not going to go through that in + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not going to go through that in + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not going to go through that in +a lot of detail but I sort of wanted to + + align:start position:0% +a lot of detail but I sort of wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of detail but I sort of wanted to +mention that as kind of one argument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second argument is is this argument + + align:start position:0% +the second argument is is this argument + + + align:start position:0% +the second argument is is this argument +that sort of cleven kreiner and psyas + + align:start position:0% +that sort of cleven kreiner and psyas + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of cleven kreiner and psyas +have put forward and this comes through + + align:start position:0% +have put forward and this comes through + + + align:start position:0% +have put forward and this comes through +is related to a series of papers that + + align:start position:0% +is related to a series of papers that + + + align:start position:0% +is related to a series of papers that +they and others have done on this idea + + align:start position:0% +they and others have done on this idea + + + align:start position:0% +they and others have done on this idea +of third-party reporting and this is + + align:start position:0% +of third-party reporting and this is + + + align:start position:0% +of third-party reporting and this is +consistent with the vat paper that you + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the vat paper that you + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the vat paper that you +guys read for today so the basic kind of + + align:start position:0% +guys read for today so the basic kind of + + + align:start position:0% +guys read for today so the basic kind of +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +of a lot of Taxation is how do you get + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of Taxation is how do you get + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of Taxation is how do you get +how does the government know stuff well + + align:start position:0% +how does the government know stuff well + + + align:start position:0% +how does the government know stuff well +it gets information from two different + + align:start position:0% +it gets information from two different + + + align:start position:0% +it gets information from two different +parties and comparison if it gives you + + align:start position:0% +parties and comparison if it gives you + + + align:start position:0% +parties and comparison if it gives you +different ants you get different answers + + align:start position:0% +different ants you get different answers + + + align:start position:0% +different ants you get different answers +you think there's something funky going + + align:start position:0% +you think there's something funky going + + + align:start position:0% +you think there's something funky going +on and that kind of that so that what's + + align:start position:0% +on and that kind of that so that what's + + + align:start position:0% +on and that kind of that so that what's +called third you know third party + + align:start position:0% +called third you know third party + + + align:start position:0% +called third you know third party +reporting of the same information so + + align:start position:0% +reporting of the same information so + + + align:start position:0% +reporting of the same information so +like I'm governments say the first party + + align:start position:0% +like I'm governments say the first party + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm governments say the first party +I'm second party I report to the + + align:start position:0% +I'm second party I report to the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm second party I report to the +government having someone else report + + align:start position:0% +government having someone else report + + + align:start position:0% +government having someone else report +that same information makes it harder + + align:start position:0% +that same information makes it harder + + + align:start position:0% +that same information makes it harder +for me to lie + + align:start position:0% +for me to lie + + + align:start position:0% +for me to lie +okay so here's a sort of a simple model + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's a sort of a simple model + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's a sort of a simple model +that sort of uh can explain like why is + + align:start position:0% +that sort of uh can explain like why is + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of uh can explain like why is +this kind of relevant and like why is it + + align:start position:0% +this kind of relevant and like why is it + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of relevant and like why is it +potentially kind of a development + + align:start position:0% +potentially kind of a development + + + align:start position:0% +potentially kind of a development +phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon +so most taxes they are you are collected + + align:start position:0% +so most taxes they are you are collected + + + align:start position:0% +so most taxes they are you are collected +through third third party firms third + + align:start position:0% +through third third party firms third + + + align:start position:0% +through third third party firms third +part third parties such as employers + + align:start position:0% +part third parties such as employers + + + align:start position:0% +part third parties such as employers +with double reports so for example you + + align:start position:0% +with double reports so for example you + + + align:start position:0% +with double reports so for example you +know I work for MIT right and every year + + align:start position:0% +know I work for MIT right and every year + + + align:start position:0% +know I work for MIT right and every year +at the end of the year like I tell the + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the year like I tell the + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the year like I tell the +IRS how much I think I earned and MIT + + align:start position:0% +IRS how much I think I earned and MIT + + + align:start position:0% +IRS how much I think I earned and MIT +tells the um the IRS how much I paid + + align:start position:0% +tells the um the IRS how much I paid + + + align:start position:0% +tells the um the IRS how much I paid +they paid me and the IRS can just check + + align:start position:0% +they paid me and the IRS can just check + + + align:start position:0% +they paid me and the IRS can just check +if I'm reporting something different + + align:start position:0% +if I'm reporting something different + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm reporting something different +than what MIT reported that's like a red + + align:start position:0% +than what MIT reported that's like a red + + + align:start position:0% +than what MIT reported that's like a red +flag and I get audited or they actually + + align:start position:0% +flag and I get audited or they actually + + + align:start position:0% +flag and I get audited or they actually +they just send me a correction letter + + align:start position:0% +they just send me a correction letter + + + align:start position:0% +they just send me a correction letter +say you know they would send me a + + align:start position:0% +say you know they would send me a + + + align:start position:0% +say you know they would send me a +correction letter saying like you've + + align:start position:0% +correction letter saying like you've + + + align:start position:0% +correction letter saying like you've +underreported your taxes please pay okay + + align:start position:0% +underreported your taxes please pay okay + + + align:start position:0% +underreported your taxes please pay okay +and there's some work even in modern + + align:start position:0% +and there's some work even in modern + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some work even in modern +economies there's a these same sets of + + align:start position:0% +economies there's a these same sets of + + + align:start position:0% +economies there's a these same sets of +co-authors have or with some combination + + align:start position:0% +co-authors have or with some combination + + + align:start position:0% +co-authors have or with some combination +of them have a nice paper in Denmark for + + align:start position:0% +of them have a nice paper in Denmark for + + + align:start position:0% +of them have a nice paper in Denmark for +example showing that uh Under reporting + + align:start position:0% +example showing that uh Under reporting + + + align:start position:0% +example showing that uh Under reporting +of income is very very low when it's + + align:start position:0% +of income is very very low when it's + + + align:start position:0% +of income is very very low when it's +third party reported and very high even + + align:start position:0% +third party reported and very high even + + + align:start position:0% +third party reported and very high even +in Denmark when it's not third party + + align:start position:0% +in Denmark when it's not third party + + + align:start position:0% +in Denmark when it's not third party +reported + + align:start position:0% +reported + + + align:start position:0% +reported +okay and so + + align:start position:0% +okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so +um I think that's probably true in lots + + align:start position:0% +um I think that's probably true in lots + + + align:start position:0% +um I think that's probably true in lots +of places right so + + align:start position:0% +of places right so + + + align:start position:0% +of places right so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know this may be for yeah so um + + align:start position:0% +you know this may be for yeah so um + + + align:start position:0% +you know this may be for yeah so um +and the idea of this paper + + align:start position:0% +and the idea of this paper + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea of this paper +is that third part is to argue that this + + align:start position:0% +is that third part is to argue that this + + + align:start position:0% +is that third part is to argue that this +third party reporting + + align:start position:0% +third party reporting + + + align:start position:0% +third party reporting +it's easier to sort of make this thing + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to sort of make this thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to sort of make this thing +work in kind of really large firms and + + align:start position:0% +work in kind of really large firms and + + + align:start position:0% +work in kind of really large firms and +then they're going to sort of rely on + + align:start position:0% +then they're going to sort of rely on + + + align:start position:0% +then they're going to sort of rely on +the fact I just told you that sort of + + align:start position:0% +the fact I just told you that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the fact I just told you that sort of +firms are much larger and kind of the + + align:start position:0% +firms are much larger and kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +firms are much larger and kind of the +develop the developed world than in the + + align:start position:0% +develop the developed world than in the + + + align:start position:0% +develop the developed world than in the +developing world + + align:start position:0% +developing world + + + align:start position:0% +developing world +so so what's the argument okay so + + align:start position:0% +so so what's the argument okay so + + + align:start position:0% +so so what's the argument okay so +imagine + + align:start position:0% +imagine + + + align:start position:0% +imagine +there's a firm with n employees + + align:start position:0% +there's a firm with n employees + + + align:start position:0% +there's a firm with n employees +it generates some Surplus Big W and some + + align:start position:0% +it generates some Surplus Big W and some + + + align:start position:0% +it generates some Surplus Big W and some +wages w1wn and you know the total wage + + align:start position:0% +wages w1wn and you know the total wage + + + align:start position:0% +wages w1wn and you know the total wage +bill is just the the sum of the wages + + align:start position:0% +bill is just the the sum of the wages + + + align:start position:0% +bill is just the the sum of the wages +third-party reporting is that we that + + align:start position:0% +third-party reporting is that we that + + + align:start position:0% +third-party reporting is that we that +the firm and the employees report W Barr + + align:start position:0% +the firm and the employees report W Barr + + + align:start position:0% +the firm and the employees report W Barr +to the government + + align:start position:0% +to the government + + + align:start position:0% +to the government +and the government taxes you based in W + + align:start position:0% +and the government taxes you based in W + + + align:start position:0% +and the government taxes you based in W +Barr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +imagine if W is not the the government + + align:start position:0% +imagine if W is not the the government + + + align:start position:0% +imagine if W is not the the government +The Firm has to keep track of what it's + + align:start position:0% +The Firm has to keep track of what it's + + + align:start position:0% +The Firm has to keep track of what it's +doing so it has a set of books right + + align:start position:0% +doing so it has a set of books right + + + align:start position:0% +doing so it has a set of books right +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +people inside the firm know what w is + + align:start position:0% +people inside the firm know what w is + + + align:start position:0% +people inside the firm know what w is +and they know what w bar is and if those + + align:start position:0% +and they know what w bar is and if those + + + align:start position:0% +and they know what w bar is and if those +are different that people sort of + + align:start position:0% +are different that people sort of + + + align:start position:0% +are different that people sort of +understand that right + + align:start position:0% +understand that right + + + align:start position:0% +understand that right +so and in particular if W's less than W + + align:start position:0% +so and in particular if W's less than W + + + align:start position:0% +so and in particular if W's less than W +bar any employee can like go to the IRS + + align:start position:0% +bar any employee can like go to the IRS + + + align:start position:0% +bar any employee can like go to the IRS +and tell and report that you're cheating + + align:start position:0% +and tell and report that you're cheating + + + align:start position:0% +and tell and report that you're cheating +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and if someone announces you the + + align:start position:0% +and if someone announces you the + + + align:start position:0% +and if someone announces you the +government applies a find Theta for all + + align:start position:0% +government applies a find Theta for all + + + align:start position:0% +government applies a find Theta for all +the evaded taxes plus plus the back + + align:start position:0% +the evaded taxes plus plus the back + + + align:start position:0% +the evaded taxes plus plus the back +taxes so basically if you get denounced + + align:start position:0% +taxes so basically if you get denounced + + + align:start position:0% +taxes so basically if you get denounced +you pay one plus data times the amount + + align:start position:0% +you pay one plus data times the amount + + + align:start position:0% +you pay one plus data times the amount +times W minus W bar + + align:start position:0% +times W minus W bar + + + align:start position:0% +times W minus W bar +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +if everybody can agree not to denounce + + align:start position:0% +if everybody can agree not to denounce + + + align:start position:0% +if everybody can agree not to denounce +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +then we all just report W equals W bar + + align:start position:0% +then we all just report W equals W bar + + + align:start position:0% +then we all just report W equals W bar +equals zero to the government and + + align:start position:0% +equals zero to the government and + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero to the government and +there's some Surplus and we've built the + + align:start position:0% +there's some Surplus and we've built the + + + align:start position:0% +there's some Surplus and we've built the +Surplus okay + + align:start position:0% +Surplus okay + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus okay +problem is that a single employee can + + align:start position:0% +problem is that a single employee can + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that a single employee can +denounce the cheating okay + + align:start position:0% +denounce the cheating okay + + + align:start position:0% +denounce the cheating okay +and this can happen for uh for two + + align:start position:0% +and this can happen for uh for two + + + align:start position:0% +and this can happen for uh for two +reasons there can be random shocks + + align:start position:0% +reasons there can be random shocks + + + align:start position:0% +reasons there can be random shocks +um which is either someone makes a + + align:start position:0% +um which is either someone makes a + + + align:start position:0% +um which is either someone makes a +mistake or someone gets annoyed or + + align:start position:0% +mistake or someone gets annoyed or + + + align:start position:0% +mistake or someone gets annoyed or +aggravated + + align:start position:0% +aggravated + + + align:start position:0% +aggravated +or you can actually have rational + + align:start position:0% +or you can actually have rational + + + align:start position:0% +or you can actually have rational +whistleblowing okay and both of these + + align:start position:0% +whistleblowing okay and both of these + + + align:start position:0% +whistleblowing okay and both of these +are gonna gonna make it harder to have + + align:start position:0% +are gonna gonna make it harder to have + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna gonna make it harder to have +have uh have + + align:start position:0% +have uh have + + + align:start position:0% +have uh have +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +misreporting in larger firms okay so so + + align:start position:0% +misreporting in larger firms okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +misreporting in larger firms okay so so +why is that so here's the here's the the + + align:start position:0% +why is that so here's the here's the the + + + align:start position:0% +why is that so here's the here's the the +random shock version it's very simple + + align:start position:0% +random shock version it's very simple + + + align:start position:0% +random shock version it's very simple +so you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know +um if W is not equal W bar then imagine + + align:start position:0% +um if W is not equal W bar then imagine + + + align:start position:0% +um if W is not equal W bar then imagine +that each employee denounces the + + align:start position:0% +that each employee denounces the + + + align:start position:0% +that each employee denounces the +probability Epsilon what is Epsilon it's + + align:start position:0% +probability Epsilon what is Epsilon it's + + + align:start position:0% +probability Epsilon what is Epsilon it's +like I get really mad at you and I go to + + align:start position:0% +like I get really mad at you and I go to + + + align:start position:0% +like I get really mad at you and I go to +the IRS and turn you in and actually if + + align:start position:0% +the IRS and turn you in and actually if + + + align:start position:0% +the IRS and turn you in and actually if +you talk to like the IRS like how do + + align:start position:0% +you talk to like the IRS like how do + + + align:start position:0% +you talk to like the IRS like how do +they learn stuff it's really a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they learn stuff it's really a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they learn stuff it's really a lot of +cases like that like some they have some + + align:start position:0% +cases like that like some they have some + + + align:start position:0% +cases like that like some they have some +employer has some some disagreement with + + align:start position:0% +employer has some some disagreement with + + + align:start position:0% +employer has some some disagreement with +the employee the employee gets really + + align:start position:0% +the employee the employee gets really + + + align:start position:0% +the employee the employee gets really +aggravated and it's like well I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +aggravated and it's like well I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +aggravated and it's like well I'm gonna +like show you and like walks into the + + align:start position:0% +like show you and like walks into the + + + align:start position:0% +like show you and like walks into the +market into the IRS office and tells you + + align:start position:0% +market into the IRS office and tells you + + + align:start position:0% +market into the IRS office and tells you +like and and denounces the firm okay so + + align:start position:0% +like and and denounces the firm okay so + + + align:start position:0% +like and and denounces the firm okay so +I think this idea that sort of like + + align:start position:0% +I think this idea that sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +I think this idea that sort of like +people get upset with some probability + + align:start position:0% +people get upset with some probability + + + align:start position:0% +people get upset with some probability +and like go to announce the firm is + + align:start position:0% +and like go to announce the firm is + + + align:start position:0% +and like go to announce the firm is +actually kind of a pretty reasonable + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of a pretty reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of a pretty reasonable +um summary of what happened so actually + + align:start position:0% +um summary of what happened so actually + + + align:start position:0% +um summary of what happened so actually +in fact we had a student a couple years + + align:start position:0% +in fact we had a student a couple years + + + align:start position:0% +in fact we had a student a couple years +ago who was looking at + + align:start position:0% +ago who was looking at + + + align:start position:0% +ago who was looking at +um not taxed but but related thing of + + align:start position:0% +um not taxed but but related thing of + + + align:start position:0% +um not taxed but but related thing of +kind of Medicare and Medicaid fraud in + + align:start position:0% +kind of Medicare and Medicaid fraud in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Medicare and Medicaid fraud in +the U.S and talk to a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +the U.S and talk to a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S and talk to a bunch of +prosecutors and they were like yes this + + align:start position:0% +prosecutors and they were like yes this + + + align:start position:0% +prosecutors and they were like yes this +is exactly how we learn about stuff it's + + align:start position:0% +is exactly how we learn about stuff it's + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly how we learn about stuff it's +like some disgruntled employee walks in + + align:start position:0% +like some disgruntled employee walks in + + + align:start position:0% +like some disgruntled employee walks in +it's like I'm going to tell you what's + + align:start position:0% +it's like I'm going to tell you what's + + + align:start position:0% +it's like I'm going to tell you what's +actually going on and they're like + + align:start position:0% +actually going on and they're like + + + align:start position:0% +actually going on and they're like +please do and and okay so um so okay so + + align:start position:0% +please do and and okay so um so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +please do and and okay so um so okay so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's gonna happen well this is like + + align:start position:0% +what's gonna happen well this is like + + + align:start position:0% +what's gonna happen well this is like +almost obvious we say it right what's + + align:start position:0% +almost obvious we say it right what's + + + align:start position:0% +almost obvious we say it right what's +what's the probability the firm is going + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability the firm is going + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability the firm is going +to get away with it is one minus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +to get away with it is one minus Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +to get away with it is one minus Epsilon +to the nth power okay where n is the + + align:start position:0% +to the nth power okay where n is the + + + align:start position:0% +to the nth power okay where n is the +number of employees you have right so um + + align:start position:0% +number of employees you have right so um + + + align:start position:0% +number of employees you have right so um +you know everything basically follows + + align:start position:0% +you know everything basically follows + + + align:start position:0% +you know everything basically follows +from that right so so you know what is + + align:start position:0% +from that right so so you know what is + + + align:start position:0% +from that right so so you know what is +the the the the the the probability that + + align:start position:0% +the the the the the the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the the the probability that +you get away with it essentially is + + align:start position:0% +you get away with it essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +you get away with it essentially is +going to be declining uh with that so + + align:start position:0% +going to be declining uh with that so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be declining uh with that so +um at some point it's going to basically + + align:start position:0% +um at some point it's going to basically + + + align:start position:0% +um at some point it's going to basically +be not not worth it for for for for you + + align:start position:0% +be not not worth it for for for for you + + + align:start position:0% +be not not worth it for for for for you +do that in particular they give this + + align:start position:0% +do that in particular they give this + + + align:start position:0% +do that in particular they give this +condition that you know they're going to + + align:start position:0% +condition that you know they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +condition that you know they're going to +evade if one minus Epsilon to the nth is + + align:start position:0% +evade if one minus Epsilon to the nth is + + + align:start position:0% +evade if one minus Epsilon to the nth is +greater than Theta over one minus one + + align:start position:0% +greater than Theta over one minus one + + + align:start position:0% +greater than Theta over one minus one +plus Theta uh you can work this out + + align:start position:0% +plus Theta uh you can work this out + + + align:start position:0% +plus Theta uh you can work this out +yourself I don't think it's it's crucial + + align:start position:0% +yourself I don't think it's it's crucial + + + align:start position:0% +yourself I don't think it's it's crucial +this is the key point right the more + + align:start position:0% +this is the key point right the more + + + align:start position:0% +this is the key point right the more +employees you have the more likely it is + + align:start position:0% +employees you have the more likely it is + + + align:start position:0% +employees you have the more likely it is +someone's going to get aggravated and + + align:start position:0% +someone's going to get aggravated and + + + align:start position:0% +someone's going to get aggravated and +announce through the government and + + align:start position:0% +announce through the government and + + + align:start position:0% +announce through the government and +therefore really small firms can + + align:start position:0% +therefore really small firms can + + + align:start position:0% +therefore really small firms can +probably sustain this really high with + + align:start position:0% +probably sustain this really high with + + + align:start position:0% +probably sustain this really high with +high probability and therefore it's + + align:start position:0% +high probability and therefore it's + + + align:start position:0% +high probability and therefore it's +worth it really large firms probably you + + align:start position:0% +worth it really large firms probably you + + + align:start position:0% +worth it really large firms probably you +get to analysis really high and because + + align:start position:0% +get to analysis really high and because + + + align:start position:0% +get to analysis really high and because +the penalties apply to kind of all + + align:start position:0% +the penalties apply to kind of all + + + align:start position:0% +the penalties apply to kind of all +and the key thing driving this model is + + align:start position:0% +and the key thing driving this model is + + + align:start position:0% +and the key thing driving this model is +you know it only takes one person to + + align:start position:0% +you know it only takes one person to + + + align:start position:0% +you know it only takes one person to +announce but once I denounce I get I + + align:start position:0% +announce but once I denounce I get I + + + align:start position:0% +announce but once I denounce I get I +catch everybody and you pay the big + + align:start position:0% +catch everybody and you pay the big + + + align:start position:0% +catch everybody and you pay the big +penalty so the the penalty kind of like + + align:start position:0% +penalty so the the penalty kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +penalty so the the penalty kind of like +is uh the penalty per person is um is uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh the penalty per person is um is uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh the penalty per person is um is uh +is constant but the sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +is constant but the sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +is constant but the sort of the the +probability is increasing Within + + align:start position:0% +probability is increasing Within + + + align:start position:0% +probability is increasing Within +because that's that model + + align:start position:0% +because that's that model + + + align:start position:0% +because that's that model +uh the other model oh I didn't actually + + align:start position:0% +uh the other model oh I didn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh the other model oh I didn't actually +put it up the other model is actually I + + align:start position:0% +put it up the other model is actually I + + + align:start position:0% +put it up the other model is actually I +think even a little more interesting + + align:start position:0% +think even a little more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +think even a little more interesting +actually which is this whistleblower + + align:start position:0% +actually which is this whistleblower + + + align:start position:0% +actually which is this whistleblower +idea and The Whistleblower idea is and + + align:start position:0% +idea and The Whistleblower idea is and + + + align:start position:0% +idea and The Whistleblower idea is and +this actually the the US actually does + + align:start position:0% +this actually the the US actually does + + + align:start position:0% +this actually the the US actually does +exactly it's actually one of the few + + align:start position:0% +exactly it's actually one of the few + + + align:start position:0% +exactly it's actually one of the few +countries I know that does exactly this + + align:start position:0% +countries I know that does exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +countries I know that does exactly this +so the US's whistleblower policy is if + + align:start position:0% +so the US's whistleblower policy is if + + + align:start position:0% +so the US's whistleblower policy is if +you walk into the to the IRS + + align:start position:0% +you walk into the to the IRS + + + align:start position:0% +you walk into the to the IRS +and you say + + align:start position:0% +and you say + + + align:start position:0% +and you say +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +MIT has been cheating on its taxes and + + align:start position:0% +MIT has been cheating on its taxes and + + + align:start position:0% +MIT has been cheating on its taxes and +here's how + + align:start position:0% +here's how + + + align:start position:0% +here's how +they pay you + + align:start position:0% +they pay you + + + align:start position:0% +they pay you +The Whistleblower between 15 to 30 + + align:start position:0% +The Whistleblower between 15 to 30 + + + align:start position:0% +The Whistleblower between 15 to 30 +percent of what they recover + + align:start position:0% +percent of what they recover + + + align:start position:0% +percent of what they recover +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so why is that a great policy + + align:start position:0% +so why is that a great policy + + + align:start position:0% +so why is that a great policy +because now what happened as the firm + + align:start position:0% +because now what happened as the firm + + + align:start position:0% +because now what happened as the firm +gets gets large right any individual + + align:start position:0% +gets gets large right any individual + + + align:start position:0% +gets gets large right any individual +employee can walk into the IRS and take + + align:start position:0% +employee can walk into the IRS and take + + + align:start position:0% +employee can walk into the IRS and take +the whole 30 percent right so for for a + + align:start position:0% +the whole 30 percent right so for for a + + + align:start position:0% +the whole 30 percent right so for for a +firm of size two for example right this + + align:start position:0% +firm of size two for example right this + + + align:start position:0% +firm of size two for example right this +is not worth it right because you're + + align:start position:0% +is not worth it right because you're + + + align:start position:0% +is not worth it right because you're +only getting say 30 percent you know but + + align:start position:0% +only getting say 30 percent you know but + + + align:start position:0% +only getting say 30 percent you know but +you know you were getting half a surplus + + align:start position:0% +you know you were getting half a surplus + + + align:start position:0% +you know you were getting half a surplus +so 30 is less than half a surplus so + + align:start position:0% +so 30 is less than half a surplus so + + + align:start position:0% +so 30 is less than half a surplus so +you're worth off for firm of size 10 000 + + align:start position:0% +you're worth off for firm of size 10 000 + + + align:start position:0% +you're worth off for firm of size 10 000 +this is like a really awesome deal + + align:start position:0% +this is like a really awesome deal + + + align:start position:0% +this is like a really awesome deal +right and therefore equilibrium people + + align:start position:0% +right and therefore equilibrium people + + + align:start position:0% +right and therefore equilibrium people +they don't they don't actually have to + + align:start position:0% +they don't they don't actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +they don't they don't actually have to +pay very much in equilibrium because + + align:start position:0% +pay very much in equilibrium because + + + align:start position:0% +pay very much in equilibrium because +it's like nobody cheats right so in + + align:start position:0% +it's like nobody cheats right so in + + + align:start position:0% +it's like nobody cheats right so in +equilibrium is like free uh but but + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is like free uh but but + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is like free uh but but +prevents cheating in kind of large firms + + align:start position:0% +prevents cheating in kind of large firms + + + align:start position:0% +prevents cheating in kind of large firms +um so I think this kind of idea of these + + align:start position:0% +um so I think this kind of idea of these + + + align:start position:0% +um so I think this kind of idea of these +that that that of these whistleblower uh + + align:start position:0% +that that that of these whistleblower uh + + + align:start position:0% +that that that of these whistleblower uh +rewards actually I think this one I + + align:start position:0% +rewards actually I think this one I + + + align:start position:0% +rewards actually I think this one I +think is the more the developing country + + align:start position:0% +think is the more the developing country + + + align:start position:0% +think is the more the developing country +version uh because I haven't seen a lot + + align:start position:0% +version uh because I haven't seen a lot + + + align:start position:0% +version uh because I haven't seen a lot +of developing countries but this was a + + align:start position:0% +of developing countries but this was a + + + align:start position:0% +of developing countries but this was a +lower thing but the same argument + + align:start position:0% +lower thing but the same argument + + + align:start position:0% +lower thing but the same argument +um I think also + + align:start position:0% +um I think also + + + align:start position:0% +um I think also +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh you know could be there but in any + + align:start position:0% +uh you know could be there but in any + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know could be there but in any +case both of these sort of have the + + align:start position:0% +case both of these sort of have the + + + align:start position:0% +case both of these sort of have the +principle that sort of as the as the + + align:start position:0% +principle that sort of as the as the + + + align:start position:0% +principle that sort of as the as the +economy grows the optimal firm size is + + align:start position:0% +economy grows the optimal firm size is + + + align:start position:0% +economy grows the optimal firm size is +gonna increase and therefore you're + + align:start position:0% +gonna increase and therefore you're + + + align:start position:0% +gonna increase and therefore you're +going to end up in these really large + + align:start position:0% +going to end up in these really large + + + align:start position:0% +going to end up in these really large +firms in the really large firms it's + + align:start position:0% +firms in the really large firms it's + + + align:start position:0% +firms in the really large firms it's +just it's basically it's just too + + align:start position:0% +just it's basically it's just too + + + align:start position:0% +just it's basically it's just too +complex too risky to cheat because + + align:start position:0% +complex too risky to cheat because + + + align:start position:0% +complex too risky to cheat because +someone will probably denounce you okay + + align:start position:0% +someone will probably denounce you okay + + + align:start position:0% +someone will probably denounce you okay +and I think there's something I think + + align:start position:0% +and I think there's something I think + + + align:start position:0% +and I think there's something I think +there's already something to that yeah + + align:start position:0% +there's already something to that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +there's already something to that yeah +it's actually the case that it's in + + align:start position:0% +it's actually the case that it's in + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually the case that it's in +front of the girls individuals who + + align:start position:0% +front of the girls individuals who + + + align:start position:0% +front of the girls individuals who +um actually have information about the + + align:start position:0% +um actually have information about the + + + align:start position:0% +um actually have information about the +taxes and I mean or talks within the + + align:start position:0% +taxes and I mean or talks within the + + + align:start position:0% +taxes and I mean or talks within the +firm I also post unfortunately to the + + align:start position:0% +firm I also post unfortunately to the + + + align:start position:0% +firm I also post unfortunately to the +person yeah it's a good question so + + align:start position:0% +person yeah it's a good question so + + + align:start position:0% +person yeah it's a good question so +you're right so in this model everybody + + align:start position:0% +you're right so in this model everybody + + + align:start position:0% +you're right so in this model everybody +can denounce you might think as the firm + + align:start position:0% +can denounce you might think as the firm + + + align:start position:0% +can denounce you might think as the firm +grows we have a specialized accounting + + align:start position:0% +grows we have a specialized accounting + + + align:start position:0% +grows we have a specialized accounting +department who becomes more and more + + align:start position:0% +department who becomes more and more + + + align:start position:0% +department who becomes more and more +specialized and made only like three + + align:start position:0% +specialized and made only like three + + + align:start position:0% +specialized and made only like three +accountants actually have all the + + align:start position:0% +accountants actually have all the + + + align:start position:0% +accountants actually have all the +information the problem is every + + align:start position:0% +information the problem is every + + + align:start position:0% +information the problem is every +individual knows they were cheating on + + align:start position:0% +individual knows they were cheating on + + + align:start position:0% +individual knows they were cheating on +your own taxes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah because like + + align:start position:0% +yeah because like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because like +even in the in the model with an + + align:start position:0% +even in the in the model with an + + + align:start position:0% +even in the in the model with an +accounting department right you know + + align:start position:0% +accounting department right you know + + + align:start position:0% +accounting department right you know +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +you actually got paid + + align:start position:0% +you actually got paid + + + align:start position:0% +you actually got paid +and you know what the firm told you to + + align:start position:0% +and you know what the firm told you to + + + align:start position:0% +and you know what the firm told you to +write down on your taxes + + align:start position:0% +write down on your taxes + + + align:start position:0% +write down on your taxes +so everybody knows that the firm is + + align:start position:0% +so everybody knows that the firm is + + + align:start position:0% +so everybody knows that the firm is +cheating + + align:start position:0% +cheating + + + align:start position:0% +cheating +and that could be enough to sort of + + align:start position:0% +and that could be enough to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and that could be enough to sort of +start start the kind of process you + + align:start position:0% +start start the kind of process you + + + align:start position:0% +start start the kind of process you +could at least walk into the IRS and say + + align:start position:0% +could at least walk into the IRS and say + + + align:start position:0% +could at least walk into the IRS and say +I don't know how prevalent this is but + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how prevalent this is but + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how prevalent this is but +like here's what they told me to do and + + align:start position:0% +like here's what they told me to do and + + + align:start position:0% +like here's what they told me to do and +here's what they told you know my buddy + + align:start position:0% +here's what they told you know my buddy + + + align:start position:0% +here's what they told you know my buddy +to do and like maybe that's enough so + + align:start position:0% +to do and like maybe that's enough so + + + align:start position:0% +to do and like maybe that's enough so +you're right that that creation of + + align:start position:0% +you're right that that creation of + + + align:start position:0% +you're right that that creation of +specialized knowledge May undo this but + + align:start position:0% +specialized knowledge May undo this but + + + align:start position:0% +specialized knowledge May undo this but +I think the fact that the key point is + + align:start position:0% +I think the fact that the key point is + + + align:start position:0% +I think the fact that the key point is +everybody has to be complicit in the + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to be complicit in the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has to be complicit in the +cheating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um so this paper by Jensen I think this + + align:start position:0% +um so this paper by Jensen I think this + + + align:start position:0% +um so this paper by Jensen I think this +is actually now forthcoming in the AER + + align:start position:0% +is actually now forthcoming in the AER + + + align:start position:0% +is actually now forthcoming in the AER +um sort of take seriously this idea that + + align:start position:0% +um sort of take seriously this idea that + + + align:start position:0% +um sort of take seriously this idea that +basically individual income taxation + + align:start position:0% +basically individual income taxation + + + align:start position:0% +basically individual income taxation +only works in kind of formal employment + + align:start position:0% +only works in kind of formal employment + + + align:start position:0% +only works in kind of formal employment +relationships so another way of saying + + align:start position:0% +relationships so another way of saying + + + align:start position:0% +relationships so another way of saying +it is that like you know uh + + align:start position:0% +it is that like you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +it is that like you know uh +so what's the idea he says look + + align:start position:0% +so what's the idea he says look + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the idea he says look +you know if I'm if I'm an employee in a + + align:start position:0% +you know if I'm if I'm an employee in a + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I'm if I'm an employee in a +formal firm then the firm is double + + align:start position:0% +formal firm then the firm is double + + + align:start position:0% +formal firm then the firm is double +reporting right and maybe the government + + align:start position:0% +reporting right and maybe the government + + + align:start position:0% +reporting right and maybe the government +can try to collect it + + align:start position:0% +can try to collect it + + + align:start position:0% +can try to collect it +but if I'm if I'm in an informal firm or + + align:start position:0% +but if I'm if I'm in an informal firm or + + + align:start position:0% +but if I'm if I'm in an informal firm or +if I'm kind of self-employed or whatever + + align:start position:0% +if I'm kind of self-employed or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm kind of self-employed or whatever +like forget it the government has no + + align:start position:0% +like forget it the government has no + + + align:start position:0% +like forget it the government has no +hope + + align:start position:0% +hope + + + align:start position:0% +hope +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and and Jensen asks well what are the + + align:start position:0% +and and Jensen asks well what are the + + + align:start position:0% +and and Jensen asks well what are the +implications of this for sort of the tax + + align:start position:0% +implications of this for sort of the tax + + + align:start position:0% +implications of this for sort of the tax +structure more broadly okay and in + + align:start position:0% +structure more broadly okay and in + + + align:start position:0% +structure more broadly okay and in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +he basically postulates that countries + + align:start position:0% +he basically postulates that countries + + + align:start position:0% +he basically postulates that countries +kind of realize + + align:start position:0% +kind of realize + + + align:start position:0% +kind of realize +that when the employment share + + align:start position:0% +that when the employment share + + + align:start position:0% +that when the employment share +this was like what are the implications + + align:start position:0% +this was like what are the implications + + + align:start position:0% +this was like what are the implications +of this for how we design the tax code + + align:start position:0% +of this for how we design the tax code + + + align:start position:0% +of this for how we design the tax code +okay and he argues that basically when + + align:start position:0% +okay and he argues that basically when + + + align:start position:0% +okay and he argues that basically when +the employment share on a given income + + align:start position:0% +the employment share on a given income + + + align:start position:0% +the employment share on a given income +debt style is too low governments + + align:start position:0% +debt style is too low governments + + + align:start position:0% +debt style is too low governments +basically just give up on taxes people + + align:start position:0% +basically just give up on taxes people + + + align:start position:0% +basically just give up on taxes people +altogether and just make them exempt + + align:start position:0% +altogether and just make them exempt + + + align:start position:0% +altogether and just make them exempt +from income tax + + align:start position:0% +from income tax + + + align:start position:0% +from income tax +they don't even try + + align:start position:0% +they don't even try + + + align:start position:0% +they don't even try +okay and um and then he basically argued + + align:start position:0% +okay and um and then he basically argued + + + align:start position:0% +okay and um and then he basically argued +that as countries develop + + align:start position:0% +that as countries develop + + + align:start position:0% +that as countries develop +you know as countries become sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know as countries become sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know as countries become sort of +larger the share of people who are kind + + align:start position:0% +larger the share of people who are kind + + + align:start position:0% +larger the share of people who are kind +of working as employees in those larger + + align:start position:0% +of working as employees in those larger + + + align:start position:0% +of working as employees in those larger +firms that kind of increases + + align:start position:0% +firms that kind of increases + + + align:start position:0% +firms that kind of increases +and that and moves down kind of the + + align:start position:0% +and that and moves down kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +and that and moves down kind of the +income percentiles and therefore + + align:start position:0% +income percentiles and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +income percentiles and therefore +countries are going to change their tax + + align:start position:0% +countries are going to change their tax + + + align:start position:0% +countries are going to change their tax +structure sort of endogenously + + align:start position:0% +structure sort of endogenously + + + align:start position:0% +structure sort of endogenously +okay so I'm going to focus just on some + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to focus just on some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to focus just on some +cross-country facts for now which I + + align:start position:0% +cross-country facts for now which I + + + align:start position:0% +cross-country facts for now which I +think are kind of cool + + align:start position:0% +think are kind of cool + + + align:start position:0% +think are kind of cool +um these are actually sorry these are + + align:start position:0% +um these are actually sorry these are + + + align:start position:0% +um these are actually sorry these are +these are first the U.S over time so + + align:start position:0% +these are first the U.S over time so + + + align:start position:0% +these are first the U.S over time so +what what is this okay so this is uh + + align:start position:0% +what what is this okay so this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +what what is this okay so this is uh +the employee share + + align:start position:0% +the employee share + + + align:start position:0% +the employee share +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over the employee share by income decile + + align:start position:0% +over the employee share by income decile + + + align:start position:0% +over the employee share by income decile +okay so this says what fraction of + + align:start position:0% +okay so this says what fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this says what fraction of +people are like in employ employees like + + align:start position:0% +people are like in employ employees like + + + align:start position:0% +people are like in employ employees like +in part of a firm or self-employed the + + align:start position:0% +in part of a firm or self-employed the + + + align:start position:0% +in part of a firm or self-employed the +informal sector which you're not going + + align:start position:0% +informal sector which you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +informal sector which you're not going +to really focus on here but + + align:start position:0% +to really focus on here but + + + align:start position:0% +to really focus on here but +so what do you see so in the 1870s + + align:start position:0% +so what do you see so in the 1870s + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you see so in the 1870s +it looks like basically you know almost + + align:start position:0% +it looks like basically you know almost + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like basically you know almost +every most people in the United States + + align:start position:0% +every most people in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +every most people in the United States +in most income deciles it was only kind + + align:start position:0% +in most income deciles it was only kind + + + align:start position:0% +in most income deciles it was only kind +of the the employee share kind of only + + align:start position:0% +of the the employee share kind of only + + + align:start position:0% +of the the employee share kind of only +happens kind of the very top of the + + align:start position:0% +happens kind of the very top of the + + + align:start position:0% +happens kind of the very top of the +income distribution + + align:start position:0% +income distribution + + + align:start position:0% +income distribution +and we have no income tax in 1870. so + + align:start position:0% +and we have no income tax in 1870. so + + + align:start position:0% +and we have no income tax in 1870. so +the U.S income tax is introduced in 19 + + align:start position:0% +the U.S income tax is introduced in 19 + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S income tax is introduced in 19 +18 1919 I don't remember exactly + + align:start position:0% +18 1919 I don't remember exactly + + + align:start position:0% +18 1919 I don't remember exactly +approximately in 1918. + + align:start position:0% +approximately in 1918. + + + align:start position:0% +approximately in 1918. +plus or minus a couple years + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus a couple years + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus a couple years +1912. I didn't remember + + align:start position:0% +1912. I didn't remember + + + align:start position:0% +1912. I didn't remember +it's in the 1910s there's like an + + align:start position:0% +it's in the 1910s there's like an + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the 1910s there's like an +constitutional amendment to a lot anyway + + align:start position:0% +constitutional amendment to a lot anyway + + + align:start position:0% +constitutional amendment to a lot anyway +approximately then certainly not here + + align:start position:0% +approximately then certainly not here + + + align:start position:0% +approximately then certainly not here +and yes here + + align:start position:0% +and yes here + + + align:start position:0% +and yes here +um and so + + align:start position:0% +um and so + + + align:start position:0% +um and so +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +crap this bar is what is where is the + + align:start position:0% +crap this bar is what is where is the + + + align:start position:0% +crap this bar is what is where is the +exemption of the income tax people below + + align:start position:0% +exemption of the income tax people below + + + align:start position:0% +exemption of the income tax people below +so almost all countries say people below + + align:start position:0% +so almost all countries say people below + + + align:start position:0% +so almost all countries say people below +some income don't pay income tax + + align:start position:0% +some income don't pay income tax + + + align:start position:0% +some income don't pay income tax +and he says where is that threshold in + + align:start position:0% +and he says where is that threshold in + + + align:start position:0% +and he says where is that threshold in +the sort of income distribution + + align:start position:0% +the sort of income distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of income distribution +and he says and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +and he says and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +and he says and you can see that +basically what's happening in the U.S + + align:start position:0% +basically what's happening in the U.S + + + align:start position:0% +basically what's happening in the U.S +over time is two things as the U.S grows + + align:start position:0% +over time is two things as the U.S grows + + + align:start position:0% +over time is two things as the U.S grows +the employee share is really changing + + align:start position:0% +the employee share is really changing + + + align:start position:0% +the employee share is really changing +okay so it's always the case that richer + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's always the case that richer + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's always the case that richer +people are more likely to be employees + + align:start position:0% +people are more likely to be employees + + + align:start position:0% +people are more likely to be employees +but kind of where that thing is sort of + + align:start position:0% +but kind of where that thing is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but kind of where that thing is sort of +is happening it sort of is moving kind + + align:start position:0% +is happening it sort of is moving kind + + + align:start position:0% +is happening it sort of is moving kind +of like down the distribution + + align:start position:0% +of like down the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +of like down the distribution +and as that's happening the income tax + + align:start position:0% +and as that's happening the income tax + + + align:start position:0% +and as that's happening the income tax +exemption threshold also is moving to + + align:start position:0% +exemption threshold also is moving to + + + align:start position:0% +exemption threshold also is moving to +the left + + align:start position:0% +the left + + + align:start position:0% +the left +okay that see us over time so what do + + align:start position:0% +okay that see us over time so what do + + + align:start position:0% +okay that see us over time so what do +you see so + + align:start position:0% +you see so + + + align:start position:0% +you see so +the the next point is that sort of like + + align:start position:0% +the the next point is that sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +the the next point is that sort of like +as if you look across countries + + align:start position:0% +as if you look across countries + + + align:start position:0% +as if you look across countries +okay the you see very similar patterns + + align:start position:0% +okay the you see very similar patterns + + + align:start position:0% +okay the you see very similar patterns +okay so India + + align:start position:0% +okay so India + + + align:start position:0% +okay so India +like looks a lot more like a historical + + align:start position:0% +like looks a lot more like a historical + + + align:start position:0% +like looks a lot more like a historical +us right only kind of employee employee + + align:start position:0% +us right only kind of employee employee + + + align:start position:0% +us right only kind of employee employee +share is kind of really high very high + + align:start position:0% +share is kind of really high very high + + + align:start position:0% +share is kind of really high very high +income tax threshold + + align:start position:0% +income tax threshold + + + align:start position:0% +income tax threshold +Tunisia richer in his data sort of + + align:start position:0% +Tunisia richer in his data sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Tunisia richer in his data sort of +you know it's a bit to the left the + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a bit to the left the + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a bit to the left the +threshold and again this this pattern is + + align:start position:0% +threshold and again this this pattern is + + + align:start position:0% +threshold and again this this pattern is +sort of similar + + align:start position:0% +sort of similar + + + align:start position:0% +sort of similar +if I were to show you Mexico you would + + align:start position:0% +if I were to show you Mexico you would + + + align:start position:0% +if I were to show you Mexico you would +you it's what you look expect it's going + + align:start position:0% +you it's what you look expect it's going + + + align:start position:0% +you it's what you look expect it's going +to kind of look like a little more to + + align:start position:0% +to kind of look like a little more to + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of look like a little more to +the left on both the black line and kind + + align:start position:0% +the left on both the black line and kind + + + align:start position:0% +the left on both the black line and kind +of those crosses and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +of those crosses and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +of those crosses and so on and so forth +and I think that and then you can sort + + align:start position:0% +and I think that and then you can sort + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that and then you can sort +of plot kind of all these different + + align:start position:0% +of plot kind of all these different + + + align:start position:0% +of plot kind of all these different +countries + + align:start position:0% +countries + + + align:start position:0% +countries +and you can see a couple things + + align:start position:0% +and you can see a couple things + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see a couple things +the first is you know what is the sort + + align:start position:0% +the first is you know what is the sort + + + align:start position:0% +the first is you know what is the sort +of overall employee share + + align:start position:0% +of overall employee share + + + align:start position:0% +of overall employee share +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what fraction of people are employees + + align:start position:0% +what fraction of people are employees + + + align:start position:0% +what fraction of people are employees +versus self-employed you can see that + + align:start position:0% +versus self-employed you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +versus self-employed you can see that +this General pattern we were seeing that + + align:start position:0% +this General pattern we were seeing that + + + align:start position:0% +this General pattern we were seeing that +sort of this is moving to the left and + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is moving to the left and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is moving to the left and +sort of getting higher it's going to + + align:start position:0% +sort of getting higher it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of getting higher it's going to +become richer that seems to be true + + align:start position:0% +become richer that seems to be true + + + align:start position:0% +become richer that seems to be true +looking kind of a cross-section of + + align:start position:0% +looking kind of a cross-section of + + + align:start position:0% +looking kind of a cross-section of +countries around the world okay so + + align:start position:0% +countries around the world okay so + + + align:start position:0% +countries around the world okay so +richer countries have high employee + + align:start position:0% +richer countries have high employee + + + align:start position:0% +richer countries have high employee +shares poor countries have much lower + + align:start position:0% +shares poor countries have much lower + + + align:start position:0% +shares poor countries have much lower +employee shares okay + + align:start position:0% +employee shares okay + + + align:start position:0% +employee shares okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you also see that sort of the + + align:start position:0% +you also see that sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +you also see that sort of the +um personal the personal income tax base + + align:start position:0% +um personal the personal income tax base + + + align:start position:0% +um personal the personal income tax base +is kind of what share of the of the + + align:start position:0% +is kind of what share of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of what share of the of the +population is uh is uh above that black + + align:start position:0% +population is uh is uh above that black + + + align:start position:0% +population is uh is uh above that black +line sort of required to pay kind of + + align:start position:0% +line sort of required to pay kind of + + + align:start position:0% +line sort of required to pay kind of +personal income taxes + + align:start position:0% +personal income taxes + + + align:start position:0% +personal income taxes +that's also kind of declining with + + align:start position:0% +that's also kind of declining with + + + align:start position:0% +that's also kind of declining with +income so richer countries are trying to + + align:start position:0% +income so richer countries are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +income so richer countries are trying to +tax kind of further down the + + align:start position:0% +tax kind of further down the + + + align:start position:0% +tax kind of further down the +distribution and this says what fraction + + align:start position:0% +distribution and this says what fraction + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and this says what fraction +is the kind of the most amazing graph of + + align:start position:0% +is the kind of the most amazing graph of + + + align:start position:0% +is the kind of the most amazing graph of +this paper + + align:start position:0% +this paper + + + align:start position:0% +this paper +this is what fraction of the total + + align:start position:0% +this is what fraction of the total + + + align:start position:0% +this is what fraction of the total +employees are in the personal income tax + + align:start position:0% +employees are in the personal income tax + + + align:start position:0% +employees are in the personal income tax +base + + align:start position:0% +base + + + align:start position:0% +base +so it's kind of like the ratio of those + + align:start position:0% +so it's kind of like the ratio of those + + + align:start position:0% +so it's kind of like the ratio of those +two things right what fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +two things right what fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +two things right what fraction of the +people who are employees are above the + + align:start position:0% +people who are employees are above the + + + align:start position:0% +people who are employees are above the +black line + + align:start position:0% +black line + + + align:start position:0% +black line +is almost constant as a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +is almost constant as a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +is almost constant as a fraction of +development + + align:start position:0% +development + + + align:start position:0% +development +okay so so this is basically arguing + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is basically arguing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is basically arguing +that sort of as countries are what's + + align:start position:0% +that sort of as countries are what's + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of as countries are what's +kind of happening is countries are sort + + align:start position:0% +kind of happening is countries are sort + + + align:start position:0% +kind of happening is countries are sort +of realizing that they can only tax + + align:start position:0% +of realizing that they can only tax + + + align:start position:0% +of realizing that they can only tax +people who are employees and sort of + + align:start position:0% +people who are employees and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +people who are employees and sort of +they wait until sort of you know in + + align:start position:0% +they wait until sort of you know in + + + align:start position:0% +they wait until sort of you know in +their sort of setting they're designing + + align:start position:0% +their sort of setting they're designing + + + align:start position:0% +their sort of setting they're designing +their tax Schedule to take into account + + align:start position:0% +their tax Schedule to take into account + + + align:start position:0% +their tax Schedule to take into account +the fact that basically + + align:start position:0% +the fact that basically + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that basically +um uh you know it's only kind of worth + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know it's only kind of worth + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know it's only kind of worth +it to kind of go after the employees and + + align:start position:0% +it to kind of go after the employees and + + + align:start position:0% +it to kind of go after the employees and +they're sort of doing that almost a + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of doing that almost a + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of doing that almost a +constant not exactly constant it's still + + align:start position:0% +constant not exactly constant it's still + + + align:start position:0% +constant not exactly constant it's still +the case that it's a little bit higher + + align:start position:0% +the case that it's a little bit higher + + + align:start position:0% +the case that it's a little bit higher +but I think this is like remarkably uh + + align:start position:0% +but I think this is like remarkably uh + + + align:start position:0% +but I think this is like remarkably uh +remarkably flat by comparison + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like what happens + + align:start position:0% +like what happens + + + align:start position:0% +like what happens +this is only formal Place uh + + align:start position:0% +this is only formal Place uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is only formal Place uh +should only be formal employees I + + align:start position:0% +should only be formal employees I + + + align:start position:0% +should only be formal employees I +believe it's only formal employees I'm + + align:start position:0% +believe it's only formal employees I'm + + + align:start position:0% +believe it's only formal employees I'm +not 100 sure how to calculating the data + + align:start position:0% +not 100 sure how to calculating the data + + + align:start position:0% +not 100 sure how to calculating the data +but it should only be formal employees + + align:start position:0% +but it should only be formal employees + + + align:start position:0% +but it should only be formal employees +the the model is only about formal + + align:start position:0% +the the model is only about formal + + + align:start position:0% +the the model is only about formal +employees I'm not + + align:start position:0% +employees I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +employees I'm not +I don't remember the details of how he + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember the details of how he + + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember the details of how he +constructs this from all the different + + align:start position:0% +constructs this from all the different + + + align:start position:0% +constructs this from all the different +data sets to know if it's formal or + + align:start position:0% +data sets to know if it's formal or + + + align:start position:0% +data sets to know if it's formal or +informal playsabilities but it certainly + + align:start position:0% +informal playsabilities but it certainly + + + align:start position:0% +informal playsabilities but it certainly +should be based on the model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +maybe that ratio is the same for India + + align:start position:0% +maybe that ratio is the same for India + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that ratio is the same for India +in the US but like maybe you're like + + align:start position:0% +in the US but like maybe you're like + + + align:start position:0% +in the US but like maybe you're like +there are some factors that + + align:start position:0% +there are some factors that + + + align:start position:0% +there are some factors that +hire the same employee and just choose + + align:start position:0% +hire the same employee and just choose + + + align:start position:0% +hire the same employee and just choose +to help them be formally on the books + + align:start position:0% +to help them be formally on the books + + + align:start position:0% +to help them be formally on the books +into security or just like have the + + align:start position:0% +into security or just like have the + + + align:start position:0% +into security or just like have the +bigger passion exact same job so it's + + align:start position:0% +bigger passion exact same job so it's + + + align:start position:0% +bigger passion exact same job so it's +actually salary and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +actually salary and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +actually salary and sometimes +yeah so + + align:start position:0% +yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so +let me let me apologize that I don't + + align:start position:0% +let me let me apologize that I don't + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me apologize that I don't +remember exactly how he's constructing + + align:start position:0% +remember exactly how he's constructing + + + align:start position:0% +remember exactly how he's constructing +this data to answer Sal's questions so + + align:start position:0% +this data to answer Sal's questions so + + + align:start position:0% +this data to answer Sal's questions so +like I I don't remember that question + + align:start position:0% +like I I don't remember that question + + + align:start position:0% +like I I don't remember that question +well enough and I should + + align:start position:0% +well enough and I should + + + align:start position:0% +well enough and I should +um but I think the point is an + + align:start position:0% +um but I think the point is an + + + align:start position:0% +um but I think the point is an +equilibrium relationship okay I think + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium relationship okay I think + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium relationship okay I think +this is the way I would think about this + + align:start position:0% +this is the way I would think about this + + + align:start position:0% +this is the way I would think about this +graph + + align:start position:0% +graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph +I guess the broader point I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +I guess the broader point I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +I guess the broader point I'm trying to +argue so I think this is a you know this + + align:start position:0% +argue so I think this is a you know this + + + align:start position:0% +argue so I think this is a you know this +is a I think a very + + align:start position:0% +is a I think a very + + + align:start position:0% +is a I think a very +um there's another part of a sort of + + align:start position:0% +um there's another part of a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um there's another part of a sort of +looking in the US I think to me that + + align:start position:0% +looking in the US I think to me that + + + align:start position:0% +looking in the US I think to me that +what's what's really what I think is + + align:start position:0% +what's what's really what I think is + + + align:start position:0% +what's what's really what I think is +really pretty remarkable about this is + + align:start position:0% +really pretty remarkable about this is + + + align:start position:0% +really pretty remarkable about this is +sort of showing that like at least it + + align:start position:0% +sort of showing that like at least it + + + align:start position:0% +sort of showing that like at least it +looks like the data is certainly very + + align:start position:0% +looks like the data is certainly very + + + align:start position:0% +looks like the data is certainly very +consistent with countries sort of + + align:start position:0% +consistent with countries sort of + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with countries sort of +choosing their employ their threshold of + + align:start position:0% +choosing their employ their threshold of + + + align:start position:0% +choosing their employ their threshold of +kind of who who were even trying to tax + + align:start position:0% +kind of who who were even trying to tax + + + align:start position:0% +kind of who who were even trying to tax +taking into account what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +taking into account what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +taking into account what's going on in +the employment structure I agree with + + align:start position:0% +the employment structure I agree with + + + align:start position:0% +the employment structure I agree with +you that there's a whole range of + + align:start position:0% +you that there's a whole range of + + + align:start position:0% +you that there's a whole range of +additional questions to think about + + align:start position:0% +additional questions to think about + + + align:start position:0% +additional questions to think about +formal versus informal you know and so + + align:start position:0% +formal versus informal you know and so + + + align:start position:0% +formal versus informal you know and so +on and so forth so I don't think this by + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth so I don't think this by + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth so I don't think this by +any means the last word on this but I + + align:start position:0% +any means the last word on this but I + + + align:start position:0% +any means the last word on this but I +just think it the point I want to + + align:start position:0% +just think it the point I want to + + + align:start position:0% +just think it the point I want to +illustrate is that the the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +illustrate is that the the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate is that the the idea is that +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kind of thinking about sort of the + + align:start position:0% +kind of thinking about sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thinking about sort of the +previous model like people like the + + align:start position:0% +previous model like people like the + + + align:start position:0% +previous model like people like the +countries sort of they do it's the the + + align:start position:0% +countries sort of they do it's the the + + + align:start position:0% +countries sort of they do it's the the +data is consistent with the idea that + + align:start position:0% +data is consistent with the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +data is consistent with the idea that +countries realize you can only sort of + + align:start position:0% +countries realize you can only sort of + + + align:start position:0% +countries realize you can only sort of +tax uh people who who are who are in + + align:start position:0% +tax uh people who who are who are in + + + align:start position:0% +tax uh people who who are who are in +kind of these employment relationships + + align:start position:0% +kind of these employment relationships + + + align:start position:0% +kind of these employment relationships +in equilibrium and you know are + + align:start position:0% +in equilibrium and you know are + + + align:start position:0% +in equilibrium and you know are +adjusting their tax code implicitly and + + align:start position:0% +adjusting their tax code implicitly and + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting their tax code implicitly and +therefore as countries develop sort of + + align:start position:0% +therefore as countries develop sort of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore as countries develop sort of +more you know one thing that actually + + align:start position:0% +more you know one thing that actually + + + align:start position:0% +more you know one thing that actually +happens is you know because kind of the + + align:start position:0% +happens is you know because kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +happens is you know because kind of the +they work in more larger companies and + + align:start position:0% +they work in more larger companies and + + + align:start position:0% +they work in more larger companies and +those kind of are that happens a part of + + align:start position:0% +those kind of are that happens a part of + + + align:start position:0% +those kind of are that happens a part of +the development process that also has + + align:start position:0% +the development process that also has + + + align:start position:0% +the development process that also has +implications for sort of what's going on + + align:start position:0% +implications for sort of what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +implications for sort of what's going on +the tax side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I think one + + align:start position:0% +I think one + + + align:start position:0% +I think one +question that + + align:start position:0% +question that + + + align:start position:0% +question that +this may raise is can you improve on the + + align:start position:0% +this may raise is can you improve on the + + + align:start position:0% +this may raise is can you improve on the +ability of firms to report on their + + align:start position:0% +ability of firms to report on their + + + align:start position:0% +ability of firms to report on their +workers + + align:start position:0% +workers + + + align:start position:0% +workers +so like this sort of you know can we + + align:start position:0% +so like this sort of you know can we + + + align:start position:0% +so like this sort of you know can we +sort of like this whole thing was sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of like this whole thing was sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like this whole thing was sort +of taking it as kind of exogenous + + align:start position:0% +of taking it as kind of exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +of taking it as kind of exogenous +Epsilon thing but can we change this + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon thing but can we change this + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon thing but can we change this +right can we change the problem can we + + align:start position:0% +right can we change the problem can we + + + align:start position:0% +right can we change the problem can we +change episode can confirms change + + align:start position:0% +change episode can confirms change + + + align:start position:0% +change episode can confirms change +Epsilon sort of the probability of sort + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon sort of the probability of sort + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon sort of the probability of sort +of getting a report can the governments + + align:start position:0% +of getting a report can the governments + + + align:start position:0% +of getting a report can the governments +change Epsilon the probability of + + align:start position:0% +change Epsilon the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +change Epsilon the probability of +getting a report + + align:start position:0% +getting a report + + + align:start position:0% +getting a report +and I just want to mention kind of one + + align:start position:0% +and I just want to mention kind of one + + + align:start position:0% +and I just want to mention kind of one +paper here which I think is a really + + align:start position:0% +paper here which I think is a really + + + align:start position:0% +paper here which I think is a really +nice paper that tries to look at this I + + align:start position:0% +nice paper that tries to look at this I + + + align:start position:0% +nice paper that tries to look at this I +think this is not this paper doesn't + + align:start position:0% +think this is not this paper doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +think this is not this paper doesn't +sort of it has some sort of data + + align:start position:0% +sort of it has some sort of data + + + align:start position:0% +sort of it has some sort of data +limitations so I don't think totally is + + align:start position:0% +limitations so I don't think totally is + + + align:start position:0% +limitations so I don't think totally is +the last word on this subject so I think + + align:start position:0% +the last word on this subject so I think + + + align:start position:0% +the last word on this subject so I think +I just want to mention this is kind of I + + align:start position:0% +I just want to mention this is kind of I + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to mention this is kind of I +think an exciting interesting question + + align:start position:0% +think an exciting interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +think an exciting interesting question +to think about + + align:start position:0% +to think about + + + align:start position:0% +to think about +um so what does this paper do so his + + align:start position:0% +um so what does this paper do so his + + + align:start position:0% +um so what does this paper do so his +paper says look under Mexico's kind of + + align:start position:0% +paper says look under Mexico's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +paper says look under Mexico's kind of +old pension system + + align:start position:0% +old pension system + + + align:start position:0% +old pension system +um workers pensions were essentially a + + align:start position:0% +um workers pensions were essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +um workers pensions were essentially a +flat function of your of how much your + + align:start position:0% +flat function of your of how much your + + + align:start position:0% +flat function of your of how much your +wages were reported + + align:start position:0% +wages were reported + + + align:start position:0% +wages were reported +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um sorry they were they were not they + + align:start position:0% +um sorry they were they were not they + + + align:start position:0% +um sorry they were they were not they +were flat functional they were not a + + align:start position:0% +were flat functional they were not a + + + align:start position:0% +were flat functional they were not a +function of how much rate is reported + + align:start position:0% +function of how much rate is reported + + + align:start position:0% +function of how much rate is reported +there was a function of like years of + + align:start position:0% +there was a function of like years of + + + align:start position:0% +there was a function of like years of +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +so you didn't care + + align:start position:0% +so you didn't care + + + align:start position:0% +so you didn't care +what the government was reporting on + + align:start position:0% +what the government was reporting on + + + align:start position:0% +what the government was reporting on +your behalf + + align:start position:0% +your behalf + + + align:start position:0% +your behalf +in the new system it's you you basically + + align:start position:0% +in the new system it's you you basically + + + align:start position:0% +in the new system it's you you basically +essentially get some fraction put into + + align:start position:0% +essentially get some fraction put into + + + align:start position:0% +essentially get some fraction put into +your pension account as a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +your pension account as a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +your pension account as a fraction of +kind of how much the government is + + align:start position:0% +kind of how much the government is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of how much the government is +reporting of your income + + align:start position:0% +reporting of your income + + + align:start position:0% +reporting of your income +okay so now all of a sudden you go from + + align:start position:0% +okay so now all of a sudden you go from + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now all of a sudden you go from +a world where you have an incentive to + + align:start position:0% +a world where you have an incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +a world where you have an incentive to +care about kind of what the government + + align:start position:0% +care about kind of what the government + + + align:start position:0% +care about kind of what the government +is telling about about your income uh + + align:start position:0% +is telling about about your income uh + + + align:start position:0% +is telling about about your income uh +from one where you don't + + align:start position:0% +from one where you don't + + + align:start position:0% +from one where you don't +and and they try to sort of establish a + + align:start position:0% +and and they try to sort of establish a + + + align:start position:0% +and and they try to sort of establish a +different diff by sort of saying after + + align:start position:0% +different diff by sort of saying after + + + align:start position:0% +different diff by sort of saying after +the reform maybe young workers have a + + align:start position:0% +the reform maybe young workers have a + + + align:start position:0% +the reform maybe young workers have a +greater incentive to make sure firms + + align:start position:0% +greater incentive to make sure firms + + + align:start position:0% +greater incentive to make sure firms +report weight is honestly than kind of + + align:start position:0% +report weight is honestly than kind of + + + align:start position:0% +report weight is honestly than kind of +before the reform and they find this + + align:start position:0% +before the reform and they find this + + + align:start position:0% +before the reform and they find this +sort of a better match in wages before + + align:start position:0% +sort of a better match in wages before + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a better match in wages before +and after + + align:start position:0% +and after + + + align:start position:0% +and after +the paper as I said like this this + + align:start position:0% +the paper as I said like this this + + + align:start position:0% +the paper as I said like this this +empirical challenges they don't quite so + + align:start position:0% +empirical challenges they don't quite so + + + align:start position:0% +empirical challenges they don't quite so +it's a little bit tough but I think this + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit tough but I think this + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit tough but I think this +question of sort of I just wanted to + + align:start position:0% +question of sort of I just wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +question of sort of I just wanted to +mention this is one example of like how + + align:start position:0% +mention this is one example of like how + + + align:start position:0% +mention this is one example of like how +do you + + align:start position:0% +do you + + + align:start position:0% +do you +um think about improving absolutely how + + align:start position:0% +um think about improving absolutely how + + + align:start position:0% +um think about improving absolutely how +do you think about changing Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +do you think about changing Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +do you think about changing Epsilon +actually this was something I actually + + align:start position:0% +actually this was something I actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually this was something I actually +myself tried to do as I tried to develop + + align:start position:0% +myself tried to do as I tried to develop + + + align:start position:0% +myself tried to do as I tried to develop +like an RCT on this topic in Indonesia + + align:start position:0% +like an RCT on this topic in Indonesia + + + align:start position:0% +like an RCT on this topic in Indonesia +it didn't end up working out + + align:start position:0% +it didn't end up working out + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't end up working out +um but I we're literally and we were + + align:start position:0% +um but I we're literally and we were + + + align:start position:0% +um but I we're literally and we were +thinking of well maybe the government + + align:start position:0% +thinking of well maybe the government + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of well maybe the government +could just start sending people text + + align:start position:0% +could just start sending people text + + + align:start position:0% +could just start sending people text +messages and sort of say like hey like + + align:start position:0% +messages and sort of say like hey like + + + align:start position:0% +messages and sort of say like hey like +what's the uh you know here's what the + + align:start position:0% +what's the uh you know here's what the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the uh you know here's what the +government here's what was reported for + + align:start position:0% +government here's what was reported for + + + align:start position:0% +government here's what was reported for +your wages this month you know + + align:start position:0% +your wages this month you know + + + align:start position:0% +your wages this month you know +FYI as a way of sort of increasing that + + align:start position:0% +FYI as a way of sort of increasing that + + + align:start position:0% +FYI as a way of sort of increasing that +like that that that that that that that + + align:start position:0% +like that that that that that that that + + + align:start position:0% +like that that that that that that that +that that Epsilon but I think more + + align:start position:0% +that that Epsilon but I think more + + + align:start position:0% +that that Epsilon but I think more +generally I think this is kind of an + + align:start position:0% +generally I think this is kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +generally I think this is kind of an +interesting question that's what the + + align:start position:0% +interesting question that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question that's what the +Epsilon isn't fixed and maybe you can + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon isn't fixed and maybe you can + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon isn't fixed and maybe you can +sort of do something about that just + + align:start position:0% +sort of do something about that just + + + align:start position:0% +sort of do something about that just +wanted to put that up there + + align:start position:0% +wanted to put that up there + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to put that up there +okay questions + + align:start position:0% +okay questions + + + align:start position:0% +okay questions +okay so now I wanted to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I wanted to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now I wanted to talk about the +paper that you guys read actually sorry + + align:start position:0% +paper that you guys read actually sorry + + + align:start position:0% +paper that you guys read actually sorry +for last time + + align:start position:0% +for last time + + + align:start position:0% +for last time +which is about value-added tax and and + + align:start position:0% +which is about value-added tax and and + + + align:start position:0% +which is about value-added tax and and +the reason I sort of want to mention + + align:start position:0% +the reason I sort of want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +the reason I sort of want to mention +this is I feel like there as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +this is I feel like there as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +this is I feel like there as I mentioned +there's two different approaches to kind + + align:start position:0% +there's two different approaches to kind + + + align:start position:0% +there's two different approaches to kind +of what we can do about this problem + + align:start position:0% +of what we can do about this problem + + + align:start position:0% +of what we can do about this problem +that's right the the first set of papers + + align:start position:0% +that's right the the first set of papers + + + align:start position:0% +that's right the the first set of papers +was just like why is this kind of like + + align:start position:0% +was just like why is this kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +was just like why is this kind of like +look different in the developing world + + align:start position:0% +look different in the developing world + + + align:start position:0% +look different in the developing world +the second is the second set of papers + + align:start position:0% +the second is the second set of papers + + + align:start position:0% +the second is the second set of papers +are always what can we possibly do about + + align:start position:0% +are always what can we possibly do about + + + align:start position:0% +are always what can we possibly do about +this number one is on the tax tax design + + align:start position:0% +this number one is on the tax tax design + + + align:start position:0% +this number one is on the tax tax design +side and the other is on the tax + + align:start position:0% +side and the other is on the tax + + + align:start position:0% +side and the other is on the tax +enforcement side + + align:start position:0% +enforcement side + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement side +so um the + + align:start position:0% +so um the + + + align:start position:0% +so um the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this paper on the vat is an example of + + align:start position:0% +this paper on the vat is an example of + + + align:start position:0% +this paper on the vat is an example of +the tax structure itself designing the + + align:start position:0% +the tax structure itself designing the + + + align:start position:0% +the tax structure itself designing the +tax structure itself to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +tax structure itself to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +tax structure itself to make sure that +the that it's kind of third-party + + align:start position:0% +the that it's kind of third-party + + + align:start position:0% +the that it's kind of third-party +reported okay so + + align:start position:0% +reported okay so + + + align:start position:0% +reported okay so +um I think for all all the non-americans + + align:start position:0% +um I think for all all the non-americans + + + align:start position:0% +um I think for all all the non-americans +in the room know what a value out of + + align:start position:0% +in the room know what a value out of + + + align:start position:0% +in the room know what a value out of +taxes uh or new prior to reading this + + align:start position:0% +taxes uh or new prior to reading this + + + align:start position:0% +taxes uh or new prior to reading this +because every country in the world + + align:start position:0% +because every country in the world + + + align:start position:0% +because every country in the world +basically has one except for the United + + align:start position:0% +basically has one except for the United + + + align:start position:0% +basically has one except for the United +States approximately + + align:start position:0% +States approximately + + + align:start position:0% +States approximately +um uh so so basically the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +um uh so so basically the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +um uh so so basically the idea is that +firms are taxed on output but receive a + + align:start position:0% +firms are taxed on output but receive a + + + align:start position:0% +firms are taxed on output but receive a +tax credit for the for what they already + + align:start position:0% +tax credit for the for what they already + + + align:start position:0% +tax credit for the for what they already +pay in their inputs okay and the other + + align:start position:0% +pay in their inputs okay and the other + + + align:start position:0% +pay in their inputs okay and the other +thing you have to note is it Imports our + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to note is it Imports our + + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to note is it Imports our +tax and exports are not taxed so at the + + align:start position:0% +tax and exports are not taxed so at the + + + align:start position:0% +tax and exports are not taxed so at the +very end of this at the vat chain you + + align:start position:0% +very end of this at the vat chain you + + + align:start position:0% +very end of this at the vat chain you +have to rebate and the reason is you + + align:start position:0% +have to rebate and the reason is you + + + align:start position:0% +have to rebate and the reason is you +want everything to sort of be on an + + align:start position:0% +want everything to sort of be on an + + + align:start position:0% +want everything to sort of be on an +equal playing field domestically so if + + align:start position:0% +equal playing field domestically so if + + + align:start position:0% +equal playing field domestically so if +we're sort of taxing all domestic + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of taxing all domestic + + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of taxing all domestic +production at say 10 we want to tax + + align:start position:0% +production at say 10 we want to tax + + + align:start position:0% +production at say 10 we want to tax +Imports at 10 so the Imports aren't sort + + align:start position:0% +Imports at 10 so the Imports aren't sort + + + align:start position:0% +Imports at 10 so the Imports aren't sort +of cheaper than domestic stuff so + + align:start position:0% +of cheaper than domestic stuff so + + + align:start position:0% +of cheaper than domestic stuff so +they're sort of equally taxed and the + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of equally taxed and the + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of equally taxed and the +way that that sort of the world has kind + + align:start position:0% +way that that sort of the world has kind + + + align:start position:0% +way that that sort of the world has kind +of worked this out is that when things + + align:start position:0% +of worked this out is that when things + + + align:start position:0% +of worked this out is that when things +come into your border you tax them at + + align:start position:0% +come into your border you tax them at + + + align:start position:0% +come into your border you tax them at +your local vat rate so you have a + + align:start position:0% +your local vat rate so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +your local vat rate so you have a +uniform tariff at your vat rate and when + + align:start position:0% +uniform tariff at your vat rate and when + + + align:start position:0% +uniform tariff at your vat rate and when +you export things the the exporting firm + + align:start position:0% +you export things the the exporting firm + + + align:start position:0% +you export things the the exporting firm +gets a rebate equal to the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +gets a rebate equal to the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +gets a rebate equal to the sort of the +sum of the vat on the on the on the + + align:start position:0% +sum of the vat on the on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the vat on the on the on the +input chain so essentially everything is + + align:start position:0% +input chain so essentially everything is + + + align:start position:0% +input chain so essentially everything is +taxed at its own domestic vat rate + + align:start position:0% +taxed at its own domestic vat rate + + + align:start position:0% +taxed at its own domestic vat rate +regardless of where it is produced + + align:start position:0% +regardless of where it is produced + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of where it is produced +that's kind of the principle + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the principle + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of the principle +I will note that in in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +I will note that in in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I will note that in in a lot of +developing countries that I've been + + align:start position:0% +developing countries that I've been + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries that I've been +engaged with this step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is ends up being + + align:start position:0% +is ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +is ends up being +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +challenging + + align:start position:0% +challenging + + + align:start position:0% +challenging +so governments love taking money in they + + align:start position:0% +so governments love taking money in they + + + align:start position:0% +so governments love taking money in they +do not like sending money out as a + + align:start position:0% +do not like sending money out as a + + + align:start position:0% +do not like sending money out as a +general rule and so they put a lot and + + align:start position:0% +general rule and so they put a lot and + + + align:start position:0% +general rule and so they put a lot and +also could be worried about a lot of + + align:start position:0% +also could be worried about a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +also could be worried about a lot of +fraud like so they put a lot of + + align:start position:0% +fraud like so they put a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +fraud like so they put a lot of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +checks and cross checks on sort of those + + align:start position:0% +checks and cross checks on sort of those + + + align:start position:0% +checks and cross checks on sort of those +vat rebates at the export stage and that + + align:start position:0% +vat rebates at the export stage and that + + + align:start position:0% +vat rebates at the export stage and that +can be sort of like an important + + align:start position:0% +can be sort of like an important + + + align:start position:0% +can be sort of like an important +impediment to trade actually and so + + align:start position:0% +impediment to trade actually and so + + + align:start position:0% +impediment to trade actually and so +actually thinking about that question of + + align:start position:0% +actually thinking about that question of + + + align:start position:0% +actually thinking about that question of +sort of how do you make that vat + + align:start position:0% +sort of how do you make that vat + + + align:start position:0% +sort of how do you make that vat +exporting step kind of work properly is + + align:start position:0% +exporting step kind of work properly is + + + align:start position:0% +exporting step kind of work properly is +at least in some cases that I've + + align:start position:0% +at least in some cases that I've + + + align:start position:0% +at least in some cases that I've +um encountered um + + align:start position:0% +um encountered um + + + align:start position:0% +um encountered um +a challenge + + align:start position:0% +a challenge + + + align:start position:0% +a challenge +okay and so why why do a value add a tax + + align:start position:0% +okay and so why why do a value add a tax + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so why why do a value add a tax +if everyone participates is equivalent + + align:start position:0% +if everyone participates is equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +if everyone participates is equivalent +to assumption tax right so this is the + + align:start position:0% +to assumption tax right so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +to assumption tax right so this is the +idea so the idea here right of our of + + align:start position:0% +idea so the idea here right of our of + + + align:start position:0% +idea so the idea here right of our of +our of our little vat chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +I can't remember the way Dina draws it + + align:start position:0% +I can't remember the way Dina draws it + + + align:start position:0% +I can't remember the way Dina draws it +in the paper + + align:start position:0% +in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +in the paper +which way does she draw it + + align:start position:0% +which way does she draw it + + + align:start position:0% +which way does she draw it +I always okay she goes to supplier on + + align:start position:0% +I always okay she goes to supplier on + + + align:start position:0% +I always okay she goes to supplier on +top right so we have the supplier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the chain goes down + + align:start position:0% +the chain goes down + + + align:start position:0% +the chain goes down +uh right middle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and Retail + + align:start position:0% +and Retail + + + align:start position:0% +and Retail +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have +um so we have so this is like + + align:start position:0% +um so we have so this is like + + + align:start position:0% +um so we have so this is like +things are goods are moving down the + + align:start position:0% +things are goods are moving down the + + + align:start position:0% +things are goods are moving down the +chart right so the idea is that this + + align:start position:0% +chart right so the idea is that this + + + align:start position:0% +chart right so the idea is that this +person like this is the raw supplier + + align:start position:0% +person like this is the raw supplier + + + align:start position:0% +person like this is the raw supplier +pays VAT on this on this piece here this + + align:start position:0% +pays VAT on this on this piece here this + + + align:start position:0% +pays VAT on this on this piece here this +person pays VAT on this minus this so + + align:start position:0% +person pays VAT on this minus this so + + + align:start position:0% +person pays VAT on this minus this so +they pay the at and this and this and + + align:start position:0% +they pay the at and this and this and + + + align:start position:0% +they pay the at and this and this and +the retail pay is the bottom and this is + + align:start position:0% +the retail pay is the bottom and this is + + + align:start position:0% +the retail pay is the bottom and this is +equivalent to just charging a sales tax + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to just charging a sales tax + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to just charging a sales tax +at the very bottom + + align:start position:0% +at the very bottom + + + align:start position:0% +at the very bottom +right both if it's if it's uniform you + + align:start position:0% +right both if it's if it's uniform you + + + align:start position:0% +right both if it's if it's uniform you +basically you're paying a tax on the + + align:start position:0% +basically you're paying a tax on the + + + align:start position:0% +basically you're paying a tax on the +whole production chain it's just that + + align:start position:0% +whole production chain it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +whole production chain it's just that +here it's collected in sort of these + + align:start position:0% +here it's collected in sort of these + + + align:start position:0% +here it's collected in sort of these +three different pieces uh whereas here + + align:start position:0% +three different pieces uh whereas here + + + align:start position:0% +three different pieces uh whereas here +it's kind of collected kind of all at + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of collected kind of all at + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of collected kind of all at +the end so like in the US for example + + align:start position:0% +the end so like in the US for example + + + align:start position:0% +the end so like in the US for example +like we pay you pay a sales tax when you + + align:start position:0% +like we pay you pay a sales tax when you + + + align:start position:0% +like we pay you pay a sales tax when you +buy things in Massachusetts for example + + align:start position:0% +buy things in Massachusetts for example + + + align:start position:0% +buy things in Massachusetts for example +of whatever six and a quarter percent + + align:start position:0% +of whatever six and a quarter percent + + + align:start position:0% +of whatever six and a quarter percent +that's they're tassing it down here in a + + align:start position:0% +that's they're tassing it down here in a + + + align:start position:0% +that's they're tassing it down here in a +vat they're trying to do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +vat they're trying to do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +vat they're trying to do the same thing +tax consumption but they're taxing kind + + align:start position:0% +tax consumption but they're taxing kind + + + align:start position:0% +tax consumption but they're taxing kind +of all the way through the through the + + align:start position:0% +of all the way through the through the + + + align:start position:0% +of all the way through the through the +chain + + align:start position:0% +chain + + + align:start position:0% +chain +and um the the idea of this is that + + align:start position:0% +and um the the idea of this is that + + + align:start position:0% +and um the the idea of this is that +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you get better account of reporting + + align:start position:0% +you get better account of reporting + + + align:start position:0% +you get better account of reporting +because in a sales tax like you know the + + align:start position:0% +because in a sales tax like you know the + + + align:start position:0% +because in a sales tax like you know the +retailer you know has all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +retailer you know has all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +retailer you know has all kinds of +incentives not to sort of like to to + + align:start position:0% +incentives not to sort of like to to + + + align:start position:0% +incentives not to sort of like to to +under report the the total sale price + + align:start position:0% +under report the the total sale price + + + align:start position:0% +under report the the total sale price +and the government lose those taxes + + align:start position:0% +and the government lose those taxes + + + align:start position:0% +and the government lose those taxes +that's still true here by the way + + align:start position:0% +that's still true here by the way + + + align:start position:0% +that's still true here by the way +there's nothing kind of going on over + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing kind of going on over + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing kind of going on over +here but in all the previous steps you + + align:start position:0% +here but in all the previous steps you + + + align:start position:0% +here but in all the previous steps you +have incentives that go in opposite + + align:start position:0% +have incentives that go in opposite + + + align:start position:0% +have incentives that go in opposite +directions so this person would like to + + align:start position:0% +directions so this person would like to + + + align:start position:0% +directions so this person would like to +under report right how much they are + + align:start position:0% +under report right how much they are + + + align:start position:0% +under report right how much they are +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +uh selling they're good for but this + + align:start position:0% +uh selling they're good for but this + + + align:start position:0% +uh selling they're good for but this +person over here would like to sort of + + align:start position:0% +person over here would like to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +person over here would like to sort of +make that number as big as possible + + align:start position:0% +make that number as big as possible + + + align:start position:0% +make that number as big as possible +because they get a credit for that + + align:start position:0% +because they get a credit for that + + + align:start position:0% +because they get a credit for that +amount right and so if that the whole + + align:start position:0% +amount right and so if that the whole + + + align:start position:0% +amount right and so if that the whole +idea from kind of governments is we get + + align:start position:0% +idea from kind of governments is we get + + + align:start position:0% +idea from kind of governments is we get +accurate reporting of information if we + + align:start position:0% +accurate reporting of information if we + + + align:start position:0% +accurate reporting of information if we +have information reported by by both + + align:start position:0% +have information reported by by both + + + align:start position:0% +have information reported by by both +parties the whole idea of the vat is + + align:start position:0% +parties the whole idea of the vat is + + + align:start position:0% +parties the whole idea of the vat is +that we can for everything except for + + align:start position:0% +that we can for everything except for + + + align:start position:0% +that we can for everything except for +the very last step we can generate you + + align:start position:0% +the very last step we can generate you + + + align:start position:0% +the very last step we can generate you +know third double reporting of + + align:start position:0% +know third double reporting of + + + align:start position:0% +know third double reporting of +information and the government can kind + + align:start position:0% +information and the government can kind + + + align:start position:0% +information and the government can kind +of actually like use that to kind of + + align:start position:0% +of actually like use that to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of actually like use that to kind of +figure things out okay so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +figure things out okay so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +figure things out okay so that's that's +the basic idea and this paper this paper + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea and this paper this paper + + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea and this paper this paper +is about testing kind of whether that + + align:start position:0% +is about testing kind of whether that + + + align:start position:0% +is about testing kind of whether that +idea actually works and sort of there + + align:start position:0% +idea actually works and sort of there + + + align:start position:0% +idea actually works and sort of there +are these kind of vat chains the you + + align:start position:0% +are these kind of vat chains the you + + + align:start position:0% +are these kind of vat chains the you +know I think in your comments I just + + align:start position:0% +know I think in your comments I just + + + align:start position:0% +know I think in your comments I just +want to mention a couple things you guys + + align:start position:0% +want to mention a couple things you guys + + + align:start position:0% +want to mention a couple things you guys +mentioned that sort of that you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one or one thing that actually has to + + align:start position:0% +one or one thing that actually has to + + + align:start position:0% +one or one thing that actually has to +happen which you'll see as we talk about + + align:start position:0% +happen which you'll see as we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +happen which you'll see as we talk about +this paper is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doing this third party reporting is + + align:start position:0% +doing this third party reporting is + + + align:start position:0% +doing this third party reporting is +actually kind of tricky + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of tricky + + + align:start position:0% +actually kind of tricky +so it requires the government collecting + + align:start position:0% +so it requires the government collecting + + + align:start position:0% +so it requires the government collecting +you know tax ID numbers for everyone to + + align:start position:0% +you know tax ID numbers for everyone to + + + align:start position:0% +you know tax ID numbers for everyone to +match every transaction or at least + + align:start position:0% +match every transaction or at least + + + align:start position:0% +match every transaction or at least +every firm you know at the firm to firm + + align:start position:0% +every firm you know at the firm to firm + + + align:start position:0% +every firm you know at the firm to firm +level + + align:start position:0% +level + + + align:start position:0% +level +it turns out that actually is kind of + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that actually is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that actually is kind of +harder than you may think + + align:start position:0% +harder than you may think + + + align:start position:0% +harder than you may think +and at least in some context that I've + + align:start position:0% +and at least in some context that I've + + + align:start position:0% +and at least in some context that I've +worked at they collect all that data but + + align:start position:0% +worked at they collect all that data but + + + align:start position:0% +worked at they collect all that data but +actually they sort of try to actually + + align:start position:0% +actually they sort of try to actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually they sort of try to actually +analyze it + + align:start position:0% +analyze it + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it +um and figure out if people are actually + + align:start position:0% +um and figure out if people are actually + + + align:start position:0% +um and figure out if people are actually +cheating turns out to be a very + + align:start position:0% +cheating turns out to be a very + + + align:start position:0% +cheating turns out to be a very +labor-intensive and surprisingly charred + + align:start position:0% +labor-intensive and surprisingly charred + + + align:start position:0% +labor-intensive and surprisingly charred +to automate kind of process because the + + align:start position:0% +to automate kind of process because the + + + align:start position:0% +to automate kind of process because the +world is messy right it's a lot simpler + + align:start position:0% +world is messy right it's a lot simpler + + + align:start position:0% +world is messy right it's a lot simpler +if like you know I have like one or one + + align:start position:0% +if like you know I have like one or one + + + align:start position:0% +if like you know I have like one or one +employer and like you know + + align:start position:0% +employer and like you know + + + align:start position:0% +employer and like you know +the IRS can sort of pretty easily check + + align:start position:0% +the IRS can sort of pretty easily check + + + align:start position:0% +the IRS can sort of pretty easily check +my kind of like income tax for a + + align:start position:0% +my kind of like income tax for a + + + align:start position:0% +my kind of like income tax for a +complicated world where a firm has got + + align:start position:0% +complicated world where a firm has got + + + align:start position:0% +complicated world where a firm has got +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +you know thousands of clients and + + align:start position:0% +you know thousands of clients and + + + align:start position:0% +you know thousands of clients and +thousands and hundreds of suppliers like + + align:start position:0% +thousands and hundreds of suppliers like + + + align:start position:0% +thousands and hundreds of suppliers like +doing all this stuff kind of is it can + + align:start position:0% +doing all this stuff kind of is it can + + + align:start position:0% +doing all this stuff kind of is it can +be surprisingly tricky + + align:start position:0% +be surprisingly tricky + + + align:start position:0% +be surprisingly tricky +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +you know someone mentioned sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know someone mentioned sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know someone mentioned sort of +automating kind of you know what is the + + align:start position:0% +automating kind of you know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +automating kind of you know what is the +impact of digital payments or you know + + align:start position:0% +impact of digital payments or you know + + + align:start position:0% +impact of digital payments or you know +automating stuff I think actually all + + align:start position:0% +automating stuff I think actually all + + + align:start position:0% +automating stuff I think actually all +the understanding all that and and how + + align:start position:0% +the understanding all that and and how + + + align:start position:0% +the understanding all that and and how +that kind of implies what what + + align:start position:0% +that kind of implies what what + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of implies what what +governments can tax as kind of firms are + + align:start position:0% +governments can tax as kind of firms are + + + align:start position:0% +governments can tax as kind of firms are +developing and becoming kind of more + + align:start position:0% +developing and becoming kind of more + + + align:start position:0% +developing and becoming kind of more +countries are developing coming more + + align:start position:0% +countries are developing coming more + + + align:start position:0% +countries are developing coming more +electronic or whatever it's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +electronic or whatever it's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +electronic or whatever it's kind of an +interesting area to uh to think about + + align:start position:0% +interesting area to uh to think about + + + align:start position:0% +interesting area to uh to think about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what I was going to say + + align:start position:0% +what I was going to say + + + align:start position:0% +what I was going to say +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so um + + align:start position:0% +all right so um + + + align:start position:0% +all right so um +what she talks about in the paper is + + align:start position:0% +what she talks about in the paper is + + + align:start position:0% +what she talks about in the paper is +that there's essentially two different + + align:start position:0% +that there's essentially two different + + + align:start position:0% +that there's essentially two different +kinds of tax evasion she calls them + + align:start position:0% +kinds of tax evasion she calls them + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of tax evasion she calls them +collusive evasion and unilateralization + + align:start position:0% +collusive evasion and unilateralization + + + align:start position:0% +collusive evasion and unilateralization +so collusive evasion is we like + + align:start position:0% +so collusive evasion is we like + + + align:start position:0% +so collusive evasion is we like +emit an entire transaction completely + + align:start position:0% +emit an entire transaction completely + + + align:start position:0% +emit an entire transaction completely +you know whereas unilateral elevations + + align:start position:0% +you know whereas unilateral elevations + + + align:start position:0% +you know whereas unilateral elevations +we kind of just disagree on these + + align:start position:0% +we kind of just disagree on these + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of just disagree on these +amounts + + align:start position:0% +amounts + + + align:start position:0% +amounts +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and she also is going to try to + + align:start position:0% +and she also is going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +and she also is going to try to +understand kind of what the the impacts + + align:start position:0% +understand kind of what the the impacts + + + align:start position:0% +understand kind of what the the impacts +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I think I sort of went through all this + + align:start position:0% +I think I sort of went through all this + + + align:start position:0% +I think I sort of went through all this +so she argues that basically you know + + align:start position:0% +so she argues that basically you know + + + align:start position:0% +so she argues that basically you know +what happens if I shock + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I shock + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I shock +um this firm over here + + align:start position:0% +um this firm over here + + + align:start position:0% +um this firm over here +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +if I was just and I sort of like make + + align:start position:0% +if I was just and I sort of like make + + + align:start position:0% +if I was just and I sort of like make +sure this firm kind of becomes honest + + align:start position:0% +sure this firm kind of becomes honest + + + align:start position:0% +sure this firm kind of becomes honest +well in collusive evasion right + + align:start position:0% +well in collusive evasion right + + + align:start position:0% +well in collusive evasion right +all of a sudden like that whole + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden like that whole + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden like that whole +transaction sort of appears on the books + + align:start position:0% +transaction sort of appears on the books + + + align:start position:0% +transaction sort of appears on the books +yeah so okay so what happens basically + + align:start position:0% +yeah so okay so what happens basically + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so okay so what happens basically +inclusive evasion when I shock this firm + + align:start position:0% +inclusive evasion when I shock this firm + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive evasion when I shock this firm +that new that new thing kind of uh that + + align:start position:0% +that new that new thing kind of uh that + + + align:start position:0% +that new that new thing kind of uh that +that new uh that that new thing goes up + + align:start position:0% +that new uh that that new thing goes up + + + align:start position:0% +that new uh that that new thing goes up +and this firm can actually start + + align:start position:0% +and this firm can actually start + + + align:start position:0% +and this firm can actually start +reporting it as a as an input and maybe + + align:start position:0% +reporting it as a as an input and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +reporting it as a as an input and maybe +maybe reduce their vat + + align:start position:0% +maybe reduce their vat + + + align:start position:0% +maybe reduce their vat +um over here + + align:start position:0% +um over here + + + align:start position:0% +um over here +um what happens is kind of they are they + + align:start position:0% +um what happens is kind of they are they + + + align:start position:0% +um what happens is kind of they are they +all have to kind of move towards like + + align:start position:0% +all have to kind of move towards like + + + align:start position:0% +all have to kind of move towards like +agreement and so those could be sort of + + align:start position:0% +agreement and so those could be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +agreement and so those could be sort of +two different kind of effects + + align:start position:0% +two different kind of effects + + + align:start position:0% +two different kind of effects +what I want to talk about a little more + + align:start position:0% +what I want to talk about a little more + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to talk about a little more +though is what she what she actually + + align:start position:0% +though is what she what she actually + + + align:start position:0% +though is what she what she actually +does in terms of the the experiments so + + align:start position:0% +does in terms of the the experiments so + + + align:start position:0% +does in terms of the the experiments so +she does two different things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first thing she does + + align:start position:0% +the first thing she does + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing she does +is she does a um + + align:start position:0% +is she does a um + + + align:start position:0% +is she does a um +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +a spillover experiment + + align:start position:0% +a spillover experiment + + + align:start position:0% +a spillover experiment +which is to say she tells these firms + + align:start position:0% +which is to say she tells these firms + + + align:start position:0% +which is to say she tells these firms +that they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to be +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh uh suspect the firms are suspective + + align:start position:0% +uh uh suspect the firms are suspective + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh suspect the firms are suspective +tax evasion + + align:start position:0% +tax evasion + + + align:start position:0% +tax evasion +they're told they're going to sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +they're told they're going to sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +they're told they're going to sort of uh +they're going to be in audited + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be in audited + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be in audited +they then go and audit them and they + + align:start position:0% +they then go and audit them and they + + + align:start position:0% +they then go and audit them and they +sort of see what what kind of happened + + align:start position:0% +sort of see what what kind of happened + + + align:start position:0% +sort of see what what kind of happened +what actually happened and and and the + + align:start position:0% +what actually happened and and and the + + + align:start position:0% +what actually happened and and and the +thing I want to note here is + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to note here is + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to note here is +this audit is kind of the thing required + + align:start position:0% +this audit is kind of the thing required + + + align:start position:0% +this audit is kind of the thing required +to actually kind of go and sort of match + + align:start position:0% +to actually kind of go and sort of match + + + align:start position:0% +to actually kind of go and sort of match +everything up so so she only knows what + + align:start position:0% +everything up so so she only knows what + + + align:start position:0% +everything up so so she only knows what +happens to the Upstream in the + + align:start position:0% +happens to the Upstream in the + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the Upstream in the +downstream people in the kind of the + + align:start position:0% +downstream people in the kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +downstream people in the kind of the +audit group because sort of doing that + + align:start position:0% +audit group because sort of doing that + + + align:start position:0% +audit group because sort of doing that +whole matching actually kind of is + + align:start position:0% +whole matching actually kind of is + + + align:start position:0% +whole matching actually kind of is +manual and requires kind of the audit to + + align:start position:0% +manual and requires kind of the audit to + + + align:start position:0% +manual and requires kind of the audit to +actually take place + + align:start position:0% +actually take place + + + align:start position:0% +actually take place +okay in the deterrence experiment + + align:start position:0% +okay in the deterrence experiment + + + align:start position:0% +okay in the deterrence experiment +she basically sends some random fraction + + align:start position:0% +she basically sends some random fraction + + + align:start position:0% +she basically sends some random fraction +of people in different parts of the + + align:start position:0% +of people in different parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +of people in different parts of the +chain a letter saying you're likely to + + align:start position:0% +chain a letter saying you're likely to + + + align:start position:0% +chain a letter saying you're likely to +be audited and looks at kind of the + + align:start position:0% +be audited and looks at kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +be audited and looks at kind of the +responsiveness + + align:start position:0% +responsiveness + + + align:start position:0% +responsiveness +okay so these experiments are sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay so these experiments are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these experiments are sort of +doing two different things + + align:start position:0% +doing two different things + + + align:start position:0% +doing two different things +and one thing so this one I think is + + align:start position:0% +and one thing so this one I think is + + + align:start position:0% +and one thing so this one I think is +pretty clear right this is basically + + align:start position:0% +pretty clear right this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +pretty clear right this is basically +testing kind of for the vat chain this + + align:start position:0% +testing kind of for the vat chain this + + + align:start position:0% +testing kind of for the vat chain this +is that this one I think has the + + align:start position:0% +is that this one I think has the + + + align:start position:0% +is that this one I think has the +cleanest test this one basically says + + align:start position:0% +cleanest test this one basically says + + + align:start position:0% +cleanest test this one basically says +if this vat chain thing is actually + + align:start position:0% +if this vat chain thing is actually + + + align:start position:0% +if this vat chain thing is actually +happening + + align:start position:0% +happening + + + align:start position:0% +happening +and I tell you all of a sudden you're + + align:start position:0% +and I tell you all of a sudden you're + + + align:start position:0% +and I tell you all of a sudden you're +going to be audited the question is not + + align:start position:0% +going to be audited the question is not + + + align:start position:0% +going to be audited the question is not +just what your response is but does that + + align:start position:0% +just what your response is but does that + + + align:start position:0% +just what your response is but does that +sort of feed through to kind of your + + align:start position:0% +sort of feed through to kind of your + + + align:start position:0% +sort of feed through to kind of your +upstream and sort of Downstream uh uh + + align:start position:0% +upstream and sort of Downstream uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +upstream and sort of Downstream uh uh +people kind of through this vat chain + + align:start position:0% +people kind of through this vat chain + + + align:start position:0% +people kind of through this vat chain +the second piece the deterrence piece is + + align:start position:0% +the second piece the deterrence piece is + + + align:start position:0% +the second piece the deterrence piece is +um is a little less clear I think in the + + align:start position:0% +um is a little less clear I think in the + + + align:start position:0% +um is a little less clear I think in the +deterrence piece she basically says look + + align:start position:0% +deterrence piece she basically says look + + + align:start position:0% +deterrence piece she basically says look +where in the vat World in general + + align:start position:0% +where in the vat World in general + + + align:start position:0% +where in the vat World in general +where should sort of evasion be highest + + align:start position:0% +where should sort of evasion be highest + + + align:start position:0% +where should sort of evasion be highest +right we think of Asians should be + + align:start position:0% +right we think of Asians should be + + + align:start position:0% +right we think of Asians should be +highest kind of down here at the retail + + align:start position:0% +highest kind of down here at the retail + + + align:start position:0% +highest kind of down here at the retail +level + + align:start position:0% +level + + + align:start position:0% +level +so if you if you believe that sort of + + align:start position:0% +so if you if you believe that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so if you if you believe that sort of +what's happening in the deterrence + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in the deterrence + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in the deterrence +experiment is that it moves you from + + align:start position:0% +experiment is that it moves you from + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is that it moves you from +sort of whatever you were doing now to + + align:start position:0% +sort of whatever you were doing now to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of whatever you were doing now to +kind of like no cheating then you expect + + align:start position:0% +kind of like no cheating then you expect + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like no cheating then you expect +a larger responsiveness down here + + align:start position:0% +a larger responsiveness down here + + + align:start position:0% +a larger responsiveness down here +because there was more tuning to begin + + align:start position:0% +because there was more tuning to begin + + + align:start position:0% +because there was more tuning to begin +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +but I think as one of you pointed out in + + align:start position:0% +but I think as one of you pointed out in + + + align:start position:0% +but I think as one of you pointed out in +your comments + + align:start position:0% +your comments + + + align:start position:0% +your comments +this one is a little more complicated + + align:start position:0% +this one is a little more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +this one is a little more complicated +because it's it's uh you could also have + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's uh you could also have + + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's uh you could also have +the view of like + + align:start position:0% +the view of like + + + align:start position:0% +the view of like +foreign + + align:start position:0% +foreign + + + align:start position:0% +foreign +maybe the audit doesn't can't figure + + align:start position:0% +maybe the audit doesn't can't figure + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the audit doesn't can't figure +anything out down here because there's + + align:start position:0% +anything out down here because there's + + + align:start position:0% +anything out down here because there's +no kind of like way of figuring out what + + align:start position:0% +no kind of like way of figuring out what + + + align:start position:0% +no kind of like way of figuring out what +the truth is over here so I think this + + align:start position:0% +the truth is over here so I think this + + + align:start position:0% +the truth is over here so I think this +one the deterrence one is only + + align:start position:0% +one the deterrence one is only + + + align:start position:0% +one the deterrence one is only +interpretable if you think of the + + align:start position:0% +interpretable if you think of the + + + align:start position:0% +interpretable if you think of the +deterrence as kind of moving from like + + align:start position:0% +deterrence as kind of moving from like + + + align:start position:0% +deterrence as kind of moving from like +whatever you were doing before to kind + + align:start position:0% +whatever you were doing before to kind + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you were doing before to kind +of like the truth + + align:start position:0% +of like the truth + + + align:start position:0% +of like the truth +then I think her interpretation of sort + + align:start position:0% +then I think her interpretation of sort + + + align:start position:0% +then I think her interpretation of sort +of using that to measure sort of + + align:start position:0% +of using that to measure sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of using that to measure sort of +differential amounts of preheating is is + + align:start position:0% +differential amounts of preheating is is + + + align:start position:0% +differential amounts of preheating is is +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +if you sort of say well + + align:start position:0% +if you sort of say well + + + align:start position:0% +if you sort of say well +it's not clear how what we're learning + + align:start position:0% +it's not clear how what we're learning + + + align:start position:0% +it's not clear how what we're learning +from the audit unless like uh + + align:start position:0% +from the audit unless like uh + + + align:start position:0% +from the audit unless like uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because that is is related to kind of + + align:start position:0% +because that is is related to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +because that is is related to kind of +where you are in the vat chain it's a + + align:start position:0% +where you are in the vat chain it's a + + + align:start position:0% +where you are in the vat chain it's a +little bit less clear does that is that + + align:start position:0% +little bit less clear does that is that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit less clear does that is that +point it's like a little you you're + + align:start position:0% +point it's like a little you you're + + + align:start position:0% +point it's like a little you you're +trying to learn infer something about + + align:start position:0% +trying to learn infer something about + + + align:start position:0% +trying to learn infer something about +the level from which she measures the + + align:start position:0% +the level from which she measures the + + + align:start position:0% +the level from which she measures the +derivative right she measures sort of + + align:start position:0% +derivative right she measures sort of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative right she measures sort of +like what is D taxes d-audit okay for + + align:start position:0% +like what is D taxes d-audit okay for + + + align:start position:0% +like what is D taxes d-audit okay for +the three different places she's trying + + align:start position:0% +the three different places she's trying + + + align:start position:0% +the three different places she's trying +to infer something about the level of + + align:start position:0% +to infer something about the level of + + + align:start position:0% +to infer something about the level of +pre-period evasion from that derivative + + align:start position:0% +pre-period evasion from that derivative + + + align:start position:0% +pre-period evasion from that derivative +and I guess the point I'm making is that + + align:start position:0% +and I guess the point I'm making is that + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess the point I'm making is that +only is is valid if you basically assume + + align:start position:0% +only is is valid if you basically assume + + + align:start position:0% +only is is valid if you basically assume +that kind of the shock is kind of like + + align:start position:0% +that kind of the shock is kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of the shock is kind of like +getting you to the same point in all + + align:start position:0% +getting you to the same point in all + + + align:start position:0% +getting you to the same point in all +those places I think that's not totally + + align:start position:0% +those places I think that's not totally + + + align:start position:0% +those places I think that's not totally +obvious + + align:start position:0% +obvious + + + align:start position:0% +obvious +so that's why I like to spillover one + + align:start position:0% +so that's why I like to spillover one + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why I like to spillover one +better I think spillover runs cleaner + + align:start position:0% +better I think spillover runs cleaner + + + align:start position:0% +better I think spillover runs cleaner +questions about the experimental design + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um so what does she find + + align:start position:0% +um so what does she find + + + align:start position:0% +um so what does she find +oops + + align:start position:0% +oops + + + align:start position:0% +oops +she finds + + align:start position:0% +she finds + + + align:start position:0% +she finds +um this is the spillover stuff + + align:start position:0% +um this is the spillover stuff + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the spillover stuff +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +this says + + align:start position:0% +this says + + + align:start position:0% +this says +so like you know do you pay more vat you + + align:start position:0% +so like you know do you pay more vat you + + + align:start position:0% +so like you know do you pay more vat you +know if your audit if you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +know if your audit if you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +know if your audit if you're going to be +audited right then yes you do okay + + align:start position:0% +audited right then yes you do okay + + + align:start position:0% +audited right then yes you do okay +that's just as that's the own effect + + align:start position:0% +that's just as that's the own effect + + + align:start position:0% +that's just as that's the own effect +and the question is sort of like are + + align:start position:0% +and the question is sort of like are + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is sort of like are +there sort of like upstream or + + align:start position:0% +there sort of like upstream or + + + align:start position:0% +there sort of like upstream or +Downstream effects + + align:start position:0% +Downstream effects + + + align:start position:0% +Downstream effects +and the answer is there are pretty + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is there are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is there are pretty +strong Upstream effects okay so what + + align:start position:0% +strong Upstream effects okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +strong Upstream effects okay so what +this basically says is I audit these + + align:start position:0% +this basically says is I audit these + + + align:start position:0% +this basically says is I audit these +people over here + + align:start position:0% +people over here + + + align:start position:0% +people over here +right and these people also pay more + + align:start position:0% +right and these people also pay more + + + align:start position:0% +right and these people also pay more +taxes + + align:start position:0% +taxes + + + align:start position:0% +taxes +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and that's it and I think that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +and that's it and I think that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and that's it and I think that's kind of +the the key point you know why might the + + align:start position:0% +the the key point you know why might the + + + align:start position:0% +the the key point you know why might the +retail people will not pay more taxes + + align:start position:0% +retail people will not pay more taxes + + + align:start position:0% +retail people will not pay more taxes +well because they kind of have a lot + + align:start position:0% +well because they kind of have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +well because they kind of have a lot +more flexibility sort of at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +more flexibility sort of at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +more flexibility sort of at the bottom +end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so people who are sort of + + align:start position:0% +right so people who are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +right so people who are sort of +Downstream they can sort of adjust kind + + align:start position:0% +Downstream they can sort of adjust kind + + + align:start position:0% +Downstream they can sort of adjust kind +of you know in the third of the three + + align:start position:0% +of you know in the third of the three + + + align:start position:0% +of you know in the third of the three +chain version in the real world it's + + align:start position:0% +chain version in the real world it's + + + align:start position:0% +chain version in the real world it's +more complicated but certainly the more + + align:start position:0% +more complicated but certainly the more + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated but certainly the more +Downstream you are you know the retail + + align:start position:0% +Downstream you are you know the retail + + + align:start position:0% +Downstream you are you know the retail +people are the ones that have sort of + + align:start position:0% +people are the ones that have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +people are the ones that have sort of +the most ability to sort of to to evade + + align:start position:0% +the most ability to sort of to to evade + + + align:start position:0% +the most ability to sort of to to evade +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +um so that's kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +um so that's kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's kind of the the +um the key Point uh over here is that it + + align:start position:0% +um the key Point uh over here is that it + + + align:start position:0% +um the key Point uh over here is that it +seems to sort of spill over upstream and + + align:start position:0% +seems to sort of spill over upstream and + + + align:start position:0% +seems to sort of spill over upstream and +I think that's sort of the best evidence + + align:start position:0% +I think that's sort of the best evidence + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's sort of the best evidence +that we have that actually views These + + align:start position:0% +that we have that actually views These + + + align:start position:0% +that we have that actually views These +Chains seem to be mattering + + align:start position:0% +Chains seem to be mattering + + + align:start position:0% +Chains seem to be mattering +in the deterrence paper this is too + + align:start position:0% +in the deterrence paper this is too + + + align:start position:0% +in the deterrence paper this is too +small sorry so let me sort of zoom in on + + align:start position:0% +small sorry so let me sort of zoom in on + + + align:start position:0% +small sorry so let me sort of zoom in on +it because you don't have the handout + + align:start position:0% +it because you don't have the handout + + + align:start position:0% +it because you don't have the handout +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the key Point here is there's a + + align:start position:0% +the key Point here is there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the key Point here is there's a +heterogeneous treatment effect so where + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous treatment effect so where + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous treatment effect so where +is the deterrence effect have the + + align:start position:0% +is the deterrence effect have the + + + align:start position:0% +is the deterrence effect have the +largest effects it is the largest + + align:start position:0% +largest effects it is the largest + + + align:start position:0% +largest effects it is the largest +effects for the people who are more + + align:start position:0% +effects for the people who are more + + + align:start position:0% +effects for the people who are more +Downstream + + align:start position:0% +Downstream + + + align:start position:0% +Downstream +okay so that basically is arguing that + + align:start position:0% +okay so that basically is arguing that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that basically is arguing that +sort of there was more cheating kind of + + align:start position:0% +sort of there was more cheating kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of there was more cheating kind of +happening kind of under the assumption + + align:start position:0% +happening kind of under the assumption + + + align:start position:0% +happening kind of under the assumption +that you can learn about the level from + + align:start position:0% +that you can learn about the level from + + + align:start position:0% +that you can learn about the level from +the derivative that I talked about + + align:start position:0% +the derivative that I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative that I talked about +before you get she's sort of arguing + + align:start position:0% +before you get she's sort of arguing + + + align:start position:0% +before you get she's sort of arguing +that sort of more cheating kind of down + + align:start position:0% +that sort of more cheating kind of down + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of more cheating kind of down +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that's kind of what I wanted to say + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what I wanted to say + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what I wanted to say +about this paper but you guys said do + + align:start position:0% +about this paper but you guys said do + + + align:start position:0% +about this paper but you guys said do +you have any comments or questions from + + align:start position:0% +you have any comments or questions from + + + align:start position:0% +you have any comments or questions from +having read it + + align:start position:0% +having read it + + + align:start position:0% +having read it +Kyle actually look like you have + + align:start position:0% +Kyle actually look like you have + + + align:start position:0% +Kyle actually look like you have +a form of a question I just want you + + align:start position:0% +a form of a question I just want you + + + align:start position:0% +a form of a question I just want you +guys + + align:start position:0% +guys + + + align:start position:0% +guys +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh did they going did they go into this + + align:start position:0% +oh did they going did they go into this + + + align:start position:0% +oh did they going did they go into this +like with that testing with this Theory + + align:start position:0% +like with that testing with this Theory + + + align:start position:0% +like with that testing with this Theory +um I mean I don't I can't speak to what + + align:start position:0% +um I mean I don't I can't speak to what + + + align:start position:0% +um I mean I don't I can't speak to what +uh what what she was thinking when she + + align:start position:0% +uh what what she was thinking when she + + + align:start position:0% +uh what what she was thinking when she +designed the experiment but I suspect + + align:start position:0% +designed the experiment but I suspect + + + align:start position:0% +designed the experiment but I suspect +they did I mean I think this is the key + + align:start position:0% +they did I mean I think this is the key + + + align:start position:0% +they did I mean I think this is the key +question in vat is that those people + + align:start position:0% +question in vat is that those people + + + align:start position:0% +question in vat is that those people +were trying to understand was sort of + + align:start position:0% +were trying to understand was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +were trying to understand was sort of +understanding the spillover so I I think + + align:start position:0% +understanding the spillover so I I think + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the spillover so I I think +that I I think they were trying to go + + align:start position:0% +that I I think they were trying to go + + + align:start position:0% +that I I think they were trying to go +into it uh with the two things I think + + align:start position:0% +into it uh with the two things I think + + + align:start position:0% +into it uh with the two things I think +the reason for the two experiments is + + align:start position:0% +the reason for the two experiments is + + + align:start position:0% +the reason for the two experiments is +the deterrence experiment she can + + align:start position:0% +the deterrence experiment she can + + + align:start position:0% +the deterrence experiment she can +measure the outcomes she doesn't need to + + align:start position:0% +measure the outcomes she doesn't need to + + + align:start position:0% +measure the outcomes she doesn't need to +know who the suppliers and the clients + + align:start position:0% +know who the suppliers and the clients + + + align:start position:0% +know who the suppliers and the clients +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see I'm saying like so + + align:start position:0% +you see I'm saying like so + + + align:start position:0% +you see I'm saying like so +the advantage of the deterrence + + align:start position:0% +the advantage of the deterrence + + + align:start position:0% +the advantage of the deterrence +experiment is you get this enormous + + align:start position:0% +experiment is you get this enormous + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is you get this enormous +sample + + align:start position:0% +sample + + + align:start position:0% +sample +and you don't need to know the whole vat + + align:start position:0% +and you don't need to know the whole vat + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't need to know the whole vat +chain so I think there she can try to + + align:start position:0% +chain so I think there she can try to + + + align:start position:0% +chain so I think there she can try to +say well look I'm trying to understand + + align:start position:0% +say well look I'm trying to understand + + + align:start position:0% +say well look I'm trying to understand +something in a really big sample like + + align:start position:0% +something in a really big sample like + + + align:start position:0% +something in a really big sample like +what can I possibly learn and and she + + align:start position:0% +what can I possibly learn and and she + + + align:start position:0% +what can I possibly learn and and she +doesn't know who the suppliers and the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know who the suppliers and the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know who the suppliers and the +clients are the reason for the audit + + align:start position:0% +clients are the reason for the audit + + + align:start position:0% +clients are the reason for the audit +experiment and why should I do that on a + + align:start position:0% +experiment and why should I do that on a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and why should I do that on a +smaller sample is she only can learn who + + align:start position:0% +smaller sample is she only can learn who + + + align:start position:0% +smaller sample is she only can learn who +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +suppliers and the clients are once they + + align:start position:0% +suppliers and the clients are once they + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers and the clients are once they +do that manual kind of audit process + + align:start position:0% +do that manual kind of audit process + + + align:start position:0% +do that manual kind of audit process +because at least in this context is not + + align:start position:0% +because at least in this context is not + + + align:start position:0% +because at least in this context is not +sufficiently automated so if you had a + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently automated so if you had a + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently automated so if you had a +fully automated system you know you + + align:start position:0% +fully automated system you know you + + + align:start position:0% +fully automated system you know you +could run the spillovers in this + + align:start position:0% +could run the spillovers in this + + + align:start position:0% +could run the spillovers in this +experiment too but she can't do that + + align:start position:0% +experiment too but she can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +experiment too but she can't do that +because they don't have that data I said + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have that data I said + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't have that data I said +that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean I mean I think it's adding a + + align:start position:0% +I mean I mean I think it's adding a + + + align:start position:0% +I mean I mean I think it's adding a +different piece + + align:start position:0% +different piece + + + align:start position:0% +different piece +under the assumption that I was saying + + align:start position:0% +under the assumption that I was saying + + + align:start position:0% +under the assumption that I was saying +before that you can literally about the + + align:start position:0% +before that you can literally about the + + + align:start position:0% +before that you can literally about the +pre-period level from the derivative it + + align:start position:0% +pre-period level from the derivative it + + + align:start position:0% +pre-period level from the derivative it +is testing a different aspect of this + + align:start position:0% +is testing a different aspect of this + + + align:start position:0% +is testing a different aspect of this +question also which is to say look + + align:start position:0% +question also which is to say look + + + align:start position:0% +question also which is to say look +there's two questions you might believe + + align:start position:0% +there's two questions you might believe + + + align:start position:0% +there's two questions you might believe +one is you'd say you know what two + + align:start position:0% +one is you'd say you know what two + + + align:start position:0% +one is you'd say you know what two +questions about the vat from The Simple + + align:start position:0% +questions about the vat from The Simple + + + align:start position:0% +questions about the vat from The Simple +Theory one says look you know this thing + + align:start position:0% +Theory one says look you know this thing + + + align:start position:0% +Theory one says look you know this thing +spills over the other says there should + + align:start position:0% +spills over the other says there should + + + align:start position:0% +spills over the other says there should +be way more cheating at the very bottom + + align:start position:0% +be way more cheating at the very bottom + + + align:start position:0% +be way more cheating at the very bottom +of the at the very Downstream and then + + align:start position:0% +of the at the very Downstream and then + + + align:start position:0% +of the at the very Downstream and then +so she's sort of arguing that by by + + align:start position:0% +so she's sort of arguing that by by + + + align:start position:0% +so she's sort of arguing that by by +learning but through but by learning + + align:start position:0% +learning but through but by learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning but through but by learning +about this derivative you're learning + + align:start position:0% +about this derivative you're learning + + + align:start position:0% +about this derivative you're learning +that maybe there is much more cheating + + align:start position:0% +that maybe there is much more cheating + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe there is much more cheating +there it's certainly consistent with + + align:start position:0% +there it's certainly consistent with + + + align:start position:0% +there it's certainly consistent with +that idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions yeah + + align:start position:0% +other questions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +other questions yeah +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +it does feel like there's a + + align:start position:0% +it does feel like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it does feel like there's a +simple way of increasing from the tech + + align:start position:0% +simple way of increasing from the tech + + + align:start position:0% +simple way of increasing from the tech +survey what is it well you know the + + align:start position:0% +survey what is it well you know the + + + align:start position:0% +survey what is it well you know the +question is sort of what is the the + + align:start position:0% +question is sort of what is the the + + + align:start position:0% +question is sort of what is the the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you can't deter people you have to have + + align:start position:0% +you can't deter people you have to have + + + align:start position:0% +you can't deter people you have to have +rational experience you ultimately have + + align:start position:0% +rational experience you ultimately have + + + align:start position:0% +rational experience you ultimately have +to deal with rational expectations + + align:start position:0% +to deal with rational expectations + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with rational expectations +so you can't + + align:start position:0% +so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +so you can't +tell everyone they're gonna be audited + + align:start position:0% +tell everyone they're gonna be audited + + + align:start position:0% +tell everyone they're gonna be audited +with 100 probability not audible with + + align:start position:0% +with 100 probability not audible with + + + align:start position:0% +with 100 probability not audible with +100 probabilities eventually they'll + + align:start position:0% +100 probabilities eventually they'll + + + align:start position:0% +100 probabilities eventually they'll +figure it out but for a short term + + align:start position:0% +figure it out but for a short term + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out but for a short term +but in the long run it has a lot of you + + align:start position:0% +but in the long run it has a lot of you + + + align:start position:0% +but in the long run it has a lot of you +know in the law I think it has credit + + align:start position:0% +know in the law I think it has credit + + + align:start position:0% +know in the law I think it has credit +you know I think that I think this was + + align:start position:0% +you know I think that I think this was + + + align:start position:0% +you know I think that I think this was +worded in a way to be honest and + + align:start position:0% +worded in a way to be honest and + + + align:start position:0% +worded in a way to be honest and +truthful but I think that you have to + + align:start position:0% +truthful but I think that you have to + + + align:start position:0% +truthful but I think that you have to +and that and that and + + align:start position:0% +and that and that and + + + align:start position:0% +and that and that and +that suggests that's true but it's not + + align:start position:0% +that suggests that's true but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that suggests that's true but it's not +like a free money machine + + align:start position:0% +like a free money machine + + + align:start position:0% +like a free money machine +I think you know you probably have to + + align:start position:0% +I think you know you probably have to + + + align:start position:0% +I think you know you probably have to +actually increase the audit rate too + + align:start position:0% +actually increase the audit rate too + + + align:start position:0% +actually increase the audit rate too +ultimately + + align:start position:0% +ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately +but there is this basic fact that + + align:start position:0% +but there is this basic fact that + + + align:start position:0% +but there is this basic fact that +governments are sort of like many + + align:start position:0% +governments are sort of like many + + + align:start position:0% +governments are sort of like many +governments are not spending enough + + align:start position:0% +governments are not spending enough + + + align:start position:0% +governments are not spending enough +resources on + + align:start position:0% +resources on + + + align:start position:0% +resources on +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +enforcement which I will argue which I + + align:start position:0% +enforcement which I will argue which I + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement which I will argue which I +will argue in the next paper which I'll + + align:start position:0% +will argue in the next paper which I'll + + + align:start position:0% +will argue in the next paper which I'll +probably teach the beginning next class + + align:start position:0% +probably teach the beginning next class + + + align:start position:0% +probably teach the beginning next class +at least Indonesia and it's actually a + + align:start position:0% +at least Indonesia and it's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +at least Indonesia and it's actually a +very active debate in the in the US like + + align:start position:0% +very active debate in the in the US like + + + align:start position:0% +very active debate in the in the US like +right now is like should we spend more + + align:start position:0% +right now is like should we spend more + + + align:start position:0% +right now is like should we spend more +money on Tax enforcement and there's a + + align:start position:0% +money on Tax enforcement and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +money on Tax enforcement and there's a +that most many estimates sort of + + align:start position:0% +that most many estimates sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that most many estimates sort of +conclude that governments are not + + align:start position:0% +conclude that governments are not + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that governments are not +spending nearly enough money on Tax + + align:start position:0% +spending nearly enough money on Tax + + + align:start position:0% +spending nearly enough money on Tax +enforcement that it's a very very high + + align:start position:0% +enforcement that it's a very very high + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement that it's a very very high +return activity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my early marketing over the tax why did + + align:start position:0% +my early marketing over the tax why did + + + align:start position:0% +my early marketing over the tax why did +we expect it to well ideally expect them + + align:start position:0% +we expect it to well ideally expect them + + + align:start position:0% +we expect it to well ideally expect them +to for the solution to marketing game to + + align:start position:0% +to for the solution to marketing game to + + + align:start position:0% +to for the solution to marketing game to +be like the true amounts like the + + align:start position:0% +be like the true amounts like the + + + align:start position:0% +be like the true amounts like the +correct amount versus just like some + + align:start position:0% +correct amount versus just like some + + + align:start position:0% +correct amount versus just like some +solution to sound marketing I don't know + + align:start position:0% +solution to sound marketing I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +solution to sound marketing I don't know +well the task story doesn't care + + align:start position:0% +well the task story doesn't care + + + align:start position:0% +well the task story doesn't care +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imagine I move this line over here + + align:start position:0% +imagine I move this line over here + + + align:start position:0% +imagine I move this line over here +as long as they agree the government's + + align:start position:0% +as long as they agree the government's + + + align:start position:0% +as long as they agree the government's +still getting taxed on this whole amount + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as long as they agree on what they're + + align:start position:0% +as long as they agree on what they're + + + align:start position:0% +as long as they agree on what they're +going to report + + align:start position:0% +going to report + + + align:start position:0% +going to report +is it like that's the whole that's the + + align:start position:0% +is it like that's the whole that's the + + + align:start position:0% +is it like that's the whole that's the +beauty of the vat is like if we're if we + + align:start position:0% +beauty of the vat is like if we're if we + + + align:start position:0% +beauty of the vat is like if we're if we +reported like if we say like for + + align:start position:0% +reported like if we say like for + + + align:start position:0% +reported like if we say like for +everyone except the bottom layer + + align:start position:0% +everyone except the bottom layer + + + align:start position:0% +everyone except the bottom layer +like if we in the in the sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +like if we in the in the sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +like if we in the in the sort of the the +you know my my sales to you are how much + + align:start position:0% +you know my my sales to you are how much + + + align:start position:0% +you know my my sales to you are how much +you know what I sell to you is how much + + align:start position:0% +you know what I sell to you is how much + + + align:start position:0% +you know what I sell to you is how much +you buy from me so if I say I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +you buy from me so if I say I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you buy from me so if I say I'm I'm +selling to you at a lower price I pay + + align:start position:0% +selling to you at a lower price I pay + + + align:start position:0% +selling to you at a lower price I pay +less tax but you pay more tax because + + align:start position:0% +less tax but you pay more tax because + + + align:start position:0% +less tax but you pay more tax because +your inputs go down + + align:start position:0% +your inputs go down + + + align:start position:0% +your inputs go down +so at some level the government doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so at some level the government doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so at some level the government doesn't +care + + align:start position:0% +care + + + align:start position:0% +care +you see what I'm saying it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm saying it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you see what I'm saying it doesn't +matter for like firm size stuff right + + align:start position:0% +matter for like firm size stuff right + + + align:start position:0% +matter for like firm size stuff right +yes it might even locations for the for + + align:start position:0% +yes it might even locations for the for + + + align:start position:0% +yes it might even locations for the for +the economy I think also uh I think + + align:start position:0% +the economy I think also uh I think + + + align:start position:0% +the economy I think also uh I think +maybe for the deterrence reasons maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe for the deterrence reasons maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe for the deterrence reasons maybe +for the denouncement reasons we talked + + align:start position:0% +for the denouncement reasons we talked + + + align:start position:0% +for the denouncement reasons we talked +about before that's sort of the that you + + align:start position:0% +about before that's sort of the that you + + + align:start position:0% +about before that's sort of the that you +know the there's a focal focal uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point on the truth + + align:start position:0% +point on the truth + + + align:start position:0% +point on the truth +it is an interesting question actually + + align:start position:0% +it is an interesting question actually + + + align:start position:0% +it is an interesting question actually +there may be some + + align:start position:0% +there may be some + + + align:start position:0% +there may be some +I suspect there's some good micro Theory + + align:start position:0% +I suspect there's some good micro Theory + + + align:start position:0% +I suspect there's some good micro Theory +bargaining answer that I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +bargaining answer that I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +bargaining answer that I don't know the +answer to uh for why that might be true + + align:start position:0% +answer to uh for why that might be true + + + align:start position:0% +answer to uh for why that might be true +but I don't know it off top of my head + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know it off top of my head + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know it off top of my head +laundry + + align:start position:0% +laundry + + + align:start position:0% +laundry +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh tell me more + + align:start position:0% +uh tell me more + + + align:start position:0% +uh tell me more +so the general idea is that maybe you're + + align:start position:0% +so the general idea is that maybe you're + + + align:start position:0% +so the general idea is that maybe you're +organizing around you like use like + + align:start position:0% +organizing around you like use like + + + align:start position:0% +organizing around you like use like +small retail stores to like + + align:start position:0% +small retail stores to like + + + align:start position:0% +small retail stores to like +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +just laundry morning through there and + + align:start position:0% +just laundry morning through there and + + + align:start position:0% +just laundry morning through there and +then if you kind of set up a system + + align:start position:0% +then if you kind of set up a system + + + align:start position:0% +then if you kind of set up a system +where you have like um + + align:start position:0% +where you have like um + + + align:start position:0% +where you have like um +bubble reporting like this one you make + + align:start position:0% +bubble reporting like this one you make + + + align:start position:0% +bubble reporting like this one you make +it harder it'll make it harder to make + + align:start position:0% +it harder it'll make it harder to make + + + align:start position:0% +it harder it'll make it harder to make +uh yeah yeah so sorry so so why is money + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah yeah so sorry so so why is money + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah yeah so sorry so so why is money +laundering relevant here so money + + align:start position:0% +laundering relevant here so money + + + align:start position:0% +laundering relevant here so money +laundering is money laundering is almost + + align:start position:0% +laundering is money laundering is almost + + + align:start position:0% +laundering is money laundering is almost +the inverse problem + + align:start position:0% +the inverse problem + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse problem +right it's the money laundering problem + + align:start position:0% +right it's the money laundering problem + + + align:start position:0% +right it's the money laundering problem +is the inverse problem I have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +is the inverse problem I have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +is the inverse problem I have a bunch of +cash it's illegal that I would like to + + align:start position:0% +cash it's illegal that I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +cash it's illegal that I would like to +make look I want that I want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +make look I want that I want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +make look I want that I want to sort of +like make look legal and so the way that + + align:start position:0% +like make look legal and so the way that + + + align:start position:0% +like make look legal and so the way that +that that they do that is you basically + + align:start position:0% +that that they do that is you basically + + + align:start position:0% +that that they do that is you basically +you have a business that that has a lot + + align:start position:0% +you have a business that that has a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you have a business that that has a lot +of where the actual income level is not + + align:start position:0% +of where the actual income level is not + + + align:start position:0% +of where the actual income level is not +is not reportable and you overstate your + + align:start position:0% +is not reportable and you overstate your + + + align:start position:0% +is not reportable and you overstate your +income essentially so so this is the + + align:start position:0% +income essentially so so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +income essentially so so this is the +like you know you buy a cash you buy it + + align:start position:0% +like you know you buy a cash you buy it + + + align:start position:0% +like you know you buy a cash you buy it +you buy a cash business you know the + + align:start position:0% +you buy a cash business you know the + + + align:start position:0% +you buy a cash business you know the +money launderer runs a cash business and + + align:start position:0% +money launderer runs a cash business and + + + align:start position:0% +money launderer runs a cash business and +overstates the amount of actual kind of + + align:start position:0% +overstates the amount of actual kind of + + + align:start position:0% +overstates the amount of actual kind of +business going through as a way of sort + + align:start position:0% +business going through as a way of sort + + + align:start position:0% +business going through as a way of sort +of mixing the kind of the the cash they + + align:start position:0% +of mixing the kind of the the cash they + + + align:start position:0% +of mixing the kind of the the cash they +want to make legal with the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +want to make legal with the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +want to make legal with the sort of the +legal cash and because the government + + align:start position:0% +legal cash and because the government + + + align:start position:0% +legal cash and because the government +can't observe kind of the retail side + + align:start position:0% +can't observe kind of the retail side + + + align:start position:0% +can't observe kind of the retail side +you can just kind of you can overdo it + + align:start position:0% +you can just kind of you can overdo it + + + align:start position:0% +you can just kind of you can overdo it +that's kind of that's the idea of money + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of that's the idea of money + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of that's the idea of money +laundering it's the inverse problem of + + align:start position:0% +laundering it's the inverse problem of + + + align:start position:0% +laundering it's the inverse problem of +this it's like people want to pay more + + align:start position:0% +this it's like people want to pay more + + + align:start position:0% +this it's like people want to pay more +taxes right + + align:start position:0% +taxes right + + + align:start position:0% +taxes right +um so yes there could be implications + + align:start position:0% +um so yes there could be implications + + + align:start position:0% +um so yes there could be implications +that I haven't thought them through + + align:start position:0% +that I haven't thought them through + + + align:start position:0% +that I haven't thought them through +um I I think as long as that's why the + + align:start position:0% +um I I think as long as that's why the + + + align:start position:0% +um I I think as long as that's why the +money laundering guys work at the retail + + align:start position:0% +money laundering guys work at the retail + + + align:start position:0% +money laundering guys work at the retail +level because you can sort of like + + align:start position:0% +level because you can sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +level because you can sort of like +that's where the it's that same point + + align:start position:0% +that's where the it's that same point + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the it's that same point +that kind of the government really + + align:start position:0% +that kind of the government really + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of the government really +doesn't know what's kind of happening at + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know what's kind of happening at + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know what's kind of happening at +that very last piece and that actually + + align:start position:0% +that very last piece and that actually + + + align:start position:0% +that very last piece and that actually +leads to me to the very last thing I + + align:start position:0% +leads to me to the very last thing I + + + align:start position:0% +leads to me to the very last thing I +want to say on this topic + + align:start position:0% +want to say on this topic + + + align:start position:0% +want to say on this topic +um actually no sorry there's two things + + align:start position:0% +um actually no sorry there's two things + + + align:start position:0% +um actually no sorry there's two things +I want to say on this topic number one + + align:start position:0% +I want to say on this topic number one + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say on this topic number one +is one cool thing about the vat + + align:start position:0% +is one cool thing about the vat + + + align:start position:0% +is one cool thing about the vat +is that in principle governments are + + align:start position:0% +is that in principle governments are + + + align:start position:0% +is that in principle governments are +collecting huge amounts of data on who's + + align:start position:0% +collecting huge amounts of data on who's + + + align:start position:0% +collecting huge amounts of data on who's +trading with who + + align:start position:0% +trading with who + + + align:start position:0% +trading with who +at least in the formal Network and I + + align:start position:0% +at least in the formal Network and I + + + align:start position:0% +at least in the formal Network and I +think a bunch of researchers have + + align:start position:0% +think a bunch of researchers have + + + align:start position:0% +think a bunch of researchers have +realized this and that this is like a + + align:start position:0% +realized this and that this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +realized this and that this is like a +cool data set on very hard to obtain + + align:start position:0% +cool data set on very hard to obtain + + + align:start position:0% +cool data set on very hard to obtain +because it's like tax data but a cool + + align:start position:0% +because it's like tax data but a cool + + + align:start position:0% +because it's like tax data but a cool +data set in principle and like the whole + + align:start position:0% +data set in principle and like the whole + + + align:start position:0% +data set in principle and like the whole +network of supplier supplier like supply + + align:start position:0% +network of supplier supplier like supply + + + align:start position:0% +network of supplier supplier like supply +chain relationships and I think um I + + align:start position:0% +chain relationships and I think um I + + + align:start position:0% +chain relationships and I think um I +think Dave Donaldson and Dina pomeranz + + align:start position:0% +think Dave Donaldson and Dina pomeranz + + + align:start position:0% +think Dave Donaldson and Dina pomeranz +and several co-authors have actually a + + align:start position:0% +and several co-authors have actually a + + + align:start position:0% +and several co-authors have actually a +paper kind of using this kind of data as + + align:start position:0% +paper kind of using this kind of data as + + + align:start position:0% +paper kind of using this kind of data as +do I think a few other people so that's + + align:start position:0% +do I think a few other people so that's + + + align:start position:0% +do I think a few other people so that's +an exciting area people are starting to + + align:start position:0% +an exciting area people are starting to + + + align:start position:0% +an exciting area people are starting to +think through + + align:start position:0% +think through + + + align:start position:0% +think through +and the second thing I wanted to mention + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing I wanted to mention + + + align:start position:0% +and the second thing I wanted to mention +is the last thing I would say is well + + align:start position:0% +is the last thing I would say is well + + + align:start position:0% +is the last thing I would say is well +what can you do at the very at the very + + align:start position:0% +what can you do at the very at the very + + + align:start position:0% +what can you do at the very at the very +end of the chain and so uh Joanna told + + align:start position:0% +end of the chain and so uh Joanna told + + + align:start position:0% +end of the chain and so uh Joanna told +me has a paper on this which basically + + align:start position:0% +me has a paper on this which basically + + + align:start position:0% +me has a paper on this which basically +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +um you know can we find a way to + + align:start position:0% +um you know can we find a way to + + + align:start position:0% +um you know can we find a way to +incentivize people at the very bottom of + + align:start position:0% +incentivize people at the very bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +incentivize people at the very bottom of +the chain to be honest and I'll just + + align:start position:0% +the chain to be honest and I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +the chain to be honest and I'll just +note if you've ever been to a store + + align:start position:0% +note if you've ever been to a store + + + align:start position:0% +note if you've ever been to a store +where it says you know uh if we don't + + align:start position:0% +where it says you know uh if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +where it says you know uh if we don't +give you a receipt your purchase is free + + align:start position:0% +give you a receipt your purchase is free + + + align:start position:0% +give you a receipt your purchase is free +like what are they doing there why are + + align:start position:0% +like what are they doing there why are + + + align:start position:0% +like what are they doing there why are +they doing that it's the same idea + + align:start position:0% +they doing that it's the same idea + + + align:start position:0% +they doing that it's the same idea +they're trying to incentivize the + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to incentivize the + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to incentivize the +consumer to make sure the transaction is + + align:start position:0% +consumer to make sure the transaction is + + + align:start position:0% +consumer to make sure the transaction is +reported + + align:start position:0% +reported + + + align:start position:0% +reported +um through kind of the cash machine + + align:start position:0% +um through kind of the cash machine + + + align:start position:0% +um through kind of the cash machine +right in that case it's about the + + align:start position:0% +right in that case it's about the + + + align:start position:0% +right in that case it's about the +employee usually it's about the employer + + align:start position:0% +employee usually it's about the employer + + + align:start position:0% +employee usually it's about the employer +worrying about sort of the the clerk + + align:start position:0% +worrying about sort of the the clerk + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about sort of the the clerk +stealing kind of the the resources which + + align:start position:0% +stealing kind of the the resources which + + + align:start position:0% +stealing kind of the the resources which +is why they want it to be to be reported + + align:start position:0% +is why they want it to be to be reported + + + align:start position:0% +is why they want it to be to be reported +but the same idea is like how can we + + align:start position:0% +but the same idea is like how can we + + + align:start position:0% +but the same idea is like how can we +incentivize the sort of the the the very + + align:start position:0% +incentivize the sort of the the the very + + + align:start position:0% +incentivize the sort of the the the very +retail consumer to sort of make sure + + align:start position:0% +retail consumer to sort of make sure + + + align:start position:0% +retail consumer to sort of make sure +things are properly reported and so she + + align:start position:0% +things are properly reported and so she + + + align:start position:0% +things are properly reported and so she +studies a policy we're in Brazil where + + align:start position:0% +studies a policy we're in Brazil where + + + align:start position:0% +studies a policy we're in Brazil where +they they gave out the the vat receipt + + align:start position:0% +they they gave out the the vat receipt + + + align:start position:0% +they they gave out the the vat receipt +issued at the vine at the final thing + + align:start position:0% +issued at the vine at the final thing + + + align:start position:0% +issued at the vine at the final thing +was also a lottery ticket okay so for + + align:start position:0% +was also a lottery ticket okay so for + + + align:start position:0% +was also a lottery ticket okay so for +every dollar of actual like legally + + align:start position:0% +every dollar of actual like legally + + + align:start position:0% +every dollar of actual like legally +reported vat you get you get to enter + + align:start position:0% +reported vat you get you get to enter + + + align:start position:0% +reported vat you get you get to enter +some Lottery and the government gives + + align:start position:0% +some Lottery and the government gives + + + align:start position:0% +some Lottery and the government gives +you prizes Okay and like it's very small + + align:start position:0% +you prizes Okay and like it's very small + + + align:start position:0% +you prizes Okay and like it's very small +so the the value is is uh two percent of + + align:start position:0% +so the the value is is uh two percent of + + + align:start position:0% +so the the value is is uh two percent of +the total purchase price uh so you know + + align:start position:0% +the total purchase price uh so you know + + + align:start position:0% +the total purchase price uh so you know +that's I don't know what the vat rate in + + align:start position:0% +that's I don't know what the vat rate in + + + align:start position:0% +that's I don't know what the vat rate in +Brazil is but let's say it was ten + + align:start position:0% +Brazil is but let's say it was ten + + + align:start position:0% +Brazil is but let's say it was ten +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +um you know it's still you know even and + + align:start position:0% +um you know it's still you know even and + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it's still you know even and +even if the retail sector is I don't + + align:start position:0% +even if the retail sector is I don't + + + align:start position:0% +even if the retail sector is I don't +know 30 it could still like a small + + align:start position:0% +know 30 it could still like a small + + + align:start position:0% +know 30 it could still like a small +share of kind of the total vat the + + align:start position:0% +share of kind of the total vat the + + + align:start position:0% +share of kind of the total vat the +government is collecting even in this + + align:start position:0% +government is collecting even in this + + + align:start position:0% +government is collecting even in this +last piece + + align:start position:0% +last piece + + + align:start position:0% +last piece +um but it's at least some some reason + + align:start position:0% +um but it's at least some some reason + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's at least some some reason +that if you're like at least totally + + align:start position:0% +that if you're like at least totally + + + align:start position:0% +that if you're like at least totally +indifferent you shouldn't be totally + + align:start position:0% +indifferent you shouldn't be totally + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent you shouldn't be totally +indifferent + + align:start position:0% +indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent +um and uh and she finds that actually + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and she finds that actually + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and she finds that actually +this leads to a huge impact of like a 24 + + align:start position:0% +this leads to a huge impact of like a 24 + + + align:start position:0% +this leads to a huge impact of like a 24 +impact percent impacting sort of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +impact percent impacting sort of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +impact percent impacting sort of uh uh +reported revenues from the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +reported revenues from the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +reported revenues from the sort of the +very the very bottom firms and so that + + align:start position:0% +very the very bottom firms and so that + + + align:start position:0% +very the very bottom firms and so that +suggests that maybe there's something + + align:start position:0% +suggests that maybe there's something + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that maybe there's something +you can do to kind of incentivize people + + align:start position:0% +you can do to kind of incentivize people + + + align:start position:0% +you can do to kind of incentivize people +down here as well + + align:start position:0% +down here as well + + + align:start position:0% +down here as well +okay I'm out of time I'll stop here I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm out of time I'll stop here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm out of time I'll stop here I'm +gonna + + align:start position:0% +gonna + + + align:start position:0% +gonna +um uh finish up by talking about + + align:start position:0% +um uh finish up by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +um uh finish up by talking about +um Tax Administration uh next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_zWgGX71Iws.txt b/_zWgGX71Iws.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83e2ae3b071a0f3909455325534f88928bfe56fd --- /dev/null +++ b/_zWgGX71Iws.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1547 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I want to talk about the six myths that + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk about the six myths that + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk about the six myths that +people have about entrepreneurs which + + align:start position:0% +people have about entrepreneurs which + + + align:start position:0% +people have about entrepreneurs which +are not only not true but not helpful + + align:start position:0% +are not only not true but not helpful + + + align:start position:0% +are not only not true but not helpful +and as we think about this and think in + + align:start position:0% +and as we think about this and think in + + + align:start position:0% +and as we think about this and think in +looking through as the how we're going + + align:start position:0% +looking through as the how we're going + + + align:start position:0% +looking through as the how we're going +to educate you to be an entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +to educate you to be an entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +to educate you to be an entrepreneur +it's important to understand these six + + align:start position:0% +it's important to understand these six + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to understand these six +myths are not true first of all + + align:start position:0% +myths are not true first of all + + + align:start position:0% +myths are not true first of all +entrepreneurs are the smartest most high + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs are the smartest most high + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs are the smartest most high +achieving people in the room this is a + + align:start position:0% +achieving people in the room this is a + + + align:start position:0% +achieving people in the room this is a +myth that you the perpetuated by + + align:start position:0% +myth that you the perpetuated by + + + align:start position:0% +myth that you the perpetuated by +entrepreneurs themselves I think + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs themselves I think + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs themselves I think +sometimes and they're rewriting history + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and they're rewriting history + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and they're rewriting history +most of the entrepreneurs I know are not + + align:start position:0% +most of the entrepreneurs I know are not + + + align:start position:0% +most of the entrepreneurs I know are not +the Val victorians of their class in + + align:start position:0% +the Val victorians of their class in + + + align:start position:0% +the Val victorians of their class in +fact it's very rare they are + + align:start position:0% +fact it's very rare they are + + + align:start position:0% +fact it's very rare they are +entrepreneurs are not looking to please + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs are not looking to please + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs are not looking to please +other people they are in fact trying to + + align:start position:0% +other people they are in fact trying to + + + align:start position:0% +other people they are in fact trying to +figure out what they really think + + align:start position:0% +figure out what they really think + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what they really think +they're they have passionate about and + + align:start position:0% +they're they have passionate about and + + + align:start position:0% +they're they have passionate about and +then they kind of reject everything else + + align:start position:0% +then they kind of reject everything else + + + align:start position:0% +then they kind of reject everything else +so they're more likely to get A+ in one + + align:start position:0% +so they're more likely to get A+ in one + + + align:start position:0% +so they're more likely to get A+ in one +class and not go to the other classes in + + align:start position:0% +class and not go to the other classes in + + + align:start position:0% +class and not go to the other classes in +fact they often even that that's one of + + align:start position:0% +fact they often even that that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +fact they often even that that's one of +the reasons why they often drop out of + + align:start position:0% +the reasons why they often drop out of + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons why they often drop out of +school they don't see the relevance of + + align:start position:0% +school they don't see the relevance of + + + align:start position:0% +school they don't see the relevance of +it now I am not encouraging you to drop + + align:start position:0% +it now I am not encouraging you to drop + + + align:start position:0% +it now I am not encouraging you to drop +out of school but I am saying that you + + align:start position:0% +out of school but I am saying that you + + + align:start position:0% +out of school but I am saying that you +can see this pattern where people get + + align:start position:0% +can see this pattern where people get + + + align:start position:0% +can see this pattern where people get +very excited about one thing focus on + + align:start position:0% +very excited about one thing focus on + + + align:start position:0% +very excited about one thing focus on +that and then don't do some of the other + + align:start position:0% +that and then don't do some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +that and then don't do some of the other +things that they should do so the first + + align:start position:0% +things that they should do so the first + + + align:start position:0% +things that they should do so the first +myth is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +smartest and high achieve High achieving + + align:start position:0% +smartest and high achieve High achieving + + + align:start position:0% +smartest and high achieve High achieving +people in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +room okay so um so that's that's just + + align:start position:0% +room okay so um so that's that's just + + + align:start position:0% +room okay so um so that's that's just +not true and data shows that the second + + align:start position:0% +not true and data shows that the second + + + align:start position:0% +not true and data shows that the second +thing is entrepreneurs are individuals + + align:start position:0% +thing is entrepreneurs are individuals + + + align:start position:0% +thing is entrepreneurs are individuals +this the Mercurial individuals who make + + align:start position:0% +this the Mercurial individuals who make + + + align:start position:0% +this the Mercurial individuals who make +things happen by themselves the kind of + + align:start position:0% +things happen by themselves the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +things happen by themselves the kind of +Horatio Alger story that's not true + + align:start position:0% +Horatio Alger story that's not true + + + align:start position:0% +Horatio Alger story that's not true +either Ed Robert's research shows that + + align:start position:0% +either Ed Robert's research shows that + + + align:start position:0% +either Ed Robert's research shows that +in fact teams are much more likely to + + align:start position:0% +in fact teams are much more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +in fact teams are much more likely to +succeed than individuals if you have two + + align:start position:0% +succeed than individuals if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +succeed than individuals if you have two +people on your team you're more likely + + align:start position:0% +people on your team you're more likely + + + align:start position:0% +people on your team you're more likely +to succeed statistically than one person + + align:start position:0% +to succeed statistically than one person + + + align:start position:0% +to succeed statistically than one person +three more than two four more than three + + align:start position:0% +three more than two four more than three + + + align:start position:0% +three more than two four more than three +up to to a certain point so it is not an + + align:start position:0% +up to to a certain point so it is not an + + + align:start position:0% +up to to a certain point so it is not an +individual sport it's a team sport + + align:start position:0% +individual sport it's a team sport + + + align:start position:0% +individual sport it's a team sport +so entrepreneurs as individuals not true + + align:start position:0% +so entrepreneurs as individuals not true + + + align:start position:0% +so entrepreneurs as individuals not true +you need to be looking um you need to be + + align:start position:0% +you need to be looking um you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +you need to be looking um you need to be +looking to find people to join your team + + align:start position:0% +looking to find people to join your team + + + align:start position:0% +looking to find people to join your team +all the time the third thing is + + align:start position:0% +all the time the third thing is + + + align:start position:0% +all the time the third thing is +entrepreneurs are born not made again a + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs are born not made again a + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs are born not made again a +Convent you know a story that's often + + align:start position:0% +Convent you know a story that's often + + + align:start position:0% +Convent you know a story that's often +told the research shows again that + + align:start position:0% +told the research shows again that + + + align:start position:0% +told the research shows again that +entrepreneur URS don't come from parents + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur URS don't come from parents + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur URS don't come from parents +who are entrepreneurs there's no + + align:start position:0% +who are entrepreneurs there's no + + + align:start position:0% +who are entrepreneurs there's no +statistical correlation between that nor + + align:start position:0% +statistical correlation between that nor + + + align:start position:0% +statistical correlation between that nor +is there a gene to that makes you an + + align:start position:0% +is there a gene to that makes you an + + + align:start position:0% +is there a gene to that makes you an +entrepreneur it's basically a skill that + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur it's basically a skill that + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur it's basically a skill that +can be acquired and that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +can be acquired and that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +can be acquired and that's what we're +going to be working with you on um at + + align:start position:0% +going to be working with you on um at + + + align:start position:0% +going to be working with you on um at +MIT every says well it's all because + + align:start position:0% +MIT every says well it's all because + + + align:start position:0% +MIT every says well it's all because +people are smart at MIT well there's a + + align:start position:0% +people are smart at MIT well there's a + + + align:start position:0% +people are smart at MIT well there's a +lot of other places where people are + + align:start position:0% +lot of other places where people are + + + align:start position:0% +lot of other places where people are +very smart and they don't start + + align:start position:0% +very smart and they don't start + + + align:start position:0% +very smart and they don't start +companies at the rate they do with MIT + + align:start position:0% +companies at the rate they do with MIT + + + align:start position:0% +companies at the rate they do with MIT +so uh + + align:start position:0% +so uh + + + align:start position:0% +so uh +entrepreneurs being born + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs being born + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs being born +not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +made not true you can become an + + align:start position:0% +made not true you can become an + + + align:start position:0% +made not true you can become an +entrepreneur this is possible that's + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur this is possible that's + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur this is possible that's +what happens the fourth one is is + + align:start position:0% +what happens the fourth one is is + + + align:start position:0% +what happens the fourth one is is +entrepreneurs love risk you know I hear + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs love risk you know I hear + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs love risk you know I hear +this all the time they love risk they + + align:start position:0% +this all the time they love risk they + + + align:start position:0% +this all the time they love risk they +love risk no let me tell you what + + align:start position:0% +love risk no let me tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +love risk no let me tell you what +entrepreneurs you won't I don't like to + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs you won't I don't like to + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs you won't I don't like to +go to a a casino entrepreneurs I know + + align:start position:0% +go to a a casino entrepreneurs I know + + + align:start position:0% +go to a a casino entrepreneurs I know +don't like to go to casinos because + + align:start position:0% +don't like to go to casinos because + + + align:start position:0% +don't like to go to casinos because +that's kind of stupid you're not in + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of stupid you're not in + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of stupid you're not in +control of your own destiny what we like + + align:start position:0% +control of your own destiny what we like + + + align:start position:0% +control of your own destiny what we like +to do is take calculated risk um where + + align:start position:0% +to do is take calculated risk um where + + + align:start position:0% +to do is take calculated risk um where +we know we have an unfair advantage and + + align:start position:0% +we know we have an unfair advantage and + + + align:start position:0% +we know we have an unfair advantage and +let me explain that we actually drisk + + align:start position:0% +let me explain that we actually drisk + + + align:start position:0% +let me explain that we actually drisk +risk so we say we have an advantage in + + align:start position:0% +risk so we say we have an advantage in + + + align:start position:0% +risk so we say we have an advantage in +this one area and then we take the risk + + align:start position:0% +this one area and then we take the risk + + + align:start position:0% +this one area and then we take the risk +out of everything else but I'll take + + align:start position:0% +out of everything else but I'll take + + + align:start position:0% +out of everything else but I'll take +risk in an area where I have an + + align:start position:0% +risk in an area where I have an + + + align:start position:0% +risk in an area where I have an +advantage I have asymmetric information + + align:start position:0% +advantage I have asymmetric information + + + align:start position:0% +advantage I have asymmetric information +I have a particular asset will give me + + align:start position:0% +I have a particular asset will give me + + + align:start position:0% +I have a particular asset will give me +competitive advantage over everybody + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage over everybody + + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage over everybody +else I will then bet on that and think + + align:start position:0% +else I will then bet on that and think + + + align:start position:0% +else I will then bet on that and think +of the long term and then I'll drisk + + align:start position:0% +of the long term and then I'll drisk + + + align:start position:0% +of the long term and then I'll drisk +everything else great example of this + + align:start position:0% +everything else great example of this + + + align:start position:0% +everything else great example of this +the MIT blackjack team very interesting + + align:start position:0% +the MIT blackjack team very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the MIT blackjack team very interesting +the movie 21 or the book Bringing Down + + align:start position:0% +the movie 21 or the book Bringing Down + + + align:start position:0% +the movie 21 or the book Bringing Down +the House these people became + + align:start position:0% +the House these people became + + + align:start position:0% +the House these people became +entrepreneurs you think well they did + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs you think well they did + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs you think well they did +all this algorithms and things like that + + align:start position:0% +all this algorithms and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +all this algorithms and things like that +they become hedge fund managers and it + + align:start position:0% +they become hedge fund managers and it + + + align:start position:0% +they become hedge fund managers and it +was very interesting on the panel when I + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting on the panel when I + + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting on the panel when I +I work with them is um I I I I was able + + align:start position:0% +I work with them is um I I I I was able + + + align:start position:0% +I work with them is um I I I I was able +to moderate with them and asking the + + align:start position:0% +to moderate with them and asking the + + + align:start position:0% +to moderate with them and asking the +questions and you understand why they + + align:start position:0% +questions and you understand why they + + + align:start position:0% +questions and you understand why they +become entrepreneurs they know how to + + align:start position:0% +become entrepreneurs they know how to + + + align:start position:0% +become entrepreneurs they know how to +take risk and use it to their advantage + + align:start position:0% +take risk and use it to their advantage + + + align:start position:0% +take risk and use it to their advantage +and then patient in the long term the + + align:start position:0% +and then patient in the long term the + + + align:start position:0% +and then patient in the long term the +next thing is um + + align:start position:0% +next thing is um + + + align:start position:0% +next thing is um +for risk misunderstanding of risk the + + align:start position:0% +for risk misunderstanding of risk the + + + align:start position:0% +for risk misunderstanding of risk the +fifth one is is successful entrepreneurs + + align:start position:0% +fifth one is is successful entrepreneurs + + + align:start position:0% +fifth one is is successful entrepreneurs +are charismatic that's what makes them + + align:start position:0% +are charismatic that's what makes them + + + align:start position:0% +are charismatic that's what makes them +successful in fact entrepreneurship is + + align:start position:0% +successful in fact entrepreneurship is + + + align:start position:0% +successful in fact entrepreneurship is +about affecting change and affecting + + align:start position:0% +about affecting change and affecting + + + align:start position:0% +about affecting change and affecting +change is about leadership and the MIT + + align:start position:0% +change is about leadership and the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +change is about leadership and the MIT +leadership uh Center here led by deban + + align:start position:0% +leadership uh Center here led by deban + + + align:start position:0% +leadership uh Center here led by deban +cona actually has shown that Charisma is + + align:start position:0% +cona actually has shown that Charisma is + + + align:start position:0% +cona actually has shown that Charisma is +not a correlated with success and change + + align:start position:0% +not a correlated with success and change + + + align:start position:0% +not a correlated with success and change +ing the world what it is it's made up of + + align:start position:0% +ing the world what it is it's made up of + + + align:start position:0% +ing the world what it is it's made up of +basically five other things it's do you + + align:start position:0% +basically five other things it's do you + + + align:start position:0% +basically five other things it's do you +have a vision do you have a sense making + + align:start position:0% +have a vision do you have a sense making + + + align:start position:0% +have a vision do you have a sense making +capability to understand what's going on + + align:start position:0% +capability to understand what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +capability to understand what's going on +in the world fourthly do you have the + + align:start position:0% +in the world fourthly do you have the + + + align:start position:0% +in the world fourthly do you have the +relationships to make that happen and + + align:start position:0% +relationships to make that happen and + + + align:start position:0% +relationships to make that happen and +then sry thirdly and then fourthly it's + + align:start position:0% +then sry thirdly and then fourthly it's + + + align:start position:0% +then sry thirdly and then fourthly it's +called this thing you know which I will + + align:start position:0% +called this thing you know which I will + + + align:start position:0% +called this thing you know which I will +call Innovation engineering how do you + + align:start position:0% +call Innovation engineering how do you + + + align:start position:0% +call Innovation engineering how do you +take where we are today the Asis State + + align:start position:0% +take where we are today the Asis State + + + align:start position:0% +take where we are today the Asis State +and get to a future state that hasn't + + align:start position:0% +and get to a future state that hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +and get to a future state that hasn't +existed before and then have a personal + + align:start position:0% +existed before and then have a personal + + + align:start position:0% +existed before and then have a personal +signature on that that which is a fifth + + align:start position:0% +signature on that that which is a fifth + + + align:start position:0% +signature on that that which is a fifth +point so you have to have a vision it's + + align:start position:0% +point so you have to have a vision it's + + + align:start position:0% +point so you have to have a vision it's +a possible State the Sens making state + + align:start position:0% +a possible State the Sens making state + + + align:start position:0% +a possible State the Sens making state +is the Asis state where we can go who + + align:start position:0% +is the Asis state where we can go who + + + align:start position:0% +is the Asis state where we can go who +are the people the relationship and then + + align:start position:0% +are the people the relationship and then + + + align:start position:0% +are the people the relationship and then +how do we move into a world that's never + + align:start position:0% +how do we move into a world that's never + + + align:start position:0% +how do we move into a world that's never +been done before and then do that with + + align:start position:0% +been done before and then do that with + + + align:start position:0% +been done before and then do that with +our own personal signature so it does + + align:start position:0% +our own personal signature so it does + + + align:start position:0% +our own personal signature so it does +not have to + + align:start position:0% +not have to + + + align:start position:0% +not have to +do with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Charisma The Fifth Fifth uh the fifth + + align:start position:0% +Charisma The Fifth Fifth uh the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +Charisma The Fifth Fifth uh the fifth +myth the sixth myth I would say is + + align:start position:0% +myth the sixth myth I would say is + + + align:start position:0% +myth the sixth myth I would say is +that entrepreneurs are + + align:start position:0% +that entrepreneurs are + + + align:start position:0% +that entrepreneurs are +undisciplined and this in fact is why I + + align:start position:0% +undisciplined and this in fact is why I + + + align:start position:0% +undisciplined and this in fact is why I +name called my book disciplined + + align:start position:0% +name called my book disciplined + + + align:start position:0% +name called my book disciplined +entrepreneurship because as I said that + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship because as I said that + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship because as I said that +some people would say disciplined + + align:start position:0% +some people would say disciplined + + + align:start position:0% +some people would say disciplined +entrepreneur no entrepreneurs are + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur no entrepreneurs are + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur no entrepreneurs are +undisciplined that's an oxymoron nothing + + align:start position:0% +undisciplined that's an oxymoron nothing + + + align:start position:0% +undisciplined that's an oxymoron nothing +could be further from the truth it is + + align:start position:0% +could be further from the truth it is + + + align:start position:0% +could be further from the truth it is +essential to be disciplined when you're + + align:start position:0% +essential to be disciplined when you're + + + align:start position:0% +essential to be disciplined when you're +an entrepreneur because you are as my + + align:start position:0% +an entrepreneur because you are as my + + + align:start position:0% +an entrepreneur because you are as my +colleague Howard Anderson say you are + + align:start position:0% +colleague Howard Anderson say you are + + + align:start position:0% +colleague Howard Anderson say you are +the attacker going up against The + + align:start position:0% +the attacker going up against The + + + align:start position:0% +the attacker going up against The +Defender as the attacker you don't have + + align:start position:0% +Defender as the attacker you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +Defender as the attacker you don't have +a lot of resources you don't have a lot + + align:start position:0% +a lot of resources you don't have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of resources you don't have a lot +of time you don't have cash flow all + + align:start position:0% +of time you don't have cash flow all + + + align:start position:0% +of time you don't have cash flow all +that belongs to the defender you just + + align:start position:0% +that belongs to the defender you just + + + align:start position:0% +that belongs to the defender you just +have this small small thing called + + align:start position:0% +have this small small thing called + + + align:start position:0% +have this small small thing called +passion and how do you execute against + + align:start position:0% +passion and how do you execute against + + + align:start position:0% +passion and how do you execute against +this bigger foe requires an + + align:start position:0% +this bigger foe requires an + + + align:start position:0% +this bigger foe requires an +extraordinary amount of discipline so we + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary amount of discipline so we + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary amount of discipline so we +at the center say you know to be a great + + align:start position:0% +at the center say you know to be a great + + + align:start position:0% +at the center say you know to be a great +entrepreneur you have to have the spirit + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur you have to have the spirit + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur you have to have the spirit +of a pirate which means we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +of a pirate which means we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +of a pirate which means we're trying to +do something new we're creatively + + align:start position:0% +do something new we're creatively + + + align:start position:0% +do something new we're creatively +irreverent we're thinking of new ideas + + align:start position:0% +irreverent we're thinking of new ideas + + + align:start position:0% +irreverent we're thinking of new ideas +how do we innovate but you also while + + align:start position:0% +how do we innovate but you also while + + + align:start position:0% +how do we innovate but you also while +you have the spirit of a pirate you have + + align:start position:0% +you have the spirit of a pirate you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have the spirit of a pirate you have +to have the execution skills of a Navy + + align:start position:0% +to have the execution skills of a Navy + + + align:start position:0% +to have the execution skills of a Navy +sealed Team Six so all the entrepreneurs + + align:start position:0% +sealed Team Six so all the entrepreneurs + + + align:start position:0% +sealed Team Six so all the entrepreneurs +you see if you think they're uh not + + align:start position:0% +you see if you think they're uh not + + + align:start position:0% +you see if you think they're uh not +disciplined um look closely and you'll + + align:start position:0% +disciplined um look closely and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +disciplined um look closely and you'll +see they actually are very very + + align:start position:0% +see they actually are very very + + + align:start position:0% +see they actually are very very +self-disciplined so these six Smiths + + align:start position:0% +self-disciplined so these six Smiths + + + align:start position:0% +self-disciplined so these six Smiths +that you you have you have to be the + + align:start position:0% +that you you have you have to be the + + + align:start position:0% +that you you have you have to be the +smart smartest High achieving person in + + align:start position:0% +smart smartest High achieving person in + + + align:start position:0% +smart smartest High achieving person in +the room not you have not true you have + + align:start position:0% +the room not you have not true you have + + + align:start position:0% +the room not you have not true you have +to be passionate they're individuals not + + align:start position:0% +to be passionate they're individuals not + + + align:start position:0% +to be passionate they're individuals not +true you're a team and you have to get + + align:start position:0% +true you're a team and you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +true you're a team and you have to get +people to work with you three born not + + align:start position:0% +people to work with you three born not + + + align:start position:0% +people to work with you three born not +made not true either you can become an + + align:start position:0% +made not true either you can become an + + + align:start position:0% +made not true either you can become an +entrepreneur we teach it we see it + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur we teach it we see it + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur we teach it we see it +happening all the day it's not just in + + align:start position:0% +happening all the day it's not just in + + + align:start position:0% +happening all the day it's not just in +the classroom it's outside of it risk + + align:start position:0% +the classroom it's outside of it risk + + + align:start position:0% +the classroom it's outside of it risk +how do you drisk risk and how do you + + align:start position:0% +how do you drisk risk and how do you + + + align:start position:0% +how do you drisk risk and how do you +think about that in the long term and + + align:start position:0% +think about that in the long term and + + + align:start position:0% +think about that in the long term and +use it to your advantage fifth + + align:start position:0% +use it to your advantage fifth + + + align:start position:0% +use it to your advantage fifth +charismatic not true there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +charismatic not true there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +charismatic not true there's a whole +kind of skill set that you can learn to + + align:start position:0% +kind of skill set that you can learn to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of skill set that you can learn to +affect change and six discipline these + + align:start position:0% +affect change and six discipline these + + + align:start position:0% +affect change and six discipline these +are myths that have to go if we're going + + align:start position:0% +are myths that have to go if we're going + + + align:start position:0% +are myths that have to go if we're going +to be effective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entrepreneurs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/a8Fbmj4nIxY.txt b/a8Fbmj4nIxY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38db1db1a9036623ec57bba10c8ed1c6d4a8fb90 --- /dev/null +++ b/a8Fbmj4nIxY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13555 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right and then all right + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right and then all right + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right and then all right +so today what we're going to do is we're + + align:start position:0% +so today what we're going to do is we're + + + align:start position:0% +so today what we're going to do is we're +going to start with a short review + + align:start position:0% +going to start with a short review + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with a short review +problem on rugged Landscapes just so + + align:start position:0% +problem on rugged Landscapes just so + + + align:start position:0% +problem on rugged Landscapes just so +that you get some sense of the kind of + + align:start position:0% +that you get some sense of the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that you get some sense of the kind of +thing that I would expect you to be able + + align:start position:0% +thing that I would expect you to be able + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I would expect you to be able +to do a week from today and then uh and + + align:start position:0% +to do a week from today and then uh and + + + align:start position:0% +to do a week from today and then uh and +then we'll get into the core topic of of + + align:start position:0% +then we'll get into the core topic of of + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll get into the core topic of of +the class which is evolutionary Game + + align:start position:0% +the class which is evolutionary Game + + + align:start position:0% +the class which is evolutionary Game +Theory um and uh we'll discuss you know + + align:start position:0% +Theory um and uh we'll discuss you know + + + align:start position:0% +Theory um and uh we'll discuss you know +why it is that you don't need to invoke + + align:start position:0% +why it is that you don't need to invoke + + + align:start position:0% +why it is that you don't need to invoke +any notion of rationality which is kind + + align:start position:0% +any notion of rationality which is kind + + + align:start position:0% +any notion of rationality which is kind +of the traditional thing that we do when + + align:start position:0% +of the traditional thing that we do when + + + align:start position:0% +of the traditional thing that we do when +we're talking about Game Theory applied + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Game Theory applied + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about Game Theory applied +to human decision- making right then + + align:start position:0% +to human decision- making right then + + + align:start position:0% +to human decision- making right then +we'll uh try to understand this + + align:start position:0% +we'll uh try to understand this + + + align:start position:0% +we'll uh try to understand this +difference between what a ntional + + align:start position:0% +difference between what a ntional + + + align:start position:0% +difference between what a ntional +equilibrium is in the context of Game + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is in the context of Game + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is in the context of Game +Theory versus an evolutionarily stable + + align:start position:0% +Theory versus an evolutionarily stable + + + align:start position:0% +Theory versus an evolutionarily stable +uh strategy in in this context and uh + + align:start position:0% +uh strategy in in this context and uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh strategy in in this context and uh +we'll say something about the evolution + + align:start position:0% +we'll say something about the evolution + + + align:start position:0% +we'll say something about the evolution +of cooperation and experiments that one + + align:start position:0% +of cooperation and experiments that one + + + align:start position:0% +of cooperation and experiments that one +can do with with microbial populations + + align:start position:0% +can do with with microbial populations + + + align:start position:0% +can do with with microbial populations +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +laboratory are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +laboratory are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory are there any questions +before before we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +started all + + align:start position:0% +started all + + + align:start position:0% +started all +right all right so just on this question + + align:start position:0% +right all right so just on this question + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so just on this question +of evolutionary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paths uh on Tuesday we discussed the win + + align:start position:0% +paths uh on Tuesday we discussed the win + + + align:start position:0% +paths uh on Tuesday we discussed the win +Reich paper where um he he talked about + + align:start position:0% +Reich paper where um he he talked about + + + align:start position:0% +Reich paper where um he he talked about +sort of different models that you might + + align:start position:0% +sort of different models that you might + + + align:start position:0% +sort of different models that you might +use to try to make estimates of the path + + align:start position:0% +use to try to make estimates of the path + + + align:start position:0% +use to try to make estimates of the path +that Evolution might take on that + + align:start position:0% +that Evolution might take on that + + + align:start position:0% +that Evolution might take on that +Fitness landscape that he measured okay + + align:start position:0% +Fitness landscape that he measured okay + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness landscape that he measured okay +so he measured the the this mic the + + align:start position:0% +so he measured the the this mic the + + + align:start position:0% +so he measured the the this mic the +minimum inhibitory concentration on all + + align:start position:0% +minimum inhibitory concentration on all + + + align:start position:0% +minimum inhibitory concentration on all +two to the five or 32 different states + + align:start position:0% +two to the five or 32 different states + + + align:start position:0% +two to the five or 32 different states +then tried to say something about the + + align:start position:0% +then tried to say something about the + + + align:start position:0% +then tried to say something about the +probability of different paths would be + + align:start position:0% +probability of different paths would be + + + align:start position:0% +probability of different paths would be +taken okay so I just want to um explore + + align:start position:0% +taken okay so I just want to um explore + + + align:start position:0% +taken okay so I just want to um explore +this question about paths in a simpar + + align:start position:0% +this question about paths in a simpar + + + align:start position:0% +this question about paths in a simpar +landscape where we actually well by + + align:start position:0% +landscape where we actually well by + + + align:start position:0% +landscape where we actually well by +construction here we're I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +construction here we're I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +construction here we're I'm going to +give you some Fitness values just so + + align:start position:0% +give you some Fitness values just so + + + align:start position:0% +give you some Fitness values just so +that we can be clear about why it is + + align:start position:0% +that we can be clear about why it is + + + align:start position:0% +that we can be clear about why it is +that there might be different paths or + + align:start position:0% +that there might be different paths or + + + align:start position:0% +that there might be different paths or +what determines the probability of + + align:start position:0% +what determines the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +what determines the probability of +different paths are taken right so what + + align:start position:0% +different paths are taken right so what + + + align:start position:0% +different paths are taken right so what +we want to do is assume that we are in + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is assume that we are in + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is assume that we are in +uh a population that is is experiencing + + align:start position:0% +uh a population that is is experiencing + + + align:start position:0% +uh a population that is is experiencing +some Moran Pro you know this Moran + + align:start position:0% +some Moran Pro you know this Moran + + + align:start position:0% +some Moran Pro you know this Moran +process or Moran model OKAY constant + + align:start position:0% +process or Moran model OKAY constant + + + align:start position:0% +process or Moran model OKAY constant +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +size uh n equal to this case we'll say a + + align:start position:0% +size uh n equal to this case we'll say a + + + align:start position:0% +size uh n equal to this case we'll say a +thousand and let's say that the mutation + + align:start position:0% +thousand and let's say that the mutation + + + align:start position:0% +thousand and let's say that the mutation +rate is 10us 6 so each time that + + align:start position:0% +rate is 10us 6 so each time that + + + align:start position:0% +rate is 10us 6 so each time that +individual divides has a one in a + + align:start position:0% +individual divides has a one in a + + + align:start position:0% +individual divides has a one in a +million probability of mutating and + + align:start position:0% +million probability of mutating and + + + align:start position:0% +million probability of mutating and +that's a that's a per um per base pair + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a per um per base pair + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a per um per base pair +mutation right and I'll show you what + + align:start position:0% +mutation right and I'll show you what + + + align:start position:0% +mutation right and I'll show you what +what I mean by that right uh and in + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by that right uh and in + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by that right uh and in +particular we're going to have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +genotypes all right originally when we + + align:start position:0% +genotypes all right originally when we + + + align:start position:0% +genotypes all right originally when we +discussed this we were talking about + + align:start position:0% +discussed this we were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +discussed this we were talking about +just mutations maybe A's and B's right + + align:start position:0% +just mutations maybe A's and B's right + + + align:start position:0% +just mutations maybe A's and B's right +now what we're going to have is just a + + align:start position:0% +now what we're going to have is just a + + + align:start position:0% +now what we're going to have is just a +short genome bit string length two okay + + align:start position:0% +short genome bit string length two okay + + + align:start position:0% +short genome bit string length two okay +so we might have 0 + + align:start position:0% +so we might have 0 + + + align:start position:0% +so we might have 0 +0 which has relative Fitness One + + align:start position:0% +0 which has relative Fitness One + + + align:start position:0% +0 which has relative Fitness One +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +01 all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right so we're assuming that + + align:start position:0% +right all right so we're assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so we're assuming that +this is uh relative Fitness as compared + + align:start position:0% +this is uh relative Fitness as compared + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh relative Fitness as compared +to the 00 State we're going to start in + + align:start position:0% +to the 00 State we're going to start in + + + align:start position:0% +to the 00 State we're going to start in +the z00 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state with a th isogenic individuals all + + align:start position:0% +state with a th isogenic individuals all + + + align:start position:0% +state with a th isogenic individuals all +genome 0 0 and the question is um + + align:start position:0% +genome 0 0 and the question is um + + + align:start position:0% +genome 0 0 and the question is um +what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen +eventually okay + + align:start position:0% +eventually okay + + + align:start position:0% +eventually okay +and uh in + + align:start position:0% +and uh in + + + align:start position:0% +and uh in +particular what path will be uh will be + + align:start position:0% +particular what path will be uh will be + + + align:start position:0% +particular what path will be uh will be +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +taken all right on this um on this + + align:start position:0% +taken all right on this um on this + + + align:start position:0% +taken all right on this um on this +landscape + + align:start position:0% +landscape + + + align:start position:0% +landscape +here okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in particular what we want to know is + + align:start position:0% +uh in particular what we want to know is + + + align:start position:0% +uh in particular what we want to know is +the probability of taking this + + align:start position:0% +the probability of taking this + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of taking this +path path will Taken + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Mark okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can start thinking about it while I + + align:start position:0% +you can start thinking about it while I + + + align:start position:0% +you can start thinking about it while I +write out some possibilities that we can + + align:start position:0% +write out some possibilities that we can + + + align:start position:0% +write out some possibilities that we can +vote for and I'll give you a minute to + + align:start position:0% +vote for and I'll give you a minute to + + + align:start position:0% +vote for and I'll give you a minute to +think about it so don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are there any questions about what I'm + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions about what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions about what I'm +trying to ask + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask + + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +long long + + align:start position:0% +long long + + + align:start position:0% +long long +time assume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +long that's right yeah so the the yeah + + align:start position:0% +long that's right yeah so the the yeah + + + align:start position:0% +long that's right yeah so the the yeah +if we wait long enough it'll maybe the + + align:start position:0% +if we wait long enough it'll maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +if we wait long enough it'll maybe the +population will get there and the one + + align:start position:0% +population will get there and the one + + + align:start position:0% +population will get there and the one +one genotype will fix in the population + + align:start position:0% +one genotype will fix in the population + + + align:start position:0% +one genotype will fix in the population +say we we'll we can talk a bit later + + align:start position:0% +say we we'll we can talk a bit later + + + align:start position:0% +say we we'll we can talk a bit later +about how long it's going to take to get + + align:start position:0% +about how long it's going to take to get + + + align:start position:0% +about how long it's going to take to get +there and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forth right yeah so um uh maybe you can + + align:start position:0% +forth right yeah so um uh maybe you can + + + align:start position:0% +forth right yeah so um uh maybe you can +yeah we we'll discuss the situations + + align:start position:0% +yeah we we'll discuss the situations + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we we'll discuss the situations +that where when we have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +that where when we have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +that where when we have to worry about +that and when we don't and so forth um + + align:start position:0% +that and when we don't and so forth um + + + align:start position:0% +that and when we don't and so forth um +for now if you'd like we can say that + + align:start position:0% +for now if you'd like we can say that + + + align:start position:0% +for now if you'd like we can say that +this is even just mu subb The Beneficial + + align:start position:0% +this is even just mu subb The Beneficial + + + align:start position:0% +this is even just mu subb The Beneficial +mutation rate per base pair um assuming + + align:start position:0% +mutation rate per base pair um assuming + + + align:start position:0% +mutation rate per base pair um assuming +that only the zeros can only turn into + + align:start position:0% +that only the zeros can only turn into + + + align:start position:0% +that only the zeros can only turn into +ones right but then you know after we + + align:start position:0% +ones right but then you know after we + + + align:start position:0% +ones right but then you know after we +after we think about this we can figure + + align:start position:0% +after we think about this we can figure + + + align:start position:0% +after we think about this we can figure +out you know you know if you know if + + align:start position:0% +out you know you know if you know if + + + align:start position:0% +out you know you know if you know if +that's important or when it's important + + align:start position:0% +that's important or when it's important + + + align:start position:0% +that's important or when it's important +and so forth + + align:start position:0% +and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no uh all right so we're starting with + + align:start position:0% +no uh all right so we're starting with + + + align:start position:0% +no uh all right so we're starting with +all 1,000 individuals have being in the + + align:start position:0% +all 1,000 individuals have being in the + + + align:start position:0% +all 1,000 individuals have being in the +z z State because now now we're allowing + + align:start position:0% +z z State because now now we're allowing + + + align:start position:0% +z z State because now now we're allowing +some mutation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate right and you also have to think + + align:start position:0% +rate right and you also have to think + + + align:start position:0% +rate right and you also have to think +about well you know this first mutation + + align:start position:0% +about well you know this first mutation + + + align:start position:0% +about well you know this first mutation +will it fix or not or you know yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm I'm not sure if I understand your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question uh well okay so okay you're + + align:start position:0% +question uh well okay so okay you're + + + align:start position:0% +question uh well okay so okay you're +you're me you're asking kind of what I + + align:start position:0% +you're me you're asking kind of what I + + + align:start position:0% +you're me you're asking kind of what I +mean by path + + align:start position:0% +mean by path + + + align:start position:0% +mean by path +here yeah all right so um + + align:start position:0% +here yeah all right so um + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah all right so um +I I'll say path means + + align:start position:0% +I I'll say path means + + + align:start position:0% +I I'll say path means +that the pop you know that that this was + + align:start position:0% +that the pop you know that that this was + + + align:start position:0% +that the pop you know that that this was +the dominant probability trajectory of + + align:start position:0% +the dominant probability trajectory of + + + align:start position:0% +the dominant probability trajectory of +the population through there we'll also + + align:start position:0% +the population through there we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +the population through there we'll also +discuss whether um it somehow is very + + align:start position:0% +discuss whether um it somehow is very + + + align:start position:0% +discuss whether um it somehow is very +likely is going to kind of have to go + + align:start position:0% +likely is going to kind of have to go + + + align:start position:0% +likely is going to kind of have to go +through one or the other of them um you + + align:start position:0% +through one or the other of them um you + + + align:start position:0% +through one or the other of them um you +know the the probability of getting both + + align:start position:0% +know the the probability of getting both + + + align:start position:0% +know the the probability of getting both +mutations in one generation is going to + + align:start position:0% +mutations in one generation is going to + + + align:start position:0% +mutations in one generation is going to +be you know 10us 12 right so that's + + align:start position:0% +be you know 10us 12 right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +be you know 10us 12 right so that's +that's going to be a very rare thing at + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a very rare thing at + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a very rare thing at +least in in this situ you know given + + align:start position:0% +least in in this situ you know given + + + align:start position:0% +least in in this situ you know given +these parameters and so forth um you + + align:start position:0% +these parameters and so forth um you + + + align:start position:0% +these parameters and so forth um you +know and then and then there's another + + align:start position:0% +know and then and then there's another + + + align:start position:0% +know and then and then there's another +question which is Will 01 actually fix + + align:start position:0% +question which is Will 01 actually fix + + + align:start position:0% +question which is Will 01 actually fix +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +population uh before you later fix this + + align:start position:0% +population uh before you later fix this + + + align:start position:0% +population uh before you later fix this +population and we'll uh and actually I + + align:start position:0% +population and we'll uh and actually I + + + align:start position:0% +population and we'll uh and actually I +think the answers to all these questions + + align:start position:0% +think the answers to all these questions + + + align:start position:0% +think the answers to all these questions +are in principle already on the board uh + + align:start position:0% +are in principle already on the board uh + + + align:start position:0% +are in principle already on the board uh +in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that +um right because you have to you know + + align:start position:0% +um right because you have to you know + + + align:start position:0% +um right because you have to you know +there's a question of oh do we have to + + align:start position:0% +there's a question of oh do we have to + + + align:start position:0% +there's a question of oh do we have to +worry about clinal interference are + + align:start position:0% +worry about clinal interference are + + + align:start position:0% +worry about clinal interference are +these things neutral or not and you know + + align:start position:0% +these things neutral or not and you know + + + align:start position:0% +these things neutral or not and you know +and so um and and really so this is in + + align:start position:0% +and so um and and really so this is in + + + align:start position:0% +and so um and and really so this is in +some ways a very simp problem but in + + align:start position:0% +some ways a very simp problem but in + + + align:start position:0% +some ways a very simp problem but in +another way you have to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +another way you have to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +another way you have to keep track of +lots of different things and in which + + align:start position:0% +lots of different things and in which + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different things and in which +regime we're in and so forth right so + + align:start position:0% +regime we're in and so forth right so + + + align:start position:0% +regime we're in and so forth right so +it's that's what makes it such a + + align:start position:0% +it's that's what makes it such a + + + align:start position:0% +it's that's what makes it such a +wonderful exam problem okay if you if + + align:start position:0% +wonderful exam problem okay if you if + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful exam problem okay if you if +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +understand if you understand what's + + align:start position:0% +understand if you understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +understand if you understand what's +going on you can you can answer it in a + + align:start position:0% +going on you can you can answer it in a + + + align:start position:0% +going on you can you can answer it in a +minute but if you don't understand + + align:start position:0% +minute but if you don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +minute but if you don't understand +what's going on it'll take you an hour + + align:start position:0% +what's going on it'll take you an hour + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on it'll take you an hour +right yes no maybe okay + + align:start position:0% +right yes no maybe okay + + + align:start position:0% +right yes no maybe okay +well I I just want I'll give you another + + align:start position:0% +well I I just want I'll give you another + + + align:start position:0% +well I I just want I'll give you another +you know 20 seconds hopefully you've + + align:start position:0% +you know 20 seconds hopefully you've + + + align:start position:0% +you know 20 seconds hopefully you've +been thinking about it while we've been + + align:start position:0% +been thinking about it while we've been + + + align:start position:0% +been thinking about it while we've been +talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why don't we go ahead and vote I I think + + align:start position:0% +why don't we go ahead and vote I I think + + + align:start position:0% +why don't we go ahead and vote I I think +it's very likely that uh we will not be + + align:start position:0% +it's very likely that uh we will not be + + + align:start position:0% +it's very likely that uh we will not be +at the kind of 100% Mark in which case + + align:start position:0% +at the kind of 100% Mark in which case + + + align:start position:0% +at the kind of 100% Mark in which case +you'll have a chance to talk about it + + align:start position:0% +you'll have a chance to talk about it + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have a chance to talk about it +and think about it some more okay ready + + align:start position:0% +and think about it some more okay ready + + + align:start position:0% +and think about it some more okay ready +uh three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay um right so we do have a fair + + align:start position:0% +one okay um right so we do have a fair + + + align:start position:0% +one okay um right so we do have a fair +range of answers ERS I'd say it might be + + align:start position:0% +range of answers ERS I'd say it might be + + + align:start position:0% +range of answers ERS I'd say it might be +kind of something like 50/50 that's + + align:start position:0% +kind of something like 50/50 that's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of something like 50/50 that's +that's great means that there should be + + align:start position:0% +that's great means that there should be + + + align:start position:0% +that's great means that there should be +something to talk about all right so + + align:start position:0% +something to talk about all right so + + + align:start position:0% +something to talk about all right so +turn to a neighbor you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +turn to a neighbor you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +turn to a neighbor you should be able to +find somebody that disagrees with you um + + align:start position:0% +find somebody that disagrees with you um + + + align:start position:0% +find somebody that disagrees with you um +and if if if everyone around you agrees + + align:start position:0% +and if if if everyone around you agrees + + + align:start position:0% +and if if if everyone around you agrees +you can uh maybe all right so there's a + + align:start position:0% +you can uh maybe all right so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh maybe all right so there's a +group of D's and a group of be's here + + align:start position:0% +group of D's and a group of be's here + + + align:start position:0% +group of D's and a group of be's here +which means that uh everybody let's + + align:start position:0% +which means that uh everybody let's + + + align:start position:0% +which means that uh everybody let's +fight all right so everybody thinks that + + align:start position:0% +fight all right so everybody thinks that + + + align:start position:0% +fight all right so everybody thinks that +everybody agrees with them but you just + + align:start position:0% +everybody agrees with them but you just + + + align:start position:0% +everybody agrees with them but you just +need to you know look a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +need to you know look a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +need to you know look a little bit more +long distance all right so turn to turn + + align:start position:0% +long distance all right so turn to turn + + + align:start position:0% +long distance all right so turn to turn +to a pseudo neighbor you should be able + + align:start position:0% +to a pseudo neighbor you should be able + + + align:start position:0% +to a pseudo neighbor you should be able +to find somebody there there are + + align:start position:0% +to find somebody there there are + + + align:start position:0% +to find somebody there there are +roughly it's roughly even here so you + + align:start position:0% +roughly it's roughly even here so you + + + align:start position:0% +roughly it's roughly even here so you +should be able to find someone + + align:start position:0% +should be able to find someone + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to find someone +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I I tried to do it with like these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probab so I don't see much in the way of + + align:start position:0% +probab so I don't see much in the way of + + + align:start position:0% +probab so I don't see much in the way of +vibrant discussion and argument you guys + + align:start position:0% +vibrant discussion and argument you guys + + + align:start position:0% +vibrant discussion and argument you guys +should be passionately Defending Your + + align:start position:0% +should be passionately Defending Your + + + align:start position:0% +should be passionately Defending Your +Choice here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I was it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as CH yeah obviously I think I think you + + align:start position:0% +as CH yeah obviously I think I think you + + + align:start position:0% +as CH yeah obviously I think I think you +guys + + align:start position:0% +guys + + + align:start position:0% +guys +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +the so the thing that I don't exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have when is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enough approximation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I yeah I + + align:start position:0% +I yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah I +know yeah that's a higher order point I + + align:start position:0% +know yeah that's a higher order point I + + + align:start position:0% +know yeah that's a higher order point I +wouldn't worry about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that all right well it it looks like + + align:start position:0% +that all right well it it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +that all right well it it looks like +people are having a nice discussion but + + align:start position:0% +people are having a nice discussion but + + + align:start position:0% +people are having a nice discussion but +I might still go ahead and and cut it + + align:start position:0% +I might still go ahead and and cut it + + + align:start position:0% +I might still go ahead and and cut it +short just so that we can we can get on + + align:start position:0% +short just so that we can we can get on + + + align:start position:0% +short just so that we can we can get on +to the evolutionary Game Theory um all + + align:start position:0% +to the evolutionary Game Theory um all + + + align:start position:0% +to the evolutionary Game Theory um all +right but I would like to see where + + align:start position:0% +right but I would like to see where + + + align:start position:0% +right but I would like to see where +people are and we'll we'll discuss it as + + align:start position:0% +people are and we'll we'll discuss it as + + + align:start position:0% +people are and we'll we'll discuss it as +a group so don't be too disappointed if + + align:start position:0% +a group so don't be too disappointed if + + + align:start position:0% +a group so don't be too disappointed if +you don't get to finish there all right + + align:start position:0% +you don't get to finish there all right + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get to finish there all right +but I do want to see kind of where we + + align:start position:0% +but I do want to see kind of where we + + + align:start position:0% +but I do want to see kind of where we +are all right ready uh three two + + align:start position:0% +are all right ready uh three two + + + align:start position:0% +are all right ready uh three two +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +um okay right so it still is maybe FL uh + + align:start position:0% +um okay right so it still is maybe FL uh + + + align:start position:0% +um okay right so it still is maybe FL uh +split roughly equally between D and + + align:start position:0% +split roughly equally between D and + + + align:start position:0% +split roughly equally between D and +maybe a Bish and some C's okay um all + + align:start position:0% +maybe a Bish and some C's okay um all + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a Bish and some C's okay um all +right can somebody does somebody want to + + align:start position:0% +right can somebody does somebody want to + + + align:start position:0% +right can somebody does somebody want to +volunteer their um their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explanation yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay sure okay and and I just um just to + + align:start position:0% +okay sure okay and and I just um just to + + + align:start position:0% +okay sure okay and and I just um just to +start out which answer are you arguing + + align:start position:0% +start out which answer are you arguing + + + align:start position:0% +start out which answer are you arguing +for just d d okay all right so you're + + align:start position:0% +for just d d okay all right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +for just d d okay all right so you're +saying all right you're saying D and + + align:start position:0% +saying all right you're saying D and + + + align:start position:0% +saying all right you're saying D and +you're saying all right maybe because of + + align:start position:0% +you're saying all right maybe because of + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying all right maybe because of +the extra the one zero is somehow more + + align:start position:0% +the extra the one zero is somehow more + + + align:start position:0% +the extra the one zero is somehow more +fit than 01 and you've taken some + + align:start position:0% +fit than 01 and you've taken some + + + align:start position:0% +fit than 01 and you've taken some +relative rates or ratios for some for + + align:start position:0% +relative rates or ratios for some for + + + align:start position:0% +relative rates or ratios for some for +for which reason2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +see okay yeah so I think that the the + + align:start position:0% +see okay yeah so I think that the the + + + align:start position:0% +see okay yeah so I think that the the +arguments there I think there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +arguments there I think there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +arguments there I think there's a lot of +Truth to the arguments that you're + + align:start position:0% +Truth to the arguments that you're + + + align:start position:0% +Truth to the arguments that you're +saying um yeah it's it's a little right + + align:start position:0% +saying um yeah it's it's a little right + + + align:start position:0% +saying um yeah it's it's a little right +uh you know another question is all + + align:start position:0% +uh you know another question is all + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know another question is all +right why might you know right exactly + + align:start position:0% +right why might you know right exactly + + + align:start position:0% +right why might you know right exactly +why might it be 1 16 instead of 1/5th is + + align:start position:0% +why might it be 1 16 instead of 1/5th is + + + align:start position:0% +why might it be 1 16 instead of 1/5th is +I think a little bit hazy in this here + + align:start position:0% +I think a little bit hazy in this here + + + align:start position:0% +I think a little bit hazy in this here +right it's okay but you know it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +right it's okay but you know it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +right it's okay but you know it's it's a +you know does somebody want to offer an + + align:start position:0% +you know does somebody want to offer an + + + align:start position:0% +you know does somebody want to offer an +explan so here that was an argument of + + align:start position:0% +explan so here that was an argument of + + + align:start position:0% +explan so here that was an argument of +roughly maybe why it's D is you know + + align:start position:0% +roughly maybe why it's D is you know + + + align:start position:0% +roughly maybe why it's D is you know +because D is very different from B right + + align:start position:0% +because D is very different from B right + + + align:start position:0% +because D is very different from B right +we order of magnitude different right so + + align:start position:0% +we order of magnitude different right so + + + align:start position:0% +we order of magnitude different right so +can somebody offer why their neighbor + + align:start position:0% +can somebody offer why their neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +can somebody offer why their neighbor +thought it was B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay probility + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s okay right okay so there now there are + + align:start position:0% +s okay right okay so there now there are + + + align:start position:0% +s okay right okay so there now there are +two related questions and I think that + + align:start position:0% +two related questions and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +two related questions and I think that +this explanation here is answering a + + align:start position:0% +this explanation here is answering a + + + align:start position:0% +this explanation here is answering a +slightly different question okay so let + + align:start position:0% +slightly different question okay so let + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different question okay so let +me try to explain what the two questions + + align:start position:0% +me try to explain what the two questions + + + align:start position:0% +me try to explain what the two questions +are here right so the question that + + align:start position:0% +are here right so the question that + + + align:start position:0% +are here right so the question that +you're answering is if you have kind of + + align:start position:0% +you're answering is if you have kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you're answering is if you have kind of +998 individuals of Z that are that are Z + + align:start position:0% +998 individuals of Z that are that are Z + + + align:start position:0% +998 individuals of Z that are that are Z +individuals and you have one that's 01 + + align:start position:0% +individuals and you have one that's 01 + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and you have one that's 01 +and you have one individual that is one + + align:start position:0% +and you have one individual that is one + + + align:start position:0% +and you have one individual that is one +Z right so this is like these problems + + align:start position:0% +Z right so this is like these problems + + + align:start position:0% +Z right so this is like these problems +that we did um a couple weeks ago where + + align:start position:0% +that we did um a couple weeks ago where + + + align:start position:0% +that we did um a couple weeks ago where +we said all right you know you imagine + + align:start position:0% +we said all right you know you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +we said all right you know you imagine +in the population you have a couple + + align:start position:0% +in the population you have a couple + + + align:start position:0% +in the population you have a couple +different kinds of mutants that are + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of mutants that are + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of mutants that are +present maybe in one copy right and then + + align:start position:0% +present maybe in one copy right and then + + + align:start position:0% +present maybe in one copy right and then +and then we were asking well what's the + + align:start position:0% +and then we were asking well what's the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we were asking well what's the +probability that this individual is + + align:start position:0% +probability that this individual is + + + align:start position:0% +probability that this individual is +going to fix and what's the probability + + align:start position:0% +going to fix and what's the probability + + + align:start position:0% +going to fix and what's the probability +this individual is going to fix and + + align:start position:0% +this individual is going to fix and + + + align:start position:0% +this individual is going to fix and +what's the probability that that these + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that that these + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that that these +guys are going to go extinct and this + + align:start position:0% +guys are going to go extinct and this + + + align:start position:0% +guys are going to go extinct and this +one will therefore fix right and I think + + align:start position:0% +one will therefore fix right and I think + + + align:start position:0% +one will therefore fix right and I think +and and that's the calculation that um + + align:start position:0% +and and that's the calculation that um + + + align:start position:0% +and and that's the calculation that um +that you're describing where you say + + align:start position:0% +that you're describing where you say + + + align:start position:0% +that you're describing where you say +okay well in order for this individual + + align:start position:0% +okay well in order for this individual + + + align:start position:0% +okay well in order for this individual +to fix he um he has to survive + + align:start position:0% +to fix he um he has to survive + + + align:start position:0% +to fix he um he has to survive +stochastic Extinction which is which + + align:start position:0% +stochastic Extinction which is which + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic Extinction which is which +happens with probability of 2% and the + + align:start position:0% +happens with probability of 2% and the + + + align:start position:0% +happens with probability of 2% and the +one zero + + align:start position:0% +one zero + + + align:start position:0% +one zero +individual has to go extinct which + + align:start position:0% +individual has to go extinct which + + + align:start position:0% +individual has to go extinct which +happens 90% of the time right um and so + + align:start position:0% +happens 90% of the time right um and so + + + align:start position:0% +happens 90% of the time right um and so +that is so this is + + align:start position:0% +that is so this is + + + align:start position:0% +that is so this is +indeed answering the question that if + + align:start position:0% +indeed answering the question that if + + + align:start position:0% +indeed answering the question that if +you had + + align:start position:0% +you had + + + align:start position:0% +you had +one copy of each of these two Mutant + + align:start position:0% +one copy of each of these two Mutant + + + align:start position:0% +one copy of each of these two Mutant +individuals in the in the population + + align:start position:0% +individuals in the in the population + + + align:start position:0% +individuals in the in the population +what is the pro that that's the answer + + align:start position:0% +what is the pro that that's the answer + + + align:start position:0% +what is the pro that that's the answer +to what is the what would the + + align:start position:0% +to what is the what would the + + + align:start position:0% +to what is the what would the +probability be that this 01 uh mutant + + align:start position:0% +probability be that this 01 uh mutant + + + align:start position:0% +probability be that this 01 uh mutant +would fix in the population right um but + + align:start position:0% +would fix in the population right um but + + + align:start position:0% +would fix in the population right um but +that's that's a slightly different + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a slightly different +question then if we ask right we're + + align:start position:0% +question then if we ask right we're + + + align:start position:0% +question then if we ask right we're +going to start with an entire population + + align:start position:0% +going to start with an entire population + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with an entire population +at0 and now these mutations will be + + align:start position:0% +at0 and now these mutations will be + + + align:start position:0% +at0 and now these mutations will be +occurring randomly at some rate and then + + align:start position:0% +occurring randomly at some rate and then + + + align:start position:0% +occurring randomly at some rate and then +something's going to happen right + + align:start position:0% +something's going to happen right + + + align:start position:0% +something's going to happen right +somehow the population's going to climb + + align:start position:0% +somehow the population's going to climb + + + align:start position:0% +somehow the population's going to climb +up this Fitness landscape and we're + + align:start position:0% +up this Fitness landscape and we're + + + align:start position:0% +up this Fitness landscape and we're +trying to figure out um the relative + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out um the relative + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out um the relative +prob ility that it's going to take kind + + align:start position:0% +prob ility that it's going to take kind + + + align:start position:0% +prob ility that it's going to take kind +of One path or another okay do do do you + + align:start position:0% +of One path or another okay do do do you + + + align:start position:0% +of One path or another okay do do do you +see the difference between these two + + align:start position:0% +see the difference between these two + + + align:start position:0% +see the difference between these two +questions right okay so indeed that this + + align:start position:0% +questions right okay so indeed that this + + + align:start position:0% +questions right okay so indeed that this +is the answer I think this is the + + align:start position:0% +is the answer I think this is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the answer I think this is the +correct answer to a different question I + + align:start position:0% +correct answer to a different question I + + + align:start position:0% +correct answer to a different question I +guess what you know um and yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +guess what you know um and yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +guess what you know um and yeah so so +okay so it's G to end up being D okay + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's G to end up being D okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's G to end up being D okay +and and and now we want to try to figure + + align:start position:0% +and and and now we want to try to figure + + + align:start position:0% +and and and now we want to try to figure +out how to get there okay because this + + align:start position:0% +out how to get there okay because this + + + align:start position:0% +out how to get there okay because this +is It's I think it is it is a bit tricky + + align:start position:0% +is It's I think it is it is a bit tricky + + + align:start position:0% +is It's I think it is it is a bit tricky +okay and in order in order to figure out + + align:start position:0% +okay and in order in order to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in order in order to figure out +how to get there we have to make sure we + + align:start position:0% +how to get there we have to make sure we + + + align:start position:0% +how to get there we have to make sure we +we keep track of of of which parameter + + align:start position:0% +we keep track of of of which parameter + + + align:start position:0% +we keep track of of of which parameter +regime we're in all right so there are a + + align:start position:0% +regime we're in all right so there are a + + + align:start position:0% +regime we're in all right so there are a +couple questions we have to ask first of + + align:start position:0% +couple questions we have to ask first of + + + align:start position:0% +couple questions we have to ask first of +all we have to remember that we start + + align:start position:0% +all we have to remember that we start + + + align:start position:0% +all we have to remember that we start +out with everybody all thousand + + align:start position:0% +out with everybody all thousand + + + align:start position:0% +out with everybody all thousand +individuals in the z00 state so it's + + align:start position:0% +individuals in the z00 state so it's + + + align:start position:0% +individuals in the z00 state so it's +there initially no mutants in the + + align:start position:0% +there initially no mutants in the + + + align:start position:0% +there initially no mutants in the +population but they're just you know + + align:start position:0% +population but they're just you know + + + align:start position:0% +population but they're just you know +replicating at some rate and every now + + align:start position:0% +replicating at some rate and every now + + + align:start position:0% +replicating at some rate and every now +and then mutations going to occur right + + align:start position:0% +and then mutations going to occur right + + + align:start position:0% +and then mutations going to occur right +now the first one thing we want to we + + align:start position:0% +now the first one thing we want to we + + + align:start position:0% +now the first one thing we want to we +have to answer we have to think about is + + align:start position:0% +have to answer we have to think about is + + + align:start position:0% +have to answer we have to think about is +whether these are nearly neutral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mutations all right verbally yes or no + + align:start position:0% +mutations all right verbally yes or no + + + align:start position:0% +mutations all right verbally yes or no +ready three two one no right and that's + + align:start position:0% +ready three two one no right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +ready three two one no right and that's +because we want to ask for if it's + + align:start position:0% +because we want to ask for if it's + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to ask for if it's +nearly neutral we want to ask is the + + align:start position:0% +nearly neutral we want to ask is the + + + align:start position:0% +nearly neutral we want to ask is the +magnitude of s time n um much greater or + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of s time n um much greater or + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of s time n um much greater or +much less than one or you know in + + align:start position:0% +much less than one or you know in + + + align:start position:0% +much less than one or you know in +particular if if they're much greater + + align:start position:0% +particular if if they're much greater + + + align:start position:0% +particular if if they're much greater +than one as is the case here then we + + align:start position:0% +than one as is the case here then we + + + align:start position:0% +than one as is the case here then we +then then we're in a nice simple regime + + align:start position:0% +then then we're in a nice simple regime + + + align:start position:0% +then then we're in a nice simple regime +in this case and it's easy to get + + align:start position:0% +in this case and it's easy to get + + + align:start position:0% +in this case and it's easy to get +paralyzed in this situation because + + align:start position:0% +paralyzed in this situation because + + + align:start position:0% +paralyzed in this situation because +there's there's more than one s right + + align:start position:0% +there's there's more than one s right + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's more than one s right +but you know in both cases s * n is much + + align:start position:0% +but you know in both cases s * n is much + + + align:start position:0% +but you know in both cases s * n is much +larger than one we can take the smaller + + align:start position:0% +larger than one we can take the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +larger than one we can take the smaller +s which is 2 over 100 and S * n is 20 + + align:start position:0% +s which is 2 over 100 and S * n is 20 + + + align:start position:0% +s which is 2 over 100 and S * n is 20 +right so so s for the 01 State time n is + + align:start position:0% +right so so s for the 01 State time n is + + + align:start position:0% +right so so s for the 01 State time n is +that was 20 that's 20 right which is + + align:start position:0% +that was 20 that's 20 right which is + + + align:start position:0% +that was 20 that's 20 right which is +much greater than + + align:start position:0% +much greater than + + + align:start position:0% +much greater than +one what this tells us is that if we do + + align:start position:0% +one what this tells us is that if we do + + + align:start position:0% +one what this tells us is that if we do +get this mutant appearing in the + + align:start position:0% +get this mutant appearing in the + + + align:start position:0% +get this mutant appearing in the +population then he or she will have a + + align:start position:0% +population then he or she will have a + + + align:start position:0% +population then he or she will have a +probability s of surviving stochastic + + align:start position:0% +probability s of surviving stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +probability s of surviving stochastic +Extinction all right so this um + + align:start position:0% +Extinction all right so this um + + + align:start position:0% +Extinction all right so this um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +probability of surviving stochastic + + align:start position:0% +probability of surviving stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +probability of surviving stochastic +Extinction if if the individual peers is + + align:start position:0% +Extinction if if the individual peers is + + + align:start position:0% +Extinction if if the individual peers is +is equal to um S01 which is equal to uh + + align:start position:0% +is equal to um S01 which is equal to uh + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to um S01 which is equal to uh +2% right whereas for the one zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State uh that's going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.1 now this is assuming that the + + align:start position:0% +0.1 now this is assuming that the + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 now this is assuming that the +mutation appears in the population + + align:start position:0% +mutation appears in the population + + + align:start position:0% +mutation appears in the population +that's the probability it will survive + + align:start position:0% +that's the probability it will survive + + + align:start position:0% +that's the probability it will survive +stochastic Extinction okay now just as a + + align:start position:0% +stochastic Extinction okay now just as a + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic Extinction okay now just as a +reminder surviving stochastic Extinction + + align:start position:0% +reminder surviving stochastic Extinction + + + align:start position:0% +reminder surviving stochastic Extinction +roughly corres corresponds to this being + + align:start position:0% +roughly corres corresponds to this being + + + align:start position:0% +roughly corres corresponds to this being +becoming established idea and becoming + + align:start position:0% +becoming established idea and becoming + + + align:start position:0% +becoming established idea and becoming +established was what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +no what's + + align:start position:0% +no what's + + + align:start position:0% +no what's +that it's when S1 + + align:start position:0% +that it's when S1 + + + align:start position:0% +that it's when S1 +yeah that's right all right so + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right all right so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right all right so +established when we say established what + + align:start position:0% +established when we say established what + + + align:start position:0% +established when we say established what +we mean is that um + + align:start position:0% +we mean is that um + + + align:start position:0% +we mean is that um +established this this corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +established this this corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +established this this corresponds to +saying that that this Pro you know this + + align:start position:0% +saying that that this Pro you know this + + + align:start position:0% +saying that that this Pro you know this +probability that we talked about in the + + align:start position:0% +probability that we talked about in the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that we talked about in the +before this x sub I is approximately + + align:start position:0% +before this x sub I is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +before this x sub I is approximately +equal to one right so this question is + + align:start position:0% +equal to one right so this question is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one right so this question is +how many individuals you have to get to + + align:start position:0% +how many individuals you have to get to + + + align:start position:0% +how many individuals you have to get to +in the population before you're very + + align:start position:0% +in the population before you're very + + + align:start position:0% +in the population before you're very +likely to fix right what we found is + + align:start position:0% +likely to fix right what we found is + + + align:start position:0% +likely to fix right what we found is +that that number established was uh went + + align:start position:0% +that that number established was uh went + + + align:start position:0% +that that number established was uh went +as one over the selection coefficient + + align:start position:0% +as one over the selection coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +as one over the selection coefficient +right so in this case you would need to + + align:start position:0% +right so in this case you would need to + + + align:start position:0% +right so in this case you would need to +have you know 50 individuals before you + + align:start position:0% +have you know 50 individuals before you + + + align:start position:0% +have you know 50 individuals before you +are kind of more likely to fix than not + + align:start position:0% +are kind of more likely to fix than not + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of more likely to fix than not +so if you want to be much more likely + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to be much more likely + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to be much more likely +you might need twice that or + + align:start position:0% +you might need twice that or + + + align:start position:0% +you might need twice that or +so do you guys remember that + + align:start position:0% +so do you guys remember that + + + align:start position:0% +so do you guys remember that +yeah this is not important for this + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is not important for this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is not important for this +question necessarily + + align:start position:0% +question necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +question necessarily +but it might be important at a later + + align:start position:0% +but it might be important at a later + + + align:start position:0% +but it might be important at a later +date and so foral mutations the whole + + align:start position:0% +date and so foral mutations the whole + + + align:start position:0% +date and so foral mutations the whole +point is that the number need to become + + align:start position:0% +point is that the number need to become + + + align:start position:0% +point is that the number need to become +established isal to the + + align:start position:0% +established isal to the + + + align:start position:0% +established isal to the +yeah so everything kind of works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay right so the way that we can + + align:start position:0% +right okay right so the way that we can + + + align:start position:0% +right okay right so the way that we can +think about this is now okay we have uh + + align:start position:0% +think about this is now okay we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +think about this is now okay we have uh +this population thousand individuals + + align:start position:0% +this population thousand individuals + + + align:start position:0% +this population thousand individuals +they're dividing at some rate mutations + + align:start position:0% +they're dividing at some rate mutations + + + align:start position:0% +they're dividing at some rate mutations +are going to appear right and now we + + align:start position:0% +are going to appear right and now we + + + align:start position:0% +are going to appear right and now we +want to know now we know if they did + + align:start position:0% +want to know now we know if they did + + + align:start position:0% +want to know now we know if they did +appear the probability that they would + + align:start position:0% +appear the probability that they would + + + align:start position:0% +appear the probability that they would +fix right this is assuming that there's + + align:start position:0% +fix right this is assuming that there's + + + align:start position:0% +fix right this is assuming that there's +no clonal interference right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay because if there's clonal inference + + align:start position:0% +okay because if there's clonal inference + + + align:start position:0% +okay because if there's clonal inference +then surviving stochastic Extinction is + + align:start position:0% +then surviving stochastic Extinction is + + + align:start position:0% +then surviving stochastic Extinction is +not the same thing as fixing because if + + align:start position:0% +not the same thing as fixing because if + + + align:start position:0% +not the same thing as fixing because if +they both appear in the population and + + align:start position:0% +they both appear in the population and + + + align:start position:0% +they both appear in the population and +they both survive stochastic Extinction + + align:start position:0% +they both survive stochastic Extinction + + + align:start position:0% +they both survive stochastic Extinction +then this mutant loses to this mutant + + align:start position:0% +then this mutant loses to this mutant + + + align:start position:0% +then this mutant loses to this mutant +right that's the colonal + + align:start position:0% +right that's the colonal + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the colonal +interference okay but do we have to + + align:start position:0% +interference okay but do we have to + + + align:start position:0% +interference okay but do we have to +worry about colonal interference in this + + align:start position:0% +worry about colonal interference in this + + + align:start position:0% +worry about colonal interference in this +situation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right uh and so remember this was + + align:start position:0% +all right uh and so remember this was + + + align:start position:0% +all right uh and so remember this was +comparing the two time + + align:start position:0% +comparing the two time + + + align:start position:0% +comparing the two time +scales right this was comparing the time + + align:start position:0% +scales right this was comparing the time + + + align:start position:0% +scales right this was comparing the time +to become estab the time between success + + align:start position:0% +to become estab the time between success + + + align:start position:0% +to become estab the time between success +of establishment events which went is 1 + + align:start position:0% +of establishment events which went is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of establishment events which went is 1 +over mu + + align:start position:0% +over mu + + + align:start position:0% +over mu +NS right uh and the other one is the + + align:start position:0% +NS right uh and the other one is the + + + align:start position:0% +NS right uh and the other one is the +time between uh the time to fix which + + align:start position:0% +time between uh the time to fix which + + + align:start position:0% +time between uh the time to fix which +went as 1 / s log of NS right so we can + + align:start position:0% +went as 1 / s log of NS right so we can + + + align:start position:0% +went as 1 / s log of NS right so we can +ignore clone interference if this is + + align:start position:0% +ignore clone interference if this is + + + align:start position:0% +ignore clone interference if this is +much larger than + + align:start position:0% +much larger than + + + align:start position:0% +much larger than +that right so so no clonal interference + + align:start position:0% +that right so so no clonal interference + + + align:start position:0% +that right so so no clonal interference +corresponds to to Mu n log NS + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to to Mu n log NS + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to to Mu n log NS +much less than one + + align:start position:0% +much less than one + + + align:start position:0% +much less than one +right no colonal interference same as + + align:start position:0% +right no colonal interference same as + + + align:start position:0% +right no colonal interference same as +this statement is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right did I do it right okay um okay so + + align:start position:0% +right did I do it right okay um okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right did I do it right okay um okay so +so um right and once again there there + + align:start position:0% +so um right and once again there there + + + align:start position:0% +so um right and once again there there +are multiple S's and it's easy to get + + align:start position:0% +are multiple S's and it's easy to get + + + align:start position:0% +are multiple S's and it's easy to get +kind of upset about this right but you + + align:start position:0% +kind of upset about this right but you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of upset about this right but you +can just use whichever s would be which + + align:start position:0% +can just use whichever s would be which + + + align:start position:0% +can just use whichever s would be which +s would you want to use to be kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because to to be on the safe or + + align:start position:0% +right because to to be on the safe or + + + align:start position:0% +right because to to be on the safe or +conservative side we want to take this + + align:start position:0% +conservative side we want to take this + + + align:start position:0% +conservative side we want to take this +to be as big as possible so we take s + + align:start position:0% +to be as big as possible so we take s + + + align:start position:0% +to be as big as possible so we take s +actually as big as we can right um it's + + align:start position:0% +actually as big as we can right um it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually as big as we can right um it's +it's in the log so you know details + + align:start position:0% +it's in the log so you know details + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the log so you know details +right but um okay but we can see okay we + + align:start position:0% +right but um okay but we can see okay we + + + align:start position:0% +right but um okay but we can see okay we +have 10us 6 10 + + align:start position:0% +have 10us 6 10 + + + align:start position:0% +have 10us 6 10 +3 and then this is the log + + align:start position:0% +3 and then this is the log + + + align:start position:0% +3 and then this is the log +of you know maybe 100 which is like four + + align:start position:0% +of you know maybe 100 which is like four + + + align:start position:0% +of you know maybe 100 which is like four +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +five is it closer to four or five I + + align:start position:0% +five is it closer to four or five I + + + align:start position:0% +five is it closer to four or five I +don't know but it doesn't matter we'll + + align:start position:0% +don't know but it doesn't matter we'll + + + align:start position:0% +don't know but it doesn't matter we'll +say five this is indeed much less than + + align:start position:0% +say five this is indeed much less than + + + align:start position:0% +say five this is indeed much less than +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay so indeed there's we don't + + align:start position:0% +right okay so indeed there's we don't + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so indeed there's we don't +have to worry about colonal interference + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about colonal interference + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about colonal interference +this is this is a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a wonderful +simplification right what it's saying is + + align:start position:0% +simplification right what it's saying is + + + align:start position:0% +simplification right what it's saying is +that the population is dividing every + + align:start position:0% +that the population is dividing every + + + align:start position:0% +that the population is dividing every +now and then a mutation occurs in the + + align:start position:0% +now and then a mutation occurs in the + + + align:start position:0% +now and then a mutation occurs in the +population all right could be either the + + align:start position:0% +population all right could be either the + + + align:start position:0% +population all right could be either the +01 or the one zer but in either case the + + align:start position:0% +01 or the one zer but in either case the + + + align:start position:0% +01 or the one zer but in either case the +fate of that mutation is resolved before + + align:start position:0% +fate of that mutation is resolved before + + + align:start position:0% +fate of that mutation is resolved before +the next mutation occurs right so you + + align:start position:0% +the next mutation occurs right so you + + + align:start position:0% +the next mutation occurs right so you +don't need to worry about them competing + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about them competing + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about them competing +in the population instead just at some + + align:start position:0% +in the population instead just at some + + + align:start position:0% +in the population instead just at some +constant rate they're + + align:start position:0% +constant rate they're + + + align:start position:0% +constant rate they're +appearing right and given that they + + align:start position:0% +appearing right and given that they + + + align:start position:0% +appearing right and given that they +appear there's some probability that + + align:start position:0% +appear there's some probability that + + + align:start position:0% +appear there's some probability that +they're going to fix right so that leads + + align:start position:0% +they're going to fix right so that leads + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to fix right so that leads +to effective rates going to each of + + align:start position:0% +to effective rates going to each of + + + align:start position:0% +to effective rates going to each of +those two + + align:start position:0% +those two + + + align:start position:0% +those two +steps going to 0 one or one Zer and in + + align:start position:0% +steps going to 0 one or one Zer and in + + + align:start position:0% +steps going to 0 one or one Zer and in +particular this is like a chemical + + align:start position:0% +particular this is like a chemical + + + align:start position:0% +particular this is like a chemical +reaction okay where we + + align:start position:0% +reaction okay where we + + + align:start position:0% +reaction okay where we +have you know some chemical State here + + align:start position:0% +have you know some chemical State here + + + align:start position:0% +have you know some chemical State here +with two rates there's the K going to 01 + + align:start position:0% +with two rates there's the K going to 01 + + + align:start position:0% +with two rates there's the K going to 01 +the K going to 1 Z + + align:start position:0% +the K going to 1 Z + + + align:start position:0% +the K going to 1 Z +right what we know is that we know the + + align:start position:0% +right what we know is that we know the + + + align:start position:0% +right what we know is that we know the +ratio of those rates and that's + + align:start position:0% +ratio of those rates and that's + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of those rates and that's +everything we need to know to calculate + + align:start position:0% +everything we need to know to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +everything we need to know to calculate +the relative probabilities of taking + + align:start position:0% +the relative probabilities of taking + + + align:start position:0% +the relative probabilities of taking +those States because the + + align:start position:0% +those States because the + + + align:start position:0% +those States because the +probability of going to the Z of going + + align:start position:0% +probability of going to the Z of going + + + align:start position:0% +probability of going to the Z of going +through the 01 that's what we want to + + align:start position:0% +through the 01 that's what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +through the 01 that's what we want to +know that direction right 01 this is + + align:start position:0% +know that direction right 01 this is + + + align:start position:0% +know that direction right 01 this is +going to be given by K 01 ID k 0 1 + K1 + + align:start position:0% +going to be given by K 01 ID k 0 1 + K1 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be given by K 01 ID k 0 1 + K1 +0 okay so this is how we get 1 16 + + align:start position:0% +0 okay so this is how we get 1 16 + + + align:start position:0% +0 okay so this is how we get 1 16 +instead of 1/5 right + + align:start position:0% +instead of 1/5 right + + + align:start position:0% +instead of 1/5 right +because this thing is one of that right + + align:start position:0% +because this thing is one of that right + + + align:start position:0% +because this thing is one of that right +so it's like one and then one five and + + align:start position:0% +so it's like one and then one five and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like one and then one five and +that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is actually in principle + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is actually in principle + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is actually in principle +not quite answering the question that I + + align:start position:0% +not quite answering the question that I + + + align:start position:0% +not quite answering the question that I +asked because this is talking about the + + align:start position:0% +asked because this is talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +asked because this is talking about the +relative probability of the first uh + + align:start position:0% +relative probability of the first uh + + + align:start position:0% +relative probability of the first uh +State the first mutant to fix right and + + align:start position:0% +State the first mutant to fix right and + + + align:start position:0% +State the first mutant to fix right and +in principle it is possible that uh from + + align:start position:0% +in principle it is possible that uh from + + + align:start position:0% +in principle it is possible that uh from +there there's some rate of coming back + + align:start position:0% +there there's some rate of coming back + + + align:start position:0% +there there's some rate of coming back +or they might not necessarily move + + align:start position:0% +or they might not necessarily move + + + align:start position:0% +or they might not necessarily move +forward on up that hill do you do you + + align:start position:0% +forward on up that hill do you do you + + + align:start position:0% +forward on up that hill do you do you +guys understand what I'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +guys understand what I'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +guys understand what I'm talking about +it goes from here to there because we + + align:start position:0% +it goes from here to there because we + + + align:start position:0% +it goes from here to there because we +really want to know about this next step + + align:start position:0% +really want to know about this next step + + + align:start position:0% +really want to know about this next step +right going to going to the one one + + align:start position:0% +right going to going to the one one + + + align:start position:0% +right going to going to the one one +state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but in this case do we do we have + + align:start position:0% +right but in this case do we do we have + + + align:start position:0% +right but in this case do we do we have +to worry about going + + align:start position:0% +to worry about going + + + align:start position:0% +to worry about going +backwards no and why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not it's very unlikely and in particular + + align:start position:0% +not it's very unlikely and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +not it's very unlikely and in particular +you can think now that you're now you're + + align:start position:0% +you can think now that you're now you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can think now that you're now you're +here you talk about the rate of going to + + align:start position:0% +here you talk about the rate of going to + + + align:start position:0% +here you talk about the rate of going to +the one one state as compared to the + + align:start position:0% +the one one state as compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +the one one state as compared to the +rate of going to the 01 right and those + + align:start position:0% +rate of going to the 01 right and those + + + align:start position:0% +rate of going to the 01 right and those +are going to be you know exponentially + + align:start position:0% +are going to be you know exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be you know exponentially +different right because just as this was + + align:start position:0% +different right because just as this was + + + align:start position:0% +different right because just as this was +a non-neutral beneficial mutation that + + align:start position:0% +a non-neutral beneficial mutation that + + + align:start position:0% +a non-neutral beneficial mutation that +means that going from 01 back is going + + align:start position:0% +means that going from 01 back is going + + + align:start position:0% +means that going from 01 back is going +to be a non-neutral dilar mutation right + + align:start position:0% +to be a non-neutral dilar mutation right + + + align:start position:0% +to be a non-neutral dilar mutation right +so the probability of fixing in the back + + align:start position:0% +so the probability of fixing in the back + + + align:start position:0% +so the probability of fixing in the back +direction is not zero but it's + + align:start position:0% +direction is not zero but it's + + + align:start position:0% +direction is not zero but it's +exponentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppressed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so I think it's it's very + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so I think it's it's very + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so I think it's it's very +important to um understand all the + + align:start position:0% +important to um understand all the + + + align:start position:0% +important to um understand all the +different pieces of this uh this kind of + + align:start position:0% +different pieces of this uh this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different pieces of this uh this kind of +puzzle because it incorporates many + + align:start position:0% +puzzle because it incorporates many + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle because it incorporates many +different ideas that we' we've talked + + align:start position:0% +different ideas that we' we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +different ideas that we' we've talked +about over the last um over the last few + + align:start position:0% +about over the last um over the last few + + + align:start position:0% +about over the last um over the last few +weeks all right if there are + + align:start position:0% +weeks all right if there are + + + align:start position:0% +weeks all right if there are +questions please ask now yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so you're wondering + + align:start position:0% +all right so you're wondering + + + align:start position:0% +all right so you're wondering +about okay so this is the fitness of the + + align:start position:0% +about okay so this is the fitness of the + + + align:start position:0% +about okay so this is the fitness of the +one one state was 1.2 right so you're + + align:start position:0% +one one state was 1.2 right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +one one state was 1.2 right so you're +you're pointing out that um it's + + align:start position:0% +you're pointing out that um it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're pointing out that um it's +actually easier to go from the zero one + + align:start position:0% +actually easier to go from the zero one + + + align:start position:0% +actually easier to go from the zero one +state to the one one as compared to the + + align:start position:0% +state to the one one as compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +state to the one one as compared to the +one Zer to the one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one yeah okay right so + + align:start position:0% +one yeah okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah okay right so +um all right if if anything in some ways + + align:start position:0% +um all right if if anything in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +um all right if if anything in some ways +this actually provides a bias going + + align:start position:0% +this actually provides a bias going + + + align:start position:0% +this actually provides a bias going +towards the 01 State because it's saying + + align:start position:0% +towards the 01 State because it's saying + + + align:start position:0% +towards the 01 State because it's saying +that if we do get to 01 it's actually + + align:start position:0% +that if we do get to 01 it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +that if we do get to 01 it's actually +easier to move forward as compared to + + align:start position:0% +easier to move forward as compared to + + + align:start position:0% +easier to move forward as compared to +this other path uh in practice it + + align:start position:0% +this other path uh in practice it + + + align:start position:0% +this other path uh in practice it +doesn't actually matter because this + + align:start position:0% +doesn't actually matter because this + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't actually matter because this +acts as a ratchet right because all + + align:start position:0% +acts as a ratchet right because all + + + align:start position:0% +acts as a ratchet right because all +these mutations are non-neutral once you + + align:start position:0% +these mutations are non-neutral once you + + + align:start position:0% +these mutations are non-neutral once you +fix this state or this one you you can't + + align:start position:0% +fix this state or this one you you can't + + + align:start position:0% +fix this state or this one you you can't +go back right so you uh so the + + align:start position:0% +go back right so you uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +go back right so you uh so the +population will move forward once it + + align:start position:0% +population will move forward once it + + + align:start position:0% +population will move forward once it +gets to one of those two states um now I + + align:start position:0% +gets to one of those two states um now I + + + align:start position:0% +gets to one of those two states um now I +it would be a very interesting question + + align:start position:0% +it would be a very interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +it would be a very interesting question +to ask if um if we instead did a + + align:start position:0% +to ask if um if we instead did a + + + align:start position:0% +to ask if um if we instead did a +different Arrangement what would the + + align:start position:0% +different Arrangement what would the + + + align:start position:0% +different Arrangement what would the +rate of evolution be and so forth so um + + align:start position:0% +rate of evolution be and so forth so um + + + align:start position:0% +rate of evolution be and so forth so um +yeah the so I think it's it's um but + + align:start position:0% +yeah the so I think it's it's um but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the so I think it's it's um but +what what you're saying is is certainly + + align:start position:0% +what what you're saying is is certainly + + + align:start position:0% +what what you're saying is is certainly +true that if this took up all of the + + align:start position:0% +true that if this took up all of the + + + align:start position:0% +true that if this took up all of the +benefit going here then it may not + + align:start position:0% +benefit going here then it may not + + + align:start position:0% +benefit going here then it may not +actually be somehow an optimal path in + + align:start position:0% +actually be somehow an optimal path in + + + align:start position:0% +actually be somehow an optimal path in +terms of the rate of evolution or + + align:start position:0% +terms of the rate of evolution or + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the rate of evolution or +something like that um so we can + + align:start position:0% +something like that um so we can + + + align:start position:0% +something like that um so we can +um yeah I can I'll think about that when + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I can I'll think about that when + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah I can I'll think about that when +designing problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you that's right probability is + + align:start position:0% +you that's right probability is + + + align:start position:0% +you that's right probability is +one that's right so the um we uh we are + + align:start position:0% +one that's right so the um we uh we are + + + align:start position:0% +one that's right so the um we uh we are +guaranteed that we will eventually + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that we will eventually + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that we will eventually +evolve to the to this peak in the + + align:start position:0% +evolve to the to this peak in the + + + align:start position:0% +evolve to the to this peak in the +fitness landscape and so what we were + + align:start position:0% +fitness landscape and so what we were + + + align:start position:0% +fitness landscape and so what we were +what we're asking here is which of these + + align:start position:0% +what we're asking here is which of these + + + align:start position:0% +what we're asking here is which of these +two paths is going to be taken + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I mean I feel like I kind of proved + + align:start position:0% +um I mean I feel like I kind of proved + + + align:start position:0% +um I mean I feel like I kind of proved +it although I understand that maybe + + align:start position:0% +it although I understand that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +it although I understand that maybe +nothing I said was rigorous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and and of course there are nonzero + + align:start position:0% +um and and of course there are nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +um and and of course there are nonzero +probabilities of going backwards it's + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of going backwards it's + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of going backwards it's +just that they + + align:start position:0% +just that they + + + align:start position:0% +just that they +are reduced and actually you can prove + + align:start position:0% +are reduced and actually you can prove + + + align:start position:0% +are reduced and actually you can prove +and for those of you who are interested + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you who are interested + + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you who are interested +in such things that um + + align:start position:0% +in such things that um + + + align:start position:0% +in such things that um +that there that over long time scales + + align:start position:0% +that there that over long time scales + + + align:start position:0% +that there that over long time scales +there's going to be an + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be an +equilibrium distribution over all these + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium distribution over all these + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium distribution over all these +states where the um the pro the the + + align:start position:0% +states where the um the pro the the + + + align:start position:0% +states where the um the pro the the +probability of being in a in a + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in a in a +particular state will um it goes as the + + align:start position:0% +particular state will um it goes as the + + + align:start position:0% +particular state will um it goes as the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +Fitness it scales as the the the + + align:start position:0% +Fitness it scales as the the the + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness it scales as the the the +relative Fitness to the nth + + align:start position:0% +relative Fitness to the nth + + + align:start position:0% +relative Fitness to the nth +power okay so so we talk about these + + align:start position:0% +power okay so so we talk about these + + + align:start position:0% +power okay so so we talk about these +these Fitness landscapes energy + + align:start position:0% +these Fitness landscapes energy + + + align:start position:0% +these Fitness landscapes energy +Landscapes right and indeed you in this + + align:start position:0% +Landscapes right and indeed you in this + + + align:start position:0% +Landscapes right and indeed you in this +regime where you have slow small + + align:start position:0% +regime where you have slow small + + + align:start position:0% +regime where you have slow small +mutation rates um then it's going to + + align:start position:0% +mutation rates um then it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +mutation rates um then it's going to +obey detailed balance and it's actually + + align:start position:0% +obey detailed balance and it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +obey detailed balance and it's actually +a thermodynamic system so then in that + + align:start position:0% +a thermodynamic system so then in that + + + align:start position:0% +a thermodynamic system so then in that +case um you can make a correspondence + + align:start position:0% +case um you can make a correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +case um you can make a correspondence +between everything that we normally talk + + align:start position:0% +between everything that we normally talk + + + align:start position:0% +between everything that we normally talk +about where um Fitness go is like energy + + align:start position:0% +about where um Fitness go is like energy + + + align:start position:0% +about where um Fitness go is like energy +and and population size is like + + align:start position:0% +and and population size is like + + + align:start position:0% +and and population size is like +temperature okay so the the relative + + align:start position:0% +temperature okay so the the relative + + + align:start position:0% +temperature okay so the the relative +amplitude of being in this peak as + + align:start position:0% +amplitude of being in this peak as + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude of being in this peak as +compared to the other states is going to + + align:start position:0% +compared to the other states is going to + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the other states is going to +be in this case the the ratios of those + + align:start position:0% +be in this case the the ratios of those + + + align:start position:0% +be in this case the the ratios of those +things is indeed described by the ratios + + align:start position:0% +things is indeed described by the ratios + + + align:start position:0% +things is indeed described by the ratios +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +fitnesses and and it's going to go as um + + align:start position:0% +fitnesses and and it's going to go as um + + + align:start position:0% +fitnesses and and it's going to go as um +you know kind of like 1.1 to the + + align:start position:0% +you know kind of like 1.1 to the + + + align:start position:0% +you know kind of like 1.1 to the +thousandth power which is Big right + + align:start position:0% +thousandth power which is Big right + + + align:start position:0% +thousandth power which is Big right +which means that the population is + + align:start position:0% +which means that the population is + + + align:start position:0% +which means that the population is +really cohered at this at this uh peak + + align:start position:0% +really cohered at this at this uh peak + + + align:start position:0% +really cohered at this at this uh peak +in the fitness + + align:start position:0% +in the fitness + + + align:start position:0% +in the fitness +landscape yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you want to know the the rate that + + align:start position:0% +okay you want to know the the rate that + + + align:start position:0% +okay you want to know the the rate that +that's going to happen okay yeah no + + align:start position:0% +that's going to happen okay yeah no + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to happen okay yeah no +that's fine let's let's do that + + align:start position:0% +that's fine let's let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine let's let's do that +um okay uh so for example what let's + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh so for example what let's + + + align:start position:0% +um okay uh so for example what let's +let's imagine that we don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have Okay so let's imagine that we just + + align:start position:0% +have Okay so let's imagine that we just + + + align:start position:0% +have Okay so let's imagine that we just +have the 0 + + align:start position:0% +have the 0 + + + align:start position:0% +have the 0 +0 and the 01 + + align:start position:0% +0 and the 01 + + + align:start position:0% +0 and the 01 +States okay all right so just so we + + align:start position:0% +States okay all right so just so we + + + align:start position:0% +States okay all right so just so we +don't have to worry about going up the + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about going up the + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about going up the +landscape right and so what we have is + + align:start position:0% +landscape right and so what we have is + + + align:start position:0% +landscape right and so what we have is +we have a fit R is um okay relative + + align:start position:0% +we have a fit R is um okay relative + + + align:start position:0% +we have a fit R is um okay relative +Fitness one and 1 Point + + align:start position:0% +Fitness one and 1 Point + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness one and 1 Point +02 okay now what we want to do is we + + align:start position:0% +02 okay now what we want to do is we + + + align:start position:0% +02 okay now what we want to do is we +want to ask well um what is the rate of + + align:start position:0% +want to ask well um what is the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask well um what is the rate of +going back and forth right well the + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth right well the + + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth right well the +um okay so so the right the rate of + + align:start position:0% +um okay so so the right the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so so the right the rate of +going forward well we sample mutations + + align:start position:0% +going forward well we sample mutations + + + align:start position:0% +going forward well we sample mutations +at a + + align:start position:0% +at a + + + align:start position:0% +at a +rate mu and this is Mu only for that + + align:start position:0% +rate mu and this is Mu only for that + + + align:start position:0% +rate mu and this is Mu only for that +this one state because we're now pretend + + align:start position:0% +this one state because we're now pretend + + + align:start position:0% +this one state because we're now pretend +that we're not going to mutate this + + align:start position:0% +that we're not going to mutate this + + + align:start position:0% +that we're not going to mutate this +other one just because you know right so + + align:start position:0% +other one just because you know right so + + + align:start position:0% +other one just because you know right so +this is so mu mu rate mu n you have + + align:start position:0% +this is so mu mu rate mu n you have + + + align:start position:0% +this is so mu mu rate mu n you have +mutation's appearing and times this s 02 + + align:start position:0% +mutation's appearing and times this s 02 + + + align:start position:0% +mutation's appearing and times this s 02 +is the probability that it'll actually + + align:start position:0% +is the probability that it'll actually + + + align:start position:0% +is the probability that it'll actually +fix in the forward direction + + align:start position:0% +fix in the forward direction + + + align:start position:0% +fix in the forward direction +right um and now what we want to know is + + align:start position:0% +right um and now what we want to know is + + + align:start position:0% +right um and now what we want to know is +the the rate of coming + + align:start position:0% +the the rate of coming + + + align:start position:0% +the the rate of coming +back right well the the beginning part's + + align:start position:0% +back right well the the beginning part's + + + align:start position:0% +back right well the the beginning part's +the same because we have mu n is the is + + align:start position:0% +the same because we have mu n is the is + + + align:start position:0% +the same because we have mu n is the is +the rate that you get this dous mutant + + align:start position:0% +the rate that you get this dous mutant + + + align:start position:0% +the rate that you get this dous mutant +in the population but then we need to + + align:start position:0% +in the population but then we need to + + + align:start position:0% +in the population but then we need to +multiply by the probability of + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the probability of +fixation right and and the probability + + align:start position:0% +fixation right and and the probability + + + align:start position:0% +fixation right and and the probability +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +fixation is was this thing uh X1 which + + align:start position:0% +fixation is was this thing uh X1 which + + + align:start position:0% +fixation is was this thing uh X1 which +was one minus now this is R but it's R + + align:start position:0% +was one minus now this is R but it's R + + + align:start position:0% +was one minus now this is R but it's R +in the other direction so be careful + + align:start position:0% +in the other direction so be careful + + + align:start position:0% +in the other direction so be careful +because the general equation was one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over okay but now r instead of being + + align:start position:0% +over okay but now r instead of being + + + align:start position:0% +over okay but now r instead of being +1.02 is one over 1.02 right + + align:start position:0% +1.02 is one over 1.02 right + + + align:start position:0% +1.02 is one over 1.02 right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and um all right so which of these terms + + align:start position:0% +and um all right so which of these terms + + + align:start position:0% +and um all right so which of these terms +is going to be + + align:start position:0% +is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be +dominant this thing gets up to be some + + align:start position:0% +dominant this thing gets up to be some + + + align:start position:0% +dominant this thing gets up to be some +really big number right is our problem + + align:start position:0% +really big number right is our problem + + + align:start position:0% +really big number right is our problem +okay so okay we can we can we should be + + align:start position:0% +okay so okay we can we can we should be + + + align:start position:0% +okay so okay we can we can we should be +able to figure this out though right + + align:start position:0% +able to figure this out though right + + + align:start position:0% +able to figure this out though right +because this new R is one over 1.02 so + + align:start position:0% +because this new R is one over 1.02 so + + + align:start position:0% +because this new R is one over 1.02 so +we for example have 1us + + align:start position:0% +we for example have 1us + + + align:start position:0% +we for example have 1us +1.02 1us + + align:start position:0% +1.02 1us + + + align:start position:0% +1.02 1us +1.02 to the + + align:start position:0% +1.02 to the + + + align:start position:0% +1.02 to the +thous right all right so you know this + + align:start position:0% +thous right all right so you know this + + + align:start position:0% +thous right all right so you know this +is a negative number but this is a + + align:start position:0% +is a negative number but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a negative number but this is a +negative number too so + + align:start position:0% +negative number too so + + + align:start position:0% +negative number too so +right um all right so we end up with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0.02 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um 200 is it + + align:start position:0% +um 200 is it + + + align:start position:0% +um 200 is it +200 yeah you're keeping only the first + + align:start position:0% +200 yeah you're keeping only the first + + + align:start position:0% +200 yeah you're keeping only the first +you know um which is since it's much + + align:start position:0% +you know um which is since it's much + + + align:start position:0% +you know um which is since it's much +larger than one it's it's bigger than + + align:start position:0% +larger than one it's it's bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +larger than one it's it's bigger than +200 right I + + align:start position:0% +200 right I + + + align:start position:0% +200 right I +mean do you guys understand what I'm + + align:start position:0% +mean do you guys understand what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mean do you guys understand what I'm +saying you know you can't keep just the + + align:start position:0% +saying you know you can't keep just the + + + align:start position:0% +saying you know you can't keep just the +first term in a series if if the if the + + align:start position:0% +first term in a series if if the if the + + + align:start position:0% +first term in a series if if the if the +terms grow with number computer size + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +39 wait what this whole wait which one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.2 is it's four okay all right okay U + + align:start position:0% +1.2 is it's four okay all right okay U + + + align:start position:0% +1.2 is it's four okay all right okay U +well okay all right okay all right um + + align:start position:0% +well okay all right okay all right um + + + align:start position:0% +well okay all right okay all right um +okay so it's it's one minus four yeah so + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's it's one minus four yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's it's one minus four yeah so +it's 2 over + + align:start position:0% +it's 2 over + + + align:start position:0% +it's 2 over +300 okay + + align:start position:0% +300 okay + + + align:start position:0% +300 okay +so all right we this is teamwork right + + align:start position:0% +so all right we this is teamwork right + + + align:start position:0% +so all right we this is teamwork right +um okay so there's less than a 1% + + align:start position:0% +um okay so there's less than a 1% + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so there's less than a 1% +probability of it + + align:start position:0% +probability of it + + + align:start position:0% +probability of it +fixing uh is this is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +believable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2,50 I think that you did it 1.02 to the + + align:start position:0% +2,50 I think that you did it 1.02 to the + + + align:start position:0% +2,50 I think that you did it 1.02 to the +100 rather than 1.02 to the + + align:start position:0% +100 rather than 1.02 to the + + + align:start position:0% +100 rather than 1.02 to the +Thousand + + align:start position:0% +Thousand + + + align:start position:0% +Thousand +okay no I mean do you not have it in + + align:start position:0% +okay no I mean do you not have it in + + + align:start position:0% +okay no I mean do you not have it in +front of you or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I never thought that my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +woulds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay wow okay yeah no all right so you + + align:start position:0% +okay wow okay yeah no all right so you + + + align:start position:0% +okay wow okay yeah no all right so you +know I was I was G to say this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +know I was I was G to say this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +know I was I was G to say this doesn't +right so this is what I was saying you + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what I was saying you + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what I was saying you +always check to make sure that your + + align:start position:0% +always check to make sure that your + + + align:start position:0% +always check to make sure that your +calculation makes any sense at all yeah + + align:start position:0% +calculation makes any sense at all yeah + + + align:start position:0% +calculation makes any sense at all yeah +so it's not this + + align:start position:0% +so it's not this + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not this +um no but it's it's tiny right I mean + + align:start position:0% +um no but it's it's tiny right I mean + + + align:start position:0% +um no but it's it's tiny right I mean +it's okay um yeah because this this + + align:start position:0% +it's okay um yeah because this this + + + align:start position:0% +it's okay um yeah because this this +didn't make sense because this was of + + align:start position:0% +didn't make sense because this was of + + + align:start position:0% +didn't make sense because this was of +the same order as well well this would + + align:start position:0% +the same order as well well this would + + + align:start position:0% +the same order as well well this would +be larger than one over n right so it's + + align:start position:0% +be larger than one over n right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +be larger than one over n right so it's +totally totally nonsensical right um you + + align:start position:0% +totally totally nonsensical right um you + + + align:start position:0% +totally totally nonsensical right um you +know because one over n would be the + + align:start position:0% +know because one over n would be the + + + align:start position:0% +know because one over n would be the +probability fixation of a neutral + + align:start position:0% +probability fixation of a neutral + + + align:start position:0% +probability fixation of a neutral +mutation this is a diler mutation it's + + align:start position:0% +mutation this is a diler mutation it's + + + align:start position:0% +mutation this is a diler mutation it's +not even nearly neutral right so it has + + align:start position:0% +not even nearly neutral right so it has + + + align:start position:0% +not even nearly neutral right so it has +to be much less than one over n right + + align:start position:0% +to be much less than one over n right + + + align:start position:0% +to be much less than one over n right +okay U all right so it was one and it + + align:start position:0% +okay U all right so it was one and it + + + align:start position:0% +okay U all right so it was one and it +was one in a this whole thing is 10us 10 + + align:start position:0% +was one in a this whole thing is 10us 10 + + + align:start position:0% +was one in a this whole thing is 10us 10 +or something like that yeah 4 million + + align:start position:0% +or something like that yeah 4 million + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that yeah 4 million +400 million okay 4 * 10 the eight okay + + align:start position:0% +400 million okay 4 * 10 the eight okay + + + align:start position:0% +400 million okay 4 * 10 the eight okay +minus8 well okay whatever all right it's + + align:start position:0% +minus8 well okay whatever all right it's + + + align:start position:0% +minus8 well okay whatever all right it's +it's you know it's 10 to minus 9 + + align:start position:0% +it's you know it's 10 to minus 9 + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know it's 10 to minus 9 +something it's something small okay so + + align:start position:0% +something it's something small okay so + + + align:start position:0% +something it's something small okay so +um so this times the probability of + + align:start position:0% +um so this times the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +um so this times the probability of +fixation which was 10 Theus 9 right so + + align:start position:0% +fixation which was 10 Theus 9 right so + + + align:start position:0% +fixation which was 10 Theus 9 right so +this is how you would calculate the rate + + align:start position:0% +this is how you would calculate the rate + + + align:start position:0% +this is how you would calculate the rate +of going backwards right there's some + + align:start position:0% +of going backwards right there's some + + + align:start position:0% +of going backwards right there's some +rate that the mutation appears and you + + align:start position:0% +rate that the mutation appears and you + + + align:start position:0% +rate that the mutation appears and you +multiply by the probability that it + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the probability that it + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the probability that it +would fix and it's tiny right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right any other questions about + + align:start position:0% +okay all right any other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right any other questions about +how to think about these these sorts of + + align:start position:0% +how to think about these these sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +how to think about these these sorts of +evolutionary Dynamics with presence of + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Dynamics with presence of + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Dynamics with presence of +mutation fixation + + align:start position:0% +mutation fixation + + + align:start position:0% +mutation fixation +everything yeah we a situation where + + align:start position:0% +everything yeah we a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +everything yeah we a situation where +interfer is at this um yeah so this is + + align:start position:0% +interfer is at this um yeah so this is + + + align:start position:0% +interfer is at this um yeah so this is +this is what you do on your problem set + + align:start position:0% +this is what you do on your problem set + + + align:start position:0% +this is what you do on your problem set +with um + + align:start position:0% +with um + + + align:start position:0% +with um +simulations you know I I I think that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it it gets really messy with clonal + + align:start position:0% +it it gets really messy with clonal + + + align:start position:0% +it it gets really messy with clonal +interference I'll say like with + + align:start position:0% +interference I'll say like with + + + align:start position:0% +interference I'll say like with +basic I guess I was thinking probably + + align:start position:0% +basic I guess I was thinking probably + + + align:start position:0% +basic I guess I was thinking probably +imagine you have toate the probability + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have toate the probability + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have toate the probability +that like one Z doesn't arise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first right yeah okay now this is an + + align:start position:0% +first right yeah okay now this is an + + + align:start position:0% +first right yeah okay now this is an +important statement right so in the + + align:start position:0% +important statement right so in the + + + align:start position:0% +important statement right so in the +limit of L you know as you get more and + + align:start position:0% +limit of L you know as you get more and + + + align:start position:0% +limit of L you know as you get more and +more mutations when clonal interference + + align:start position:0% +more mutations when clonal interference + + + align:start position:0% +more mutations when clonal interference +is really significant then you're pretty + + align:start position:0% +is really significant then you're pretty + + + align:start position:0% +is really significant then you're pretty +much just guaranteed to take the one + + align:start position:0% +much just guaranteed to take the one + + + align:start position:0% +much just guaranteed to take the one +zero path because if you have many + + align:start position:0% +zero path because if you have many + + + align:start position:0% +zero path because if you have many +mutants + + align:start position:0% +mutants + + + align:start position:0% +mutants +that have I mean the definition of Clon + + align:start position:0% +that have I mean the definition of Clon + + + align:start position:0% +that have I mean the definition of Clon +inference is you have multiple mutations + + align:start position:0% +inference is you have multiple mutations + + + align:start position:0% +inference is you have multiple mutations +that have established and once you have + + align:start position:0% +that have established and once you have + + + align:start position:0% +that have established and once you have +multiple mutations that have established + + align:start position:0% +multiple mutations that have established + + + align:start position:0% +multiple mutations that have established +then it's likely that one of them is + + align:start position:0% +then it's likely that one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +then it's likely that one of them is +going to be this and if they if it's + + align:start position:0% +going to be this and if they if it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be this and if they if it's +established it's going to win right but + + align:start position:0% +established it's going to win right but + + + align:start position:0% +established it's going to win right but +the other thing is that as you go up in + + align:start position:0% +the other thing is that as you go up in + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing is that as you go up in +that mutation rate you don't even do + + align:start position:0% +that mutation rate you don't even do + + + align:start position:0% +that mutation rate you don't even do +successive fixations right so it may be + + align:start position:0% +successive fixations right so it may be + + + align:start position:0% +successive fixations right so it may be +that neither State ever actually fixes + + align:start position:0% +that neither State ever actually fixes + + + align:start position:0% +that neither State ever actually fixes +right because it could be that the one + + align:start position:0% +right because it could be that the one + + + align:start position:0% +right because it could be that the one +zero state is growing exponentially but + + align:start position:0% +zero state is growing exponentially but + + + align:start position:0% +zero state is growing exponentially but +it's a minority of the population and it + + align:start position:0% +it's a minority of the population and it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a minority of the population and it +gets another mutation that allows it to + + align:start position:0% +gets another mutation that allows it to + + + align:start position:0% +gets another mutation that allows it to +go to one one right so in the L as you + + align:start position:0% +go to one one right so in the L as you + + + align:start position:0% +go to one one right so in the L as you +increase the mutation rate you can you + + align:start position:0% +increase the mutation rate you can you + + + align:start position:0% +increase the mutation rate you can you +don't have to actually take single steps + + align:start position:0% +don't have to actually take single steps + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to actually take single steps +you can kind of like move through States + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of like move through States + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of like move through States +right and you also then can there's a + + align:start position:0% +right and you also then can there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right and you also then can there's a +whole literature of of the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +whole literature of of the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +whole literature of of the rate at which +you cross fitness valleys so this is + + align:start position:0% +you cross fitness valleys so this is + + + align:start position:0% +you cross fitness valleys so this is +like tunneling and quantum mechanics or + + align:start position:0% +like tunneling and quantum mechanics or + + + align:start position:0% +like tunneling and quantum mechanics or +so right and it has a lot of same + + align:start position:0% +so right and it has a lot of same + + + align:start position:0% +so right and it has a lot of same +behaviors in the sense of uh exponential + + align:start position:0% +behaviors in the sense of uh exponential + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors in the sense of uh exponential +suppression of probabilities as a + + align:start position:0% +suppression of probabilities as a + + + align:start position:0% +suppression of probabilities as a +function of the depth and the width of + + align:start position:0% +function of the depth and the width of + + + align:start position:0% +function of the depth and the width of +the valley you're trying to Traverse and + + align:start position:0% +the valley you're trying to Traverse and + + + align:start position:0% +the valley you're trying to Traverse and +there there are some very nice nice + + align:start position:0% +there there are some very nice nice + + + align:start position:0% +there there are some very nice nice +papers if if you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +papers if if you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +papers if if you're interested in +looking at this stuff and one of them is + + align:start position:0% +looking at this stuff and one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this stuff and one of them is +actually in uh in the syllabus that I + + align:start position:0% +actually in uh in the syllabus that I + + + align:start position:0% +actually in uh in the syllabus that I +mentioned U I'm trying to remember who + + align:start position:0% +mentioned U I'm trying to remember who + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned U I'm trying to remember who +it was Journal of theoretical biology um + + align:start position:0% +it was Journal of theoretical biology um + + + align:start position:0% +it was Journal of theoretical biology um +but I put it on as as optional reading + + align:start position:0% +but I put it on as as optional reading + + + align:start position:0% +but I put it on as as optional reading +for those of you that are interested + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right okay so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +okay all right okay so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right okay so what I want to do +now is I want to switch gears to so we + + align:start position:0% +now is I want to switch gears to so we + + + align:start position:0% +now is I want to switch gears to so we +can think about this evolutionary Game + + align:start position:0% +can think about this evolutionary Game + + + align:start position:0% +can think about this evolutionary Game +Theory + + align:start position:0% +Theory + + + align:start position:0% +Theory +business + + align:start position:0% +business + + + align:start position:0% +business +uh and and and I think that the most + + align:start position:0% +uh and and and I think that the most + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and and I think that the most +important thing to stress when thinking + + align:start position:0% +important thing to stress when thinking + + + align:start position:0% +important thing to stress when thinking +about evolutionary game theory is just + + align:start position:0% +about evolutionary game theory is just + + + align:start position:0% +about evolutionary game theory is just +that um this point that we don't need to + + align:start position:0% +that um this point that we don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +that um this point that we don't need to +assume anything about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rationality because you know the the + + align:start position:0% +rationality because you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +rationality because you know the the +puzzles that we like to give each other + + align:start position:0% +puzzles that we like to give each other + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles that we like to give each other +um you know kind of you know in your + + align:start position:0% +um you know kind of you know in your + + + align:start position:0% +um you know kind of you know in your +dorm rooms you know Friday night you + + align:start position:0% +dorm rooms you know Friday night you + + + align:start position:0% +dorm rooms you know Friday night you +give these logic puzzles to each other + + align:start position:0% +give these logic puzzles to each other + + + align:start position:0% +give these logic puzzles to each other +is that is that I know because okay let + + align:start position:0% +is that is that I know because okay let + + + align:start position:0% +is that is that I know because okay let +me just say you know back when I was in + + align:start position:0% +me just say you know back when I was in + + + align:start position:0% +me just say you know back when I was in +college that was like all the cool kids + + align:start position:0% +college that was like all the cool kids + + + align:start position:0% +college that was like all the cool kids +were doing it okay um right but you know + + align:start position:0% +were doing it okay um right but you know + + + align:start position:0% +were doing it okay um right but you know +in these puzzles you you assume that + + align:start position:0% +in these puzzles you you assume that + + + align:start position:0% +in these puzzles you you assume that +there's hyper rationality right you you + + align:start position:0% +there's hyper rationality right you you + + + align:start position:0% +there's hyper rationality right you you +assume that oh if you know if you know + + align:start position:0% +assume that oh if you know if you know + + + align:start position:0% +assume that oh if you know if you know +that this guy knows that I did this and + + align:start position:0% +that this guy knows that I did this and + + + align:start position:0% +that this guy knows that I did this and +that and if I did that he would do that + + align:start position:0% +that and if I did that he would do that + + + align:start position:0% +that and if I did that he would do that +and then you end up you know and then + + align:start position:0% +and then you end up you know and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then you end up you know and then +and then you have the villagers that are + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the villagers that are + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the villagers that are +jumping off cliffs on the seventh day + + align:start position:0% +jumping off cliffs on the seventh day + + + align:start position:0% +jumping off cliffs on the seventh day +have you guys done these puzzles no okay + + align:start position:0% +have you guys done these puzzles no okay + + + align:start position:0% +have you guys done these puzzles no okay +all right well um all right so um right + + align:start position:0% +all right well um all right so um right + + + align:start position:0% +all right well um all right so um right +so so so the point though is that people + + align:start position:0% +so so so the point though is that people + + + align:start position:0% +so so so the point though is that people +assume that when we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +assume that when we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +assume that when we're talking about +Game Theory you have to invoke this + + align:start position:0% +Game Theory you have to invoke this + + + align:start position:0% +Game Theory you have to invoke this +hyper rationality that even even humans + + align:start position:0% +hyper rationality that even even humans + + + align:start position:0% +hyper rationality that even even humans +don't engage in right and I that it's + + align:start position:0% +don't engage in right and I that it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't engage in right and I that it's +just very important to to remember that + + align:start position:0% +just very important to to remember that + + + align:start position:0% +just very important to to remember that +when you're talking about evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +when you're talking about evolutionary +game theory in the case of um of well + + align:start position:0% +game theory in the case of um of well + + + align:start position:0% +game theory in the case of um of well +biological evolution you don't assume + + align:start position:0% +biological evolution you don't assume + + + align:start position:0% +biological evolution you don't assume +anything about rationality instead the + + align:start position:0% +anything about rationality instead the + + + align:start position:0% +anything about rationality instead the +idea is simply you have + + align:start position:0% +idea is simply you have + + + align:start position:0% +idea is simply you have +mutations that uh sample different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strategies and then you have um + + align:start position:0% +strategies and then you have um + + + align:start position:0% +strategies and then you have um +differences in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fitness that just uh lead to Evolution + + align:start position:0% +Fitness that just uh lead to Evolution + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness that just uh lead to Evolution +towards the same Solutions of the game + + align:start position:0% +towards the same Solutions of the game + + + align:start position:0% +towards the same Solutions of the game +okay all right so it's Evolution to um + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so it's Evolution to um + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so it's Evolution to um +to the game + + align:start position:0% +to the game + + + align:start position:0% +to the game +Solutions right so like the Nash + + align:start position:0% +Solutions right so like the Nash + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions right so like the Nash +equilibria for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example okay right so it's not that we + + align:start position:0% +example okay right so it's not that we + + + align:start position:0% +example okay right so it's not that we +think that the cells are engaging in any + + align:start position:0% +think that the cells are engaging in any + + + align:start position:0% +think that the cells are engaging in any +sort of weird um you know sort of puzzle + + align:start position:0% +sort of weird um you know sort of puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +sort of weird um you know sort of puzzle +solving instead they they're just + + align:start position:0% +solving instead they they're just + + + align:start position:0% +solving instead they they're just +mutations and the more fit individuals + + align:start position:0% +mutations and the more fit individuals + + + align:start position:0% +mutations and the more fit individuals +uh spread in the population uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh spread in the population uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh spread in the population uh and +somehow you evolve to the same or + + align:start position:0% +somehow you evolve to the same or + + + align:start position:0% +somehow you evolve to the same or +similar solutions to the um to these + + align:start position:0% +similar solutions to the um to these + + + align:start position:0% +similar solutions to the um to these +Nash equilibri in the context of Game + + align:start position:0% +Nash equilibri in the context of Game + + + align:start position:0% +Nash equilibri in the context of Game +Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and uh and and we can we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh and and we can we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh and and we can we'll we'll +see how this plays out in a few concrete + + align:start position:0% +see how this plays out in a few concrete + + + align:start position:0% +see how this plays out in a few concrete +examples + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right now um there there are + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now um there there are + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now um there there are +always different ways of looking at + + align:start position:0% +always different ways of looking at + + + align:start position:0% +always different ways of looking at +these these games um one thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +these these games um one thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +these these games um one thing I want to +stress though is that uh all the + + align:start position:0% +stress though is that uh all the + + + align:start position:0% +stress though is that uh all the +selection that we've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +selection that we've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +selection that we've been talking about +in the last few weeks that's all that + + align:start position:0% +in the last few weeks that's all that + + + align:start position:0% +in the last few weeks that's all that +all is consistent with game theory in + + align:start position:0% +all is consistent with game theory in + + + align:start position:0% +all is consistent with game theory in +the sense that the only the idea of the + + align:start position:0% +the sense that the only the idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that the only the idea of the +game theory is that we uh allow for the + + align:start position:0% +game theory is that we uh allow for the + + + align:start position:0% +game theory is that we uh allow for the +possibility that the fitness of + + align:start position:0% +possibility that the fitness of + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that the fitness of +individuals depends upon uh the rest of + + align:start position:0% +individuals depends upon uh the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +individuals depends upon uh the rest of +the population okay whereas in all these + + align:start position:0% +the population okay whereas in all these + + + align:start position:0% +the population okay whereas in all these +calculations we've been doing I told you + + align:start position:0% +calculations we've been doing I told you + + + align:start position:0% +calculations we've been doing I told you +all right here's I just gave you some + + align:start position:0% +all right here's I just gave you some + + + align:start position:0% +all right here's I just gave you some +fitnesses right so I said here we have a + + align:start position:0% +fitnesses right so I said here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +fitnesses right so I said here we have a +z00 state that has some Fitness 01 has a + + align:start position:0% +z00 state that has some Fitness 01 has a + + + align:start position:0% +z00 state that has some Fitness 01 has a +higher Fitness and so forth right but uh + + align:start position:0% +higher Fitness and so forth right but uh + + + align:start position:0% +higher Fitness and so forth right but uh +in general these Fitness values may + + align:start position:0% +in general these Fitness values may + + + align:start position:0% +in general these Fitness values may +depend upon + + align:start position:0% +depend upon + + + align:start position:0% +depend upon +what the the comp population composition + + align:start position:0% +what the the comp population composition + + + align:start position:0% +what the the comp population composition +is okay and in that situation then you + + align:start position:0% +is okay and in that situation then you + + + align:start position:0% +is okay and in that situation then you +want to use evolutionary Game + + align:start position:0% +want to use evolutionary Game + + + align:start position:0% +want to use evolutionary Game +Theory uh in many cases people just + + align:start position:0% +Theory uh in many cases people just + + + align:start position:0% +Theory uh in many cases people just +assume that you can do do something like + + align:start position:0% +assume that you can do do something like + + + align:start position:0% +assume that you can do do something like +this right that you can describe it as + + align:start position:0% +this right that you can describe it as + + + align:start position:0% +this right that you can describe it as +some Fitness landscape but uh that um + + align:start position:0% +some Fitness landscape but uh that um + + + align:start position:0% +some Fitness landscape but uh that um +you can't do do that if there's this + + align:start position:0% +you can't do do that if there's this + + + align:start position:0% +you can't do do that if there's this +frequency dependent selection if there's + + align:start position:0% +frequency dependent selection if there's + + + align:start position:0% +frequency dependent selection if there's +any sort of evolutionary game + + align:start position:0% +any sort of evolutionary game + + + align:start position:0% +any sort of evolutionary game +interactions going on okay right so + + align:start position:0% +interactions going on okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +interactions going on okay right so +um I'll just it's just important + + align:start position:0% +um I'll just it's just important + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll just it's just important +remember F if the fitnesses depend on + + align:start position:0% +remember F if the fitnesses depend on + + + align:start position:0% +remember F if the fitnesses depend on +composition uh on this is the population + + align:start position:0% +composition uh on this is the population + + + align:start position:0% +composition uh on this is the population +composition then you cannot use um can + + align:start position:0% +composition then you cannot use um can + + + align:start position:0% +composition then you cannot use um can +you cannot even Define a fitness + + align:start position:0% +you cannot even Define a fitness + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot even Define a fitness +landscape + + align:start position:0% +landscape + + + align:start position:0% +landscape +okay all right then no Fitness + + align:start position:0% +okay all right then no Fitness + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right then no Fitness +landscape right for example you can have + + align:start position:0% +landscape right for example you can have + + + align:start position:0% +landscape right for example you can have +situations where the population evolves + + align:start position:0% +situations where the population evolves + + + align:start position:0% +situations where the population evolves +to lower + + align:start position:0% +to lower + + + align:start position:0% +to lower +Fitness right so you can have a + + align:start position:0% +Fitness right so you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness right so you can have a +situation where if I tell you + + align:start position:0% +situation where if I tell you + + + align:start position:0% +situation where if I tell you +individual zero you measure its growth + + align:start position:0% +individual zero you measure its growth + + + align:start position:0% +individual zero you measure its growth +rate whatnot its Fitness might be one + + align:start position:0% +rate whatnot its Fitness might be one + + + align:start position:0% +rate whatnot its Fitness might be one +okay all right so this is genome and + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so this is genome and + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so this is genome and +this is Fitness okay now if I go and I + + align:start position:0% +this is Fitness okay now if I go and I + + + align:start position:0% +this is Fitness okay now if I go and I +measure the fitness of some other + + align:start position:0% +measure the fitness of some other + + + align:start position:0% +measure the fitness of some other +individual different genome right so + + align:start position:0% +individual different genome right so + + + align:start position:0% +individual different genome right so +this another strain of bacteria or Yeast + + align:start position:0% +this another strain of bacteria or Yeast + + + align:start position:0% +this another strain of bacteria or Yeast +or whatever and you say oh well its + + align:start position:0% +or whatever and you say oh well its + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever and you say oh well its +Fitness is + + align:start position:0% +Fitness is + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness is +1.2 right so this strain has higher + + align:start position:0% +1.2 right so this strain has higher + + + align:start position:0% +1.2 right so this strain has higher +Fitness than this strain now it would be + + align:start position:0% +Fitness than this strain now it would be + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness than this strain now it would be +very natural to assume that this strain + + align:start position:0% +very natural to assume that this strain + + + align:start position:0% +very natural to assume that this strain +will outcompete this strain right and + + align:start position:0% +will outcompete this strain right and + + + align:start position:0% +will outcompete this strain right and +indeed that's been the Imp that's been + + align:start position:0% +indeed that's been the Imp that's been + + + align:start position:0% +indeed that's been the Imp that's been +the Assumption and everything we've been + + align:start position:0% +the Assumption and everything we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the Assumption and everything we've been +talking about okay but it does not it's + + align:start position:0% +talking about okay but it does not it's + + + align:start position:0% +talking about okay but it does not it's +not necessarily true okay and that's the + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily true okay and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily true okay and that's the +basic Insight of evolutionary game + + align:start position:0% +basic Insight of evolutionary game + + + align:start position:0% +basic Insight of evolutionary game +theory is that just knowing the fitness + + align:start position:0% +theory is that just knowing the fitness + + + align:start position:0% +theory is that just knowing the fitness +of a pure population is not actually + + align:start position:0% +of a pure population is not actually + + + align:start position:0% +of a pure population is not actually +enough information to know that it's + + align:start position:0% +enough information to know that it's + + + align:start position:0% +enough information to know that it's +going to be selected for because it's + + align:start position:0% +going to be selected for because it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be selected for because it's +still possible that in a mixed + + align:start position:0% +still possible that in a mixed + + + align:start position:0% +still possible that in a mixed +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +The genome zero may actually have higher + + align:start position:0% +The genome zero may actually have higher + + + align:start position:0% +The genome zero may actually have higher +Fitness than the genome + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and once you kind of study the these + + align:start position:0% +one and once you kind of study the these + + + align:start position:0% +one and once you kind of study the these +things it's kind of clear that it can + + align:start position:0% +things it's kind of clear that it can + + + align:start position:0% +things it's kind of clear that it can +happen but then it's easy to then go + + align:start position:0% +happen but then it's easy to then go + + + align:start position:0% +happen but then it's easy to then go +back to the lab and forget that it's + + align:start position:0% +back to the lab and forget that it's + + + align:start position:0% +back to the lab and forget that it's +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +okay all right so we'll we'll we'll see + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we'll we'll we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we'll we'll we'll see +how this plays out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay no I you know yeah so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +okay no I you know yeah so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay no I you know yeah so that's that's +the other thing is that um I like to + + align:start position:0% +the other thing is that um I like to + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing is that um I like to +just draw these things as graphs because + + align:start position:0% +just draw these things as graphs because + + + align:start position:0% +just draw these things as graphs because +I think it's much easier to see what's + + align:start position:0% +I think it's much easier to see what's + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's much easier to see what's +happening and it's clear that things can + + align:start position:0% +happening and it's clear that things can + + + align:start position:0% +happening and it's clear that things can +be nonlinear but the basic insights are + + align:start position:0% +be nonlinear but the basic insights are + + + align:start position:0% +be nonlinear but the basic insights are +all intact right so I um from my + + align:start position:0% +all intact right so I um from my + + + align:start position:0% +all intact right so I um from my +standpoint as kind of an experimentalist + + align:start position:0% +standpoint as kind of an experimentalist + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint as kind of an experimentalist +don't forget about the exam uh yeah I I + + align:start position:0% +don't forget about the exam uh yeah I I + + + align:start position:0% +don't forget about the exam uh yeah I I +I I think that the the the more formal + + align:start position:0% +I I think that the the the more formal + + + align:start position:0% +I I think that the the the more formal +evolutionary Game Theory thing these + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Game Theory thing these + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Game Theory thing these +two-player games that you guys just read + + align:start position:0% +two-player games that you guys just read + + + align:start position:0% +two-player games that you guys just read +about I think they're important because + + align:start position:0% +about I think they're important because + + + align:start position:0% +about I think they're important because +they tell you what are the possible + + align:start position:0% +they tell you what are the possible + + + align:start position:0% +they tell you what are the possible +outcomes of measurements or of systems + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of measurements or of systems + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes of measurements or of systems +uh even in the most simple situation + + align:start position:0% +uh even in the most simple situation + + + align:start position:0% +uh even in the most simple situation +where everything's linear now um when + + align:start position:0% +where everything's linear now um when + + + align:start position:0% +where everything's linear now um when +things are nonlinear of course you can + + align:start position:0% +things are nonlinear of course you can + + + align:start position:0% +things are nonlinear of course you can +get even richer Dynamics but in practice + + align:start position:0% +get even richer Dynamics but in practice + + + align:start position:0% +get even richer Dynamics but in practice +you basically get the the categories of + + align:start position:0% +you basically get the the categories of + + + align:start position:0% +you basically get the the categories of +of outcomes that we saw there okay and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh right okay so maybe what I'll do is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +um all right so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so what we're going to do +is is is think about uh competition + + align:start position:0% +is is is think about uh competition + + + align:start position:0% +is is is think about uh competition +between two individuals A and B okay and + + align:start position:0% +between two individuals A and B okay and + + + align:start position:0% +between two individuals A and B okay and +often we talk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about uh these things in the context of + + align:start position:0% +about uh these things in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +about uh these things in the context of +the two- player games where where we + + align:start position:0% +the two- player games where where we + + + align:start position:0% +the two- player games where where we +have a b c d u and because this is + + align:start position:0% +have a b c d u and because this is + + + align:start position:0% +have a b c d u and because this is +really importing um the kind of approach + + align:start position:0% +really importing um the kind of approach + + + align:start position:0% +really importing um the kind of approach +or the the the nomenclature from + + align:start position:0% +or the the the nomenclature from + + + align:start position:0% +or the the the nomenclature from +conventional Game Theory and then and + + align:start position:0% +conventional Game Theory and then and + + + align:start position:0% +conventional Game Theory and then and +then immediately applying it to + + align:start position:0% +then immediately applying it to + + + align:start position:0% +then immediately applying it to +populations where you just assume that + + align:start position:0% +populations where you just assume that + + + align:start position:0% +populations where you just assume that +all the individuals have equal + + align:start position:0% +all the individuals have equal + + + align:start position:0% +all the individuals have equal +probability of interacting with + + align:start position:0% +probability of interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +probability of interacting with +everybody in the population right so + + align:start position:0% +everybody in the population right so + + + align:start position:0% +everybody in the population right so +it's what you would get if you just had + + align:start position:0% +it's what you would get if you just had + + + align:start position:0% +it's what you would get if you just had +um some two-player game that they like + + align:start position:0% +um some two-player game that they like + + + align:start position:0% +um some two-player game that they like +they stud in the in game theory but then + + align:start position:0% +they stud in the in game theory but then + + + align:start position:0% +they stud in the in game theory but then +in a population of a thousand or whatnot + + align:start position:0% +in a population of a thousand or whatnot + + + align:start position:0% +in a population of a thousand or whatnot +you just made a bunch of random pairwise + + align:start position:0% +you just made a bunch of random pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +you just made a bunch of random pairwise +interactions you had them play the game + + align:start position:0% +interactions you had them play the game + + + align:start position:0% +interactions you had them play the game +and then you had them do that again over + + align:start position:0% +and then you had them do that again over + + + align:start position:0% +and then you had them do that again over +time and then then this is this is the + + align:start position:0% +time and then then this is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +time and then then this is this is the +the the payouts that you read about uh + + align:start position:0% +the the payouts that you read about uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the payouts that you read about uh +in chapter 4 are kind of what would + + align:start position:0% +in chapter 4 are kind of what would + + + align:start position:0% +in chapter 4 are kind of what would +happen in that in that sort of situation + + align:start position:0% +happen in that in that sort of situation + + + align:start position:0% +happen in that in that sort of situation +where everybody's interacting with + + align:start position:0% +where everybody's interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +where everybody's interacting with +everybody else with equal probability + + align:start position:0% +everybody else with equal probability + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else with equal probability +okay now uh remember that the way that + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh remember that the way that + + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh remember that the way that +you read this is that depending upon the + + align:start position:0% +you read this is that depending upon the + + + align:start position:0% +you read this is that depending upon the +strategy that these guys are following + + align:start position:0% +strategy that these guys are following + + + align:start position:0% +strategy that these guys are following +you you know you you get different + + align:start position:0% +you you know you you get different + + + align:start position:0% +you you know you you get different +payouts right and and normally what we'd + + align:start position:0% +payouts right and and normally what we'd + + + align:start position:0% +payouts right and and normally what we'd +say is that if this this could be for + + align:start position:0% +say is that if this this could be for + + + align:start position:0% +say is that if this this could be for +example strategy one and two strategy + + align:start position:0% +example strategy one and two strategy + + + align:start position:0% +example strategy one and two strategy +one and two all right and this is + + align:start position:0% +one and two all right and this is + + + align:start position:0% +one and two all right and this is +telling us about the payout that the a + + align:start position:0% +telling us about the payout that the a + + + align:start position:0% +telling us about the payout that the a +individual gets depending on what he + + align:start position:0% +individual gets depending on what he + + + align:start position:0% +individual gets depending on what he +does and depending what his opponent + + align:start position:0% +does and depending what his opponent + + + align:start position:0% +does and depending what his opponent +does okay now we're not explicitly + + align:start position:0% +does okay now we're not explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +does okay now we're not explicitly +saying what the payout to the B + + align:start position:0% +saying what the payout to the B + + + align:start position:0% +saying what the payout to the B +individual is but we're assuming that + + align:start position:0% +individual is but we're assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +individual is but we're assuming that +this is a symmetric game so you could + + align:start position:0% +this is a symmetric game so you could + + + align:start position:0% +this is a symmetric game so you could +figure it out by looking at kind of the + + align:start position:0% +figure it out by looking at kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out by looking at kind of the +opposite entry okay so if a follows + + align:start position:0% +opposite entry okay so if a follows + + + align:start position:0% +opposite entry okay so if a follows +strategy one B fall strategies is one + + align:start position:0% +strategy one B fall strategies is one + + + align:start position:0% +strategy one B fall strategies is one +then a individual a gets little a + + align:start position:0% +then a individual a gets little a + + + align:start position:0% +then a individual a gets little a +fitness right whereas uh B also gets + + align:start position:0% +fitness right whereas uh B also gets + + + align:start position:0% +fitness right whereas uh B also gets +little a fitness because they also it's + + align:start position:0% +little a fitness because they also it's + + + align:start position:0% +little a fitness because they also it's +a symmetric game okay so the the case + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric game okay so the the case + + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric game okay so the the case +that's different is when we're in the + + align:start position:0% +that's different is when we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's different is when we're in the +diagonals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and from this framework you can uh + + align:start position:0% +okay and from this framework you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay and from this framework you can uh +you can see that they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +you can see that they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that they're going to be +um already a of kind of non-rival things + + align:start position:0% +um already a of kind of non-rival things + + + align:start position:0% +um already a of kind of non-rival things +that can even even in this regime where + + align:start position:0% +that can even even in this regime where + + + align:start position:0% +that can even even in this regime where +everything's linear okay and the um you + + align:start position:0% +everything's linear okay and the um you + + + align:start position:0% +everything's linear okay and the um you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +the the probably best wellknown of these + + align:start position:0% +the the probably best wellknown of these + + + align:start position:0% +the the probably best wellknown of these +is is this prisoners dilemma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay which is the standard model of um + + align:start position:0% +okay which is the standard model of um + + + align:start position:0% +okay which is the standard model of um +of cooperation in the field of Game + + align:start position:0% +of cooperation in the field of Game + + + align:start position:0% +of cooperation in the field of Game +Theory right so there's a story that + + align:start position:0% +Theory right so there's a story that + + + align:start position:0% +Theory right so there's a story that +goes along with it it's this idea that + + align:start position:0% +goes along with it it's this idea that + + + align:start position:0% +goes along with it it's this idea that +um I know you guys I'm sure you guys + + align:start position:0% +um I know you guys I'm sure you guys + + + align:start position:0% +um I know you guys I'm sure you guys +watch these cop shows where you have the + + align:start position:0% +watch these cop shows where you have the + + + align:start position:0% +watch these cop shows where you have the +the cops bring in the two accomplices + + align:start position:0% +the cops bring in the two accomplices + + + align:start position:0% +the cops bring in the two accomplices +and then they put them in separate rooms + + align:start position:0% +and then they put them in separate rooms + + + align:start position:0% +and then they put them in separate rooms +and they tell them that they have to uh + + align:start position:0% +and they tell them that they have to uh + + + align:start position:0% +and they tell them that they have to uh +they have to confess to committing the + + align:start position:0% +they have to confess to committing the + + + align:start position:0% +they have to confess to committing the +crime because you know the guy in the + + align:start position:0% +crime because you know the guy in the + + + align:start position:0% +crime because you know the guy in the +other room is confessing and if he + + align:start position:0% +other room is confessing and if he + + + align:start position:0% +other room is confessing and if he +doesn't confess then he's going to be in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't confess then he's going to be in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't confess then he's going to be in +trouble Etc have you've seen these cop + + align:start position:0% +trouble Etc have you've seen these cop + + + align:start position:0% +trouble Etc have you've seen these cop +shows um right and incidentally in these + + align:start position:0% +shows um right and incidentally in these + + + align:start position:0% +shows um right and incidentally in these +questions uh you know in when when cops + + align:start position:0% +questions uh you know in when when cops + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh you know in when when cops +are questioning Witnesses they're + + align:start position:0% +are questioning Witnesses they're + + + align:start position:0% +are questioning Witnesses they're +actually allowed to lie + + align:start position:0% +actually allowed to lie + + + align:start position:0% +actually allowed to lie +to the um to the um to the person being + + align:start position:0% +to the um to the um to the person being + + + align:start position:0% +to the um to the um to the person being +questioned which feels a little bit + + align:start position:0% +questioned which feels a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +questioned which feels a little bit +weird actually doesn't it all right I + + align:start position:0% +weird actually doesn't it all right I + + + align:start position:0% +weird actually doesn't it all right I +you know I know okay this is not + + align:start position:0% +you know I know okay this is not + + + align:start position:0% +you know I know okay this is not +relevant okay + + align:start position:0% +relevant okay + + + align:start position:0% +relevant okay +um right so the idea of the prisoners + + align:start position:0% +um right so the idea of the prisoners + + + align:start position:0% +um right so the idea of the prisoners +dilemma is um is that if you if you set + + align:start position:0% +dilemma is um is that if you if you set + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma is um is that if you if you set +up these uh these jail sentences in the + + align:start position:0% +up these uh these jail sentences in the + + + align:start position:0% +up these uh these jail sentences in the +right way then it can be the case that + + align:start position:0% +right way then it can be the case that + + + align:start position:0% +right way then it can be the case that +each individual has the incentive to + + align:start position:0% +each individual has the incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +each individual has the incentive to +confess even though both individuals + + align:start position:0% +confess even though both individuals + + + align:start position:0% +confess even though both individuals +would be better off if they um if they + + align:start position:0% +would be better off if they um if they + + + align:start position:0% +would be better off if they um if they +whatever cooperated okay + + align:start position:0% +whatever cooperated okay + + + align:start position:0% +whatever cooperated okay +and um and and you can come up with some + + align:start position:0% +and um and and you can come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +and um and and you can come up with some +reasonable payout structure that has + + align:start position:0% +reasonable payout structure that has + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable payout structure that has +that property right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay right and actually um and + + align:start position:0% +okay okay right and actually um and + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay right and actually um and +we'll we'll call + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll call +this okay so this is for um individual + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this is for um individual + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this is for um individual +one say individual two right so there + + align:start position:0% +one say individual two right so there + + + align:start position:0% +one say individual two right so there +are different strategies you can + + align:start position:0% +are different strategies you can + + + align:start position:0% +are different strategies you can +follow right and do you guys remember + + align:start position:0% +follow right and do you guys remember + + + align:start position:0% +follow right and do you guys remember +what do you remember from the reading SL + + align:start position:0% +what do you remember from the reading SL + + + align:start position:0% +what do you remember from the reading SL +my explanation how to read these these + + align:start position:0% +my explanation how to read these these + + + align:start position:0% +my explanation how to read these these +charts okay all right now the question + + align:start position:0% +charts okay all right now the question + + + align:start position:0% +charts okay all right now the question +is uh just to remind ourselves what is + + align:start position:0% +is uh just to remind ourselves what is + + + align:start position:0% +is uh just to remind ourselves what is +the Nash equilibrium of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +game right I know that you you read + + align:start position:0% +game right I know that you you read + + + align:start position:0% +game right I know that you you read +about it last night all right is it well + + align:start position:0% +about it last night all right is it well + + + align:start position:0% +about it last night all right is it well +use your cards is it this C or is it D + + align:start position:0% +use your cards is it this C or is it D + + + align:start position:0% +use your cards is it this C or is it D +or is there no n right no nilium you can + + align:start position:0% +or is there no n right no nilium you can + + + align:start position:0% +or is there no n right no nilium you can +Flash something else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all + + align:start position:0% +right all + + + align:start position:0% +right all +right these are positive F yeah right so + + align:start position:0% +right these are positive F yeah right so + + + align:start position:0% +right these are positive F yeah right so +this is yeah right so uh and I I kind of + + align:start position:0% +this is yeah right so uh and I I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this is yeah right so uh and I I kind of +don't like the prisoners dilemma as a + + align:start position:0% +don't like the prisoners dilemma as a + + + align:start position:0% +don't like the prisoners dilemma as a +story because it's not very intuitive + + align:start position:0% +story because it's not very intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +story because it's not very intuitive +because you have to actually specify the + + align:start position:0% +because you have to actually specify the + + + align:start position:0% +because you have to actually specify the +jail terms and you have to remember the + + align:start position:0% +jail terms and you have to remember the + + + align:start position:0% +jail terms and you have to remember the +jail terms are bad not good no so these + + align:start position:0% +jail terms are bad not good no so these + + + align:start position:0% +jail terms are bad not good no so these +are good things okay these are years off + + align:start position:0% +are good things okay these are years off + + + align:start position:0% +are good things okay these are years off +for that you get as a result of doing + + align:start position:0% +for that you get as a result of doing + + + align:start position:0% +for that you get as a result of doing +one thing or another something right um + + align:start position:0% +one thing or another something right um + + + align:start position:0% +one thing or another something right um +all right but these the you you want to + + align:start position:0% +all right but these the you you want to + + + align:start position:0% +all right but these the you you want to +you want to get big numbers okay ready + + align:start position:0% +you want to get big numbers okay ready + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get big numbers okay ready +three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all right so at least we have okay + + align:start position:0% +one all right so at least we have okay + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so at least we have okay +we have a majority that are D but not + + align:start position:0% +we have a majority that are D but not + + + align:start position:0% +we have a majority that are D but not +it's not all of them and and and I think + + align:start position:0% +it's not all of them and and and I think + + + align:start position:0% +it's not all of them and and and I think +this is basically a reflection okay and + + align:start position:0% +this is basically a reflection okay and + + + align:start position:0% +this is basically a reflection okay and +it is D is indeed the ntion + + align:start position:0% +it is D is indeed the ntion + + + align:start position:0% +it is D is indeed the ntion +equilibrium okay is to do this strategy + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay is to do this strategy + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay is to do this strategy +D that we're saying here right now the + + align:start position:0% +D that we're saying here right now the + + + align:start position:0% +D that we're saying here right now the +question is um why and part of the + + align:start position:0% +question is um why and part of the + + + align:start position:0% +question is um why and part of the +challenge here is just understanding how + + align:start position:0% +challenge here is just understanding how + + + align:start position:0% +challenge here is just understanding how +to read these charts okay now first of + + align:start position:0% +to read these charts okay now first of + + + align:start position:0% +to read these charts okay now first of +all the payout that everybody gets if + + align:start position:0% +all the payout that everybody gets if + + + align:start position:0% +all the payout that everybody gets if +everyone follows strategy D is what + + align:start position:0% +everyone follows strategy D is what + + + align:start position:0% +everyone follows strategy D is what +verbally three two one one okay so + + align:start position:0% +verbally three two one one okay so + + + align:start position:0% +verbally three two one one okay so +everybody gets payout one right now if + + align:start position:0% +everybody gets payout one right now if + + + align:start position:0% +everybody gets payout one right now if +you look at this chart you say well gee + + align:start position:0% +you look at this chart you say well gee + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this chart you say well gee +that is a shame right because uh in a + + align:start position:0% +that is a shame right because uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +that is a shame right because uh in a +one it's just not the biggest number + + align:start position:0% +one it's just not the biggest number + + + align:start position:0% +one it's just not the biggest number +that you see here right um and indeed + + align:start position:0% +that you see here right um and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +that you see here right um and indeed +the important point to note here is that + + align:start position:0% +the important point to note here is that + + + align:start position:0% +the important point to note here is that +if both players had followed this + + align:start position:0% +if both players had followed this + + + align:start position:0% +if both players had followed this +strategy C right for cooperate D for + + align:start position:0% +strategy C right for cooperate D for + + + align:start position:0% +strategy C right for cooperate D for +defect right then both individuals will + + align:start position:0% +defect right then both individuals will + + + align:start position:0% +defect right then both individuals will +be getting Fitness um three or payout + + align:start position:0% +be getting Fitness um three or payout + + + align:start position:0% +be getting Fitness um three or payout +three right so the idea here is that + + align:start position:0% +three right so the idea here is that + + + align:start position:0% +three right so the idea here is that +both individuals would be do would do + + align:start position:0% +both individuals would be do would do + + + align:start position:0% +both individuals would be do would do +better if they both played strategy C + + align:start position:0% +better if they both played strategy C + + + align:start position:0% +better if they both played strategy C +but the problem is that that's not + + align:start position:0% +but the problem is that that's not + + + align:start position:0% +but the problem is that that's not +evolutionarily stable or in the context + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily stable or in the context + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionarily stable or in the context +of Game Theory uh that is uh you know + + align:start position:0% +of Game Theory uh that is uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +of Game Theory uh that is uh you know +cheat in some ways okay right so the + + align:start position:0% +cheat in some ways okay right so the + + + align:start position:0% +cheat in some ways okay right so the +reason that this is a Nash equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +reason that this is a Nash equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +reason that this is a Nash equilibrium +is that you ask right so a Nash + + align:start position:0% +is that you ask right so a Nash + + + align:start position:0% +is that you ask right so a Nash +equilibrium what it means if you recall + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium what it means if you recall + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium what it means if you recall +is that if um if everyone's playing that + + align:start position:0% +is that if um if everyone's playing that + + + align:start position:0% +is that if um if everyone's playing that +strategy then nobody has the incentive + + align:start position:0% +strategy then nobody has the incentive + + + align:start position:0% +strategy then nobody has the incentive +to change strategy okay right so no + + align:start position:0% +to change strategy okay right so no + + + align:start position:0% +to change strategy okay right so no +incentive to change to change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strategy okay right so now you just + + align:start position:0% +strategy okay right so now you just + + + align:start position:0% +strategy okay right so now you just +imagine all right let's say that you're + + align:start position:0% +imagine all right let's say that you're + + + align:start position:0% +imagine all right let's say that you're +playing against somebody else or in the + + align:start position:0% +playing against somebody else or in the + + + align:start position:0% +playing against somebody else or in the +context of biology it's a population of + + align:start position:0% +context of biology it's a population of + + + align:start position:0% +context of biology it's a population of +individuals following the D strategy the + + align:start position:0% +individuals following the D strategy the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals following the D strategy the +question is whether you as an individual + + align:start position:0% +question is whether you as an individual + + + align:start position:0% +question is whether you as an individual +would have the incentive to switch to + + align:start position:0% +would have the incentive to switch to + + + align:start position:0% +would have the incentive to switch to +the other strategy okay um and and the + + align:start position:0% +the other strategy okay um and and the + + + align:start position:0% +the other strategy okay um and and the +answer is no because what you have + + align:start position:0% +answer is no because what you have + + + align:start position:0% +answer is no because what you have +control over is this you know this rows + + align:start position:0% +control over is this you know this rows + + + align:start position:0% +control over is this you know this rows +right the column is specified by the + + align:start position:0% +right the column is specified by the + + + align:start position:0% +right the column is specified by the +rest of the population right so you what + + align:start position:0% +rest of the population right so you what + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the population right so you what +you have a choice if you're in this + + align:start position:0% +you have a choice if you're in this + + + align:start position:0% +you have a choice if you're in this +state what you have a choice of is to + + align:start position:0% +state what you have a choice of is to + + + align:start position:0% +state what you have a choice of is to +switch to to the cooperate strategy + + align:start position:0% +switch to to the cooperate strategy + + + align:start position:0% +switch to to the cooperate strategy +which would be to go up here right so + + align:start position:0% +which would be to go up here right so + + + align:start position:0% +which would be to go up here right so +you have a choice to move up to this Z + + align:start position:0% +you have a choice to move up to this Z + + + align:start position:0% +you have a choice to move up to this Z +this zero payout but that's not to your + + align:start position:0% +this zero payout but that's not to your + + + align:start position:0% +this zero payout but that's not to your +advantage okay now it's true true that + + align:start position:0% +advantage okay now it's true true that + + + align:start position:0% +advantage okay now it's true true that +your opponent would get payout FIV your + + align:start position:0% +your opponent would get payout FIV your + + + align:start position:0% +your opponent would get payout FIV your +opponent would actually get would do + + align:start position:0% +opponent would actually get would do + + + align:start position:0% +opponent would actually get would do +wonderfully okay but you would do poorly + + align:start position:0% +wonderfully okay but you would do poorly + + + align:start position:0% +wonderfully okay but you would do poorly +so you would be selected against if you + + align:start position:0% +so you would be selected against if you + + + align:start position:0% +so you would be selected against if you +were to if if if you imagine this being + + align:start position:0% +were to if if if you imagine this being + + + align:start position:0% +were to if if if you imagine this being +the context of biology that uh you have + + align:start position:0% +the context of biology that uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +the context of biology that uh you have +a genotype that are playing D if you're + + align:start position:0% +a genotype that are playing D if you're + + + align:start position:0% +a genotype that are playing D if you're +a mutant that starts following this + + align:start position:0% +a mutant that starts following this + + + align:start position:0% +a mutant that starts following this +strategy C you have lower Fitness so + + align:start position:0% +strategy C you have lower Fitness so + + + align:start position:0% +strategy C you have lower Fitness so +you're selected against okay right so + + align:start position:0% +you're selected against okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +you're selected against okay right so +that's saying that the strategy D is + + align:start position:0% +that's saying that the strategy D is + + + align:start position:0% +that's saying that the strategy D is +non- + + align:start position:0% +non- + + + align:start position:0% +non- +invasible okay right we can also think + + align:start position:0% +invasible okay right we can also think + + + align:start position:0% +invasible okay right we can also think +about what happens if we're a population + + align:start position:0% +about what happens if we're a population + + + align:start position:0% +about what happens if we're a population +of uh + + align:start position:0% +of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of uh +Cooperators right now everybody has high + + align:start position:0% +Cooperators right now everybody has high + + + align:start position:0% +Cooperators right now everybody has high +Fitness Fitness three question is what + + align:start position:0% +Fitness Fitness three question is what + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness Fitness three question is what +happens if there's a mutation that leads + + align:start position:0% +happens if there's a mutation that leads + + + align:start position:0% +happens if there's a mutation that leads +to one individual following the D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strategy is he selected four or not for + + align:start position:0% +strategy is he selected four or not for + + + align:start position:0% +strategy is he selected four or not for +yeah yes right so the point here is that + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes right so the point here is that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes right so the point here is that +you always will have higher Fitness if + + align:start position:0% +you always will have higher Fitness if + + + align:start position:0% +you always will have higher Fitness if +you regardless of what your opponent + + align:start position:0% +you regardless of what your opponent + + + align:start position:0% +you regardless of what your opponent +does in the context of a Game Theory + + align:start position:0% +does in the context of a Game Theory + + + align:start position:0% +does in the context of a Game Theory +situation or regardless of the + + align:start position:0% +situation or regardless of the + + + align:start position:0% +situation or regardless of the +distribution of cooperation defection in + + align:start position:0% +distribution of cooperation defection in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of cooperation defection in +the population it's always better to be + + align:start position:0% +the population it's always better to be + + + align:start position:0% +the population it's always better to be +a Defector + + align:start position:0% +a Defector + + + align:start position:0% +a Defector +okay right and all right so the problem + + align:start position:0% +okay right and all right so the problem + + + align:start position:0% +okay right and all right so the problem +here is it's always better to play + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D strategy D + + align:start position:0% +D strategy D + + + align:start position:0% +D strategy D +okay now I really + + align:start position:0% +okay now I really + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I really +like uh I like drawing the um + + align:start position:0% +like uh I like drawing the um + + + align:start position:0% +like uh I like drawing the um +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +the graphs of these things because I + + align:start position:0% +the graphs of these things because I + + + align:start position:0% +the graphs of these things because I +think it's just much more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clear and you can either draw the um the + + align:start position:0% +clear and you can either draw the um the + + + align:start position:0% +clear and you can either draw the um the +fitness of uh the two types minus each + + align:start position:0% +fitness of uh the two types minus each + + + align:start position:0% +fitness of uh the two types minus each +other or just the Raw Fitness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah +all right so you're saying if this five + + align:start position:0% +all right so you're saying if this five + + + align:start position:0% +all right so you're saying if this five +were a seven instead yeah right then + + align:start position:0% +were a seven instead yeah right then + + + align:start position:0% +were a seven instead yeah right then +what you'd say what you're saying is + + align:start position:0% +what you'd say what you're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +what you'd say what you're saying is +that okay so so it doesn't change I mean + + align:start position:0% +that okay so so it doesn't change I mean + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so so it doesn't change I mean +the the Nash G is still defect right um + + align:start position:0% +the the Nash G is still defect right um + + + align:start position:0% +the the Nash G is still defect right um +the only the the subtle thing here is + + align:start position:0% +the only the the subtle thing here is + + + align:start position:0% +the only the the subtle thing here is +that in general we like to have it um be + + align:start position:0% +that in general we like to have it um be + + + align:start position:0% +that in general we like to have it um be +in terms of game theor we like it when + + align:start position:0% +in terms of game theor we like it when + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of game theor we like it when +the mean of these two is is smaller than + + align:start position:0% +the mean of these two is is smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +the mean of these two is is smaller than +this one that's why that's why you're + + align:start position:0% +this one that's why that's why you're + + + align:start position:0% +this one that's why that's why you're +asking okay right exactly yeah because + + align:start position:0% +asking okay right exactly yeah because + + + align:start position:0% +asking okay right exactly yeah because +that's right exactly right right so um + + align:start position:0% +that's right exactly right right so um + + + align:start position:0% +that's right exactly right right so um +yeah so that that's a that's a slight + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that that's a that's a slight + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that that's a that's a slight +more complicated situation because in + + align:start position:0% +more complicated situation because in + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated situation because in +that situation then if you had two + + align:start position:0% +that situation then if you had two + + + align:start position:0% +that situation then if you had two +rational agents say playing this game + + align:start position:0% +rational agents say playing this game + + + align:start position:0% +rational agents say playing this game +then you could alternate cooperation + + align:start position:0% +then you could alternate cooperation + + + align:start position:0% +then you could alternate cooperation +defection right and that's that would + + align:start position:0% +defection right and that's that would + + + align:start position:0% +defection right and that's that would +actually be the ultimate form of + + align:start position:0% +actually be the ultimate form of + + + align:start position:0% +actually be the ultimate form of +cooperation in such a game right because + + align:start position:0% +cooperation in such a game right because + + + align:start position:0% +cooperation in such a game right because +you could actually get a higher uh pay + + align:start position:0% +you could actually get a higher uh pay + + + align:start position:0% +you could actually get a higher uh pay +out by alternating right so that's so it + + align:start position:0% +out by alternating right so that's so it + + + align:start position:0% +out by alternating right so that's so it +right so we we we're we've chosen the + + align:start position:0% +right so we we we're we've chosen the + + + align:start position:0% +right so we we we're we've chosen the +numbers as they are so that this + + align:start position:0% +numbers as they are so that this + + + align:start position:0% +numbers as they are so that this +subtlety is not an issue + + align:start position:0% +subtlety is not an issue + + + align:start position:0% +subtlety is not an issue +right does everybody understand the + + align:start position:0% +right does everybody understand the + + + align:start position:0% +right does everybody understand the +issue there + + align:start position:0% +issue there + + + align:start position:0% +issue there +yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay +right so in the context of uh of + + align:start position:0% +right so in the context of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +right so in the context of uh of +evolutionary Game Theory what we can do + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Game Theory what we can do + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Game Theory what we can do +is we can + + align:start position:0% +is we can + + + align:start position:0% +is we can +plot as a function of the fraction of + + align:start position:0% +plot as a function of the fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +plot as a function of the fraction of +the population that's + + align:start position:0% +the population that's + + + align:start position:0% +the population that's +cooperator between 0 and one + + align:start position:0% +cooperator between 0 and one + + + align:start position:0% +cooperator between 0 and one +say and we can Pro plot the um the + + align:start position:0% +say and we can Pro plot the um the + + + align:start position:0% +say and we can Pro plot the um the +payout for the cooperator and for The + + align:start position:0% +payout for the cooperator and for The + + + align:start position:0% +payout for the cooperator and for The +Defector okay so the question is um for + + align:start position:0% +Defector okay so the question is um for + + + align:start position:0% +Defector okay so the question is um for +example I'm going to draw a solid line + + align:start position:0% +example I'm going to draw a solid line + + + align:start position:0% +example I'm going to draw a solid line +for the cooperator dash line for The + + align:start position:0% +for the cooperator dash line for The + + + align:start position:0% +for the cooperator dash line for The +Defector now the question is + + align:start position:0% +Defector now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +Defector now the question is +um where where should I um what should + + align:start position:0% +um where where should I um what should + + + align:start position:0% +um where where should I um what should +be the y axis on either ends and so + + align:start position:0% +be the y axis on either ends and so + + + align:start position:0% +be the y axis on either ends and so +forth do you + + align:start position:0% +forth do you + + + align:start position:0% +forth do you +understand all right so what what you + + align:start position:0% +understand all right so what what you + + + align:start position:0% +understand all right so what what you +know what should these things look like + + align:start position:0% +know what should these things look like + + + align:start position:0% +know what should these things look like +I I'd like to encourage you to maybe + + align:start position:0% +I I'd like to encourage you to maybe + + + align:start position:0% +I I'd like to encourage you to maybe +I'll give you 30 seconds to try to draw + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you 30 seconds to try to draw + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you 30 seconds to try to draw +what this should look like this this is + + align:start position:0% +what this should look like this this is + + + align:start position:0% +what this should look like this this is +this is the uh this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the uh this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the uh this is the +payout or the expected + + align:start position:0% +payout or the expected + + + align:start position:0% +payout or the expected +payout right so we're assuming that + + align:start position:0% +payout right so we're assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +payout right so we're assuming that +you're going to uh interact with uh + + align:start position:0% +you're going to uh interact with uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to uh interact with uh +randomly with the other members of the + + align:start position:0% +randomly with the other members of the + + + align:start position:0% +randomly with the other members of the +population it's a function of the + + align:start position:0% +population it's a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +population it's a function of the +fraction cooperator so then one minus + + align:start position:0% +fraction cooperator so then one minus + + + align:start position:0% +fraction cooperator so then one minus +that will be the the fraction + + align:start position:0% +that will be the the fraction + + + align:start position:0% +that will be the the fraction +Defector right do do you understand what + + align:start position:0% +Defector right do do you understand what + + + align:start position:0% +Defector right do do you understand what +I'm trying to ask you to + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to ask you to +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +SC um no + + align:start position:0% +SC um no + + + align:start position:0% +SC um no +so this is just a legend or key or + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a legend or key or + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a legend or key or +something so I I want you to draw + + align:start position:0% +something so I I want you to draw + + + align:start position:0% +something so I I want you to draw +something over over here that's a solid + + align:start position:0% +something over over here that's a solid + + + align:start position:0% +something over over here that's a solid +line and a dashed line all right so + + align:start position:0% +line and a dashed line all right so + + + align:start position:0% +line and a dashed line all right so +there's just one scale there one + + align:start position:0% +there's just one scale there one + + + align:start position:0% +there's just one scale there one +scale oh yeah sorry I was just yeah if + + align:start position:0% +scale oh yeah sorry I was just yeah if + + + align:start position:0% +scale oh yeah sorry I was just yeah if +you want you can I'm just telling you + + align:start position:0% +you want you can I'm just telling you + + + align:start position:0% +you want you can I'm just telling you +what's going to be a solid line and + + align:start position:0% +what's going to be a solid line and + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to be a solid line and +what's going to be a dash line okay and + + align:start position:0% +what's going to be a dash line okay and + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to be a dash line okay and +um and I'll give you a hint that up here + + align:start position:0% +um and I'll give you a hint that up here + + + align:start position:0% +um and I'll give you a hint that up here +is number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is going to be the expected payout + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be the expected payout + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be the expected payout +for a loone IND you know an individual + + align:start position:0% +for a loone IND you know an individual + + + align:start position:0% +for a loone IND you know an individual +given the rest of the population is + + align:start position:0% +given the rest of the population is + + + align:start position:0% +given the rest of the population is +following some fraction cooperator yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right do you guys understand what I'm + + align:start position:0% +right do you guys understand what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right do you guys understand what I'm +asking you to do because I'm a little + + align:start position:0% +asking you to do because I'm a little + + + align:start position:0% +asking you to do because I'm a little +bit concerned that there are very + + align:start position:0% +bit concerned that there are very + + + align:start position:0% +bit concerned that there are very +few plots in front of yeah what is right + + align:start position:0% +few plots in front of yeah what is right + + + align:start position:0% +few plots in front of yeah what is right +so this is the fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +so this is the fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the fraction of the +population that's cooperator okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right well I've given at least given + + align:start position:0% +all right well I've given at least given + + + align:start position:0% +all right well I've given at least given +you a chance to think about it um I but + + align:start position:0% +you a chance to think about it um I but + + + align:start position:0% +you a chance to think about it um I but +from looking around I think that there's + + align:start position:0% +from looking around I think that there's + + + align:start position:0% +from looking around I think that there's +you maybe you're not quite sure what I'm + + align:start position:0% +you maybe you're not quite sure what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you maybe you're not quite sure what I'm +trying to ask you to do so I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask you to do so I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask you to do so I'm trying to +plot the expected payout for an + + align:start position:0% +plot the expected payout for an + + + align:start position:0% +plot the expected payout for an +individual that is either cooperating or + + align:start position:0% +individual that is either cooperating or + + + align:start position:0% +individual that is either cooperating or +defecting based on the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +defecting based on the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +defecting based on the fact that the +rest of the population has some + + align:start position:0% +rest of the population has some + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the population has some +composition + + align:start position:0% +composition + + + align:start position:0% +composition +all cooperate or all + + align:start position:0% +all cooperate or all + + + align:start position:0% +all cooperate or all +defect okay so it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +defect okay so it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +defect okay so it's it's the +evolutionary Game Theory extension of + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Game Theory extension of + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary Game Theory extension of +this simple model okay right so first we + + align:start position:0% +this simple model okay right so first we + + + align:start position:0% +this simple model okay right so first we +can ask well if the entire population is + + align:start position:0% +can ask well if the entire population is + + + align:start position:0% +can ask well if the entire population is +cooperating right we want to know the + + align:start position:0% +cooperating right we want to know the + + + align:start position:0% +cooperating right we want to know the +fitness for a cooperator or Defector + + align:start position:0% +fitness for a cooperator or Defector + + + align:start position:0% +fitness for a cooperator or Defector +well this is really just saying that + + align:start position:0% +well this is really just saying that + + + align:start position:0% +well this is really just saying that +we're all the way over on here and we + + align:start position:0% +we're all the way over on here and we + + + align:start position:0% +we're all the way over on here and we +just choose between the two all right + + align:start position:0% +just choose between the two all right + + + align:start position:0% +just choose between the two all right +and the def Vector is the five line all + + align:start position:0% +and the def Vector is the five line all + + + align:start position:0% +and the def Vector is the five line all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so right so this is going to be a dashed + + align:start position:0% +so right so this is going to be a dashed + + + align:start position:0% +so right so this is going to be a dashed +line that's going to start from here and + + align:start position:0% +line that's going to start from here and + + + align:start position:0% +line that's going to start from here and +then this is 2 and half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three right so this is cooperator starts + + align:start position:0% +three right so this is cooperator starts + + + align:start position:0% +three right so this is cooperator starts +here and Defector starts here do you + + align:start position:0% +here and Defector starts here do you + + + align:start position:0% +here and Defector starts here do you +understand what I'm yeah now okay let's + + align:start position:0% +understand what I'm yeah now okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +understand what I'm yeah now okay let's +see where all right so now this is the + + align:start position:0% +see where all right so now this is the + + + align:start position:0% +see where all right so now this is the +limit of everybody else is defecting + + align:start position:0% +limit of everybody else is defecting + + + align:start position:0% +limit of everybody else is defecting +okay well now the cooperator line goes + + align:start position:0% +okay well now the cooperator line goes + + + align:start position:0% +okay well now the cooperator line goes +to what verbally three 2 one zero + + align:start position:0% +to what verbally three 2 one zero + + + align:start position:0% +to what verbally three 2 one zero +okay The Defector line goes to one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay that line would I started + + align:start position:0% +right okay that line would I started + + + align:start position:0% +right okay that line would I started +going the wrong direction okay but + + align:start position:0% +going the wrong direction okay but + + + align:start position:0% +going the wrong direction okay but +that's supposed to be a line + + align:start position:0% +that's supposed to be a line + + + align:start position:0% +that's supposed to be a line +okay so this is an example of what this + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is an example of what this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is an example of what this +looks like for a um for the prisoner's + + align:start position:0% +looks like for a um for the prisoner's + + + align:start position:0% +looks like for a um for the prisoner's +dilemma and what you see is The Defector + + align:start position:0% +dilemma and what you see is The Defector + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma and what you see is The Defector +Fitness is always above the cooperator + + align:start position:0% +Fitness is always above the cooperator + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness is always above the cooperator +fitness okay so for any population + + align:start position:0% +fitness okay so for any population + + + align:start position:0% +fitness okay so for any population +composition defectors have higher + + align:start position:0% +composition defectors have higher + + + align:start position:0% +composition defectors have higher +Fitness than Cooperators so Evolution + + align:start position:0% +Fitness than Cooperators so Evolution + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness than Cooperators so Evolution +brings you to the pure defecting state + + align:start position:0% +brings you to the pure defecting state + + + align:start position:0% +brings you to the pure defecting state +where you have fit Fitness + + align:start position:0% +where you have fit Fitness + + + align:start position:0% +where you have fit Fitness +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +right and if you want you could + + align:start position:0% +right and if you want you could + + + align:start position:0% +right and if you want you could +calculate what the mean Fitness of the + + align:start position:0% +calculate what the mean Fitness of the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what the mean Fitness of the +population is for + + align:start position:0% +population is for + + + align:start position:0% +population is for +example and the mean Fitness starts out + + align:start position:0% +example and the mean Fitness starts out + + + align:start position:0% +example and the mean Fitness starts out +over here and ends up over here right so + + align:start position:0% +over here and ends up over here right so + + + align:start position:0% +over here and ends up over here right so +the mean Fitness decreases over + + align:start position:0% +the mean Fitness decreases over + + + align:start position:0% +the mean Fitness decreases over +time okay now you can imagine that + + align:start position:0% +time okay now you can imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +time okay now you can imagine that +in in in the the simple like two-player + + align:start position:0% +in in in the the simple like two-player + + + align:start position:0% +in in in the the simple like two-player +models everything all these are lines + + align:start position:0% +models everything all these are lines + + + align:start position:0% +models everything all these are lines +but you can imagine that the only thing + + align:start position:0% +but you can imagine that the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +but you can imagine that the only thing +that's it's important are are how these + + align:start position:0% +that's it's important are are how these + + + align:start position:0% +that's it's important are are how these +how these lines cross each other okay so + + align:start position:0% +how these lines cross each other okay so + + + align:start position:0% +how these lines cross each other okay so +for example you can there there there + + align:start position:0% +for example you can there there there + + + align:start position:0% +for example you can there there there +are only a few different things that can + + align:start position:0% +are only a few different things that can + + + align:start position:0% +are only a few different things that can +happen right you can have + + align:start position:0% +happen right you can have + + + align:start position:0% +happen right you can have +um you can have that um you can have + + align:start position:0% +um you can have that um you can have + + + align:start position:0% +um you can have that um you can have +that one strategy the other + + align:start position:0% +that one strategy the other + + + align:start position:0% +that one strategy the other +dominates which is what occurred here + + align:start position:0% +dominates which is what occurred here + + + align:start position:0% +dominates which is what occurred here +and surprisingly that does not mean that + + align:start position:0% +and surprisingly that does not mean that + + + align:start position:0% +and surprisingly that does not mean that +you that that that strategy has higher + + align:start position:0% +you that that that strategy has higher + + + align:start position:0% +you that that that strategy has higher +Fitness in the sense that you may evolve + + align:start position:0% +Fitness in the sense that you may evolve + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness in the sense that you may evolve +to a state of low Fitness that's what's + + align:start position:0% +to a state of low Fitness that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +to a state of low Fitness that's what's +weird okay you can have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coexistence uh or you can have by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stability okay so I'll give you another + + align:start position:0% +stability okay so I'll give you another + + + align:start position:0% +stability okay so I'll give you another +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +of this all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so now we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +all right so now we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now we're just going to +have two we have strategies we'll just + + align:start position:0% +have two we have strategies we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +have two we have strategies we'll just +say to the strategies we'll call them A + + align:start position:0% +say to the strategies we'll call them A + + + align:start position:0% +say to the strategies we'll call them A +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B okay the question is um which um you + + align:start position:0% +B okay the question is um which um you + + + align:start position:0% +B okay the question is um which um you +know what is the Nash + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium all right is it a b or or um + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium all right is it a b or or um + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium all right is it a b or or um +C should be + + align:start position:0% +C should be + + + align:start position:0% +C should be +neither D is + + align:start position:0% +neither D is + + + align:start position:0% +neither D is +both do you understand okay I'm GNA ask + + align:start position:0% +both do you understand okay I'm GNA ask + + + align:start position:0% +both do you understand okay I'm GNA ask +okay so if the if this is the game or + + align:start position:0% +okay so if the if this is the game or + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if the if this is the game or +this is the interaction is the natural + + align:start position:0% +this is the interaction is the natural + + + align:start position:0% +this is the interaction is the natural +equilibrium a natur B for if you vote C + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium a natur B for if you vote C + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium a natur B for if you vote C +it means neither d means both do you + + align:start position:0% +it means neither d means both do you + + + align:start position:0% +it means neither d means both do you +understand the + + align:start position:0% +understand the + + + align:start position:0% +understand the +question okay I'll give you 30 seconds + + align:start position:0% +question okay I'll give you 30 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +question okay I'll give you 30 seconds +to think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right are we ready to + + align:start position:0% +all right are we ready to + + + align:start position:0% +all right are we ready to +vote all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +vote all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +vote all right ready three two +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so we have a fair + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we have a fair + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we have a fair +distribution I may not not have us + + align:start position:0% +distribution I may not not have us + + + align:start position:0% +distribution I may not not have us +um uh vote but uh yeah this one in this + + align:start position:0% +um uh vote but uh yeah this one in this + + + align:start position:0% +um uh vote but uh yeah this one in this +case they're actually both they're + + align:start position:0% +case they're actually both they're + + + align:start position:0% +case they're actually both they're +actually both n equilibrium all right so + + align:start position:0% +actually both n equilibrium all right so + + + align:start position:0% +actually both n equilibrium all right so +let's see this if if ever if both + + align:start position:0% +let's see this if if ever if both + + + align:start position:0% +let's see this if if ever if both +individuals or the entire population say + + align:start position:0% +individuals or the entire population say + + + align:start position:0% +individuals or the entire population say +is playing a they're getting Fitness + + align:start position:0% +is playing a they're getting Fitness + + + align:start position:0% +is playing a they're getting Fitness +five question is as a lone individual + + align:start position:0% +five question is as a lone individual + + + align:start position:0% +five question is as a lone individual +you can choose to switch over and get + + align:start position:0% +you can choose to switch over and get + + + align:start position:0% +you can choose to switch over and get +Fitness three do you want to do + + align:start position:0% +Fitness three do you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness three do you want to do +that no okay so that means that a is + + align:start position:0% +that no okay so that means that a is + + + align:start position:0% +that no okay so that means that a is +going to be a Nash equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +going to be a Nash equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a Nash equilibrium +incidentally the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +incidentally the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally the difference between the +so-called regular ntional equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +so-called regular ntional equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +so-called regular ntional equilibrium +and the strict ntional equilibrium is + + align:start position:0% +and the strict ntional equilibrium is + + + align:start position:0% +and the strict ntional equilibrium is +that uh for ntional equilibrium means + + align:start position:0% +that uh for ntional equilibrium means + + + align:start position:0% +that uh for ntional equilibrium means +that no individual has the incentive to + + align:start position:0% +that no individual has the incentive to + + + align:start position:0% +that no individual has the incentive to +change strategy a strict n equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +change strategy a strict n equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +change strategy a strict n equilibrium +means that um is that any change in + + align:start position:0% +means that um is that any change in + + + align:start position:0% +means that um is that any change in +strategy leads to an actual decrease in + + align:start position:0% +strategy leads to an actual decrease in + + + align:start position:0% +strategy leads to an actual decrease in +Fitness right so it's a question of of + + align:start position:0% +Fitness right so it's a question of of + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness right so it's a question of of +whether you can make neutral changes in + + align:start position:0% +whether you can make neutral changes in + + + align:start position:0% +whether you can make neutral changes in +strategy or not do you understand + + align:start position:0% +strategy or not do you understand + + + align:start position:0% +strategy or not do you understand +the okay so so a is a natur equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the okay so so a is a natur equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the okay so so a is a natur equilibrium +okay what about uh what about B well in + + align:start position:0% +okay what about uh what about B well in + + + align:start position:0% +okay what about uh what about B well in +that case everybody's getting Fitness + + align:start position:0% +that case everybody's getting Fitness + + + align:start position:0% +that case everybody's getting Fitness +one right now uh as a lone individual + + align:start position:0% +one right now uh as a lone individual + + + align:start position:0% +one right now uh as a lone individual +what can you do all you can do is switch + + align:start position:0% +what can you do all you can do is switch + + + align:start position:0% +what can you do all you can do is switch +you can you know as an individual you + + align:start position:0% +you can you know as an individual you + + + align:start position:0% +you can you know as an individual you +can only choose rows right so you go up + + align:start position:0% +can only choose rows right so you go up + + + align:start position:0% +can only choose rows right so you go up +to zero that's that's a decrease in + + align:start position:0% +to zero that's that's a decrease in + + + align:start position:0% +to zero that's that's a decrease in +Fitness so that means that uh strategy B + + align:start position:0% +Fitness so that means that uh strategy B + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness so that means that uh strategy B +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +also a Nash equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +also a Nash equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +also a Nash equilibrium +okay all right so there are two Nash + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so there are two Nash + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so there are two Nash +equilibria in this game and what does + + align:start position:0% +equilibria in this game and what does + + + align:start position:0% +equilibria in this game and what does +that mean about which regime you're in + + align:start position:0% +that mean about which regime you're in + + + align:start position:0% +that mean about which regime you're in +here if you convert this into an + + align:start position:0% +here if you convert this into an + + + align:start position:0% +here if you convert this into an +evolutionary Game Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scenario all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +scenario all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +scenario all right ready three two +one right okay all right so majority is + + align:start position:0% +one right okay all right so majority is + + + align:start position:0% +one right okay all right so majority is +saying yes this this is indeed a + + align:start position:0% +saying yes this this is indeed a + + + align:start position:0% +saying yes this this is indeed a +situation which you have + + align:start position:0% +situation which you have + + + align:start position:0% +situation which you have +bability okay um so does what does that + + align:start position:0% +bability okay um so does what does that + + + align:start position:0% +bability okay um so does what does that +mean in terms of these lines if we draw + + align:start position:0% +mean in terms of these lines if we draw + + + align:start position:0% +mean in terms of these lines if we draw +them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so this + + align:start position:0% +all right so this + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +payout as a function of the fraction + + align:start position:0% +payout as a function of the fraction + + + align:start position:0% +payout as a function of the fraction +that is playing the a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strategy um should the lines cross yes + + align:start position:0% +strategy um should the lines cross yes + + + align:start position:0% +strategy um should the lines cross yes +or no ready three two one yes okay and + + align:start position:0% +or no ready three two one yes okay and + + + align:start position:0% +or no ready three two one yes okay and +indeed we you know I mean the in + + align:start position:0% +indeed we you know I mean the in + + + align:start position:0% +indeed we you know I mean the in +principle the math that we do in all + + align:start position:0% +principle the math that we do in all + + + align:start position:0% +principle the math that we do in all +these situations is kind + + align:start position:0% +these situations is kind + + + align:start position:0% +these situations is kind +of super simple yet it it's easy to get + + align:start position:0% +of super simple yet it it's easy to get + + + align:start position:0% +of super simple yet it it's easy to get +very confused about what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +very confused about what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +very confused about what's going on in +all these situation right so the idea + + align:start position:0% +all these situation right so the idea + + + align:start position:0% +all these situation right so the idea +here is that if if the population is a + + align:start position:0% +here is that if if the population is a + + + align:start position:0% +here is that if if the population is a +that means that the a here is at five + + align:start position:0% +that means that the a here is at five + + + align:start position:0% +that means that the a here is at five +right it's five uh but then it goes down + + align:start position:0% +right it's five uh but then it goes down + + + align:start position:0% +right it's five uh but then it goes down +to zero all right so + + align:start position:0% +to zero all right so + + + align:start position:0% +to zero all right so +we'll the a right over here B here is + + align:start position:0% +we'll the a right over here B here is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll the a right over here B here is +three and then it goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right because these two lines cross does + + align:start position:0% +right because these two lines cross does + + + align:start position:0% +right because these two lines cross does +that mean that you + + align:start position:0% +that mean that you + + + align:start position:0% +that mean that you +have by + + align:start position:0% +have by + + + align:start position:0% +have by +stability ready yes or no three two one + + align:start position:0% +stability ready yes or no three two one + + + align:start position:0% +stability ready yes or no three two one +no and why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not that's right because you can also do + + align:start position:0% +not that's right because you can also do + + + align:start position:0% +not that's right because you can also do +the other thing and then that leads to + + align:start position:0% +the other thing and then that leads to + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing and then that leads to +coexistence + + align:start position:0% +coexistence + + + align:start position:0% +coexistence +okay now in some ways coexistence um is + + align:start position:0% +okay now in some ways coexistence um is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now in some ways coexistence um is +the most subtle of the situations and + + align:start position:0% +the most subtle of the situations and + + + align:start position:0% +the most subtle of the situations and +that's um for an interesting reason okay + + align:start position:0% +that's um for an interesting reason okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's um for an interesting reason okay +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I'm saying that these things can + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying that these things can + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying that these things can +cross in the other + + align:start position:0% +cross in the other + + + align:start position:0% +cross in the other +orientation let let's um Let me let me + + align:start position:0% +orientation let let's um Let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +orientation let let's um Let me let me +uh put a um put the put a matrix out + + align:start position:0% +uh put a um put the put a matrix out + + + align:start position:0% +uh put a um put the put a matrix out +there and then + + align:start position:0% +there and then + + + align:start position:0% +there and then +um okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay +right so this is something that for + + align:start position:0% +right so this is something that for + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is something that for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +what's known as a hawk Dove game or it + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a hawk Dove game or it + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as a hawk Dove game or it +has many other + + align:start position:0% +has many other + + + align:start position:0% +has many other +names + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we can maybe figure out what + + align:start position:0% +okay and we can maybe figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we can maybe figure out what +would be the hawk strategy what the dove + + align:start position:0% +would be the hawk strategy what the dove + + + align:start position:0% +would be the hawk strategy what the dove +strategy but um right + + align:start position:0% +strategy but um right + + + align:start position:0% +strategy but um right +so now we want to ask the same question + + align:start position:0% +so now we want to ask the same question + + + align:start position:0% +so now we want to ask the same question +is a an ash equilibrium is B an ash + + align:start position:0% +is a an ash equilibrium is B an ash + + + align:start position:0% +is a an ash equilibrium is B an ash +equilibrium is it neither or is it both + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is it neither or is it both + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is it neither or is it both +maybe I shouldn't have I'll covered this + + align:start position:0% +maybe I shouldn't have I'll covered this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I shouldn't have I'll covered this +up so that you're not infu in case in + + align:start position:0% +up so that you're not infu in case in + + + align:start position:0% +up so that you're not infu in case in +case you actually did do the + + align:start position:0% +case you actually did do the + + + align:start position:0% +case you actually did do the +reading uh then I don't want you to be I + + align:start position:0% +reading uh then I don't want you to be I + + + align:start position:0% +reading uh then I don't want you to be I +don't want you to be influenced by + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to be influenced by + + + align:start position:0% +don't want you to be influenced by +this all + + align:start position:0% +this all + + + align:start position:0% +this all +right um all right so think about it for + + align:start position:0% +right um all right so think about it for + + + align:start position:0% +right um all right so think about it for +30 seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right do you need more time + + align:start position:0% +okay all right do you need more time + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right do you need more time +right let's go see where we are ready + + align:start position:0% +right let's go see where we are ready + + + align:start position:0% +right let's go see where we are ready +three two + + align:start position:0% +three two + + + align:start position:0% +three two +one all right all right so most of the + + align:start position:0% +one all right all right so most of the + + + align:start position:0% +one all right all right so most of the +group is agree in this case neither are + + align:start position:0% +group is agree in this case neither are + + + align:start position:0% +group is agree in this case neither are +the Nash neither are Nash + + align:start position:0% +the Nash neither are Nash + + + align:start position:0% +the Nash neither are Nash +equilibrium okay um so neither are Nash + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay um so neither are Nash + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay um so neither are Nash +equilibrium okay does that mean that + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay does that mean that + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay does that mean that +this game has no Nash + + align:start position:0% +this game has no Nash + + + align:start position:0% +this game has no Nash +equilibrium yes or no verbally ready + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium yes or no verbally ready + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium yes or no verbally ready +three two + + align:start position:0% +three two + + + align:start position:0% +three two +one no does not mean that right this + + align:start position:0% +one no does not mean that right this + + + align:start position:0% +one no does not mean that right this +game has a Nash equilibrium and indeed + + align:start position:0% +game has a Nash equilibrium and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +game has a Nash equilibrium and indeed +all games like this have Nash equilibria + + align:start position:0% +all games like this have Nash equilibria + + + align:start position:0% +all games like this have Nash equilibria +you know if and any like and this is + + align:start position:0% +you know if and any like and this is + + + align:start position:0% +you know if and any like and this is +what Nash won the double prize for right + + align:start position:0% +what Nash won the double prize for right + + + align:start position:0% +what Nash won the double prize for right +so this is the famous onepage paper + + align:start position:0% +so this is the famous onepage paper + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the famous onepage paper +published in pnas um if you look at it I + + align:start position:0% +published in pnas um if you look at it I + + + align:start position:0% +published in pnas um if you look at it I +got I have no idea what it says okay so + + align:start position:0% +got I have no idea what it says okay so + + + align:start position:0% +got I have no idea what it says okay so +um but um right I mean you know it's + + align:start position:0% +um but um right I mean you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +um but um right I mean you know it's +it's it's like a ma you know he + + align:start position:0% +it's it's like a ma you know he + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's like a ma you know he +basically just pointed out that oh this + + align:start position:0% +basically just pointed out that oh this + + + align:start position:0% +basically just pointed out that oh this +theorem implies this implies that done + + align:start position:0% +theorem implies this implies that done + + + align:start position:0% +theorem implies this implies that done +and um so + + align:start position:0% +and um so + + + align:start position:0% +and um so +um no it's just you know it's good that + + align:start position:0% +um no it's just you know it's good that + + + align:start position:0% +um no it's just you know it's good that +somebody knew what he was saying + + align:start position:0% +somebody knew what he was saying + + + align:start position:0% +somebody knew what he was saying +otherwise we'd be in trouble all of us + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we'd be in trouble all of us + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we'd be in trouble all of us +okay um right so what he proved is that + + align:start position:0% +okay um right so what he proved is that + + + align:start position:0% +okay um right so what he proved is that +you know that such games even with big + + align:start position:0% +you know that such games even with big + + + align:start position:0% +you know that such games even with big +you know more players more you know + + align:start position:0% +you know more players more you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know more players more you know +options and so forth um they have um + + align:start position:0% +options and so forth um they have um + + + align:start position:0% +options and so forth um they have um +they they always have such a solution in + + align:start position:0% +they they always have such a solution in + + + align:start position:0% +they they always have such a solution in +the sense there is there exists some + + align:start position:0% +the sense there is there exists some + + + align:start position:0% +the sense there is there exists some +strategy such that if everybody were + + align:start position:0% +strategy such that if everybody were + + + align:start position:0% +strategy such that if everybody were +playing it nobody would have the + + align:start position:0% +playing it nobody would have the + + + align:start position:0% +playing it nobody would have the +incentive to change strategy but you + + align:start position:0% +incentive to change strategy but you + + + align:start position:0% +incentive to change strategy but you +have to include socalled probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +have to include socalled probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +have to include socalled probabilistic +or mixed + + align:start position:0% +or mixed + + + align:start position:0% +or mixed +strategies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right U and uh and we can draw + + align:start position:0% +okay all right U and uh and we can draw + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right U and uh and we can draw +what this thing is so just like always + + align:start position:0% +what this thing is so just like always + + + align:start position:0% +what this thing is so just like always +all right so if everyone else is + + align:start position:0% +all right so if everyone else is + + + align:start position:0% +all right so if everyone else is +following a then a starts here at three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and then it goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one whereas the B individuals starts at + + align:start position:0% +one whereas the B individuals starts at + + + align:start position:0% +one whereas the B individuals starts at +five and they go to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay all right so this looks very + + align:start position:0% +zero okay all right so this looks very + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay all right so this looks very +similar to that but the they're but + + align:start position:0% +similar to that but the they're but + + + align:start position:0% +similar to that but the they're but +they're rather different in the sense + + align:start position:0% +they're rather different in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +they're rather different in the sense +that in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation right we had by stability so + + align:start position:0% +situation right we had by stability so + + + align:start position:0% +situation right we had by stability so +if you if you look at the direction of + + align:start position:0% +if you if you look at the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you look at the direction of +evolution depending upon where you start + + align:start position:0% +evolution depending upon where you start + + + align:start position:0% +evolution depending upon where you start +you go to either all b or all a whereas + + align:start position:0% +you go to either all b or all a whereas + + + align:start position:0% +you go to either all b or all a whereas +in this this situation over here we have + + align:start position:0% +in this this situation over here we have + + + align:start position:0% +in this this situation over here we have +coexistence right it does not matter + + align:start position:0% +coexistence right it does not matter + + + align:start position:0% +coexistence right it does not matter +where you start so long as you have some + + align:start position:0% +where you start so long as you have some + + + align:start position:0% +where you start so long as you have some +members of both A and B in the + + align:start position:0% +members of both A and B in the + + + align:start position:0% +members of both A and B in the +population you'll always evolve to the + + align:start position:0% +population you'll always evolve to the + + + align:start position:0% +population you'll always evolve to the +same equilibrium now the important thing + + align:start position:0% +same equilibrium now the important thing + + + align:start position:0% +same equilibrium now the important thing +here that's I think interesting is that + + align:start position:0% +here that's I think interesting is that + + + align:start position:0% +here that's I think interesting is that +in a population if you have genetic A's + + align:start position:0% +in a population if you have genetic A's + + + align:start position:0% +in a population if you have genetic A's +and genetic B's that are each giving + + align:start position:0% +and genetic B's that are each giving + + + align:start position:0% +and genetic B's that are each giving +birth to their own + + align:start position:0% +birth to their own + + + align:start position:0% +birth to their own +type right then you evolve to some + + align:start position:0% +type right then you evolve to some + + + align:start position:0% +type right then you evolve to some +coexistence of + + align:start position:0% +coexistence of + + + align:start position:0% +coexistence of +genotypes right so here this is some + + align:start position:0% +genotypes right so here this is some + + + align:start position:0% +genotypes right so here this is some +fraction fa star is the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fraction fraction of a in the population + + align:start position:0% +fraction fraction of a in the population + + + align:start position:0% +fraction fraction of a in the population +okay so this is a case where you have + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a case where you have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a case where you have +genetic + + align:start position:0% +genetic + + + align:start position:0% +genetic +diversity that leads to phenotypic + + align:start position:0% +diversity that leads to phenotypic + + + align:start position:0% +diversity that leads to phenotypic +diversity in the population okay whereas + + align:start position:0% +diversity in the population okay whereas + + + align:start position:0% +diversity in the population okay whereas +the mixed Nash + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium okay this is a situation + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay this is a situation + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay this is a situation +where you have in principle + + align:start position:0% +where you have in principle + + + align:start position:0% +where you have in principle +genetic um homogeneity right so this is + + align:start position:0% +genetic um homogeneity right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +genetic um homogeneity right so this is +a this is a this is a single + + align:start position:0% +a this is a this is a single + + + align:start position:0% +a this is a this is a single +genotype that is implementing phenotypic + + align:start position:0% +genotype that is implementing phenotypic + + + align:start position:0% +genotype that is implementing phenotypic +heterogen all right okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and indeed one of the things that we've + + align:start position:0% +and indeed one of the things that we've + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed one of the things that we've +been excited about exploring in my group + + align:start position:0% +been excited about exploring in my group + + + align:start position:0% +been excited about exploring in my group +is this distinction here right where + + align:start position:0% +is this distinction here right where + + + align:start position:0% +is this distinction here right where +it's known that in many cases clonal you + + align:start position:0% +it's known that in many cases clonal you + + + align:start position:0% +it's known that in many cases clonal you +know isogenic populations of microbes + + align:start position:0% +know isogenic populations of microbes + + + align:start position:0% +know isogenic populations of microbes +can exhibit um a diversity of phenotypes + + align:start position:0% +can exhibit um a diversity of phenotypes + + + align:start position:0% +can exhibit um a diversity of phenotypes +right as a result of for example + + align:start position:0% +right as a result of for example + + + align:start position:0% +right as a result of for example +stochastic gene expression and and + + align:start position:0% +stochastic gene expression and and + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic gene expression and and +bability okay now the question is um so + + align:start position:0% +bability okay now the question is um so + + + align:start position:0% +bability okay now the question is um so +that that would be that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +that that would be that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that that would be that's that's a +molecular mechanism for how you might + + align:start position:0% +molecular mechanism for how you might + + + align:start position:0% +molecular mechanism for how you might +get heterogen another question is what + + align:start position:0% +get heterogen another question is what + + + align:start position:0% +get heterogen another question is what +are the what's the evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +are the what's the evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +are the what's the evolutionary +explanation for why that behavior might + + align:start position:0% +explanation for why that behavior might + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for why that behavior might +have evolved okay now in general we + + align:start position:0% +have evolved okay now in general we + + + align:start position:0% +have evolved okay now in general we +cannot prove why something evolved but + + align:start position:0% +cannot prove why something evolved but + + + align:start position:0% +cannot prove why something evolved but +we can make educated guesses that make + + align:start position:0% +we can make educated guesses that make + + + align:start position:0% +we can make educated guesses that make +experimentally testable hypotheses and + + align:start position:0% +experimentally testable hypotheses and + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally testable hypotheses and +for example in the experiment that we've + + align:start position:0% +for example in the experiment that we've + + + align:start position:0% +for example in the experiment that we've +been doing uh we've been looking at uh + + align:start position:0% +been doing uh we've been looking at uh + + + align:start position:0% +been doing uh we've been looking at uh +bimodality in expression of the + + align:start position:0% +bimodality in expression of the + + + align:start position:0% +bimodality in expression of the +galactose genes in yeast right um and + + align:start position:0% +galactose genes in yeast right um and + + + align:start position:0% +galactose genes in yeast right um and +this that's still that was still a + + align:start position:0% +this that's still that was still a + + + align:start position:0% +this that's still that was still a +problem set in early did did we oh no we + + align:start position:0% +problem set in early did did we oh no we + + + align:start position:0% +problem set in early did did we oh no we +removed that one this year yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +removed that one this year yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +removed that one this year yeah okay +well all right so experimentally yeast + + align:start position:0% +well all right so experimentally yeast + + + align:start position:0% +well all right so experimentally yeast +are um yeast uh in some environments uh + + align:start position:0% +are um yeast uh in some environments uh + + + align:start position:0% +are um yeast uh in some environments uh +bimodally or stochastically activate the + + align:start position:0% +bimodally or stochastically activate the + + + align:start position:0% +bimodally or stochastically activate the +genes required to break down the sugar + + align:start position:0% +genes required to break down the sugar + + + align:start position:0% +genes required to break down the sugar +galactose and what we've what we've + + align:start position:0% +galactose and what we've what we've + + + align:start position:0% +galactose and what we've what we've +demonstrated is that if you make the + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated is that if you make the + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrated is that if you make the +mutants that always turn on or always + + align:start position:0% +mutants that always turn on or always + + + align:start position:0% +mutants that always turn on or always +turn um don't turn on these genes then + + align:start position:0% +turn um don't turn on these genes then + + + align:start position:0% +turn um don't turn on these genes then +they're actually playing game where you + + align:start position:0% +they're actually playing game where you + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually playing game where you +actually you get um you where you get + + align:start position:0% +actually you get um you where you get + + + align:start position:0% +actually you get um you where you get +this exact thing where you get Evolution + + align:start position:0% +this exact thing where you get Evolution + + + align:start position:0% +this exact thing where you get Evolution +towards coexistence of those two + + align:start position:0% +towards coexistence of those two + + + align:start position:0% +towards coexistence of those two +strategies and so that's saying that + + align:start position:0% +strategies and so that's saying that + + + align:start position:0% +strategies and so that's saying that +maybe the wild type that follows this + + align:start position:0% +maybe the wild type that follows this + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the wild type that follows this +stochastic you know mixed strategy it + + align:start position:0% +stochastic you know mixed strategy it + + + align:start position:0% +stochastic you know mixed strategy it +may be implementing the solution of some + + align:start position:0% +may be implementing the solution of some + + + align:start position:0% +may be implementing the solution of some +game that is a result of such a + + align:start position:0% +game that is a result of such a + + + align:start position:0% +game that is a result of such a +frequency dependence okay there are + + align:start position:0% +frequency dependence okay there are + + + align:start position:0% +frequency dependence okay there are +other possible explanations to this and + + align:start position:0% +other possible explanations to this and + + + align:start position:0% +other possible explanations to this and +we're in the coming weeks we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +we're in the coming weeks we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +we're in the coming weeks we'll talk +about this idea of bed hedging that + + align:start position:0% +about this idea of bed hedging that + + + align:start position:0% +about this idea of bed hedging that +given uncertain or fluctuating + + align:start position:0% +given uncertain or fluctuating + + + align:start position:0% +given uncertain or fluctuating +environments it may be advantageous for + + align:start position:0% +environments it may be advantageous for + + + align:start position:0% +environments it may be advantageous for +clonal populations to have a variety of + + align:start position:0% +clonal populations to have a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +clonal populations to have a variety of +different strategies to cope with that + + align:start position:0% +different strategies to cope with that + + + align:start position:0% +different strategies to cope with that +uncertainty so we'll we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty so we'll we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty so we'll we'll talk about +those models um later but since we're + + align:start position:0% +those models um later but since we're + + + align:start position:0% +those models um later but since we're +talking about mixed strategies now I + + align:start position:0% +talking about mixed strategies now I + + + align:start position:0% +talking about mixed strategies now I +want to mention that yeah just to is + + align:start position:0% +want to mention that yeah just to is + + + align:start position:0% +want to mention that yeah just to is +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +to probility exactly right so mixed this + + align:start position:0% +to probility exactly right so mixed this + + + align:start position:0% +to probility exactly right so mixed this +the the the Nash equilibrium mix + + align:start position:0% +the the the Nash equilibrium mix + + + align:start position:0% +the the the Nash equilibrium mix +strategy plays you know a with + + align:start position:0% +strategy plays you know a with + + + align:start position:0% +strategy plays you know a with +probability you know so it's p should be + + align:start position:0% +probability you know so it's p should be + + + align:start position:0% +probability you know so it's p should be +equal to f a star and right exactly so + + align:start position:0% +equal to f a star and right exactly so + + + align:start position:0% +equal to f a star and right exactly so +it's so indeed um the heterogeneity + + align:start position:0% +it's so indeed um the heterogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +it's so indeed um the heterogeneity +there can be implemented um either way + + align:start position:0% +there can be implemented um either way + + + align:start position:0% +there can be implemented um either way +it's either coexistence of genot + + align:start position:0% +it's either coexistence of genot + + + align:start position:0% +it's either coexistence of genot +genotypes following different strategies + + align:start position:0% +genotypes following different strategies + + + align:start position:0% +genotypes following different strategies +or it could be one genotype imp both or + + align:start position:0% +or it could be one genotype imp both or + + + align:start position:0% +or it could be one genotype imp both or +it could be a mixture of those actually + + align:start position:0% +it could be a mixture of those actually + + + align:start position:0% +it could be a mixture of those actually +and indeed uh a characteristic of these + + align:start position:0% +and indeed uh a characteristic of these + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed uh a characteristic of these +of these situations is that if you're at + + align:start position:0% +of these situations is that if you're at + + + align:start position:0% +of these situations is that if you're at +so let's say that you have a a mixed uh + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that you have a a mixed uh + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that you have a a mixed uh +you know you have a genotype a + + align:start position:0% +you know you have a genotype a + + + align:start position:0% +you know you have a genotype a +population that has this genotype that + + align:start position:0% +population that has this genotype that + + + align:start position:0% +population that has this genotype that +is implementing the mixed Nash + + align:start position:0% +is implementing the mixed Nash + + + align:start position:0% +is implementing the mixed Nash +equilibrium following choosing strategy + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium following choosing strategy + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium following choosing strategy +a with probability P that's that + + align:start position:0% +a with probability P that's that + + + align:start position:0% +a with probability P that's that +equilibrium fraction right what's + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium fraction right what's + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium fraction right what's +interesting is that um any individual in + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that um any individual in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that um any individual in +the population following any strategy + + align:start position:0% +the population following any strategy + + + align:start position:0% +the population following any strategy +has the same + + align:start position:0% +has the same + + + align:start position:0% +has the same +Fitness Okay so and of course that's + + align:start position:0% +Fitness Okay so and of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness Okay so and of course that's +kind of that's why this was an + + align:start position:0% +kind of that's why this was an + + + align:start position:0% +kind of that's why this was an +equilibrium right this equilibrium is + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right this equilibrium is + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right this equilibrium is +when the two strategies have equal + + align:start position:0% +when the two strategies have equal + + + align:start position:0% +when the two strategies have equal +Fitness right but the funny thing is + + align:start position:0% +Fitness right but the funny thing is + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness right but the funny thing is +that what that means is that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that what that means is that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that what that means is that it doesn't +matter what you do right at the + + align:start position:0% +matter what you do right at the + + + align:start position:0% +matter what you do right at the +equilibrium right you know depending on + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right you know depending on + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right you know depending on +how you look at it it's either super + + align:start position:0% +how you look at it it's either super + + + align:start position:0% +how you look at it it's either super +deep or super trivial right but but it's + + align:start position:0% +deep or super trivial right but but it's + + + align:start position:0% +deep or super trivial right but but it's +a weird thing that if you're at the + + align:start position:0% +a weird thing that if you're at the + + + align:start position:0% +a weird thing that if you're at the +equilibrium or if you're if the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium or if you're if the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium or if you're if the +population or the opponent is playing + + align:start position:0% +population or the opponent is playing + + + align:start position:0% +population or the opponent is playing +this Nash equilibrium in these games + + align:start position:0% +this Nash equilibrium in these games + + + align:start position:0% +this Nash equilibrium in these games +then it just does not matter what you do + + align:start position:0% +then it just does not matter what you do + + + align:start position:0% +then it just does not matter what you do +you can do a you can do B actually in + + align:start position:0% +you can do a you can do B actually in + + + align:start position:0% +you can do a you can do B actually in +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +fraction right so any you know since A + + align:start position:0% +fraction right so any you know since A + + + align:start position:0% +fraction right so any you know since A +and B have the same Fitness you can + + align:start position:0% +and B have the same Fitness you can + + + align:start position:0% +and B have the same Fitness you can +choose between them with at any + + align:start position:0% +choose between them with at any + + + align:start position:0% +choose between them with at any +frequency you want and you have the same + + align:start position:0% +frequency you want and you have the same + + + align:start position:0% +frequency you want and you have the same +Fitness if the rest of the population is + + align:start position:0% +Fitness if the rest of the population is + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness if the rest of the population is +playing this mixed Nash + + align:start position:0% +playing this mixed Nash + + + align:start position:0% +playing this mixed Nash +equilibrium okay um and indeed um in + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay um and indeed um in + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium okay um and indeed um in +this there are there nice conditions for + + align:start position:0% +this there are there nice conditions for + + + align:start position:0% +this there are there nice conditions for +what what um makes it this n Nash + + align:start position:0% +what what um makes it this n Nash + + + align:start position:0% +what what um makes it this n Nash +equilibrium and I I'm just you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and I I'm just you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and I I'm just you know I'm +going to just highlight that you should + + align:start position:0% +going to just highlight that you should + + + align:start position:0% +going to just highlight that you should +make sense of why it it it means what it + + align:start position:0% +make sense of why it it it means what it + + + align:start position:0% +make sense of why it it it means what it +is so if the the payout the expected + + align:start position:0% +is so if the the payout the expected + + + align:start position:0% +is so if the the payout the expected +Fitness or payout if you're following + + align:start position:0% +Fitness or payout if you're following + + + align:start position:0% +Fitness or payout if you're following +the Nash equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the Nash equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the Nash equilibrium +against Nash + + align:start position:0% +against Nash + + + align:start position:0% +against Nash +equilibrium is equal + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is equal + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is equal +to this guy so that's what I just said + + align:start position:0% +to this guy so that's what I just said + + + align:start position:0% +to this guy so that's what I just said +that um it doesn't matter what you + + align:start position:0% +that um it doesn't matter what you + + + align:start position:0% +that um it doesn't matter what you +do if everyone else is doing P star you + + align:start position:0% +do if everyone else is doing P star you + + + align:start position:0% +do if everyone else is doing P star you +have the same same Fitness okay um so + + align:start position:0% +have the same same Fitness okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +have the same same Fitness okay um so +that's saying it's a it's a Nash + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium whereas um there there's + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium whereas um there there's + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium whereas um there there's +another interesting kind of statement + + align:start position:0% +another interesting kind of statement + + + align:start position:0% +another interesting kind of statement +here is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um right well it's an equality which + + align:start position:0% +um right well it's an equality which + + + align:start position:0% +um right well it's an equality which +means it is an as equilibrium because it + + align:start position:0% +means it is an as equilibrium because it + + + align:start position:0% +means it is an as equilibrium because it +it's saying that you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +it's saying that you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +it's saying that you don't have the +incentive to change strategy it's true + + align:start position:0% +incentive to change strategy it's true + + + align:start position:0% +incentive to change strategy it's true +that you you're not disincentivized so + + align:start position:0% +that you you're not disincentivized so + + + align:start position:0% +that you you're not disincentivized so +it's a national equilibrium it's not a + + align:start position:0% +it's a national equilibrium it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a national equilibrium it's not a +strict National + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equilibrium well it it does it has to be + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium well it it does it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium well it it does it has to be +greater than equal to and it's and it's + + align:start position:0% +greater than equal to and it's and it's + + + align:start position:0% +greater than equal to and it's and it's +actually equal to + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to + + + align:start position:0% +actually equal to +right the condition has to be greater + + align:start position:0% +right the condition has to be greater + + + align:start position:0% +right the condition has to be greater +than equal to but it's equal to which + + align:start position:0% +than equal to but it's equal to which + + + align:start position:0% +than equal to but it's equal to which +means it is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +natur that's right so this is not the + + align:start position:0% +natur that's right so this is not the + + + align:start position:0% +natur that's right so this is not the +definition of this but this thing is + + align:start position:0% +definition of this but this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +definition of this but this thing is +true which means that it's a n + + align:start position:0% +true which means that it's a n + + + align:start position:0% +true which means that it's a n +equilibrium right yeah um and this other + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right yeah um and this other + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium right yeah um and this other +thing that's interesting is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so this tells us that it's actually + + align:start position:0% +that so this tells us that it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +that so this tells us that it's actually +one of these ess's and um if you have + + align:start position:0% +one of these ess's and um if you have + + + align:start position:0% +one of these ess's and um if you have +questions about this um you I'm happy to + + align:start position:0% +questions about this um you I'm happy to + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this um you I'm happy to +answer it uh it's explained in the book + + align:start position:0% +answer it uh it's explained in the book + + + align:start position:0% +answer it uh it's explained in the book +as well but okay we are out of time so I + + align:start position:0% +as well but okay we are out of time so I + + + align:start position:0% +as well but okay we are out of time so I +should let you go but um good luck on + + align:start position:0% +should let you go but um good luck on + + + align:start position:0% +should let you go but um good luck on +the exam next Thursday if you have + + align:start position:0% +the exam next Thursday if you have + + + align:start position:0% +the exam next Thursday if you have +questions and you want to meet with me + + align:start position:0% +questions and you want to meet with me + + + align:start position:0% +questions and you want to meet with me +I'm available on Tuesday so please let + + align:start position:0% +I'm available on Tuesday so please let + + + align:start position:0% +I'm available on Tuesday so please let +me know okay right \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/aFx8dVLkrWs.txt b/aFx8dVLkrWs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfdb29ac94b3a2a7ac55680c88a9d90dad949386 --- /dev/null +++ b/aFx8dVLkrWs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3130 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So morning. + +This is my fourth lecture +on differential equations, + +that part of the course. + +And I haven't said anything +about the textbook. + +That's Differential +Equations and Linear Algebra. + +I wrote it because so +many courses like this one + +want to combine +those two topics. + +They're the two major topics +of undergraduate math, + +after calculus, the two major +directions, and the book + +connects those two directions. + +And I just wanted to give +you the website for lots + +of things connected +with the book. + +So it's the math website, dela +for differential equations + +and linear algebra. + +And so today is differential +equations, second order, + +with a damping term, with +a first derivative term. + +So that in many engineering +problems, those coefficients + +A, B, C would have +the meaning of mass, + +damping, and stiffness. + +Mass, damping, and stiffness. + +And physically, we know +what the mass comes from. + +The stiffness comes from a +spring, as I drew before. + +And traditionally we +describe the source + +of damping as a dashpot. + +I guess in my whole life +I've never seen a dashpot, + +but maybe it's-- think of a +piston going up and down within + +a cylinder of oil or +something, with resistance. + +OK, so that's the +left-hand side. + +Linear constant +coefficients still. + +We don't have formulas, +it's not easy to see what's + +happening when +things are varying, + +when the equations non-linear, +so this is the starting place. + +OK. + +With some forcing. + +So this is damped forced motion. + +This is the ultimate +within linear equations. + +OK. + +And now, what's the forcing? + +So now, always we solve +first for the null solution. + +With no force, what are +the natural motions? + +And we'll find a +formula for those. + +Then the big one, the +special right-hand side + +is always an exponential. + +So this is going to be y is +going to be the null solution + +yn, and we'll get +a formula for that. + +This, the exponentials. + +Always, the response to an +exponential is an exponential. + +That's like the most important +fact in getting solutions. + +So the response will +be some ye to the st + +at the same frequency-- +well, I say frequency. + +If s is a real number that +would be a growth or a decay, + +but very frequently s +is an imaginary number, + +like last time. + +And this is comes from a +rotation or an oscillation. + +And then, the +complete picture comes + +from being able to solve +it with an impulse. + +So then y is the +impulse response, + +which I write as g of t. + +Let me introduce +just that letter g. + +That stands for growth factor +in first order equations + +stands for Green's +function, so that word Green + +is getting in here, his name. + +And it represents +the impulse response. + +OK, one, two, three. + +And then the point of doing this +one is that then we can do it, + +then we can get a +formula for any f of t. + +So this is the pattern +that we followed + +for first order equations. + +We followed it for +second order equations + +that didn't have damping. + +And now we're doing the +big one with damping. + +So what's the +damping going to do? + +What's going to be +effect of damping? + +Say if I had a right side +of one, just a unit force? + +The damping. + +So I'll still have +oscillation-- you'll + +see this-- I'll still +have oscillation, + +but its amplitude damps out. + +Like that like everything +we know, like something + +swinging back and +forth, but friction + +is it is eventually +damping out that motion. + +So it'll be oscillating +with exponentially + +decaying amplitude. + +Let's find this solution. + +OK. + +How do we find +the null solution? + +I've got constant +coefficients here. + +So the nice, the right thing +to look at is exponentials. + +In first order equations +it was e to the at. + +Here, we'll have +to see what it is. + +So I'm going to try +a particular-- I'm + +going to look for the +right exponentials. + +Certain exponentials +will be null solution. + +Can I do it? + +So I take that +equation and put in y + +equal e to the st. Remember +now, I'm doing 0 here + +so it's not the same s +as the right-hand side. + +OK. + +What happens if +I put in-- so I'm + +looking for the null solution. + +I'll try y equal e to +the st. Plug it in. + +I get m. + +Two derivatives gives me +s squared e to the st, b. + +One derivative gives +me an s, e to the st, + +and k gives me k e +to the st. And that's + +supposed to equal to 0 +for the null solution. + +OK. + +Have we made a good +guess at what will work? + +Yes, because I can +cancel e to the st, + +and I come to the most +important equation. + +The equation that +governs everything + +in this whole +lecture is ms squared + +plus bs plus k equals 0. + +That's called the characteristic +equation, or it has many names. + +It's obviously the big deal. + +It's the thing. + +It's an equation for s, for +the special frequencies that + +solve the null +equation with no force. + +OK. + +And how many values +of s do we expect? + +Two. + +So I expect solutions s1 and +s2, and then my null solution + +is e to the s1t is +a null solution. + +E to the s2t is another one. + +My equation is linear. + +I can multiply that +by any constant. + +I can multiply this +by any constant. + +And I can superimpose, i +can add, I can combine, + +because I can do +linear algebra here. + +This is the most important +operation in linear algebra, + +multiply things by +constants and add. + +That's called a +linear combination. + +It's the basic operation +in linear algebra + +and it's a basic operation +here, because we're + +doing linear algebra +with functions. + +Do you see that that's it? + +We've got it, except we +should really write a formula + +and draw some pictures +to show s1 and s2. + +What would be the formula for +s1 and s2, to the two solutions? + +We remember that from school, +it's the quadratic formula. + +The two solutions to this. + +Everybody remember this one? + +Let's see if I do. + +Does it start with-- a minus b. + +And then there's going to be a +denominator that I'll remember, + +which is 2a. + +No. + +I said a but I mean m. + +2m. + +And now this is plus or +minus-- what goes into here? + +B squared minus 4ac. + +The key quantity in this whole +business, b squared minus 4ac. + +Ah, what is it? + +Mk, thank you. + +4mk. + +Great. + +And can I just remark, a +little remark about units. + +B squared has the +same units as 4mk. + +It has to or such a +formula would be crazy. + +So we will see that +actually there's + +something called the +damping ratio that + +involves the ratio +of these guys. + +OK, that's the formula. + +But it's not like-- OK +it's got a square root, + +and what's the point +of-- the thing we + +have to remember with this +square root is that if it's + +the square root of +a positive number + +then we have a plus or +minus, ordinary real numbers. + +If this thing is +negative, then what? + +What's up if b squared +is smaller than 4mk? + +So if b squared is-- if there's +not much damping, if it's + +underdamped, b squared +would be smaller than 4mk. + +And what then? + +We've got a negative +number here. + +When we take its square root +we have an imaginary number. + +That's oscillation. + +Under-damping is going +to show oscillation. + +Let me draw this. + +Let me draw that curve for +different choices of m, b, + +and k. + +This is a good picture to see. + +So let me draw first of all +one that has b equals 0. + +OK. + +So there's a curve. + +What I'm drawing +is, up on this curve + +is this ms squared +plus bs plus k. + +Ms squared and bs and k. + +And here, this one is one +with no damping at all. + +This is just s squared +plus 0 s plus 1. + +That's what that curve is That's +the example we saw before. + +Y double prime plus y. + +Y double prime plus y equals 0. + +This is coming from Y double +prime plus y equals 0. + +This is pure oscillation. + +OK. + +Now let me bring +in some damping. + +Now, as I bring in damping +the curve will move. + +And it takes a little patience +to see where it moves. + +Let me have a little +damping a little damping, + +so s squared plus 1 s plus 1. + +I think the curve-- +so this is s here. + +And it's a parabola. + +Everything I draw +here is a parabola, + +is just that different +parabolas come + +from different choices of b. + +So I think that +this choice, I think + +it goes a little bit like that. + +That's the next one. + +It goes down a bit. + +Now, let me do s +squared plus 2s plus 1. + +Now, let's see, I really +should stop for a moment + +and solve the equation, find the +roots for each of these guys. + +And then I'm going to have +an s squared plus 3s plus 1. + +So we're doing something very +straightforward, parabolas. + +But it shows us the +different possibilities. + +And we could give them names. + +OK. + +So I would call +this one undamped. + +And what are the roots +of that equation? + +S squared plus 0 +s plus 1 equals 0. + +What are the s1 and +s2 for that guy. + +So the roots of s squared +plus 1 equals 0 are? + +Stay with me here. + +S squared plus 1 +equals 0, that's + +the equation that has roots. + +STUDENT: I and minus i + +PROFESSOR: I and minus i. + +I and minus i. + +So this is undamped. + +S1 is i and s2 is minus i. + +That's the pure oscillation. + +Pure oscillation, that's +the case where b is 0 here, + +I have a square root +of a negative number, + +and it gives me +plus or minus 2i, + +and then the 2s cancel +and I get plus or minus i. + +So I can always go +back to this but I'll + +try to choose numbers +that come out nicely. + +Now, what happens +with some damping? + +This guy. + +What are the roots for this one? + +Well, I better use this formula. + +Now, I'm always keeping +m equal 1 and k equal 1, + +in all those samples. + +But now b has increased to 1. + +So if b is 1, what do I have? + +I have s is-- the +roots are minus 1, + +plus or minus the square root-- +And it's going to be just 2 + +down below. + +What's in the square root, +the all important square root. + +When m and k and b are all 1. + +Just do the calculation +with me, so you see it. + +It's negative? + +STUDENT: Three. + +PROFESSOR: Negative 3. + +So what's the point there? + +The point is, this is going to +be square root of 3i or minus + +i. + +We have oscillation at a +frequency square root of 3, + +and we have decay +from s minus one-half. + +The real part of this is +giving us the drop off. + +We didn't have any drop +off at all in this case. + +They were pure imaginary. + +Now the s1 and s2 are +whatever I have a minus 1, + +plus or minus square +root of 3i over 2. + +Those are the roots. + +All right, I'm +ready for this guy, + +and it's particularly nice. + +It's particularly nice. + +What do you see for s +squared plus 2s plus 1? + +When you see this parabola, +now b has moved up to 2. + +What's up with that one? + +It's going to be-- +let's see-- that looks + +like a perfect square to me. + +Right, inside the +square root is 0. + +Right, exactly. + +Inside the square root, b +squared is 4, and 4mk is 4, + +so I have 0 inside +this square root. + +So now I have s equals minus +1 plus or minus 0 over 2. + +That's when this was the +case, when b moved up to 2. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] minus 2. + +PROFESSOR: I'm messing it up? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] equals +minus 2, plus or minus 0. + +PROFESSOR: Minus +2 plus or minus 0. + +Thank you. + +So what do I have? + +What are the roots of this guy? + +Negative 1. + +What's the other one? + +Negative 1. + +A double root. + +It's critical damping. + +Critical damping-- +it's not underdamped. + +It's not overdamped. + +It's right on the borderline. + +And I see that, when you +first saw quadratics, + +before anybody brought +up that awful formula, + +you would have factored this +into s plus 1 squared equals 0, + +and you would have discovered +that s was minus 1 twice. + +A double root. + +So the picture there would +be-- there's minus 1. + +Yeah. + +Everybody recognize that this, +we're hitting 0, height 0. + +We're hitting 0 twice +at s equal minus 1. + +So this is now the case. + +This was b equal 0, no damping. + +This was b equal +1, under-damping. + +This is b equal 2, critical +damping, just on the border. + +And what do you +think the s squared + +plus 3s plus 1 is +going to look like. + +Again, we can find it. + +No, let me do the s squared +plus-- let me take b equal 3 + +and find the roots +and draw the picture. + +If you're with, me that +picture and these formulas + +tell you the difference +between these four cases. + +So what do I get? + +Minus 3 plus or minus the +square root of, 9 minus 4, + +is 5, over 2. + +So I have two negative roots. + +I have decay. + +I have decay at a fast +rate and a slow rate + +but both are giving decay. + +So the curve now is coming +down here and back up there, + +and it hits there, and +it's got the two roots. + +These two roots are x and x. + +So these are s1 and s2. + +Let me copy them over here. + +S1 and s2 are minus +3 plus or minus + +the square root of 5 over 2. + +Yeah. + +Real. + +Real roots. + +So this is two real roots. + +This is a double real root. + +This is two complex roots. + +And this is two pure +imaginary roots. + +The four possibilities. + +The famous four. + +OK. + +And for me, that +picture is a-- so + +this was the b equal 3 +curve, more overdamped. + +It's a little interesting +that overdamping + +has this root that's +pretty near 0. + +So overdamping doesn't mean +that you go to 0 real fast. + +Actually, the one +that goes fastest to 0 + +is the critical damping. + +Then, as b grows, one +root gets closer to 0, + +so it's like slower +decay, and another root + +is going off to fast decay. + +I think you have +to know those guys, + +because the physically +that's very important, + +where's the damping. + +But we've now found the +null solution completely. + +The null solution +completely is-- + +let me write it again +here-- is anything times e + +to the s1t and anything +times e to the s2t. + +And where do those constants, +c1 and c2 get decided? + +By the? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Initial conditions. + +Right. + +These two conditions +determine c1 and c2. + +OK. + +Are we good? + +So the null solution has already +separated the different cases + +that depend on how much damping. + +I'm ready for number two. + +Number two now. + +OK. + +So the idea is I now have a +forcing term, some frequency + +e to the st. And I will +assume that it's not-- + +s not equal s1 or s2. + +That's to make my life easy. + +Just as last time, the +formulas will break down. + +And I'll have to put +in something different + +if there's resonance, +if the driving force is + +at the same frequency +as a natural frequency. + +In that case, +there's a resonance. + +And the way you spot +a resonance formula + +is there's an extra factor of t. + +There's a growth of t. + +Up here, we're seeing +no factors of t. + +Over there in the +exponent, of course. + +I mean, down below, there +would be a t times e to the st. + +And the book does +that carefully. + +I don't see that it has a +place in the very first lecture + +on this topic. + +OK. + +So this is saying no resonance. + +All right. + +What's the solution then? + +The solution is a +multiple of e to the st. + +The input was e to the +st. The response is + +a multiple of e to st, so +that's the frequency response. + +Capital Y is telling +us the response to s. + +And it's a very, very +important function. + +It's called the +transfer function. + +It's just the key to everything. + +I probably say that +so often, that this + +is the key to everything. + +Well, it's partly +because I just have + +one lecture to do a big part +of differential equations, + +and it's got some key ideas. + +And the first key +idea is s1 and s2. + +And the second key idea +is Y. And let's go for it. + +All right, so this is +the s1 and s2 picture. + +I'll move that up, and +now, in the equation, + +try Y e to the st. +We hope it works. + +What is this? + +I'm trying, this is my solution, +and it's a particular solution + +now. + +I got the null solution. + +I've moved to a particular + +And this is when the force is +e to the st. In other words, + +I'll just say again, if we +have an exponential force, + +try an exponential response. + +1803 would call this the +exponential response formula. + +So you could use +the word exponential + +response, very appropriate. + +You could use the word +frequency response. + +That frequency response is +kind of the right word when + +s is an imaginary number giving +an oscillation frequency. + +OK, I'm going to plug that in. + +So into the differential +equation, m. + +Second derivative of that is s +squared Y e to the st, right? + +That's m Y double prime. + +The beauty of exponentials. + +Take every derivative, +just brings down an s. + +The next term. + +What's the next term? + +Maybe do it with +me, do it for me. + +What happens when I plug in this +as Y into b, so there'll be a b + +Y prime. + +So what's Y prime? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: s, Y, this +constant, e to the st. + +And then the final term +is k times this Y itself, + +no derivative, so it's +just Y e to the st, + +and that's matching e to +the st. That's the force. + +This is f. + +F, this is an exponential force. + +Of course, I could and +should have a constant here + +to give me the units of force. + +Let me just keep +the formula as clean + +as possible by taking +units, so that's one. + +OK what do I do? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: I cancel. + +The nice part of 287 is +canceling e to the st. + +That's the most fun you get. + +And now, I have Y's on the left. + +So Y is-- can I see what Y is? + +Y is this 1, divided by +the coefficient of Y. + +And what's the coefficient of Y? + +We know it. + +We've seen that coefficient. + +Y on the left is multiplied by +ms squared plus bs plus k ms + +squared, again, ms +squared, bs, and k. + +Multiplying Y, I divide by +that, so I put it down here. + +Ms squared plus bs plus k. + +And because s is not one +of the roots, that's not 0, + +so we're golden. + +That problem took five minutes. + +The null solution +took half an hour. + +The exponential +response is clear. + +And you can see +what it would be. + +And let's give it a name. + +This is the transfer function. + +Widely used name. + +Other names could be +given but that's the best. + +So it's a function of s. + +It's a function of s. + +And so, again, when +f is e to the st, + +it sort of transfers the +input into the output. + +That's the way I think +of the transfer function. + +Here is the input. + +The output is just multiplied +by the transfer function. + +And the transfer function is +just that nice expression. + +Just that nice expression. + +So we are golden +for a frequency, + +for a linear equation with an +exponential forcing function. + +What would be another example? + +I'm using mass, +dashpot, spring here. + +If this was in +electrical engineering, + +what three things would I be +using instead of mass, dashpot, + +spring. + +The three guys would be? + +What would correspond +to the dashpot? + +So can I just draw +here a little-- + +let me put on a +low voltage and put + +on something that does this, +and then something like this. + +And then there's +something like this. + +And give me a break, tell +me what these things are. + +This guy is? + +STUDENT: Inductor. + +PROFESSOR: An inductor. + +This guy is a? + +STUDENT: Resistor. + +PROFESSOR: Resistor. + +Now that's the one +that's like damping. + +This resistor here +is like damping. + +Like the damping +term, or maybe 1/b. + +I'm not getting its +units right because I + +haven't got any +equation here at all. + +Resisting is-- there's +friction in that resistor. + +It burns up heat. + +And similarly, the +dashpot slows things down. + +And then this guy is a-- + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Capacitor, right. + +In other words, you can do +the mechanical application + +and the electrical application +with exactly the same ideas, + +just a change of letter, and +of course, different units, + +but same problem. + +OK, so that's a comment +that you've seen before. + +What else do I +want to comment on? + +Because this example was +really so straightforward. + +I think what I want +to mention, and this + +is important, is that this +is the central starting + +point for the Laplace transform. + +So I can't do Laplace transforms +all today by any means, + +and so Professor Fry will talk +about the Laplace transform + +next week. + +But what is the point of +the Laplace transform? + +The point of the +Laplace transform + +is to get your money's worth +out of the simple formula + +for exponentials. + +Having an exponential there +turns the whole differential + +equation problem into +an algebra problem. + +We just have +quadratic equations. + +We just have a division +by a quadratic. + +That's the great thing +about the Laplace transform. + +It turns the t domain, +the time domain, + +where we have exponentials, +into the s domain, + +the exponent domain, +the frequency domain, + +where we just have quadratics. + +And then first order +equation's just linear. + +And we can even get from +second order of the quadratic + +to linear, because I +can factor that guy. + +If I factor into s minus +s1 times s minus s2, + +I've two linear pieces. + +And that's the first step +in the Laplace transform, + +in the algebra. + +So all of the algebra +in the Laplace transform + +is this algebra for e to the st. + +And then the job of the +Laplace transform-- and this + +is the tricky part. + +So let me even take a +little board space on that. + +So this is like a +heads up for next week. + +So the Laplace transform. + +OK. + +So for any forcing +function, f of t. + +That's the thing +that we're going + +to take the Laplace +transform of and the response + +and its response, y of t. + +OK. + +So here's the idea of +transforms in general. + +I choose some terrific +functions like exponentials. + +So I want to convert my +problem to exponentials. + +e to the st for all s, s between +let's say 0 and infinity. + +So what do I do? + +I take my function, +and I figure out + +how much of every +exponential is in it. + +That's the Laplace transform. + +I take my function +f of t, and I go + +to what you'll see next +week, its Laplace transform. + +Let me call it capital F +of s, or it's sometimes + +written the Laplace +transform of F of s. + +Something like that. + +I'm not going to do that. + +I'm not going there. + +So F of s is like the amount +of a particular exponential + +in my function. + +If my function is just the +sum of two exponentials, + +then the Laplace transform +just is a big bump on one + +and a big bump on the other. + +But most functions, like +some forcing function, + +has some e to the st is for +all for a whole range of s. + +So I figure out how +much of this is. + +OK now second step. + +Using linearity, I +can solve the problem + +for when the right +hand side is just that. + +Then solve for +right hand side, F + +of s, e to the st. Solve +for each frequency, + +each s separately. + +And what does that mean? + +That means just +dividing by this. + +So this was the easy step. + +So this is step one, is +take the Laplace transform. + +The Laplace transform tells you +how much of each exponential + +is in it. + +Now step two is a cinch. + +Step two is a cinch. + +I just multiply by +the transfer function. + +I divide by this, bs plus k. + +And now, what's step three. + +Step three, I have the solution +for each separate exponential, + +but I've got a whole +lots of exponentials, + +so I have to do an +inverse Laplace transform, + +add up, figure out what function +has this Laplace transform. + +And that's often the place +where the algebra gets harder. + +In principle, we can +do it for any F of t. + +We can take its +Laplace transform, + +we can solve for each +frequency in the transform, + +we can assemble +them all together. + +That's the inverse +Laplace transform, + +so this is the inverse Laplace +to get the solution y of t. + +So this is really the Laplace +transform of the solution, + +and we have to get back +to the solution itself. + +Can I just let you +think about those ideas? + +I'm not up to describing +the algebra here. + +The point is the +Laplace transform + +takes this into +separate exponentials. + +Each of those right hand +sides is simple algebra, + +divide by that. + +And then you have +the job of okay, + +what function has this Laplace +transform, to go backwards. + +And that's usually +the hard part. + +So people make tables +of Laplace transforms. + +Everybody remembers the Laplace +transforms of a few functions. + +You could say that +those few functions are + +the golden functions of +differential equations. + +The golden functions of +differential equations + +are the ones where you know +their Laplace transform + +and you can go back +and forth easily. + +And what are those +golden functions? + +Well, you might +guess exponentials, + +simple polynomials, +1 t, t squared. + +You can do Laplace +transform for those. + +What else do you +think would be nice? + +Cosine and sine. + +And you could multiply +those together. + +We could deal with +t times cosine t. + +So a little bit different. + +But having said that, +the reality is I've + +given you the whole +list of nice functions. + +Those functions show up +in every simple method + +for solving equations. + +There's a method called +undetermined coefficients + +and what does it amount to? + +I'm sorry, I don't have +time to say it this morning, + +but it can come later. + +Undetermined. + +It just means if +the right hand side + +is one of these +nice guys-- shall + +I write down again +the golden functions? + +e to the st is like +the platinum function. + +And then some golden functions +are like t and t squared + +and so on. + +Of course, when we get that, +we're close to cosine omega t, + +and sine omega t. + +All these guys, their +Laplace transforms are nice. + +We can deal with +them completely. + +Or multiply any +of those together. + +And when the right hand side is +one of these golden functions, + +you can write down the answer. + +We've focused on this one +because it's the platinum one. + +And we did these two +too, because they + +come from s equal i omega. + +And then these guys are +a little bit of juice. + +But that's it. + +I'm sorry the list isn't longer. + +It'd be nice to +have--and of course, + +people for centuries have +worked with the next hardest + +functions. + +You know, the silver functions. + +Famous functions have names +like Bessel's function + +or Legendre's function. + +Others where you +can get pretty far. + +Those are the best. + +Then you have the famous ones +where you get pretty far, + +in the web has the +Laplace transforms, + +and then you get the +general function, F of t. + +Oh, could you get +anywhere with delta of t? + +Oh, yes. + +Does it belong on the +list of golden functions? + +Yes, it does. + +I almost forgot it, +and it's like-- I'll + +call it-- Yeah, delta of t. + +Yeah, that's a beauty. + +That's a beauty. + +The Laplace transform +of delta of t + +happens to come out 1 over s. + +You can't ask for +more than that. + +Or maybe it's one. + +Yeah, it's probably one. + +Yeah, the Laplace +transform of that is one. + +Yeah. + +It's got all exponentials +in sort of, you could say, + +equal amounts. + +OK. + +So that's some thoughts about +that about Laplace transforms, + +just sort of the big picture +that takes the differential + +equation, turns it into +an algebra problem, + +and then at the end, +you have to get back, + +and that's the part +that's not always doable. + +OK. + +So what's left for +today is this guy. + +Now this one now. + +Have I got to that point? + +So this will be the final +ideas in this course, + +this four unit core elective. + +What is the impulse response +when there's damping? + +What's the impulse response +when there's damping? + +OK. + +OK. + +So that means that +I would really + +like to solve m +y double prime, b + +y prime, k Y equals an +impulse, delta of t. + +Because if I can solve this, +then I can solve everything. + +And I can solve this. + +It turns out to be easy. + +Now why is it easy? + +You might think, my gosh, we've +got second order equations + +here, we've got a delta +function there, where do we go? + +And so my advice is go this way. + +The solution to +that is the same. + +This with y of 0 equals 0 +and y prime of 0 equal 0. + +So you have a spring, so again +we have a spring with a mass. + +And that spring is in a damper. + +So can I just, without +knowing what I'm doing, + +draw a damper around it. + +So the idea is I'm striking +that mass at time 0. + +Striking that mass at time 0. + +What happens? + +What happens immediately? + +And then I don't touch it again. + +I strike it and that's it. + +I've set off, and what have +I-- so my point is this + +has the same solution as m y +double prime plus b y prime. + +And Ky equals 0. + +Nothing happens beyond time 0. + +But what are y of 0-- Well, +let me give this a letter g, + +just to emphasize it's special +and deserves its own name. + +So now, what is the +starting position + +and the starting velocity +for this picture? + +So I'm saying that the y here +is the same as the g there. + +And really if you see +it physically then + +you see it best. + +So again, at the +instant t equals 0, + +I'm hitting that mass +with a unit impulse. + +So what is the position +of that mass, instantly + +after I've hit it? + +STUDENT: 0. + +PROFESSOR: Still 0. + +Good for you. + +Good for you. + +And what is the velocity +of that mass instantly + +after I've hit it? + +STUDENT: 1. + +PROFESSOR: 1 is essentially +the right answer. + +1 is the right answer. + +But the way I've set it up +is, there is an m there. + +If I put an m there, +which would be nicer, + +then the answer would be 1. + +But the way I've written +it here, I have an m there, + +and I haven't fixed the units. + +So that turns out to +give me a 1/m there. + +I could explain why +it's a 1/m, but let me + +just for the moment +say it's my fault. + +It's because I didn't get any +units right that we have 1/m. + +No big deal. + +But now, what's good here? + +What's good? + +This was a problem with a +mysterious delta function. + +This is a problem with 0. + +And the only price we're +paying is the impulse + +gave the mass a little velocity. + +And you can imagine +that the velocity gives + +it is 1/m because the strike +didn't tell us about that. + +So what I'm saying is we can +solve that equation for g. + +We can find g, and +in fact, we have. + +So this really brings +the lecture full circle. + +What do I have here? + +I have a null solution. + +So this g here is +a null solution. + +So what form does it have? + +What can you tell +me about g of t? + +And it's the same as y of t. + +So y is the same as g, and +what's the form for it? + +Yes? + +Tell me? + +I'm taking it back +to the very beginning + +of the lecture where +I solved it with a 0. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: C1, thanks. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: e to the? + +C1, e to the s1, t, the two +s's, s1 and s2, the special two + +s's, the special roots +of the key equation. + +That equation gives us s1 +and s2, by this formula, + +or in a homework +or an exam problem, + +we hope that it would +come out easily. + +So this is that part of it. + +What's the rest of it? + +C2 e to the s2 t. + +The impulse response is the +particular null solution + +that starts with a shot, +starts with an impulse, + +starts with a strike. + +OK. + +So I just have to +find c1 and c2 here. + +All right? + +We've come back to +the basic problem + +in differential equations. + +We've got the solution. + +We've got two constants. + +We've got two equations. + +We just plug that function +into that equation. + +It gives us one +fact about c1, c2. + +This gives us the second fact. + +We solve them. + +Why don't I just +write down the answer? + +It turns out to +be e to the s1 t, + +and the other guy will come +in with an opposite sign e + +to the s2t over s1 minus s2. + +I think that gives us the c's. + +Oh, there'd be an m. + +There'd be an m +times this, because + +of my messing with units. + +So can we just check? + +At t equals 0, what +do I get out of this? + +STUDENT: 0. + +PROFESSOR: 0. + +What I'm supposed to. + +What's the derivative +at t equals 0? + +The derivative at t +equals 0, this derivative + +is going to bring down an s1. + +The derivative here +will bring down an s2. + +At t equals 0 the +exponentials will all + +be one so I'll just have +the s1 minus the s2. + +It'll cancel that and +it'll be 1 over m. + +So this is the neat formula +for the impulse response. + +That's the neat formula +for the impulse response. + +And then why-- can I use this +little corner of the board? + +Why do I want that +impulse response? + +What can I use it for? + +It gives me the answer, +not just for the impulse + +but for everything. + +The particular solution +is for any forces, force, + +I multiply by whatever the-- +let me write the formula + +and I'll show you what it says. + +Yes, there is the formula. + +I'm sorry it's squeezed. + +But really, the +goal here was simply + +to get a handle on what +is the response to any f. + +And again, I look +at that this way. + +F of s is the input at time s. + +G is the growth factor over the +remaining time up until time t. + +So Y at time t, I take all +the inputs up to time t, + +And each input gets multiplied +by its growth factor. + +It was e to the a, t minus s +in the first order equation. + +Now we've got two exponentials. + +But that's the solution +of the general problem. + +So we have now in one +lecture completed a solution + +to the second order constant +coefficient differential + +equation. + +Right. + +Yeah. + +By finding the impulse response. + +Yes? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] +would we still + +be able to [INAUDIBLE] +if s1 is equal to s2? + +PROFESSOR: Ah, if s1 equals s2. + +That's the case where +formulas need a patch. + +They need a patch. + +If s1 equals s2, what +do you think happens? + +If s1 equal s2, everybody +sees, I have 0/0. + +And so this is like +a technical question + +that I wasn't going +to ask myself. + +You asked it. + +You're responsible. + +What do we do for 0/0? + +What did you learn in calculus? + +Who's the crazy guy who figured +out how to deal with 0/0? + +In a way, calculus is +all about 0/0, right? + +Delta y over delta x, +they're both headed to 0. + +And suppose you +have-- let me take + +the most famous example of 0/0. + +It's like sine x over +x, as x goes to 0. + +So x going to 0. + +Sine x goes to 0, x goes to 0. + +What's the answer, by the way? + +What happens to that +ratio as x goes to 0? + +This is maybe the +most famous example. + +Sine x over x, when x gets +very small, is close to? + +STUDENT: 1. + +PROFESSOR: 1, thanks. + +And now just help me out +with the name of the guy. + +It's a crazy spelling +name, and do you remember? + +L'Hopital. + +L'Hopital. + +Everybody despises him. + +Probably hi friends +despised him. + +But anyway, L'Hopital says +in a situation like that, + +when you're going to +0/0, you're allowed + +to do something +a little strange. + +You're allowed to take +the derivative of the top, + +so it has the same limit. + +Instead of looking +at this 0/0, you + +can take the derivative +of the top, cos x, + +divided by the derivative +of the bottom, 1. + +And now you can let x go to 0, +and you get the right answer. + +So this gave a 0/0. + +Unclear. + +Fuzzy. + +This gives-- what's +the right answer then? + +Just tell me again. + +When x goes to 0 this becomes? + +STUDENT: 1. + +PROFESSOR: 1. + +Right. + +So that's L'Hopital. + +So that's what I +would have to do here. + +I would take the +derivative of this, + +and the derivative of this-- +the only sort of tricky part + +is it's the s derivative. + +It's s1 going to s2. + +Let me just tell you the result. + +Since you asked. + +A factor t comes out. + +It's t e to the s1, or s1 is the +same as s2, divided by the m. + +It actually looks simpler. + +There's only one. + +This is in the case s1 equal s2. + +So s1 is the same as s2. + +I just chose s1. + +Yeah. + +L'Hopital gives +a simpler answer. + +And it's got this suspicious +and recognizable factor t. + +That came from L'Hopital. + +OK, I won't do that stiff. + +So let me say again, we've +now done the second order + +constant coefficient +equation I do just + +have 10 minutes of +something to make it better. + +And that is that the famous +quadratic formula for s, + +for s1 and s2 is not beautiful. + +It's correct. + +It's correct. + +But it's a little bit of a mess. + +You've got three things, b +and m and k playing around. + +And we saw in this picture, +we saw all the differences. + +I guess in this example +I kept m1 and I kept k1, + +and I increased b. + +I could do other examples +where I increase the k, + +I make it stiffer and stiffer. + +All these examples. + +And engineers have +worked for 100 years + +to see, out of this formula what +are the important parameters, + +what are the important +numbers, and hopefully, + +where possible dimensionless. + +So I just want to- +the final minutes + +would be-- back to high school-- +playing with this formula, + +to get better numbers in there. + +May I do that? + +I just think, +because then you'll + +see-- I learned this, actually, +so this is like something math + +professors have no reason to do. + +Look at that. + +That's the formula. + +End of story. + +But the Web, 1803 +website, has a class + +in which Professor Miller +from the math department + +was teaching this subject, +doing these, exactly these, + +but also Professor +Vandiver from Engineering + +was putting in his suggestion +of what are the good parameters? + +What are the parameters +that engineers look at? + +So that would be +my final comment, + +and I won't do it as well +as Professor Vandiver did. + +But can I just +take that-- let me + +erase these two +special examples, + +and look at this question. + +Again, the book will do it. + +So one nice-- b/2m is a pretty +natural parameter to use. + +Let me introduce +that as one of them. + +I'm going to, by taking ratios +like b/2m, let me call that p. + +Let me call b/2m. + +So that's a ratio +of damping to mass. + +And then this has got +to come out simpler. + +What does that come out? + +If you'll allow me, I'm +going to open the book + +so I don't write the +wrong thing here. + +This is in the book, on page 99. + +The title is Better +Formulas for s1 and s2. + +Better Formulas for s1 and s2. + +And here's my first +better formula. + +You can see that I get a minus +b plus or minus the square root + +of something. + +And that something will +turn out to be p squared. + +And then it'll be +a minus something. + +And that something +will turn out to be + +the natural frequency squared. + +Isn't that nice? + +So what's the natural frequency? + +Somehow, the natural frequency's +coming in from this and this? + +And just remind me what +that second parameter is, + +omega n squared, the +natural frequency + +of oscillation with no damping. + +Tell me again what +that is, because that + +was the fundamental +ratio from last time. + +It's central to +all of engineering. + +It's? + +STUDENT: k/m. + +PROFESSOR: k/m. + +Thanks, k/m. + +So I believe-- and +maybe Professor Fry + +could make this assignment +a homework question, + +which is just algebra question. + +Everybody sees that I +have a minus p here. + +And with a little care you get +p squared, which is quite nice. + +Which is quite nice. + +And so we see that the +decision between overdamping-- + +remember now? + +Overdamping is when you damped +so much that this became + +negative and you got an +imaginary number in there. + +Underdamping, it's +still positive. + +Overdamping, it's negative. + +And so really that separation +between overdamping + +and underdamping is the +ratio of p to omega n. + +P to omega n is +the damping ratio. + +I think. + +There may be a factor too. + +Let me try to-- everybody +sees that's the battle + +between these, if you +accept that formula, + +and if it's in the book +it's got to be right. + +OK. + +And so the damping +ratio is just that. + +That's the damping ratio. + +Now that's called zeta. + +The Greek letter zeta. + +I'm not Greek and not +good writing zeta. + +So I have unilaterally decided +to use a capital zeta, which + +is a Z. Zeta is the Greek letter +for Z. I could try to write it + +but you wouldn't be impressed. + +So it's that damping ratio. + +So now what does this mean? + +Z smaller than 1, z equal +to 1, c greater than 1? + +Tell me what those-- obviously, +when it's smaller than 1, + +p is smaller than omega n. + +Yeah, so what's going on here? + +Which one is underdamping, +which one is critical + +damping, which one +is overdamping? + +Because there's no +difficult stuff here. + +We're coasting in +the last minutes + +here by just choosing words and +notation that have turned out + +over a century to be more +revealing than b squared + +minus 4mk, and this Z. + +So z less than 1 will be what? + +Z less than 1 will be +p smaller than omega n. + +p smaller than this. + +What's the story +on that case then? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That is underdamping, +I guess. p small has to go. + +p is like b, the damping. + +And small damping +is underdamping. + +So this is underdamp. + +Underdamp. + +And that's the +case, in which we're + +going to have some +imaginary stuff. + +We're going to have +some oscillation + +with the decay +coming from there. + +Now, what about z equal to 1? + +z equal to 1 means +p equals omega m, + +so that equals that so +it's a big 0 in there. + +What case is that? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Critical damping. + +It's this case in that picture. + +It's that case with a +double 0, equal s's. + +Formulas that have to +take account of that, this + +is critical. + +And then finally, z +greater than 1 is what? + +Overdamped. + +Overdamping. + +Z bigger than 1 means p is big. + +P big means b is big, damping +is big, it's overdamped. + +Overdamped. + +So we've got it down to one +parameter, the damping ratio, + +to tell us these things. + +Rather than previously +we had to say + +is b squared smaller than 4mk? + +Is it equal to 4mk? + +Is it bigger than 4mk? + +Now we've got those words +down to a single number z. + +And let me just write next to +us here that the z turns out + +to be the ratio of the +damping to-- I think + +it's right-- it's +the damping divided + +by the square root +of 4mk, I think. + +Can I just put a +question mark there. + +You couldn't mess around +with the letters p and z. + +But to get some variation +from some other, + +but the point is, you +see how much cleaner that + +is compared to this? + +You're directly comparing +that number to that number. + +And that ratio is that number. + +Yeah. + +So all the formulas +come out nicely. + +Yeah, the formulas +come out nicely. + +And I guess what we see +here-- final comment-- what + +we see here is what +is the frequency + +of underdamped oscillations. + +So I want to be in +this underdamping case + +where there is oscillation. + +There is an imaginary +number coming out of that. + +But there's also a real number. + +Is the frequency of underdamped +oscillation the same + +as omega m, the +natural frequency? + +No. + +The frequency of that +number-- so final comment, + +let me put it just here. + +I would like this whole thing +to be i, to give me oscillation, + +times omega d, the +damped frequency. + +And let me just +say what that is. + +So omega d, the +damped frequency, + +squared, is this omega +natural frequency + +squared minus the p squared. + +If I had longer and we didn't +have blackboards already full + +of formulas, I +could-- it's the thing + +whose square root +we're taking here. + +So this is minus p plus +or minus i, omega damped. + +Omega damped is +this square root. + +There, we succeeded to +fit in the better ratios, + +the good quantities to look at. + +So again, the good +quantities to look at + +are p, z, the damping ratio, +omega d the damped frequency. + +I think in a first +lecture you could say, + +well, we already had +correct formulas, + +we should just leave it there, +and that's absolutely true, + +but anyway, this is what-- these +are the letters people have + +introduced to make +the formulas easier + +to understand in an +engineering problem. + +OK. + +I'm all done except +for questions. + +Yes? + +Don't ask me about +resonance again. + +Yes, OK. + +Yes? + +STUDENT: In the case of where +we have the delta function, what + +is the velocity [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: What is the what? + +STUDENT: Why is the velocity +equal to [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: A-ha. + +Okay. + +You're right on the ball. + +The question is where +did this come from. + +Where did that come from? + +Can I tell you? + +So if I integrate +everything here, + +if I take the integral +of everything, + +between 0, a little bit left +of 0-- can I call that 0 minus? + +Just a little bit left of 0. + +This is crazy. + +No math professor or +whatever should ever do this. + +To a little bit right of +0, just a real short time. + +So what am I going to call +a little bit right of 0? + +0 plus. + +OK now what is that integral? + +Between a little left of +0 and a little right of 0, + +you know what the integral +of the delta function is. + +It is? + +STUDENT: 1. + +PROFESSOR: 1. + +Good. + +Now, what are these +ridiculous things? + +Well, y is not changing +in this tiny, tiny time. + +So this is something, +it's not getting big. + +I'm integrating it over +this tiny little time. + +It's nothing. + +Forget it. + +Similarly here, y prime, +the velocity is not + +climbing to infinity. + +There's no-- and +I'm just integrating + +over this infinitesimal +little time. + +Nothing here. + +So this term has to be +responsible for the 1. + +And now you can tell me the +integral of m y double prime. + +What's the integral +of m y prime? + +STUDENT: m y prime + +PROFESSOR: m y prime. + +So m y prime plus, at 0 plus, +minus m y prime at 0 minus. + +But at 0 minus, it's 0. + +You see what's happening? + +And on the right +side I'm getting a 1. + +This is-- no person who had any +skill with a blackboard would + +allow this to happen. + +But that happened. + +OK. + +So these lower order +terms are typical of math. + +Lower order terms in +the limit, forget them. + +This is the top term, and it +has to have something there, + +because it has to balance the 1. + +And what it has is +the jump in y prime. + +So this is the instant +jump in y prime + +in velocity, is times m gives 1. + +So the instant jump jumped +us from 0 to 1 over m. + +That's where I came from. + +Well, that was a good question, +and a kind of crazy answer + +but there it is. + +OK, so we've got a mention +of the Laplace transform + +as the algebra tool +that works when you're + +staying with exponentials +and nice functions. + +And you'll see more of that. + +So it's a frequently used tool +to turn problems into algebra. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/aJqgO8e37_g.txt b/aJqgO8e37_g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..669ddc4cd241c7a57914586ea72451e42c8d454c --- /dev/null +++ b/aJqgO8e37_g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12683 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so I want to begin by trying to build + + align:start position:0% +so I want to begin by trying to build + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to begin by trying to build +some intuition for how one might be able + + align:start position:0% +some intuition for how one might be able + + + align:start position:0% +some intuition for how one might be able +to do staging from cross-sectional data + + align:start position:0% +to do staging from cross-sectional data + + + align:start position:0% +to do staging from cross-sectional data +and we'll return to this question of + + align:start position:0% +and we'll return to this question of + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll return to this question of +combined staging subtyping only much + + align:start position:0% +combined staging subtyping only much + + + align:start position:0% +combined staging subtyping only much +later so imagine that we had data it + + align:start position:0% +later so imagine that we had data it + + + align:start position:0% +later so imagine that we had data it +lived in one dimension here each data + + align:start position:0% +lived in one dimension here each data + + + align:start position:0% +lived in one dimension here each data +point is an individual we observe their + + align:start position:0% +point is an individual we observe their + + + align:start position:0% +point is an individual we observe their +data at just one point in time and + + align:start position:0% +data at just one point in time and + + + align:start position:0% +data at just one point in time and +suppose we knew exactly which biomarker + + align:start position:0% +suppose we knew exactly which biomarker + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we knew exactly which biomarker +to look at all right so I gave you an + + align:start position:0% +to look at all right so I gave you an + + + align:start position:0% +to look at all right so I gave you an +example that here when you might look at + + align:start position:0% +example that here when you might look at + + + align:start position:0% +example that here when you might look at +some antibody expression level and and + + align:start position:0% +some antibody expression level and and + + + align:start position:0% +some antibody expression level and and +that might be what I'll call biomarker a + + align:start position:0% +that might be what I'll call biomarker a + + + align:start position:0% +that might be what I'll call biomarker a +as if you knew exactly what Bob marker + + align:start position:0% +as if you knew exactly what Bob marker + + + align:start position:0% +as if you knew exactly what Bob marker +to look at you might just put each + + align:start position:0% +to look at you might just put each + + + align:start position:0% +to look at you might just put each +person along this line and you might + + align:start position:0% +person along this line and you might + + + align:start position:0% +person along this line and you might +conjecture that maybe on one side of the + + align:start position:0% +conjecture that maybe on one side of the + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture that maybe on one side of the +line this is the early disease and the + + align:start position:0% +line this is the early disease and the + + + align:start position:0% +line this is the early disease and the +other side of the line maybe that's the + + align:start position:0% +other side of the line maybe that's the + + + align:start position:0% +other side of the line maybe that's the +late disease why might that be a + + align:start position:0% +late disease why might that be a + + + align:start position:0% +late disease why might that be a +reasonable conjecture what would be an + + align:start position:0% +reasonable conjecture what would be an + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable conjecture what would be an +alternative conjecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why don't you talk to your neighbors and + + align:start position:0% +why don't you talk to your neighbors and + + + align:start position:0% +why don't you talk to your neighbors and +see if you guys can come up with some + + align:start position:0% +see if you guys can come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +see if you guys can come up with some +alternative conjectures let's go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right that's enough + + align:start position:0% +all right that's enough + + + align:start position:0% +all right that's enough +so hopefully simple questions so I won't + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully simple questions so I won't + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully simple questions so I won't +give you too much time all right so what + + align:start position:0% +give you too much time all right so what + + + align:start position:0% +give you too much time all right so what +would be another conjecture so again our + + align:start position:0% +would be another conjecture so again our + + + align:start position:0% +would be another conjecture so again our +goal is we have one observation per + + align:start position:0% +goal is we have one observation per + + + align:start position:0% +goal is we have one observation per +individual each individual is in some + + align:start position:0% +individual each individual is in some + + + align:start position:0% +individual each individual is in some +unknown stage of the disease we'd like + + align:start position:0% +unknown stage of the disease we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +unknown stage of the disease we'd like +to go to sort individuals in turn into + + align:start position:0% +to go to sort individuals in turn into + + + align:start position:0% +to go to sort individuals in turn into +early late stages of the disease + + align:start position:0% +early late stages of the disease + + + align:start position:0% +early late stages of the disease +I gave you one conjecture of how to do + + align:start position:0% +I gave you one conjecture of how to do + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you one conjecture of how to do +that sorting what would be another + + align:start position:0% +that sorting what would be another + + + align:start position:0% +that sorting what would be another +reasonable conjecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +one of the subtypes might + + align:start position:0% +one of the subtypes might + + + align:start position:0% +one of the subtypes might +yes oh so you're going back to the + + align:start position:0% +yes oh so you're going back to the + + + align:start position:0% +yes oh so you're going back to the +example I gave here where where you + + align:start position:0% +example I gave here where where you + + + align:start position:0% +example I gave here where where you +could complete these things I want to + + align:start position:0% +could complete these things I want to + + + align:start position:0% +could complete these things I want to +stick with a simple story let's suppose + + align:start position:0% +stick with a simple story let's suppose + + + align:start position:0% +stick with a simple story let's suppose +there's only one subtype of the disease + + align:start position:0% +there's only one subtype of the disease + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one subtype of the disease +what would be another way to sort the + + align:start position:0% +what would be another way to sort the + + + align:start position:0% +what would be another way to sort the +patients given this data where the data + + align:start position:0% +patients given this data where the data + + + align:start position:0% +patients given this data where the data +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +you know these points that you see here + + align:start position:0% +you know these points that you see here + + + align:start position:0% +you know these points that you see here +yeah okay so maybe early disease is + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so maybe early disease is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so maybe early disease is +right over here and when things get bad + + align:start position:0% +right over here and when things get bad + + + align:start position:0% +right over here and when things get bad +this patient this this biomarker or + + align:start position:0% +this patient this this biomarker or + + + align:start position:0% +this patient this this biomarker or +starts to become abnormal and + + align:start position:0% +starts to become abnormal and + + + align:start position:0% +starts to become abnormal and +abnormality for whatever reason might be + + align:start position:0% +abnormality for whatever reason might be + + + align:start position:0% +abnormality for whatever reason might be +sort of to the right or to the left no I + + align:start position:0% +sort of to the right or to the left no I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of to the right or to the left no I +I think that is a a conjecture one gonna + + align:start position:0% +I think that is a a conjecture one gonna + + + align:start position:0% +I think that is a a conjecture one gonna +have I would argue that that's perhaps + + align:start position:0% +have I would argue that that's perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +have I would argue that that's perhaps +not a very natural conjecture given what + + align:start position:0% +not a very natural conjecture given what + + + align:start position:0% +not a very natural conjecture given what +we know about common biomarkers that are + + align:start position:0% +we know about common biomarkers that are + + + align:start position:0% +we know about common biomarkers that are +measured from the human body and the way + + align:start position:0% +measured from the human body and the way + + + align:start position:0% +measured from the human body and the way +that they respond to disease progression + + align:start position:0% +that they respond to disease progression + + + align:start position:0% +that they respond to disease progression +unless you're in the situation of having + + align:start position:0% +unless you're in the situation of having + + + align:start position:0% +unless you're in the situation of having +multiple disease subtypes where for + + align:start position:0% +multiple disease subtypes where for + + + align:start position:0% +multiple disease subtypes where for +example going to the right markers Mary + + align:start position:0% +example going to the right markers Mary + + + align:start position:0% +example going to the right markers Mary +cards went to one disease subtype and + + align:start position:0% +cards went to one disease subtype and + + + align:start position:0% +cards went to one disease subtype and +going to the left might correspond to + + align:start position:0% +going to the left might correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +going to the left might correspond to +another disease subtype what would be + + align:start position:0% +another disease subtype what would be + + + align:start position:0% +another disease subtype what would be +another conjecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's missing the easy one yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +it's missing the easy one yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +it's missing the easy one yeah exactly +so this might be early disease and that + + align:start position:0% +so this might be early disease and that + + + align:start position:0% +so this might be early disease and that +might be late okay thank you next time + + align:start position:0% +might be late okay thank you next time + + + align:start position:0% +might be late okay thank you next time +I'll take out that okay so so this is a + + align:start position:0% +I'll take out that okay so so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take out that okay so so this is a +good it's not now I think we're all on + + align:start position:0% +good it's not now I think we're all on + + + align:start position:0% +good it's not now I think we're all on +the same page and we have some idea of + + align:start position:0% +the same page and we have some idea of + + + align:start position:0% +the same page and we have some idea of +what are some of the assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +what are some of the assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +what are some of the assumptions that +one might need to make in order to + + align:start position:0% +one might need to make in order to + + + align:start position:0% +one might need to make in order to +actually do anything here like for + + align:start position:0% +actually do anything here like for + + + align:start position:0% +actually do anything here like for +example we are making some some probably + + align:start position:0% +example we are making some some probably + + + align:start position:0% +example we are making some some probably +have to make some assumption about + + align:start position:0% +have to make some assumption about + + + align:start position:0% +have to make some assumption about +continuity that there might be some + + align:start position:0% +continuity that there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +continuity that there might be some +gradual progression of the biomarker + + align:start position:0% +gradual progression of the biomarker + + + align:start position:0% +gradual progression of the biomarker +relevance from early to late and I might + + align:start position:0% +relevance from early to late and I might + + + align:start position:0% +relevance from early to late and I might +be getting larger it might be getting + + align:start position:0% +be getting larger it might be getting + + + align:start position:0% +be getting larger it might be getting +smaller if it's indeed the scenario that + + align:start position:0% +smaller if it's indeed the scenario that + + + align:start position:0% +smaller if it's indeed the scenario that +we talked about earlier where we said + + align:start position:0% +we talked about earlier where we said + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about earlier where we said +like early disease might be here and + + align:start position:0% +like early disease might be here and + + + align:start position:0% +like early disease might be here and +late disease might be going to either + + align:start position:0% +late disease might be going to either + + + align:start position:0% +late disease might be going to either +side in that case I think one could + + align:start position:0% +side in that case I think one could + + + align:start position:0% +side in that case I think one could +easily argue that with with just + + align:start position:0% +easily argue that with with just + + + align:start position:0% +easily argue that with with just +information we have here disease + + align:start position:0% +information we have here disease + + + align:start position:0% +information we have here disease +progression disease stage is + + align:start position:0% +progression disease stage is + + + align:start position:0% +progression disease stage is +unidentifiable right because you + + align:start position:0% +unidentifiable right because you + + + align:start position:0% +unidentifiable right because you +wouldn't know where would it you know + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't know where would it you know + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't know where would it you know +where should you where should that + + align:start position:0% +where should you where should that + + + align:start position:0% +where should you where should that +transition point be here here here here + + align:start position:0% +transition point be here here here here + + + align:start position:0% +transition point be here here here here +here here in fact the same problem + + align:start position:0% +here here in fact the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +here here in fact the same problem +arises here like you don't know is there + + align:start position:0% +arises here like you don't know is there + + + align:start position:0% +arises here like you don't know is there +early disease is it going this way or is + + align:start position:0% +early disease is it going this way or is + + + align:start position:0% +early disease is it going this way or is +it going that way what would be one way + + align:start position:0% +it going that way what would be one way + + + align:start position:0% +it going that way what would be one way +to try to disentangle this just to try + + align:start position:0% +to try to disentangle this just to try + + + align:start position:0% +to try to disentangle this just to try +to get us all on the same page all right + + align:start position:0% +to get us all on the same page all right + + + align:start position:0% +to get us all on the same page all right +so suppose so suppose it was only going + + align:start position:0% +so suppose so suppose it was only going + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose so suppose it was only going +this direction are going that direction + + align:start position:0% +this direction are going that direction + + + align:start position:0% +this direction are going that direction +how could we figure out which is which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well yeah and other data about like how + + align:start position:0% +well yeah and other data about like how + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah and other data about like how +much time they have up + + align:start position:0% +much time they have up + + + align:start position:0% +much time they have up +yeah that's great so so maybe we have + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's great so so maybe we have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's great so so maybe we have +data on let's say dot information or + + align:start position:0% +data on let's say dot information or + + + align:start position:0% +data on let's say dot information or +even just age and if we started from a + + align:start position:0% +even just age and if we started from a + + + align:start position:0% +even just age and if we started from a +very very rough assumption that disease + + align:start position:0% +very very rough assumption that disease + + + align:start position:0% +very very rough assumption that disease +stage let's say grows monotonically with + + align:start position:0% +stage let's say grows monotonically with + + + align:start position:0% +stage let's say grows monotonically with +age then and and if you have made an + + align:start position:0% +age then and and if you have made an + + + align:start position:0% +age then and and if you have made an +additional assumption that the that the + + align:start position:0% +additional assumption that the that the + + + align:start position:0% +additional assumption that the that the +disease stages are that the people who + + align:start position:0% +disease stages are that the people who + + + align:start position:0% +disease stages are that the people who +are coming in are uniformly drawn from + + align:start position:0% +are coming in are uniformly drawn from + + + align:start position:0% +are coming in are uniformly drawn from +across disease stages with those two + + align:start position:0% +across disease stages with those two + + + align:start position:0% +across disease stages with those two +assumptions alone then you could for + + align:start position:0% +assumptions alone then you could for + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions alone then you could for +example look at the average age of + + align:start position:0% +example look at the average age of + + + align:start position:0% +example look at the average age of +individuals over here and average age + + align:start position:0% +individuals over here and average age + + + align:start position:0% +individuals over here and average age +individuals over here and you'd say the + + align:start position:0% +individuals over here and you'd say the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals over here and you'd say the +one with a larger average age is the + + align:start position:0% +one with a larger average age is the + + + align:start position:0% +one with a larger average age is the +late disease one or you could look at + + align:start position:0% +late disease one or you could look at + + + align:start position:0% +late disease one or you could look at +time to death if you had for each if you + + align:start position:0% +time to death if you had for each if you + + + align:start position:0% +time to death if you had for each if you +for each data point you also knew sort + + align:start position:0% +for each data point you also knew sort + + + align:start position:0% +for each data point you also knew sort +of how long until the individual died + + align:start position:0% +of how long until the individual died + + + align:start position:0% +of how long until the individual died +you could look at average time to death + + align:start position:0% +you could look at average time to death + + + align:start position:0% +you could look at average time to death +for these individuals versus those + + align:start position:0% +for these individuals versus those + + + align:start position:0% +for these individuals versus those +individuals and try to tease it apart in + + align:start position:0% +individuals and try to tease it apart in + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and try to tease it apart in +that way okay that's what your what you + + align:start position:0% +that way okay that's what your what you + + + align:start position:0% +that way okay that's what your what you +meant okay so I'm just trying to give + + align:start position:0% +meant okay so I'm just trying to give + + + align:start position:0% +meant okay so I'm just trying to give +you some intuition for how this might be + + align:start position:0% +you some intuition for how this might be + + + align:start position:0% +you some intuition for how this might be +possible what about if your data looked + + align:start position:0% +possible what about if your data looked + + + align:start position:0% +possible what about if your data looked +like this so now you have two biomarkers + + align:start position:0% +like this so now you have two biomarkers + + + align:start position:0% +like this so now you have two biomarkers +so we've only gone up by one dimension + + align:start position:0% +so we've only gone up by one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +so we've only gone up by one dimension +only and and we want to figure out + + align:start position:0% +only and and we want to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +only and and we want to figure out +where's it really where's late already + + align:start position:0% +where's it really where's late already + + + align:start position:0% +where's it really where's late already +to start to become more challenging + + align:start position:0% +to start to become more challenging + + + align:start position:0% +to start to become more challenging +right so the intuition that that I want + + align:start position:0% +right so the intuition that that I want + + + align:start position:0% +right so the intuition that that I want +you to have is that we're gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +you to have is that we're gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +you to have is that we're gonna have to +make some assumptions about about + + align:start position:0% +make some assumptions about about + + + align:start position:0% +make some assumptions about about +disease progression such as the ones we + + align:start position:0% +disease progression such as the ones we + + + align:start position:0% +disease progression such as the ones we +were just discussing and we also have to + + align:start position:0% +were just discussing and we also have to + + + align:start position:0% +were just discussing and we also have to +get lucky in some way so for example one + + align:start position:0% +get lucky in some way so for example one + + + align:start position:0% +get lucky in some way so for example one +way of getting lucky would be to have a + + align:start position:0% +way of getting lucky would be to have a + + + align:start position:0% +way of getting lucky would be to have a +real lot of data so if you had a ton ton + + align:start position:0% +real lot of data so if you had a ton ton + + + align:start position:0% +real lot of data so if you had a ton ton +of data and you made an additional + + align:start position:0% +of data and you made an additional + + + align:start position:0% +of data and you made an additional +assumption that your data that that your + + align:start position:0% +assumption that your data that that your + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that your data that that your +data lives on some low dimensional + + align:start position:0% +data lives on some low dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +data lives on some low dimensional +manifold where on one side of the + + align:start position:0% +manifold where on one side of the + + + align:start position:0% +manifold where on one side of the +manifold is early disease and the other + + align:start position:0% +manifold is early disease and the other + + + align:start position:0% +manifold is early disease and the other +side of manifold is late disease then + + align:start position:0% +side of manifold is late disease then + + + align:start position:0% +side of manifold is late disease then +you might be able to discover that + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to discover that + + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to discover that +manifold from from from this data and + + align:start position:0% +manifold from from from this data and + + + align:start position:0% +manifold from from from this data and +you might conjecture that the + + align:start position:0% +you might conjecture that the + + + align:start position:0% +you might conjecture that the +manifold or something like that sort of + + align:start position:0% +manifold or something like that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +manifold or something like that sort of +that that trajectory that I'm outlining + + align:start position:0% +that that trajectory that I'm outlining + + + align:start position:0% +that that trajectory that I'm outlining +there with my hand I'm but for that for + + align:start position:0% +there with my hand I'm but for that for + + + align:start position:0% +there with my hand I'm but for that for +you to be able to do that of course you + + align:start position:0% +you to be able to do that of course you + + + align:start position:0% +you to be able to do that of course you +need to have enough data right so it's + + align:start position:0% +need to have enough data right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +need to have enough data right so it's +going to be a now trade-off between just + + align:start position:0% +going to be a now trade-off between just + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a now trade-off between just +having cross sectional data might be + + align:start position:0% +having cross sectional data might be + + + align:start position:0% +having cross sectional data might be +okay so long as you have a real lot of + + align:start position:0% +okay so long as you have a real lot of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so long as you have a real lot of +that data so you can sort of fill in the + + align:start position:0% +that data so you can sort of fill in the + + + align:start position:0% +that data so you can sort of fill in the +spaces and really identify that manifold + + align:start position:0% +spaces and really identify that manifold + + + align:start position:0% +spaces and really identify that manifold +a different approach might be well maybe + + align:start position:0% +a different approach might be well maybe + + + align:start position:0% +a different approach might be well maybe +don't have just purely cross sectional + + align:start position:0% +don't have just purely cross sectional + + + align:start position:0% +don't have just purely cross sectional +data maybe you have two or maybe three + + align:start position:0% +data maybe you have two or maybe three + + + align:start position:0% +data maybe you have two or maybe three +samples from each patient and then you + + align:start position:0% +samples from each patient and then you + + + align:start position:0% +samples from each patient and then you +can color-code this Caesar might say + + align:start position:0% +can color-code this Caesar might say + + + align:start position:0% +can color-code this Caesar might say +okay Greene is patient one or patient a + + align:start position:0% +okay Greene is patient one or patient a + + + align:start position:0% +okay Greene is patient one or patient a +we'll call it and this is the first time + + align:start position:0% +we'll call it and this is the first time + + + align:start position:0% +we'll call it and this is the first time +point from patient a second time point + + align:start position:0% +point from patient a second time point + + + align:start position:0% +point from patient a second time point +from patient a third and fourth time + + align:start position:0% +from patient a third and fourth time + + + align:start position:0% +from patient a third and fourth time +points from patient a red is patient B + + align:start position:0% +points from patient a red is patient B + + + align:start position:0% +points from patient a red is patient B +and you have two time points from + + align:start position:0% +and you have two time points from + + + align:start position:0% +and you have two time points from +patient B and blue here is patient C and + + align:start position:0% +patient B and blue here is patient C and + + + align:start position:0% +patient B and blue here is patient C and +you have one two three twelve time point + + align:start position:0% +you have one two three twelve time point + + + align:start position:0% +you have one two three twelve time point +from patient C okay now again it's not + + align:start position:0% +from patient C okay now again it's not + + + align:start position:0% +from patient C okay now again it's not +very dense data we can't really draw + + align:start position:0% +very dense data we can't really draw + + + align:start position:0% +very dense data we can't really draw +curves out but now we can start to get a + + align:start position:0% +curves out but now we can start to get a + + + align:start position:0% +curves out but now we can start to get a +sense of the ordering and again now we + + align:start position:0% +sense of the ordering and again now we + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the ordering and again now we +can even though we we don't we're not in + + align:start position:0% +can even though we we don't we're not in + + + align:start position:0% +can even though we we don't we're not in +the dense setting like we're here here + + align:start position:0% +the dense setting like we're here here + + + align:start position:0% +the dense setting like we're here here +we'd still nonetheless people to figure + + align:start position:0% +we'd still nonetheless people to figure + + + align:start position:0% +we'd still nonetheless people to figure +out they're probably the manifold looks + + align:start position:0% +out they're probably the manifold looks + + + align:start position:0% +out they're probably the manifold looks +a little bit like this right and so + + align:start position:0% +a little bit like this right and so + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit like this right and so +again I'm just trying to build intuition + + align:start position:0% +again I'm just trying to build intuition + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm just trying to build intuition +around when disease progression modeling + + align:start position:0% +around when disease progression modeling + + + align:start position:0% +around when disease progression modeling +for cross sectional data might be + + align:start position:0% +for cross sectional data might be + + + align:start position:0% +for cross sectional data might be +possible but this is a wide open field + + align:start position:0% +possible but this is a wide open field + + + align:start position:0% +possible but this is a wide open field +and so today I'll be telling you about a + + align:start position:0% +and so today I'll be telling you about a + + + align:start position:0% +and so today I'll be telling you about a +few algorithms that try to build on some + + align:start position:0% +few algorithms that try to build on some + + + align:start position:0% +few algorithms that try to build on some +of these intuitions for doing disease + + align:start position:0% +of these intuitions for doing disease + + + align:start position:0% +of these intuitions for doing disease +progression modeling but they will break + + align:start position:0% +progression modeling but they will break + + + align:start position:0% +progression modeling but they will break +down very very easily they'll break down + + align:start position:0% +down very very easily they'll break down + + + align:start position:0% +down very very easily they'll break down +when these assumptions I gave you don't + + align:start position:0% +when these assumptions I gave you don't + + + align:start position:0% +when these assumptions I gave you don't +hold they'll break down when your data + + align:start position:0% +hold they'll break down when your data + + + align:start position:0% +hold they'll break down when your data +is high dimensional they'll break down + + align:start position:0% +is high dimensional they'll break down + + + align:start position:0% +is high dimensional they'll break down +when your data looks like this where you + + align:start position:0% +when your data looks like this where you + + + align:start position:0% +when your data looks like this where you +don't just have a single subtype of + + align:start position:0% +don't just have a single subtype of + + + align:start position:0% +don't just have a single subtype of +wraps and multiple subtypes and so this + + align:start position:0% +wraps and multiple subtypes and so this + + + align:start position:0% +wraps and multiple subtypes and so this +is really very active area of research + + align:start position:0% +is really very active area of research + + + align:start position:0% +is really very active area of research +and and it's an area that I think we + + align:start position:0% +and and it's an area that I think we + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's an area that I think we +could make a lot of progress on in the + + align:start position:0% +could make a lot of progress on in the + + + align:start position:0% +could make a lot of progress on in the +field in the next several years so I'll + + align:start position:0% +field in the next several years so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +field in the next several years so I'll +begin with one case study coming from my + + align:start position:0% +begin with one case study coming from my + + + align:start position:0% +begin with one case study coming from my +own work where we developed an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +own work where we developed an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +own work where we developed an algorithm +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +from cross-sectional data and we value + + align:start position:0% +from cross-sectional data and we value + + + align:start position:0% +from cross-sectional data and we value +that in the context of chronic + + align:start position:0% +that in the context of chronic + + + align:start position:0% +that in the context of chronic +obstructive pulmonary disorder or COPD + + align:start position:0% +obstructive pulmonary disorder or COPD + + + align:start position:0% +obstructive pulmonary disorder or COPD +COPD is a condition of the lungs + + align:start position:0% +COPD is a condition of the lungs + + + align:start position:0% +COPD is a condition of the lungs +typically caused by air pollution or + + align:start position:0% +typically caused by air pollution or + + + align:start position:0% +typically caused by air pollution or +smoking and it has a reasonably good + + align:start position:0% +smoking and it has a reasonably good + + + align:start position:0% +smoking and it has a reasonably good +staging mechanism one uses what's called + + align:start position:0% +staging mechanism one uses what's called + + + align:start position:0% +staging mechanism one uses what's called +a spirometry device in order to measure + + align:start position:0% +a spirometry device in order to measure + + + align:start position:0% +a spirometry device in order to measure +the lung function of the individual at + + align:start position:0% +the lung function of the individual at + + + align:start position:0% +the lung function of the individual at +any one point in time so for example you + + align:start position:0% +any one point in time so for example you + + + align:start position:0% +any one point in time so for example you +take this biometry device you stick it + + align:start position:0% +take this biometry device you stick it + + + align:start position:0% +take this biometry device you stick it +in your mouth and you you breathe in and + + align:start position:0% +in your mouth and you you breathe in and + + + align:start position:0% +in your mouth and you you breathe in and +then you exhale and one measure is how + + align:start position:0% +then you exhale and one measure is how + + + align:start position:0% +then you exhale and one measure is how +long it takes in order to exhale all of + + align:start position:0% +long it takes in order to exhale all of + + + align:start position:0% +long it takes in order to exhale all of +your air and that is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +your air and that is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +your air and that is going to be a +measure of how how good your lungs are + + align:start position:0% +measure of how how good your lungs are + + + align:start position:0% +measure of how how good your lungs are +and so then one can take that measure of + + align:start position:0% +and so then one can take that measure of + + + align:start position:0% +and so then one can take that measure of +your lung function and one can stage how + + align:start position:0% +your lung function and one can stage how + + + align:start position:0% +your lung function and one can stage how +severe the person's COPD is and that + + align:start position:0% +severe the person's COPD is and that + + + align:start position:0% +severe the person's COPD is and that +goes by what's called the gold criteria + + align:start position:0% +goes by what's called the gold criteria + + + align:start position:0% +goes by what's called the gold criteria +so for example in stage 1 of COPD common + + align:start position:0% +so for example in stage 1 of COPD common + + + align:start position:0% +so for example in stage 1 of COPD common +treatments involve just.back + + align:start position:0% +treatments involve just.back + + + align:start position:0% +treatments involve just.back +vaccinations and using a short-acting + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations and using a short-acting + + + align:start position:0% +vaccinations and using a short-acting +bronchodilators one needed when the + + align:start position:0% +bronchodilators one needed when the + + + align:start position:0% +bronchodilators one needed when the +disease stage gets much more severe like + + align:start position:0% +disease stage gets much more severe like + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage gets much more severe like +stage 4 then then often treatment is + + align:start position:0% +stage 4 then then often treatment is + + + align:start position:0% +stage 4 then then often treatment is +recommended to be inhaled + + align:start position:0% +recommended to be inhaled + + + align:start position:0% +recommended to be inhaled +corticosteroids if there are repeated + + align:start position:0% +corticosteroids if there are repeated + + + align:start position:0% +corticosteroids if there are repeated +exasperation of the disease long term + + align:start position:0% +exasperation of the disease long term + + + align:start position:0% +exasperation of the disease long term +oxygen if respiratory failure occurs and + + align:start position:0% +oxygen if respiratory failure occurs and + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen if respiratory failure occurs and +so on + + align:start position:0% +so on + + + align:start position:0% +so on +and so this is a disease that's + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a disease that's + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a disease that's +reasonably well understood because there + + align:start position:0% +reasonably well understood because there + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably well understood because there +exists a good staging mechanism and I + + align:start position:0% +exists a good staging mechanism and I + + + align:start position:0% +exists a good staging mechanism and I +would argue that when we want to + + align:start position:0% +would argue that when we want to + + + align:start position:0% +would argue that when we want to +understand how to do disease staging in + + align:start position:0% +understand how to do disease staging in + + + align:start position:0% +understand how to do disease staging in +a data-driven fashion we should first + + align:start position:0% +a data-driven fashion we should first + + + align:start position:0% +a data-driven fashion we should first +start by working with either synthetic + + align:start position:0% +start by working with either synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +start by working with either synthetic +data or you start with working with a + + align:start position:0% +data or you start with working with a + + + align:start position:0% +data or you start with working with a +disease where we have some idea of what + + align:start position:0% +disease where we have some idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +disease where we have some idea of what +the actual true dizzy staging is and + + align:start position:0% +the actual true dizzy staging is and + + + align:start position:0% +the actual true dizzy staging is and +that way we could look to see what our + + align:start position:0% +that way we could look to see what our + + + align:start position:0% +that way we could look to see what our +algorithms would recover in those + + align:start position:0% +algorithms would recover in those + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms would recover in those +scenarios and does it does it align with + + align:start position:0% +scenarios and does it does it align with + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios and does it does it align with +what we would expect either from the way + + align:start position:0% +what we would expect either from the way + + + align:start position:0% +what we would expect either from the way +the data was generated or from the + + align:start position:0% +the data was generated or from the + + + align:start position:0% +the data was generated or from the +existing medical literature + + align:start position:0% +existing medical literature + + + align:start position:0% +existing medical literature +and that's why we chose COPD because + + align:start position:0% +and that's why we chose COPD because + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why we chose COPD because +it's well understood and and there's a + + align:start position:0% +it's well understood and and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's well understood and and there's a +wealth of literature on it and because + + align:start position:0% +wealth of literature on it and because + + + align:start position:0% +wealth of literature on it and because +we have data on it which is much messier + + align:start position:0% +we have data on it which is much messier + + + align:start position:0% +we have data on it which is much messier +than the type of data that went into the + + align:start position:0% +than the type of data that went into the + + + align:start position:0% +than the type of data that went into the +original studies and we could ask could + + align:start position:0% +original studies and we could ask could + + + align:start position:0% +original studies and we could ask could +we come to the same conclusions as those + + align:start position:0% +we come to the same conclusions as those + + + align:start position:0% +we come to the same conclusions as those +original studies so in this work we're + + align:start position:0% +original studies so in this work we're + + + align:start position:0% +original studies so in this work we're +going to use data from the electronic + + align:start position:0% +going to use data from the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +going to use data from the electronic +medical record and we're only going to + + align:start position:0% +medical record and we're only going to + + + align:start position:0% +medical record and we're only going to +look at a subset of the EMR in + + align:start position:0% +look at a subset of the EMR in + + + align:start position:0% +look at a subset of the EMR in +particular a diagnosis codes that are + + align:start position:0% +particular a diagnosis codes that are + + + align:start position:0% +particular a diagnosis codes that are +recorded for patient at any point in + + align:start position:0% +recorded for patient at any point in + + + align:start position:0% +recorded for patient at any point in +time and we're going to assume that we + + align:start position:0% +time and we're going to assume that we + + + align:start position:0% +time and we're going to assume that we +do not have access to spirometry data at + + align:start position:0% +do not have access to spirometry data at + + + align:start position:0% +do not have access to spirometry data at +all so we don't have any obvious way of + + align:start position:0% +all so we don't have any obvious way of + + + align:start position:0% +all so we don't have any obvious way of +staging the patient's disease the + + align:start position:0% +staging the patient's disease the + + + align:start position:0% +staging the patient's disease the +general approach is going to be to build + + align:start position:0% +general approach is going to be to build + + + align:start position:0% +general approach is going to be to build +a generative model for disease + + align:start position:0% +a generative model for disease + + + align:start position:0% +a generative model for disease +progression at a very high level this is + + align:start position:0% +progression at a very high level this is + + + align:start position:0% +progression at a very high level this is +a Markov model it's a model that + + align:start position:0% +a Markov model it's a model that + + + align:start position:0% +a Markov model it's a model that +specifies the distribution of the + + align:start position:0% +specifies the distribution of the + + + align:start position:0% +specifies the distribution of the +patient's data which is shown here in + + align:start position:0% +patient's data which is shown here in + + + align:start position:0% +patient's data which is shown here in +the bottom as it evolved over time + + align:start position:0% +the bottom as it evolved over time + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom as it evolved over time +according to number of hidden variables + + align:start position:0% +according to number of hidden variables + + + align:start position:0% +according to number of hidden variables +that are shown in the top these s + + align:start position:0% +that are shown in the top these s + + + align:start position:0% +that are shown in the top these s +variables that denote disease stages and + + align:start position:0% +variables that denote disease stages and + + + align:start position:0% +variables that denote disease stages and +these acts variables that denote + + align:start position:0% +these acts variables that denote + + + align:start position:0% +these acts variables that denote +comorbidities that the patient might + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities that the patient might + + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities that the patient might +have at that point in time these acts + + align:start position:0% +have at that point in time these acts + + + align:start position:0% +have at that point in time these acts +and s variables are always assumed to be + + align:start position:0% +and s variables are always assumed to be + + + align:start position:0% +and s variables are always assumed to be +unobserved so if you were to clump them + + align:start position:0% +unobserved so if you were to clump them + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved so if you were to clump them +together into one variable this would + + align:start position:0% +together into one variable this would + + + align:start position:0% +together into one variable this would +look exactly like a hidden Markov model + + align:start position:0% +look exactly like a hidden Markov model + + + align:start position:0% +look exactly like a hidden Markov model +and moreover were not going to assume + + align:start position:0% +and moreover were not going to assume + + + align:start position:0% +and moreover were not going to assume +that we have a lot of longitudinal data + + align:start position:0% +that we have a lot of longitudinal data + + + align:start position:0% +that we have a lot of longitudinal data +for a patient in particular + + align:start position:0% +for a patient in particular + + + align:start position:0% +for a patient in particular +COPD evolves over ten to twenty years + + align:start position:0% +COPD evolves over ten to twenty years + + + align:start position:0% +COPD evolves over ten to twenty years +and the data that we'll be learning from + + align:start position:0% +and the data that we'll be learning from + + + align:start position:0% +and the data that we'll be learning from +here has data only over one to three + + align:start position:0% +here has data only over one to three + + + align:start position:0% +here has data only over one to three +year time range the challenge will be + + align:start position:0% +year time range the challenge will be + + + align:start position:0% +year time range the challenge will be +can we take data and this one to three + + align:start position:0% +can we take data and this one to three + + + align:start position:0% +can we take data and this one to three +times your time range and somehow stitch + + align:start position:0% +times your time range and somehow stitch + + + align:start position:0% +times your time range and somehow stitch +it together across large numbers of + + align:start position:0% +it together across large numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +it together across large numbers of +patients to get a picture of what the + + align:start position:0% +patients to get a picture of what the + + + align:start position:0% +patients to get a picture of what the +20-year progression the disease might + + align:start position:0% +20-year progression the disease might + + + align:start position:0% +20-year progression the disease might +look like the way that we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +look like the way that we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +look like the way that we're going to do +that is by learning the parameters of + + align:start position:0% +that is by learning the parameters of + + + align:start position:0% +that is by learning the parameters of +this probablistic model and then from + + align:start position:0% +this probablistic model and then from + + + align:start position:0% +this probablistic model and then from +the parameters we're going to either + + align:start position:0% +the parameters we're going to either + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters we're going to either +infer the patient's + + align:start position:0% +infer the patient's + + + align:start position:0% +infer the patient's +actual disease stage and thust sort them + + align:start position:0% +actual disease stage and thust sort them + + + align:start position:0% +actual disease stage and thust sort them +or actually simulate data from this + + align:start position:0% +or actually simulate data from this + + + align:start position:0% +or actually simulate data from this +model to see what a 20 year trajectory + + align:start position:0% +model to see what a 20 year trajectory + + + align:start position:0% +model to see what a 20 year trajectory +might look like is the goal clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright so now what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +alright so now what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +alright so now what I'm going to do is +I'm going to step into this model piece + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to step into this model piece + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to step into this model piece +by piece to tell you what each of these + + align:start position:0% +by piece to tell you what each of these + + + align:start position:0% +by piece to tell you what each of these +components are and I'll start out with a + + align:start position:0% +components are and I'll start out with a + + + align:start position:0% +components are and I'll start out with a +very topmost piece shown here by the red + + align:start position:0% +very topmost piece shown here by the red + + + align:start position:0% +very topmost piece shown here by the red +box so this is the model of the + + align:start position:0% +box so this is the model of the + + + align:start position:0% +box so this is the model of the +patient's disease progression at any one + + align:start position:0% +patient's disease progression at any one + + + align:start position:0% +patient's disease progression at any one +point in time so this variable s1 for + + align:start position:0% +point in time so this variable s1 for + + + align:start position:0% +point in time so this variable s1 for +example might denote the patient's + + align:start position:0% +example might denote the patient's + + + align:start position:0% +example might denote the patient's +disease stage on March 2011 as to might + + align:start position:0% +disease stage on March 2011 as to might + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage on March 2011 as to might +denote the patient's disease stage April + + align:start position:0% +denote the patient's disease stage April + + + align:start position:0% +denote the patient's disease stage April +2011 s capital T might note the + + align:start position:0% +2011 s capital T might note the + + + align:start position:0% +2011 s capital T might note the +patient's disease stage June 2012 so + + align:start position:0% +patient's disease stage June 2012 so + + + align:start position:0% +patient's disease stage June 2012 so +we're going to have one random variable + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have one random variable + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have one random variable +for each observation of the patient's + + align:start position:0% +for each observation of the patient's + + + align:start position:0% +for each observation of the patient's +data that we have and notice that the + + align:start position:0% +data that we have and notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +data that we have and notice that the +observations of the patient's data might + + align:start position:0% +observations of the patient's data might + + + align:start position:0% +observations of the patient's data might +be at very irregular time intervals and + + align:start position:0% +be at very irregular time intervals and + + + align:start position:0% +be at very irregular time intervals and +that's going to be okay with this + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be okay with this + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be okay with this +approach okay so notice that there's a + + align:start position:0% +approach okay so notice that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +approach okay so notice that there's a +sort of 1 month gap between s1 and s2 + + align:start position:0% +sort of 1 month gap between s1 and s2 + + + align:start position:0% +sort of 1 month gap between s1 and s2 +but a but a 4 month gap between s t + + align:start position:0% +but a but a 4 month gap between s t + + + align:start position:0% +but a but a 4 month gap between s t +minus 1 and s T ok so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and s T ok so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and s T ok so we're going to +model the patient's disease stage at the + + align:start position:0% +model the patient's disease stage at the + + + align:start position:0% +model the patient's disease stage at the +point in time when we have an + + align:start position:0% +point in time when we have an + + + align:start position:0% +point in time when we have an +observation for the patient as denotes a + + align:start position:0% +observation for the patient as denotes a + + + align:start position:0% +observation for the patient as denotes a +discrete disease stage in this model so + + align:start position:0% +discrete disease stage in this model so + + + align:start position:0% +discrete disease stage in this model so +s might be a value from 1 up to 4 may be + + align:start position:0% +s might be a value from 1 up to 4 may be + + + align:start position:0% +s might be a value from 1 up to 4 may be +one up to 10 where 1 is denoting a early + + align:start position:0% +one up to 10 where 1 is denoting a early + + + align:start position:0% +one up to 10 where 1 is denoting a early +disease stage and 4/10 might denote a + + align:start position:0% +disease stage and 4/10 might denote a + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage and 4/10 might denote a +much later disease stage if we have a + + align:start position:0% +much later disease stage if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +much later disease stage if we have a +sequence of observations for patient for + + align:start position:0% +sequence of observations for patient for + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of observations for patient for +example we might have an observation on + + align:start position:0% +example we might have an observation on + + + align:start position:0% +example we might have an observation on +March and then an April to note we're + + align:start position:0% +March and then an April to note we're + + + align:start position:0% +March and then an April to note we're +going to denote the disease stage by s1 + + align:start position:0% +going to denote the disease stage by s1 + + + align:start position:0% +going to denote the disease stage by s1 +and s2 what this models going to talk + + align:start position:0% +and s2 what this models going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +and s2 what this models going to talk +about is the probability distribution of + + align:start position:0% +about is the probability distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +about is the probability distribution of +transitioning from whatever the disease + + align:start position:0% +transitioning from whatever the disease + + + align:start position:0% +transitioning from whatever the disease +stage is that s1 is to whatever the + + align:start position:0% +stage is that s1 is to whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +stage is that s1 is to whatever the +disease stage of s2 now because the time + + align:start position:0% +disease stage of s2 now because the time + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage of s2 now because the time +intervals between stages are not + + align:start position:0% +intervals between stages are not + + + align:start position:0% +intervals between stages are not +homogeneous we have to have a transition + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous we have to have a transition + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous we have to have a transition +distribution that takes into the + + align:start position:0% +distribution that takes into the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that takes into the +raishin that time gap and to do that we + + align:start position:0% +raishin that time gap and to do that we + + + align:start position:0% +raishin that time gap and to do that we +use what's known as a continuous time + + align:start position:0% +use what's known as a continuous time + + + align:start position:0% +use what's known as a continuous time +Markov process formally we say that the + + align:start position:0% +Markov process formally we say that the + + + align:start position:0% +Markov process formally we say that the +the transition distribution so the + + align:start position:0% +the transition distribution so the + + + align:start position:0% +the transition distribution so the +probability of transitioning from stage + + align:start position:0% +probability of transitioning from stage + + + align:start position:0% +probability of transitioning from stage +I at time t minus 1 to stage J at time T + + align:start position:0% +I at time t minus 1 to stage J at time T + + + align:start position:0% +I at time t minus 1 to stage J at time T +given as input the difference in time + + align:start position:0% +given as input the difference in time + + + align:start position:0% +given as input the difference in time +intervals this are the difference in + + align:start position:0% +intervals this are the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +intervals this are the difference in +time points Delta so Delta is the number + + align:start position:0% +time points Delta so Delta is the number + + + align:start position:0% +time points Delta so Delta is the number +of months between the two observations + + align:start position:0% +of months between the two observations + + + align:start position:0% +of months between the two observations +so this conditional distribution is + + align:start position:0% +so this conditional distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +so this conditional distribution is +going to be given by the matrix + + align:start position:0% +going to be given by the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +going to be given by the matrix +exponential of this time interval times + + align:start position:0% +exponential of this time interval times + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of this time interval times +a matrix Q and then here the matrix Q + + align:start position:0% +a matrix Q and then here the matrix Q + + + align:start position:0% +a matrix Q and then here the matrix Q +gives us the parameters that we want to + + align:start position:0% +gives us the parameters that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +gives us the parameters that we want to +learn so let me contrast this to things + + align:start position:0% +learn so let me contrast this to things + + + align:start position:0% +learn so let me contrast this to things +that you might already be used to and a + + align:start position:0% +that you might already be used to and a + + + align:start position:0% +that you might already be used to and a +typical hidden Markov model you might + + align:start position:0% +typical hidden Markov model you might + + + align:start position:0% +typical hidden Markov model you might +have s T goes to s T or s T minus 1 goes + + align:start position:0% +have s T goes to s T or s T minus 1 goes + + + align:start position:0% +have s T goes to s T or s T minus 1 goes +to s T and you might imagine just + + align:start position:0% +to s T and you might imagine just + + + align:start position:0% +to s T and you might imagine just +parameterizing s T given s T minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +parameterizing s T given s T minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +parameterizing s T given s T minus 1 +just by a lookup table so for example if + + align:start position:0% +just by a lookup table so for example if + + + align:start position:0% +just by a lookup table so for example if +the number of states free to running + + align:start position:0% +the number of states free to running + + + align:start position:0% +the number of states free to running +variable is 3 then you would have a + + align:start position:0% +variable is 3 then you would have a + + + align:start position:0% +variable is 3 then you would have a +three by three table where for each + + align:start position:0% +three by three table where for each + + + align:start position:0% +three by three table where for each +state s T minus 1 you have some + + align:start position:0% +state s T minus 1 you have some + + + align:start position:0% +state s T minus 1 you have some +probability of transitioning to the + + align:start position:0% +probability of transitioning to the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of transitioning to the +corresponding state s T so this might be + + align:start position:0% +corresponding state s T so this might be + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding state s T so this might be +this might be something like point nine + + align:start position:0% +this might be something like point nine + + + align:start position:0% +this might be something like point nine +point nine point nine where notice I'm + + align:start position:0% +point nine point nine where notice I'm + + + align:start position:0% +point nine point nine where notice I'm +having a very large value along the + + align:start position:0% +having a very large value along the + + + align:start position:0% +having a very large value along the +diagonal because it's if let's say a + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because it's if let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because it's if let's say a +very small period so a priori we might + + align:start position:0% +very small period so a priori we might + + + align:start position:0% +very small period so a priori we might +believe that patients stay in the state + + align:start position:0% +believe that patients stay in the state + + + align:start position:0% +believe that patients stay in the state +with disease and then one might might + + align:start position:0% +with disease and then one might might + + + align:start position:0% +with disease and then one might might +imagine that the probability + + align:start position:0% +imagine that the probability + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that the probability +transitioning + + align:start position:0% +transitioning + + + align:start position:0% +transitioning +from state 1 at time t minus 1 to state + + align:start position:0% +from state 1 at time t minus 1 to state + + + align:start position:0% +from state 1 at time t minus 1 to state +2 at time t might be something like + + align:start position:0% +2 at time t might be something like + + + align:start position:0% +2 at time t might be something like +point o 9 and the probability of + + align:start position:0% +point o 9 and the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +point o 9 and the probability of +skipping stage 2 going directly to state + + align:start position:0% +skipping stage 2 going directly to state + + + align:start position:0% +skipping stage 2 going directly to state +3 from state 1 might be something much + + align:start position:0% +3 from state 1 might be something much + + + align:start position:0% +3 from state 1 might be something much +smaller like 0.01 okay and we might say + + align:start position:0% +smaller like 0.01 okay and we might say + + + align:start position:0% +smaller like 0.01 okay and we might say +something like that the probability we + + align:start position:0% +something like that the probability we + + + align:start position:0% +something like that the probability we +might imagine that the probability of + + align:start position:0% +might imagine that the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +might imagine that the probability of +going in a backwards direction going + + align:start position:0% +going in a backwards direction going + + + align:start position:0% +going in a backwards direction going +from stage stage 2 at time t minus 1 - + + align:start position:0% +from stage stage 2 at time t minus 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +from stage stage 2 at time t minus 1 - +let's say stage 1 at time T that might + + align:start position:0% +let's say stage 1 at time T that might + + + align:start position:0% +let's say stage 1 at time T that might +be 0 all right so you might imagine that + + align:start position:0% +be 0 all right so you might imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +be 0 all right so you might imagine that +actually this is something is the model + + align:start position:0% +actually this is something is the model + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is something is the model +and what that saying is something like + + align:start position:0% +and what that saying is something like + + + align:start position:0% +and what that saying is something like +you never go in the backwards direction + + align:start position:0% +you never go in the backwards direction + + + align:start position:0% +you never go in the backwards direction +and you're more likely to transition to + + align:start position:0% +and you're more likely to transition to + + + align:start position:0% +and you're more likely to transition to +this state immediately adjacent to the + + align:start position:0% +this state immediately adjacent to the + + + align:start position:0% +this state immediately adjacent to the +current stage and very unlikely a sort + + align:start position:0% +current stage and very unlikely a sort + + + align:start position:0% +current stage and very unlikely a sort +of skip a stage so this would be an + + align:start position:0% +of skip a stage so this would be an + + + align:start position:0% +of skip a stage so this would be an +example of how you would parameterize + + align:start position:0% +example of how you would parameterize + + + align:start position:0% +example of how you would parameterize +the transition distribution in a typical + + align:start position:0% +the transition distribution in a typical + + + align:start position:0% +the transition distribution in a typical +discrete time Markov model and the story + + align:start position:0% +discrete time Markov model and the story + + + align:start position:0% +discrete time Markov model and the story +here is going to be different + + align:start position:0% +here is going to be different + + + align:start position:0% +here is going to be different +specifically because we don't know the + + align:start position:0% +specifically because we don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +specifically because we don't know the +time intervals so intuitively if a lot + + align:start position:0% +time intervals so intuitively if a lot + + + align:start position:0% +time intervals so intuitively if a lot +of time has passed between the two + + align:start position:0% +of time has passed between the two + + + align:start position:0% +of time has passed between the two +observations then we want to allow for + + align:start position:0% +observations then we want to allow for + + + align:start position:0% +observations then we want to allow for +an accelerated process we will want to + + align:start position:0% +an accelerated process we will want to + + + align:start position:0% +an accelerated process we will want to +allow for the fact that you might want + + align:start position:0% +allow for the fact that you might want + + + align:start position:0% +allow for the fact that you might want +to skip many different stages to go to + + align:start position:0% +to skip many different stages to go to + + + align:start position:0% +to skip many different stages to go to +your next time step to go to the stage + + align:start position:0% +your next time step to go to the stage + + + align:start position:0% +your next time step to go to the stage +of the next time step because so much + + align:start position:0% +of the next time step because so much + + + align:start position:0% +of the next time step because so much +time has passed and that intuitively is + + align:start position:0% +time has passed and that intuitively is + + + align:start position:0% +time has passed and that intuitively is +what this scaling of this matrix Q by + + align:start position:0% +what this scaling of this matrix Q by + + + align:start position:0% +what this scaling of this matrix Q by +Delta corresponds to so the number of + + align:start position:0% +Delta corresponds to so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +Delta corresponds to so the number of +parameters in this parameterization is + + align:start position:0% +parameters in this parameterization is + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in this parameterization is +actually identical to the number of + + align:start position:0% +actually identical to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +actually identical to the number of +parameters in this parameterization + + align:start position:0% +parameters in this parameterization + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in this parameterization +right so you have a matrix Q which is + + align:start position:0% +right so you have a matrix Q which is + + + align:start position:0% +right so you have a matrix Q which is +which is given to you in essence by the + + align:start position:0% +which is given to you in essence by the + + + align:start position:0% +which is given to you in essence by the +number of states squared really the + + align:start position:0% +number of states squared really the + + + align:start position:0% +number of states squared really the +number of states there's an additional + + align:start position:0% +number of states there's an additional + + + align:start position:0% +number of states there's an additional +redundancy there just has to sum up to 1 + + align:start position:0% +redundancy there just has to sum up to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +redundancy there just has to sum up to 1 +but that's irrelevant and so the same + + align:start position:0% +but that's irrelevant and so the same + + + align:start position:0% +but that's irrelevant and so the same +story here but we're going to now + + align:start position:0% +story here but we're going to now + + + align:start position:0% +story here but we're going to now +parameterize the process by in some + + align:start position:0% +parameterize the process by in some + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize the process by in some +sense the infinite decimally small time + + align:start position:0% +sense the infinite decimally small time + + + align:start position:0% +sense the infinite decimally small time +probability of transitioning so if you + + align:start position:0% +probability of transitioning so if you + + + align:start position:0% +probability of transitioning so if you +take sort of the derivative of this + + align:start position:0% +take sort of the derivative of this + + + align:start position:0% +take sort of the derivative of this +transition distribution as the time + + align:start position:0% +transition distribution as the time + + + align:start position:0% +transition distribution as the time +interval shrinks and then you were to + + align:start position:0% +interval shrinks and then you were to + + + align:start position:0% +interval shrinks and then you were to +integrate over + + align:start position:0% +integrate over + + + align:start position:0% +integrate over +over the time interval that was observed + + align:start position:0% +over the time interval that was observed + + + align:start position:0% +over the time interval that was observed +the probability of transitioning for any + + align:start position:0% +the probability of transitioning for any + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of transitioning for any +state to any other state with that with + + align:start position:0% +state to any other state with that with + + + align:start position:0% +state to any other state with that with +with that infinitely small probability + + align:start position:0% +with that infinitely small probability + + + align:start position:0% +with that infinitely small probability +of transitioning what you get out is + + align:start position:0% +of transitioning what you get out is + + + align:start position:0% +of transitioning what you get out is +exactly this form and I'll and I'll + + align:start position:0% +exactly this form and I'll and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this form and I'll and I'll +leave you can this paper is in the in + + align:start position:0% +leave you can this paper is in the in + + + align:start position:0% +leave you can this paper is in the in +the optional readings for today's + + align:start position:0% +the optional readings for today's + + + align:start position:0% +the optional readings for today's +lecture and you can read through it to + + align:start position:0% +lecture and you can read through it to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and you can read through it to +get more intuition about the continuous + + align:start position:0% +get more intuition about the continuous + + + align:start position:0% +get more intuition about the continuous +time Markov process any questions so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes and this model q seems the same for + + align:start position:0% +yes and this model q seems the same for + + + align:start position:0% +yes and this model q seems the same for +all patients you might imagine if there + + align:start position:0% +all patients you might imagine if there + + + align:start position:0% +all patients you might imagine if there +were disease subtypes which there aren't + + align:start position:0% +were disease subtypes which there aren't + + + align:start position:0% +were disease subtypes which there aren't +in this approach that Q might be + + align:start position:0% +in this approach that Q might be + + + align:start position:0% +in this approach that Q might be +different for each subtype for example + + align:start position:0% +different for each subtype for example + + + align:start position:0% +different for each subtype for example +you might transition between stages much + + align:start position:0% +you might transition between stages much + + + align:start position:0% +you might transition between stages much +more quickly for some subtypes than for + + align:start position:0% +more quickly for some subtypes than for + + + align:start position:0% +more quickly for some subtypes than for +others other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correct yes see you pre specify the + + align:start position:0% +correct yes see you pre specify the + + + align:start position:0% +correct yes see you pre specify the +number of stages that you that you want + + align:start position:0% +number of stages that you that you want + + + align:start position:0% +number of stages that you that you want +to model and there are many ways to try + + align:start position:0% +to model and there are many ways to try + + + align:start position:0% +to model and there are many ways to try +to choose that parameter for example you + + align:start position:0% +to choose that parameter for example you + + + align:start position:0% +to choose that parameter for example you +could look at how that likelihood under + + align:start position:0% +could look at how that likelihood under + + + align:start position:0% +could look at how that likelihood under +this model which is learn for the + + align:start position:0% +this model which is learn for the + + + align:start position:0% +this model which is learn for the +different umber of stages you could you + + align:start position:0% +different umber of stages you could you + + + align:start position:0% +different umber of stages you could you +could use typical model selection + + align:start position:0% +could use typical model selection + + + align:start position:0% +could use typical model selection +techniques from machine learning also as + + align:start position:0% +techniques from machine learning also as + + + align:start position:0% +techniques from machine learning also as +another approach where you try to + + align:start position:0% +another approach where you try to + + + align:start position:0% +another approach where you try to +penalize complexity in some way or what + + align:start position:0% +penalize complexity in some way or what + + + align:start position:0% +penalize complexity in some way or what +we found here because of some of the + + align:start position:0% +we found here because of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +we found here because of some of the +other things that I'm about to tell you + + align:start position:0% +other things that I'm about to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +other things that I'm about to tell you +it doesn't actually matter that much so + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't actually matter that much so + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't actually matter that much so +so similarly to when one does heart + + align:start position:0% +so similarly to when one does heart + + + align:start position:0% +so similarly to when one does heart +google clustering or even k-means + + align:start position:0% +google clustering or even k-means + + + align:start position:0% +google clustering or even k-means +clustering or even learning a published + + align:start position:0% +clustering or even learning a published + + + align:start position:0% +clustering or even learning a published +a topic model if you use very small + + align:start position:0% +a topic model if you use very small + + + align:start position:0% +a topic model if you use very small +number of topics you or number of + + align:start position:0% +number of topics you or number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of topics you or number of +clusters you tend to learn sir very + + align:start position:0% +clusters you tend to learn sir very + + + align:start position:0% +clusters you tend to learn sir very +coarse-grained topics or clusters if you + + align:start position:0% +coarse-grained topics or clusters if you + + + align:start position:0% +coarse-grained topics or clusters if you +use very many more if you use a much + + align:start position:0% +use very many more if you use a much + + + align:start position:0% +use very many more if you use a much +larger number topics you tend to learn + + align:start position:0% +larger number topics you tend to learn + + + align:start position:0% +larger number topics you tend to learn +much more fine green topics same stories + + align:start position:0% +much more fine green topics same stories + + + align:start position:0% +much more fine green topics same stories +gonna happen here if you use a small + + align:start position:0% +gonna happen here if you use a small + + + align:start position:0% +gonna happen here if you use a small +number of disease stages you're going to + + align:start position:0% +number of disease stages you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +number of disease stages you're going to +learn very coarse-grained notions of + + align:start position:0% +learn very coarse-grained notions of + + + align:start position:0% +learn very coarse-grained notions of +disease stages if you use more disease + + align:start position:0% +disease stages if you use more disease + + + align:start position:0% +disease stages if you use more disease +stages you're gonna learn a fine-grained + + align:start position:0% +stages you're gonna learn a fine-grained + + + align:start position:0% +stages you're gonna learn a fine-grained +notion but the overall sorting of the + + align:start position:0% +notion but the overall sorting of the + + + align:start position:0% +notion but the overall sorting of the +patients is gonna end up being very + + align:start position:0% +patients is gonna end up being very + + + align:start position:0% +patients is gonna end up being very +similar but to make that statement we're + + align:start position:0% +similar but to make that statement we're + + + align:start position:0% +similar but to make that statement we're +going to need to make some additional + + align:start position:0% +going to need to make some additional + + + align:start position:0% +going to need to make some additional +assumptions which I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +assumptions which I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions which I'm going to show you +in a few minutes any other questions + + align:start position:0% +in a few minutes any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +in a few minutes any other questions +these are great questions no that's + + align:start position:0% +these are great questions no that's + + + align:start position:0% +these are great questions no that's +pretty cool here so I'm assuming that + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool here so I'm assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool here so I'm assuming that +these variables these s's are all hidden + + align:start position:0% +these variables these s's are all hidden + + + align:start position:0% +these variables these s's are all hidden +variables here and the way that we're + + align:start position:0% +variables here and the way that we're + + + align:start position:0% +variables here and the way that we're +going to learn this model is by maximum + + align:start position:0% +going to learn this model is by maximum + + + align:start position:0% +going to learn this model is by maximum +likelihood estimation where we + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation where we + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation where we +marginalize over the hidden variables + + align:start position:0% +marginalize over the hidden variables + + + align:start position:0% +marginalize over the hidden variables +just like you would do in any eeehm type + + align:start position:0% +just like you would do in any eeehm type + + + align:start position:0% +just like you would do in any eeehm type +algorithm any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so what I've just shown you is + + align:start position:0% +all right so what I've just shown you is + + + align:start position:0% +all right so what I've just shown you is +the topmost part of the model now I'm + + align:start position:0% +the topmost part of the model now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the topmost part of the model now I'm +going to talk about a horizontal slice + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a horizontal slice + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a horizontal slice +so I'm going to talk about one of these + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to talk about one of these + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to talk about one of these +one of these time points so if if you + + align:start position:0% +one of these time points so if if you + + + align:start position:0% +one of these time points so if if you +were to look at the translation there + + align:start position:0% +were to look at the translation there + + + align:start position:0% +were to look at the translation there +are the the rotation of one of those + + align:start position:0% +are the the rotation of one of those + + + align:start position:0% +are the the rotation of one of those +time points what you would get out is + + align:start position:0% +time points what you would get out is + + + align:start position:0% +time points what you would get out is +this model these act + + align:start position:0% +this model these act + + + align:start position:0% +this model these act +says are also hidden variables and we + + align:start position:0% +says are also hidden variables and we + + + align:start position:0% +says are also hidden variables and we +have pre-specified them to characterize + + align:start position:0% +have pre-specified them to characterize + + + align:start position:0% +have pre-specified them to characterize +different axes by which we want to + + align:start position:0% +different axes by which we want to + + + align:start position:0% +different axes by which we want to +understand the patient's disease + + align:start position:0% +understand the patient's disease + + + align:start position:0% +understand the patient's disease +progression so in Thursday's lecture we + + align:start position:0% +progression so in Thursday's lecture we + + + align:start position:0% +progression so in Thursday's lecture we +characterized patient's disease as + + align:start position:0% +characterized patient's disease as + + + align:start position:0% +characterized patient's disease as +subtype by just a single number and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similarly in this example is just by + + align:start position:0% +similarly in this example is just by + + + align:start position:0% +similarly in this example is just by +single number but we might want to + + align:start position:0% +single number but we might want to + + + align:start position:0% +single number but we might want to +understand what's really unique about + + align:start position:0% +understand what's really unique about + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's really unique about +each subtype so for example sorry above + + align:start position:0% +each subtype so for example sorry above + + + align:start position:0% +each subtype so for example sorry above +what's really unique about each disease + + align:start position:0% +what's really unique about each disease + + + align:start position:0% +what's really unique about each disease +stage so for example how is the + + align:start position:0% +stage so for example how is the + + + align:start position:0% +stage so for example how is the +patient's endocrine function in that + + align:start position:0% +patient's endocrine function in that + + + align:start position:0% +patient's endocrine function in that +disease stage how is the patient's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +psychiatric status in that disease stage + + align:start position:0% +psychiatric status in that disease stage + + + align:start position:0% +psychiatric status in that disease stage +has the patient developed lung cancer + + align:start position:0% +has the patient developed lung cancer + + + align:start position:0% +has the patient developed lung cancer +yet at that disease stage and so on and + + align:start position:0% +yet at that disease stage and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +yet at that disease stage and so on and +so we're going to and we're going to ask + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to and we're going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to and we're going to ask +that we want to go to read out from this + + align:start position:0% +that we want to go to read out from this + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to go to read out from this +model according to these axes and this + + align:start position:0% +model according to these axes and this + + + align:start position:0% +model according to these axes and this +would become very clear at the end of + + align:start position:0% +would become very clear at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +would become very clear at the end of +this section where I showed you + + align:start position:0% +this section where I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +this section where I showed you +simulation of what 20 years looks like + + align:start position:0% +simulation of what 20 years looks like + + + align:start position:0% +simulation of what 20 years looks like +for COPD according to these quantities + + align:start position:0% +for COPD according to these quantities + + + align:start position:0% +for COPD according to these quantities +when does the patient typically develop + + align:start position:0% +when does the patient typically develop + + + align:start position:0% +when does the patient typically develop +diabetes when this patient typically + + align:start position:0% +diabetes when this patient typically + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes when this patient typically +become depressed when did the patient + + align:start position:0% +become depressed when did the patient + + + align:start position:0% +become depressed when did the patient +typically develop lung cancer and so on + + align:start position:0% +typically develop lung cancer and so on + + + align:start position:0% +typically develop lung cancer and so on +so these are the quantities in which we + + align:start position:0% +so these are the quantities in which we + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the quantities in which we +want to be able to really talk about + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to really talk about + + + align:start position:0% +want to be able to really talk about +what happens to patient at any one + + align:start position:0% +what happens to patient at any one + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to patient at any one +disease stage but the challenge is we + + align:start position:0% +disease stage but the challenge is we + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage but the challenge is we +never actually observed these quantities + + align:start position:0% +never actually observed these quantities + + + align:start position:0% +never actually observed these quantities +in the data that we have rather all we + + align:start position:0% +in the data that we have rather all we + + + align:start position:0% +in the data that we have rather all we +observe are things like laboratory test + + align:start position:0% +observe are things like laboratory test + + + align:start position:0% +observe are things like laboratory test +results or diagnosis codes or procedures + + align:start position:0% +results or diagnosis codes or procedures + + + align:start position:0% +results or diagnosis codes or procedures +that have been formed and so on which + + align:start position:0% +that have been formed and so on which + + + align:start position:0% +that have been formed and so on which +I'm going to call the clinical findings + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call the clinical findings + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call the clinical findings +in the bottom and as we've been + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom and as we've been + + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom and as we've been +discussing throughout this course one + + align:start position:0% +discussing throughout this course one + + + align:start position:0% +discussing throughout this course one +could think about things as diagnosis + + align:start position:0% +could think about things as diagnosis + + + align:start position:0% +could think about things as diagnosis +codes as giving you information about + + align:start position:0% +codes as giving you information about + + + align:start position:0% +codes as giving you information about +the disease status of the patient but + + align:start position:0% +the disease status of the patient but + + + align:start position:0% +the disease status of the patient but +they're not one in the same as the + + align:start position:0% +they're not one in the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +they're not one in the same as the +diagnosis because there's so much noise + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis because there's so much noise + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis because there's so much noise +and bias that goes into the assigning of + + align:start position:0% +and bias that goes into the assigning of + + + align:start position:0% +and bias that goes into the assigning of +diagnosis codes for patients and so the + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes for patients and so the + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes for patients and so the +way that we're going to model the raw + + align:start position:0% +way that we're going to model the raw + + + align:start position:0% +way that we're going to model the raw +data as a function of these hidden + + align:start position:0% +data as a function of these hidden + + + align:start position:0% +data as a function of these hidden +variables that we want to characterize + + align:start position:0% +variables that we want to characterize + + + align:start position:0% +variables that we want to characterize +is using what's known as a noisy or + + align:start position:0% +is using what's known as a noisy or + + + align:start position:0% +is using what's known as a noisy or +work so we're going to suppose that + + align:start position:0% +work so we're going to suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +work so we're going to suppose that +there is some generative distribution + + align:start position:0% +there is some generative distribution + + + align:start position:0% +there is some generative distribution +where the observations you see for + + align:start position:0% +where the observations you see for + + + align:start position:0% +where the observations you see for +example diagnosis codes are likely to be + + align:start position:0% +example diagnosis codes are likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +example diagnosis codes are likely to be +observed as a function of whether the + + align:start position:0% +observed as a function of whether the + + + align:start position:0% +observed as a function of whether the +patient has these phenotypes or + + align:start position:0% +patient has these phenotypes or + + + align:start position:0% +patient has these phenotypes or +comorbidities with some probability and + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities with some probability and + + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities with some probability and +that probability can be specified by + + align:start position:0% +that probability can be specified by + + + align:start position:0% +that probability can be specified by +these edge weights so for example a + + align:start position:0% +these edge weights so for example a + + + align:start position:0% +these edge weights so for example a +diagnosis code for diabetes is very + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis code for diabetes is very + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis code for diabetes is very +likely to be observed in the patient + + align:start position:0% +likely to be observed in the patient + + + align:start position:0% +likely to be observed in the patient +data if the patient truly has diabetes + + align:start position:0% +data if the patient truly has diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +data if the patient truly has diabetes +but of course it may not be recorded the + + align:start position:0% +but of course it may not be recorded the + + + align:start position:0% +but of course it may not be recorded the +data for every single visit the patient + + align:start position:0% +data for every single visit the patient + + + align:start position:0% +data for every single visit the patient +has to a clinician there might be some + + align:start position:0% +has to a clinician there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +has to a clinician there might be some +visits to clinicians that have nothing + + align:start position:0% +visits to clinicians that have nothing + + + align:start position:0% +visits to clinicians that have nothing +to do with their patients endocrine + + align:start position:0% +to do with their patients endocrine + + + align:start position:0% +to do with their patients endocrine +function and diabetes the diagnosis code + + align:start position:0% +function and diabetes the diagnosis code + + + align:start position:0% +function and diabetes the diagnosis code +might not be recorded for that visit so + + align:start position:0% +might not be recorded for that visit so + + + align:start position:0% +might not be recorded for that visit so +it's going to be noisy process and that + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be noisy process and that + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be noisy process and that +noise rate is going to be captured by + + align:start position:0% +noise rate is going to be captured by + + + align:start position:0% +noise rate is going to be captured by +that edge so part of the learning + + align:start position:0% +that edge so part of the learning + + + align:start position:0% +that edge so part of the learning +algorithm is going to be to learn the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is going to be to learn the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is going to be to learn the +transition distributions so for example + + align:start position:0% +transition distributions so for example + + + align:start position:0% +transition distributions so for example +that Q matrix I showed you in the + + align:start position:0% +that Q matrix I showed you in the + + + align:start position:0% +that Q matrix I showed you in the +earlier slide but the other role of + + align:start position:0% +earlier slide but the other role of + + + align:start position:0% +earlier slide but the other role of +learning algorithm is to learn all of + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm is to learn all of + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm is to learn all of +the parameters of this noisier + + align:start position:0% +the parameters of this noisier + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters of this noisier +distribution namely these edge weights + + align:start position:0% +distribution namely these edge weights + + + align:start position:0% +distribution namely these edge weights +so that's going to be just discovered as + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be just discovered as + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to be just discovered as +part of the learning algorithm and a key + + align:start position:0% +part of the learning algorithm and a key + + + align:start position:0% +part of the learning algorithm and a key +question that you have to ask me is how + + align:start position:0% +question that you have to ask me is how + + + align:start position:0% +question that you have to ask me is how +if I know I want to read out from the + + align:start position:0% +if I know I want to read out from the + + + align:start position:0% +if I know I want to read out from the +model according to these axes but these + + align:start position:0% +model according to these axes but these + + + align:start position:0% +model according to these axes but these +axes are never I'm never assuming that + + align:start position:0% +axes are never I'm never assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +axes are never I'm never assuming that +they're explicitly observed in the data + + align:start position:0% +they're explicitly observed in the data + + + align:start position:0% +they're explicitly observed in the data +how do i ground the learning algorithm + + align:start position:0% +how do i ground the learning algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +how do i ground the learning algorithm +to give meaning to these hidden + + align:start position:0% +to give meaning to these hidden + + + align:start position:0% +to give meaning to these hidden +variables because otherwise if we left + + align:start position:0% +variables because otherwise if we left + + + align:start position:0% +variables because otherwise if we left +them otherwise unconstrained and you did + + align:start position:0% +them otherwise unconstrained and you did + + + align:start position:0% +them otherwise unconstrained and you did +maximum likelihood estimation just like + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimation just like + + + align:start position:0% +maximum likelihood estimation just like +in any factor analysis type model you + + align:start position:0% +in any factor analysis type model you + + + align:start position:0% +in any factor analysis type model you +might discover some factors here but + + align:start position:0% +might discover some factors here but + + + align:start position:0% +might discover some factors here but +they might not be the factors you care + + align:start position:0% +they might not be the factors you care + + + align:start position:0% +they might not be the factors you care +about and if the learning problem was + + align:start position:0% +about and if the learning problem was + + + align:start position:0% +about and if the learning problem was +not identifiable as is often case in + + align:start position:0% +not identifiable as is often case in + + + align:start position:0% +not identifiable as is often case in +unsupervised learning then you might not + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised learning then you might not + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised learning then you might not +discover what you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +discover what you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +discover what you're interested in +so to ground the hidden variables we + + align:start position:0% +so to ground the hidden variables we + + + align:start position:0% +so to ground the hidden variables we +introduced we used a technique that that + + align:start position:0% +introduced we used a technique that that + + + align:start position:0% +introduced we used a technique that that +you already saw in an earlier lecture + + align:start position:0% +you already saw in an earlier lecture + + + align:start position:0% +you already saw in an earlier lecture +from lecture 8 called anchors so a + + align:start position:0% +from lecture 8 called anchors so a + + + align:start position:0% +from lecture 8 called anchors so a +domain expert is going to specify for + + align:start position:0% +domain expert is going to specify for + + + align:start position:0% +domain expert is going to specify for +each one of the comorbidity + + align:start position:0% +each one of the comorbidity + + + align:start position:0% +each one of the comorbidity +one or more anchors which are + + align:start position:0% +one or more anchors which are + + + align:start position:0% +one or more anchors which are +observations which we are going to + + align:start position:0% +observations which we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +observations which we are going to +conjecture could only have a arisen from + + align:start position:0% +conjecture could only have a arisen from + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture could only have a arisen from +the corresponding hidden variable so + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding hidden variable so + + + align:start position:0% +the corresponding hidden variable so +notice here that this diagnosis code + + align:start position:0% +notice here that this diagnosis code + + + align:start position:0% +notice here that this diagnosis code +which is for type 2 diabetes has only an + + align:start position:0% +which is for type 2 diabetes has only an + + + align:start position:0% +which is for type 2 diabetes has only an +edge from x1 that is an assumption that + + align:start position:0% +edge from x1 that is an assumption that + + + align:start position:0% +edge from x1 that is an assumption that +we're making learning algorithm we are + + align:start position:0% +we're making learning algorithm we are + + + align:start position:0% +we're making learning algorithm we are +actually explicitly zeroing out all of + + align:start position:0% +actually explicitly zeroing out all of + + + align:start position:0% +actually explicitly zeroing out all of +the other edges from all the other + + align:start position:0% +the other edges from all the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other edges from all the other +comorbidities 201 we're not going to pre + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities 201 we're not going to pre + + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities 201 we're not going to pre +specify what this edge weight is we're + + align:start position:0% +specify what this edge weight is we're + + + align:start position:0% +specify what this edge weight is we're +going to allow for the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +going to allow for the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +going to allow for the fact that this +might be noisy it's not always observed + + align:start position:0% +might be noisy it's not always observed + + + align:start position:0% +might be noisy it's not always observed +even if the patient has diabetes but + + align:start position:0% +even if the patient has diabetes but + + + align:start position:0% +even if the patient has diabetes but +we're going to say this could not be + + align:start position:0% +we're going to say this could not be + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to say this could not be +explained by any of the other + + align:start position:0% +explained by any of the other + + + align:start position:0% +explained by any of the other +comorbidities and so for each one of the + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities and so for each one of the + + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities and so for each one of the +core morbidities or phenotypes that we + + align:start position:0% +core morbidities or phenotypes that we + + + align:start position:0% +core morbidities or phenotypes that we +want to model we're going to specify + + align:start position:0% +want to model we're going to specify + + + align:start position:0% +want to model we're going to specify +some small number of anchors which + + align:start position:0% +some small number of anchors which + + + align:start position:0% +some small number of anchors which +correspond to a type of sparsity + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a type of sparsity + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a type of sparsity +assumption on that graph and these are + + align:start position:0% +assumption on that graph and these are + + + align:start position:0% +assumption on that graph and these are +the anchors that we chose for asthma we + + align:start position:0% +the anchors that we chose for asthma we + + + align:start position:0% +the anchors that we chose for asthma we +chose a diagnosis code car spine to + + align:start position:0% +chose a diagnosis code car spine to + + + align:start position:0% +chose a diagnosis code car spine to +asthma for lung cancer we chose several + + align:start position:0% +asthma for lung cancer we chose several + + + align:start position:0% +asthma for lung cancer we chose several +diagnosis codes corresponding to lung + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes corresponding to lung + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes corresponding to lung +cancer for obesity we chose a diagnosis + + align:start position:0% +cancer for obesity we chose a diagnosis + + + align:start position:0% +cancer for obesity we chose a diagnosis +code corresponding to more bit of BCD + + align:start position:0% +code corresponding to more bit of BCD + + + align:start position:0% +code corresponding to more bit of BCD +and so on and so these are ways that + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so these are ways that + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so these are ways that +we're going to give meaning to the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give meaning to the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give meaning to the +hidden variables but as you'll see in + + align:start position:0% +hidden variables but as you'll see in + + + align:start position:0% +hidden variables but as you'll see in +just a few minutes it is not going to + + align:start position:0% +just a few minutes it is not going to + + + align:start position:0% +just a few minutes it is not going to +pre-specify too much of the model the + + align:start position:0% +pre-specify too much of the model the + + + align:start position:0% +pre-specify too much of the model the +model is still going to learn a whole + + align:start position:0% +model is still going to learn a whole + + + align:start position:0% +model is still going to learn a whole +bunch of other interesting things by the + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other interesting things by the + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other interesting things by the +way that the way that we've the way that + + align:start position:0% +way that the way that we've the way that + + + align:start position:0% +way that the way that we've the way that +we actually came up with this set was by + + align:start position:0% +we actually came up with this set was by + + + align:start position:0% +we actually came up with this set was by +an iterative process we specified some + + align:start position:0% +an iterative process we specified some + + + align:start position:0% +an iterative process we specified some +of the hidden variables to have anchors + + align:start position:0% +of the hidden variables to have anchors + + + align:start position:0% +of the hidden variables to have anchors +but we also left some of them to be + + align:start position:0% +but we also left some of them to be + + + align:start position:0% +but we also left some of them to be +unanchored meaning you know free + + align:start position:0% +unanchored meaning you know free + + + align:start position:0% +unanchored meaning you know free +variables we did our learning out with + + align:start position:0% +variables we did our learning out with + + + align:start position:0% +variables we did our learning out with +Emily served and we and just like you + + align:start position:0% +Emily served and we and just like you + + + align:start position:0% +Emily served and we and just like you +would do in a topic model we discovered + + align:start position:0% +would do in a topic model we discovered + + + align:start position:0% +would do in a topic model we discovered +that there were some phenotypes that + + align:start position:0% +that there were some phenotypes that + + + align:start position:0% +that there were some phenotypes that +really seemed to can be characterized by + + align:start position:0% +really seemed to can be characterized by + + + align:start position:0% +really seemed to can be characterized by +the patient's disease that seemed to + + align:start position:0% +the patient's disease that seemed to + + + align:start position:0% +the patient's disease that seemed to +characterize the patient's disease + + align:start position:0% +characterize the patient's disease + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the patient's disease +progression then in order to really dig + + align:start position:0% +progression then in order to really dig + + + align:start position:0% +progression then in order to really dig +deeper working in collaborate from the + + align:start position:0% +deeper working in collaborate from the + + + align:start position:0% +deeper working in collaborate from the +domain expert we specify it anchors for + + align:start position:0% +domain expert we specify it anchors for + + + align:start position:0% +domain expert we specify it anchors for +those and we iterated and in this way we + + align:start position:0% +those and we iterated and in this way we + + + align:start position:0% +those and we iterated and in this way we +serve we discovered the full set of + + align:start position:0% +serve we discovered the full set of + + + align:start position:0% +serve we discovered the full set of +interesting variables we want to model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these were like our Sun come over these + + align:start position:0% +these were like our Sun come over these + + + align:start position:0% +these were like our Sun come over these +better anchors and others great you'll + + align:start position:0% +better anchors and others great you'll + + + align:start position:0% +better anchors and others great you'll +see I think will answer that question in + + align:start position:0% +see I think will answer that question in + + + align:start position:0% +see I think will answer that question in +just a few minutes when I show you what + + align:start position:0% +just a few minutes when I show you what + + + align:start position:0% +just a few minutes when I show you what +the graph looks like that's learned yep + + align:start position:0% +the graph looks like that's learned yep + + + align:start position:0% +the graph looks like that's learned yep +other ways that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there were exquisitely non-0 its + + align:start position:0% +there were exquisitely non-0 its + + + align:start position:0% +there were exquisitely non-0 its +opposite so what I want to act for an + + align:start position:0% +opposite so what I want to act for an + + + align:start position:0% +opposite so what I want to act for an +anchor we say that it only has a single + + align:start position:0% +anchor we say that it only has a single + + + align:start position:0% +anchor we say that it only has a single +parent everything that's not an anchor + + align:start position:0% +parent everything that's not an anchor + + + align:start position:0% +parent everything that's not an anchor +can have arbitrarily many parents we + + align:start position:0% +can have arbitrarily many parents we + + + align:start position:0% +can have arbitrarily many parents we +started out with there's a subset we + + align:start position:0% +started out with there's a subset we + + + align:start position:0% +started out with there's a subset we +want to model the things that we wanted + + align:start position:0% +want to model the things that we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +want to model the things that we wanted +to understand what happens along disease + + align:start position:0% +to understand what happens along disease + + + align:start position:0% +to understand what happens along disease +progression according to these axes but + + align:start position:0% +progression according to these axes but + + + align:start position:0% +progression according to these axes but +just a subset of them urgently and then + + align:start position:0% +just a subset of them urgently and then + + + align:start position:0% +just a subset of them urgently and then +we included a few additional hidden + + align:start position:0% +we included a few additional hidden + + + align:start position:0% +we included a few additional hidden +variables they didn't have any anchors + + align:start position:0% +variables they didn't have any anchors + + + align:start position:0% +variables they didn't have any anchors +associate to them and after doing + + align:start position:0% +associate to them and after doing + + + align:start position:0% +associate to them and after doing +unsupervised learning in just a + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised learning in just a + + + align:start position:0% +unsupervised learning in just a +preliminary development stage we they + + align:start position:0% +preliminary development stage we they + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary development stage we they +discovered some topics we realized oh + + align:start position:0% +discovered some topics we realized oh + + + align:start position:0% +discovered some topics we realized oh +shoot we should have included those in + + align:start position:0% +shoot we should have included those in + + + align:start position:0% +shoot we should have included those in +there and then we added them in with + + align:start position:0% +there and then we added them in with + + + align:start position:0% +there and then we added them in with +corresponding anchors and so you can + + align:start position:0% +corresponding anchors and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding anchors and so you can +think about this as an exploratory data + + align:start position:0% +think about this as an exploratory data + + + align:start position:0% +think about this as an exploratory data +analysis pipeline yes so so there's + + align:start position:0% +analysis pipeline yes so so there's + + + align:start position:0% +analysis pipeline yes so so there's +definitely the chance that these may not + + align:start position:0% +definitely the chance that these may not + + + align:start position:0% +definitely the chance that these may not +be anchors is related to the question + + align:start position:0% +be anchors is related to the question + + + align:start position:0% +be anchors is related to the question +those asked a second ago so for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there there might be some chance that + + align:start position:0% +there there might be some chance that + + + align:start position:0% +there there might be some chance that +the morbid obesity diagnosis code might + + align:start position:0% +the morbid obesity diagnosis code might + + + align:start position:0% +the morbid obesity diagnosis code might +be coded for a patient more often for + + align:start position:0% +be coded for a patient more often for + + + align:start position:0% +be coded for a patient more often for +patient who has let's say asthma this is + + align:start position:0% +patient who has let's say asthma this is + + + align:start position:0% +patient who has let's say asthma this is +a bad example and yeah and and in which + + align:start position:0% +a bad example and yeah and and in which + + + align:start position:0% +a bad example and yeah and and in which +case that would correspond to NASA + + align:start position:0% +case that would correspond to NASA + + + align:start position:0% +case that would correspond to NASA +they're truly existing an edge from + + align:start position:0% +they're truly existing an edge from + + + align:start position:0% +they're truly existing an edge from +asthma to this anchor which would be + + align:start position:0% +asthma to this anchor which would be + + + align:start position:0% +asthma to this anchor which would be +violation of anchor assumption alright + + align:start position:0% +violation of anchor assumption alright + + + align:start position:0% +violation of anchor assumption alright +so we chose these to make that unlikely + + align:start position:0% +so we chose these to make that unlikely + + + align:start position:0% +so we chose these to make that unlikely +but it but it could happen and it's not + + align:start position:0% +but it but it could happen and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +but it but it could happen and it's not +easily testable so this is another + + align:start position:0% +easily testable so this is another + + + align:start position:0% +easily testable so this is another +example of an untestable assumption just + + align:start position:0% +example of an untestable assumption just + + + align:start position:0% +example of an untestable assumption just +like we saw lots of other examples + + align:start position:0% +like we saw lots of other examples + + + align:start position:0% +like we saw lots of other examples +already in today's lecture and in the + + align:start position:0% +already in today's lecture and in the + + + align:start position:0% +already in today's lecture and in the +causal inference lectures if we had some + + align:start position:0% +causal inference lectures if we had some + + + align:start position:0% +causal inference lectures if we had some +ground truth data like if we had done + + align:start position:0% +ground truth data like if we had done + + + align:start position:0% +ground truth data like if we had done +chart review for some number of patients + + align:start position:0% +chart review for some number of patients + + + align:start position:0% +chart review for some number of patients +and we actually labeled these conditions + + align:start position:0% +and we actually labeled these conditions + + + align:start position:0% +and we actually labeled these conditions +then we could test that anchor + + align:start position:0% +then we could test that anchor + + + align:start position:0% +then we could test that anchor +assumption but here we're assuming that + + align:start position:0% +assumption but here we're assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +assumption but here we're assuming that +we don't + + align:start position:0% +we don't + + + align:start position:0% +we don't +you know the ground truth of these + + align:start position:0% +you know the ground truth of these + + + align:start position:0% +you know the ground truth of these +conditions more specific even say the + + align:start position:0% +conditions more specific even say the + + + align:start position:0% +conditions more specific even say the +diabetes you trying to subtitle a + + align:start position:0% +diabetes you trying to subtitle a + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes you trying to subtitle a +namespace mother's father problem it + + align:start position:0% +namespace mother's father problem it + + + align:start position:0% +namespace mother's father problem it +sort of used that as a single layer but + + align:start position:0% +sort of used that as a single layer but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of used that as a single layer but +it seems to at least this model seems to + + align:start position:0% +it seems to at least this model seems to + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to at least this model seems to +choose the English yes that was a design + + align:start position:0% +choose the English yes that was a design + + + align:start position:0% +choose the English yes that was a design +choice that we made an injury there are + + align:start position:0% +choice that we made an injury there are + + + align:start position:0% +choice that we made an injury there are +many many directions for future for + + align:start position:0% +many many directions for future for + + + align:start position:0% +many many directions for future for +follow-up work one of which would be to + + align:start position:0% +follow-up work one of which would be to + + + align:start position:0% +follow-up work one of which would be to +use a hierarchical model here and but we + + align:start position:0% +use a hierarchical model here and but we + + + align:start position:0% +use a hierarchical model here and but we +hadn't gone that direction another + + align:start position:0% +hadn't gone that direction another + + + align:start position:0% +hadn't gone that direction another +obvious direction for hvala work would + + align:start position:0% +obvious direction for hvala work would + + + align:start position:0% +obvious direction for hvala work would +be to to do simultaneous subtyping with + + align:start position:0% +be to to do simultaneous subtyping with + + + align:start position:0% +be to to do simultaneous subtyping with +this staging by introducing another + + align:start position:0% +this staging by introducing another + + + align:start position:0% +this staging by introducing another +random variable which is that say that + + align:start position:0% +random variable which is that say that + + + align:start position:0% +random variable which is that say that +disease subtype and making everything a + + align:start position:0% +disease subtype and making everything a + + + align:start position:0% +disease subtype and making everything a +function of that okay so I've talked + + align:start position:0% +function of that okay so I've talked + + + align:start position:0% +function of that okay so I've talked +about the vertical slice and I've talked + + align:start position:0% +about the vertical slice and I've talked + + + align:start position:0% +about the vertical slice and I've talked +about the topmost slice but what I still + + align:start position:0% +about the topmost slice but what I still + + + align:start position:0% +about the topmost slice but what I still +need to tell you about is how these + + align:start position:0% +need to tell you about is how these + + + align:start position:0% +need to tell you about is how these +phenotypes relate to the observed + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes relate to the observed + + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes relate to the observed +disease stage so for this we use I don't + + align:start position:0% +disease stage so for this we use I don't + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage so for this we use I don't +remember the exact technical terminate a + + align:start position:0% +remember the exact technical terminate a + + + align:start position:0% +remember the exact technical terminate a +terminology a factored Markov model is + + align:start position:0% +terminology a factored Markov model is + + + align:start position:0% +terminology a factored Markov model is +that right Pete factorize Markov I mean + + align:start position:0% +that right Pete factorize Markov I mean + + + align:start position:0% +that right Pete factorize Markov I mean +this is this is this is a term that + + align:start position:0% +this is this is this is a term that + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is this is a term that +existed in the graphical models + + align:start position:0% +existed in the graphical models + + + align:start position:0% +existed in the graphical models +literature but I don't remember right + + align:start position:0% +literature but I don't remember right + + + align:start position:0% +literature but I don't remember right +now so what we're saying is that each of + + align:start position:0% +now so what we're saying is that each of + + + align:start position:0% +now so what we're saying is that each of +these Markov chains so each of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so each of these X 1 up to X T so this + + align:start position:0% +so each of these X 1 up to X T so this + + + align:start position:0% +so each of these X 1 up to X T so this +will say is is the is the first one + + align:start position:0% +will say is is the is the first one + + + align:start position:0% +will say is is the is the first one +appalled diabetes this is the second one + + align:start position:0% +appalled diabetes this is the second one + + + align:start position:0% +appalled diabetes this is the second one +which I'll say is depression we're going + + align:start position:0% +which I'll say is depression we're going + + + align:start position:0% +which I'll say is depression we're going +to assume that each one of these markov + + align:start position:0% +to assume that each one of these markov + + + align:start position:0% +to assume that each one of these markov +chains is conditionally independent of + + align:start position:0% +chains is conditionally independent of + + + align:start position:0% +chains is conditionally independent of +each other given the disease stage so + + align:start position:0% +each other given the disease stage so + + + align:start position:0% +each other given the disease stage so +it's the disease stage which ties + + align:start position:0% +it's the disease stage which ties + + + align:start position:0% +it's the disease stage which ties +everything together so the graphical + + align:start position:0% +everything together so the graphical + + + align:start position:0% +everything together so the graphical +model looks like this and so on + + align:start position:0% +model looks like this and so on + + + align:start position:0% +model looks like this and so on +ok so in particular there are no edges + + align:start position:0% +ok so in particular there are no edges + + + align:start position:0% +ok so in particular there are no edges +between let's say the diabetes variable + + align:start position:0% +between let's say the diabetes variable + + + align:start position:0% +between let's say the diabetes variable +and the depression variable all + + align:start position:0% +and the depression variable all + + + align:start position:0% +and the depression variable all +correlations between these conditions is + + align:start position:0% +correlations between these conditions is + + + align:start position:0% +correlations between these conditions is +assumed to be mediated by the disease + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be mediated by the disease + + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be mediated by the disease +stage variable and that's a critical + + align:start position:0% +stage variable and that's a critical + + + align:start position:0% +stage variable and that's a critical +assumption that we had to make does + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we had to make does + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we had to make does +anyone know why what would go wrong if + + align:start position:0% +anyone know why what would go wrong if + + + align:start position:0% +anyone know why what would go wrong if +we didn't make that assumption so for + + align:start position:0% +we didn't make that assumption so for + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't make that assumption so for +example what would go wrong if we had + + align:start position:0% +example what would go wrong if we had + + + align:start position:0% +example what would go wrong if we had +something look like this X 1 notation X + + align:start position:0% +something look like this X 1 notation X + + + align:start position:0% +something look like this X 1 notation X +1 1 X 1 2 X 1 3 and suppose we had edges + + align:start position:0% +1 1 X 1 2 X 1 3 and suppose we had edges + + + align:start position:0% +1 1 X 1 2 X 1 3 and suppose we had edges +between them a complete graph and we had + + align:start position:0% +between them a complete graph and we had + + + align:start position:0% +between them a complete graph and we had +let's say oh so the S variable with + + align:start position:0% +let's say oh so the S variable with + + + align:start position:0% +let's say oh so the S variable with +edges to everything what would happen in + + align:start position:0% +edges to everything what would happen in + + + align:start position:0% +edges to everything what would happen in +that case where we we're not assuming + + align:start position:0% +that case where we we're not assuming + + + align:start position:0% +that case where we we're not assuming +that the x's are conditionally + + align:start position:0% +that the x's are conditionally + + + align:start position:0% +that the x's are conditionally +independent given us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I want you to think about this in + + align:start position:0% +so I want you to think about this in + + + align:start position:0% +so I want you to think about this in +terms of in terms of distributions so + + align:start position:0% +terms of in terms of distributions so + + + align:start position:0% +terms of in terms of distributions so +remember we're going to be we're going + + align:start position:0% +remember we're going to be we're going + + + align:start position:0% +remember we're going to be we're going +to learn how to do disease progression + + align:start position:0% +to learn how to do disease progression + + + align:start position:0% +to learn how to do disease progression +through learning the parameters of this + + align:start position:0% +through learning the parameters of this + + + align:start position:0% +through learning the parameters of this +model and so if we set this up in if we + + align:start position:0% +model and so if we set this up in if we + + + align:start position:0% +model and so if we set this up in if we +set up the learning problem in a way + + align:start position:0% +set up the learning problem in a way + + + align:start position:0% +set up the learning problem in a way +which is unidentifiable then we're going + + align:start position:0% +which is unidentifiable then we're going + + + align:start position:0% +which is unidentifiable then we're going +to be screwed we're not gonna be able to + + align:start position:0% +to be screwed we're not gonna be able to + + + align:start position:0% +to be screwed we're not gonna be able to +learn anything but disease progression + + align:start position:0% +learn anything but disease progression + + + align:start position:0% +learn anything but disease progression +so what would happen in this saturated + + align:start position:0% +so what would happen in this saturated + + + align:start position:0% +so what would happen in this saturated +situation someone who hasn't spoken + + align:start position:0% +situation someone who hasn't spoken + + + align:start position:0% +situation someone who hasn't spoken +today I would ideally to any of you + + align:start position:0% +today I would ideally to any of you + + + align:start position:0% +today I would ideally to any of you +remember from let's say perhaps an + + align:start position:0% +remember from let's say perhaps an + + + align:start position:0% +remember from let's say perhaps an +earlier machine learning class what + + align:start position:0% +earlier machine learning class what + + + align:start position:0% +earlier machine learning class what +happens a complete graph a complete + + align:start position:0% +happens a complete graph a complete + + + align:start position:0% +happens a complete graph a complete +Bayesian network could represent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it the answer is all distributions + + align:start position:0% +so it the answer is all distributions + + + align:start position:0% +so it the answer is all distributions +because it corresponds to any + + align:start position:0% +because it corresponds to any + + + align:start position:0% +because it corresponds to any +factorization of the Joint Distribution + + align:start position:0% +factorization of the Joint Distribution + + + align:start position:0% +factorization of the Joint Distribution +and so if you have if you loud these X + + align:start position:0% +and so if you have if you loud these X + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you have if you loud these X +variables to be fully connected to each + + align:start position:0% +variables to be fully connected to each + + + align:start position:0% +variables to be fully connected to each +other so for example saying that + + align:start position:0% +other so for example saying that + + + align:start position:0% +other so for example saying that +depression depends on diabetes in + + align:start position:0% +depression depends on diabetes in + + + align:start position:0% +depression depends on diabetes in +addition to the stage then in fact you + + align:start position:0% +addition to the stage then in fact you + + + align:start position:0% +addition to the stage then in fact you +don't even need this stage variable in + + align:start position:0% +don't even need this stage variable in + + + align:start position:0% +don't even need this stage variable in +here the marginal just you can fit any + + align:start position:0% +here the marginal just you can fit any + + + align:start position:0% +here the marginal just you can fit any +distribution on these X variables even + + align:start position:0% +distribution on these X variables even + + + align:start position:0% +distribution on these X variables even +without that variable at all and so the + + align:start position:0% +without that variable at all and so the + + + align:start position:0% +without that variable at all and so the +model could learn to simply ignore the X + + align:start position:0% +model could learn to simply ignore the X + + + align:start position:0% +model could learn to simply ignore the X +variable which would be exactly not our + + align:start position:0% +variable which would be exactly not our + + + align:start position:0% +variable which would be exactly not our +goal because our goal is to learn + + align:start position:0% +goal because our goal is to learn + + + align:start position:0% +goal because our goal is to learn +something about the the disease stage + + align:start position:0% +something about the the disease stage + + + align:start position:0% +something about the the disease stage +and in fact we're going to be wanted to + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we're going to be wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we're going to be wanted to +make assumptions on disease on the + + align:start position:0% +make assumptions on disease on the + + + align:start position:0% +make assumptions on disease on the +progression of disease stage which is + + align:start position:0% +progression of disease stage which is + + + align:start position:0% +progression of disease stage which is +going to help us learn so by assuming + + align:start position:0% +going to help us learn so by assuming + + + align:start position:0% +going to help us learn so by assuming +conditional independence between these + + align:start position:0% +conditional independence between these + + + align:start position:0% +conditional independence between these +ax variables it's going to force all of + + align:start position:0% +ax variables it's going to force all of + + + align:start position:0% +ax variables it's going to force all of +the correlations to have to be mediated + + align:start position:0% +the correlations to have to be mediated + + + align:start position:0% +the correlations to have to be mediated +by the S variable and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +by the S variable and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +by the S variable and it's going to +remove some of that unidentifiable T + + align:start position:0% +remove some of that unidentifiable T + + + align:start position:0% +remove some of that unidentifiable T +that otherwise exists this is a subtle + + align:start position:0% +that otherwise exists this is a subtle + + + align:start position:0% +that otherwise exists this is a subtle +but very important point so the way that + + align:start position:0% +but very important point so the way that + + + align:start position:0% +but very important point so the way that +we're going to parameterize the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to parameterize the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to parameterize the +conditional distribution so first of all + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution so first of all + + + align:start position:0% +conditional distribution so first of all +I'm going to assume these X's are all + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume these X's are all + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to assume these X's are all +binary so either the patient has + + align:start position:0% +binary so either the patient has + + + align:start position:0% +binary so either the patient has +diabetes or they don't have diabetes I'm + + align:start position:0% +diabetes or they don't have diabetes I'm + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes or they don't have diabetes I'm +going to suppose that and this is a + + align:start position:0% +going to suppose that and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +going to suppose that and this is a +again another assumption we're making + + align:start position:0% +again another assumption we're making + + + align:start position:0% +again another assumption we're making +I'm going to suppose that if once you + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to suppose that if once you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to suppose that if once you +already have a comorbidity then you + + align:start position:0% +already have a comorbidity then you + + + align:start position:0% +already have a comorbidity then you +always have it so for example once this + + align:start position:0% +always have it so for example once this + + + align:start position:0% +always have it so for example once this +is all is one then all subsequent ones + + align:start position:0% +is all is one then all subsequent ones + + + align:start position:0% +is all is one then all subsequent ones +are also going to be one hold the + + align:start position:0% +are also going to be one hold the + + + align:start position:0% +are also going to be one hold the +questions for just a second I'm also + + align:start position:0% +questions for just a second I'm also + + + align:start position:0% +questions for just a second I'm also +going to make an assumption that later + + align:start position:0% +going to make an assumption that later + + + align:start position:0% +going to make an assumption that later +stage of the disease are more likely to + + align:start position:0% +stage of the disease are more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +stage of the disease are more likely to +develop the comorbidity so in particular + + align:start position:0% +develop the comorbidity so in particular + + + align:start position:0% +develop the comorbidity so in particular +one can formalize that mathematically as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability of X I'll just say X I being + + align:start position:0% +probability of X I'll just say X I being + + + align:start position:0% +probability of X I'll just say X I being +one given s I'll say s s T equals little + + align:start position:0% +one given s I'll say s s T equals little + + + align:start position:0% +one given s I'll say s s T equals little +s comma X t minus one equals zero + + align:start position:0% +s comma X t minus one equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +s comma X t minus one equals zero +I'm suppose that this is larger than + + align:start position:0% +I'm suppose that this is larger than + + + align:start position:0% +I'm suppose that this is larger than +larger than or equal to probability of X + + align:start position:0% +larger than or equal to probability of X + + + align:start position:0% +larger than or equal to probability of X +T equals 1 given s T equals s Prime and + + align:start position:0% +T equals 1 given s T equals s Prime and + + + align:start position:0% +T equals 1 given s T equals s Prime and +XT minus 1 equals 0 for all s prime less + + align:start position:0% +XT minus 1 equals 0 for all s prime less + + + align:start position:0% +XT minus 1 equals 0 for all s prime less +than s ok so I'm saying as you get + + align:start position:0% +than s ok so I'm saying as you get + + + align:start position:0% +than s ok so I'm saying as you get +further along than the disease stage + + align:start position:0% +further along than the disease stage + + + align:start position:0% +further along than the disease stage +you're more likely to observe one of + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to observe one of + + + align:start position:0% +you're more likely to observe one of +these complications and again this is an + + align:start position:0% +these complications and again this is an + + + align:start position:0% +these complications and again this is an +assumption that we're putting into the + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we're putting into the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we're putting into the +learning algorithm but it's but it's + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm but it's but it's + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm but it's but it's +what we found that these types of + + align:start position:0% +what we found that these types of + + + align:start position:0% +what we found that these types of +assumptions are really critical in order + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are really critical in order + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are really critical in order +to learn disease progression models when + + align:start position:0% +to learn disease progression models when + + + align:start position:0% +to learn disease progression models when +you don't have a large amount of data + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a large amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a large amount of data +and and note that this is just a linear + + align:start position:0% +and and note that this is just a linear + + + align:start position:0% +and and note that this is just a linear +and equality on the parameters of the + + align:start position:0% +and equality on the parameters of the + + + align:start position:0% +and equality on the parameters of the +model and so I one can use a convex + + align:start position:0% +model and so I one can use a convex + + + align:start position:0% +model and so I one can use a convex +optimization algorithm during the during + + align:start position:0% +optimization algorithm during the during + + + align:start position:0% +optimization algorithm during the during +learning during the maximum likelihood + + align:start position:0% +learning during the maximum likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +learning during the maximum likelihood +estimation step of this algorithm we + + align:start position:0% +estimation step of this algorithm we + + + align:start position:0% +estimation step of this algorithm we +just put a linear inequality into the + + align:start position:0% +just put a linear inequality into the + + + align:start position:0% +just put a linear inequality into the +convex optimization problem to enforce + + align:start position:0% +convex optimization problem to enforce + + + align:start position:0% +convex optimization problem to enforce +this constraint there are a couple of + + align:start position:0% +this constraint there are a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +this constraint there are a couple of +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there are ways to try to talk to see + + align:start position:0% +so there are ways to try to talk to see + + + align:start position:0% +so there are ways to try to talk to see +the models unidentifiable it's beyond + + align:start position:0% +the models unidentifiable it's beyond + + + align:start position:0% +the models unidentifiable it's beyond +the scope of the class but I'll just + + align:start position:0% +the scope of the class but I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +the scope of the class but I'll just +briefly mention one of the techniques so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so one kid so you can ask that + + align:start position:0% +so one kid so you can ask that + + + align:start position:0% +so one kid so you can ask that +identifiability question by looking at + + align:start position:0% +identifiability question by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +identifiability question by looking at +moments of the distribution for example + + align:start position:0% +moments of the distribution for example + + + align:start position:0% +moments of the distribution for example +you could you could talk about it as a + + align:start position:0% +you could you could talk about it as a + + + align:start position:0% +you could you could talk about it as a +function of all of the desert moments of + + align:start position:0% +function of all of the desert moments of + + + align:start position:0% +function of all of the desert moments of +distribution that you get from the data + + align:start position:0% +distribution that you get from the data + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that you get from the data +now the observed data here are not as an + + align:start position:0% +now the observed data here are not as an + + + align:start position:0% +now the observed data here are not as an +accent but rather the O's so you can + + align:start position:0% +accent but rather the O's so you can + + + align:start position:0% +accent but rather the O's so you can +look a joint this region on the O's and + + align:start position:0% +look a joint this region on the O's and + + + align:start position:0% +look a joint this region on the O's and +then you can ask questions about if I + + align:start position:0% +then you can ask questions about if I + + + align:start position:0% +then you can ask questions about if I +was the perturb so suppose I was to + + align:start position:0% +was the perturb so suppose I was to + + + align:start position:0% +was the perturb so suppose I was to +choose a random set of parameters in the + + align:start position:0% +choose a random set of parameters in the + + + align:start position:0% +choose a random set of parameters in the +model is there any way to do a + + align:start position:0% +model is there any way to do a + + + align:start position:0% +model is there any way to do a +perturbation of the parameters of the + + align:start position:0% +perturbation of the parameters of the + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation of the parameters of the +model which leave the observed marginal + + align:start position:0% +model which leave the observed marginal + + + align:start position:0% +model which leave the observed marginal +distribution on the O's identical and + + align:start position:0% +distribution on the O's identical and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution on the O's identical and +often when you're in the setting of non + + align:start position:0% +often when you're in the setting of non + + + align:start position:0% +often when you're in the setting of non +identifiability you can you can you can + + align:start position:0% +identifiability you can you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +identifiability you can you can you can +sort of take the gradient of a function + + align:start position:0% +sort of take the gradient of a function + + + align:start position:0% +sort of take the gradient of a function +and see and you could sort of find that + + align:start position:0% +and see and you could sort of find that + + + align:start position:0% +and see and you could sort of find that +there is some wiggle space then you show + + align:start position:0% +there is some wiggle space then you show + + + align:start position:0% +there is some wiggle space then you show +that okay there there actually this this + + align:start position:0% +that okay there there actually this this + + + align:start position:0% +that okay there there actually this this +objective function is actually on a + + align:start position:0% +objective function is actually on a + + + align:start position:0% +objective function is actually on a +viable now that type of technique is + + align:start position:0% +viable now that type of technique is + + + align:start position:0% +viable now that type of technique is +widely used when studying what are known + + align:start position:0% +widely used when studying what are known + + + align:start position:0% +widely used when studying what are known +as method of moments algorithms or + + align:start position:0% +as method of moments algorithms or + + + align:start position:0% +as method of moments algorithms or +estimation algorithms and late in + + align:start position:0% +estimation algorithms and late in + + + align:start position:0% +estimation algorithms and late in +learning latent variable models but they + + align:start position:0% +learning latent variable models but they + + + align:start position:0% +learning latent variable models but they +would be much much harder to apply in + + align:start position:0% +would be much much harder to apply in + + + align:start position:0% +would be much much harder to apply in +this type of setting because because + + align:start position:0% +this type of setting because because + + + align:start position:0% +this type of setting because because +first of all these are much more complex + + align:start position:0% +first of all these are much more complex + + + align:start position:0% +first of all these are much more complex +models and an estimating the + + align:start position:0% +models and an estimating the + + + align:start position:0% +models and an estimating the +corresponding moments is going to be + + align:start position:0% +corresponding moments is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding moments is going to be +very hard because they're very high + + align:start position:0% +very hard because they're very high + + + align:start position:0% +very hard because they're very high +dimensional and and second because + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and and second because + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional and and second because +they're I'm actually conflating two + + align:start position:0% +they're I'm actually conflating two + + + align:start position:0% +they're I'm actually conflating two +different things when I talk about into + + align:start position:0% +different things when I talk about into + + + align:start position:0% +different things when I talk about into +viability one statement is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +viability one statement is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +viability one statement is sort of the +infinite data identifiability and the + + align:start position:0% +infinite data identifiability and the + + + align:start position:0% +infinite data identifiability and the +second question is your ability to + + align:start position:0% +second question is your ability to + + + align:start position:0% +second question is your ability to +actually learn the right learn a good + + align:start position:0% +actually learn the right learn a good + + + align:start position:0% +actually learn the right learn a good +model from a small amount of data which + + align:start position:0% +model from a small amount of data which + + + align:start position:0% +model from a small amount of data which +is a sample complexity and and these + + align:start position:0% +is a sample complexity and and these + + + align:start position:0% +is a sample complexity and and these +constraints that I'm putting in even if + + align:start position:0% +constraints that I'm putting in even if + + + align:start position:0% +constraints that I'm putting in even if +they don't affect the actual + + align:start position:0% +they don't affect the actual + + + align:start position:0% +they don't affect the actual +identifiability of the model that could + + align:start position:0% +identifiability of the model that could + + + align:start position:0% +identifiability of the model that could +be extremely important for improving the + + align:start position:0% +be extremely important for improving the + + + align:start position:0% +be extremely important for improving the +sample complexity of learning algorithm + + align:start position:0% +sample complexity of learning algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +sample complexity of learning algorithm +is there another question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we value to this using a data set of + + align:start position:0% +so we value to this using a data set of + + + align:start position:0% +so we value to this using a data set of +almost 4,000 patients where where again + + align:start position:0% +almost 4,000 patients where where again + + + align:start position:0% +almost 4,000 patients where where again +each patient we we observed for only a + + align:start position:0% +each patient we we observed for only a + + + align:start position:0% +each patient we we observed for only a +couple of years one two three years and + + align:start position:0% +couple of years one two three years and + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years one two three years and +the observations that we observed were + + align:start position:0% +the observations that we observed were + + + align:start position:0% +the observations that we observed were +264 diagnosis codes the president's are + + align:start position:0% +264 diagnosis codes the president's are + + + align:start position:0% +264 diagnosis codes the president's are +absence of each of those diagnosis codes + + align:start position:0% +absence of each of those diagnosis codes + + + align:start position:0% +absence of each of those diagnosis codes +at any and during any 3-month interval + + align:start position:0% +at any and during any 3-month interval + + + align:start position:0% +at any and during any 3-month interval +overall there were almost 200,000 + + align:start position:0% +overall there were almost 200,000 + + + align:start position:0% +overall there were almost 200,000 +observations of diagnosis codes in this + + align:start position:0% +observations of diagnosis codes in this + + + align:start position:0% +observations of diagnosis codes in this +data set the learning algorithm that we + + align:start position:0% +data set the learning algorithm that we + + + align:start position:0% +data set the learning algorithm that we +used was expectation-maximization + + align:start position:0% +used was expectation-maximization + + + align:start position:0% +used was expectation-maximization +remember there a number of hidden + + align:start position:0% +remember there a number of hidden + + + align:start position:0% +remember there a number of hidden +variables here and so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +variables here and so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +variables here and so if you want to +maximize the likely if you want to learn + + align:start position:0% +maximize the likely if you want to learn + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the likely if you want to learn +the parameters that maximize the + + align:start position:0% +the parameters that maximize the + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters that maximize the +likelihood of those observations oh then + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of those observations oh then + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of those observations oh then +you have to marginalize over those in + + align:start position:0% +you have to marginalize over those in + + + align:start position:0% +you have to marginalize over those in +variables and e/m is one way to try to + + align:start position:0% +variables and e/m is one way to try to + + + align:start position:0% +variables and e/m is one way to try to +find a local optima of that likelihood + + align:start position:0% +find a local optima of that likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +find a local optima of that likelihood +function with the the key caveat so that + + align:start position:0% +function with the the key caveat so that + + + align:start position:0% +function with the the key caveat so that +one has to do approximate inference + + align:start position:0% +one has to do approximate inference + + + align:start position:0% +one has to do approximate inference +during the e step here because this + + align:start position:0% +during the e step here because this + + + align:start position:0% +during the e step here because this +model is not tractable there's no closed + + align:start position:0% +model is not tractable there's no closed + + + align:start position:0% +model is not tractable there's no closed +form for example dynamic programming + + align:start position:0% +form for example dynamic programming + + + align:start position:0% +form for example dynamic programming +algorithm for doing posterior inference + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for doing posterior inference + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for doing posterior inference +in this model given its complexity and + + align:start position:0% +in this model given its complexity and + + + align:start position:0% +in this model given its complexity and +so what we used was a Gibbs sampler to + + align:start position:0% +so what we used was a Gibbs sampler to + + + align:start position:0% +so what we used was a Gibbs sampler to +do approximate inference within that + + align:start position:0% +do approximate inference within that + + + align:start position:0% +do approximate inference within that +estep and we used a we did block + + align:start position:0% +estep and we used a we did block + + + align:start position:0% +estep and we used a we did block +sampling of the Markov chains where we + + align:start position:0% +sampling of the Markov chains where we + + + align:start position:0% +sampling of the Markov chains where we +sort of combined a Gibb Stampler with + + align:start position:0% +sort of combined a Gibb Stampler with + + + align:start position:0% +sort of combined a Gibb Stampler with +the dynamic programming algorithm which + + align:start position:0% +the dynamic programming algorithm which + + + align:start position:0% +the dynamic programming algorithm which +improved the mixing rate of the Markov + + align:start position:0% +improved the mixing rate of the Markov + + + align:start position:0% +improved the mixing rate of the Markov +chain for those of you familiar with + + align:start position:0% +chain for those of you familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +chain for those of you familiar with +those concepts and and in the m-step + + align:start position:0% +those concepts and and in the m-step + + + align:start position:0% +those concepts and and in the m-step +of the learning algorithm when one has + + align:start position:0% +of the learning algorithm when one has + + + align:start position:0% +of the learning algorithm when one has +to learn the parameters of the + + align:start position:0% +to learn the parameters of the + + + align:start position:0% +to learn the parameters of the +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +the only complex part of this model is + + align:start position:0% +the only complex part of this model is + + + align:start position:0% +the only complex part of this model is +the continuous time Markov process and + + align:start position:0% +the continuous time Markov process and + + + align:start position:0% +the continuous time Markov process and +there's actually been previous + + align:start position:0% +there's actually been previous + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually been previous +literature from the physics community + + align:start position:0% +literature from the physics community + + + align:start position:0% +literature from the physics community +which shows how you can really which + + align:start position:0% +which shows how you can really which + + + align:start position:0% +which shows how you can really which +gives you analytic closed form solutions + + align:start position:0% +gives you analytic closed form solutions + + + align:start position:0% +gives you analytic closed form solutions +for that i'm staffed by that work of + + align:start position:0% +for that i'm staffed by that work of + + + align:start position:0% +for that i'm staffed by that work of +that continuous time Markov process now + + align:start position:0% +that continuous time Markov process now + + + align:start position:0% +that continuous time Markov process now +if I were to do this again today I would + + align:start position:0% +if I were to do this again today I would + + + align:start position:0% +if I were to do this again today I would +have done it a little bit differently I + + align:start position:0% +have done it a little bit differently I + + + align:start position:0% +have done it a little bit differently I +would still think about modeling this + + align:start position:0% +would still think about modeling this + + + align:start position:0% +would still think about modeling this +problem in a very similar way but I + + align:start position:0% +problem in a very similar way but I + + + align:start position:0% +problem in a very similar way but I +would do learning using a variational + + align:start position:0% +would do learning using a variational + + + align:start position:0% +would do learning using a variational +lower bound of the likelihood with a + + align:start position:0% +lower bound of the likelihood with a + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound of the likelihood with a +recognition network in order to very + + align:start position:0% +recognition network in order to very + + + align:start position:0% +recognition network in order to very +quickly get you a lower bound of the + + align:start position:0% +quickly get you a lower bound of the + + + align:start position:0% +quickly get you a lower bound of the +likelihood + + align:start position:0% +likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood +and for those of you who are familiar + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you who are familiar + + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you who are familiar +with variational autoencoders that's + + align:start position:0% +with variational autoencoders that's + + + align:start position:0% +with variational autoencoders that's +precisely the idea that that is used + + align:start position:0% +precisely the idea that that is used + + + align:start position:0% +precisely the idea that that is used +there for learning very short encoders + + align:start position:0% +there for learning very short encoders + + + align:start position:0% +there for learning very short encoders +so that's the way I would approach this + + align:start position:0% +so that's the way I would approach this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the way I would approach this +suppose to do it again there's just one + + align:start position:0% +suppose to do it again there's just one + + + align:start position:0% +suppose to do it again there's just one +or two other extensions I want to + + align:start position:0% +or two other extensions I want to + + + align:start position:0% +or two other extensions I want to +mention the first one is something which + + align:start position:0% +mention the first one is something which + + + align:start position:0% +mention the first one is something which +we we one more customization we made for + + align:start position:0% +we we one more customization we made for + + + align:start position:0% +we we one more customization we made for +COPD which is that we enforced monotonic + + align:start position:0% +COPD which is that we enforced monotonic + + + align:start position:0% +COPD which is that we enforced monotonic +stage progression so we said that so + + align:start position:0% +stage progression so we said that so + + + align:start position:0% +stage progression so we said that so +here I talked about a type of + + align:start position:0% +here I talked about a type of + + + align:start position:0% +here I talked about a type of +monotonicity in terms of the conditional + + align:start position:0% +monotonicity in terms of the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +monotonicity in terms of the conditional +shishun of ax given askes but one could + + align:start position:0% +shishun of ax given askes but one could + + + align:start position:0% +shishun of ax given askes but one could +also put an assumption and in the I + + align:start position:0% +also put an assumption and in the I + + + align:start position:0% +also put an assumption and in the I +already talked about that but one could + + align:start position:0% +already talked about that but one could + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about that but one could +also put an assumption on p.m. s-s of T + + align:start position:0% +also put an assumption on p.m. s-s of T + + + align:start position:0% +also put an assumption on p.m. s-s of T +given s of t minus 1 which is implicitly + + align:start position:0% +given s of t minus 1 which is implicitly + + + align:start position:0% +given s of t minus 1 which is implicitly +an assumption on Q and I gave you a hint + + align:start position:0% +an assumption on Q and I gave you a hint + + + align:start position:0% +an assumption on Q and I gave you a hint +of how one might do that over here when + + align:start position:0% +of how one might do that over here when + + + align:start position:0% +of how one might do that over here when +I said that you might put zeros to the + + align:start position:0% +I said that you might put zeros to the + + + align:start position:0% +I said that you might put zeros to the +left-hand side meaning you can never go + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side meaning you can never go + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side meaning you can never go +to the you can never go to the left and + + align:start position:0% +to the you can never go to the left and + + + align:start position:0% +to the you can never go to the left and +we indeed we did something like that + + align:start position:0% +we indeed we did something like that + + + align:start position:0% +we indeed we did something like that +here as well which is another type of + + align:start position:0% +here as well which is another type of + + + align:start position:0% +here as well which is another type of +constraint and finally we regularize the + + align:start position:0% +constraint and finally we regularize the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and finally we regularize the +learning problem by asking that that + + align:start position:0% +learning problem by asking that that + + + align:start position:0% +learning problem by asking that that +graph involving the conditions the + + align:start position:0% +graph involving the conditions the + + + align:start position:0% +graph involving the conditions the +comorbidities and the diagnosis code be + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities and the diagnosis code be + + + align:start position:0% +comorbidities and the diagnosis code be +sparse by putting a beta prior on the on + + align:start position:0% +sparse by putting a beta prior on the on + + + align:start position:0% +sparse by putting a beta prior on the on +those edge waves so here's what one + + align:start position:0% +those edge waves so here's what one + + + align:start position:0% +those edge waves so here's what one +learned so the first thing I want to do + + align:start position:0% +learned so the first thing I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +learned so the first thing I want to do +is I'm going to show you the we talked + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to show you the we talked + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to show you the we talked +about how we specified anchors but I + + align:start position:0% +about how we specified anchors but I + + + align:start position:0% +about how we specified anchors but I +told you that the anchors weren't the + + align:start position:0% +told you that the anchors weren't the + + + align:start position:0% +told you that the anchors weren't the +whole story that we were able to infer + + align:start position:0% +whole story that we were able to infer + + + align:start position:0% +whole story that we were able to infer +much more interesting things about the + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting things about the + + + align:start position:0% +much more interesting things about the +hidden variables given all the + + align:start position:0% +hidden variables given all the + + + align:start position:0% +hidden variables given all the +observations we have so here I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +observations we have so here I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +observations we have so here I'm showing +you several of the of the phenotypes + + align:start position:0% +you several of the of the phenotypes + + + align:start position:0% +you several of the of the phenotypes +that were learned by this unsupervised + + align:start position:0% +that were learned by this unsupervised + + + align:start position:0% +that were learned by this unsupervised +learning algorithm first the phenotype + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm first the phenotype + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm first the phenotype +for kidney disease in red here I'm + + align:start position:0% +for kidney disease in red here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +for kidney disease in red here I'm +showing you the anchor variables that we + + align:start position:0% +showing you the anchor variables that we + + + align:start position:0% +showing you the anchor variables that we +chose for kidney disease and what you'll + + align:start position:0% +chose for kidney disease and what you'll + + + align:start position:0% +chose for kidney disease and what you'll +notice are couple of things first the + + align:start position:0% +notice are couple of things first the + + + align:start position:0% +notice are couple of things first the +weight which you should think about as + + align:start position:0% +weight which you should think about as + + + align:start position:0% +weight which you should think about as +being proportional in some way to how + + align:start position:0% +being proportional in some way to how + + + align:start position:0% +being proportional in some way to how +often you would see that diagnosis code + + align:start position:0% +often you would see that diagnosis code + + + align:start position:0% +often you would see that diagnosis code +given that the patient had kidney + + align:start position:0% +given that the patient had kidney + + + align:start position:0% +given that the patient had kidney +disease the weights are all + + align:start position:0% +disease the weights are all + + + align:start position:0% +disease the weights are all +far less than one all right so there is + + align:start position:0% +far less than one all right so there is + + + align:start position:0% +far less than one all right so there is +some noise in this process of when you + + align:start position:0% +some noise in this process of when you + + + align:start position:0% +some noise in this process of when you +observe a diagnosis code for a patient + + align:start position:0% +observe a diagnosis code for a patient + + + align:start position:0% +observe a diagnosis code for a patient +the second thing you observe is that + + align:start position:0% +the second thing you observe is that + + + align:start position:0% +the second thing you observe is that +there are a number of other diagnosis + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of other diagnosis + + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of other diagnosis +codes that are observed to to 2b which + + align:start position:0% +codes that are observed to to 2b which + + + align:start position:0% +codes that are observed to to 2b which +are which are explained by this and by + + align:start position:0% +are which are explained by this and by + + + align:start position:0% +are which are explained by this and by +this kidney disease comorbidity such as + + align:start position:0% +this kidney disease comorbidity such as + + + align:start position:0% +this kidney disease comorbidity such as +anemia urinary tract infections and so + + align:start position:0% +anemia urinary tract infections and so + + + align:start position:0% +anemia urinary tract infections and so +on and that aligns well with what's + + align:start position:0% +on and that aligns well with what's + + + align:start position:0% +on and that aligns well with what's +known in the medical literature about + + align:start position:0% +known in the medical literature about + + + align:start position:0% +known in the medical literature about +kidney disease another example for lung + + align:start position:0% +kidney disease another example for lung + + + align:start position:0% +kidney disease another example for lung +cancer and red here I'm showing you the + + align:start position:0% +cancer and red here I'm showing you the + + + align:start position:0% +cancer and red here I'm showing you the +anchors that we had pre specified for + + align:start position:0% +anchors that we had pre specified for + + + align:start position:0% +anchors that we had pre specified for +these which mean that these these + + align:start position:0% +these which mean that these these + + + align:start position:0% +these which mean that these these +diagnosis codes could only be explained + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes could only be explained + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes could only be explained +by the lung cancer a comorbidity and + + align:start position:0% +by the lung cancer a comorbidity and + + + align:start position:0% +by the lung cancer a comorbidity and +these are the noise rates that are + + align:start position:0% +these are the noise rates that are + + + align:start position:0% +these are the noise rates that are +learned for them and those are that's + + align:start position:0% +learned for them and those are that's + + + align:start position:0% +learned for them and those are that's +everything else here's one more example + + align:start position:0% +everything else here's one more example + + + align:start position:0% +everything else here's one more example +of lung infection where there was only a + + align:start position:0% +of lung infection where there was only a + + + align:start position:0% +of lung infection where there was only a +single anchor that we specified for + + align:start position:0% +single anchor that we specified for + + + align:start position:0% +single anchor that we specified for +pneumonia and you see all of the other + + align:start position:0% +pneumonia and you see all of the other + + + align:start position:0% +pneumonia and you see all of the other +things that are automatically associated + + align:start position:0% +things that are automatically associated + + + align:start position:0% +things that are automatically associated +to that as Python to res learning + + align:start position:0% +to that as Python to res learning + + + align:start position:0% +to that as Python to res learning +algorithm right so that's what the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm right so that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm right so that's what the +learning algorithm is doing so these + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm is doing so these + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm is doing so these +weights are learned and I'm showing you + + align:start position:0% +weights are learned and I'm showing you + + + align:start position:0% +weights are learned and I'm showing you +sometimes like a point estimate of of + + align:start position:0% +sometimes like a point estimate of of + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes like a point estimate of of +the parameters that are learned by the + + align:start position:0% +the parameters that are learned by the + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters that are learned by the +learning algorithm just like you learn a + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm just like you learn a + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm just like you learn a +market model in order to transition + + align:start position:0% +market model in order to transition + + + align:start position:0% +market model in order to transition +admission this region same thing here + + align:start position:0% +admission this region same thing here + + + align:start position:0% +admission this region same thing here +so and this should look a lot like what + + align:start position:0% +so and this should look a lot like what + + + align:start position:0% +so and this should look a lot like what +you would see when you did when you do + + align:start position:0% +you would see when you did when you do + + + align:start position:0% +you would see when you did when you do +topic modeling on a text corpora + + align:start position:0% +topic modeling on a text corpora + + + align:start position:0% +topic modeling on a text corpora +right you would discover a topic this is + + align:start position:0% +right you would discover a topic this is + + + align:start position:0% +right you would discover a topic this is +this is analogous to a topic it's a + + align:start position:0% +this is analogous to a topic it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this is analogous to a topic it's a +discreet topic meaning it either occurs + + align:start position:0% +discreet topic meaning it either occurs + + + align:start position:0% +discreet topic meaning it either occurs +it doesn't occur for a patient and you + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't occur for a patient and you + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't occur for a patient and you +would discover some word topic + + align:start position:0% +would discover some word topic + + + align:start position:0% +would discover some word topic +distribution this is analogous to that + + align:start position:0% +distribution this is analogous to that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution this is analogous to that +word topic situation for a topic in a + + align:start position:0% +word topic situation for a topic in a + + + align:start position:0% +word topic situation for a topic in a +topic topic model so one could then use + + align:start position:0% +topic topic model so one could then use + + + align:start position:0% +topic topic model so one could then use +the model to answer a couple of original + + align:start position:0% +the model to answer a couple of original + + + align:start position:0% +the model to answer a couple of original +questions we set out to solve the first + + align:start position:0% +questions we set out to solve the first + + + align:start position:0% +questions we set out to solve the first +one is given a patient's data which I'm + + align:start position:0% +one is given a patient's data which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one is given a patient's data which I'm +illustrating here on the bottom I have + + align:start position:0% +illustrating here on the bottom I have + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating here on the bottom I have +artificially separated it out into three + + align:start position:0% +artificially separated it out into three + + + align:start position:0% +artificially separated it out into three +different comorbidities and a star + + align:start position:0% +different comorbidities and a star + + + align:start position:0% +different comorbidities and a star +denotes an observation of a data type of + + align:start position:0% +denotes an observation of a data type of + + + align:start position:0% +denotes an observation of a data type of +that one but this was artificially done + + align:start position:0% +that one but this was artificially done + + + align:start position:0% +that one but this was artificially done +by us not and it's not given to the + + align:start position:0% +by us not and it's not given to the + + + align:start position:0% +by us not and it's not given to the +learning out with them one can infer + + align:start position:0% +learning out with them one can infer + + + align:start position:0% +learning out with them one can infer +when a patient initiated started with + + align:start position:0% +when a patient initiated started with + + + align:start position:0% +when a patient initiated started with +each one of these committed bit of these + + align:start position:0% +each one of these committed bit of these + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these committed bit of these +and also when so for the full three-year + + align:start position:0% +and also when so for the full three-year + + + align:start position:0% +and also when so for the full three-year +time range that we have data for the + + align:start position:0% +time range that we have data for the + + + align:start position:0% +time range that we have data for the +patient what stage was the patient in in + + align:start position:0% +patient what stage was the patient in in + + + align:start position:0% +patient what stage was the patient in in +the disease at any one point in time so + + align:start position:0% +the disease at any one point in time so + + + align:start position:0% +the disease at any one point in time so +this model infers that the patient + + align:start position:0% +this model infers that the patient + + + align:start position:0% +this model infers that the patient +starts out in stage 1 and about half the + + align:start position:0% +starts out in stage 1 and about half the + + + align:start position:0% +starts out in stage 1 and about half the +year through the data collection process + + align:start position:0% +year through the data collection process + + + align:start position:0% +year through the data collection process +transitions into stage two of COPD + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another thing that one could do using + + align:start position:0% +another thing that one could do using + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that one could do using +this model is to simulate from the model + + align:start position:0% +this model is to simulate from the model + + + align:start position:0% +this model is to simulate from the model +and answer the question of what would + + align:start position:0% +and answer the question of what would + + + align:start position:0% +and answer the question of what would +let's say a 20 year trajectory of the + + align:start position:0% +let's say a 20 year trajectory of the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a 20 year trajectory of the +disease look like here I'm showing you a + + align:start position:0% +disease look like here I'm showing you a + + + align:start position:0% +disease look like here I'm showing you a +10 year trajectory and again only one to + + align:start position:0% +10 year trajectory and again only one to + + + align:start position:0% +10 year trajectory and again only one to +three years of data was used for any one + + align:start position:0% +three years of data was used for any one + + + align:start position:0% +three years of data was used for any one +patient during learning so this is the + + align:start position:0% +patient during learning so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +patient during learning so this is the +where this is the first time we see the + + align:start position:0% +where this is the first time we see the + + + align:start position:0% +where this is the first time we see the +those axes those comorbidities really + + align:start position:0% +those axes those comorbidities really + + + align:start position:0% +those axes those comorbidities really +start to show up as being important as + + align:start position:0% +start to show up as being important as + + + align:start position:0% +start to show up as being important as +the way of reading out for the model + + align:start position:0% +the way of reading out for the model + + + align:start position:0% +the way of reading out for the model +here we've thrown away those OHS those + + align:start position:0% +here we've thrown away those OHS those + + + align:start position:0% +here we've thrown away those OHS those +diagnosis codes altogether + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes altogether + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosis codes altogether +we only care about what what we + + align:start position:0% +we only care about what what we + + + align:start position:0% +we only care about what what we +conjectured is truly happening to the + + align:start position:0% +conjectured is truly happening to the + + + align:start position:0% +conjectured is truly happening to the +patient those X variables which are + + align:start position:0% +patient those X variables which are + + + align:start position:0% +patient those X variables which are +unobserved during training so at least + + align:start position:0% +unobserved during training so at least + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved during training so at least +what we conjecture is that kidney + + align:start position:0% +what we conjecture is that kidney + + + align:start position:0% +what we conjecture is that kidney +disease is very uncommon and stage one + + align:start position:0% +disease is very uncommon and stage one + + + align:start position:0% +disease is very uncommon and stage one +of the disease and increases slowly as + + align:start position:0% +of the disease and increases slowly as + + + align:start position:0% +of the disease and increases slowly as +you transition from stage 2 stage 3 + + align:start position:0% +you transition from stage 2 stage 3 + + + align:start position:0% +you transition from stage 2 stage 3 +stage + + align:start position:0% +stage + + + align:start position:0% +stage +four of the disease and that really + + align:start position:0% +four of the disease and that really + + + align:start position:0% +four of the disease and that really +bumps up towards stage 5 in stage six of + + align:start position:0% +bumps up towards stage 5 in stage six of + + + align:start position:0% +bumps up towards stage 5 in stage six of +disease so this was you should read this + + align:start position:0% +disease so this was you should read this + + + align:start position:0% +disease so this was you should read this +is saying that in stage six of the + + align:start position:0% +is saying that in stage six of the + + + align:start position:0% +is saying that in stage six of the +disease over 60% of people have kidney + + align:start position:0% +disease over 60% of people have kidney + + + align:start position:0% +disease over 60% of people have kidney +disease now the time interval is here so + + align:start position:0% +disease now the time interval is here so + + + align:start position:0% +disease now the time interval is here so +how I've chosen these where to put these + + align:start position:0% +how I've chosen these where to put these + + + align:start position:0% +how I've chosen these where to put these +these these triangles I've chosen them + + align:start position:0% +these these triangles I've chosen them + + + align:start position:0% +these these triangles I've chosen them +based on the average amount of time it + + align:start position:0% +based on the average amount of time it + + + align:start position:0% +based on the average amount of time it +takes to transition from one stage to + + align:start position:0% +takes to transition from one stage to + + + align:start position:0% +takes to transition from one stage to +the next stage according to the learned + + align:start position:0% +the next stage according to the learned + + + align:start position:0% +the next stage according to the learned +parameters of the model so you see that + + align:start position:0% +parameters of the model so you see that + + + align:start position:0% +parameters of the model so you see that +sort of stages one two and three and + + align:start position:0% +sort of stages one two and three and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of stages one two and three and +four sort of take a long period of time + + align:start position:0% +four sort of take a long period of time + + + align:start position:0% +four sort of take a long period of time +to transition between those four stages + + align:start position:0% +to transition between those four stages + + + align:start position:0% +to transition between those four stages +and then there's a very small amount of + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a very small amount of + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's a very small amount of +time between transitioning from stage by + + align:start position:0% +time between transitioning from stage by + + + align:start position:0% +time between transitioning from stage by +to stage six on average so that's for + + align:start position:0% +to stage six on average so that's for + + + align:start position:0% +to stage six on average so that's for +kidney disease one could also read this + + align:start position:0% +kidney disease one could also read this + + + align:start position:0% +kidney disease one could also read this +out for other other of the Coomer bida + + align:start position:0% +out for other other of the Coomer bida + + + align:start position:0% +out for other other of the Coomer bida +T's so an orange here in yellow here as + + align:start position:0% +T's so an orange here in yellow here as + + + align:start position:0% +T's so an orange here in yellow here as +diabetes and black here's + + align:start position:0% +diabetes and black here's + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes and black here's +musculoskeletal conditions and in right + + align:start position:0% +musculoskeletal conditions and in right + + + align:start position:0% +musculoskeletal conditions and in right +here is cardiovascular disease and so + + align:start position:0% +here is cardiovascular disease and so + + + align:start position:0% +here is cardiovascular disease and so +one of the interesting inferences made + + align:start position:0% +one of the interesting inferences made + + + align:start position:0% +one of the interesting inferences made +by this learning algorithm is that even + + align:start position:0% +by this learning algorithm is that even + + + align:start position:0% +by this learning algorithm is that even +in stage one of COPD very early in the + + align:start position:0% +in stage one of COPD very early in the + + + align:start position:0% +in stage one of COPD very early in the +trajectory we are seeing patients with + + align:start position:0% +trajectory we are seeing patients with + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory we are seeing patients with +large amounts of cardiovascular disease + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of cardiovascular disease + + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of cardiovascular disease +again this is something that one could + + align:start position:0% +again this is something that one could + + + align:start position:0% +again this is something that one could +look at the medical literature to see + + align:start position:0% +look at the medical literature to see + + + align:start position:0% +look at the medical literature to see +does it align with what we expect and + + align:start position:0% +does it align with what we expect and + + + align:start position:0% +does it align with what we expect and +and it does so even in patients with + + align:start position:0% +and it does so even in patients with + + + align:start position:0% +and it does so even in patients with +mild to moderate CPD the leading cause + + align:start position:0% +mild to moderate CPD the leading cause + + + align:start position:0% +mild to moderate CPD the leading cause +of morbidity is cardiovascular disease + + align:start position:0% +of morbidity is cardiovascular disease + + + align:start position:0% +of morbidity is cardiovascular disease +again this is just a sanity check that + + align:start position:0% +again this is just a sanity check that + + + align:start position:0% +again this is just a sanity check that +what this models learning for common + + align:start position:0% +what this models learning for common + + + align:start position:0% +what this models learning for common +disease actually aligns with medical + + align:start position:0% +disease actually aligns with medical + + + align:start position:0% +disease actually aligns with medical +knowledge so that's all I wanted to say + + align:start position:0% +knowledge so that's all I wanted to say + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge so that's all I wanted to say +about about this probabilistic model + + align:start position:0% +about about this probabilistic model + + + align:start position:0% +about about this probabilistic model +approach to disease progression modeling + + align:start position:0% +approach to disease progression modeling + + + align:start position:0% +approach to disease progression modeling +from cross-sectional data I want you to + + align:start position:0% +from cross-sectional data I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +from cross-sectional data I want you to +hold your questions so I can get through + + align:start position:0% +hold your questions so I can get through + + + align:start position:0% +hold your questions so I can get through +the rest of the material and you could + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the material and you could + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the material and you could +ask me after class so next I want to + + align:start position:0% +ask me after class so next I want to + + + align:start position:0% +ask me after class so next I want to +talk about these pseudo time methods + + align:start position:0% +talk about these pseudo time methods + + + align:start position:0% +talk about these pseudo time methods +which are a very different approach for + + align:start position:0% +which are a very different approach for + + + align:start position:0% +which are a very different approach for +trying to align patients into early to + + align:start position:0% +trying to align patients into early to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to align patients into early to +late disease stage these approaches were + + align:start position:0% +late disease stage these approaches were + + + align:start position:0% +late disease stage these approaches were +really popularized in the last five + + align:start position:0% +really popularized in the last five + + + align:start position:0% +really popularized in the last five +years due to the explosion and + + align:start position:0% +years due to the explosion and + + + align:start position:0% +years due to the explosion and +single-cell sequencing + + align:start position:0% +single-cell sequencing + + + align:start position:0% +single-cell sequencing +experiments in the biology community + + align:start position:0% +experiments in the biology community + + + align:start position:0% +experiments in the biology community +single-cell sequencing is a way to + + align:start position:0% +single-cell sequencing is a way to + + + align:start position:0% +single-cell sequencing is a way to +really understand not just what is the + + align:start position:0% +really understand not just what is the + + + align:start position:0% +really understand not just what is the +average gene expression but honest ink + + align:start position:0% +average gene expression but honest ink + + + align:start position:0% +average gene expression but honest ink +on a cell by cell basis can we + + align:start position:0% +on a cell by cell basis can we + + + align:start position:0% +on a cell by cell basis can we +understand what is expressed in each + + align:start position:0% +understand what is expressed in each + + + align:start position:0% +understand what is expressed in each +cell so at a very high level the way + + align:start position:0% +cell so at a very high level the way + + + align:start position:0% +cell so at a very high level the way +this works is you take a solid tissue + + align:start position:0% +this works is you take a solid tissue + + + align:start position:0% +this works is you take a solid tissue +you do a number of procedures in order + + align:start position:0% +you do a number of procedures in order + + + align:start position:0% +you do a number of procedures in order +to isolate out individual cells from + + align:start position:0% +to isolate out individual cells from + + + align:start position:0% +to isolate out individual cells from +that tissue then you're going to extract + + align:start position:0% +that tissue then you're going to extract + + + align:start position:0% +that tissue then you're going to extract +the RNA from those individual cells you + + align:start position:0% +the RNA from those individual cells you + + + align:start position:0% +the RNA from those individual cells you +go through another complex procedure + + align:start position:0% +go through another complex procedure + + + align:start position:0% +go through another complex procedure +which somehow barcodes each of the RNA + + align:start position:0% +which somehow barcodes each of the RNA + + + align:start position:0% +which somehow barcodes each of the RNA +from each individual cell mixes them all + + align:start position:0% +from each individual cell mixes them all + + + align:start position:0% +from each individual cell mixes them all +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +does sequencing of it and then deep and + + align:start position:0% +does sequencing of it and then deep and + + + align:start position:0% +does sequencing of it and then deep and +then Deek involves it so that you can + + align:start position:0% +then Deek involves it so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +then Deek involves it so that you can +see what was the original RNA expression + + align:start position:0% +see what was the original RNA expression + + + align:start position:0% +see what was the original RNA expression +for each of the individual cells now the + + align:start position:0% +for each of the individual cells now the + + + align:start position:0% +for each of the individual cells now the +goal of these pseudo time algorithms is + + align:start position:0% +goal of these pseudo time algorithms is + + + align:start position:0% +goal of these pseudo time algorithms is +to take that type of data and then to + + align:start position:0% +to take that type of data and then to + + + align:start position:0% +to take that type of data and then to +attempt to align cells to some + + align:start position:0% +attempt to align cells to some + + + align:start position:0% +attempt to align cells to some +trajectory so if you look at the very + + align:start position:0% +trajectory so if you look at the very + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory so if you look at the very +top of this figure part figure a that's + + align:start position:0% +top of this figure part figure a that's + + + align:start position:0% +top of this figure part figure a that's +the picture that you should have in your + + align:start position:0% +the picture that you should have in your + + + align:start position:0% +the picture that you should have in your +mind in the real world + + align:start position:0% +mind in the real world + + + align:start position:0% +mind in the real world +cells are are evolving with time for + + align:start position:0% +cells are are evolving with time for + + + align:start position:0% +cells are are evolving with time for +example and for example B cells will + + align:start position:0% +example and for example B cells will + + + align:start position:0% +example and for example B cells will +will have a well-characterized evolution + + align:start position:0% +will have a well-characterized evolution + + + align:start position:0% +will have a well-characterized evolution +between different cellular states and + + align:start position:0% +between different cellular states and + + + align:start position:0% +between different cellular states and +what we'd like to be under stand given + + align:start position:0% +what we'd like to be under stand given + + + align:start position:0% +what we'd like to be under stand given +that you have cross-sectional data so + + align:start position:0% +that you have cross-sectional data so + + + align:start position:0% +that you have cross-sectional data so +you can imagine imagine that you have a + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine imagine that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine imagine that you have a +whole collection of cells each one in a + + align:start position:0% +whole collection of cells each one in a + + + align:start position:0% +whole collection of cells each one in a +different part different stage of + + align:start position:0% +different part different stage of + + + align:start position:0% +different part different stage of +differentiation could you somehow order + + align:start position:0% +differentiation could you somehow order + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation could you somehow order +them in to where they were in different + + align:start position:0% +them in to where they were in different + + + align:start position:0% +them in to where they were in different +stages of differentiation so that's the + + align:start position:0% +stages of differentiation so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +stages of differentiation so that's the +goal we want to take this so there + + align:start position:0% +goal we want to take this so there + + + align:start position:0% +goal we want to take this so there +exists some true ordering that I'm + + align:start position:0% +exists some true ordering that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +exists some true ordering that I'm +showing from dark to light we're going + + align:start position:0% +showing from dark to light we're going + + + align:start position:0% +showing from dark to light we're going +the capture process is going to ignore + + align:start position:0% +the capture process is going to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +the capture process is going to ignore +what the ordering information was + + align:start position:0% +what the ordering information was + + + align:start position:0% +what the ordering information was +because all we're doing is getting a + + align:start position:0% +because all we're doing is getting a + + + align:start position:0% +because all we're doing is getting a +collection of cells that are in + + align:start position:0% +collection of cells that are in + + + align:start position:0% +collection of cells that are in +different stages and then we're + + align:start position:0% +different stages and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +different stages and then we're +going to use this pseudo time method to + + align:start position:0% +going to use this pseudo time method to + + + align:start position:0% +going to use this pseudo time method to +try to sort them so that you could + + align:start position:0% +try to sort them so that you could + + + align:start position:0% +try to sort them so that you could +figure out oh these were the cells in + + align:start position:0% +figure out oh these were the cells in + + + align:start position:0% +figure out oh these were the cells in +the early stage and these are the cells + + align:start position:0% +the early stage and these are the cells + + + align:start position:0% +the early stage and these are the cells +in the late stage and of course this + + align:start position:0% +in the late stage and of course this + + + align:start position:0% +in the late stage and of course this +this there's an analogy here to the + + align:start position:0% +this there's an analogy here to the + + + align:start position:0% +this there's an analogy here to the +pictures I showed you the earlier part + + align:start position:0% +pictures I showed you the earlier part + + + align:start position:0% +pictures I showed you the earlier part +of the lecture once you have this + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture once you have this + + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture once you have this +alignment of cells in two stages then + + align:start position:0% +alignment of cells in two stages then + + + align:start position:0% +alignment of cells in two stages then +you could answer some real interesting + + align:start position:0% +you could answer some real interesting + + + align:start position:0% +you could answer some real interesting +scientific questions for example you + + align:start position:0% +scientific questions for example you + + + align:start position:0% +scientific questions for example you +could ask a variety of different genes + + align:start position:0% +could ask a variety of different genes + + + align:start position:0% +could ask a variety of different genes +which genes are expressed at which + + align:start position:0% +which genes are expressed at which + + + align:start position:0% +which genes are expressed at which +points in time so you might see that + + align:start position:0% +points in time so you might see that + + + align:start position:0% +points in time so you might see that +gene a is is very highly expressed and + + align:start position:0% +gene a is is very highly expressed and + + + align:start position:0% +gene a is is very highly expressed and +very early in in this cell's + + align:start position:0% +very early in in this cell's + + + align:start position:0% +very early in in this cell's +differentiation and and is not expressed + + align:start position:0% +differentiation and and is not expressed + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation and and is not expressed +very much towards the end and that might + + align:start position:0% +very much towards the end and that might + + + align:start position:0% +very much towards the end and that might +give you new biological insights so + + align:start position:0% +give you new biological insights so + + + align:start position:0% +give you new biological insights so +these methods could immediately be + + align:start position:0% +these methods could immediately be + + + align:start position:0% +these methods could immediately be +applied I believe to disease progression + + align:start position:0% +applied I believe to disease progression + + + align:start position:0% +applied I believe to disease progression +modeling where I want you to think about + + align:start position:0% +modeling where I want you to think about + + + align:start position:0% +modeling where I want you to think about +each cell as now a patient and that + + align:start position:0% +each cell as now a patient and that + + + align:start position:0% +each cell as now a patient and that +patient has a number of observations for + + align:start position:0% +patient has a number of observations for + + + align:start position:0% +patient has a number of observations for +this data the observations are RNA + + align:start position:0% +this data the observations are RNA + + + align:start position:0% +this data the observations are RNA +expression for that cell but in our data + + align:start position:0% +expression for that cell but in our data + + + align:start position:0% +expression for that cell but in our data +the observations might be symptoms that + + align:start position:0% +the observations might be symptoms that + + + align:start position:0% +the observations might be symptoms that +we observe for the patient for example + + align:start position:0% +we observe for the patient for example + + + align:start position:0% +we observe for the patient for example +and then the goal is given those + + align:start position:0% +and then the goal is given those + + + align:start position:0% +and then the goal is given those +cross-sectional observations to sort + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional observations to sort + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional observations to sort +them and once you have that sorting then + + align:start position:0% +them and once you have that sorting then + + + align:start position:0% +them and once you have that sorting then +you could answer scientific questions + + align:start position:0% +you could answer scientific questions + + + align:start position:0% +you could answer scientific questions +such as I mentioned of a number of + + align:start position:0% +such as I mentioned of a number of + + + align:start position:0% +such as I mentioned of a number of +different genes which genes are + + align:start position:0% +different genes which genes are + + + align:start position:0% +different genes which genes are +expressed when so here I'm showing you + + align:start position:0% +expressed when so here I'm showing you + + + align:start position:0% +expressed when so here I'm showing you +sort of the density of when this + + align:start position:0% +sort of the density of when this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the density of when this +particular gene is expressed as a + + align:start position:0% +particular gene is expressed as a + + + align:start position:0% +particular gene is expressed as a +function of pseudo time and that'll just + + align:start position:0% +function of pseudo time and that'll just + + + align:start position:0% +function of pseudo time and that'll just +leave for disease progression modeling + + align:start position:0% +leave for disease progression modeling + + + align:start position:0% +leave for disease progression modeling +you should think of that as being a + + align:start position:0% +you should think of that as being a + + + align:start position:0% +you should think of that as being a +symptom so you could ask okay suppose + + align:start position:0% +symptom so you could ask okay suppose + + + align:start position:0% +symptom so you could ask okay suppose +there are some true progression of the + + align:start position:0% +there are some true progression of the + + + align:start position:0% +there are some true progression of the +disease + + align:start position:0% +disease + + + align:start position:0% +disease +when does when do patients typically + + align:start position:0% +when does when do patients typically + + + align:start position:0% +when does when do patients typically +develop diabetes or cardiovascular + + align:start position:0% +develop diabetes or cardiovascular + + + align:start position:0% +develop diabetes or cardiovascular +symptoms and so for cardiovascular you + + align:start position:0% +symptoms and so for cardiovascular you + + + align:start position:0% +symptoms and so for cardiovascular you +going back to the COPD example you might + + align:start position:0% +going back to the COPD example you might + + + align:start position:0% +going back to the COPD example you might +imagine that there's a peak very early + + align:start position:0% +imagine that there's a peak very early + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that there's a peak very early +in the disease stage for diabetes it + + align:start position:0% +in the disease stage for diabetes it + + + align:start position:0% +in the disease stage for diabetes it +might be in a later to disease stage all + + align:start position:0% +might be in a later to disease stage all + + + align:start position:0% +might be in a later to disease stage all +right so that's is the analogy clear so + + align:start position:0% +right so that's is the analogy clear so + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's is the analogy clear so +this this this community which has been + + align:start position:0% +this this this community which has been + + + align:start position:0% +this this this community which has been +developing methods for studying + + align:start position:0% +developing methods for studying + + + align:start position:0% +developing methods for studying +single cell gene expression data has has + + align:start position:0% +single cell gene expression data has has + + + align:start position:0% +single cell gene expression data has has +just exploded in the last ten years so I + + align:start position:0% +just exploded in the last ten years so I + + + align:start position:0% +just exploded in the last ten years so I +lost count of how many different methods + + align:start position:0% +lost count of how many different methods + + + align:start position:0% +lost count of how many different methods +there are but if I had a guess I'd say + + align:start position:0% +there are but if I had a guess I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +there are but if I had a guess I'd say +50 to 200 different methods for this + + align:start position:0% +50 to 200 different methods for this + + + align:start position:0% +50 to 200 different methods for this +problem and there was a paper which is + + align:start position:0% +problem and there was a paper which is + + + align:start position:0% +problem and there was a paper which is +one of the optional readings for today's + + align:start position:0% +one of the optional readings for today's + + + align:start position:0% +one of the optional readings for today's +lecture that just came out earlier this + + align:start position:0% +lecture that just came out earlier this + + + align:start position:0% +lecture that just came out earlier this +month which looks at a comparison of + + align:start position:0% +month which looks at a comparison of + + + align:start position:0% +month which looks at a comparison of +these different trajectory inference + + align:start position:0% +these different trajectory inference + + + align:start position:0% +these different trajectory inference +methods and this picture gives a really + + align:start position:0% +methods and this picture gives a really + + + align:start position:0% +methods and this picture gives a really +interesting illustration of what are + + align:start position:0% +interesting illustration of what are + + + align:start position:0% +interesting illustration of what are +some of the assumptions made by these + + align:start position:0% +some of the assumptions made by these + + + align:start position:0% +some of the assumptions made by these +algorithms so for example the first + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so for example the first + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms so for example the first +question when you try to figure out + + align:start position:0% +question when you try to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +question when you try to figure out +which method of these tons of methods to + + align:start position:0% +which method of these tons of methods to + + + align:start position:0% +which method of these tons of methods to +use is do you expect multiple + + align:start position:0% +use is do you expect multiple + + + align:start position:0% +use is do you expect multiple +disconnected trajectories what might be + + align:start position:0% +disconnected trajectories what might be + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected trajectories what might be +a reason why you would expect multiple + + align:start position:0% +a reason why you would expect multiple + + + align:start position:0% +a reason why you would expect multiple +disconnected trajectories for disease + + align:start position:0% +disconnected trajectories for disease + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected trajectories for disease +progression modeling TAS should I answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some things would be would be an example + + align:start position:0% +some things would be would be an example + + + align:start position:0% +some things would be would be an example +so suppose the answer is no as we've + + align:start position:0% +so suppose the answer is no as we've + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose the answer is no as we've +been assuming for most of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +been assuming for most of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +been assuming for most of this lecture +then you might ask okay there might only + + align:start position:0% +then you might ask okay there might only + + + align:start position:0% +then you might ask okay there might only +be a single trajectory because we're + + align:start position:0% +be a single trajectory because we're + + + align:start position:0% +be a single trajectory because we're +only assuming there's a single disease + + align:start position:0% +only assuming there's a single disease + + + align:start position:0% +only assuming there's a single disease +subtype but do we expect a particular + + align:start position:0% +subtype but do we expect a particular + + + align:start position:0% +subtype but do we expect a particular +topology now everything that we've been + + align:start position:0% +topology now everything that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +topology now everything that we've been +talking about up until now has been a + + align:start position:0% +talking about up until now has been a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about up until now has been a +linear topology meaning there's a linear + + align:start position:0% +linear topology meaning there's a linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear topology meaning there's a linear +production there's such notion of early + + align:start position:0% +production there's such notion of early + + + align:start position:0% +production there's such notion of early +and late to stage but in fact the linear + + align:start position:0% +and late to stage but in fact the linear + + + align:start position:0% +and late to stage but in fact the linear +trajectory may not be realistic maybe + + align:start position:0% +trajectory may not be realistic maybe + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory may not be realistic maybe +the trajectory looks a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory looks a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory looks a little bit more +like this bifurcation it may be patients + + align:start position:0% +like this bifurcation it may be patients + + + align:start position:0% +like this bifurcation it may be patients +look the same very early in the disease + + align:start position:0% +look the same very early in the disease + + + align:start position:0% +look the same very early in the disease +stage but then suddenly something might + + align:start position:0% +stage but then suddenly something might + + + align:start position:0% +stage but then suddenly something might +happen which causes some patients to go + + align:start position:0% +happen which causes some patients to go + + + align:start position:0% +happen which causes some patients to go +this way and some patients to go that + + align:start position:0% +this way and some patients to go that + + + align:start position:0% +this way and some patients to go that +way any idea what that might be in in a + + align:start position:0% +way any idea what that might be in in a + + + align:start position:0% +way any idea what that might be in in a +clinical setting treatments that's great + + align:start position:0% +clinical setting treatments that's great + + + align:start position:0% +clinical setting treatments that's great +Thanks maybe these patients got T equals + + align:start position:0% +Thanks maybe these patients got T equals + + + align:start position:0% +Thanks maybe these patients got T equals +zero and maybe these patients got T + + align:start position:0% +zero and maybe these patients got T + + + align:start position:0% +zero and maybe these patients got T +equals one and maybe for whatever reason + + align:start position:0% +equals one and maybe for whatever reason + + + align:start position:0% +equals one and maybe for whatever reason +wouldn't even have good data on what + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't even have good data on what + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't even have good data on what +treatments patients got so we don't + + align:start position:0% +treatments patients got so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +treatments patients got so we don't +actually observe the treatment all right + + align:start position:0% +actually observe the treatment all right + + + align:start position:0% +actually observe the treatment all right +then you might want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +then you might want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +then you might want to be able to +discover that bifurcation directly from + + align:start position:0% +discover that bifurcation directly from + + + align:start position:0% +discover that bifurcation directly from +the data then that might suggest going + + align:start position:0% +the data then that might suggest going + + + align:start position:0% +the data then that might suggest going +back to the ridge + + align:start position:0% +back to the ridge + + + align:start position:0% +back to the ridge +source of the data to ask what + + align:start position:0% +source of the data to ask what + + + align:start position:0% +source of the data to ask what +differentiated these patients at this + + align:start position:0% +differentiated these patients at this + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated these patients at this +point in time and you might discover oh + + align:start position:0% +point in time and you might discover oh + + + align:start position:0% +point in time and you might discover oh +there was something in the data that we + + align:start position:0% +there was something in the data that we + + + align:start position:0% +there was something in the data that we +didn't record such as treatment all + + align:start position:0% +didn't record such as treatment all + + + align:start position:0% +didn't record such as treatment all +right so so there are a variety of + + align:start position:0% +right so so there are a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +right so so there are a variety of +methods to to try to infer this these + + align:start position:0% +methods to to try to infer this these + + + align:start position:0% +methods to to try to infer this these +pseudo times under a variety of + + align:start position:0% +pseudo times under a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo times under a variety of +different assumptions what I'll do in + + align:start position:0% +different assumptions what I'll do in + + + align:start position:0% +different assumptions what I'll do in +the next few minutes to just give you an + + align:start position:0% +the next few minutes to just give you an + + + align:start position:0% +the next few minutes to just give you an +inkling of how two of the methods work + + align:start position:0% +inkling of how two of the methods work + + + align:start position:0% +inkling of how two of the methods work +and I chose these to be representative + + align:start position:0% +and I chose these to be representative + + + align:start position:0% +and I chose these to be representative +examples the first example is an + + align:start position:0% +examples the first example is an + + + align:start position:0% +examples the first example is an +approach based on building a minimum + + align:start position:0% +approach based on building a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +approach based on building a minimum +spanning tree and this this algorithm + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree and this this algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +spanning tree and this this algorithm +I'm gonna describe goes by the name of + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna describe goes by the name of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna describe goes by the name of +monocle it was published in 2014 by the + + align:start position:0% +monocle it was published in 2014 by the + + + align:start position:0% +monocle it was published in 2014 by the +in this paper by trap know-it-all but it + + align:start position:0% +in this paper by trap know-it-all but it + + + align:start position:0% +in this paper by trap know-it-all but it +builds very heavily on an earlier + + align:start position:0% +builds very heavily on an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +builds very heavily on an earlier +published paper from 2003 that I'm most + + align:start position:0% +published paper from 2003 that I'm most + + + align:start position:0% +published paper from 2003 that I'm most +exciting here so way that the way that + + align:start position:0% +exciting here so way that the way that + + + align:start position:0% +exciting here so way that the way that +this algorithm works this follows it + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm works this follows it + + + align:start position:0% +this algorithm works this follows it +starts with as we as we've been assuming + + align:start position:0% +starts with as we as we've been assuming + + + align:start position:0% +starts with as we as we've been assuming +all along cross-sectional data which + + align:start position:0% +all along cross-sectional data which + + + align:start position:0% +all along cross-sectional data which +lives in some high dimensional space I'm + + align:start position:0% +lives in some high dimensional space I'm + + + align:start position:0% +lives in some high dimensional space I'm +something I'm drawing that in the top + + align:start position:0% +something I'm drawing that in the top + + + align:start position:0% +something I'm drawing that in the top +left here each data point corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +left here each data point corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +left here each data point corresponds to +some patient or some cell the first step + + align:start position:0% +some patient or some cell the first step + + + align:start position:0% +some patient or some cell the first step +of the algorithm is to do dimensionality + + align:start position:0% +of the algorithm is to do dimensionality + + + align:start position:0% +of the algorithm is to do dimensionality +reduction and there many ways to do + + align:start position:0% +reduction and there many ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +reduction and there many ways to do +dimensional reduction you could do + + align:start position:0% +dimensional reduction you could do + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional reduction you could do +principal components analysis or for + + align:start position:0% +principal components analysis or for + + + align:start position:0% +principal components analysis or for +example you can do independent + + align:start position:0% +example you can do independent + + + align:start position:0% +example you can do independent +components analysis this paper uses the + + align:start position:0% +components analysis this paper uses the + + + align:start position:0% +components analysis this paper uses the +independent components analysis what if + + align:start position:0% +independent components analysis what if + + + align:start position:0% +independent components analysis what if +what I see is gonna do is gonna attempt + + align:start position:0% +what I see is gonna do is gonna attempt + + + align:start position:0% +what I see is gonna do is gonna attempt +to find a number of different components + + align:start position:0% +to find a number of different components + + + align:start position:0% +to find a number of different components +that seem to be as independent from one + + align:start position:0% +that seem to be as independent from one + + + align:start position:0% +that seem to be as independent from one +another as possible then you're going to + + align:start position:0% +another as possible then you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +another as possible then you're going to +represent the data now in this lower + + align:start position:0% +represent the data now in this lower + + + align:start position:0% +represent the data now in this lower +dimensional space and in many of these + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space and in many of these + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space and in many of these +papers it's quite astonishing to me they + + align:start position:0% +papers it's quite astonishing to me they + + + align:start position:0% +papers it's quite astonishing to me they +actually use dimension two so they'll go + + align:start position:0% +actually use dimension two so they'll go + + + align:start position:0% +actually use dimension two so they'll go +all the way down a two-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +all the way down a two-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +all the way down a two-dimensional space +where you can actually plot all of the + + align:start position:0% +where you can actually plot all of the + + + align:start position:0% +where you can actually plot all of the +data it's not at all obvious to me why + + align:start position:0% +data it's not at all obvious to me why + + + align:start position:0% +data it's not at all obvious to me why +you would want to do that and for + + align:start position:0% +you would want to do that and for + + + align:start position:0% +you would want to do that and for +clinical data I think that might be a + + align:start position:0% +clinical data I think that might be a + + + align:start position:0% +clinical data I think that might be a +very poor choice then what they do is + + align:start position:0% +very poor choice then what they do is + + + align:start position:0% +very poor choice then what they do is +they build a make a minimum spanning + + align:start position:0% +they build a make a minimum spanning + + + align:start position:0% +they build a make a minimum spanning +tree on all of the patients or cells so + + align:start position:0% +tree on all of the patients or cells so + + + align:start position:0% +tree on all of the patients or cells so +the way that one does that is you create + + align:start position:0% +the way that one does that is you create + + + align:start position:0% +the way that one does that is you create +a graph by drawing an edge between every + + align:start position:0% +a graph by drawing an edge between every + + + align:start position:0% +a graph by drawing an edge between every +pair of nodes where the weight of the + + align:start position:0% +pair of nodes where the weight of the + + + align:start position:0% +pair of nodes where the weight of the +edge is the Euclidean distance between + + align:start position:0% +edge is the Euclidean distance between + + + align:start position:0% +edge is the Euclidean distance between +those two points + + align:start position:0% +those two points + + + align:start position:0% +those two points +and then so for example there is this + + align:start position:0% +and then so for example there is this + + + align:start position:0% +and then so for example there is this +edge from here to here there's an edge + + align:start position:0% +edge from here to here there's an edge + + + align:start position:0% +edge from here to here there's an edge +from here to here and so on and then + + align:start position:0% +from here to here and so on and then + + + align:start position:0% +from here to here and so on and then +given that weighted graph we're going to + + align:start position:0% +given that weighted graph we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +given that weighted graph we're going to +find the minimum spanning tree of that + + align:start position:0% +find the minimum spanning tree of that + + + align:start position:0% +find the minimum spanning tree of that +graph and what I'm showing you here is + + align:start position:0% +graph and what I'm showing you here is + + + align:start position:0% +graph and what I'm showing you here is +the minimum spanning tree of the + + align:start position:0% +the minimum spanning tree of the + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum spanning tree of the +corresponding graph okay next what one + + align:start position:0% +corresponding graph okay next what one + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding graph okay next what one +will do is you'll look for the longest + + align:start position:0% +will do is you'll look for the longest + + + align:start position:0% +will do is you'll look for the longest +path in that tree remember finding the + + align:start position:0% +path in that tree remember finding the + + + align:start position:0% +path in that tree remember finding the +longest path in a graph and an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +longest path in a graph and an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +longest path in a graph and an arbitrary +graph has a name it's called the + + align:start position:0% +graph has a name it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +graph has a name it's called the +Traveling Salesman problem and it's an + + align:start position:0% +Traveling Salesman problem and it's an + + + align:start position:0% +Traveling Salesman problem and it's an +np-hard problem how has it gotten around + + align:start position:0% +np-hard problem how has it gotten around + + + align:start position:0% +np-hard problem how has it gotten around +here but we're not this is not an + + align:start position:0% +here but we're not this is not an + + + align:start position:0% +here but we're not this is not an +arbitrary graph this is actually a a + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary graph this is actually a a + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary graph this is actually a a +tree so here's a poor a but here's a + + align:start position:0% +tree so here's a poor a but here's a + + + align:start position:0% +tree so here's a poor a but here's a +here's a bad algorithm for finding the + + align:start position:0% +here's a bad algorithm for finding the + + + align:start position:0% +here's a bad algorithm for finding the +longest path now I won't talk about that + + align:start position:0% +longest path now I won't talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +longest path now I won't talk about that +so so one finds the longest path in a + + align:start position:0% +so so one finds the longest path in a + + + align:start position:0% +so so one finds the longest path in a +tree in the in the tree and then what + + align:start position:0% +tree in the in the tree and then what + + + align:start position:0% +tree in the in the tree and then what +one does is one says okay one side of + + align:start position:0% +one does is one says okay one side of + + + align:start position:0% +one does is one says okay one side of +the path corresponds to let's say early + + align:start position:0% +the path corresponds to let's say early + + + align:start position:0% +the path corresponds to let's say early +disease stage and the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +disease stage and the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +disease stage and the other side of the +path corresponds to late disease stage + + align:start position:0% +path corresponds to late disease stage + + + align:start position:0% +path corresponds to late disease stage +and it allows for the fact that there + + align:start position:0% +and it allows for the fact that there + + + align:start position:0% +and it allows for the fact that there +might be some bifurcations so for + + align:start position:0% +might be some bifurcations so for + + + align:start position:0% +might be some bifurcations so for +example you see here that there's a + + align:start position:0% +example you see here that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +example you see here that there's a +bifurcation over here and as we + + align:start position:0% +bifurcation over here and as we + + + align:start position:0% +bifurcation over here and as we +discussed earlier you have to have some + + align:start position:0% +discussed earlier you have to have some + + + align:start position:0% +discussed earlier you have to have some +way of differentiating what you know + + align:start position:0% +way of differentiating what you know + + + align:start position:0% +way of differentiating what you know +what the beginning is and what the end + + align:start position:0% +what the beginning is and what the end + + + align:start position:0% +what the beginning is and what the end +should be and that's where some side + + align:start position:0% +should be and that's where some side + + + align:start position:0% +should be and that's where some side +information might become useful so + + align:start position:0% +information might become useful so + + + align:start position:0% +information might become useful so +here's an illustration of applying that + + align:start position:0% +here's an illustration of applying that + + + align:start position:0% +here's an illustration of applying that +method to some real data so every point + + align:start position:0% +method to some real data so every point + + + align:start position:0% +method to some real data so every point +here is a cell after doing the mention + + align:start position:0% +here is a cell after doing the mention + + + align:start position:0% +here is a cell after doing the mention +or reduction the edges between those + + align:start position:0% +or reduction the edges between those + + + align:start position:0% +or reduction the edges between those +points correspond to the edges of the + + align:start position:0% +points correspond to the edges of the + + + align:start position:0% +points correspond to the edges of the +minimum spanning tree and now what the + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree and now what the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum spanning tree and now what the +authors have done is they've actually + + align:start position:0% +authors have done is they've actually + + + align:start position:0% +authors have done is they've actually +used some side information that they had + + align:start position:0% +used some side information that they had + + + align:start position:0% +used some side information that they had +in order to color each of the each of + + align:start position:0% +in order to color each of the each of + + + align:start position:0% +in order to color each of the each of +the nodes based on what part of the cell + + align:start position:0% +the nodes based on what part of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +the nodes based on what part of the cell +differentiation process is believed that + + align:start position:0% +differentiation process is believed that + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation process is believed that +cell is believed to be in and what one + + align:start position:0% +cell is believed to be in and what one + + + align:start position:0% +cell is believed to be in and what one +what one discovers that in fact this is + + align:start position:0% +what one discovers that in fact this is + + + align:start position:0% +what one discovers that in fact this is +very sensible that all these points are + + align:start position:0% +very sensible that all these points are + + + align:start position:0% +very sensible that all these points are +in in a much earlier disease stage than + + align:start position:0% +in in a much earlier disease stage than + + + align:start position:0% +in in a much earlier disease stage than +all this thing of that than these points + + align:start position:0% +all this thing of that than these points + + + align:start position:0% +all this thing of that than these points +and this is it this is a sensible + + align:start position:0% +and this is it this is a sensible + + + align:start position:0% +and this is it this is a sensible +bifurcation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next I want to talk about a slightly + + align:start position:0% +next I want to talk about a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +next I want to talk about a slightly +different approach to so this is the + + align:start position:0% +different approach to so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +different approach to so this is the +whole story by the way right it's + + align:start position:0% +whole story by the way right it's + + + align:start position:0% +whole story by the way right it's +particular it's a conceptually very very + + align:start position:0% +particular it's a conceptually very very + + + align:start position:0% +particular it's a conceptually very very +simple approach next I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +simple approach next I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +simple approach next I want to talk +about a different approach which now + + align:start position:0% +about a different approach which now + + + align:start position:0% +about a different approach which now +tries to return back to the probability + + align:start position:0% +tries to return back to the probability + + + align:start position:0% +tries to return back to the probability +probabilistic approaches that we had + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic approaches that we had + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic approaches that we had +earlier in the lecture this new approach + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the lecture this new approach + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the lecture this new approach +is going to be based on Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +is going to be based on Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be based on Gaussian +processes so Gaussian processes and come + + align:start position:0% +processes so Gaussian processes and come + + + align:start position:0% +processes so Gaussian processes and come +up a couple of times and not sure but + + align:start position:0% +up a couple of times and not sure but + + + align:start position:0% +up a couple of times and not sure but +I've never actually formally defined + + align:start position:0% +I've never actually formally defined + + + align:start position:0% +I've never actually formally defined +them for you so noted for what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +them for you so noted for what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +them for you so noted for what I'm going +to say next to make sense I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +to say next to make sense I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +to say next to make sense I'm gonna +formally define for you what a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +formally define for you what a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +formally define for you what a Gaussian +process is a Gaussian process mu for a + + align:start position:0% +process is a Gaussian process mu for a + + + align:start position:0% +process is a Gaussian process mu for a +collection of time points T 1 through T + + align:start position:0% +collection of time points T 1 through T + + + align:start position:0% +collection of time points T 1 through T +capital n is defined by a Joint + + align:start position:0% +capital n is defined by a Joint + + + align:start position:0% +capital n is defined by a Joint +Distribution mu of those time points + + align:start position:0% +Distribution mu of those time points + + + align:start position:0% +Distribution mu of those time points +which is a Gaussian distribution so + + align:start position:0% +which is a Gaussian distribution so + + + align:start position:0% +which is a Gaussian distribution so +we're going to say that the function + + align:start position:0% +we're going to say that the function + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to say that the function +value for these T different time points + + align:start position:0% +value for these T different time points + + + align:start position:0% +value for these T different time points +is just a Gaussian which for the purpose + + align:start position:0% +is just a Gaussian which for the purpose + + + align:start position:0% +is just a Gaussian which for the purpose +of today's lecture I'm going to assume a + + align:start position:0% +of today's lecture I'm going to assume a + + + align:start position:0% +of today's lecture I'm going to assume a +zero mean and where the covariance + + align:start position:0% +zero mean and where the covariance + + + align:start position:0% +zero mean and where the covariance +function is given to you by this capital + + align:start position:0% +function is given to you by this capital + + + align:start position:0% +function is given to you by this capital +K it's a covariance function of the time + + align:start position:0% +K it's a covariance function of the time + + + align:start position:0% +K it's a covariance function of the time +points of the input points and so if you + + align:start position:0% +points of the input points and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +points of the input points and so if you +look this is a this has to be a matrix + + align:start position:0% +look this is a this has to be a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +look this is a this has to be a matrix +of dimension capital N by capital n and + + align:start position:0% +of dimension capital N by capital n and + + + align:start position:0% +of dimension capital N by capital n and +if you look at the the i1 and i2 entry + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the the i1 and i2 entry + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the the i1 and i2 entry +if you look at that any entry of that + + align:start position:0% +if you look at that any entry of that + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at that any entry of that +matrix we're defining it to be given to + + align:start position:0% +matrix we're defining it to be given to + + + align:start position:0% +matrix we're defining it to be given to +you by the following kernel function it + + align:start position:0% +you by the following kernel function it + + + align:start position:0% +you by the following kernel function it +looks at the exponential of the negative + + align:start position:0% +looks at the exponential of the negative + + + align:start position:0% +looks at the exponential of the negative +Euclidean distance squared between those + + align:start position:0% +Euclidean distance squared between those + + + align:start position:0% +Euclidean distance squared between those +two time points intuitively what this is + + align:start position:0% +two time points intuitively what this is + + + align:start position:0% +two time points intuitively what this is +saying is that if you have two time + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if you have two time + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if you have two time +points that are very close to one + + align:start position:0% +points that are very close to one + + + align:start position:0% +points that are very close to one +another then this kernel function is + + align:start position:0% +another then this kernel function is + + + align:start position:0% +another then this kernel function is +going to be very large if you have two + + align:start position:0% +going to be very large if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +going to be very large if you have two +time points that are very far from one + + align:start position:0% +time points that are very far from one + + + align:start position:0% +time points that are very far from one +another then you know then this is very + + align:start position:0% +another then you know then this is very + + + align:start position:0% +another then you know then this is very +large it's a very large negative number + + align:start position:0% +large it's a very large negative number + + + align:start position:0% +large it's a very large negative number +and so this is going to be very small so + + align:start position:0% +and so this is going to be very small so + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is going to be very small so +the kernel function for two inputs that + + align:start position:0% +the kernel function for two inputs that + + + align:start position:0% +the kernel function for two inputs that +are very far for one another are very + + align:start position:0% +are very far for one another are very + + + align:start position:0% +are very far for one another are very +small the kernel function for inputs + + align:start position:0% +small the kernel function for inputs + + + align:start position:0% +small the kernel function for inputs +that are very close to each other is + + align:start position:0% +that are very close to each other is + + + align:start position:0% +that are very close to each other is +large and thus what we're saying here is + + align:start position:0% +large and thus what we're saying here is + + + align:start position:0% +large and thus what we're saying here is +that there's going to be some Coralie + + align:start position:0% +that there's going to be some Coralie + + + align:start position:0% +that there's going to be some Coralie +in between nearby data points and that's + + align:start position:0% +in between nearby data points and that's + + + align:start position:0% +in between nearby data points and that's +the way which we're going to specify a + + align:start position:0% +the way which we're going to specify a + + + align:start position:0% +the way which we're going to specify a +distribution of functions if one were to + + align:start position:0% +distribution of functions if one were to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of functions if one were to +sample from this Gaussian with the curl + + align:start position:0% +sample from this Gaussian with the curl + + + align:start position:0% +sample from this Gaussian with the curl +variance function specified in the way I + + align:start position:0% +variance function specified in the way I + + + align:start position:0% +variance function specified in the way I +did what one gets out is something that + + align:start position:0% +did what one gets out is something that + + + align:start position:0% +did what one gets out is something that +looks like this + + align:start position:0% +looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this +so this every I'm assuming here that + + align:start position:0% +so this every I'm assuming here that + + + align:start position:0% +so this every I'm assuming here that +every that these curves look really + + align:start position:0% +every that these curves look really + + + align:start position:0% +every that these curves look really +dense and that's because I'm assuming + + align:start position:0% +dense and that's because I'm assuming + + + align:start position:0% +dense and that's because I'm assuming +that n is extremely large here if n was + + align:start position:0% +that n is extremely large here if n was + + + align:start position:0% +that n is extremely large here if n was +small let's say three there only be + + align:start position:0% +small let's say three there only be + + + align:start position:0% +small let's say three there only be +three time points here okay and so if + + align:start position:0% +three time points here okay and so if + + + align:start position:0% +three time points here okay and so if +you can make these you can make this + + align:start position:0% +you can make these you can make this + + + align:start position:0% +you can make these you can make this +distribution of functions be arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +distribution of functions be arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of functions be arbitrarily +complex by playing with this little L so + + align:start position:0% +complex by playing with this little L so + + + align:start position:0% +complex by playing with this little L so +for example if you made little L be be + + align:start position:0% +for example if you made little L be be + + + align:start position:0% +for example if you made little L be be +very small then what you get are these + + align:start position:0% +very small then what you get are these + + + align:start position:0% +very small then what you get are these +really spiky functions that I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +really spiky functions that I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +really spiky functions that I'm showing +you in a very light color if you make + + align:start position:0% +you in a very light color if you make + + + align:start position:0% +you in a very light color if you make +little L be very large you get these + + align:start position:0% +little L be very large you get these + + + align:start position:0% +little L be very large you get these +very smooth functions all right so this + + align:start position:0% +very smooth functions all right so this + + + align:start position:0% +very smooth functions all right so this +is a way to get a function this is a way + + align:start position:0% +is a way to get a function this is a way + + + align:start position:0% +is a way to get a function this is a way +to get a distribution over functions + + align:start position:0% +to get a distribution over functions + + + align:start position:0% +to get a distribution over functions +just by sampling from this Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +just by sampling from this Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +just by sampling from this Gaussian +process what this paper does from + + align:start position:0% +process what this paper does from + + + align:start position:0% +process what this paper does from +Campbell and Yau and published two years + + align:start position:0% +Campbell and Yau and published two years + + + align:start position:0% +Campbell and Yau and published two years +ago in PLoS competition biology is they + + align:start position:0% +ago in PLoS competition biology is they + + + align:start position:0% +ago in PLoS competition biology is they +assume that the observations that you + + align:start position:0% +assume that the observations that you + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the observations that you +have are drawn from a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +have are drawn from a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +have are drawn from a Gaussian +distribution whose mean is given to you + + align:start position:0% +distribution whose mean is given to you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution whose mean is given to you +by the Gaussian process so if you think + + align:start position:0% +by the Gaussian process so if you think + + + align:start position:0% +by the Gaussian process so if you think +back if you think back to the story that + + align:start position:0% +back if you think back to the story that + + + align:start position:0% +back if you think back to the story that +we drew earlier suppose that the data + + align:start position:0% +we drew earlier suppose that the data + + + align:start position:0% +we drew earlier suppose that the data +lived in just one dimension and suppose + + align:start position:0% +lived in just one dimension and suppose + + + align:start position:0% +lived in just one dimension and suppose +we actually knew this sorting of patient + + align:start position:0% +we actually knew this sorting of patient + + + align:start position:0% +we actually knew this sorting of patient +so we actually knew you know which + + align:start position:0% +so we actually knew you know which + + + align:start position:0% +so we actually knew you know which +patients are are are very early in time + + align:start position:0% +patients are are are very early in time + + + align:start position:0% +patients are are are very early in time +which patients are very late in time you + + align:start position:0% +which patients are very late in time you + + + align:start position:0% +which patients are very late in time you +might imagine that that single biomarker + + align:start position:0% +might imagine that that single biomarker + + + align:start position:0% +might imagine that that single biomarker +fire marker a you might imagine that the + + align:start position:0% +fire marker a you might imagine that the + + + align:start position:0% +fire marker a you might imagine that the +the function which which tells you what + + align:start position:0% +the function which which tells you what + + + align:start position:0% +the function which which tells you what +the biomarkers value is as a function + + align:start position:0% +the biomarkers value is as a function + + + align:start position:0% +the biomarkers value is as a function +time might be something like this right + + align:start position:0% +time might be something like this right + + + align:start position:0% +time might be something like this right +or maybe it's something like like that + + align:start position:0% +or maybe it's something like like that + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe it's something like like that +okay so it it might be a function that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so it it might be a function that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it it might be a function that's +increasing a function that's decreasing + + align:start position:0% +increasing a function that's decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +increasing a function that's decreasing +and this function is precisely what this + + align:start position:0% +and this function is precisely what this + + + align:start position:0% +and this function is precisely what this +mu this Gaussian process is meant to + + align:start position:0% +mu this Gaussian process is meant to + + + align:start position:0% +mu this Gaussian process is meant to +model the only difference that is that + + align:start position:0% +model the only difference that is that + + + align:start position:0% +model the only difference that is that +now one can model the Gaussian process + + align:start position:0% +now one can model the Gaussian process + + + align:start position:0% +now one can model the Gaussian process +instead of just being a single dimension + + align:start position:0% +instead of just being a single dimension + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just being a single dimension +one could imagine having several + + align:start position:0% +one could imagine having several + + + align:start position:0% +one could imagine having several +different dimensions so this P denotes + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions so this P denotes + + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions so this P denotes +the number denotes the number of + + align:start position:0% +the number denotes the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number denotes the number of +dimensions right which corresponds to in + + align:start position:0% +dimensions right which corresponds to in + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions right which corresponds to in +some sense to the number of synthetic + + align:start position:0% +some sense to the number of synthetic + + + align:start position:0% +some sense to the number of synthetic +vial markers that you might conjecture + + align:start position:0% +vial markers that you might conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +vial markers that you might conjecture +exist now here we truly don't know the + + align:start position:0% +exist now here we truly don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +exist now here we truly don't know the +sorting of patients into early versus + + align:start position:0% +sorting of patients into early versus + + + align:start position:0% +sorting of patients into early versus +late stage and so the time points T are + + align:start position:0% +late stage and so the time points T are + + + align:start position:0% +late stage and so the time points T are +themselves assumed to be latent + + align:start position:0% +themselves assumed to be latent + + + align:start position:0% +themselves assumed to be latent +variables that are drawn from a + + align:start position:0% +variables that are drawn from a + + + align:start position:0% +variables that are drawn from a +truncated normal distribution that looks + + align:start position:0% +truncated normal distribution that looks + + + align:start position:0% +truncated normal distribution that looks +like this so you might you might say you + + align:start position:0% +like this so you might you might say you + + + align:start position:0% +like this so you might you might say you +might make some assumption that the time + + align:start position:0% +might make some assumption that the time + + + align:start position:0% +might make some assumption that the time +intervals for when a patient comes in + + align:start position:0% +intervals for when a patient comes in + + + align:start position:0% +intervals for when a patient comes in +might be you know maybe patients come in + + align:start position:0% +might be you know maybe patients come in + + + align:start position:0% +might be you know maybe patients come in +really typically very in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +really typically very in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +really typically very in the middle of +the disease stage or maybe your student + + align:start position:0% +the disease stage or maybe your student + + + align:start position:0% +the disease stage or maybe your student +is something flat and so patients come + + align:start position:0% +is something flat and so patients come + + + align:start position:0% +is something flat and so patients come +in sort of throughout the disease stage + + align:start position:0% +in sort of throughout the disease stage + + + align:start position:0% +in sort of throughout the disease stage +but the time point itself is latent so + + align:start position:0% +but the time point itself is latent so + + + align:start position:0% +but the time point itself is latent so +now the generative process for the data + + align:start position:0% +now the generative process for the data + + + align:start position:0% +now the generative process for the data +as follows your first sample a time + + align:start position:0% +as follows your first sample a time + + + align:start position:0% +as follows your first sample a time +point from this truncated normal + + align:start position:0% +point from this truncated normal + + + align:start position:0% +point from this truncated normal +distribution then you look to see for + + align:start position:0% +distribution then you look to see for + + + align:start position:0% +distribution then you look to see for +the you oh and you sample from the very + + align:start position:0% +the you oh and you sample from the very + + + align:start position:0% +the you oh and you sample from the very +beginning of sample this curve mu and + + align:start position:0% +beginning of sample this curve mu and + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of sample this curve mu and +then you look to see what is the value + + align:start position:0% +then you look to see what is the value + + + align:start position:0% +then you look to see what is the value +of mu for the sample time point and that + + align:start position:0% +of mu for the sample time point and that + + + align:start position:0% +of mu for the sample time point and that +gives you the expected value you should + + align:start position:0% +gives you the expected value you should + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the expected value you should +expect to see for that patient and and + + align:start position:0% +expect to see for that patient and and + + + align:start position:0% +expect to see for that patient and and +the one then jointly optimizes this to + + align:start position:0% +the one then jointly optimizes this to + + + align:start position:0% +the one then jointly optimizes this to +try to find the most that the post the + + align:start position:0% +try to find the most that the post the + + + align:start position:0% +try to find the most that the post the +curve the curve mu which has highest + + align:start position:0% +curve the curve mu which has highest + + + align:start position:0% +curve the curve mu which has highest +posterior probability and that is how + + align:start position:0% +posterior probability and that is how + + + align:start position:0% +posterior probability and that is how +you read out from the model both what + + align:start position:0% +you read out from the model both what + + + align:start position:0% +you read out from the model both what +the both what the latent progression + + align:start position:0% +the both what the latent progression + + + align:start position:0% +the both what the latent progression +looks like and if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +looks like and if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +looks like and if you look at the +posterior distribution over the t's that + + align:start position:0% +posterior distribution over the t's that + + + align:start position:0% +posterior distribution over the t's that +are inferred for each individual you get + + align:start position:0% +are inferred for each individual you get + + + align:start position:0% +are inferred for each individual you get +the inferred location along the + + align:start position:0% +the inferred location along the + + + align:start position:0% +the inferred location along the +trajectory for each individual and I'll + + align:start position:0% +trajectory for each individual and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory for each individual and I'll +stop there I'll post the slides online + + align:start position:0% +stop there I'll post the slides online + + + align:start position:0% +stop there I'll post the slides online +for this last piece but I'll let you + + align:start position:0% +for this last piece but I'll let you + + + align:start position:0% +for this last piece but I'll let you +read the + + align:start position:0% +read the + + + align:start position:0% +read the +on your own + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/a_otxyu0mSQ.txt b/a_otxyu0mSQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b3994dfd7ce8f9249041110f972795f6d5e733f --- /dev/null +++ b/a_otxyu0mSQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3040 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: It's a bit better, +my heart's back in place. + +I'm glad that not +everyone's gone. + +AUDIENCE: Well you mean passed +out and died from the test? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: OK, no there +were a few students left. + +PROFESSOR: That's +good, that's good. + +I think once we release the +results everyone will calm + +down, and we'll realize that +the mistake was on our part. + +AUDIENCE: The mistake? + +PROFESSOR: I mean the results +are lower than what we thought. + +And it's because we +haven't covered something + +that I will cover today. + +So we think-- well we +talked about it yesterday, + +and we think we haven't +done enough algorithm + +design with you guys. + +So today I have +problems, and we're + +going to come up with solutions. + +AUDIENCE: Are you +not going to tell us + +what [INAUDIBLE] number is? + +PROFESSOR: It's in +the lecture notes. + +It's actually quite boring. + +I promise it's really boring. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +PROFESSOR: And if you want +to do that next time when + +we'll actually talk +about numerics. + +The thing is numerics +are straightforward. + +Once you learn the +algorithms you're + +not going to come +up with a new one. + +I'm pretty sure about that. + +Like you're not going to come +up with a revolutionary way + +of adding two numbers. + +AUDIENCE: I don't know. + +You never know. + +PROFESSOR: Well you +can tell me why. + +Think about it and +then you can tell me + +why you are not going to. + +AUDIENCE: OK, got it. + +PROFESSOR: OK so let's +start with a problem. + +We know what sorted +arrays look like, right? + +1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12. + +This is a sorted array. + +If we're given a +sorted array we know + +how to find the +number in it, right? + +What's the running +time for that. + +AUDIENCE: For any given number? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Well what's +the best way that we know? + +AUDIENCE: Logarithm. + +PROFESSOR: Log and +binary search, right? + +Well instead of this we're +given a shifted array. + +And shifted means +that-- say you're + +shifting the array +by K elements. + +We're taking these guys. + +So the array is +shifted to the left. + +So these K elements +end up on the right. + +These N minus K elements +end up on the left. + +So 7, 9, 12, 1, 3, 5, 6. + +So still N elements they are +shifted by some number K. + +And I want to find one +number, e, in the array. + +I don't know K by the way. + +We just know that +it's a shifted array. + +This is 12. + +So the first thing +you do is figure out + +how much time you +have for this, right? + +If you're on a test, you +roughly know how much time + +you have for a problem. + +If you're on an +interview you have + +to figure out how much +time the interviewer is + +willing to give you for problem. + +And spend the first, +I don't, a third + +of the time thinking maybe. + +Come up with the best +solution that you can. + +And then stop there, +and start talking. + +So the first thing +you do, you want + +to make sure that when +you run out of time + +you have something to say. + +The most awful thing you can +say is, dude I'm going home now. + +Or leave the answer blank. + +If you leave the +answer blank we're + +not going to give +you points, right? + +So not good. + +So what's the worst +answer you could give us? + +OK worst is a bad term. + +What's the brute force +solution to this? + +The solution where we don't +care about the running time, + +but we want the correct answer. + +AUDIENCE: Look everywhere. + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +So do a linear search. + +Pretend we don't know +anything about this array. + +Lose the information that +it's a shifted array. + +Linear search +running time order N. + +OK so this is +something, at least now + +when your time runs +out you have something. + +You're not going to +leave empty handed. + +Let's start thinking now. + +Next step. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +can we shift it again? + +PROFESSOR: So the +fact that it's shifted + +means that-- so originally +it was sorted, right? + +But now instead of it +being completely sorted, + +you have all the elements +are shifted to the left. + +And then so there's a +rotation thing going on here. + +So these elements +got out of the array + +and then they are put back +in from the other side. + +AUDIENCE: Why do we do that? + +PROFESSOR: That's how +the info looks like. + +We don't do it. + +It was done to us. + +AUDIENCE: Oh OK. + +So now what do we want? + +PROFESSOR: We want +to find an element-- + +AUDIENCE: Oh, I see. + +PROFESSOR: --despite the fact +that the array looks like this. + +AUDIENCE: Do we know that +the list that we have + +is shifted already? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +So we're promised that +this is a shifted array. + +So it will look like this. + +But we don't know what K is. + +If we knew what K is, +could we do something fast? + +What would we do? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, you'd +just re-shift [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK so +if you re-shifted + +what's the running time? + +AUDIENCE: For order +K [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK so if +we actually shifted + +and then do a binary search +it's order K plus log + +N. So for big K's +that's not better. + +AUDIENCE: Why is it not +order N plus log [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: You can say that +since we don't have any promise + +on K it's N. It's order K if +you can shift things out of both + +N's. + +With Python this +would be order N, + +just popping out one element +is order N in Python. + +So this is assuming +a smart array. + +Otherwise if it's +Python, good point. + +It's straight up order N. +So now another good point. + +You have this solution, and you +have the brute force solution. + +They have the same running time. + +You run out of time. + +Which one are you +going to code up? + +Which one are you going to show? + +AUDIENCE: The simpler one. + +PROFESSOR: The simpler +one, excellent. + +So the reason is, +if you're on a test + +it's probably give the +pseudocode, then analyze it. + +If you're in an interview +the guy will ask you OK, + +what's the running time? + +Code it up on the board in +C, Java, whatever he knows. + +So you want to code +the simplest solution, + +because that reduces the +chance that you'll have bugs. + +So that gives you +the most points. + +So this solution +shows more insight, + +but it doesn't have +a better run time. + +Stick to the simple solution. + +However if you +have this then you + +have some insight +on the problem. + +So you can keep +going and hope you + +can come up with +a better answer. + +So if we knew K, one +thing we could do + +is reduce the array +to an unshifted array. + +What's another thing we can do? + +So I claim that +if you know K you + +can come up with a +reasonably easy log N method. + +AUDIENCE: If you're +doing binary search, + +like if you just pretend like +the array is all together, + +but if you know K. So let's +say you're looking for 6. + +Then you'd say oh well I'm +going to split the array half, + +but you're actually +going to start at K + +and then split it in half. + +So it's like you pretend that-- + +PROFESSOR: So what +you want to say + +is you have a pretend +array in your mind, right? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +It's [INAUDIBLE] by K. + +PROFESSOR: And you want to +access the middle element + +to see if what you're looking +for is bigger or smaller. + +Instead of looking at +the middle element here, + +you look at the +middle plus K, right? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +Oh, there you go. + +Plus K. + +PROFESSOR: This is one way of +doing it, good running time. + +The problem is it's hard. + +You'll have to rewrite binary +search and hope it works. + +What I would do, +given that I've had + +a bit of time to think +about it, is this is sorted. + +This is sorted. + +So two binary searched are +also going to be log N time. + +Two binary searches, +two lines of pseudocode. + +The running time analysis +is pretty simple. + +Correctness is +also pretty simple. + +And also this gives +me some insight + +on the rest of the +problem I claim. + +OK so if we have K we can do +log N. What if we don't have K? + +What do we do? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Figure out what K is. + +PROFESSOR: All right let's try +to find K. We know how to do it + +if we have K. So let's try +to find K. What-- if I want + +to arrive to a +solution that's log N, + +how much time can I +spend on finding K? + +OK so let's find +K in log N time. + +AUDIENCE: Binary +search for minimum? + +PROFESSOR: Binary search-- +so I like binary search, + +because binary search +is an algorithm that + +runs on an array. + +And that runs in log N time. + +So if I'm able to make it +work I know everything's + +going to be right +in terms of time. + +So what do you run +a binary search for? + +AUDIENCE: The smallest +number possible? + +I guess that's kind of going +through all of them, though. + +It doesn't really help. + +PROFESSOR: So if +you have the min. + +Sorry, you can +speak in one second. + +AUDIENCE: Oh we have the min! + +PROFESSOR: So no, if +you can't have the min. + +I think it's good insight. + +So if you knew where the min +is, you know this is K, right? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: So this +is the minimum, + +that's K. OK, what +were you going to say? + +AUDIENCE: Oh for +just binary search + +it would not +[INAUDIBLE] minimum. + +I was thinking that if we start +at 1 we will see to our right + +and left. + +And the point where +[INAUDIBLE] are ending + +is where we have something +larger to our right + +and something +smaller to our left. + +PROFESSOR: OK so there's +a discontinuity here, + +that's what you're +saying, right? + +So this is sorted. + +But then at this +point this breaks. + +AUDIENCE: Yes, we are kind +of finding that point where + +something to the +right that's greater + +than [INAUDIBLE] and +something to the left + +is also greater +than [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK so let's +see if we can do that. + +So for binary search you +have to go somewhere. + +So in our case we're +trying to get K, right? + +And we know that it's +somewhere between 1 and 10. + +And what binary search +does is it makes a guess. + +It says hey, I think it's +in the middle of the array. + +So it will probably +guess n over 2. + +And it makes a +guess and you have + +to tell it was the +guess too small, + +or was the guess too large? + +Because this is what +allows you to recurse + +on either the left interval +or on the right interval. + +The problem with a discontinuity +is, if I guess here, + +and if I guess here, I still +don't see the discontinuity. + +So it's good inside, +but it's not enough. + +I need a little bit more. + +Yes, 2, 3 hands oh wow +you guys don't got it? + +AUDIENCE: So I think +we can arbitrarily + +take the halfway point +instead of subtracting + +from the first element. + +And then if it's +a negative number, + +then discontinuity +will be in this half. + +If it's [INAUDIBLE] it +will be in the other half. + +And then you recurse on that. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So let's draw this up. + +So in a sorted array the +numbers look like this. + +In a shifted array +we splice it here, + +and this guy goes to the right. + +So it's like this +and then like this. + +So this picture shows me the +insight that I had before, + +that this part is sorted +and this part is sorted. + +The missing part, +which I just heard now, + +is that since the whole +array was originally sorted, + +this guy is smaller +than this guy. + +So if I draw a +horizontal line here, + +I can draw a horizontal +line somewhere, + +and this and this +will not cross it. + +So this whole thing +is taller than this. + +So by the way, K was where +the discontinuity was, right? + +You said discontinuity. + +This is K, it's somewhere here. + +So this is a better. + +So if I make my guess and +I land somewhere here, + +I can know that my +guess is too big, + +because it's below the line. + +If I make my guess and +it's somewhere here, + +I know my guess is too small, +because the number that I + +see here is above the line. + +Who sets the line? + +The first element here. + +So this is how you +look at it graphically. + +If you don't want to +look at it graphically, + +this was a sorted array. + +If this is the Kth +element, then everything + +here is smaller than it. + +So all these guys are smaller +than the first element. + +OK so honestly who +understands the solution? + +3, 4, OK. + +Oh, OK pretty good. + +Do we want to code +this up, or do we + +want to look at another problem? + +OK who wants to look +at another problem? + +Clear majority, all right. + +Usually I have to +do both choices, + +because not enough people are +paying attention to get this. + +So I am happy. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +All right so before I start +another problem, one thing + +I want to say. + +Not only do I have a +solution for this problem, + +but I have a +process that allowed + +me to go from nothing to +a few partial solutions. + +And while I was doing +that, I was getting insight + +and I was making sure that if +I run out of time before I have + +the final solution, I don't walk +out of the room empty handed. + +So I don't just want to +show you the final solution, + +I want to show you the process. + +You can look at the notes +and see the final solution. + +That's not everything I +want you to get out of this. + +OK, problem 2 has a heap. + +And this is a minimum heap, +so it looks like this. + +So this is a minimum +heap, N elements. + +And I want to extract the kth +smallest element in the heap. + +So if K equals 3, this is the +third smallest element, right? + +K equals 4, it's this guy. + +5, and 6, 1 and 2 are here. + +OK the good running +time that we want, + +because this is a hard +problem so we give you + +the running time, +is K log K. However + +before we do that I want to +hear some brute force solutions. + +AUDIENCE: All of them. + +PROFESSOR: And? + +OK you need to sort them first. + +So this heap is actually +an array, right? + +2, 5, 7, 6, 8, oh +it's 6, 9, 8, sorry. + +So you're saying sort +the array, then K-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK what's the +running time for this? + +AUDIENCE: Log N. + +PROFESSOR: All right +we have a solution. + +We're not going to +leave empty handed. + +OK let's try to go a bit better. + +What's another way +of going it that'll + +give me a better running time? + +AUDIENCE: You could pop 5 of +the K elements off of the-- + +PROFESSOR: All right so +this is a mean heap, right? + +So it has find min. + +And find min runs in order +log N. So if I call it K times + +I'm going to get the +K smallest elements. + +By the way heap sort +says pop and times, + +and you'll have all the +elements in sorted order. + +So we're doing a +heap sort, except we + +stop when we lose +interest after K elements. + +So we're down from +N log N to K log N. + +So I would be interested in +hearing a solution that's + +worse, because it would +look like N log K. + +But shows me more insight. + +So by the way this is good. + +You're already K log N. So +K log N, the correct answer + +is K log K. Small +difference, right? + +It's a logarithm factor. + +At least it's not an N factor. + +If you code this up +chances are we're + +not going to be able to +distinguish between this. + +So you'll never +see this on a PSet. + +So you're almost there. + +And this is just applying +straight up knowledge + +that we had before. + +Let's look at this +solution, if anyone sees it. + +Before we attempt K log K. + +AUDIENCE: In another +case would we + +just pop off first K elements, +why would that be in log N? + +Because it's actually +an array, so I + +would think that we'd +just take the K time. + +PROFESSOR: So this is a heap. + +If you don't maintain +the heaping variant + +after you do the +first pop you're + +not going to be able +to do the second one. + +OK, cool. + +So let me give you a hint. + +How would we find-- +if this is an array-- + +how do I find the minimum? + +2, 5, 7, did I forget something? + +No. + +Let's pretend this array doesn't +start with 2, because it's + +boring if it starts with 2. + +How do I find the minimum? + +I keep one variable that says +the best I've seen so far, + +right? + +Let's see, N-- oh +this is still boring. + +Let's start here. + +So we start with +best seen equals 7. + +Then when we go to 6 we see, +is 6 better than best seen? + +If so, replace best seen with 6. + +If not keep going. + +Then I get to 9. + +Is 9 better than best seen? + +Nope, keep going. + +Is 8 better than best seen? + +Nope, keep going. + +So I compare every element +with the best seen, + +and then whenever the element +is better I do a replacement. + +And then at the end, best seen +will have the smallest element. + +So this algorithm +works for k equals + +1, which isn't very useful. + +So can we generalize +this somehow + +to-- so we have a +running time here. + +That might give you a hint about +how we want to generalize it, + +and I want to generalize +it for all values of K. + +AUDIENCE: If you go to the +power of 2 then it's less than-- + +the nearest power +of 2 less than K-- + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +AUDIENCE: --that element, and +iterate forward with your best + +seen. + +Does that make sense? + +If you want the kth, if you +want the tenth smallest element, + +then it has to be +after the 8th row + +because it's the next +level in the tree. + +Does that make sense? + +That doesn't make sense. + +PROFESSOR: It makes sense, +but I don't think it's right. + +So you're thinking that +the tenth smallest element + +has to be somewhere +below, right? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, +7, 8, 9, 10, and then pretend + +that there are numbers here. + +11, 12, 13, 14, 15, do +you see what I'm saying? + +So this is a heap. + +So I can keep filling +it with bigger elements, + +and 10 is here. + +However you can +do something else + +to limit the size of the heap. + +It will give us a +different running time, + +but you can do something. + +You can think about it. + +How can you chop up +some of the heap? + +For example if I have +a heap that's ten deep + +and I look at the fourth +element, what can I do? + +You can think about that. + +And let's try to get to this. + +So I'll accept an +answer for either + +how do we limit the +heap in that case, + +or how do we generalize +this algorithm. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: You want us to +remember the smallest K + +elements, you'd make a max +heap [INAUDIBLE] K [INAUDIBLE] + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK so +I want to have-- + +I'll break down your +solution into parts . + +So you want to have a bag of +the smallest K elements, right? + +So instead of the best seen, you +want to have the K best seen. + +And once you have a bag you want +to go through your elements. + +And then if you have +something that's + +better than what +you have in the bag, + +you want to put that in the bag. + +Suppose I have, +suppose K equals 3, + +and I have 2, 5, +and 7 in the bag. + +And I see 6. + +Who do I want to +compare it with? + +The biggest thing +in the bag, right? + +So if I want the K +smallest elements, + +if this guy is +smaller than anything, + +these aren't the K +smallest elements anymore. + +So I want to take the +maximum in the bag, + +compare it with what +I'm seeing right now, + +and if what I'm seeing is +smaller I want to replace it. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Because I +keep doing this maximum, + +I keep asking this +maximum question, + +this has to be a max heap. + +That's why he said max heap. + +So you did all +these steps at once + +and then gave me +the final answer. + +But this is how you +do it step by step. + +So it looks like finding +the minimum element, + +except you have a bag. + +And that bag has to +be a maximum heap. + +And the original heap +is a minimum heap. + +So the fact that you have +to use a maximum heap + +is a bit nontrivial. + +Good answer. + +All right so we +have K log N, and we + +have N log K, so choose what +you want to have in your log. + +We have a solution for you. + +How about this. + +How are we doing here? + +So suppose I'm looking +for the fourth element, + +and my heap has 10 levels. + +How can I chop it-- +how can I reduce + +the number of things +I'm looking at? + +AUDIENCE: You can reduce +it down to 4 levels. + +PROFESSOR: I can reduce it +down to 4 levels, exactly. + +So this heap has log N levels. + +And my K is smaller than log +N. I can reduce the heap down + +to K levels and discard +everything below. + +And the reason for that is +we have a mean heap, right? + +So if we go down from, on any +path from the roots to a leaf, + +the values have to +increase, right? + +Otherwise it's not a mean keep. + +Otherwise there's an invariant +violation somewhere there. + +So as I go down on any path +my numbers are going up. + +So these are all the +paths of length 4. + +All of them have +to go through here. + +All the paths of length +4 will stop here. + +So I know that +everything here has + +to be bigger than +the first 4 elements. + +So if I reduce this to K and +I discard everything else, + +what's the running time? + +So if I use my find my +extract min algorithm before, + +what was the running time? + +AUDIENCE: It was [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So it's not the-- + +AUDIENCE: Oh sorry it's the-- + +PROFESSOR: So what's +one operation in a heap? + +If I have the height of a +heap, what's an operation? + +How much time does it +take to do one operation + +as a function of the +height of the heap? + +So if my heap has h +levels, in this case + +h happens to be log +N, it's order h. + +So if I reduce it-- I'm not +reducing it from N to K. + +I wish I could. + +I'm reducing it from log N to K. + +So for really tiny K's, +this becomes order K. + +And my total running +time is K squared. + +So I'm going to do K +operations, K extract mins. + +OK now the reason I wanted +to entertain this is I + +claim it's going to be useful +to help us find the answer. + +So everything that we have +here gives us some insight + +into what the correct answer is. + +Well what our correct answer is. + +There might be others. + +So let's think for a bit, +and see if we can do better. + +Am I covering something? + +I hope not. + +So by the way, when you +have problems on your own, + +say you are looking at +CLRS or at old exams, + +you want to give yourselves +half an hour, an hour to think. + +And just this process +alone is going + +to help you do better on a test. + +Because while you're thinking +you're going through everything + +you know. + +And you're rearranging +stuff in your brain + +in a way that will be +easier to access it later. + +So now you're going to think, +what do I know about heaps? + +What do I know that +takes log N time? + +What do I know that +takes N log N time? + +And your brain will +be better at answering + +these kinds of questions later. + +Now we're not going to +give you 30 minutes, + +because that would make +us run out of time. + +AUDIENCE: You want to reduce +it down to K elements. + +PROFESSOR: I want +to only have to look + +at K elements, that's good. + +AUDIENCE: Otherwise you +can't plug K into the search. + +PROFESSOR: Yep, +OK so that's good. + +AUDIENCE: Which is interesting, +because it's K log K, + +and that kind of +suggests that you'd + +have K elements in the tree. + +But then you're searching +for each one in the tree. + +PROFESSOR: So +maybe I'm not going + +to be able to cut this heap +into K elements, right? + +I'll have to do a bit more. + +AUDIENCE: Can you cut +this heap into K elements + +and use that heap to +do our [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Let's see +how we'd cut this heap. + +First off let's +see how this keep + +would look like if it's cut. + +How do we find the +first K elements here? + +How do we find +the first element? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It's the root. + +Second element. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: What do I look at? + +If I want to select the +second element in a heap, + +how many elements do +I have to look at? + +Two, 5 and 7, because everything +below will be bigger, right? + +OK I look at them, +I compare them, + +I know 5 is the smallest one. + +Now suppose I want to +find the third element. + +Who do I look at? + +7 or the thing under 5. + +So 7 is still in +the race for sure. + +And then I have to look +at the children of 5. + +Right now we're looking at 3. + +Suppose this has some +really large kids. + +As in numbers. + +And I find that this +is the third element. + +Who do I look at for +the fourth element? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK so this +isn't in the race + +anymore, because it's the third. + +The fourth has to be +either of these two guys. + +Or the kids here, right? + +And it happens to be 7. + +So I take it out. + +If I want to look at the-- if I +want to find the next element, + +who's in the race? + +This guy gets out of the race. + +AUDIENCE: 7's kids. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: OK so +we have something. + +We're not really +cutting up the heap, + +but we are sort of computing +where the blade would + +go if we wanted to cut it up +in K elements and N minus K + +elements. + +Does this make some sense? + +Nods, no nods. + +AUDIENCE: I mean I +guess you're never + +going to be going +down farther than K. + +PROFESSOR: So let's just +understand the concept. + +And then we're going +to do one more pass, + +write pseudocode, and +understand the running time. + +Because this is still +confusing, right? + +We'll need one more +pass, otherwise + +we can't write the +pseudocode into it. + +So does the concept make sense? + +AUDIENCE: Is that K log K? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +So the idea here is that I +have a horizon that says, + +what are the next elements +that I'm willing to consider? + +And first the horizon +starts with just the root, + +because I know that's +the minimum element. + +And when I take an +element out of the horizon + +I put in its children. + +That's what I did all the time. + +So given a horizon how do I +know what the next elements + +to extract out of the horizon? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: The mean, OK. + +So I want a data +structure for the horizon + +that can extract means quickly. + +OK what am I going to +use for the horizon? + +A min heap, excellent. + +So let's try to +go for pseudocode. + +Suppose we have H as +our original heap. + +So H is a mean heap. + +We will make Z be our horizon. + +I can't use H again. + +It would be nice if +I could, but I'll + +use Z because Z's also +a letter in horizon. + +So Z's the mean heap. + +And then first I +will insert into Z. + +I'll insert the +heap's root, right? + +So Z dot insert H of 1. + +Remember that heaps +are actually arrays. + +I hinted to his earlier. + +So these nodes have are +elements in an array. + +So this is the first element, +second, third, fourth, fifth, + +sixth. + +So we're using array +backed heaps, and H of one + +is going to be the root. + +Then I'm going to compute the +first K elements like this, + +for K in range-- sorry, +for i in range K, + +so K is going to go from 1 to K. + +What I want to do? + +Take, compute the ith element. + +How do I do that? + +AUDIENCE: Extract min. + +PROFESSOR: i equals +Z dot extract min. + +And then I want to insert +the children in the horizon. + +Right? + +How do I do that? + +AUDIENCE: 2i and 2i plus 1. + +PROFESSOR: OK so this is +if I know the index, right? + +When I'm putting +things in the heap + +the keys are going +to be the values, + +so that I can take +out the minimum. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] heap +first and then inserted H Y. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK. + +This is empty. + +And this is the input. + +OK so I need to use the +numbers as the keys. + +So when I extract +something out of the heap, + +so when I extract the first +element it's going to say 2, + +it's not going to say 1. + +If I want to-- + +AUDIENCE: Why wouldn't Z dot +extract [INAUDIBLE] because-- + +PROFESSOR: So this will give +me the next key in the horizon. + +AUDIENCE: But-- oh I +see, you're starting out + +with just the first one. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Oh and then you +want to add in the next. + +PROFESSOR: So at the +end of this whole thing, + +if I'm extracting them right, I +can return this variable here. + +Because after K durations this +is going to be the Kth element. + +So I return it and I'm done. + +The problem is I want this +guy's index too, right? + +So I can't just store +the key in the heap. + +I have to augment the heap +to let me store values. + +And I have to store the index. + +So for this guy would +have Z insert H of 1, + +and then it's index 1. + +Then when I get +out the ith element + +I'll also get out it's index. + +A variable name for that? + +AUDIENCE: j. + +PROFESSOR: j. + +OK why would you name +your variables like this? + +In the previous section I had +a similar suggestion, i, i. + +So why would you name +your variables like this? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Job security. + +All right. + +So it's OK here. + +Try to not to do that when +doing an exam or an interview, + +because it reflects +poorly on you. + +For an interview and for +an exam you'll get us upset + +and we might be less lenient. + +Or at least explain +what you're doing. + +So extract min is going +to give us the key. + +And it's going to give +us index in the heap. + +What do we do afterwards? + +AUDIENCE: We add to +[INAUDIBLE] H of-- + +PROFESSOR: All right +so when we take out 2-- + +so we start out with +an horizon of 2. + +When we take it out 2's the +only thing that's in the horizon + +first. + +Then we take it out and its two +children get in the horizon. + +Then we take out +one of the children + +and put its children +in the horizon. + +So when we take +out a node we want + +to put its children +in the horizon. + +So we're going to say Z dot-- + +AUDIENCE: Insert. + +PROFESSOR: Insert. + +What do I insert? + +AUDIENCE: H of I times 2. + +j times 2. + +PROFESSOR: See? + +It's working already. + +The job security +thing is working. + +And? + +AUDIENCE: 2j plus 1. + +You have to do two lines. + +PROFESSOR: OK, sweet. + +OK. + +Does this work? + +I mean does this do what +we wanted it to do earlier? + +AUDIENCE: Wait, +we're extracting oh-- + +PROFESSOR: All right first nod. + +AUDIENCE: I mean if +K is small enough. + +Eventually you'll ask for +something that is out of range. + +PROFESSOR: Oh so you're +thinking that eventually these + +will run out of range. + +AUDIENCE: If you have +your really lopsided array + +eventually you'll ask for +something that's [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK what would +we want to do in that case? + +AUDIENCE: Just want to check to +make sure that the [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, but +otherwise move on, right? + +If an element doesn't have kids, +we don't add on to the horizon. + +So we need some bounce +checks, exception checking, + +things like that in here. + +And I won't add +that because that + +will make it look long and ugly. + +So this is the idea. + +OK what's the running +time for this? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Cool. + +So creating heaps, initializing, +all order 1, insertion, + +this heap is almost empty now. + +So this is order 1. + +Then these happen K times. + +And these are all +operations on the heap Z. + +And the heap for the heap Z, +it has some number of elements. + +And it's not always going +to have one element, + +because every time +I'm extracting + +one element I'm adding two. + +So well how many elements +is it going to have at most? + +AUDIENCE: K. + +PROFESSOR: OK why is that? + +AUDIENCE: Because each time +you add it it's one element. + +PROFESSOR: So I +extract one for sure. + +And then I add at +most two elements. + +So the heap size grows by at +most 1 in every iteration. + +So the heap size Z will +have at most K elements. + +So now I know the running +for all these operations. + +What is it? + +Log K. Cool. + +So it's K times log K. And +the reason that it works, + +it's a bit harder to see. + +You have to convince yourself +maybe using this bigger tree, + +that whenever you're spending +expanding the horizon + +you're expanding +it the right way. + +So the idea is +again that whatever + +path you take down you're +going to see ascending numbers. + +So when you're +increasing the horizon + +you're always pushing +it down in such a way + +that your invariant is that +all the numbers in the horizon + +are smaller then their children. + +And so on and so forth. + +So the horizon is +always guaranteed + +to have the smallest number +that you haven't extracted yet. + +And that's really the +only thing you need. + +OK does this make some sense? + +AUDIENCE: It never would have +occurred to me on an exam. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah exactly. + +This would not occur on an +exam unless you think a lot, + +you're super inspired, all that. + +If it doesn't occur +to you what do you do? + +AUDIENCE: Go with +the N log K solution. + +PROFESSOR: OK, very good. + +Wait. + +AUDIENCE: K log N. + +PROFESSOR: OK, K log N +or N log K, which one? + +AUDIENCE: K log N. + +PROFESSOR: Why? + +Two reasons. + +K log N is-- so two +reasons, faster and simpler. + +So you write this down. + +And you get half score or 3/4 +of the score and you're done. + +It's better than +nothing, anything, + +and getting a 0, right? + +I mean 3/4 of a score for +two lines of pseudocode + +is reasonable, right? + +Two or three lines. + +This is three lines probably. + +Also on most exams +we're humans, right? + +We might mess them up, we +might make them too long. + +If we make them +too long, you want + +to get the most +number of points. + +You'll have time to +figure out one or two + +problems at that level. + +But if we give you too +many, for the rest of them + +you want to have +something simple that + +gives you some of the points. + +Same for an interview. + +For most interviews +most people don't really + +have a clue how many +problems you can solve, + +how many problems +are reasonable. + +So you want, for +every problem you + +want to show some +solution reasonably fast. + +And then see if they're happy. + +And if they're happy move +on to the next problem. + +And if they're not happy +only then spend more time. + +So this is as important as that. + +If you look at the recitation +notes we'll have some problems + +and we'll have some solutions. + +What are going to do, +memorize the solutions? + +Yay, you know how to +solve more problems. + +There are probably a +million problems in total. + +That doesn't get you very far. + +So what you want is to +understand this process + +that we went through. + +So every time we tried +something we got from some point + +to some point with a +better running time. + +Well except for here. + +And where we had more +insight on the problem. + +So this is the important part. + +And I'm going to show you one +more problem, really quickly. + +We're probably not going +to be able to solve it, + +because it's hard. + +But we are going +to talk about it + +and see if we can +get some insight. + +Let's see, what do +I want to erase? + +This. + +I like that. + +All right, so we have an array +random numbers, 7, 2, 5-- + +this time there's no +order in it-- 8, 9, 4. + +And we tell you that the +array has 2 to the N numbers, + +to make the problem easier. + +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. + +6. + +So you have this array. + +And we want to answer +queries of this shape. + +Say this array is E, +and it has N elements, + +and you know that N +is some 2 to the K. + +Minimum of all the +elements from i to j. + +So you have two +phases, just like we + +had on a problem on the exam. + +You have a pre-processing +stage where you get the array, + +you do some computation, +you save some information. + +And then you have +a querying phase, + +where you have to answer +these as fast as possible. + +I see most people +have unhappy faces. + +Bad memories, huh? + +OK let's not worry +about that problem. + +Let's look at this one. + +So assuming you have +as much time as you + +want to do the +pre-processing, what's + +the fastest way you +could answer these? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: If you +had as much time + +for pre-processing +[INAUDIBLE] memorize it. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +So if we compute the answers to +all possible solutions, right? + +How would I store that? + +So I want to do this in order 1. + +So how would I +store these answers? + +AUDIENCE: Just sort your array. + +PROFESSOR: OK so +I sort my array. + +AUDIENCE: Then you want +the minimum from i to j, + +so look at the ith element +and that's your [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK so figure it out? + +Well I mean if I can sort +it I can also say hey, + +why don't we use +this array instead? + +And then I'll +answer the queries. + +You can go off a tangent +trying to sort the elements + +and keep their keys. + +The important thing is if +you think about it for awhile + +and you see that things +stop making sense, back out. + +Look somewhere else. + +We spent some time trying +to find a solution based + +on sorting in my last section. + +It's not going to work. + +So-- + +AUDIENCE: Can't you just take +the [INAUDIBLE] from i to j? + +PROFESSOR: OK let's +get to that in a bit. + +So let's keep that in mind. + +Because that's another point +on the trade off curve. + +So if I want to serve +my queries in order 1, + +then the way I do that is I will +have a hash of all the arrays + +that look like i, j. + +So all the possible intervals. + +And I'll store the answer here. + +The minimum the +elements from i to j. + +And I can do a hash lookup +in order 1 and get the answer + +and return the answer. + +How many elements +so I have here? + +So how much storage do +I have to use for this? + +AUDIENCE: O of N squared. + +PROFESSOR: OK N values for this, +N values for this, so roughly + +N squared. + +What's the time +for computing this? + +Brute force, let's not think. + +What's the time +for computing this? + +AUDIENCE: N cubed. + +PROFESSOR: N cubed. + +You're thinking. + +So I have unsquared +elements here. + +For every element +I have to compute + +the minimum of potentially +order N elements, right? + +So this is N cubed. + +I could reduce it to N squared +by noticing that if I have + +the minimum of these +elements, and I + +want to compute the +minimum of these elements, + +really all I have to +do is compute, compare + +this minimum with this element. + +So every time I start +with an interval of size 1 + +and then I expand it by 1. + +So I have my two for loops here. + +And I keep growing my minimum. + +So I could get down to +order of N squared times. + +So I have one solution +that has order + +of N squared time and +space, and then answers + +the queries in order 1. + +You had a solution you +said where, what you do + +is, when you get a query +you compute this, right? + +You were suggesting +sorting the array. + +That would be N log N. I +would suggest not sorting it. + +Do the splicing, you look +through all the elements, + +and you find the minimum. + +AUDIENCE: I was saying that +if the original E spans i to j + +and started at the-- + +PROFESSOR: So when you +get a query the i's + +and j's change for every query. + +Otherwise we could +compute the answer. + +So we have one answer +where we take order + +N time to answer a query. + +And what do we do +for pre-processing? + +Nothing. + +Order 1. + +So these are two ends +of a trade off, right? + +One possible extreme is that you +pre-compute all your answers. + +The other possible extreme +is that you don't do anything + +and you brute +force every answer. + +And now we want to +find a point somewhere + +on this line between +the extremes. + +So the answer that we're +going to show in the solutions + +uses order N log N space. + +And it answers +the query by using + +order 1 elements in this +order N log N data structure. + +So I have order N +log N partial minima. + +And I will only use two of them. + +So the total running time +isn't actually order 1. + +But we only use +order 1 elements. + +Let's start thinking +very quickly. + +Let's think for about a +minute, and then we'll + +go through the solution. + +And there are +multiple solutions. + +All of them are interesting +in different ways. + +And there are other +solutions that + +are equally fun and applicable +with not the same running time. + +Let me make some space here. + +So like I said, thinking is +a useful process on its own. + +So you're getting better +just by doing this. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] using +more than one space total? + +PROFESSOR: We're +using N log N space. + +AUDIENCE: Oh and it +takes constant time-- + +PROFESSOR: It will only +look at two elements. + +It's actually not constant time. + +We're not going to worry +too much about time. + +It turns out being log. + +AUDIENCE: Ok, what +was the order 1 then? + +PROFESSOR: You only +access order 1 elements. + +Order 1 partial minimum. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, OK. + +Does it have to do +with two different K? + +PROFESSOR: Maybe. + +AUDIENCE: I don't know +what to do with that. + +There's probably some +sort of tree involved. + +PROFESSOR: So you're going to +want to split things, right? + +Into halves. + +And you're going to want to be +able to do this all the time. + +And we say 2 to the K so we +don't have to worry about, + +oh my God what happens if +the halves aren't equal? + +You can usually solve this +when you implement the problem. + +But it's useful +to not worry about + +that when you come up +with your first algorithm. + +If you're going to start +dividing in halves. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Um. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So that leads +to another useful solution. + +That leads to a solution +that takes-- that has N log N + +storage and it will +run in N log N time + +with N log N element axes. + +So what you thinking +of is you're + +going to have your array +of elements, right? + +And say you want to find the +minimum from here to here. + +You're going to have +your array split in half. + +So you're going to find +the minimum of this, + +and the minimum of this. + +But to do that you'll +have to recurse. + +So this is also +say split in half. + +So you'll have to +find-- so it turns out + +that if you do this, +in the end you'll + +have log N minima that +you have to look at. + +But this is more, this is a +cooler and more useful thing, + +so I'll try to put it +on a PSet or something + +to make you think about it. + +So this is-- don't +tell people yet. + +You might have a +solution to a problem. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So what we thought of, or the +way we thought of doing it, + +is 6, 7, 2, 5, 3, 8, 9, 4. + +So we compute these +partial minima. + +We split the array into two. + +And these are the +minima that we compute. + +Sorry, this is like +this, this is like this. + +So everything, so all the +left half then these guys, + +then these guys, then this guy. + +Everything here, then these +guys, then these guys, + +then this guy. + +So if your i and j are on +different sides of the middle, + +then you do two +lookups, you're done. + +If they're in the +same half, then you + +have a problem +that's half the size. + +So you're going to have +to take this array that's + +half the size, 2, 5. + +Split it into halves +and do the same thing. + +And then we're going to have to +do the same to this other one. + +3, 8, 9, 4, split it into +halves and do the same thing. + +So in the end you'll +end up in someplace + +where your interval ages are on +different sides of the middle. + +And you look at two +elements and you're done. + +Let's see how much +space this takes. + +Can someone tell me a +recursion for how much + +space, for how many minimums +I would need to keep? + +So space for an elements is? + +AUDIENCE: The first +level you have 8. + +So go down by an order of 2. + +PROFESSOR: So what's +the first level? + +AUDIENCE: Of 8 N. + +PROFESSOR: So order N plus? + +AUDIENCE: N over 2? + +t of N over 2? + +PROFESSOR: OK S +because it's space. + +N over 2. + +OK. + +And? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: You're +missing something. + +Look at this picture. + +So this is the whole thing. + +Then I have a half. + +And then what else do I have? + +AUDIENCE: 2. + +PROFESSOR: The other half. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, 2. + +PROFESSOR: OK so the +difference between these two + +is that one of them +gives you order N, + +the other one gives you N log +N. So I gave you the answer, + +so I can't ask you +for the answer now. + +But where did we +see this before? + +Pretend these are t's. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +So these are t's, this is the +recursion for [? more sort ?]. + +So once you put it up you +don't draw the recursion tree + +and solve it. + +You say this is what we saw +in [? more sort. ?] Therefore, + +the solution is N +log N. So this is + +how you show you +have N log N space, + +and it's pretty clear +that you're only + +going to access two elements. + +AUDIENCE: I don't +understand how [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: How it works? + +So you have your i +and you have your j. + +Let's make that one i here. + +If you want to find +the minimum, if i and j + +are on different sides of the +half, you have this and this. + +And these two partial minima +cover your entire interval. + +Now if they're on the +same side of the half then + +you recurse to a +smaller problem. + +AUDIENCE: Well you don't have +to there because you already + +have the minimum +of that section. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: It wouldn't work +if you had 6 and 2, right? + +Or that. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Well why not +just take 7 and 2 then? + +Why do you have to break +up the entire panel? + +PROFESSOR: Assume there's +more things there. + +AUDIENCE: Oh I see. + +PROFESSOR: So if you have this, +now it's no longer true, right? + +So wherever they are +here, you do that. + +And remember your pseudocode +has to be as simple as possible + +to reduce the +probability of bugs. + +So you want to do the +simplest possible thing, + +not have special cases. + +OK. + +By the way there's +a study that shows + +that for good or bad +programmers, if you have + +1,000 lines of code, there's a +constant probability of a bug. + +And the constants are +different for good + +versus bad programmers, +but it's still a constant. + +So how many mistakes +you make is directly + +proportional to +how much you write. + +This is why we like +simple solutions. + +OK, any questions on this? + +So we have four problems. + +We didn't cover one. + +Look at the other one, +look at the solution. + +Ideally look at the problem, +think for at least half + +an hour, then look +at the solution. + +What I want you to take +away is not just oh, here + +are three problems, let's +memorize how we solve them. + +But the whole process +thing, and how + +we played with data structures +and how we used all the hints + +that we possibly could to build +more insights into the problem. + +OK, cool. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bEWpXwflCoY.txt b/bEWpXwflCoY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cb5e47c3e422f6c968214acf479d79f81f0dff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/bEWpXwflCoY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8707 @@ +align:start position:0% + +expectations play a huge role in + + align:start position:0% +expectations play a huge role in + + + align:start position:0% +expectations play a huge role in +economics so what I want to today not + + align:start position:0% +economics so what I want to today not + + + align:start position:0% +economics so what I want to today not +only in asset pricing I mean asset + + align:start position:0% +only in asset pricing I mean asset + + + align:start position:0% +only in asset pricing I mean asset +pricing obviously it's all about the + + align:start position:0% +pricing obviously it's all about the + + + align:start position:0% +pricing obviously it's all about the +future really H but but also in the kind + + align:start position:0% +future really H but but also in the kind + + + align:start position:0% +future really H but but also in the kind +of issues we have discussed ER in + + align:start position:0% +of issues we have discussed ER in + + + align:start position:0% +of issues we have discussed ER in +throughout the course and so that's what + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course and so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course and so that's what +I want to do essentially is I want to uh + + align:start position:0% +I want to do essentially is I want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do essentially is I want to uh +give you a shortcut to think about the + + align:start position:0% +give you a shortcut to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +give you a shortcut to think about the +role of expectations in in the kind of + + align:start position:0% +role of expectations in in the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +role of expectations in in the kind of +models we have already discussed and so + + align:start position:0% +models we have already discussed and so + + + align:start position:0% +models we have already discussed and so +I'm going to do all that in the most + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do all that in the most + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do all that in the most +basic mode we have discussed which is + + align:start position:0% +basic mode we have discussed which is + + + align:start position:0% +basic mode we have discussed which is +the eslm mod and and and I hope you + + align:start position:0% +the eslm mod and and and I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +the eslm mod and and and I hope you +you'll get sort of the yeast of what + + align:start position:0% +you'll get sort of the yeast of what + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get sort of the yeast of what +expectations can do in in economics so + + align:start position:0% +expectations can do in in economics so + + + align:start position:0% +expectations can do in in economics so +this is going to be a very compressed + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a very compressed + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a very compressed +version + + align:start position:0% +version + + + align:start position:0% +version +adapted version of chapters 15 and 16 + + align:start position:0% +adapted version of chapters 15 and 16 + + + align:start position:0% +adapted version of chapters 15 and 16 +but in terms of material mapping into + + align:start position:0% +but in terms of material mapping into + + + align:start position:0% +but in terms of material mapping into +the book those are the relevant chapters + + align:start position:0% +the book those are the relevant chapters + + + align:start position:0% +the book those are the relevant chapters +and the main idea here is that the islm + + align:start position:0% +and the main idea here is that the islm + + + align:start position:0% +and the main idea here is that the islm +model as we have described it up to now + + align:start position:0% +model as we have described it up to now + + + align:start position:0% +model as we have described it up to now +really it overweights h the present okay + + align:start position:0% +really it overweights h the present okay + + + align:start position:0% +really it overweights h the present okay +and uh and in practice expectations + + align:start position:0% +and uh and in practice expectations + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and in practice expectations +about future conditions play a big role + + align:start position:0% +about future conditions play a big role + + + align:start position:0% +about future conditions play a big role +in the decision of all economic actors + + align:start position:0% +in the decision of all economic actors + + + align:start position:0% +in the decision of all economic actors +we we look at you know investors as a + + align:start position:0% +we we look at you know investors as a + + + align:start position:0% +we we look at you know investors as a +pricing and so on but it's also true of + + align:start position:0% +pricing and so on but it's also true of + + + align:start position:0% +pricing and so on but it's also true of +consumers it's also true of firms I mean + + align:start position:0% +consumers it's also true of firms I mean + + + align:start position:0% +consumers it's also true of firms I mean +if you think about firms an investment + + align:start position:0% +if you think about firms an investment + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about firms an investment +decision we made a function of the + + align:start position:0% +decision we made a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +decision we made a function of the +interest rate and current output but + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and current output but + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and current output but +it's quite clear that the reason firms + + align:start position:0% +it's quite clear that the reason firms + + + align:start position:0% +it's quite clear that the reason firms +invest is not because of the current + + align:start position:0% +invest is not because of the current + + + align:start position:0% +invest is not because of the current +condition it's because they anticipate + + align:start position:0% +condition it's because they anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +condition it's because they anticipate +making profits in the future so it's all + + align:start position:0% +making profits in the future so it's all + + + align:start position:0% +making profits in the future so it's all +about fre expectations and even + + align:start position:0% +about fre expectations and even + + + align:start position:0% +about fre expectations and even +governments and foreigners when they + + align:start position:0% +governments and foreigners when they + + + align:start position:0% +governments and foreigners when they +invest sort of do foreign direct + + align:start position:0% +invest sort of do foreign direct + + + align:start position:0% +invest sort of do foreign direct +investment they go and invest in a + + align:start position:0% +investment they go and invest in a + + + align:start position:0% +investment they go and invest in a +country is a lot about expectations of + + align:start position:0% +country is a lot about expectations of + + + align:start position:0% +country is a lot about expectations of +what the country will do H in in the + + align:start position:0% +what the country will do H in in the + + + align:start position:0% +what the country will do H in in the +future I mean political elections for + + align:start position:0% +future I mean political elections for + + + align:start position:0% +future I mean political elections for +example have huge impact on asset prices + + align:start position:0% +example have huge impact on asset prices + + + align:start position:0% +example have huge impact on asset prices +and so on precisely because they change + + align:start position:0% +and so on precisely because they change + + + align:start position:0% +and so on precisely because they change +what people think for good or for bad + + align:start position:0% +what people think for good or for bad + + + align:start position:0% +what people think for good or for bad +about future conditions okay so so + + align:start position:0% +about future conditions okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +about future conditions okay so so +expectations is just huge in economics + + align:start position:0% +expectations is just huge in economics + + + align:start position:0% +expectations is just huge in economics +so I want to do things in two steps the + + align:start position:0% +so I want to do things in two steps the + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to do things in two steps the +first I'm going to revisit sort of the + + align:start position:0% +first I'm going to revisit sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +first I'm going to revisit sort of the +the consumption function and the + + align:start position:0% +the consumption function and the + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption function and the +investment function now taking into + + align:start position:0% +investment function now taking into + + + align:start position:0% +investment function now taking into +account expectations and and motivate + + align:start position:0% +account expectations and and motivate + + + align:start position:0% +account expectations and and motivate +how how you should really think about + + align:start position:0% +how how you should really think about + + + align:start position:0% +how how you should really think about +consumption an investment in a more + + align:start position:0% +consumption an investment in a more + + + align:start position:0% +consumption an investment in a more +realistic mod than we have been dis + + align:start position:0% +realistic mod than we have been dis + + + align:start position:0% +realistic mod than we have been dis +discussing H and then I want to embed + + align:start position:0% +discussing H and then I want to embed + + + align:start position:0% +discussing H and then I want to embed +not the fully flesh out consumption and + + align:start position:0% +not the fully flesh out consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +not the fully flesh out consumption and +investment decisions but the flavor of + + align:start position:0% +investment decisions but the flavor of + + + align:start position:0% +investment decisions but the flavor of +of the role of the future into H the + + align:start position:0% +of the role of the future into H the + + + align:start position:0% +of the role of the future into H the +islm model okay and uh and by then sort + + align:start position:0% +islm model okay and uh and by then sort + + + align:start position:0% +islm model okay and uh and by then sort +of you you would have seen you will have + + align:start position:0% +of you you would have seen you will have + + + align:start position:0% +of you you would have seen you will have +seen all that I wanted to communicate at + + align:start position:0% +seen all that I wanted to communicate at + + + align:start position:0% +seen all that I wanted to communicate at +least in in in this set of + + align:start position:0% +least in in in this set of + + + align:start position:0% +least in in in this set of +lectures so let's think about first + + align:start position:0% +lectures so let's think about first + + + align:start position:0% +lectures so let's think about first +consumption um and + + align:start position:0% +consumption um and + + + align:start position:0% +consumption um and +uh up to now we assume that consumption + + align:start position:0% +uh up to now we assume that consumption + + + align:start position:0% +uh up to now we assume that consumption +depended only on disposable income you + + align:start position:0% +depended only on disposable income you + + + align:start position:0% +depended only on disposable income you +know on current disposable income um but + + align:start position:0% +know on current disposable income um but + + + align:start position:0% +know on current disposable income um but +that's not the the way it works and one + + align:start position:0% +that's not the the way it works and one + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the the way it works and one +of the first in + + align:start position:0% +of the first in + + + align:start position:0% +of the first in +formulating ER more or less formally how + + align:start position:0% +formulating ER more or less formally how + + + align:start position:0% +formulating ER more or less formally how +consumption decisions are really made is + + align:start position:0% +consumption decisions are really made is + + + align:start position:0% +consumption decisions are really made is +Milton fitman and he call it the + + align:start position:0% +Milton fitman and he call it the + + + align:start position:0% +Milton fitman and he call it the +permanent income theory of consumption + + align:start position:0% +permanent income theory of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +permanent income theory of consumption +meaning what really matters to you in a + + align:start position:0% +meaning what really matters to you in a + + + align:start position:0% +meaning what really matters to you in a +consumption decision is not so much at + + align:start position:0% +consumption decision is not so much at + + + align:start position:0% +consumption decision is not so much at +your current income but it's what you + + align:start position:0% +your current income but it's what you + + + align:start position:0% +your current income but it's what you +expect to get on average during your + + align:start position:0% +expect to get on average during your + + + align:start position:0% +expect to get on average during your +lifetime and and you know you don't want + + align:start position:0% +lifetime and and you know you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime and and you know you don't want +to be moving consumption up and down + + align:start position:0% +to be moving consumption up and down + + + align:start position:0% +to be moving consumption up and down +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +crazy you know once you realize sort of + + align:start position:0% +crazy you know once you realize sort of + + + align:start position:0% +crazy you know once you realize sort of +more or less what you'll get on average + + align:start position:0% +more or less what you'll get on average + + + align:start position:0% +more or less what you'll get on average +then you should consumption should be + + align:start position:0% +then you should consumption should be + + + align:start position:0% +then you should consumption should be +related to that + + align:start position:0% +related to that + + + align:start position:0% +related to that +concept and and in a sense it's + + align:start position:0% +concept and and in a sense it's + + + align:start position:0% +concept and and in a sense it's +also by thinking in this in these terms + + align:start position:0% +also by thinking in this in these terms + + + align:start position:0% +also by thinking in this in these terms +you're also drawing a big distinction + + align:start position:0% +you're also drawing a big distinction + + + align:start position:0% +you're also drawing a big distinction +between things that are temporary and + + align:start position:0% +between things that are temporary and + + + align:start position:0% +between things that are temporary and +that shouldn't matter a lot for your + + align:start position:0% +that shouldn't matter a lot for your + + + align:start position:0% +that shouldn't matter a lot for your +consumption decisions versus things that + + align:start position:0% +consumption decisions versus things that + + + align:start position:0% +consumption decisions versus things that +are permanent that clearly have a + + align:start position:0% +are permanent that clearly have a + + + align:start position:0% +are permanent that clearly have a +potential to have a much larger impact + + align:start position:0% +potential to have a much larger impact + + + align:start position:0% +potential to have a much larger impact +on your consumption of course you can + + align:start position:0% +on your consumption of course you can + + + align:start position:0% +on your consumption of course you can +have temporary things that are very + + align:start position:0% +have temporary things that are very + + + align:start position:0% +have temporary things that are very +large I mean you win the lottery that's + + align:start position:0% +large I mean you win the lottery that's + + + align:start position:0% +large I mean you win the lottery that's +a huge temporary shock but probably + + align:start position:0% +a huge temporary shock but probably + + + align:start position:0% +a huge temporary shock but probably +you're not going to spend the whole + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to spend the whole + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to spend the whole +Lottery right away you're going to + + align:start position:0% +Lottery right away you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Lottery right away you're going to +smooth it over your lifetime in any + + align:start position:0% +smooth it over your lifetime in any + + + align:start position:0% +smooth it over your lifetime in any +event okay and and that actually relates + + align:start position:0% +event okay and and that actually relates + + + align:start position:0% +event okay and and that actually relates +to more or less at the same time Milton + + align:start position:0% +to more or less at the same time Milton + + + align:start position:0% +to more or less at the same time Milton +fredman was at + + align:start position:0% +fredman was at + + + align:start position:0% +fredman was at +Chicago Franco modani at MIT + + align:start position:0% +Chicago Franco modani at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +Chicago Franco modani at MIT +we will develop sort of the life cycle + + align:start position:0% +we will develop sort of the life cycle + + + align:start position:0% +we will develop sort of the life cycle +theory of consumption who says look even + + align:start position:0% +theory of consumption who says look even + + + align:start position:0% +theory of consumption who says look even +at the level of an + + align:start position:0% +at the level of an + + + align:start position:0% +at the level of an +individual the day-to-day income is not + + align:start position:0% +individual the day-to-day income is not + + + align:start position:0% +individual the day-to-day income is not +really what pins down the level of + + align:start position:0% +really what pins down the level of + + + align:start position:0% +really what pins down the level of +consumption because people know early on + + align:start position:0% +consumption because people know early on + + + align:start position:0% +consumption because people know early on +life that they have a lower income than + + align:start position:0% +life that they have a lower income than + + + align:start position:0% +life that they have a lower income than +they will have later on so they will + + align:start position:0% +they will have later on so they will + + + align:start position:0% +they will have later on so they will +tend to spend and borrow more when + + align:start position:0% +tend to spend and borrow more when + + + align:start position:0% +tend to spend and borrow more when +they're young then in the middle when + + align:start position:0% +they're young then in the middle when + + + align:start position:0% +they're young then in the middle when +they're in the middle of their life + + align:start position:0% +they're in the middle of their life + + + align:start position:0% +they're in the middle of their life +cycle you know before retirement they + + align:start position:0% +cycle you know before retirement they + + + align:start position:0% +cycle you know before retirement they +panic and you tend to save more so you + + align:start position:0% +panic and you tend to save more so you + + + align:start position:0% +panic and you tend to save more so you +don't consume all you have because you + + align:start position:0% +don't consume all you have because you + + + align:start position:0% +don't consume all you have because you +know that there are many years ahead of + + align:start position:0% +know that there are many years ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +know that there are many years ahead of +you where income will be lower than your + + align:start position:0% +you where income will be lower than your + + + align:start position:0% +you where income will be lower than your +consumption needs so there's also a + + align:start position:0% +consumption needs so there's also a + + + align:start position:0% +consumption needs so there's also a +sense of inter temporary smoothing of + + align:start position:0% +sense of inter temporary smoothing of + + + align:start position:0% +sense of inter temporary smoothing of +your consumption you don't follow income + + align:start position:0% +your consumption you don't follow income + + + align:start position:0% +your consumption you don't follow income +second by second you sort of try to + + align:start position:0% +second by second you sort of try to + + + align:start position:0% +second by second you sort of try to +stabilize consumption over time more or + + align:start position:0% +stabilize consumption over time more or + + + align:start position:0% +stabilize consumption over time more or +less and that means that you know you + + align:start position:0% +less and that means that you know you + + + align:start position:0% +less and that means that you know you +have to think more about your permanent + + align:start position:0% +have to think more about your permanent + + + align:start position:0% +have to think more about your permanent +income but you'll get on average rather + + align:start position:0% +income but you'll get on average rather + + + align:start position:0% +income but you'll get on average rather +than what you get in the short ter so + + align:start position:0% +than what you get in the short ter so + + + align:start position:0% +than what you get in the short ter so +when you start thinking about + + align:start position:0% +when you start thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +when you start thinking about +consumption in those terms what really + + align:start position:0% +consumption in those terms what really + + + align:start position:0% +consumption in those terms what really +you think well what really matters then + + align:start position:0% +you think well what really matters then + + + align:start position:0% +you think well what really matters then +is is total wealth more than income okay + + align:start position:0% +is is total wealth more than income okay + + + align:start position:0% +is is total wealth more than income okay +how wealthy you are will pin down more + + align:start position:0% +how wealthy you are will pin down more + + + align:start position:0% +how wealthy you are will pin down more +or less the consumption you have more + + align:start position:0% +or less the consumption you have more + + + align:start position:0% +or less the consumption you have more +than than your current income and there + + align:start position:0% +than than your current income and there + + + align:start position:0% +than than your current income and there +are two senses of + + align:start position:0% +are two senses of + + + align:start position:0% +are two senses of +wealth one is financial wealth okay all + + align:start position:0% +wealth one is financial wealth okay all + + + align:start position:0% +wealth one is financial wealth okay all +the assets you may have you may expect + + align:start position:0% +the assets you may have you may expect + + + align:start position:0% +the assets you may have you may expect +to inherit or whatever minus the debts + + align:start position:0% +to inherit or whatever minus the debts + + + align:start position:0% +to inherit or whatever minus the debts +you have so very much as we discussed in + + align:start position:0% +you have so very much as we discussed in + + + align:start position:0% +you have so very much as we discussed in +the previous lecture in the context of + + align:start position:0% +the previous lecture in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +the previous lecture in the context of +asset pricing the expected present + + align:start position:0% +asset pricing the expected present + + + align:start position:0% +asset pricing the expected present +discounted value of the cash flows of + + align:start position:0% +discounted value of the cash flows of + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value of the cash flows of +all the assets you have okay that's your + + align:start position:0% +all the assets you have okay that's your + + + align:start position:0% +all the assets you have okay that's your +financial + + align:start position:0% +financial + + + align:start position:0% +financial +wealth uh and that's important you have + + align:start position:0% +wealth uh and that's important you have + + + align:start position:0% +wealth uh and that's important you have +more financial wealth even if you have + + align:start position:0% +more financial wealth even if you have + + + align:start position:0% +more financial wealth even if you have +no income today you will probably borrow + + align:start position:0% +no income today you will probably borrow + + + align:start position:0% +no income today you will probably borrow +against that wealth to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +against that wealth to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +against that wealth to the extent that +you can and ER and probably the banks + + align:start position:0% +you can and ER and probably the banks + + + align:start position:0% +you can and ER and probably the banks +will be more willing to lend to you if + + align:start position:0% +will be more willing to lend to you if + + + align:start position:0% +will be more willing to lend to you if +they know that you have a lot of wealth + + align:start position:0% +they know that you have a lot of wealth + + + align:start position:0% +they know that you have a lot of wealth +H and and so you're going to fund the + + align:start position:0% +H and and so you're going to fund the + + + align:start position:0% +H and and so you're going to fund the +consumption which is above your current + + align:start position:0% +consumption which is above your current + + + align:start position:0% +consumption which is above your current +income just because you have more + + align:start position:0% +income just because you have more + + + align:start position:0% +income just because you have more +financial wealth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in fact the very rich seldom sell + + align:start position:0% +okay in fact the very rich seldom sell + + + align:start position:0% +okay in fact the very rich seldom sell +assets they borrow against those assets + + align:start position:0% +assets they borrow against those assets + + + align:start position:0% +assets they borrow against those assets +to fund consumption that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +to fund consumption that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +to fund consumption that's the that's +the way sort of it works there are tax + + align:start position:0% +the way sort of it works there are tax + + + align:start position:0% +the way sort of it works there are tax +advantages of doing that and so on but + + align:start position:0% +advantages of doing that and so on but + + + align:start position:0% +advantages of doing that and so on but +but that's the way it works and the very + + align:start position:0% +but that's the way it works and the very + + + align:start position:0% +but that's the way it works and the very +rich often have no + + align:start position:0% +rich often have no + + + align:start position:0% +rich often have no +income at least labor income all the + + align:start position:0% +income at least labor income all the + + + align:start position:0% +income at least labor income all the +income comes from from Returns on assets + + align:start position:0% +income comes from from Returns on assets + + + align:start position:0% +income comes from from Returns on assets +and uh and again we mostly + + align:start position:0% +and uh and again we mostly + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and again we mostly +borrow but + + align:start position:0% +borrow but + + + align:start position:0% +borrow but +inent the point there is that what + + align:start position:0% +inent the point there is that what + + + align:start position:0% +inent the point there is that what +really pins out your consumption is your + + align:start position:0% +really pins out your consumption is your + + + align:start position:0% +really pins out your consumption is your +wealth not not the current flow of + + align:start position:0% +wealth not not the current flow of + + + align:start position:0% +wealth not not the current flow of +income and the other very important + + align:start position:0% +income and the other very important + + + align:start position:0% +income and the other very important +concept which is a bigger thing for most + + align:start position:0% +concept which is a bigger thing for most + + + align:start position:0% +concept which is a bigger thing for most +individuals is human wealth I mean this + + align:start position:0% +individuals is human wealth I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +individuals is human wealth I mean this +is huge for all of you + + align:start position:0% +is huge for all of you + + + align:start position:0% +is huge for all of you +here it's obvious that your current + + align:start position:0% +here it's obvious that your current + + + align:start position:0% +here it's obvious that your current +income is a lot lower than what your + + align:start position:0% +income is a lot lower than what your + + + align:start position:0% +income is a lot lower than what your +income will be in the future you have a + + align:start position:0% +income will be in the future you have a + + + align:start position:0% +income will be in the future you have a +lot of human capital okay and and so + + align:start position:0% +lot of human capital okay and and so + + + align:start position:0% +lot of human capital okay and and so +that's also concept of expected present + + align:start position:0% +that's also concept of expected present + + + align:start position:0% +that's also concept of expected present +discounted value is you expect to end a + + align:start position:0% +discounted value is you expect to end a + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value is you expect to end a +lot of income in the future and + + align:start position:0% +lot of income in the future and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of income in the future and +therefore it makes sense that this stage + + align:start position:0% +therefore it makes sense that this stage + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it makes sense that this stage +of your life you borrow now now banks + + align:start position:0% +of your life you borrow now now banks + + + align:start position:0% +of your life you borrow now now banks +are a little bit more reluctant of + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit more reluctant of + + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit more reluctant of +lending you against your human capital + + align:start position:0% +lending you against your human capital + + + align:start position:0% +lending you against your human capital +than lending you against your financial + + align:start position:0% +than lending you against your financial + + + align:start position:0% +than lending you against your financial +assets it's easier to borrow against a + + align:start position:0% +assets it's easier to borrow against a + + + align:start position:0% +assets it's easier to borrow against a +house than against your future income + + align:start position:0% +house than against your future income + + + align:start position:0% +house than against your future income +but even there probably you're going to + + align:start position:0% +but even there probably you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +but even there probably you're going to +sort of not going to be saving a lot on + + align:start position:0% +sort of not going to be saving a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +sort of not going to be saving a lot on +this time of your + + align:start position:0% +this time of your + + + align:start position:0% +this time of your +life because you know that your income + + align:start position:0% +life because you know that your income + + + align:start position:0% +life because you know that your income +is a lot higher in the future that's + + align:start position:0% +is a lot higher in the future that's + + + align:start position:0% +is a lot higher in the future that's +that we call human wealth okay and total + + align:start position:0% +that we call human wealth okay and total + + + align:start position:0% +that we call human wealth okay and total +wealth is just a sum of financial wealth + + align:start position:0% +wealth is just a sum of financial wealth + + + align:start position:0% +wealth is just a sum of financial wealth +plus human wealth so at its most basic + + align:start position:0% +plus human wealth so at its most basic + + + align:start position:0% +plus human wealth so at its most basic +level and those are sorry just to relate + + align:start position:0% +level and those are sorry just to relate + + + align:start position:0% +level and those are sorry just to relate +to things we did in the previous two + + align:start position:0% +to things we did in the previous two + + + align:start position:0% +to things we did in the previous two +lectures those are two expected present + + align:start position:0% +lectures those are two expected present + + + align:start position:0% +lectures those are two expected present +discounted value you don't know exactly + + align:start position:0% +discounted value you don't know exactly + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value you don't know exactly +how much income you're going to get you + + align:start position:0% +how much income you're going to get you + + + align:start position:0% +how much income you're going to get you +get a sense of more or less what + + align:start position:0% +get a sense of more or less what + + + align:start position:0% +get a sense of more or less what +somebody like you does in the future + + align:start position:0% +somebody like you does in the future + + + align:start position:0% +somebody like you does in the future +more or less on average and so on so you + + align:start position:0% +more or less on average and so on so you + + + align:start position:0% +more or less on average and so on so you +have a sense you have an expected cash + + align:start position:0% +have a sense you have an expected cash + + + align:start position:0% +have a sense you have an expected cash +flow labor income flow in the future you + + align:start position:0% +flow labor income flow in the future you + + + align:start position:0% +flow labor income flow in the future you +don't know what the interest rates are + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the interest rates are + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the interest rates are +exactly so you're going to guess more or + + align:start position:0% +exactly so you're going to guess more or + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so you're going to guess more or +less what the the future interest rate + + align:start position:0% +less what the the future interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +less what the the future interest rate +is and that gives you a sense of human + + align:start position:0% +is and that gives you a sense of human + + + align:start position:0% +is and that gives you a sense of human +wealth and I know that many of these + + align:start position:0% +wealth and I know that many of these + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and I know that many of these +things you're not calculating every what + + align:start position:0% +things you're not calculating every what + + + align:start position:0% +things you're not calculating every what +your human wealth is and then calculate + + align:start position:0% +your human wealth is and then calculate + + + align:start position:0% +your human wealth is and then calculate +in general consumes 5% of that or 3.5% + + align:start position:0% +in general consumes 5% of that or 3.5% + + + align:start position:0% +in general consumes 5% of that or 3.5% +of that but you know a lot of this is + + align:start position:0% +of that but you know a lot of this is + + + align:start position:0% +of that but you know a lot of this is +very Behavior it's really ingraining you + + align:start position:0% +very Behavior it's really ingraining you + + + align:start position:0% +very Behavior it's really ingraining you +and and and uh and uh you're probably + + align:start position:0% +and and and uh and uh you're probably + + + align:start position:0% +and and and uh and uh you're probably +more likely to spend more if you think + + align:start position:0% +more likely to spend more if you think + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to spend more if you think +that you're going to be doing well in + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to be doing well in + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to be doing well in +the future but not maybe you're too busy + + align:start position:0% +the future but not maybe you're too busy + + + align:start position:0% +the future but not maybe you're too busy +now to spend a lot but you know at some + + align:start position:0% +now to spend a lot but you know at some + + + align:start position:0% +now to spend a lot but you know at some +point when you're given the + + align:start position:0% +point when you're given the + + + align:start position:0% +point when you're given the +opportunity that that will make a + + align:start position:0% +opportunity that that will make a + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity that that will make a +difference Traders very successful + + align:start position:0% +difference Traders very successful + + + align:start position:0% +difference Traders very successful +Traders they get a very low income so + + align:start position:0% +Traders they get a very low income so + + + align:start position:0% +Traders they get a very low income so +essentially they live out of the income + + align:start position:0% +essentially they live out of the income + + + align:start position:0% +essentially they live out of the income +that they + + align:start position:0% +that they + + + align:start position:0% +that they +get they couldn't afford what they + + align:start position:0% +get they couldn't afford what they + + + align:start position:0% +get they couldn't afford what they +normally afford but they spend a lot + + align:start position:0% +normally afford but they spend a lot + + + align:start position:0% +normally afford but they spend a lot +more than that income because they + + align:start position:0% +more than that income because they + + + align:start position:0% +more than that income because they +expect to get a big bonus and things + + align:start position:0% +expect to get a big bonus and things + + + align:start position:0% +expect to get a big bonus and things +like that that's income that comes in + + align:start position:0% +like that that's income that comes in + + + align:start position:0% +like that that's income that comes in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +future so in principle your consumption + + align:start position:0% +future so in principle your consumption + + + align:start position:0% +future so in principle your consumption +should be something that is not + + align:start position:0% +should be something that is not + + + align:start position:0% +should be something that is not +proportional to your disposable income + + align:start position:0% +proportional to your disposable income + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to your disposable income +but really proportional to your wealth + + align:start position:0% +but really proportional to your wealth + + + align:start position:0% +but really proportional to your wealth +okay and there are estimates of what + + align:start position:0% +okay and there are estimates of what + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there are estimates of what +that that proportionality factor is and + + align:start position:0% +that that proportionality factor is and + + + align:start position:0% +that that proportionality factor is and +that's I said it depends on the type of + + align:start position:0% +that's I said it depends on the type of + + + align:start position:0% +that's I said it depends on the type of +assets we're talking about that is about + + align:start position:0% +assets we're talking about that is about + + + align:start position:0% +assets we're talking about that is about +03 that kind of thing okay + + align:start position:0% +03 that kind of thing okay + + + align:start position:0% +03 that kind of thing okay +now in reality that's just it's true + + align:start position:0% +now in reality that's just it's true + + + align:start position:0% +now in reality that's just it's true +this is a better economic concept than + + align:start position:0% +this is a better economic concept than + + + align:start position:0% +this is a better economic concept than +just putting income in there but in + + align:start position:0% +just putting income in there but in + + + align:start position:0% +just putting income in there but in +reality both things really matter so a + + align:start position:0% +reality both things really matter so a + + + align:start position:0% +reality both things really matter so a +more realistic consumption function is + + align:start position:0% +more realistic consumption function is + + + align:start position:0% +more realistic consumption function is +something that depends on both things + + align:start position:0% +something that depends on both things + + + align:start position:0% +something that depends on both things +for a variety of + + align:start position:0% +for a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +for a variety of +reasons that maybe we have no savings + + align:start position:0% +reasons that maybe we have no savings + + + align:start position:0% +reasons that maybe we have no savings +and really we call even them hand to + + align:start position:0% +and really we call even them hand to + + + align:start position:0% +and really we call even them hand to +mouth they leave by the income they're + + align:start position:0% +mouth they leave by the income they're + + + align:start position:0% +mouth they leave by the income they're +receiv receiving in every single period + + align:start position:0% +receiv receiving in every single period + + + align:start position:0% +receiv receiving in every single period +those those people are not thinking + + align:start position:0% +those those people are not thinking + + + align:start position:0% +those those people are not thinking +about smoothing consumption over time + + align:start position:0% +about smoothing consumption over time + + + align:start position:0% +about smoothing consumption over time +they're consuming whatever income they + + align:start position:0% +they're consuming whatever income they + + + align:start position:0% +they're consuming whatever income they +receive ER as I said before most banks + + align:start position:0% +receive ER as I said before most banks + + + align:start position:0% +receive ER as I said before most banks +are not likely to lend you a lot against + + align:start position:0% +are not likely to lend you a lot against + + + align:start position:0% +are not likely to lend you a lot against +your expected present discounted value + + align:start position:0% +your expected present discounted value + + + align:start position:0% +your expected present discounted value +of Labor income okay so you may be + + align:start position:0% +of Labor income okay so you may be + + + align:start position:0% +of Labor income okay so you may be +constrained in the short your your + + align:start position:0% +constrained in the short your your + + + align:start position:0% +constrained in the short your your +income you you think about how wealthy + + align:start position:0% +income you you think about how wealthy + + + align:start position:0% +income you you think about how wealthy +you'll be but you also think about sort + + align:start position:0% +you'll be but you also think about sort + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be but you also think about sort +of your flows the cash flow you're + + align:start position:0% +of your flows the cash flow you're + + + align:start position:0% +of your flows the cash flow you're +receiving that's also part of of your + + align:start position:0% +receiving that's also part of of your + + + align:start position:0% +receiving that's also part of of your +consideration so in reality it's a + + align:start position:0% +consideration so in reality it's a + + + align:start position:0% +consideration so in reality it's a +mixture of those two things when you + + align:start position:0% +mixture of those two things when you + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of those two things when you +look at the micro level at different + + align:start position:0% +look at the micro level at different + + + align:start position:0% +look at the micro level at different +individuals the composition changes the + + align:start position:0% +individuals the composition changes the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals the composition changes the +Richer you are the more this term + + align:start position:0% +Richer you are the more this term + + + align:start position:0% +Richer you are the more this term +matters the less this one matters the + + align:start position:0% +matters the less this one matters the + + + align:start position:0% +matters the less this one matters the +poorer you are you know this term + + align:start position:0% +poorer you are you know this term + + + align:start position:0% +poorer you are you know this term +overwhelms that term that's more or less + + align:start position:0% +overwhelms that term that's more or less + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelms that term that's more or less +how it works but on + + align:start position:0% +how it works but on + + + align:start position:0% +how it works but on +average it looks like that so you know + + align:start position:0% +average it looks like that so you know + + + align:start position:0% +average it looks like that so you know +we weren't wrong when we did islm and + + align:start position:0% +we weren't wrong when we did islm and + + + align:start position:0% +we weren't wrong when we did islm and +having the consumption function as + + align:start position:0% +having the consumption function as + + + align:start position:0% +having the consumption function as +increasing in in in in disposable income + + align:start position:0% +increasing in in in in disposable income + + + align:start position:0% +increasing in in in in disposable income +but I always told you there is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +but I always told you there is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +but I always told you there is a lot of +interesting stuff hidden in that little + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff hidden in that little + + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff hidden in that little +CZ in the you know in that autonomous + + align:start position:0% +CZ in the you know in that autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +CZ in the you know in that autonomous +component of consumption well that lots + + align:start position:0% +component of consumption well that lots + + + align:start position:0% +component of consumption well that lots +of interesting things has a lot to do + + align:start position:0% +of interesting things has a lot to do + + + align:start position:0% +of interesting things has a lot to do +with wealth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and again this term here is + + align:start position:0% +okay and again this term here is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and again this term here is +something that captures a lot s of + + align:start position:0% +something that captures a lot s of + + + align:start position:0% +something that captures a lot s of +things that are permanent well this one + + align:start position:0% +things that are permanent well this one + + + align:start position:0% +things that are permanent well this one +captures a lot cyclical components and + + align:start position:0% +captures a lot cyclical components and + + + align:start position:0% +captures a lot cyclical components and +things of that kind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so interpreted this way you know the + + align:start position:0% +so interpreted this way you know the + + + align:start position:0% +so interpreted this way you know the +reason people during + + align:start position:0% +reason people during + + + align:start position:0% +reason people during +booms even though human wealth may not + + align:start position:0% +booms even though human wealth may not + + + align:start position:0% +booms even though human wealth may not +change much over time Financial wealth + + align:start position:0% +change much over time Financial wealth + + + align:start position:0% +change much over time Financial wealth +typically change in in a boom but it's + + align:start position:0% +typically change in in a boom but it's + + + align:start position:0% +typically change in in a boom but it's +also the case and in a boom you know + + align:start position:0% +also the case and in a boom you know + + + align:start position:0% +also the case and in a boom you know +wages are higher and all that and people + + align:start position:0% +wages are higher and all that and people + + + align:start position:0% +wages are higher and all that and people +tend to spend more okay even so this + + align:start position:0% +tend to spend more okay even so this + + + align:start position:0% +tend to spend more okay even so this +captures a lot the temporary component + + align:start position:0% +captures a lot the temporary component + + + align:start position:0% +captures a lot the temporary component +when you're in a in a boom you're going + + align:start position:0% +when you're in a in a boom you're going + + + align:start position:0% +when you're in a in a boom you're going +to like it's likely that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +to like it's likely that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to like it's likely that you're going to +consume more for any given level of + + align:start position:0% +consume more for any given level of + + + align:start position:0% +consume more for any given level of +wealth okay + + align:start position:0% +wealth okay + + + align:start position:0% +wealth okay +it's temporary but that's what it + + align:start position:0% +it's temporary but that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +it's temporary but that's what it +is what about + + align:start position:0% +is what about + + + align:start position:0% +is what about +investment that's a decision by The Firm + + align:start position:0% +investment that's a decision by The Firm + + + align:start position:0% +investment that's a decision by The Firm +how much physical capital I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +how much physical capital I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +how much physical capital I'm talking +about physical investment real + + align:start position:0% +about physical investment real + + + align:start position:0% +about physical investment real +investment not Financial + + align:start position:0% +investment not Financial + + + align:start position:0% +investment not Financial +investment the decision also depend on + + align:start position:0% +investment the decision also depend on + + + align:start position:0% +investment the decision also depend on +current but particularly on expected + + align:start position:0% +current but particularly on expected + + + align:start position:0% +current but particularly on expected +profits and when you think about + + align:start position:0% +profits and when you think about + + + align:start position:0% +profits and when you think about +expected profits you need to think about + + align:start position:0% +expected profits you need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +expected profits you need to think about +interest rate as well we put the + + align:start position:0% +interest rate as well we put the + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate as well we put the +interest rate aside we say okay it's + + align:start position:0% +interest rate aside we say okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate aside we say okay it's +more expensive to borrow if the interest + + align:start position:0% +more expensive to borrow if the interest + + + align:start position:0% +more expensive to borrow if the interest +rate is high true but matters a lot more + + align:start position:0% +rate is high true but matters a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +rate is high true but matters a lot more +than just that because it matters also + + align:start position:0% +than just that because it matters also + + + align:start position:0% +than just that because it matters also +through the the the the expected present + + align:start position:0% +through the the the the expected present + + + align:start position:0% +through the the the the expected present +discounted value of your future cash + + align:start position:0% +discounted value of your future cash + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value of your future cash +flows the interests are very high and + + align:start position:0% +flows the interests are very high and + + + align:start position:0% +flows the interests are very high and +they're expect to remain very high that + + align:start position:0% +they're expect to remain very high that + + + align:start position:0% +they're expect to remain very high that +means a project that gives you lots of + + align:start position:0% +means a project that gives you lots of + + + align:start position:0% +means a project that gives you lots of +return in the future lots of cash flow + + align:start position:0% +return in the future lots of cash flow + + + align:start position:0% +return in the future lots of cash flow +in the future may not be worth a lot + + align:start position:0% +in the future may not be worth a lot + + + align:start position:0% +in the future may not be worth a lot +simply because interest rates are very + + align:start position:0% +simply because interest rates are very + + + align:start position:0% +simply because interest rates are very +high so the discounting of the future + + align:start position:0% +high so the discounting of the future + + + align:start position:0% +high so the discounting of the future +cash flows is very high in that + + align:start position:0% +cash flows is very high in that + + + align:start position:0% +cash flows is very high in that +environment you know Investments that + + align:start position:0% +environment you know Investments that + + + align:start position:0% +environment you know Investments that +give you return a quick return are worth + + align:start position:0% +give you return a quick return are worth + + + align:start position:0% +give you return a quick return are worth +more than things that give have a pay + + align:start position:0% +more than things that give have a pay + + + align:start position:0% +more than things that give have a pay +off very in the very long + + align:start position:0% +off very in the very long + + + align:start position:0% +off very in the very long +run so so the decision for example of + + align:start position:0% +run so so the decision for example of + + + align:start position:0% +run so so the decision for example of +buying a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +machine needs to look at the price of + + align:start position:0% +machine needs to look at the price of + + + align:start position:0% +machine needs to look at the price of +the machine right now and then + + align:start position:0% +the machine right now and then + + + align:start position:0% +the machine right now and then +unexpected present discounted value of + + align:start position:0% +unexpected present discounted value of + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected present discounted value of +the cash flows okay so let's think a bit + + align:start position:0% +the cash flows okay so let's think a bit + + + align:start position:0% +the cash flows okay so let's think a bit +more carefully about about that decision + + align:start position:0% +more carefully about about that decision + + + align:start position:0% +more carefully about about that decision +H so suppose you buy a machine for a + + align:start position:0% +H so suppose you buy a machine for a + + + align:start position:0% +H so suppose you buy a machine for a +price let's normalize that price to one + + align:start position:0% +price let's normalize that price to one + + + align:start position:0% +price let's normalize that price to one +the first thing you need to know is well + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you need to know is well + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you need to know is well +how long will this machine last because + + align:start position:0% +how long will this machine last because + + + align:start position:0% +how long will this machine last because +I need to know you know for how many + + align:start position:0% +I need to know you know for how many + + + align:start position:0% +I need to know you know for how many +years I'm going to get a cash flow out + + align:start position:0% +years I'm going to get a cash flow out + + + align:start position:0% +years I'm going to get a cash flow out +of these things h and a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +of these things h and a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +of these things h and a reasonable +assumption is is is for most machines + + align:start position:0% +assumption is is is for most machines + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is is is for most machines +it's have some sort of geometric + + align:start position:0% +it's have some sort of geometric + + + align:start position:0% +it's have some sort of geometric +depreciation so meaning you know it's + + align:start position:0% +depreciation so meaning you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +depreciation so meaning you know it's +not deterministic it's more or less + + align:start position:0% +not deterministic it's more or less + + + align:start position:0% +not deterministic it's more or less +machines break break break down + + align:start position:0% +machines break break break down + + + align:start position:0% +machines break break break down +occasionally but there's certain + + align:start position:0% +occasionally but there's certain + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally but there's certain +probability that they break down we + + align:start position:0% +probability that they break down we + + + align:start position:0% +probability that they break down we +typically call that notation in + + align:start position:0% +typically call that notation in + + + align:start position:0% +typically call that notation in +economics is we we refer to that as + + align:start position:0% +economics is we we refer to that as + + + align:start position:0% +economics is we we refer to that as +Delta that's the depreciation + + align:start position:0% +Delta that's the depreciation + + + align:start position:0% +Delta that's the depreciation +probability so if you think in terms of + + align:start position:0% +probability so if you think in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +probability so if you think in terms of +expected value you buy a machine today + + align:start position:0% +expected value you buy a machine today + + + align:start position:0% +expected value you buy a machine today +and you + + align:start position:0% +and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you +ask how much of a machine I'll have next + + align:start position:0% +ask how much of a machine I'll have next + + + align:start position:0% +ask how much of a machine I'll have next +year well it's going to be a weighted + + align:start position:0% +year well it's going to be a weighted + + + align:start position:0% +year well it's going to be a weighted +average of zero and one probably but on + + align:start position:0% +average of zero and one probably but on + + + align:start position:0% +average of zero and one probably but on +average it's going to be one minus Delta + + align:start position:0% +average it's going to be one minus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +average it's going to be one minus Delta +so it's a machine that Peres sort of the + + align:start position:0% +so it's a machine that Peres sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a machine that Peres sort of the +probability of the machine breaking down + + align:start position:0% +probability of the machine breaking down + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the machine breaking down +over a year is 5% then one minus Delta + + align:start position:0% +over a year is 5% then one minus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +over a year is 5% then one minus Delta +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +095 what is the probability that machine + + align:start position:0% +095 what is the probability that machine + + + align:start position:0% +095 what is the probability that machine +is still producing two years from now + + align:start position:0% +is still producing two years from now + + + align:start position:0% +is still producing two years from now +well 1 minus Delta square and so on and + + align:start position:0% +well 1 minus Delta square and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +well 1 minus Delta square and so on and +so forth okay so that's the first thing + + align:start position:0% +so forth okay so that's the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +so forth okay so that's the first thing +you know I have this machine and it's + + align:start position:0% +you know I have this machine and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know I have this machine and it's +likely to give me cash flows over these + + align:start position:0% +likely to give me cash flows over these + + + align:start position:0% +likely to give me cash flows over these +many years and so on and then I have to + + align:start position:0% +many years and so on and then I have to + + + align:start position:0% +many years and so on and then I have to +know how much I expected profits I + + align:start position:0% +know how much I expected profits I + + + align:start position:0% +know how much I expected profits I +expect to get in each of those years and + + align:start position:0% +expect to get in each of those years and + + + align:start position:0% +expect to get in each of those years and +then I need also to know what are the + + align:start position:0% +then I need also to know what are the + + + align:start position:0% +then I need also to know what are the +interest rates that are likely to + + align:start position:0% +interest rates that are likely to + + + align:start position:0% +interest rates that are likely to +Prevail during the lifetime of the + + align:start position:0% +Prevail during the lifetime of the + + + align:start position:0% +Prevail during the lifetime of the +machine and so on so at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +machine and so on so at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +machine and so on so at the end of the +day when I calculate I do my little + + align:start position:0% +day when I calculate I do my little + + + align:start position:0% +day when I calculate I do my little +project and I need to decide whether one + + align:start position:0% +project and I need to decide whether one + + + align:start position:0% +project and I need to decide whether one +which was the price of the machine or + + align:start position:0% +which was the price of the machine or + + + align:start position:0% +which was the price of the machine or +not is too expensive or too cheap I need + + align:start position:0% +not is too expensive or too cheap I need + + + align:start position:0% +not is too expensive or too cheap I need +to compare it with the spec present + + align:start position:0% +to compare it with the spec present + + + align:start position:0% +to compare it with the spec present +discounted + + align:start position:0% +discounted + + + align:start position:0% +discounted +value that I have for that machine so + + align:start position:0% +value that I have for that machine so + + + align:start position:0% +value that I have for that machine so +here is an example this is a machine + + align:start position:0% +here is an example this is a machine + + + align:start position:0% +here is an example this is a machine +that gives the first expected cash flow + + align:start position:0% +that gives the first expected cash flow + + + align:start position:0% +that gives the first expected cash flow +comes next year I set it up today and I + + align:start position:0% +comes next year I set it up today and I + + + align:start position:0% +comes next year I set it up today and I +generate profit by the end of the the + + align:start position:0% +generate profit by the end of the the + + + align:start position:0% +generate profit by the end of the the +year or at the beginning of the next + + align:start position:0% +year or at the beginning of the next + + + align:start position:0% +year or at the beginning of the next +year thus expected profits for the first + + align:start position:0% +year thus expected profits for the first + + + align:start position:0% +year thus expected profits for the first +year of the machine which comes at the + + align:start position:0% +year of the machine which comes at the + + + align:start position:0% +year of the machine which comes at the +end of the first year is counted by an + + align:start position:0% +end of the first year is counted by an + + + align:start position:0% +end of the first year is counted by an +interest rate that I know today I know + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that I know today I know + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that I know today I know +the interest rate for for one + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate for for one + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate for for one +year what about the cash flow that I + + align:start position:0% +year what about the cash flow that I + + + align:start position:0% +year what about the cash flow that I +expect for two years from now well + + align:start position:0% +expect for two years from now well + + + align:start position:0% +expect for two years from now well +that's going to be that's expected cash + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be that's expected cash + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be that's expected cash +flow if the M machine is working + + align:start position:0% +flow if the M machine is working + + + align:start position:0% +flow if the M machine is working +properly that's the probability that the + + align:start position:0% +properly that's the probability that the + + + align:start position:0% +properly that's the probability that the +machine last to the second year and and + + align:start position:0% +machine last to the second year and and + + + align:start position:0% +machine last to the second year and and +uh or or you can also assume that the + + align:start position:0% +uh or or you can also assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh or or you can also assume that the +machine sort of breaks down in little + + align:start position:0% +machine sort of breaks down in little + + + align:start position:0% +machine sort of breaks down in little +pieces every year you get 90 0 95 of the + + align:start position:0% +pieces every year you get 90 0 95 of the + + + align:start position:0% +pieces every year you get 90 0 95 of the +machine in second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +year 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +year 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +year 1 minus +1.05 uh Square two years from now and so + + align:start position:0% +1.05 uh Square two years from now and so + + + align:start position:0% +1.05 uh Square two years from now and so +on so forth + + align:start position:0% +on so forth + + + align:start position:0% +on so forth +so but I also now when I think about the + + align:start position:0% +so but I also now when I think about the + + + align:start position:0% +so but I also now when I think about the +cash flow in the second year I don't + + align:start position:0% +cash flow in the second year I don't + + + align:start position:0% +cash flow in the second year I don't +know the interest rate for the second + + align:start position:0% +know the interest rate for the second + + + align:start position:0% +know the interest rate for the second +year so h i I need to have an expected + + align:start position:0% +year so h i I need to have an expected + + + align:start position:0% +year so h i I need to have an expected +interest rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and so on so forth okay because the + + align:start position:0% +here and so on so forth okay because the + + + align:start position:0% +here and so on so forth okay because the +machine lasts for many many years that's + + align:start position:0% +machine lasts for many many years that's + + + align:start position:0% +machine lasts for many many years that's +what I get a question by the + + align:start position:0% +what I get a question by the + + + align:start position:0% +what I get a question by the +way I'm saying yeah I need to have + + align:start position:0% +way I'm saying yeah I need to have + + + align:start position:0% +way I'm saying yeah I need to have +expectations here and so on + + align:start position:0% +expectations here and so on + + + align:start position:0% +expectations here and so on +but the truth is that the guy that + + align:start position:0% +but the truth is that the guy that + + + align:start position:0% +but the truth is that the guy that +invests in the machine doesn't need to + + align:start position:0% +invests in the machine doesn't need to + + + align:start position:0% +invests in the machine doesn't need to +have that expectation because I could + + align:start position:0% +have that expectation because I could + + + align:start position:0% +have that expectation because I could +replace this for something that is known + + align:start position:0% +replace this for something that is known + + + align:start position:0% +replace this for something that is known +today what would that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be I'm saying you know when I calculate + + align:start position:0% +be I'm saying you know when I calculate + + + align:start position:0% +be I'm saying you know when I calculate +the expected cash flow when I'm + + align:start position:0% +the expected cash flow when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the expected cash flow when I'm +discounting the two years out cash flow + + align:start position:0% +discounting the two years out cash flow + + + align:start position:0% +discounting the two years out cash flow +I'm going to have an interest rate that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have an interest rate that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have an interest rate that +I know the one from Time Zero to to the + + align:start position:0% +I know the one from Time Zero to to the + + + align:start position:0% +I know the one from Time Zero to to the +end of the first year but I don't know + + align:start position:0% +end of the first year but I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +end of the first year but I don't know +the interest rate that prevails H + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate that prevails H + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate that prevails H +from the end of year one to the end of + + align:start position:0% +from the end of year one to the end of + + + align:start position:0% +from the end of year one to the end of +year two that's what I wrote here but I + + align:start position:0% +year two that's what I wrote here but I + + + align:start position:0% +year two that's what I wrote here but I +said but there is something in the + + align:start position:0% +said but there is something in the + + + align:start position:0% +said but there is something in the +market that I could look at and that I + + align:start position:0% +market that I could look at and that I + + + align:start position:0% +market that I could look at and that I +really know what is + + align:start position:0% +really know what is + + + align:start position:0% +really know what is +that exactly I could use one plus R2 + + align:start position:0% +that exactly I could use one plus R2 + + + align:start position:0% +that exactly I could use one plus R2 +these are onee rates + + align:start position:0% +these are onee rates + + + align:start position:0% +these are onee rates +r2t Square + + align:start position:0% +r2t Square + + + align:start position:0% +r2t Square +okay so so when you have the ter + + align:start position:0% +okay so so when you have the ter + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so when you have the ter +structure when you see all the interest + + align:start position:0% +structure when you see all the interest + + + align:start position:0% +structure when you see all the interest +rates a a a firm deciding where invest + + align:start position:0% +rates a a a firm deciding where invest + + + align:start position:0% +rates a a a firm deciding where invest +on not has the interest it needs it + + align:start position:0% +on not has the interest it needs it + + + align:start position:0% +on not has the interest it needs it +doesn't need to have expectations form + + align:start position:0% +doesn't need to have expectations form + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't need to have expectations form +expectations about the interest rate the + + align:start position:0% +expectations about the interest rate the + + + align:start position:0% +expectations about the interest rate the +market is doing it for them now the guy + + align:start position:0% +market is doing it for them now the guy + + + align:start position:0% +market is doing it for them now the guy +may choose to be a Trader and decide + + align:start position:0% +may choose to be a Trader and decide + + + align:start position:0% +may choose to be a Trader and decide +that I doesn't like the interest rate + + align:start position:0% +that I doesn't like the interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +that I doesn't like the interest rate +that the market is is is pricing in but + + align:start position:0% +that the market is is is pricing in but + + + align:start position:0% +that the market is is is pricing in but +that's a different trade it's not the + + align:start position:0% +that's a different trade it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a different trade it's not the +investment decision of the firm The Firm + + align:start position:0% +investment decision of the firm The Firm + + + align:start position:0% +investment decision of the firm The Firm +will have to make a forecast about + + align:start position:0% +will have to make a forecast about + + + align:start position:0% +will have to make a forecast about +expected cash flow and so on but that's + + align:start position:0% +expected cash flow and so on but that's + + + align:start position:0% +expected cash flow and so on but that's +it from the machine so on + + align:start position:0% +it from the machine so on + + + align:start position:0% +it from the machine so on +okay so obviously the larger disase the + + align:start position:0% +okay so obviously the larger disase the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so obviously the larger disase the +more you're going to invest the more + + align:start position:0% +more you're going to invest the more + + + align:start position:0% +more you're going to invest the more +machines you're going to buy and so on + + align:start position:0% +machines you're going to buy and so on + + + align:start position:0% +machines you're going to buy and so on +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um so so in principle you know a better + + align:start position:0% +um so so in principle you know a better + + + align:start position:0% +um so so in principle you know a better +investment function we remember we wrote + + align:start position:0% +investment function we remember we wrote + + + align:start position:0% +investment function we remember we wrote +an investment function as investment a + + align:start position:0% +an investment function as investment a + + + align:start position:0% +an investment function as investment a +function of output current output which + + align:start position:0% +function of output current output which + + + align:start position:0% +function of output current output which +is said is approxim for sales and then + + align:start position:0% +is said is approxim for sales and then + + + align:start position:0% +is said is approxim for sales and then +the interest rate well a better concept + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate well a better concept + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate well a better concept +is that one which does depend on + + align:start position:0% +is that one which does depend on + + + align:start position:0% +is that one which does depend on +aggregate activity depends on many + + align:start position:0% +aggregate activity depends on many + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate activity depends on many +things but not only today also the ones + + align:start position:0% +things but not only today also the ones + + + align:start position:0% +things but not only today also the ones +you expect for the future okay and it + + align:start position:0% +you expect for the future okay and it + + + align:start position:0% +you expect for the future okay and it +depends on the interest rate not only + + align:start position:0% +depends on the interest rate not only + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the interest rate not only +today's interest rate though also the + + align:start position:0% +today's interest rate though also the + + + align:start position:0% +today's interest rate though also the +interest rate of the + + align:start position:0% +interest rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate of the +future if I if I look at this expression + + align:start position:0% +future if I if I look at this expression + + + align:start position:0% +future if I if I look at this expression +you know if if even if the interest rate + + align:start position:0% +you know if if even if the interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +you know if if even if the interest rate +today doesn't change but I expect the + + align:start position:0% +today doesn't change but I expect the + + + align:start position:0% +today doesn't change but I expect the +interest rate to change in the future to + + align:start position:0% +interest rate to change in the future to + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate to change in the future to +go up that will lower the value of my + + align:start position:0% +go up that will lower the value of my + + + align:start position:0% +go up that will lower the value of my +project okay we have had no space for + + align:start position:0% +project okay we have had no space for + + + align:start position:0% +project okay we have had no space for +that when we posit the initial + + align:start position:0% +that when we posit the initial + + + align:start position:0% +that when we posit the initial +investment function but but here we have + + align:start position:0% +investment function but but here we have + + + align:start position:0% +investment function but but here we have +that and sorry and this is an increasing + + align:start position:0% +that and sorry and this is an increasing + + + align:start position:0% +that and sorry and this is an increasing +function of that the higher is + + align:start position:0% +function of that the higher is + + + align:start position:0% +function of that the higher is +V the highest expected per discounted + + align:start position:0% +V the highest expected per discounted + + + align:start position:0% +V the highest expected per discounted +value of buying a machine given the + + align:start position:0% +value of buying a machine given the + + + align:start position:0% +value of buying a machine given the +price the larger is investment now this + + align:start position:0% +price the larger is investment now this + + + align:start position:0% +price the larger is investment now this +is in principle in practice current cash + + align:start position:0% +is in principle in practice current cash + + + align:start position:0% +is in principle in practice current cash +flows also matter a lot okay H so in the + + align:start position:0% +flows also matter a lot okay H so in the + + + align:start position:0% +flows also matter a lot okay H so in the +same sense as in the case of of the + + align:start position:0% +same sense as in the case of of the + + + align:start position:0% +same sense as in the case of of the +consumption function we said yeah in + + align:start position:0% +consumption function we said yeah in + + + align:start position:0% +consumption function we said yeah in +principle it's only wealth that matters + + align:start position:0% +principle it's only wealth that matters + + + align:start position:0% +principle it's only wealth that matters +but in practice there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +but in practice there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +but in practice there's lots of +consumers that are financially + + align:start position:0% +consumers that are financially + + + align:start position:0% +consumers that are financially +constrained they're have to mouth and so + + align:start position:0% +constrained they're have to mouth and so + + + align:start position:0% +constrained they're have to mouth and so +on so current income also matters but + + align:start position:0% +on so current income also matters but + + + align:start position:0% +on so current income also matters but +for firms the same is + + align:start position:0% +for firms the same is + + + align:start position:0% +for firms the same is +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +because and and and the main the main + + align:start position:0% +because and and and the main the main + + + align:start position:0% +because and and and the main the main +reason for that really is Financial + + align:start position:0% +reason for that really is Financial + + + align:start position:0% +reason for that really is Financial +frictions in the case of the firm + + align:start position:0% +frictions in the case of the firm + + + align:start position:0% +frictions in the case of the firm +because a firm may arrive with a great + + align:start position:0% +because a firm may arrive with a great + + + align:start position:0% +because a firm may arrive with a great +project to a bank but the bank may + + align:start position:0% +project to a bank but the bank may + + + align:start position:0% +project to a bank but the bank may +decide that it doesn't trust as much + + align:start position:0% +decide that it doesn't trust as much + + + align:start position:0% +decide that it doesn't trust as much +it's or is not as optimistic as the firm + + align:start position:0% +it's or is not as optimistic as the firm + + + align:start position:0% +it's or is not as optimistic as the firm +is and so on so it may not + + align:start position:0% +is and so on so it may not + + + align:start position:0% +is and so on so it may not +borrow the firm may not be able to + + align:start position:0% +borrow the firm may not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +borrow the firm may not be able to +borrow as much as it would want given + + align:start position:0% +borrow as much as it would want given + + + align:start position:0% +borrow as much as it would want given +how optimistic that particular firm is + + align:start position:0% +how optimistic that particular firm is + + + align:start position:0% +how optimistic that particular firm is +you on its own project I may say no you + + align:start position:0% +you on its own project I may say no you + + + align:start position:0% +you on its own project I may say no you +know I'm going to be more conservative + + align:start position:0% +know I'm going to be more conservative + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm going to be more conservative +here since I'm lending you the money and + + align:start position:0% +here since I'm lending you the money and + + + align:start position:0% +here since I'm lending you the money and +one way that firms use actually to get + + align:start position:0% +one way that firms use actually to get + + + align:start position:0% +one way that firms use actually to get +around Financial constraints is simply + + align:start position:0% +around Financial constraints is simply + + + align:start position:0% +around Financial constraints is simply +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +returning retaining their retaining + + align:start position:0% +returning retaining their retaining + + + align:start position:0% +returning retaining their retaining +earnings meaning they they generate a + + align:start position:0% +earnings meaning they they generate a + + + align:start position:0% +earnings meaning they they generate a +cash flow they save firms Save A Lot by + + align:start position:0% +cash flow they save firms Save A Lot by + + + align:start position:0% +cash flow they save firms Save A Lot by +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +way you know companies like apple and so + + align:start position:0% +way you know companies like apple and so + + + align:start position:0% +way you know companies like apple and so +on save an enormous amount and huge + + align:start position:0% +on save an enormous amount and huge + + + align:start position:0% +on save an enormous amount and huge +deposits us treasuries and so on so + + align:start position:0% +deposits us treasuries and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +deposits us treasuries and so on so +forth in the case of Apple is not to + + align:start position:0% +forth in the case of Apple is not to + + + align:start position:0% +forth in the case of Apple is not to +relax Financial constraint although it + + align:start position:0% +relax Financial constraint although it + + + align:start position:0% +relax Financial constraint although it +is has something to do with being + + align:start position:0% +is has something to do with being + + + align:start position:0% +is has something to do with being +opportunistic ER having the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +opportunistic ER having the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +opportunistic ER having the opportunity +to buy things that are in distress but + + align:start position:0% +to buy things that are in distress but + + + align:start position:0% +to buy things that are in distress but +many firms especially smaller firms have + + align:start position:0% +many firms especially smaller firms have + + + align:start position:0% +many firms especially smaller firms have +deposits and cash flow and so on mostly + + align:start position:0% +deposits and cash flow and so on mostly + + + align:start position:0% +deposits and cash flow and so on mostly +because uh if they get a good + + align:start position:0% +because uh if they get a good + + + align:start position:0% +because uh if they get a good +opportunity they they may face Financial + + align:start position:0% +opportunity they they may face Financial + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity they they may face Financial +constraint so if current activity is + + align:start position:0% +constraint so if current activity is + + + align:start position:0% +constraint so if current activity is +high sales are high firms are going to + + align:start position:0% +high sales are high firms are going to + + + align:start position:0% +high sales are high firms are going to +be less likely to be financially + + align:start position:0% +be less likely to be financially + + + align:start position:0% +be less likely to be financially +constrained and that's the reason + + align:start position:0% +constrained and that's the reason + + + align:start position:0% +constrained and that's the reason +current profits also + + align:start position:0% +current profits also + + + align:start position:0% +current profits also +end now current profit is going to be an + + align:start position:0% +end now current profit is going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +end now current profit is going to be an +increasing function of output over over + + align:start position:0% +increasing function of output over over + + + align:start position:0% +increasing function of output over over +Capital that you + + align:start position:0% +Capital that you + + + align:start position:0% +Capital that you +know for any given level of capital if + + align:start position:0% +know for any given level of capital if + + + align:start position:0% +know for any given level of capital if +output goes up that's going to generate + + align:start position:0% +output goes up that's going to generate + + + align:start position:0% +output goes up that's going to generate +more profit and so we can write our in + + align:start position:0% +more profit and so we can write our in + + + align:start position:0% +more profit and so we can write our in +mment function a little bit like we had + + align:start position:0% +mment function a little bit like we had + + + align:start position:0% +mment function a little bit like we had +in the in in in in the earlier lectures + + align:start position:0% +in the in in in in the earlier lectures + + + align:start position:0% +in the in in in in the earlier lectures +but now we put VT here why YT and the + + align:start position:0% +but now we put VT here why YT and the + + + align:start position:0% +but now we put VT here why YT and the +interest rate and interest interest and + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and interest interest and + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and interest interest and +future output and future interest rates + + align:start position:0% +future output and future interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +future output and future interest rates +enter all through the ter here and again + + align:start position:0% +enter all through the ter here and again + + + align:start position:0% +enter all through the ter here and again +investment here is increasing with + + align:start position:0% +investment here is increasing with + + + align:start position:0% +investment here is increasing with +respect to VT and it's increasing with + + align:start position:0% +respect to VT and it's increasing with + + + align:start position:0% +respect to VT and it's increasing with +respect to YT okay so that's a far more + + align:start position:0% +respect to YT okay so that's a far more + + + align:start position:0% +respect to YT okay so that's a far more +realistic model so you go back + + align:start position:0% +realistic model so you go back + + + align:start position:0% +realistic model so you go back +tolm and and and uh and put this type of + + align:start position:0% +tolm and and and uh and put this type of + + + align:start position:0% +tolm and and and uh and put this type of +consumption function and investment + + align:start position:0% +consumption function and investment + + + align:start position:0% +consumption function and investment +functions and they're going to make a + + align:start position:0% +functions and they're going to make a + + + align:start position:0% +functions and they're going to make a +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +sense again the concept of something + + align:start position:0% +sense again the concept of something + + + align:start position:0% +sense again the concept of something +persistent persistent things should + + align:start position:0% +persistent persistent things should + + + align:start position:0% +persistent persistent things should +matter a lot more than temporary things + + align:start position:0% +matter a lot more than temporary things + + + align:start position:0% +matter a lot more than temporary things +okay so naturally if if you expect + + align:start position:0% +okay so naturally if if you expect + + + align:start position:0% +okay so naturally if if you expect +profits to remain high for a very long + + align:start position:0% +profits to remain high for a very long + + + align:start position:0% +profits to remain high for a very long +period of time that machine is going to + + align:start position:0% +period of time that machine is going to + + + align:start position:0% +period of time that machine is going to +be worth a a lot more than if you only + + align:start position:0% +be worth a a lot more than if you only + + + align:start position:0% +be worth a a lot more than if you only +expect the machine to be very profitable + + align:start position:0% +expect the machine to be very profitable + + + align:start position:0% +expect the machine to be very profitable +for only one year okay and and and and + + align:start position:0% +for only one year okay and and and and + + + align:start position:0% +for only one year okay and and and and +and and so anything that's likely to be + + align:start position:0% +and and so anything that's likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +and and so anything that's likely to be +perceived system is also likely to have + + align:start position:0% +perceived system is also likely to have + + + align:start position:0% +perceived system is also likely to have +a much larger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +impact there are important exceptions + + align:start position:0% +impact there are important exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +impact there are important exceptions +but I'm not going to get into that now + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not going to get into that now + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not going to get into that now +and the same is true for interest rates + + align:start position:0% +and the same is true for interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +and the same is true for interest rates +know if I expect if interest rat are + + align:start position:0% +know if I expect if interest rat are + + + align:start position:0% +know if I expect if interest rat are +high today but we expect them to go down + + align:start position:0% +high today but we expect them to go down + + + align:start position:0% +high today but we expect them to go down +in the near future then that's not going + + align:start position:0% +in the near future then that's not going + + + align:start position:0% +in the near future then that's not going +to affect a lot the discounting of very + + align:start position:0% +to affect a lot the discounting of very + + + align:start position:0% +to affect a lot the discounting of very +future profits but if I if I interest + + align:start position:0% +future profits but if I if I interest + + + align:start position:0% +future profits but if I if I interest +rate go up today and I expect them to + + align:start position:0% +rate go up today and I expect them to + + + align:start position:0% +rate go up today and I expect them to +remain high for a long time that's going + + align:start position:0% +remain high for a long time that's going + + + align:start position:0% +remain high for a long time that's going +to affect a lot more the present value + + align:start position:0% +to affect a lot more the present value + + + align:start position:0% +to affect a lot more the present value +of profits and therefore it's going to + + align:start position:0% +of profits and therefore it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +of profits and therefore it's going to +depress investment a lot more in + + align:start position:0% +depress investment a lot more in + + + align:start position:0% +depress investment a lot more in +fact central + + align:start position:0% +fact central + + + align:start position:0% +fact central +banks much more than playing with the + + align:start position:0% +banks much more than playing with the + + + align:start position:0% +banks much more than playing with the +current interest rate they play with + + align:start position:0% +current interest rate they play with + + + align:start position:0% +current interest rate they play with +your minds that's what they do they they + + align:start position:0% +your minds that's what they do they they + + + align:start position:0% +your minds that's what they do they they +are always telling you stories for why + + align:start position:0% +are always telling you stories for why + + + align:start position:0% +are always telling you stories for why +interest will remain high for why you + + align:start position:0% +interest will remain high for why you + + + align:start position:0% +interest will remain high for why you +know they don't want they want they only + + align:start position:0% +know they don't want they want they only + + + align:start position:0% +know they don't want they want they only +control an interest rate that is is an + + align:start position:0% +control an interest rate that is is an + + + align:start position:0% +control an interest rate that is is an +overnight interest rate really but they + + align:start position:0% +overnight interest rate really but they + + + align:start position:0% +overnight interest rate really but they +and with that nobody cares about the + + align:start position:0% +and with that nobody cares about the + + + align:start position:0% +and with that nobody cares about the +overnight rate except for some Traders + + align:start position:0% +overnight rate except for some Traders + + + align:start position:0% +overnight rate except for some Traders +out there no but since they want to + + align:start position:0% +out there no but since they want to + + + align:start position:0% +out there no but since they want to +influence aggregate demand that is they + + align:start position:0% +influence aggregate demand that is they + + + align:start position:0% +influence aggregate demand that is they +want to influence consumption and + + align:start position:0% +want to influence consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +want to influence consumption and +investment they need to convince you + + align:start position:0% +investment they need to convince you + + + align:start position:0% +investment they need to convince you +that this stuff will last for some time + + align:start position:0% +that this stuff will last for some time + + + align:start position:0% +that this stuff will last for some time +because otherwise it would be relevant + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise it would be relevant + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise it would be relevant +because if you want to reduce aggregate + + align:start position:0% +because if you want to reduce aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +because if you want to reduce aggregate +demand you want to cons + + align:start position:0% +demand you want to cons + + + align:start position:0% +demand you want to cons +convince firms and households and so on + + align:start position:0% +convince firms and households and so on + + + align:start position:0% +convince firms and households and so on +that that the interest will remain high + + align:start position:0% +that that the interest will remain high + + + align:start position:0% +that that the interest will remain high +for a while otherwise you're going to + + align:start position:0% +for a while otherwise you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +for a while otherwise you're going to +get very little effect out of + + align:start position:0% +get very little effect out of + + + align:start position:0% +get very little effect out of +that one of the pro problem s they're + + align:start position:0% +that one of the pro problem s they're + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the pro problem s they're +having now actually you know with the + + align:start position:0% +having now actually you know with the + + + align:start position:0% +having now actually you know with the +FED is trying to cool the economy is + + align:start position:0% +FED is trying to cool the economy is + + + align:start position:0% +FED is trying to cool the economy is +that they keep hiking rates but the loan + + align:start position:0% +that they keep hiking rates but the loan + + + align:start position:0% +that they keep hiking rates but the loan +rates have began to decline already + + align:start position:0% +rates have began to decline already + + + align:start position:0% +rates have began to decline already +that's a problem you know they would + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem you know they would + + + align:start position:0% +that's a problem you know they would +like you not to believe Market not to + + align:start position:0% +like you not to believe Market not to + + + align:start position:0% +like you not to believe Market not to +believe that that will happen and that's + + align:start position:0% +believe that that will happen and that's + + + align:start position:0% +believe that that will happen and that's +that's a that's a big + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a big +issue okay so let's think about this + + align:start position:0% +issue okay so let's think about this + + + align:start position:0% +issue okay so let's think about this +islm with expectations so what we said + + align:start position:0% +islm with expectations so what we said + + + align:start position:0% +islm with expectations so what we said +is you know what really we after in the + + align:start position:0% +is you know what really we after in the + + + align:start position:0% +is you know what really we after in the +slm model remember slm model is a model + + align:start position:0% +slm model remember slm model is a model + + + align:start position:0% +slm model remember slm model is a model +in which aggregate demand determines + + align:start position:0% +in which aggregate demand determines + + + align:start position:0% +in which aggregate demand determines +output and that's what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +output and that's what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +output and that's what happens in the +short and the biggest components of + + align:start position:0% +short and the biggest components of + + + align:start position:0% +short and the biggest components of +aggregate demand as aside from the + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand as aside from the + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand as aside from the +government which is something that moves + + align:start position:0% +government which is something that moves + + + align:start position:0% +government which is something that moves +more or less okay different behavioral + + align:start position:0% +more or less okay different behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +more or less okay different behavioral +functions we're not talking a lot about + + align:start position:0% +functions we're not talking a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +functions we're not talking a lot about +that here but the big drivers are + + align:start position:0% +that here but the big drivers are + + + align:start position:0% +that here but the big drivers are +consumption and investment those are at + + align:start position:0% +consumption and investment those are at + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and investment those are at +least the private sector drivers of + + align:start position:0% +least the private sector drivers of + + + align:start position:0% +least the private sector drivers of +aggregate demand consumption and + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand consumption and +investment and we have said now is that + + align:start position:0% +investment and we have said now is that + + + align:start position:0% +investment and we have said now is that +you know that H human wealth is affected + + align:start position:0% +you know that H human wealth is affected + + + align:start position:0% +you know that H human wealth is affected +not only by current income but future + + align:start position:0% +not only by current income but future + + + align:start position:0% +not only by current income but future +after future after Labor income future + + align:start position:0% +after future after Labor income future + + + align:start position:0% +after future after Labor income future +real interest rate that affects human + + align:start position:0% +real interest rate that affects human + + + align:start position:0% +real interest rate that affects human +wealth that affects + + align:start position:0% +wealth that affects + + + align:start position:0% +wealth that affects +consumption future real dividends plus + + align:start position:0% +consumption future real dividends plus + + + align:start position:0% +consumption future real dividends plus +future real interest rate affect the + + align:start position:0% +future real interest rate affect the + + + align:start position:0% +future real interest rate affect the +value of stocks that's a very important + + align:start position:0% +value of stocks that's a very important + + + align:start position:0% +value of stocks that's a very important +Financial well H future nominal interest + + align:start position:0% +Financial well H future nominal interest + + + align:start position:0% +Financial well H future nominal interest +rate affect the price of bonds so all + + align:start position:0% +rate affect the price of bonds so all + + + align:start position:0% +rate affect the price of bonds so all +these rates enter here the the price of + + align:start position:0% +these rates enter here the the price of + + + align:start position:0% +these rates enter here the the price of +nominal + + align:start position:0% +nominal + + + align:start position:0% +nominal +bonds ER for firms future after tax + + align:start position:0% +bonds ER for firms future after tax + + + align:start position:0% +bonds ER for firms future after tax +profits affect expected present value + + align:start position:0% +profits affect expected present value + + + align:start position:0% +profits affect expected present value +future real interest rate affect H also + + align:start position:0% +future real interest rate affect H also + + + align:start position:0% +future real interest rate affect H also +this expected present value okay so + + align:start position:0% +this expected present value okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this expected present value okay so +there's a lot that says future in this + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot that says future in this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot that says future in this +column here that enters into the + + align:start position:0% +column here that enters into the + + + align:start position:0% +column here that enters into the +consumption and investment decisions + + align:start position:0% +consumption and investment decisions + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and investment decisions +that we care about that's what I show + + align:start position:0% +that we care about that's what I show + + + align:start position:0% +that we care about that's what I show +you in in the previous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slides so remember the basic islm model + + align:start position:0% +slides so remember the basic islm model + + + align:start position:0% +slides so remember the basic islm model +we wrote it this way output was + + align:start position:0% +we wrote it this way output was + + + align:start position:0% +we wrote it this way output was +determined by agre demand and close + + align:start position:0% +determined by agre demand and close + + + align:start position:0% +determined by agre demand and close +economy forget all that + + align:start position:0% +economy forget all that + + + align:start position:0% +economy forget all that +fully sticky prices and uh and we wrote + + align:start position:0% +fully sticky prices and uh and we wrote + + + align:start position:0% +fully sticky prices and uh and we wrote +consumption as this functions so + + align:start position:0% +consumption as this functions so + + + align:start position:0% +consumption as this functions so +aggregate demand was increasing in + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand was increasing in + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand was increasing in +output and government expenditure + + align:start position:0% +output and government expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +output and government expenditure +decreasing in taxes and decreasing on + + align:start position:0% +decreasing in taxes and decreasing on + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing in taxes and decreasing on +the interest + + align:start position:0% +the interest + + + align:start position:0% +the interest +rate so a shortcut so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +rate so a shortcut so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +rate so a shortcut so what I want to do +now is is give you a shortcut to + + align:start position:0% +now is is give you a shortcut to + + + align:start position:0% +now is is give you a shortcut to +integrate this views of expectations or + + align:start position:0% +integrate this views of expectations or + + + align:start position:0% +integrate this views of expectations or +the concept of expectations into this + + align:start position:0% +the concept of expectations into this + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of expectations into this +very basic isnm model Okay so think of + + align:start position:0% +very basic isnm model Okay so think of + + + align:start position:0% +very basic isnm model Okay so think of +now of aggregate demand rather than just + + align:start position:0% +now of aggregate demand rather than just + + + align:start position:0% +now of aggregate demand rather than just +being a function of current variables be + + align:start position:0% +being a function of current variables be + + + align:start position:0% +being a function of current variables be +also function of the same variables but + + align:start position:0% +also function of the same variables but + + + align:start position:0% +also function of the same variables but +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +future okay so aggregate demand is a + + align:start position:0% +future okay so aggregate demand is a + + + align:start position:0% +future okay so aggregate demand is a +function as before of current output + + align:start position:0% +function as before of current output + + + align:start position:0% +function as before of current output +current taxes current interest rate + + align:start position:0% +current taxes current interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +current taxes current interest rate +current expenditure but also function + + align:start position:0% +current expenditure but also function + + + align:start position:0% +current expenditure but also function +and with the same signs of future output + + align:start position:0% +and with the same signs of future output + + + align:start position:0% +and with the same signs of future output +so it's increasing a is increasing in + + align:start position:0% +so it's increasing a is increasing in + + + align:start position:0% +so it's increasing a is increasing in +expected future out output is decreasing + + align:start position:0% +expected future out output is decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +expected future out output is decreasing +unexpected future taxes is decreasing in + + align:start position:0% +unexpected future taxes is decreasing in + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected future taxes is decreasing in +expected future interest rate is + + align:start position:0% +expected future interest rate is + + + align:start position:0% +expected future interest rate is +increasing in expected future government + + align:start position:0% +increasing in expected future government + + + align:start position:0% +increasing in expected future government +expenditure although I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +expenditure although I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure although I'm not going to +play with this here because of something + + align:start position:0% +play with this here because of something + + + align:start position:0% +play with this here because of something +very specific I'll discuss later on okay + + align:start position:0% +very specific I'll discuss later on okay + + + align:start position:0% +very specific I'll discuss later on okay +but so that's the shortcut okay the limb + + align:start position:0% +but so that's the shortcut okay the limb + + + align:start position:0% +but so that's the shortcut okay the limb +is going to be the same as before so + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the same as before so + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the same as before so +what I want you to think about now is a + + align:start position:0% +what I want you to think about now is a + + + align:start position:0% +what I want you to think about now is a +mod that is like the one you had before + + align:start position:0% +mod that is like the one you had before + + + align:start position:0% +mod that is like the one you had before +H with the same LM but now that yes is a + + align:start position:0% +H with the same LM but now that yes is a + + + align:start position:0% +H with the same LM but now that yes is a +little bit richer it has more parameters + + align:start position:0% +little bit richer it has more parameters + + + align:start position:0% +little bit richer it has more parameters +these are parameters because I'm going + + align:start position:0% +these are parameters because I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +these are parameters because I'm going +to determine today's output uh but it's + + align:start position:0% +to determine today's output uh but it's + + + align:start position:0% +to determine today's output uh but it's +going to be a function of more + + align:start position:0% +going to be a function of more + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a function of more +parameters and all these parameters are + + align:start position:0% +parameters and all these parameters are + + + align:start position:0% +parameters and all these parameters are +essentially the same variables that we + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same variables that we + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same variables that we +worry about today but are the variables + + align:start position:0% +worry about today but are the variables + + + align:start position:0% +worry about today but are the variables +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +expect of those are the values we expect + + align:start position:0% +expect of those are the values we expect + + + align:start position:0% +expect of those are the values we expect +for those variables in the future and + + align:start position:0% +for those variables in the future and + + + align:start position:0% +for those variables in the future and +again with the same sign so if output so + + align:start position:0% +again with the same sign so if output so + + + align:start position:0% +again with the same sign so if output so +if taxes go up + + align:start position:0% +if taxes go up + + + align:start position:0% +if taxes go up +today aggregate demand will Decline and + + align:start position:0% +today aggregate demand will Decline and + + + align:start position:0% +today aggregate demand will Decline and +output will decline but if I expect + + align:start position:0% +output will decline but if I expect + + + align:start position:0% +output will decline but if I expect +future taxes to go up as well then + + align:start position:0% +future taxes to go up as well then + + + align:start position:0% +future taxes to go up as well then +that's going to the price aggregate + + align:start position:0% +that's going to the price aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to the price aggregate +demand even more okay that's the type of + + align:start position:0% +demand even more okay that's the type of + + + align:start position:0% +demand even more okay that's the type of +logic I want you to devel so that's the + + align:start position:0% +logic I want you to devel so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +logic I want you to devel so that's the +way our model will look so this is the + + align:start position:0% +way our model will look so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +way our model will look so this is the +the is in the same space I had before + + align:start position:0% +the is in the same space I had before + + + align:start position:0% +the is in the same space I had before +know interest rate and a output current + + align:start position:0% +know interest rate and a output current + + + align:start position:0% +know interest rate and a output current +output I'm trying to determine current + + align:start position:0% +output I'm trying to determine current + + + align:start position:0% +output I'm trying to determine current +output um but now I have lots of + + align:start position:0% +output um but now I have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +output um but now I have lots of +parameters that I didn't have before + + align:start position:0% +parameters that I didn't have before + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that I didn't have before +I have a you know things that shift the + + align:start position:0% +I have a you know things that shift the + + + align:start position:0% +I have a you know things that shift the +yes to the left if taxes go up today + + align:start position:0% +yes to the left if taxes go up today + + + align:start position:0% +yes to the left if taxes go up today +this will shift to the left do you think + + align:start position:0% +this will shift to the left do you think + + + align:start position:0% +this will shift to the left do you think +it will shift to the left more or less + + align:start position:0% +it will shift to the left more or less + + + align:start position:0% +it will shift to the left more or less +than it did in lecture three or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four so suppose we increase taxes by you + + align:start position:0% +four so suppose we increase taxes by you + + + align:start position:0% +four so suppose we increase taxes by you +know 10% will that reduce output more or + + align:start position:0% +know 10% will that reduce output more or + + + align:start position:0% +know 10% will that reduce output more or +less than when we have the static islm + + align:start position:0% +less than when we have the static islm + + + align:start position:0% +less than when we have the static islm +mode yeah the expectation okay I haven't + + align:start position:0% +mode yeah the expectation okay I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +mode yeah the expectation okay I haven't +moved these are parameters for my curve + + align:start position:0% +moved these are parameters for my curve + + + align:start position:0% +moved these are parameters for my curve +so I I don't get the right to move + + align:start position:0% +so I I don't get the right to move + + + align:start position:0% +so I I don't get the right to move +them less no less because now we said + + align:start position:0% +them less no less because now we said + + + align:start position:0% +them less no less because now we said +it's not only the present that matter + + align:start position:0% +it's not only the present that matter + + + align:start position:0% +it's not only the present that matter +it's a combination of the present and + + align:start position:0% +it's a combination of the present and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a combination of the present and +the future so if if if I that means that + + align:start position:0% +the future so if if if I that means that + + + align:start position:0% +the future so if if if I that means that +anything that is just the present will + + align:start position:0% +anything that is just the present will + + + align:start position:0% +anything that is just the present will +matter less than in the in the past + + align:start position:0% +matter less than in the in the past + + + align:start position:0% +matter less than in the in the past +otherwise you see that and suppose we + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you see that and suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you see that and suppose we +had a two period model and and I give + + align:start position:0% +had a two period model and and I give + + + align:start position:0% +had a two period model and and I give +equal weight to the present and the and + + align:start position:0% +equal weight to the present and the and + + + align:start position:0% +equal weight to the present and the and +the and the and the future then I'm + + align:start position:0% +the and the and the future then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the and the and the future then I'm +going to cut the effect of the present + + align:start position:0% +going to cut the effect of the present + + + align:start position:0% +going to cut the effect of the present +in half that's I'm exaggerating there + + align:start position:0% +in half that's I'm exaggerating there + + + align:start position:0% +in half that's I'm exaggerating there +that's more or less the logic + + align:start position:0% +that's more or less the logic + + + align:start position:0% +that's more or less the logic +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so so the you you correctly said well it + + align:start position:0% +so so the you you correctly said well it + + + align:start position:0% +so so the you you correctly said well it +depends on whether I expect the future + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether I expect the future + + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether I expect the future +taxes to change or not fine that tells + + align:start position:0% +taxes to change or not fine that tells + + + align:start position:0% +taxes to change or not fine that tells +you there a difference between changing + + align:start position:0% +you there a difference between changing + + + align:start position:0% +you there a difference between changing +temporarily the taxes and + + align:start position:0% +temporarily the taxes and + + + align:start position:0% +temporarily the taxes and +and and and and and increasing taxes + + align:start position:0% +and and and and and increasing taxes + + + align:start position:0% +and and and and and increasing taxes +permanently permanently here means for + + align:start position:0% +permanently permanently here means for + + + align:start position:0% +permanently permanently here means for +the two periods so what happens with + + align:start position:0% +the two periods so what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +the two periods so what happens with +this curve so we decided that increasing + + align:start position:0% +this curve so we decided that increasing + + + align:start position:0% +this curve so we decided that increasing +increasing taxes reduces this to the + + align:start position:0% +increasing taxes reduces this to the + + + align:start position:0% +increasing taxes reduces this to the +left by a smaller amount than in the + + align:start position:0% +left by a smaller amount than in the + + + align:start position:0% +left by a smaller amount than in the +past what happens if you expect taxes to + + align:start position:0% +past what happens if you expect taxes to + + + align:start position:0% +past what happens if you expect taxes to +increase in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +future which wealth goes + + align:start position:0% +future which wealth goes + + + align:start position:0% +future which wealth goes +down human wealth in particular your + + align:start position:0% +down human wealth in particular your + + + align:start position:0% +down human wealth in particular your +human wealth will go down because you + + align:start position:0% +human wealth will go down because you + + + align:start position:0% +human wealth will go down because you +expect your disos able income to be + + align:start position:0% +expect your disos able income to be + + + align:start position:0% +expect your disos able income to be +taxed more in the future so that will + + align:start position:0% +taxed more in the future so that will + + + align:start position:0% +taxed more in the future so that will +also shift the yes to the to the left + + align:start position:0% +also shift the yes to the to the left + + + align:start position:0% +also shift the yes to the to the left +okay and that's the reason that if you + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the reason that if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the reason that if you +have a permanent expected permanent + + align:start position:0% +have a permanent expected permanent + + + align:start position:0% +have a permanent expected permanent +increase in taxes today and next year + + align:start position:0% +increase in taxes today and next year + + + align:start position:0% +increase in taxes today and next year +then that gets us back to the type of + + align:start position:0% +then that gets us back to the type of + + + align:start position:0% +then that gets us back to the type of +shift in the yes that we had when we had + + align:start position:0% +shift in the yes that we had when we had + + + align:start position:0% +shift in the yes that we had when we had +the static model okay it's the sum of + + align:start position:0% +the static model okay it's the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +the static model okay it's the sum of +the two it's a permanent so permanent + + align:start position:0% +the two it's a permanent so permanent + + + align:start position:0% +the two it's a permanent so permanent +changes will behave very similarly to + + align:start position:0% +changes will behave very similarly to + + + align:start position:0% +changes will behave very similarly to +the way sort of the the the static model + + align:start position:0% +the way sort of the the the static model + + + align:start position:0% +the way sort of the the the static model +work permanent + + align:start position:0% +work permanent + + + align:start position:0% +work permanent +okay in a sense that model was a very + + align:start position:0% +okay in a sense that model was a very + + + align:start position:0% +okay in a sense that model was a very +good summary of permanent changes + + align:start position:0% +good summary of permanent changes + + + align:start position:0% +good summary of permanent changes +permanent changes in taxes permanent + + align:start position:0% +permanent changes in taxes permanent + + + align:start position:0% +permanent changes in taxes permanent +changes in interest rate and so + + align:start position:0% +changes in interest rate and so + + + align:start position:0% +changes in interest rate and so +on ER changing go on expenditure same + + align:start position:0% +on ER changing go on expenditure same + + + align:start position:0% +on ER changing go on expenditure same +same idea it will also move aggregate + + align:start position:0% +same idea it will also move aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +same idea it will also move aggregate +demand to the right + + align:start position:0% +demand to the right + + + align:start position:0% +demand to the right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but will it do it by more or + + align:start position:0% +but will it do it by more or + + + align:start position:0% +but will it do it by more or +less well think how government + + align:start position:0% +less well think how government + + + align:start position:0% +less well think how government +expenditure worked in in in the basic + + align:start position:0% +expenditure worked in in in the basic + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure worked in in in the basic +mod in the static model it increased + + align:start position:0% +mod in the static model it increased + + + align:start position:0% +mod in the static model it increased +aggregate demand and that then led to + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand and that then led to + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand and that then led to +multiplier and we got a lot more income + + align:start position:0% +multiplier and we got a lot more income + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier and we got a lot more income +and so on now if we expect this govern + + align:start position:0% +and so on now if we expect this govern + + + align:start position:0% +and so on now if we expect this govern +to be temporary that multiplier also + + align:start position:0% +to be temporary that multiplier also + + + align:start position:0% +to be temporary that multiplier also +will be a lot smaller because yes it + + align:start position:0% +will be a lot smaller because yes it + + + align:start position:0% +will be a lot smaller because yes it +will increase income but people are not + + align:start position:0% +will increase income but people are not + + + align:start position:0% +will increase income but people are not +going to spend all day income today that + + align:start position:0% +going to spend all day income today that + + + align:start position:0% +going to spend all day income today that +depends on whether they expect future + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether they expect future + + + align:start position:0% +depends on whether they expect future +income to also go up as well or not okay + + align:start position:0% +income to also go up as well or not okay + + + align:start position:0% +income to also go up as well or not okay +and that's the reason that it is again + + align:start position:0% +and that's the reason that it is again + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the reason that it is again +it us expect this going expenditure to + + align:start position:0% +it us expect this going expenditure to + + + align:start position:0% +it us expect this going expenditure to +go up permanently and nothing else + + align:start position:0% +go up permanently and nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +go up permanently and nothing else +change then you can expect income to go + + align:start position:0% +change then you can expect income to go + + + align:start position:0% +change then you can expect income to go +up in the future as well and then you + + align:start position:0% +up in the future as well and then you + + + align:start position:0% +up in the future as well and then you +get more or less the same effect now + + align:start position:0% +get more or less the same effect now + + + align:start position:0% +get more or less the same effect now +that's a trick experiment because if you + + align:start position:0% +that's a trick experiment because if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a trick experiment because if you +and it's very Rel for today if you + + align:start position:0% +and it's very Rel for today if you + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very Rel for today if you +govern exp goes out permanently it's + + align:start position:0% +govern exp goes out permanently it's + + + align:start position:0% +govern exp goes out permanently it's +unlikely that the central bank will + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that the central bank will + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that the central bank will +remain and and move and so you also have + + align:start position:0% +remain and and move and so you also have + + + align:start position:0% +remain and and move and so you also have +to start thinking well where will the + + align:start position:0% +to start thinking well where will the + + + align:start position:0% +to start thinking well where will the +Central Bank do okay and that takes me + + align:start position:0% +Central Bank do okay and that takes me + + + align:start position:0% +Central Bank do okay and that takes me +to this variable here okay this variable + + align:start position:0% +to this variable here okay this variable + + + align:start position:0% +to this variable here okay this variable +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so well before I discuss this variable + + align:start position:0% +so well before I discuss this variable + + + align:start position:0% +so well before I discuss this variable +actually let me point out that it's not + + align:start position:0% +actually let me point out that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +actually let me point out that it's not +accidental that I made this curve a lot + + align:start position:0% +accidental that I made this curve a lot + + + align:start position:0% +accidental that I made this curve a lot +steeper than it used to look I mean this + + align:start position:0% +steeper than it used to look I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +steeper than it used to look I mean this +looks like a pretty steep I curve which + + align:start position:0% +looks like a pretty steep I curve which + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a pretty steep I curve which +is a way of saying that a given change + + align:start position:0% +is a way of saying that a given change + + + align:start position:0% +is a way of saying that a given change +in interest rate now has a very small + + align:start position:0% +in interest rate now has a very small + + + align:start position:0% +in interest rate now has a very small +effect on current + + align:start position:0% +effect on current + + + align:start position:0% +effect on current +output okay much smaller than we have in + + align:start position:0% +output okay much smaller than we have in + + + align:start position:0% +output okay much smaller than we have in +the static + + align:start position:0% +the static + + + align:start position:0% +the static +model and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +model and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +model and the reason is +again this permanent investor transitory + + align:start position:0% +again this permanent investor transitory + + + align:start position:0% +again this permanent investor transitory +if you expect the interest rate to + + align:start position:0% +if you expect the interest rate to + + + align:start position:0% +if you expect the interest rate to +decline only for today and that's it + + align:start position:0% +decline only for today and that's it + + + align:start position:0% +decline only for today and that's it +that's not going to have a very large + + align:start position:0% +that's not going to have a very large + + + align:start position:0% +that's not going to have a very large +effect on consumption it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +effect on consumption it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +effect on consumption it's not going to +have a very large effect on on on + + align:start position:0% +have a very large effect on on on + + + align:start position:0% +have a very large effect on on on +investment for the interest rate de + + align:start position:0% +investment for the interest rate de + + + align:start position:0% +investment for the interest rate de +client to have a very lasting effect a + + align:start position:0% +client to have a very lasting effect a + + + align:start position:0% +client to have a very lasting effect a +very large impact on consumption and + + align:start position:0% +very large impact on consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +very large impact on consumption and +investment it has to affect the expected + + align:start position:0% +investment it has to affect the expected + + + align:start position:0% +investment it has to affect the expected +present discounted values in a + + align:start position:0% +present discounted values in a + + + align:start position:0% +present discounted values in a +meaningful way and for that you want + + align:start position:0% +meaningful way and for that you want + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful way and for that you want +those changes to be more or less + + align:start position:0% +those changes to be more or less + + + align:start position:0% +those changes to be more or less +permanent persistent that you + + align:start position:0% +permanent persistent that you + + + align:start position:0% +permanent persistent that you +the private agents think that this + + align:start position:0% +the private agents think that this + + + align:start position:0% +the private agents think that this +change in the interet will + + align:start position:0% +change in the interet will + + + align:start position:0% +change in the interet will +be significant so so if they if so it + + align:start position:0% +be significant so so if they if so it + + + align:start position:0% +be significant so so if they if so it +good to separate two things so if the if + + align:start position:0% +good to separate two things so if the if + + + align:start position:0% +good to separate two things so if the if +the if the if the FED cuts the interest + + align:start position:0% +the if the if the FED cuts the interest + + + align:start position:0% +the if the if the FED cuts the interest +rate but doesn't persuade anyone that + + align:start position:0% +rate but doesn't persuade anyone that + + + align:start position:0% +rate but doesn't persuade anyone that +that that this rate will remain low in + + align:start position:0% +that that this rate will remain low in + + + align:start position:0% +that that this rate will remain low in +the future then it will is going to get + + align:start position:0% +the future then it will is going to get + + + align:start position:0% +the future then it will is going to get +very small effect on out however if you + + align:start position:0% +very small effect on out however if you + + + align:start position:0% +very small effect on out however if you +convince people that that there will be + + align:start position:0% +convince people that that there will be + + + align:start position:0% +convince people that that there will be +future changes that the the rates will + + align:start position:0% +future changes that the the rates will + + + align:start position:0% +future changes that the the rates will +remain lower for a long time that means + + align:start position:0% +remain lower for a long time that means + + + align:start position:0% +remain lower for a long time that means +that this is now will shift to the right + + align:start position:0% +that this is now will shift to the right + + + align:start position:0% +that this is now will shift to the right +okay that's what we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so you have to distinguish is a + + align:start position:0% +here so you have to distinguish is a + + + align:start position:0% +here so you have to distinguish is a +move when the FED cuts the interest rate + + align:start position:0% +move when the FED cuts the interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +move when the FED cuts the interest rate +you get a small movement along the curve + + align:start position:0% +you get a small movement along the curve + + + align:start position:0% +you get a small movement along the curve +but if the fed persuades you that this a + + align:start position:0% +but if the fed persuades you that this a + + + align:start position:0% +but if the fed persuades you that this a +long lasting cut in interest rate then + + align:start position:0% +long lasting cut in interest rate then + + + align:start position:0% +long lasting cut in interest rate then +they yes shift to the right and you + + align:start position:0% +they yes shift to the right and you + + + align:start position:0% +they yes shift to the right and you +recover sort of the power of monetary + + align:start position:0% +recover sort of the power of monetary + + + align:start position:0% +recover sort of the power of monetary +policy monetary policy depends a lot on + + align:start position:0% +policy monetary policy depends a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +policy monetary policy depends a lot on +its ability to convince people that + + align:start position:0% +its ability to convince people that + + + align:start position:0% +its ability to convince people that +things will remain in the direction this + + align:start position:0% +things will remain in the direction this + + + align:start position:0% +things will remain in the direction this +they want okay if they fail there was a + + align:start position:0% +they want okay if they fail there was a + + + align:start position:0% +they want okay if they fail there was a +famous episode in US monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +famous episode in US monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +famous episode in US monetary policy +during the times of Alan greensman Alan + + align:start position:0% +during the times of Alan greensman Alan + + + align:start position:0% +during the times of Alan greensman Alan +gensman is known as one of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +gensman is known as one of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +gensman is known as one of the biggest +Central Bankers that the US has had at + + align:start position:0% +Central Bankers that the US has had at + + + align:start position:0% +Central Bankers that the US has had at +least in recent + + align:start position:0% +least in recent + + + align:start position:0% +least in recent +memory H he went through a period which + + align:start position:0% +memory H he went through a period which + + + align:start position:0% +memory H he went through a period which +was called was known as the Greenspan + + align:start position:0% +was called was known as the Greenspan + + + align:start position:0% +was called was known as the Greenspan +conu that is the economy was + + align:start position:0% +conu that is the economy was + + + align:start position:0% +conu that is the economy was +overheating he kept hiking interest + + align:start position:0% +overheating he kept hiking interest + + + align:start position:0% +overheating he kept hiking interest +rates but the long rates kept coming + + align:start position:0% +rates but the long rates kept coming + + + align:start position:0% +rates but the long rates kept coming +coming down so he couldn't cool off the + + align:start position:0% +coming down so he couldn't cool off the + + + align:start position:0% +coming down so he couldn't cool off the +economy there was no way around that + + align:start position:0% +economy there was no way around that + + + align:start position:0% +economy there was no way around that +because they couldn't persuade the + + align:start position:0% +because they couldn't persuade the + + + align:start position:0% +because they couldn't persuade the +markets that that this would be a longl + + align:start position:0% +markets that that this would be a longl + + + align:start position:0% +markets that that this would be a longl +lasting effect the reason was a + + align:start position:0% +lasting effect the reason was a + + + align:start position:0% +lasting effect the reason was a +different one it was not that you + + align:start position:0% +different one it was not that you + + + align:start position:0% +different one it was not that you +couldn't persuade the market it happens + + align:start position:0% +couldn't persuade the market it happens + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't persuade the market it happens +that at the same time you had china + + align:start position:0% +that at the same time you had china + + + align:start position:0% +that at the same time you had china +sending massive Capital flows to the US + + align:start position:0% +sending massive Capital flows to the US + + + align:start position:0% +sending massive Capital flows to the US +and so so but the point is that the FED + + align:start position:0% +and so so but the point is that the FED + + + align:start position:0% +and so so but the point is that the FED +had couldn't move the interest rate in + + align:start position:0% +had couldn't move the interest rate in + + + align:start position:0% +had couldn't move the interest rate in +the long run and and so it was very + + align:start position:0% +the long run and and so it was very + + + align:start position:0% +the long run and and so it was very +ineffective in terms of his monetary + + align:start position:0% +ineffective in terms of his monetary + + + align:start position:0% +ineffective in terms of his monetary +policy so again expectations matter + + align:start position:0% +policy so again expectations matter + + + align:start position:0% +policy so again expectations matter +quite a + + align:start position:0% +quite a + + + align:start position:0% +quite a +bit so let's think about our well this I + + align:start position:0% +bit so let's think about our well this I + + + align:start position:0% +bit so let's think about our well this I +was just discussing so monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +was just discussing so monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +was just discussing so monetary policy +you know I should have this so you're + + align:start position:0% +you know I should have this so you're + + + align:start position:0% +you know I should have this so you're +not going to do a lot if if unless you + + align:start position:0% +not going to do a lot if if unless you + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do a lot if if unless you +persuade people that that the interest a + + align:start position:0% +persuade people that that the interest a + + + align:start position:0% +persuade people that that the interest a +will remain low for quite some time and + + align:start position:0% +will remain low for quite some time and + + + align:start position:0% +will remain low for quite some time and +notice that there like here this + + align:start position:0% +notice that there like here this + + + align:start position:0% +notice that there like here this +everything comes comes into line because + + align:start position:0% +everything comes comes into line because + + + align:start position:0% +everything comes comes into line because +if the FED convinced that the interest + + align:start position:0% +if the FED convinced that the interest + + + align:start position:0% +if the FED convinced that the interest +rate will be lower in the future as well + + align:start position:0% +rate will be lower in the future as well + + + align:start position:0% +rate will be lower in the future as well +then you get the yes to shift to the + + align:start position:0% +then you get the yes to shift to the + + + align:start position:0% +then you get the yes to shift to the +right but if inter will be low in the + + align:start position:0% +right but if inter will be low in the + + + align:start position:0% +right but if inter will be low in the +future that means output will be high in + + align:start position:0% +future that means output will be high in + + + align:start position:0% +future that means output will be high in +the future as well which further shift + + align:start position:0% +the future as well which further shift + + + align:start position:0% +the future as well which further shift +that yes to the right okay if you + + align:start position:0% +that yes to the right okay if you + + + align:start position:0% +that yes to the right okay if you +convince the markets that and the + + align:start position:0% +convince the markets that and the + + + align:start position:0% +convince the markets that and the +markets and cons consumers households + + align:start position:0% +markets and cons consumers households + + + align:start position:0% +markets and cons consumers households +and so on that that you're cutting + + align:start position:0% +and so on that that you're cutting + + + align:start position:0% +and so on that that you're cutting +interest rate and that with that you'll + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and that with that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and that with that you'll +be successful in creating a getting out + + align:start position:0% +be successful in creating a getting out + + + align:start position:0% +be successful in creating a getting out +of a recession for example in the future + + align:start position:0% +of a recession for example in the future + + + align:start position:0% +of a recession for example in the future +that also increases human wealth + + align:start position:0% +that also increases human wealth + + + align:start position:0% +that also increases human wealth +expected percent value of cash flows of + + align:start position:0% +expected percent value of cash flows of + + + align:start position:0% +expected percent value of cash flows of +of profits and so on so forth because + + align:start position:0% +of profits and so on so forth because + + + align:start position:0% +of profits and so on so forth because +you you giving sort of better economic + + align:start position:0% +you you giving sort of better economic + + + align:start position:0% +you you giving sort of better economic +conditions in the future again for + + align:start position:0% +conditions in the future again for + + + align:start position:0% +conditions in the future again for +central banks is a lot like er it's it's + + align:start position:0% +central banks is a lot like er it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +central banks is a lot like er it's it's +mostly about expectations management + + align:start position:0% +mostly about expectations management + + + align:start position:0% +mostly about expectations management +that's the business of a central bank + + align:start position:0% +that's the business of a central bank + + + align:start position:0% +that's the business of a central bank +really I don't know how many of you are + + align:start position:0% +really I don't know how many of you are + + + align:start position:0% +really I don't know how many of you are +soccer fans but but um there was a + + align:start position:0% +soccer fans but but um there was a + + + align:start position:0% +soccer fans but but um there was a +famous story of Marvin King Marvin King + + align:start position:0% +famous story of Marvin King Marvin King + + + align:start position:0% +famous story of Marvin King Marvin King +was also one of the biggest Central + + align:start position:0% +was also one of the biggest Central + + + align:start position:0% +was also one of the biggest Central +Bankers that the UK has had fairly + + align:start position:0% +Bankers that the UK has had fairly + + + align:start position:0% +Bankers that the UK has had fairly +recent and he described he's British L + + align:start position:0% +recent and he described he's British L + + + align:start position:0% +recent and he described he's British L +nowadays and he described um good + + align:start position:0% +nowadays and he described um good + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays and he described um good +monetary policy very much like + + align:start position:0% +monetary policy very much like + + + align:start position:0% +monetary policy very much like +maradona's go score against the + + align:start position:0% +maradona's go score against the + + + align:start position:0% +maradona's go score against the +UK England in in in in in some World cap + + align:start position:0% +UK England in in in in in some World cap + + + align:start position:0% +UK England in in in in in some World cap +I don't remember which + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember which + + + align:start position:0% +I don't remember which +one and it's essentially Maradona picked + + align:start position:0% +one and it's essentially Maradona picked + + + align:start position:0% +one and it's essentially Maradona picked +the ball you know in his side of the + + align:start position:0% +the ball you know in his side of the + + + align:start position:0% +the ball you know in his side of the +field and he essentially RW a straight + + align:start position:0% +field and he essentially RW a straight + + + align:start position:0% +field and he essentially RW a straight +line H to the goal and a score but but + + align:start position:0% +line H to the goal and a score but but + + + align:start position:0% +line H to the goal and a score but but +he persu Ed everyone around to move away + + align:start position:0% +he persu Ed everyone around to move away + + + align:start position:0% +he persu Ed everyone around to move away +from his path and that was a successful + + align:start position:0% +from his path and that was a successful + + + align:start position:0% +from his path and that was a successful +strategy and central banks do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +strategy and central banks do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +strategy and central banks do a lot of +that lots of talking and you know at the + + align:start position:0% +that lots of talking and you know at the + + + align:start position:0% +that lots of talking and you know at the +end of the day the true actions of + + align:start position:0% +end of the day the true actions of + + + align:start position:0% +end of the day the true actions of +moving the interest rate are the least + + align:start position:0% +moving the interest rate are the least + + + align:start position:0% +moving the interest rate are the least +important part of really the a monetary + + align:start position:0% +important part of really the a monetary + + + align:start position:0% +important part of really the a monetary +policy + + align:start position:0% +policy + + + align:start position:0% +policy +strategy fiscal policy can be quite + + align:start position:0% +strategy fiscal policy can be quite + + + align:start position:0% +strategy fiscal policy can be quite +tricky here actually + + align:start position:0% +tricky here actually + + + align:start position:0% +tricky here actually +um so we know that that you know that + + align:start position:0% +um so we know that that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +um so we know that that you know that +the fiscal + + align:start position:0% +the fiscal + + + align:start position:0% +the fiscal +contraction a reduction in government + + align:start position:0% +contraction a reduction in government + + + align:start position:0% +contraction a reduction in government +expenditure ER if you just think about + + align:start position:0% +expenditure ER if you just think about + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure ER if you just think about +the basic islm model what happens it's a + + align:start position:0% +the basic islm model what happens it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the basic islm model what happens it's a +fiscal contraction you reduce go in + + align:start position:0% +fiscal contraction you reduce go in + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal contraction you reduce go in +expenditure that will + + align:start position:0% +expenditure that will + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure that will +certainly reduce + + align:start position:0% +certainly reduce + + + align:start position:0% +certainly reduce +output all the slm you reduce govern + + align:start position:0% +output all the slm you reduce govern + + + align:start position:0% +output all the slm you reduce govern +expenditure just shift the to the left + + align:start position:0% +expenditure just shift the to the left + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure just shift the to the left +and that reduces + + align:start position:0% +and that reduces + + + align:start position:0% +and that reduces +output when you have expectations things + + align:start position:0% +output when you have expectations things + + + align:start position:0% +output when you have expectations things +are a little + + align:start position:0% +are a little + + + align:start position:0% +are a little +trickier because it depends a lot of + + align:start position:0% +trickier because it depends a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +trickier because it depends a lot of +what you expect the central bank to do + + align:start position:0% +what you expect the central bank to do + + + align:start position:0% +what you expect the central bank to do +in the future + + align:start position:0% +in the future + + + align:start position:0% +in the future +and it expects a lot on what you + + align:start position:0% +and it expects a lot on what you + + + align:start position:0% +and it expects a lot on what you +know the private sector how the private + + align:start position:0% +know the private sector how the private + + + align:start position:0% +know the private sector how the private +sector responds to that so for example + + align:start position:0% +sector responds to that so for example + + + align:start position:0% +sector responds to that so for example +if you have a a um fiscal contraction + + align:start position:0% +if you have a a um fiscal contraction + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a a um fiscal contraction +that leads to an anticipation of a big + + align:start position:0% +that leads to an anticipation of a big + + + align:start position:0% +that leads to an anticipation of a big +cutting interest rate in the future that + + align:start position:0% +cutting interest rate in the future that + + + align:start position:0% +cutting interest rate in the future that +may be expansionary or is it can ofset + + align:start position:0% +may be expansionary or is it can ofset + + + align:start position:0% +may be expansionary or is it can ofset +quite a bit of the fiscal contraction + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of the fiscal contraction + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of the fiscal contraction +side and in fact most of the time when + + align:start position:0% +side and in fact most of the time when + + + align:start position:0% +side and in fact most of the time when +you have episodes of fiscal consolid + + align:start position:0% +you have episodes of fiscal consolid + + + align:start position:0% +you have episodes of fiscal consolid +solation H in environments that are not + + align:start position:0% +solation H in environments that are not + + + align:start position:0% +solation H in environments that are not +of very high distress financial crisis + + align:start position:0% +of very high distress financial crisis + + + align:start position:0% +of very high distress financial crisis +and so on H it typically sort of how + + align:start position:0% +and so on H it typically sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +and so on H it typically sort of how +successful that is depends a lot on + + align:start position:0% +successful that is depends a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +successful that is depends a lot on +whether people expect to be a sort of + + align:start position:0% +whether people expect to be a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +whether people expect to be a sort of +implicit deal between the central bank + + align:start position:0% +implicit deal between the central bank + + + align:start position:0% +implicit deal between the central bank +and the treasury okay if people expect + + align:start position:0% +and the treasury okay if people expect + + + align:start position:0% +and the treasury okay if people expect +that that fiscal contraction will come + + align:start position:0% +that that fiscal contraction will come + + + align:start position:0% +that that fiscal contraction will come +with much looser monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +with much looser monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +with much looser monetary policy +conditions then the fiscal contraction + + align:start position:0% +conditions then the fiscal contraction + + + align:start position:0% +conditions then the fiscal contraction +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +not as contraction as could be otherwise + + align:start position:0% +not as contraction as could be otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +not as contraction as could be otherwise +and if for some reason you know know the + + align:start position:0% +and if for some reason you know know the + + + align:start position:0% +and if for some reason you know know the +fiscal deficit sort of the perception of + + align:start position:0% +fiscal deficit sort of the perception of + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal deficit sort of the perception of +fiscal deficit was really dragging the + + align:start position:0% +fiscal deficit was really dragging the + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal deficit was really dragging the +economy down because people didn't know + + align:start position:0% +economy down because people didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +economy down because people didn't know +when there could be a financial crisis + + align:start position:0% +when there could be a financial crisis + + + align:start position:0% +when there could be a financial crisis +in the near future and so on then you + + align:start position:0% +in the near future and so on then you + + + align:start position:0% +in the near future and so on then you +can get a situation in which the + + align:start position:0% +can get a situation in which the + + + align:start position:0% +can get a situation in which the +contraction fiscal contraction today + + align:start position:0% +contraction fiscal contraction today + + + align:start position:0% +contraction fiscal contraction today +improves the perception of a stability + + align:start position:0% +improves the perception of a stability + + + align:start position:0% +improves the perception of a stability +of the country in the future which in + + align:start position:0% +of the country in the future which in + + + align:start position:0% +of the country in the future which in +turn may increase expected future income + + align:start position:0% +turn may increase expected future income + + + align:start position:0% +turn may increase expected future income +and and and be expansionary + + align:start position:0% +and and and be expansionary + + + align:start position:0% +and and and be expansionary +so you know most of the fiscal + + align:start position:0% +so you know most of the fiscal + + + align:start position:0% +so you know most of the fiscal +contractions are contractionary but + + align:start position:0% +contractions are contractionary but + + + align:start position:0% +contractions are contractionary but +there are some famous + + align:start position:0% +there are some famous + + + align:start position:0% +there are some famous +of what they of called expansionary + + align:start position:0% +of what they of called expansionary + + + align:start position:0% +of what they of called expansionary +fiscal + + align:start position:0% +fiscal + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal +contractions one of the most classic + + align:start position:0% +contractions one of the most classic + + + align:start position:0% +contractions one of the most classic +cases was known case is + + align:start position:0% +cases was known case is + + + align:start position:0% +cases was known case is +Ireland in the late 80s Ireland had + + align:start position:0% +Ireland in the late 80s Ireland had + + + align:start position:0% +Ireland in the late 80s Ireland had +massive fiscal deficit and and and all + + align:start position:0% +massive fiscal deficit and and and all + + + align:start position:0% +massive fiscal deficit and and and all +they talk about was fiscal deficits okay + + align:start position:0% +they talk about was fiscal deficits okay + + + align:start position:0% +they talk about was fiscal deficits okay +because they had very large fiscal + + align:start position:0% +because they had very large fiscal + + + align:start position:0% +because they had very large fiscal +deficits related to GDP and and the + + align:start position:0% +deficits related to GDP and and the + + + align:start position:0% +deficits related to GDP and and the +economy was really sort of stagnating + + align:start position:0% +economy was really sort of stagnating + + + align:start position:0% +economy was really sort of stagnating +and going through cycles and so on and + + align:start position:0% +and going through cycles and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +and going through cycles and so on and +it was all around this fiscal deficit + + align:start position:0% +it was all around this fiscal deficit + + + align:start position:0% +it was all around this fiscal deficit +and so so towards the late 80s they + + align:start position:0% +and so so towards the late 80s they + + + align:start position:0% +and so so towards the late 80s they +began a a deliberate plan + + align:start position:0% +began a a deliberate plan + + + align:start position:0% +began a a deliberate plan +of of U of fiscal consolidation fiscal + + align:start position:0% +of of U of fiscal consolidation fiscal + + + align:start position:0% +of of U of fiscal consolidation fiscal +consolidation means essentially reducing + + align:start position:0% +consolidation means essentially reducing + + + align:start position:0% +consolidation means essentially reducing +the deficit and they were very + + align:start position:0% +the deficit and they were very + + + align:start position:0% +the deficit and they were very +successful as you can see but contrary + + align:start position:0% +successful as you can see but contrary + + + align:start position:0% +successful as you can see but contrary +to expectations at least output growth + + align:start position:0% +to expectations at least output growth + + + align:start position:0% +to expectations at least output growth +did not declin actually they finally + + align:start position:0% +did not declin actually they finally + + + align:start position:0% +did not declin actually they finally +sort of they had a very good period like + + align:start position:0% +sort of they had a very good period like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of they had a very good period like +that so that's that's all it was all + + align:start position:0% +that so that's that's all it was all + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's that's all it was all +about expectations notice that + + align:start position:0% +about expectations notice that + + + align:start position:0% +about expectations notice that +unemployment though did go up okay so + + align:start position:0% +unemployment though did go up okay so + + + align:start position:0% +unemployment though did go up okay so +despite the fact that you know you got + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that you know you got + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that you know you got +more unemployment and so on output began + + align:start position:0% +more unemployment and so on output began + + + align:start position:0% +more unemployment and so on output began +to grow okay because firms began to + + align:start position:0% +to grow okay because firms began to + + + align:start position:0% +to grow okay because firms began to +invest more consumers became more + + align:start position:0% +invest more consumers became more + + + align:start position:0% +invest more consumers became more +optimistic in fact you see the house + + align:start position:0% +optimistic in fact you see the house + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic in fact you see the house +household saving rate declined + + align:start position:0% +household saving rate declined + + + align:start position:0% +household saving rate declined +dramatically this all consumption and + + align:start position:0% +dramatically this all consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically this all consumption and +investment did that + + align:start position:0% +investment did that + + + align:start position:0% +investment did that +okay consumption and investment people + + align:start position:0% +okay consumption and investment people + + + align:start position:0% +okay consumption and investment people +consume more invested more because sort + + align:start position:0% +consume more invested more because sort + + + align:start position:0% +consume more invested more because sort +of everything looks a lot better they + + align:start position:0% +of everything looks a lot better they + + + align:start position:0% +of everything looks a lot better they +have been struggling with this for very + + align:start position:0% +have been struggling with this for very + + + align:start position:0% +have been struggling with this for very +long and they finally they had gotten + + align:start position:0% +long and they finally they had gotten + + + align:start position:0% +long and they finally they had gotten +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +behind now this example is Abus by + + align:start position:0% +behind now this example is Abus by + + + align:start position:0% +behind now this example is Abus by +almost anyone that wants to cut taxes + + align:start position:0% +almost anyone that wants to cut taxes + + + align:start position:0% +almost anyone that wants to cut taxes +and things like that but + + align:start position:0% +and things like that but + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that but +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um um no sorry by almost anyone that + + align:start position:0% +um um no sorry by almost anyone that + + + align:start position:0% +um um no sorry by almost anyone that +wants to cut fiscal expenditure um but + + align:start position:0% +wants to cut fiscal expenditure um but + + + align:start position:0% +wants to cut fiscal expenditure um but +there are experiences there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +there are experiences there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +there are experiences there's a whole +spectrum of experiences but in + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of experiences but in + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of experiences but in +situations that as Extreme as this + + align:start position:0% +situations that as Extreme as this + + + align:start position:0% +situations that as Extreme as this +one it it clearly prove to be very + + align:start position:0% +one it it clearly prove to be very + + + align:start position:0% +one it it clearly prove to be very +effective so that's that so let me take + + align:start position:0% +effective so that's that so let me take + + + align:start position:0% +effective so that's that so let me take +a stock so so the role of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +a stock so so the role of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +a stock so so the role of this lecture +was ER to say something that I sort of + + align:start position:0% +was ER to say something that I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +was ER to say something that I sort of +should have said earlier on but I would + + align:start position:0% +should have said earlier on but I would + + + align:start position:0% +should have said earlier on but I would +have been a bit confusing so I decided + + align:start position:0% +have been a bit confusing so I decided + + + align:start position:0% +have been a bit confusing so I decided +not to talk too much about it but it's + + align:start position:0% +not to talk too much about it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +not to talk too much about it but it's +very important expectations plays play a + + align:start position:0% +very important expectations plays play a + + + align:start position:0% +very important expectations plays play a +central role in economic + + align:start position:0% +central role in economic + + + align:start position:0% +central role in economic +in particular H expectations influence + + align:start position:0% +in particular H expectations influence + + + align:start position:0% +in particular H expectations influence +aggregate demand and for us this course + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand and for us this course + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand and for us this course +was a lot about aggregate demand except + + align:start position:0% +was a lot about aggregate demand except + + + align:start position:0% +was a lot about aggregate demand except +for the part on growth it was a lot + + align:start position:0% +for the part on growth it was a lot + + + align:start position:0% +for the part on growth it was a lot +about agre demand now we did talk about + + align:start position:0% +about agre demand now we did talk about + + + align:start position:0% +about agre demand now we did talk about +expectations but we did talk about + + align:start position:0% +expectations but we did talk about + + + align:start position:0% +expectations but we did talk about +expectations mostly in the context of + + align:start position:0% +expectations mostly in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +expectations mostly in the context of +agre Supply remember when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +agre Supply remember when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +agre Supply remember when we talk about +the Philips curve we did have + + align:start position:0% +the Philips curve we did have + + + align:start position:0% +the Philips curve we did have +expectations because weight setting was + + align:start position:0% +expectations because weight setting was + + + align:start position:0% +expectations because weight setting was +a function of expected prices and so on + + align:start position:0% +a function of expected prices and so on + + + align:start position:0% +a function of expected prices and so on +so forth so we did talk about the role + + align:start position:0% +so forth so we did talk about the role + + + align:start position:0% +so forth so we did talk about the role +of expectation Supply very quickly uh + + align:start position:0% +of expectation Supply very quickly uh + + + align:start position:0% +of expectation Supply very quickly uh +but I think a much bigger role is play + + align:start position:0% +but I think a much bigger role is play + + + align:start position:0% +but I think a much bigger role is play +of expectation is really on on aggregate + + align:start position:0% +of expectation is really on on aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +of expectation is really on on aggregate +demand and certainly on asset prices but + + align:start position:0% +demand and certainly on asset prices but + + + align:start position:0% +demand and certainly on asset prices but +aggregate demand asset prices are + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand asset prices are + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate demand asset prices are +connected because agre asset pric is + + align:start position:0% +connected because agre asset pric is + + + align:start position:0% +connected because agre asset pric is +about wealth and you know and and the + + align:start position:0% +about wealth and you know and and the + + + align:start position:0% +about wealth and you know and and the +value of future cash flows which are + + align:start position:0% +value of future cash flows which are + + + align:start position:0% +value of future cash flows which are +more or less the same drivers as for + + align:start position:0% +more or less the same drivers as for + + + align:start position:0% +more or less the same drivers as for +investment and and and and consumption + + align:start position:0% +investment and and and and consumption + + + align:start position:0% +investment and and and and consumption +and finally I want to say the many times + + align:start position:0% +and finally I want to say the many times + + + align:start position:0% +and finally I want to say the many times +when you find sort of episodes of + + align:start position:0% +when you find sort of episodes of + + + align:start position:0% +when you find sort of episodes of +fiscally even sometimes monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +fiscally even sometimes monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +fiscally even sometimes monetary policy +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +counterintuitive is entirely due to the + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive is entirely due to the + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive is entirely due to the +the expectations part so this case of + + align:start position:0% +the expectations part so this case of + + + align:start position:0% +the expectations part so this case of +fiscal consolation is not that the C the + + align:start position:0% +fiscal consolation is not that the C the + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal consolation is not that the C the +cutting in fiscal + + align:start position:0% +cutting in fiscal + + + align:start position:0% +cutting in fiscal +expenditure was expansionary that was + + align:start position:0% +expenditure was expansionary that was + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure was expansionary that was +not that was contractionary but it was + + align:start position:0% +not that was contractionary but it was + + + align:start position:0% +not that was contractionary but it was +overwhelmed or offset more than upset by + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmed or offset more than upset by + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmed or offset more than upset by +the out the Improvement in the + + align:start position:0% +the out the Improvement in the + + + align:start position:0% +the out the Improvement in the +Outlook that that uh that you had and + + align:start position:0% +Outlook that that uh that you had and + + + align:start position:0% +Outlook that that uh that you had and +that also happens with monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +that also happens with monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +that also happens with monetary policy +countries that have high inflation + + align:start position:0% +countries that have high inflation + + + align:start position:0% +countries that have high inflation +problems and so on er er + + align:start position:0% +problems and so on er er + + + align:start position:0% +problems and so on er er +sometimes ER get and they have to go + + align:start position:0% +sometimes ER get and they have to go + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes ER get and they have to go +through dramatic tightenings and so on + + align:start position:0% +through dramatic tightenings and so on + + + align:start position:0% +through dramatic tightenings and so on +yes most of them get sort of very short + + align:start position:0% +yes most of them get sort of very short + + + align:start position:0% +yes most of them get sort of very short +lead recession but sometimes they're + + align:start position:0% +lead recession but sometimes they're + + + align:start position:0% +lead recession but sometimes they're +very short lead recessions because + + align:start position:0% +very short lead recessions because + + + align:start position:0% +very short lead recessions because +eventually sort of the the the reduction + + align:start position:0% +eventually sort of the the the reduction + + + align:start position:0% +eventually sort of the the the reduction +of the in the instability caused by by + + align:start position:0% +of the in the instability caused by by + + + align:start position:0% +of the in the instability caused by by +high and unstable inflation sort of ends + + align:start position:0% +high and unstable inflation sort of ends + + + align:start position:0% +high and unstable inflation sort of ends +up dominating any direct contractional + + align:start position:0% +up dominating any direct contractional + + + align:start position:0% +up dominating any direct contractional +effect of monetary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a e \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/bQrAhaXfSNA.txt b/bQrAhaXfSNA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19e1ca2698c0dde7a47b5d7f8fdde58e88d522d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/bQrAhaXfSNA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5275 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer high quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high quality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so my team name was + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so my team name was + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so my team name was +team which pry + + align:start position:0% +team which pry + + + align:start position:0% +team which pry +self-explanatory um beginning we had + + align:start position:0% +self-explanatory um beginning we had + + + align:start position:0% +self-explanatory um beginning we had +very very FAL knowledge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +um Chris Mandy and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +myself the main motivation for our + + align:start position:0% +myself the main motivation for our + + + align:start position:0% +myself the main motivation for our +project was to help out the midet in + + align:start position:0% +project was to help out the midet in + + + align:start position:0% +project was to help out the midet in +their power being + + align:start position:0% +their power being + + + align:start position:0% +their power being +competition um it primary focus was + + align:start position:0% +competition um it primary focus was + + + align:start position:0% +competition um it primary focus was +power being uh transmitting power to + + align:start position:0% +power being uh transmitting power to + + + align:start position:0% +power being uh transmitting power to +the and we chose microwave was chosen + + align:start position:0% +the and we chose microwave was chosen + + + align:start position:0% +the and we chose microwave was chosen +because it's more supposedly more + + align:start position:0% +because it's more supposedly more + + + align:start position:0% +because it's more supposedly more +efficient and more scalable than solar + + align:start position:0% +efficient and more scalable than solar + + + align:start position:0% +efficient and more scalable than solar +and other options that we + + align:start position:0% +and other options that we + + + align:start position:0% +and other options that we +consider and so Supply Power amount of + + align:start position:0% +consider and so Supply Power amount of + + + align:start position:0% +consider and so Supply Power amount of +power to the right tound at at the + + align:start position:0% +power to the right tound at at the + + + align:start position:0% +power to the right tound at at the +distance and may be e disassembled and + + align:start position:0% +distance and may be e disassembled and + + + align:start position:0% +distance and may be e disassembled and +assembled around + + align:start position:0% +assembled around + + + align:start position:0% +assembled around +aym by + + align:start position:0% +aym by + + + align:start position:0% +aym by +uh also need to be highly efficient and + + align:start position:0% +uh also need to be highly efficient and + + + align:start position:0% +uh also need to be highly efficient and +cost effective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we divided our design into three + + align:start position:0% +we divided our design into three + + + align:start position:0% +we divided our design into three +subsystems dish which uh we utilize + + align:start position:0% +subsystems dish which uh we utilize + + + align:start position:0% +subsystems dish which uh we utilize +prade satellite + + align:start position:0% +prade satellite + + + align:start position:0% +prade satellite +dish Simplicity and + + align:start position:0% +dish Simplicity and + + + align:start position:0% +dish Simplicity and +Effectiveness the dis needed toate the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light and it also need to be fast to + + align:start position:0% +light and it also need to be fast to + + + align:start position:0% +light and it also need to be fast to +assemble around the + + align:start position:0% +assemble around the + + + align:start position:0% +assemble around the +r and need to be to stay stable as well + + align:start position:0% +r and need to be to stay stable as well + + + align:start position:0% +r and need to be to stay stable as well +as level during the + + align:start position:0% +as level during the + + + align:start position:0% +as level during the +competition the second component of our + + align:start position:0% +competition the second component of our + + + align:start position:0% +competition the second component of our +system was uh mform support which was + + align:start position:0% +system was uh mform support which was + + + align:start position:0% +system was uh mform support which was +designed pull the microwave and for horn + + align:start position:0% +designed pull the microwave and for horn + + + align:start position:0% +designed pull the microwave and for horn +system the top of the dish and deliver + + align:start position:0% +system the top of the dish and deliver + + + align:start position:0% +system the top of the dish and deliver +the microwave energy to Dish they + + align:start position:0% +the microwave energy to Dish they + + + align:start position:0% +the microwave energy to Dish they +actually have adjustable height so it + + align:start position:0% +actually have adjustable height so it + + + align:start position:0% +actually have adjustable height so it +allow us to focus the energy and uport + + align:start position:0% +allow us to focus the energy and uport + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to focus the energy and uport +the horn without Flex so that it was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +precisely and fin microwave circuit was + + align:start position:0% +precisely and fin microwave circuit was + + + align:start position:0% +precisely and fin microwave circuit was +proba most important of our system it uh + + align:start position:0% +proba most important of our system it uh + + + align:start position:0% +proba most important of our system it uh +supplied the microwave energy for the + + align:start position:0% +supplied the microwave energy for the + + + align:start position:0% +supplied the microwave energy for the +clim had + + align:start position:0% +clim had + + + align:start position:0% +clim had +energy and transfer to the clim we also + + align:start position:0% +energy and transfer to the clim we also + + + align:start position:0% +energy and transfer to the clim we also +need to be as efficient as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible this is our preliminary + + align:start position:0% +possible this is our preliminary + + + align:start position:0% +possible this is our preliminary +sketches uh first one we just going + + align:start position:0% +sketches uh first one we just going + + + align:start position:0% +sketches uh first one we just going +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +Concepts notice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the as well as this was ourc + + align:start position:0% +the as well as this was ourc + + + align:start position:0% +the as well as this was ourc +drawing sketch + + align:start position:0% +drawing sketch + + + align:start position:0% +drawing sketch +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +the horn stand dish and then M system + + align:start position:0% +the horn stand dish and then M system + + + align:start position:0% +the horn stand dish and then M system +down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so um just I'm writing these down + + align:start position:0% +here so um just I'm writing these down + + + align:start position:0% +here so um just I'm writing these down +here so that you have an idea of what + + align:start position:0% +here so that you have an idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +here so that you have an idea of what +requirements we set down so I can show + + align:start position:0% +requirements we set down so I can show + + + align:start position:0% +requirements we set down so I can show +you which one we actually achieved so + + align:start position:0% +you which one we actually achieved so + + + align:start position:0% +you which one we actually achieved so +the first thing I have to say is that we + + align:start position:0% +the first thing I have to say is that we + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing I have to say is that we +were very optimistic at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +were very optimistic at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +were very optimistic at the beginning +and we wrote two levels of requirements + + align:start position:0% +and we wrote two levels of requirements + + + align:start position:0% +and we wrote two levels of requirements +one level which was absolutely necessary + + align:start position:0% +one level which was absolutely necessary + + + align:start position:0% +one level which was absolutely necessary +for this thing to work and a second + + align:start position:0% +for this thing to work and a second + + + align:start position:0% +for this thing to work and a second +level which would have been nice had it + + align:start position:0% +level which would have been nice had it + + + align:start position:0% +level which would have been nice had it +been there as you will see later we + + align:start position:0% +been there as you will see later we + + + align:start position:0% +been there as you will see later we +didn't even get to try to solve any of + + align:start position:0% +didn't even get to try to solve any of + + + align:start position:0% +didn't even get to try to solve any of +the second level requirements so + + align:start position:0% +the second level requirements so + + + align:start position:0% +the second level requirements so +requirements were functional um we had a + + align:start position:0% +requirements were functional um we had a + + + align:start position:0% +requirements were functional um we had a +certain amount of energy which had to be + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of energy which had to be + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of energy which had to be +transferred to the rect we had this + + align:start position:0% +transferred to the rect we had this + + + align:start position:0% +transferred to the rect we had this +energy had transfer for a certain period + + align:start position:0% +energy had transfer for a certain period + + + align:start position:0% +energy had transfer for a certain period +of time which is 50 seconds and the rect + + align:start position:0% +of time which is 50 seconds and the rect + + + align:start position:0% +of time which is 50 seconds and the rect +itself was at a varying height of 10 to + + align:start position:0% +itself was at a varying height of 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +itself was at a varying height of 10 to +160 m and then should we well if we were + + align:start position:0% +160 m and then should we well if we were + + + align:start position:0% +160 m and then should we well if we were +to add any component to the timer itself + + align:start position:0% +to add any component to the timer itself + + + align:start position:0% +to add any component to the timer itself +these components would have had the + + align:start position:0% +these components would have had the + + + align:start position:0% +these components would have had the +weight limitation because of the contest + + align:start position:0% +weight limitation because of the contest + + + align:start position:0% +weight limitation because of the contest +itself um the constraints we had these + + align:start position:0% +itself um the constraints we had these + + + align:start position:0% +itself um the constraints we had these +were rather important first thing is + + align:start position:0% +were rather important first thing is + + + align:start position:0% +were rather important first thing is +that the re team required to cularly + + align:start position:0% +that the re team required to cularly + + + align:start position:0% +that the re team required to cularly +poiz light so this is our biggest Con in + + align:start position:0% +poiz light so this is our biggest Con in + + + align:start position:0% +poiz light so this is our biggest Con in +our system and the rest is rological and + + align:start position:0% +our system and the rest is rological and + + + align:start position:0% +our system and the rest is rological and +then we had an interface constraint + + align:start position:0% +then we had an interface constraint + + + align:start position:0% +then we had an interface constraint +which is simply that our beaming stuff + + align:start position:0% +which is simply that our beaming stuff + + + align:start position:0% +which is simply that our beaming stuff +has to go around uh the base of the + + align:start position:0% +has to go around uh the base of the + + + align:start position:0% +has to go around uh the base of the +ribbon which the clim has to climb and + + align:start position:0% +ribbon which the clim has to climb and + + + align:start position:0% +ribbon which the clim has to climb and +the uh power source which m is + + align:start position:0% +the uh power source which m is + + + align:start position:0% +the uh power source which m is +organizing competition provides us is + + align:start position:0% +organizing competition provides us is + + + align:start position:0% +organizing competition provides us is +limited as + + align:start position:0% +limited as + + + align:start position:0% +limited as +well so when we're looking this here + + align:start position:0% +well so when we're looking this here + + + align:start position:0% +well so when we're looking this here +sorry we're going to start talking about + + align:start position:0% +sorry we're going to start talking about + + + align:start position:0% +sorry we're going to start talking about +design this part is the micro cry itself + + align:start position:0% +design this part is the micro cry itself + + + align:start position:0% +design this part is the micro cry itself +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we knew nothing about microw when we + + align:start position:0% +we knew nothing about microw when we + + + align:start position:0% +we knew nothing about microw when we +started this meant that unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +started this meant that unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +started this meant that unfortunately +there were a very very large amount of + + align:start position:0% +there were a very very large amount of + + + align:start position:0% +there were a very very large amount of +options for absolutely everything so + + align:start position:0% +options for absolutely everything so + + + align:start position:0% +options for absolutely everything so +beinging the microwaves could have been + + align:start position:0% +beinging the microwaves could have been + + + align:start position:0% +beinging the microwaves could have been +done by generating microwaves from + + align:start position:0% +done by generating microwaves from + + + align:start position:0% +done by generating microwaves from +helical antennas this had a very big + + align:start position:0% +helical antennas this had a very big + + + align:start position:0% +helical antennas this had a very big +advantage that the microwave was + + align:start position:0% +advantage that the microwave was + + + align:start position:0% +advantage that the microwave was +immediately cular po or we could start + + align:start position:0% +immediately cular po or we could start + + + align:start position:0% +immediately cular po or we could start +with magnetrons which is what we chose + + align:start position:0% +with magnetrons which is what we chose + + + align:start position:0% +with magnetrons which is what we chose +for reasons of having a magnetron and + + align:start position:0% +for reasons of having a magnetron and + + + align:start position:0% +for reasons of having a magnetron and +not knowing anything about helal Anna + + align:start position:0% +not knowing anything about helal Anna + + + align:start position:0% +not knowing anything about helal Anna +not very other Reon than that the + + align:start position:0% +not very other Reon than that the + + + align:start position:0% +not very other Reon than that the +transmission of the micro itself can go + + align:start position:0% +transmission of the micro itself can go + + + align:start position:0% +transmission of the micro itself can go +through various things wa cables or wave + + align:start position:0% +through various things wa cables or wave + + + align:start position:0% +through various things wa cables or wave +LS polarization can be generated through + + align:start position:0% +LS polarization can be generated through + + + align:start position:0% +LS polarization can be generated through +a very large amount of possibilities we + + align:start position:0% +a very large amount of possibilities we + + + align:start position:0% +a very large amount of possibilities we +have beam widening itself because we're + + align:start position:0% +have beam widening itself because we're + + + align:start position:0% +have beam widening itself because we're +starting with a magnetron beam which is + + align:start position:0% +starting with a magnetron beam which is + + + align:start position:0% +starting with a magnetron beam which is +this wide it's a little over 2 in well a + + align:start position:0% +this wide it's a little over 2 in well a + + + align:start position:0% +this wide it's a little over 2 in well a +little less than 2 in wide and we have + + align:start position:0% +little less than 2 in wide and we have + + + align:start position:0% +little less than 2 in wide and we have +to generate a beam which is nearly 3 m + + align:start position:0% +to generate a beam which is nearly 3 m + + + align:start position:0% +to generate a beam which is nearly 3 m +wi um the well getting Reflections all + + align:start position:0% +wi um the well getting Reflections all + + + align:start position:0% +wi um the well getting Reflections all +around because we're transferring the + + align:start position:0% +around because we're transferring the + + + align:start position:0% +around because we're transferring the +beam can be also done through a very + + align:start position:0% +beam can be also done through a very + + + align:start position:0% +beam can be also done through a very +very large amount of weight uh so for + + align:start position:0% +very large amount of weight uh so for + + + align:start position:0% +very large amount of weight uh so for +instance offset reflection simply offset + + align:start position:0% +instance offset reflection simply offset + + + align:start position:0% +instance offset reflection simply offset +the C reflection was idea which you saw + + align:start position:0% +the C reflection was idea which you saw + + + align:start position:0% +the C reflection was idea which you saw +in the drawing uh the conical reflection + + align:start position:0% +in the drawing uh the conical reflection + + + align:start position:0% +in the drawing uh the conical reflection +is a little more complicated but involve + + align:start position:0% +is a little more complicated but involve + + + align:start position:0% +is a little more complicated but involve +slits and the advant of slits is you get + + align:start position:0% +slits and the advant of slits is you get + + + align:start position:0% +slits and the advant of slits is you get +the fraction so you can widen the be as + + align:start position:0% +the fraction so you can widen the be as + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction so you can widen the be as +well then we have the be cination which + + align:start position:0% +well then we have the be cination which + + + align:start position:0% +well then we have the be cination which +is how to Target it towards the rect and + + align:start position:0% +is how to Target it towards the rect and + + + align:start position:0% +is how to Target it towards the rect and +find boundary mitigation this is a very + + align:start position:0% +find boundary mitigation this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +find boundary mitigation this is a very +big issue apparently in microwaves we + + align:start position:0% +big issue apparently in microwaves we + + + align:start position:0% +big issue apparently in microwaves we +don't fully understand it but uh you + + align:start position:0% +don't fully understand it but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +don't fully understand it but uh you +need to make sure + + align:start position:0% +need to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +need to make sure +that the so what happens is if + + align:start position:0% +that the so what happens is if + + + align:start position:0% +that the so what happens is if +apparently if the light propagates in + + align:start position:0% +apparently if the light propagates in + + + align:start position:0% +apparently if the light propagates in +such a way that there is a discontinuity + + align:start position:0% +such a way that there is a discontinuity + + + align:start position:0% +such a way that there is a discontinuity +um in the medium you get something + + align:start position:0% +um in the medium you get something + + + align:start position:0% +um in the medium you get something +called evanescent waves and evanescent + + align:start position:0% +called evanescent waves and evanescent + + + align:start position:0% +called evanescent waves and evanescent +wave pump out a large amount of power so + + align:start position:0% +wave pump out a large amount of power so + + + align:start position:0% +wave pump out a large amount of power so +you want to make sure that apparently + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that apparently + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that apparently +whatever you do Max equation + + align:start position:0% +whatever you do Max equation + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you do Max equation +St so this is the final circuit we chose + + align:start position:0% +St so this is the final circuit we chose + + + align:start position:0% +St so this is the final circuit we chose +this is generated using a program called + + align:start position:0% +this is generated using a program called + + + align:start position:0% +this is generated using a program called +console uh it took us about a week to + + align:start position:0% +console uh it took us about a week to + + + align:start position:0% +console uh it took us about a week to +find out what program we wanted and then + + align:start position:0% +find out what program we wanted and then + + + align:start position:0% +find out what program we wanted and then +probably another week to find out how it + + align:start position:0% +probably another week to find out how it + + + align:start position:0% +probably another week to find out how it +worked console is a really nice program + + align:start position:0% +worked console is a really nice program + + + align:start position:0% +worked console is a really nice program +it knows everything about physics just + + align:start position:0% +it knows everything about physics just + + + align:start position:0% +it knows everything about physics just +doesn't want to tell you + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to tell you +so um it's rather comp that we only got + + align:start position:0% +so um it's rather comp that we only got + + + align:start position:0% +so um it's rather comp that we only got +to generate a 2d version of the circuit + + align:start position:0% +to generate a 2d version of the circuit + + + align:start position:0% +to generate a 2d version of the circuit +itself assuming a beam source which is C + + align:start position:0% +itself assuming a beam source which is C + + + align:start position:0% +itself assuming a beam source which is C +polarized because we just couldn't + + align:start position:0% +polarized because we just couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +polarized because we just couldn't +manage to put in all the intricate + + align:start position:0% +manage to put in all the intricate + + + align:start position:0% +manage to put in all the intricate +circly polarizing stuff and what we have + + align:start position:0% +circly polarizing stuff and what we have + + + align:start position:0% +circly polarizing stuff and what we have +here is so we can assume that magnetrons + + align:start position:0% +here is so we can assume that magnetrons + + + align:start position:0% +here is so we can assume that magnetrons +are here uh circly polarizing stuff is + + align:start position:0% +are here uh circly polarizing stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +are here uh circly polarizing stuff is +down here beam enters into a wave Gand + + align:start position:0% +down here beam enters into a wave Gand + + + align:start position:0% +down here beam enters into a wave Gand +we have two H bands H bands are a type + + align:start position:0% +we have two H bands H bands are a type + + + align:start position:0% +we have two H bands H bands are a type +of band which bend around the + + align:start position:0% +of band which bend around the + + + align:start position:0% +of band which bend around the +um magnetic field um so these are more + + align:start position:0% +um magnetic field um so these are more + + + align:start position:0% +um magnetic field um so these are more +great bands here there's a cor down here + + align:start position:0% +great bands here there's a cor down here + + + align:start position:0% +great bands here there's a cor down here +and the horn widens the beam in a rather + + align:start position:0% +and the horn widens the beam in a rather + + + align:start position:0% +and the horn widens the beam in a rather +efficient way reflects onto a dish and + + align:start position:0% +efficient way reflects onto a dish and + + + align:start position:0% +efficient way reflects onto a dish and +then the line goes above so this means + + align:start position:0% +then the line goes above so this means + + + align:start position:0% +then the line goes above so this means +that the horn and then this tubing here + + align:start position:0% +that the horn and then this tubing here + + + align:start position:0% +that the horn and then this tubing here +actually blocks part of the + + align:start position:0% +actually blocks part of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually blocks part of the +radiation um just so that you kind of + + align:start position:0% +radiation um just so that you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +radiation um just so that you kind of +understand what happens click on the + + align:start position:0% +understand what happens click on the + + + align:start position:0% +understand what happens click on the +picture this is a graph which just shows + + align:start position:0% +picture this is a graph which just shows + + + align:start position:0% +picture this is a graph which just shows +the electric field as it varies over one + + align:start position:0% +the electric field as it varies over one + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field as it varies over one +uh period of so over one way essentially + + align:start position:0% +uh period of so over one way essentially + + + align:start position:0% +uh period of so over one way essentially +and you can see that um because the + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that um because the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that um because the +light of Circ polarized you get flatness + + align:start position:0% +light of Circ polarized you get flatness + + + align:start position:0% +light of Circ polarized you get flatness +period when there's nearly no electric + + align:start position:0% +period when there's nearly no electric + + + align:start position:0% +period when there's nearly no electric +field anywhere in the circuit and this + + align:start position:0% +field anywhere in the circuit and this + + + align:start position:0% +field anywhere in the circuit and this +disc basically is what calls us many + + align:start position:0% +disc basically is what calls us many + + + align:start position:0% +disc basically is what calls us many +many props and you can see that power is + + align:start position:0% +many props and you can see that power is + + + align:start position:0% +many props and you can see that power is +proportional so the power of light + + align:start position:0% +proportional so the power of light + + + align:start position:0% +proportional so the power of light +itself is proportional to the electric + + align:start position:0% +itself is proportional to the electric + + + align:start position:0% +itself is proportional to the electric +field and magnetic field which means + + align:start position:0% +field and magnetic field which means + + + align:start position:0% +field and magnetic field which means +that when you have zero moments you + + align:start position:0% +that when you have zero moments you + + + align:start position:0% +that when you have zero moments you +actually have no power at all so the + + align:start position:0% +actually have no power at all so the + + + align:start position:0% +actually have no power at all so the +average is rather bad and you can also + + align:start position:0% +average is rather bad and you can also + + + align:start position:0% +average is rather bad and you can also +see that the electric field diminishes + + align:start position:0% +see that the electric field diminishes + + + align:start position:0% +see that the electric field diminishes +very very fast once we exit weight L + + align:start position:0% +very very fast once we exit weight L + + + align:start position:0% +very very fast once we exit weight L +this is because we're wiing it this is + + align:start position:0% +this is because we're wiing it this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is because we're wiing it this is +again another issue of why we're using + + align:start position:0% +again another issue of why we're using + + + align:start position:0% +again another issue of why we're using +power so is that what to this is what + + align:start position:0% +power so is that what to this is what + + + align:start position:0% +power so is that what to this is what +LEDs to the efficiency problem the + + align:start position:0% +LEDs to the efficiency problem the + + + align:start position:0% +LEDs to the efficiency problem the +efficiency problem is polarization so + + align:start position:0% +efficiency problem is polarization so + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency problem is polarization so +magnetrons emit light which is competing + + align:start position:0% +magnetrons emit light which is competing + + + align:start position:0% +magnetrons emit light which is competing +which has no cence it's just light in + + align:start position:0% +which has no cence it's just light in + + + align:start position:0% +which has no cence it's just light in +anything so before we actually transfer + + align:start position:0% +anything so before we actually transfer + + + align:start position:0% +anything so before we actually transfer +it in here this light has to be rendered + + align:start position:0% +it in here this light has to be rendered + + + align:start position:0% +it in here this light has to be rendered +here and the simud nose ratio is rather + + align:start position:0% +here and the simud nose ratio is rather + + + align:start position:0% +here and the simud nose ratio is rather +band when you start with and um so that + + align:start position:0% +band when you start with and um so that + + + align:start position:0% +band when you start with and um so that +is one issue and the other issue is we + + align:start position:0% +is one issue and the other issue is we + + + align:start position:0% +is one issue and the other issue is we +find + + align:start position:0% +find + + + align:start position:0% +find +that according to what we read um + + align:start position:0% +that according to what we read um + + + align:start position:0% +that according to what we read um +microwave is rather an art and things + + align:start position:0% +microwave is rather an art and things + + + align:start position:0% +microwave is rather an art and things +like dishes here have an efficiency of + + align:start position:0% +like dishes here have an efficiency of + + + align:start position:0% +like dishes here have an efficiency of +Maximum 55% a or has an efficiency of at + + align:start position:0% +Maximum 55% a or has an efficiency of at + + + align:start position:0% +Maximum 55% a or has an efficiency of at +most 45% and so all these things add up + + align:start position:0% +most 45% and so all these things add up + + + align:start position:0% +most 45% and so all these things add up +and just by by putting all it all + + align:start position:0% +and just by by putting all it all + + + align:start position:0% +and just by by putting all it all +together we really needed a very large + + align:start position:0% +together we really needed a very large + + + align:start position:0% +together we really needed a very large +amount of fire so our first calculations + + align:start position:0% +amount of fire so our first calculations + + + align:start position:0% +amount of fire so our first calculations +um which were just you know hand calcul + + align:start position:0% +um which were just you know hand calcul + + + align:start position:0% +um which were just you know hand calcul +back of the envelope so that we would + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope so that we would + + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope so that we would +have a with our system an efficiency of + + align:start position:0% +have a with our system an efficiency of + + + align:start position:0% +have a with our system an efficiency of +14% conso told us that in game we had 8% + + align:start position:0% +14% conso told us that in game we had 8% + + + align:start position:0% +14% conso told us that in game we had 8% +which is rather nice uh the plots here + + align:start position:0% +which is rather nice uh the plots here + + + align:start position:0% +which is rather nice uh the plots here +show + + align:start position:0% +show + + + align:start position:0% +show +the energy in WS per me Cub so this is + + align:start position:0% +the energy in WS per me Cub so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the energy in WS per me Cub so this is +at every Point uh throughout the system + + align:start position:0% +at every Point uh throughout the system + + + align:start position:0% +at every Point uh throughout the system +so as you can see inside the W time it's + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see inside the W time it's + + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see inside the W time it's +the nice and then the area which + + align:start position:0% +the nice and then the area which + + + align:start position:0% +the nice and then the area which +interest us is here and this is where + + align:start position:0% +interest us is here and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +interest us is here and this is where +the light is cated and the light is + + align:start position:0% +the light is cated and the light is + + + align:start position:0% +the light is cated and the light is +cated at uh + + align:start position:0% +cated at uh + + + align:start position:0% +cated at uh +129 wats per me Cub so this is for a + + align:start position:0% +129 wats per me Cub so this is for a + + + align:start position:0% +129 wats per me Cub so this is for a +circular rect the meter of radius this + + align:start position:0% +circular rect the meter of radius this + + + align:start position:0% +circular rect the meter of radius this +gives 410 wats which is just about what + + align:start position:0% +gives 410 wats which is just about what + + + align:start position:0% +gives 410 wats which is just about what +we needed now can you go back just thing + + align:start position:0% +we needed now can you go back just thing + + + align:start position:0% +we needed now can you go back just thing +I wanted to show you is uh during our + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to show you is uh during our + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to show you is uh during our +optimization a number of things well one + + align:start position:0% +optimization a number of things well one + + + align:start position:0% +optimization a number of things well one +of the really nice things we added in + + align:start position:0% +of the really nice things we added in + + + align:start position:0% +of the really nice things we added in +was that at the beginning when I was + + align:start position:0% +was that at the beginning when I was + + + align:start position:0% +was that at the beginning when I was +designing or actually calculating the + + align:start position:0% +designing or actually calculating the + + + align:start position:0% +designing or actually calculating the +stuff there was always these very + + align:start position:0% +stuff there was always these very + + + align:start position:0% +stuff there was always these very +strange things occurring which is a + + align:start position:0% +strange things occurring which is a + + + align:start position:0% +strange things occurring which is a +characteristic of something called uh + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of something called uh + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic of something called uh +impedance M mismatch sorry in micros + + align:start position:0% +impedance M mismatch sorry in micros + + + align:start position:0% +impedance M mismatch sorry in micros +suring and I found I don't know why it + + align:start position:0% +suring and I found I don't know why it + + + align:start position:0% +suring and I found I don't know why it +happens but I found that by adding + + align:start position:0% +happens but I found that by adding + + + align:start position:0% +happens but I found that by adding +simply behind the horn any convex plate + + align:start position:0% +simply behind the horn any convex plate + + + align:start position:0% +simply behind the horn any convex plate +dis imping much would completely + + align:start position:0% +dis imping much would completely + + + align:start position:0% +dis imping much would completely +disappear you can see it here on the + + align:start position:0% +disappear you can see it here on the + + + align:start position:0% +disappear you can see it here on the +left side there is a simple convex plate + + align:start position:0% +left side there is a simple convex plate + + + align:start position:0% +left side there is a simple convex plate +behind the one on the right side there + + align:start position:0% +behind the one on the right side there + + + align:start position:0% +behind the one on the right side there +is a one and the energy is kind of + + align:start position:0% +is a one and the energy is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is a one and the energy is kind of +brighter on this side simply because + + align:start position:0% +brighter on this side simply because + + + align:start position:0% +brighter on this side simply because +there there isn't so once the impedance + + align:start position:0% +there there isn't so once the impedance + + + align:start position:0% +there there isn't so once the impedance +is completely matched you can see that + + align:start position:0% +is completely matched you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +is completely matched you can see that +all the energy inside the W is main + + align:start position:0% +all the energy inside the W is main + + + align:start position:0% +all the energy inside the W is main +perfect the center of w has generally + + align:start position:0% +perfect the center of w has generally + + + align:start position:0% +perfect the center of w has generally +the maximum energy which is what looking + + align:start position:0% +the maximum energy which is what looking + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum energy which is what looking +for to show you what pieces look like + + align:start position:0% +for to show you what pieces look like + + + align:start position:0% +for to show you what pieces look like +this is what a full assembly would + + align:start position:0% +this is what a full assembly would + + + align:start position:0% +this is what a full assembly would +require so unfortunately we be + + align:start position:0% +require so unfortunately we be + + + align:start position:0% +require so unfortunately we be +12 uh so these micrones have to be + + align:start position:0% +12 uh so these micrones have to be + + + align:start position:0% +12 uh so these micrones have to be +assembled together using something + + align:start position:0% +assembled together using something + + + align:start position:0% +assembled together using something +called a beam combiner this is what a + + align:start position:0% +called a beam combiner this is what a + + + align:start position:0% +called a beam combiner this is what a +beam combiner looks like the beam + + align:start position:0% +beam combiner looks like the beam + + + align:start position:0% +beam combiner looks like the beam +combiners themselves have to go through + + align:start position:0% +combiners themselves have to go through + + + align:start position:0% +combiners themselves have to go through +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +uh something with a very strange name + + align:start position:0% +uh something with a very strange name + + + align:start position:0% +uh something with a very strange name +which en the polarization I'm sorry I + + align:start position:0% +which en the polarization I'm sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +which en the polarization I'm sorry I +forgot it so essentially what it does is + + align:start position:0% +forgot it so essentially what it does is + + + align:start position:0% +forgot it so essentially what it does is +it has one side which is the border of + + align:start position:0% +it has one side which is the border of + + + align:start position:0% +it has one side which is the border of +wav wavelengths longer than the other + + align:start position:0% +wav wavelengths longer than the other + + + align:start position:0% +wav wavelengths longer than the other +side and so by putting them together + + align:start position:0% +side and so by putting them together + + + align:start position:0% +side and so by putting them together +light becomes polarized and also + + align:start position:0% +light becomes polarized and also + + + align:start position:0% +light becomes polarized and also +twisting the field and then so once + + align:start position:0% +twisting the field and then so once + + + align:start position:0% +twisting the field and then so once +light comes out of this we're C + + align:start position:0% +light comes out of this we're C + + + align:start position:0% +light comes out of this we're C +polarized we just go through wave G HBS + + align:start position:0% +polarized we just go through wave G HBS + + + align:start position:0% +polarized we just go through wave G HBS +wave G hband wave G horn and through the + + align:start position:0% +wave G hband wave G horn and through the + + + align:start position:0% +wave G hband wave G horn and through the +horn to the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this um yes just a quick question if you + + align:start position:0% +this um yes just a quick question if you + + + align:start position:0% +this um yes just a quick question if you +go back to the previous slide um that + + align:start position:0% +go back to the previous slide um that + + + align:start position:0% +go back to the previous slide um that +long thing up there is what makes it + + align:start position:0% +long thing up there is what makes it + + + align:start position:0% +long thing up there is what makes it +circly polarized it is where what + + align:start position:0% +circly polarized it is where what + + + align:start position:0% +circly polarized it is where what +happens to most of the energy let off + + align:start position:0% +happens to most of the energy let off + + + align:start position:0% +happens to most of the energy let off +this heat or okay most of the energy is + + align:start position:0% +this heat or okay most of the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +this heat or okay most of the energy is +actually so this is ceration this is the + + align:start position:0% +actually so this is ceration this is the + + + align:start position:0% +actually so this is ceration this is the +being combining and + + align:start position:0% +being combining and + + + align:start position:0% +being combining and +it's a little bit complicated I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit complicated I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit complicated I couldn't +find a picture of it but the being + + align:start position:0% +find a picture of it but the being + + + align:start position:0% +find a picture of it but the being +combiners we would use have actually + + align:start position:0% +combiners we would use have actually + + + align:start position:0% +combiners we would use have actually +Four ports and one port just let out + + align:start position:0% +Four ports and one port just let out + + + align:start position:0% +Four ports and one port just let out +remaining energy the rest uh so what you + + align:start position:0% +remaining energy the rest uh so what you + + + align:start position:0% +remaining energy the rest uh so what you +have is incoming light is De it's + + align:start position:0% +have is incoming light is De it's + + + align:start position:0% +have is incoming light is De it's +non-coherent outcoming light is coherent + + align:start position:0% +non-coherent outcoming light is coherent + + + align:start position:0% +non-coherent outcoming light is coherent +and you just lose coherence well you + + align:start position:0% +and you just lose coherence well you + + + align:start position:0% +and you just lose coherence well you +gain coherence that so you can filter + + align:start position:0% +gain coherence that so you can filter + + + align:start position:0% +gain coherence that so you can filter +out the inter some yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so uh we needed a support + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so uh we needed a support + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so uh we needed a support +to support our and the magron and the W + + align:start position:0% +to support our and the magron and the W + + + align:start position:0% +to support our and the magron and the W +guys should be going through the stand + + align:start position:0% +guys should be going through the stand + + + align:start position:0% +guys should be going through the stand +and it was a b challenging to design the + + align:start position:0% +and it was a b challenging to design the + + + align:start position:0% +and it was a b challenging to design the +stand because it do not stable because + + align:start position:0% +stand because it do not stable because + + + align:start position:0% +stand because it do not stable because +we needed something which is around 40 + + align:start position:0% +we needed something which is around 40 + + + align:start position:0% +we needed something which is around 40 +in high and which spreads around 63 in + + align:start position:0% +in high and which spreads around 63 in + + + align:start position:0% +in high and which spreads around 63 in +so it's really unstable + + align:start position:0% +so it's really unstable + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really unstable +because one end it just extends and it + + align:start position:0% +because one end it just extends and it + + + align:start position:0% +because one end it just extends and it +braks the whole system down so we at + + align:start position:0% +braks the whole system down so we at + + + align:start position:0% +braks the whole system down so we at +first we tried with some H cavity + + align:start position:0% +first we tried with some H cavity + + + align:start position:0% +first we tried with some H cavity +aluminum sheets L together and it proved + + align:start position:0% +aluminum sheets L together and it proved + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum sheets L together and it proved +to be really unstable and then we came + + align:start position:0% +to be really unstable and then we came + + + align:start position:0% +to be really unstable and then we came +up with something called the wiy wi + + align:start position:0% +up with something called the wiy wi + + + align:start position:0% +up with something called the wiy wi +technology so it's just like I don't + + align:start position:0% +technology so it's just like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +technology so it's just like I don't +know we were inspired by the CR yeah we + + align:start position:0% +know we were inspired by the CR yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +know we were inspired by the CR yeah we +were inspired by this awesome and so in + + align:start position:0% +were inspired by this awesome and so in + + + align:start position:0% +were inspired by this awesome and so in +wi as you can see we have rocks and then + + align:start position:0% +wi as you can see we have rocks and then + + + align:start position:0% +wi as you can see we have rocks and then +we just take a mic aluminium wire or + + align:start position:0% +we just take a mic aluminium wire or + + + align:start position:0% +we just take a mic aluminium wire or +might be even BS and we just weld them + + align:start position:0% +might be even BS and we just weld them + + + align:start position:0% +might be even BS and we just weld them +together in that way and it increases + + align:start position:0% +together in that way and it increases + + + align:start position:0% +together in that way and it increases +the stability many with the first SL + + align:start position:0% +the stability many with the first SL + + + align:start position:0% +the stability many with the first SL +like when we tried with just rectangular + + align:start position:0% +like when we tried with just rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +like when we tried with just rectangular +BLX it was not only heavy but it was + + align:start position:0% +BLX it was not only heavy but it was + + + align:start position:0% +BLX it was not only heavy but it was +really unstable it just had a huge + + align:start position:0% +really unstable it just had a huge + + + align:start position:0% +really unstable it just had a huge +displacement of more than 4 mm and when + + align:start position:0% +displacement of more than 4 mm and when + + + align:start position:0% +displacement of more than 4 mm and when +we tried it when we analyze it on Cosmos + + align:start position:0% +we tried it when we analyze it on Cosmos + + + align:start position:0% +we tried it when we analyze it on Cosmos +using the V technology as you can see in + + align:start position:0% +using the V technology as you can see in + + + align:start position:0% +using the V technology as you can see in +the next Slide the displacement was + + align:start position:0% +the next Slide the displacement was + + + align:start position:0% +the next Slide the displacement was +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +0.03 mm which is fine like even if you + + align:start position:0% +0.03 mm which is fine like even if you + + + align:start position:0% +0.03 mm which is fine like even if you +have a horn out there and it's totally + + align:start position:0% +have a horn out there and it's totally + + + align:start position:0% +have a horn out there and it's totally +fine like you not have any big + + align:start position:0% +fine like you not have any big + + + align:start position:0% +fine like you not have any big +deflection with that and um well those + + align:start position:0% +deflection with that and um well those + + + align:start position:0% +deflection with that and um well those +are some of the positive sides of the + + align:start position:0% +are some of the positive sides of the + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the positive sides of the +stand we have designed in very + + align:start position:0% +stand we have designed in very + + + align:start position:0% +stand we have designed in very +lightweight compared to the solid sheet + + align:start position:0% +lightweight compared to the solid sheet + + + align:start position:0% +lightweight compared to the solid sheet +cavity thing and it has got greater + + align:start position:0% +cavity thing and it has got greater + + + align:start position:0% +cavity thing and it has got greater +stability and it can be put together + + align:start position:0% +stability and it can be put together + + + align:start position:0% +stability and it can be put together +pretty fast because it can be just B we + + align:start position:0% +pretty fast because it can be just B we + + + align:start position:0% +pretty fast because it can be just B we +need to B on that side and this we will + + align:start position:0% +need to B on that side and this we will + + + align:start position:0% +need to B on that side and this we will +need eight NS and balls and it can be as + + align:start position:0% +need eight NS and balls and it can be as + + + align:start position:0% +need eight NS and balls and it can be as +fast and since it is hollow and like air + + align:start position:0% +fast and since it is hollow and like air + + + align:start position:0% +fast and since it is hollow and like air +can pass easily so we can minimize the + + align:start position:0% +can pass easily so we can minimize the + + + align:start position:0% +can pass easily so we can minimize the +air resistance and also it's easy to + + align:start position:0% +air resistance and also it's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +air resistance and also it's easy to +make and Che some of the ne negative + + align:start position:0% +make and Che some of the ne negative + + + align:start position:0% +make and Che some of the ne negative +sides are we still couldn't figure out a + + align:start position:0% +sides are we still couldn't figure out a + + + align:start position:0% +sides are we still couldn't figure out a +way to make a y AIS varable so that we + + align:start position:0% +way to make a y AIS varable so that we + + + align:start position:0% +way to make a y AIS varable so that we +can change the cone which can be the + + align:start position:0% +can change the cone which can be the + + + align:start position:0% +can change the cone which can be the +horn which can be attached to that point + + align:start position:0% +horn which can be attached to that point + + + align:start position:0% +horn which can be attached to that point +so that we can cumate when desired like + + align:start position:0% +so that we can cumate when desired like + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can cumate when desired like +as we were talking about in the other + + align:start position:0% +as we were talking about in the other + + + align:start position:0% +as we were talking about in the other +part we can change the horn like we can + + align:start position:0% +part we can change the horn like we can + + + align:start position:0% +part we can change the horn like we can +change the position of the focal point + + align:start position:0% +change the position of the focal point + + + align:start position:0% +change the position of the focal point +that we can have different comination + + align:start position:0% +that we can have different comination + + + align:start position:0% +that we can have different comination +and we can figure out a way to do that + + align:start position:0% +and we can figure out a way to do that + + + align:start position:0% +and we can figure out a way to do that +and it's it has got an unstable weight + + align:start position:0% +and it's it has got an unstable weight + + + align:start position:0% +and it's it has got an unstable weight +distribution because this is 40 in and + + align:start position:0% +distribution because this is 40 in and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution because this is 40 in and +this is 63 in so if you place it it's + + align:start position:0% +this is 63 in so if you place it it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is 63 in so if you place it it's +just still + + align:start position:0% +just still + + + align:start position:0% +just still +unstable I don't know uh we had a plan + + align:start position:0% +unstable I don't know uh we had a plan + + + align:start position:0% +unstable I don't know uh we had a plan +of putting a diagonal bar over there but + + align:start position:0% +of putting a diagonal bar over there but + + + align:start position:0% +of putting a diagonal bar over there but +then we figured out like we have the + + align:start position:0% +then we figured out like we have the + + + align:start position:0% +then we figured out like we have the +dish and then we have the bar we can't + + align:start position:0% +dish and then we have the bar we can't + + + align:start position:0% +dish and then we have the bar we can't +actually put a diagonal part because you + + align:start position:0% +actually put a diagonal part because you + + + align:start position:0% +actually put a diagonal part because you +can have to go through the dish + + align:start position:0% +can have to go through the dish + + + align:start position:0% +can have to go through the dish +otherwise it's not un stable and if you + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's not un stable and if you + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's not un stable and if you +try something of this sort it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +try something of this sort it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +try something of this sort it doesn't +help much you have to have something + + align:start position:0% +help much you have to have something + + + align:start position:0% +help much you have to have something +around I guess it was 40 by 20 so it's + + align:start position:0% +around I guess it was 40 by 20 so it's + + + align:start position:0% +around I guess it was 40 by 20 so it's +this and + + align:start position:0% +this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and +but is so it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible okay next part was we to design + + align:start position:0% +possible okay next part was we to design + + + align:start position:0% +possible okay next part was we to design +a stand for the dish so we want to make + + align:start position:0% +a stand for the dish so we want to make + + + align:start position:0% +a stand for the dish so we want to make +a pass assemble so what we came up with + + align:start position:0% +a pass assemble so what we came up with + + + align:start position:0% +a pass assemble so what we came up with +was to have since the dish comes in four + + align:start position:0% +was to have since the dish comes in four + + + align:start position:0% +was to have since the dish comes in four +sections to have three legs per section + + align:start position:0% +sections to have three legs per section + + + align:start position:0% +sections to have three legs per section +so they can each stand on their own and + + align:start position:0% +so they can each stand on their own and + + + align:start position:0% +so they can each stand on their own and +then to assemble it we just simply carry + + align:start position:0% +then to assemble it we just simply carry + + + align:start position:0% +then to assemble it we just simply carry +each section in with legs already on set + + align:start position:0% +each section in with legs already on set + + + align:start position:0% +each section in with legs already on set +it up and both together done very + + align:start position:0% +it up and both together done very + + + align:start position:0% +it up and both together done very +quickly and very eff and also + + align:start position:0% +quickly and very eff and also + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and very eff and also +very another view of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay so we made a very very a slide + + align:start position:0% +it okay so we made a very very a slide + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so we made a very very a slide +of very very small num so you can't read + + align:start position:0% +of very very small num so you can't read + + + align:start position:0% +of very very small num so you can't read +them to the cost analysis because given + + align:start position:0% +them to the cost analysis because given + + + align:start position:0% +them to the cost analysis because given +the fact that we have to buy 11 magr we + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we have to buy 11 magr we + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we have to buy 11 magr we +have one the total price comes up to 17 + + align:start position:0% +have one the total price comes up to 17 + + + align:start position:0% +have one the total price comes up to 17 +well actually nearly + + align:start position:0% +well actually nearly + + + align:start position:0% +well actually nearly +$18,000 uh a lot of the money comes in + + align:start position:0% +$18,000 uh a lot of the money comes in + + + align:start position:0% +$18,000 uh a lot of the money comes in +in the microwave magnetrons are rather + + align:start position:0% +in the microwave magnetrons are rather + + + align:start position:0% +in the microwave magnetrons are rather +expensive and also all the beam + + align:start position:0% +expensive and also all the beam + + + align:start position:0% +expensive and also all the beam +combiners the wave gues the pure coupler + + align:start position:0% +combiners the wave gues the pure coupler + + + align:start position:0% +combiners the wave gues the pure coupler +all of that cost a lot of money the only + + align:start position:0% +all of that cost a lot of money the only + + + align:start position:0% +all of that cost a lot of money the only +very cheap part is the war because you + + align:start position:0% +very cheap part is the war because you + + + align:start position:0% +very cheap part is the war because you +can just make it out of nearly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everything so I promise you to show you + + align:start position:0% +everything so I promise you to show you + + + align:start position:0% +everything so I promise you to show you +requirements we would fre have achieved + + align:start position:0% +requirements we would fre have achieved + + + align:start position:0% +requirements we would fre have achieved +we haven't built anything for various + + align:start position:0% +we haven't built anything for various + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't built anything for various +reasons one of them is because ARA + + align:start position:0% +reasons one of them is because ARA + + + align:start position:0% +reasons one of them is because ARA +doesn't want to pay $8,000 others on + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to pay $8,000 others on + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't want to pay $8,000 others on +because we think there might be better + + align:start position:0% +because we think there might be better + + + align:start position:0% +because we think there might be better +Solutions and essentially out of the + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and essentially out of the + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and essentially out of the +requirements we have the ones we satisfy + + align:start position:0% +requirements we have the ones we satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +requirements we have the ones we satisfy +according to Theory are functional + + align:start position:0% +according to Theory are functional + + + align:start position:0% +according to Theory are functional +requirements and safety + + align:start position:0% +requirements and safety + + + align:start position:0% +requirements and safety +regulations rest law phys + + align:start position:0% +regulations rest law phys + + + align:start position:0% +regulations rest law phys +well the reason I need to Dem much is + + align:start position:0% +well the reason I need to Dem much is + + + align:start position:0% +well the reason I need to Dem much is +because I I don't think that we have + + align:start position:0% +because I I don't think that we have + + + align:start position:0% +because I I don't think that we have +modeled everything in console + + align:start position:0% +modeled everything in console + + + align:start position:0% +modeled everything in console +I just don't think it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work all right so these are the + + align:start position:0% +work all right so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +work all right so these are the +improvements that can still be done to + + align:start position:0% +improvements that can still be done to + + + align:start position:0% +improvements that can still be done to +our system one of them is polarization + + align:start position:0% +our system one of them is polarization + + + align:start position:0% +our system one of them is polarization +they Cann + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rel so polarization issue is that the + + align:start position:0% +Rel so polarization issue is that the + + + align:start position:0% +Rel so polarization issue is that the +main reason why we're not efficient is + + align:start position:0% +main reason why we're not efficient is + + + align:start position:0% +main reason why we're not efficient is +because we want polarized light when we + + align:start position:0% +because we want polarized light when we + + + align:start position:0% +because we want polarized light when we +started off we were trying to see + + align:start position:0% +started off we were trying to see + + + align:start position:0% +started off we were trying to see +whether we would put a so the team name + + align:start position:0% +whether we would put a so the team name + + + align:start position:0% +whether we would put a so the team name +is the na about Optics team we initially + + align:start position:0% +is the na about Optics team we initially + + + align:start position:0% +is the na about Optics team we initially +knew a little more about Optics than + + align:start position:0% +knew a little more about Optics than + + + align:start position:0% +knew a little more about Optics than +about radio stuff so we wanted to see + + align:start position:0% +about radio stuff so we wanted to see + + + align:start position:0% +about radio stuff so we wanted to see +whether we couldn't apply our Optics + + align:start position:0% +whether we couldn't apply our Optics + + + align:start position:0% +whether we couldn't apply our Optics +knowledge and the very very first thing + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and the very very first thing + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and the very very first thing +first thing we thought of was to try and + + align:start position:0% +first thing we thought of was to try and + + + align:start position:0% +first thing we thought of was to try and +beam up uh linearly polarize light or + + align:start position:0% +beam up uh linearly polarize light or + + + align:start position:0% +beam up uh linearly polarize light or +just uniz light and circularly polarize + + align:start position:0% +just uniz light and circularly polarize + + + align:start position:0% +just uniz light and circularly polarize +it at the rect by having what is called + + align:start position:0% +it at the rect by having what is called + + + align:start position:0% +it at the rect by having what is called +AEL R which is a form of cryst just in + + align:start position:0% +AEL R which is a form of cryst just in + + + align:start position:0% +AEL R which is a form of cryst just in +front of it and this would have probably + + align:start position:0% +front of it and this would have probably + + + align:start position:0% +front of it and this would have probably +helped l in the human power but as it + + align:start position:0% +helped l in the human power but as it + + + align:start position:0% +helped l in the human power but as it +turns out to be nobody does crystals or + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be nobody does crystals or + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be nobody does crystals or +microwave so we don't exactly know why + + align:start position:0% +microwave so we don't exactly know why + + + align:start position:0% +microwave so we don't exactly know why +nobody uses Optics everybody uses the + + align:start position:0% +nobody uses Optics everybody uses the + + + align:start position:0% +nobody uses Optics everybody uses the +radi fre know and don't have any + + align:start position:0% +radi fre know and don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +radi fre know and don't have any +information that now another thing we + + align:start position:0% +information that now another thing we + + + align:start position:0% +information that now another thing we +can change is what uh what we found out + + align:start position:0% +can change is what uh what we found out + + + align:start position:0% +can change is what uh what we found out +about on Tuesday we thought about + + align:start position:0% +about on Tuesday we thought about + + + align:start position:0% +about on Tuesday we thought about +designing an offset reflector dish we + + align:start position:0% +designing an offset reflector dish we + + + align:start position:0% +designing an offset reflector dish we +didn't do it because we we thought that + + align:start position:0% +didn't do it because we we thought that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't do it because we we thought that +um we would have to build a new dish we + + align:start position:0% +um we would have to build a new dish we + + + align:start position:0% +um we would have to build a new dish we +didn't know how to make a nice nice uh + + align:start position:0% +didn't know how to make a nice nice uh + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know how to make a nice nice uh +parabol it would probably help in + + align:start position:0% +parabol it would probably help in + + + align:start position:0% +parabol it would probably help in +blockage losses um anyway system has to + + align:start position:0% +blockage losses um anyway system has to + + + align:start position:0% +blockage losses um anyway system has to +be redesigned so this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +be redesigned so this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +be redesigned so this is going to be +another issue the third thing is + + align:start position:0% +another issue the third thing is + + + align:start position:0% +another issue the third thing is +software use conso is nice I think + + align:start position:0% +software use conso is nice I think + + + align:start position:0% +software use conso is nice I think +they're per better + + align:start position:0% +they're per better + + + align:start position:0% +they're per better +soft we could use model what we need we + + align:start position:0% +soft we could use model what we need we + + + align:start position:0% +soft we could use model what we need we +don't know them yet but I'm sure we can + + align:start position:0% +don't know them yet but I'm sure we can + + + align:start position:0% +don't know them yet but I'm sure we can +find them and um so the source itself we + + align:start position:0% +find them and um so the source itself we + + + align:start position:0% +find them and um so the source itself we +should actually look at what happens + + align:start position:0% +should actually look at what happens + + + align:start position:0% +should actually look at what happens +when we use helal antenna just to know + + align:start position:0% +when we use helal antenna just to know + + + align:start position:0% +when we use helal antenna just to know +because it might be nice be + + align:start position:0% +because it might be nice be + + + align:start position:0% +because it might be nice be +nice um yeah the rest is what I've + + align:start position:0% +nice um yeah the rest is what I've + + + align:start position:0% +nice um yeah the rest is what I've +already mentioned so beam directional + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned so beam directional + + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned so beam directional +loses and be itself small sence of + + align:start position:0% +loses and be itself small sence of + + + align:start position:0% +loses and be itself small sence of +understand so we can play more with the + + align:start position:0% +understand so we can play more with the + + + align:start position:0% +understand so we can play more with the +wigg wi structure to figure out the best + + align:start position:0% +wigg wi structure to figure out the best + + + align:start position:0% +wigg wi structure to figure out the best +angle at which the wi can be made so + + align:start position:0% +angle at which the wi can be made so + + + align:start position:0% +angle at which the wi can be made so +that is much more stable and I I really + + align:start position:0% +that is much more stable and I I really + + + align:start position:0% +that is much more stable and I I really +want to work more about stable weight + + align:start position:0% +want to work more about stable weight + + + align:start position:0% +want to work more about stable weight +distribution as I 40 by 63 is not good + + align:start position:0% +distribution as I 40 by 63 is not good + + + align:start position:0% +distribution as I 40 by 63 is not good +and improve stability by proper load + + align:start position:0% +and improve stability by proper load + + + align:start position:0% +and improve stability by proper load +distribution of the web guides and + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the web guides and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the web guides and +everything so we need more cosos + + align:start position:0% +everything so we need more cosos + + + align:start position:0% +everything so we need more cosos +analysis and fin figure it + + align:start position:0% +analysis and fin figure it + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and fin figure it +out okay so we have a recommendation for + + align:start position:0% +out okay so we have a recommendation for + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so we have a recommendation for +just in case um so the first thing is of + + align:start position:0% +just in case um so the first thing is of + + + align:start position:0% +just in case um so the first thing is of +course we had a lecture on on Tuesday we + + align:start position:0% +course we had a lecture on on Tuesday we + + + align:start position:0% +course we had a lecture on on Tuesday we +have to change a lot of things since + + align:start position:0% +have to change a lot of things since + + + align:start position:0% +have to change a lot of things since +lecture another thing is that we haven't + + align:start position:0% +lecture another thing is that we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +lecture another thing is that we haven't +done a analysis and this could be a very + + align:start position:0% +done a analysis and this could be a very + + + align:start position:0% +done a analysis and this could be a very +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +issue uh to do a thermal analysis you + + align:start position:0% +issue uh to do a thermal analysis you + + + align:start position:0% +issue uh to do a thermal analysis you +need a 3D model of anything we haven't + + align:start position:0% +need a 3D model of anything we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +need a 3D model of anything we haven't +we don't have a 3D model console + + align:start position:0% +we don't have a 3D model console + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have a 3D model console +probably going to have to make one p on + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have to make one p on + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have to make one p on +Console so it will be nice to buy + + align:start position:0% +Console so it will be nice to buy + + + align:start position:0% +Console so it will be nice to buy +console or or similar software console + + align:start position:0% +console or or similar software console + + + align:start position:0% +console or or similar software console +itself costs $2,000 it's probably not + + align:start position:0% +itself costs $2,000 it's probably not + + + align:start position:0% +itself costs $2,000 it's probably not +what you want to invest um and then a + + align:start position:0% +what you want to invest um and then a + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to invest um and then a +few other things it is very clear in in + + align:start position:0% +few other things it is very clear in in + + + align:start position:0% +few other things it is very clear in in +what we find in literature that what you + + align:start position:0% +what we find in literature that what you + + + align:start position:0% +what we find in literature that what you +design will not be what you get simply + + align:start position:0% +design will not be what you get simply + + + align:start position:0% +design will not be what you get simply +because there there a lot of changes + + align:start position:0% +because there there a lot of changes + + + align:start position:0% +because there there a lot of changes +apparently people who make microwave + + align:start position:0% +apparently people who make microwave + + + align:start position:0% +apparently people who make microwave +circuitry once the circuit is made they + + align:start position:0% +circuitry once the circuit is made they + + + align:start position:0% +circuitry once the circuit is made they +take a steel ball roll it in the circuit + + align:start position:0% +take a steel ball roll it in the circuit + + + align:start position:0% +take a steel ball roll it in the circuit +attach it to the magnet and whenever + + align:start position:0% +attach it to the magnet and whenever + + + align:start position:0% +attach it to the magnet and whenever +they see things go well they drill a b + + align:start position:0% +they see things go well they drill a b + + + align:start position:0% +they see things go well they drill a b +through the wave guides and add screws + + align:start position:0% +through the wave guides and add screws + + + align:start position:0% +through the wave guides and add screws +and this is just how it's done + + align:start position:0% +and this is just how it's done + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just how it's done +apparently in the past it was apparently + + align:start position:0% +apparently in the past it was apparently + + + align:start position:0% +apparently in the past it was apparently +done by coating uh Coes and silver and + + align:start position:0% +done by coating uh Coes and silver and + + + align:start position:0% +done by coating uh Coes and silver and +having the coer go through + + align:start position:0% +having the coer go through + + + align:start position:0% +having the coer go through +the the c um so essentially we need to + + align:start position:0% +the the c um so essentially we need to + + + align:start position:0% +the the c um so essentially we need to +have the design reviewed by um maybe + + align:start position:0% +have the design reviewed by um maybe + + + align:start position:0% +have the design reviewed by um maybe +this is a legend but I think they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we need to have the design review by + + align:start position:0% +we need to have the design review by + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have the design review by +somebody who hasn't followed us atual + + align:start position:0% +somebody who hasn't followed us atual + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who hasn't followed us atual +since the beginning just so that we have + + align:start position:0% +since the beginning just so that we have + + + align:start position:0% +since the beginning just so that we have +a fresh perspective and we need to test + + align:start position:0% +a fresh perspective and we need to test + + + align:start position:0% +a fresh perspective and we need to test +stuff one at a time not all up because + + align:start position:0% +stuff one at a time not all up because + + + align:start position:0% +stuff one at a time not all up because +it's not going to work how you + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to work how you + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to work how you +it so essentially what we've learned + + align:start position:0% +it so essentially what we've learned + + + align:start position:0% +it so essentially what we've learned +from all this is that it's very very + + align:start position:0% +from all this is that it's very very + + + align:start position:0% +from all this is that it's very very +nice to trust The Specialist and it's + + align:start position:0% +nice to trust The Specialist and it's + + + align:start position:0% +nice to trust The Specialist and it's +also very necessary to not trust them uh + + align:start position:0% +also very necessary to not trust them uh + + + align:start position:0% +also very necessary to not trust them uh +specialists in microwaves disagree about + + align:start position:0% +specialists in microwaves disagree about + + + align:start position:0% +specialists in microwaves disagree about +just what everything on internet and + + align:start position:0% +just what everything on internet and + + + align:start position:0% +just what everything on internet and +when you talk to them so you have to + + align:start position:0% +when you talk to them so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +when you talk to them so you have to +know who to follow and I don't really + + align:start position:0% +know who to follow and I don't really + + + align:start position:0% +know who to follow and I don't really +know who that is right now + + align:start position:0% +know who that is right now + + + align:start position:0% +know who that is right now +um another thing is that magnetron specs + + align:start position:0% +um another thing is that magnetron specs + + + align:start position:0% +um another thing is that magnetron specs +do not correspond to what is measured + + align:start position:0% +do not correspond to what is measured + + + align:start position:0% +do not correspond to what is measured +things like the waveline which comes out + + align:start position:0% +things like the waveline which comes out + + + align:start position:0% +things like the waveline which comes out +magnetron is not actually the B that + + align:start position:0% +magnetron is not actually the B that + + + align:start position:0% +magnetron is not actually the B that +they told us so we probably should have + + align:start position:0% +they told us so we probably should have + + + align:start position:0% +they told us so we probably should have +measured before designing + + align:start position:0% +measured before designing + + + align:start position:0% +measured before designing +um so when we were trying various + + align:start position:0% +um so when we were trying various + + + align:start position:0% +um so when we were trying various +designs in console itself it turns out + + align:start position:0% +designs in console itself it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +designs in console itself it turns out +that the simplest thing you do is always + + align:start position:0% +that the simplest thing you do is always + + + align:start position:0% +that the simplest thing you do is always +apparently the thing which works best + + align:start position:0% +apparently the thing which works best + + + align:start position:0% +apparently the thing which works best +anything we're trying to change Mak + + align:start position:0% +anything we're trying to change Mak + + + align:start position:0% +anything we're trying to change Mak +offset never work as well and um yeah + + align:start position:0% +offset never work as well and um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +offset never work as well and um yeah +the other two things are there's quite a + + align:start position:0% +the other two things are there's quite a + + + align:start position:0% +the other two things are there's quite a +lot to know about microwaves and what + + align:start position:0% +lot to know about microwaves and what + + + align:start position:0% +lot to know about microwaves and what +actually matters is very limited you + + align:start position:0% +actually matters is very limited you + + + align:start position:0% +actually matters is very limited you +don't know what that is is apparently + + align:start position:0% +don't know what that is is apparently + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what that is is apparently +people just as an example in a wave G + + align:start position:0% +people just as an example in a wave G + + + align:start position:0% +people just as an example in a wave G +you can have well there 12 standard + + align:start position:0% +you can have well there 12 standard + + + align:start position:0% +you can have well there 12 standard +modes of trans transmission only the + + align:start position:0% +modes of trans transmission only the + + + align:start position:0% +modes of trans transmission only the +first one matters this is something we + + align:start position:0% +first one matters this is something we + + + align:start position:0% +first one matters this is something we +didn't know until very late so problem + + align:start position:0% +didn't know until very late so problem + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know until very late so problem +is that the first one is rather simple + + align:start position:0% +is that the first one is rather simple + + + align:start position:0% +is that the first one is rather simple +the second one makes it difficult in + + align:start position:0% +the second one makes it difficult in + + + align:start position:0% +the second one makes it difficult in +math the third one makes it even more + + align:start position:0% +math the third one makes it even more + + + align:start position:0% +math the third one makes it even more +complicated math Etc which is why you + + align:start position:0% +complicated math Etc which is why you + + + align:start position:0% +complicated math Etc which is why you +can spend a lot of time doing things in + + align:start position:0% +can spend a lot of time doing things in + + + align:start position:0% +can spend a lot of time doing things in +theory which in yet you don't + + align:start position:0% +theory which in yet you don't + + + align:start position:0% +theory which in yet you don't +use and uh finally it's quite possible + + align:start position:0% +use and uh finally it's quite possible + + + align:start position:0% +use and uh finally it's quite possible +to do month but I think that it would + + align:start position:0% +to do month but I think that it would + + + align:start position:0% +to do month but I think that it would +have been better we were lot of us + + align:start position:0% +have been better we were lot of us + + + align:start position:0% +have been better we were lot of us +probably have + + align:start position:0% +probably have + + + align:start position:0% +probably have +that that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it I'm trying to understand the geometry + + align:start position:0% +it I'm trying to understand the geometry + + + align:start position:0% +it I'm trying to understand the geometry +the way you described it sound like the + + align:start position:0% +the way you described it sound like the + + + align:start position:0% +the way you described it sound like the +is supposed to go around the so and but + + align:start position:0% +is supposed to go around the so and but + + + align:start position:0% +is supposed to go around the so and but +then I mean rib runs to the center of + + align:start position:0% +then I mean rib runs to the center of + + + align:start position:0% +then I mean rib runs to the center of +the horn can't access it's not exactly + + align:start position:0% +the horn can't access it's not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +the horn can't access it's not exactly +so I I guess I didn't quite so the point + + align:start position:0% +so I I guess I didn't quite so the point + + + align:start position:0% +so I I guess I didn't quite so the point +is not exactly at Focus which is why we + + align:start position:0% +is not exactly at Focus which is why we + + + align:start position:0% +is not exactly at Focus which is why we +and so it's just off the uh ribbon + + align:start position:0% +and so it's just off the uh ribbon + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's just off the uh ribbon +itself and the reflections inside the + + align:start position:0% +itself and the reflections inside the + + + align:start position:0% +itself and the reflections inside the +dis was of being to actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +propagate um I have a really question I + + align:start position:0% +propagate um I have a really question I + + + align:start position:0% +propagate um I have a really question I +guess this is following up on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +guess this is following up on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +guess this is following up on Tuesday +this I notion that you have to have + + align:start position:0% +this I notion that you have to have + + + align:start position:0% +this I notion that you have to have +coherence that you have to have circular + + align:start position:0% +coherence that you have to have circular + + + align:start position:0% +coherence that you have to have circular +polarized light certainly true for our + + align:start position:0% +polarized light certainly true for our + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light certainly true for our +radar + + align:start position:0% +radar + + + align:start position:0% +radar +system but not for a power beinging + + align:start position:0% +system but not for a power beinging + + + align:start position:0% +system but not for a power beinging +system so it's necessary for the + + align:start position:0% +system so it's necessary for the + + + align:start position:0% +system so it's necessary for the +return that's that's what I'm not what I + + align:start position:0% +return that's that's what I'm not what I + + + align:start position:0% +return that's that's what I'm not what I +don't fully understand do you really + + align:start position:0% +don't fully understand do you really + + + align:start position:0% +don't fully understand do you really +mean cence or do you mean just be + + align:start position:0% +mean cence or do you mean just be + + + align:start position:0% +mean cence or do you mean just be +C is not the same it's coherence is like + + align:start position:0% +C is not the same it's coherence is like + + + align:start position:0% +C is not the same it's coherence is like +with a a + + align:start position:0% +with a a + + + align:start position:0% +with a a +Las what happens + + align:start position:0% +Las what happens + + + align:start position:0% +Las what happens +is if you just stick to magnetrons with + + align:start position:0% +is if you just stick to magnetrons with + + + align:start position:0% +is if you just stick to magnetrons with +a qu coupler together you're not going + + align:start position:0% +a qu coupler together you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +a qu coupler together you're not going +to get cly polarized F because the mag + + align:start position:0% +to get cly polarized F because the mag + + + align:start position:0% +to get cly polarized F because the mag +em stuff which is which has very strange + + align:start position:0% +em stuff which is which has very strange + + + align:start position:0% +em stuff which is which has very strange +signals so the first thing you want to + + align:start position:0% +signals so the first thing you want to + + + align:start position:0% +signals so the first thing you want to +have is a pure flat linearly polarized + + align:start position:0% +have is a pure flat linearly polarized + + + align:start position:0% +have is a pure flat linearly polarized +signal before you can actually setly + + align:start position:0% +signal before you can actually setly + + + align:start position:0% +signal before you can actually setly +polariz it this is what you have to get + + align:start position:0% +polariz it this is what you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +polariz it this is what you have to get +out of the magnone first this is where + + align:start position:0% +out of the magnone first this is where + + + align:start position:0% +out of the magnone first this is where +we luse + + align:start position:0% +we luse + + + align:start position:0% +we luse +energy but you could have two orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +energy but you could have two orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +energy but you could have two orthogonal +polarizations oral linear polarizations + + align:start position:0% +polarizations oral linear polarizations + + + align:start position:0% +polarizations oral linear polarizations +that are not coherent this is true this + + align:start position:0% +that are not coherent this is true this + + + align:start position:0% +that are not coherent this is true this +will change the antenna itself not so it + + align:start position:0% +will change the antenna itself not so it + + + align:start position:0% +will change the antenna itself not so it +will certainly help quite a lot with be + + align:start position:0% +will certainly help quite a lot with be + + + align:start position:0% +will certainly help quite a lot with be +we would probably increase efficiency by + + align:start position:0% +we would probably increase efficiency by + + + align:start position:0% +we would probably increase efficiency by +a FR of 10 perhaps at least seven I'd + + align:start position:0% +a FR of 10 perhaps at least seven I'd + + + align:start position:0% +a FR of 10 perhaps at least seven I'd +say but the rect design itself as it as + + align:start position:0% +say but the rect design itself as it as + + + align:start position:0% +say but the rect design itself as it as +it was when we started so this was a + + align:start position:0% +it was when we started so this was a + + + align:start position:0% +it was when we started so this was a +constraint we had acquired C so this was + + align:start position:0% +constraint we had acquired C so this was + + + align:start position:0% +constraint we had acquired C so this was +an initial constraint but + + align:start position:0% +an initial constraint but + + + align:start position:0% +an initial constraint but +not the + + align:start position:0% +not the + + + align:start position:0% +not the +potentially the new + + align:start position:0% +potentially the new + + + align:start position:0% +potentially the new +oneing my hand dual + + align:start position:0% +oneing my hand dual + + + align:start position:0% +oneing my hand dual +polarization so if you went not non + + align:start position:0% +polarization so if you went not non + + + align:start position:0% +polarization so if you went not non +polarized light well actually linearly + + align:start position:0% +polarized light well actually linearly + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light well actually linearly +polarized light into per is exactly what + + align:start position:0% +polarized light into per is exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +polarized light into per is exactly what +come now would that if that were + + align:start position:0% +come now would that if that were + + + align:start position:0% +come now would that if that were +possible would that drop the number of + + align:start position:0% +possible would that drop the number of + + + align:start position:0% +possible would that drop the number of +magron yes so I I started I don't know + + align:start position:0% +magron yes so I I started I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +magron yes so I I started I don't know +if I can show them down sorry I'm not + + align:start position:0% +if I can show them down sorry I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +if I can show them down sorry I'm not +using the right us I've started doing + + align:start position:0% +using the right us I've started doing + + + align:start position:0% +using the right us I've started doing +simulations in console what I have is + + align:start position:0% +simulations in console what I have is + + + align:start position:0% +simulations in console what I have is +two so wave GS if they're circular + + align:start position:0% +two so wave GS if they're circular + + + align:start position:0% +two so wave GS if they're circular +they're nice which is what we have + + align:start position:0% +they're nice which is what we have + + + align:start position:0% +they're nice which is what we have +they're nice for um CC poiz ni if + + align:start position:0% +they're nice for um CC poiz ni if + + + align:start position:0% +they're nice for um CC poiz ni if +they're rectangular they're cheaper + + align:start position:0% +they're rectangular they're cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +they're rectangular they're cheaper +which is a good thing but they're only + + align:start position:0% +which is a good thing but they're only + + + align:start position:0% +which is a good thing but they're only +good for + + align:start position:0% +good for + + + align:start position:0% +good for +linear well no they're only good for + + align:start position:0% +linear well no they're only good for + + + align:start position:0% +linear well no they're only good for +light which has um the electric field in + + align:start position:0% +light which has um the electric field in + + + align:start position:0% +light which has um the electric field in +One Direction the Ware itself is + + align:start position:0% +One Direction the Ware itself is + + + align:start position:0% +One Direction the Ware itself is +rectangular so the electric field and + + align:start position:0% +rectangular so the electric field and + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular so the electric field and +magnetic field has to be specifically + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field has to be specifically + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field has to be specifically +along the lines which means that we + + align:start position:0% +along the lines which means that we + + + align:start position:0% +along the lines which means that we +would have to have two separate systems + + align:start position:0% +would have to have two separate systems + + + align:start position:0% +would have to have two separate systems +if we wanted two directions of + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted two directions of + + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted two directions of +polarization and so what I've done is I + + align:start position:0% +polarization and so what I've done is I + + + align:start position:0% +polarization and so what I've done is I +have taken two magnons as we have them + + align:start position:0% +have taken two magnons as we have them + + + align:start position:0% +have taken two magnons as we have them +now run them from near the same things + + align:start position:0% +now run them from near the same things + + + align:start position:0% +now run them from near the same things +but just make the dishes a little + + align:start position:0% +but just make the dishes a little + + + align:start position:0% +but just make the dishes a little +different and we have much less I need + + align:start position:0% +different and we have much less I need + + + align:start position:0% +different and we have much less I need +four micr but I'm sure we + + align:start position:0% +four micr but I'm sure we + + + align:start position:0% +four micr but I'm sure we +can um B with that you said when you + + align:start position:0% +can um B with that you said when you + + + align:start position:0% +can um B with that you said when you +have a coupl but you don't have Cent uh + + align:start position:0% +have a coupl but you don't have Cent uh + + + align:start position:0% +have a coupl but you don't have Cent uh +the nearly + + align:start position:0% +the nearly + + + align:start position:0% +the nearly +polarized microwave is going do it then + + align:start position:0% +polarized microwave is going do it then + + + align:start position:0% +polarized microwave is going do it then +you don't get poiz + + align:start position:0% +you don't get poiz + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get poiz +radiation should it just be uh two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oral nearly it's just I to be honest I + + align:start position:0% +oral nearly it's just I to be honest I + + + align:start position:0% +oral nearly it's just I to be honest I +don't fly understand how cap works it's + + align:start position:0% +don't fly understand how cap works it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't fly understand how cap works it's +not it's more than just the wave um + + align:start position:0% +not it's more than just the wave um + + + align:start position:0% +not it's more than just the wave um +wavel issue because you're as you saw qu + + align:start position:0% +wavel issue because you're as you saw qu + + + align:start position:0% +wavel issue because you're as you saw qu +is a rectangular thing and you're coming + + align:start position:0% +is a rectangular thing and you're coming + + + align:start position:0% +is a rectangular thing and you're coming +out with the circular right uh beam so + + align:start position:0% +out with the circular right uh beam so + + + align:start position:0% +out with the circular right uh beam so +there's a little more to it than that + + align:start position:0% +there's a little more to it than that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little more to it than that +and what happens when you just put two + + align:start position:0% +and what happens when you just put two + + + align:start position:0% +and what happens when you just put two +signals which aren't appropriate for the + + align:start position:0% +signals which aren't appropriate for the + + + align:start position:0% +signals which aren't appropriate for the +fin cter is you get sign pump which is + + align:start position:0% +fin cter is you get sign pump which is + + + align:start position:0% +fin cter is you get sign pump which is +um still decoherent decent de but you + + align:start position:0% +um still decoherent decent de but you + + + align:start position:0% +um still decoherent decent de but you +don't need a dual polarization set up to + + align:start position:0% +don't need a dual polarization set up to + + + align:start position:0% +don't need a dual polarization set up to +be C here I think well don't need my + + align:start position:0% +be C here I think well don't need my + + + align:start position:0% +be C here I think well don't need my +understanding was qu qu just push 90° + + align:start position:0% +understanding was qu qu just push 90° + + + align:start position:0% +understanding was qu qu just push 90° +and gives the offset so you want inse + + align:start position:0% +and gives the offset so you want inse + + + align:start position:0% +and gives the offset so you want inse +radiation going in so it'll come out c + + align:start position:0% +radiation going in so it'll come out c + + + align:start position:0% +radiation going in so it'll come out c +yeah but if you just put it in as a big + + align:start position:0% +yeah but if you just put it in as a big + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but if you just put it in as a big +mess that is linear in one direction + + align:start position:0% +mess that is linear in one direction + + + align:start position:0% +mess that is linear in one direction +should you just get out two that arear + + align:start position:0% +should you just get out two that arear + + + align:start position:0% +should you just get out two that arear +peric one + + align:start position:0% +peric one + + + align:start position:0% +peric one +another I mean maybe we both think about + + align:start position:0% +another I mean maybe we both think about + + + align:start position:0% +another I mean maybe we both think about +yeah I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not thas so I'm also very naive about + + align:start position:0% +not thas so I'm also very naive about + + + align:start position:0% +not thas so I'm also very naive about +Optics but I just wondered what you + + align:start position:0% +Optics but I just wondered what you + + + align:start position:0% +Optics but I just wondered what you +found out about ilal antennas CU I I + + align:start position:0% +found out about ilal antennas CU I I + + + align:start position:0% +found out about ilal antennas CU I I +have seen circularly + + align:start position:0% +have seen circularly + + + align:start position:0% +have seen circularly +polarized generated like ilal antennas + + align:start position:0% +polarized generated like ilal antennas + + + align:start position:0% +polarized generated like ilal antennas +but I haven't seen it done using the + + align:start position:0% +but I haven't seen it done using the + + + align:start position:0% +but I haven't seen it done using the +scheme that you're using okay so if if + + align:start position:0% +scheme that you're using okay so if if + + + align:start position:0% +scheme that you're using okay so if if +we have the ciz anten then we just + + align:start position:0% +we have the ciz anten then we just + + + align:start position:0% +we have the ciz anten then we just +remove everything and the dish itself is + + align:start position:0% +remove everything and the dish itself is + + + align:start position:0% +remove everything and the dish itself is +replaced + + align:start position:0% +replaced + + + align:start position:0% +replaced +by maps of circuit sorry helical + + align:start position:0% +by maps of circuit sorry helical + + + align:start position:0% +by maps of circuit sorry helical +antennas and this will beam up directly + + align:start position:0% +antennas and this will beam up directly + + + align:start position:0% +antennas and this will beam up directly +CC polarizing light so the question is + + align:start position:0% +CC polarizing light so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +CC polarizing light so the question is +can we make it efficient this is what we + + align:start position:0% +can we make it efficient this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +can we make it efficient this is what we +don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know okay thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/b_lgH_ZnCmg.txt b/b_lgH_ZnCmg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..658d1a2c8a00f4e8846e55879f5a1babb35ddfd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/b_lgH_ZnCmg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6651 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so now we're going to +change gears entirely and talk about + + align:start position:0% +change gears entirely and talk about + + + align:start position:0% +change gears entirely and talk about +cancer and to put you in the mood talk + + align:start position:0% +cancer and to put you in the mood talk + + + align:start position:0% +cancer and to put you in the mood talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +cancer uh I'm going to show you a video + + align:start position:0% +cancer uh I'm going to show you a video + + + align:start position:0% +cancer uh I'm going to show you a video +which we actually + + align:start position:0% +which we actually + + + align:start position:0% +which we actually +produced um last year for the American + + align:start position:0% +produced um last year for the American + + + align:start position:0% +produced um last year for the American +Association for cancer research annual + + align:start position:0% +Association for cancer research annual + + + align:start position:0% +Association for cancer research annual +meeting to uh open up that meeting + + align:start position:0% +meeting to uh open up that meeting + + + align:start position:0% +meeting to uh open up that meeting +actually hopefully there's sound guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +upstairs + + align:start position:0% +upstairs + + + align:start position:0% +upstairs +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B + + align:start position:0% +B + + + align:start position:0% +B +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +w + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hopefully you're + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you're +inspired that uh video is on YouTube if + + align:start position:0% +inspired that uh video is on YouTube if + + + align:start position:0% +inspired that uh video is on YouTube if +you want to watch it again it's got + + align:start position:0% +you want to watch it again it's got + + + align:start position:0% +you want to watch it again it's got +15,000 hits not exactly viral but still + + align:start position:0% +15,000 hits not exactly viral but still + + + align:start position:0% +15,000 hits not exactly viral but still +pretty good pretty good for cancer + + align:start position:0% +pretty good pretty good for cancer + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good pretty good for cancer +research video um and the video really + + align:start position:0% +research video um and the video really + + + align:start position:0% +research video um and the video really +was to kind of get people excited about + + align:start position:0% +was to kind of get people excited about + + + align:start position:0% +was to kind of get people excited about +both the progress that's been made and + + align:start position:0% +both the progress that's been made and + + + align:start position:0% +both the progress that's been made and +the opportunity that exists but also + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity that exists but also + + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity that exists but also +some of the great challenges that were + + align:start position:0% +some of the great challenges that were + + + align:start position:0% +some of the great challenges that were +referred to in some of those facts and + + align:start position:0% +referred to in some of those facts and + + + align:start position:0% +referred to in some of those facts and +figures that you saw there so I want to + + align:start position:0% +figures that you saw there so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +figures that you saw there so I want to +review some of that with you and give + + align:start position:0% +review some of that with you and give + + + align:start position:0% +review some of that with you and give +you a sense of what we're doing to uh + + align:start position:0% +you a sense of what we're doing to uh + + + align:start position:0% +you a sense of what we're doing to uh +improve our progress accelerate our + + align:start position:0% +improve our progress accelerate our + + + align:start position:0% +improve our progress accelerate our +progress and the bottom line is I'm + + align:start position:0% +progress and the bottom line is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +progress and the bottom line is I'm +actually extremely excited about the + + align:start position:0% +actually extremely excited about the + + + align:start position:0% +actually extremely excited about the +potential that we'll have over the next + + align:start position:0% +potential that we'll have over the next + + + align:start position:0% +potential that we'll have over the next +decade or two in really changing the + + align:start position:0% +decade or two in really changing the + + + align:start position:0% +decade or two in really changing the +course of some of those numbers that you + + align:start position:0% +course of some of those numbers that you + + + align:start position:0% +course of some of those numbers that you +saw + + align:start position:0% +saw + + + align:start position:0% +saw +there but just to remind you of the + + align:start position:0% +there but just to remind you of the + + + align:start position:0% +there but just to remind you of the +severity of the problem um when we + + align:start position:0% +severity of the problem um when we + + + align:start position:0% +severity of the problem um when we +consider the statistics regarding cancer + + align:start position:0% +consider the statistics regarding cancer + + + align:start position:0% +consider the statistics regarding cancer +in the United States uh in the United + + align:start position:0% +in the United States uh in the United + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States uh in the United +States over the next year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there'll be about + + align:start position:0% +there'll be about + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be about +1.4 million new cases in the United + + align:start position:0% +1.4 million new cases in the United + + + align:start position:0% +1.4 million new cases in the United +States um that does not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +include Common forms of skin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cancer uh squamous cell skin cancer + + align:start position:0% +cancer uh squamous cell skin cancer + + + align:start position:0% +cancer uh squamous cell skin cancer +basis basil cell skin cancer um + + align:start position:0% +basis basil cell skin cancer um + + + align:start position:0% +basis basil cell skin cancer um +contribute another million cases so it's + + align:start position:0% +contribute another million cases so it's + + + align:start position:0% +contribute another million cases so it's +a very very common disease very commonly + + align:start position:0% +a very very common disease very commonly + + + align:start position:0% +a very very common disease very commonly +diagnosed in this country and indeed + + align:start position:0% +diagnosed in this country and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosed in this country and indeed +around the world uh again just + + align:start position:0% +around the world uh again just + + + align:start position:0% +around the world uh again just +considering the next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +year it's estimated that there'll be + + align:start position:0% +year it's estimated that there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +year it's estimated that there'll be +about a thou uh 560,000 + + align:start position:0% +about a thou uh 560,000 + + + align:start position:0% +about a thou uh 560,000 +deaths in the United States due to + + align:start position:0% +deaths in the United States due to + + + align:start position:0% +deaths in the United States due to +cancer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and about 8 million in the world and + + align:start position:0% +uh and about 8 million in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and about 8 million in the world and +you might have seen the statistic that + + align:start position:0% +you might have seen the statistic that + + + align:start position:0% +you might have seen the statistic that +more people die in the world of cancer + + align:start position:0% +more people die in the world of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +more people die in the world of cancer +per year than of malaria TB or HIV AIDS + + align:start position:0% +per year than of malaria TB or HIV AIDS + + + align:start position:0% +per year than of malaria TB or HIV AIDS +combined so very very common very very + + align:start position:0% +combined so very very common very very + + + align:start position:0% +combined so very very common very very +deadly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disease + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +country the lifetime risk of developing + + align:start position:0% +country the lifetime risk of developing + + + align:start position:0% +country the lifetime risk of developing +cancer is one in two for men one in + + align:start position:0% +cancer is one in two for men one in + + + align:start position:0% +cancer is one in two for men one in +three for women based on current + + align:start position:0% +three for women based on current + + + align:start position:0% +three for women based on current +statistics again hopefully by the time + + align:start position:0% +statistics again hopefully by the time + + + align:start position:0% +statistics again hopefully by the time +you guys are old and cancer typically is + + align:start position:0% +you guys are old and cancer typically is + + + align:start position:0% +you guys are old and cancer typically is +a disease of older people these + + align:start position:0% +a disease of older people these + + + align:start position:0% +a disease of older people these +statistics will change U but that's what + + align:start position:0% +statistics will change U but that's what + + + align:start position:0% +statistics will change U but that's what +they are now so if they don't change + + align:start position:0% +they are now so if they don't change + + + align:start position:0% +they are now so if they don't change +then a large number of you sitting here + + align:start position:0% +then a large number of you sitting here + + + align:start position:0% +then a large number of you sitting here +uh will experience this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagnosis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and by current statistics one in four + + align:start position:0% +and by current statistics one in four + + + align:start position:0% +and by current statistics one in four +deaths are due to cancer cancer has + + align:start position:0% +deaths are due to cancer cancer has + + + align:start position:0% +deaths are due to cancer cancer has +recently bypassed cardiovascular disease + + align:start position:0% +recently bypassed cardiovascular disease + + + align:start position:0% +recently bypassed cardiovascular disease +as the leading cause of death in the + + align:start position:0% +as the leading cause of death in the + + + align:start position:0% +as the leading cause of death in the +United States cardiovascular disease + + align:start position:0% +United States cardiovascular disease + + + align:start position:0% +United States cardiovascular disease +rates have dropped + + align:start position:0% +rates have dropped + + + align:start position:0% +rates have dropped +precipitously cancer rates have dropped + + align:start position:0% +precipitously cancer rates have dropped + + + align:start position:0% +precipitously cancer rates have dropped +less significantly although they are + + align:start position:0% +less significantly although they are + + + align:start position:0% +less significantly although they are +coming down also the population is aging + + align:start position:0% +coming down also the population is aging + + + align:start position:0% +coming down also the population is aging +and cancer tends to be a disease of + + align:start position:0% +and cancer tends to be a disease of + + + align:start position:0% +and cancer tends to be a disease of +older people so the demographics also + + align:start position:0% +older people so the demographics also + + + align:start position:0% +older people so the demographics also +increase the numbers of people who are + + align:start position:0% +increase the numbers of people who are + + + align:start position:0% +increase the numbers of people who are +dying from this disease so a major + + align:start position:0% +dying from this disease so a major + + + align:start position:0% +dying from this disease so a major +problem but also think of it as a major + + align:start position:0% +problem but also think of it as a major + + + align:start position:0% +problem but also think of it as a major +opportunity uh to do something really + + align:start position:0% +opportunity uh to do something really + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity uh to do something really +important uh if you choose to get into + + align:start position:0% +important uh if you choose to get into + + + align:start position:0% +important uh if you choose to get into +this field so cancer I think is familiar + + align:start position:0% +this field so cancer I think is familiar + + + align:start position:0% +this field so cancer I think is familiar +to everybody uh on one level or another + + align:start position:0% +to everybody uh on one level or another + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody uh on one level or another +but you might not have seen the disease + + align:start position:0% +but you might not have seen the disease + + + align:start position:0% +but you might not have seen the disease +up close I hope that you haven't um but + + align:start position:0% +up close I hope that you haven't um but + + + align:start position:0% +up close I hope that you haven't um but +I want to teach you a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +I want to teach you a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +I want to teach you a little bit about +what it looks like uh and really what + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like uh and really what + + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like uh and really what +are some of the fundamental definitions + + align:start position:0% +are some of the fundamental definitions + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the fundamental definitions +so lung cancer uh a very common commonly + + align:start position:0% +so lung cancer uh a very common commonly + + + align:start position:0% +so lung cancer uh a very common commonly +diagnosed cancer in this country we'll + + align:start position:0% +diagnosed cancer in this country we'll + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosed cancer in this country we'll +talk more about it in a minute is + + align:start position:0% +talk more about it in a minute is + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about it in a minute is +diagnosed either by a chest x-ray + + align:start position:0% +diagnosed either by a chest x-ray + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosed either by a chest x-ray +following symptoms uh and you can see + + align:start position:0% +following symptoms uh and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +following symptoms uh and you can see +perhaps Al the light isn't great here + + align:start position:0% +perhaps Al the light isn't great here + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps Al the light isn't great here +that there's a dark Mass right here and + + align:start position:0% +that there's a dark Mass right here and + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a dark Mass right here and +this dark Mass indicates the presence of + + align:start position:0% +this dark Mass indicates the presence of + + + align:start position:0% +this dark Mass indicates the presence of +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +tumor um a more refined diagnosis can be + + align:start position:0% +tumor um a more refined diagnosis can be + + + align:start position:0% +tumor um a more refined diagnosis can be +done by uh basically serial x-rays + + align:start position:0% +done by uh basically serial x-rays + + + align:start position:0% +done by uh basically serial x-rays +commuted tomography and you can see this + + align:start position:0% +commuted tomography and you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +commuted tomography and you can see this +very clearly defined Mass growing in the + + align:start position:0% +very clearly defined Mass growing in the + + + align:start position:0% +very clearly defined Mass growing in the +lung of the individual cancer is an + + align:start position:0% +lung of the individual cancer is an + + + align:start position:0% +lung of the individual cancer is an +accumulation of cells an abnormal number + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of cells an abnormal number + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of cells an abnormal number +of cells within a tissue and you can see + + align:start position:0% +of cells within a tissue and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +of cells within a tissue and you can see +that solid tumor here and + + align:start position:0% +that solid tumor here and + + + align:start position:0% +that solid tumor here and +here you can also see cancers in the + + align:start position:0% +here you can also see cancers in the + + + align:start position:0% +here you can also see cancers in the +blood uh again an abnormal number of + + align:start position:0% +blood uh again an abnormal number of + + + align:start position:0% +blood uh again an abnormal number of +cells within the blood a leukemia this + + align:start position:0% +cells within the blood a leukemia this + + + align:start position:0% +cells within the blood a leukemia this +is a normal blood smear here are red + + align:start position:0% +is a normal blood smear here are red + + + align:start position:0% +is a normal blood smear here are red +blood cells and here's a normal number + + align:start position:0% +blood cells and here's a normal number + + + align:start position:0% +blood cells and here's a normal number +of white blood cells you might be these + + align:start position:0% +of white blood cells you might be these + + + align:start position:0% +of white blood cells you might be these +might be B cells these might be um + + align:start position:0% +might be B cells these might be um + + + align:start position:0% +might be B cells these might be um +neutrophils and you can see an + + align:start position:0% +neutrophils and you can see an + + + align:start position:0% +neutrophils and you can see an +accumulation of these nucleated white + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of these nucleated white + + + align:start position:0% +accumulation of these nucleated white +blood cells in this leukemic patient uh + + align:start position:0% +blood cells in this leukemic patient uh + + + align:start position:0% +blood cells in this leukemic patient uh +thousands hundreds of thousands more of + + align:start position:0% +thousands hundreds of thousands more of + + + align:start position:0% +thousands hundreds of thousands more of +these cells than should be present + + align:start position:0% +these cells than should be present + + + align:start position:0% +these cells than should be present +within this blood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sample this is colon cancer uh colon + + align:start position:0% +sample this is colon cancer uh colon + + + align:start position:0% +sample this is colon cancer uh colon +cancer as you probably know can be + + align:start position:0% +cancer as you probably know can be + + + align:start position:0% +cancer as you probably know can be +detected by colonoscopy a very important + + align:start position:0% +detected by colonoscopy a very important + + + align:start position:0% +detected by colonoscopy a very important +diagnostic test preventative test where + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic test preventative test where + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic test preventative test where +you can actually see the lining of the + + align:start position:0% +you can actually see the lining of the + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually see the lining of the +colon and this is a normal uh section of + + align:start position:0% +colon and this is a normal uh section of + + + align:start position:0% +colon and this is a normal uh section of +colonic epithelium and here's a tumor + + align:start position:0% +colonic epithelium and here's a tumor + + + align:start position:0% +colonic epithelium and here's a tumor +developing it's called a pop this is a + + align:start position:0% +developing it's called a pop this is a + + + align:start position:0% +developing it's called a pop this is a +early early stage + + align:start position:0% +early early stage + + + align:start position:0% +early early stage +precancerous tumor we'll talk more about + + align:start position:0% +precancerous tumor we'll talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +precancerous tumor we'll talk more about +the details of that in a second um if + + align:start position:0% +the details of that in a second um if + + + align:start position:0% +the details of that in a second um if +this is diagnosed during endoscopy + + align:start position:0% +this is diagnosed during endoscopy + + + align:start position:0% +this is diagnosed during endoscopy +they're actually removed right during + + align:start position:0% +they're actually removed right during + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually removed right during +the procedure and this is very important + + align:start position:0% +the procedure and this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure and this is very important +to prevent those tumors from progressing + + align:start position:0% +to prevent those tumors from progressing + + + align:start position:0% +to prevent those tumors from progressing +ing further into true cancer and + + align:start position:0% +ing further into true cancer and + + + align:start position:0% +ing further into true cancer and +actually colon cancer rates have dropped + + align:start position:0% +actually colon cancer rates have dropped + + + align:start position:0% +actually colon cancer rates have dropped +significantly because of this test when + + align:start position:0% +significantly because of this test when + + + align:start position:0% +significantly because of this test when +these lesions are discovered they are + + align:start position:0% +these lesions are discovered they are + + + align:start position:0% +these lesions are discovered they are +removed and therefore they can't + + align:start position:0% +removed and therefore they can't + + + align:start position:0% +removed and therefore they can't +progress into true colon + + align:start position:0% +progress into true colon + + + align:start position:0% +progress into true colon +cancer however sometimes you see this uh + + align:start position:0% +cancer however sometimes you see this uh + + + align:start position:0% +cancer however sometimes you see this uh +and this is a tumor that has progressed + + align:start position:0% +and this is a tumor that has progressed + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a tumor that has progressed +further it's divided more it's taken on + + align:start position:0% +further it's divided more it's taken on + + + align:start position:0% +further it's divided more it's taken on +additional abnormal properties and + + align:start position:0% +additional abnormal properties and + + + align:start position:0% +additional abnormal properties and +actually moved through the wall of the + + align:start position:0% +actually moved through the wall of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually moved through the wall of the +colon and is beginning to spread + + align:start position:0% +colon and is beginning to spread + + + align:start position:0% +colon and is beginning to spread +throughout the body this is true cancer + + align:start position:0% +throughout the body this is true cancer + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the body this is true cancer +and much much harder to treat not + + align:start position:0% +and much much harder to treat not + + + align:start position:0% +and much much harder to treat not +impossible but much harder to treat when + + align:start position:0% +impossible but much harder to treat when + + + align:start position:0% +impossible but much harder to treat when +this is discovered you can't just remove + + align:start position:0% +this is discovered you can't just remove + + + align:start position:0% +this is discovered you can't just remove +the specific lesion you have to have + + align:start position:0% +the specific lesion you have to have + + + align:start position:0% +the specific lesion you have to have +surgery um and a section of the colon is + + align:start position:0% +surgery um and a section of the colon is + + + align:start position:0% +surgery um and a section of the colon is +removed to take out the tumor in the + + align:start position:0% +removed to take out the tumor in the + + + align:start position:0% +removed to take out the tumor in the +hope that that will get rid of the + + align:start position:0% +hope that that will get rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +hope that that will get rid of the +disease entirely but the concern is in + + align:start position:0% +disease entirely but the concern is in + + + align:start position:0% +disease entirely but the concern is in +this situation that the disease cells + + align:start position:0% +this situation that the disease cells + + + align:start position:0% +this situation that the disease cells +might have moved out into the body in + + align:start position:0% +might have moved out into the body in + + + align:start position:0% +might have moved out into the body in +the process of + + align:start position:0% +the process of + + + align:start position:0% +the process of +metastasis um which will make the + + align:start position:0% +metastasis um which will make the + + + align:start position:0% +metastasis um which will make the +disease much more difficult to + + align:start position:0% +disease much more difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +disease much more difficult to +treat okay so I've given given you some + + align:start position:0% +treat okay so I've given given you some + + + align:start position:0% +treat okay so I've given given you some +terminology there + + align:start position:0% +terminology there + + + align:start position:0% +terminology there +um let me just explain some of it in + + align:start position:0% +um let me just explain some of it in + + + align:start position:0% +um let me just explain some of it in +Greater + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detail actually before I do that let me + + align:start position:0% +detail actually before I do that let me + + + align:start position:0% +detail actually before I do that let me +show you one more couple of slides so as + + align:start position:0% +show you one more couple of slides so as + + + align:start position:0% +show you one more couple of slides so as +indicated on that slide cancer develops + + align:start position:0% +indicated on that slide cancer develops + + + align:start position:0% +indicated on that slide cancer develops +in stages from normal cells through the + + align:start position:0% +in stages from normal cells through the + + + align:start position:0% +in stages from normal cells through the +development of a benign precancerous + + align:start position:0% +development of a benign precancerous + + + align:start position:0% +development of a benign precancerous +lesion finally to the development of + + align:start position:0% +lesion finally to the development of + + + align:start position:0% +lesion finally to the development of +true cancer and we you can depict that + + align:start position:0% +true cancer and we you can depict that + + + align:start position:0% +true cancer and we you can depict that +graphically uh as shown here this is a + + align:start position:0% +graphically uh as shown here this is a + + + align:start position:0% +graphically uh as shown here this is a +normal tissue here are normal cells + + align:start position:0% +normal tissue here are normal cells + + + align:start position:0% +normal tissue here are normal cells +these might be epithelial cells lining + + align:start position:0% +these might be epithelial cells lining + + + align:start position:0% +these might be epithelial cells lining +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +intestine uh those cells sit on top of a + + align:start position:0% +intestine uh those cells sit on top of a + + + align:start position:0% +intestine uh those cells sit on top of a +basement membrane made of extracellular + + align:start position:0% +basement membrane made of extracellular + + + align:start position:0% +basement membrane made of extracellular +Matrix proteins um which provide them + + align:start position:0% +Matrix proteins um which provide them + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix proteins um which provide them +structure and some function there might + + align:start position:0% +structure and some function there might + + + align:start position:0% +structure and some function there might +be other cells present in this region + + align:start position:0% +be other cells present in this region + + + align:start position:0% +be other cells present in this region +stem cells or progenitor cells which + + align:start position:0% +stem cells or progenitor cells which + + + align:start position:0% +stem cells or progenitor cells which +will replenish those differentiated + + align:start position:0% +will replenish those differentiated + + + align:start position:0% +will replenish those differentiated +cells as they're sloughed off and + + align:start position:0% +cells as they're sloughed off and + + + align:start position:0% +cells as they're sloughed off and +die these cells can acquire alterations + + align:start position:0% +die these cells can acquire alterations + + + align:start position:0% +die these cells can acquire alterations +and we'll discuss this in great detail + + align:start position:0% +and we'll discuss this in great detail + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll discuss this in great detail +today and next time alterations in their + + align:start position:0% +today and next time alterations in their + + + align:start position:0% +today and next time alterations in their +genes which allow those cells to do + + align:start position:0% +genes which allow those cells to do + + + align:start position:0% +genes which allow those cells to do +things they shouldn't do namely to + + align:start position:0% +things they shouldn't do namely to + + + align:start position:0% +things they shouldn't do namely to +proliferate abnormally so rather than + + align:start position:0% +proliferate abnormally so rather than + + + align:start position:0% +proliferate abnormally so rather than +having a single line of cells we now + + align:start position:0% +having a single line of cells we now + + + align:start position:0% +having a single line of cells we now +have a little clump of cells these cells + + align:start position:0% +have a little clump of cells these cells + + + align:start position:0% +have a little clump of cells these cells +might look identical to their neighbors + + align:start position:0% +might look identical to their neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +might look identical to their neighbors +but there are too many of them this is a + + align:start position:0% +but there are too many of them this is a + + + align:start position:0% +but there are too many of them this is a +process we call hyperplasia too many + + align:start position:0% +process we call hyperplasia too many + + + align:start position:0% +process we call hyperplasia too many +cells too much + + align:start position:0% +cells too much + + + align:start position:0% +cells too much +growth within this collection of cells + + align:start position:0% +growth within this collection of cells + + + align:start position:0% +growth within this collection of cells +additional Al alterations may take place + + align:start position:0% +additional Al alterations may take place + + + align:start position:0% +additional Al alterations may take place +that allow those cells to divide more + + align:start position:0% +that allow those cells to divide more + + + align:start position:0% +that allow those cells to divide more +rapidly uh and to do even more abnormal + + align:start position:0% +rapidly uh and to do even more abnormal + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly uh and to do even more abnormal +things to pile up on one another which + + align:start position:0% +things to pile up on one another which + + + align:start position:0% +things to pile up on one another which +they shouldn't normally do um this is + + align:start position:0% +they shouldn't normally do um this is + + + align:start position:0% +they shouldn't normally do um this is +the development of one of those early + + align:start position:0% +the development of one of those early + + + align:start position:0% +the development of one of those early +stage tumors I showed you a pop in the + + align:start position:0% +stage tumors I showed you a pop in the + + + align:start position:0% +stage tumors I showed you a pop in the +Colin that's a stage of cancer in the + + align:start position:0% +Colin that's a stage of cancer in the + + + align:start position:0% +Colin that's a stage of cancer in the +case of colon cancer called an adenoma + + align:start position:0% +case of colon cancer called an adenoma + + + align:start position:0% +case of colon cancer called an adenoma +that's a benign tumor it's not yet + + align:start position:0% +that's a benign tumor it's not yet + + + align:start position:0% +that's a benign tumor it's not yet +cancer it's actually not yet + + align:start position:0% +cancer it's actually not yet + + + align:start position:0% +cancer it's actually not yet +life-threatening but it's detectable + + align:start position:0% +life-threatening but it's detectable + + + align:start position:0% +life-threatening but it's detectable +because it's a mass of cells that + + align:start position:0% +because it's a mass of cells that + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a mass of cells that +shouldn't be there within that + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be there within that + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be there within that +collection of cells still further + + align:start position:0% +collection of cells still further + + + align:start position:0% +collection of cells still further +alterations can take place and now the + + align:start position:0% +alterations can take place and now the + + + align:start position:0% +alterations can take place and now the +cells do additional things that are + + align:start position:0% +cells do additional things that are + + + align:start position:0% +cells do additional things that are +wrong and potentially dangerous one + + align:start position:0% +wrong and potentially dangerous one + + + align:start position:0% +wrong and potentially dangerous one +they're recruiting a blood supply + + align:start position:0% +they're recruiting a blood supply + + + align:start position:0% +they're recruiting a blood supply +they're recruiting blood vessels into + + align:start position:0% +they're recruiting blood vessels into + + + align:start position:0% +they're recruiting blood vessels into +the tumor to nourish the tumor uh and + + align:start position:0% +the tumor to nourish the tumor uh and + + + align:start position:0% +the tumor to nourish the tumor uh and +bring factors that the tumor cells need + + align:start position:0% +bring factors that the tumor cells need + + + align:start position:0% +bring factors that the tumor cells need +for their + + align:start position:0% +for their + + + align:start position:0% +for their +survival uh in addition the cells are + + align:start position:0% +survival uh in addition the cells are + + + align:start position:0% +survival uh in addition the cells are +starting to degrade that extracellular + + align:start position:0% +starting to degrade that extracellular + + + align:start position:0% +starting to degrade that extracellular +Matrix they're starting to acquire the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix they're starting to acquire the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix they're starting to acquire the +ability to move away from their normal + + align:start position:0% +ability to move away from their normal + + + align:start position:0% +ability to move away from their normal +sight most cells in their in your body + + align:start position:0% +sight most cells in their in your body + + + align:start position:0% +sight most cells in their in your body +know where they're supposed to be and + + align:start position:0% +know where they're supposed to be and + + + align:start position:0% +know where they're supposed to be and +they stay there cancer cells acquire + + align:start position:0% +they stay there cancer cells acquire + + + align:start position:0% +they stay there cancer cells acquire +ability to leave their primary site and + + align:start position:0% +ability to leave their primary site and + + + align:start position:0% +ability to leave their primary site and +to disseminate throughout the body + + align:start position:0% +to disseminate throughout the body + + + align:start position:0% +to disseminate throughout the body +creating secondary tumors this happens + + align:start position:0% +creating secondary tumors this happens + + + align:start position:0% +creating secondary tumors this happens +when the cells access the blood vessels + + align:start position:0% +when the cells access the blood vessels + + + align:start position:0% +when the cells access the blood vessels +they can then travel within the blood + + align:start position:0% +they can then travel within the blood + + + align:start position:0% +they can then travel within the blood +system and then take up residence in + + align:start position:0% +system and then take up residence in + + + align:start position:0% +system and then take up residence in +some secondary site and this we call + + align:start position:0% +some secondary site and this we call + + + align:start position:0% +some secondary site and this we call +metastasis metastatic tumors are tumors + + align:start position:0% +metastasis metastatic tumors are tumors + + + align:start position:0% +metastasis metastatic tumors are tumors +that are derived from the primary cancer + + align:start position:0% +that are derived from the primary cancer + + + align:start position:0% +that are derived from the primary cancer +and this is true cancer here derived + + align:start position:0% +and this is true cancer here derived + + + align:start position:0% +and this is true cancer here derived +from the primary cancer that have now + + align:start position:0% +from the primary cancer that have now + + + align:start position:0% +from the primary cancer that have now +created a secondary tumor somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +created a secondary tumor somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +created a secondary tumor somewhere else +and this is actually the most lethal + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually the most lethal + + + align:start position:0% +and this is actually the most lethal +phase of + + align:start position:0% +phase of + + + align:start position:0% +phase of +cancer of the + + align:start position:0% +cancer of the + + + align:start position:0% +cancer of the +560 cancer 560,000 cancer deaths that + + align:start position:0% +560 cancer 560,000 cancer deaths that + + + align:start position:0% +560 cancer 560,000 cancer deaths that +will occur in this country this year + + align:start position:0% +will occur in this country this year + + + align:start position:0% +will occur in this country this year +500,000 of them are due to this phase of + + align:start position:0% +500,000 of them are due to this phase of + + + align:start position:0% +500,000 of them are due to this phase of +the disease it's actually not a phase + + align:start position:0% +the disease it's actually not a phase + + + align:start position:0% +the disease it's actually not a phase +that we understand terribly well today + + align:start position:0% +that we understand terribly well today + + + align:start position:0% +that we understand terribly well today +but clearly a very important one so + + align:start position:0% +but clearly a very important one so + + + align:start position:0% +but clearly a very important one so +cancer arises from normal cells through + + align:start position:0% +cancer arises from normal cells through + + + align:start position:0% +cancer arises from normal cells through +the sequential acquisition of + + align:start position:0% +the sequential acquisition of + + + align:start position:0% +the sequential acquisition of +alterations that allow those cells to do + + align:start position:0% +alterations that allow those cells to do + + + align:start position:0% +alterations that allow those cells to do +things they should not normally do + + align:start position:0% +things they should not normally do + + + align:start position:0% +things they should not normally do +including invade and + + align:start position:0% +including invade and + + + align:start position:0% +including invade and +metastasize this is what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +metastasize this is what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +metastasize this is what it looks like +in real life uh this is a tumor it's + + align:start position:0% +in real life uh this is a tumor it's + + + align:start position:0% +in real life uh this is a tumor it's +actually a tumor from a mouse created in + + align:start position:0% +actually a tumor from a mouse created in + + + align:start position:0% +actually a tumor from a mouse created in +my lab it's lung cancer this Lacy + + align:start position:0% +my lab it's lung cancer this Lacy + + + align:start position:0% +my lab it's lung cancer this Lacy +appearance is the normal lung epithelium + + align:start position:0% +appearance is the normal lung epithelium + + + align:start position:0% +appearance is the normal lung epithelium +there's a lot of air spaces in the lung + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of air spaces in the lung + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of air spaces in the lung +to allow you to get gas exchange in the + + align:start position:0% +to allow you to get gas exchange in the + + + align:start position:0% +to allow you to get gas exchange in the +lung and you can see in this region + + align:start position:0% +lung and you can see in this region + + + align:start position:0% +lung and you can see in this region +right here there's a bit of a thickening + + align:start position:0% +right here there's a bit of a thickening + + + align:start position:0% +right here there's a bit of a thickening +of those epithelial uh structures too + + align:start position:0% +of those epithelial uh structures too + + + align:start position:0% +of those epithelial uh structures too +many cells that's this area we call + + align:start position:0% +many cells that's this area we call + + + align:start position:0% +many cells that's this area we call +hyperplasia over time these will give + + align:start position:0% +hyperplasia over time these will give + + + align:start position:0% +hyperplasia over time these will give +way to solid + + align:start position:0% +way to solid + + + align:start position:0% +way to solid +growths the cells within those solid + + align:start position:0% +growths the cells within those solid + + + align:start position:0% +growths the cells within those solid +growths look pretty normal and you might + + align:start position:0% +growths look pretty normal and you might + + + align:start position:0% +growths look pretty normal and you might +be able to see that here the cells are + + align:start position:0% +be able to see that here the cells are + + + align:start position:0% +be able to see that here the cells are +pretty well organized they're all lined + + align:start position:0% +pretty well organized they're all lined + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well organized they're all lined +up there's just too many of them that's + + align:start position:0% +up there's just too many of them that's + + + align:start position:0% +up there's just too many of them that's +a benign tumor and + + align:start position:0% +a benign tumor and + + + align:start position:0% +a benign tumor and +adenoma over time these will give rise + + align:start position:0% +adenoma over time these will give rise + + + align:start position:0% +adenoma over time these will give rise +to True cancers carcinomas and these + + align:start position:0% +to True cancers carcinomas and these + + + align:start position:0% +to True cancers carcinomas and these +have the ability to spread locally and + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to spread locally and + + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to spread locally and +throughout the body in addition the + + align:start position:0% +throughout the body in addition the + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the body in addition the +cells look even more abnormal they don't + + align:start position:0% +cells look even more abnormal they don't + + + align:start position:0% +cells look even more abnormal they don't +look like the cells that gave rise to + + align:start position:0% +look like the cells that gave rise to + + + align:start position:0% +look like the cells that gave rise to +them okay now let me give you some more + + align:start position:0% +them okay now let me give you some more + + + align:start position:0% +them okay now let me give you some more +details of the terminology that I've + + align:start position:0% +details of the terminology that I've + + + align:start position:0% +details of the terminology that I've +just been + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using hyperplasia + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is increased cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number but the + + align:start position:0% +number but the + + + align:start position:0% +number but the +architecture of the cells is otherwise + + align:start position:0% +architecture of the cells is otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +architecture of the cells is otherwise +normal they look like normal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells if progression + + align:start position:0% +cells if progression + + + align:start position:0% +cells if progression +occurs a benign tumor might arise this + + align:start position:0% +occurs a benign tumor might arise this + + + align:start position:0% +occurs a benign tumor might arise this +is not yet + + align:start position:0% +is not yet + + + align:start position:0% +is not yet +cancer these tumors are so-called not + + align:start position:0% +cancer these tumors are so-called not + + + align:start position:0% +cancer these tumors are so-called not +aggressive they basically stay where + + align:start position:0% +aggressive they basically stay where + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive they basically stay where +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +started they don't destroy the local + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tissue and they don't leave the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +site and if they are detected for + + align:start position:0% +site and if they are detected for + + + align:start position:0% +site and if they are detected for +example in a colonoscopy they can be + + align:start position:0% +example in a colonoscopy they can be + + + align:start position:0% +example in a colonoscopy they can be +removed if they're detected in the + + align:start position:0% +removed if they're detected in the + + + align:start position:0% +removed if they're detected in the +develop in the in the lung when they're + + align:start position:0% +develop in the in the lung when they're + + + align:start position:0% +develop in the in the lung when they're +at this stage they can be removed + + align:start position:0% +at this stage they can be removed + + + align:start position:0% +at this stage they can be removed +surgically and the patient will be + + align:start position:0% +surgically and the patient will be + + + align:start position:0% +surgically and the patient will be +fine however they can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +progress into a malignant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tumor and this is where we use the term + + align:start position:0% +tumor and this is where we use the term + + + align:start position:0% +tumor and this is where we use the term +cancer cancer actually refers not to + + align:start position:0% +cancer cancer actually refers not to + + + align:start position:0% +cancer cancer actually refers not to +just any tumor but a malignant tumor and + + align:start position:0% +just any tumor but a malignant tumor and + + + align:start position:0% +just any tumor but a malignant tumor and +these by + + align:start position:0% +these by + + + align:start position:0% +these by +contrast + + align:start position:0% +contrast + + + align:start position:0% +contrast +are aggressive the cells are dividing + + align:start position:0% +are aggressive the cells are dividing + + + align:start position:0% +are aggressive the cells are dividing +more rapidly uh they're also causing + + align:start position:0% +more rapidly uh they're also causing + + + align:start position:0% +more rapidly uh they're also causing +changes within the local + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tissue such that they're locally + + align:start position:0% +tissue such that they're locally + + + align:start position:0% +tissue such that they're locally +destructive to the local + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tissue and they have the potential to + + align:start position:0% +tissue and they have the potential to + + + align:start position:0% +tissue and they have the potential to +spread to get outside of their local + + align:start position:0% +spread to get outside of their local + + + align:start position:0% +spread to get outside of their local +area access the blood vessels and move + + align:start position:0% +area access the blood vessels and move + + + align:start position:0% +area access the blood vessels and move +to a distant site + + align:start position:0% +to a distant site + + + align:start position:0% +to a distant site +and that leads to this Final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Phase of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +metastasis which is the tumor growing at + + align:start position:0% +metastasis which is the tumor growing at + + + align:start position:0% +metastasis which is the tumor growing at +a distance + + align:start position:0% +a distance + + + align:start position:0% +a distance +site and that can be one site or it can + + align:start position:0% +site and that can be one site or it can + + + align:start position:0% +site and that can be one site or it can +be many sites and again it's the com + + align:start position:0% +be many sites and again it's the com + + + align:start position:0% +be many sites and again it's the com +combined effects of the metast IC tumors + + align:start position:0% +combined effects of the metast IC tumors + + + align:start position:0% +combined effects of the metast IC tumors +that tends to kill cancer + + align:start position:0% +that tends to kill cancer + + + align:start position:0% +that tends to kill cancer +patients now cancers can arise in + + align:start position:0% +patients now cancers can arise in + + + align:start position:0% +patients now cancers can arise in +virtually all organs all tissues cancer + + align:start position:0% +virtually all organs all tissues cancer + + + align:start position:0% +virtually all organs all tissues cancer +is an umbrella term that actually refers + + align:start position:0% +is an umbrella term that actually refers + + + align:start position:0% +is an umbrella term that actually refers +to many different diseases of abnormal + + align:start position:0% +to many different diseases of abnormal + + + align:start position:0% +to many different diseases of abnormal +growth the most common T tumors in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +humans affect epithelial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tissues epithelial tissues and these + + align:start position:0% +tissues epithelial tissues and these + + + align:start position:0% +tissues epithelial tissues and these +epithelial tissues will give rise to a + + align:start position:0% +epithelial tissues will give rise to a + + + align:start position:0% +epithelial tissues will give rise to a +cancer type called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +carcinomas carcinomas are Cancers of + + align:start position:0% +carcinomas carcinomas are Cancers of + + + align:start position:0% +carcinomas carcinomas are Cancers of +epithelial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tissues breast + + align:start position:0% +tissues breast + + + align:start position:0% +tissues breast +cancer lung + + align:start position:0% +cancer lung + + + align:start position:0% +cancer lung +cancer pancreas + + align:start position:0% +cancer pancreas + + + align:start position:0% +cancer pancreas +cancer these are all cancers of + + align:start position:0% +cancer these are all cancers of + + + align:start position:0% +cancer these are all cancers of +epithelial + + align:start position:0% +epithelial + + + align:start position:0% +epithelial +tissues the precursor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lesions are called + + align:start position:0% +lesions are called + + + align:start position:0% +lesions are called +adenomas in many cases and these are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +benign we can also have cancers of + + align:start position:0% +benign we can also have cancers of + + + align:start position:0% +benign we can also have cancers of +connective tissues and these are called + + align:start position:0% +connective tissues and these are called + + + align:start position:0% +connective tissues and these are called +collectively + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sarcomas sarcomas muscle tumors meos + + align:start position:0% +sarcomas sarcomas muscle tumors meos + + + align:start position:0% +sarcomas sarcomas muscle tumors meos +sarcomas fiberblast derived tumors + + align:start position:0% +sarcomas fiberblast derived tumors + + + align:start position:0% +sarcomas fiberblast derived tumors +fibrosarcomas cartilage derived + + align:start position:0% +fibrosarcomas cartilage derived + + + align:start position:0% +fibrosarcomas cartilage derived +tumors these tumors are rarer in humans + + align:start position:0% +tumors these tumors are rarer in humans + + + align:start position:0% +tumors these tumors are rarer in humans +but they occur and when they occur they + + align:start position:0% +but they occur and when they occur they + + + align:start position:0% +but they occur and when they occur they +can be quite problematic as well and + + align:start position:0% +can be quite problematic as well and + + + align:start position:0% +can be quite problematic as well and +they go through similar stages of + + align:start position:0% +they go through similar stages of + + + align:start position:0% +they go through similar stages of +progression as I've been describing for + + align:start position:0% +progression as I've been describing for + + + align:start position:0% +progression as I've been describing for +the other tumor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +types + + align:start position:0% +types + + + align:start position:0% +types +and we can have tumors of blood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +leukemias too many cells in the blood + + align:start position:0% +leukemias too many cells in the blood + + + align:start position:0% +leukemias too many cells in the blood +and I showed you a blood smear of an + + align:start position:0% +and I showed you a blood smear of an + + + align:start position:0% +and I showed you a blood smear of an +leukemic patient the blood smear + + align:start position:0% +leukemic patient the blood smear + + + align:start position:0% +leukemic patient the blood smear +indicates that there are too many cells + + align:start position:0% +indicates that there are too many cells + + + align:start position:0% +indicates that there are too many cells +circulating that contrasts to lymphomas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is also a blood cell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tumor but here the tumor cells confi are + + align:start position:0% +tumor but here the tumor cells confi are + + + align:start position:0% +tumor but here the tumor cells confi are +confine to lymph organs like the thymus + + align:start position:0% +confine to lymph organs like the thymus + + + align:start position:0% +confine to lymph organs like the thymus +or the spleen or lymph nodes so there + + align:start position:0% +or the spleen or lymph nodes so there + + + align:start position:0% +or the spleen or lymph nodes so there +actually aren't too many cells + + align:start position:0% +actually aren't too many cells + + + align:start position:0% +actually aren't too many cells +circulating but there are too many of + + align:start position:0% +circulating but there are too many of + + + align:start position:0% +circulating but there are too many of +these cells in these structures um which + + align:start position:0% +these cells in these structures um which + + + align:start position:0% +these cells in these structures um which +likewise can cause problems within those + + align:start position:0% +likewise can cause problems within those + + + align:start position:0% +likewise can cause problems within those +local structures and and surrounding + + align:start position:0% +local structures and and surrounding + + + align:start position:0% +local structures and and surrounding +tissues as well okay so some terminology + + align:start position:0% +tissues as well okay so some terminology + + + align:start position:0% +tissues as well okay so some terminology +cancers affect all tissues or virtually + + align:start position:0% +cancers affect all tissues or virtually + + + align:start position:0% +cancers affect all tissues or virtually +all tissues there are probably 200 250 + + align:start position:0% +all tissues there are probably 200 250 + + + align:start position:0% +all tissues there are probably 200 250 +different types of cancer when we think + + align:start position:0% +different types of cancer when we think + + + align:start position:0% +different types of cancer when we think +about all the different cell types in + + align:start position:0% +about all the different cell types in + + + align:start position:0% +about all the different cell types in +your body that can undergo these changes + + align:start position:0% +your body that can undergo these changes + + + align:start position:0% +your body that can undergo these changes +and and result in one or another type of + + align:start position:0% +and and result in one or another type of + + + align:start position:0% +and and result in one or another type of +cancer all right so cancers arise from + + align:start position:0% +cancer all right so cancers arise from + + + align:start position:0% +cancer all right so cancers arise from +normal cells they develop in + + align:start position:0% +normal cells they develop in + + + align:start position:0% +normal cells they develop in +stages what causes them to change over + + align:start position:0% +stages what causes them to change over + + + align:start position:0% +stages what causes them to change over +time what gives them the ability to + + align:start position:0% +time what gives them the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +time what gives them the ability to +divide inappropriately to grow + + align:start position:0% +divide inappropriately to grow + + + align:start position:0% +divide inappropriately to grow +abnormally the answer to this question + + align:start position:0% +abnormally the answer to this question + + + align:start position:0% +abnormally the answer to this question +is that alterations take place in the + + align:start position:0% +is that alterations take place in the + + + align:start position:0% +is that alterations take place in the +DNA of the developing cancer cells and + + align:start position:0% +DNA of the developing cancer cells and + + + align:start position:0% +DNA of the developing cancer cells and +in this respect cancer is a genetic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disease and I'm going to use this term + + align:start position:0% +disease and I'm going to use this term + + + align:start position:0% +disease and I'm going to use this term +in quotes because when we talk about a + + align:start position:0% +in quotes because when we talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +in quotes because when we talk about a +genetic disease we tend to talk about + + align:start position:0% +genetic disease we tend to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +genetic disease we tend to talk about +inherited diseases you inherit a disease + + align:start position:0% +inherited diseases you inherit a disease + + + align:start position:0% +inherited diseases you inherit a disease +Al from one of your parents you develop + + align:start position:0% +Al from one of your parents you develop + + + align:start position:0% +Al from one of your parents you develop +a disease in this case cancer can arise + + align:start position:0% +a disease in this case cancer can arise + + + align:start position:0% +a disease in this case cancer can arise +as a consequence of an inherited + + align:start position:0% +as a consequence of an inherited + + + align:start position:0% +as a consequence of an inherited +mutation we'll talk about that in a + + align:start position:0% +mutation we'll talk about that in a + + + align:start position:0% +mutation we'll talk about that in a +subsequent lecture + + align:start position:0% +subsequent lecture + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent lecture +but what I'm referring to here is + + align:start position:0% +but what I'm referring to here is + + + align:start position:0% +but what I'm referring to here is +genetic alterations that take place + + align:start position:0% +genetic alterations that take place + + + align:start position:0% +genetic alterations that take place +within you within your cells and this + + align:start position:0% +within you within your cells and this + + + align:start position:0% +within you within your cells and this +accumulates over time over decades in + + align:start position:0% +accumulates over time over decades in + + + align:start position:0% +accumulates over time over decades in +some cases and allows the cells to + + align:start position:0% +some cases and allows the cells to + + + align:start position:0% +some cases and allows the cells to +progress through these various + + align:start position:0% +progress through these various + + + align:start position:0% +progress through these various +stages the case that cancer develops + + align:start position:0% +stages the case that cancer develops + + + align:start position:0% +stages the case that cancer develops +through the acquisition of mutations in + + align:start position:0% +through the acquisition of mutations in + + + align:start position:0% +through the acquisition of mutations in +genes has been building for about a + + align:start position:0% +genes has been building for about a + + + align:start position:0% +genes has been building for about a +century we've been suspecting that + + align:start position:0% +century we've been suspecting that + + + align:start position:0% +century we've been suspecting that +cancer was a genetic disease for a very + + align:start position:0% +cancer was a genetic disease for a very + + + align:start position:0% +cancer was a genetic disease for a very +long time and now we know it's true + + align:start position:0% +long time and now we know it's true + + + align:start position:0% +long time and now we know it's true +because we've seen the alterations in + + align:start position:0% +because we've seen the alterations in + + + align:start position:0% +because we've seen the alterations in +the genes of cancer cells and we'll come + + align:start position:0% +the genes of cancer cells and we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +the genes of cancer cells and we'll come +to those specific alterations in + + align:start position:0% +to those specific alterations in + + + align:start position:0% +to those specific alterations in +subsequent lectures but I want to give + + align:start position:0% +subsequent lectures but I want to give + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent lectures but I want to give +you the background that led us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there the first and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oldest was the observation going back + + align:start position:0% +oldest was the observation going back + + + align:start position:0% +oldest was the observation going back +almost a hundred years that cancer cells + + align:start position:0% +almost a hundred years that cancer cells + + + align:start position:0% +almost a hundred years that cancer cells +have abnormal number and structure of + + align:start position:0% +have abnormal number and structure of + + + align:start position:0% +have abnormal number and structure of +chromosomes as you know your cells have + + align:start position:0% +chromosomes as you know your cells have + + + align:start position:0% +chromosomes as you know your cells have +46 chromosomes 23 Pairs and most of your + + align:start position:0% +46 chromosomes 23 Pairs and most of your + + + align:start position:0% +46 chromosomes 23 Pairs and most of your +cells look like the cells on the left + + align:start position:0% +cells look like the cells on the left + + + align:start position:0% +cells look like the cells on the left +where there's a pair of chromosome one + + align:start position:0% +where there's a pair of chromosome one + + + align:start position:0% +where there's a pair of chromosome one +two three and so forth uh these + + align:start position:0% +two three and so forth uh these + + + align:start position:0% +two three and so forth uh these +chromosomes are painted with a specific + + align:start position:0% +chromosomes are painted with a specific + + + align:start position:0% +chromosomes are painted with a specific +chromosome specific paint so we can + + align:start position:0% +chromosome specific paint so we can + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome specific paint so we can +distinguish which one is which uh and + + align:start position:0% +distinguish which one is which uh and + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish which one is which uh and +this is a so-called normal kot + + align:start position:0% +this is a so-called normal kot + + + align:start position:0% +this is a so-called normal kot +type cancer cells can look like this and + + align:start position:0% +type cancer cells can look like this and + + + align:start position:0% +type cancer cells can look like this and +you can see that they're different in + + align:start position:0% +you can see that they're different in + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that they're different in +many respects from normal cells a + + align:start position:0% +many respects from normal cells a + + + align:start position:0% +many respects from normal cells a +there's way too many + + align:start position:0% +there's way too many + + + align:start position:0% +there's way too many +chromosomes this is a condition we call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anupy aneuploidy as opposed to being + + align:start position:0% +anupy aneuploidy as opposed to being + + + align:start position:0% +anupy aneuploidy as opposed to being +diploid the cells are aneuploid an + + align:start position:0% +diploid the cells are aneuploid an + + + align:start position:0% +diploid the cells are aneuploid an +abnormal number of chromosomes moreover + + align:start position:0% +abnormal number of chromosomes moreover + + + align:start position:0% +abnormal number of chromosomes moreover +you can see in some of the um + + align:start position:0% +you can see in some of the um + + + align:start position:0% +you can see in some of the um +highlighted areas that the chromosome + + align:start position:0% +highlighted areas that the chromosome + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted areas that the chromosome +structure is abnormal we have this + + align:start position:0% +structure is abnormal we have this + + + align:start position:0% +structure is abnormal we have this +chromosome here which has a little bit + + align:start position:0% +chromosome here which has a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome here which has a little bit +of the pale blue chromosome which maybe + + align:start position:0% +of the pale blue chromosome which maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of the pale blue chromosome which maybe +chromosome 4 I can't read it um and a + + align:start position:0% +chromosome 4 I can't read it um and a + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome 4 I can't read it um and a +little bit of this pink chromosome which + + align:start position:0% +little bit of this pink chromosome which + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of this pink chromosome which +is one of these guys here a + + align:start position:0% +is one of these guys here a + + + align:start position:0% +is one of these guys here a +translocation has taken place so that + + align:start position:0% +translocation has taken place so that + + + align:start position:0% +translocation has taken place so that +the structure of the chromosome is + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the chromosome is + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the chromosome is +abnormal so we have anupy defects in + + align:start position:0% +abnormal so we have anupy defects in + + + align:start position:0% +abnormal so we have anupy defects in +chromosome number but also defects in + + align:start position:0% +chromosome number but also defects in + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome number but also defects in +chromosome structure like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translocations we also have deletion + + align:start position:0% +translocations we also have deletion + + + align:start position:0% +translocations we also have deletion +it's not easy to see in this slide where + + align:start position:0% +it's not easy to see in this slide where + + + align:start position:0% +it's not easy to see in this slide where +chromosomes have incurred big big uh + + align:start position:0% +chromosomes have incurred big big uh + + + align:start position:0% +chromosomes have incurred big big uh +losses of genetic material okay + + align:start position:0% +losses of genetic material okay + + + align:start position:0% +losses of genetic material okay +chromosome abnormalities and cancer have + + align:start position:0% +chromosome abnormalities and cancer have + + + align:start position:0% +chromosome abnormalities and cancer have +been known about for a very long + + align:start position:0% +been known about for a very long + + + align:start position:0% +been known about for a very long +time a second and very important + + align:start position:0% +time a second and very important + + + align:start position:0% +time a second and very important +observation which occurred sometime in + + align:start position:0% +observation which occurred sometime in + + + align:start position:0% +observation which occurred sometime in +the 40s maybe 30s 40s and + + align:start position:0% +the 40s maybe 30s 40s and + + + align:start position:0% +the 40s maybe 30s 40s and +50s uh and built up over time since + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then is that carcino + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +carcinogens which are cancer causing + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens which are cancer causing + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens which are cancer causing +agents are almost always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mutagens which are mutation causing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +agents + + align:start position:0% +agents + + + align:start position:0% +agents +so something that can cause cancer in + + align:start position:0% +so something that can cause cancer in + + + align:start position:0% +so something that can cause cancer in +for example a laboratory animal can be + + align:start position:0% +for example a laboratory animal can be + + + align:start position:0% +for example a laboratory animal can be +shown to alter the DNA and cause + + align:start position:0% +shown to alter the DNA and cause + + + align:start position:0% +shown to alter the DNA and cause +mutations that would suggest that the + + align:start position:0% +mutations that would suggest that the + + + align:start position:0% +mutations that would suggest that the +carcinogen is acting through the + + align:start position:0% +carcinogen is acting through the + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogen is acting through the +alterations in the + + align:start position:0% +alterations in the + + + align:start position:0% +alterations in the +DNA and this uh observation was made + + align:start position:0% +DNA and this uh observation was made + + + align:start position:0% +DNA and this uh observation was made +much more convincing through the work of + + align:start position:0% +much more convincing through the work of + + + align:start position:0% +much more convincing through the work of +an investigator by the name of Bruce + + align:start position:0% +an investigator by the name of Bruce + + + align:start position:0% +an investigator by the name of Bruce +Ames who developed the so-called Ames + + align:start position:0% +Ames who developed the so-called Ames + + + align:start position:0% +Ames who developed the so-called Ames +test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I want to tell you about that but + + align:start position:0% +and I want to tell you about that but + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to tell you about that but +actually before I do let me just show + + align:start position:0% +actually before I do let me just show + + + align:start position:0% +actually before I do let me just show +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphically how the um agent can be + + align:start position:0% +graphically how the um agent can be + + + align:start position:0% +graphically how the um agent can be +tested uh for its carcinogenic + + align:start position:0% +tested uh for its carcinogenic + + + align:start position:0% +tested uh for its carcinogenic +capabilities and its mutagenic + + align:start position:0% +capabilities and its mutagenic + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities and its mutagenic +capabilities the carcinogen is + + align:start position:0% +capabilities the carcinogen is + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities the carcinogen is +tested by treating an + + align:start position:0% +tested by treating an + + + align:start position:0% +tested by treating an +animal a mouse or a rat + + align:start position:0% +animal a mouse or a rat + + + align:start position:0% +animal a mouse or a rat +injecting the animal with the carcinogen + + align:start position:0% +injecting the animal with the carcinogen + + + align:start position:0% +injecting the animal with the carcinogen +or painting the carcinogen or the + + align:start position:0% +or painting the carcinogen or the + + + align:start position:0% +or painting the carcinogen or the +potential carcinogen on the skin of the + + align:start position:0% +potential carcinogen on the skin of the + + + align:start position:0% +potential carcinogen on the skin of the +animal and then waiting a certain amount + + align:start position:0% +animal and then waiting a certain amount + + + align:start position:0% +animal and then waiting a certain amount +of time and asking the question whether + + align:start position:0% +of time and asking the question whether + + + align:start position:0% +of time and asking the question whether +the animal developed a tumor and you can + + align:start position:0% +the animal developed a tumor and you can + + + align:start position:0% +the animal developed a tumor and you can +do this with different doses of the + + align:start position:0% +do this with different doses of the + + + align:start position:0% +do this with different doses of the +agent with large numbers of animals and + + align:start position:0% +agent with large numbers of animals and + + + align:start position:0% +agent with large numbers of animals and +actually get quantitative data that + + align:start position:0% +actually get quantitative data that + + + align:start position:0% +actually get quantitative data that +tells you the potency of this potential + + align:start position:0% +tells you the potency of this potential + + + align:start position:0% +tells you the potency of this potential +carcinogen so that's the carcinogenesis + + align:start position:0% +carcinogen so that's the carcinogenesis + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogen so that's the carcinogenesis +assay to test whether something is a + + align:start position:0% +assay to test whether something is a + + + align:start position:0% +assay to test whether something is a +mutagen you can take the agent and treat + + align:start position:0% +mutagen you can take the agent and treat + + + align:start position:0% +mutagen you can take the agent and treat +cells and ask whether you can cause + + align:start position:0% +cells and ask whether you can cause + + + align:start position:0% +cells and ask whether you can cause +mutations in those cells you could do + + align:start position:0% +mutations in those cells you could do + + + align:start position:0% +mutations in those cells you could do +this in lots of different types of cells + + align:start position:0% +this in lots of different types of cells + + + align:start position:0% +this in lots of different types of cells +but the easiest types of cells to do it + + align:start position:0% +but the easiest types of cells to do it + + + align:start position:0% +but the easiest types of cells to do it +in are bacterial cells for example + + align:start position:0% +in are bacterial cells for example + + + align:start position:0% +in are bacterial cells for example +Salmonella bacteria or E + + align:start position:0% +Salmonella bacteria or E + + + align:start position:0% +Salmonella bacteria or E +coli and the way this assay is done is + + align:start position:0% +coli and the way this assay is done is + + + align:start position:0% +coli and the way this assay is done is +to use cells that are defective in the + + align:start position:0% +to use cells that are defective in the + + + align:start position:0% +to use cells that are defective in the +production of an amino acid let's say + + align:start position:0% +production of an amino acid let's say + + + align:start position:0% +production of an amino acid let's say +histadine so the cells have mutations in + + align:start position:0% +histadine so the cells have mutations in + + + align:start position:0% +histadine so the cells have mutations in +a biosynthetic enzyme and I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +a biosynthetic enzyme and I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +a biosynthetic enzyme and I'll tell you +more about this in a second that is + + align:start position:0% +more about this in a second that is + + + align:start position:0% +more about this in a second that is +required for the cells to make histadine + + align:start position:0% +required for the cells to make histadine + + + align:start position:0% +required for the cells to make histadine +now these cells can live if you provide + + align:start position:0% +now these cells can live if you provide + + + align:start position:0% +now these cells can live if you provide +histadine to them exogeneously for + + align:start position:0% +histadine to them exogeneously for + + + align:start position:0% +histadine to them exogeneously for +example on the petri dish but if you + + align:start position:0% +example on the petri dish but if you + + + align:start position:0% +example on the petri dish but if you +take those + + align:start position:0% +take those + + + align:start position:0% +take those +cells and you plate them on a petri dish + + align:start position:0% +cells and you plate them on a petri dish + + + align:start position:0% +cells and you plate them on a petri dish +that is lacking histadine none of the + + align:start position:0% +that is lacking histadine none of the + + + align:start position:0% +that is lacking histadine none of the +cells will be able to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grow because they require EX ogous + + align:start position:0% +grow because they require EX ogous + + + align:start position:0% +grow because they require EX ogous +histadine to + + align:start position:0% +histadine to + + + align:start position:0% +histadine to +live however if you take that + + align:start position:0% +live however if you take that + + + align:start position:0% +live however if you take that +mutagen and you add it to these + + align:start position:0% +mutagen and you add it to these + + + align:start position:0% +mutagen and you add it to these +histadine minus + + align:start position:0% +histadine minus + + + align:start position:0% +histadine minus +cells the mutagen might correct the + + align:start position:0% +cells the mutagen might correct the + + + align:start position:0% +cells the mutagen might correct the +mutation in the histadine biosynthesis + + align:start position:0% +mutation in the histadine biosynthesis + + + align:start position:0% +mutation in the histadine biosynthesis +gene thereby converting it to a wild + + align:start position:0% +gene thereby converting it to a wild + + + align:start position:0% +gene thereby converting it to a wild +type form at some low + + align:start position:0% +type form at some low + + + align:start position:0% +type form at some low +frequency such that if you plate these + + align:start position:0% +frequency such that if you plate these + + + align:start position:0% +frequency such that if you plate these +now mutagen treated cells on a histadine + + align:start position:0% +now mutagen treated cells on a histadine + + + align:start position:0% +now mutagen treated cells on a histadine +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +plate you might get a few colonies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +growing and these would be histadine + + align:start position:0% +growing and these would be histadine + + + align:start position:0% +growing and these would be histadine +plus capable of producing histadine + + align:start position:0% +plus capable of producing histadine + + + align:start position:0% +plus capable of producing histadine +themselves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +revertant they've reverted the mutation + + align:start position:0% +revertant they've reverted the mutation + + + align:start position:0% +revertant they've reverted the mutation +to now a wild type form okay and it was + + align:start position:0% +to now a wild type form okay and it was + + + align:start position:0% +to now a wild type form okay and it was +this that is the basis of the as test to + + align:start position:0% +this that is the basis of the as test to + + + align:start position:0% +this that is the basis of the as test to +test + + align:start position:0% +test + + + align:start position:0% +test +the mutagenicity of potential + + align:start position:0% +the mutagenicity of potential + + + align:start position:0% +the mutagenicity of potential +compounds now we actually use uh + + align:start position:0% +compounds now we actually use uh + + + align:start position:0% +compounds now we actually use uh +different versions of his minus bacteria + + align:start position:0% +different versions of his minus bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +different versions of his minus bacteria +because different mutagens cause + + align:start position:0% +because different mutagens cause + + + align:start position:0% +because different mutagens cause +different types of mutations and if you + + align:start position:0% +different types of mutations and if you + + + align:start position:0% +different types of mutations and if you +use just one mutant bacteria you might + + align:start position:0% +use just one mutant bacteria you might + + + align:start position:0% +use just one mutant bacteria you might +miss certain potential mutagens so for + + align:start position:0% +miss certain potential mutagens so for + + + align:start position:0% +miss certain potential mutagens so for +example if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have a specific mutant which is in a + + align:start position:0% +have a specific mutant which is in a + + + align:start position:0% +have a specific mutant which is in a +gene required for the conversion of + + align:start position:0% +gene required for the conversion of + + + align:start position:0% +gene required for the conversion of +histol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in an enzyme that is called histol + + align:start position:0% +in an enzyme that is called histol + + + align:start position:0% +in an enzyme that is called histol +dehydrogenase this enzyme is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +required to produce histadine in the + + align:start position:0% +required to produce histadine in the + + + align:start position:0% +required to produce histadine in the +final step of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +synthesis the wild type enzyme would + + align:start position:0% +synthesis the wild type enzyme would + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis the wild type enzyme would +have a particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence which would encode a particular + + align:start position:0% +sequence which would encode a particular + + + align:start position:0% +sequence which would encode a particular +pair of amino acids glutamine and + + align:start position:0% +pair of amino acids glutamine and + + + align:start position:0% +pair of amino acids glutamine and +Serene and in this collection of + + align:start position:0% +Serene and in this collection of + + + align:start position:0% +Serene and in this collection of +histadine minus bacteria this collection + + align:start position:0% +histadine minus bacteria this collection + + + align:start position:0% +histadine minus bacteria this collection +of histadine minus bacteria that we use + + align:start position:0% +of histadine minus bacteria that we use + + + align:start position:0% +of histadine minus bacteria that we use +in this assay we might + + align:start position:0% +in this assay we might + + + align:start position:0% +in this assay we might +have one + + align:start position:0% +have one + + + align:start position:0% +have one +mutant which has an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alteration which converts that c to a t + + align:start position:0% +alteration which converts that c to a t + + + align:start position:0% +alteration which converts that c to a t +this creates a termination + + align:start position:0% +this creates a termination + + + align:start position:0% +this creates a termination +codon so this is why that bacterium + + align:start position:0% +codon so this is why that bacterium + + + align:start position:0% +codon so this is why that bacterium +can't make histadine because it can't + + align:start position:0% +can't make histadine because it can't + + + align:start position:0% +can't make histadine because it can't +make that enzyme it has a stop Cod on at + + align:start position:0% +make that enzyme it has a stop Cod on at + + + align:start position:0% +make that enzyme it has a stop Cod on at +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +position a second mutant might have a + + align:start position:0% +position a second mutant might have a + + + align:start position:0% +position a second mutant might have a +different stop cone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on this is a termination codon + + align:start position:0% +on this is a termination codon + + + align:start position:0% +on this is a termination codon +here this C has been converted to a + + align:start position:0% +here this C has been converted to a + + + align:start position:0% +here this C has been converted to a +g creating the stop codon and a third + + align:start position:0% +g creating the stop codon and a third + + + align:start position:0% +g creating the stop codon and a third +mutant might have an abnormal number of + + align:start position:0% +mutant might have an abnormal number of + + + align:start position:0% +mutant might have an abnormal number of +bases in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region an insertion of an a residue + + align:start position:0% +region an insertion of an a residue + + + align:start position:0% +region an insertion of an a residue +which would cause a frame + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shift these are three different mutants + + align:start position:0% +shift these are three different mutants + + + align:start position:0% +shift these are three different mutants +which would require three different + + align:start position:0% +which would require three different + + + align:start position:0% +which would require three different +types of alterations in the DNA to + + align:start position:0% +types of alterations in the DNA to + + + align:start position:0% +types of alterations in the DNA to +convert back to the wild type here this + + align:start position:0% +convert back to the wild type here this + + + align:start position:0% +convert back to the wild type here this +perimidine would have to be converted to + + align:start position:0% +perimidine would have to be converted to + + + align:start position:0% +perimidine would have to be converted to +a different perimidine here this purine + + align:start position:0% +a different perimidine here this purine + + + align:start position:0% +a different perimidine here this purine +would have to be converted to a + + align:start position:0% +would have to be converted to a + + + align:start position:0% +would have to be converted to a +perimidine and here this abnormal number + + align:start position:0% +perimidine and here this abnormal number + + + align:start position:0% +perimidine and here this abnormal number +of bases would have to be corrected to + + align:start position:0% +of bases would have to be corrected to + + + align:start position:0% +of bases would have to be corrected to +the correct number this would + + align:start position:0% +the correct number this would + + + align:start position:0% +the correct number this would +this would allow one to find agents + + align:start position:0% +this would allow one to find agents + + + align:start position:0% +this would allow one to find agents +which function as point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mutagens which is a class of mutagens + + align:start position:0% +mutagens which is a class of mutagens + + + align:start position:0% +mutagens which is a class of mutagens +they create point + + align:start position:0% +they create point + + + align:start position:0% +they create point +mutations and this type of bacteria + + align:start position:0% +mutations and this type of bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +mutations and this type of bacteria +would allow you to find what are called + + align:start position:0% +would allow you to find what are called + + + align:start position:0% +would allow you to find what are called +frame shift + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mutagens so these bacteria are mixed + + align:start position:0% +mutagens so these bacteria are mixed + + + align:start position:0% +mutagens so these bacteria are mixed +together the mutagen is added and then + + align:start position:0% +together the mutagen is added and then + + + align:start position:0% +together the mutagen is added and then +you count the number of cells that + + align:start position:0% +you count the number of cells that + + + align:start position:0% +you count the number of cells that +survive on the his minus plate + + align:start position:0% +survive on the his minus plate + + + align:start position:0% +survive on the his minus plate +that's the original am + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test as am and others contined to do + + align:start position:0% +test as am and others contined to do + + + align:start position:0% +test as am and others contined to do +this kind of + + align:start position:0% +this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of +testing they discovered to their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surprise that some clearly established + + align:start position:0% +surprise that some clearly established + + + align:start position:0% +surprise that some clearly established +carcinogens failed the Aims Test they + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens failed the Aims Test they + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens failed the Aims Test they +caused lots of tumors in animals but + + align:start position:0% +caused lots of tumors in animals but + + + align:start position:0% +caused lots of tumors in animals but +they didn't revert any bacteria in that + + align:start position:0% +they didn't revert any bacteria in that + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't revert any bacteria in that +bacterial assay so can anybody think why + + align:start position:0% +bacterial assay so can anybody think why + + + align:start position:0% +bacterial assay so can anybody think why +that is why might an agent which can + + align:start position:0% +that is why might an agent which can + + + align:start position:0% +that is why might an agent which can +clearly cause cancer fail that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test well one answer and the most common + + align:start position:0% +test well one answer and the most common + + + align:start position:0% +test well one answer and the most common +answer is that the agent + + align:start position:0% +answer is that the agent + + + align:start position:0% +answer is that the agent +itself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is not itself a mutagen but it can be + + align:start position:0% +is not itself a mutagen but it can be + + + align:start position:0% +is not itself a mutagen but it can be +converted in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +body through the process of metabolism + + align:start position:0% +body through the process of metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +body through the process of metabolism +as your body tries to convert that agent + + align:start position:0% +as your body tries to convert that agent + + + align:start position:0% +as your body tries to convert that agent +into something for example that it can + + align:start position:0% +into something for example that it can + + + align:start position:0% +into something for example that it can +excrete it Alters it chemically and + + align:start position:0% +excrete it Alters it chemically and + + + align:start position:0% +excrete it Alters it chemically and +converts it from a promutagenic form + + align:start position:0% +converts it from a promutagenic form + + + align:start position:0% +converts it from a promutagenic form +into a mutagenic + + align:start position:0% +into a mutagenic + + + align:start position:0% +into a mutagenic +form and in this form it can can cause + + align:start position:0% +form and in this form it can can cause + + + align:start position:0% +form and in this form it can can cause +mutations in your DNA and in theory in + + align:start position:0% +mutations in your DNA and in theory in + + + align:start position:0% +mutations in your DNA and in theory in +the bacterial cases as well and here's + + align:start position:0% +the bacterial cases as well and here's + + + align:start position:0% +the bacterial cases as well and here's +an example of a PR mutagen called benzoa + + align:start position:0% +an example of a PR mutagen called benzoa + + + align:start position:0% +an example of a PR mutagen called benzoa +pyrene a very important mutagen in + + align:start position:0% +pyrene a very important mutagen in + + + align:start position:0% +pyrene a very important mutagen in +cigarette + + align:start position:0% +cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +cigarette +smoke this is converted through various + + align:start position:0% +smoke this is converted through various + + + align:start position:0% +smoke this is converted through various +steps inside your liver to a form that + + align:start position:0% +steps inside your liver to a form that + + + align:start position:0% +steps inside your liver to a form that +is uh much more mutagenic these + + align:start position:0% +is uh much more mutagenic these + + + align:start position:0% +is uh much more mutagenic these +epoxides are much more mutagenic + + align:start position:0% +epoxides are much more mutagenic + + + align:start position:0% +epoxides are much more mutagenic +compared to the original compound much + + align:start position:0% +compared to the original compound much + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the original compound much +more reactive much more reactive to DNA + + align:start position:0% +more reactive much more reactive to DNA + + + align:start position:0% +more reactive much more reactive to DNA +and in these + + align:start position:0% +and in these + + + align:start position:0% +and in these +forms the compound will actually coal + + align:start position:0% +forms the compound will actually coal + + + align:start position:0% +forms the compound will actually coal +attach to the basis of DNA and cause + + align:start position:0% +attach to the basis of DNA and cause + + + align:start position:0% +attach to the basis of DNA and cause +mutations okay so in this in this sense + + align:start position:0% +mutations okay so in this in this sense + + + align:start position:0% +mutations okay so in this in this sense +your body is actually part of the + + align:start position:0% +your body is actually part of the + + + align:start position:0% +your body is actually part of the +problem it's trying to get rid of this + + align:start position:0% +problem it's trying to get rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's trying to get rid of this +bad stuff but in the in the process of + + align:start position:0% +bad stuff but in the in the process of + + + align:start position:0% +bad stuff but in the in the process of +doing that it's making it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +worse recognizing that this was an issue + + align:start position:0% +worse recognizing that this was an issue + + + align:start position:0% +worse recognizing that this was an issue +for actually quite a few + + align:start position:0% +for actually quite a few + + + align:start position:0% +for actually quite a few +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +mutagens as and others modified the as + + align:start position:0% +mutagens as and others modified the as + + + align:start position:0% +mutagens as and others modified the as +test it's now called the modified as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test in which case you take the compound + + align:start position:0% +test in which case you take the compound + + + align:start position:0% +test in which case you take the compound +of Interest the potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mutagen you mix it with some extract + + align:start position:0% +mutagen you mix it with some extract + + + align:start position:0% +mutagen you mix it with some extract +from liver to allow this metab abolism + + align:start position:0% +from liver to allow this metab abolism + + + align:start position:0% +from liver to allow this metab abolism +to occur and then you take those the + + align:start position:0% +to occur and then you take those the + + + align:start position:0% +to occur and then you take those the +metabolized compound and you do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bacterial the bacterial mutagenesis test + + align:start position:0% +bacterial the bacterial mutagenesis test + + + align:start position:0% +bacterial the bacterial mutagenesis test +that I just reviewed for you okay and + + align:start position:0% +that I just reviewed for you okay and + + + align:start position:0% +that I just reviewed for you okay and +now you find that many of these things + + align:start position:0% +now you find that many of these things + + + align:start position:0% +now you find that many of these things +that failed initially score + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positively Okay so stuff that we get + + align:start position:0% +positively Okay so stuff that we get + + + align:start position:0% +positively Okay so stuff that we get +exposed to like benzo pyrene and other + + align:start position:0% +exposed to like benzo pyrene and other + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to like benzo pyrene and other +agents in the environment can cause + + align:start position:0% +agents in the environment can cause + + + align:start position:0% +agents in the environment can cause +mutations and these can also cause + + align:start position:0% +mutations and these can also cause + + + align:start position:0% +mutations and these can also cause +cancer I just want to take a few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds to rail against tobacco smoke + + align:start position:0% +seconds to rail against tobacco smoke + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to rail against tobacco smoke +and cigarette + + align:start position:0% +and cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +and cigarette +smoking lung cancer is the most common + + align:start position:0% +smoking lung cancer is the most common + + + align:start position:0% +smoking lung cancer is the most common +form of cancer in this country + + align:start position:0% +form of cancer in this country + + + align:start position:0% +form of cancer in this country +175,000 deaths due to cancer lung cancer + + align:start position:0% +175,000 deaths due to cancer lung cancer + + + align:start position:0% +175,000 deaths due to cancer lung cancer +each year about 150,000 of those deaths + + align:start position:0% +each year about 150,000 of those deaths + + + align:start position:0% +each year about 150,000 of those deaths +are due to smoking it's the most common + + align:start position:0% +are due to smoking it's the most common + + + align:start position:0% +are due to smoking it's the most common +form of cancer and among the most + + align:start position:0% +form of cancer and among the most + + + align:start position:0% +form of cancer and among the most +preventable forms of cancer through to + + align:start position:0% +preventable forms of cancer through to + + + align:start position:0% +preventable forms of cancer through to +the failure to expose the body to + + align:start position:0% +the failure to expose the body to + + + align:start position:0% +the failure to expose the body to +carcinogens in cigarette smoke not only + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens in cigarette smoke not only + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens in cigarette smoke not only +is there benzoa pyrene in cigarette + + align:start position:0% +is there benzoa pyrene in cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +is there benzoa pyrene in cigarette +smoke but there's about a thousand other + + align:start position:0% +smoke but there's about a thousand other + + + align:start position:0% +smoke but there's about a thousand other +carcinogens in cigarette + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens in cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens in cigarette +smoke cigarette smoking is still very + + align:start position:0% +smoke cigarette smoking is still very + + + align:start position:0% +smoke cigarette smoking is still very +common in this country remarkably common + + align:start position:0% +common in this country remarkably common + + + align:start position:0% +common in this country remarkably common +in this country about 46 million adults + + align:start position:0% +in this country about 46 million adults + + + align:start position:0% +in this country about 46 million adults +still smoke in this country a remarkable + + align:start position:0% +still smoke in this country a remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +still smoke in this country a remarkable +number of high school students still + + align:start position:0% +number of high school students still + + + align:start position:0% +number of high school students still +smoke in this country and it's because + + align:start position:0% +smoke in this country and it's because + + + align:start position:0% +smoke in this country and it's because +of this that lung cancer rates are still + + align:start position:0% +of this that lung cancer rates are still + + + align:start position:0% +of this that lung cancer rates are still +very very high moreover smoking causes + + align:start position:0% +very very high moreover smoking causes + + + align:start position:0% +very very high moreover smoking causes +all sorts of other diseases empyema + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of other diseases empyema + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of other diseases empyema +kidney diseases um cardiovascular + + align:start position:0% +kidney diseases um cardiovascular + + + align:start position:0% +kidney diseases um cardiovascular +diseases it's now estimated that among + + align:start position:0% +diseases it's now estimated that among + + + align:start position:0% +diseases it's now estimated that among +the however many billions of people are + + align:start position:0% +the however many billions of people are + + + align:start position:0% +the however many billions of people are +on the planet today what's that number + + align:start position:0% +on the planet today what's that number + + + align:start position:0% +on the planet today what's that number +six billion people on the planet today + + align:start position:0% +six billion people on the planet today + + + align:start position:0% +six billion people on the planet today +something like 650 million of them will + + align:start position:0% +something like 650 million of them will + + + align:start position:0% +something like 650 million of them will +die due to the exposure to cigarette + + align:start position:0% +die due to the exposure to cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +die due to the exposure to cigarette +smoke so my little my little uh lesson + + align:start position:0% +smoke so my little my little uh lesson + + + align:start position:0% +smoke so my little my little uh lesson +here is that if you're currently smoking + + align:start position:0% +here is that if you're currently smoking + + + align:start position:0% +here is that if you're currently smoking +stop if you're not smoking don't start + + align:start position:0% +stop if you're not smoking don't start + + + align:start position:0% +stop if you're not smoking don't start +it's the easiest way to protect yourself + + align:start position:0% +it's the easiest way to protect yourself + + + align:start position:0% +it's the easiest way to protect yourself +against many many dangerous future + + align:start position:0% +against many many dangerous future + + + align:start position:0% +against many many dangerous future +problems all right so cigarette smoke is + + align:start position:0% +problems all right so cigarette smoke is + + + align:start position:0% +problems all right so cigarette smoke is +is something we do to ourselves we + + align:start position:0% +is something we do to ourselves we + + + align:start position:0% +is something we do to ourselves we +expose ourselves to mutagens that cause + + align:start position:0% +expose ourselves to mutagens that cause + + + align:start position:0% +expose ourselves to mutagens that cause +cancer cells to develop in your lungs + + align:start position:0% +cancer cells to develop in your lungs + + + align:start position:0% +cancer cells to develop in your lungs +and in other parts of your + + align:start position:0% +and in other parts of your + + + align:start position:0% +and in other parts of your +body there are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other so-called exogenous mutagens + + align:start position:0% +other so-called exogenous mutagens + + + align:start position:0% +other so-called exogenous mutagens +things that we get exposed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to sunlight for example sunlight the UV + + align:start position:0% +to sunlight for example sunlight the UV + + + align:start position:0% +to sunlight for example sunlight the UV +rays in sunlight can cause damage to + + align:start position:0% +rays in sunlight can cause damage to + + + align:start position:0% +rays in sunlight can cause damage to +your DNA causing skin cancer and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +melanoma dietary + + align:start position:0% +melanoma dietary + + + align:start position:0% +melanoma dietary +carcinogens barbecued beef has certain + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens barbecued beef has certain + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens barbecued beef has certain +dietary + + align:start position:0% +dietary + + + align:start position:0% +dietary +carcinogens uh in the category actually + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens uh in the category actually + + + align:start position:0% +carcinogens uh in the category actually +of benzo ayene uh that can cause damage + + align:start position:0% +of benzo ayene uh that can cause damage + + + align:start position:0% +of benzo ayene uh that can cause damage +to your DNA and and induce colon cancer + + align:start position:0% +to your DNA and and induce colon cancer + + + align:start position:0% +to your DNA and and induce colon cancer +not at high numbers not saying you + + align:start position:0% +not at high numbers not saying you + + + align:start position:0% +not at high numbers not saying you +shouldn't eat barbecue but still this is + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't eat barbecue but still this is + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't eat barbecue but still this is +an example of stuff we get exposed to + + align:start position:0% +an example of stuff we get exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +an example of stuff we get exposed to +that increases our cancer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +risk replication + + align:start position:0% +risk replication + + + align:start position:0% +risk replication +errors your cells are good at copying + + align:start position:0% +errors your cells are good at copying + + + align:start position:0% +errors your cells are good at copying +the DNA they're very good at it they + + align:start position:0% +the DNA they're very good at it they + + + align:start position:0% +the DNA they're very good at it they +have proofreading functions that make + + align:start position:0% +have proofreading functions that make + + + align:start position:0% +have proofreading functions that make +them better at it but not perfect so + + align:start position:0% +them better at it but not perfect so + + + align:start position:0% +them better at it but not perfect so +every time your cells divide you + + align:start position:0% +every time your cells divide you + + + align:start position:0% +every time your cells divide you +actually run the risk of making a + + align:start position:0% +actually run the risk of making a + + + align:start position:0% +actually run the risk of making a +mistake and replication errors are a + + align:start position:0% +mistake and replication errors are a + + + align:start position:0% +mistake and replication errors are a +common source of mutations in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cancer as your cells are moving DNA + + align:start position:0% +cancer as your cells are moving DNA + + + align:start position:0% +cancer as your cells are moving DNA +around they also sometimes break it and + + align:start position:0% +around they also sometimes break it and + + + align:start position:0% +around they also sometimes break it and +these DNA brakes are sometimes sealed + + align:start position:0% +these DNA brakes are sometimes sealed + + + align:start position:0% +these DNA brakes are sometimes sealed +properly but sometimes not and deletions + + align:start position:0% +properly but sometimes not and deletions + + + align:start position:0% +properly but sometimes not and deletions +can occur and translocations can occur + + align:start position:0% +can occur and translocations can occur + + + align:start position:0% +can occur and translocations can occur +and another endogenous process that + + align:start position:0% +and another endogenous process that + + + align:start position:0% +and another endogenous process that +leads to mutations including in cancer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells defects in DNA repair you have + + align:start position:0% +cells defects in DNA repair you have + + + align:start position:0% +cells defects in DNA repair you have +lots of enzymes that are looking at your + + align:start position:0% +lots of enzymes that are looking at your + + + align:start position:0% +lots of enzymes that are looking at your +DNA at all times for adducts that have + + align:start position:0% +DNA at all times for adducts that have + + + align:start position:0% +DNA at all times for adducts that have +formed in other alterations and those + + align:start position:0% +formed in other alterations and those + + + align:start position:0% +formed in other alterations and those +enzymes remove those damaged bases and + + align:start position:0% +enzymes remove those damaged bases and + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes remove those damaged bases and +fix them but sometimes they fail + + align:start position:0% +fix them but sometimes they fail + + + align:start position:0% +fix them but sometimes they fail +sometimes they actually get mutated in + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they actually get mutated in + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they actually get mutated in +cancer cells raising the risk still + + align:start position:0% +cancer cells raising the risk still + + + align:start position:0% +cancer cells raising the risk still +further so defects in DNA damage and DNA + + align:start position:0% +further so defects in DNA damage and DNA + + + align:start position:0% +further so defects in DNA damage and DNA +damage repair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enzymes your cells also produce + + align:start position:0% +enzymes your cells also produce + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes your cells also produce +endogenous mutagens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +various reactive oxygen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +species are produced for example in the + + align:start position:0% +species are produced for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +species are produced for example in the +process of metabolism and these reactive + + align:start position:0% +process of metabolism and these reactive + + + align:start position:0% +process of metabolism and these reactive +oxygen species like super oxide hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen species like super oxide hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen species like super oxide hydrogen +peroxide can interact with the DNA and + + align:start position:0% +peroxide can interact with the DNA and + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide can interact with the DNA and +cause mutations this is why antioxidants + + align:start position:0% +cause mutations this is why antioxidants + + + align:start position:0% +cause mutations this is why antioxidants +are useful in preventing cancer in some + + align:start position:0% +are useful in preventing cancer in some + + + align:start position:0% +are useful in preventing cancer in some +settings okay so various things that we + + align:start position:0% +settings okay so various things that we + + + align:start position:0% +settings okay so various things that we +get exp exposed to or we expose + + align:start position:0% +get exp exposed to or we expose + + + align:start position:0% +get exp exposed to or we expose +ourselves to cause mutations in DNA and + + align:start position:0% +ourselves to cause mutations in DNA and + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves to cause mutations in DNA and +this results ultimately in the + + align:start position:0% +this results ultimately in the + + + align:start position:0% +this results ultimately in the +development of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cancers the last thing I'll mention to + + align:start position:0% +cancers the last thing I'll mention to + + + align:start position:0% +cancers the last thing I'll mention to +you is that this doesn't happen + + align:start position:0% +you is that this doesn't happen + + + align:start position:0% +you is that this doesn't happen +overnight it's not that a single + + align:start position:0% +overnight it's not that a single + + + align:start position:0% +overnight it's not that a single +alteration in a single Gene is + + align:start position:0% +alteration in a single Gene is + + + align:start position:0% +alteration in a single Gene is +sufficient to drive tumor development + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instead it's a a process that occurs + + align:start position:0% +instead it's a a process that occurs + + + align:start position:0% +instead it's a a process that occurs +over time and requires alterations to + + align:start position:0% +over time and requires alterations to + + + align:start position:0% +over time and requires alterations to +many genes so if you imagine a cell a + + align:start position:0% +many genes so if you imagine a cell a + + + align:start position:0% +many genes so if you imagine a cell a +normal cell which divides to produce two + + align:start position:0% +normal cell which divides to produce two + + + align:start position:0% +normal cell which divides to produce two +daughters with the same DNA content at + + align:start position:0% +daughters with the same DNA content at + + + align:start position:0% +daughters with the same DNA content at +some frequency this cell might acquire a + + align:start position:0% +some frequency this cell might acquire a + + + align:start position:0% +some frequency this cell might acquire a +mutation maybe it got exposed to + + align:start position:0% +mutation maybe it got exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +mutation maybe it got exposed to +cigarette smoke maybe it got exposed to + + align:start position:0% +cigarette smoke maybe it got exposed to + + + align:start position:0% +cigarette smoke maybe it got exposed to +Super oxide maybe it made a mistake and + + align:start position:0% +Super oxide maybe it made a mistake and + + + align:start position:0% +Super oxide maybe it made a mistake and +this mutation then confers upon that + + align:start position:0% +this mutation then confers upon that + + + align:start position:0% +this mutation then confers upon that +that cell the ability to + + align:start position:0% +that cell the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +that cell the ability to +divide especially well + + align:start position:0% +divide especially well + + + align:start position:0% +divide especially well +and now all of its daughter cells carry + + align:start position:0% +and now all of its daughter cells carry + + + align:start position:0% +and now all of its daughter cells carry +that same + + align:start position:0% +that same + + + align:start position:0% +that same +mutation and as that cell divides + + align:start position:0% +mutation and as that cell divides + + + align:start position:0% +mutation and as that cell divides +further and produces daughter + + align:start position:0% +further and produces daughter + + + align:start position:0% +further and produces daughter +cells of its + + align:start position:0% +cells of its + + + align:start position:0% +cells of its +own perhaps one of those cells and this + + align:start position:0% +own perhaps one of those cells and this + + + align:start position:0% +own perhaps one of those cells and this +might not be in the very next cell + + align:start position:0% +might not be in the very next cell + + + align:start position:0% +might not be in the very next cell +division it might be five years later + + align:start position:0% +division it might be five years later + + + align:start position:0% +division it might be five years later +one of those cells acquires a second + + align:start position:0% +one of those cells acquires a second + + + align:start position:0% +one of those cells acquires a second +mutation and that mutation gives that + + align:start position:0% +mutation and that mutation gives that + + + align:start position:0% +mutation and that mutation gives that +cell the ability to + + align:start position:0% +cell the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +cell the ability to +divide even more rapidly or survive even + + align:start position:0% +divide even more rapidly or survive even + + + align:start position:0% +divide even more rapidly or survive even +better and again all of its descendent + + align:start position:0% +better and again all of its descendent + + + align:start position:0% +better and again all of its descendent +cells will have that same abnormal + + align:start position:0% +cells will have that same abnormal + + + align:start position:0% +cells will have that same abnormal +genotype and maybe within that clone of + + align:start position:0% +genotype and maybe within that clone of + + + align:start position:0% +genotype and maybe within that clone of +cells a third mutation takes place and + + align:start position:0% +cells a third mutation takes place and + + + align:start position:0% +cells a third mutation takes place and +on and on we go we now think that we + + align:start position:0% +on and on we go we now think that we + + + align:start position:0% +on and on we go we now think that we +need somewhere between five and 10 + + align:start position:0% +need somewhere between five and 10 + + + align:start position:0% +need somewhere between five and 10 +mutations in cellular genes to allow the + + align:start position:0% +mutations in cellular genes to allow the + + + align:start position:0% +mutations in cellular genes to allow the +cells to progress all the way to that + + align:start position:0% +cells to progress all the way to that + + + align:start position:0% +cells to progress all the way to that +full-blown cancer that I showed you in + + align:start position:0% +full-blown cancer that I showed you in + + + align:start position:0% +full-blown cancer that I showed you in +pictures before so this process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continues until we have true + + align:start position:0% +continues until we have true + + + align:start position:0% +continues until we have true +malignancy and this process of + + align:start position:0% +malignancy and this process of + + + align:start position:0% +malignancy and this process of +developing clones with increasing + + align:start position:0% +developing clones with increasing + + + align:start position:0% +developing clones with increasing +ability to develop into + + align:start position:0% +ability to develop into + + + align:start position:0% +ability to develop into +cancer we call the clonal evolution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the clonal evolution of increasingly + + align:start position:0% +the clonal evolution of increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +the clonal evolution of increasingly +abnormal clones which eventually will + + align:start position:0% +abnormal clones which eventually will + + + align:start position:0% +abnormal clones which eventually will +develop into a Cancer and next time + + align:start position:0% +develop into a Cancer and next time + + + align:start position:0% +develop into a Cancer and next time +we'll talk about what are the genes that + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about what are the genes that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about what are the genes that +are mutated in these developing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cancers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c8K_FSLtceQ.txt b/c8K_FSLtceQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3da5860f4a35bb92c12bafb9cce33f768dab7d1e --- /dev/null +++ b/c8K_FSLtceQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we are um talking about how consumers + + align:start position:0% +we are um talking about how consumers + + + align:start position:0% +we are um talking about how consumers +make decisions last time we talked about + + align:start position:0% +make decisions last time we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +make decisions last time we talked about +preferences and utility functions and we + + align:start position:0% +preferences and utility functions and we + + + align:start position:0% +preferences and utility functions and we +let you have as much money as you want + + align:start position:0% +let you have as much money as you want + + + align:start position:0% +let you have as much money as you want +today the bad news today we impose a + + align:start position:0% +today the bad news today we impose a + + + align:start position:0% +today the bad news today we impose a +budget constraint and talk about how + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and talk about how +consumers actually make decisions + + align:start position:0% +consumers actually make decisions + + + align:start position:0% +consumers actually make decisions +realistically when they face a limit on + + align:start position:0% +realistically when they face a limit on + + + align:start position:0% +realistically when they face a limit on +their resources and that's what we focus + + align:start position:0% +their resources and that's what we focus + + + align:start position:0% +their resources and that's what we focus +on today so let's start by talking about + + align:start position:0% +on today so let's start by talking about + + + align:start position:0% +on today so let's start by talking about +what budget constraints are budget + + align:start position:0% +what budget constraints are budget + + + align:start position:0% +what budget constraints are budget +constraints and let's start by Bud talk + + align:start position:0% +constraints and let's start by Bud talk + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and let's start by Bud talk +about budget constraint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +construction we're going to go back to + + align:start position:0% +construction we're going to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +construction we're going to go back to +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +example um of pizza and cookies and in + + align:start position:0% +example um of pizza and cookies and in + + + align:start position:0% +example um of pizza and cookies and in +particular for the next I don't know 19 + + align:start position:0% +particular for the next I don't know 19 + + + align:start position:0% +particular for the next I don't know 19 +lectures we are going to make the + + align:start position:0% +lectures we are going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +lectures we are going to make the +critical assumption that your budget + + align:start position:0% +critical assumption that your budget + + + align:start position:0% +critical assumption that your budget +equals your income that is there is no + + align:start position:0% +equals your income that is there is no + + + align:start position:0% +equals your income that is there is no +saving or borrowing you consume all your + + align:start position:0% +saving or borrowing you consume all your + + + align:start position:0% +saving or borrowing you consume all your +income okay we'll come back and talk + + align:start position:0% +income okay we'll come back and talk + + + align:start position:0% +income okay we'll come back and talk +about people make savings and borrowing + + align:start position:0% +about people make savings and borrowing + + + align:start position:0% +about people make savings and borrowing +decisions later sadly this is not a + + align:start position:0% +decisions later sadly this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +decisions later sadly this is not a +terrible approximation for Americans the + + align:start position:0% +terrible approximation for Americans the + + + align:start position:0% +terrible approximation for Americans the +average American has less than + + align:start position:0% +average American has less than + + + align:start position:0% +average American has less than +$1,000 in available savings to access so + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 in available savings to access so + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 in available savings to access so +actually measuring saying your + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring saying your + + + align:start position:0% +actually measuring saying your +consumption equals your income is not a + + align:start position:0% +consumption equals your income is not a + + + align:start position:0% +consumption equals your income is not a +terrible approximation to the way most + + align:start position:0% +terrible approximation to the way most + + + align:start position:0% +terrible approximation to the way most +people in America have to live their + + align:start position:0% +people in America have to live their + + + align:start position:0% +people in America have to live their +lives today okay so but it's very + + align:start position:0% +lives today okay so but it's very + + + align:start position:0% +lives today okay so but it's very +important to remember it's not we're + + align:start position:0% +important to remember it's not we're + + + align:start position:0% +important to remember it's not we're +saying people don't save and borrow they + + align:start position:0% +saying people don't save and borrow they + + + align:start position:0% +saying people don't save and borrow they +do both we're just going to leave that + + align:start position:0% +do both we're just going to leave that + + + align:start position:0% +do both we're just going to leave that +complication to later and assume that + + align:start position:0% +complication to later and assume that + + + align:start position:0% +complication to later and assume that +every penny you have you're going to + + align:start position:0% +every penny you have you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +every penny you have you're going to +spend on consumption goods and in this + + align:start position:0% +spend on consumption goods and in this + + + align:start position:0% +spend on consumption goods and in this +case it's just two consumption Goods + + align:start position:0% +case it's just two consumption Goods + + + align:start position:0% +case it's just two consumption Goods +slice of pizza and cookies so you're + + align:start position:0% +slice of pizza and cookies so you're + + + align:start position:0% +slice of pizza and cookies so you're +going to write your budget constraint as + + align:start position:0% +going to write your budget constraint as + + + align:start position:0% +going to write your budget constraint as +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +income okay equals the number of cookies + + align:start position:0% +income okay equals the number of cookies + + + align:start position:0% +income okay equals the number of cookies +times the the price of cookies plus the + + align:start position:0% +times the the price of cookies plus the + + + align:start position:0% +times the the price of cookies plus the +number of slices of pizza times the + + align:start position:0% +number of slices of pizza times the + + + align:start position:0% +number of slices of pizza times the +price of a slice of + + align:start position:0% +price of a slice of + + + align:start position:0% +price of a slice of +pizza okay that is your total spending + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay that is your total spending + + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay that is your total spending +on cookies will be the number of cookies + + align:start position:0% +on cookies will be the number of cookies + + + align:start position:0% +on cookies will be the number of cookies +you eat times the number the price per + + align:start position:0% +you eat times the number the price per + + + align:start position:0% +you eat times the number the price per +cookie your total spending on pizza + + align:start position:0% +cookie your total spending on pizza + + + align:start position:0% +cookie your total spending on pizza +slices will be the number of slices you + + align:start position:0% +slices will be the number of slices you + + + align:start position:0% +slices will be the number of slices you +eat times your spending per slice and + + align:start position:0% +eat times your spending per slice and + + + align:start position:0% +eat times your spending per slice and +that will add up to your income because + + align:start position:0% +that will add up to your income because + + + align:start position:0% +that will add up to your income because +you got to spend your + + align:start position:0% +you got to spend your + + + align:start position:0% +you got to spend your +income and that leads us to what we see + + align:start position:0% +income and that leads us to what we see + + + align:start position:0% +income and that leads us to what we see +in figure 31 which is the budget + + align:start position:0% +in figure 31 which is the budget + + + align:start position:0% +in figure 31 which is the budget +constraint something you become very + + align:start position:0% +constraint something you become very + + + align:start position:0% +constraint something you become very +very familiar with over the next over + + align:start position:0% +very familiar with over the next over + + + align:start position:0% +very familiar with over the next over +the coming weeks okay it's just a graph + + align:start position:0% +the coming weeks okay it's just a graph + + + align:start position:0% +the coming weeks okay it's just a graph +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +representation the xaxis represents how + + align:start position:0% +representation the xaxis represents how + + + align:start position:0% +representation the xaxis represents how +many cookies you'd get if you spend all + + align:start position:0% +many cookies you'd get if you spend all + + + align:start position:0% +many cookies you'd get if you spend all +your income on cookies which is your + + align:start position:0% +your income on cookies which is your + + + align:start position:0% +your income on cookies which is your +income divided by the price of + + align:start position:0% +income divided by the price of + + + align:start position:0% +income divided by the price of +cookies the Y AIS represents how much + + align:start position:0% +cookies the Y AIS represents how much + + + align:start position:0% +cookies the Y AIS represents how much +you'd get if you spend all your income + + align:start position:0% +you'd get if you spend all your income + + + align:start position:0% +you'd get if you spend all your income +on slices of pizza which your income + + align:start position:0% +on slices of pizza which your income + + + align:start position:0% +on slices of pizza which your income +divided by the cost of a slice of + + align:start position:0% +divided by the cost of a slice of + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the cost of a slice of +pizza and the slope critically is the + + align:start position:0% +pizza and the slope critically is the + + + align:start position:0% +pizza and the slope critically is the +opposite of is the negative price ratio + + align:start position:0% +opposite of is the negative price ratio + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of is the negative price ratio +critically the slope is the negative of + + align:start position:0% +critically the slope is the negative of + + + align:start position:0% +critically the slope is the negative of +the price ratio minus PC over + + align:start position:0% +the price ratio minus PC over + + + align:start position:0% +the price ratio minus PC over +PS + + align:start position:0% +PS + + + align:start position:0% +PS +okay this is critical and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay this is critical and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is critical and we're going to +come back to why this is such a critical + + align:start position:0% +come back to why this is such a critical + + + align:start position:0% +come back to why this is such a critical +concept the slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +concept the slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +concept the slope of the budget +constraint let's start with an example + + align:start position:0% +constraint let's start with an example + + + align:start position:0% +constraint let's start with an example +imagine that your income is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +$24 that the price of cookies is + + align:start position:0% +$24 that the price of cookies is + + + align:start position:0% +$24 that the price of cookies is +$2 and the price of slice of pizza is + + align:start position:0% +$2 and the price of slice of pizza is + + + align:start position:0% +$2 and the price of slice of pizza is +$4 okay imagine those are the parameters + + align:start position:0% +$4 okay imagine those are the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +$4 okay imagine those are the parameters +you were given now you might ask where's + + align:start position:0% +you were given now you might ask where's + + + align:start position:0% +you were given now you might ask where's +your income come from where's the price + + align:start position:0% +your income come from where's the price + + + align:start position:0% +your income come from where's the price +of cookies come where the price slice + + align:start position:0% +of cookies come where the price slice + + + align:start position:0% +of cookies come where the price slice +come from these two things we will tell + + align:start position:0% +come from these two things we will tell + + + align:start position:0% +come from these two things we will tell +you where they come from we get to + + align:start position:0% +you where they come from we get to + + + align:start position:0% +you where they come from we get to +Consumer Theory producer Theory we'll + + align:start position:0% +Consumer Theory producer Theory we'll + + + align:start position:0% +Consumer Theory producer Theory we'll +talk you about how firms set these + + align:start position:0% +talk you about how firms set these + + + align:start position:0% +talk you about how firms set these +prices but during in consumer Theory + + align:start position:0% +prices but during in consumer Theory + + + align:start position:0% +prices but during in consumer Theory +we're taking them as const as given okay + + align:start position:0% +we're taking them as const as given okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking them as const as given okay +so for the consumer theory part of the + + align:start position:0% +so for the consumer theory part of the + + + align:start position:0% +so for the consumer theory part of the +course for this lecture and next lecture + + align:start position:0% +course for this lecture and next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +course for this lecture and next lecture +okay we take these things as given we + + align:start position:0% +okay we take these things as given we + + + align:start position:0% +okay we take these things as given we +get to producer Theory derive where they + + align:start position:0% +get to producer Theory derive where they + + + align:start position:0% +get to producer Theory derive where they +come from + + align:start position:0% +come from + + + align:start position:0% +come from +income comes from how hard you work and + + align:start position:0% +income comes from how hard you work and + + + align:start position:0% +income comes from how hard you work and +what are the sources of income you have + + align:start position:0% +what are the sources of income you have + + + align:start position:0% +what are the sources of income you have +we'll talk about that in a few lectures + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that in a few lectures + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that in a few lectures +for the next Le couple lectur we'll take + + align:start position:0% +for the next Le couple lectur we'll take + + + align:start position:0% +for the next Le couple lectur we'll take +that as given so for today's purposes + + align:start position:0% +that as given so for today's purposes + + + align:start position:0% +that as given so for today's purposes +you are given an income you're given + + align:start position:0% +you are given an income you're given + + + align:start position:0% +you are given an income you're given +price prices and you have to decide how + + align:start position:0% +price prices and you have to decide how + + + align:start position:0% +price prices and you have to decide how +you're going to optimize your bundle + + align:start position:0% +you're going to optimize your bundle + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to optimize your bundle +given your preferences and given that + + align:start position:0% +given your preferences and given that + + + align:start position:0% +given your preferences and given that +budget constraint and what's cool about + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and what's cool about + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and what's cool about +this course like I said it's a layered + + align:start position:0% +this course like I said it's a layered + + + align:start position:0% +this course like I said it's a layered +course we'll come back and tell you + + align:start position:0% +course we'll come back and tell you + + + align:start position:0% +course we'll come back and tell you +where all these things come from but we + + align:start position:0% +where all these things come from but we + + + align:start position:0% +where all these things come from but we +go step by step to develop it right now + + align:start position:0% +go step by step to develop it right now + + + align:start position:0% +go step by step to develop it right now +we take the step of those things as + + align:start position:0% +we take the step of those things as + + + align:start position:0% +we take the step of those things as +given + + align:start position:0% +given + + + align:start position:0% +given +okay now what this means is the slope + + align:start position:0% +okay now what this means is the slope + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what this means is the slope +the slope of the budget constraint in + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the budget constraint in + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the budget constraint in +this example is minus + + align:start position:0% +this example is minus + + + align:start position:0% +this example is minus +one2 so minus the price of cookies over + + align:start position:0% +one2 so minus the price of cookies over + + + align:start position:0% +one2 so minus the price of cookies over +the price slice of pizza is - 12 that's + + align:start position:0% +the price slice of pizza is - 12 that's + + + align:start position:0% +the price slice of pizza is - 12 that's +the slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the budget +constraint and we're going to call this + + align:start position:0% +constraint and we're going to call this + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and we're going to call this +the marginal rate of transformation + + align:start position:0% +the marginal rate of transformation + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal rate of transformation +remember yes last time we had the + + align:start position:0% +remember yes last time we had the + + + align:start position:0% +remember yes last time we had the +marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of +substitution this is the marginal rate + + align:start position:0% +substitution this is the marginal rate + + + align:start position:0% +substitution this is the marginal rate +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +transformation this is the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +transformation this is the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +transformation this is the rate at which +you can effectively transform cookies in + + align:start position:0% +you can effectively transform cookies in + + + align:start position:0% +you can effectively transform cookies in +a slice of pizza this is not a course + + align:start position:0% +a slice of pizza this is not a course + + + align:start position:0% +a slice of pizza this is not a course +about alchemy we're not going to teach + + align:start position:0% +about alchemy we're not going to teach + + + align:start position:0% +about alchemy we're not going to teach +you how to transform cookies into pizza + + align:start position:0% +you how to transform cookies into pizza + + + align:start position:0% +you how to transform cookies into pizza +but given the prices in your income + + align:start position:0% +but given the prices in your income + + + align:start position:0% +but given the prices in your income +opportunity cost dictates that every + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost dictates that every + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost dictates that every +time you eat a cookie you effectively + + align:start position:0% +time you eat a cookie you effectively + + + align:start position:0% +time you eat a cookie you effectively +reading one half fewer slice of pizza + + align:start position:0% +reading one half fewer slice of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +reading one half fewer slice of pizza +why because cookies cost half as much + + align:start position:0% +why because cookies cost half as much + + + align:start position:0% +why because cookies cost half as much +and you have to spend your income so you + + align:start position:0% +and you have to spend your income so you + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to spend your income so you +spend it on cookies you're not spending + + align:start position:0% +spend it on cookies you're not spending + + + align:start position:0% +spend it on cookies you're not spending +on pizza and vice versa every S Pizza + + align:start position:0% +on pizza and vice versa every S Pizza + + + align:start position:0% +on pizza and vice versa every S Pizza +you have effectively that's too fewer + + align:start position:0% +you have effectively that's too fewer + + + align:start position:0% +you have effectively that's too fewer +cookies so you're effectively + + align:start position:0% +cookies so you're effectively + + + align:start position:0% +cookies so you're effectively +transforming pizza into cookies and vice + + align:start position:0% +transforming pizza into cookies and vice + + + align:start position:0% +transforming pizza into cookies and vice +versa through the market through the + + align:start position:0% +versa through the market through the + + + align:start position:0% +versa through the market through the +market by choosing one you're not + + align:start position:0% +market by choosing one you're not + + + align:start position:0% +market by choosing one you're not +choosing the other that's why we're + + align:start position:0% +choosing the other that's why we're + + + align:start position:0% +choosing the other that's why we're +called the Dismal science that's the + + align:start position:0% +called the Dismal science that's the + + + align:start position:0% +called the Dismal science that's the +concept of opportunity cost nothing is + + align:start position:0% +concept of opportunity cost nothing is + + + align:start position:0% +concept of opportunity cost nothing is +nothing is free every cookie you have + + align:start position:0% +nothing is free every cookie you have + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is free every cookie you have +means less pizza every Pizza you have + + align:start position:0% +means less pizza every Pizza you have + + + align:start position:0% +means less pizza every Pizza you have +means less cookies okay so that is uh + + align:start position:0% +means less cookies okay so that is uh + + + align:start position:0% +means less cookies okay so that is uh +exactly the application of opportunity + + align:start position:0% +exactly the application of opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the application of opportunity +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +so this is sort of a difficult concept I + + align:start position:0% +so this is sort of a difficult concept I + + + align:start position:0% +so this is sort of a difficult concept I +think so I like to think about this in + + align:start position:0% +think so I like to think about this in + + + align:start position:0% +think so I like to think about this in +perhaps the best real world example of + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the best real world example of + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the best real world example of +how people can use budget constraints in + + align:start position:0% +how people can use budget constraints in + + + align:start position:0% +how people can use budget constraints in +their lives which is Weight Watchers you + + align:start position:0% +their lives which is Weight Watchers you + + + align:start position:0% +their lives which is Weight Watchers you +guys are all young and fit uh it is sort + + align:start position:0% +guys are all young and fit uh it is sort + + + align:start position:0% +guys are all young and fit uh it is sort +of amazing we'll come back and talk talk + + align:start position:0% +of amazing we'll come back and talk talk + + + align:start position:0% +of amazing we'll come back and talk talk +about obesity later it is sort of + + align:start position:0% +about obesity later it is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +about obesity later it is sort of +amazing you look around this room there + + align:start position:0% +amazing you look around this room there + + + align:start position:0% +amazing you look around this room there +is you guys are incredibly young and fit + + align:start position:0% +is you guys are incredibly young and fit + + + align:start position:0% +is you guys are incredibly young and fit +you realize that onethird of Americans + + align:start position:0% +you realize that onethird of Americans + + + align:start position:0% +you realize that onethird of Americans +your age are obese onethird 0% of this + + align:start position:0% +your age are obese onethird 0% of this + + + align:start position:0% +your age are obese onethird 0% of this +class and onethird of Americans + + align:start position:0% +class and onethird of Americans + + + align:start position:0% +class and onethird of Americans +something to just think about as we + + align:start position:0% +something to just think about as we + + + align:start position:0% +something to just think about as we +think about what's the role of the + + align:start position:0% +think about what's the role of the + + + align:start position:0% +think about what's the role of the +government in dealing with the problems + + align:start position:0% +government in dealing with the problems + + + align:start position:0% +government in dealing with the problems +of society to realize that we've really + + align:start position:0% +of society to realize that we've really + + + align:start position:0% +of society to realize that we've really +separated a lot between the halves and + + align:start position:0% +separated a lot between the halves and + + + align:start position:0% +separated a lot between the halves and +the have knots on many things not just + + align:start position:0% +the have knots on many things not just + + + align:start position:0% +the have knots on many things not just +money but also Health okay let me ask a + + align:start position:0% +money but also Health okay let me ask a + + + align:start position:0% +money but also Health okay let me ask a +question how many of you guys drink + + align:start position:0% +question how many of you guys drink + + + align:start position:0% +question how many of you guys drink +calorie or non- calori + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +soda okay that is stunning okay that is + + align:start position:0% +soda okay that is stunning okay that is + + + align:start position:0% +soda okay that is stunning okay that is +stunning 20 years ago it would have been + + align:start position:0% +stunning 20 years ago it would have been + + + align:start position:0% +stunning 20 years ago it would have been +100% okay it is really amazing we've + + align:start position:0% +100% okay it is really amazing we've + + + align:start position:0% +100% okay it is really amazing we've +switched away from soda we you all + + align:start position:0% +switched away from soda we you all + + + align:start position:0% +switched away from soda we you all +exercise switched away from Bad eating + + align:start position:0% +exercise switched away from Bad eating + + + align:start position:0% +exercise switched away from Bad eating +habits it's just sort of amazing but + + align:start position:0% +habits it's just sort of amazing but + + + align:start position:0% +habits it's just sort of amazing but +only in the most educated populations + + align:start position:0% +only in the most educated populations + + + align:start position:0% +only in the most educated populations +this happen it's really quite striking + + align:start position:0% +this happen it's really quite striking + + + align:start position:0% +this happen it's really quite striking +anyway um but so for many people + + align:start position:0% +anyway um but so for many people + + + align:start position:0% +anyway um but so for many people +struggling with your weight is an issue + + align:start position:0% +struggling with your weight is an issue + + + align:start position:0% +struggling with your weight is an issue +and Weight Watchers has a program that's + + align:start position:0% +and Weight Watchers has a program that's + + + align:start position:0% +and Weight Watchers has a program that's +very effective it's one of the a few + + align:start position:0% +very effective it's one of the a few + + + align:start position:0% +very effective it's one of the a few +scientifically shown methods to actually + + align:start position:0% +scientifically shown methods to actually + + + align:start position:0% +scientifically shown methods to actually +lose weight what does Weight Watchers do + + align:start position:0% +lose weight what does Weight Watchers do + + + align:start position:0% +lose weight what does Weight Watchers do +they recognize that dieting does not + + align:start position:0% +they recognize that dieting does not + + + align:start position:0% +they recognize that dieting does not +work telling people eat this and eat + + align:start position:0% +work telling people eat this and eat + + + align:start position:0% +work telling people eat this and eat +that does not work there is no evidence + + align:start position:0% +that does not work there is no evidence + + + align:start position:0% +that does not work there is no evidence +that any diet ever works okay what + + align:start position:0% +that any diet ever works okay what + + + align:start position:0% +that any diet ever works okay what +Weight Watchers instead is establish a + + align:start position:0% +Weight Watchers instead is establish a + + + align:start position:0% +Weight Watchers instead is establish a +budget constraint they say look we're + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint they say look we're + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint they say look we're +not going to tell you what to eat we're + + align:start position:0% +not going to tell you what to eat we're + + + align:start position:0% +not going to tell you what to eat we're +just going to tell you what each piece + + align:start position:0% +just going to tell you what each piece + + + align:start position:0% +just going to tell you what each piece +of food costs effectively in terms of + + align:start position:0% +of food costs effectively in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +of food costs effectively in terms of +weight gain and we do that by assigning + + align:start position:0% +weight gain and we do that by assigning + + + align:start position:0% +weight gain and we do that by assigning +each piece of food a weight so they say + + align:start position:0% +each piece of food a weight so they say + + + align:start position:0% +each piece of food a weight so they say +for instance a carrot has zero points a + + align:start position:0% +for instance a carrot has zero points a + + + align:start position:0% +for instance a carrot has zero points a +Snickers + + align:start position:0% +Snickers + + + align:start position:0% +Snickers +bar has uh six points and you just add + + align:start position:0% +bar has uh six points and you just add + + + align:start position:0% +bar has uh six points and you just add +up the points of what you eat up to the + + align:start position:0% +up the points of what you eat up to the + + + align:start position:0% +up the points of what you eat up to the +point total you want to hit they say + + align:start position:0% +point total you want to hit they say + + + align:start position:0% +point total you want to hit they say +look you tell us you can go wait watch + + align:start position:0% +look you tell us you can go wait watch + + + align:start position:0% +look you tell us you can go wait watch +us and set it up for free you don't none + + align:start position:0% +us and set it up for free you don't none + + + align:start position:0% +us and set it up for free you don't none +of you have to but when you're older uh + + align:start position:0% +of you have to but when you're older uh + + + align:start position:0% +of you have to but when you're older uh +you can go set it up for free and you + + align:start position:0% +you can go set it up for free and you + + + align:start position:0% +you can go set it up for free and you +basically say um what what weight do you + + align:start position:0% +basically say um what what weight do you + + + align:start position:0% +basically say um what what weight do you +want to hit and they say okay this is + + align:start position:0% +want to hit and they say okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +want to hit and they say okay this is +how many points you can have per day + + align:start position:0% +how many points you can have per day + + + align:start position:0% +how many points you can have per day +plus you get cheat you get some cheat + + align:start position:0% +plus you get cheat you get some cheat + + + align:start position:0% +plus you get cheat you get some cheat +points and if you hit if you consume + + align:start position:0% +points and if you hit if you consume + + + align:start position:0% +points and if you hit if you consume +those points per day within X weeks you + + align:start position:0% +those points per day within X weeks you + + + align:start position:0% +those points per day within X weeks you +will hit your goal weight but you decide + + align:start position:0% +will hit your goal weight but you decide + + + align:start position:0% +will hit your goal weight but you decide +how to do it so for example let's say + + align:start position:0% +how to do it so for example let's say + + + align:start position:0% +how to do it so for example let's say +you go to McDonald's for lunch and let's + + align:start position:0% +you go to McDonald's for lunch and let's + + + align:start position:0% +you go to McDonald's for lunch and let's +say your budget's 30 points which is a + + align:start position:0% +say your budget's 30 points which is a + + + align:start position:0% +say your budget's 30 points which is a +pretty typical budget okay what that + + align:start position:0% +pretty typical budget okay what that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty typical budget okay what that +would say is for 30 points you if you go + + align:start position:0% +would say is for 30 points you if you go + + + align:start position:0% +would say is for 30 points you if you go +to lunch for McDonald's and you get a + + align:start position:0% +to lunch for McDonald's and you get a + + + align:start position:0% +to lunch for McDonald's and you get a +classic number one that's a Big Mac 14 + + align:start position:0% +classic number one that's a Big Mac 14 + + + align:start position:0% +classic number one that's a Big Mac 14 +points fries 10 points and a coke which + + align:start position:0% +points fries 10 points and a coke which + + + align:start position:0% +points fries 10 points and a coke which +is six points that's 30 points on lunch + + align:start position:0% +is six points that's 30 points on lunch + + + align:start position:0% +is six points that's 30 points on lunch +you're done + + align:start position:0% +you're done + + + align:start position:0% +you're done +nothing else for the day on the other + + align:start position:0% +nothing else for the day on the other + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else for the day on the other +hand you could say well wait if I got a + + align:start position:0% +hand you could say well wait if I got a + + + align:start position:0% +hand you could say well wait if I got a +10piece nugget that's 12 points apple + + align:start position:0% +10piece nugget that's 12 points apple + + + align:start position:0% +10piece nugget that's 12 points apple +slices is one point and a die Coke is + + align:start position:0% +slices is one point and a die Coke is + + + align:start position:0% +slices is one point and a die Coke is +zero points you've only used 13 points + + align:start position:0% +zero points you've only used 13 points + + + align:start position:0% +zero points you've only used 13 points +now unless you have strange tastes + + align:start position:0% +now unless you have strange tastes + + + align:start position:0% +now unless you have strange tastes +that's a way worse lunch I mean who + + align:start position:0% +that's a way worse lunch I mean who + + + align:start position:0% +that's a way worse lunch I mean who +wouldn't rather Big Mac and fries and a + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't rather Big Mac and fries and a + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't rather Big Mac and fries and a +coke than apple apple slices and chicken + + align:start position:0% +coke than apple apple slices and chicken + + + align:start position:0% +coke than apple apple slices and chicken +nuggets I mean come on but is less than + + align:start position:0% +nuggets I mean come on but is less than + + + align:start position:0% +nuggets I mean come on but is less than +half as expensive in terms of weight + + align:start position:0% +half as expensive in terms of weight + + + align:start position:0% +half as expensive in terms of weight +gain and you can make that decision some + + align:start position:0% +gain and you can make that decision some + + + align:start position:0% +gain and you can make that decision some +days you might might say screw it I want + + align:start position:0% +days you might might say screw it I want + + + align:start position:0% +days you might might say screw it I want +a big lunch I'll skip dinner some days + + align:start position:0% +a big lunch I'll skip dinner some days + + + align:start position:0% +a big lunch I'll skip dinner some days +you might say I got a I got a nice + + align:start position:0% +you might say I got a I got a nice + + + align:start position:0% +you might say I got a I got a nice +dinner coming out a have a lower calorie + + align:start position:0% +dinner coming out a have a lower calorie + + + align:start position:0% +dinner coming out a have a lower calorie +lunch but you decide because the budget + + align:start position:0% +lunch but you decide because the budget + + + align:start position:0% +lunch but you decide because the budget +constraint is laid out for you and + + align:start position:0% +constraint is laid out for you and + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is laid out for you and +that's why it's the most effective way + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's the most effective way + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's the most effective way +to lose weight because it put empowers + + align:start position:0% +to lose weight because it put empowers + + + align:start position:0% +to lose weight because it put empowers +the consumer not follow arbitrary rules + + align:start position:0% +the consumer not follow arbitrary rules + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer not follow arbitrary rules +but to follow their hearts within the + + align:start position:0% +but to follow their hearts within the + + + align:start position:0% +but to follow their hearts within the +constraint it's basically what we're + + align:start position:0% +constraint it's basically what we're + + + align:start position:0% +constraint it's basically what we're +going to do in this class of examed + + align:start position:0% +going to do in this class of examed + + + align:start position:0% +going to do in this class of examed +optimization it says make yourself as + + align:start position:0% +optimization it says make yourself as + + + align:start position:0% +optimization it says make yourself as +well off as possible subject to a + + align:start position:0% +well off as possible subject to a + + + align:start position:0% +well off as possible subject to a +constraint and that constraint is + + align:start position:0% +constraint and that constraint is + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and that constraint is +expressed in terms of the points + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of the points + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of the points +assigned to food so that's a great Weir + + align:start position:0% +assigned to food so that's a great Weir + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to food so that's a great Weir +World example of how people can use + + align:start position:0% +World example of how people can use + + + align:start position:0% +World example of how people can use +budget + + align:start position:0% +budget + + + align:start position:0% +budget +constraints okay questions about + + align:start position:0% +constraints okay questions about + + + align:start position:0% +constraints okay questions about +that okay let's now talk about what + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's now talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's now talk about what +happens when we run when we shock the + + align:start position:0% +happens when we run when we shock the + + + align:start position:0% +happens when we run when we shock the +budget constraint when we in when + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint when we in when + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint when we in when +various things change to move the budget + + align:start position:0% +various things change to move the budget + + + align:start position:0% +various things change to move the budget +constraint around let's talk about how + + align:start position:0% +constraint around let's talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +constraint around let's talk about how +that works okay for example imagine + + align:start position:0% +that works okay for example imagine + + + align:start position:0% +that works okay for example imagine +prices + + align:start position:0% +prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices +change okay imagine the price of pizza + + align:start position:0% +change okay imagine the price of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +change okay imagine the price of pizza +slices goes from $4 up to $6 a + + align:start position:0% +slices goes from $4 up to $6 a + + + align:start position:0% +slices goes from $4 up to $6 a +slice $4 up to6 a slice what does this + + align:start position:0% +slice $4 up to6 a slice what does this + + + align:start position:0% +slice $4 up to6 a slice what does this +do to your budget ex well that's + + align:start position:0% +do to your budget ex well that's + + + align:start position:0% +do to your budget ex well that's +Illustrated in figure + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated in figure + + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated in figure +32 note the xais the x intercept does + + align:start position:0% +32 note the xais the x intercept does + + + align:start position:0% +32 note the xais the x intercept does +not change why does The X inter not not + + align:start position:0% +not change why does The X inter not not + + + align:start position:0% +not change why does The X inter not not +change because if all you're buying as + + align:start position:0% +change because if all you're buying as + + + align:start position:0% +change because if all you're buying as +cookies nothing's changed the only thing + + align:start position:0% +cookies nothing's changed the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +cookies nothing's changed the only thing +that's changes if you want to buy slice + + align:start position:0% +that's changes if you want to buy slice + + + align:start position:0% +that's changes if you want to buy slice +of pizza now instead of let's say you + + align:start position:0% +of pizza now instead of let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +of pizza now instead of let's say you +only wanted Pizza instead of being able + + align:start position:0% +only wanted Pizza instead of being able + + + align:start position:0% +only wanted Pizza instead of being able +to afford six slices on your $24 income + + align:start position:0% +to afford six slices on your $24 income + + + align:start position:0% +to afford six slices on your $24 income +you can only afford four slices the + + align:start position:0% +you can only afford four slices the + + + align:start position:0% +you can only afford four slices the +budget constraint has pivoted + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint has pivoted + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint has pivoted +Inward and the new slope hope instead of + + align:start position:0% +Inward and the new slope hope instead of + + + align:start position:0% +Inward and the new slope hope instead of +being minus 1/2 is now minus + + align:start position:0% +being minus 1/2 is now minus + + + align:start position:0% +being minus 1/2 is now minus +1/3 okay the opportunity cost of cookies + + align:start position:0% +1/3 okay the opportunity cost of cookies + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 okay the opportunity cost of cookies +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +fallen the opportunity cost of pizza has + + align:start position:0% +fallen the opportunity cost of pizza has + + + align:start position:0% +fallen the opportunity cost of pizza has +risen and critically your entire + + align:start position:0% +risen and critically your entire + + + align:start position:0% +risen and critically your entire +opportunity set has shrunk you are worse + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set has shrunk you are worse + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set has shrunk you are worse +off why you're worse off because the UN + + align:start position:0% +off why you're worse off because the UN + + + align:start position:0% +off why you're worse off because the UN +the area underneath the budget + + align:start position:0% +the area underneath the budget + + + align:start position:0% +the area underneath the budget +constraint represents the full set of + + align:start position:0% +constraint represents the full set of + + + align:start position:0% +constraint represents the full set of +choic that are available to you and that + + align:start position:0% +choic that are available to you and that + + + align:start position:0% +choic that are available to you and that +area has shrunken this is a critical + + align:start position:0% +area has shrunken this is a critical + + + align:start position:0% +area has shrunken this is a critical +Insight okay remember I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Insight okay remember I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Insight okay remember I'm going to +overstate that term okay which is + + align:start position:0% +overstate that term okay which is + + + align:start position:0% +overstate that term okay which is +basically that your income hasn't + + align:start position:0% +basically that your income hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +basically that your income hasn't +changed you still got 24 bucks all + + align:start position:0% +changed you still got 24 bucks all + + + align:start position:0% +changed you still got 24 bucks all +that's Chang is price yet you're worse + + align:start position:0% +that's Chang is price yet you're worse + + + align:start position:0% +that's Chang is price yet you're worse +off you're worse off because your income + + align:start position:0% +off you're worse off because your income + + + align:start position:0% +off you're worse off because your income +is just a representation of what you can + + align:start position:0% +is just a representation of what you can + + + align:start position:0% +is just a representation of what you can +buy as the price goes up you can buy + + align:start position:0% +buy as the price goes up you can buy + + + align:start position:0% +buy as the price goes up you can buy +less so your opportunity set which is + + align:start position:0% +less so your opportunity set which is + + + align:start position:0% +less so your opportunity set which is +the area under the budget con is shrunk + + align:start position:0% +the area under the budget con is shrunk + + + align:start position:0% +the area under the budget con is shrunk +from the much larg area including the + + align:start position:0% +from the much larg area including the + + + align:start position:0% +from the much larg area including the +light dots to only the darkened area so + + align:start position:0% +light dots to only the darkened area so + + + align:start position:0% +light dots to only the darkened area so +it's a shrinkage in your opportunity set + + align:start position:0% +it's a shrinkage in your opportunity set + + + align:start position:0% +it's a shrinkage in your opportunity set +because you can buy fewer stuff now once + + align:start position:0% +because you can buy fewer stuff now once + + + align:start position:0% +because you can buy fewer stuff now once +again that's irrelevant if all you like + + align:start position:0% +again that's irrelevant if all you like + + + align:start position:0% +again that's irrelevant if all you like +is cookies but for everyone else they + + align:start position:0% +is cookies but for everyone else they + + + align:start position:0% +is cookies but for everyone else they +are worse + + align:start position:0% +are worse + + + align:start position:0% +are worse +off okay so that's one example of how + + align:start position:0% +off okay so that's one example of how + + + align:start position:0% +off okay so that's one example of how +the budget constraint can + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint can + + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint can +change another example how the budget + + align:start position:0% +change another example how the budget + + + align:start position:0% +change another example how the budget +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +change is your um your income can change + + align:start position:0% +change is your um your income can change + + + align:start position:0% +change is your um your income can change +okay let's imagine for example um your + + align:start position:0% +okay let's imagine for example um your + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's imagine for example um your +income decreases to $20 let's say + + align:start position:0% +income decreases to $20 let's say + + + align:start position:0% +income decreases to $20 let's say +instead we'll go back to the original + + align:start position:0% +instead we'll go back to the original + + + align:start position:0% +instead we'll go back to the original +prices but say your income goes from 24 + + align:start position:0% +prices but say your income goes from 24 + + + align:start position:0% +prices but say your income goes from 24 +to 20 + + align:start position:0% +to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +to 20 +okay well what happens there is + + align:start position:0% +okay well what happens there is + + + align:start position:0% +okay well what happens there is +Illustrated in figure + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated in figure + + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated in figure +33 now here it's a parallel shift in in + + align:start position:0% +33 now here it's a parallel shift in in + + + align:start position:0% +33 now here it's a parallel shift in in +the budget constraint why is that why is + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint why is that why is + + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint why is that why is +the budget constraint shift parallel as + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint shift parallel as + + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint shift parallel as +opposed to + + align:start position:0% +opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to +pivoting yeah SL do change the slope + + align:start position:0% +pivoting yeah SL do change the slope + + + align:start position:0% +pivoting yeah SL do change the slope +doesn't change and + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change and + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change and +why yeah your the relative cost of pizza + + align:start position:0% +why yeah your the relative cost of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +why yeah your the relative cost of pizza +and cookies has not changed the + + align:start position:0% +and cookies has not changed the + + + align:start position:0% +and cookies has not changed the +opportunity cost of giving up cookies + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost of giving up cookies + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity cost of giving up cookies +for pizza is the same it's just you can + + align:start position:0% +for pizza is the same it's just you can + + + align:start position:0% +for pizza is the same it's just you can +have less of both so it's say parallel + + align:start position:0% +have less of both so it's say parallel + + + align:start position:0% +have less of both so it's say parallel +shift in in the budget + + align:start position:0% +shift in in the budget + + + align:start position:0% +shift in in the budget +constraint but once again a shrinkage in + + align:start position:0% +constraint but once again a shrinkage in + + + align:start position:0% +constraint but once again a shrinkage in +your opportunity set you are worse off + + align:start position:0% +your opportunity set you are worse off + + + align:start position:0% +your opportunity set you are worse off +but for a different reason you're worse + + align:start position:0% +but for a different reason you're worse + + + align:start position:0% +but for a different reason you're worse +off now for a more obvious reason which + + align:start position:0% +off now for a more obvious reason which + + + align:start position:0% +off now for a more obvious reason which +you have less + + align:start position:0% +you have less + + + align:start position:0% +you have less +money okay so two different changes one + + align:start position:0% +money okay so two different changes one + + + align:start position:0% +money okay so two different changes one +changes one pivots the slope one just is + + align:start position:0% +changes one pivots the slope one just is + + + align:start position:0% +changes one pivots the slope one just is +an inward parallel shift both reduce + + align:start position:0% +an inward parallel shift both reduce + + + align:start position:0% +an inward parallel shift both reduce +your opportunity cost okay in both cases + + align:start position:0% +your opportunity cost okay in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +your opportunity cost okay in both cases +you are uh unambiguously worse + + align:start position:0% +you are uh unambiguously worse + + + align:start position:0% +you are uh unambiguously worse +off you're worse off now you might say + + align:start position:0% +off you're worse off now you might say + + + align:start position:0% +off you're worse off now you might say +well technically in the first case + + align:start position:0% +well technically in the first case + + + align:start position:0% +well technically in the first case +you're not worse off you like only + + align:start position:0% +you're not worse off you like only + + + align:start position:0% +you're not worse off you like only +cookies but remember taste can change + + align:start position:0% +cookies but remember taste can change + + + align:start position:0% +cookies but remember taste can change +things can happen you might someday want + + align:start position:0% +things can happen you might someday want + + + align:start position:0% +things can happen you might someday want +a slice of pizza so we say you're worse + + align:start position:0% +a slice of pizza so we say you're worse + + + align:start position:0% +a slice of pizza so we say you're worse +off even if you're someone who choose + + align:start position:0% +off even if you're someone who choose + + + align:start position:0% +off even if you're someone who choose +cookies your opportunities have shrunk + + align:start position:0% +cookies your opportunities have shrunk + + + align:start position:0% +cookies your opportunities have shrunk +so you're still technically worse off + + align:start position:0% +so you're still technically worse off + + + align:start position:0% +so you're still technically worse off +because you have fewer opportunities to + + align:start position:0% +because you have fewer opportunities to + + + align:start position:0% +because you have fewer opportunities to +eat pizza + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so great question so the question + + align:start position:0% +yeah so great question so the question + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so great question so the question +is like what what happens if there's + + align:start position:0% +is like what what happens if there's + + + align:start position:0% +is like what what happens if there's +inflation Etc we'll cover all that once + + align:start position:0% +inflation Etc we'll cover all that once + + + align:start position:0% +inflation Etc we'll cover all that once +again we're going to go in steps we'll + + align:start position:0% +again we're going to go in steps we'll + + + align:start position:0% +again we're going to go in steps we'll +cover inflation and what it does but + + align:start position:0% +cover inflation and what it does but + + + align:start position:0% +cover inflation and what it does but +obviously inflation would be like a + + align:start position:0% +obviously inflation would be like a + + + align:start position:0% +obviously inflation would be like a +price change now what's interesting is + + align:start position:0% +price change now what's interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +price change now what's interesting is +if it's uniform + + align:start position:0% +if it's uniform + + + align:start position:0% +if it's uniform +inflation that would look like figure + + align:start position:0% +inflation that would look like figure + + + align:start position:0% +inflation that would look like figure +33 right if all prices go up constantly + + align:start position:0% +33 right if all prices go up constantly + + + align:start position:0% +33 right if all prices go up constantly +by a constant percentage that like + + align:start position:0% +by a constant percentage that like + + + align:start position:0% +by a constant percentage that like +figure 3 three if it's differential + + align:start position:0% +figure 3 three if it's differential + + + align:start position:0% +figure 3 three if it's differential +inflation if cookies and pizza have + + align:start position:0% +inflation if cookies and pizza have + + + align:start position:0% +inflation if cookies and pizza have +differential inflation it look more like + + align:start position:0% +differential inflation it look more like + + + align:start position:0% +differential inflation it look more like +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +32 okay so what's going to happen is + + align:start position:0% +32 okay so what's going to happen is + + + align:start position:0% +32 okay so what's going to happen is +going to depend on the nature of + + align:start position:0% +going to depend on the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +going to depend on the nature of +inflation yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ah great question great segue to the + + align:start position:0% +ah great question great segue to the + + + align:start position:0% +ah great question great segue to the +next point which is why wouldn't you + + align:start position:0% +next point which is why wouldn't you + + + align:start position:0% +next point which is why wouldn't you +always be on the line and the answer is + + align:start position:0% +always be on the line and the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +always be on the line and the answer is +you would be okay uh the opportunity set + + align:start position:0% +you would be okay uh the opportunity set + + + align:start position:0% +you would be okay uh the opportunity set +is still a relevant concept because even + + align:start position:0% +is still a relevant concept because even + + + align:start position:0% +is still a relevant concept because even +if you're on the line the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +if you're on the line the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +if you're on the line the opportunity +the line is lower but you're asking a + + align:start position:0% +the line is lower but you're asking a + + + align:start position:0% +the line is lower but you're asking a +great point which is why would you ever + + align:start position:0% +great point which is why would you ever + + + align:start position:0% +great point which is why would you ever +spend less than your income if you can't + + align:start position:0% +spend less than your income if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +spend less than your income if you can't +spend more than your income and the + + align:start position:0% +spend more than your income and the + + + align:start position:0% +spend more than your income and the +answer is you wouldn't okay so basically + + align:start position:0% +answer is you wouldn't okay so basically + + + align:start position:0% +answer is you wouldn't okay so basically +now we come back to + + align:start position:0% +now we come back to + + + align:start position:0% +now we come back to +combining what we learned last time with + + align:start position:0% +combining what we learned last time with + + + align:start position:0% +combining what we learned last time with +what I just taught you and we come to + + align:start position:0% +what I just taught you and we come to + + + align:start position:0% +what I just taught you and we come to +the fundamental um tool of consumer + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental um tool of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental um tool of consumer +Choice which is constrain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choice we said last time you want to + + align:start position:0% +choice we said last time you want to + + + align:start position:0% +choice we said last time you want to +have as much as you can more is better + + align:start position:0% +have as much as you can more is better + + + align:start position:0% +have as much as you can more is better +we said this time you can't consume more + + align:start position:0% +we said this time you can't consume more + + + align:start position:0% +we said this time you can't consume more +than your budget constraint as this + + align:start position:0% +than your budget constraint as this + + + align:start position:0% +than your budget constraint as this +points out as this question points out + + align:start position:0% +points out as this question points out + + + align:start position:0% +points out as this question points out +that means you're going to choose a + + align:start position:0% +that means you're going to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +that means you're going to choose a +point in your budget constraint in + + align:start position:0% +point in your budget constraint in + + + align:start position:0% +point in your budget constraint in +particular you're going to choose the + + align:start position:0% +particular you're going to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +particular you're going to choose the +highest possible indifference curve you + + align:start position:0% +highest possible indifference curve you + + + align:start position:0% +highest possible indifference curve you +can reach given your budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +can reach given your budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +can reach given your budget constraint +in other words the you will optimize at + + align:start position:0% +in other words the you will optimize at + + + align:start position:0% +in other words the you will optimize at +the point of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tangency between your budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +tangency between your budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +tangency between your budget constraint +your indifference curves and the + + align:start position:0% +your indifference curves and the + + + align:start position:0% +your indifference curves and the +intuition is just what this gentleman + + align:start position:0% +intuition is just what this gentleman + + + align:start position:0% +intuition is just what this gentleman +said higher indifference curves are + + align:start position:0% +said higher indifference curves are + + + align:start position:0% +said higher indifference curves are +better you can only go as far as your + + align:start position:0% +better you can only go as far as your + + + align:start position:0% +better you can only go as far as your +budget constraint therefore the best + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint therefore the best + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint therefore the best +possible choice is when the indifference + + align:start position:0% +possible choice is when the indifference + + + align:start position:0% +possible choice is when the indifference +curve is tangent to the budget strength + + align:start position:0% +curve is tangent to the budget strength + + + align:start position:0% +curve is tangent to the budget strength +that's the furthest out you can + + align:start position:0% +that's the furthest out you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's the furthest out you can +get okay and we could see this + + align:start position:0% +get okay and we could see this + + + align:start position:0% +get okay and we could see this +in figure + + align:start position:0% +in figure + + + align:start position:0% +in figure +34 figure 34 is our first example of + + align:start position:0% +34 figure 34 is our first example of + + + align:start position:0% +34 figure 34 is our first example of +making a strange Choice decision so what + + align:start position:0% +making a strange Choice decision so what + + + align:start position:0% +making a strange Choice decision so what +we have here is the budget constraint I + + align:start position:0% +we have here is the budget constraint I + + + align:start position:0% +we have here is the budget constraint I +laid out there and the utility function + + align:start position:0% +laid out there and the utility function + + + align:start position:0% +laid out there and the utility function +we use last time utility is square root + + align:start position:0% +we use last time utility is square root + + + align:start position:0% +we use last time utility is square root +of c x s of cookies time slices okay and + + align:start position:0% +of c x s of cookies time slices okay and + + + align:start position:0% +of c x s of cookies time slices okay and +and the budget States the one up there + + align:start position:0% +and the budget States the one up there + + + align:start position:0% +and the budget States the one up there +income of 24 price of cookies two price + + align:start position:0% +income of 24 price of cookies two price + + + align:start position:0% +income of 24 price of cookies two price +of pizza + + align:start position:0% +of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +of pizza +four that is Illustrated in figure 34 + + align:start position:0% +four that is Illustrated in figure 34 + + + align:start position:0% +four that is Illustrated in figure 34 +how's it Illustrated well you know to + + align:start position:0% +how's it Illustrated well you know to + + + align:start position:0% +how's it Illustrated well you know to +draw the indifference curves we taught + + align:start position:0% +draw the indifference curves we taught + + + align:start position:0% +draw the indifference curves we taught +you that last + + align:start position:0% +you that last + + + align:start position:0% +you that last +time okay you know how to draw the + + align:start position:0% +time okay you know how to draw the + + + align:start position:0% +time okay you know how to draw the +budget constraint I just taught you that + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint I just taught you that + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint I just taught you that +so just draw both and you find the one + + align:start position:0% +so just draw both and you find the one + + + align:start position:0% +so just draw both and you find the one +with the tangency so the optimal choice + + align:start position:0% +with the tangency so the optimal choice + + + align:start position:0% +with the tangency so the optimal choice +is going to be at Point + + align:start position:0% +is going to be at Point + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be at Point +d That's the farthest possible + + align:start position:0% +d That's the farthest possible + + + align:start position:0% +d That's the farthest possible +indifference curve that can be reached + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve that can be reached + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve that can be reached +given your + + align:start position:0% +given your + + + align:start position:0% +given your +budget and this gives utility Point D + + align:start position:0% +budget and this gives utility Point D + + + align:start position:0% +budget and this gives utility Point D +give utility of square otk of 18 now + + align:start position:0% +give utility of square otk of 18 now + + + align:start position:0% +give utility of square otk of 18 now +once again that number is meaningless + + align:start position:0% +once again that number is meaningless + + + align:start position:0% +once again that number is meaningless +but it's useful in an ordinal sense + + align:start position:0% +but it's useful in an ordinal sense + + + align:start position:0% +but it's useful in an ordinal sense +which it lets us ask well could we do + + align:start position:0% +which it lets us ask well could we do + + + align:start position:0% +which it lets us ask well could we do +better at another point so for example + + align:start position:0% +better at another point so for example + + + align:start position:0% +better at another point so for example +take Point + + align:start position:0% +take Point + + + align:start position:0% +take Point +e okay why what what would why what + + align:start position:0% +e okay why what what would why what + + + align:start position:0% +e okay why what what would why what +would our utility be at Point e and why + + align:start position:0% +would our utility be at Point e and why + + + align:start position:0% +would our utility be at Point e and why +can't we have it someone raise their + + align:start position:0% +can't we have it someone raise their + + + align:start position:0% +can't we have it someone raise their +hand and tell me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah no point point e I'm sorry Square + + align:start position:0% +yeah no point point e I'm sorry Square + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no point point e I'm sorry Square +32 right + + align:start position:0% +32 right + + + align:start position:0% +32 right +yeah exactly so Point e square of 32 + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly so Point e square of 32 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly so Point e square of 32 +you're happier but it's not you can't + + align:start position:0% +you're happier but it's not you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you're happier but it's not you can't +afford it okay what about um point a + + align:start position:0% +afford it okay what about um point a + + + align:start position:0% +afford it okay what about um point a +this is on the budget constraint why + + align:start position:0% +this is on the budget constraint why + + + align:start position:0% +this is on the budget constraint why +don't you choose that + + align:start position:0% +don't you choose that + + + align:start position:0% +don't you choose that +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +yeah I'm + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm +sorry yes so point a you can afford it + + align:start position:0% +sorry yes so point a you can afford it + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yes so point a you can afford it +but it's a square root of 10 why would + + align:start position:0% +but it's a square root of 10 why would + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a square root of 10 why would +you want + + align:start position:0% +you want + + + align:start position:0% +you want +it okay the point is you can show + + align:start position:0% +it okay the point is you can show + + + align:start position:0% +it okay the point is you can show +yourself and then similarly Point + + align:start position:0% +yourself and then similarly Point + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and then similarly Point +C would be crazy because then as this + + align:start position:0% +C would be crazy because then as this + + + align:start position:0% +C would be crazy because then as this +earlier question pointed out you're way + + align:start position:0% +earlier question pointed out you're way + + + align:start position:0% +earlier question pointed out you're way +inside your opportunity set you're + + align:start position:0% +inside your opportunity set you're + + + align:start position:0% +inside your opportunity set you're +wasting money so the bottom line is you + + align:start position:0% +wasting money so the bottom line is you + + + align:start position:0% +wasting money so the bottom line is you +can show yourself graphically why the + + align:start position:0% +can show yourself graphically why the + + + align:start position:0% +can show yourself graphically why the +tangency is is the best possible choice + + align:start position:0% +tangency is is the best possible choice + + + align:start position:0% +tangency is is the best possible choice +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +make okay now once again I want you to + + align:start position:0% +make okay now once again I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +make okay now once again I want you to +understand this intuitively graphically + + align:start position:0% +understand this intuitively graphically + + + align:start position:0% +understand this intuitively graphically +and now mathematically so let's do the + + align:start position:0% +and now mathematically so let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +and now mathematically so let's do the +math of constraint Choice okay always + + align:start position:0% +math of constraint Choice okay always + + + align:start position:0% +math of constraint Choice okay always +risk when I start writing math on the + + align:start position:0% +risk when I start writing math on the + + + align:start position:0% +risk when I start writing math on the +board so if I make a mistake please + + align:start position:0% +board so if I make a mistake please + + + align:start position:0% +board so if I make a mistake please +don't jump down my throat just kindly + + align:start position:0% +don't jump down my throat just kindly + + + align:start position:0% +don't jump down my throat just kindly +put it point point it out to me okay um + + align:start position:0% +put it point point it out to me okay um + + + align:start position:0% +put it point point it out to me okay um +all right so basically the key decision + + align:start position:0% +all right so basically the key decision + + + align:start position:0% +all right so basically the key decision +consumers make and this is the one of + + align:start position:0% +consumers make and this is the one of + + + align:start position:0% +consumers make and this is the one of +the harder intuitions in economics it's + + align:start position:0% +the harder intuitions in economics it's + + + align:start position:0% +the harder intuitions in economics it's +never about how much you have it's about + + align:start position:0% +never about how much you have it's about + + + align:start position:0% +never about how much you have it's about +the next thing you might want to get we + + align:start position:0% +the next thing you might want to get we + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing you might want to get we +operate in marginal space we're always + + align:start position:0% +operate in marginal space we're always + + + align:start position:0% +operate in marginal space we're always +about not how many cookies do I have but + + align:start position:0% +about not how many cookies do I have but + + + align:start position:0% +about not how many cookies do I have but +do I want another one okay it's always + + align:start position:0% +do I want another one okay it's always + + + align:start position:0% +do I want another one okay it's always +about the marginal ision we talked about + + align:start position:0% +about the marginal ision we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +about the marginal ision we talked about +margin utility margin rate substitution + + align:start position:0% +margin utility margin rate substitution + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility margin rate substitution +last time it's always about what is the + + align:start position:0% +last time it's always about what is the + + + align:start position:0% +last time it's always about what is the +on the margin should I be moving in One + + align:start position:0% +on the margin should I be moving in One + + + align:start position:0% +on the margin should I be moving in One +Direction or another okay and basically + + align:start position:0% +Direction or another okay and basically + + + align:start position:0% +Direction or another okay and basically +if we said that the equili is the + + align:start position:0% +if we said that the equili is the + + + align:start position:0% +if we said that the equili is the +tangency what's the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +tangency what's the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +tangency what's the slope of the +indifference curve the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve the slope of the +indifference curve is the marginal rate + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve is the marginal rate + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve is the marginal rate +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +substitution we derived that last + + align:start position:0% +substitution we derived that last + + + align:start position:0% +substitution we derived that last +time okay the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +time okay the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +time okay the marginal rate of +substitution which is minus mu C over + + align:start position:0% +substitution which is minus mu C over + + + align:start position:0% +substitution which is minus mu C over +muu s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's now what's the tan what's the if + + align:start position:0% +what's now what's the tan what's the if + + + align:start position:0% +what's now what's the tan what's the if +that's tangent that means that it's + + align:start position:0% +that's tangent that means that it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's tangent that means that it's +equal to the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the marginal rate of +transformation at that + + align:start position:0% +transformation at that + + + align:start position:0% +transformation at that +tangency we Define the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +tangency we Define the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +tangency we Define the marginal rate of +transformation as minus PC over PS and + + align:start position:0% +transformation as minus PC over PS and + + + align:start position:0% +transformation as minus PC over PS and +that leads us to the fundamental rule of + + align:start position:0% +that leads us to the fundamental rule of + + + align:start position:0% +that leads us to the fundamental rule of +consumer utility maximization which is + + align:start position:0% +consumer utility maximization which is + + + align:start position:0% +consumer utility maximization which is +set mu C over mu or Marg is equal to + + align:start position:0% +set mu C over mu or Marg is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +set mu C over mu or Marg is equal to +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +ratios utility is + + align:start position:0% +ratios utility is + + + align:start position:0% +ratios utility is +optimized when margin the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +optimized when margin the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +optimized when margin the ratio of +margin utility equals the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +margin utility equals the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility equals the ratio of +prices we didn't have to think about + + align:start position:0% +prices we didn't have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +prices we didn't have to think about +like we don't go and think like well + + align:start position:0% +like we don't go and think like well + + + align:start position:0% +like we don't go and think like well +let's take eight piece slice of pizza + + align:start position:0% +let's take eight piece slice of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +let's take eight piece slice of pizza +let's take 10 slice of pizza no we say + + align:start position:0% +let's take 10 slice of pizza no we say + + + align:start position:0% +let's take 10 slice of pizza no we say +at the point we're at how do we feel + + align:start position:0% +at the point we're at how do we feel + + + align:start position:0% +at the point we're at how do we feel +about incrementally trading pizza for + + align:start position:0% +about incrementally trading pizza for + + + align:start position:0% +about incrementally trading pizza for +cookies pizza for cookies that's the way + + align:start position:0% +cookies pizza for cookies that's the way + + + align:start position:0% +cookies pizza for cookies that's the way +to think about decision don't think of + + align:start position:0% +to think about decision don't think of + + + align:start position:0% +to think about decision don't think of +like do I want eight slices of pizza or + + align:start position:0% +like do I want eight slices of pizza or + + + align:start position:0% +like do I want eight slices of pizza or +five cookies or whatever no don't think + + align:start position:0% +five cookies or whatever no don't think + + + align:start position:0% +five cookies or whatever no don't think +that way think from where I'm at today + + align:start position:0% +that way think from where I'm at today + + + align:start position:0% +that way think from where I'm at today +do I want to move in One Direction or + + align:start position:0% +do I want to move in One Direction or + + + align:start position:0% +do I want to move in One Direction or +another and the answer is you always + + align:start position:0% +another and the answer is you always + + + align:start position:0% +another and the answer is you always +want to move in One Direction or another + + align:start position:0% +want to move in One Direction or another + + + align:start position:0% +want to move in One Direction or another +until you get this + + align:start position:0% +until you get this + + + align:start position:0% +until you get this +equality okay and if not you're not um + + align:start position:0% +equality okay and if not you're not um + + + align:start position:0% +equality okay and if not you're not um +you're not + + align:start position:0% +you're not + + + align:start position:0% +you're not +optimizing now basically this kind of + + align:start position:0% +optimizing now basically this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing now basically this kind of +the fund the fundamental rule we do when + + align:start position:0% +the fund the fundamental rule we do when + + + align:start position:0% +the fund the fundamental rule we do when +we do this constrain choice in economics + + align:start position:0% +we do this constrain choice in economics + + + align:start position:0% +we do this constrain choice in economics +is we're always going to in general be + + align:start position:0% +is we're always going to in general be + + + align:start position:0% +is we're always going to in general be +setting marginal benefits equal to + + align:start position:0% +setting marginal benefits equal to + + + align:start position:0% +setting marginal benefits equal to +Marginal costs that's how we make + + align:start position:0% +Marginal costs that's how we make + + + align:start position:0% +Marginal costs that's how we make +decisions in economics for every + + align:start position:0% +decisions in economics for every + + + align:start position:0% +decisions in economics for every +decision we set the marginal benefit + + align:start position:0% +decision we set the marginal benefit + + + align:start position:0% +decision we set the marginal benefit +that is the incremental benefit of a + + align:start position:0% +that is the incremental benefit of a + + + align:start position:0% +that is the incremental benefit of a +decision equal to the marginal cost the + + align:start position:0% +decision equal to the marginal cost the + + + align:start position:0% +decision equal to the marginal cost the +incremental cost and that's expressed + + align:start position:0% +incremental cost and that's expressed + + + align:start position:0% +incremental cost and that's expressed +here what's the marginal + + align:start position:0% +here what's the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +here what's the marginal +benefit what is the marginal benefit of + + align:start position:0% +benefit what is the marginal benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +benefit what is the marginal benefit of +the next uh what's the what's what's + + align:start position:0% +the next uh what's the what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +the next uh what's the what's what's +this ratio this is saying how much is + + align:start position:0% +this ratio this is saying how much is + + + align:start position:0% +this ratio this is saying how much is +the next cookie Worth to me to me Rel to + + align:start position:0% +the next cookie Worth to me to me Rel to + + + align:start position:0% +the next cookie Worth to me to me Rel to +pizza slices and what's going to cost me + + align:start position:0% +pizza slices and what's going to cost me + + + align:start position:0% +pizza slices and what's going to cost me +Rel to pizza slices the maral benefit is + + align:start position:0% +Rel to pizza slices the maral benefit is + + + align:start position:0% +Rel to pizza slices the maral benefit is +how happy I am with the next cookie in + + align:start position:0% +how happy I am with the next cookie in + + + align:start position:0% +how happy I am with the next cookie in +terms of how much pizza I have to give + + align:start position:0% +terms of how much pizza I have to give + + + align:start position:0% +terms of how much pizza I have to give +up the the cost is how much I have to + + align:start position:0% +up the the cost is how much I have to + + + align:start position:0% +up the the cost is how much I have to +spend for the next cookie Rel to what + + align:start position:0% +spend for the next cookie Rel to what + + + align:start position:0% +spend for the next cookie Rel to what +the next Pizza it's going to cost now I + + align:start position:0% +the next Pizza it's going to cost now I + + + align:start position:0% +the next Pizza it's going to cost now I +find this is this is a I find this a + + align:start position:0% +find this is this is a I find this a + + + align:start position:0% +find this is this is a I find this a +hard formula intuitively I like to + + align:start position:0% +hard formula intuitively I like to + + + align:start position:0% +hard formula intuitively I like to +rewrite it for my own intuition in this + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it for my own intuition in this + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it for my own intuition in this +way I like to transform it and write it + + align:start position:0% +way I like to transform it and write it + + + align:start position:0% +way I like to transform it and write it +as um mu u c over PC equals m over PS + + align:start position:0% +as um mu u c over PC equals m over PS + + + align:start position:0% +as um mu u c over PC equals m over PS +and I call this a bang for the buck + + align:start position:0% +and I call this a bang for the buck + + + align:start position:0% +and I call this a bang for the buck +equation think of as you want to consume + + align:start position:0% +equation think of as you want to consume + + + align:start position:0% +equation think of as you want to consume +pizza and cookies until the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies until the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies until the ratio of +your happiness from each good to the + + align:start position:0% +your happiness from each good to the + + + align:start position:0% +your happiness from each good to the +price of that good is equal to all the + + align:start position:0% +price of that good is equal to all the + + + align:start position:0% +price of that good is equal to all the +other Goods it's your bang for your buck + + align:start position:0% +other Goods it's your bang for your buck + + + align:start position:0% +other Goods it's your bang for your buck +your bang is your margin utility your + + align:start position:0% +your bang is your margin utility your + + + align:start position:0% +your bang is your margin utility your +buck is what it's going to cost you okay + + align:start position:0% +buck is what it's going to cost you okay + + + align:start position:0% +buck is what it's going to cost you okay +different ways of thinking about it and + + align:start position:0% +different ways of thinking about it and + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of thinking about it and +once again this is something I need to + + align:start position:0% +once again this is something I need to + + + align:start position:0% +once again this is something I need to +spend some time on + + align:start position:0% +spend some time on + + + align:start position:0% +spend some time on +okay so let's think for a second about + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's think for a second about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's think for a second about +why this rule makes sense imagine you + + align:start position:0% +why this rule makes sense imagine you + + + align:start position:0% +why this rule makes sense imagine you +are in a place like you're on a place + + align:start position:0% +are in a place like you're on a place + + + align:start position:0% +are in a place like you're on a place +where the Marg utility of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cookies over the Marg utility of pizza + + align:start position:0% +cookies over the Marg utility of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +cookies over the Marg utility of pizza +is greater than the price of cookies or + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the price of cookies or + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the price of cookies or +the price of + + align:start position:0% +the price of + + + align:start position:0% +the price of +pizza can anyone tell me what point on + + align:start position:0% +pizza can anyone tell me what point on + + + align:start position:0% +pizza can anyone tell me what point on +this graph would illustrate that of the + + align:start position:0% +this graph would illustrate that of the + + + align:start position:0% +this graph would illustrate that of the +labeled points which point would + + align:start position:0% +labeled points which point would + + + align:start position:0% +labeled points which point would +illustrate that disequilibrium and + + align:start position:0% +illustrate that disequilibrium and + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate that disequilibrium and +why which point illustrates a higher + + align:start position:0% +why which point illustrates a higher + + + align:start position:0% +why which point illustrates a higher +marginal set of marginal utilities than + + align:start position:0% +marginal set of marginal utilities than + + + align:start position:0% +marginal set of marginal utilities than +prices it's a hard question can anyone + + align:start position:0% +prices it's a hard question can anyone + + + align:start position:0% +prices it's a hard question can anyone +get that + + align:start position:0% +get that + + + align:start position:0% +get that +one uh yeah go + + align:start position:0% +one uh yeah go + + + align:start position:0% +one uh yeah go +ahead uh uh and why would it be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C okay so that's a great it's not right + + align:start position:0% +C okay so that's a great it's not right + + + align:start position:0% +C okay so that's a great it's not right +but a very illustrative wrong answer + + align:start position:0% +but a very illustrative wrong answer + + + align:start position:0% +but a very illustrative wrong answer +because that illustrates why you want to + + align:start position:0% +because that illustrates why you want to + + + align:start position:0% +because that illustrates why you want to +do marginal thinking economics you're + + align:start position:0% +do marginal thinking economics you're + + + align:start position:0% +do marginal thinking economics you're +saying well Point C screwed up because + + align:start position:0% +saying well Point C screwed up because + + + align:start position:0% +saying well Point C screwed up because +we're not spend anything we have well + + align:start position:0% +we're not spend anything we have well + + + align:start position:0% +we're not spend anything we have well +that's irrelevant it's about the + + align:start position:0% +that's irrelevant it's about the + + + align:start position:0% +that's irrelevant it's about the +marginal decision it's about the next + + align:start position:0% +marginal decision it's about the next + + + align:start position:0% +marginal decision it's about the next +cookie versus is the next slice of pizza + + align:start position:0% +cookie versus is the next slice of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +cookie versus is the next slice of pizza +so it's not Point C okay it's in fact + + align:start position:0% +so it's not Point C okay it's in fact + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not Point C okay it's in fact +not Point D or E because at all of those + + align:start position:0% +not Point D or E because at all of those + + + align:start position:0% +not Point D or E because at all of those +points this ratio + + align:start position:0% +points this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +points this ratio +holds at points c d and e this ratio + + align:start position:0% +holds at points c d and e this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +holds at points c d and e this ratio +holds at all those + + align:start position:0% +holds at all those + + + align:start position:0% +holds at all those +points you're going to get those being + + align:start position:0% +points you're going to get those being + + + align:start position:0% +points you're going to get those being +equal it's either point A or B anyone + + align:start position:0% +equal it's either point A or B anyone + + + align:start position:0% +equal it's either point A or B anyone +know 50% chance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly because at Point a the + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly because at Point a the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly because at Point a the +univers Cur is cutting the quad strain + + align:start position:0% +univers Cur is cutting the quad strain + + + align:start position:0% +univers Cur is cutting the quad strain +from above so it's a steeper slope so + + align:start position:0% +from above so it's a steeper slope so + + + align:start position:0% +from above so it's a steeper slope so +this number this absolute value is + + align:start position:0% +this number this absolute value is + + + align:start position:0% +this number this absolute value is +larger than this absolute value it's + + align:start position:0% +larger than this absolute value it's + + + align:start position:0% +larger than this absolute value it's +cutting it from above so it's a steeper + + align:start position:0% +cutting it from above so it's a steeper + + + align:start position:0% +cutting it from above so it's a steeper +slope of the inference curve than the + + align:start position:0% +slope of the inference curve than the + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the inference curve than the +slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget +constraint okay so here's how to think + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay so here's how to think + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay so here's how to think +about reestablishing equilibrium okay + + align:start position:0% +about reestablishing equilibrium okay + + + align:start position:0% +about reestablishing equilibrium okay +what that says is at let's say this very + + align:start position:0% +what that says is at let's say this very + + + align:start position:0% +what that says is at let's say this very +precisely listen this very precisely at + + align:start position:0% +precisely listen this very precisely at + + + align:start position:0% +precisely listen this very precisely at +Point a it's so important I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Point a it's so important I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Point a it's so important I'm going to +read my notes okay the rate at which you + + align:start position:0% +read my notes okay the rate at which you + + + align:start position:0% +read my notes okay the rate at which you +give the rate at which you're willing to + + align:start position:0% +give the rate at which you're willing to + + + align:start position:0% +give the rate at which you're willing to +give up slices for + + align:start position:0% +give up slices for + + + align:start position:0% +give up slices for +cookies is greater than the rate at + + align:start position:0% +cookies is greater than the rate at + + + align:start position:0% +cookies is greater than the rate at +which the Market's demanding you give up + + align:start position:0% +which the Market's demanding you give up + + + align:start position:0% +which the Market's demanding you give up +slices for + + align:start position:0% +slices for + + + align:start position:0% +slices for +cookies okay so that is the marginal + + align:start position:0% +cookies okay so that is the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +cookies okay so that is the marginal +benefit to you of another cookie in + + align:start position:0% +benefit to you of another cookie in + + + align:start position:0% +benefit to you of another cookie in +terms of slices is greater than the + + align:start position:0% +terms of slices is greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of slices is greater than the +price to you of another cookie in terms + + align:start position:0% +price to you of another cookie in terms + + + align:start position:0% +price to you of another cookie in terms +of slices so in other words at Point a + + align:start position:0% +of slices so in other words at Point a + + + align:start position:0% +of slices so in other words at Point a +so let's show this mathematically okay + + align:start position:0% +so let's show this mathematically okay + + + align:start position:0% +so let's show this mathematically okay +at Point a okay at Point a + + align:start position:0% +at Point a okay at Point a + + + align:start position:0% +at Point a okay at Point a +what's the margin utility of cookies + + align:start position:0% +what's the margin utility of cookies + + + align:start position:0% +what's the margin utility of cookies +well we used the same math we use last + + align:start position:0% +well we used the same math we use last + + + align:start position:0% +well we used the same math we use last +time our utility function is square root + + align:start position:0% +time our utility function is square root + + + align:start position:0% +time our utility function is square root +of C * s so what's the Marge utility of + + align:start position:0% +of C * s so what's the Marge utility of + + + align:start position:0% +of C * s so what's the Marge utility of +cookies the margin utility of + + align:start position:0% +cookies the margin utility of + + + align:start position:0% +cookies the margin utility of +cookies + + align:start position:0% +cookies + + + align:start position:0% +cookies +is the derivative of this with respect + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative of this with respect + + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative of this with respect +to C so it's 0.5 * s overun of s * + + align:start position:0% +to C so it's 0.5 * s overun of s * + + + align:start position:0% +to C so it's 0.5 * s overun of s * +C + + align:start position:0% +C + + + align:start position:0% +C +okay Mar at Marge utility of pizza + + align:start position:0% +okay Mar at Marge utility of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +okay Mar at Marge utility of pizza +slices 0.5 * C over Square < TK of s * + + align:start position:0% +slices 0.5 * C over Square < TK of s * + + + align:start position:0% +slices 0.5 * C over Square < TK of s * +C okay that's our formulas at Point a + + align:start position:0% +C okay that's our formulas at Point a + + + align:start position:0% +C okay that's our formulas at Point a +you have two slices of + + align:start position:0% +you have two slices of + + + align:start position:0% +you have two slices of +pizza okay so this margin utility you + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay so this margin utility you + + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay so this margin utility you +have two slices of pizza so this margin + + align:start position:0% +have two slices of pizza so this margin + + + align:start position:0% +have two slices of pizza so this margin +utility is one over < TK of 10 and you + + align:start position:0% +utility is one over < TK of 10 and you + + + align:start position:0% +utility is one over < TK of 10 and you +have five cookies this Marg utility is 2 + + align:start position:0% +have five cookies this Marg utility is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +have five cookies this Marg utility is 2 +and a half overun of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 so the marginal utility so the margin + + align:start position:0% +10 so the marginal utility so the margin + + + align:start position:0% +10 so the marginal utility so the margin +rate of substitution at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point is minus + + align:start position:0% +point is minus + + + align:start position:0% +point is minus +2.5 what does that mean that means you + + align:start position:0% +2.5 what does that mean that means you + + + align:start position:0% +2.5 what does that mean that means you +would like you'd be willing to give up + + align:start position:0% +would like you'd be willing to give up + + + align:start position:0% +would like you'd be willing to give up +two and a half slices of pizza to get + + align:start position:0% +two and a half slices of pizza to get + + + align:start position:0% +two and a half slices of pizza to get +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +cookie you have so few cookies at Point + + align:start position:0% +cookie you have so few cookies at Point + + + align:start position:0% +cookie you have so few cookies at Point +a that you're willing to give up two and + + align:start position:0% +a that you're willing to give up two and + + + align:start position:0% +a that you're willing to give up two and +a half slices piece to get one cookie + + align:start position:0% +a half slices piece to get one cookie + + + align:start position:0% +a half slices piece to get one cookie +let me just pause there it's from last + + align:start position:0% +let me just pause there it's from last + + + align:start position:0% +let me just pause there it's from last +lecture people understand that + + align:start position:0% +lecture people understand that + + + align:start position:0% +lecture people understand that +given your preferences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the uh Square s * C I'm just it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah the uh Square s * C I'm just it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the uh Square s * C I'm just it's +derivative of this it's just the + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this it's just the +derivative formula the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +derivative formula the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative formula the derivative of +square C * s is 0.5 s * well I wrote s + + align:start position:0% +square C * s is 0.5 s * well I wrote s + + + align:start position:0% +square C * s is 0.5 s * well I wrote s +time c c * s doesn't matter it's but + + align:start position:0% +time c c * s doesn't matter it's but + + + align:start position:0% +time c c * s doesn't matter it's but +it's just it's just it's the derivative + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's just it's the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's just it's the derivative +formula once again if you know this I + + align:start position:0% +formula once again if you know this I + + + align:start position:0% +formula once again if you know this I +said I don't require h01 but you do need + + align:start position:0% +said I don't require h01 but you do need + + + align:start position:0% +said I don't require h01 but you do need +to sort of know basic differentiation + + align:start position:0% +to sort of know basic differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of know basic differentiation +stuff so I still don't know it it's + + align:start position:0% +stuff so I still don't know it it's + + + align:start position:0% +stuff so I still don't know it it's +always good to review it okay other + + align:start position:0% +always good to review it okay other + + + align:start position:0% +always good to review it okay other +questions okay so what this is saying is + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so what this is saying is + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so what this is saying is +your preferences are such that you would + + align:start position:0% +your preferences are such that you would + + + align:start position:0% +your preferences are such that you would +be willing to give up two and a half + + align:start position:0% +be willing to give up two and a half + + + align:start position:0% +be willing to give up two and a half +slices of pizza to get a cookie but + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza to get a cookie but + + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza to get a cookie but +here's the question what does the market + + align:start position:0% +here's the question what does the market + + + align:start position:0% +here's the question what does the market +tell you you have to give up how many + + align:start position:0% +tell you you have to give up how many + + + align:start position:0% +tell you you have to give up how many +slices of pizza do you have to give up + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza do you have to give up + + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza do you have to give up +to get a cookie in the + + align:start position:0% +to get a cookie in the + + + align:start position:0% +to get a cookie in the +market how many how many house SLI pie + + align:start position:0% +market how many how many house SLI pie + + + align:start position:0% +market how many how many house SLI pie +you have to get up to give a cookie + + align:start position:0% +you have to get up to give a cookie + + + align:start position:0% +you have to get up to give a cookie +someone raise their hand tell me how + + align:start position:0% +someone raise their hand tell me how + + + align:start position:0% +someone raise their hand tell me how +many slice of piece you have to go up to + + align:start position:0% +many slice of piece you have to go up to + + + align:start position:0% +many slice of piece you have to go up to +get a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cookie guys are so afraid to get it + + align:start position:0% +cookie guys are so afraid to get it + + + align:start position:0% +cookie guys are so afraid to get it +wrong you know this + + align:start position:0% +wrong you know this + + + align:start position:0% +wrong you know this +someone raise their hand and tell me + + align:start position:0% +someone raise their hand and tell me + + + align:start position:0% +someone raise their hand and tell me +yeah a half because cookies cost $2 and + + align:start position:0% +yeah a half because cookies cost $2 and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a half because cookies cost $2 and +Pieces cost $4 so you're saying I would + + align:start position:0% +Pieces cost $4 so you're saying I would + + + align:start position:0% +Pieces cost $4 so you're saying I would +give up two and a half slices a piece to + + align:start position:0% +give up two and a half slices a piece to + + + align:start position:0% +give up two and a half slices a piece to +get a cookie the Market's saying you + + align:start position:0% +get a cookie the Market's saying you + + + align:start position:0% +get a cookie the Market's saying you +know what you only have to give up half + + align:start position:0% +know what you only have to give up half + + + align:start position:0% +know what you only have to give up half +a slice of piece to get a cookie so what + + align:start position:0% +a slice of piece to get a cookie so what + + + align:start position:0% +a slice of piece to get a cookie so what +are you going to + + align:start position:0% +are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to +do what are you going to do buy more + + align:start position:0% +do what are you going to do buy more + + + align:start position:0% +do what are you going to do buy more +cookies and less + + align:start position:0% +cookies and less + + + align:start position:0% +cookies and less +Pizza the market is saying you can move + + align:start position:0% +Pizza the market is saying you can move + + + align:start position:0% +Pizza the market is saying you can move +in direction that makes you happier you + + align:start position:0% +in direction that makes you happier you + + + align:start position:0% +in direction that makes you happier you +can move in direction that that makes + + align:start position:0% +can move in direction that that makes + + + align:start position:0% +can move in direction that that makes +you happier because right now you're + + align:start position:0% +you happier because right now you're + + + align:start position:0% +you happier because right now you're +willing up a lot of pizza to get cookies + + align:start position:0% +willing up a lot of pizza to get cookies + + + align:start position:0% +willing up a lot of pizza to get cookies +but you don't have to you only think up + + align:start position:0% +but you don't have to you only think up + + + align:start position:0% +but you don't have to you only think up +half a slice of pizza to get cookies the + + align:start position:0% +half a slice of pizza to get cookies the + + + align:start position:0% +half a slice of pizza to get cookies the +margin rate of substitution is greater + + align:start position:0% +margin rate of substitution is greater + + + align:start position:0% +margin rate of substitution is greater +is greater than the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the marginal rate of +transformation which is minus a + + align:start position:0% +transformation which is minus a + + + align:start position:0% +transformation which is minus a +half okay the marginate of substitution + + align:start position:0% +half okay the marginate of substitution + + + align:start position:0% +half okay the marginate of substitution +is minus two and a half margin rate of + + align:start position:0% +is minus two and a half margin rate of + + + align:start position:0% +is minus two and a half margin rate of +transformation is minus a half that's + + align:start position:0% +transformation is minus a half that's + + + align:start position:0% +transformation is minus a half that's +why the slope of the indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +why the slope of the indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +why the slope of the indifference curve +is steeper than the slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +is steeper than the slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +is steeper than the slope of the budget +constraint therefore you're are willing + + align:start position:0% +constraint therefore you're are willing + + + align:start position:0% +constraint therefore you're are willing +to make trades the market is happy to + + align:start position:0% +to make trades the market is happy to + + + align:start position:0% +to make trades the market is happy to +let you make and so you should move and + + align:start position:0% +let you make and so you should move and + + + align:start position:0% +let you make and so you should move and +you should continue to do that you'll + + align:start position:0% +you should continue to do that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +you should continue to do that you'll +see by that logic you'll continue to do + + align:start position:0% +see by that logic you'll continue to do + + + align:start position:0% +see by that logic you'll continue to do +that until you come to rest at Point uh + + align:start position:0% +that until you come to rest at Point uh + + + align:start position:0% +that until you come to rest at Point uh +at Point + + align:start position:0% +at Point + + + align:start position:0% +at Point +D okay now give my bad handwriting I'm + + align:start position:0% +D okay now give my bad handwriting I'm + + + align:start position:0% +D okay now give my bad handwriting I'm +not going to go through the opposite + + align:start position:0% +not going to go through the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go through the opposite +case I strongly urge you to go home + + align:start position:0% +case I strongly urge you to go home + + + align:start position:0% +case I strongly urge you to go home +right away while still in your mind and + + align:start position:0% +right away while still in your mind and + + + align:start position:0% +right away while still in your mind and +redo this for point B and show yourself + + align:start position:0% +redo this for point B and show yourself + + + align:start position:0% +redo this for point B and show yourself +that you get the opposite conclusion at + + align:start position:0% +that you get the opposite conclusion at + + + align:start position:0% +that you get the opposite conclusion at +point B you will find that you are happy + + align:start position:0% +point B you will find that you are happy + + + align:start position:0% +point B you will find that you are happy +to give up a lot lot of cookies to get + + align:start position:0% +to give up a lot lot of cookies to get + + + align:start position:0% +to give up a lot lot of cookies to get +pizza well the market says that's a + + align:start position:0% +pizza well the market says that's a + + + align:start position:0% +pizza well the market says that's a +great deal you know you have to give up + + align:start position:0% +great deal you know you have to give up + + + align:start position:0% +great deal you know you have to give up +two cookies to get pizza you're going to + + align:start position:0% +two cookies to get pizza you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +two cookies to get pizza you're going to +be happy to give up lots more than two + + align:start position:0% +be happy to give up lots more than two + + + align:start position:0% +be happy to give up lots more than two +cookies to get pizza so you move back to + + align:start position:0% +cookies to get pizza so you move back to + + + align:start position:0% +cookies to get pizza so you move back to +the middle again so there is pressure + + align:start position:0% +the middle again so there is pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the middle again so there is pressure +the disequilibrium between the margin + + align:start position:0% +the disequilibrium between the margin + + + align:start position:0% +the disequilibrium between the margin +rate of + + align:start position:0% +rate of + + + align:start position:0% +rate of +substitution and the margin rate of + + align:start position:0% +substitution and the margin rate of + + + align:start position:0% +substitution and the margin rate of +transformation leads to pressure to move + + align:start position:0% +transformation leads to pressure to move + + + align:start position:0% +transformation leads to pressure to move +to the point where they're equal there's + + align:start position:0% +to the point where they're equal there's + + + align:start position:0% +to the point where they're equal there's +a natural equating equilibrating + + align:start position:0% +a natural equating equilibrating + + + align:start position:0% +a natural equating equilibrating +mechanism which is the the the uh + + align:start position:0% +mechanism which is the the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism which is the the the uh +difference between your preferences and + + align:start position:0% +difference between your preferences and + + + align:start position:0% +difference between your preferences and +the Market's price will drive you to + + align:start position:0% +the Market's price will drive you to + + + align:start position:0% +the Market's price will drive you to +equalize + + align:start position:0% +equalize + + + align:start position:0% +equalize +those and that's it that's how we make + + align:start position:0% +those and that's it that's how we make + + + align:start position:0% +those and that's it that's how we make +all decisions ever I've now explain the + + align:start position:0% +all decisions ever I've now explain the + + + align:start position:0% +all decisions ever I've now explain the +entire process of human decision making + + align:start position:0% +entire process of human decision making + + + align:start position:0% +entire process of human decision making +to you g newk psychology I'm just joking + + align:start position:0% +to you g newk psychology I'm just joking + + + align:start position:0% +to you g newk psychology I'm just joking +but actually the truth is once again + + align:start position:0% +but actually the truth is once again + + + align:start position:0% +but actually the truth is once again +this simple model we learned in a + + align:start position:0% +this simple model we learned in a + + + align:start position:0% +this simple model we learned in a +lecture and a half remember last lecture + + align:start position:0% +lecture and a half remember last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and a half remember last lecture +was short so really sort of a lecture + + align:start position:0% +was short so really sort of a lecture + + + align:start position:0% +was short so really sort of a lecture +and a quarter okay can explain probably + + align:start position:0% +and a quarter okay can explain probably + + + align:start position:0% +and a quarter okay can explain probably +90% of everything consumers do okay it's + + align:start position:0% +90% of everything consumers do okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +90% of everything consumers do okay it's +incredibly powerful tool yeah + + align:start position:0% +incredibly powerful tool yeah + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly powerful tool yeah +oh the margin substitution remember is + + align:start position:0% +oh the margin substitution remember is + + + align:start position:0% +oh the margin substitution remember is +the negative of the ratio of margin + + align:start position:0% +the negative of the ratio of margin + + + align:start position:0% +the negative of the ratio of margin +utilties definitionally margin rate of + + align:start position:0% +utilties definitionally margin rate of + + + align:start position:0% +utilties definitionally margin rate of +substitution so it's the margin utility + + align:start position:0% +substitution so it's the margin utility + + + align:start position:0% +substitution so it's the margin utility +of cookies which is one over s of 10 to + + align:start position:0% +of cookies which is one over s of 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +of cookies which is one over s of 10 to +over the margin slices which is two and + + align:start position:0% +over the margin slices which is two and + + + align:start position:0% +over the margin slices which is two and +a half over square of 10 and a negative + + align:start position:0% +a half over square of 10 and a negative + + + align:start position:0% +a half over square of 10 and a negative +sign in front of it because it's definit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative the marginal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +uh what did I do wrong here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh oh you know what I did wrong I did + + align:start position:0% +uh oh you know what I did wrong I did + + + align:start position:0% +uh oh you know what I did wrong I did +this wrong the number remember we have + + align:start position:0% +this wrong the number remember we have + + + align:start position:0% +this wrong the number remember we have +here we have how many slices of pizza do + + align:start position:0% +here we have how many slices of pizza do + + + align:start position:0% +here we have how many slices of pizza do +we have at Point a we have five slices + + align:start position:0% +we have at Point a we have five slices + + + align:start position:0% +we have at Point a we have five slices +of pizza so this is two and a half good + + align:start position:0% +of pizza so this is two and a half good + + + align:start position:0% +of pizza so this is two and a half good +catch that's two and a half I did and + + align:start position:0% +catch that's two and a half I did and + + + align:start position:0% +catch that's two and a half I did and +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +one that's the mistake which is I put in + + align:start position:0% +one that's the mistake which is I put in + + + align:start position:0% +one that's the mistake which is I put in +the wrong number of slice of pizza I + + align:start position:0% +the wrong number of slice of pizza I + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong number of slice of pizza I +inserted here you should insert here the + + align:start position:0% +inserted here you should insert here the + + + align:start position:0% +inserted here you should insert here the +number of slice good catch this is this + + align:start position:0% +number of slice good catch this is this + + + align:start position:0% +number of slice good catch this is this +is five this is two so I inserted the + + align:start position:0% +is five this is two so I inserted the + + + align:start position:0% +is five this is two so I inserted the +wrong numbers there so the ratio is + + align:start position:0% +wrong numbers there so the ratio is + + + align:start position:0% +wrong numbers there so the ratio is +right I just got these wrong in the + + align:start position:0% +right I just got these wrong in the + + + align:start position:0% +right I just got these wrong in the +margin chilly calculations that's a good + + align:start position:0% +margin chilly calculations that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +margin chilly calculations that's a good +catch okay other questions and once + + align:start position:0% +catch okay other questions and once + + + align:start position:0% +catch okay other questions and once +again please speak up on those things + + align:start position:0% +again please speak up on those things + + + align:start position:0% +again please speak up on those things +okay because now look at all the people + + align:start position:0% +okay because now look at all the people + + + align:start position:0% +okay because now look at all the people +you've helped you're a giver okay you're + + align:start position:0% +you've helped you're a giver okay you're + + + align:start position:0% +you've helped you're a giver okay you're +welcome uh okay other questions about + + align:start position:0% +welcome uh okay other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +welcome uh okay other questions about +that okay let's do an + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's do an + + + align:start position:0% +that okay let's do an +example and for the example I want to + + align:start position:0% +example and for the example I want to + + + align:start position:0% +example and for the example I want to +come to one of the most important social + + align:start position:0% +come to one of the most important social + + + align:start position:0% +come to one of the most important social +programs we have in the United States + + align:start position:0% +programs we have in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +programs we have in the United States +which is the snap program + + align:start position:0% +which is the snap program + + + align:start position:0% +which is the snap program +supplemental nutrition and assistance + + align:start position:0% +supplemental nutrition and assistance + + + align:start position:0% +supplemental nutrition and assistance +program traditionally when I was a kid + + align:start position:0% +program traditionally when I was a kid + + + align:start position:0% +program traditionally when I was a kid +it was called food + + align:start position:0% +it was called food + + + align:start position:0% +it was called food +stamps it's basically the program in the + + align:start position:0% +stamps it's basically the program in the + + + align:start position:0% +stamps it's basically the program in the +US that gives M gives resources to + + align:start position:0% +US that gives M gives resources to + + + align:start position:0% +US that gives M gives resources to +people they can use to buy food + + align:start position:0% +people they can use to buy food + + + align:start position:0% +people they can use to buy food +essentially the way this program works + + align:start position:0% +essentially the way this program works + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the way this program works +is if you're poor enough we give you a + + align:start position:0% +is if you're poor enough we give you a + + + align:start position:0% +is if you're poor enough we give you a +debit + + align:start position:0% +debit + + + align:start position:0% +debit +card and that debit card has a certain + + align:start position:0% +card and that debit card has a certain + + + align:start position:0% +card and that debit card has a certain +amount of money on it that you can use + + align:start position:0% +amount of money on it that you can use + + + align:start position:0% +amount of money on it that you can use +to buy food and the way it works is is + + align:start position:0% +to buy food and the way it works is is + + + align:start position:0% +to buy food and the way it works is is +when you go to the grocery store there's + + align:start position:0% +when you go to the grocery store there's + + + align:start position:0% +when you go to the grocery store there's +certain items that the debit card will + + align:start position:0% +certain items that the debit card will + + + align:start position:0% +certain items that the debit card will +ring up for and certainly won't so if + + align:start position:0% +ring up for and certainly won't so if + + + align:start position:0% +ring up for and certainly won't so if +you take a snap card and try to buy a + + align:start position:0% +you take a snap card and try to buy a + + + align:start position:0% +you take a snap card and try to buy a +magazine it won't bring up for that you + + align:start position:0% +magazine it won't bring up for that you + + + align:start position:0% +magazine it won't bring up for that you +can only use to buy + + align:start position:0% +can only use to buy + + + align:start position:0% +can only use to buy +food okay it used to literally be you'd + + align:start position:0% +food okay it used to literally be you'd + + + align:start position:0% +food okay it used to literally be you'd +get stamps and you'd have to sort of + + align:start position:0% +get stamps and you'd have to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +get stamps and you'd have to sort of +embarrassingly hand them to the cashier + + align:start position:0% +embarrassingly hand them to the cashier + + + align:start position:0% +embarrassingly hand them to the cashier +now it just looks like a regular debit + + align:start position:0% +now it just looks like a regular debit + + + align:start position:0% +now it just looks like a regular debit +card the difference it can only be used + + align:start position:0% +card the difference it can only be used + + + align:start position:0% +card the difference it can only be used +on certain items okay and basically + + align:start position:0% +on certain items okay and basically + + + align:start position:0% +on certain items okay and basically +roughly speaking in the US we have + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking in the US we have + + + align:start position:0% +roughly speaking in the US we have +something called the poverty line we'll + + align:start position:0% +something called the poverty line we'll + + + align:start position:0% +something called the poverty line we'll +come back and talk more about this the + + align:start position:0% +come back and talk more about this the + + + align:start position:0% +come back and talk more about this the +poverty line is is what we assume is of + + align:start position:0% +poverty line is is what we assume is of + + + align:start position:0% +poverty line is is what we assume is of +the minimum + + align:start position:0% +the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum +standard uh above which you need to have + + align:start position:0% +standard uh above which you need to have + + + align:start position:0% +standard uh above which you need to have +to live in America it's embarrassingly + + align:start position:0% +to live in America it's embarrassingly + + + align:start position:0% +to live in America it's embarrassingly +low we say the poverty line for an + + align:start position:0% +low we say the poverty line for an + + + align:start position:0% +low we say the poverty line for an +individual is about + + align:start position:0% +individual is about + + + align:start position:0% +individual is about +$14,000 I don't know how I would live in + + align:start position:0% +$14,000 I don't know how I would live in + + + align:start position:0% +$14,000 I don't know how I would live in +Boston on $4,000 but whatever but that's + + align:start position:0% +Boston on $4,000 but whatever but that's + + + align:start position:0% +Boston on $4,000 but whatever but that's +the poverty line and basically if you're + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line and basically if you're + + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line and basically if you're +below a little below the poverty line a + + align:start position:0% +below a little below the poverty line a + + + align:start position:0% +below a little below the poverty line a +little bit above it you get like a + + align:start position:0% +little bit above it you get like a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit above it you get like a +couple hundred bucks a month in food + + align:start position:0% +couple hundred bucks a month in food + + + align:start position:0% +couple hundred bucks a month in food +stamps in in in on on your debit card + + align:start position:0% +stamps in in in on on your debit card + + + align:start position:0% +stamps in in in on on your debit card +okay now what I want to do is ask the + + align:start position:0% +okay now what I want to do is ask the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what I want to do is ask the +following question why do we do this why + + align:start position:0% +following question why do we do this why + + + align:start position:0% +following question why do we do this why +don't we just give people cash if we + + align:start position:0% +don't we just give people cash if we + + + align:start position:0% +don't we just give people cash if we +want poor people to have money why don't + + align:start position:0% +want poor people to have money why don't + + + align:start position:0% +want poor people to have money why don't +we just give them money and so we're + + align:start position:0% +we just give them money and so we're + + + align:start position:0% +we just give them money and so we're +going to analyze the answer to that + + align:start position:0% +going to analyze the answer to that + + + align:start position:0% +going to analyze the answer to that +question not through introspection but + + align:start position:0% +question not through introspection but + + + align:start position:0% +question not through introspection but +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +economics so what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +economics so what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +economics so what we're going to do is +talk about how snap operates relative to + + align:start position:0% +talk about how snap operates relative to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about how snap operates relative to +giving people cash so to do this let's + + align:start position:0% +giving people cash so to do this let's + + + align:start position:0% +giving people cash so to do this let's +go to figure + + align:start position:0% +go to figure + + + align:start position:0% +go to figure +3-5a let me walk you through this figure + + align:start position:0% +3-5a let me walk you through this figure + + + align:start position:0% +3-5a let me walk you through this figure +this is sort of multiple things if if I + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of multiple things if if I + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of multiple things if if I +if I had a projector is be done in + + align:start position:0% +if I had a projector is be done in + + + align:start position:0% +if I had a projector is be done in +animation there's multiple things going + + align:start position:0% +animation there's multiple things going + + + align:start position:0% +animation there's multiple things going +on in this figure okay we have an + + align:start position:0% +on in this figure okay we have an + + + align:start position:0% +on in this figure okay we have an +original budget constraint imagine + + align:start position:0% +original budget constraint imagine + + + align:start position:0% +original budget constraint imagine +someone has + + align:start position:0% +someone has + + + align:start position:0% +someone has +$5,000 imagine world where someone has + + align:start position:0% +$5,000 imagine world where someone has + + + align:start position:0% +$5,000 imagine world where someone has +an income of $5,000 they're very + + align:start position:0% +an income of $5,000 they're very + + + align:start position:0% +an income of $5,000 they're very +poor and all they could spend their + + align:start position:0% +poor and all they could spend their + + + align:start position:0% +poor and all they could spend their +money on all they need all they could + + align:start position:0% +money on all they need all they could + + + align:start position:0% +money on all they need all they could +spend their money on is either food or + + align:start position:0% +spend their money on is either food or + + + align:start position:0% +spend their money on is either food or +shelter now once again you might say + + align:start position:0% +shelter now once again you might say + + + align:start position:0% +shelter now once again you might say +well gee don't they need health or + + align:start position:0% +well gee don't they need health or + + + align:start position:0% +well gee don't they need health or +whatever leave that alone we're in a too + + align:start position:0% +whatever leave that alone we're in a too + + + align:start position:0% +whatever leave that alone we're in a too +good world you can ex you can make this + + align:start position:0% +good world you can ex you can make this + + + align:start position:0% +good world you can ex you can make this +threedimensional in your free time okay + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional in your free time okay + + + align:start position:0% +threedimensional in your free time okay +so basically think about a simple world + + align:start position:0% +so basically think about a simple world + + + align:start position:0% +so basically think about a simple world +where people have $5,000 of income very + + align:start position:0% +where people have $5,000 of income very + + + align:start position:0% +where people have $5,000 of income very +poor people and all they can spend on is + + align:start position:0% +poor people and all they can spend on is + + + align:start position:0% +poor people and all they can spend on is +food or shelter and they spend all their + + align:start position:0% +food or shelter and they spend all their + + + align:start position:0% +food or shelter and they spend all their +income of course so the original budget + + align:start position:0% +income of course so the original budget + + + align:start position:0% +income of course so the original budget +constraint looks like the line that's + + align:start position:0% +constraint looks like the line that's + + + align:start position:0% +constraint looks like the line that's +labeled original budget line what I'm + + align:start position:0% +labeled original budget line what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +labeled original budget line what I'm +going to do is I'm going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I'm going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I'm going to assume that +the price of food equals the price of + + align:start position:0% +the price of food equals the price of + + + align:start position:0% +the price of food equals the price of +shelter equals one this is a trick we + + align:start position:0% +shelter equals one this is a trick we + + + align:start position:0% +shelter equals one this is a trick we +use in economics or in mathematics in + + align:start position:0% +use in economics or in mathematics in + + + align:start position:0% +use in economics or in mathematics in +general it's called the numer + + align:start position:0% +general it's called the numer + + + align:start position:0% +general it's called the numer +good we don't want prices to mess up the + + align:start position:0% +good we don't want prices to mess up the + + + align:start position:0% +good we don't want prices to mess up the +math so just let's set the prices to one + + align:start position:0% +math so just let's set the prices to one + + + align:start position:0% +math so just let's set the prices to one +it doesn't do any harm it's + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't do any harm it's + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't do any harm it's +generalizable and this way you could + + align:start position:0% +generalizable and this way you could + + + align:start position:0% +generalizable and this way you could +think of dollars as quantities so the + + align:start position:0% +think of dollars as quantities so the + + + align:start position:0% +think of dollars as quantities so the +amount you spend as the quantity you get + + align:start position:0% +amount you spend as the quantity you get + + + align:start position:0% +amount you spend as the quantity you get +and since food and shelter are vague + + align:start position:0% +and since food and shelter are vague + + + align:start position:0% +and since food and shelter are vague +Concepts anyway having to find what food + + align:start position:0% +Concepts anyway having to find what food + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts anyway having to find what food +is it's a basket of food and shelters a + + align:start position:0% +is it's a basket of food and shelters a + + + align:start position:0% +is it's a basket of food and shelters a +basket of living arrangements no harm + + align:start position:0% +basket of living arrangements no harm + + + align:start position:0% +basket of living arrangements no harm +setting the price to one so basically + + align:start position:0% +setting the price to one so basically + + + align:start position:0% +setting the price to one so basically +the ratio of the slope of The Bu train + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the slope of The Bu train + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the slope of The Bu train +is minus one we' set these prices to one + + align:start position:0% +is minus one we' set these prices to one + + + align:start position:0% +is minus one we' set these prices to one +for some vague concept called food and + + align:start position:0% +for some vague concept called food and + + + align:start position:0% +for some vague concept called food and +some vague concept called shelter we set + + align:start position:0% +some vague concept called shelter we set + + + align:start position:0% +some vague concept called shelter we set +the prices to one we have a budget + + align:start position:0% +the prices to one we have a budget + + + align:start position:0% +the prices to one we have a budget +constraint where the intercepts are at + + align:start position:0% +constraint where the intercepts are at + + + align:start position:0% +constraint where the intercepts are at +$5,000 on each axis because that's all + + align:start position:0% +$5,000 on each axis because that's all + + + align:start position:0% +$5,000 on each axis because that's all +the money you have and the slope is + + align:start position:0% +the money you have and the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +the money you have and the slope is +minus one once again any question along + + align:start position:0% +minus one once again any question along + + + align:start position:0% +minus one once again any question along +the way shout out raise your hand okay + + align:start position:0% +the way shout out raise your hand okay + + + align:start position:0% +the way shout out raise your hand okay +now imagine the government decides and + + align:start position:0% +now imagine the government decides and + + + align:start position:0% +now imagine the government decides and +this graph is not to scale I'll say that + + align:start position:0% +this graph is not to scale I'll say that + + + align:start position:0% +this graph is not to scale I'll say that +right up right up front the government + + align:start position:0% +right up right up front the government + + + align:start position:0% +right up right up front the government +decides they want to give every poor + + align:start position:0% +decides they want to give every poor + + + align:start position:0% +decides they want to give every poor +person $500 they want to give every + + align:start position:0% +person $500 they want to give every + + + align:start position:0% +person $500 they want to give every +person $500 okay every poor person $500 + + align:start position:0% +person $500 okay every poor person $500 + + + align:start position:0% +person $500 okay every poor person $500 +so for this person what that means is + + align:start position:0% +so for this person what that means is + + + align:start position:0% +so for this person what that means is +they are now richer their opportunity + + align:start position:0% +they are now richer their opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +they are now richer their opportunity +set has expanded their budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +set has expanded their budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +set has expanded their budget constraint +has shifted out in a parallel fashion + + align:start position:0% +has shifted out in a parallel fashion + + + align:start position:0% +has shifted out in a parallel fashion +prices haven't changed they're just + + align:start position:0% +prices haven't changed they're just + + + align:start position:0% +prices haven't changed they're just +richer so the budget crade has shifted + + align:start position:0% +richer so the budget crade has shifted + + + align:start position:0% +richer so the budget crade has shifted +out from 55500 once again not to scale + + align:start position:0% +out from 55500 once again not to scale + + + align:start position:0% +out from 55500 once again not to scale +but allows some space to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +but allows some space to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +but allows some space to illustrate +things easily so the new budget + + align:start position:0% +things easily so the new budget + + + align:start position:0% +things easily so the new budget +constraint is at the point uh is the + + align:start position:0% +constraint is at the point uh is the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is at the point uh is the +same slope but the higher + + align:start position:0% +same slope but the higher + + + align:start position:0% +same slope but the higher +intercepts now let's talk about two + + align:start position:0% +intercepts now let's talk about two + + + align:start position:0% +intercepts now let's talk about two +different people and the choices they + + align:start position:0% +different people and the choices they + + + align:start position:0% +different people and the choices they +make person + + align:start position:0% +make person + + + align:start position:0% +make person +X likes shelter and doesn't care much + + align:start position:0% +X likes shelter and doesn't care much + + + align:start position:0% +X likes shelter and doesn't care much +about food once again we can't judge + + align:start position:0% +about food once again we can't judge + + + align:start position:0% +about food once again we can't judge +preferences preferences come from some + + align:start position:0% +preferences preferences come from some + + + align:start position:0% +preferences preferences come from some +innate psychological basis okay it turns + + align:start position:0% +innate psychological basis okay it turns + + + align:start position:0% +innate psychological basis okay it turns +out psychology does matter okay we can't + + align:start position:0% +out psychology does matter okay we can't + + + align:start position:0% +out psychology does matter okay we can't +judge preferences but their preferen are + + align:start position:0% +judge preferences but their preferen are + + + align:start position:0% +judge preferences but their preferen are +such that they don't need to eat a lot + + align:start position:0% +such that they don't need to eat a lot + + + align:start position:0% +such that they don't need to eat a lot +but they really want shelter so + + align:start position:0% +but they really want shelter so + + + align:start position:0% +but they really want shelter so +originally they spent of their $5,000 + + align:start position:0% +originally they spent of their $5,000 + + + align:start position:0% +originally they spent of their $5,000 +they spent almost nothing on food they + + align:start position:0% +they spent almost nothing on food they + + + align:start position:0% +they spent almost nothing on food they +spend 4,800 on shelter and 200 on + + align:start position:0% +spend 4,800 on shelter and 200 on + + + align:start position:0% +spend 4,800 on shelter and 200 on +food person why on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +food person why on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +food person why on the other hand +doesn't care much about shelter but + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care much about shelter but + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care much about shelter but +really needs to eat so they spent only a + + align:start position:0% +really needs to eat so they spent only a + + + align:start position:0% +really needs to eat so they spent only a +hundred on shelter originally 4,900 on + + align:start position:0% +hundred on shelter originally 4,900 on + + + align:start position:0% +hundred on shelter originally 4,900 on +food + + align:start position:0% +food + + + align:start position:0% +food +now what happens when we give each of + + align:start position:0% +now what happens when we give each of + + + align:start position:0% +now what happens when we give each of +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +$500 well I'm not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +$500 well I'm not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +$500 well I'm not going to go through +the math these are these are actual + + align:start position:0% +the math these are these are actual + + + align:start position:0% +the math these are these are actual +choices and actual utility function I'm + + align:start position:0% +choices and actual utility function I'm + + + align:start position:0% +choices and actual utility function I'm +not going to do the underlying math of + + align:start position:0% +not going to do the underlying math of + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do the underlying math of +this but given these + + align:start position:0% +this but given these + + + align:start position:0% +this but given these +preferences person X chooses to say look + + align:start position:0% +preferences person X chooses to say look + + + align:start position:0% +preferences person X chooses to say look +I love shelter I'm taking four of my 500 + + align:start position:0% +I love shelter I'm taking four of my 500 + + + align:start position:0% +I love shelter I'm taking four of my 500 +bucks and spending on shelter so I'm + + align:start position:0% +bucks and spending on shelter so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bucks and spending on shelter so I'm +going to go from 4,800 bucks in shelter + + align:start position:0% +going to go from 4,800 bucks in shelter + + + align:start position:0% +going to go from 4,800 bucks in shelter +and 100 and 200 on food to 5200 bucks on + + align:start position:0% +and 100 and 200 on food to 5200 bucks on + + + align:start position:0% +and 100 and 200 on food to 5200 bucks on +shelter and 300 on food once again that + + align:start position:0% +shelter and 300 on food once again that + + + align:start position:0% +shelter and 300 on food once again that +is it's mathematically consistent with a + + align:start position:0% +is it's mathematically consistent with a + + + align:start position:0% +is it's mathematically consistent with a +set of preferences there's a set of + + align:start position:0% +set of preferences there's a set of + + + align:start position:0% +set of preferences there's a set of +preferences that delivered that + + align:start position:0% +preferences that delivered that + + + align:start position:0% +preferences that delivered that +outcome person y says look I love + + align:start position:0% +outcome person y says look I love + + + align:start position:0% +outcome person y says look I love +shelter so I'm going to spend most of my + + align:start position:0% +shelter so I'm going to spend most of my + + + align:start position:0% +shelter so I'm going to spend most of my +new money on + + align:start position:0% +new money on + + + align:start position:0% +new money on +shelter so it just sort of reinforces + + align:start position:0% +shelter so it just sort of reinforces + + + align:start position:0% +shelter so it just sort of reinforces +their preferences if you will they get + + align:start position:0% +their preferences if you will they get + + + align:start position:0% +their preferences if you will they get +wider apart they both have they're both + + align:start position:0% +wider apart they both have they're both + + + align:start position:0% +wider apart they both have they're both +better off but they they're more + + align:start position:0% +better off but they they're more + + + align:start position:0% +better off but they they're more +different in their choices okay + + align:start position:0% +different in their choices okay + + + align:start position:0% +different in their choices okay +questions about + + align:start position:0% +questions about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about +that now is the hard part imagine the + + align:start position:0% +that now is the hard part imagine the + + + align:start position:0% +that now is the hard part imagine the +government says you know what poor + + align:start position:0% +government says you know what poor + + + align:start position:0% +government says you know what poor +people we're not giving you $500 in cash + + align:start position:0% +people we're not giving you $500 in cash + + + align:start position:0% +people we're not giving you $500 in cash +we're going to give you a $500 debit + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give you a $500 debit + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give you a $500 debit +card that you can only spend on food not + + align:start position:0% +card that you can only spend on food not + + + align:start position:0% +card that you can only spend on food not +on shelter how does this change the + + align:start position:0% +on shelter how does this change the + + + align:start position:0% +on shelter how does this change the +budget strength here's the hard part + + align:start position:0% +budget strength here's the hard part + + + align:start position:0% +budget strength here's the hard part +okay we start with the same original + + align:start position:0% +okay we start with the same original + + + align:start position:0% +okay we start with the same original +budget straight in figure 3.5 B but now + + align:start position:0% +budget straight in figure 3.5 B but now + + + align:start position:0% +budget straight in figure 3.5 B but now +it's different than giving them $500 in + + align:start position:0% +it's different than giving them $500 in + + + align:start position:0% +it's different than giving them $500 in +cash and why is that that's because you + + align:start position:0% +cash and why is that that's because you + + + align:start position:0% +cash and why is that that's because you +the for the first $500 in food there is + + align:start position:0% +the for the first $500 in food there is + + + align:start position:0% +the for the first $500 in food there is +no opportunity cost in terms of + + align:start position:0% +no opportunity cost in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +no opportunity cost in terms of +shelter if you spend you can get the + + align:start position:0% +shelter if you spend you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +shelter if you spend you can get the +same amount of sh you can get the same + + align:start position:0% +same amount of sh you can get the same + + + align:start position:0% +same amount of sh you can get the same +amount of of uh shelter if you spend + + align:start position:0% +amount of of uh shelter if you spend + + + align:start position:0% +amount of of uh shelter if you spend +$100 on food or $200 on food or $500 on + + align:start position:0% +$100 on food or $200 on food or $500 on + + + align:start position:0% +$100 on food or $200 on food or $500 on +food so the budet trade is now flat from + + align:start position:0% +food so the budet trade is now flat from + + + align:start position:0% +food so the budet trade is now flat from +the Y AIS to the point + + align:start position:0% +the Y AIS to the point + + + align:start position:0% +the Y AIS to the point +X2 it's flat and then it rejoins the + + align:start position:0% +X2 it's flat and then it rejoins the + + + align:start position:0% +X2 it's flat and then it rejoins the +original budget + + align:start position:0% +original budget + + + align:start position:0% +original budget +constraint why is it flat because think + + align:start position:0% +constraint why is it flat because think + + + align:start position:0% +constraint why is it flat because think +about it the all those points on that + + align:start position:0% +about it the all those points on that + + + align:start position:0% +about it the all those points on that +flat segment are now the feasible points + + align:start position:0% +flat segment are now the feasible points + + + align:start position:0% +flat segment are now the feasible points +no matter if you want $5,000 in shelter + + align:start position:0% +no matter if you want $5,000 in shelter + + + align:start position:0% +no matter if you want $5,000 in shelter +before if you wanted $5,000 in shelter + + align:start position:0% +before if you wanted $5,000 in shelter + + + align:start position:0% +before if you wanted $5,000 in shelter +and you want to and you couldn't have + + align:start position:0% +and you want to and you couldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +and you want to and you couldn't have +any food now you can have up to $500 in + + align:start position:0% +any food now you can have up to $500 in + + + align:start position:0% +any food now you can have up to $500 in +food and still $5,000 in shelter the + + align:start position:0% +food and still $5,000 in shelter the + + + align:start position:0% +food and still $5,000 in shelter the +budget constraint is now flat and then + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint is now flat and then + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint is now flat and then +rejoins the original budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +rejoins the original budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +rejoins the original budget constraint +at that point x + + align:start position:0% +at that point x + + + align:start position:0% +at that point x +to okay we're going to practice in + + align:start position:0% +to okay we're going to practice in + + + align:start position:0% +to okay we're going to practice in +section these kind of piecewise budget + + align:start position:0% +section these kind of piecewise budget + + + align:start position:0% +section these kind of piecewise budget +constraints this is hard to do but you + + align:start position:0% +constraints this is hard to do but you + + + align:start position:0% +constraints this is hard to do but you +get good at + + align:start position:0% +get good at + + + align:start position:0% +get good at +it now let's ask what effect does that + + align:start position:0% +it now let's ask what effect does that + + + align:start position:0% +it now let's ask what effect does that +have on people's choices well let's + + align:start position:0% +have on people's choices well let's + + + align:start position:0% +have on people's choices well let's +start with person + + align:start position:0% +start with person + + + align:start position:0% +start with person +y we've just said to person y we're + + align:start position:0% +y we've just said to person y we're + + + align:start position:0% +y we've just said to person y we're +going to give you + + align:start position:0% +going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +going to give you +$500 that you can only spend on food yet + + align:start position:0% +$500 that you can only spend on food yet + + + align:start position:0% +$500 that you can only spend on food yet +it has the same effect as giving them + + align:start position:0% +it has the same effect as giving them + + + align:start position:0% +it has the same effect as giving them +cash + + align:start position:0% +cash + + + align:start position:0% +cash +why why for person why is there no + + align:start position:0% +why why for person why is there no + + + align:start position:0% +why why for person why is there no +difference between the two panels even + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two panels even + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two panels even +though we've given them the debit card + + align:start position:0% +though we've given them the debit card + + + align:start position:0% +though we've given them the debit card +they can only spent on + + align:start position:0% +they can only spent on + + + align:start position:0% +they can only spent on +food why is there no + + align:start position:0% +food why is there no + + + align:start position:0% +food why is there no +difference uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay that that's that's uh that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay that that's that's uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay that that's that's uh that's +partly right but you've got the the + + align:start position:0% +partly right but you've got the the + + + align:start position:0% +partly right but you've got the the +basic idea the important point is the + + align:start position:0% +basic idea the important point is the + + + align:start position:0% +basic idea the important point is the +important point is the second part of + + align:start position:0% +important point is the second part of + + + align:start position:0% +important point is the second part of +your sense they're already spending that + + align:start position:0% +your sense they're already spending that + + + align:start position:0% +your sense they're already spending that +money on food anyway and money is money + + align:start position:0% +money on food anyway and money is money + + + align:start position:0% +money on food anyway and money is money +so they can just say fine I'll take $500 + + align:start position:0% +so they can just say fine I'll take $500 + + + align:start position:0% +so they can just say fine I'll take $500 +out of spending on food I'll call it + + align:start position:0% +out of spending on food I'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +out of spending on food I'll call it +snap and I'll replace it with $500 more + + align:start position:0% +snap and I'll replace it with $500 more + + + align:start position:0% +snap and I'll replace it with $500 more +I can spend on something + + align:start position:0% +I can spend on something + + + align:start position:0% +I can spend on something +else as long money is + + align:start position:0% +else as long money is + + + align:start position:0% +else as long money is +fungible as long as you're spending one + + align:start position:0% +fungible as long as you're spending one + + + align:start position:0% +fungible as long as you're spending one +$500 on food if I give $500 say it must + + align:start position:0% +$500 on food if I give $500 say it must + + + align:start position:0% +$500 on food if I give $500 say it must +be for food you're like whatever I was + + align:start position:0% +be for food you're like whatever I was + + + align:start position:0% +be for food you're like whatever I was +always spending $500 on food I'll just + + align:start position:0% +always spending $500 on food I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +always spending $500 on food I'll just +relabel it + + align:start position:0% +relabel it + + + align:start position:0% +relabel it +okay it doesn't affect my choices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah no no no no they'll just spend it + + align:start position:0% +yeah no no no no they'll just spend it + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no no no no they'll just spend it +on in other words the point is think + + align:start position:0% +on in other words the point is think + + + align:start position:0% +on in other words the point is think +about when we give them cash this is + + align:start position:0% +about when we give them cash this is + + + align:start position:0% +about when we give them cash this is +confusing we give them cash they say + + align:start position:0% +confusing we give them cash they say + + + align:start position:0% +confusing we give them cash they say +great you give me 500 cash I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +great you give me 500 cash I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +great you give me 500 cash I'm going to +take my consumption from 4,900 to 5100 + + align:start position:0% +take my consumption from 4,900 to 5100 + + + align:start position:0% +take my consumption from 4,900 to 5100 +of of food um I'm going to take my + + align:start position:0% +of of food um I'm going to take my + + + align:start position:0% +of of food um I'm going to take my +consumption of food I'm sorry 41 to + + align:start position:0% +consumption of food I'm sorry 41 to + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of food I'm sorry 41 to +50100 I'm take my consumption of shelter + + align:start position:0% +50100 I'm take my consumption of shelter + + + align:start position:0% +50100 I'm take my consumption of shelter +from 100 to + + align:start position:0% +from 100 to + + + align:start position:0% +from 100 to +400 now I say oh no you have to spend I + + align:start position:0% +400 now I say oh no you have to spend I + + + align:start position:0% +400 now I say oh no you have to spend I +cast are like fine I don't care I still + + align:start position:0% +cast are like fine I don't care I still + + + align:start position:0% +cast are like fine I don't care I still +can I'm still going to spend 5100 on + + align:start position:0% +can I'm still going to spend 5100 on + + + align:start position:0% +can I'm still going to spend 5100 on +food and 400 on shelter I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +food and 400 on shelter I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +food and 400 on shelter I'm just going +to label + + align:start position:0% +to label + + + align:start position:0% +to label +55100 snap but nothing else has changed + + align:start position:0% +55100 snap but nothing else has changed + + + align:start position:0% +55100 snap but nothing else has changed +just a labeling thing + + align:start position:0% +just a labeling thing + + + align:start position:0% +just a labeling thing +okay now think about person X they can't + + align:start position:0% +okay now think about person X they can't + + + align:start position:0% +okay now think about person X they can't +pull off that trick + + align:start position:0% +pull off that trick + + + align:start position:0% +pull off that trick +why why is person X person X now has to + + align:start position:0% +why why is person X person X now has to + + + align:start position:0% +why why is person X person X now has to +make a different Choice instead of + + align:start position:0% +make a different Choice instead of + + + align:start position:0% +make a different Choice instead of +choosing what they wanted which was X2 + + align:start position:0% +choosing what they wanted which was X2 + + + align:start position:0% +choosing what they wanted which was X2 +they now have to choose X2 Prime which + + align:start position:0% +they now have to choose X2 Prime which + + + align:start position:0% +they now have to choose X2 Prime which +is where a different indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +is where a different indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +is where a different indifference curve +hits that Kink where I3 + + align:start position:0% +hits that Kink where I3 + + + align:start position:0% +hits that Kink where I3 +Prime hits that Kink why why do they + + align:start position:0% +Prime hits that Kink why why do they + + + align:start position:0% +Prime hits that Kink why why do they +make have to make a different Choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah they can't we're not letting + + align:start position:0% +yeah they can't we're not letting + + + align:start position:0% +yeah they can't we're not letting +them so what has happened is by + + align:start position:0% +them so what has happened is by + + + align:start position:0% +them so what has happened is by +constraining this money to be on a debit + + align:start position:0% +constraining this money to be on a debit + + + align:start position:0% +constraining this money to be on a debit +card rather than + + align:start position:0% +card rather than + + + align:start position:0% +card rather than +cash we have changed their choice from + + align:start position:0% +cash we have changed their choice from + + + align:start position:0% +cash we have changed their choice from +what they wanted to do which is 5200 in + + align:start position:0% +what they wanted to do which is 5200 in + + + align:start position:0% +what they wanted to do which is 5200 in +shelter and 300 in food to now 5,000 in + + align:start position:0% +shelter and 300 in food to now 5,000 in + + + align:start position:0% +shelter and 300 in food to now 5,000 in +shelter and 500 in food we forced them + + align:start position:0% +shelter and 500 in food we forced them + + + align:start position:0% +shelter and 500 in food we forced them +to have less shelter and more food and + + align:start position:0% +to have less shelter and more food and + + + align:start position:0% +to have less shelter and more food and +what have we done to their well-being + + align:start position:0% +what have we done to their well-being + + + align:start position:0% +what have we done to their well-being +are they better off or worse off tell me + + align:start position:0% +are they better off or worse off tell me + + + align:start position:0% +are they better off or worse off tell me +why so raise their hand tell me why is + + align:start position:0% +why so raise their hand tell me why is + + + align:start position:0% +why so raise their hand tell me why is +person X better off or worse off when we + + align:start position:0% +person X better off or worse off when we + + + align:start position:0% +person X better off or worse off when we +can strain their choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly more is better they're in a + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly more is better they're in a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly more is better they're in a +lower indifference curve they are worse + + align:start position:0% +lower indifference curve they are worse + + + align:start position:0% +lower indifference curve they are worse +off by constraining their choice we've + + align:start position:0% +off by constraining their choice we've + + + align:start position:0% +off by constraining their choice we've +made them worse off + + align:start position:0% +made them worse off + + + align:start position:0% +made them worse off +definitionally by giving people + + align:start position:0% +definitionally by giving people + + + align:start position:0% +definitionally by giving people +something other than cash we make them + + align:start position:0% +something other than cash we make them + + + align:start position:0% +something other than cash we make them +worse + + align:start position:0% +worse + + + align:start position:0% +worse +off but we do it + + align:start position:0% +off but we do it + + + align:start position:0% +off but we do it +anyway and to see why let's think of a + + align:start position:0% +anyway and to see why let's think of a + + + align:start position:0% +anyway and to see why let's think of a +simple change to this diagram which + + align:start position:0% +simple change to this diagram which + + + align:start position:0% +simple change to this diagram which +represents the way policy makers think + + align:start position:0% +represents the way policy makers think + + + align:start position:0% +represents the way policy makers think +about poor people cross out on the Y AIS + + align:start position:0% +about poor people cross out on the Y AIS + + + align:start position:0% +about poor people cross out on the Y AIS +cross out the world shelter and put in + + align:start position:0% +cross out the world shelter and put in + + + align:start position:0% +cross out the world shelter and put in +the word cocaine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically policy makers think we can't + + align:start position:0% +basically policy makers think we can't + + + align:start position:0% +basically policy makers think we can't +give these guys money because they'll + + align:start position:0% +give these guys money because they'll + + + align:start position:0% +give these guys money because they'll +just spend it badly they won't spend it + + align:start position:0% +just spend it badly they won't spend it + + + align:start position:0% +just spend it badly they won't spend it +on things we want them to spend it on we + + align:start position:0% +on things we want them to spend it on we + + + align:start position:0% +on things we want them to spend it on we +want them to spend it on food we're + + align:start position:0% +want them to spend it on food we're + + + align:start position:0% +want them to spend it on food we're +going to force them to spend it on food + + align:start position:0% +going to force them to spend it on food + + + align:start position:0% +going to force them to spend it on food +to make sure they don't waste it that is + + align:start position:0% +to make sure they don't waste it that is + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure they don't waste it that is +policy makers think look there's a third + + align:start position:0% +policy makers think look there's a third + + + align:start position:0% +policy makers think look there's a third +option which is cocaine or alcohol or + + align:start position:0% +option which is cocaine or alcohol or + + + align:start position:0% +option which is cocaine or alcohol or +whatever and we don't want them spending + + align:start position:0% +whatever and we don't want them spending + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and we don't want them spending +money on that so we are going to force + + align:start position:0% +money on that so we are going to force + + + align:start position:0% +money on that so we are going to force +them to make sure they have the + + align:start position:0% +them to make sure they have the + + + align:start position:0% +them to make sure they have the +food so that is why we have these kinds + + align:start position:0% +food so that is why we have these kinds + + + align:start position:0% +food so that is why we have these kinds +of what we call in-kind benefits indeed + + align:start position:0% +of what we call in-kind benefits indeed + + + align:start position:0% +of what we call in-kind benefits indeed +as teach you later semester and as I + + align:start position:0% +as teach you later semester and as I + + + align:start position:0% +as teach you later semester and as I +spend a whole section of my course 1441 + + align:start position:0% +spend a whole section of my course 1441 + + + align:start position:0% +spend a whole section of my course 1441 +talking about the US government + + align:start position:0% +talking about the US government + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the US government +redistributes in Goods vastly more than + + align:start position:0% +redistributes in Goods vastly more than + + + align:start position:0% +redistributes in Goods vastly more than +in cash the amount of money we give poor + + align:start position:0% +in cash the amount of money we give poor + + + align:start position:0% +in cash the amount of money we give poor +people in Goods is something like 10 + + align:start position:0% +people in Goods is something like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +people in Goods is something like 10 +times the amount of money we give poor + + align:start position:0% +times the amount of money we give poor + + + align:start position:0% +times the amount of money we give poor +people in cash between Medical Care + + align:start position:0% +people in cash between Medical Care + + + align:start position:0% +people in cash between Medical Care +housing and food those programs add up + + align:start position:0% +housing and food those programs add up + + + align:start position:0% +housing and food those programs add up +to about 10 times of how much money we + + align:start position:0% +to about 10 times of how much money we + + + align:start position:0% +to about 10 times of how much money we +give people in cash maybe five to 10 + + align:start position:0% +give people in cash maybe five to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +give people in cash maybe five to 10 +times okay because of this exact problem + + align:start position:0% +times okay because of this exact problem + + + align:start position:0% +times okay because of this exact problem +because we think that we know better + + align:start position:0% +because we think that we know better + + + align:start position:0% +because we think that we know better +government policy makers think that we + + align:start position:0% +government policy makers think that we + + + align:start position:0% +government policy makers think that we +don't want to give people cash reward + + align:start position:0% +don't want to give people cash reward + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to give people cash reward +what they spend it on so this raises the + + align:start position:0% +what they spend it on so this raises the + + + align:start position:0% +what they spend it on so this raises the +natural + + align:start position:0% +natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +of actually raises two + + align:start position:0% +of actually raises two + + + align:start position:0% +of actually raises two +questions one is the positive + + align:start position:0% +questions one is the positive + + + align:start position:0% +questions one is the positive +question of what effect does this have + + align:start position:0% +question of what effect does this have + + + align:start position:0% +question of what effect does this have +that is how much more food do we get + + align:start position:0% +that is how much more food do we get + + + align:start position:0% +that is how much more food do we get +people to eat by giving them debit cards + + align:start position:0% +people to eat by giving them debit cards + + + align:start position:0% +people to eat by giving them debit cards +rather than cash you don't know the + + align:start position:0% +rather than cash you don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +rather than cash you don't know the +answer from this graph because maybe + + align:start position:0% +answer from this graph because maybe + + + align:start position:0% +answer from this graph because maybe +everyone's like why + + align:start position:0% +everyone's like why + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's like why +maybe no one's affected by maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe no one's affected by maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe no one's affected by maybe +everyone so maybe the answer is zero + + align:start position:0% +everyone so maybe the answer is zero + + + align:start position:0% +everyone so maybe the answer is zero +okay the answer is and we've done this + + align:start position:0% +okay the answer is and we've done this + + + align:start position:0% +okay the answer is and we've done this +from experiments we basically convert + + align:start position:0% +from experiments we basically convert + + + align:start position:0% +from experiments we basically convert +we've we'll talk a lot about in this + + align:start position:0% +we've we'll talk a lot about in this + + + align:start position:0% +we've we'll talk a lot about in this +course about experiments run economics + + align:start position:0% +course about experiments run economics + + + align:start position:0% +course about experiments run economics +and really a Pioneer in that field is + + align:start position:0% +and really a Pioneer in that field is + + + align:start position:0% +and really a Pioneer in that field is +our Nobel prize winning couple of uh es + + align:start position:0% +our Nobel prize winning couple of uh es + + + align:start position:0% +our Nobel prize winning couple of uh es +Duo and abijit + + align:start position:0% +Duo and abijit + + + align:start position:0% +Duo and abijit +bannery uh they've sort of pioneered the + + align:start position:0% +bannery uh they've sort of pioneered the + + + align:start position:0% +bannery uh they've sort of pioneered the +use of of wides skill experiments in + + align:start position:0% +use of of wides skill experiments in + + + align:start position:0% +use of of wides skill experiments in +economics one such experiment was run to + + align:start position:0% +economics one such experiment was run to + + + align:start position:0% +economics one such experiment was run to +actually randomly give some people cash + + align:start position:0% +actually randomly give some people cash + + + align:start position:0% +actually randomly give some people cash +and some people uh food stamps and what + + align:start position:0% +and some people uh food stamps and what + + + align:start position:0% +and some people uh food stamps and what +they found was it does I'm sorry snap + + align:start position:0% +they found was it does I'm sorry snap + + + align:start position:0% +they found was it does I'm sorry snap +giving snap does increase consumption of + + align:start position:0% +giving snap does increase consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +giving snap does increase consumption of +food that is there's enough X's out + + align:start position:0% +food that is there's enough X's out + + + align:start position:0% +food that is there's enough X's out +there that on average for every dollar + + align:start position:0% +there that on average for every dollar + + + align:start position:0% +there that on average for every dollar +you give in food stamps rather than cash + + align:start position:0% +you give in food stamps rather than cash + + + align:start position:0% +you give in food stamps rather than cash +you get about in sorry snap sorry about + + align:start position:0% +you get about in sorry snap sorry about + + + align:start position:0% +you get about in sorry snap sorry about +that for every dollar given snap rather + + align:start position:0% +that for every dollar given snap rather + + + align:start position:0% +that for every dollar given snap rather +than cash you get about 15 cents more in + + align:start position:0% +than cash you get about 15 cents more in + + + align:start position:0% +than cash you get about 15 cents more in +food consumption not a dollar there's + + align:start position:0% +food consumption not a dollar there's + + + align:start position:0% +food consumption not a dollar there's +some people like why but basically up + + align:start position:0% +some people like why but basically up + + + align:start position:0% +some people like why but basically up +all the X and y's by giving people snap + + align:start position:0% +all the X and y's by giving people snap + + + align:start position:0% +all the X and y's by giving people snap +instead of cash you do change their + + align:start position:0% +instead of cash you do change their + + + align:start position:0% +instead of cash you do change their +consumption + + align:start position:0% +consumption + + + align:start position:0% +consumption +Behavior okay so the positive question + + align:start position:0% +Behavior okay so the positive question + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior okay so the positive question +is is snap having his intended effect + + align:start position:0% +is is snap having his intended effect + + + align:start position:0% +is is snap having his intended effect +the answer is + + align:start position:0% +the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is +yes the normative question is should we + + align:start position:0% +yes the normative question is should we + + + align:start position:0% +yes the normative question is should we +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +this should we force people to be take + + align:start position:0% +this should we force people to be take + + + align:start position:0% +this should we force people to be take +their take their uh good in um take + + align:start position:0% +their take their uh good in um take + + + align:start position:0% +their take their uh good in um take +their goods in food rather than cash and + + align:start position:0% +their goods in food rather than cash and + + + align:start position:0% +their goods in food rather than cash and +here once again we come to the value of + + align:start position:0% +here once again we come to the value of + + + align:start position:0% +here once again we come to the value of +experiments it's a hard question + + align:start position:0% +experiments it's a hard question + + + align:start position:0% +experiments it's a hard question +ask but this is where experimental + + align:start position:0% +ask but this is where experimental + + + align:start position:0% +ask but this is where experimental +economics once again is pired here and + + align:start position:0% +economics once again is pired here and + + + align:start position:0% +economics once again is pired here and +by their third Nobel Prize winner + + align:start position:0% +by their third Nobel Prize winner + + + align:start position:0% +by their third Nobel Prize winner +Michael Kramer who's now Chicago du Flo + + align:start position:0% +Michael Kramer who's now Chicago du Flo + + + align:start position:0% +Michael Kramer who's now Chicago du Flo +benergy and Kramer set up something + + align:start position:0% +benergy and Kramer set up something + + + align:start position:0% +benergy and Kramer set up something +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +japal the jam poverty action lab it's in + + align:start position:0% +japal the jam poverty action lab it's in + + + align:start position:0% +japal the jam poverty action lab it's in +the department of Economics here at MIT + + align:start position:0% +the department of Economics here at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the department of Economics here at MIT +it is now the preeminent organization in + + align:start position:0% +it is now the preeminent organization in + + + align:start position:0% +it is now the preeminent organization in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +world for using experiments like real + + align:start position:0% +world for using experiments like real + + + align:start position:0% +world for using experiments like real +scientists do to actually answer + + align:start position:0% +scientists do to actually answer + + + align:start position:0% +scientists do to actually answer +economic questions to basically say as + + align:start position:0% +economic questions to basically say as + + + align:start position:0% +economic questions to basically say as +an interesting economic question want to + + align:start position:0% +an interesting economic question want to + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting economic question want to +answer answer let's answer by randomly + + align:start position:0% +answer answer let's answer by randomly + + + align:start position:0% +answer answer let's answer by randomly +running an + + align:start position:0% +running an + + + align:start position:0% +running an +experiment so for example JP palal has + + align:start position:0% +experiment so for example JP palal has + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so for example JP palal has +now run dozens of experiments with the + + align:start position:0% +now run dozens of experiments with the + + + align:start position:0% +now run dozens of experiments with the +experiment with giving people in + + align:start position:0% +experiment with giving people in + + + align:start position:0% +experiment with giving people in +developing countries cash they mostly + + align:start position:0% +developing countries cash they mostly + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries cash they mostly +focus on developing World okay giving + + align:start position:0% +focus on developing World okay giving + + + align:start position:0% +focus on developing World okay giving +people developing countries cash versus + + align:start position:0% +people developing countries cash versus + + + align:start position:0% +people developing countries cash versus +giving them + + align:start position:0% +giving them + + + align:start position:0% +giving them +goods and the answer seems to be that + + align:start position:0% +goods and the answer seems to be that + + + align:start position:0% +goods and the answer seems to be that +basically we should give people + + align:start position:0% +basically we should give people + + + align:start position:0% +basically we should give people +cash they basically give people cash + + align:start position:0% +cash they basically give people cash + + + align:start position:0% +cash they basically give people cash +very little of it getss spent on bad + + align:start position:0% +very little of it getss spent on bad + + + align:start position:0% +very little of it getss spent on bad +things almost all of it gets spent on + + align:start position:0% +things almost all of it gets spent on + + + align:start position:0% +things almost all of it gets spent on +education for children or food or + + align:start position:0% +education for children or food or + + + align:start position:0% +education for children or food or +shelter but + + align:start position:0% +shelter but + + + align:start position:0% +shelter but +moreover giving very poor people cash + + align:start position:0% +moreover giving very poor people cash + + + align:start position:0% +moreover giving very poor people cash +allows them to make investments to + + align:start position:0% +allows them to make investments to + + + align:start position:0% +allows them to make investments to +escape poverty so did is they took a + + align:start position:0% +escape poverty so did is they took a + + + align:start position:0% +escape poverty so did is they took a +group of poor women in Uganda and gave + + align:start position:0% +group of poor women in Uganda and gave + + + align:start position:0% +group of poor women in Uganda and gave +them $150 you might think wow big deal + + align:start position:0% +them $150 you might think wow big deal + + + align:start position:0% +them $150 you might think wow big deal +$150 that is 50 to 100% of the annual + + align:start position:0% +$150 that is 50 to 100% of the annual + + + align:start position:0% +$150 that is 50 to 100% of the annual +income in Uganda let's be clear okay + + align:start position:0% +income in Uganda let's be clear okay + + + align:start position:0% +income in Uganda let's be clear okay +okay the + + align:start position:0% +okay the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the +about half the world lives on less than + + align:start position:0% +about half the world lives on less than + + + align:start position:0% +about half the world lives on less than +$2 a day okay so $150 big big money in + + align:start position:0% +$2 a day okay so $150 big big money in + + + align:start position:0% +$2 a day okay so $150 big big money in +Uganda what they found was and they gave + + align:start position:0% +Uganda what they found was and they gave + + + align:start position:0% +Uganda what they found was and they gave +some women that they randomly gave other + + align:start position:0% +some women that they randomly gave other + + + align:start position:0% +some women that they randomly gave other +women did not give them the money what + + align:start position:0% +women did not give them the money what + + + align:start position:0% +women did not give them the money what +they found is 18 months later the women + + align:start position:0% +they found is 18 months later the women + + + align:start position:0% +they found is 18 months later the women +who gotten the cash had raised their + + align:start position:0% +who gotten the cash had raised their + + + align:start position:0% +who gotten the cash had raised their +earning had doubled their earnings why + + align:start position:0% +earning had doubled their earnings why + + + align:start position:0% +earning had doubled their earnings why +because they used that cash to set up + + align:start position:0% +because they used that cash to set up + + + align:start position:0% +because they used that cash to set up +little shops to buy a cow to invest in + + align:start position:0% +little shops to buy a cow to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +little shops to buy a cow to invest in +how they could make more money so not + + align:start position:0% +how they could make more money so not + + + align:start position:0% +how they could make more money so not +only do they spend very little of it on + + align:start position:0% +only do they spend very little of it on + + + align:start position:0% +only do they spend very little of it on +things you might consider bad they Ed it + + align:start position:0% +things you might consider bad they Ed it + + + align:start position:0% +things you might consider bad they Ed it +in a productive way we even foresee to + + align:start position:0% +in a productive way we even foresee to + + + align:start position:0% +in a productive way we even foresee to +invest in their own Futures and get + + align:start position:0% +invest in their own Futures and get + + + align:start position:0% +invest in their own Futures and get +better off there's a recent experiment + + align:start position:0% +better off there's a recent experiment + + + align:start position:0% +better off there's a recent experiment +in um gosh I don't remember was you + + align:start position:0% +in um gosh I don't remember was you + + + align:start position:0% +in um gosh I don't remember was you +might have read of where they gave + + align:start position:0% +might have read of where they gave + + + align:start position:0% +might have read of where they gave +homeless people in the US $7,500 a small + + align:start position:0% +homeless people in the US $7,500 a small + + + align:start position:0% +homeless people in the US $7,500 a small +sample of homeless people like 60 + + align:start position:0% +sample of homeless people like 60 + + + align:start position:0% +sample of homeless people like 60 +homeless people and they found that once + + align:start position:0% +homeless people and they found that once + + + align:start position:0% +homeless people and they found that once +again they spent most of it on getting + + align:start position:0% +again they spent most of it on getting + + + align:start position:0% +again they spent most of it on getting +their lives back together not on + + align:start position:0% +their lives back together not on + + + align:start position:0% +their lives back together not on +dangerous goods it's not to say that we + + align:start position:0% +dangerous goods it's not to say that we + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous goods it's not to say that we +shouldn't worry about people consuming + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't worry about people consuming + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't worry about people consuming +dangerous goods we'll talk a lot about + + align:start position:0% +dangerous goods we'll talk a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous goods we'll talk a lot about +this this semester it is to say that + + align:start position:0% +this this semester it is to say that + + + align:start position:0% +this this semester it is to say that +when we want make a decision Economic + + align:start position:0% +when we want make a decision Economic + + + align:start position:0% +when we want make a decision Economic +Policy we look to the evidence and the + + align:start position:0% +Policy we look to the evidence and the + + + align:start position:0% +Policy we look to the evidence and the +evidence is a the positive evidence is a + + align:start position:0% +evidence is a the positive evidence is a + + + align:start position:0% +evidence is a the positive evidence is a +giving snap cards rather than cash + + align:start position:0% +giving snap cards rather than cash + + + align:start position:0% +giving snap cards rather than cash +changes people's behavior and B they + + align:start position:0% +changes people's behavior and B they + + + align:start position:0% +changes people's behavior and B they +seem to be better off if we give them + + align:start position:0% +seem to be better off if we give them + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be better off if we give them +cash okay and that's how we use the + + align:start position:0% +cash okay and that's how we use the + + + align:start position:0% +cash okay and that's how we use the +tools of Economics to make informed + + align:start position:0% +tools of Economics to make informed + + + align:start position:0% +tools of Economics to make informed +policy decisions okay let's stop there + + align:start position:0% +policy decisions okay let's stop there + + + align:start position:0% +policy decisions okay let's stop there +we'll come back next time and talk about + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back next time and talk about + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back next time and talk about +how more putting this all together first + + align:start position:0% +how more putting this all together first + + + align:start position:0% +how more putting this all together first +problem set is handed out Friday it is + + align:start position:0% +problem set is handed out Friday it is + + + align:start position:0% +problem set is handed out Friday it is +due in two weeks because we have no + + align:start position:0% +due in two weeks because we have no + + + align:start position:0% +due in two weeks because we have no +section next Friday at 5:00 p.m. in 2 + + align:start position:0% +section next Friday at 5:00 p.m. in 2 + + + align:start position:0% +section next Friday at 5:00 p.m. in 2 +weeks on September 30th \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cDMbBjH8ZSs.txt b/cDMbBjH8ZSs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3f2bbf1dd26478d3a58def27efcf7817d499542 --- /dev/null +++ b/cDMbBjH8ZSs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4067 @@ +Let's get started. + +Again, just putting things in perspective, +Professor Cohen talked about how in a big + +engineering design project you work through +the various stages. + +And the first stage is phase A where you come +up with the basic concepts. + +And I think the level of detail of the system +and subsystem lectures that he is giving, + +last lecture and today, we could sort of look +at as being on kind of the phase A level to + +show the basic feasibility and the overall +structure. + +Those of you from aero-astro have certainly +been familiar with our approach to systems + +engineering which we call CDIO. + +Someone from aero-astro can tell me the C +is conceive, design, implement, which actually + +means manufacture and test, and operate. + +So we're kind of dealing in these first few +lectures. + +And this could be looked at as phase A and +then the detailed design, that's your phase + +B. + +That ends with the critical design review +after which, in principle, you're supposed + +to be ready to cut hardware. + +And then you get into the phase CD where you +actually build and test. + +And then, of course, we operate. + +My sort of background, the way I got into +engineering, and I probably should have mentioned + +this at the beginning as sort of truth in +advertising is I was never trained as an engineer, + +unlike Professor Cohen. + +I was actually trained as an astrophysicist. + +But, when I went to NASA, I spent so much +time working with all the technical systems + +and interacting with the engineers and the +people who use them that I learned certainly + +a lot about the way these systems are designed +and particularly operated. + +So my approach to a lot of these engineering +situations is very much from an operator's + +point of view. + +And I will try to emphasize that as we go +along. + +Very important, right from the beginning of +the design, I think that you think about how + +you're going to operate the system. + +We have had too many examples that I've come +across and many people who have to actually + +operate systems where you build something +without really thinking of how the system + +is going to be maintained and taken care of. + +One of the things that we have been doing +for the last few years is to take a group + +of undergraduates down to the Kennedy Space +Center every January, an interim activities + +period, and have them spend a couple of weeks +with the engineers and technicians who have + +to maintain and operate the shuttle system. + +And they hear lots of stories from the engineers +and particularly from the technicians who + +say, boy, I would like to have a chance to +talk to the person who designed this little + +system. + +And I have to get my hand all the way around. + +And it takes five hours to turn the bolt or +something more fundamental. + +And we will probably discuss this when we +talk about the main engines. + +The fact that originally the main engines +were supposed to be reusable without being + +taken out of the shuttle so that you could +cycle them many times. + +Well, it turns out that in order to get sufficient +confidence that the engines are ready to fly, + +we really do have to take them out after every +flight. + +And they are extensively borescoped when you +look inside. + +But some of the engineers in the main engine +shop pointed out that, for instance, if certain + +diagnostic test equipment had been built into +the engine so that you could have taken data + +as the engines were shutting down over and +above the data that we actually get, possibly + +we would have been able to reduce considerably +the maintenance on those engines. + +Again, the shuttle was the first time we had +really tried to design reusability into a + +space vehicle and engines. + +And we've learned an awful lot. + +So I think it's very important when we discuss +the systems in the course of the term that + +we don't just look at the detailed design +but we also consider the operations. + +That's very important. + +In that spirit, Professor Cohen is going to +continue his introduction to the shuttle systems. + +And, Aaron, I will turn it over to you. + +OK. + +Thank you. + +As Professor Hoffman said, I'm really giving +you what I would call a technical management + +overview because, when we talk about structures, +on the 22nd Mr. + +Moser is going to come and talk about structures +and he's really going to go into the details, + +how the loads were calculated, how the stressors +were calculated, how NASTRAN was used, how + +we came up with the basic structure. + +But I'm just going to really give you sort +of an overview on it. + +And I think it's interesting to note that +the structures may be a very good system to + +look at for your project because it weighs +a lot. + +We certainly didn't have all the tools for +calculations that you have today to make it + +a more efficient structure. + +The materials are a lot different. + +But basically this structure, if you start +at the front of it, the crew cabin, which + +I showed you a little bit about being made, +a welded configuration, and the forward fuselage + +are basically an aluminum skin-stringer structure, +very basic aluminum. + +If you go back down to the mid-fuselage, which +is the large part there, it's, again, a skinned + +structure. + +Interestingly enough, the forward fuselage +and the crew cabin where made by Rockwell + +International in Downey. + +The mid-fuselage was made by General Dynamics +in San Diego. + +So we had various people putting the structure +parts together. + +The wings were made by Grumman. + +So we had this vehicle being built all over +the country coming to Palmdale, California + +for assembly. + +And the aft thrust structure was built by +Rockwell. + +The vertical tail, I believe, was built by +Fairchild on Long Island. + +Some of these places don't exist anymore. + +But then you go back to the vertical tail. + +Again, it is machined skins with honeycomb. + +The aft fuselage, as you can see, is very +complicated. + +It has all the plumbing, all the wiring, all +the auxiliary power unit, so it is a maze + +of plumbing and wiring. + +You could get lost in there and they'd never +find you again. + +But it is a maze of wiring and plumbing. + +And it's made basically of aluminum. + +But a lot of the support structure are boron/aluminum +thrust structure panels with graphite epoxy + +skin panels. + +And then the payload bay doors, which was +our innovative material going into large composites, + +we use graphite epoxy, that was the first +time that really a large composite structure + +was used in a vehicle. + +Now it's used quite commonly in the Air Force +and a lot of places, but graphite epoxy were + +the panels we used. + +And that saved a lot of weight. + +One of the problems we had, though, was when +we built these panels we found we got moisture + +trapped in it. + +And, of course, the moisture, when you heat +it up coming back it would pop the panels + +off. + +So, on the pad, we had to go in and drill +little holes in these panels to be sure we + +could get the moisture to escape. + +So those are things you learn when you do +new technologies. + +But, as I said, Mr. + +Moser is going to go through a very detailed +explanation of this. + +This may be something you want to consider +because there could be a real innovative way + +of reducing the weight and making the vehicle +more robust, so I suggest you think about + +that for the structure. + +Now I'm going to talk a little bit about guidance, +navigation and control. + +And some people asked me yesterday where they +could find some information on it. + +Actually, in those orange or yellow books, +I've forgotten what color they are, that we + +showed you that are on-hold in the library, +have a very detailed analysis and discussion + +of how the guidance, navigation and control +system was formulated. + +And it is probably as good as you're going +to find. + +It was very early in the program. + +It's a little bit different than it is today, +but it's a very good description of the redundant + +computer set, the fail-operational, fail-safe +system. + +So I think you could really get a lot out +of going through that book. + +I should just say it turns out that we have +two sets of those books in the library and + +they are on reserve so you can only use them +for two hours at a time. + +There really should not be any problem with +everybody in the class having access to those + +books when you need to go and look at them. + +That will probably be the best source, except +when Phil Hattis from the Draper Labs comes + +and talks about the guidance system. + +I will talk a little bit more about that. + +This chart or this schematic or whatever you +want to call it was originated by the Johnson + +Space Center and Rockwell International. + +It took us many hours but it basically is +the architecture, I am going to go through + +it in some detail, for the guidance, navigation +and control system. + +Now, this was the original one. + +It is a little bit different today, and I +will explain the differences that we have, + +but this was basically the guidance, navigation +and control system main architecture. + +And you can see on the left side, and the +left side is what I would call sensors. + +First of all, in a very simplistic term, some +of your experts in guidance, navigation and + +control, but guidance, navigation and control, +navigation is actually determining where you + +are, guidance is getting to where you want +to go and control is controlling the vehicle + +and its stability and its characteristics +around the center of gravity. + +So that's basically control. + +This is for the total guidance, navigation +and control system. + +Interestingly enough, the contractor for this +was IBM Federal Systems Division. + +We used their computer and they did the software. + +Much of the hardware was designed and built +by other contractors, and Rockwell International + +basically did the integration. + +And they did the integration on a system called +the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory. + +It was basically a vehicle that was in the +laboratory that had all the electronics, the + +cockpit and everything in it. + +It simulated the actuators. + +The hydraulic system was simulated and the +engines were simulated, but basically all + +the hardware and software was in the Shuttle +Avionics Integration Laboratory. + +I imagine you spent some time. + +We actually had two. + +We had one in Houston and there was one out +at Rockwell. + +And, when Professor Cohen says that it was +a vehicle, you have to appreciate that it + +was actually laid out just like the shuttle +so that they had the controllers, which were + +in the aft end, like in the engine compartment, +were a hundred feet away from the crew cabin + +and the computers and all the lines, the data +and power lines were laid out as closely as + +possible to physically duplicate the layout +in the shuttle because there was concern about + +the timing of signals going back and forth. + +And they wanted to run the simulation as accurately +as possible. + +And then, of course, you have to have a set +of simulation computers to try to determine + +the environment that the shuttle would be +flying in so that it could make the inputs + +to the rate gyros and the other parts of the +measurement units to try to duplicate the + +flight regime. + +And here is an explanation of the alphabet +soup of all the systems, subsystems, components. + +On this side you see really the sensors. + +That's the information that you need to do +your navigation part of it. + +And then, of course, that information then +is sent to the computer through a multiplexer + +demultiplexer, MDM, which basically is an +analog to digital converter, digital to analog + +converter. + +The computer does its computations and then +sends it to the effectors which actually change, + +whether it's the RCS, reaction control system, +whether it's the orbital maneuvering system, + +whether it's the aerosurfaces, the SRB actuators, +the solid rocket booster actuators, the main + +propulsion system actuators. + +So you've got sensors, computation and effectors. + +Let me talk a little bit about one sensor +which probably many of you can relate to, + +and that's the IMU or the inertial measurement +unit. + +And Draper Labs is famous for its inertial +measurement units. + +I worked with Draper Labs or MIT Instrumentation +Lab on Apollo, and we had the original initial + +measurement developed by the MIT Instrumentation +Lab in that vehicle. + +The initial measurement unit has gyros on +it to determine angles and it has accelerometers + +on it. + +And it is aligned with the star tracker. + +It's basically a stable platform. + +It's aligned with the star tracker to get +a reference system in inertial space. + +And when you make a maneuver you get acceleration +and you send it to the computer. + +And you integrate it once, you get velocity +and you integrate it twice and you get position. + +And it's also used during powered flight and +it's used during entry but that then goes + +to the computer. + +So the inertial measurement unit is very critical. + +Just to give you an example, here you have +three of them and you have four computers. + +I'm going to talk about the computers in a +minute. + +You have three of them. + +You have to recognize when we went to the +moon on Apollo we had one IMU and one computer + +in the Command and Service Module, and we +had one IMU and one computer in the Lunar + +Module, except we did have a backup system +called a strap-down system. + +The primary system was built by Draper Labs, +MIT, and the backup system was TRW. + +So we had two different contractors. + +Then you have rate gyros and accelerometer +assemblies primarily for ascent, for the stability + +of the bending of the vehicle. + +Here's the air data transducers that we talked +about yesterday for entry. + +Then you have the microwave landing system, +the tactical navigation, radar altimeter, + +rendezvous radar. + +These are all sensors you use during various +phases of a mission, which again go through + +the MDMs or multiplexer demultiplexers to +the computers and then to the effectors which + +change your position and velocity as need +be. + +Let me talk about the computers for a moment. + +You see four computers. + +That was the real test of this system. + +We had four computers that were synchronized. + +This vehicle, as we talked about yesterday, +for aerodynamicists we decided to make it + +statically unstable. + +We saved a lot of weight. + +By that I mean a regular airplane, a normal +airplane that's stable. + +When you get a disturbance it will still come +back. + +Without any augmentation it will come back +to its original position. + +With this vehicle, if you get a disturbance +it will diverge. + +So you had to continually have augmentation. + +So you had to have a fail-operational, fail-safe +system. + +And that's why you have four computers. + +It's fail -operationa/ fail-safe You could +lose one computer and your fail-operational + +will use another computer. + +That means you have two left. + +And you're fail-safe and you come home. + +So that's what it is. + +Now, the real concern about it is these computers +are synchronized. + +They essentially communicate with each other +440 times a second. + +Now, I'm recalling a lot of this from memory, +but 440 times a second. + +And they actually vote on each other to simplistic +form terminology. + +And if one computer is out, it votes it out +and another computer takes over. + +Basically that's it. + +But the concern we had was that in doing this +we could have a generic failure and lose all + +computers or we could have what we call a +two on two split. + +And these would be sort of diabolical errors +which would cause the vehicle to fail. + +So we decided, after this was made, to put +in a backup flight system, a backup computer, + +a fifth computer. + +Now, it turns out there was an argument there. + +Should we have the fifth computer a different +computer and different people or should we + +have a same computer with different people? + +And we argued long and hard on how to do it. + +And we had a lot of experience with the Draper +Labs. + +The Draper Labs just did an outstanding job. + +The MIT Instrumentation Lab just did an outstanding +job on the Apollo vehicle, both on the Command + +and Service module and Lunar module. + +We went to the MIT Instrumentation Lab, Draper +Labs, and asked them to actually take the + +same computer but put it outside the loop. + +It's not part of the redundant set. + +It's outside the loop. + +I didn't show the schematic right because +it gets all the same information that the + +other computers get, but it then can take +over if the primary system fails. + +Now, Phil Hattis did this work for the Draper +Labs, for NASA in this backup system. + +He's going to give you a lecture. + +He's very good to lecture on this total system. + +He can tell you about the total system. + +We thought we'd put the backup flight system +in just for a short period of time to give + +us confidence in the primary system, but it +turns out that we started putting things in + +it that now we needed so we could not take +it out. + +So, it's really part of the major system. + +That is a very different part of the system +today. + +I don't think we ever really had a diabolical +problem in flight. + +I think we did have one in the Shuttle Avionics +Integration Laboratory one time when we had + +a two on two split. + +But when we did the approach and landing test +where we had the Orbiter on top of the 747 + +and we separated the Orbiter and landed, I +remember that first flight, I was sitting + +in the Control Station at Edwards Air Force +Base, and at that time I smoked a pipe, and + +when we separated a big X came across the +screen because we lost the first computer. + +I guess the shock actually broke a solder +joint in the computer. + +The power shock from separating actually broke +the first computer so we had to go to the + +second computer. + +I bit my pipe in two. + +But it did prove that the redundant set did +work because it took over and landed. + +We had a very successful in-flight test, not +planned, but it turned out to be a very successful + +in-flight test. + +Now, when you make the computations, you get +the information on position that the computer + +computes, it sends it to +the effectors. + +The effectors, during the high part of entry, +may be to the reaction control system, the + +forward RCS system or to the aft, or it could +be to the OMS systems if you're trying to + +make a maneuver. + +Or, when you get down lower in the atmosphere, +it could be the aerosurface actuators. + +And then, during ascent, it's to the solid +rocket boosters or the main propulsion system. + +So, those are the effectors. + +The flight control system is a very interesting +system for entry because, as you can envision + +early in the entry you don't have any aerodynamics +so your aerosurfaces aren't of any value to + +you, you use the reaction control system. + +But, as you get farther into the atmosphere, +the loads become so high that the reaction + +control system becomes ineffective and then +you have to use the aerosurfaces. + +So it's a blended system. + +And the system has to know when to handle +the aerosurfaces versus the reaction control + +system. + +And, of course, then you also have displays +to the crew and actually information that + +the crew could use to make certain decisions. + +So that basically is the guidance, navigation +and control system. + +There is one additional change, that I don't +have on this chart, which they have incorporated + +the global positioning system in the shuttle. + +The GPS is now part of the system. + +It took a long time to do it because I remember +it wasn't done when I left. + +And were you still there when it was implemented? + +Yeah, they did put it in. + +And GPS you can essentially get position. + +If you could get attitude then theoretically +you could eliminate the inertial measurement. + +And I don't think they do it that way. + +But theoretically, the GPS, for you looking +at the guidance system change, this again + +becomes a very interesting system to look +at. + +Would you do it different today? + +For example, the computer that was used, I +cannot remember all the characteristics of + +it, but it's basically the IBM 4 Pi computer, +which is a very old computer. + +It was probably made before many of you were +using computers. + +Or, weren't born. + +[OVERLAPPING VOICES] which I think was a design +from the early `70s. + +Yeah, it is the early `70s. + +This would be a very neat system to take a +look at for your system. + +Not only that, you could probably get a lot +of support from Draper Labs and that type + +of thing. + +So it would really be a good system to take +a look at. + +And I'm sure you could make a lot of improvements. + +Those improvements could theoretically be +used on the new CEV, the crew exploration + +vehicle. + +I think it would land a lot of merit of you +very smart people to take a look at the guidance, + +navigation and control system. + +Yes, sir. + +In the air data transducers, were there more +than just torpedo tubes and static cords? + +That's all there was, I believe. + +I think that was. + +We had a lot of problems with those. + +I think it's just very old technology. + +Yes. + +I was going to ask, how you got position information +before GPS. + +Position? + +Well, I don't know exactly. + +But it's got 13 satellites going around. + +Well, there were two ways. + +I mean the desire for GPS, of course, was +to give the shuttle autonomous navigation + +capability. + +The shuttle with the star trackers and the +IMUs, it has the autonomous ability to determine + +its attitude, but it doesn't know where it +is because the inertial measurement units + +drift over time. + +And so you need to be able to update the state +vectors. + +Originally, the only way you could do it was +radar tracking from the ground. + +You would track it. + +You would get a state vector. + +You would uplink the state vector and then +the shuttle would know where it was. + +And then periodically you would have to update +it because of IMU drift. + +Once we got the tracking and data relay satellite +system installed, you do get navigational + +information by the Doppler navigation and +from the signals coming back and forth through + +TDRSS, but it was generally calculated on +the ground. + +So it was not really until the advent of GPS +that we got autonomous capability. + +You need it for things like if you're going +to deploy a satellite, for instance, you need + +to know your position pretty accurately. + +Because the satellite is going to take that +position and has to do its burn accordingly. + +And, obviously, for your reentry burn or for +rendezvous it's critical that you know your + +position. + +When you're doing a rendezvous, the shuttle +does have a rendezvous radar. + +I don't know if we'll deal with that in detail. + +Once you get close enough to the object that +you're rendezvousing with such that you can + +get it either with your radar, or they actually +use the star trackers to optically track the + +object, then you can start getting your relative +position with respect to the object, Even + +though you may not know your absolute position. + +And so, from that point of view, the shuttle +gets a certain degree of autonomy. + +Maybe I'll just say one other thing about +the computers because people are amazed at + +how primitive the shuttle computers are. + +But, like I say, the original idea and the +concepts that we talked about, this was going + +to be an airplane-like vehicle. + +And originally they wanted to use some off-the-shelf +hardware. + +And, of course, the AP-101s, as they finally +used them, were not off the shelf. + +But these original computers had 128k of memory. + +And the memory they used, I don't know if +any of you have read back in the history of + +computing where they actually had the little +magnetic ring cores with the wires going through. + +I mean this was really old stuff. + +And they did finally replace that with a solid-state +memory with a whopping 256k. + +And, again, probably none of you have dealt +with overlay technology but, back when I was + +a graduate student and we were using computers +to do complex astrophysical calculations, + +sometimes you would have a program that was +too big for the computer memory so you would + +have the whole program on a tape recorder +and you'd segment it into what they would + +call overlays. + +And then you would load it one part at a time +and it would do its calculations. + +And then you would stop and load the next +batch of software. + +Well, that's the way we have to run a mission. + +The computers cannot hold enough software +to do ascent, orbit and entry. + +There are three segments of flight software. + +You start the mission with the ascent software +loaded. + +Then, when you get up into orbit, you do what +they call a major mode transition where you + +basically punch a button and everything goes +blank. + +And you sort of sit there saying I hope this +is going to load properly. + +And the tape recorder chugs away. + +And then it loads the orbit part. + +And the same thing when you're getting ready +for entry. + +Now, the backup system they decided that they +didn't want to take that risk. + +That if something went wrong in a major way +they wanted the whole flight software on the + +backup system. + +And that meant it had to be scrubbed. + +The backup system is capable of flying the +shuttle and getting it home safely, but there + +are a lot of capabilities which the main computer +system can do which the backup system cannot + +do just because they're limited to the amount +of software. + +The one other thing I'll say is putting together +this redundant set of four computers because, + +as Professor Cohen said, the shuttle will +not fly without the computers. + +I mean it's absolutely flight critical. + +Hundreds of times a second, every computer +is looking at the data from all the other + +computers. + +And they are all voting. + +And so you have this matrix, just to make +sure you understand the way the system works. + +If computer number one sees a problem with +computer number three, it's likely that computer + +three is also going to see a problem with +computer one because they're doing something + +different. + +But if computer number two sees a problem +with computer three and computer three sees + +a problem with computer two and computer four +sees a problem with computer three, now you've + +got a three to one vote. + +And so computer three will recognize that +it is the problem and it will take itself + +out of the set. + +And that's what happened, well, in that case, +the computer actually shut down. + +I remember that big X. + +I bit my pipe in two. + +And, at the same time, all of this information +has to go back and forth to the backup computer. + +Because, if you're ever going to engage the +backup computer, it has to be ready to go + +at a split second's notice. + +And there are situations where you can get +a two on two split. + +When we run through the simulations to learn +how to work this, actually learning the ins + +and outs of how to work the computer system +is probably one of the biggest trainings. + +The astronauts become more knowledgeable than +the designers. + +Yes? + +If there is this danger of a two to two vote, +was it ever thought about to have five computers + +then? + +Well, that's why we put the backup system +in. + +Oh, the backup system. + +Yeah, the backup system. + +That was why we put the backup system in. + +It did a little bit more, too. + +It was programmed by different people. + +Even though it used the same computer, it +was actually programmed and formulated by + +different people. + +So, that was one way of saying take away any, +you might say, systematic errors that were + +in the redundant set. + +In other words, they kept the same software +requirements document but the actual coding + +was done by Draper rather than by IBM. + +That was the other problem. + +Suppose all four computers are doing the same +thing but there was an error in the code which + +never turned out so that something starts +to diverge, what's your protection against + +that? + +There was a big argument in doing that. + +The real argument said should you really have +this or a different computer? + +Should you really just say just do everything +differently? + +Just have a different computer? + +A different everything? + +And, of course, there are advantages to that +and there are disadvantages to that. + +So, we settled on this. + +I think there was another question. + +Was there a question back there? + +Yes? + +You said this was the first fly-by-wire system. + +I was wondering what competing ideas there +were besides having [four computer systems?]. + +Well, fly-by-wire means when you put an input +into the control system, whether you do it + +manually or whether the computer does it, +nevertheless, ultimately your command just + +goes into the computer. + +You put the stick to the left saying I want +to do a left bank, all you're doing is telling + +the computer you want to do a left bank. + +And now the computer has to figure out what's +my navigation state, where am I if I'm coming + +down through the atmosphere, what's my altitude, +what's the air pressure, what's my mach number? + +And then it's programmed with aerodynamic +control laws. + +This is one of the big challenges. + +Because, as I mentioned the other day, you +hit the top of the atmosphere at mach 25, + +you do your initial control with the RCS. + +As the dynamic pressure starts to increase, +first the ailerons, the roll becomes active + +at about, I think, ten pounds per square inch, +something like that. + +You blend the roll control into your aerosurfaces. + +At about 20, I think it's pounds per square +inch, you can do the pitch control. + +But because the shuttle is coming in at a +40 degree angle, the vertical stabilizer is + +pretty much shadowed. + +So for yaw control you actually have to keep +using the RCS all the way down to about mach + +one when the shuttle finally pitches down +and the vertical stabilizer now has some effectivity. + +The computer calculates all this information +and it comes to the effectors, and you do + +the control laws on that. + +And the problem is that the flight control +laws, which the computer has to use in order + +to control the air surfaces in the RCS, are +not constant on your way down. + +I mean the flight control laws at mach 15 +are very different from at mach 5. + +And there is part of the flight regime, for +instance, where if you want do a left bank, + +you actually have to start by commanding a +right yaw. + +And then the cross-coupling terms in the aerodynamics +actually causes you to go in the other direction. + +It gets very complex. + +And the flight control system is continually +changing as the entry progresses. + +And so the idea that maybe you should have +a direct backup link between the pilot's inputs + +and the aerocontrol surfaces, although it +might give you a warm, fuzzy feeling, you + +could not fly the shuttle directly. + +Because to be able to take into account these +change in control laws on the way down, you + +just cannot do it. + +In fact, the shuttle is uniquely, I mean, +unless the shuttle knows where it is, if the + +navigation state goes bad the shuttle cannot +fly. + +You could have the runway in sight, but if +the shuttle's inertial nav state is wrong + +you will lose control and you cannot land. + +So it's a very complex system from that point +of view. + +This is a very, very, if you can envision +the systems engineering that went into this + +system, it takes aeordynamics, it takes flight +dynamics, it takes electrical signals, it + +takes guidance laws, navigation laws, hardware, +software. + +This is probably the biggest integration job, +or systems engineering job. + +It requires everything. + +It also has to take into consideration aerodynamic +heating. + +I'm going to show you that in a minute, because +you've got to be sure that you don't fly outside + +the regime that you were designed for aerodynamically. + +I think you had a question. + +Just real quick, how big are those IMUs? + +Because nowadays you can get a solid-state +one not quite that big. + +Well, I don't recall. + +It's a box, sort of like a shoebox. + +The Apollo IMU was about this big. + +That was built for the Polaris vehicle. + +It was one IMU and it was a three gimble platform. + +And I remember it was a big issue. + +A three gimble platform has a singularity, +so you had to maneuver the Apollo vehicle + +a certain way so you didn't get the singularity +in it. + +And one of our astronauts, Jim McDivitt, quite +a famous astronaut who was a good friend of + +mine, said he wanted a fourth gimble. + +And there was no way we could get an IMU in +that day in time with a fourth gimble. + +So, what I did was gave him a fourth gimble +to carry with him on his flight. + +A little gimble system so he had a fourth +gimble. + +We didn't have the gimble lock problem on +the shuttle because it was a four gimble platform. + +But I remember we went through that with MIT +Instrumentation many times because all you + +could get at that time, because the IMUs were +so big, a fourth gimble was almost impossible. + +And McDivitt was a very good astronaut but +he wanted the four gimbles. + +In fact, he wound up being my boss. + +Before we go on, let me just mention one more +thing about the backup system. + +Sure. + +Go ahead. + +The backup system actually takes a lot of +care and maintenance and there's a lot of + +money that goes into that. + +And this is not a dead issue because in the +design of the CEV, NASA is going to have to + +make a decision. + +There were some guidelines which were produced +a couple of years ago out of the Johnson Space + +Center with a lot of astronaut office input +about what are the requirements in the future + +for human space vehicles? + +And they put in that you should have a backup +computer system because basically that's the + +way we did the shuttle. + +And, actually, that was an afterthought. + +And yet now it's being listed as a requirement. + +And this is now being questioned for the CEV +because it's a huge financial impact. + +And so we're going to have to deal with these +problems all over again. + +It's an interesting thing to think about if +some of you want to delve a little bit more + +deeply. + +I think this could lead to a very interesting +activity for you. + +Yes, sir. + +Do backup computers have their own sensor +or are they reading the same sensors? + +The same sensors. + +I just didn't show this very accurately because +I looked at the chart, when I had it, I said + +my God this is the wrong chart. + +But this was the original chart before the +backup system so I quickly penciled in the + +backup system so I would remember to talk +about it. + +But, no, it has the same sensors. + +It has all the same information. + +But, again, most of those sensors are redundant. + +Yeah, they're redundant sensors. + +Not all of them but most of them. + +Any one of the four computers can read any +of these sensors. + +It's not like sensor one is dedicated [to +this computer?]. + +The sensor input is put on a data bus, and +they have multiple data buses. + +Like four data buses in each of the computers +can read all four data buses. + +I mean there's just a tremendous amount of +redundancy built in. + +Yes, go ahead. + +Did they ever use the star tracker to update +your gyros? + +The platform? + +Yeah, they do that. + +There is also a procedure if you totally lose +attitude. + +Then you have to go right back and manually +take a star site and orient. + +And that we've only had to do in a simulator. + +To look at the failure history of this would +be very interesting. + +In my tenure, I know we lost one inertial +measurement unit. + +We lost that one computer during the approach +and landing test. + +I don't know what other failures we actually +had in this system. + +The MDMs, this box was made by Sperry at the +time in Phoenix, Arizona. + +And I've visited that many times because that +is probably the most complicated electronics + +box of this whole system other than the computer. + +It's very, very complicated. + +Yes, sir. + +Computers have developed a lot faster so why +do you still think that it will be a major + +expense now? + +I don't think it will be a major expense now. + +As I recall, and you're absolutely right, +NASA does not put a lot of money into development + +of this technology because other people have +done it. + +It's so much more sophisticated than we have +now. + +We don't need it. + +It turns out, though, at one point in time +structures was the most expensive component + +of a space craft. + +Then, of course, there was propulsion. + +And then there became avionics and software. + +And avionics and software for the shuttle +is very, very expensive. + +It's probably one of the most expensive things. + +I think today, in today's environment, with +the technology we have in both software and + +hardware, I think it won't be that expensive +anymore. + +So, I think you're right. + +That's why I'm saying in redoing it, you could +use new technology and really show how much + +less it's going to weigh because the IMUs +are probably going to be smaller. + +You could reduce the weight, you could reduce +the electric power and you could reduce the + +cost. + +But you're going to have another detailed +briefing on this. + +And Phil Hattis, I know him very well, I think +he will do an outstanding job in explaining + +it to you. + +Let me just show you very briefly, we talked +a little bit about this yesterday, but here + +are some of the profiles that the guidance +system has to be able to do. + +It certainly has to take care of launch. + +The abort modes, which are interesting, there +is an abort mode that is a return to launch + +site. + +And I guess you would use return to launch +site primarily for a main engine failure, + +I guess. + +If the main engine fails during ascent, you +can go to a return to launch site. + +Or, a total loss of cabin pressurization, +something like that. + +And I guess that's never been tried. + +And I guess that's probably one of the most +difficult maneuvers, most biggest fears the + +astronauts have if they ever have to come +back to return to launch site. + +But, of course, the guidance system has got +to be capable to take care of that. + +Then you have +abort once around. + +Again, when you have main engine cutoff, you +have separation and you abort to once around. + +Again, I guess that's primarily a main engine +problem. + +And then you have, of course, an abort to +orbit. + +And those are the three abort regimes you +have. + +Yes, sir. + +Transatlantic landing? + +Transatlantic. + +Yes, you have transatlantic abort. + +That's right. + +You do have transatlantic abort. + +Yes, thank you. + +That actually drives the launch window, because +[if they don't have clear weather overseas + +they don't launch?] + +. + +That's right. + +So, the guidance system has to take care of +all those abort modes. + +Again, I'm sure Phil will go through this +with you. + +But first stage guidance really consists of +attitude and throttle schedules as a function + +of relative velocity. + +It's not completely open-loop, it's almost +an open-looped system, but you do control + +the thrust vectors of the engine and the solid +rocket booster actuators. + +And the key thing, though, where systems engineering +comes into play, it has to get maximum performance. + +But the angle tack history has got to be shaped +to control aerodynamic loads. + +Because some of the highest loads you have, +and you will find out when Moser talks about + +it, some of the highest loads you have on +the structure is during ascent. + +Control of maximum dynamic pressure. + +And you have to provide the flight angle at +SRB staging to allow recovery of the spent + +boosters. + +These are some of the constraints that you +have. + +And, again, this comes out to be a real systems +engineering problem. + +And for entry, entry really becomes a task +in itself because one of the basic problems + +you have to control is thermal control. + +The thermal protection system, I should have +pointed out on that structural slide that + +the back face temperature of the tiles have +to be at 350 degrees Fahrenheit. + +While the surface temperature may be 15 to +2000 degrees Fahrenheit the back face has + +to be at 350 degrees Fahrenheit because that's +the limit of aluminum, so you've got to control + +the guidance. + +The thermal control for guidance is to keep +the vehicle within the temperature constraints + +in the peak heating region. + +So, that's all got to be married together +so that the tile system you design keeps the + +back face temperature to within 350 degrees +on the aluminum structure. + +Then you go into equilibrium glide. + +Constant bank angle, we were talking about, +is modulated for drag control. + +And then the transition guides the vehicle +from the high out braking to the lower angle + +of attack. + +And then you basically land. + +All this has to be tied together for your +guidance, navigation and control system. + +I have one more system that I'd like to talk +about briefly. + +Now, you're going to have another very detailed +briefing on this. + +This is the hydraulic system. + +This ties in together with the other systems +we talked about, the flight control system, + +the guidance system, the Department of Flight +Control, because the hydraulic system is three + +systems. + +It's a 3000 pound per square inch system. + +And what does it do? + +It basically is used during ascent and entry +for it to control the thrust vector control + +of the engines, for the body flap, for the +elevons, for the rudder speed brake, the actuators + +for the main engine, the doors for the external +tank separation, main landing gear, nose wheel + +steering and braking. + +So, that's what the hydraulic system does. + +If you lose your hydraulic system you had +a bad day. + +And there are three systems. + +I do believe there is one place where there's +a single point failure in the hydraulic system. + +It's pretty hard to eliminate all single point +phase. + +I believe that. + +When Henry Pohl talks, he's going to be doing +a very detailed discussion on the hydraulic + +system, you might ask him that. + +I don't recall, but he'll tell you whether +there is a single point failure in the hydraulic + +system. + +And this is a schematic of the hydraulic system. + +I am not going to go through the details of +it because I'm not sure I could explain it. + +But basically this is the hydraulic system +that shows how system one, system two and + +system three is tied into the right outboard +elevon, the right inboard elevon and so forth + +and so on. + +The main engines. + +The external tank. + +And we've never had a loss in the hydraulic +system. + +We did test the hydraulic system in what we +call the flight control hydraulics laboratory + +at Downey where we had actually all the hydraulic +systems tied together with the computer system. + +And actually flew the vehicle, what we called +this iron bird, with a hydraulic system. + +And we did have a failure there one time. + +Early in the program, we had a single point +failure and lost all the hydraulic fluid. + +We had to go back and make a major change +to the actuator system, to the hydraulic system. + +Yes, sir. + +I'm just wondering how the hydraulic system +on the shuttle compares to the hydraulic system + +on an aircraft? + +An airplane. + +Yeah. + +I'm really not sure I can explain it. + +I think there's not much difference. + +Let me tell you the only difference. + +I think airplanes have three hydraulic systems. + +The shuttle started out with four hydraulic +systems. + +We actually started out with four, but it +was so heavy and so complicated we decided + +to go to three. + +And I think the airplanes have three hydraulic +systems, if I'm not mistaken. + +Does anybody know? + +I at least know quite a few that have three. + +I don't know if all airplanes have three. + +The big difference in it is that the hydraulic +system in the shuttle is powered by what we + +call an auxiliary power unit. + +And that's what pressurizes the system. + +And I think on an airplane it's powered by +the engine itself. + +But this system is pressurized by what we +call an auxiliary power unit. + +An auxiliary power unit is a box about this +big. + +It generates 135 horsepower. + +And it's got a ten inch turbine wheel that +goes about 10,000 to 20,000 RPM. + +And actually it's fueled by hydrazine. + +And it essentially pressurizes the system +to get you up to 3000 PSI. + +Again, if this auxiliary power unit doesn't +work, we have three of them, it's a bad day. + +And I think we did have some problems with +one of the auxiliary power units at one time + +during ascent. + +But that's the major difference, I think, +because I think we tried to copy pretty much + +aircraft designs using the same type of hydraulic +fluid and everything else. + +So I think we copied their standard in using +this, as I recall, except we're pressurized + +by the auxiliary power unit. + +Again, not to belabor the point, you're going +to have a very detailed briefing or lecture + +on the hydraulic system, the auxiliary power +unit and the reaction control system, the + +OMS system by Henry Pohl. + +So, you will have more details on this. + +Again, the hydraulic system might be another +interesting thing to take a look at. + +I hope what I'm trying to get across to you +is how these systems all fit together. + +You cannot do the guidance, navigation and +control without the hydraulic system. + +You have the aerodynamics and you have the +aerothermodynamics. + +You've got the structures and everything that +has to fit together. + +And you can imagine the systems engineering +problem associated with trying to put all + +that together. + +Just to remind you of a few other things that +you have to deal with. + +When you're working with a space system that +also makes it a little bit different from + +designing for the ground. + +For instance, you have a fuel tank with the +hydrazine inert. + +This is a generic problem with any liquid +tank. + +Once you're in weightlessness, how do you +get the liquid to flow out? + +This is actually a fairly traditional old-fashioned +design where they have a diaphragm in the + +tank. + +And, on one side of the diaphragm, you pressurize +it with either helium or nitrogen. + +And that pushes the material. + +It's basically sort of like squeezing it out +of a bag. + +The problem is that hydrazine is nasty stuff. + +And in the orbiter maneuvering and reaction +control systems they decided that, for reusability, + +they didn't want to use diaphragms. + +And so we'll probably learn more about some +of the details. + +But there's a very elaborate screen mechanism +which uses surface tension to collect the + +material. + +And just getting liquids out of a tank into +where you want to go is something you have + +to worry about in space. + +The second problem is a thermal problem. + +You're not flying through the atmosphere so +you don't have air cooling. + +As you see, you've got the gear box. + +You're generating a lot of heat. + +And, actually, in order to cool, they use +water spray boilers. + +And you essentially, we actually do this to +get rid of heat from the orbiter as well before + +we open the payload bay doors which have radiators. + +While those are closed, it has to be done +with a water spray boiler. + +And so you get rid of all your heat by putting +it into a heat exchanger. + +And you basically shoot liquid water. + +And, of course, in a vacuum the water flash +evaporates and that takes the heat away. + +And so, although in essence the control system +is similar to airplanes, even there, there + +are a lot of special design features that +have to be put in because this is a system + +that has to work in space as well. + +That's a very good point. + +The cooling is one of the biggest differences. + +And because this system is so complex and +heavy and needs a lot of maintenance and uses + +hydrazine, which is very nasty stuff, there +have been, on various occasions, studies of + +could this system be replaced by an electromechanical +system? + +And as motors become more powerful and battery +and fuel cell systems are more efficient, + +I think just about two years ago we gave up +on the last effort, but it always turned out + +to be too heavy. + +To get an electromechanical system which had +enough muscle to move these air surfaces around, + +it is just beyond what we can do. + +But that might be another good system to take +a look at today. + +It might be another good system. + +The other thing. + +You see where it has a speed control and safety +for the APU controller? + +The interesting thing about this turbine wheel, +I forget the exact RPM, but it's pretty high. + +I think it's at least 10,000 to 20,000 RPM. + +If this shaft should break off, it's a very +hard to control it in the box. + +I mean it will go right through the box it's +in and share the vehicle. + +We've tried everything we know. + +We've put protection around it. + +We've put a lot of margin into the turbine +wheel, into the shaft, but that's a very critical + +thing. + +And, as Professor Hoffman mentioned, there +have been many exercises to replace the auxiliary + +power unit. + +And I think again this would be another good +challenge to take a look at seeing what you + +could do to come up with a different design +for the auxiliary power unit. + +But there will be other systems that you might +want to look at. + +But I thought I'd just give you a little discussion +of some that I personally think are very pertinent + +to look at. + +That's the thermal protection system, the +structures, the guidance, navigation and control, + +the hydraulic system, including the APU. + +And these, I think, would be a very good system. + +Now, you might pick others, but these might +be very good ones to look at. + +Let me wind up my discussion by talking to +you about what I think you ought to look for + +in the system. + +This is just a very simplistic chart, but +this is my way of thinking about what you + +do when you go about designing something. + +You need to look at the functions. + +As we pointed out yesterday, the functions +are very important because, when we talked + +about a thermal protection system , we looked +at the functions of protecting the vehicle, + +maintaining that back surface temperature +to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. + +We worked that to finite detail. + +We knew exactly how thick the tiles had to +be, what the characteristics had to be, but + +what did we? + +We forgot, oddly enough, that it had to be +attached to the vehicle, which is sort of + +dumb. + +And you would think, my gosh, they ought to +be able to do that. + +But you're infinitely smarter after you find +out your problem. + +One thing you ought to do is really understand +what functions have to be performed. + +And you might say that becomes your functional +requirements. + +The whole thing is understanding your requirements. + +Then you ought to understand what performance +is required. + +In other words, performance requirements. + +You ought to have a first order of magnitude +calculation of what kind of performance requirements + +you need. + +A lot of times this is going to have come +from assumptions, talking to people, getting + +experts involved. + +But what kind of performance requirements? + +It is going to have to be iterated, but what +kind of performance are you thinking about + +in this system? + +Whatever the system may be, hydraulic system, +thermal protection system, whatever. + +Then we talk about the three-legged stool, +as Professor Hoffman said. + +We talk about schedule, cost and output weight +under performance. + +Because, as I told you before, the first thing +you're going to wind up, in designing a system, + +is that the weight is going to get too high. + +Then you're going to find out that performance +goes down. + +You have schedule slips. + +But the first thing that usually happens is +you wake up in the morning and you find out, + +my gosh, my system weighs a lot more, my subsystem +weighs a lot more than they told me I could + +have. + +So, you've got to understand your weight. + +And then you need to think about what is the +available technology? + +What is the technology available? + +As somebody pointed out, today the avionics +technology is probably pretty high up on the + +ladder. + +And you could probably pick something today +right off the shelf. + +Although, in my experience of the 30 years +I had in the space program, I never was able + +to find something that was off the shelf. + +Space programs just don't usually allow you +to take something off the shelf. + +People told me to go do it. + +And, once I went and did it, we changed everything. + +But today, in the technology we have in the +avionics, you may be able to get a lot off + +the shelf. + +So, what technology is available? + +And then one of the key things, one of the +biggest things you have to know is what are + +the interfaces? + +If you could see the multitude of interfaces +that are required for the guidance, navigation + +and control system, it takes into consideration +all the interfaces you could think about. + +And so you need to think about interfaces, +whether they be mechanical, whether they be + +electrical, whether they be functional. + +So, you need to think about what interfaces +you're talking about. + +And, to me, those are some guidelines you +need to think about. + +Of course then we talk about cost and schedule. + +Usually your cost is going to grow, unfortunately, +and usually your schedule is going to slip. + +And those are, what I would call, career limiting +problems. + +That's the best way to get fired, to have +your costs go up and you schedule increase. + +So, these are some of my guidelines for things +you ought to look for when you try to design + +your system. + +I would be happy to answer any questions for +you that you may have. + +Yes, sir. + +About taking technology off the shelf, I'm +wondering, and I don't think, from what I + +know, it was really thought of much during +the shuttle, but the idea of maybe putting + +something on the shelf, so to speak, the idea +of designing something, a subsystem or something + +so it would have the flexibility to be used +in future systems. + +Do you see where I'm going? + +No, I don't think I quite follow what you're +saying. + +Try again. + +Well, you said there wasn't really off the +shelf technology available then but maybe + +there is now. + +The idea I'm thinking about is the idea of +designing something not so much just for the + +shuttle in this phase, but so that it could +be used for other things. + +Well, that's a very possible thing to do and +would be a very good thing to do. + +In my experience, and we tried something like +that, usually this tends to start growing + +into it. + +You start saying, well, what is it really +going to cost you to do that? + +I know, when I was project manager, people +would come to me with something like that. + +And I used to be a pretty mean guy. + +I'm not quite as mean as I used to be. + +But that's the first thing I'd ask them, what +about the cost, because that's what happens. + +When you start trying to make multiple uses +out of something, you usually drive the cost + +up. + +And that's what you +have + +to be careful of. + +Yes, sir. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] Well, let me add to +that. + +I feel very strongly that had it not been +for the MIT Instrumentation Lab or the Draper + +Lab or the people they had there, the technology +they had there, we wouldn't have gone to the + +moon when we said we were going to doing it. + +I mean I worked very closely with them, and +I feel very strongly that Draper Labs, I keep + +getting them mixed up, at that time the MIT +Instrumentation Lab was really one of the + +prime movers of the whole system. + +It was really fantastic. + +So the people working here, and you can take +advantage of that, would be very useful for + +you to do that. + +Any other questions? + +Well, I will be back on the 22nd. + +And I look forward to working with you some +more. + +One more question. + +Sorry. + +Yes. + +It has not as much to do with the subsystems +but to the overall concept of the shuttle. + +I was wondering why, if you know at all, the +military thought it was important to have + +the ability to capture a satellite and bring +it back? + +Was it because satellites were so expensive +at the time and maybe they aren't as much? + +Because I don't think we've really done that. + +Well, it really wasn't the military. + +Several satellites we did bring back. + +I cannot recall which ones. + +Westar and Palapa. + +I have pictures of that a little later. + +And we retrieved those. + +And it turns out, interestingly enough, they +were insured by Lloyds of London. + +And that was the biggest salvage operation +Lloyds of London ever achieved when they returned + +those satellites, bigger than anything in +the ocean they ever picked up. + +In fact, they rang the bell. + +When they have a big recovery, a big thing +in Lloyds of London they ring a bell. + +And they came down to serve somebody, whoever +he was, I don't recall who he was, but he + +was head of Lloyds of London. + +And we had a big reception at the Johnson +Space Center after we retrieved Westar and + +Palapa. + +I don't think the Air Force really had that +much demand at the time, or it went away, + +whatever it was, for retrieving payloads, +but commercials did. + +What the military was interested in was the +possibility of refueling satellites in orbit. + +That's right. + +We did do that. + +Because when you have recognizant satellites, +very often you have to change their orbit + +to get them over to the right place at the +right time. + +And orbital maneuvering fuel is a limiting +commodity on satellites. + +And these are very expensive satellites to +build. + +So if you have the possibility of refueling +then, in principle, you could extend the life + +of these very high value assets. + +And we did do a demonstration. + +Of course, the fuel, in most cases, is hydrazine +which is very nasty stuff. + +If you get it on your spacesuit you cannot +come inside until you bake it off. + +It's fairly dangerous. + +And so we actually did do a demonstration +just in the shuttle's cargo bay, but we've + +never actually done a real refueling of a +satellite in orbit. + +But they're still working on it. + +Now I think the military is still working +on possibly robotic refuelling technologies. + +For whatever the next version of the shuttle +or crew vehicle would be, is it necessary + +or even a good idea to have this huge cargo +bay? + +Well, I think that's what they're eliminating. + +I haven't been that close to it. + +But the CEV is going to be really a passenger +carrier. + +And then any cargo will be on an unmanned +vehicle, I believe. + +So, that's what they're separating. + +Is that right? + +I mean I haven't really been that close to +it. + +This is one of the guidelines now for future +space vehicles, is to the maximum extent possible + +separate humans and cargo. + +If the original concept of the shuttle had +been realizable that the shuttle would be + +capable of flying frequently enough that it +could basically satisfy all of our launch + +needs then you can make the argument, well, +all right, we're doing this and people are + +in it to fly it and we'll just do it that +way. + +But given the fact that we cannot fulfill +that goal then you have to ask why put humans + +at risk just to take a satellite up in the +cargo bay and launch it when we can launch + +satellites using unmanned vehicles? + +And, in fact, that was the decision after +the Challenger accident, was any payloads + +that are carried into space on the shuttle +in general, I mean there were some exceptions + +for various reasons, but you ought to be using +the shuttle to do things where you need people + +to do them. + +And some of those things, for instance, to +service in the Hubble or the assembly of the + +space station, although even that could be +argued that, had we planned it differently, + +we might have been able to do it without making +such extensive use of the shuttle. + +But there we do make full use of the big cargo +bay. + +But future human space vehicles, the CEV will +be basically a people carrier with a small + +amount of cargo. + +And any time you want to launch large amounts +of cargo you will do it without people. + +Let's take a one or two-minute break. + +I'm going to get my computer set up. + +Let me put this down here. + +I want to give you a short presentation just +to bring everybody up to a certain level of + +familiarity with what the shuttle does and +what it looks like. + +And, again, I tend to look at this from an +operational point of view. + +This will be informal, you know, ask questions +as we go through. + +As we've said, the two critical phases of +shuttle operations and what makes this such + +a unique vehicle is it launches vertically +like a spaceship with a tremendous amount + +of power. + +And it lands. + +You look at this, and you have to remind yourself +that it looks like an airplane landing and, + +yet, a half an hour ago this was a spaceship +going in orbit around the earth. + +So it really has been a spectacular technological +achievement. + +Let's go through some of the maintenance operations, +what is actually done to the shuttle. + +We've talked about it a little bit, but I +think if you actually see some of the images + +it will help to give some reality to some +of this. + +After the shuttle lands, here it's landing +on the runway at the Kennedy Space Center. + +And, as we mentioned, all of this is a bird +sanctuary so sometimes you have to chase the + +birds away. + +And there's a problem from time to time with +crosswinds. + +There is only one runway so, if you get wind +blowing across the runway at more than 15 + +knots, you cannot land. + +And so that's also a constraint sometimes +to launch because when you take off you always + +have to be able to turn around and come back +and land here, just like you have to be able + +to land over in Europe or Africa. + +And so there are a lot of launch constraints. + +What they do is, this was actually hooked +up back on the runway, but they hook up air + +conditioning units. + +They have to purge. + +There's an ammonia boiler. + +Remember we talked about getting rid of heat +as you're coming in using water spray boilers. + +But, once you get below 100,000 feet, the +pressure is actually above the triple point + +of water and you cannot flash evaporate anymore. + +And so they switch from a water boiler to +an ammonia boiler. + +And so, after the shuttle lands, there are +ammonia fumes all over the place. + +If you've looked at pictures of shuttle servicing +on the runway, sometimes if there isn't actually + +wind blowing they bring around a big fan to +blow the ammonia way. + +And everybody has to stay upwind of the ammonia. + +And there is also the possibility, of course, +that there might be a hydrazine leak or who + +knows. + +Anyway, the orbiter has to be safe. + +And you have the people come out in what looks +like space suits. + +Escape suits they call them. + +Self-contained, I don't remember the acronym. + +But, in any case, we're bringing the orbiter +back to the hanger area where it will undergo + +a lot more than 14 days of servicing. + +I remember, again, just to give you a sense +of the state of mind before we were actually + +operating the shuttle, as a new astronaut +back in 1978. + +Remember the shuttle didn't fly until '81. + +We were getting a series of lectures on all +the shuttle systems. + +And I remember the lecture they gave us on +turnaround, which was supposed to take 14 + +days. + +And we got a briefing from the people who +were planning the turnaround. + +And I remember they told us we've studied +this really carefully, and we just don't think + +it's going to be possible to turn the shuttle +around in 14 days. + +We've cut out every unnecessary step and we +think it's impossible to do it in less than + +16 days. + +[LAUGHTER] And that's kind of the way people +were thinking. + +We were talking about it's supposed to make +60 flights a year, and people were skeptical. + +There is no way they can make more than 40 +flights a year. + +People just didn't have a concept of how complex +it was going to be to operate this vehicle + +because it is such a complex vehicle. + +To operate it safety is difficult. + +Now sometimes it lands in California. + +And, in that case, you put it on the 747. + +This is the same bipod fitting, just to essentially +duplicate the way that the orbiter is put + +on the external tank, and the tail pod is, +of course, for aerodynamics. + +And that was also the configuration for the +approach and landing tests. + +And, actually, later, I think, in the middle +of October, Gordon Fullerton who was one of + +NASA's premier test pilots, he still flies, +I mean I'll have to find out from him how + +many different types of airplanes he's flow, +he's just an amazing guy, but he was actually + +in the shuttle during that first approach +and landing test. + +So he can tell us about what it was actually +like test flying the shuttle, as well as being + +on the third orbital flight test. + +Yes? + +Were they carrying anything on the airplane? + +You mean inside here? + +Yeah. + +No, this is not your opportunity for a transcontinental +vacation trip. + +[LAUGHTER] I mean there are a few people who +ride along with it because you need the maintenance + +people. + +They also have an airplane flying about 50 +miles in front of this checking for turbulence. + +And, in the early days, they had a chase airplane +as well. + +I told people they were crazy trying to get +them to do this because I thought it was the + +dumbest thing I heard of. + +[LAUGHTER] OK. + +Now a look at some of the details. + +Remember we talked about how the engines are +taken out? + +You get a little bit of a view here inside +the engine compartment. + +I had the chance, on numerous occasions, to +actually go inside the engine compartment. + +I mean it's just amazing. + +You get these huge big pipes. + +And it really helps when you're going to be +using a system like this. + +We spent a lot of time in the simulators. + +And you'll flip a switch, and that switch +controls what they call the main fuel shutoff + +valve. + +It's a big butterfly valve about 17 inches +in diameter inside this huge pipe. + +And you sit in the simulator and you flick +the switch and the talk back shows that the + +thing is closed. + +And then you actually go in the compartment +and you look and there's this huge pipe and + +this area. + +And you realize this huge thing that's moving +around. + +And it kind of gives a sense of realism. + +And, in fact, that's one of the big safety +concerns. + +When the fuel is flowing, the butterfly valve +is in a vertical position so the fuel flips + +by it. + +Obviously, it's an unstable situation. + +If it goes out just a little bit then the +fuel flow can slam it closed and you've got + +an explosion on your hands. + +So that was a major consideration. + +This is the body flap. + +So, you can see all of the plumbing. + +And all these red things are removed before +flight, stickers. + +It's a very, very complex process. + +And they pull the engines out after every +flight now. + +That's the thing, all of the platforms have +to be designed so that they fold up and they + +fold down so that you can get access to all +the places. + +I mean it's a very complex system. + +And a lot of the equipment, the launch platforms +and everything, as we mentioned, were adapted + +from the Apollo program. + +But the hangers, which we call the OPF, the +orbiter processing facility was built specifically + +for the shuttle. + +The tiles we talked about. + +I mean that's just a huge amount of work replacing, +maintaining and testing the tiles. + +This is inside the cargo bay. + +You've got the fuel cells. + +You've got hydrogen and oxygen cryogenic tanks. + +Helium pressurization tanks. + +Nitrogen for your atmospheric system. + +This is the bulkhead in front of which on +one side you have the engine compartment. + +On the other side you have the crew compartment. + +And, like we mentioned, this has to be done +essentially in clean-room conditions and yet + +it's on the scale of a battleship. + +So, it's a real challenge. + +This is the forward window. + +On maybe one in every five flights we'll get +a little ding on the windshield from a little + +piece of usually orbital debris. + +In fact, more often than not, it turns out +to be little paint chips. + +Whenever they do that they remove the window, +they replace it and do a chemical analysis + +to see whether it was a micrometeorite or +a piece of space debris. + +The windows, actually there are three panes. + +There's a redundant pressure pane. + +The two panes on the inside are capable of +holding pressure and the outer is a thermal + +pane. + +This is one of the orbital maneuvering system +pods. + +These are removable because, again, they contain +nitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine. + +And we mentioned the fact that these are called +hypergolic fuels. + +When you bring them together they ignite spontaneously, +as opposed to hydrogen and oxygen you need + +a spark igniter. + +So, in that one sense, it's a nice system +because when you want to use them in your + +reaction control and you only want a very +tiny tenth of a second pulse, you don't have + +to worry about an igniter which is a potential +failure point. + +You just squirt in the hydrazine and the nitrogen +tetroxide. + +But they're very nasty stuff. + +They are extremely toxic and, of course, highly +combustible and they are very corrosive. + +So, these pods are serviced in a place far +away from where the other activities take + +place for the orbiter so just in case there +is a leak or an explosion it's not going to + +take down the rest of the critical facilities. + +This is the orbiter maneuvering engine, and +then they also have these smaller reaction + +control engines. + +And there are two aft pods. + +And all the fuel tanks with the hydrazine +and nitrogen tetroxide are in here. + +The aft system, the two pods, they actually +have inner connects so that you can actually + +cross-feed from one system to the other. + +And all of that stuff has to be hooked up. + +The forward system is independent. + +You cannot cross-feed to that. + +The landing gears. + +We talked a little bit the other day about +the tires. + +These things sit up in space for two weeks +at a time. + +You've got to worry about thermal control. + +I mean can you imagine if you had a slow leak +and you found out that your tire was flat + +before you started your reentry? + +And then, of course, the problem of sealing +this against the hot gas. + +The tiles on the edge of the doors for the +landing gear, that's a very critical section. + +Anyway, after typically about a three month +turnaround in the hanger they wheel the orbiter, + +actually, originally it was pulled over on +its own wheels, but that required that they + +then stow the wheels in this big vertical +assembly building. + +This is the vertical assembly building. + +Hopefully you've seen pictures of it. + +It's huge. + +It was actually built to assemble the Saturn +rockets. + +It's much taller than we need for the orbiter +stack, but it has been adapted. + +So, what goes on here is it's wheeled into +the big vertical assembly building. + +There it is actually on the inside. + +You just don't get a sense of the size of +this building from any picture that can be + +taken. + +You have to be there and see it to really +appreciate it. + +In the meantime, you remember the solid rocket +boosters are recovered after every flight. + +And the Liberty Star and I think the Freedom +Star, that's the NASA Navy. + +These boats are positioned out offshore. + +And they actually have divers who go down +and put in plugs and floatation devices so + +that they actually float the boosters. + +And they drag them back where they're disassembled +and cleaned up. + +The actual segments, which contain the fuel, +are shipped back to Utah to Thiokol which + +is now ATK for cleaning, refilling. + +And the other parts, the nozzle and the top, +which contains the electronics and the parachutes, + +those are serviced in Florida. + +And then they're brought in segments into +the vehicle assembly building where they are + +stacked. + +And remember those are the segment sizes. + +Some of these are assembled in the factory. + +Those are the so-called factory joints. + +And then were these come together that's the +so-called field joint, and that's the joint + +that failed in the Challenger accident. + +This gives you a sense of the size of those +solid rocket motors in the way the solid fuel + +is put in. + +And they do all of these tests to look for +the roundness of the motor and the flatness + +of the propellant. + +Yeah? + +Is that the fuel itself? + +It is. + +Although, what confuses me about this is I'm +not sure which segment this is because most + +of the fuel is actually put in with a star +pattern in it and they actually shape the + +way it's loaded so that you shape the thrust +profile. + +And I've not been able to get a good explanation +of why that is not the case here. + +In any case, this is now the process where +they lift one segment, they put it down on + +top of another. + +Of course, all of these are hazardous activities. + +And nobody is allowed, except for the critical +personnel, nobody's allowed in the VAB when + +they're doing this just in case there is a +problem. + +And then they actually put all of these bolts +in to join up the field joint. + +And now, of course, after Challenger we have +a new and improved O ring configuration. + +Now we have the two solid rocket boosters +sitting on the mobile launch platform. + +And, again, you can see you have to design +all of these platforms so you have access. + +Now, the external tank we talked about. + +This is in [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. + +This has actually been damaged, not too heavily, +but it did suffer damage from Katrina. + +This is the oxygen tank upfront. + +Notice how small this is compared to this +is the big hydrogen tank. + +And then this is actually the front side, +but this is then turned around and the two + +are joined together inside the outer shell. + +And, of course, the solids are joined to the +external tank, the orbiter is joined to the + +external tank, so basically the external tank +needs a strong back mechanism inside it because + +that's ultimately what's tying the whole stack +together. + +And the trust from the solids and the thrust +from the main engines, ultimately they're + +linked together through the external tanks. + +So the tanks themselves, the hydrogen and +oxygen tanks don't have a lot of beefy structure. + +But going through this is a very heavy structure. + +Yeah? + +The hydrogen tank there is about the diameter +of the overall structure? + +Yeah. + +That gives another idea of the scale. + +This is cleaning and polishing inside the +big hydrogen tank. + +I mean, again, the scale of all of this, it's +important to get a sense of what's involved + +in taking care of these vehicles. + +Do you know if they actually had to go in +and scrub it by hand? + +I guess. + +I mean the scrubbing is only part of it. + +The inspection is the really critical thing, +to see if there is anything that's not quite + +right. + +One thing that's interesting, the use of liquid +oxygen, liquid hydrogen is wanted so much + +because of its higher performance. + +But, on the other hand, if you would do something +like liquid oxygen and kerosene you would + +get a much smaller tank or some other propellant. + +And there is a tradeoff. + +I think today people are realizing, especially +from the Russians, the Russians don't really + +use liquid hydrogen. + +You get a lower ISP but your tanks become +so much smaller to deal with. + +And hydrogen is very hard to deal with. + +It's very hard to find the hydrogen level, +and hydrogen is very hard to deal with. + +My second flight, do you remember? + +That was the one with the hydrogen leaks, +remember that? + +We were supposed to launch in May of 1990. + +And we went down. + +And before they fill the system they do a +helium leak check. + +And, of course, helium, for those of you who +have worked with vacuum systems, helium will + +leak through anything. + +And, if the system is tight against helium, +they figure it is tight. + +The problem is that that's done at ambient +temperature. + +And, when you fill it with the cryogenic hydrogen, +everything contracts. + +And so things which were vacuum-tight at ambient +temperature are not always vacuum-tight. + +But the problem is you don't know that until +you fill it, which is only done a few hours + +before a launch. + +So, we had gone down to the Cape. + +We were in medical quarantine. + +And we just got the message about six hours +before launch there's a hydrogen leak, launch + +is scrubbed. + +They did some checks. + +They drained the tank. + +They did another helium leak check. + +It was fine. + +We had gone back to Houston. + +We came back. + +The same thing happened. + +How long did it take? + +Well, in the end, we made six trips over the +course of six months. + +And we didn't launch until December. + +And, actually, another one of the shuttles +also had a hydrogen leak. + +They actually alternated us. + +They pulled us off the launch pad. + +They put somebody else on. + +I mean what had happened was they had somewhat +changed the procedure of installing some O + +rings in these big hydrogen lines, and it +required a process where the workers were + +actually working in an area where they couldn't +see. + +And the O rings were being installed slightly +wrong. + +But it was just terribly difficult to track +that down. + +So, yeah, there are a lot of problems using +cryogenic fuel. + +Now, the other thing is if you have a fully +staged vehicle with a separate first and second + +stage, one of the things that you learn in +rocket propulsion classes is that in the first + +stage the specific impulse is not nearly as +important. + +What's really important is to get a lot of +thrust. + +In your upper stages having a high ISP becomes +much more important in terms of the payload + +that you can carry. + +So, if you had a fully staged vehicle, and, +in fact, that's the way Saturn worked. + +The first stage of Saturn was kerosene and +liquid oxygen and the upper stages were cryogenic + +with hydrogen and oxygen just for that reason. + +OK, let's move on. + +Now we have the external tank, again, suspended +in the vertical assembly building. + +That's lifted up and joined between the two +SRBs. + +This is the feed line where the oxygen comes +down and this is where these two feeds lines, + +this is the hydrogen. + +And then the orbiter has two corresponding +feed ports where the hydrogen and oxygen comes + +into the engine. + +And, actually, when you fill the tank on the +pad, you actually put the hydrogen and oxygen + +into the orbiter. + +And it flows from the orbiter back then into +the external tank. + +And it was on this oxygen fitting from the +foam that they put around this, was what fell + +off in the recent Discovery flight where they +did get a big piece of foam. + +OK, so now we go back. + +Remember we brought the orbiter over into +the vertical assembly building? + +Now, you put this strong back to hold the +orbiter. + +And this is really spectacular. + +I mean you lift the whole orbiter up off the +ground and tilt it up. + +And you basically hang it and lower it. + +And these are big pieces of equipment and +yet you need millimeters of accuracy. + +So, very skilled crane operators, to say the +least. + +Now we have the orbiter and the strong back +laid down in position and all of the mating + +is done. + +And we're on the pad. + +Excuse me, we're on the mobile launch platform +and they put the crawler transporter underneath + +it and then they roll it on these specially +prepared pads which have very, I don't know + +how deep it goes into the ground, but this +is heavy river gravel. + +Most of the boulders are about the size of +your fist, but after one or two trips of the + +orbiter it's crushed down to the size of pea +gravel. + +And then they have to replace it with new +stuff. + +And, of course, as you're going out to the +pad, when you're rolling up to the launch + +pad, you're actually going up at an angle. + +And so this whole system, you can see the +crawlers down here, each one of these treads, + +each single piece of the tread weighs a ton. + +Just to give you a sense, it goes about one +or two miles per hour top speed. + +It takes hours to get out there. + +And it has to be capable of staying level +to within a few degrees, even as you're climbing + +the ramp up to the launch platform. + +What are those things supporting the [UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +The whole stack is basically sitting on the +two SRBs. + +The skirts of the SRBs is taking the weight. + +These are the fuel inputs which are connected +through the other side where the hydrogen + +and the oxygen run into the shuttle. + +And, from there, the way I showed you before, +it goes into the external tank. + +Did they also keep it tilted back? + +Did it have the tendency to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]? + +Each of the SRBs has four bolts. + +Actually, they give us, as a souvenir after +a flight, they give us the big nuts that are + +explosive bolts. + +There are eight, four on each of the SRBs. + +And, essentially, that's what gives it its +stability. + +Again, this is a hill. + +It's a little hard to see the perspective, +but keeping the whole thing steady. + +And we talked about how you can see this track +here where the payload change-out room eventually + +could come around and cover the shuttle to +give it protection. + +This is actually going up the hill to get +up. + +And it's just a pretty picture that I like. + +And here we are. + +This is nice because you have both shuttles +on the launch pad. + +This is a big water tower. + +In order to protect the launch pad against +flame damage, and also to protect the shuttle + +against acoustic effects, they actually get +a shockwave when you ignite the engines which + +can bounce back and do some damage. + +Shortly, about 15 seconds before T zero, they +open up the valves. + +And all that water flows with little jets. + +If you've seen pictures of a launch, sometimes +they show that as part of the launch sequence. + +In fact, in another class, I will show you +some of the details of an actual launch picture. + +That's the water deluge, and that goes for +about 30 seconds. + +And that cushions the acoustic load reflected +back to the shuttle. + +OK, that's enough pictures on the pad. + +Oh, I know what I wanted to show. + +This is called the white room. + +And that's how the crew goes in. + +You take an elevator up to here. + +And then that actually joins up with the hatch. + +So the hatch is sitting open. + +And you put on your parachutes and the last +few pieces of equipment to get in. + +And this is a view inside the white room. + +This is, I guess, from our last flight in +1996. + +And, when you go out on launch day, the big +thing that you notice that's different is + +there are very few people on the pad, only +the essential personnel. + +And the whole stack is creaking because it's +now filled with the cryogens and everything + +is shrunk and it's sort of alive in a very +strange way. + +So, we talked about the mission profile. + +I won't deal with this. + +And I do want to talk about some of the shuttle +aborts, but we will do that another time because + +I want to get finished with the slides. + +I did want to show you, after Challenger they +introduced a bailout. + +We did mention that the basic survivability +for the crew requires an intact orbiter. + +It used to be that it needed an intact orbiter +landing on the ground or ditching in the ocean, + +which was kind of an unlikely survivability +because you're going to hit the ocean at 200 + +knots and probably break up. + +So now there are circumstances where you can +lose more than one engine during launch or + +you might have to do an emergency de-orbit +where you basically can be flying along at + +40,000 feet stably but with no place to land. + +And so that's really the only situation which +the bailout system protects you against, but + +there is a collapsible poll. + +The reason for that is because the aerodynamic +studies show that if you just jumped out of + +the open hatch with a parachute the airflow +would carry you back on top of the wing and + +you'd hit the OMS pod, and that would not +be a good deal. + +So, you actually hook yourself to this escape +poll. + +And that takes you down below the wing, and +then you can open the parachute. + +And we actually practiced this where you go +out into a swimming pool using the escape + +poll. + +These are some actual tests conducted by Army +parachutists in, I think, a 141 Transport. + +The system has been tested in flight, although +never with the shuttle. + +And that's the test where they have a simulated +hatch and you basically jump out into the + +swimming pool. + +Once again, into the white room. + +You can see the hatch out here. + +And that's the last thing that they'll do, +is they close the hatch. + +Then they pressurize the shuttle by about +1.5 PSI just to make sure that it has pressure + +integrity before a launch. + +And then we launch. + +As you can see, you're burning hydrogen and +oxygen in the main engines. + +What's coming out there is just hot steam, +not very visible. + +Most of the smoke, the noise and everything +come from the solid rocket boosters. + +However, you do need these engines. + +In fact, people have calculated that if you +tried to take off without these main engines + +pushing up on the shuttle that the attachment +between the shuttle and the external tank + +would probably fail. + +Each of the main engines is about, well, it's +a half a million pounds of thrust in vacuum. + +It's slightly under 400,000 pounds at sea +level. + +You've got a little over a million pounds +coming from the main engines, but these are + +putting out almost three million pounds a +piece. + +So, most of your early thrusts in the first +two minutes are coming from the solid rocket + +boosters. + +And it's a pretty rough ride. + +I mean there's a lot of vibration. + +When you go through mach 1, which is max Q, +maximum dynamic pressure, the vibrations are + +even more pronounced. + +The first time on my first flight, I really +thought the wings were going to come off, + +there was so much vibration. + +But, of course, they don't. + +But I'd love to get a hold of it. + +I actually saw a high-speed, well, a slow +motion picture actually looking at the tail, + +as you go through max Q. + +And you can actually see the tail fluttering +back and forth like that. + +I mean the aerodynamic loads on the vehicle +during ascent are significant. + +And you do actually have to move your elevons +to what's called load relief in order to take + +the stress off that. + +I really like this. + +It gives a sense of the power that you're +sitting on top of to get up there. + +And that's just a nice picture of riding the +fire. + +OK, so you get up in orbit and you drop the +external tank. + +And, although now they're going out of their +way to take even better close-ups of the tank + +to look at the foam shedding. + +We've been doing that, in fact, throughout +the history. + +Now they especially time the launch so that +you're guaranteed to drop the external tank + +with good lighting conditions. + +That didn't used to be a constraint to launch +but it is now. + +You can also, by the way, see how the atmosphere +quickly fades out into space. + +And that's a telephoto so it actually makes +the atmosphere look even thicker than it really + +looks. + +OK, so there is the orbiter in space. + +That was actually after it had delivered a +payload. + +This was taken from the space station. + +And just a quick reminder of all the different +things that we've used the orbiter for. + +Launching satellites, you've seen that picture. + +This is a payload assist module to take the +satellite from the shuttle orbit up to geosynchronous + +transfer orbit. + +We have used it extensively for satellite +repair in orbit. + +This is the Intelsat where it was put into +orbit by an expendable rocket, but into a + +bad orbit because of underperformance. + +And they managed to get it into a shuttle +compatible orbit. + +And I won't go through the whole history. + +Why there happened to be three people out +there is a whole story in itself. + +This is one of the satellites. + +Again, the satellites were put into orbit +by the shuttle. + +And the shuttle deployment was fine, but the +payload assist module, which you saw before, + +did not perform properly. + +And so the two satellites were stranded in +a useless orbit. + +We actually brought them back to the ground. + +They were refurbished and re-launched again +on expendable rockets. + +The shuttle has also been used as a space +station with the space lab on in the inside + +to carry out scientific experiments. + +This is a large pressurized module which is +put into the cargo bay. + +And the original idea, as Professor Cohen +mentioned, was you could just take your laboratory + +equipment off the shelf, plug it in here, +120 volts AC power, I guess, and it would + +be just like working on the ground. + +Well, it never was. + +But, having said that, I think the space lab +program, as a whole, was extremely successful. + +And then it's been used to service the Mir +Space Station. + +We certainly added several years of useful +life to the Mir Station because we could carry + +up a lot more equipment than the Russians +could themselves. + +And that also gave us an opportunity to get +some US astronauts on long duration space + +missions. + +And then, as you all know, we're using the +shuttle to construct the International Space + +Station. + +And hopefully we'll get more of it built before +too long. + +The shuttle is also an excellent platform +for performing EVAs, space walks. + +And that's a picture of when we went up and +repaired the Hubble Space Telescope. + +I cannot overestimate the capability that +the shuttle gives us as a work platform in + +orbit. + +We can do this sort of complex EVA activity +on the Space Station, but once we retire the + +shuttle we've essentially lost that capability. + +To have the manipulator arm and to be able +to use people and the robotic arm to move + +equipment around, it's just a very powerful +work platform. + +That's one of my favorite pictures floating +up there. + +This is a pretty picture of firing the orbiter +maneuvering engines just to start your descent + +into the atmosphere. + +Despite the fact that you're going at 18,000 +miles an hour, you only have to slow down + +by a few hundred feet per second in order +to lower your perigee down to essentially + +the surface of the earth so that half an orbit +later you intersect with the atmosphere. + +And, of course, that produces the aerodynamic +heating which you can see on the outside. + +This is looking out to the front. + +That's kind of a dull glow. + +It starts out as a deep red and then it gets +orange and yellow and finally white on the + +outside. + +The most spectacular thing, you know, you're +a meteor. + +This is a picture that was taken from Houston. + +This is at about 250,000 feet at about mach +12 on the way to a landing at the Kennedy + +Space Center. + +The shuttle is flying like this. + +If you look up at the overhead windows, you +can actually look back into the wake. + +And this is really spectacular because you +have these different colors, and it's sort + +of shimmering around. + +And every once in a while, when I would be +looking at this, you'd see a big bright light. + +And I would think boy, I hope that was nothing +important. + +[LAUGHTER] What people said it probably was +were little bits of gap filler. + +You may have heard that on the last flight +they discovered that some gap fillers were + +protruding. + +And so Steve Robinson went around and actually +pulled some of them out. + +But they've probably been doing that the whole +time and just have come off. + +I mean this little point where you have the +convergence of the shockwaves, this is about + +10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, that's the surface +temperature of the sun. + +It's a spectacular visual view. + +And then, again, at this point we're just +going subsonic flying like a glider and ready + +for touchdown. + +So, I hope that gives you some sense visually +of what goes on in the course of a shuttle + +flight with an emphasis on the maintenance +operations. + +Without appreciating how complex it is to +operate this system, I think it's hard to + +really make the link between the original +concept and the difficulties we've had in + +getting the shuttle to perform in terms of +the turnaround maintainability. + +So, again, just wrapping up, that's kind of +my farewell picture, the shuttle was an amazingly + +ambitious concept. + +And, I think, what has been astounding is +how well the shuttle has been able to perform + +and do all the things that it was designed +to do in terms of the satellite launching + +and being used as a science platform, performing +EVA, repairing satellites, building space + +stations. + +It has given us experience and capability +to learn how to do things in earth orbit which + +we never had before. + +And, as I say, we may well miss them once +we retire the shuttle. + +But where we really did get it wrong, and +this will be one of the things that we'll + +look at when we deal with the individual subsystems, +is in the operations. + +It turned out to be a lot more complex, expensive +and delicate to operate than had been anticipated. + +So hopefully there will come a time when we +set out to design another reusable vehicle, + +possibly a reusable winged vehicle. + +And I think a lot of what we've learned from +the shuttle will be folded into that. + +It still is a question of how re-usable the +next crew exploration vehicle, the CEV will + +be. + +Re-usability has been put in as a requirement, +but that remains to be seen. + +And certainly the experience that we've gotten +from the shuttle is going to make people look + +really, really closely at what assumptions +we're making about the reusability whenever + +we do this again. + +OK. + +Next Tuesday will be the last in kind of the +conceptual part of what we're doing. + +Professor John Logsdon from George Washington +University is a very well known space policy + +analyst. + +He did a seminal study on the Apollo program +and has also written a lot and done a lot + +of research on the origins of the shuttle. + +And so he'll talk to us then. + +Let's see. + +I had promised to post everybody's emails +on the Web, and I got diverted and didn't + +get that done. + +But I will do that before tomorrow, you know, +in terms of forming your teams. + +Put together an idea of what system you would +like to work at. + +If you're not able to form up as part of a +team between now and Tuesday, just give me + +what your own personal preference is. + +And then we can look and see if different +people are interested in the same system. + +We'll let you all know and help you form up +teams. + +I'll make sure your email is there in the +student view. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] If you've already +formed a group then just turn in something + +as a group. + +That's fine. + +If not, if you haven't hooked up with somebody, +just let us know what system you're interested + +in working at and any ideas you might have +of what you're going to look at. + +Really, this is just a very, very short write-up +essentially to get you started. + +And that way, if you have any questions, we +can talk about it next Tuesday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cETSJ6IzqTQ.txt b/cETSJ6IzqTQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54e8561679848b75500f4ad4574b61e5e83257f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/cETSJ6IzqTQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15176 @@ +align:start position:0% + +So today we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +So today we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +So today we're going to be talking about +langar probes now I'll freely admit I + + align:start position:0% +langar probes now I'll freely admit I + + + align:start position:0% +langar probes now I'll freely admit I +find langar probes a little bit + + align:start position:0% +find langar probes a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +find langar probes a little bit +confusing I would say uh that you need + + align:start position:0% +confusing I would say uh that you need + + + align:start position:0% +confusing I would say uh that you need +to know a lot about sheath Theory to + + align:start position:0% +to know a lot about sheath Theory to + + + align:start position:0% +to know a lot about sheath Theory to +properly understand the langar probe and + + align:start position:0% +properly understand the langar probe and + + + align:start position:0% +properly understand the langar probe and +to do that in a single class is very + + align:start position:0% +to do that in a single class is very + + + align:start position:0% +to do that in a single class is very +very challenging so if you look in + + align:start position:0% +very challenging so if you look in + + + align:start position:0% +very challenging so if you look in +Hutchinson's textbook he takes a + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson's textbook he takes a + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson's textbook he takes a +significant amount of time on these + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of time on these + + + align:start position:0% +significant amount of time on these +probes uh he does that because he really + + align:start position:0% +probes uh he does that because he really + + + align:start position:0% +probes uh he does that because he really +likes probes and that's very reasonable + + align:start position:0% +likes probes and that's very reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +likes probes and that's very reasonable +everyone has their little biases um I'm + + align:start position:0% +everyone has their little biases um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +everyone has their little biases um I'm +not going to spend that much time and + + align:start position:0% +not going to spend that much time and + + + align:start position:0% +not going to spend that much time and +what I've done in particular is I've + + align:start position:0% +what I've done in particular is I've + + + align:start position:0% +what I've done in particular is I've +tried to sort of rework um some of the + + align:start position:0% +tried to sort of rework um some of the + + + align:start position:0% +tried to sort of rework um some of the +material in Hutchinson's book in a way + + align:start position:0% +material in Hutchinson's book in a way + + + align:start position:0% +material in Hutchinson's book in a way +that makes more sense to me now it may + + align:start position:0% +that makes more sense to me now it may + + + align:start position:0% +that makes more sense to me now it may +not make more sense to you so this is + + align:start position:0% +not make more sense to you so this is + + + align:start position:0% +not make more sense to you so this is +why I strongly encourage you to go have + + align:start position:0% +why I strongly encourage you to go have + + + align:start position:0% +why I strongly encourage you to go have +a look at Hutchinson's book as well and + + align:start position:0% +a look at Hutchinson's book as well and + + + align:start position:0% +a look at Hutchinson's book as well and +maybe interpolate between those two and + + align:start position:0% +maybe interpolate between those two and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe interpolate between those two and +I also included in the syllabus a + + align:start position:0% +I also included in the syllabus a + + + align:start position:0% +I also included in the syllabus a +reference to the book by Li liba man and + + align:start position:0% +reference to the book by Li liba man and + + + align:start position:0% +reference to the book by Li liba man and +lenberg which is very good on sheath + + align:start position:0% +lenberg which is very good on sheath + + + align:start position:0% +lenberg which is very good on sheath +Theory it's a book on low temperature + + align:start position:0% +Theory it's a book on low temperature + + + align:start position:0% +Theory it's a book on low temperature +plasmas where sheaths are very common so + + align:start position:0% +plasmas where sheaths are very common so + + + align:start position:0% +plasmas where sheaths are very common so +if you are a little bit weak on sheath + + align:start position:0% +if you are a little bit weak on sheath + + + align:start position:0% +if you are a little bit weak on sheath +physics and you want to review that I + + align:start position:0% +physics and you want to review that I + + + align:start position:0% +physics and you want to review that I +recommend that book now one thing I will + + align:start position:0% +recommend that book now one thing I will + + + align:start position:0% +recommend that book now one thing I will +say is that everyone uses different + + align:start position:0% +say is that everyone uses different + + + align:start position:0% +say is that everyone uses different +notation and you know in an attempt to + + align:start position:0% +notation and you know in an attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +notation and you know in an attempt to +make things clearer I've also used a + + align:start position:0% +make things clearer I've also used a + + + align:start position:0% +make things clearer I've also used a +third and different notation from that + + align:start position:0% +third and different notation from that + + + align:start position:0% +third and different notation from that +used in Hutchinson and Leber lenberg so + + align:start position:0% +used in Hutchinson and Leber lenberg so + + + align:start position:0% +used in Hutchinson and Leber lenberg so +good luck with that I think mine is less + + align:start position:0% +good luck with that I think mine is less + + + align:start position:0% +good luck with that I think mine is less +confusing than Hutchinson's but of + + align:start position:0% +confusing than Hutchinson's but of + + + align:start position:0% +confusing than Hutchinson's but of +course it's that classic thing about you + + align:start position:0% +course it's that classic thing about you + + + align:start position:0% +course it's that classic thing about you +know there are too many standards and + + align:start position:0% +know there are too many standards and + + + align:start position:0% +know there are too many standards and +now I've invented a new standard so just + + align:start position:0% +now I've invented a new standard so just + + + align:start position:0% +now I've invented a new standard so just +keep an eye on all these quantities I'll + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye on all these quantities I'll + + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye on all these quantities I'll +try and explain what they are if you're + + align:start position:0% +try and explain what they are if you're + + + align:start position:0% +try and explain what they are if you're +not sure about any of them please shout + + align:start position:0% +not sure about any of them please shout + + + align:start position:0% +not sure about any of them please shout +out so the langma probe it's a very + + align:start position:0% +out so the langma probe it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +out so the langma probe it's a very +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +probe it's simple because all we take is + + align:start position:0% +probe it's simple because all we take is + + + align:start position:0% +probe it's simple because all we take is +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +conductor some sort of Rod of metal and + + align:start position:0% +conductor some sort of Rod of metal and + + + align:start position:0% +conductor some sort of Rod of metal and +stick it + + align:start position:0% +stick it + + + align:start position:0% +stick it +into our plasma like + + align:start position:0% +into our plasma like + + + align:start position:0% +into our plasma like +this and then we measure the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential I'm going to be calling v0 + + align:start position:0% +potential I'm going to be calling v0 + + + align:start position:0% +potential I'm going to be calling v0 +here this is the potential on our + + align:start position:0% +here this is the potential on our + + + align:start position:0% +here this is the potential on our +probe and so if we think about what this + + align:start position:0% +probe and so if we think about what this + + + align:start position:0% +probe and so if we think about what this +looks like we can draw a little probe + + align:start position:0% +looks like we can draw a little probe + + + align:start position:0% +looks like we can draw a little probe +maybe it's a little Rod of metal like + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a little Rod of metal like + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a little Rod of metal like +this and it's surrounded + + align:start position:0% +this and it's surrounded + + + align:start position:0% +this and it's surrounded +by plasma like this and we know from our + + align:start position:0% +by plasma like this and we know from our + + + align:start position:0% +by plasma like this and we know from our +intro to plasma physics whenever we + + align:start position:0% +intro to plasma physics whenever we + + + align:start position:0% +intro to plasma physics whenever we +stick a conductor in a plasma there's + + align:start position:0% +stick a conductor in a plasma there's + + + align:start position:0% +stick a conductor in a plasma there's +going to be something forming around it + + align:start position:0% +going to be something forming around it + + + align:start position:0% +going to be something forming around it +so if this is the + + align:start position:0% +so if this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so if this is the +plasma and this is the probe + + align:start position:0% +plasma and this is the probe + + + align:start position:0% +plasma and this is the probe +then this is a region that we call the + + align:start position:0% +then this is a region that we call the + + + align:start position:0% +then this is a region that we call the +sheath and so we're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +sheath and so we're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +sheath and so we're going to have to +understand how sheaths work but before + + align:start position:0% +understand how sheaths work but before + + + align:start position:0% +understand how sheaths work but before +we get fully going with sheaths we're + + align:start position:0% +we get fully going with sheaths we're + + + align:start position:0% +we get fully going with sheaths we're +just going to give a sort of intuitive + + align:start position:0% +just going to give a sort of intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +just going to give a sort of intuitive +explanation of why we're going to get a + + align:start position:0% +explanation of why we're going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +explanation of why we're going to get a +sheath and then I'm going to give you a + + align:start position:0% +sheath and then I'm going to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +sheath and then I'm going to give you a +very brief overview of the sheath + + align:start position:0% +very brief overview of the sheath + + + align:start position:0% +very brief overview of the sheath +results of out doing any actual formal + + align:start position:0% +results of out doing any actual formal + + + align:start position:0% +results of out doing any actual formal +derivation of them because it would take + + align:start position:0% +derivation of them because it would take + + + align:start position:0% +derivation of them because it would take +too long so at the instant that we stick + + align:start position:0% +too long so at the instant that we stick + + + align:start position:0% +too long so at the instant that we stick +this probe into the plasma it's going to + + align:start position:0% +this probe into the plasma it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this probe into the plasma it's going to +be immersed in a bath of electrons and + + align:start position:0% +be immersed in a bath of electrons and + + + align:start position:0% +be immersed in a bath of electrons and +ions and so they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +ions and so they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +ions and so they're going to be +electrons and ions striking this + + align:start position:0% +electrons and ions striking this + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and ions striking this +conductor and we're going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +conductor and we're going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +conductor and we're going to assume that +when they strike this conductor they + + align:start position:0% +when they strike this conductor they + + + align:start position:0% +when they strike this conductor they +stick to it so effectively it starts to + + align:start position:0% +stick to it so effectively it starts to + + + align:start position:0% +stick to it so effectively it starts to +gain charge so the first thing we want + + align:start position:0% +gain charge so the first thing we want + + + align:start position:0% +gain charge so the first thing we want +to know is what is the flux of particles + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the flux of particles + + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the flux of particles +uh so this is a flux Capital gamma of + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is a flux Capital gamma of + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is a flux Capital gamma of +particles of species J that is striking + + align:start position:0% +particles of species J that is striking + + + align:start position:0% +particles of species J that is striking +against this uh probe here and we're + + align:start position:0% +against this uh probe here and we're + + + align:start position:0% +against this uh probe here and we're +going to make an approximation that this + + align:start position:0% +going to make an approximation that this + + + align:start position:0% +going to make an approximation that this +probe is like a planer surface that + + align:start position:0% +probe is like a planer surface that + + + align:start position:0% +probe is like a planer surface that +means we pick up a factor of a quarter + + align:start position:0% +means we pick up a factor of a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +means we pick up a factor of a quarter +just from geometry and that is going to + + align:start position:0% +just from geometry and that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +just from geometry and that is going to +be a quarter of the number of probe + + align:start position:0% +be a quarter of the number of probe + + + align:start position:0% +be a quarter of the number of probe +particles Times by the average speed + + align:start position:0% +particles Times by the average speed + + + align:start position:0% +particles Times by the average speed +that the probe particles are going at so + + align:start position:0% +that the probe particles are going at so + + + align:start position:0% +that the probe particles are going at so +this is the average particle + + align:start position:0% +this is the average particle + + + align:start position:0% +this is the average particle +flux I haven't said anything about + + align:start position:0% +flux I haven't said anything about + + + align:start position:0% +flux I haven't said anything about +charge yet now I just want to note here + + align:start position:0% +charge yet now I just want to note here + + + align:start position:0% +charge yet now I just want to note here +I'm going to be using U for velocity and + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be using U for velocity and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to be using U for velocity and +the reason is there's an awful lot of + + align:start position:0% +the reason is there's an awful lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is there's an awful lot of +V's that crop up and um I think using a + + align:start position:0% +V's that crop up and um I think using a + + + align:start position:0% +V's that crop up and um I think using a +lowercase V for velocity and an + + align:start position:0% +lowercase V for velocity and an + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase V for velocity and an +uppercase V for potential is going to + + align:start position:0% +uppercase V for potential is going to + + + align:start position:0% +uppercase V for potential is going to +cause a huge amount of confusion so this + + align:start position:0% +cause a huge amount of confusion so this + + + align:start position:0% +cause a huge amount of confusion so this +is the first place where I diverge from + + align:start position:0% +is the first place where I diverge from + + + align:start position:0% +is the first place where I diverge from +Hutchinson so just keep that in mind + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson so just keep that in mind + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson so just keep that in mind +where where does the quarter come from + + align:start position:0% +where where does the quarter come from + + + align:start position:0% +where where does the quarter come from +the quarter comes from geometry uh if + + align:start position:0% +the quarter comes from geometry uh if + + + align:start position:0% +the quarter comes from geometry uh if +you go look this up in um some standard + + align:start position:0% +you go look this up in um some standard + + + align:start position:0% +you go look this up in um some standard +statistical mechanics textbook you find + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics textbook you find + + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics textbook you find +out it's because you've got a load of + + align:start position:0% +out it's because you've got a load of + + + align:start position:0% +out it's because you've got a load of +particles moving in random directions + + align:start position:0% +particles moving in random directions + + + align:start position:0% +particles moving in random directions +and you've got a plane here and so it's + + align:start position:0% +and you've got a plane here and so it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you've got a plane here and so it's +the number of particles that have a + + align:start position:0% +the number of particles that have a + + + align:start position:0% +the number of particles that have a +velocity which is directed through the + + align:start position:0% +velocity which is directed through the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity which is directed through the +plane that you're talking about here so + + align:start position:0% +plane that you're talking about here so + + + align:start position:0% +plane that you're talking about here so +it's a it's a geometric factor I haven't + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a geometric factor I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a geometric factor I haven't +derived + + align:start position:0% +derived + + + align:start position:0% +derived +it okay thanks cool and so that means + + align:start position:0% +it okay thanks cool and so that means + + + align:start position:0% +it okay thanks cool and so that means +that the total current that this probe + + align:start position:0% +that the total current that this probe + + + align:start position:0% +that the total current that this probe +is instantaneously collecting as soon as + + align:start position:0% +is instantaneously collecting as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +is instantaneously collecting as soon as +we stick it into the plasma is going to + + align:start position:0% +we stick it into the plasma is going to + + + align:start position:0% +we stick it into the plasma is going to +be equal to the partical charge times + + align:start position:0% +be equal to the partical charge times + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to the partical charge times +these two fluxes right so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +these two fluxes right so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +these two fluxes right so we're going to +have uh I'm going to put a minus E out + + align:start position:0% +have uh I'm going to put a minus E out + + + align:start position:0% +have uh I'm going to put a minus E out +the front here we're going to have an + + align:start position:0% +the front here we're going to have an + + + align:start position:0% +the front here we're going to have an +area which represents the surface area + + align:start position:0% +area which represents the surface area + + + align:start position:0% +area which represents the surface area +of the probe we're going to have our + + align:start position:0% +of the probe we're going to have our + + + align:start position:0% +of the probe we're going to have our +quarter that we have for both species + + align:start position:0% +quarter that we have for both species + + + align:start position:0% +quarter that we have for both species +and then we're going to have a term that + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to have a term that + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to have a term that +looks like n UI minus NE u e here yeah + + align:start position:0% +looks like n UI minus NE u e here yeah + + + align:start position:0% +looks like n UI minus NE u e here yeah +so that's the current that we're + + align:start position:0% +so that's the current that we're + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the current that we're +instantaneously collecting now it turns + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously collecting now it turns + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously collecting now it turns +out of course that the average velocity + + align:start position:0% +out of course that the average velocity + + + align:start position:0% +out of course that the average velocity +of uh the electrons is going to be much + + align:start position:0% +of uh the electrons is going to be much + + + align:start position:0% +of uh the electrons is going to be much +much bigger than the average velocity of + + align:start position:0% +much bigger than the average velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +much bigger than the average velocity of +the ions in general and that is just a + + align:start position:0% +the ions in general and that is just a + + + align:start position:0% +the ions in general and that is just a +fact because the electron mass is much + + align:start position:0% +fact because the electron mass is much + + + align:start position:0% +fact because the electron mass is much +much less than the ion mass and so if + + align:start position:0% +much less than the ion mass and so if + + + align:start position:0% +much less than the ion mass and so if +they've got the similar temperatures the + + align:start position:0% +they've got the similar temperatures the + + + align:start position:0% +they've got the similar temperatures the +electrons are going to be moving faster + + align:start position:0% +electrons are going to be moving faster + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are going to be moving faster +which means that at least as soon as we + + align:start position:0% +which means that at least as soon as we + + + align:start position:0% +which means that at least as soon as we +stick the probe into the plasma this + + align:start position:0% +stick the probe into the plasma this + + + align:start position:0% +stick the probe into the plasma this +current is going to be completely + + align:start position:0% +current is going to be completely + + + align:start position:0% +current is going to be completely +dominated by the electrons so it's going + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the electrons so it's going + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the electrons so it's going +to be a quarter + + align:start position:0% +to be a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +to be a quarter +EA NE electron density uee like that and + + align:start position:0% +EA NE electron density uee like that and + + + align:start position:0% +EA NE electron density uee like that and +almost all of the particles which are + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the particles which are + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the particles which are +colliding with the probe are going to be + + align:start position:0% +colliding with the probe are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +colliding with the probe are going to be +electrons so this means the probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +charges negative because it's collecting + + align:start position:0% +charges negative because it's collecting + + + align:start position:0% +charges negative because it's collecting +loads of electrons and it keeps going + + align:start position:0% +loads of electrons and it keeps going + + + align:start position:0% +loads of electrons and it keeps going +until all the + + align:start position:0% +until all the + + + align:start position:0% +until all the +electrons are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +repelled + + align:start position:0% +repelled + + + align:start position:0% +repelled +or until a vast majority of the + + align:start position:0% +or until a vast majority of the + + + align:start position:0% +or until a vast majority of the +electrons are propelled and it will keep + + align:start position:0% +electrons are propelled and it will keep + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are propelled and it will keep +going until we have no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +current and by the time that the probe + + align:start position:0% +current and by the time that the probe + + + align:start position:0% +current and by the time that the probe +has reached a situation where there's no + + align:start position:0% +has reached a situation where there's no + + + align:start position:0% +has reached a situation where there's no +total current we say that the probe has + + align:start position:0% +total current we say that the probe has + + + align:start position:0% +total current we say that the probe has +reached a + + align:start position:0% +reached a + + + align:start position:0% +reached a +potential which we call the floating + + align:start position:0% +potential which we call the floating + + + align:start position:0% +potential which we call the floating +potential it's called The Floating + + align:start position:0% +potential it's called The Floating + + + align:start position:0% +potential it's called The Floating +potential because if we just stick the + + align:start position:0% +potential because if we just stick the + + + align:start position:0% +potential because if we just stick the +probe in the plasma we don't try and + + align:start position:0% +probe in the plasma we don't try and + + + align:start position:0% +probe in the plasma we don't try and +bias it at all and we just let its + + align:start position:0% +bias it at all and we just let its + + + align:start position:0% +bias it at all and we just let its +potential adjust until it reaches this I + + align:start position:0% +potential adjust until it reaches this I + + + align:start position:0% +potential adjust until it reaches this I +equal Z level it will reach some + + align:start position:0% +equal Z level it will reach some + + + align:start position:0% +equal Z level it will reach some +potential we've just let it float to + + align:start position:0% +potential we've just let it float to + + + align:start position:0% +potential we've just let it float to +that potential it's a floating potential + + align:start position:0% +that potential it's a floating potential + + + align:start position:0% +that potential it's a floating potential +but the key thing here is that this is + + align:start position:0% +but the key thing here is that this is + + + align:start position:0% +but the key thing here is that this is +not the same as the plasma potential so + + align:start position:0% +not the same as the plasma potential so + + + align:start position:0% +not the same as the plasma potential so +the plasma itself is going to be some + + align:start position:0% +the plasma itself is going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma itself is going to be some +other potential which we'll derive later + + align:start position:0% +other potential which we'll derive later + + + align:start position:0% +other potential which we'll derive later +on and so the floating potential we're + + align:start position:0% +on and so the floating potential we're + + + align:start position:0% +on and so the floating potential we're +going to call VF and the plasma + + align:start position:0% +going to call VF and the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +going to call VF and the plasma +potential we're going to call VP here + + align:start position:0% +potential we're going to call VP here + + + align:start position:0% +potential we're going to call VP here +and this difference in potentials is due + + align:start position:0% +and this difference in potentials is due + + + align:start position:0% +and this difference in potentials is due +to the fact that we have perturbed the + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that we have perturbed the + + + align:start position:0% +to the fact that we have perturbed the +plasma right we have stuck some probe + + align:start position:0% +plasma right we have stuck some probe + + + align:start position:0% +plasma right we have stuck some probe +into it which has changed the nature of + + align:start position:0% +into it which has changed the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +into it which has changed the nature of +the plasma it's created this sheath it's + + align:start position:0% +the plasma it's created this sheath it's + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma it's created this sheath it's +caused all sorts of electrons and it to + + align:start position:0% +caused all sorts of electrons and it to + + + align:start position:0% +caused all sorts of electrons and it to +fly around charges the F around so + + align:start position:0% +fly around charges the F around so + + + align:start position:0% +fly around charges the F around so +there's no good reason for it to have + + align:start position:0% +there's no good reason for it to have + + + align:start position:0% +there's no good reason for it to have +the same potential as the plasma at + + align:start position:0% +the same potential as the plasma at + + + align:start position:0% +the same potential as the plasma at +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay we're going to go on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we want to do now our probers + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do now our probers + + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do now our probers +reach the floating potential is actually + + align:start position:0% +reach the floating potential is actually + + + align:start position:0% +reach the floating potential is actually +change that potential uh and measure + + align:start position:0% +change that potential uh and measure + + + align:start position:0% +change that potential uh and measure +what current we draw we know floating + + align:start position:0% +what current we draw we know floating + + + align:start position:0% +what current we draw we know floating +potential we get zero current but if we + + align:start position:0% +potential we get zero current but if we + + + align:start position:0% +potential we get zero current but if we +bias the probe in some way we'll get + + align:start position:0% +bias the probe in some way we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +bias the probe in some way we'll get +different curs Nigel I see a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand yeah I wanted to ask what + + align:start position:0% +hand yeah I wanted to ask what + + + align:start position:0% +hand yeah I wanted to ask what +ex what ground exactly are we + + align:start position:0% +ex what ground exactly are we + + + align:start position:0% +ex what ground exactly are we +referencing the potential measurements + + align:start position:0% +referencing the potential measurements + + + align:start position:0% +referencing the potential measurements +is it just like any random ground or is + + align:start position:0% +is it just like any random ground or is + + + align:start position:0% +is it just like any random ground or is +anything like + + align:start position:0% +anything like + + + align:start position:0% +anything like +specific I can give you a short answer + + align:start position:0% +specific I can give you a short answer + + + align:start position:0% +specific I can give you a short answer +and I probably won't give you the longer + + align:start position:0% +and I probably won't give you the longer + + + align:start position:0% +and I probably won't give you the longer +answer the short answer is as you know + + align:start position:0% +answer the short answer is as you know + + + align:start position:0% +answer the short answer is as you know +you know the potential is just relative + + align:start position:0% +you know the potential is just relative + + + align:start position:0% +you know the potential is just relative +like we're only interesting relative + + align:start position:0% +like we're only interesting relative + + + align:start position:0% +like we're only interesting relative +potentials and it makes sense in this to + + align:start position:0% +potentials and it makes sense in this to + + + align:start position:0% +potentials and it makes sense in this to +use the potential of the plasma very far + + align:start position:0% +use the potential of the plasma very far + + + align:start position:0% +use the potential of the plasma very far +away as our reference V equals + + align:start position:0% +away as our reference V equals + + + align:start position:0% +away as our reference V equals +zero okay and that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and that's what we're going to +do here but of course mathematically we + + align:start position:0% +do here but of course mathematically we + + + align:start position:0% +do here but of course mathematically we +could choose other potential and that's + + align:start position:0% +could choose other potential and that's + + + align:start position:0% +could choose other potential and that's +absolutely fine um another useful ground + + align:start position:0% +absolutely fine um another useful ground + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely fine um another useful ground +if you have a probe stuck inside for + + align:start position:0% +if you have a probe stuck inside for + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a probe stuck inside for +example a laboratory plasma uh would be + + align:start position:0% +example a laboratory plasma uh would be + + + align:start position:0% +example a laboratory plasma uh would be +another potential you could use as a + + align:start position:0% +another potential you could use as a + + + align:start position:0% +another potential you could use as a +reference but we're not going to would + + align:start position:0% +reference but we're not going to would + + + align:start position:0% +reference but we're not going to would +be the potential that the vacuum vessel + + align:start position:0% +be the potential that the vacuum vessel + + + align:start position:0% +be the potential that the vacuum vessel +takes and another potential you could + + align:start position:0% +takes and another potential you could + + + align:start position:0% +takes and another potential you could +use if you are a lang probe mounted to a + + align:start position:0% +use if you are a lang probe mounted to a + + + align:start position:0% +use if you are a lang probe mounted to a +satellite flying through space will be + + align:start position:0% +satellite flying through space will be + + + align:start position:0% +satellite flying through space will be +the potential of the satellite + + align:start position:0% +the potential of the satellite + + + align:start position:0% +the potential of the satellite +itself so could I'm just going to mutes + + align:start position:0% +itself so could I'm just going to mutes + + + align:start position:0% +itself so could I'm just going to mutes +218 because it's very sensitive + + align:start position:0% +218 because it's very sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +218 because it's very sensitive +microphones in there thank you very much + + align:start position:0% +microphones in there thank you very much + + + align:start position:0% +microphones in there thank you very much +but please feel free to unmute if you + + align:start position:0% +but please feel free to unmute if you + + + align:start position:0% +but please feel free to unmute if you +want to ask a + + align:start position:0% +want to ask a + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask a +question okay uh any other questions + + align:start position:0% +question okay uh any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +question okay uh any other questions +while we keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going okay good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff right so as I was saying we are + + align:start position:0% +stuff right so as I was saying we are + + + align:start position:0% +stuff right so as I was saying we are +now going to bias our + + align:start position:0% +now going to bias our + + + align:start position:0% +now going to bias our +probe which is effectively changing the + + align:start position:0% +probe which is effectively changing the + + + align:start position:0% +probe which is effectively changing the +pro uh the potential + + align:start position:0% +pro uh the potential + + + align:start position:0% +pro uh the potential +v0 and measure the current that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +draw and depending on where we bias this + + align:start position:0% +draw and depending on where we bias this + + + align:start position:0% +draw and depending on where we bias this +probe we're going to end up in different + + align:start position:0% +probe we're going to end up in different + + + align:start position:0% +probe we're going to end up in different +regions so we're going to have uh here + + align:start position:0% +regions so we're going to have uh here + + + align:start position:0% +regions so we're going to have uh here +as an overview a qualitative picture and + + align:start position:0% +as an overview a qualitative picture and + + + align:start position:0% +as an overview a qualitative picture and +we're going to go and do the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go and do the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to go and do the +calculations for the quantitative + + align:start position:0% +calculations for the quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +calculations for the quantitative +picture later on so our qual qu + + align:start position:0% +picture later on so our qual qu + + + align:start position:0% +picture later on so our qual qu +qualitative picture we have an IV curve + + align:start position:0% +qualitative picture we have an IV curve + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative picture we have an IV curve +where we have I vertically like this and + + align:start position:0% +where we have I vertically like this and + + + align:start position:0% +where we have I vertically like this and +V + + align:start position:0% +V + + + align:start position:0% +V +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +here we're going to identify our zero + + align:start position:0% +here we're going to identify our zero + + + align:start position:0% +here we're going to identify our zero +current with the floating potential as + + align:start position:0% +current with the floating potential as + + + align:start position:0% +current with the floating potential as +we've already done we're going to say + + align:start position:0% +we've already done we're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +we've already done we're going to say +that somewhere above the floating + + align:start position:0% +that somewhere above the floating + + + align:start position:0% +that somewhere above the floating +potential is the plasma + + align:start position:0% +potential is the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +potential is the plasma +potential and it turns out that we end + + align:start position:0% +potential and it turns out that we end + + + align:start position:0% +potential and it turns out that we end +up with an IV curve that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and there are a few important + + align:start position:0% +this and there are a few important + + + align:start position:0% +this and there are a few important +quantities on here there's the electron + + align:start position:0% +quantities on here there's the electron + + + align:start position:0% +quantities on here there's the electron +saturation current and I'll just draw + + align:start position:0% +saturation current and I'll just draw + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current and I'll just draw +this a little bit better down here for + + align:start position:0% +this a little bit better down here for + + + align:start position:0% +this a little bit better down here for +the ions because it should sort of ASM + + align:start position:0% +the ions because it should sort of ASM + + + align:start position:0% +the ions because it should sort of ASM +toote there is the ion saturation + + align:start position:0% +toote there is the ion saturation + + + align:start position:0% +toote there is the ion saturation +current down here and I will explain + + align:start position:0% +current down here and I will explain + + + align:start position:0% +current down here and I will explain +where all of these things came from I + + align:start position:0% +where all of these things came from I + + + align:start position:0% +where all of these things came from I +just want you to have this drawing in + + align:start position:0% +just want you to have this drawing in + + + align:start position:0% +just want you to have this drawing in +mind while I start explaining it so um + + align:start position:0% +mind while I start explaining it so um + + + align:start position:0% +mind while I start explaining it so um +one place we know what the current would + + align:start position:0% +one place we know what the current would + + + align:start position:0% +one place we know what the current would +be or two places we know what the + + align:start position:0% +be or two places we know what the + + + align:start position:0% +be or two places we know what the +current would be at are at these + + align:start position:0% +current would be at are at these + + + align:start position:0% +current would be at are at these +specific potentials here so at the + + align:start position:0% +specific potentials here so at the + + + align:start position:0% +specific potentials here so at the +plasma potential the current is going to + + align:start position:0% +plasma potential the current is going to + + + align:start position:0% +plasma potential the current is going to +be enti due to electrons which are + + align:start position:0% +be enti due to electrons which are + + + align:start position:0% +be enti due to electrons which are +streaming into the probe because uh if + + align:start position:0% +streaming into the probe because uh if + + + align:start position:0% +streaming into the probe because uh if +we're up at the plasma potential we know + + align:start position:0% +we're up at the plasma potential we know + + + align:start position:0% +we're up at the plasma potential we know +that there will be no ions in general so + + align:start position:0% +that there will be no ions in general so + + + align:start position:0% +that there will be no ions in general so +we're just going to end up with this + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to end up with this + + + align:start position:0% +we're just going to end up with this +electron saturation current a quarter + + align:start position:0% +electron saturation current a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +electron saturation current a quarter +times the electron charge times the + + align:start position:0% +times the electron charge times the + + + align:start position:0% +times the electron charge times the +probe area times the density times by + + align:start position:0% +probe area times the density times by + + + align:start position:0% +probe area times the density times by +the random electron velocity we showed + + align:start position:0% +the random electron velocity we showed + + + align:start position:0% +the random electron velocity we showed +that earlier so this is obviously quite + + align:start position:0% +that earlier so this is obviously quite + + + align:start position:0% +that earlier so this is obviously quite +a large current another place that we + + align:start position:0% +a large current another place that we + + + align:start position:0% +a large current another place that we +know as I said is at the floating Point + + align:start position:0% +know as I said is at the floating Point + + + align:start position:0% +know as I said is at the floating Point +here uh where the current is just going + + align:start position:0% +here uh where the current is just going + + + align:start position:0% +here uh where the current is just going +to be equal to zero okay but then there + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to zero okay but then there + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to zero okay but then there +are three other regimes that I want to + + align:start position:0% +are three other regimes that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +are three other regimes that I want to +talk about and I'm going to call them A + + align:start position:0% +talk about and I'm going to call them A + + + align:start position:0% +talk about and I'm going to call them A +B and C here so let's start with a so a + + align:start position:0% +B and C here so let's start with a so a + + + align:start position:0% +B and C here so let's start with a so a +is when we have our Pro potential + + align:start position:0% +is when we have our Pro potential + + + align:start position:0% +is when we have our Pro potential +greater than the plasma potential here + + align:start position:0% +greater than the plasma potential here + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the plasma potential here +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +attract all the electrons we're going to + + align:start position:0% +attract all the electrons we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +attract all the electrons we're going to +repel all the + + align:start position:0% +repel all the + + + align:start position:0% +repel all the +ions + + align:start position:0% +ions + + + align:start position:0% +ions +and so we're just going to end up with + + align:start position:0% +and so we're just going to end up with + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're just going to end up with +basically the same current so I is going + + align:start position:0% +basically the same current so I is going + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same current so I is going +to be roughly equal to the electron + + align:start position:0% +to be roughly equal to the electron + + + align:start position:0% +to be roughly equal to the electron +saturation current now in general the + + align:start position:0% +saturation current now in general the + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current now in general the +current actually generally starts to + + align:start position:0% +current actually generally starts to + + + align:start position:0% +current actually generally starts to +rise and it uh still increases with + + align:start position:0% +rise and it uh still increases with + + + align:start position:0% +rise and it uh still increases with +voltage weekly uh for reasons that we're + + align:start position:0% +voltage weekly uh for reasons that we're + + + align:start position:0% +voltage weekly uh for reasons that we're +not really going to go into here but um + + align:start position:0% +not really going to go into here but um + + + align:start position:0% +not really going to go into here but um +it's quite difficult to get the + + align:start position:0% +it's quite difficult to get the + + + align:start position:0% +it's quite difficult to get the +mathematics for this correct um we don't + + align:start position:0% +mathematics for this correct um we don't + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics for this correct um we don't +tend to work in this regime we don't + + align:start position:0% +tend to work in this regime we don't + + + align:start position:0% +tend to work in this regime we don't +tend to bias the probe such with drawing + + align:start position:0% +tend to bias the probe such with drawing + + + align:start position:0% +tend to bias the probe such with drawing +the electron saturation current and + + align:start position:0% +the electron saturation current and + + + align:start position:0% +the electron saturation current and +we'll talk a bit about that later on and + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a bit about that later on and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a bit about that later on and +so we're not going to go too much detail + + align:start position:0% +so we're not going to go too much detail + + + align:start position:0% +so we're not going to go too much detail +about why that happens but that's why + + align:start position:0% +about why that happens but that's why + + + align:start position:0% +about why that happens but that's why +it's that way on the there's also the + + align:start position:0% +it's that way on the there's also the + + + align:start position:0% +it's that way on the there's also the +regime B here this is where v0 is less + + align:start position:0% +regime B here this is where v0 is less + + + align:start position:0% +regime B here this is where v0 is less +than plasma potential uh but greater + + align:start position:0% +than plasma potential uh but greater + + + align:start position:0% +than plasma potential uh but greater +than the floating potential or so and + + align:start position:0% +than the floating potential or so and + + + align:start position:0% +than the floating potential or so and +here we start getting into a region + + align:start position:0% +here we start getting into a region + + + align:start position:0% +here we start getting into a region +where some electrons are + + align:start position:0% +where some electrons are + + + align:start position:0% +where some electrons are +repelled and some ions are + + align:start position:0% +repelled and some ions are + + + align:start position:0% +repelled and some ions are +attracted that's because the probe is + + align:start position:0% +attracted that's because the probe is + + + align:start position:0% +attracted that's because the probe is +charging up more negative and so it + + align:start position:0% +charging up more negative and so it + + + align:start position:0% +charging up more negative and so it +wants to repel things here we will go + + align:start position:0% +wants to repel things here we will go + + + align:start position:0% +wants to repel things here we will go +into trying to find an analytical + + align:start position:0% +into trying to find an analytical + + + align:start position:0% +into trying to find an analytical +formula for exactly what this curve + + align:start position:0% +formula for exactly what this curve + + + align:start position:0% +formula for exactly what this curve +looks like but just qualitatively this + + align:start position:0% +looks like but just qualitatively this + + + align:start position:0% +looks like but just qualitatively this +is why uh we have a decrease in the + + align:start position:0% +is why uh we have a decrease in the + + + align:start position:0% +is why uh we have a decrease in the +current here and then finally we have + + align:start position:0% +current here and then finally we have + + + align:start position:0% +current here and then finally we have +this regime + + align:start position:0% +this regime + + + align:start position:0% +this regime +C and in this regime here we have a + + align:start position:0% +C and in this regime here we have a + + + align:start position:0% +C and in this regime here we have a +potential on the probe Which is less + + align:start position:0% +potential on the probe Which is less + + + align:start position:0% +potential on the probe Which is less +than the floating potential and we're + + align:start position:0% +than the floating potential and we're + + + align:start position:0% +than the floating potential and we're +going to repel all the electrons and + + align:start position:0% +going to repel all the electrons and + + + align:start position:0% +going to repel all the electrons and +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +gather all the + + align:start position:0% +gather all the + + + align:start position:0% +gather all the +ions + + align:start position:0% +ions + + + align:start position:0% +ions +and we will then be drawing the ion + + align:start position:0% +and we will then be drawing the ion + + + align:start position:0% +and we will then be drawing the ion +saturation current which is a quarter + + align:start position:0% +saturation current which is a quarter + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current which is a quarter +EA ni UI bar um so this is just the + + align:start position:0% +EA ni UI bar um so this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +EA ni UI bar um so this is just the +counterpart the electron saturation + + align:start position:0% +counterpart the electron saturation + + + align:start position:0% +counterpart the electron saturation +current and of course it's smaller by + + align:start position:0% +current and of course it's smaller by + + + align:start position:0% +current and of course it's smaller by +the square root of the mass Ratio or + + align:start position:0% +the square root of the mass Ratio or + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of the mass Ratio or +something like that probably so it's a + + align:start position:0% +something like that probably so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +something like that probably so it's a +fair bit smaller than the electron + + align:start position:0% +fair bit smaller than the electron + + + align:start position:0% +fair bit smaller than the electron +saturation current + + align:start position:0% +saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current +here now the problem with this picture + + align:start position:0% +here now the problem with this picture + + + align:start position:0% +here now the problem with this picture +uh and the reason why we can't be more + + align:start position:0% +uh and the reason why we can't be more + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the reason why we can't be more +quantitative is at the moment all of our + + align:start position:0% +quantitative is at the moment all of our + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative is at the moment all of our +solu so i e and II they're functions of + + align:start position:0% +solu so i e and II they're functions of + + + align:start position:0% +solu so i e and II they're functions of +things like NE UE and + + align:start position:0% +things like NE UE and + + + align:start position:0% +things like NE UE and +ni UI right and they're functions of + + align:start position:0% +ni UI right and they're functions of + + + align:start position:0% +ni UI right and they're functions of +these at the probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface so that's not particularly + + align:start position:0% +surface so that's not particularly + + + align:start position:0% +surface so that's not particularly +useful because what we'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +useful because what we'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +useful because what we'd like to do is +relate these + + align:start position:0% +relate these + + + align:start position:0% +relate these +quantities to the parameters inside the + + align:start position:0% +quantities to the parameters inside the + + + align:start position:0% +quantities to the parameters inside the +plasma things like the density and the + + align:start position:0% +plasma things like the density and the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma things like the density and the +temperature and things like that + + align:start position:0% +temperature and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and things like that +and so these measurements of the + + align:start position:0% +and so these measurements of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so these measurements of the +properties of the plasma right at the + + align:start position:0% +properties of the plasma right at the + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the plasma right at the +probe surface aren't particularly useful + + align:start position:0% +probe surface aren't particularly useful + + + align:start position:0% +probe surface aren't particularly useful +we need to have some theory that + + align:start position:0% +we need to have some theory that + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have some theory that +links uh excuse + + align:start position:0% +links uh excuse + + + align:start position:0% +links uh excuse +me we need a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theory to link the uh probe + + align:start position:0% +theory to link the uh probe + + + align:start position:0% +theory to link the uh probe +quantities to the plasma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantities and that theory is + + align:start position:0% +quantities and that theory is + + + align:start position:0% +quantities and that theory is +unfortunately Chief + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theory so we're going to have a go at + + align:start position:0% +Theory so we're going to have a go at + + + align:start position:0% +Theory so we're going to have a go at +dering quantitatively some of the + + align:start position:0% +dering quantitatively some of the + + + align:start position:0% +dering quantitatively some of the +quantities here that I've just sketched + + align:start position:0% +quantities here that I've just sketched + + + align:start position:0% +quantities here that I've just sketched +very qualitatively before we go on + + align:start position:0% +very qualitatively before we go on + + + align:start position:0% +very qualitatively before we go on +please ask any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so who can tell me what the + + align:start position:0% +questions so who can tell me what the + + + align:start position:0% +questions so who can tell me what the +length scale for this sheath is what's + + align:start position:0% +length scale for this sheath is what's + + + align:start position:0% +length scale for this sheath is what's +an important length scale in sheath + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theory yeah just please shout it + + align:start position:0% +Theory yeah just please shout it + + + align:start position:0% +Theory yeah just please shout it +out the b length yeah the buy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +length never quite remember how to spell + + align:start position:0% +length never quite remember how to spell + + + align:start position:0% +length never quite remember how to spell +the buy I may have put an extra e in + + align:start position:0% +the buy I may have put an extra e in + + + align:start position:0% +the buy I may have put an extra e in +there maybe this one doesn't exist okay + + align:start position:0% +there maybe this one doesn't exist okay + + + align:start position:0% +there maybe this one doesn't exist okay +so this is often written as Lambda to + + align:start position:0% +so this is often written as Lambda to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is often written as Lambda to +buy it's equal to in say at least + + align:start position:0% +buy it's equal to in say at least + + + align:start position:0% +buy it's equal to in say at least +Epsilon t/ e^2 NE to the half uh it's an + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon t/ e^2 NE to the half uh it's an + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon t/ e^2 NE to the half uh it's an +important length scale for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sheaths but as you probably know it's + + align:start position:0% +sheaths but as you probably know it's + + + align:start position:0% +sheaths but as you probably know it's +not in for example mhd or other simpler + + align:start position:0% +not in for example mhd or other simpler + + + align:start position:0% +not in for example mhd or other simpler +fluid pictures of the plasma it's just + + align:start position:0% +fluid pictures of the plasma it's just + + + align:start position:0% +fluid pictures of the plasma it's just +important to sometimes realize the + + align:start position:0% +important to sometimes realize the + + + align:start position:0% +important to sometimes realize the +limitations of some of the other models + + align:start position:0% +limitations of some of the other models + + + align:start position:0% +limitations of some of the other models +we use so you can't model how a lang + + align:start position:0% +we use so you can't model how a lang + + + align:start position:0% +we use so you can't model how a lang +probe Works using mhd it just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +probe Works using mhd it just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +probe Works using mhd it just doesn't +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +and what is important about the Debby + + align:start position:0% +and what is important about the Debby + + + align:start position:0% +and what is important about the Debby +length what length scale does it + + align:start position:0% +length what length scale does it + + + align:start position:0% +length what length scale does it +represent what's its physical what's the + + align:start position:0% +represent what's its physical what's the + + + align:start position:0% +represent what's its physical what's the +physical intuition we have for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it distance over which voltages are + + align:start position:0% +it distance over which voltages are + + + align:start position:0% +it distance over which voltages are +shielded yeah so yeah I guess we can say + + align:start position:0% +shielded yeah so yeah I guess we can say + + + align:start position:0% +shielded yeah so yeah I guess we can say +within a few Lambda to buy the + + align:start position:0% +within a few Lambda to buy the + + + align:start position:0% +within a few Lambda to buy the +probe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perturbation + + align:start position:0% +perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation +vanishes so although we've stuck this + + align:start position:0% +vanishes so although we've stuck this + + + align:start position:0% +vanishes so although we've stuck this +probe in and it's going to be at a very + + align:start position:0% +probe in and it's going to be at a very + + + align:start position:0% +probe in and it's going to be at a very +different B potential to the plasma the + + align:start position:0% +different B potential to the plasma the + + + align:start position:0% +different B potential to the plasma the +plasma won't see it over um you know a + + align:start position:0% +plasma won't see it over um you know a + + + align:start position:0% +plasma won't see it over um you know a +few Lambda dub or so and if we take some + + align:start position:0% +few Lambda dub or so and if we take some + + + align:start position:0% +few Lambda dub or so and if we take some +sort of cold plasma so let's say it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of cold plasma so let's say it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of cold plasma so let's say it's +got a temperature of about one electron + + align:start position:0% +got a temperature of about one electron + + + align:start position:0% +got a temperature of about one electron +volt it's got a density of around 10 to + + align:start position:0% +volt it's got a density of around 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +volt it's got a density of around 10 to +17 per meter cubed this will give us a + + align:start position:0% +17 per meter cubed this will give us a + + + align:start position:0% +17 per meter cubed this will give us a +Debby length of on the order of 20 + + align:start position:0% +Debby length of on the order of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +Debby length of on the order of 20 +micrometers here and so for any + + align:start position:0% +micrometers here and so for any + + + align:start position:0% +micrometers here and so for any +reasonable probe which we could + + align:start position:0% +reasonable probe which we could + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable probe which we could +construct which has some characteristic + + align:start position:0% +construct which has some characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +construct which has some characteristic +length scale here of a this the B length + + align:start position:0% +length scale here of a this the B length + + + align:start position:0% +length scale here of a this the B length +is going to be very very very small + + align:start position:0% +is going to be very very very small + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be very very very small +right so we can say that Lambda ID a + + align:start position:0% +right so we can say that Lambda ID a + + + align:start position:0% +right so we can say that Lambda ID a +Lambda is much much less than a and this + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is much much less than a and this + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is much much less than a and this +leads us to being able to do in most of + + align:start position:0% +leads us to being able to do in most of + + + align:start position:0% +leads us to being able to do in most of +our sheath Theory what we call a quasi + + align:start position:0% +our sheath Theory what we call a quasi + + + align:start position:0% +our sheath Theory what we call a quasi +planer + + align:start position:0% +planer + + + align:start position:0% +planer +assumption so we don't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +assumption so we don't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +assumption so we don't have to worry +about the shape of the probe we just + + align:start position:0% +about the shape of the probe we just + + + align:start position:0% +about the shape of the probe we just +worry about some infinite plane uh and + + align:start position:0% +worry about some infinite plane uh and + + + align:start position:0% +worry about some infinite plane uh and +so we can treat this like a + + align:start position:0% +so we can treat this like a + + + align:start position:0% +so we can treat this like a +one-dimensional situation which as you + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional situation which as you + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional situation which as you +see you will see the sheath equations + + align:start position:0% +see you will see the sheath equations + + + align:start position:0% +see you will see the sheath equations +are complicated enough without doing it + + align:start position:0% +are complicated enough without doing it + + + align:start position:0% +are complicated enough without doing it +in 1D so this is a nice simplification + + align:start position:0% +in 1D so this is a nice simplification + + + align:start position:0% +in 1D so this is a nice simplification +to be able to + + align:start position:0% +to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to +do so the sheath equations to solve this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properly well you need to start doing + + align:start position:0% +properly well you need to start doing + + + align:start position:0% +properly well you need to start doing +things involving uh Gus's law and the + + align:start position:0% +things involving uh Gus's law and the + + + align:start position:0% +things involving uh Gus's law and the +pron + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +and it turns out that when you start + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that when you start + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out that when you start +putting this properly these equations + + align:start position:0% +putting this properly these equations + + + align:start position:0% +putting this properly these equations +are nonlinear you're going to need like + + align:start position:0% +are nonlinear you're going to need like + + + align:start position:0% +are nonlinear you're going to need like +a boltzman factor inside here as well + + align:start position:0% +a boltzman factor inside here as well + + + align:start position:0% +a boltzman factor inside here as well +minus EV over te and stuff like that so + + align:start position:0% +minus EV over te and stuff like that so + + + align:start position:0% +minus EV over te and stuff like that so +these equations look very nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +these equations look very nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +these equations look very nonlinear +they've got exponentials in they've got + + align:start position:0% +they've got exponentials in they've got + + + align:start position:0% +they've got exponentials in they've got +gradients in all sorts of stuff like + + align:start position:0% +gradients in all sorts of stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +gradients in all sorts of stuff like +that and that means they're very + + align:start position:0% +that and that means they're very + + + align:start position:0% +that and that means they're very +complicated they're still + + align:start position:0% +complicated they're still + + + align:start position:0% +complicated they're still +complicated with big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumptions so one assumption that we + + align:start position:0% +assumptions so one assumption that we + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions so one assumption that we +almost always make in sheath theory is + + align:start position:0% +almost always make in sheath theory is + + + align:start position:0% +almost always make in sheath theory is +that the ions are cold they've got a + + align:start position:0% +that the ions are cold they've got a + + + align:start position:0% +that the ions are cold they've got a +temperature of zero and obviously that + + align:start position:0% +temperature of zero and obviously that + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of zero and obviously that +may not be very well justified in your + + align:start position:0% +may not be very well justified in your + + + align:start position:0% +may not be very well justified in your +plasma but it allows you to make a lot + + align:start position:0% +plasma but it allows you to make a lot + + + align:start position:0% +plasma but it allows you to make a lot +of progress this actually is relatively + + align:start position:0% +of progress this actually is relatively + + + align:start position:0% +of progress this actually is relatively +well justified in the sorts of low + + align:start position:0% +well justified in the sorts of low + + + align:start position:0% +well justified in the sorts of low +temperature plasmas you tend to stick + + align:start position:0% +temperature plasmas you tend to stick + + + align:start position:0% +temperature plasmas you tend to stick +langid probes in but I'm sure that you + + align:start position:0% +langid probes in but I'm sure that you + + + align:start position:0% +langid probes in but I'm sure that you +can think of a plasma where the ion + + align:start position:0% +can think of a plasma where the ion + + + align:start position:0% +can think of a plasma where the ion +temperature is not zero or isn't much + + align:start position:0% +temperature is not zero or isn't much + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is not zero or isn't much +less than the electron temperature but + + align:start position:0% +less than the electron temperature but + + + align:start position:0% +less than the electron temperature but +what I'm saying is that even if we put + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that even if we put + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is that even if we put +in these very big simplifying + + align:start position:0% +in these very big simplifying + + + align:start position:0% +in these very big simplifying +assumptions the sheath equations are + + align:start position:0% +assumptions the sheath equations are + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions the sheath equations are +still very complicated and so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +still very complicated and so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +still very complicated and so what I'm +not going to do is give you a complete + + align:start position:0% +not going to do is give you a complete + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do is give you a complete +derivation of the sheath equations this + + align:start position:0% +derivation of the sheath equations this + + + align:start position:0% +derivation of the sheath equations this +is what I did last time I taught the + + align:start position:0% +is what I did last time I taught the + + + align:start position:0% +is what I did last time I taught the +course two years ago and I've never seen + + align:start position:0% +course two years ago and I've never seen + + + align:start position:0% +course two years ago and I've never seen +a class lose interest more quickly right + + align:start position:0% +a class lose interest more quickly right + + + align:start position:0% +a class lose interest more quickly right +it was a complete disaster so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +it was a complete disaster so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +it was a complete disaster so I'm going +to give you a very high level overview + + align:start position:0% +to give you a very high level overview + + + align:start position:0% +to give you a very high level overview +I'm going to tell you the results of it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to tell you the results of it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to tell you the results of it +and you know I understand that might be + + align:start position:0% +and you know I understand that might be + + + align:start position:0% +and you know I understand that might be +unsatisfactory um and so I encourage you + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfactory um and so I encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfactory um and so I encourage you +to go look at Hutchinson's book or Le + + align:start position:0% +to go look at Hutchinson's book or Le + + + align:start position:0% +to go look at Hutchinson's book or Le +and liberg uh and learn a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and liberg uh and learn a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and liberg uh and learn a little bit +more about it if you want to at the end + + align:start position:0% +more about it if you want to at the end + + + align:start position:0% +more about it if you want to at the end +of the day you know I think these Lang + + align:start position:0% +of the day you know I think these Lang + + + align:start position:0% +of the day you know I think these Lang +probes are a tool um we should + + align:start position:0% +probes are a tool um we should + + + align:start position:0% +probes are a tool um we should +understand how they work in some + + align:start position:0% +understand how they work in some + + + align:start position:0% +understand how they work in some +limitations but we kind of just want to + + align:start position:0% +limitations but we kind of just want to + + + align:start position:0% +limitations but we kind of just want to +know what the answer is so we're going + + align:start position:0% +know what the answer is so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +know what the answer is so we're going +to plow on a little bit any questions on + + align:start position:0% +to plow on a little bit any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +to plow on a little bit any questions on +any of this before we keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +okay so this is my onepage + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is my onepage + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is my onepage +brief + + align:start position:0% +brief + + + align:start position:0% +brief +overview of sheath physics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I want you to bear in mind is we + + align:start position:0% +what I want you to bear in mind is we + + + align:start position:0% +what I want you to bear in mind is we +are trying to get what we want out of + + align:start position:0% +are trying to get what we want out of + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to get what we want out of +this are the electron density and the + + align:start position:0% +this are the electron density and the + + + align:start position:0% +this are the electron density and the +electron velocity at the probe and the + + align:start position:0% +electron velocity at the probe and the + + + align:start position:0% +electron velocity at the probe and the +ion density and the ion velocity at the + + align:start position:0% +ion density and the ion velocity at the + + + align:start position:0% +ion density and the ion velocity at the +probe in terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the density far away from from the + + align:start position:0% +of the density far away from from the + + + align:start position:0% +of the density far away from from the +pro which we call n at infinity and + + align:start position:0% +pro which we call n at infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +pro which we call n at infinity and +things like the temperature of the + + align:start position:0% +things like the temperature of the + + + align:start position:0% +things like the temperature of the +plasma here so this is what we're going + + align:start position:0% +plasma here so this is what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +plasma here so this is what we're going +after so whenever I write down equation + + align:start position:0% +after so whenever I write down equation + + + align:start position:0% +after so whenever I write down equation +think to yourself oh did that + + align:start position:0% +think to yourself oh did that + + + align:start position:0% +think to yourself oh did that +help or did it not help okay so I am + + align:start position:0% +help or did it not help okay so I am + + + align:start position:0% +help or did it not help okay so I am +going to draw a little sketch which is + + align:start position:0% +going to draw a little sketch which is + + + align:start position:0% +going to draw a little sketch which is +going to take me a little while to get + + align:start position:0% +going to take me a little while to get + + + align:start position:0% +going to take me a little while to get +right here so we're going to have on the + + align:start position:0% +right here so we're going to have on the + + + align:start position:0% +right here so we're going to have on the +right hand side of our domain we're + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of our domain we're + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of our domain we're +going to have a wall which is our quasy + + align:start position:0% +going to have a wall which is our quasy + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a wall which is our quasy +planer probe here and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +planer probe here and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +planer probe here and we're going to +have a + + align:start position:0% +have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a +coordinate pointing from left to right + + align:start position:0% +coordinate pointing from left to right + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate pointing from left to right +which is the x coordinate here and there + + align:start position:0% +which is the x coordinate here and there + + + align:start position:0% +which is the x coordinate here and there +are a few important places on this x + + align:start position:0% +are a few important places on this x + + + align:start position:0% +are a few important places on this x +coordinate there's Infinity which is + + align:start position:0% +coordinate there's Infinity which is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate there's Infinity which is +very far away in the uned + + align:start position:0% +very far away in the uned + + + align:start position:0% +very far away in the uned +plasma there is a point that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +plasma there is a point that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +plasma there is a point that I'm going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +label s here and there's a point that + + align:start position:0% +label s here and there's a point that + + + align:start position:0% +label s here and there's a point that +I'm going to label zero so zero is the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to label zero so zero is the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to label zero so zero is the +probe this region between s and zero is + + align:start position:0% +probe this region between s and zero is + + + align:start position:0% +probe this region between s and zero is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +sheath this is the imaginatively + + align:start position:0% +sheath this is the imaginatively + + + align:start position:0% +sheath this is the imaginatively +named pre sheath and this is the plasma + + align:start position:0% +named pre sheath and this is the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +named pre sheath and this is the plasma +so again what we want to do is take + + align:start position:0% +so again what we want to do is take + + + align:start position:0% +so again what we want to do is take +measurements at the + + align:start position:0% +measurements at the + + + align:start position:0% +measurements at the +probe and Link them back to the + + align:start position:0% +probe and Link them back to the + + + align:start position:0% +probe and Link them back to the +properties in the bulk plasma without + + align:start position:0% +properties in the bulk plasma without + + + align:start position:0% +properties in the bulk plasma without +worrying about what this sheath is doing + + align:start position:0% +worrying about what this sheath is doing + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about what this sheath is doing +but what the sheath is doing is very + + align:start position:0% +but what the sheath is doing is very + + + align:start position:0% +but what the sheath is doing is very +very important so we need to work that + + align:start position:0% +very important so we need to work that + + + align:start position:0% +very important so we need to work that +out first so first of all Ang going to + + align:start position:0% +out first so first of all Ang going to + + + align:start position:0% +out first so first of all Ang going to +sketch the voltage right and so this + + align:start position:0% +sketch the voltage right and so this + + + align:start position:0% +sketch the voltage right and so this +voltage is going to be flat in the + + align:start position:0% +voltage is going to be flat in the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is going to be flat in the +plasma and it's going to have a + + align:start position:0% +plasma and it's going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +plasma and it's going to have a +value of zero and we are just defining + + align:start position:0% +value of zero and we are just defining + + + align:start position:0% +value of zero and we are just defining +the voltage in the plasma as zero + + align:start position:0% +the voltage in the plasma as zero + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage in the plasma as zero +because that's our reference voltage + + align:start position:0% +because that's our reference voltage + + + align:start position:0% +because that's our reference voltage +here the voltage is going to drop off + + align:start position:0% +here the voltage is going to drop off + + + align:start position:0% +here the voltage is going to drop off +ever so + + align:start position:0% +ever so + + + align:start position:0% +ever so +slightly in the pre- sheath here and I'm + + align:start position:0% +slightly in the pre- sheath here and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +slightly in the pre- sheath here and I'm +really exaggerating but you know it's + + align:start position:0% +really exaggerating but you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +really exaggerating but you know it's +going to drop off a little bit in the + + align:start position:0% +going to drop off a little bit in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to drop off a little bit in the +pre- sheath and then it's going to drop + + align:start position:0% +pre- sheath and then it's going to drop + + + align:start position:0% +pre- sheath and then it's going to drop +down to whatever potential it is in um + + align:start position:0% +down to whatever potential it is in um + + + align:start position:0% +down to whatever potential it is in um +at the probe here which is the the bias + + align:start position:0% +at the probe here which is the the bias + + + align:start position:0% +at the probe here which is the the bias +point that we put our probe at we call + + align:start position:0% +point that we put our probe at we call + + + align:start position:0% +point that we put our probe at we call +that v0 and we call the potential at the + + align:start position:0% +that v0 and we call the potential at the + + + align:start position:0% +that v0 and we call the potential at the +edge of the sheath vs for V sheath and I + + align:start position:0% +edge of the sheath vs for V sheath and I + + + align:start position:0% +edge of the sheath vs for V sheath and I +could write V infinity here but again we + + align:start position:0% +could write V infinity here but again we + + + align:start position:0% +could write V infinity here but again we +decided that's going to be zero so we're + + align:start position:0% +decided that's going to be zero so we're + + + align:start position:0% +decided that's going to be zero so we're +going to measure everything was + + align:start position:0% +going to measure everything was + + + align:start position:0% +going to measure everything was +respected out and you'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +respected out and you'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +respected out and you'll see in the +picture I've drawn here everything is + + align:start position:0% +picture I've drawn here everything is + + + align:start position:0% +picture I've drawn here everything is +negative the spent + + align:start position:0% +negative the spent + + + align:start position:0% +negative the spent +that okay the other thing I can draw and + + align:start position:0% +that okay the other thing I can draw and + + + align:start position:0% +that okay the other thing I can draw and +you can imagine this is sort of a + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine this is sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine this is sort of a +separate axis down below here uh is the + + align:start position:0% +separate axis down below here uh is the + + + align:start position:0% +separate axis down below here uh is the +density so out in the plasma we have a + + align:start position:0% +density so out in the plasma we have a + + + align:start position:0% +density so out in the plasma we have a +density of NE e and that's equal to n i + + align:start position:0% +density of NE e and that's equal to n i + + + align:start position:0% +density of NE e and that's equal to n i +and that's equal to n infinity so I've + + align:start position:0% +and that's equal to n infinity so I've + + + align:start position:0% +and that's equal to n infinity so I've +invoked quasi neutrality inside my + + align:start position:0% +invoked quasi neutrality inside my + + + align:start position:0% +invoked quasi neutrality inside my +plasma here there's no change in the + + align:start position:0% +plasma here there's no change in the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma here there's no change in the +potential so there's no change in the + + align:start position:0% +potential so there's no change in the + + + align:start position:0% +potential so there's no change in the +electric field and so there's no + + align:start position:0% +electric field and so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and so there's no +difference uh in the number of charge + + align:start position:0% +difference uh in the number of charge + + + align:start position:0% +difference uh in the number of charge +carriers and I'm assuming that Z equals + + align:start position:0% +carriers and I'm assuming that Z equals + + + align:start position:0% +carriers and I'm assuming that Z equals +one here this is a hydrogenic plasma um + + align:start position:0% +one here this is a hydrogenic plasma um + + + align:start position:0% +one here this is a hydrogenic plasma um +just for Simplicity of course I can put + + align:start position:0% +just for Simplicity of course I can put + + + align:start position:0% +just for Simplicity of course I can put +Z back in if you want to make life more + + align:start position:0% +Z back in if you want to make life more + + + align:start position:0% +Z back in if you want to make life more +complicated then in the pre- sheath + + align:start position:0% +complicated then in the pre- sheath + + + align:start position:0% +complicated then in the pre- sheath +region this is a little bit subtle we + + align:start position:0% +region this is a little bit subtle we + + + align:start position:0% +region this is a little bit subtle we +saying like yeah the potential is + + align:start position:0% +saying like yeah the potential is + + + align:start position:0% +saying like yeah the potential is +changing but it's not changing that much + + align:start position:0% +changing but it's not changing that much + + + align:start position:0% +changing but it's not changing that much +like it's quasy neutral-ish so the + + align:start position:0% +like it's quasy neutral-ish so the + + + align:start position:0% +like it's quasy neutral-ish so the +density is going to turns out it drops a + + align:start position:0% +density is going to turns out it drops a + + + align:start position:0% +density is going to turns out it drops a +little bit but we're still going to say + + align:start position:0% +little bit but we're still going to say + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but we're still going to say +ne is roughly ni but it's now no longer + + align:start position:0% +ne is roughly ni but it's now no longer + + + align:start position:0% +ne is roughly ni but it's now no longer +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +Infinity again we can do that more + + align:start position:0% +Infinity again we can do that more + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity again we can do that more +rigorously if you look in the book uh + + align:start position:0% +rigorously if you look in the book uh + + + align:start position:0% +rigorously if you look in the book uh +for now we're just going to go with it + + align:start position:0% +for now we're just going to go with it + + + align:start position:0% +for now we're just going to go with it +and then finally this density + + align:start position:0% +and then finally this density + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally this density +splits so that we get the ion density + + align:start position:0% +splits so that we get the ion density + + + align:start position:0% +splits so that we get the ion density +and the electron density and this is + + align:start position:0% +and the electron density and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and the electron density and this is +happening because in this region where + + align:start position:0% +happening because in this region where + + + align:start position:0% +happening because in this region where +the potential is changing very fast we + + align:start position:0% +the potential is changing very fast we + + + align:start position:0% +the potential is changing very fast we +have strong electric fields we no longer + + align:start position:0% +have strong electric fields we no longer + + + align:start position:0% +have strong electric fields we no longer +have quasi neutrality we actually have + + align:start position:0% +have quasi neutrality we actually have + + + align:start position:0% +have quasi neutrality we actually have +electrons being repelled so there's + + align:start position:0% +electrons being repelled so there's + + + align:start position:0% +electrons being repelled so there's +fewer of them and uh we have plenty of + + align:start position:0% +fewer of them and uh we have plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +fewer of them and uh we have plenty of +ions here and so this uh picture is + + align:start position:0% +ions here and so this uh picture is + + + align:start position:0% +ions here and so this uh picture is +obviously applying in the region down + + align:start position:0% +obviously applying in the region down + + + align:start position:0% +obviously applying in the region down +where our probe is biased low enough + + align:start position:0% +where our probe is biased low enough + + + align:start position:0% +where our probe is biased low enough +that we're repelling ion electrons and + + align:start position:0% +that we're repelling ion electrons and + + + align:start position:0% +that we're repelling ion electrons and +we're Gathering ions and I'll justify + + align:start position:0% +we're Gathering ions and I'll justify + + + align:start position:0% +we're Gathering ions and I'll justify +that in a + + align:start position:0% +that in a + + + align:start position:0% +that in a +moment so this sheath forms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh uh let me just think + + align:start position:0% +oh uh let me just think + + + align:start position:0% +oh uh let me just think +rightness so we only get a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sheath when our v0 at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe is less + + align:start position:0% +probe is less + + + align:start position:0% +probe is less +than minus te over 2 e so that's T + + align:start position:0% +than minus te over 2 e so that's T + + + align:start position:0% +than minus te over 2 e so that's T +subscript e I'll try and write that a + + align:start position:0% +subscript e I'll try and write that a + + + align:start position:0% +subscript e I'll try and write that a +little bit more + + align:start position:0% +little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more +clearly this is the first result that is + + align:start position:0% +clearly this is the first result that is + + + align:start position:0% +clearly this is the first result that is +completely nor obvious I have not to + + align:start position:0% +completely nor obvious I have not to + + + align:start position:0% +completely nor obvious I have not to +right for this this is just true okay so + + align:start position:0% +right for this this is just true okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right for this this is just true okay so +we might think you know where are we + + align:start position:0% +we might think you know where are we + + + align:start position:0% +we might think you know where are we +going to get some of these Potentials in + + align:start position:0% +going to get some of these Potentials in + + + align:start position:0% +going to get some of these Potentials in +our system what does our system have + + align:start position:0% +our system what does our system have + + + align:start position:0% +our system what does our system have +well the only thing it's really got is a + + align:start position:0% +well the only thing it's really got is a + + + align:start position:0% +well the only thing it's really got is a +temperature right and we often measure + + align:start position:0% +temperature right and we often measure + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right and we often measure +the temperature in electron volts so you + + align:start position:0% +the temperature in electron volts so you + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature in electron volts so you +might be thinking to yourself aha maybe + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking to yourself aha maybe + + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking to yourself aha maybe +the voltages that are going to show up + + align:start position:0% +the voltages that are going to show up + + + align:start position:0% +the voltages that are going to show up +in this uh solution are going to be to + + align:start position:0% +in this uh solution are going to be to + + + align:start position:0% +in this uh solution are going to be to +do with the temperature of our plasma + + align:start position:0% +do with the temperature of our plasma + + + align:start position:0% +do with the temperature of our plasma +and you're right but the the factor of + + align:start position:0% +and you're right but the the factor of + + + align:start position:0% +and you're right but the the factor of +two that's not at all obvious it's just + + align:start position:0% +two that's not at all obvious it's just + + + align:start position:0% +two that's not at all obvious it's just +you know you can work it out okay and so + + align:start position:0% +you know you can work it out okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can work it out okay and so +we only get a sheath forming when we + + align:start position:0% +we only get a sheath forming when we + + + align:start position:0% +we only get a sheath forming when we +bias the probe sufficiently negative and + + align:start position:0% +bias the probe sufficiently negative and + + + align:start position:0% +bias the probe sufficiently negative and +that is because the voltage at the + + align:start position:0% +that is because the voltage at the + + + align:start position:0% +that is because the voltage at the +sheath so this vs here is exactly minus + + align:start position:0% +sheath so this vs here is exactly minus + + + align:start position:0% +sheath so this vs here is exactly minus +te over 2 e and so if you bias your + + align:start position:0% +te over 2 e and so if you bias your + + + align:start position:0% +te over 2 e and so if you bias your +probe above that potential uh you don't + + align:start position:0% +probe above that potential uh you don't + + + align:start position:0% +probe above that potential uh you don't +get a sheath forming all of this sheath + + align:start position:0% +get a sheath forming all of this sheath + + + align:start position:0% +get a sheath forming all of this sheath +physics falls apart here and later on + + align:start position:0% +physics falls apart here and later on + + + align:start position:0% +physics falls apart here and later on +we're going to show that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to show that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to show that +VF uh let me think how to write this + + align:start position:0% +VF uh let me think how to write this + + + align:start position:0% +VF uh let me think how to write this +properly we're going to show that v0 + + align:start position:0% +properly we're going to show that v0 + + + align:start position:0% +properly we're going to show that v0 +minus VF is about 3 te or so so this + + align:start position:0% +minus VF is about 3 te or so so this + + + align:start position:0% +minus VF is about 3 te or so so this +means that our probe has to be biased + + align:start position:0% +means that our probe has to be biased + + + align:start position:0% +means that our probe has to be biased +somewhere around about VF or at least uh + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around about VF or at least uh + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around about VF or at least uh +significantly lower than the pro uh than + + align:start position:0% +significantly lower than the pro uh than + + + align:start position:0% +significantly lower than the pro uh than +the plasma potential here so we're going + + align:start position:0% +the plasma potential here so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma potential here so we're going +to be operating near the floating point + + align:start position:0% +to be operating near the floating point + + + align:start position:0% +to be operating near the floating point +and there's other good reasons why we + + align:start position:0% +and there's other good reasons why we + + + align:start position:0% +and there's other good reasons why we +want to operate near that floating + + align:start position:0% +want to operate near that floating + + + align:start position:0% +want to operate near that floating +potential as well but skipping ahead + + align:start position:0% +potential as well but skipping ahead + + + align:start position:0% +potential as well but skipping ahead +that's just a preview there so those + + align:start position:0% +that's just a preview there so those + + + align:start position:0% +that's just a preview there so those +that's the the first fact that we now + + align:start position:0% +that's the the first fact that we now + + + align:start position:0% +that's the the first fact that we now +know is that our sheath is going to be + + align:start position:0% +know is that our sheath is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +know is that our sheath is going to be +at minus te over 2 e like that the next + + align:start position:0% +at minus te over 2 e like that the next + + + align:start position:0% +at minus te over 2 e like that the next +thing we're going to say is that the + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to say is that the + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to say is that the +ions are accelerated across the + + align:start position:0% +ions are accelerated across the + + + align:start position:0% +ions are accelerated across the +sheath + + align:start position:0% +sheath + + + align:start position:0% +sheath +so although we know the potential at the + + align:start position:0% +so although we know the potential at the + + + align:start position:0% +so although we know the potential at the +sheath the potential at the probe is + + align:start position:0% +sheath the potential at the probe is + + + align:start position:0% +sheath the potential at the probe is +still kind of arbitrary so this isn't + + align:start position:0% +still kind of arbitrary so this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +still kind of arbitrary so this isn't +particularly useful um but we can make + + align:start position:0% +particularly useful um but we can make + + + align:start position:0% +particularly useful um but we can make +use of the continuity equation to + + align:start position:0% +use of the continuity equation to + + + align:start position:0% +use of the continuity equation to +actually make some rather powerful + + align:start position:0% +actually make some rather powerful + + + align:start position:0% +actually make some rather powerful +arguments here so continuity is going to + + align:start position:0% +arguments here so continuity is going to + + + align:start position:0% +arguments here so continuity is going to +say that the flux of ions which are + + align:start position:0% +say that the flux of ions which are + + + align:start position:0% +say that the flux of ions which are +hitting the probe which is the quantity + + align:start position:0% +hitting the probe which is the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +hitting the probe which is the quantity +that we're measuring with our probe so + + align:start position:0% +that we're measuring with our probe so + + + align:start position:0% +that we're measuring with our probe so +this is NI at zero UI at zero that is + + align:start position:0% +this is NI at zero UI at zero that is + + + align:start position:0% +this is NI at zero UI at zero that is +simply going to be equal to the flux of + + align:start position:0% +simply going to be equal to the flux of + + + align:start position:0% +simply going to be equal to the flux of +ions which is crossing the sheath + + align:start position:0% +ions which is crossing the sheath + + + align:start position:0% +ions which is crossing the sheath +boundary here so NI at s and UI at s + + align:start position:0% +boundary here so NI at s and UI at s + + + align:start position:0% +boundary here so NI at s and UI at s +like this this is actually turns out to + + align:start position:0% +like this this is actually turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +like this this is actually turns out to +be very very powerful because it means + + align:start position:0% +be very very powerful because it means + + + align:start position:0% +be very very powerful because it means +we don't need to know what the density + + align:start position:0% +we don't need to know what the density + + + align:start position:0% +we don't need to know what the density +and the velocity are at the probe itself + + align:start position:0% +and the velocity are at the probe itself + + + align:start position:0% +and the velocity are at the probe itself +we just need to know what they are at + + align:start position:0% +we just need to know what they are at + + + align:start position:0% +we just need to know what they are at +the sheath and the reason that's useful + + align:start position:0% +the sheath and the reason that's useful + + + align:start position:0% +the sheath and the reason that's useful +is because we can write the + + align:start position:0% +is because we can write the + + + align:start position:0% +is because we can write the +density at the sheath here as roughly + + align:start position:0% +density at the sheath here as roughly + + + align:start position:0% +density at the sheath here as roughly +equal to the electron density of the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the electron density of the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the electron density of the +sheath remember we're in this quasi + + align:start position:0% +sheath remember we're in this quasi + + + align:start position:0% +sheath remember we're in this quasi +neutral regime + + align:start position:0% +neutral regime + + + align:start position:0% +neutral regime +kind of down to here and so at this + + align:start position:0% +kind of down to here and so at this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of down to here and so at this +point we're saying eh the potential drop + + align:start position:0% +point we're saying eh the potential drop + + + align:start position:0% +point we're saying eh the potential drop +is small enough that CA neutral so we + + align:start position:0% +is small enough that CA neutral so we + + + align:start position:0% +is small enough that CA neutral so we +can still use quing neutrality to write + + align:start position:0% +can still use quing neutrality to write + + + align:start position:0% +can still use quing neutrality to write +the ion density in terms of electron + + align:start position:0% +the ion density in terms of electron + + + align:start position:0% +the ion density in terms of electron +density and the electrons we're going to + + align:start position:0% +density and the electrons we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +density and the electrons we're going to +treat with a boltzman factor here so + + align:start position:0% +treat with a boltzman factor here so + + + align:start position:0% +treat with a boltzman factor here so +it's going to have the density that they + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have the density that they + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have the density that they +would have out in the bulk plasma but + + align:start position:0% +would have out in the bulk plasma but + + + align:start position:0% +would have out in the bulk plasma but +reduced by a factor of exponential e + + align:start position:0% +reduced by a factor of exponential e + + + align:start position:0% +reduced by a factor of exponential e +times the the sheath over te here and if + + align:start position:0% +times the the sheath over te here and if + + + align:start position:0% +times the the sheath over te here and if +we plug um the potential at the sheath + + align:start position:0% +we plug um the potential at the sheath + + + align:start position:0% +we plug um the potential at the sheath +in here we'll get n at Infinity + + align:start position:0% +in here we'll get n at Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +in here we'll get n at Infinity +exponential of minus a half and if + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus a half and if + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus a half and if +you're wondering what exponential ofus a + + align:start position:0% +you're wondering what exponential ofus a + + + align:start position:0% +you're wondering what exponential ofus a +half is it's about + + align:start position:0% +half is it's about + + + align:start position:0% +half is it's about +0.61 I'm going to leave it as + + align:start position:0% +0.61 I'm going to leave it as + + + align:start position:0% +0.61 I'm going to leave it as +exponential as minor half in all of + + align:start position:0% +exponential as minor half in all of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential as minor half in all of +these calculations just so you don't ask + + align:start position:0% +these calculations just so you don't ask + + + align:start position:0% +these calculations just so you don't ask +where the 0.61 come from but it is just + + align:start position:0% +where the 0.61 come from but it is just + + + align:start position:0% +where the 0.61 come from but it is just +.61 it's about a + + align:start position:0% +.61 it's about a + + + align:start position:0% +.61 it's about a +half I'm just going to keep pushing on + + align:start position:0% +half I'm just going to keep pushing on + + + align:start position:0% +half I'm just going to keep pushing on +with this and then I'll take questions + + align:start position:0% +with this and then I'll take questions + + + align:start position:0% +with this and then I'll take questions +because some of them may become clear + + align:start position:0% +because some of them may become clear + + + align:start position:0% +because some of them may become clear +the next thing we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +the next thing we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing we're going to do is +conservation of energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to assume that our ions + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to assume that our ions + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to assume that our ions +start off with a velocity of zero so let + + align:start position:0% +start off with a velocity of zero so let + + + align:start position:0% +start off with a velocity of zero so let +me rewrite that I move this over + + align:start position:0% +me rewrite that I move this over + + + align:start position:0% +me rewrite that I move this over +here I say that my ion velocity at + + align:start position:0% +here I say that my ion velocity at + + + align:start position:0% +here I say that my ion velocity at +Infinity is equal to zero so this is the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity is equal to zero so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity is equal to zero so this is the +cold ion approximation I talked about + + align:start position:0% +cold ion approximation I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +cold ion approximation I talked about +earlier we're going to be accelerating + + align:start position:0% +earlier we're going to be accelerating + + + align:start position:0% +earlier we're going to be accelerating +these ions up and so then we can say + + align:start position:0% +these ions up and so then we can say + + + align:start position:0% +these ions up and so then we can say +that the kinetic energy of the ions at + + align:start position:0% +that the kinetic energy of the ions at + + + align:start position:0% +that the kinetic energy of the ions at +the sheath so a half Mi UI of s squar is + + align:start position:0% +the sheath so a half Mi UI of s squar is + + + align:start position:0% +the sheath so a half Mi UI of s squar is +just going to be equal to the change of + + align:start position:0% +just going to be equal to the change of + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be equal to the change of +potential energy here which is e times + + align:start position:0% +potential energy here which is e times + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy here which is e times +the sheath potential remember we're + + align:start position:0% +the sheath potential remember we're + + + align:start position:0% +the sheath potential remember we're +referencing V at Infinity is zero so + + align:start position:0% +referencing V at Infinity is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +referencing V at Infinity is zero so +there should be like a minus V at + + align:start position:0% +there should be like a minus V at + + + align:start position:0% +there should be like a minus V at +Infinity here but that disappears yeah n + + align:start position:0% +Infinity here but that disappears yeah n + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity here but that disappears yeah n +see your + + align:start position:0% +see your + + + align:start position:0% +see your +hand are those dashes like bullet points + + align:start position:0% +hand are those dashes like bullet points + + + align:start position:0% +hand are those dashes like bullet points +or is that like a minus one half ah + + align:start position:0% +or is that like a minus one half ah + + + align:start position:0% +or is that like a minus one half ah +those are all bullet points I apologize + + align:start position:0% +those are all bullet points I apologize + + + align:start position:0% +those are all bullet points I apologize +okay thank yeah no worries it's a good + + align:start position:0% +okay thank yeah no worries it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank yeah no worries it's a good +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +Tada any remaining minuses are your + + align:start position:0% +Tada any remaining minuses are your + + + align:start position:0% +Tada any remaining minuses are your +problem okay good any other questions + + align:start position:0% +problem okay good any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay good any other questions +while we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paused okay um so from this we can then + + align:start position:0% +paused okay um so from this we can then + + + align:start position:0% +paused okay um so from this we can then +infer the velocity at the + + align:start position:0% +infer the velocity at the + + + align:start position:0% +infer the velocity at the +sheath is going to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +sheath is going to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +sheath is going to be equal to the +square < TK of te over Mi to the half + + align:start position:0% +square < TK of te over Mi to the half + + + align:start position:0% +square < TK of te over Mi to the half +where again I have just plugged in our + + align:start position:0% +where again I have just plugged in our + + + align:start position:0% +where again I have just plugged in our +sheath potential into + + align:start position:0% +sheath potential into + + + align:start position:0% +sheath potential into +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay this is rather good we're almost + + align:start position:0% +okay this is rather good we're almost + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is rather good we're almost +there um the final thing we might want + + align:start position:0% +there um the final thing we might want + + + align:start position:0% +there um the final thing we might want +to know is what is the velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the velocity of the +electrons at the probe surface so this + + align:start position:0% +electrons at the probe surface so this + + + align:start position:0% +electrons at the probe surface so this +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +be NE of zero and that would be equal to + + align:start position:0% +be NE of zero and that would be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +be NE of zero and that would be equal to +n infinity exponential minus ev0 over te + + align:start position:0% +n infinity exponential minus ev0 over te + + + align:start position:0% +n infinity exponential minus ev0 over te +so that's going to depend in this case + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to depend in this case + + + align:start position:0% +so that's going to depend in this case +for the electrons we're going to make it + + align:start position:0% +for the electrons we're going to make it + + + align:start position:0% +for the electrons we're going to make it +depend exactly on the um probe potential + + align:start position:0% +depend exactly on the um probe potential + + + align:start position:0% +depend exactly on the um probe potential +for the ions we made use of this trick + + align:start position:0% +for the ions we made use of this trick + + + align:start position:0% +for the ions we made use of this trick +using the continuity equation to avoid + + align:start position:0% +using the continuity equation to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +using the continuity equation to avoid +actually knowing what their density was + + align:start position:0% +actually knowing what their density was + + + align:start position:0% +actually knowing what their density was +at the probe because it's clearly no + + align:start position:0% +at the probe because it's clearly no + + + align:start position:0% +at the probe because it's clearly no +longer equal to the electrons and so we + + align:start position:0% +longer equal to the electrons and so we + + + align:start position:0% +longer equal to the electrons and so we +can't use the electron boltson equation + + align:start position:0% +can't use the electron boltson equation + + + align:start position:0% +can't use the electron boltson equation +of state in order to get it so you know + + align:start position:0% +of state in order to get it so you know + + + align:start position:0% +of state in order to get it so you know +we're going to put this together on the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put this together on the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put this together on the +next slide um but I just want to point + + align:start position:0% +next slide um but I just want to point + + + align:start position:0% +next slide um but I just want to point +out right now I think we have now + + align:start position:0% +out right now I think we have now + + + align:start position:0% +out right now I think we have now +written + + align:start position:0% +written + + + align:start position:0% +written +all of the quantities for the electrons + + align:start position:0% +all of the quantities for the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +all of the quantities for the electrons +and isons at the probe in terms of + + align:start position:0% +and isons at the probe in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +and isons at the probe in terms of +quantities uh in the bulk of the plasma + + align:start position:0% +quantities uh in the bulk of the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +quantities uh in the bulk of the plasma +so this is extremely powerful because we + + align:start position:0% +so this is extremely powerful because we + + + align:start position:0% +so this is extremely powerful because we +we can now use that relation I saw a + + align:start position:0% +we can now use that relation I saw a + + + align:start position:0% +we can now use that relation I saw a +comment in the chat here which I'm just + + align:start position:0% +comment in the chat here which I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +comment in the chat here which I'm just +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +read we assuming T is constant through + + align:start position:0% +read we assuming T is constant through + + + align:start position:0% +read we assuming T is constant through +the sheath we are assuming that t is + + align:start position:0% +the sheath we are assuming that t is + + + align:start position:0% +the sheath we are assuming that t is +constant through the sheath how is this + + align:start position:0% +constant through the sheath how is this + + + align:start position:0% +constant through the sheath how is this +apparent or valid for example keeping + + align:start position:0% +apparent or valid for example keeping + + + align:start position:0% +apparent or valid for example keeping +pressure constant I believe the electric + + align:start position:0% +pressure constant I believe the electric + + + align:start position:0% +pressure constant I believe the electric +field will contribute to the pressure + + align:start position:0% +field will contribute to the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +field will contribute to the pressure +balance here right and so that's going + + align:start position:0% +balance here right and so that's going + + + align:start position:0% +balance here right and so that's going +to you don't have to worry about just + + align:start position:0% +to you don't have to worry about just + + + align:start position:0% +to you don't have to worry about just +the thermal pressure being involved + + align:start position:0% +the thermal pressure being involved + + + align:start position:0% +the thermal pressure being involved +we've got electric Fields involved here + + align:start position:0% +we've got electric Fields involved here + + + align:start position:0% +we've got electric Fields involved here +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +well okay any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay so now if we have our + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so now if we have our + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so now if we have our +probe so this is for v0 less than T over + + align:start position:0% +probe so this is for v0 less than T over + + + align:start position:0% +probe so this is for v0 less than T over +2E which is the condition that all this + + align:start position:0% +2E which is the condition that all this + + + align:start position:0% +2E which is the condition that all this +sheath Theory requires and just just + + align:start position:0% +sheath Theory requires and just just + + + align:start position:0% +sheath Theory requires and just just +remember v0 here is V of the probe + + align:start position:0% +remember v0 here is V of the probe + + + align:start position:0% +remember v0 here is V of the probe +Hutchinson starts using v p here to mean + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson starts using v p here to mean + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson starts using v p here to mean +the voltage of the probe but then you + + align:start position:0% +the voltage of the probe but then you + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage of the probe but then you +might also think that's the voltage of + + align:start position:0% +might also think that's the voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +might also think that's the voltage of +the plasma and I find that very + + align:start position:0% +the plasma and I find that very + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma and I find that very +confusing so I'm writing it as v0 here + + align:start position:0% +confusing so I'm writing it as v0 here + + + align:start position:0% +confusing so I'm writing it as v0 here +but we can now say that the current that + + align:start position:0% +but we can now say that the current that + + + align:start position:0% +but we can now say that the current that +we draw so I + + align:start position:0% +we draw so I + + + align:start position:0% +we draw so I +drawn + + align:start position:0% +drawn + + + align:start position:0% +drawn +is and we can split it up into + + align:start position:0% +is and we can split it up into + + + align:start position:0% +is and we can split it up into +contributions from the ion current + + align:start position:0% +contributions from the ion current + + + align:start position:0% +contributions from the ion current +so this is just going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +so this is just going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just going to be equal to +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +etimes the area of the ions are passing + + align:start position:0% +etimes the area of the ions are passing + + + align:start position:0% +etimes the area of the ions are passing +through ni of Z + + align:start position:0% +through ni of Z + + + align:start position:0% +through ni of Z +UI of zero and we can just replace that + + align:start position:0% +UI of zero and we can just replace that + + + align:start position:0% +UI of zero and we can just replace that +with NI of s UI of s using continuity we + + align:start position:0% +with NI of s UI of s using continuity we + + + align:start position:0% +with NI of s UI of s using continuity we +had that on the previous page and I just + + align:start position:0% +had that on the previous page and I just + + + align:start position:0% +had that on the previous page and I just +want to point out when we previously + + align:start position:0% +want to point out when we previously + + + align:start position:0% +want to point out when we previously +wrote down this equation we had a factor + + align:start position:0% +wrote down this equation we had a factor + + + align:start position:0% +wrote down this equation we had a factor +of a quarter that quarters disappeared + + align:start position:0% +of a quarter that quarters disappeared + + + align:start position:0% +of a quarter that quarters disappeared +because in fact we have no random motion + + align:start position:0% +because in fact we have no random motion + + + align:start position:0% +because in fact we have no random motion +of our ions anymore we set their initial + + align:start position:0% +of our ions anymore we set their initial + + + align:start position:0% +of our ions anymore we set their initial +temperature equal to zero and so this is + + align:start position:0% +temperature equal to zero and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +temperature equal to zero and so this is +now all directed so our geometric factor + + align:start position:0% +now all directed so our geometric factor + + + align:start position:0% +now all directed so our geometric factor +is is not irrelevant because now all the + + align:start position:0% +is is not irrelevant because now all the + + + align:start position:0% +is is not irrelevant because now all the +ions are going in the same direction so + + align:start position:0% +ions are going in the same direction so + + + align:start position:0% +ions are going in the same direction so +previously it was a quarter to account + + align:start position:0% +previously it was a quarter to account + + + align:start position:0% +previously it was a quarter to account +for random motion now it's just one + + align:start position:0% +for random motion now it's just one + + + align:start position:0% +for random motion now it's just one +because they're directed like + + align:start position:0% +because they're directed like + + + align:start position:0% +because they're directed like +this and that means we can write down + + align:start position:0% +this and that means we can write down + + + align:start position:0% +this and that means we can write down +the ion current as minus the exponential + + align:start position:0% +the ion current as minus the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +the ion current as minus the exponential +of minus a half which is just + + align:start position:0% +of minus a half which is just + + + align:start position:0% +of minus a half which is just +0.61 the area times the electron charge + + align:start position:0% +0.61 the area times the electron charge + + + align:start position:0% +0.61 the area times the electron charge +times the electron ion density at + + align:start position:0% +times the electron ion density at + + + align:start position:0% +times the electron ion density at +infinity times their incoming velocity + + align:start position:0% +infinity times their incoming velocity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity times their incoming velocity +which is TE over Mi the power of a + + align:start position:0% +which is TE over Mi the power of a + + + align:start position:0% +which is TE over Mi the power of a +half just want to make a quick point + + align:start position:0% +half just want to make a quick point + + + align:start position:0% +half just want to make a quick point +that I'm not going to labor too much + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not going to labor too much + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm not going to labor too much +this area here is technically the area + + align:start position:0% +this area here is technically the area + + + align:start position:0% +this area here is technically the area +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +sheath however that is roughly the area + + align:start position:0% +sheath however that is roughly the area + + + align:start position:0% +sheath however that is roughly the area +of the probe with corrections on the + + align:start position:0% +of the probe with corrections on the + + + align:start position:0% +of the probe with corrections on the +order of Lambda d/ a + + align:start position:0% +order of Lambda d/ a + + + align:start position:0% +order of Lambda d/ a +and we found that Lambda D is tends to + + align:start position:0% +and we found that Lambda D is tends to + + + align:start position:0% +and we found that Lambda D is tends to +be very very small lamb D array tends to + + align:start position:0% +be very very small lamb D array tends to + + + align:start position:0% +be very very small lamb D array tends to +be very very small um so we don't really + + align:start position:0% +be very very small um so we don't really + + + align:start position:0% +be very very small um so we don't really +worry about those corrections but if you + + align:start position:0% +worry about those corrections but if you + + + align:start position:0% +worry about those corrections but if you +end up in a regime where that's not true + + align:start position:0% +end up in a regime where that's not true + + + align:start position:0% +end up in a regime where that's not true +you might want to worry about this a + + align:start position:0% +you might want to worry about this a + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to worry about this a +little bit more so that's the ion + + align:start position:0% +little bit more so that's the ion + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more so that's the ion +current any questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the electron current now is going + + align:start position:0% +that the electron current now is going + + + align:start position:0% +that the electron current now is going +to be our factor of a quarter coming + + align:start position:0% +to be our factor of a quarter coming + + + align:start position:0% +to be our factor of a quarter coming +back because the electrons are randomly + + align:start position:0% +back because the electrons are randomly + + + align:start position:0% +back because the electrons are randomly +moving some of them are being repelled + + align:start position:0% +moving some of them are being repelled + + + align:start position:0% +moving some of them are being repelled +but in general we're just dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +but in general we're just dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +but in general we're just dealing with a +random Maxwell in distribution function + + align:start position:0% +random Maxwell in distribution function + + + align:start position:0% +random Maxwell in distribution function +and then we have these factors of E and + + align:start position:0% +and then we have these factors of E and + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have these factors of E and +A and then we have the density at the + + align:start position:0% +A and then we have the density at the + + + align:start position:0% +A and then we have the density at the +probe and the velocity at the probe + + align:start position:0% +probe and the velocity at the probe + + + align:start position:0% +probe and the velocity at the probe +here um this a is is genuinely the area + + align:start position:0% +here um this a is is genuinely the area + + + align:start position:0% +here um this a is is genuinely the area +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +probe because we're working uh with the + + align:start position:0% +probe because we're working uh with the + + + align:start position:0% +probe because we're working uh with the +x coordinate set to zero at the the + + align:start position:0% +x coordinate set to zero at the the + + + align:start position:0% +x coordinate set to zero at the the +probe we worked out what the density was + + align:start position:0% +probe we worked out what the density was + + + align:start position:0% +probe we worked out what the density was +of a boltzman factor the thing that we + + align:start position:0% +of a boltzman factor the thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +of a boltzman factor the thing that we +didn't have is this and this is just + + align:start position:0% +didn't have is this and this is just + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have is this and this is just +going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maxwellian and so we'll use the standard + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian and so we'll use the standard + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian and so we'll use the standard +result from a Maxwell temperature here + + align:start position:0% +result from a Maxwell temperature here + + + align:start position:0% +result from a Maxwell temperature here +so this all comes out as a quarter time + + align:start position:0% +so this all comes out as a quarter time + + + align:start position:0% +so this all comes out as a quarter time +e n at + + align:start position:0% +e n at + + + align:start position:0% +e n at +Infinity exponential of e v0 over te and + + align:start position:0% +Infinity exponential of e v0 over te and + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity exponential of e v0 over te and +then there's this factor for the Maxum + + align:start position:0% +then there's this factor for the Maxum + + + align:start position:0% +then there's this factor for the Maxum +which is 2 time + + align:start position:0% +which is 2 time + + + align:start position:0% +which is 2 time +2te over Pi + + align:start position:0% +2te over Pi + + + align:start position:0% +2te over Pi +me to the half so slightly ugly but + + align:start position:0% +me to the half so slightly ugly but + + + align:start position:0% +me to the half so slightly ugly but +that's sort of like the average or the + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of like the average or the + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of like the average or the +mean velocity in a maxwellian + + align:start position:0% +mean velocity in a maxwellian + + + align:start position:0% +mean velocity in a maxwellian +distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and then we can put this together + + align:start position:0% +here and then we can put this together + + + align:start position:0% +here and then we can put this together +we can say that the total current that + + align:start position:0% +we can say that the total current that + + + align:start position:0% +we can say that the total current that +our probe is now drawing is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +our probe is now drawing is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +our probe is now drawing is equal to the +ion current plus the electron current + + align:start position:0% +ion current plus the electron current + + + align:start position:0% +ion current plus the electron current +and this is Hut son's + + align:start position:0% +and this is Hut son's + + + align:start position:0% +and this is Hut son's +equation oh gosh didn't update my notes + + align:start position:0% +equation oh gosh didn't update my notes + + + align:start position:0% +equation oh gosh didn't update my notes +so I don't have it but where's + + align:start position:0% +so I don't have it but where's + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't have it but where's +Hutchinson when you need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +him I don't have it straight away + + align:start position:0% +him I don't have it straight away + + + align:start position:0% +him I don't have it straight away +unfortunately here my memory of it is + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately here my memory of it is + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately here my memory of it is +it's equation 3. 2.23 and perhaps + + align:start position:0% +it's equation 3. 2.23 and perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +it's equation 3. 2.23 and perhaps +someone could check that while it's + + align:start position:0% +someone could check that while it's + + + align:start position:0% +someone could check that while it's + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +3229 yeah thank you very much appreciate + + align:start position:0% +3229 yeah thank you very much appreciate + + + align:start position:0% +3229 yeah thank you very much appreciate +it okay and it's this long thing so the + + align:start position:0% +it okay and it's this long thing so the + + + align:start position:0% +it okay and it's this long thing so the +reason I'm giving you the equation + + align:start position:0% +reason I'm giving you the equation + + + align:start position:0% +reason I'm giving you the equation +citation is if I make a mistake copying + + align:start position:0% +citation is if I make a mistake copying + + + align:start position:0% +citation is if I make a mistake copying +this down you should go refer to huton + + align:start position:0% +this down you should go refer to huton + + + align:start position:0% +this down you should go refer to huton +instead so what I've got is n infinity + + align:start position:0% +instead so what I've got is n infinity + + + align:start position:0% +instead so what I've got is n infinity +electron + + align:start position:0% +electron + + + align:start position:0% +electron +charge area of the probe square root of + + align:start position:0% +charge area of the probe square root of + + + align:start position:0% +charge area of the probe square root of +the electron temperature over the iron + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature over the iron + + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature over the iron +mass square root of electron temperature + + align:start position:0% +mass square root of electron temperature + + + align:start position:0% +mass square root of electron temperature +of the iron Mass + + align:start position:0% +of the iron Mass + + + align:start position:0% +of the iron Mass +and all of this is now times a component + + align:start position:0% +and all of this is now times a component + + + align:start position:0% +and all of this is now times a component +that's to do with the electrons which is + + align:start position:0% +that's to do with the electrons which is + + + align:start position:0% +that's to do with the electrons which is +a halftimes 2 m uh Mi I over Pi + + align:start position:0% +a halftimes 2 m uh Mi I over Pi + + + align:start position:0% +a halftimes 2 m uh Mi I over Pi +me to the half exponential EV v0 over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +te minus the ion contribution which is + + align:start position:0% +te minus the ion contribution which is + + + align:start position:0% +te minus the ion contribution which is +exponential of minus a half so this is e + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus a half so this is e + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus a half so this is e +minus this + + align:start position:0% +minus this + + + align:start position:0% +minus this +is ions here so this looks a little bit + + align:start position:0% +is ions here so this looks a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +is ions here so this looks a little bit +complicated but let's have a little + + align:start position:0% +complicated but let's have a little + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but let's have a little +think about it this ratio Mi Over Me Is + + align:start position:0% +think about it this ratio Mi Over Me Is + + + align:start position:0% +think about it this ratio Mi Over Me Is +large so that just depends on + + align:start position:0% +large so that just depends on + + + align:start position:0% +large so that just depends on +fundamental quantities but this + + align:start position:0% +fundamental quantities but this + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental quantities but this +exponential here is going to be small + + align:start position:0% +exponential here is going to be small + + + align:start position:0% +exponential here is going to be small +because we know that v0 is less than vs + + align:start position:0% +because we know that v0 is less than vs + + + align:start position:0% +because we know that v0 is less than vs +so it's less than minus te over 2E so + + align:start position:0% +so it's less than minus te over 2E so + + + align:start position:0% +so it's less than minus te over 2E so +this quantity here is going to be less + + align:start position:0% +this quantity here is going to be less + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity here is going to be less +than 0.6 and although this is large it's + + align:start position:0% +than 0.6 and although this is large it's + + + align:start position:0% +than 0.6 and although this is large it's +sort of large like 40 or so and we can + + align:start position:0% +sort of large like 40 or so and we can + + + align:start position:0% +sort of large like 40 or so and we can +imagine if we decrease the voltage on + + align:start position:0% +imagine if we decrease the voltage on + + + align:start position:0% +imagine if we decrease the voltage on +the probe even more the small thing is + + align:start position:0% +the probe even more the small thing is + + + align:start position:0% +the probe even more the small thing is +going to be small and the large thing is + + align:start position:0% +going to be small and the large thing is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be small and the large thing is +large and we can see how the electron + + align:start position:0% +large and we can see how the electron + + + align:start position:0% +large and we can see how the electron +current could be completely extinguished + + align:start position:0% +current could be completely extinguished + + + align:start position:0% +current could be completely extinguished +and we're left with just the ion + + align:start position:0% +and we're left with just the ion + + + align:start position:0% +and we're left with just the ion +currents yes + + align:start position:0% +currents yes + + + align:start position:0% +currents yes +strong in Hutchinson's version he has + + align:start position:0% +strong in Hutchinson's version he has + + + align:start position:0% +strong in Hutchinson's version he has +the ion term multiplied by the sheath + + align:start position:0% +the ion term multiplied by the sheath + + + align:start position:0% +the ion term multiplied by the sheath +area times the probe area are you just + + align:start position:0% +area times the probe area are you just + + + align:start position:0% +area times the probe area are you just +saying that that's about one yeah + + align:start position:0% +saying that that's about one yeah + + + align:start position:0% +saying that that's about one yeah +exactly so he puts in this ratio and + + align:start position:0% +exactly so he puts in this ratio and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so he puts in this ratio and +like I said it is kind of important but + + align:start position:0% +like I said it is kind of important but + + + align:start position:0% +like I said it is kind of important but +it's one of the things I'm glossing over + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the things I'm glossing over + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the things I'm glossing over +in this class but you're quite right + + align:start position:0% +in this class but you're quite right + + + align:start position:0% +in this class but you're quite right +it's like that's that's there I've just + + align:start position:0% +it's like that's that's there I've just + + + align:start position:0% +it's like that's that's there I've just +said area of the sheath over area of the + + align:start position:0% +said area of the sheath over area of the + + + align:start position:0% +said area of the sheath over area of the +probe equal to Unity got it thanks cool + + align:start position:0% +probe equal to Unity got it thanks cool + + + align:start position:0% +probe equal to Unity got it thanks cool +any other questions this is kind of like + + align:start position:0% +any other questions this is kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions this is kind of like +our big result we're now going to go use + + align:start position:0% +our big result we're now going to go use + + + align:start position:0% +our big result we're now going to go use +this to learn about what happens to Lang + + align:start position:0% +this to learn about what happens to Lang + + + align:start position:0% +this to learn about what happens to Lang +probes + + align:start position:0% +probes + + + align:start position:0% +probes +NY have + + align:start position:0% +NY have + + + align:start position:0% +NY have +we discussed how you find the area of + + align:start position:0% +we discussed how you find the area of + + + align:start position:0% +we discussed how you find the area of +the sheet or is that just or theoretical + + align:start position:0% +the sheet or is that just or theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +the sheet or is that just or theoretical +so what what I've said here is that the + + align:start position:0% +so what what I've said here is that the + + + align:start position:0% +so what what I've said here is that the +area of the sheath is basically the area + + align:start position:0% +area of the sheath is basically the area + + + align:start position:0% +area of the sheath is basically the area +of the probe yeah I mean I mean beyond + + align:start position:0% +of the probe yeah I mean I mean beyond + + + align:start position:0% +of the probe yeah I mean I mean beyond +that we we haven't discussed that + + align:start position:0% +that we we haven't discussed that + + + align:start position:0% +that we we haven't discussed that +there's a long discussion in Hutchinson + + align:start position:0% +there's a long discussion in Hutchinson + + + align:start position:0% +there's a long discussion in Hutchinson +about it effectively there are + + align:start position:0% +about it effectively there are + + + align:start position:0% +about it effectively there are +Corrections on the order of the Debby + + align:start position:0% +Corrections on the order of the Debby + + + align:start position:0% +Corrections on the order of the Debby +length to it which may or may not be + + align:start position:0% +length to it which may or may not be + + + align:start position:0% +length to it which may or may not be +important and it turns out if you bias + + align:start position:0% +important and it turns out if you bias + + + align:start position:0% +important and it turns out if you bias +the probe very negative deep into the + + align:start position:0% +the probe very negative deep into the + + + align:start position:0% +the probe very negative deep into the +ion saturation region the sheath + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation region the sheath + + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation region the sheath +actually continues to grow and so you + + align:start position:0% +actually continues to grow and so you + + + align:start position:0% +actually continues to grow and so you +continue to gather more and more ion + + align:start position:0% +continue to gather more and more ion + + + align:start position:0% +continue to gather more and more ion +current and that's one of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +current and that's one of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +current and that's one of the reasons +it's actually very hard to measure the + + align:start position:0% +it's actually very hard to measure the + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually very hard to measure the +ion saturation current because it's just + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current because it's just + + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current because it's just +like it's not like a flat ASM toote it's + + align:start position:0% +like it's not like a flat ASM toote it's + + + align:start position:0% +like it's not like a flat ASM toote it's +just like a slowly growing function so + + align:start position:0% +just like a slowly growing function so + + + align:start position:0% +just like a slowly growing function so +if you ever sit down and work with Lang + + align:start position:0% +if you ever sit down and work with Lang + + + align:start position:0% +if you ever sit down and work with Lang +probe data any of you you'll find it + + align:start position:0% +probe data any of you you'll find it + + + align:start position:0% +probe data any of you you'll find it +incredibly frustrating because all the + + align:start position:0% +incredibly frustrating because all the + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly frustrating because all the +stuff in the textbooks doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +stuff in the textbooks doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in the textbooks doesn't really +work and last time we did this we did + + align:start position:0% +work and last time we did this we did + + + align:start position:0% +work and last time we did this we did +have some uh langid probe data to + + align:start position:0% +have some uh langid probe data to + + + align:start position:0% +have some uh langid probe data to +analyze but you know I thought you guys + + align:start position:0% +analyze but you know I thought you guys + + + align:start position:0% +analyze but you know I thought you guys +would prefer to have four problem sets + + align:start position:0% +would prefer to have four problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +would prefer to have four problem sets +and five and so I cut it this time if + + align:start position:0% +and five and so I cut it this time if + + + align:start position:0% +and five and so I cut it this time if +anyone's like give me that Lang probe + + align:start position:0% +anyone's like give me that Lang probe + + + align:start position:0% +anyone's like give me that Lang probe +data I'll happily send it across you can + + align:start position:0% +data I'll happily send it across you can + + + align:start position:0% +data I'll happily send it across you can +have a play with it it's from diis + + align:start position:0% +have a play with it it's from diis + + + align:start position:0% +have a play with it it's from diis +switches Kevin Waller's machine across + + align:start position:0% +switches Kevin Waller's machine across + + + align:start position:0% +switches Kevin Waller's machine across +the street at nw14 or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whatever okay so let's just check that + + align:start position:0% +whatever okay so let's just check that + + + align:start position:0% +whatever okay so let's just check that +this long equation matches what we + + align:start position:0% +this long equation matches what we + + + align:start position:0% +this long equation matches what we +thought we were going to get so if we + + align:start position:0% +thought we were going to get so if we + + + align:start position:0% +thought we were going to get so if we +put uh v0 much much less than minus te + + align:start position:0% +put uh v0 much much less than minus te + + + align:start position:0% +put uh v0 much much less than minus te +over 2E we're going to get no electron + + align:start position:0% +over 2E we're going to get no electron + + + align:start position:0% +over 2E we're going to get no electron +current that's due to this exponential + + align:start position:0% +current that's due to this exponential + + + align:start position:0% +current that's due to this exponential +here is just going to uh go to zero and + + align:start position:0% +here is just going to uh go to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +here is just going to uh go to zero and +so I is going to be roughly equal to the + + align:start position:0% +so I is going to be roughly equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +so I is going to be roughly equal to the +ion saturation current the ion + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current the ion + + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current the ion +saturation current we can now see is the + + align:start position:0% +saturation current we can now see is the + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current we can now see is the +density at Infinity e times the area of + + align:start position:0% +density at Infinity e times the area of + + + align:start position:0% +density at Infinity e times the area of +the probe te over Mi so the half + + align:start position:0% +the probe te over Mi so the half + + + align:start position:0% +the probe te over Mi so the half +exponential minus a half so that's cool + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus a half so that's cool + + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus a half so that's cool +because we know all of those parameters + + align:start position:0% +because we know all of those parameters + + + align:start position:0% +because we know all of those parameters +apart from the density and the + + align:start position:0% +apart from the density and the + + + align:start position:0% +apart from the density and the +temperature and those are things we want + + align:start position:0% +temperature and those are things we want + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and those are things we want +to measure so we can't work out from the + + align:start position:0% +to measure so we can't work out from the + + + align:start position:0% +to measure so we can't work out from the +ion saturation current exactly the + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current exactly the +density the temperature but we know like + + align:start position:0% +density the temperature but we know like + + + align:start position:0% +density the temperature but we know like +the density times the square root of + + align:start position:0% +the density times the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +the density times the square root of +temperature so maybe if we can find out + + align:start position:0% +temperature so maybe if we can find out + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so maybe if we can find out +the temperature from somewhere else uh + + align:start position:0% +the temperature from somewhere else uh + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature from somewhere else uh +we can crack this whole thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +open uh I keep clicking on the wrong + + align:start position:0% +open uh I keep clicking on the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +open uh I keep clicking on the wrong +monitor because I've got basically the + + align:start position:0% +monitor because I've got basically the + + + align:start position:0% +monitor because I've got basically the +same thing shown on three monitors so + + align:start position:0% +same thing shown on three monitors so + + + align:start position:0% +same thing shown on three monitors so +now I've moved on to my next set of + + align:start position:0% +now I've moved on to my next set of + + + align:start position:0% +now I've moved on to my next set of +slides but before we go on to + + align:start position:0% +slides but before we go on to + + + align:start position:0% +slides but before we go on to +interpreting the probes and actually + + align:start position:0% +interpreting the probes and actually + + + align:start position:0% +interpreting the probes and actually +measuring density and temperature does + + align:start position:0% +measuring density and temperature does + + + align:start position:0% +measuring density and temperature does +anyone have any further questions on + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any further questions on + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any further questions on +this key + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so now we're going to go on to + + align:start position:0% +right so now we're going to go on to + + + align:start position:0% +right so now we're going to go on to +interpretation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probes so let's have a little drawing of + + align:start position:0% +probes so let's have a little drawing of + + + align:start position:0% +probes so let's have a little drawing of +our probe it's going to have uh some + + align:start position:0% +our probe it's going to have uh some + + + align:start position:0% +our probe it's going to have uh some +sort of a tip like this that tip is + + align:start position:0% +sort of a tip like this that tip is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a tip like this that tip is +going to be surrounded by some sort of + + align:start position:0% +going to be surrounded by some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be surrounded by some sort of +insulator and then that in turn is going + + align:start position:0% +insulator and then that in turn is going + + + align:start position:0% +insulator and then that in turn is going +to be surrounded by some sort of Shield + + align:start position:0% +to be surrounded by some sort of Shield + + + align:start position:0% +to be surrounded by some sort of Shield +so this is a a cutaway here uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +so this is a a cutaway here uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a a cutaway here uh it's a +cutaway of a sort of coaxial geometry + + align:start position:0% +cutaway of a sort of coaxial geometry + + + align:start position:0% +cutaway of a sort of coaxial geometry +insulator and tip and if I draw this + + align:start position:0% +insulator and tip and if I draw this + + + align:start position:0% +insulator and tip and if I draw this +face on it looks like as I said + + align:start position:0% +face on it looks like as I said + + + align:start position:0% +face on it looks like as I said +coaxial something like + + align:start position:0% +coaxial something like + + + align:start position:0% +coaxial something like +this so you can have a lot of fun making + + align:start position:0% +this so you can have a lot of fun making + + + align:start position:0% +this so you can have a lot of fun making +langar probes but they are fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +langar probes but they are fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +langar probes but they are fundamentally +little bits of cutof coax cable + + align:start position:0% +little bits of cutof coax cable + + + align:start position:0% +little bits of cutof coax cable +and there's some reasons why you might + + align:start position:0% +and there's some reasons why you might + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some reasons why you might +want to use them made out of certain + + align:start position:0% +want to use them made out of certain + + + align:start position:0% +want to use them made out of certain +materials so we tend to want to + + align:start position:0% +materials so we tend to want to + + + align:start position:0% +materials so we tend to want to +work near the floating potential so we + + align:start position:0% +work near the floating potential so we + + + align:start position:0% +work near the floating potential so we +want to have + + align:start position:0% +want to have + + + align:start position:0% +want to have +VF uh our probe voltage be zero close to + + align:start position:0% +VF uh our probe voltage be zero close to + + + align:start position:0% +VF uh our probe voltage be zero close to +VF there's two reasons for that the + + align:start position:0% +VF there's two reasons for that the + + + align:start position:0% +VF there's two reasons for that the +first of all as we've seen is that we + + align:start position:0% +first of all as we've seen is that we + + + align:start position:0% +first of all as we've seen is that we +actually have good theory here we have + + align:start position:0% +actually have good theory here we have + + + align:start position:0% +actually have good theory here we have +the sheath Theory we don't really know + + align:start position:0% +the sheath Theory we don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +the sheath Theory we don't really know +what the theory looks like in other + + align:start position:0% +what the theory looks like in other + + + align:start position:0% +what the theory looks like in other +places maybe we could go work it out + + align:start position:0% +places maybe we could go work it out + + + align:start position:0% +places maybe we could go work it out +maybe we couldn't um so it's nice to + + align:start position:0% +maybe we couldn't um so it's nice to + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we couldn't um so it's nice to +work near the floating potential + + align:start position:0% +work near the floating potential + + + align:start position:0% +work near the floating potential +the other reason is that it limits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +currents and actually this is a big + + align:start position:0% +currents and actually this is a big + + + align:start position:0% +currents and actually this is a big +problem because if you draw a large + + align:start position:0% +problem because if you draw a large + + + align:start position:0% +problem because if you draw a large +current you get large heating or so + + align:start position:0% +current you get large heating or so + + + align:start position:0% +current you get large heating or so +let's say this avoids + + align:start position:0% +let's say this avoids + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this avoids +heating because if you're sticking your + + align:start position:0% +heating because if you're sticking your + + + align:start position:0% +heating because if you're sticking your +probe inside a plasma it's already going + + align:start position:0% +probe inside a plasma it's already going + + + align:start position:0% +probe inside a plasma it's already going +to get hot and if you start drawing a + + align:start position:0% +to get hot and if you start drawing a + + + align:start position:0% +to get hot and if you start drawing a +large amount of current it's going to + + align:start position:0% +large amount of current it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +large amount of current it's going to +get even hotter so you don't really want + + align:start position:0% +get even hotter so you don't really want + + + align:start position:0% +get even hotter so you don't really want +to work in the electron saturation + + align:start position:0% +to work in the electron saturation + + + align:start position:0% +to work in the electron saturation +current region where the current is huge + + align:start position:0% +current region where the current is huge + + + align:start position:0% +current region where the current is huge +you want to work down where the current + + align:start position:0% +you want to work down where the current + + + align:start position:0% +you want to work down where the current +is is basically zero uh to avoid melting + + align:start position:0% +is is basically zero uh to avoid melting + + + align:start position:0% +is is basically zero uh to avoid melting +this even then you're going to be making + + align:start position:0% +this even then you're going to be making + + + align:start position:0% +this even then you're going to be making +the tip of this out of something like + + align:start position:0% +the tip of this out of something like + + + align:start position:0% +the tip of this out of something like +tungsten which has a very high melting + + align:start position:0% +tungsten which has a very high melting + + + align:start position:0% +tungsten which has a very high melting +point your insulator is going to be some + + align:start position:0% +point your insulator is going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +point your insulator is going to be some +sort of custom ceramic and your Shield + + align:start position:0% +sort of custom ceramic and your Shield + + + align:start position:0% +sort of custom ceramic and your Shield +will probably be tungsten as well so you + + align:start position:0% +will probably be tungsten as well so you + + + align:start position:0% +will probably be tungsten as well so you +have to design these things very very + + align:start position:0% +have to design these things very very + + + align:start position:0% +have to design these things very very +carefully not to melt um cool so what + + align:start position:0% +carefully not to melt um cool so what + + + align:start position:0% +carefully not to melt um cool so what +we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to +sweep v z near the F so you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +sweep v z near the F so you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +sweep v z near the F so you can imagine +that we have control over the potential + + align:start position:0% +that we have control over the potential + + + align:start position:0% +that we have control over the potential +of our probe with some power supply and + + align:start position:0% +of our probe with some power supply and + + + align:start position:0% +of our probe with some power supply and +we measure uh the current through that + + align:start position:0% +we measure uh the current through that + + + align:start position:0% +we measure uh the current through that +so this little circuit is we've got our + + align:start position:0% +so this little circuit is we've got our + + + align:start position:0% +so this little circuit is we've got our +probe and our little + + align:start position:0% +probe and our little + + + align:start position:0% +probe and our little +plasma and we've got some sort of + + align:start position:0% +plasma and we've got some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +plasma and we've got some sort of +resistor over which we measure the + + align:start position:0% +resistor over which we measure the + + + align:start position:0% +resistor over which we measure the +current and we have some sort of uh bias + + align:start position:0% +current and we have some sort of uh bias + + + align:start position:0% +current and we have some sort of uh bias +that we're biasing the probe to so this + + align:start position:0% +that we're biasing the probe to so this + + + align:start position:0% +that we're biasing the probe to so this +is i z and this is v0 here and we're + + align:start position:0% +is i z and this is v0 here and we're + + + align:start position:0% +is i z and this is v0 here and we're +going to be near the floating potential + + align:start position:0% +going to be near the floating potential + + + align:start position:0% +going to be near the floating potential +and if we go back to the equation that + + align:start position:0% +and if we go back to the equation that + + + align:start position:0% +and if we go back to the equation that +we had back here and we set the current + + align:start position:0% +we had back here and we set the current + + + align:start position:0% +we had back here and we set the current +equal to zero so if we say I equal Z we + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so if we say I equal Z we + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so if we say I equal Z we +can rearrange this and we can find out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the electron charge times the + + align:start position:0% +that the electron charge times the + + + align:start position:0% +that the electron charge times the +floating potential which we're operating + + align:start position:0% +floating potential which we're operating + + + align:start position:0% +floating potential which we're operating +near over the electron temperature is + + align:start position:0% +near over the electron temperature is + + + align:start position:0% +near over the electron temperature is +going to be equal to a half times the + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to a half times the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to a half times the +natural logarithm of 2 pi me over Mi + + align:start position:0% +natural logarithm of 2 pi me over Mi + + + align:start position:0% +natural logarithm of 2 pi me over Mi +I minus one + + align:start position:0% +I minus one + + + align:start position:0% +I minus one +all in Brackets okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +all in Brackets okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +all in Brackets okay so this is a +vaguely complicated looking expression + + align:start position:0% +vaguely complicated looking expression + + + align:start position:0% +vaguely complicated looking expression +but of course the only things that + + align:start position:0% +but of course the only things that + + + align:start position:0% +but of course the only things that +matter in here are the electron mass and + + align:start position:0% +matter in here are the electron mass and + + + align:start position:0% +matter in here are the electron mass and +the ion mass and if you put those in for + + align:start position:0% +the ion mass and if you put those in for + + + align:start position:0% +the ion mass and if you put those in for +something like hydrogen you get about + + align:start position:0% +something like hydrogen you get about + + + align:start position:0% +something like hydrogen you get about +three here okay um and of course it + + align:start position:0% +three here okay um and of course it + + + align:start position:0% +three here okay um and of course it +doesn't matter if it's not really + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter if it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter if it's not really +hydrogen because we've got a natural + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen because we've got a natural + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen because we've got a natural +logarithm here so it sort of changes + + align:start position:0% +logarithm here so it sort of changes + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm here so it sort of changes +slowly um the point here is that this + + align:start position:0% +slowly um the point here is that this + + + align:start position:0% +slowly um the point here is that this +says that your floating + + align:start position:0% +says that your floating + + + align:start position:0% +says that your floating +potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VF e times VF at least is about + + align:start position:0% +VF e times VF at least is about + + + align:start position:0% +VF e times VF at least is about +three temperature units so if your + + align:start position:0% +three temperature units so if your + + + align:start position:0% +three temperature units so if your +temperature is one electron volt then + + align:start position:0% +temperature is one electron volt then + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is one electron volt then +your floating potential is about one + + align:start position:0% +your floating potential is about one + + + align:start position:0% +your floating potential is about one +volt uh three + + align:start position:0% +volt uh three + + + align:start position:0% +volt uh three +volts that sounds super useful but it's + + align:start position:0% +volts that sounds super useful but it's + + + align:start position:0% +volts that sounds super useful but it's +not why is it not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +useful we've measured F by sweeping it + + align:start position:0% +useful we've measured F by sweeping it + + + align:start position:0% +useful we've measured F by sweeping it +there and now from this we've got the + + align:start position:0% +there and now from this we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +there and now from this we've got the +temperature this is + + align:start position:0% +temperature this is + + + align:start position:0% +temperature this is +incredible yeah but doesn't that just + + align:start position:0% +incredible yeah but doesn't that just + + + align:start position:0% +incredible yeah but doesn't that just +cancel itself back out in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation um I'm not sure it does that uh + + align:start position:0% +equation um I'm not sure it does that uh + + + align:start position:0% +equation um I'm not sure it does that uh +you maybe you're thinking about this in + + align:start position:0% +you maybe you're thinking about this in + + + align:start position:0% +you maybe you're thinking about this in +the right way I mean the question would + + align:start position:0% +the right way I mean the question would + + + align:start position:0% +the right way I mean the question would +be VF relative to what right we had this + + align:start position:0% +be VF relative to what right we had this + + + align:start position:0% +be VF relative to what right we had this +whole debate at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +start so you know you measure VF in your + + align:start position:0% +start so you know you measure VF in your + + + align:start position:0% +start so you know you measure VF in your +lab as 10 + + align:start position:0% +lab as 10 + + + align:start position:0% +lab as 10 +volts + + align:start position:0% +volts + + + align:start position:0% +volts +but you don't know what the in the + + align:start position:0% +but you don't know what the in the + + + align:start position:0% +but you don't know what the in the +plasma is so you not don't know whether + + align:start position:0% +plasma is so you not don't know whether + + + align:start position:0% +plasma is so you not don't know whether +the 10 volts that you're measuring + + align:start position:0% +the 10 volts that you're measuring + + + align:start position:0% +the 10 volts that you're measuring +what's that reference to well that's + + align:start position:0% +what's that reference to well that's + + + align:start position:0% +what's that reference to well that's +reference to your building ground but + + align:start position:0% +reference to your building ground but + + + align:start position:0% +reference to your building ground but +you need to have VF reference to uh the + + align:start position:0% +you need to have VF reference to uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have VF reference to uh the +plasma potential and you don't know the + + align:start position:0% +plasma potential and you don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma potential and you don't know the +plasma potential so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +plasma potential so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +plasma potential so this is actually +pretty useless so + + align:start position:0% +pretty useless so + + + align:start position:0% +pretty useless so +without the plasma we have no + + align:start position:0% +without the plasma we have no + + + align:start position:0% +without the plasma we have no +reference for + + align:start position:0% +reference for + + + align:start position:0% +reference for +VF this is useless + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you could try and do it if you remember + + align:start position:0% +you could try and do it if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +you could try and do it if you remember +if I go all the way back in my notes to + + align:start position:0% +if I go all the way back in my notes to + + + align:start position:0% +if I go all the way back in my notes to +my little sketch here you could say well + + align:start position:0% +my little sketch here you could say well + + + align:start position:0% +my little sketch here you could say well +look I can measure VF down here as where + + align:start position:0% +look I can measure VF down here as where + + + align:start position:0% +look I can measure VF down here as where +the current goes to + + align:start position:0% +the current goes to + + + align:start position:0% +the current goes to +zero and then I could measure the + + align:start position:0% +zero and then I could measure the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then I could measure the +distance the volts between VF and VP + + align:start position:0% +distance the volts between VF and VP + + + align:start position:0% +distance the volts between VF and VP +here V plasma and I'll Define V plasma + + align:start position:0% +here V plasma and I'll Define V plasma + + + align:start position:0% +here V plasma and I'll Define V plasma +as when the electron saturation current + + align:start position:0% +as when the electron saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +as when the electron saturation current +happens so when this curve rolls over + + align:start position:0% +happens so when this curve rolls over + + + align:start position:0% +happens so when this curve rolls over +and starts to saturate I'll call that + + align:start position:0% +and starts to saturate I'll call that + + + align:start position:0% +and starts to saturate I'll call that +plasma and the difference here that'll + + align:start position:0% +plasma and the difference here that'll + + + align:start position:0% +plasma and the difference here that'll +be Delta VF and that'll be three times + + align:start position:0% +be Delta VF and that'll be three times + + + align:start position:0% +be Delta VF and that'll be three times +the electron temperature so you can do + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature so you can do +it crudely like that the trouble is that + + align:start position:0% +it crudely like that the trouble is that + + + align:start position:0% +it crudely like that the trouble is that +as I've sketched it here this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +as I've sketched it here this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +as I've sketched it here this doesn't +really roll off it actually just keeps + + align:start position:0% +really roll off it actually just keeps + + + align:start position:0% +really roll off it actually just keeps +going up like that and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +going up like that and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +going up like that and if you look at +some real data it's usually even worse + + align:start position:0% +some real data it's usually even worse + + + align:start position:0% +some real data it's usually even worse +than that so it's a super inaccurate way + + align:start position:0% +than that so it's a super inaccurate way + + + align:start position:0% +than that so it's a super inaccurate way +of measuring the temperature but you + + align:start position:0% +of measuring the temperature but you + + + align:start position:0% +of measuring the temperature but you +know you could use it it's it's fine the + + align:start position:0% +know you could use it it's it's fine the + + + align:start position:0% +know you could use it it's it's fine the +other problem of course is you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +other problem of course is you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +other problem of course is you'd have to +bias your probe into the electron + + align:start position:0% +bias your probe into the electron + + + align:start position:0% +bias your probe into the electron +saturation region and risk it melting so + + align:start position:0% +saturation region and risk it melting so + + + align:start position:0% +saturation region and risk it melting so +like good reasons why you wouldn't want + + align:start position:0% +like good reasons why you wouldn't want + + + align:start position:0% +like good reasons why you wouldn't want +to do this technique um but maybe you + + align:start position:0% +to do this technique um but maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +to do this technique um but maybe you +want to if you're desperate but don't + + align:start position:0% +want to if you're desperate but don't + + + align:start position:0% +want to if you're desperate but don't +worry there's still better things we can + + align:start position:0% +worry there's still better things we can + + + align:start position:0% +worry there's still better things we can +do so again we could + + align:start position:0% +do so again we could + + + align:start position:0% +do so again we could +use VP at I equals the ion the electron + + align:start position:0% +use VP at I equals the ion the electron + + + align:start position:0% +use VP at I equals the ion the electron +saturation current um but that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inaccurate so we don't tend to do that + + align:start position:0% +inaccurate so we don't tend to do that + + + align:start position:0% +inaccurate so we don't tend to do that +what we do instead is an alternative + + align:start position:0% +what we do instead is an alternative + + + align:start position:0% +what we do instead is an alternative +technique where we look at this equation + + align:start position:0% +technique where we look at this equation + + + align:start position:0% +technique where we look at this equation +very hard and we think to ourselves hm + + align:start position:0% +very hard and we think to ourselves hm + + + align:start position:0% +very hard and we think to ourselves hm +how does I change with v0 here so we can + + align:start position:0% +how does I change with v0 here so we can + + + align:start position:0% +how does I change with v0 here so we can +write down analytically Di + + align:start position:0% +write down analytically Di + + + align:start position:0% +write down analytically Di +dv0 and maybe we want to do this sort of + + align:start position:0% +dv0 and maybe we want to do this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +dv0 and maybe we want to do this sort of +around about the floating potential here + + align:start position:0% +around about the floating potential here + + + align:start position:0% +around about the floating potential here +because that's where we want to operate + + align:start position:0% +because that's where we want to operate + + + align:start position:0% +because that's where we want to operate +where we've got all our nice sheath + + align:start position:0% +where we've got all our nice sheath + + + align:start position:0% +where we've got all our nice sheath +Theory where we've got our nice + + align:start position:0% +Theory where we've got our nice + + + align:start position:0% +Theory where we've got our nice +equations and we find out that what we + + align:start position:0% +equations and we find out that what we + + + align:start position:0% +equations and we find out that what we +get out is e over T * IUS + + align:start position:0% +get out is e over T * IUS + + + align:start position:0% +get out is e over T * IUS +the ion saturation current here now when + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current here now when + + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current here now when +you do this you also get a little term + + align:start position:0% +you do this you also get a little term + + + align:start position:0% +you do this you also get a little term +that looks like how does the ion + + align:start position:0% +that looks like how does the ion + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like how does the ion +saturation current change of the probe + + align:start position:0% +saturation current change of the probe + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current change of the probe +potential and this is due to the fact + + align:start position:0% +potential and this is due to the fact + + + align:start position:0% +potential and this is due to the fact +that the AA of the sheath is not exactly + + align:start position:0% +that the AA of the sheath is not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +that the AA of the sheath is not exactly +equal to the area of the probe but for + + align:start position:0% +equal to the area of the probe but for + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the area of the probe but for +our purposes we're going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +our purposes we're going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +our purposes we're going to assume that +that is negligible so we're just going + + align:start position:0% +that is negligible so we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +that is negligible so we're just going +to set that extra term equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +to set that extra term equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +to set that extra term equal to zero +here and if you look at the first term + + align:start position:0% +here and if you look at the first term + + + align:start position:0% +here and if you look at the first term +and you think about how to rearrange + + align:start position:0% +and you think about how to rearrange + + + align:start position:0% +and you think about how to rearrange +this you can see that the electron + + align:start position:0% +this you can see that the electron + + + align:start position:0% +this you can see that the electron +temperature then can be written as e * + + align:start position:0% +temperature then can be written as e * + + + align:start position:0% +temperature then can be written as e * +IUS i s i and that is divided + + align:start position:0% +IUS i s i and that is divided + + + align:start position:0% +IUS i s i and that is divided +by d d v0 like this and so if we look + + align:start position:0% +by d d v0 like this and so if we look + + + align:start position:0% +by d d v0 like this and so if we look +again at our + + align:start position:0% +again at our + + + align:start position:0% +again at our +plot of our IV characteristic for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe where we have floating potential + + align:start position:0% +probe where we have floating potential + + + align:start position:0% +probe where we have floating potential +here and and we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have the plasma potential up here and + + align:start position:0% +have the plasma potential up here and + + + align:start position:0% +have the plasma potential up here and +the electron saturation and the ion + + align:start position:0% +the electron saturation and the ion + + + align:start position:0% +the electron saturation and the ion +saturation we're working with the slope + + align:start position:0% +saturation we're working with the slope + + + align:start position:0% +saturation we're working with the slope +of the curve in this point here and what + + align:start position:0% +of the curve in this point here and what + + + align:start position:0% +of the curve in this point here and what +we want to do is a two-step process + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is a two-step process + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is a two-step process +where first of all we fit the natural + + align:start position:0% +where first of all we fit the natural + + + align:start position:0% +where first of all we fit the natural +logarithm of IUS i i + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of IUS i i + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of IUS i i +s versus v0 and that is going to give us + + align:start position:0% +s versus v0 and that is going to give us + + + align:start position:0% +s versus v0 and that is going to give us +the electron temperature so you can + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature so you can + + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature so you can +probably just stare at the equation of + + align:start position:0% +probably just stare at the equation of + + + align:start position:0% +probably just stare at the equation of +the electron temperature and see where + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature and see where + + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature and see where +that comes from and then once you got + + align:start position:0% +that comes from and then once you got + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from and then once you got +the electron temperature we can + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature we can + + + align:start position:0% +the electron temperature we can +measure the ion saturation as well and + + align:start position:0% +measure the ion saturation as well and + + + align:start position:0% +measure the ion saturation as well and +we know that the ion saturation current + + align:start position:0% +we know that the ion saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the ion saturation current +is equal to exponential of minus a half + + align:start position:0% +is equal to exponential of minus a half + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to exponential of minus a half +e a0 n + + align:start position:0% +e a0 n + + + align:start position:0% +e a0 n +infinity te over Mi to the half we've + + align:start position:0% +infinity te over Mi to the half we've + + + align:start position:0% +infinity te over Mi to the half we've +just measured te from this so now we can + + align:start position:0% +just measured te from this so now we can + + + align:start position:0% +just measured te from this so now we can +measure density so we need to measure + + align:start position:0% +measure density so we need to measure + + + align:start position:0% +measure density so we need to measure +the slope here and we need to measure + + align:start position:0% +the slope here and we need to measure + + + align:start position:0% +the slope here and we need to measure +the ion saturation current and we can do + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current and we can do + + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current and we can do +that just + + align:start position:0% +that just + + + align:start position:0% +that just +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +Sweeping v0 in this narrow range here + + align:start position:0% +Sweeping v0 in this narrow range here + + + align:start position:0% +Sweeping v0 in this narrow range here +from the ion saturation current up to + + align:start position:0% +from the ion saturation current up to + + + align:start position:0% +from the ion saturation current up to +just above the floating potential and we + + align:start position:0% +just above the floating potential and we + + + align:start position:0% +just above the floating potential and we +never draw very much current because the + + align:start position:0% +never draw very much current because the + + + align:start position:0% +never draw very much current because the +iron saturation current is very very low + + align:start position:0% +iron saturation current is very very low + + + align:start position:0% +iron saturation current is very very low +and that gives us out the temperature + + align:start position:0% +and that gives us out the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +and that gives us out the temperature +and the density which is pretty + + align:start position:0% +and the density which is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +and the density which is pretty +remarkable + + align:start position:0% +remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable +for something that we've just stuck in + + align:start position:0% +for something that we've just stuck in + + + align:start position:0% +for something that we've just stuck in +the plasma that's just like a little Rod + + align:start position:0% +the plasma that's just like a little Rod + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma that's just like a little Rod +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +metal okay so that's how you use a + + align:start position:0% +metal okay so that's how you use a + + + align:start position:0% +metal okay so that's how you use a +single Lang probe any questions on + + align:start position:0% +single Lang probe any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +single Lang probe any questions on +that do we have a name for the voltage + + align:start position:0% +that do we have a name for the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +that do we have a name for the voltage +at which the ion current + + align:start position:0% +at which the ion current + + + align:start position:0% +at which the ion current +saturates no we don't yeah + + align:start position:0% +saturates no we don't yeah + + + align:start position:0% +saturates no we don't yeah +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +um okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um okay yeah +uh I'm trying to think what it is I mean + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm trying to think what it is I mean + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm trying to think what it is I mean +effectively right we want to have this + + align:start position:0% +effectively right we want to have this + + + align:start position:0% +effectively right we want to have this +exponent be very small so you could + + align:start position:0% +exponent be very small so you could + + + align:start position:0% +exponent be very small so you could +write something to do as this being less + + align:start position:0% +write something to do as this being less + + + align:start position:0% +write something to do as this being less +than 0.61 and it has to be like you know + + align:start position:0% +than 0.61 and it has to be like you know + + + align:start position:0% +than 0.61 and it has to be like you know +I don't know let's say it's 10 times + + align:start position:0% +I don't know let's say it's 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know let's say it's 10 times +less and then you could Define some + + align:start position:0% +less and then you could Define some + + + align:start position:0% +less and then you could Define some +voltage at which it's 10 times less and + + align:start position:0% +voltage at which it's 10 times less and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage at which it's 10 times less and +we could call that the ion saturation + + align:start position:0% +we could call that the ion saturation + + + align:start position:0% +we could call that the ion saturation +potential but I haven't seen that in the + + align:start position:0% +potential but I haven't seen that in the + + + align:start position:0% +potential but I haven't seen that in the +literature but you could work out what + + align:start position:0% +literature but you could work out what + + + align:start position:0% +literature but you could work out what +it needs to be so you could sort of like + + align:start position:0% +it needs to be so you could sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +it needs to be so you could sort of like +if I think I know what the temperature + + align:start position:0% +if I think I know what the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +if I think I know what the temperature +is I know how much I have to bias my + + align:start position:0% +is I know how much I have to bias my + + + align:start position:0% +is I know how much I have to bias my +probe negative the other thing is just + + align:start position:0% +probe negative the other thing is just + + + align:start position:0% +probe negative the other thing is just +to barass your pro negative until it + + align:start position:0% +to barass your pro negative until it + + + align:start position:0% +to barass your pro negative until it +starts to roughly ASM toote but as I + + align:start position:0% +starts to roughly ASM toote but as I + + + align:start position:0% +starts to roughly ASM toote but as I +said before it never actually ASM tootes + + align:start position:0% +said before it never actually ASM tootes + + + align:start position:0% +said before it never actually ASM tootes +what happens is it just sort of keeps + + align:start position:0% +what happens is it just sort of keeps + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is it just sort of keeps +going down so it's a real pain in the as + + align:start position:0% +going down so it's a real pain in the as + + + align:start position:0% +going down so it's a real pain in the as +missions + + align:start position:0% +missions + + + align:start position:0% +missions +probably okay good uh Daniel I saw your + + align:start position:0% +probably okay good uh Daniel I saw your + + + align:start position:0% +probably okay good uh Daniel I saw your +hand first yeah so so I thought I had an + + align:start position:0% +hand first yeah so so I thought I had an + + + align:start position:0% +hand first yeah so so I thought I had an +idea of this until a moment ago and then + + align:start position:0% +idea of this until a moment ago and then + + + align:start position:0% +idea of this until a moment ago and then +realized maybe I don't but where's the + + align:start position:0% +realized maybe I don't but where's the + + + align:start position:0% +realized maybe I don't but where's the +return current in this because I mean + + align:start position:0% +return current in this because I mean + + + align:start position:0% +return current in this because I mean +you can put my intuition is you put a + + align:start position:0% +you can put my intuition is you put a + + + align:start position:0% +you can put my intuition is you put a +voltage on this and it'll do do stuff + + align:start position:0% +voltage on this and it'll do do stuff + + + align:start position:0% +voltage on this and it'll do do stuff +initially but if you wait long enough + + align:start position:0% +initially but if you wait long enough + + + align:start position:0% +initially but if you wait long enough +it'll settle to some other charge where + + align:start position:0% +it'll settle to some other charge where + + + align:start position:0% +it'll settle to some other charge where +you've just charged the plasma slightly + + align:start position:0% +you've just charged the plasma slightly + + + align:start position:0% +you've just charged the plasma slightly +yeah so the plasma is going to be + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the plasma is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the plasma is going to be +drawing electrons back off from like the + + align:start position:0% +drawing electrons back off from like the + + + align:start position:0% +drawing electrons back off from like the +vacuum chamber or in from the vast + + align:start position:0% +vacuum chamber or in from the vast + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum chamber or in from the vast +Infinity of the universe okay so it is + + align:start position:0% +Infinity of the universe okay so it is + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity of the universe okay so it is +from just other places where electrons + + align:start position:0% +from just other places where electrons + + + align:start position:0% +from just other places where electrons +can and you've got to remember that all + + align:start position:0% +can and you've got to remember that all + + + align:start position:0% +can and you've got to remember that all +the way around the vacuum chamber there + + align:start position:0% +the way around the vacuum chamber there + + + align:start position:0% +the way around the vacuum chamber there +is a sheath right and that sheath + + align:start position:0% +is a sheath right and that sheath + + + align:start position:0% +is a sheath right and that sheath +obviously has balanced and electron + + align:start position:0% +obviously has balanced and electron + + + align:start position:0% +obviously has balanced and electron +currents but the area there is so huge + + align:start position:0% +currents but the area there is so huge + + + align:start position:0% +currents but the area there is so huge +of the vacuum chamber that if this probe + + align:start position:0% +of the vacuum chamber that if this probe + + + align:start position:0% +of the vacuum chamber that if this probe +is locally drawing a few more electrons + + align:start position:0% +is locally drawing a few more electrons + + + align:start position:0% +is locally drawing a few more electrons +then the rest of the vacuum chamber can + + align:start position:0% +then the rest of the vacuum chamber can + + + align:start position:0% +then the rest of the vacuum chamber can +just put like slightly fewer electrons + + align:start position:0% +just put like slightly fewer electrons + + + align:start position:0% +just put like slightly fewer electrons +and it'll all work itself out and you + + align:start position:0% +and it'll all work itself out and you + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll all work itself out and you +know as we know qua neutrality is pretty + + align:start position:0% +know as we know qua neutrality is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +know as we know qua neutrality is pretty +strictly enforced by plasma because the + + align:start position:0% +strictly enforced by plasma because the + + + align:start position:0% +strictly enforced by plasma because the +electric Fields get big so it's no + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields get big so it's no + + + align:start position:0% +electric Fields get big so it's no +trouble at all to get those electrons + + align:start position:0% +trouble at all to get those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +trouble at all to get those electrons +back from somewhere else yeah okay cool + + align:start position:0% +back from somewhere else yeah okay cool + + + align:start position:0% +back from somewhere else yeah okay cool +that makes sense good question yeah + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense good question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense good question yeah +Nigel I see your + + align:start position:0% +Nigel I see your + + + align:start position:0% +Nigel I see your +hand so the practice of actually doing + + align:start position:0% +hand so the practice of actually doing + + + align:start position:0% +hand so the practice of actually doing +this besides just sweeping the ion + + align:start position:0% +this besides just sweeping the ion + + + align:start position:0% +this besides just sweeping the ion +saturation current Reg and near the + + align:start position:0% +saturation current Reg and near the + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current Reg and near the +floating potential you also need to then + + align:start position:0% +floating potential you also need to then + + + align:start position:0% +floating potential you also need to then +sweep positive enough to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +sweep positive enough to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +sweep positive enough to figure out what +the plasma potential is is that correct + + align:start position:0% +the plasma potential is is that correct + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma potential is is that correct +oh no sorry so if with the previous + + align:start position:0% +oh no sorry so if with the previous + + + align:start position:0% +oh no sorry so if with the previous +Technique we were talking about if you + + align:start position:0% +Technique we were talking about if you + + + align:start position:0% +Technique we were talking about if you +just want the temperature then you would + + align:start position:0% +just want the temperature then you would + + + align:start position:0% +just want the temperature then you would +have to get the plasma potential the + + align:start position:0% +have to get the plasma potential the + + + align:start position:0% +have to get the plasma potential the +beauty of this technique is you don't + + align:start position:0% +beauty of this technique is you don't + + + align:start position:0% +beauty of this technique is you don't +have to go anywhere up anywhere close to + + align:start position:0% +have to go anywhere up anywhere close to + + + align:start position:0% +have to go anywhere up anywhere close to +the plasma potential you're actually + + align:start position:0% +the plasma potential you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +the plasma potential you're actually +just you're just sweeping you you just + + align:start position:0% +just you're just sweeping you you just + + + align:start position:0% +just you're just sweeping you you just +need the slope at this point so you need + + align:start position:0% +need the slope at this point so you need + + + align:start position:0% +need the slope at this point so you need +the i d v0 at v0 equals VF and so of + + align:start position:0% +the i d v0 at v0 equals VF and so of + + + align:start position:0% +the i d v0 at v0 equals VF and so of +course to determine that slope you just + + align:start position:0% +course to determine that slope you just + + + align:start position:0% +course to determine that slope you just +need to sweep far enough that you know + + align:start position:0% +need to sweep far enough that you know + + + align:start position:0% +need to sweep far enough that you know +you can fit a straight line and you're + + align:start position:0% +you can fit a straight line and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can fit a straight line and you're +happy with that and so the benefit of + + align:start position:0% +happy with that and so the benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +happy with that and so the benefit of +this like we were saying is that we + + align:start position:0% +this like we were saying is that we + + + align:start position:0% +this like we were saying is that we +don't need to reach high currents which + + align:start position:0% +don't need to reach high currents which + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to reach high currents which +could screw it Theory yeah and Al so + + align:start position:0% +could screw it Theory yeah and Al so + + + align:start position:0% +could screw it Theory yeah and Al so +that that's one thing and the other + + align:start position:0% +that that's one thing and the other + + + align:start position:0% +that that's one thing and the other +thing is the theory yeah so actually + + align:start position:0% +thing is the theory yeah so actually + + + align:start position:0% +thing is the theory yeah so actually +sorry you said it there we don't want to + + align:start position:0% +sorry you said it there we don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +sorry you said it there we don't want to +reach high currents where our theory is + + align:start position:0% +reach high currents where our theory is + + + align:start position:0% +reach high currents where our theory is +invalid or high potentials where our + + align:start position:0% +invalid or high potentials where our + + + align:start position:0% +invalid or high potentials where our +theory is invalid and we don't want to + + align:start position:0% +theory is invalid and we don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +theory is invalid and we don't want to +reach the high currents those High + + align:start position:0% +reach the high currents those High + + + align:start position:0% +reach the high currents those High +potentials where we draw lots of current + + align:start position:0% +potentials where we draw lots of current + + + align:start position:0% +potentials where we draw lots of current +and melt our probe got it thank you I + + align:start position:0% +and melt our probe got it thank you I + + + align:start position:0% +and melt our probe got it thank you I +the melting the probe thing Probably + + align:start position:0% +the melting the probe thing Probably + + + align:start position:0% +the melting the probe thing Probably +sounds a bit funny but this is like + + align:start position:0% +sounds a bit funny but this is like + + + align:start position:0% +sounds a bit funny but this is like +genuinely a huge problem which is why I + + align:start position:0% +genuinely a huge problem which is why I + + + align:start position:0% +genuinely a huge problem which is why I +keep saying it so like we we must + + align:start position:0% +keep saying it so like we we must + + + align:start position:0% +keep saying it so like we we must +operate at the lowest currents Possible + + align:start position:0% +operate at the lowest currents Possible + + + align:start position:0% +operate at the lowest currents Possible +Oh no I work with bias prob okay great + + align:start position:0% +Oh no I work with bias prob okay great + + + align:start position:0% +Oh no I work with bias prob okay great +cool nice um any other questions on this + + align:start position:0% +cool nice um any other questions on this + + + align:start position:0% +cool nice um any other questions on this +before we go on to some more advanced + + align:start position:0% +before we go on to some more advanced + + + align:start position:0% +before we go on to some more advanced +langit + + align:start position:0% +langit + + + align:start position:0% +langit +probes yeah + + align:start position:0% +probes yeah + + + align:start position:0% +probes yeah +okay go for + + align:start position:0% +okay go for + + + align:start position:0% +okay go for +it I'm sure sure so um how do you + + align:start position:0% +it I'm sure sure so um how do you + + + align:start position:0% +it I'm sure sure so um how do you +measure the saturation the ion + + align:start position:0% +measure the saturation the ion + + + align:start position:0% +measure the saturation the ion +saturation current it like keeps them + + align:start position:0% +saturation current it like keeps them + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current it like keeps them +going down like you + + align:start position:0% +going down like you + + + align:start position:0% +going down like you +said yeah so it sort of drops for a bit + + align:start position:0% +said yeah so it sort of drops for a bit + + + align:start position:0% +said yeah so it sort of drops for a bit +uh sorry you can't see my mouse on my + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry you can't see my mouse on my + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry you can't see my mouse on my +screen it drops for a bit and then sort + + align:start position:0% +screen it drops for a bit and then sort + + + align:start position:0% +screen it drops for a bit and then sort +of levels off and so you sort of just + + align:start position:0% +of levels off and so you sort of just + + + align:start position:0% +of levels off and so you sort of just +eyeball it as like it's kind of here + + align:start position:0% +eyeball it as like it's kind of here + + + align:start position:0% +eyeball it as like it's kind of here +maybe you would fit some sort of curve + + align:start position:0% +maybe you would fit some sort of curve + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you would fit some sort of curve +um but it's not easy to do so that gives + + align:start position:0% +um but it's not easy to do so that gives + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's not easy to do so that gives +you a lot of error right so and that + + align:start position:0% +you a lot of error right so and that + + + align:start position:0% +you a lot of error right so and that +that error won't affect your + + align:start position:0% +that error won't affect your + + + align:start position:0% +that error won't affect your +interpretation of te but it will infect + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of te but it will infect + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of te but it will infect +your inter will affect your + + align:start position:0% +your inter will affect your + + + align:start position:0% +your inter will affect your +interpretation of the + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of the + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of the +density why wouldn't it affect your + + align:start position:0% +density why wouldn't it affect your + + + align:start position:0% +density why wouldn't it affect your +interpretation of te if it depends + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of te if it depends + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of te if it depends +on yes you're quite right um I guess + + align:start position:0% +on yes you're quite right um I guess + + + align:start position:0% +on yes you're quite right um I guess +it's inside a logarithm so it's less + + align:start position:0% +it's inside a logarithm so it's less + + + align:start position:0% +it's inside a logarithm so it's less +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +there but okay yeah it will still it + + align:start position:0% +there but okay yeah it will still it + + + align:start position:0% +there but okay yeah it will still it +will still have some effect you're quite + + align:start position:0% +will still have some effect you're quite + + + align:start position:0% +will still have some effect you're quite +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I just want to point out once when + + align:start position:0% +yeah I just want to point out once when + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I just want to point out once when +a student did this exercise they forgot + + align:start position:0% +a student did this exercise they forgot + + + align:start position:0% +a student did this exercise they forgot +to subtract the arm saturation current + + align:start position:0% +to subtract the arm saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +to subtract the arm saturation current +and this doesn't really work properly + + align:start position:0% +and this doesn't really work properly + + + align:start position:0% +and this doesn't really work properly +there so it's like a current common + + align:start position:0% +there so it's like a current common + + + align:start position:0% +there so it's like a current common +Pitfall make sure when you're doing this + + align:start position:0% +Pitfall make sure when you're doing this + + + align:start position:0% +Pitfall make sure when you're doing this +you subtract the arm saturation current + + align:start position:0% +you subtract the arm saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +you subtract the arm saturation current +from your current curve so it should + + align:start position:0% +from your current curve so it should + + + align:start position:0% +from your current curve so it should +look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like that right the the the thing that + + align:start position:0% +like that right the the the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +like that right the the the thing that +you're working with that you're trying + + align:start position:0% +you're working with that you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +you're working with that you're trying +to find doesn't matter for the slope of + + align:start position:0% +to find doesn't matter for the slope of + + + align:start position:0% +to find doesn't matter for the slope of +course um well it does matter a little + + align:start position:0% +course um well it does matter a little + + + align:start position:0% +course um well it does matter a little +bit for the slope so + + align:start position:0% +bit for the slope so + + + align:start position:0% +bit for the slope so +yeah okay we're going to move on how + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay we're going to move on how + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay we're going to move on how +fast are these mechanisms oh thank you + + align:start position:0% +fast are these mechanisms oh thank you + + + align:start position:0% +fast are these mechanisms oh thank you +because my notes didn't update and I'd + + align:start position:0% +because my notes didn't update and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +because my notes didn't update and I'd +actually made a new note on this that I + + align:start position:0% +actually made a new note on this that I + + + align:start position:0% +actually made a new note on this that I +did want to say so let's talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limitations so one limitation is you + + align:start position:0% +limitations so one limitation is you + + + align:start position:0% +limitations so one limitation is you +might + + align:start position:0% +might + + + align:start position:0% +might +draw I greater than the ion saturation + + align:start position:0% +draw I greater than the ion saturation + + + align:start position:0% +draw I greater than the ion saturation +current so you don't know where VF is to + + align:start position:0% +current so you don't know where VF is to + + + align:start position:0% +current so you don't know where VF is to +start with so when you put your probe in + + align:start position:0% +start with so when you put your probe in + + + align:start position:0% +start with so when you put your probe in +you start adjusting the voltage you + + align:start position:0% +you start adjusting the voltage you + + + align:start position:0% +you start adjusting the voltage you +might accidentally draw too much uh + + align:start position:0% +might accidentally draw too much uh + + + align:start position:0% +might accidentally draw too much uh +potential and melt the probe and we'll + + align:start position:0% +potential and melt the probe and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +potential and melt the probe and we'll +look at some other designs which are + + align:start position:0% +look at some other designs which are + + + align:start position:0% +look at some other designs which are +like safe and don't ever do that and so + + align:start position:0% +like safe and don't ever do that and so + + + align:start position:0% +like safe and don't ever do that and so +you know this is a disadvantage of this + + align:start position:0% +you know this is a disadvantage of this + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is a disadvantage of this +design um the other disadvantage is the + + align:start position:0% +design um the other disadvantage is the + + + align:start position:0% +design um the other disadvantage is the +sweep + + align:start position:0% +sweep + + + align:start position:0% +sweep +time so we're talking about literally + + align:start position:0% +time so we're talking about literally + + + align:start position:0% +time so we're talking about literally +sweeping the potential + + align:start position:0% +sweeping the potential + + + align:start position:0% +sweeping the potential +uh I wish I could draw straight + + align:start position:0% +uh I wish I could draw straight + + + align:start position:0% +uh I wish I could draw straight +lines there we go so if we've got time + + align:start position:0% +lines there we go so if we've got time + + + align:start position:0% +lines there we go so if we've got time +here and we've got voltage here and this + + align:start position:0% +here and we've got voltage here and this + + + align:start position:0% +here and we've got voltage here and this +is the floating potential maybe we have + + align:start position:0% +is the floating potential maybe we have + + + align:start position:0% +is the floating potential maybe we have +a sweep pattern that looks like + + align:start position:0% +a sweep pattern that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +a sweep pattern that looks like +this but it takes some time delta T to + + align:start position:0% +this but it takes some time delta T to + + + align:start position:0% +this but it takes some time delta T to +sweep and that might be limited by how + + align:start position:0% +sweep and that might be limited by how + + + align:start position:0% +sweep and that might be limited by how +quickly your um voltage source can sweep + + align:start position:0% +quickly your um voltage source can sweep + + + align:start position:0% +quickly your um voltage source can sweep +voltage but it might also be limited by + + align:start position:0% +voltage but it might also be limited by + + + align:start position:0% +voltage but it might also be limited by +how quickly digitize it can digitize + + align:start position:0% +how quickly digitize it can digitize + + + align:start position:0% +how quickly digitize it can digitize +data because effectively as you do this + + align:start position:0% +data because effectively as you do this + + + align:start position:0% +data because effectively as you do this +sweep you're + + align:start position:0% +sweep you're + + + align:start position:0% +sweep you're +digitizing this curve here and you want + + align:start position:0% +digitizing this curve here and you want + + + align:start position:0% +digitizing this curve here and you want +to have enough data points on that to do + + align:start position:0% +to have enough data points on that to do + + + align:start position:0% +to have enough data points on that to do +all of your fitter and so you are + + align:start position:0% +all of your fitter and so you are + + + align:start position:0% +all of your fitter and so you are +limited you're like very much + + align:start position:0% +limited you're like very much + + + align:start position:0% +limited you're like very much +temporarily limited if there's an event + + align:start position:0% +temporarily limited if there's an event + + + align:start position:0% +temporarily limited if there's an event +which takes place on a time scale that's + + align:start position:0% +which takes place on a time scale that's + + + align:start position:0% +which takes place on a time scale that's +faster than this you won't be able to + + align:start position:0% +faster than this you won't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +faster than this you won't be able to +resolve that and in fact you'll do + + align:start position:0% +resolve that and in fact you'll do + + + align:start position:0% +resolve that and in fact you'll do +horrible things to your data analysis so + + align:start position:0% +horrible things to your data analysis so + + + align:start position:0% +horrible things to your data analysis so +you want to make sure that your plasma + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that your plasma + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make sure that your plasma +is not fluctuating on rapid time scales + + align:start position:0% +is not fluctuating on rapid time scales + + + align:start position:0% +is not fluctuating on rapid time scales +yeah Daniel I go ahead uh yeah do you + + align:start position:0% +yeah Daniel I go ahead uh yeah do you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Daniel I go ahead uh yeah do you +also run into situations where like + + align:start position:0% +also run into situations where like + + + align:start position:0% +also run into situations where like +actual response of the plasma is ever a + + align:start position:0% +actual response of the plasma is ever a + + + align:start position:0% +actual response of the plasma is ever a +limiting factor for your your + + align:start position:0% +limiting factor for your your + + + align:start position:0% +limiting factor for your your +measurement time there so response being + + align:start position:0% +measurement time there so response being + + + align:start position:0% +measurement time there so response being +like this whole like setting up the + + align:start position:0% +like this whole like setting up the + + + align:start position:0% +like this whole like setting up the +sheath and things like that yeah yeah I + + align:start position:0% +sheath and things like that yeah yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +sheath and things like that yeah yeah I +think that happens really quickly I + + align:start position:0% +think that happens really quickly I + + + align:start position:0% +think that happens really quickly I +think that's going to happen on electron + + align:start position:0% +think that's going to happen on electron + + + align:start position:0% +think that's going to happen on electron +time scales over a Tob length and so + + align:start position:0% +time scales over a Tob length and so + + + align:start position:0% +time scales over a Tob length and so +those are probably very small time + + align:start position:0% +those are probably very small time + + + align:start position:0% +those are probably very small time +scales so I would I would guess that + + align:start position:0% +scales so I would I would guess that + + + align:start position:0% +scales so I would I would guess that +delta T of the pertubation is going to + + align:start position:0% +delta T of the pertubation is going to + + + align:start position:0% +delta T of the pertubation is going to +be on the order of Lambda D over VTE + + align:start position:0% +be on the order of Lambda D over VTE + + + align:start position:0% +be on the order of Lambda D over VTE +that's the sort of time scale I can + + align:start position:0% +that's the sort of time scale I can + + + align:start position:0% +that's the sort of time scale I can +think of and that seems like a really + + align:start position:0% +think of and that seems like a really + + + align:start position:0% +think of and that seems like a really +short time + + align:start position:0% +short time + + + align:start position:0% +short time +scale uh in fact I know what that time + + align:start position:0% +scale uh in fact I know what that time + + + align:start position:0% +scale uh in fact I know what that time +scale is it is the one over the electron + + align:start position:0% +scale is it is the one over the electron + + + align:start position:0% +scale is it is the one over the electron +plasma + + align:start position:0% +plasma + + + align:start position:0% +plasma +frequency so that's really fast so maybe + + align:start position:0% +frequency so that's really fast so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so that's really fast so maybe +in some plasmas you could reach that + + align:start position:0% +in some plasmas you could reach that + + + align:start position:0% +in some plasmas you could reach that +time scale but probably that's all going + + align:start position:0% +time scale but probably that's all going + + + align:start position:0% +time scale but probably that's all going +to happen very quickly so I think from + + align:start position:0% +to happen very quickly so I think from + + + align:start position:0% +to happen very quickly so I think from +the point of view of the plasma it + + align:start position:0% +the point of view of the plasma it + + + align:start position:0% +the point of view of the plasma it +responds instantaneously to the change + + align:start position:0% +responds instantaneously to the change + + + align:start position:0% +responds instantaneously to the change +in the potential on your probe we don't + + align:start position:0% +in the potential on your probe we don't + + + align:start position:0% +in the potential on your probe we don't +have to worry about that but if you have + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about that but if you have + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about that but if you have +a really funky plasma that could be + + align:start position:0% +a really funky plasma that could be + + + align:start position:0% +a really funky plasma that could be +problematic yeah okay cool I think Omega + + align:start position:0% +problematic yeah okay cool I think Omega + + + align:start position:0% +problematic yeah okay cool I think Omega +PE is probably the fastest time scale we + + align:start position:0% +PE is probably the fastest time scale we + + + align:start position:0% +PE is probably the fastest time scale we +one of the fastest probably the fastest + + align:start position:0% +one of the fastest probably the fastest + + + align:start position:0% +one of the fastest probably the fastest +time scale we see in most plasmas so + + align:start position:0% +time scale we see in most plasmas so + + + align:start position:0% +time scale we see in most plasmas so +yeah did I see another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hand okay I'm going to keep moving + + align:start position:0% +hand okay I'm going to keep moving + + + align:start position:0% +hand okay I'm going to keep moving +because I got a few more things to get + + align:start position:0% +because I got a few more things to get + + + align:start position:0% +because I got a few more things to get +through uh in the next 20 minutes or so + + align:start position:0% +through uh in the next 20 minutes or so + + + align:start position:0% +through uh in the next 20 minutes or so +so let's let's power up so the next + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's power up so the next + + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's power up so the next +probe we can consider is called the + + align:start position:0% +probe we can consider is called the + + + align:start position:0% +probe we can consider is called the +double probe the previous one we're + + align:start position:0% +double probe the previous one we're + + + align:start position:0% +double probe the previous one we're +going to retroactively rename the single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe and the double probe once again + + align:start position:0% +probe and the double probe once again + + + align:start position:0% +probe and the double probe once again +we've got some sort of plasma but now we + + align:start position:0% +we've got some sort of plasma but now we + + + align:start position:0% +we've got some sort of plasma but now we +have two probes sticking into the plasma + + align:start position:0% +have two probes sticking into the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +have two probes sticking into the plasma +and the clever thing is that the two + + align:start position:0% +and the clever thing is that the two + + + align:start position:0% +and the clever thing is that the two +probes are attached together and they + + align:start position:0% +probes are attached together and they + + + align:start position:0% +probes are attached together and they +are biased with respect to one another + + align:start position:0% +are biased with respect to one another + + + align:start position:0% +are biased with respect to one another +by a bias potential VB and again we + + align:start position:0% +by a bias potential VB and again we + + + align:start position:0% +by a bias potential VB and again we +measure the + + align:start position:0% +measure the + + + align:start position:0% +measure the +current this this is just like a + + align:start position:0% +current this this is just like a + + + align:start position:0% +current this this is just like a +resistor right so I can measure the + + align:start position:0% +resistor right so I can measure the + + + align:start position:0% +resistor right so I can measure the +voltage across this resistor and I'm + + align:start position:0% +voltage across this resistor and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +voltage across this resistor and I'm +going to get out the current here and + + align:start position:0% +going to get out the current here and + + + align:start position:0% +going to get out the current here and +that goes to an + + align:start position:0% +that goes to an + + + align:start position:0% +that goes to an +oscope now the cool thing about this + + align:start position:0% +oscope now the cool thing about this + + + align:start position:0% +oscope now the cool thing about this +setup is that + + align:start position:0% +setup is that + + + align:start position:0% +setup is that +if prob one draws a current + + align:start position:0% +if prob one draws a current + + + align:start position:0% +if prob one draws a current +i1 then probe two is going to have to + + align:start position:0% +i1 then probe two is going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +i1 then probe two is going to have to +discharge a current I2 and from K's law + + align:start position:0% +discharge a current I2 and from K's law + + + align:start position:0% +discharge a current I2 and from K's law +we know straight away that i1 plus I2 is + + align:start position:0% +we know straight away that i1 plus I2 is + + + align:start position:0% +we know straight away that i1 plus I2 is +equal to zero so any current that comes + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so any current that comes + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero so any current that comes +in one probe has to be ejected out the + + align:start position:0% +in one probe has to be ejected out the + + + align:start position:0% +in one probe has to be ejected out the +other probe there's no other place for + + align:start position:0% +other probe there's no other place for + + + align:start position:0% +other probe there's no other place for +it to go this probably addresses + + align:start position:0% +it to go this probably addresses + + + align:start position:0% +it to go this probably addresses +Daniel's question about the plasma RS + + align:start position:0% +Daniel's question about the plasma RS + + + align:start position:0% +Daniel's question about the plasma RS +accidentally charging up it turns out + + align:start position:0% +accidentally charging up it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally charging up it turns out +and Hutchinson talks about this in great + + align:start position:0% +and Hutchinson talks about this in great + + + align:start position:0% +and Hutchinson talks about this in great +depth in his book that almost every + + align:start position:0% +depth in his book that almost every + + + align:start position:0% +depth in his book that almost every +probe is really a double probe it's just + + align:start position:0% +probe is really a double probe it's just + + + align:start position:0% +probe is really a double probe it's just +that you either you have a double probe + + align:start position:0% +that you either you have a double probe + + + align:start position:0% +that you either you have a double probe +or you have a single probe and the + + align:start position:0% +or you have a single probe and the + + + align:start position:0% +or you have a single probe and the +entire vacuum vessel as the other probe + + align:start position:0% +entire vacuum vessel as the other probe + + + align:start position:0% +entire vacuum vessel as the other probe +surface and I'm not going to go into + + align:start position:0% +surface and I'm not going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +surface and I'm not going to go into +that in much detail but uh that's a + + align:start position:0% +that in much detail but uh that's a + + + align:start position:0% +that in much detail but uh that's a +reasonable thing to think about yeah + + align:start position:0% +reasonable thing to think about yeah + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable thing to think about yeah +I've got to see a question from + + align:start position:0% +I've got to see a question from + + + align:start position:0% +I've got to see a question from +Nigel okay this might be a little out + + align:start position:0% +Nigel okay this might be a little out + + + align:start position:0% +Nigel okay this might be a little out +there but like effectively because + + align:start position:0% +there but like effectively because + + + align:start position:0% +there but like effectively because +they're in a plasma they're is like a + + align:start position:0% +they're in a plasma they're is like a + + + align:start position:0% +they're in a plasma they're is like a +pseudo resistor that we could draw in a + + align:start position:0% +pseudo resistor that we could draw in a + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo resistor that we could draw in a +circuit diagram between the two tips of + + align:start position:0% +circuit diagram between the two tips of + + + align:start position:0% +circuit diagram between the two tips of +the probe is there a problem with that + + align:start position:0% +the probe is there a problem with that + + + align:start position:0% +the probe is there a problem with that +creating a closed loop now that magnetic + + align:start position:0% +creating a closed loop now that magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +creating a closed loop now that magnetic +flux could go through and then make + + align:start position:0% +flux could go through and then make + + + align:start position:0% +flux could go through and then make +cof's law not entirely valid what do you + + align:start position:0% +cof's law not entirely valid what do you + + + align:start position:0% +cof's law not entirely valid what do you +mean by magnetic flux here we haven't + + align:start position:0% +mean by magnetic flux here we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +mean by magnetic flux here we haven't +really talked about magnetic fields very + + align:start position:0% +really talked about magnetic fields very + + + align:start position:0% +really talked about magnetic fields very +much oh I guess I I guess I've been + + align:start position:0% +much oh I guess I I guess I've been + + + align:start position:0% +much oh I guess I I guess I've been +assuming that these are on the tokc this + + align:start position:0% +assuming that these are on the tokc this + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that these are on the tokc this +whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +uh so your question like you know is + + align:start position:0% +uh so your question like you know is + + + align:start position:0% +uh so your question like you know is +there a problem if this if there's a + + align:start position:0% +there a problem if this if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there a problem if this if there's a +current flowing inside the plasma here + + align:start position:0% +current flowing inside the plasma here + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing inside the plasma here +no it's more like if those are connected + + align:start position:0% +no it's more like if those are connected + + + align:start position:0% +no it's more like if those are connected +and there's a resistance between them if + + align:start position:0% +and there's a resistance between them if + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a resistance between them if +we're just looking at this like a + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at this like a + + + align:start position:0% +we're just looking at this like a +circuit we've created a closed loop and + + align:start position:0% +circuit we've created a closed loop and + + + align:start position:0% +circuit we've created a closed loop and +so now if you get a change in magnetic + + align:start position:0% +so now if you get a change in magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +so now if you get a change in magnetic +flux through the loop closed by that you + + align:start position:0% +flux through the loop closed by that you + + + align:start position:0% +flux through the loop closed by that you +could induce like a EMF that could yeah + + align:start position:0% +could induce like a EMF that could yeah + + + align:start position:0% +could induce like a EMF that could yeah +okay I see what you're saying I see what + + align:start position:0% +okay I see what you're saying I see what + + + align:start position:0% +okay I see what you're saying I see what +you're saying we're not actually + + align:start position:0% +you're saying we're not actually + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying we're not actually +measuring the potential on the probes + + align:start position:0% +measuring the potential on the probes + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the potential on the probes +right though so we're measuring the um + + align:start position:0% +right though so we're measuring the um + + + align:start position:0% +right though so we're measuring the um +the current through the probes through + + align:start position:0% +the current through the probes through + + + align:start position:0% +the current through the probes through +this resistor so if we induced a voltage + + align:start position:0% +this resistor so if we induced a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +this resistor so if we induced a voltage +around the whole loop I don't know + + align:start position:0% +around the whole loop I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +around the whole loop I don't know +whether we would see that show up across + + align:start position:0% +whether we would see that show up across + + + align:start position:0% +whether we would see that show up across +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +resistor that's a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +resistor that's a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +resistor that's a really interesting +question I I'm GNA say I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +question I I'm GNA say I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +question I I'm GNA say I don't know the +answer and I haven't thought about it + + align:start position:0% +answer and I haven't thought about it + + + align:start position:0% +answer and I haven't thought about it +much so I'll certainly have to think + + align:start position:0% +much so I'll certainly have to think + + + align:start position:0% +much so I'll certainly have to think +about it and get back to if I have any + + align:start position:0% +about it and get back to if I have any + + + align:start position:0% +about it and get back to if I have any +interesting thoughts on it but I I get + + align:start position:0% +interesting thoughts on it but I I get + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thoughts on it but I I get +what you're saying you're saying like + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying you're saying like + + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying you're saying like +potentially this could have some sort of + + align:start position:0% +potentially this could have some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +potentially this could have some sort of +plasma current channel here and then + + align:start position:0% +plasma current channel here and then + + + align:start position:0% +plasma current channel here and then +that looks like a little B do probe that + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a little B do probe that + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like a little B do probe that +we've stuck in the plasma and something + + align:start position:0% +we've stuck in the plasma and something + + + align:start position:0% +we've stuck in the plasma and something +could indu yeah yeah I see what you're + + align:start position:0% +could indu yeah yeah I see what you're + + + align:start position:0% +could indu yeah yeah I see what you're +saying uh cool I'll have a think about + + align:start position:0% +saying uh cool I'll have a think about + + + align:start position:0% +saying uh cool I'll have a think about +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +cool okay um and so there's other things + + align:start position:0% +cool okay um and so there's other things + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay um and so there's other things +that we can say about the currents here + + align:start position:0% +that we can say about the currents here + + + align:start position:0% +that we can say about the currents here +so we know that the current going + + align:start position:0% +so we know that the current going + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that the current going +into excuse + + align:start position:0% +into excuse + + + align:start position:0% +into excuse +me probe one is going to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +me probe one is going to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +me probe one is going to be equal to the +ion saturation current plus the electron + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current plus the electron + + + align:start position:0% +ion saturation current plus the electron +current Modified by a factor e V1 over + + align:start position:0% +current Modified by a factor e V1 over + + + align:start position:0% +current Modified by a factor e V1 over +te so that's just our bolman factor and + + align:start position:0% +te so that's just our bolman factor and + + + align:start position:0% +te so that's just our bolman factor and +the current through probe two looks very + + align:start position:0% +the current through probe two looks very + + + align:start position:0% +the current through probe two looks very +similar uh except that we modify this + + align:start position:0% +similar uh except that we modify this + + + align:start position:0% +similar uh except that we modify this +now by E V2 over te like that so we + + align:start position:0% +now by E V2 over te like that so we + + + align:start position:0% +now by E V2 over te like that so we +haven't used K's law yet this is just + + align:start position:0% +haven't used K's law yet this is just + + + align:start position:0% +haven't used K's law yet this is just +saying if we had two random probes this + + align:start position:0% +saying if we had two random probes this + + + align:start position:0% +saying if we had two random probes this +is the current that we would draw um now + + align:start position:0% +is the current that we would draw um now + + + align:start position:0% +is the current that we would draw um now +we use kof's law here and we knowe the + + align:start position:0% +we use kof's law here and we knowe the + + + align:start position:0% +we use kof's law here and we knowe the +nice thing about this is that the + + align:start position:0% +nice thing about this is that the + + + align:start position:0% +nice thing about this is that the +current through any probe is now + + align:start position:0% +current through any probe is now + + + align:start position:0% +current through any probe is now +strictly less than the ion saturation + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than the ion saturation + + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than the ion saturation +current here so we can't accidentally + + align:start position:0% +current here so we can't accidentally + + + align:start position:0% +current here so we can't accidentally +draw the electron saturation current and + + align:start position:0% +draw the electron saturation current and + + + align:start position:0% +draw the electron saturation current and +melt probe so this is a definite + + align:start position:0% +melt probe so this is a definite + + + align:start position:0% +melt probe so this is a definite +advantage of this system um I'll do that + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this system um I'll do that + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this system um I'll do that +a little bit more mathematically in a + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more mathematically in a + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more mathematically in a +moment if you're not convinced yet so + + align:start position:0% +moment if you're not convinced yet so + + + align:start position:0% +moment if you're not convinced yet so +then what we do is we continue and we + + align:start position:0% +then what we do is we continue and we + + + align:start position:0% +then what we do is we continue and we +say we've got these equ separately for + + align:start position:0% +say we've got these equ separately for + + + align:start position:0% +say we've got these equ separately for +i1 and I2 we've got this equation that + + align:start position:0% +i1 and I2 we've got this equation that + + + align:start position:0% +i1 and I2 we've got this equation that +links i1 and I2 together um and we're + + align:start position:0% +links i1 and I2 together um and we're + + + align:start position:0% +links i1 and I2 together um and we're +also going to operate this so that the + + align:start position:0% +also going to operate this so that the + + + align:start position:0% +also going to operate this so that the +probes are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +floating + + align:start position:0% +floating + + + align:start position:0% +floating +near the floating potential in fact that + + align:start position:0% +near the floating potential in fact that + + + align:start position:0% +near the floating potential in fact that +will happen as soon as we put these + + align:start position:0% +will happen as soon as we put these + + + align:start position:0% +will happen as soon as we put these +probes into the plasma we're not biasing + + align:start position:0% +probes into the plasma we're not biasing + + + align:start position:0% +probes into the plasma we're not biasing +the probes themselves we're biasing them + + align:start position:0% +the probes themselves we're biasing them + + + align:start position:0% +the probes themselves we're biasing them +with respect to each other so the whole + + align:start position:0% +with respect to each other so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to each other so the whole +setup will float towards the floating + + align:start position:0% +setup will float towards the floating + + + align:start position:0% +setup will float towards the floating +potential and that means that our ion + + align:start position:0% +potential and that means that our ion + + + align:start position:0% +potential and that means that our ion +current is going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +current is going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +current is going to be equal to +our electron current like this then we + + align:start position:0% +our electron current like this then we + + + align:start position:0% +our electron current like this then we +can put all of this together and we can + + align:start position:0% +can put all of this together and we can + + + align:start position:0% +can put all of this together and we can +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh i1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +um uh i1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +um uh i1 is equal to +isi1 minus exponential of e V1 over te + + align:start position:0% +isi1 minus exponential of e V1 over te + + + align:start position:0% +isi1 minus exponential of e V1 over te +so that's just using this fact + + align:start position:0% +so that's just using this fact + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just using this fact +here and then that is going to be equal + + align:start position:0% +here and then that is going to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +here and then that is going to be equal +to minus I2 from kir Chop's law and so + + align:start position:0% +to minus I2 from kir Chop's law and so + + + align:start position:0% +to minus I2 from kir Chop's law and so +that's going to be equal to minus i s + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be equal to minus i s + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be equal to minus i s +i 1 minus exponential of e V2 over + + align:start position:0% +i 1 minus exponential of e V2 over + + + align:start position:0% +i 1 minus exponential of e V2 over +T and then we're going to say that this + + align:start position:0% +T and then we're going to say that this + + + align:start position:0% +T and then we're going to say that this +bias voltage that we're applying is + + align:start position:0% +bias voltage that we're applying is + + + align:start position:0% +bias voltage that we're applying is +simply by definition the difference + + align:start position:0% +simply by definition the difference + + + align:start position:0% +simply by definition the difference +between V1 and V2 and if we do a little + + align:start position:0% +between V1 and V2 and if we do a little + + + align:start position:0% +between V1 and V2 and if we do a little +bit of Magic on this and this is + + align:start position:0% +bit of Magic on this and this is + + + align:start position:0% +bit of Magic on this and this is +actually an exercise in Hutchinson's + + align:start position:0% +actually an exercise in Hutchinson's + + + align:start position:0% +actually an exercise in Hutchinson's +book which I had to do to try and work + + align:start position:0% +book which I had to do to try and work + + + align:start position:0% +book which I had to do to try and work +out where Earth this came from you find + + align:start position:0% +out where Earth this came from you find + + + align:start position:0% +out where Earth this came from you find +out that the current that you're + + align:start position:0% +out that the current that you're + + + align:start position:0% +out that the current that you're +measuring which is the current flowing + + align:start position:0% +measuring which is the current flowing + + + align:start position:0% +measuring which is the current flowing +into one probe and out the other probe + + align:start position:0% +into one probe and out the other probe + + + align:start position:0% +into one probe and out the other probe +is going to be equal to the ion + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to the ion + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be equal to the ion +saturation current Times by The + + align:start position:0% +saturation current Times by The + + + align:start position:0% +saturation current Times by The +hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic +tangent of e times the bias voltage over + + align:start position:0% +tangent of e times the bias voltage over + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of e times the bias voltage over +2 t e like that and so now if I sketch + + align:start position:0% +2 t e like that and so now if I sketch + + + align:start position:0% +2 t e like that and so now if I sketch +the IV curve for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this this is V by and this is I I end up + + align:start position:0% +this this is V by and this is I I end up + + + align:start position:0% +this this is V by and this is I I end up +with something that looks like uh if I + + align:start position:0% +with something that looks like uh if I + + + align:start position:0% +with something that looks like uh if I +could draw straight lines give me a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment okay and so this is ASM toting at + + align:start position:0% +moment okay and so this is ASM toting at + + + align:start position:0% +moment okay and so this is ASM toting at +the ion saturation current or at minus + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current or at minus + + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current or at minus +the ion saturation current + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current +here so this is sort of the proof of + + align:start position:0% +here so this is sort of the proof of + + + align:start position:0% +here so this is sort of the proof of +what I said earlier that we can't draw + + align:start position:0% +what I said earlier that we can't draw + + + align:start position:0% +what I said earlier that we can't draw +more than the ion saturation current + + align:start position:0% +more than the ion saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +more than the ion saturation current +here and this is very nice and + + align:start position:0% +here and this is very nice and + + + align:start position:0% +here and this is very nice and +symmetric um and I'll show you in a + + align:start position:0% +symmetric um and I'll show you in a + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric um and I'll show you in a +moment how we use that to actually + + align:start position:0% +moment how we use that to actually + + + align:start position:0% +moment how we use that to actually +measure all the properties of the plasma + + align:start position:0% +measure all the properties of the plasma + + + align:start position:0% +measure all the properties of the plasma +so happy to take questions on this but + + align:start position:0% +so happy to take questions on this but + + + align:start position:0% +so happy to take questions on this but +if you're like I don't understand the + + align:start position:0% +if you're like I don't understand the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're like I don't understand the +derivation the reason is I didn't really + + align:start position:0% +derivation the reason is I didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +derivation the reason is I didn't really +do the derivation right there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +do the derivation right there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +do the derivation right there's lots of +steps missing here I'm just giving you a + + align:start position:0% +steps missing here I'm just giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +steps missing here I'm just giving you a +couple of intermediate steps and if you + + align:start position:0% +couple of intermediate steps and if you + + + align:start position:0% +couple of intermediate steps and if you +want to go get it you should go work + + align:start position:0% +want to go get it you should go work + + + align:start position:0% +want to go get it you should go work +through the exercise and option + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +book + + align:start position:0% +book + + + align:start position:0% +book +um so we find for I'm going to try and + + align:start position:0% +um so we find for I'm going to try and + + + align:start position:0% +um so we find for I'm going to try and +write this on this page because I think + + align:start position:0% +write this on this page because I think + + + align:start position:0% +write this on this page because I think +it'll be more useful if we have four + + align:start position:0% +it'll be more useful if we have four + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be more useful if we have four +small bias voltages so we're operating + + align:start position:0% +small bias voltages so we're operating + + + align:start position:0% +small bias voltages so we're operating +just in this little regime here we find + + align:start position:0% +just in this little regime here we find + + + align:start position:0% +just in this little regime here we find +similarly to the probe that we had + + align:start position:0% +similarly to the probe that we had + + + align:start position:0% +similarly to the probe that we had +before that d d v bias + + align:start position:0% +before that d d v bias + + + align:start position:0% +before that d d v bias +around V bias equals z is e time I SII + + align:start position:0% +around V bias equals z is e time I SII + + + align:start position:0% +around V bias equals z is e time I SII +over 2 + + align:start position:0% +over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 +T and we're also going to be able to + + align:start position:0% +T and we're also going to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +T and we're also going to be able to +measure isi by sweeping just a little + + align:start position:0% +measure isi by sweeping just a little + + + align:start position:0% +measure isi by sweeping just a little +bit larger like this and so we'll get uh + + align:start position:0% +bit larger like this and so we'll get uh + + + align:start position:0% +bit larger like this and so we'll get uh +again isi is equal to whatever our + + align:start position:0% +again isi is equal to whatever our + + + align:start position:0% +again isi is equal to whatever our +equation we had + + align:start position:0% +equation we had + + + align:start position:0% +equation we had +before which has a proportionality to NE + + align:start position:0% +before which has a proportionality to NE + + + align:start position:0% +before which has a proportionality to NE +and te to the half so from this probe + + align:start position:0% +and te to the half so from this probe + + + align:start position:0% +and te to the half so from this probe +characteristic here we can now get out + + align:start position:0% +characteristic here we can now get out + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic here we can now get out +both the density and the temperature + + align:start position:0% +both the density and the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +both the density and the temperature +again from looking at the gradients near + + align:start position:0% +again from looking at the gradients near + + + align:start position:0% +again from looking at the gradients near +the bias voltage of zero and looking at + + align:start position:0% +the bias voltage of zero and looking at + + + align:start position:0% +the bias voltage of zero and looking at +the iron saturation + + align:start position:0% +the iron saturation + + + align:start position:0% +the iron saturation +current as we did before but the + + align:start position:0% +current as we did before but the + + + align:start position:0% +current as we did before but the +advantage of this is that we can no + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this is that we can no + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this is that we can no +longer draw a large current by accident + + align:start position:0% +longer draw a large current by accident + + + align:start position:0% +longer draw a large current by accident +but the + + align:start position:0% +but the + + + align:start position:0% +but the +limitation is still the sweep + + align:start position:0% +limitation is still the sweep + + + align:start position:0% +limitation is still the sweep +time so we still need to sweep this bias + + align:start position:0% +time so we still need to sweep this bias + + + align:start position:0% +time so we still need to sweep this bias +voltage up and down so that we can trace + + align:start position:0% +voltage up and down so that we can trace + + + align:start position:0% +voltage up and down so that we can trace +out this tanch function uh so that we + + align:start position:0% +out this tanch function uh so that we + + + align:start position:0% +out this tanch function uh so that we +can fit it so you still can't resolve + + align:start position:0% +can fit it so you still can't resolve + + + align:start position:0% +can fit it so you still can't resolve +very fast moving things but this at + + align:start position:0% +very fast moving things but this at + + + align:start position:0% +very fast moving things but this at +least uh is a nice and safe probe so any + + align:start position:0% +least uh is a nice and safe probe so any + + + align:start position:0% +least uh is a nice and safe probe so any +questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so no prizes for anyone who guess + + align:start position:0% +this so no prizes for anyone who guess + + + align:start position:0% +this so no prizes for anyone who guess +that after the double probe we go to the + + align:start position:0% +that after the double probe we go to the + + + align:start position:0% +that after the double probe we go to the +triple probe I promise I will stop at of + + align:start position:0% +triple probe I promise I will stop at of + + + align:start position:0% +triple probe I promise I will stop at of +this so a double probe a triple probe is + + align:start position:0% +this so a double probe a triple probe is + + + align:start position:0% +this so a double probe a triple probe is +simply a double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe plus a floating probe so let me + + align:start position:0% +probe plus a floating probe so let me + + + align:start position:0% +probe plus a floating probe so let me +sketch that and explain what that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means that's meant to read + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +floating so we have our double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe as before like this and we bias it + + align:start position:0% +probe as before like this and we bias it + + + align:start position:0% +probe as before like this and we bias it +with some bias potential and we + + align:start position:0% +with some bias potential and we + + + align:start position:0% +with some bias potential and we +measure the current across a resistor + + align:start position:0% +measure the current across a resistor + + + align:start position:0% +measure the current across a resistor +but we also have stuck somewhere + + align:start position:0% +but we also have stuck somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +but we also have stuck somewhere +nearby we have our single + + align:start position:0% +nearby we have our single + + + align:start position:0% +nearby we have our single +probe so that is by floating there we + + align:start position:0% +probe so that is by floating there we + + + align:start position:0% +probe so that is by floating there we +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +sorry for this probe we actually don't + + align:start position:0% +sorry for this probe we actually don't + + + align:start position:0% +sorry for this probe we actually don't +measure the current through it because + + align:start position:0% +measure the current through it because + + + align:start position:0% +measure the current through it because +we're going to leave it floating so we + + align:start position:0% +we're going to leave it floating so we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to leave it floating so we +actually measure the voltage that it at + + align:start position:0% +actually measure the voltage that it at + + + align:start position:0% +actually measure the voltage that it at +here so for the double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe we set our bias voltage to be + + align:start position:0% +probe we set our bias voltage to be + + + align:start position:0% +probe we set our bias voltage to be +greater than a + + align:start position:0% +greater than a + + + align:start position:0% +greater than a +few electron temperatures and maybe this + + align:start position:0% +few electron temperatures and maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +few electron temperatures and maybe this +takes a bit of trial and error but we + + align:start position:0% +takes a bit of trial and error but we + + + align:start position:0% +takes a bit of trial and error but we +find it in the end and then we find out + + align:start position:0% +find it in the end and then we find out + + + align:start position:0% +find it in the end and then we find out +that one of the + + align:start position:0% +that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the +probes is going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +draw positive and saturation current + + align:start position:0% +draw positive and saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +draw positive and saturation current +second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe is going to + + align:start position:0% +probe is going to + + + align:start position:0% +probe is going to +draw the negative ion saturation + + align:start position:0% +draw the negative ion saturation + + + align:start position:0% +draw the negative ion saturation +currents because it's at a potential + + align:start position:0% +currents because it's at a potential + + + align:start position:0% +currents because it's at a potential +greater than the floating + + align:start position:0% +greater than the floating + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the floating +potential this one is at a potential + + align:start position:0% +potential this one is at a potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential this one is at a potential +less than the floating potential and + + align:start position:0% +less than the floating potential and + + + align:start position:0% +less than the floating potential and +finally the floating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe is going to + + align:start position:0% +probe is going to + + + align:start position:0% +probe is going to +allow us to measure the floating + + align:start position:0% +allow us to measure the floating + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to measure the floating +potential itself directly and the reason + + align:start position:0% +potential itself directly and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +potential itself directly and the reason +that this is neat and fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +that this is neat and fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +that this is neat and fundamentally +different from the other probes that + + align:start position:0% +different from the other probes that + + + align:start position:0% +different from the other probes that +we've looked at is if I + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at is if I + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at is if I +redraw our IV + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +characteristic + + align:start position:0% +characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic +so I and V and again we have a floating + + align:start position:0% +so I and V and again we have a floating + + + align:start position:0% +so I and V and again we have a floating +potential we have plasma potential here + + align:start position:0% +potential we have plasma potential here + + + align:start position:0% +potential we have plasma potential here +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +the ion saturation current and we have + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current and we have + + + align:start position:0% +the ion saturation current and we have +the electron saturation current these + + align:start position:0% +the electron saturation current these + + + align:start position:0% +the electron saturation current these +three probes are actually representing + + align:start position:0% +three probes are actually representing + + + align:start position:0% +three probes are actually representing +three different places on this curve so + + align:start position:0% +three different places on this curve so + + + align:start position:0% +three different places on this curve so +probe number one is representing a place + + align:start position:0% +probe number one is representing a place + + + align:start position:0% +probe number one is representing a place +down here probe number two or number + + align:start position:0% +down here probe number two or number + + + align:start position:0% +down here probe number two or number +three is representing this point and + + align:start position:0% +three is representing this point and + + + align:start position:0% +three is representing this point and +probe number two is representing the + + align:start position:0% +probe number two is representing the + + + align:start position:0% +probe number two is representing the +opposite + + align:start position:0% +opposite + + + align:start position:0% +opposite +point up here where we're + + align:start position:0% +point up here where we're + + + align:start position:0% +point up here where we're +drawing minus the ion saturation current + + align:start position:0% +drawing minus the ion saturation current + + + align:start position:0% +drawing minus the ion saturation current +here and this means we're measuring + + align:start position:0% +here and this means we're measuring + + + align:start position:0% +here and this means we're measuring +three points on an exponential three + + align:start position:0% +three points on an exponential three + + + align:start position:0% +three points on an exponential three +points on an exponential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve and three points on exponential + + align:start position:0% +curve and three points on exponential + + + align:start position:0% +curve and three points on exponential +curve is enough to specify it and so we + + align:start position:0% +curve is enough to specify it and so we + + + align:start position:0% +curve is enough to specify it and so we +can just fit the IV + + align:start position:0% +can just fit the IV + + + align:start position:0% +can just fit the IV +curve and we can get out straight away + + align:start position:0% +curve and we can get out straight away + + + align:start position:0% +curve and we can get out straight away +what the density is and what the + + align:start position:0% +what the density is and what the + + + align:start position:0% +what the density is and what the +temperature is and we can do that + + align:start position:0% +temperature is and we can do that + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is and we can do that +without sweeping any voltage here + + align:start position:0% +without sweeping any voltage here + + + align:start position:0% +without sweeping any voltage here +remember we are not sweeping the bias + + align:start position:0% +remember we are not sweeping the bias + + + align:start position:0% +remember we are not sweeping the bias +voltage here we just set it to a few + + align:start position:0% +voltage here we just set it to a few + + + align:start position:0% +voltage here we just set it to a few +times ET so the whole system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +floats near the floating potential so we + + align:start position:0% +floats near the floating potential so we + + + align:start position:0% +floats near the floating potential so we +can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +draw the electron saturation current by + + align:start position:0% +draw the electron saturation current by + + + align:start position:0% +draw the electron saturation current by +uh By Design we also have um fast time + + align:start position:0% +uh By Design we also have um fast time + + + align:start position:0% +uh By Design we also have um fast time +resolution because now we're no longer + + align:start position:0% +resolution because now we're no longer + + + align:start position:0% +resolution because now we're no longer +sweeping anything we're just digitizing + + align:start position:0% +sweeping anything we're just digitizing + + + align:start position:0% +sweeping anything we're just digitizing +this in time so we can resolve any short + + align:start position:0% +this in time so we can resolve any short + + + align:start position:0% +this in time so we can resolve any short +live phenomena but the only problem with + + align:start position:0% +live phenomena but the only problem with + + + align:start position:0% +live phenomena but the only problem with +this is that it assumes + + align:start position:0% +this is that it assumes + + + align:start position:0% +this is that it assumes +implicitly that your IV Curve + + align:start position:0% +implicitly that your IV Curve + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly that your IV Curve +Model is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good and I think that is a big + + align:start position:0% +good and I think that is a big + + + align:start position:0% +good and I think that is a big +assumption right so you've only got + + align:start position:0% +assumption right so you've only got + + + align:start position:0% +assumption right so you've only got +three points on there so if it starts uh + + align:start position:0% +three points on there so if it starts uh + + + align:start position:0% +three points on there so if it starts uh +deviating from an exponential you're + + align:start position:0% +deviating from an exponential you're + + + align:start position:0% +deviating from an exponential you're +effectively sort of not overfitting but + + align:start position:0% +effectively sort of not overfitting but + + + align:start position:0% +effectively sort of not overfitting but +uh precisely fitting it and so you won't + + align:start position:0% +uh precisely fitting it and so you won't + + + align:start position:0% +uh precisely fitting it and so you won't +be able to see any deviations and that's + + align:start position:0% +be able to see any deviations and that's + + + align:start position:0% +be able to see any deviations and that's +when people start using quadruple probes + + align:start position:0% +when people start using quadruple probes + + + align:start position:0% +when people start using quadruple probes +and all sorts of exciting things like + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of exciting things like + + + align:start position:0% +and all sorts of exciting things like +that which we're not going to go into + + align:start position:0% +that which we're not going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +that which we're not going to go into +but you know you can keep adding probes + + align:start position:0% +but you know you can keep adding probes + + + align:start position:0% +but you know you can keep adding probes +and one way to think about adding probes + + align:start position:0% +and one way to think about adding probes + + + align:start position:0% +and one way to think about adding probes +is that you keep adding more points + + align:start position:0% +is that you keep adding more points + + + align:start position:0% +is that you keep adding more points +along this line by biassing probes + + align:start position:0% +along this line by biassing probes + + + align:start position:0% +along this line by biassing probes +different places and if you measure + + align:start position:0% +different places and if you measure + + + align:start position:0% +different places and if you measure +their current and their potential you + + align:start position:0% +their current and their potential you + + + align:start position:0% +their current and their potential you +can reproduce that curve sort of + + align:start position:0% +can reproduce that curve sort of + + + align:start position:0% +can reproduce that curve sort of +instantaneously of course if you cry try + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously of course if you cry try + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously of course if you cry try +and Crow too many probes together in the + + align:start position:0% +and Crow too many probes together in the + + + align:start position:0% +and Crow too many probes together in the +same place uh you're going to cause lots + + align:start position:0% +same place uh you're going to cause lots + + + align:start position:0% +same place uh you're going to cause lots +of pertubations and the probes are going + + align:start position:0% +of pertubations and the probes are going + + + align:start position:0% +of pertubations and the probes are going +to interfere with each other + + align:start position:0% +to interfere with each other + + + align:start position:0% +to interfere with each other +so this is not Flawless but people do + + align:start position:0% +so this is not Flawless but people do + + + align:start position:0% +so this is not Flawless but people do +all sorts of clever things with + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of clever things with + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of clever things with +this okay so questions and I see + + align:start position:0% +this okay so questions and I see + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so questions and I see +Nigel yeah I wanted to actually ask + + align:start position:0% +Nigel yeah I wanted to actually ask + + + align:start position:0% +Nigel yeah I wanted to actually ask +about the last point you brought up + + align:start position:0% +about the last point you brought up + + + align:start position:0% +about the last point you brought up +about like could you talk more about the + + align:start position:0% +about like could you talk more about the + + + align:start position:0% +about like could you talk more about the +tradeoff + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff + + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff +between having the probes close together + + align:start position:0% +between having the probes close together + + + align:start position:0% +between having the probes close together +so you ensure that they're measuring the + + align:start position:0% +so you ensure that they're measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +so you ensure that they're measuring the +same plasma versus them um interfering + + align:start position:0% +same plasma versus them um interfering + + + align:start position:0% +same plasma versus them um interfering +with each other like their sheets + + align:start position:0% +with each other like their sheets + + + align:start position:0% +with each other like their sheets +overlapping and things like that yeah + + align:start position:0% +overlapping and things like that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping and things like that yeah +it's fair enough so I can talk a little + + align:start position:0% +it's fair enough so I can talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +it's fair enough so I can talk a little +bit about it but I'm not an expert so + + align:start position:0% +bit about it but I'm not an expert so + + + align:start position:0% +bit about it but I'm not an expert so +one thing I'll point out is you know our + + align:start position:0% +one thing I'll point out is you know our + + + align:start position:0% +one thing I'll point out is you know our +sheath thickness is going to be a few + + align:start position:0% +sheath thickness is going to be a few + + + align:start position:0% +sheath thickness is going to be a few +Deb lengths so you might think well + + align:start position:0% +Deb lengths so you might think well + + + align:start position:0% +Deb lengths so you might think well +that's okay I can keep my probes more + + align:start position:0% +that's okay I can keep my probes more + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay I can keep my probes more +than 60 microns apart or something like + + align:start position:0% +than 60 microns apart or something like + + + align:start position:0% +than 60 microns apart or something like +that the trouble is that there's + + align:start position:0% +that the trouble is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +that the trouble is that there's +actually a region here called the preath + + align:start position:0% +actually a region here called the preath + + + align:start position:0% +actually a region here called the preath +and although we've tried our absolute + + align:start position:0% +and although we've tried our absolute + + + align:start position:0% +and although we've tried our absolute +hardest not to model the pre- sheath + + align:start position:0% +hardest not to model the pre- sheath + + + align:start position:0% +hardest not to model the pre- sheath +very much if the pre sheath starts to + + align:start position:0% +very much if the pre sheath starts to + + + align:start position:0% +very much if the pre sheath starts to +overlap it can be a big deal and the + + align:start position:0% +overlap it can be a big deal and the + + + align:start position:0% +overlap it can be a big deal and the +pre- sheath is much larger than the Deb + + align:start position:0% +pre- sheath is much larger than the Deb + + + align:start position:0% +pre- sheath is much larger than the Deb +length it's you know maybe hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +length it's you know maybe hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +length it's you know maybe hundreds of +theb lengths in fact uh it's all a bit + + align:start position:0% +theb lengths in fact uh it's all a bit + + + align:start position:0% +theb lengths in fact uh it's all a bit +subtle and if you start looking at + + align:start position:0% +subtle and if you start looking at + + + align:start position:0% +subtle and if you start looking at +hutson's book you realize that I haven't + + align:start position:0% +hutson's book you realize that I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +hutson's book you realize that I haven't +mentioned collisions or magnetic fields + + align:start position:0% +mentioned collisions or magnetic fields + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned collisions or magnetic fields +at all and these make this extremely + + align:start position:0% +at all and these make this extremely + + + align:start position:0% +at all and these make this extremely +subtle and complicated to work out so + + align:start position:0% +subtle and complicated to work out so + + + align:start position:0% +subtle and complicated to work out so +you really want to have your probe space + + align:start position:0% +you really want to have your probe space + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to have your probe space +far enough apart the pre-ets pre- + + align:start position:0% +far enough apart the pre-ets pre- + + + align:start position:0% +far enough apart the pre-ets pre- +sheaths don't interfere so if I was + + align:start position:0% +sheaths don't interfere so if I was + + + align:start position:0% +sheaths don't interfere so if I was +doing this in an experiment I would have + + align:start position:0% +doing this in an experiment I would have + + + align:start position:0% +doing this in an experiment I would have +like one probe and then I put another + + align:start position:0% +like one probe and then I put another + + + align:start position:0% +like one probe and then I put another +probe in next to it and see if my signal + + align:start position:0% +probe in next to it and see if my signal + + + align:start position:0% +probe in next to it and see if my signal +on the first probe changed and if it + + align:start position:0% +on the first probe changed and if it + + + align:start position:0% +on the first probe changed and if it +changed significantly by like 10% or + + align:start position:0% +changed significantly by like 10% or + + + align:start position:0% +changed significantly by like 10% or +more I would say those probes are too + + align:start position:0% +more I would say those probes are too + + + align:start position:0% +more I would say those probes are too +close together right and so you might + + align:start position:0% +close together right and so you might + + + align:start position:0% +close together right and so you might +have to do this a little bit quasy + + align:start position:0% +have to do this a little bit quasy + + + align:start position:0% +have to do this a little bit quasy +experimentally in order to work out how + + align:start position:0% +experimentally in order to work out how + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally in order to work out how +close you can put all the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probes thank you you're welcome any + + align:start position:0% +probes thank you you're welcome any + + + align:start position:0% +probes thank you you're welcome any +other questions on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I have just got two bullet points + + align:start position:0% +this I have just got two bullet points + + + align:start position:0% +this I have just got two bullet points +before we finish up and these are just + + align:start position:0% +before we finish up and these are just + + + align:start position:0% +before we finish up and these are just +due to what we would call added + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complications + + align:start position:0% +complications + + + align:start position:0% +complications +so the first complication are magnetic + + align:start position:0% +so the first complication are magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +so the first complication are magnetic +fields and you definitely might want to + + align:start position:0% +fields and you definitely might want to + + + align:start position:0% +fields and you definitely might want to +use a langar probe in a magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +use a langar probe in a magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +use a langar probe in a magnetic field +you might want to put in the scrape off + + align:start position:0% +you might want to put in the scrape off + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to put in the scrape off +layer of a toac or something like that + + align:start position:0% +layer of a toac or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +layer of a toac or something like that +um and the big problem with magnetic + + align:start position:0% +um and the big problem with magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +um and the big problem with magnetic +fields is they alter particle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orbits um if you have very strong + + align:start position:0% +orbits um if you have very strong + + + align:start position:0% +orbits um if you have very strong +magnetic + + align:start position:0% +magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic +fields this may not seem like too big a + + align:start position:0% +fields this may not seem like too big a + + + align:start position:0% +fields this may not seem like too big a +deal here's my probe here I've got a + + align:start position:0% +deal here's my probe here I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +deal here's my probe here I've got a +magnetic field that's oriented + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field that's oriented + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field that's oriented +like this and I'll say okay well all my + + align:start position:0% +like this and I'll say okay well all my + + + align:start position:0% +like this and I'll say okay well all my +particles are going to + + align:start position:0% +particles are going to + + + align:start position:0% +particles are going to +gyate around this magnetic field and so + + align:start position:0% +gyate around this magnetic field and so + + + align:start position:0% +gyate around this magnetic field and so +what you end up with is a sheath that's + + align:start position:0% +what you end up with is a sheath that's + + + align:start position:0% +what you end up with is a sheath that's +very close in like this but you end up + + align:start position:0% +very close in like this but you end up + + + align:start position:0% +very close in like this but you end up +with a pre-sheath that is effectively + + align:start position:0% +with a pre-sheath that is effectively + + + align:start position:0% +with a pre-sheath that is effectively +swept out by the projection of the probe + + align:start position:0% +swept out by the projection of the probe + + + align:start position:0% +swept out by the projection of the probe +area along this magnetic field and you + + align:start position:0% +area along this magnetic field and you + + + align:start position:0% +area along this magnetic field and you +have particles which enter the pre + + align:start position:0% +have particles which enter the pre + + + align:start position:0% +have particles which enter the pre +sheath and then travel down the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +sheath and then travel down the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +sheath and then travel down the magnetic +fields until they hit our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe so I've probably drawn too many + + align:start position:0% +probe so I've probably drawn too many + + + align:start position:0% +probe so I've probably drawn too many +lines but this is the rough picture here + + align:start position:0% +lines but this is the rough picture here + + + align:start position:0% +lines but this is the rough picture here +so this is the pre- + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sheath this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sheath this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe it turns out that if you assume + + align:start position:0% +probe it turns out that if you assume + + + align:start position:0% +probe it turns out that if you assume +your Plasma's completely collisionless + + align:start position:0% +your Plasma's completely collisionless + + + align:start position:0% +your Plasma's completely collisionless +this all falls apart um because you need + + align:start position:0% +this all falls apart um because you need + + + align:start position:0% +this all falls apart um because you need +some process to knock the particles from + + align:start position:0% +some process to knock the particles from + + + align:start position:0% +some process to knock the particles from +being out outside the pre- sheath to + + align:start position:0% +being out outside the pre- sheath to + + + align:start position:0% +being out outside the pre- sheath to +inside the pre sheath to keep sort of + + align:start position:0% +inside the pre sheath to keep sort of + + + align:start position:0% +inside the pre sheath to keep sort of +fueling the particle flux onto it and so + + align:start position:0% +fueling the particle flux onto it and so + + + align:start position:0% +fueling the particle flux onto it and so +even if the collisionality is very very + + align:start position:0% +even if the collisionality is very very + + + align:start position:0% +even if the collisionality is very very +weak uh this pre- sheath keeps expanding + + align:start position:0% +weak uh this pre- sheath keeps expanding + + + align:start position:0% +weak uh this pre- sheath keeps expanding +until it reaches a length scale where + + align:start position:0% +until it reaches a length scale where + + + align:start position:0% +until it reaches a length scale where +the collisionality is important so the + + align:start position:0% +the collisionality is important so the + + + align:start position:0% +the collisionality is important so the +exact size of the pre sheath is very + + align:start position:0% +exact size of the pre sheath is very + + + align:start position:0% +exact size of the pre sheath is very +hard to calculate and this is only in + + align:start position:0% +hard to calculate and this is only in + + + align:start position:0% +hard to calculate and this is only in +the case that I've sketched here for + + align:start position:0% +the case that I've sketched here for + + + align:start position:0% +the case that I've sketched here for +very strong magnetic fields of course if + + align:start position:0% +very strong magnetic fields of course if + + + align:start position:0% +very strong magnetic fields of course if +your magnetic fields are weaker your + + align:start position:0% +your magnetic fields are weaker your + + + align:start position:0% +your magnetic fields are weaker your +particles are going to be doing things + + align:start position:0% +particles are going to be doing things + + + align:start position:0% +particles are going to be doing things +like this where they spend some of their + + align:start position:0% +like this where they spend some of their + + + align:start position:0% +like this where they spend some of their +time inside the pre-sheath and some of + + align:start position:0% +time inside the pre-sheath and some of + + + align:start position:0% +time inside the pre-sheath and some of +the time outside and then you have to + + align:start position:0% +the time outside and then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +the time outside and then you have to +start doing like single par particle + + align:start position:0% +start doing like single par particle + + + align:start position:0% +start doing like single par particle +orbit calculations to see how many + + align:start position:0% +orbit calculations to see how many + + + align:start position:0% +orbit calculations to see how many +particles hit your probe and it becomes + + align:start position:0% +particles hit your probe and it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +particles hit your probe and it becomes +very complicated so probes in magnetic + + align:start position:0% +very complicated so probes in magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated so probes in magnetic +fields are very hard and people spend + + align:start position:0% +fields are very hard and people spend + + + align:start position:0% +fields are very hard and people spend +their whole careers trying to to work on + + align:start position:0% +their whole careers trying to to work on + + + align:start position:0% +their whole careers trying to to work on +that the other thing we haven't + + align:start position:0% +that the other thing we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +that the other thing we haven't +discussed is collisions here um so in in + + align:start position:0% +discussed is collisions here um so in in + + + align:start position:0% +discussed is collisions here um so in in +the sheath Theory I presented I didn't + + align:start position:0% +the sheath Theory I presented I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the sheath Theory I presented I didn't +derive it as I said but I I had assumed + + align:start position:0% +derive it as I said but I I had assumed + + + align:start position:0% +derive it as I said but I I had assumed +there were no collisions here so all the + + align:start position:0% +there were no collisions here so all the + + + align:start position:0% +there were no collisions here so all the +particles were just sort of streaming + + align:start position:0% +particles were just sort of streaming + + + align:start position:0% +particles were just sort of streaming +inwards without interacting uh in a real + + align:start position:0% +inwards without interacting uh in a real + + + align:start position:0% +inwards without interacting uh in a real +plasma especially the sorts of the + + align:start position:0% +plasma especially the sorts of the + + + align:start position:0% +plasma especially the sorts of the +plasma this that you tend to work with + + align:start position:0% +plasma this that you tend to work with + + + align:start position:0% +plasma this that you tend to work with +langar probes collisions are actually + + align:start position:0% +langar probes collisions are actually + + + align:start position:0% +langar probes collisions are actually +quite important and these collisions are + + align:start position:0% +quite important and these collisions are + + + align:start position:0% +quite important and these collisions are +going to modify your flux which if you + + align:start position:0% +going to modify your flux which if you + + + align:start position:0% +going to modify your flux which if you +remember was the first thing we wrote + + align:start position:0% +remember was the first thing we wrote + + + align:start position:0% +remember was the first thing we wrote +down gamma uh and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +down gamma uh and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +down gamma uh and they're going to +modify it to include particle diffusion + + align:start position:0% +modify it to include particle diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +modify it to include particle diffusion +here and so you kind of need to go back + + align:start position:0% +here and so you kind of need to go back + + + align:start position:0% +here and so you kind of need to go back +and rederive all these results with this + + align:start position:0% +and rederive all these results with this + + + align:start position:0% +and rederive all these results with this +modified gamma in this case and again + + align:start position:0% +modified gamma in this case and again + + + align:start position:0% +modified gamma in this case and again +Hutchinson spends a very long time on + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson spends a very long time on + + + align:start position:0% +Hutchinson spends a very long time on +this in the book because uh this is + + align:start position:0% +this in the book because uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +this in the book because uh this is +something that he cares about deeply and + + align:start position:0% +something that he cares about deeply and + + + align:start position:0% +something that he cares about deeply and +if you're working with langar probes + + align:start position:0% +if you're working with langar probes + + + align:start position:0% +if you're working with langar probes +then it's one very good resources to go + + align:start position:0% +then it's one very good resources to go + + + align:start position:0% +then it's one very good resources to go +look at his book and then there liburn + + align:start position:0% +look at his book and then there liburn + + + align:start position:0% +look at his book and then there liburn +and lenberg also deal with magnetized + + align:start position:0% +and lenberg also deal with magnetized + + + align:start position:0% +and lenberg also deal with magnetized +CHS and collisional sheets in a great + + align:start position:0% +CHS and collisional sheets in a great + + + align:start position:0% +CHS and collisional sheets in a great +deal of detail so there's more + + align:start position:0% +deal of detail so there's more + + + align:start position:0% +deal of detail so there's more +information there so I'm very happy to + + align:start position:0% +information there so I'm very happy to + + + align:start position:0% +information there so I'm very happy to +take questions but I actually have to go + + align:start position:0% +take questions but I actually have to go + + + align:start position:0% +take questions but I actually have to go +teach another class virtually in four + + align:start position:0% +teach another class virtually in four + + + align:start position:0% +teach another class virtually in four +minutes uh so please keep them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brief Are there games to play about like + + align:start position:0% +brief Are there games to play about like + + + align:start position:0% +brief Are there games to play about like +when you s example like instead of + + align:start position:0% +when you s example like instead of + + + align:start position:0% +when you s example like instead of +instead of doing a perfect sweep if + + align:start position:0% +instead of doing a perfect sweep if + + + align:start position:0% +instead of doing a perfect sweep if +you're clever about like trying to um + + align:start position:0% +you're clever about like trying to um + + + align:start position:0% +you're clever about like trying to um +you know change the frequency with which + + align:start position:0% +you know change the frequency with which + + + align:start position:0% +you know change the frequency with which +you do that you can get a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you do that you can get a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you do that you can get a little bit +better idea of you know how consistent + + align:start position:0% +better idea of you know how consistent + + + align:start position:0% +better idea of you know how consistent +your response is in time or something + + align:start position:0% +your response is in time or something + + + align:start position:0% +your response is in time or something +like make sure you're not having + + align:start position:0% +like make sure you're not having + + + align:start position:0% +like make sure you're not having +simpling effect I can imagine you could + + align:start position:0% +simpling effect I can imagine you could + + + align:start position:0% +simpling effect I can imagine you could +do all sorts of clever things of like + + align:start position:0% +do all sorts of clever things of like + + + align:start position:0% +do all sorts of clever things of like +some fast sweeps and some slow sweeps + + align:start position:0% +some fast sweeps and some slow sweeps + + + align:start position:0% +some fast sweeps and some slow sweeps +and not sweeping the whole range if you + + align:start position:0% +and not sweeping the whole range if you + + + align:start position:0% +and not sweeping the whole range if you +only need a few points to fit the + + align:start position:0% +only need a few points to fit the + + + align:start position:0% +only need a few points to fit the +characteristic so yeah I imagine there + + align:start position:0% +characteristic so yeah I imagine there + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic so yeah I imagine there +are some things that you can do in order + + align:start position:0% +are some things that you can do in order + + + align:start position:0% +are some things that you can do in order +to to optimize that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions cool well thank you very much + + align:start position:0% +questions cool well thank you very much + + + align:start position:0% +questions cool well thank you very much +everyone um this is likely to be online + + align:start position:0% +everyone um this is likely to be online + + + align:start position:0% +everyone um this is likely to be online +on Thursday as well as I won't be able + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday as well as I won't be able + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday as well as I won't be able +to stop self-isolating by then and we'll + + align:start position:0% +to stop self-isolating by then and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +to stop self-isolating by then and we'll +be talking about refractive index + + align:start position:0% +be talking about refractive index + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about refractive index +Diagnostics so have a good day and I'll + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics so have a good day and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics so have a good day and I'll +see some of you again in a couple of + + align:start position:0% +see some of you again in a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +see some of you again in a couple of +minutes at the next class so bye for now \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cMu0hsvgkGk.txt b/cMu0hsvgkGk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3421fdd7dfd6011b15eb8173e899e852bbe2e6c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/cMu0hsvgkGk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we would now like to compare the moment + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to compare the moment + + + align:start position:0% +we would now like to compare the moment +of inertia for a rigid body let's take + + align:start position:0% +of inertia for a rigid body let's take + + + align:start position:0% +of inertia for a rigid body let's take +an arbitrary rigid body about the center + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrary rigid body about the center + + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrary rigid body about the center +of max mass so let's say the rigid body + + align:start position:0% +of max mass so let's say the rigid body + + + align:start position:0% +of max mass so let's say the rigid body +is rotating about this axis and what we + + align:start position:0% +is rotating about this axis and what we + + + align:start position:0% +is rotating about this axis and what we +like to compare that is to the moment of + + align:start position:0% +like to compare that is to the moment of + + + align:start position:0% +like to compare that is to the moment of +inertia say about a parallel axis that's + + align:start position:0% +inertia say about a parallel axis that's + + + align:start position:0% +inertia say about a parallel axis that's +also going through the rigid body now + + align:start position:0% +also going through the rigid body now + + + align:start position:0% +also going through the rigid body now +let's recall how we define moment of + + align:start position:0% +let's recall how we define moment of + + + align:start position:0% +let's recall how we define moment of +inertia we first choose a mass element + + align:start position:0% +inertia we first choose a mass element + + + align:start position:0% +inertia we first choose a mass element +DM what I like to show is if this object + + align:start position:0% +DM what I like to show is if this object + + + align:start position:0% +DM what I like to show is if this object +is rotating about this axis then what is + + align:start position:0% +is rotating about this axis then what is + + + align:start position:0% +is rotating about this axis then what is +that object do it + + align:start position:0% +that object do it + + + align:start position:0% +that object do it +well that object is undergoing a little + + align:start position:0% +well that object is undergoing a little + + + align:start position:0% +well that object is undergoing a little +bit of circular motion and this distance + + align:start position:0% +bit of circular motion and this distance + + + align:start position:0% +bit of circular motion and this distance +here is what we call the perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +here is what we call the perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +here is what we call the perpendicular +distance about that axis and let's + + align:start position:0% +distance about that axis and let's + + + align:start position:0% +distance about that axis and let's +indicate this is for our element DM so + + align:start position:0% +indicate this is for our element DM so + + + align:start position:0% +indicate this is for our element DM so +this perpendicular distance is what + + align:start position:0% +this perpendicular distance is what + + + align:start position:0% +this perpendicular distance is what +shows up in our definition for the + + align:start position:0% +shows up in our definition for the + + + align:start position:0% +shows up in our definition for the +center of mass moment of inertia about + + align:start position:0% +center of mass moment of inertia about + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass moment of inertia about +that axis it's the integral of DM RCM + + align:start position:0% +that axis it's the integral of DM RCM + + + align:start position:0% +that axis it's the integral of DM RCM +perp now again quantity squared what is + + align:start position:0% +perp now again quantity squared what is + + + align:start position:0% +perp now again quantity squared what is +this distance this is the perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +this distance this is the perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +this distance this is the perpendicular +distance from our DM to the axis of + + align:start position:0% +distance from our DM to the axis of + + + align:start position:0% +distance from our DM to the axis of +rotation imagine it's doing a circle and + + align:start position:0% +rotation imagine it's doing a circle and + + + align:start position:0% +rotation imagine it's doing a circle and +that's the radius of that circle so if + + align:start position:0% +that's the radius of that circle so if + + + align:start position:0% +that's the radius of that circle so if +we were to calculate the moment of + + align:start position:0% +we were to calculate the moment of + + + align:start position:0% +we were to calculate the moment of +inertia about another axis then about + + align:start position:0% +inertia about another axis then about + + + align:start position:0% +inertia about another axis then about +this axis the perpendicular distance + + align:start position:0% +this axis the perpendicular distance + + + align:start position:0% +this axis the perpendicular distance +here that I'll write as R s perp and you + + align:start position:0% +here that I'll write as R s perp and you + + + align:start position:0% +here that I'll write as R s perp and you +can see these perpendicular distances + + align:start position:0% +can see these perpendicular distances + + + align:start position:0% +can see these perpendicular distances +are not the same and the moment of + + align:start position:0% +are not the same and the moment of + + + align:start position:0% +are not the same and the moment of +inertia about that other axis is equal + + align:start position:0% +inertia about that other axis is equal + + + align:start position:0% +inertia about that other axis is equal +to the integral of DM r s perp quantity + + align:start position:0% +to the integral of DM r s perp quantity + + + align:start position:0% +to the integral of DM r s perp quantity +squared now how do we relate those + + align:start position:0% +squared now how do we relate those + + + align:start position:0% +squared now how do we relate those +perpendicular distances well there's a + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular distances well there's a + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular distances well there's a +couple of ways to do it and notice that + + align:start position:0% +couple of ways to do it and notice that + + + align:start position:0% +couple of ways to do it and notice that +the distance between these axes is given + + align:start position:0% +the distance between these axes is given + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between these axes is given +by D and I'm gonna call this the + + align:start position:0% +by D and I'm gonna call this the + + + align:start position:0% +by D and I'm gonna call this the +distance R cm now let's just call this + + align:start position:0% +distance R cm now let's just call this + + + align:start position:0% +distance R cm now let's just call this +the X direction + + align:start position:0% +the X direction + + + align:start position:0% +the X direction +I'll call that + + align:start position:0% +I'll call that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call that +so how do I relate these distances well + + align:start position:0% +so how do I relate these distances well + + + align:start position:0% +so how do I relate these distances well +D is a fixed distance and you can see + + align:start position:0% +D is a fixed distance and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +D is a fixed distance and you can see +from my diagram that RS perp is equal to + + align:start position:0% +from my diagram that RS perp is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +from my diagram that RS perp is equal to +D plus R cm x and if i square this i get + + align:start position:0% +D plus R cm x and if i square this i get + + + align:start position:0% +D plus R cm x and if i square this i get +d squared plus 2d r cm x plus r cm x + + align:start position:0% +d squared plus 2d r cm x plus r cm x + + + align:start position:0% +d squared plus 2d r cm x plus r cm x +squared and that are cm x squared is + + align:start position:0% +squared and that are cm x squared is + + + align:start position:0% +squared and that are cm x squared is +precisely what we're calling the + + align:start position:0% +precisely what we're calling the + + + align:start position:0% +precisely what we're calling the +perpendicular distance so when I put + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular distance so when I put + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular distance so when I put +those into my moment of inertia is I get + + align:start position:0% +those into my moment of inertia is I get + + + align:start position:0% +those into my moment of inertia is I get +DM times d squared plus 2 D times R cm x + + align:start position:0% +DM times d squared plus 2 D times R cm x + + + align:start position:0% +DM times d squared plus 2 D times R cm x +plus these parentheses are cm perp + + align:start position:0% +plus these parentheses are cm perp + + + align:start position:0% +plus these parentheses are cm perp +squared now I'll separate this into + + align:start position:0% +squared now I'll separate this into + + + align:start position:0% +squared now I'll separate this into +three terms the first term is DM times d + + align:start position:0% +three terms the first term is DM times d + + + align:start position:0% +three terms the first term is DM times d +squared this is an integral over the + + align:start position:0% +squared this is an integral over the + + + align:start position:0% +squared this is an integral over the +body the second term is 2 D and I'm + + align:start position:0% +body the second term is 2 D and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +body the second term is 2 D and I'm +going to hold off on the integral + + align:start position:0% +going to hold off on the integral + + + align:start position:0% +going to hold off on the integral +because the 2 D is the same for every + + align:start position:0% +because the 2 D is the same for every + + + align:start position:0% +because the 2 D is the same for every +piece DM r CM x and the third piece is + + align:start position:0% +piece DM r CM x and the third piece is + + + align:start position:0% +piece DM r CM x and the third piece is +integral over the body of DM r I can + + align:start position:0% +integral over the body of DM r I can + + + align:start position:0% +integral over the body of DM r I can +since our cm x is that our perp I'll + + align:start position:0% +since our cm x is that our perp I'll + + + align:start position:0% +since our cm x is that our perp I'll +write it as our perp squared and you can + + align:start position:0% +write it as our perp squared and you can + + + align:start position:0% +write it as our perp squared and you can +see that this term is precisely the + + align:start position:0% +see that this term is precisely the + + + align:start position:0% +see that this term is precisely the +moment of inertia about the center of + + align:start position:0% +moment of inertia about the center of + + + align:start position:0% +moment of inertia about the center of +mass now what I'd like to focus on is + + align:start position:0% +mass now what I'd like to focus on is + + + align:start position:0% +mass now what I'd like to focus on is +this term in particular DM our cm X that + + align:start position:0% +this term in particular DM our cm X that + + + align:start position:0% +this term in particular DM our cm X that +appears in our integral expression + + align:start position:0% +appears in our integral expression + + + align:start position:0% +appears in our integral expression +recall that we defined center of mass we + + align:start position:0% +recall that we defined center of mass we + + + align:start position:0% +recall that we defined center of mass we +had the condition that the sum of m j r + + align:start position:0% +had the condition that the sum of m j r + + + align:start position:0% +had the condition that the sum of m j r +c MJ was 0 now for an integral + + align:start position:0% +c MJ was 0 now for an integral + + + align:start position:0% +c MJ was 0 now for an integral +relationship + + align:start position:0% +relationship + + + align:start position:0% +relationship +this is DM r CM j CM equal to zero so + + align:start position:0% +this is DM r CM j CM equal to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +this is DM r CM j CM equal to zero so +when you sum up the position of every + + align:start position:0% +when you sum up the position of every + + + align:start position:0% +when you sum up the position of every +object with respect to the vector from + + align:start position:0% +object with respect to the vector from + + + align:start position:0% +object with respect to the vector from +the center of mass to your DM element + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass to your DM element + + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass to your DM element +zero what does this say in terms of + + align:start position:0% +zero what does this say in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +zero what does this say in terms of +components in terms of components each + + align:start position:0% +components in terms of components each + + + align:start position:0% +components in terms of components each +component separately vanishes so we have + + align:start position:0% +component separately vanishes so we have + + + align:start position:0% +component separately vanishes so we have +the condition that cm x is 0 so that + + align:start position:0% +the condition that cm x is 0 so that + + + align:start position:0% +the condition that cm x is 0 so that +term is 0 + + align:start position:0% +term is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +term is 0 +which is precisely this term that's 0 + + align:start position:0% +which is precisely this term that's 0 + + + align:start position:0% +which is precisely this term that's 0 +and so we can conclude that is now in + + align:start position:0% +and so we can conclude that is now in + + + align:start position:0% +and so we can conclude that is now in +this term where D is the same piece for + + align:start position:0% +this term where D is the same piece for + + + align:start position:0% +this term where D is the same piece for +every object so we're just pulling out + + align:start position:0% +every object so we're just pulling out + + + align:start position:0% +every object so we're just pulling out +the total mass so it's M total d squared + + align:start position:0% +the total mass so it's M total d squared + + + align:start position:0% +the total mass so it's M total d squared +and let's remind ourselves that D is the + + align:start position:0% +and let's remind ourselves that D is the + + + align:start position:0% +and let's remind ourselves that D is the +distance between the two parallel axes + + align:start position:0% +distance between the two parallel axes + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the two parallel axes +plus the moment of inertia about the + + align:start position:0% +plus the moment of inertia about the + + + align:start position:0% +plus the moment of inertia about the +center of mass and this result is called + + align:start position:0% +center of mass and this result is called + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass and this result is called +the parallel axis theorem \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/csWwk_MOLww.txt b/csWwk_MOLww.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7c25fc15b1502107c95bcb698a0cf1bbd1c96b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/csWwk_MOLww.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9227 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to talk about uh a + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about uh a + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about uh a +very important topic Topic in economics + + align:start position:0% +very important topic Topic in economics + + + align:start position:0% +very important topic Topic in economics +which is expectations we have barely + + align:start position:0% +which is expectations we have barely + + + align:start position:0% +which is expectations we have barely +mention expectations when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +mention expectations when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +mention expectations when we talk about +the Philips curve we talked about + + align:start position:0% +the Philips curve we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the Philips curve we talked about +expectations when we when we discussed + + align:start position:0% +expectations when we when we discussed + + + align:start position:0% +expectations when we when we discussed +the uip and so on but expectation is a + + align:start position:0% +the uip and so on but expectation is a + + + align:start position:0% +the uip and so on but expectation is a +much bigger issue in economics in fact + + align:start position:0% +much bigger issue in economics in fact + + + align:start position:0% +much bigger issue in economics in fact +most Decisions by firms by + + align:start position:0% +most Decisions by firms by + + + align:start position:0% +most Decisions by firms by +consumers governments involved + + align:start position:0% +consumers governments involved + + + align:start position:0% +consumers governments involved +considerations of the future and it + + align:start position:0% +considerations of the future and it + + + align:start position:0% +considerations of the future and it +plays an even bigger role in finance + + align:start position:0% +plays an even bigger role in finance + + + align:start position:0% +plays an even bigger role in finance +which essentially everything is about + + align:start position:0% +which essentially everything is about + + + align:start position:0% +which essentially everything is about +the future the price of an asset today + + align:start position:0% +the future the price of an asset today + + + align:start position:0% +the future the price of an asset today +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +meaningless in itself you have to + + align:start position:0% +meaningless in itself you have to + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless in itself you have to +compare it with what you expect to get + + align:start position:0% +compare it with what you expect to get + + + align:start position:0% +compare it with what you expect to get +out of that asset in the future so it's + + align:start position:0% +out of that asset in the future so it's + + + align:start position:0% +out of that asset in the future so it's +all about expectations and so on so + + align:start position:0% +all about expectations and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +all about expectations and so on so +that's what we we're going to do today + + align:start position:0% +that's what we we're going to do today + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we we're going to do today +want to talk + + align:start position:0% +want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk +about expectations the how to Value + + align:start position:0% +about expectations the how to Value + + + align:start position:0% +about expectations the how to Value +things that that you expect to receive + + align:start position:0% +things that that you expect to receive + + + align:start position:0% +things that that you expect to receive +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +future H and how to compare those things + + align:start position:0% +future H and how to compare those things + + + align:start position:0% +future H and how to compare those things +with things that you have in the present + + align:start position:0% +with things that you have in the present + + + align:start position:0% +with things that you have in the present +um but before doing that actually let's + + align:start position:0% +um but before doing that actually let's + + + align:start position:0% +um but before doing that actually let's +talk a little bit about the news who + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about the news who + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about the news who +knows who First Republic Bank + + align:start position:0% +knows who First Republic Bank + + + align:start position:0% +knows who First Republic Bank +is remember that a few weeks ago I told + + align:start position:0% +is remember that a few weeks ago I told + + + align:start position:0% +is remember that a few weeks ago I told +you that the Silicon Valley Bank I mean + + align:start position:0% +you that the Silicon Valley Bank I mean + + + align:start position:0% +you that the Silicon Valley Bank I mean +you read it I I I I just mention it that + + align:start position:0% +you read it I I I I just mention it that + + + align:start position:0% +you read it I I I I just mention it that +uh ER or discuss it that that you know + + align:start position:0% +uh ER or discuss it that that you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh ER or discuss it that that you know +we had the second largest bank by asset + + align:start position:0% +we had the second largest bank by asset + + + align:start position:0% +we had the second largest bank by asset +in in US history it was Silicon Valley + + align:start position:0% +in in US history it was Silicon Valley + + + align:start position:0% +in in US history it was Silicon Valley +Bank was the second + + align:start position:0% +Bank was the second + + + align:start position:0% +Bank was the second +largest asset Bank in terms of assets to + + align:start position:0% +largest asset Bank in terms of assets to + + + align:start position:0% +largest asset Bank in terms of assets to +collapse in the US the first one was + + align:start position:0% +collapse in the US the first one was + + + align:start position:0% +collapse in the US the first one was +many years ago and and then we had this + + align:start position:0% +many years ago and and then we had this + + + align:start position:0% +many years ago and and then we had this +bank that had more than 200 billion + + align:start position:0% +bank that had more than 200 billion + + + align:start position:0% +bank that had more than 200 billion +dollars in asset that essentially + + align:start position:0% +dollars in asset that essentially + + + align:start position:0% +dollars in asset that essentially +collapsed in a few days was run on + + align:start position:0% +collapsed in a few days was run on + + + align:start position:0% +collapsed in a few days was run on +deposits they had proba before but what + + align:start position:0% +deposits they had proba before but what + + + align:start position:0% +deposits they had proba before but what +really did as it's always the case with + + align:start position:0% +really did as it's always the case with + + + align:start position:0% +really did as it's always the case with +banks is they had a run on deposit + + align:start position:0% +banks is they had a run on deposit + + + align:start position:0% +banks is they had a run on deposit +funding H well it's no longer the second + + align:start position:0% +funding H well it's no longer the second + + + align:start position:0% +funding H well it's no longer the second +largest collapse in US Bank history now + + align:start position:0% +largest collapse in US Bank history now + + + align:start position:0% +largest collapse in US Bank history now +we have the weekend the the new second + + align:start position:0% +we have the weekend the the new second + + + align:start position:0% +we have the weekend the the new second +largest bank to collapse which is First + + align:start position:0% +largest bank to collapse which is First + + + align:start position:0% +largest bank to collapse which is First +Republic Bank that was + + align:start position:0% +Republic Bank that was + + + align:start position:0% +Republic Bank that was +essentially liquidated and sold to JP + + align:start position:0% +essentially liquidated and sold to JP + + + align:start position:0% +essentially liquidated and sold to JP +Morgan over today morning very very + + align:start position:0% +Morgan over today morning very very + + + align:start position:0% +Morgan over today morning very very +early in the morning okay so yeah an + + align:start position:0% +early in the morning okay so yeah an + + + align:start position:0% +early in the morning okay so yeah an +account in First Republic Bank you soon + + align:start position:0% +account in First Republic Bank you soon + + + align:start position:0% +account in First Republic Bank you soon +likely to have an account in JP Morgan + + align:start position:0% +likely to have an account in JP Morgan + + + align:start position:0% +likely to have an account in JP Morgan +but again what made it collapse was + + align:start position:0% +but again what made it collapse was + + + align:start position:0% +but again what made it collapse was +something very similar to what made + + align:start position:0% +something very similar to what made + + + align:start position:0% +something very similar to what made +Silicon Valley Bank collapse which is + + align:start position:0% +Silicon Valley Bank collapse which is + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon Valley Bank collapse which is +that they had invested on on a series of + + align:start position:0% +that they had invested on on a series of + + + align:start position:0% +that they had invested on on a series of +things that were very vulnerable to to + + align:start position:0% +things that were very vulnerable to to + + + align:start position:0% +things that were very vulnerable to to +the fast pace of + + align:start position:0% +the fast pace of + + + align:start position:0% +the fast pace of +hikes ER in in interest rates in the US + + align:start position:0% +hikes ER in in interest rates in the US + + + align:start position:0% +hikes ER in in interest rates in the US +and when they had those losses depositos + + align:start position:0% +and when they had those losses depositos + + + align:start position:0% +and when they had those losses depositos +become became worried about it and + + align:start position:0% +become became worried about it and + + + align:start position:0% +become became worried about it and +eventually they decided not to wait just + + align:start position:0% +eventually they decided not to wait just + + + align:start position:0% +eventually they decided not to wait just +run and see what happened they + + align:start position:0% +run and see what happened they + + + align:start position:0% +run and see what happened they +First Republic Bank lost about hundred + + align:start position:0% +First Republic Bank lost about hundred + + + align:start position:0% +First Republic Bank lost about hundred +billion dollar in deposit just last week + + align:start position:0% +billion dollar in deposit just last week + + + align:start position:0% +billion dollar in deposit just last week +okay the last few days of last week so + + align:start position:0% +okay the last few days of last week so + + + align:start position:0% +okay the last few days of last week so +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so so it was obvious that that it was + + align:start position:0% +so so it was obvious that that it was + + + align:start position:0% +so so it was obvious that that it was +not going to survive and that's a reason + + align:start position:0% +not going to survive and that's a reason + + + align:start position:0% +not going to survive and that's a reason +something was arranged over the weekend + + align:start position:0% +something was arranged over the weekend + + + align:start position:0% +something was arranged over the weekend +to avoid the panics Associated to + + align:start position:0% +to avoid the panics Associated to + + + align:start position:0% +to avoid the panics Associated to +collaps of bank and so okay but anyways + + align:start position:0% +collaps of bank and so okay but anyways + + + align:start position:0% +collaps of bank and so okay but anyways +by the way this is all about + + align:start position:0% +by the way this is all about + + + align:start position:0% +by the way this is all about +expectations you know is is if people + + align:start position:0% +expectations you know is is if people + + + align:start position:0% +expectations you know is is if people +had expected the deposit to remain in + + align:start position:0% +had expected the deposit to remain in + + + align:start position:0% +had expected the deposit to remain in +the bank then probably this bank would + + align:start position:0% +the bank then probably this bank would + + + align:start position:0% +the bank then probably this bank would +not have collapsed it's all about people + + align:start position:0% +not have collapsed it's all about people + + + align:start position:0% +not have collapsed it's all about people +anticipating what other people will do + + align:start position:0% +anticipating what other people will do + + + align:start position:0% +anticipating what other people will do +and so on so + + align:start position:0% +and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so +forth okay but now let me get into the + + align:start position:0% +forth okay but now let me get into the + + + align:start position:0% +forth okay but now let me get into the +specific of H of this lecture so there + + align:start position:0% +specific of H of this lecture so there + + + align:start position:0% +specific of H of this lecture so there +you have this is the most important + + align:start position:0% +you have this is the most important + + + align:start position:0% +you have this is the most important +index of of equity Equity index in the + + align:start position:0% +index of of equity Equity index in the + + + align:start position:0% +index of of equity Equity index in the +US S&P 500 it's a very inclusive index + + align:start position:0% +US S&P 500 it's a very inclusive index + + + align:start position:0% +US S&P 500 it's a very inclusive index +that captures all the large most of the + + align:start position:0% +that captures all the large most of the + + + align:start position:0% +that captures all the large most of the +large companies in the US all of the + + align:start position:0% +large companies in the US all of the + + + align:start position:0% +large companies in the US all of the +large I think companies in the US and + + align:start position:0% +large I think companies in the US and + + + align:start position:0% +large I think companies in the US and +and that's an index an average weighted + + align:start position:0% +and that's an index an average weighted + + + align:start position:0% +and that's an index an average weighted +average by by + + align:start position:0% +average by by + + + align:start position:0% +average by by +this cap capitalization value of each of + + align:start position:0% +this cap capitalization value of each of + + + align:start position:0% +this cap capitalization value of each of +these shares is a weighted average of + + align:start position:0% +these shares is a weighted average of + + + align:start position:0% +these shares is a weighted average of +the maor the main shares in the US + + align:start position:0% +the maor the main shares in the US + + + align:start position:0% +the maor the main shares in the US +Equity shares in the US and one thing + + align:start position:0% +Equity shares in the US and one thing + + + align:start position:0% +Equity shares in the US and one thing +you see is that it moves a lot around + + align:start position:0% +you see is that it moves a lot around + + + align:start position:0% +you see is that it moves a lot around +you know here for example when when we + + align:start position:0% +you know here for example when when we + + + align:start position:0% +you know here for example when when we +became aware that Co was going to be a + + align:start position:0% +became aware that Co was going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +became aware that Co was going to be a +serious issue the US Equity Market + + align:start position:0% +serious issue the US Equity Market + + + align:start position:0% +serious issue the US Equity Market +collapsed by 35% or so that's a very + + align:start position:0% +collapsed by 35% or so that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +collapsed by 35% or so that's a very +large collapse in a very short period of + + align:start position:0% +large collapse in a very short period of + + + align:start position:0% +large collapse in a very short period of +time and then as a result of lots of + + align:start position:0% +time and then as a result of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +time and then as a result of lots of +policy support actually we had a massive + + align:start position:0% +policy support actually we had a massive + + + align:start position:0% +policy support actually we had a massive +rally so up to the end of 2021 the + + align:start position:0% +rally so up to the end of 2021 the + + + align:start position:0% +rally so up to the end of 2021 the +equity Market had rally by + + align:start position:0% +equity Market had rally by + + + align:start position:0% +equity Market had rally by +114% so big rally then we got inflation + + align:start position:0% +114% so big rally then we got inflation + + + align:start position:0% +114% so big rally then we got inflation +and the FED began to worry about + + align:start position:0% +and the FED began to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +and the FED began to worry about +inflation so they began to hike interest + + align:start position:0% +inflation so they began to hike interest + + + align:start position:0% +inflation so they began to hike interest +rates and when they hike interest rates + + align:start position:0% +rates and when they hike interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +rates and when they hike interest rates +that eventually lead to a very large + + align:start position:0% +that eventually lead to a very large + + + align:start position:0% +that eventually lead to a very large +decline in in in asset prices of the + + align:start position:0% +decline in in in asset prices of the + + + align:start position:0% +decline in in in asset prices of the +order of 30% or so 25% or so actually + + align:start position:0% +order of 30% or so 25% or so actually + + + align:start position:0% +order of 30% or so 25% or so actually +from the peck to the bot botom and then + + align:start position:0% +from the peck to the bot botom and then + + + align:start position:0% +from the peck to the bot botom and then +since the bottom which was more or less + + align:start position:0% +since the bottom which was more or less + + + align:start position:0% +since the bottom which was more or less +October of last year we have seen a + + align:start position:0% +October of last year we have seen a + + + align:start position:0% +October of last year we have seen a +recovery of about 16% or so of the + + align:start position:0% +recovery of about 16% or so of the + + + align:start position:0% +recovery of about 16% or so of the +equity Market okay and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +equity Market okay and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +equity Market okay and if you look at +the NASDAQ which is another one index + + align:start position:0% +the NASDAQ which is another one index + + + align:start position:0% +the NASDAQ which is another one index +that is very loaded + + align:start position:0% +that is very loaded + + + align:start position:0% +that is very loaded +towards technology companies and you can + + align:start position:0% +towards technology companies and you can + + + align:start position:0% +towards technology companies and you can +see swings are even larger than that now + + align:start position:0% +see swings are even larger than that now + + + align:start position:0% +see swings are even larger than that now +why do these prices move so much well a + + align:start position:0% +why do these prices move so much well a + + + align:start position:0% +why do these prices move so much well a +lot of it has to do with + + align:start position:0% +lot of it has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +lot of it has to do with +expectations you know are things going + + align:start position:0% +expectations you know are things going + + + align:start position:0% +expectations you know are things going +to get worse in the future future will + + align:start position:0% +to get worse in the future future will + + + align:start position:0% +to get worse in the future future will +the FED cause a + + align:start position:0% +the FED cause a + + + align:start position:0% +the FED cause a +recession how much higher will be the + + align:start position:0% +recession how much higher will be the + + + align:start position:0% +recession how much higher will be the +interest rate and things like that + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and things like that +matter a great deal another thing that + + align:start position:0% +matter a great deal another thing that + + + align:start position:0% +matter a great deal another thing that +matters a great deal is how much people + + align:start position:0% +matters a great deal is how much people + + + align:start position:0% +matters a great deal is how much people +want to take risk in any morning time I + + align:start position:0% +want to take risk in any morning time I + + + align:start position:0% +want to take risk in any morning time I +if you're very scared about environment + + align:start position:0% +if you're very scared about environment + + + align:start position:0% +if you're very scared about environment +you're unlikely to want to have + + align:start position:0% +you're unlikely to want to have + + + align:start position:0% +you're unlikely to want to have +something that to invest on something + + align:start position:0% +something that to invest on something + + + align:start position:0% +something that to invest on something +that can move so much you know and so + + align:start position:0% +that can move so much you know and so + + + align:start position:0% +that can move so much you know and so +risk is well known so it's called risk + + align:start position:0% +risk is well known so it's called risk + + + align:start position:0% +risk is well known so it's called risk +off when when people don't want to take + + align:start position:0% +off when when people don't want to take + + + align:start position:0% +off when when people don't want to take +risk these asset prices tend to collapse + + align:start position:0% +risk these asset prices tend to collapse + + + align:start position:0% +risk these asset prices tend to collapse +okay of the risky assets Equity is a + + align:start position:0% +okay of the risky assets Equity is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay of the risky assets Equity is a +very risky asset but that's not the only + + align:start position:0% +very risky asset but that's not the only + + + align:start position:0% +very risky asset but that's not the only +thing that moves these assets around + + align:start position:0% +thing that moves these assets around + + + align:start position:0% +thing that moves these assets around +it's not just the risk that the + + align:start position:0% +it's not just the risk that the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just the risk that the +companies underlying companies may go + + align:start position:0% +companies underlying companies may go + + + align:start position:0% +companies underlying companies may go +bankrupt or anything like that here you + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt or anything like that here you + + + align:start position:0% +bankrupt or anything like that here you +have for example the movement of a for + + align:start position:0% +have for example the movement of a for + + + align:start position:0% +have for example the movement of a for +an ETF but it doesn't matter it's a + + align:start position:0% +an ETF but it doesn't matter it's a + + + align:start position:0% +an ETF but it doesn't matter it's a +portfolio of bonds of US Treasury bonds + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of bonds of US Treasury bonds + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio of bonds of US Treasury bonds +of very long duration maturity is beyond + + align:start position:0% +of very long duration maturity is beyond + + + align:start position:0% +of very long duration maturity is beyond +20 years and so so this is incredibly + + align:start position:0% +20 years and so so this is incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +20 years and so so this is incredibly +safe bonds no because it's us treasuries + + align:start position:0% +safe bonds no because it's us treasuries + + + align:start position:0% +safe bonds no because it's us treasuries +so there's no risk of default like that + + align:start position:0% +so there's no risk of default like that + + + align:start position:0% +so there's no risk of default like that +still the price RS can be pretty large I + + align:start position:0% +still the price RS can be pretty large I + + + align:start position:0% +still the price RS can be pretty large I +mean in over this period you know there + + align:start position:0% +mean in over this period you know there + + + align:start position:0% +mean in over this period you know there +you see an increasing value of + + align:start position:0% +you see an increasing value of + + + align:start position:0% +you see an increasing value of +45% then a declining value of of of + + align:start position:0% +45% then a declining value of of of + + + align:start position:0% +45% then a declining value of of of +about 20% another increase in 15% here + + align:start position:0% +about 20% another increase in 15% here + + + align:start position:0% +about 20% another increase in 15% here +there was a huge decline 40% since since + + align:start position:0% +there was a huge decline 40% since since + + + align:start position:0% +there was a huge decline 40% since since +essentially what do you think happen + + align:start position:0% +essentially what do you think happen + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what do you think happen +here why is this big decline in in in in + + align:start position:0% +here why is this big decline in in in in + + + align:start position:0% +here why is this big decline in in in in +bonds you're going to be able to answer + + align:start position:0% +bonds you're going to be able to answer + + + align:start position:0% +bonds you're going to be able to answer +that very precisely later on but but I + + align:start position:0% +that very precisely later on but but I + + + align:start position:0% +that very precisely later on but but I +can tell you in advance that that was + + align:start position:0% +can tell you in advance that that was + + + align:start position:0% +can tell you in advance that that was +essentially the result of monetary + + align:start position:0% +essentially the result of monetary + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the result of monetary +policy tightening you know increasing + + align:start position:0% +policy tightening you know increasing + + + align:start position:0% +policy tightening you know increasing +interest + + align:start position:0% +interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest +rate caus the bonds to the client so + + align:start position:0% +rate caus the bonds to the client so + + + align:start position:0% +rate caus the bonds to the client so +even these instruments are very safe in + + align:start position:0% +even these instruments are very safe in + + + align:start position:0% +even these instruments are very safe in +the sense that you if you hold it to + + align:start position:0% +the sense that you if you hold it to + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that you if you hold it to +maturity you'll get your money back and + + align:start position:0% +maturity you'll get your money back and + + + align:start position:0% +maturity you'll get your money back and +all the promised coupons along the path + + align:start position:0% +all the promised coupons along the path + + + align:start position:0% +all the promised coupons along the path +well still their price can move a lot + + align:start position:0% +well still their price can move a lot + + + align:start position:0% +well still their price can move a lot +and it's obvious that that movement in + + align:start position:0% +and it's obvious that that movement in + + + align:start position:0% +and it's obvious that that movement in +price is something you need to explain + + align:start position:0% +price is something you need to explain + + + align:start position:0% +price is something you need to explain +in terms of expectations what people + + align:start position:0% +in terms of expectations what people + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of expectations what people +expect things to to happen in this case + + align:start position:0% +expect things to to happen in this case + + + align:start position:0% +expect things to to happen in this case +is not whether people expect to get paid + + align:start position:0% +is not whether people expect to get paid + + + align:start position:0% +is not whether people expect to get paid +or not because you will get paid but + + align:start position:0% +or not because you will get paid but + + + align:start position:0% +or not because you will get paid but +it's expect but in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +it's expect but in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +it's expect but in this particular case +is about expectations about future + + align:start position:0% +is about expectations about future + + + align:start position:0% +is about expectations about future +interest rate you think the interest + + align:start position:0% +interest rate you think the interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate you think the interest +rate will be very high then the price of + + align:start position:0% +rate will be very high then the price of + + + align:start position:0% +rate will be very high then the price of +bonds will tend to be very low and so on + + align:start position:0% +bonds will tend to be very low and so on + + + align:start position:0% +bonds will tend to be very low and so on +but it's all about the future + + align:start position:0% +but it's all about the future + + + align:start position:0% +but it's all about the future +okay so the a key concept H that we're + + align:start position:0% +okay so the a key concept H that we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the a key concept H that we're +going to discuss today and then we're + + align:start position:0% +going to discuss today and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +going to discuss today and then we're +going to use it to price specific assets + + align:start position:0% +going to use it to price specific assets + + + align:start position:0% +going to use it to price specific assets +is a concept of expected present + + align:start position:0% +is a concept of expected present + + + align:start position:0% +is a concept of expected present +discounted value this this is a load + + align:start position:0% +discounted value this this is a load + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value this this is a load +that concept there's lots of terms in + + align:start position:0% +that concept there's lots of terms in + + + align:start position:0% +that concept there's lots of terms in +there and we need to understand what + + align:start position:0% +there and we need to understand what + + + align:start position:0% +there and we need to understand what +each of these terms means so the key + + align:start position:0% +each of these terms means so the key + + + align:start position:0% +each of these terms means so the key +issue that we're going to discuss how + + align:start position:0% +issue that we're going to discuss how + + + align:start position:0% +issue that we're going to discuss how +how do we decide for example if you see + + align:start position:0% +how do we decide for example if you see + + + align:start position:0% +how do we decide for example if you see +the price of an asset out there that is + + align:start position:0% +the price of an asset out there that is + + + align:start position:0% +the price of an asset out there that is +100 how do you decide whether that price + + align:start position:0% +100 how do you decide whether that price + + + align:start position:0% +100 how do you decide whether that price +is fair not looks cheap or or not okay + + align:start position:0% +is fair not looks cheap or or not okay + + + align:start position:0% +is fair not looks cheap or or not okay +and and and and and that question means + + align:start position:0% +and and and and and that question means + + + align:start position:0% +and and and and and that question means +you have to decide whether that price + + align:start position:0% +you have to decide whether that price + + + align:start position:0% +you have to decide whether that price +that you're paying today is consistent + + align:start position:0% +that you're paying today is consistent + + + align:start position:0% +that you're paying today is consistent +with the future cash flows that you're + + align:start position:0% +with the future cash flows that you're + + + align:start position:0% +with the future cash flows that you're +going to get from these assets I that's + + align:start position:0% +going to get from these assets I that's + + + align:start position:0% +going to get from these assets I that's +the reason you buy an asset is because + + align:start position:0% +the reason you buy an asset is because + + + align:start position:0% +the reason you buy an asset is because +you'll get something in return in the + + align:start position:0% +you'll get something in return in the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get something in return in the +future okay but how do we compare that + + align:start position:0% +future okay but how do we compare that + + + align:start position:0% +future okay but how do we compare that +how do we compare the price today with + + align:start position:0% +how do we compare the price today with + + + align:start position:0% +how do we compare the price today with +those things that will happen in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +future so answering that question which + + align:start position:0% +future so answering that question which + + + align:start position:0% +future so answering that question which +is we're going to do in this lecture + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to do in this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to do in this lecture +involves the following concepts first + + align:start position:0% +involves the following concepts first + + + align:start position:0% +involves the following concepts first +expectations big + + align:start position:0% +expectations big + + + align:start position:0% +expectations big +thing that's a you know this is expected + + align:start position:0% +thing that's a you know this is expected + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's a you know this is expected +PR discounted value the E part is for + + align:start position:0% +PR discounted value the E part is for + + + align:start position:0% +PR discounted value the E part is for +expectations that comes there you you + + align:start position:0% +expectations that comes there you you + + + align:start position:0% +expectations that comes there you you +expectations really crucial because + + align:start position:0% +expectations really crucial because + + + align:start position:0% +expectations really crucial because +these are things that happen in the + + align:start position:0% +these are things that happen in the + + + align:start position:0% +these are things that happen in the +future you have to expect even if if + + align:start position:0% +future you have to expect even if if + + + align:start position:0% +future you have to expect even if if +it's a bond that promis you to pay you + + align:start position:0% +it's a bond that promis you to pay you + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bond that promis you to pay you +know 50 cents per dollar every six month + + align:start position:0% +know 50 cents per dollar every six month + + + align:start position:0% +know 50 cents per dollar every six month +you still may have an expectation that + + align:start position:0% +you still may have an expectation that + + + align:start position:0% +you still may have an expectation that +you know if it is a bond issue by First + + align:start position:0% +you know if it is a bond issue by First + + + align:start position:0% +you know if it is a bond issue by First +Republic ban it may not pay so so so you + + align:start position:0% +Republic ban it may not pay so so so you + + + align:start position:0% +Republic ban it may not pay so so so you +need to have an expectations about that + + align:start position:0% +need to have an expectations about that + + + align:start position:0% +need to have an expectations about that +ER so crucial term is expect ation then + + align:start position:0% +ER so crucial term is expect ation then + + + align:start position:0% +ER so crucial term is expect ation then +you need some method to compare payments + + align:start position:0% +you need some method to compare payments + + + align:start position:0% +you need some method to compare payments +receive in the future with payments made + + align:start position:0% +receive in the future with payments made + + + align:start position:0% +receive in the future with payments made +today I mean you buy an asset you pay + + align:start position:0% +today I mean you buy an asset you pay + + + align:start position:0% +today I mean you buy an asset you pay +today but you're going to receive things + + align:start position:0% +today but you're going to receive things + + + align:start position:0% +today but you're going to receive things +Returns on for that asset in the future + + align:start position:0% +Returns on for that asset in the future + + + align:start position:0% +Returns on for that asset in the future +so how do I compare that that suppose I + + align:start position:0% +so how do I compare that that suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +so how do I compare that that suppose I +pay one today and I receive one one year + + align:start position:0% +pay one today and I receive one one year + + + align:start position:0% +pay one today and I receive one one year +from now does that seem like a good + + align:start position:0% +from now does that seem like a good + + + align:start position:0% +from now does that seem like a good +asset probably not I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +asset probably not I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +asset probably not I mean you know +probably not + + align:start position:0% +probably not + + + align:start position:0% +probably not +ER and that's what the word Des counted + + align:start position:0% +ER and that's what the word Des counted + + + align:start position:0% +ER and that's what the word Des counted +really means you know when you say + + align:start position:0% +really means you know when you say + + + align:start position:0% +really means you know when you say +expected present discounted value it + + align:start position:0% +expected present discounted value it + + + align:start position:0% +expected present discounted value it +says somehow that things they receive in + + align:start position:0% +says somehow that things they receive in + + + align:start position:0% +says somehow that things they receive in +the future I value less than things I + + align:start position:0% +the future I value less than things I + + + align:start position:0% +the future I value less than things I +have today okay so if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +have today okay so if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +have today okay so if you're going to +tell me that you're going to pay me a + + align:start position:0% +tell me that you're going to pay me a + + + align:start position:0% +tell me that you're going to pay me a +dollar in the future and I have to pay + + align:start position:0% +dollar in the future and I have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +dollar in the future and I have to pay +you a dollar today most likely I won't + + align:start position:0% +you a dollar today most likely I won't + + + align:start position:0% +you a dollar today most likely I won't +take that deal so I need in other words + + align:start position:0% +take that deal so I need in other words + + + align:start position:0% +take that deal so I need in other words +I'm discounting the future how do we + + align:start position:0% +I'm discounting the future how do we + + + align:start position:0% +I'm discounting the future how do we +discount the future well something that + + align:start position:0% +discount the future well something that + + + align:start position:0% +discount the future well something that +we not have to figure + + align:start position:0% +we not have to figure + + + align:start position:0% +we not have to figure +out so let's let me first shut down this + + align:start position:0% +out so let's let me first shut down this + + + align:start position:0% +out so let's let me first shut down this +part the expectations and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +part the expectations and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +part the expectations and then we'll +introduce it so assume for now that you + + align:start position:0% +introduce it so assume for now that you + + + align:start position:0% +introduce it so assume for now that you +know the future okay and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +know the future okay and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +know the future okay and I'm going to +derve all the equations with assuming + + align:start position:0% +derve all the equations with assuming + + + align:start position:0% +derve all the equations with assuming +that you know the future so there's no + + align:start position:0% +that you know the future so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the future so there's no +issue of trying to figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +issue of trying to figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +issue of trying to figure out what the +future is you know it but still you have + + align:start position:0% +future is you know it but still you have + + + align:start position:0% +future is you know it but still you have +to decide + + align:start position:0% +to decide + + + align:start position:0% +to decide +whether ER what is the right value for + + align:start position:0% +whether ER what is the right value for + + + align:start position:0% +whether ER what is the right value for +for an + + align:start position:0% +for an + + + align:start position:0% +for an +asset + + align:start position:0% +asset + + + align:start position:0% +asset +um okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay +so let's start with a case where you + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with a case where you + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start with a case where you +know the future sorry and uh and let's + + align:start position:0% +know the future sorry and uh and let's + + + align:start position:0% +know the future sorry and uh and let's +do a comparison uh let's try to + + align:start position:0% +do a comparison uh let's try to + + + align:start position:0% +do a comparison uh let's try to +understand how do we move flows how do + + align:start position:0% +understand how do we move flows how do + + + align:start position:0% +understand how do we move flows how do +we value Flows at different points in + + align:start position:0% +we value Flows at different points in + + + align:start position:0% +we value Flows at different points in +times the easiest thing is think first + + align:start position:0% +times the easiest thing is think first + + + align:start position:0% +times the easiest thing is think first +about comparing an asset that gives you + + align:start position:0% +about comparing an asset that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +about comparing an asset that gives you +a dollar in the future how much do you + + align:start position:0% +a dollar in the future how much do you + + + align:start position:0% +a dollar in the future how much do you +think is worth today well the easiest + + align:start position:0% +think is worth today well the easiest + + + align:start position:0% +think is worth today well the easiest +way to get to that value is to think on + + align:start position:0% +way to get to that value is to think on + + + align:start position:0% +way to get to that value is to think on +the alternative say suppose I have a + + align:start position:0% +the alternative say suppose I have a + + + align:start position:0% +the alternative say suppose I have a +dollar today what can I do with + + align:start position:0% +dollar today what can I do with + + + align:start position:0% +dollar today what can I do with +it well in terms of investment well + + align:start position:0% +it well in terms of investment well + + + align:start position:0% +it well in terms of investment well +suppose that you have available onee + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you have available onee + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you have available onee +bonds treasury bonds and that the + + align:start position:0% +bonds treasury bonds and that the + + + align:start position:0% +bonds treasury bonds and that the +interest rate is i t that's the interest + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is i t that's the interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is i t that's the interest +rate on an oneyear Bond so if you want + + align:start position:0% +rate on an oneyear Bond so if you want + + + align:start position:0% +rate on an oneyear Bond so if you want +if you if you have a dollar you have the + + align:start position:0% +if you if you have a dollar you have the + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you have a dollar you have the +option to invest it in that asset in + + align:start position:0% +option to invest it in that asset in + + + align:start position:0% +option to invest it in that asset in +that bond which give will give you one + + align:start position:0% +that bond which give will give you one + + + align:start position:0% +that bond which give will give you one +plus I dollar H next + + align:start position:0% +plus I dollar H next + + + align:start position:0% +plus I dollar H next +year well that means that I can get $1 + + align:start position:0% +year well that means that I can get $1 + + + align:start position:0% +year well that means that I can get $1 +next year by investing one over one plus + + align:start position:0% +next year by investing one over one plus + + + align:start position:0% +next year by investing one over one plus +I doll + + align:start position:0% +I doll + + + align:start position:0% +I doll +today no because if if I invest one plus + + align:start position:0% +today no because if if I invest one plus + + + align:start position:0% +today no because if if I invest one plus +one rather than $1 I invest one over 1 + + align:start position:0% +one rather than $1 I invest one over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one rather than $1 I invest one over 1 +plus I today then I multiply this by 1 + + align:start position:0% +plus I today then I multiply this by 1 + + + align:start position:0% +plus I today then I multiply this by 1 +plus I and I get my Dollar in the future + + align:start position:0% +plus I and I get my Dollar in the future + + + align:start position:0% +plus I and I get my Dollar in the future +so that tells me that say the interest + + align:start position:0% +so that tells me that say the interest + + + align:start position:0% +so that tells me that say the interest +rate is 10% then with $1 today I can get + + align:start position:0% +rate is 10% then with $1 today I can get + + + align:start position:0% +rate is 10% then with $1 today I can get +$1.1 in the future that means that + + align:start position:0% +$1.1 in the future that means that + + + align:start position:0% +$1.1 in the future that means that +investing 90 90 cents today more or less + + align:start position:0% +investing 90 90 cents today more or less + + + align:start position:0% +investing 90 90 cents today more or less +I can get $1 in the future that tells me + + align:start position:0% +I can get $1 in the future that tells me + + + align:start position:0% +I can get $1 in the future that tells me +that a dollar in the future is + + align:start position:0% +that a dollar in the future is + + + align:start position:0% +that a dollar in the future is +equivalent to 90 cents today assumption + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 90 cents today assumption + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 90 cents today assumption +okay so that's the reason when I told + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the reason when I told + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the reason when I told +you the deal of look I have an asset + + align:start position:0% +you the deal of look I have an asset + + + align:start position:0% +you the deal of look I have an asset +that cost cost you a dollar but gives + + align:start position:0% +that cost cost you a dollar but gives + + + align:start position:0% +that cost cost you a dollar but gives +you a dollar in the future well that's + + align:start position:0% +you a dollar in the future well that's + + + align:start position:0% +you a dollar in the future well that's +not a good deal if the interest rate is + + align:start position:0% +not a good deal if the interest rate is + + + align:start position:0% +not a good deal if the interest rate is +positive if the interest rate is 10% + + align:start position:0% +positive if the interest rate is 10% + + + align:start position:0% +positive if the interest rate is 10% +then then Fair comparisons is 90 cents + + align:start position:0% +then then Fair comparisons is 90 cents + + + align:start position:0% +then then Fair comparisons is 90 cents +with $1 not $1 with $1 okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +with $1 not $1 with $1 okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +with $1 not $1 with $1 okay so that's +the discounting of the future you can + + align:start position:0% +the discounting of the future you can + + + align:start position:0% +the discounting of the future you can +dis the most obvious way of discounting + + align:start position:0% +dis the most obvious way of discounting + + + align:start position:0% +dis the most obvious way of discounting +the future future is to discounted by + + align:start position:0% +the future future is to discounted by + + + align:start position:0% +the future future is to discounted by +the interest + + align:start position:0% +the interest + + + align:start position:0% +the interest +rate which interest rate to pick that's + + align:start position:0% +rate which interest rate to pick that's + + + align:start position:0% +rate which interest rate to pick that's +more subtle that depends on risk it + + align:start position:0% +more subtle that depends on risk it + + + align:start position:0% +more subtle that depends on risk it +depends on many other things which are + + align:start position:0% +depends on many other things which are + + + align:start position:0% +depends on many other things which are +going to discuss to some extent here but + + align:start position:0% +going to discuss to some extent here but + + + align:start position:0% +going to discuss to some extent here but +for now let's make it very simple and in + + align:start position:0% +for now let's make it very simple and in + + + align:start position:0% +for now let's make it very simple and in +a world which you really know the future + + align:start position:0% +a world which you really know the future + + + align:start position:0% +a world which you really know the future +really the right interest to use is the + + align:start position:0% +really the right interest to use is the + + + align:start position:0% +really the right interest to use is the +safe interest the interest rate of of + + align:start position:0% +safe interest the interest rate of of + + + align:start position:0% +safe interest the interest rate of of +Treasury bonds and things like that okay + + align:start position:0% +Treasury bonds and things like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +Treasury bonds and things like that okay +so that's that's that what about the + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's that what about the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's that what about the +dollar that you receive what about if + + align:start position:0% +dollar that you receive what about if + + + align:start position:0% +dollar that you receive what about if +you're thinking about what is the value + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about what is the value + + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about what is the value +of a dollar two years from + + align:start position:0% +of a dollar two years from + + + align:start position:0% +of a dollar two years from +now well you know if I get a dollar I + + align:start position:0% +now well you know if I get a dollar I + + + align:start position:0% +now well you know if I get a dollar I +can do the same logic if I if I I can + + align:start position:0% +can do the same logic if I if I I can + + + align:start position:0% +can do the same logic if I if I I can +use the same logic if I get a dollar + + align:start position:0% +use the same logic if I get a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +use the same logic if I get a dollar +today I can convert that into 1 plus it + + align:start position:0% +today I can convert that into 1 plus it + + + align:start position:0% +today I can convert that into 1 plus it +Time 1 plus I t+1 dollar okay so say 10% + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 plus I t+1 dollar okay so say 10% + + + align:start position:0% +Time 1 plus I t+1 dollar okay so say 10% +and 10% I get 1.1 next year and then I + + align:start position:0% +and 10% I get 1.1 next year and then I + + + align:start position:0% +and 10% I get 1.1 next year and then I +get 1.1 * 1.1 1.21 or something like + + align:start position:0% +get 1.1 * 1.1 1.21 or something like + + + align:start position:0% +get 1.1 * 1.1 1.21 or something like +that okay that's my final result + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's my final result + + + align:start position:0% +that okay that's my final result +so well then how much is it worth to + + align:start position:0% +so well then how much is it worth to + + + align:start position:0% +so well then how much is it worth to +have a dollar an asset that gives you a + + align:start position:0% +have a dollar an asset that gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +have a dollar an asset that gives you a +dollar to years from + + align:start position:0% +dollar to years from + + + align:start position:0% +dollar to years from +now well it's going to be that dollar + + align:start position:0% +now well it's going to be that dollar + + + align:start position:0% +now well it's going to be that dollar +divided by the product of these interest + + align:start position:0% +divided by the product of these interest + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the product of these interest +rates okay why is that well because with + + align:start position:0% +rates okay why is that well because with + + + align:start position:0% +rates okay why is that well because with +this amount of dollars + + align:start position:0% +this amount of dollars + + + align:start position:0% +this amount of dollars +today it's 80 cent or something like + + align:start position:0% +today it's 80 cent or something like + + + align:start position:0% +today it's 80 cent or something like +that I can generate a dollar two years + + align:start position:0% +that I can generate a dollar two years + + + align:start position:0% +that I can generate a dollar two years +from now that means a dollar two years + + align:start position:0% +from now that means a dollar two years + + + align:start position:0% +from now that means a dollar two years +from now is worth about 80 cents today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we're going to use a lot this type + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to use a lot this type + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to use a lot this type +of logic so and and I know that that it + + align:start position:0% +of logic so and and I know that that it + + + align:start position:0% +of logic so and and I know that that it +may not be that intuitive the first time + + align:start position:0% +may not be that intuitive the first time + + + align:start position:0% +may not be that intuitive the first time +you see it but ask + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions you want me to repeat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay remember the final goal is the + + align:start position:0% +it okay remember the final goal is the + + + align:start position:0% +it okay remember the final goal is the +following we're going to in the what + + align:start position:0% +following we're going to in the what + + + align:start position:0% +following we're going to in the what +comes next we're going to see which + + align:start position:0% +comes next we're going to see which + + + align:start position:0% +comes next we're going to see which +happens again with many decisions in + + align:start position:0% +happens again with many decisions in + + + align:start position:0% +happens again with many decisions in +life but it particularly for financial + + align:start position:0% +life but it particularly for financial + + + align:start position:0% +life but it particularly for financial +assets we're going to try to Value + + align:start position:0% +assets we're going to try to Value + + + align:start position:0% +assets we're going to try to Value +something that whose payoff happens at + + align:start position:0% +something that whose payoff happens at + + + align:start position:0% +something that whose payoff happens at +different times in the future and the + + align:start position:0% +different times in the future and the + + + align:start position:0% +different times in the future and the +question is how do I value an asset that + + align:start position:0% +question is how do I value an asset that + + + align:start position:0% +question is how do I value an asset that +pays me you know $5 to one year from now + + align:start position:0% +pays me you know $5 to one year from now + + + align:start position:0% +pays me you know $5 to one year from now +$25 three years from now ER minus $10 10 + + align:start position:0% +$25 three years from now ER minus $10 10 + + + align:start position:0% +$25 three years from now ER minus $10 10 +years from now plus $50 $100 from now + + align:start position:0% +years from now plus $50 $100 from now + + + align:start position:0% +years from now plus $50 $100 from now +what is the value of that of having an + + align:start position:0% +what is the value of that of having an + + + align:start position:0% +what is the value of that of having an +asset like that and so I need some + + align:start position:0% +asset like that and so I need some + + + align:start position:0% +asset like that and so I need some +method to bring it to today's value + + align:start position:0% +method to bring it to today's value + + + align:start position:0% +method to bring it to today's value +because today I have a minimum of what + + align:start position:0% +because today I have a minimum of what + + + align:start position:0% +because today I have a minimum of what +the dollar is you know and and therefore + + align:start position:0% +the dollar is you know and and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +the dollar is you know and and therefore +I can compare it with whatever price i i + + align:start position:0% +I can compare it with whatever price i i + + + align:start position:0% +I can compare it with whatever price i i +i i people are asking me for that asset + + align:start position:0% +i i people are asking me for that asset + + + align:start position:0% +i i people are asking me for that asset +so what this is doing is is is that is + + align:start position:0% +so what this is doing is is is that is + + + align:start position:0% +so what this is doing is is is that is +doing that it's telling you how to + + align:start position:0% +doing that it's telling you how to + + + align:start position:0% +doing that it's telling you how to +convert a dollar at different parts in + + align:start position:0% +convert a dollar at different parts in + + + align:start position:0% +convert a dollar at different parts in +the future into a dollar today and by + + align:start position:0% +the future into a dollar today and by + + + align:start position:0% +the future into a dollar today and by +that logic the recipe is well use the + + align:start position:0% +that logic the recipe is well use the + + + align:start position:0% +that logic the recipe is well use the +rate because you could always go the + + align:start position:0% +rate because you could always go the + + + align:start position:0% +rate because you could always go the +other way around you could always with a + + align:start position:0% +other way around you could always with a + + + align:start position:0% +other way around you could always with a +you can ask the question with a dollar + + align:start position:0% +you can ask the question with a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +you can ask the question with a dollar +today how many dollars can I get two + + align:start position:0% +today how many dollars can I get two + + + align:start position:0% +today how many dollars can I get two +years from now say that well say x well + + align:start position:0% +years from now say that well say x well + + + align:start position:0% +years from now say that well say x well +then I need one over X then $1 there is + + align:start position:0% +then I need one over X then $1 there is + + + align:start position:0% +then I need one over X then $1 there is +worth one overx today you know that's + + align:start position:0% +worth one overx today you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +worth one overx today you know that's +that's the logic because 1 /x * X is one + + align:start position:0% +that's the logic because 1 /x * X is one + + + align:start position:0% +that's the logic because 1 /x * X is one +so that's too fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably so + + align:start position:0% +probably so + + + align:start position:0% +probably so +you know with $11 today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops I can generally + + align:start position:0% +oops I can generally + + + align:start position:0% +oops I can generally +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +$1.1 at equal two okay then I'm the + + align:start position:0% +$1.1 at equal two okay then I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +$1.1 at equal two okay then I'm the +question I want to know is how much is a + + align:start position:0% +question I want to know is how much is a + + + align:start position:0% +question I want to know is how much is a +dollar worth how much is a dollar + + align:start position:0% +dollar worth how much is a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +dollar worth how much is a dollar +receive at time tal 2 worth + + align:start position:0% +receive at time tal 2 worth + + + align:start position:0% +receive at time tal 2 worth +today that's the question I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +today that's the question I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +today that's the question I'm trying to +answer you know because an asset will be + + align:start position:0% +answer you know because an asset will be + + + align:start position:0% +answer you know because an asset will be +something that will pay you in the + + align:start position:0% +something that will pay you in the + + + align:start position:0% +something that will pay you in the +future so I want to know how much is $1 + + align:start position:0% +future so I want to know how much is $1 + + + align:start position:0% +future so I want to know how much is $1 +receiving the future worth + + align:start position:0% +receiving the future worth + + + align:start position:0% +receiving the future worth +today and then the answer is well then + + align:start position:0% +today and then the answer is well then + + + align:start position:0% +today and then the answer is well then +is I know the answer from this logic + + align:start position:0% +is I know the answer from this logic + + + align:start position:0% +is I know the answer from this logic +because I know that with + + align:start position:0% +because I know that with + + + align:start position:0% +because I know that with +one if I have one over $1.1 today I can + + align:start position:0% +one if I have one over $1.1 today I can + + + align:start position:0% +one if I have one over $1.1 today I can +convert + + align:start position:0% +convert + + + align:start position:0% +convert +it into one how do I know that because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.1 time 1.1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +1.1 time 1.1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +1.1 time 1.1 is equal to +1 okay this if I invest these dollars + + align:start position:0% +1 okay this if I invest these dollars + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay this if I invest these dollars +today I'm going to get this return on + + align:start position:0% +today I'm going to get this return on + + + align:start position:0% +today I'm going to get this return on +that and the product of this thing gives + + align:start position:0% +that and the product of this thing gives + + + align:start position:0% +that and the product of this thing gives +me my + + align:start position:0% +me my + + + align:start position:0% +me my +dollar okay so if I tell you do you + + align:start position:0% +dollar okay so if I tell you do you + + + align:start position:0% +dollar okay so if I tell you do you +prefer to have a dollar two days from + + align:start position:0% +prefer to have a dollar two days from + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to have a dollar two days from +two years from now or or today you say I + + align:start position:0% +two years from now or or today you say I + + + align:start position:0% +two years from now or or today you say I +prefer it obviously I prefer it today + + align:start position:0% +prefer it obviously I prefer it today + + + align:start position:0% +prefer it obviously I prefer it today +because I can get $1.1 two years from + + align:start position:0% +because I can get $1.1 two years from + + + align:start position:0% +because I can get $1.1 two years from +now but then then the more relevant + + align:start position:0% +now but then then the more relevant + + + align:start position:0% +now but then then the more relevant +question is no no but then you do you + + align:start position:0% +question is no no but then you do you + + + align:start position:0% +question is no no but then you do you +prefer to have 90 cents today versus a + + align:start position:0% +prefer to have 90 cents today versus a + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to have 90 cents today versus a +dollar in the future H then I need to do + + align:start position:0% +dollar in the future H then I need to do + + + align:start position:0% +dollar in the future H then I need to do +my multiplication because I have to + + align:start position:0% +my multiplication because I have to + + + align:start position:0% +my multiplication because I have to +multiply the 90 cents by the 1.1 and see + + align:start position:0% +multiply the 90 cents by the 1.1 and see + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the 90 cents by the 1.1 and see +whether I get something comparable to a + + align:start position:0% +whether I get something comparable to a + + + align:start position:0% +whether I get something comparable to a +dollar or not okay but that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +dollar or not okay but that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +dollar or not okay but that's that's the +logic behind that and and that's a so + + align:start position:0% +logic behind that and and that's a so + + + align:start position:0% +logic behind that and and that's a so +they interest rate is what we discount + + align:start position:0% +they interest rate is what we discount + + + align:start position:0% +they interest rate is what we discount +the future by and it's natural because + + align:start position:0% +the future by and it's natural because + + + align:start position:0% +the future by and it's natural because +if the interest rate is very high if the + + align:start position:0% +if the interest rate is very high if the + + + align:start position:0% +if the interest rate is very high if the +interest rate is zero say then a dollar + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is zero say then a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is zero say then a dollar +receive two years from now a dollar + + align:start position:0% +receive two years from now a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +receive two years from now a dollar +receive today is the same because I + + align:start position:0% +receive today is the same because I + + + align:start position:0% +receive today is the same because I +can't if I invest a dollar today and the + + align:start position:0% +can't if I invest a dollar today and the + + + align:start position:0% +can't if I invest a dollar today and the +interest rate is zero I'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is zero I'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is zero I'm going to get +my dollar two years from now if the + + align:start position:0% +my dollar two years from now if the + + + align:start position:0% +my dollar two years from now if the +dollar if the interest rate is 50% it + + align:start position:0% +dollar if the interest rate is 50% it + + + align:start position:0% +dollar if the interest rate is 50% it +makes a big difference receiving the + + align:start position:0% +makes a big difference receiving the + + + align:start position:0% +makes a big difference receiving the +dollar today versus receiving it two + + align:start position:0% +dollar today versus receiving it two + + + align:start position:0% +dollar today versus receiving it two +years from now if you're in Argentina + + align:start position:0% +years from now if you're in Argentina + + + align:start position:0% +years from now if you're in Argentina +interest I don't know what it is it's + + align:start position:0% +interest I don't know what it is it's + + + align:start position:0% +interest I don't know what it is it's +700 % it makes a huge difference whether + + align:start position:0% +700 % it makes a huge difference whether + + + align:start position:0% +700 % it makes a huge difference whether +you receive it you know one year from + + align:start position:0% +you receive it you know one year from + + + align:start position:0% +you receive it you know one year from +now than + + align:start position:0% +now than + + + align:start position:0% +now than +today and and + + align:start position:0% +today and and + + + align:start position:0% +today and and +and so that's that's the role of the + + align:start position:0% +and so that's that's the role of the + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's that's the role of the +interest rate the higher is the interest + + align:start position:0% +interest rate the higher is the interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate the higher is the interest +rate the less is a dollar receive in the + + align:start position:0% +rate the less is a dollar receive in the + + + align:start position:0% +rate the less is a dollar receive in the +future worth relative to a dollar + + align:start position:0% +future worth relative to a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +future worth relative to a dollar +receipt today because you can get a much + + align:start position:0% +receipt today because you can get a much + + + align:start position:0% +receipt today because you can get a much +higher return from the dollar you have + + align:start position:0% +higher return from the dollar you have + + + align:start position:0% +higher return from the dollar you have +today if the interest rate is high the + + align:start position:0% +today if the interest rate is high the + + + align:start position:0% +today if the interest rate is high the +interest is low you don't get that much + + align:start position:0% +interest is low you don't get that much + + + align:start position:0% +interest is low you don't get that much +okay much difference okay good so this + + align:start position:0% +okay much difference okay good so this + + + align:start position:0% +okay much difference okay good so this +this is a big principle and and I I mean + + align:start position:0% +this is a big principle and and I I mean + + + align:start position:0% +this is a big principle and and I I mean +everything I'll say next Builds on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +logic so let me give you a general + + align:start position:0% +logic so let me give you a general + + + align:start position:0% +logic so let me give you a general +formula so let's ask what is the value + + align:start position:0% +formula so let's ask what is the value + + + align:start position:0% +formula so let's ask what is the value +of an asset that gives payouts of + + align:start position:0% +of an asset that gives payouts of + + + align:start position:0% +of an asset that gives payouts of +ZT this year ZT plus one one year from + + align:start position:0% +ZT this year ZT plus one one year from + + + align:start position:0% +ZT this year ZT plus one one year from +now ZT plus 2 two years from now and so + + align:start position:0% +now ZT plus 2 two years from now and so + + + align:start position:0% +now ZT plus 2 two years from now and so +on so forth for end period + + align:start position:0% +on so forth for end period + + + align:start position:0% +on so forth for end period +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +okay well I just need to do several of + + align:start position:0% +okay well I just need to do several of + + + align:start position:0% +okay well I just need to do several of +these operations I know that the dollar + + align:start position:0% +these operations I know that the dollar + + + align:start position:0% +these operations I know that the dollar +receed this year is is worth a dollar + + align:start position:0% +receed this year is is worth a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +receed this year is is worth a dollar +okay that's ZT a dollar received one + + align:start position:0% +okay that's ZT a dollar received one + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's ZT a dollar received one +year from now is not is not the same as + + align:start position:0% +year from now is not is not the same as + + + align:start position:0% +year from now is not is not the same as +a dollar received today it's the same as + + align:start position:0% +a dollar received today it's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +a dollar received today it's the same as +one over 1 plus it dollars received + + align:start position:0% +one over 1 plus it dollars received + + + align:start position:0% +one over 1 plus it dollars received +today so that cash flow I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +today so that cash flow I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +today so that cash flow I'm going to +receive from this asset is worth this + + align:start position:0% +receive from this asset is worth this + + + align:start position:0% +receive from this asset is worth this +amount for a two something that I + + align:start position:0% +amount for a two something that I + + + align:start position:0% +amount for a two something that I +received two years from now then it's + + align:start position:0% +received two years from now then it's + + + align:start position:0% +received two years from now then it's +not it's not certainly it's much less + + align:start position:0% +not it's not certainly it's much less + + + align:start position:0% +not it's not certainly it's much less +than receiving a dollar today it's going + + align:start position:0% +than receiving a dollar today it's going + + + align:start position:0% +than receiving a dollar today it's going +to be one over 1 plus it 1 + i t + one + + align:start position:0% +to be one over 1 plus it 1 + i t + one + + + align:start position:0% +to be one over 1 plus it 1 + i t + one +and that I have to multiply by the + + align:start position:0% +and that I have to multiply by the + + + align:start position:0% +and that I have to multiply by the +number of dollars I will receive two + + align:start position:0% +number of dollars I will receive two + + + align:start position:0% +number of dollars I will receive two +years from now okay and I keep + + align:start position:0% +years from now okay and I keep + + + align:start position:0% +years from now okay and I keep +going so that's the that's the the + + align:start position:0% +going so that's the that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +going so that's the that's the the +present value present discounted value + + align:start position:0% +present value present discounted value + + + align:start position:0% +present value present discounted value +present because I'm bringing all these + + align:start position:0% +present because I'm bringing all these + + + align:start position:0% +present because I'm bringing all these +future cash flows to the present that's + + align:start position:0% +future cash flows to the present that's + + + align:start position:0% +future cash flows to the present that's +what each of these terms is doing the + + align:start position:0% +what each of these terms is doing the + + + align:start position:0% +what each of these terms is doing the +one over that is bringing it to the + + align:start position:0% +one over that is bringing it to the + + + align:start position:0% +one over that is bringing it to the +present discounted because the + + align:start position:0% +present discounted because the + + + align:start position:0% +present discounted because the +interested is discounting things making + + align:start position:0% +interested is discounting things making + + + align:start position:0% +interested is discounting things making +them smaller and value because I'm + + align:start position:0% +them smaller and value because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +them smaller and value because I'm +trying to reduce them to the current + + align:start position:0% +trying to reduce them to the current + + + align:start position:0% +trying to reduce them to the current +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +okay that's a general formula so it's a + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a general formula so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a general formula so it's a +formula you need to understand it's just + + align:start position:0% +formula you need to understand it's just + + + align:start position:0% +formula you need to understand it's just +so that that was an asset that gives you + + align:start position:0% +so that that was an asset that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +so that that was an asset that gives you +Z dollar today zt+ one one year from now + + align:start position:0% +Z dollar today zt+ one one year from now + + + align:start position:0% +Z dollar today zt+ one one year from now +so you use this formula ZT plus 2 two + + align:start position:0% +so you use this formula ZT plus 2 two + + + align:start position:0% +so you use this formula ZT plus 2 two +years from now so you use this formula + + align:start position:0% +years from now so you use this formula + + + align:start position:0% +years from now so you use this formula +and then you keep going + + align:start position:0% +and then you keep going + + + align:start position:0% +and then you keep going +okay what if we don't know the future + + align:start position:0% +okay what if we don't know the future + + + align:start position:0% +okay what if we don't know the future +you know I had remove the expected + + align:start position:0% +you know I had remove the expected + + + align:start position:0% +you know I had remove the expected +part well if we don't know the future + + align:start position:0% +part well if we don't know the future + + + align:start position:0% +part well if we don't know the future +then the best we can do in fact we do + + align:start position:0% +then the best we can do in fact we do + + + align:start position:0% +then the best we can do in fact we do +fancier things but that's what we want + + align:start position:0% +fancier things but that's what we want + + + align:start position:0% +fancier things but that's what we want +to all that we do in this course H all + + align:start position:0% +to all that we do in this course H all + + + align:start position:0% +to all that we do in this course H all +that you can do is just replace the + + align:start position:0% +that you can do is just replace the + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do is just replace the +known quantities we have here for the + + align:start position:0% +known quantities we have here for the + + + align:start position:0% +known quantities we have here for the +expectations okay so that's the closest + + align:start position:0% +expectations okay so that's the closest + + + align:start position:0% +expectations okay so that's the closest +so you know I know ZT that's flow I get + + align:start position:0% +so you know I know ZT that's flow I get + + + align:start position:0% +so you know I know ZT that's flow I get +now but I don't know ZT plus1 so I can + + align:start position:0% +now but I don't know ZT plus1 so I can + + + align:start position:0% +now but I don't know ZT plus1 so I can +replace it by expectation I do know the + + align:start position:0% +replace it by expectation I do know the + + + align:start position:0% +replace it by expectation I do know the +interest rate on a one-year bond from + + align:start position:0% +interest rate on a one-year bond from + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate on a one-year bond from +today to one years that's a reason I + + align:start position:0% +today to one years that's a reason I + + + align:start position:0% +today to one years that's a reason I +don't need an expectation here but I + + align:start position:0% +don't need an expectation here but I + + + align:start position:0% +don't need an expectation here but I +don't know what the one year rate will + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the one year rate will + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what the one year rate will +be one year from now that's a reason I + + align:start position:0% +be one year from now that's a reason I + + + align:start position:0% +be one year from now that's a reason I +need an expectation + + align:start position:0% +need an expectation + + + align:start position:0% +need an expectation +there and I don't know what the cash + + align:start position:0% +there and I don't know what the cash + + + align:start position:0% +there and I don't know what the cash +flow will be two years from now I have + + align:start position:0% +flow will be two years from now I have + + + align:start position:0% +flow will be two years from now I have +an expectation about what the cash flow + + align:start position:0% +an expectation about what the cash flow + + + align:start position:0% +an expectation about what the cash flow +will be but I don't know it so I have an + + align:start position:0% +will be but I don't know it so I have an + + + align:start position:0% +will be but I don't know it so I have an +expectation there okay so so all that + + align:start position:0% +expectation there okay so so all that + + + align:start position:0% +expectation there okay so so all that +I've done here is say Okay ack knowledge + + align:start position:0% +I've done here is say Okay ack knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +I've done here is say Okay ack knowledge +that this guy knew a little bit too much + + align:start position:0% +that this guy knew a little bit too much + + + align:start position:0% +that this guy knew a little bit too much +no he knew exactly what the cash flows + + align:start position:0% +no he knew exactly what the cash flows + + + align:start position:0% +no he knew exactly what the cash flows +were going to be in the future and he + + align:start position:0% +were going to be in the future and he + + + align:start position:0% +were going to be in the future and he +knew what the oneyear rates were going + + align:start position:0% +knew what the oneyear rates were going + + + align:start position:0% +knew what the oneyear rates were going +to be in the + + align:start position:0% +to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +to be in the +future this guy here knows less he knows + + align:start position:0% +future this guy here knows less he knows + + + align:start position:0% +future this guy here knows less he knows +the cash flow today he knows the + + align:start position:0% +the cash flow today he knows the + + + align:start position:0% +the cash flow today he knows the +interest rate today but it doesn't know + + align:start position:0% +interest rate today but it doesn't know + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate today but it doesn't know +the cash flows really has a hunch but it + + align:start position:0% +the cash flows really has a hunch but it + + + align:start position:0% +the cash flows really has a hunch but it +doesn't know the cash flows one year two + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know the cash flows one year two + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know the cash flows one year two +years three years and so on for the + + align:start position:0% +years three years and so on for the + + + align:start position:0% +years three years and so on for the +future and it doesn't know the one year + + align:start position:0% +future and it doesn't know the one year + + + align:start position:0% +future and it doesn't know the one year +interest rate in the + + align:start position:0% +interest rate in the + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate in the +future so all these expectations here is + + align:start position:0% +future so all these expectations here is + + + align:start position:0% +future so all these expectations here is +important the concept of time these are + + align:start position:0% +important the concept of time these are + + + align:start position:0% +important the concept of time these are +expectation as of time T at time T you + + align:start position:0% +expectation as of time T at time T you + + + align:start position:0% +expectation as of time T at time T you +have some information and you make + + align:start position:0% +have some information and you make + + + align:start position:0% +have some information and you make +forecast about the future okay use + + align:start position:0% +forecast about the future okay use + + + align:start position:0% +forecast about the future okay use +whatever you want machine learning + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want machine learning +whatever but you have information at + + align:start position:0% +whatever but you have information at + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but you have information at +time T and then you have a forecast for + + align:start position:0% +time T and then you have a forecast for + + + align:start position:0% +time T and then you have a forecast for +the future at T plus1 you have you'll + + align:start position:0% +the future at T plus1 you have you'll + + + align:start position:0% +the future at T plus1 you have you'll +have more information so you make + + align:start position:0% +have more information so you make + + + align:start position:0% +have more information so you make +another forecast and so on so forth but + + align:start position:0% +another forecast and so on so forth but + + + align:start position:0% +another forecast and so on so forth but +in this we're valuing an asset at time T + + align:start position:0% +in this we're valuing an asset at time T + + + align:start position:0% +in this we're valuing an asset at time T +then all this expectations are taken as + + align:start position:0% +then all this expectations are taken as + + + align:start position:0% +then all this expectations are taken as +of time T that means given the + + align:start position:0% +of time T that means given the + + + align:start position:0% +of time T that means given the +information you have available at time T + + align:start position:0% +information you have available at time T + + + align:start position:0% +information you have available at time T +that's the reason these guys don't have + + align:start position:0% +that's the reason these guys don't have + + + align:start position:0% +that's the reason these guys don't have +expectations in front of them because + + align:start position:0% +expectations in front of them because + + + align:start position:0% +expectations in front of them because +you know this at time + + align:start position:0% +you know this at time + + + align:start position:0% +you know this at time +T had we taken the value at T minus one + + align:start position:0% +T had we taken the value at T minus one + + + align:start position:0% +T had we taken the value at T minus one +we would have not known that and we have + + align:start position:0% +we would have not known that and we have + + + align:start position:0% +we would have not known that and we have +had to expectation because it would have + + align:start position:0% +had to expectation because it would have + + + align:start position:0% +had to expectation because it would have +been expectation as of T minus + + align:start position:0% +been expectation as of T minus + + + align:start position:0% +been expectation as of T minus +one okay so that's your big formula + + align:start position:0% +one okay so that's your big formula + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so that's your big formula +there so there are some examples that + + align:start position:0% +there so there are some examples that + + + align:start position:0% +there so there are some examples that +are sort of well known and and and the + + align:start position:0% +are sort of well known and and and the + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of well known and and and the +and the and so let me let me show you + + align:start position:0% +and the and so let me let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +and the and so let me let me show you +the they have nicer Expressions so + + align:start position:0% +the they have nicer Expressions so + + + align:start position:0% +the they have nicer Expressions so +that's that's an example of valuation of + + align:start position:0% +that's that's an example of valuation of + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's an example of valuation of +of this the same asset but when they + + align:start position:0% +of this the same asset but when they + + + align:start position:0% +of this the same asset but when they +interestate is constant then then + + align:start position:0% +interestate is constant then then + + + align:start position:0% +interestate is constant then then +obviously I don't need all these + + align:start position:0% +obviously I don't need all these + + + align:start position:0% +obviously I don't need all these +products in the denominator I I I have a + + align:start position:0% +products in the denominator I I I have a + + + align:start position:0% +products in the denominator I I I have a +constant interest rate then I just get + + align:start position:0% +constant interest rate then I just get + + + align:start position:0% +constant interest rate then I just get +powers of that interest rate that's one + + align:start position:0% +powers of that interest rate that's one + + + align:start position:0% +powers of that interest rate that's one +in which you have constant payments so + + align:start position:0% +in which you have constant payments so + + + align:start position:0% +in which you have constant payments so +the interest rate may be different but + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate may be different but + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate may be different but +the payments are the same over time okay + + align:start position:0% +the payments are the same over time okay + + + align:start position:0% +the payments are the same over time okay +that's that + + align:start position:0% +that's that + + + align:start position:0% +that's that +those are two easy formulas that's one + + align:start position:0% +those are two easy formulas that's one + + + align:start position:0% +those are two easy formulas that's one +in which you have both constant the + + align:start position:0% +in which you have both constant the + + + align:start position:0% +in which you have both constant the +interest rate and the payment then you + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and the payment then you + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and the payment then you +get a nice expression that's just the + + align:start position:0% +get a nice expression that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +get a nice expression that's just the +that okay you recognize that if if you + + align:start position:0% +that okay you recognize that if if you + + + align:start position:0% +that okay you recognize that if if you +have a constant + + align:start position:0% +have a constant + + + align:start position:0% +have a constant +H constant interest rate here you see + + align:start position:0% +H constant interest rate here you see + + + align:start position:0% +H constant interest rate here you see +that the value is is declining is a it's + + align:start position:0% +that the value is is declining is a it's + + + align:start position:0% +that the value is is declining is a it's +a geometric series no the value of two + + align:start position:0% +a geometric series no the value of two + + + align:start position:0% +a geometric series no the value of two +years from now is a square of 1/ 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +years from now is a square of 1/ 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +years from now is a square of 1/ 1 plus +some is a square of a number less than + + align:start position:0% +some is a square of a number less than + + + align:start position:0% +some is a square of a number less than +one no 1 over 1 plus I is some number + + align:start position:0% +one no 1 over 1 plus I is some number + + + align:start position:0% +one no 1 over 1 plus I is some number +less than one this is a square of that + + align:start position:0% +less than one this is a square of that + + + align:start position:0% +less than one this is a square of that +then the cube and so on so it's a + + align:start position:0% +then the cube and so on so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +then the cube and so on so it's a +geometric series that is declining in + + align:start position:0% +geometric series that is declining in + + + align:start position:0% +geometric series that is declining in +the rate 1 plus I one over 1 plus I okay + + align:start position:0% +the rate 1 plus I one over 1 plus I okay + + + align:start position:0% +the rate 1 plus I one over 1 plus I okay +or declining at the rate 1 plus I so + + align:start position:0% +or declining at the rate 1 plus I so + + + align:start position:0% +or declining at the rate 1 plus I so +that's your geometric + + align:start position:0% +that's your geometric + + + align:start position:0% +that's your geometric +series okay that's the value of + + align:start position:0% +series okay that's the value of + + + align:start position:0% +series okay that's the value of +that constant rate and payment forever + + align:start position:0% +that constant rate and payment forever + + + align:start position:0% +that constant rate and payment forever +suppose you have an asset that + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have an asset that + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you have an asset that +that lives + + align:start position:0% +that lives + + + align:start position:0% +that lives +forever there are some bondes like that + + align:start position:0% +forever there are some bondes like that + + + align:start position:0% +forever there are some bondes like that +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +perpetuities a + + align:start position:0% +perpetuities a + + + align:start position:0% +perpetuities a +ER the US has an issue the UK has and so + + align:start position:0% +ER the US has an issue the UK has and so + + + align:start position:0% +ER the US has an issue the UK has and so +on so that's an asset for example that + + align:start position:0% +on so that's an asset for example that + + + align:start position:0% +on so that's an asset for example that +pays you fixed amount forever and if the + + align:start position:0% +pays you fixed amount forever and if the + + + align:start position:0% +pays you fixed amount forever and if the +interest rate is constant that's a + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is constant that's a + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is constant that's a +trickier thing then the value of that + + align:start position:0% +trickier thing then the value of that + + + align:start position:0% +trickier thing then the value of that +asset you can see that this this is + + align:start position:0% +asset you can see that this this is + + + align:start position:0% +asset you can see that this this is +going to zero so the value of that asset + + align:start position:0% +going to zero so the value of that asset + + + align:start position:0% +going to zero so the value of that asset +is that and actually a formula that you + + align:start position:0% +is that and actually a formula that you + + + align:start position:0% +is that and actually a formula that you +may see that is very oftenly used as a + + align:start position:0% +may see that is very oftenly used as a + + + align:start position:0% +may see that is very oftenly used as a +as a first approximation is this one + + align:start position:0% +as a first approximation is this one + + + align:start position:0% +as a first approximation is this one +this is is it's the same asset but it's + + align:start position:0% +this is is it's the same asset but it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is is it's the same asset but it's +called X dividend or X coupon is is + + align:start position:0% +called X dividend or X coupon is is + + + align:start position:0% +called X dividend or X coupon is is +after the coupon of this year has been + + align:start position:0% +after the coupon of this year has been + + + align:start position:0% +after the coupon of this year has been +paid okay so it's an asset that starts + + align:start position:0% +paid okay so it's an asset that starts + + + align:start position:0% +paid okay so it's an asset that starts +paying at T plus1 ZT plus1 ZT plus2 and + + align:start position:0% +paying at T plus1 ZT plus1 ZT plus2 and + + + align:start position:0% +paying at T plus1 ZT plus1 ZT plus2 and +so on well that is the same as this + + align:start position:0% +so on well that is the same as this + + + align:start position:0% +so on well that is the same as this +minus the first coupon so is equal to + + align:start position:0% +minus the first coupon so is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +minus the first coupon so is equal to +that okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's an interesting thing look what + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting thing look what + + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting thing look what +happened to this asset as the interest + + align:start position:0% +happened to this asset as the interest + + + align:start position:0% +happened to this asset as the interest +rate goes to + + align:start position:0% +rate goes to + + + align:start position:0% +rate goes to +zero so this is an asset that lasts for + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is an asset that lasts for + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is an asset that lasts for +a very long + + align:start position:0% +a very long + + + align:start position:0% +a very long +time and and and look we got to + + align:start position:0% +time and and and look we got to + + + align:start position:0% +time and and and look we got to +evaluation + + align:start position:0% +evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation +formula what have what is happening as + + align:start position:0% +formula what have what is happening as + + + align:start position:0% +formula what have what is happening as +the interet goes to zero to the value + + align:start position:0% +the interet goes to zero to the value + + + align:start position:0% +the interet goes to zero to the value +the value BEC very LGE very large it + + align:start position:0% +the value BEC very LGE very large it + + + align:start position:0% +the value BEC very LGE very large it +goes to infinity and a lot of what has + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity and a lot of what has + + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity and a lot of what has +happening in Global Financial markets in + + align:start position:0% +happening in Global Financial markets in + + + align:start position:0% +happening in Global Financial markets in +the last few years has to do with that + + align:start position:0% +the last few years has to do with that + + + align:start position:0% +the last few years has to do with that +interest were very very very low and so + + align:start position:0% +interest were very very very low and so + + + align:start position:0% +interest were very very very low and so +most assets that had long duration had + + align:start position:0% +most assets that had long duration had + + + align:start position:0% +most assets that had long duration had +very high + + align:start position:0% +very high + + + align:start position:0% +very high +values + + align:start position:0% +values + + + align:start position:0% +values +okay and it has a lot to do that + + align:start position:0% +okay and it has a lot to do that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it has a lot to do that +monetary policy had a lot to do whether + + align:start position:0% +monetary policy had a lot to do whether + + + align:start position:0% +monetary policy had a lot to do whether +it was the right monetary policy or not + + align:start position:0% +it was the right monetary policy or not + + + align:start position:0% +it was the right monetary policy or not +that's something to be discussed I think + + align:start position:0% +that's something to be discussed I think + + + align:start position:0% +that's something to be discussed I think +on average it was a right monetary + + align:start position:0% +on average it was a right monetary + + + align:start position:0% +on average it was a right monetary +policy but one of the things it did it + + align:start position:0% +policy but one of the things it did it + + + align:start position:0% +policy but one of the things it did it +increased the value of many Assets in + + align:start position:0% +increased the value of many Assets in + + + align:start position:0% +increased the value of many Assets in +fact part of that's one of the mechanism + + align:start position:0% +fact part of that's one of the mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +fact part of that's one of the mechanism +through which monetary policy Works in + + align:start position:0% +through which monetary policy Works in + + + align:start position:0% +through which monetary policy Works in +practice it's is not something we have + + align:start position:0% +practice it's is not something we have + + + align:start position:0% +practice it's is not something we have +discussed but you can begin to see here + + align:start position:0% +discussed but you can begin to see here + + + align:start position:0% +discussed but you can begin to see here +because if the value of all assets go up + + align:start position:0% +because if the value of all assets go up + + + align:start position:0% +because if the value of all assets go up +a lot people feel wealthier and that + + align:start position:0% +a lot people feel wealthier and that + + + align:start position:0% +a lot people feel wealthier and that +they will tend to consume more and so on + + align:start position:0% +they will tend to consume more and so on + + + align:start position:0% +they will tend to consume more and so on +this is one of the channels monetary + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the channels monetary + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the channels monetary +policy does by the way this effect + + align:start position:0% +policy does by the way this effect + + + align:start position:0% +policy does by the way this effect +happens also to the asset that have + + align:start position:0% +happens also to the asset that have + + + align:start position:0% +happens also to the asset that have +finite M it's just a this go it's + + align:start position:0% +finite M it's just a this go it's + + + align:start position:0% +finite M it's just a this go it's +maximized when this asset lasts forever + + align:start position:0% +maximized when this asset lasts forever + + + align:start position:0% +maximized when this asset lasts forever +no this this asset literally goes to + + align:start position:0% +no this this asset literally goes to + + + align:start position:0% +no this this asset literally goes to +Infinity if the interet goes to + + align:start position:0% +Infinity if the interet goes to + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity if the interet goes to +zero while if an acid lasts for n + + align:start position:0% +zero while if an acid lasts for n + + + align:start position:0% +zero while if an acid lasts for n +periods it doesn't go to Infinity it + + align:start position:0% +periods it doesn't go to Infinity it + + + align:start position:0% +periods it doesn't go to Infinity it +goes to n * Z no it's a sum if the inter + + align:start position:0% +goes to n * Z no it's a sum if the inter + + + align:start position:0% +goes to n * Z no it's a sum if the inter +is zero just Su things you see that if a + + align:start position:0% +is zero just Su things you see that if a + + + align:start position:0% +is zero just Su things you see that if a +if if an asset last for n periods and it + + align:start position:0% +if if an asset last for n periods and it + + + align:start position:0% +if if an asset last for n periods and it +gives me a payment of Z in every single + + align:start position:0% +gives me a payment of Z in every single + + + align:start position:0% +gives me a payment of Z in every single +period Then when the interest is zero + + align:start position:0% +period Then when the interest is zero + + + align:start position:0% +period Then when the interest is zero +that asset is worth n * Z because I will + + align:start position:0% +that asset is worth n * Z because I will + + + align:start position:0% +that asset is worth n * Z because I will +receive Z coupons and I don't discount + + align:start position:0% +receive Z coupons and I don't discount + + + align:start position:0% +receive Z coupons and I don't discount +the future because the interest rate is + + align:start position:0% +the future because the interest rate is + + + align:start position:0% +the future because the interest rate is +zero what happens is when the asset + + align:start position:0% +zero what happens is when the asset + + + align:start position:0% +zero what happens is when the asset +lasts forever then n * Z is a very large + + align:start position:0% +lasts forever then n * Z is a very large + + + align:start position:0% +lasts forever then n * Z is a very large +number you know and that's that's what + + align:start position:0% +number you know and that's that's what + + + align:start position:0% +number you know and that's that's what +this pressure captures + + align:start position:0% +this pressure captures + + + align:start position:0% +this pressure captures +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay so let's talk about bones now to + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's talk about bones now to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's talk about bones now to +start pricing + + align:start position:0% +start pricing + + + align:start position:0% +start pricing +bones so bones + + align:start position:0% +bones so bones + + + align:start position:0% +bones so bones +differ along many dimensions but one of + + align:start position:0% +differ along many dimensions but one of + + + align:start position:0% +differ along many dimensions but one of +them is is very important for bones is + + align:start position:0% +them is is very important for bones is + + + align:start position:0% +them is is very important for bones is +maturity the N that I had there in the + + align:start position:0% +maturity the N that I had there in the + + + align:start position:0% +maturity the N that I had there in the +previous expression + + align:start position:0% +previous expression + + + align:start position:0% +previous expression +okay H so so maturity means essentially + + align:start position:0% +okay H so so maturity means essentially + + + align:start position:0% +okay H so so maturity means essentially +how long the bone lasts okay when when + + align:start position:0% +how long the bone lasts okay when when + + + align:start position:0% +how long the bone lasts okay when when +does it pay pay you back the principal + + align:start position:0% +does it pay pay you back the principal + + + align:start position:0% +does it pay pay you back the principal +the bonds typically pay coupons and then + + align:start position:0% +the bonds typically pay coupons and then + + + align:start position:0% +the bonds typically pay coupons and then +there is a final payment which we call + + align:start position:0% +there is a final payment which we call + + + align:start position:0% +there is a final payment which we call +face value of the bond something like + + align:start position:0% +face value of the bond something like + + + align:start position:0% +face value of the bond something like +that and and when that final payment + + align:start position:0% +that and and when that final payment + + + align:start position:0% +that and and when that final payment +takes place that's a maturity of a bond + + align:start position:0% +takes place that's a maturity of a bond + + + align:start position:0% +takes place that's a maturity of a bond +okay so a bond that promises to make a + + align:start position:0% +okay so a bond that promises to make a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a bond that promises to make a +$1,000 final payment in six month has a + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 final payment in six month has a + + + align:start position:0% +$1,000 final payment in six month has a +maturity of six + + align:start position:0% +maturity of six + + + align:start position:0% +maturity of six +month a bond that promises to pay $100 + + align:start position:0% +month a bond that promises to pay $100 + + + align:start position:0% +month a bond that promises to pay $100 +for 20 years and then $1,000 a final + + align:start position:0% +for 20 years and then $1,000 a final + + + align:start position:0% +for 20 years and then $1,000 a final +payment in 20 years has a maturity of 20 + + align:start position:0% +payment in 20 years has a maturity of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +payment in 20 years has a maturity of 20 +years maturity is different from + + align:start position:0% +years maturity is different from + + + align:start position:0% +years maturity is different from +duration I don't think I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +duration I don't think I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +duration I don't think I want to talk +about duration here but but that's + + align:start position:0% +about duration here but but that's + + + align:start position:0% +about duration here but but that's +maturity just when when is the final + + align:start position:0% +maturity just when when is the final + + + align:start position:0% +maturity just when when is the final +payment of of a of a loan of a of a bond + + align:start position:0% +payment of of a of a loan of a of a bond + + + align:start position:0% +payment of of a of a loan of a of a bond +okay bonds of different maturities each + + align:start position:0% +okay bonds of different maturities each + + + align:start position:0% +okay bonds of different maturities each +have a price and an Associated interest + + align:start position:0% +have a price and an Associated interest + + + align:start position:0% +have a price and an Associated interest +rate we're going to look at those things + + align:start position:0% +rate we're going to look at those things + + + align:start position:0% +rate we're going to look at those things +and the associated interest rate is + + align:start position:0% +and the associated interest rate is + + + align:start position:0% +and the associated interest rate is +called the yield to maturity or simply + + align:start position:0% +called the yield to maturity or simply + + + align:start position:0% +called the yield to maturity or simply +the yield of a bond this is terminology + + align:start position:0% +the yield of a bond this is terminology + + + align:start position:0% +the yield of a bond this is terminology +but we're going to calculate this later + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to calculate this later + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to calculate this later +on the the relationship between maturity + + align:start position:0% +on the the relationship between maturity + + + align:start position:0% +on the the relationship between maturity +and yield is called the yield curve very + + align:start position:0% +and yield is called the yield curve very + + + align:start position:0% +and yield is called the yield curve very +important concept big fuss about the + + align:start position:0% +important concept big fuss about the + + + align:start position:0% +important concept big fuss about the +yield curve these days I'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +yield curve these days I'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +yield curve these days I'll talk a +little bit more about that or sometimes + + align:start position:0% +little bit more about that or sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more about that or sometimes +it's called the ter structure of + + align:start position:0% +it's called the ter structure of + + + align:start position:0% +it's called the ter structure of +interest rate term in the language of + + align:start position:0% +interest rate term in the language of + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate term in the language of +bonds is really + + align:start position:0% +bonds is really + + + align:start position:0% +bonds is really +maturity so term structure of interest + + align:start position:0% +maturity so term structure of interest + + + align:start position:0% +maturity so term structure of interest +rate really tells you what is the yield + + align:start position:0% +rate really tells you what is the yield + + + align:start position:0% +rate really tells you what is the yield +in a oneyear bone twoyear bone threeyear + + align:start position:0% +in a oneyear bone twoyear bone threeyear + + + align:start position:0% +in a oneyear bone twoyear bone threeyear +bone four five six so you PL them and + + align:start position:0% +bone four five six so you PL them and + + + align:start position:0% +bone four five six so you PL them and +that gives you a curve okay so H for + + align:start position:0% +that gives you a curve okay so H for + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you a curve okay so H for +example look at the those these are two + + align:start position:0% +example look at the those these are two + + + align:start position:0% +example look at the those these are two +different yield curves this is November + + align:start position:0% +different yield curves this is November + + + align:start position:0% +different yield curves this is November +2000 and this is June uh 2001 so this + + align:start position:0% +2000 and this is June uh 2001 so this + + + align:start position:0% +2000 and this is June uh 2001 so this +tells you what the yield is in on a + + align:start position:0% +tells you what the yield is in on a + + + align:start position:0% +tells you what the yield is in on a +three-month Bond so a bond that matures + + align:start position:0% +three-month Bond so a bond that matures + + + align:start position:0% +three-month Bond so a bond that matures +in three in three month on a six Monon + + align:start position:0% +in three in three month on a six Monon + + + align:start position:0% +in three in three month on a six Monon +bonds and so forth up to 30e bonds okay + + align:start position:0% +bonds and so forth up to 30e bonds okay + + + align:start position:0% +bonds and so forth up to 30e bonds okay +what is the big difference between this + + align:start position:0% +what is the big difference between this + + + align:start position:0% +what is the big difference between this +what is happen here in between notice + + align:start position:0% +what is happen here in between notice + + + align:start position:0% +what is happen here in between notice +that these two curves are more or less + + align:start position:0% +that these two curves are more or less + + + align:start position:0% +that these two curves are more or less +the same longterm interest rate but they + + align:start position:0% +the same longterm interest rate but they + + + align:start position:0% +the same longterm interest rate but they +have very different these curves this is + + align:start position:0% +have very different these curves this is + + + align:start position:0% +have very different these curves this is +a very steep curve this is a very flat + + align:start position:0% +a very steep curve this is a very flat + + + align:start position:0% +a very steep curve this is a very flat +or even inverted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve what do you think may have + + align:start position:0% +curve what do you think may have + + + align:start position:0% +curve what do you think may have +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +there between November 2000 and June + + align:start position:0% +there between November 2000 and June + + + align:start position:0% +there between November 2000 and June +2001 people change their + + align:start position:0% +2001 people change their + + + align:start position:0% +2001 people change their +expectations yeah that's true that's for + + align:start position:0% +expectations yeah that's true that's for + + + align:start position:0% +expectations yeah that's true that's for +sure true about that but look also that + + align:start position:0% +sure true about that but look also that + + + align:start position:0% +sure true about that but look also that +but that that this 3 month there is very + + align:start position:0% +but that that this 3 month there is very + + + align:start position:0% +but that that this 3 month there is very +little uncertainty about 3 month it was + + align:start position:0% +little uncertainty about 3 month it was + + + align:start position:0% +little uncertainty about 3 month it was +a lot lower than that so yes people + + align:start position:0% +a lot lower than that so yes people + + + align:start position:0% +a lot lower than that so yes people +change expectation but why do you think + + align:start position:0% +change expectation but why do you think + + + align:start position:0% +change expectation but why do you think +they change their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expectation now Rising inflation from + + align:start position:0% +expectation now Rising inflation from + + + align:start position:0% +expectation now Rising inflation from +here to here these are these are nominal + + align:start position:0% +here to here these are these are nominal + + + align:start position:0% +here to here these are these are nominal +interest + + align:start position:0% +interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest +rates up to now I've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +rates up to now I've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +rates up to now I've been talking about +nominal interest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate what happens here + + align:start position:0% +rate what happens here + + + align:start position:0% +rate what happens here +is there was a mini recession so the FED + + align:start position:0% +is there was a mini recession so the FED + + + align:start position:0% +is there was a mini recession so the FED +cut interest + + align:start position:0% +cut interest + + + align:start position:0% +cut interest +rate when you are in recessions the + + align:start position:0% +rate when you are in recessions the + + + align:start position:0% +rate when you are in recessions the +curve tend to look like + + align:start position:0% +curve tend to look like + + + align:start position:0% +curve tend to look like +this because the central bank is cutting + + align:start position:0% +this because the central bank is cutting + + + align:start position:0% +this because the central bank is cutting +interest rates in the in the short run + + align:start position:0% +interest rates in the in the short run + + + align:start position:0% +interest rates in the in the short run +to deal with the current recession what + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the current recession what + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the current recession what +happened 30 years from now has nothing + + align:start position:0% +happened 30 years from now has nothing + + + align:start position:0% +happened 30 years from now has nothing +to do with the business cycle today so + + align:start position:0% +to do with the business cycle today so + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the business cycle today so +that interest rate doesn't need to move + + align:start position:0% +that interest rate doesn't need to move + + + align:start position:0% +that interest rate doesn't need to move +a lot but the FED is bringing interest + + align:start position:0% +a lot but the FED is bringing interest + + + align:start position:0% +a lot but the FED is bringing interest +rate down a lot in the front end okay so + + align:start position:0% +rate down a lot in the front end okay so + + + align:start position:0% +rate down a lot in the front end okay so +that's a typical shape of a curve in a + + align:start position:0% +that's a typical shape of a curve in a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a typical shape of a curve in a +recession that's a typical shape of a of + + align:start position:0% +recession that's a typical shape of a of + + + align:start position:0% +recession that's a typical shape of a of +a curve in the opposite situation where + + align:start position:0% +a curve in the opposite situation where + + + align:start position:0% +a curve in the opposite situation where +the inflation is too high and so on + + align:start position:0% +the inflation is too high and so on + + + align:start position:0% +the inflation is too high and so on +because what happens the FED is trying + + align:start position:0% +because what happens the FED is trying + + + align:start position:0% +because what happens the FED is trying +to the FED really controls the very + + align:start position:0% +to the FED really controls the very + + + align:start position:0% +to the FED really controls the very +front end of the curve that's what the + + align:start position:0% +front end of the curve that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +front end of the curve that's what the +FED really control the Central Bank in + + align:start position:0% +FED really control the Central Bank in + + + align:start position:0% +FED really control the Central Bank in +general but the FED they control the + + align:start position:0% +general but the FED they control the + + + align:start position:0% +general but the FED they control the +very front end of the curve because + + align:start position:0% +very front end of the curve because + + + align:start position:0% +very front end of the curve because +they're setting the very short-term + + align:start position:0% +they're setting the very short-term + + + align:start position:0% +they're setting the very short-term +interest rate so this is a situation + + align:start position:0% +interest rate so this is a situation + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate so this is a situation +where they're tighten the monetary + + align:start position:0% +where they're tighten the monetary + + + align:start position:0% +where they're tighten the monetary +policy is very tight because they have a + + align:start position:0% +policy is very tight because they have a + + + align:start position:0% +policy is very tight because they have a +situation of overheating in the economy + + align:start position:0% +situation of overheating in the economy + + + align:start position:0% +situation of overheating in the economy +and in fact they got two car it away + + align:start position:0% +and in fact they got two car it away + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact they got two car it away +that's the reason that we ended up in a + + align:start position:0% +that's the reason that we ended up in a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the reason that we ended up in a +recession here okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how do you think it looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today that do you think it looks more + + align:start position:0% +today that do you think it looks more + + + align:start position:0% +today that do you think it looks more +like this or more like that is inflation + + align:start position:0% +like this or more like that is inflation + + + align:start position:0% +like this or more like that is inflation +low high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today High I mean that's a problem no + + align:start position:0% +today High I mean that's a problem no + + + align:start position:0% +today High I mean that's a problem no +the FED is trying to hike interest rate + + align:start position:0% +the FED is trying to hike interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +the FED is trying to hike interest rate +now recently because of the the mess in + + align:start position:0% +now recently because of the the mess in + + + align:start position:0% +now recently because of the the mess in +the banking sector then expectations of + + align:start position:0% +the banking sector then expectations of + + + align:start position:0% +the banking sector then expectations of +Interest began to decline a little but + + align:start position:0% +Interest began to decline a little but + + + align:start position:0% +Interest began to decline a little but +but but the situation was was very + + align:start position:0% +but but the situation was was very + + + align:start position:0% +but but the situation was was very +inverted here you are + + align:start position:0% +inverted here you are + + + align:start position:0% +inverted here you are +that's the green line is today okay so + + align:start position:0% +that's the green line is today okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the green line is today okay so +it's very + + align:start position:0% +it's very + + + align:start position:0% +it's very +inverted okay a year ago it looked like + + align:start position:0% +inverted okay a year ago it looked like + + + align:start position:0% +inverted okay a year ago it looked like +that so you see the long hasn't changed + + align:start position:0% +that so you see the long hasn't changed + + + align:start position:0% +that so you see the long hasn't changed +much but a year ago there was no sense + + align:start position:0% +much but a year ago there was no sense + + + align:start position:0% +much but a year ago there was no sense +that the inflation was getting so much + + align:start position:0% +that the inflation was getting so much + + + align:start position:0% +that the inflation was getting so much +out of line it happened a little later + + align:start position:0% +out of line it happened a little later + + + align:start position:0% +out of line it happened a little later +than that there was some concern that + + align:start position:0% +than that there was some concern that + + + align:start position:0% +than that there was some concern that +interest would would rise but but but + + align:start position:0% +interest would would rise but but but + + + align:start position:0% +interest would would rise but but but +now it's very clear that the economy is + + align:start position:0% +now it's very clear that the economy is + + + align:start position:0% +now it's very clear that the economy is +overheating and this I should have plot + + align:start position:0% +overheating and this I should have plot + + + align:start position:0% +overheating and this I should have plot +you something for for + + align:start position:0% +you something for for + + + align:start position:0% +you something for for +a month ago it would have been even + + align:start position:0% +a month ago it would have been even + + + align:start position:0% +a month ago it would have been even +steeper + + align:start position:0% +steeper + + + align:start position:0% +steeper +okay anyways but that's because the FED + + align:start position:0% +okay anyways but that's because the FED + + + align:start position:0% +okay anyways but that's because the FED +is trying to slow down the economies + + align:start position:0% +is trying to slow down the economies + + + align:start position:0% +is trying to slow down the economies +it's hik in interest rates that's the + + align:start position:0% +it's hik in interest rates that's the + + + align:start position:0% +it's hik in interest rates that's the +reason the curve is very very inverted + + align:start position:0% +reason the curve is very very inverted + + + align:start position:0% +reason the curve is very very inverted +today so let me let me calculate these + + align:start position:0% +today so let me let me calculate these + + + align:start position:0% +today so let me let me calculate these +rates how do we go about it so the first + + align:start position:0% +rates how do we go about it so the first + + + align:start position:0% +rates how do we go about it so the first +thing we're going to do is we're going + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to do is we're going + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to do is we're going +to use this the spected present + + align:start position:0% +to use this the spected present + + + align:start position:0% +to use this the spected present +discounted value formula to calculate + + align:start position:0% +discounted value formula to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value formula to calculate +the price of a bond and then we want to + + align:start position:0% +the price of a bond and then we want to + + + align:start position:0% +the price of a bond and then we want to +start doing it for different bonds and + + align:start position:0% +start doing it for different bonds and + + + align:start position:0% +start doing it for different bonds and +we're going to construct the yield curve + + align:start position:0% +we're going to construct the yield curve + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to construct the yield curve +so suppose you have a bond that pays + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you have a bond that pays + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you have a bond that pays +$100 nothing in between $100 one year + + align:start position:0% +$100 nothing in between $100 one year + + + align:start position:0% +$100 nothing in between $100 one year +from now so this is a bond with maturity + + align:start position:0% +from now so this is a bond with maturity + + + align:start position:0% +from now so this is a bond with maturity +one year + + align:start position:0% +one year + + + align:start position:0% +one year +maturity I'm going to call that bond + + align:start position:0% +maturity I'm going to call that bond + + + align:start position:0% +maturity I'm going to call that bond +with one year maturity P1 the price of a + + align:start position:0% +with one year maturity P1 the price of a + + + align:start position:0% +with one year maturity P1 the price of a +bone with a onee maturity at time T p1t + + align:start position:0% +bone with a onee maturity at time T p1t + + + align:start position:0% +bone with a onee maturity at time T p1t +well that's easy to calculate it's + + align:start position:0% +well that's easy to calculate it's + + + align:start position:0% +well that's easy to calculate it's +expected present discounted value for if + + align:start position:0% +expected present discounted value for if + + + align:start position:0% +expected present discounted value for if +you have the interest rate whatever you + + align:start position:0% +you have the interest rate whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +you have the interest rate whatever you +say one year interest rate then I know + + align:start position:0% +say one year interest rate then I know + + + align:start position:0% +say one year interest rate then I know +that the price of the bond is 100 + + align:start position:0% +that the price of the bond is 100 + + + align:start position:0% +that the price of the bond is 100 +divided by one plus the interest rate + + align:start position:0% +divided by one plus the interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +divided by one plus the interest rate +the one year interest rate + + align:start position:0% +the one year interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +the one year interest rate +today okay that's the price that's + + align:start position:0% +today okay that's the price that's + + + align:start position:0% +today okay that's the price that's +expected discounted value so I tell you + + align:start position:0% +expected discounted value so I tell you + + + align:start position:0% +expected discounted value so I tell you +what I'm showing you is the relationship + + align:start position:0% +what I'm showing you is the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm showing you is the relationship +between interest rates and prices okay + + align:start position:0% +between interest rates and prices okay + + + align:start position:0% +between interest rates and prices okay +and price of a bone the price of that + + align:start position:0% +and price of a bone the price of that + + + align:start position:0% +and price of a bone the price of that +bold is just + + align:start position:0% +bold is just + + + align:start position:0% +bold is just +100 divided by one plus the one plus the + + align:start position:0% +100 divided by one plus the one plus the + + + align:start position:0% +100 divided by one plus the one plus the +onee interest rate today + + align:start position:0% +onee interest rate today + + + align:start position:0% +onee interest rate today +okay so important observation is that + + align:start position:0% +okay so important observation is that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so important observation is that +the price of a one-year Bond varies in + + align:start position:0% +the price of a one-year Bond varies in + + + align:start position:0% +the price of a one-year Bond varies in +verely with the current oneyear nominal + + align:start position:0% +verely with the current oneyear nominal + + + align:start position:0% +verely with the current oneyear nominal +interest rate this all + + align:start position:0% +interest rate this all + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate this all +nominal why is that invers relationship + + align:start position:0% +nominal why is that invers relationship + + + align:start position:0% +nominal why is that invers relationship +why is it the price of a one-year bond + + align:start position:0% +why is it the price of a one-year bond + + + align:start position:0% +why is it the price of a one-year bond +is inversely related to the oneyear + + align:start position:0% +is inversely related to the oneyear + + + align:start position:0% +is inversely related to the oneyear +interest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate in other words I'm asking what do + + align:start position:0% +rate in other words I'm asking what do + + + align:start position:0% +rate in other words I'm asking what do +you think happens to the price as a + + align:start position:0% +you think happens to the price as a + + + align:start position:0% +you think happens to the price as a +nominal as a nominal interest rate Rises + + align:start position:0% +nominal as a nominal interest rate Rises + + + align:start position:0% +nominal as a nominal interest rate Rises +and why do you think that's what happens + + align:start position:0% +and why do you think that's what happens + + + align:start position:0% +and why do you think that's what happens +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +price well the first question doesn't + + align:start position:0% +price well the first question doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +price well the first question doesn't +have a I mean it's very easy the answer + + align:start position:0% +have a I mean it's very easy the answer + + + align:start position:0% +have a I mean it's very easy the answer +to the first question what happens if I + + align:start position:0% +to the first question what happens if I + + + align:start position:0% +to the first question what happens if I +goes up well it's obvious that this + + align:start position:0% +goes up well it's obvious that this + + + align:start position:0% +goes up well it's obvious that this +price comes down but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why and and and use the concept we have + + align:start position:0% +why and and and use the concept we have + + + align:start position:0% +why and and and use the concept we have +developed here remember we spend like 20 + + align:start position:0% +developed here remember we spend like 20 + + + align:start position:0% +developed here remember we spend like 20 +minutes in one slide well use that slide + + align:start position:0% +minutes in one slide well use that slide + + + align:start position:0% +minutes in one slide well use that slide +for that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer hint these $100 you're not + + align:start position:0% +answer hint these $100 you're not + + + align:start position:0% +answer hint these $100 you're not +receiving today you're receiving a year + + align:start position:0% +receiving today you're receiving a year + + + align:start position:0% +receiving today you're receiving a year +from now + + align:start position:0% +from now + + + align:start position:0% +from now +what happens with a dollar received a + + align:start position:0% +what happens with a dollar received a + + + align:start position:0% +what happens with a dollar received a +year from now what is the value of a + + align:start position:0% +year from now what is the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +year from now what is the value of a +year dollar received one year from now + + align:start position:0% +year dollar received one year from now + + + align:start position:0% +year dollar received one year from now +when the interest is + + align:start position:0% +when the interest is + + + align:start position:0% +when the interest is +high it's low because you know you much + + align:start position:0% +high it's low because you know you much + + + align:start position:0% +high it's low because you know you much +have the dollar today invest it and get + + align:start position:0% +have the dollar today invest it and get + + + align:start position:0% +have the dollar today invest it and get +this big return on the on on the dollar + + align:start position:0% +this big return on the on on the dollar + + + align:start position:0% +this big return on the on on the dollar +that means naturally the bond that is + + align:start position:0% +that means naturally the bond that is + + + align:start position:0% +that means naturally the bond that is +paying you $100 tomorrow is going to be + + align:start position:0% +paying you $100 tomorrow is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +paying you $100 tomorrow is going to be +worth less when the interest rate is + + align:start position:0% +worth less when the interest rate is + + + align:start position:0% +worth less when the interest rate is +very high it's going to be worth less + + align:start position:0% +very high it's going to be worth less + + + align:start position:0% +very high it's going to be worth less +today when the interest is very high + + align:start position:0% +today when the interest is very high + + + align:start position:0% +today when the interest is very high +you'd rather have the money today invest + + align:start position:0% +you'd rather have the money today invest + + + align:start position:0% +you'd rather have the money today invest +it in in the interest rate and get the + + align:start position:0% +it in in the interest rate and get the + + + align:start position:0% +it in in the interest rate and get the +interest rate and and uh no I need to + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and and uh no I need to + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and and uh no I need to +invest one over one plus i1t doll to get + + align:start position:0% +invest one over one plus i1t doll to get + + + align:start position:0% +invest one over one plus i1t doll to get +$100 that's another way of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saying what about a bond that pays $100 + + align:start position:0% +saying what about a bond that pays $100 + + + align:start position:0% +saying what about a bond that pays $100 +in two years well I need to Discount + + align:start position:0% +in two years well I need to Discount + + + align:start position:0% +in two years well I need to Discount +that by this which is a you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +that by this which is a you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that by this which is a you know it's a +product of the two interest rate and + + align:start position:0% +product of the two interest rate and + + + align:start position:0% +product of the two interest rate and +since I don't know what the one year + + align:start position:0% +since I don't know what the one year + + + align:start position:0% +since I don't know what the one year +rate will be one year from now I have to + + align:start position:0% +rate will be one year from now I have to + + + align:start position:0% +rate will be one year from now I have to +use expectation here rather than the + + align:start position:0% +use expectation here rather than the + + + align:start position:0% +use expectation here rather than the +actual rate but look at the notation I'm + + align:start position:0% +actual rate but look at the notation I'm + + + align:start position:0% +actual rate but look at the notation I'm +calling + + align:start position:0% +calling + + + align:start position:0% +calling +p2t dollar p2t the price of a 2-year + + align:start position:0% +p2t dollar p2t the price of a 2-year + + + align:start position:0% +p2t dollar p2t the price of a 2-year +Bond a bond with vity of two years as of + + align:start position:0% +Bond a bond with vity of two years as of + + + align:start position:0% +Bond a bond with vity of two years as of +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +T okay and this is a bond that has no + + align:start position:0% +T okay and this is a bond that has no + + + align:start position:0% +T okay and this is a bond that has no +coupons they just pay you + + align:start position:0% +coupons they just pay you + + + align:start position:0% +coupons they just pay you +$100 at the end of the two + + align:start position:0% +$100 at the end of the two + + + align:start position:0% +$100 at the end of the two +years now not note that this price is + + align:start position:0% +years now not note that this price is + + + align:start position:0% +years now not note that this price is +inversely related to both the onee rate + + align:start position:0% +inversely related to both the onee rate + + + align:start position:0% +inversely related to both the onee rate +today and the spect of the one year rate + + align:start position:0% +today and the spect of the one year rate + + + align:start position:0% +today and the spect of the one year rate +one year from + + align:start position:0% +one year from + + + align:start position:0% +one year from +now if either one of these goes up the + + align:start position:0% +now if either one of these goes up the + + + align:start position:0% +now if either one of these goes up the +bond is worthless today you discount + + align:start position:0% +bond is worthless today you discount + + + align:start position:0% +bond is worthless today you discount +more a dollar + + align:start position:0% +more a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +more a dollar +receipt um two years from now I don't + + align:start position:0% +receipt um two years from now I don't + + + align:start position:0% +receipt um two years from now I don't +care which one you know either of them + + align:start position:0% +care which one you know either of them + + + align:start position:0% +care which one you know either of them +that goes up is is bad news for the for + + align:start position:0% +that goes up is is bad news for the for + + + align:start position:0% +that goes up is is bad news for the for +the price of a + + align:start position:0% +the price of a + + + align:start position:0% +the price of a +bone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there's an alternative so this is the + + align:start position:0% +so there's an alternative so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so there's an alternative so this is the +way you price a bond bonds using just + + align:start position:0% +way you price a bond bonds using just + + + align:start position:0% +way you price a bond bonds using just +expected discounted + + align:start position:0% +expected discounted + + + align:start position:0% +expected discounted +value ER approach now it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +value ER approach now it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +value ER approach now it turns out that +in practice a lot of the asset pricing + + align:start position:0% +in practice a lot of the asset pricing + + + align:start position:0% +in practice a lot of the asset pricing +is done by Arbitrage meaning you you + + align:start position:0% +is done by Arbitrage meaning you you + + + align:start position:0% +is done by Arbitrage meaning you you +compare different assets and that that + + align:start position:0% +compare different assets and that that + + + align:start position:0% +compare different assets and that that +have similar risk they should give you + + align:start position:0% +have similar risk they should give you + + + align:start position:0% +have similar risk they should give you +more or less the same return that's what + + align:start position:0% +more or less the same return that's what + + + align:start position:0% +more or less the same return that's what +you so let me let me do this arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +you so let me let me do this arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +you so let me let me do this arbitrary +thing suppose you're consider investing + + align:start position:0% +thing suppose you're consider investing + + + align:start position:0% +thing suppose you're consider investing +$1 for one year so that's your decision + + align:start position:0% +$1 for one year so that's your decision + + + align:start position:0% +$1 for one year so that's your decision +I'm going to invest one I need I have a + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to invest one I need I have a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to invest one I need I have a +dollar which I want to invest for one + + align:start position:0% +dollar which I want to invest for one + + + align:start position:0% +dollar which I want to invest for one +year but I but I I have two options to + + align:start position:0% +year but I but I I have two options to + + + align:start position:0% +year but I but I I have two options to +do that I can invest a dollar in a + + align:start position:0% +do that I can invest a dollar in a + + + align:start position:0% +do that I can invest a dollar in a +one-year Bond I know exactly what I'm + + align:start position:0% +one-year Bond I know exactly what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one-year Bond I know exactly what I'm +going to get you know in that Bond or I + + align:start position:0% +going to get you know in that Bond or I + + + align:start position:0% +going to get you know in that Bond or I +can invest in a two-year Bond and sell + + align:start position:0% +can invest in a two-year Bond and sell + + + align:start position:0% +can invest in a two-year Bond and sell +it at the end of the first year that's + + align:start position:0% +it at the end of the first year that's + + + align:start position:0% +it at the end of the first year that's +those are two ways of you know investing + + align:start position:0% +those are two ways of you know investing + + + align:start position:0% +those are two ways of you know investing +for one + + align:start position:0% +for one + + + align:start position:0% +for one +year Arbitrage has to be compared over + + align:start position:0% +year Arbitrage has to be compared over + + + align:start position:0% +year Arbitrage has to be compared over +the same period of time and everything + + align:start position:0% +the same period of time and everything + + + align:start position:0% +the same period of time and everything +it's not the return of a b that you hold + + align:start position:0% +it's not the return of a b that you hold + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the return of a b that you hold +for 10 years versus one that you hold + + align:start position:0% +for 10 years versus one that you hold + + + align:start position:0% +for 10 years versus one that you hold +for one year it has to be something a + + align:start position:0% +for one year it has to be something a + + + align:start position:0% +for one year it has to be something a +similar investment suppose I need to + + align:start position:0% +similar investment suppose I need to + + + align:start position:0% +similar investment suppose I need to +invest for one + + align:start position:0% +invest for one + + + align:start position:0% +invest for one +year or you know then then okay then if + + align:start position:0% +year or you know then then okay then if + + + align:start position:0% +year or you know then then okay then if +I have these two bonds the option is not + + align:start position:0% +I have these two bonds the option is not + + + align:start position:0% +I have these two bonds the option is not +buy one or the other and then hold to + + align:start position:0% +buy one or the other and then hold to + + + align:start position:0% +buy one or the other and then hold to +maturity because that would be comparing + + align:start position:0% +maturity because that would be comparing + + + align:start position:0% +maturity because that would be comparing +an investment of one year with an + + align:start position:0% +an investment of one year with an + + + align:start position:0% +an investment of one year with an +investment of two years I need to + + align:start position:0% +investment of two years I need to + + + align:start position:0% +investment of two years I need to +compare the strategies of getting my + + align:start position:0% +compare the strategies of getting my + + + align:start position:0% +compare the strategies of getting my +return in one year in the Oney year bond + + align:start position:0% +return in one year in the Oney year bond + + + align:start position:0% +return in one year in the Oney year bond +that's trivial because I get my return + + align:start position:0% +that's trivial because I get my return + + + align:start position:0% +that's trivial because I get my return +at the end at the maturity of the bone + + align:start position:0% +at the end at the maturity of the bone + + + align:start position:0% +at the end at the maturity of the bone +in the two-year bone it means I need to + + align:start position:0% +in the two-year bone it means I need to + + + align:start position:0% +in the two-year bone it means I need to +sell it in between after one year okay + + align:start position:0% +sell it in between after one year okay + + + align:start position:0% +sell it in between after one year okay +so those are the two strategies I want + + align:start position:0% +so those are the two strategies I want + + + align:start position:0% +so those are the two strategies I want +to compare and since I'm not + + align:start position:0% +to compare and since I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +to compare and since I'm not +take considering risk here as a central + + align:start position:0% +take considering risk here as a central + + + align:start position:0% +take considering risk here as a central +element those two strategies are going + + align:start position:0% +element those two strategies are going + + + align:start position:0% +element those two strategies are going +to have to give me the same expected + + align:start position:0% +to have to give me the same expected + + + align:start position:0% +to have to give me the same expected +return okay that's Arbitrage that's what + + align:start position:0% +return okay that's Arbitrage that's what + + + align:start position:0% +return okay that's Arbitrage that's what +we call Arbitrage okay to the two + + align:start position:0% +we call Arbitrage okay to the two + + + align:start position:0% +we call Arbitrage okay to the two +strategist have to give him the same + + align:start position:0% +strategist have to give him the same + + + align:start position:0% +strategist have to give him the same +Spector + + align:start position:0% +Spector + + + align:start position:0% +Spector +return so + + align:start position:0% +return so + + + align:start position:0% +return so +what do we get from this strategies well + + align:start position:0% +what do we get from this strategies well + + + align:start position:0% +what do we get from this strategies well +if I go through the oneyear bond I know + + align:start position:0% +if I go through the oneyear bond I know + + + align:start position:0% +if I go through the oneyear bond I know +I'm going to get my dollartimes 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get my dollartimes 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get my dollartimes 1 plus +i1t that's what I get of a one year out + + align:start position:0% +i1t that's what I get of a one year out + + + align:start position:0% +i1t that's what I get of a one year out +of investing a dollar in a one-year Bond + + align:start position:0% +of investing a dollar in a one-year Bond + + + align:start position:0% +of investing a dollar in a one-year Bond +if I go through the two-year Bond + + align:start position:0% +if I go through the two-year Bond + + + align:start position:0% +if I go through the two-year Bond +strategy buy it and sell it at the end + + align:start position:0% +strategy buy it and sell it at the end + + + align:start position:0% +strategy buy it and sell it at the end +of the year then I'm going to get I I I + + align:start position:0% +of the year then I'm going to get I I I + + + align:start position:0% +of the year then I'm going to get I I I +I invest a dollar today no I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I invest a dollar today no I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I invest a dollar today no I'm going to +pay + + align:start position:0% +pay + + + align:start position:0% +pay +p2t that's what I pay today for a 2-year + + align:start position:0% +p2t that's what I pay today for a 2-year + + + align:start position:0% +p2t that's what I pay today for a 2-year +Bond that's what I pay here for a 2-year + + align:start position:0% +Bond that's what I pay here for a 2-year + + + align:start position:0% +Bond that's what I pay here for a 2-year +Bond + + align:start position:0% +Bond + + + align:start position:0% +Bond +and I expect to get the price of a + + align:start position:0% +and I expect to get the price of a + + + align:start position:0% +and I expect to get the price of a +one-year Bond one year from now I mean + + align:start position:0% +one-year Bond one year from now I mean + + + align:start position:0% +one-year Bond one year from now I mean +the two-year Bond will be a one-ear bond + + align:start position:0% +the two-year Bond will be a one-ear bond + + + align:start position:0% +the two-year Bond will be a one-ear bond +after a year has passed no it's a + + align:start position:0% +after a year has passed no it's a + + + align:start position:0% +after a year has passed no it's a +two-year bone today but after one year + + align:start position:0% +two-year bone today but after one year + + + align:start position:0% +two-year bone today but after one year +it's going to have only one year to + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have only one year to + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have only one year to +mature so that's the reason the price I + + align:start position:0% +mature so that's the reason the price I + + + align:start position:0% +mature so that's the reason the price I +need to forecast is this is the price of + + align:start position:0% +need to forecast is this is the price of + + + align:start position:0% +need to forecast is this is the price of +a one-ear bond one year from now that's + + align:start position:0% +a one-ear bond one year from now that's + + + align:start position:0% +a one-ear bond one year from now that's +what this is here okay and that's my + + align:start position:0% +what this is here okay and that's my + + + align:start position:0% +what this is here okay and that's my +return on this strategy because I'm + + align:start position:0% +return on this strategy because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +return on this strategy because I'm +going to pay this + + align:start position:0% +going to pay this + + + align:start position:0% +going to pay this +today this dollar + + align:start position:0% +today this dollar + + + align:start position:0% +today this dollar +and I expect to get that one year from + + align:start position:0% +and I expect to get that one year from + + + align:start position:0% +and I expect to get that one year from +now okay so Arbitrage means I need to + + align:start position:0% +now okay so Arbitrage means I need to + + + align:start position:0% +now okay so Arbitrage means I need to +set this two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so that means I have to get the same r + + align:start position:0% +so that means I have to get the same r + + + align:start position:0% +so that means I have to get the same r +with the two strategies that means I'm + + align:start position:0% +with the two strategies that means I'm + + + align:start position:0% +with the two strategies that means I'm +investing the same so I only need to + + align:start position:0% +investing the same so I only need to + + + align:start position:0% +investing the same so I only need to +compare the the the the the returns this + + align:start position:0% +compare the the the the the returns this + + + align:start position:0% +compare the the the the the returns this +needs to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +needs to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be equal to +that that's what I have + + align:start position:0% +that that's what I have + + + align:start position:0% +that that's what I have +here which tells you that you're solving + + align:start position:0% +here which tells you that you're solving + + + align:start position:0% +here which tells you that you're solving +from here that the price of a 2-year + + align:start position:0% +from here that the price of a 2-year + + + align:start position:0% +from here that the price of a 2-year +Bond at time T is equal to the expected + + align:start position:0% +Bond at time T is equal to the expected + + + align:start position:0% +Bond at time T is equal to the expected +price of a one-ear bond at t plus one + + align:start position:0% +price of a one-ear bond at t plus one + + + align:start position:0% +price of a one-ear bond at t plus one +discounted by 1 plus the one year + + align:start position:0% +discounted by 1 plus the one year + + + align:start position:0% +discounted by 1 plus the one year +interest + + align:start position:0% +interest + + + align:start position:0% +interest +rate this was like my cash flow my cash + + align:start position:0% +rate this was like my cash flow my cash + + + align:start position:0% +rate this was like my cash flow my cash +flow now is not the cash flow is is just + + align:start position:0% +flow now is not the cash flow is is just + + + align:start position:0% +flow now is not the cash flow is is just +the price I'm going to get a price for + + align:start position:0% +the price I'm going to get a price for + + + align:start position:0% +the price I'm going to get a price for +that asset that's like the Z's I had in + + align:start position:0% +that asset that's like the Z's I had in + + + align:start position:0% +that asset that's like the Z's I had in +my formulas okay and for a one-ear + + align:start position:0% +my formulas okay and for a one-ear + + + align:start position:0% +my formulas okay and for a one-ear +strategy I only needed to worry about + + align:start position:0% +strategy I only needed to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +strategy I only needed to worry about +the ZT plus one there was no dividend at + + align:start position:0% +the ZT plus one there was no dividend at + + + align:start position:0% +the ZT plus one there was no dividend at +Day + + align:start position:0% +Day + + + align:start position:0% +Day +Zero okay and that's exactly that + + align:start position:0% +Zero okay and that's exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +Zero okay and that's exactly that +formula but notice that at t + + + align:start position:0% +formula but notice that at t + + + + align:start position:0% +formula but notice that at t + +one that will hold no so at t plus when + + align:start position:0% +one that will hold no so at t plus when + + + align:start position:0% +one that will hold no so at t plus when +I'm at T plus1 I don't need expectations + + align:start position:0% +I'm at T plus1 I don't need expectations + + + align:start position:0% +I'm at T plus1 I don't need expectations +I know that P1 t+1 will be equal to 100 + + align:start position:0% +I know that P1 t+1 will be equal to 100 + + + align:start position:0% +I know that P1 t+1 will be equal to 100 +divid 1+ i1 the onee rate at + + align:start position:0% +divid 1+ i1 the onee rate at + + + align:start position:0% +divid 1+ i1 the onee rate at +t+1 therefore the expected is something + + align:start position:0% +t+1 therefore the expected is something + + + align:start position:0% +t+1 therefore the expected is something +like this approximately the expected + + align:start position:0% +like this approximately the expected + + + align:start position:0% +like this approximately the expected +price is something like that okay I + + align:start position:0% +price is something like that okay I + + + align:start position:0% +price is something like that okay I +expect I mean this will be without the e + + align:start position:0% +expect I mean this will be without the e + + + align:start position:0% +expect I mean this will be without the e +will be the price of this one year bond + + align:start position:0% +will be the price of this one year bond + + + align:start position:0% +will be the price of this one year bond +and t plus one I don't know exactly what + + align:start position:0% +and t plus one I don't know exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +and t plus one I don't know exactly what +the interest rate will be next year so I + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate will be next year so I + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate will be next year so I +have the best I can do is have an + + align:start position:0% +have the best I can do is have an + + + align:start position:0% +have the best I can do is have an +expectation that's my expectation + + align:start position:0% +expectation that's my expectation + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that's my expectation +approximately okay but now I can stick + + align:start position:0% +approximately okay but now I can stick + + + align:start position:0% +approximately okay but now I can stick +this expression in + + align:start position:0% +this expression in + + + align:start position:0% +this expression in +here no I have this I'm out and I can + + align:start position:0% +here no I have this I'm out and I can + + + align:start position:0% +here no I have this I'm out and I can +stick that in there here and I get this + + align:start position:0% +stick that in there here and I get this + + + align:start position:0% +stick that in there here and I get this +expression so that's a price for the + + align:start position:0% +expression so that's a price for the + + + align:start position:0% +expression so that's a price for the +two-year bone do you recognize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this you saw it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before you know that's the same + + align:start position:0% +before you know that's the same + + + align:start position:0% +before you know that's the same +expression that we got when we use the + + align:start position:0% +expression that we got when we use the + + + align:start position:0% +expression that we got when we use the +expected present discounted value + + align:start position:0% +expected present discounted value + + + align:start position:0% +expected present discounted value +formula we said we going to go 0000 100 + + align:start position:0% +formula we said we going to go 0000 100 + + + align:start position:0% +formula we said we going to go 0000 100 +years 100 two years from now I know that + + align:start position:0% +years 100 two years from now I know that + + + align:start position:0% +years 100 two years from now I know that +this count factor for that is 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this count factor for that is 1 over 1 + + + + align:start position:0% +this count factor for that is 1 over 1 + +i1 T * 1 + i1 t + 1 expected well that's + + align:start position:0% +i1 T * 1 + i1 t + 1 expected well that's + + + align:start position:0% +i1 T * 1 + i1 t + 1 expected well that's +what I + + align:start position:0% +what I + + + align:start position:0% +what I +got just from Arbitrage okay from an + + align:start position:0% +got just from Arbitrage okay from an + + + align:start position:0% +got just from Arbitrage okay from an +Arbitrage logic this is used a lot in + + align:start position:0% +Arbitrage logic this is used a lot in + + + align:start position:0% +Arbitrage logic this is used a lot in +finance I I I'm going to say something + + align:start position:0% +finance I I I'm going to say something + + + align:start position:0% +finance I I I'm going to say something +complicated but but + + align:start position:0% +complicated but but + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but but +um just ignore it if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not for the for the for the your + + align:start position:0% +it's not for the for the for the your + + + align:start position:0% +it's not for the for the for the your +quiz or anything but you know there's a + + align:start position:0% +quiz or anything but you know there's a + + + align:start position:0% +quiz or anything but you know there's a +big debate in the US today about not big + + align:start position:0% +big debate in the US today about not big + + + align:start position:0% +big debate in the US today about not big +debate a big concern + + align:start position:0% +debate a big concern + + + align:start position:0% +debate a big concern +about the + + align:start position:0% +about the + + + align:start position:0% +about the +the the US treasury debt because there + + align:start position:0% +the the US treasury debt because there + + + align:start position:0% +the the US treasury debt because there +is a debt ceiling meaning there's a + + align:start position:0% +is a debt ceiling meaning there's a + + + align:start position:0% +is a debt ceiling meaning there's a +maximum amount that the government can + + align:start position:0% +maximum amount that the government can + + + align:start position:0% +maximum amount that the government can +of that they can + + align:start position:0% +of that they can + + + align:start position:0% +of that they can +issue and and uh and that ceiling has + + align:start position:0% +issue and and uh and that ceiling has + + + align:start position:0% +issue and and uh and that ceiling has +been moved over time but every time we + + align:start position:0% +been moved over time but every time we + + + align:start position:0% +been moved over time but every time we +get close to a deadline when this needs + + align:start position:0% +get close to a deadline when this needs + + + align:start position:0% +get close to a deadline when this needs +to be agreed again again there's a + + align:start position:0% +to be agreed again again there's a + + + align:start position:0% +to be agreed again again there's a +concern and there's negotiations and so + + align:start position:0% +concern and there's negotiations and so + + + align:start position:0% +concern and there's negotiations and so +on and uh and uh and well I mean + + align:start position:0% +on and uh and uh and well I mean + + + align:start position:0% +on and uh and uh and well I mean +everyone at this moment at least thinks + + align:start position:0% +everyone at this moment at least thinks + + + align:start position:0% +everyone at this moment at least thinks +that as everyone as in every instance in + + align:start position:0% +that as everyone as in every instance in + + + align:start position:0% +that as everyone as in every instance in +the past they're going to reach some + + align:start position:0% +the past they're going to reach some + + + align:start position:0% +the past they're going to reach some +sort of agreement that day before of the + + align:start position:0% +sort of agreement that day before of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of agreement that day before of the +deadline or not but if they don't and + + align:start position:0% +deadline or not but if they don't and + + + align:start position:0% +deadline or not but if they don't and +there is a mess this is huge for finance + + align:start position:0% +there is a mess this is huge for finance + + + align:start position:0% +there is a mess this is huge for finance +is huge for finance because US Treasury + + align:start position:0% +is huge for finance because US Treasury + + + align:start position:0% +is huge for finance because US Treasury +bonds especially short-term bonds are + + align:start position:0% +bonds especially short-term bonds are + + + align:start position:0% +bonds especially short-term bonds are +used for pricing everything through + + align:start position:0% +used for pricing everything through + + + align:start position:0% +used for pricing everything through +Arbitrage and so on so you get a mess + + align:start position:0% +Arbitrage and so on so you get a mess + + + align:start position:0% +Arbitrage and so on so you get a mess +there that's a mess in every single + + align:start position:0% +there that's a mess in every single + + + align:start position:0% +there that's a mess in every single +Financial Market you wouldn't know how + + align:start position:0% +Financial Market you wouldn't know how + + + align:start position:0% +Financial Market you wouldn't know how +to price many many financial asset + + align:start position:0% +to price many many financial asset + + + align:start position:0% +to price many many financial asset +actually so it would be a disaster but + + align:start position:0% +actually so it would be a disaster but + + + align:start position:0% +actually so it would be a disaster but +uh but the reason I I mentioned this + + align:start position:0% +uh but the reason I I mentioned this + + + align:start position:0% +uh but the reason I I mentioned this +here is because again lots of prices are + + align:start position:0% +here is because again lots of prices are + + + align:start position:0% +here is because again lots of prices are +pricing reference in in finance are + + align:start position:0% +pricing reference in in finance are + + + align:start position:0% +pricing reference in in finance are +pricing reference especially derivatives + + align:start position:0% +pricing reference especially derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +pricing reference especially derivatives +options and stuff like that you price + + align:start position:0% +options and stuff like that you price + + + align:start position:0% +options and stuff like that you price +them relative to something using this + + align:start position:0% +them relative to something using this + + + align:start position:0% +them relative to something using this +type of logic so if the thing you use as + + align:start position:0% +type of logic so if the thing you use as + + + align:start position:0% +type of logic so if the thing you use as +a base as a reference becomes highly + + align:start position:0% +a base as a reference becomes highly + + + align:start position:0% +a base as a reference becomes highly +unstable and uncertain and risky then + + align:start position:0% +unstable and uncertain and risky then + + + align:start position:0% +unstable and uncertain and risky then +obviously everything becomes very + + align:start position:0% +obviously everything becomes very + + + align:start position:0% +obviously everything becomes very +complicated very risky and and financial + + align:start position:0% +complicated very risky and and financial + + + align:start position:0% +complicated very risky and and financial +markets do not like Risk that's for + + align:start position:0% +markets do not like Risk that's for + + + align:start position:0% +markets do not like Risk that's for +sure anyway ignore that that's + + align:start position:0% +sure anyway ignore that that's + + + align:start position:0% +sure anyway ignore that that's +irrelevant for your quiz but that's the + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant for your quiz but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant for your quiz but that's the +reason this the whole discussion can + + align:start position:0% +reason this the whole discussion can + + + align:start position:0% +reason this the whole discussion can +over the summer can get to be very very + + align:start position:0% +over the summer can get to be very very + + + align:start position:0% +over the summer can get to be very very +tricky for + + align:start position:0% +tricky for + + + align:start position:0% +tricky for +finance so the yield to maturity + + align:start position:0% +finance so the yield to maturity + + + align:start position:0% +finance so the yield to maturity +remember I mentioned this concept before + + align:start position:0% +remember I mentioned this concept before + + + align:start position:0% +remember I mentioned this concept before +of an end-year bond is also what we when + + align:start position:0% +of an end-year bond is also what we when + + + align:start position:0% +of an end-year bond is also what we when +whenever you see whenever you hear the + + align:start position:0% +whenever you see whenever you hear the + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you see whenever you hear the +threeyear + + align:start position:0% +threeyear + + + align:start position:0% +threeyear +rate is that is the yield to + + align:start position:0% +rate is that is the yield to + + + align:start position:0% +rate is that is the yield to +maturity which is different from okay + + align:start position:0% +maturity which is different from okay + + + align:start position:0% +maturity which is different from okay +let me tell you show you a formula EAS + + align:start position:0% +let me tell you show you a formula EAS + + + align:start position:0% +let me tell you show you a formula EAS +to expain then and it's Define it's + + align:start position:0% +to expain then and it's Define it's + + + align:start position:0% +to expain then and it's Define it's +important as the constant annual + + align:start position:0% +important as the constant annual + + + align:start position:0% +important as the constant annual +interest rate that makes the bond price + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that makes the bond price + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that makes the bond price +today equal to the present discounted + + align:start position:0% +today equal to the present discounted + + + align:start position:0% +today equal to the present discounted +value or expected discounted value so + + align:start position:0% +value or expected discounted value so + + + align:start position:0% +value or expected discounted value so +notice notice the Highlight that is + + align:start position:0% +notice notice the Highlight that is + + + align:start position:0% +notice notice the Highlight that is +defined as the constant annual interest + + align:start position:0% +defined as the constant annual interest + + + align:start position:0% +defined as the constant annual interest +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +that makes the bond price today equal to + + align:start position:0% +that makes the bond price today equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that makes the bond price today equal to +the present discounted value of future + + align:start position:0% +the present discounted value of future + + + align:start position:0% +the present discounted value of future +payments of the bond okay + + align:start position:0% +payments of the bond okay + + + align:start position:0% +payments of the bond okay +so for example in our two-year Bond + + align:start position:0% +so for example in our two-year Bond + + + align:start position:0% +so for example in our two-year Bond +that's the price right this is the price + + align:start position:0% +that's the price right this is the price + + + align:start position:0% +that's the price right this is the price +of the asset we that we know the price + + align:start position:0% +of the asset we that we know the price + + + align:start position:0% +of the asset we that we know the price +we already got the price from the pre + + align:start position:0% +we already got the price from the pre + + + align:start position:0% +we already got the price from the pre +previous slides of the bond which was + + align:start position:0% +previous slides of the bond which was + + + align:start position:0% +previous slides of the bond which was +based on the short-term interest rate + + align:start position:0% +based on the short-term interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +based on the short-term interest rate +one year interest rate and our forecast + + align:start position:0% +one year interest rate and our forecast + + + align:start position:0% +one year interest rate and our forecast +of the shortterm the onee interest rate + + align:start position:0% +of the shortterm the onee interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +of the shortterm the onee interest rate +one year from now I know that price take + + align:start position:0% +one year from now I know that price take + + + align:start position:0% +one year from now I know that price take +that as a number so then I the yield the + + align:start position:0% +that as a number so then I the yield the + + + align:start position:0% +that as a number so then I the yield the +yield to maturity is calculated as that + + align:start position:0% +yield to maturity is calculated as that + + + align:start position:0% +yield to maturity is calculated as that +constant interest rate constant how do I + + align:start position:0% +constant interest rate constant how do I + + + align:start position:0% +constant interest rate constant how do I +see is constant because well I'm using + + align:start position:0% +see is constant because well I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +see is constant because well I'm using +the same interet for the first period + + align:start position:0% +the same interet for the first period + + + align:start position:0% +the same interet for the first period +and the second period i and now I'm + + align:start position:0% +and the second period i and now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and the second period i and now I'm +calling it i2t it's a two-year interest + + align:start position:0% +calling it i2t it's a two-year interest + + + align:start position:0% +calling it i2t it's a two-year interest +rate but it's constant constant doesn't + + align:start position:0% +rate but it's constant constant doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +rate but it's constant constant doesn't +mean that it doesn't move over time it + + align:start position:0% +mean that it doesn't move over time it + + + align:start position:0% +mean that it doesn't move over time it +means I'm discounting all the cash flows + + align:start position:0% +means I'm discounting all the cash flows + + + align:start position:0% +means I'm discounting all the cash flows +as a Conant interest r that means I'm + + align:start position:0% +as a Conant interest r that means I'm + + + align:start position:0% +as a Conant interest r that means I'm +using I'm using this equation + + align:start position:0% +using I'm using this equation + + + align:start position:0% +using I'm using this equation +okay so the yield to maturity is find an + + align:start position:0% +okay so the yield to maturity is find an + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the yield to maturity is find an +interest rate that allows me to use this + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that allows me to use this + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that allows me to use this +constant thing constant assume use this + + align:start position:0% +constant thing constant assume use this + + + align:start position:0% +constant thing constant assume use this +formula and get back the same price as I + + align:start position:0% +formula and get back the same price as I + + + align:start position:0% +formula and get back the same price as I +got by using the the the expected + + align:start position:0% +got by using the the the expected + + + align:start position:0% +got by using the the the expected +discounted value or the Arbitrage or + + align:start position:0% +discounted value or the Arbitrage or + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value or the Arbitrage or +something like that okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +something like that okay so that's +that's the definition okay you have this + + align:start position:0% +that's the definition okay you have this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the definition okay you have this +price now you you look for that interest + + align:start position:0% +price now you you look for that interest + + + align:start position:0% +price now you you look for that interest +rate that allows you to match that price + + align:start position:0% +rate that allows you to match that price + + + align:start position:0% +rate that allows you to match that price +okay and that's called the yield that's + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's called the yield that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's called the yield that's +the thing I remember I plot this the + + align:start position:0% +the thing I remember I plot this the + + + align:start position:0% +the thing I remember I plot this the +some curves well those those interest + + align:start position:0% +some curves well those those interest + + + align:start position:0% +some curves well those those interest +rate in those curves were computed this + + align:start position:0% +rate in those curves were computed this + + + align:start position:0% +rate in those curves were computed this +way now notice that we know what this + + align:start position:0% +way now notice that we know what this + + + align:start position:0% +way now notice that we know what this +price is this price is by the expected + + align:start position:0% +price is this price is by the expected + + + align:start position:0% +price is this price is by the expected +discounted value or the Arbitrage + + align:start position:0% +discounted value or the Arbitrage + + + align:start position:0% +discounted value or the Arbitrage +approach is equal to 100 divided by this + + align:start position:0% +approach is equal to 100 divided by this + + + align:start position:0% +approach is equal to 100 divided by this +so I know that these two things are this + + align:start position:0% +so I know that these two things are this + + + align:start position:0% +so I know that these two things are this +is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to +that which means that this denominator + + align:start position:0% +that which means that this denominator + + + align:start position:0% +that which means that this denominator +is equal to that and that implies for a + + align:start position:0% +is equal to that and that implies for a + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to that and that implies for a +small interest rate that this 2-year + + align:start position:0% +small interest rate that this 2-year + + + align:start position:0% +small interest rate that this 2-year +interest rate is approximately equal to + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is approximately equal to + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate is approximately equal to +the average of the expected interest + + align:start position:0% +the average of the expected interest + + + align:start position:0% +the average of the expected interest +rate one year + + align:start position:0% +rate one year + + + align:start position:0% +rate one year +ratees + + align:start position:0% +ratees + + + align:start position:0% +ratees +okay so this called actually the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this called actually the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this called actually the +expectation of hypothesis by the way is + + align:start position:0% +expectation of hypothesis by the way is + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of hypothesis by the way is +that the two-year rate is approximately + + align:start position:0% +that the two-year rate is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +that the two-year rate is approximately +equal to the average of the oneyear rate + + align:start position:0% +equal to the average of the oneyear rate + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the average of the oneyear rate +this year plus the expected one year + + align:start position:0% +this year plus the expected one year + + + align:start position:0% +this year plus the expected one year +rate one year from now okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's an important concept and I'm + + align:start position:0% +so that's an important concept and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so that's an important concept and I'm +going to start from here again the next + + align:start position:0% +going to start from here again the next + + + align:start position:0% +going to start from here again the next +picture \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cuUIPyD2pkU.txt b/cuUIPyD2pkU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6d63466996594084d730f5dd0f358b4ecdf5f81 --- /dev/null +++ b/cuUIPyD2pkU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to 8701 + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8701 + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8701 +in this section we want to look at how + + align:start position:0% +in this section we want to look at how + + + align:start position:0% +in this section we want to look at how +we can theoretically + + align:start position:0% +we can theoretically + + + align:start position:0% +we can theoretically +describe masses of neutrinos + + align:start position:0% +describe masses of neutrinos + + + align:start position:0% +describe masses of neutrinos +there is not just one way to do this and + + align:start position:0% +there is not just one way to do this and + + + align:start position:0% +there is not just one way to do this and +the judge is still + + align:start position:0% +the judge is still + + + align:start position:0% +the judge is still +out there which one is actually realized + + align:start position:0% +out there which one is actually realized + + + align:start position:0% +out there which one is actually realized +in nature + + align:start position:0% +in nature + + + align:start position:0% +in nature +or perhaps both are realized in nature + + align:start position:0% +or perhaps both are realized in nature + + + align:start position:0% +or perhaps both are realized in nature +so mass terms can be constructed + + align:start position:0% +so mass terms can be constructed + + + align:start position:0% +so mass terms can be constructed +by introducing so-called stereo + + align:start position:0% +by introducing so-called stereo + + + align:start position:0% +by introducing so-called stereo +neutrinos + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos +the first way in shown here in the + + align:start position:0% +the first way in shown here in the + + + align:start position:0% +the first way in shown here in the +origin is very familiar to you where you + + align:start position:0% +origin is very familiar to you where you + + + align:start position:0% +origin is very familiar to you where you +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +a left-handed component of a particle + + align:start position:0% +a left-handed component of a particle + + + align:start position:0% +a left-handed component of a particle +coupling via + + align:start position:0% +coupling via + + + align:start position:0% +coupling via +the higgs boson to a right-handed + + align:start position:0% +the higgs boson to a right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +the higgs boson to a right-handed +component + + align:start position:0% +component + + + align:start position:0% +component +now if we now have a right-handed + + align:start position:0% +now if we now have a right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +now if we now have a right-handed +component or right-handed + + align:start position:0% +component or right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +component or right-handed +neutrino that neutrino does not interact + + align:start position:0% +neutrino that neutrino does not interact + + + align:start position:0% +neutrino that neutrino does not interact +with the weak interaction and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +with the weak interaction and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +with the weak interaction and doesn't +interact with any other interaction we + + align:start position:0% +interact with any other interaction we + + + align:start position:0% +interact with any other interaction we +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +hence this neutrino this right-handed + + align:start position:0% +hence this neutrino this right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +hence this neutrino this right-handed +particle + + align:start position:0% +particle + + + align:start position:0% +particle +is a stereo neutrino is not interacting + + align:start position:0% +is a stereo neutrino is not interacting + + + align:start position:0% +is a stereo neutrino is not interacting +in any of + + align:start position:0% +in any of + + + align:start position:0% +in any of +known ways um other than with the higgs + + align:start position:0% +known ways um other than with the higgs + + + align:start position:0% +known ways um other than with the higgs +field + + align:start position:0% +field + + + align:start position:0% +field +with with this uh rest of the standard + + align:start position:0% +with with this uh rest of the standard + + + align:start position:0% +with with this uh rest of the standard +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +the second part the second way they can + + align:start position:0% +the second part the second way they can + + + align:start position:0% +the second part the second way they can +mechanism + + align:start position:0% +mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism +is using + + align:start position:0% +is using + + + align:start position:0% +is using +marijuana particles particles which are + + align:start position:0% +marijuana particles particles which are + + + align:start position:0% +marijuana particles particles which are +their own anti-particles and we'll look + + align:start position:0% +their own anti-particles and we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +their own anti-particles and we'll look +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +how this is being implemented so again + + align:start position:0% +how this is being implemented so again + + + align:start position:0% +how this is being implemented so again +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +the direct term is generated after + + align:start position:0% +the direct term is generated after + + + align:start position:0% +the direct term is generated after +electrobic symmetry breaking + + align:start position:0% +electrobic symmetry breaking + + + align:start position:0% +electrobic symmetry breaking +from your cava interactions we have seen + + align:start position:0% +from your cava interactions we have seen + + + align:start position:0% +from your cava interactions we have seen +the very same thing for our charge + + align:start position:0% +the very same thing for our charge + + + align:start position:0% +the very same thing for our charge +lepton + + align:start position:0% +lepton + + + align:start position:0% +lepton +what we see here is that the lepton + + align:start position:0% +what we see here is that the lepton + + + align:start position:0% +what we see here is that the lepton +number is conserved + + align:start position:0% +number is conserved + + + align:start position:0% +number is conserved +you know before and after the + + align:start position:0% +you know before and after the + + + align:start position:0% +you know before and after the +interaction we have the same + + align:start position:0% +interaction we have the same + + + align:start position:0% +interaction we have the same +number of leptons but the lepton flavor + + align:start position:0% +number of leptons but the lepton flavor + + + align:start position:0% +number of leptons but the lepton flavor +is not + + align:start position:0% +is not + + + align:start position:0% +is not +conserved in this interaction we can + + align:start position:0% +conserved in this interaction we can + + + align:start position:0% +conserved in this interaction we can +rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this +um we identify the stereo neutrino as a + + align:start position:0% +um we identify the stereo neutrino as a + + + align:start position:0% +um we identify the stereo neutrino as a +right-handed component of the spino i + + align:start position:0% +right-handed component of the spino i + + + align:start position:0% +right-handed component of the spino i +mentioned this already + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this already + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned this already +um and you know we basically couple + + align:start position:0% +um and you know we basically couple + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know we basically couple +the the weak duplet components as you + + align:start position:0% +the the weak duplet components as you + + + align:start position:0% +the the weak duplet components as you +would just expect + + align:start position:0% +would just expect + + + align:start position:0% +would just expect +that that to appear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second term the majorana mass term + + align:start position:0% +the second term the majorana mass term + + + align:start position:0% +the second term the majorana mass term +is interesting as we introduce another + + align:start position:0% +is interesting as we introduce another + + + align:start position:0% +is interesting as we introduce another +singlet into the standard model + + align:start position:0% +singlet into the standard model + + + align:start position:0% +singlet into the standard model +so this then can appear as a bear mass + + align:start position:0% +so this then can appear as a bear mass + + + align:start position:0% +so this then can appear as a bear mass +term + + align:start position:0% +term + + + align:start position:0% +term +with some consequences so here what we + + align:start position:0% +with some consequences so here what we + + + align:start position:0% +with some consequences so here what we +are trying to do is we + + align:start position:0% +are trying to do is we + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to do is we +involved two neutrinos right-handed + + align:start position:0% +involved two neutrinos right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +involved two neutrinos right-handed +fields + + align:start position:0% +fields + + + align:start position:0% +fields +um those breaks electron number + + align:start position:0% +um those breaks electron number + + + align:start position:0% +um those breaks electron number +so if those neutrinos are realized in + + align:start position:0% +so if those neutrinos are realized in + + + align:start position:0% +so if those neutrinos are realized in +nature + + align:start position:0% +nature + + + align:start position:0% +nature +we have to observe lepton we should + + align:start position:0% +we have to observe lepton we should + + + align:start position:0% +we have to observe lepton we should +observe lepton number violating + + align:start position:0% +observe lepton number violating + + + align:start position:0% +observe lepton number violating +processes + + align:start position:0% +processes + + + align:start position:0% +processes +and so the search for the specific kind + + align:start position:0% +and so the search for the specific kind + + + align:start position:0% +and so the search for the specific kind +of neutrino is through + + align:start position:0% +of neutrino is through + + + align:start position:0% +of neutrino is through +searching for lepton while laptop number + + align:start position:0% +searching for lepton while laptop number + + + align:start position:0% +searching for lepton while laptop number +violating processes + + align:start position:0% +violating processes + + + align:start position:0% +violating processes +so we can rewrite this part of the + + align:start position:0% +so we can rewrite this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +so we can rewrite this part of the +lagrangian this part of the mass term + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian this part of the mass term + + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian this part of the mass term +here using this matrix so let's see how + + align:start position:0% +here using this matrix so let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +here using this matrix so let's see how +this unfolds + + align:start position:0% +this unfolds + + + align:start position:0% +this unfolds +if the mass term now is um + + align:start position:0% +if the mass term now is um + + + align:start position:0% +if the mass term now is um +much much larger or more larger than + + align:start position:0% +much much larger or more larger than + + + align:start position:0% +much much larger or more larger than +the uh electroweak scale um you can try + + align:start position:0% +the uh electroweak scale um you can try + + + align:start position:0% +the uh electroweak scale um you can try +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +diagonalize the master and it leads to + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize the master and it leads to + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize the master and it leads to +three neutrinos three light neutrinos + + align:start position:0% +three neutrinos three light neutrinos + + + align:start position:0% +three neutrinos three light neutrinos +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +neutrinos you would expect and one + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos you would expect and one + + + align:start position:0% +neutrinos you would expect and one +potentially + + align:start position:0% +potentially + + + align:start position:0% +potentially +one potential or maybe multiple + + align:start position:0% +one potential or maybe multiple + + + align:start position:0% +one potential or maybe multiple +potential heavy nurturing + + align:start position:0% +potential heavy nurturing + + + align:start position:0% +potential heavy nurturing +if you then rewrite the mass term you + + align:start position:0% +if you then rewrite the mass term you + + + align:start position:0% +if you then rewrite the mass term you +find for the light ones + + align:start position:0% +find for the light ones + + + align:start position:0% +find for the light ones +the term which goes is one over + + align:start position:0% +the term which goes is one over + + + align:start position:0% +the term which goes is one over +the scale of this neutrino that + + align:start position:0% +the scale of this neutrino that + + + align:start position:0% +the scale of this neutrino that +is a nice motivation for this kind of + + align:start position:0% +is a nice motivation for this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is a nice motivation for this kind of +physics as it + + align:start position:0% +physics as it + + + align:start position:0% +physics as it +automatically reduces the mass of the + + align:start position:0% +automatically reduces the mass of the + + + align:start position:0% +automatically reduces the mass of the +neutrino as we + + align:start position:0% +neutrino as we + + + align:start position:0% +neutrino as we +observe their masses to be very small in + + align:start position:0% +observe their masses to be very small in + + + align:start position:0% +observe their masses to be very small in +nature + + align:start position:0% +nature + + + align:start position:0% +nature +and then the mass of the heavy neutrino + + align:start position:0% +and then the mass of the heavy neutrino + + + align:start position:0% +and then the mass of the heavy neutrino +is proportional to the mass + + align:start position:0% +is proportional to the mass + + + align:start position:0% +is proportional to the mass +this mechanism is called seesaw because + + align:start position:0% +this mechanism is called seesaw because + + + align:start position:0% +this mechanism is called seesaw because +you automatically + + align:start position:0% +you automatically + + + align:start position:0% +you automatically +move the scales of those two of those + + align:start position:0% +move the scales of those two of those + + + align:start position:0% +move the scales of those two of those +two neutrinos + + align:start position:0% +two neutrinos + + + align:start position:0% +two neutrinos +the heavy ones and the light one apart + + align:start position:0% +the heavy ones and the light one apart + + + align:start position:0% +the heavy ones and the light one apart +so you know you haven't observed the + + align:start position:0% +so you know you haven't observed the + + + align:start position:0% +so you know you haven't observed the +heavy one maybe because they're very + + align:start position:0% +heavy one maybe because they're very + + + align:start position:0% +heavy one maybe because they're very +very heavy + + align:start position:0% +very heavy + + + align:start position:0% +very heavy +and the light ones have light mass + + align:start position:0% +and the light ones have light mass + + + align:start position:0% +and the light ones have light mass +because of this mechanism + + align:start position:0% +because of this mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +because of this mechanism +of being proportional to one over the + + align:start position:0% +of being proportional to one over the + + + align:start position:0% +of being proportional to one over the +mass scale + + align:start position:0% +mass scale + + + align:start position:0% +mass scale +uh the mass eigenstate of those matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however if the mass scale of those + + align:start position:0% +however if the mass scale of those + + + align:start position:0% +however if the mass scale of those +eigenvalues is + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues is + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues is +much not + + align:start position:0% +much not + + + align:start position:0% +much not +higher than the electrophilic scale the + + align:start position:0% +higher than the electrophilic scale the + + + align:start position:0% +higher than the electrophilic scale the +lower energy + + align:start position:0% +lower energy + + + align:start position:0% +lower energy +spectrum contains this additional light + + align:start position:0% +spectrum contains this additional light + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum contains this additional light +states so you have + + align:start position:0% +states so you have + + + align:start position:0% +states so you have +not just the three light neutrinos but + + align:start position:0% +not just the three light neutrinos but + + + align:start position:0% +not just the three light neutrinos but +you have additional + + align:start position:0% +you have additional + + + align:start position:0% +you have additional +light scales states which mix + + align:start position:0% +light scales states which mix + + + align:start position:0% +light scales states which mix +with these three light neutrinos and + + align:start position:0% +with these three light neutrinos and + + + align:start position:0% +with these three light neutrinos and +that is kind of an interesting um + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of an interesting um + + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of an interesting um +area of to look for these particles as + + align:start position:0% +area of to look for these particles as + + + align:start position:0% +area of to look for these particles as +they would lead to + + align:start position:0% +they would lead to + + + align:start position:0% +they would lead to +small deviations in observed electroweak + + align:start position:0% +small deviations in observed electroweak + + + align:start position:0% +small deviations in observed electroweak +position properties + + align:start position:0% +position properties + + + align:start position:0% +position properties +um and they might probably yield to some + + align:start position:0% +um and they might probably yield to some + + + align:start position:0% +um and they might probably yield to some +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +decays in nuclear physics and we'll come + + align:start position:0% +decays in nuclear physics and we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +decays in nuclear physics and we'll come +to those specifics + + align:start position:0% +to those specifics + + + align:start position:0% +to those specifics +later so we have seen in this lecture + + align:start position:0% +later so we have seen in this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +later so we have seen in this lecture +two different ways to generate masses + + align:start position:0% +two different ways to generate masses + + + align:start position:0% +two different ways to generate masses +one is to + + align:start position:0% +one is to + + + align:start position:0% +one is to +recover interactions same as you know + + align:start position:0% +recover interactions same as you know + + + align:start position:0% +recover interactions same as you know +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +interaction with the higgs field and one + + align:start position:0% +interaction with the higgs field and one + + + align:start position:0% +interaction with the higgs field and one +via the seesaw mechanism + + align:start position:0% +via the seesaw mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +via the seesaw mechanism +introducing majorana knowledge \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dNvt3SSm9Jc.txt b/dNvt3SSm9Jc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec6494ac7fc458e232908ae16aba6b0caccb629e --- /dev/null +++ b/dNvt3SSm9Jc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6867 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu continuous process + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu continuous process + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu continuous process +Improvement we're we're going to need + + align:start position:0% +Improvement we're we're going to need + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement we're we're going to need +some improvement here can we agree on + + align:start position:0% +some improvement here can we agree on + + + align:start position:0% +some improvement here can we agree on +that or did it flow seamlessly you're + + align:start position:0% +that or did it flow seamlessly you're + + + align:start position:0% +that or did it flow seamlessly you're +happy maybe it feels like something + + align:start position:0% +happy maybe it feels like something + + + align:start position:0% +happy maybe it feels like something +you're already used to so hard to see + + align:start position:0% +you're already used to so hard to see + + + align:start position:0% +you're already used to so hard to see +the the difference all right so at the + + align:start position:0% +the the difference all right so at the + + + align:start position:0% +the the difference all right so at the +end of this you should um recognize the + + align:start position:0% +end of this you should um recognize the + + + align:start position:0% +end of this you should um recognize the +pdsa or + + align:start position:0% +pdsa or + + + align:start position:0% +pdsa or +pdca plan do study act some your notes I + + align:start position:0% +pdca plan do study act some your notes I + + + align:start position:0% +pdca plan do study act some your notes I +think say plan du check uh + + align:start position:0% +think say plan du check uh + + + align:start position:0% +think say plan du check uh +acts it really it is the same we just + + align:start position:0% +acts it really it is the same we just + + + align:start position:0% +acts it really it is the same we just +like the study better than the checking + + align:start position:0% +like the study better than the checking + + + align:start position:0% +like the study better than the checking +and because you need to see follow up on + + align:start position:0% +and because you need to see follow up on + + + align:start position:0% +and because you need to see follow up on +what your changes they actually mean + + align:start position:0% +what your changes they actually mean + + + align:start position:0% +what your changes they actually mean +we'll get to that uh a bit about A3 + + align:start position:0% +we'll get to that uh a bit about A3 + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get to that uh a bit about A3 +thinking and there's a lot more about + + align:start position:0% +thinking and there's a lot more about + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and there's a lot more about +that tomorrow um but it is as effective + + align:start position:0% +that tomorrow um but it is as effective + + + align:start position:0% +that tomorrow um but it is as effective +um improvement process uh approaches so + + align:start position:0% +um improvement process uh approaches so + + + align:start position:0% +um improvement process uh approaches so +and um you should be able to use a + + align:start position:0% +and um you should be able to use a + + + align:start position:0% +and um you should be able to use a +framework a continuous process + + align:start position:0% +framework a continuous process + + + align:start position:0% +framework a continuous process +Improvement framework for better your + + align:start position:0% +Improvement framework for better your + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement framework for better your +system you should be able to apply the + + align:start position:0% +system you should be able to apply the + + + align:start position:0% +system you should be able to apply the +value stream mapping did a little bit + + align:start position:0% +value stream mapping did a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +value stream mapping did a little bit +about that yesterday I know it was short + + align:start position:0% +about that yesterday I know it was short + + + align:start position:0% +about that yesterday I know it was short +and you'll do some more now so should + + align:start position:0% +and you'll do some more now so should + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll do some more now so should +help you get that concept more Under the + + align:start position:0% +help you get that concept more Under the + + + align:start position:0% +help you get that concept more Under the +Skin and um then we'll do some root CA + + align:start position:0% +Skin and um then we'll do some root CA + + + align:start position:0% +Skin and um then we'll do some root CA +analysis as well and we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +analysis as well and we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +analysis as well and we talked about the +uh five y's yesterday we'll get into + + align:start position:0% +uh five y's yesterday we'll get into + + + align:start position:0% +uh five y's yesterday we'll get into +that more now so what is it this plan do + + align:start position:0% +that more now so what is it this plan do + + + align:start position:0% +that more now so what is it this plan do +study act well it's something that we + + align:start position:0% +study act well it's something that we + + + align:start position:0% +study act well it's something that we +use because U for for + + align:start position:0% +use because U for for + + + align:start position:0% +use because U for for +improvement and you use it as a problem + + align:start position:0% +improvement and you use it as a problem + + + align:start position:0% +improvement and you use it as a problem +solving tool and you use it as something + + align:start position:0% +solving tool and you use it as something + + + align:start position:0% +solving tool and you use it as something +that will that will give you an overview + + align:start position:0% +that will that will give you an overview + + + align:start position:0% +that will that will give you an overview +of what you're doing now how you plan + + align:start position:0% +of what you're doing now how you plan + + + align:start position:0% +of what you're doing now how you plan +your changes and then then actually + + align:start position:0% +your changes and then then actually + + + align:start position:0% +your changes and then then actually +doing those changes and remembering to + + align:start position:0% +doing those changes and remembering to + + + align:start position:0% +doing those changes and remembering to +to follow up on it it's it's also so + + align:start position:0% +to follow up on it it's it's also so + + + align:start position:0% +to follow up on it it's it's also so +that we try to solve problems in the + + align:start position:0% +that we try to solve problems in the + + + align:start position:0% +that we try to solve problems in the +same way because that's that way it's + + align:start position:0% +same way because that's that way it's + + + align:start position:0% +same way because that's that way it's +easier to integrate um work in the + + align:start position:0% +easier to integrate um work in the + + + align:start position:0% +easier to integrate um work in the +organization and instead of working in + + align:start position:0% +organization and instead of working in + + + align:start position:0% +organization and instead of working in +silos you can work across the everybody + + align:start position:0% +silos you can work across the everybody + + + align:start position:0% +silos you can work across the everybody +is using the same methodology the A3 + + align:start position:0% +is using the same methodology the A3 + + + align:start position:0% +is using the same methodology the A3 +thinking is uh is built on the same as + + align:start position:0% +thinking is uh is built on the same as + + + align:start position:0% +thinking is uh is built on the same as +well all right so A3 thinking + + align:start position:0% +well all right so A3 thinking + + + align:start position:0% +well all right so A3 thinking +collaborative uh problem solving + + align:start position:0% +collaborative uh problem solving + + + align:start position:0% +collaborative uh problem solving +approach and it gives us a logical + + align:start position:0% +approach and it gives us a logical + + + align:start position:0% +approach and it gives us a logical +approach + + align:start position:0% +approach + + + align:start position:0% +approach +to how to solve problems it tells you + + align:start position:0% +to how to solve problems it tells you + + + align:start position:0% +to how to solve problems it tells you +something about where are we now what is + + align:start position:0% +something about where are we now what is + + + align:start position:0% +something about where are we now what is +the strategy of our organization where + + align:start position:0% +the strategy of our organization where + + + align:start position:0% +the strategy of our organization where +is it that we want to go and how do we + + align:start position:0% +is it that we want to go and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +is it that we want to go and how do we +plan to go there + + align:start position:0% +plan to go there + + + align:start position:0% +plan to go there +and A3 do you know what A3 stands + + align:start position:0% +and A3 do you know what A3 stands + + + align:start position:0% +and A3 do you know what A3 stands +for it's a paper size yeah exactly you + + align:start position:0% +for it's a paper size yeah exactly you + + + align:start position:0% +for it's a paper size yeah exactly you +know A4 paper so in Europe we don't use + + align:start position:0% +know A4 paper so in Europe we don't use + + + align:start position:0% +know A4 paper so in Europe we don't use +the letter format we have something + + align:start position:0% +the letter format we have something + + + align:start position:0% +the letter format we have something +called A4 double size A4 it's more or + + align:start position:0% +called A4 double size A4 it's more or + + + align:start position:0% +called A4 double size A4 it's more or +less double siiz letter is an A3 so A3 + + align:start position:0% +less double siiz letter is an A3 so A3 + + + align:start position:0% +less double siiz letter is an A3 so A3 +thinking is your plan for improving + + align:start position:0% +thinking is your plan for improving + + + align:start position:0% +thinking is your plan for improving +something that fits within an A3 size so + + align:start position:0% +something that fits within an A3 size so + + + align:start position:0% +something that fits within an A3 size so +it forces you to be very concise you + + align:start position:0% +it forces you to be very concise you + + + align:start position:0% +it forces you to be very concise you +can't go + + align:start position:0% +can't go + + + align:start position:0% +can't go +on rambling about this that or the other + + align:start position:0% +on rambling about this that or the other + + + align:start position:0% +on rambling about this that or the other +because there's simply no room for it + + align:start position:0% +because there's simply no room for it + + + align:start position:0% +because there's simply no room for it +right and it it does fit within that + + align:start position:0% +right and it it does fit within that + + + align:start position:0% +right and it it does fit within that +size takes a little bit of practice + + align:start position:0% +size takes a little bit of practice + + + align:start position:0% +size takes a little bit of practice +maybe but but it does and again + + align:start position:0% +maybe but but it does and again + + + align:start position:0% +maybe but but it does and again +what what is so important about it is is + + align:start position:0% +what what is so important about it is is + + + align:start position:0% +what what is so important about it is is +well if everybody in your organization + + align:start position:0% +well if everybody in your organization + + + align:start position:0% +well if everybody in your organization +is using this you can collaborate + + align:start position:0% +is using this you can collaborate + + + align:start position:0% +is using this you can collaborate +because you know that your partners they + + align:start position:0% +because you know that your partners they + + + align:start position:0% +because you know that your partners they +are thinking the same way as you are + + align:start position:0% +are thinking the same way as you are + + + align:start position:0% +are thinking the same way as you are +which is really + + align:start position:0% +which is really + + + align:start position:0% +which is really +important right if you think about it + + align:start position:0% +important right if you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +important right if you think about it +how it is now in many places people they + + align:start position:0% +how it is now in many places people they + + + align:start position:0% +how it is now in many places people they +solve problems totally different some + + align:start position:0% +solve problems totally different some + + + align:start position:0% +solve problems totally different some +departments they have a + + align:start position:0% +departments they have a + + + align:start position:0% +departments they have a +chair who's maybe a dictator this is a + + align:start position:0% +chair who's maybe a dictator this is a + + + align:start position:0% +chair who's maybe a dictator this is a +problem this is how you'll fix it right + + align:start position:0% +problem this is how you'll fix it right + + + align:start position:0% +problem this is how you'll fix it right +others say okay let's sit down and let's + + align:start position:0% +others say okay let's sit down and let's + + + align:start position:0% +others say okay let's sit down and let's +think about how we can do this and you + + align:start position:0% +think about how we can do this and you + + + align:start position:0% +think about how we can do this and you +brainstorm and maybe you come up with + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm and maybe you come up with + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm and maybe you come up with +who does what or maybe you just come up + + align:start position:0% +who does what or maybe you just come up + + + align:start position:0% +who does what or maybe you just come up +with a lot of ideas that are sitting + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of ideas that are sitting + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of ideas that are sitting +there and collecting dust right but this + + align:start position:0% +there and collecting dust right but this + + + align:start position:0% +there and collecting dust right but this +gives you really a platform to do it the + + align:start position:0% +gives you really a platform to do it the + + + align:start position:0% +gives you really a platform to do it the +same way everybody which is nice okay + + align:start position:0% +same way everybody which is nice okay + + + align:start position:0% +same way everybody which is nice okay +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um part of that in this a rethinking or + + align:start position:0% +um part of that in this a rethinking or + + + align:start position:0% +um part of that in this a rethinking or +your your plan here is the plan doe + + align:start position:0% +your your plan here is the plan doe + + + align:start position:0% +your your plan here is the plan doe +study act it is a piece of how you solve + + align:start position:0% +study act it is a piece of how you solve + + + align:start position:0% +study act it is a piece of how you solve +problems and improve processes but it's + + align:start position:0% +problems and improve processes but it's + + + align:start position:0% +problems and improve processes but it's +only a piece of it it is not + + align:start position:0% +only a piece of it it is not + + + align:start position:0% +only a piece of it it is not +the has it the uh the answer all + + align:start position:0% +the has it the uh the answer all + + + align:start position:0% +the has it the uh the answer all +questions okay so don't take it as such + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so don't take it as such + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so don't take it as such +so for the uh continuous process + + align:start position:0% +so for the uh continuous process + + + align:start position:0% +so for the uh continuous process +Improvement the uh the framework here + + align:start position:0% +Improvement the uh the framework here + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement the uh the framework here +there are a number of steps we will get + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of steps we will get + + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of steps we will get +through them as uh as we go along here + + align:start position:0% +through them as uh as we go along here + + + align:start position:0% +through them as uh as we go along here +but first do we perceive the + + align:start position:0% +but first do we perceive the + + + align:start position:0% +but first do we perceive the +problem do do we understand what the + + align:start position:0% +problem do do we understand what the + + + align:start position:0% +problem do do we understand what the +problem is right that's important before + + align:start position:0% +problem is right that's important before + + + align:start position:0% +problem is right that's important before +you start improving anything you know + + align:start position:0% +you start improving anything you know + + + align:start position:0% +you start improving anything you know +what they say + + align:start position:0% +what they say + + + align:start position:0% +what they say +so all Improvement is a change not all + + align:start position:0% +so all Improvement is a change not all + + + align:start position:0% +so all Improvement is a change not all +change is Improvement so you need to to + + align:start position:0% +change is Improvement so you need to to + + + align:start position:0% +change is Improvement so you need to to +find out what your what your problem is + + align:start position:0% +find out what your what your problem is + + + align:start position:0% +find out what your what your problem is +to improve the right thing all right so + + align:start position:0% +to improve the right thing all right so + + + align:start position:0% +to improve the right thing all right so +you need to grasp the uh the current + + align:start position:0% +you need to grasp the uh the current + + + align:start position:0% +you need to grasp the uh the current +situation how do we do that how is it we + + align:start position:0% +situation how do we do that how is it we + + + align:start position:0% +situation how do we do that how is it we +find out what the current situation is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You observe where do You + + align:start position:0% +You observe where do You + + + align:start position:0% +You observe where do You +observe in Gamba right where the actual + + align:start position:0% +observe in Gamba right where the actual + + + align:start position:0% +observe in Gamba right where the actual +people do the actual work in the actual + + align:start position:0% +people do the actual work in the actual + + + align:start position:0% +people do the actual work in the actual +place there you go the three + + align:start position:0% +place there you go the three + + + align:start position:0% +place there you go the three +actuals value stream mapping so I said + + align:start position:0% +actuals value stream mapping so I said + + + align:start position:0% +actuals value stream mapping so I said +we did a little bit yesterday so we need + + align:start position:0% +we did a little bit yesterday so we need + + + align:start position:0% +we did a little bit yesterday so we need +to find out what our value streams are + + align:start position:0% +to find out what our value streams are + + + align:start position:0% +to find out what our value streams are +have we mapped the endtoend processes + + align:start position:0% +have we mapped the endtoend processes + + + align:start position:0% +have we mapped the endtoend processes +here the information flow do we know + + align:start position:0% +here the information flow do we know + + + align:start position:0% +here the information flow do we know +that right now after our little ulation + + align:start position:0% +that right now after our little ulation + + + align:start position:0% +that right now after our little ulation +exercise here we have an idea about it + + align:start position:0% +exercise here we have an idea about it + + + align:start position:0% +exercise here we have an idea about it +right my perspective sitting over at uh + + align:start position:0% +right my perspective sitting over at uh + + + align:start position:0% +right my perspective sitting over at uh +table three here was that the + + align:start position:0% +table three here was that the + + + align:start position:0% +table three here was that the +information flow was maybe what we had + + align:start position:0% +information flow was maybe what we had + + + align:start position:0% +information flow was maybe what we had +the most difficulty with finding out + + align:start position:0% +the most difficulty with finding out + + + align:start position:0% +the most difficulty with finding out +where how that is connected I don't know + + align:start position:0% +where how that is connected I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +where how that is connected I don't know +how what was your experience + + align:start position:0% +how what was your experience + + + align:start position:0% +how what was your experience +here was it the phys the physical flow + + align:start position:0% +here was it the phys the physical flow + + + align:start position:0% +here was it the phys the physical flow +of patients or was it more information + + align:start position:0% +of patients or was it more information + + + align:start position:0% +of patients or was it more information +flow + + align:start position:0% +flow + + + align:start position:0% +flow +information yeah so maybe that would be + + align:start position:0% +information yeah so maybe that would be + + + align:start position:0% +information yeah so maybe that would be +valuable to to find out about that and + + align:start position:0% +valuable to to find out about that and + + + align:start position:0% +valuable to to find out about that and +then you add on the um the process data + + align:start position:0% +then you add on the um the process data + + + align:start position:0% +then you add on the um the process data +also like we talked about yesterday add + + align:start position:0% +also like we talked about yesterday add + + + align:start position:0% +also like we talked about yesterday add +on things that will give you valuable + + align:start position:0% +on things that will give you valuable + + + align:start position:0% +on things that will give you valuable +information but don't clutter it with + + align:start position:0% +information but don't clutter it with + + + align:start position:0% +information but don't clutter it with +all information under the sun because it + + align:start position:0% +all information under the sun because it + + + align:start position:0% +all information under the sun because it +ain't going to be useful and you won't + + align:start position:0% +ain't going to be useful and you won't + + + align:start position:0% +ain't going to be useful and you won't +have space for it if you do it on your a + + align:start position:0% +have space for it if you do it on your a + + + align:start position:0% +have space for it if you do it on your a +as well okay so you need to think about + + align:start position:0% +as well okay so you need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +as well okay so you need to think about +what metrics represent the system + + align:start position:0% +what metrics represent the system + + + align:start position:0% +what metrics represent the system +performance okay weight time throughput + + align:start position:0% +performance okay weight time throughput + + + align:start position:0% +performance okay weight time throughput +time financial + + align:start position:0% +time financial + + + align:start position:0% +time financial +performance all right so no not so much + + align:start position:0% +performance all right so no not so much + + + align:start position:0% +performance all right so no not so much +talking from here 15 minute exercise + + align:start position:0% +talking from here 15 minute exercise + + + align:start position:0% +talking from here 15 minute exercise +okay develop your process map as it + + align:start position:0% +okay develop your process map as it + + + align:start position:0% +okay develop your process map as it +looks right + + align:start position:0% +looks right + + + align:start position:0% +looks right +now not the anticipated future state but + + align:start position:0% +now not the anticipated future state but + + + align:start position:0% +now not the anticipated future state but +what does it look like right now write + + align:start position:0% +what does it look like right now write + + + align:start position:0% +what does it look like right now write +your process steps on your Post-its you + + align:start position:0% +your process steps on your Post-its you + + + align:start position:0% +your process steps on your Post-its you +have the eel that you can put them up on + + align:start position:0% +have the eel that you can put them up on + + + align:start position:0% +have the eel that you can put them up on +and you can connect them and just before + + align:start position:0% +and you can connect them and just before + + + align:start position:0% +and you can connect them and just before +you start add the + + align:start position:0% +you start add the + + + align:start position:0% +you start add the +decisions right the weights the + + align:start position:0% +decisions right the weights the + + + align:start position:0% +decisions right the weights the +holds and the inventories are there + + align:start position:0% +holds and the inventories are there + + + align:start position:0% +holds and the inventories are there +pileups and look at this one that's how + + align:start position:0% +pileups and look at this one that's how + + + align:start position:0% +pileups and look at this one that's how +you can look at it inventory of waiting + + align:start position:0% +you can look at it inventory of waiting + + + align:start position:0% +you can look at it inventory of waiting +triangles task rectangles burst if there + + align:start position:0% +triangles task rectangles burst if there + + + align:start position:0% +triangles task rectangles burst if there +are issues diamonds uh decision points + + align:start position:0% +are issues diamonds uh decision points + + + align:start position:0% +are issues diamonds uh decision points +okay try to do that you have 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +okay try to do that you have 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +okay try to do that you have 15 minutes +so quarter past 11 so this exercise is + + align:start position:0% +so quarter past 11 so this exercise is + + + align:start position:0% +so quarter past 11 so this exercise is +just like yesterday you should be + + align:start position:0% +just like yesterday you should be + + + align:start position:0% +just like yesterday you should be +writing at kind of the the you know exam + + align:start position:0% +writing at kind of the the you know exam + + + align:start position:0% +writing at kind of the the you know exam +or whatever the the the the single + + align:start position:0% +or whatever the the the the single + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever the the the the single +sticky per process level on these do + + align:start position:0% +sticky per process level on these do + + + align:start position:0% +sticky per process level on these do +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +first then the then the inventory is and + + align:start position:0% +first then the then the inventory is and + + + align:start position:0% +first then the then the inventory is and +decisions and when you're quite + + align:start position:0% +decisions and when you're quite + + + align:start position:0% +decisions and when you're quite +satisfied with all that on the stickies + + align:start position:0% +satisfied with all that on the stickies + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied with all that on the stickies +and you have them arang right then tie + + align:start position:0% +and you have them arang right then tie + + + align:start position:0% +and you have them arang right then tie +them together with the uh with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +map the only reason go to discharge is + + align:start position:0% +map the only reason go to discharge is + + + align:start position:0% +map the only reason go to discharge is +if they've already been to the lab I + + align:start position:0% +if they've already been to the lab I + + + align:start position:0% +if they've already been to the lab I +guess put that there too though cuz it's + + align:start position:0% +guess put that there too though cuz it's + + + align:start position:0% +guess put that there too though cuz it's +an option um so it will make it a little + + align:start position:0% +an option um so it will make it a little + + + align:start position:0% +an option um so it will make it a little +different just make this has to come + + align:start position:0% +different just make this has to come + + + align:start position:0% +different just make this has to come +back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here has to go back there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +toois test if there was aest have to go + + align:start position:0% +toois test if there was aest have to go + + + align:start position:0% +toois test if there was aest have to go +back test and already then they go back + + align:start position:0% +back test and already then they go back + + + align:start position:0% +back test and already then they go back +we can go test results here okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +we can go test results here okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +we can go test results here okay okay so +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um every has gotten pretty close they're + + align:start position:0% +um every has gotten pretty close they're + + + align:start position:0% +um every has gotten pretty close they're +still tweaking some stuff they're + + align:start position:0% +still tweaking some stuff they're + + + align:start position:0% +still tweaking some stuff they're +realizing that when you try to map out + + align:start position:0% +realizing that when you try to map out + + + align:start position:0% +realizing that when you try to map out +this process although it seems fairly + + align:start position:0% +this process although it seems fairly + + + align:start position:0% +this process although it seems fairly +simple it isn't it's kind of complicated + + align:start position:0% +simple it isn't it's kind of complicated + + + align:start position:0% +simple it isn't it's kind of complicated +and it's complicated in a couple + + align:start position:0% +and it's complicated in a couple + + + align:start position:0% +and it's complicated in a couple +different dimensions what I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions what I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions what I'd like to +start with is just to have why don't we + + align:start position:0% +start with is just to have why don't we + + + align:start position:0% +start with is just to have why don't we +start with you folks briefing your map + + align:start position:0% +start with you folks briefing your map + + + align:start position:0% +start with you folks briefing your map +just real quick because everybody knows + + align:start position:0% +just real quick because everybody knows + + + align:start position:0% +just real quick because everybody knows +the process they've got the same one + + align:start position:0% +the process they've got the same one + + + align:start position:0% +the process they've got the same one +just brief how you mapped it if you + + align:start position:0% +just brief how you mapped it if you + + + align:start position:0% +just brief how you mapped it if you +could do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we put our three big decision points + + align:start position:0% +so we put our three big decision points + + + align:start position:0% +so we put our three big decision points +made by triage the MD and lab as these + + align:start position:0% +made by triage the MD and lab as these + + + align:start position:0% +made by triage the MD and lab as these +green diamonds and then instead of + + align:start position:0% +green diamonds and then instead of + + + align:start position:0% +green diamonds and then instead of +having a waiting room we treated all of + + align:start position:0% +having a waiting room we treated all of + + + align:start position:0% +having a waiting room we treated all of +the weights times with these upside down + + align:start position:0% +the weights times with these upside down + + + align:start position:0% +the weights times with these upside down +triangles okay so that's that's nice + + align:start position:0% +triangles okay so that's that's nice + + + align:start position:0% +triangles okay so that's that's nice +it's functional there's there's a + + align:start position:0% +it's functional there's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's functional there's there's a +there's a couple there's one thing that + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple there's one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple there's one thing that +you sort of abstracted which is that + + align:start position:0% +you sort of abstracted which is that + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of abstracted which is that +issue of everything going back to the + + align:start position:0% +issue of everything going back to the + + + align:start position:0% +issue of everything going back to the +waiting room which you distributed which + + align:start position:0% +waiting room which you distributed which + + + align:start position:0% +waiting room which you distributed which +is fine right you have to make that + + align:start position:0% +is fine right you have to make that + + + align:start position:0% +is fine right you have to make that +decision but you've sort of abstracted + + align:start position:0% +decision but you've sort of abstracted + + + align:start position:0% +decision but you've sort of abstracted +that and the other thing of course is + + align:start position:0% +that and the other thing of course is + + + align:start position:0% +that and the other thing of course is +the fact that there's a there's a um + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's a there's a um + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's a there's a um +dependency the lab results often affect + + align:start position:0% +dependency the lab results often affect + + + align:start position:0% +dependency the lab results often affect +what the MD has to decide right so + + align:start position:0% +what the MD has to decide right so + + + align:start position:0% +what the MD has to decide right so +there's an additional complication which + + align:start position:0% +there's an additional complication which + + + align:start position:0% +there's an additional complication which +isn't captured at this level of detail + + align:start position:0% +isn't captured at this level of detail + + + align:start position:0% +isn't captured at this level of detail +you could capture it but it would it + + align:start position:0% +you could capture it but it would it + + + align:start position:0% +you could capture it but it would it +would it would essentially be more + + align:start position:0% +would it would essentially be more + + + align:start position:0% +would it would essentially be more +detail on the + + align:start position:0% +detail on the + + + align:start position:0% +detail on the +decision yeah yeah yeah or just you know + + align:start position:0% +decision yeah yeah yeah or just you know + + + align:start position:0% +decision yeah yeah yeah or just you know +multiple decisions that the MD has to + + align:start position:0% +multiple decisions that the MD has to + + + align:start position:0% +multiple decisions that the MD has to +make has this patient been seen did they + + align:start position:0% +make has this patient been seen did they + + + align:start position:0% +make has this patient been seen did they +fail their lab test you know Etc they + + align:start position:0% +fail their lab test you know Etc they + + + align:start position:0% +fail their lab test you know Etc they +get a positive result because that + + align:start position:0% +get a positive result because that + + + align:start position:0% +get a positive result because that +affects where things go that's cool so + + align:start position:0% +affects where things go that's cool so + + + align:start position:0% +affects where things go that's cool so +now let's have you folks just by by way + + align:start position:0% +now let's have you folks just by by way + + + align:start position:0% +now let's have you folks just by by way +of contrast tell us your strategy for um + + align:start position:0% +of contrast tell us your strategy for um + + + align:start position:0% +of contrast tell us your strategy for um +for for plotting out the the value + + align:start position:0% +for for plotting out the the value + + + align:start position:0% +for for plotting out the the value +string um so we had the different tasks + + align:start position:0% +string um so we had the different tasks + + + align:start position:0% +string um so we had the different tasks +that people have to do which were all in + + align:start position:0% +that people have to do which were all in + + + align:start position:0% +that people have to do which were all in +green um so scheduling registration + + align:start position:0% +green um so scheduling registration + + + align:start position:0% +green um so scheduling registration +triage Etc um but we represented the + + align:start position:0% +triage Etc um but we represented the + + + align:start position:0% +triage Etc um but we represented the +waiting room at a physical location um + + align:start position:0% +waiting room at a physical location um + + + align:start position:0% +waiting room at a physical location um +so it's like kind of a mix between that + + align:start position:0% +so it's like kind of a mix between that + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like kind of a mix between that +spaghetti and the value stream map so + + align:start position:0% +spaghetti and the value stream map so + + + align:start position:0% +spaghetti and the value stream map so +basically in between every single task + + align:start position:0% +basically in between every single task + + + align:start position:0% +basically in between every single task +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +back and so we also we didn't quite + + align:start position:0% +back and so we also we didn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +back and so we also we didn't quite +finish but we tried to have like the + + align:start position:0% +finish but we tried to have like the + + + align:start position:0% +finish but we tried to have like the +dependency like when you get to a test + + align:start position:0% +dependency like when you get to a test + + + align:start position:0% +dependency like when you get to a test +result and it's negative you go back to + + align:start position:0% +result and it's negative you go back to + + + align:start position:0% +result and it's negative you go back to +the waiting room and then discharge is + + align:start position:0% +the waiting room and then discharge is + + + align:start position:0% +the waiting room and then discharge is +positive then something else and has to + + align:start position:0% +positive then something else and has to + + + align:start position:0% +positive then something else and has to +decide based on the previous test what + + align:start position:0% +decide based on the previous test what + + + align:start position:0% +decide based on the previous test what +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +do okay and they they also started put + + align:start position:0% +do okay and they they also started put + + + align:start position:0% +do okay and they they also started put +times in didn't finish that okay but + + align:start position:0% +times in didn't finish that okay but + + + align:start position:0% +times in didn't finish that okay but +that's yeah that's kind of our next step + + align:start position:0% +that's yeah that's kind of our next step + + + align:start position:0% +that's yeah that's kind of our next step +actually so they're ahead of the game as + + align:start position:0% +actually so they're ahead of the game as + + + align:start position:0% +actually so they're ahead of the game as +usual this table's good at that so you + + align:start position:0% +usual this table's good at that so you + + + align:start position:0% +usual this table's good at that so you +guys can finish up your traces but here + + align:start position:0% +guys can finish up your traces but here + + + align:start position:0% +guys can finish up your traces but here +they're taking more physical approach + + align:start position:0% +they're taking more physical approach + + + align:start position:0% +they're taking more physical approach +right and the maps capture different + + align:start position:0% +right and the maps capture different + + + align:start position:0% +right and the maps capture different +things this it's sort of hard to see the + + align:start position:0% +things this it's sort of hard to see the + + + align:start position:0% +things this it's sort of hard to see the +flows and decisions because everything + + align:start position:0% +flows and decisions because everything + + + align:start position:0% +flows and decisions because everything +going back and forth to the waiting room + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth to the waiting room + + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth to the waiting room +right so it provides a sort of a visual + + align:start position:0% +right so it provides a sort of a visual + + + align:start position:0% +right so it provides a sort of a visual +confusion Factor but maybe the issue is + + align:start position:0% +confusion Factor but maybe the issue is + + + align:start position:0% +confusion Factor but maybe the issue is +that everything's going back to the + + align:start position:0% +that everything's going back to the + + + align:start position:0% +that everything's going back to the +waiting room maybe that's like you know + + align:start position:0% +waiting room maybe that's like you know + + + align:start position:0% +waiting room maybe that's like you know +an issue that we need to deal with + + align:start position:0% +an issue that we need to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +an issue that we need to deal with +because that that is obviously confusing + + align:start position:0% +because that that is obviously confusing + + + align:start position:0% +because that that is obviously confusing +it also has an awful lot of waste of + + align:start position:0% +it also has an awful lot of waste of + + + align:start position:0% +it also has an awful lot of waste of +motion in there with the the poor + + align:start position:0% +motion in there with the the poor + + + align:start position:0% +motion in there with the the poor +patient and um and the potential for + + align:start position:0% +patient and um and the potential for + + + align:start position:0% +patient and um and the potential for +confusion that that engenders um yeah + + align:start position:0% +confusion that that engenders um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +confusion that that engenders um yeah +and I could see your strategy although + + align:start position:0% +and I could see your strategy although + + + align:start position:0% +and I could see your strategy although +you didn't finish that there's actually + + align:start position:0% +you didn't finish that there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't finish that there's actually +individual paths here which are going to + + align:start position:0% +individual paths here which are going to + + + align:start position:0% +individual paths here which are going to +get more complicated as we get to fail + + align:start position:0% +get more complicated as we get to fail + + + align:start position:0% +get more complicated as we get to fail +Diagnostics where maybe you could use a + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics where maybe you could use a + + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics where maybe you could use a +different color um to to to trace the + + align:start position:0% +different color um to to to trace the + + + align:start position:0% +different color um to to to trace the +extra ones through there so you can + + align:start position:0% +extra ones through there so you can + + + align:start position:0% +extra ones through there so you can +follow it but it's a bit tortuous um but + + align:start position:0% +follow it but it's a bit tortuous um but + + + align:start position:0% +follow it but it's a bit tortuous um but +it does capture certainly the chaos of + + align:start position:0% +it does capture certainly the chaos of + + + align:start position:0% +it does capture certainly the chaos of +the of the system quite nicely so um and + + align:start position:0% +the of the system quite nicely so um and + + + align:start position:0% +the of the system quite nicely so um and +why don't we finish finish here and and + + align:start position:0% +why don't we finish finish here and and + + + align:start position:0% +why don't we finish finish here and and +see what you guys have um you want to + + align:start position:0% +see what you guys have um you want to + + + align:start position:0% +see what you guys have um you want to +say something about it okay um video we + + align:start position:0% +say something about it okay um video we + + + align:start position:0% +say something about it okay um video we +have each of the stations in the blue um + + align:start position:0% +have each of the stations in the blue um + + + align:start position:0% +have each of the stations in the blue um +I think the main source of chaos for us + + align:start position:0% +I think the main source of chaos for us + + + align:start position:0% +I think the main source of chaos for us +was what happens with the exam process + + align:start position:0% +was what happens with the exam process + + + align:start position:0% +was what happens with the exam process +and the decisions afterwards so um that + + align:start position:0% +and the decisions afterwards so um that + + + align:start position:0% +and the decisions afterwards so um that +was our main point of contention at the + + align:start position:0% +was our main point of contention at the + + + align:start position:0% +was our main point of contention at the +end of this process is where do we put + + align:start position:0% +end of this process is where do we put + + + align:start position:0% +end of this process is where do we put +all these negative positive fail test + + align:start position:0% +all these negative positive fail test + + + align:start position:0% +all these negative positive fail test +outcomes and how do they eventually link + + align:start position:0% +outcomes and how do they eventually link + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes and how do they eventually link +back to the patient to start process + + align:start position:0% +back to the patient to start process + + + align:start position:0% +back to the patient to start process +okay so and you've got some color going + + align:start position:0% +okay so and you've got some color going + + + align:start position:0% +okay so and you've got some color going +there to sort of try to chase that + + align:start position:0% +there to sort of try to chase that + + + align:start position:0% +there to sort of try to chase that +around okay so so these are all value + + align:start position:0% +around okay so so these are all value + + + align:start position:0% +around okay so so these are all value +stream maps for the patient but we don't + + align:start position:0% +stream maps for the patient but we don't + + + align:start position:0% +stream maps for the patient but we don't +have the information flow right there's + + align:start position:0% +have the information flow right there's + + + align:start position:0% +have the information flow right there's +some other charts and paperwork flying + + align:start position:0% +some other charts and paperwork flying + + + align:start position:0% +some other charts and paperwork flying +around that's right and we did say we + + align:start position:0% +around that's right and we did say we + + + align:start position:0% +around that's right and we did say we +were following the patient value stream + + align:start position:0% +were following the patient value stream + + + align:start position:0% +were following the patient value stream +but there are some other value streams + + align:start position:0% +but there are some other value streams + + + align:start position:0% +but there are some other value streams +up there the charts the paperwork which + + align:start position:0% +up there the charts the paperwork which + + + align:start position:0% +up there the charts the paperwork which +we actually could use pretty much the + + align:start position:0% +we actually could use pretty much the + + + align:start position:0% +we actually could use pretty much the +same map to to chase but they also have + + align:start position:0% +same map to to chase but they also have + + + align:start position:0% +same map to to chase but they also have +their own chart room and and record room + + align:start position:0% +their own chart room and and record room + + + align:start position:0% +their own chart room and and record room +and and to some extent their own + + align:start position:0% +and and to some extent their own + + + align:start position:0% +and and to some extent their own +processes they don't follow exactly the + + align:start position:0% +processes they don't follow exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +processes they don't follow exactly the +same path as the patient so um so this + + align:start position:0% +same path as the patient so um so this + + + align:start position:0% +same path as the patient so um so this +is good so why don't we um continue with + + align:start position:0% +is good so why don't we um continue with + + + align:start position:0% +is good so why don't we um continue with +h with our + + align:start position:0% +h with our + + + align:start position:0% +h with our +exercise yes so remember yesterday we + + align:start position:0% +exercise yes so remember yesterday we + + + align:start position:0% +exercise yes so remember yesterday we +talked about different uh different + + align:start position:0% +talked about different uh different + + + align:start position:0% +talked about different uh different +times we talked about cycle time the + + align:start position:0% +times we talked about cycle time the + + + align:start position:0% +times we talked about cycle time the +time from the beginning to the end of uh + + align:start position:0% +time from the beginning to the end of uh + + + align:start position:0% +time from the beginning to the end of uh +the process the touch time where the + + align:start position:0% +the process the touch time where the + + + align:start position:0% +the process the touch time where the +actual work is being done where you + + align:start position:0% +actual work is being done where you + + + align:start position:0% +actual work is being done where you +exclude the uh the weight times and then + + align:start position:0% +exclude the uh the weight times and then + + + align:start position:0% +exclude the uh the weight times and then +again value added nonv value added time + + align:start position:0% +again value added nonv value added time + + + align:start position:0% +again value added nonv value added time +so we talk about some some different + + align:start position:0% +so we talk about some some different + + + align:start position:0% +so we talk about some some different +types of time and obviously it is the + + align:start position:0% +types of time and obviously it is the + + + align:start position:0% +types of time and obviously it is the +value added time that we really want and + + align:start position:0% +value added time that we really want and + + + align:start position:0% +value added time that we really want and +we would prefer to get rid of the rest + + align:start position:0% +we would prefer to get rid of the rest + + + align:start position:0% +we would prefer to get rid of the rest +of it so then there is uh also in when + + align:start position:0% +of it so then there is uh also in when + + + align:start position:0% +of it so then there is uh also in when +we get to the capacity things as well + + align:start position:0% +we get to the capacity things as well + + + align:start position:0% +we get to the capacity things as well +you need to think about failed test this + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about failed test this + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think about failed test this +is not 100% right you have a certain + + align:start position:0% +is not 100% right you have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +is not 100% right you have a certain +amount of your test that just they're + + align:start position:0% +amount of your test that just they're + + + align:start position:0% +amount of your test that just they're +neither positive nor negative they're + + align:start position:0% +neither positive nor negative they're + + + align:start position:0% +neither positive nor negative they're +just failed Hospital systems for us what + + align:start position:0% +just failed Hospital systems for us what + + + align:start position:0% +just failed Hospital systems for us what +I have in my face every day is potassium + + align:start position:0% +I have in my face every day is potassium + + + align:start position:0% +I have in my face every day is potassium +right do you experience the same things + + align:start position:0% +right do you experience the same things + + + align:start position:0% +right do you experience the same things +you get high potassium everybody gets + + align:start position:0% +you get high potassium everybody gets + + + align:start position:0% +you get high potassium everybody gets +scared because it is dangerous you need + + align:start position:0% +scared because it is dangerous you need + + + align:start position:0% +scared because it is dangerous you need +redraws and we used to be around 20% and + + align:start position:0% +redraws and we used to be around 20% and + + + align:start position:0% +redraws and we used to be around 20% and +now I think we're down to + + align:start position:0% +now I think we're down to + + + align:start position:0% +now I think we're down to +7% through leaning it out but 7% is + + align:start position:0% +7% through leaning it out but 7% is + + + align:start position:0% +7% through leaning it out but 7% is +still a lot right because like you said + + align:start position:0% +still a lot right because like you said + + + align:start position:0% +still a lot right because like you said +what does everybody do when they come to + + align:start position:0% +what does everybody do when they come to + + + align:start position:0% +what does everybody do when they come to +the hospital they get lab tests so we + + align:start position:0% +the hospital they get lab tests so we + + + align:start position:0% +the hospital they get lab tests so we +have probably a couple of patients every + + align:start position:0% +have probably a couple of patients every + + + align:start position:0% +have probably a couple of patients every +day referred to the emergency department + + align:start position:0% +day referred to the emergency department + + + align:start position:0% +day referred to the emergency department +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +hyperemia that we redraw and then it's + + align:start position:0% +hyperemia that we redraw and then it's + + + align:start position:0% +hyperemia that we redraw and then it's +negative normal so that's expensive so + + align:start position:0% +negative normal so that's expensive so + + + align:start position:0% +negative normal so that's expensive so +why don't we in because this group seems + + align:start position:0% +why don't we in because this group seems + + + align:start position:0% +why don't we in because this group seems +to have sort of caught the basic issue + + align:start position:0% +to have sort of caught the basic issue + + + align:start position:0% +to have sort of caught the basic issue +and i' some of them have already jumped + + align:start position:0% +and i' some of them have already jumped + + + align:start position:0% +and i' some of them have already jumped +ahead and what we want to do is add some + + align:start position:0% +ahead and what we want to do is add some + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and what we want to do is add some +time and + + align:start position:0% +time and + + + align:start position:0% +time and +and reliability data to our to our map + + align:start position:0% +and reliability data to our to our map + + + align:start position:0% +and reliability data to our to our map +um the tricky thing is of course every + + align:start position:0% +um the tricky thing is of course every + + + align:start position:0% +um the tricky thing is of course every +patient is different based on the dice + + align:start position:0% +patient is different based on the dice + + + align:start position:0% +patient is different based on the dice +right so we have to pick some kind of + + align:start position:0% +right so we have to pick some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right so we have to pick some kind of +unit of analysis an average a median + + align:start position:0% +unit of analysis an average a median + + + align:start position:0% +unit of analysis an average a median +something Min and Max maybe Min and Max + + align:start position:0% +something Min and Max maybe Min and Max + + + align:start position:0% +something Min and Max maybe Min and Max +right so we need to we need to decide + + align:start position:0% +right so we need to we need to decide + + + align:start position:0% +right so we need to we need to decide +what our unit of analysis is and be + + align:start position:0% +what our unit of analysis is and be + + + align:start position:0% +what our unit of analysis is and be +consistent it almost doesn't matter what + + align:start position:0% +consistent it almost doesn't matter what + + + align:start position:0% +consistent it almost doesn't matter what +it is over a long experience with these + + align:start position:0% +it is over a long experience with these + + + align:start position:0% +it is over a long experience with these +things I found that doing a min max + + align:start position:0% +things I found that doing a min max + + + align:start position:0% +things I found that doing a min max +average is easily enough detail when you + + align:start position:0% +average is easily enough detail when you + + + align:start position:0% +average is easily enough detail when you +start putting minmax average on all of + + align:start position:0% +start putting minmax average on all of + + + align:start position:0% +start putting minmax average on all of +these you suddenly realize I got a whole + + align:start position:0% +these you suddenly realize I got a whole + + + align:start position:0% +these you suddenly realize I got a whole +bunch of numbers here and it's it's + + align:start position:0% +bunch of numbers here and it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of numbers here and it's it's +enough to tell most of the story so we + + align:start position:0% +enough to tell most of the story so we + + + align:start position:0% +enough to tell most of the story so we +don't need a deep statistical analysis + + align:start position:0% +don't need a deep statistical analysis + + + align:start position:0% +don't need a deep statistical analysis +of these numbers but we need some kind + + align:start position:0% +of these numbers but we need some kind + + + align:start position:0% +of these numbers but we need some kind +of we need to decide what our unit of + + align:start position:0% +of we need to decide what our unit of + + + align:start position:0% +of we need to decide what our unit of +analysis is put the times up um and you + + align:start position:0% +analysis is put the times up um and you + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is put the times up um and you +know the times can pretty much be The + + align:start position:0% +know the times can pretty much be The + + + align:start position:0% +know the times can pretty much be The +Hourglass if there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +Hourglass if there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +Hourglass if there's a little bit of +nonv value added touch time if there's a + + align:start position:0% +nonv value added touch time if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +nonv value added touch time if there's a +little bit of fussing time or confusion + + align:start position:0% +little bit of fussing time or confusion + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of fussing time or confusion +time or waiting for supplies time you + + align:start position:0% +time or waiting for supplies time you + + + align:start position:0% +time or waiting for supplies time you +can add that as well um and put those + + align:start position:0% +can add that as well um and put those + + + align:start position:0% +can add that as well um and put those +times on our processes and then the um + + align:start position:0% +times on our processes and then the um + + + align:start position:0% +times on our processes and then the um +percentages of different decision + + align:start position:0% +percentages of different decision + + + align:start position:0% +percentages of different decision +outcomes again need to be estimated some + + align:start position:0% +outcomes again need to be estimated some + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes again need to be estimated some +of those are based on the dice so you + + align:start position:0% +of those are based on the dice so you + + + align:start position:0% +of those are based on the dice so you +sort of have the numbers in front of you + + align:start position:0% +sort of have the numbers in front of you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have the numbers in front of you +some of them aren't so much when do they + + align:start position:0% +some of them aren't so much when do they + + + align:start position:0% +some of them aren't so much when do they +go to the hospital well when the r Color + + align:start position:0% +go to the hospital well when the r Color + + + align:start position:0% +go to the hospital well when the r Color +head shows up when does that happen you + + align:start position:0% +head shows up when does that happen you + + + align:start position:0% +head shows up when does that happen you +don't know you just have to kind of + + align:start position:0% +don't know you just have to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +don't know you just have to kind of +estimate based on your experience okay + + align:start position:0% +estimate based on your experience okay + + + align:start position:0% +estimate based on your experience okay +so not too complicated let's take + + align:start position:0% +so not too complicated let's take + + + align:start position:0% +so not too complicated let's take +another 10ish minutes to annotate to + + align:start position:0% +another 10ish minutes to annotate to + + + align:start position:0% +another 10ish minutes to annotate to +finish our maps and annotate + + align:start position:0% +finish our maps and annotate + + + align:start position:0% +finish our maps and annotate +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +LoveIt aage yeah so so if there are two + + align:start position:0% +LoveIt aage yeah so so if there are two + + + align:start position:0% +LoveIt aage yeah so so if there are two +patients waiting one will be wait one + + align:start position:0% +patients waiting one will be wait one + + + align:start position:0% +patients waiting one will be wait one +will be wait for this Mon and the second + + align:start position:0% +will be wait for this Mon and the second + + + align:start position:0% +will be wait for this Mon and the second +patient will be waiting for two units of + + align:start position:0% +patient will be waiting for two units of + + + align:start position:0% +patient will be waiting for two units of +this and if the third + + align:start position:0% +this and if the third + + + align:start position:0% +this and if the third +patient okay but we have to kind of + + align:start position:0% +patient okay but we have to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +patient okay but we have to kind of +average overall that so on average how + + align:start position:0% +average overall that so on average how + + + align:start position:0% +average overall that so on average how +many patients weight so it's so her + + align:start position:0% +many patients weight so it's so her + + + align:start position:0% +many patients weight so it's so her +treatment time is three times the dice + + align:start position:0% +treatment time is three times the dice + + + align:start position:0% +treatment time is three times the dice +R okay of which only 1/3 is value added + + align:start position:0% +R okay of which only 1/3 is value added + + + align:start position:0% +R okay of which only 1/3 is value added +time and 2/3 is waste the average time a + + align:start position:0% +time and 2/3 is waste the average time a + + + align:start position:0% +time and 2/3 is waste the average time a +patient is in here is 80 * 3 which is + + align:start position:0% +patient is in here is 80 * 3 which is + + + align:start position:0% +patient is in here is 80 * 3 which is +240 which is 4 240 seconds okay so + + align:start position:0% +240 which is 4 240 seconds okay so + + + align:start position:0% +240 which is 4 240 seconds okay so +should we just put 240 240 of which 80 + + align:start position:0% +should we just put 240 240 of which 80 + + + align:start position:0% +should we just put 240 240 of which 80 +is value added so how about we put + + align:start position:0% +is value added so how about we put + + + align:start position:0% +is value added so how about we put +average time and + + align:start position:0% +average time and + + + align:start position:0% +average time and +value okay there's basically two ways + + align:start position:0% +value okay there's basically two ways + + + align:start position:0% +value okay there's basically two ways +you could tackle the the challenge of + + align:start position:0% +you could tackle the the challenge of + + + align:start position:0% +you could tackle the the challenge of +collecting data in the Sim you could and + + align:start position:0% +collecting data in the Sim you could and + + + align:start position:0% +collecting data in the Sim you could and +and I think different teams did it + + align:start position:0% +and I think different teams did it + + + align:start position:0% +and I think different teams did it +different ways which is interesting + + align:start position:0% +different ways which is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +different ways which is interesting +thing about this group it's fairly + + align:start position:0% +thing about this group it's fairly + + + align:start position:0% +thing about this group it's fairly +sophisticated group I think that the + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated group I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated group I think that the +people have grasped the issue and made + + align:start position:0% +people have grasped the issue and made + + + align:start position:0% +people have grasped the issue and made +different decisions about how to tackle + + align:start position:0% +different decisions about how to tackle + + + align:start position:0% +different decisions about how to tackle +it you could go in and you could say + + align:start position:0% +it you could go in and you could say + + + align:start position:0% +it you could go in and you could say +well okay um if I rolled an infinite + + align:start position:0% +well okay um if I rolled an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +well okay um if I rolled an infinite +number of dice what would be the sort of + + align:start position:0% +number of dice what would be the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +number of dice what would be the sort of +statistically likely outcome what would + + align:start position:0% +statistically likely outcome what would + + + align:start position:0% +statistically likely outcome what would +be my sort of weighted average time what + + align:start position:0% +be my sort of weighted average time what + + + align:start position:0% +be my sort of weighted average time what +would be my um what would be my weighted + + align:start position:0% +would be my um what would be my weighted + + + align:start position:0% +would be my um what would be my weighted +average of of different outcomes um + + align:start position:0% +average of of different outcomes um + + + align:start position:0% +average of of different outcomes um +through the through the system so you + + align:start position:0% +through the through the system so you + + + align:start position:0% +through the through the system so you +could do it that way um and that's + + align:start position:0% +could do it that way um and that's + + + align:start position:0% +could do it that way um and that's +something in the real world you could do + + align:start position:0% +something in the real world you could do + + + align:start position:0% +something in the real world you could do +if you had profound knowledge of the + + align:start position:0% +if you had profound knowledge of the + + + align:start position:0% +if you had profound knowledge of the +system if you just knew that you know + + align:start position:0% +system if you just knew that you know + + + align:start position:0% +system if you just knew that you know +30% of this kind of patient went this + + align:start position:0% +30% of this kind of patient went this + + + align:start position:0% +30% of this kind of patient went this +way and um or other approach um is you + + align:start position:0% +way and um or other approach um is you + + + align:start position:0% +way and um or other approach um is you +could use data right we have data so you + + align:start position:0% +could use data right we have data so you + + + align:start position:0% +could use data right we have data so you +just count them right which ones went + + align:start position:0% +just count them right which ones went + + + align:start position:0% +just count them right which ones went +where how many dots did we have to do + + align:start position:0% +where how many dots did we have to do + + + align:start position:0% +where how many dots did we have to do +how much rework was there problem with + + align:start position:0% +how much rework was there problem with + + + align:start position:0% +how much rework was there problem with +that is that it's small n right it's not + + align:start position:0% +that is that it's small n right it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that is that it's small n right it's not +it's not going to it's not going to give + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to it's not going to give + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to it's not going to give +you the same answer as the statistical + + align:start position:0% +you the same answer as the statistical + + + align:start position:0% +you the same answer as the statistical +study unless you have a really large + + align:start position:0% +study unless you have a really large + + + align:start position:0% +study unless you have a really large +sample now is that your your + + align:start position:0% +sample now is that your your + + + align:start position:0% +sample now is that your your +world pretty much right in in fact + + align:start position:0% +world pretty much right in in fact + + + align:start position:0% +world pretty much right in in fact +medical studies have tend to not really + + align:start position:0% +medical studies have tend to not really + + + align:start position:0% +medical studies have tend to not really +converge unless they have really large + + align:start position:0% +converge unless they have really large + + + align:start position:0% +converge unless they have really large +samples so um but this this is real this + + align:start position:0% +samples so um but this this is real this + + + align:start position:0% +samples so um but this this is real this +is your this is the reality on the + + align:start position:0% +is your this is the reality on the + + + align:start position:0% +is your this is the reality on the +ground which one do you trust which one + + align:start position:0% +ground which one do you trust which one + + + align:start position:0% +ground which one do you trust which one +do you believe you have to choose right + + align:start position:0% +do you believe you have to choose right + + + align:start position:0% +do you believe you have to choose right +there's no there's no absolute answer it + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no absolute answer it + + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's no absolute answer it +it depends on what system you're in if + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what system you're in if + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what system you're in if +so at bi we probably have the most + + align:start position:0% +so at bi we probably have the most + + + align:start position:0% +so at bi we probably have the most +advanced medical record in this country + + align:start position:0% +advanced medical record in this country + + + align:start position:0% +advanced medical record in this country +so we can pull everything out and we can + + align:start position:0% +so we can pull everything out and we can + + + align:start position:0% +so we can pull everything out and we can +go 10 years back 50,000 or 55,000 visits + + align:start position:0% +go 10 years back 50,000 or 55,000 visits + + + align:start position:0% +go 10 years back 50,000 or 55,000 visits +in the Emergency Department per year and + + align:start position:0% +in the Emergency Department per year and + + + align:start position:0% +in the Emergency Department per year and +we could just pull all of that out it's + + align:start position:0% +we could just pull all of that out it's + + + align:start position:0% +we could just pull all of that out it's +fairly easy but that's because we have + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy but that's because we have + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy but that's because we have +good people but that's not the reality + + align:start position:0% +good people but that's not the reality + + + align:start position:0% +good people but that's not the reality +everywhere so I work with Iceland and + + align:start position:0% +everywhere so I work with Iceland and + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere so I work with Iceland and +with Denmark and well they have fairly + + align:start position:0% +with Denmark and well they have fairly + + + align:start position:0% +with Denmark and well they have fairly +sophisticated electronic medical records + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated electronic medical records + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated electronic medical records +but a lot of it is still on paper and + + align:start position:0% +but a lot of it is still on paper and + + + align:start position:0% +but a lot of it is still on paper and +you just need to go and look at the + + align:start position:0% +you just need to go and look at the + + + align:start position:0% +you just need to go and look at the +paper and atbi our record has + + align:start position:0% +paper and atbi our record has + + + align:start position:0% +paper and atbi our record has +limitations too let's just say we want + + align:start position:0% +limitations too let's just say we want + + + align:start position:0% +limitations too let's just say we want +to study sepsis we want to study the + + align:start position:0% +to study sepsis we want to study the + + + align:start position:0% +to study sepsis we want to study the +antibiotics that these patients they got + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics that these patients they got + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics that these patients they got +I can electronically see what got pulled + + align:start position:0% +I can electronically see what got pulled + + + align:start position:0% +I can electronically see what got pulled +out of the pixus you may be familiar + + align:start position:0% +out of the pixus you may be familiar + + + align:start position:0% +out of the pixus you may be familiar +with the pixes locked cabinet you punch + + align:start position:0% +with the pixes locked cabinet you punch + + + align:start position:0% +with the pixes locked cabinet you punch +in the patient's medical record number + + align:start position:0% +in the patient's medical record number + + + align:start position:0% +in the patient's medical record number +and what you want want to pull out but I + + align:start position:0% +and what you want want to pull out but I + + + align:start position:0% +and what you want want to pull out but I +need to look at the paper to see what + + align:start position:0% +need to look at the paper to see what + + + align:start position:0% +need to look at the paper to see what +the nurse gave because one thing is that + + align:start position:0% +the nurse gave because one thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +the nurse gave because one thing is that +they pulled out 4.5 gram of X Y or Z but + + align:start position:0% +they pulled out 4.5 gram of X Y or Z but + + + align:start position:0% +they pulled out 4.5 gram of X Y or Z but +if they only gave three + + align:start position:0% +if they only gave three + + + align:start position:0% +if they only gave three +grams that that information is only + + align:start position:0% +grams that that information is only + + + align:start position:0% +grams that that information is only +available on paper as it is all right + + align:start position:0% +available on paper as it is all right + + + align:start position:0% +available on paper as it is all right +good so yes you can go either + + align:start position:0% +good so yes you can go either + + + align:start position:0% +good so yes you can go either +way that's here we with the numbers that + + align:start position:0% +way that's here we with the numbers that + + + align:start position:0% +way that's here we with the numbers that +we added on we added a little bit fudge + + align:start position:0% +we added on we added a little bit fudge + + + align:start position:0% +we added on we added a little bit fudge +because because well when you handle + + align:start position:0% +because because well when you handle + + + align:start position:0% +because because well when you handle +stuff takes time 15 seconds for just + + align:start position:0% +stuff takes time 15 seconds for just + + + align:start position:0% +stuff takes time 15 seconds for just +handling the patient to the waiting room + + align:start position:0% +handling the patient to the waiting room + + + align:start position:0% +handling the patient to the waiting room +passing on the message new patient takes + + align:start position:0% +passing on the message new patient takes + + + align:start position:0% +passing on the message new patient takes +time there is a range of how long the + + align:start position:0% +time there is a range of how long the + + + align:start position:0% +time there is a range of how long the +different steps they take and the + + align:start position:0% +different steps they take and the + + + align:start position:0% +different steps they take and the +weighted average plus the fudge okay so + + align:start position:0% +weighted average plus the fudge okay so + + + align:start position:0% +weighted average plus the fudge okay so +it's hopefully pretty similar to what + + align:start position:0% +it's hopefully pretty similar to what + + + align:start position:0% +it's hopefully pretty similar to what +the different groups found + + align:start position:0% +the different groups found + + + align:start position:0% +the different groups found +maybe take a look yeah did you do + + align:start position:0% +maybe take a look yeah did you do + + + align:start position:0% +maybe take a look yeah did you do +something kind of innovative here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's calculated the uh actual waiting + + align:start position:0% +it's calculated the uh actual waiting + + + align:start position:0% +it's calculated the uh actual waiting +time for the patient is being MD so uh + + align:start position:0% +time for the patient is being MD so uh + + + align:start position:0% +time for the patient is being MD so uh +the process time so if it's one one or + + align:start position:0% +the process time so if it's one one or + + + align:start position:0% +the process time so if it's one one or +two on the draw then it's a one3 + + align:start position:0% +two on the draw then it's a one3 + + + align:start position:0% +two on the draw then it's a one3 +probability of 30 seconds and if it's 3 + + align:start position:0% +probability of 30 seconds and if it's 3 + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 30 seconds and if it's 3 +to 4 it's one probability of seconds + + align:start position:0% +to 4 it's one probability of seconds + + + align:start position:0% +to 4 it's one probability of seconds +then I order them and sum them up so for + + align:start position:0% +then I order them and sum them up so for + + + align:start position:0% +then I order them and sum them up so for +one patient the the average uh value + + align:start position:0% +one patient the the average uh value + + + align:start position:0% +one patient the the average uh value +added time is 80 Seconds 80 Seconds okay + + align:start position:0% +added time is 80 Seconds 80 Seconds okay + + + align:start position:0% +added time is 80 Seconds 80 Seconds okay +all right there's important step yeah + + align:start position:0% +all right there's important step yeah + + + align:start position:0% +all right there's important step yeah +yeah is she's got patients waiting okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah is she's got patients waiting okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah is she's got patients waiting okay +yeah so if if one patient is waiting and + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if if one patient is waiting and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if if one patient is waiting and +uh he probably will wait for the time + + align:start position:0% +uh he probably will wait for the time + + + align:start position:0% +uh he probably will wait for the time +this 80 Seconds and if two patients are + + align:start position:0% +this 80 Seconds and if two patients are + + + align:start position:0% +this 80 Seconds and if two patients are +waiting so this is 80 Seconds this one + + align:start position:0% +waiting so this is 80 Seconds this one + + + align:start position:0% +waiting so this is 80 Seconds this one +will be 116 okay so there's a there's an + + align:start position:0% +will be 116 okay so there's a there's an + + + align:start position:0% +will be 116 okay so there's a there's an +issue I notied that we didn't even try + + align:start position:0% +issue I notied that we didn't even try + + + align:start position:0% +issue I notied that we didn't even try +to estimate the waiting times right so + + align:start position:0% +to estimate the waiting times right so + + + align:start position:0% +to estimate the waiting times right so +she's gotten extra sophisticated and + + align:start position:0% +she's gotten extra sophisticated and + + + align:start position:0% +she's gotten extra sophisticated and +said the 80 is actually we tacked on 15 + + align:start position:0% +said the 80 is actually we tacked on 15 + + + align:start position:0% +said the 80 is actually we tacked on 15 +seconds for paperwork and so we're + + align:start position:0% +seconds for paperwork and so we're + + + align:start position:0% +seconds for paperwork and so we're +agreeing on that exactly what she's + + align:start position:0% +agreeing on that exactly what she's + + + align:start position:0% +agreeing on that exactly what she's +doing which is very clever and and this + + align:start position:0% +doing which is very clever and and this + + + align:start position:0% +doing which is very clever and and this +you probably do need to do data database + + align:start position:0% +you probably do need to do data database + + + align:start position:0% +you probably do need to do data database +how many patients did you have waiting + + align:start position:0% +how many patients did you have waiting + + + align:start position:0% +how many patients did you have waiting +typically so yeah so she she estimated + + align:start position:0% +typically so yeah so she she estimated + + + align:start position:0% +typically so yeah so she she estimated +that she has two patients on average + + align:start position:0% +that she has two patients on average + + + align:start position:0% +that she has two patients on average +waiting okay the actual time in the MD + + align:start position:0% +waiting okay the actual time in the MD + + + align:start position:0% +waiting okay the actual time in the MD +was three times actual treatment time + + align:start position:0% +was three times actual treatment time + + + align:start position:0% +was three times actual treatment time +right right so we have yep yeah and + + align:start position:0% +right right so we have yep yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +right right so we have yep yeah and +that's so that's great right that's + + align:start position:0% +that's so that's great right that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's so that's great right that's +going deeper than we did in our example + + align:start position:0% +going deeper than we did in our example + + + align:start position:0% +going deeper than we did in our example +uh and that's right to the any anytime + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's right to the any anytime + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's right to the any anytime +you have a inventory in front of a + + align:start position:0% +you have a inventory in front of a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a inventory in front of a +process yeah it's going to have to + + align:start position:0% +process yeah it's going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +process yeah it's going to have to +something called Little's law which + + align:start position:0% +something called Little's law which + + + align:start position:0% +something called Little's law which +which we'll talk about next time um + + align:start position:0% +which we'll talk about next time um + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll talk about next time um +you're going to have to wait essentially + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to wait essentially + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to wait essentially +that number of Cycles to get through the + + align:start position:0% +that number of Cycles to get through the + + + align:start position:0% +that number of Cycles to get through the +process so U so if there's two patients + + align:start position:0% +process so U so if there's two patients + + + align:start position:0% +process so U so if there's two patients +waiting and one in one in exam it's + + align:start position:0% +waiting and one in one in exam it's + + + align:start position:0% +waiting and one in one in exam it's +going to on average take three Cycles to + + align:start position:0% +going to on average take three Cycles to + + + align:start position:0% +going to on average take three Cycles to +clear a patient through there so um so + + align:start position:0% +clear a patient through there so um so + + + align:start position:0% +clear a patient through there so um so +that's that's very good and then if you + + align:start position:0% +that's that's very good and then if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's very good and then if you +look at your how long time things they + + align:start position:0% +look at your how long time things they + + + align:start position:0% +look at your how long time things they +take you should also get a sense of what + + align:start position:0% +take you should also get a sense of what + + + align:start position:0% +take you should also get a sense of what +the rate limiting steps are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here what would you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say when you look at it who's who's the + + align:start position:0% +say when you look at it who's who's the + + + align:start position:0% +say when you look at it who's who's the +limiting step MD theb MD in the lab + + align:start position:0% +limiting step MD theb MD in the lab + + + align:start position:0% +limiting step MD theb MD in the lab +what's the difference between the MD and + + align:start position:0% +what's the difference between the MD and + + + align:start position:0% +what's the difference between the MD and +the lab + + align:start position:0% +the lab + + + align:start position:0% +the lab +lab the MD + + align:start position:0% +lab the MD + + + align:start position:0% +lab the MD +is one person and the lab can do how + + align:start position:0% +is one person and the lab can do how + + + align:start position:0% +is one person and the lab can do how +much at a time potentially three with a + + align:start position:0% +much at a time potentially three with a + + + align:start position:0% +much at a time potentially three with a +little bit of good luck right because + + align:start position:0% +little bit of good luck right because + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of good luck right because +they can do three different things at a + + align:start position:0% +they can do three different things at a + + + align:start position:0% +they can do three different things at a +time but if you look at the times of lab + + align:start position:0% +time but if you look at the times of lab + + + align:start position:0% +time but if you look at the times of lab +well 45 to + + align:start position:0% +well 45 to + + + align:start position:0% +well 45 to +205 same for the lab but the MD is + + align:start position:0% +205 same for the lab but the MD is + + + align:start position:0% +205 same for the lab but the MD is +really only one and can only be one + + align:start position:0% +really only one and can only be one + + + align:start position:0% +really only one and can only be one +place at a time so + + align:start position:0% +place at a time so + + + align:start position:0% +place at a time so +okay and then there some + + align:start position:0% +okay and then there some + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then there some +rework and that too we have the it's + + align:start position:0% +rework and that too we have the it's + + + align:start position:0% +rework and that too we have the it's +essentially the same issue right people + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same issue right people + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same issue right people +can look at the dice and and guesstimate + + align:start position:0% +can look at the dice and and guesstimate + + + align:start position:0% +can look at the dice and and guesstimate +um or they can look at their data and + + align:start position:0% +um or they can look at their data and + + + align:start position:0% +um or they can look at their data and +figure out what the rework rates are um + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the rework rates are um + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the rework rates are um +the uh uh the the thing that actually + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh the the thing that actually + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh the the thing that actually +you can't do there is that some of that + + align:start position:0% +you can't do there is that some of that + + + align:start position:0% +you can't do there is that some of that +depends on the patient color which you + + align:start position:0% +depends on the patient color which you + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the patient color which you +don't know right there's an externality + + align:start position:0% +don't know right there's an externality + + + align:start position:0% +don't know right there's an externality +there that you don't have any control + + align:start position:0% +there that you don't have any control + + + align:start position:0% +there that you don't have any control +over and if that's true all you can do + + align:start position:0% +over and if that's true all you can do + + + align:start position:0% +over and if that's true all you can do +is look at your data right you don't + + align:start position:0% +is look at your data right you don't + + + align:start position:0% +is look at your data right you don't +know what the big world looks like you + + align:start position:0% +know what the big world looks like you + + + align:start position:0% +know what the big world looks like you +only know what your data looks like so + + align:start position:0% +only know what your data looks like so + + + align:start position:0% +only know what your data looks like so +um So based on that you should have + + align:start position:0% +um So based on that you should have + + + align:start position:0% +um So based on that you should have +something on this order right something + + align:start position:0% +something on this order right something + + + align:start position:0% +something on this order right something +on the order of half of the tests don't + + align:start position:0% +on the order of half of the tests don't + + + align:start position:0% +on the order of half of the tests don't +go so + + align:start position:0% +go so + + + align:start position:0% +go so +well and uh so that's a that's another + + align:start position:0% +well and uh so that's a that's another + + + align:start position:0% +well and uh so that's a that's another +major a + + align:start position:0% +major a + + + align:start position:0% +major a +detractor all right + + align:start position:0% +detractor all right + + + align:start position:0% +detractor all right +so diagnosing root costes you need to + + align:start position:0% +so diagnosing root costes you need to + + + align:start position:0% +so diagnosing root costes you need to +find out what are the costes here what's + + align:start position:0% +find out what are the costes here what's + + + align:start position:0% +find out what are the costes here what's +what's the effect what's the cost it's + + align:start position:0% +what's the effect what's the cost it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the effect what's the cost it's +nice to separate those out because the + + align:start position:0% +nice to separate those out because the + + + align:start position:0% +nice to separate those out because the +root causes if you can find and affect + + align:start position:0% +root causes if you can find and affect + + + align:start position:0% +root causes if you can find and affect +those you have a better chance of + + align:start position:0% +those you have a better chance of + + + align:start position:0% +those you have a better chance of +improving your system we + + align:start position:0% +improving your system we + + + align:start position:0% +improving your system we +um we haven't talked much about + + align:start position:0% +um we haven't talked much about + + + align:start position:0% +um we haven't talked much about +workaround but it's very prominent in + + align:start position:0% +workaround but it's very prominent in + + + align:start position:0% +workaround but it's very prominent in +the medical field so I think so the + + align:start position:0% +the medical field so I think so the + + + align:start position:0% +the medical field so I think so the +medical field and the engineering field + + align:start position:0% +medical field and the engineering field + + + align:start position:0% +medical field and the engineering field +I think that we have some of the same + + align:start position:0% +I think that we have some of the same + + + align:start position:0% +I think that we have some of the same +attributes it is that we fix problems + + align:start position:0% +attributes it is that we fix problems + + + align:start position:0% +attributes it is that we fix problems +right we see a problem we fix it so I + + align:start position:0% +right we see a problem we fix it so I + + + align:start position:0% +right we see a problem we fix it so I +have a problem at work I just fix it I + + align:start position:0% +have a problem at work I just fix it I + + + align:start position:0% +have a problem at work I just fix it I +don't go back and say all right why is + + align:start position:0% +don't go back and say all right why is + + + align:start position:0% +don't go back and say all right why is +it that it takes 15 minutes to do an a + + align:start position:0% +it that it takes 15 minutes to do an a + + + align:start position:0% +it that it takes 15 minutes to do an a +lumbar + + align:start position:0% +lumbar + + + align:start position:0% +lumbar +puncture it's not that it's the the 11 + + align:start position:0% +puncture it's not that it's the the 11 + + + align:start position:0% +puncture it's not that it's the the 11 +minutes that take to find the stuff and + + align:start position:0% +minutes that take to find the stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +minutes that take to find the stuff and +get everything ready I just I just go + + align:start position:0% +get everything ready I just I just go + + + align:start position:0% +get everything ready I just I just go +ahead and I do it or if it's a new + + align:start position:0% +ahead and I do it or if it's a new + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and I do it or if it's a new +Resident I'll help them and collect the + + align:start position:0% +Resident I'll help them and collect the + + + align:start position:0% +Resident I'll help them and collect the +stuff for them right instead of saying + + align:start position:0% +stuff for them right instead of saying + + + align:start position:0% +stuff for them right instead of saying +okay we need kids we need the stuff to + + align:start position:0% +okay we need kids we need the stuff to + + + align:start position:0% +okay we need kids we need the stuff to +be available in the area where we use it + + align:start position:0% +be available in the area where we use it + + + align:start position:0% +be available in the area where we use it +because that's a long process it + + align:start position:0% +because that's a long process it + + + align:start position:0% +because that's a long process it +involves our nursing leaders leadership + + align:start position:0% +involves our nursing leaders leadership + + + align:start position:0% +involves our nursing leaders leadership +physician leadership and restocking guys + + align:start position:0% +physician leadership and restocking guys + + + align:start position:0% +physician leadership and restocking guys +and it's someone else's area of + + align:start position:0% +and it's someone else's area of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's someone else's area of +responsibility and they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +responsibility and they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility and they're going to be +upset if I say this is all wrong and um + + align:start position:0% +upset if I say this is all wrong and um + + + align:start position:0% +upset if I say this is all wrong and um +so we just we do + + align:start position:0% +so we just we do + + + align:start position:0% +so we just we do +workarounds that's not a good way of + + align:start position:0% +workarounds that's not a good way of + + + align:start position:0% +workarounds that's not a good way of +doing it you can analyze do root cause + + align:start position:0% +doing it you can analyze do root cause + + + align:start position:0% +doing it you can analyze do root cause +analysis in uh in different ways the + + align:start position:0% +analysis in uh in different ways the + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in uh in different ways the +five wires we talked about with the + + align:start position:0% +five wires we talked about with the + + + align:start position:0% +five wires we talked about with the +Jefferson monument it's very interesting + + align:start position:0% +Jefferson monument it's very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Jefferson monument it's very interesting +it's really useful if you think about a + + align:start position:0% +it's really useful if you think about a + + + align:start position:0% +it's really useful if you think about a +medical system and say we do too many + + align:start position:0% +medical system and say we do too many + + + align:start position:0% +medical system and say we do too many +joint + + align:start position:0% +joint + + + align:start position:0% +joint +Replacements why do we do too many joint + + align:start position:0% +Replacements why do we do too many joint + + + align:start position:0% +Replacements why do we do too many joint +Replacements well because the joints are + + align:start position:0% +Replacements well because the joints are + + + align:start position:0% +Replacements well because the joints are +worn why are the joints + + align:start position:0% +worn why are the joints + + + align:start position:0% +worn why are the joints +worn chime in here why do people get + + align:start position:0% +worn chime in here why do people get + + + align:start position:0% +worn chime in here why do people get +joint Replacements in the US yes obesity + + align:start position:0% +joint Replacements in the US yes obesity + + + align:start position:0% +joint Replacements in the US yes obesity +why are people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obese no no I and I as again per they + + align:start position:0% +obese no no I and I as again per they + + + align:start position:0% +obese no no I and I as again per they +were these things are being answered in + + align:start position:0% +were these things are being answered in + + + align:start position:0% +were these things are being answered in +a personal manner right so you can end + + align:start position:0% +a personal manner right so you can end + + + align:start position:0% +a personal manner right so you can end +up with different things but I think + + align:start position:0% +up with different things but I think + + + align:start position:0% +up with different things but I think +you're right on pre processed food is + + align:start position:0% +you're right on pre processed food is + + + align:start position:0% +you're right on pre processed food is +cheaper than making your own food right + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than making your own food right + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than making your own food right +and then it gets into who or INS What so + + align:start position:0% +and then it gets into who or INS What so + + + align:start position:0% +and then it gets into who or INS What so +you do why pre-processed food is cheaper + + align:start position:0% +you do why pre-processed food is cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +you do why pre-processed food is cheaper +than the other why is it because we put + + align:start position:0% +than the other why is it because we put + + + align:start position:0% +than the other why is it because we put +garbage in the food and why is that blah + + align:start position:0% +garbage in the food and why is that blah + + + align:start position:0% +garbage in the food and why is that blah +blah blah okay so five y's really work + + align:start position:0% +blah blah okay so five y's really work + + + align:start position:0% +blah blah okay so five y's really work +okay and it works on many different + + align:start position:0% +okay and it works on many different + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it works on many different +things it's not only the Jefferson + + align:start position:0% +things it's not only the Jefferson + + + align:start position:0% +things it's not only the Jefferson +monument which is nice too we can do + + align:start position:0% +monument which is nice too we can do + + + align:start position:0% +monument which is nice too we can do +Capacity Analysis we looked at that yes + + align:start position:0% +Capacity Analysis we looked at that yes + + + align:start position:0% +Capacity Analysis we looked at that yes +today remember how much time is + + align:start position:0% +today remember how much time is + + + align:start position:0% +today remember how much time is +available what is our cycle time again + + align:start position:0% +available what is our cycle time again + + + align:start position:0% +available what is our cycle time again +limited by the slowest slowest steps in + + align:start position:0% +limited by the slowest slowest steps in + + + align:start position:0% +limited by the slowest slowest steps in +this process all right so tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +this process all right so tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +this process all right so tomorrow +you're going to look at cost and effect + + align:start position:0% +you're going to look at cost and effect + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to look at cost and effect +uh diagrams and some Paro charts too + + align:start position:0% +uh diagrams and some Paro charts too + + + align:start position:0% +uh diagrams and some Paro charts too +this we're just going to stop and + + align:start position:0% +this we're just going to stop and + + + align:start position:0% +this we're just going to stop and +pitfalls they can be answered + + align:start position:0% +pitfalls they can be answered + + + align:start position:0% +pitfalls they can be answered +differently some some is based on values + + align:start position:0% +differently some some is based on values + + + align:start position:0% +differently some some is based on values +and and on opinions + + align:start position:0% +and and on opinions + + + align:start position:0% +and and on opinions +if there's too much difference then + + align:start position:0% +if there's too much difference then + + + align:start position:0% +if there's too much difference then +maybe you need a more sophisticated tool + + align:start position:0% +maybe you need a more sophisticated tool + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you need a more sophisticated tool +for that particular problem but in + + align:start position:0% +for that particular problem but in + + + align:start position:0% +for that particular problem but in +general it's going to work well on many + + align:start position:0% +general it's going to work well on many + + + align:start position:0% +general it's going to work well on many +problems good place to start yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +problems good place to start yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +problems good place to start yeah it's +it's difficult to to identify all the + + align:start position:0% +it's difficult to to identify all the + + + align:start position:0% +it's difficult to to identify all the +possible costes if you have input that's + + align:start position:0% +possible costes if you have input that's + + + align:start position:0% +possible costes if you have input that's +higher than your capacity then you're + + align:start position:0% +higher than your capacity then you're + + + align:start position:0% +higher than your capacity then you're +going to have a bottleneck and then + + align:start position:0% +going to have a bottleneck and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a bottleneck and then +you're just going to have a buildup of + + align:start position:0% +you're just going to have a buildup of + + + align:start position:0% +you're just going to have a buildup of +things that are + + align:start position:0% +things that are + + + align:start position:0% +things that are +waiting example from Denmark pardon me + + align:start position:0% +waiting example from Denmark pardon me + + + align:start position:0% +waiting example from Denmark pardon me +again so there is a plan that says for + + align:start position:0% +again so there is a plan that says for + + + align:start position:0% +again so there is a plan that says for +instance uh pancreatic cancer patients + + align:start position:0% +instance uh pancreatic cancer patients + + + align:start position:0% +instance uh pancreatic cancer patients +they should be able to have surgery + + align:start position:0% +they should be able to have surgery + + + align:start position:0% +they should be able to have surgery +within I don't remember if it's two or + + align:start position:0% +within I don't remember if it's two or + + + align:start position:0% +within I don't remember if it's two or +four weeks one would hope that it's + + align:start position:0% +four weeks one would hope that it's + + + align:start position:0% +four weeks one would hope that it's +tomorrow but it's two or four weeks + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow but it's two or four weeks + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow but it's two or four weeks +nonetheless they don't have the capacity + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless they don't have the capacity + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless they don't have the capacity +to do that and then you have a buildup + + align:start position:0% +to do that and then you have a buildup + + + align:start position:0% +to do that and then you have a buildup +of patients and some of them they get + + align:start position:0% +of patients and some of them they get + + + align:start position:0% +of patients and some of them they get +surgery two months later maybe three + + align:start position:0% +surgery two months later maybe three + + + align:start position:0% +surgery two months later maybe three +months later others what happened to + + align:start position:0% +months later others what happened to + + + align:start position:0% +months later others what happened to +them well when it's cancer you know what + + align:start position:0% +them well when it's cancer you know what + + + align:start position:0% +them well when it's cancer you know what +it becomes inoperable right and then + + align:start position:0% +it becomes inoperable right and then + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes inoperable right and then +then they drop off the list okay so when + + align:start position:0% +then they drop off the list okay so when + + + align:start position:0% +then they drop off the list okay so when +when uh capacity and Supply is + + align:start position:0% +when uh capacity and Supply is + + + align:start position:0% +when uh capacity and Supply is +mismatched you're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +mismatched you're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +mismatched you're going to have a +buildup F radical + + align:start position:0% +buildup F radical + + + align:start position:0% +buildup F radical +capacity so this is a very cool field uh + + align:start position:0% +capacity so this is a very cool field uh + + + align:start position:0% +capacity so this is a very cool field uh +you'll have more about that tomorrow so + + align:start position:0% +you'll have more about that tomorrow so + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have more about that tomorrow so +maximum capacity is well the maximum + + align:start position:0% +maximum capacity is well the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +maximum capacity is well the maximum +sustainable flow rate at any activity we + + align:start position:0% +sustainable flow rate at any activity we + + + align:start position:0% +sustainable flow rate at any activity we +like to think about 100% H is going to + + align:start position:0% +like to think about 100% H is going to + + + align:start position:0% +like to think about 100% H is going to +tell you tomorrow that that's actually + + align:start position:0% +tell you tomorrow that that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +tell you tomorrow that that's actually +not really attainable and it's not an + + align:start position:0% +not really attainable and it's not an + + + align:start position:0% +not really attainable and it's not an +attractive uh goal because it it will + + align:start position:0% +attractive uh goal because it it will + + + align:start position:0% +attractive uh goal because it it will +not function it will lead to longer wait + + align:start position:0% +not function it will lead to longer wait + + + align:start position:0% +not function it will lead to longer wait +times and things like that effective + + align:start position:0% +times and things like that effective + + + align:start position:0% +times and things like that effective +capacity takes into account the the + + align:start position:0% +capacity takes into account the the + + + align:start position:0% +capacity takes into account the the +errors the distractors the reworks what + + align:start position:0% +errors the distractors the reworks what + + + align:start position:0% +errors the distractors the reworks what +you can actually achieve and we can look + + align:start position:0% +you can actually achieve and we can look + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually achieve and we can look +at that so if you can see five patients + + align:start position:0% +at that so if you can see five patients + + + align:start position:0% +at that so if you can see five patients +per hour but you have an error rate of + + align:start position:0% +per hour but you have an error rate of + + + align:start position:0% +per hour but you have an error rate of +20% Then in reality you're only going to + + align:start position:0% +20% Then in reality you're only going to + + + align:start position:0% +20% Then in reality you're only going to +see four patients per hour all right + + align:start position:0% +see four patients per hour all right + + + align:start position:0% +see four patients per hour all right +okay so that's that's your effective + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's your effective + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's your effective +capacity not your maximum all right + + align:start position:0% +capacity not your maximum all right + + + align:start position:0% +capacity not your maximum all right +let's see we can look at about this one + + align:start position:0% +let's see we can look at about this one + + + align:start position:0% +let's see we can look at about this one +here capacity calculation time available + + align:start position:0% +here capacity calculation time available + + + align:start position:0% +here capacity calculation time available +we know that and then the cycle time the + + align:start position:0% +we know that and then the cycle time the + + + align:start position:0% +we know that and then the cycle time the +time per unit time per round your number + + align:start position:0% +time per unit time per round your number + + + align:start position:0% +time per unit time per round your number +of resources that you have but you're + + align:start position:0% +of resources that you have but you're + + + align:start position:0% +of resources that you have but you're +not always available are you you're not + + align:start position:0% +not always available are you you're not + + + align:start position:0% +not always available are you you're not +available 100% of the time people they + + align:start position:0% +available 100% of the time people they + + + align:start position:0% +available 100% of the time people they +go to eat they have bathroom breaks in + + align:start position:0% +go to eat they have bathroom breaks in + + + align:start position:0% +go to eat they have bathroom breaks in +Europe they smoke and some places that + + align:start position:0% +Europe they smoke and some places that + + + align:start position:0% +Europe they smoke and some places that +is being taken out of your work time now + + align:start position:0% +is being taken out of your work time now + + + align:start position:0% +is being taken out of your work time now +I'm not I'm not kidding but that's a New + + align:start position:0% +I'm not I'm not kidding but that's a New + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not I'm not kidding but that's a New +Concept it never used to be so I think + + align:start position:0% +Concept it never used to be so I think + + + align:start position:0% +Concept it never used to be so I think +smoking will go down with that I think + + align:start position:0% +smoking will go down with that I think + + + align:start position:0% +smoking will go down with that I think +it's an excellent step no I mean and I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's an excellent step no I mean and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's an excellent step no I mean and I'm +not kidding the actual touch time where + + align:start position:0% +not kidding the actual touch time where + + + align:start position:0% +not kidding the actual touch time where +you're doing something that is useful + + align:start position:0% +you're doing something that is useful + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing something that is useful +for the patient and then the number of + + align:start position:0% +for the patient and then the number of + + + align:start position:0% +for the patient and then the number of +repeats the failed test or the I had a + + align:start position:0% +repeats the failed test or the I had a + + + align:start position:0% +repeats the failed test or the I had a +positive test I need to go back to the + + align:start position:0% +positive test I need to go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +positive test I need to go back to the +MD as in our simulation here so you put + + align:start position:0% +MD as in our simulation here so you put + + + align:start position:0% +MD as in our simulation here so you put +that in your equation and then you get + + align:start position:0% +that in your equation and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +that in your equation and then you get +your real capacity the green ones are + + align:start position:0% +your real capacity the green ones are + + + align:start position:0% +your real capacity the green ones are +the good stuff and the red ones are the + + align:start position:0% +the good stuff and the red ones are the + + + align:start position:0% +the good stuff and the red ones are the +detractors so this is basic concepts + + align:start position:0% +detractors so this is basic concepts + + + align:start position:0% +detractors so this is basic concepts +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +not people if you go back to your + + align:start position:0% +not people if you go back to your + + + align:start position:0% +not people if you go back to your +organizations they might be confused by + + align:start position:0% +organizations they might be confused by + + + align:start position:0% +organizations they might be confused by +the words that you're using but if you + + align:start position:0% +the words that you're using but if you + + + align:start position:0% +the words that you're using but if you +talk about this as a concept then you + + align:start position:0% +talk about this as a concept then you + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this as a concept then you +should all be uh be on the same page so + + align:start position:0% +should all be uh be on the same page so + + + align:start position:0% +should all be uh be on the same page so +now we have 10 minutes to do a root cost + + align:start position:0% +now we have 10 minutes to do a root cost + + + align:start position:0% +now we have 10 minutes to do a root cost +analysis for your clinic operation here + + align:start position:0% +analysis for your clinic operation here + + + align:start position:0% +analysis for your clinic operation here +so identify causes that can be a rem + + align:start position:0% +so identify causes that can be a rem + + + align:start position:0% +so identify causes that can be a rem +using lean principles and tools that you + + align:start position:0% +using lean principles and tools that you + + + align:start position:0% +using lean principles and tools that you +heard about yesterday try to put it on + + align:start position:0% +heard about yesterday try to put it on + + + align:start position:0% +heard about yesterday try to put it on +your easel and uh let's talk about it so + + align:start position:0% +your easel and uh let's talk about it so + + + align:start position:0% +your easel and uh let's talk about it so +think a little bit more about what's + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit more about what's + + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit more about what's +wrong you can finish up your value + + align:start position:0% +wrong you can finish up your value + + + align:start position:0% +wrong you can finish up your value +stream map and why don't you go ahead + + align:start position:0% +stream map and why don't you go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +stream map and why don't you go ahead +and actually rather than do a separate + + align:start position:0% +and actually rather than do a separate + + + align:start position:0% +and actually rather than do a separate +easel chart um uh display why don't you + + align:start position:0% +easel chart um uh display why don't you + + + align:start position:0% +easel chart um uh display why don't you +go ahead and put the put your your + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and put the put your your + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and put the put your your +suspected root causes right there on the + + align:start position:0% +suspected root causes right there on the + + + align:start position:0% +suspected root causes right there on the +chart you know is this the problem + + align:start position:0% +chart you know is this the problem + + + align:start position:0% +chart you know is this the problem +chaos in the waiting room I don't know + + align:start position:0% +chaos in the waiting room I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +chaos in the waiting room I don't know +whether that's the root cause that may + + align:start position:0% +whether that's the root cause that may + + + align:start position:0% +whether that's the root cause that may +actually be a a a symptom but um but + + align:start position:0% +actually be a a a symptom but um but + + + align:start position:0% +actually be a a a symptom but um but +we'll put that right on the chart so + + align:start position:0% +we'll put that right on the chart so + + + align:start position:0% +we'll put that right on the chart so +we'll we'll finish uh the morning with a + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll finish uh the morning with a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll finish uh the morning with a +with an annotated chart of the things + + align:start position:0% +with an annotated chart of the things + + + align:start position:0% +with an annotated chart of the things +that you want to fix and after lunch + + align:start position:0% +that you want to fix and after lunch + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to fix and after lunch +we're going to proceed to fix them so + + align:start position:0% +we're going to proceed to fix them so + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to proceed to fix them so +sounds like we've identified two major + + align:start position:0% +sounds like we've identified two major + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like we've identified two major +products bottleneck here and there a + + align:start position:0% +products bottleneck here and there a + + + align:start position:0% +products bottleneck here and there a +solution to get the train and then the + + align:start position:0% +solution to get the train and then the + + + align:start position:0% +solution to get the train and then the +failing equipment we got to find some + + align:start position:0% +failing equipment we got to find some + + + align:start position:0% +failing equipment we got to find some +solution for that and then those are the + + align:start position:0% +solution for that and then those are the + + + align:start position:0% +solution for that and then those are the +two main kind of long poles in the tent + + align:start position:0% +two main kind of long poles in the tent + + + align:start position:0% +two main kind of long poles in the tent +and then next level down is streamlining + + align:start position:0% +and then next level down is streamlining + + + align:start position:0% +and then next level down is streamlining +the ordering + + align:start position:0% +the ordering + + + align:start position:0% +the ordering +system and this kind of just kind of + + align:start position:0% +system and this kind of just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +system and this kind of just kind of +flow through the waiting room also + + align:start position:0% +flow through the waiting room also + + + align:start position:0% +flow through the waiting room also +optimizing the order that we get + + align:start position:0% +optimizing the order that we get + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing the order that we get +patients from the MD to the Diagnostics + + align:start position:0% +patients from the MD to the Diagnostics + + + align:start position:0% +patients from the MD to the Diagnostics +so that I can run a couple at a time so + + align:start position:0% +so that I can run a couple at a time so + + + align:start position:0% +so that I can run a couple at a time so +we're doing that yeah so we actually + + align:start position:0% +we're doing that yeah so we actually + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing that yeah so we actually +want to have this distributed waiting + + align:start position:0% +want to have this distributed waiting + + + align:start position:0% +want to have this distributed waiting +room type of thing no that is just so + + align:start position:0% +room type of thing no that is just so + + + align:start position:0% +room type of thing no that is just so +she doesn't you know like she has to + + align:start position:0% +she doesn't you know like she has to + + + align:start position:0% +she doesn't you know like she has to +pick which order she sees she's got if + + align:start position:0% +pick which order she sees she's got if + + + align:start position:0% +pick which order she sees she's got if +I'm treating a gray patient and she's + + align:start position:0% +I'm treating a gray patient and she's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm treating a gray patient and she's +got a gray patient a blue patient that + + align:start position:0% +got a gray patient a blue patient that + + + align:start position:0% +got a gray patient a blue patient that +she's trying to decide who to treat next + + align:start position:0% +she's trying to decide who to treat next + + + align:start position:0% +she's trying to decide who to treat next +pick the blue one so that I can at the + + align:start position:0% +pick the blue one so that I can at the + + + align:start position:0% +pick the blue one so that I can at the +same time so this is a visual control + + align:start position:0% +same time so this is a visual control + + + align:start position:0% +same time so this is a visual control +yeah okay okay okay cool let's talk + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay okay okay cool let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay okay okay cool let's talk +about the um the conclusions you guys + + align:start position:0% +about the um the conclusions you guys + + + align:start position:0% +about the um the conclusions you guys +came to on your root cause exercises if + + align:start position:0% +came to on your root cause exercises if + + + align:start position:0% +came to on your root cause exercises if +we could just go around and just tell me + + align:start position:0% +we could just go around and just tell me + + + align:start position:0% +we could just go around and just tell me +two things that you think are the + + align:start position:0% +two things that you think are the + + + align:start position:0% +two things that you think are the +biggest problems with your with your uh + + align:start position:0% +biggest problems with your with your uh + + + align:start position:0% +biggest problems with your with your uh +your processes from a sort of root cause + + align:start position:0% +your processes from a sort of root cause + + + align:start position:0% +your processes from a sort of root cause +perspective start back here um so our + + align:start position:0% +perspective start back here um so our + + + align:start position:0% +perspective start back here um so our +main problem was the bottleneck in the + + align:start position:0% +main problem was the bottleneck in the + + + align:start position:0% +main problem was the bottleneck in the +exam room okay so um when it boiled down + + align:start position:0% +exam room okay so um when it boiled down + + + align:start position:0% +exam room okay so um when it boiled down +to the root causes we thought it was due + + align:start position:0% +to the root causes we thought it was due + + + align:start position:0% +to the root causes we thought it was due +to triage failure so um potentially du + + align:start position:0% +to triage failure so um potentially du + + + align:start position:0% +to triage failure so um potentially du +to inadequate training + + align:start position:0% +to inadequate training + + + align:start position:0% +to inadequate training +here um as well as test failure um due + + align:start position:0% +here um as well as test failure um due + + + align:start position:0% +here um as well as test failure um due +to equipment um issues for example lack + + align:start position:0% +to equipment um issues for example lack + + + align:start position:0% +to equipment um issues for example lack +of Maintenance um more training required + + align:start position:0% +of Maintenance um more training required + + + align:start position:0% +of Maintenance um more training required +um and um a protocol that um just would + + align:start position:0% +um and um a protocol that um just would + + + align:start position:0% +um and um a protocol that um just would +make the process um less efficient right + + align:start position:0% +make the process um less efficient right + + + align:start position:0% +make the process um less efficient right +so the so the the the rework issue from + + align:start position:0% +so the so the the the rework issue from + + + align:start position:0% +so the so the the the rework issue from +uh from Diagnostics is easy to + + align:start position:0% +uh from Diagnostics is easy to + + + align:start position:0% +uh from Diagnostics is easy to +understand um what was the issue with + + align:start position:0% +understand um what was the issue with + + + align:start position:0% +understand um what was the issue with +the triage um so we potentially we're + + align:start position:0% +the triage um so we potentially we're + + + align:start position:0% +the triage um so we potentially we're +thinking that um we could start cross + + align:start position:0% +thinking that um we could start cross + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that um we could start cross +training staff between registration and + + align:start position:0% +training staff between registration and + + + align:start position:0% +training staff between registration and +triage because this might just be a step + + align:start position:0% +triage because this might just be a step + + + align:start position:0% +triage because this might just be a step +that we don't needily okay so you think + + align:start position:0% +that we don't needily okay so you think + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't needily okay so you think +there's some inefficiency there well Tri + + align:start position:0% +there's some inefficiency there well Tri + + + align:start position:0% +there's some inefficiency there well Tri +the doctor was seeing levels of care + + align:start position:0% +the doctor was seeing levels of care + + + align:start position:0% +the doctor was seeing levels of care +that were either too easy they could + + align:start position:0% +that were either too easy they could + + + align:start position:0% +that were either too easy they could +have advantaged by triage to either + + align:start position:0% +have advantaged by triage to either + + + align:start position:0% +have advantaged by triage to either +discharge to home or sent to the + + align:start position:0% +discharge to home or sent to the + + + align:start position:0% +discharge to home or sent to the +hospital without ever seeing the doctor + + align:start position:0% +hospital without ever seeing the doctor + + + align:start position:0% +hospital without ever seeing the doctor +so he could have seen fewer patients if + + align:start position:0% +so he could have seen fewer patients if + + + align:start position:0% +so he could have seen fewer patients if +triage was okay so there was there was + + align:start position:0% +triage was okay so there was there was + + + align:start position:0% +triage was okay so there was there was +triage was feeding unnecessary work to + + align:start position:0% +triage was feeding unnecessary work to + + + align:start position:0% +triage was feeding unnecessary work to +to the doctor okay um you folks what's + + align:start position:0% +to the doctor okay um you folks what's + + + align:start position:0% +to the doctor okay um you folks what's +your top + + align:start position:0% +your top + + + align:start position:0% +your top +two I think one of them is um too much + + align:start position:0% +two I think one of them is um too much + + + align:start position:0% +two I think one of them is um too much +move too much patient movement having + + align:start position:0% +move too much patient movement having + + + align:start position:0% +move too much patient movement having +them shuttle back and forth to the room + + align:start position:0% +them shuttle back and forth to the room + + + align:start position:0% +them shuttle back and forth to the room +it created a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it created a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it created a lot of +confusion kind of for all areas in that + + align:start position:0% +confusion kind of for all areas in that + + + align:start position:0% +confusion kind of for all areas in that +we didn't know where they were supposed + + align:start position:0% +we didn't know where they were supposed + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't know where they were supposed +to go next so that kind of covered + + align:start position:0% +to go next so that kind of covered + + + align:start position:0% +to go next so that kind of covered +actually a couple of them um we also had + + align:start position:0% +actually a couple of them um we also had + + + align:start position:0% +actually a couple of them um we also had +the inefficient registration + + align:start position:0% +the inefficient registration + + + align:start position:0% +the inefficient registration +triage ass system um and also um the bad + + align:start position:0% +triage ass system um and also um the bad + + + align:start position:0% +triage ass system um and also um the bad +information flow where the chart was + + align:start position:0% +information flow where the chart was + + + align:start position:0% +information flow where the chart was +getting separated from the patient going + + align:start position:0% +getting separated from the patient going + + + align:start position:0% +getting separated from the patient going +to the chart room in between each each + + align:start position:0% +to the chart room in between each each + + + align:start position:0% +to the chart room in between each each +time really one way to solve that would + + align:start position:0% +time really one way to solve that would + + + align:start position:0% +time really one way to solve that would +be keep the chart with the patient as + + align:start position:0% +be keep the chart with the patient as + + + align:start position:0% +be keep the chart with the patient as +they move through so so you so you got + + align:start position:0% +they move through so so you so you got + + + align:start position:0% +they move through so so you so you got +you focus more on the on the detractors + + align:start position:0% +you focus more on the on the detractors + + + align:start position:0% +you focus more on the on the detractors +for the for the bottleneck well as you + + align:start position:0% +for the for the bottleneck well as you + + + align:start position:0% +for the for the bottleneck well as you +guys were focusing more on the uh the + + align:start position:0% +guys were focusing more on the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +guys were focusing more on the uh the +overall process issues of of the + + align:start position:0% +overall process issues of of the + + + align:start position:0% +overall process issues of of the +confusion of having the patient move + + align:start position:0% +confusion of having the patient move + + + align:start position:0% +confusion of having the patient move +these are both valid it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +these are both valid it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +these are both valid it's interesting +that folks are getting kind of different + + align:start position:0% +that folks are getting kind of different + + + align:start position:0% +that folks are getting kind of different +uh so who wants to speak for this table + + align:start position:0% +uh so who wants to speak for this table + + + align:start position:0% +uh so who wants to speak for this table +so we also agreed with them um so I + + align:start position:0% +so we also agreed with them um so I + + + align:start position:0% +so we also agreed with them um so I +won't reiterate that point but one minor + + align:start position:0% +won't reiterate that point but one minor + + + align:start position:0% +won't reiterate that point but one minor +thing that we noticed is we had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +thing that we noticed is we had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we noticed is we had a lot of +unused capacity and Diagnostics okay and + + align:start position:0% +unused capacity and Diagnostics okay and + + + align:start position:0% +unused capacity and Diagnostics okay and +we had a backup with the physician and + + align:start position:0% +we had a backup with the physician and + + + align:start position:0% +we had a backup with the physician and +the physician didn't have a method of + + align:start position:0% +the physician didn't have a method of + + + align:start position:0% +the physician didn't have a method of +choosing which patient to see next so + + align:start position:0% +choosing which patient to see next so + + + align:start position:0% +choosing which patient to see next so +set up a signal system whereby any + + align:start position:0% +set up a signal system whereby any + + + align:start position:0% +set up a signal system whereby any +unused um device um would kind of be + + align:start position:0% +unused um device um would kind of be + + + align:start position:0% +unused um device um would kind of be +sent in front of the eyes of the + + align:start position:0% +sent in front of the eyes of the + + + align:start position:0% +sent in front of the eyes of the +physician so that she could pick the + + align:start position:0% +physician so that she could pick the + + + align:start position:0% +physician so that she could pick the +right patient to see next and S right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so looking at the sort of outflow + + align:start position:0% +that so looking at the sort of outflow + + + align:start position:0% +that so looking at the sort of outflow +from the from the The Physician um + + align:start position:0% +from the from the The Physician um + + + align:start position:0% +from the from the The Physician um +making sure the patients didn't have to + + align:start position:0% +making sure the patients didn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +making sure the patients didn't have to +wait on the the other end as well yeah + + align:start position:0% +wait on the the other end as well yeah + + + align:start position:0% +wait on the the other end as well yeah +that's a really good instance of pull + + align:start position:0% +that's a really good instance of pull + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really good instance of pull +yes okay you can see where the what the + + align:start position:0% +yes okay you can see where the what the + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay you can see where the what the +Diagnostics could use and they really + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics could use and they really + + + align:start position:0% +Diagnostics could use and they really +have something set up like a almost like + + align:start position:0% +have something set up like a almost like + + + align:start position:0% +have something set up like a almost like +a con Bond it's almost like a PO con + + align:start position:0% +a con Bond it's almost like a PO con + + + align:start position:0% +a con Bond it's almost like a PO con +Bond yep that uh yeah the patient is + + align:start position:0% +Bond yep that uh yeah the patient is + + + align:start position:0% +Bond yep that uh yeah the patient is +pulled into diagnostic based on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +availability for \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dO1aqPBJCPg.txt b/dO1aqPBJCPg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fb8081e205f534709c954930d38d10ab2706cef --- /dev/null +++ b/dO1aqPBJCPg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +well so far we've invented enough + + align:start position:0% +well so far we've invented enough + + + align:start position:0% +well so far we've invented enough +programming to do some very complicated + + align:start position:0% +programming to do some very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +programming to do some very complicated +things and you've certainly learned a + + align:start position:0% +things and you've certainly learned a + + + align:start position:0% +things and you've certainly learned a +lot about programming at this point + + align:start position:0% +lot about programming at this point + + + align:start position:0% +lot about programming at this point +you've learned almost all the most + + align:start position:0% +you've learned almost all the most + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned almost all the most +important tricks that usually don't get + + align:start position:0% +important tricks that usually don't get + + + align:start position:0% +important tricks that usually don't get +taught into people until they've have a + + align:start position:0% +taught into people until they've have a + + + align:start position:0% +taught into people until they've have a +lot of experience for example data + + align:start position:0% +lot of experience for example data + + + align:start position:0% +lot of experience for example data +directed programming is a a major trick + + align:start position:0% +directed programming is a a major trick + + + align:start position:0% +directed programming is a a major trick +and yesterday you also saw an + + align:start position:0% +and yesterday you also saw an + + + align:start position:0% +and yesterday you also saw an +interpreted language we did this all in + + align:start position:0% +interpreted language we did this all in + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted language we did this all in +a computer language at this point where + + align:start position:0% +a computer language at this point where + + + align:start position:0% +a computer language at this point where +there was no assignment statement and + + align:start position:0% +there was no assignment statement and + + + align:start position:0% +there was no assignment statement and +presumably for those of you who've seen + + align:start position:0% +presumably for those of you who've seen + + + align:start position:0% +presumably for those of you who've seen +your basic or Pascal or whatever that's + + align:start position:0% +your basic or Pascal or whatever that's + + + align:start position:0% +your basic or Pascal or whatever that's +usually considered the most important + + align:start position:0% +usually considered the most important + + + align:start position:0% +usually considered the most important +thing well today we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +thing well today we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +thing well today we're going to do +something horrible we're gonna add an + + align:start position:0% +something horrible we're gonna add an + + + align:start position:0% +something horrible we're gonna add an +assignment statement and since we could + + align:start position:0% +assignment statement and since we could + + + align:start position:0% +assignment statement and since we could +do all these wonderful things without it + + align:start position:0% +do all these wonderful things without it + + + align:start position:0% +do all these wonderful things without it +why should we add it an important thing + + align:start position:0% +why should we add it an important thing + + + align:start position:0% +why should we add it an important thing +to understand is that today we're going + + align:start position:0% +to understand is that today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +to understand is that today we're going +to first of all have a rule which is + + align:start position:0% +to first of all have a rule which is + + + align:start position:0% +to first of all have a rule which is +going to always be obeyed which is the + + align:start position:0% +going to always be obeyed which is the + + + align:start position:0% +going to always be obeyed which is the +only reason we ever add a feature to our + + align:start position:0% +only reason we ever add a feature to our + + + align:start position:0% +only reason we ever add a feature to our +language it's because there's a good + + align:start position:0% +language it's because there's a good + + + align:start position:0% +language it's because there's a good +reason and the good reason is going to + + align:start position:0% +reason and the good reason is going to + + + align:start position:0% +reason and the good reason is going to +boil down to the ability you now get an + + align:start position:0% +boil down to the ability you now get an + + + align:start position:0% +boil down to the ability you now get an +ability to break a problem into pieces + + align:start position:0% +ability to break a problem into pieces + + + align:start position:0% +ability to break a problem into pieces +there are different sets of pieces than + + align:start position:0% +there are different sets of pieces than + + + align:start position:0% +there are different sets of pieces than +you could have broken it down without + + align:start position:0% +you could have broken it down without + + + align:start position:0% +you could have broken it down without +that give you another means of + + align:start position:0% +that give you another means of + + + align:start position:0% +that give you another means of +decomposition however let's just start + + align:start position:0% +decomposition however let's just start + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition however let's just start +let me begin by reviewing the kind of + + align:start position:0% +let me begin by reviewing the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +let me begin by reviewing the kind of +language that we that we have now we've + + align:start position:0% +language that we that we have now we've + + + align:start position:0% +language that we that we have now we've +been writing what's called functional + + align:start position:0% +been writing what's called functional + + + align:start position:0% +been writing what's called functional +programs and functional programs are a + + align:start position:0% +programs and functional programs are a + + + align:start position:0% +programs and functional programs are a +kind of encoding of mathematical truths + + align:start position:0% +kind of encoding of mathematical truths + + + align:start position:0% +kind of encoding of mathematical truths +for example when we look at the + + align:start position:0% +for example when we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +for example when we look at the +factorial procedure that you see on the + + align:start position:0% +factorial procedure that you see on the + + + align:start position:0% +factorial procedure that you see on the +slide here it's basically two clauses if + + align:start position:0% +slide here it's basically two clauses if + + + align:start position:0% +slide here it's basically two clauses if +n is 1 the result is 1 otherwise n n + + align:start position:0% +n is 1 the result is 1 otherwise n n + + + align:start position:0% +n is 1 the result is 1 otherwise n n +times factorial and minus 1 that's + + align:start position:0% +times factorial and minus 1 that's + + + align:start position:0% +times factorial and minus 1 that's +factorial of n well that is factorial of + + align:start position:0% +factorial of n well that is factorial of + + + align:start position:0% +factorial of n well that is factorial of +n and written down in some other obscure + + align:start position:0% +n and written down in some other obscure + + + align:start position:0% +n and written down in some other obscure +notation that you might have learned in + + align:start position:0% +notation that you might have learned in + + + align:start position:0% +notation that you might have learned in +in calculus classes mathematical logic + + align:start position:0% +in calculus classes mathematical logic + + + align:start position:0% +in calculus classes mathematical logic +what you see there is if N equals 1 the + + align:start position:0% +what you see there is if N equals 1 the + + + align:start position:0% +what you see there is if N equals 1 the +result a friend factorial is 1 otherwise + + align:start position:0% +result a friend factorial is 1 otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +result a friend factorial is 1 otherwise +greater than + + align:start position:0% +greater than + + + align:start position:0% +greater than +in fact URLs n times n minus 1 factorial + + align:start position:0% +in fact URLs n times n minus 1 factorial + + + align:start position:0% +in fact URLs n times n minus 1 factorial +true statements that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +true statements that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +true statements that's the kind of +language we've been using and whenever + + align:start position:0% +language we've been using and whenever + + + align:start position:0% +language we've been using and whenever +we have true statements of that sort + + align:start position:0% +we have true statements of that sort + + + align:start position:0% +we have true statements of that sort +there's a kind of way of understanding + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of way of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of way of understanding +how they work which is that such + + align:start position:0% +how they work which is that such + + + align:start position:0% +how they work which is that such +processes can be evolved by substitution + + align:start position:0% +processes can be evolved by substitution + + + align:start position:0% +processes can be evolved by substitution +as we see on the second slide here that + + align:start position:0% +as we see on the second slide here that + + + align:start position:0% +as we see on the second slide here that +the way we understand the execution + + align:start position:0% +the way we understand the execution + + + align:start position:0% +the way we understand the execution +implied by those statements in range in + + align:start position:0% +implied by those statements in range in + + + align:start position:0% +implied by those statements in range in +that order is that you subdue successive + + align:start position:0% +that order is that you subdue successive + + + align:start position:0% +that order is that you subdue successive +substitutions of arguments for formal + + align:start position:0% +substitutions of arguments for formal + + + align:start position:0% +substitutions of arguments for formal +parameters in the body of a of a + + align:start position:0% +parameters in the body of a of a + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in the body of a of a +procedure these all set is basically a + + align:start position:0% +procedure these all set is basically a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure these all set is basically a +sequence of equality's factorial four is + + align:start position:0% +sequence of equality's factorial four is + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of equality's factorial four is +four times factorial 3 that is four + + align:start position:0% +four times factorial 3 that is four + + + align:start position:0% +four times factorial 3 that is four +times three times factorial of 2 and so + + align:start position:0% +times three times factorial of 2 and so + + + align:start position:0% +times three times factorial of 2 and so +on we're always preserving truth now + + align:start position:0% +on we're always preserving truth now + + + align:start position:0% +on we're always preserving truth now +even in this even though we're talking + + align:start position:0% +even in this even though we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +even in this even though we're talking +about true statements there might be + + align:start position:0% +about true statements there might be + + + align:start position:0% +about true statements there might be +more than one organization of these true + + align:start position:0% +more than one organization of these true + + + align:start position:0% +more than one organization of these true +statements to describe the computation + + align:start position:0% +statements to describe the computation + + + align:start position:0% +statements to describe the computation +of a particular function the computation + + align:start position:0% +of a particular function the computation + + + align:start position:0% +of a particular function the computation +of the value of a particular function so + + align:start position:0% +of the value of a particular function so + + + align:start position:0% +of the value of a particular function so +for example looking at the next one here + + align:start position:0% +for example looking at the next one here + + + align:start position:0% +for example looking at the next one here +here's a way of looking at the sum if + + align:start position:0% +here's a way of looking at the sum if + + + align:start position:0% +here's a way of looking at the sum if +you look at the sum of n m ok and we did + + align:start position:0% +you look at the sum of n m ok and we did + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the sum of n m ok and we did +this one by a recursive process + + align:start position:0% +this one by a recursive process + + + align:start position:0% +this one by a recursive process +it's the increment of the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +it's the increment of the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the increment of the sum of the +decrement of N and M and of course there + + align:start position:0% +decrement of N and M and of course there + + + align:start position:0% +decrement of N and M and of course there +is some piece of mathematical logic here + + align:start position:0% +is some piece of mathematical logic here + + + align:start position:0% +is some piece of mathematical logic here +that describes that it's the increment + + align:start position:0% +that describes that it's the increment + + + align:start position:0% +that describes that it's the increment +of the sum of the decrement of N and M + + align:start position:0% +of the sum of the decrement of N and M + + + align:start position:0% +of the sum of the decrement of N and M +just like that there's nothing nothing + + align:start position:0% +just like that there's nothing nothing + + + align:start position:0% +just like that there's nothing nothing +particularly magic about that and of + + align:start position:0% +particularly magic about that and of + + + align:start position:0% +particularly magic about that and of +course if we can also look at an + + align:start position:0% +course if we can also look at an + + + align:start position:0% +course if we can also look at an +iterative process for the same program + + align:start position:0% +iterative process for the same program + + + align:start position:0% +iterative process for the same program +that involves an iterative process for + + align:start position:0% +that involves an iterative process for + + + align:start position:0% +that involves an iterative process for +the same function these are two things + + align:start position:0% +the same function these are two things + + + align:start position:0% +the same function these are two things +that compute the same van't answer and + + align:start position:0% +that compute the same van't answer and + + + align:start position:0% +that compute the same van't answer and +we have equivalent mathematical truths + + align:start position:0% +we have equivalent mathematical truths + + + align:start position:0% +we have equivalent mathematical truths +that are arranged there + + align:start position:0% +that are arranged there + + + align:start position:0% +that are arranged there +and just the way you arrange those + + align:start position:0% +and just the way you arrange those + + + align:start position:0% +and just the way you arrange those +truths determine the particular process + + align:start position:0% +truths determine the particular process + + + align:start position:0% +truths determine the particular process +or the way you choose and arrange them + + align:start position:0% +or the way you choose and arrange them + + + align:start position:0% +or the way you choose and arrange them +in terms of the process it's evolved so + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the process it's evolved so + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the process it's evolved so +we have the flexibility of talking about + + align:start position:0% +we have the flexibility of talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we have the flexibility of talking about +both the function to be computed and the + + align:start position:0% +both the function to be computed and the + + + align:start position:0% +both the function to be computed and the +method by which it's computed there's + + align:start position:0% +method by which it's computed there's + + + align:start position:0% +method by which it's computed there's +not clear we want we'd need more + + align:start position:0% +not clear we want we'd need more + + + align:start position:0% +not clear we want we'd need more +however today I'm going to do this awful + + align:start position:0% +however today I'm going to do this awful + + + align:start position:0% +however today I'm going to do this awful +thing I'm going to introduce this + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to introduce this + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to introduce this +assignment operation now what is this + + align:start position:0% +assignment operation now what is this + + + align:start position:0% +assignment operation now what is this +well first of all there's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +well first of all there's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +well first of all there's going to be a +another kind of kind of statement if you + + align:start position:0% +another kind of kind of statement if you + + + align:start position:0% +another kind of kind of statement if you +will in a programming language called + + align:start position:0% +will in a programming language called + + + align:start position:0% +will in a programming language called +set and set things that do things like + + align:start position:0% +set and set things that do things like + + + align:start position:0% +set and set things that do things like +assignment I'm going to put exclamation + + align:start position:0% +assignment I'm going to put exclamation + + + align:start position:0% +assignment I'm going to put exclamation +points after we'll talk about what that + + align:start position:0% +points after we'll talk about what that + + + align:start position:0% +points after we'll talk about what that +means in a second the exclamation point + + align:start position:0% +means in a second the exclamation point + + + align:start position:0% +means in a second the exclamation point +again like question mark is an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +again like question mark is an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +again like question mark is an arbitrary +thing we attach to the symbol which is + + align:start position:0% +thing we attach to the symbol which is + + + align:start position:0% +thing we attach to the symbol which is +the name has no significance to the + + align:start position:0% +the name has no significance to the + + + align:start position:0% +the name has no significance to the +system the only significance is to me + + align:start position:0% +system the only significance is to me + + + align:start position:0% +system the only significance is to me +and you to alert you that this is an + + align:start position:0% +and you to alert you that this is an + + + align:start position:0% +and you to alert you that this is an +assignment of some sort but we're going + + align:start position:0% +assignment of some sort but we're going + + + align:start position:0% +assignment of some sort but we're going +to set a variable to a value and what + + align:start position:0% +to set a variable to a value and what + + + align:start position:0% +to set a variable to a value and what +that's going to mean is that there is a + + align:start position:0% +that's going to mean is that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to mean is that there is a +time at which something happens there's + + align:start position:0% +time at which something happens there's + + + align:start position:0% +time at which something happens there's +a time if I have time going this way + + align:start position:0% +a time if I have time going this way + + + align:start position:0% +a time if I have time going this way +it's the time axis time progresses by + + align:start position:0% +it's the time axis time progresses by + + + align:start position:0% +it's the time axis time progresses by +walking down the page then an assignment + + align:start position:0% +walking down the page then an assignment + + + align:start position:0% +walking down the page then an assignment +is the first thing we have that produces + + align:start position:0% +is the first thing we have that produces + + + align:start position:0% +is the first thing we have that produces +the difference between before and after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all of the other programs that we've + + align:start position:0% +all of the other programs that we've + + + align:start position:0% +all of the other programs that we've +written that have no assignments in them + + align:start position:0% +written that have no assignments in them + + + align:start position:0% +written that have no assignments in them +the order in which they were evaluated + + align:start position:0% +the order in which they were evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +the order in which they were evaluated +didn't matter but assignment is special + + align:start position:0% +didn't matter but assignment is special + + + align:start position:0% +didn't matter but assignment is special +it produces a moment in time so there is + + align:start position:0% +it produces a moment in time so there is + + + align:start position:0% +it produces a moment in time so there is +a moment before the time and then the + + align:start position:0% +a moment before the time and then the + + + align:start position:0% +a moment before the time and then the +set occurs and after such that such that + + align:start position:0% +set occurs and after such that such that + + + align:start position:0% +set occurs and after such that such that +after this moment in time the variable + + align:start position:0% +after this moment in time the variable + + + align:start position:0% +after this moment in time the variable +has the value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +value independent of what value it had + + align:start position:0% +value independent of what value it had + + + align:start position:0% +value independent of what value it had +before set changes the value of the + + align:start position:0% +before set changes the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +before set changes the value of the +variable until this moment we had + + align:start position:0% +variable until this moment we had + + + align:start position:0% +variable until this moment we had +nothing that changed so for example one + + align:start position:0% +nothing that changed so for example one + + + align:start position:0% +nothing that changed so for example one +of the things we could think of is that + + align:start position:0% +of the things we could think of is that + + + align:start position:0% +of the things we could think of is that +the procedures we write for something + + align:start position:0% +the procedures we write for something + + + align:start position:0% +the procedures we write for something +like factorial are in fact pretty much + + align:start position:0% +like factorial are in fact pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +like factorial are in fact pretty much +denticles to the function factorial + + align:start position:0% +denticles to the function factorial + + + align:start position:0% +denticles to the function factorial +factorial of 4 if I write FA CT for + + align:start position:0% +factorial of 4 if I write FA CT for + + + align:start position:0% +factorial of 4 if I write FA CT for +independent of what context it's in and + + align:start position:0% +independent of what context it's in and + + + align:start position:0% +independent of what context it's in and +independent of how many times I write it + + align:start position:0% +independent of how many times I write it + + + align:start position:0% +independent of how many times I write it +I always get the same answer it's always + + align:start position:0% +I always get the same answer it's always + + + align:start position:0% +I always get the same answer it's always +24 it's a unique map from the argument + + align:start position:0% +24 it's a unique map from the argument + + + align:start position:0% +24 it's a unique map from the argument +to the answer and all the programs we've + + align:start position:0% +to the answer and all the programs we've + + + align:start position:0% +to the answer and all the programs we've +written so far are like that however + + align:start position:0% +written so far are like that however + + + align:start position:0% +written so far are like that however +once I have assignment that isn't true + + align:start position:0% +once I have assignment that isn't true + + + align:start position:0% +once I have assignment that isn't true +so for example if I were to define count + + align:start position:0% +so for example if I were to define count + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if I were to define count +to be 1 and then I'm going to define + + align:start position:0% +to be 1 and then I'm going to define + + + align:start position:0% +to be 1 and then I'm going to define +also a procedure simple procedure called + + align:start position:0% +also a procedure simple procedure called + + + align:start position:0% +also a procedure simple procedure called +demo which takes an argument X and + + align:start position:0% +demo which takes an argument X and + + + align:start position:0% +demo which takes an argument X and +doesn't the following operations it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't the following operations it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't the following operations it +first sets X to X plus 1 my gosh this + + align:start position:0% +first sets X to X plus 1 my gosh this + + + align:start position:0% +first sets X to X plus 1 my gosh this +looks just like Fortran right + + align:start position:0% +looks just like Fortran right + + + align:start position:0% +looks just like Fortran right +in a funny syntax and then add to X + + align:start position:0% +in a funny syntax and then add to X + + + align:start position:0% +in a funny syntax and then add to X +count oh I just made a mistake I want to + + align:start position:0% +count oh I just made a mistake I want to + + + align:start position:0% +count oh I just made a mistake I want to +say set count to 1 plus count + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's this thing to find here and I set + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing to find here and I set + + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing to find here and I set +it last X count then I can try this + + align:start position:0% +it last X count then I can try this + + + align:start position:0% +it last X count then I can try this +procedure let's run it so supposing in a + + align:start position:0% +procedure let's run it so supposing in a + + + align:start position:0% +procedure let's run it so supposing in a +prompt and I say demo of three well what + + align:start position:0% +prompt and I say demo of three well what + + + align:start position:0% +prompt and I say demo of three well what +happens here the first thing that + + align:start position:0% +happens here the first thing that + + + align:start position:0% +happens here the first thing that +happens is count is currently one + + align:start position:0% +happens is count is currently one + + + align:start position:0% +happens is count is currently one +currently there's a time I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +currently there's a time I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +currently there's a time I'm talking +about time X gets three at this moment I + + align:start position:0% +about time X gets three at this moment I + + + align:start position:0% +about time X gets three at this moment I +say oh yes count is incremented so count + + align:start position:0% +say oh yes count is incremented so count + + + align:start position:0% +say oh yes count is incremented so count +is two two plus three is five so the + + align:start position:0% +is two two plus three is five so the + + + align:start position:0% +is two two plus three is five so the +answer I get adds five then I say demo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll say three again okay and what do I + + align:start position:0% +I'll say three again okay and what do I + + + align:start position:0% +I'll say three again okay and what do I +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +well now count this - it's not one + + align:start position:0% +well now count this - it's not one + + + align:start position:0% +well now count this - it's not one +anymore because I've incremented it but + + align:start position:0% +anymore because I've incremented it but + + + align:start position:0% +anymore because I've incremented it but +now I go through this process three goes + + align:start position:0% +now I go through this process three goes + + + align:start position:0% +now I go through this process three goes +into X count becomes one plus count so + + align:start position:0% +into X count becomes one plus count so + + + align:start position:0% +into X count becomes one plus count so +that's three now the sum of those two is + + align:start position:0% +that's three now the sum of those two is + + + align:start position:0% +that's three now the sum of those two is +six + + align:start position:0% +six + + + align:start position:0% +six +so the answer is six and what we see is + + align:start position:0% +so the answer is six and what we see is + + + align:start position:0% +so the answer is six and what we see is +the same expression leads to two + + align:start position:0% +the same expression leads to two + + + align:start position:0% +the same expression leads to two +different answers depending upon time so + + align:start position:0% +different answers depending upon time so + + + align:start position:0% +different answers depending upon time so +demo is not a function does not compute + + align:start position:0% +demo is not a function does not compute + + + align:start position:0% +demo is not a function does not compute +a mathematical function in fact you + + align:start position:0% +a mathematical function in fact you + + + align:start position:0% +a mathematical function in fact you +could also see why now of course this is + + align:start position:0% +could also see why now of course this is + + + align:start position:0% +could also see why now of course this is +the first place where the substitution + + align:start position:0% +the first place where the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +the first place where the substitution +model isn't going to work this kills the + + align:start position:0% +model isn't going to work this kills the + + + align:start position:0% +model isn't going to work this kills the +substitution model dead you know with + + align:start position:0% +substitution model dead you know with + + + align:start position:0% +substitution model dead you know with +quotation there were some little + + align:start position:0% +quotation there were some little + + + align:start position:0% +quotation there were some little +problems that a philosopher might notice + + align:start position:0% +problems that a philosopher might notice + + + align:start position:0% +problems that a philosopher might notice +ok with the substitutions because you + + align:start position:0% +ok with the substitutions because you + + + align:start position:0% +ok with the substitutions because you +have to worry about what deductions you + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about what deductions you + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about what deductions you +can make when you substitute into quotes + + align:start position:0% +can make when you substitute into quotes + + + align:start position:0% +can make when you substitute into quotes +if you're allowed to do that at all but + + align:start position:0% +if you're allowed to do that at all but + + + align:start position:0% +if you're allowed to do that at all but +here the substitution model is dead + + align:start position:0% +here the substitution model is dead + + + align:start position:0% +here the substitution model is dead +can't do anything at all because + + align:start position:0% +can't do anything at all because + + + align:start position:0% +can't do anything at all because +supposing I wanted to use a substitution + + align:start position:0% +supposing I wanted to use a substitution + + + align:start position:0% +supposing I wanted to use a substitution +model to consider substituting for count + + align:start position:0% +model to consider substituting for count + + + align:start position:0% +model to consider substituting for count +well by gosh if I substitute for here + + align:start position:0% +well by gosh if I substitute for here + + + align:start position:0% +well by gosh if I substitute for here +and here okay there are different ones + + align:start position:0% +and here okay there are different ones + + + align:start position:0% +and here okay there are different ones +it's not the same count anymore I get + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same count anymore I get + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same count anymore I get +the wrong answer substitution model is a + + align:start position:0% +the wrong answer substitution model is a + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong answer substitution model is a +static phenomenon that describes things + + align:start position:0% +static phenomenon that describes things + + + align:start position:0% +static phenomenon that describes things +that are true and not things that change + + align:start position:0% +that are true and not things that change + + + align:start position:0% +that are true and not things that change +here we have truths that change okay + + align:start position:0% +here we have truths that change okay + + + align:start position:0% +here we have truths that change okay +well before I give you any any + + align:start position:0% +well before I give you any any + + + align:start position:0% +well before I give you any any +understanding of this this is very bad + + align:start position:0% +understanding of this this is very bad + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of this this is very bad +now we've lost our model of computation + + align:start position:0% +now we've lost our model of computation + + + align:start position:0% +now we've lost our model of computation +and pretty soon I'm gonna have to build + + align:start position:0% +and pretty soon I'm gonna have to build + + + align:start position:0% +and pretty soon I'm gonna have to build +you a new model of computation because + + align:start position:0% +you a new model of computation because + + + align:start position:0% +you a new model of computation because +but let's play with this just now in an + + align:start position:0% +but let's play with this just now in an + + + align:start position:0% +but let's play with this just now in an +informal sense of course what you + + align:start position:0% +informal sense of course what you + + + align:start position:0% +informal sense of course what you +already see is that when I have + + align:start position:0% +already see is that when I have + + + align:start position:0% +already see is that when I have +something like assignment the model that + + align:start position:0% +something like assignment the model that + + + align:start position:0% +something like assignment the model that +we're going to need is different from + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need is different from + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need is different from +the model that we had before in that the + + align:start position:0% +the model that we had before in that the + + + align:start position:0% +the model that we had before in that the +variables those symbols like count or X + + align:start position:0% +variables those symbols like count or X + + + align:start position:0% +variables those symbols like count or X +are no longer going to refer to the + + align:start position:0% +are no longer going to refer to the + + + align:start position:0% +are no longer going to refer to the +values they have but rather to some sort + + align:start position:0% +values they have but rather to some sort + + + align:start position:0% +values they have but rather to some sort +of place where the value is stored we're + + align:start position:0% +of place where the value is stored we're + + + align:start position:0% +of place where the value is stored we're +gonna have to think that way for a while + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to think that way for a while + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to think that way for a while +it's going to be a very bad thing and + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a very bad thing and + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a very bad thing and +cost a lot of trouble and so we're as I + + align:start position:0% +cost a lot of trouble and so we're as I + + + align:start position:0% +cost a lot of trouble and so we're as I +said the very fact that we're inventing + + align:start position:0% +said the very fact that we're inventing + + + align:start position:0% +said the very fact that we're inventing +this bad thing means that there had + + align:start position:0% +this bad thing means that there had + + + align:start position:0% +this bad thing means that there had +better be a good reason for it otherwise + + align:start position:0% +better be a good reason for it otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +better be a good reason for it otherwise +just a waste of time and a lot of effort + + align:start position:0% +just a waste of time and a lot of effort + + + align:start position:0% +just a waste of time and a lot of effort +let's just look at some of it though + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at some of it though + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look at some of it though +just to play supposing we write down the + + align:start position:0% +just to play supposing we write down the + + + align:start position:0% +just to play supposing we write down the +functional version functional meaning in + + align:start position:0% +functional version functional meaning in + + + align:start position:0% +functional version functional meaning in +the old style okay a factorial by an + + align:start position:0% +the old style okay a factorial by an + + + align:start position:0% +the old style okay a factorial by an +iterative process factorial of an I'm + + align:start position:0% +iterative process factorial of an I'm + + + align:start position:0% +iterative process factorial of an I'm +going to iterate M and I which says if I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is greater than n then the result is M + + align:start position:0% +is greater than n then the result is M + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than n then the result is M +otherwise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's the result of iterating the product + + align:start position:0% +it's the result of iterating the product + + + align:start position:0% +it's the result of iterating the product +of I and M so M is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +of I and M so M is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +of I and M so M is going to be the +product I'm accumulating M is the + + align:start position:0% +product I'm accumulating M is the + + + align:start position:0% +product I'm accumulating M is the +product okay and the count I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +product okay and the count I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +product okay and the count I'm going to +increase by 1 plus inner else kind of + + align:start position:0% +increase by 1 plus inner else kind of + + + align:start position:0% +increase by 1 plus inner else kind of +fine I'm going to start this up and + + align:start position:0% +fine I'm going to start this up and + + + align:start position:0% +fine I'm going to start this up and +these days you should have no trouble + + align:start position:0% +these days you should have no trouble + + + align:start position:0% +these days you should have no trouble +reading something like this what I have + + align:start position:0% +reading something like this what I have + + + align:start position:0% +reading something like this what I have +here is a product being accumulated and + + align:start position:0% +here is a product being accumulated and + + + align:start position:0% +here is a product being accumulated and +a counter and I start them up both at + + align:start position:0% +a counter and I start them up both at + + + align:start position:0% +a counter and I start them up both at +one I'm gonna buzz the counter up I goes + + align:start position:0% +one I'm gonna buzz the counter up I goes + + + align:start position:0% +one I'm gonna buzz the counter up I goes +to I plus 1 every time around but that's + + align:start position:0% +to I plus 1 every time around but that's + + + align:start position:0% +to I plus 1 every time around but that's +only we're putting a time on the process + + align:start position:0% +only we're putting a time on the process + + + align:start position:0% +only we're putting a time on the process +each of this is just enough truths true + + align:start position:0% +each of this is just enough truths true + + + align:start position:0% +each of this is just enough truths true +rules and M is going to get you getting + + align:start position:0% +rules and M is going to get you getting + + + align:start position:0% +rules and M is going to get you getting +new values of I and M times M each time + + align:start position:0% +new values of I and M times M each time + + + align:start position:0% +new values of I and M times M each time +around and eventually I is going to be + + align:start position:0% +around and eventually I is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +around and eventually I is going to be +bigger than n in which case the answer + + align:start position:0% +bigger than n in which case the answer + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than n in which case the answer +is going to be M now I'm speaking to you + + align:start position:0% +is going to be M now I'm speaking to you + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be M now I'm speaking to you +use time in this that's because I know + + align:start position:0% +use time in this that's because I know + + + align:start position:0% +use time in this that's because I know +how the computer works but I didn't have + + align:start position:0% +how the computer works but I didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +how the computer works but I didn't have +to this could be a purely mathematical + + align:start position:0% +to this could be a purely mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +to this could be a purely mathematical +description at this point because + + align:start position:0% +description at this point because + + + align:start position:0% +description at this point because +substitution will work for this but + + align:start position:0% +substitution will work for this but + + + align:start position:0% +substitution will work for this but +let's not write down a similar sort of + + align:start position:0% +let's not write down a similar sort of + + + align:start position:0% +let's not write down a similar sort of +program doing using the same algorithm + + align:start position:0% +program doing using the same algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +program doing using the same algorithm +but with a with assignments this is + + align:start position:0% +but with a with assignments this is + + + align:start position:0% +but with a with assignments this is +called a functional version + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want to write down an imperative + + align:start position:0% +I want to write down an imperative + + + align:start position:0% +I want to write down an imperative +version after ill then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +version after ill then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +version after ill then I'm going to +create my two variables that I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +initialize itself to one and M be + + align:start position:0% +initialize itself to one and M be + + + align:start position:0% +initialize itself to one and M be +initialized to 1 + + align:start position:0% +initialized to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +initialized to 1 +similar we'll create a loop which has + + align:start position:0% +similar we'll create a loop which has + + + align:start position:0% +similar we'll create a loop which has +kind greater than I and if I is greater + + align:start position:0% +kind greater than I and if I is greater + + + align:start position:0% +kind greater than I and if I is greater +than n we're done and the result is M + + align:start position:0% +than n we're done and the result is M + + + align:start position:0% +than n we're done and the result is M +the product I'm accumulating otherwise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to write down three things to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write down three things to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write down three things to +do I'm going to set m to the product of + + align:start position:0% +do I'm going to set m to the product of + + + align:start position:0% +do I'm going to set m to the product of +I and M set I I to the sum of I and 1 + + align:start position:0% +I and M set I I to the sum of I and 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I and M set I I to the sum of I and 1 +and go around the loop again looks very + + align:start position:0% +and go around the loop again looks very + + + align:start position:0% +and go around the loop again looks very +familiar to you + + align:start position:0% +familiar to you + + + align:start position:0% +familiar to you +Fortran programmers else + + align:start position:0% +Fortran programmers else + + + align:start position:0% +Fortran programmers else +kondeh find funny syntax though start to + + align:start position:0% +kondeh find funny syntax though start to + + + align:start position:0% +kondeh find funny syntax though start to +loop up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that's the program now this + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the program now this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the program now this +program how do we think about it let's + + align:start position:0% +program how do we think about it let's + + + align:start position:0% +program how do we think about it let's +just say what we're seeing here there + + align:start position:0% +just say what we're seeing here there + + + align:start position:0% +just say what we're seeing here there +are two local variables a and M that + + align:start position:0% +are two local variables a and M that + + + align:start position:0% +are two local variables a and M that +have been analyzed - one okay every time + + align:start position:0% +have been analyzed - one okay every time + + + align:start position:0% +have been analyzed - one okay every time +I lie on the loop I test to see if AI is + + align:start position:0% +I lie on the loop I test to see if AI is + + + align:start position:0% +I lie on the loop I test to see if AI is +greater than n which is the input + + align:start position:0% +greater than n which is the input + + + align:start position:0% +greater than n which is the input +argument and if so the result is the + + align:start position:0% +argument and if so the result is the + + + align:start position:0% +argument and if so the result is the +product being accumulator to them + + align:start position:0% +product being accumulator to them + + + align:start position:0% +product being accumulator to them +however if it's not the end of the loop + + align:start position:0% +however if it's not the end of the loop + + + align:start position:0% +however if it's not the end of the loop +if I'm done if I'm not done then what + + align:start position:0% +if I'm done if I'm not done then what + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm done if I'm not done then what +I'm going to do is change the product to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is change the product to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do is change the product to +be the result of multiplying I times the + + align:start position:0% +be the result of multiplying I times the + + + align:start position:0% +be the result of multiplying I times the +current product we just sort of what we + + align:start position:0% +current product we just sort of what we + + + align:start position:0% +current product we just sort of what we +were doing here so here I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +were doing here so here I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +were doing here so here I wasn't +changing I was making another copy + + align:start position:0% +changing I was making another copy + + + align:start position:0% +changing I was making another copy +because the substitution model says you + + align:start position:0% +because the substitution model says you + + + align:start position:0% +because the substitution model says you +copy the body of the procedure with the + + align:start position:0% +copy the body of the procedure with the + + + align:start position:0% +copy the body of the procedure with the +argument substituted for the formal + + align:start position:0% +argument substituted for the formal + + + align:start position:0% +argument substituted for the formal +parameters here I'm not worrying about + + align:start position:0% +parameters here I'm not worrying about + + + align:start position:0% +parameters here I'm not worrying about +copying here I've changed the value of M + + align:start position:0% +copying here I've changed the value of M + + + align:start position:0% +copying here I've changed the value of M +I also then change the value of I to I + + align:start position:0% +I also then change the value of I to I + + + align:start position:0% +I also then change the value of I to I +plus 1 and go buzzing around seems like + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 and go buzzing around seems like + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 and go buzzing around seems like +it's essentially the same program but + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially the same program but + + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially the same program but +there are some ways of making errors + + align:start position:0% +there are some ways of making errors + + + align:start position:0% +there are some ways of making errors +here that didn't exist until today for + + align:start position:0% +here that didn't exist until today for + + + align:start position:0% +here that didn't exist until today for +example if I were to do the horrible + + align:start position:0% +example if I were to do the horrible + + + align:start position:0% +example if I were to do the horrible +thing of right not being careful and + + align:start position:0% +thing of right not being careful and + + + align:start position:0% +thing of right not being careful and +writing my program and interchange those + + align:start position:0% +writing my program and interchange those + + + align:start position:0% +writing my program and interchange those +two assignments the program we can + + align:start position:0% +two assignments the program we can + + + align:start position:0% +two assignments the program we can +compute the same function I get a timing + + align:start position:0% +compute the same function I get a timing + + + align:start position:0% +compute the same function I get a timing +error because this is a dependency that + + align:start position:0% +error because this is a dependency that + + + align:start position:0% +error because this is a dependency that +M depends upon having the last value of + + align:start position:0% +M depends upon having the last value of + + + align:start position:0% +M depends upon having the last value of +I if I try and change I first then I've + + align:start position:0% +I if I try and change I first then I've + + + align:start position:0% +I if I try and change I first then I've +got the wrong value of y when I'm + + align:start position:0% +got the wrong value of y when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +got the wrong value of y when I'm +multiplied by M that's a bug that wasn't + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by M that's a bug that wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by M that's a bug that wasn't +available until this moment so we + + align:start position:0% +available until this moment so we + + + align:start position:0% +available until this moment so we +introduced something that had time in it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so as I said first we need a new model + + align:start position:0% +so as I said first we need a new model + + + align:start position:0% +so as I said first we need a new model +of computation and second we have to + + align:start position:0% +of computation and second we have to + + + align:start position:0% +of computation and second we have to +have a damn good reason for doing this + + align:start position:0% +have a damn good reason for doing this + + + align:start position:0% +have a damn good reason for doing this +kind of ugly thing are there any + + align:start position:0% +kind of ugly thing are there any + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ugly thing are there any +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's be gladly David I've confused + + align:start position:0% +let's be gladly David I've confused + + + align:start position:0% +let's be gladly David I've confused +about we've introduced set now but we + + align:start position:0% +about we've introduced set now but we + + + align:start position:0% +about we've introduced set now but we +had let before and define before I'm + + align:start position:0% +had let before and define before I'm + + + align:start position:0% +had let before and define before I'm +confused about the difference between + + align:start position:0% +confused about the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +confused about the difference between +the three would wouldn't define work in + + align:start position:0% +the three would wouldn't define work in + + + align:start position:0% +the three would wouldn't define work in +the same situation is set you introduced + + align:start position:0% +the same situation is set you introduced + + + align:start position:0% +the same situation is set you introduced +hidden to know is defined is intended + + align:start position:0% +hidden to know is defined is intended + + + align:start position:0% +hidden to know is defined is intended +for setting something once the first + + align:start position:0% +for setting something once the first + + + align:start position:0% +for setting something once the first +time for making it okay it was I saw you + + align:start position:0% +time for making it okay it was I saw you + + + align:start position:0% +time for making it okay it was I saw you +have never seen me write on a blackboard + + align:start position:0% +have never seen me write on a blackboard + + + align:start position:0% +have never seen me write on a blackboard +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +two defines in a row whose intention was + + align:start position:0% +two defines in a row whose intention was + + + align:start position:0% +two defines in a row whose intention was +to change the old value of some variable + + align:start position:0% +to change the old value of some variable + + + align:start position:0% +to change the old value of some variable +to a new one because that is n by + + align:start position:0% +to a new one because that is n by + + + align:start position:0% +to a new one because that is n by +convention or it's no its intention okay + + align:start position:0% +convention or it's no its intention okay + + + align:start position:0% +convention or it's no its intention okay +I the answer is that for example + + align:start position:0% +I the answer is that for example + + + align:start position:0% +I the answer is that for example +internal to a procedure to defines in a + + align:start position:0% +internal to a procedure to defines in a + + + align:start position:0% +internal to a procedure to defines in a +row are illegal to defines in a row of + + align:start position:0% +row are illegal to defines in a row of + + + align:start position:0% +row are illegal to defines in a row of +the same variable okay execute the same + + align:start position:0% +the same variable okay execute the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same variable okay execute the same +demand to find twice whether or not a + + align:start position:0% +demand to find twice whether or not a + + + align:start position:0% +demand to find twice whether or not a +system catches that error it's a + + align:start position:0% +system catches that error it's a + + + align:start position:0% +system catches that error it's a +different question but I a legislature + + align:start position:0% +different question but I a legislature + + + align:start position:0% +different question but I a legislature +you that define happens once on anything + + align:start position:0% +you that define happens once on anything + + + align:start position:0% +you that define happens once on anything +now indeed an interactive debugging we + + align:start position:0% +now indeed an interactive debugging we + + + align:start position:0% +now indeed an interactive debugging we +intend that you interacting with your + + align:start position:0% +intend that you interacting with your + + + align:start position:0% +intend that you interacting with your +computer will redefine things and so + + align:start position:0% +computer will redefine things and so + + + align:start position:0% +computer will redefine things and so +there's a special exception made for + + align:start position:0% +there's a special exception made for + + + align:start position:0% +there's a special exception made for +interactive debugging but define define + + align:start position:0% +interactive debugging but define define + + + align:start position:0% +interactive debugging but define define +is intended to the main set up something + + align:start position:0% +is intended to the main set up something + + + align:start position:0% +is intended to the main set up something +okay which will be forever than that + + align:start position:0% +okay which will be forever than that + + + align:start position:0% +okay which will be forever than that +value after that point okay it's as if + + align:start position:0% +value after that point okay it's as if + + + align:start position:0% +value after that point okay it's as if +all the defines were done at the + + align:start position:0% +all the defines were done at the + + + align:start position:0% +all the defines were done at the +beginning in fact the only legal place + + align:start position:0% +beginning in fact the only legal place + + + align:start position:0% +beginning in fact the only legal place +to put a define in scheme internal to a + + align:start position:0% +to put a define in scheme internal to a + + + align:start position:0% +to put a define in scheme internal to a +procedure is just after at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +procedure is just after at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +procedure is just after at the beginning +of a lambda expression language is in + + align:start position:0% +of a lambda expression language is in + + + align:start position:0% +of a lambda expression language is in +the beginning of the body of a procedure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now let let of course does does + + align:start position:0% +okay now let let of course does does + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let let of course does does +nothing like either of that I mean if + + align:start position:0% +nothing like either of that I mean if + + + align:start position:0% +nothing like either of that I mean if +you look at what's happening with a let + + align:start position:0% +you look at what's happening with a let + + + align:start position:0% +you look at what's happening with a let +this happens again exactly once + + align:start position:0% +this happens again exactly once + + + align:start position:0% +this happens again exactly once +it sets up a context where I and M are + + align:start position:0% +it sets up a context where I and M are + + + align:start position:0% +it sets up a context where I and M are +Val have values one and one that context + + align:start position:0% +Val have values one and one that context + + + align:start position:0% +Val have values one and one that context +exists throughout this the scope its + + align:start position:0% +exists throughout this the scope its + + + align:start position:0% +exists throughout this the scope its +region of the program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however you don't think of that let as + + align:start position:0% +however you don't think of that let as + + + align:start position:0% +however you don't think of that let as +creating an is as setting I again it + + align:start position:0% +creating an is as setting I again it + + + align:start position:0% +creating an is as setting I again it +doesn't change it I never changes + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change it I never changes + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change it I never changes +because of the let I gets created + + align:start position:0% +because of the let I gets created + + + align:start position:0% +because of the let I gets created +because let in fact the let it's a very + + align:start position:0% +because let in fact the let it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +because let in fact the let it's a very +simple idea + + align:start position:0% +simple idea + + + align:start position:0% +simple idea +let does nothing more let a variable one + + align:start position:0% +let does nothing more let a variable one + + + align:start position:0% +let does nothing more let a variable one +to have value one write this down a + + align:start position:0% +to have value one write this down a + + + align:start position:0% +to have value one write this down a +little bit more neatly that's right var + + align:start position:0% +little bit more neatly that's right var + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more neatly that's right var +one have value the value of expression + + align:start position:0% +one have value the value of expression + + + align:start position:0% +one have value the value of expression +e1 and variable to have these value of + + align:start position:0% +e1 and variable to have these value of + + + align:start position:0% +e1 and variable to have these value of +these Prussian e two in an expression + + align:start position:0% +these Prussian e two in an expression + + + align:start position:0% +these Prussian e two in an expression +III is the same thing as a procedure of + + align:start position:0% +III is the same thing as a procedure of + + + align:start position:0% +III is the same thing as a procedure of +var1 and var to being formal parameters + + align:start position:0% +var1 and var to being formal parameters + + + align:start position:0% +var1 and var to being formal parameters +and III being the body where var one is + + align:start position:0% +and III being the body where var one is + + + align:start position:0% +and III being the body where var one is +bound to the value of e1 and var two + + align:start position:0% +bound to the value of e1 and var two + + + align:start position:0% +bound to the value of e1 and var two +gets the value of e2 so this is in fact + + align:start position:0% +gets the value of e2 so this is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +gets the value of e2 so this is in fact +a perfectly understandable thing from a + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly understandable thing from a + + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly understandable thing from a +substitution point of view this is + + align:start position:0% +substitution point of view this is + + + align:start position:0% +substitution point of view this is +really the same expression written in + + align:start position:0% +really the same expression written in + + + align:start position:0% +really the same expression written in +two different ways in fact the way the + + align:start position:0% +two different ways in fact the way the + + + align:start position:0% +two different ways in fact the way the +actual system works is this gets + + align:start position:0% +actual system works is this gets + + + align:start position:0% +actual system works is this gets +translated into this before anything + + align:start position:0% +translated into this before anything + + + align:start position:0% +translated into this before anything +happens okay I'm still unclear as then + + align:start position:0% +happens okay I'm still unclear as then + + + align:start position:0% +happens okay I'm still unclear as then +what makes it is you know let and it + + align:start position:0% +what makes it is you know let and it + + + align:start position:0% +what makes it is you know let and it +defined they could I define a define is + + align:start position:0% +defined they could I define a define is + + + align:start position:0% +defined they could I define a define is +a syntactic sugar whereby essentially a + + align:start position:0% +a syntactic sugar whereby essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +a syntactic sugar whereby essentially a +bunch of variables be created by let's + + align:start position:0% +bunch of variables be created by let's + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of variables be created by let's +and then set up once + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay time for the first break I think + + align:start position:0% +okay time for the first break I think + + + align:start position:0% +okay time for the first break I think +thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well let's see I now have to rebuild the + + align:start position:0% +well let's see I now have to rebuild the + + + align:start position:0% +well let's see I now have to rebuild the +model of computation in your so you + + align:start position:0% +model of computation in your so you + + + align:start position:0% +model of computation in your so you +understand how some such mechanical + + align:start position:0% +understand how some such mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +understand how some such mechanical +mechanism could work that can do what + + align:start position:0% +mechanism could work that can do what + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism could work that can do what +we've just talked about I've just + + align:start position:0% +we've just talked about I've just + + + align:start position:0% +we've just talked about I've just +recently destroyed your substitution + + align:start position:0% +recently destroyed your substitution + + + align:start position:0% +recently destroyed your substitution +model unfortunately this model is + + align:start position:0% +model unfortunately this model is + + + align:start position:0% +model unfortunately this model is +significantly more complicated in + + align:start position:0% +significantly more complicated in + + + align:start position:0% +significantly more complicated in +substitution model it's called the + + align:start position:0% +substitution model it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution model it's called the +environment model and I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +environment model and I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +environment model and I'm going to have +to introduce some terminology which is + + align:start position:0% +to introduce some terminology which is + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce some terminology which is +very good terminology for you to know + + align:start position:0% +very good terminology for you to know + + + align:start position:0% +very good terminology for you to know +anyway it's about names and we're going + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's about names and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's about names and we're going +to give names to the kinds of names + + align:start position:0% +to give names to the kinds of names + + + align:start position:0% +to give names to the kinds of names +things have and the ways names are used + + align:start position:0% +things have and the ways names are used + + + align:start position:0% +things have and the ways names are used +so this is a meta meta description if + + align:start position:0% +so this is a meta meta description if + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a meta meta description if +you will anyways a pile of an + + align:start position:0% +you will anyways a pile of an + + + align:start position:0% +you will anyways a pile of an +unfortunate terminology here but we're + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate terminology here but we're + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate terminology here but we're +going to need this to understand what's + + align:start position:0% +going to need this to understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +going to need this to understand what's +called the environment model and we're + + align:start position:0% +called the environment model and we're + + + align:start position:0% +called the environment model and we're +about to do a little bit of boring dog + + align:start position:0% +about to do a little bit of boring dog + + + align:start position:0% +about to do a little bit of boring dog +work here let's look at the first + + align:start position:0% +work here let's look at the first + + + align:start position:0% +work here let's look at the first +transparency and we see a description of + + align:start position:0% +transparency and we see a description of + + + align:start position:0% +transparency and we see a description of +a word called bound and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +a word called bound and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a word called bound and we're going to +say that a variable V is bound in an + + align:start position:0% +say that a variable V is bound in an + + + align:start position:0% +say that a variable V is bound in an +expression e if the meaning of e is + + align:start position:0% +expression e if the meaning of e is + + + align:start position:0% +expression e if the meaning of e is +unchanged by the uniform replacement of + + align:start position:0% +unchanged by the uniform replacement of + + + align:start position:0% +unchanged by the uniform replacement of +the variable W not occurring in E for + + align:start position:0% +the variable W not occurring in E for + + + align:start position:0% +the variable W not occurring in E for +every occurrence of V in E and that's a + + align:start position:0% +every occurrence of V in E and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +every occurrence of V in E and that's a +long sentence ok so I think I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +long sentence ok so I think I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +long sentence ok so I think I'm gonna +have to say a little bit about that + + align:start position:0% +have to say a little bit about that + + + align:start position:0% +have to say a little bit about that +before we even fool around at all here + + align:start position:0% +before we even fool around at all here + + + align:start position:0% +before we even fool around at all here +bound variables we're talking about here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you've seen lots of them you may not + + align:start position:0% +and you've seen lots of them you may not + + + align:start position:0% +and you've seen lots of them you may not +know it you've seen lots of the Moller I + + align:start position:0% +know it you've seen lots of the Moller I + + + align:start position:0% +know it you've seen lots of the Moller I +suppose in your logic you saw illogical + + align:start position:0% +suppose in your logic you saw illogical + + + align:start position:0% +suppose in your logic you saw illogical +variables like forever any X there + + align:start position:0% +variables like forever any X there + + + align:start position:0% +variables like forever any X there +exists a Y such that P is true of x and + + align:start position:0% +exists a Y such that P is true of x and + + + align:start position:0% +exists a Y such that P is true of x and +y from your calculus class this variable + + align:start position:0% +y from your calculus class this variable + + + align:start position:0% +y from your calculus class this variable +X and this variable Y are bound because + + align:start position:0% +X and this variable Y are bound because + + + align:start position:0% +X and this variable Y are bound because +the meaning of this expression does not + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of this expression does not + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of this expression does not +depend upon the particular letters I use + + align:start position:0% +depend upon the particular letters I use + + + align:start position:0% +depend upon the particular letters I use +to describe x and y if I were to change + + align:start position:0% +to describe x and y if I were to change + + + align:start position:0% +to describe x and y if I were to change +w4x they said for every W there exists + + align:start position:0% +w4x they said for every W there exists + + + align:start position:0% +w4x they said for every W there exists +two y such that p is true of w and y it + + align:start position:0% +two y such that p is true of w and y it + + + align:start position:0% +two y such that p is true of w and y it +would be the same sentence that's what + + align:start position:0% +would be the same sentence that's what + + + align:start position:0% +would be the same sentence that's what +it means or another case of this that + + align:start position:0% +it means or another case of this that + + + align:start position:0% +it means or another case of this that +you've seen is integral say from 0 to 1 + + align:start position:0% +you've seen is integral say from 0 to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen is integral say from 0 to 1 +v x over 1 plus x square okay well + + align:start position:0% +v x over 1 plus x square okay well + + + align:start position:0% +v x over 1 plus x square okay well +that's something you see all the time + + align:start position:0% +that's something you see all the time + + + align:start position:0% +that's something you see all the time +and this X is a bound variable if I + + align:start position:0% +and this X is a bound variable if I + + + align:start position:0% +and this X is a bound variable if I +change that to a tee + + align:start position:0% +change that to a tee + + + align:start position:0% +change that to a tee +the expression is still the same thing + + align:start position:0% +the expression is still the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +the expression is still the same thing +this is 1/4 of the arc tan of 1 or + + align:start position:0% +this is 1/4 of the arc tan of 1 or + + + align:start position:0% +this is 1/4 of the arc tan of 1 or +something or something like that that's + + align:start position:0% +something or something like that that's + + + align:start position:0% +something or something like that that's +yes arc tan of 1 so bound variables are + + align:start position:0% +yes arc tan of 1 so bound variables are + + + align:start position:0% +yes arc tan of 1 so bound variables are +actually fairly common for those of you + + align:start position:0% +actually fairly common for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +actually fairly common for those of you +who've played a bit a bit with with + + align:start position:0% +who've played a bit a bit with with + + + align:start position:0% +who've played a bit a bit with with +mathematics well let's say I go into the + + align:start position:0% +mathematics well let's say I go into the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics well let's say I go into the +into the programming world instead of + + align:start position:0% +into the programming world instead of + + + align:start position:0% +into the programming world instead of +the quantifier being something like for + + align:start position:0% +the quantifier being something like for + + + align:start position:0% +the quantifier being something like for +every when there exists or integral a + + align:start position:0% +every when there exists or integral a + + + align:start position:0% +every when there exists or integral a +quantifier is a symbol that binds a + + align:start position:0% +quantifier is a symbol that binds a + + + align:start position:0% +quantifier is a symbol that binds a +variable and we're going to use the + + align:start position:0% +variable and we're going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +variable and we're going to use the +quantifier lambda as being the essential + + align:start position:0% +quantifier lambda as being the essential + + + align:start position:0% +quantifier lambda as being the essential +thing that binds variables and so we + + align:start position:0% +thing that binds variables and so we + + + align:start position:0% +thing that binds variables and so we +have some nice examples here like that + + align:start position:0% +have some nice examples here like that + + + align:start position:0% +have some nice examples here like that +procedure of one argument Y which which + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument Y which which + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument Y which which +does the following thing it calls the + + align:start position:0% +does the following thing it calls the + + + align:start position:0% +does the following thing it calls the +procedure of one argument X which + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument X which + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument X which +multiplies X by Y and applies that to + + align:start position:0% +multiplies X by Y and applies that to + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies X by Y and applies that to +three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that procedure has the property there + + align:start position:0% +that procedure has the property there + + + align:start position:0% +that procedure has the property there +are two bound variables in it x and y + + align:start position:0% +are two bound variables in it x and y + + + align:start position:0% +are two bound variables in it x and y +this quantifier lambda here binds this Y + + align:start position:0% +this quantifier lambda here binds this Y + + + align:start position:0% +this quantifier lambda here binds this Y +and this quantifier lambda binds at X + + align:start position:0% +and this quantifier lambda binds at X + + + align:start position:0% +and this quantifier lambda binds at X +because if I were to take an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +because if I were to take an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +because if I were to take an arbitrary +symbol that does not occur in this + + align:start position:0% +symbol that does not occur in this + + + align:start position:0% +symbol that does not occur in this +expression like W and replace all-wise + + align:start position:0% +expression like W and replace all-wise + + + align:start position:0% +expression like W and replace all-wise +with double use in this expression the + + align:start position:0% +with double use in this expression the + + + align:start position:0% +with double use in this expression the +expression is still the same the same + + align:start position:0% +expression is still the same the same + + + align:start position:0% +expression is still the same the same +procedure and this is an important idea + + align:start position:0% +procedure and this is an important idea + + + align:start position:0% +procedure and this is an important idea +the reason why we have such things like + + align:start position:0% +the reason why we have such things like + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why we have such things like +that like that is a kind of modularity + + align:start position:0% +that like that is a kind of modularity + + + align:start position:0% +that like that is a kind of modularity +if two people are writing programs it + + align:start position:0% +if two people are writing programs it + + + align:start position:0% +if two people are writing programs it +should be I may work together it + + align:start position:0% +should be I may work together it + + + align:start position:0% +should be I may work together it +shouldn't matter what names they use + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't matter what names they use + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't matter what names they use +internal to their own little machines at + + align:start position:0% +internal to their own little machines at + + + align:start position:0% +internal to their own little machines at +their building okay and as always I'm + + align:start position:0% +their building okay and as always I'm + + + align:start position:0% +their building okay and as always I'm +really telling you there is that for + + align:start position:0% +really telling you there is that for + + + align:start position:0% +really telling you there is that for +example this is equivalent to that + + align:start position:0% +example this is equivalent to that + + + align:start position:0% +example this is equivalent to that +procedure of one argument Y which uses + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument Y which uses + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument Y which uses +that procedure of one argument Z which + + align:start position:0% +that procedure of one argument Z which + + + align:start position:0% +that procedure of one argument Z which +multiplies Z by Y because nobody cares + + align:start position:0% +multiplies Z by Y because nobody cares + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies Z by Y because nobody cares +what I used in here it's a nice example + + align:start position:0% +what I used in here it's a nice example + + + align:start position:0% +what I used in here it's a nice example +on the other hand I have some I have + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand I have some I have + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand I have some I have +some valuables that are not bound an + + align:start position:0% +some valuables that are not bound an + + + align:start position:0% +some valuables that are not bound an +example a bad procedure of one argument + + align:start position:0% +example a bad procedure of one argument + + + align:start position:0% +example a bad procedure of one argument +X which multiplies X by Y in this case Y + + align:start position:0% +X which multiplies X by Y in this case Y + + + align:start position:0% +X which multiplies X by Y in this case Y +is not bound + + align:start position:0% +is not bound + + + align:start position:0% +is not bound +supposing Y had the value 3 and Z had + + align:start position:0% +supposing Y had the value 3 and Z had + + + align:start position:0% +supposing Y had the value 3 and Z had +the value 4 then this procedure would be + + align:start position:0% +the value 4 then this procedure would be + + + align:start position:0% +the value 4 then this procedure would be +the thing and that multiplies its + + align:start position:0% +the thing and that multiplies its + + + align:start position:0% +the thing and that multiplies its +argument by 3 if I were to replace every + + align:start position:0% +argument by 3 if I were to replace every + + + align:start position:0% +argument by 3 if I were to replace every +instance of Y with Z I'll have a + + align:start position:0% +instance of Y with Z I'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +instance of Y with Z I'll have a +different procedure which multiplies + + align:start position:0% +different procedure which multiplies + + + align:start position:0% +different procedure which multiplies +every every argument is given by 4 ok + + align:start position:0% +every every argument is given by 4 ok + + + align:start position:0% +every every argument is given by 4 ok +and in fact we have a name for such a + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we have a name for such a + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we have a name for such a +variable here we say that a valuable v + + align:start position:0% +variable here we say that a valuable v + + + align:start position:0% +variable here we say that a valuable v +is free in in an expression e if the + + align:start position:0% +is free in in an expression e if the + + + align:start position:0% +is free in in an expression e if the +meaning of the expression e is changed + + align:start position:0% +meaning of the expression e is changed + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of the expression e is changed +by the uniform replacement of a variable + + align:start position:0% +by the uniform replacement of a variable + + + align:start position:0% +by the uniform replacement of a variable +W not occurring in e for every + + align:start position:0% +W not occurring in e for every + + + align:start position:0% +W not occurring in e for every +occurrence of V and E + + align:start position:0% +occurrence of V and E + + + align:start position:0% +occurrence of V and E +okay so that's why that's why this + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why that's why this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's why that's why this +variable over here Y is a free variable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so free variables in this expression + + align:start position:0% +and so free variables in this expression + + + align:start position:0% +and so free variables in this expression +and other examples of that is that + + align:start position:0% +and other examples of that is that + + + align:start position:0% +and other examples of that is that +procedure of one argument Y which is + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument Y which is + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument Y which is +just what we had before which uses that + + align:start position:0% +just what we had before which uses that + + + align:start position:0% +just what we had before which uses that +procedure of one argument X that + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument X that + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument X that +multiplies X by Y use that on three mmm + + align:start position:0% +multiplies X by Y use that on three mmm + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies X by Y use that on three mmm +this this procedure has a free valuable + + align:start position:0% +this this procedure has a free valuable + + + align:start position:0% +this this procedure has a free valuable +in it which is asterisk C because if + + align:start position:0% +in it which is asterisk C because if + + + align:start position:0% +in it which is asterisk C because if +that has the normal meaning of + + align:start position:0% +that has the normal meaning of + + + align:start position:0% +that has the normal meaning of +multiplication then if I were to replace + + align:start position:0% +multiplication then if I were to replace + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication then if I were to replace +uniformly all asterisks with pluses then + + align:start position:0% +uniformly all asterisks with pluses then + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly all asterisks with pluses then +the meaning of this expression would + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of this expression would + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of this expression would +change that's what you mean by a free + + align:start position:0% +change that's what you mean by a free + + + align:start position:0% +change that's what you mean by a free +variable so so far you've learned some + + align:start position:0% +variable so so far you've learned some + + + align:start position:0% +variable so so far you've learned some +logician words which describe the way + + align:start position:0% +logician words which describe the way + + + align:start position:0% +logician words which describe the way +names are used now we have to do a + + align:start position:0% +names are used now we have to do a + + + align:start position:0% +names are used now we have to do a +little bit more playing around here a + + align:start position:0% +little bit more playing around here a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more playing around here a +little bit more I want to tell you about + + align:start position:0% +little bit more I want to tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more I want to tell you about +about the regions of which variables are + + align:start position:0% +about the regions of which variables are + + + align:start position:0% +about the regions of which variables are +defined you see we've been very informal + + align:start position:0% +defined you see we've been very informal + + + align:start position:0% +defined you see we've been very informal +about this up till now and of course + + align:start position:0% +about this up till now and of course + + + align:start position:0% +about this up till now and of course +many of you have probably understood it + + align:start position:0% +many of you have probably understood it + + + align:start position:0% +many of you have probably understood it +very clearly or most of you that the X + + align:start position:0% +very clearly or most of you that the X + + + align:start position:0% +very clearly or most of you that the X +that's being declared here he's defined + + align:start position:0% +that's being declared here he's defined + + + align:start position:0% +that's being declared here he's defined +only in here this X is defined only in + + align:start position:0% +only in here this X is defined only in + + + align:start position:0% +only in here this X is defined only in +here and this Y is defined only in here + + align:start position:0% +here and this Y is defined only in here + + + align:start position:0% +here and this Y is defined only in here +well we have name for such an idea it's + + align:start position:0% +well we have name for such an idea it's + + + align:start position:0% +well we have name for such an idea it's +called the scope and let me give you + + align:start position:0% +called the scope and let me give you + + + align:start position:0% +called the scope and let me give you +another piece of terminology it's a long + + align:start position:0% +another piece of terminology it's a long + + + align:start position:0% +another piece of terminology it's a long +story if X is a bound variable in E then + + align:start position:0% +story if X is a bound variable in E then + + + align:start position:0% +story if X is a bound variable in E then +there is a lambda expression where it is + + align:start position:0% +there is a lambda expression where it is + + + align:start position:0% +there is a lambda expression where it is +bound so the only way you could get a + + align:start position:0% +bound so the only way you could get a + + + align:start position:0% +bound so the only way you could get a +lot about bound variable ultimately is + + align:start position:0% +lot about bound variable ultimately is + + + align:start position:0% +lot about bound variable ultimately is +by lambda expression + + align:start position:0% +by lambda expression + + + align:start position:0% +by lambda expression +a worry is defined quite the say an + + align:start position:0% +a worry is defined quite the say an + + + align:start position:0% +a worry is defined quite the say an +exception to this and it turns out we + + align:start position:0% +exception to this and it turns out we + + + align:start position:0% +exception to this and it turns out we +can always arrange things so you don't + + align:start position:0% +can always arrange things so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +can always arrange things so you don't +need any defines and we'll see that in a + + align:start position:0% +need any defines and we'll see that in a + + + align:start position:0% +need any defines and we'll see that in a +while it's a big very magical thing okay + + align:start position:0% +while it's a big very magical thing okay + + + align:start position:0% +while it's a big very magical thing okay +so the fine really can go away + + align:start position:0% +so the fine really can go away + + + align:start position:0% +so the fine really can go away +okay the really only thing that makes + + align:start position:0% +okay the really only thing that makes + + + align:start position:0% +okay the really only thing that makes +names is lambda that's its job and + + align:start position:0% +names is lambda that's its job and + + + align:start position:0% +names is lambda that's its job and +what's so amazing about a lot of things + + align:start position:0% +what's so amazing about a lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +what's so amazing about a lot of things +is that you can commute with only lambda + + align:start position:0% +is that you can commute with only lambda + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can commute with only lambda +but in any case okay and lambda + + align:start position:0% +but in any case okay and lambda + + + align:start position:0% +but in any case okay and lambda +expression has a place where it declares + + align:start position:0% +expression has a place where it declares + + + align:start position:0% +expression has a place where it declares +a variable we call that the formal + + align:start position:0% +a variable we call that the formal + + + align:start position:0% +a variable we call that the formal +parameter list and we set or the bound + + align:start position:0% +parameter list and we set or the bound + + + align:start position:0% +parameter list and we set or the bound +variable list we say the land expression + + align:start position:0% +variable list we say the land expression + + + align:start position:0% +variable list we say the land expression +binds sets a verb binds the variables + + align:start position:0% +binds sets a verb binds the variables + + + align:start position:0% +binds sets a verb binds the variables +declared it's bound variable list and + + align:start position:0% +declared it's bound variable list and + + + align:start position:0% +declared it's bound variable list and +addition those parts of the expression + + align:start position:0% +addition those parts of the expression + + + align:start position:0% +addition those parts of the expression +where the variable is defined which was + + align:start position:0% +where the variable is defined which was + + + align:start position:0% +where the variable is defined which was +declared by some declaration it's called + + align:start position:0% +declared by some declaration it's called + + + align:start position:0% +declared by some declaration it's called +the scope of that of that variable so + + align:start position:0% +the scope of that of that variable so + + + align:start position:0% +the scope of that of that variable so +these are scopes this is the scope of Y + + align:start position:0% +these are scopes this is the scope of Y + + + align:start position:0% +these are scopes this is the scope of Y +and this is the scope of X that sort of + + align:start position:0% +and this is the scope of X that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the scope of X that sort of +thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well now we have enough terminology + + align:start position:0% +okay well now we have enough terminology + + + align:start position:0% +okay well now we have enough terminology +to begin to understand how to how to + + align:start position:0% +to begin to understand how to how to + + + align:start position:0% +to begin to understand how to how to +make a new model for computation because + + align:start position:0% +make a new model for computation because + + + align:start position:0% +make a new model for computation because +the key thing going on here is that + + align:start position:0% +the key thing going on here is that + + + align:start position:0% +the key thing going on here is that +we've destroyed the substitution model + + align:start position:0% +we've destroyed the substitution model + + + align:start position:0% +we've destroyed the substitution model +and we now have to have a model that + + align:start position:0% +and we now have to have a model that + + + align:start position:0% +and we now have to have a model that +represents the names as referring to + + align:start position:0% +represents the names as referring to + + + align:start position:0% +represents the names as referring to +places because if we're going to change + + align:start position:0% +places because if we're going to change + + + align:start position:0% +places because if we're going to change +something then we have to have a place + + align:start position:0% +something then we have to have a place + + + align:start position:0% +something then we have to have a place +where it's stored you see if a name only + + align:start position:0% +where it's stored you see if a name only + + + align:start position:0% +where it's stored you see if a name only +refers to a value and if I try to change + + align:start position:0% +refers to a value and if I try to change + + + align:start position:0% +refers to a value and if I try to change +the names meaning well that's not clear + + align:start position:0% +the names meaning well that's not clear + + + align:start position:0% +the names meaning well that's not clear +there's nothing that's the nothing that + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that's the nothing that + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that's the nothing that +is the place that that name referred to + + align:start position:0% +is the place that that name referred to + + + align:start position:0% +is the place that that name referred to +well how am I really saying it there's + + align:start position:0% +well how am I really saying it there's + + + align:start position:0% +well how am I really saying it there's +nothing shared among all of the + + align:start position:0% +nothing shared among all of the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing shared among all of the +instances of that name and what we + + align:start position:0% +instances of that name and what we + + + align:start position:0% +instances of that name and what we +really mean was by a name is we fan + + align:start position:0% +really mean was by a name is we fan + + + align:start position:0% +really mean was by a name is we fan +something out we've given something a + + align:start position:0% +something out we've given something a + + + align:start position:0% +something out we've given something a +name and you have it and you have it + + align:start position:0% +name and you have it and you have it + + + align:start position:0% +name and you have it and you have it +because I've given you a reference to it + + align:start position:0% +because I've given you a reference to it + + + align:start position:0% +because I've given you a reference to it +and I've given you a reference to it and + + align:start position:0% +and I've given you a reference to it and + + + align:start position:0% +and I've given you a reference to it and +we'll see a lot about that so let me + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a lot about that so let me + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see a lot about that so let me +tell you about environments you need the + + align:start position:0% +tell you about environments you need the + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about environments you need the +overhead projection machine thank you + + align:start position:0% +overhead projection machine thank you + + + align:start position:0% +overhead projection machine thank you +okay so here is a is a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +okay so here is a is a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here is a is a bunch of +environment structures an environment is + + align:start position:0% +environment structures an environment is + + + align:start position:0% +environment structures an environment is +a way of doing substitutions virtually + + align:start position:0% +a way of doing substitutions virtually + + + align:start position:0% +a way of doing substitutions virtually +it represents a place where something is + + align:start position:0% +it represents a place where something is + + + align:start position:0% +it represents a place where something is +stored which is the substitutions that + + align:start position:0% +stored which is the substitutions that + + + align:start position:0% +stored which is the substitutions that +you haven't done it's the place where + + align:start position:0% +you haven't done it's the place where + + + align:start position:0% +you haven't done it's the place where +it's a place where everything + + align:start position:0% +it's a place where everything + + + align:start position:0% +it's a place where everything +accumulates where the names of the data + + align:start position:0% +accumulates where the names of the data + + + align:start position:0% +accumulates where the names of the data +of the variables are associated with the + + align:start position:0% +of the variables are associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +of the variables are associated with the +values they have such that when you try + + align:start position:0% +values they have such that when you try + + + align:start position:0% +values they have such that when you try +to say what is the name of what does + + align:start position:0% +to say what is the name of what does + + + align:start position:0% +to say what is the name of what does +this may mean you look it up in an + + align:start position:0% +this may mean you look it up in an + + + align:start position:0% +this may mean you look it up in an +environment so an environment is a + + align:start position:0% +environment so an environment is a + + + align:start position:0% +environment so an environment is a +function or a table or something like + + align:start position:0% +function or a table or something like + + + align:start position:0% +function or a table or something like +that but it's a structured sort of table + + align:start position:0% +that but it's a structured sort of table + + + align:start position:0% +that but it's a structured sort of table +it's made out of things called frames + + align:start position:0% +it's made out of things called frames + + + align:start position:0% +it's made out of things called frames +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +frames are pieces of environment and + + align:start position:0% +frames are pieces of environment and + + + align:start position:0% +frames are pieces of environment and +they have chained together in some nice + + align:start position:0% +they have chained together in some nice + + + align:start position:0% +they have chained together in some nice +ways by what's called parent links or + + align:start position:0% +ways by what's called parent links or + + + align:start position:0% +ways by what's called parent links or +something like that so here we have an + + align:start position:0% +something like that so here we have an + + + align:start position:0% +something like that so here we have an +environment structure consisting of + + align:start position:0% +environment structure consisting of + + + align:start position:0% +environment structure consisting of +three environments basically a B and C D + + align:start position:0% +three environments basically a B and C D + + + align:start position:0% +three environments basically a B and C D +is also an environment but it's the same + + align:start position:0% +is also an environment but it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +is also an environment but it's the same +one they share and that's the essence of + + align:start position:0% +one they share and that's the essence of + + + align:start position:0% +one they share and that's the essence of +assignment if I change a variable that a + + align:start position:0% +assignment if I change a variable that a + + + align:start position:0% +assignment if I change a variable that a +value of a variable that lives here like + + align:start position:0% +value of a variable that lives here like + + + align:start position:0% +value of a variable that lives here like +that one it should be visible from all + + align:start position:0% +that one it should be visible from all + + + align:start position:0% +that one it should be visible from all +places that you're looking at it from + + align:start position:0% +places that you're looking at it from + + + align:start position:0% +places that you're looking at it from +say this one X if I change that X 2 to 4 + + align:start position:0% +say this one X if I change that X 2 to 4 + + + align:start position:0% +say this one X if I change that X 2 to 4 +it's visible from other places but I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's visible from other places but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's visible from other places but I'm +not going to worry about that right now + + align:start position:0% +not going to worry about that right now + + + align:start position:0% +not going to worry about that right now +we're going to talk a lot about that in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk a lot about that in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk a lot about that in +a little while what do we have here well + + align:start position:0% +a little while what do we have here well + + + align:start position:0% +a little while what do we have here well +these are called frames here's a frame + + align:start position:0% +these are called frames here's a frame + + + align:start position:0% +these are called frames here's a frame +here's a frame and here's a frame a is + + align:start position:0% +here's a frame and here's a frame a is + + + align:start position:0% +here's a frame and here's a frame a is +an environment which consists of the + + align:start position:0% +an environment which consists of the + + + align:start position:0% +an environment which consists of the +table labeled red which is frame 2 + + align:start position:0% +table labeled red which is frame 2 + + + align:start position:0% +table labeled red which is frame 2 +followed by the table Nate labeled frame + + align:start position:0% +followed by the table Nate labeled frame + + + align:start position:0% +followed by the table Nate labeled frame +1 and in this environment in say in say + + align:start position:0% +1 and in this environment in say in say + + + align:start position:0% +1 and in this environment in say in say +this environment frame 2 x and y are + + align:start position:0% +this environment frame 2 x and y are + + + align:start position:0% +this environment frame 2 x and y are +bound they have values in frame sorry in + + align:start position:0% +bound they have values in frame sorry in + + + align:start position:0% +bound they have values in frame sorry in +frame 1 in frame 2 Z is bound and X is + + align:start position:0% +frame 1 in frame 2 Z is bound and X is + + + align:start position:0% +frame 1 in frame 2 Z is bound and X is +bound and Y is bound but the value of x + + align:start position:0% +bound and Y is bound but the value of x + + + align:start position:0% +bound and Y is bound but the value of x +that we see looking from this point of + + align:start position:0% +that we see looking from this point of + + + align:start position:0% +that we see looking from this point of +view is this X its X is 7 rather than + + align:start position:0% +view is this X its X is 7 rather than + + + align:start position:0% +view is this X its X is 7 rather than +this one which is 3 we say that this X + + align:start position:0% +this one which is 3 we say that this X + + + align:start position:0% +this one which is 3 we say that this X +shadows this X ok + + align:start position:0% +shadows this X ok + + + align:start position:0% +shadows this X ok +from environment 3 from frame 3 from + + align:start position:0% +from environment 3 from frame 3 from + + + align:start position:0% +from environment 3 from frame 3 from +environment B which refers to frame 3 we + + align:start position:0% +environment B which refers to frame 3 we + + + align:start position:0% +environment B which refers to frame 3 we +have variables m and y bound and also X + + align:start position:0% +have variables m and y bound and also X + + + align:start position:0% +have variables m and y bound and also X +this Y shadows this one so the value + + align:start position:0% +this Y shadows this one so the value + + + align:start position:0% +this Y shadows this one so the value +looking from this point of view of Y is + + align:start position:0% +looking from this point of view of Y is + + + align:start position:0% +looking from this point of view of Y is +2 the value of the looking from + + align:start position:0% +2 the value of the looking from + + + align:start position:0% +2 the value of the looking from +point of view of M is 1 and the value + + align:start position:0% +point of view of M is 1 and the value + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of M is 1 and the value +looking from this point of view of X is + + align:start position:0% +looking from this point of view of X is + + + align:start position:0% +looking from this point of view of X is +3 hmm so there we have a very simple + + align:start position:0% +3 hmm so there we have a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +3 hmm so there we have a very simple +environment structure made out of frames + + align:start position:0% +environment structure made out of frames + + + align:start position:0% +environment structure made out of frames +these correspond to the applications of + + align:start position:0% +these correspond to the applications of + + + align:start position:0% +these correspond to the applications of +procedures and we'll see that in a + + align:start position:0% +procedures and we'll see that in a + + + align:start position:0% +procedures and we'll see that in a +second it's not to make you some other + + align:start position:0% +second it's not to make you some other + + + align:start position:0% +second it's not to make you some other +other nice little structure that we + + align:start position:0% +other nice little structure that we + + + align:start position:0% +other nice little structure that we +build next slide we see an object which + + align:start position:0% +build next slide we see an object which + + + align:start position:0% +build next slide we see an object which +I'm going to draw up procedures this is + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to draw up procedures this is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to draw up procedures this is +a procedure a procedure is made out of + + align:start position:0% +a procedure a procedure is made out of + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure a procedure is made out of +two parts it's sort of like a cons + + align:start position:0% +two parts it's sort of like a cons + + + align:start position:0% +two parts it's sort of like a cons +however it's the two parts the first + + align:start position:0% +however it's the two parts the first + + + align:start position:0% +however it's the two parts the first +part refers to some code something that + + align:start position:0% +part refers to some code something that + + + align:start position:0% +part refers to some code something that +can be executed a set of instructions if + + align:start position:0% +can be executed a set of instructions if + + + align:start position:0% +can be executed a set of instructions if +you will you can think of it that way + + align:start position:0% +you will you can think of it that way + + + align:start position:0% +you will you can think of it that way +and the second part is an environment + + align:start position:0% +and the second part is an environment + + + align:start position:0% +and the second part is an environment +the procedure is the whole thing and + + align:start position:0% +the procedure is the whole thing and + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure is the whole thing and +we're gonna have to we use this to + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have to we use this to + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have to we use this to +capture the values of the free variables + + align:start position:0% +capture the values of the free variables + + + align:start position:0% +capture the values of the free variables +that occur in the procedure if evaluable + + align:start position:0% +that occur in the procedure if evaluable + + + align:start position:0% +that occur in the procedure if evaluable +occurs in the procedure it's either + + align:start position:0% +occurs in the procedure it's either + + + align:start position:0% +occurs in the procedure it's either +bound in that procedure or free if it's + + align:start position:0% +bound in that procedure or free if it's + + + align:start position:0% +bound in that procedure or free if it's +bound then the value will somehow be + + align:start position:0% +bound then the value will somehow be + + + align:start position:0% +bound then the value will somehow be +easy to find okay and but I will talk + + align:start position:0% +easy to find okay and but I will talk + + + align:start position:0% +easy to find okay and but I will talk +it'll be in some easy environment to get + + align:start position:0% +it'll be in some easy environment to get + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be in some easy environment to get +at if it's free we're gonna have to have + + align:start position:0% +at if it's free we're gonna have to have + + + align:start position:0% +at if it's free we're gonna have to have +something that goes with the procedure + + align:start position:0% +something that goes with the procedure + + + align:start position:0% +something that goes with the procedure +that says where we'll go look for its + + align:start position:0% +that says where we'll go look for its + + + align:start position:0% +that says where we'll go look for its +value and the reasons why are not + + align:start position:0% +value and the reasons why are not + + + align:start position:0% +value and the reasons why are not +obvious yet but will will be soon so + + align:start position:0% +obvious yet but will will be soon so + + + align:start position:0% +obvious yet but will will be soon so +here is a procedure object is a + + align:start position:0% +here is a procedure object is a + + + align:start position:0% +here is a procedure object is a +composite object because it's in give a + + align:start position:0% +composite object because it's in give a + + + align:start position:0% +composite object because it's in give a +piece of code and a and a environment + + align:start position:0% +piece of code and a and a environment + + + align:start position:0% +piece of code and a and a environment +structure now I will tell you the new + + align:start position:0% +structure now I will tell you the new + + + align:start position:0% +structure now I will tell you the new +rules the complete new rules for + + align:start position:0% +rules the complete new rules for + + + align:start position:0% +rules the complete new rules for +evaluation the first rule is only two of + + align:start position:0% +evaluation the first rule is only two of + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation the first rule is only two of +them these correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +them these correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +them these correspond to the +substitution model rules and the first + + align:start position:0% +substitution model rules and the first + + + align:start position:0% +substitution model rules and the first +one has to do with how do you apply a + + align:start position:0% +one has to do with how do you apply a + + + align:start position:0% +one has to do with how do you apply a +procedure to its arguments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and a procedure object is applied + + align:start position:0% +okay and a procedure object is applied + + + align:start position:0% +okay and a procedure object is applied +to a set of arguments by constructing a + + align:start position:0% +to a set of arguments by constructing a + + + align:start position:0% +to a set of arguments by constructing a +new frame that frame will contain the + + align:start position:0% +new frame that frame will contain the + + + align:start position:0% +new frame that frame will contain the +mapping of the formal parameters to the + + align:start position:0% +mapping of the formal parameters to the + + + align:start position:0% +mapping of the formal parameters to the +actual parameters of the arguments that + + align:start position:0% +actual parameters of the arguments that + + + align:start position:0% +actual parameters of the arguments that +were supplied in the call as you know + + align:start position:0% +were supplied in the call as you know + + + align:start position:0% +were supplied in the call as you know +when we make up a call to a procedure + + align:start position:0% +when we make up a call to a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +when we make up a call to a procedure +like lambda x times X Y and we a call + + align:start position:0% +like lambda x times X Y and we a call + + + align:start position:0% +like lambda x times X Y and we a call +that with a vet argument 3 then we're + + align:start position:0% +that with a vet argument 3 then we're + + + align:start position:0% +that with a vet argument 3 then we're +going to need some mapping of X - 3 + + align:start position:0% +going to need some mapping of X - 3 + + + align:start position:0% +going to need some mapping of X - 3 +it's the same thing as later + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing as later + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same thing as later +substituting if you will the 3 for the X + + align:start position:0% +substituting if you will the 3 for the X + + + align:start position:0% +substituting if you will the 3 for the X +in the old model so I'm going to build a + + align:start position:0% +in the old model so I'm going to build a + + + align:start position:0% +in the old model so I'm going to build a +frame which contains x equals 3 as the + + align:start position:0% +frame which contains x equals 3 as the + + + align:start position:0% +frame which contains x equals 3 as the +information in that frame now + + align:start position:0% +information in that frame now + + + align:start position:0% +information in that frame now +the body of the procedure will then have + + align:start position:0% +the body of the procedure will then have + + + align:start position:0% +the body of the procedure will then have +to be evaluated which is this and it + + align:start position:0% +to be evaluated which is this and it + + + align:start position:0% +to be evaluated which is this and it +will be evaluated in an environment + + align:start position:0% +will be evaluated in an environment + + + align:start position:0% +will be evaluated in an environment +which is the environ the environment + + align:start position:0% +which is the environ the environment + + + align:start position:0% +which is the environ the environment +which is constructed by adjoining the + + align:start position:0% +which is constructed by adjoining the + + + align:start position:0% +which is constructed by adjoining the +new frame that we just made to the + + align:start position:0% +new frame that we just made to the + + + align:start position:0% +new frame that we just made to the +environment which was part of the + + align:start position:0% +environment which was part of the + + + align:start position:0% +environment which was part of the +procedure that we applied so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +procedure that we applied so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +procedure that we applied so I'm going +to make a little example of that here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +supposing I have some environment here's + + align:start position:0% +supposing I have some environment here's + + + align:start position:0% +supposing I have some environment here's +a frame which represented and some + + align:start position:0% +a frame which represented and some + + + align:start position:0% +a frame which represented and some +procedure which I'm going to roll in + + align:start position:0% +procedure which I'm going to roll in + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which I'm going to roll in +circles here because it's easier than + + align:start position:0% +circles here because it's easier than + + + align:start position:0% +circles here because it's easier than +little triangles oh sorry those + + align:start position:0% +little triangles oh sorry those + + + align:start position:0% +little triangles oh sorry those +rhombuses we're on boy to little pieces + + align:start position:0% +rhombuses we're on boy to little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +rhombuses we're on boy to little pieces +of truth fruit jelly or something mmm so + + align:start position:0% +of truth fruit jelly or something mmm so + + + align:start position:0% +of truth fruit jelly or something mmm so +here's a procedure which takes this + + align:start position:0% +here's a procedure which takes this + + + align:start position:0% +here's a procedure which takes this +environment and the procedure has a + + align:start position:0% +environment and the procedure has a + + + align:start position:0% +environment and the procedure has a +piece of code which is a lambda + + align:start position:0% +piece of code which is a lambda + + + align:start position:0% +piece of code which is a lambda +expression which binds x and y and then + + align:start position:0% +expression which binds x and y and then + + + align:start position:0% +expression which binds x and y and then +executes a a expression e and this is + + align:start position:0% +executes a a expression e and this is + + + align:start position:0% +executes a a expression e and this is +the procedure we'll call it P I wish to + + align:start position:0% +the procedure we'll call it P I wish to + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure we'll call it P I wish to +apply that procedure to 3 and 4 so I + + align:start position:0% +apply that procedure to 3 and 4 so I + + + align:start position:0% +apply that procedure to 3 and 4 so I +wanted a P of 3 and 4 what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +wanted a P of 3 and 4 what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted a P of 3 and 4 what I'm going to +do of course is make a new frame I build + + align:start position:0% +do of course is make a new frame I build + + + align:start position:0% +do of course is make a new frame I build +a frame which contains + + align:start position:0% +a frame which contains + + + align:start position:0% +a frame which contains +equals 3 and y equals 4 I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 and y equals 4 I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 and y equals 4 I'm going to +connect that frame to this frame over + + align:start position:0% +connect that frame to this frame over + + + align:start position:0% +connect that frame to this frame over +here and then this environment which I + + align:start position:0% +here and then this environment which I + + + align:start position:0% +here and then this environment which I +will call B is the environment in which + + align:start position:0% +will call B is the environment in which + + + align:start position:0% +will call B is the environment in which +I will evaluate the body of e now e may + + align:start position:0% +I will evaluate the body of e now e may + + + align:start position:0% +I will evaluate the body of e now e may +contain references to X and Y in other + + align:start position:0% +contain references to X and Y in other + + + align:start position:0% +contain references to X and Y in other +things x and y will be have values right + + align:start position:0% +things x and y will be have values right + + + align:start position:0% +things x and y will be have values right +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +other things will have their values here + + align:start position:0% +other things will have their values here + + + align:start position:0% +other things will have their values here +how do we get this frame now we do by + + align:start position:0% +how do we get this frame now we do by + + + align:start position:0% +how do we get this frame now we do by +the construction of procedures which is + + align:start position:0% +the construction of procedures which is + + + align:start position:0% +the construction of procedures which is +the other rule and I think that's the + + align:start position:0% +the other rule and I think that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the other rule and I think that's the +next slide rule 2 when a lambda + + align:start position:0% +next slide rule 2 when a lambda + + + align:start position:0% +next slide rule 2 when a lambda +expression is evaluated relative to a + + align:start position:0% +expression is evaluated relative to a + + + align:start position:0% +expression is evaluated relative to a +particular environment see the way I get + + align:start position:0% +particular environment see the way I get + + + align:start position:0% +particular environment see the way I get +a procedure is by evaluating a lambda + + align:start position:0% +a procedure is by evaluating a lambda + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure is by evaluating a lambda +expression here's a lambda expression by + + align:start position:0% +expression here's a lambda expression by + + + align:start position:0% +expression here's a lambda expression by +evaluating it I get a procedure which I + + align:start position:0% +evaluating it I get a procedure which I + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating it I get a procedure which I +can apply to 3 now this lambda + + align:start position:0% +can apply to 3 now this lambda + + + align:start position:0% +can apply to 3 now this lambda +expression is evaluated in an + + align:start position:0% +expression is evaluated in an + + + align:start position:0% +expression is evaluated in an +environment where Y is defined and I + + align:start position:0% +environment where Y is defined and I + + + align:start position:0% +environment where Y is defined and I +want the body of this which contains a + + align:start position:0% +want the body of this which contains a + + + align:start position:0% +want the body of this which contains a +free VAT a free version of Y why is free + + align:start position:0% +free VAT a free version of Y why is free + + + align:start position:0% +free VAT a free version of Y why is free +in here it's bound over the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +in here it's bound over the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +in here it's bound over the whole thing +but it's free over here + + align:start position:0% +but it's free over here + + + align:start position:0% +but it's free over here +I want that Y to be this one I evaluate + + align:start position:0% +I want that Y to be this one I evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +I want that Y to be this one I evaluate +this body of this procedure in the + + align:start position:0% +this body of this procedure in the + + + align:start position:0% +this body of this procedure in the +environment where Y was created that's + + align:start position:0% +environment where Y was created that's + + + align:start position:0% +environment where Y was created that's +this kind of thing because that was done + + align:start position:0% +this kind of thing because that was done + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of thing because that was done +by an application now if I ever want to + + align:start position:0% +by an application now if I ever want to + + + align:start position:0% +by an application now if I ever want to +look up the value of y as to know where + + align:start position:0% +look up the value of y as to know where + + + align:start position:0% +look up the value of y as to know where +it is + + align:start position:0% +it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is +therefore this procedure that was + + align:start position:0% +therefore this procedure that was + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this procedure that was +created the create in the creation of + + align:start position:0% +created the create in the creation of + + + align:start position:0% +created the create in the creation of +the procedure which is the result of + + align:start position:0% +the procedure which is the result of + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure which is the result of +valuing that lambda expression had + + align:start position:0% +valuing that lambda expression had + + + align:start position:0% +valuing that lambda expression had +better capture a pointer or + + align:start position:0% +better capture a pointer or + + + align:start position:0% +better capture a pointer or +remember the frame in which Y was bound + + align:start position:0% +remember the frame in which Y was bound + + + align:start position:0% +remember the frame in which Y was bound +okay so that's what this rule is telling + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what this rule is telling + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what this rule is telling +us hmm so for example if I happen to be + + align:start position:0% +us hmm so for example if I happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +us hmm so for example if I happen to be +evaluating a lambda expression + + align:start position:0% +evaluating a lambda expression + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating a lambda expression +lambda expression in E lambda of say X&Y + + align:start position:0% +lambda expression in E lambda of say X&Y + + + align:start position:0% +lambda expression in E lambda of say X&Y +let's call it G in e evaluating that + + align:start position:0% +let's call it G in e evaluating that + + + align:start position:0% +let's call it G in e evaluating that +well all that means is I now construct a + + align:start position:0% +well all that means is I now construct a + + + align:start position:0% +well all that means is I now construct a +procedure object he is some environment + + align:start position:0% +procedure object he is some environment + + + align:start position:0% +procedure object he is some environment +he is something which has a pointer to + + align:start position:0% +he is something which has a pointer to + + + align:start position:0% +he is something which has a pointer to +it i construct a procedure object that + + align:start position:0% +it i construct a procedure object that + + + align:start position:0% +it i construct a procedure object that +points off to that environment where the + + align:start position:0% +points off to that environment where the + + + align:start position:0% +points off to that environment where the +code of that is the lambda expression or + + align:start position:0% +code of that is the lambda expression or + + + align:start position:0% +code of that is the lambda expression or +whatever if that translates into and + + align:start position:0% +whatever if that translates into and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever if that translates into and +this is the procedure so this produces + + align:start position:0% +this is the procedure so this produces + + + align:start position:0% +this is the procedure so this produces +for me this this this object here this + + align:start position:0% +for me this this this object here this + + + align:start position:0% +for me this this this object here this +environment pointer captures the place + + align:start position:0% +environment pointer captures the place + + + align:start position:0% +environment pointer captures the place +where this lambda expression was + + align:start position:0% +where this lambda expression was + + + align:start position:0% +where this lambda expression was +evaluated where the definition was used + + align:start position:0% +evaluated where the definition was used + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated where the definition was used +where the definition was used to make a + + align:start position:0% +where the definition was used to make a + + + align:start position:0% +where the definition was used to make a +procedure to make the procedure so it + + align:start position:0% +procedure to make the procedure so it + + + align:start position:0% +procedure to make the procedure so it +picks up the environment from the place + + align:start position:0% +picks up the environment from the place + + + align:start position:0% +picks up the environment from the place +where that procedure was defined stores + + align:start position:0% +where that procedure was defined stores + + + align:start position:0% +where that procedure was defined stores +it in the procedure itself and then when + + align:start position:0% +it in the procedure itself and then when + + + align:start position:0% +it in the procedure itself and then when +the procedure is used the environment + + align:start position:0% +the procedure is used the environment + + + align:start position:0% +the procedure is used the environment +where it was defined is extended with + + align:start position:0% +where it was defined is extended with + + + align:start position:0% +where it was defined is extended with +the new frame so this gives us a locus + + align:start position:0% +the new frame so this gives us a locus + + + align:start position:0% +the new frame so this gives us a locus +for putting of where a variable has a + + align:start position:0% +for putting of where a variable has a + + + align:start position:0% +for putting of where a variable has a +value and for example if there are lots + + align:start position:0% +value and for example if there are lots + + + align:start position:0% +value and for example if there are lots +of guys pointing it at that environment + + align:start position:0% +of guys pointing it at that environment + + + align:start position:0% +of guys pointing it at that environment +then they share that place and we'll see + + align:start position:0% +then they share that place and we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +then they share that place and we'll see +more of that shortly well now you have a + + align:start position:0% +more of that shortly well now you have a + + + align:start position:0% +more of that shortly well now you have a +new bottle for doing for understanding + + align:start position:0% +new bottle for doing for understanding + + + align:start position:0% +new bottle for doing for understanding +the execution of programs I suppose I'll + + align:start position:0% +the execution of programs I suppose I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the execution of programs I suppose I'll +take questions now and then we'll go on + + align:start position:0% +take questions now and then we'll go on + + + align:start position:0% +take questions now and then we'll go on +and use that for something is it right + + align:start position:0% +and use that for something is it right + + + align:start position:0% +and use that for something is it right +to say then the environment is that link + + align:start position:0% +to say then the environment is that link + + + align:start position:0% +to say then the environment is that link +chain of frames that's running with + + align:start position:0% +chain of frames that's running with + + + align:start position:0% +chain of frames that's running with +working all the way back yes the + + align:start position:0% +working all the way back yes the + + + align:start position:0% +working all the way back yes the +environment is a sequence of frames + + align:start position:0% +environment is a sequence of frames + + + align:start position:0% +environment is a sequence of frames +linked together and the way I like to + + align:start position:0% +linked together and the way I like to + + + align:start position:0% +linked together and the way I like to +think about it it's the pointer to the + + align:start position:0% +think about it it's the pointer to the + + + align:start position:0% +think about it it's the pointer to the +first one because it's once you've got + + align:start position:0% +first one because it's once you've got + + + align:start position:0% +first one because it's once you've got +that you've got them all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody else is it possible to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +anybody else is it possible to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else is it possible to evaluate +a procedure or to define a procedure in + + align:start position:0% +a procedure or to define a procedure in + + + align:start position:0% +a procedure or to define a procedure in +two different environments such that it + + align:start position:0% +two different environments such that it + + + align:start position:0% +two different environments such that it +will behave differently and have + + align:start position:0% +will behave differently and have + + + align:start position:0% +will behave differently and have +pointers to both oh yes the same + + align:start position:0% +pointers to both oh yes the same + + + align:start position:0% +pointers to both oh yes the same +procedure is not going to have two + + align:start position:0% +procedure is not going to have two + + + align:start position:0% +procedure is not going to have two +different environments the same code the + + align:start position:0% +different environments the same code the + + + align:start position:0% +different environments the same code the +same lambda expression can be evaluated + + align:start position:0% +same lambda expression can be evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +same lambda expression can be evaluated +into environments producing two + + align:start position:0% +into environments producing two + + + align:start position:0% +into environments producing two +different procedures each procedure + + align:start position:0% +different procedures each procedure + + + align:start position:0% +different procedures each procedure +their definition has the same name their + + align:start position:0% +their definition has the same name their + + + align:start position:0% +their definition has the same name their +operator definition is written the same + + align:start position:0% +operator definition is written the same + + + align:start position:0% +operator definition is written the same +with the same characters I can evaluate + + align:start position:0% +with the same characters I can evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +with the same characters I can evaluate +that set of characters whatever let's + + align:start position:0% +that set of characters whatever let's + + + align:start position:0% +that set of characters whatever let's +draw that that list structure that + + align:start position:0% +draw that that list structure that + + + align:start position:0% +draw that that list structure that +defines that Rizla is the textual + + align:start position:0% +defines that Rizla is the textual + + + align:start position:0% +defines that Rizla is the textual +representation okay I can evaluate that + + align:start position:0% +representation okay I can evaluate that + + + align:start position:0% +representation okay I can evaluate that +in two different environments producing + + align:start position:0% +in two different environments producing + + + align:start position:0% +in two different environments producing +two different procedures each of those + + align:start position:0% +two different procedures each of those + + + align:start position:0% +two different procedures each of those +procedures has its own local local sets + + align:start position:0% +procedures has its own local local sets + + + align:start position:0% +procedures has its own local local sets +of valid variables and we'll see that + + align:start position:0% +of valid variables and we'll see that + + + align:start position:0% +of valid variables and we'll see that +right now okay anybody else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay thank you let's take a break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well now I've done this terrible thing + + align:start position:0% +well now I've done this terrible thing + + + align:start position:0% +well now I've done this terrible thing +to you I've introduced a very + + align:start position:0% +to you I've introduced a very + + + align:start position:0% +to you I've introduced a very +complicated thing assignment which + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing assignment which + + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing assignment which +destroys most of the interesting + + align:start position:0% +destroys most of the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +destroys most of the interesting +mathematical properties of our programs + + align:start position:0% +mathematical properties of our programs + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical properties of our programs +okay why should I have done this what + + align:start position:0% +okay why should I have done this what + + + align:start position:0% +okay why should I have done this what +possible good could this do yes clearly + + align:start position:0% +possible good could this do yes clearly + + + align:start position:0% +possible good could this do yes clearly +not not a nice thing so I better have a + + align:start position:0% +not not a nice thing so I better have a + + + align:start position:0% +not not a nice thing so I better have a +good excuse well let's do a little bit + + align:start position:0% +good excuse well let's do a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +good excuse well let's do a little bit +of playing first of all with some very + + align:start position:0% +of playing first of all with some very + + + align:start position:0% +of playing first of all with some very +interesting programs that have + + align:start position:0% +interesting programs that have + + + align:start position:0% +interesting programs that have +assignment to understand something + + align:start position:0% +assignment to understand something + + + align:start position:0% +assignment to understand something +special about them that makes them + + align:start position:0% +special about them that makes them + + + align:start position:0% +special about them that makes them +somewhat valuable start with a very + + align:start position:0% +somewhat valuable start with a very + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat valuable start with a very +simple program which I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +simple program which I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +simple program which I'm going to call +make counter I'm going to define make + + align:start position:0% +make counter I'm going to define make + + + align:start position:0% +make counter I'm going to define make +counter to be a procedure of one + + align:start position:0% +counter to be a procedure of one + + + align:start position:0% +counter to be a procedure of one +argument n which returns as its value a + + align:start position:0% +argument n which returns as its value a + + + align:start position:0% +argument n which returns as its value a +procedure of no arguments as a procedure + + align:start position:0% +procedure of no arguments as a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of no arguments as a procedure +of the producer procedure which sets n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the increment of n and returns that + + align:start position:0% +to the increment of n and returns that + + + align:start position:0% +to the increment of n and returns that +value of N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we're going to investigate the + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to investigate the + + + align:start position:0% +now we're going to investigate the +behavior of this it's a sort of an + + align:start position:0% +behavior of this it's a sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of this it's a sort of an +interesting thing in order to + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing in order to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing in order to +investigate the behavior I have to make + + align:start position:0% +investigate the behavior I have to make + + + align:start position:0% +investigate the behavior I have to make +an environment model because we can't + + align:start position:0% +an environment model because we can't + + + align:start position:0% +an environment model because we can't +understand this any other way so let's + + align:start position:0% +understand this any other way so let's + + + align:start position:0% +understand this any other way so let's +just do that we start out with some sort + + align:start position:0% +just do that we start out with some sort + + + align:start position:0% +just do that we start out with some sort +of let's say there's a global + + align:start position:0% +of let's say there's a global + + + align:start position:0% +of let's say there's a global +environment that the Machine is born + + align:start position:0% +environment that the Machine is born + + + align:start position:0% +environment that the Machine is born +with global we'll call it and it's going + + align:start position:0% +with global we'll call it and it's going + + + align:start position:0% +with global we'll call it and it's going +to have in it a bunch of initial things + + align:start position:0% +to have in it a bunch of initial things + + + align:start position:0% +to have in it a bunch of initial things +we all know what it's got it's got + + align:start position:0% +we all know what it's got it's got + + + align:start position:0% +we all know what it's got it's got +things in it like like say plus and + + align:start position:0% +things in it like like say plus and + + + align:start position:0% +things in it like like say plus and +times and quotient and difference and + + align:start position:0% +times and quotient and difference and + + + align:start position:0% +times and quotient and difference and +car and the Tetra lots of things I don't + + align:start position:0% +car and the Tetra lots of things I don't + + + align:start position:0% +car and the Tetra lots of things I don't +know what they are some valiant + + align:start position:0% +know what they are some valiant + + + align:start position:0% +know what they are some valiant +squiggles that are the things the + + align:start position:0% +squiggles that are the things the + + + align:start position:0% +squiggles that are the things the +machine is born with and by doing the + + align:start position:0% +machine is born with and by doing the + + + align:start position:0% +machine is born with and by doing the +definition here what I plan to do well + + align:start position:0% +definition here what I plan to do well + + + align:start position:0% +definition here what I plan to do well +what am i doing I'm doing this relative + + align:start position:0% +what am i doing I'm doing this relative + + + align:start position:0% +what am i doing I'm doing this relative +to the global environment so here's my + + align:start position:0% +to the global environment so here's my + + + align:start position:0% +to the global environment so here's my +environment pointer in order to do that + + align:start position:0% +environment pointer in order to do that + + + align:start position:0% +environment pointer in order to do that +I have to evaluate this lambda + + align:start position:0% +I have to evaluate this lambda + + + align:start position:0% +I have to evaluate this lambda +expression that means I make a procedure + + align:start position:0% +expression that means I make a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +expression that means I make a procedure +object so I'm going to make a procedure + + align:start position:0% +object so I'm going to make a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +object so I'm going to make a procedure +object here and the procedure object has + + align:start position:0% +object here and the procedure object has + + + align:start position:0% +object here and the procedure object has +as the place it's defined the global + + align:start position:0% +as the place it's defined the global + + + align:start position:0% +as the place it's defined the global +environment the procedure object + + align:start position:0% +environment the procedure object + + + align:start position:0% +environment the procedure object +contains some code that represents a + + align:start position:0% +contains some code that represents a + + + align:start position:0% +contains some code that represents a +procedure of one argument and which + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument and which + + + align:start position:0% +procedure of one argument and which +returns a procedure of no arguments + + align:start position:0% +returns a procedure of no arguments + + + align:start position:0% +returns a procedure of no arguments +which does something hmm + + align:start position:0% +which does something hmm + + + align:start position:0% +which does something hmm +and the define is a way of changing this + + align:start position:0% +and the define is a way of changing this + + + align:start position:0% +and the define is a way of changing this +environment so that I now add to it and + + align:start position:0% +environment so that I now add to it and + + + align:start position:0% +environment so that I now add to it and +make counter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a special rule for the special thing + + align:start position:0% +a special rule for the special thing + + + align:start position:0% +a special rule for the special thing +definite define but what that is this + + align:start position:0% +definite define but what that is this + + + align:start position:0% +definite define but what that is this +gives me that pointer to that procedure + + align:start position:0% +gives me that pointer to that procedure + + + align:start position:0% +gives me that pointer to that procedure +so now the global environment contains + + align:start position:0% +so now the global environment contains + + + align:start position:0% +so now the global environment contains +make counter as well now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +make counter as well now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +make counter as well now we're going to +do some operations I'm gonna use this to + + align:start position:0% +do some operations I'm gonna use this to + + + align:start position:0% +do some operations I'm gonna use this to +make some counters you will see what a + + align:start position:0% +make some counters you will see what a + + + align:start position:0% +make some counters you will see what a +counter is so let's define c1 to be a + + align:start position:0% +counter is so let's define c1 to be a + + + align:start position:0% +counter is so let's define c1 to be a +counter beginning at 0 of 0 well we know + + align:start position:0% +counter beginning at 0 of 0 well we know + + + align:start position:0% +counter beginning at 0 of 0 well we know +how to do this now according to the + + align:start position:0% +how to do this now according to the + + + align:start position:0% +how to do this now according to the +model I have to evaluate the expression + + align:start position:0% +model I have to evaluate the expression + + + align:start position:0% +model I have to evaluate the expression +a counter in the global environment make + + align:start position:0% +a counter in the global environment make + + + align:start position:0% +a counter in the global environment make +counter of 0 well I look up make counter + + align:start position:0% +counter of 0 well I look up make counter + + + align:start position:0% +counter of 0 well I look up make counter +and see that it's a procedure ok I'm + + align:start position:0% +and see that it's a procedure ok I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and see that it's a procedure ok I'm +going to have to apply that procedure + + align:start position:0% +going to have to apply that procedure + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to apply that procedure +the way I applied the procedure is by + + align:start position:0% +the way I applied the procedure is by + + + align:start position:0% +the way I applied the procedure is by +constructing a frame right so I + + align:start position:0% +constructing a frame right so I + + + align:start position:0% +constructing a frame right so I +construct a frame which has has a value + + align:start position:0% +construct a frame which has has a value + + + align:start position:0% +construct a frame which has has a value +for n in it which is 0 and the parent + + align:start position:0% +for n in it which is 0 and the parent + + + align:start position:0% +for n in it which is 0 and the parent +environment is the one which is the + + align:start position:0% +environment is the one which is the + + + align:start position:0% +environment is the one which is the +environment of definition of make + + align:start position:0% +environment of definition of make + + + align:start position:0% +environment of definition of make +counter ok so I've made an environment + + align:start position:0% +counter ok so I've made an environment + + + align:start position:0% +counter ok so I've made an environment +by applying make counter to 0 now I have + + align:start position:0% +by applying make counter to 0 now I have + + + align:start position:0% +by applying make counter to 0 now I have +to evaluate the body of make counter + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate the body of make counter + + + align:start position:0% +to evaluate the body of make counter +which is this lambda expression in that + + align:start position:0% +which is this lambda expression in that + + + align:start position:0% +which is this lambda expression in that +environment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well evaluating this body this body is a + + align:start position:0% +well evaluating this body this body is a + + + align:start position:0% +well evaluating this body this body is a +lambda expression the evaluating lambda + + align:start position:0% +lambda expression the evaluating lambda + + + align:start position:0% +lambda expression the evaluating lambda +expression means make a procedure object + + align:start position:0% +expression means make a procedure object + + + align:start position:0% +expression means make a procedure object +I'm going to make a procedure object + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that procedure object has the + + align:start position:0% +and that procedure object has the + + + align:start position:0% +and that procedure object has the +environment it was defined in being that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where n was defined to be 0 and it has + + align:start position:0% +where n was defined to be 0 and it has + + + align:start position:0% +where n was defined to be 0 and it has +some code which is the procedure of no + + align:start position:0% +some code which is the procedure of no + + + align:start position:0% +some code which is the procedure of no +arguments which does something that set + + align:start position:0% +arguments which does something that set + + + align:start position:0% +arguments which does something that set +something and doesn't read returns n and + + align:start position:0% +something and doesn't read returns n and + + + align:start position:0% +something and doesn't read returns n and +this thing is going to be the object + + align:start position:0% +this thing is going to be the object + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is going to be the object +which in the global environment will + + align:start position:0% +which in the global environment will + + + align:start position:0% +which in the global environment will +have the name C 1 so we construct a name + + align:start position:0% +have the name C 1 so we construct a name + + + align:start position:0% +have the name C 1 so we construct a name +here C 1 and say that equals that now if + + align:start position:0% +here C 1 and say that equals that now if + + + align:start position:0% +here C 1 and say that equals that now if +I also make another counter C 2 to be + + align:start position:0% +I also make another counter C 2 to be + + + align:start position:0% +I also make another counter C 2 to be +make counter say starting with 10 then I + + align:start position:0% +make counter say starting with 10 then I + + + align:start position:0% +make counter say starting with 10 then I +do essentially the same thing I can say + + align:start position:0% +do essentially the same thing I can say + + + align:start position:0% +do essentially the same thing I can say +I apply the make outdoor procedure which + + align:start position:0% +I apply the make outdoor procedure which + + + align:start position:0% +I apply the make outdoor procedure which +I got from here to make another frame + + align:start position:0% +I got from here to make another frame + + + align:start position:0% +I got from here to make another frame +with n being 10 okay that frame has the + + align:start position:0% +with n being 10 okay that frame has the + + + align:start position:0% +with n being 10 okay that frame has the +global environment as its parent I then + + align:start position:0% +global environment as its parent I then + + + align:start position:0% +global environment as its parent I then +construct a procedure which has that as + + align:start position:0% +construct a procedure which has that as + + + align:start position:0% +construct a procedure which has that as +its frame of definition which is the + + align:start position:0% +its frame of definition which is the + + + align:start position:0% +its frame of definition which is the +code of it is the procedure of no + + align:start position:0% +code of it is the procedure of no + + + align:start position:0% +code of it is the procedure of no +arguments which does something and it + + align:start position:0% +arguments which does something and it + + + align:start position:0% +arguments which does something and it +does a set and so on and n comes out + + align:start position:0% +does a set and so on and n comes out + + + align:start position:0% +does a set and so on and n comes out +okay and c2 is this well you're already + + align:start position:0% +okay and c2 is this well you're already + + + align:start position:0% +okay and c2 is this well you're already +beginning to see something fairly + + align:start position:0% +beginning to see something fairly + + + align:start position:0% +beginning to see something fairly +interesting there are two ends here they + + align:start position:0% +interesting there are two ends here they + + + align:start position:0% +interesting there are two ends here they +are not one in each time I called make + + align:start position:0% +are not one in each time I called make + + + align:start position:0% +are not one in each time I called make +counter I made another instance of n + + align:start position:0% +counter I made another instance of n + + + align:start position:0% +counter I made another instance of n +these are distinct and separate from + + align:start position:0% +these are distinct and separate from + + + align:start position:0% +these are distinct and separate from +each other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's do some execution use those + + align:start position:0% +now let's do some execution use those + + + align:start position:0% +now let's do some execution use those +counters I'm gonna use those counters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well what happens if I say c1 at this + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if I say c1 at this + + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if I say c1 at this +point well I go over here and I say oh + + align:start position:0% +point well I go over here and I say oh + + + align:start position:0% +point well I go over here and I say oh +yes c1 is a procedure I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +yes c1 is a procedure I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +yes c1 is a procedure I'm going to call +this procedure on no arguments but it + + align:start position:0% +this procedure on no arguments but it + + + align:start position:0% +this procedure on no arguments but it +has no parameters that's right + + align:start position:0% +has no parameters that's right + + + align:start position:0% +has no parameters that's right +what's its body we'll have to look up + + align:start position:0% +what's its body we'll have to look up + + + align:start position:0% +what's its body we'll have to look up +here because I didn't write it down + + align:start position:0% +here because I didn't write it down + + + align:start position:0% +here because I didn't write it down +it said set into 1 plus N and return in + + align:start position:0% +it said set into 1 plus N and return in + + + align:start position:0% +it said set into 1 plus N and return in +to increment n well the N it sees is + + align:start position:0% +to increment n well the N it sees is + + + align:start position:0% +to increment n well the N it sees is +this one so I increment that n that + + align:start position:0% +this one so I increment that n that + + + align:start position:0% +this one so I increment that n that +becomes 1 and I return the value 1 okay + + align:start position:0% +becomes 1 and I return the value 1 okay + + + align:start position:0% +becomes 1 and I return the value 1 okay +supposing I then call c2 + + align:start position:0% +supposing I then call c2 + + + align:start position:0% +supposing I then call c2 +well what do I do I see c2 is this + + align:start position:0% +well what do I do I see c2 is this + + + align:start position:0% +well what do I do I see c2 is this +procedure which does the same thing but + + align:start position:0% +procedure which does the same thing but + + + align:start position:0% +procedure which does the same thing but +here's the N it becomes 11 hmm and so I + + align:start position:0% +here's the N it becomes 11 hmm and so I + + + align:start position:0% +here's the N it becomes 11 hmm and so I +have an 11 which is the value I then can + + align:start position:0% +have an 11 which is the value I then can + + + align:start position:0% +have an 11 which is the value I then can +say let's try c1 again hmm + + align:start position:0% +say let's try c1 again hmm + + + align:start position:0% +say let's try c1 again hmm +c1 is this that's 2 so the answer is 2 + + align:start position:0% +c1 is this that's 2 so the answer is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +c1 is this that's 2 so the answer is 2 +and C 2 gives me a 12 by the same method + + align:start position:0% +and C 2 gives me a 12 by the same method + + + align:start position:0% +and C 2 gives me a 12 by the same method +by walking down here looking at that and + + align:start position:0% +by walking down here looking at that and + + + align:start position:0% +by walking down here looking at that and +saying here's the n I'm incrementing so + + align:start position:0% +saying here's the n I'm incrementing so + + + align:start position:0% +saying here's the n I'm incrementing so +what I have our computational objects + + align:start position:0% +what I have our computational objects + + + align:start position:0% +what I have our computational objects +there are two counters each with its own + + align:start position:0% +there are two counters each with its own + + + align:start position:0% +there are two counters each with its own +independent local state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's talk about this a little this + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about this a little this + + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about this a little this +is a strange thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's an object it's not at all obvious + + align:start position:0% +what's an object it's not at all obvious + + + align:start position:0% +what's an object it's not at all obvious +what an object is we like to think about + + align:start position:0% +what an object is we like to think about + + + align:start position:0% +what an object is we like to think about +objects because it's economical to think + + align:start position:0% +objects because it's economical to think + + + align:start position:0% +objects because it's economical to think +that way in an intellectual economy I am + + align:start position:0% +that way in an intellectual economy I am + + + align:start position:0% +that way in an intellectual economy I am +an object you are an object we are not + + align:start position:0% +an object you are an object we are not + + + align:start position:0% +an object you are an object we are not +the same object I can divide the world + + align:start position:0% +the same object I can divide the world + + + align:start position:0% +the same object I can divide the world +into two parts me and you and there's + + align:start position:0% +into two parts me and you and there's + + + align:start position:0% +into two parts me and you and there's +other things as well such that most of + + align:start position:0% +other things as well such that most of + + + align:start position:0% +other things as well such that most of +the things I might want to discuss about + + align:start position:0% +the things I might want to discuss about + + + align:start position:0% +the things I might want to discuss about +my workings do not involve you and most + + align:start position:0% +my workings do not involve you and most + + + align:start position:0% +my workings do not involve you and most +of the things I want to discuss about + + align:start position:0% +of the things I want to discuss about + + + align:start position:0% +of the things I want to discuss about +your workings don't involve me I have a + + align:start position:0% +your workings don't involve me I have a + + + align:start position:0% +your workings don't involve me I have a +blood pressure a temperature I really + + align:start position:0% +blood pressure a temperature I really + + + align:start position:0% +blood pressure a temperature I really +respiration rate a certain amount of + + align:start position:0% +respiration rate a certain amount of + + + align:start position:0% +respiration rate a certain amount of +sugar in my blood and numerous thousands + + align:start position:0% +sugar in my blood and numerous thousands + + + align:start position:0% +sugar in my blood and numerous thousands +of state variables millions actually or + + align:start position:0% +of state variables millions actually or + + + align:start position:0% +of state variables millions actually or +I don't know how many huge numbers of + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how many huge numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how many huge numbers of +state variables in the physical sense + + align:start position:0% +state variables in the physical sense + + + align:start position:0% +state variables in the physical sense +which represented me in the state of me + + align:start position:0% +which represented me in the state of me + + + align:start position:0% +which represented me in the state of me +as a particle and you have gazillions of + + align:start position:0% +as a particle and you have gazillions of + + + align:start position:0% +as a particle and you have gazillions of +them as well + + align:start position:0% +them as well + + + align:start position:0% +them as well +and most of mine are uncoupled - most of + + align:start position:0% +and most of mine are uncoupled - most of + + + align:start position:0% +and most of mine are uncoupled - most of +yours so we can compute the properties + + align:start position:0% +yours so we can compute the properties + + + align:start position:0% +yours so we can compute the properties +of me without worrying too much about + + align:start position:0% +of me without worrying too much about + + + align:start position:0% +of me without worrying too much about +the properties of you if we had to work + + align:start position:0% +the properties of you if we had to work + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of you if we had to work +about both of us together then the + + align:start position:0% +about both of us together then the + + + align:start position:0% +about both of us together then the +number of states that we'd have to + + align:start position:0% +number of states that we'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +number of states that we'd have to +consider is the product of the number of + + align:start position:0% +consider is the product of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +consider is the product of the number of +states you have in the number States I + + align:start position:0% +states you have in the number States I + + + align:start position:0% +states you have in the number States I +have but this way it's almost the sum + + align:start position:0% +have but this way it's almost the sum + + + align:start position:0% +have but this way it's almost the sum +now indeed there are forces that couple + + align:start position:0% +now indeed there are forces that couple + + + align:start position:0% +now indeed there are forces that couple +us I'm talking to you in your state + + align:start position:0% +us I'm talking to you in your state + + + align:start position:0% +us I'm talking to you in your state +changes I'm looking at you and my state + + align:start position:0% +changes I'm looking at you and my state + + + align:start position:0% +changes I'm looking at you and my state +changes some of my state variables are + + align:start position:0% +changes some of my state variables are + + + align:start position:0% +changes some of my state variables are +very few of them therefore are coupled + + align:start position:0% +very few of them therefore are coupled + + + align:start position:0% +very few of them therefore are coupled +to yours if you were to suddenly yell + + align:start position:0% +to yours if you were to suddenly yell + + + align:start position:0% +to yours if you were to suddenly yell +very loud my blood pressure would go up + + align:start position:0% +very loud my blood pressure would go up + + + align:start position:0% +very loud my blood pressure would go up +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say however and it may not be always + + align:start position:0% +say however and it may not be always + + + align:start position:0% +say however and it may not be always +appropriate to think about the world is + + align:start position:0% +appropriate to think about the world is + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate to think about the world is +being made out of independent states + + align:start position:0% +being made out of independent states + + + align:start position:0% +being made out of independent states +and independent particles lots of the + + align:start position:0% +and independent particles lots of the + + + align:start position:0% +and independent particles lots of the +bugs that occur in things like quantum + + align:start position:0% +bugs that occur in things like quantum + + + align:start position:0% +bugs that occur in things like quantum +mechanics or the bugs in our minds that + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or the bugs in our minds that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics or the bugs in our minds that +occur when we think about things like + + align:start position:0% +occur when we think about things like + + + align:start position:0% +occur when we think about things like +quantum mechanics or do the fact that + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics or do the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics or do the fact that +we're trying to think about things being + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to think about things being + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to think about things being +broken up into independent pieces when + + align:start position:0% +broken up into independent pieces when + + + align:start position:0% +broken up into independent pieces when +in fact there's more coupling than we + + align:start position:0% +in fact there's more coupling than we + + + align:start position:0% +in fact there's more coupling than we +see on the surface or that we want to + + align:start position:0% +see on the surface or that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +see on the surface or that we want to +believe in because we want to compute + + align:start position:0% +believe in because we want to compute + + + align:start position:0% +believe in because we want to compute +efficiently and effectively we've been + + align:start position:0% +efficiently and effectively we've been + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently and effectively we've been +trained to think that way well let's see + + align:start position:0% +trained to think that way well let's see + + + align:start position:0% +trained to think that way well let's see +how would we know if we had objects at + + align:start position:0% +how would we know if we had objects at + + + align:start position:0% +how would we know if we had objects at +all how can we tell if we have objects + + align:start position:0% +all how can we tell if we have objects + + + align:start position:0% +all how can we tell if we have objects +consider some possible optical illusions + + align:start position:0% +consider some possible optical illusions + + + align:start position:0% +consider some possible optical illusions +this could be done these pieces of chalk + + align:start position:0% +this could be done these pieces of chalk + + + align:start position:0% +this could be done these pieces of chalk +are not appropriately identical but + + align:start position:0% +are not appropriately identical but + + + align:start position:0% +are not appropriately identical but +supposing you couldn't tell the + + align:start position:0% +supposing you couldn't tell the + + + align:start position:0% +supposing you couldn't tell the +difference of them by looking at them + + align:start position:0% +difference of them by looking at them + + + align:start position:0% +difference of them by looking at them +right well there's a possibility that + + align:start position:0% +right well there's a possibility that + + + align:start position:0% +right well there's a possibility that +this is all a game I'm playing with + + align:start position:0% +this is all a game I'm playing with + + + align:start position:0% +this is all a game I'm playing with +mirrors it's really the same piece of + + align:start position:0% +mirrors it's really the same piece of + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors it's really the same piece of +chalk but you're seeing two of them how + + align:start position:0% +chalk but you're seeing two of them how + + + align:start position:0% +chalk but you're seeing two of them how +would you know if you're seeing one or + + align:start position:0% +would you know if you're seeing one or + + + align:start position:0% +would you know if you're seeing one or +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +well it's there's only one way I know + + align:start position:0% +well it's there's only one way I know + + + align:start position:0% +well it's there's only one way I know +you grab one of them and change it and + + align:start position:0% +you grab one of them and change it and + + + align:start position:0% +you grab one of them and change it and +see if the other one changed and it + + align:start position:0% +see if the other one changed and it + + + align:start position:0% +see if the other one changed and it +didn't so there's two of them okay on + + align:start position:0% +didn't so there's two of them okay on + + + align:start position:0% +didn't so there's two of them okay on +the other hand there's some other screwy + + align:start position:0% +the other hand there's some other screwy + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand there's some other screwy +properties and things like that like how + + align:start position:0% +properties and things like that like how + + + align:start position:0% +properties and things like that like how +would we know if something changed we + + align:start position:0% +would we know if something changed we + + + align:start position:0% +would we know if something changed we +have to look at it before and after the + + align:start position:0% +have to look at it before and after the + + + align:start position:0% +have to look at it before and after the +change the change is an assignment it's + + align:start position:0% +change the change is an assignment it's + + + align:start position:0% +change the change is an assignment it's +this moment in time but I mean we have + + align:start position:0% +this moment in time but I mean we have + + + align:start position:0% +this moment in time but I mean we have +to know it was the same one that we're + + align:start position:0% +to know it was the same one that we're + + + align:start position:0% +to know it was the same one that we're +looking at so some very strange and + + align:start position:0% +looking at so some very strange and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at so some very strange and +unusual and obscure and I don't + + align:start position:0% +unusual and obscure and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +unusual and obscure and I don't +understand problems associated with + + align:start position:0% +understand problems associated with + + + align:start position:0% +understand problems associated with +assignment and change and objects I mean + + align:start position:0% +assignment and change and objects I mean + + + align:start position:0% +assignment and change and objects I mean +easy to get very very bad for example + + align:start position:0% +easy to get very very bad for example + + + align:start position:0% +easy to get very very bad for example +here I am I am a particular person + + align:start position:0% +here I am I am a particular person + + + align:start position:0% +here I am I am a particular person +particular object okay now I can take + + align:start position:0% +particular object okay now I can take + + + align:start position:0% +particular object okay now I can take +out my knife okay and cut my fingernail + + align:start position:0% +out my knife okay and cut my fingernail + + + align:start position:0% +out my knife okay and cut my fingernail +right a piece of my fingernail has + + align:start position:0% +right a piece of my fingernail has + + + align:start position:0% +right a piece of my fingernail has +fallen off onto the table I believe I am + + align:start position:0% +fallen off onto the table I believe I am + + + align:start position:0% +fallen off onto the table I believe I am +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +person I was a second to go but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +person I was a second to go but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +person I was a second to go but I'm not +physically the same in the slightest + + align:start position:0% +physically the same in the slightest + + + align:start position:0% +physically the same in the slightest +okay I have changed why am I the same + + align:start position:0% +okay I have changed why am I the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay I have changed why am I the same +what is the identity of me well I don't + + align:start position:0% +what is the identity of me well I don't + + + align:start position:0% +what is the identity of me well I don't +know okay except for the fact that I + + align:start position:0% +know okay except for the fact that I + + + align:start position:0% +know okay except for the fact that I +have has some sort of identity and so I + + align:start position:0% +have has some sort of identity and so I + + + align:start position:0% +have has some sort of identity and so I +think by introducing assignment and + + align:start position:0% +think by introducing assignment and + + + align:start position:0% +think by introducing assignment and +objects we have we have opened ourselves + + align:start position:0% +objects we have we have opened ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +objects we have we have opened ourselves +up to all of the horrible questions of + + align:start position:0% +up to all of the horrible questions of + + + align:start position:0% +up to all of the horrible questions of +philosophy that have been flagging + + align:start position:0% +philosophy that have been flagging + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy that have been flagging +philosophers for some thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +philosophers for some thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +philosophers for some thousands of years +about this sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +about this sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +about this sort of thing +that's why mathematics is a lot cleaner + + align:start position:0% +that's why mathematics is a lot cleaner + + + align:start position:0% +that's why mathematics is a lot cleaner +let's look at the best things I know to + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the best things I know to + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the best things I know to +say about actions in identity we say + + align:start position:0% +say about actions in identity we say + + + align:start position:0% +say about actions in identity we say +that an action a had an effect on an + + align:start position:0% +that an action a had an effect on an + + + align:start position:0% +that an action a had an effect on an +object X or equivalently the X was + + align:start position:0% +object X or equivalently the X was + + + align:start position:0% +object X or equivalently the X was +changed by a if some property P which + + align:start position:0% +changed by a if some property P which + + + align:start position:0% +changed by a if some property P which +was true of X before a became false of X + + align:start position:0% +was true of X before a became false of X + + + align:start position:0% +was true of X before a became false of X +after a that's test good so means I have + + align:start position:0% +after a that's test good so means I have + + + align:start position:0% +after a that's test good so means I have +to have the X before and after or the + + align:start position:0% +to have the X before and after or the + + + align:start position:0% +to have the X before and after or the +other way of saying this is we say the + + align:start position:0% +other way of saying this is we say the + + + align:start position:0% +other way of saying this is we say the +two objects x and y are the same any + + align:start position:0% +two objects x and y are the same any + + + align:start position:0% +two objects x and y are the same any +action which has an effect on X has the + + align:start position:0% +action which has an effect on X has the + + + align:start position:0% +action which has an effect on X has the +same effect on Y however objects are + + align:start position:0% +same effect on Y however objects are + + + align:start position:0% +same effect on Y however objects are +very useful as I said for an + + align:start position:0% +very useful as I said for an + + + align:start position:0% +very useful as I said for an +intellectual economy one of the things + + align:start position:0% +intellectual economy one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual economy one of the things +that's incredibly useful about them is + + align:start position:0% +that's incredibly useful about them is + + + align:start position:0% +that's incredibly useful about them is +that the world is we like to think about + + align:start position:0% +that the world is we like to think about + + + align:start position:0% +that the world is we like to think about +made out of independent objects with + + align:start position:0% +made out of independent objects with + + + align:start position:0% +made out of independent objects with +independent local state we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +independent local state we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +independent local state we'd like to +think that way although it isn't + + align:start position:0% +think that way although it isn't + + + align:start position:0% +think that way although it isn't +completely true when we want to make + + align:start position:0% +completely true when we want to make + + + align:start position:0% +completely true when we want to make +very complicated programs that deal with + + align:start position:0% +very complicated programs that deal with + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated programs that deal with +such a world if we want those programs + + align:start position:0% +such a world if we want those programs + + + align:start position:0% +such a world if we want those programs +to be understandable by us and also to + + align:start position:0% +to be understandable by us and also to + + + align:start position:0% +to be understandable by us and also to +be changeable so if we change the world + + align:start position:0% +be changeable so if we change the world + + + align:start position:0% +be changeable so if we change the world +we change the program only a little bit + + align:start position:0% +we change the program only a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +we change the program only a little bit +then we want there to be connections + + align:start position:0% +then we want there to be connections + + + align:start position:0% +then we want there to be connections +isomorphism between the objects in the + + align:start position:0% +isomorphism between the objects in the + + + align:start position:0% +isomorphism between the objects in the +world and the objects in our mental + + align:start position:0% +world and the objects in our mental + + + align:start position:0% +world and the objects in our mental +model the modularity of the world can + + align:start position:0% +model the modularity of the world can + + + align:start position:0% +model the modularity of the world can +give us a modularity in our programming + + align:start position:0% +give us a modularity in our programming + + + align:start position:0% +give us a modularity in our programming +so we invent things called + + align:start position:0% +so we invent things called + + + align:start position:0% +so we invent things called +object-oriented programming and things + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming and things + + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming and things +like that to provide us with that idea + + align:start position:0% +like that to provide us with that idea + + + align:start position:0% +like that to provide us with that idea +to provide us with that power but I was + + align:start position:0% +to provide us with that power but I was + + + align:start position:0% +to provide us with that power but I was +even easier let's play a little game I + + align:start position:0% +even easier let's play a little game I + + + align:start position:0% +even easier let's play a little game I +want to play a little game showing you + + align:start position:0% +want to play a little game showing you + + + align:start position:0% +want to play a little game showing you +an even easier example of where + + align:start position:0% +an even easier example of where + + + align:start position:0% +an even easier example of where +modularity can be enhanced by using an + + align:start position:0% +modularity can be enhanced by using an + + + align:start position:0% +modularity can be enhanced by using an +assignment statement + + align:start position:0% +assignment statement + + + align:start position:0% +assignment statement +judiciously one thing I want to enforce + + align:start position:0% +judiciously one thing I want to enforce + + + align:start position:0% +judiciously one thing I want to enforce +and impress on you is don't use + + align:start position:0% +and impress on you is don't use + + + align:start position:0% +and impress on you is don't use +assignment statements the way you use it + + align:start position:0% +assignment statements the way you use it + + + align:start position:0% +assignment statements the way you use it +in Fortran or basic or something or + + align:start position:0% +in Fortran or basic or something or + + + align:start position:0% +in Fortran or basic or something or +Pascal to do the things you don't have + + align:start position:0% +Pascal to do the things you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +Pascal to do the things you don't have +to do it with it it's not the right way + + align:start position:0% +to do it with it it's not the right way + + + align:start position:0% +to do it with it it's not the right way +to think for most things sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +to think for most things sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +to think for most things sometimes it's +essential or maybe it's essential we'll + + align:start position:0% +essential or maybe it's essential we'll + + + align:start position:0% +essential or maybe it's essential we'll +see more about that too okay well let me + + align:start position:0% +see more about that too okay well let me + + + align:start position:0% +see more about that too okay well let me +show you a fun game here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there was a mathematician by Cesaro + + align:start position:0% +there was a mathematician by Cesaro + + + align:start position:0% +there was a mathematician by Cesaro +which shows our Oh chiz our oh I suppose + + align:start position:0% +which shows our Oh chiz our oh I suppose + + + align:start position:0% +which shows our Oh chiz our oh I suppose +it is who figured out a clever way of + + align:start position:0% +it is who figured out a clever way of + + + align:start position:0% +it is who figured out a clever way of +computing pi it turns out that if I take + + align:start position:0% +computing pi it turns out that if I take + + + align:start position:0% +computing pi it turns out that if I take +two random numbers two integers at + + align:start position:0% +two random numbers two integers at + + + align:start position:0% +two random numbers two integers at +random and compute their greatest common + + align:start position:0% +random and compute their greatest common + + + align:start position:0% +random and compute their greatest common +divisor their greatest common divisor is + + align:start position:0% +divisor their greatest common divisor is + + + align:start position:0% +divisor their greatest common divisor is +either one or it's not one if it's one + + align:start position:0% +either one or it's not one if it's one + + + align:start position:0% +either one or it's not one if it's one +that they have no common divisors hmm if + + align:start position:0% +that they have no common divisors hmm if + + + align:start position:0% +that they have no common divisors hmm if +they're if the greatest common divisor + + align:start position:0% +they're if the greatest common divisor + + + align:start position:0% +they're if the greatest common divisor +is one well the probability that two + + align:start position:0% +is one well the probability that two + + + align:start position:0% +is one well the probability that two +random numbers two numbers chosen at + + align:start position:0% +random numbers two numbers chosen at + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers two numbers chosen at +random has greatest common divisor one + + align:start position:0% +random has greatest common divisor one + + + align:start position:0% +random has greatest common divisor one +is related to pi in fact yes it's very + + align:start position:0% +is related to pi in fact yes it's very + + + align:start position:0% +is related to pi in fact yes it's very +strange of course there are other ways + + align:start position:0% +strange of course there are other ways + + + align:start position:0% +strange of course there are other ways +of computing fly like dropping pins on + + align:start position:0% +of computing fly like dropping pins on + + + align:start position:0% +of computing fly like dropping pins on +on flags and things like that it's sort + + align:start position:0% +on flags and things like that it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +on flags and things like that it's sort +of the same kind of thing mm-hmm so the + + align:start position:0% +of the same kind of thing mm-hmm so the + + + align:start position:0% +of the same kind of thing mm-hmm so the +probability that the GCD of number one + + align:start position:0% +probability that the GCD of number one + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the GCD of number one +and number two two random numbers chosen + + align:start position:0% +and number two two random numbers chosen + + + align:start position:0% +and number two two random numbers chosen +is six over PI square I'm not gonna try + + align:start position:0% +is six over PI square I'm not gonna try + + + align:start position:0% +is six over PI square I'm not gonna try +to prove that it's actually not too hard + + align:start position:0% +to prove that it's actually not too hard + + + align:start position:0% +to prove that it's actually not too hard +and sort of fun now how would we + + align:start position:0% +and sort of fun now how would we + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of fun now how would we +estimate such a probability well the way + + align:start position:0% +estimate such a probability well the way + + + align:start position:0% +estimate such a probability well the way +we do that when we estimate + + align:start position:0% +we do that when we estimate + + + align:start position:0% +we do that when we estimate +probabilities is by doing lots of + + align:start position:0% +probabilities is by doing lots of + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities is by doing lots of +experiments and then computing the + + align:start position:0% +experiments and then computing the + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and then computing the +ratios of the ones that come out one way + + align:start position:0% +ratios of the ones that come out one way + + + align:start position:0% +ratios of the ones that come out one way +so the total number experiments we do + + align:start position:0% +so the total number experiments we do + + + align:start position:0% +so the total number experiments we do +it's called Monte Carlo and it's useful + + align:start position:0% +it's called Monte Carlo and it's useful + + + align:start position:0% +it's called Monte Carlo and it's useful +in other contexts for doing things like + + align:start position:0% +in other contexts for doing things like + + + align:start position:0% +in other contexts for doing things like +integrals where you have lots and lots + + align:start position:0% +integrals where you have lots and lots + + + align:start position:0% +integrals where you have lots and lots +of variables in your space which may let + + align:start position:0% +of variables in your space which may let + + + align:start position:0% +of variables in your space which may let +many dimensions you're doing an integral + + align:start position:0% +many dimensions you're doing an integral + + + align:start position:0% +many dimensions you're doing an integral +in but going back to here let's look at + + align:start position:0% +in but going back to here let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +in but going back to here let's look at +this slide + + align:start position:0% +this slide + + + align:start position:0% +this slide +okay we can use tessaro's method for + + align:start position:0% +okay we can use tessaro's method for + + + align:start position:0% +okay we can use tessaro's method for +estimating pi within a with n trials by + + align:start position:0% +estimating pi within a with n trials by + + + align:start position:0% +estimating pi within a with n trials by +taking the square root of six over a + + align:start position:0% +taking the square root of six over a + + + align:start position:0% +taking the square root of six over a +Monte Carlo a Monte Carlo experiment + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo a Monte Carlo experiment + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo a Monte Carlo experiment +with N and trials using cheetara's + + align:start position:0% +with N and trials using cheetara's + + + align:start position:0% +with N and trials using cheetara's +experiment which is Aras experiment is + + align:start position:0% +experiment which is Aras experiment is + + + align:start position:0% +experiment which is Aras experiment is +the test of whether the GCD of two + + align:start position:0% +the test of whether the GCD of two + + + align:start position:0% +the test of whether the GCD of two +random numbers and you can see that I've + + align:start position:0% +random numbers and you can see that I've + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers and you can see that I've +already got some assignments in here + + align:start position:0% +already got some assignments in here + + + align:start position:0% +already got some assignments in here +just by what I wrote the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +just by what I wrote the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +just by what I wrote the fact that this +word Rand in parentheses therefore that + + align:start position:0% +word Rand in parentheses therefore that + + + align:start position:0% +word Rand in parentheses therefore that +procedure call yields a different value + + align:start position:0% +procedure call yields a different value + + + align:start position:0% +procedure call yields a different value +than this one at least and that's what + + align:start position:0% +than this one at least and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +than this one at least and that's what +I'm assuming by writing this this way + + align:start position:0% +I'm assuming by writing this this way + + + align:start position:0% +I'm assuming by writing this this way +indicates that this is not a function + + align:start position:0% +indicates that this is not a function + + + align:start position:0% +indicates that this is not a function +that there's an internal state in it + + align:start position:0% +that there's an internal state in it + + + align:start position:0% +that there's an internal state in it +which is changing but the probability is + + align:start position:0% +which is changing but the probability is + + + align:start position:0% +which is changing but the probability is +re the GCD that if the GCD of those two + + align:start position:0% +re the GCD that if the GCD of those two + + + align:start position:0% +re the GCD that if the GCD of those two +random numbers is equal to one that's + + align:start position:0% +random numbers is equal to one that's + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers is equal to one that's +the experiment so here I have an + + align:start position:0% +the experiment so here I have an + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment so here I have an +experimental method for estimating the + + align:start position:0% +experimental method for estimating the + + + align:start position:0% +experimental method for estimating the +value of pi where I can easily divide + + align:start position:0% +value of pi where I can easily divide + + + align:start position:0% +value of pi where I can easily divide +this problem into two parts one is the + + align:start position:0% +this problem into two parts one is the + + + align:start position:0% +this problem into two parts one is the +specific Monte Monte Carlo experiment of + + align:start position:0% +specific Monte Monte Carlo experiment of + + + align:start position:0% +specific Monte Monte Carlo experiment of +kazaar Oh which you just saw and the + + align:start position:0% +kazaar Oh which you just saw and the + + + align:start position:0% +kazaar Oh which you just saw and the +other is the general technique of doing + + align:start position:0% +other is the general technique of doing + + + align:start position:0% +other is the general technique of doing +Monte Carlo experiments and that's what + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo experiments and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo experiments and that's what +this is if I want to do Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +this is if I want to do Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +this is if I want to do Monte Carlo +experiments with n trials a certain + + align:start position:0% +experiments with n trials a certain + + + align:start position:0% +experiments with n trials a certain +number of trials and a particular + + align:start position:0% +number of trials and a particular + + + align:start position:0% +number of trials and a particular +experiment and the way I do that is I + + align:start position:0% +experiment and the way I do that is I + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and the way I do that is I +make a little iterative procedure which + + align:start position:0% +make a little iterative procedure which + + + align:start position:0% +make a little iterative procedure which +has valuables the number of trials + + align:start position:0% +has valuables the number of trials + + + align:start position:0% +has valuables the number of trials +remaining and the number of trials that + + align:start position:0% +remaining and the number of trials that + + + align:start position:0% +remaining and the number of trials that +have been passed that have gotten true + + align:start position:0% +have been passed that have gotten true + + + align:start position:0% +have been passed that have gotten true +and if the number remaining is zero then + + align:start position:0% +and if the number remaining is zero then + + + align:start position:0% +and if the number remaining is zero then +the answer is the number of passed + + align:start position:0% +the answer is the number of passed + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is the number of passed +divided by the total number of trials + + align:start position:0% +divided by the total number of trials + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the total number of trials +was the estimate of the probability and + + align:start position:0% +was the estimate of the probability and + + + align:start position:0% +was the estimate of the probability and +if it's not if I have more trials to do + + align:start position:0% +if it's not if I have more trials to do + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not if I have more trials to do +then let's do one we do an experiment we + + align:start position:0% +then let's do one we do an experiment we + + + align:start position:0% +then let's do one we do an experiment we +call the procedure which is the + + align:start position:0% +call the procedure which is the + + + align:start position:0% +call the procedure which is the +experiment on no arguments we do the + + align:start position:0% +experiment on no arguments we do the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment on no arguments we do the +experiment and then if that turned out + + align:start position:0% +experiment and then if that turned out + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and then if that turned out +to be true we go around the loop + + align:start position:0% +to be true we go around the loop + + + align:start position:0% +to be true we go around the loop +decrementing the number of experiments + + align:start position:0% +decrementing the number of experiments + + + align:start position:0% +decrementing the number of experiments +we have to do by one and incrementing + + align:start position:0% +we have to do by one and incrementing + + + align:start position:0% +we have to do by one and incrementing +the number that were passed and if the + + align:start position:0% +the number that were passed and if the + + + align:start position:0% +the number that were passed and if the +experiment was false we just go around + + align:start position:0% +experiment was false we just go around + + + align:start position:0% +experiment was false we just go around +the loop decrementing the number + + align:start position:0% +the loop decrementing the number + + + align:start position:0% +the loop decrementing the number +experiments remaining and keeping the + + align:start position:0% +experiments remaining and keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +experiments remaining and keeping the +number passed + + align:start position:0% +number passed + + + align:start position:0% +number passed +the same we start this up iterating over + + align:start position:0% +the same we start this up iterating over + + + align:start position:0% +the same we start this up iterating over +the total number of trials with zero + + align:start position:0% +the total number of trials with zero + + + align:start position:0% +the total number of trials with zero +experiments past a very elegant little + + align:start position:0% +experiments past a very elegant little + + + align:start position:0% +experiments past a very elegant little +program and I don't have to just do this + + align:start position:0% +program and I don't have to just do this + + + align:start position:0% +program and I don't have to just do this +with cesaro's experiment it could be + + align:start position:0% +with cesaro's experiment it could be + + + align:start position:0% +with cesaro's experiment it could be +lots of Monte Carlo experiments I might + + align:start position:0% +lots of Monte Carlo experiments I might + + + align:start position:0% +lots of Monte Carlo experiments I might +do of course this depends upon the + + align:start position:0% +do of course this depends upon the + + + align:start position:0% +do of course this depends upon the +existence of some sort of random number + + align:start position:0% +existence of some sort of random number + + + align:start position:0% +existence of some sort of random number +generator and random number generators + + align:start position:0% +generator and random number generators + + + align:start position:0% +generator and random number generators +are generally look something like this + + align:start position:0% +are generally look something like this + + + align:start position:0% +are generally look something like this +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +there is a a random number generator is + + align:start position:0% +there is a a random number generator is + + + align:start position:0% +there is a a random number generator is +in fact a procedure which is going to do + + align:start position:0% +in fact a procedure which is going to do + + + align:start position:0% +in fact a procedure which is going to do +something just like the counter it's + + align:start position:0% +something just like the counter it's + + + align:start position:0% +something just like the counter it's +going to update an X to a the result of + + align:start position:0% +going to update an X to a the result of + + + align:start position:0% +going to update an X to a the result of +applying some function to X where this + + align:start position:0% +applying some function to X where this + + + align:start position:0% +applying some function to X where this +function is some screwy kind of function + + align:start position:0% +function is some screwy kind of function + + + align:start position:0% +function is some screwy kind of function +that you might find out in Knuth books + + align:start position:0% +that you might find out in Knuth books + + + align:start position:0% +that you might find out in Knuth books +on the details of programming these new + + align:start position:0% +on the details of programming these new + + + align:start position:0% +on the details of programming these new +that these wonderful books that are full + + align:start position:0% +that these wonderful books that are full + + + align:start position:0% +that these wonderful books that are full +of the details of programming is I can't + + align:start position:0% +of the details of programming is I can't + + + align:start position:0% +of the details of programming is I can't +remember how to make a random number + + align:start position:0% +remember how to make a random number + + + align:start position:0% +remember how to make a random number +generator but I can look it up there and + + align:start position:0% +generator but I can look it up there and + + + align:start position:0% +generator but I can look it up there and +I can find out and then eventually I + + align:start position:0% +I can find out and then eventually I + + + align:start position:0% +I can find out and then eventually I +return the value of X which is the state + + align:start position:0% +return the value of X which is the state + + + align:start position:0% +return the value of X which is the state +variable internal to the random number + + align:start position:0% +variable internal to the random number + + + align:start position:0% +variable internal to the random number +generator that state variable is + + align:start position:0% +generator that state variable is + + + align:start position:0% +generator that state variable is +initialized somehow and has a value and + + align:start position:0% +initialized somehow and has a value and + + + align:start position:0% +initialized somehow and has a value and +this procedure is defined in the context + + align:start position:0% +this procedure is defined in the context + + + align:start position:0% +this procedure is defined in the context +where that person that variable is bound + + align:start position:0% +where that person that variable is bound + + + align:start position:0% +where that person that variable is bound +so this is a hidden piece of local state + + align:start position:0% +so this is a hidden piece of local state + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a hidden piece of local state +that you see here and this procedure is + + align:start position:0% +that you see here and this procedure is + + + align:start position:0% +that you see here and this procedure is +in so it is defined in that context now + + align:start position:0% +in so it is defined in that context now + + + align:start position:0% +in so it is defined in that context now +that's a very simple thing to do and + + align:start position:0% +that's a very simple thing to do and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very simple thing to do and +it's very nice supposing I didn't want + + align:start position:0% +it's very nice supposing I didn't want + + + align:start position:0% +it's very nice supposing I didn't want +to use assignments posing I want to + + align:start position:0% +to use assignments posing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +to use assignments posing I want to +write this program without assignments + + align:start position:0% +write this program without assignments + + + align:start position:0% +write this program without assignments +what problems would I have well let's + + align:start position:0% +what problems would I have well let's + + + align:start position:0% +what problems would I have well let's +see I'd like to use the overhead machine + + align:start position:0% +see I'd like to use the overhead machine + + + align:start position:0% +see I'd like to use the overhead machine +here thank you here's a first of all + + align:start position:0% +here thank you here's a first of all + + + align:start position:0% +here thank you here's a first of all +let's look at the whole thing it's a big + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the whole thing it's a big + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the whole thing it's a big +story right unfortunately which tells + + align:start position:0% +story right unfortunately which tells + + + align:start position:0% +story right unfortunately which tells +you there's something wrong okay it's at + + align:start position:0% +you there's something wrong okay it's at + + + align:start position:0% +you there's something wrong okay it's at +least that big and it's monolithic + + align:start position:0% +least that big and it's monolithic + + + align:start position:0% +least that big and it's monolithic +and you don't have to understand to look + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have to understand to look + + + align:start position:0% +and you don't have to understand to look +at the the text there right now to see + + align:start position:0% +at the the text there right now to see + + + align:start position:0% +at the the text there right now to see +that it's monolithic there isn't a thing + + align:start position:0% +that it's monolithic there isn't a thing + + + align:start position:0% +that it's monolithic there isn't a thing +which is chose arrows experiment it's + + align:start position:0% +which is chose arrows experiment it's + + + align:start position:0% +which is chose arrows experiment it's +not pulled out from the Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +not pulled out from the Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +not pulled out from the Monte Carlo +process it's not separated let's look + + align:start position:0% +process it's not separated let's look + + + align:start position:0% +process it's not separated let's look +why remember the constraint here is that + + align:start position:0% +why remember the constraint here is that + + + align:start position:0% +why remember the constraint here is that +every procedure returned the same value + + align:start position:0% +every procedure returned the same value + + + align:start position:0% +every procedure returned the same value +for the same arguments every procedure + + align:start position:0% +for the same arguments every procedure + + + align:start position:0% +for the same arguments every procedure +represent a function okay that's a + + align:start position:0% +represent a function okay that's a + + + align:start position:0% +represent a function okay that's a +different kind of constraint that's when + + align:start position:0% +different kind of constraint that's when + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of constraint that's when +I have assignments I can change some + + align:start position:0% +I have assignments I can change some + + + align:start position:0% +I have assignments I can change some +internal state variable so let's see how + + align:start position:0% +internal state variable so let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +internal state variable so let's see how +that causes things to go wrong well + + align:start position:0% +that causes things to go wrong well + + + align:start position:0% +that causes things to go wrong well +let's start at the beginning ah the + + align:start position:0% +let's start at the beginning ah the + + + align:start position:0% +let's start at the beginning ah the +estimate of Pi it looks sort of the same + + align:start position:0% +estimate of Pi it looks sort of the same + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of Pi it looks sort of the same +okay what I'm doing is I take the square + + align:start position:0% +okay what I'm doing is I take the square + + + align:start position:0% +okay what I'm doing is I take the square +root of 6 over the random GCD test + + align:start position:0% +root of 6 over the random GCD test + + + align:start position:0% +root of 6 over the random GCD test +applied to n whereas that's what this is + + align:start position:0% +applied to n whereas that's what this is + + + align:start position:0% +applied to n whereas that's what this is +but here we're beginning to see + + align:start position:0% +but here we're beginning to see + + + align:start position:0% +but here we're beginning to see +something funny the random GCD test of a + + align:start position:0% +something funny the random GCD test of a + + + align:start position:0% +something funny the random GCD test of a +certain number of trials is just like we + + align:start position:0% +certain number of trials is just like we + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of trials is just like we +had before the iteration on the number + + align:start position:0% +had before the iteration on the number + + + align:start position:0% +had before the iteration on the number +of trials remaining the number of trials + + align:start position:0% +of trials remaining the number of trials + + + align:start position:0% +of trials remaining the number of trials +that have been passed okay and another + + align:start position:0% +that have been passed okay and another + + + align:start position:0% +that have been passed okay and another +variable X what's that X that X is the + + align:start position:0% +variable X what's that X that X is the + + + align:start position:0% +variable X what's that X that X is the +state of the random number generator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and it is now going to be used here + + align:start position:0% +okay and it is now going to be used here + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it is now going to be used here +the Ray same random update function that + + align:start position:0% +the Ray same random update function that + + + align:start position:0% +the Ray same random update function that +I have over here is the one I would have + + align:start position:0% +I have over here is the one I would have + + + align:start position:0% +I have over here is the one I would have +used in the random number generator if I + + align:start position:0% +used in the random number generator if I + + + align:start position:0% +used in the random number generator if I +were building it the other way the one I + + align:start position:0% +were building it the other way the one I + + + align:start position:0% +were building it the other way the one I +get out of this books okay X is going to + + align:start position:0% +get out of this books okay X is going to + + + align:start position:0% +get out of this books okay X is going to +get transformed into X 1 I need two + + align:start position:0% +get transformed into X 1 I need two + + + align:start position:0% +get transformed into X 1 I need two +random numbers and next one's going to + + align:start position:0% +random numbers and next one's going to + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers and next one's going to +get transformed into X 2 I have two + + align:start position:0% +get transformed into X 2 I have two + + + align:start position:0% +get transformed into X 2 I have two +random numbers I then have to do exactly + + align:start position:0% +random numbers I then have to do exactly + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers I then have to do exactly +what I did before I take the GCD of X 1 + + align:start position:0% +what I did before I take the GCD of X 1 + + + align:start position:0% +what I did before I take the GCD of X 1 +next to if that's 1 then I go around the + + align:start position:0% +next to if that's 1 then I go around the + + + align:start position:0% +next to if that's 1 then I go around the +loop with X 2 being the next value of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see what's happened here is that the + + align:start position:0% +you see what's happened here is that the + + + align:start position:0% +you see what's happened here is that the +state of the random number generator is + + align:start position:0% +state of the random number generator is + + + align:start position:0% +state of the random number generator is +no longer confined to the insides of the + + align:start position:0% +no longer confined to the insides of the + + + align:start position:0% +no longer confined to the insides of the +random number generator it is leaked out + + align:start position:0% +random number generator it is leaked out + + + align:start position:0% +random number generator it is leaked out +he has leaked out into my procedure that + + align:start position:0% +he has leaked out into my procedure that + + + align:start position:0% +he has leaked out into my procedure that +does that does the the Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +does that does the the Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +does that does the the Monte Carlo +experiment but what's worse than that is + + align:start position:0% +experiment but what's worse than that is + + + align:start position:0% +experiment but what's worse than that is +it's also because it was contained + + align:start position:0% +it's also because it was contained + + + align:start position:0% +it's also because it was contained +inside my experiment itself shazar oh it + + align:start position:0% +inside my experiment itself shazar oh it + + + align:start position:0% +inside my experiment itself shazar oh it +leaked out of that - because jizz ro + + align:start position:0% +leaked out of that - because jizz ro + + + align:start position:0% +leaked out of that - because jizz ro +called twice has to have different value + + align:start position:0% +called twice has to have different value + + + align:start position:0% +called twice has to have different value +each time if I'm have a legitimate + + align:start position:0% +each time if I'm have a legitimate + + + align:start position:0% +each time if I'm have a legitimate +experimental test so jizz ro can't be a + + align:start position:0% +experimental test so jizz ro can't be a + + + align:start position:0% +experimental test so jizz ro can't be a +function either unless I pass it the + + align:start position:0% +function either unless I pass it the + + + align:start position:0% +function either unless I pass it the +seed of the random number generator + + align:start position:0% +seed of the random number generator + + + align:start position:0% +seed of the random number generator +that's gonna go wandering around so + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna go wandering around so + + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna go wandering around so +unfortunately the seed of the rabid + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the seed of the rabid + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately the seed of the rabid +entire random number generator has + + align:start position:0% +entire random number generator has + + + align:start position:0% +entire random number generator has +leaked out into J's ro from the random + + align:start position:0% +leaked out into J's ro from the random + + + align:start position:0% +leaked out into J's ro from the random +number generator that's leaked into the + + align:start position:0% +number generator that's leaked into the + + + align:start position:0% +number generator that's leaked into the +Monte Carlo experiment and unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo experiment and unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo experiment and unfortunately +one thing my Monte Carlo experiment here + + align:start position:0% +one thing my Monte Carlo experiment here + + + align:start position:0% +one thing my Monte Carlo experiment here +is no longer general the Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +is no longer general the Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +is no longer general the Monte Carlo +experiment here knows how many random + + align:start position:0% +experiment here knows how many random + + + align:start position:0% +experiment here knows how many random +numbers I need to do the experiment I'm + + align:start position:0% +numbers I need to do the experiment I'm + + + align:start position:0% +numbers I need to do the experiment I'm +sort of horrible I've lost an ability to + + align:start position:0% +sort of horrible I've lost an ability to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of horrible I've lost an ability to +decompose the problem into pieces + + align:start position:0% +decompose the problem into pieces + + + align:start position:0% +decompose the problem into pieces +because I wasn't willing to accept the + + align:start position:0% +because I wasn't willing to accept the + + + align:start position:0% +because I wasn't willing to accept the +the little loop of information the the + + align:start position:0% +the little loop of information the the + + + align:start position:0% +the little loop of information the the +feedback process that happens inside the + + align:start position:0% +feedback process that happens inside the + + + align:start position:0% +feedback process that happens inside the +random number generated before that was + + align:start position:0% +random number generated before that was + + + align:start position:0% +random number generated before that was +made by having by having an assignment + + align:start position:0% +made by having by having an assignment + + + align:start position:0% +made by having by having an assignment +to a state variable that was confined to + + align:start position:0% +to a state variable that was confined to + + + align:start position:0% +to a state variable that was confined to +the random number generator it's there + + align:start position:0% +the random number generator it's there + + + align:start position:0% +the random number generator it's there +the fact that the random number + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the random number + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the random number +generator is an object with an internal + + align:start position:0% +generator is an object with an internal + + + align:start position:0% +generator is an object with an internal +state variable it's affected died by + + align:start position:0% +state variable it's affected died by + + + align:start position:0% +state variable it's affected died by +nothing but it'll give you something and + + align:start position:0% +nothing but it'll give you something and + + + align:start position:0% +nothing but it'll give you something and +it applies force to you okay + + align:start position:0% +it applies force to you okay + + + align:start position:0% +it applies force to you okay +that was what we're missing now okay + + align:start position:0% +that was what we're missing now okay + + + align:start position:0% +that was what we're missing now okay +well I think we've seen enough reason + + align:start position:0% +well I think we've seen enough reason + + + align:start position:0% +well I think we've seen enough reason +for doing this and it's all sort of + + align:start position:0% +for doing this and it's all sort of + + + align:start position:0% +for doing this and it's all sort of +looks very wonderful wouldn't it be nice + + align:start position:0% +looks very wonderful wouldn't it be nice + + + align:start position:0% +looks very wonderful wouldn't it be nice +if if assignment was a good thing and + + align:start position:0% +if if assignment was a good thing and + + + align:start position:0% +if if assignment was a good thing and +maybe it's worth it but I'm not sure as + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's worth it but I'm not sure as + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's worth it but I'm not sure as +mr. Gilbert and Sullivan said things are + + align:start position:0% +mr. Gilbert and Sullivan said things are + + + align:start position:0% +mr. Gilbert and Sullivan said things are +seldom what they seem + + align:start position:0% +seldom what they seem + + + align:start position:0% +seldom what they seem +skim milk masquerades as cream are there + + align:start position:0% +skim milk masquerades as cream are there + + + align:start position:0% +skim milk masquerades as cream are there +any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are there any philosophers here anybody + + align:start position:0% +are there any philosophers here anybody + + + align:start position:0% +are there any philosophers here anybody +want to argue about objects you're just + + align:start position:0% +want to argue about objects you're just + + + align:start position:0% +want to argue about objects you're just +floored right and you haven't done your + + align:start position:0% +floored right and you haven't done your + + + align:start position:0% +floored right and you haven't done your +homework yet you haven't come up with a + + align:start position:0% +homework yet you haven't come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +homework yet you haven't come up with a +good question oh well hey oh sure + + align:start position:0% +good question oh well hey oh sure + + + align:start position:0% +good question oh well hey oh sure +thank you let's take the long break now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dUk_I1E5QxY.txt b/dUk_I1E5QxY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..918b0411deb61a5309e02f9f72e83a7b53d6289a --- /dev/null +++ b/dUk_I1E5QxY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hello and welcome back to recitation the + + align:start position:0% +hello and welcome back to recitation the + + + align:start position:0% +hello and welcome back to recitation the +problem I'd like to work with you today + + align:start position:0% +problem I'd like to work with you today + + + align:start position:0% +problem I'd like to work with you today +is the intersection of two parametrized + + align:start position:0% +is the intersection of two parametrized + + + align:start position:0% +is the intersection of two parametrized +lines so we have two lines here l1 given + + align:start position:0% +lines so we have two lines here l1 given + + + align:start position:0% +lines so we have two lines here l1 given +with the parameterization in terms of + + align:start position:0% +with the parameterization in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +with the parameterization in terms of +the variable T and l2 also given with + + align:start position:0% +the variable T and l2 also given with + + + align:start position:0% +the variable T and l2 also given with +the parameterization in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the parameterization in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the parameterization in terms of +variable T so the first question that I + + align:start position:0% +variable T so the first question that I + + + align:start position:0% +variable T so the first question that I +want us to ask is do these two answers + + align:start position:0% +want us to ask is do these two answers + + + align:start position:0% +want us to ask is do these two answers +do these lines intersect and if so then + + align:start position:0% +do these lines intersect and if so then + + + align:start position:0% +do these lines intersect and if so then +we want to find out where do they + + align:start position:0% +we want to find out where do they + + + align:start position:0% +we want to find out where do they +intersect so why don't you pause the + + align:start position:0% +intersect so why don't you pause the + + + align:start position:0% +intersect so why don't you pause the +video and work on this and we can check + + align:start position:0% +video and work on this and we can check + + + align:start position:0% +video and work on this and we can check +back in a moment and we'll see how I + + align:start position:0% +back in a moment and we'll see how I + + + align:start position:0% +back in a moment and we'll see how I +solved it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay welcome back let's get started so + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back let's get started so + + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back let's get started so +we say we have these two lines in space + + align:start position:0% +we say we have these two lines in space + + + align:start position:0% +we say we have these two lines in space +before we start doing any computations I + + align:start position:0% +before we start doing any computations I + + + align:start position:0% +before we start doing any computations I +find it useful to draw a picture so + + align:start position:0% +find it useful to draw a picture so + + + align:start position:0% +find it useful to draw a picture so +let's let's see what's going on okay so + + align:start position:0% +let's let's see what's going on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's see what's going on okay so +I mean we have these two lines we can + + align:start position:0% +I mean we have these two lines we can + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we have these two lines we can +just find some some common points on the + + align:start position:0% +just find some some common points on the + + + align:start position:0% +just find some some common points on the +lines so so well if we put in T equals + + align:start position:0% +lines so so well if we put in T equals + + + align:start position:0% +lines so so well if we put in T equals +zero here then it looks like we get the + + align:start position:0% +zero here then it looks like we get the + + + align:start position:0% +zero here then it looks like we get the +point 2 comma 1 ok and now if we plug in + + align:start position:0% +point 2 comma 1 ok and now if we plug in + + + align:start position:0% +point 2 comma 1 ok and now if we plug in +let's say T is minus 1 here then we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we plug in T equals minus 1 we get X + + align:start position:0% +if we plug in T equals minus 1 we get X + + + align:start position:0% +if we plug in T equals minus 1 we get X +is 3 and Y is 0 so there's our line l1 + + align:start position:0% +is 3 and Y is 0 so there's our line l1 + + + align:start position:0% +is 3 and Y is 0 so there's our line l1 +and now let's see l2 if we plug in a T + + align:start position:0% +and now let's see l2 if we plug in a T + + + align:start position:0% +and now let's see l2 if we plug in a T +equals 0 we get to 1 2 3 4 and if we + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 we get to 1 2 3 4 and if we + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 we get to 1 2 3 4 and if we +plug in let's say T equals minus 1 again + + align:start position:0% +plug in let's say T equals minus 1 again + + + align:start position:0% +plug in let's say T equals minus 1 again +then we get so we get 1 & 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there's l2 and indeed it does + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's l2 and indeed it does + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's l2 and indeed it does +look like they intersect we could have + + align:start position:0% +look like they intersect we could have + + + align:start position:0% +look like they intersect we could have +probably guessed that they intersect by + + align:start position:0% +probably guessed that they intersect by + + + align:start position:0% +probably guessed that they intersect by +looking back over here at the formulas + + align:start position:0% +looking back over here at the formulas + + + align:start position:0% +looking back over here at the formulas +for l1 and l2 because we see that the + + align:start position:0% +for l1 and l2 because we see that the + + + align:start position:0% +for l1 and l2 because we see that the +sort of direction that this is moving in + + align:start position:0% +sort of direction that this is moving in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of direction that this is moving in +we can take derivatives in T and we see + + align:start position:0% +we can take derivatives in T and we see + + + align:start position:0% +we can take derivatives in T and we see +that the l2 l2 is this line is moving in + + align:start position:0% +that the l2 l2 is this line is moving in + + + align:start position:0% +that the l2 l2 is this line is moving in +the direction 1 comma 2 and l1 is moving + + align:start position:0% +the direction 1 comma 2 and l1 is moving + + + align:start position:0% +the direction 1 comma 2 and l1 is moving +in the direction minus 1 comma 1 and so + + align:start position:0% +in the direction minus 1 comma 1 and so + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction minus 1 comma 1 and so +those directions are not parallel and so + + align:start position:0% +those directions are not parallel and so + + + align:start position:0% +those directions are not parallel and so +we know that the only way the two lines + + align:start position:0% +we know that the only way the two lines + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the only way the two lines +could fail to intersect is if they're + + align:start position:0% +could fail to intersect is if they're + + + align:start position:0% +could fail to intersect is if they're +parallel so actually even without + + align:start position:0% +parallel so actually even without + + + align:start position:0% +parallel so actually even without +drawing this we could have guessed that + + align:start position:0% +drawing this we could have guessed that + + + align:start position:0% +drawing this we could have guessed that +these lines do intersect so so now we + + align:start position:0% +these lines do intersect so so now we + + + align:start position:0% +these lines do intersect so so now we +know that these lines intersect and in + + align:start position:0% +know that these lines intersect and in + + + align:start position:0% +know that these lines intersect and in +fact it even looks you know it kind of + + align:start position:0% +fact it even looks you know it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +fact it even looks you know it kind of +looks like they intersect from our + + align:start position:0% +looks like they intersect from our + + + align:start position:0% +looks like they intersect from our +sketch at at the point it looks like 1 + + align:start position:0% +sketch at at the point it looks like 1 + + + align:start position:0% +sketch at at the point it looks like 1 +comma 2 seems to be the point of + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 seems to be the point of + + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 seems to be the point of +intersection but you know we got we got + + align:start position:0% +intersection but you know we got we got + + + align:start position:0% +intersection but you know we got we got +a little bit lucky with our with our + + align:start position:0% +a little bit lucky with our with our + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit lucky with our with our +sketch here so let's see if that's + + align:start position:0% +sketch here so let's see if that's + + + align:start position:0% +sketch here so let's see if that's +actually true let's see if we can verify + + align:start position:0% +actually true let's see if we can verify + + + align:start position:0% +actually true let's see if we can verify +this in the general way that we + + align:start position:0% +this in the general way that we + + + align:start position:0% +this in the general way that we +discussed in lecture so now there's one + + align:start position:0% +discussed in lecture so now there's one + + + align:start position:0% +discussed in lecture so now there's one +place where we have to be careful we + + align:start position:0% +place where we have to be careful we + + + align:start position:0% +place where we have to be careful we +have two lines here and and we + + align:start position:0% +have two lines here and and we + + + align:start position:0% +have two lines here and and we +parameterize both of these with the + + align:start position:0% +parameterize both of these with the + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize both of these with the +variable T but we need to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +variable T but we need to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +variable T but we need to keep in mind +that T is what's called a dummy variable + + align:start position:0% +that T is what's called a dummy variable + + + align:start position:0% +that T is what's called a dummy variable +it doesn't it doesn't have any geometric + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it doesn't have any geometric + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it doesn't have any geometric +meaning to the problem and in particular + + align:start position:0% +meaning to the problem and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +meaning to the problem and in particular +what I want to caution you about is if + + align:start position:0% +what I want to caution you about is if + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to caution you about is if +we if we just start solving these two + + align:start position:0% +we if we just start solving these two + + + align:start position:0% +we if we just start solving these two +equations algebraically as as they're + + align:start position:0% +equations algebraically as as they're + + + align:start position:0% +equations algebraically as as they're +given to us with with the variable T the + + align:start position:0% +given to us with with the variable T the + + + align:start position:0% +given to us with with the variable T the +problem that we could run into is that + + align:start position:0% +problem that we could run into is that + + + align:start position:0% +problem that we could run into is that +you know we're sort of moving as we bury + + align:start position:0% +you know we're sort of moving as we bury + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're sort of moving as we bury +T we're moving along this line and as we + + align:start position:0% +T we're moving along this line and as we + + + align:start position:0% +T we're moving along this line and as we +bury T again we're moving along this + + align:start position:0% +bury T again we're moving along this + + + align:start position:0% +bury T again we're moving along this +line and you see we're moving at the + + align:start position:0% +line and you see we're moving at the + + + align:start position:0% +line and you see we're moving at the +same time and and so that's really + + align:start position:0% +same time and and so that's really + + + align:start position:0% +same time and and so that's really +solving a different problem that's not + + align:start position:0% +solving a different problem that's not + + + align:start position:0% +solving a different problem that's not +asking about when did these lines + + align:start position:0% +asking about when did these lines + + + align:start position:0% +asking about when did these lines +intersect but that would be asking about + + align:start position:0% +intersect but that would be asking about + + + align:start position:0% +intersect but that would be asking about +when do two particles on these lines + + align:start position:0% +when do two particles on these lines + + + align:start position:0% +when do two particles on these lines +collide which is it which is a harder + + align:start position:0% +collide which is it which is a harder + + + align:start position:0% +collide which is it which is a harder +problem so instead what we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +problem so instead what we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +problem so instead what we need to do is +we need to give a change of variables + + align:start position:0% +we need to give a change of variables + + + align:start position:0% +we need to give a change of variables +for the for the line l2 + + align:start position:0% +for the for the line l2 + + + align:start position:0% +for the for the line l2 +so what I want to do is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to do is I'm going to +write l2 I'm just going to write the + + align:start position:0% +write l2 I'm just going to write the + + + align:start position:0% +write l2 I'm just going to write the +same equations but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +same equations but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +same equations but I'm going to +introduce a new variable U so X is 2 + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new variable U so X is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new variable U so X is 2 +plus U and Y is go our plus 2 u ok so + + align:start position:0% +plus U and Y is go our plus 2 u ok so + + + align:start position:0% +plus U and Y is go our plus 2 u ok so +now once we've done that to find the + + align:start position:0% +now once we've done that to find the + + + align:start position:0% +now once we've done that to find the +point of intersection well the point of + + align:start position:0% +point of intersection well the point of + + + align:start position:0% +point of intersection well the point of +intersection is going to precisely be a + + align:start position:0% +intersection is going to precisely be a + + + align:start position:0% +intersection is going to precisely be a +point on l2 where the x-coordinate and + + align:start position:0% +point on l2 where the x-coordinate and + + + align:start position:0% +point on l2 where the x-coordinate and +the y-coordinate agree with another + + align:start position:0% +the y-coordinate agree with another + + + align:start position:0% +the y-coordinate agree with another +point on l1 with the same X&Y coordinate + + align:start position:0% +point on l1 with the same X&Y coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +point on l1 with the same X&Y coordinate +so that is we have the what we want to + + align:start position:0% +so that is we have the what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +so that is we have the what we want to +do is we want to set the x-coordinate + + align:start position:0% +do is we want to set the x-coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +do is we want to set the x-coordinate +for l2 we want to set this equal to the + + align:start position:0% +for l2 we want to set this equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +for l2 we want to set this equal to the +x-coordinate for l1 which is 2 minus t + + align:start position:0% +x-coordinate for l1 which is 2 minus t + + + align:start position:0% +x-coordinate for l1 which is 2 minus t +so this is this was for l1 and similarly + + align:start position:0% +so this is this was for l1 and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +so this is this was for l1 and similarly +here we want to set the y-coordinate for + + align:start position:0% +here we want to set the y-coordinate for + + + align:start position:0% +here we want to set the y-coordinate for +l2 equal to the y-coordinate for l1 so + + align:start position:0% +l2 equal to the y-coordinate for l1 so + + + align:start position:0% +l2 equal to the y-coordinate for l1 so +now if you think about it if we can + + align:start position:0% +now if you think about it if we can + + + align:start position:0% +now if you think about it if we can +solve this system of equations than what + + align:start position:0% +solve this system of equations than what + + + align:start position:0% +solve this system of equations than what +we've done is we've simultaneously found + + align:start position:0% +we've done is we've simultaneously found + + + align:start position:0% +we've done is we've simultaneously found +a point which is on l1 and on l2 and + + align:start position:0% +a point which is on l1 and on l2 and + + + align:start position:0% +a point which is on l1 and on l2 and +that's and that's our goal + + align:start position:0% +that's and that's our goal + + + align:start position:0% +that's and that's our goal +so that'll be a point of intersection ok + + align:start position:0% +so that'll be a point of intersection ok + + + align:start position:0% +so that'll be a point of intersection ok +so now we just have these this system of + + align:start position:0% +so now we just have these this system of + + + align:start position:0% +so now we just have these this system of +two linear equations and two variables + + align:start position:0% +two linear equations and two variables + + + align:start position:0% +two linear equations and two variables +and we just need to solve it now we + + align:start position:0% +and we just need to solve it now we + + + align:start position:0% +and we just need to solve it now we +could do you know the in general it was + + align:start position:0% +could do you know the in general it was + + + align:start position:0% +could do you know the in general it was +the equation like this we might try to + + align:start position:0% +the equation like this we might try to + + + align:start position:0% +the equation like this we might try to +add or subtract the equations but this + + align:start position:0% +add or subtract the equations but this + + + align:start position:0% +add or subtract the equations but this +one is so simple that I see that the top + + align:start position:0% +one is so simple that I see that the top + + + align:start position:0% +one is so simple that I see that the top +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's just the same thing as t equaling + + align:start position:0% +it's just the same thing as t equaling + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the same thing as t equaling +to - you that's what the top equation + + align:start position:0% +to - you that's what the top equation + + + align:start position:0% +to - you that's what the top equation +says if we cancel the twos and so if we + + align:start position:0% +says if we cancel the twos and so if we + + + align:start position:0% +says if we cancel the twos and so if we +plug that into the next equation then we + + align:start position:0% +plug that into the next equation then we + + + align:start position:0% +plug that into the next equation then we +get 4 + 2 u equals 1 minus u and so then + + align:start position:0% +get 4 + 2 u equals 1 minus u and so then + + + align:start position:0% +get 4 + 2 u equals 1 minus u and so then +we can solve this and we get so it looks + + align:start position:0% +we can solve this and we get so it looks + + + align:start position:0% +we can solve this and we get so it looks +like 3 equals minus 3u which tells us + + align:start position:0% +like 3 equals minus 3u which tells us + + + align:start position:0% +like 3 equals minus 3u which tells us +that u equals minus 1 and then that + + align:start position:0% +that u equals minus 1 and then that + + + align:start position:0% +that u equals minus 1 and then that +tells us that T equals plus 1 ok so we + + align:start position:0% +tells us that T equals plus 1 ok so we + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that T equals plus 1 ok so we +found our parameters T and U and we're + + align:start position:0% +found our parameters T and U and we're + + + align:start position:0% +found our parameters T and U and we're +not quite done yet what we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +not quite done yet what we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +not quite done yet what we need to do is +we need to go back to our + + align:start position:0% +we need to go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +we need to go back to our +parameterization so let me go back over + + align:start position:0% +parameterization so let me go back over + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization so let me go back over +to our original parameterization here + + align:start position:0% +to our original parameterization here + + + align:start position:0% +to our original parameterization here +and we have l1 was 2 minus T and 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +and we have l1 was 2 minus T and 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +and we have l1 was 2 minus T and 1 plus +T and over here we found that T equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +T and over here we found that T equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +T and over here we found that T equals 1 +was the value that we're after so that + + align:start position:0% +was the value that we're after so that + + + align:start position:0% +was the value that we're after so that +tells us that X is 1 2 minus 1 and Y is + + align:start position:0% +tells us that X is 1 2 minus 1 and Y is + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that X is 1 2 minus 1 and Y is +2 okay + + align:start position:0% +2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay +so excuse me X is I wrote that in a + + align:start position:0% +so excuse me X is I wrote that in a + + + align:start position:0% +so excuse me X is I wrote that in a +funny way X is 1 and Y is 2 now just as + + align:start position:0% +funny way X is 1 and Y is 2 now just as + + + align:start position:0% +funny way X is 1 and Y is 2 now just as +the reality check we also found that we + + align:start position:0% +the reality check we also found that we + + + align:start position:0% +the reality check we also found that we +also found that if we solved for l2 we + + align:start position:0% +also found that if we solved for l2 we + + + align:start position:0% +also found that if we solved for l2 we +wanted the variable u to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +wanted the variable u to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted the variable u to be equal to +minus 1 so if we so so we had 2 + u + 4 + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so if we so so we had 2 + u + 4 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so if we so so we had 2 + u + 4 ++ 2 u and so let's see what happens when + + align:start position:0% ++ 2 u and so let's see what happens when + + + align:start position:0% ++ 2 u and so let's see what happens when +we plug in u equals minus 1 here we + + align:start position:0% +we plug in u equals minus 1 here we + + + align:start position:0% +we plug in u equals minus 1 here we +again get x equals 2 plus minus 1 is 1 + + align:start position:0% +again get x equals 2 plus minus 1 is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +again get x equals 2 plus minus 1 is 1 +and y equals 4 plus minus 2 is 2 so we + + align:start position:0% +and y equals 4 plus minus 2 is 2 so we + + + align:start position:0% +and y equals 4 plus minus 2 is 2 so we +just double check that this is a point + + align:start position:0% +just double check that this is a point + + + align:start position:0% +just double check that this is a point +of intersection of both lines and I'll + + align:start position:0% +of intersection of both lines and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +of intersection of both lines and I'll +leave it at that \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dYYULn2A9FA.txt b/dYYULn2A9FA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..861a64687c7462f3fbe9f04d1be2af5360b0c61e --- /dev/null +++ b/dYYULn2A9FA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8611 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well why don't we get started what + + align:start position:0% +okay well why don't we get started what + + + align:start position:0% +okay well why don't we get started what +we're going to talk about for the next + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about for the next + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about for the next +hour or so is experience in a leading + + align:start position:0% +hour or so is experience in a leading + + + align:start position:0% +hour or so is experience in a leading +change in a rather large complex + + align:start position:0% +change in a rather large complex + + + align:start position:0% +change in a rather large complex +organization and I had the great + + align:start position:0% +organization and I had the great + + + align:start position:0% +organization and I had the great +opportunity to do that at Rolls Royce in + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to do that at Rolls Royce in + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to do that at Rolls Royce in +Indianapolis in the years from 2000 to + + align:start position:0% +Indianapolis in the years from 2000 to + + + align:start position:0% +Indianapolis in the years from 2000 to +2004 and then I retired came here I like + + align:start position:0% +2004 and then I retired came here I like + + + align:start position:0% +2004 and then I retired came here I like +academia and I like the lean business + + align:start position:0% +academia and I like the lean business + + + align:start position:0% +academia and I like the lean business +overall just as you've seen in the other + + align:start position:0% +overall just as you've seen in the other + + + align:start position:0% +overall just as you've seen in the other +presentations today we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +presentations today we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +presentations today we're going to talk +about from dick Lewis's perspective what + + align:start position:0% +about from dick Lewis's perspective what + + + align:start position:0% +about from dick Lewis's perspective what +are the key components which drive + + align:start position:0% +are the key components which drive + + + align:start position:0% +are the key components which drive +Enterprise improvement we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise improvement we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise improvement we'll talk about +a number of the essential tools for + + align:start position:0% +a number of the essential tools for + + + align:start position:0% +a number of the essential tools for +business improvement that to kind of + + align:start position:0% +business improvement that to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +business improvement that to kind of +flesh out the list that you saw earlier + + align:start position:0% +flesh out the list that you saw earlier + + + align:start position:0% +flesh out the list that you saw earlier +I'll show you some metrics that we used + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you some metrics that we used + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you some metrics that we used +at Rolls Royce for communicating with + + align:start position:0% +at Rolls Royce for communicating with + + + align:start position:0% +at Rolls Royce for communicating with +the workforce how we were doing and then + + align:start position:0% +the workforce how we were doing and then + + + align:start position:0% +the workforce how we were doing and then +I hope that you will agree that + + align:start position:0% +I hope that you will agree that + + + align:start position:0% +I hope that you will agree that +improvement is a process it goes on and + + align:start position:0% +improvement is a process it goes on and + + + align:start position:0% +improvement is a process it goes on and +on not an in-state at all + + align:start position:0% +on not an in-state at all + + + align:start position:0% +on not an in-state at all +so rolls-royce in Indianapolis belonged + + align:start position:0% +so rolls-royce in Indianapolis belonged + + + align:start position:0% +so rolls-royce in Indianapolis belonged +to General Motors for many many years + + align:start position:0% +to General Motors for many many years + + + align:start position:0% +to General Motors for many many years +and it has a long history of producing + + align:start position:0% +and it has a long history of producing + + + align:start position:0% +and it has a long history of producing +engines for a wide variety of aircraft + + align:start position:0% +engines for a wide variety of aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +engines for a wide variety of aircraft +at one point in time I could claim that + + align:start position:0% +at one point in time I could claim that + + + align:start position:0% +at one point in time I could claim that +we were the only engine manufacturer + + align:start position:0% +we were the only engine manufacturer + + + align:start position:0% +we were the only engine manufacturer +that operated on all seven continents + + align:start position:0% +that operated on all seven continents + + + align:start position:0% +that operated on all seven continents +because the repr visioning in those days + + align:start position:0% +because the repr visioning in those days + + + align:start position:0% +because the repr visioning in those days +of the Antarctic missions was all done + + align:start position:0% +of the Antarctic missions was all done + + + align:start position:0% +of the Antarctic missions was all done +with c-130s some unique product families + + align:start position:0% +with c-130s some unique product families + + + align:start position:0% +with c-130s some unique product families +lots of customers and and lots of + + align:start position:0% +lots of customers and and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +lots of customers and and lots of +engines in service which meant that + + align:start position:0% +engines in service which meant that + + + align:start position:0% +engines in service which meant that +there was a business not only in new + + align:start position:0% +there was a business not only in new + + + align:start position:0% +there was a business not only in new +engines but also in spare parts the + + align:start position:0% +engines but also in spare parts the + + + align:start position:0% +engines but also in spare parts the +company was really hidden in the + + align:start position:0% +company was really hidden in the + + + align:start position:0% +company was really hidden in the +roundoff error of general motors and + + align:start position:0% +roundoff error of general motors and + + + align:start position:0% +roundoff error of general motors and +allowed to innovate and reinvest and not + + align:start position:0% +allowed to innovate and reinvest and not + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to innovate and reinvest and not +behave particularly businesslike and so + + align:start position:0% +behave particularly businesslike and so + + + align:start position:0% +behave particularly businesslike and so +it was spun off by General Motors in + + align:start position:0% +it was spun off by General Motors in + + + align:start position:0% +it was spun off by General Motors in +1992 to a leveraged buyout firm and then + + align:start position:0% +1992 to a leveraged buyout firm and then + + + align:start position:0% +1992 to a leveraged buyout firm and then +subsequently resold to rolls-royce in + + align:start position:0% +subsequently resold to rolls-royce in + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently resold to rolls-royce in +1995 and what rolls-royce inherited was + + align:start position:0% +1995 and what rolls-royce inherited was + + + align:start position:0% +1995 and what rolls-royce inherited was +a company with great products good + + align:start position:0% +a company with great products good + + + align:start position:0% +a company with great products good +customers lots of excellent technology + + align:start position:0% +customers lots of excellent technology + + + align:start position:0% +customers lots of excellent technology +but a company that didn't know how to + + align:start position:0% +but a company that didn't know how to + + + align:start position:0% +but a company that didn't know how to +make money so that was somewhat of a + + align:start position:0% +make money so that was somewhat of a + + + align:start position:0% +make money so that was somewhat of a +problem there were it's a fairly complex + + align:start position:0% +problem there were it's a fairly complex + + + align:start position:0% +problem there were it's a fairly complex +company with many business sectors + + align:start position:0% +company with many business sectors + + + align:start position:0% +company with many business sectors +several different product families which + + align:start position:0% +several different product families which + + + align:start position:0% +several different product families which +are completely different physically and + + align:start position:0% +are completely different physically and + + + align:start position:0% +are completely different physically and +the volume of operations was on the + + align:start position:0% +the volume of operations was on the + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of operations was on the +order of two engines every day and about + + align:start position:0% +order of two engines every day and about + + + align:start position:0% +order of two engines every day and about +a million dollars of parts which in + + align:start position:0% +a million dollars of parts which in + + + align:start position:0% +a million dollars of parts which in +hundreds of dollars each is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of dollars each is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of dollars each is a lot of +parts every day fairly good-sized + + align:start position:0% +parts every day fairly good-sized + + + align:start position:0% +parts every day fairly good-sized +workforce half of which were unionized + + align:start position:0% +workforce half of which were unionized + + + align:start position:0% +workforce half of which were unionized +in an inherited United Auto Workers + + align:start position:0% +in an inherited United Auto Workers + + + align:start position:0% +in an inherited United Auto Workers +Union from General Motors a large old + + align:start position:0% +Union from General Motors a large old + + + align:start position:0% +Union from General Motors a large old +factory that was built during World War + + align:start position:0% +factory that was built during World War + + + align:start position:0% +factory that was built during World War +two with many obsolete pieces of + + align:start position:0% +two with many obsolete pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +two with many obsolete pieces of +equipment and a good-sized business a + + align:start position:0% +equipment and a good-sized business a + + + align:start position:0% +equipment and a good-sized business a +billion and a half dollars with the + + align:start position:0% +billion and a half dollars with the + + + align:start position:0% +billion and a half dollars with the +sales is not at all bad so what we're + + align:start position:0% +sales is not at all bad so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +sales is not at all bad so what we're +going to look at is the story between + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is the story between + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at is the story between +2000 and 2004 or 5 which was our lean + + align:start position:0% +2000 and 2004 or 5 which was our lean + + + align:start position:0% +2000 and 2004 or 5 which was our lean +journey now as we said earlier today + + align:start position:0% +journey now as we said earlier today + + + align:start position:0% +journey now as we said earlier today +every Enterprise has many stakeholders + + align:start position:0% +every Enterprise has many stakeholders + + + align:start position:0% +every Enterprise has many stakeholders +and in fact if you even think because + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if you even think because + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact if you even think because +those of us who fly on regional jets are + + align:start position:0% +those of us who fly on regional jets are + + + align:start position:0% +those of us who fly on regional jets are +also stakeholders because we're we're + + align:start position:0% +also stakeholders because we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +also stakeholders because we're we're +flying customers on those regional jets + + align:start position:0% +flying customers on those regional jets + + + align:start position:0% +flying customers on those regional jets +that are powered by the rolls-royce + + align:start position:0% +that are powered by the rolls-royce + + + align:start position:0% +that are powered by the rolls-royce +engines but there are thousands of + + align:start position:0% +engines but there are thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +engines but there are thousands of +pilots and maintain errs and other users + + align:start position:0% +pilots and maintain errs and other users + + + align:start position:0% +pilots and maintain errs and other users +of the airplanes has lots of customers + + align:start position:0% +of the airplanes has lots of customers + + + align:start position:0% +of the airplanes has lots of customers +that buy them there are a number of + + align:start position:0% +that buy them there are a number of + + + align:start position:0% +that buy them there are a number of +partners we found ourselves partnering + + align:start position:0% +partners we found ourselves partnering + + + align:start position:0% +partners we found ourselves partnering +in some instances with General Electric + + align:start position:0% +in some instances with General Electric + + + align:start position:0% +in some instances with General Electric +and other instances with Pratt & Whitney + + align:start position:0% +and other instances with Pratt & Whitney + + + align:start position:0% +and other instances with Pratt & Whitney +and then lots of employees we had dealt + + align:start position:0% +and then lots of employees we had dealt + + + align:start position:0% +and then lots of employees we had dealt +with our supplier network actually just + + align:start position:0% +with our supplier network actually just + + + align:start position:0% +with our supplier network actually just +a little bit before I took over but + + align:start position:0% +a little bit before I took over but + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit before I took over but +having had thousands of suppliers and + + align:start position:0% +having had thousands of suppliers and + + + align:start position:0% +having had thousands of suppliers and +then gotten that down to about 300 by + + align:start position:0% +then gotten that down to about 300 by + + + align:start position:0% +then gotten that down to about 300 by +some consolidation and some tearing of + + align:start position:0% +some consolidation and some tearing of + + + align:start position:0% +some consolidation and some tearing of +suppliers it turns out that governments + + align:start position:0% +suppliers it turns out that governments + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers it turns out that governments +are also key stakeholders not only the + + align:start position:0% +are also key stakeholders not only the + + + align:start position:0% +are also key stakeholders not only the +federal government because they fund the + + align:start position:0% +federal government because they fund the + + + align:start position:0% +federal government because they fund the +military engine purchases but States + + align:start position:0% +military engine purchases but States + + + align:start position:0% +military engine purchases but States +because they're concerned about you know + + align:start position:0% +because they're concerned about you know + + + align:start position:0% +because they're concerned about you know +stable employment and taxes that are + + align:start position:0% +stable employment and taxes that are + + + align:start position:0% +stable employment and taxes that are +paid and the same thing is true of local + + align:start position:0% +paid and the same thing is true of local + + + align:start position:0% +paid and the same thing is true of local +governments + + align:start position:0% +governments + + + align:start position:0% +governments +and and then you go down to the + + align:start position:0% +and and then you go down to the + + + align:start position:0% +and and then you go down to the +community and they're concerned about + + align:start position:0% +community and they're concerned about + + + align:start position:0% +community and they're concerned about +noise and pollution and traffic in their + + align:start position:0% +noise and pollution and traffic in their + + + align:start position:0% +noise and pollution and traffic in their +neighborhoods and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +neighborhoods and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhoods and so on and so forth +finally it's obvious that the + + align:start position:0% +finally it's obvious that the + + + align:start position:0% +finally it's obvious that the +stakeholders of Rolls Royce are biggest + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders of Rolls Royce are biggest + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders of Rolls Royce are biggest +the shareholders are very big + + align:start position:0% +the shareholders are very big + + + align:start position:0% +the shareholders are very big +stakeholders as well as was the Union so + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders as well as was the Union so + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders as well as was the Union so +a lot of different constituents all of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different constituents all of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different constituents all of +whom you had to consider as you were + + align:start position:0% +whom you had to consider as you were + + + align:start position:0% +whom you had to consider as you were +implementing change now in in my opinion + + align:start position:0% +implementing change now in in my opinion + + + align:start position:0% +implementing change now in in my opinion +and this is extracted from going a lot + + align:start position:0% +and this is extracted from going a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and this is extracted from going a lot +of places reading a lot of things + + align:start position:0% +of places reading a lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +of places reading a lot of things +listening to some very bright people but + + align:start position:0% +listening to some very bright people but + + + align:start position:0% +listening to some very bright people but +in my opinion the first and foremost + + align:start position:0% +in my opinion the first and foremost + + + align:start position:0% +in my opinion the first and foremost +thing that one has to have if you're + + align:start position:0% +thing that one has to have if you're + + + align:start position:0% +thing that one has to have if you're +going to implement change is a vision of + + align:start position:0% +going to implement change is a vision of + + + align:start position:0% +going to implement change is a vision of +where you want to be and that has to be + + align:start position:0% +where you want to be and that has to be + + + align:start position:0% +where you want to be and that has to be +simply and clearly articulated to + + align:start position:0% +simply and clearly articulated to + + + align:start position:0% +simply and clearly articulated to +everyone in the organization so that + + align:start position:0% +everyone in the organization so that + + + align:start position:0% +everyone in the organization so that +there can be buy-in and subscription to + + align:start position:0% +there can be buy-in and subscription to + + + align:start position:0% +there can be buy-in and subscription to +that you have to focus on your customers + + align:start position:0% +that you have to focus on your customers + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to focus on your customers +and on your employees of course the + + align:start position:0% +and on your employees of course the + + + align:start position:0% +and on your employees of course the +other stakeholders too but the customers + + align:start position:0% +other stakeholders too but the customers + + + align:start position:0% +other stakeholders too but the customers +are so important because they are the + + align:start position:0% +are so important because they are the + + + align:start position:0% +are so important because they are the +people who buy from you and allow you to + + align:start position:0% +people who buy from you and allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +people who buy from you and allow you to +pay your payroll active leadership and + + align:start position:0% +pay your payroll active leadership and + + + align:start position:0% +pay your payroll active leadership and +involvement with the workforce is + + align:start position:0% +involvement with the workforce is + + + align:start position:0% +involvement with the workforce is +absolutely key you know I spent hours + + align:start position:0% +absolutely key you know I spent hours + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely key you know I spent hours +and hours in our Factory and in our + + align:start position:0% +and hours in our Factory and in our + + + align:start position:0% +and hours in our Factory and in our +offices as a part of my everyday routine + + align:start position:0% +offices as a part of my everyday routine + + + align:start position:0% +offices as a part of my everyday routine +every week I sent an email to all + + align:start position:0% +every week I sent an email to all + + + align:start position:0% +every week I sent an email to all +employees every time there was a major + + align:start position:0% +employees every time there was a major + + + align:start position:0% +employees every time there was a major +issue that we had to deal with we would + + align:start position:0% +issue that we had to deal with we would + + + align:start position:0% +issue that we had to deal with we would +gather people together and talk across + + align:start position:0% +gather people together and talk across + + + align:start position:0% +gather people together and talk across +the company and and communicate you have + + align:start position:0% +the company and and communicate you have + + + align:start position:0% +the company and and communicate you have +to be willing to change things because a + + align:start position:0% +to be willing to change things because a + + + align:start position:0% +to be willing to change things because a +lot of what we do is because we've + + align:start position:0% +lot of what we do is because we've + + + align:start position:0% +lot of what we do is because we've +always done it that way and that's not + + align:start position:0% +always done it that way and that's not + + + align:start position:0% +always done it that way and that's not +necessarily the best way to do things + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the best way to do things + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the best way to do things +you must have trained empowered and in + + align:start position:0% +you must have trained empowered and in + + + align:start position:0% +you must have trained empowered and in +my opinion incentivized employees a + + align:start position:0% +my opinion incentivized employees a + + + align:start position:0% +my opinion incentivized employees a +constancy of improvement activity and a + + align:start position:0% +constancy of improvement activity and a + + + align:start position:0% +constancy of improvement activity and a +way to celebrate and reward success so + + align:start position:0% +way to celebrate and reward success so + + + align:start position:0% +way to celebrate and reward success so +our vision was taken from rolls-royce + + align:start position:0% +our vision was taken from rolls-royce + + + align:start position:0% +our vision was taken from rolls-royce +PLC the British parent is called trusted + + align:start position:0% +PLC the British parent is called trusted + + + align:start position:0% +PLC the British parent is called trusted +to deliver excellence but that's a + + align:start position:0% +to deliver excellence but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +to deliver excellence but that's a +rather abstract term you know + + align:start position:0% +rather abstract term you know + + + align:start position:0% +rather abstract term you know +what does it mean perhaps if you were + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean perhaps if you were + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean perhaps if you were +schooled in the UK it would come very + + align:start position:0% +schooled in the UK it would come very + + + align:start position:0% +schooled in the UK it would come very +naturally but to a Midwestern United + + align:start position:0% +naturally but to a Midwestern United + + + align:start position:0% +naturally but to a Midwestern United +States workforce in Indianapolis Indiana + + align:start position:0% +States workforce in Indianapolis Indiana + + + align:start position:0% +States workforce in Indianapolis Indiana +we translated it and we said okay it's + + align:start position:0% +we translated it and we said okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +we translated it and we said okay it's +determined by customer satisfaction + + align:start position:0% +determined by customer satisfaction + + + align:start position:0% +determined by customer satisfaction +first and foremost measured by a few + + align:start position:0% +first and foremost measured by a few + + + align:start position:0% +first and foremost measured by a few +understandable metrics supported by a + + align:start position:0% +understandable metrics supported by a + + + align:start position:0% +understandable metrics supported by a +workforce that's trained and empowered + + align:start position:0% +workforce that's trained and empowered + + + align:start position:0% +workforce that's trained and empowered +to deliver the improvement and across + + align:start position:0% +to deliver the improvement and across + + + align:start position:0% +to deliver the improvement and across +the entire business so that was our that + + align:start position:0% +the entire business so that was our that + + + align:start position:0% +the entire business so that was our that +was our translation of our vision and + + align:start position:0% +was our translation of our vision and + + + align:start position:0% +was our translation of our vision and +that was what drove us in everything + + align:start position:0% +that was what drove us in everything + + + align:start position:0% +that was what drove us in everything +that we did now I will tell you that + + align:start position:0% +that we did now I will tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +that we did now I will tell you that +there have been just a few really key + + align:start position:0% +there have been just a few really key + + + align:start position:0% +there have been just a few really key +leaders who have led their organizations + + align:start position:0% +leaders who have led their organizations + + + align:start position:0% +leaders who have led their organizations +with a constancy of improvement over a + + align:start position:0% +with a constancy of improvement over a + + + align:start position:0% +with a constancy of improvement over a +long period of time and the first we + + align:start position:0% +long period of time and the first we + + + align:start position:0% +long period of time and the first we +talked about this morning was John + + align:start position:0% +talked about this morning was John + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this morning was John +Galvin he brought Six Sigma in to + + align:start position:0% +Galvin he brought Six Sigma in to + + + align:start position:0% +Galvin he brought Six Sigma in to +Motorola Jack Welsh then amplified on + + align:start position:0% +Motorola Jack Welsh then amplified on + + + align:start position:0% +Motorola Jack Welsh then amplified on +that and actually built an entire + + align:start position:0% +that and actually built an entire + + + align:start position:0% +that and actually built an entire +business philosophy around being number + + align:start position:0% +business philosophy around being number + + + align:start position:0% +business philosophy around being number +one or number two in the business is + + align:start position:0% +one or number two in the business is + + + align:start position:0% +one or number two in the business is +working out your problems developing + + align:start position:0% +working out your problems developing + + + align:start position:0% +working out your problems developing +wonderful leadership training and using + + align:start position:0% +wonderful leadership training and using + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful leadership training and using +Six Sigma so those things happened over + + align:start position:0% +Six Sigma so those things happened over + + + align:start position:0% +Six Sigma so those things happened over +a long period of time at General + + align:start position:0% +a long period of time at General + + + align:start position:0% +a long period of time at General +Electric Larry bossy actually was alum + + align:start position:0% +Electric Larry bossy actually was alum + + + align:start position:0% +Electric Larry bossy actually was alum +of of General Electric and then Lou + + align:start position:0% +of of General Electric and then Lou + + + align:start position:0% +of of General Electric and then Lou +Giuliano on here who was my boss at ITT + + align:start position:0% +Giuliano on here who was my boss at ITT + + + align:start position:0% +Giuliano on here who was my boss at ITT +for a number of years worked for paucity + + align:start position:0% +for a number of years worked for paucity + + + align:start position:0% +for a number of years worked for paucity +so as you can see that whole clan came + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see that whole clan came + + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see that whole clan came +out of came out of General Electric kind + + align:start position:0% +out of came out of General Electric kind + + + align:start position:0% +out of came out of General Electric kind +of interesting as did Jim McNerney Clay + + align:start position:0% +of interesting as did Jim McNerney Clay + + + align:start position:0% +of interesting as did Jim McNerney Clay +Jones on the other hand at Rockwell + + align:start position:0% +Jones on the other hand at Rockwell + + + align:start position:0% +Jones on the other hand at Rockwell +Collins is a completely different animal + + align:start position:0% +Collins is a completely different animal + + + align:start position:0% +Collins is a completely different animal +he was a he was a naval aviator and + + align:start position:0% +he was a he was a naval aviator and + + + align:start position:0% +he was a he was a naval aviator and +subscribed early to lean and and truly + + align:start position:0% +subscribed early to lean and and truly + + + align:start position:0% +subscribed early to lean and and truly +is a full spectrum of visionary leader + + align:start position:0% +is a full spectrum of visionary leader + + + align:start position:0% +is a full spectrum of visionary leader +now you don't do this without knowledge + + align:start position:0% +now you don't do this without knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +now you don't do this without knowledge +that's why training courses such as this + + align:start position:0% +that's why training courses such as this + + + align:start position:0% +that's why training courses such as this +are really essential and there's two + + align:start position:0% +are really essential and there's two + + + align:start position:0% +are really essential and there's two +components that we talk about here we + + align:start position:0% +components that we talk about here we + + + align:start position:0% +components that we talk about here we +talked about the Six Sigma with capable + + align:start position:0% +talked about the Six Sigma with capable + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the Six Sigma with capable +world-class processes and we talked + + align:start position:0% +world-class processes and we talked + + + align:start position:0% +world-class processes and we talked +about lean with streamlined value-adding + + align:start position:0% +about lean with streamlined value-adding + + + align:start position:0% +about lean with streamlined value-adding +activity focused on the customer so at + + align:start position:0% +activity focused on the customer so at + + + align:start position:0% +activity focused on the customer so at +rolls-royce what we did is we actually + + align:start position:0% +rolls-royce what we did is we actually + + + align:start position:0% +rolls-royce what we did is we actually +used a hierarchy of knowledge delivery + + align:start position:0% +used a hierarchy of knowledge delivery + + + align:start position:0% +used a hierarchy of knowledge delivery +the first thing that we did was a tea + + align:start position:0% +the first thing that we did was a tea + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing that we did was a tea +people how to work in teams that is not + + align:start position:0% +people how to work in teams that is not + + + align:start position:0% +people how to work in teams that is not +something that people often have in + + align:start position:0% +something that people often have in + + + align:start position:0% +something that people often have in +their background and successful team + + align:start position:0% +their background and successful team + + + align:start position:0% +their background and successful team +working is really key I was I was very + + align:start position:0% +working is really key I was I was very + + + align:start position:0% +working is really key I was I was very +impressed by the way that you have + + align:start position:0% +impressed by the way that you have + + + align:start position:0% +impressed by the way that you have +worked together here in this class so + + align:start position:0% +worked together here in this class so + + + align:start position:0% +worked together here in this class so +something is happening right here at MIT + + align:start position:0% +something is happening right here at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +something is happening right here at MIT +but that's not always the case so then + + align:start position:0% +but that's not always the case so then + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not always the case so then +once we had the team and the leadership + + align:start position:0% +once we had the team and the leadership + + + align:start position:0% +once we had the team and the leadership +skills in ingrained in the workforce + + align:start position:0% +skills in ingrained in the workforce + + + align:start position:0% +skills in ingrained in the workforce +we selected selectively trained people + + align:start position:0% +we selected selectively trained people + + + align:start position:0% +we selected selectively trained people +at various levels of competency in lean + + align:start position:0% +at various levels of competency in lean + + + align:start position:0% +at various levels of competency in lean +and Six Sigma a few people become black + + align:start position:0% +and Six Sigma a few people become black + + + align:start position:0% +and Six Sigma a few people become black +belts which is really about the highest + + align:start position:0% +belts which is really about the highest + + + align:start position:0% +belts which is really about the highest +level you'll find in large proportion + + align:start position:0% +level you'll find in large proportion + + + align:start position:0% +level you'll find in large proportion +but there are a few people who really + + align:start position:0% +but there are a few people who really + + + align:start position:0% +but there are a few people who really +have certified mastery typically only a + + align:start position:0% +have certified mastery typically only a + + + align:start position:0% +have certified mastery typically only a +handful and get in a big company you go + + align:start position:0% +handful and get in a big company you go + + + align:start position:0% +handful and get in a big company you go +into Boeing and there's you know four or + + align:start position:0% +into Boeing and there's you know four or + + + align:start position:0% +into Boeing and there's you know four or +five who I would say are really + + align:start position:0% +five who I would say are really + + + align:start position:0% +five who I would say are really +certified masters and and then finally + + align:start position:0% +certified masters and and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +certified masters and and then finally +rarely and hardly ever do you find + + align:start position:0% +rarely and hardly ever do you find + + + align:start position:0% +rarely and hardly ever do you find +people who are so knowledgeable about + + align:start position:0% +people who are so knowledgeable about + + + align:start position:0% +people who are so knowledgeable about +lean and Six Sigma that they truly + + align:start position:0% +lean and Six Sigma that they truly + + + align:start position:0% +lean and Six Sigma that they truly +become teachers or since I in Japanese + + align:start position:0% +become teachers or since I in Japanese + + + align:start position:0% +become teachers or since I in Japanese +one of them was at Pratt & Whitney for + + align:start position:0% +one of them was at Pratt & Whitney for + + + align:start position:0% +one of them was at Pratt & Whitney for +many years mr. Ito and they named the + + align:start position:0% +many years mr. Ito and they named the + + + align:start position:0% +many years mr. Ito and they named the +ITO university after him which is their + + align:start position:0% +ITO university after him which is their + + + align:start position:0% +ITO university after him which is their +executive training facility in Hartford + + align:start position:0% +executive training facility in Hartford + + + align:start position:0% +executive training facility in Hartford +we had dr. genichi Taguchi who you may + + align:start position:0% +we had dr. genichi Taguchi who you may + + + align:start position:0% +we had dr. genichi Taguchi who you may +be familiar with from the design of + + align:start position:0% +be familiar with from the design of + + + align:start position:0% +be familiar with from the design of +experiments work that he led so the + + align:start position:0% +experiments work that he led so the + + + align:start position:0% +experiments work that he led so the +hierarchy of knowledge is very key now + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy of knowledge is very key now + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy of knowledge is very key now +the knowledge then is typically + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge then is typically + + + align:start position:0% +the knowledge then is typically +structured in around what we now call + + align:start position:0% +structured in around what we now call + + + align:start position:0% +structured in around what we now call +dome a ik this is kind of the natural + + align:start position:0% +dome a ik this is kind of the natural + + + align:start position:0% +dome a ik this is kind of the natural +evolution of the old Deming cycle but is + + align:start position:0% +evolution of the old Deming cycle but is + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of the old Deming cycle but is +now has a fifth component so we talked + + align:start position:0% +now has a fifth component so we talked + + + align:start position:0% +now has a fifth component so we talked +about defining the problem measuring the + + align:start position:0% +about defining the problem measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +about defining the problem measuring the +situation analyzing the data improving + + align:start position:0% +situation analyzing the data improving + + + align:start position:0% +situation analyzing the data improving +the situation and then finally + + align:start position:0% +the situation and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +the situation and then finally +controlling it so de Mayock is a + + align:start position:0% +controlling it so de Mayock is a + + + align:start position:0% +controlling it so de Mayock is a +virtuous cycle and it has many many + + align:start position:0% +virtuous cycle and it has many many + + + align:start position:0% +virtuous cycle and it has many many +components embedded within it so let's + + align:start position:0% +components embedded within it so let's + + + align:start position:0% +components embedded within it so let's +talk about those on the next civil + + align:start position:0% +talk about those on the next civil + + + align:start position:0% +talk about those on the next civil +charge so undefined we do such things as + + align:start position:0% +charge so undefined we do such things as + + + align:start position:0% +charge so undefined we do such things as +doing a process map like you've done + + align:start position:0% +doing a process map like you've done + + + align:start position:0% +doing a process map like you've done +today and define the problems you + + align:start position:0% +today and define the problems you + + + align:start position:0% +today and define the problems you +haven't got to that yet but + + align:start position:0% +haven't got to that yet but + + + align:start position:0% +haven't got to that yet but +you will as you turn that into a value + + align:start position:0% +you will as you turn that into a value + + + align:start position:0% +you will as you turn that into a value +stream map putting metrics on them which + + align:start position:0% +stream map putting metrics on them which + + + align:start position:0% +stream map putting metrics on them which +you've done you've taken the basic + + align:start position:0% +you've done you've taken the basic + + + align:start position:0% +you've done you've taken the basic +metrics for the process map and then + + align:start position:0% +metrics for the process map and then + + + align:start position:0% +metrics for the process map and then +setting some improvement goals well it's + + align:start position:0% +setting some improvement goals well it's + + + align:start position:0% +setting some improvement goals well it's +implicit in the Sasha and Andy exercise + + align:start position:0% +implicit in the Sasha and Andy exercise + + + align:start position:0% +implicit in the Sasha and Andy exercise +that they would like to have more + + align:start position:0% +that they would like to have more + + + align:start position:0% +that they would like to have more +customers so you know if they're going + + align:start position:0% +customers so you know if they're going + + + align:start position:0% +customers so you know if they're going +to do that what are they going to do how + + align:start position:0% +to do that what are they going to do how + + + align:start position:0% +to do that what are they going to do how +are they going to change their cycle + + align:start position:0% +are they going to change their cycle + + + align:start position:0% +are they going to change their cycle +time which is far too long to meet the + + align:start position:0% +time which is far too long to meet the + + + align:start position:0% +time which is far too long to meet the +tak time desires of 75 or even 100 + + align:start position:0% +tak time desires of 75 or even 100 + + + align:start position:0% +tak time desires of 75 or even 100 +customers so having done that then we + + align:start position:0% +customers so having done that then we + + + align:start position:0% +customers so having done that then we +measure and by analyzing each component + + align:start position:0% +measure and by analyzing each component + + + align:start position:0% +measure and by analyzing each component +of the process we put data on it you put + + align:start position:0% +of the process we put data on it you put + + + align:start position:0% +of the process we put data on it you put +things like time inventory levels the + + align:start position:0% +things like time inventory levels the + + + align:start position:0% +things like time inventory levels the +amount of rework the cycle time all of + + align:start position:0% +amount of rework the cycle time all of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of rework the cycle time all of +those things you can in some instances + + align:start position:0% +those things you can in some instances + + + align:start position:0% +those things you can in some instances +apply probability and statistics to + + align:start position:0% +apply probability and statistics to + + + align:start position:0% +apply probability and statistics to +those if it's not a clearly a + + align:start position:0% +those if it's not a clearly a + + + align:start position:0% +those if it's not a clearly a +closed-form issue you know like for + + align:start position:0% +closed-form issue you know like for + + + align:start position:0% +closed-form issue you know like for +example the cleanup I mean is there that + + align:start position:0% +example the cleanup I mean is there that + + + align:start position:0% +example the cleanup I mean is there that +that's kind of a that's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of a that's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of a that's kind of a +probabilistic issue because you don't + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic issue because you don't + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic issue because you don't +know when you're going to do it data + + align:start position:0% +know when you're going to do it data + + + align:start position:0% +know when you're going to do it data +collection and analysis and having the + + align:start position:0% +collection and analysis and having the + + + align:start position:0% +collection and analysis and having the +right kinds of measurement systems so + + align:start position:0% +right kinds of measurement systems so + + + align:start position:0% +right kinds of measurement systems so +that you can determine process + + align:start position:0% +that you can determine process + + + align:start position:0% +that you can determine process +capability analysis there are many tools + + align:start position:0% +capability analysis there are many tools + + + align:start position:0% +capability analysis there are many tools +and those of you who may go on to pursue + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who may go on to pursue + + + align:start position:0% +and those of you who may go on to pursue +green belts or black belts and lean and + + align:start position:0% +green belts or black belts and lean and + + + align:start position:0% +green belts or black belts and lean and +Six Sigma will be exposed to a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Six Sigma will be exposed to a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Six Sigma will be exposed to a lot of +these things perhaps the best body of + + align:start position:0% +these things perhaps the best body of + + + align:start position:0% +these things perhaps the best body of +knowledge that exists along these lines + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that exists along these lines + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that exists along these lines +is supported by the American Society of + + align:start position:0% +is supported by the American Society of + + + align:start position:0% +is supported by the American Society of +quality they have a large manual that + + align:start position:0% +quality they have a large manual that + + + align:start position:0% +quality they have a large manual that +goes into all of this in detail and they + + align:start position:0% +goes into all of this in detail and they + + + align:start position:0% +goes into all of this in detail and they +have also web courses that you can take + + align:start position:0% +have also web courses that you can take + + + align:start position:0% +have also web courses that you can take +to learn how to do each of those and + + align:start position:0% +to learn how to do each of those and + + + align:start position:0% +to learn how to do each of those and +then in terms of the improvement you + + align:start position:0% +then in terms of the improvement you + + + align:start position:0% +then in terms of the improvement you +know the things that we usually find are + + align:start position:0% +know the things that we usually find are + + + align:start position:0% +know the things that we usually find are +we do what's our Kaizen or burst type + + align:start position:0% +we do what's our Kaizen or burst type + + + align:start position:0% +we do what's our Kaizen or burst type +exercises where you get all of the + + align:start position:0% +exercises where you get all of the + + + align:start position:0% +exercises where you get all of the +knowledgeable people together in a room + + align:start position:0% +knowledgeable people together in a room + + + align:start position:0% +knowledgeable people together in a room +to work and solve a problem if it's more + + align:start position:0% +to work and solve a problem if it's more + + + align:start position:0% +to work and solve a problem if it's more +of a intellectual issue you can use the + + align:start position:0% +of a intellectual issue you can use the + + + align:start position:0% +of a intellectual issue you can use the +sign of experiments or Taguchi methods + + align:start position:0% +sign of experiments or Taguchi methods + + + align:start position:0% +sign of experiments or Taguchi methods +and so on and then finally under control + + align:start position:0% +and so on and then finally under control + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and then finally under control +Earl just showed you a number of things + + align:start position:0% +Earl just showed you a number of things + + + align:start position:0% +Earl just showed you a number of things +on visual Factory and and Don's we + + align:start position:0% +on visual Factory and and Don's we + + + align:start position:0% +on visual Factory and and Don's we +talked this morning about cam + + align:start position:0% +talked this morning about cam + + + align:start position:0% +talked this morning about cam +kanbans muda is waste you want to + + align:start position:0% +kanbans muda is waste you want to + + + align:start position:0% +kanbans muda is waste you want to +eliminate muda Pocoyo keen is foolproof + + align:start position:0% +eliminate muda Pocoyo keen is foolproof + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate muda Pocoyo keen is foolproof +enormous take proofing and you want to + + align:start position:0% +enormous take proofing and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +enormous take proofing and you want to +do that and we talked about 5s or 6s and + + align:start position:0% +do that and we talked about 5s or 6s and + + + align:start position:0% +do that and we talked about 5s or 6s and +finally total productive maintenance is + + align:start position:0% +finally total productive maintenance is + + + align:start position:0% +finally total productive maintenance is +maintenance it's keyed to the signal + + align:start position:0% +maintenance it's keyed to the signal + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance it's keyed to the signal +that you get from the equipment that + + align:start position:0% +that you get from the equipment that + + + align:start position:0% +that you get from the equipment that +you're using so that as you see it + + align:start position:0% +you're using so that as you see it + + + align:start position:0% +you're using so that as you see it +drifting away from a desired state you + + align:start position:0% +drifting away from a desired state you + + + align:start position:0% +drifting away from a desired state you +do the maintenance then as required as + + align:start position:0% +do the maintenance then as required as + + + align:start position:0% +do the maintenance then as required as +opposed to just having it every three + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just having it every three + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just having it every three +months you do maintenance so these are + + align:start position:0% +months you do maintenance so these are + + + align:start position:0% +months you do maintenance so these are +some of the essential tools and these + + align:start position:0% +some of the essential tools and these + + + align:start position:0% +some of the essential tools and these +are tools that we trained our people now + + align:start position:0% +are tools that we trained our people now + + + align:start position:0% +are tools that we trained our people now +I'm a believer personally in a few + + align:start position:0% +I'm a believer personally in a few + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a believer personally in a few +simple metrics this morning before I + + align:start position:0% +simple metrics this morning before I + + + align:start position:0% +simple metrics this morning before I +came over here we were meeting with + + align:start position:0% +came over here we were meeting with + + + align:start position:0% +came over here we were meeting with +Raytheon and they actually have an + + align:start position:0% +Raytheon and they actually have an + + + align:start position:0% +Raytheon and they actually have an +executive in their corporate staff who + + align:start position:0% +executive in their corporate staff who + + + align:start position:0% +executive in their corporate staff who +maintains a set of metrics for the CEO + + align:start position:0% +maintains a set of metrics for the CEO + + + align:start position:0% +maintains a set of metrics for the CEO +he has about 15 the problem that you + + align:start position:0% +he has about 15 the problem that you + + + align:start position:0% +he has about 15 the problem that you +have when you have that many metrics is + + align:start position:0% +have when you have that many metrics is + + + align:start position:0% +have when you have that many metrics is +that not everybody can understand them + + align:start position:0% +that not everybody can understand them + + + align:start position:0% +that not everybody can understand them +and it's hard to dance our March to 15 + + align:start position:0% +and it's hard to dance our March to 15 + + + align:start position:0% +and it's hard to dance our March to 15 +different drum beats it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +different drum beats it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +different drum beats it's a little bit +confusing so what we did is we use the + + align:start position:0% +confusing so what we did is we use the + + + align:start position:0% +confusing so what we did is we use the +voice of the customer the customer being + + align:start position:0% +voice of the customer the customer being + + + align:start position:0% +voice of the customer the customer being +both the external customer and also the + + align:start position:0% +both the external customer and also the + + + align:start position:0% +both the external customer and also the +internal customer to help us define the + + align:start position:0% +internal customer to help us define the + + + align:start position:0% +internal customer to help us define the +most important shareholder issues and so + + align:start position:0% +most important shareholder issues and so + + + align:start position:0% +most important shareholder issues and so +in our case it was on-time delivery was + + align:start position:0% +in our case it was on-time delivery was + + + align:start position:0% +in our case it was on-time delivery was +really we were we were struggling to + + align:start position:0% +really we were we were struggling to + + + align:start position:0% +really we were we were struggling to +meet on-time delivery because it was the + + align:start position:0% +meet on-time delivery because it was the + + + align:start position:0% +meet on-time delivery because it was the +beginning of the regional jet business + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the regional jet business + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the regional jet business +and the customer demand was very very + + align:start position:0% +and the customer demand was very very + + + align:start position:0% +and the customer demand was very very +high and you know we were trying to ramp + + align:start position:0% +high and you know we were trying to ramp + + + align:start position:0% +high and you know we were trying to ramp +up production so that was a problem for + + align:start position:0% +up production so that was a problem for + + + align:start position:0% +up production so that was a problem for +us we had several supplier related + + align:start position:0% +us we had several supplier related + + + align:start position:0% +us we had several supplier related +problems with our deliberate product + + align:start position:0% +problems with our deliberate product + + + align:start position:0% +problems with our deliberate product +quality the worst of which was the + + align:start position:0% +quality the worst of which was the + + + align:start position:0% +quality the worst of which was the +electronic fuel control on the engines + + align:start position:0% +electronic fuel control on the engines + + + align:start position:0% +electronic fuel control on the engines +which were built by Lucas in the UK and + + align:start position:0% +which were built by Lucas in the UK and + + + align:start position:0% +which were built by Lucas in the UK and +they suffered from a rash of false + + align:start position:0% +they suffered from a rash of false + + + align:start position:0% +they suffered from a rash of false +diagnostic messages that were you know + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic messages that were you know + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic messages that were you know +they said that there was something wrong + + align:start position:0% +they said that there was something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +they said that there was something wrong +with the fuel control but it really + + align:start position:0% +with the fuel control but it really + + + align:start position:0% +with the fuel control but it really +wasn't anything wrong with the + + align:start position:0% +wasn't anything wrong with the + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't anything wrong with the +field-goal but that drives the airline + + align:start position:0% +field-goal but that drives the airline + + + align:start position:0% +field-goal but that drives the airline +customer crazy so we had to deal with + + align:start position:0% +customer crazy so we had to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +customer crazy so we had to deal with +that we had in our own factory first + + align:start position:0% +that we had in our own factory first + + + align:start position:0% +that we had in our own factory first +passed test yields we were having to go + + align:start position:0% +passed test yields we were having to go + + + align:start position:0% +passed test yields we were having to go +back and rework and + + align:start position:0% +back and rework and + + + align:start position:0% +back and rework and +to many of our engines and it was also + + align:start position:0% +to many of our engines and it was also + + + align:start position:0% +to many of our engines and it was also +compromising our on-time delivery and + + align:start position:0% +compromising our on-time delivery and + + + align:start position:0% +compromising our on-time delivery and +our cost of non quality in our finance + + align:start position:0% +our cost of non quality in our finance + + + align:start position:0% +our cost of non quality in our finance +organization we had simply never + + align:start position:0% +organization we had simply never + + + align:start position:0% +organization we had simply never +addressed the issue of collecting money + + align:start position:0% +addressed the issue of collecting money + + + align:start position:0% +addressed the issue of collecting money +from people who owed it to us and we had + + align:start position:0% +from people who owed it to us and we had + + + align:start position:0% +from people who owed it to us and we had +you know in the year 2000 I think we + + align:start position:0% +you know in the year 2000 I think we + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the year 2000 I think we +closed the year with fifty million + + align:start position:0% +closed the year with fifty million + + + align:start position:0% +closed the year with fifty million +dollars of past due receivables and you + + align:start position:0% +dollars of past due receivables and you + + + align:start position:0% +dollars of past due receivables and you +know that may sound like a small amount + + align:start position:0% +know that may sound like a small amount + + + align:start position:0% +know that may sound like a small amount +of money for a billion and a half dollar + + align:start position:0% +of money for a billion and a half dollar + + + align:start position:0% +of money for a billion and a half dollar +company but the fact of the matter is is + + align:start position:0% +company but the fact of the matter is is + + + align:start position:0% +company but the fact of the matter is is +that way our financial structure was + + align:start position:0% +that way our financial structure was + + + align:start position:0% +that way our financial structure was +organized we had to pay ten percent + + align:start position:0% +organized we had to pay ten percent + + + align:start position:0% +organized we had to pay ten percent +interest on that fifty million dollars + + align:start position:0% +interest on that fifty million dollars + + + align:start position:0% +interest on that fifty million dollars +which means I lost five million dollars + + align:start position:0% +which means I lost five million dollars + + + align:start position:0% +which means I lost five million dollars +of potential profit because of those + + align:start position:0% +of potential profit because of those + + + align:start position:0% +of potential profit because of those +uncollected receivables and then finally + + align:start position:0% +uncollected receivables and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +uncollected receivables and then finally +we use the standard parameter that I + + align:start position:0% +we use the standard parameter that I + + + align:start position:0% +we use the standard parameter that I +showed on the chart this morning of + + align:start position:0% +showed on the chart this morning of + + + align:start position:0% +showed on the chart this morning of +return on invested capital that's a + + align:start position:0% +return on invested capital that's a + + + align:start position:0% +return on invested capital that's a +little bit more abstract and hard to + + align:start position:0% +little bit more abstract and hard to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more abstract and hard to +talk about with the with the employees + + align:start position:0% +talk about with the with the employees + + + align:start position:0% +talk about with the with the employees +but we were able to emphasize that the + + align:start position:0% +but we were able to emphasize that the + + + align:start position:0% +but we were able to emphasize that the +invested capital included all of this + + align:start position:0% +invested capital included all of this + + + align:start position:0% +invested capital included all of this +inventory that we have in the factory + + align:start position:0% +inventory that we have in the factory + + + align:start position:0% +inventory that we have in the factory +and you know the work in process and and + + align:start position:0% +and you know the work in process and and + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the work in process and and +the engines that we couldn't deliver + + align:start position:0% +the engines that we couldn't deliver + + + align:start position:0% +the engines that we couldn't deliver +because it didn't pass the test so we + + align:start position:0% +because it didn't pass the test so we + + + align:start position:0% +because it didn't pass the test so we +concentrated really on the denominator + + align:start position:0% +concentrated really on the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated really on the denominator +of the return on invested capital the + + align:start position:0% +of the return on invested capital the + + + align:start position:0% +of the return on invested capital the +the pricing what the customer pays + + align:start position:0% +the pricing what the customer pays + + + align:start position:0% +the pricing what the customer pays +controls the numerator that's harder for + + align:start position:0% +controls the numerator that's harder for + + + align:start position:0% +controls the numerator that's harder for +us to control but we could control the + + align:start position:0% +us to control but we could control the + + + align:start position:0% +us to control but we could control the +denominator what it showed is is that we + + align:start position:0% +denominator what it showed is is that we + + + align:start position:0% +denominator what it showed is is that we +had a continuum of initiatives over time + + align:start position:0% +had a continuum of initiatives over time + + + align:start position:0% +had a continuum of initiatives over time +including membership in the lean + + align:start position:0% +including membership in the lean + + + align:start position:0% +including membership in the lean +aerospace initiative but what we did is + + align:start position:0% +aerospace initiative but what we did is + + + align:start position:0% +aerospace initiative but what we did is +we we started in areas where there was + + align:start position:0% +we we started in areas where there was + + + align:start position:0% +we we started in areas where there was +low-hanging fruit so we started with + + align:start position:0% +low-hanging fruit so we started with + + + align:start position:0% +low-hanging fruit so we started with +some of our factory cleanup we started + + align:start position:0% +some of our factory cleanup we started + + + align:start position:0% +some of our factory cleanup we started +with working with our suppliers then as + + align:start position:0% +with working with our suppliers then as + + + align:start position:0% +with working with our suppliers then as +we got a little bit more mature and had + + align:start position:0% +we got a little bit more mature and had + + + align:start position:0% +we got a little bit more mature and had +more people trained then we started + + align:start position:0% +more people trained then we started + + + align:start position:0% +more people trained then we started +cross-training our workforce so that + + align:start position:0% +cross-training our workforce so that + + + align:start position:0% +cross-training our workforce so that +they had more lean and Six Sigma skills + + align:start position:0% +they had more lean and Six Sigma skills + + + align:start position:0% +they had more lean and Six Sigma skills +and in our in our unionized workforce we + + align:start position:0% +and in our in our unionized workforce we + + + align:start position:0% +and in our in our unionized workforce we +actually multi trained multi skilled + + align:start position:0% +actually multi trained multi skilled + + + align:start position:0% +actually multi trained multi skilled +trained people aiming at changing the + + align:start position:0% +trained people aiming at changing the + + + align:start position:0% +trained people aiming at changing the +contract with the Union in the future + + align:start position:0% +contract with the Union in the future + + + align:start position:0% +contract with the Union in the future +and and then we gradually added third + + align:start position:0% +and and then we gradually added third + + + align:start position:0% +and and then we gradually added third +party parts suppliers and outsource some + + align:start position:0% +party parts suppliers and outsource some + + + align:start position:0% +party parts suppliers and outsource some +of the stuff that it didn't make sense + + align:start position:0% +of the stuff that it didn't make sense + + + align:start position:0% +of the stuff that it didn't make sense +for us to do because our average labor + + align:start position:0% +for us to do because our average labor + + + align:start position:0% +for us to do because our average labor +cost was very high okay so here we are + + align:start position:0% +cost was very high okay so here we are + + + align:start position:0% +cost was very high okay so here we are +it's the year 2000 my predecessor had + + align:start position:0% +it's the year 2000 my predecessor had + + + align:start position:0% +it's the year 2000 my predecessor had +been fired because the company lost + + align:start position:0% +been fired because the company lost + + + align:start position:0% +been fired because the company lost +fifty million dollars and he didn't know + + align:start position:0% +fifty million dollars and he didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +fifty million dollars and he didn't know +it and the CEO didn't like that so I got + + align:start position:0% +it and the CEO didn't like that so I got + + + align:start position:0% +it and the CEO didn't like that so I got +drafted actually to do this I was + + align:start position:0% +drafted actually to do this I was + + + align:start position:0% +drafted actually to do this I was +happily running the defense side of our + + align:start position:0% +happily running the defense side of our + + + align:start position:0% +happily running the defense side of our +business but having done this sort of + + align:start position:0% +business but having done this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +business but having done this sort of +stuff at ITT and elsewhere in the past + + align:start position:0% +stuff at ITT and elsewhere in the past + + + align:start position:0% +stuff at ITT and elsewhere in the past +they said you got to do this for us so I + + align:start position:0% +they said you got to do this for us so I + + + align:start position:0% +they said you got to do this for us so I +I agreed and the first thing we did was + + align:start position:0% +I agreed and the first thing we did was + + + align:start position:0% +I agreed and the first thing we did was +try to mobilize the leadership team I + + align:start position:0% +try to mobilize the leadership team I + + + align:start position:0% +try to mobilize the leadership team I +had about 15 or so direct reports that + + align:start position:0% +had about 15 or so direct reports that + + + align:start position:0% +had about 15 or so direct reports that +covered all the functions in the + + align:start position:0% +covered all the functions in the + + + align:start position:0% +covered all the functions in the +organization and so we we got together + + align:start position:0% +organization and so we we got together + + + align:start position:0% +organization and so we we got together +and we spent some time agreeing on the + + align:start position:0% +and we spent some time agreeing on the + + + align:start position:0% +and we spent some time agreeing on the +vision setting priorities for the + + align:start position:0% +vision setting priorities for the + + + align:start position:0% +vision setting priorities for the +company establishing the metrics + + align:start position:0% +company establishing the metrics + + + align:start position:0% +company establishing the metrics +reassigning some key people for example + + align:start position:0% +reassigning some key people for example + + + align:start position:0% +reassigning some key people for example +the number two design engineer was + + align:start position:0% +the number two design engineer was + + + align:start position:0% +the number two design engineer was +reassigned to run the engine assembly + + align:start position:0% +reassigned to run the engine assembly + + + align:start position:0% +reassigned to run the engine assembly +and that sounds like a strange + + align:start position:0% +and that sounds like a strange + + + align:start position:0% +and that sounds like a strange +transition but indeed it was it was + + align:start position:0% +transition but indeed it was it was + + + align:start position:0% +transition but indeed it was it was +absolutely key I had to fire the + + align:start position:0% +absolutely key I had to fire the + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely key I had to fire the +controller because he was part of the + + align:start position:0% +controller because he was part of the + + + align:start position:0% +controller because he was part of the +financial problem and we got in a new + + align:start position:0% +financial problem and we got in a new + + + align:start position:0% +financial problem and we got in a new +controller who knew which way was up and + + align:start position:0% +controller who knew which way was up and + + + align:start position:0% +controller who knew which way was up and +and then I took the number one civil + + align:start position:0% +and then I took the number one civil + + + align:start position:0% +and then I took the number one civil +aviation salesman and put him in charge + + align:start position:0% +aviation salesman and put him in charge + + + align:start position:0% +aviation salesman and put him in charge +of supplier relations so you know there + + align:start position:0% +of supplier relations so you know there + + + align:start position:0% +of supplier relations so you know there +were some changes that were you know + + align:start position:0% +were some changes that were you know + + + align:start position:0% +were some changes that were you know +deliberate in their intent in order to + + align:start position:0% +deliberate in their intent in order to + + + align:start position:0% +deliberate in their intent in order to +try to put stronger people in some of + + align:start position:0% +try to put stronger people in some of + + + align:start position:0% +try to put stronger people in some of +the key jobs that we really had to do we + + align:start position:0% +the key jobs that we really had to do we + + + align:start position:0% +the key jobs that we really had to do we +focused on that everything that we tried + + align:start position:0% +focused on that everything that we tried + + + align:start position:0% +focused on that everything that we tried +to do we tried to have data to do that + + align:start position:0% +to do we tried to have data to do that + + + align:start position:0% +to do we tried to have data to do that +and we started making early investments + + align:start position:0% +and we started making early investments + + + align:start position:0% +and we started making early investments +to deal with some of the roadblocks that + + align:start position:0% +to deal with some of the roadblocks that + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with some of the roadblocks that +we had and so back to the question this + + align:start position:0% +we had and so back to the question this + + + align:start position:0% +we had and so back to the question this +morning about how quickly can you make + + align:start position:0% +morning about how quickly can you make + + + align:start position:0% +morning about how quickly can you make +change there was a lot of things that + + align:start position:0% +change there was a lot of things that + + + align:start position:0% +change there was a lot of things that +were happening that could be + + align:start position:0% +were happening that could be + + + align:start position:0% +were happening that could be +significantly improved + + align:start position:0% +significantly improved + + + align:start position:0% +significantly improved +and indeed we got wonderful results in + + align:start position:0% +and indeed we got wonderful results in + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed we got wonderful results in +the first year but much of that is + + align:start position:0% +the first year but much of that is + + + align:start position:0% +the first year but much of that is +because the results before the first + + align:start position:0% +because the results before the first + + + align:start position:0% +because the results before the first +year were so absolutely horrible but we + + align:start position:0% +year were so absolutely horrible but we + + + align:start position:0% +year were so absolutely horrible but we +made improvements in on-time delivery + + align:start position:0% +made improvements in on-time delivery + + + align:start position:0% +made improvements in on-time delivery +and inequality we got our first pass + + align:start position:0% +and inequality we got our first pass + + + align:start position:0% +and inequality we got our first pass +test yields moving in the right + + align:start position:0% +test yields moving in the right + + + align:start position:0% +test yields moving in the right +direction the cost of non-conformance + + align:start position:0% +direction the cost of non-conformance + + + align:start position:0% +direction the cost of non-conformance +improvement by 3% may sound like a small + + align:start position:0% +improvement by 3% may sound like a small + + + align:start position:0% +improvement by 3% may sound like a small +number but the gross number was 150 + + align:start position:0% +number but the gross number was 150 + + + align:start position:0% +number but the gross number was 150 +million dollars so it was real money we + + align:start position:0% +million dollars so it was real money we + + + align:start position:0% +million dollars so it was real money we +went through the factory with a + + align:start position:0% +went through the factory with a + + + align:start position:0% +went through the factory with a +vengeance and anything that wasn't being + + align:start position:0% +vengeance and anything that wasn't being + + + align:start position:0% +vengeance and anything that wasn't being +used we sent off to the scrap metal + + align:start position:0% +used we sent off to the scrap metal + + + align:start position:0% +used we sent off to the scrap metal +dealers + + align:start position:0% +dealers + + + align:start position:0% +dealers +we worked hard with our government + + align:start position:0% +we worked hard with our government + + + align:start position:0% +we worked hard with our government +customer to deal with the processes of + + align:start position:0% +customer to deal with the processes of + + + align:start position:0% +customer to deal with the processes of +of closing out government contracts in + + align:start position:0% +of closing out government contracts in + + + align:start position:0% +of closing out government contracts in +the finance area they looked at the + + align:start position:0% +the finance area they looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +the finance area they looked at the +complexity of our financial accounting + + align:start position:0% +complexity of our financial accounting + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of our financial accounting +and were able to eliminate about a + + align:start position:0% +and were able to eliminate about a + + + align:start position:0% +and were able to eliminate about a +quarter of that and so as a consequence + + align:start position:0% +quarter of that and so as a consequence + + + align:start position:0% +quarter of that and so as a consequence +we turned the financial picture around + + align:start position:0% +we turned the financial picture around + + + align:start position:0% +we turned the financial picture around +in a year and we were also I was very + + align:start position:0% +in a year and we were also I was very + + + align:start position:0% +in a year and we were also I was very +fortunate that Rolls Royce allowed us to + + align:start position:0% +fortunate that Rolls Royce allowed us to + + + align:start position:0% +fortunate that Rolls Royce allowed us to +actually provide incentive compensation + + align:start position:0% +actually provide incentive compensation + + + align:start position:0% +actually provide incentive compensation +to everybody in the company now there + + align:start position:0% +to everybody in the company now there + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody in the company now there +was incentive compensation for the union + + align:start position:0% +was incentive compensation for the union + + + align:start position:0% +was incentive compensation for the union +members that was bargained into their + + align:start position:0% +members that was bargained into their + + + align:start position:0% +members that was bargained into their +contract but rolls-royce very astutely + + align:start position:0% +contract but rolls-royce very astutely + + + align:start position:0% +contract but rolls-royce very astutely +understood that if we couldn't include + + align:start position:0% +understood that if we couldn't include + + + align:start position:0% +understood that if we couldn't include +everybody from secretaries to the you + + align:start position:0% +everybody from secretaries to the you + + + align:start position:0% +everybody from secretaries to the you +know the leaders in the various test + + align:start position:0% +know the leaders in the various test + + + align:start position:0% +know the leaders in the various test +areas and all that it wouldn't work so + + align:start position:0% +areas and all that it wouldn't work so + + + align:start position:0% +areas and all that it wouldn't work so +we were able to do that now stability is + + align:start position:0% +we were able to do that now stability is + + + align:start position:0% +we were able to do that now stability is +important when you're implementing + + align:start position:0% +important when you're implementing + + + align:start position:0% +important when you're implementing +change and so we very were conscious of + + align:start position:0% +change and so we very were conscious of + + + align:start position:0% +change and so we very were conscious of +the need to you know be consistent we + + align:start position:0% +the need to you know be consistent we + + + align:start position:0% +the need to you know be consistent we +have reaffirmed the first years actions + + align:start position:0% +have reaffirmed the first years actions + + + align:start position:0% +have reaffirmed the first years actions +but we then started on some new things + + align:start position:0% +but we then started on some new things + + + align:start position:0% +but we then started on some new things +this year it was time to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +this year it was time to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +this year it was time to figure out how +to deal with those overdue receivables + + align:start position:0% +to deal with those overdue receivables + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with those overdue receivables +so we set up a cost a cash collection + + align:start position:0% +so we set up a cost a cash collection + + + align:start position:0% +so we set up a cost a cash collection +team and it's really amazing it turns + + align:start position:0% +team and it's really amazing it turns + + + align:start position:0% +team and it's really amazing it turns +out that there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +out that there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +out that there are a lot of +organizations in this world including + + align:start position:0% +organizations in this world including + + + align:start position:0% +organizations in this world including +the bill payers that are handing us + + align:start position:0% +the bill payers that are handing us + + + align:start position:0% +the bill payers that are handing us +these days who really have a process for + + align:start position:0% +these days who really have a process for + + + align:start position:0% +these days who really have a process for +collecting cash and what we did is we + + align:start position:0% +collecting cash and what we did is we + + + align:start position:0% +collecting cash and what we did is we +trained our Finance and Accounting + + align:start position:0% +trained our Finance and Accounting + + + align:start position:0% +trained our Finance and Accounting +people using those models and you know + + align:start position:0% +people using those models and you know + + + align:start position:0% +people using those models and you know +it began to come together very well we + + align:start position:0% +it began to come together very well we + + + align:start position:0% +it began to come together very well we +also recognized it took too long to + + align:start position:0% +also recognized it took too long to + + + align:start position:0% +also recognized it took too long to +assemble engines and we were doing it in + + align:start position:0% +assemble engines and we were doing it in + + + align:start position:0% +assemble engines and we were doing it in +a one at a time basis so we s we began + + align:start position:0% +a one at a time basis so we s we began + + + align:start position:0% +a one at a time basis so we s we began +an investment in a flow line which + + align:start position:0% +an investment in a flow line which + + + align:start position:0% +an investment in a flow line which +allowed the engine to be built from the + + align:start position:0% +allowed the engine to be built from the + + + align:start position:0% +allowed the engine to be built from the +compressor all the way up through the + + align:start position:0% +compressor all the way up through the + + + align:start position:0% +compressor all the way up through the +end as it flowed down a line and where + + align:start position:0% +end as it flowed down a line and where + + + align:start position:0% +end as it flowed down a line and where +it where as it used to take 30 days to + + align:start position:0% +it where as it used to take 30 days to + + + align:start position:0% +it where as it used to take 30 days to +assemble an engine we our goal was 10 + + align:start position:0% +assemble an engine we our goal was 10 + + + align:start position:0% +assemble an engine we our goal was 10 +days we hired a third party part + + align:start position:0% +days we hired a third party part + + + align:start position:0% +days we hired a third party part +supplier somebody to actually control + + align:start position:0% +supplier somebody to actually control + + + align:start position:0% +supplier somebody to actually control +all the nuts bolts and screws and little + + align:start position:0% +all the nuts bolts and screws and little + + + align:start position:0% +all the nuts bolts and screws and little +things if silly for us to manage those + + align:start position:0% +things if silly for us to manage those + + + align:start position:0% +things if silly for us to manage those +so we hired actually ups and they + + align:start position:0% +so we hired actually ups and they + + + align:start position:0% +so we hired actually ups and they +purchased them to our specs where has + + align:start position:0% +purchased them to our specs where has + + + align:start position:0% +purchased them to our specs where has +them for us and then delivered us + + align:start position:0% +them for us and then delivered us + + + align:start position:0% +them for us and then delivered us +delivered them to us in canvas and + + align:start position:0% +delivered them to us in canvas and + + + align:start position:0% +delivered them to us in canvas and +training of course and working with + + align:start position:0% +training of course and working with + + + align:start position:0% +training of course and working with +suppliers so in the second year the + + align:start position:0% +suppliers so in the second year the + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers so in the second year the +momentum was there I mean the employees + + align:start position:0% +momentum was there I mean the employees + + + align:start position:0% +momentum was there I mean the employees +really bought into this they were being + + align:start position:0% +really bought into this they were being + + + align:start position:0% +really bought into this they were being +told how they did every week they knew + + align:start position:0% +told how they did every week they knew + + + align:start position:0% +told how they did every week they knew +every month they knew the financial + + align:start position:0% +every month they knew the financial + + + align:start position:0% +every month they knew the financial +performance and so now you know we're + + align:start position:0% +performance and so now you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +performance and so now you know we're +getting almost okay on-time delivery and + + align:start position:0% +getting almost okay on-time delivery and + + + align:start position:0% +getting almost okay on-time delivery and +we reduced the cost of non-conformance + + align:start position:0% +we reduced the cost of non-conformance + + + align:start position:0% +we reduced the cost of non-conformance +by 10 percent now read 15 million + + align:start position:0% +by 10 percent now read 15 million + + + align:start position:0% +by 10 percent now read 15 million +dollars it's real money got the + + align:start position:0% +dollars it's real money got the + + + align:start position:0% +dollars it's real money got the +delinquent receivables down from 50 + + align:start position:0% +delinquent receivables down from 50 + + + align:start position:0% +delinquent receivables down from 50 +million to 25 were headed down and + + align:start position:0% +million to 25 were headed down and + + + align:start position:0% +million to 25 were headed down and +delivered record cash and profit to + + align:start position:0% +delivered record cash and profit to + + + align:start position:0% +delivered record cash and profit to +rolls-royce so again we were able to + + align:start position:0% +rolls-royce so again we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +rolls-royce so again we were able to +reward our employees and the typical + + align:start position:0% +reward our employees and the typical + + + align:start position:0% +reward our employees and the typical +reward was about 10% of their salary so + + align:start position:0% +reward was about 10% of their salary so + + + align:start position:0% +reward was about 10% of their salary so +that was that's meaningful when you get + + align:start position:0% +that was that's meaningful when you get + + + align:start position:0% +that was that's meaningful when you get +more than a month's pay the third years + + align:start position:0% +more than a month's pay the third years + + + align:start position:0% +more than a month's pay the third years +we did some work fine-tuning priorities + + align:start position:0% +we did some work fine-tuning priorities + + + align:start position:0% +we did some work fine-tuning priorities +and particularly we're working on + + align:start position:0% +and particularly we're working on + + + align:start position:0% +and particularly we're working on +simplifying the way we operated in the + + align:start position:0% +simplifying the way we operated in the + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying the way we operated in the +factory our historical labor contract + + align:start position:0% +factory our historical labor contract + + + align:start position:0% +factory our historical labor contract +was the typical complicated mess that's + + align:start position:0% +was the typical complicated mess that's + + + align:start position:0% +was the typical complicated mess that's +driven the u.s. automotive business + + align:start position:0% +driven the u.s. automotive business + + + align:start position:0% +driven the u.s. automotive business +into the ground literally to do we had a + + align:start position:0% +into the ground literally to do we had a + + + align:start position:0% +into the ground literally to do we had a +hundred different job categories and no + + align:start position:0% +hundred different job categories and no + + + align:start position:0% +hundred different job categories and no +one could do work out of their job + + align:start position:0% +one could do work out of their job + + + align:start position:0% +one could do work out of their job +category so if you were a receiving + + align:start position:0% +category so if you were a receiving + + + align:start position:0% +category so if you were a receiving +person in the incoming material dock + + align:start position:0% +person in the incoming material dock + + + align:start position:0% +person in the incoming material dock +that's what you did you could not then + + align:start position:0% +that's what you did you could not then + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you did you could not then +deliver that material to the shop floor + + align:start position:0% +deliver that material to the shop floor + + + align:start position:0% +deliver that material to the shop floor +or you couldn't even work on the + + align:start position:0% +or you couldn't even work on the + + + align:start position:0% +or you couldn't even work on the +outgoing dock and send it out even + + align:start position:0% +outgoing dock and send it out even + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing dock and send it out even +though the work was exactly the same if + + align:start position:0% +though the work was exactly the same if + + + align:start position:0% +though the work was exactly the same if +you were working you know nothing could + + align:start position:0% +you were working you know nothing could + + + align:start position:0% +you were working you know nothing could +move in the factory without using + + align:start position:0% +move in the factory without using + + + align:start position:0% +move in the factory without using +material handlers so these guys you know + + align:start position:0% +material handlers so these guys you know + + + align:start position:0% +material handlers so these guys you know +they had a racket they were drove around + + align:start position:0% +they had a racket they were drove around + + + align:start position:0% +they had a racket they were drove around +all day in their in their bicycles and + + align:start position:0% +all day in their in their bicycles and + + + align:start position:0% +all day in their in their bicycles and +their forklifts and you know it was very + + align:start position:0% +their forklifts and you know it was very + + + align:start position:0% +their forklifts and you know it was very +little value-added I mean in the lean + + align:start position:0% +little value-added I mean in the lean + + + align:start position:0% +little value-added I mean in the lean +sense it was just horrible our strategy + + align:start position:0% +sense it was just horrible our strategy + + + align:start position:0% +sense it was just horrible our strategy +was to cross train people so they could + + align:start position:0% +was to cross train people so they could + + + align:start position:0% +was to cross train people so they could +do multiple jobs and then to bargain + + align:start position:0% +do multiple jobs and then to bargain + + + align:start position:0% +do multiple jobs and then to bargain +subsequently with the Union to eliminate + + align:start position:0% +subsequently with the Union to eliminate + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently with the Union to eliminate +some of those job categories and + + align:start position:0% +some of those job categories and + + + align:start position:0% +some of those job categories and +simplify the way work was done in the + + align:start position:0% +simplify the way work was done in the + + + align:start position:0% +simplify the way work was done in the +factory so that was that was the reason + + align:start position:0% +factory so that was that was the reason + + + align:start position:0% +factory so that was that was the reason +for that emphasis there we completed the + + align:start position:0% +for that emphasis there we completed the + + + align:start position:0% +for that emphasis there we completed the +flow line it is really amazing the Duke + + align:start position:0% +flow line it is really amazing the Duke + + + align:start position:0% +flow line it is really amazing the Duke +of York came to dedicate the flow line + + align:start position:0% +of York came to dedicate the flow line + + + align:start position:0% +of York came to dedicate the flow line +and you know you can imagine what + + align:start position:0% +and you know you can imagine what + + + align:start position:0% +and you know you can imagine what +excitement there was to have a British + + align:start position:0% +excitement there was to have a British + + + align:start position:0% +excitement there was to have a British +British royalty coming in and he's a + + align:start position:0% +British royalty coming in and he's a + + + align:start position:0% +British royalty coming in and he's a +very handsome fellow anyway they just + + align:start position:0% +very handsome fellow anyway they just + + + align:start position:0% +very handsome fellow anyway they just +absolutely went Wally's fantastic we + + align:start position:0% +absolutely went Wally's fantastic we + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely went Wally's fantastic we +started tearing down stuff we didn't + + align:start position:0% +started tearing down stuff we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +started tearing down stuff we didn't +need because you know it costs money to + + align:start position:0% +need because you know it costs money to + + + align:start position:0% +need because you know it costs money to +heat and light and insure and all the + + align:start position:0% +heat and light and insure and all the + + + align:start position:0% +heat and light and insure and all the +other stuff and I talked about our + + align:start position:0% +other stuff and I talked about our + + + align:start position:0% +other stuff and I talked about our +third-party logistics the transactional + + align:start position:0% +third-party logistics the transactional + + + align:start position:0% +third-party logistics the transactional +black belts thing was an experiment you + + align:start position:0% +black belts thing was an experiment you + + + align:start position:0% +black belts thing was an experiment you +know there is various places you can do + + align:start position:0% +know there is various places you can do + + + align:start position:0% +know there is various places you can do +this we use the Georges group which was + + align:start position:0% +this we use the Georges group which was + + + align:start position:0% +this we use the Georges group which was +a very successful consulting firm in + + align:start position:0% +a very successful consulting firm in + + + align:start position:0% +a very successful consulting firm in +Texas that I had worked with to train + + align:start position:0% +Texas that I had worked with to train + + + align:start position:0% +Texas that I had worked with to train +about a dozen of our people in finance + + align:start position:0% +about a dozen of our people in finance + + + align:start position:0% +about a dozen of our people in finance +and in human relations and + + align:start position:0% +and in human relations and + + + align:start position:0% +and in human relations and +legal and you know all those other areas + + align:start position:0% +legal and you know all those other areas + + + align:start position:0% +legal and you know all those other areas +and and it really worked well I also + + align:start position:0% +and and it really worked well I also + + + align:start position:0% +and and it really worked well I also +used them I forced all of my direct + + align:start position:0% +used them I forced all of my direct + + + align:start position:0% +used them I forced all of my direct +reports to live through a three-day + + align:start position:0% +reports to live through a three-day + + + align:start position:0% +reports to live through a three-day +Maine Academy so so we did that too so + + align:start position:0% +Maine Academy so so we did that too so + + + align:start position:0% +Maine Academy so so we did that too so +the results would have been spectacular + + align:start position:0% +the results would have been spectacular + + + align:start position:0% +the results would have been spectacular +except that we had nine eleven and that + + align:start position:0% +except that we had nine eleven and that + + + align:start position:0% +except that we had nine eleven and that +was a real challenge for us because we + + align:start position:0% +was a real challenge for us because we + + + align:start position:0% +was a real challenge for us because we +knew that although there was a backlog + + align:start position:0% +knew that although there was a backlog + + + align:start position:0% +knew that although there was a backlog +in work that we knew that the orders for + + align:start position:0% +in work that we knew that the orders for + + + align:start position:0% +in work that we knew that the orders for +the following years would be greatly + + align:start position:0% +the following years would be greatly + + + align:start position:0% +the following years would be greatly +reduced and we spent a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +reduced and we spent a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +reduced and we spent a lot of time +trying to figure out how best to respond + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out how best to respond + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out how best to respond +to that and the whole company actually + + align:start position:0% +to that and the whole company actually + + + align:start position:0% +to that and the whole company actually +in in the UK and the US we all had the + + align:start position:0% +in in the UK and the US we all had the + + + align:start position:0% +in in the UK and the US we all had the +same issue here we spent about two + + align:start position:0% +same issue here we spent about two + + + align:start position:0% +same issue here we spent about two +months before we actually took any + + align:start position:0% +months before we actually took any + + + align:start position:0% +months before we actually took any +decisive actions because we wanted to + + align:start position:0% +decisive actions because we wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +decisive actions because we wanted to +think it through and really understand + + align:start position:0% +think it through and really understand + + + align:start position:0% +think it through and really understand +what the consequences of this would be + + align:start position:0% +what the consequences of this would be + + + align:start position:0% +what the consequences of this would be +because we wanted to emerge after the + + align:start position:0% +because we wanted to emerge after the + + + align:start position:0% +because we wanted to emerge after the +aftermath of 9/11 as strong as we had + + align:start position:0% +aftermath of 9/11 as strong as we had + + + align:start position:0% +aftermath of 9/11 as strong as we had +been going in the other thing that I did + + align:start position:0% +been going in the other thing that I did + + + align:start position:0% +been going in the other thing that I did +is along with the president of our local + + align:start position:0% +is along with the president of our local + + + align:start position:0% +is along with the president of our local +union we addressed every single employee + + align:start position:0% +union we addressed every single employee + + + align:start position:0% +union we addressed every single employee +on every shift I think about three times + + align:start position:0% +on every shift I think about three times + + + align:start position:0% +on every shift I think about three times +you know first of all saying what we + + align:start position:0% +you know first of all saying what we + + + align:start position:0% +you know first of all saying what we +knew and what we didn't know and then + + align:start position:0% +knew and what we didn't know and then + + + align:start position:0% +knew and what we didn't know and then +talking about how are we going to try to + + align:start position:0% +talking about how are we going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how are we going to try to +deal with it the way we dealt with it + + align:start position:0% +deal with it the way we dealt with it + + + align:start position:0% +deal with it the way we dealt with it +was by offering incentivized + + align:start position:0% +was by offering incentivized + + + align:start position:0% +was by offering incentivized +early retirements we had a number of + + align:start position:0% +early retirements we had a number of + + + align:start position:0% +early retirements we had a number of +retirement eligible people and the we + + align:start position:0% +retirement eligible people and the we + + + align:start position:0% +retirement eligible people and the we +also for in the Union they have what + + align:start position:0% +also for in the Union they have what + + + align:start position:0% +also for in the Union they have what +they call buyouts so for younger people + + align:start position:0% +they call buyouts so for younger people + + + align:start position:0% +they call buyouts so for younger people +who thought that they could make a + + align:start position:0% +who thought that they could make a + + + align:start position:0% +who thought that they could make a +career change we would offer them a lump + + align:start position:0% +career change we would offer them a lump + + + align:start position:0% +career change we would offer them a lump +sum of cash and so there were very few + + align:start position:0% +sum of cash and so there were very few + + + align:start position:0% +sum of cash and so there were very few +actually very few involuntary + + align:start position:0% +actually very few involuntary + + + align:start position:0% +actually very few involuntary +separations of that so it it was handled + + align:start position:0% +separations of that so it it was handled + + + align:start position:0% +separations of that so it it was handled +well we had you know it was handled as + + align:start position:0% +well we had you know it was handled as + + + align:start position:0% +well we had you know it was handled as +you mainly as it could be so as a + + align:start position:0% +you mainly as it could be so as a + + + align:start position:0% +you mainly as it could be so as a +consequence in here with the downturn in + + align:start position:0% +consequence in here with the downturn in + + + align:start position:0% +consequence in here with the downturn in +volume we saw some of our metrics + + align:start position:0% +volume we saw some of our metrics + + + align:start position:0% +volume we saw some of our metrics +actually improve because you know + + align:start position:0% +actually improve because you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually improve because you know +you're not making things the cost of non + + align:start position:0% +you're not making things the cost of non + + + align:start position:0% +you're not making things the cost of non +quality is going to go down but at the + + align:start position:0% +quality is going to go down but at the + + + align:start position:0% +quality is going to go down but at the +same time we were still satisfying our + + align:start position:0% +same time we were still satisfying our + + + align:start position:0% +same time we were still satisfying our +customers and we have got our wonderful + + align:start position:0% +customers and we have got our wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +customers and we have got our wonderful +world-class engine cycle time now and + + align:start position:0% +world-class engine cycle time now and + + + align:start position:0% +world-class engine cycle time now and +and you know we delivered significant + + align:start position:0% +and you know we delivered significant + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we delivered significant +cash and profit and people did get + + align:start position:0% +cash and profit and people did get + + + align:start position:0% +cash and profit and people did get +incentive compensation so those are good + + align:start position:0% +incentive compensation so those are good + + + align:start position:0% +incentive compensation so those are good +results in the fourth year we needed to + + align:start position:0% +results in the fourth year we needed to + + + align:start position:0% +results in the fourth year we needed to +still work on quality and we were + + align:start position:0% +still work on quality and we were + + + align:start position:0% +still work on quality and we were +closing in on a new labor contract so we + + align:start position:0% +closing in on a new labor contract so we + + + align:start position:0% +closing in on a new labor contract so we +completed the shop for multi training + + align:start position:0% +completed the shop for multi training + + + align:start position:0% +completed the shop for multi training +and we we finished off on some of our + + align:start position:0% +and we we finished off on some of our + + + align:start position:0% +and we we finished off on some of our +Kanban activities and our factory + + align:start position:0% +Kanban activities and our factory + + + align:start position:0% +Kanban activities and our factory +modernization and I retired that had + + align:start position:0% +modernization and I retired that had + + + align:start position:0% +modernization and I retired that had +always been a plan you know I I wanted + + align:start position:0% +always been a plan you know I I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +always been a plan you know I I wanted +to work something like 45 years and that + + align:start position:0% +to work something like 45 years and that + + + align:start position:0% +to work something like 45 years and that +was about where it was and it was time + + align:start position:0% +was about where it was and it was time + + + align:start position:0% +was about where it was and it was time +to go on and do something else + + align:start position:0% +to go on and do something else + + + align:start position:0% +to go on and do something else +so they changed me but the vision didn't + + align:start position:0% +so they changed me but the vision didn't + + + align:start position:0% +so they changed me but the vision didn't +change and and the the organization you + + align:start position:0% +change and and the the organization you + + + align:start position:0% +change and and the the organization you +know have momentum and so as a + + align:start position:0% +know have momentum and so as a + + + align:start position:0% +know have momentum and so as a +consequence there were continued + + align:start position:0% +consequence there were continued + + + align:start position:0% +consequence there were continued +improvements in on-time deliveries the + + align:start position:0% +improvements in on-time deliveries the + + + align:start position:0% +improvements in on-time deliveries the +quality and non quality were pretty + + align:start position:0% +quality and non quality were pretty + + + align:start position:0% +quality and non quality were pretty +static we lost our we lost our quality + + align:start position:0% +static we lost our we lost our quality + + + align:start position:0% +static we lost our we lost our quality +lead which was really a problem she she + + align:start position:0% +lead which was really a problem she she + + + align:start position:0% +lead which was really a problem she she +left for personal reasons and so we got + + align:start position:0% +left for personal reasons and so we got + + + align:start position:0% +left for personal reasons and so we got +good customer satisfaction and and + + align:start position:0% +good customer satisfaction and and + + + align:start position:0% +good customer satisfaction and and +basically continued the journey that we + + align:start position:0% +basically continued the journey that we + + + align:start position:0% +basically continued the journey that we +had been doing for the last four years + + align:start position:0% +had been doing for the last four years + + + align:start position:0% +had been doing for the last four years +so in the fifth year then all the + + align:start position:0% +so in the fifth year then all the + + + align:start position:0% +so in the fifth year then all the +energies of the company now I'm gone but + + align:start position:0% +energies of the company now I'm gone but + + + align:start position:0% +energies of the company now I'm gone but +all the energy company were focused on + + align:start position:0% +all the energy company were focused on + + + align:start position:0% +all the energy company were focused on +this contract with the United Auto + + align:start position:0% +this contract with the United Auto + + + align:start position:0% +this contract with the United Auto +Workers the reason why this was so + + align:start position:0% +Workers the reason why this was so + + + align:start position:0% +Workers the reason why this was so +important for Rolls Royce is that our + + align:start position:0% +important for Rolls Royce is that our + + + align:start position:0% +important for Rolls Royce is that our +competitors have much easier to live + + align:start position:0% +competitors have much easier to live + + + align:start position:0% +competitors have much easier to live +with unions like the Machinists union + + align:start position:0% +with unions like the Machinists union + + + align:start position:0% +with unions like the Machinists union +and you know the UAW is really a tough + + align:start position:0% +and you know the UAW is really a tough + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the UAW is really a tough +union I mean they and the Teamsters are + + align:start position:0% +union I mean they and the Teamsters are + + + align:start position:0% +union I mean they and the Teamsters are +probably the hardest to deal with but + + align:start position:0% +probably the hardest to deal with but + + + align:start position:0% +probably the hardest to deal with but +they're also very smart and you know so + + align:start position:0% +they're also very smart and you know so + + + align:start position:0% +they're also very smart and you know so +we did negotiate a breakthrough contract + + align:start position:0% +we did negotiate a breakthrough contract + + + align:start position:0% +we did negotiate a breakthrough contract +we eliminated a lot of the unnecessary + + align:start position:0% +we eliminated a lot of the unnecessary + + + align:start position:0% +we eliminated a lot of the unnecessary +job categories we you know actually + + align:start position:0% +job categories we you know actually + + + align:start position:0% +job categories we you know actually +provided more compensation to our + + align:start position:0% +provided more compensation to our + + + align:start position:0% +provided more compensation to our +employees because they had multiple + + align:start position:0% +employees because they had multiple + + + align:start position:0% +employees because they had multiple +skills and they were worth more + + align:start position:0% +skills and they were worth more + + + align:start position:0% +skills and they were worth more +so that was great but it was a + + align:start position:0% +so that was great but it was a + + + align:start position:0% +so that was great but it was a +distraction and then we had after the + + align:start position:0% +distraction and then we had after the + + + align:start position:0% +distraction and then we had after the +contract was signed then the operations + + align:start position:0% +contract was signed then the operations + + + align:start position:0% +contract was signed then the operations +guy got transferred back to England the + + align:start position:0% +guy got transferred back to England the + + + align:start position:0% +guy got transferred back to England the +manufacturing guy got a great job down + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing guy got a great job down + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing guy got a great job down +in Georgia and the quality lady that I + + align:start position:0% +in Georgia and the quality lady that I + + + align:start position:0% +in Georgia and the quality lady that I +talked about left because she had a + + align:start position:0% +talked about left because she had a + + + align:start position:0% +talked about left because she had a +death in her family and it was very sad + + align:start position:0% +death in her family and it was very sad + + + align:start position:0% +death in her family and it was very sad +so so that that did cause some loss of + + align:start position:0% +so so that that did cause some loss of + + + align:start position:0% +so so that that did cause some loss of +momentum and you know but there were + + align:start position:0% +momentum and you know but there were + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and you know but there were +good results that year I mean the + + align:start position:0% +good results that year I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +good results that year I mean the +contract allowed them and it was a + + align:start position:0% +contract allowed them and it was a + + + align:start position:0% +contract allowed them and it was a +four-year contract also so a long term + + align:start position:0% +four-year contract also so a long term + + + align:start position:0% +four-year contract also so a long term +sustainability the the metrics continue + + align:start position:0% +sustainability the the metrics continue + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability the the metrics continue +to be established they won a joint + + align:start position:0% +to be established they won a joint + + + align:start position:0% +to be established they won a joint +contract with General Electric for the + + align:start position:0% +contract with General Electric for the + + + align:start position:0% +contract with General Electric for the +engine for the alternate engine for the + + align:start position:0% +engine for the alternate engine for the + + + align:start position:0% +engine for the alternate engine for the +Joint Strike Fighter and again got + + align:start position:0% +Joint Strike Fighter and again got + + + align:start position:0% +Joint Strike Fighter and again got +incentive compensation now that's 2005 + + align:start position:0% +incentive compensation now that's 2005 + + + align:start position:0% +incentive compensation now that's 2005 +and people always ask me well what's + + align:start position:0% +and people always ask me well what's + + + align:start position:0% +and people always ask me well what's +happened since then and what's happened + + align:start position:0% +happened since then and what's happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened since then and what's happened +since then is that there been more good + + align:start position:0% +since then is that there been more good + + + align:start position:0% +since then is that there been more good +things happen there is certainly the + + align:start position:0% +things happen there is certainly the + + + align:start position:0% +things happen there is certainly the +focus on lean manufacturing operation + + align:start position:0% +focus on lean manufacturing operation + + + align:start position:0% +focus on lean manufacturing operation +they're working on lean product + + align:start position:0% +they're working on lean product + + + align:start position:0% +they're working on lean product +development activities they're very lean + + align:start position:0% +development activities they're very lean + + + align:start position:0% +development activities they're very lean +in their finance activities they've been + + align:start position:0% +in their finance activities they've been + + + align:start position:0% +in their finance activities they've been +able to invest in a new light helicopter + + align:start position:0% +able to invest in a new light helicopter + + + align:start position:0% +able to invest in a new light helicopter +engine you may know that the the most + + align:start position:0% +engine you may know that the the most + + + align:start position:0% +engine you may know that the the most +successful new training helicopter is + + align:start position:0% +successful new training helicopter is + + + align:start position:0% +successful new training helicopter is +made by a company called Robinson the + + align:start position:0% +made by a company called Robinson the + + + align:start position:0% +made by a company called Robinson the +r22 and they're coming out with a + + align:start position:0% +r22 and they're coming out with a + + + align:start position:0% +r22 and they're coming out with a +turbine powered version of that which + + align:start position:0% +turbine powered version of that which + + + align:start position:0% +turbine powered version of that which +will be exclusively a rolls-royce model + + align:start position:0% +will be exclusively a rolls-royce model + + + align:start position:0% +will be exclusively a rolls-royce model +300 engine which is which is very good + + align:start position:0% +300 engine which is which is very good + + + align:start position:0% +300 engine which is which is very good +news - there's some bad news + + align:start position:0% +news - there's some bad news + + + align:start position:0% +news - there's some bad news +they've drifted away from LA I and I was + + align:start position:0% +they've drifted away from LA I and I was + + + align:start position:0% +they've drifted away from LA I and I was +I was very sad very disappointed about + + align:start position:0% +I was very sad very disappointed about + + + align:start position:0% +I was very sad very disappointed about +that but on balance things have gone + + align:start position:0% +that but on balance things have gone + + + align:start position:0% +that but on balance things have gone +pretty well now when you go to lean + + align:start position:0% +pretty well now when you go to lean + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well now when you go to lean +there are lots of other beneficial + + align:start position:0% +there are lots of other beneficial + + + align:start position:0% +there are lots of other beneficial +changes and but this chart captures is + + align:start position:0% +changes and but this chart captures is + + + align:start position:0% +changes and but this chart captures is +the enormous volume of paperwork that + + align:start position:0% +the enormous volume of paperwork that + + + align:start position:0% +the enormous volume of paperwork that +was existing before we started to do + + align:start position:0% +was existing before we started to do + + + align:start position:0% +was existing before we started to do +lean and you know by eliminating so many + + align:start position:0% +lean and you know by eliminating so many + + + align:start position:0% +lean and you know by eliminating so many +of these + + align:start position:0% +of these + + + align:start position:0% +of these +which turn out to not be necessary you + + align:start position:0% +which turn out to not be necessary you + + + align:start position:0% +which turn out to not be necessary you +out free up people's resources to do + + align:start position:0% +out free up people's resources to do + + + align:start position:0% +out free up people's resources to do +important work and so you know I don't + + align:start position:0% +important work and so you know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +important work and so you know I don't +want to go through all of these in + + align:start position:0% +want to go through all of these in + + + align:start position:0% +want to go through all of these in +detail but I can tell you that it was a + + align:start position:0% +detail but I can tell you that it was a + + + align:start position:0% +detail but I can tell you that it was a +very major sea state change which + + align:start position:0% +very major sea state change which + + + align:start position:0% +very major sea state change which +allowed us then to you know focus on + + align:start position:0% +allowed us then to you know focus on + + + align:start position:0% +allowed us then to you know focus on +better product development better + + align:start position:0% +better product development better + + + align:start position:0% +better product development better +customer support better manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +customer support better manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +customer support better manufacturing +activities and and good profitability + + align:start position:0% +activities and and good profitability + + + align:start position:0% +activities and and good profitability +etc so if you try to capture these + + align:start position:0% +etc so if you try to capture these + + + align:start position:0% +etc so if you try to capture these +things on a kind of input/output in the + + align:start position:0% +things on a kind of input/output in the + + + align:start position:0% +things on a kind of input/output in the +input we increase the employee training + + align:start position:0% +input we increase the employee training + + + align:start position:0% +input we increase the employee training +every year it's really important we + + align:start position:0% +every year it's really important we + + + align:start position:0% +every year it's really important we +transition to a multi skilled workforce + + align:start position:0% +transition to a multi skilled workforce + + + align:start position:0% +transition to a multi skilled workforce +which allowed us to change the union + + align:start position:0% +which allowed us to change the union + + + align:start position:0% +which allowed us to change the union +contract modernized over 50% of + + align:start position:0% +contract modernized over 50% of + + + align:start position:0% +contract modernized over 50% of +facilities and our employees were + + align:start position:0% +facilities and our employees were + + + align:start position:0% +facilities and our employees were +empowered to earn significant incentive + + align:start position:0% +empowered to earn significant incentive + + + align:start position:0% +empowered to earn significant incentive +compensation in the output area our + + align:start position:0% +compensation in the output area our + + + align:start position:0% +compensation in the output area our +cycle times were reduced by more than + + align:start position:0% +cycle times were reduced by more than + + + align:start position:0% +cycle times were reduced by more than +two-thirds inventory turns better than + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds inventory turns better than + + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds inventory turns better than +40% better the cost of non quality + + align:start position:0% +40% better the cost of non quality + + + align:start position:0% +40% better the cost of non quality +halved on-time deliveries to benchmark + + align:start position:0% +halved on-time deliveries to benchmark + + + align:start position:0% +halved on-time deliveries to benchmark +levels customer satisfaction improved by + + align:start position:0% +levels customer satisfaction improved by + + + align:start position:0% +levels customer satisfaction improved by +50% world-class cash collection early + + align:start position:0% +50% world-class cash collection early + + + align:start position:0% +50% world-class cash collection early +you had a question you see what is + + align:start position:0% +you had a question you see what is + + + align:start position:0% +you had a question you see what is +Richards inventory turn is a ratio of + + align:start position:0% +Richards inventory turn is a ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +Richards inventory turn is a ratio of +the of the inventory that you have on + + align:start position:0% +the of the inventory that you have on + + + align:start position:0% +the of the inventory that you have on +hand and the time that it takes to + + align:start position:0% +hand and the time that it takes to + + + align:start position:0% +hand and the time that it takes to +liquidate that particular amount of + + align:start position:0% +liquidate that particular amount of + + + align:start position:0% +liquidate that particular amount of +inventory so you talk about in like days + + align:start position:0% +inventory so you talk about in like days + + + align:start position:0% +inventory so you talk about in like days +of inventory a spacecraft will have 300 + + align:start position:0% +of inventory a spacecraft will have 300 + + + align:start position:0% +of inventory a spacecraft will have 300 +or 400 days of inventory before they + + align:start position:0% +or 400 days of inventory before they + + + align:start position:0% +or 400 days of inventory before they +actually liquidate that inventory and + + align:start position:0% +actually liquidate that inventory and + + + align:start position:0% +actually liquidate that inventory and +sell spacecraft Toyota has hours of + + align:start position:0% +sell spacecraft Toyota has hours of + + + align:start position:0% +sell spacecraft Toyota has hours of +inventory because it's hours from the + + align:start position:0% +inventory because it's hours from the + + + align:start position:0% +inventory because it's hours from the +time that they get the material into the + + align:start position:0% +time that they get the material into the + + + align:start position:0% +time that they get the material into the +time that they deliver the car so that + + align:start position:0% +time that they deliver the car so that + + + align:start position:0% +time that they deliver the car so that +that's those are inventory turns okay + + align:start position:0% +that's those are inventory turns okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's those are inventory turns okay +all right so benefits to rolls-royce + + align:start position:0% +all right so benefits to rolls-royce + + + align:start position:0% +all right so benefits to rolls-royce +when I took over our primary customer a + + align:start position:0% +when I took over our primary customer a + + + align:start position:0% +when I took over our primary customer a +timber heir the regional jet maker + + align:start position:0% +timber heir the regional jet maker + + + align:start position:0% +timber heir the regional jet maker +wouldn't even talk to us in Indianapolis + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't even talk to us in Indianapolis + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't even talk to us in Indianapolis +they refused to talk to us there they + + align:start position:0% +they refused to talk to us there they + + + align:start position:0% +they refused to talk to us there they +were only go to the UK and talk to our + + align:start position:0% +were only go to the UK and talk to our + + + align:start position:0% +were only go to the UK and talk to our +super bosses we fixed that we reversed a + + align:start position:0% +super bosses we fixed that we reversed a + + + align:start position:0% +super bosses we fixed that we reversed a +mediocre cash collection and Finance + + align:start position:0% +mediocre cash collection and Finance + + + align:start position:0% +mediocre cash collection and Finance +performance secured future lines of + + align:start position:0% +performance secured future lines of + + + align:start position:0% +performance secured future lines of +business like the Joint Strike Fighter + + align:start position:0% +business like the Joint Strike Fighter + + + align:start position:0% +business like the Joint Strike Fighter +engine + + align:start position:0% +engine + + + align:start position:0% +engine +the new helicopter engine and the best + + align:start position:0% +the new helicopter engine and the best + + + align:start position:0% +the new helicopter engine and the best +practices that we evolved like the flow + + align:start position:0% +practices that we evolved like the flow + + + align:start position:0% +practices that we evolved like the flow +line like the cash collection activity + + align:start position:0% +line like the cash collection activity + + + align:start position:0% +line like the cash collection activity +like the customer + + align:start position:0% +like the customer + + + align:start position:0% +like the customer +I like the supplier third-party supplier + + align:start position:0% +I like the supplier third-party supplier + + + align:start position:0% +I like the supplier third-party supplier +stuff that was all then translated to + + align:start position:0% +stuff that was all then translated to + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that was all then translated to +the UK and is in use there now so that's + + align:start position:0% +the UK and is in use there now so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the UK and is in use there now so that's +that's great and that's the wonderful + + align:start position:0% +that's great and that's the wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +that's great and that's the wonderful +thing about a large corporation is that + + align:start position:0% +thing about a large corporation is that + + + align:start position:0% +thing about a large corporation is that +the best benchmarking is internal + + align:start position:0% +the best benchmarking is internal + + + align:start position:0% +the best benchmarking is internal +benchmarking now there are barriers + + align:start position:0% +benchmarking now there are barriers + + + align:start position:0% +benchmarking now there are barriers +there were barriers we had lots of + + align:start position:0% +there were barriers we had lots of + + + align:start position:0% +there were barriers we had lots of +underground resistance and skepticism + + align:start position:0% +underground resistance and skepticism + + + align:start position:0% +underground resistance and skepticism +and and you will hear this whenever + + align:start position:0% +and and you will hear this whenever + + + align:start position:0% +and and you will hear this whenever +you're put in charge of change + + align:start position:0% +you're put in charge of change + + + align:start position:0% +you're put in charge of change +management and people are comfortable + + align:start position:0% +management and people are comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +management and people are comfortable +with the way things are so you know it's + + align:start position:0% +with the way things are so you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +with the way things are so you know it's +easier to not change but you have to + + align:start position:0% +easier to not change but you have to + + + align:start position:0% +easier to not change but you have to +deal with that and way we did the way we + + align:start position:0% +deal with that and way we did the way we + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that and way we did the way we +dealt with it is we very clearly had a + + align:start position:0% +dealt with it is we very clearly had a + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with it is we very clearly had a +burning platform this is a term you'll + + align:start position:0% +burning platform this is a term you'll + + + align:start position:0% +burning platform this is a term you'll +find in a number of the books on Lane + + align:start position:0% +find in a number of the books on Lane + + + align:start position:0% +find in a number of the books on Lane +and they say well if you have a if + + align:start position:0% +and they say well if you have a if + + + align:start position:0% +and they say well if you have a if +you're on an oil platform and it's + + align:start position:0% +you're on an oil platform and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're on an oil platform and it's +burning you know you've got to do + + align:start position:0% +burning you know you've got to do + + + align:start position:0% +burning you know you've got to do +something well our burning platform were + + align:start position:0% +something well our burning platform were + + + align:start position:0% +something well our burning platform were +you know intense customer + + align:start position:0% +you know intense customer + + + align:start position:0% +you know intense customer +dissatisfaction absolutely horrible + + align:start position:0% +dissatisfaction absolutely horrible + + + align:start position:0% +dissatisfaction absolutely horrible +financial performance and the very real + + align:start position:0% +financial performance and the very real + + + align:start position:0% +financial performance and the very real +risk that if we didn't get our act + + align:start position:0% +risk that if we didn't get our act + + + align:start position:0% +risk that if we didn't get our act +together that Rolls Royce could close + + align:start position:0% +together that Rolls Royce could close + + + align:start position:0% +together that Rolls Royce could close +the whole operation in Indianapolis and + + align:start position:0% +the whole operation in Indianapolis and + + + align:start position:0% +the whole operation in Indianapolis and +move the work elsewhere in the world and + + align:start position:0% +move the work elsewhere in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +move the work elsewhere in the world and +so not wanting that to happen we had + + align:start position:0% +so not wanting that to happen we had + + + align:start position:0% +so not wanting that to happen we had +three very compelling arguments to to do + + align:start position:0% +three very compelling arguments to to do + + + align:start position:0% +three very compelling arguments to to do +better you have to work to get the + + align:start position:0% +better you have to work to get the + + + align:start position:0% +better you have to work to get the +buy-in and you know that's you know why + + align:start position:0% +buy-in and you know that's you know why + + + align:start position:0% +buy-in and you know that's you know why +we started with the leadership team and + + align:start position:0% +we started with the leadership team and + + + align:start position:0% +we started with the leadership team and +then distribute it and they had to do + + align:start position:0% +then distribute it and they had to do + + + align:start position:0% +then distribute it and they had to do +that we used policy deployment to flow + + align:start position:0% +that we used policy deployment to flow + + + align:start position:0% +that we used policy deployment to flow +down objectives into every organization + + align:start position:0% +down objectives into every organization + + + align:start position:0% +down objectives into every organization +communication it is impossible to + + align:start position:0% +communication it is impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +communication it is impossible to +communicate too much you just have to do + + align:start position:0% +communicate too much you just have to do + + + align:start position:0% +communicate too much you just have to do +it all the time and you have to be + + align:start position:0% +it all the time and you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +it all the time and you have to be +consistent and you have to be and you + + align:start position:0% +consistent and you have to be and you + + + align:start position:0% +consistent and you have to be and you +have to target your communications so + + align:start position:0% +have to target your communications so + + + align:start position:0% +have to target your communications so +that you know that it's getting to the + + align:start position:0% +that you know that it's getting to the + + + align:start position:0% +that you know that it's getting to the +right people and that they are + + align:start position:0% +right people and that they are + + + align:start position:0% +right people and that they are +understanding it you know question and + + align:start position:0% +understanding it you know question and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding it you know question and +make sure that what you're saying is + + align:start position:0% +make sure that what you're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that what you're saying is +being understood + + align:start position:0% +being understood + + + align:start position:0% +being understood +you have to dispatch some resistance + + align:start position:0% +you have to dispatch some resistance + + + align:start position:0% +you have to dispatch some resistance +usually not to very much + + align:start position:0% +usually not to very much + + + align:start position:0% +usually not to very much +in most corporate environments the + + align:start position:0% +in most corporate environments the + + + align:start position:0% +in most corporate environments the +resistance is somewhat passive and + + align:start position:0% +resistance is somewhat passive and + + + align:start position:0% +resistance is somewhat passive and +people will modify their behavior if + + align:start position:0% +people will modify their behavior if + + + align:start position:0% +people will modify their behavior if +they know they have to it's a little + + align:start position:0% +they know they have to it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +they know they have to it's a little +less that way in government and in + + align:start position:0% +less that way in government and in + + + align:start position:0% +less that way in government and in +academia I've worked in all those areas + + align:start position:0% +academia I've worked in all those areas + + + align:start position:0% +academia I've worked in all those areas +as well but we did reassign several + + align:start position:0% +as well but we did reassign several + + + align:start position:0% +as well but we did reassign several +people away from things they wanted to + + align:start position:0% +people away from things they wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +people away from things they wanted to +do and there were a number of people who + + align:start position:0% +do and there were a number of people who + + + align:start position:0% +do and there were a number of people who +left the company to go do something else + + align:start position:0% +left the company to go do something else + + + align:start position:0% +left the company to go do something else +but finally and this really comes from + + align:start position:0% +but finally and this really comes from + + + align:start position:0% +but finally and this really comes from +years of watching the Malcolm Baldrige + + align:start position:0% +years of watching the Malcolm Baldrige + + + align:start position:0% +years of watching the Malcolm Baldrige +process which is a u.s. initiative to + + align:start position:0% +process which is a u.s. initiative to + + + align:start position:0% +process which is a u.s. initiative to +encourage industrial excellence headed + + align:start position:0% +encourage industrial excellence headed + + + align:start position:0% +encourage industrial excellence headed +out of the National Institute for + + align:start position:0% +out of the National Institute for + + + align:start position:0% +out of the National Institute for +Standards and Technology in Washington + + align:start position:0% +Standards and Technology in Washington + + + align:start position:0% +Standards and Technology in Washington +and in all the Baldrige examples that I + + align:start position:0% +and in all the Baldrige examples that I + + + align:start position:0% +and in all the Baldrige examples that I +can remember there was always rewarding + + align:start position:0% +can remember there was always rewarding + + + align:start position:0% +can remember there was always rewarding +or celebrating success and whether it's + + align:start position:0% +or celebrating success and whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +or celebrating success and whether it's +canon sending people from their factory + + align:start position:0% +canon sending people from their factory + + + align:start position:0% +canon sending people from their factory +in Williamsburg Virginia to quality + + align:start position:0% +in Williamsburg Virginia to quality + + + align:start position:0% +in Williamsburg Virginia to quality +symposium in Japan or Millikan carpet + + align:start position:0% +symposium in Japan or Millikan carpet + + + align:start position:0% +symposium in Japan or Millikan carpet +makers in South Carolina having a giant + + align:start position:0% +makers in South Carolina having a giant + + + align:start position:0% +makers in South Carolina having a giant +picnic for all the employees or whether + + align:start position:0% +picnic for all the employees or whether + + + align:start position:0% +picnic for all the employees or whether +it was us sending teams to the UK for + + align:start position:0% +it was us sending teams to the UK for + + + align:start position:0% +it was us sending teams to the UK for +our annual quality conferences + + align:start position:0% +our annual quality conferences + + + align:start position:0% +our annual quality conferences +recognition and rewards are very + + align:start position:0% +recognition and rewards are very + + + align:start position:0% +recognition and rewards are very +important and I I think we would have + + align:start position:0% +important and I I think we would have + + + align:start position:0% +important and I I think we would have +made some progress without the ability + + align:start position:0% +made some progress without the ability + + + align:start position:0% +made some progress without the ability +to financially symbol stimulate the + + align:start position:0% +to financially symbol stimulate the + + + align:start position:0% +to financially symbol stimulate the +activity but it certainly is very + + align:start position:0% +activity but it certainly is very + + + align:start position:0% +activity but it certainly is very +helpful okay so observations finally + + align:start position:0% +helpful okay so observations finally + + + align:start position:0% +helpful okay so observations finally +this is a journey this is a five-year + + align:start position:0% +this is a journey this is a five-year + + + align:start position:0% +this is a journey this is a five-year +journey and it's continues you you find + + align:start position:0% +journey and it's continues you you find + + + align:start position:0% +journey and it's continues you you find +that business conditions do change along + + align:start position:0% +that business conditions do change along + + + align:start position:0% +that business conditions do change along +the way and they force you to adapt but + + align:start position:0% +the way and they force you to adapt but + + + align:start position:0% +the way and they force you to adapt but +as long as you have a constancy of + + align:start position:0% +as long as you have a constancy of + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you have a constancy of +leadership intent as long as the + + align:start position:0% +leadership intent as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +leadership intent as long as the +leadership is an agreement that change + + align:start position:0% +leadership is an agreement that change + + + align:start position:0% +leadership is an agreement that change +to improve customer satisfaction and + + align:start position:0% +to improve customer satisfaction and + + + align:start position:0% +to improve customer satisfaction and +business performance is essential then + + align:start position:0% +business performance is essential then + + + align:start position:0% +business performance is essential then +that helps to deal with all the changes + + align:start position:0% +that helps to deal with all the changes + + + align:start position:0% +that helps to deal with all the changes +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +tsking conditions and and changes with + + align:start position:0% +tsking conditions and and changes with + + + align:start position:0% +tsking conditions and and changes with +your competitors because you know your + + align:start position:0% +your competitors because you know your + + + align:start position:0% +your competitors because you know your +competitors are getting better all the + + align:start position:0% +competitors are getting better all the + + + align:start position:0% +competitors are getting better all the +time as well so stayin still is really + + align:start position:0% +time as well so stayin still is really + + + align:start position:0% +time as well so stayin still is really +not an option the better you get the + + align:start position:0% +not an option the better you get the + + + align:start position:0% +not an option the better you get the +more there is to do so with that I'd + + align:start position:0% +more there is to do so with that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +more there is to do so with that I'd +like to ask you if you have any + + align:start position:0% +like to ask you if you have any + + + align:start position:0% +like to ask you if you have any +questions and I'll try to answer them + + align:start position:0% +questions and I'll try to answer them + + + align:start position:0% +questions and I'll try to answer them +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +the question is what is the difference + + align:start position:0% +the question is what is the difference + + + align:start position:0% +the question is what is the difference +if you will between the various levels + + align:start position:0% +if you will between the various levels + + + align:start position:0% +if you will between the various levels +of competency and knowledge in lean and + + align:start position:0% +of competency and knowledge in lean and + + + align:start position:0% +of competency and knowledge in lean and +Six Sigma and I mentioned yellow belts + + align:start position:0% +Six Sigma and I mentioned yellow belts + + + align:start position:0% +Six Sigma and I mentioned yellow belts +green belts black belts and and master + + align:start position:0% +green belts black belts and and master + + + align:start position:0% +green belts black belts and and master +black belts basically it's the amount of + + align:start position:0% +black belts basically it's the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +black belts basically it's the amount of +knowledge and experience that you have + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and experience that you have + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and experience that you have +so you know a class like this would + + align:start position:0% +so you know a class like this would + + + align:start position:0% +so you know a class like this would +probably qualify as they as a yellow + + align:start position:0% +probably qualify as they as a yellow + + + align:start position:0% +probably qualify as they as a yellow +belt you know to become a green belt you + + align:start position:0% +belt you know to become a green belt you + + + align:start position:0% +belt you know to become a green belt you +really ought to work on a project or two + + align:start position:0% +really ought to work on a project or two + + + align:start position:0% +really ought to work on a project or two +applying these principles to become a + + align:start position:0% +applying these principles to become a + + + align:start position:0% +applying these principles to become a +black belt you have to lead projects + + align:start position:0% +black belt you have to lead projects + + + align:start position:0% +black belt you have to lead projects +which produce tangible results and + + align:start position:0% +which produce tangible results and + + + align:start position:0% +which produce tangible results and +typically most companies require + + align:start position:0% +typically most companies require + + + align:start position:0% +typically most companies require +hundreds of thousands of dollars of + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of thousands of dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of thousands of dollars of +savings to be demonstrated before they + + align:start position:0% +savings to be demonstrated before they + + + align:start position:0% +savings to be demonstrated before they +would affirm that that's a black belt + + align:start position:0% +would affirm that that's a black belt + + + align:start position:0% +would affirm that that's a black belt +master black belts higher than that that + + align:start position:0% +master black belts higher than that that + + + align:start position:0% +master black belts higher than that that +answer your question okay thank you the + + align:start position:0% +answer your question okay thank you the + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question okay thank you the +first observations you made was that you + + align:start position:0% +first observations you made was that you + + + align:start position:0% +first observations you made was that you +know you're early + + align:start position:0% +know you're early + + + align:start position:0% +know you're early +benefits from implementing improvement + + align:start position:0% +benefits from implementing improvement + + + align:start position:0% +benefits from implementing improvement +are are you know significant and then + + align:start position:0% +are are you know significant and then + + + align:start position:0% +are are you know significant and then +there seems to be a diminishing return + + align:start position:0% +there seems to be a diminishing return + + + align:start position:0% +there seems to be a diminishing return +as you keep working on the same thing + + align:start position:0% +as you keep working on the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +as you keep working on the same thing +over time and that's true but what + + align:start position:0% +over time and that's true but what + + + align:start position:0% +over time and that's true but what +happens is that in any organization you + + align:start position:0% +happens is that in any organization you + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that in any organization you +can only deal with you know certain + + align:start position:0% +can only deal with you know certain + + + align:start position:0% +can only deal with you know certain +processes at a time because you don't + + align:start position:0% +processes at a time because you don't + + + align:start position:0% +processes at a time because you don't +have enough resources to deal with it so + + align:start position:0% +have enough resources to deal with it so + + + align:start position:0% +have enough resources to deal with it so +you know when you reach an acceptable + + align:start position:0% +you know when you reach an acceptable + + + align:start position:0% +you know when you reach an acceptable +level with with you know say a process + + align:start position:0% +level with with you know say a process + + + align:start position:0% +level with with you know say a process +then if you look a Jason to that you'll + + align:start position:0% +then if you look a Jason to that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +then if you look a Jason to that you'll +find other opportunities for dramatic + + align:start position:0% +find other opportunities for dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +find other opportunities for dramatic +improvement as well so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +improvement as well so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +improvement as well so it's it's +possible to keep momentum going for a + + align:start position:0% +possible to keep momentum going for a + + + align:start position:0% +possible to keep momentum going for a +long time now you also raise the issue + + align:start position:0% +long time now you also raise the issue + + + align:start position:0% +long time now you also raise the issue +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +it's more fun to create new processes + + align:start position:0% +it's more fun to create new processes + + + align:start position:0% +it's more fun to create new processes +than than it is to be the maintainer of + + align:start position:0% +than than it is to be the maintainer of + + + align:start position:0% +than than it is to be the maintainer of +processes and that's an issue that we + + align:start position:0% +processes and that's an issue that we + + + align:start position:0% +processes and that's an issue that we +have especially with creative people + + align:start position:0% +have especially with creative people + + + align:start position:0% +have especially with creative people +like engineers you know but the way that + + align:start position:0% +like engineers you know but the way that + + + align:start position:0% +like engineers you know but the way that +some companies deal with that is that + + align:start position:0% +some companies deal with that is that + + + align:start position:0% +some companies deal with that is that +they actually have what they call + + align:start position:0% +they actually have what they call + + + align:start position:0% +they actually have what they call +process councils and at Boeing at + + align:start position:0% +process councils and at Boeing at + + + align:start position:0% +process councils and at Boeing at +rolls-royce you have you have process + + align:start position:0% +rolls-royce you have you have process + + + align:start position:0% +rolls-royce you have you have process +ownership councils so that for example + + align:start position:0% +ownership councils so that for example + + + align:start position:0% +ownership councils so that for example +the the people who do preliminary design + + align:start position:0% +the the people who do preliminary design + + + align:start position:0% +the the people who do preliminary design +have a process Council and they work + + align:start position:0% +have a process Council and they work + + + align:start position:0% +have a process Council and they work +across the company to you know share you + + align:start position:0% +across the company to you know share you + + + align:start position:0% +across the company to you know share you +know best practice to share problems and + + align:start position:0% +know best practice to share problems and + + + align:start position:0% +know best practice to share problems and +issues and then to you know develop and + + align:start position:0% +issues and then to you know develop and + + + align:start position:0% +issues and then to you know develop and +evolve the body of knowledge that is + + align:start position:0% +evolve the body of knowledge that is + + + align:start position:0% +evolve the body of knowledge that is +associated with that particular set of + + align:start position:0% +associated with that particular set of + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that particular set of +processes so you know it is important to + + align:start position:0% +processes so you know it is important to + + + align:start position:0% +processes so you know it is important to +have a process owner it's important to + + align:start position:0% +have a process owner it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +have a process owner it's important to +sustain attention on that because + + align:start position:0% +sustain attention on that because + + + align:start position:0% +sustain attention on that because +otherwise they can drift away and and + + align:start position:0% +otherwise they can drift away and and + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise they can drift away and and +the question is you know if you are too + + align:start position:0% +the question is you know if you are too + + + align:start position:0% +the question is you know if you are too +structured and focused on improvement + + align:start position:0% +structured and focused on improvement + + + align:start position:0% +structured and focused on improvement +activities does that stifle creativity I + + align:start position:0% +activities does that stifle creativity I + + + align:start position:0% +activities does that stifle creativity I +don't really think so but the way that + + align:start position:0% +don't really think so but the way that + + + align:start position:0% +don't really think so but the way that +we dealt with it is that we set aside + + align:start position:0% +we dealt with it is that we set aside + + + align:start position:0% +we dealt with it is that we set aside +pockets of our company that were + + align:start position:0% +pockets of our company that were + + + align:start position:0% +pockets of our company that were +specifically chartered to be creative so + + align:start position:0% +specifically chartered to be creative so + + + align:start position:0% +specifically chartered to be creative so +for example we had an organization that + + align:start position:0% +for example we had an organization that + + + align:start position:0% +for example we had an organization that +is kind of like the Lockheed skunkworks + + align:start position:0% +is kind of like the Lockheed skunkworks + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of like the Lockheed skunkworks +that was there to focus on very advanced + + align:start position:0% +that was there to focus on very advanced + + + align:start position:0% +that was there to focus on very advanced +far-out engine concepts we had I had a + + align:start position:0% +far-out engine concepts we had I had a + + + align:start position:0% +far-out engine concepts we had I had a +group of people who were just entirely + + align:start position:0% +group of people who were just entirely + + + align:start position:0% +group of people who were just entirely +focused on innovating new factory models + + align:start position:0% +focused on innovating new factory models + + + align:start position:0% +focused on innovating new factory models +so there were pockets of creativity + + align:start position:0% +so there were pockets of creativity + + + align:start position:0% +so there were pockets of creativity +surrounded by stable process-oriented + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by stable process-oriented + + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by stable process-oriented +activity that paid the bills you know + + align:start position:0% +activity that paid the bills you know + + + align:start position:0% +activity that paid the bills you know +certainly 9/11 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was the most challenging the most + + align:start position:0% +was the most challenging the most + + + align:start position:0% +was the most challenging the most +rewarding is seeing people succeed after + + align:start position:0% +rewarding is seeing people succeed after + + + align:start position:0% +rewarding is seeing people succeed after +having you know grown and evolved in + + align:start position:0% +having you know grown and evolved in + + + align:start position:0% +having you know grown and evolved in +their skills and capabilities so that + + align:start position:0% +their skills and capabilities so that + + + align:start position:0% +their skills and capabilities so that +that you know I have many people that I + + align:start position:0% +that you know I have many people that I + + + align:start position:0% +that you know I have many people that I +worked with who went on to other + + align:start position:0% +worked with who went on to other + + + align:start position:0% +worked with who went on to other +leadership positions and rolls-royce and + + align:start position:0% +leadership positions and rolls-royce and + + + align:start position:0% +leadership positions and rolls-royce and +that's great that makes you feel so good + + align:start position:0% +that's great that makes you feel so good + + + align:start position:0% +that's great that makes you feel so good +so we did and what we had was there + + align:start position:0% +so we did and what we had was there + + + align:start position:0% +so we did and what we had was there +there was a there was a an announced + + align:start position:0% +there was a there was a an announced + + + align:start position:0% +there was a there was a an announced +formula that said that you know + + align:start position:0% +formula that said that you know + + + align:start position:0% +formula that said that you know +depending upon the amount of success + + align:start position:0% +depending upon the amount of success + + + align:start position:0% +depending upon the amount of success +financial success that the company had + + align:start position:0% +financial success that the company had + + + align:start position:0% +financial success that the company had +then there was a sliding scale and in + + align:start position:0% +then there was a sliding scale and in + + + align:start position:0% +then there was a sliding scale and in +the case of the whole employee incentive + + align:start position:0% +the case of the whole employee incentive + + + align:start position:0% +the case of the whole employee incentive +tool it went and it could be zero if we + + align:start position:0% +tool it went and it could be zero if we + + + align:start position:0% +tool it went and it could be zero if we +didn't meet our goals if we met our + + align:start position:0% +didn't meet our goals if we met our + + + align:start position:0% +didn't meet our goals if we met our +goals they would get a five percent of + + align:start position:0% +goals they would get a five percent of + + + align:start position:0% +goals they would get a five percent of +their normal compensation and if we + + align:start position:0% +their normal compensation and if we + + + align:start position:0% +their normal compensation and if we +exceeded the goals by like a hundred + + align:start position:0% +exceeded the goals by like a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +exceeded the goals by like a hundred +percent they would they could get up as + + align:start position:0% +percent they would they could get up as + + + align:start position:0% +percent they would they could get up as +much as ten percent so Zona on a sliding + + align:start position:0% +much as ten percent so Zona on a sliding + + + align:start position:0% +much as ten percent so Zona on a sliding +scale did that answer your question I'm + + align:start position:0% +scale did that answer your question I'm + + + align:start position:0% +scale did that answer your question I'm +not sure if I couldn't okay what would I + + align:start position:0% +not sure if I couldn't okay what would I + + + align:start position:0% +not sure if I couldn't okay what would I +do all right if I couldn't do something + + align:start position:0% +do all right if I couldn't do something + + + align:start position:0% +do all right if I couldn't do something +like that then I would go fight with my + + align:start position:0% +like that then I would go fight with my + + + align:start position:0% +like that then I would go fight with my +human resources department to a budget + + align:start position:0% +human resources department to a budget + + + align:start position:0% +human resources department to a budget +for if you will basically non salary + + align:start position:0% +for if you will basically non salary + + + align:start position:0% +for if you will basically non salary +type compensation so award type money + + align:start position:0% +type compensation so award type money + + + align:start position:0% +type compensation so award type money +and I would use that but also I use and + + align:start position:0% +and I would use that but also I use and + + + align:start position:0% +and I would use that but also I use and +and we did anyway we used a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and we did anyway we used a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and we did anyway we used a lot of +recognition so you know people who did + + align:start position:0% +recognition so you know people who did + + + align:start position:0% +recognition so you know people who did +good things you know we're paraded in + + align:start position:0% +good things you know we're paraded in + + + align:start position:0% +good things you know we're paraded in +front of the leadership of the company + + align:start position:0% +front of the leadership of the company + + + align:start position:0% +front of the leadership of the company +and you know got to speak at our + + align:start position:0% +and you know got to speak at our + + + align:start position:0% +and you know got to speak at our +management meetings and got introduced + + align:start position:0% +management meetings and got introduced + + + align:start position:0% +management meetings and got introduced +to the CEO and all that kind of stuff we + + align:start position:0% +to the CEO and all that kind of stuff we + + + align:start position:0% +to the CEO and all that kind of stuff we +you know whenever the the chairman of + + align:start position:0% +you know whenever the the chairman of + + + align:start position:0% +you know whenever the the chairman of +the of Rolls Royce would would come to + + align:start position:0% +the of Rolls Royce would would come to + + + align:start position:0% +the of Rolls Royce would would come to +Indianapolis and it was two or three + + align:start position:0% +Indianapolis and it was two or three + + + align:start position:0% +Indianapolis and it was two or three +times a year you know we would parade + + align:start position:0% +times a year you know we would parade + + + align:start position:0% +times a year you know we would parade +him around to areas that were doing good + + align:start position:0% +him around to areas that were doing good + + + align:start position:0% +him around to areas that were doing good +work and you know introduced to people + + align:start position:0% +work and you know introduced to people + + + align:start position:0% +work and you know introduced to people +and talk about you know why that was + + align:start position:0% +and talk about you know why that was + + + align:start position:0% +and talk about you know why that was +important for the company and then + + align:start position:0% +important for the company and then + + + align:start position:0% +important for the company and then +we did within rolls-royce we had an + + align:start position:0% +we did within rolls-royce we had an + + + align:start position:0% +we did within rolls-royce we had an +annual quality conference in the UK and + + align:start position:0% +annual quality conference in the UK and + + + align:start position:0% +annual quality conference in the UK and +we would send two or three teams of + + align:start position:0% +we would send two or three teams of + + + align:start position:0% +we would send two or three teams of +people so maybe as many as 20 people + + align:start position:0% +people so maybe as many as 20 people + + + align:start position:0% +people so maybe as many as 20 people +would go to the UK for a week and listen + + align:start position:0% +would go to the UK for a week and listen + + + align:start position:0% +would go to the UK for a week and listen +to they make presentations and they'd + + align:start position:0% +to they make presentations and they'd + + + align:start position:0% +to they make presentations and they'd +also listen to other people from all + + align:start position:0% +also listen to other people from all + + + align:start position:0% +also listen to other people from all +over the world doing that so you know + + align:start position:0% +over the world doing that so you know + + + align:start position:0% +over the world doing that so you know +it's you need a combination cash is + + align:start position:0% +it's you need a combination cash is + + + align:start position:0% +it's you need a combination cash is +important because it helps pay bills but + + align:start position:0% +important because it helps pay bills but + + + align:start position:0% +important because it helps pay bills but +the you know the personal recognition + + align:start position:0% +the you know the personal recognition + + + align:start position:0% +the you know the personal recognition +and you know acknowledgement of having + + align:start position:0% +and you know acknowledgement of having + + + align:start position:0% +and you know acknowledgement of having +done good things is very key + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we did use what's called various terms + + align:start position:0% +we did use what's called various terms + + + align:start position:0% +we did use what's called various terms +of management policy deployment and so + + align:start position:0% +of management policy deployment and so + + + align:start position:0% +of management policy deployment and so +every one of my leadership team was + + align:start position:0% +every one of my leadership team was + + + align:start position:0% +every one of my leadership team was +obliged to mirror the activities that we + + align:start position:0% +obliged to mirror the activities that we + + + align:start position:0% +obliged to mirror the activities that we +were taking at the top of the company in + + align:start position:0% +were taking at the top of the company in + + + align:start position:0% +were taking at the top of the company in +their own organization so it would vary + + align:start position:0% +their own organization so it would vary + + + align:start position:0% +their own organization so it would vary +from you know place to place and + + align:start position:0% +from you know place to place and + + + align:start position:0% +from you know place to place and +engineering it might have they might I + + align:start position:0% +engineering it might have they might I + + + align:start position:0% +engineering it might have they might I +think they actually made more changes in + + align:start position:0% +think they actually made more changes in + + + align:start position:0% +think they actually made more changes in +engineering than we did in the civil + + align:start position:0% +engineering than we did in the civil + + + align:start position:0% +engineering than we did in the civil +airline business for example so it + + align:start position:0% +airline business for example so it + + + align:start position:0% +airline business for example so it +depended upon the individual department + + align:start position:0% +depended upon the individual department + + + align:start position:0% +depended upon the individual department +and and you know I I would recommend + + align:start position:0% +and and you know I I would recommend + + + align:start position:0% +and and you know I I would recommend +Collins's book good to great it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +Collins's book good to great it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +Collins's book good to great it's a it's +an excellent review of the attributes of + + align:start position:0% +an excellent review of the attributes of + + + align:start position:0% +an excellent review of the attributes of +highly successful companies and you know + + align:start position:0% +highly successful companies and you know + + + align:start position:0% +highly successful companies and you know +not the you know not the ones that get + + align:start position:0% +not the you know not the ones that get + + + align:start position:0% +not the you know not the ones that get +all the hoopla necessarily but the one + + align:start position:0% +all the hoopla necessarily but the one + + + align:start position:0% +all the hoopla necessarily but the one +parameter that's in there that I really + + align:start position:0% +parameter that's in there that I really + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that's in there that I really +subscribe to is that a an effective + + align:start position:0% +subscribe to is that a an effective + + + align:start position:0% +subscribe to is that a an effective +leader needs to acknowledge the + + align:start position:0% +leader needs to acknowledge the + + + align:start position:0% +leader needs to acknowledge the +contributions of his entire or her + + align:start position:0% +contributions of his entire or her + + + align:start position:0% +contributions of his entire or her +entire workforce and not assume all the + + align:start position:0% +entire workforce and not assume all the + + + align:start position:0% +entire workforce and not assume all the +glory so you know you look at people + + align:start position:0% +glory so you know you look at people + + + align:start position:0% +glory so you know you look at people +like dennis Kozlowski or even jack welch + + align:start position:0% +like dennis Kozlowski or even jack welch + + + align:start position:0% +like dennis Kozlowski or even jack welch +for that matter + + align:start position:0% +for that matter + + + align:start position:0% +for that matter +I don't think personally that that's the + + align:start position:0% +I don't think personally that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think personally that that's the +that's not the kind of leader I want to + + align:start position:0% +that's not the kind of leader I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the kind of leader I want to +be Earl dick many organizations when + + align:start position:0% +be Earl dick many organizations when + + + align:start position:0% +be Earl dick many organizations when +they start their lean journey find the e + + align:start position:0% +they start their lean journey find the e + + + align:start position:0% +they start their lean journey find the e +to tell the employees that nobody is + + align:start position:0% +to tell the employees that nobody is + + + align:start position:0% +to tell the employees that nobody is +going to lose their job as a result of + + align:start position:0% +going to lose their job as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +going to lose their job as a result of +productivity so if you lose their job + + align:start position:0% +productivity so if you lose their job + + + align:start position:0% +productivity so if you lose their job +because the business + + align:start position:0% +because the business + + + align:start position:0% +because the business +but not because of productivity + + align:start position:0% +but not because of productivity + + + align:start position:0% +but not because of productivity +improvements assure them that they're + + align:start position:0% +improvements assure them that they're + + + align:start position:0% +improvements assure them that they're +not going to work themselves on the job + + align:start position:0% +not going to work themselves on the job + + + align:start position:0% +not going to work themselves on the job +what did you do it nor every step well + + align:start position:0% +what did you do it nor every step well + + + align:start position:0% +what did you do it nor every step well +you know first of all we didn't + + align:start position:0% +you know first of all we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +you know first of all we didn't +necessarily advertise ourselves as just + + align:start position:0% +necessarily advertise ourselves as just + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily advertise ourselves as just +a lean initiative we you know we said we + + align:start position:0% +a lean initiative we you know we said we + + + align:start position:0% +a lean initiative we you know we said we +have some you know major business issues + + align:start position:0% +have some you know major business issues + + + align:start position:0% +have some you know major business issues +that we have to deal with and we're + + align:start position:0% +that we have to deal with and we're + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to deal with and we're +going to have to improve across the + + align:start position:0% +going to have to improve across the + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to improve across the +company and it is you know unless we do + + align:start position:0% +company and it is you know unless we do + + + align:start position:0% +company and it is you know unless we do +this we're going to lose our customers + + align:start position:0% +this we're going to lose our customers + + + align:start position:0% +this we're going to lose our customers +and we're going to lose our jobs so we + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to lose our jobs so we + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to lose our jobs so we +didn't use lean as a rallying call or + + align:start position:0% +didn't use lean as a rallying call or + + + align:start position:0% +didn't use lean as a rallying call or +anything like that we use the Lean + + align:start position:0% +anything like that we use the Lean + + + align:start position:0% +anything like that we use the Lean +principles and practices some people + + align:start position:0% +principles and practices some people + + + align:start position:0% +principles and practices some people +clip that lean means less employees are + + align:start position:0% +clip that lean means less employees are + + + align:start position:0% +clip that lean means less employees are +needed but if you ever do that you're in + + align:start position:0% +needed but if you ever do that you're in + + + align:start position:0% +needed but if you ever do that you're in +deep trouble thank you very much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dksNHMhiXVQ.txt b/dksNHMhiXVQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67d293f5bc4bca18e6e04bf85b849c412661932d --- /dev/null +++ b/dksNHMhiXVQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to 8701 we're starting a + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8701 we're starting a + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8701 we're starting a +new chapter now + + align:start position:0% +new chapter now + + + align:start position:0% +new chapter now +chapter 9 on nuclear physics and this + + align:start position:0% +chapter 9 on nuclear physics and this + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 9 on nuclear physics and this +video + + align:start position:0% +video + + + align:start position:0% +video +is the first introduction into the topic + + align:start position:0% +is the first introduction into the topic + + + align:start position:0% +is the first introduction into the topic +where i'm explaining some + + align:start position:0% +where i'm explaining some + + + align:start position:0% +where i'm explaining some +of the terminology and some of the + + align:start position:0% +of the terminology and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the terminology and some of the +concepts + + align:start position:0% +concepts + + + align:start position:0% +concepts +we'll dive in much more detail as we go + + align:start position:0% +we'll dive in much more detail as we go + + + align:start position:0% +we'll dive in much more detail as we go +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so given an atom you can specify the + + align:start position:0% +so given an atom you can specify the + + + align:start position:0% +so given an atom you can specify the +number of neutrons the number of protons + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons the number of protons + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons the number of protons +and the number of electrons which is + + align:start position:0% +and the number of electrons which is + + + align:start position:0% +and the number of electrons which is +equal to the number of protons for + + align:start position:0% +equal to the number of protons for + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the number of protons for +neutral atoms atoms of the same element + + align:start position:0% +neutral atoms atoms of the same element + + + align:start position:0% +neutral atoms atoms of the same element +they have the same atomic number z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but they're not all the same isotopes + + align:start position:0% +but they're not all the same isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +but they're not all the same isotopes +of the same element have different + + align:start position:0% +of the same element have different + + + align:start position:0% +of the same element have different +number of neutrons so you can have + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons so you can have + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons so you can have +uranium with a num number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +uranium with a num number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +uranium with a num number of neutrons +varying + + align:start position:0% +varying + + + align:start position:0% +varying +um you typically you know write an + + align:start position:0% +um you typically you know write an + + + align:start position:0% +um you typically you know write an +isotope + + align:start position:0% +isotope + + + align:start position:0% +isotope +by specifying the mass the number of + + align:start position:0% +by specifying the mass the number of + + + align:start position:0% +by specifying the mass the number of +protons and the number of neutrons but + + align:start position:0% +protons and the number of neutrons but + + + align:start position:0% +protons and the number of neutrons but +that information + + align:start position:0% +that information + + + align:start position:0% +that information +is redundant so typically we we simplify + + align:start position:0% +is redundant so typically we we simplify + + + align:start position:0% +is redundant so typically we we simplify +this by just writing things like + + align:start position:0% +this by just writing things like + + + align:start position:0% +this by just writing things like +238 uranium and that specifies + + align:start position:0% +238 uranium and that specifies + + + align:start position:0% +238 uranium and that specifies +that specifies a specific isotome of + + align:start position:0% +that specifies a specific isotome of + + + align:start position:0% +that specifies a specific isotome of +uranium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when talking about different nuclei we + + align:start position:0% +when talking about different nuclei we + + + align:start position:0% +when talking about different nuclei we +sometimes refer to them as + + align:start position:0% +sometimes refer to them as + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes refer to them as +nucleate atom nucleus with a specific + + align:start position:0% +nucleate atom nucleus with a specific + + + align:start position:0% +nucleate atom nucleus with a specific +number of neutrons and a specific number + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons and a specific number + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons and a specific number +of protons + + align:start position:0% +of protons + + + align:start position:0% +of protons +isobars are nuclei nucleate with the + + align:start position:0% +isobars are nuclei nucleate with the + + + align:start position:0% +isobars are nuclei nucleate with the +same mass + + align:start position:0% +same mass + + + align:start position:0% +same mass +with the same number of names some of + + align:start position:0% +with the same number of names some of + + + align:start position:0% +with the same number of names some of +the same sum of protons and neutrons + + align:start position:0% +the same sum of protons and neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +the same sum of protons and neutrons +but with varying individual number of + + align:start position:0% +but with varying individual number of + + + align:start position:0% +but with varying individual number of +protons on the drugs + + align:start position:0% +protons on the drugs + + + align:start position:0% +protons on the drugs +an isotone is a nuclear with the same + + align:start position:0% +an isotone is a nuclear with the same + + + align:start position:0% +an isotone is a nuclear with the same +number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons +but with varying number of protons and + + align:start position:0% +but with varying number of protons and + + + align:start position:0% +but with varying number of protons and +an isomer + + align:start position:0% +an isomer + + + align:start position:0% +an isomer +is the same nuclei but the different + + align:start position:0% +is the same nuclei but the different + + + align:start position:0% +is the same nuclei but the different +eigenstates which means that + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates which means that + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstates which means that +the energy states sorry different energy + + align:start position:0% +the energy states sorry different energy + + + align:start position:0% +the energy states sorry different energy +state so we can + + align:start position:0% +state so we can + + + align:start position:0% +state so we can +excite nuclei with their compound + + align:start position:0% +excite nuclei with their compound + + + align:start position:0% +excite nuclei with their compound +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +the nuclear radius is typically um can + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear radius is typically um can + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear radius is typically um can +be extracted + + align:start position:0% +be extracted + + + align:start position:0% +be extracted +from the mass of the of the nuclei and + + align:start position:0% +from the mass of the of the nuclei and + + + align:start position:0% +from the mass of the of the nuclei and +it's simply then we add little + + align:start position:0% +it's simply then we add little + + + align:start position:0% +it's simply then we add little +balls to the sum and it scales with + + align:start position:0% +balls to the sum and it scales with + + + align:start position:0% +balls to the sum and it scales with +um a to the one-thirds + + align:start position:0% +um a to the one-thirds + + + align:start position:0% +um a to the one-thirds +the mass of the number of elements in + + align:start position:0% +the mass of the number of elements in + + + align:start position:0% +the mass of the number of elements in +this in this + + align:start position:0% +this in this + + + align:start position:0% +this in this +in this nuclide there's many + + align:start position:0% +in this nuclide there's many + + + align:start position:0% +in this nuclide there's many +isotopes there's many nuclei and so you + + align:start position:0% +isotopes there's many nuclei and so you + + + align:start position:0% +isotopes there's many nuclei and so you +typically have + + align:start position:0% +typically have + + + align:start position:0% +typically have +uh you can can look at all of them if + + align:start position:0% +uh you can can look at all of them if + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can can look at all of them if +you want or subset of them + + align:start position:0% +you want or subset of them + + + align:start position:0% +you want or subset of them +in nuclear shards as given here where + + align:start position:0% +in nuclear shards as given here where + + + align:start position:0% +in nuclear shards as given here where +we've got + + align:start position:0% +we've got + + + align:start position:0% +we've got +z the number of protons and here the + + align:start position:0% +z the number of protons and here the + + + align:start position:0% +z the number of protons and here the +number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +and we'll we'll look at many more of + + align:start position:0% +and we'll we'll look at many more of + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll we'll look at many more of +those charts later + + align:start position:0% +those charts later + + + align:start position:0% +those charts later +here's another representation of the + + align:start position:0% +here's another representation of the + + + align:start position:0% +here's another representation of the +very same thing you see in nuclear shard + + align:start position:0% +very same thing you see in nuclear shard + + + align:start position:0% +very same thing you see in nuclear shard +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +um and here what's plotted in red are + + align:start position:0% +um and here what's plotted in red are + + + align:start position:0% +um and here what's plotted in red are +the stable nuclei + + align:start position:0% +the stable nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +the stable nuclei +we will see that nuclei can decay and + + align:start position:0% +we will see that nuclei can decay and + + + align:start position:0% +we will see that nuclei can decay and +will understand why they decay and in + + align:start position:0% +will understand why they decay and in + + + align:start position:0% +will understand why they decay and in +what form they decay that is the core + + align:start position:0% +what form they decay that is the core + + + align:start position:0% +what form they decay that is the core +part of this of this chapter + + align:start position:0% +part of this of this chapter + + + align:start position:0% +part of this of this chapter +it's understanding how nuclei can decay + + align:start position:0% +it's understanding how nuclei can decay + + + align:start position:0% +it's understanding how nuclei can decay +and what we can learn about them uh by + + align:start position:0% +and what we can learn about them uh by + + + align:start position:0% +and what we can learn about them uh by +studying the case + + align:start position:0% +studying the case + + + align:start position:0% +studying the case +um one way to look at it for example you + + align:start position:0% +um one way to look at it for example you + + + align:start position:0% +um one way to look at it for example you +see that here + + align:start position:0% +see that here + + + align:start position:0% +see that here +i plot z over a so the number of protons + + align:start position:0% +i plot z over a so the number of protons + + + align:start position:0% +i plot z over a so the number of protons +over the over the sum of the number of + + align:start position:0% +over the over the sum of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +over the over the sum of the number of +protons + + align:start position:0% +protons + + + align:start position:0% +protons +z plus n and you see that + + align:start position:0% +z plus n and you see that + + + align:start position:0% +z plus n and you see that +most of the stable nuclei with the + + align:start position:0% +most of the stable nuclei with the + + + align:start position:0% +most of the stable nuclei with the +exception of the one with + + align:start position:0% +exception of the one with + + + align:start position:0% +exception of the one with +very small mass number have + + align:start position:0% +very small mass number have + + + align:start position:0% +very small mass number have +less protons + + align:start position:0% +less protons + + + align:start position:0% +less protons +than neutrons so there is an axis of + + align:start position:0% +than neutrons so there is an axis of + + + align:start position:0% +than neutrons so there is an axis of +neutrons it can also be seen here + + align:start position:0% +neutrons it can also be seen here + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons it can also be seen here +the stable nuclei are typically on + + align:start position:0% +the stable nuclei are typically on + + + align:start position:0% +the stable nuclei are typically on +or below this axis where z is equal to n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radioactive decays can be characterized + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decays can be characterized + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decays can be characterized +typically there is a parent nuclide + + align:start position:0% +typically there is a parent nuclide + + + align:start position:0% +typically there is a parent nuclide +and there's a daughter nuclei and so + + align:start position:0% +and there's a daughter nuclei and so + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a daughter nuclei and so +radioactive decay is a process in which + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay is a process in which + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay is a process in which +an unstable nuclei + + align:start position:0% +an unstable nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +an unstable nuclei +spontaneous rules energy by emitting + + align:start position:0% +spontaneous rules energy by emitting + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneous rules energy by emitting +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +particles ionization particles and + + align:start position:0% +particles ionization particles and + + + align:start position:0% +particles ionization particles and +radiation + + align:start position:0% +radiation + + + align:start position:0% +radiation +the decay and the loss of energy results + + align:start position:0% +the decay and the loss of energy results + + + align:start position:0% +the decay and the loss of energy results +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +in an atom of one type the parent + + align:start position:0% +in an atom of one type the parent + + + align:start position:0% +in an atom of one type the parent +particle of paranuclei + + align:start position:0% +particle of paranuclei + + + align:start position:0% +particle of paranuclei +transforming into an another type of an + + align:start position:0% +transforming into an another type of an + + + align:start position:0% +transforming into an another type of an +item called the daughter nuclei + + align:start position:0% +item called the daughter nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +item called the daughter nuclei +we have already looked at + + align:start position:0% +we have already looked at + + + align:start position:0% +we have already looked at +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +decay rate in the concept of particle + + align:start position:0% +decay rate in the concept of particle + + + align:start position:0% +decay rate in the concept of particle +physics interactions + + align:start position:0% +physics interactions + + + align:start position:0% +physics interactions +but we can define this very similar here + + align:start position:0% +but we can define this very similar here + + + align:start position:0% +but we can define this very similar here +the decay rate or sometimes this is + + align:start position:0% +the decay rate or sometimes this is + + + align:start position:0% +the decay rate or sometimes this is +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +decay constant and then as we did before + + align:start position:0% +decay constant and then as we did before + + + align:start position:0% +decay constant and then as we did before +we can + + align:start position:0% +we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can +define the mean lifetime or the half + + align:start position:0% +define the mean lifetime or the half + + + align:start position:0% +define the mean lifetime or the half +lime life + + align:start position:0% +lime life + + + align:start position:0% +lime life +of apparent nuclei + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is it for the introduction and + + align:start position:0% +so this is it for the introduction and + + + align:start position:0% +so this is it for the introduction and +we in the next lecture + + align:start position:0% +we in the next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +we in the next lecture +we'll start looking in in the + + align:start position:0% +we'll start looking in in the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll start looking in in the +energy which is used to bind the nuclei + + align:start position:0% +energy which is used to bind the nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +energy which is used to bind the nuclei +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the protons and neutrons together and + + align:start position:0% +the protons and neutrons together and + + + align:start position:0% +the protons and neutrons together and +how we can + + align:start position:0% +how we can + + + align:start position:0% +how we can +understand this from an empirical model + + align:start position:0% +understand this from an empirical model + + + align:start position:0% +understand this from an empirical model +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dp-ZTe9jn48.txt b/dp-ZTe9jn48.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f51123a10e618e3ebd53890ee0d3286510818836 --- /dev/null +++ b/dp-ZTe9jn48.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2427 @@ +align:start position:0% + +there are two main reasons why we might + + align:start position:0% +there are two main reasons why we might + + + align:start position:0% +there are two main reasons why we might +not want to delay decisions + + align:start position:0% +not want to delay decisions + + + align:start position:0% +not want to delay decisions +the main one is perhaps economies of + + align:start position:0% +the main one is perhaps economies of + + + align:start position:0% +the main one is perhaps economies of +scale and the second one is competitive + + align:start position:0% +scale and the second one is competitive + + + align:start position:0% +scale and the second one is competitive +gaming so let me address the first one + + align:start position:0% +gaming so let me address the first one + + + align:start position:0% +gaming so let me address the first one +next but the answer is + + align:start position:0% +next but the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +next but the answer is +there are reasons why you don't want + + align:start position:0% +there are reasons why you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +there are reasons why you don't want +flexibility and here is an economic one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what are economies of scale + + align:start position:0% +so what are economies of scale + + + align:start position:0% +so what are economies of scale +the basic idea is that for many systems + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is that for many systems + + + align:start position:0% +the basic idea is that for many systems +larger units of capacity that's what's + + align:start position:0% +larger units of capacity that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +larger units of capacity that's what's +meant by greater scale + + align:start position:0% +meant by greater scale + + + align:start position:0% +meant by greater scale +can deliver lower cost + + align:start position:0% +can deliver lower cost + + + align:start position:0% +can deliver lower cost +economies + + align:start position:0% +economies + + + align:start position:0% +economies +per unit of production than smaller + + align:start position:0% +per unit of production than smaller + + + align:start position:0% +per unit of production than smaller +units + + align:start position:0% +units + + + align:start position:0% +units +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +one big uh electric plant + + align:start position:0% +one big uh electric plant + + + align:start position:0% +one big uh electric plant +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +cheaper + + align:start position:0% +cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper +to than two smaller plants with a total + + align:start position:0% +to than two smaller plants with a total + + + align:start position:0% +to than two smaller plants with a total +same total capacity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so first of all + + align:start position:0% +so first of all + + + align:start position:0% +so first of all +let's think about what's the intuition + + align:start position:0% +let's think about what's the intuition + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about what's the intuition +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +common driver for existing economies of + + align:start position:0% +common driver for existing economies of + + + align:start position:0% +common driver for existing economies of +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +is that the cost of unit capacity is a + + align:start position:0% +is that the cost of unit capacity is a + + + align:start position:0% +is that the cost of unit capacity is a +function of its area + + align:start position:0% +function of its area + + + align:start position:0% +function of its area +and the production is a function of its + + align:start position:0% +and the production is a function of its + + + align:start position:0% +and the production is a function of its +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +now there are many more subtle aspects + + align:start position:0% +now there are many more subtle aspects + + + align:start position:0% +now there are many more subtle aspects +of it but + + align:start position:0% +of it but + + + align:start position:0% +of it but +think about it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +think about it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +think about it in terms of +say thermal power plants where the whole + + align:start position:0% +say thermal power plants where the whole + + + align:start position:0% +say thermal power plants where the whole +idea is you boil water + + align:start position:0% +idea is you boil water + + + align:start position:0% +idea is you boil water +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you use a steam to drive + + align:start position:0% +you use a steam to drive + + + align:start position:0% +you use a steam to drive +engines on + + align:start position:0% +engines on + + + align:start position:0% +engines on +the but the same thing is for catalytic + + align:start position:0% +the but the same thing is for catalytic + + + align:start position:0% +the but the same thing is for catalytic +tracker plans for all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +tracker plans for all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +tracker plans for all kinds of +processing where you're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +processing where you're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +processing where you're dealing with +vats and so forth + + align:start position:0% +vats and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +vats and so forth +because the capacity is the volume + + align:start position:0% +because the capacity is the volume + + + align:start position:0% +because the capacity is the volume +that's inside this and the material used + + align:start position:0% +that's inside this and the material used + + + align:start position:0% +that's inside this and the material used +to contain it is a function of the the + + align:start position:0% +to contain it is a function of the the + + + align:start position:0% +to contain it is a function of the the +area + + align:start position:0% +area + + + align:start position:0% +area +but it's the same thing also for ships + + align:start position:0% +but it's the same thing also for ships + + + align:start position:0% +but it's the same thing also for ships +for example that the capacity is a + + align:start position:0% +for example that the capacity is a + + + align:start position:0% +for example that the capacity is a +function of the volume but the + + align:start position:0% +function of the volume but the + + + align:start position:0% +function of the volume but the +resistance to its forward motion is a + + align:start position:0% +resistance to its forward motion is a + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to its forward motion is a +function of its wetted surface + + align:start position:0% +function of its wetted surface + + + align:start position:0% +function of its wetted surface +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so and the same thing kind of thing with + + align:start position:0% +so and the same thing kind of thing with + + + align:start position:0% +so and the same thing kind of thing with +reasoning with aircrafts and so on so + + align:start position:0% +reasoning with aircrafts and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning with aircrafts and so on so +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +fundamental reason that in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +fundamental reason that in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental reason that in a lot of +things that we do + + align:start position:0% +things that we do + + + align:start position:0% +things that we do +units of production that we have the + + align:start position:0% +units of production that we have the + + + align:start position:0% +units of production that we have the +possibility of economy to scale now + + align:start position:0% +possibility of economy to scale now + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of economy to scale now +there's all kinds of subtle ways of of + + align:start position:0% +there's all kinds of subtle ways of of + + + align:start position:0% +there's all kinds of subtle ways of of +going into that but what i would like to + + align:start position:0% +going into that but what i would like to + + + align:start position:0% +going into that but what i would like to +leave you with is there is a reason for + + align:start position:0% +leave you with is there is a reason for + + + align:start position:0% +leave you with is there is a reason for +this for which there is a simple + + align:start position:0% +this for which there is a simple + + + align:start position:0% +this for which there is a simple +intuitive + + align:start position:0% +intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive +initial driver + + align:start position:0% +initial driver + + + align:start position:0% +initial driver +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so it's a prevailing observation in many + + align:start position:0% +so it's a prevailing observation in many + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a prevailing observation in many +industries that this is the case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now to understand this better + + align:start position:0% +now to understand this better + + + align:start position:0% +now to understand this better +uh i want to introduce the notion of a + + align:start position:0% +uh i want to introduce the notion of a + + + align:start position:0% +uh i want to introduce the notion of a +cost function + + align:start position:0% +cost function + + + align:start position:0% +cost function +now the cost function is not just the + + align:start position:0% +now the cost function is not just the + + + align:start position:0% +now the cost function is not just the +cost of any design it says okay i'm + + align:start position:0% +cost of any design it says okay i'm + + + align:start position:0% +cost of any design it says okay i'm +going to design a steel plant or i'm + + align:start position:0% +going to design a steel plant or i'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to design a steel plant or i'm +going to design a a supply chain i'll + + align:start position:0% +going to design a a supply chain i'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to design a a supply chain i'll +add up all the things i put together + + align:start position:0% +add up all the things i put together + + + align:start position:0% +add up all the things i put together +that's the cost + + align:start position:0% +that's the cost + + + align:start position:0% +that's the cost +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +the cost function is an economic concept + + align:start position:0% +the cost function is an economic concept + + + align:start position:0% +the cost function is an economic concept +of the most efficient design + + align:start position:0% +of the most efficient design + + + align:start position:0% +of the most efficient design +as a function of capacity + + align:start position:0% +as a function of capacity + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of capacity +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +uh there's two elements of it + + align:start position:0% +uh there's two elements of it + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's two elements of it +one is that as you + + align:start position:0% +one is that as you + + + align:start position:0% +one is that as you +change from a small capacity to a larger + + align:start position:0% +change from a small capacity to a larger + + + align:start position:0% +change from a small capacity to a larger +capacity another larger capacity + + align:start position:0% +capacity another larger capacity + + + align:start position:0% +capacity another larger capacity +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +design changes that is you don't scale + + align:start position:0% +design changes that is you don't scale + + + align:start position:0% +design changes that is you don't scale +everything up exactly the same you do + + align:start position:0% +everything up exactly the same you do + + + align:start position:0% +everything up exactly the same you do +different things if you're building a + + align:start position:0% +different things if you're building a + + + align:start position:0% +different things if you're building a +build a + + align:start position:0% +build a + + + align:start position:0% +build a +a building + + align:start position:0% +a building + + + align:start position:0% +a building +you're correct correcting a building or + + align:start position:0% +you're correct correcting a building or + + + align:start position:0% +you're correct correcting a building or +a warehouse or something like that what + + align:start position:0% +a warehouse or something like that what + + + align:start position:0% +a warehouse or something like that what +you do for design for one story is not + + align:start position:0% +you do for design for one story is not + + + align:start position:0% +you do for design for one story is not +the same things you do for a design of + + align:start position:0% +the same things you do for a design of + + + align:start position:0% +the same things you do for a design of +20 stories you have different elements + + align:start position:0% +20 stories you have different elements + + + align:start position:0% +20 stories you have different elements +of it that allow you to do that so that + + align:start position:0% +of it that allow you to do that so that + + + align:start position:0% +of it that allow you to do that so that +the design changes with capacity and the + + align:start position:0% +the design changes with capacity and the + + + align:start position:0% +the design changes with capacity and the +second aspect of it is it's the cost of + + align:start position:0% +second aspect of it is it's the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +second aspect of it is it's the cost of +economically efficient design what that + + align:start position:0% +economically efficient design what that + + + align:start position:0% +economically efficient design what that +implies is + + align:start position:0% +implies is + + + align:start position:0% +implies is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cost of the economy the efficient + + align:start position:0% +cost of the economy the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +cost of the economy the efficient +economic efficient design may be + + align:start position:0% +economic efficient design may be + + + align:start position:0% +economic efficient design may be +different in the united states europe + + align:start position:0% +different in the united states europe + + + align:start position:0% +different in the united states europe +asia south america wherever why is that + + align:start position:0% +asia south america wherever why is that + + + align:start position:0% +asia south america wherever why is that +because to produce something you want to + + align:start position:0% +because to produce something you want to + + + align:start position:0% +because to produce something you want to +put various things together you want to + + align:start position:0% +put various things together you want to + + + align:start position:0% +put various things together you want to +have machines you have the cost of labor + + align:start position:0% +have machines you have the cost of labor + + + align:start position:0% +have machines you have the cost of labor +you have the cost of land the cost of + + align:start position:0% +you have the cost of land the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +you have the cost of land the cost of +building all these things the cost of + + align:start position:0% +building all these things the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +building all these things the cost of +the raw materials + + align:start position:0% +the raw materials + + + align:start position:0% +the raw materials +so that the cost really depends upon the + + align:start position:0% +so that the cost really depends upon the + + + align:start position:0% +so that the cost really depends upon the +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +economy and how it's working steel may + + align:start position:0% +economy and how it's working steel may + + + align:start position:0% +economy and how it's working steel may +be very expensive and + + align:start position:0% +be very expensive and + + + align:start position:0% +be very expensive and +places far from the steel mills and + + align:start position:0% +places far from the steel mills and + + + align:start position:0% +places far from the steel mills and +therefore they don't use steel as much + + align:start position:0% +therefore they don't use steel as much + + + align:start position:0% +therefore they don't use steel as much +as elsewhere so the economically + + align:start position:0% +as elsewhere so the economically + + + align:start position:0% +as elsewhere so the economically +efficient design + + align:start position:0% +efficient design + + + align:start position:0% +efficient design +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +associated not only with the time and + + align:start position:0% +associated not only with the time and + + + align:start position:0% +associated not only with the time and +place where you are but also with the + + align:start position:0% +place where you are but also with the + + + align:start position:0% +place where you are but also with the +size + + align:start position:0% +size + + + align:start position:0% +size +so we're talking about not the cost of + + align:start position:0% +so we're talking about not the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're talking about not the cost of +any design we're talking about the cost + + align:start position:0% +any design we're talking about the cost + + + align:start position:0% +any design we're talking about the cost +of the economically efficient design + + align:start position:0% +of the economically efficient design + + + align:start position:0% +of the economically efficient design +with the idea that + + align:start position:0% +with the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +with the idea that +your design is in that among that set + + align:start position:0% +your design is in that among that set + + + align:start position:0% +your design is in that among that set +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we can then talk about this cost + + align:start position:0% +we can then talk about this cost + + + align:start position:0% +we can then talk about this cost +function uh as a concept now to move on + + align:start position:0% +function uh as a concept now to move on + + + align:start position:0% +function uh as a concept now to move on +the economy of scale + + align:start position:0% +the economy of scale + + + align:start position:0% +the economy of scale +is a characteristic of the cost function + + align:start position:0% +is a characteristic of the cost function + + + align:start position:0% +is a characteristic of the cost function +so they exist if costs increase slower + + align:start position:0% +so they exist if costs increase slower + + + align:start position:0% +so they exist if costs increase slower +than the product + + align:start position:0% +than the product + + + align:start position:0% +than the product +so if we look at the function of + + align:start position:0% +so if we look at the function of + + + align:start position:0% +so if we look at the function of +down on the + + align:start position:0% +down on the + + + align:start position:0% +down on the +third line here of cy the car the uh + + align:start position:0% +third line here of cy the car the uh + + + align:start position:0% +third line here of cy the car the uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the cost function as a function of + + align:start position:0% +the cost function as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the cost function as a function of +product as it relates the product i put + + align:start position:0% +product as it relates the product i put + + + align:start position:0% +product as it relates the product i put +in this in the standard notation and + + align:start position:0% +in this in the standard notation and + + + align:start position:0% +in this in the standard notation and +alpha here again standard notation + + align:start position:0% +alpha here again standard notation + + + align:start position:0% +alpha here again standard notation +the greeks very often are honored by the + + align:start position:0% +the greeks very often are honored by the + + + align:start position:0% +the greeks very often are honored by the +exponents for them + + align:start position:0% +exponents for them + + + align:start position:0% +exponents for them +so that if alpha is less than one that + + align:start position:0% +so that if alpha is less than one that + + + align:start position:0% +so that if alpha is less than one that +is if we double the amount of um + + align:start position:0% +is if we double the amount of um + + + align:start position:0% +is if we double the amount of um +capacity here + + align:start position:0% +capacity here + + + align:start position:0% +capacity here +going from one unit to two units that + + align:start position:0% +going from one unit to two units that + + + align:start position:0% +going from one unit to two units that +the cost + + align:start position:0% +the cost + + + align:start position:0% +the cost +if the exponent is less than one the + + align:start position:0% +if the exponent is less than one the + + + align:start position:0% +if the exponent is less than one the +cost doesn't go from + + align:start position:0% +cost doesn't go from + + + align:start position:0% +cost doesn't go from +one million to two million it goes from + + align:start position:0% +one million to two million it goes from + + + align:start position:0% +one million to two million it goes from +one million to one point nine million or + + align:start position:0% +one million to one point nine million or + + + align:start position:0% +one million to one point nine million or +one point eight million something like + + align:start position:0% +one point eight million something like + + + align:start position:0% +one point eight million something like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +it it is a way of + + align:start position:0% +it it is a way of + + + align:start position:0% +it it is a way of +expressing the notion of the economies + + align:start position:0% +expressing the notion of the economies + + + align:start position:0% +expressing the notion of the economies +of scale + + align:start position:0% +of scale + + + align:start position:0% +of scale +and one can make studies of different + + align:start position:0% +and one can make studies of different + + + align:start position:0% +and one can make studies of different +industries at different times in + + align:start position:0% +industries at different times in + + + align:start position:0% +industries at different times in +different places i can refer you to + + align:start position:0% +different places i can refer you to + + + align:start position:0% +different places i can refer you to +some of them if you're interested in but + + align:start position:0% +some of them if you're interested in but + + + align:start position:0% +some of them if you're interested in but +this is a common way of expressing the + + align:start position:0% +this is a common way of expressing the + + + align:start position:0% +this is a common way of expressing the +economy of scale + + align:start position:0% +economy of scale + + + align:start position:0% +economy of scale +now it's not a + + align:start position:0% +now it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +now it's not a +yes no situation it is some + + align:start position:0% +yes no situation it is some + + + align:start position:0% +yes no situation it is some +industry that some products have a + + align:start position:0% +industry that some products have a + + + align:start position:0% +industry that some products have a +higher or greater economies of scale or + + align:start position:0% +higher or greater economies of scale or + + + align:start position:0% +higher or greater economies of scale or +lower economies of scale it depends on + + align:start position:0% +lower economies of scale it depends on + + + align:start position:0% +lower economies of scale it depends on +the value of this alpha + + align:start position:0% +the value of this alpha + + + align:start position:0% +the value of this alpha +and as a benchmark + + align:start position:0% +and as a benchmark + + + align:start position:0% +and as a benchmark +for a variety of reasons the alpha is + + align:start position:0% +for a variety of reasons the alpha is + + + align:start position:0% +for a variety of reasons the alpha is +generally greater than 0.6 which is + + align:start position:0% +generally greater than 0.6 which is + + + align:start position:0% +generally greater than 0.6 which is +about the threshold about us how low + + align:start position:0% +about the threshold about us how low + + + align:start position:0% +about the threshold about us how low +economies of scale can go + + align:start position:0% +economies of scale can go + + + align:start position:0% +economies of scale can go +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +a common + + align:start position:0% +a common + + + align:start position:0% +a common +exponent in various industries is about + + align:start position:0% +exponent in various industries is about + + + align:start position:0% +exponent in various industries is about +0.8 0.9 + + align:start position:0% +0.8 0.9 + + + align:start position:0% +0.8 0.9 +clearly significant economically but + + align:start position:0% +clearly significant economically but + + + align:start position:0% +clearly significant economically but +it's it's a range it's not yes it has it + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a range it's not yes it has it + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a range it's not yes it has it +or no it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +or no it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +or no it doesn't +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +the exist of this + + align:start position:0% +the exist of this + + + align:start position:0% +the exist of this +says that i mean from the definition of + + align:start position:0% +says that i mean from the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +says that i mean from the definition of +the cost function as relation to + + align:start position:0% +the cost function as relation to + + + align:start position:0% +the cost function as relation to +capacity + + align:start position:0% +capacity + + + align:start position:0% +capacity +is the economies of scale applied as + + align:start position:0% +is the economies of scale applied as + + + align:start position:0% +is the economies of scale applied as +more efficient to build large plants and + + align:start position:0% +more efficient to build large plants and + + + align:start position:0% +more efficient to build large plants and +smaller plants + + align:start position:0% +smaller plants + + + align:start position:0% +smaller plants +and this is in many ways a mantra of + + align:start position:0% +and this is in many ways a mantra of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is in many ways a mantra of +engineering design + + align:start position:0% +engineering design + + + align:start position:0% +engineering design +it prevails in the design of power + + align:start position:0% +it prevails in the design of power + + + align:start position:0% +it prevails in the design of power +plants in terms of + + align:start position:0% +plants in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +plants in terms of +platforms design of uh processing plants + + align:start position:0% +platforms design of uh processing plants + + + align:start position:0% +platforms design of uh processing plants +of all kinds + + align:start position:0% +of all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +of all kinds +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that's what i call the mantra of + + align:start position:0% +that's what i call the mantra of + + + align:start position:0% +that's what i call the mantra of +engineering design it's common says okay + + align:start position:0% +engineering design it's common says okay + + + align:start position:0% +engineering design it's common says okay +we're going to do it right boys and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do it right boys and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do it right boys and +girls we're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +girls we're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +girls we're going to have a +big efficient plan we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +big efficient plan we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +big efficient plan we're not going to +mess around with these smaller ones but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the large plants + + align:start position:0% +the large plants + + + align:start position:0% +the large plants +it is also + + align:start position:0% +it is also + + + align:start position:0% +it is also +its assumption built into the notion of + + align:start position:0% +its assumption built into the notion of + + + align:start position:0% +its assumption built into the notion of +economies of scale is that they're + + align:start position:0% +economies of scale is that they're + + + align:start position:0% +economies of scale is that they're +operating at capacity + + align:start position:0% +operating at capacity + + + align:start position:0% +operating at capacity +now the + + align:start position:0% +now the + + + align:start position:0% +now the +fact is that if you're in an area and + + align:start position:0% +fact is that if you're in an area and + + + align:start position:0% +fact is that if you're in an area and +you are + + align:start position:0% +you are + + + align:start position:0% +you are +uh say building power plants and you + + align:start position:0% +uh say building power plants and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh say building power plants and you +just don't build for the minimum amount + + align:start position:0% +just don't build for the minimum amount + + + align:start position:0% +just don't build for the minimum amount +but you say well we're going to build it + + align:start position:0% +but you say well we're going to build it + + + align:start position:0% +but you say well we're going to build it +we're going to build for what we need + + align:start position:0% +we're going to build for what we need + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to build for what we need +over the next five or 10 years you build + + align:start position:0% +over the next five or 10 years you build + + + align:start position:0% +over the next five or 10 years you build +it larger than you need now + + align:start position:0% +it larger than you need now + + + align:start position:0% +it larger than you need now +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh generally speaking uh very often the + + align:start position:0% +uh generally speaking uh very often the + + + align:start position:0% +uh generally speaking uh very often the +large capacity plant isn't fully + + align:start position:0% +large capacity plant isn't fully + + + align:start position:0% +large capacity plant isn't fully +utilized at the from the start + + align:start position:0% +utilized at the from the start + + + align:start position:0% +utilized at the from the start +and therefore it's operating + + align:start position:0% +and therefore it's operating + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore it's operating +inefficiently + + align:start position:0% +inefficiently + + + align:start position:0% +inefficiently +at this for quite some period so take a + + align:start position:0% +at this for quite some period so take a + + + align:start position:0% +at this for quite some period so take a +look at this + + align:start position:0% +look at this + + + align:start position:0% +look at this +simple example i've shown below i have a + + align:start position:0% +simple example i've shown below i have a + + + align:start position:0% +simple example i've shown below i have a +facility size of + + align:start position:0% +facility size of + + + align:start position:0% +facility size of +of a plan of one million or two million + + align:start position:0% +of a plan of one million or two million + + + align:start position:0% +of a plan of one million or two million +of widgets + + align:start position:0% +of widgets + + + align:start position:0% +of widgets +i have an economy the scale factor alpha + + align:start position:0% +i have an economy the scale factor alpha + + + align:start position:0% +i have an economy the scale factor alpha +um i have the plant cost is one million + + align:start position:0% +um i have the plant cost is one million + + + align:start position:0% +um i have the plant cost is one million +for the oh + + align:start position:0% +for the oh + + + align:start position:0% +for the oh +for the smaller one if i double the size + + align:start position:0% +for the smaller one if i double the size + + + align:start position:0% +for the smaller one if i double the size +and i multiply this by + + align:start position:0% +and i multiply this by + + + align:start position:0% +and i multiply this by +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +two to the zero point seven instead of + + align:start position:0% +two to the zero point seven instead of + + + align:start position:0% +two to the zero point seven instead of +doubling the the cost from going from + + align:start position:0% +doubling the the cost from going from + + + align:start position:0% +doubling the the cost from going from +one million to 2 million goes to 1 + + align:start position:0% +one million to 2 million goes to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one million to 2 million goes to 1 +million to 1.6 million that's very good + + align:start position:0% +million to 1.6 million that's very good + + + align:start position:0% +million to 1.6 million that's very good +now let's look at the unit cost for the + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at the unit cost for the + + + align:start position:0% +now let's look at the unit cost for the +production + + align:start position:0% +production + + + align:start position:0% +production +if i produce + + align:start position:0% +if i produce + + + align:start position:0% +if i produce +2 million units i'm getting it at 0.8 so + + align:start position:0% +2 million units i'm getting it at 0.8 so + + + align:start position:0% +2 million units i'm getting it at 0.8 so +that's that looks good compared to the + + align:start position:0% +that's that looks good compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that looks good compared to the +cost if i have a from a small unit + + align:start position:0% +cost if i have a from a small unit + + + align:start position:0% +cost if i have a from a small unit +but if i only needed + + align:start position:0% +but if i only needed + + + align:start position:0% +but if i only needed +half a million units uh or a million + + align:start position:0% +half a million units uh or a million + + + align:start position:0% +half a million units uh or a million +units and i was operating the big plant + + align:start position:0% +units and i was operating the big plant + + + align:start position:0% +units and i was operating the big plant +i've paid for this big plan but i'm + + align:start position:0% +i've paid for this big plan but i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i've paid for this big plan but i'm +running it at half speed um and i've got + + align:start position:0% +running it at half speed um and i've got + + + align:start position:0% +running it at half speed um and i've got +all this big stuff that i'm not using + + align:start position:0% +all this big stuff that i'm not using + + + align:start position:0% +all this big stuff that i'm not using +the cost per unit then becomes much + + align:start position:0% +the cost per unit then becomes much + + + align:start position:0% +the cost per unit then becomes much +greater + + align:start position:0% +greater + + + align:start position:0% +greater +and if the + + align:start position:0% +and if the + + + align:start position:0% +and if the +actual need is only + + align:start position:0% +actual need is only + + + align:start position:0% +actual need is only +half of what i uh + + align:start position:0% +half of what i uh + + + align:start position:0% +half of what i uh +had anticipated + + align:start position:0% +had anticipated + + + align:start position:0% +had anticipated +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cost per unit of the smaller plant goes + + align:start position:0% +cost per unit of the smaller plant goes + + + align:start position:0% +cost per unit of the smaller plant goes +from one to two the cost per unit of the + + align:start position:0% +from one to two the cost per unit of the + + + align:start position:0% +from one to two the cost per unit of the +other one goes from 1.6 to 3.25 + + align:start position:0% +other one goes from 1.6 to 3.25 + + + align:start position:0% +other one goes from 1.6 to 3.25 +so the + + align:start position:0% +so the + + + align:start position:0% +so the +plants which are big plants which are + + align:start position:0% +plants which are big plants which are + + + align:start position:0% +plants which are big plants which are +designed to produce efficiently + + align:start position:0% +designed to produce efficiently + + + align:start position:0% +designed to produce efficiently +for their intended capacity + + align:start position:0% +for their intended capacity + + + align:start position:0% +for their intended capacity +note that it's intended capacity not the + + align:start position:0% +note that it's intended capacity not the + + + align:start position:0% +note that it's intended capacity not the +not the demand or the use it actually + + align:start position:0% +not the demand or the use it actually + + + align:start position:0% +not the demand or the use it actually +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +that is they can seem to be very + + align:start position:0% +that is they can seem to be very + + + align:start position:0% +that is they can seem to be very +efficient but if the demand isn't there + + align:start position:0% +efficient but if the demand isn't there + + + align:start position:0% +efficient but if the demand isn't there +or they aren't using it uh for whatever + + align:start position:0% +or they aren't using it uh for whatever + + + align:start position:0% +or they aren't using it uh for whatever +reason then the cost per unit produced + + align:start position:0% +reason then the cost per unit produced + + + align:start position:0% +reason then the cost per unit produced +as opposed to capacity uh can be very + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to capacity uh can be very + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to capacity uh can be very +much greater now + + align:start position:0% +much greater now + + + align:start position:0% +much greater now +this particular example is a very simple + + align:start position:0% +this particular example is a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +this particular example is a very simple +illustration + + align:start position:0% +illustration + + + align:start position:0% +illustration +to suggest the point + + align:start position:0% +to suggest the point + + + align:start position:0% +to suggest the point +that i'm trying to make here but + + align:start position:0% +that i'm trying to make here but + + + align:start position:0% +that i'm trying to make here but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in detail there's a lot more factors + + align:start position:0% +in detail there's a lot more factors + + + align:start position:0% +in detail there's a lot more factors +that will go into than this + + align:start position:0% +that will go into than this + + + align:start position:0% +that will go into than this +toy example here but the basic idea is + + align:start position:0% +toy example here but the basic idea is + + + align:start position:0% +toy example here but the basic idea is +that plants + + align:start position:0% +that plants + + + align:start position:0% +that plants +designed around the notion of economies + + align:start position:0% +designed around the notion of economies + + + align:start position:0% +designed around the notion of economies +of scale + + align:start position:0% +of scale + + + align:start position:0% +of scale +don't necessarily make it cheaper + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily make it cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +don't necessarily make it cheaper +when + + align:start position:0% +when + + + align:start position:0% +when +as could happen + + align:start position:0% +as could happen + + + align:start position:0% +as could happen +either because it's a growth + + align:start position:0% +either because it's a growth + + + align:start position:0% +either because it's a growth +market or because of the demand is not + + align:start position:0% +market or because of the demand is not + + + align:start position:0% +market or because of the demand is not +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +may in fact be much more expensive + + align:start position:0% +may in fact be much more expensive + + + align:start position:0% +may in fact be much more expensive +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +what i would like to leave you with at + + align:start position:0% +what i would like to leave you with at + + + align:start position:0% +what i would like to leave you with at +this particular moment \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eKVr-oKxMPg.txt b/eKVr-oKxMPg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..743a1ddaa3d5d91273134acc05bda52491593bec --- /dev/null +++ b/eKVr-oKxMPg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3607 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, let's +start, so last lecture, + +we were talking about elasticity +as an example of a field + +theory-- statistical +field theory. + +And I ended the class by not +giving a very good answer + +for a question was asked. + +So let's go back and revisit it. + +So the idea that we +had was that maybe we + +have some kind of a lattice. + +And we make a +distortion through a set + +of vectors in however many +dimensional space we are. + +And in the continuum +format, we basically + +regarded this u as being an +average over some neighborhood. + +But before going to do that, +we said that the energy cost + +of the distortion at the +quadratic level-- of course, + +we can expand to go +to a higher level-- + +was the sum over all +pairs of positions, + +all pairs of components, +alpha and beta data + +running from one to +a higher whatever + +the dimensionality of space +is u alpha at r or u beta + +at r prime. + +The components alphabet beta +of this vector u at these two + +different locations-- let's +say r and r prime here. + +And then there was some +kind of an object that + +correlated the changes here +and here maybe obtained + +as a second derivative +of a potential energy + +as a function of the +entirety of the coordinates. + +And this in principle +or a general function + +of all of these +distortions depends + +on all pairs of variables. + +But then we said that because +we are dealing with a lattice + +and one pair of +coordinates in the lattice + +is the same as another +pair of coordinates + +that have the same spatial +orientations that this function + +merely is a function +of the separation + +r minus r prime, +which of course can + +be a vector in this lattice. + +And the fact that +it has this form + +then allows us to simplify +this quadratic form + +rather than be a sum over +pairs and squared, if you like, + +into a sum over one +coordinate which + +is the wave vector obtained +by Fourier transform. + +So once we Fourier +transform, that V + +can be written as a sum over +just one set of K vectors, + +of course appropriately +discretized depending + +on the overall +size of the system + +and confined to a [INAUDIBLE] +zone that is determined + +by the type of wavelengths +that lattice structure allows. + +And + +Then this becomes +your alpha tilde. + +The Fourier +transform's evaluated + +at K and the other point, which +is minus K that if I write it + +again as K is really this. + +And this entity, once +we Fourier transform it, + +becomes a function of +the wave number K. Now, + +there is one statement +that is correct, + +which is that if I have to take +the whole lattice and move it, + +then essentially there +would be no cost. + +And moving the +entire lattice only + +changes the Fourier component +that corresponds to K + +equals to 0-- translation +of everything. + +So you know for sure that this +K alpha beta at K equals to 0 + +has to be 0. + +Now, we did a little bit +more than that, then. + +We said, let's look not only at +K equals to 0, but for small k. + +And then for small +k, we are allowed + +to make an expansion of this. + +And this is the +expansion K squared, + +K to the fourth, +et cetera, that we + +hope to terminate at +low values of K. Now, + +that itself is an assumption. + +That's part of the +locality that i + +stated that I can make an +expansion as a function of K. + +After all, let's +say K to the 1/2 + +is a function that goes +to 0 at K equals to 0. + +But it is non analytic. + +Turns out that in order to +generate that kind of non + +analyticity in +this, this function + +in real as a function +of separation + +should decay very slow. + +Sometimes something like +a Coulomb interaction + +that is very long +range will give you + +that kind of singularity. + +But things that are +really just interacting + +within some neighborhood or +even if they are long range, + +if the action falls of +sufficiently rapidly-- + +and that's one of the things +that we will discuss later + +on-- precisely what +kind of potential + +allow you to make +an expansion that + +is analytical in powers +of k and hence consistent + +with this idea of locality. + +Let's also ignore +cases where you + +don't have inversion symmetry. + +So we don't need to start +and worry about anything + +that is linear in K. So the +first thing that I can appear + +is quadratic in K. + +Now, when we have things +that are quadratic in K, + +I have to make an +object that has + +two indices-- alpha and beta. + +And, well, how can I do that? + +Well, the kinds of things +that I mentioned last time, we + +could a term that is K squared. + +And then we have a +delta alpha beta. + +If I insert that over +here, what do I get? + +I get K squared delta alpha beta +will give me U tilde squared. + +So that's the term that is in +an isotropic solid identified + +with the shear modulus. + +Again, if the +system is isotropic, + +I don't know any distance +apart from any other distance, + +any direction, any +other direction. + +I can still make another +tensor between this + +is alpha and beta by +multiplying k alpha and k beta. + +If I then multiply +this with this, + +I will get K.U-- the +dot product squared. + +So that's the other term +that in an isotropic solid + +was identified with +nu plus lambda over 2. + +Now, as long as any direction +for K in this lattice + +is the same, those are +really the only terms + +that you can write down. + +But suppose that your +system was unisotropic, + +such as for example a +rectangular lattice. + +Or let's imagine we put +a whole bunch of coins + +here to emphasize that +rather than something + +like a square lattice, +we have something + +that is very rectangular. + +In this case, we can see +that the x and y directions + +are not the same. + +And there is no reason why +this K squared here could not + +have been separately kx +squared plus some other number + +ky squared. + +And hence, the type of +elasticity that you would have + +would no longer depend +on just two numbers. + +But, say, over here with three, +in fact there would be more. + +And precisely how many +independent elastic constants + +are given depend on the point +group symmetry-- the way + +that your lattice is +structured over here. + +But that's another story that +I don't want to get into. + +But last time, I +was rather careless + +and I said that just rotational +symmetry will give you + +this k squared, k alpha, k beta. + +I have to be more +precise about that. + +So this is what's happened. + +Now, given that you have +an isotropic material, + +then the conclusion is +that the potential energy + +will have two types of terms. + +There is the type +of term that goes + +with k squared u tilde squared. + +And then there's a +type of term that + +goes with u plus lambda over 2k +tilde k times u tilde squared. + +Now you can see that +immediately there + +is a distinction between +two types of distortion. + +Because if I select +my wave vector K here, + +any distortion that +is orthogonal to that + +then will not get the +contribution from this. + +And so the cost of those so +called transverse distortions + +only come from u. + +Whereas if I make a +distortion that is along k, + +it will get contribution +from both of those two terms. + +And hence, the cost of those +longitudinal distortions + +would be different. + +So when we go back +to our story of how + +does the frequency depend +on a whole bunch of ks, + +you can see that when +we go to the small k + +limit in an isotropic +material, it + +you've established that there +will be longitudinal mode. + +And we'll some kind of +longitudinal sound velocity. + +And in three +dimensions, there will + +be two branches of the +transverse mode that + +fall on top of each-other. + +As I said, once you go +to further larger K, + +then you can include all +kinds of other things. + +In fact, the types of +things that you can include + +at fourth order, +sixth order, et cetera + +again are constraints +somewhat by the symmetry. + +But their number proliferates. + +And eventually you get +all kinds of things + +that could potentially describe +how these modes depend. + +And those things are +dependent on your potential + +I don't know too much about. + +And why was this relevant +to what we were discussing? + +We said that basically, once +you go to some temperature other + +than zero, you start putting +energy into the modes. + +And how far in frequency you +can go given your temperature, + +typically, the maximum frequency +at the particular temperature + +is of the order of kt over hr. + +So that if you are at +very high temperature, + +all of the r1 equals [INAUDIBLE] +and all of the vibrations + +are relevant. + +But if you go to +low temperatures, + +eventually you hit +the regime where + +only these long wavelength, low +frequency modes are excited. + +And your heat +capacity was really + +proportional to how +many modes are excited. + +And from here, you +can see since omega + +goes like T, either the +case, for longitudinal + +or the k for +transverse has to be + +proportional to T the maximum 1. + +Larger values of +k would correspond + +to frequencies that +are not excited. + +So all of the nodes +that are down here + +are going to be excited. + +How many of them are there? + +Up to from 0 to +this k max that is + +of the order of kt over h +bar and some sound velocity. + +So you would say that +the heat capacity which + +is proportional to the number of +oscillators that you can have, + +you kt-- kb per oscillator. + +The number of oscillators +was roughly volume + +times kt h bar v, cubed if +you are in three dimensions. + +You saw that it was +one in one dimension. + +So in general, it will +be something like d. + +Of course, here, I was kind +of not very precise because I + +really have to separate +out the contribution + +of longitudinal modes and +transverse modes, et cetera. + +So ultimately, the +amplitude that I have + +will depend on a +whole bunch of things. + +But the functional form is +this universal t to the d. + +So the lesson that we would like +to get from this simple, well + +known example is +that sometimes you + +get results that are +independent in form + +for very different materials. + +I will use the +term universality. + +And the origin of +that universality + +is because we are +dealing with phenomena + +that involve +collective behavior. + +As k becomes small, you're +dealing with large wavelengths + +encompassing the +collective motion of lots + +of things that are +vibrating together. + +And so this kind of +statistical averaging + +over lots of things that are +collectively working together + +allows a lot of the details +to in some sense be washed out + +and gives you a +universal form just + +like adding random variables +will give you a Gaussian if you + +add sufficient many +of them together. + +It's that kind of phenomenon. + +Typically, we will be +dealing with these kinds + +of relationships +between quantities + +that have dimensions. + +Heat capacity has dimensions. + +Temperature has dimensions. + +So the amplitude +will have to have + +things that have dimensions +that come from the material + +that you are dealing with. + +So the thing that is +universal is typically + +the exponents that appear +in these functional forms. + +So those are the kinds +of things that we + +would like to capture +in different contexts. + +Now, as I said, +this was supposed + +to be just an illustration +of the typical approach. + +The phenomenon that +we will be grappling + +with for a large +part of this course + +has to do with +face transactions. + +And again, this is +a manifest result + +of having interaction among +degrees of freedom that + +causes them to collectively +behave separately differently + +from how a single +individual would behave. + +And the example +that we discussed + +in the previous +course and is familiar + +is of course that of +ice, water, steam. + +So here, we can look +at things from two + +different perspectives. + +One perspective, let's say +we start by-- actually, + +let's start with the +perspective in which I show you + +pressure and temperature. + +And as a function of +pressure and temperature, + +low temperatures +and high pressures + +would respond to having +some kind of a-- actually, + +let me not incur +the wrath of people + +who know the slopes of +these curves precisely. + +So there is at low +temperatures, you have ice. + +And then the more +interesting part + +is that you have at high +temperatures and low pressures + +gas. + +And then at +immediate values, you + +have, of course, the liquid. + +And the other perspective +to look at this + +is to look at isoterms of +the system for pressure + +versus velocity. + +So basically, what I'm doing is +I'm staking at some temperature + +and calculating the behavior +along that isoterm of how + +pressure and volume of +the system are related. + +So then you are far +out to the right, + +you'll have behavior that is +releasing of an ideal gas. + +You have PV be proportional +to the number of particles + +in temperature. + +As you lower the +temperatures and you + +hit this critical isoterm at +TC, the shape of the curve + +gets modified to +something like this. + +And if you're looking +at things at isoterms + +at an even lower temperature, +you encounter a discontinuity. + +And that discontinuity +is manifested + +in a coexistent interval +between the liquid and gas. + +So isoterms for T +and less than TC + +has this characteristic form. + +So here, I have not bothered +to go along the way down + +to the case of the solid. + +Because our focus is going +to be mostly as to what + +happens at this critical +point-- TC and TC, + +where the distinction between +liquid and gas disappears. + +So there is here the +first case of a transition + +between different +types of material + +that is manifested here, +the solid line indicating + +a discontinuity in various +thermodynamic properties. + +Discontinuity here +being, say, the density + +as a function of pressure. + +Rather than having a nice +curve, you have a discontinuity. + +In these curves, isoterms +are suddenly discontinuous. + +And the question that we +posed last time last semester + +was that essentially, +all the properties + +of the system, the +thermodynamic properties, I + +should be able to obtain +through the partition function, + +log of the partition function, +which involves an integral, + +let's say, over all +of the coordinates + +and momenta of some +kind of energy. + +And this energy in +the part about momenta + +is not particularly important. + +Let's just get rid of that. + +And the part about +the coordinates + +involves some kind of +potential interaction + +between pairs of particles. + +That is not that difficult. + +Maybe particles are slightly +attracted to each other + +when they're close enough. + +And they have a hard core. + +But somehow, after I do this +calculation bunch of integrals, + +all of them are +perfectly well behaved. + +There is no divergence. + +As + +The range of +integration goes to zero + +and infinity, I get +this discontinuity. + +And the question +of how that appears + +is something that clearly is +a consequence of interactions. + +If we didn't have +interactions, we + +would have ideal gas behavior. + +And maybe this place is +really a better place + +to go and try to +figure out what's + +going on than any other +place in the phase diagram. + +The reason for that is in +the vicinity of this point, + +we can see that the difference +between liquid and gas + +is gradually disappearing. + +So in some sense, we +have a small parameter. + +There's some small +difference that appears here. + +And so maybe the idea that +we can start with some phase + +that we understand fully +and then perturb it + +and see how the singularity +appears is a good idea. + +I will justify for you +why that's the case + +and maybe why we can even +construct a statistical field + +theory here. + +But the reason it +is also interesting + +is that there is a lot of +experimental evidence as to why + +you should be doing this. + +We discussed the phase diagrams. + +And we noticed that a +interesting feature of these + +phase diagrams is that below TC +when the liquid and gas first + +manifest themselves +as different phases , + +there is a coexistence interval. + +And this coexistence interval +is bounded on two sides + +by the gas and liquid volumes +or alternatively densities. + +Now, the interesting +experimental fact + +is that when you go and observe +the shape of this curve, + +for the whole bunch of +different gases-- here, + +you have neon, argon, krypton, +xenon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, + +methane, things that +are very different-- + +and scale them appropriately so +that all of the vertical axes + +comes to one. + +So you divide P by PC. + +You appropriately normalize +the horizontal axis + +so the maximum is at 1. + +You see that all of the +curves you get from very, very + +different systems after you +just do this simple scaling + +fall right on top of each-other. + +Now, clearly something like +carbon dioxide and neon, + +they have very different +inter atomic potentials + +that I have to put +in this calculation. + +Yet despite that, +there has emerged + +some kind of a universal law. + +And so I should be +able to describe that. + +Why is that happening? + +Now I'll try to convince +you that what I need to do + +is similar to what I did there. + +I need to construct a +statistical field theory. + +But we said that +statistical field theories + +rely on averaging +over many things. + +So why is that justified +in this context? + +So there is a phenomenon +called critical opalescence. + +Let's look at it here. + +Also, this serves to show +something that people sometimes + +don't believe, which is that +since our experience comes + +from no pressures, where we cool +the gas and it goes to a liquid + +or heat it and +liquid goes to a gas + +and know that these +are different things, + +it's kind of-- they +find it hard to believe + +that if I repeat the same +thing at high pressure, + +there is no difference +between liquid and gas. + +They are really the same thing. + +And so this is an +experiment that + +is done going more or +less around here where + +the critical point is. + +And you start initially at +the low temperatures side + +where you can see that at +the bottom of your wire, + +you have a liquid. + +And a meniscus separates +it nicely from a gas. + +As you heat it up, you approach +the critical temperature. + +Well, the liquid expands +and keeps going up. + +And once you hit TC and beyond, +that well, one is the liquid + +and which one's the gas? + +You can't tell the +difference anymore, right? + +There is a variation in density. + +Because of gravity, there's +more density down here up there. + +OK, now what happens when +we start to cool this? + +Ah, what happened? + +That's called +critical opalescence. + +You can't see through that. + +And why? + +Because there are all +of these fluctuations + +that you can now see. + +Right at TC when the +thing became black, + +there were so many fluctuations +covering so different length + +scales that light +could not get through. + +But now gradually, the +size of the fluctuations + +which exists both in the +liquid and in the gas + +are becoming small but +still quite visible. + +So clearly, despite the +fact that whatever atoms + +and molecules you have over +here have very short range + +interactions, somehow in +the vicinity of this point, + +they decided to move +together and have + +these collective fluctuations. + +So that's why we should be able +to do a statistical theory. + +And that's why there is a hope +that once we have done that, + +because the important +fluctuations are covering + +so many large numbers +of atoms or molecules, + +we should be able to explain +what's going on over here. + +So that's the task +that we set ourselves. + +Anything about this +before I close the video? + +OK. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: There are +Gaussians that when rescaled, + +their plots still +comply to that? + +PROFESSOR: No. + +No. + +In the vacinity-- so maybe +the range of the things + +that collapse on top +of each-other is small. + +Maybe it is so +small that you have + +to do things at low +pressure differences + +in order to see that. + +But as far as we +know, if you have + +sufficient high +resolution, everything + +will collapse on top +of that [INAUDIBLE]. + +And what is more interesting +than that-- that is not + +confined to gases. + +If I had done an +experiment that involved + +mixing some protein that has a +dense phase and a dilute phase + +and I went to the +point where there + +is a separation between dense +and dilute and I plotted that, + +that would also fall exactly +on top of this [INAUDIBLE]. + +So it's not even gases. + +It's everything. + +And so-- so yes? + +AUDIENCE: I heard +you built a system + +where some [INAUDIBLE] damages? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +And we will discuss those too. + +AUDIENCE: And the +exponents will change? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So it's [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: You may +anticipate from that T + +to the D over there, +the dimension is + +an important point, yes. + +OK? + +Anything else? + +All right. + +I'm going to rather +than construct + +this theory, this +statistical filter + +for the case of this +liquid gas system, + +I'm going to do it for the +case of the ferromagnet + +just to emphasize this fact +that this result, this set + +of results spans much more +than simple liquid gas + +phenomena-- a lot of different +things-- and secondly, + +because writing it for +the case of ferromagnet + +is much simpler because +of the inherent symmetries + +that I will describe +to you shortly. + +So what is the phenomenon +that I would like to describe? + +What's the phase +transition in the case + +of the ferromagnet +like a piece of iron? + +Where one axis that is always of +interest to us is temperature. + +And if I have a piece of iron or +nickel or some other material, + +out here at high temperatures, +it is a paramagnet. + +And there is a +critical temperature TC + +below which it becomes +a ferromagnet, which + +means that it has some +permanent magnetization. + +And actually, the reason +I drew the second axis is + +that a very nice way to +examine the discontinuities + +is to put an external magnetic +field and see what happens. + +Because if you put an +external magnetic field + +like you put your piece of +magnet enclosed in some parent + +[INAUDIBLE] loop so +that you have field + +in one direction or +the other direction, + +then as you change +this [INAUDIBLE] + +of the field on the +high temperature side, + +what you'll find is that if I +plot where the magnetization is + +pointing, well, if you put +the magnetic field on top + +of a paramagnet, +it also magnetizes. + +It does pull in the +direction of the field. + +The amount of +magnetization that you + +have in the system when you are +on the high temperatures side + +looks something like this. + +At very high fields, +all of your spins + +are aligned with the field. + +As you low the field because +of entropy and thermal + +fluctuations, they +start to move around. + +They have too much +fluctuation when + +you're in the phase +that is a paramagment. + +And it then when +the field goes to 0, + +the magnetization +reverses itself. + +And you will get a +structure such as this. + +So this is the behavioral +of magnetization + +as a function of the +field if you go along + +the path such as this which +corresponds to the paramagnet. + +Now, what happens if +I do the same thing + +but I do it along a +looped route such as here? + +So again, when you are out +here at high magnetic field, + +not much happens. + +But when you hit 0, then +you have a piece of magnet. + +It has some magnetization. + +So basically, it goes to +some particular value. + +There is hysteresis. + +So let's imagine that you +start with a system down here + +and then reduce +the magnetic field. + +And you would be getting +a curve such as this. + +So in some sense, +right at H equals to 0 + +when you are 4T less than +TC, there is a discontinuity. + +You don't know whether you are +one side or the other side. + +And in fact, these curves are +really the same as the isoterms + +that we had for the +liquid gas system + +if I were to turn them +around by 90 degrees. + +The paramagnetic curve looks +very much topologically + +like what we have for their +isoterm at high temperatures + +where the discontinuity +that we have + +for the magnetization +of the ferromagnet + +looks like the isoterm that we +would have at low temperatures. + +And indeed, +separating these two, + +there will be some kind +of a critical isoterm. + +So if I were to go +exactly down here, + +you see what I would +get is a curve that + +is kind of like this-- comes +and hogs the vertical axis + +and then does that, +which is in the sense + +that we were discussing +before identical to the curve + +that you have for the isoterm +of the liquid gas coexistence. + +What do I mean? + +I could do the same +type of collapse of data + +that I showed you +before that I was + +doing for the coexistence curve. + +I can do that for these +inverted coexistence curves. + +I can do the same collapse +for this critical isoterm + +of the ferromagnet. + +And it would fall on top +of the critical isoterm + +that I would have for neon, +argon, krypton, anything else. + +So that is that kind of +overall universality. + +Now-- yes? + +AUDIENCE: In this +[INAUDIBLE], why didn't you + +draw the full loop +of hysteresis? + +PROFESSOR: Because I'm +interested at this point + +with equilibrium phenomena. + +Hysteresis is a non +equilibrium thing. + +So depending on how rapid you +cool things or not cool things, + +you will get larger curves-- +larger hysteresis curves. + +AUDIENCE: So what +would it have been + +if we had high-- wasn't +[INAUDIBLE] fields + +that were slowly reduce it to 0? + +And then go a little +bit beyond and then + +just stay in that +state for a long time? + +Will the-- + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +If you wait sufficiently +long time, which + +is the definition +of equilibrium, + +you would follow the +curve that I have drawn. + +There would be-- so the +size of the hysteresis loop + +will go down as the amount +of time that you wait. + +Except that in +order to see this, + +you may have to wait longer +than the age of the universe. + +I don't know. + +But in principle, that's +what's going to happen. + +AUDIENCE: I have +a question here. + +PROFESSOR: Yes + +AUDIENCE: When you create +the flat line for temperature + +below the critical one-- + +PROFESSOR: Yes + +AUDIENCE: --are you +essentially doing + +sort of a Maxwell +construction again? + +Or is that too +much even for this? + +PROFESSOR: No. + +I mean, I haven't done +any theoretical work. + +At this point, I'm just +giving you observation. + +Once we start to +give theory, there + +is a type of theory +for the magnet that + +is the analog of +Maxwell's construction + +that you would do for the +case of the liquid gas. + +Indeed, you will have that +as the first problem set. + +So you can figure +it out for yourself. + +Anything else? + +OK. + +So I kind of emphasized +that functional forms + +are the things +that are universal. + +And so in the context +of the magnet, + +it is more clear +how to characterize + +these functional forms. + +So one of the things +that we have over here + +is that if I plot the true +equilibrium magnetization + +as a function of temperature +for fields that are 0-- + +so H equals to 0. + +If I start along +the 0 field line, + +then all the way up +to TC, magnetization + +at high temperatures +is of course 0. + +You're dealing +with a paramagnet. + +By definition, it +has no magnetization. + +When you go below +TC, you'll have + +a system that is +spontaneously magnetized. + +Again, exactly +what that means is + +it needs a little +bit of clarification. + +Because it does depend on +the direction of your field. + +The magnitude of +it is well defined. + +If I go from H to +minus H, the sine of it + +could potentially change. + +But the magnitude has +a form such as this. + +It is again very +similar, if you like, + +to half of that +co existence curve + +that we had for the liquid gas. + +And we look at the behavior +that you have in this vicinity. + +And we find that is +well-described by a power law. + +So we say that M as T goes +to TC for H equals to 0 + +is characterized or is +proportional to TC minus T + +to an exponent that is +given the symbol beta. + +Now, sometimes you can't +write this as TC minus T + +to the-- make it dimension. + +It doesn't matter. + +It's the same exponent. + +Sometimes in order not to have +to write all of this thing + +again and again, you +call this small T. + +It's just that +reduced temperature + +from the critical point. + +And so basically, what we +have is that T to the beta + +characterizes the singularity +of the coexistence line, + +the magnetization [INAUDIBLE]. + +Now, rather then sitting +at H equals to 0, + +I could have sat exactly +at T equals to TC + +and merely H. So essentially, +this is the curve. + +I say that T equals to TC. + +This is the blue curve. + +We see that new blue has this +characteristic form that it + +also comes to 0 not linearly. + +So there is an exponent +that characterizes that. + +that again is typically +written as 1 over delta. + +So you can see that if I go +back to the critical isoterm + +of the liquid gas system. + +For the liquid gas system, +I would conclude that, say, + +delta v goes like delta P +to the power of delta or one + +goes with the other to +the power of 1 if it. + +So essentially, the +shapes of these two things + +are very much +related, characterized + +by these two exponents. + +What else? + +Another thing that we can +certainly measure for a magnet + +is the susceptibility. + +So chi-- let's measure it +as a function of temperature + +but for field equal to 0. + +So basically, I sit eventually +at the equals to TC. + +But I put on a +small magnetic field + +and see how the +magnetization changes. + +You can see that as +long as I am above TC + +in the paramagnetic phase, there +is a linear relationship here. + +Chi is proportional to H. +But the proportionality here + +is the susceptibility. + +As I get closer to C, that +susceptibility diverges. + +OK, so chi is +proportional to T diverges + +with an exponent that +is indicated by gamma. + +Actually, let me be a +little bit more precise. + +So what I have said is that +if I plot the susceptibility + +as a function of temperature +at TC, it diverges. + +I could also calculate something +similar to that below TC. + +Below TC, it is +true that I already + +have some magnetization. + +But if I put on +a magnetic field, + +the magnetization will go up. + +And I can define +the slope of that + +as being the +susceptibility below TC. + +And again, as I +approach TC from below, + +that susceptibility +also diverges. + +So there is a susceptibility +that comes like this. + +So you would say, OK. + +There's a susceptibility above. + +And there is a +susceptibility below. + +And maybe they diverge +with different exponents. + +at this point, we don't know. + +Yes or no. + +We will show shortly that +indeed the two gammas are really + +the same and using one exponent +is sufficient for that story. + +And analog of susceptibility +in the case of the liquid gas + +would be the compressibility. + +And the compressibility +is related somehow + +to the inverse of +these PV curve slopes. + +We know that the sign of it has +to be negative for stability. + +But right on the +critical isoterm, + +you see that this slope goes +to 0 or its inverse diverges. + +So there is, again, the same +exponent gamma for some magnets + +also describes that divergence. + +Susceptibility is an example +of a response function. + +You perturb the system +and see how it responds. + +Another response +function that we've + +seen is the heat capacity where +you put heat into this system + +or you try to change +the temperature + +and see how the heat +energy is modified. + +And again, we +experimentally observe. + +We already saw +something like this + +when we were discussing +the super fluid + +transition, the lambda +transition-- that the heat + +capacity as a function of +temperature at some transition + +temperatures happens to diverge. + +And in principle, +one can again look + +at the two sides +of the transition + +and characterize them by +divergences that are typically + +indicated by the exponent alpha. + +Again, you will see +that there are reasons + +why there is only one +exponent [INAUDIBLE]. + +So this is essentially +the only part + +where there is some +zoology involved. + +You have to remember +and learn where + +the different +exponents come from. + +The rest of it, I hope, is +very logical-- but which + +one is alpha, which one's +beta, which one's gamma. + +There's four things, five +things you should [INAUDIBLE]. + +OK? + +Now, the next thing +that I want to do + +is to show you that the +two things that we looked + +at about the liquid +gas transition-- + +in fact, one of them +implies the other. + +So we said that +essentially by continuity, + +when I look at the shape +of this critical isoterm, + +it come down in this zero slope. + +When, again, to continuously +join the type of curve + +that I have for T greater +than TC of magnetization + +and T less than +TC below, I should + +have a curve that +comes and hogs the axis + +or has infinite susceptibility. + +I will show you that the +infinite susceptibility does, + +in fact imply, that you must +have collective behavior. + +That this critical +opalescence that we saw + +is inseparable from +the fact that you + +have diverging susceptibility. + +I'll show that in the +case of the magnet. + +But it also applies, of course, +to the critical opalescence. + +So let's do a little +bit of thermodynamics. + +So I can imagine if I have +some kind of Hamiltonia that + +describes my interactions +among the spins in my argon + +or any other magnet that I have. + +And if I was to calculate +a partition function, what + +I need to do would +be to trace over + +all degrees of freedom +of this system. + +Now, for the case of the +magnet, it is more convenient + +actually to look at the ensemble +that is corresponding to this. + +That is, fix the magnetic field +and allow the magnetization + +to decide where it wants to be. + +So I really want +to evaluate things + +in this ensemble, which +really to be precise, + +is not the [INAUDIBLE] ensemble, +but the Gibbs ensemble. + +So this should be a +Gibbs free energy. + +This should be a Gibbs +partition function. + +But traditionally, most +texts including my notes + +ignore that difference +and log of this. + +Rather than calling +it G, we will call F. + +But that doesn't +make much difference. + +This clearly is a function +of temperature and H. + +Now, if I wanted-- let's +imagine that always we + +put the magnetic field +in one direction. + +So I don't have to +worry for the time being + +about vectorial aspect. + +When you go back to +the vectorial aspect + +later on, clearly-- +actually this + +is the net magnetization +of the system. + +If I have a piece +of iron, it would + +be the magnetization +of the entire iron. + +And the average of +that magnetization, + +given temperature +and field, et cetera, + +I can obtain by taking +the log z by D beta H. + +Because when I do that, I +go back inside the trace, + +take a derivative in +respect to beta H. + +And I have a trace of M into +the minus beta H plus beta HM, + +which is how the different +probabilities are rated once + +because of the log z. + +In a derivative, +I have a 1 over z + +to make this more properly +normalized probabilities. + +So that's the standard story. + +Now if I were to take +another derivative, + +if I were to take +a derivative of M + +with respect to H, which is +what the susceptibility is, + +after all. + +So the sensitivity +of the system-- + +there is the derivative +of magnetization + +with respect to H. + +It is the same thing +as beta derivative + +of M with respect to +beta H, of course. + +So I have to go to this +expression that I have on top + +and take another derivative +with respect to beta H. + +The derivative can act on beta +H that is in the numerator. + +And what that does is it +essentially brings down + +another factor of M. And +the Z is not touched. + +Or I leave the +numerator as is and take + +a derivative of the denominator. + +And the derivative of +z I've already taken. + +So essentially, because +it's in the denominator, + +I will get the minus 1. + +The derivative of 1 over z +will become 1 over z squared. + +It will also give +me that fact factor + +that multiplies +that factor itself. + +So I have e to the minus +beta H plus beta HM. + +And this whole +thing got squared. + +OK? + +So a very famous +formula-- always true. + +Response functions such +as susceptibilities + +are related to +variances-- in this case, + +variance of the +net magnetization + +of the system of course +true for other responses. + +OK, this doesn't seem +to tell us very much. + +But then I note the following +that-- OK, so I have my magnet. + +What I have been asking is +what is the net magnetization + +of piece of magnet and +its response to adding + +a magnetic field. + +If I want to think +more microscopically-- + +if I want to think, +go back in terms + +of what we saw +for the liquid gas + +system and the +critical opalescence + +where there were fluctuations +in density all over the place, + +I expect that the reality also +at some particular instance, + +when I look at this, +there will be fluctuations + +in magnetization +from one location + +of the sample to another +location of the sample. + +It's kind of building +gradually in the direction + +of the statistical field. + +I kind of expect to have these +long wavelength fluctuations. + +And that's where I want to go. + +But at this stage, I cannot +even worry about that. + +I can say that I +define in whatever + +way some kind of a +local magnetization + +so that the net magnetization, +let's say in V dimension, + +is the integrated version +of the local magnetization. + +So magnetization +density I integrate + +with the net magnetization. + +OK, I put that over here. + +I have two factors +of big M. So I + +will get two factors of +integration over R and R prime. + +Let's stick to three dimensions. + +Doesn't matter. + +We can generalize +it to be dimensions. + +And here I have M +of R, M of R prime. + +And average would +give me the average + +of this M of R +minus M of R prime. + +Whereas in the +second part, there + +are the product of +two averages-- M + +and R, average of M and R prime. + +So it is the covariance. + +So I basically have +to look at the M + +at some point in my sample, +the M at some other point R + +prime in the sample, +calculate the covariance. + +Now, on average, +this piece of iron + +doesn't know its left corner +from its right corner. + +So just as in the +case of the lattice, + +I expect once I do the +averaging, on average, M of R, + +M of R prime should be only a +function of R minus R prime. + +All right, so I expect +this covariance that's + +indicated by MNC is really only +a function of the separation + +between the two points, OK? + +Which means that one +of these integrations + +I can indeed perform. + +There's the integral +with respect + +to the relative coordinate and +the center of mass coordinate. + +For getting boundary +dependence, this + +will give you a factor of V. +There was a factor of beta + +that I forgot. + +There is an overall beta. + +So I have chi beta. + +And then I have the integral +over the relative coordinate + +of the correlations +within two spins + +in the system as a +function of separation. + +Now, of course, like +any other quantity, + +susceptibility is proportional +to how much material you have. + +It's an extensive quantity. + +So when I say that the +susceptibility diverges, + +I really mean that +the susceptibility + +per unit volume-- +the intensive part + +is the thing that will diverge. + +But the susceptibility +per unit volume + +is the result of doing an +integration of this covariance + +as a function of position. + +Let's see what we expect +this covariance to do. + +So as a function +of separation, if I + +look at the covariance +between two spins-- OK, + +so there's this note +that I have already + +subtracted out the average. + +So whether you are in +the ferromagnetic phase + +or in the paramagnetic +phase, the statement + +is how much is the +fluctuation around the average + +at this point and this +other point are related? + +Well, when the two points come +together, what I'm looking + +is some kind of a variance +of the randomness. + +Now, when I go further +and further away, + +I expect that +eventuality, what this + +does as far as a fluctuation +around the averages + +is concerned, does not influence +what is going on very far away. + +So I expect that as a function +of going further and further + +away, this is something +that will eventually + +die off and go to zero. + +Let's imagine that +there is some kind + +of characteristic +landscape below which + +the correlations +have died off to 0. + +And I will say +that this integral + +is less than or equal +to essentially looking + +at the volume over which +there are correlations. + +The correlations +within this volume + +would typically be less +than sigma squared. + +But let's bound it by sigma +squared times the volume + +that we're dealing +with, which is either + +four pi over 3c cubed. + +Coefficients here +are not important. + +OK, so if I know that +my response function + +per unit volume, like +my compressibility + +or susceptibility, if I +know that the left hand + +side as I go to TC is diverging +and going to infinity, + +variance is bounded. + +I can't do anything with it. + +Data is bounded. + +I can't do anything with this. + +The only thing that I +conclude, the only knob I have, + +is that C must go to infinity. + +So K over V going +to infinity implies + +and is implied by +this [INAUDIBLE]. + +So I was actually +not quite truthful. + +Because you need to +learn one other exponent. + +So then how the +correlation then divergence + +as a function of temperature +is also important + +and is indicated by an +exponent that is called nu. + +So C diverges as T to some +x point under this nu. + +So this is what you were +seeing when I was showing you + +the critical opalescence. + +The size of these +fluctuations became so large + +that you couldn't see +through the sample. + +All kinds of wavelengths were +taking place in the system. + +And if I had presented +things as square, + +I could have given you +that as a prediction. + +I should have shown you, +say, the critical isoterm + +looks like this. + +Therefore, if you +look at it at TC, + +you shouldn't be able +to see through it. + +This is [INAUDIBLE]. + +All right, so those +are the phenomena + +that we would like +to now explain, + +phenomena being these +critical exponent + +alpha, beta, gamma, and nu, +et cetera, being universal + +and the same across very +many different systems. + +AUDIENCE: Question. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Is [INAUDIBLE] in +elementary fundamental field + +theory, like-- I mean, +like, in the standard model + +or in quantum field theory where +something like this happens + +where there's-- I mean, it's +not a thermodynamical system. + +It's like elementary theory. + +And yet-- + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +In some sense, the masses +of the different particles + +are like correlation lengths. + +Because it is the +mass of the particles + +like in the nuclear +potential that + +describes the range +of the interactions. + +So there are phenomena +such as the case + +of [INAUDIBLE] or whatever +where the range is infinite. + +So in some sense, +those phenomena + +are sitting at the +critical point. + +OK, so the name of the +statistical field theory + +that we will construct +is Landau Ginzburg + +and originally constructed +by Landau in connection + +to super fluidity. + +But it can describe a lot of +different phase transitions. + +Let's roughly introduce +it in the context + +of these magnetic systems. + +So basically, I have my magnet. + +And again, in principle, +I have all kinds + +of complicated +degrees of freedom + +which are the spins that +have quantum mechanical + +interactions, the exchange +interactions, whatever + +the result of the +behavior of electrons + +and their common +interactions with ions + +is that eventually, +something like nickel becomes + +a ferromagnet at +low temperatures. + +Now, hopefully and actually +precisely in the context + +that we are dealing +with, I don't + +need to know any of +all those details. + +I will just focus +on the phenomena + +that there is a +system that undergoes + +a transition between +ferromagnetic and paramagnetic + +behavior and focus +on calculating + +an appropriate partition +function for the degrees + +of freedom that change their +behavior ongoing through TC. + +So what I expect is +that again, just like we + +saw for the case of +liquid gas system, + +on one side for +the magnet, there + +will be an average +zero magnetization + +in the paramagnet. + +But there will be +fluctuations of magnetization, + +presumably with +long wavelengths. + +On the other side, there +will be these fluctuations + +on top of some average +magnetization that + +has formed in the system. + +And if I stick +sufficiently close to TC, + +I expect that that +magnetization is small. + +That's where the +exponent beta comes from. + +So if I go sufficiently +close to TC, + +these new Ms that I have +at each location hopefully + +will not be very big. + +So maybe in the same sense that +when I was doing elasticity + +by going to low +temperature, I could + +look at small deformations. + +By sticking in the +vicinity of TC, + +I can look at small +magnetization fluctuations. + +So what I want to +do is to imagine + +that within my system that +has lots and lots of electrons + +and other microscopic +degrees of freedom, + +I can focus on regions +that I average. + +And with each region +that I average, + +I associate magnetization +as a function + +of position, which is +a statistical field + +in the same sense +that displacement was. + +See, over here, I will +write this quantity-- + +the analog of the +U-- in fact by using + +two different vectorial +symbols for reasons + +that will become obvious +shortly, hopefully. + +Because I would like to have +the possibility of having + +R to describe systems +that live in D dimensions + +where D would be one if +I'm dealing with a wire. + +D would be two if I'm +dealing with a flat plane. + +D equals to three in +three dimensional space. + +Maybe there's some relationship +to relativistic field theories + +where we would be +four for space time. + +But M I will allowed to +be something else that + +has components M1, M2, Mn. + +And we've already seen two +cases where n is either 1 or 3. + +Clearly, if I'm thinking about +the case of a ferromagnet, + +then there are three components +of the magnetization. + +N has to three. + +But then if I'm looking +at the analogous + +thing for the liquid +gas system, the thing + +that distinguishes +different locations + +is the density-- +density fluctuations. + +And that's a scalar quantity. + +So that corresponds +to N equals to 1. + +There's other-- then we are +dealing with super fluidity + +where what we are leaving it +is a quantum mechanical object + +that has a phase +and an amplitude. + +It has an x component-- real +and imaginary component that + +corresponds to n equals to 2. + +Again, n equals to 1 +would describe something + +like liquid gas. + +N equals to 3 would correspond +to something like a magnet. + +And there's actually no +relationship between n + +and v. N could be larger than 3. + +So imagine that you take a wire. + +So x is clearly one-dimensional. + +But along the wire, you +put three component spins. + +So N could still be true. + +So we can discuss a whole +bunch of different quantities + +at the same time by generalizing +our picture of the magnet + +to have n component and +existing D dimensions. + +OK? + +Now, the thing that I +would like to construct + +is that I look at my system. + +And I characterize it by +different configurations + +of this field M of +R. And if I have + +many examples of the same +system at the same temperature, + +I will have different +realizations + +of that statistical field. + +I can assign the +different realizations + +some kind of weight of +probability, if you like. + +And what I would +like to do is to have + +an idea of what the +weight of probability + +of different configurations is. + +Just because I have a background +in statistical mechanics, + +in statistical mechanics, we +are used to [INAUDIBLE] weight. + +So we take the log of +weight of probabilities + +and call them some kind +of effective Hamiltonian. + +And this effective +Hamiltonian is + +distinct from a true +microscoping Hamiltonian + +that describes the system. + +And it's just a +way of describing + +what the logarithm +of the probability + +for the different +configurations is [INAUDIBLE]. + +Say, well, OK. + +How do you go and +construct this? + +Well, I say, OK. + +Presumably, there is really some +true microscopic Hamiltonia. + +And I can take whatever +that microscopic Hamiltonia + +is that has all of my +degrees of freedom. + +And then for a +particular configuration, + +I know what the probability of +a true microscopic configuration + +is. + +Presumably, what I did +was to obtain my M of R + +by somehow averaging over these +other two degrees of freedom. + +So the construction to go +from the true microscopic + +probabilities to +this effective weight + +is just a change of variable. + +I have to specify some +configuration M of R + +in my system. + +That configuration +of M of R will + +be consistent with a huge number +of microscopic configurations. + +I know what the +weight of each one + +of those microscopic +configurations is. + +I sum over all of them. + +And I have this. + +Now, of course, if +I could do that, + +I would immediately +solve the full problem + +and I wouldn't need to +have to deal with this. + +Clearly, I can't do that. + +But I can guess what the +eventual form of this + +is in the same +way that I guessed + +what the form of the statistical +field theory for elasticity + +was just by looking at +symmetries and things + +like that, OK? + +So in principle, W from +change of variables starting + +from into the minus beta H +in practice from symmetries + +and a variety of other +statements and constraints + +that I would tell you about. + +Actually, let's keep this. + +And let's illuminate this. + +OK. + +So there is beta H, +which is a function of M + +as a function of this vector x. + +First thing that +I will do is what + +I did for the case +of elasticity, which + +is to write the answer +as an integral in D + +dimensions of some kind of +a density at location x. + +So this is the same +locality type of constraint + +that we were discussing before +and has some caveats associated + +with that. + +This is going to be a +function of the variable + +at that location x. + +So that's the field. + +But I will also allow +various derivatives + +to appear so that I go beyond +just single [INAUDIBLE] + +will just give me +independent things happening + +at each location by allowing +some kind of connections + +in a neighborhood. + +And if I go and recruit higher +and higher order derivatives, + +naturally I would +have more pips. + +Somebody was asking me-- +you were asking me last time + +in principle, if the +system is something + +that varies from one +position to another position, + +the very function itself +would depend on x. + +But if we assume that +the system is uniform, + +then we can drop that force. + +So to be precise, let's do this +for the case of five 0 field. + +Because when you are at +zero field in a magnet, + +the different directions of +space are all the same to you. + +There's no reason to be pointing +one direction as opposed + +to another direction. + +So because of this symmetry in +rotations, in this function, + +you cannot have M-- actually, +you couldn't have M for other + +reasons. + +Well, OK. + +You couldn't have M because it +would break the directionality. + +But you could have +something that is M squared. + +Again, to be precise, M +squared is some, let's say, + +alpha running from 1 to n and +alpha of x and alpha of x. + +Now, if the different directions +in space are the same, + +then I can't have a +gradient appearing by itself + +because it would pick +a particular direction. + +In the same sense +that M squared, + +two Ms have to be +appearing together, + +if the different +directions in space + +forward and backward are +to be treated the same, + +I have to have gradients +appearing together + +in powers of two. + +So there's a term that, +before doing that, + +let's say also sometimes +I will write something + +that is M to the fourth. + +M to the fourth is really +this quantity M dot M squared. + +If I write M to the +sixth, it is M dot n. + +Mute and so forth-- +so there's all kinds + +of terms such as that can +be appearing in this series. + +Gradients-- there's a term +that I will write symbolically + +as gradient of M square. + +And by that, I mean to we +take a derivative of n alpha + +with respect to +the alt component + +and then repeat +the same thing sum + +wrote over both alpha and alt. + +So that would be the gradient. + +So basically, the +xi appears twice. + +M alpha appears twice. + +And you can go and construct +higher and higher order terms + +and derivatives, again +ensuring that each index + +both on the side of the position +x and the side of the fields M + +is a repeated index to +respect the symmetries that + +are involved. + +So if we-- there is actually +maybe one other thing + +to think about, which +is that again like + +before, I assume that I can make +an analytical expansion in M. + +And who says you +are allowed to do + +an analytical expansion in M? + +Again, the key to +that is the averaging + +that we have to +do in the process. + +And I want you to think back +to the central limit theorem. + +Let's imagine that there +is a variable x where + +the probability of +selecting that variable x + +is actually kind of singular. + +Maybe it is something +like e to the minus x + +that is a discontinuity. + +Maybe it even has an integrable +divergence at some point. + +Maybe it has additional +delta function. + +All kinds of-- it's a very +complicated, singular type + +of a function. + +Now, I tell you-- add +thousands of these variables + +together and tell me what the +distribution of the sum is. + +And the distribution of the sum, +because of the central limit + +theorem, you know +has to look Gaussian. + +So then take its log, it has +a nice analytical expansion. + +So the point is that +again, part of the course + +grading that we did to get from +whatever microscopic degrees + +of freedom that we +have, to reaching + +the level of this +effective field theory, + +we added many +variables together. + +And because of the +central limit theorem, + +I have a lot of confidence +that quite generically, + +I can make an analytical +expansion such as this. + +But I have not. + +So having done all +of this, you would + +say that in order to describe +this magnet, what we need + +is to evaluate the +partition function, + +let's say, as a +function of temperature, + +which if I had +enormous power, I would + +do by trace of into +the beta H microscopic. + +But what I have done +is I have subdivided + +different configurations of +microscopic degrees of freedom + +to different configurations of +this effective magnetization. + +And so essentially, that sum +is the same as integrating over + +all configurations of this +constrained magnetization + +field. + +And the probabilities +of these configurations + +of the magnetization field are +exponential of this minus data + +H that I'm constructing +on the basis of principles + +that I told you-- principles +where that I first of all + +have a locality. + +I have an integrality of x. + +And then I have to +write terms that + +are consistent +with the symmetry. + +First term that we saw that is +consistent with the symmetry + +is this M squared. + +And let's give a name +to its coefficient. + +Just like the coefficient of +elasticity, I put it nu over 2. + +Let's get here a T over 2. + +There will be +higher order terms. + +There will be M to the fourth. + +There will be M to the sixth. + +There will be a whole bunch +of things in principle. + +There will be gradient +types of terms. + +So there will be K over +2, gradient of M squared. + +There will be L over 2 +Laplacian of M squared. + +There would be higher +order terms that + +involve multiplying M's +and various gradient + +of M, et cetera. + +And actually, in +principle, there + +could be an overall constant. + +So there could be up here +some overall constant + +of integration-- let's call +it beta F0-- which depends + +on temperature and so +forth but has nothing + +to do with the ordering of these +magnetization type of degrees + +of freedom. + +Actually, if I imagine that I go +slightly away from the H equals + +to 0 axis, just I did +before, I will add here + +a term minus beta H of M and +evaluate this whole thing. + +So this is the +Landau-Ginzberg theory. + +In principle, you have to put +a lot of terms in the series. + +Our task would be to +show you quite rigorously + +that just a few +terms in the series + +aren't enough just as in the +case of theory of vibration + +for small enough vibration. + +In this case, the analog +of small enough vibration + +is to be close enough to +the critical point, exactly + +where we want to calculate +these universal exponents + +and to then calculate the +universal exponents, which + +will turn out to +be a hard problem + +that we will struggle with +in the next many lectures. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/elMskF8Uzmg.txt b/elMskF8Uzmg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc1fdc6a4d2ba3a6f41009d43ed341f17d9ee015 --- /dev/null +++ b/elMskF8Uzmg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi everyone welcome back okay so in this + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone welcome back okay so in this + + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone welcome back okay so in this +problem I'd like to take a look at + + align:start position:0% +problem I'd like to take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +problem I'd like to take a look at +autonomous equations and phase lines and + + align:start position:0% +autonomous equations and phase lines and + + + align:start position:0% +autonomous equations and phase lines and +specifically we're going to take a look + + align:start position:0% +specifically we're going to take a look + + + align:start position:0% +specifically we're going to take a look +at the simple equation X dot equals ax + + align:start position:0% +at the simple equation X dot equals ax + + + align:start position:0% +at the simple equation X dot equals ax +plus 1 which models births and death + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 which models births and death + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 which models births and death +rates and a fixed replenishment rate for + + align:start position:0% +rates and a fixed replenishment rate for + + + align:start position:0% +rates and a fixed replenishment rate for +a population so in this case the + + align:start position:0% +a population so in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +a population so in this case the +variable a represents births minus + + align:start position:0% +variable a represents births minus + + + align:start position:0% +variable a represents births minus +deaths in a population and one + + align:start position:0% +deaths in a population and one + + + align:start position:0% +deaths in a population and one +represents the constant input of new + + align:start position:0% +represents the constant input of new + + + align:start position:0% +represents the constant input of new +creatures okay so for Part A we're asked + + align:start position:0% +creatures okay so for Part A we're asked + + + align:start position:0% +creatures okay so for Part A we're asked +to find intervals of the variable a + + align:start position:0% +to find intervals of the variable a + + + align:start position:0% +to find intervals of the variable a +which determine the long time stability + + align:start position:0% +which determine the long time stability + + + align:start position:0% +which determine the long time stability +of the population and then secondly for + + align:start position:0% +of the population and then secondly for + + + align:start position:0% +of the population and then secondly for +each one tip for each typical case of a + + align:start position:0% +each one tip for each typical case of a + + + align:start position:0% +each one tip for each typical case of a +in in the first part of the problem + + align:start position:0% +in in the first part of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +in in the first part of the problem +we're asked to sketch a phase line and + + align:start position:0% +we're asked to sketch a phase line and + + + align:start position:0% +we're asked to sketch a phase line and +then also to sketch the solution X of T + + align:start position:0% +then also to sketch the solution X of T + + + align:start position:0% +then also to sketch the solution X of T +versus T okay so I'll let you take a + + align:start position:0% +versus T okay so I'll let you take a + + + align:start position:0% +versus T okay so I'll let you take a +look at this problem and I'll be back in + + align:start position:0% +look at this problem and I'll be back in + + + align:start position:0% +look at this problem and I'll be back in +a moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi everyone welcome back okay so the + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone welcome back okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone welcome back okay so the +problem we're looking at is X dot equals + + align:start position:0% +problem we're looking at is X dot equals + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're looking at is X dot equals +ax and as mentioned in the title of the + + align:start position:0% +ax and as mentioned in the title of the + + + align:start position:0% +ax and as mentioned in the title of the +problem this is an autonomous equation + + align:start position:0% +problem this is an autonomous equation + + + align:start position:0% +problem this is an autonomous equation +which means that the right-hand side is + + align:start position:0% +which means that the right-hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +which means that the right-hand side is +not a function of time the right-hand + + align:start position:0% +not a function of time the right-hand + + + align:start position:0% +not a function of time the right-hand +side only depends on X and for these + + align:start position:0% +side only depends on X and for these + + + align:start position:0% +side only depends on X and for these +types of problems + + align:start position:0% +types of problems + + + align:start position:0% +types of problems +the the critical points or the place + + align:start position:0% +the the critical points or the place + + + align:start position:0% +the the critical points or the place +that the points at which the right-hand + + align:start position:0% +that the points at which the right-hand + + + align:start position:0% +that the points at which the right-hand +side vanish tend to determine the long + + align:start position:0% +side vanish tend to determine the long + + + align:start position:0% +side vanish tend to determine the long +time characteristics of the solution so + + align:start position:0% +time characteristics of the solution so + + + align:start position:0% +time characteristics of the solution so +we can kind of get a handle on what + + align:start position:0% +we can kind of get a handle on what + + + align:start position:0% +we can kind of get a handle on what +intervals of a determine the long time + + align:start position:0% +intervals of a determine the long time + + + align:start position:0% +intervals of a determine the long time +stability by sketching what X dot versus + + align:start position:0% +stability by sketching what X dot versus + + + align:start position:0% +stability by sketching what X dot versus +X might look like and we see that if a + + align:start position:0% +X might look like and we see that if a + + + align:start position:0% +X might look like and we see that if a +is positive this represents a line with + + align:start position:0% +is positive this represents a line with + + + align:start position:0% +is positive this represents a line with +a positive slope a so on the right-hand + + align:start position:0% +a positive slope a so on the right-hand + + + align:start position:0% +a positive slope a so on the right-hand +side of the intercept with the x axis X + + align:start position:0% +side of the intercept with the x axis X + + + align:start position:0% +side of the intercept with the x axis X +dot is positive which means that when + + align:start position:0% +dot is positive which means that when + + + align:start position:0% +dot is positive which means that when +the line goes through the the point y x + + align:start position:0% +the line goes through the the point y x + + + align:start position:0% +the line goes through the the point y x +dot equals 0 the term ax plus 1 is going + + align:start position:0% +dot equals 0 the term ax plus 1 is going + + + align:start position:0% +dot equals 0 the term ax plus 1 is going +to be positive I'll just point out that + + align:start position:0% +to be positive I'll just point out that + + + align:start position:0% +to be positive I'll just point out that +this point right here is when X dot is + + align:start position:0% +this point right here is when X dot is + + + align:start position:0% +this point right here is when X dot is +equal to 0 and this happens when X is + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0 and this happens when X is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0 and this happens when X is +equal to negative 1 over a so this point + + align:start position:0% +equal to negative 1 over a so this point + + + align:start position:0% +equal to negative 1 over a so this point +right here is negative 1 over a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and when X is below negative one over a + + align:start position:0% +and when X is below negative one over a + + + align:start position:0% +and when X is below negative one over a +X dot is negative which means that + + align:start position:0% +X dot is negative which means that + + + align:start position:0% +X dot is negative which means that +solutions will want to move away from + + align:start position:0% +solutions will want to move away from + + + align:start position:0% +solutions will want to move away from +the point negative one over a what other + + align:start position:0% +the point negative one over a what other + + + align:start position:0% +the point negative one over a what other +qualitative behavior could we have well + + align:start position:0% +qualitative behavior could we have well + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative behavior could we have well +when a is below zero when a is less than + + align:start position:0% +when a is below zero when a is less than + + + align:start position:0% +when a is below zero when a is less than +zero the slope of this curve is going to + + align:start position:0% +zero the slope of this curve is going to + + + align:start position:0% +zero the slope of this curve is going to +be negative so I'll plot again X dot + + align:start position:0% +be negative so I'll plot again X dot + + + align:start position:0% +be negative so I'll plot again X dot +versus X and again the intercept is + + align:start position:0% +versus X and again the intercept is + + + align:start position:0% +versus X and again the intercept is +going to be at negative one over a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however when X is above the critical + + align:start position:0% +however when X is above the critical + + + align:start position:0% +however when X is above the critical +point X dot is negative so solutions + + align:start position:0% +point X dot is negative so solutions + + + align:start position:0% +point X dot is negative so solutions +will want to tend to move back towards + + align:start position:0% +will want to tend to move back towards + + + align:start position:0% +will want to tend to move back towards +negative one over a and when X is below + + align:start position:0% +negative one over a and when X is below + + + align:start position:0% +negative one over a and when X is below +the critical point we see that X dot is + + align:start position:0% +the critical point we see that X dot is + + + align:start position:0% +the critical point we see that X dot is +in the upper plane which means it's + + align:start position:0% +in the upper plane which means it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the upper plane which means it's +positive so solutions will want to grow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have two cases right now one is + + align:start position:0% +so we have two cases right now one is + + + align:start position:0% +so we have two cases right now one is +when a is bigger than zero one is when a + + align:start position:0% +when a is bigger than zero one is when a + + + align:start position:0% +when a is bigger than zero one is when a +is less than zero and then of course + + align:start position:0% +is less than zero and then of course + + + align:start position:0% +is less than zero and then of course +there's going to be an intermediate + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be an intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be an intermediate +intermediate point which is when a a is + + align:start position:0% +intermediate point which is when a a is + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate point which is when a a is +equal to zero and in this case the curve + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and in this case the curve + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and in this case the curve +X dot versus X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's just going to be a straight line + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to be a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to be a straight line +that goes through one okay so this gives + + align:start position:0% +that goes through one okay so this gives + + + align:start position:0% +that goes through one okay so this gives +us three regions that will determine the + + align:start position:0% +us three regions that will determine the + + + align:start position:0% +us three regions that will determine the +long time behavior so the three regions + + align:start position:0% +long time behavior so the three regions + + + align:start position:0% +long time behavior so the three regions +are a equals zero a lesson zero and then + + align:start position:0% +are a equals zero a lesson zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +are a equals zero a lesson zero and then +a bigger than zero okay so this + + align:start position:0% +a bigger than zero okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +a bigger than zero okay so this +concludes Part A and for Part B we're + + align:start position:0% +concludes Part A and for Part B we're + + + align:start position:0% +concludes Part A and for Part B we're +asked to investigate the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +asked to investigate the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +asked to investigate the behavior of +each of these three regions I by + + align:start position:0% +each of these three regions I by + + + align:start position:0% +each of these three regions I by +constructing a phase line and then + + align:start position:0% +constructing a phase line and then + + + align:start position:0% +constructing a phase line and then +secondly by sketching a solution or + + align:start position:0% +secondly by sketching a solution or + + + align:start position:0% +secondly by sketching a solution or +several solutions okay so for Part B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's take a look at the case when a is + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the case when a is + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a look at the case when a is +bigger than zero first and I'm just + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero first and I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero first and I'm just +going to pick one value of a I'll just + + align:start position:0% +going to pick one value of a I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +going to pick one value of a I'll just +pick a is equal to 1 to work things out + + align:start position:0% +pick a is equal to 1 to work things out + + + align:start position:0% +pick a is equal to 1 to work things out +concretely and we're asked to sketch a + + align:start position:0% +concretely and we're asked to sketch a + + + align:start position:0% +concretely and we're asked to sketch a +phase line so I'll plot the phase line X + + align:start position:0% +phase line so I'll plot the phase line X + + + align:start position:0% +phase line so I'll plot the phase line X +here and we know from the OD e that the + + align:start position:0% +here and we know from the OD e that the + + + align:start position:0% +here and we know from the OD e that the +critical point occurs at negative 1 over + + align:start position:0% +critical point occurs at negative 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +critical point occurs at negative 1 over +a so in this case there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +a so in this case there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +a so in this case there's going to be +one critical point and it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +one critical point and it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +one critical point and it's going to be +at negative one now when X is bigger + + align:start position:0% +at negative one now when X is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +at negative one now when X is bigger +than negative one we've already seen + + align:start position:0% +than negative one we've already seen + + + align:start position:0% +than negative one we've already seen +that the arrows or that X dot is going + + align:start position:0% +that the arrows or that X dot is going + + + align:start position:0% +that the arrows or that X dot is going +to be positive so when when X is bigger + + align:start position:0% +to be positive so when when X is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +to be positive so when when X is bigger +than negative one in this region X dot + + align:start position:0% +than negative one in this region X dot + + + align:start position:0% +than negative one in this region X dot +is positive so above negative one X dot + + align:start position:0% +is positive so above negative one X dot + + + align:start position:0% +is positive so above negative one X dot +is positive which means that if a + + align:start position:0% +is positive which means that if a + + + align:start position:0% +is positive which means that if a +solution starts at a point above + + align:start position:0% +solution starts at a point above + + + align:start position:0% +solution starts at a point above +negative one it's going to constantly + + align:start position:0% +negative one it's going to constantly + + + align:start position:0% +negative one it's going to constantly +increase forever and likewise if it's + + align:start position:0% +increase forever and likewise if it's + + + align:start position:0% +increase forever and likewise if it's +below negative one it's going to + + align:start position:0% +below negative one it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +below negative one it's going to +decrease forever so this is X dot is + + align:start position:0% +decrease forever so this is X dot is + + + align:start position:0% +decrease forever so this is X dot is +negative in this region and of course X + + align:start position:0% +negative in this region and of course X + + + align:start position:0% +negative in this region and of course X +dot is zero at the critical point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which means if we start at the critical + + align:start position:0% +which means if we start at the critical + + + align:start position:0% +which means if we start at the critical +point we stay there for all time + + align:start position:0% +point we stay there for all time + + + align:start position:0% +point we stay there for all time +okay so let's sketch some solutions so + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's sketch some solutions so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's sketch some solutions so +whenever I have whenever I have to + + align:start position:0% +whenever I have whenever I have to + + + align:start position:0% +whenever I have whenever I have to +sketch solutions for a phase plane or + + align:start position:0% +sketch solutions for a phase plane or + + + align:start position:0% +sketch solutions for a phase plane or +for a phase line the first solution I + + align:start position:0% +for a phase line the first solution I + + + align:start position:0% +for a phase line the first solution I +always plot is going to be the critical + + align:start position:0% +always plot is going to be the critical + + + align:start position:0% +always plot is going to be the critical +point so note that x equals negative one + + align:start position:0% +point so note that x equals negative one + + + align:start position:0% +point so note that x equals negative one +solves the differential equation so x + + align:start position:0% +solves the differential equation so x + + + align:start position:0% +solves the differential equation so x +equals a critical point always solves + + align:start position:0% +equals a critical point always solves + + + align:start position:0% +equals a critical point always solves +the differential equation so that means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when X is equal to negative one we solve + + align:start position:0% +when X is equal to negative one we solve + + + align:start position:0% +when X is equal to negative one we solve +the differential equation when x is + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation when x is + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation when x is +bigger than negative 1 we obtain + + align:start position:0% +bigger than negative 1 we obtain + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than negative 1 we obtain +exponential growth and when x is less + + align:start position:0% +exponential growth and when x is less + + + align:start position:0% +exponential growth and when x is less +than negative 1 we have exponential + + align:start position:0% +than negative 1 we have exponential + + + align:start position:0% +than negative 1 we have exponential +growth in the opposite direction so this + + align:start position:0% +growth in the opposite direction so this + + + align:start position:0% +growth in the opposite direction so this +is sometimes said to be an unstable + + align:start position:0% +is sometimes said to be an unstable + + + align:start position:0% +is sometimes said to be an unstable +critical point because any small + + align:start position:0% +critical point because any small + + + align:start position:0% +critical point because any small +perturbation away from negative 1 will + + align:start position:0% +perturbation away from negative 1 will + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation away from negative 1 will +make the solution diverge also note that + + align:start position:0% +make the solution diverge also note that + + + align:start position:0% +make the solution diverge also note that +each one of these curves or once I have + + align:start position:0% +each one of these curves or once I have + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these curves or once I have +one of these curves I can generate all + + align:start position:0% +one of these curves I can generate all + + + align:start position:0% +one of these curves I can generate all +the others by just picking it up and + + align:start position:0% +the others by just picking it up and + + + align:start position:0% +the others by just picking it up and +shifting it over and the reason this + + align:start position:0% +shifting it over and the reason this + + + align:start position:0% +shifting it over and the reason this +this works is because the original + + align:start position:0% +this works is because the original + + + align:start position:0% +this works is because the original +equation is autonomous meaning that the + + align:start position:0% +equation is autonomous meaning that the + + + align:start position:0% +equation is autonomous meaning that the +right-hand side didn't depend on time so + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side didn't depend on time so + + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side didn't depend on time so +whenever you have an autonomous equation + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have an autonomous equation + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have an autonomous equation +when you sketch one solution you can + + align:start position:0% +when you sketch one solution you can + + + align:start position:0% +when you sketch one solution you can +always get the others by just picking or + + align:start position:0% +always get the others by just picking or + + + align:start position:0% +always get the others by just picking or +you can always get a family of others by + + align:start position:0% +you can always get a family of others by + + + align:start position:0% +you can always get a family of others by +picking up that solution and just + + align:start position:0% +picking up that solution and just + + + align:start position:0% +picking up that solution and just +shifting it to the right end to the left + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now for a equals negative or when a is + + align:start position:0% +now for a equals negative or when a is + + + align:start position:0% +now for a equals negative or when a is +below zero I'll just pick the value of a + + align:start position:0% +below zero I'll just pick the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +below zero I'll just pick the value of a +equals negative one we have a critical + + align:start position:0% +equals negative one we have a critical + + + align:start position:0% +equals negative one we have a critical +point at one and in this case the arrows + + align:start position:0% +point at one and in this case the arrows + + + align:start position:0% +point at one and in this case the arrows +are going to point towards one like this + + align:start position:0% +are going to point towards one like this + + + align:start position:0% +are going to point towards one like this +and again I can sketch some curves so + + align:start position:0% +and again I can sketch some curves so + + + align:start position:0% +and again I can sketch some curves so +I'll first draw the solution when X is + + align:start position:0% +I'll first draw the solution when X is + + + align:start position:0% +I'll first draw the solution when X is +equal to one and in this case solutions + + align:start position:0% +equal to one and in this case solutions + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one and in this case solutions +are going to converge towards the + + align:start position:0% +are going to converge towards the + + + align:start position:0% +are going to converge towards the +critical point and in this case we say + + align:start position:0% +critical point and in this case we say + + + align:start position:0% +critical point and in this case we say +that the critical point x equals one is + + align:start position:0% +that the critical point x equals one is + + + align:start position:0% +that the critical point x equals one is +stable and that's because any small + + align:start position:0% +stable and that's because any small + + + align:start position:0% +stable and that's because any small +perturbation what makes the solution + + align:start position:0% +perturbation what makes the solution + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation what makes the solution +come back any small perturbation in this + + align:start position:0% +come back any small perturbation in this + + + align:start position:0% +come back any small perturbation in this +solution will eventually just come back + + align:start position:0% +solution will eventually just come back + + + align:start position:0% +solution will eventually just come back +to the critical point at x equals one + + align:start position:0% +to the critical point at x equals one + + + align:start position:0% +to the critical point at x equals one +okay and now lastly we have the third + + align:start position:0% +okay and now lastly we have the third + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now lastly we have the third +case which is when a equals zero and in + + align:start position:0% +case which is when a equals zero and in + + + align:start position:0% +case which is when a equals zero and in +this case there are no critical points + + align:start position:0% +this case there are no critical points + + + align:start position:0% +this case there are no critical points +in fact X dot was equal to one so X dot + + align:start position:0% +in fact X dot was equal to one so X dot + + + align:start position:0% +in fact X dot was equal to one so X dot +is positive for all values of X so our + + align:start position:0% +is positive for all values of X so our + + + align:start position:0% +is positive for all values of X so our +phase line is just aligned with arrows + + align:start position:0% +phase line is just aligned with arrows + + + align:start position:0% +phase line is just aligned with arrows +and in this case if I were if I were to + + align:start position:0% +and in this case if I were if I were to + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case if I were if I were to +sketch some solutions I'll just draw my + + align:start position:0% +sketch some solutions I'll just draw my + + + align:start position:0% +sketch some solutions I'll just draw my +axes X and T there are no critical + + align:start position:0% +axes X and T there are no critical + + + align:start position:0% +axes X and T there are no critical +points X is just increasing so the + + align:start position:0% +points X is just increasing so the + + + align:start position:0% +points X is just increasing so the +solutions are going to look something + + align:start position:0% +solutions are going to look something + + + align:start position:0% +solutions are going to look something +like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're just going to be straight lines + + align:start position:0% +they're just going to be straight lines + + + align:start position:0% +they're just going to be straight lines +a family of straight lines okay + + align:start position:0% +a family of straight lines okay + + + align:start position:0% +a family of straight lines okay +so we've just sketched some phase lines + + align:start position:0% +so we've just sketched some phase lines + + + align:start position:0% +so we've just sketched some phase lines +and we sketched several solutions for + + align:start position:0% +and we sketched several solutions for + + + align:start position:0% +and we sketched several solutions for +each phase line we've seen how the + + align:start position:0% +each phase line we've seen how the + + + align:start position:0% +each phase line we've seen how the +critical points and the the arrows + + align:start position:0% +critical points and the the arrows + + + align:start position:0% +critical points and the the arrows +around the critical points affect the + + align:start position:0% +around the critical points affect the + + + align:start position:0% +around the critical points affect the +long time behavior of the solutions and + + align:start position:0% +long time behavior of the solutions and + + + align:start position:0% +long time behavior of the solutions and +this is typically the process that you + + align:start position:0% +this is typically the process that you + + + align:start position:0% +this is typically the process that you +go through when looking at autonomous + + align:start position:0% +go through when looking at autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +go through when looking at autonomous +equations you always first a find the + + align:start position:0% +equations you always first a find the + + + align:start position:0% +equations you always first a find the +critical points then B find the regions + + align:start position:0% +critical points then B find the regions + + + align:start position:0% +critical points then B find the regions +between the critical points and figure + + align:start position:0% +between the critical points and figure + + + align:start position:0% +between the critical points and figure +out if X dot is either positive or + + align:start position:0% +out if X dot is either positive or + + + align:start position:0% +out if X dot is either positive or +negative and then that automatically + + align:start position:0% +negative and then that automatically + + + align:start position:0% +negative and then that automatically +gives you the phase line once you have + + align:start position:0% +gives you the phase line once you have + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the phase line once you have +the phase line you can always just + + align:start position:0% +the phase line you can always just + + + align:start position:0% +the phase line you can always just +sketch a family of solutions okay so I'd + + align:start position:0% +sketch a family of solutions okay so I'd + + + align:start position:0% +sketch a family of solutions okay so I'd +like to conclude here and I'll see you + + align:start position:0% +like to conclude here and I'll see you + + + align:start position:0% +like to conclude here and I'll see you +next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/els7niCiJrg.txt b/els7niCiJrg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10a77a8c1ae9bd36bc1d783c698c6e444cc0cc55 --- /dev/null +++ b/els7niCiJrg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this fear is moving between electrodes + + align:start position:0% +this fear is moving between electrodes + + + align:start position:0% +this fear is moving between electrodes +having a potential difference of about + + align:start position:0% +having a potential difference of about + + + align:start position:0% +having a potential difference of about +25 kilovolts it is immersed in a + + align:start position:0% +25 kilovolts it is immersed in a + + + align:start position:0% +25 kilovolts it is immersed in a +slightly conducting oil the mechanism + + align:start position:0% +slightly conducting oil the mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +slightly conducting oil the mechanism +responsible for the bouncing motion is + + align:start position:0% +responsible for the bouncing motion is + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for the bouncing motion is +basic to the interaction of electric + + align:start position:0% +basic to the interaction of electric + + + align:start position:0% +basic to the interaction of electric +fields and moving media the applied + + align:start position:0% +fields and moving media the applied + + + align:start position:0% +fields and moving media the applied +voltage induces charges on the + + align:start position:0% +voltage induces charges on the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage induces charges on the +electrodes and the contacting metallic + + align:start position:0% +electrodes and the contacting metallic + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes and the contacting metallic +sphere by virtue of the charges on its + + align:start position:0% +sphere by virtue of the charges on its + + + align:start position:0% +sphere by virtue of the charges on its +surface the sphere is attracted toward + + align:start position:0% +surface the sphere is attracted toward + + + align:start position:0% +surface the sphere is attracted toward +the upper plate but as the sphere rises + + align:start position:0% +the upper plate but as the sphere rises + + + align:start position:0% +the upper plate but as the sphere rises +the charge induced on its surface leaks + + align:start position:0% +the charge induced on its surface leaks + + + align:start position:0% +the charge induced on its surface leaks +off through the liquid and eventually + + align:start position:0% +off through the liquid and eventually + + + align:start position:0% +off through the liquid and eventually +gravity returns the sphere to the plate + + align:start position:0% +gravity returns the sphere to the plate + + + align:start position:0% +gravity returns the sphere to the plate +to renew the process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here we use corn oil with a relaxation + + align:start position:0% +here we use corn oil with a relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +here we use corn oil with a relaxation +time of about one second now we have + + align:start position:0% +time of about one second now we have + + + align:start position:0% +time of about one second now we have +transformer oil with a relaxation time + + align:start position:0% +transformer oil with a relaxation time + + + align:start position:0% +transformer oil with a relaxation time +of over 10 seconds the spear reaches the + + align:start position:0% +of over 10 seconds the spear reaches the + + + align:start position:0% +of over 10 seconds the spear reaches the +upper electrode long before the charges + + align:start position:0% +upper electrode long before the charges + + + align:start position:0% +upper electrode long before the charges +leak off upon contact acquires charges + + align:start position:0% +leak off upon contact acquires charges + + + align:start position:0% +leak off upon contact acquires charges +of the opposite polarity and is pulled + + align:start position:0% +of the opposite polarity and is pulled + + + align:start position:0% +of the opposite polarity and is pulled +downward by the electric field and + + align:start position:0% +downward by the electric field and + + + align:start position:0% +downward by the electric field and +gravity the sideways motion shows that + + align:start position:0% +gravity the sideways motion shows that + + + align:start position:0% +gravity the sideways motion shows that +now even charges on the wall are + + align:start position:0% +now even charges on the wall are + + + align:start position:0% +now even charges on the wall are +important the oscillations of the + + align:start position:0% +important the oscillations of the + + + align:start position:0% +important the oscillations of the +spheres provide an explanation of what + + align:start position:0% +spheres provide an explanation of what + + + align:start position:0% +spheres provide an explanation of what +we see if metal filings are placed + + align:start position:0% +we see if metal filings are placed + + + align:start position:0% +we see if metal filings are placed +between the electrodes in corn oil most + + align:start position:0% +between the electrodes in corn oil most + + + align:start position:0% +between the electrodes in corn oil most +of them lose their charge and fall back + + align:start position:0% +of them lose their charge and fall back + + + align:start position:0% +of them lose their charge and fall back +before reaching the top electrode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but in transformer oil they stream + + align:start position:0% +but in transformer oil they stream + + + align:start position:0% +but in transformer oil they stream +between electrodes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if we increase the voltage the + + align:start position:0% +now if we increase the voltage the + + + align:start position:0% +now if we increase the voltage the +streaming particles cause electrical + + align:start position:0% +streaming particles cause electrical + + + align:start position:0% +streaming particles cause electrical +breakdown + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small particles in oil insulated + + align:start position:0% +small particles in oil insulated + + + align:start position:0% +small particles in oil insulated +high-voltage equipment can similarly + + align:start position:0% +high-voltage equipment can similarly + + + align:start position:0% +high-voltage equipment can similarly +lead to disaster three strains three + + align:start position:0% +lead to disaster three strains three + + + align:start position:0% +lead to disaster three strains three +trash barrels and three electrodes each + + align:start position:0% +trash barrels and three electrodes each + + + align:start position:0% +trash barrels and three electrodes each +connected to the adjacent barrel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the drop deflections indicate that a + + align:start position:0% +the drop deflections indicate that a + + + align:start position:0% +the drop deflections indicate that a +large alternating voltage is building up + + align:start position:0% +large alternating voltage is building up + + + align:start position:0% +large alternating voltage is building up +spontaneously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have an unusual form of a three-phase + + align:start position:0% +we have an unusual form of a three-phase + + + align:start position:0% +we have an unusual form of a three-phase +high voltage generator his explanation + + align:start position:0% +high voltage generator his explanation + + + align:start position:0% +high voltage generator his explanation +may occur to you with a little thought + + align:start position:0% +may occur to you with a little thought + + + align:start position:0% +may occur to you with a little thought +as we study now the interactions of + + align:start position:0% +as we study now the interactions of + + + align:start position:0% +as we study now the interactions of +electric fields and moving media moving + + align:start position:0% +electric fields and moving media moving + + + align:start position:0% +electric fields and moving media moving +medium is ordinary water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +replace the ring at one kilovolt in + + align:start position:0% +replace the ring at one kilovolt in + + + align:start position:0% +replace the ring at one kilovolt in +potential at a short distance from the + + align:start position:0% +potential at a short distance from the + + + align:start position:0% +potential at a short distance from the +nozzle the Jets break into drops which + + align:start position:0% +nozzle the Jets break into drops which + + + align:start position:0% +nozzle the Jets break into drops which +we see here in slow motion the water + + align:start position:0% +we see here in slow motion the water + + + align:start position:0% +we see here in slow motion the water +jets are grounded and so charges on the + + align:start position:0% +jets are grounded and so charges on the + + + align:start position:0% +jets are grounded and so charges on the +ring induce image charges on the Jets as + + align:start position:0% +ring induce image charges on the Jets as + + + align:start position:0% +ring induce image charges on the Jets as +the drops pull away from the stream they + + align:start position:0% +the drops pull away from the stream they + + + align:start position:0% +the drops pull away from the stream they +do so with a net charge this charge is + + align:start position:0% +do so with a net charge this charge is + + + align:start position:0% +do so with a net charge this charge is +then transported to the pail where it + + align:start position:0% +then transported to the pail where it + + + align:start position:0% +then transported to the pail where it +adds to the charge from the preceding + + align:start position:0% +adds to the charge from the preceding + + + align:start position:0% +adds to the charge from the preceding +drops this sphere attached to a + + align:start position:0% +drops this sphere attached to a + + + align:start position:0% +drops this sphere attached to a +conductor can give an idea of the + + align:start position:0% +conductor can give an idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +conductor can give an idea of the +electric field intensity about thirty + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity about thirty + + + align:start position:0% +electric field intensity about thirty +kilovolts per centimeter is required to + + align:start position:0% +kilovolts per centimeter is required to + + + align:start position:0% +kilovolts per centimeter is required to +produce breakdown in air so we generate + + align:start position:0% +produce breakdown in air so we generate + + + align:start position:0% +produce breakdown in air so we generate +about 10 kilovolts beginning with + + align:start position:0% +about 10 kilovolts beginning with + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 kilovolts beginning with +charges induced by 2 510 volt batteries + + align:start position:0% +charges induced by 2 510 volt batteries + + + align:start position:0% +charges induced by 2 510 volt batteries +we have a voltage generator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the relaxation time and tap water is far + + align:start position:0% +the relaxation time and tap water is far + + + align:start position:0% +the relaxation time and tap water is far +less than a micro second this gives + + align:start position:0% +less than a micro second this gives + + + align:start position:0% +less than a micro second this gives +plenty of time for charge to accumulate + + align:start position:0% +plenty of time for charge to accumulate + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of time for charge to accumulate +on the drop as it forms for the free + + align:start position:0% +on the drop as it forms for the free + + + align:start position:0% +on the drop as it forms for the free +drop the relaxation time of the air is + + align:start position:0% +drop the relaxation time of the air is + + + align:start position:0% +drop the relaxation time of the air is +much greater than a second enough time + + align:start position:0% +much greater than a second enough time + + + align:start position:0% +much greater than a second enough time +for the drop to reach the pail with its + + align:start position:0% +for the drop to reach the pail with its + + + align:start position:0% +for the drop to reach the pail with its +charge the electric Reynolds number + + align:start position:0% +charge the electric Reynolds number + + + align:start position:0% +charge the electric Reynolds number +based on the properties of the air the + + align:start position:0% +based on the properties of the air the + + + align:start position:0% +based on the properties of the air the +distance of travel and the drop velocity + + align:start position:0% +distance of travel and the drop velocity + + + align:start position:0% +distance of travel and the drop velocity +is large in a high voltage Van de Graaff + + align:start position:0% +is large in a high voltage Van de Graaff + + + align:start position:0% +is large in a high voltage Van de Graaff +generator the falling drops are replaced + + align:start position:0% +generator the falling drops are replaced + + + align:start position:0% +generator the falling drops are replaced +by a moving insulating belt charges are + + align:start position:0% +by a moving insulating belt charges are + + + align:start position:0% +by a moving insulating belt charges are +placed on the belt by a corona source at + + align:start position:0% +placed on the belt by a corona source at + + + align:start position:0% +placed on the belt by a corona source at +the bottom they are removed at the top + + align:start position:0% +the bottom they are removed at the top + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom they are removed at the top +where they accumulate on the dome + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this small Van de Graaff generator can + + align:start position:0% +this small Van de Graaff generator can + + + align:start position:0% +this small Van de Graaff generator can +make 500,000 volts large modern + + align:start position:0% +make 500,000 volts large modern + + + align:start position:0% +make 500,000 volts large modern +electrostatic machines produce as high + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic machines produce as high + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic machines produce as high +as 10 million volts so far we've + + align:start position:0% +as 10 million volts so far we've + + + align:start position:0% +as 10 million volts so far we've +considered the effects of material + + align:start position:0% +considered the effects of material + + + align:start position:0% +considered the effects of material +motion on the electric field this + + align:start position:0% +motion on the electric field this + + + align:start position:0% +motion on the electric field this +experiment emphasizes what we've learned + + align:start position:0% +experiment emphasizes what we've learned + + + align:start position:0% +experiment emphasizes what we've learned +you'll want to explain it yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we placed a second stream of drops next + + align:start position:0% +we placed a second stream of drops next + + + align:start position:0% +we placed a second stream of drops next +to the one we were using a moment ago + + align:start position:0% +to the one we were using a moment ago + + + align:start position:0% +to the one we were using a moment ago +this stream also has its inducer + + align:start position:0% +this stream also has its inducer + + + align:start position:0% +this stream also has its inducer +electrode and a pail for catching the + + align:start position:0% +electrode and a pail for catching the + + + align:start position:0% +electrode and a pail for catching the +drops now however there is no external + + align:start position:0% +drops now however there is no external + + + align:start position:0% +drops now however there is no external +source of voltage on either inducer ring + + align:start position:0% +source of voltage on either inducer ring + + + align:start position:0% +source of voltage on either inducer ring +rather the Rings are connected to the + + align:start position:0% +rather the Rings are connected to the + + + align:start position:0% +rather the Rings are connected to the +pails of the opposite strings which + + align:start position:0% +pails of the opposite strings which + + + align:start position:0% +pails of the opposite strings which +causes them to charge spontaneously + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the electrical breakdown makes it clear + + align:start position:0% +the electrical breakdown makes it clear + + + align:start position:0% +the electrical breakdown makes it clear +that with no excitation this system + + align:start position:0% +that with no excitation this system + + + align:start position:0% +that with no excitation this system +generates about 20 kilovolts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kelvin's water drop experiment + + align:start position:0% +kelvin's water drop experiment + + + align:start position:0% +kelvin's water drop experiment +demonstrates for us that not only does + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates for us that not only does + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrates for us that not only does +the motion generate the electric field + + align:start position:0% +the motion generate the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +the motion generate the electric field +but that the field also has a strong + + align:start position:0% +but that the field also has a strong + + + align:start position:0% +but that the field also has a strong +influence on the motions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we bear in mind that the major + + align:start position:0% +if we bear in mind that the major + + + align:start position:0% +if we bear in mind that the major +constituents of this experiment air + + align:start position:0% +constituents of this experiment air + + + align:start position:0% +constituents of this experiment air +water drops and electric charges are + + align:start position:0% +water drops and electric charges are + + + align:start position:0% +water drops and electric charges are +also in the atmosphere is not difficult + + align:start position:0% +also in the atmosphere is not difficult + + + align:start position:0% +also in the atmosphere is not difficult +to imagine that the drop dynamics have a + + align:start position:0% +to imagine that the drop dynamics have a + + + align:start position:0% +to imagine that the drop dynamics have a +lot to do with lightning like our + + align:start position:0% +lot to do with lightning like our + + + align:start position:0% +lot to do with lightning like our +experiment thunderstorms are an electro + + align:start position:0% +experiment thunderstorms are an electro + + + align:start position:0% +experiment thunderstorms are an electro +hydrodynamic dynamo of course a much + + align:start position:0% +hydrodynamic dynamo of course a much + + + align:start position:0% +hydrodynamic dynamo of course a much +more complicated one than we have here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lord kelvins dynamo took yet another + + align:start position:0% +Lord kelvins dynamo took yet another + + + align:start position:0% +Lord kelvins dynamo took yet another +form in our introduction three streams + + align:start position:0% +form in our introduction three streams + + + align:start position:0% +form in our introduction three streams +with each inducer electrode attached to + + align:start position:0% +with each inducer electrode attached to + + + align:start position:0% +with each inducer electrode attached to +the barrel of a neighbor the alternating + + align:start position:0% +the barrel of a neighbor the alternating + + + align:start position:0% +the barrel of a neighbor the alternating +streams show that the fields are + + align:start position:0% +streams show that the fields are + + + align:start position:0% +streams show that the fields are +spontaneously building up this time the + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously building up this time the + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously building up this time the +voltage of each pail increases in an + + align:start position:0% +voltage of each pail increases in an + + + align:start position:0% +voltage of each pail increases in an +axillary fashion the arrangement of + + align:start position:0% +axillary fashion the arrangement of + + + align:start position:0% +axillary fashion the arrangement of +electrodes water and air is a + + align:start position:0% +electrodes water and air is a + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes water and air is a +three-phase AC dynamo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fJSSVcFhA0Y.txt b/fJSSVcFhA0Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60e978c6e2f8410e8929712bb118cd480a6d90fb --- /dev/null +++ b/fJSSVcFhA0Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6067 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any topic listed again + + align:start position:0% +any topic listed again + + + align:start position:0% +any topic listed again +trusses 1d finite elements gradov curl + + align:start position:0% +trusses 1d finite elements gradov curl + + + align:start position:0% +trusses 1d finite elements gradov curl +and I should have squeezed in X plus iy + + align:start position:0% +and I should have squeezed in X plus iy + + + align:start position:0% +and I should have squeezed in X plus iy +to the magic trick for finding solutions + + align:start position:0% +to the magic trick for finding solutions + + + align:start position:0% +to the magic trick for finding solutions +to Laplace's equation in 2d so those are + + align:start position:0% +to Laplace's equation in 2d so those are + + + align:start position:0% +to Laplace's equation in 2d so those are +all certainly topics that we that are in + + align:start position:0% +all certainly topics that we that are in + + + align:start position:0% +all certainly topics that we that are in +this part of the course we didn't really + + align:start position:0% +this part of the course we didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +this part of the course we didn't really +get to 3d I'm sorry about that where the + + align:start position:0% +get to 3d I'm sorry about that where the + + + align:start position:0% +get to 3d I'm sorry about that where the +curl comes in maybe I can say a few + + align:start position:0% +curl comes in maybe I can say a few + + + align:start position:0% +curl comes in maybe I can say a few +words about curl today anyway questions + + align:start position:0% +words about curl today anyway questions + + + align:start position:0% +words about curl today anyway questions +discussion yes thanks whoo let's see + + align:start position:0% +discussion yes thanks whoo let's see + + + align:start position:0% +discussion yes thanks whoo let's see +okay so a TA for a trust that's a good + + align:start position:0% +okay so a TA for a trust that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +okay so a TA for a trust that's a good +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +so tresses a TA I I guess I guess I + + align:start position:0% +so tresses a TA I I guess I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +so tresses a TA I I guess I guess I +don't know any magic tricks + + align:start position:0% +don't know any magic tricks + + + align:start position:0% +don't know any magic tricks +either so one way is to construct a for + + align:start position:0% +either so one way is to construct a for + + + align:start position:0% +either so one way is to construct a for +a transpose and then just multiply the + + align:start position:0% +a transpose and then just multiply the + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose and then just multiply the +second way to do it would be by the the + + align:start position:0% +second way to do it would be by the the + + + align:start position:0% +second way to do it would be by the the +4 by 4 bar element matrices that so go + + align:start position:0% +4 by 4 bar element matrices that so go + + + align:start position:0% +4 by 4 bar element matrices that so go +bar by bar so bar so 4 by 4 bar matrices + + align:start position:0% +bar by bar so bar so 4 by 4 bar matrices + + + align:start position:0% +bar by bar so bar so 4 by 4 bar matrices +4 by 4 so those are those are already in + + align:start position:0% +4 by 4 so those are those are already in + + + align:start position:0% +4 by 4 so those are those are already in +the a transpose a form there a like + + align:start position:0% +the a transpose a form there a like + + + align:start position:0% +the a transpose a form there a like +little a element a bar transpose a it + + align:start position:0% +little a element a bar transpose a it + + + align:start position:0% +little a element a bar transpose a it +should be a + + align:start position:0% +should be a + + + align:start position:0% +should be a +a element so those are but I don't know + + align:start position:0% +a element so those are but I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +a element so those are but I don't know +that that would be so and then you pop + + align:start position:0% +that that would be so and then you pop + + + align:start position:0% +that that would be so and then you pop +those into their correct places I don't + + align:start position:0% +those into their correct places I don't + + + align:start position:0% +those into their correct places I don't +think I know any great idea beyond that + + align:start position:0% +think I know any great idea beyond that + + + align:start position:0% +think I know any great idea beyond that +so I think you should really be ready to + + align:start position:0% +so I think you should really be ready to + + + align:start position:0% +so I think you should really be ready to +construct the matrix a yeah yeah for a + + align:start position:0% +construct the matrix a yeah yeah for a + + + align:start position:0% +construct the matrix a yeah yeah for a +reasonably small truss of course yeah + + align:start position:0% +reasonably small truss of course yeah + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably small truss of course yeah +yeah and and of course the other part of + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and of course the other part of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and of course the other part of +trusses the fun part is to be able to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recognize solutions to AU equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +recognize solutions to AU equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +recognize solutions to AU equals 0 +possibly by looking at the trust more + + align:start position:0% +possibly by looking at the trust more + + + align:start position:0% +possibly by looking at the trust more +than by solving a u equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +than by solving a u equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +than by solving a u equals 0 +yeah any particular example of a trust + + align:start position:0% +yeah any particular example of a trust + + + align:start position:0% +yeah any particular example of a trust +that I should look at just to pin this + + align:start position:0% +that I should look at just to pin this + + + align:start position:0% +that I should look at just to pin this +down any favorite trusses there was an + + align:start position:0% +down any favorite trusses there was an + + + align:start position:0% +down any favorite trusses there was an +exam question what was was it a + + align:start position:0% +exam question what was was it a + + + align:start position:0% +exam question what was was it a +complicated trust or let's just create a + + align:start position:0% +complicated trust or let's just create a + + + align:start position:0% +complicated trust or let's just create a +trust and just think about it maybe I + + align:start position:0% +trust and just think about it maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +trust and just think about it maybe I +won't create the whole matrix a here's a + + align:start position:0% +won't create the whole matrix a here's a + + + align:start position:0% +won't create the whole matrix a here's a +truss how's that for a trust so it's got + + align:start position:0% +truss how's that for a trust so it's got + + + align:start position:0% +truss how's that for a trust so it's got +so-so and let me put no supports on it + + align:start position:0% +so-so and let me put no supports on it + + + align:start position:0% +so-so and let me put no supports on it +just just there's a trust to think about + + align:start position:0% +just just there's a trust to think about + + + align:start position:0% +just just there's a trust to think about +probably we won't get to the gory all + + align:start position:0% +probably we won't get to the gory all + + + align:start position:0% +probably we won't get to the gory all +the gory details but let's if you look + + align:start position:0% +the gory details but let's if you look + + + align:start position:0% +the gory details but let's if you look +at that trust what's the shape of a + + align:start position:0% +at that trust what's the shape of a + + + align:start position:0% +at that trust what's the shape of a +shape of a of the matrix a I have a row + + align:start position:0% +shape of a of the matrix a I have a row + + + align:start position:0% +shape of a of the matrix a I have a row +for every bar so 1 2 3 4 5 and how many + + align:start position:0% +for every bar so 1 2 3 4 5 and how many + + + align:start position:0% +for every bar so 1 2 3 4 5 and how many +columns of I got how many unknown used + + align:start position:0% +columns of I got how many unknown used + + + align:start position:0% +columns of I got how many unknown used +unknown displacements have I got 8 2 4 6 + + align:start position:0% +unknown displacements have I got 8 2 4 6 + + + align:start position:0% +unknown displacements have I got 8 2 4 6 +8 so I would expect + + align:start position:0% +8 so I would expect + + + align:start position:0% +8 so I would expect +au equals zero would probably have how + + align:start position:0% +au equals zero would probably have how + + + align:start position:0% +au equals zero would probably have how +many independent solutions three three + + align:start position:0% +many independent solutions three three + + + align:start position:0% +many independent solutions three three +you don't know the exact rank that's + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the exact rank that's + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the exact rank that's +exactly true it could be more than there + + align:start position:0% +exactly true it could be more than there + + + align:start position:0% +exactly true it could be more than there +could be more than three right so tube + + align:start position:0% +could be more than three right so tube + + + align:start position:0% +could be more than three right so tube +really pin it down you'd have to be sure + + align:start position:0% +really pin it down you'd have to be sure + + + align:start position:0% +really pin it down you'd have to be sure +you were right about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so three at least and I guess here you + + align:start position:0% +so three at least and I guess here you + + + align:start position:0% +so three at least and I guess here you +could tell me the three three solutions + + align:start position:0% +could tell me the three three solutions + + + align:start position:0% +could tell me the three three solutions +to AU equals zero three rigid motions I + + align:start position:0% +to AU equals zero three rigid motions I + + + align:start position:0% +to AU equals zero three rigid motions I +could translate it to the right I could + + align:start position:0% +could translate it to the right I could + + + align:start position:0% +could translate it to the right I could +translate it up and you would know what + + align:start position:0% +translate it up and you would know what + + + align:start position:0% +translate it up and you would know what +the U is so you translating to the right + + align:start position:0% +the U is so you translating to the right + + + align:start position:0% +the U is so you translating to the right +would be one zero one zero one zero one + + align:start position:0% +would be one zero one zero one zero one + + + align:start position:0% +would be one zero one zero one zero one +zero right that's horizontal motion all + + align:start position:0% +zero right that's horizontal motion all + + + align:start position:0% +zero right that's horizontal motion all +the same rigid motion and we should + + align:start position:0% +the same rigid motion and we should + + + align:start position:0% +the same rigid motion and we should +certainly discover that if we created a + + align:start position:0% +certainly discover that if we created a + + + align:start position:0% +certainly discover that if we created a +for this trust at AU was zero and + + align:start position:0% +for this trust at AU was zero and + + + align:start position:0% +for this trust at AU was zero and +similarly vertical motion and the third + + align:start position:0% +similarly vertical motion and the third + + + align:start position:0% +similarly vertical motion and the third +one would be rotation rotation yeah a + + align:start position:0% +one would be rotation rotation yeah a + + + align:start position:0% +one would be rotation rotation yeah a +rotation so if I did the rotation around + + align:start position:0% +rotation so if I did the rotation around + + + align:start position:0% +rotation so if I did the rotation around +there for example this guy would this + + align:start position:0% +there for example this guy would this + + + align:start position:0% +there for example this guy would this +you would also be this would be a 1 0 + + align:start position:0% +you would also be this would be a 1 0 + + + align:start position:0% +you would also be this would be a 1 0 +here this wouldn't move so this I'm + + align:start position:0% +here this wouldn't move so this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here this wouldn't move so this I'm +putting in the 4 pieces that would go + + align:start position:0% +putting in the 4 pieces that would go + + + align:start position:0% +putting in the 4 pieces that would go +into you this one what would be the you + + align:start position:0% +into you this one what would be the you + + + align:start position:0% +into you this one what would be the you +for this the displacement of that corner + + align:start position:0% +for this the displacement of that corner + + + align:start position:0% +for this the displacement of that corner +of the of the truss in a in a rotation + + align:start position:0% +of the of the truss in a in a rotation + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the truss in a in a rotation +so my rotation is just swing this whole + + align:start position:0% +so my rotation is just swing this whole + + + align:start position:0% +so my rotation is just swing this whole +thing around zero zero negative one I + + align:start position:0% +thing around zero zero negative one I + + + align:start position:0% +thing around zero zero negative one I +think right because it's not gonna go + + align:start position:0% +think right because it's not gonna go + + + align:start position:0% +think right because it's not gonna go +out it's gonna go straight down zero + + align:start position:0% +out it's gonna go straight down zero + + + align:start position:0% +out it's gonna go straight down zero +negative one and what do you think this + + align:start position:0% +negative one and what do you think this + + + align:start position:0% +negative one and what do you think this +guy is 1 negative 1 let's see it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +guy is 1 negative 1 let's see it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +guy is 1 negative 1 let's see it's gonna +go this way so it's going to go forward + + align:start position:0% +go this way so it's going to go forward + + + align:start position:0% +go this way so it's going to go forward +and down and I think you're right 1 and + + align:start position:0% +and down and I think you're right 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +and down and I think you're right 1 and +negative 1 + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 +yeah yeah I think that would be right ya + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I think that would be right ya + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I think that would be right ya +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +the the trust we could check each bar + + align:start position:0% +the the trust we could check each bar + + + align:start position:0% +the the trust we could check each bar +should yeah that bar for example should + + align:start position:0% +should yeah that bar for example should + + + align:start position:0% +should yeah that bar for example should +not change length because it the + + align:start position:0% +not change length because it the + + + align:start position:0% +not change length because it the +movement is perpendicular to the bar and + + align:start position:0% +movement is perpendicular to the bar and + + + align:start position:0% +movement is perpendicular to the bar and +and I'm writing ones but I really should + + align:start position:0% +and I'm writing ones but I really should + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm writing ones but I really should +write some much smaller number like + + align:start position:0% +write some much smaller number like + + + align:start position:0% +write some much smaller number like +point one everywhere or something just + + align:start position:0% +point one everywhere or something just + + + align:start position:0% +point one everywhere or something just +so that this isn't a very big angle and + + align:start position:0% +so that this isn't a very big angle and + + + align:start position:0% +so that this isn't a very big angle and +it wouldn't change length to a first + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't change length to a first + + + align:start position:0% +it wouldn't change length to a first +order yeah yeah so that's maybe a an + + align:start position:0% +order yeah yeah so that's maybe a an + + + align:start position:0% +order yeah yeah so that's maybe a an +example where we see the motions but we + + align:start position:0% +example where we see the motions but we + + + align:start position:0% +example where we see the motions but we +didn't actually create a and we should + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually create a and we should + + + align:start position:0% +didn't actually create a and we should +be able to create a don't let me prevent + + align:start position:0% +be able to create a don't let me prevent + + + align:start position:0% +be able to create a don't let me prevent +you from thinking about a yeah well + + align:start position:0% +you from thinking about a yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +you from thinking about a yeah well +that's a good question and after many + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question and after many + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question and after many +years I figured out that there once it's + + align:start position:0% +years I figured out that there once it's + + + align:start position:0% +years I figured out that there once it's +a very good question let's just see why + + align:start position:0% +a very good question let's just see why + + + align:start position:0% +a very good question let's just see why +this guy is let's look at this bar to be + + align:start position:0% +this guy is let's look at this bar to be + + + align:start position:0% +this guy is let's look at this bar to be +sure it's not stretched right so this + + align:start position:0% +sure it's not stretched right so this + + + align:start position:0% +sure it's not stretched right so this +this guy is moving over by one and this + + align:start position:0% +this guy is moving over by one and this + + + align:start position:0% +this guy is moving over by one and this +also by one is my claim and then this + + align:start position:0% +also by one is my claim and then this + + + align:start position:0% +also by one is my claim and then this +movement down doesn't stretch it to + + align:start position:0% +movement down doesn't stretch it to + + + align:start position:0% +movement down doesn't stretch it to +first order yeah yeah so I needed I + + align:start position:0% +first order yeah yeah so I needed I + + + align:start position:0% +first order yeah yeah so I needed I +needed to make those guys say yeah I + + align:start position:0% +needed to make those guys say yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +needed to make those guys say yeah I +guess what I figured out is that if + + align:start position:0% +guess what I figured out is that if + + + align:start position:0% +guess what I figured out is that if +you're rotating around here then it's + + align:start position:0% +you're rotating around here then it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're rotating around here then it's +the yeah somehow it's the X and why is + + align:start position:0% +the yeah somehow it's the X and why is + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah somehow it's the X and why is +that anyway whatever + + align:start position:0% +that anyway whatever + + + align:start position:0% +that anyway whatever +maybe yeah that's it so that gives us a + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah that's it so that gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe yeah that's it so that gives us a +chance to do a specific example Yeah + + align:start position:0% +chance to do a specific example Yeah + + + align:start position:0% +chance to do a specific example Yeah +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +good okay but I've dodged the creation + + align:start position:0% +good okay but I've dodged the creation + + + align:start position:0% +good okay but I've dodged the creation +of a just yeah thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that sorry the solution to a + + align:start position:0% +so that sorry the solution to a + + + align:start position:0% +so that sorry the solution to a +transpose a yeah I see okay so the + + align:start position:0% +transpose a yeah I see okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a yeah I see okay so the +reason I stopped here was that a + + align:start position:0% +reason I stopped here was that a + + + align:start position:0% +reason I stopped here was that a +transpose a will be singular so I + + align:start position:0% +transpose a will be singular so I + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a will be singular so I +wouldn't like go ahead go forward to a + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't like go ahead go forward to a + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't like go ahead go forward to a +transpose au equal F but but if I put on + + align:start position:0% +transpose au equal F but but if I put on + + + align:start position:0% +transpose au equal F but but if I put on +some supports and of course now oh good + + align:start position:0% +some supports and of course now oh good + + + align:start position:0% +some supports and of course now oh good +so now I have how many what is what's + + align:start position:0% +so now I have how many what is what's + + + align:start position:0% +so now I have how many what is what's +now the shape of a four this one I now + + align:start position:0% +now the shape of a four this one I now + + + align:start position:0% +now the shape of a four this one I now +have this bar is now forget it right + + align:start position:0% +have this bar is now forget it right + + + align:start position:0% +have this bar is now forget it right +this this bar is just between two + + align:start position:0% +this this bar is just between two + + + align:start position:0% +this this bar is just between two +supports so if if we put it in the + + align:start position:0% +supports so if if we put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +supports so if if we put it in the +matrix it'll just be a row of zeros + + align:start position:0% +matrix it'll just be a row of zeros + + + align:start position:0% +matrix it'll just be a row of zeros +nothing will happen and we're better off + + align:start position:0% +nothing will happen and we're better off + + + align:start position:0% +nothing will happen and we're better off +to just knock it out so I think now I + + align:start position:0% +to just knock it out so I think now I + + + align:start position:0% +to just knock it out so I think now I +have one I now have four bars and how + + align:start position:0% +have one I now have four bars and how + + + align:start position:0% +have one I now have four bars and how +many unknowns for two there and two + + align:start position:0% +many unknowns for two there and two + + + align:start position:0% +many unknowns for two there and two +there and you guess that it's stable + + align:start position:0% +there and you guess that it's stable + + + align:start position:0% +there and you guess that it's stable +that truss + + align:start position:0% +that truss + + + align:start position:0% +that truss +yeah that looks stable to me so the four + + align:start position:0% +yeah that looks stable to me so the four + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that looks stable to me so the four +by four matrix would be invertible and + + align:start position:0% +by four matrix would be invertible and + + + align:start position:0% +by four matrix would be invertible and +then i could solve good you're good + + align:start position:0% +then i could solve good you're good + + + align:start position:0% +then i could solve good you're good +point then a would be four by four a + + align:start position:0% +point then a would be four by four a + + + align:start position:0% +point then a would be four by four a +transpose would be four by four C would + + align:start position:0% +transpose would be four by four C would + + + align:start position:0% +transpose would be four by four C would +be four by four in between this is the + + align:start position:0% +be four by four in between this is the + + + align:start position:0% +be four by four in between this is the +case that I gave the name for this case + + align:start position:0% +case that I gave the name for this case + + + align:start position:0% +case that I gave the name for this case +when I have a square matrix do you + + align:start position:0% +when I have a square matrix do you + + + align:start position:0% +when I have a square matrix do you +remember the name just for the hell of + + align:start position:0% +remember the name just for the hell of + + + align:start position:0% +remember the name just for the hell of +it statically determinate its + + align:start position:0% +it statically determinate its + + + align:start position:0% +it statically determinate its +determinate because each step determines + + align:start position:0% +determinate because each step determines + + + align:start position:0% +determinate because each step determines +everything completely normally I have if + + align:start position:0% +everything completely normally I have if + + + align:start position:0% +everything completely normally I have if +I have another bar there now it would be + + align:start position:0% +I have another bar there now it would be + + + align:start position:0% +I have another bar there now it would be +five by four and now I really have to do + + align:start position:0% +five by four and now I really have to do + + + align:start position:0% +five by four and now I really have to do +the a transpose C a to get to a four by + + align:start position:0% +the a transpose C a to get to a four by + + + align:start position:0% +the a transpose C a to get to a four by +four invertible by itself a would not be + + align:start position:0% +four invertible by itself a would not be + + + align:start position:0% +four invertible by itself a would not be +invertible yeah yeah this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +invertible yeah yeah this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +invertible yeah yeah this is this is a +more typical case where you really have + + align:start position:0% +more typical case where you really have + + + align:start position:0% +more typical case where you really have +to put all three together + + align:start position:0% +to put all three together + + + align:start position:0% +to put all three together +right yeah I hope you enjoyed the + + align:start position:0% +right yeah I hope you enjoyed the + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah I hope you enjoyed the +trusses part and and continue to enjoy + + align:start position:0% +trusses part and and continue to enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +trusses part and and continue to enjoy +them this evening right and then then + + align:start position:0% +them this evening right and then then + + + align:start position:0% +them this evening right and then then +forget right okay I'll just keep moving + + align:start position:0% +forget right okay I'll just keep moving + + + align:start position:0% +forget right okay I'll just keep moving +to be sure that we cover any other + + align:start position:0% +to be sure that we cover any other + + + align:start position:0% +to be sure that we cover any other +topics yeah thanks for this matrix for + + align:start position:0% +topics yeah thanks for this matrix for + + + align:start position:0% +topics yeah thanks for this matrix for +that trust oh my god okay let me see + + align:start position:0% +that trust oh my god okay let me see + + + align:start position:0% +that trust oh my god okay let me see +that can I do one row okay of course you + + align:start position:0% +that can I do one row okay of course you + + + align:start position:0% +that can I do one row okay of course you +guys are responsible for a much more of + + align:start position:0% +guys are responsible for a much more of + + + align:start position:0% +guys are responsible for a much more of +it all right which row shall I do which + + align:start position:0% +it all right which row shall I do which + + + align:start position:0% +it all right which row shall I do which +bar a diagonal bar I knew you'd make a + + align:start position:0% +bar a diagonal bar I knew you'd make a + + + align:start position:0% +bar a diagonal bar I knew you'd make a +like you could make up quizzes and and I + + align:start position:0% +like you could make up quizzes and and I + + + align:start position:0% +like you could make up quizzes and and I +could just sit back here okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +could just sit back here okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +could just sit back here okay so let's +take this diagonal bar all right and + + align:start position:0% +take this diagonal bar all right and + + + align:start position:0% +take this diagonal bar all right and +then we're going to keep that supported + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to keep that supported + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to keep that supported +or not do you want to keep it supported + + align:start position:0% +or not do you want to keep it supported + + + align:start position:0% +or not do you want to keep it supported +okay so in this case then that end is + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this case then that end is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this case then that end is +not moving so this will be in this this + + align:start position:0% +not moving so this will be in this this + + + align:start position:0% +not moving so this will be in this this +bar corresponds to a row of a and how + + align:start position:0% +bar corresponds to a row of a and how + + + align:start position:0% +bar corresponds to a row of a and how +many non-zeroes will I expect in that + + align:start position:0% +many non-zeroes will I expect in that + + + align:start position:0% +many non-zeroes will I expect in that +row just two normally four but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +row just two normally four but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +row just two normally four but I'm not +getting any motion down here so it would + + align:start position:0% +getting any motion down here so it would + + + align:start position:0% +getting any motion down here so it would +just be two and if that's 45 degrees + + align:start position:0% +just be two and if that's 45 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +just be two and if that's 45 degrees +should we say then that role I think + + align:start position:0% +should we say then that role I think + + + align:start position:0% +should we say then that role I think +would be what well okay we're demise + + align:start position:0% +would be what well okay we're demise + + + align:start position:0% +would be what well okay we're demise +non-zeros appear this is know number one + + align:start position:0% +non-zeros appear this is know number one + + + align:start position:0% +non-zeros appear this is know number one +with an H and a V so I think we have + + align:start position:0% +with an H and a V so I think we have + + + align:start position:0% +with an H and a V so I think we have +zeros if if that bar stretches you know + + align:start position:0% +zeros if if that bar stretches you know + + + align:start position:0% +zeros if if that bar stretches you know +the difference the connection between + + align:start position:0% +the difference the connection between + + + align:start position:0% +the difference the connection between +displacement and stretching of this bar + + align:start position:0% +displacement and stretching of this bar + + + align:start position:0% +displacement and stretching of this bar +does not involve this guy so I think + + align:start position:0% +does not involve this guy so I think + + + align:start position:0% +does not involve this guy so I think +it's zero and zero there and now what + + align:start position:0% +it's zero and zero there and now what + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero and zero there and now what +else is it there so now come the real + + align:start position:0% +else is it there so now come the real + + + align:start position:0% +else is it there so now come the real +numbers which I believe to be cosine and + + align:start position:0% +numbers which I believe to be cosine and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers which I believe to be cosine and +sine of that angle because if I write + + align:start position:0% +sine of that angle because if I write + + + align:start position:0% +sine of that angle because if I write +how how much does that bar stretch yeah + + align:start position:0% +how how much does that bar stretch yeah + + + align:start position:0% +how how much does that bar stretch yeah +if I I know that I'm looking for a + + align:start position:0% +if I I know that I'm looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +if I I know that I'm looking for a +cosine and a sine and if this goes + + align:start position:0% +cosine and a sine and if this goes + + + align:start position:0% +cosine and a sine and if this goes +positively + + align:start position:0% +positively + + + align:start position:0% +positively +then the bar does stretch if this goes + + align:start position:0% +then the bar does stretch if this goes + + + align:start position:0% +then the bar does stretch if this goes +positively that does stretch the bar so + + align:start position:0% +positively that does stretch the bar so + + + align:start position:0% +positively that does stretch the bar so +I'm expecting positive numbers there + + align:start position:0% +I'm expecting positive numbers there + + + align:start position:0% +I'm expecting positive numbers there +like the cosine square root of 2 over 2 + + align:start position:0% +like the cosine square root of 2 over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +like the cosine square root of 2 over 2 +and the sine square root of 2 over 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I dodged the bullet of of getting + + align:start position:0% +well I dodged the bullet of of getting + + + align:start position:0% +well I dodged the bullet of of getting +the whole matrix but maybe that would do + + align:start position:0% +the whole matrix but maybe that would do + + + align:start position:0% +the whole matrix but maybe that would do +it that's why don't we do this top one + + align:start position:0% +it that's why don't we do this top one + + + align:start position:0% +it that's why don't we do this top one +yeah tell me the top the first if that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah tell me the top the first if that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah tell me the top the first if that's +bar one what would be the first row of + + align:start position:0% +bar one what would be the first row of + + + align:start position:0% +bar one what would be the first row of +the matrix okay it involves both of + + align:start position:0% +the matrix okay it involves both of + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix okay it involves both of +these nodes but the angle is zero so + + align:start position:0% +these nodes but the angle is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +these nodes but the angle is zero so +that's gonna be a little special so what + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna be a little special so what + + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna be a little special so what +what would this bar if this goes out + + align:start position:0% +what would this bar if this goes out + + + align:start position:0% +what would this bar if this goes out +horizontally that's oh yeah I should + + align:start position:0% +horizontally that's oh yeah I should + + + align:start position:0% +horizontally that's oh yeah I should +really start with the first one + + align:start position:0% +really start with the first one + + + align:start position:0% +really start with the first one +if this goes horizontally it compresses + + align:start position:0% +if this goes horizontally it compresses + + + align:start position:0% +if this goes horizontally it compresses +the bar I think we get a minus one there + + align:start position:0% +the bar I think we get a minus one there + + + align:start position:0% +the bar I think we get a minus one there +if it goes vertically that doesn't do + + align:start position:0% +if it goes vertically that doesn't do + + + align:start position:0% +if it goes vertically that doesn't do +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +if this goes horizontally it does do + + align:start position:0% +if this goes horizontally it does do + + + align:start position:0% +if this goes horizontally it does do +something if it goes vertically + + align:start position:0% +something if it goes vertically + + + align:start position:0% +something if it goes vertically +vertically it doesn't I'd say that's the + + align:start position:0% +vertically it doesn't I'd say that's the + + + align:start position:0% +vertically it doesn't I'd say that's the +that would be the row of the matrix + + align:start position:0% +that would be the row of the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that would be the row of the matrix +coming from the top that would give me + + align:start position:0% +coming from the top that would give me + + + align:start position:0% +coming from the top that would give me +the stretching you remember I'm always + + align:start position:0% +the stretching you remember I'm always + + + align:start position:0% +the stretching you remember I'm always +gonna I think I'm multiplying this by + + align:start position:0% +gonna I think I'm multiplying this by + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I think I'm multiplying this by +you I think you're multiplying that by u + + align:start position:0% +you I think you're multiplying that by u + + + align:start position:0% +you I think you're multiplying that by u +1h u 1 V u 2h u 2 V and this top row + + align:start position:0% +1h u 1 V u 2h u 2 V and this top row + + + align:start position:0% +1h u 1 V u 2h u 2 V and this top row +should give me u 2h minus u 1 H which is + + align:start position:0% +should give me u 2h minus u 1 H which is + + + align:start position:0% +should give me u 2h minus u 1 H which is +the this is the stretch in bar 1 yeah + + align:start position:0% +the this is the stretch in bar 1 yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the this is the stretch in bar 1 yeah +yeah yep so that would be a typical one + + align:start position:0% +yeah yep so that would be a typical one + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yep so that would be a typical one +this would be these typical of one where + + align:start position:0% +this would be these typical of one where + + + align:start position:0% +this would be these typical of one where +I do see a cosine and a sine and if I + + align:start position:0% +I do see a cosine and a sine and if I + + + align:start position:0% +I do see a cosine and a sine and if I +took let me just finally add suppose + + align:start position:0% +took let me just finally add suppose + + + align:start position:0% +took let me just finally add suppose +this was not supported + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay suppose that's not supported now + + align:start position:0% +okay suppose that's not supported now + + + align:start position:0% +okay suppose that's not supported now +I've got a couple more columns to + + align:start position:0% +I've got a couple more columns to + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a couple more columns to +squeeze in maybe I can somehow do it + + align:start position:0% +squeeze in maybe I can somehow do it + + + align:start position:0% +squeeze in maybe I can somehow do it +here can I squeeze into two more columns + + align:start position:0% +here can I squeeze into two more columns + + + align:start position:0% +here can I squeeze into two more columns +so so what can you complete the top row + + align:start position:0% +so so what can you complete the top row + + + align:start position:0% +so so what can you complete the top row +of the matrix now I've got six columns + + align:start position:0% +of the matrix now I've got six columns + + + align:start position:0% +of the matrix now I've got six columns +because here's two here's two here's two + + align:start position:0% +because here's two here's two here's two + + + align:start position:0% +because here's two here's two here's two +more what's what goes in the top row of + + align:start position:0% +more what's what goes in the top row of + + + align:start position:0% +more what's what goes in the top row of +the matrix now zeros because this is not + + align:start position:0% +the matrix now zeros because this is not + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix now zeros because this is not +affected by bar one but it is affected + + align:start position:0% +affected by bar one but it is affected + + + align:start position:0% +affected by bar one but it is affected +by this bar so it's going to show up in + + align:start position:0% +by this bar so it's going to show up in + + + align:start position:0% +by this bar so it's going to show up in +this row and how will it show up two + + align:start position:0% +this row and how will it show up two + + + align:start position:0% +this row and how will it show up two +negatives right a negative cosine and a + + align:start position:0% +negatives right a negative cosine and a + + + align:start position:0% +negatives right a negative cosine and a +negative sign and at 45 degrees I can't + + align:start position:0% +negative sign and at 45 degrees I can't + + + align:start position:0% +negative sign and at 45 degrees I can't +tell the difference yeah yeah because + + align:start position:0% +tell the difference yeah yeah because + + + align:start position:0% +tell the difference yeah yeah because +because if these move forward that + + align:start position:0% +because if these move forward that + + + align:start position:0% +because if these move forward that +compresses the bar so the minus sign so + + align:start position:0% +compresses the bar so the minus sign so + + + align:start position:0% +compresses the bar so the minus sign so +again the rows add up to zero as we + + align:start position:0% +again the rows add up to zero as we + + + align:start position:0% +again the rows add up to zero as we +expect when when the bar is not touching + + align:start position:0% +expect when when the bar is not touching + + + align:start position:0% +expect when when the bar is not touching +a support this is not touching a support + + align:start position:0% +a support this is not touching a support + + + align:start position:0% +a support this is not touching a support +so the rows so it adds up to zero yeah + + align:start position:0% +so the rows so it adds up to zero yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so the rows so it adds up to zero yeah +okay it's yeah you will have a trust + + align:start position:0% +okay it's yeah you will have a trust + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's yeah you will have a trust +problem this evening but not a big messy + + align:start position:0% +problem this evening but not a big messy + + + align:start position:0% +problem this evening but not a big messy +one how about finite elements you guys + + align:start position:0% +one how about finite elements you guys + + + align:start position:0% +one how about finite elements you guys +do you like finite elements I'm so + + align:start position:0% +do you like finite elements I'm so + + + align:start position:0% +do you like finite elements I'm so +hoping to make them attractive hi I + + align:start position:0% +hoping to make them attractive hi I + + + align:start position:0% +hoping to make them attractive hi I +noticed a problem just to give us some + + align:start position:0% +noticed a problem just to give us some + + + align:start position:0% +noticed a problem just to give us some +specific one to work on I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +specific one to work on I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +specific one to work on I don't remember +that it was a homework problem + + align:start position:0% +that it was a homework problem + + + align:start position:0% +that it was a homework problem +this is section 3.1 number 18 asks about + + align:start position:0% +this is section 3.1 number 18 asks about + + + align:start position:0% +this is section 3.1 number 18 asks about +the equation u double prime equals zero + + align:start position:0% +the equation u double prime equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +the equation u double prime equals zero +well we've we've talked about it in + + align:start position:0% +well we've we've talked about it in + + + align:start position:0% +well we've we've talked about it in +class with the with U of 0 equals 0 but + + align:start position:0% +class with the with U of 0 equals 0 but + + + align:start position:0% +class with the with U of 0 equals 0 but +u prime of slope equals 0 at the other + + align:start position:0% +u prime of slope equals 0 at the other + + + align:start position:0% +u prime of slope equals 0 at the other +end so what's the picture if I use + + align:start position:0% +end so what's the picture if I use + + + align:start position:0% +end so what's the picture if I use +linear elements I don't remember how + + align:start position:0% +linear elements I don't remember how + + + align:start position:0% +linear elements I don't remember how +many used in the problem well it allows + + align:start position:0% +many used in the problem well it allows + + + align:start position:0% +many used in the problem well it allows +you to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in interior guys 1 2 up to n and then + + align:start position:0% +in interior guys 1 2 up to n and then + + + align:start position:0% +in interior guys 1 2 up to n and then +another this will come in or that's the + + align:start position:0% +another this will come in or that's the + + + align:start position:0% +another this will come in or that's the +point okay so what's the finite element + + align:start position:0% +point okay so what's the finite element + + + align:start position:0% +point okay so what's the finite element +method finite element matrix K for this + + align:start position:0% +method finite element matrix K for this + + + align:start position:0% +method finite element matrix K for this +so I want to do linear elements and I + + align:start position:0% +so I want to do linear elements and I + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to do linear elements and I +want to construct K and yeah I guess oh + + align:start position:0% +want to construct K and yeah I guess oh + + + align:start position:0% +want to construct K and yeah I guess oh +yeah I haven't actually made anything + + align:start position:0% +yeah I haven't actually made anything + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I haven't actually made anything +happened to this problem all zeroes is + + align:start position:0% +happened to this problem all zeroes is + + + align:start position:0% +happened to this problem all zeroes is +kind of slow going you will be the + + align:start position:0% +kind of slow going you will be the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of slow going you will be the +solution will certainly be 0 so maybe I + + align:start position:0% +solution will certainly be 0 so maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +solution will certainly be 0 so maybe I +better put in a load here to make to get + + align:start position:0% +better put in a load here to make to get + + + align:start position:0% +better put in a load here to make to get +some action ok well yeah so I proposed + + align:start position:0% +some action ok well yeah so I proposed + + + align:start position:0% +some action ok well yeah so I proposed +this question but now is is that is this + + align:start position:0% +this question but now is is that is this + + + align:start position:0% +this question but now is is that is this +a question to think about I think that's + + align:start position:0% +a question to think about I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +a question to think about I think that's +a reasonable example to to do it's got + + align:start position:0% +a reasonable example to to do it's got + + + align:start position:0% +a reasonable example to to do it's got +the two types of boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +the two types of boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +the two types of boundary conditions +it's got the right hand side F it's got + + align:start position:0% +it's got the right hand side F it's got + + + align:start position:0% +it's got the right hand side F it's got +linear elements which means it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +linear elements which means it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +linear elements which means it's kind of +doable in a in by hand and and we kind + + align:start position:0% +doable in a in by hand and and we kind + + + align:start position:0% +doable in a in by hand and and we kind +of know what matrix to expect out of it + + align:start position:0% +of know what matrix to expect out of it + + + align:start position:0% +of know what matrix to expect out of it +what matrix do we expect what do I + + align:start position:0% +what matrix do we expect what do I + + + align:start position:0% +what matrix do we expect what do I +expect out of linear elements you + + align:start position:0% +expect out of linear elements you + + + align:start position:0% +expect out of linear elements you +remember the point about linear elements + + align:start position:0% +remember the point about linear elements + + + align:start position:0% +remember the point about linear elements +on equally spaced meshes that debt just + + align:start position:0% +on equally spaced meshes that debt just + + + align:start position:0% +on equally spaced meshes that debt just +brought back our regular difference + + align:start position:0% +brought back our regular difference + + + align:start position:0% +brought back our regular difference +matrices so I'm expecting this to the + + align:start position:0% +matrices so I'm expecting this to the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so I'm expecting this to the +stiffness matrix to be a difference + + align:start position:0% +stiffness matrix to be a difference + + + align:start position:0% +stiffness matrix to be a difference +matrix anyway the point of this question + + align:start position:0% +matrix anyway the point of this question + + + align:start position:0% +matrix anyway the point of this question +is ok I have a hat function I have a hat + + align:start position:0% +is ok I have a hat function I have a hat + + + align:start position:0% +is ok I have a hat function I have a hat +function I have a hat function a hat + + align:start position:0% +function I have a hat function a hat + + + align:start position:0% +function I have a hat function a hat +function and is that the end those my is + + align:start position:0% +function and is that the end those my is + + + align:start position:0% +function and is that the end those my is +that the complete list of my trial + + align:start position:0% +that the complete list of my trial + + + align:start position:0% +that the complete list of my trial +functions one more right because + + align:start position:0% +functions one more right because + + + align:start position:0% +functions one more right because +this condition is I don't all my trial + + align:start position:0% +this condition is I don't all my trial + + + align:start position:0% +this condition is I don't all my trial +and test functions don't have to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +and test functions don't have to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +and test functions don't have to satisfy +this so I'm allowed and should have + + align:start position:0% +this so I'm allowed and should have + + + align:start position:0% +this so I'm allowed and should have +another guy there a half hat for that + + align:start position:0% +another guy there a half hat for that + + + align:start position:0% +another guy there a half hat for that +for that one that you may say don't let + + align:start position:0% +for that one that you may say don't let + + + align:start position:0% +for that one that you may say don't let +that clown into the into the finite + + align:start position:0% +that clown into the into the finite + + + align:start position:0% +that clown into the into the finite +element space but I think it should be + + align:start position:0% +element space but I think it should be + + + align:start position:0% +element space but I think it should be +the the solution won't use much of it + + align:start position:0% +the the solution won't use much of it + + + align:start position:0% +the the solution won't use much of it +because the solution is going to aim for + + align:start position:0% +because the solution is going to aim for + + + align:start position:0% +because the solution is going to aim for +zero slope but it's going to need a + + align:start position:0% +zero slope but it's going to need a + + + align:start position:0% +zero slope but it's going to need a +little but you see why it needs a little + + align:start position:0% +little but you see why it needs a little + + + align:start position:0% +little but you see why it needs a little +bit something here because this thing + + align:start position:0% +bit something here because this thing + + + align:start position:0% +bit something here because this thing +has sloped down so if there's some of + + align:start position:0% +has sloped down so if there's some of + + + align:start position:0% +has sloped down so if there's some of +that in there + + align:start position:0% +that in there + + + align:start position:0% +that in there +there better be somebody else to to not + + align:start position:0% +there better be somebody else to to not + + + align:start position:0% +there better be somebody else to to not +to cancel it if our approximation is + + align:start position:0% +to cancel it if our approximation is + + + align:start position:0% +to cancel it if our approximation is +going to have about zero slope okay so + + align:start position:0% +going to have about zero slope okay so + + + align:start position:0% +going to have about zero slope okay so +then can you construct the matrix K + + align:start position:0% +then can you construct the matrix K + + + align:start position:0% +then can you construct the matrix K +let's see can what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +let's see can what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see can what's the what's the +two-three entry so that so if I call + + align:start position:0% +two-three entry so that so if I call + + + align:start position:0% +two-three entry so that so if I call +this number one this number two I've + + align:start position:0% +this number one this number two I've + + + align:start position:0% +this number one this number two I've +already numbered so number two number + + align:start position:0% +already numbered so number two number + + + align:start position:0% +already numbered so number two number +three so that trial function against + + align:start position:0% +three so that trial function against + + + align:start position:0% +three so that trial function against +that one + + align:start position:0% +that one + + + align:start position:0% +that one +what do I what's my formula for the + + align:start position:0% +what do I what's my formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +what do I what's my formula for the +two-three entry of the stiffness matrix + + align:start position:0% +two-three entry of the stiffness matrix + + + align:start position:0% +two-three entry of the stiffness matrix +it's some integral right and what do I + + align:start position:0% +it's some integral right and what do I + + + align:start position:0% +it's some integral right and what do I +integrate I integrate yeah now we kind + + align:start position:0% +integrate I integrate yeah now we kind + + + align:start position:0% +integrate I integrate yeah now we kind +of have to remember so I do and yeah my + + align:start position:0% +of have to remember so I do and yeah my + + + align:start position:0% +of have to remember so I do and yeah my +weak form I've I've integrated by parts + + align:start position:0% +weak form I've I've integrated by parts + + + align:start position:0% +weak form I've I've integrated by parts +so my weak form is the integral of U + + align:start position:0% +so my weak form is the integral of U + + + align:start position:0% +so my weak form is the integral of U +prime V prime DX equals the integral of + + align:start position:0% +prime V prime DX equals the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +prime V prime DX equals the integral of +F times V DX that's my weak form I did + + align:start position:0% +F times V DX that's my weak form I did + + + align:start position:0% +F times V DX that's my weak form I did +to integration by parts and the + + align:start position:0% +to integration by parts and the + + + align:start position:0% +to integration by parts and the +integrated term will go away because of + + align:start position:0% +integrated term will go away because of + + + align:start position:0% +integrated term will go away because of +those zeros okay so k23 will come from + + align:start position:0% +those zeros okay so k23 will come from + + + align:start position:0% +those zeros okay so k23 will come from +this side when i'm using v2 and v3 + + align:start position:0% +this side when i'm using v2 and v3 + + + align:start position:0% +this side when i'm using v2 and v3 +because I'm taking the fees + + align:start position:0% +because I'm taking the fees + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm taking the fees +to the fees and the v's both the same + + align:start position:0% +to the fees and the v's both the same + + + align:start position:0% +to the fees and the v's both the same +hat functions so feet okay so what do I + + align:start position:0% +hat functions so feet okay so what do I + + + align:start position:0% +hat functions so feet okay so what do I +get for that v2 prime is so where is + + align:start position:0% +get for that v2 prime is so where is + + + align:start position:0% +get for that v2 prime is so where is +this is this is it and it overlaps this + + align:start position:0% +this is this is it and it overlaps this + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is it and it overlaps this +one so when it overlaps this v2 is + + align:start position:0% +one so when it overlaps this v2 is + + + align:start position:0% +one so when it overlaps this v2 is +coming down and fee 3 is going up and + + align:start position:0% +coming down and fee 3 is going up and + + + align:start position:0% +coming down and fee 3 is going up and +the slope is 1 over n put one over is 1 + + align:start position:0% +the slope is 1 over n put one over is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the slope is 1 over n put one over is 1 +over H let's say so I think I'm + + align:start position:0% +over H let's say so I think I'm + + + align:start position:0% +over H let's say so I think I'm +integrating us a negative slope is that + + align:start position:0% +integrating us a negative slope is that + + + align:start position:0% +integrating us a negative slope is that +right times a positive slope and I'm + + align:start position:0% +right times a positive slope and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right times a positive slope and I'm +really only integrating it over one H + + align:start position:0% +really only integrating it over one H + + + align:start position:0% +really only integrating it over one H +interval the two overlap only here where + + align:start position:0% +interval the two overlap only here where + + + align:start position:0% +interval the two overlap only here where +this this one's coming down and that + + align:start position:0% +this this one's coming down and that + + + align:start position:0% +this this one's coming down and that +one's going up so I think the X and the + + align:start position:0% +one's going up so I think the X and the + + + align:start position:0% +one's going up so I think the X and the +great thing is of course we have a + + align:start position:0% +great thing is of course we have a + + + align:start position:0% +great thing is of course we have a +constant so I have minus 1 over H + + align:start position:0% +constant so I have minus 1 over H + + + align:start position:0% +constant so I have minus 1 over H +squared times H I think minus 1 over 8 + + align:start position:0% +squared times H I think minus 1 over 8 + + + align:start position:0% +squared times H I think minus 1 over 8 +that would be K 2 3 yeah that's that's + + align:start position:0% +that would be K 2 3 yeah that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +that would be K 2 3 yeah that's that's +this that's a simple example and then at + + align:start position:0% +this that's a simple example and then at + + + align:start position:0% +this that's a simple example and then at +the end we we will we will see it will + + align:start position:0% +the end we we will we will see it will + + + align:start position:0% +the end we we will we will see it will +see the this one I think we'll get some + + align:start position:0% +see the this one I think we'll get some + + + align:start position:0% +see the this one I think we'll get some +make some matrix will have this 1 over H + + align:start position:0% +make some matrix will have this 1 over H + + + align:start position:0% +make some matrix will have this 1 over H +outside I think we'll have something + + align:start position:0% +outside I think we'll have something + + + align:start position:0% +outside I think we'll have something +like 2 minus 1 2 minus 1 minus 1 and + + align:start position:0% +like 2 minus 1 2 minus 1 minus 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +like 2 minus 1 2 minus 1 minus 1 and +then only a 1 from the 1/2 hat I think + + align:start position:0% +then only a 1 from the 1/2 hat I think + + + align:start position:0% +then only a 1 from the 1/2 hat I think +that's so it would be that matrix that + + align:start position:0% +that's so it would be that matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +that's so it would be that matrix that +would be K I think maybe with more + + align:start position:0% +would be K I think maybe with more + + + align:start position:0% +would be K I think maybe with more +greater size if we have a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +greater size if we have a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +greater size if we have a whole bunch of +elements but that pattern are you you're + + align:start position:0% +elements but that pattern are you you're + + + align:start position:0% +elements but that pattern are you you're +pretty much into this yeah I mean we're + + align:start position:0% +pretty much into this yeah I mean we're + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much into this yeah I mean we're +doing a lot in this course you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot in this course you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +doing a lot in this course you know I'm +really grateful you guys stay with it + + align:start position:0% +really grateful you guys stay with it + + + align:start position:0% +really grateful you guys stay with it +and capture these new ideas through + + align:start position:0% +and capture these new ideas through + + + align:start position:0% +and capture these new ideas through +doing exercises and so on because + + align:start position:0% +doing exercises and so on because + + + align:start position:0% +doing exercises and so on because +there's a lot a lot here well I thought + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot a lot here well I thought + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot a lot here well I thought +I'd put an example up to open up just to + + align:start position:0% +I'd put an example up to open up just to + + + align:start position:0% +I'd put an example up to open up just to +remind you what that's what that + + align:start position:0% +remind you what that's what that + + + align:start position:0% +remind you what that's what that +language is about there and to be ready + + align:start position:0% +language is about there and to be ready + + + align:start position:0% +language is about there and to be ready +for any question in that in that topic + + align:start position:0% +for any question in that in that topic + + + align:start position:0% +for any question in that in that topic +or any question whatever so I so I + + align:start position:0% +or any question whatever so I so I + + + align:start position:0% +or any question whatever so I so I +jumped in with finite elements but I'm + + align:start position:0% +jumped in with finite elements but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +jumped in with finite elements but I'm +ready to also to talk about this that + + align:start position:0% +ready to also to talk about this that + + + align:start position:0% +ready to also to talk about this that +area of the course yeah X plus iy stuff + + align:start position:0% +area of the course yeah X plus iy stuff + + + align:start position:0% +area of the course yeah X plus iy stuff +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +basically any function of X plus iy yeah + + align:start position:0% +basically any function of X plus iy yeah + + + align:start position:0% +basically any function of X plus iy yeah +any function so strictly yeah I mean a + + align:start position:0% +any function so strictly yeah I mean a + + + align:start position:0% +any function so strictly yeah I mean a +mathematician would say what any + + align:start position:0% +mathematician would say what any + + + align:start position:0% +mathematician would say what any +function that's that's you've opened the + + align:start position:0% +function that's that's you've opened the + + + align:start position:0% +function that's that's you've opened the +door to two crazy things saying that so + + align:start position:0% +door to two crazy things saying that so + + + align:start position:0% +door to two crazy things saying that so +what I really mean is we have these + + align:start position:0% +what I really mean is we have these + + + align:start position:0% +what I really mean is we have these +powers of X plus iy and then we have + + align:start position:0% +powers of X plus iy and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +powers of X plus iy and then we have +combinations of them so the only + + align:start position:0% +combinations of them so the only + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of them so the only +requirement would be that if I want to + + align:start position:0% +requirement would be that if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +requirement would be that if I want to +take an infinite combination it should + + align:start position:0% +take an infinite combination it should + + + align:start position:0% +take an infinite combination it should +the series should add up to something if + + align:start position:0% +the series should add up to something if + + + align:start position:0% +the series should add up to something if +it has a nice Taylor series then that's + + align:start position:0% +it has a nice Taylor series then that's + + + align:start position:0% +it has a nice Taylor series then that's +what the world is those are the best + + align:start position:0% +what the world is those are the best + + + align:start position:0% +what the world is those are the best +functions there are functions with nice + + align:start position:0% +functions there are functions with nice + + + align:start position:0% +functions there are functions with nice +Taylor series I'll just say let me use + + align:start position:0% +Taylor series I'll just say let me use + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor series I'll just say let me use +those words suppose I suppose I take + + align:start position:0% +those words suppose I suppose I take + + + align:start position:0% +those words suppose I suppose I take +that function there's a function that's + + align:start position:0% +that function there's a function that's + + + align:start position:0% +that function there's a function that's +a function Z is X plus iy but Z is + + align:start position:0% +a function Z is X plus iy but Z is + + + align:start position:0% +a function Z is X plus iy but Z is +shorter too right what so it's not a + + align:start position:0% +shorter too right what so it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +shorter too right what so it's not a +polynomial obviously but it is a + + align:start position:0% +polynomial obviously but it is a + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial obviously but it is a +function of X plus iy what well tell me + + align:start position:0% +function of X plus iy what well tell me + + + align:start position:0% +function of X plus iy what well tell me +this where does that function go wrong + + align:start position:0% +this where does that function go wrong + + + align:start position:0% +this where does that function go wrong +so e to the Z is a function that never + + align:start position:0% +so e to the Z is a function that never + + + align:start position:0% +so e to the Z is a function that never +goes wrong right e to the X e to the Z + + align:start position:0% +goes wrong right e to the X e to the Z + + + align:start position:0% +goes wrong right e to the X e to the Z +that series always converges + + align:start position:0% +that series always converges + + + align:start position:0% +that series always converges +what's the C oh yeah can you tell me + + align:start position:0% +what's the C oh yeah can you tell me + + + align:start position:0% +what's the C oh yeah can you tell me +this series that if I if I expand that + + align:start position:0% +this series that if I if I expand that + + + align:start position:0% +this series that if I if I expand that +in a series what series am I looking at + + align:start position:0% +in a series what series am I looking at + + + align:start position:0% +in a series what series am I looking at +you guys this is not on the exam so to + + align:start position:0% +you guys this is not on the exam so to + + + align:start position:0% +you guys this is not on the exam so to +speak but but it's do you know 1 over 1 + + align:start position:0% +speak but but it's do you know 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +speak but but it's do you know 1 over 1 +plus something what's the series for + + align:start position:0% +plus something what's the series for + + + align:start position:0% +plus something what's the series for +that let me + + align:start position:0% +that let me + + + align:start position:0% +that let me +well the constant term when Z is 0 is + + align:start position:0% +well the constant term when Z is 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +well the constant term when Z is 0 is +certainly a 1 I think the trick it's + + align:start position:0% +certainly a 1 I think the trick it's + + + align:start position:0% +certainly a 1 I think the trick it's +just this geometric series and because + + align:start position:0% +just this geometric series and because + + + align:start position:0% +just this geometric series and because +it's a Z squared it's it's that that + + align:start position:0% +it's a Z squared it's it's that that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a Z squared it's it's that that +would be the the geometric series with + + align:start position:0% +would be the the geometric series with + + + align:start position:0% +would be the the geometric series with +constant ratio Z squared if I multiply + + align:start position:0% +constant ratio Z squared if I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +constant ratio Z squared if I multiply +that by that 1 plus Z squared times that + + align:start position:0% +that by that 1 plus Z squared times that + + + align:start position:0% +that by that 1 plus Z squared times that +everything go cancel and I'll get the + + align:start position:0% +everything go cancel and I'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +everything go cancel and I'll get the +one that's it so there is a Taylor + + align:start position:0% +one that's it so there is a Taylor + + + align:start position:0% +one that's it so there is a Taylor +series for this function now the reason + + align:start position:0% +series for this function now the reason + + + align:start position:0% +series for this function now the reason +I chose that example is you could tell + + align:start position:0% +I chose that example is you could tell + + + align:start position:0% +I chose that example is you could tell +me it doesn't converge if Z is too large + + align:start position:0% +me it doesn't converge if Z is too large + + + align:start position:0% +me it doesn't converge if Z is too large +right is this is this an analytic + + align:start position:0% +right is this is this an analytic + + + align:start position:0% +right is this is this an analytic +function is this a good is this a where + + align:start position:0% +function is this a good is this a where + + + align:start position:0% +function is this a good is this a where +is this a good function and where does + + align:start position:0% +is this a good function and where does + + + align:start position:0% +is this a good function and where does +it have problems if Z is less than 1 and + + align:start position:0% +it have problems if Z is less than 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +it have problems if Z is less than 1 and +and I really mean magnitude of Z so here + + align:start position:0% +and I really mean magnitude of Z so here + + + align:start position:0% +and I really mean magnitude of Z so here +let me draw the Z plane here's the real + + align:start position:0% +let me draw the Z plane here's the real + + + align:start position:0% +let me draw the Z plane here's the real +part of Z that you usually call X and + + align:start position:0% +part of Z that you usually call X and + + + align:start position:0% +part of Z that you usually call X and +the imaginary part of Z that you usually + + align:start position:0% +the imaginary part of Z that you usually + + + align:start position:0% +the imaginary part of Z that you usually +call Y because Z is X plus iy and where + + align:start position:0% +call Y because Z is X plus iy and where + + + align:start position:0% +call Y because Z is X plus iy and where +will this series converge it will + + align:start position:0% +will this series converge it will + + + align:start position:0% +will this series converge it will +converge out as far as this circle it + + align:start position:0% +converge out as far as this circle it + + + align:start position:0% +converge out as far as this circle it +started it so it's this is the Taylor + + align:start position:0% +started it so it's this is the Taylor + + + align:start position:0% +started it so it's this is the Taylor +series around zero right the constant + + align:start position:0% +series around zero right the constant + + + align:start position:0% +series around zero right the constant +term I found at Z equals zero then then + + align:start position:0% +term I found at Z equals zero then then + + + align:start position:0% +term I found at Z equals zero then then +that series this function is great it's + + align:start position:0% +that series this function is great it's + + + align:start position:0% +that series this function is great it's +an analytic function there the + + align:start position:0% +an analytic function there the + + + align:start position:0% +an analytic function there the +everything all are it gives us a + + align:start position:0% +everything all are it gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +everything all are it gives us a +solution to Laplace's accessory + + align:start position:0% +solution to Laplace's accessory + + + align:start position:0% +solution to Laplace's accessory +the real and imaginary parts of that + + align:start position:0% +the real and imaginary parts of that + + + align:start position:0% +the real and imaginary parts of that +will be the the U and the S that solve + + align:start position:0% +will be the the U and the S that solve + + + align:start position:0% +will be the the U and the S that solve +Laplace's equation out to at least in + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation out to at least in + + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation out to at least in +this circle but something + + align:start position:0% +this circle but something + + + align:start position:0% +this circle but something +you know there's a problem at the edge + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a problem at the edge + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a problem at the edge +of the circle now here's my point if if + + align:start position:0% +of the circle now here's my point if if + + + align:start position:0% +of the circle now here's my point if if +I if I think of 1 over 1 plus x squared + + align:start position:0% +I if I think of 1 over 1 plus x squared + + + align:start position:0% +I if I think of 1 over 1 plus x squared +look at that for a minute that function + + align:start position:0% +look at that for a minute that function + + + align:start position:0% +look at that for a minute that function +has no problems at all right 1 over 1 + + align:start position:0% +has no problems at all right 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +has no problems at all right 1 over 1 +plus x squared you can let X be anything + + align:start position:0% +plus x squared you can let X be anything + + + align:start position:0% +plus x squared you can let X be anything +it's you know no trouble but 1 over 1 + + align:start position:0% +it's you know no trouble but 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know no trouble but 1 over 1 +plus Z squared when we look in the + + align:start position:0% +plus Z squared when we look in the + + + align:start position:0% +plus Z squared when we look in the +complex plane now we find a problem and + + align:start position:0% +complex plane now we find a problem and + + + align:start position:0% +complex plane now we find a problem and +where is a problem with this function at + + align:start position:0% +where is a problem with this function at + + + align:start position:0% +where is a problem with this function at +Z equal so everybody looking at this guy + + align:start position:0% +Z equal so everybody looking at this guy + + + align:start position:0% +Z equal so everybody looking at this guy +there's a problem with that function at + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem with that function at + + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem with that function at +Z equal I and it happens to be no not an + + align:start position:0% +Z equal I and it happens to be no not an + + + align:start position:0% +Z equal I and it happens to be no not an +accident it's right there on the circle + + align:start position:0% +accident it's right there on the circle + + + align:start position:0% +accident it's right there on the circle +it's hiding in the complex you know it's + + align:start position:0% +it's hiding in the complex you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's hiding in the complex you know it's +not on the real axis so the real person + + align:start position:0% +not on the real axis so the real person + + + align:start position:0% +not on the real axis so the real person +didn't notice it but the complex person + + align:start position:0% +didn't notice it but the complex person + + + align:start position:0% +didn't notice it but the complex person +said ah that's the problem it's a + + align:start position:0% +said ah that's the problem it's a + + + align:start position:0% +said ah that's the problem it's a +singularity there and of course it's + + align:start position:0% +singularity there and of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +singularity there and of course it's +called a pole and people in oh so many + + align:start position:0% +called a pole and people in oh so many + + + align:start position:0% +called a pole and people in oh so many +parts of science are interested in that + + align:start position:0% +parts of science are interested in that + + + align:start position:0% +parts of science are interested in that +is there any other place that there's a + + align:start position:0% +is there any other place that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +is there any other place that there's a +problem at minus i as when Z is minus I + + align:start position:0% +problem at minus i as when Z is minus I + + + align:start position:0% +problem at minus i as when Z is minus I +will also get a problem so this is a + + align:start position:0% +will also get a problem so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +will also get a problem so this is a +function with two poles the those two + + align:start position:0% +function with two poles the those two + + + align:start position:0% +function with two poles the those two +poles and they're the they're the reason + + align:start position:0% +poles and they're the they're the reason + + + align:start position:0% +poles and they're the they're the reason +that the series couldn't make it if + + align:start position:0% +that the series couldn't make it if + + + align:start position:0% +that the series couldn't make it if +going out this way the series doesn't + + align:start position:0% +going out this way the series doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +going out this way the series doesn't +meet any problems but the series always + + align:start position:0% +meet any problems but the series always + + + align:start position:0% +meet any problems but the series always +goes out in a circle and the sir the + + align:start position:0% +goes out in a circle and the sir the + + + align:start position:0% +goes out in a circle and the sir the +first circle the first guy the first + + align:start position:0% +first circle the first guy the first + + + align:start position:0% +first circle the first guy the first +problem it hits the series stops + + align:start position:0% +problem it hits the series stops + + + align:start position:0% +problem it hits the series stops +converging yeah if I by the way let me + + align:start position:0% +converging yeah if I by the way let me + + + align:start position:0% +converging yeah if I by the way let me +let me ask you a question suppose I + + align:start position:0% +let me ask you a question suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +let me ask you a question suppose I +instead did the Taylor series around + + align:start position:0% +instead did the Taylor series around + + + align:start position:0% +instead did the Taylor series around +this point now what do you mean what do + + align:start position:0% +this point now what do you mean what do + + + align:start position:0% +this point now what do you mean what do +I mean by that's that's the point one + + align:start position:0% +I mean by that's that's the point one + + + align:start position:0% +I mean by that's that's the point one +let's say what do I mean by that the + + align:start position:0% +let's say what do I mean by that the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say what do I mean by that the +Taylor series around one I'll rewrite + + align:start position:0% +Taylor series around one I'll rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor series around one I'll rewrite +the function as 1 plus oh now what do I + + align:start position:0% +the function as 1 plus oh now what do I + + + align:start position:0% +the function as 1 plus oh now what do I +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +I want to zoom I wanted it in Z minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +I want to zoom I wanted it in Z minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I want to zoom I wanted it in Z minus 1 +squared oh gosh + + align:start position:0% +squared oh gosh + + + align:start position:0% +squared oh gosh +I'm getting I'm getting beyond what you + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting I'm getting beyond what you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting I'm getting beyond what you +care about again if if my if I expanded + + align:start position:0% +care about again if if my if I expanded + + + align:start position:0% +care about again if if my if I expanded +if I wrote a power series and powers of + + align:start position:0% +if I wrote a power series and powers of + + + align:start position:0% +if I wrote a power series and powers of +Z minus one what circle would it would + + align:start position:0% +Z minus one what circle would it would + + + align:start position:0% +Z minus one what circle would it would +it work in and then I'll stop with this + + align:start position:0% +it work in and then I'll stop with this + + + align:start position:0% +it work in and then I'll stop with this +example the circle would reach out until + + align:start position:0% +example the circle would reach out until + + + align:start position:0% +example the circle would reach out until +it hit a pole and it can't make it past + + align:start position:0% +it hit a pole and it can't make it past + + + align:start position:0% +it hit a pole and it can't make it past +that pole so it would it would be a + + align:start position:0% +that pole so it would it would be a + + + align:start position:0% +that pole so it would it would be a +circle of radius square root of two + + align:start position:0% +circle of radius square root of two + + + align:start position:0% +circle of radius square root of two +there would be a circle there if we were + + align:start position:0% +there would be a circle there if we were + + + align:start position:0% +there would be a circle there if we were +going to discuss and this is really + + align:start position:0% +going to discuss and this is really + + + align:start position:0% +going to discuss and this is really +chapter 5 of the book I mention it + + align:start position:0% +chapter 5 of the book I mention it + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 5 of the book I mention it +because you know you've got a book that + + align:start position:0% +because you know you've got a book that + + + align:start position:0% +because you know you've got a book that +explains this the if I thought the + + align:start position:0% +explains this the if I thought the + + + align:start position:0% +explains this the if I thought the +center of the universe was there and + + align:start position:0% +center of the universe was there and + + + align:start position:0% +center of the universe was there and +then the poles are still here they'll + + align:start position:0% +then the poles are still here they'll + + + align:start position:0% +then the poles are still here they'll +the circle will make it out to those + + align:start position:0% +the circle will make it out to those + + + align:start position:0% +the circle will make it out to those +poles so I can do Taylor series I can + + align:start position:0% +poles so I can do Taylor series I can + + + align:start position:0% +poles so I can do Taylor series I can +sort of hook together Taylor series all + + align:start position:0% +sort of hook together Taylor series all + + + align:start position:0% +sort of hook together Taylor series all +over the place and they'll all quit when + + align:start position:0% +over the place and they'll all quit when + + + align:start position:0% +over the place and they'll all quit when +they reach a pole but when I put all + + align:start position:0% +they reach a pole but when I put all + + + align:start position:0% +they reach a pole but when I put all +those circles together I can get all the + + align:start position:0% +those circles together I can get all the + + + align:start position:0% +those circles together I can get all the +rest of the plane yeah ok so that's + + align:start position:0% +rest of the plane yeah ok so that's + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the plane yeah ok so that's +something about I don't know how I got + + align:start position:0% +something about I don't know how I got + + + align:start position:0% +something about I don't know how I got +onto that department but it's amazing + + align:start position:0% +onto that department but it's amazing + + + align:start position:0% +onto that department but it's amazing +this so of the real and imaginary parts + + align:start position:0% +this so of the real and imaginary parts + + + align:start position:0% +this so of the real and imaginary parts +of that would be a flow would give me a + + align:start position:0% +of that would be a flow would give me a + + + align:start position:0% +of that would be a flow would give me a +flow I don't know if I'd be easy to + + align:start position:0% +flow I don't know if I'd be easy to + + + align:start position:0% +flow I don't know if I'd be easy to +compute it or not maybe I won't tackle + + align:start position:0% +compute it or not maybe I won't tackle + + + align:start position:0% +compute it or not maybe I won't tackle +that here but yeah we could find the + + align:start position:0% +that here but yeah we could find the + + + align:start position:0% +that here but yeah we could find the +real part of that and the imaginary part + + align:start position:0% +real part of that and the imaginary part + + + align:start position:0% +real part of that and the imaginary part +of that and we would have genuine flow + + align:start position:0% +of that and we would have genuine flow + + + align:start position:0% +of that and we would have genuine flow +field satisfying Laplace's equation with + + align:start position:0% +field satisfying Laplace's equation with + + + align:start position:0% +field satisfying Laplace's equation with +the two orthogonal the streamlines + + align:start position:0% +the two orthogonal the streamlines + + + align:start position:0% +the two orthogonal the streamlines +orthogonal to the equipotential that we + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to the equipotential that we + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to the equipotential that we +could totally do that example right ok + + align:start position:0% +could totally do that example right ok + + + align:start position:0% +could totally do that example right ok +let me yeah thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well this sort of stuff but you + + align:start position:0% +yeah well this sort of stuff but you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well this sort of stuff but you +would be the pits right yeah so when a + + align:start position:0% +would be the pits right yeah so when a + + + align:start position:0% +would be the pits right yeah so when a +test question would be something like + + align:start position:0% +test question would be something like + + + align:start position:0% +test question would be something like +one way or another you would end up with + + align:start position:0% +one way or another you would end up with + + + align:start position:0% +one way or another you would end up with +a u and an S and the U Plus is if + + align:start position:0% +a u and an S and the U Plus is if + + + align:start position:0% +a u and an S and the U Plus is if +they're good pair would be some function + + align:start position:0% +they're good pair would be some function + + + align:start position:0% +they're good pair would be some function +of this magic Z yeah yeah yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +of this magic Z yeah yeah yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +of this magic Z yeah yeah yeah that's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so so you know whatever we know examples + + align:start position:0% +so so you know whatever we know examples + + + align:start position:0% +so so you know whatever we know examples +of course for example this could be x + + align:start position:0% +of course for example this could be x + + + align:start position:0% +of course for example this could be x +squared minus y squared and the S that + + align:start position:0% +squared minus y squared and the S that + + + align:start position:0% +squared minus y squared and the S that +goes with that is 2xy and the function + + align:start position:0% +goes with that is 2xy and the function + + + align:start position:0% +goes with that is 2xy and the function +that's involved there when I throw in + + align:start position:0% +that's involved there when I throw in + + + align:start position:0% +that's involved there when I throw in +the I is simply a Z squared okay that + + align:start position:0% +the I is simply a Z squared okay that + + + align:start position:0% +the I is simply a Z squared okay that +would be an example where the real and + + align:start position:0% +would be an example where the real and + + + align:start position:0% +would be an example where the real and +imaginary parts of this give us the good + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts of this give us the good + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts of this give us the good +you it's good friend s and the the + + align:start position:0% +you it's good friend s and the the + + + align:start position:0% +you it's good friend s and the the +picture of streamlines and equipotential + + align:start position:0% +picture of streamlines and equipotential + + + align:start position:0% +picture of streamlines and equipotential +'s meeting at right angles just a + + align:start position:0% +'s meeting at right angles just a + + + align:start position:0% +'s meeting at right angles just a +beautiful picture all coming out of this + + align:start position:0% +beautiful picture all coming out of this + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful picture all coming out of this +function so probably the quiz will have + + align:start position:0% +function so probably the quiz will have + + + align:start position:0% +function so probably the quiz will have +some other function yeah yeah but you'll + + align:start position:0% +some other function yeah yeah but you'll + + + align:start position:0% +some other function yeah yeah but you'll +still have a U and an S and and a + + align:start position:0% +still have a U and an S and and a + + + align:start position:0% +still have a U and an S and and a +function of X plus iy so if it's not + + align:start position:0% +function of X plus iy so if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +function of X plus iy so if it's not +this one which I don't think it is you + + align:start position:0% +this one which I don't think it is you + + + align:start position:0% +this one which I don't think it is you +know it won't be it won't be this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes because first of all I wouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +yes because first of all I wouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +yes because first of all I wouldn't have +mentioned it if I was and secondly + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it if I was and secondly + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it if I was and secondly +that's a little too messy I think to get + + align:start position:0% +that's a little too messy I think to get + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little too messy I think to get +a good handle of connect you know to + + align:start position:0% +a good handle of connect you know to + + + align:start position:0% +a good handle of connect you know to +take the real imaginary parts of that + + align:start position:0% +take the real imaginary parts of that + + + align:start position:0% +take the real imaginary parts of that +it's not impossible of course we could + + align:start position:0% +it's not impossible of course we could + + + align:start position:0% +it's not impossible of course we could +we could completely do it there'd be + + align:start position:0% +we could completely do it there'd be + + + align:start position:0% +we could completely do it there'd be +some ratio of of two polynomials here we + + align:start position:0% +some ratio of of two polynomials here we + + + align:start position:0% +some ratio of of two polynomials here we +have just simple polynomials right okay + + align:start position:0% +have just simple polynomials right okay + + + align:start position:0% +have just simple polynomials right okay +does that help with that question yeah + + align:start position:0% +does that help with that question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +does that help with that question yeah +what else is on your mind any thoughts + + align:start position:0% +what else is on your mind any thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +what else is on your mind any thoughts +yeah thanks + + align:start position:0% +yeah thanks + + + align:start position:0% +yeah thanks +curl okay well so I didn't really do + + align:start position:0% +curl okay well so I didn't really do + + + align:start position:0% +curl okay well so I didn't really do +three dimensions so but the curl is + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions so but the curl is + + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions so but the curl is +important but we and we did see in two + + align:start position:0% +important but we and we did see in two + + + align:start position:0% +important but we and we did see in two +dimensions the key the key fact that + + align:start position:0% +dimensions the key the key fact that + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions the key the key fact that +that that that all this stuff let me + + align:start position:0% +that that that all this stuff let me + + + align:start position:0% +that that that all this stuff let me +just write down what the great + + align:start position:0% +just write down what the great + + + align:start position:0% +just write down what the great +connections are between these cuz I + + align:start position:0% +connections are between these cuz I + + + align:start position:0% +connections are between these cuz I +can't let the whole semester go without + + align:start position:0% +can't let the whole semester go without + + + align:start position:0% +can't let the whole semester go without +writing down that what is it the group + + align:start position:0% +writing down that what is it the group + + + align:start position:0% +writing down that what is it the group +is it the curl of a gradient the curl of + + align:start position:0% +is it the curl of a gradient the curl of + + + align:start position:0% +is it the curl of a gradient the curl of +any gradient of U is always zero + + align:start position:0% +any gradient of U is always zero + + + align:start position:0% +any gradient of U is always zero +whatever it is whatever u is and the and + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is whatever u is and the and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is whatever u is and the and +this comes from let me put the other one + + align:start position:0% +this comes from let me put the other one + + + align:start position:0% +this comes from let me put the other one +down and then I'll just say Y the other + + align:start position:0% +down and then I'll just say Y the other + + + align:start position:0% +down and then I'll just say Y the other +one is like the transpose of this one so + + align:start position:0% +one is like the transpose of this one so + + + align:start position:0% +one is like the transpose of this one so +if I transpose so this is the 0 operator + + align:start position:0% +if I transpose so this is the 0 operator + + + align:start position:0% +if I transpose so this is the 0 operator +curl times gradient gives the zero so if + + align:start position:0% +curl times gradient gives the zero so if + + + align:start position:0% +curl times gradient gives the zero so if +I just transpose I still have zero so a + + align:start position:0% +I just transpose I still have zero so a + + + align:start position:0% +I just transpose I still have zero so a +transpose gradient I have minus + + align:start position:0% +transpose gradient I have minus + + + align:start position:0% +transpose gradient I have minus +divergence and actually if I transpose + + align:start position:0% +divergence and actually if I transpose + + + align:start position:0% +divergence and actually if I transpose +curl I get curl again of any now I + + align:start position:0% +curl I get curl again of any now I + + + align:start position:0% +curl I get curl again of any now I +should put in what should what should + + align:start position:0% +should put in what should what should + + + align:start position:0% +should put in what should what should +the curl act on it acts on a W I guess + + align:start position:0% +the curl act on it acts on a W I guess + + + align:start position:0% +the curl act on it acts on a W I guess +no I like divergence W attacks on an S + + align:start position:0% +no I like divergence W attacks on an S + + + align:start position:0% +no I like divergence W attacks on an S +sorry yeah okay and the minus sign of + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah okay and the minus sign of + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah okay and the minus sign of +course isn't going to matter because + + align:start position:0% +course isn't going to matter because + + + align:start position:0% +course isn't going to matter because +I've got a zero on the right-hand side + + align:start position:0% +I've got a zero on the right-hand side + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a zero on the right-hand side +so s yeah so if I take any field yeah I + + align:start position:0% +so s yeah so if I take any field yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +so s yeah so if I take any field yeah I +mean this is like real proper vector + + align:start position:0% +mean this is like real proper vector + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is like real proper vector +calculus to check these these are right + + align:start position:0% +calculus to check these these are right + + + align:start position:0% +calculus to check these these are right +I call them identities and I maybe + + align:start position:0% +I call them identities and I maybe + + + align:start position:0% +I call them identities and I maybe +sometimes people indicate an identity + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people indicate an identity + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people indicate an identity +meaning it's always true for every u or + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's always true for every u or + + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's always true for every u or +for every s they'll use a triple equal + + align:start position:0% +for every s they'll use a triple equal + + + align:start position:0% +for every s they'll use a triple equal +sign just to say they're really equal + + align:start position:0% +sign just to say they're really equal + + + align:start position:0% +sign just to say they're really equal +okay so and we could we could define the + + align:start position:0% +okay so and we could we could define the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so and we could we could define the +curl or but you've met it elsewhere and + + align:start position:0% +curl or but you've met it elsewhere and + + + align:start position:0% +curl or but you've met it elsewhere and +maybe this isn't the time to do that + + align:start position:0% +maybe this isn't the time to do that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this isn't the time to do that +what was the what's the key fact the key + + align:start position:0% +what was the what's the key fact the key + + + align:start position:0% +what was the what's the key fact the key +little math business that makes all + + align:start position:0% +little math business that makes all + + + align:start position:0% +little math business that makes all +these true so there's a sort of math + + align:start position:0% +these true so there's a sort of math + + + align:start position:0% +these true so there's a sort of math +math a formal math fact that makes them + + align:start position:0% +math a formal math fact that makes them + + + align:start position:0% +math a formal math fact that makes them +true and then there's the physical + + align:start position:0% +true and then there's the physical + + + align:start position:0% +true and then there's the physical +understanding of gradients being you + + align:start position:0% +understanding of gradients being you + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of gradients being you +know directions out with no rotation so + + align:start position:0% +know directions out with no rotation so + + + align:start position:0% +know directions out with no rotation so +there's a physical understanding of that + + align:start position:0% +there's a physical understanding of that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a physical understanding of that +but the math the formal math fact is the + + align:start position:0% +but the math the formal math fact is the + + + align:start position:0% +but the math the formal math fact is the +fact that the second derivative of u + + align:start position:0% +fact that the second derivative of u + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the second derivative of u +with respect to x and y is equal to what + + align:start position:0% +with respect to x and y is equal to what + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to x and y is equal to what +it's equal the second derivative with + + align:start position:0% +it's equal the second derivative with + + + align:start position:0% +it's equal the second derivative with +respect to Y and X yep yeah so you would + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y and X yep yeah so you would + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Y and X yep yeah so you would +find if you wrote out all the terms here + + align:start position:0% +find if you wrote out all the terms here + + + align:start position:0% +find if you wrote out all the terms here +or all the terms here you would find + + align:start position:0% +or all the terms here you would find + + + align:start position:0% +or all the terms here you would find +that just by using that fact they all + + align:start position:0% +that just by using that fact they all + + + align:start position:0% +that just by using that fact they all +cancel each other yeah yeah and the book + + align:start position:0% +cancel each other yeah yeah and the book + + + align:start position:0% +cancel each other yeah yeah and the book +of course does that so we we simply + + align:start position:0% +of course does that so we we simply + + + align:start position:0% +of course does that so we we simply +didn't do 3d in in the vector calculus + + align:start position:0% +didn't do 3d in in the vector calculus + + + align:start position:0% +didn't do 3d in in the vector calculus +section so I'll stop there with that + + align:start position:0% +section so I'll stop there with that + + + align:start position:0% +section so I'll stop there with that +because it's really really saying that + + align:start position:0% +because it's really really saying that + + + align:start position:0% +because it's really really saying that +the curl is tremendously important and + + align:start position:0% +the curl is tremendously important and + + + align:start position:0% +the curl is tremendously important and +we it measures vorticity in flow and and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's being able to you know that like + + align:start position:0% +it's being able to you know that like + + + align:start position:0% +it's being able to you know that like +you take the navier-stokes equations + + align:start position:0% +you take the navier-stokes equations + + + align:start position:0% +you take the navier-stokes equations +well the the pressure and the velocity + + align:start position:0% +well the the pressure and the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +well the the pressure and the velocity +are the what do you call I mean I'd say + + align:start position:0% +are the what do you call I mean I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +are the what do you call I mean I'd say +primary variables or the natural + + align:start position:0% +primary variables or the natural + + + align:start position:0% +primary variables or the natural +quantities to measure pressure and + + align:start position:0% +quantities to measure pressure and + + + align:start position:0% +quantities to measure pressure and +velocity for for fluid flow but you + + align:start position:0% +velocity for for fluid flow but you + + + align:start position:0% +velocity for for fluid flow but you +could also use these identities to set + + align:start position:0% +could also use these identities to set + + + align:start position:0% +could also use these identities to set +up in terms of other variables just just + + align:start position:0% +up in terms of other variables just just + + + align:start position:0% +up in terms of other variables just just +rewrite the equation and you get other + + align:start position:0% +rewrite the equation and you get other + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite the equation and you get other +things this mentioning navier-stokes and + + align:start position:0% +things this mentioning navier-stokes and + + + align:start position:0% +things this mentioning navier-stokes and +fluid flow reminds me to say we keep + + align:start position:0% +fluid flow reminds me to say we keep + + + align:start position:0% +fluid flow reminds me to say we keep +using the example of Laplace's equation + + align:start position:0% +using the example of Laplace's equation + + + align:start position:0% +using the example of Laplace's equation +and a person could say wait a minute get + + align:start position:0% +and a person could say wait a minute get + + + align:start position:0% +and a person could say wait a minute get +beyond that right so why why are you + + align:start position:0% +beyond that right so why why are you + + + align:start position:0% +beyond that right so why why are you +always well when you teach finite + + align:start position:0% +always well when you teach finite + + + align:start position:0% +always well when you teach finite +elements why do you always start with + + align:start position:0% +elements why do you always start with + + + align:start position:0% +elements why do you always start with +Laplace's equation okay well the main + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation okay well the main + + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation okay well the main +reason is it's the simplest one right + + align:start position:0% +reason is it's the simplest one right + + + align:start position:0% +reason is it's the simplest one right +that's the it's the one where you can + + align:start position:0% +that's the it's the one where you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's the it's the one where you can +really see what's happening more + + align:start position:0% +really see what's happening more + + + align:start position:0% +really see what's happening more +complicated equations would be for like + + align:start position:0% +complicated equations would be for like + + + align:start position:0% +complicated equations would be for like +elasticity plane elasticity or 3d + + align:start position:0% +elasticity plane elasticity or 3d + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity plane elasticity or 3d +elasticity or or other boundary value + + align:start position:0% +elasticity or or other boundary value + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity or or other boundary value +problems could be quite messy but + + align:start position:0% +problems could be quite messy but + + + align:start position:0% +problems could be quite messy but +Laplace's equation is not totally a + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation is not totally a + + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation is not totally a +waste of time first it comes up when you + + align:start position:0% +waste of time first it comes up when you + + + align:start position:0% +waste of time first it comes up when you +have these scalar unknowns and then it + + align:start position:0% +have these scalar unknowns and then it + + + align:start position:0% +have these scalar unknowns and then it +also comes up in in numerical methods + + align:start position:0% +also comes up in in numerical methods + + + align:start position:0% +also comes up in in numerical methods +for navier-stokes so the standard + + align:start position:0% +for navier-stokes so the standard + + + align:start position:0% +for navier-stokes so the standard +numerical method for navier-stokes which + + align:start position:0% +numerical method for navier-stokes which + + + align:start position:0% +numerical method for navier-stokes which +will would come in 1808 six ends up with + + align:start position:0% +will would come in 1808 six ends up with + + + align:start position:0% +will would come in 1808 six ends up with +Laplace's equation for the pressure so + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation for the pressure so + + + align:start position:0% +Laplace's equation for the pressure so +to have a fast Laplace solver as in + + align:start position:0% +to have a fast Laplace solver as in + + + align:start position:0% +to have a fast Laplace solver as in +today's lecture pace off yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture pace off yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture pace off yeah yeah so +I'm just saying Laplace's equation is + + align:start position:0% +I'm just saying Laplace's equation is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just saying Laplace's equation is +important in itself it has the great + + align:start position:0% +important in itself it has the great + + + align:start position:0% +important in itself it has the great +advantage of being the simplest example + + align:start position:0% +advantage of being the simplest example + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of being the simplest example +we could possibly think of it's the + + align:start position:0% +we could possibly think of it's the + + + align:start position:0% +we could possibly think of it's the +example where an X plus iy trick works + + align:start position:0% +example where an X plus iy trick works + + + align:start position:0% +example where an X plus iy trick works +and it actually comes up + + align:start position:0% +and it actually comes up + + + align:start position:0% +and it actually comes up +serious big computations because + + align:start position:0% +serious big computations because + + + align:start position:0% +serious big computations because +equation for the pressure comes out to + + align:start position:0% +equation for the pressure comes out to + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the pressure comes out to +be the Laplace or Poisson equation now I + + align:start position:0% +be the Laplace or Poisson equation now I + + + align:start position:0% +be the Laplace or Poisson equation now I +kept going there yeah thank you we did + + align:start position:0% +kept going there yeah thank you we did + + + align:start position:0% +kept going there yeah thank you we did +as I'm as a MATLAB problem that convey + + align:start position:0% +as I'm as a MATLAB problem that convey + + + align:start position:0% +as I'm as a MATLAB problem that convey +sorry and a first-order right oh yes I + + align:start position:0% +sorry and a first-order right oh yes I + + + align:start position:0% +sorry and a first-order right oh yes I +would do it the same way but it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +would do it the same way but it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +would do it the same way but it wouldn't +be symmetric of course that that was the + + align:start position:0% +be symmetric of course that that was the + + + align:start position:0% +be symmetric of course that that was the +point about that convection term is the + + align:start position:0% +point about that convection term is the + + + align:start position:0% +point about that convection term is the +diffusion term would be just what we've + + align:start position:0% +diffusion term would be just what we've + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion term would be just what we've +done right the diffusion term was that + + align:start position:0% +done right the diffusion term was that + + + align:start position:0% +done right the diffusion term was that +second derivative and what would it look + + align:start position:0% +second derivative and what would it look + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative and what would it look +like in as long as yeah we're close to + + align:start position:0% +like in as long as yeah we're close to + + + align:start position:0% +like in as long as yeah we're close to +what would convection diffusion and 2d + + align:start position:0% +what would convection diffusion and 2d + + + align:start position:0% +what would convection diffusion and 2d +look like just I mean you know part of + + align:start position:0% +look like just I mean you know part of + + + align:start position:0% +look like just I mean you know part of +your interest is pass 18 or 85 and get + + align:start position:0% +your interest is pass 18 or 85 and get + + + align:start position:0% +your interest is pass 18 or 85 and get +rid of it right but another part is like + + align:start position:0% +rid of it right but another part is like + + + align:start position:0% +rid of it right but another part is like +these are problems that you know your if + + align:start position:0% +these are problems that you know your if + + + align:start position:0% +these are problems that you know your if +you're in course 16 of course to others + + align:start position:0% +you're in course 16 of course to others + + + align:start position:0% +you're in course 16 of course to others +you're gonna meet this so what the + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna meet this so what the + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna meet this so what the +diffusion part is going to be again in + + align:start position:0% +diffusion part is going to be again in + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion part is going to be again in +2d I'll have some - you well I made it + + align:start position:0% +2d I'll have some - you well I made it + + + align:start position:0% +2d I'll have some - you well I made it +simple because I took C of X to be 1 it + + align:start position:0% +simple because I took C of X to be 1 it + + + align:start position:0% +simple because I took C of X to be 1 it +could have a C of X in there and what + + align:start position:0% +could have a C of X in there and what + + + align:start position:0% +could have a C of X in there and what +would the convection term look like I'd + + align:start position:0% +would the convection term look like I'd + + + align:start position:0% +would the convection term look like I'd +have a velocity in the X direction as + + align:start position:0% +have a velocity in the X direction as + + + align:start position:0% +have a velocity in the X direction as +say a VX and a velocity in the Y + + align:start position:0% +say a VX and a velocity in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +say a VX and a velocity in the Y +direction V Y V Y times and that's just + + align:start position:0% +direction V Y V Y times and that's just + + + align:start position:0% +direction V Y V Y times and that's just +a number in the simplest case that would + + align:start position:0% +a number in the simplest case that would + + + align:start position:0% +a number in the simplest case that would +be my my River is traveling or my flow + + align:start position:0% +be my my River is traveling or my flow + + + align:start position:0% +be my my River is traveling or my flow +is traveling traveling along and equals + + align:start position:0% +is traveling traveling along and equals + + + align:start position:0% +is traveling traveling along and equals +0 sorry I yeah I don't know which way + + align:start position:0% +0 sorry I yeah I don't know which way + + + align:start position:0% +0 sorry I yeah I don't know which way +the river is traveling actually so I + + align:start position:0% +the river is traveling actually so I + + + align:start position:0% +the river is traveling actually so I +those are just constants I don't they + + align:start position:0% +those are just constants I don't they + + + align:start position:0% +those are just constants I don't they +could have positive or negative sign + + align:start position:0% +could have positive or negative sign + + + align:start position:0% +could have positive or negative sign +that the VX and V Y is the constant flow + + align:start position:0% +that the VX and V Y is the constant flow + + + align:start position:0% +that the VX and V Y is the constant flow +that's carrying what am I doing here + + align:start position:0% +that's carrying what am I doing here + + + align:start position:0% +that's carrying what am I doing here +the flow is flowing along and if those + + align:start position:0% +the flow is flowing along and if those + + + align:start position:0% +the flow is flowing along and if those +are constants it's just flowing steady + + align:start position:0% +are constants it's just flowing steady + + + align:start position:0% +are constants it's just flowing steady +steady flow but it's diffusing at the + + align:start position:0% +steady flow but it's diffusing at the + + + align:start position:0% +steady flow but it's diffusing at the +same time and this would bring in that + + align:start position:0% +same time and this would bring in that + + + align:start position:0% +same time and this would bring in that +same difficulties that we met in the + + align:start position:0% +same difficulties that we met in the + + + align:start position:0% +same difficulties that we met in the +MATLAB 1d so the MATLAB 1d problem just + + align:start position:0% +MATLAB 1d so the MATLAB 1d problem just + + + align:start position:0% +MATLAB 1d so the MATLAB 1d problem just +didn't have a why I don't care yeah the + + align:start position:0% +didn't have a why I don't care yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have a why I don't care yeah the +sign I'm not worried about it's just is + + align:start position:0% +sign I'm not worried about it's just is + + + align:start position:0% +sign I'm not worried about it's just is +that there now I'm in 2d and what would + + align:start position:0% +that there now I'm in 2d and what would + + + align:start position:0% +that there now I'm in 2d and what would +I expect to see I'd expect to see some + + align:start position:0% +I expect to see I'd expect to see some + + + align:start position:0% +I expect to see I'd expect to see some +troubles when V is large when V is large + + align:start position:0% +troubles when V is large when V is large + + + align:start position:0% +troubles when V is large when V is large +convection this is convection down here + + align:start position:0% +convection this is convection down here + + + align:start position:0% +convection this is convection down here +this is this is the convection part and + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the convection part and + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the convection part and +if V is large then so that this should + + align:start position:0% +if V is large then so that this should + + + align:start position:0% +if V is large then so that this should +be a lower order term is really fighting + + align:start position:0% +be a lower order term is really fighting + + + align:start position:0% +be a lower order term is really fighting +against this higher order term I expect + + align:start position:0% +against this higher order term I expect + + + align:start position:0% +against this higher order term I expect +numerical difficulties just just the way + + align:start position:0% +numerical difficulties just just the way + + + align:start position:0% +numerical difficulties just just the way +we met so anyway that if I did a MATLAB + + align:start position:0% +we met so anyway that if I did a MATLAB + + + align:start position:0% +we met so anyway that if I did a MATLAB +example stretched it to 2d we would see + + align:start position:0% +example stretched it to 2d we would see + + + align:start position:0% +example stretched it to 2d we would see +a whole lot of interesting stuff yeah + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of interesting stuff yeah + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of interesting stuff yeah +yeah yeah we'd see flow in flow well + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah we'd see flow in flow well + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah we'd see flow in flow well +yeah but I just can't do everything but + + align:start position:0% +yeah but I just can't do everything but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but I just can't do everything but +that that would have a weak form but + + align:start position:0% +that that would have a weak form but + + + align:start position:0% +that that would have a weak form but +your question about weak forms weak form + + align:start position:0% +your question about weak forms weak form + + + align:start position:0% +your question about weak forms weak form +when you have this anti-symmetric term + + align:start position:0% +when you have this anti-symmetric term + + + align:start position:0% +when you have this anti-symmetric term +for odd number of derivatives it is not + + align:start position:0% +for odd number of derivatives it is not + + + align:start position:0% +for odd number of derivatives it is not +quite as beautiful but you have to deal + + align:start position:0% +quite as beautiful but you have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +quite as beautiful but you have to deal +with it of course yeah yeah okay ready + + align:start position:0% +with it of course yeah yeah okay ready + + + align:start position:0% +with it of course yeah yeah okay ready +for whatever any thoughts let's say you + + align:start position:0% +for whatever any thoughts let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +for whatever any thoughts let's say you +just have a look again at the at the + + align:start position:0% +just have a look again at the at the + + + align:start position:0% +just have a look again at the at the +list of problem topics to see if + + align:start position:0% +list of problem topics to see if + + + align:start position:0% +list of problem topics to see if +anything occurs to you I mean not that + + align:start position:0% +anything occurs to you I mean not that + + + align:start position:0% +anything occurs to you I mean not that +it should I you know we're we're okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm happy to call it a day on that and + + align:start position:0% +I'm happy to call it a day on that and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm happy to call it a day on that and +and time for dinner for everybody and + + align:start position:0% +and time for dinner for everybody and + + + align:start position:0% +and time for dinner for everybody and +and see at 7:30 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fWNZAw5Bmco.txt b/fWNZAw5Bmco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..297c1f8eb49b900f451b41c727462a23b7d80ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/fWNZAw5Bmco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so let's get started today we will + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's get started today we will + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's get started today we will +be continuing talking a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +be continuing talking a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +be continuing talking a little bit about +loops and seeing some other uh couple + + align:start position:0% +loops and seeing some other uh couple + + + align:start position:0% +loops and seeing some other uh couple +nuances of loops and then we'll get + + align:start position:0% +nuances of loops and then we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +nuances of loops and then we'll get +started on our first algorithm the guest + + align:start position:0% +started on our first algorithm the guest + + + align:start position:0% +started on our first algorithm the guest +and check algorithm and then towards the + + align:start position:0% +and check algorithm and then towards the + + + align:start position:0% +and check algorithm and then towards the +end we're going to start talking about + + align:start position:0% +end we're going to start talking about + + + align:start position:0% +end we're going to start talking about +binary numbers in advance of seeing our + + align:start position:0% +binary numbers in advance of seeing our + + + align:start position:0% +binary numbers in advance of seeing our +next algorithm + + align:start position:0% +next algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +next algorithm +so let's do a quick recap of what we + + align:start position:0% +so let's do a quick recap of what we + + + align:start position:0% +so let's do a quick recap of what we +learned last time and then we'll do a + + align:start position:0% +learned last time and then we'll do a + + + align:start position:0% +learned last time and then we'll do a +little coding example and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +little coding example and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +little coding example and then we'll +move on so we saw last lecture some + + align:start position:0% +move on so we saw last lecture some + + + align:start position:0% +move on so we saw last lecture some +looping mechanisms right we saw while + + align:start position:0% +looping mechanisms right we saw while + + + align:start position:0% +looping mechanisms right we saw while +loops and for Loops they are both a way + + align:start position:0% +loops and for Loops they are both a way + + + align:start position:0% +loops and for Loops they are both a way +for us to control what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +for us to control what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +for us to control what happens in the +code and specifically there a way for us + + align:start position:0% +code and specifically there a way for us + + + align:start position:0% +code and specifically there a way for us +to repeat certain lines in the code sort + + align:start position:0% +to repeat certain lines in the code sort + + + align:start position:0% +to repeat certain lines in the code sort +of automatically so to speak so with + + align:start position:0% +of automatically so to speak so with + + + align:start position:0% +of automatically so to speak so with +while Loops the lines of code were + + align:start position:0% +while Loops the lines of code were + + + align:start position:0% +while Loops the lines of code were +repeated as long as some condition held + + align:start position:0% +repeated as long as some condition held + + + align:start position:0% +repeated as long as some condition held +and with four Loops the lines of of code + + align:start position:0% +and with four Loops the lines of of code + + + align:start position:0% +and with four Loops the lines of of code +were repeated for some sequence of + + align:start position:0% +were repeated for some sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +were repeated for some sequence of +values okay and the sequence of values + + align:start position:0% +values okay and the sequence of values + + + align:start position:0% +values okay and the sequence of values +was something that we decided it was + + align:start position:0% +was something that we decided it was + + + align:start position:0% +was something that we decided it was +numerical that uh that that's what we + + align:start position:0% +numerical that uh that that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +numerical that uh that that's what we +saw last lecture today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +saw last lecture today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +saw last lecture today we're going to +see that the sequence of values can + + align:start position:0% +see that the sequence of values can + + + align:start position:0% +see that the sequence of values can +actually be uh non-numerical as + + align:start position:0% +actually be uh non-numerical as + + + align:start position:0% +actually be uh non-numerical as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +so both of those Loop types I guess um + + align:start position:0% +so both of those Loop types I guess um + + + align:start position:0% +so both of those Loop types I guess um +had uh uh ended at C at certain times + + align:start position:0% +had uh uh ended at C at certain times + + + align:start position:0% +had uh uh ended at C at certain times +right so the Y Loop ended when the + + align:start position:0% +right so the Y Loop ended when the + + + align:start position:0% +right so the Y Loop ended when the +condition became false and the for Loop + + align:start position:0% +condition became false and the for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +condition became false and the for Loop +ended when we've exhausted our sequence + + align:start position:0% +ended when we've exhausted our sequence + + + align:start position:0% +ended when we've exhausted our sequence +of values but often times we want to + + align:start position:0% +of values but often times we want to + + + align:start position:0% +of values but often times we want to +write programs where we break out of the + + align:start position:0% +write programs where we break out of the + + + align:start position:0% +write programs where we break out of the +loop prematurely we don't want the Y + + align:start position:0% +loop prematurely we don't want the Y + + + align:start position:0% +loop prematurely we don't want the Y +Loop uh condition to become false and we + + align:start position:0% +Loop uh condition to become false and we + + + align:start position:0% +Loop uh condition to become false and we +don't want to exhaust our entire set of + + align:start position:0% +don't want to exhaust our entire set of + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to exhaust our entire set of +values in a for Loop so in order to exit + + align:start position:0% +values in a for Loop so in order to exit + + + align:start position:0% +values in a for Loop so in order to exit +a loop before the uh Natural end comes + + align:start position:0% +a loop before the uh Natural end comes + + + align:start position:0% +a loop before the uh Natural end comes +we can use this thing called a break + + align:start position:0% +we can use this thing called a break + + + align:start position:0% +we can use this thing called a break +statement and the break statement allows + + align:start position:0% +statement and the break statement allows + + + align:start position:0% +statement and the break statement allows +us to exit the loop um and the loop it + + align:start position:0% +us to exit the loop um and the loop it + + + align:start position:0% +us to exit the loop um and the loop it +exits is going to be the one that + + align:start position:0% +exits is going to be the one that + + + align:start position:0% +exits is going to be the one that +immediately surrounds the break + + align:start position:0% +immediately surrounds the break + + + align:start position:0% +immediately surrounds the break +statement so here's a a little example + + align:start position:0% +statement so here's a a little example + + + align:start position:0% +statement so here's a a little example +of a nested two nested while loop so one + + align:start position:0% +of a nested two nested while loop so one + + + align:start position:0% +of a nested two nested while loop so one +while loop and then one nested one + + align:start position:0% +while loop and then one nested one + + + align:start position:0% +while loop and then one nested one +inside it the outer one is going to uh + + align:start position:0% +inside it the outer one is going to uh + + + align:start position:0% +inside it the outer one is going to uh +run whenever condition one holds and the + + align:start position:0% +run whenever condition one holds and the + + + align:start position:0% +run whenever condition one holds and the +inner one runs whenever condition two + + align:start position:0% +inner one runs whenever condition two + + + align:start position:0% +inner one runs whenever condition two +holds okay now expression a will + + align:start position:0% +holds okay now expression a will + + + align:start position:0% +holds okay now expression a will +evaluate when both condition one and + + align:start position:0% +evaluate when both condition one and + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate when both condition one and +condition two hold right so we enter the + + align:start position:0% +condition two hold right so we enter the + + + align:start position:0% +condition two hold right so we enter the +first y Loop and we enter the second + + align:start position:0% +first y Loop and we enter the second + + + align:start position:0% +first y Loop and we enter the second +while both of those conditions have to + + align:start position:0% +while both of those conditions have to + + + align:start position:0% +while both of those conditions have to +be true but python as soon as it sees + + align:start position:0% +be true but python as soon as it sees + + + align:start position:0% +be true but python as soon as it sees +this break statement python will + + align:start position:0% +this break statement python will + + + align:start position:0% +this break statement python will +immediately exit the loop that it surr + + align:start position:0% +immediately exit the loop that it surr + + + align:start position:0% +immediately exit the loop that it surr +that surrounds that brake statement so + + align:start position:0% +that surrounds that brake statement so + + + align:start position:0% +that surrounds that brake statement so +the loop that surrounds the brake + + align:start position:0% +the loop that surrounds the brake + + + align:start position:0% +the loop that surrounds the brake +statement is the one that has condition + + align:start position:0% +statement is the one that has condition + + + align:start position:0% +statement is the one that has condition +two right the condition one Loop will + + align:start position:0% +two right the condition one Loop will + + + align:start position:0% +two right the condition one Loop will +keep going so as soon as python sees + + align:start position:0% +keep going so as soon as python sees + + + align:start position:0% +keep going so as soon as python sees +this break statement it's going to + + align:start position:0% +this break statement it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this break statement it's going to +immediately stop running the Y loop it's + + align:start position:0% +immediately stop running the Y loop it's + + + align:start position:0% +immediately stop running the Y loop it's +not even going to go back up and check + + align:start position:0% +not even going to go back up and check + + + align:start position:0% +not even going to go back up and check +the condition two which means that + + align:start position:0% +the condition two which means that + + + align:start position:0% +the condition two which means that +expression B will actually never get + + align:start position:0% +expression B will actually never get + + + align:start position:0% +expression B will actually never get +evaluated so this is terrible code we + + align:start position:0% +evaluated so this is terrible code we + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated so this is terrible code we +don't want to write code like this + + align:start position:0% +don't want to write code like this + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to write code like this +because expression B will never be run + + align:start position:0% +because expression B will never be run + + + align:start position:0% +because expression B will never be run +right but this is just to show you the + + align:start position:0% +right but this is just to show you the + + + align:start position:0% +right but this is just to show you the +impact that a break statement would have + + align:start position:0% +impact that a break statement would have + + + align:start position:0% +impact that a break statement would have +and expression c will then be evaluated + + align:start position:0% +and expression c will then be evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +and expression c will then be evaluated +whenever condition one is true now + + align:start position:0% +whenever condition one is true now + + + align:start position:0% +whenever condition one is true now +condition two may or may not have been + + align:start position:0% +condition two may or may not have been + + + align:start position:0% +condition two may or may not have been +true along the way but expression c will + + align:start position:0% +true along the way but expression c will + + + align:start position:0% +true along the way but expression c will +evaluate only when condition one is true + + align:start position:0% +evaluate only when condition one is true + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate only when condition one is true +right condition two would have stopped + + align:start position:0% +right condition two would have stopped + + + align:start position:0% +right condition two would have stopped +being true and then we're going at the + + align:start position:0% +being true and then we're going at the + + + align:start position:0% +being true and then we're going at the +same indentation level as this inner + + align:start position:0% +same indentation level as this inner + + + align:start position:0% +same indentation level as this inner +wild + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L like it only evaluates the one time + + align:start position:0% +L like it only evaluates the one time + + + align:start position:0% +L like it only evaluates the one time +like it only gives a once and then + + align:start position:0% +like it only gives a once and then + + + align:start position:0% +like it only gives a once and then +because the break is there exactly yeah + + align:start position:0% +because the break is there exactly yeah + + + align:start position:0% +because the break is there exactly yeah +that's a great point so it only + + align:start position:0% +that's a great point so it only + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great point so it only +evaluates this expression a one time + + align:start position:0% +evaluates this expression a one time + + + align:start position:0% +evaluates this expression a one time +because right after it evaluates it it + + align:start position:0% +because right after it evaluates it it + + + align:start position:0% +because right after it evaluates it it +sees the break and then we immediately + + align:start position:0% +sees the break and then we immediately + + + align:start position:0% +sees the break and then we immediately +exit the Y Loop and we're done that is a + + align:start position:0% +exit the Y Loop and we're done that is a + + + align:start position:0% +exit the Y Loop and we're done that is a +great observation yeah and that's what + + align:start position:0% +great observation yeah and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +great observation yeah and that's what +this um this code will will basically + + align:start position:0% +this um this code will will basically + + + align:start position:0% +this um this code will will basically +show so here it is us doing the break + + align:start position:0% +show so here it is us doing the break + + + align:start position:0% +show so here it is us doing the break +statement sort of in the same structures + + align:start position:0% +statement sort of in the same structures + + + align:start position:0% +statement sort of in the same structures +on the previous co uh the previous slide + + align:start position:0% +on the previous co uh the previous slide + + + align:start position:0% +on the previous co uh the previous slide +and what we're going to do is actually + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is actually + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to do is actually +just run the python tutor for this code + + align:start position:0% +just run the python tutor for this code + + + align:start position:0% +just run the python tutor for this code +just to give you some more practice + + align:start position:0% +just to give you some more practice + + + align:start position:0% +just to give you some more practice +running the python + + align:start position:0% +running the python + + + align:start position:0% +running the python +tutor so this is the same code AS on the + + align:start position:0% +tutor so this is the same code AS on the + + + align:start position:0% +tutor so this is the same code AS on the +previous slide I've got a four Loop that + + align:start position:0% +previous slide I've got a four Loop that + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide I've got a four Loop that +goes through some sequence of values can + + align:start position:0% +goes through some sequence of values can + + + align:start position:0% +goes through some sequence of values can +anyone tell me what are the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +anyone tell me what are the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +anyone tell me what are the sequence of +values this for Loop will Loop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over five seven + + align:start position:0% +over five seven + + + align:start position:0% +over five seven +nine + + align:start position:0% +nine + + + align:start position:0% +nine +and we stop right because 11 is n but we + + align:start position:0% +and we stop right because 11 is n but we + + + align:start position:0% +and we stop right because 11 is n but we +go up to but not including n minus one + + align:start position:0% +go up to but not including n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +go up to but not including n minus one +so 5 79 are the only three values we + + align:start position:0% +so 5 79 are the only three values we + + + align:start position:0% +so 5 79 are the only three values we +would potentially Loop + + align:start position:0% +would potentially Loop + + + align:start position:0% +would potentially Loop +over so hit next we initialize my sum to + + align:start position:0% +over so hit next we initialize my sum to + + + align:start position:0% +over so hit next we initialize my sum to +zero so in our minds we kind of think + + align:start position:0% +zero so in our minds we kind of think + + + align:start position:0% +zero so in our minds we kind of think +about the fact that we're going to Loop + + align:start position:0% +about the fact that we're going to Loop + + + align:start position:0% +about the fact that we're going to Loop +through uh make this Loop variable be + + align:start position:0% +through uh make this Loop variable be + + + align:start position:0% +through uh make this Loop variable be +579 so the first time through the loop I + + align:start position:0% +579 so the first time through the loop I + + + align:start position:0% +579 so the first time through the loop I +will be five we're going to uh add I + + align:start position:0% +will be five we're going to uh add I + + + align:start position:0% +will be five we're going to uh add I +which is currently five to my sum so 5 + + align:start position:0% +which is currently five to my sum so 5 + + + align:start position:0% +which is currently five to my sum so 5 +plus 0 makes my Su + + align:start position:0% +plus 0 makes my Su + + + align:start position:0% +plus 0 makes my Su +five and then we immediately see the + + align:start position:0% +five and then we immediately see the + + + align:start position:0% +five and then we immediately see the +break right because if my sum equals 5 + + align:start position:0% +break right because if my sum equals 5 + + + align:start position:0% +break right because if my sum equals 5 +is true so we go inside and we + + align:start position:0% +is true so we go inside and we + + + align:start position:0% +is true so we go inside and we +immediately see the break + + align:start position:0% +immediately see the break + + + align:start position:0% +immediately see the break +statement this line will never get + + align:start position:0% +statement this line will never get + + + align:start position:0% +statement this line will never get +executed so we're never going to + + align:start position:0% +executed so we're never going to + + + align:start position:0% +executed so we're never going to +increment my sum by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so the break immediately breaks out + + align:start position:0% +one so the break immediately breaks out + + + align:start position:0% +one so the break immediately breaks out +of our Loop now the if the if statement + + align:start position:0% +of our Loop now the if the if statement + + + align:start position:0% +of our Loop now the if the if statement +is not a loop right it's a conditional + + align:start position:0% +is not a loop right it's a conditional + + + align:start position:0% +is not a loop right it's a conditional +so the loop we break out of is the for + + align:start position:0% +so the loop we break out of is the for + + + align:start position:0% +so the loop we break out of is the for +Loop + + align:start position:0% +Loop + + + align:start position:0% +Loop +and then there's no other loop + + align:start position:0% +and then there's no other loop + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's no other loop +surrounding it so then the program is + + align:start position:0% +surrounding it so then the program is + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding it so then the program is +basically done and we print + + align:start position:0% +basically done and we print + + + align:start position:0% +basically done and we print +five okay again bad code we would never + + align:start position:0% +five okay again bad code we would never + + + align:start position:0% +five okay again bad code we would never +write code like this but this is just to + + align:start position:0% +write code like this but this is just to + + + align:start position:0% +write code like this but this is just to +show you exactly what happens with uh + + align:start position:0% +show you exactly what happens with uh + + + align:start position:0% +show you exactly what happens with uh +with the break statement right so + + align:start position:0% +with the break statement right so + + + align:start position:0% +with the break statement right so +there's the code block for the for Loop + + align:start position:0% +there's the code block for the for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +there's the code block for the for Loop +and this is the code block for the if + + align:start position:0% +and this is the code block for the if + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the code block for the if +statement and the break breaks out of + + align:start position:0% +statement and the break breaks out of + + + align:start position:0% +statement and the break breaks out of +our Loop right which is the lighter + + align:start position:0% +our Loop right which is the lighter + + + align:start position:0% +our Loop right which is the lighter +purple um not not the not the if + + align:start position:0% +purple um not not the not the if + + + align:start position:0% +purple um not not the not the if +statement okay so let's have you write a + + align:start position:0% +statement okay so let's have you write a + + + align:start position:0% +statement okay so let's have you write a +little bit of code and this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +little bit of code and this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of code and this is sort of +maybe a little practice with just Loops + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little practice with just Loops + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little practice with just Loops +in general that uh that we saw last + + align:start position:0% +in general that uh that we saw last + + + align:start position:0% +in general that uh that we saw last +lecture there's no break really in this + + align:start position:0% +lecture there's no break really in this + + + align:start position:0% +lecture there's no break really in this +particular program here um just a little + + align:start position:0% +particular program here um just a little + + + align:start position:0% +particular program here um just a little +bit of practice so what I want you to do + + align:start position:0% +bit of practice so what I want you to do + + + align:start position:0% +bit of practice so what I want you to do +is to write code that basically has a + + align:start position:0% +is to write code that basically has a + + + align:start position:0% +is to write code that basically has a +for Loop running through this range so + + align:start position:0% +for Loop running through this range so + + + align:start position:0% +for Loop running through this range so +for I in pick one of these I want you to + + align:start position:0% +for I in pick one of these I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +for I in pick one of these I want you to +write code within that for Loop that + + align:start position:0% +write code within that for Loop that + + + align:start position:0% +write code within that for Loop that +counts how many ne how many even numbers + + align:start position:0% +counts how many ne how many even numbers + + + align:start position:0% +counts how many ne how many even numbers +are in that range right so including the + + align:start position:0% +are in that range right so including the + + + align:start position:0% +are in that range right so including the +zero so for Range Five you you your + + align:start position:0% +zero so for Range Five you you your + + + align:start position:0% +zero so for Range Five you you your +counter should basically pick up on the + + align:start position:0% +counter should basically pick up on the + + + align:start position:0% +counter should basically pick up on the +fact that zero is even two is + + align:start position:0% +fact that zero is even two is + + + align:start position:0% +fact that zero is even two is +even and four is even and then that's it + + align:start position:0% +even and four is even and then that's it + + + align:start position:0% +even and four is even and then that's it +so it should print + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three so here is that you try it inside + + align:start position:0% +three so here is that you try it inside + + + align:start position:0% +three so here is that you try it inside +the python file for today and I've + + align:start position:0% +the python file for today and I've + + + align:start position:0% +the python file for today and I've +already started you off with this 4 I in + + align:start position:0% +already started you off with this 4 I in + + + align:start position:0% +already started you off with this 4 I in +range five as the first + + align:start position:0% +range five as the first + + + align:start position:0% +range five as the first +one and I'll give you a couple minutes + + align:start position:0% +one and I'll give you a couple minutes + + + align:start position:0% +one and I'll give you a couple minutes +to just write the code in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay would anyone like to start us + + align:start position:0% +here okay would anyone like to start us + + + align:start position:0% +here okay would anyone like to start us +off with some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code or give me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so this line of code is going to + + align:start position:0% +yep so this line of code is going to + + + align:start position:0% +yep so this line of code is going to +take our ey right so in fact what we + + align:start position:0% +take our ey right so in fact what we + + + align:start position:0% +take our ey right so in fact what we +could do to remind ourselves what i is + + align:start position:0% +could do to remind ourselves what i is + + + align:start position:0% +could do to remind ourselves what i is +and this is very helpful for quizzes as + + align:start position:0% +and this is very helpful for quizzes as + + + align:start position:0% +and this is very helpful for quizzes as +well we can write a little comment here + + align:start position:0% +well we can write a little comment here + + + align:start position:0% +well we can write a little comment here +that says I is 0 one 2 3 4 just so we + + align:start position:0% +that says I is 0 one 2 3 4 just so we + + + align:start position:0% +that says I is 0 one 2 3 4 just so we +don't have to remember this fact we can + + align:start position:0% +don't have to remember this fact we can + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to remember this fact we can +just always look here and know what i is + + align:start position:0% +just always look here and know what i is + + + align:start position:0% +just always look here and know what i is +going to be um and then this line of + + align:start position:0% +going to be um and then this line of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be um and then this line of +code absolutely correct is going to take + + align:start position:0% +code absolutely correct is going to take + + + align:start position:0% +code absolutely correct is going to take +I and grab the remainder when I is + + align:start position:0% +I and grab the remainder when I is + + + align:start position:0% +I and grab the remainder when I is +divided by + + align:start position:0% +divided by + + + align:start position:0% +divided by +two okay and if the remainder is zero + + align:start position:0% +two okay and if the remainder is zero + + + align:start position:0% +two okay and if the remainder is zero +that means that the number is even and + + align:start position:0% +that means that the number is even and + + + align:start position:0% +that means that the number is even and +then what do we do inside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here when this is true when it's even + + align:start position:0% +here when this is true when it's even + + + align:start position:0% +here when this is true when it's even +how do we keep track of whether or how + + align:start position:0% +how do we keep track of whether or how + + + align:start position:0% +how do we keep track of whether or how +many times this condition + + align:start position:0% +many times this condition + + + align:start position:0% +many times this condition +occurs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yes exactly should we create a + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes exactly should we create a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes exactly should we create a +variable yes we can so let's call it + + align:start position:0% +variable yes we can so let's call it + + + align:start position:0% +variable yes we can so let's call it +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +nums and um we'll probably want to + + align:start position:0% +nums and um we'll probably want to + + + align:start position:0% +nums and um we'll probably want to +increment it by one right because here's + + align:start position:0% +increment it by one right because here's + + + align:start position:0% +increment it by one right because here's +another number that's even so even nums + + align:start position:0% +another number that's even so even nums + + + align:start position:0% +another number that's even so even nums +plus equals 1 and then let's remember to + + align:start position:0% +plus equals 1 and then let's remember to + + + align:start position:0% +plus equals 1 and then let's remember to +um initialize it right before our Loop + + align:start position:0% +um initialize it right before our Loop + + + align:start position:0% +um initialize it right before our Loop +right so initially before we even start + + align:start position:0% +right so initially before we even start + + + align:start position:0% +right so initially before we even start +our Loop we have zero even numbers and + + align:start position:0% +our Loop we have zero even numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +our Loop we have zero even numbers and +then each time through our Loop we see + + align:start position:0% +then each time through our Loop we see + + + align:start position:0% +then each time through our Loop we see +one that's uh perfectly divisible by two + + align:start position:0% +one that's uh perfectly divisible by two + + + align:start position:0% +one that's uh perfectly divisible by two +we're going to increment this little + + align:start position:0% +we're going to increment this little + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to increment this little +counter by + + align:start position:0% +counter by + + + align:start position:0% +counter by +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +okay and same oh yeah not the same + + align:start position:0% +okay and same oh yeah not the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay and same oh yeah not the same +variable thank you even num nums + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and the mental model you should + + align:start position:0% +yeah and the mental model you should + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and the mental model you should +have sort of at this point or beginning + + align:start position:0% +have sort of at this point or beginning + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of at this point or beginning +is just the fact that these three lines + + align:start position:0% +is just the fact that these three lines + + + align:start position:0% +is just the fact that these three lines +solve our problem it does the automatic + + align:start position:0% +solve our problem it does the automatic + + + align:start position:0% +solve our problem it does the automatic +counting for us right because I will + + align:start position:0% +counting for us right because I will + + + align:start position:0% +counting for us right because I will +take on zero then one then two then + + align:start position:0% +take on zero then one then two then + + + align:start position:0% +take on zero then one then two then +three and then four automatically as the + + align:start position:0% +three and then four automatically as the + + + align:start position:0% +three and then four automatically as the +loop goes through this sequence of + + align:start position:0% +loop goes through this sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +loop goes through this sequence of +values and so at the end of the loop so + + align:start position:0% +values and so at the end of the loop so + + + align:start position:0% +values and so at the end of the loop so +sort of at the same indentation level as + + align:start position:0% +sort of at the same indentation level as + + + align:start position:0% +sort of at the same indentation level as +the for Loop all we need to do is print + + align:start position:0% +the for Loop all we need to do is print + + + align:start position:0% +the for Loop all we need to do is print +how many um how many of these numbers we + + align:start position:0% +how many um how many of these numbers we + + + align:start position:0% +how many um how many of these numbers we +have so if we run it it'll print three + + align:start position:0% +have so if we run it it'll print three + + + align:start position:0% +have so if we run it it'll print three +and if we change this to 10 it'll print + + align:start position:0% +and if we change this to 10 it'll print + + + align:start position:0% +and if we change this to 10 it'll print +probably six right because it counts the + + align:start position:0% +probably six right because it counts the + + + align:start position:0% +probably six right because it counts the +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +right questions about uh yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please I should + + align:start position:0% +please I should + + + align:start position:0% +please I should +look + + align:start position:0% +look + + + align:start position:0% +look +in so if you're under counting you may + + align:start position:0% +in so if you're under counting you may + + + align:start position:0% +in so if you're under counting you may +be initialize did you ini ize even nums + + align:start position:0% +be initialize did you ini ize even nums + + + align:start position:0% +be initialize did you ini ize even nums +to something else or + + align:start position:0% +to something else or + + + align:start position:0% +to something else or +maybe this is not incrementing right or + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is not incrementing right or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is not incrementing right or +maybe the range is + + align:start position:0% +maybe the range is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the range is +different I'll + + align:start position:0% +different I'll + + + align:start position:0% +different I'll +try + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it worked + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +awesome + + align:start position:0% +awesome + + + align:start position:0% +awesome +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so iterating through uh using for Loops + + align:start position:0% +so iterating through uh using for Loops + + + align:start position:0% +so iterating through uh using for Loops +to iterate through sequence of values is + + align:start position:0% +to iterate through sequence of values is + + + align:start position:0% +to iterate through sequence of values is +pretty useful + + align:start position:0% +pretty useful + + + align:start position:0% +pretty useful +let's take another look here at uh this + + align:start position:0% +let's take another look here at uh this + + + align:start position:0% +let's take another look here at uh this +particular program so this program is uh + + align:start position:0% +particular program so this program is uh + + + align:start position:0% +particular program so this program is uh +these this set of code this code and + + align:start position:0% +these this set of code this code and + + + align:start position:0% +these this set of code this code and +this code actually end up doing the same + + align:start position:0% +this code actually end up doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +this code actually end up doing the same +thing but let's look at the top one for + + align:start position:0% +thing but let's look at the top one for + + + align:start position:0% +thing but let's look at the top one for +now so this is a program that takes in a + + align:start position:0% +now so this is a program that takes in a + + + align:start position:0% +now so this is a program that takes in a +string S as sort of an input so to speak + + align:start position:0% +string S as sort of an input so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +string S as sort of an input so to speak +it iterates through the numbers zero to + + align:start position:0% +it iterates through the numbers zero to + + + align:start position:0% +it iterates through the numbers zero to +the length of s right so for I for index + + align:start position:0% +the length of s right so for I for index + + + align:start position:0% +the length of s right so for I for index +in range Len s is basically going to say + + align:start position:0% +in range Len s is basically going to say + + + align:start position:0% +in range Len s is basically going to say +for I index in range 13 or however many + + align:start position:0% +for I index in range 13 or however many + + + align:start position:0% +for I index in range 13 or however many +letters this string has + + align:start position:0% +letters this string has + + + align:start position:0% +letters this string has +right d e m o space l like all those + + align:start position:0% +right d e m o space l like all those + + + align:start position:0% +right d e m o space l like all those +letters there's probably 13 of them or + + align:start position:0% +letters there's probably 13 of them or + + + align:start position:0% +letters there's probably 13 of them or +something like that um so this line of + + align:start position:0% +something like that um so this line of + + + align:start position:0% +something like that um so this line of +uh code here is going to have our index + + align:start position:0% +uh code here is going to have our index + + + align:start position:0% +uh code here is going to have our index +take on the values 0 through + + align:start position:0% +take on the values 0 through + + + align:start position:0% +take on the values 0 through +13 representing the index in s right so + + align:start position:0% +13 representing the index in s right so + + + align:start position:0% +13 representing the index in s right so +the lowercase D will be at index zero + + align:start position:0% +the lowercase D will be at index zero + + + align:start position:0% +the lowercase D will be at index zero +the lowercase e will be at index one and + + align:start position:0% +the lowercase e will be at index one and + + + align:start position:0% +the lowercase e will be at index one and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +on so with this index in + + align:start position:0% +on so with this index in + + + align:start position:0% +on so with this index in +hand the next bit of code if s square + + align:start position:0% +hand the next bit of code if s square + + + align:start position:0% +hand the next bit of code if s square +bracket index equal equal I will check + + align:start position:0% +bracket index equal equal I will check + + + align:start position:0% +bracket index equal equal I will check +for me if this particular character is + + align:start position:0% +for me if this particular character is + + + align:start position:0% +for me if this particular character is +an i or that particular character is a u + + align:start position:0% +an i or that particular character is a u + + + align:start position:0% +an i or that particular character is a u +and every time that happens I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and every time that happens I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and every time that happens I'm going to +have this print out H uh uh print out to + + align:start position:0% +have this print out H uh uh print out to + + + align:start position:0% +have this print out H uh uh print out to +the screen there's an i or U so inside + + align:start position:0% +the screen there's an i or U so inside + + + align:start position:0% +the screen there's an i or U so inside +my code here this is the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and I run it it's going to print out + + align:start position:0% +one and I run it it's going to print out + + + align:start position:0% +one and I run it it's going to print out +that sentence twice because there's only + + align:start position:0% +that sentence twice because there's only + + + align:start position:0% +that sentence twice because there's only +two eyes are Us's in here and if it + + align:start position:0% +two eyes are Us's in here and if it + + + align:start position:0% +two eyes are Us's in here and if it +repeats it'll print out twice so there's + + align:start position:0% +repeats it'll print out twice so there's + + + align:start position:0% +repeats it'll print out twice so there's +one U and one I + + align:start position:0% +one U and one I + + + align:start position:0% +one U and one I +okay but this code can actually be + + align:start position:0% +okay but this code can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +okay but this code can actually be +written a lot simpler okay notice it + + align:start position:0% +written a lot simpler okay notice it + + + align:start position:0% +written a lot simpler okay notice it +took me a little bit of a while to + + align:start position:0% +took me a little bit of a while to + + + align:start position:0% +took me a little bit of a while to +explain it and probably at first glance + + align:start position:0% +explain it and probably at first glance + + + align:start position:0% +explain it and probably at first glance +it would take you a little bit of time + + align:start position:0% +it would take you a little bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +it would take you a little bit of time +to figure out what it's doing and that's + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what it's doing and that's + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what it's doing and that's +because we're actually relying on the + + align:start position:0% +because we're actually relying on the + + + align:start position:0% +because we're actually relying on the +index as kind of a middleman + + align:start position:0% +index as kind of a middleman + + + align:start position:0% +index as kind of a middleman +right we're looking uh we're iterating + + align:start position:0% +right we're looking uh we're iterating + + + align:start position:0% +right we're looking uh we're iterating +our for Loop through the + + align:start position:0% +our for Loop through the + + + align:start position:0% +our for Loop through the +index and then we're indexing into that + + align:start position:0% +index and then we're indexing into that + + + align:start position:0% +index and then we're indexing into that +index variable to grab the particular + + align:start position:0% +index variable to grab the particular + + + align:start position:0% +index variable to grab the particular +letter it turns out that with four Loops + + align:start position:0% +letter it turns out that with four Loops + + + align:start position:0% +letter it turns out that with four Loops +right I told you you can iterate over + + align:start position:0% +right I told you you can iterate over + + + align:start position:0% +right I told you you can iterate over +any sequence of values not just numbers + + align:start position:0% +any sequence of values not just numbers + + + align:start position:0% +any sequence of values not just numbers +and remember that strings are actually + + align:start position:0% +and remember that strings are actually + + + align:start position:0% +and remember that strings are actually +just a sequence of characters right case + + align:start position:0% +just a sequence of characters right case + + + align:start position:0% +just a sequence of characters right case +sensitive characters so in Python we can + + align:start position:0% +sensitive characters so in Python we can + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive characters so in Python we can +actually write code like this so the + + align:start position:0% +actually write code like this so the + + + align:start position:0% +actually write code like this so the +middle uh box right + + align:start position:0% +middle uh box right + + + align:start position:0% +middle uh box right +here it has our for Loop iterating + + align:start position:0% +here it has our for Loop iterating + + + align:start position:0% +here it has our for Loop iterating +through each character in the string + + align:start position:0% +through each character in the string + + + align:start position:0% +through each character in the string +directly so no longer are we looking at + + align:start position:0% +directly so no longer are we looking at + + + align:start position:0% +directly so no longer are we looking at +the index 0 through 12 but we're looking + + align:start position:0% +the index 0 through 12 but we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +the index 0 through 12 but we're looking +at the letter directly so our Loop + + align:start position:0% +at the letter directly so our Loop + + + align:start position:0% +at the letter directly so our Loop +variable which I called Char but you can + + align:start position:0% +variable which I called Char but you can + + + align:start position:0% +variable which I called Char but you can +call whatever you'd like is now going to + + align:start position:0% +call whatever you'd like is now going to + + + align:start position:0% +call whatever you'd like is now going to +take on values that are the letters + + align:start position:0% +take on values that are the letters + + + align:start position:0% +take on values that are the letters +themselves one at a time so the first + + align:start position:0% +themselves one at a time so the first + + + align:start position:0% +themselves one at a time so the first +time through the loop Char will be + + align:start position:0% +time through the loop Char will be + + + align:start position:0% +time through the loop Char will be +lowercase D the next time through the + + align:start position:0% +lowercase D the next time through the + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase D the next time through the +loop Char will be lowercase e the next + + align:start position:0% +loop Char will be lowercase e the next + + + align:start position:0% +loop Char will be lowercase e the next +time Char will be lowercase M and so on + + align:start position:0% +time Char will be lowercase M and so on + + + align:start position:0% +time Char will be lowercase M and so on +and so now we've got the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +and so now we've got the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +and so now we've got the sequence of +values that's the letters directly so + + align:start position:0% +values that's the letters directly so + + + align:start position:0% +values that's the letters directly so +when we check if the letter is an i or a + + align:start position:0% +when we check if the letter is an i or a + + + align:start position:0% +when we check if the letter is an i or a +u all I need to do is check if that + + align:start position:0% +u all I need to do is check if that + + + align:start position:0% +u all I need to do is check if that +character right Char my variable is + + align:start position:0% +character right Char my variable is + + + align:start position:0% +character right Char my variable is +equivalent to I or equivalent to youu + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to I or equivalent to youu + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to I or equivalent to youu +and it's going to be the same and it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be the same and it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be the same and it's +exactly the same code so this is the one + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same code so this is the one + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same code so this is the one +we had before and this is the one I just + + align:start position:0% +we had before and this is the one I just + + + align:start position:0% +we had before and this is the one I just +went through and again it prints out + + align:start position:0% +went through and again it prints out + + + align:start position:0% +went through and again it prints out +that sentence twice right because it's + + align:start position:0% +that sentence twice right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +that sentence twice right because it's +the same starting + + align:start position:0% +the same starting + + + align:start position:0% +the same starting +string so the sequence of values now is + + align:start position:0% +string so the sequence of values now is + + + align:start position:0% +string so the sequence of values now is +our characters direct right it's the + + align:start position:0% +our characters direct right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +our characters direct right it's the +letters directly it's not the the index + + align:start position:0% +letters directly it's not the the index + + + align:start position:0% +letters directly it's not the the index +itself and it turns out there's actually + + align:start position:0% +itself and it turns out there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +itself and it turns out there's actually +a much more pythonic way to write the + + align:start position:0% +a much more pythonic way to write the + + + align:start position:0% +a much more pythonic way to write the +code this middle box down here so in the + + align:start position:0% +code this middle box down here so in the + + + align:start position:0% +code this middle box down here so in the +bottom box the only part that I've + + align:start position:0% +bottom box the only part that I've + + + align:start position:0% +bottom box the only part that I've +changed is the if statement and I'm + + align:start position:0% +changed is the if statement and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +changed is the if statement and I'm +using this in keyword to test whether + + align:start position:0% +using this in keyword to test whether + + + align:start position:0% +using this in keyword to test whether +the character that I have in hand + + align:start position:0% +the character that I have in hand + + + align:start position:0% +the character that I have in hand +lowercase D lowercase e lowercase M and + + align:start position:0% +lowercase D lowercase e lowercase M and + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase D lowercase e lowercase M and +so on is in this sequence of characters + + align:start position:0% +so on is in this sequence of characters + + + align:start position:0% +so on is in this sequence of characters +I or you and for this case it's not so + + align:start position:0% +I or you and for this case it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +I or you and for this case it's not so +important right because in the middle + + align:start position:0% +important right because in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +important right because in the middle +box we could do if Char is equal to I or + + align:start position:0% +box we could do if Char is equal to I or + + + align:start position:0% +box we could do if Char is equal to I or +Char is equal to U which is fine but if + + align:start position:0% +Char is equal to U which is fine but if + + + align:start position:0% +Char is equal to U which is fine but if +we were if we wanted to test if the + + align:start position:0% +we were if we wanted to test if the + + + align:start position:0% +we were if we wanted to test if the +character is one of the digits 0 through + + align:start position:0% +character is one of the digits 0 through + + + align:start position:0% +character is one of the digits 0 through +nine this if or or or would be become a + + align:start position:0% +nine this if or or or would be become a + + + align:start position:0% +nine this if or or or would be become a +really long line right and so all we can + + align:start position:0% +really long line right and so all we can + + + align:start position:0% +really long line right and so all we can +do is you know if Char is in some + + align:start position:0% +do is you know if Char is in some + + + align:start position:0% +do is you know if Char is in some +particular sequence of characters python + + align:start position:0% +particular sequence of characters python + + + align:start position:0% +particular sequence of characters python +will automatically turn that into that + + align:start position:0% +will automatically turn that into that + + + align:start position:0% +will automatically turn that into that +longer if it's this or if it's this or + + align:start position:0% +longer if it's this or if it's this or + + + align:start position:0% +longer if it's this or if it's this or +if it's this or if it's this and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so the big idea here with for + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so the big idea here with for + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so the big idea here with for +Loops is that yes we're iterating + + align:start position:0% +Loops is that yes we're iterating + + + align:start position:0% +Loops is that yes we're iterating +through a sequence of values but we're + + align:start position:0% +through a sequence of values but we're + + + align:start position:0% +through a sequence of values but we're +not limited to just numbers and that's + + align:start position:0% +not limited to just numbers and that's + + + align:start position:0% +not limited to just numbers and that's +the cool thing about for Loops you can + + align:start position:0% +the cool thing about for Loops you can + + + align:start position:0% +the cool thing about for Loops you can +iterate through characters directly + + align:start position:0% +iterate through characters directly + + + align:start position:0% +iterate through characters directly +and we're going to see later on we can + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to see later on we can + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to see later on we can +iterate through lists of numbers lists + + align:start position:0% +iterate through lists of numbers lists + + + align:start position:0% +iterate through lists of numbers lists +of strings and a whole bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +of strings and a whole bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +of strings and a whole bunch of other +things so let's write a slightly more + + align:start position:0% +things so let's write a slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +things so let's write a slightly more +complex program this was version uh 0.01 + + align:start position:0% +complex program this was version uh 0.01 + + + align:start position:0% +complex program this was version uh 0.01 +of the cheerleader robots you see up in + + align:start position:0% +of the cheerleader robots you see up in + + + align:start position:0% +of the cheerleader robots you see up in +the corner there that I wrote um the + + align:start position:0% +the corner there that I wrote um the + + + align:start position:0% +the corner there that I wrote um the +robots or not mine but the code is uh so + + align:start position:0% +robots or not mine but the code is uh so + + + align:start position:0% +robots or not mine but the code is uh so +here's a little bit of code that kind of + + align:start position:0% +here's a little bit of code that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +here's a little bit of code that kind of +puts together iterating through strings + + align:start position:0% +puts together iterating through strings + + + align:start position:0% +puts together iterating through strings +directly and iterating through numbers + + align:start position:0% +directly and iterating through numbers + + + align:start position:0% +directly and iterating through numbers +directly so let me show you what this + + align:start position:0% +directly so let me show you what this + + + align:start position:0% +directly so let me show you what this +program is actually doing and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +program is actually doing and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +program is actually doing and then we'll +go over the code somebody give me some + + align:start position:0% +go over the code somebody give me some + + + align:start position:0% +go over the code somebody give me some +noun you're really excited + + align:start position:0% +noun you're really excited + + + align:start position:0% +noun you're really excited +about what is + + align:start position:0% +about what is + + + align:start position:0% +about what is +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what never mind give me something else + + align:start position:0% +what never mind give me something else + + + align:start position:0% +what never mind give me something else +that I + + align:start position:0% +that I + + + align:start position:0% +that I +know what is it pineapples okay + + align:start position:0% +know what is it pineapples okay + + + align:start position:0% +know what is it pineapples okay +pineapples okay so there it's going to + + align:start position:0% +pineapples okay so there it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +pineapples okay so there it's going to +cheer for us about pineapples and let's + + align:start position:0% +cheer for us about pineapples and let's + + + align:start position:0% +cheer for us about pineapples and let's +say we're enthusiastic level eight about + + align:start position:0% +say we're enthusiastic level eight about + + + align:start position:0% +say we're enthusiastic level eight about +pineapples all right so this is my + + align:start position:0% +pineapples all right so this is my + + + align:start position:0% +pineapples all right so this is my +cheerleader program so I typed in a word + + align:start position:0% +cheerleader program so I typed in a word + + + align:start position:0% +cheerleader program so I typed in a word +and I typed in an enthusiasm level for + + align:start position:0% +and I typed in an enthusiasm level for + + + align:start position:0% +and I typed in an enthusiasm level for +pineapples and then all it does is and + + align:start position:0% +pineapples and then all it does is and + + + align:start position:0% +pineapples and then all it does is and +notice the repetition which computers + + align:start position:0% +notice the repetition which computers + + + align:start position:0% +notice the repetition which computers +are really awesome for give me a p p + + align:start position:0% +are really awesome for give me a p p + + + align:start position:0% +are really awesome for give me a p p +give me an I I give me an NN and so on + + align:start position:0% +give me an I I give me an NN and so on + + + align:start position:0% +give me an I I give me an NN and so on +right what does that spell and then it + + align:start position:0% +right what does that spell and then it + + + align:start position:0% +right what does that spell and then it +does pineapples with three exclamation + + align:start position:0% +does pineapples with three exclamation + + + align:start position:0% +does pineapples with three exclamation +marks eight times because that's how + + align:start position:0% +marks eight times because that's how + + + align:start position:0% +marks eight times because that's how +enthusiastic I'm about pineapples + + align:start position:0% +enthusiastic I'm about pineapples + + + align:start position:0% +enthusiastic I'm about pineapples +all right so let's look at the code that + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's look at the code that + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's look at the code that +actually does this notice there's two + + align:start position:0% +actually does this notice there's two + + + align:start position:0% +actually does this notice there's two +parts to it right there's the part that + + align:start position:0% +parts to it right there's the part that + + + align:start position:0% +parts to it right there's the part that +does the um + + align:start position:0% +does the um + + + align:start position:0% +does the um +spelling and then there's the part that + + align:start position:0% +spelling and then there's the part that + + + align:start position:0% +spelling and then there's the part that +does repeating the word some number of + + align:start position:0% +does repeating the word some number of + + + align:start position:0% +does repeating the word some number of +times so these are two separate Loops + + align:start position:0% +times so these are two separate Loops + + + align:start position:0% +times so these are two separate Loops +the spelling is up here this for Loop + + align:start position:0% +the spelling is up here this for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +the spelling is up here this for Loop +here and then repeating some number of + + align:start position:0% +here and then repeating some number of + + + align:start position:0% +here and then repeating some number of +times is down + + align:start position:0% +times is down + + + align:start position:0% +times is down +here okay so the part where we do the + + align:start position:0% +here okay so the part where we do the + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so the part where we do the +spelling has a for Loop that iterates + + align:start position:0% +spelling has a for Loop that iterates + + + align:start position:0% +spelling has a for Loop that iterates +through the letters in the word directly + + align:start position:0% +through the letters in the word directly + + + align:start position:0% +through the letters in the word directly +right I'm not doing anything special + + align:start position:0% +right I'm not doing anything special + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm not doing anything special +with these letters so I can just iterate + + align:start position:0% +with these letters so I can just iterate + + + align:start position:0% +with these letters so I can just iterate +through uh the letters directly so for w + + align:start position:0% +through uh the letters directly so for w + + + align:start position:0% +through uh the letters directly so for w +in word where word is the input that I + + align:start position:0% +in word where word is the input that I + + + align:start position:0% +in word where word is the input that I +grabbed from the user W is a loop + + align:start position:0% +grabbed from the user W is a loop + + + align:start position:0% +grabbed from the user W is a loop +variable that's going to first be P Then + + align:start position:0% +variable that's going to first be P Then + + + align:start position:0% +variable that's going to first be P Then +I then n then e then a and so on + + align:start position:0% +I then n then e then a and so on + + + align:start position:0% +I then n then e then a and so on +right and then I have an if else here + + align:start position:0% +right and then I have an if else here + + + align:start position:0% +right and then I have an if else here +and if you look carefully the only + + align:start position:0% +and if you look carefully the only + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look carefully the only +difference between the if uh what we do + + align:start position:0% +difference between the if uh what we do + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the if uh what we do +inside the if and what we do inside the + + align:start position:0% +inside the if and what we do inside the + + + align:start position:0% +inside the if and what we do inside the +else is whether we type in un and then a + + align:start position:0% +else is whether we type in un and then a + + + align:start position:0% +else is whether we type in un and then a +letter or a and then the letter right + + align:start position:0% +letter or a and then the letter right + + + align:start position:0% +letter or a and then the letter right +because some letters make sense to say + + align:start position:0% +because some letters make sense to say + + + align:start position:0% +because some letters make sense to say +give me an a as opposed to give me a a + + align:start position:0% +give me an a as opposed to give me a a + + + align:start position:0% +give me an a as opposed to give me a a +it just doesn't sound right in English + + align:start position:0% +it just doesn't sound right in English + + + align:start position:0% +it just doesn't sound right in English +the letters where it makes sense to do + + align:start position:0% +the letters where it makes sense to do + + + align:start position:0% +the letters where it makes sense to do +un are defined up here so notice they're + + align:start position:0% +un are defined up here so notice they're + + + align:start position:0% +un are defined up here so notice they're +just defined as a really long + + align:start position:0% +just defined as a really long + + + align:start position:0% +just defined as a really long +string and so the if statement uses that + + align:start position:0% +string and so the if statement uses that + + + align:start position:0% +string and so the if statement uses that +in keyword we saw on the slide right it + + align:start position:0% +in keyword we saw on the slide right it + + + align:start position:0% +in keyword we saw on the slide right it +says if W so if that particular + + align:start position:0% +says if W so if that particular + + + align:start position:0% +says if W so if that particular +character is one of these is in this + + align:start position:0% +character is one of these is in this + + + align:start position:0% +character is one of these is in this +sequence of characters then print give + + align:start position:0% +sequence of characters then print give + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of characters then print give +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +un and that particular + + align:start position:0% +un and that particular + + + align:start position:0% +un and that particular +character and otherwise it's you know + + align:start position:0% +character and otherwise it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +character and otherwise it's you know +it's not one of these letters where it + + align:start position:0% +it's not one of these letters where it + + + align:start position:0% +it's not one of these letters where it +makes sense to say un so then you just + + align:start position:0% +makes sense to say un so then you just + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense to say un so then you just +print give me a and then that + + align:start position:0% +print give me a and then that + + + align:start position:0% +print give me a and then that +letter uh here I just rewrote these two + + align:start position:0% +letter uh here I just rewrote these two + + + align:start position:0% +letter uh here I just rewrote these two +print statements using f strings which + + align:start position:0% +print statements using f strings which + + + align:start position:0% +print statements using f strings which +we talked about back in lecture two just + + align:start position:0% +we talked about back in lecture two just + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about back in lecture two just +to show you how you could um how you + + align:start position:0% +to show you how you could um how you + + + align:start position:0% +to show you how you could um how you +could rewrite it with f + + align:start position:0% +could rewrite it with f + + + align:start position:0% +could rewrite it with f +strings um but it can be done both ways + + align:start position:0% +strings um but it can be done both ways + + + align:start position:0% +strings um but it can be done both ways +okay so at the end of this we've done + + align:start position:0% +okay so at the end of this we've done + + + align:start position:0% +okay so at the end of this we've done +the spelling and then we have a print + + align:start position:0% +the spelling and then we have a print + + + align:start position:0% +the spelling and then we have a print +statement that says what is that spell + + align:start position:0% +statement that says what is that spell + + + align:start position:0% +statement that says what is that spell +and then the last part is to repeat that + + align:start position:0% +and then the last part is to repeat that + + + align:start position:0% +and then the last part is to repeat that +word some n number of times whatever the + + align:start position:0% +word some n number of times whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +word some n number of times whatever the +user told us so I save that number of + + align:start position:0% +user told us so I save that number of + + + align:start position:0% +user told us so I save that number of +times in a variable called times and + + align:start position:0% +times in a variable called times and + + + align:start position:0% +times in a variable called times and +then all I do here is I have a nice + + align:start position:0% +then all I do here is I have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +then all I do here is I have a nice +little for Loop that goes goes through + + align:start position:0% +little for Loop that goes goes through + + + align:start position:0% +little for Loop that goes goes through +however many how much how much that + + align:start position:0% +however many how much how much that + + + align:start position:0% +however many how much how much that +number is right so range times means + + align:start position:0% +number is right so range times means + + + align:start position:0% +number is right so range times means +it's going to be zero all the way up + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be zero all the way up + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be zero all the way up +through an including times minus + + align:start position:0% +through an including times minus + + + align:start position:0% +through an including times minus +one that's a total of eight eight times + + align:start position:0% +one that's a total of eight eight times + + + align:start position:0% +one that's a total of eight eight times +in this particular case that it Loops + + align:start position:0% +in this particular case that it Loops + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular case that it Loops +through and then all we do is print the + + align:start position:0% +through and then all we do is print the + + + align:start position:0% +through and then all we do is print the +word with three exclamation + + align:start position:0% +word with three exclamation + + + align:start position:0% +word with three exclamation +marks notice that this print statement + + align:start position:0% +marks notice that this print statement + + + align:start position:0% +marks notice that this print statement +that's inside the bottom for Loop is not + + align:start position:0% +that's inside the bottom for Loop is not + + + align:start position:0% +that's inside the bottom for Loop is not +actually doing anything with our Loop + + align:start position:0% +actually doing anything with our Loop + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing anything with our Loop +variable right our Loop variable here is + + align:start position:0% +variable right our Loop variable here is + + + align:start position:0% +variable right our Loop variable here is +I but we're not doing anything with it + + align:start position:0% +I but we're not doing anything with it + + + align:start position:0% +I but we're not doing anything with it +and that's totally fine right because + + align:start position:0% +and that's totally fine right because + + + align:start position:0% +and that's totally fine right because +all we're using in the times and the + + align:start position:0% +all we're using in the times and the + + + align:start position:0% +all we're using in the times and the +loop vary in this particular Cas is to + + align:start position:0% +loop vary in this particular Cas is to + + + align:start position:0% +loop vary in this particular Cas is to +do this action some number of times + + align:start position:0% +do this action some number of times + + + align:start position:0% +do this action some number of times +right we don't always have to do + + align:start position:0% +right we don't always have to do + + + align:start position:0% +right we don't always have to do +something with that Loop + + align:start position:0% +something with that Loop + + + align:start position:0% +something with that Loop +variable any questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code uh yeah you also have used if + + align:start position:0% +code uh yeah you also have used if + + + align:start position:0% +code uh yeah you also have used if +statement + + align:start position:0% +statement + + + align:start position:0% +statement +for could you use if statements for the + + align:start position:0% +for could you use if statements for the + + + align:start position:0% +for could you use if statements for the +prints which one which prints these ones + + align:start position:0% +prints which one which prints these ones + + + align:start position:0% +prints which one which prints these ones +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +so to evaluate like the the W instead of + + align:start position:0% +so to evaluate like the the W instead of + + + align:start position:0% +so to evaluate like the the W instead of +having + + align:start position:0% +having + + + align:start position:0% +having +to um I mean f not if F oh F strings + + align:start position:0% +to um I mean f not if F oh F strings + + + align:start position:0% +to um I mean f not if F oh F strings +yeah we could have done it like this + + align:start position:0% +yeah we could have done it like this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we could have done it like this +yeah so this is this is how it is f and + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is this is how it is f and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so this is this is how it is f and +then we do the characters themselves + + align:start position:0% +then we do the characters themselves + + + align:start position:0% +then we do the characters themselves +inside the curly bracket yeah oh no + + align:start position:0% +inside the curly bracket yeah oh no + + + align:start position:0% +inside the curly bracket yeah oh no +that's okay it's okay yeah there's a + + align:start position:0% +that's okay it's okay yeah there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay it's okay yeah there's a +question yeah that last + + align:start position:0% +question yeah that last + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah that last +not yeah so the last for Loop is um is + + align:start position:0% +not yeah so the last for Loop is um is + + + align:start position:0% +not yeah so the last for Loop is um is +still going to iterate through uh times + + align:start position:0% +still going to iterate through uh times + + + align:start position:0% +still going to iterate through uh times +times right and the loop variable each + + align:start position:0% +times right and the loop variable each + + + align:start position:0% +times right and the loop variable each +time through the loop will be zero then + + align:start position:0% +time through the loop will be zero then + + + align:start position:0% +time through the loop will be zero then +one then two then + + align:start position:0% +one then two then + + + align:start position:0% +one then two then +three it we're not doing anything with + + align:start position:0% +three it we're not doing anything with + + + align:start position:0% +three it we're not doing anything with +the I right the stuff that's indented is + + align:start position:0% +the I right the stuff that's indented is + + + align:start position:0% +the I right the stuff that's indented is +going to get done but we're just not + + align:start position:0% +going to get done but we're just not + + + align:start position:0% +going to get done but we're just not +using the fact that I is zero or one or + + align:start position:0% +using the fact that I is zero or one or + + + align:start position:0% +using the fact that I is zero or one or +two at + + align:start position:0% +two at + + + align:start position:0% +two at +all incr yeah it increments itself + + align:start position:0% +all incr yeah it increments itself + + + align:start position:0% +all incr yeah it increments itself +automatically we're just not using it + + align:start position:0% +automatically we're just not using it + + + align:start position:0% +automatically we're just not using it +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh and that's what I said Okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and that's what I said Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and that's what I said Okay so +let's have you write a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +let's have you write a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +let's have you write a little bit of +code so let's assume you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +code so let's assume you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +code so let's assume you're going to be +given a string of lowercase letters + + align:start position:0% +given a string of lowercase letters + + + align:start position:0% +given a string of lowercase letters +right so we're not going to bother + + align:start position:0% +right so we're not going to bother + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're not going to bother +uppercase lowercase just assume you're + + align:start position:0% +uppercase lowercase just assume you're + + + align:start position:0% +uppercase lowercase just assume you're +given lowercase letters it's stored in a + + align:start position:0% +given lowercase letters it's stored in a + + + align:start position:0% +given lowercase letters it's stored in a +variable s so as an example s is equal + + align:start position:0% +variable s so as an example s is equal + + + align:start position:0% +variable s so as an example s is equal +to ABC + + align:start position:0% +to ABC + + + align:start position:0% +to ABC +a I would like you to write some code + + align:start position:0% +a I would like you to write some code + + + align:start position:0% +a I would like you to write some code +that counts how many unique letters are + + align:start position:0% +that counts how many unique letters are + + + align:start position:0% +that counts how many unique letters are +in this string right so notice a occurs + + align:start position:0% +in this string right so notice a occurs + + + align:start position:0% +in this string right so notice a occurs +twice but the count that your code + + align:start position:0% +twice but the count that your code + + + align:start position:0% +twice but the count that your code +should do for this particular uh in this + + align:start position:0% +should do for this particular uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +should do for this particular uh in this +particular string should just be three + + align:start position:0% +particular string should just be three + + + align:start position:0% +particular string should just be three +right we don't want to double count the + + align:start position:0% +right we don't want to double count the + + + align:start position:0% +right we don't want to double count the +a so there are three unique letters in + + align:start position:0% +a so there are three unique letters in + + + align:start position:0% +a so there are three unique letters in +ABCA they are a b and + + align:start position:0% +ABCA they are a b and + + + align:start position:0% +ABCA they are a b and +c so I do have a little hint it involves + + align:start position:0% +c so I do have a little hint it involves + + + align:start position:0% +c so I do have a little hint it involves +the use of an extra variable um as these + + align:start position:0% +the use of an extra variable um as these + + + align:start position:0% +the use of an extra variable um as these +programs usually go uh try to think + + align:start position:0% +programs usually go uh try to think + + + align:start position:0% +programs usually go uh try to think +about uh having this extra variable be a + + align:start position:0% +about uh having this extra variable be a + + + align:start position:0% +about uh having this extra variable be a +string that contains everything you've + + align:start position:0% +string that contains everything you've + + + align:start position:0% +string that contains everything you've +seen so + + align:start position:0% +seen so + + + align:start position:0% +seen so +far so as soon as you see a letter that + + align:start position:0% +far so as soon as you see a letter that + + + align:start position:0% +far so as soon as you see a letter that +you haven't seen before add it to this + + align:start position:0% +you haven't seen before add it to this + + + align:start position:0% +you haven't seen before add it to this +to this string variable that you've + + align:start position:0% +to this string variable that you've + + + align:start position:0% +to this string variable that you've +marking that you've now seen this this + + align:start position:0% +marking that you've now seen this this + + + align:start position:0% +marking that you've now seen this this +this letter and then use this scene + + align:start position:0% +this letter and then use this scene + + + align:start position:0% +this letter and then use this scene +variable to um to to write the rest of + + align:start position:0% +variable to um to to write the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +variable to um to to write the rest of +it so if you as you go through your your + + align:start position:0% +it so if you as you go through your your + + + align:start position:0% +it so if you as you go through your your +letters make sure that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +letters make sure that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +letters make sure that you're going to +check whether you've seen it already + + align:start position:0% +check whether you've seen it already + + + align:start position:0% +check whether you've seen it already +before uh before recounting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so as usual it's in here around line + + align:start position:0% +it so as usual it's in here around line + + + align:start position:0% +it so as usual it's in here around line +76 this is the code to um to do it so + + align:start position:0% +76 this is the code to um to do it so + + + align:start position:0% +76 this is the code to um to do it so +I'll give you a couple minutes and then + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you a couple minutes and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you a couple minutes and then +we can write it + + align:start position:0% +we can write it + + + align:start position:0% +we can write it +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +okay so let me just work through it and + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just work through it and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just work through it and +this is something that I think is pretty + + align:start position:0% +this is something that I think is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that I think is pretty +useful in a quiz situation it's just + + align:start position:0% +useful in a quiz situation it's just + + + align:start position:0% +useful in a quiz situation it's just +writing things on the on paper first + + align:start position:0% +writing things on the on paper first + + + align:start position:0% +writing things on the on paper first +just because it's a you know programming + + align:start position:0% +just because it's a you know programming + + + align:start position:0% +just because it's a you know programming +computer science class doesn't mean we + + align:start position:0% +computer science class doesn't mean we + + + align:start position:0% +computer science class doesn't mean we +have to start coding right away so it's + + align:start position:0% +have to start coding right away so it's + + + align:start position:0% +have to start coding right away so it's +really helpful to just kind of put some + + align:start position:0% +really helpful to just kind of put some + + + align:start position:0% +really helpful to just kind of put some +ideas down on paper so the way I would + + align:start position:0% +ideas down on paper so the way I would + + + align:start position:0% +ideas down on paper so the way I would +go about this problem is clearly I have + + align:start position:0% +go about this problem is clearly I have + + + align:start position:0% +go about this problem is clearly I have +to touch each character right in the + + align:start position:0% +to touch each character right in the + + + align:start position:0% +to touch each character right in the +string s so already for me that's I need + + align:start position:0% +string s so already for me that's I need + + + align:start position:0% +string s so already for me that's I need +to have a + + align:start position:0% +to have a + + + align:start position:0% +to have a +loop so as I'm looking at each character + + align:start position:0% +loop so as I'm looking at each character + + + align:start position:0% +loop so as I'm looking at each character +I'm going to keep track of it so if it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to keep track of it so if it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to keep track of it so if it's +not something I haven't se so if it's + + align:start position:0% +not something I haven't se so if it's + + + align:start position:0% +not something I haven't se so if it's +something I haven't seen before what I + + align:start position:0% +something I haven't seen before what I + + + align:start position:0% +something I haven't seen before what I +want to do is say okay I have now seen + + align:start position:0% +want to do is say okay I have now seen + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is say okay I have now seen +this a so I'm going to add it to a seen + + align:start position:0% +this a so I'm going to add it to a seen + + + align:start position:0% +this a so I'm going to add it to a seen +variable and then I'm going to increment + + align:start position:0% +variable and then I'm going to increment + + + align:start position:0% +variable and then I'm going to increment +a counter right I've seen it once so + + align:start position:0% +a counter right I've seen it once so + + + align:start position:0% +a counter right I've seen it once so +count maybe equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +count maybe equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +count maybe equals 1 +now the next time I look at the next + + align:start position:0% +now the next time I look at the next + + + align:start position:0% +now the next time I look at the next +letter I'm going to say it's a b have I + + align:start position:0% +letter I'm going to say it's a b have I + + + align:start position:0% +letter I'm going to say it's a b have I +seen it before no let me add it to my + + align:start position:0% +seen it before no let me add it to my + + + align:start position:0% +seen it before no let me add it to my +scene variable and increment my + + align:start position:0% +scene variable and increment my + + + align:start position:0% +scene variable and increment my +count next time I'm going to look at the + + align:start position:0% +count next time I'm going to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +count next time I'm going to look at the +letter c I have have I seen it before no + + align:start position:0% +letter c I have have I seen it before no + + + align:start position:0% +letter c I have have I seen it before no +I'm going to add it to my scene and then + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add it to my scene and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add it to my scene and then +I'm going to increment my count and then + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to increment my count and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to increment my count and then +the last time I'm going to look at this + + align:start position:0% +the last time I'm going to look at this + + + align:start position:0% +the last time I'm going to look at this +letter A I'm going to say is it already + + align:start position:0% +letter A I'm going to say is it already + + + align:start position:0% +letter A I'm going to say is it already +in my scene yep so so I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +in my scene yep so so I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +in my scene yep so so I'm not going to +do anything with this one right so when + + align:start position:0% +do anything with this one right so when + + + align:start position:0% +do anything with this one right so when +I see a letter that's already seen that + + align:start position:0% +I see a letter that's already seen that + + + align:start position:0% +I see a letter that's already seen that +I've already added to my seen variable I + + align:start position:0% +I've already added to my seen variable I + + + align:start position:0% +I've already added to my seen variable I +basically do nothing in my code right so + + align:start position:0% +basically do nothing in my code right so + + + align:start position:0% +basically do nothing in my code right so +the most of the work happens when I + + align:start position:0% +the most of the work happens when I + + + align:start position:0% +the most of the work happens when I +encounter something I have never seen + + align:start position:0% +encounter something I have never seen + + + align:start position:0% +encounter something I have never seen +before so does anyone have some starter + + align:start position:0% +before so does anyone have some starter + + + align:start position:0% +before so does anyone have some starter +code or something we can write we don't + + align:start position:0% +code or something we can write we don't + + + align:start position:0% +code or something we can write we don't +have to write it perfectly top to bottom + + align:start position:0% +have to write it perfectly top to bottom + + + align:start position:0% +have to write it perfectly top to bottom +we can write pieces here and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there yeah um you like you find there + + align:start position:0% +there yeah um you like you find there + + + align:start position:0% +there yeah um you like you find there +yep I wrot um + + align:start position:0% +yep I wrot um + + + align:start position:0% +yep I wrot um +car and I + + align:start position:0% +car and I + + + align:start position:0% +car and I +don't but I said like if car and in uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in walls but like I want to say if it's + + align:start position:0% +in walls but like I want to say if it's + + + align:start position:0% +in walls but like I want to say if it's +not in scene yeah so that that's a great + + align:start position:0% +not in scene yeah so that that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +not in scene yeah so that that's a great +start so if you want to say if it's not + + align:start position:0% +start so if you want to say if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +start so if you want to say if it's not +in scene we can just say if Char or car + + align:start position:0% +in scene we can just say if Char or car + + + align:start position:0% +in scene we can just say if Char or car +however you pronounce it is not in scene + + align:start position:0% +however you pronounce it is not in scene + + + align:start position:0% +however you pronounce it is not in scene +so that takes the inverse of you know + + align:start position:0% +so that takes the inverse of you know + + + align:start position:0% +so that takes the inverse of you know +true or false whatever this is right + + align:start position:0% +true or false whatever this is right + + + align:start position:0% +true or false whatever this is right +because inen will either be true or + + align:start position:0% +because inen will either be true or + + + align:start position:0% +because inen will either be true or +false and not that will be false or true + + align:start position:0% +false and not that will be false or true + + + align:start position:0% +false and not that will be false or true +right so that's perfect uh yeah can you + + align:start position:0% +right so that's perfect uh yeah can you + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's perfect uh yeah can you +you quickly when do we use the word not + + align:start position:0% +you quickly when do we use the word not + + + align:start position:0% +you quickly when do we use the word not +and when do we use like the exclamation + + align:start position:0% +and when do we use like the exclamation + + + align:start position:0% +and when do we use like the exclamation +Oh yeah so we can use not when we're + + align:start position:0% +Oh yeah so we can use not when we're + + + align:start position:0% +Oh yeah so we can use not when we're +dealing with booleans right so something + + align:start position:0% +dealing with booleans right so something + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with booleans right so something +that an expression that evaluates to + + align:start position:0% +that an expression that evaluates to + + + align:start position:0% +that an expression that evaluates to +true or false that's when we use not and + + align:start position:0% +true or false that's when we use not and + + + align:start position:0% +true or false that's when we use not and +the not equal so the exclamation mark + + align:start position:0% +the not equal so the exclamation mark + + + align:start position:0% +the not equal so the exclamation mark +equal is used when with other + + align:start position:0% +equal is used when with other + + + align:start position:0% +equal is used when with other +Expressions when we're testing for + + align:start position:0% +Expressions when we're testing for + + + align:start position:0% +Expressions when we're testing for +equality right like three not equal two + + align:start position:0% +equality right like three not equal two + + + align:start position:0% +equality right like three not equal two +or like a not equal b or something like + + align:start position:0% +or like a not equal b or something like + + + align:start position:0% +or like a not equal b or something like +that right so things that are that could + + align:start position:0% +that right so things that are that could + + + align:start position:0% +that right so things that are that could +be numerical not necessarily just true + + align:start position:0% +be numerical not necessarily just true + + + align:start position:0% +be numerical not necessarily just true +and false + + align:start position:0% +and false + + + align:start position:0% +and false +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay so if Char is not in scene so if I + + align:start position:0% +okay so if Char is not in scene so if I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if Char is not in scene so if I +haven't seen it before what do I want to + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen it before what do I want to + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen it before what do I want to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep yep so we can append the character + + align:start position:0% +yep yep so we can append the character + + + align:start position:0% +yep yep so we can append the character +that we just looked at to our scene list + + align:start position:0% +that we just looked at to our scene list + + + align:start position:0% +that we just looked at to our scene list +right just as we had done incrementally + + align:start position:0% +right just as we had done incrementally + + + align:start position:0% +right just as we had done incrementally +here so that takes care of adding the + + align:start position:0% +here so that takes care of adding the + + + align:start position:0% +here so that takes care of adding the +character one by one if we haven't seen + + align:start position:0% +character one by one if we haven't seen + + + align:start position:0% +character one by one if we haven't seen +it to our + + align:start position:0% +it to our + + + align:start position:0% +it to our +scene good + + align:start position:0% +scene good + + + align:start position:0% +scene good +anything else we want to do or we can + + align:start position:0% +anything else we want to do or we can + + + align:start position:0% +anything else we want to do or we can +even test it out like this right so we + + align:start position:0% +even test it out like this right so we + + + align:start position:0% +even test it out like this right so we +can print scene each time through our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Loop right so first it's a then it's a + + align:start position:0% +Loop right so first it's a then it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Loop right so first it's a then it's a +then it's ABC and then the last time it + + align:start position:0% +then it's ABC and then the last time it + + + align:start position:0% +then it's ABC and then the last time it +should still be ABC and it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +okay and the last step is to just do + + align:start position:0% +okay and the last step is to just do + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the last step is to just do +what the problem asks us to do which is + + align:start position:0% +what the problem asks us to do which is + + + align:start position:0% +what the problem asks us to do which is +to print how many characters + + align:start position:0% +to print how many characters + + + align:start position:0% +to print how many characters +are how many unique characters are in + + align:start position:0% +are how many unique characters are in + + + align:start position:0% +are how many unique characters are in +this list or in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y yeah we can have a + + align:start position:0% +y yeah we can have a + + + align:start position:0% +y yeah we can have a +counter that is initially zero before + + align:start position:0% +counter that is initially zero before + + + align:start position:0% +counter that is initially zero before +the loop and every time we add a new + + align:start position:0% +the loop and every time we add a new + + + align:start position:0% +the loop and every time we add a new +thing to our uh scene string we can + + align:start position:0% +thing to our uh scene string we can + + + align:start position:0% +thing to our uh scene string we can +increment our counter and then that + + align:start position:0% +increment our counter and then that + + + align:start position:0% +increment our counter and then that +takes care of the bulk of the work right + + align:start position:0% +takes care of the bulk of the work right + + + align:start position:0% +takes care of the bulk of the work right +this does all the counting all the + + align:start position:0% +this does all the counting all the + + + align:start position:0% +this does all the counting all the +adding to the unique scene and so at the + + align:start position:0% +adding to the unique scene and so at the + + + align:start position:0% +adding to the unique scene and so at the +end of the loop we have this number in + + align:start position:0% +end of the loop we have this number in + + + align:start position:0% +end of the loop we have this number in +hand and then we can just print it so + + align:start position:0% +hand and then we can just print it so + + + align:start position:0% +hand and then we can just print it so +with this particular case it's three if + + align:start position:0% +with this particular case it's three if + + + align:start position:0% +with this particular case it's three if +we add more A's in random spots it's + + align:start position:0% +we add more A's in random spots it's + + + align:start position:0% +we add more A's in random spots it's +still going to be three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right yeah so now that we have some code + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so now that we have some code + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so now that we have some code +that that basically basically that works + + align:start position:0% +that that basically basically that works + + + align:start position:0% +that that basically basically that works +really well we can make improvements to + + align:start position:0% +really well we can make improvements to + + + align:start position:0% +really well we can make improvements to +it so one Improvement that suggested is + + align:start position:0% +it so one Improvement that suggested is + + + align:start position:0% +it so one Improvement that suggested is +instead of keeping a counter variable we + + align:start position:0% +instead of keeping a counter variable we + + + align:start position:0% +instead of keeping a counter variable we +can actually just recognize the fact + + align:start position:0% +can actually just recognize the fact + + + align:start position:0% +can actually just recognize the fact +that the length of our scene is just all + + align:start position:0% +that the length of our scene is just all + + + align:start position:0% +that the length of our scene is just all +the unique characters we've seen already + + align:start position:0% +the unique characters we've seen already + + + align:start position:0% +the unique characters we've seen already +right because when we double up on + + align:start position:0% +right because when we double up on + + + align:start position:0% +right because when we double up on +something we don't read it so all we can + + align:start position:0% +something we don't read it so all we can + + + align:start position:0% +something we don't read it so all we can +do to uh to print + + align:start position:0% +do to uh to print + + + align:start position:0% +do to uh to print +out uh the number of unique characters + + align:start position:0% +out uh the number of unique characters + + + align:start position:0% +out uh the number of unique characters +is to just say I'm going to print out + + align:start position:0% +is to just say I'm going to print out + + + align:start position:0% +is to just say I'm going to print out +the length of scene + + align:start position:0% +the length of scene + + + align:start position:0% +the length of scene +okay and now there's no need to + + align:start position:0% +okay and now there's no need to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now there's no need to +increment any sort of counter and so + + align:start position:0% +increment any sort of counter and so + + + align:start position:0% +increment any sort of counter and so +that still gives us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three questions about this code does it + + align:start position:0% +three questions about this code does it + + + align:start position:0% +three questions about this code does it +make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +okay um notice there's no else right we + + align:start position:0% +okay um notice there's no else right we + + + align:start position:0% +okay um notice there's no else right we +just have a nice little if there's no + + align:start position:0% +just have a nice little if there's no + + + align:start position:0% +just have a nice little if there's no +else because there's nothing to do when + + align:start position:0% +else because there's nothing to do when + + + align:start position:0% +else because there's nothing to do when +we've already seen the character so we + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen the character so we + + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen the character so we +could have else Pass and Pass is just + + align:start position:0% +could have else Pass and Pass is just + + + align:start position:0% +could have else Pass and Pass is just +some is just a keyword in Python you see + + align:start position:0% +some is just a keyword in Python you see + + + align:start position:0% +some is just a keyword in Python you see +it's turned blue because it's a keyword + + align:start position:0% +it's turned blue because it's a keyword + + + align:start position:0% +it's turned blue because it's a keyword +in Python it just means do nothing right + + align:start position:0% +in Python it just means do nothing right + + + align:start position:0% +in Python it just means do nothing right +so we wouldn't write this obviously + + align:start position:0% +so we wouldn't write this obviously + + + align:start position:0% +so we wouldn't write this obviously +but that's that that you know if we had + + align:start position:0% +but that's that that you know if we had + + + align:start position:0% +but that's that that you know if we had +an else case that that's what we do we + + align:start position:0% +an else case that that's what we do we + + + align:start position:0% +an else case that that's what we do we +just do + + align:start position:0% +just do + + + align:start position:0% +just do +nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing +okay other questions about the code is + + align:start position:0% +okay other questions about the code is + + + align:start position:0% +okay other questions about the code is +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh Sor say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again why are we printing the length of + + align:start position:0% +again why are we printing the length of + + + align:start position:0% +again why are we printing the length of +scene here um so we're printing the + + align:start position:0% +scene here um so we're printing the + + + align:start position:0% +scene here um so we're printing the +length of scene + + align:start position:0% +length of scene + + + align:start position:0% +length of scene +because um because we see that uh + + align:start position:0% +because um because we see that uh + + + align:start position:0% +because um because we see that uh +whenever we add a unique character to + + align:start position:0% +whenever we add a unique character to + + + align:start position:0% +whenever we add a unique character to +this scene variable it it's it's one + + align:start position:0% +this scene variable it it's it's one + + + align:start position:0% +this scene variable it it's it's one +that we haven't actually seen before + + align:start position:0% +that we haven't actually seen before + + + align:start position:0% +that we haven't actually seen before +right and so the only things I'm adding + + align:start position:0% +right and so the only things I'm adding + + + align:start position:0% +right and so the only things I'm adding +to my scene are things that are + + align:start position:0% +to my scene are things that are + + + align:start position:0% +to my scene are things that are +new and so uh even as I was going + + align:start position:0% +new and so uh even as I was going + + + align:start position:0% +new and so uh even as I was going +through manually here I said I've seen + + align:start position:0% +through manually here I said I've seen + + + align:start position:0% +through manually here I said I've seen +the a I've seen the B I've seen the C I + + align:start position:0% +the a I've seen the B I've seen the C I + + + align:start position:0% +the a I've seen the B I've seen the C I +added them one by one and then when I + + align:start position:0% +added them one by one and then when I + + + align:start position:0% +added them one by one and then when I +saw the duplicate a I didn't add it to + + align:start position:0% +saw the duplicate a I didn't add it to + + + align:start position:0% +saw the duplicate a I didn't add it to +my uh here right and so basically the + + align:start position:0% +my uh here right and so basically the + + + align:start position:0% +my uh here right and so basically the +scene already contains all the unique + + align:start position:0% +scene already contains all the unique + + + align:start position:0% +scene already contains all the unique +characters in my list uh in my um in my + + align:start position:0% +characters in my list uh in my um in my + + + align:start position:0% +characters in my list uh in my um in my +in my string original + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so quick summary of what we've seen + + align:start position:0% +okay so quick summary of what we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +okay so quick summary of what we've seen +so far before we start looking at our + + align:start position:0% +so far before we start looking at our + + + align:start position:0% +so far before we start looking at our +first algorithm so we've seen objects + + align:start position:0% +first algorithm so we've seen objects + + + align:start position:0% +first algorithm so we've seen objects +right that's how we write python Pro uh + + align:start position:0% +right that's how we write python Pro uh + + + align:start position:0% +right that's how we write python Pro uh +python programs we manipulate objects by + + align:start position:0% +python programs we manipulate objects by + + + align:start position:0% +python programs we manipulate objects by +saving them to variables so the values + + align:start position:0% +saving them to variables so the values + + + align:start position:0% +saving them to variables so the values +are more easily accessible we have + + align:start position:0% +are more easily accessible we have + + + align:start position:0% +are more easily accessible we have +Expressions that evaluate to different + + align:start position:0% +Expressions that evaluate to different + + + align:start position:0% +Expressions that evaluate to different +things integers floats booleans things + + align:start position:0% +things integers floats booleans things + + + align:start position:0% +things integers floats booleans things +like that we added branching as a way to + + align:start position:0% +like that we added branching as a way to + + + align:start position:0% +like that we added branching as a way to +control as a control flow mechanism to + + align:start position:0% +control as a control flow mechanism to + + + align:start position:0% +control as a control flow mechanism to +our program right it says Hey python + + align:start position:0% +our program right it says Hey python + + + align:start position:0% +our program right it says Hey python +either evaluate this set of statements + + align:start position:0% +either evaluate this set of statements + + + align:start position:0% +either evaluate this set of statements +or this other set of statements + + align:start position:0% +or this other set of statements + + + align:start position:0% +or this other set of statements +depending on whether this condition is + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether this condition is + + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether this condition is +true and then we added the last uh uh + + align:start position:0% +true and then we added the last uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +true and then we added the last uh uh +mechanism for control flow the looping + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for control flow the looping + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for control flow the looping +mechanism that said you know either Loop + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that said you know either Loop + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism that said you know either Loop +or repeat this code while some condition + + align:start position:0% +or repeat this code while some condition + + + align:start position:0% +or repeat this code while some condition +is true or Loop this code for this + + align:start position:0% +is true or Loop this code for this + + + align:start position:0% +is true or Loop this code for this +sequence of values okay so really with + + align:start position:0% +sequence of values okay so really with + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of values okay so really with +that in hand we basically have a really + + align:start position:0% +that in hand we basically have a really + + + align:start position:0% +that in hand we basically have a really +nice toolbox of things that we can use + + align:start position:0% +nice toolbox of things that we can use + + + align:start position:0% +nice toolbox of things that we can use +to write interesting programs that's + + align:start position:0% +to write interesting programs that's + + + align:start position:0% +to write interesting programs that's +kind of all we need but this is not the + + align:start position:0% +kind of all we need but this is not the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of all we need but this is not the +end of the class we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +end of the class we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +end of the class we're going to look at +other things that will make our code + + align:start position:0% +other things that will make our code + + + align:start position:0% +other things that will make our code +neater more readable um we can write + + align:start position:0% +neater more readable um we can write + + + align:start position:0% +neater more readable um we can write +more of it more efficiently and things + + align:start position:0% +more of it more efficiently and things + + + align:start position:0% +more of it more efficiently and things +like that but really if you want to just + + align:start position:0% +like that but really if you want to just + + + align:start position:0% +like that but really if you want to just +start writing little algorithms this is + + align:start position:0% +start writing little algorithms this is + + + align:start position:0% +start writing little algorithms this is +all we need in terms of python syntax so + + align:start position:0% +all we need in terms of python syntax so + + + align:start position:0% +all we need in terms of python syntax so +the first thing we're going to apply + + align:start position:0% +the first thing we're going to apply + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing we're going to apply +this knowledge to is our very first + + align:start position:0% +this knowledge to is our very first + + + align:start position:0% +this knowledge to is our very first +algorithm called the guess and check + + align:start position:0% +algorithm called the guess and check + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm called the guess and check +algorithm so another word for the guess + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so another word for the guess + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so another word for the guess +and check algorithm is exhaust cost of + + align:start position:0% +and check algorithm is exhaust cost of + + + align:start position:0% +and check algorithm is exhaust cost of +enumeration okay so the idea here is + + align:start position:0% +enumeration okay so the idea here is + + + align:start position:0% +enumeration okay so the idea here is +that we're given a + + align:start position:0% +that we're given a + + + align:start position:0% +that we're given a +problem we can guess a value for a + + align:start position:0% +problem we can guess a value for a + + + align:start position:0% +problem we can guess a value for a +solution okay we'll just do a guess and + + align:start position:0% +solution okay we'll just do a guess and + + + align:start position:0% +solution okay we'll just do a guess and +then we'll test whether this guess is + + align:start position:0% +then we'll test whether this guess is + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll test whether this guess is +correct does it solve our + + align:start position:0% +correct does it solve our + + + align:start position:0% +correct does it solve our +problem if it does we're done we found a + + align:start position:0% +problem if it does we're done we found a + + + align:start position:0% +problem if it does we're done we found a +solution to our problem if it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +solution to our problem if it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +solution to our problem if it doesn't +solve our problem we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +solve our problem we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +solve our problem we're just going to +keep making guesses until we've + + align:start position:0% +keep making guesses until we've + + + align:start position:0% +keep making guesses until we've +exhausted our set of possible guesses + + align:start position:0% +exhausted our set of possible guesses + + + align:start position:0% +exhausted our set of possible guesses +right so either we find a solution or we + + align:start position:0% +right so either we find a solution or we + + + align:start position:0% +right so either we find a solution or we +say we weren't able to find a solution + + align:start position:0% +say we weren't able to find a solution + + + align:start position:0% +say we weren't able to find a solution +to this problem doesn't mean that one + + align:start position:0% +to this problem doesn't mean that one + + + align:start position:0% +to this problem doesn't mean that one +that one doesn't exist it just means + + align:start position:0% +that one doesn't exist it just means + + + align:start position:0% +that one doesn't exist it just means +that with guess and check and + + align:start position:0% +that with guess and check and + + + align:start position:0% +that with guess and check and +exhaustively enumerating all these + + align:start position:0% +exhaustively enumerating all these + + + align:start position:0% +exhaustively enumerating all these +possible values we were not able to find + + align:start position:0% +possible values we were not able to find + + + align:start position:0% +possible values we were not able to find +a solution so in terms of a flowchart + + align:start position:0% +a solution so in terms of a flowchart + + + align:start position:0% +a solution so in terms of a flowchart +the way this looks is we have an initial + + align:start position:0% +the way this looks is we have an initial + + + align:start position:0% +the way this looks is we have an initial +guess we ask is this guess correct if it + + align:start position:0% +guess we ask is this guess correct if it + + + align:start position:0% +guess we ask is this guess correct if it +is we're done and if it's not we're + + align:start position:0% +is we're done and if it's not we're + + + align:start position:0% +is we're done and if it's not we're +going to choose a next + + align:start position:0% +going to choose a next + + + align:start position:0% +going to choose a next +guess so let's look at uh finding the + + align:start position:0% +guess so let's look at uh finding the + + + align:start position:0% +guess so let's look at uh finding the +root of a perfect + + align:start position:0% +root of a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +root of a perfect +square and that's our problem and we're + + align:start position:0% +square and that's our problem and we're + + + align:start position:0% +square and that's our problem and we're +going to say either we found the root of + + align:start position:0% +going to say either we found the root of + + + align:start position:0% +going to say either we found the root of +this perfect square or we say this is + + align:start position:0% +this perfect square or we say this is + + + align:start position:0% +this perfect square or we say this is +not a perfect + + align:start position:0% +not a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +not a perfect +square so with guess and check we can + + align:start position:0% +square so with guess and check we can + + + align:start position:0% +square so with guess and check we can +say well what if we want to find what if + + align:start position:0% +say well what if we want to find what if + + + align:start position:0% +say well what if we want to find what if +we want to find whether seven is a + + align:start position:0% +we want to find whether seven is a + + + align:start position:0% +we want to find whether seven is a +perfect square if it is what is its root + + align:start position:0% +perfect square if it is what is its root + + + align:start position:0% +perfect square if it is what is its root +and if it's not say that it's not a + + align:start position:0% +and if it's not say that it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's not say that it's not a +perfect + + align:start position:0% +perfect + + + align:start position:0% +perfect +square well we can make an initial guess + + align:start position:0% +square well we can make an initial guess + + + align:start position:0% +square well we can make an initial guess +six that's not the right solution we can + + align:start position:0% +six that's not the right solution we can + + + align:start position:0% +six that's not the right solution we can +make another guess nine that's not the + + align:start position:0% +make another guess nine that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +make another guess nine that's not the +right solution we can make another guess + + align:start position:0% +right solution we can make another guess + + + align:start position:0% +right solution we can make another guess +two that's not the right solution we can + + align:start position:0% +two that's not the right solution we can + + + align:start position:0% +two that's not the right solution we can +make a guess zero that's obviously not + + align:start position:0% +make a guess zero that's obviously not + + + align:start position:0% +make a guess zero that's obviously not +the right solution we can keep guessing + + align:start position:0% +the right solution we can keep guessing + + + align:start position:0% +the right solution we can keep guessing +randomly like this but it's not going to + + align:start position:0% +randomly like this but it's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +randomly like this but it's not going to +be very efficient right what we want to + + align:start position:0% +be very efficient right what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +be very efficient right what we want to +do is use the power of computers and + + align:start position:0% +do is use the power of computers and + + + align:start position:0% +do is use the power of computers and +computers work with these sort of + + align:start position:0% +computers work with these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +computers work with these sort of +patterns in hand right remember range + + align:start position:0% +patterns in hand right remember range + + + align:start position:0% +patterns in hand right remember range +starting from zero following a pattern + + align:start position:0% +starting from zero following a pattern + + + align:start position:0% +starting from zero following a pattern +going up to some number so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +going up to some number so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +going up to some number so the idea is +to be systematic and then we can really + + align:start position:0% +to be systematic and then we can really + + + align:start position:0% +to be systematic and then we can really +harness the power of of programming and + + align:start position:0% +harness the power of of programming and + + + align:start position:0% +harness the power of of programming and +computers being able to do things really + + align:start position:0% +computers being able to do things really + + + align:start position:0% +computers being able to do things really +really quickly for us + + align:start position:0% +really quickly for us + + + align:start position:0% +really quickly for us +so for that same problem finding out + + align:start position:0% +so for that same problem finding out + + + align:start position:0% +so for that same problem finding out +whether a a a number X is a perfect + + align:start position:0% +whether a a a number X is a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +whether a a a number X is a perfect +square let's be systematic and start + + align:start position:0% +square let's be systematic and start + + + align:start position:0% +square let's be systematic and start +with a guess of + + align:start position:0% +with a guess of + + + align:start position:0% +with a guess of +zero two pro two cases the number we're + + align:start position:0% +zero two pro two cases the number we're + + + align:start position:0% +zero two pro two cases the number we're +trying to find the square root of is a + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the square root of is a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the square root of is a +perfect square let's say four we're + + align:start position:0% +perfect square let's say four we're + + + align:start position:0% +perfect square let's say four we're +going to start with a guess of zero is 0 + + align:start position:0% +going to start with a guess of zero is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with a guess of zero is 0 +squared solve our problem no increment + + align:start position:0% +squared solve our problem no increment + + + align:start position:0% +squared solve our problem no increment +does one squared solve our problem no + + align:start position:0% +does one squared solve our problem no + + + align:start position:0% +does one squared solve our problem no +increment does two squared solve our + + align:start position:0% +increment does two squared solve our + + + align:start position:0% +increment does two squared solve our +problem yes we are + + align:start position:0% +problem yes we are + + + align:start position:0% +problem yes we are +done what if X is not a perfect square + + align:start position:0% +done what if X is not a perfect square + + + align:start position:0% +done what if X is not a perfect square +okay let's say 10 let's use the same + + align:start position:0% +okay let's say 10 let's use the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's say 10 let's use the same +systematic approach of guess and check + + align:start position:0% +systematic approach of guess and check + + + align:start position:0% +systematic approach of guess and check +we're going to need to add a little bit + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need to add a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need to add a little bit +of algebra though because if we don't + + align:start position:0% +of algebra though because if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +of algebra though because if we don't +we're at risk of potentially doing + + align:start position:0% +we're at risk of potentially doing + + + align:start position:0% +we're at risk of potentially doing +something that will lead to an infinite + + align:start position:0% +something that will lead to an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +something that will lead to an infinite +Loop so the algebra we need to add to + + align:start position:0% +Loop so the algebra we need to add to + + + align:start position:0% +Loop so the algebra we need to add to +solve our problem is to say if the if we + + align:start position:0% +solve our problem is to say if the if we + + + align:start position:0% +solve our problem is to say if the if we +uh we're looking at a number that's not + + align:start position:0% +uh we're looking at a number that's not + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're looking at a number that's not +a perfect square we need to have to find + + align:start position:0% +a perfect square we need to have to find + + + align:start position:0% +a perfect square we need to have to find +we have to find a way to stop right we + + align:start position:0% +we have to find a way to stop right we + + + align:start position:0% +we have to find a way to stop right we +don't want to guess something that's + + align:start position:0% +don't want to guess something that's + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to guess something that's +infinite this is guess and check so we + + align:start position:0% +infinite this is guess and check so we + + + align:start position:0% +infinite this is guess and check so we +need an exhaustive set of potential + + align:start position:0% +need an exhaustive set of potential + + + align:start position:0% +need an exhaustive set of potential +Solutions so we're going to use algebra + + align:start position:0% +Solutions so we're going to use algebra + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions so we're going to use algebra +and we're going to say we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to say we're going to +stop as soon as our guess squared + + align:start position:0% +stop as soon as our guess squared + + + align:start position:0% +stop as soon as our guess squared +becomes bigger than + + align:start position:0% +becomes bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +becomes bigger than +x okay so we're going to start guessing + + align:start position:0% +x okay so we're going to start guessing + + + align:start position:0% +x okay so we're going to start guessing +zero then one then two then three than + + align:start position:0% +zero then one then two then three than + + + align:start position:0% +zero then one then two then three than +four and at some point that number that + + align:start position:0% +four and at some point that number that + + + align:start position:0% +four and at some point that number that +guess squared will be bigger than x and + + align:start position:0% +guess squared will be bigger than x and + + + align:start position:0% +guess squared will be bigger than x and +we know we can stop because numbers + + align:start position:0% +we know we can stop because numbers + + + align:start position:0% +we know we can stop because numbers +bigger than that will definitely be + + align:start position:0% +bigger than that will definitely be + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than that will definitely be +bigger than x so our first guess would + + align:start position:0% +bigger than x so our first guess would + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than x so our first guess would +be 0 squared obviously less than 10 1 + + align:start position:0% +be 0 squared obviously less than 10 1 + + + align:start position:0% +be 0 squared obviously less than 10 1 +squar less than 10 2 squar less than 10 + + align:start position:0% +squar less than 10 2 squar less than 10 + + + align:start position:0% +squar less than 10 2 squar less than 10 +3 squar less than 10 right that's + + align:start position:0% +3 squar less than 10 right that's + + + align:start position:0% +3 squar less than 10 right that's +nine 4 squared becomes 16 and we say + + align:start position:0% +nine 4 squared becomes 16 and we say + + + align:start position:0% +nine 4 squared becomes 16 and we say +this is where we stop and we have not + + align:start position:0% +this is where we stop and we have not + + + align:start position:0% +this is where we stop and we have not +found uh a square root for 10 right so + + align:start position:0% +found uh a square root for 10 right so + + + align:start position:0% +found uh a square root for 10 right so +10 is not a perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +square does that make sense is that + + align:start position:0% +square does that make sense is that + + + align:start position:0% +square does that make sense is that +right okay so our exhaustive set of + + align:start position:0% +right okay so our exhaustive set of + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so our exhaustive set of +potential Solutions is zero through four + + align:start position:0% +potential Solutions is zero through four + + + align:start position:0% +potential Solutions is zero through four +because that brought us close closest to + + align:start position:0% +because that brought us close closest to + + + align:start position:0% +because that brought us close closest to +10 and at four we've gone over 10 and we + + align:start position:0% +10 and at four we've gone over 10 and we + + + align:start position:0% +10 and at four we've gone over 10 and we +don't need to check five six seven + + align:start position:0% +don't need to check five six seven + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to check five six seven +because there's it's definitely not + + align:start position:0% +because there's it's definitely not + + + align:start position:0% +because there's it's definitely not +going to be those values squared will + + align:start position:0% +going to be those values squared will + + + align:start position:0% +going to be those values squared will +definitely be bigger than + + align:start position:0% +definitely be bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +definitely be bigger than +10 so this is the code that solves that + + align:start position:0% +10 so this is the code that solves that + + + align:start position:0% +10 so this is the code that solves that +problem we get input from the user so + + align:start position:0% +problem we get input from the user so + + + align:start position:0% +problem we get input from the user so +what number do you want to find whether + + align:start position:0% +what number do you want to find whether + + + align:start position:0% +what number do you want to find whether +it's a perfect square or not and what is + + align:start position:0% +it's a perfect square or not and what is + + + align:start position:0% +it's a perfect square or not and what is +what is it if it is a perfect + + align:start position:0% +what is it if it is a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +what is it if it is a perfect +square um we have a while loop that + + align:start position:0% +square um we have a while loop that + + + align:start position:0% +square um we have a while loop that +checks one condition right that's our + + align:start position:0% +checks one condition right that's our + + + align:start position:0% +checks one condition right that's our +stopping condition + + align:start position:0% +stopping condition + + + align:start position:0% +stopping condition +here we're going to iterate through the + + align:start position:0% +here we're going to iterate through the + + + align:start position:0% +here we're going to iterate through the +loop when guess squared is less than x + + align:start position:0% +loop when guess squared is less than x + + + align:start position:0% +loop when guess squared is less than x +right so on that number line we're going + + align:start position:0% +right so on that number line we're going + + + align:start position:0% +right so on that number line we're going +to keep incrementing by one as long as + + align:start position:0% +to keep incrementing by one as long as + + + align:start position:0% +to keep incrementing by one as long as +our square is less than + + align:start position:0% +our square is less than + + + align:start position:0% +our square is less than +x so that's this y Loop + + align:start position:0% +x so that's this y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +x so that's this y Loop +here and what we're doing inside the + + align:start position:0% +here and what we're doing inside the + + + align:start position:0% +here and what we're doing inside the +loop is incrementing our guess right + + align:start position:0% +loop is incrementing our guess right + + + align:start position:0% +loop is incrementing our guess right +guess equals guess plus + + align:start position:0% +guess equals guess plus + + + align:start position:0% +guess equals guess plus +one and then at some point if we haven't + + align:start position:0% +one and then at some point if we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +one and then at some point if we haven't +found a perfect square or if we have + + align:start position:0% +found a perfect square or if we have + + + align:start position:0% +found a perfect square or if we have +found a perfect square this condition + + align:start position:0% +found a perfect square this condition + + + align:start position:0% +found a perfect square this condition +becomes false right because this is + + align:start position:0% +becomes false right because this is + + + align:start position:0% +becomes false right because this is +false when the when we have the opposite + + align:start position:0% +false when the when we have the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +false when the when we have the opposite +of this less than sign so gu squ becomes + + align:start position:0% +of this less than sign so gu squ becomes + + + align:start position:0% +of this less than sign so gu squ becomes +greater than or equal to X now that's + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to X now that's + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to X now that's +two very different things right gu squ + + align:start position:0% +two very different things right gu squ + + + align:start position:0% +two very different things right gu squ +greater than x means we haven't found + + align:start position:0% +greater than x means we haven't found + + + align:start position:0% +greater than x means we haven't found +found this perfect square but gu squ is + + align:start position:0% +found this perfect square but gu squ is + + + align:start position:0% +found this perfect square but gu squ is +equal to X means we have found a perfect + + align:start position:0% +equal to X means we have found a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +equal to X means we have found a perfect +square right and both of those cases + + align:start position:0% +square right and both of those cases + + + align:start position:0% +square right and both of those cases +trigger us to leave the while + + align:start position:0% +trigger us to leave the while + + + align:start position:0% +trigger us to leave the while +loop so then right after the while loop + + align:start position:0% +loop so then right after the while loop + + + align:start position:0% +loop so then right after the while loop +we need to have an if else the if else + + align:start position:0% +we need to have an if else the if else + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have an if else the if else +checks for one of those two + + align:start position:0% +checks for one of those two + + + align:start position:0% +checks for one of those two +cases so the if gu squared is equivalent + + align:start position:0% +cases so the if gu squared is equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +cases so the if gu squared is equivalent +to X means that we exited the Y Loop + + align:start position:0% +to X means that we exited the Y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +to X means that we exited the Y Loop +because we found that it was a perfect + + align:start position:0% +because we found that it was a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +because we found that it was a perfect +square so like four for example right if + + align:start position:0% +square so like four for example right if + + + align:start position:0% +square so like four for example right if +X was four when we hit two that y Loop + + align:start position:0% +X was four when we hit two that y Loop + + + align:start position:0% +X was four when we hit two that y Loop +becomes false and we exited because four + + align:start position:0% +becomes false and we exited because four + + + align:start position:0% +becomes false and we exited because four +was a perfect + + align:start position:0% +was a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +was a perfect +square but the 10 for example would fall + + align:start position:0% +square but the 10 for example would fall + + + align:start position:0% +square but the 10 for example would fall +within the else uh Clause here right + + align:start position:0% +within the else uh Clause here right + + + align:start position:0% +within the else uh Clause here right +because we have exited the loop because + + align:start position:0% +because we have exited the loop because + + + align:start position:0% +because we have exited the loop because +guess squared 4 or squar 16 was greater + + align:start position:0% +guess squared 4 or squar 16 was greater + + + align:start position:0% +guess squared 4 or squar 16 was greater +than 10 okay and so that's um then then + + align:start position:0% +than 10 okay and so that's um then then + + + align:start position:0% +than 10 okay and so that's um then then +we would print X is not a perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +square okay so this works for many + + align:start position:0% +square okay so this works for many + + + align:start position:0% +square okay so this works for many +different values as big as you'd like + + align:start position:0% +different values as big as you'd like + + + align:start position:0% +different values as big as you'd like +but it doesn't work for uh it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't work for uh it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't work for uh it doesn't +work for negative + + align:start position:0% +work for negative + + + align:start position:0% +work for negative +values and the reason it doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +values and the reason it doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +values and the reason it doesn't work +for negative values is because the loop + + align:start position:0% +for negative values is because the loop + + + align:start position:0% +for negative values is because the loop +never actually enters in the first place + + align:start position:0% +never actually enters in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +never actually enters in the first place +um so for example uh if we look at this + + align:start position:0% +um so for example uh if we look at this + + + align:start position:0% +um so for example uh if we look at this +uh whether -2 is a is a perfect square + + align:start position:0% +uh whether -2 is a is a perfect square + + + align:start position:0% +uh whether -2 is a is a perfect square +we're going to start with guess is zero + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with guess is zero + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start with guess is zero +just because that's how we imple uh we + + align:start position:0% +just because that's how we imple uh we + + + align:start position:0% +just because that's how we imple uh we +implemented the algorithm right on the + + align:start position:0% +implemented the algorithm right on the + + + align:start position:0% +implemented the algorithm right on the +previous slide it says guess is equal to + + align:start position:0% +previous slide it says guess is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide it says guess is equal to +zero right at the + + align:start position:0% +zero right at the + + + align:start position:0% +zero right at the +top and so guess is 0 we say is 0^ 2ar + + align:start position:0% +top and so guess is 0 we say is 0^ 2ar + + + align:start position:0% +top and so guess is 0 we say is 0^ 2ar +less than + + align:start position:0% +less than + + + align:start position:0% +less than +x no zero is not less than -2 and that y + + align:start position:0% +x no zero is not less than -2 and that y + + + align:start position:0% +x no zero is not less than -2 and that y +Loop never even enters at + + align:start position:0% +Loop never even enters at + + + align:start position:0% +Loop never even enters at +all which is fine right because -2 does + + align:start position:0% +all which is fine right because -2 does + + + align:start position:0% +all which is fine right because -2 does +not or ne4 you know negative numbers are + + align:start position:0% +not or ne4 you know negative numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +not or ne4 you know negative numbers are +not perfect squares unless we're talking + + align:start position:0% +not perfect squares unless we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +not perfect squares unless we're talking +about imaginary numbers but we're not in + + align:start position:0% +about imaginary numbers but we're not in + + + align:start position:0% +about imaginary numbers but we're not in +this particular case however we might + + align:start position:0% +this particular case however we might + + + align:start position:0% +this particular case however we might +want to handle the case when the user + + align:start position:0% +want to handle the case when the user + + + align:start position:0% +want to handle the case when the user +giv us a negative number maybe they + + align:start position:0% +giv us a negative number maybe they + + + align:start position:0% +giv us a negative number maybe they +accidentally typed in the negative sign + + align:start position:0% +accidentally typed in the negative sign + + + align:start position:0% +accidentally typed in the negative sign +or something like that so we can + + align:start position:0% +or something like that so we can + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that so we can +actually take care of that case by + + align:start position:0% +actually take care of that case by + + + align:start position:0% +actually take care of that case by +adding a little bit of extra code around + + align:start position:0% +adding a little bit of extra code around + + + align:start position:0% +adding a little bit of extra code around +what we already wrote so the stuff + + align:start position:0% +what we already wrote so the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +what we already wrote so the stuff +that's boxed in red is the extra code we + + align:start position:0% +that's boxed in red is the extra code we + + + align:start position:0% +that's boxed in red is the extra code we +write everything else is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +write everything else is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +write everything else is exactly the +same as two slides ago okay so the only + + align:start position:0% +same as two slides ago okay so the only + + + align:start position:0% +same as two slides ago okay so the only +thing we want to do when we encounter a + + align:start position:0% +thing we want to do when we encounter a + + + align:start position:0% +thing we want to do when we encounter a +negative number is flag it using a new + + align:start position:0% +negative number is flag it using a new + + + align:start position:0% +negative number is flag it using a new +variable that's either true or false and + + align:start position:0% +variable that's either true or false and + + + align:start position:0% +variable that's either true or false and +then at the end we can handle that flag + + align:start position:0% +then at the end we can handle that flag + + + align:start position:0% +then at the end we can handle that flag +so if it's uh true we do something and + + align:start position:0% +so if it's uh true we do something and + + + align:start position:0% +so if it's uh true we do something and +if it's false we do something + + align:start position:0% +if it's false we do something + + + align:start position:0% +if it's false we do something +else so in this particular case we've + + align:start position:0% +else so in this particular case we've + + + align:start position:0% +else so in this particular case we've +got a negative flag initially false + + align:start position:0% +got a negative flag initially false + + + align:start position:0% +got a negative flag initially false +which means that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +which means that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +which means that we're going to +initially assume the user gives us a + + align:start position:0% +initially assume the user gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +initially assume the user gives us a +positive value right so negative flag + + align:start position:0% +positive value right so negative flag + + + align:start position:0% +positive value right so negative flag +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +false the user we get input from the + + align:start position:0% +false the user we get input from the + + + align:start position:0% +false the user we get input from the +user and then we check if the user gave + + align:start position:0% +user and then we check if the user gave + + + align:start position:0% +user and then we check if the user gave +us a negative number so if the x is less + + align:start position:0% +us a negative number so if the x is less + + + align:start position:0% +us a negative number so if the x is less +than zero then we're going to change the + + align:start position:0% +than zero then we're going to change the + + + align:start position:0% +than zero then we're going to change the +uh value of this flag neg flag equals to + + align:start position:0% +uh value of this flag neg flag equals to + + + align:start position:0% +uh value of this flag neg flag equals to +True right so we're going to change the + + align:start position:0% +True right so we're going to change the + + + align:start position:0% +True right so we're going to change the +value from false to true and then the + + align:start position:0% +value from false to true and then the + + + align:start position:0% +value from false to true and then the +rest of it is the same right this is all + + align:start position:0% +rest of it is the same right this is all + + + align:start position:0% +rest of it is the same right this is all +the same as what we had two slides ago + + align:start position:0% +the same as what we had two slides ago + + + align:start position:0% +the same as what we had two slides ago +except that at the end we're going to + + align:start position:0% +except that at the end we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +except that at the end we're going to +check to see if the user gave us + + align:start position:0% +check to see if the user gave us + + + align:start position:0% +check to see if the user gave us +actually gave us a negative number we + + align:start position:0% +actually gave us a negative number we + + + align:start position:0% +actually gave us a negative number we +can check with them did you actually + + align:start position:0% +can check with them did you actually + + + align:start position:0% +can check with them did you actually +mean the positive version of that number + + align:start position:0% +mean the positive version of that number + + + align:start position:0% +mean the positive version of that number +or something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and so in code the way this looks + + align:start position:0% +that and so in code the way this looks + + + align:start position:0% +that and so in code the way this looks +is is as follows so if we run it and we + + align:start position:0% +is is as follows so if we run it and we + + + align:start position:0% +is is as follows so if we run it and we +give it you know four obviously it tells + + align:start position:0% +give it you know four obviously it tells + + + align:start position:0% +give it you know four obviously it tells +us it's a perfect square and what its + + align:start position:0% +us it's a perfect square and what its + + + align:start position:0% +us it's a perfect square and what its +square root is + + align:start position:0% +square root is + + + align:start position:0% +square root is +nine Works 10 it says it's not a perfect + + align:start position:0% +nine Works 10 it says it's not a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +nine Works 10 it says it's not a perfect +square and then when we give it a + + align:start position:0% +square and then when we give it a + + + align:start position:0% +square and then when we give it a +negative number square or not it just uh + + align:start position:0% +negative number square or not it just uh + + + align:start position:0% +negative number square or not it just uh +tells us ne4 is not a perfect square and + + align:start position:0% +tells us ne4 is not a perfect square and + + + align:start position:0% +tells us ne4 is not a perfect square and +then it says just checking did you mean + + align:start position:0% +then it says just checking did you mean + + + align:start position:0% +then it says just checking did you mean +four so it does this extra print + + align:start position:0% +four so it does this extra print + + + align:start position:0% +four so it does this extra print +statement when the number was negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question yeah so I can explain that + + align:start position:0% +question yeah so I can explain that + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah so I can explain that +again so the negative flag equals false + + align:start position:0% +again so the negative flag equals false + + + align:start position:0% +again so the negative flag equals false +is just a variable right I just called + + align:start position:0% +is just a variable right I just called + + + align:start position:0% +is just a variable right I just called +it neg flag it's a variable I initialize + + align:start position:0% +it neg flag it's a variable I initialize + + + align:start position:0% +it neg flag it's a variable I initialize +to false just to say hey the number I'm + + align:start position:0% +to false just to say hey the number I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to false just to say hey the number I'm +going to assume is not negative and then + + align:start position:0% +going to assume is not negative and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to assume is not negative and then +we only flag it to uh we only change its + + align:start position:0% +we only flag it to uh we only change its + + + align:start position:0% +we only flag it to uh we only change its +value to true if the number was negative + + align:start position:0% +value to true if the number was negative + + + align:start position:0% +value to true if the number was negative +so in fact we could have just had a + + align:start position:0% +so in fact we could have just had a + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact we could have just had a +little if else here right so we get the + + align:start position:0% +little if else here right so we get the + + + align:start position:0% +little if else here right so we get the +X we don't have this line up here we + + align:start position:0% +X we don't have this line up here we + + + align:start position:0% +X we don't have this line up here we +have X is equal to int and then we say + + align:start position:0% +have X is equal to int and then we say + + + align:start position:0% +have X is equal to int and then we say +if x is less than zero NE flag equals + + align:start position:0% +if x is less than zero NE flag equals + + + align:start position:0% +if x is less than zero NE flag equals +true else neg flag equals false we could + + align:start position:0% +true else neg flag equals false we could + + + align:start position:0% +true else neg flag equals false we could +have done that as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so the big idea with guess and + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so the big idea with guess and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so the big idea with guess and +check is we can't test an infinite + + align:start position:0% +check is we can't test an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +check is we can't test an infinite +number of values we have to stop at some + + align:start position:0% +number of values we have to stop at some + + + align:start position:0% +number of values we have to stop at some +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +right so now we've been working with the + + align:start position:0% +right so now we've been working with the + + + align:start position:0% +right so now we've been working with the +code that that looks like something on + + align:start position:0% +code that that looks like something on + + + align:start position:0% +code that that looks like something on +the left side right we've been using + + align:start position:0% +the left side right we've been using + + + align:start position:0% +the left side right we've been using +while Loops but we've seen that we can + + align:start position:0% +while Loops but we've seen that we can + + + align:start position:0% +while Loops but we've seen that we can +actually write very efficient code using + + align:start position:0% +actually write very efficient code using + + + align:start position:0% +actually write very efficient code using +for Loops as well and in fact the guess + + align:start position:0% +for Loops as well and in fact the guess + + + align:start position:0% +for Loops as well and in fact the guess +and check method maybe intuitively lends + + align:start position:0% +and check method maybe intuitively lends + + + align:start position:0% +and check method maybe intuitively lends +itself better to a for Loop than a while + + align:start position:0% +itself better to a for Loop than a while + + + align:start position:0% +itself better to a for Loop than a while +loop right because we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +loop right because we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +loop right because we're trying to +iterate through an exhaustive set of + + align:start position:0% +iterate through an exhaustive set of + + + align:start position:0% +iterate through an exhaustive set of +values right the number zero through + + align:start position:0% +values right the number zero through + + + align:start position:0% +values right the number zero through +some number right and so maybe a for + + align:start position:0% +some number right and so maybe a for + + + align:start position:0% +some number right and so maybe a for +Loop is a better way to write such a + + align:start position:0% +Loop is a better way to write such a + + + align:start position:0% +Loop is a better way to write such a +guess and check algorithm and we're + + align:start position:0% +guess and check algorithm and we're + + + align:start position:0% +guess and check algorithm and we're +going to see how to rewrite that in a + + align:start position:0% +going to see how to rewrite that in a + + + align:start position:0% +going to see how to rewrite that in a +little bit but in terms of a flowchart + + align:start position:0% +little bit but in terms of a flowchart + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but in terms of a flowchart +the way the for Loop would go is we + + align:start position:0% +the way the for Loop would go is we + + + align:start position:0% +the way the for Loop would go is we +sequentially go through all the possible + + align:start position:0% +sequentially go through all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +sequentially go through all the possible +values when we've exhausted all the + + align:start position:0% +values when we've exhausted all the + + + align:start position:0% +values when we've exhausted all the +values we say we didn't find a solution + + align:start position:0% +values we say we didn't find a solution + + + align:start position:0% +values we say we didn't find a solution +and otherwise the for Loop just + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise the for Loop just + + + align:start position:0% +and otherwise the for Loop just +automatically grabs for us the next + + align:start position:0% +automatically grabs for us the next + + + align:start position:0% +automatically grabs for us the next +value in the + + align:start position:0% +value in the + + + align:start position:0% +value in the +sequence so let's have you work on this + + align:start position:0% +sequence so let's have you work on this + + + align:start position:0% +sequence so let's have you work on this +for a little bit I want you to hardc + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit I want you to hardc + + + align:start position:0% +for a little bit I want you to hardc +code for me a number as a secret number + + align:start position:0% +code for me a number as a secret number + + + align:start position:0% +code for me a number as a secret number +this is kind of what we did last lecture + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of what we did last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of what we did last lecture +so secret equals you know 7 five + + align:start position:0% +so secret equals you know 7 five + + + align:start position:0% +so secret equals you know 7 five +whatever you'd like it to be and then I + + align:start position:0% +whatever you'd like it to be and then I + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you'd like it to be and then I +want you to write some code that goes + + align:start position:0% +want you to write some code that goes + + + align:start position:0% +want you to write some code that goes +through all of these numbers from 1 to + + align:start position:0% +through all of these numbers from 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +through all of these numbers from 1 to +10 inclusive let's say and prints uh + + align:start position:0% +10 inclusive let's say and prints uh + + + align:start position:0% +10 inclusive let's say and prints uh +that it found the secret number so if + + align:start position:0% +that it found the secret number so if + + + align:start position:0% +that it found the secret number so if +the secret number is within the range 0o + + align:start position:0% +the secret number is within the range 0o + + + align:start position:0% +the secret number is within the range 0o +through 10 print that you found the + + align:start position:0% +through 10 print that you found the + + + align:start position:0% +through 10 print that you found the +number and otherwise don't print + + align:start position:0% +number and otherwise don't print + + + align:start position:0% +number and otherwise don't print +anything so if you don't find the number + + align:start position:0% +anything so if you don't find the number + + + align:start position:0% +anything so if you don't find the number +print + + align:start position:0% +print + + + align:start position:0% +print +nothing and as you're working on that + + align:start position:0% +nothing and as you're working on that + + + align:start position:0% +nothing and as you're working on that +and if you finish that code think about + + align:start position:0% +and if you finish that code think about + + + align:start position:0% +and if you finish that code think about +how you would change that code to do one + + align:start position:0% +how you would change that code to do one + + + align:start position:0% +how you would change that code to do one +thing differently if it's not not found + + align:start position:0% +thing differently if it's not not found + + + align:start position:0% +thing differently if it's not not found +print that you didn't find it so in the + + align:start position:0% +print that you didn't find it so in the + + + align:start position:0% +print that you didn't find it so in the +first version if you don't find it do + + align:start position:0% +first version if you don't find it do + + + align:start position:0% +first version if you don't find it do +nothing but in the second version if you + + align:start position:0% +nothing but in the second version if you + + + align:start position:0% +nothing but in the second version if you +don't find it tell me that you didn't + + align:start position:0% +don't find it tell me that you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +don't find it tell me that you didn't +find it okay so these codes + + align:start position:0% +find it okay so these codes + + + align:start position:0% +find it okay so these codes +are in this python file and the easier + + align:start position:0% +are in this python file and the easier + + + align:start position:0% +are in this python file and the easier +version is about line + + align:start position:0% +version is about line + + + align:start position:0% +version is about line +129 and then if you work on you know + + align:start position:0% +129 and then if you work on you know + + + align:start position:0% +129 and then if you work on you know +after you finish that if you're done you + + align:start position:0% +after you finish that if you're done you + + + align:start position:0% +after you finish that if you're done you +can just copy that code to lines + + align:start position:0% +can just copy that code to lines + + + align:start position:0% +can just copy that code to lines +144 and try to modify it um to the new + + align:start position:0% +144 and try to modify it um to the new + + + align:start position:0% +144 and try to modify it um to the new +specification so if you don't find it + + align:start position:0% +specification so if you don't find it + + + align:start position:0% +specification so if you don't find it +print that you didn't find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay so tell me some code for the + + align:start position:0% +it okay so tell me some code for the + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so tell me some code for the +first one so if we find the number print + + align:start position:0% +first one so if we find the number print + + + align:start position:0% +first one so if we find the number print +we found it and otherwise do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nothing what's better while loop or for + + align:start position:0% +nothing what's better while loop or for + + + align:start position:0% +nothing what's better while loop or for +Loop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for Loop yeah for let's say I + + align:start position:0% +for Loop yeah for let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +for Loop yeah for let's say I +in range how do I get numbers one to 1 + + align:start position:0% +in range how do I get numbers one to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +in range how do I get numbers one to 1 +to 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inclusive one comma 11 exactly good so + + align:start position:0% +inclusive one comma 11 exactly good so + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive one comma 11 exactly good so +this and again I can write a little + + align:start position:0% +this and again I can write a little + + + align:start position:0% +this and again I can write a little +message for myself I is one 2 3 4 dot + + align:start position:0% +message for myself I is one 2 3 4 dot + + + align:start position:0% +message for myself I is one 2 3 4 dot +dot dot + + align:start position:0% +dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +dot dot +11 what do I do to make the check + + align:start position:0% +11 what do I do to make the check + + + align:start position:0% +11 what do I do to make the check +whether this number I is my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +secret yep if I equ equals + + align:start position:0% +secret yep if I equ equals + + + align:start position:0% +secret yep if I equ equals +secret we let's say print + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +found okay run it obviously four is + + align:start position:0% +found okay run it obviously four is + + + align:start position:0% +found okay run it obviously four is +within that range obviously a 100 not in + + align:start position:0% +within that range obviously a 100 not in + + + align:start position:0% +within that range obviously a 100 not in +that range right so when we had four it + + align:start position:0% +that range right so when we had four it + + + align:start position:0% +that range right so when we had four it +printed found and when we had had 100 it + + align:start position:0% +printed found and when we had had 100 it + + + align:start position:0% +printed found and when we had had 100 it +did nothing okay I'm going to copy this + + align:start position:0% +did nothing okay I'm going to copy this + + + align:start position:0% +did nothing okay I'm going to copy this +code and paste it down here so let's try + + align:start position:0% +code and paste it down here so let's try + + + align:start position:0% +code and paste it down here so let's try +the version now where we just make one + + align:start position:0% +the version now where we just make one + + + align:start position:0% +the version now where we just make one +small change to our specification right + + align:start position:0% +small change to our specification right + + + align:start position:0% +small change to our specification right +now we request the code to say if you + + align:start position:0% +now we request the code to say if you + + + align:start position:0% +now we request the code to say if you +don't find the number within this range + + align:start position:0% +don't find the number within this range + + + align:start position:0% +don't find the number within this range +print that you did not find + + align:start position:0% +print that you did not find + + + align:start position:0% +print that you did not find +it what are some things we can + + align:start position:0% +it what are some things we can + + + align:start position:0% +it what are some things we can +try else + + align:start position:0% +try else + + + align:start position:0% +try else +okay print + + align:start position:0% +okay print + + + align:start position:0% +okay print +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +found okay so four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obviously was found but we also printed + + align:start position:0% +obviously was found but we also printed + + + align:start position:0% +obviously was found but we also printed +all these not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +founds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why yes because it's iterating through + + align:start position:0% +why yes because it's iterating through + + + align:start position:0% +why yes because it's iterating through +the whole range so you could try + + align:start position:0% +the whole range so you could try + + + align:start position:0% +the whole range so you could try +breaking out of the yeah we printed it + + align:start position:0% +breaking out of the yeah we printed it + + + align:start position:0% +breaking out of the yeah we printed it +because it's iterating through the whole + + align:start position:0% +because it's iterating through the whole + + + align:start position:0% +because it's iterating through the whole +range every time I check an I I'm either + + align:start position:0% +range every time I check an I I'm either + + + align:start position:0% +range every time I check an I I'm either +printing found or not found + + align:start position:0% +printing found or not found + + + align:start position:0% +printing found or not found +yeah so we could break I guess + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we could break I guess + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we could break I guess +um when we found it + + align:start position:0% +um when we found it + + + align:start position:0% +um when we found it +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +break run + + align:start position:0% +break run + + + align:start position:0% +break run +it okay then we print not found until we + + align:start position:0% +it okay then we print not found until we + + + align:start position:0% +it okay then we print not found until we +find it and then we break so we're + + align:start position:0% +find it and then we break so we're + + + align:start position:0% +find it and then we break so we're +getting there right it's it's looking a + + align:start position:0% +getting there right it's it's looking a + + + align:start position:0% +getting there right it's it's looking a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +better what else can we try yes + + align:start position:0% +better what else can we try yes + + + align:start position:0% +better what else can we try yes +another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +break we can try another break after not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +found but then the four is not found + + align:start position:0% +found but then the four is not found + + + align:start position:0% +found but then the four is not found +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah I like the idea yeah we can do you + + align:start position:0% +yeah I like the idea yeah we can do you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I like the idea yeah we can do you +can try to do a Boolean flag was that + + align:start position:0% +can try to do a Boolean flag was that + + + align:start position:0% +can try to do a Boolean flag was that +your suggestion as well yeah okay let's + + align:start position:0% +your suggestion as well yeah okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +your suggestion as well yeah okay let's +try to do the Boolean flag way um let's + + align:start position:0% +try to do the Boolean flag way um let's + + + align:start position:0% +try to do the Boolean flag way um let's +delete the breaks let's go back to what + + align:start position:0% +delete the breaks let's go back to what + + + align:start position:0% +delete the breaks let's go back to what +we had before so basically our idea is I + + align:start position:0% +we had before so basically our idea is I + + + align:start position:0% +we had before so basically our idea is I +think what we're trying to get at is we + + align:start position:0% +think what we're trying to get at is we + + + align:start position:0% +think what we're trying to get at is we +only want a print not found when we've + + align:start position:0% +only want a print not found when we've + + + align:start position:0% +only want a print not found when we've +gone through all the numbers in the + + align:start position:0% +gone through all the numbers in the + + + align:start position:0% +gone through all the numbers in the +range right so kind of something like + + align:start position:0% +range right so kind of something like + + + align:start position:0% +range right so kind of something like +this right I want to print the knot + + align:start position:0% +this right I want to print the knot + + + align:start position:0% +this right I want to print the knot +found only once at the end of my + + align:start position:0% +found only once at the end of my + + + align:start position:0% +found only once at the end of my +Loop okay but this code doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +Loop okay but this code doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +Loop okay but this code doesn't work +either because I'm always printing not + + align:start position:0% +either because I'm always printing not + + + align:start position:0% +either because I'm always printing not +found no matter if I do this extra print + + align:start position:0% +found no matter if I do this extra print + + + align:start position:0% +found no matter if I do this extra print +inside here right because this not found + + align:start position:0% +inside here right because this not found + + + align:start position:0% +inside here right because this not found +at the end here is at the same + + align:start position:0% +at the end here is at the same + + + align:start position:0% +at the end here is at the same +indentation level as the for Loop so the + + align:start position:0% +indentation level as the for Loop so the + + + align:start position:0% +indentation level as the for Loop so the +suggestion from a couple of you is to + + align:start position:0% +suggestion from a couple of you is to + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion from a couple of you is to +actually set a flag right so we can set + + align:start position:0% +actually set a flag right so we can set + + + align:start position:0% +actually set a flag right so we can set +a found flag to be originally let's say + + align:start position:0% +a found flag to be originally let's say + + + align:start position:0% +a found flag to be originally let's say +false + + align:start position:0% +false + + + align:start position:0% +false +right so before I even start my Loop let + + align:start position:0% +right so before I even start my Loop let + + + align:start position:0% +right so before I even start my Loop let +me just assume it's + + align:start position:0% +me just assume it's + + + align:start position:0% +me just assume it's +false and I'm GNA use this flag to to uh + + align:start position:0% +false and I'm GNA use this flag to to uh + + + align:start position:0% +false and I'm GNA use this flag to to uh +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +trigger or I'm gonna I guess I'm going + + align:start position:0% +trigger or I'm gonna I guess I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +trigger or I'm gonna I guess I'm going +to change this flag + + align:start position:0% +to change this flag + + + align:start position:0% +to change this flag +whenever I found the the the number + + align:start position:0% +whenever I found the the the number + + + align:start position:0% +whenever I found the the the number +right so found is originally false and + + align:start position:0% +right so found is originally false and + + + align:start position:0% +right so found is originally false and +the place in my code where I know I + + align:start position:0% +the place in my code where I know I + + + align:start position:0% +the place in my code where I know I +found the number is here right when I is + + align:start position:0% +found the number is here right when I is + + + align:start position:0% +found the number is here right when I is +equivalent to my secret and then I can + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to my secret and then I can + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to my secret and then I can +set my found flag to be true I only call + + align:start position:0% +set my found flag to be true I only call + + + align:start position:0% +set my found flag to be true I only call +it a flag because it it flags that an + + align:start position:0% +it a flag because it it flags that an + + + align:start position:0% +it a flag because it it flags that an +event happened or not so it's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +event happened or not so it's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +event happened or not so it's kind of a +a Boolean event but it's really just a + + align:start position:0% +a Boolean event but it's really just a + + + align:start position:0% +a Boolean event but it's really just a +variable right nothing special about the + + align:start position:0% +variable right nothing special about the + + + align:start position:0% +variable right nothing special about the +word flag it's just a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable right okay so now I think the + + align:start position:0% +variable right okay so now I think the + + + align:start position:0% +variable right okay so now I think the +suggestion was now that we've set our + + align:start position:0% +suggestion was now that we've set our + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion was now that we've set our +flag to to true or false depending on + + align:start position:0% +flag to to true or false depending on + + + align:start position:0% +flag to to true or false depending on +what happened in the code we can say if + + align:start position:0% +what happened in the code we can say if + + + align:start position:0% +what happened in the code we can say if +found or I guess in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +found or I guess in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +found or I guess in this particular case +if not found right the inverse of my + + align:start position:0% +if not found right the inverse of my + + + align:start position:0% +if not found right the inverse of my +Boolean print not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +found right there there's no else + + align:start position:0% +found right there there's no else + + + align:start position:0% +found right there there's no else +because the else was already taken care + + align:start position:0% +because the else was already taken care + + + align:start position:0% +because the else was already taken care +of when when we had the secret when we + + align:start position:0% +of when when we had the secret when we + + + align:start position:0% +of when when we had the secret when we +found the secret within the code so now + + align:start position:0% +found the secret within the code so now + + + align:start position:0% +found the secret within the code so now +we print found when it's four and if the + + align:start position:0% +we print found when it's four and if the + + + align:start position:0% +we print found when it's four and if the +number is obviously outside the range + + align:start position:0% +number is obviously outside the range + + + align:start position:0% +number is obviously outside the range +like 100 we print not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +found we can make a small change to it I + + align:start position:0% +found we can make a small change to it I + + + align:start position:0% +found we can make a small change to it I +guess so we don't have to print found + + align:start position:0% +guess so we don't have to print found + + + align:start position:0% +guess so we don't have to print found +down in there for maybe uh consistency + + align:start position:0% +down in there for maybe uh consistency + + + align:start position:0% +down in there for maybe uh consistency +or making things even we can just say + + align:start position:0% +or making things even we can just say + + + align:start position:0% +or making things even we can just say +else print found or something like + + align:start position:0% +else print found or something like + + + align:start position:0% +else print found or something like +that and I think that should work as + + align:start position:0% +that and I think that should work as + + + align:start position:0% +that and I think that should work as +well so 100 is not found and four is + + align:start position:0% +well so 100 is not found and four is + + + align:start position:0% +well so 100 is not found and four is +found right so now we're doing things + + align:start position:0% +found right so now we're doing things + + + align:start position:0% +found right so now we're doing things +kind of consistent stantly we're + + align:start position:0% +kind of consistent stantly we're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of consistent stantly we're +printing out whether we found it or not + + align:start position:0% +printing out whether we found it or not + + + align:start position:0% +printing out whether we found it or not +down here and inside the for Loop we'll + + align:start position:0% +down here and inside the for Loop we'll + + + align:start position:0% +down here and inside the for Loop we'll +just we're just dealing with the logic + + align:start position:0% +just we're just dealing with the logic + + + align:start position:0% +just we're just dealing with the logic +of the finding or not finding + + align:start position:0% +of the finding or not finding + + + align:start position:0% +of the finding or not finding +it any questions about this code does it + + align:start position:0% +it any questions about this code does it + + + align:start position:0% +it any questions about this code does it +seem all right does it make + + align:start position:0% +seem all right does it make + + + align:start position:0% +seem all right does it make +sense so I'm showcasing these Boolean + + align:start position:0% +sense so I'm showcasing these Boolean + + + align:start position:0% +sense so I'm showcasing these Boolean +Flags just because they're very useful + + align:start position:0% +Flags just because they're very useful + + + align:start position:0% +Flags just because they're very useful +for signaling that things happened in + + align:start position:0% +for signaling that things happened in + + + align:start position:0% +for signaling that things happened in +your code right so when you find + + align:start position:0% +your code right so when you find + + + align:start position:0% +your code right so when you find +yourself asking how do I how do I know + + align:start position:0% +yourself asking how do I how do I know + + + align:start position:0% +yourself asking how do I how do I know +that this thing happened something like + + align:start position:0% +that this thing happened something like + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing happened something like +Boolean flag is the answer right just + + align:start position:0% +Boolean flag is the answer right just + + + align:start position:0% +Boolean flag is the answer right just +set it to true or false zero or One A or + + align:start position:0% +set it to true or false zero or One A or + + + align:start position:0% +set it to true or false zero or One A or +B whatever you want and then check the + + align:start position:0% +B whatever you want and then check the + + + align:start position:0% +B whatever you want and then check the +value of that variable um later on in + + align:start position:0% +value of that variable um later on in + + + align:start position:0% +value of that variable um later on in +the code to to see if the event happened + + align:start position:0% +the code to to see if the event happened + + + align:start position:0% +the code to to see if the event happened +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not so these are the two codes that we + + align:start position:0% +not so these are the two codes that we + + + align:start position:0% +not so these are the two codes that we +had just written kind of side by side + + align:start position:0% +had just written kind of side by side + + + align:start position:0% +had just written kind of side by side +just to show you exactly what the + + align:start position:0% +just to show you exactly what the + + + align:start position:0% +just to show you exactly what the +difference is so here is the code where + + align:start position:0% +difference is so here is the code where + + + align:start position:0% +difference is so here is the code where +if we don't find the number we don't + + align:start position:0% +if we don't find the number we don't + + + align:start position:0% +if we don't find the number we don't +print anything right so it's just a for + + align:start position:0% +print anything right so it's just a for + + + align:start position:0% +print anything right so it's just a for +loop with an if and we say we found it + + align:start position:0% +loop with an if and we say we found it + + + align:start position:0% +loop with an if and we say we found it +and the one on the right is the code + + align:start position:0% +and the one on the right is the code + + + align:start position:0% +and the one on the right is the code +where we did find it uh where if we + + align:start position:0% +where we did find it uh where if we + + + align:start position:0% +where we did find it uh where if we +didn't find it we printed that we didn't + + align:start position:0% +didn't find it we printed that we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +didn't find it we printed that we didn't +find it so the only things that are + + align:start position:0% +find it so the only things that are + + + align:start position:0% +find it so the only things that are +added in addition to the code on the + + align:start position:0% +added in addition to the code on the + + + align:start position:0% +added in addition to the code on the +left is the stuff that's bolded right so + + align:start position:0% +left is the stuff that's bolded right so + + + align:start position:0% +left is the stuff that's bolded right so +I just have this flag that I initially + + align:start position:0% +I just have this flag that I initially + + + align:start position:0% +I just have this flag that I initially +set to false I set it to True when this + + align:start position:0% +set to false I set it to True when this + + + align:start position:0% +set to false I set it to True when this +event happened that is I found the the + + align:start position:0% +event happened that is I found the the + + + align:start position:0% +event happened that is I found the the +number and then I do the check at the + + align:start position:0% +number and then I do the check at the + + + align:start position:0% +number and then I do the check at the +end to print or not print found yeah can + + align:start position:0% +end to print or not print found yeah can + + + align:start position:0% +end to print or not print found yeah can +you explain why you don't use + + align:start position:0% +you explain why you don't use + + + align:start position:0% +you explain why you don't use +else I don't use else in the if or down + + align:start position:0% +else I don't use else in the if or down + + + align:start position:0% +else I don't use else in the if or down +here in the if uh so we don't use the + + align:start position:0% +here in the if uh so we don't use the + + + align:start position:0% +here in the if uh so we don't use the +else inside the if I equ equal secret + + align:start position:0% +else inside the if I equ equal secret + + + align:start position:0% +else inside the if I equ equal secret +because that if or else will be done + + align:start position:0% +because that if or else will be done + + + align:start position:0% +because that if or else will be done +every time through the + + align:start position:0% +every time through the + + + align:start position:0% +every time through the +loop right and I only print that we + + align:start position:0% +loop right and I only print that we + + + align:start position:0% +loop right and I only print that we +didn't find it one time at the end right + + align:start position:0% +didn't find it one time at the end right + + + align:start position:0% +didn't find it one time at the end right +the if if I have an an else inside the + + align:start position:0% +the if if I have an an else inside the + + + align:start position:0% +the if if I have an an else inside the +for loop it's basically asking if I is + + align:start position:0% +for loop it's basically asking if I is + + + align:start position:0% +for loop it's basically asking if I is +the secret number so zero is not the + + align:start position:0% +the secret number so zero is not the + + + align:start position:0% +the secret number so zero is not the +secret number we would hit the else one + + align:start position:0% +secret number we would hit the else one + + + align:start position:0% +secret number we would hit the else one +is not the secret number we' hit the + + align:start position:0% +is not the secret number we' hit the + + + align:start position:0% +is not the secret number we' hit the +else two is not the secret number we hit + + align:start position:0% +else two is not the secret number we hit + + + align:start position:0% +else two is not the secret number we hit +the else and only when I get to Seven in + + align:start position:0% +the else and only when I get to Seven in + + + align:start position:0% +the else and only when I get to Seven in +this case it is the secret number so I + + align:start position:0% +this case it is the secret number so I + + + align:start position:0% +this case it is the secret number so I +hit the if and so on so it's not + + align:start position:0% +hit the if and so on so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +hit the if and so on so it's not +something I want to do every time + + align:start position:0% +something I want to do every time + + + align:start position:0% +something I want to do every time +through the loop it's I put it at the + + align:start position:0% +through the loop it's I put it at the + + + align:start position:0% +through the loop it's I put it at the +end because I only need to do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once do that that make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense okay + + align:start position:0% +sense okay + + + align:start position:0% +sense okay +so Boolean variables are a variable that + + align:start position:0% +so Boolean variables are a variable that + + + align:start position:0% +so Boolean variables are a variable that +is in one of two states right I used + + align:start position:0% +is in one of two states right I used + + + align:start position:0% +is in one of two states right I used +here true or false but as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +here true or false but as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +here true or false but as I mentioned +you can use zero or One A orb as long as + + align:start position:0% +you can use zero or One A orb as long as + + + align:start position:0% +you can use zero or One A orb as long as +you as the programmer remember what + + align:start position:0% +you as the programmer remember what + + + align:start position:0% +you as the programmer remember what +values you're expecting this this + + align:start position:0% +values you're expecting this this + + + align:start position:0% +values you're expecting this this +variable to take on Boolean variables + + align:start position:0% +variable to take on Boolean variables + + + align:start position:0% +variable to take on Boolean variables +can be used as signals that something + + align:start position:0% +can be used as signals that something + + + align:start position:0% +can be used as signals that something +happened in the code right so this could + + align:start position:0% +happened in the code right so this could + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the code right so this could +be useful in a quiz situation we call + + align:start position:0% +be useful in a quiz situation we call + + + align:start position:0% +be useful in a quiz situation we call +these boo Flags but again it's just a + + align:start position:0% +these boo Flags but again it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +these boo Flags but again it's just a +name uh it's it's just a variable that + + align:start position:0% +name uh it's it's just a variable that + + + align:start position:0% +name uh it's it's just a variable that +changes state depending on if some event + + align:start position:0% +changes state depending on if some event + + + align:start position:0% +changes state depending on if some event +happened in the + + align:start position:0% +happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the +code okay so I'm coming back to the idea + + align:start position:0% +code okay so I'm coming back to the idea + + + align:start position:0% +code okay so I'm coming back to the idea +of while and for loops and we've already + + align:start position:0% +of while and for loops and we've already + + + align:start position:0% +of while and for loops and we've already +seen that there are many situations + + align:start position:0% +seen that there are many situations + + + align:start position:0% +seen that there are many situations +where for Loops are a lot more a lot + + align:start position:0% +where for Loops are a lot more a lot + + + align:start position:0% +where for Loops are a lot more a lot +easier to use than while Loops okay um + + align:start position:0% +easier to use than while Loops okay um + + + align:start position:0% +easier to use than while Loops okay um +so when we have four Loops that irrate + + align:start position:0% +so when we have four Loops that irrate + + + align:start position:0% +so when we have four Loops that irrate +through a sequence of values so the + + align:start position:0% +through a sequence of values so the + + + align:start position:0% +through a sequence of values so the +guess and check algorithm actually lends + + align:start position:0% +guess and check algorithm actually lends + + + align:start position:0% +guess and check algorithm actually lends +itself a little bit better to for Loops + + align:start position:0% +itself a little bit better to for Loops + + + align:start position:0% +itself a little bit better to for Loops +than y Loops so here's an example of us + + align:start position:0% +than y Loops so here's an example of us + + + align:start position:0% +than y Loops so here's an example of us +trying to find the cube root in this + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the cube root in this + + + align:start position:0% +trying to find the cube root in this +particular case not the square root of a + + align:start position:0% +particular case not the square root of a + + + align:start position:0% +particular case not the square root of a +number and again we're only asking if + + align:start position:0% +number and again we're only asking if + + + align:start position:0% +number and again we're only asking if +this uh number X is a or in this case + + align:start position:0% +this uh number X is a or in this case + + + align:start position:0% +this uh number X is a or in this case +cube is a perfect Cube okay so the way + + align:start position:0% +cube is a perfect Cube okay so the way + + + align:start position:0% +cube is a perfect Cube okay so the way +the code works with a for Loop is we're + + align:start position:0% +the code works with a for Loop is we're + + + align:start position:0% +the code works with a for Loop is we're +going to iterate through all the + + align:start position:0% +going to iterate through all the + + + align:start position:0% +going to iterate through all the +possible values so we have four our + + align:start position:0% +possible values so we have four our + + + align:start position:0% +possible values so we have four our +guests in range some number so we're + + align:start position:0% +guests in range some number so we're + + + align:start position:0% +guests in range some number so we're +going to check all the values zero all + + align:start position:0% +going to check all the values zero all + + + align:start position:0% +going to check all the values zero all +the way up through Cube + one the reason + + align:start position:0% +the way up through Cube + one the reason + + + align:start position:0% +the way up through Cube + one the reason +reason why we did the plus one is + + align:start position:0% +reason why we did the plus one is + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we did the plus one is +because if the user gives us the number + + align:start position:0% +because if the user gives us the number + + + align:start position:0% +because if the user gives us the number +one we want to check one itself right if + + align:start position:0% +one we want to check one itself right if + + + align:start position:0% +one we want to check one itself right if +we didn't have Cube plus one if we just + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have Cube plus one if we just + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't have Cube plus one if we just +had Cube we would mistakenly stop at + + align:start position:0% +had Cube we would mistakenly stop at + + + align:start position:0% +had Cube we would mistakenly stop at +zero even though one is a perfect + + align:start position:0% +zero even though one is a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +zero even though one is a perfect +Cube okay and then inside the four Loop + + align:start position:0% +Cube okay and then inside the four Loop + + + align:start position:0% +Cube okay and then inside the four Loop +we just have if guess cubed is equal to + + align:start position:0% +we just have if guess cubed is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +we just have if guess cubed is equal to +cube then we have found our perfect + + align:start position:0% +cube then we have found our perfect + + + align:start position:0% +cube then we have found our perfect +Cube okay if we have negative numbers + + align:start position:0% +Cube okay if we have negative numbers + + + align:start position:0% +Cube okay if we have negative numbers +with cubes it's just + + align:start position:0% +with cubes it's just + + + align:start position:0% +with cubes it's just +adding a little bit of extra code but + + align:start position:0% +adding a little bit of extra code but + + + align:start position:0% +adding a little bit of extra code but +it's not as weird as with the square + + align:start position:0% +it's not as weird as with the square + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as weird as with the square +root right because the cube root of a + + align:start position:0% +root right because the cube root of a + + + align:start position:0% +root right because the cube root of a +negative number is just the cube root of + + align:start position:0% +negative number is just the cube root of + + + align:start position:0% +negative number is just the cube root of +that positive version of that number + + align:start position:0% +that positive version of that number + + + align:start position:0% +that positive version of that number +with a negative sign in front of it so + + align:start position:0% +with a negative sign in front of it so + + + align:start position:0% +with a negative sign in front of it so +all we're doing with a negative number + + align:start position:0% +all we're doing with a negative number + + + align:start position:0% +all we're doing with a negative number +uh as the input is saying I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +uh as the input is saying I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh as the input is saying I'm going to +iterate through all these values in + + align:start position:0% +iterate through all these values in + + + align:start position:0% +iterate through all these values in +through zero all the way up to the + + align:start position:0% +through zero all the way up to the + + + align:start position:0% +through zero all the way up to the +positive version of whatever the user + + align:start position:0% +positive version of whatever the user + + + align:start position:0% +positive version of whatever the user +gave me so this is taking the absolute + + align:start position:0% +gave me so this is taking the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +gave me so this is taking the absolute +value of the number that user gave me + + align:start position:0% +value of the number that user gave me + + + align:start position:0% +value of the number that user gave me +and adding one to it so just kind of + + align:start position:0% +and adding one to it so just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and adding one to it so just kind of +like the code on the previous slide + + align:start position:0% +like the code on the previous slide + + + align:start position:0% +like the code on the previous slide +except we're doing the absolute value of + + align:start position:0% +except we're doing the absolute value of + + + align:start position:0% +except we're doing the absolute value of +it we're checking if the guest cubed is + + align:start position:0% +it we're checking if the guest cubed is + + + align:start position:0% +it we're checking if the guest cubed is +equivalent to uh the absolute value of + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to uh the absolute value of + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to uh the absolute value of +cubed exactly the same as on the + + align:start position:0% +cubed exactly the same as on the + + + align:start position:0% +cubed exactly the same as on the +previous slide except taking the + + align:start position:0% +previous slide except taking the + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide except taking the +absolute value of the cube and then we + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the cube and then we + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the cube and then we +have this extra little bit that checks + + align:start position:0% +have this extra little bit that checks + + + align:start position:0% +have this extra little bit that checks +if the user actually gave us a negative + + align:start position:0% +if the user actually gave us a negative + + + align:start position:0% +if the user actually gave us a negative +number so do we need to put a negative + + align:start position:0% +number so do we need to put a negative + + + align:start position:0% +number so do we need to put a negative +number in front of our + + align:start position:0% +number in front of our + + + align:start position:0% +number in front of our +guess so if the user actually did give + + align:start position:0% +guess so if the user actually did give + + + align:start position:0% +guess so if the user actually did give +us a negative number let's just + + align:start position:0% +us a negative number let's just + + + align:start position:0% +us a negative number let's just +take do minus whatever value we just + + align:start position:0% +take do minus whatever value we just + + + align:start position:0% +take do minus whatever value we just +found for the cube and then we can print + + align:start position:0% +found for the cube and then we can print + + + align:start position:0% +found for the cube and then we can print +the cube root of this perfect + + align:start position:0% +the cube root of this perfect + + + align:start position:0% +the cube root of this perfect +Cube okay so again same code as before + + align:start position:0% +Cube okay so again same code as before + + + align:start position:0% +Cube okay so again same code as before +the only difference is absolute value of + + align:start position:0% +the only difference is absolute value of + + + align:start position:0% +the only difference is absolute value of +Cube and adding this check to deal with + + align:start position:0% +Cube and adding this check to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +Cube and adding this check to deal with +negative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers okay so we can actually make + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so we can actually make + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay so we can actually make +this code a little bit faster because + + align:start position:0% +this code a little bit faster because + + + align:start position:0% +this code a little bit faster because +for example when we're taking the you + + align:start position:0% +for example when we're taking the you + + + align:start position:0% +for example when we're taking the you +know checking the cube root of 27 the + + align:start position:0% +know checking the cube root of 27 the + + + align:start position:0% +know checking the cube root of 27 the +numbers we're checking are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 + + align:start position:0% +numbers we're checking are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 + + + align:start position:0% +numbers we're checking are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +in our for Loop all the way up to 27 + + align:start position:0% +in our for Loop all the way up to 27 + + + align:start position:0% +in our for Loop all the way up to 27 +right but we can recognize the fact that + + align:start position:0% +right but we can recognize the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +right but we can recognize the fact that +when we reach uh or okay 27 fine let's + + align:start position:0% +when we reach uh or okay 27 fine let's + + + align:start position:0% +when we reach uh or okay 27 fine let's +say 26 we can recognize the fact that + + align:start position:0% +say 26 we can recognize the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +say 26 we can recognize the fact that +when we hit + + align:start position:0% +when we hit + + + align:start position:0% +when we hit +three the guess cubed is actually + + align:start position:0% +three the guess cubed is actually + + + align:start position:0% +three the guess cubed is actually +27 right and so in our for Loop it + + align:start position:0% +27 right and so in our for Loop it + + + align:start position:0% +27 right and so in our for Loop it +doesn't make sense to keep checking Four + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense to keep checking Four + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense to keep checking Four +five six seven to see if those numbers + + align:start position:0% +five six seven to see if those numbers + + + align:start position:0% +five six seven to see if those numbers +are then going to match or or be our our + + align:start position:0% +are then going to match or or be our our + + + align:start position:0% +are then going to match or or be our our +cube root for potentially perfect Cube + + align:start position:0% +cube root for potentially perfect Cube + + + align:start position:0% +cube root for potentially perfect Cube +and so that's what this code is doing + + align:start position:0% +and so that's what this code is doing + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's what this code is doing +it's going to have a little if + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have a little if + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have a little if +statement in here so again this is the + + align:start position:0% +statement in here so again this is the + + + align:start position:0% +statement in here so again this is the +same as before but we're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +same as before but we're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +same as before but we're going to have a +little if statement that says if the + + align:start position:0% +little if statement that says if the + + + align:start position:0% +little if statement that says if the +guess cubed is greater than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +guess cubed is greater than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +guess cubed is greater than or equal to +not just equal to but greater than or + + align:start position:0% +not just equal to but greater than or + + + align:start position:0% +not just equal to but greater than or +equal to let's break out of the + + align:start position:0% +equal to let's break out of the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to let's break out of the +loop + + align:start position:0% +loop + + + align:start position:0% +loop +okay and so so when this condition is + + align:start position:0% +okay and so so when this condition is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so so when this condition is +false or sorry when this condition is + + align:start position:0% +false or sorry when this condition is + + + align:start position:0% +false or sorry when this condition is +true guess cubed is greater than or + + align:start position:0% +true guess cubed is greater than or + + + align:start position:0% +true guess cubed is greater than or +equal to we have exited the loop but now + + align:start position:0% +equal to we have exited the loop but now + + + align:start position:0% +equal to we have exited the loop but now +just like with the square root code with + + align:start position:0% +just like with the square root code with + + + align:start position:0% +just like with the square root code with +the Y Loop we have to see why we exited + + align:start position:0% +the Y Loop we have to see why we exited + + + align:start position:0% +the Y Loop we have to see why we exited +the loop why did we break out of this + + align:start position:0% +the loop why did we break out of this + + + align:start position:0% +the loop why did we break out of this +Loop + + align:start position:0% +Loop + + + align:start position:0% +Loop +prematurely okay one is we exited + + align:start position:0% +prematurely okay one is we exited + + + align:start position:0% +prematurely okay one is we exited +because the guess cubed was equal to the + + align:start position:0% +because the guess cubed was equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +because the guess cubed was equal to the +cube or the guess Cub was greater than + + align:start position:0% +cube or the guess Cub was greater than + + + align:start position:0% +cube or the guess Cub was greater than +the cube and so then we have a little if + + align:start position:0% +the cube and so then we have a little if + + + align:start position:0% +the cube and so then we have a little if +else uh conditional here that says if we + + align:start position:0% +else uh conditional here that says if we + + + align:start position:0% +else uh conditional here that says if we +exited because it's not equal greater + + align:start position:0% +exited because it's not equal greater + + + align:start position:0% +exited because it's not equal greater +than then it's not a perfect Cube and + + align:start position:0% +than then it's not a perfect Cube and + + + align:start position:0% +than then it's not a perfect Cube and +otherwise we exited because it was equal + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we exited because it was equal + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we exited because it was equal +to which is the same code we had on the + + align:start position:0% +to which is the same code we had on the + + + align:start position:0% +to which is the same code we had on the +previous slide check whether the user + + align:start position:0% +previous slide check whether the user + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide check whether the user +gave us a positive or negative value put + + align:start position:0% +gave us a positive or negative value put + + + align:start position:0% +gave us a positive or negative value put +the negative sign in front of our guest + + align:start position:0% +the negative sign in front of our guest + + + align:start position:0% +the negative sign in front of our guest +and then print the perfect uh cube + + align:start position:0% +and then print the perfect uh cube + + + align:start position:0% +and then print the perfect uh cube +root okay so all variations of the same + + align:start position:0% +root okay so all variations of the same + + + align:start position:0% +root okay so all variations of the same +sort of starter code we're just adding + + align:start position:0% +sort of starter code we're just adding + + + align:start position:0% +sort of starter code we're just adding +little bits of function functionality + + align:start position:0% +little bits of function functionality + + + align:start position:0% +little bits of function functionality +and making the code slightly more + + align:start position:0% +and making the code slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +and making the code slightly more +efficient here and + + align:start position:0% +efficient here and + + + align:start position:0% +efficient here and +there so I have another example and this + + align:start position:0% +there so I have another example and this + + + align:start position:0% +there so I have another example and this +example is probably the point in this + + align:start position:0% +example is probably the point in this + + + align:start position:0% +example is probably the point in this +class where you're like aha this is what + + align:start position:0% +class where you're like aha this is what + + + align:start position:0% +class where you're like aha this is what +computational thinking means so remember + + align:start position:0% +computational thinking means so remember + + + align:start position:0% +computational thinking means so remember +these word problems from childhood right + + align:start position:0% +these word problems from childhood right + + + align:start position:0% +these word problems from childhood right +you see a math problem you have + + align:start position:0% +you see a math problem you have + + + align:start position:0% +you see a math problem you have +basically a system of equations + + align:start position:0% +basically a system of equations + + + align:start position:0% +basically a system of equations +algebraically you could probably solve + + align:start position:0% +algebraically you could probably solve + + + align:start position:0% +algebraically you could probably solve +it within a minute or so we can actually + + align:start position:0% +it within a minute or so we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +it within a minute or so we can actually +apply computation to solve problems just + + align:start position:0% +apply computation to solve problems just + + + align:start position:0% +apply computation to solve problems just +like these so we don't need to do it + + align:start position:0% +like these so we don't need to do it + + + align:start position:0% +like these so we don't need to do it +algebraically we can just tell the + + align:start position:0% +algebraically we can just tell the + + + align:start position:0% +algebraically we can just tell the +computer here's a bunch of values I want + + align:start position:0% +computer here's a bunch of values I want + + + align:start position:0% +computer here's a bunch of values I want +you to try try them to see if they match + + align:start position:0% +you to try try them to see if they match + + + align:start position:0% +you to try try them to see if they match +these systems of equations and then + + align:start position:0% +these systems of equations and then + + + align:start position:0% +these systems of equations and then +print out the answer right so here's an + + align:start position:0% +print out the answer right so here's an + + + align:start position:0% +print out the answer right so here's an +example I've got Alyssa Ben and Cindy + + align:start position:0% +example I've got Alyssa Ben and Cindy + + + align:start position:0% +example I've got Alyssa Ben and Cindy +selling tickets to a fundraiser Ben + + align:start position:0% +selling tickets to a fundraiser Ben + + + align:start position:0% +selling tickets to a fundraiser Ben +sells two fewer than Alyssa Cindy sells + + align:start position:0% +sells two fewer than Alyssa Cindy sells + + + align:start position:0% +sells two fewer than Alyssa Cindy sells +twice as many 10 total tickets were sold + + align:start position:0% +twice as many 10 total tickets were sold + + + align:start position:0% +twice as many 10 total tickets were sold +how many did Alyssa + + align:start position:0% +how many did Alyssa + + + align:start position:0% +how many did Alyssa +sell here's some code that could solve + + align:start position:0% +sell here's some code that could solve + + + align:start position:0% +sell here's some code that could solve +this problem for + + align:start position:0% +this problem for + + + align:start position:0% +this problem for +us I'm basically figuring out all the + + align:start position:0% +us I'm basically figuring out all the + + + align:start position:0% +us I'm basically figuring out all the +Poss possible combinations for tickets + + align:start position:0% +Poss possible combinations for tickets + + + align:start position:0% +Poss possible combinations for tickets +that Alyssa and Ben and Cindy could sell + + align:start position:0% +that Alyssa and Ben and Cindy could sell + + + align:start position:0% +that Alyssa and Ben and Cindy could sell +right so I've got three Loops uh each + + align:start position:0% +right so I've got three Loops uh each + + + align:start position:0% +right so I've got three Loops uh each +nested right so Alyssa could have a + + align:start position:0% +nested right so Alyssa could have a + + + align:start position:0% +nested right so Alyssa could have a +could sell zero or one ticket or two + + align:start position:0% +could sell zero or one ticket or two + + + align:start position:0% +could sell zero or one ticket or two +tickets and so on but for every value of + + align:start position:0% +tickets and so on but for every value of + + + align:start position:0% +tickets and so on but for every value of +Alysa so Alysa can have um can sell zero + + align:start position:0% +Alysa so Alysa can have um can sell zero + + + align:start position:0% +Alysa so Alysa can have um can sell zero +one or two tickets for every one of + + align:start position:0% +one or two tickets for every one of + + + align:start position:0% +one or two tickets for every one of +those Ben can sell zero one or two + + align:start position:0% +those Ben can sell zero one or two + + + align:start position:0% +those Ben can sell zero one or two +tickets right so Alyssa can sell zero + + align:start position:0% +tickets right so Alyssa can sell zero + + + align:start position:0% +tickets right so Alyssa can sell zero +Ben can sell zero Cindy can sell zero + + align:start position:0% +Ben can sell zero Cindy can sell zero + + + align:start position:0% +Ben can sell zero Cindy can sell zero +Alyssa can sell zero Ben can sell one + + align:start position:0% +Alyssa can sell zero Ben can sell one + + + align:start position:0% +Alyssa can sell zero Ben can sell one +Cindy can sell zero and on so we're + + align:start position:0% +Cindy can sell zero and on so we're + + + align:start position:0% +Cindy can sell zero and on so we're +basically having these three for Loops + + align:start position:0% +basically having these three for Loops + + + align:start position:0% +basically having these three for Loops +that make all the possible combinations + + align:start position:0% +that make all the possible combinations + + + align:start position:0% +that make all the possible combinations +of tickets so here I have Alissa Ben and + + align:start position:0% +of tickets so here I have Alissa Ben and + + + align:start position:0% +of tickets so here I have Alissa Ben and +Cindy trying to sell tickets to a + + align:start position:0% +Cindy trying to sell tickets to a + + + align:start position:0% +Cindy trying to sell tickets to a +fundraiser and then I have my system of + + align:start position:0% +fundraiser and then I have my system of + + + align:start position:0% +fundraiser and then I have my system of +equations here so in total they sell 10 + + align:start position:0% +equations here so in total they sell 10 + + + align:start position:0% +equations here so in total they sell 10 +tickets so here total two lesson twice + + align:start position:0% +tickets so here total two lesson twice + + + align:start position:0% +tickets so here total two lesson twice +are all Boolean variables so a plus b + + align:start position:0% +are all Boolean variables so a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +are all Boolean variables so a plus b +plus C is equivalent to 10 is the first + + align:start position:0% +plus C is equivalent to 10 is the first + + + align:start position:0% +plus C is equivalent to 10 is the first +condition I need to hold B is equal to a + + align:start position:0% +condition I need to hold B is equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +condition I need to hold B is equal to a +minus 2 is the second condition I need + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 is the second condition I need + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 is the second condition I need +to hold and C is equal to is equivalent + + align:start position:0% +to hold and C is equal to is equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +to hold and C is equal to is equivalent +to 2 * a is the last condition need hold + + align:start position:0% +to 2 * a is the last condition need hold + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 * a is the last condition need hold +those were the conditions from the + + align:start position:0% +those were the conditions from the + + + align:start position:0% +those were the conditions from the +previous slides right and so these three + + align:start position:0% +previous slides right and so these three + + + align:start position:0% +previous slides right and so these three +booleans whenever they hold total is + + align:start position:0% +booleans whenever they hold total is + + + align:start position:0% +booleans whenever they hold total is +true and two less is true and twice is + + align:start position:0% +true and two less is true and twice is + + + align:start position:0% +true and two less is true and twice is +true when all these things three things + + align:start position:0% +true when all these things three things + + + align:start position:0% +true when all these things three things +hold I have found the solution to my + + align:start position:0% +hold I have found the solution to my + + + align:start position:0% +hold I have found the solution to my +problem so inside my code this is Alyssa + + align:start position:0% +problem so inside my code this is Alyssa + + + align:start position:0% +problem so inside my code this is Alyssa +Ben and Cindy trying to sell tickets and + + align:start position:0% +Ben and Cindy trying to sell tickets and + + + align:start position:0% +Ben and Cindy trying to sell tickets and +the code automatically tells me they + + align:start position:0% +the code automatically tells me they + + + align:start position:0% +the code automatically tells me they +sold this many each and what's cool + + align:start position:0% +sold this many each and what's cool + + + align:start position:0% +sold this many each and what's cool +about this code is we can then change + + align:start position:0% +about this code is we can then change + + + align:start position:0% +about this code is we can then change +something about it and then we can run + + align:start position:0% +something about it and then we can run + + + align:start position:0% +something about it and then we can run +it again and immediately it tells us + + align:start position:0% +it again and immediately it tells us + + + align:start position:0% +it again and immediately it tells us +what the new solution is we don't have + + align:start position:0% +what the new solution is we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +what the new solution is we don't have +to do it algebraically and solve it all + + align:start position:0% +to do it algebraically and solve it all + + + align:start position:0% +to do it algebraically and solve it all +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +again the problem with this code and the + + align:start position:0% +again the problem with this code and the + + + align:start position:0% +again the problem with this code and the +way I wrote it specifically is it's + + align:start position:0% +way I wrote it specifically is it's + + + align:start position:0% +way I wrote it specifically is it's +really slow for big numbers if I change + + align:start position:0% +really slow for big numbers if I change + + + align:start position:0% +really slow for big numbers if I change +it to a thousand tickets being sold by + + align:start position:0% +it to a thousand tickets being sold by + + + align:start position:0% +it to a thousand tickets being sold by +three people right and then a couple + + align:start position:0% +three people right and then a couple + + + align:start position:0% +three people right and then a couple +other changes here just the sheer fact + + align:start position:0% +other changes here just the sheer fact + + + align:start position:0% +other changes here just the sheer fact +that I've got Alyssa iterating through 0 + + align:start position:0% +that I've got Alyssa iterating through 0 + + + align:start position:0% +that I've got Alyssa iterating through 0 +to a thousand and Ben iterating through + + align:start position:0% +to a thousand and Ben iterating through + + + align:start position:0% +to a thousand and Ben iterating through +0,000 and Cindy iterating through 0 to + + align:start position:0% +0,000 and Cindy iterating through 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +0,000 and Cindy iterating through 0 to +th000 takes really long time and so that + + align:start position:0% +th000 takes really long time and so that + + + align:start position:0% +th000 takes really long time and so that +particular code I'm not even going to + + align:start position:0% +particular code I'm not even going to + + + align:start position:0% +particular code I'm not even going to +run it will take a really long time if I + + align:start position:0% +run it will take a really long time if I + + + align:start position:0% +run it will take a really long time if I +change the values to be 1,20 and twice + + align:start position:0% +change the values to be 1,20 and twice + + + align:start position:0% +change the values to be 1,20 and twice +but instead we can use kind of a mix of + + align:start position:0% +but instead we can use kind of a mix of + + + align:start position:0% +but instead we can use kind of a mix of +algebra and computation to solve the + + align:start position:0% +algebra and computation to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and computation to solve the +problem we recognize we actually only + + align:start position:0% +problem we recognize we actually only + + + align:start position:0% +problem we recognize we actually only +need a loop through one Loop right I + + align:start position:0% +need a loop through one Loop right I + + + align:start position:0% +need a loop through one Loop right I +only care about maybe checking Alyssa's + + align:start position:0% +only care about maybe checking Alyssa's + + + align:start position:0% +only care about maybe checking Alyssa's +number of tickets being zero through + + align:start position:0% +number of tickets being zero through + + + align:start position:0% +number of tickets being zero through +potentially a thousand tickets sold and + + align:start position:0% +potentially a thousand tickets sold and + + + align:start position:0% +potentially a thousand tickets sold and +then I can use my other two um + + align:start position:0% +then I can use my other two um + + + align:start position:0% +then I can use my other two um +equations right Ben and Cindy how many + + align:start position:0% +equations right Ben and Cindy how many + + + align:start position:0% +equations right Ben and Cindy how many +did they sell with respect to Alyssa and + + align:start position:0% +did they sell with respect to Alyssa and + + + align:start position:0% +did they sell with respect to Alyssa and +then I've got my two other equations + + align:start position:0% +then I've got my two other equations + + + align:start position:0% +then I've got my two other equations +here which will tell me how many Ben and + + align:start position:0% +here which will tell me how many Ben and + + + align:start position:0% +here which will tell me how many Ben and +Cindy sold with respect to Alyssa's Loop + + align:start position:0% +Cindy sold with respect to Alyssa's Loop + + + align:start position:0% +Cindy sold with respect to Alyssa's Loop +right and then my last equation here is + + align:start position:0% +right and then my last equation here is + + + align:start position:0% +right and then my last equation here is +that Ben and Cindy and Alyssa all + + align:start position:0% +that Ben and Cindy and Alyssa all + + + align:start position:0% +that Ben and Cindy and Alyssa all +together had to sell a + + align:start position:0% +together had to sell a + + + align:start position:0% +together had to sell a +thousand and so with this particular + + align:start position:0% +thousand and so with this particular + + + align:start position:0% +thousand and so with this particular +code I'm able to find the answer to the + + align:start position:0% +code I'm able to find the answer to the + + + align:start position:0% +code I'm able to find the answer to the +question which is how many tickets they + + align:start position:0% +question which is how many tickets they + + + align:start position:0% +question which is how many tickets they +sold and again this is really awesome + + align:start position:0% +sold and again this is really awesome + + + align:start position:0% +sold and again this is really awesome +because now + + align:start position:0% +because now + + + align:start position:0% +because now +I can make small changes to the numbers + + align:start position:0% +I can make small changes to the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +I can make small changes to the numbers +and solve the problem basically + + align:start position:0% +and solve the problem basically + + + align:start position:0% +and solve the problem basically +immediately like that right I don't need + + align:start position:0% +immediately like that right I don't need + + + align:start position:0% +immediately like that right I don't need +to go back and solve it algebraically as + + align:start position:0% +to go back and solve it algebraically as + + + align:start position:0% +to go back and solve it algebraically as +I would um if I were to do + + align:start position:0% +I would um if I were to do + + + align:start position:0% +I would um if I were to do +math okay so we can apply computation to + + align:start position:0% +math okay so we can apply computation to + + + align:start position:0% +math okay so we can apply computation to +many different problems I hope that this + + align:start position:0% +many different problems I hope that this + + + align:start position:0% +many different problems I hope that this +is a really good showcase this this word + + align:start position:0% +is a really good showcase this this word + + + align:start position:0% +is a really good showcase this this word +problem of what we mean by computational + + align:start position:0% +problem of what we mean by computational + + + align:start position:0% +problem of what we mean by computational +thinking and the kinds of things we want + + align:start position:0% +thinking and the kinds of things we want + + + align:start position:0% +thinking and the kinds of things we want +you to come away from uh Come Away with + + align:start position:0% +you to come away from uh Come Away with + + + align:start position:0% +you to come away from uh Come Away with +in this class the last thing I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +in this class the last thing I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +in this class the last thing I wanted to +talk about and I'll just do a quick + + align:start position:0% +talk about and I'll just do a quick + + + align:start position:0% +talk about and I'll just do a quick +intuition is binary numbers and this is + + align:start position:0% +intuition is binary numbers and this is + + + align:start position:0% +intuition is binary numbers and this is +actually a precursor to the next + + align:start position:0% +actually a precursor to the next + + + align:start position:0% +actually a precursor to the next +algorithm we're going to see in the next + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we're going to see in the next + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm we're going to see in the next +lecture an approximation algorithm it's + + align:start position:0% +lecture an approximation algorithm it's + + + align:start position:0% +lecture an approximation algorithm it's +going to be an improvement on the guess + + align:start position:0% +going to be an improvement on the guess + + + align:start position:0% +going to be an improvement on the guess +and check algorithm so so far we've seen + + align:start position:0% +and check algorithm so so far we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +and check algorithm so so far we've seen +numbers in Python they can be integers + + align:start position:0% +numbers in Python they can be integers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers in Python they can be integers +which are whole numbers and floats which + + align:start position:0% +which are whole numbers and floats which + + + align:start position:0% +which are whole numbers and floats which +are real + + align:start position:0% +are real + + + align:start position:0% +are real +numbers but in programming some + + align:start position:0% +numbers but in programming some + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but in programming some +interesting T things happen when we deal + + align:start position:0% +interesting T things happen when we deal + + + align:start position:0% +interesting T things happen when we deal +with floats okay and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +with floats okay and this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +with floats okay and this is going to be +our motivation for talking about binary + + align:start position:0% +our motivation for talking about binary + + + align:start position:0% +our motivation for talking about binary +numbers numbers and then fractions and + + align:start position:0% +numbers numbers and then fractions and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers numbers and then fractions and +then floats in this lecture and then in + + align:start position:0% +then floats in this lecture and then in + + + align:start position:0% +then floats in this lecture and then in +the next one so here's an + + align:start position:0% +the next one so here's an + + + align:start position:0% +the next one so here's an +example of some + + align:start position:0% +example of some + + + align:start position:0% +example of some +code so I've got is exactly what's in + + align:start position:0% +code so I've got is exactly what's in + + + align:start position:0% +code so I've got is exactly what's in +the slides I've got an integer X and all + + align:start position:0% +the slides I've got an integer X and all + + + align:start position:0% +the slides I've got an integer X and all +I'm doing in this code is I have a loop + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing in this code is I have a loop + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing in this code is I have a loop +through range 10 so that means it's + + align:start position:0% +through range 10 so that means it's + + + align:start position:0% +through range 10 so that means it's +going to Loop through 10 times and I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to Loop through 10 times and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to Loop through 10 times and I'm +adding 0.1 10 times so 0.1 plus 0.1 plus + + align:start position:0% +adding 0.1 10 times so 0.1 plus 0.1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +adding 0.1 10 times so 0.1 plus 0.1 plus +0.1 10 times and I'm going to print + + align:start position:0% +0.1 10 times and I'm going to print + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 10 times and I'm going to print +whether X this sum .1 plus .1 plus .1 is + + align:start position:0% +whether X this sum .1 plus .1 plus .1 is + + + align:start position:0% +whether X this sum .1 plus .1 plus .1 is +equal to one and just to show you I'm + + align:start position:0% +equal to one and just to show you I'm + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one and just to show you I'm +not pulling your leg I'm going to run it + + align:start position:0% +not pulling your leg I'm going to run it + + + align:start position:0% +not pulling your leg I'm going to run it +and print whether X so 0.1 plus1 plus1 + + align:start position:0% +and print whether X so 0.1 plus1 plus1 + + + align:start position:0% +and print whether X so 0.1 plus1 plus1 +10 times is equivalent to one and this + + align:start position:0% +10 times is equivalent to one and this + + + align:start position:0% +10 times is equivalent to one and this +code prints + + align:start position:0% +code prints + + + align:start position:0% +code prints +false not intuitive right if I'm adding + + align:start position:0% +false not intuitive right if I'm adding + + + align:start position:0% +false not intuitive right if I'm adding +0.1 10 times I should be getting one but + + align:start position:0% +0.1 10 times I should be getting one but + + + align:start position:0% +0.1 10 times I should be getting one but +I'm not in programming and just to show + + align:start position:0% +I'm not in programming and just to show + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not in programming and just to show +you the actual answer we get let's print + + align:start position:0% +you the actual answer we get let's print + + + align:start position:0% +you the actual answer we get let's print +what the value of x is and then ask + + align:start position:0% +what the value of x is and then ask + + + align:start position:0% +what the value of x is and then ask +whether that's the same as just + + align:start position:0% +whether that's the same as just + + + align:start position:0% +whether that's the same as just +multiplying 0.1 by 10 so doing the loop + + align:start position:0% +multiplying 0.1 by 10 so doing the loop + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying 0.1 by 10 so doing the loop +where we add this number 10 + + align:start position:0% +where we add this number 10 + + + align:start position:0% +where we add this number 10 +times gives me actually + + align:start position:0% +times gives me actually + + + align:start position:0% +times gives me actually +9999999 whereas just multiplying 0.1 by + + align:start position:0% +9999999 whereas just multiplying 0.1 by + + + align:start position:0% +9999999 whereas just multiplying 0.1 by +10 gives me one as I + + align:start position:0% +10 gives me one as I + + + align:start position:0% +10 gives me one as I +expect okay and this is the motivation + + align:start position:0% +expect okay and this is the motivation + + + align:start position:0% +expect okay and this is the motivation +for uh or I guess the precursor to our + + align:start position:0% +for uh or I guess the precursor to our + + + align:start position:0% +for uh or I guess the precursor to our +next algorithm the approximation + + align:start position:0% +next algorithm the approximation + + + align:start position:0% +next algorithm the approximation +algorithm okay so we have this thing + + align:start position:0% +algorithm okay so we have this thing + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm okay so we have this thing +called a floating Point error and why + + align:start position:0% +called a floating Point error and why + + + align:start position:0% +called a floating Point error and why +does it happen and since it happens we + + align:start position:0% +does it happen and since it happens we + + + align:start position:0% +does it happen and since it happens we +can't do equivalent right we can't use + + align:start position:0% +can't do equivalent right we can't use + + + align:start position:0% +can't do equivalent right we can't use +the equ equal sign + + align:start position:0% +the equ equal sign + + + align:start position:0% +the equ equal sign +between floats because we get things + + align:start position:0% +between floats because we get things + + + align:start position:0% +between floats because we get things +like this that are going to completely + + align:start position:0% +like this that are going to completely + + + align:start position:0% +like this that are going to completely +mess up our program when we expect you + + align:start position:0% +mess up our program when we expect you + + + align:start position:0% +mess up our program when we expect you +know something as simple as adding 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +know something as simple as adding 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +know something as simple as adding 0.1 +to itself 10 times to be one and it it's + + align:start position:0% +to itself 10 times to be one and it it's + + + align:start position:0% +to itself 10 times to be one and it it's +not right and so the big idea here is we + + align:start position:0% +not right and so the big idea here is we + + + align:start position:0% +not right and so the big idea here is we +have operations on floats and the way + + align:start position:0% +have operations on floats and the way + + + align:start position:0% +have operations on floats and the way +because of the way floats are actually + + align:start position:0% +because of the way floats are actually + + + align:start position:0% +because of the way floats are actually +stored in computer memory these + + align:start position:0% +stored in computer memory these + + + align:start position:0% +stored in computer memory these +operations introduce a very small error + + align:start position:0% +operations introduce a very small error + + + align:start position:0% +operations introduce a very small error +super super small every time you do an + + align:start position:0% +super super small every time you do an + + + align:start position:0% +super super small every time you do an +operation with with a float but the more + + align:start position:0% +operation with with a float but the more + + + align:start position:0% +operation with with a float but the more +you do this operation that has this tiny + + align:start position:0% +you do this operation that has this tiny + + + align:start position:0% +you do this operation that has this tiny +air the more this air gets magnified + + align:start position:0% +air the more this air gets magnified + + + align:start position:0% +air the more this air gets magnified +right and so then we see surprising + + align:start position:0% +right and so then we see surprising + + + align:start position:0% +right and so then we see surprising +results like that and so that comes + + align:start position:0% +results like that and so that comes + + + align:start position:0% +results like that and so that comes +about with the way that floats are + + align:start position:0% +about with the way that floats are + + + align:start position:0% +about with the way that floats are +actually stored in the + + align:start position:0% +actually stored in the + + + align:start position:0% +actually stored in the +computer so what we have in the computer + + align:start position:0% +computer so what we have in the computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer so what we have in the computer +is we work with binary zeros and ones + + align:start position:0% +is we work with binary zeros and ones + + + align:start position:0% +is we work with binary zeros and ones +but humans actually work in base 10 + + align:start position:0% +but humans actually work in base 10 + + + align:start position:0% +but humans actually work in base 10 +right we think from 0 to 9 but the + + align:start position:0% +right we think from 0 to 9 but the + + + align:start position:0% +right we think from 0 to 9 but the +computer works in base two either zero + + align:start position:0% +computer works in base two either zero + + + align:start position:0% +computer works in base two either zero +or one and the reason it works through Z + + align:start position:0% +or one and the reason it works through Z + + + align:start position:0% +or one and the reason it works through Z +and one is because of the way that the + + align:start position:0% +and one is because of the way that the + + + align:start position:0% +and one is because of the way that the +computer hardware is built right it's + + align:start position:0% +computer hardware is built right it's + + + align:start position:0% +computer hardware is built right it's +easy for the computer hardware to say + + align:start position:0% +easy for the computer hardware to say + + + align:start position:0% +easy for the computer hardware to say +that a magnetic spin is up or down right + + align:start position:0% +that a magnetic spin is up or down right + + + align:start position:0% +that a magnetic spin is up or down right +zero or one it's easy for the hardware + + align:start position:0% +zero or one it's easy for the hardware + + + align:start position:0% +zero or one it's easy for the hardware +to say that it has a voltage that's low + + align:start position:0% +to say that it has a voltage that's low + + + align:start position:0% +to say that it has a voltage that's low +or high right if it would be a lot + + align:start position:0% +or high right if it would be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +or high right if it would be a lot +harder for the the computer hardware to + + align:start position:0% +harder for the the computer hardware to + + + align:start position:0% +harder for the the computer hardware to +say hey I have a voltage that's zero low + + align:start position:0% +say hey I have a voltage that's zero low + + + align:start position:0% +say hey I have a voltage that's zero low +high let's say one or it's one/ tenth of + + align:start position:0% +high let's say one or it's one/ tenth of + + + align:start position:0% +high let's say one or it's one/ tenth of +the high or two10 of the high there + + align:start position:0% +the high or two10 of the high there + + + align:start position:0% +the high or two10 of the high there +would be too many errors introduced and + + align:start position:0% +would be too many errors introduced and + + + align:start position:0% +would be too many errors introduced and +so it's a lot easier for the computer + + align:start position:0% +so it's a lot easier for the computer + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a lot easier for the computer +hard R it just be in one of these two + + align:start position:0% +hard R it just be in one of these two + + + align:start position:0% +hard R it just be in one of these two +states zero one right so that's where + + align:start position:0% +states zero one right so that's where + + + align:start position:0% +states zero one right so that's where +binary comes + + align:start position:0% +binary comes + + + align:start position:0% +binary comes +in and so when we're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +in and so when we're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +in and so when we're dealing with +integers this is not a problem because + + align:start position:0% +integers this is not a problem because + + + align:start position:0% +integers this is not a problem because +we can easily + + align:start position:0% +we can easily + + + align:start position:0% +we can easily +convert + + align:start position:0% +convert + + + align:start position:0% +convert +numbers uh that are in base 10 to base + + align:start position:0% +numbers uh that are in base 10 to base + + + align:start position:0% +numbers uh that are in base 10 to base +two that are whole numbers integers the + + align:start position:0% +two that are whole numbers integers the + + + align:start position:0% +two that are whole numbers integers the +problem will come when we do floats so + + align:start position:0% +problem will come when we do floats so + + + align:start position:0% +problem will come when we do floats so +you don't need to know how to do the + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to know how to do the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to know how to do the +conversion but I it will give you an + + align:start position:0% +conversion but I it will give you an + + + align:start position:0% +conversion but I it will give you an +intuition for what's going to happen so + + align:start position:0% +intuition for what's going to happen so + + + align:start position:0% +intuition for what's going to happen so +the number 157 in base 10 so that's what + + align:start position:0% +the number 157 in base 10 so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +the number 157 in base 10 so that's what +we have up here is 1,00 + 500 + 0 * 10 + + + align:start position:0% +we have up here is 1,00 + 500 + 0 * 10 + + + + align:start position:0% +we have up here is 1,00 + 500 + 0 * 10 + +7 right in base two we have a similar + + align:start position:0% +7 right in base two we have a similar + + + align:start position:0% +7 right in base two we have a similar +pattern we have some some whole number + + align:start position:0% +pattern we have some some whole number + + + align:start position:0% +pattern we have some some whole number +multiplied by some power of two here we + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by some power of two here we + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by some power of two here we +had the whole number be be either + + align:start position:0% +had the whole number be be either + + + align:start position:0% +had the whole number be be either +numbers 0 through 9 multiplied by some + + align:start position:0% +numbers 0 through 9 multiplied by some + + + align:start position:0% +numbers 0 through 9 multiplied by some +power of 10 but in base two we're going + + align:start position:0% +power of 10 but in base two we're going + + + align:start position:0% +power of 10 but in base two we're going +to have either zero or one multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +to have either zero or one multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +to have either zero or one multiplied by +some Power of + + align:start position:0% +some Power of + + + align:start position:0% +some Power of +Two And if we're trying to convert the + + align:start position:0% +Two And if we're trying to convert the + + + align:start position:0% +Two And if we're trying to convert the +number 157 from base 10 to to base + + align:start position:0% +number 157 from base 10 to to base + + + align:start position:0% +number 157 from base 10 to to base +2 I guess humanly speaking the way we' + + align:start position:0% +2 I guess humanly speaking the way we' + + + align:start position:0% +2 I guess humanly speaking the way we' +think about it is what is the biggest + + align:start position:0% +think about it is what is the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +think about it is what is the biggest +power of two that we can have that takes + + align:start position:0% +power of two that we can have that takes + + + align:start position:0% +power of two that we can have that takes +us close to but not over 1 157 and + + align:start position:0% +us close to but not over 1 157 and + + + align:start position:0% +us close to but not over 1 157 and +that's 10 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +that's 10 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's 10 2 to the +10,24 because 2 to the 11 is 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +10,24 because 2 to the 11 is 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +10,24 because 2 to the 11 is 2,000 +something and that's already too big and + + align:start position:0% +something and that's already too big and + + + align:start position:0% +something and that's already too big and +then you ask yourself what's the next + + align:start position:0% +then you ask yourself what's the next + + + align:start position:0% +then you ask yourself what's the next +biggest power of two I can add to this + + align:start position:0% +biggest power of two I can add to this + + + align:start position:0% +biggest power of two I can add to this +number 1,24 that brings me close to but + + align:start position:0% +number 1,24 that brings me close to but + + + align:start position:0% +number 1,24 that brings me close to but +not over 1 + + align:start position:0% +not over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +not over 1 +157 that's going to be 256 notice we 2 + + align:start position:0% +157 that's going to be 256 notice we 2 + + + align:start position:0% +157 that's going to be 256 notice we 2 +to the 9 because adding 2 to the 9 takes + + align:start position:0% +to the 9 because adding 2 to the 9 takes + + + align:start position:0% +to the 9 because adding 2 to the 9 takes +us over + + align:start position:0% +us over + + + align:start position:0% +us over +1,57 it's adding 512 to + + align:start position:0% +1,57 it's adding 512 to + + + align:start position:0% +1,57 it's adding 512 to +1024 and so we repeat this process where + + align:start position:0% +1024 and so we repeat this process where + + + align:start position:0% +1024 and so we repeat this process where +we're basically trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +we're basically trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +we're basically trying to figure out +what are the biggest powers of two we + + align:start position:0% +what are the biggest powers of two we + + + align:start position:0% +what are the biggest powers of two we +can add in order that makes up 1 157 and + + align:start position:0% +can add in order that makes up 1 157 and + + + align:start position:0% +can add in order that makes up 1 157 and +it turns out it's going to be 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +it turns out it's going to be 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out it's going to be 2 to the +10 plus 2 to the 8 plus 2 7 plus 2 the 6 + + align:start position:0% +10 plus 2 to the 8 plus 2 7 plus 2 the 6 + + + align:start position:0% +10 plus 2 to the 8 plus 2 7 plus 2 the 6 +plus 2 5 2 to the 4 three and two are + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 5 2 to the 4 three and two are + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 5 2 to the 4 three and two are +all going to be zeros and two to the one + + align:start position:0% +all going to be zeros and two to the one + + + align:start position:0% +all going to be zeros and two to the one +and two to the zero and the bit + + align:start position:0% +and two to the zero and the bit + + + align:start position:0% +and two to the zero and the bit +right 1 * 2 10 1 * 2 8 is basically what + + align:start position:0% +right 1 * 2 10 1 * 2 8 is basically what + + + align:start position:0% +right 1 * 2 10 1 * 2 8 is basically what +gets represented here right these whole + + align:start position:0% +gets represented here right these whole + + + align:start position:0% +gets represented here right these whole +number portions that we multiply the + + align:start position:0% +number portions that we multiply the + + + align:start position:0% +number portions that we multiply the +powers of 10 + + align:start position:0% +powers of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +powers of 10 +by and that's how we convert from a from + + align:start position:0% +by and that's how we convert from a from + + + align:start position:0% +by and that's how we convert from a from +a decimal number to binary number but + + align:start position:0% +a decimal number to binary number but + + + align:start position:0% +a decimal number to binary number but +again this is kind of a human way of + + align:start position:0% +again this is kind of a human way of + + + align:start position:0% +again this is kind of a human way of +converting we can actually do it in a + + align:start position:0% +converting we can actually do it in a + + + align:start position:0% +converting we can actually do it in a +more systematic way a more not uh a more + + align:start position:0% +more systematic way a more not uh a more + + + align:start position:0% +more systematic way a more not uh a more +imperative way right a recipe way some + + align:start position:0% +imperative way right a recipe way some + + + align:start position:0% +imperative way right a recipe way some +way that a computer can actually use to + + align:start position:0% +way that a computer can actually use to + + + align:start position:0% +way that a computer can actually use to +take a number number and convert it to + + align:start position:0% +take a number number and convert it to + + + align:start position:0% +take a number number and convert it to +Binary and you would never have to come + + align:start position:0% +Binary and you would never have to come + + + align:start position:0% +Binary and you would never have to come +up with this way but given this way of + + align:start position:0% +up with this way but given this way of + + + align:start position:0% +up with this way but given this way of +converting to Binary you should be able + + align:start position:0% +converting to Binary you should be able + + + align:start position:0% +converting to Binary you should be able +to code it up so the idea here is we're + + align:start position:0% +to code it up so the idea here is we're + + + align:start position:0% +to code it up so the idea here is we're +going to take a number and we're going + + align:start position:0% +going to take a number and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a number and we're going +to look at uh the remainder when we + + align:start position:0% +to look at uh the remainder when we + + + align:start position:0% +to look at uh the remainder when we +divide it by + + align:start position:0% +divide it by + + + align:start position:0% +divide it by +two right if it's an odd number + + align:start position:0% +two right if it's an odd number + + + align:start position:0% +two right if it's an odd number +obviously the remainder is one if it's + + align:start position:0% +obviously the remainder is one if it's + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the remainder is one if it's +an even number the remainder zero and + + align:start position:0% +an even number the remainder zero and + + + align:start position:0% +an even number the remainder zero and +that remainder actually gives us the + + align:start position:0% +that remainder actually gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +that remainder actually gives us the +last bit the farthest right bit and then + + align:start position:0% +last bit the farthest right bit and then + + + align:start position:0% +last bit the farthest right bit and then +we we can take that number and divide it + + align:start position:0% +we we can take that number and divide it + + + align:start position:0% +we we can take that number and divide it +by two fully and then that gives us the + + align:start position:0% +by two fully and then that gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +by two fully and then that gives us the +remaining four digits so you see + + align:start position:0% +remaining four digits so you see + + + align:start position:0% +remaining four digits so you see +everything else just gets shifted + + align:start position:0% +everything else just gets shifted + + + align:start position:0% +everything else just gets shifted +over and the way the code looks is just + + align:start position:0% +over and the way the code looks is just + + + align:start position:0% +over and the way the code looks is just +doing successive divisions and figuring + + align:start position:0% +doing successive divisions and figuring + + + align:start position:0% +doing successive divisions and figuring +out the remainders so I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +out the remainders so I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +out the remainders so I'm just going to +look at the python tutor real quick and + + align:start position:0% +look at the python tutor real quick and + + + align:start position:0% +look at the python tutor real quick and +then we can um we can stop so if we're + + align:start position:0% +then we can um we can stop so if we're + + + align:start position:0% +then we can um we can stop so if we're +trying to convert the number 157 + + align:start position:0% +trying to convert the number 157 + + + align:start position:0% +trying to convert the number 157 +following this particular recipe all we + + align:start position:0% +following this particular recipe all we + + + align:start position:0% +following this particular recipe all we +do is we look at the remainder when we + + align:start position:0% +do is we look at the remainder when we + + + align:start position:0% +do is we look at the remainder when we +divide the number by two so this is an + + align:start position:0% +divide the number by two so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +divide the number by two so this is an +odd number obviously the remainder is + + align:start position:0% +odd number obviously the remainder is + + + align:start position:0% +odd number obviously the remainder is +going to be one so we add a one to our + + align:start position:0% +going to be one so we add a one to our + + + align:start position:0% +going to be one so we add a one to our +binary + + align:start position:0% +binary + + + align:start position:0% +binary +representation and then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +representation and then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +representation and then we're going to +keep adding what happens when we divide + + align:start position:0% +keep adding what happens when we divide + + + align:start position:0% +keep adding what happens when we divide +the uh the remaining numbers by two + + align:start position:0% +the uh the remaining numbers by two + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the remaining numbers by two +we're going to keep adding the remainder + + align:start position:0% +we're going to keep adding the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to keep adding the remainder +to the front of this string here so if + + align:start position:0% +to the front of this string here so if + + + align:start position:0% +to the front of this string here so if +we divide the number 157 by two that + + align:start position:0% +we divide the number 157 by two that + + + align:start position:0% +we divide the number 157 by two that +gives us 753 and now we ask is 753 odd + + align:start position:0% +gives us 753 and now we ask is 753 odd + + + align:start position:0% +gives us 753 and now we ask is 753 odd +or even it's odd so we add another one + + align:start position:0% +or even it's odd so we add another one + + + align:start position:0% +or even it's odd so we add another one +to the front of this string the result + + align:start position:0% +to the front of this string the result + + + align:start position:0% +to the front of this string the result +string divide 753 by 2 it's 376 this is + + align:start position:0% +string divide 753 by 2 it's 376 this is + + + align:start position:0% +string divide 753 by 2 it's 376 this is +even so now we add a zero to the front + + align:start position:0% +even so now we add a zero to the front + + + align:start position:0% +even so now we add a zero to the front +of my string right so notice what + + align:start position:0% +of my string right so notice what + + + align:start position:0% +of my string right so notice what +happens to this string as we go step by + + align:start position:0% +happens to this string as we go step by + + + align:start position:0% +happens to this string as we go step by +step 376 divided by 2 is 188 what is + + align:start position:0% +step 376 divided by 2 is 188 what is + + + align:start position:0% +step 376 divided by 2 is 188 what is +this even number so we add a zero to the + + align:start position:0% +this even number so we add a zero to the + + + align:start position:0% +this even number so we add a zero to the +front of this string 188 divided 2 is 94 + + align:start position:0% +front of this string 188 divided 2 is 94 + + + align:start position:0% +front of this string 188 divided 2 is 94 +again it's an even number so we add a + + align:start position:0% +again it's an even number so we add a + + + align:start position:0% +again it's an even number so we add a +zero to the front of this string 94 + + align:start position:0% +zero to the front of this string 94 + + + align:start position:0% +zero to the front of this string 94 +divide by 2 is 47 it's odd so we add a + + align:start position:0% +divide by 2 is 47 it's odd so we add a + + + align:start position:0% +divide by 2 is 47 it's odd so we add a +one 47 divide 2 is 23 it's odd so we add + + align:start position:0% +one 47 divide 2 is 23 it's odd so we add + + + align:start position:0% +one 47 divide 2 is 23 it's odd so we add +a one 23 divide by 2 is 11 so we add an + + align:start position:0% +a one 23 divide by 2 is 11 so we add an + + + align:start position:0% +a one 23 divide by 2 is 11 so we add an +odd so so we add a one 11 divide by two + + align:start position:0% +odd so so we add a one 11 divide by two + + + align:start position:0% +odd so so we add a one 11 divide by two +is five so it's odd so we add a + + align:start position:0% +is five so it's odd so we add a + + + align:start position:0% +is five so it's odd so we add a +one and then 5 by two is even we add a + + align:start position:0% +one and then 5 by two is even we add a + + + align:start position:0% +one and then 5 by two is even we add a +zero and then one is our last number so + + align:start position:0% +zero and then one is our last number so + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then one is our last number so +we add a one and notice this is the + + align:start position:0% +we add a one and notice this is the + + + align:start position:0% +we add a one and notice this is the +exact same number we had when we did it + + align:start position:0% +exact same number we had when we did it + + + align:start position:0% +exact same number we had when we did it +in this human thoughtful way uh where we + + align:start position:0% +in this human thoughtful way uh where we + + + align:start position:0% +in this human thoughtful way uh where we +were trying to figure out the highest + + align:start position:0% +were trying to figure out the highest + + + align:start position:0% +were trying to figure out the highest +powers of two we can take to go up to + + align:start position:0% +powers of two we can take to go up to + + + align:start position:0% +powers of two we can take to go up to +but not over the number + + align:start position:0% +but not over the number + + + align:start position:0% +but not over the number +157 okay but we did this using just this + + align:start position:0% +157 okay but we did this using just this + + + align:start position:0% +157 okay but we did this using just this +this very iterative very nice um loopy + + align:start position:0% +this very iterative very nice um loopy + + + align:start position:0% +this very iterative very nice um loopy +code and if we wanted to do a negative + + align:start position:0% +code and if we wanted to do a negative + + + align:start position:0% +code and if we wanted to do a negative +number we would just add these two boxes + + align:start position:0% +number we would just add these two boxes + + + align:start position:0% +number we would just add these two boxes +here it just basically means we add a + + align:start position:0% +here it just basically means we add a + + + align:start position:0% +here it just basically means we add a +negative sign in front of it + + align:start position:0% +negative sign in front of it + + + align:start position:0% +negative sign in front of it +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/gFQS9xpZgf8.txt b/gFQS9xpZgf8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..104389fb89eb77dbdb9543c52e49021afba4e7f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/gFQS9xpZgf8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in a poly crystallin State um or it can + + align:start position:0% +in a poly crystallin State um or it can + + + align:start position:0% +in a poly crystallin State um or it can +be grown epitaxially which epitaxially + + align:start position:0% +be grown epitaxially which epitaxially + + + align:start position:0% +be grown epitaxially which epitaxially +uh epitaxial is a Greek word which means + + align:start position:0% +uh epitaxial is a Greek word which means + + + align:start position:0% +uh epitaxial is a Greek word which means +having the same crystal structure as the + + align:start position:0% +having the same crystal structure as the + + + align:start position:0% +having the same crystal structure as the +substrate so silicon itself can be + + align:start position:0% +substrate so silicon itself can be + + + align:start position:0% +substrate so silicon itself can be +deposited and we'll talk about that uh + + align:start position:0% +deposited and we'll talk about that uh + + + align:start position:0% +deposited and we'll talk about that uh +in the next couple of lectures so we're + + align:start position:0% +in the next couple of lectures so we're + + + align:start position:0% +in the next couple of lectures so we're +going to talk about the methods the + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about the methods the + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about the methods the +equipment and some basic concepts used + + align:start position:0% +equipment and some basic concepts used + + + align:start position:0% +equipment and some basic concepts used +to deposit or grow um the uh these thin + + align:start position:0% +to deposit or grow um the uh these thin + + + align:start position:0% +to deposit or grow um the uh these thin +films so let's just go back to um a + + align:start position:0% +films so let's just go back to um a + + + align:start position:0% +films so let's just go back to um a +picture that I think I showed earlier in + + align:start position:0% +picture that I think I showed earlier in + + + align:start position:0% +picture that I think I showed earlier in +the course but it's a cross-section view + + align:start position:0% +the course but it's a cross-section view + + + align:start position:0% +the course but it's a cross-section view +of uh say um devices in in a seamos uh + + align:start position:0% +of uh say um devices in in a seamos uh + + + align:start position:0% +of uh say um devices in in a seamos uh +chip and we've got our silicon substrate + + align:start position:0% +chip and we've got our silicon substrate + + + align:start position:0% +chip and we've got our silicon substrate +down here at the bottom uh we've talked + + align:start position:0% +down here at the bottom uh we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +down here at the bottom uh we've talked +a lot about how to create n wells and P + + align:start position:0% +a lot about how to create n wells and P + + + align:start position:0% +a lot about how to create n wells and P +Wells by I and planting and diffusing + + align:start position:0% +Wells by I and planting and diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +Wells by I and planting and diffusing +and the source strains and all that um + + align:start position:0% +and the source strains and all that um + + + align:start position:0% +and the source strains and all that um +but there are a lot of other films here + + align:start position:0% +but there are a lot of other films here + + + align:start position:0% +but there are a lot of other films here +besides silic and substrate so + + align:start position:0% +besides silic and substrate so + + + align:start position:0% +besides silic and substrate so +everything that's in a color other than + + align:start position:0% +everything that's in a color other than + + + align:start position:0% +everything that's in a color other than +white here is some other film uh for + + align:start position:0% +white here is some other film uh for + + + align:start position:0% +white here is some other film uh for +example here uh we might have copper + + align:start position:0% +example here uh we might have copper + + + align:start position:0% +example here uh we might have copper +that's used in the interconnect wiring + + align:start position:0% +that's used in the interconnect wiring + + + align:start position:0% +that's used in the interconnect wiring +or aluminum uh or + + align:start position:0% +or aluminum uh or + + + align:start position:0% +or aluminum uh or +tungsten the um shown here in this + + align:start position:0% +tungsten the um shown here in this + + + align:start position:0% +tungsten the um shown here in this +bright magenta these hatched regions + + align:start position:0% +bright magenta these hatched regions + + + align:start position:0% +bright magenta these hatched regions +that are blue uh could be a low + + align:start position:0% +that are blue uh could be a low + + + align:start position:0% +that are blue uh could be a low +temperature oxide now it's a deposited + + align:start position:0% +temperature oxide now it's a deposited + + + align:start position:0% +temperature oxide now it's a deposited +oxide very different from a grown oxide + + align:start position:0% +oxide very different from a grown oxide + + + align:start position:0% +oxide very different from a grown oxide +so we're going to talk about how we + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to talk about how we + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to talk about how we +deposit oxides by a process called + + align:start position:0% +deposit oxides by a process called + + + align:start position:0% +deposit oxides by a process called +chemical vapor deposition or it might + + align:start position:0% +chemical vapor deposition or it might + + + align:start position:0% +chemical vapor deposition or it might +not be um oxide it could be uh generally + + align:start position:0% +not be um oxide it could be uh generally + + + align:start position:0% +not be um oxide it could be uh generally +referred to as an interlayer + + align:start position:0% +referred to as an interlayer + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as an interlayer +dialectric in between some of the metal + + align:start position:0% +dialectric in between some of the metal + + + align:start position:0% +dialectric in between some of the metal +layers uh and that has a low dialectric + + align:start position:0% +layers uh and that has a low dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +layers uh and that has a low dialectric +conet we'll talk about that in a little + + align:start position:0% +conet we'll talk about that in a little + + + align:start position:0% +conet we'll talk about that in a little +minute uh why we want that other films + + align:start position:0% +minute uh why we want that other films + + + align:start position:0% +minute uh why we want that other films +that are absolutely critical for the + + align:start position:0% +that are absolutely critical for the + + + align:start position:0% +that are absolutely critical for the +Moss fed itself we haven't talked about + + align:start position:0% +Moss fed itself we haven't talked about + + + align:start position:0% +Moss fed itself we haven't talked about +we've been talking about polysilicon + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about polysilicon + + + align:start position:0% +we've been talking about polysilicon +Gates so far I just draw them in um in + + align:start position:0% +Gates so far I just draw them in um in + + + align:start position:0% +Gates so far I just draw them in um in +PowerPoint just by slapping them in + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint just by slapping them in + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint just by slapping them in +there but they don't get slapped in in + + align:start position:0% +there but they don't get slapped in in + + + align:start position:0% +there but they don't get slapped in in +PowerPoint they have to be deposited uh + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint they have to be deposited uh + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint they have to be deposited uh +so we'll talk a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll talk a little bit about the +deposition of poly crystall and silicon + + align:start position:0% +deposition of poly crystall and silicon + + + align:start position:0% +deposition of poly crystall and silicon +which is critical the deposition of the + + align:start position:0% +which is critical the deposition of the + + + align:start position:0% +which is critical the deposition of the +materials that are going to form the + + align:start position:0% +materials that are going to form the + + + align:start position:0% +materials that are going to form the +spacers which is either this bright + + align:start position:0% +spacers which is either this bright + + + align:start position:0% +spacers which is either this bright +green silicon nitride uh again deposited + + align:start position:0% +green silicon nitride uh again deposited + + + align:start position:0% +green silicon nitride uh again deposited +or could be low temperature oxide so + + align:start position:0% +or could be low temperature oxide so + + + align:start position:0% +or could be low temperature oxide so +there are a lot of different materials + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of different materials + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of different materials +that we want to talk about and how they + + align:start position:0% +that we want to talk about and how they + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to talk about and how they +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +down um besides how they go down there's + + align:start position:0% +down um besides how they go down there's + + + align:start position:0% +down um besides how they go down there's +some requirements or goals if we go on + + align:start position:0% +some requirements or goals if we go on + + + align:start position:0% +some requirements or goals if we go on +to slide number three for thin film + + align:start position:0% +to slide number three for thin film + + + align:start position:0% +to slide number three for thin film +deposition we need to be able to control + + align:start position:0% +deposition we need to be able to control + + + align:start position:0% +deposition we need to be able to control +the material composition so uh either + + align:start position:0% +the material composition so uh either + + + align:start position:0% +the material composition so uh either +stochiometric sio2 for example um or + + align:start position:0% +stochiometric sio2 for example um or + + + align:start position:0% +stochiometric sio2 for example um or +silicon 3 and4 for silicon nitride uh or + + align:start position:0% +silicon 3 and4 for silicon nitride uh or + + + align:start position:0% +silicon 3 and4 for silicon nitride uh or +could be an oxy nitride a mixture of + + align:start position:0% +could be an oxy nitride a mixture of + + + align:start position:0% +could be an oxy nitride a mixture of +silicon oxygen and nitrogen but we need + + align:start position:0% +silicon oxygen and nitrogen but we need + + + align:start position:0% +silicon oxygen and nitrogen but we need +to be able to have a process that + + align:start position:0% +to be able to have a process that + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to have a process that +reliably controls the atomic composition + + align:start position:0% +reliably controls the atomic composition + + + align:start position:0% +reliably controls the atomic composition +we would like to have low contamination + + align:start position:0% +we would like to have low contamination + + + align:start position:0% +we would like to have low contamination +in general to in order to control the + + align:start position:0% +in general to in order to control the + + + align:start position:0% +in general to in order to control the +electrical and Optical properties of + + align:start position:0% +electrical and Optical properties of + + + align:start position:0% +electrical and Optical properties of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +material uh and good electrical and + + align:start position:0% +material uh and good electrical and + + + align:start position:0% +material uh and good electrical and +mechanical and and Optical properties + + align:start position:0% +mechanical and and Optical properties + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical and and Optical properties +generally uh an obvious somewhat obvious + + align:start position:0% +generally uh an obvious somewhat obvious + + + align:start position:0% +generally uh an obvious somewhat obvious +thing but a very important is we we need + + align:start position:0% +thing but a very important is we we need + + + align:start position:0% +thing but a very important is we we need +to control the thickness uniformity + + align:start position:0% +to control the thickness uniformity + + + align:start position:0% +to control the thickness uniformity +across the wafer and from wafer to wafer + + align:start position:0% +across the wafer and from wafer to wafer + + + align:start position:0% +across the wafer and from wafer to wafer +so that we go to etch it or whatever um + + align:start position:0% +so that we go to etch it or whatever um + + + align:start position:0% +so that we go to etch it or whatever um +you know we we know what the uni we know + + align:start position:0% +you know we we know what the uni we know + + + align:start position:0% +you know we we know what the uni we know +how uh what what the uniformity is what + + align:start position:0% +how uh what what the uniformity is what + + + align:start position:0% +how uh what what the uniformity is what +the thickness is at any given point on + + align:start position:0% +the thickness is at any given point on + + + align:start position:0% +the thickness is at any given point on +on the wafer there's something called + + align:start position:0% +on the wafer there's something called + + + align:start position:0% +on the wafer there's something called +Step coverage which I'll give you an + + align:start position:0% +Step coverage which I'll give you an + + + align:start position:0% +Step coverage which I'll give you an +example in the next couple slides of + + align:start position:0% +example in the next couple slides of + + + align:start position:0% +example in the next couple slides of +what we mean by step step coverage we + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by step step coverage we + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by step step coverage we +often want conformal + + align:start position:0% +often want conformal + + + align:start position:0% +often want conformal +deposition um and we'll we'll give + + align:start position:0% +deposition um and we'll we'll give + + + align:start position:0% +deposition um and we'll we'll give +illustrations of that we want to be able + + align:start position:0% +illustrations of that we want to be able + + + align:start position:0% +illustrations of that we want to be able +to fill spaces in between lines we don't + + align:start position:0% +to fill spaces in between lines we don't + + + align:start position:0% +to fill spaces in between lines we don't +want to have voids usually and um there + + align:start position:0% +want to have voids usually and um there + + + align:start position:0% +want to have voids usually and um there +is a need to planarize films this that + + align:start position:0% +is a need to planarize films this that + + + align:start position:0% +is a need to planarize films this that +is create um we have a topography that + + align:start position:0% +is create um we have a topography that + + + align:start position:0% +is create um we have a topography that +often has a lot of um uh UPS Hills and + + align:start position:0% +often has a lot of um uh UPS Hills and + + + align:start position:0% +often has a lot of um uh UPS Hills and +Valleys we often need to planarize it to + + align:start position:0% +Valleys we often need to planarize it to + + + align:start position:0% +Valleys we often need to planarize it to +give a smooth flat uh top surface it + + align:start position:0% +give a smooth flat uh top surface it + + + align:start position:0% +give a smooth flat uh top surface it +turns out that certain deposition + + align:start position:0% +turns out that certain deposition + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that certain deposition +techniques themselves tend to be + + align:start position:0% +techniques themselves tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +techniques themselves tend to be +self-planning and we'll talk a little + + align:start position:0% +self-planning and we'll talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +self-planning and we'll talk a little +bit about that so these are some + + align:start position:0% +bit about that so these are some + + + align:start position:0% +bit about that so these are some +requirements that uh people worry about + + align:start position:0% +requirements that uh people worry about + + + align:start position:0% +requirements that uh people worry about +when they're talking about uh coming up + + align:start position:0% +when they're talking about uh coming up + + + align:start position:0% +when they're talking about uh coming up +with a deposition uh procedure or + + align:start position:0% +with a deposition uh procedure or + + + align:start position:0% +with a deposition uh procedure or +process let's give some examples of + + align:start position:0% +process let's give some examples of + + + align:start position:0% +process let's give some examples of +these issues + + align:start position:0% +these issues + + + align:start position:0% +these issues +uh some of the ones that may be not so + + align:start position:0% +uh some of the ones that may be not so + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of the ones that may be not so +obvious here on on uh slide number four + + align:start position:0% +obvious here on on uh slide number four + + + align:start position:0% +obvious here on on uh slide number four +what is Step coverage okay well step + + align:start position:0% +what is Step coverage okay well step + + + align:start position:0% +what is Step coverage okay well step +coverage is when we have a step that + + align:start position:0% +coverage is when we have a step that + + + align:start position:0% +coverage is when we have a step that +exists so let's say I I already have + + align:start position:0% +exists so let's say I I already have + + + align:start position:0% +exists so let's say I I already have +this step here you see this uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +this step here you see this uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +this step here you see this uh there's a +maybe um a material here this metal line + + align:start position:0% +maybe um a material here this metal line + + + align:start position:0% +maybe um a material here this metal line +and then we have a step going over it it + + align:start position:0% +and then we have a step going over it it + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have a step going over it it +could be an oxide and now I want to put + + align:start position:0% +could be an oxide and now I want to put + + + align:start position:0% +could be an oxide and now I want to put +a metal down so I'm going to either + + align:start position:0% +a metal down so I'm going to either + + + align:start position:0% +a metal down so I'm going to either +evaporate it or I'm going to sputter it + + align:start position:0% +evaporate it or I'm going to sputter it + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate it or I'm going to sputter it +or somehow put the metal down but you + + align:start position:0% +or somehow put the metal down but you + + + align:start position:0% +or somehow put the metal down but you +can see here I'm getting very uniform + + align:start position:0% +can see here I'm getting very uniform + + + align:start position:0% +can see here I'm getting very uniform +step coverage regardless of when I go + + align:start position:0% +step coverage regardless of when I go + + + align:start position:0% +step coverage regardless of when I go +over the step I get the same thickness + + align:start position:0% +over the step I get the same thickness + + + align:start position:0% +over the step I get the same thickness +uh and conformality of the film uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and conformality of the film uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and conformality of the film uh +that's good that's uniform step coverage + + align:start position:0% +that's good that's uniform step coverage + + + align:start position:0% +that's good that's uniform step coverage +this is what's called poor step + + align:start position:0% +this is what's called poor step + + + align:start position:0% +this is what's called poor step +coverage what does that mean well right + + align:start position:0% +coverage what does that mean well right + + + align:start position:0% +coverage what does that mean well right +at the point of the step you can see + + align:start position:0% +at the point of the step you can see + + + align:start position:0% +at the point of the step you can see +that the film thickness is um with + + align:start position:0% +that the film thickness is um with + + + align:start position:0% +that the film thickness is um with +respect to the the surface here is is + + align:start position:0% +respect to the the surface here is is + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the the surface here is is +actually less um it's thin down here so + + align:start position:0% +actually less um it's thin down here so + + + align:start position:0% +actually less um it's thin down here so +that's poor step coverage it's not + + align:start position:0% +that's poor step coverage it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's poor step coverage it's not +conformal um and so the the problem with + + align:start position:0% +conformal um and so the the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +conformal um and so the the problem with +this in is if your step cover coverage + + align:start position:0% +this in is if your step cover coverage + + + align:start position:0% +this in is if your step cover coverage +deg grades at some point this can be a + + align:start position:0% +deg grades at some point this can be a + + + align:start position:0% +deg grades at some point this can be a +weak spot in the metal line and you + + align:start position:0% +weak spot in the metal line and you + + + align:start position:0% +weak spot in the metal line and you +could get um an open so step coverage is + + align:start position:0% +could get um an open so step coverage is + + + align:start position:0% +could get um an open so step coverage is +an important property of the type of + + align:start position:0% +an important property of the type of + + + align:start position:0% +an important property of the type of +deposition so this would be considered + + align:start position:0% +deposition so this would be considered + + + align:start position:0% +deposition so this would be considered +poor step + + align:start position:0% +poor step + + + align:start position:0% +poor step +coverage uh how about a filling issue + + align:start position:0% +coverage uh how about a filling issue + + + align:start position:0% +coverage uh how about a filling issue +okay well um what we mean by this is uh + + align:start position:0% +okay well um what we mean by this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay well um what we mean by this is uh +this is an example of metal that has + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of metal that has + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of metal that has +been uh that is shows good filling into + + align:start position:0% +been uh that is shows good filling into + + + align:start position:0% +been uh that is shows good filling into +a via so here I have a flat surface I + + align:start position:0% +a via so here I have a flat surface I + + + align:start position:0% +a via so here I have a flat surface I +have a deposited oxide and I've etched a + + align:start position:0% +have a deposited oxide and I've etched a + + + align:start position:0% +have a deposited oxide and I've etched a +ho and I want to deposit the metal onto + + align:start position:0% +ho and I want to deposit the metal onto + + + align:start position:0% +ho and I want to deposit the metal onto +the surface and fill the hole so that's + + align:start position:0% +the surface and fill the hole so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the surface and fill the hole so that's +good filling of the of the Via um here's + + align:start position:0% +good filling of the of the Via um here's + + + align:start position:0% +good filling of the of the Via um here's +an example where we were trying we had + + align:start position:0% +an example where we were trying we had + + + align:start position:0% +an example where we were trying we had +metal to start with these two metal + + align:start position:0% +metal to start with these two metal + + + align:start position:0% +metal to start with these two metal +lines they had a certain height and + + align:start position:0% +lines they had a certain height and + + + align:start position:0% +lines they had a certain height and +width and spacing and we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +width and spacing and we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +width and spacing and we were trying to +deposit oxide over them and you notice + + align:start position:0% +deposit oxide over them and you notice + + + align:start position:0% +deposit oxide over them and you notice +we did not fill the space completely in + + align:start position:0% +we did not fill the space completely in + + + align:start position:0% +we did not fill the space completely in +between the two metal lines we end up + + align:start position:0% +between the two metal lines we end up + + + align:start position:0% +between the two metal lines we end up +with a + + align:start position:0% +with a + + + align:start position:0% +with a +void so that would be uh kind of a poor + + align:start position:0% +void so that would be uh kind of a poor + + + align:start position:0% +void so that would be uh kind of a poor +fill we have voids um so we now only + + align:start position:0% +fill we have voids um so we now only + + + align:start position:0% +fill we have voids um so we now only +have to fill Vias which where we've + + align:start position:0% +have to fill Vias which where we've + + + align:start position:0% +have to fill Vias which where we've +etched this is a via where I've etched + + align:start position:0% +etched this is a via where I've etched + + + align:start position:0% +etched this is a via where I've etched +into a film but we may have um etched + + align:start position:0% +into a film but we may have um etched + + + align:start position:0% +into a film but we may have um etched +features that we're trying to cover up + + align:start position:0% +features that we're trying to cover up + + + align:start position:0% +features that we're trying to cover up +and we want to fill the space in between + + align:start position:0% +and we want to fill the space in between + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to fill the space in between +them uniformly and then here's an + + align:start position:0% +them uniformly and then here's an + + + align:start position:0% +them uniformly and then here's an +example of um here uh the third example + + align:start position:0% +example of um here uh the third example + + + align:start position:0% +example of um here uh the third example +on the right is showing uh trying to + + align:start position:0% +on the right is showing uh trying to + + + align:start position:0% +on the right is showing uh trying to +etch or rather fill um a via where we + + align:start position:0% +etch or rather fill um a via where we + + + align:start position:0% +etch or rather fill um a via where we +have poor bottom + + align:start position:0% +have poor bottom + + + align:start position:0% +have poor bottom +filling um here we get a nice metal film + + align:start position:0% +filling um here we get a nice metal film + + + align:start position:0% +filling um here we get a nice metal film +on top um the metal is not very well + + align:start position:0% +on top um the metal is not very well + + + align:start position:0% +on top um the metal is not very well +uniformly um deposited on the edges and + + align:start position:0% +uniformly um deposited on the edges and + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly um deposited on the edges and +the bottom doesn't fill very well at all + + align:start position:0% +the bottom doesn't fill very well at all + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom doesn't fill very well at all +so uh there there's an example of poor + + align:start position:0% +so uh there there's an example of poor + + + align:start position:0% +so uh there there's an example of poor +uh bottom filling so this particular + + align:start position:0% +uh bottom filling so this particular + + + align:start position:0% +uh bottom filling so this particular +methodology we'll talk about how this + + align:start position:0% +methodology we'll talk about how this + + + align:start position:0% +methodology we'll talk about how this +happened this probably happened in some + + align:start position:0% +happened this probably happened in some + + + align:start position:0% +happened this probably happened in some +kind of evaporation or or some type of + + align:start position:0% +kind of evaporation or or some type of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of evaporation or or some type of +line of sight type of deposition so + + align:start position:0% +line of sight type of deposition so + + + align:start position:0% +line of sight type of deposition so +depending on how we do with deposition + + align:start position:0% +depending on how we do with deposition + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how we do with deposition +we can get different quality of + + align:start position:0% +we can get different quality of + + + align:start position:0% +we can get different quality of +filling those were cartoons here on + + align:start position:0% +filling those were cartoons here on + + + align:start position:0% +filling those were cartoons here on +slide number five these are some actual + + align:start position:0% +slide number five these are some actual + + + align:start position:0% +slide number five these are some actual +um micrographs these are scanning + + align:start position:0% +um micrographs these are scanning + + + align:start position:0% +um micrographs these are scanning +electron micrographs take taking in in + + align:start position:0% +electron micrographs take taking in in + + + align:start position:0% +electron micrographs take taking in in +in an SCM microscope I took these uh + + align:start position:0% +in an SCM microscope I took these uh + + + align:start position:0% +in an SCM microscope I took these uh +directly out of your text um the one on + + align:start position:0% +directly out of your text um the one on + + + align:start position:0% +directly out of your text um the one on +the left uh labeled a here is an example + + align:start position:0% +the left uh labeled a here is an example + + + align:start position:0% +the left uh labeled a here is an example +of poor uh metal step coverage um this + + align:start position:0% +of poor uh metal step coverage um this + + + align:start position:0% +of poor uh metal step coverage um this +is uh a sandwich layer where uh Tai + + align:start position:0% +is uh a sandwich layer where uh Tai + + + align:start position:0% +is uh a sandwich layer where uh Tai +tungsten was put down uh aluminum uh + + align:start position:0% +tungsten was put down uh aluminum uh + + + align:start position:0% +tungsten was put down uh aluminum uh +then aluminum and then Tai tungsten so + + align:start position:0% +then aluminum and then Tai tungsten so + + + align:start position:0% +then aluminum and then Tai tungsten so +it's a TR layer stack deposited by + + align:start position:0% +it's a TR layer stack deposited by + + + align:start position:0% +it's a TR layer stack deposited by +sputter deposition over an oxide step so + + align:start position:0% +sputter deposition over an oxide step so + + + align:start position:0% +sputter deposition over an oxide step so +um this is the oxide step + + align:start position:0% +um this is the oxide step + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the oxide step +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +uh right at this point and you can see + + align:start position:0% +uh right at this point and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +uh right at this point and you can see +the TR layer stack here um it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +the TR layer stack here um it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the TR layer stack here um it's kind of +hard to identify the different layers + + align:start position:0% +hard to identify the different layers + + + align:start position:0% +hard to identify the different layers +but you know has this sort of cut this + + align:start position:0% +but you know has this sort of cut this + + + align:start position:0% +but you know has this sort of cut this +sort of thickness over here and a + + align:start position:0% +sort of thickness over here and a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of thickness over here and a +certain thickness over here but it did + + align:start position:0% +certain thickness over here but it did + + + align:start position:0% +certain thickness over here but it did +not cover the step and and PowerPoint + + align:start position:0% +not cover the step and and PowerPoint + + + align:start position:0% +not cover the step and and PowerPoint +unfortunately uh didn't this this didn't + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately uh didn't this this didn't + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately uh didn't this this didn't +scan that well but you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +scan that well but you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +scan that well but you can see that the +layer the metal layer is thinned down + + align:start position:0% +layer the metal layer is thinned down + + + align:start position:0% +layer the metal layer is thinned down +where it goes over the + + align:start position:0% +where it goes over the + + + align:start position:0% +where it goes over the +step uh on the right hand side these are + + align:start position:0% +step uh on the right hand side these are + + + align:start position:0% +step uh on the right hand side these are +a series of metal lines each one of + + align:start position:0% +a series of metal lines each one of + + + align:start position:0% +a series of metal lines each one of +these is a metal line going into the + + align:start position:0% +these is a metal line going into the + + + align:start position:0% +these is a metal line going into the +board and oxide uh was was deposited uh + + align:start position:0% +board and oxide uh was was deposited uh + + + align:start position:0% +board and oxide uh was was deposited uh +over these metal Lines by chemical vapor + + align:start position:0% +over these metal Lines by chemical vapor + + + align:start position:0% +over these metal Lines by chemical vapor +deposition and there were very narrow + + align:start position:0% +deposition and there were very narrow + + + align:start position:0% +deposition and there were very narrow +spaces between the lines the spacing is + + align:start position:0% +spaces between the lines the spacing is + + + align:start position:0% +spaces between the lines the spacing is +less than a micron maybe half Micron and + + align:start position:0% +less than a micron maybe half Micron and + + + align:start position:0% +less than a micron maybe half Micron and +you can see in in the deposition of the + + align:start position:0% +you can see in in the deposition of the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see in in the deposition of the +oxide um when it gets the spacing gets + + align:start position:0% +oxide um when it gets the spacing gets + + + align:start position:0% +oxide um when it gets the spacing gets +to be quite narrow as in the case + + align:start position:0% +to be quite narrow as in the case + + + align:start position:0% +to be quite narrow as in the case +between these two metal lines you + + align:start position:0% +between these two metal lines you + + + align:start position:0% +between these two metal lines you +actually get voids so the oxide did not + + align:start position:0% +actually get voids so the oxide did not + + + align:start position:0% +actually get voids so the oxide did not +fill in here um when the spacing was + + align:start position:0% +fill in here um when the spacing was + + + align:start position:0% +fill in here um when the spacing was +wider as in this case um you didn't get + + align:start position:0% +wider as in this case um you didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +wider as in this case um you didn't get +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +voiding so when the N we get below a + + align:start position:0% +voiding so when the N we get below a + + + align:start position:0% +voiding so when the N we get below a +certain spacing and this is a typical + + align:start position:0% +certain spacing and this is a typical + + + align:start position:0% +certain spacing and this is a typical +test structure one could use to figure + + align:start position:0% +test structure one could use to figure + + + align:start position:0% +test structure one could use to figure +out what's my critical spacing below + + align:start position:0% +out what's my critical spacing below + + + align:start position:0% +out what's my critical spacing below +which I start to get voids and so again + + align:start position:0% +which I start to get voids and so again + + + align:start position:0% +which I start to get voids and so again +this is a property this voiding uh will + + align:start position:0% +this is a property this voiding uh will + + + align:start position:0% +this is a property this voiding uh will +be a strong function of the method by + + align:start position:0% +be a strong function of the method by + + + align:start position:0% +be a strong function of the method by +which the oxide is + + align:start position:0% +which the oxide is + + + align:start position:0% +which the oxide is +deposited okay so those are some + + align:start position:0% +deposited okay so those are some + + + align:start position:0% +deposited okay so those are some +practical um examples of issues with uh + + align:start position:0% +practical um examples of issues with uh + + + align:start position:0% +practical um examples of issues with uh +film + + align:start position:0% +film + + + align:start position:0% +film +deposition let's go on to slide number + + align:start position:0% +deposition let's go on to slide number + + + align:start position:0% +deposition let's go on to slide number +six there is um an important concept + + align:start position:0% +six there is um an important concept + + + align:start position:0% +six there is um an important concept +when people are doing thin film + + align:start position:0% +when people are doing thin film + + + align:start position:0% +when people are doing thin film +describing thin films uh deposition uh + + align:start position:0% +describing thin films uh deposition uh + + + align:start position:0% +describing thin films uh deposition uh +and that is called uh aspect ratio we + + align:start position:0% +and that is called uh aspect ratio we + + + align:start position:0% +and that is called uh aspect ratio we +abbreviate that in this class AR and the + + align:start position:0% +abbreviate that in this class AR and the + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviate that in this class AR and the +aspect ratio is just simply defined as + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio is just simply defined as + + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio is just simply defined as +the height of a feature so if we have a + + align:start position:0% +the height of a feature so if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +the height of a feature so if we have a +metal line it says height H divided by + + align:start position:0% +metal line it says height H divided by + + + align:start position:0% +metal line it says height H divided by +the width of the feature + + align:start position:0% +the width of the feature + + + align:start position:0% +the width of the feature +W so a metal line it looks like this is + + align:start position:0% +W so a metal line it looks like this is + + + align:start position:0% +W so a metal line it looks like this is +the aspect ratio H over W for a contact + + align:start position:0% +the aspect ratio H over W for a contact + + + align:start position:0% +the aspect ratio H over W for a contact +hole they also speak of an aspect ratio + + align:start position:0% +hole they also speak of an aspect ratio + + + align:start position:0% +hole they also speak of an aspect ratio +it's the height or the depth of the hole + + align:start position:0% +it's the height or the depth of the hole + + + align:start position:0% +it's the height or the depth of the hole +divided by its + + align:start position:0% +divided by its + + + align:start position:0% +divided by its +width aspect ratio tells you something + + align:start position:0% +width aspect ratio tells you something + + + align:start position:0% +width aspect ratio tells you something +about the topography in General a high + + align:start position:0% +about the topography in General a high + + + align:start position:0% +about the topography in General a high +aspect ratio structure is more difficult + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio structure is more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio structure is more difficult +to fabricate than a low aspect ratio one + + align:start position:0% +to fabricate than a low aspect ratio one + + + align:start position:0% +to fabricate than a low aspect ratio one +for example it's hard to make a very + + align:start position:0% +for example it's hard to make a very + + + align:start position:0% +for example it's hard to make a very +very deep imagine this being very deep + + align:start position:0% +very deep imagine this being very deep + + + align:start position:0% +very deep imagine this being very deep +and narrow contact hole it has a high + + align:start position:0% +and narrow contact hole it has a high + + + align:start position:0% +and narrow contact hole it has a high +aspect ratio uh say 2 to one and it's + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio uh say 2 to one and it's + + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio uh say 2 to one and it's +harder it's it's harder to etch it for + + align:start position:0% +harder it's it's harder to etch it for + + + align:start position:0% +harder it's it's harder to etch it for +one thing and it's going to be harder to + + align:start position:0% +one thing and it's going to be harder to + + + align:start position:0% +one thing and it's going to be harder to +fill it as you can imagine as you go + + align:start position:0% +fill it as you can imagine as you go + + + align:start position:0% +fill it as you can imagine as you go +deeper and deeper down it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +deeper and deeper down it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +deeper and deeper down it's going to be +harder to access the bottom of the hole + + align:start position:0% +harder to access the bottom of the hole + + + align:start position:0% +harder to access the bottom of the hole +so um in one of the requirements people + + align:start position:0% +so um in one of the requirements people + + + align:start position:0% +so um in one of the requirements people +talk about is what kind of aspect ratio + + align:start position:0% +talk about is what kind of aspect ratio + + + align:start position:0% +talk about is what kind of aspect ratio +uh can a given deposition technique fill + + align:start position:0% +uh can a given deposition technique fill + + + align:start position:0% +uh can a given deposition technique fill +and how does it vary with aspect ratio + + align:start position:0% +and how does it vary with aspect ratio + + + align:start position:0% +and how does it vary with aspect ratio +so that's just a simple definition H + + align:start position:0% +so that's just a simple definition H + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just a simple definition H +over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +W um slide number seven I took from the + + align:start position:0% +W um slide number seven I took from the + + + align:start position:0% +W um slide number seven I took from the +uh uh your hand from the uh 2003 itrs + + align:start position:0% +uh uh your hand from the uh 2003 itrs + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh your hand from the uh 2003 itrs +the international technology road map on + + align:start position:0% +the international technology road map on + + + align:start position:0% +the international technology road map on +semiconductors remember in the beginning + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors remember in the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors remember in the beginning +of this course you read as a homework + + align:start position:0% +of this course you read as a homework + + + align:start position:0% +of this course you read as a homework +set you read a couple of chapters well I + + align:start position:0% +set you read a couple of chapters well I + + + align:start position:0% +set you read a couple of chapters well I +took this from the chapter they have a + + align:start position:0% +took this from the chapter they have a + + + align:start position:0% +took this from the chapter they have a +whole chapter on interconnect so this is + + align:start position:0% +whole chapter on interconnect so this is + + + align:start position:0% +whole chapter on interconnect so this is +table 81 and these are interconnect uh + + align:start position:0% +table 81 and these are interconnect uh + + + align:start position:0% +table 81 and these are interconnect uh +predicted interconnect technology + + align:start position:0% +predicted interconnect technology + + + align:start position:0% +predicted interconnect technology +requirements in the near term so to + + align:start position:0% +requirements in the near term so to + + + align:start position:0% +requirements in the near term so to +speak near-term being going up to the + + align:start position:0% +speak near-term being going up to the + + + align:start position:0% +speak near-term being going up to the +year + + align:start position:0% +year + + + align:start position:0% +year +2009 uh for microprocessor units if + + align:start position:0% +2009 uh for microprocessor units if + + + align:start position:0% +2009 uh for microprocessor units if +you're talking about dram or other types + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about dram or other types + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about dram or other types +uh of devices the requirements are a + + align:start position:0% +uh of devices the requirements are a + + + align:start position:0% +uh of devices the requirements are a +little bit different but this is + + align:start position:0% +little bit different but this is + + + align:start position:0% +little bit different but this is +specifically for + + align:start position:0% +specifically for + + + align:start position:0% +specifically for +microprocessors and we've seen these + + align:start position:0% +microprocessors and we've seen these + + + align:start position:0% +microprocessors and we've seen these +type of uh charts before let's just go + + align:start position:0% +type of uh charts before let's just go + + + align:start position:0% +type of uh charts before let's just go +through it here's the columns are the + + align:start position:0% +through it here's the columns are the + + + align:start position:0% +through it here's the columns are the +years so 2004 where we are right now uh + + align:start position:0% +years so 2004 where we are right now uh + + + align:start position:0% +years so 2004 where we are right now uh +I remember this was written a little + + align:start position:0% +I remember this was written a little + + + align:start position:0% +I remember this was written a little +over a year ago or so so this is a + + align:start position:0% +over a year ago or so so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +over a year ago or so so this is a +prediction um going up to 2009 and each + + align:start position:0% +prediction um going up to 2009 and each + + + align:start position:0% +prediction um going up to 2009 and each +row um tells us some kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +row um tells us some kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +row um tells us some kind of uh +characteristic in this case for + + align:start position:0% +characteristic in this case for + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic in this case for +interconnect I've pointed out with the + + align:start position:0% +interconnect I've pointed out with the + + + align:start position:0% +interconnect I've pointed out with the +arrows a couple of key characteristics + + align:start position:0% +arrows a couple of key characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +arrows a couple of key characteristics +let's look at the number of metal + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the number of metal + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the number of metal +levels um in 2004 that was expected on + + align:start position:0% +levels um in 2004 that was expected on + + + align:start position:0% +levels um in 2004 that was expected on +average for a microprocessor is 10 + + align:start position:0% +average for a microprocessor is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +average for a microprocessor is 10 +levels of circuit wiring of metal um so + + align:start position:0% +levels of circuit wiring of metal um so + + + align:start position:0% +levels of circuit wiring of metal um so +that's that's quite a quite a bit and + + align:start position:0% +that's that's quite a quite a bit and + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's quite a quite a bit and +you notice that number is increasing + + align:start position:0% +you notice that number is increasing + + + align:start position:0% +you notice that number is increasing +over time as we go uh through 2007 going + + align:start position:0% +over time as we go uh through 2007 going + + + align:start position:0% +over time as we go uh through 2007 going +uh 5 and 7 is 11 um um metal layers and + + align:start position:0% +uh 5 and 7 is 11 um um metal layers and + + + align:start position:0% +uh 5 and 7 is 11 um um metal layers and +then uh going up to 12 and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +then uh going up to 12 and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +then uh going up to 12 and it's going to +continue on beyond that so we're getting + + align:start position:0% +continue on beyond that so we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +continue on beyond that so we're getting +higher and higher numbers of uh metal + + align:start position:0% +higher and higher numbers of uh metal + + + align:start position:0% +higher and higher numbers of uh metal +levels that's one um uh which means + + align:start position:0% +levels that's one um uh which means + + + align:start position:0% +levels that's one um uh which means +we're going to have more deposition + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have more deposition + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have more deposition +steps + + align:start position:0% +steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps +basically um another characteristic that + + align:start position:0% +basically um another characteristic that + + + align:start position:0% +basically um another characteristic that +is quoted here is metal one the metal + + align:start position:0% +is quoted here is metal one the metal + + + align:start position:0% +is quoted here is metal one the metal +layers are numbered by the way from one + + align:start position:0% +layers are numbered by the way from one + + + align:start position:0% +layers are numbered by the way from one +up to n so in in 2004 if you had 10 + + align:start position:0% +up to n so in in 2004 if you had 10 + + + align:start position:0% +up to n so in in 2004 if you had 10 +layers they'd be numbered 1 to 10 + + align:start position:0% +layers they'd be numbered 1 to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +layers they'd be numbered 1 to 10 +so metal one is the first metal layer + + align:start position:0% +so metal one is the first metal layer + + + align:start position:0% +so metal one is the first metal layer +and um you're get being told here what + + align:start position:0% +and um you're get being told here what + + + align:start position:0% +and um you're get being told here what +the aspect ratio is uh they use an a/r + + align:start position:0% +the aspect ratio is uh they use an a/r + + + align:start position:0% +the aspect ratio is uh they use an a/r +in the itrs road map it's we just Define + + align:start position:0% +in the itrs road map it's we just Define + + + align:start position:0% +in the itrs road map it's we just Define +the aspect ratio as being the height to + + align:start position:0% +the aspect ratio as being the height to + + + align:start position:0% +the aspect ratio as being the height to +the width uh for the metal line for + + align:start position:0% +the width uh for the metal line for + + + align:start position:0% +the width uh for the metal line for +copper and its aspect ratio is but + + align:start position:0% +copper and its aspect ratio is but + + + align:start position:0% +copper and its aspect ratio is but +somewhere around 1.7 and you see the + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around 1.7 and you see the + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around 1.7 and you see the +aspect ratio is increasing uh over time + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio is increasing uh over time + + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio is increasing uh over time +and in fact I didn't show it here but if + + align:start position:0% +and in fact I didn't show it here but if + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact I didn't show it here but if +you go to the year 2010 and Beyond it + + align:start position:0% +you go to the year 2010 and Beyond it + + + align:start position:0% +you go to the year 2010 and Beyond it +goes up to two a little over two so the + + align:start position:0% +goes up to two a little over two so the + + + align:start position:0% +goes up to two a little over two so the +aspect ratio um we we need to make uh + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio um we we need to make uh + + + align:start position:0% +aspect ratio um we we need to make uh +that an increasing number um and then + + align:start position:0% +that an increasing number um and then + + + align:start position:0% +that an increasing number um and then +look at the number look at the + + align:start position:0% +look at the number look at the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the number look at the +interlevel metal insulator uh dialectric + + align:start position:0% +interlevel metal insulator uh dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +interlevel metal insulator uh dialectric +constant the very bottom row of this + + align:start position:0% +constant the very bottom row of this + + + align:start position:0% +constant the very bottom row of this +chart I actually truncated the chart + + align:start position:0% +chart I actually truncated the chart + + + align:start position:0% +chart I actually truncated the chart +there was a whole bunch of rows in the + + align:start position:0% +there was a whole bunch of rows in the + + + align:start position:0% +there was a whole bunch of rows in the +middle and you can see right here where + + align:start position:0% +middle and you can see right here where + + + align:start position:0% +middle and you can see right here where +this little discontinuity I took it out + + align:start position:0% +this little discontinuity I took it out + + + align:start position:0% +this little discontinuity I took it out +if you want to see the full chart you + + align:start position:0% +if you want to see the full chart you + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to see the full chart you +can go to the + + align:start position:0% +can go to the + + + align:start position:0% +can go to the +website so look at the dialectric + + align:start position:0% +website so look at the dialectric + + + align:start position:0% +website so look at the dialectric +constant uh the bulk dialectric constant + + align:start position:0% +constant uh the bulk dialectric constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant uh the bulk dialectric constant +of the of the insulator that's going to + + align:start position:0% +of the of the insulator that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the insulator that's going to +between each layer of metals is actually + + align:start position:0% +between each layer of metals is actually + + + align:start position:0% +between each layer of metals is actually +going down here it is supposedly in 2003 + + align:start position:0% +going down here it is supposedly in 2003 + + + align:start position:0% +going down here it is supposedly in 2003 +it was around three and you notice we + + align:start position:0% +it was around three and you notice we + + + align:start position:0% +it was around three and you notice we +get into the yellow region which means + + align:start position:0% +get into the yellow region which means + + + align:start position:0% +get into the yellow region which means +Solutions people have some idea what the + + align:start position:0% +Solutions people have some idea what the + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions people have some idea what the +solutions are but they're not ready for + + align:start position:0% +solutions are but they're not ready for + + + align:start position:0% +solutions are but they're not ready for +manufacturing uh people want to go to + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing uh people want to go to + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing uh people want to go to +less than uh 2.7 dialectric constant and + + align:start position:0% +less than uh 2.7 dialectric constant and + + + align:start position:0% +less than uh 2.7 dialectric constant and +uh in the Year 2007 they're looking at + + align:start position:0% +uh in the Year 2007 they're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the Year 2007 they're looking at +would like dialectric constants less + + align:start position:0% +would like dialectric constants less + + + align:start position:0% +would like dialectric constants less +than 2.4 and that's that's part of the + + align:start position:0% +than 2.4 and that's that's part of the + + + align:start position:0% +than 2.4 and that's that's part of the +red region which means nobody knows + + align:start position:0% +red region which means nobody knows + + + align:start position:0% +red region which means nobody knows +exactly how to do that so just the + + align:start position:0% +exactly how to do that so just the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how to do that so just the +opposite of the gate insulator remember + + align:start position:0% +opposite of the gate insulator remember + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of the gate insulator remember +in the gate insulator I was trying to + + align:start position:0% +in the gate insulator I was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +in the gate insulator I was trying to +get higher capacitance between the gate + + align:start position:0% +get higher capacitance between the gate + + + align:start position:0% +get higher capacitance between the gate +and the substrate so I can get better + + align:start position:0% +and the substrate so I can get better + + + align:start position:0% +and the substrate so I can get better +charge control so in the gate insulator + + align:start position:0% +charge control so in the gate insulator + + + align:start position:0% +charge control so in the gate insulator +that dialectric constant we want to go + + align:start position:0% +that dialectric constant we want to go + + + align:start position:0% +that dialectric constant we want to go +up for um in the interconnect we want + + align:start position:0% +up for um in the interconnect we want + + + align:start position:0% +up for um in the interconnect we want +the dialectric constant to go down we + + align:start position:0% +the dialectric constant to go down we + + + align:start position:0% +the dialectric constant to go down we +want it to be lower and these are the + + align:start position:0% +want it to be lower and these are the + + + align:start position:0% +want it to be lower and these are the +socalled loow dialectric that are used + + align:start position:0% +socalled loow dialectric that are used + + + align:start position:0% +socalled loow dialectric that are used +in the back end um and the reason we + + align:start position:0% +in the back end um and the reason we + + + align:start position:0% +in the back end um and the reason we +want that is just simply if I have a big + + align:start position:0% +want that is just simply if I have a big + + + align:start position:0% +want that is just simply if I have a big +stack here if I'm going back a couple of + + align:start position:0% +stack here if I'm going back a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +stack here if I'm going back a couple of +um view graphs here to say page number + + align:start position:0% +um view graphs here to say page number + + + align:start position:0% +um view graphs here to say page number +two I'm only showing a couple layers but + + align:start position:0% +two I'm only showing a couple layers but + + + align:start position:0% +two I'm only showing a couple layers but +between this metal layer and this metal + + align:start position:0% +between this metal layer and this metal + + + align:start position:0% +between this metal layer and this metal +layer um I'd like to have a minimum + + align:start position:0% +layer um I'd like to have a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +layer um I'd like to have a minimum +capacitance between the different lines + + align:start position:0% +capacitance between the different lines + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance between the different lines +uh because capacitance leads to RC uh + + align:start position:0% +uh because capacitance leads to RC uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh because capacitance leads to RC uh +time delay in the circuit and so and in + + align:start position:0% +time delay in the circuit and so and in + + + align:start position:0% +time delay in the circuit and so and in +fact the RC delays the interconnect + + align:start position:0% +fact the RC delays the interconnect + + + align:start position:0% +fact the RC delays the interconnect +delays are very rapidly approaching the + + align:start position:0% +delays are very rapidly approaching the + + + align:start position:0% +delays are very rapidly approaching the +delays associated with the devices so + + align:start position:0% +delays associated with the devices so + + + align:start position:0% +delays associated with the devices so +making the devices faster doesn't do you + + align:start position:0% +making the devices faster doesn't do you + + + align:start position:0% +making the devices faster doesn't do you +a whole lot of good if you're + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of good if you're + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of good if you're +interconnect limited um so there's a + + align:start position:0% +interconnect limited um so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +interconnect limited um so there's a +trend to get new dialectric in here all + + align:start position:0% +trend to get new dialectric in here all + + + align:start position:0% +trend to get new dialectric in here all +these shading here uh in in blue to come + + align:start position:0% +these shading here uh in in blue to come + + + align:start position:0% +these shading here uh in in blue to come +up with new materials that have lower + + align:start position:0% +up with new materials that have lower + + + align:start position:0% +up with new materials that have lower +and lower uh dialectric constants just + + align:start position:0% +and lower uh dialectric constants just + + + align:start position:0% +and lower uh dialectric constants just +the opposite of what we want to do with + + align:start position:0% +the opposite of what we want to do with + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite of what we want to do with +the gate insulator here we want to make + + align:start position:0% +the gate insulator here we want to make + + + align:start position:0% +the gate insulator here we want to make +a Higher and Higher One so we're going + + align:start position:0% +a Higher and Higher One so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +a Higher and Higher One so we're going +to find new materials coming all the + + align:start position:0% +to find new materials coming all the + + + align:start position:0% +to find new materials coming all the +time so let me skip back to that uh on + + align:start position:0% +time so let me skip back to that uh on + + + align:start position:0% +time so let me skip back to that uh on +slide seven again if you want to see + + align:start position:0% +slide seven again if you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +slide seven again if you want to see +more of this you just go to the itrs and + + align:start position:0% +more of this you just go to the itrs and + + + align:start position:0% +more of this you just go to the itrs and +you've been there before and you pick + + align:start position:0% +you've been there before and you pick + + + align:start position:0% +you've been there before and you pick +the chapter on + + align:start position:0% +the chapter on + + + align:start position:0% +the chapter on +interconnect so besides interconnect + + align:start position:0% +interconnect so besides interconnect + + + align:start position:0% +interconnect so besides interconnect +though I don't want to give you the idea + + align:start position:0% +though I don't want to give you the idea + + + align:start position:0% +though I don't want to give you the idea +that thin films are only used in the + + align:start position:0% +that thin films are only used in the + + + align:start position:0% +that thin films are only used in the +back end they're actually used in in + + align:start position:0% +back end they're actually used in in + + + align:start position:0% +back end they're actually used in in +front end and that's what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +front end and that's what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +front end and that's what I'm going to +emphasize in this course so I chopped + + align:start position:0% +emphasize in this course so I chopped + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize in this course so I chopped +off I took the diagram I just showed you + + align:start position:0% +off I took the diagram I just showed you + + + align:start position:0% +off I took the diagram I just showed you +and I chopped off the back end to mean + + align:start position:0% +and I chopped off the back end to mean + + + align:start position:0% +and I chopped off the back end to mean +what what we're talking about sort of + + align:start position:0% +what what we're talking about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +what what we're talking about sort of +front end and there are uh maybe three + + align:start position:0% +front end and there are uh maybe three + + + align:start position:0% +front end and there are uh maybe three +different types of critical thin films + + align:start position:0% +different types of critical thin films + + + align:start position:0% +different types of critical thin films +uh in that we're going to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +uh in that we're going to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +uh in that we're going to emphasize +because this is a course on front-end + + align:start position:0% +because this is a course on front-end + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a course on front-end +processing so we're going to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +processing so we're going to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +processing so we're going to emphasize +the deposition of silicon either single + + align:start position:0% +the deposition of silicon either single + + + align:start position:0% +the deposition of silicon either single +Crystal by epitaxy or poly crystallin by + + align:start position:0% +Crystal by epitaxy or poly crystallin by + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal by epitaxy or poly crystallin by +lpcvd that's and here's the poly gate uh + + align:start position:0% +lpcvd that's and here's the poly gate uh + + + align:start position:0% +lpcvd that's and here's the poly gate uh +silicon dioxide which is a um also + + align:start position:0% +silicon dioxide which is a um also + + + align:start position:0% +silicon dioxide which is a um also +called lpcvd oxide low pressure set + + align:start position:0% +called lpcvd oxide low pressure set + + + align:start position:0% +called lpcvd oxide low pressure set +chemical vapor deposition or low + + align:start position:0% +chemical vapor deposition or low + + + align:start position:0% +chemical vapor deposition or low +temperature oxide and silicon nitride + + align:start position:0% +temperature oxide and silicon nitride + + + align:start position:0% +temperature oxide and silicon nitride +which I've shown here in green the + + align:start position:0% +which I've shown here in green the + + + align:start position:0% +which I've shown here in green the +spacers are often made of nitride these + + align:start position:0% +spacers are often made of nitride these + + + align:start position:0% +spacers are often made of nitride these +days or combinations of nitride and LTL + + align:start position:0% +days or combinations of nitride and LTL + + + align:start position:0% +days or combinations of nitride and LTL +so that's what we'll emphasize in this + + align:start position:0% +so that's what we'll emphasize in this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what we'll emphasize in this +class all the rest Above This which I've + + align:start position:0% +class all the rest Above This which I've + + + align:start position:0% +class all the rest Above This which I've +erased if you take 6773 that hasn't been + + align:start position:0% +erased if you take 6773 that hasn't been + + + align:start position:0% +erased if you take 6773 that hasn't been +offered recently because uh Professor R + + align:start position:0% +offered recently because uh Professor R + + + align:start position:0% +offered recently because uh Professor R +is department head of eecs so he's been + + align:start position:0% +is department head of eecs so he's been + + + align:start position:0% +is department head of eecs so he's been +kind of busy but that course deals with + + align:start position:0% +kind of busy but that course deals with + + + align:start position:0% +kind of busy but that course deals with +all the the types of thin films that are + + align:start position:0% +all the the types of thin films that are + + + align:start position:0% +all the the types of thin films that are +kind of above here I'll talk a little + + align:start position:0% +kind of above here I'll talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +kind of above here I'll talk a little +bit about deposition of metals and + + align:start position:0% +bit about deposition of metals and + + + align:start position:0% +bit about deposition of metals and +things like that but we won't emphasize + + align:start position:0% +things like that but we won't emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +things like that but we won't emphasize +it as much as that class + + align:start position:0% +it as much as that class + + + align:start position:0% +it as much as that class +does okay so let's go on to slide number + + align:start position:0% +does okay so let's go on to slide number + + + align:start position:0% +does okay so let's go on to slide number +nine and we'll just talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +nine and we'll just talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +nine and we'll just talk a little bit +historically um about how some of these + + align:start position:0% +historically um about how some of these + + + align:start position:0% +historically um about how some of these +films are deposited and uh the films + + align:start position:0% +films are deposited and uh the films + + + align:start position:0% +films are deposited and uh the films +we're going to emphasize initially today + + align:start position:0% +we're going to emphasize initially today + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to emphasize initially today +will be a deposition of silicon either + + align:start position:0% +will be a deposition of silicon either + + + align:start position:0% +will be a deposition of silicon either +poly crystallin or epitaxy so um there's + + align:start position:0% +poly crystallin or epitaxy so um there's + + + align:start position:0% +poly crystallin or epitaxy so um there's +really two main types of methods that + + align:start position:0% +really two main types of methods that + + + align:start position:0% +really two main types of methods that +are used in seos and you'll you'll + + align:start position:0% +are used in seos and you'll you'll + + + align:start position:0% +are used in seos and you'll you'll +you'll hear about them and and uh one + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear about them and and uh one + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear about them and and uh one +thing I want to apologize for right up + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to apologize for right up + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want to apologize for right up +the bat is in thin films one of the + + align:start position:0% +the bat is in thin films one of the + + + align:start position:0% +the bat is in thin films one of the +things I really dislike is that the + + align:start position:0% +things I really dislike is that the + + + align:start position:0% +things I really dislike is that the +number of acronyms is really kind of + + align:start position:0% +number of acronyms is really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +number of acronyms is really kind of +ridiculous and you'll see that as we go + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous and you'll see that as we go + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous and you'll see that as we go +through just this this first bullet here + + align:start position:0% +through just this this first bullet here + + + align:start position:0% +through just this this first bullet here +number one uh so the first type of + + align:start position:0% +number one uh so the first type of + + + align:start position:0% +number one uh so the first type of +deposition method and very common is + + align:start position:0% +deposition method and very common is + + + align:start position:0% +deposition method and very common is +called chemical vapor + + align:start position:0% +called chemical vapor + + + align:start position:0% +called chemical vapor +deposition and um it is just like the + + align:start position:0% +deposition and um it is just like the + + + align:start position:0% +deposition and um it is just like the +name sounds you have a um a vapor of + + align:start position:0% +name sounds you have a um a vapor of + + + align:start position:0% +name sounds you have a um a vapor of +different gases and you deposit from the + + align:start position:0% +different gases and you deposit from the + + + align:start position:0% +different gases and you deposit from the +vapor phase uh a film on the wafer and + + align:start position:0% +vapor phase uh a film on the wafer and + + + align:start position:0% +vapor phase uh a film on the wafer and +there are different types people call + + align:start position:0% +there are different types people call + + + align:start position:0% +there are different types people call +atmospheric pressure cvd and that's + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure cvd and that's + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure cvd and that's +abbreviated AP cvd low press CBD which + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated AP cvd low press CBD which + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated AP cvd low press CBD which +we'll talk about abbreviated LP cvd um + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about abbreviated LP cvd um + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about abbreviated LP cvd um +now we get a little crazy um there's + + align:start position:0% +now we get a little crazy um there's + + + align:start position:0% +now we get a little crazy um there's +also plasma enhanced types of cvd so PE + + align:start position:0% +also plasma enhanced types of cvd so PE + + + align:start position:0% +also plasma enhanced types of cvd so PE +cvd where we use not only um thermal + + align:start position:0% +cvd where we use not only um thermal + + + align:start position:0% +cvd where we use not only um thermal +energy but we use plasma energy to to + + align:start position:0% +energy but we use plasma energy to to + + + align:start position:0% +energy but we use plasma energy to to +break up the uh constituents and cause + + align:start position:0% +break up the uh constituents and cause + + + align:start position:0% +break up the uh constituents and cause +the the deposition there's also + + align:start position:0% +the the deposition there's also + + + align:start position:0% +the the deposition there's also +highdensity plasma cvd or hdp CBD so it + + align:start position:0% +highdensity plasma cvd or hdp CBD so it + + + align:start position:0% +highdensity plasma cvd or hdp CBD so it +goes on and on the number of acronyms + + align:start position:0% +goes on and on the number of acronyms + + + align:start position:0% +goes on and on the number of acronyms +that are all associated with + + align:start position:0% +that are all associated with + + + align:start position:0% +that are all associated with +CBD um PVD uh not maybe not so many in + + align:start position:0% +CBD um PVD uh not maybe not so many in + + + align:start position:0% +CBD um PVD uh not maybe not so many in +acronyms but this stands for the so the + + align:start position:0% +acronyms but this stands for the so the + + + align:start position:0% +acronyms but this stands for the so the +second major method is called physical + + align:start position:0% +second major method is called physical + + + align:start position:0% +second major method is called physical +vapor deposition um this is as + + align:start position:0% +vapor deposition um this is as + + + align:start position:0% +vapor deposition um this is as +distinguished from chemical it's + + align:start position:0% +distinguished from chemical it's + + + align:start position:0% +distinguished from chemical it's +primarily a physical process so there + + align:start position:0% +primarily a physical process so there + + + align:start position:0% +primarily a physical process so there +is's not as much chemistry involved and + + align:start position:0% +is's not as much chemistry involved and + + + align:start position:0% +is's not as much chemistry involved and +the physical processes that people use + + align:start position:0% +the physical processes that people use + + + align:start position:0% +the physical processes that people use +you may be familiar with is thermal + + align:start position:0% +you may be familiar with is thermal + + + align:start position:0% +you may be familiar with is thermal +evaporation which we'll talk about and + + align:start position:0% +evaporation which we'll talk about and + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation which we'll talk about and +sputtering these are primarily physical + + align:start position:0% +sputtering these are primarily physical + + + align:start position:0% +sputtering these are primarily physical +have le le less chemical uh sort of less + + align:start position:0% +have le le less chemical uh sort of less + + + align:start position:0% +have le le less chemical uh sort of less +chemistry associated with them so let's + + align:start position:0% +chemistry associated with them so let's + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry associated with them so let's +talk about CBD here first um this is a + + align:start position:0% +talk about CBD here first um this is a + + + align:start position:0% +talk about CBD here first um this is a +very uh old-fashioned uh sort of classic + + align:start position:0% +very uh old-fashioned uh sort of classic + + + align:start position:0% +very uh old-fashioned uh sort of classic +diagram of example of an atmospheric uh + + align:start position:0% +diagram of example of an atmospheric uh + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of example of an atmospheric uh +cold wall or cool wall system that might + + align:start position:0% +cold wall or cool wall system that might + + + align:start position:0% +cold wall or cool wall system that might +have been used for a number of years to + + align:start position:0% +have been used for a number of years to + + + align:start position:0% +have been used for a number of years to +grow epitaxial silicon and I put here in + + align:start position:0% +grow epitaxial silicon and I put here in + + + align:start position:0% +grow epitaxial silicon and I put here in +quotations old-fashioned um because it's + + align:start position:0% +quotations old-fashioned um because it's + + + align:start position:0% +quotations old-fashioned um because it's +it's pretty far from uh what a lot + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty far from uh what a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty far from uh what a lot +modern epitaxial reactors look like + + align:start position:0% +modern epitaxial reactors look like + + + align:start position:0% +modern epitaxial reactors look like +today and I'll have some examples of + + align:start position:0% +today and I'll have some examples of + + + align:start position:0% +today and I'll have some examples of +modern reactors in the next few slides + + align:start position:0% +modern reactors in the next few slides + + + align:start position:0% +modern reactors in the next few slides +but just give you an idea the basic idea + + align:start position:0% +but just give you an idea the basic idea + + + align:start position:0% +but just give you an idea the basic idea +was this you had a ser series of + + align:start position:0% +was this you had a ser series of + + + align:start position:0% +was this you had a ser series of +different gas lines so here is for + + align:start position:0% +different gas lines so here is for + + + align:start position:0% +different gas lines so here is for +example um hydrogen with dorine or + + align:start position:0% +example um hydrogen with dorine or + + + align:start position:0% +example um hydrogen with dorine or +phosphine these could be used for dopant + + align:start position:0% +phosphine these could be used for dopant + + + align:start position:0% +phosphine these could be used for dopant +for Boron and phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +for Boron and phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +for Boron and phosphorus +doping um you had Carro gases like argon + + align:start position:0% +doping um you had Carro gases like argon + + + align:start position:0% +doping um you had Carro gases like argon +and hydrogen hydrogen chloride could be + + align:start position:0% +and hydrogen hydrogen chloride could be + + + align:start position:0% +and hydrogen hydrogen chloride could be +used to uh to etch uh uh etch uh + + align:start position:0% +used to uh to etch uh uh etch uh + + + align:start position:0% +used to uh to etch uh uh etch uh +deposits off the quartz and here's a + + align:start position:0% +deposits off the quartz and here's a + + + align:start position:0% +deposits off the quartz and here's a +liquid source for silicon silicon + + align:start position:0% +liquid source for silicon silicon + + + align:start position:0% +liquid source for silicon silicon +tetrachloride si4 uh maybe hydrogen was + + align:start position:0% +tetrachloride si4 uh maybe hydrogen was + + + align:start position:0% +tetrachloride si4 uh maybe hydrogen was +bubbled through that and transported + + align:start position:0% +bubbled through that and transported + + + align:start position:0% +bubbled through that and transported +that vapor into the ch chamber um the + + align:start position:0% +that vapor into the ch chamber um the + + + align:start position:0% +that vapor into the ch chamber um the +Silicon Wafers typically used to sit on + + align:start position:0% +Silicon Wafers typically used to sit on + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon Wafers typically used to sit on +a big block of graphite and the graphite + + align:start position:0% +a big block of graphite and the graphite + + + align:start position:0% +a big block of graphite and the graphite +was heated not by um a nichrome heater + + align:start position:0% +was heated not by um a nichrome heater + + + align:start position:0% +was heated not by um a nichrome heater +but it was heated by induction heating + + align:start position:0% +but it was heated by induction heating + + + align:start position:0% +but it was heated by induction heating +so there were RF coils uh and this is + + align:start position:0% +so there were RF coils uh and this is + + + align:start position:0% +so there were RF coils uh and this is +why it's called cold wall because these + + align:start position:0% +why it's called cold wall because these + + + align:start position:0% +why it's called cold wall because these +RF coils the RF energy is not uh + + align:start position:0% +RF coils the RF energy is not uh + + + align:start position:0% +RF coils the RF energy is not uh +absorbed by the quartz just by the + + align:start position:0% +absorbed by the quartz just by the + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed by the quartz just by the +graphite so just the graphite gets hot + + align:start position:0% +graphite so just the graphite gets hot + + + align:start position:0% +graphite so just the graphite gets hot +here and the hot graphite then heats the + + align:start position:0% +here and the hot graphite then heats the + + + align:start position:0% +here and the hot graphite then heats the +Wafers the chemical vapor passes over + + align:start position:0% +Wafers the chemical vapor passes over + + + align:start position:0% +Wafers the chemical vapor passes over +and there's decomposition on the surface + + align:start position:0% +and there's decomposition on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +and there's decomposition on the surface +as we'll talk about um and you grow the + + align:start position:0% +as we'll talk about um and you grow the + + + align:start position:0% +as we'll talk about um and you grow the +epitaxial Silicon that's a that's a It's + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial Silicon that's a that's a It's + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial Silicon that's a that's a It's +relatively oldfashioned atmospheric + + align:start position:0% +relatively oldfashioned atmospheric + + + align:start position:0% +relatively oldfashioned atmospheric +reactor um let's go on to slide number + + align:start position:0% +reactor um let's go on to slide number + + + align:start position:0% +reactor um let's go on to slide number +10 now um this is an example of + + align:start position:0% +10 now um this is an example of + + + align:start position:0% +10 now um this is an example of +something that you will find that old + + align:start position:0% +something that you will find that old + + + align:start position:0% +something that you will find that old +Epi reactor you probably won't find in + + align:start position:0% +Epi reactor you probably won't find in + + + align:start position:0% +Epi reactor you probably won't find in +too many Fabs today maybe a few of the + + align:start position:0% +too many Fabs today maybe a few of the + + + align:start position:0% +too many Fabs today maybe a few of the +bipolar old bipolar Fabs but this is a + + align:start position:0% +bipolar old bipolar Fabs but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar old bipolar Fabs but this is a +reactor that you will find in most Fabs + + align:start position:0% +reactor that you will find in most Fabs + + + align:start position:0% +reactor that you will find in most Fabs +something very much like it uh it's + + align:start position:0% +something very much like it uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +something very much like it uh it's +called Low Pressure hot wall system or + + align:start position:0% +called Low Pressure hot wall system or + + + align:start position:0% +called Low Pressure hot wall system or +lpcvd and it's used uh pretty much every + + align:start position:0% +lpcvd and it's used uh pretty much every + + + align:start position:0% +lpcvd and it's used uh pretty much every +day now for the deposition of poly + + align:start position:0% +day now for the deposition of poly + + + align:start position:0% +day now for the deposition of poly +crystall and silicon that is used to + + align:start position:0% +crystall and silicon that is used to + + + align:start position:0% +crystall and silicon that is used to +form the gate or for amorphous + + align:start position:0% +form the gate or for amorphous + + + align:start position:0% +form the gate or for amorphous +silicon um and uh or even the silicon + + align:start position:0% +silicon um and uh or even the silicon + + + align:start position:0% +silicon um and uh or even the silicon +dioxide this this type of setup and what + + align:start position:0% +dioxide this this type of setup and what + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide this this type of setup and what +it is um is a it's a it's a regular + + align:start position:0% +it is um is a it's a it's a regular + + + align:start position:0% +it is um is a it's a it's a regular +furnace that is resistively heated so + + align:start position:0% +furnace that is resistively heated so + + + align:start position:0% +furnace that is resistively heated so +it's a hot wall system so the entire + + align:start position:0% +it's a hot wall system so the entire + + + align:start position:0% +it's a hot wall system so the entire +quartz tube comes up to the temperature + + align:start position:0% +quartz tube comes up to the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +quartz tube comes up to the temperature +of deposition could be could be 600 uh + + align:start position:0% +of deposition could be could be 600 uh + + + align:start position:0% +of deposition could be could be 600 uh +anywhere from 400 700 something in that + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from 400 700 something in that + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from 400 700 something in that +range so everything is hot um and you + + align:start position:0% +range so everything is hot um and you + + + align:start position:0% +range so everything is hot um and you +notice what's very different from the + + align:start position:0% +notice what's very different from the + + + align:start position:0% +notice what's very different from the +previous diagram I have um some kind of + + align:start position:0% +previous diagram I have um some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +previous diagram I have um some kind of +a quartz holder here and the Wafers are + + align:start position:0% +a quartz holder here and the Wafers are + + + align:start position:0% +a quartz holder here and the Wafers are +standing up they're not sitting flat and + + align:start position:0% +standing up they're not sitting flat and + + + align:start position:0% +standing up they're not sitting flat and +there's a lot of wafers in here could be + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of wafers in here could be + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of wafers in here could be +25 could be could be 100 but they're + + align:start position:0% +25 could be could be 100 but they're + + + align:start position:0% +25 could be could be 100 but they're +very they're stacked very very close to + + align:start position:0% +very they're stacked very very close to + + + align:start position:0% +very they're stacked very very close to +each other um and and so you can do + + align:start position:0% +each other um and and so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +each other um and and so you can do +batch processing lots of Wafers um at + + align:start position:0% +batch processing lots of Wafers um at + + + align:start position:0% +batch processing lots of Wafers um at +once and the the whole reason you can do + + align:start position:0% +once and the the whole reason you can do + + + align:start position:0% +once and the the whole reason you can do +this and we'll talk about that is + + align:start position:0% +this and we'll talk about that is + + + align:start position:0% +this and we'll talk about that is +because it turns out the mean-free path + + align:start position:0% +because it turns out the mean-free path + + + align:start position:0% +because it turns out the mean-free path +is quite long when the pressure is low + + align:start position:0% +is quite long when the pressure is low + + + align:start position:0% +is quite long when the pressure is low +so the gas can get effectively the + + align:start position:0% +so the gas can get effectively the + + + align:start position:0% +so the gas can get effectively the +reactants can be transported in between + + align:start position:0% +reactants can be transported in between + + + align:start position:0% +reactants can be transported in between +the Wafers very very efficiently so + + align:start position:0% +the Wafers very very efficiently so + + + align:start position:0% +the Wafers very very efficiently so +there's no need to spread them out over + + align:start position:0% +there's no need to spread them out over + + + align:start position:0% +there's no need to spread them out over +a large deceptor as we had to do in the + + align:start position:0% +a large deceptor as we had to do in the + + + align:start position:0% +a large deceptor as we had to do in the +case of an atmospheric process like this + + align:start position:0% +case of an atmospheric process like this + + + align:start position:0% +case of an atmospheric process like this +where we can only get two or three + + align:start position:0% +where we can only get two or three + + + align:start position:0% +where we can only get two or three +wafers in at a time um in this low uh + + align:start position:0% +wafers in at a time um in this low uh + + + align:start position:0% +wafers in at a time um in this low uh +pressure case you can put in quite a few + + align:start position:0% +pressure case you can put in quite a few + + + align:start position:0% +pressure case you can put in quite a few +Wafers the pressure is kept low in this + + align:start position:0% +Wafers the pressure is kept low in this + + + align:start position:0% +Wafers the pressure is kept low in this +case by a vacuum pump so the quartz tube + + align:start position:0% +case by a vacuum pump so the quartz tube + + + align:start position:0% +case by a vacuum pump so the quartz tube +has um an opening in the front which is + + align:start position:0% +has um an opening in the front which is + + + align:start position:0% +has um an opening in the front which is +sealed by an O-ring seal and a stainless + + align:start position:0% +sealed by an O-ring seal and a stainless + + + align:start position:0% +sealed by an O-ring seal and a stainless +steel plate so that closes the quartz uh + + align:start position:0% +steel plate so that closes the quartz uh + + + align:start position:0% +steel plate so that closes the quartz uh +and you can suck on it with his pump and + + align:start position:0% +and you can suck on it with his pump and + + + align:start position:0% +and you can suck on it with his pump and +pull a vacuum uh and you have a couple + + align:start position:0% +pull a vacuum uh and you have a couple + + + align:start position:0% +pull a vacuum uh and you have a couple +of source gases that that with mass flow + + align:start position:0% +of source gases that that with mass flow + + + align:start position:0% +of source gases that that with mass flow +controllers that control the flow of + + align:start position:0% +controllers that control the flow of + + + align:start position:0% +controllers that control the flow of +whatever it is you're using could be + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is you're using could be + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is you're using could be +silene could be dor whatever + + align:start position:0% +silene could be dor whatever + + + align:start position:0% +silene could be dor whatever +yeah when the B is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gone oh we're going to talk about that + + align:start position:0% +gone oh we're going to talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +gone oh we're going to talk about that +but B basically if the mean-free path is + + align:start position:0% +but B basically if the mean-free path is + + + align:start position:0% +but B basically if the mean-free path is +sufficiently long um what it what it + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently long um what it what it + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently long um what it what it +means is the before the atom can go or + + align:start position:0% +means is the before the atom can go or + + + align:start position:0% +means is the before the atom can go or +the molecule can go a long distance + + align:start position:0% +the molecule can go a long distance + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule can go a long distance +before it hits a wafer and would then + + align:start position:0% +before it hits a wafer and would then + + + align:start position:0% +before it hits a wafer and would then +would stick + + align:start position:0% +would stick + + + align:start position:0% +would stick +the meanf free path is very short and I + + align:start position:0% +the meanf free path is very short and I + + + align:start position:0% +the meanf free path is very short and I +were to put it in a reactor like this + + align:start position:0% +were to put it in a reactor like this + + + align:start position:0% +were to put it in a reactor like this +you'd get deposition all on the tips of + + align:start position:0% +you'd get deposition all on the tips of + + + align:start position:0% +you'd get deposition all on the tips of +the Wafers you know right right of these + + align:start position:0% +the Wafers you know right right of these + + + align:start position:0% +the Wafers you know right right of these +edges but it wouldn't get down in + + align:start position:0% +edges but it wouldn't get down in + + + align:start position:0% +edges but it wouldn't get down in +between because um meanf free path tells + + align:start position:0% +between because um meanf free path tells + + + align:start position:0% +between because um meanf free path tells +you how often is it that you have a + + align:start position:0% +you how often is it that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you how often is it that you have a +collision if that mean-free path is you + + align:start position:0% +collision if that mean-free path is you + + + align:start position:0% +collision if that mean-free path is you +know is very very short basically you're + + align:start position:0% +know is very very short basically you're + + + align:start position:0% +know is very very short basically you're +going the chance of you having a + + align:start position:0% +going the chance of you having a + + + align:start position:0% +going the chance of you having a +collision with a wafer is quite high and + + align:start position:0% +collision with a wafer is quite high and + + + align:start position:0% +collision with a wafer is quite high and +you'll tend to + + align:start position:0% +you'll tend to + + + align:start position:0% +you'll tend to +react it's a collision of particles + + align:start position:0% +react it's a collision of particles + + + align:start position:0% +react it's a collision of particles +right but but it also relates to um you + + align:start position:0% +right but but it also relates to um you + + + align:start position:0% +right but but it also relates to um you +know the interaction of those particles + + align:start position:0% +know the interaction of those particles + + + align:start position:0% +know the interaction of those particles +with whatever you have in in in the + + align:start position:0% +with whatever you have in in in the + + + align:start position:0% +with whatever you have in in in the +Reactor with the geometry means long to + + align:start position:0% +Reactor with the geometry means long to + + + align:start position:0% +Reactor with the geometry means long to +have like + + align:start position:0% +have like + + + align:start position:0% +have like +more well it's not it's this is a + + align:start position:0% +more well it's not it's this is a + + + align:start position:0% +more well it's not it's this is a +chemical process now again when we talk + + align:start position:0% +chemical process now again when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +chemical process now again when we talk +when we kind of go through this process + + align:start position:0% +when we kind of go through this process + + + align:start position:0% +when we kind of go through this process +it may become a little obvious it's not + + align:start position:0% +it may become a little obvious it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it may become a little obvious it's not +evaporation you still have the gas + + align:start position:0% +evaporation you still have the gas + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation you still have the gas +flowing and getting in between so it's + + align:start position:0% +flowing and getting in between so it's + + + align:start position:0% +flowing and getting in between so it's +still a gas phase type of process it's + + align:start position:0% +still a gas phase type of process it's + + + align:start position:0% +still a gas phase type of process it's +we're not we're not evaporating onto it + + align:start position:0% +we're not we're not evaporating onto it + + + align:start position:0% +we're not we're not evaporating onto it +um so um so the gas can still flow here + + align:start position:0% +um so um so the gas can still flow here + + + align:start position:0% +um so um so the gas can still flow here +in between each of these Wafers uh and + + align:start position:0% +in between each of these Wafers uh and + + + align:start position:0% +in between each of these Wafers uh and +the and the pressure is low enough that + + align:start position:0% +the and the pressure is low enough that + + + align:start position:0% +the and the pressure is low enough that +that the reactant can get in between and + + align:start position:0% +that the reactant can get in between and + + + align:start position:0% +that the reactant can get in between and +you can get nice uniform deposition + + align:start position:0% +you can get nice uniform deposition + + + align:start position:0% +you can get nice uniform deposition +that's not the case uh if you do it + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case uh if you do it + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the case uh if you do it +atmospheric pressure um where uh where + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure um where uh where + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure um where uh where +you need to have the Wafers well + + align:start position:0% +you need to have the Wafers well + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have the Wafers well +separated because you develop boundary + + align:start position:0% +separated because you develop boundary + + + align:start position:0% +separated because you develop boundary +layer effects and things like + + align:start position:0% +layer effects and things like + + + align:start position:0% +layer effects and things like +that okay hopefully that'll become a + + align:start position:0% +that okay hopefully that'll become a + + + align:start position:0% +that okay hopefully that'll become a +little more obvious uh as we go on for + + align:start position:0% +little more obvious uh as we go on for + + + align:start position:0% +little more obvious uh as we go on for +the rest of this lecture and the next um + + align:start position:0% +the rest of this lecture and the next um + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of this lecture and the next um +okay what else about this reactor you + + align:start position:0% +okay what else about this reactor you + + + align:start position:0% +okay what else about this reactor you +should know remember it's a hot wall + + align:start position:0% +should know remember it's a hot wall + + + align:start position:0% +should know remember it's a hot wall +that's the problem with that is you get + + align:start position:0% +that's the problem with that is you get + + + align:start position:0% +that's the problem with that is you get +deposition of whatever you're depositing + + align:start position:0% +deposition of whatever you're depositing + + + align:start position:0% +deposition of whatever you're depositing +on the Wafers also deposits on the walls + + align:start position:0% +on the Wafers also deposits on the walls + + + align:start position:0% +on the Wafers also deposits on the walls +um that can be a part give you + + align:start position:0% +um that can be a part give you + + + align:start position:0% +um that can be a part give you +particulate problems because you can + + align:start position:0% +particulate problems because you can + + + align:start position:0% +particulate problems because you can +eventually develop so much silicon + + align:start position:0% +eventually develop so much silicon + + + align:start position:0% +eventually develop so much silicon +developed you know posit on the walls + + align:start position:0% +developed you know posit on the walls + + + align:start position:0% +developed you know posit on the walls +it's good it'll start to flake uh and + + align:start position:0% +it's good it'll start to flake uh and + + + align:start position:0% +it's good it'll start to flake uh and +then you get particles so lpcvd is + + align:start position:0% +then you get particles so lpcvd is + + + align:start position:0% +then you get particles so lpcvd is +notorious for having particulate + + align:start position:0% +notorious for having particulate + + + align:start position:0% +notorious for having particulate +issues um so that's kind of a basic uh + + align:start position:0% +issues um so that's kind of a basic uh + + + align:start position:0% +issues um so that's kind of a basic uh +basic characteristics of lpcvd + + align:start position:0% +basic characteristics of lpcvd + + + align:start position:0% +basic characteristics of lpcvd +reactor let's give an example of two + + align:start position:0% +reactor let's give an example of two + + + align:start position:0% +reactor let's give an example of two +types of deposition here um on slide + + align:start position:0% +types of deposition here um on slide + + + align:start position:0% +types of deposition here um on slide +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +11 the first example was epitaxial + + align:start position:0% +11 the first example was epitaxial + + + align:start position:0% +11 the first example was epitaxial +silicon single crystal growth um and I + + align:start position:0% +silicon single crystal growth um and I + + + align:start position:0% +silicon single crystal growth um and I +showed you a picture of a cold wall + + align:start position:0% +showed you a picture of a cold wall + + + align:start position:0% +showed you a picture of a cold wall +atmospheric pressure system this + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure system this + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure system this +particular equation equation number one + + align:start position:0% +particular equation equation number one + + + align:start position:0% +particular equation equation number one +is um again a little bit old fashion + + align:start position:0% +is um again a little bit old fashion + + + align:start position:0% +is um again a little bit old fashion +using silicon tet silicon tetrachloride + + align:start position:0% +using silicon tet silicon tetrachloride + + + align:start position:0% +using silicon tet silicon tetrachloride +um and and it reacts at high temperature + + align:start position:0% +um and and it reacts at high temperature + + + align:start position:0% +um and and it reacts at high temperature +and can be decomposed into silicon solid + + align:start position:0% +and can be decomposed into silicon solid + + + align:start position:0% +and can be decomposed into silicon solid +uh plus HCL gas which is + + align:start position:0% +uh plus HCL gas which is + + + align:start position:0% +uh plus HCL gas which is +evolved um you can also more commonly + + align:start position:0% +evolved um you can also more commonly + + + align:start position:0% +evolved um you can also more commonly +today rather than silicon T people + + align:start position:0% +today rather than silicon T people + + + align:start position:0% +today rather than silicon T people +typically use silene + + align:start position:0% +typically use silene + + + align:start position:0% +typically use silene +si4 again at in the gas phase at high + + align:start position:0% +si4 again at in the gas phase at high + + + align:start position:0% +si4 again at in the gas phase at high +temperature can react form solid silicon + + align:start position:0% +temperature can react form solid silicon + + + align:start position:0% +temperature can react form solid silicon +and give and evolve off + + align:start position:0% +and give and evolve off + + + align:start position:0% +and give and evolve off +hydrogen um so this might be for + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen um so this might be for + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen um so this might be for +epitaxial + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial +growth uh uh the second example here um + + align:start position:0% +growth uh uh the second example here um + + + align:start position:0% +growth uh uh the second example here um +equation number three shows the + + align:start position:0% +equation number three shows the + + + align:start position:0% +equation number three shows the +deposition of amorphous silicon dioxide + + align:start position:0% +deposition of amorphous silicon dioxide + + + align:start position:0% +deposition of amorphous silicon dioxide +so this is that famous lto that we've + + align:start position:0% +so this is that famous lto that we've + + + align:start position:0% +so this is that famous lto that we've +been talking about low temperature oxide + + align:start position:0% +been talking about low temperature oxide + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about low temperature oxide +um that is deposited very commonly in a + + align:start position:0% +um that is deposited very commonly in a + + + align:start position:0% +um that is deposited very commonly in a +hot wall low pressure system just like + + align:start position:0% +hot wall low pressure system just like + + + align:start position:0% +hot wall low pressure system just like +what I just showed on page 10 this is + + align:start position:0% +what I just showed on page 10 this is + + + align:start position:0% +what I just showed on page 10 this is +this is exactly a low a low pressure CBD + + align:start position:0% +this is exactly a low a low pressure CBD + + + align:start position:0% +this is exactly a low a low pressure CBD +um oxide or or lto + + align:start position:0% +um oxide or or lto + + + align:start position:0% +um oxide or or lto +furnace and the way lto is made is + + align:start position:0% +furnace and the way lto is made is + + + align:start position:0% +furnace and the way lto is made is +typically with silene a gaseous silene + + align:start position:0% +typically with silene a gaseous silene + + + align:start position:0% +typically with silene a gaseous silene +uh combined with uh oxygen uh usually in + + align:start position:0% +uh combined with uh oxygen uh usually in + + + align:start position:0% +uh combined with uh oxygen uh usually in +the temperature range of 400 to 500 + + align:start position:0% +the temperature range of 400 to 500 + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature range of 400 to 500 +something like that uh decomposes on the + + align:start position:0% +something like that uh decomposes on the + + + align:start position:0% +something like that uh decomposes on the +way for surface both of these decompos + + align:start position:0% +way for surface both of these decompos + + + align:start position:0% +way for surface both of these decompos +and they react to form sio2 in the solid + + align:start position:0% +and they react to form sio2 in the solid + + + align:start position:0% +and they react to form sio2 in the solid +phase and evolve hydrogen and notice + + align:start position:0% +phase and evolve hydrogen and notice + + + align:start position:0% +phase and evolve hydrogen and notice +because you are putting in siline you + + align:start position:0% +because you are putting in siline you + + + align:start position:0% +because you are putting in siline you +don't have to consume any silicon on the + + align:start position:0% +don't have to consume any silicon on the + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to consume any silicon on the +wafer so that's the advantage if you + + align:start position:0% +wafer so that's the advantage if you + + + align:start position:0% +wafer so that's the advantage if you +need to put down a film and there's no + + align:start position:0% +need to put down a film and there's no + + + align:start position:0% +need to put down a film and there's no +silicon exposed then you use use this + + align:start position:0% +silicon exposed then you use use this + + + align:start position:0% +silicon exposed then you use use this +low this lpcvd process to to get um put + + align:start position:0% +low this lpcvd process to to get um put + + + align:start position:0% +low this lpcvd process to to get um put +down an + + align:start position:0% +down an + + + align:start position:0% +down an +oxide okay there's a couple of + + align:start position:0% +oxide okay there's a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +oxide okay there's a couple of +examples so let's look at this process + + align:start position:0% +examples so let's look at this process + + + align:start position:0% +examples so let's look at this process +now on slide number 12 a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +now on slide number 12 a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +now on slide number 12 a little bit more +carefully and here maybe we'll see how + + align:start position:0% +carefully and here maybe we'll see how + + + align:start position:0% +carefully and here maybe we'll see how +the um the pressure uh comes to play and + + align:start position:0% +the um the pressure uh comes to play and + + + align:start position:0% +the um the pressure uh comes to play and +all this uh slide number 12 talks about + + align:start position:0% +all this uh slide number 12 talks about + + + align:start position:0% +all this uh slide number 12 talks about +atmospheric pressure or AP um CBD and um + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure or AP um CBD and um + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure or AP um CBD and um +what it is is schematically this is the + + align:start position:0% +what it is is schematically this is the + + + align:start position:0% +what it is is schematically this is the +top wall of your reactor could be quartz + + align:start position:0% +top wall of your reactor could be quartz + + + align:start position:0% +top wall of your reactor could be quartz +here's the bottom wall here's a graphite + + align:start position:0% +here's the bottom wall here's a graphite + + + align:start position:0% +here's the bottom wall here's a graphite +sceptor which is hot and there's a + + align:start position:0% +sceptor which is hot and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +sceptor which is hot and there's a +there's a wafer sitting on it and + + align:start position:0% +there's a wafer sitting on it and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a wafer sitting on it and +there's a gas stream up here above some + + align:start position:0% +there's a gas stream up here above some + + + align:start position:0% +there's a gas stream up here above some +distance is the gas is Flowing at at at + + align:start position:0% +distance is the gas is Flowing at at at + + + align:start position:0% +distance is the gas is Flowing at at at +at a reasonably high velocity and and + + align:start position:0% +at a reasonably high velocity and and + + + align:start position:0% +at a reasonably high velocity and and +steps one through seven here are the + + align:start position:0% +steps one through seven here are the + + + align:start position:0% +steps one through seven here are the +different steps that are people have + + align:start position:0% +different steps that are people have + + + align:start position:0% +different steps that are people have +identified as being involved in chemical + + align:start position:0% +identified as being involved in chemical + + + align:start position:0% +identified as being involved in chemical +vapor deposition so notice how it's is + + align:start position:0% +vapor deposition so notice how it's is + + + align:start position:0% +vapor deposition so notice how it's is +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +evaporation so the first step we take + + align:start position:0% +evaporation so the first step we take + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation so the first step we take +the reactants that are um that have to + + align:start position:0% +the reactants that are um that have to + + + align:start position:0% +the reactants that are um that have to +be transported from the main gas stream + + align:start position:0% +be transported from the main gas stream + + + align:start position:0% +be transported from the main gas stream +uh into the deposition region so they're + + align:start position:0% +uh into the deposition region so they're + + + align:start position:0% +uh into the deposition region so they're +coming in the reactor over here on the + + align:start position:0% +coming in the reactor over here on the + + + align:start position:0% +coming in the reactor over here on the +left they have to get over near the + + align:start position:0% +left they have to get over near the + + + align:start position:0% +left they have to get over near the +wafer okay that's obvious it's not + + align:start position:0% +wafer okay that's obvious it's not + + + align:start position:0% +wafer okay that's obvious it's not +usually right limiting in any way step + + align:start position:0% +usually right limiting in any way step + + + align:start position:0% +usually right limiting in any way step +number two is the transport from the + + align:start position:0% +number two is the transport from the + + + align:start position:0% +number two is the transport from the +main gas stream through what's called a + + align:start position:0% +main gas stream through what's called a + + + align:start position:0% +main gas stream through what's called a +boundary layer to the wafer surface now + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer to the wafer surface now + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer to the wafer surface now +a boundary layer exists um whenever you + + align:start position:0% +a boundary layer exists um whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +a boundary layer exists um whenever you +have a static surface and a gas or some + + align:start position:0% +have a static surface and a gas or some + + + align:start position:0% +have a static surface and a gas or some +fluid flowing above it and the boundary + + align:start position:0% +fluid flowing above it and the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +fluid flowing above it and the boundary +layer is a layer in which the velocity + + align:start position:0% +layer is a layer in which the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +layer is a layer in which the velocity +of the particles actually goes from the + + align:start position:0% +of the particles actually goes from the + + + align:start position:0% +of the particles actually goes from the +velocity is in the center of the tube + + align:start position:0% +velocity is in the center of the tube + + + align:start position:0% +velocity is in the center of the tube +down to zero because right right at the + + align:start position:0% +down to zero because right right at the + + + align:start position:0% +down to zero because right right at the +wafer surface the velocity is zero so + + align:start position:0% +wafer surface the velocity is zero so + + + align:start position:0% +wafer surface the velocity is zero so +you have to somehow get through this + + align:start position:0% +you have to somehow get through this + + + align:start position:0% +you have to somehow get through this +stagnant layer um and so transport + + align:start position:0% +stagnant layer um and so transport + + + align:start position:0% +stagnant layer um and so transport +through the boundary layer is one of the + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer is one of the +critical processes it will be rate + + align:start position:0% +critical processes it will be rate + + + align:start position:0% +critical processes it will be rate +limiting in certain types of + + align:start position:0% +limiting in certain types of + + + align:start position:0% +limiting in certain types of +reactors uh then there are uh three + + align:start position:0% +reactors uh then there are uh three + + + align:start position:0% +reactors uh then there are uh three +surface processes here you could lump + + align:start position:0% +surface processes here you could lump + + + align:start position:0% +surface processes here you could lump +them all together if you want into just + + align:start position:0% +them all together if you want into just + + + align:start position:0% +them all together if you want into just +call them surface processes but they are + + align:start position:0% +call them surface processes but they are + + + align:start position:0% +call them surface processes but they are +called out individually here number + + align:start position:0% +called out individually here number + + + align:start position:0% +called out individually here number +three is the absorption of the reactant + + align:start position:0% +three is the absorption of the reactant + + + align:start position:0% +three is the absorption of the reactant +onto the wafer + + align:start position:0% +onto the wafer + + + align:start position:0% +onto the wafer +surface four is the surface reaction + + align:start position:0% +surface four is the surface reaction + + + align:start position:0% +surface four is the surface reaction +itself including a chemical + + align:start position:0% +itself including a chemical + + + align:start position:0% +itself including a chemical +decomposition like what I just showed + + align:start position:0% +decomposition like what I just showed + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition like what I just showed +you a reaction if we go back to slide 11 + + align:start position:0% +you a reaction if we go back to slide 11 + + + align:start position:0% +you a reaction if we go back to slide 11 +this is what I mean by that step so it's + + align:start position:0% +this is what I mean by that step so it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I mean by that step so it's +the actual decomposition of a gas on the + + align:start position:0% +the actual decomposition of a gas on the + + + align:start position:0% +the actual decomposition of a gas on the +surface um into uh to u to crack the gas + + align:start position:0% +surface um into uh to u to crack the gas + + + align:start position:0% +surface um into uh to u to crack the gas +or decompose + + align:start position:0% +or decompose + + + align:start position:0% +or decompose +it uh could also be um a surface + + align:start position:0% +it uh could also be um a surface + + + align:start position:0% +it uh could also be um a surface +migration uh involved in in the in the + + align:start position:0% +migration uh involved in in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +migration uh involved in in the in the +surface in step four uh or attachment to + + align:start position:0% +surface in step four uh or attachment to + + + align:start position:0% +surface in step four uh or attachment to +Kinks and edges so there number of + + align:start position:0% +Kinks and edges so there number of + + + align:start position:0% +Kinks and edges so there number of +surface processes that happen and then + + align:start position:0% +surface processes that happen and then + + + align:start position:0% +surface processes that happen and then +step number five is desorption of the + + align:start position:0% +step number five is desorption of the + + + align:start position:0% +step number five is desorption of the +byproducts and then we have to transport + + align:start position:0% +byproducts and then we have to transport + + + align:start position:0% +byproducts and then we have to transport +the byproducts through the boundary + + align:start position:0% +the byproducts through the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +the byproducts through the boundary +layer and then finally transport of that + + align:start position:0% +layer and then finally transport of that + + + align:start position:0% +layer and then finally transport of that +out of the reactor out of the deposition + + align:start position:0% +out of the reactor out of the deposition + + + align:start position:0% +out of the reactor out of the deposition +Zone um and I've highlighted here in red + + align:start position:0% +Zone um and I've highlighted here in red + + + align:start position:0% +Zone um and I've highlighted here in red +steps two through five uh they because + + align:start position:0% +steps two through five uh they because + + + align:start position:0% +steps two through five uh they because +they're most important in determining + + align:start position:0% +they're most important in determining + + + align:start position:0% +they're most important in determining +the growth rate uh in fact the two rate + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate uh in fact the two rate + + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate uh in fact the two rate +limiting steps tend to be step two which + + align:start position:0% +limiting steps tend to be step two which + + + align:start position:0% +limiting steps tend to be step two which +is transport the reactants through the + + align:start position:0% +is transport the reactants through the + + + align:start position:0% +is transport the reactants through the +boundary layer through the um which is + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer through the um which is + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer through the um which is +usually typically a diffusion uh type of + + align:start position:0% +usually typically a diffusion uh type of + + + align:start position:0% +usually typically a diffusion uh type of +process and a reaction proc the second + + align:start position:0% +process and a reaction proc the second + + + align:start position:0% +process and a reaction proc the second +rate limiting step is the surface proces + + align:start position:0% +rate limiting step is the surface proces + + + align:start position:0% +rate limiting step is the surface proces +themselves the chemical reactions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +usually okay so let's go on to slide 13 + + align:start position:0% +usually okay so let's go on to slide 13 + + + align:start position:0% +usually okay so let's go on to slide 13 +and talk about um a way to + + align:start position:0% +and talk about um a way to + + + align:start position:0% +and talk about um a way to +quantitatively and come up with a very + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively and come up with a very + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively and come up with a very +simple quantitative model um now I've + + align:start position:0% +simple quantitative model um now I've + + + align:start position:0% +simple quantitative model um now I've +turned everything by 90 degrees on you + + align:start position:0% +turned everything by 90 degrees on you + + + align:start position:0% +turned everything by 90 degrees on you +because that's what was done in the text + + align:start position:0% +because that's what was done in the text + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what was done in the text +I took this from your text so now uh be + + align:start position:0% +I took this from your text so now uh be + + + align:start position:0% +I took this from your text so now uh be +a little more careful here the Silicon + + align:start position:0% +a little more careful here the Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +a little more careful here the Silicon +wafer is now sitting vertically it + + align:start position:0% +wafer is now sitting vertically it + + + align:start position:0% +wafer is now sitting vertically it +doesn't really matter if it's horizontal + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter if it's horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter if it's horizontal +or vertical it just have to tilt your + + align:start position:0% +or vertical it just have to tilt your + + + align:start position:0% +or vertical it just have to tilt your +head if you want from the last picture + + align:start position:0% +head if you want from the last picture + + + align:start position:0% +head if you want from the last picture +and the gas here um so the gas is + + align:start position:0% +and the gas here um so the gas is + + + align:start position:0% +and the gas here um so the gas is +Flowing vertically SO gas is going up + + align:start position:0% +Flowing vertically SO gas is going up + + + align:start position:0% +Flowing vertically SO gas is going up +here the way the laser pointer is it's + + align:start position:0% +here the way the laser pointer is it's + + + align:start position:0% +here the way the laser pointer is it's +it's flowing by and it has some + + align:start position:0% +it's flowing by and it has some + + + align:start position:0% +it's flowing by and it has some +concentration here in the main gas + + align:start position:0% +concentration here in the main gas + + + align:start position:0% +concentration here in the main gas +stream and this region that's labeled + + align:start position:0% +stream and this region that's labeled + + + align:start position:0% +stream and this region that's labeled +from here to Here by these two arrows + + align:start position:0% +from here to Here by these two arrows + + + align:start position:0% +from here to Here by these two arrows +from the Silicon surface to this point + + align:start position:0% +from the Silicon surface to this point + + + align:start position:0% +from the Silicon surface to this point +here is called the boundary + + align:start position:0% +here is called the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +here is called the boundary +layer so that's the stagnant layer where + + align:start position:0% +layer so that's the stagnant layer where + + + align:start position:0% +layer so that's the stagnant layer where +the gas velocity in the in the Stream + + align:start position:0% +the gas velocity in the in the Stream + + + align:start position:0% +the gas velocity in the in the Stream +direction is actually going down + + align:start position:0% +direction is actually going down + + + align:start position:0% +direction is actually going down +eventually is zero So within the + + align:start position:0% +eventually is zero So within the + + + align:start position:0% +eventually is zero So within the +boundary layer we typically have a + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer we typically have a + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer we typically have a +gradient of the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +gradient of the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of the concentration of the +silene or whatever it is the + + align:start position:0% +silene or whatever it is the + + + align:start position:0% +silene or whatever it is the +concentration of um the reactant in in + + align:start position:0% +concentration of um the reactant in in + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of um the reactant in in +in the gas uh stream it's called C subg + + align:start position:0% +in the gas uh stream it's called C subg + + + align:start position:0% +in the gas uh stream it's called C subg +here um when you reach the surface of + + align:start position:0% +here um when you reach the surface of + + + align:start position:0% +here um when you reach the surface of +the sil at the very surface there's a + + align:start position:0% +the sil at the very surface there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the sil at the very surface there's a +concentration of that species called + + align:start position:0% +concentration of that species called + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of that species called +cabes at the + + align:start position:0% +cabes at the + + + align:start position:0% +cabes at the +surface um and these two re these two FS + + align:start position:0% +surface um and these two re these two FS + + + align:start position:0% +surface um and these two re these two FS +here this flux F1 is a diffusion flux so + + align:start position:0% +here this flux F1 is a diffusion flux so + + + align:start position:0% +here this flux F1 is a diffusion flux so +that's the Flux Of the reactant species + + align:start position:0% +that's the Flux Of the reactant species + + + align:start position:0% +that's the Flux Of the reactant species +up to the wafer and it's Mass transfer + + align:start position:0% +up to the wafer and it's Mass transfer + + + align:start position:0% +up to the wafer and it's Mass transfer +it's it's called a mass transport or + + align:start position:0% +it's it's called a mass transport or + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's called a mass transport or +mass transfer flux and on the previous + + align:start position:0% +mass transfer flux and on the previous + + + align:start position:0% +mass transfer flux and on the previous +sta page it represented step number two + + align:start position:0% +sta page it represented step number two + + + align:start position:0% +sta page it represented step number two +so that's this flux + + align:start position:0% +so that's this flux + + + align:start position:0% +so that's this flux +F1 flux F2 is the actual reactant + + align:start position:0% +F1 flux F2 is the actual reactant + + + align:start position:0% +F1 flux F2 is the actual reactant +consumed by the surface reaction so + + align:start position:0% +consumed by the surface reaction so + + + align:start position:0% +consumed by the surface reaction so +that's the surface reaction rate or + + align:start position:0% +that's the surface reaction rate or + + + align:start position:0% +that's the surface reaction rate or +Surface reaction flux and that's what I + + align:start position:0% +Surface reaction flux and that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +Surface reaction flux and that's what I +meant by steps 3 to five on the previous + + align:start position:0% +meant by steps 3 to five on the previous + + + align:start position:0% +meant by steps 3 to five on the previous +page so F2 referred to these uh these + + align:start position:0% +page so F2 referred to these uh these + + + align:start position:0% +page so F2 referred to these uh these +surface reactions + + align:start position:0% +surface reactions + + + align:start position:0% +surface reactions +so we have these two fluxes we got to + + align:start position:0% +so we have these two fluxes we got to + + + align:start position:0% +so we have these two fluxes we got to +get through the boundary layer by + + align:start position:0% +get through the boundary layer by + + + align:start position:0% +get through the boundary layer by +diffusion and we've got to react at the + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and we've got to react at the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and we've got to react at the +Surface by some chemical reaction um and + + align:start position:0% +Surface by some chemical reaction um and + + + align:start position:0% +Surface by some chemical reaction um and +so we we're we're just going to write + + align:start position:0% +so we we're we're just going to write + + + align:start position:0% +so we we're we're just going to write +down equ simple equations for flux One + + align:start position:0% +down equ simple equations for flux One + + + align:start position:0% +down equ simple equations for flux One +Transport through a boundary layer we're + + align:start position:0% +Transport through a boundary layer we're + + + align:start position:0% +Transport through a boundary layer we're +going to say that that flux the number + + align:start position:0% +going to say that that flux the number + + + align:start position:0% +going to say that that flux the number +of particles going through per square + + align:start position:0% +of particles going through per square + + + align:start position:0% +of particles going through per square +centimeter per unit time is going to be + + align:start position:0% +centimeter per unit time is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter per unit time is going to be +just proportional to the concentration + + align:start position:0% +just proportional to the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +just proportional to the concentration +gradient CG minus CS the proportionality + + align:start position:0% +gradient CG minus CS the proportionality + + + align:start position:0% +gradient CG minus CS the proportionality +constant we're going to call HG which is + + align:start position:0% +constant we're going to call HG which is + + + align:start position:0% +constant we're going to call HG which is +um the mass trans transfer coefficient + + align:start position:0% +um the mass trans transfer coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +um the mass trans transfer coefficient +and typically have units of length per + + align:start position:0% +and typically have units of length per + + + align:start position:0% +and typically have units of length per +unit time or centimet per second so + + align:start position:0% +unit time or centimet per second so + + + align:start position:0% +unit time or centimet per second so +that's the first flux that's just + + align:start position:0% +that's the first flux that's just + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first flux that's just +transport through the boundary + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary +layer flux number two is the reaction at + + align:start position:0% +layer flux number two is the reaction at + + + align:start position:0% +layer flux number two is the reaction at +the surface and this a chemical reaction + + align:start position:0% +the surface and this a chemical reaction + + + align:start position:0% +the surface and this a chemical reaction +so we typically write that with its + + align:start position:0% +so we typically write that with its + + + align:start position:0% +so we typically write that with its +chemical constant case of s some some + + align:start position:0% +chemical constant case of s some some + + + align:start position:0% +chemical constant case of s some some +surface reaction rate um in centimeters + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate um in centimeters + + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate um in centimeters +per second times the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +per second times the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +per second times the concentration of +the species at the surface so again this + + align:start position:0% +the species at the surface so again this + + + align:start position:0% +the species at the surface so again this +is a little cartoon of what we just saw + + align:start position:0% +is a little cartoon of what we just saw + + + align:start position:0% +is a little cartoon of what we just saw +so in steady state we're going to let + + align:start position:0% +so in steady state we're going to let + + + align:start position:0% +so in steady state we're going to let +this the uh fluxes through the B layer + + align:start position:0% +this the uh fluxes through the B layer + + + align:start position:0% +this the uh fluxes through the B layer +and at the surface be equal fub1 equal + + align:start position:0% +and at the surface be equal fub1 equal + + + align:start position:0% +and at the surface be equal fub1 equal +F2 so we just equate uh equations four + + align:start position:0% +F2 so we just equate uh equations four + + + align:start position:0% +F2 so we just equate uh equations four +and five which we just had um that's + + align:start position:0% +and five which we just had um that's + + + align:start position:0% +and five which we just had um that's +pretty simple we can solve then for C + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple we can solve then for C + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple we can solve then for C +Subs the concentration at the surface um + + align:start position:0% +Subs the concentration at the surface um + + + align:start position:0% +Subs the concentration at the surface um +in terms of C subg the concentration in + + align:start position:0% +in terms of C subg the concentration in + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of C subg the concentration in +the gas and we get it's CG uh divided by + + align:start position:0% +the gas and we get it's CG uh divided by + + + align:start position:0% +the gas and we get it's CG uh divided by +1 plus K Subs over + + align:start position:0% +1 plus K Subs over + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus K Subs over +HG now um we just need to define the + + align:start position:0% +HG now um we just need to define the + + + align:start position:0% +HG now um we just need to define the +growth rate of the + + align:start position:0% +growth rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate of the +film so the growth rate of the film is + + align:start position:0% +film so the growth rate of the film is + + + align:start position:0% +film so the growth rate of the film is +this flux f which we now know we can + + align:start position:0% +this flux f which we now know we can + + + align:start position:0% +this flux f which we now know we can +write f as K Subs time C subs and I just + + align:start position:0% +write f as K Subs time C subs and I just + + + align:start position:0% +write f as K Subs time C subs and I just +solved for C Subs in equation s so the + + align:start position:0% +solved for C Subs in equation s so the + + + align:start position:0% +solved for C Subs in equation s so the +velocity of the grate of the film is a + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the grate of the film is a + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the grate of the film is a +velocity V it's just the flux divided by + + align:start position:0% +velocity V it's just the flux divided by + + + align:start position:0% +velocity V it's just the flux divided by +n where n is the number of atoms per + + align:start position:0% +n where n is the number of atoms per + + + align:start position:0% +n where n is the number of atoms per +cubic um centimeter just you can just do + + align:start position:0% +cubic um centimeter just you can just do + + + align:start position:0% +cubic um centimeter just you can just do +this dimensionally the velocity the flux + + align:start position:0% +this dimensionally the velocity the flux + + + align:start position:0% +this dimensionally the velocity the flux +has units of number atoms per square + + align:start position:0% +has units of number atoms per square + + + align:start position:0% +has units of number atoms per square +centimeter per + + align:start position:0% +centimeter per + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter per +time um and this is number of atoms per + + align:start position:0% +time um and this is number of atoms per + + + align:start position:0% +time um and this is number of atoms per +cubic centimeter so I just I end up with + + align:start position:0% +cubic centimeter so I just I end up with + + + align:start position:0% +cubic centimeter so I just I end up with +a velocity of centimeters per second or + + align:start position:0% +a velocity of centimeters per second or + + + align:start position:0% +a velocity of centimeters per second or +cm per unit time so we just divide this + + align:start position:0% +cm per unit time so we just divide this + + + align:start position:0% +cm per unit time so we just divide this +flux by the density in Silicon for + + align:start position:0% +flux by the density in Silicon for + + + align:start position:0% +flux by the density in Silicon for +example the density is 510 + + align:start position:0% +example the density is 510 + + + align:start position:0% +example the density is 510 +22nd multiplying this out what we get is + + align:start position:0% +22nd multiplying this out what we get is + + + align:start position:0% +22nd multiplying this out what we get is +we get this uh quantity k Subs HG + + align:start position:0% +we get this uh quantity k Subs HG + + + align:start position:0% +we get this uh quantity k Subs HG +divided by K Subs Plus HG that um times + + align:start position:0% +divided by K Subs Plus HG that um times + + + align:start position:0% +divided by K Subs Plus HG that um times +the concentration in the gas phase of + + align:start position:0% +the concentration in the gas phase of + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration in the gas phase of +the reactants divided by the density + + align:start position:0% +the reactants divided by the density + + + align:start position:0% +the reactants divided by the density +this this kind of makes sense if you + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of makes sense if you + + + align:start position:0% +this this kind of makes sense if you +look at it or you can look at it here in + + align:start position:0% +look at it or you can look at it here in + + + align:start position:0% +look at it or you can look at it here in +terms of uh this quantity Y where Y is + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh this quantity Y where Y is + + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh this quantity Y where Y is +the mole fraction of the incorporating + + align:start position:0% +the mole fraction of the incorporating + + + align:start position:0% +the mole fraction of the incorporating +species so it's the partial pressure of + + align:start position:0% +species so it's the partial pressure of + + + align:start position:0% +species so it's the partial pressure of +siline for example divided by the total + + align:start position:0% +siline for example divided by the total + + + align:start position:0% +siline for example divided by the total +pressure uh in the G of the gas and it + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh in the G of the gas and it + + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh in the G of the gas and it +kind of makes sense you as you might + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes sense you as you might + + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes sense you as you might +imagine the velocity of growth or the + + align:start position:0% +imagine the velocity of growth or the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine the velocity of growth or the +growth rate depends on the + + align:start position:0% +growth rate depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate depends on the +concentration um of the species uh in + + align:start position:0% +concentration um of the species uh in + + + align:start position:0% +concentration um of the species uh in +the gas phase that's not too too + + align:start position:0% +the gas phase that's not too too + + + align:start position:0% +the gas phase that's not too too +surprising um and it's and therefore it + + align:start position:0% +surprising um and it's and therefore it + + + align:start position:0% +surprising um and it's and therefore it +depends on the mold fraction the partial + + align:start position:0% +depends on the mold fraction the partial + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the mold fraction the partial +pressure uh Divi of the the siline + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh Divi of the the siline + + + align:start position:0% +pressure uh Divi of the the siline +divided by the total pressure so that's + + align:start position:0% +divided by the total pressure so that's + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the total pressure so that's +a very simple model and the important + + align:start position:0% +a very simple model and the important + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple model and the important +thing is now to look at the dependency + + align:start position:0% +thing is now to look at the dependency + + + align:start position:0% +thing is now to look at the dependency +on K subs and + + align:start position:0% +on K subs and + + + align:start position:0% +on K subs and +HG and and and what their temperature + + align:start position:0% +HG and and and what their temperature + + + align:start position:0% +HG and and and what their temperature +dependencies + + align:start position:0% +dependencies + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies +are so let's go on to slide eight uh 15 + + align:start position:0% +are so let's go on to slide eight uh 15 + + + align:start position:0% +are so let's go on to slide eight uh 15 +and and and look at that so this is uh + + align:start position:0% +and and and look at that so this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +and and and look at that so this is uh +equation 8 I just repeated exactly that + + align:start position:0% +equation 8 I just repeated exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +equation 8 I just repeated exactly that +same equation we just uh saw for the the + + align:start position:0% +same equation we just uh saw for the the + + + align:start position:0% +same equation we just uh saw for the the +deposition U rate and you notice what it + + align:start position:0% +deposition U rate and you notice what it + + + align:start position:0% +deposition U rate and you notice what it +because of the way these um add here um + + align:start position:0% +because of the way these um add here um + + + align:start position:0% +because of the way these um add here um +the deposition rate is going to + + align:start position:0% +the deposition rate is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the deposition rate is going to +determined by the smaller of the two of + + align:start position:0% +determined by the smaller of the two of + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the smaller of the two of +K subs or HG so let's say um k ofs is + + align:start position:0% +K subs or HG so let's say um k ofs is + + + align:start position:0% +K subs or HG so let's say um k ofs is +very small then I can ignore it here um + + align:start position:0% +very small then I can ignore it here um + + + align:start position:0% +very small then I can ignore it here um +and forget about it in the denominator + + align:start position:0% +and forget about it in the denominator + + + align:start position:0% +and forget about it in the denominator +then the hgs go out and then in that + + align:start position:0% +then the hgs go out and then in that + + + align:start position:0% +then the hgs go out and then in that +case if case of s is very small the + + align:start position:0% +case if case of s is very small the + + + align:start position:0% +case if case of s is very small the +velocity just depends on um uh that I'm + + align:start position:0% +velocity just depends on um uh that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +velocity just depends on um uh that I'm +doing this case it just depends on HG + + align:start position:0% +doing this case it just depends on HG + + + align:start position:0% +doing this case it just depends on HG +times this + + align:start position:0% +times this + + + align:start position:0% +times this +concentration uh let's see if case of s + + align:start position:0% +concentration uh let's see if case of s + + + align:start position:0% +concentration uh let's see if case of s +is much much less than HG um then I can + + align:start position:0% +is much much less than HG um then I can + + + align:start position:0% +is much much less than HG um then I can +ignore it here the HTS go out oh and I + + align:start position:0% +ignore it here the HTS go out oh and I + + + align:start position:0% +ignore it here the HTS go out oh and I +end up it's the rate limiting step and + + align:start position:0% +end up it's the rate limiting step and + + + align:start position:0% +end up it's the rate limiting step and +you end up being proportional to case of + + align:start position:0% +you end up being proportional to case of + + + align:start position:0% +you end up being proportional to case of +uh so in that case we have What's called + + align:start position:0% +uh so in that case we have What's called + + + align:start position:0% +uh so in that case we have What's called +the surface reaction uh case so this + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction uh case so this + + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction uh case so this +would be a case where the mass transfer + + align:start position:0% +would be a case where the mass transfer + + + align:start position:0% +would be a case where the mass transfer +through the boundary layer is very fast + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer is very fast + + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer is very fast +you want to think about that or you + + align:start position:0% +you want to think about that or you + + + align:start position:0% +you want to think about that or you +could call it in a case where the um the + + align:start position:0% +could call it in a case where the um the + + + align:start position:0% +could call it in a case where the um the +surface reaction is very very um slow uh + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction is very very um slow uh + + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction is very very um slow uh +and so the growth rate in this case is + + align:start position:0% +and so the growth rate in this case is + + + align:start position:0% +and so the growth rate in this case is +directly proportional to the reaction + + align:start position:0% +directly proportional to the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +directly proportional to the reaction +rate the important thing about K Subs is + + align:start position:0% +rate the important thing about K Subs is + + + align:start position:0% +rate the important thing about K Subs is +to notice is that it's exponentially + + align:start position:0% +to notice is that it's exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +to notice is that it's exponentially +dependent on temperature so in this + + align:start position:0% +dependent on temperature so in this + + + align:start position:0% +dependent on temperature so in this +regime + + align:start position:0% +regime + + + align:start position:0% +regime +we expect to see the growth rate + + align:start position:0% +we expect to see the growth rate + + + align:start position:0% +we expect to see the growth rate +exponentially proportional or + + align:start position:0% +exponentially proportional or + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially proportional or +exponentially dependent on + + align:start position:0% +exponentially dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially dependent on +temperature on the other hand if Cas ofs + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the other hand if Cas ofs + + + align:start position:0% +temperature on the other hand if Cas ofs +is very fast is if the reaction goes + + align:start position:0% +is very fast is if the reaction goes + + + align:start position:0% +is very fast is if the reaction goes +very fast compared to the mass transport + + align:start position:0% +very fast compared to the mass transport + + + align:start position:0% +very fast compared to the mass transport +or the mass transport here is slow HG is + + align:start position:0% +or the mass transport here is slow HG is + + + align:start position:0% +or the mass transport here is slow HG is +small then we have the mass transfer or + + align:start position:0% +small then we have the mass transfer or + + + align:start position:0% +small then we have the mass transfer or +gas phase diffusion control case so here + + align:start position:0% +gas phase diffusion control case so here + + + align:start position:0% +gas phase diffusion control case so here +the velocity depends uh on HG which it + + align:start position:0% +the velocity depends uh on HG which it + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity depends uh on HG which it +turns out diffusion through the gas is + + align:start position:0% +turns out diffusion through the gas is + + + align:start position:0% +turns out diffusion through the gas is +not a very temper unlike reaction at the + + align:start position:0% +not a very temper unlike reaction at the + + + align:start position:0% +not a very temper unlike reaction at the +surface is not very temperature + + align:start position:0% +surface is not very temperature + + + align:start position:0% +surface is not very temperature +sensitive so we expect um in this regime + + align:start position:0% +sensitive so we expect um in this regime + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive so we expect um in this regime +to have a very a very weak temperature + + align:start position:0% +to have a very a very weak temperature + + + align:start position:0% +to have a very a very weak temperature +dependence so just we can immediately + + align:start position:0% +dependence so just we can immediately + + + align:start position:0% +dependence so just we can immediately +see these two different regimes uh + + align:start position:0% +see these two different regimes uh + + + align:start position:0% +see these two different regimes uh +happening depending on the relative + + align:start position:0% +happening depending on the relative + + + align:start position:0% +happening depending on the relative +ratio of K Subs to HG and therefore + + align:start position:0% +ratio of K Subs to HG and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of K Subs to HG and therefore +depending on the relative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature so if we go to slide + + align:start position:0% +temperature so if we go to slide + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so if we go to slide +16 uh what people find experimentally + + align:start position:0% +16 uh what people find experimentally + + + align:start position:0% +16 uh what people find experimentally +what these rate Constance uh look like K + + align:start position:0% +what these rate Constance uh look like K + + + align:start position:0% +what these rate Constance uh look like K +Subs as actually goes like a constant + + align:start position:0% +Subs as actually goes like a constant + + + align:start position:0% +Subs as actually goes like a constant +some number k whatever it happens to + + align:start position:0% +some number k whatever it happens to + + + align:start position:0% +some number k whatever it happens to +betimes eus EA over KT so the surface + + align:start position:0% +betimes eus EA over KT so the surface + + + align:start position:0% +betimes eus EA over KT so the surface +reaction rate has a certain temperature + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate has a certain temperature + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate has a certain temperature +dependence it's exponential and it has + + align:start position:0% +dependence it's exponential and it has + + + align:start position:0% +dependence it's exponential and it has +an activation energy of + + align:start position:0% +an activation energy of + + + align:start position:0% +an activation energy of +EA um so if I were to plot that on um + + align:start position:0% +EA um so if I were to plot that on um + + + align:start position:0% +EA um so if I were to plot that on um +the the growth velocity or the growth + + align:start position:0% +the the growth velocity or the growth + + + align:start position:0% +the the growth velocity or the growth +rate on a log scale versus one overt + + align:start position:0% +rate on a log scale versus one overt + + + align:start position:0% +rate on a log scale versus one overt +what uh the case of s term is just going + + align:start position:0% +what uh the case of s term is just going + + + align:start position:0% +what uh the case of s term is just going +to be a straight line right because it's + + align:start position:0% +to be a straight line right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +to be a straight line right because it's +just I'm taking the log of an + + align:start position:0% +just I'm taking the log of an + + + align:start position:0% +just I'm taking the log of an +exponential and therefore I just get a + + align:start position:0% +exponential and therefore I just get a + + + align:start position:0% +exponential and therefore I just get a +straight line directly proportional to 1 + + align:start position:0% +straight line directly proportional to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +straight line directly proportional to 1 +overt + + align:start position:0% +overt + + + align:start position:0% +overt +uh so down in this region here the slope + + align:start position:0% +uh so down in this region here the slope + + + align:start position:0% +uh so down in this region here the slope +is directly proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +is directly proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +is directly proportional to the +activation energy now what happens is as + + align:start position:0% +activation energy now what happens is as + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy now what happens is as +I go uh as I change the temperature here + + align:start position:0% +I go uh as I change the temperature here + + + align:start position:0% +I go uh as I change the temperature here +and I go to higher and higher + + align:start position:0% +and I go to higher and higher + + + align:start position:0% +and I go to higher and higher +temperature so higher temperature means + + align:start position:0% +temperature so higher temperature means + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so higher temperature means +going to the left right going to lower 1 + + align:start position:0% +going to the left right going to lower 1 + + + align:start position:0% +going to the left right going to lower 1 +overt at some + + align:start position:0% +overt at some + + + align:start position:0% +overt at some +point uh what we see is we we come right + + align:start position:0% +point uh what we see is we we come right + + + align:start position:0% +point uh what we see is we we come right +limited by the surface reaction rate uh + + align:start position:0% +limited by the surface reaction rate uh + + + align:start position:0% +limited by the surface reaction rate uh +by the um mass transport rather the + + align:start position:0% +by the um mass transport rather the + + + align:start position:0% +by the um mass transport rather the +surface reaction is happening so fast at + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction is happening so fast at + + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction is happening so fast at +this point that it it it's rate + + align:start position:0% +this point that it it it's rate + + + align:start position:0% +this point that it it it's rate +overtakes that and you become the growth + + align:start position:0% +overtakes that and you become the growth + + + align:start position:0% +overtakes that and you become the growth +rate becomes limited by transport + + align:start position:0% +rate becomes limited by transport + + + align:start position:0% +rate becomes limited by transport +through the boundary layer uh and that + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer uh and that + + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer uh and that +transport through the boundary layer is + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary layer is + + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary layer is +pretty much a constant it doesn't depend + + align:start position:0% +pretty much a constant it doesn't depend + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much a constant it doesn't depend +much on temperature depends on pressure + + align:start position:0% +much on temperature depends on pressure + + + align:start position:0% +much on temperature depends on pressure +and the design of the reactor so in this + + align:start position:0% +and the design of the reactor so in this + + + align:start position:0% +and the design of the reactor so in this +regime we we expect to be relatively + + align:start position:0% +regime we we expect to be relatively + + + align:start position:0% +regime we we expect to be relatively +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +insensitive um and of course the growth + + align:start position:0% +insensitive um and of course the growth + + + align:start position:0% +insensitive um and of course the growth +rate is the net growth rate is the is + + align:start position:0% +rate is the net growth rate is the is + + + align:start position:0% +rate is the net growth rate is the is +neither one of these Dash lines it's the + + align:start position:0% +neither one of these Dash lines it's the + + + align:start position:0% +neither one of these Dash lines it's the +solid line which is the combination of + + align:start position:0% +solid line which is the combination of + + + align:start position:0% +solid line which is the combination of +the two where we combine them just like + + align:start position:0% +the two where we combine them just like + + + align:start position:0% +the two where we combine them just like +we did here according to this equation + + align:start position:0% +we did here according to this equation + + + align:start position:0% +we did here according to this equation +equation tells you exactly how to add + + align:start position:0% +equation tells you exactly how to add + + + align:start position:0% +equation tells you exactly how to add +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +up for example if you are growing single + + align:start position:0% +up for example if you are growing single + + + align:start position:0% +up for example if you are growing single +Crystal silicon uh typically the + + align:start position:0% +Crystal silicon uh typically the + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal silicon uh typically the +activation energy just to give you a + + align:start position:0% +activation energy just to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy just to give you a +rough idea it's typically in the range + + align:start position:0% +rough idea it's typically in the range + + + align:start position:0% +rough idea it's typically in the range +of 1.6 to 2 EV so that's what the slope + + align:start position:0% +of 1.6 to 2 EV so that's what the slope + + + align:start position:0% +of 1.6 to 2 EV so that's what the slope +down here will be um and again HG is + + align:start position:0% +down here will be um and again HG is + + + align:start position:0% +down here will be um and again HG is +relatively constant as a function of + + align:start position:0% +relatively constant as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +relatively constant as a function of +temperature so as an example let's go + + align:start position:0% +temperature so as an example let's go + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so as an example let's go +let's go to slide number 17 um where + + align:start position:0% +let's go to slide number 17 um where + + + align:start position:0% +let's go to slide number 17 um where +which illustrates some data I took out + + align:start position:0% +which illustrates some data I took out + + + align:start position:0% +which illustrates some data I took out +of your textbook on Silicon epitaxial + + align:start position:0% +of your textbook on Silicon epitaxial + + + align:start position:0% +of your textbook on Silicon epitaxial +growth uh and this is all at atmospheric + + align:start position:0% +growth uh and this is all at atmospheric + + + align:start position:0% +growth uh and this is all at atmospheric +pressure so the data is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +pressure so the data is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +pressure so the data is a little bit +older but um what you see here is uh + + align:start position:0% +older but um what you see here is uh + + + align:start position:0% +older but um what you see here is uh +growth rate and the units are microns + + align:start position:0% +growth rate and the units are microns + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate and the units are microns +per minute and again this is a + + align:start position:0% +per minute and again this is a + + + align:start position:0% +per minute and again this is a +logarithmic scale uh versus 1 overt or + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic scale uh versus 1 overt or + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic scale uh versus 1 overt or +actually a th000 overt so this is a + + align:start position:0% +actually a th000 overt so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +actually a th000 overt so this is a +typical arenus type + + align:start position:0% +typical arenus type + + + align:start position:0% +typical arenus type +plot if you want to read the temperature + + align:start position:0% +plot if you want to read the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +plot if you want to read the temperature +um the you can conveniently read the + + align:start position:0% +um the you can conveniently read the + + + align:start position:0% +um the you can conveniently read the +temperature right off here going from + + align:start position:0% +temperature right off here going from + + + align:start position:0% +temperature right off here going from +say 600 all the way up to 1,00 + + align:start position:0% +say 600 all the way up to 1,00 + + + align:start position:0% +say 600 all the way up to 1,00 +uh and there are a couple different + + align:start position:0% +uh and there are a couple different + + + align:start position:0% +uh and there are a couple different +curves here um so here's the curve for + + align:start position:0% +curves here um so here's the curve for + + + align:start position:0% +curves here um so here's the curve for +uh silicon tetrachloride silicon T + + align:start position:0% +uh silicon tetrachloride silicon T + + + align:start position:0% +uh silicon tetrachloride silicon T +doesn't react very well at low + + align:start position:0% +doesn't react very well at low + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't react very well at low +temperatures so its growth rate is very + + align:start position:0% +temperatures so its growth rate is very + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures so its growth rate is very +relatively slow compared to tr chloros + + align:start position:0% +relatively slow compared to tr chloros + + + align:start position:0% +relatively slow compared to tr chloros +cylene D chloros cylene which is sih2 + + align:start position:0% +cylene D chloros cylene which is sih2 + + + align:start position:0% +cylene D chloros cylene which is sih2 +cl2 that's Doros cylene very commonly + + align:start position:0% +cl2 that's Doros cylene very commonly + + + align:start position:0% +cl2 that's Doros cylene very commonly +used today or siline siline is the most + + align:start position:0% +used today or siline siline is the most + + + align:start position:0% +used today or siline siline is the most +reactive of all these and so at any + + align:start position:0% +reactive of all these and so at any + + + align:start position:0% +reactive of all these and so at any +given temperature it has a higher growth + + align:start position:0% +given temperature it has a higher growth + + + align:start position:0% +given temperature it has a higher growth +rate you can see that but look at the + + align:start position:0% +rate you can see that but look at the + + + align:start position:0% +rate you can see that but look at the +shape the curves it's very similar to + + align:start position:0% +shape the curves it's very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +shape the curves it's very similar to +that previous model not exact but you + + align:start position:0% +that previous model not exact but you + + + align:start position:0% +that previous model not exact but you +see for any given reactant let's say + + align:start position:0% +see for any given reactant let's say + + + align:start position:0% +see for any given reactant let's say +siline we have a region where the where + + align:start position:0% +siline we have a region where the where + + + align:start position:0% +siline we have a region where the where +the growth rate um on ranous plot is a + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate um on ranous plot is a + + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate um on ranous plot is a +straight line so it's exponentially + + align:start position:0% +straight line so it's exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +straight line so it's exponentially +activated this is so is mass it's + + align:start position:0% +activated this is so is mass it's + + + align:start position:0% +activated this is so is mass it's +limited here by surface reaction very + + align:start position:0% +limited here by surface reaction very + + + align:start position:0% +limited here by surface reaction very +sensitive to the temperature and then + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to the temperature and then + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to the temperature and then +you finally get up to a high enough + + align:start position:0% +you finally get up to a high enough + + + align:start position:0% +you finally get up to a high enough +temperature and it starts to roll off it + + align:start position:0% +temperature and it starts to roll off it + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and it starts to roll off it +never is completely constant but it + + align:start position:0% +never is completely constant but it + + + align:start position:0% +never is completely constant but it +reaches a point where the temperature + + align:start position:0% +reaches a point where the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +reaches a point where the temperature +dependence is very small uh at high + + align:start position:0% +dependence is very small uh at high + + + align:start position:0% +dependence is very small uh at high +temperatures uh + + align:start position:0% +temperatures uh + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures uh +and so in this this we call this high + + align:start position:0% +and so in this this we call this high + + + align:start position:0% +and so in this this we call this high +temperature regime the mass transport + + align:start position:0% +temperature regime the mass transport + + + align:start position:0% +temperature regime the mass transport +limited uh so you're talking about diff + + align:start position:0% +limited uh so you're talking about diff + + + align:start position:0% +limited uh so you're talking about diff +Fusion through the boundary layer and + + align:start position:0% +Fusion through the boundary layer and + + + align:start position:0% +Fusion through the boundary layer and +down here where it's clearly exponential + + align:start position:0% +down here where it's clearly exponential + + + align:start position:0% +down here where it's clearly exponential +the surface reaction rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limited um so in in oldfashioned Silicon + + align:start position:0% +limited um so in in oldfashioned Silicon + + + align:start position:0% +limited um so in in oldfashioned Silicon +Epi people used to do Theos at very high + + align:start position:0% +Epi people used to do Theos at very high + + + align:start position:0% +Epi people used to do Theos at very high +temperatures to get high Crystal uh + + align:start position:0% +temperatures to get high Crystal uh + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures to get high Crystal uh +quality so in the old days people + + align:start position:0% +quality so in the old days people + + + align:start position:0% +quality so in the old days people +typically grew at 1100 or 1150 so they + + align:start position:0% +typically grew at 1100 or 1150 so they + + + align:start position:0% +typically grew at 1100 or 1150 so they +were almost always growing with these + + align:start position:0% +were almost always growing with these + + + align:start position:0% +were almost always growing with these +reactants in the mass trans Port Limited + + align:start position:0% +reactants in the mass trans Port Limited + + + align:start position:0% +reactants in the mass trans Port Limited +machine um so they almost always HG + + align:start position:0% +machine um so they almost always HG + + + align:start position:0% +machine um so they almost always HG +controlled so the oldfashioned reactors + + align:start position:0% +controlled so the oldfashioned reactors + + + align:start position:0% +controlled so the oldfashioned reactors +had to have the horizontal reactor + + align:start position:0% +had to have the horizontal reactor + + + align:start position:0% +had to have the horizontal reactor +configuration because um mass transport + + align:start position:0% +configuration because um mass transport + + + align:start position:0% +configuration because um mass transport +through the boundary layer depends on + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer depends on + + + align:start position:0% +through the boundary layer depends on +exactly how the reactor is designed + + align:start position:0% +exactly how the reactor is designed + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how the reactor is designed +modern epitaxy often operates however if + + align:start position:0% +modern epitaxy often operates however if + + + align:start position:0% +modern epitaxy often operates however if +people growing silic and geranium and + + align:start position:0% +people growing silic and geranium and + + + align:start position:0% +people growing silic and geranium and +other uh other materials need to be + + align:start position:0% +other uh other materials need to be + + + align:start position:0% +other uh other materials need to be +grown at lower temperatures like 800 or + + align:start position:0% +grown at lower temperatures like 800 or + + + align:start position:0% +grown at lower temperatures like 800 or +so or 700 often operates in this regime + + align:start position:0% +so or 700 often operates in this regime + + + align:start position:0% +so or 700 often operates in this regime +now these days where you're in the + + align:start position:0% +now these days where you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +now these days where you're in the +exponential regime so contr we're + + align:start position:0% +exponential regime so contr we're + + + align:start position:0% +exponential regime so contr we're +controlling the temperature becomes + + align:start position:0% +controlling the temperature becomes + + + align:start position:0% +controlling the temperature becomes +extremely important because that in + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because that in + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because that in +order to get good growth rate uh + + align:start position:0% +order to get good growth rate uh + + + align:start position:0% +order to get good growth rate uh +control yeah we will and on uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +control yeah we will and on uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +control yeah we will and on uh yeah +there the question uh is on slide 17 is + + align:start position:0% +there the question uh is on slide 17 is + + + align:start position:0% +there the question uh is on slide 17 is +about what happened to the silene in the + + align:start position:0% +about what happened to the silene in the + + + align:start position:0% +about what happened to the silene in the +nitrogen ambient why you see this dash + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen ambient why you see this dash + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen ambient why you see this dash +line you notice the growth rate for a + + align:start position:0% +line you notice the growth rate for a + + + align:start position:0% +line you notice the growth rate for a +silicon using a nitrogen amb instead of + + align:start position:0% +silicon using a nitrogen amb instead of + + + align:start position:0% +silicon using a nitrogen amb instead of +a hydrogen these are all grown in + + align:start position:0% +a hydrogen these are all grown in + + + align:start position:0% +a hydrogen these are all grown in +hydrogen which is typically used for a + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen which is typically used for a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen which is typically used for a +higher Purity the growth rate pops way + + align:start position:0% +higher Purity the growth rate pops way + + + align:start position:0% +higher Purity the growth rate pops way +up uh at at the same temperature and the + + align:start position:0% +up uh at at the same temperature and the + + + align:start position:0% +up uh at at the same temperature and the +reason for that is if you go go back and + + align:start position:0% +reason for that is if you go go back and + + + align:start position:0% +reason for that is if you go go back and +look at um a couple of slides let's see + + align:start position:0% +look at um a couple of slides let's see + + + align:start position:0% +look at um a couple of slides let's see +if I can find that chemical comp + + align:start position:0% +if I can find that chemical comp + + + align:start position:0% +if I can find that chemical comp +decomposition on slide number 11 if you + + align:start position:0% +decomposition on slide number 11 if you + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition on slide number 11 if you +look at equation number two for the + + align:start position:0% +look at equation number two for the + + + align:start position:0% +look at equation number two for the +chemical decomposition of silene uh + + align:start position:0% +chemical decomposition of silene uh + + + align:start position:0% +chemical decomposition of silene uh +silene in the gas forming silicon uh + + align:start position:0% +silene in the gas forming silicon uh + + + align:start position:0% +silene in the gas forming silicon uh +solid silicon it it evolves the reaction + + align:start position:0% +solid silicon it it evolves the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +solid silicon it it evolves the reaction +when you grow epaxial silicon with + + align:start position:0% +when you grow epaxial silicon with + + + align:start position:0% +when you grow epaxial silicon with +silent it evolves hydrogen so hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +silent it evolves hydrogen so hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +silent it evolves hydrogen so hydrogen +has to come off now this is a chemical + + align:start position:0% +has to come off now this is a chemical + + + align:start position:0% +has to come off now this is a chemical +reaction so you know you can push it to + + align:start position:0% +reaction so you know you can push it to + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so you know you can push it to +the left you can tend to slow down this + + align:start position:0% +the left you can tend to slow down this + + + align:start position:0% +the left you can tend to slow down this +reaction if I put a lot of hydrogen in + + align:start position:0% +reaction if I put a lot of hydrogen in + + + align:start position:0% +reaction if I put a lot of hydrogen in +the ambient um so using a hydrogen car + + align:start position:0% +the ambient um so using a hydrogen car + + + align:start position:0% +the ambient um so using a hydrogen car +gas tends to push this to the left and + + align:start position:0% +gas tends to push this to the left and + + + align:start position:0% +gas tends to push this to the left and +tends to cause this surface reaction to + + align:start position:0% +tends to cause this surface reaction to + + + align:start position:0% +tends to cause this surface reaction to +be less probable and the reaction rate + + align:start position:0% +be less probable and the reaction rate + + + align:start position:0% +be less probable and the reaction rate +goes down uh but if you instead of using + + align:start position:0% +goes down uh but if you instead of using + + + align:start position:0% +goes down uh but if you instead of using +hydrogen as the carrier gas if you use + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen as the carrier gas if you use + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen as the carrier gas if you use +an inert more inert gas like nitrogen um + + align:start position:0% +an inert more inert gas like nitrogen um + + + align:start position:0% +an inert more inert gas like nitrogen um +you won't have that pushing to the left + + align:start position:0% +you won't have that pushing to the left + + + align:start position:0% +you won't have that pushing to the left +effect and so the growth rate goes up Le + + align:start position:0% +effect and so the growth rate goes up Le + + + align:start position:0% +effect and so the growth rate goes up Le +SP and his T question this to game why + + align:start position:0% +SP and his T question this to game why + + + align:start position:0% +SP and his T question this to game why +why do why play um well let's see in the + + align:start position:0% +why do why play um well let's see in the + + + align:start position:0% +why do why play um well let's see in the +transport limited regime you're still + + align:start position:0% +transport limited regime you're still + + + align:start position:0% +transport limited regime you're still +going to have I mean you still have uh + + align:start position:0% +going to have I mean you still have uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to have I mean you still have uh +well there is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +well there is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +well there is a little bit +Yeah well in the transport limit regime + + align:start position:0% +Yeah well in the transport limit regime + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah well in the transport limit regime +um it looks like we never really get + + align:start position:0% +um it looks like we never really get + + + align:start position:0% +um it looks like we never really get +there with this Dash data they sort of + + align:start position:0% +there with this Dash data they sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there with this Dash data they sort of +petered out a little bit um so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +petered out a little bit um so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +petered out a little bit um so it's it's +almost getting to the transport limit + + align:start position:0% +almost getting to the transport limit + + + align:start position:0% +almost getting to the transport limit +regime but the problem is the surface + + align:start position:0% +regime but the problem is the surface + + + align:start position:0% +regime but the problem is the surface +reaction rate is so fast now it's hard + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate is so fast now it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate is so fast now it's hard +to see the transport limited regime but + + align:start position:0% +to see the transport limited regime but + + + align:start position:0% +to see the transport limited regime but +it looks like they're converging looks + + align:start position:0% +it looks like they're converging looks + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like they're converging looks +like the two are um are converging + + align:start position:0% +like the two are um are converging + + + align:start position:0% +like the two are um are converging +because at that point um the reaction + + align:start position:0% +because at that point um the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +because at that point um the reaction +rate really isn't what's controlling it + + align:start position:0% +rate really isn't what's controlling it + + + align:start position:0% +rate really isn't what's controlling it +it's transport through the boundary + + align:start position:0% +it's transport through the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +it's transport through the boundary +layer so the question is well what's the + + align:start position:0% +layer so the question is well what's the + + + align:start position:0% +layer so the question is well what's the +difference in transport between a + + align:start position:0% +difference in transport between a + + + align:start position:0% +difference in transport between a +boundary layer and a nitrogen versus a + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer and a nitrogen versus a + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer and a nitrogen versus a +hydrogen there's probably some small + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen there's probably some small + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen there's probably some small +differences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there okay so let's go on to slide + + align:start position:0% +there okay so let's go on to slide + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so let's go on to slide +number uh 18 we were just saying how + + align:start position:0% +number uh 18 we were just saying how + + + align:start position:0% +number uh 18 we were just saying how +transport through the boundary layer is + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary layer is + + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary layer is +important when you're in the um in the + + align:start position:0% +important when you're in the um in the + + + align:start position:0% +important when you're in the um in the +high temperature regime or the mass + + align:start position:0% +high temperature regime or the mass + + + align:start position:0% +high temperature regime or the mass +transport limited regime and therefore + + align:start position:0% +transport limited regime and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +transport limited regime and therefore +it turns out that the reactor geometry + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the reactor geometry + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the reactor geometry +in the high temperature regime is very + + align:start position:0% +in the high temperature regime is very + + + align:start position:0% +in the high temperature regime is very +important how you build the reactor + + align:start position:0% +important how you build the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +important how you build the reactor +factor and I've taken this on slide 18 + + align:start position:0% +factor and I've taken this on slide 18 + + + align:start position:0% +factor and I've taken this on slide 18 +here I've taken this picture from uh + + align:start position:0% +here I've taken this picture from uh + + + align:start position:0% +here I've taken this picture from uh +your textbook figure + + align:start position:0% +your textbook figure + + + align:start position:0% +your textbook figure +9.9 and what is showing is the the + + align:start position:0% +9.9 and what is showing is the the + + + align:start position:0% +9.9 and what is showing is the the +velocities um in the boundary layer the + + align:start position:0% +velocities um in the boundary layer the + + + align:start position:0% +velocities um in the boundary layer the +velocities are represented by these + + align:start position:0% +velocities are represented by these + + + align:start position:0% +velocities are represented by these +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +arrows um uh along this receptor and uh + + align:start position:0% +arrows um uh along this receptor and uh + + + align:start position:0% +arrows um uh along this receptor and uh +going from left to right so the gas is + + align:start position:0% +going from left to right so the gas is + + + align:start position:0% +going from left to right so the gas is +coming in at the left flowing over the + + align:start position:0% +coming in at the left flowing over the + + + align:start position:0% +coming in at the left flowing over the +Wafers and theor uh and going out the + + align:start position:0% +Wafers and theor uh and going out the + + + align:start position:0% +Wafers and theor uh and going out the +right um and according to some gas SL + + align:start position:0% +right um and according to some gas SL + + + align:start position:0% +right um and according to some gas SL +laws Newton's Second Law um the boundary + + align:start position:0% +laws Newton's Second Law um the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +laws Newton's Second Law um the boundary +layer the thickness of the stagnant + + align:start position:0% +layer the thickness of the stagnant + + + align:start position:0% +layer the thickness of the stagnant +layer which is is represented by the + + align:start position:0% +layer which is is represented by the + + + align:start position:0% +layer which is is represented by the +height of this layer above the wafer + + align:start position:0% +height of this layer above the wafer + + + align:start position:0% +height of this layer above the wafer +surface this Delta Subs you see this + + align:start position:0% +surface this Delta Subs you see this + + + align:start position:0% +surface this Delta Subs you see this +height or the thickness of of the + + align:start position:0% +height or the thickness of of the + + + align:start position:0% +height or the thickness of of the +stagnant layer is actually + + align:start position:0% +stagnant layer is actually + + + align:start position:0% +stagnant layer is actually +increasing so and this boundary this + + align:start position:0% +increasing so and this boundary this + + + align:start position:0% +increasing so and this boundary this +this dark uh region represents the + + align:start position:0% +this dark uh region represents the + + + align:start position:0% +this dark uh region represents the +thickness of the boundary layer and you + + align:start position:0% +thickness of the boundary layer and you + + + align:start position:0% +thickness of the boundary layer and you +notice beyond the boundary layer above + + align:start position:0% +notice beyond the boundary layer above + + + align:start position:0% +notice beyond the boundary layer above +it the gas velocity has reached the same + + align:start position:0% +it the gas velocity has reached the same + + + align:start position:0% +it the gas velocity has reached the same +as the velocity as it is in the center + + align:start position:0% +as the velocity as it is in the center + + + align:start position:0% +as the velocity as it is in the center +of the tube it's only within the + + align:start position:0% +of the tube it's only within the + + + align:start position:0% +of the tube it's only within the +boundary layer the velocity is + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer the velocity is + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer the velocity is +decreasing so these arrows their lengths + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so these arrows their lengths + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so these arrows their lengths +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +decreasing so uh as you Flow gas through + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so uh as you Flow gas through + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing so uh as you Flow gas through +a pipe U against the surface the + + align:start position:0% +a pipe U against the surface the + + + align:start position:0% +a pipe U against the surface the +boundary layer thickness is actually + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer thickness is actually + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer thickness is actually +increasing now this process uh of + + align:start position:0% +increasing now this process uh of + + + align:start position:0% +increasing now this process uh of +diffusion through the boundary layer + + align:start position:0% +diffusion through the boundary layer + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion through the boundary layer +this quantity the HG the mass transport + + align:start position:0% +this quantity the HG the mass transport + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity the HG the mass transport +coefficient it it has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +coefficient it it has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient it it has to do with the +fusion through that Delta Subs that that + + align:start position:0% +fusion through that Delta Subs that that + + + align:start position:0% +fusion through that Delta Subs that that +that thickness Deltas sub s so people + + align:start position:0% +that thickness Deltas sub s so people + + + align:start position:0% +that thickness Deltas sub s so people +write in in a crude way that HG is equal + + align:start position:0% +write in in a crude way that HG is equal + + + align:start position:0% +write in in a crude way that HG is equal +to some diffusion Co efficient in the + + align:start position:0% +to some diffusion Co efficient in the + + + align:start position:0% +to some diffusion Co efficient in the +gas phase divided by the thickness Delta + + align:start position:0% +gas phase divided by the thickness Delta + + + align:start position:0% +gas phase divided by the thickness Delta +s but see Delta s is not constant as the + + align:start position:0% +s but see Delta s is not constant as the + + + align:start position:0% +s but see Delta s is not constant as the +gas flows along the surface so people + + align:start position:0% +gas flows along the surface so people + + + align:start position:0% +gas flows along the surface so people +try to uh manipulate uh things to try to + + align:start position:0% +try to uh manipulate uh things to try to + + + align:start position:0% +try to uh manipulate uh things to try to +make Delta s more constant across the + + align:start position:0% +make Delta s more constant across the + + + align:start position:0% +make Delta s more constant across the +reactor surface otherwise what will + + align:start position:0% +reactor surface otherwise what will + + + align:start position:0% +reactor surface otherwise what will +happen is the growth rate here will be + + align:start position:0% +happen is the growth rate here will be + + + align:start position:0% +happen is the growth rate here will be +much higher on the first wafer than it + + align:start position:0% +much higher on the first wafer than it + + + align:start position:0% +much higher on the first wafer than it +would be on the last wafer uh in the + + align:start position:0% +would be on the last wafer uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +would be on the last wafer uh in the +reactor so people try to compensate for + + align:start position:0% +reactor so people try to compensate for + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so people try to compensate for +that um uh a certain type of reactor + + align:start position:0% +that um uh a certain type of reactor + + + align:start position:0% +that um uh a certain type of reactor +geometry is usually required therefore + + align:start position:0% +geometry is usually required therefore + + + align:start position:0% +geometry is usually required therefore +to get uniform deposition across a + + align:start position:0% +to get uniform deposition across a + + + align:start position:0% +to get uniform deposition across a +number of different silicon Wafers if + + align:start position:0% +number of different silicon Wafers if + + + align:start position:0% +number of different silicon Wafers if +you're working in this uh mass transport + + align:start position:0% +you're working in this uh mass transport + + + align:start position:0% +you're working in this uh mass transport +limited regime um a typical trick is to + + align:start position:0% +limited regime um a typical trick is to + + + align:start position:0% +limited regime um a typical trick is to +tilt the seor so take the sceptor and + + align:start position:0% +tilt the seor so take the sceptor and + + + align:start position:0% +tilt the seor so take the sceptor and +tilt it um and how does it this + + align:start position:0% +tilt it um and how does it this + + + align:start position:0% +tilt it um and how does it this +increases the gas velocity which keeps + + align:start position:0% +increases the gas velocity which keeps + + + align:start position:0% +increases the gas velocity which keeps +Delta Subs constant so as I'm going the + + align:start position:0% +Delta Subs constant so as I'm going the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta Subs constant so as I'm going the +gas velocity at this point so imagine + + align:start position:0% +gas velocity at this point so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +gas velocity at this point so imagine +I'm flowing the same volume of gas + + align:start position:0% +I'm flowing the same volume of gas + + + align:start position:0% +I'm flowing the same volume of gas +certain number of liters per minute + + align:start position:0% +certain number of liters per minute + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of liters per minute +through this cross section from here to + + align:start position:0% +through this cross section from here to + + + align:start position:0% +through this cross section from here to +here the gas velocity has some value now + + align:start position:0% +here the gas velocity has some value now + + + align:start position:0% +here the gas velocity has some value now +if I go here the cross-section has + + align:start position:0% +if I go here the cross-section has + + + align:start position:0% +if I go here the cross-section has +decreased so the velocity so again I'm + + align:start position:0% +decreased so the velocity so again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +decreased so the velocity so again I'm +getting the same volume number of liters + + align:start position:0% +getting the same volume number of liters + + + align:start position:0% +getting the same volume number of liters +per minute so the velocity of the gas in + + align:start position:0% +per minute so the velocity of the gas in + + + align:start position:0% +per minute so the velocity of the gas in +a smaller cross-section tube must + + align:start position:0% +a smaller cross-section tube must + + + align:start position:0% +a smaller cross-section tube must +therefore go up so V is increasing now + + align:start position:0% +therefore go up so V is increasing now + + + align:start position:0% +therefore go up so V is increasing now +from left to right which was not the + + align:start position:0% +from left to right which was not the + + + align:start position:0% +from left to right which was not the +case when the sceptor is flat when the + + align:start position:0% +case when the sceptor is flat when the + + + align:start position:0% +case when the sceptor is flat when the +sceptor are flat the velocity here is + + align:start position:0% +sceptor are flat the velocity here is + + + align:start position:0% +sceptor are flat the velocity here is +called U and the center is the same from + + align:start position:0% +called U and the center is the same from + + + align:start position:0% +called U and the center is the same from +left to right um and so what we're doing + + align:start position:0% +left to right um and so what we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +left to right um and so what we're doing +is we're to compensate for this uh to + + align:start position:0% +is we're to compensate for this uh to + + + align:start position:0% +is we're to compensate for this uh to +make the boundary layer thickness + + align:start position:0% +make the boundary layer thickness + + + align:start position:0% +make the boundary layer thickness +perfectly flat we tilt the receptor to + + align:start position:0% +perfectly flat we tilt the receptor to + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly flat we tilt the receptor to +up that velocity in the center of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tube um so but there's another um + + align:start position:0% +tube um so but there's another um + + + align:start position:0% +tube um so but there's another um +there's another issue though with + + align:start position:0% +there's another issue though with + + + align:start position:0% +there's another issue though with +non-uniformity not just so you can take + + align:start position:0% +non-uniformity not just so you can take + + + align:start position:0% +non-uniformity not just so you can take +care of the boundary layer effect by + + align:start position:0% +care of the boundary layer effect by + + + align:start position:0% +care of the boundary layer effect by +designing your reactor appropriately The + + align:start position:0% +designing your reactor appropriately The + + + align:start position:0% +designing your reactor appropriately The +Source gases themselves can become + + align:start position:0% +Source gases themselves can become + + + align:start position:0% +Source gases themselves can become +depleted along the length of the sceptor + + align:start position:0% +depleted along the length of the sceptor + + + align:start position:0% +depleted along the length of the sceptor +so you have maybe have less silene back + + align:start position:0% +so you have maybe have less silene back + + + align:start position:0% +so you have maybe have less silene back +here than you have here because a lot of + + align:start position:0% +here than you have here because a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +here than you have here because a lot of +it may have + + align:start position:0% +it may have + + + align:start position:0% +it may have +reacted um what people times do then is + + align:start position:0% +reacted um what people times do then is + + + align:start position:0% +reacted um what people times do then is +they sometimes introduce a temperature + + align:start position:0% +they sometimes introduce a temperature + + + align:start position:0% +they sometimes introduce a temperature +gradient along the flow Direction so you + + align:start position:0% +gradient along the flow Direction so you + + + align:start position:0% +gradient along the flow Direction so you +might make the temperature here just a + + align:start position:0% +might make the temperature here just a + + + align:start position:0% +might make the temperature here just a +little bit hotter than it is here to try + + align:start position:0% +little bit hotter than it is here to try + + + align:start position:0% +little bit hotter than it is here to try +to compensate for that and try to get + + align:start position:0% +to compensate for that and try to get + + + align:start position:0% +to compensate for that and try to get +uniform thickness on the first wafer and + + align:start position:0% +uniform thickness on the first wafer and + + + align:start position:0% +uniform thickness on the first wafer and +the fifth wafer uh in in there such a + + align:start position:0% +the fifth wafer uh in in there such a + + + align:start position:0% +the fifth wafer uh in in there such a +such a type of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reactor so if we go on to slide 20 now + + align:start position:0% +reactor so if we go on to slide 20 now + + + align:start position:0% +reactor so if we go on to slide 20 now +um there are some implications of the of + + align:start position:0% +um there are some implications of the of + + + align:start position:0% +um there are some implications of the of +this uh what we know about how CBD works + + align:start position:0% +this uh what we know about how CBD works + + + align:start position:0% +this uh what we know about how CBD works +now based on our simple model of of + + align:start position:0% +now based on our simple model of of + + + align:start position:0% +now based on our simple model of of +surface reaction rate and mass transport + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate and mass transport + + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate and mass transport +late on the reactor design uh if we look + + align:start position:0% +late on the reactor design uh if we look + + + align:start position:0% +late on the reactor design uh if we look +at a horizontal reactor and this is what + + align:start position:0% +at a horizontal reactor and this is what + + + align:start position:0% +at a horizontal reactor and this is what +I was just this is supposed to represent + + align:start position:0% +I was just this is supposed to represent + + + align:start position:0% +I was just this is supposed to represent +the Tilted deceptor if the deposition + + align:start position:0% +the Tilted deceptor if the deposition + + + align:start position:0% +the Tilted deceptor if the deposition +occurs in the range of say one t to 760 + + align:start position:0% +occurs in the range of say one t to 760 + + + align:start position:0% +occurs in the range of say one t to 760 +T relatively High pressures and + + align:start position:0% +T relatively High pressures and + + + align:start position:0% +T relatively High pressures and +relatively high temperatures then the + + align:start position:0% +relatively high temperatures then the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively high temperatures then the +mass transport to the wafer surface is + + align:start position:0% +mass transport to the wafer surface is + + + align:start position:0% +mass transport to the wafer surface is +the most important thing it's more + + align:start position:0% +the most important thing it's more + + + align:start position:0% +the most important thing it's more +important than the surface reaction rate + + align:start position:0% +important than the surface reaction rate + + + align:start position:0% +important than the surface reaction rate +and that places uh some severe + + align:start position:0% +and that places uh some severe + + + align:start position:0% +and that places uh some severe +restrictions on the geometry of the + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the geometry of the + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on the geometry of the +reactor uh and on the gas flows and how + + align:start position:0% +reactor uh and on the gas flows and how + + + align:start position:0% +reactor uh and on the gas flows and how +the Wafers are stacked so typically in + + align:start position:0% +the Wafers are stacked so typically in + + + align:start position:0% +the Wafers are stacked so typically in +that case atmospheric pressure or + + align:start position:0% +that case atmospheric pressure or + + + align:start position:0% +that case atmospheric pressure or +relatively high pressure uh Epi you'll + + align:start position:0% +relatively high pressure uh Epi you'll + + + align:start position:0% +relatively high pressure uh Epi you'll +see it in uh reactors that only have a + + align:start position:0% +see it in uh reactors that only have a + + + align:start position:0% +see it in uh reactors that only have a +few wafers in them and the geometry of + + align:start position:0% +few wafers in them and the geometry of + + + align:start position:0% +few wafers in them and the geometry of +the reactor and how you stack them is + + align:start position:0% +the reactor and how you stack them is + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor and how you stack them is +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +critical um so when the DI dition occurs + + align:start position:0% +critical um so when the DI dition occurs + + + align:start position:0% +critical um so when the DI dition occurs +primarily at low temperatures and low + + align:start position:0% +primarily at low temperatures and low + + + align:start position:0% +primarily at low temperatures and low +pressures so we're in the milor regime + + align:start position:0% +pressures so we're in the milor regime + + + align:start position:0% +pressures so we're in the milor regime +or hundreds of milor uh we're surface + + align:start position:0% +or hundreds of milor uh we're surface + + + align:start position:0% +or hundreds of milor uh we're surface +reaction rate controlled so it's very + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate controlled so it's very + + + align:start position:0% +reaction rate controlled so it's very +sensitive to the temperature apure but + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to the temperature apure but + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to the temperature apure but +it's not so sensitive to transport + + align:start position:0% +it's not so sensitive to transport + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so sensitive to transport +through the gas boundary layer uh and + + align:start position:0% +through the gas boundary layer uh and + + + align:start position:0% +through the gas boundary layer uh and +and the mean-free path is long enough + + align:start position:0% +and the mean-free path is long enough + + + align:start position:0% +and the mean-free path is long enough +that the the mean free path issues don't + + align:start position:0% +that the the mean free path issues don't + + + align:start position:0% +that the the mean free path issues don't +come into effect in this case for this + + align:start position:0% +come into effect in this case for this + + + align:start position:0% +come into effect in this case for this +type of process then um where we're + + align:start position:0% +type of process then um where we're + + + align:start position:0% +type of process then um where we're +working in the 100 milor range uh and + + align:start position:0% +working in the 100 milor range uh and + + + align:start position:0% +working in the 100 milor range uh and +the temperature is low enough that we're + + align:start position:0% +the temperature is low enough that we're + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature is low enough that we're +surface reaction rate limited we can + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate limited we can + + + align:start position:0% +surface reaction rate limited we can +stack the Wafers together relatively + + align:start position:0% +stack the Wafers together relatively + + + align:start position:0% +stack the Wafers together relatively +closely so you see in an lpcvd process + + align:start position:0% +closely so you see in an lpcvd process + + + align:start position:0% +closely so you see in an lpcvd process +which lpcvd usually works at around a + + align:start position:0% +which lpcvd usually works at around a + + + align:start position:0% +which lpcvd usually works at around a +few hundred millor you can you can stack + + align:start position:0% +few hundred millor you can you can stack + + + align:start position:0% +few hundred millor you can you can stack +a lot of Wafers close to each + + align:start position:0% +a lot of Wafers close to each + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of Wafers close to each +other you still have to worry about gas + + align:start position:0% +other you still have to worry about gas + + + align:start position:0% +other you still have to worry about gas +depletion in lpcvd so um what people do + + align:start position:0% +depletion in lpcvd so um what people do + + + align:start position:0% +depletion in lpcvd so um what people do +is um when when you know assuming the + + align:start position:0% +is um when when you know assuming the + + + align:start position:0% +is um when when you know assuming the +gases are are coming in here and going + + align:start position:0% +gases are are coming in here and going + + + align:start position:0% +gases are are coming in here and going +out say they're going out going from + + align:start position:0% +out say they're going out going from + + + align:start position:0% +out say they're going out going from +left to right people will again tilt the + + align:start position:0% +left to right people will again tilt the + + + align:start position:0% +left to right people will again tilt the +profile of the temperature in the + + align:start position:0% +profile of the temperature in the + + + align:start position:0% +profile of the temperature in the +furnace so typical lpcvd system will + + align:start position:0% +furnace so typical lpcvd system will + + + align:start position:0% +furnace so typical lpcvd system will +have three zones a front Zone a middle + + align:start position:0% +have three zones a front Zone a middle + + + align:start position:0% +have three zones a front Zone a middle +Zone and a back Zone and the back zone + + align:start position:0% +Zone and a back Zone and the back zone + + + align:start position:0% +Zone and a back Zone and the back zone +is usually kept a little bit hotter than + + align:start position:0% +is usually kept a little bit hotter than + + + align:start position:0% +is usually kept a little bit hotter than +the middle or or the or the front Zone + + align:start position:0% +the middle or or the or the front Zone + + + align:start position:0% +the middle or or the or the front Zone +uh because again the silane or whatever + + align:start position:0% +uh because again the silane or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +uh because again the silane or whatever +you're depositing tends to get depleted + + align:start position:0% +you're depositing tends to get depleted + + + align:start position:0% +you're depositing tends to get depleted +so you make up for that by increasing + + align:start position:0% +so you make up for that by increasing + + + align:start position:0% +so you make up for that by increasing +the surface reaction rate a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction rate a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction rate a little bit +by increasing the temperature so you + + align:start position:0% +by increasing the temperature so you + + + align:start position:0% +by increasing the temperature so you +hope you can get the same thickness on + + align:start position:0% +hope you can get the same thickness on + + + align:start position:0% +hope you can get the same thickness on +the first wafer as you got on the 50th + + align:start position:0% +the first wafer as you got on the 50th + + + align:start position:0% +the first wafer as you got on the 50th +wafer or whatever and that needs to be + + align:start position:0% +wafer or whatever and that needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +wafer or whatever and that needs to be +um done somewhat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +empirically so on slide 21 I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +empirically so on slide 21 I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +empirically so on slide 21 I'm showing +some classical geometries for epitaxial + + align:start position:0% +some classical geometries for epitaxial + + + align:start position:0% +some classical geometries for epitaxial +reactors I took this from Simon Z's book + + align:start position:0% +reactors I took this from Simon Z's book + + + align:start position:0% +reactors I took this from Simon Z's book +he has a vsi technology book that he + + align:start position:0% +he has a vsi technology book that he + + + align:start position:0% +he has a vsi technology book that he +edited uh there's a whole chapter there + + align:start position:0% +edited uh there's a whole chapter there + + + align:start position:0% +edited uh there's a whole chapter there +on epitaxy if want to hear more see more + + align:start position:0% +on epitaxy if want to hear more see more + + + align:start position:0% +on epitaxy if want to hear more see more +details on it these are some schematics + + align:start position:0% +details on it these are some schematics + + + align:start position:0% +details on it these are some schematics +of some of the common old-fashioned epir + + align:start position:0% +of some of the common old-fashioned epir + + + align:start position:0% +of some of the common old-fashioned epir +reactors uh there was something called a + + align:start position:0% +reactors uh there was something called a + + + align:start position:0% +reactors uh there was something called a +radiant Barrel the barrel reactor was + + align:start position:0% +radiant Barrel the barrel reactor was + + + align:start position:0% +radiant Barrel the barrel reactor was +shaped like a barrel the gas used to gas + + align:start position:0% +shaped like a barrel the gas used to gas + + + align:start position:0% +shaped like a barrel the gas used to gas +would come in at the top and exit out + + align:start position:0% +would come in at the top and exit out + + + align:start position:0% +would come in at the top and exit out +the bottom and um there would be um sort + + align:start position:0% +the bottom and um there would be um sort + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom and um there would be um sort +of um cylindrically shaped uh but with + + align:start position:0% +of um cylindrically shaped uh but with + + + align:start position:0% +of um cylindrically shaped uh but with +flat surfaces sort of um scepter and you + + align:start position:0% +flat surfaces sort of um scepter and you + + + align:start position:0% +flat surfaces sort of um scepter and you +see each one of these circles is + + align:start position:0% +see each one of these circles is + + + align:start position:0% +see each one of these circles is +supposed to represent a wafer sitting + + align:start position:0% +supposed to represent a wafer sitting + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to represent a wafer sitting +onter so you could get a fair number of + + align:start position:0% +onter so you could get a fair number of + + + align:start position:0% +onter so you could get a fair number of +Waf Wafers uh in it at one time and + + align:start position:0% +Waf Wafers uh in it at one time and + + + align:start position:0% +Waf Wafers uh in it at one time and +notice the G they they were trying to + + align:start position:0% +notice the G they they were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +notice the G they they were trying to +make to do the equivalent of to sceptor + + align:start position:0% +make to do the equivalent of to sceptor + + + align:start position:0% +make to do the equivalent of to sceptor +tilting by um decreasing the + + align:start position:0% +tilting by um decreasing the + + + align:start position:0% +tilting by um decreasing the +cross-section through which the gas + + align:start position:0% +cross-section through which the gas + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section through which the gas +flows from the top which the wafer at + + align:start position:0% +flows from the top which the wafer at + + + align:start position:0% +flows from the top which the wafer at +the top to the bottom where the gas + + align:start position:0% +the top to the bottom where the gas + + + align:start position:0% +the top to the bottom where the gas +exits uh there are also vertical reactor + + align:start position:0% +exits uh there are also vertical reactor + + + align:start position:0% +exits uh there are also vertical reactor +geometries where the gas would come in + + align:start position:0% +geometries where the gas would come in + + + align:start position:0% +geometries where the gas would come in +and go out like this and the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +and go out like this and the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +and go out like this and the horizontal +we've already talked about so all of + + align:start position:0% +we've already talked about so all of + + + align:start position:0% +we've already talked about so all of +these were in the cases um are typically + + align:start position:0% +these were in the cases um are typically + + + align:start position:0% +these were in the cases um are typically +um multi-wafer tools where you you + + align:start position:0% +um multi-wafer tools where you you + + + align:start position:0% +um multi-wafer tools where you you +anywhere from five to 20 wafers in a + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from five to 20 wafers in a + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from five to 20 wafers in a +typical Epi uh in an Epi + + align:start position:0% +typical Epi uh in an Epi + + + align:start position:0% +typical Epi uh in an Epi +batch uh it's the more more classical or + + align:start position:0% +batch uh it's the more more classical or + + + align:start position:0% +batch uh it's the more more classical or +maybe old-fashioned type of + + align:start position:0% +maybe old-fashioned type of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe old-fashioned type of +reactor slide 22 is a more modern + + align:start position:0% +reactor slide 22 is a more modern + + + align:start position:0% +reactor slide 22 is a more modern +epitaxial system that you will see in + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial system that you will see in + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial system that you will see in +Fabs today uh particularly Fabs that are + + align:start position:0% +Fabs today uh particularly Fabs that are + + + align:start position:0% +Fabs today uh particularly Fabs that are +growing silic and geranium uh for + + align:start position:0% +growing silic and geranium uh for + + + align:start position:0% +growing silic and geranium uh for +bipolar transistors or even silicon + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors or even silicon + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors or even silicon +geranium now used in seamoss in sore + + align:start position:0% +geranium now used in seamoss in sore + + + align:start position:0% +geranium now used in seamoss in sore +strain regions of seamoss Intel has a + + align:start position:0% +strain regions of seamoss Intel has a + + + align:start position:0% +strain regions of seamoss Intel has a +commercial process um in both of those + + align:start position:0% +commercial process um in both of those + + + align:start position:0% +commercial process um in both of those +cases bipolar sea moss um people have + + align:start position:0% +cases bipolar sea moss um people have + + + align:start position:0% +cases bipolar sea moss um people have +moved to away from the oldfashioned more + + align:start position:0% +moved to away from the oldfashioned more + + + align:start position:0% +moved to away from the oldfashioned more +to the more modern single W for + + align:start position:0% +to the more modern single W for + + + align:start position:0% +to the more modern single W for +epitaxial silicon in order to get the + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial silicon in order to get the + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial silicon in order to get the +kind of um uniformity they would need + + align:start position:0% +kind of um uniformity they would need + + + align:start position:0% +kind of um uniformity they would need +over a single wafer uh as the wafer + + align:start position:0% +over a single wafer uh as the wafer + + + align:start position:0% +over a single wafer uh as the wafer +diameter is increased people are now at + + align:start position:0% +diameter is increased people are now at + + + align:start position:0% +diameter is increased people are now at +12-in Wafers it the reactor would become + + align:start position:0% +12-in Wafers it the reactor would become + + + align:start position:0% +12-in Wafers it the reactor would become +gigantic if you had 12 12in Wafers you + + align:start position:0% +gigantic if you had 12 12in Wafers you + + + align:start position:0% +gigantic if you had 12 12in Wafers you +know along along a system it's much more + + align:start position:0% +know along along a system it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +know along along a system it's much more +efficient to do a single for in a + + align:start position:0% +efficient to do a single for in a + + + align:start position:0% +efficient to do a single for in a +chamber at a time and they and get + + align:start position:0% +chamber at a time and they and get + + + align:start position:0% +chamber at a time and they and get +throughput high enough that you can do + + align:start position:0% +throughput high enough that you can do + + + align:start position:0% +throughput high enough that you can do +that um so this is an example of a + + align:start position:0% +that um so this is an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +that um so this is an example of a +system that's uh manufactured by appli + + align:start position:0% +system that's uh manufactured by appli + + + align:start position:0% +system that's uh manufactured by appli +materials uh we actually have one here + + align:start position:0% +materials uh we actually have one here + + + align:start position:0% +materials uh we actually have one here +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +MIT uh this is sort of an overall view + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh this is sort of an overall view + + + align:start position:0% +MIT uh this is sort of an overall view +of the system uh what it has is two + + align:start position:0% +of the system uh what it has is two + + + align:start position:0% +of the system uh what it has is two +different load locks so the load locks + + align:start position:0% +different load locks so the load locks + + + align:start position:0% +different load locks so the load locks +are designed so you can open them up to + + align:start position:0% +are designed so you can open them up to + + + align:start position:0% +are designed so you can open them up to +air uh without putting air into the + + align:start position:0% +air uh without putting air into the + + + align:start position:0% +air uh without putting air into the +reactor into the reactor itself so you + + align:start position:0% +reactor into the reactor itself so you + + + align:start position:0% +reactor into the reactor itself so you +can keep the reactor very clean so you + + align:start position:0% +can keep the reactor very clean so you + + + align:start position:0% +can keep the reactor very clean so you +can open this door put the wafer + + align:start position:0% +can open this door put the wafer + + + align:start position:0% +can open this door put the wafer +cassette in and close it and pump it + + align:start position:0% +cassette in and close it and pump it + + + align:start position:0% +cassette in and close it and pump it +down get most of the air out so you + + align:start position:0% +down get most of the air out so you + + + align:start position:0% +down get most of the air out so you +don't just open up the whole reactor and + + align:start position:0% +don't just open up the whole reactor and + + + align:start position:0% +don't just open up the whole reactor and +get all the air in and contaminate it + + align:start position:0% +get all the air in and contaminate it + + + align:start position:0% +get all the air in and contaminate it +there's a couple different load locks + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple different load locks + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple different load locks +there's a a transfer a chamber in the + + align:start position:0% +there's a a transfer a chamber in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a a transfer a chamber in the +center called the transfer chamber which + + align:start position:0% +center called the transfer chamber which + + + align:start position:0% +center called the transfer chamber which +has a robot in it and here's a picture + + align:start position:0% +has a robot in it and here's a picture + + + align:start position:0% +has a robot in it and here's a picture +of the robot uh has two little arms + + align:start position:0% +of the robot uh has two little arms + + + align:start position:0% +of the robot uh has two little arms +looks like a frog arm the robot will + + align:start position:0% +looks like a frog arm the robot will + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a frog arm the robot will +come out grab a wafer from the cassette + + align:start position:0% +come out grab a wafer from the cassette + + + align:start position:0% +come out grab a wafer from the cassette +put it into the um transfer chamber and + + align:start position:0% +put it into the um transfer chamber and + + + align:start position:0% +put it into the um transfer chamber and +close this door again so you don't allow + + align:start position:0% +close this door again so you don't allow + + + align:start position:0% +close this door again so you don't allow +any air to get in and then it'll take + + align:start position:0% +any air to get in and then it'll take + + + align:start position:0% +any air to get in and then it'll take +the wafer according to 's program and + + align:start position:0% +the wafer according to 's program and + + + align:start position:0% +the wafer according to 's program and +put it in one of these three chambers + + align:start position:0% +put it in one of these three chambers + + + align:start position:0% +put it in one of these three chambers +depending on what it's what what how + + align:start position:0% +depending on what it's what what how + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what it's what what how +you've programmed it and they're up you + + align:start position:0% +you've programmed it and they're up you + + + align:start position:0% +you've programmed it and they're up you +have up to three chambers here growing + + align:start position:0% +have up to three chambers here growing + + + align:start position:0% +have up to three chambers here growing +different materials silicon or silicon + + align:start position:0% +different materials silicon or silicon + + + align:start position:0% +different materials silicon or silicon +geranium uh so they they increase the + + align:start position:0% +geranium uh so they they increase the + + + align:start position:0% +geranium uh so they they increase the +throughput by having three chambers + + align:start position:0% +throughput by having three chambers + + + align:start position:0% +throughput by having three chambers +instead of having three Wafers all along + + align:start position:0% +instead of having three Wafers all along + + + align:start position:0% +instead of having three Wafers all along +the sceptor in a single uh chamber + + align:start position:0% +the sceptor in a single uh chamber + + + align:start position:0% +the sceptor in a single uh chamber +typical growth pressure in this type of + + align:start position:0% +typical growth pressure in this type of + + + align:start position:0% +typical growth pressure in this type of +equipment is in the one to 100 tour + + align:start position:0% +equipment is in the one to 100 tour + + + align:start position:0% +equipment is in the one to 100 tour +range + + align:start position:0% +range + + + align:start position:0% +range +so um both it turns out both surface + + align:start position:0% +so um both it turns out both surface + + + align:start position:0% +so um both it turns out both surface +reactions and mass transport are + + align:start position:0% +reactions and mass transport are + + + align:start position:0% +reactions and mass transport are +important growth temperatures can be + + align:start position:0% +important growth temperatures can be + + + align:start position:0% +important growth temperatures can be +anywhere from 400 very low if you're if + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from 400 very low if you're if + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from 400 very low if you're if +you're growing some special uh material + + align:start position:0% +you're growing some special uh material + + + align:start position:0% +you're growing some special uh material +typically silic and geranium is grown + + align:start position:0% +typically silic and geranium is grown + + + align:start position:0% +typically silic and geranium is grown +between 600 and 800 uh and high + + align:start position:0% +between 600 and 800 uh and high + + + align:start position:0% +between 600 and 800 uh and high +temperature silica can be grown up to + + align:start position:0% +temperature silica can be grown up to + + + align:start position:0% +temperature silica can be grown up to +1100 in this type of + + align:start position:0% +1100 in this type of + + + align:start position:0% +1100 in this type of +system just taking a little more zoomed + + align:start position:0% +system just taking a little more zoomed + + + align:start position:0% +system just taking a little more zoomed +in look at at this uh more modern + + align:start position:0% +in look at at this uh more modern + + + align:start position:0% +in look at at this uh more modern +reactor on the slide 23 this is that ex + + align:start position:0% +reactor on the slide 23 this is that ex + + + align:start position:0% +reactor on the slide 23 this is that ex +same picture the only difference is here + + align:start position:0% +same picture the only difference is here + + + align:start position:0% +same picture the only difference is here +we're showing in a single chamber right + + align:start position:0% +we're showing in a single chamber right + + + align:start position:0% +we're showing in a single chamber right +here CH one of the chambers and this + + align:start position:0% +here CH one of the chambers and this + + + align:start position:0% +here CH one of the chambers and this +green object is meant to be a wafer that + + align:start position:0% +green object is meant to be a wafer that + + + align:start position:0% +green object is meant to be a wafer that +is sitting on a su that's spinning so + + align:start position:0% +is sitting on a su that's spinning so + + + align:start position:0% +is sitting on a su that's spinning so +the wafer is spun uh at high high high + + align:start position:0% +the wafer is spun uh at high high high + + + align:start position:0% +the wafer is spun uh at high high high +velocity say 30 revolutions per minute + + align:start position:0% +velocity say 30 revolutions per minute + + + align:start position:0% +velocity say 30 revolutions per minute +to try to get good uniformity across the + + align:start position:0% +to try to get good uniformity across the + + + align:start position:0% +to try to get good uniformity across the +wafer and the gas comes in here through + + align:start position:0% +wafer and the gas comes in here through + + + align:start position:0% +wafer and the gas comes in here through +a series of injectors um as a plane + + align:start position:0% +a series of injectors um as a plane + + + align:start position:0% +a series of injectors um as a plane +flows across the entire wafer uh so the + + align:start position:0% +flows across the entire wafer uh so the + + + align:start position:0% +flows across the entire wafer uh so the +inject is over here and it flows + + align:start position:0% +inject is over here and it flows + + + align:start position:0% +inject is over here and it flows +laterally across and and the and the + + align:start position:0% +laterally across and and the and the + + + align:start position:0% +laterally across and and the and the +exit or the exhaust would be over here + + align:start position:0% +exit or the exhaust would be over here + + + align:start position:0% +exit or the exhaust would be over here +and the W for spinning um so the chamber + + align:start position:0% +and the W for spinning um so the chamber + + + align:start position:0% +and the W for spinning um so the chamber +is designed with both in mind both the + + align:start position:0% +is designed with both in mind both the + + + align:start position:0% +is designed with both in mind both the +control of the boundary layer is + + align:start position:0% +control of the boundary layer is + + + align:start position:0% +control of the boundary layer is +important uh as well as the control of + + align:start position:0% +important uh as well as the control of + + + align:start position:0% +important uh as well as the control of +the temperature um there's a lamp bank + + align:start position:0% +the temperature um there's a lamp bank + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature um there's a lamp bank +that sits on top and bottom that tries + + align:start position:0% +that sits on top and bottom that tries + + + align:start position:0% +that sits on top and bottom that tries +to uniformly control the temperature + + align:start position:0% +to uniformly control the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +to uniformly control the temperature +from Center to Edge to get um good + + align:start position:0% +from Center to Edge to get um good + + + align:start position:0% +from Center to Edge to get um good +uniformity of the + + align:start position:0% +uniformity of the + + + align:start position:0% +uniformity of the +EP so that's a more modern single wafer + + align:start position:0% +EP so that's a more modern single wafer + + + align:start position:0% +EP so that's a more modern single wafer +uh piece of + + align:start position:0% +uh piece of + + + align:start position:0% +uh piece of +equipment so let's just go back one more + + align:start position:0% +equipment so let's just go back one more + + + align:start position:0% +equipment so let's just go back one more +time to think about on slide 24 the + + align:start position:0% +time to think about on slide 24 the + + + align:start position:0% +time to think about on slide 24 the +basic example of silicon Epi uh I so + + align:start position:0% +basic example of silicon Epi uh I so + + + align:start position:0% +basic example of silicon Epi uh I so +just showed the slide before uh of the + + align:start position:0% +just showed the slide before uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +just showed the slide before uh of the +temperature effects + + align:start position:0% +temperature effects + + + align:start position:0% +temperature effects +uh depending on the relative speed of + + align:start position:0% +uh depending on the relative speed of + + + align:start position:0% +uh depending on the relative speed of +the surface reaction rate and the mass + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction rate and the mass + + + align:start position:0% +the surface reaction rate and the mass +transport through the boundary layer + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary layer + + + align:start position:0% +transport through the boundary layer +you'll be in one of these two regimes + + align:start position:0% +you'll be in one of these two regimes + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be in one of these two regimes +probably um this this curve on the lower + + align:start position:0% +probably um this this curve on the lower + + + align:start position:0% +probably um this this curve on the lower +right is interesting it shows the um + + align:start position:0% +right is interesting it shows the um + + + align:start position:0% +right is interesting it shows the um +reactant + + align:start position:0% +reactant + + + align:start position:0% +reactant +flow uh or the partial pressure effects + + align:start position:0% +flow uh or the partial pressure effects + + + align:start position:0% +flow uh or the partial pressure effects +so this is before I was showing growth + + align:start position:0% +so this is before I was showing growth + + + align:start position:0% +so this is before I was showing growth +rate versus one overt so these are at + + align:start position:0% +rate versus one overt so these are at + + + align:start position:0% +rate versus one overt so these are at +fixed temperature each curve is for a + + align:start position:0% +fixed temperature each curve is for a + + + align:start position:0% +fixed temperature each curve is for a +fixed temperature and I'm showing growth + + align:start position:0% +fixed temperature and I'm showing growth + + + align:start position:0% +fixed temperature and I'm showing growth +rate versus the percent of the + + align:start position:0% +rate versus the percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +rate versus the percent of the +reactant um so this is the percent of + + align:start position:0% +reactant um so this is the percent of + + + align:start position:0% +reactant um so this is the percent of +dorosy that's in the gas stream or you + + align:start position:0% +dorosy that's in the gas stream or you + + + align:start position:0% +dorosy that's in the gas stream or you +could think of it as the dorosy + + align:start position:0% +could think of it as the dorosy + + + align:start position:0% +could think of it as the dorosy +flow so interesting if you go here at + + align:start position:0% +flow so interesting if you go here at + + + align:start position:0% +flow so interesting if you go here at +lower with dor in this particular + + align:start position:0% +lower with dor in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +lower with dor in this particular +reactor again this will be reactor + + align:start position:0% +reactor again this will be reactor + + + align:start position:0% +reactor again this will be reactor +dependent at 840 degrees the growth rate + + align:start position:0% +dependent at 840 degrees the growth rate + + + align:start position:0% +dependent at 840 degrees the growth rate +is independent of the flow of the dorosy + + align:start position:0% +is independent of the flow of the dorosy + + + align:start position:0% +is independent of the flow of the dorosy +so it doesn't matter you can you can + + align:start position:0% +so it doesn't matter you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +so it doesn't matter you can you can +increase the partial pressure by a + + align:start position:0% +increase the partial pressure by a + + + align:start position:0% +increase the partial pressure by a +factor of two or three you're not upping + + align:start position:0% +factor of two or three you're not upping + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two or three you're not upping +the growth rate anymore you have enough + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate anymore you have enough + + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate anymore you have enough +there and you're really limited by um uh + + align:start position:0% +there and you're really limited by um uh + + + align:start position:0% +there and you're really limited by um uh +the instead of the the partial pressure + + align:start position:0% +the instead of the the partial pressure + + + align:start position:0% +the instead of the the partial pressure +limited by the the temperature the rate + + align:start position:0% +limited by the the temperature the rate + + + align:start position:0% +limited by the the temperature the rate +at which the reaction can occur um so at + + align:start position:0% +at which the reaction can occur um so at + + + align:start position:0% +at which the reaction can occur um so at +low enough temperatures um it doesn't do + + align:start position:0% +low enough temperatures um it doesn't do + + + align:start position:0% +low enough temperatures um it doesn't do +you any good to flow more gas as you get + + align:start position:0% +you any good to flow more gas as you get + + + align:start position:0% +you any good to flow more gas as you get +to higher temperatures here say at a th + + align:start position:0% +to higher temperatures here say at a th + + + align:start position:0% +to higher temperatures here say at a th +you can see that the growth rate is + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the growth rate is + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the growth rate is +pretty much almost linearly proportioned + + align:start position:0% +pretty much almost linearly proportioned + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much almost linearly proportioned +up to a certain uh flow is proportional + + align:start position:0% +up to a certain uh flow is proportional + + + align:start position:0% +up to a certain uh flow is proportional +to the flow or the uh because uh uh + + align:start position:0% +to the flow or the uh because uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +to the flow or the uh because uh uh +basically at at this at this point um uh + + align:start position:0% +basically at at this at this point um uh + + + align:start position:0% +basically at at this at this point um uh +the uh the surface reaction is going + + align:start position:0% +the uh the surface reaction is going + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the surface reaction is going +faster and faster um uh as you give it + + align:start position:0% +faster and faster um uh as you give it + + + align:start position:0% +faster and faster um uh as you give it +more reactant and at some point it it + + align:start position:0% +more reactant and at some point it it + + + align:start position:0% +more reactant and at some point it it +saturates out so depending on what + + align:start position:0% +saturates out so depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +saturates out so depending on what +temperature you're in increasing the + + align:start position:0% +temperature you're in increasing the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature you're in increasing the +flow may or may not increase your growth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate so if we go to slide 25 there's + + align:start position:0% +rate so if we go to slide 25 there's + + + align:start position:0% +rate so if we go to slide 25 there's +another um process that we want to talk + + align:start position:0% +another um process that we want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +another um process that we want to talk +about we' talked a little bit about um + + align:start position:0% +about we' talked a little bit about um + + + align:start position:0% +about we' talked a little bit about um +design of the reactor for growth rate + + align:start position:0% +design of the reactor for growth rate + + + align:start position:0% +design of the reactor for growth rate +uniformity and things like that uh and + + align:start position:0% +uniformity and things like that uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uniformity and things like that uh and +epital growth but the uniformity of the + + align:start position:0% +epital growth but the uniformity of the + + + align:start position:0% +epital growth but the uniformity of the +layer thickness is really only one uh + + align:start position:0% +layer thickness is really only one uh + + + align:start position:0% +layer thickness is really only one uh +one aspect and and um uh these days + + align:start position:0% +one aspect and and um uh these days + + + align:start position:0% +one aspect and and um uh these days +uh it's pretty well nailed but another + + align:start position:0% +uh it's pretty well nailed but another + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's pretty well nailed but another +aspect that's that's that's just as + + align:start position:0% +aspect that's that's that's just as + + + align:start position:0% +aspect that's that's that's just as +important uh is called autod doping + + align:start position:0% +important uh is called autod doping + + + align:start position:0% +important uh is called autod doping +during epitaxial growth and it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +during epitaxial growth and it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +during epitaxial growth and it's sort of +unique to epitaxial growth we don't + + align:start position:0% +unique to epitaxial growth we don't + + + align:start position:0% +unique to epitaxial growth we don't +usually think about it as being an issue + + align:start position:0% +usually think about it as being an issue + + + align:start position:0% +usually think about it as being an issue +in deposition of other types of films + + align:start position:0% +in deposition of other types of films + + + align:start position:0% +in deposition of other types of films +but autod doping uh as the name implies + + align:start position:0% +but autod doping uh as the name implies + + + align:start position:0% +but autod doping uh as the name implies +is is automatic or unintentionally uh + + align:start position:0% +is is automatic or unintentionally uh + + + align:start position:0% +is is automatic or unintentionally uh +unintentional introduction of dopin into + + align:start position:0% +unintentional introduction of dopin into + + + align:start position:0% +unintentional introduction of dopin into +the epaxial growing + + align:start position:0% +the epaxial growing + + + align:start position:0% +the epaxial growing +layer and there's a couple of different + + align:start position:0% +layer and there's a couple of different + + + align:start position:0% +layer and there's a couple of different +regions it can come from first before we + + align:start position:0% +regions it can come from first before we + + + align:start position:0% +regions it can come from first before we +look at the re reactor at the top uh + + align:start position:0% +look at the re reactor at the top uh + + + align:start position:0% +look at the re reactor at the top uh +let's just show look at the uh this + + align:start position:0% +let's just show look at the uh this + + + align:start position:0% +let's just show look at the uh this +diagram at the bottom of of slide 25 and + + align:start position:0% +diagram at the bottom of of slide 25 and + + + align:start position:0% +diagram at the bottom of of slide 25 and +it's a plot of a concentration on a log + + align:start position:0% +it's a plot of a concentration on a log + + + align:start position:0% +it's a plot of a concentration on a log +scale of a dopant as a function of your + + align:start position:0% +scale of a dopant as a function of your + + + align:start position:0% +scale of a dopant as a function of your +distance into the EP layer so uh if you + + align:start position:0% +distance into the EP layer so uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +distance into the EP layer so uh if you +if you uh it's a little bit backwards + + align:start position:0% +if you uh it's a little bit backwards + + + align:start position:0% +if you uh it's a little bit backwards +but going from zero to here is your your + + align:start position:0% +but going from zero to here is your your + + + align:start position:0% +but going from zero to here is your your +distance into the Epi so the EP is + + align:start position:0% +distance into the Epi so the EP is + + + align:start position:0% +distance into the Epi so the EP is +getting thicker from left to right and + + align:start position:0% +getting thicker from left to right and + + + align:start position:0% +getting thicker from left to right and +everything to um to the left of of zero + + align:start position:0% +everything to um to the left of of zero + + + align:start position:0% +everything to um to the left of of zero +is is the substrate so here I'm in the + + align:start position:0% +is is the substrate so here I'm in the + + + align:start position:0% +is is the substrate so here I'm in the +substrate so what what we're doing in + + align:start position:0% +substrate so what what we're doing in + + + align:start position:0% +substrate so what what we're doing in +autod doping you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +autod doping you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +autod doping you can imagine +uh I might have a substrate that's + + align:start position:0% +uh I might have a substrate that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh I might have a substrate that's +heavily doped say for a silicon bipolar + + align:start position:0% +heavily doped say for a silicon bipolar + + + align:start position:0% +heavily doped say for a silicon bipolar +process so I have a substrate that has + + align:start position:0% +process so I have a substrate that has + + + align:start position:0% +process so I have a substrate that has +some concentration uh at the surface um + + align:start position:0% +some concentration uh at the surface um + + + align:start position:0% +some concentration uh at the surface um +and some of that dopant is going to make + + align:start position:0% +and some of that dopant is going to make + + + align:start position:0% +and some of that dopant is going to make +its way into the epil layer uh as the + + align:start position:0% +its way into the epil layer uh as the + + + align:start position:0% +its way into the epil layer uh as the +epilayer grows and one process of say + + align:start position:0% +epilayer grows and one process of say + + + align:start position:0% +epilayer grows and one process of say +I'm trying to grow a lightly doped Epi + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to grow a lightly doped Epi + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to grow a lightly doped Epi +Weare on a heavily dope substrate one + + align:start position:0% +Weare on a heavily dope substrate one + + + align:start position:0% +Weare on a heavily dope substrate one +process by which it will get in there + + align:start position:0% +process by which it will get in there + + + align:start position:0% +process by which it will get in there +you already know and that's diffusion + + align:start position:0% +you already know and that's diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +you already know and that's diffusion +and in fact we know it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we know it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact we know it's going to be a +complimentary error function type of + + align:start position:0% +complimentary error function type of + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary error function type of +profile if it's simp up to Fusion from + + align:start position:0% +profile if it's simp up to Fusion from + + + align:start position:0% +profile if it's simp up to Fusion from +the substrate into the EP layer so + + align:start position:0% +the substrate into the EP layer so + + + align:start position:0% +the substrate into the EP layer so +that's relatively simple we know how to + + align:start position:0% +that's relatively simple we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +that's relatively simple we know how to +solve that and then we can limit the + + align:start position:0% +solve that and then we can limit the + + + align:start position:0% +solve that and then we can limit the +temperature and all that and that will + + align:start position:0% +temperature and all that and that will + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and all that and that will +help us calc limit how far this uh this + + align:start position:0% +help us calc limit how far this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +help us calc limit how far this uh this +autod doping goes into the ePay but + + align:start position:0% +autod doping goes into the ePay but + + + align:start position:0% +autod doping goes into the ePay but +there's another uh process here which + + align:start position:0% +there's another uh process here which + + + align:start position:0% +there's another uh process here which +I'm shown by this sort of exponential + + align:start position:0% +I'm shown by this sort of exponential + + + align:start position:0% +I'm shown by this sort of exponential +dependence exponentially decreasing uh + + align:start position:0% +dependence exponentially decreasing uh + + + align:start position:0% +dependence exponentially decreasing uh +function has a certain Decay length and + + align:start position:0% +function has a certain Decay length and + + + align:start position:0% +function has a certain Decay length and +that's called front side or vertical + + align:start position:0% +that's called front side or vertical + + + align:start position:0% +that's called front side or vertical +autod doping and um vertical autod + + align:start position:0% +autod doping and um vertical autod + + + align:start position:0% +autod doping and um vertical autod +doping refers to the fact not so much up + + align:start position:0% +doping refers to the fact not so much up + + + align:start position:0% +doping refers to the fact not so much up +diffusion but just the fact that um uh + + align:start position:0% +diffusion but just the fact that um uh + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion but just the fact that um uh +as I as I grow a single layer if there + + align:start position:0% +as I as I grow a single layer if there + + + align:start position:0% +as I as I grow a single layer if there +is a phosphorus atom there on the + + align:start position:0% +is a phosphorus atom there on the + + + align:start position:0% +is a phosphorus atom there on the +surface um it tends to want to be up on + + align:start position:0% +surface um it tends to want to be up on + + + align:start position:0% +surface um it tends to want to be up on +the surface so it tends to want to + + align:start position:0% +the surface so it tends to want to + + + align:start position:0% +the surface so it tends to want to +exchange sights instead of being buried + + align:start position:0% +exchange sights instead of being buried + + + align:start position:0% +exchange sights instead of being buried +with with the silicon and the phosphor + + align:start position:0% +with with the silicon and the phosphor + + + align:start position:0% +with with the silicon and the phosphor +will ride up the surface uh same thing + + align:start position:0% +will ride up the surface uh same thing + + + align:start position:0% +will ride up the surface uh same thing +for arsenic these dopin tend to like to + + align:start position:0% +for arsenic these dopin tend to like to + + + align:start position:0% +for arsenic these dopin tend to like to +be on a free surface so as you're + + align:start position:0% +be on a free surface so as you're + + + align:start position:0% +be on a free surface so as you're +growing the crystal they will ride + + align:start position:0% +growing the crystal they will ride + + + align:start position:0% +growing the crystal they will ride +themselves not by diffusion but just by + + align:start position:0% +themselves not by diffusion but just by + + + align:start position:0% +themselves not by diffusion but just by +surface strange at the surface um + + align:start position:0% +surface strange at the surface um + + + align:start position:0% +surface strange at the surface um +they'll ride themselves up the + + align:start position:0% +they'll ride themselves up the + + + align:start position:0% +they'll ride themselves up the +epilay uh and it's called vertical autod + + align:start position:0% +epilay uh and it's called vertical autod + + + align:start position:0% +epilay uh and it's called vertical autod +doing because it happens directly uh + + align:start position:0% +doing because it happens directly uh + + + align:start position:0% +doing because it happens directly uh +from the berri layer it just goes + + align:start position:0% +from the berri layer it just goes + + + align:start position:0% +from the berri layer it just goes +vertically straight up uh so that + + align:start position:0% +vertically straight up uh so that + + + align:start position:0% +vertically straight up uh so that +surface riding effect is really a + + align:start position:0% +surface riding effect is really a + + + align:start position:0% +surface riding effect is really a +function of the nature of the dopent and + + align:start position:0% +function of the nature of the dopent and + + + align:start position:0% +function of the nature of the dopent and +the temperature to a certain extent uh + + align:start position:0% +the temperature to a certain extent uh + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature to a certain extent uh +but the nature of the dopen it turns out + + align:start position:0% +but the nature of the dopen it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +but the nature of the dopen it turns out +the end type dopin arsenic phosphorus in + + align:start position:0% +the end type dopin arsenic phosphorus in + + + align:start position:0% +the end type dopin arsenic phosphorus in +particular like to be on the free + + align:start position:0% +particular like to be on the free + + + align:start position:0% +particular like to be on the free +surface they're very happy being on a + + align:start position:0% +surface they're very happy being on a + + + align:start position:0% +surface they're very happy being on a +free surface so they float to the + + align:start position:0% +free surface so they float to the + + + align:start position:0% +free surface so they float to the +surface and they make it very hard to + + align:start position:0% +surface and they make it very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +surface and they make it very hard to +make a lightly doped epilay because they + + align:start position:0% +make a lightly doped epilay because they + + + align:start position:0% +make a lightly doped epilay because they +tend to Auto dope they tend to have a + + align:start position:0% +tend to Auto dope they tend to have a + + + align:start position:0% +tend to Auto dope they tend to have a +long tail Boron on this hand doesn't + + align:start position:0% +long tail Boron on this hand doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +long tail Boron on this hand doesn't +mind being buried in the crystal so + + align:start position:0% +mind being buried in the crystal so + + + align:start position:0% +mind being buried in the crystal so +Boron doesn't have much Auto doping it + + align:start position:0% +Boron doesn't have much Auto doping it + + + align:start position:0% +Boron doesn't have much Auto doping it +does not surface ride very much um so + + align:start position:0% +does not surface ride very much um so + + + align:start position:0% +does not surface ride very much um so +this tail is not a diffusion limited + + align:start position:0% +this tail is not a diffusion limited + + + align:start position:0% +this tail is not a diffusion limited +process it has to do with the Affinity + + align:start position:0% +process it has to do with the Affinity + + + align:start position:0% +process it has to do with the Affinity +of the dopent for the free surface + + align:start position:0% +of the dopent for the free surface + + + align:start position:0% +of the dopent for the free surface +during the growth process and then + + align:start position:0% +during the growth process and then + + + align:start position:0% +during the growth process and then +there's this final background that + + align:start position:0% +there's this final background that + + + align:start position:0% +there's this final background that +you'll see in an Epi layer uh which is + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in an Epi layer uh which is + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in an Epi layer uh which is +uh I'm showing here in green called + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm showing here in green called + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm showing here in green called +sometimes called backside or lateral + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called backside or lateral + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called backside or lateral +Auto doping and what that refers to is + + align:start position:0% +Auto doping and what that refers to is + + + align:start position:0% +Auto doping and what that refers to is +um you can get say if if the back of the + + align:start position:0% +um you can get say if if the back of the + + + align:start position:0% +um you can get say if if the back of the +wafer is heavily doped uh when you heat + + align:start position:0% +wafer is heavily doped uh when you heat + + + align:start position:0% +wafer is heavily doped uh when you heat +this thing up you can actually get dop + + align:start position:0% +this thing up you can actually get dop + + + align:start position:0% +this thing up you can actually get dop +coming off the back and finding their + + align:start position:0% +coming off the back and finding their + + + align:start position:0% +coming off the back and finding their +way um in onto the front of the wafer uh + + align:start position:0% +way um in onto the front of the wafer uh + + + align:start position:0% +way um in onto the front of the wafer uh +they could be coming off the seor let's + + align:start position:0% +they could be coming off the seor let's + + + align:start position:0% +they could be coming off the seor let's +say you just grew um a doped Epi layer + + align:start position:0% +say you just grew um a doped Epi layer + + + align:start position:0% +say you just grew um a doped Epi layer +the the run before this you're growing + + align:start position:0% +the the run before this you're growing + + + align:start position:0% +the the run before this you're growing +doped EPI and you put in some phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +doped EPI and you put in some phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +doped EPI and you put in some phosphorus +so that phosphorus now can still hang + + align:start position:0% +so that phosphorus now can still hang + + + align:start position:0% +so that phosphorus now can still hang +around in this receptor and then it can + + align:start position:0% +around in this receptor and then it can + + + align:start position:0% +around in this receptor and then it can +be transported when the receptor is + + align:start position:0% +be transported when the receptor is + + + align:start position:0% +be transported when the receptor is +heated onto the w so it could be uh from + + align:start position:0% +heated onto the w so it could be uh from + + + align:start position:0% +heated onto the w so it could be uh from +the back of the wafer it could be come + + align:start position:0% +the back of the wafer it could be come + + + align:start position:0% +the back of the wafer it could be come +from the sceptor it could be from + + align:start position:0% +from the sceptor it could be from + + + align:start position:0% +from the sceptor it could be from +another wafer uh that has a heavily dope + + align:start position:0% +another wafer uh that has a heavily dope + + + align:start position:0% +another wafer uh that has a heavily dope +region on it so it's lateral because + + align:start position:0% +region on it so it's lateral because + + + align:start position:0% +region on it so it's lateral because +it's coming from somewhere else and this + + align:start position:0% +it's coming from somewhere else and this + + + align:start position:0% +it's coming from somewhere else and this +is very often a function of what you + + align:start position:0% +is very often a function of what you + + + align:start position:0% +is very often a function of what you +just grew maybe a memory effect what was + + align:start position:0% +just grew maybe a memory effect what was + + + align:start position:0% +just grew maybe a memory effect what was +grown in the reactor and how it's + + align:start position:0% +grown in the reactor and how it's + + + align:start position:0% +grown in the reactor and how it's +designed how wellis receptor is sealed + + align:start position:0% +designed how wellis receptor is sealed + + + align:start position:0% +designed how wellis receptor is sealed +and things like that so when the + + align:start position:0% +and things like that so when the + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that so when the +epitaxial growth process we don't worry + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial growth process we don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial growth process we don't worry +just about growth rate and its + + align:start position:0% +just about growth rate and its + + + align:start position:0% +just about growth rate and its +uniformity we have to think carefully + + align:start position:0% +uniformity we have to think carefully + + + align:start position:0% +uniformity we have to think carefully +about temperature and pressure and the + + align:start position:0% +about temperature and pressure and the + + + align:start position:0% +about temperature and pressure and the +nature of the reactor designed to avoid + + align:start position:0% +nature of the reactor designed to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +nature of the reactor designed to avoid +this type type of autod doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect um slide 26 let me let's say a + + align:start position:0% +effect um slide 26 let me let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +effect um slide 26 let me let's say a +little bit about hexi has evolved in + + align:start position:0% +little bit about hexi has evolved in + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about hexi has evolved in +seamoss and bipolar technology just so + + align:start position:0% +seamoss and bipolar technology just so + + + align:start position:0% +seamoss and bipolar technology just so +you have a a view of where where it + + align:start position:0% +you have a a view of where where it + + + align:start position:0% +you have a a view of where where it +comes from um originally in the old days + + align:start position:0% +comes from um originally in the old days + + + align:start position:0% +comes from um originally in the old days +Epi was was originally primarily used + + align:start position:0% +Epi was was originally primarily used + + + align:start position:0% +Epi was was originally primarily used +just to provide a lightly dope layer on + + align:start position:0% +just to provide a lightly dope layer on + + + align:start position:0% +just to provide a lightly dope layer on +top of a heavily dope substrate for + + align:start position:0% +top of a heavily dope substrate for + + + align:start position:0% +top of a heavily dope substrate for +either bipolar or seos device processing + + align:start position:0% +either bipolar or seos device processing + + + align:start position:0% +either bipolar or seos device processing +so epitaxy um in the old days and there + + align:start position:0% +so epitaxy um in the old days and there + + + align:start position:0% +so epitaxy um in the old days and there +is no chalk because uh we had color + + align:start position:0% +is no chalk because uh we had color + + + align:start position:0% +is no chalk because uh we had color +chalk last time so it was simply a way + + align:start position:0% +chalk last time so it was simply a way + + + align:start position:0% +chalk last time so it was simply a way +if you had a heavily doped wafer and you + + align:start position:0% +if you had a heavily doped wafer and you + + + align:start position:0% +if you had a heavily doped wafer and you +need a lightly doped layer on top maybe + + align:start position:0% +need a lightly doped layer on top maybe + + + align:start position:0% +need a lightly doped layer on top maybe +10 microns it was a way to produce that + + align:start position:0% +10 microns it was a way to produce that + + + align:start position:0% +10 microns it was a way to produce that +there really wasn't any other way and um + + align:start position:0% +there really wasn't any other way and um + + + align:start position:0% +there really wasn't any other way and um +seamoss and bipolar foundaries or or + + align:start position:0% +seamoss and bipolar foundaries or or + + + align:start position:0% +seamoss and bipolar foundaries or or +companies didn't do Epi they bought Epi + + align:start position:0% +companies didn't do Epi they bought Epi + + + align:start position:0% +companies didn't do Epi they bought Epi +Wafers from one or two places in the + + align:start position:0% +Wafers from one or two places in the + + + align:start position:0% +Wafers from one or two places in the +world uh half a dozen places where + + align:start position:0% +world uh half a dozen places where + + + align:start position:0% +world uh half a dozen places where +people grew it so you would just buy an + + align:start position:0% +people grew it so you would just buy an + + + align:start position:0% +people grew it so you would just buy an +Epi + + align:start position:0% +Epi + + + align:start position:0% +Epi +wafer there's that's still a very large + + align:start position:0% +wafer there's that's still a very large + + + align:start position:0% +wafer there's that's still a very large +uh Market a very large component of + + align:start position:0% +uh Market a very large component of + + + align:start position:0% +uh Market a very large component of +epitaxial technology is simply to + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial technology is simply to + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial technology is simply to +produce + + align:start position:0% +produce + + + align:start position:0% +produce +Wafers that are heavily dope substrate + + align:start position:0% +Wafers that are heavily dope substrate + + + align:start position:0% +Wafers that are heavily dope substrate +and you need a lightly dope layer on top + + align:start position:0% +and you need a lightly dope layer on top + + + align:start position:0% +and you need a lightly dope layer on top +but actually um the last 10 or 15 years + + align:start position:0% +but actually um the last 10 or 15 years + + + align:start position:0% +but actually um the last 10 or 15 years +the technique really has evolved and now + + align:start position:0% +the technique really has evolved and now + + + align:start position:0% +the technique really has evolved and now +it's used to do much more than that + + align:start position:0% +it's used to do much more than that + + + align:start position:0% +it's used to do much more than that +people uh grow very complex doping + + align:start position:0% +people uh grow very complex doping + + + align:start position:0% +people uh grow very complex doping +profiles they grow uh layers of + + align:start position:0% +profiles they grow uh layers of + + + align:start position:0% +profiles they grow uh layers of +different materials silicon germanium is + + align:start position:0% +different materials silicon germanium is + + + align:start position:0% +different materials silicon germanium is +grown on Silicon for example it be could + + align:start position:0% +grown on Silicon for example it be could + + + align:start position:0% +grown on Silicon for example it be could +be grown selectively that means in only + + align:start position:0% +be grown selectively that means in only + + + align:start position:0% +be grown selectively that means in only +certain regions of the wafer where there + + align:start position:0% +certain regions of the wafer where there + + + align:start position:0% +certain regions of the wafer where there +are openings in the oxide uh could be + + align:start position:0% +are openings in the oxide uh could be + + + align:start position:0% +are openings in the oxide uh could be +selective Epi uh can be used for the + + align:start position:0% +selective Epi uh can be used for the + + + align:start position:0% +selective Epi uh can be used for the +source drains uh on top of the source + + align:start position:0% +source drains uh on top of the source + + + align:start position:0% +source drains uh on top of the source +drains to elevate them could be used in + + align:start position:0% +drains to elevate them could be used in + + + align:start position:0% +drains to elevate them could be used in +the active regions of heterog Junction + + align:start position:0% +the active regions of heterog Junction + + + align:start position:0% +the active regions of heterog Junction +bipolar transistors so Epi has gone from + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors so Epi has gone from + + + align:start position:0% +bipolar transistors so Epi has gone from +being just the type of wafer you buy to + + align:start position:0% +being just the type of wafer you buy to + + + align:start position:0% +being just the type of wafer you buy to +the the point where different where um + + align:start position:0% +the the point where different where um + + + align:start position:0% +the the point where different where um +uh manufacturers of silicon chips now a + + align:start position:0% +uh manufacturers of silicon chips now a + + + align:start position:0% +uh manufacturers of silicon chips now a +lot of them have EP reactors in their + + align:start position:0% +lot of them have EP reactors in their + + + align:start position:0% +lot of them have EP reactors in their +Fabs uh and they use them um thanks um + + align:start position:0% +Fabs uh and they use them um thanks um + + + align:start position:0% +Fabs uh and they use them um thanks um +and they use those reactors + + align:start position:0% +and they use those reactors + + + align:start position:0% +and they use those reactors +um to uh uh to actively grow structures + + align:start position:0% +um to uh uh to actively grow structures + + + align:start position:0% +um to uh uh to actively grow structures +so as these um as this Evolution took + + align:start position:0% +so as these um as this Evolution took + + + align:start position:0% +so as these um as this Evolution took +place several things had to happen um + + align:start position:0% +place several things had to happen um + + + align:start position:0% +place several things had to happen um +and that's why these new single wafer + + align:start position:0% +and that's why these new single wafer + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why these new single wafer +reactors have come out to a certain + + align:start position:0% +reactors have come out to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +reactors have come out to a certain +extent this the cleanliness of the + + align:start position:0% +extent this the cleanliness of the + + + align:start position:0% +extent this the cleanliness of the +system and the period of the gas has had + + align:start position:0% +system and the period of the gas has had + + + align:start position:0% +system and the period of the gas has had +to be improved and that's because the + + align:start position:0% +to be improved and that's because the + + + align:start position:0% +to be improved and that's because the +epitaxial growth temperatures are going + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial growth temperatures are going + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial growth temperatures are going +down and there's a tendency for + + align:start position:0% +down and there's a tendency for + + + align:start position:0% +down and there's a tendency for +impurities Like Oxygen to be + + align:start position:0% +impurities Like Oxygen to be + + + align:start position:0% +impurities Like Oxygen to be +incorporated much more readily at low + + align:start position:0% +incorporated much more readily at low + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated much more readily at low +temperatures so in order to deal with + + align:start position:0% +temperatures so in order to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures so in order to deal with +that as we lower the temperature of + + align:start position:0% +that as we lower the temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +that as we lower the temperature of +growth we need to have a cleaner reactor + + align:start position:0% +growth we need to have a cleaner reactor + + + align:start position:0% +growth we need to have a cleaner reactor +otherwise you're going to put a lot of + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you're going to put a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise you're going to put a lot of +oxygen in your in your epitaxial layer + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in your in your epitaxial layer + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in your in your epitaxial layer +um again and the pre-clean temperatures + + align:start position:0% +um again and the pre-clean temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +um again and the pre-clean temperatures +have also lowered so the reduction in + + align:start position:0% +have also lowered so the reduction in + + + align:start position:0% +have also lowered so the reduction in +the growth temperature and reduction in + + align:start position:0% +the growth temperature and reduction in + + + align:start position:0% +the growth temperature and reduction in +the prean temperature means Epi now has + + align:start position:0% +the prean temperature means Epi now has + + + align:start position:0% +the prean temperature means Epi now has +a lower thermal budget it used to be + + align:start position:0% +a lower thermal budget it used to be + + + align:start position:0% +a lower thermal budget it used to be +1150 de for an hour now people grow + + align:start position:0% +1150 de for an hour now people grow + + + align:start position:0% +1150 de for an hour now people grow +silicon geranium layers at 700 for 10 + + align:start position:0% +silicon geranium layers at 700 for 10 + + + align:start position:0% +silicon geranium layers at 700 for 10 +minutes something like that so it's can + + align:start position:0% +minutes something like that so it's can + + + align:start position:0% +minutes something like that so it's can +be a relatively low thermal budget + + align:start position:0% +be a relatively low thermal budget + + + align:start position:0% +be a relatively low thermal budget +process now and that's important because + + align:start position:0% +process now and that's important because + + + align:start position:0% +process now and that's important because +that means you can have epitaxial you + + align:start position:0% +that means you can have epitaxial you + + + align:start position:0% +that means you can have epitaxial you +can have other dope structures on the + + align:start position:0% +can have other dope structures on the + + + align:start position:0% +can have other dope structures on the +wafer and not have to worry too much + + align:start position:0% +wafer and not have to worry too much + + + align:start position:0% +wafer and not have to worry too much +about Ted or other things going on but + + align:start position:0% +about Ted or other things going on but + + + align:start position:0% +about Ted or other things going on but +in order to have low temperature growth + + align:start position:0% +in order to have low temperature growth + + + align:start position:0% +in order to have low temperature growth +you really have to have a clean reactor + + align:start position:0% +you really have to have a clean reactor + + + align:start position:0% +you really have to have a clean reactor +uh so the new paradigms I've already + + align:start position:0% +uh so the new paradigms I've already + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the new paradigms I've already +showed you are single wafer tools there + + align:start position:0% +showed you are single wafer tools there + + + align:start position:0% +showed you are single wafer tools there +are rapid thermal epitaxy systems so + + align:start position:0% +are rapid thermal epitaxy systems so + + + align:start position:0% +are rapid thermal epitaxy systems so +that just like rapid thermal Anders but + + align:start position:0% +that just like rapid thermal Anders but + + + align:start position:0% +that just like rapid thermal Anders but +you can grow Epi in them and there's + + align:start position:0% +you can grow Epi in them and there's + + + align:start position:0% +you can grow Epi in them and there's +also something that is not used in + + align:start position:0% +also something that is not used in + + + align:start position:0% +also something that is not used in +production very often uh but is used in + + align:start position:0% +production very often uh but is used in + + + align:start position:0% +production very often uh but is used in +research it's called molecular beam + + align:start position:0% +research it's called molecular beam + + + align:start position:0% +research it's called molecular beam +epitaxy um it is not a manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +epitaxy um it is not a manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxy um it is not a manufacturing +process generally because the throughput + + align:start position:0% +process generally because the throughput + + + align:start position:0% +process generally because the throughput +is horrible but it it's a good uh it's + + align:start position:0% +is horrible but it it's a good uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +is horrible but it it's a good uh it's +very good for resarch it's good for + + align:start position:0% +very good for resarch it's good for + + + align:start position:0% +very good for resarch it's good for +growing new types of materials for the + + align:start position:0% +growing new types of materials for the + + + align:start position:0% +growing new types of materials for the +first time and then people figure out + + align:start position:0% +first time and then people figure out + + + align:start position:0% +first time and then people figure out +how to grow them by CBD and they go from + + align:start position:0% +how to grow them by CBD and they go from + + + align:start position:0% +how to grow them by CBD and they go from +there so uh that Evolution that I just + + align:start position:0% +there so uh that Evolution that I just + + + align:start position:0% +there so uh that Evolution that I just +explained in words is shown here + + align:start position:0% +explained in words is shown here + + + align:start position:0% +explained in words is shown here +pictorially on slide 27 in the 1970s + + align:start position:0% +pictorially on slide 27 in the 1970s + + + align:start position:0% +pictorially on slide 27 in the 1970s +probably before you guys were born maybe + + align:start position:0% +probably before you guys were born maybe + + + align:start position:0% +probably before you guys were born maybe +or you were just being born I don't know + + align:start position:0% +or you were just being born I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +or you were just being born I don't know +something like that no no it's before + + align:start position:0% +something like that no no it's before + + + align:start position:0% +something like that no no it's before +you no yeah yeah it's a long time ago + + align:start position:0% +you no yeah yeah it's a long time ago + + + align:start position:0% +you no yeah yeah it's a long time ago +this is what EP was you concentration + + align:start position:0% +this is what EP was you concentration + + + align:start position:0% +this is what EP was you concentration +versus depth in a bipolar transistor the + + align:start position:0% +versus depth in a bipolar transistor the + + + align:start position:0% +versus depth in a bipolar transistor the +EP was simply um formed the whole The + + align:start position:0% +EP was simply um formed the whole The + + + align:start position:0% +EP was simply um formed the whole The +Collector you just grew a silicon epil + + align:start position:0% +Collector you just grew a silicon epil + + + align:start position:0% +Collector you just grew a silicon epil +layer you would buy a wafer with five + + align:start position:0% +layer you would buy a wafer with five + + + align:start position:0% +layer you would buy a wafer with five +microns of EP on it and on top of that + + align:start position:0% +microns of EP on it and on top of that + + + align:start position:0% +microns of EP on it and on top of that +you would form you would diffuse in or + + align:start position:0% +you would form you would diffuse in or + + + align:start position:0% +you would form you would diffuse in or +ion implant your base and then you + + align:start position:0% +ion implant your base and then you + + + align:start position:0% +ion implant your base and then you +diffuse in your emitter and you make an + + align:start position:0% +diffuse in your emitter and you make an + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse in your emitter and you make an +npn bipolar transistor and the EP layer + + align:start position:0% +npn bipolar transistor and the EP layer + + + align:start position:0% +npn bipolar transistor and the EP layer +was pretty thick five microns in the + + align:start position:0% +was pretty thick five microns in the + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty thick five microns in the +1980s again it was silic and Epi uh and + + align:start position:0% +1980s again it was silic and Epi uh and + + + align:start position:0% +1980s again it was silic and Epi uh and +the EP layer was shrunk by a fact drift + + align:start position:0% +the EP layer was shrunk by a fact drift + + + align:start position:0% +the EP layer was shrunk by a fact drift +P bipolar transistors the total + + align:start position:0% +P bipolar transistors the total + + + align:start position:0% +P bipolar transistors the total +thickness was about half micron + + align:start position:0% +thickness was about half micron + + + align:start position:0% +thickness was about half micron +so in those 10 years the EP layer of + + align:start position:0% +so in those 10 years the EP layer of + + + align:start position:0% +so in those 10 years the EP layer of +thickness had to drop by a factor of 10 + + align:start position:0% +thickness had to drop by a factor of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +thickness had to drop by a factor of 10 +people had to learn how to do autod + + align:start position:0% +people had to learn how to do autod + + + align:start position:0% +people had to learn how to do autod +doping reduction they had to change the + + align:start position:0% +doping reduction they had to change the + + + align:start position:0% +doping reduction they had to change the +pressure and the temperature to try to + + align:start position:0% +pressure and the temperature to try to + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and the temperature to try to +reduce this out diffusion and the auto + + align:start position:0% +reduce this out diffusion and the auto + + + align:start position:0% +reduce this out diffusion and the auto +doping of this n plus buried layer um + + align:start position:0% +doping of this n plus buried layer um + + + align:start position:0% +doping of this n plus buried layer um +into the active region and finally in + + align:start position:0% +into the active region and finally in + + + align:start position:0% +into the active region and finally in +the 1990s what people started to do + + align:start position:0% +the 1990s what people started to do + + + align:start position:0% +the 1990s what people started to do +instead of just growing The Collector + + align:start position:0% +instead of just growing The Collector + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just growing The Collector +people started to grow not only the + + align:start position:0% +people started to grow not only the + + + align:start position:0% +people started to grow not only the +collector by Epi but the base instead of + + align:start position:0% +collector by Epi but the base instead of + + + align:start position:0% +collector by Epi but the base instead of +using an IR plant look at this you can + + align:start position:0% +using an IR plant look at this you can + + + align:start position:0% +using an IR plant look at this you can +see this very broad profile with a + + align:start position:0% +see this very broad profile with a + + + align:start position:0% +see this very broad profile with a +retrograde + + align:start position:0% +retrograde + + + align:start position:0% +retrograde +grade that not not necessarily what the + + align:start position:0% +grade that not not necessarily what the + + + align:start position:0% +grade that not not necessarily what the +device designer wanted that's just what + + align:start position:0% +device designer wanted that's just what + + + align:start position:0% +device designer wanted that's just what +they got when they I implanted it in + + align:start position:0% +they got when they I implanted it in + + + align:start position:0% +they got when they I implanted it in +fact you can grow a very + + align:start position:0% +fact you can grow a very + + + align:start position:0% +fact you can grow a very +thin narrow profile with a very abrupt + + align:start position:0% +thin narrow profile with a very abrupt + + + align:start position:0% +thin narrow profile with a very abrupt +base doping um by epitaxial growth and + + align:start position:0% +base doping um by epitaxial growth and + + + align:start position:0% +base doping um by epitaxial growth and +so Epi transform from just growing the + + align:start position:0% +so Epi transform from just growing the + + + align:start position:0% +so Epi transform from just growing the +substrate to being able to grow the base + + align:start position:0% +substrate to being able to grow the base + + + align:start position:0% +substrate to being able to grow the base +layer either a silicon base or people + + align:start position:0% +layer either a silicon base or people + + + align:start position:0% +layer either a silicon base or people +then inserted silicon geranium into it + + align:start position:0% +then inserted silicon geranium into it + + + align:start position:0% +then inserted silicon geranium into it +and IBM and others commercialized the + + align:start position:0% +and IBM and others commercialized the + + + align:start position:0% +and IBM and others commercialized the +the Silicon uh silicon germanium silicon + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon uh silicon germanium silicon + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon uh silicon germanium silicon +heterojunction bipolar transistor that + + align:start position:0% +heterojunction bipolar transistor that + + + align:start position:0% +heterojunction bipolar transistor that +was all based on the development of + + align:start position:0% +was all based on the development of + + + align:start position:0% +was all based on the development of +silicon and silicon geranium uh + + align:start position:0% +silicon and silicon geranium uh + + + align:start position:0% +silicon and silicon geranium uh +epitaxial um epitaxial growth technology + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial um epitaxial growth technology + + + align:start position:0% +epitaxial um epitaxial growth technology +so it's really come from tens of microns + + align:start position:0% +so it's really come from tens of microns + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really come from tens of microns +now to people grow typical Base today in + + align:start position:0% +now to people grow typical Base today in + + + align:start position:0% +now to people grow typical Base today in +a in a heter junction bipolar transistor + + align:start position:0% +a in a heter junction bipolar transistor + + + align:start position:0% +a in a heter junction bipolar transistor +is 400 angstroms so people are growing + + align:start position:0% +is 400 angstroms so people are growing + + + align:start position:0% +is 400 angstroms so people are growing +400 anr and silicon geranium + + align:start position:0% +400 anr and silicon geranium + + + align:start position:0% +400 anr and silicon geranium +commercially in production on thousands + + align:start position:0% +commercially in production on thousands + + + align:start position:0% +commercially in production on thousands +of transistors uh on circuits um all the + + align:start position:0% +of transistors uh on circuits um all the + + + align:start position:0% +of transistors uh on circuits um all the +time and and selling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them so one of the most common gases + + align:start position:0% +them so one of the most common gases + + + align:start position:0% +them so one of the most common gases +here on on on page 28 today for Epi uh + + align:start position:0% +here on on on page 28 today for Epi uh + + + align:start position:0% +here on on on page 28 today for Epi uh +silene is quite common and we saw the + + align:start position:0% +silene is quite common and we saw the + + + align:start position:0% +silene is quite common and we saw the +decomposition reaction before + + align:start position:0% +decomposition reaction before + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition reaction before +dorosy is also popular has a lower + + align:start position:0% +dorosy is also popular has a lower + + + align:start position:0% +dorosy is also popular has a lower +growth rate but it gives you a better + + align:start position:0% +growth rate but it gives you a better + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate but it gives you a better +selectivity if you're trying to deposit + + align:start position:0% +selectivity if you're trying to deposit + + + align:start position:0% +selectivity if you're trying to deposit +the Epi in Windows it's it's not too + + align:start position:0% +the Epi in Windows it's it's not too + + + align:start position:0% +the Epi in Windows it's it's not too +unusual to have um a wafer where you um + + align:start position:0% +unusual to have um a wafer where you um + + + align:start position:0% +unusual to have um a wafer where you um +in cross-section where you have oxide + + align:start position:0% +in cross-section where you have oxide + + + align:start position:0% +in cross-section where you have oxide +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this and you've patterned the + + align:start position:0% +this and you've patterned the + + + align:start position:0% +this and you've patterned the +oxide uh and you can grow a turns out by + + align:start position:0% +oxide uh and you can grow a turns out by + + + align:start position:0% +oxide uh and you can grow a turns out by +um a process called selective Epi you + + align:start position:0% +um a process called selective Epi you + + + align:start position:0% +um a process called selective Epi you +can grow it um in such a way that the + + align:start position:0% +can grow it um in such a way that the + + + align:start position:0% +can grow it um in such a way that the +Epi only grows in the Silicon uh where + + align:start position:0% +Epi only grows in the Silicon uh where + + + align:start position:0% +Epi only grows in the Silicon uh where +the Silicon is exposed so you get Epi + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon is exposed so you get Epi + + + align:start position:0% +the Silicon is exposed so you get Epi +here and you get Epi growth here but you + + align:start position:0% +here and you get Epi growth here but you + + + align:start position:0% +here and you get Epi growth here but you +get nothing on top of the of the uh + + align:start position:0% +get nothing on top of the of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +get nothing on top of the of the uh +oxide so it's automatically um uh sort + + align:start position:0% +oxide so it's automatically um uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +oxide so it's automatically um uh sort +of self-aligned and this is called + + align:start position:0% +of self-aligned and this is called + + + align:start position:0% +of self-aligned and this is called +selective epig growth and to do that you + + align:start position:0% +selective epig growth and to do that you + + + align:start position:0% +selective epig growth and to do that you +need usually need dorosy this is the + + align:start position:0% +need usually need dorosy this is the + + + align:start position:0% +need usually need dorosy this is the +reaction silicon plus H2 plus cl2 + + align:start position:0% +reaction silicon plus H2 plus cl2 + + + align:start position:0% +reaction silicon plus H2 plus cl2 +decomposes into um another species and + + align:start position:0% +decomposes into um another species and + + + align:start position:0% +decomposes into um another species and +that eventually decomposes on the + + align:start position:0% +that eventually decomposes on the + + + align:start position:0% +that eventually decomposes on the +surface to grow and it forms HCL and and + + align:start position:0% +surface to grow and it forms HCL and and + + + align:start position:0% +surface to grow and it forms HCL and and +the HCL is important it turns out in + + align:start position:0% +the HCL is important it turns out in + + + align:start position:0% +the HCL is important it turns out in +etching the Silicon off of the the oxide + + align:start position:0% +etching the Silicon off of the the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +etching the Silicon off of the the oxide +sort of keep it so you only deposit in + + align:start position:0% +sort of keep it so you only deposit in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of keep it so you only deposit in +the holes in the selective EP + + align:start position:0% +the holes in the selective EP + + + align:start position:0% +the holes in the selective EP +growth so those are two very commonly + + align:start position:0% +growth so those are two very commonly + + + align:start position:0% +growth so those are two very commonly +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +gases all right let me just summarize uh + + align:start position:0% +gases all right let me just summarize uh + + + align:start position:0% +gases all right let me just summarize uh +so far on uh thin film Depp and Epi we + + align:start position:0% +so far on uh thin film Depp and Epi we + + + align:start position:0% +so far on uh thin film Depp and Epi we +have two main types we said there's + + align:start position:0% +have two main types we said there's + + + align:start position:0% +have two main types we said there's +chemical vapor deposition which we + + align:start position:0% +chemical vapor deposition which we + + + align:start position:0% +chemical vapor deposition which we +talked about today and physical vapor + + align:start position:0% +talked about today and physical vapor + + + align:start position:0% +talked about today and physical vapor +deposition which we'll talk about in the + + align:start position:0% +deposition which we'll talk about in the + + + align:start position:0% +deposition which we'll talk about in the +next uh couple + + align:start position:0% +next uh couple + + + align:start position:0% +next uh couple +lectures uh traditional epig growth uses + + align:start position:0% +lectures uh traditional epig growth uses + + + align:start position:0% +lectures uh traditional epig growth uses +atmospheric pressure more modern systems + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure more modern systems + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric pressure more modern systems +use uh low pressure um methods typically + + align:start position:0% +use uh low pressure um methods typically + + + align:start position:0% +use uh low pressure um methods typically +in the one to 100 tour these days uh we + + align:start position:0% +in the one to 100 tour these days uh we + + + align:start position:0% +in the one to 100 tour these days uh we +have a very simple model we developed + + align:start position:0% +have a very simple model we developed + + + align:start position:0% +have a very simple model we developed +for atmospheric CBD and it led to two + + align:start position:0% +for atmospheric CBD and it led to two + + + align:start position:0% +for atmospheric CBD and it led to two +rate limiting regimes surface reaction + + align:start position:0% +rate limiting regimes surface reaction + + + align:start position:0% +rate limiting regimes surface reaction +rate where the the growth rate is + + align:start position:0% +rate where the the growth rate is + + + align:start position:0% +rate where the the growth rate is +exponentially dependent on temperature + + align:start position:0% +exponentially dependent on temperature + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially dependent on temperature +activation energy of about 1.6 to 2 EV + + align:start position:0% +activation energy of about 1.6 to 2 EV + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy of about 1.6 to 2 EV +and then at higher temperatures you + + align:start position:0% +and then at higher temperatures you + + + align:start position:0% +and then at higher temperatures you +become mass transport limited and you + + align:start position:0% +become mass transport limited and you + + + align:start position:0% +become mass transport limited and you +have very little dependence uh very very + + align:start position:0% +have very little dependence uh very very + + + align:start position:0% +have very little dependence uh very very +slight dependence on + + align:start position:0% +slight dependence on + + + align:start position:0% +slight dependence on +temperature uh the mass transport limit + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh the mass transport limit + + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh the mass transport limit +regime is good in some ways it gives a + + align:start position:0% +regime is good in some ways it gives a + + + align:start position:0% +regime is good in some ways it gives a +high growth rate uh but the bad thing + + align:start position:0% +high growth rate uh but the bad thing + + + align:start position:0% +high growth rate uh but the bad thing +about it is very sensitive to how you + + align:start position:0% +about it is very sensitive to how you + + + align:start position:0% +about it is very sensitive to how you +design your reactor so it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +design your reactor so it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +design your reactor so it's a little bit +tricky uh reactor geometry has to be + + align:start position:0% +tricky uh reactor geometry has to be + + + align:start position:0% +tricky uh reactor geometry has to be +welld designed um lpcvd in the 100 + + align:start position:0% +welld designed um lpcvd in the 100 + + + align:start position:0% +welld designed um lpcvd in the 100 +millor range uh in a hot wall batch + + align:start position:0% +millor range uh in a hot wall batch + + + align:start position:0% +millor range uh in a hot wall batch +reactor is used every day in Fabs + + align:start position:0% +reactor is used every day in Fabs + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is used every day in Fabs +particularly to deposit things such as a + + align:start position:0% +particularly to deposit things such as a + + + align:start position:0% +particularly to deposit things such as a +polysilicon gate uh low temperature + + align:start position:0% +polysilicon gate uh low temperature + + + align:start position:0% +polysilicon gate uh low temperature +oxide and silicon nitride and we're + + align:start position:0% +oxide and silicon nitride and we're + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and silicon nitride and we're +going to talk about these three types of + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about these three types of + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about these three types of +films in this this type of process um + + align:start position:0% +films in this this type of process um + + + align:start position:0% +films in this this type of process um +next time all right that's that's all I + + align:start position:0% +next time all right that's that's all I + + + align:start position:0% +next time all right that's that's all I +have um for today's lecture um just in + + align:start position:0% +have um for today's lecture um just in + + + align:start position:0% +have um for today's lecture um just in +case you came in late the clipboard is + + align:start position:0% +case you came in late the clipboard is + + + align:start position:0% +case you came in late the clipboard is +going around make sure today you put + + align:start position:0% +going around make sure today you put + + + align:start position:0% +going around make sure today you put +down on that clipboard your um your + + align:start position:0% +down on that clipboard your um your + + + align:start position:0% +down on that clipboard your um your +topic um I really want to have them so I + + align:start position:0% +topic um I really want to have them so I + + + align:start position:0% +topic um I really want to have them so I +can approve them uh Tuesday is a + + align:start position:0% +can approve them uh Tuesday is a + + + align:start position:0% +can approve them uh Tuesday is a +deadline on that also if you didn't pick + + align:start position:0% +deadline on that also if you didn't pick + + + align:start position:0% +deadline on that also if you didn't pick +up any prior homeworks they're in the + + align:start position:0% +up any prior homeworks they're in the + + + align:start position:0% +up any prior homeworks they're in the +back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/h3k4oawOCnw.txt b/h3k4oawOCnw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90cb1f835b7cfdb331473ca134fa5f9a16f9e8d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/h3k4oawOCnw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8419 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +candid or candid uh I will not give you + + align:start position:0% +candid or candid uh I will not give you + + + align:start position:0% +candid or candid uh I will not give you +the French + + align:start position:0% +the French + + + align:start position:0% +the French +pronunciations + + align:start position:0% +pronunciations + + + align:start position:0% +pronunciations +um and uh you know this is a lively + + align:start position:0% +um and uh you know this is a lively + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh you know this is a lively +little book uh it's a uh a work that uh + + align:start position:0% +little book uh it's a uh a work that uh + + + align:start position:0% +little book uh it's a uh a work that uh +appeared in the mid 18th + + align:start position:0% +appeared in the mid 18th + + + align:start position:0% +appeared in the mid 18th +century and uh it has a sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +century and uh it has a sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +century and uh it has a sort of uh +approach that reflects an author with a + + align:start position:0% +approach that reflects an author with a + + + align:start position:0% +approach that reflects an author with a +certain kind of attit + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of attit + + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of attit +ude and uh it's a book that has + + align:start position:0% +ude and uh it's a book that has + + + align:start position:0% +ude and uh it's a book that has +generated a lot of uh conversation + + align:start position:0% +generated a lot of uh conversation + + + align:start position:0% +generated a lot of uh conversation +down through the generations for various + + align:start position:0% +down through the generations for various + + + align:start position:0% +down through the generations for various +reasons so what kind of book are we + + align:start position:0% +reasons so what kind of book are we + + + align:start position:0% +reasons so what kind of book are we +talking about here what what's what what + + align:start position:0% +talking about here what what's what what + + + align:start position:0% +talking about here what what's what what +stuck out to uh to you about volter and + + align:start position:0% +stuck out to uh to you about volter and + + + align:start position:0% +stuck out to uh to you about volter and +his his stance and his U approach as an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +author anything striking here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's a good-looking fellow looks like a + + align:start position:0% +It's a good-looking fellow looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +It's a good-looking fellow looks like a +person of some + + align:start position:0% +person of some + + + align:start position:0% +person of some +needs did you pick up anything about + + align:start position:0% +needs did you pick up anything about + + + align:start position:0% +needs did you pick up anything about +volare's personal + + align:start position:0% +volare's personal + + + align:start position:0% +volare's personal +life as you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +read yeah well um there's this C candid + + align:start position:0% +read yeah well um there's this C candid + + + align:start position:0% +read yeah well um there's this C candid +that's how you pronounce it candid + + align:start position:0% +that's how you pronounce it candid + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you pronounce it candid +starts out um accepting everything yeah + + align:start position:0% +starts out um accepting everything yeah + + + align:start position:0% +starts out um accepting everything yeah +um thinking everything shouldn't like + + align:start position:0% +um thinking everything shouldn't like + + + align:start position:0% +um thinking everything shouldn't like +it's not meant to be questioned because + + align:start position:0% +it's not meant to be questioned because + + + align:start position:0% +it's not meant to be questioned because +it's the best possible outcome and I + + align:start position:0% +it's the best possible outcome and I + + + align:start position:0% +it's the best possible outcome and I +feel that's sort of a uh a perception of + + align:start position:0% +feel that's sort of a uh a perception of + + + align:start position:0% +feel that's sort of a uh a perception of +religion how in religion if something + + align:start position:0% +religion how in religion if something + + + align:start position:0% +religion how in religion if something +bad happens people usually say that + + align:start position:0% +bad happens people usually say that + + + align:start position:0% +bad happens people usually say that +happened for a + + align:start position:0% +happened for a + + + align:start position:0% +happened for a +reason um and we shouldn't try and + + align:start position:0% +reason um and we shouldn't try and + + + align:start position:0% +reason um and we shouldn't try and +change that and um throughout the the + + align:start position:0% +change that and um throughout the the + + + align:start position:0% +change that and um throughout the the +book Cid's mentality changes or shifts + + align:start position:0% +book Cid's mentality changes or shifts + + + align:start position:0% +book Cid's mentality changes or shifts +from one of PF + + align:start position:0% +from one of PF + + + align:start position:0% +from one of PF +to one of more thinking for + + align:start position:0% +to one of more thinking for + + + align:start position:0% +to one of more thinking for +himself I feel okay voler I guess is + + align:start position:0% +himself I feel okay voler I guess is + + + align:start position:0% +himself I feel okay voler I guess is +anti cleric so yeah Vol was sort of a + + align:start position:0% +anti cleric so yeah Vol was sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +anti cleric so yeah Vol was sort of a +figure I wonder if he was a second child + + align:start position:0% +figure I wonder if he was a second child + + + align:start position:0% +figure I wonder if he was a second child +um he was uh uh + + align:start position:0% +um he was uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +um he was uh uh +definitely managed to offend almost + + align:start position:0% +definitely managed to offend almost + + + align:start position:0% +definitely managed to offend almost +every constituency you could imagine in + + align:start position:0% +every constituency you could imagine in + + + align:start position:0% +every constituency you could imagine in +this book wouldn't you say I mean it + + align:start position:0% +this book wouldn't you say I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +this book wouldn't you say I mean it +doesn't matter which uh which group you + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter which uh which group you + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter which uh which group you +come from or which uh you know there's + + align:start position:0% +come from or which uh you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +come from or which uh you know there's +some kind of insult + + align:start position:0% +some kind of insult + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of insult +so yes uh definitely a interesting + + align:start position:0% +so yes uh definitely a interesting + + + align:start position:0% +so yes uh definitely a interesting +figure + + align:start position:0% +figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure +um so and and yeah candid himself is a + + align:start position:0% +um so and and yeah candid himself is a + + + align:start position:0% +um so and and yeah candid himself is a +is a key figure here and through the + + align:start position:0% +is a key figure here and through the + + + align:start position:0% +is a key figure here and through the +book so what else did you observe about + + align:start position:0% +book so what else did you observe about + + + align:start position:0% +book so what else did you observe about +how candid changes through the book + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes he's continually under the influence + + align:start position:0% +yes he's continually under the influence + + + align:start position:0% +yes he's continually under the influence +of all of the people around him whether + + align:start position:0% +of all of the people around him whether + + + align:start position:0% +of all of the people around him whether +it be his you know teacher pangos or + + align:start position:0% +it be his you know teacher pangos or + + + align:start position:0% +it be his you know teacher pangos or +when he goes with you know Martin to + + align:start position:0% +when he goes with you know Martin to + + + align:start position:0% +when he goes with you know Martin to +France and he goes bouncing back and + + align:start position:0% +France and he goes bouncing back and + + + align:start position:0% +France and he goes bouncing back and +forth between this you know overzealous + + align:start position:0% +forth between this you know overzealous + + + align:start position:0% +forth between this you know overzealous +optimism and you know pessimism and + + align:start position:0% +optimism and you know pessimism and + + + align:start position:0% +optimism and you know pessimism and +eventually as we found they all end up + + align:start position:0% +eventually as we found they all end up + + + align:start position:0% +eventually as we found they all end up +in the garden and they come to a + + align:start position:0% +in the garden and they come to a + + + align:start position:0% +in the garden and they come to a +conclusion where they have to make the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion where they have to make the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion where they have to make the +decisions for themselves there's there's + + align:start position:0% +decisions for themselves there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +decisions for themselves there's there's +no you know there's no kind of + + align:start position:0% +no you know there's no kind of + + + align:start position:0% +no you know there's no kind of +indoctrination either way so okay this + + align:start position:0% +indoctrination either way so okay this + + + align:start position:0% +indoctrination either way so okay this +is uh definitely a book of um it's it's + + align:start position:0% +is uh definitely a book of um it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +is uh definitely a book of um it's it's +what some people call a buildong Roman a + + align:start position:0% +what some people call a buildong Roman a + + + align:start position:0% +what some people call a buildong Roman a +a novel of + + align:start position:0% +a novel of + + + align:start position:0% +a novel of +Education what kind of a student is is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +candid I mean you're you're right he + + align:start position:0% +candid I mean you're you're right he + + + align:start position:0% +candid I mean you're you're right he +sort of bounces around so in his + + align:start position:0% +sort of bounces around so in his + + + align:start position:0% +sort of bounces around so in his +personal character what what's how does + + align:start position:0% +personal character what what's how does + + + align:start position:0% +personal character what what's how does +candid come out is yeah oh CLA he kind + + align:start position:0% +candid come out is yeah oh CLA he kind + + + align:start position:0% +candid come out is yeah oh CLA he kind +of just like blindly follows what his + + align:start position:0% +of just like blindly follows what his + + + align:start position:0% +of just like blindly follows what his +teachers tell him and then throughout + + align:start position:0% +teachers tell him and then throughout + + + align:start position:0% +teachers tell him and then throughout +the book he + + align:start position:0% +the book he + + + align:start position:0% +the book he +kind of starts to develop an ability to + + align:start position:0% +kind of starts to develop an ability to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of starts to develop an ability to +have his own opinion and to like learn + + align:start position:0% +have his own opinion and to like learn + + + align:start position:0% +have his own opinion and to like learn +on his own but particularly at the + + align:start position:0% +on his own but particularly at the + + + align:start position:0% +on his own but particularly at the +beginning he's I mean it just says he's + + align:start position:0% +beginning he's I mean it just says he's + + + align:start position:0% +beginning he's I mean it just says he's +like he has a face of unaffected + + align:start position:0% +like he has a face of unaffected + + + align:start position:0% +like he has a face of unaffected +Simplicity and that's pretty much what + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity and that's pretty much what + + + align:start position:0% +Simplicity and that's pretty much what +he is all around like he's just a simple + + align:start position:0% +he is all around like he's just a simple + + + align:start position:0% +he is all around like he's just a simple +boy who takes what he hears and believes + + align:start position:0% +boy who takes what he hears and believes + + + align:start position:0% +boy who takes what he hears and believes +in so although he does seem kind of he + + align:start position:0% +in so although he does seem kind of he + + + align:start position:0% +in so although he does seem kind of he +well for a lot of the book he's pretty + + align:start position:0% +well for a lot of the book he's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +well for a lot of the book he's pretty +attached to what conos teaches him um so + + align:start position:0% +attached to what conos teaches him um so + + + align:start position:0% +attached to what conos teaches him um so +like he does kind of go against what + + align:start position:0% +like he does kind of go against what + + + align:start position:0% +like he does kind of go against what +Martin says um and he tries to retain + + align:start position:0% +Martin says um and he tries to retain + + + align:start position:0% +Martin says um and he tries to retain +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +optimism but I don't know necessarily + + align:start position:0% +optimism but I don't know necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +optimism but I don't know necessarily +that I would even call it optimism + + align:start position:0% +that I would even call it optimism + + + align:start position:0% +that I would even call it optimism +because they say it's the best of all + + align:start position:0% +because they say it's the best of all + + + align:start position:0% +because they say it's the best of all +possible worlds but then there are all + + align:start position:0% +possible worlds but then there are all + + + align:start position:0% +possible worlds but then there are all +these terrible things that happen and + + align:start position:0% +these terrible things that happen and + + + align:start position:0% +these terrible things that happen and +they say oh well it's for the better of + + align:start position:0% +they say oh well it's for the better of + + + align:start position:0% +they say oh well it's for the better of +all of mankind but if it was the best of + + align:start position:0% +all of mankind but if it was the best of + + + align:start position:0% +all of mankind but if it was the best of +all possible worlds each like + + align:start position:0% +all possible worlds each like + + + align:start position:0% +all possible worlds each like +I don't know like every part of mankind + + align:start position:0% +I don't know like every part of mankind + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know like every part of mankind +and everybody would be doing well and it + + align:start position:0% +and everybody would be doing well and it + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody would be doing well and it +would just be like as a whole so that + + align:start position:0% +would just be like as a whole so that + + + align:start position:0% +would just be like as a whole so that +was kind of interesting to me that it's + + align:start position:0% +was kind of interesting to me that it's + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of interesting to me that it's +supposedly the best of all possible + + align:start position:0% +supposedly the best of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +supposedly the best of all possible +worlds but not for you you know yeah + + align:start position:0% +worlds but not for you you know yeah + + + align:start position:0% +worlds but not for you you know yeah +that's a that's a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a very interesting +observation because uh the subtitle of + + align:start position:0% +observation because uh the subtitle of + + + align:start position:0% +observation because uh the subtitle of +this book is optimism so is is uh who's + + align:start position:0% +this book is optimism so is is uh who's + + + align:start position:0% +this book is optimism so is is uh who's +optimistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here is pangloss we we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +here is pangloss we we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +here is pangloss we we'll talk about +pangloss in a minute I'm curious about + + align:start position:0% +pangloss in a minute I'm curious about + + + align:start position:0% +pangloss in a minute I'm curious about +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this word + + align:start position:0% +this word + + + align:start position:0% +this word +optimism are there any other words like + + align:start position:0% +optimism are there any other words like + + + align:start position:0% +optimism are there any other words like +optimism that you know sort of provide a + + align:start position:0% +optimism that you know sort of provide a + + + align:start position:0% +optimism that you know sort of provide a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +different uh framework for the + + align:start position:0% +different uh framework for the + + + align:start position:0% +different uh framework for the +book there's this other word we might + + align:start position:0% +book there's this other word we might + + + align:start position:0% +book there's this other word we might +think of as fatalism fatalism so what + + align:start position:0% +think of as fatalism fatalism so what + + + align:start position:0% +think of as fatalism fatalism so what +about optimism versus fatalism for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +candid what does optimism suggest and + + align:start position:0% +candid what does optimism suggest and + + + align:start position:0% +candid what does optimism suggest and +what is f fatalism suggest and do both + + align:start position:0% +what is f fatalism suggest and do both + + + align:start position:0% +what is f fatalism suggest and do both +words sort of apply to some of the + + align:start position:0% +words sort of apply to some of the + + + align:start position:0% +words sort of apply to some of the +things in the book + + align:start position:0% +things in the book + + + align:start position:0% +things in the book +that come across is is Vol + + align:start position:0% +that come across is is Vol + + + align:start position:0% +that come across is is Vol +optimistic no no is he an optimistic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +writer I would say probably not I mean + + align:start position:0% +writer I would say probably not I mean + + + align:start position:0% +writer I would say probably not I mean +with optimism it's saying that like + + align:start position:0% +with optimism it's saying that like + + + align:start position:0% +with optimism it's saying that like +things will be for the best and this + + align:start position:0% +things will be for the best and this + + + align:start position:0% +things will be for the best and this +happened because at some point it's + + align:start position:0% +happened because at some point it's + + + align:start position:0% +happened because at some point it's +going to be for good reason whereas + + align:start position:0% +going to be for good reason whereas + + + align:start position:0% +going to be for good reason whereas +fatalism is saying like each thing each + + align:start position:0% +fatalism is saying like each thing each + + + align:start position:0% +fatalism is saying like each thing each +person has a fate and they're destined + + align:start position:0% +person has a fate and they're destined + + + align:start position:0% +person has a fate and they're destined +to like fulfill whatever they're + + align:start position:0% +to like fulfill whatever they're + + + align:start position:0% +to like fulfill whatever they're +supposed to do so I mean when they were + + align:start position:0% +supposed to do so I mean when they were + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to do so I mean when they were +saying that everything was for the best + + align:start position:0% +saying that everything was for the best + + + align:start position:0% +saying that everything was for the best +but then they were saying like oh this + + align:start position:0% +but then they were saying like oh this + + + align:start position:0% +but then they were saying like oh this +port was made for sailing in and that + + align:start position:0% +port was made for sailing in and that + + + align:start position:0% +port was made for sailing in and that +kind of thing that doesn't really seem + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing that doesn't really seem + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing that doesn't really seem +optimistic to me that seems much more + + align:start position:0% +optimistic to me that seems much more + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic to me that seems much more +fat + + align:start position:0% +fat + + + align:start position:0% +fat +fatalistic yeah I don't know yeah well + + align:start position:0% +fatalistic yeah I don't know yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +fatalistic yeah I don't know yeah well +I'm trying to figure out like if there + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to figure out like if there + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to figure out like if there +is some sort of overlap between um + + align:start position:0% +is some sort of overlap between um + + + align:start position:0% +is some sort of overlap between um +opportunistic and fatalistic views um + + align:start position:0% +opportunistic and fatalistic views um + + + align:start position:0% +opportunistic and fatalistic views um +and I think that there might be even + + align:start position:0% +and I think that there might be even + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that there might be even +though they're usually associated as + + align:start position:0% +though they're usually associated as + + + align:start position:0% +though they're usually associated as +like kind of antonyms I think um because + + align:start position:0% +like kind of antonyms I think um because + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of antonyms I think um because +like one is like fer alistic is not + + align:start position:0% +like one is like fer alistic is not + + + align:start position:0% +like one is like fer alistic is not +necessarily optimistic but if you + + align:start position:0% +necessarily optimistic but if you + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily optimistic but if you +consider um suppose like you say + + align:start position:0% +consider um suppose like you say + + + align:start position:0% +consider um suppose like you say +something like if you look at something + + align:start position:0% +something like if you look at something + + + align:start position:0% +something like if you look at something +if you look at the world and you see + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the world and you see + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the world and you see +everything good or bad as the way um + + align:start position:0% +everything good or bad as the way um + + + align:start position:0% +everything good or bad as the way um +Fate has it like fatal a fatalistic view + + align:start position:0% +Fate has it like fatal a fatalistic view + + + align:start position:0% +Fate has it like fatal a fatalistic view +then you can you can actually turn that + + align:start position:0% +then you can you can actually turn that + + + align:start position:0% +then you can you can actually turn that +around real quick into an optimistic + + align:start position:0% +around real quick into an optimistic + + + align:start position:0% +around real quick into an optimistic +View and you're saying that oh okay it + + align:start position:0% +View and you're saying that oh okay it + + + align:start position:0% +View and you're saying that oh okay it +doesn't matter it's like the way it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter it's like the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter it's like the way it's +supposed to be like no biggie or + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be like no biggie or + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be like no biggie or +everything is kind of like that kind of + + align:start position:0% +everything is kind of like that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +everything is kind of like that kind of +that kind of + + align:start position:0% +that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of +optimistic just yeah so pangloss as the + + align:start position:0% +optimistic just yeah so pangloss as the + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic just yeah so pangloss as the +as the great philosopher uh you know + + align:start position:0% +as the great philosopher uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +as the great philosopher uh you know +part of his task here is + + align:start position:0% +part of his task here is + + + align:start position:0% +part of his task here is +to uh well what is he doing in this book + + align:start position:0% +to uh well what is he doing in this book + + + align:start position:0% +to uh well what is he doing in this book +how does Pang gloss strike you I mean + + align:start position:0% +how does Pang gloss strike you I mean + + + align:start position:0% +how does Pang gloss strike you I mean +he's the one who always says things are + + align:start position:0% +he's the one who always says things are + + + align:start position:0% +he's the one who always says things are +for the best it's the best of all + + align:start position:0% +for the best it's the best of all + + + align:start position:0% +for the best it's the best of all +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +worlds and that is a double-edged + + align:start position:0% +worlds and that is a double-edged + + + align:start position:0% +worlds and that is a double-edged +meaning it's the best of all possible + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's the best of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +meaning it's the best of all possible +worlds hooray we're lucky we're in the + + align:start position:0% +worlds hooray we're lucky we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +worlds hooray we're lucky we're in the +best of all possible + + align:start position:0% +best of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +best of all possible +worlds if it's the best of all possible + + align:start position:0% +worlds if it's the best of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +worlds if it's the best of all possible +worlds and you really don't like what + + align:start position:0% +worlds and you really don't like what + + + align:start position:0% +worlds and you really don't like what +you see it's too bad you're stuck with + + align:start position:0% +you see it's too bad you're stuck with + + + align:start position:0% +you see it's too bad you're stuck with +this you know he's got + + align:start position:0% +this you know he's got + + + align:start position:0% +this you know he's got +resilience he kind of gets up dust + + align:start position:0% +resilience he kind of gets up dust + + + align:start position:0% +resilience he kind of gets up dust +himself off and off he goes again and + + align:start position:0% +himself off and off he goes again and + + + align:start position:0% +himself off and off he goes again and +you know there is an element of inquiry + + align:start position:0% +you know there is an element of inquiry + + + align:start position:0% +you know there is an element of inquiry +in him isn't there I mean you know he he + + align:start position:0% +in him isn't there I mean you know he he + + + align:start position:0% +in him isn't there I mean you know he he +pursue he's interested in things and he + + align:start position:0% +pursue he's interested in things and he + + + align:start position:0% +pursue he's interested in things and he +doesn't always make he rarely makes the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always make he rarely makes the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always make he rarely makes the +right decision but you know + + align:start position:0% +right decision but you know + + + align:start position:0% +right decision but you know +circumstances also determine things for + + align:start position:0% +circumstances also determine things for + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances also determine things for +him yeah also seems like he's the only + + align:start position:0% +him yeah also seems like he's the only + + + align:start position:0% +him yeah also seems like he's the only +one willing to change and he's he's + + align:start position:0% +one willing to change and he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +one willing to change and he's he's +moldable in some sense while everyone + + align:start position:0% +moldable in some sense while everyone + + + align:start position:0% +moldable in some sense while everyone +else has their own doctrines that they + + align:start position:0% +else has their own doctrines that they + + + align:start position:0% +else has their own doctrines that they +live by Cid's the one who you know sort + + align:start position:0% +live by Cid's the one who you know sort + + + align:start position:0% +live by Cid's the one who you know sort +of goes through the process through + + align:start position:0% +of goes through the process through + + + align:start position:0% +of goes through the process through +these experiences and sort of finds + + align:start position:0% +these experiences and sort of finds + + + align:start position:0% +these experiences and sort of finds +things out through interactions with the + + align:start position:0% +things out through interactions with the + + + align:start position:0% +things out through interactions with the +other characters um um but they answer + + align:start position:0% +other characters um um but they answer + + + align:start position:0% +other characters um um but they answer +the the question about this character I + + align:start position:0% +the the question about this character I + + + align:start position:0% +the the question about this character I +think one thing about him I I sort of + + align:start position:0% +think one thing about him I I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +think one thing about him I I sort of +feel like he's like an endearing + + align:start position:0% +feel like he's like an endearing + + + align:start position:0% +feel like he's like an endearing +character + + align:start position:0% +character + + + align:start position:0% +character +almost so + + align:start position:0% +almost so + + + align:start position:0% +almost so +strange um he's you know he's he's never + + align:start position:0% +strange um he's you know he's he's never + + + align:start position:0% +strange um he's you know he's he's never +whenever he's down he always gets back + + align:start position:0% +whenever he's down he always gets back + + + align:start position:0% +whenever he's down he always gets back +up and maybe that's what's um so + + align:start position:0% +up and maybe that's what's um so + + + align:start position:0% +up and maybe that's what's um so +appealing about that yeah he uh he he + + align:start position:0% +appealing about that yeah he uh he he + + + align:start position:0% +appealing about that yeah he uh he he +has this uh this resilience in his + + align:start position:0% +has this uh this resilience in his + + + align:start position:0% +has this uh this resilience in his +character that um you know you have to + + align:start position:0% +character that um you know you have to + + + align:start position:0% +character that um you know you have to +admire at some + + align:start position:0% +admire at some + + + align:start position:0% +admire at some +level because you know he's he's he's + + align:start position:0% +level because you know he's he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +level because you know he's he's he's +willing to + + align:start position:0% +willing to + + + align:start position:0% +willing to +he's willing to invest something into + + align:start position:0% +he's willing to invest something into + + + align:start position:0% +he's willing to invest something into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +process whereas other people have + + align:start position:0% +process whereas other people have + + + align:start position:0% +process whereas other people have +mentioned uh you know he his his uh many + + align:start position:0% +mentioned uh you know he his his uh many + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned uh you know he his his uh many +of his uh surrounding many of the other + + align:start position:0% +of his uh surrounding many of the other + + + align:start position:0% +of his uh surrounding many of the other +characters are just set like you know + + align:start position:0% +characters are just set like you know + + + align:start position:0% +characters are just set like you know +they've they've been set and they're + + align:start position:0% +they've they've been set and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they've they've been set and they're +fixed and they're rigid yeah um I mean I + + align:start position:0% +fixed and they're rigid yeah um I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and they're rigid yeah um I mean I +would say like one thing that I + + align:start position:0% +would say like one thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +would say like one thing that I +definitely do admire about his character + + align:start position:0% +definitely do admire about his character + + + align:start position:0% +definitely do admire about his character +is the fact that he isn't willing to + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that he isn't willing to + + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that he isn't willing to +settle for something that others say is + + align:start position:0% +settle for something that others say is + + + align:start position:0% +settle for something that others say is +great like he has a vision as to what he + + align:start position:0% +great like he has a vision as to what he + + + align:start position:0% +great like he has a vision as to what he +wants in life and that is until she + + align:start position:0% +wants in life and that is until she + + + align:start position:0% +wants in life and that is until she +becomes extremely ugly to marry Kon and + + align:start position:0% +becomes extremely ugly to marry Kon and + + + align:start position:0% +becomes extremely ugly to marry Kon and +even when he gets to El Dorado where + + align:start position:0% +even when he gets to El Dorado where + + + align:start position:0% +even when he gets to El Dorado where +anybody else would be well you you would + + align:start position:0% +anybody else would be well you you would + + + align:start position:0% +anybody else would be well you you would +think would be really happy to be there + + align:start position:0% +think would be really happy to be there + + + align:start position:0% +think would be really happy to be there +he's not willing to give up on like his + + align:start position:0% +he's not willing to give up on like his + + + align:start position:0% +he's not willing to give up on like his +dream and his passion and I think you + + align:start position:0% +dream and his passion and I think you + + + align:start position:0% +dream and his passion and I think you +could call that stupid but then you + + align:start position:0% +could call that stupid but then you + + + align:start position:0% +could call that stupid but then you +could also say like you know he was he + + align:start position:0% +could also say like you know he was he + + + align:start position:0% +could also say like you know he was he +tried to be resourceful and like take + + align:start position:0% +tried to be resourceful and like take + + + align:start position:0% +tried to be resourceful and like take +Jewels so he could achieve what he + + align:start position:0% +Jewels so he could achieve what he + + + align:start position:0% +Jewels so he could achieve what he +really wanted to achieve rather than + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to achieve rather than + + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to achieve rather than +just settling for what others said was + + align:start position:0% +just settling for what others said was + + + align:start position:0% +just settling for what others said was +what he should want so the fact that he + + align:start position:0% +what he should want so the fact that he + + + align:start position:0% +what he should want so the fact that he +has his own vision and his own passions + + align:start position:0% +has his own vision and his own passions + + + align:start position:0% +has his own vision and his own passions +that he sticks to I think speaks well to + + align:start position:0% +that he sticks to I think speaks well to + + + align:start position:0% +that he sticks to I think speaks well to +his character the chapter one starts out + + align:start position:0% +his character the chapter one starts out + + + align:start position:0% +his character the chapter one starts out +um with a kind of happy family setting + + align:start position:0% +um with a kind of happy family setting + + + align:start position:0% +um with a kind of happy family setting +it's uh the baron Thunder 10 trunk who + + align:start position:0% +it's uh the baron Thunder 10 trunk who + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh the baron Thunder 10 trunk who +is the great figure of the of the manor + + align:start position:0% +is the great figure of the of the manor + + + align:start position:0% +is the great figure of the of the manor +and uh this is a sort of a family that + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is a sort of a family that + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is a sort of a family that +is uh organized + + align:start position:0% +is uh organized + + + align:start position:0% +is uh organized +around the possession of uh great wealth + + align:start position:0% +around the possession of uh great wealth + + + align:start position:0% +around the possession of uh great wealth +and so forth and you know the the the + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and you know the the the + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and you know the the the +setting itself is presented as this this + + align:start position:0% +setting itself is presented as this this + + + align:start position:0% +setting itself is presented as this this +Happy Family the baron and his his uh + + align:start position:0% +Happy Family the baron and his his uh + + + align:start position:0% +Happy Family the baron and his his uh +wife who weighs uh 25 stone is uh I + + align:start position:0% +wife who weighs uh 25 stone is uh I + + + align:start position:0% +wife who weighs uh 25 stone is uh I +calculated something in the neighborhood + + align:start position:0% +calculated something in the neighborhood + + + align:start position:0% +calculated something in the neighborhood +of 300 lb 350 lb or so and uh everything + + align:start position:0% +of 300 lb 350 lb or so and uh everything + + + align:start position:0% +of 300 lb 350 lb or so and uh everything +seems fine and at this manner is this + + align:start position:0% +seems fine and at this manner is this + + + align:start position:0% +seems fine and at this manner is this +great philosopher + + align:start position:0% +great philosopher + + + align:start position:0% +great philosopher +pangloss and there is the and and candid + + align:start position:0% +pangloss and there is the and and candid + + + align:start position:0% +pangloss and there is the and and candid +himself at the start of the book we're + + align:start position:0% +himself at the start of the book we're + + + align:start position:0% +himself at the start of the book we're +kind of just thrown into good place in + + align:start position:0% +kind of just thrown into good place in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of just thrown into good place in +the enlightenment you know and we've got + + align:start position:0% +the enlightenment you know and we've got + + + align:start position:0% +the enlightenment you know and we've got +this classic households adhering to what + + align:start position:0% +this classic households adhering to what + + + align:start position:0% +this classic households adhering to what +I what I read and interpreted as what + + align:start position:0% +I what I read and interpreted as what + + + align:start position:0% +I what I read and interpreted as what +they call Leb nitzi and optim M um based + + align:start position:0% +they call Leb nitzi and optim M um based + + + align:start position:0% +they call Leb nitzi and optim M um based +upon Le's ideas of that as you were + + align:start position:0% +upon Le's ideas of that as you were + + + align:start position:0% +upon Le's ideas of that as you were +saying before you know we've got the + + align:start position:0% +saying before you know we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +saying before you know we've got the +best of all possible worlds and that if + + align:start position:0% +best of all possible worlds and that if + + + align:start position:0% +best of all possible worlds and that if +there had if God had had a better idea + + align:start position:0% +there had if God had had a better idea + + + align:start position:0% +there had if God had had a better idea +of what could have been out there than + + align:start position:0% +of what could have been out there than + + + align:start position:0% +of what could have been out there than +he would have made it so anything that's + + align:start position:0% +he would have made it so anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +he would have made it so anything that's +bad or what we you might consider bad in + + align:start position:0% +bad or what we you might consider bad in + + + align:start position:0% +bad or what we you might consider bad in +this world must be in every other one + + align:start position:0% +this world must be in every other one + + + align:start position:0% +this world must be in every other one +and so there we have it so it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +and so there we have it so it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and so there we have it so it's kind of +setting the scene for the philosophical + + align:start position:0% +setting the scene for the philosophical + + + align:start position:0% +setting the scene for the philosophical +doctrine that was present at the time + + align:start position:0% +doctrine that was present at the time + + + align:start position:0% +doctrine that was present at the time +and that bter is going to saiz through + + align:start position:0% +and that bter is going to saiz through + + + align:start position:0% +and that bter is going to saiz through +the rest of the piece viciously okay + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the piece viciously okay + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the piece viciously okay +so yeah so this is uh this is + + align:start position:0% +so yeah so this is uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah so this is uh this is +supposedly uh Volt's attack on lit which + + align:start position:0% +supposedly uh Volt's attack on lit which + + + align:start position:0% +supposedly uh Volt's attack on lit which +is kind of a a huge exaggeration L is a + + align:start position:0% +is kind of a a huge exaggeration L is a + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of a a huge exaggeration L is a +great philosopher but he sort of + + align:start position:0% +great philosopher but he sort of + + + align:start position:0% +great philosopher but he sort of +summarized and and uh condense down this + + align:start position:0% +summarized and and uh condense down this + + + align:start position:0% +summarized and and uh condense down this +philosophy of um uh you know sufficient + + align:start position:0% +philosophy of um uh you know sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy of um uh you know sufficient +reason there are all sorts of technical + + align:start position:0% +reason there are all sorts of technical + + + align:start position:0% +reason there are all sorts of technical +terms that sort of float in through here + + align:start position:0% +terms that sort of float in through here + + + align:start position:0% +terms that sort of float in through here +and the treatment of liance by voler is + + align:start position:0% +and the treatment of liance by voler is + + + align:start position:0% +and the treatment of liance by voler is +a subject worthy of a paper if somebody + + align:start position:0% +a subject worthy of a paper if somebody + + + align:start position:0% +a subject worthy of a paper if somebody +wants to actually take that on be a + + align:start position:0% +wants to actually take that on be a + + + align:start position:0% +wants to actually take that on be a +fairly heavy uh piece or interesting + + align:start position:0% +fairly heavy uh piece or interesting + + + align:start position:0% +fairly heavy uh piece or interesting +piece to do but uh yeah so he's got this + + align:start position:0% +piece to do but uh yeah so he's got this + + + align:start position:0% +piece to do but uh yeah so he's got this +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +view what as what does this view reflect + + align:start position:0% +view what as what does this view reflect + + + align:start position:0% +view what as what does this view reflect +though in societies I + + align:start position:0% +though in societies I + + + align:start position:0% +though in societies I +mean are there people today who believe + + align:start position:0% +mean are there people today who believe + + + align:start position:0% +mean are there people today who believe +that all is for the best I mean is this + + align:start position:0% +that all is for the best I mean is this + + + align:start position:0% +that all is for the best I mean is this +a way of thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +a way of thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +a way of thinking about the +world and what are its implications + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have you come across people who you know + + align:start position:0% +have you come across people who you know + + + align:start position:0% +have you come across people who you know +believe that you know everything is this + + align:start position:0% +believe that you know everything is this + + + align:start position:0% +believe that you know everything is this +is the way it's supposed to + + align:start position:0% +is the way it's supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +is the way it's supposed to +be yeah well I mean if I think if + + align:start position:0% +be yeah well I mean if I think if + + + align:start position:0% +be yeah well I mean if I think if +someone truly thought that then there'd + + align:start position:0% +someone truly thought that then there'd + + + align:start position:0% +someone truly thought that then there'd +be absolutely no improvement on anything + + align:start position:0% +be absolutely no improvement on anything + + + align:start position:0% +be absolutely no improvement on anything +because they'd say well this is perfect + + align:start position:0% +because they'd say well this is perfect + + + align:start position:0% +because they'd say well this is perfect +so why why bother thinking about it and + + align:start position:0% +so why why bother thinking about it and + + + align:start position:0% +so why why bother thinking about it and +improving on it and I think that + + align:start position:0% +improving on it and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +improving on it and I think that +everyone always wants to make things + + align:start position:0% +everyone always wants to make things + + + align:start position:0% +everyone always wants to make things +better in some respect so I don't think + + align:start position:0% +better in some respect so I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +better in some respect so I don't think +anyone actually subscribes to that + + align:start position:0% +anyone actually subscribes to that + + + align:start position:0% +anyone actually subscribes to that +truly yeah I think one of the modern + + align:start position:0% +truly yeah I think one of the modern + + + align:start position:0% +truly yeah I think one of the modern +equivalent of that is saying like + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of that is saying like + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of that is saying like +everything happens for a reason like you + + align:start position:0% +everything happens for a reason like you + + + align:start position:0% +everything happens for a reason like you +hear that a + + align:start position:0% +hear that a + + + align:start position:0% +hear that a +lot it just seems + + align:start position:0% +lot it just seems + + + align:start position:0% +lot it just seems +similar so everything happens for a + + align:start position:0% +similar so everything happens for a + + + align:start position:0% +similar so everything happens for a +reason uh okay this is uh + + align:start position:0% +reason uh okay this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +reason uh okay this is uh +yeah I think it has like a lot to do + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think it has like a lot to do + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think it has like a lot to do +with faith and trust in this like Divine + + align:start position:0% +with faith and trust in this like Divine + + + align:start position:0% +with faith and trust in this like Divine +being who's just responsible for + + align:start position:0% +being who's just responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +being who's just responsible for +everything like maybe not as prevalent + + align:start position:0% +everything like maybe not as prevalent + + + align:start position:0% +everything like maybe not as prevalent +like nowadays but in history there have + + align:start position:0% +like nowadays but in history there have + + + align:start position:0% +like nowadays but in history there have +been religions that are really based on + + align:start position:0% +been religions that are really based on + + + align:start position:0% +been religions that are really based on +like predestination and that kind of + + align:start position:0% +like predestination and that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like predestination and that kind of +thing you you + + align:start position:0% +thing you you + + + align:start position:0% +thing you you +basically uh I mean it's not always + + align:start position:0% +basically uh I mean it's not always + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh I mean it's not always +associated with a notion + + align:start position:0% +associated with a notion + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a notion +of but yeah I I I + + align:start position:0% +of but yeah I I I + + + align:start position:0% +of but yeah I I I +certainly I certainly uh hear what + + align:start position:0% +certainly I certainly uh hear what + + + align:start position:0% +certainly I certainly uh hear what +you're saying is there's a t there are + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is there's a t there are + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is there's a t there are +some some + + align:start position:0% +some some + + + align:start position:0% +some some +views that simply accept what exists + + align:start position:0% +views that simply accept what exists + + + align:start position:0% +views that simply accept what exists +because what exists is what has been put + + align:start position:0% +because what exists is what has been put + + + align:start position:0% +because what exists is what has been put +here and what has been put here we + + align:start position:0% +here and what has been put here we + + + align:start position:0% +here and what has been put here we +should not + + align:start position:0% +should not + + + align:start position:0% +should not +question so that's one point of view do + + align:start position:0% +question so that's one point of view do + + + align:start position:0% +question so that's one point of view do +you think that exists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today maybe by some people oh it's a + + align:start position:0% +today maybe by some people oh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +today maybe by some people oh it's a +complicated question well I think that + + align:start position:0% +complicated question well I think that + + + align:start position:0% +complicated question well I think that +this has to do a lot with underlying + + align:start position:0% +this has to do a lot with underlying + + + align:start position:0% +this has to do a lot with underlying +kind of principle in the enlightenment + + align:start position:0% +kind of principle in the enlightenment + + + align:start position:0% +kind of principle in the enlightenment +period where people started to dig up + + align:start position:0% +period where people started to dig up + + + align:start position:0% +period where people started to dig up +the classics again and like it's more + + align:start position:0% +the classics again and like it's more + + + align:start position:0% +the classics again and like it's more +of a human Focus where as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +of a human Focus where as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +of a human Focus where as opposed to +like like a + + align:start position:0% +like like a + + + align:start position:0% +like like a +cosmological kind of mindset where like + + align:start position:0% +cosmological kind of mindset where like + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological kind of mindset where like +humans are not very significant and so + + align:start position:0% +humans are not very significant and so + + + align:start position:0% +humans are not very significant and so +people like during the the enlightenment + + align:start position:0% +people like during the the enlightenment + + + align:start position:0% +people like during the the enlightenment +people had more like they're like more + + align:start position:0% +people had more like they're like more + + + align:start position:0% +people had more like they're like more +scientific and in science you have a + + align:start position:0% +scientific and in science you have a + + + align:start position:0% +scientific and in science you have a +purpose and like it's not things are not + + align:start position:0% +purpose and like it's not things are not + + + align:start position:0% +purpose and like it's not things are not +just the way they are you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +just the way they are you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +just the way they are you're trying to +make things better um and so I think + + align:start position:0% +make things better um and so I think + + + align:start position:0% +make things better um and so I think +this just has to like this obviously fit + + align:start position:0% +this just has to like this obviously fit + + + align:start position:0% +this just has to like this obviously fit +into its time and it was like one of the + + align:start position:0% +into its time and it was like one of the + + + align:start position:0% +into its time and it was like one of the +topics that people would have I was + + align:start position:0% +topics that people would have I was + + + align:start position:0% +topics that people would have I was +probably just like one of the issues in + + align:start position:0% +probably just like one of the issues in + + + align:start position:0% +probably just like one of the issues in +society where people were trying to like + + align:start position:0% +society where people were trying to like + + + align:start position:0% +society where people were trying to like +from a active and like like proactive + + align:start position:0% +from a active and like like proactive + + + align:start position:0% +from a active and like like proactive +kind of standpoint in life versus a kind + + align:start position:0% +kind of standpoint in life versus a kind + + + align:start position:0% +kind of standpoint in life versus a kind +of resigned view this is just the way + + align:start position:0% +of resigned view this is just the way + + + align:start position:0% +of resigned view this is just the way +things are like almost like a tribal + + align:start position:0% +things are like almost like a tribal + + + align:start position:0% +things are like almost like a tribal +perspective okay yeah this is uh heard + + align:start position:0% +perspective okay yeah this is uh heard + + + align:start position:0% +perspective okay yeah this is uh heard +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +I this is one way of looking at the + + align:start position:0% +I this is one way of looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +I this is one way of looking at the +world that the world is basically + + align:start position:0% +world that the world is basically + + + align:start position:0% +world that the world is basically +designed as well as it could be it's + + align:start position:0% +designed as well as it could be it's + + + align:start position:0% +designed as well as it could be it's +what we have we really don't have a + + align:start position:0% +what we have we really don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +what we have we really don't have a +whole lot of power to change it and even + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of power to change it and even + + + align:start position:0% +whole lot of power to change it and even +so it's the way things were created + + align:start position:0% +so it's the way things were created + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the way things were created +or uh established or how whatever word + + align:start position:0% +or uh established or how whatever word + + + align:start position:0% +or uh established or how whatever word +you want to use here but this accepts + + align:start position:0% +you want to use here but this accepts + + + align:start position:0% +you want to use here but this accepts +the way the world + + align:start position:0% +the way the world + + + align:start position:0% +the way the world +is uh and of course as um + + align:start position:0% +is uh and of course as um + + + align:start position:0% +is uh and of course as um +um Craig was just saying uh you know + + align:start position:0% +um Craig was just saying uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +um Craig was just saying uh you know +with that + + align:start position:0% +with that + + + align:start position:0% +with that +rational you could say well you know the + + align:start position:0% +rational you could say well you know the + + + align:start position:0% +rational you could say well you know the +point of trying to change things is kind + + align:start position:0% +point of trying to change things is kind + + + align:start position:0% +point of trying to change things is kind +of well useless I mean you're not going + + align:start position:0% +of well useless I mean you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +of well useless I mean you're not going +to make a lot of changes your effect on + + align:start position:0% +to make a lot of changes your effect on + + + align:start position:0% +to make a lot of changes your effect on +the world is going to be minimal and you + + align:start position:0% +the world is going to be minimal and you + + + align:start position:0% +the world is going to be minimal and you +should really concentrate on other more + + align:start position:0% +should really concentrate on other more + + + align:start position:0% +should really concentrate on other more +important things so that's one way of + + align:start position:0% +important things so that's one way of + + + align:start position:0% +important things so that's one way of +looking at the world + + align:start position:0% +looking at the world + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the world +and in many ways uh pangloss + + align:start position:0% +and in many ways uh pangloss + + + align:start position:0% +and in many ways uh pangloss +himself represents this sort of uh you + + align:start position:0% +himself represents this sort of uh you + + + align:start position:0% +himself represents this sort of uh you +know the world is uh as it is for a + + align:start position:0% +know the world is uh as it is for a + + + align:start position:0% +know the world is uh as it is for a +purpose and you know what's the + + align:start position:0% +purpose and you know what's the + + + align:start position:0% +purpose and you know what's the +purpose what's the purpose of the + + align:start position:0% +purpose what's the purpose of the + + + align:start position:0% +purpose what's the purpose of the +world what's the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +world what's the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +world what's the purpose of +suffering I mean there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +suffering I mean there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +suffering I mean there's a lot of +suffering in this + + align:start position:0% +suffering in this + + + align:start position:0% +suffering in this +book what are arguments for the purpose + + align:start position:0% +book what are arguments for the purpose + + + align:start position:0% +book what are arguments for the purpose +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suffering are there biblical Arguments + + align:start position:0% +suffering are there biblical Arguments + + + align:start position:0% +suffering are there biblical Arguments +for the purpose of suffering what + + align:start position:0% +for the purpose of suffering what + + + align:start position:0% +for the purpose of suffering what +happened after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Eden yeah uh suffering can serve as a + + align:start position:0% +Eden yeah uh suffering can serve as a + + + align:start position:0% +Eden yeah uh suffering can serve as a +learning experience that's right you + + align:start position:0% +learning experience that's right you + + + align:start position:0% +learning experience that's right you +know uh when Adam and Eve were forced + + align:start position:0% +know uh when Adam and Eve were forced + + + align:start position:0% +know uh when Adam and Eve were forced +out of Eden and they learned or + + align:start position:0% +out of Eden and they learned or + + + align:start position:0% +out of Eden and they learned or +experienced pain and and they began to + + align:start position:0% +experienced pain and and they began to + + + align:start position:0% +experienced pain and and they began to +live in the real world where they had to + + align:start position:0% +live in the real world where they had to + + + align:start position:0% +live in the real world where they had to +create the resources for their own + + align:start position:0% +create the resources for their own + + + align:start position:0% +create the resources for their own +living and they had to + + align:start position:0% +living and they had to + + + align:start position:0% +living and they had to +struggle this was seen as a a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +struggle this was seen as a a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +struggle this was seen as a a tremendous +loss by many people however there was a + + align:start position:0% +loss by many people however there was a + + + align:start position:0% +loss by many people however there was a +gain and what was the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gain through the world of + + align:start position:0% +gain through the world of + + + align:start position:0% +gain through the world of +experience they could + + align:start position:0% +experience they could + + + align:start position:0% +experience they could +what Le learn the + + align:start position:0% +what Le learn the + + + align:start position:0% +what Le learn the +building they learned about life they + + align:start position:0% +building they learned about life they + + + align:start position:0% +building they learned about life they +became they transcended themselves they + + align:start position:0% +became they transcended themselves they + + + align:start position:0% +became they transcended themselves they +became you they had the opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +became you they had the opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +became you they had the opportunity to +become good + + align:start position:0% +become good + + + align:start position:0% +become good +people and ultimately + + align:start position:0% +people and ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +people and ultimately +regain the state that's that's um the + + align:start position:0% +regain the state that's that's um the + + + align:start position:0% +regain the state that's that's um the +state of uh of of um existence that they + + align:start position:0% +state of uh of of um existence that they + + + align:start position:0% +state of uh of of um existence that they +enjoyed in + + align:start position:0% +enjoyed in + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyed in +Eden so that was a uh that was a + + align:start position:0% +Eden so that was a uh that was a + + + align:start position:0% +Eden so that was a uh that was a +Biblical + + align:start position:0% +Biblical + + + align:start position:0% +Biblical +View and in some ways pangos sort of + + align:start position:0% +View and in some ways pangos sort of + + + align:start position:0% +View and in some ways pangos sort of +reflects something like that doesn't he + + align:start position:0% +reflects something like that doesn't he + + + align:start position:0% +reflects something like that doesn't he +there's also kind of the idea that with + + align:start position:0% +there's also kind of the idea that with + + + align:start position:0% +there's also kind of the idea that with +suffering comes like sacrifice and the + + align:start position:0% +suffering comes like sacrifice and the + + + align:start position:0% +suffering comes like sacrifice and the +idea that + + align:start position:0% +idea that + + + align:start position:0% +idea that +somehow in suffering you're helping + + align:start position:0% +somehow in suffering you're helping + + + align:start position:0% +somehow in suffering you're helping +others like when Ki comes across pongos + + align:start position:0% +others like when Ki comes across pongos + + + align:start position:0% +others like when Ki comes across pongos +and he has syphilis and is missing his + + align:start position:0% +and he has syphilis and is missing his + + + align:start position:0% +and he has syphilis and is missing his +nose and he I meanon dud says oh Sage + + align:start position:0% +nose and he I meanon dud says oh Sage + + + align:start position:0% +nose and he I meanon dud says oh Sage +Fong like what a strange genology is + + align:start position:0% +Fong like what a strange genology is + + + align:start position:0% +Fong like what a strange genology is +this it's not the devil at the root of + + align:start position:0% +this it's not the devil at the root of + + + align:start position:0% +this it's not the devil at the root of +it and then pongas is like well no if I + + align:start position:0% +it and then pongas is like well no if I + + + align:start position:0% +it and then pongas is like well no if I +hadn't contracted cus that would have + + align:start position:0% +hadn't contracted cus that would have + + + align:start position:0% +hadn't contracted cus that would have +meant that Columbus would have never + + align:start position:0% +meant that Columbus would have never + + + align:start position:0% +meant that Columbus would have never +come across syphilis and at the same + + align:start position:0% +come across syphilis and at the same + + + align:start position:0% +come across syphilis and at the same +time wouldn't have found chocolate or + + align:start position:0% +time wouldn't have found chocolate or + + + align:start position:0% +time wouldn't have found chocolate or +cockanal and so those things that people + + align:start position:0% +cockanal and so those things that people + + + align:start position:0% +cockanal and so those things that people +take so much pleasure in wouldn't be in + + align:start position:0% +take so much pleasure in wouldn't be in + + + align:start position:0% +take so much pleasure in wouldn't be in +the world and therefore like the fact + + align:start position:0% +the world and therefore like the fact + + + align:start position:0% +the world and therefore like the fact +that he has + + align:start position:0% +that he has + + + align:start position:0% +that he has +syphilis in a way he's making a + + align:start position:0% +syphilis in a way he's making a + + + align:start position:0% +syphilis in a way he's making a +sacrifice so the rest of mankind can + + align:start position:0% +sacrifice so the rest of mankind can + + + align:start position:0% +sacrifice so the rest of mankind can +enjoy you know the fruits of the world + + align:start position:0% +enjoy you know the fruits of the world + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy you know the fruits of the world +so I think and I I think maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +so I think and I I think maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +so I think and I I think maybe there's +some kind of biblical ideas behind that + + align:start position:0% +some kind of biblical ideas behind that + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of biblical ideas behind that +too with sacrifice or just religion in + + align:start position:0% +too with sacrifice or just religion in + + + align:start position:0% +too with sacrifice or just religion in +general there's a lot of sacrificial + + align:start position:0% +general there's a lot of sacrificial + + + align:start position:0% +general there's a lot of sacrificial +kind of things go on Vol is taking stabs + + align:start position:0% +kind of things go on Vol is taking stabs + + + align:start position:0% +kind of things go on Vol is taking stabs +at religious fuse here I + + align:start position:0% +at religious fuse here I + + + align:start position:0% +at religious fuse here I +think yeah no voler definitely is u a uh + + align:start position:0% +think yeah no voler definitely is u a uh + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah no voler definitely is u a uh +you know as I mentioned he's anti- + + align:start position:0% +you know as I mentioned he's anti- + + + align:start position:0% +you know as I mentioned he's anti- +cleric he SE this + + align:start position:0% +cleric he SE this + + + align:start position:0% +cleric he SE this +religious view of the world as basically + + align:start position:0% +religious view of the world as basically + + + align:start position:0% +religious view of the world as basically +justifying the evil of the world yeah I + + align:start position:0% +justifying the evil of the world yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +justifying the evil of the world yeah I +was just going to say when when I hear + + align:start position:0% +was just going to say when when I hear + + + align:start position:0% +was just going to say when when I hear +CL talk about it you know like that you + + align:start position:0% +CL talk about it you know like that you + + + align:start position:0% +CL talk about it you know like that you +know this uh pengas is crazy he's + + align:start position:0% +know this uh pengas is crazy he's + + + align:start position:0% +know this uh pengas is crazy he's +absolutely crazy you know like there's + + align:start position:0% +absolutely crazy you know like there's + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely crazy you know like there's +that there's that scene where you know + + align:start position:0% +that there's that scene where you know + + + align:start position:0% +that there's that scene where you know +candid is like lying in rubble and + + align:start position:0% +candid is like lying in rubble and + + + align:start position:0% +candid is like lying in rubble and +Bordeaux or wherever it is and he's you + + align:start position:0% +Bordeaux or wherever it is and he's you + + + align:start position:0% +Bordeaux or wherever it is and he's you +know stuck under it and rather than + + align:start position:0% +know stuck under it and rather than + + + align:start position:0% +know stuck under it and rather than +trying to help him out pangas is like oh + + align:start position:0% +trying to help him out pangas is like oh + + + align:start position:0% +trying to help him out pangas is like oh +let's try to find a reason for why the + + align:start position:0% +let's try to find a reason for why the + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to find a reason for why the +earthquake happen so it's like this kind + + align:start position:0% +earthquake happen so it's like this kind + + + align:start position:0% +earthquake happen so it's like this kind +of caricature is when you take it to its + + align:start position:0% +of caricature is when you take it to its + + + align:start position:0% +of caricature is when you take it to its +extreme it just makes it absurd you know + + align:start position:0% +extreme it just makes it absurd you know + + + align:start position:0% +extreme it just makes it absurd you know +certainly that's that's where Vol is + + align:start position:0% +certainly that's that's where Vol is + + + align:start position:0% +certainly that's that's where Vol is +going with this the so this is uh you + + align:start position:0% +going with this the so this is uh you + + + align:start position:0% +going with this the so this is uh you +know the the purpose of the world the + + align:start position:0% +know the the purpose of the world the + + + align:start position:0% +know the the purpose of the world the +idea that the world has a purpose is is + + align:start position:0% +idea that the world has a purpose is is + + + align:start position:0% +idea that the world has a purpose is is +this sort of uh what we sometimes refer + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh what we sometimes refer + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh what we sometimes refer +to as a a teic world a world in which + + align:start position:0% +to as a a teic world a world in which + + + align:start position:0% +to as a a teic world a world in which +there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a +purpose that is implicit and that you + + align:start position:0% +purpose that is implicit and that you + + + align:start position:0% +purpose that is implicit and that you +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discover and you know a Biblical view is + + align:start position:0% +discover and you know a Biblical view is + + + align:start position:0% +discover and you know a Biblical view is +partly to make sense to the world and + + align:start position:0% +partly to make sense to the world and + + + align:start position:0% +partly to make sense to the world and +Def find the purpose of the world and + + align:start position:0% +Def find the purpose of the world and + + + align:start position:0% +Def find the purpose of the world and +the purpose of the world turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of the world turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of the world turns out to be +uh many things but including them uh you + + align:start position:0% +uh many things but including them uh you + + + align:start position:0% +uh many things but including them uh you +know your own personal + + align:start position:0% +know your own personal + + + align:start position:0% +know your own personal +Redemption as you struggle and this + + align:start position:0% +Redemption as you struggle and this + + + align:start position:0% +Redemption as you struggle and this +novel does end up with people in the + + align:start position:0% +novel does end up with people in the + + + align:start position:0% +novel does end up with people in the +garden does it not I mean it's not it's + + align:start position:0% +garden does it not I mean it's not it's + + + align:start position:0% +garden does it not I mean it's not it's +not the garden of uh Eden they have to + + align:start position:0% +not the garden of uh Eden they have to + + + align:start position:0% +not the garden of uh Eden they have to +go out and you know earn their living by + + align:start position:0% +go out and you know earn their living by + + + align:start position:0% +go out and you know earn their living by +the sweat of their + + align:start position:0% +the sweat of their + + + align:start position:0% +the sweat of their +brow but you know they've at the end of + + align:start position:0% +brow but you know they've at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +brow but you know they've at the end of +the novel they've sort of come to some + + align:start position:0% +the novel they've sort of come to some + + + align:start position:0% +the novel they've sort of come to some +kind of understanding of what's + + align:start position:0% +kind of understanding of what's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of understanding of what's +possible and they've grouped together + + align:start position:0% +possible and they've grouped together + + + align:start position:0% +possible and they've grouped together +so chapter five we come to uh lisban + + align:start position:0% +so chapter five we come to uh lisban + + + align:start position:0% +so chapter five we come to uh lisban +earthquake this is one of the great uh + + align:start position:0% +earthquake this is one of the great uh + + + align:start position:0% +earthquake this is one of the great uh +earthquakes of uh in recorded history + + align:start position:0% +earthquakes of uh in recorded history + + + align:start position:0% +earthquakes of uh in recorded history +and uh this is in 1755 so it was right + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is in 1755 so it was right + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is in 1755 so it was right +at the time that uh Vol is writing + + align:start position:0% +at the time that uh Vol is writing + + + align:start position:0% +at the time that uh Vol is writing +candid so what's what what's the Lisbon + + align:start position:0% +candid so what's what what's the Lisbon + + + align:start position:0% +candid so what's what what's the Lisbon +earthquake uh doing in this + + align:start position:0% +earthquake uh doing in this + + + align:start position:0% +earthquake uh doing in this +book and it comes right after this this + + align:start position:0% +book and it comes right after this this + + + align:start position:0% +book and it comes right after this this +chapter where they're talking about + + align:start position:0% +chapter where they're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +chapter where they're talking about +about you know greater suffering leads + + align:start position:0% +about you know greater suffering leads + + + align:start position:0% +about you know greater suffering leads +to Greater goods and so forth so what is + + align:start position:0% +to Greater goods and so forth so what is + + + align:start position:0% +to Greater goods and so forth so what is +what was a yeah it just throws that view + + align:start position:0% +what was a yeah it just throws that view + + + align:start position:0% +what was a yeah it just throws that view +that earlier view of the at the window + + align:start position:0% +that earlier view of the at the window + + + align:start position:0% +that earlier view of the at the window +because here we have lots of private + + align:start position:0% +because here we have lots of private + + + align:start position:0% +because here we have lots of private +misfortunes yet the good there's no + + align:start position:0% +misfortunes yet the good there's no + + + align:start position:0% +misfortunes yet the good there's no +apparent good it's just por of nature + + align:start position:0% +apparent good it's just por of nature + + + align:start position:0% +apparent good it's just por of nature +yeah okay so now we have not just + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so now we have not just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so now we have not just +human generated catastrophes but nature + + align:start position:0% +human generated catastrophes but nature + + + align:start position:0% +human generated catastrophes but nature +itself isn't + + align:start position:0% +itself isn't + + + align:start position:0% +itself isn't +it I mean this is a + + align:start position:0% +it I mean this is a + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean this is a +a phenomenal scaled earthquake yeah I + + align:start position:0% +a phenomenal scaled earthquake yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +a phenomenal scaled earthquake yeah I +think it like could be argued that it is + + align:start position:0% +think it like could be argued that it is + + + align:start position:0% +think it like could be argued that it is +in some ways Humanity's fault because + + align:start position:0% +in some ways Humanity's fault because + + + align:start position:0% +in some ways Humanity's fault because +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +Humanity wasn't supposed to build tall + + align:start position:0% +Humanity wasn't supposed to build tall + + + align:start position:0% +Humanity wasn't supposed to build tall +buildings and everything that were + + align:start position:0% +buildings and everything that were + + + align:start position:0% +buildings and everything that were +susceptible to earthquakes and all this + + align:start position:0% +susceptible to earthquakes and all this + + + align:start position:0% +susceptible to earthquakes and all this +kind of stuff you know like earthquakes + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff you know like earthquakes + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff you know like earthquakes +have been happening long before we + + align:start position:0% +have been happening long before we + + + align:start position:0% +have been happening long before we +decided to build buildings that fall + + align:start position:0% +decided to build buildings that fall + + + align:start position:0% +decided to build buildings that fall +down this is true but there there hadn't + + align:start position:0% +down this is true but there there hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +down this is true but there there hadn't +been many earthquakes of that scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean if an asteroid comes and blasts + + align:start position:0% +I mean if an asteroid comes and blasts + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if an asteroid comes and blasts +into the Earth we could say well we + + align:start position:0% +into the Earth we could say well we + + + align:start position:0% +into the Earth we could say well we +should have done but here we have kind + + align:start position:0% +should have done but here we have kind + + + align:start position:0% +should have done but here we have kind +of a a force of nature that just it just + + align:start position:0% +of a a force of nature that just it just + + + align:start position:0% +of a a force of nature that just it just +turned out is you know + + align:start position:0% +turned out is you know + + + align:start position:0% +turned out is you know +overwhelmingly beyond what anybody had + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmingly beyond what anybody had + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmingly beyond what anybody had +imagin + + align:start position:0% +imagin + + + align:start position:0% +imagin +possible and yeah we could say they + + align:start position:0% +possible and yeah we could say they + + + align:start position:0% +possible and yeah we could say they +should have known better but they didn't + + align:start position:0% +should have known better but they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +should have known better but they didn't +know about magnitudes and earthquakes in + + align:start position:0% +know about magnitudes and earthquakes in + + + align:start position:0% +know about magnitudes and earthquakes in +general even didn't even know what they + + align:start position:0% +general even didn't even know what they + + + align:start position:0% +general even didn't even know what they +were at this time well I think um + + align:start position:0% +were at this time well I think um + + + align:start position:0% +were at this time well I think um +more on more of on the plane of V's + + align:start position:0% +more on more of on the plane of V's + + + align:start position:0% +more on more of on the plane of V's +discussion is if you try to think of the + + align:start position:0% +discussion is if you try to think of the + + + align:start position:0% +discussion is if you try to think of the +ideas that he presents in a more + + align:start position:0% +ideas that he presents in a more + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that he presents in a more +evolutionary light um like humans like + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary light um like humans like + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary light um like humans like +supposing that Society is um has like a + + align:start position:0% +supposing that Society is um has like a + + + align:start position:0% +supposing that Society is um has like a +more or less realistic perspective on + + align:start position:0% +more or less realistic perspective on + + + align:start position:0% +more or less realistic perspective on +how life + + align:start position:0% +how life + + + align:start position:0% +how life +is then you can see that um it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +is then you can see that um it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is then you can see that um it's kind of +like the human the human um like species + + align:start position:0% +like the human the human um like species + + + align:start position:0% +like the human the human um like species +has involved into being too smart and + + align:start position:0% +has involved into being too smart and + + + align:start position:0% +has involved into being too smart and +and being too intelligent that they + + align:start position:0% +and being too intelligent that they + + + align:start position:0% +and being too intelligent that they +think that things happen for a reason + + align:start position:0% +think that things happen for a reason + + + align:start position:0% +think that things happen for a reason +and just subject themselves to the whims + + align:start position:0% +and just subject themselves to the whims + + + align:start position:0% +and just subject themselves to the whims +of um I don't know their own like like + + align:start position:0% +of um I don't know their own like like + + + align:start position:0% +of um I don't know their own like like +destruction from other people or from + + align:start position:0% +destruction from other people or from + + + align:start position:0% +destruction from other people or from +nature um like so if you compare it to + + align:start position:0% +nature um like so if you compare it to + + + align:start position:0% +nature um like so if you compare it to +animals who wouldn't think about all + + align:start position:0% +animals who wouldn't think about all + + + align:start position:0% +animals who wouldn't think about all +this stuff like maybe like you have a + + align:start position:0% +this stuff like maybe like you have a + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff like maybe like you have a +tiger looks around doesn't see any food + + align:start position:0% +tiger looks around doesn't see any food + + + align:start position:0% +tiger looks around doesn't see any food +should he just like just sit there and + + align:start position:0% +should he just like just sit there and + + + align:start position:0% +should he just like just sit there and +feel hungry right it's not like a + + align:start position:0% +feel hungry right it's not like a + + + align:start position:0% +feel hungry right it's not like a +there's no like there's like a loss of + + align:start position:0% +there's no like there's like a loss of + + + align:start position:0% +there's no like there's like a loss of +animal instinct when you think about + + align:start position:0% +animal instinct when you think about + + + align:start position:0% +animal instinct when you think about +just sitting there and suffering and + + align:start position:0% +just sitting there and suffering and + + + align:start position:0% +just sitting there and suffering and +kind of believing that oh you're + + align:start position:0% +kind of believing that oh you're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of believing that oh you're +suffering for a reason and not doing + + align:start position:0% +suffering for a reason and not doing + + + align:start position:0% +suffering for a reason and not doing +anything to improve your own conditions + + align:start position:0% +anything to improve your own conditions + + + align:start position:0% +anything to improve your own conditions +it's not very evolutionarily it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not very evolutionarily it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not very evolutionarily it's not +like it doesn't fit that's that's that's + + align:start position:0% +like it doesn't fit that's that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +like it doesn't fit that's that's that's +an interesting + + align:start position:0% +an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting +observation this this question of + + align:start position:0% +observation this this question of + + + align:start position:0% +observation this this question of +U people people simply suffering + + align:start position:0% +U people people simply suffering + + + align:start position:0% +U people people simply suffering +without and and simply accepting is and + + align:start position:0% +without and and simply accepting is and + + + align:start position:0% +without and and simply accepting is and +what you're what you're questioning is + + align:start position:0% +what you're what you're questioning is + + + align:start position:0% +what you're what you're questioning is +is that a normal human + + align:start position:0% +is that a normal human + + + align:start position:0% +is that a normal human +response and that's a that's a very + + align:start position:0% +response and that's a that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +response and that's a that's a very +interesting question + + align:start position:0% +interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question +because I mean you could say Well yeah + + align:start position:0% +because I mean you could say Well yeah + + + align:start position:0% +because I mean you could say Well yeah +if if if everybody responded to their + + align:start position:0% +if if if everybody responded to their + + + align:start position:0% +if if if everybody responded to their +instinctual impulses say go out and grab + + align:start position:0% +instinctual impulses say go out and grab + + + align:start position:0% +instinctual impulses say go out and grab +everything they could to try to you + + align:start position:0% +everything they could to try to you + + + align:start position:0% +everything they could to try to you +know guarantee their survival under + + align:start position:0% +know guarantee their survival under + + + align:start position:0% +know guarantee their survival under +terrible circumstances and yet if we all + + align:start position:0% +terrible circumstances and yet if we all + + + align:start position:0% +terrible circumstances and yet if we all +act individually rather than + + align:start position:0% +act individually rather than + + + align:start position:0% +act individually rather than +collectively what do we lose we gain + + align:start position:0% +collectively what do we lose we gain + + + align:start position:0% +collectively what do we lose we gain +something individually maybe but what do + + align:start position:0% +something individually maybe but what do + + + align:start position:0% +something individually maybe but what do +we lose a societ as a society or a + + align:start position:0% +we lose a societ as a society or a + + + align:start position:0% +we lose a societ as a society or a +culture I mean there are there are + + align:start position:0% +culture I mean there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +culture I mean there are there are +justifications or or rationals + + align:start position:0% +justifications or or rationals + + + align:start position:0% +justifications or or rationals +for the that that support the importance + + align:start position:0% +for the that that support the importance + + + align:start position:0% +for the that that support the importance +of collective Behavior but I understand + + align:start position:0% +of collective Behavior but I understand + + + align:start position:0% +of collective Behavior but I understand +what you're saying I think what you're + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying I think what you're + + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying I think what you're +saying is also + + align:start position:0% +saying is also + + + align:start position:0% +saying is also +true if we become so passive that we + + align:start position:0% +true if we become so passive that we + + + align:start position:0% +true if we become so passive that we +accept + + align:start position:0% +accept + + + align:start position:0% +accept +everything we don't do anything you know + + align:start position:0% +everything we don't do anything you know + + + align:start position:0% +everything we don't do anything you know +we can just you know shut MIT down MIT + + align:start position:0% +we can just you know shut MIT down MIT + + + align:start position:0% +we can just you know shut MIT down MIT +is all about change and you know making + + align:start position:0% +is all about change and you know making + + + align:start position:0% +is all about change and you know making +things different and better and + + align:start position:0% +things different and better and + + + align:start position:0% +things different and better and +Improvement and progress and things with + + align:start position:0% +Improvement and progress and things with + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement and progress and things with +that I mean what is the concept of + + align:start position:0% +that I mean what is the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean what is the concept of +progress in kandid + + align:start position:0% +progress in kandid + + + align:start position:0% +progress in kandid +I just wanted to say about at the same + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to say about at the same + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to say about at the same +time MIT is a lot of stress a lot of + + align:start position:0% +time MIT is a lot of stress a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +time MIT is a lot of stress a lot of +pain that people just put themselves + + align:start position:0% +pain that people just put themselves + + + align:start position:0% +pain that people just put themselves +through all for individual suffering is + + align:start position:0% +through all for individual suffering is + + + align:start position:0% +through all for individual suffering is +all for a greater cause because we can + + align:start position:0% +all for a greater cause because we can + + + align:start position:0% +all for a greater cause because we can +all do something better + + align:start position:0% +all do something better + + + align:start position:0% +all do something better +for that's why we have that over + + align:start position:0% +for that's why we have that over + + + align:start position:0% +for that's why we have that over +here and keep in mind too on that I + + align:start position:0% +here and keep in mind too on that I + + + align:start position:0% +here and keep in mind too on that I +don't know if they're going to edit this + + align:start position:0% +don't know if they're going to edit this + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if they're going to edit this +out but also you MIT is building a lot + + align:start position:0% +out but also you MIT is building a lot + + + align:start position:0% +out but also you MIT is building a lot +of things for the military which whether + + align:start position:0% +of things for the military which whether + + + align:start position:0% +of things for the military which whether +or not they're doing things for the + + align:start position:0% +or not they're doing things for the + + + align:start position:0% +or not they're doing things for the +greater good is rathon you know but no + + align:start position:0% +greater good is rathon you know but no + + + align:start position:0% +greater good is rathon you know but no +this this is a valid question yeah + + align:start position:0% +this this is a valid question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +this this is a valid question yeah +question they're they're building things + + align:start position:0% +question they're they're building things + + + align:start position:0% +question they're they're building things +for the betterment of uh Society but uh + + align:start position:0% +for the betterment of uh Society but uh + + + align:start position:0% +for the betterment of uh Society but uh +maybe they're also building things for + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're also building things for + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they're also building things for +the betterment of uh know bad impulses + + align:start position:0% +the betterment of uh know bad impulses + + + align:start position:0% +the betterment of uh know bad impulses +or bad policies + + align:start position:0% +or bad policies + + + align:start position:0% +or bad policies +or whatever I mean in some + + align:start position:0% +or whatever I mean in some + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever I mean in some +sense you know the things that get + + align:start position:0% +sense you know the things that get + + + align:start position:0% +sense you know the things that get +built can be used for all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +built can be used for all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +built can be used for all sorts of +purposes even things that uh you know + + align:start position:0% +purposes even things that uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +purposes even things that uh you know +may be built for with the best of + + align:start position:0% +may be built for with the best of + + + align:start position:0% +may be built for with the best of +intentions they can get repurposed to + + align:start position:0% +intentions they can get repurposed to + + + align:start position:0% +intentions they can get repurposed to +things that are you know The Originators + + align:start position:0% +things that are you know The Originators + + + align:start position:0% +things that are you know The Originators +would disagree with so that's always in + + align:start position:0% +would disagree with so that's always in + + + align:start position:0% +would disagree with so that's always in +the background but um you know certainly + + align:start position:0% +the background but um you know certainly + + + align:start position:0% +the background but um you know certainly +the notion of uh + + align:start position:0% +the notion of uh + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of uh +Collective organized uh Behavior trying + + align:start position:0% +Collective organized uh Behavior trying + + + align:start position:0% +Collective organized uh Behavior trying +to improve the lot of + + align:start position:0% +to improve the lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to improve the lot of +humans I mean this is this is an idea + + align:start position:0% +humans I mean this is this is an idea + + + align:start position:0% +humans I mean this is this is an idea +that was starting to form about this + + align:start position:0% +that was starting to form about this + + + align:start position:0% +that was starting to form about this +time isn't it this this notion of the + + align:start position:0% +time isn't it this this notion of the + + + align:start position:0% +time isn't it this this notion of the +big word the big p word + + align:start position:0% +big word the big p word + + + align:start position:0% +big word the big p word +progress what how does progress fit into + + align:start position:0% +progress what how does progress fit into + + + align:start position:0% +progress what how does progress fit into +this book is there any chance for + + align:start position:0% +this book is there any chance for + + + align:start position:0% +this book is there any chance for +progress in these + + align:start position:0% +progress in these + + + align:start position:0% +progress in these +societies CL well it seems kind of like + + align:start position:0% +societies CL well it seems kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +societies CL well it seems kind of like +he's saying that some sort of large + + align:start position:0% +he's saying that some sort of large + + + align:start position:0% +he's saying that some sort of large +scale suffering maybe is necessary for + + align:start position:0% +scale suffering maybe is necessary for + + + align:start position:0% +scale suffering maybe is necessary for +there to be progress because like one + + align:start position:0% +there to be progress because like one + + + align:start position:0% +there to be progress because like one +thing I noticed is the earthquake + + align:start position:0% +thing I noticed is the earthquake + + + align:start position:0% +thing I noticed is the earthquake +happens and then right after that is + + align:start position:0% +happens and then right after that is + + + align:start position:0% +happens and then right after that is +when like kind of the foundation of + + align:start position:0% +when like kind of the foundation of + + + align:start position:0% +when like kind of the foundation of +candi's thoughts and his ideas change so + + align:start position:0% +candi's thoughts and his ideas change so + + + align:start position:0% +candi's thoughts and his ideas change so +like right after the earthquake happens + + align:start position:0% +like right after the earthquake happens + + + align:start position:0% +like right after the earthquake happens +he's sitting and trembling and he's + + align:start position:0% +he's sitting and trembling and he's + + + align:start position:0% +he's sitting and trembling and he's +thinking if this is the best of all + + align:start position:0% +thinking if this is the best of all + + + align:start position:0% +thinking if this is the best of all +possible worlds what are all of the + + align:start position:0% +possible worlds what are all of the + + + align:start position:0% +possible worlds what are all of the +others like so it took something + + align:start position:0% +others like so it took something + + + align:start position:0% +others like so it took something +absolutely terrible to like make for + + align:start position:0% +absolutely terrible to like make for + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely terrible to like make for +that progress in thinking so maybe voler + + align:start position:0% +that progress in thinking so maybe voler + + + align:start position:0% +that progress in thinking so maybe voler +is suggesting that in order to have like + + align:start position:0% +is suggesting that in order to have like + + + align:start position:0% +is suggesting that in order to have like +significant progress large scale bad + + align:start position:0% +significant progress large scale bad + + + align:start position:0% +significant progress large scale bad +things do need to happen there does need + + align:start position:0% +things do need to happen there does need + + + align:start position:0% +things do need to happen there does need +to be kind of like I guess you call it + + align:start position:0% +to be kind of like I guess you call it + + + align:start position:0% +to be kind of like I guess you call it +Mass private suffering for public + + align:start position:0% +Mass private suffering for public + + + align:start position:0% +Mass private suffering for public +progress okay + + align:start position:0% +progress okay + + + align:start position:0% +progress okay +yeah all right this is uh yeah I I see + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right this is uh yeah I I see + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right this is uh yeah I I see +progress appearing + + align:start position:0% +progress appearing + + + align:start position:0% +progress appearing +more when they're in the garden because + + align:start position:0% +more when they're in the garden because + + + align:start position:0% +more when they're in the garden because +when they're in the garden there they're + + align:start position:0% +when they're in the garden there they're + + + align:start position:0% +when they're in the garden there they're +realizing that a garden is a great + + align:start position:0% +realizing that a garden is a great + + + align:start position:0% +realizing that a garden is a great +demonstration of this because you put + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of this because you put + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration of this because you put +hard manual labor into it and you get a + + align:start position:0% +hard manual labor into it and you get a + + + align:start position:0% +hard manual labor into it and you get a +wonderful yield of crops firing some you + + align:start position:0% +wonderful yield of crops firing some you + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful yield of crops firing some you +know weather difficulties and that all + + align:start position:0% +know weather difficulties and that all + + + align:start position:0% +know weather difficulties and that all +of the all of the crops that you yield + + align:start position:0% +of the all of the crops that you yield + + + align:start position:0% +of the all of the crops that you yield +come from your own work and you're not + + align:start position:0% +come from your own work and you're not + + + align:start position:0% +come from your own work and you're not +you're not dealing with you know your + + align:start position:0% +you're not dealing with you know your + + + align:start position:0% +you're not dealing with you know your +your earthquakes and you're not dealing + + align:start position:0% +your earthquakes and you're not dealing + + + align:start position:0% +your earthquakes and you're not dealing +with suffering and so progress comes + + align:start position:0% +with suffering and so progress comes + + + align:start position:0% +with suffering and so progress comes +from the change in Viewpoint from + + align:start position:0% +from the change in Viewpoint from + + + align:start position:0% +from the change in Viewpoint from +everything being external to this is the + + align:start position:0% +everything being external to this is the + + + align:start position:0% +everything being external to this is the +way things are to you know I was + + align:start position:0% +way things are to you know I was + + + align:start position:0% +way things are to you know I was +reminded of Doc Brown and Back to the + + align:start position:0% +reminded of Doc Brown and Back to the + + + align:start position:0% +reminded of Doc Brown and Back to the +Future where he says the world is + + align:start position:0% +Future where he says the world is + + + align:start position:0% +Future where he says the world is +whatever you make it so make it a good + + align:start position:0% +whatever you make it so make it a good + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you make it so make it a good +one and that's + + align:start position:0% +one and that's + + + align:start position:0% +one and that's +where so + + align:start position:0% +where so + + + align:start position:0% +where so +yeah yeah well that's uh that's yeah I + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah well that's uh that's yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah well that's uh that's yeah I +think there is some I mean certainly the + + align:start position:0% +think there is some I mean certainly the + + + align:start position:0% +think there is some I mean certainly the +the world of + + align:start position:0% +the world of + + + align:start position:0% +the world of +candid is pretty much a static world is + + align:start position:0% +candid is pretty much a static world is + + + align:start position:0% +candid is pretty much a static world is +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +not I mean I mean the notion that the + + align:start position:0% +not I mean I mean the notion that the + + + align:start position:0% +not I mean I mean the notion that the +world that Societies in the world and + + align:start position:0% +world that Societies in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +world that Societies in the world and +the world itself and peoples of the + + align:start position:0% +the world itself and peoples of the + + + align:start position:0% +the world itself and peoples of the +world and all could experience progress + + align:start position:0% +world and all could experience progress + + + align:start position:0% +world and all could experience progress +whatever that word means and we'll be + + align:start position:0% +whatever that word means and we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that word means and we'll be +exploring it as we move into uh some of + + align:start position:0% +exploring it as we move into uh some of + + + align:start position:0% +exploring it as we move into uh some of +the other works of the term we we come + + align:start position:0% +the other works of the term we we come + + + align:start position:0% +the other works of the term we we come +up against a ambiguity a deep ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +up against a ambiguity a deep ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +up against a ambiguity a deep ambiguity +here and that is uh natural + + align:start position:0% +here and that is uh natural + + + align:start position:0% +here and that is uh natural +catastrophes cause serious harm and evil + + align:start position:0% +catastrophes cause serious harm and evil + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophes cause serious harm and evil +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +humans but they're natural and we live + + align:start position:0% +humans but they're natural and we live + + + align:start position:0% +humans but they're natural and we live +in a natural world and we're sort of + + align:start position:0% +in a natural world and we're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in a natural world and we're sort of +stuck in the sense that we are part of + + align:start position:0% +stuck in the sense that we are part of + + + align:start position:0% +stuck in the sense that we are part of +nature that's defines you know what we + + align:start position:0% +nature that's defines you know what we + + + align:start position:0% +nature that's defines you know what we +are but we're also have this culture and + + align:start position:0% +are but we're also have this culture and + + + align:start position:0% +are but we're also have this culture and +society that we built up + + align:start position:0% +society that we built up + + + align:start position:0% +society that we built up +and these two things don't always + + align:start position:0% +and these two things don't always + + + align:start position:0% +and these two things don't always +necessarily fit + + align:start position:0% +necessarily fit + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily fit +well I mean Wordsworth manages to in his + + align:start position:0% +well I mean Wordsworth manages to in his + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean Wordsworth manages to in his +poem lines uh tinter and + + align:start position:0% +poem lines uh tinter and + + + align:start position:0% +poem lines uh tinter and +Abbey you know he manages to find an + + align:start position:0% +Abbey you know he manages to find an + + + align:start position:0% +Abbey you know he manages to find an +accommodation there between himself as a + + align:start position:0% +accommodation there between himself as a + + + align:start position:0% +accommodation there between himself as a +private + + align:start position:0% +private + + + align:start position:0% +private +individual and the countryside which is + + align:start position:0% +individual and the countryside which is + + + align:start position:0% +individual and the countryside which is +a very beautiful + + align:start position:0% +a very beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +a very beautiful +benign attractive Countryside + + align:start position:0% +benign attractive Countryside + + + align:start position:0% +benign attractive Countryside +but you know there are plenty of natural + + align:start position:0% +but you know there are plenty of natural + + + align:start position:0% +but you know there are plenty of natural +settings and natural events which we + + align:start position:0% +settings and natural events which we + + + align:start position:0% +settings and natural events which we +would have as humans members of a + + align:start position:0% +would have as humans members of a + + + align:start position:0% +would have as humans members of a +society and culture consider evil or + + align:start position:0% +society and culture consider evil or + + + align:start position:0% +society and culture consider evil or +maybe that's not quite the right word + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's not quite the right word + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's not quite the right word +but they're they're not simply neutral + + align:start position:0% +but they're they're not simply neutral + + + align:start position:0% +but they're they're not simply neutral +events they're events that cause great + + align:start position:0% +events they're events that cause great + + + align:start position:0% +events they're events that cause great +harm and damage and so there's at at at + + align:start position:0% +harm and damage and so there's at at at + + + align:start position:0% +harm and damage and so there's at at at +the core of human existence there is + + align:start position:0% +the core of human existence there is + + + align:start position:0% +the core of human existence there is +this kind of ambiguity between are we + + align:start position:0% +this kind of ambiguity between are we + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of ambiguity between are we +part of Nature and we just + + align:start position:0% +part of Nature and we just + + + align:start position:0% +part of Nature and we just +accept what happens in nature or are we + + align:start position:0% +accept what happens in nature or are we + + + align:start position:0% +accept what happens in nature or are we +different and do we mold nature into our + + align:start position:0% +different and do we mold nature into our + + + align:start position:0% +different and do we mold nature into our +own shape and + + align:start position:0% +own shape and + + + align:start position:0% +own shape and +ends and I suppose at some level answer + + align:start position:0% +ends and I suppose at some level answer + + + align:start position:0% +ends and I suppose at some level answer +is both why does voler take us to the + + align:start position:0% +is both why does voler take us to the + + + align:start position:0% +is both why does voler take us to the +new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world what's what's what's the urgency + + align:start position:0% +world what's what's what's the urgency + + + align:start position:0% +world what's what's what's the urgency +of uh you know leaving and going off + + align:start position:0% +of uh you know leaving and going off + + + align:start position:0% +of uh you know leaving and going off +into this uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this uh this event here is where uh + + align:start position:0% +so this uh this event here is where uh + + + align:start position:0% +so this uh this event here is where uh +in chapter uh + + align:start position:0% +in chapter uh + + + align:start position:0% +in chapter uh +16 uh they've gone off to the new world + + align:start position:0% +16 uh they've gone off to the new world + + + align:start position:0% +16 uh they've gone off to the new world +uh they' uh found uh kon's uh brother + + align:start position:0% +uh they' uh found uh kon's uh brother + + + align:start position:0% +uh they' uh found uh kon's uh brother +and they've met some Jesuits and you + + align:start position:0% +and they've met some Jesuits and you + + + align:start position:0% +and they've met some Jesuits and you +know they're uh you know things are + + align:start position:0% +know they're uh you know things are + + + align:start position:0% +know they're uh you know things are +pretty much the same in the new world as + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same in the new world as + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same in the new world as +in the old uh people are + + align:start position:0% +in the old uh people are + + + align:start position:0% +in the old uh people are +being uh organized around sort of + + align:start position:0% +being uh organized around sort of + + + align:start position:0% +being uh organized around sort of +private interests + + align:start position:0% +private interests + + + align:start position:0% +private interests +and there are organizations the church + + align:start position:0% +and there are organizations the church + + + align:start position:0% +and there are organizations the church +and so forth which uh are uh sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +and so forth which uh are uh sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth which uh are uh sort of uh +causing uh or or bringing about uh + + align:start position:0% +causing uh or or bringing about uh + + + align:start position:0% +causing uh or or bringing about uh +reordering of societies and so forth uh + + align:start position:0% +reordering of societies and so forth uh + + + align:start position:0% +reordering of societies and so forth uh +and uh volter is not too happy with + + align:start position:0% +and uh volter is not too happy with + + + align:start position:0% +and uh volter is not too happy with +this this sort of scene of development + + align:start position:0% +this this sort of scene of development + + + align:start position:0% +this this sort of scene of development +yeah um well I think maybe it's like + + align:start position:0% +yeah um well I think maybe it's like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um well I think maybe it's like +commenting on the fact that when people + + align:start position:0% +commenting on the fact that when people + + + align:start position:0% +commenting on the fact that when people +went to explore and to find the new + + align:start position:0% +went to explore and to find the new + + + align:start position:0% +went to explore and to find the new +world they were thinking that they would + + align:start position:0% +world they were thinking that they would + + + align:start position:0% +world they were thinking that they would +find in essence like some type of utopia + + align:start position:0% +find in essence like some type of utopia + + + align:start position:0% +find in essence like some type of utopia +and you know like it's somewhere we + + align:start position:0% +and you know like it's somewhere we + + + align:start position:0% +and you know like it's somewhere we +haven't been so it must be better and + + align:start position:0% +haven't been so it must be better and + + + align:start position:0% +haven't been so it must be better and +like just the fact that it's something + + align:start position:0% +like just the fact that it's something + + + align:start position:0% +like just the fact that it's something +unknown represents the idea that it's + + align:start position:0% +unknown represents the idea that it's + + + align:start position:0% +unknown represents the idea that it's +going to be better than what they do + + align:start position:0% +going to be better than what they do + + + align:start position:0% +going to be better than what they do +know and then they come across what + + align:start position:0% +know and then they come across what + + + align:start position:0% +know and then they come across what +essentially is a Utopia and that's not + + align:start position:0% +essentially is a Utopia and that's not + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is a Utopia and that's not +satisfa + + align:start position:0% +satisfa + + + align:start position:0% +satisfa +and they have to keep looking and go + + align:start position:0% +and they have to keep looking and go + + + align:start position:0% +and they have to keep looking and go +back and I think it kind of speaks to + + align:start position:0% +back and I think it kind of speaks to + + + align:start position:0% +back and I think it kind of speaks to +like us always being in quest of + + align:start position:0% +like us always being in quest of + + + align:start position:0% +like us always being in quest of +something better and then we may achieve + + align:start position:0% +something better and then we may achieve + + + align:start position:0% +something better and then we may achieve +something but is it really better like + + align:start position:0% +something but is it really better like + + + align:start position:0% +something but is it really better like +the progress that we achieve and the + + align:start position:0% +the progress that we achieve and the + + + align:start position:0% +the progress that we achieve and the +change that we come across is it really + + align:start position:0% +change that we come across is it really + + + align:start position:0% +change that we come across is it really +progress like you were saying what is + + align:start position:0% +progress like you were saying what is + + + align:start position:0% +progress like you were saying what is +progress so you know like we're at MIT + + align:start position:0% +progress so you know like we're at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +progress so you know like we're at MIT +building all of these things like saying + + align:start position:0% +building all of these things like saying + + + align:start position:0% +building all of these things like saying +oh you know like maybe we could find a + + align:start position:0% +oh you know like maybe we could find a + + + align:start position:0% +oh you know like maybe we could find a +new world on the moon or you know if + + align:start position:0% +new world on the moon or you know if + + + align:start position:0% +new world on the moon or you know if +Need to Escape because of global warming + + align:start position:0% +Need to Escape because of global warming + + + align:start position:0% +Need to Escape because of global warming +or something like that and we just had + + align:start position:0% +or something like that and we just had + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that and we just had +these ideas that things can be perfect + + align:start position:0% +these ideas that things can be perfect + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas that things can be perfect +and we can get there and then once we + + align:start position:0% +and we can get there and then once we + + + align:start position:0% +and we can get there and then once we +get there all of a sudden it's like well + + align:start position:0% +get there all of a sudden it's like well + + + align:start position:0% +get there all of a sudden it's like well +this really isn't that good and it seems + + align:start position:0% +this really isn't that good and it seems + + + align:start position:0% +this really isn't that good and it seems +like he's kind of talking about that + + align:start position:0% +like he's kind of talking about that + + + align:start position:0% +like he's kind of talking about that +idea so off they go and uh we find + + align:start position:0% +idea so off they go and uh we find + + + align:start position:0% +idea so off they go and uh we find +ourselves with uh voler and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Eldorado what about El Dorado how does + + align:start position:0% +Eldorado what about El Dorado how does + + + align:start position:0% +Eldorado what about El Dorado how does +that impress you as uh + + align:start position:0% +that impress you as uh + + + align:start position:0% +that impress you as uh +part of this uh this this whole series + + align:start position:0% +part of this uh this this whole series + + + align:start position:0% +part of this uh this this whole series +of episodes crazy episodes with uh you + + align:start position:0% +of episodes crazy episodes with uh you + + + align:start position:0% +of episodes crazy episodes with uh you +know selfish + + align:start position:0% +know selfish + + + align:start position:0% +know selfish +and ignorant and uh arrogant people yeah + + align:start position:0% +and ignorant and uh arrogant people yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and ignorant and uh arrogant people yeah +lat of the obvious fact that this work + + align:start position:0% +lat of the obvious fact that this work + + + align:start position:0% +lat of the obvious fact that this work +is highly satirical um like you can see + + align:start position:0% +is highly satirical um like you can see + + + align:start position:0% +is highly satirical um like you can see +o Dorado as something that people have + + align:start position:0% +o Dorado as something that people have + + + align:start position:0% +o Dorado as something that people have +been yearning for it's kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +been yearning for it's kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +been yearning for it's kind of like a +holy grow that they're searching for but + + align:start position:0% +holy grow that they're searching for but + + + align:start position:0% +holy grow that they're searching for but +at the same time there's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +at the same time there's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time there's kind of like +suppose I put it suppose I said um maybe + + align:start position:0% +suppose I put it suppose I said um maybe + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I put it suppose I said um maybe +you have two maybe you have two + + align:start position:0% +you have two maybe you have two + + + align:start position:0% +you have two maybe you have two +different groups of people you have + + align:start position:0% +different groups of people you have + + + align:start position:0% +different groups of people you have +Christians looking for I guess maybe the + + align:start position:0% +Christians looking for I guess maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +Christians looking for I guess maybe the +Garden of Eden um and then you have + + align:start position:0% +Garden of Eden um and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +Garden of Eden um and then you have +another set of like Buddhists looking + + align:start position:0% +another set of like Buddhists looking + + + align:start position:0% +another set of like Buddhists looking +for um some other like like uh the + + align:start position:0% +for um some other like like uh the + + + align:start position:0% +for um some other like like uh the +equivalent we like basically like + + align:start position:0% +equivalent we like basically like + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent we like basically like +looking for he heaven and one group + + align:start position:0% +looking for he heaven and one group + + + align:start position:0% +looking for he heaven and one group +found the other is heaven what would + + align:start position:0% +found the other is heaven what would + + + align:start position:0% +found the other is heaven what would +happen when that like just supposing + + align:start position:0% +happen when that like just supposing + + + align:start position:0% +happen when that like just supposing +that they're different Heavens like + + align:start position:0% +that they're different Heavens like + + + align:start position:0% +that they're different Heavens like +maybe like the Christians discovered the + + align:start position:0% +maybe like the Christians discovered the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe like the Christians discovered the +Buddhist heaven like it's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +Buddhist heaven like it's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +Buddhist heaven like it's kind of like +they're they found heaven like they + + align:start position:0% +they're they found heaven like they + + + align:start position:0% +they're they found heaven like they +found something that's really that's of + + align:start position:0% +found something that's really that's of + + + align:start position:0% +found something that's really that's of +extreme value to another group of people + + align:start position:0% +extreme value to another group of people + + + align:start position:0% +extreme value to another group of people +but may have very little value to them + + align:start position:0% +but may have very little value to them + + + align:start position:0% +but may have very little value to them +um so what do they do do they just get + + align:start position:0% +um so what do they do do they just get + + + align:start position:0% +um so what do they do do they just get +there and say oh dang we got to the + + align:start position:0% +there and say oh dang we got to the + + + align:start position:0% +there and say oh dang we got to the +wrong place let's try again or something + + align:start position:0% +wrong place let's try again or something + + + align:start position:0% +wrong place let's try again or something +right so I think in this sense um like + + align:start position:0% +right so I think in this sense um like + + + align:start position:0% +right so I think in this sense um like +there's a there's I think there's + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's I think there's +extreme value in any place um on Earth + + align:start position:0% +extreme value in any place um on Earth + + + align:start position:0% +extreme value in any place um on Earth +just it's like who is this place like + + align:start position:0% +just it's like who is this place like + + + align:start position:0% +just it's like who is this place like +valuable like what is this place + + align:start position:0% +valuable like what is this place + + + align:start position:0% +valuable like what is this place +valuable for if it's an animal or + + align:start position:0% +valuable for if it's an animal or + + + align:start position:0% +valuable for if it's an animal or +something um and I think that in + + align:start position:0% +something um and I think that in + + + align:start position:0% +something um and I think that in +Eldorado like maybe you just have to see + + align:start position:0% +Eldorado like maybe you just have to see + + + align:start position:0% +Eldorado like maybe you just have to see +it in a different way in order to + + align:start position:0% +it in a different way in order to + + + align:start position:0% +it in a different way in order to +appreciate it kind of yeah so okay um + + align:start position:0% +appreciate it kind of yeah so okay um + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate it kind of yeah so okay um +other thoughts on Al Dorado + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's an attractive place I think he's + + align:start position:0% +it's an attractive place I think he's + + + align:start position:0% +it's an attractive place I think he's +kind of trying to say that there really + + align:start position:0% +kind of trying to say that there really + + + align:start position:0% +kind of trying to say that there really +is no such thing as utopia that every + + align:start position:0% +is no such thing as utopia that every + + + align:start position:0% +is no such thing as utopia that every +single place is going to have its + + align:start position:0% +single place is going to have its + + + align:start position:0% +single place is going to have its +problems regardless of what it's made of + + align:start position:0% +problems regardless of what it's made of + + + align:start position:0% +problems regardless of what it's made of +or how it came to be so there's really + + align:start position:0% +or how it came to be so there's really + + + align:start position:0% +or how it came to be so there's really +there's really there's no + + align:start position:0% +there's really there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there's really there's no +ideal okay there's nothing wrong with + + align:start position:0% +ideal okay there's nothing wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +ideal okay there's nothing wrong with +Utopia it's just that it isn't Utopia + + align:start position:0% +Utopia it's just that it isn't Utopia + + + align:start position:0% +Utopia it's just that it isn't Utopia +for K but people who live there seem to + + align:start position:0% +for K but people who live there seem to + + + align:start position:0% +for K but people who live there seem to +be pretty happy so what are some of the + + align:start position:0% +be pretty happy so what are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty happy so what are some of the +characteristics of um this El Dorado + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah where they're asking the locals + + align:start position:0% +yeah where they're asking the locals + + + align:start position:0% +yeah where they're asking the locals +about God and how they view religion and + + align:start position:0% +about God and how they view religion and + + + align:start position:0% +about God and how they view religion and +how they practice religion and um at one + + align:start position:0% +how they practice religion and um at one + + + align:start position:0% +how they practice religion and um at one +point he says my Lord you have no monks + + align:start position:0% +point he says my Lord you have no monks + + + align:start position:0% +point he says my Lord you have no monks +to teach to argue to govern and to plot + + align:start position:0% +to teach to argue to govern and to plot + + + align:start position:0% +to teach to argue to govern and to plot +and to burn alive those who don't share + + align:start position:0% +and to burn alive those who don't share + + + align:start position:0% +and to burn alive those who don't share +their views which I found kind of + + align:start position:0% +their views which I found kind of + + + align:start position:0% +their views which I found kind of +confusing like it's sort of making fun + + align:start position:0% +confusing like it's sort of making fun + + + align:start position:0% +confusing like it's sort of making fun +of what religion was in volar + + align:start position:0% +of what religion was in volar + + + align:start position:0% +of what religion was in volar +world and that you + + align:start position:0% +world and that you + + + align:start position:0% +world and that you +know of course Vol + + align:start position:0% +know of course Vol + + + align:start position:0% +know of course Vol +the the terrible volter yes his his view + + align:start position:0% +the the terrible volter yes his his view + + + align:start position:0% +the the terrible volter yes his his view +of religion is uh and religion in in + + align:start position:0% +of religion is uh and religion in in + + + align:start position:0% +of religion is uh and religion in in +Eldorado is what what are some of the + + align:start position:0% +Eldorado is what what are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +Eldorado is what what are some of the +elements of + + align:start position:0% +elements of + + + align:start position:0% +elements of +religion Elder + + align:start position:0% +religion Elder + + + align:start position:0% +religion Elder +aians they + + align:start position:0% +aians they + + + align:start position:0% +aians they +have so Eldorado was the dream the one + + align:start position:0% +have so Eldorado was the dream the one + + + align:start position:0% +have so Eldorado was the dream the one +of the great dreams uh the City of Gold + + align:start position:0% +of the great dreams uh the City of Gold + + + align:start position:0% +of the great dreams uh the City of Gold +the place where you know there would be + + align:start position:0% +the place where you know there would be + + + align:start position:0% +the place where you know there would be +the this this drove this was uh a one of + + align:start position:0% +the this this drove this was uh a one of + + + align:start position:0% +the this this drove this was uh a one of +the great U myths um and um + + align:start position:0% +the great U myths um and um + + + align:start position:0% +the great U myths um and um +everyone in the ancient world who went + + align:start position:0% +everyone in the ancient world who went + + + align:start position:0% +everyone in the ancient world who went +off to the Americas had this dream of + + align:start position:0% +off to the Americas had this dream of + + + align:start position:0% +off to the Americas had this dream of +you know coming upon this city of uh + + align:start position:0% +you know coming upon this city of uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know coming upon this city of uh +these cities of immense + + align:start position:0% +these cities of immense + + + align:start position:0% +these cities of immense +wealth um and of course uh many + + align:start position:0% +wealth um and of course uh many + + + align:start position:0% +wealth um and of course uh many +many soldiers trounced around the + + align:start position:0% +many soldiers trounced around the + + + align:start position:0% +many soldiers trounced around the +Tropics looking for you know places + + align:start position:0% +Tropics looking for you know places + + + align:start position:0% +Tropics looking for you know places +where the streets were paved with + + align:start position:0% +where the streets were paved with + + + align:start position:0% +where the streets were paved with +gold and um extracting gold and wealth + + align:start position:0% +gold and um extracting gold and wealth + + + align:start position:0% +gold and um extracting gold and wealth +in materials and minerals from the + + align:start position:0% +in materials and minerals from the + + + align:start position:0% +in materials and minerals from the +Americas was one of the you know + + align:start position:0% +Americas was one of the you know + + + align:start position:0% +Americas was one of the you know +preoccupations of the + + align:start position:0% +preoccupations of the + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupations of the +conquests and so you know this pretty + + align:start position:0% +conquests and so you know this pretty + + + align:start position:0% +conquests and so you know this pretty +much uh decimated uh many of the + + align:start position:0% +much uh decimated uh many of the + + + align:start position:0% +much uh decimated uh many of the +societies uh that existed in in the + + align:start position:0% +societies uh that existed in in the + + + align:start position:0% +societies uh that existed in in the +Americas that encountered the new + + align:start position:0% +Americas that encountered the new + + + align:start position:0% +Americas that encountered the new +Europeans um but this Eldorado was + + align:start position:0% +Europeans um but this Eldorado was + + + align:start position:0% +Europeans um but this Eldorado was +offered in voler as uh a kind of + + align:start position:0% +offered in voler as uh a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +offered in voler as uh a kind of +a you know a contrast with the rest of + + align:start position:0% +a you know a contrast with the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +a you know a contrast with the rest of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +world and one of the primary contrasts + + align:start position:0% +world and one of the primary contrasts + + + align:start position:0% +world and one of the primary contrasts +that Vol offers is the contrast between + + align:start position:0% +that Vol offers is the contrast between + + + align:start position:0% +that Vol offers is the contrast between +religions um as they're imagined in El + + align:start position:0% +religions um as they're imagined in El + + + align:start position:0% +religions um as they're imagined in El +Dorado + + align:start position:0% +Dorado + + + align:start position:0% +Dorado +religion such as it is and religion in + + align:start position:0% +religion such as it is and religion in + + + align:start position:0% +religion such as it is and religion in +the outside world and that's what you're + + align:start position:0% +the outside world and that's what you're + + + align:start position:0% +the outside world and that's what you're +pointing to is uh religion in El Dorado + + align:start position:0% +pointing to is uh religion in El Dorado + + + align:start position:0% +pointing to is uh religion in El Dorado +is a different sort of uh Affair is it + + align:start position:0% +is a different sort of uh Affair is it + + + align:start position:0% +is a different sort of uh Affair is it +not the old man blushed so they're + + align:start position:0% +not the old man blushed so they're + + + align:start position:0% +not the old man blushed so they're +asking uh um at last candid whose taste + + align:start position:0% +asking uh um at last candid whose taste + + + align:start position:0% +asking uh um at last candid whose taste +for metaphysics was + + align:start position:0% +for metaphysics was + + + align:start position:0% +for metaphysics was +insatiable uh told kako to ask whether + + align:start position:0% +insatiable uh told kako to ask whether + + + align:start position:0% +insatiable uh told kako to ask whether +any religion was practiced in a country + + align:start position:0% +any religion was practiced in a country + + + align:start position:0% +any religion was practiced in a country +the old man blushed slightly religion he + + align:start position:0% +the old man blushed slightly religion he + + + align:start position:0% +the old man blushed slightly religion he +exclaimed why of course there's a + + align:start position:0% +exclaimed why of course there's a + + + align:start position:0% +exclaimed why of course there's a +religion do you suppose we are lost to + + align:start position:0% +religion do you suppose we are lost to + + + align:start position:0% +religion do you suppose we are lost to +all of gratitude kako humbly asked him + + align:start position:0% +all of gratitude kako humbly asked him + + + align:start position:0% +all of gratitude kako humbly asked him +what the religion of Eldorado was the + + align:start position:0% +what the religion of Eldorado was the + + + align:start position:0% +what the religion of Eldorado was the +old man blushed once again can there be + + align:start position:0% +old man blushed once again can there be + + + align:start position:0% +old man blushed once again can there be +two religions then he said I have always + + align:start position:0% +two religions then he said I have always + + + align:start position:0% +two religions then he said I have always +believed that we hold the religion of + + align:start position:0% +believed that we hold the religion of + + + align:start position:0% +believed that we hold the religion of +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +mankind one another another religion + + align:start position:0% +mankind one another another religion + + + align:start position:0% +mankind one another another religion +that believes it's the right one um we + + align:start position:0% +that believes it's the right one um we + + + align:start position:0% +that believes it's the right one um we +worship God from morning till + + align:start position:0% +worship God from morning till + + + align:start position:0% +worship God from morning till +night do you worship only one God ask + + align:start position:0% +night do you worship only one God ask + + + align:start position:0% +night do you worship only one God ask +kako interpreting kid's doubts of course + + align:start position:0% +kako interpreting kid's doubts of course + + + align:start position:0% +kako interpreting kid's doubts of course +we do said the old man there is only one + + align:start position:0% +we do said the old man there is only one + + + align:start position:0% +we do said the old man there is only one +God not two three or four what odd + + align:start position:0% +God not two three or four what odd + + + align:start position:0% +God not two three or four what odd +questions you foreigners ask candid was + + align:start position:0% +questions you foreigners ask candid was + + + align:start position:0% +questions you foreigners ask candid was +inde indefatigable in implying the good + + align:start position:0% +inde indefatigable in implying the good + + + align:start position:0% +inde indefatigable in implying the good +old man with questions you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +old man with questions you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +old man with questions you wanted to +know how prayers were offered to God in + + align:start position:0% +know how prayers were offered to God in + + + align:start position:0% +know how prayers were offered to God in +El Dorado we never pray said this good + + align:start position:0% +El Dorado we never pray said this good + + + align:start position:0% +El Dorado we never pray said this good +and venerable man we have nothing to ask + + align:start position:0% +and venerable man we have nothing to ask + + + align:start position:0% +and venerable man we have nothing to ask +of God since he was he has given us + + align:start position:0% +of God since he was he has given us + + + align:start position:0% +of God since he was he has given us +everything we need but we thank him + + align:start position:0% +everything we need but we thank him + + + align:start position:0% +everything we need but we thank him +unceasingly candid was curious to see + + align:start position:0% +unceasingly candid was curious to see + + + align:start position:0% +unceasingly candid was curious to see +some of their priests and told KAC combo + + align:start position:0% +some of their priests and told KAC combo + + + align:start position:0% +some of their priests and told KAC combo +to ask where they could be found the old + + align:start position:0% +to ask where they could be found the old + + + align:start position:0% +to ask where they could be found the old +man smiled my friend + + align:start position:0% +man smiled my friend + + + align:start position:0% +man smiled my friend +he said he we are all priests the king + + align:start position:0% +he said he we are all priests the king + + + align:start position:0% +he said he we are all priests the king +and the heads of each family perform + + align:start position:0% +and the heads of each family perform + + + align:start position:0% +and the heads of each family perform +solemn hyms of Thanksgiving every + + align:start position:0% +solemn hyms of Thanksgiving every + + + align:start position:0% +solemn hyms of Thanksgiving every +morning with an orchestra of five or + + align:start position:0% +morning with an orchestra of five or + + + align:start position:0% +morning with an orchestra of five or +6,000 musicians to accompany them do you + + align:start position:0% +6,000 musicians to accompany them do you + + + align:start position:0% +6,000 musicians to accompany them do you +mean to say you have no monks teaching + + align:start position:0% +mean to say you have no monks teaching + + + align:start position:0% +mean to say you have no monks teaching +and disputing governing and intriguing + + align:start position:0% +and disputing governing and intriguing + + + align:start position:0% +and disputing governing and intriguing +and having people burned if they don't + + align:start position:0% +and having people burned if they don't + + + align:start position:0% +and having people burned if they don't +subscribe to their + + align:start position:0% +subscribe to their + + + align:start position:0% +subscribe to their +opinions we should be stupid if we had + + align:start position:0% +opinions we should be stupid if we had + + + align:start position:0% +opinions we should be stupid if we had +said the old man we are all the same + + align:start position:0% +said the old man we are all the same + + + align:start position:0% +said the old man we are all the same +opinion here and we don't know what you + + align:start position:0% +opinion here and we don't know what you + + + align:start position:0% +opinion here and we don't know what you +mean by monks + + align:start position:0% +mean by monks + + + align:start position:0% +mean by monks +all right well this sort of goes on so + + align:start position:0% +all right well this sort of goes on so + + + align:start position:0% +all right well this sort of goes on so +what's what's voler suggesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here well it's offered pretty much as + + align:start position:0% +here well it's offered pretty much as + + + align:start position:0% +here well it's offered pretty much as +just a straight contrast to you know the + + align:start position:0% +just a straight contrast to you know the + + + align:start position:0% +just a straight contrast to you know the +way in which religions are being + + align:start position:0% +way in which religions are being + + + align:start position:0% +way in which religions are being +presented uh elsewhere in the book and + + align:start position:0% +presented uh elsewhere in the book and + + + align:start position:0% +presented uh elsewhere in the book and +of course you know as I said this is + + align:start position:0% +of course you know as I said this is + + + align:start position:0% +of course you know as I said this is +this is volta's uh + + align:start position:0% +this is volta's uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is volta's uh +anti-clerical and + + align:start position:0% +anti-clerical and + + + align:start position:0% +anti-clerical and +anti-religious view uh secular view of + + align:start position:0% +anti-religious view uh secular view of + + + align:start position:0% +anti-religious view uh secular view of +the world uh sort of coming out here but + + align:start position:0% +the world uh sort of coming out here but + + + align:start position:0% +the world uh sort of coming out here but +not totally secular because uh this this + + align:start position:0% +not totally secular because uh this this + + + align:start position:0% +not totally secular because uh this this +way of presenting religion as a sense of + + align:start position:0% +way of presenting religion as a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +way of presenting religion as a sense of +thanks and + + align:start position:0% +thanks and + + + align:start position:0% +thanks and +gratitude um you know seems to be a + + align:start position:0% +gratitude um you know seems to be a + + + align:start position:0% +gratitude um you know seems to be a +genuine note here so why does candid + + align:start position:0% +genuine note here so why does candid + + + align:start position:0% +genuine note here so why does candid +decide to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +leave that no + + align:start position:0% +leave that no + + + align:start position:0% +leave that no +okay no what else how many people here + + align:start position:0% +okay no what else how many people here + + + align:start position:0% +okay no what else how many people here +would I mean I I I I'm always curious + + align:start position:0% +would I mean I I I I'm always curious + + + align:start position:0% +would I mean I I I I'm always curious +how many people here would like to live + + align:start position:0% +how many people here would like to live + + + align:start position:0% +how many people here would like to live +in a society like El Dorado and how many + + align:start position:0% +in a society like El Dorado and how many + + + align:start position:0% +in a society like El Dorado and how many +people here I'm going to ask a question + + align:start position:0% +people here I'm going to ask a question + + + align:start position:0% +people here I'm going to ask a question +how many people here would not like to + + align:start position:0% +how many people here would not like to + + + align:start position:0% +how many people here would not like to +live in a society like El Dorado how + + align:start position:0% +live in a society like El Dorado how + + + align:start position:0% +live in a society like El Dorado how +many how many would anybody here + + align:start position:0% +many how many would anybody here + + + align:start position:0% +many how many would anybody here +summer for a while okay why not long + + align:start position:0% +summer for a while okay why not long + + + align:start position:0% +summer for a while okay why not long +term there like a a lack of progress + + align:start position:0% +term there like a a lack of progress + + + align:start position:0% +term there like a a lack of progress +that we were talking talking about + + align:start position:0% +that we were talking talking about + + + align:start position:0% +that we were talking talking about +because everything is perfect there's + + align:start position:0% +because everything is perfect there's + + + align:start position:0% +because everything is perfect there's +nothing really to work towards and I + + align:start position:0% +nothing really to work towards and I + + + align:start position:0% +nothing really to work towards and I +think all of us in here are just used to + + align:start position:0% +think all of us in here are just used to + + + align:start position:0% +think all of us in here are just used to +always working towards something okay so + + align:start position:0% +always working towards something okay so + + + align:start position:0% +always working towards something okay so +if everything was just static and there + + align:start position:0% +if everything was just static and there + + + align:start position:0% +if everything was just static and there +was nothing to look for okay there's + + align:start position:0% +was nothing to look for okay there's + + + align:start position:0% +was nothing to look for okay there's +certain kind of static nature to maybe + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of static nature to maybe + + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of static nature to maybe +when I retire because I see this kind of + + align:start position:0% +when I retire because I see this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +when I retire because I see this kind of +environment as fitting more of a like + + align:start position:0% +environment as fitting more of a like + + + align:start position:0% +environment as fitting more of a like +you've worked your whole life and now + + align:start position:0% +you've worked your whole life and now + + + align:start position:0% +you've worked your whole life and now +like when you retire it's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +like when you retire it's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +like when you retire it's kind of like +you just you don't really care about + + align:start position:0% +you just you don't really care about + + + align:start position:0% +you just you don't really care about +progress that much anymore you just kind + + align:start position:0% +progress that much anymore you just kind + + + align:start position:0% +progress that much anymore you just kind +of want to live and enjoy like the + + align:start position:0% +of want to live and enjoy like the + + + align:start position:0% +of want to live and enjoy like the +whatever time you got left living kind + + align:start position:0% +whatever time you got left living kind + + + align:start position:0% +whatever time you got left living kind +of thing it's like if the whole week was + + align:start position:0% +of thing it's like if the whole week was + + + align:start position:0% +of thing it's like if the whole week was +the weekend you wouldn't look forward to + + align:start position:0% +the weekend you wouldn't look forward to + + + align:start position:0% +the weekend you wouldn't look forward to +the weekend and all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +the weekend and all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +the weekend and all of a sudden +everything would just you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +everything would just you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +everything would just you wouldn't +appreciate the things that you do + + align:start position:0% +appreciate the things that you do + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate the things that you do +appreciate now because everything is so + + align:start position:0% +appreciate now because everything is so + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate now because everything is so +perfect it's a little too it's a little + + align:start position:0% +perfect it's a little too it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +perfect it's a little too it's a little +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +harmonious humans are are sort of + + align:start position:0% +harmonious humans are are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +harmonious humans are are sort of +motivated by certain lack of and and + + align:start position:0% +motivated by certain lack of and and + + + align:start position:0% +motivated by certain lack of and and +conflict and you know so yeah it's it's + + align:start position:0% +conflict and you know so yeah it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +conflict and you know so yeah it's it's +a it's it's a very temperate uh + + align:start position:0% +a it's it's a very temperate uh + + + align:start position:0% +a it's it's a very temperate uh +harmonious society and I was comment at + + align:start position:0% +harmonious society and I was comment at + + + align:start position:0% +harmonious society and I was comment at +one point that it said um I never knew + + align:start position:0% +one point that it said um I never knew + + + align:start position:0% +one point that it said um I never knew +more than 12 people who voluntarily put + + align:start position:0% +more than 12 people who voluntarily put + + + align:start position:0% +more than 12 people who voluntarily put +an end to their misery it's on page 50 + + align:start position:0% +an end to their misery it's on page 50 + + + align:start position:0% +an end to their misery it's on page 50 +in my book yeah so it's like we almost + + align:start position:0% +in my book yeah so it's like we almost + + + align:start position:0% +in my book yeah so it's like we almost +enjoy I + + align:start position:0% +enjoy I + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy I +mean and not that we enjoy misery but + + align:start position:0% +mean and not that we enjoy misery but + + + align:start position:0% +mean and not that we enjoy misery but +that we just need the contrast between + + align:start position:0% +that we just need the contrast between + + + align:start position:0% +that we just need the contrast between +what is GR and what we can look forward + + align:start position:0% +what is GR and what we can look forward + + + align:start position:0% +what is GR and what we can look forward +to and what we don't love so much well + + align:start position:0% +to and what we don't love so much well + + + align:start position:0% +to and what we don't love so much well +we're sort of running out of time here + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of running out of time here + + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of running out of time here +uh I've sent all these slides to you and + + align:start position:0% +uh I've sent all these slides to you and + + + align:start position:0% +uh I've sent all these slides to you and +I suggest U we you you have a look at + + align:start position:0% +I suggest U we you you have a look at + + + align:start position:0% +I suggest U we you you have a look at +some of the others um I mean certainly + + align:start position:0% +some of the others um I mean certainly + + + align:start position:0% +some of the others um I mean certainly +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +garden ends up where they this is where + + align:start position:0% +garden ends up where they this is where + + + align:start position:0% +garden ends up where they this is where +they end up uh maybe we'll say a few + + align:start position:0% +they end up uh maybe we'll say a few + + + align:start position:0% +they end up uh maybe we'll say a few +things about that the start of next + + align:start position:0% +things about that the start of next + + + align:start position:0% +things about that the start of next +class and uh I always like to think of + + align:start position:0% +class and uh I always like to think of + + + align:start position:0% +class and uh I always like to think of +Blake's comment on voler Blake uh did + + align:start position:0% +Blake's comment on voler Blake uh did + + + align:start position:0% +Blake's comment on voler Blake uh did +not like voler or so and Blake was a + + align:start position:0% +not like voler or so and Blake was a + + + align:start position:0% +not like voler or so and Blake was a +romantic poet and but a phenomenal poet + + align:start position:0% +romantic poet and but a phenomenal poet + + + align:start position:0% +romantic poet and but a phenomenal poet +and he wrote this very uh uh famous poem + + align:start position:0% +and he wrote this very uh uh famous poem + + + align:start position:0% +and he wrote this very uh uh famous poem +mock on mock on Vol rouso mock on mock + + align:start position:0% +mock on mock on Vol rouso mock on mock + + + align:start position:0% +mock on mock on Vol rouso mock on mock +on is all in vain you throw the sand + + align:start position:0% +on is all in vain you throw the sand + + + align:start position:0% +on is all in vain you throw the sand +Against The Wind and The Wind Blows it + + align:start position:0% +Against The Wind and The Wind Blows it + + + align:start position:0% +Against The Wind and The Wind Blows it +again it back again and every sand + + align:start position:0% +again it back again and every sand + + + align:start position:0% +again it back again and every sand +becomes a gem reflected in the beams + + align:start position:0% +becomes a gem reflected in the beams + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a gem reflected in the beams +Divine blown back they blind the mocking + + align:start position:0% +Divine blown back they blind the mocking + + + align:start position:0% +Divine blown back they blind the mocking +eye but still in Israel's path they + + align:start position:0% +eye but still in Israel's path they + + + align:start position:0% +eye but still in Israel's path they +Shine the atoms of democratus and + + align:start position:0% +Shine the atoms of democratus and + + + align:start position:0% +Shine the atoms of democratus and +Newton's partic of light are Sands upon + + align:start position:0% +Newton's partic of light are Sands upon + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's partic of light are Sands upon +the Red Sea Shore where Israel's tents + + align:start position:0% +the Red Sea Shore where Israel's tents + + + align:start position:0% +the Red Sea Shore where Israel's tents +do shine so bright uh interesting + + align:start position:0% +do shine so bright uh interesting + + + align:start position:0% +do shine so bright uh interesting +contrast of uh you know so what's what's + + align:start position:0% +contrast of uh you know so what's what's + + + align:start position:0% +contrast of uh you know so what's what's +Blake thinking + + align:start position:0% +Blake thinking + + + align:start position:0% +Blake thinking +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +well we have to we have to quit now but + + align:start position:0% +well we have to we have to quit now but + + + align:start position:0% +well we have to we have to quit now but +uh you now uh it's one point of view + + align:start position:0% +uh you now uh it's one point of view + + + align:start position:0% +uh you now uh it's one point of view +voler is a is a + + align:start position:0% +voler is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +voler is a is a +phenomenal uh writer of uh and and + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal uh writer of uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal uh writer of uh and and +philosopher and commentator + + align:start position:0% +philosopher and commentator + + + align:start position:0% +philosopher and commentator +and his uh book is justly one that's + + align:start position:0% +and his uh book is justly one that's + + + align:start position:0% +and his uh book is justly one that's +been read through the generations + + align:start position:0% +been read through the generations + + + align:start position:0% +been read through the generations +however know cynicism does have its + + align:start position:0% +however know cynicism does have its + + + align:start position:0% +however know cynicism does have its +limits but it has its uses too so that's + + align:start position:0% +limits but it has its uses too so that's + + + align:start position:0% +limits but it has its uses too so that's +that's what we have to we have to quit + + align:start position:0% +that's what we have to we have to quit + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we have to we have to quit +now but um do go over the other slides + + align:start position:0% +now but um do go over the other slides + + + align:start position:0% +now but um do go over the other slides +and uh next uh class we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +and uh next uh class we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and uh next uh class we're going to be +talking about uh David + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh David + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh David +Hume another great Enlightenment figure + + align:start position:0% +Hume another great Enlightenment figure + + + align:start position:0% +Hume another great Enlightenment figure +and uh we're going to be uh looking at + + align:start position:0% +and uh we're going to be uh looking at + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we're going to be uh looking at +his uh + + align:start position:0% +his uh + + + align:start position:0% +his uh +uh dialogues on natural + + align:start position:0% +uh dialogues on natural + + + align:start position:0% +uh dialogues on natural +religion so I'll send you some slides + + align:start position:0% +religion so I'll send you some slides + + + align:start position:0% +religion so I'll send you some slides +for that I'm hoping that you're getting + + align:start position:0% +for that I'm hoping that you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +for that I'm hoping that you're getting +these ahead of time so you read through + + align:start position:0% +these ahead of time so you read through + + + align:start position:0% +these ahead of time so you read through +these it gives you some idea where we're + + align:start position:0% +these it gives you some idea where we're + + + align:start position:0% +these it gives you some idea where we're +going to be going in the class makes you + + align:start position:0% +going to be going in the class makes you + + + align:start position:0% +going to be going in the class makes you +think a little bit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hAMwuUM8frc.txt b/hAMwuUM8frc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01b545082f2d26d7395a18d224f65b50f2f54929 --- /dev/null +++ b/hAMwuUM8frc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8731 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so so in the interest of time and to + + align:start position:0% +so so in the interest of time and to + + + align:start position:0% +so so in the interest of time and to +keep going so our next speakers are in + + align:start position:0% +keep going so our next speakers are in + + + align:start position:0% +keep going so our next speakers are in +the in the aeronautic space and we have + + align:start position:0% +the in the aeronautic space and we have + + + align:start position:0% +the in the aeronautic space and we have +uh Alan Thorne who's the manager of the + + align:start position:0% +uh Alan Thorne who's the manager of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh Alan Thorne who's the manager of the +manufacturing automation program at uh + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing automation program at uh + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing automation program at uh +at Cambridge University um who will be + + align:start position:0% +at Cambridge University um who will be + + + align:start position:0% +at Cambridge University um who will be +our our next + + align:start position:0% +our our next + + + align:start position:0% +our our next +speaker and as as I think was mentioned + + align:start position:0% +speaker and as as I think was mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +speaker and as as I think was mentioned +and and Ken actually do you want to come + + align:start position:0% +and and Ken actually do you want to come + + + align:start position:0% +and and Ken actually do you want to come +up and sit on the on the on the panel + + align:start position:0% +up and sit on the on the on the panel + + + align:start position:0% +up and sit on the on the on the panel +here as was mentioned in the beginning + + align:start position:0% +here as was mentioned in the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +here as was mentioned in the beginning +of the session this is the example of a + + align:start position:0% +of the session this is the example of a + + + align:start position:0% +of the session this is the example of a +kind of a of a market opportunity that + + align:start position:0% +kind of a of a market opportunity that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a of a market opportunity that +looks like it's going to require a + + align:start position:0% +looks like it's going to require a + + + align:start position:0% +looks like it's going to require a +higher level of academic collaboration + + align:start position:0% +higher level of academic collaboration + + + align:start position:0% +higher level of academic collaboration +and then with our sister organiz uh + + align:start position:0% +and then with our sister organiz uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then with our sister organiz uh +standards organization and so on uh to + + align:start position:0% +standards organization and so on uh to + + + align:start position:0% +standards organization and so on uh to +ensure that the aircraft Parks industry + + align:start position:0% +ensure that the aircraft Parks industry + + + align:start position:0% +ensure that the aircraft Parks industry +comes up to meet the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +comes up to meet the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +comes up to meet the kinds of +requirements that the oems are placing + + align:start position:0% +requirements that the oems are placing + + + align:start position:0% +requirements that the oems are placing +on the industry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U wello hello everyone uh my name is + + align:start position:0% +U wello hello everyone uh my name is + + + align:start position:0% +U wello hello everyone uh my name is +Alan Thorn I'm actually one of the + + align:start position:0% +Alan Thorn I'm actually one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Alan Thorn I'm actually one of the +associate directors at the uh Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +associate directors at the uh Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +associate directors at the uh Cambridge +Auto ID lab in the UK I'm afraid one of + + align:start position:0% +Auto ID lab in the UK I'm afraid one of + + + align:start position:0% +Auto ID lab in the UK I'm afraid one of +my colleagu Duncan McFarland was going + + align:start position:0% +my colleagu Duncan McFarland was going + + + align:start position:0% +my colleagu Duncan McFarland was going +to be here today and speak to you but he + + align:start position:0% +to be here today and speak to you but he + + + align:start position:0% +to be here today and speak to you but he +couldn't make it so uh uh making up for + + align:start position:0% +couldn't make it so uh uh making up for + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't make it so uh uh making up for +that in great style is Kim parad from + + align:start position:0% +that in great style is Kim parad from + + + align:start position:0% +that in great style is Kim parad from +Boeing who's going to be talking at the + + align:start position:0% +Boeing who's going to be talking at the + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing who's going to be talking at the +end of my presentation about some of the + + align:start position:0% +end of my presentation about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +end of my presentation about some of the +industrial requirements in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area so to kick off in this talk today + + align:start position:0% +area so to kick off in this talk today + + + align:start position:0% +area so to kick off in this talk today +basically I'm going to go over the aim + + align:start position:0% +basically I'm going to go over the aim + + + align:start position:0% +basically I'm going to go over the aim +what we've been doing is putting + + align:start position:0% +what we've been doing is putting + + + align:start position:0% +what we've been doing is putting +together a research uh Forum to help + + align:start position:0% +together a research uh Forum to help + + + align:start position:0% +together a research uh Forum to help +with the adoption of RFID in the + + align:start position:0% +with the adoption of RFID in the + + + align:start position:0% +with the adoption of RFID in the +Aerospace sector so I'm going to go over + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace sector so I'm going to go over + + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace sector so I'm going to go over +the aim of that work some of the + + align:start position:0% +the aim of that work some of the + + + align:start position:0% +the aim of that work some of the +background work we've been doing the + + align:start position:0% +background work we've been doing the + + + align:start position:0% +background work we've been doing the +development of the research Consortium + + align:start position:0% +development of the research Consortium + + + align:start position:0% +development of the research Consortium +the research themes that we've been + + align:start position:0% +the research themes that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the research themes that we've been +looking at and then we'll move over to + + align:start position:0% +looking at and then we'll move over to + + + align:start position:0% +looking at and then we'll move over to +Ken to get Ken's view on some of the + + align:start position:0% +Ken to get Ken's view on some of the + + + align:start position:0% +Ken to get Ken's view on some of the +industrial requirements and how the + + align:start position:0% +industrial requirements and how the + + + align:start position:0% +industrial requirements and how the +research program is feeding into his + + align:start position:0% +research program is feeding into his + + + align:start position:0% +research program is feeding into his +work so the aim of the program is to + + align:start position:0% +work so the aim of the program is to + + + align:start position:0% +work so the aim of the program is to +remove uh barriers to widescale + + align:start position:0% +remove uh barriers to widescale + + + align:start position:0% +remove uh barriers to widescale +automated ID deployment in the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +automated ID deployment in the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +automated ID deployment in the Aerospace +sector through timely and effective R&D + + align:start position:0% +sector through timely and effective R&D + + + align:start position:0% +sector through timely and effective R&D +a noble goal and as one of the things I + + align:start position:0% +a noble goal and as one of the things I + + + align:start position:0% +a noble goal and as one of the things I +do want to point out here is we're + + align:start position:0% +do want to point out here is we're + + + align:start position:0% +do want to point out here is we're +looking at ID technology so we're not + + align:start position:0% +looking at ID technology so we're not + + + align:start position:0% +looking at ID technology so we're not +specifically looking at RFID because one + + align:start position:0% +specifically looking at RFID because one + + + align:start position:0% +specifically looking at RFID because one +of the things we have found in the + + align:start position:0% +of the things we have found in the + + + align:start position:0% +of the things we have found in the +Aerospace sector is there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace sector is there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace sector is there's going to be +a number of ID solutions that we'll be + + align:start position:0% +a number of ID solutions that we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +a number of ID solutions that we'll be +using + + align:start position:0% +using + + + align:start position:0% +using +and we have to think about how which + + align:start position:0% +and we have to think about how which + + + align:start position:0% +and we have to think about how which +appropriate ID technology works for + + align:start position:0% +appropriate ID technology works for + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate ID technology works for +which particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution so we look at the background uh + + align:start position:0% +solution so we look at the background uh + + + align:start position:0% +solution so we look at the background uh +I mean the Cambridge Auto ID lab is + + align:start position:0% +I mean the Cambridge Auto ID lab is + + + align:start position:0% +I mean the Cambridge Auto ID lab is +based at the engineering department in + + align:start position:0% +based at the engineering department in + + + align:start position:0% +based at the engineering department in +Cambridge we have a lot of work going + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge we have a lot of work going + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge we have a lot of work going +off in the the Aerospace sector and + + align:start position:0% +off in the the Aerospace sector and + + + align:start position:0% +off in the the Aerospace sector and +there's been a lot of requests to + + align:start position:0% +there's been a lot of requests to + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a lot of requests to +understand how our RFID work could + + align:start position:0% +understand how our RFID work could + + + align:start position:0% +understand how our RFID work could +impact some of the Aerospace work that's + + align:start position:0% +impact some of the Aerospace work that's + + + align:start position:0% +impact some of the Aerospace work that's +been going + + align:start position:0% +been going + + + align:start position:0% +been going +on and the aerospace companies we've + + align:start position:0% +on and the aerospace companies we've + + + align:start position:0% +on and the aerospace companies we've +been speaking to over the last few years + + align:start position:0% +been speaking to over the last few years + + + align:start position:0% +been speaking to over the last few years +I've been thinking quite broadly about + + align:start position:0% +I've been thinking quite broadly about + + + align:start position:0% +I've been thinking quite broadly about +how how RFID would affect uh their + + align:start position:0% +how how RFID would affect uh their + + + align:start position:0% +how how RFID would affect uh their +business across our wide scale all the + + align:start position:0% +business across our wide scale all the + + + align:start position:0% +business across our wide scale all the +way from if you like at the production + + align:start position:0% +way from if you like at the production + + + align:start position:0% +way from if you like at the production +level right through to end of life + + align:start position:0% +level right through to end of life + + + align:start position:0% +level right through to end of life +information about products so that made + + align:start position:0% +information about products so that made + + + align:start position:0% +information about products so that made +it quite exciting to us as a a research + + align:start position:0% +it quite exciting to us as a a research + + + align:start position:0% +it quite exciting to us as a a research +area to be tackling there's been many uh + + align:start position:0% +area to be tackling there's been many uh + + + align:start position:0% +area to be tackling there's been many uh +one-off trials using 1D and 2D barcodes + + align:start position:0% +one-off trials using 1D and 2D barcodes + + + align:start position:0% +one-off trials using 1D and 2D barcodes +and RFID as well and really um it was + + align:start position:0% +and RFID as well and really um it was + + + align:start position:0% +and RFID as well and really um it was +quite recognized quite early on that it + + align:start position:0% +quite recognized quite early on that it + + + align:start position:0% +quite recognized quite early on that it +wasn't going to be a simple case of + + align:start position:0% +wasn't going to be a simple case of + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't going to be a simple case of +taking Knowledge from the fast moving + + align:start position:0% +taking Knowledge from the fast moving + + + align:start position:0% +taking Knowledge from the fast moving +consumer goods area and moving over into + + align:start position:0% +consumer goods area and moving over into + + + align:start position:0% +consumer goods area and moving over into +the Aerospace sector there was some + + align:start position:0% +the Aerospace sector there was some + + + align:start position:0% +the Aerospace sector there was some +definite differences there uh and one of + + align:start position:0% +definite differences there uh and one of + + + align:start position:0% +definite differences there uh and one of +the quick ones you can see here is the + + align:start position:0% +the quick ones you can see here is the + + + align:start position:0% +the quick ones you can see here is the +Aerospace industry is very much + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace industry is very much + + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace industry is very much +interested in what happens to a product + + align:start position:0% +interested in what happens to a product + + + align:start position:0% +interested in what happens to a product +during its life phase rather than up to + + align:start position:0% +during its life phase rather than up to + + + align:start position:0% +during its life phase rather than up to +the point of sale which we find in the + + align:start position:0% +the point of sale which we find in the + + + align:start position:0% +the point of sale which we find in the +retail + + align:start position:0% +retail + + + align:start position:0% +retail +area um so there's been numerous + + align:start position:0% +area um so there's been numerous + + + align:start position:0% +area um so there's been numerous +industrial trials and activities going + + align:start position:0% +industrial trials and activities going + + + align:start position:0% +industrial trials and activities going +on and I've just listed uh just a few + + align:start position:0% +on and I've just listed uh just a few + + + align:start position:0% +on and I've just listed uh just a few +here but you can see that Boeing Airbus + + align:start position:0% +here but you can see that Boeing Airbus + + + align:start position:0% +here but you can see that Boeing Airbus +General Electric ba systems name a few + + align:start position:0% +General Electric ba systems name a few + + + align:start position:0% +General Electric ba systems name a few +have been really diving into this work + + align:start position:0% +have been really diving into this work + + + align:start position:0% +have been really diving into this work +and of course the standards Development + + align:start position:0% +and of course the standards Development + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the standards Development +Area is really pushing ahead as well + + align:start position:0% +Area is really pushing ahead as well + + + align:start position:0% +Area is really pushing ahead as well +we've got EPC Global looking at how the + + align:start position:0% +we've got EPC Global looking at how the + + + align:start position:0% +we've got EPC Global looking at how the +EPC network will support this area as + + align:start position:0% +EPC network will support this area as + + + align:start position:0% +EPC network will support this area as +well as organizations such as ATA CA and + + align:start position:0% +well as organizations such as ATA CA and + + + align:start position:0% +well as organizations such as ATA CA and +iata and of course there's been a number + + align:start position:0% +iata and of course there's been a number + + + align:start position:0% +iata and of course there's been a number +of industrial forums such as the + + align:start position:0% +of industrial forums such as the + + + align:start position:0% +of industrial forums such as the +aviation RFID Forum supported by run by + + align:start position:0% +aviation RFID Forum supported by run by + + + align:start position:0% +aviation RFID Forum supported by run by +Boeing and Airbus as well as RFID + + align:start position:0% +Boeing and Airbus as well as RFID + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing and Airbus as well as RFID +Journal + + align:start position:0% +Journal + + + align:start position:0% +Journal +so it was recognized that there was a + + align:start position:0% +so it was recognized that there was a + + + align:start position:0% +so it was recognized that there was a +really a need for a research program to + + align:start position:0% +really a need for a research program to + + + align:start position:0% +really a need for a research program to +help with the adoptionist work and + + align:start position:0% +help with the adoptionist work and + + + align:start position:0% +help with the adoptionist work and +really it was to add some research rigor + + align:start position:0% +really it was to add some research rigor + + + align:start position:0% +really it was to add some research rigor +behind some of the activities that were + + align:start position:0% +behind some of the activities that were + + + align:start position:0% +behind some of the activities that were +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +on as well as providing an independent + + align:start position:0% +on as well as providing an independent + + + align:start position:0% +on as well as providing an independent +research body to support Solutions and + + align:start position:0% +research body to support Solutions and + + + align:start position:0% +research body to support Solutions and +the development um of some of the + + align:start position:0% +the development um of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +the development um of some of the +standards or work to go towards + + align:start position:0% +standards or work to go towards + + + align:start position:0% +standards or work to go towards +standards area the standards + + align:start position:0% +standards area the standards + + + align:start position:0% +standards area the standards +area so I've just listed here a few of + + align:start position:0% +area so I've just listed here a few of + + + align:start position:0% +area so I've just listed here a few of +the key differences that you can find + + align:start position:0% +the key differences that you can find + + + align:start position:0% +the key differences that you can find +between the uh retail sector and the + + align:start position:0% +between the uh retail sector and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the uh retail sector and the +aviation sector if we look at product + + align:start position:0% +aviation sector if we look at product + + + align:start position:0% +aviation sector if we look at product +lives uh you find that in the retail + + align:start position:0% +lives uh you find that in the retail + + + align:start position:0% +lives uh you find that in the retail +sector most of our product lives we can + + align:start position:0% +sector most of our product lives we can + + + align:start position:0% +sector most of our product lives we can +measure in + + align:start position:0% +measure in + + + align:start position:0% +measure in +months whereas in the Aerospace sector + + align:start position:0% +months whereas in the Aerospace sector + + + align:start position:0% +months whereas in the Aerospace sector +we find that many of the products are + + align:start position:0% +we find that many of the products are + + + align:start position:0% +we find that many of the products are +going to be out there between 20 and 50 + + align:start position:0% +going to be out there between 20 and 50 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be out there between 20 and 50 +years so we're going to actually be + + align:start position:0% +years so we're going to actually be + + + align:start position:0% +years so we're going to actually be +capturing a lot more information about + + align:start position:0% +capturing a lot more information about + + + align:start position:0% +capturing a lot more information about +the way these products are + + align:start position:0% +the way these products are + + + align:start position:0% +the way these products are +used and of course the technology has to + + align:start position:0% +used and of course the technology has to + + + align:start position:0% +used and of course the technology has to +last the lifetime of that product so + + align:start position:0% +last the lifetime of that product so + + + align:start position:0% +last the lifetime of that product so +we're looking for much more robust + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for much more robust + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for much more robust +Technologies to be used there product + + align:start position:0% +Technologies to be used there product + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies to be used there product +characteristics we find in the retail + + align:start position:0% +characteristics we find in the retail + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics we find in the retail +sector most of the products are low + + align:start position:0% +sector most of the products are low + + + align:start position:0% +sector most of the products are low +value low complexity items whereas in + + align:start position:0% +value low complexity items whereas in + + + align:start position:0% +value low complexity items whereas in +the aviation sector we find that they're + + align:start position:0% +the aviation sector we find that they're + + + align:start position:0% +the aviation sector we find that they're +high value High complexity items where + + align:start position:0% +high value High complexity items where + + + align:start position:0% +high value High complexity items where +we can start to look at using more + + align:start position:0% +we can start to look at using more + + + align:start position:0% +we can start to look at using more +expensive Technologies such as expanding + + align:start position:0% +expensive Technologies such as expanding + + + align:start position:0% +expensive Technologies such as expanding +into some of the active Technologies and + + align:start position:0% +into some of the active Technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +into some of the active Technologies and +the more sophisticated uh tag + + align:start position:0% +the more sophisticated uh tag + + + align:start position:0% +the more sophisticated uh tag +classifications that will give us more + + align:start position:0% +classifications that will give us more + + + align:start position:0% +classifications that will give us more +information about these + + align:start position:0% +information about these + + + align:start position:0% +information about these +products key application areas in the + + align:start position:0% +products key application areas in the + + + align:start position:0% +products key application areas in the +retail sector it's mainly been focused + + align:start position:0% +retail sector it's mainly been focused + + + align:start position:0% +retail sector it's mainly been focused +in the logistics area in the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +in the logistics area in the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +in the logistics area in the Aerospace +sector we're really looking at how the + + align:start position:0% +sector we're really looking at how the + + + align:start position:0% +sector we're really looking at how the +products been used life cycle + + align:start position:0% +products been used life cycle + + + align:start position:0% +products been used life cycle +information repair services spares + + align:start position:0% +information repair services spares + + + align:start position:0% +information repair services spares +management as well as the logistic + + align:start position:0% +management as well as the logistic + + + align:start position:0% +management as well as the logistic +services and of course environmental + + align:start position:0% +services and of course environmental + + + align:start position:0% +services and of course environmental +conditions the environmental conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions the environmental conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions the environmental conditions +in the retail sector are actually quite + + align:start position:0% +in the retail sector are actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +in the retail sector are actually quite +nice compared to in the Aerospace sector + + align:start position:0% +nice compared to in the Aerospace sector + + + align:start position:0% +nice compared to in the Aerospace sector +it's quite a harsh environment that + + align:start position:0% +it's quite a harsh environment that + + + align:start position:0% +it's quite a harsh environment that +these parts are going to be used + + align:start position:0% +these parts are going to be used + + + align:start position:0% +these parts are going to be used +in so we went about setting a uh + + align:start position:0% +in so we went about setting a uh + + + align:start position:0% +in so we went about setting a uh +research Consortium together to support + + align:start position:0% +research Consortium together to support + + + align:start position:0% +research Consortium together to support +some of this work H and we started it + + align:start position:0% +some of this work H and we started it + + + align:start position:0% +some of this work H and we started it +off in December of 2004 and this was + + align:start position:0% +off in December of 2004 and this was + + + align:start position:0% +off in December of 2004 and this was +really uh going around getting + + align:start position:0% +really uh going around getting + + + align:start position:0% +really uh going around getting +industrial um consultation to understand + + align:start position:0% +industrial um consultation to understand + + + align:start position:0% +industrial um consultation to understand +what the requirements were so in April + + align:start position:0% +what the requirements were so in April + + + align:start position:0% +what the requirements were so in April +2005 we announced that we were going to + + align:start position:0% +2005 we announced that we were going to + + + align:start position:0% +2005 we announced that we were going to +be putting together a program and then + + align:start position:0% +be putting together a program and then + + + align:start position:0% +be putting together a program and then +we started on the background work for + + align:start position:0% +we started on the background work for + + + align:start position:0% +we started on the background work for +that program background investigations + + align:start position:0% +that program background investigations + + + align:start position:0% +that program background investigations +membership process so this is an + + align:start position:0% +membership process so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +membership process so this is an +industrially sponsored program getting + + align:start position:0% +industrially sponsored program getting + + + align:start position:0% +industrially sponsored program getting +members to join the program and of + + align:start position:0% +members to join the program and of + + + align:start position:0% +members to join the program and of +course forming the core research team + + align:start position:0% +course forming the core research team + + + align:start position:0% +course forming the core research team +that would be working on it the program + + align:start position:0% +that would be working on it the program + + + align:start position:0% +that would be working on it the program +has just been launched it was launched + + align:start position:0% +has just been launched it was launched + + + align:start position:0% +has just been launched it was launched +uh on the 9th 2005 and basically at one + + align:start position:0% +uh on the 9th 2005 and basically at one + + + align:start position:0% +uh on the 9th 2005 and basically at one +of the bone facilities and really since + + align:start position:0% +of the bone facilities and really since + + + align:start position:0% +of the bone facilities and really since +then we've been moving into uh initial + + align:start position:0% +then we've been moving into uh initial + + + align:start position:0% +then we've been moving into uh initial +scoping activities to understand the + + align:start position:0% +scoping activities to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +scoping activities to understand the +research area more widely uh those + + align:start position:0% +research area more widely uh those + + + align:start position:0% +research area more widely uh those +research Scopes are going to be + + align:start position:0% +research Scopes are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +research Scopes are going to be +delivered actually at the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +delivered actually at the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +delivered actually at the beginning of +February our next meetings in London on + + align:start position:0% +February our next meetings in London on + + + align:start position:0% +February our next meetings in London on +the 1st and 2nd of February then we'll + + align:start position:0% +the 1st and 2nd of February then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the 1st and 2nd of February then we'll +be launching into the full research + + align:start position:0% +be launching into the full research + + + align:start position:0% +be launching into the full research +program + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course the important thing is to + + align:start position:0% +and of course the important thing is to + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the important thing is to +make sure that these industrial + + align:start position:0% +make sure that these industrial + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that these industrial +requirements are getting fed back into + + align:start position:0% +requirements are getting fed back into + + + align:start position:0% +requirements are getting fed back into +the program as it continues + + align:start position:0% +the program as it continues + + + align:start position:0% +the program as it continues +on so to give you an idea the industrial + + align:start position:0% +on so to give you an idea the industrial + + + align:start position:0% +on so to give you an idea the industrial +uh consultation meetings that we've been + + align:start position:0% +uh consultation meetings that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +uh consultation meetings that we've been +having uh the initial one was in + + align:start position:0% +having uh the initial one was in + + + align:start position:0% +having uh the initial one was in +Cambridge in December 2004 we've then + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge in December 2004 we've then + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge in December 2004 we've then +been in Germany in Dam kryler in 2005 + + align:start position:0% +been in Germany in Dam kryler in 2005 + + + align:start position:0% +been in Germany in Dam kryler in 2005 +and of course we did quite a lot of work + + align:start position:0% +and of course we did quite a lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +and of course we did quite a lot of work +at the Paris Air Show so this is really + + align:start position:0% +at the Paris Air Show so this is really + + + align:start position:0% +at the Paris Air Show so this is really +uh Consulting with the industry and + + align:start position:0% +uh Consulting with the industry and + + + align:start position:0% +uh Consulting with the industry and +finding out what their needs were and + + align:start position:0% +finding out what their needs were and + + + align:start position:0% +finding out what their needs were and +requirements and the kind of people + + align:start position:0% +requirements and the kind of people + + + align:start position:0% +requirements and the kind of people +we've been working with are airframe + + align:start position:0% +we've been working with are airframe + + + align:start position:0% +we've been working with are airframe +manufacturers part suppliers Airline + + align:start position:0% +manufacturers part suppliers Airline + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturers part suppliers Airline +organizations AA defense organizations + + align:start position:0% +organizations AA defense organizations + + + align:start position:0% +organizations AA defense organizations +the ministry of Defense maintenance + + align:start position:0% +the ministry of Defense maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +the ministry of Defense maintenance +service organizations and some light + + align:start position:0% +service organizations and some light + + + align:start position:0% +service organizations and some light +aircraft manufacturers so it's to get a + + align:start position:0% +aircraft manufacturers so it's to get a + + + align:start position:0% +aircraft manufacturers so it's to get a +broad feel of the kind of requirements + + align:start position:0% +broad feel of the kind of requirements + + + align:start position:0% +broad feel of the kind of requirements +that we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +needed the kind of organizations we're + + align:start position:0% +needed the kind of organizations we're + + + align:start position:0% +needed the kind of organizations we're +involving in the program again it is an + + align:start position:0% +involving in the program again it is an + + + align:start position:0% +involving in the program again it is an +industrially funded program we have + + align:start position:0% +industrially funded program we have + + + align:start position:0% +industrially funded program we have +enduser membership to the program we + + align:start position:0% +enduser membership to the program we + + + align:start position:0% +enduser membership to the program we +have technology membership to the + + align:start position:0% +have technology membership to the + + + align:start position:0% +have technology membership to the +program and of course we have standards + + align:start position:0% +program and of course we have standards + + + align:start position:0% +program and of course we have standards +bodies involved in the program as well + + align:start position:0% +bodies involved in the program as well + + + align:start position:0% +bodies involved in the program as well +as the research side where we're using + + align:start position:0% +as the research side where we're using + + + align:start position:0% +as the research side where we're using +the cambri or ID lab is primarily uh + + align:start position:0% +the cambri or ID lab is primarily uh + + + align:start position:0% +the cambri or ID lab is primarily uh +managing the programming program as such + + align:start position:0% +managing the programming program as such + + + align:start position:0% +managing the programming program as such +and adding its research uh activities to + + align:start position:0% +and adding its research uh activities to + + + align:start position:0% +and adding its research uh activities to +it Auto ID Labs the rest of the Auto ID + + align:start position:0% +it Auto ID Labs the rest of the Auto ID + + + align:start position:0% +it Auto ID Labs the rest of the Auto ID +labs are supporting us in this work and + + align:start position:0% +labs are supporting us in this work and + + + align:start position:0% +labs are supporting us in this work and +providing their research skills as they + + align:start position:0% +providing their research skills as they + + + align:start position:0% +providing their research skills as they +fit the needs of the program and of + + align:start position:0% +fit the needs of the program and of + + + align:start position:0% +fit the needs of the program and of +course what we're also doing is looking + + align:start position:0% +course what we're also doing is looking + + + align:start position:0% +course what we're also doing is looking +for other research organizations to help + + align:start position:0% +for other research organizations to help + + + align:start position:0% +for other research organizations to help +us out where where they got specific + + align:start position:0% +us out where where they got specific + + + align:start position:0% +us out where where they got specific +skills that will add to our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +activity so to give you an idea of some + + align:start position:0% +activity so to give you an idea of some + + + align:start position:0% +activity so to give you an idea of some +of the labs that are helping us out at + + align:start position:0% +of the labs that are helping us out at + + + align:start position:0% +of the labs that are helping us out at +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +moment uh uh the Korean aut ID lab is is + + align:start position:0% +moment uh uh the Korean aut ID lab is is + + + align:start position:0% +moment uh uh the Korean aut ID lab is is +Keen to get involved as well as the + + align:start position:0% +Keen to get involved as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +Keen to get involved as well as the +Japanese Auto ID lab has been very hard + + align:start position:0% +Japanese Auto ID lab has been very hard + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese Auto ID lab has been very hard +at work on this program and we've got + + align:start position:0% +at work on this program and we've got + + + align:start position:0% +at work on this program and we've got +two other labs that are becoming pushed + + align:start position:0% +two other labs that are becoming pushed + + + align:start position:0% +two other labs that are becoming pushed +by the sponsors if you like so uh + + align:start position:0% +by the sponsors if you like so uh + + + align:start position:0% +by the sponsors if you like so uh +unicamp in Brazil is um is a university + + align:start position:0% +unicamp in Brazil is um is a university + + + align:start position:0% +unicamp in Brazil is um is a university +that is sponsored by by emba an aviation + + align:start position:0% +that is sponsored by by emba an aviation + + + align:start position:0% +that is sponsored by by emba an aviation +organization in Brazil who are Keen to + + align:start position:0% +organization in Brazil who are Keen to + + + align:start position:0% +organization in Brazil who are Keen to +work with us as well as uh magur one of + + align:start position:0% +work with us as well as uh magur one of + + + align:start position:0% +work with us as well as uh magur one of +the Fran hofers in Germany who works + + align:start position:0% +the Fran hofers in Germany who works + + + align:start position:0% +the Fran hofers in Germany who works +with a + + align:start position:0% +with a + + + align:start position:0% +with a +us so to give you an idea of who our + + align:start position:0% +us so to give you an idea of who our + + + align:start position:0% +us so to give you an idea of who our +sponsors are at the moment the US a + + align:start position:0% +sponsors are at the moment the US a + + + align:start position:0% +sponsors are at the moment the US a +sponsorship as you can see technology + + align:start position:0% +sponsorship as you can see technology + + + align:start position:0% +sponsorship as you can see technology +membership and the standards bodies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +involved so the way we've been moving + + align:start position:0% +involved so the way we've been moving + + + align:start position:0% +involved so the way we've been moving +forward with this is we have uh each + + align:start position:0% +forward with this is we have uh each + + + align:start position:0% +forward with this is we have uh each +member the joins the program gets a vote + + align:start position:0% +member the joins the program gets a vote + + + align:start position:0% +member the joins the program gets a vote +on the themes and the way the program + + align:start position:0% +on the themes and the way the program + + + align:start position:0% +on the themes and the way the program +goes forwards um and basically everyone + + align:start position:0% +goes forwards um and basically everyone + + + align:start position:0% +goes forwards um and basically everyone +what we do is we take these initial + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we take these initial + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we take these initial +themes that we found we present on them + + align:start position:0% +themes that we found we present on them + + + align:start position:0% +themes that we found we present on them +we allow the membership to vote on how + + align:start position:0% +we allow the membership to vote on how + + + align:start position:0% +we allow the membership to vote on how +they'd like to go forward and which + + align:start position:0% +they'd like to go forward and which + + + align:start position:0% +they'd like to go forward and which +themes will be taken on what we do have + + align:start position:0% +themes will be taken on what we do have + + + align:start position:0% +themes will be taken on what we do have +is a governing body to ensure that any + + align:start position:0% +is a governing body to ensure that any + + + align:start position:0% +is a governing body to ensure that any +disputes get resolved and the governing + + align:start position:0% +disputes get resolved and the governing + + + align:start position:0% +disputes get resolved and the governing +body has really been pulled together + + align:start position:0% +body has really been pulled together + + + align:start position:0% +body has really been pulled together +from the endes of membership of the + + align:start position:0% +from the endes of membership of the + + + align:start position:0% +from the endes of membership of the +program so that's to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +program so that's to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +program so that's to make sure that +we're steering and meeting the + + align:start position:0% +we're steering and meeting the + + + align:start position:0% +we're steering and meeting the +requirements of the Aerospace sector and + + align:start position:0% +requirements of the Aerospace sector and + + + align:start position:0% +requirements of the Aerospace sector and +not necessarily just meeting technology + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily just meeting technology + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily just meeting technology +vendors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +needs so the program structure is we + + align:start position:0% +needs so the program structure is we + + + align:start position:0% +needs so the program structure is we +have a bunch of research teams that + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of research teams that + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of research teams that +we're working on and we're pulling + + align:start position:0% +we're working on and we're pulling + + + align:start position:0% +we're working on and we're pulling +organizations in to support the research + + align:start position:0% +organizations in to support the research + + + align:start position:0% +organizations in to support the research +work in those different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +areas so the current research themes + + align:start position:0% +areas so the current research themes + + + align:start position:0% +areas so the current research themes +that we're working on uh come out as um + + align:start position:0% +that we're working on uh come out as um + + + align:start position:0% +that we're working on uh come out as um +ID life cycle management application + + align:start position:0% +ID life cycle management application + + + align:start position:0% +ID life cycle management application +matching sens of fusion security track + + align:start position:0% +matching sens of fusion security track + + + align:start position:0% +matching sens of fusion security track +and Trace and data synchronization so + + align:start position:0% +and Trace and data synchronization so + + + align:start position:0% +and Trace and data synchronization so +these are key areas that have been ident + + align:start position:0% +these are key areas that have been ident + + + align:start position:0% +these are key areas that have been ident +identified by the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +identified by the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +identified by the Aerospace +organizations as being important + + align:start position:0% +organizations as being important + + + align:start position:0% +organizations as being important +research tracks that should be solved to + + align:start position:0% +research tracks that should be solved to + + + align:start position:0% +research tracks that should be solved to +help with the adoption of this + + align:start position:0% +help with the adoption of this + + + align:start position:0% +help with the adoption of this +technology so life cycle ID management + + align:start position:0% +technology so life cycle ID management + + + align:start position:0% +technology so life cycle ID management +the background of this is we're finding + + align:start position:0% +the background of this is we're finding + + + align:start position:0% +the background of this is we're finding +that um a product can have a number of + + align:start position:0% +that um a product can have a number of + + + align:start position:0% +that um a product can have a number of +identities in it it can have a number of + + align:start position:0% +identities in it it can have a number of + + + align:start position:0% +identities in it it can have a number of +databases or data repositories within + + align:start position:0% +databases or data repositories within + + + align:start position:0% +databases or data repositories within +the system holding information on it so + + align:start position:0% +the system holding information on it so + + + align:start position:0% +the system holding information on it so +for example it can have production + + align:start position:0% +for example it can have production + + + align:start position:0% +for example it can have production +information about it it could have + + align:start position:0% +information about it it could have + + + align:start position:0% +information about it it could have +maintenance information about it and it + + align:start position:0% +maintenance information about it and it + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance information about it and it +could usage information about it as + + align:start position:0% +could usage information about it as + + + align:start position:0% +could usage information about it as +components that product get changed how + + align:start position:0% +components that product get changed how + + + align:start position:0% +components that product get changed how +do we thread together this information + + align:start position:0% +do we thread together this information + + + align:start position:0% +do we thread together this information +to maintain information throughout the + + align:start position:0% +to maintain information throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain information throughout the +product life cycle of that part which is + + align:start position:0% +product life cycle of that part which is + + + align:start position:0% +product life cycle of that part which is +quite an important issue and we've got a + + align:start position:0% +quite an important issue and we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +quite an important issue and we've got a +number of industrial collaborators that + + align:start position:0% +number of industrial collaborators that + + + align:start position:0% +number of industrial collaborators that +are working on that + + align:start position:0% +are working on that + + + align:start position:0% +are working on that +program ID application matching again as + + align:start position:0% +program ID application matching again as + + + align:start position:0% +program ID application matching again as +I said before RFID is not the only ID + + align:start position:0% +I said before RFID is not the only ID + + + align:start position:0% +I said before RFID is not the only ID +solution and there is actually going to + + align:start position:0% +solution and there is actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +solution and there is actually going to +be a number of ID Solutions used in the + + align:start position:0% +be a number of ID Solutions used in the + + + align:start position:0% +be a number of ID Solutions used in the +Aerospace sector um if we look at people + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace sector um if we look at people + + + align:start position:0% +Aerospace sector um if we look at people +like Rolls-Royce um they're very keen + + align:start position:0% +like Rolls-Royce um they're very keen + + + align:start position:0% +like Rolls-Royce um they're very keen +they use data Matrix on fan blades for + + align:start position:0% +they use data Matrix on fan blades for + + + align:start position:0% +they use data Matrix on fan blades for +identifying them is a way in which they + + align:start position:0% +identifying them is a way in which they + + + align:start position:0% +identifying them is a way in which they +can uniquely identify V blades so we got + + align:start position:0% +can uniquely identify V blades so we got + + + align:start position:0% +can uniquely identify V blades so we got +to deal with a mix of it Technologies + + align:start position:0% +to deal with a mix of it Technologies + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with a mix of it Technologies +what this work here is looking at is + + align:start position:0% +what this work here is looking at is + + + align:start position:0% +what this work here is looking at is +different processes within the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +different processes within the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +different processes within the Aerospace +industry and understanding which ID + + align:start position:0% +industry and understanding which ID + + + align:start position:0% +industry and understanding which ID +Technologies fit most appropriately to + + align:start position:0% +Technologies fit most appropriately to + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies fit most appropriately to +those needs once we can do that we can + + align:start position:0% +those needs once we can do that we can + + + align:start position:0% +those needs once we can do that we can +start to understand the different ID + + align:start position:0% +start to understand the different ID + + + align:start position:0% +start to understand the different ID +technologies that will be used at + + align:start position:0% +technologies that will be used at + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that will be used at +different areas within a particular + + align:start position:0% +different areas within a particular + + + align:start position:0% +different areas within a particular +process and we can work out which would + + align:start position:0% +process and we can work out which would + + + align:start position:0% +process and we can work out which would +be appropriate technology or best match + + align:start position:0% +be appropriate technology or best match + + + align:start position:0% +be appropriate technology or best match +across the different processes that that + + align:start position:0% +across the different processes that that + + + align:start position:0% +across the different processes that that +part or product has to go through + + align:start position:0% +part or product has to go through + + + align:start position:0% +part or product has to go through +and again we have enough another a + + align:start position:0% +and again we have enough another a + + + align:start position:0% +and again we have enough another a +number of industrial collaborators + + align:start position:0% +number of industrial collaborators + + + align:start position:0% +number of industrial collaborators +working on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that Sensor Fusion um this is coming + + align:start position:0% +that Sensor Fusion um this is coming + + + align:start position:0% +that Sensor Fusion um this is coming +through um healthc care monitoring on + + align:start position:0% +through um healthc care monitoring on + + + align:start position:0% +through um healthc care monitoring on +aircraft um so we're very interested in + + align:start position:0% +aircraft um so we're very interested in + + + align:start position:0% +aircraft um so we're very interested in +knowing how we can uh best use sensor + + align:start position:0% +knowing how we can uh best use sensor + + + align:start position:0% +knowing how we can uh best use sensor +information that comes from aircraft + + align:start position:0% +information that comes from aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +information that comes from aircraft +systems as well as ID information comes + + align:start position:0% +systems as well as ID information comes + + + align:start position:0% +systems as well as ID information comes +from parts that are in that aircraft and + + align:start position:0% +from parts that are in that aircraft and + + + align:start position:0% +from parts that are in that aircraft and +make best decisions on you know has + + align:start position:0% +make best decisions on you know has + + + align:start position:0% +make best decisions on you know has +there been a problem with the aircraft + + align:start position:0% +there been a problem with the aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +there been a problem with the aircraft +or future maintenance that has to happen + + align:start position:0% +or future maintenance that has to happen + + + align:start position:0% +or future maintenance that has to happen +on an aircraft or is there a failure + + align:start position:0% +on an aircraft or is there a failure + + + align:start position:0% +on an aircraft or is there a failure +mode about to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +occur data + + align:start position:0% +occur data + + + align:start position:0% +occur data +synchronization we're finding that many + + align:start position:0% +synchronization we're finding that many + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization we're finding that many +of the applications it may be that the + + align:start position:0% +of the applications it may be that the + + + align:start position:0% +of the applications it may be that the +uh the product might be not be in a + + align:start position:0% +uh the product might be not be in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh the product might be not be in a +networked environment so we might have + + align:start position:0% +networked environment so we might have + + + align:start position:0% +networked environment so we might have +to store information locally on the tag + + align:start position:0% +to store information locally on the tag + + + align:start position:0% +to store information locally on the tag +for a number of processes or it might be + + align:start position:0% +for a number of processes or it might be + + + align:start position:0% +for a number of processes or it might be +that it's a safety critical kind of + + align:start position:0% +that it's a safety critical kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a safety critical kind of +information that has to be stored on the + + align:start position:0% +information that has to be stored on the + + + align:start position:0% +information that has to be stored on the +tag so how do we deal with products that + + align:start position:0% +tag so how do we deal with products that + + + align:start position:0% +tag so how do we deal with products that +are moving in and out of network + + align:start position:0% +are moving in and out of network + + + align:start position:0% +are moving in and out of network +environments and making sure that the + + align:start position:0% +environments and making sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +environments and making sure that the +data is updated in the appropriate way + + align:start position:0% +data is updated in the appropriate way + + + align:start position:0% +data is updated in the appropriate way +and the correct synchronization + + align:start position:0% +and the correct synchronization + + + align:start position:0% +and the correct synchronization +processes are happening so that's + + align:start position:0% +processes are happening so that's + + + align:start position:0% +processes are happening so that's +another very important research topic + + align:start position:0% +another very important research topic + + + align:start position:0% +another very important research topic +that's been brought + + align:start position:0% +that's been brought + + + align:start position:0% +that's been brought +forward and of course track and Trace as + + align:start position:0% +forward and of course track and Trace as + + + align:start position:0% +forward and of course track and Trace as +in many different areas track and Trace + + align:start position:0% +in many different areas track and Trace + + + align:start position:0% +in many different areas track and Trace +is very important in the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +is very important in the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +is very important in the Aerospace +sector I mean it's a legislative + + align:start position:0% +sector I mean it's a legislative + + + align:start position:0% +sector I mean it's a legislative +requirement to provide good track and + + align:start position:0% +requirement to provide good track and + + + align:start position:0% +requirement to provide good track and +trace of Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +trace of Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +trace of Aerospace +Parts So currently we've got some + + align:start position:0% +Parts So currently we've got some + + + align:start position:0% +Parts So currently we've got some +scoping activities understanding what + + align:start position:0% +scoping activities understanding what + + + align:start position:0% +scoping activities understanding what +the legislative requirements are as well + + align:start position:0% +the legislative requirements are as well + + + align:start position:0% +the legislative requirements are as well +as the business needs in the Aerospace + + align:start position:0% +as the business needs in the Aerospace + + + align:start position:0% +as the business needs in the Aerospace +sector for track and Trace and thinking + + align:start position:0% +sector for track and Trace and thinking + + + align:start position:0% +sector for track and Trace and thinking +about what the future will be of track + + align:start position:0% +about what the future will be of track + + + align:start position:0% +about what the future will be of track +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Trace and everyone's in agreement + + align:start position:0% +Trace and everyone's in agreement + + + align:start position:0% +Trace and everyone's in agreement +basically that security is enormous area + + align:start position:0% +basically that security is enormous area + + + align:start position:0% +basically that security is enormous area +that has to be covered and really this + + align:start position:0% +that has to be covered and really this + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be covered and really this +hit all of our research areas that we've + + align:start position:0% +hit all of our research areas that we've + + + align:start position:0% +hit all of our research areas that we've +been looking at so we can see here in + + align:start position:0% +been looking at so we can see here in + + + align:start position:0% +been looking at so we can see here in +this diagram here I've tried to show uh + + align:start position:0% +this diagram here I've tried to show uh + + + align:start position:0% +this diagram here I've tried to show uh +from right down at the hardware level up + + align:start position:0% +from right down at the hardware level up + + + align:start position:0% +from right down at the hardware level up +to the business level on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +to the business level on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +to the business level on the left hand +side and the different research topics + + align:start position:0% +side and the different research topics + + + align:start position:0% +side and the different research topics +we're working on uh you can see that + + align:start position:0% +we're working on uh you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +we're working on uh you can see that +there's quite a good match we're hitting + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a good match we're hitting + + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a good match we're hitting +quite a few of the areas with the + + align:start position:0% +quite a few of the areas with the + + + align:start position:0% +quite a few of the areas with the +research topics that we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +research topics that we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +research topics that we're looking at +and you can see on the far right that + + align:start position:0% +and you can see on the far right that + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see on the far right that +actually security goes across a whole + + align:start position:0% +actually security goes across a whole + + + align:start position:0% +actually security goes across a whole +bunch of those research teams that we + + align:start position:0% +bunch of those research teams that we + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of those research teams that we +investigating and actually the security + + align:start position:0% +investigating and actually the security + + + align:start position:0% +investigating and actually the security +work team is working quite well that's + + align:start position:0% +work team is working quite well that's + + + align:start position:0% +work team is working quite well that's +now moved into an industrial work team + + align:start position:0% +now moved into an industrial work team + + + align:start position:0% +now moved into an industrial work team +that are actually looking into that work + + align:start position:0% +that are actually looking into that work + + + align:start position:0% +that are actually looking into that work +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now so deliverables that are coming out + + align:start position:0% +now so deliverables that are coming out + + + align:start position:0% +now so deliverables that are coming out +of the program uh tools to support + + align:start position:0% +of the program uh tools to support + + + align:start position:0% +of the program uh tools to support +deployment analysis guidance on pilot + + align:start position:0% +deployment analysis guidance on pilot + + + align:start position:0% +deployment analysis guidance on pilot +results + + align:start position:0% +results + + + align:start position:0% +results +guidelines on complex requirements + + align:start position:0% +guidelines on complex requirements + + + align:start position:0% +guidelines on complex requirements +demonstrations to clarify applications + + align:start position:0% +demonstrations to clarify applications + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrations to clarify applications +and issues software prototyping and + + align:start position:0% +and issues software prototyping and + + + align:start position:0% +and issues software prototyping and +white + + align:start position:0% +white + + + align:start position:0% +white +papers and for our next meeting that's + + align:start position:0% +papers and for our next meeting that's + + + align:start position:0% +papers and for our next meeting that's +going on on the 1st and 2nd of February + + align:start position:0% +going on on the 1st and 2nd of February + + + align:start position:0% +going on on the 1st and 2nd of February +we've got a number of industrial white + + align:start position:0% +we've got a number of industrial white + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a number of industrial white +papers that are coming out on each of + + align:start position:0% +papers that are coming out on each of + + + align:start position:0% +papers that are coming out on each of +these research topics and these are the + + align:start position:0% +these research topics and these are the + + + align:start position:0% +these research topics and these are the +basically the scoping activities that + + align:start position:0% +basically the scoping activities that + + + align:start position:0% +basically the scoping activities that +have been going on for the last few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +months so to give you an idea of some of + + align:start position:0% +months so to give you an idea of some of + + + align:start position:0% +months so to give you an idea of some of +the current research team that's + + align:start position:0% +the current research team that's + + + align:start position:0% +the current research team that's +involved in the + + align:start position:0% +involved in the + + + align:start position:0% +involved in the +program so basically what we're we're + + align:start position:0% +program so basically what we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +program so basically what we're we're +looking for here is really to find + + align:start position:0% +looking for here is really to find + + + align:start position:0% +looking for here is really to find +research organizations that are + + align:start position:0% +research organizations that are + + + align:start position:0% +research organizations that are +interested in get involved in some of + + align:start position:0% +interested in get involved in some of + + + align:start position:0% +interested in get involved in some of +these areas and I'd be very good if you + + align:start position:0% +these areas and I'd be very good if you + + + align:start position:0% +these areas and I'd be very good if you +could uh get in touch with me to talk + + align:start position:0% +could uh get in touch with me to talk + + + align:start position:0% +could uh get in touch with me to talk +further about how we could collaborate + + align:start position:0% +further about how we could collaborate + + + align:start position:0% +further about how we could collaborate +on this + + align:start position:0% +on this + + + align:start position:0% +on this +program so that kind of covers what + + align:start position:0% +program so that kind of covers what + + + align:start position:0% +program so that kind of covers what +we're doing as putting together a + + align:start position:0% +we're doing as putting together a + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing as putting together a +research program for this area what what + + align:start position:0% +research program for this area what what + + + align:start position:0% +research program for this area what what +I would like to do is move over to Ken + + align:start position:0% +I would like to do is move over to Ken + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to do is move over to Ken +to allow him to talk about some of the + + align:start position:0% +to allow him to talk about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +to allow him to talk about some of the +requirements that and his vision for + + align:start position:0% +requirements that and his vision for + + + align:start position:0% +requirements that and his vision for +where some of the commercial aircraft + + align:start position:0% +where some of the commercial aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +where some of the commercial aircraft +activities are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +thank you g take a break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first uh where did he put you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good afternoon everybody uh my name is + + align:start position:0% +good afternoon everybody uh my name is + + + align:start position:0% +good afternoon everybody uh my name is +Ken porad I'm the Boeing engineering + + align:start position:0% +Ken porad I'm the Boeing engineering + + + align:start position:0% +Ken porad I'm the Boeing engineering +representative to the Air transport + + align:start position:0% +representative to the Air transport + + + align:start position:0% +representative to the Air transport +Association the area automated + + align:start position:0% +Association the area automated + + + align:start position:0% +Association the area automated +identification and data capture and I'm + + align:start position:0% +identification and data capture and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +identification and data capture and I'm +leading the effort um at boing + + align:start position:0% +leading the effort um at boing + + + align:start position:0% +leading the effort um at boing +commercial airplanes to get RFID enabled + + align:start position:0% +commercial airplanes to get RFID enabled + + + align:start position:0% +commercial airplanes to get RFID enabled +shipping labels all over our Factory to + + align:start position:0% +shipping labels all over our Factory to + + + align:start position:0% +shipping labels all over our Factory to +reduce unit cost cycle time and defects + + align:start position:0% +reduce unit cost cycle time and defects + + + align:start position:0% +reduce unit cost cycle time and defects +and also on shipping labels and packing + + align:start position:0% +and also on shipping labels and packing + + + align:start position:0% +and also on shipping labels and packing +slips and on airplane parts and Alan uh + + align:start position:0% +slips and on airplane parts and Alan uh + + + align:start position:0% +slips and on airplane parts and Alan uh +asked me to talk about some of the + + align:start position:0% +asked me to talk about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +asked me to talk about some of the +progress on deploying RFID on the + + align:start position:0% +progress on deploying RFID on the + + + align:start position:0% +progress on deploying RFID on the +airplane Parts because it's the most + + align:start position:0% +airplane Parts because it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +airplane Parts because it's the most +exciting and it's the most + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complex I want to start with uh how we + + align:start position:0% +complex I want to start with uh how we + + + align:start position:0% +complex I want to start with uh how we +do business today in uh commercial + + align:start position:0% +do business today in uh commercial + + + align:start position:0% +do business today in uh commercial +Aviation we have barcoded name plates to + + align:start position:0% +Aviation we have barcoded name plates to + + + align:start position:0% +Aviation we have barcoded name plates to +identify products on the airplane and + + align:start position:0% +identify products on the airplane and + + + align:start position:0% +identify products on the airplane and +typically there's three elements of data + + align:start position:0% +typically there's three elements of data + + + align:start position:0% +typically there's three elements of data +that are on these name plates that are + + align:start position:0% +that are on these name plates that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are on these name plates that are +appointer to a global database of + + align:start position:0% +appointer to a global database of + + + align:start position:0% +appointer to a global database of +unlimited information about the life + + align:start position:0% +unlimited information about the life + + + align:start position:0% +unlimited information about the life +cycle history of that product and we use + + align:start position:0% +cycle history of that product and we use + + + align:start position:0% +cycle history of that product and we use +a unique serial number within a + + align:start position:0% +a unique serial number within a + + + align:start position:0% +a unique serial number within a +manufacturer's code and a part number + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer's code and a part number + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer's code and a part number +those three elements today Define + + align:start position:0% +those three elements today Define + + + align:start position:0% +those three elements today Define +uniqueness to an airplane part and + + align:start position:0% +uniqueness to an airplane part and + + + align:start position:0% +uniqueness to an airplane part and +there's a problem with that the problem + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem with that the problem + + + align:start position:0% +there's a problem with that the problem +is it's a static device so once it's + + align:start position:0% +is it's a static device so once it's + + + align:start position:0% +is it's a static device so once it's +printed that barcoded name plate that's + + align:start position:0% +printed that barcoded name plate that's + + + align:start position:0% +printed that barcoded name plate that's +the way it is for 20 to 30 years and in + + align:start position:0% +the way it is for 20 to 30 years and in + + + align:start position:0% +the way it is for 20 to 30 years and in +my industry we change our part numbers + + align:start position:0% +my industry we change our part numbers + + + align:start position:0% +my industry we change our part numbers +to make it more complicated anytime that + + align:start position:0% +to make it more complicated anytime that + + + align:start position:0% +to make it more complicated anytime that +we add a service bulletin or a mod kit + + align:start position:0% +we add a service bulletin or a mod kit + + + align:start position:0% +we add a service bulletin or a mod kit +to improve reliability of an airplane + + align:start position:0% +to improve reliability of an airplane + + + align:start position:0% +to improve reliability of an airplane +part if we change form fitter function + + align:start position:0% +part if we change form fitter function + + + align:start position:0% +part if we change form fitter function +of that part we have to roll the part + + align:start position:0% +of that part we have to roll the part + + + align:start position:0% +of that part we have to roll the part +number so you can imagine if this what's + + align:start position:0% +number so you can imagine if this what's + + + align:start position:0% +number so you can imagine if this what's +up on the screen if this identifies the + + align:start position:0% +up on the screen if this identifies the + + + align:start position:0% +up on the screen if this identifies the +product on an airplane that lower name + + align:start position:0% +product on an airplane that lower name + + + align:start position:0% +product on an airplane that lower name +plate that's good for 30 years that's + + align:start position:0% +plate that's good for 30 years that's + + + align:start position:0% +plate that's good for 30 years that's +the social security number of a part and + + align:start position:0% +the social security number of a part and + + + align:start position:0% +the social security number of a part and +you'll see that there's a unique serial + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that there's a unique serial + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that there's a unique serial +number in a manufacturer code that's in + + align:start position:0% +number in a manufacturer code that's in + + + align:start position:0% +number in a manufacturer code that's in +human readable text in English + + align:start position:0% +human readable text in English + + + align:start position:0% +human readable text in English +and it's also in a barcode that upper + + align:start position:0% +and it's also in a barcode that upper + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also in a barcode that upper +name plate has the supplier's part + + align:start position:0% +name plate has the supplier's part + + + align:start position:0% +name plate has the supplier's part +number that supplier's part number + + align:start position:0% +number that supplier's part number + + + align:start position:0% +number that supplier's part number +changes over time sometimes many times + + align:start position:0% +changes over time sometimes many times + + + align:start position:0% +changes over time sometimes many times +over the years so what we do today is we + + align:start position:0% +over the years so what we do today is we + + + align:start position:0% +over the years so what we do today is we +have to install a revised upper name + + align:start position:0% +have to install a revised upper name + + + align:start position:0% +have to install a revised upper name +plate in a service bullettin or modkit + + align:start position:0% +plate in a service bullettin or modkit + + + align:start position:0% +plate in a service bullettin or modkit +so any thirdparty maintenance provider + + align:start position:0% +so any thirdparty maintenance provider + + + align:start position:0% +so any thirdparty maintenance provider +worldwide could install this on any + + align:start position:0% +worldwide could install this on any + + + align:start position:0% +worldwide could install this on any +Boeing customer's airplane without + + align:start position:0% +Boeing customer's airplane without + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing customer's airplane without +linking it to a specific seral numbered + + align:start position:0% +linking it to a specific seral numbered + + + align:start position:0% +linking it to a specific seral numbered +end item so you can imagine the + + align:start position:0% +end item so you can imagine the + + + align:start position:0% +end item so you can imagine the +logistics challenge it is you can + + align:start position:0% +logistics challenge it is you can + + + align:start position:0% +logistics challenge it is you can +imagine the benefits for r + + align:start position:0% +imagine the benefits for r + + + align:start position:0% +imagine the benefits for r +ID let's talk about benefits a lot of + + align:start position:0% +ID let's talk about benefits a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +ID let's talk about benefits a lot of +times when we present we have Airbus + + align:start position:0% +times when we present we have Airbus + + + align:start position:0% +times when we present we have Airbus +with us Airbus as you know is our major + + align:start position:0% +with us Airbus as you know is our major + + + align:start position:0% +with us Airbus as you know is our major +competitor but they're not our + + align:start position:0% +competitor but they're not our + + + align:start position:0% +competitor but they're not our +competitor to implement standards + + align:start position:0% +competitor to implement standards + + + align:start position:0% +competitor to implement standards +initiatives you may not know that Boeing + + align:start position:0% +initiatives you may not know that Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +initiatives you may not know that Boeing +and Airbus share 70% common + + align:start position:0% +and Airbus share 70% common + + + align:start position:0% +and Airbus share 70% common +suppliers So Pro to provide inconsistent + + align:start position:0% +suppliers So Pro to provide inconsistent + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers So Pro to provide inconsistent +requirements and direction to Common + + align:start position:0% +requirements and direction to Common + + + align:start position:0% +requirements and direction to Common +suppliers would be costly and foolish + + align:start position:0% +suppliers would be costly and foolish + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers would be costly and foolish +for Boeing and airb and what's worse + + align:start position:0% +for Boeing and airb and what's worse + + + align:start position:0% +for Boeing and airb and what's worse +would be to have an inconsistent + + align:start position:0% +would be to have an inconsistent + + + align:start position:0% +would be to have an inconsistent +solution to a common customer that flies + + align:start position:0% +solution to a common customer that flies + + + align:start position:0% +solution to a common customer that flies +a mixed Fleet of Boeing and Airbus Jets + + align:start position:0% +a mixed Fleet of Boeing and Airbus Jets + + + align:start position:0% +a mixed Fleet of Boeing and Airbus Jets +so we've been working with Airbus for 10 + + align:start position:0% +so we've been working with Airbus for 10 + + + align:start position:0% +so we've been working with Airbus for 10 +years now for 10 years first to deploy + + align:start position:0% +years now for 10 years first to deploy + + + align:start position:0% +years now for 10 years first to deploy +barcoded name plates and now on + + align:start position:0% +barcoded name plates and now on + + + align:start position:0% +barcoded name plates and now on +RFID without spending a lot of time on + + align:start position:0% +RFID without spending a lot of time on + + + align:start position:0% +RFID without spending a lot of time on +the benefits this is worth a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the benefits this is worth a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits this is worth a lot of +money to Boeing as I said we're going to + + align:start position:0% +money to Boeing as I said we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +money to Boeing as I said we're going to +be putting RFID enabled shipping labels + + align:start position:0% +be putting RFID enabled shipping labels + + + align:start position:0% +be putting RFID enabled shipping labels +on packages incoming to Boeing just in + + align:start position:0% +on packages incoming to Boeing just in + + + align:start position:0% +on packages incoming to Boeing just in +Boeing Seattle we get 50,000 packages + + align:start position:0% +Boeing Seattle we get 50,000 packages + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing Seattle we get 50,000 packages +per day incoming to support the + + align:start position:0% +per day incoming to support the + + + align:start position:0% +per day incoming to support the +production of an airplane program + + align:start position:0% +production of an airplane program + + + align:start position:0% +production of an airplane program +so 50,000 per day if you want to know + + align:start position:0% +so 50,000 per day if you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +so 50,000 per day if you want to know +about the business case today we have + + align:start position:0% +about the business case today we have + + + align:start position:0% +about the business case today we have +nine linear barcodes on each box so nine + + align:start position:0% +nine linear barcodes on each box so nine + + + align:start position:0% +nine linear barcodes on each box so nine +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +50,000 that's 450,000 times someone has + + align:start position:0% +50,000 that's 450,000 times someone has + + + align:start position:0% +50,000 that's 450,000 times someone has +to read a + + align:start position:0% +to read a + + + align:start position:0% +to read a +barcode in witch talk hands us we set up + + align:start position:0% +barcode in witch talk hands us we set up + + + align:start position:0% +barcode in witch talk hands us we set up +a portal at incoming receiving and we + + align:start position:0% +a portal at incoming receiving and we + + + align:start position:0% +a portal at incoming receiving and we +pushed palleted shipments from all of + + align:start position:0% +pushed palleted shipments from all of + + + align:start position:0% +pushed palleted shipments from all of +the logistics providers like FedEx and + + align:start position:0% +the logistics providers like FedEx and + + + align:start position:0% +the logistics providers like FedEx and +UPS and DHL they'd all just come right + + align:start position:0% +UPS and DHL they'd all just come right + + + align:start position:0% +UPS and DHL they'd all just come right +into our incoming receiving door at our + + align:start position:0% +into our incoming receiving door at our + + + align:start position:0% +into our incoming receiving door at our +dock door and go right into our Erp + + align:start position:0% +dock door and go right into our Erp + + + align:start position:0% +dock door and go right into our Erp +system that was worth millions right + + align:start position:0% +system that was worth millions right + + + align:start position:0% +system that was worth millions right +there I'm not allowed to tell you the + + align:start position:0% +there I'm not allowed to tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +there I'm not allowed to tell you the +exact numbers but they're + + align:start position:0% +exact numbers but they're + + + align:start position:0% +exact numbers but they're +huge also in our Factory reducing cycle + + align:start position:0% +huge also in our Factory reducing cycle + + + align:start position:0% +huge also in our Factory reducing cycle +time unit cost and defects you probably + + align:start position:0% +time unit cost and defects you probably + + + align:start position:0% +time unit cost and defects you probably +know there's six million Parts on a + + align:start position:0% +know there's six million Parts on a + + + align:start position:0% +know there's six million Parts on a +jetliner we're not going to be putting + + align:start position:0% +jetliner we're not going to be putting + + + align:start position:0% +jetliner we're not going to be putting +RFID tags on all Six Million Parts but I + + align:start position:0% +RFID tags on all Six Million Parts but I + + + align:start position:0% +RFID tags on all Six Million Parts but I +will show you what we have planned + + align:start position:0% +will show you what we have planned + + + align:start position:0% +will show you what we have planned +for another major benefit for Boeing is + + align:start position:0% +for another major benefit for Boeing is + + + align:start position:0% +for another major benefit for Boeing is +that this information that we're + + align:start position:0% +that this information that we're + + + align:start position:0% +that this information that we're +exchanging with our partners our Airline + + align:start position:0% +exchanging with our partners our Airline + + + align:start position:0% +exchanging with our partners our Airline +customers and our suppliers this is + + align:start position:0% +customers and our suppliers this is + + + align:start position:0% +customers and our suppliers this is +helping us reduce the cycle time to + + align:start position:0% +helping us reduce the cycle time to + + + align:start position:0% +helping us reduce the cycle time to +solve problems that occur the airplane + + align:start position:0% +solve problems that occur the airplane + + + align:start position:0% +solve problems that occur the airplane +is one of the most complex products ever + + align:start position:0% +is one of the most complex products ever + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the most complex products ever +been created by man and as there's + + align:start position:0% +been created by man and as there's + + + align:start position:0% +been created by man and as there's +growing pains when we introduce a new + + align:start position:0% +growing pains when we introduce a new + + + align:start position:0% +growing pains when we introduce a new +product there's a lot of technical + + align:start position:0% +product there's a lot of technical + + + align:start position:0% +product there's a lot of technical +problems and before it would take up to + + align:start position:0% +problems and before it would take up to + + + align:start position:0% +problems and before it would take up to +18 months to fault isolate why these + + align:start position:0% +18 months to fault isolate why these + + + align:start position:0% +18 months to fault isolate why these +problems are being caused and to get a + + align:start position:0% +problems are being caused and to get a + + + align:start position:0% +problems are being caused and to get a +technical fix deployed into the field + + align:start position:0% +technical fix deployed into the field + + + align:start position:0% +technical fix deployed into the field +with RFID we think we'll get sharing of + + align:start position:0% +with RFID we think we'll get sharing of + + + align:start position:0% +with RFID we think we'll get sharing of +information to reduce that cycle time + + align:start position:0% +information to reduce that cycle time + + + align:start position:0% +information to reduce that cycle time +down to three + + align:start position:0% +down to three + + + align:start position:0% +down to three +months all these other benefits up on + + align:start position:0% +months all these other benefits up on + + + align:start position:0% +months all these other benefits up on +the screen provides accurate as + + align:start position:0% +the screen provides accurate as + + + align:start position:0% +the screen provides accurate as +delivered configuration help help us + + align:start position:0% +delivered configuration help help us + + + align:start position:0% +delivered configuration help help us +with warranty claim processing helps + + align:start position:0% +with warranty claim processing helps + + + align:start position:0% +with warranty claim processing helps +Airlines track their Rogue units helps + + align:start position:0% +Airlines track their Rogue units helps + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines track their Rogue units helps +reduce the risk of suspected unapproved + + align:start position:0% +reduce the risk of suspected unapproved + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the risk of suspected unapproved +and counterfeit Parts this is all going + + align:start position:0% +and counterfeit Parts this is all going + + + align:start position:0% +and counterfeit Parts this is all going +to be very wonderful with RFID that + + align:start position:0% +to be very wonderful with RFID that + + + align:start position:0% +to be very wonderful with RFID that +barcode could not really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do the way this is going to work is that + + align:start position:0% +do the way this is going to work is that + + + align:start position:0% +do the way this is going to work is that +when we create the airplane we develop a + + align:start position:0% +when we create the airplane we develop a + + + align:start position:0% +when we create the airplane we develop a +birth record that birth record has the + + align:start position:0% +birth record that birth record has the + + + align:start position:0% +birth record that birth record has the +seral numbers and part numbers we turn + + align:start position:0% +seral numbers and part numbers we turn + + + align:start position:0% +seral numbers and part numbers we turn +that over to an Airline customer that + + align:start position:0% +that over to an Airline customer that + + + align:start position:0% +that over to an Airline customer that +customer has agreed to tell us all of + + align:start position:0% +customer has agreed to tell us all of + + + align:start position:0% +customer has agreed to tell us all of +their flight hours and landings their + + align:start position:0% +their flight hours and landings their + + + align:start position:0% +their flight hours and landings their +unscheduled component removals by part + + align:start position:0% +unscheduled component removals by part + + + align:start position:0% +unscheduled component removals by part +number and serial number and all their + + align:start position:0% +number and serial number and all their + + + align:start position:0% +number and serial number and all their +dispatch delays their air turn backs + + align:start position:0% +dispatch delays their air turn backs + + + align:start position:0% +dispatch delays their air turn backs +their cancellations their delays + + align:start position:0% +their cancellations their delays + + + align:start position:0% +their cancellations their delays +cancellations we keep track of this + + align:start position:0% +cancellations we keep track of this + + + align:start position:0% +cancellations we keep track of this +through a teradata Mainframe and it's + + align:start position:0% +through a teradata Mainframe and it's + + + align:start position:0% +through a teradata Mainframe and it's +available 247 worldwide to Boeing + + align:start position:0% +available 247 worldwide to Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +available 247 worldwide to Boeing +customers using Microsoft Excel as a + + align:start position:0% +customers using Microsoft Excel as a + + + align:start position:0% +customers using Microsoft Excel as a +platform we've actually been doing this + + align:start position:0% +platform we've actually been doing this + + + align:start position:0% +platform we've actually been doing this +since June of 1995 when we launched the + + align:start position:0% +since June of 1995 when we launched the + + + align:start position:0% +since June of 1995 when we launched the +tri 7 airplane but we were doing it + + align:start position:0% +tri 7 airplane but we were doing it + + + align:start position:0% +tri 7 airplane but we were doing it +without Auto ID technology and it was + + align:start position:0% +without Auto ID technology and it was + + + align:start position:0% +without Auto ID technology and it was +very inefficient so now with RFID we're + + align:start position:0% +very inefficient so now with RFID we're + + + align:start position:0% +very inefficient so now with RFID we're +getting very excited on the new new + + align:start position:0% +getting very excited on the new new + + + align:start position:0% +getting very excited on the new new +Dreamliner to launch this we'll get to + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner to launch this we'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner to launch this we'll get to +what Cambridge is doing for us in a + + align:start position:0% +what Cambridge is doing for us in a + + + align:start position:0% +what Cambridge is doing for us in a +moment first I wanted to explain we're + + align:start position:0% +moment first I wanted to explain we're + + + align:start position:0% +moment first I wanted to explain we're +not putting RFID on Six Million Parts on + + align:start position:0% +not putting RFID on Six Million Parts on + + + align:start position:0% +not putting RFID on Six Million Parts on +an airplane it's going to be on the new + + align:start position:0% +an airplane it's going to be on the new + + + align:start position:0% +an airplane it's going to be on the new +Dreamliner 2,000 end items only 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner 2,000 end items only 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner 2,000 end items only 2,000 +you're probably wondering why + + align:start position:0% +you're probably wondering why + + + align:start position:0% +you're probably wondering why +2,000 well they really drive the cost of + + align:start position:0% +2,000 well they really drive the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 well they really drive the cost of +ownership of a Boeing airplane those + + align:start position:0% +ownership of a Boeing airplane those + + + align:start position:0% +ownership of a Boeing airplane those +2,000 Parts what you see up on the + + align:start position:0% +2,000 Parts what you see up on the + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 Parts what you see up on the +screen is the criteria the airlines told + + align:start position:0% +screen is the criteria the airlines told + + + align:start position:0% +screen is the criteria the airlines told +Boeing and Airbus that's important to + + align:start position:0% +Boeing and Airbus that's important to + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing and Airbus that's important to +them to track through a life cycle up to + + align:start position:0% +them to track through a life cycle up to + + + align:start position:0% +them to track through a life cycle up to +30 years they said focus on line + + align:start position:0% +30 years they said focus on line + + + align:start position:0% +30 years they said focus on line +replaceable units repairable Parts not + + align:start position:0% +replaceable units repairable Parts not + + + align:start position:0% +replaceable units repairable Parts not +consumables or throwaways but parts that + + align:start position:0% +consumables or throwaways but parts that + + + align:start position:0% +consumables or throwaways but parts that +are recommended as spare and parts with + + align:start position:0% +are recommended as spare and parts with + + + align:start position:0% +are recommended as spare and parts with +a high frequency of removal that drives + + align:start position:0% +a high frequency of removal that drives + + + align:start position:0% +a high frequency of removal that drives +cost of ownership and expensive spare + + align:start position:0% +cost of ownership and expensive spare + + + align:start position:0% +cost of ownership and expensive spare +parts parts that are on What's called + + align:start position:0% +parts parts that are on What's called + + + align:start position:0% +parts parts that are on What's called +the master minimum equipment list that + + align:start position:0% +the master minimum equipment list that + + + align:start position:0% +the master minimum equipment list that +means they're dispatch critical so if + + align:start position:0% +means they're dispatch critical so if + + + align:start position:0% +means they're dispatch critical so if +they're not working an airline cannot + + align:start position:0% +they're not working an airline cannot + + + align:start position:0% +they're not working an airline cannot +put the airplane into Revenue Service so + + align:start position:0% +put the airplane into Revenue Service so + + + align:start position:0% +put the airplane into Revenue Service so +they want to manage why they have + + align:start position:0% +they want to manage why they have + + + align:start position:0% +they want to manage why they have +delays anything that's a life limited or + + align:start position:0% +delays anything that's a life limited or + + + align:start position:0% +delays anything that's a life limited or +time controlled part like landing gear + + align:start position:0% +time controlled part like landing gear + + + align:start position:0% +time controlled part like landing gear +that's a great candidate to have an RFID + + align:start position:0% +that's a great candidate to have an RFID + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great candidate to have an RFID +name plate on cuz we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +name plate on cuz we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +name plate on cuz we're going to be +housing the maintenance history right on + + align:start position:0% +housing the maintenance history right on + + + align:start position:0% +housing the maintenance history right on +the name plate and I'll show you in a + + align:start position:0% +the name plate and I'll show you in a + + + align:start position:0% +the name plate and I'll show you in a +moment how that's going to work and also + + align:start position:0% +moment how that's going to work and also + + + align:start position:0% +moment how that's going to work and also +all of the Emergency Equipment on the + + align:start position:0% +all of the Emergency Equipment on the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the Emergency Equipment on the +airplane we have an RFID + + align:start position:0% +airplane we have an RFID + + + align:start position:0% +airplane we have an RFID +tag we've talked to many world's + + align:start position:0% +tag we've talked to many world's + + + align:start position:0% +tag we've talked to many world's +Airlines about this program even more + + align:start position:0% +Airlines about this program even more + + + align:start position:0% +Airlines about this program even more +than depicted on this world map and they + + align:start position:0% +than depicted on this world map and they + + + align:start position:0% +than depicted on this world map and they +all said this is of high value to them + + align:start position:0% +all said this is of high value to them + + + align:start position:0% +all said this is of high value to them +there's a very big return on investment + + align:start position:0% +there's a very big return on investment + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very big return on investment +in commercial Aviation for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +RFID unlike like in our Factory with + + align:start position:0% +RFID unlike like in our Factory with + + + align:start position:0% +RFID unlike like in our Factory with +Supply Chain management and Logistics + + align:start position:0% +Supply Chain management and Logistics + + + align:start position:0% +Supply Chain management and Logistics +when you put these on the airplane you + + align:start position:0% +when you put these on the airplane you + + + align:start position:0% +when you put these on the airplane you +have to worry about continued air + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about continued air + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about continued air +worthiness and safety of flight and + + align:start position:0% +worthiness and safety of flight and + + + align:start position:0% +worthiness and safety of flight and +Boeing has to certify to the regulatory + + align:start position:0% +Boeing has to certify to the regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing has to certify to the regulatory +agencies that we do not impact any + + align:start position:0% +agencies that we do not impact any + + + align:start position:0% +agencies that we do not impact any +installed system or equipment on the + + align:start position:0% +installed system or equipment on the + + + align:start position:0% +installed system or equipment on the +airplane because these RFID tags even as + + align:start position:0% +airplane because these RFID tags even as + + + align:start position:0% +airplane because these RFID tags even as +to identify a name plate the FAA + + align:start position:0% +to identify a name plate the FAA + + + align:start position:0% +to identify a name plate the FAA +considers this a transmitting portable + + align:start position:0% +considers this a transmitting portable + + + align:start position:0% +considers this a transmitting portable +electronic device and as such typically + + align:start position:0% +electronic device and as such typically + + + align:start position:0% +electronic device and as such typically +we have to demonstrate through a failure + + align:start position:0% +we have to demonstrate through a failure + + + align:start position:0% +we have to demonstrate through a failure +mode and effects analysis that the + + align:start position:0% +mode and effects analysis that the + + + align:start position:0% +mode and effects analysis that the +probability of a single point failure + + align:start position:0% +probability of a single point failure + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a single point failure +bringing down an airplane is 10 Theus + + align:start position:0% +bringing down an airplane is 10 Theus + + + align:start position:0% +bringing down an airplane is 10 Theus +9th what we've done at Boeing is that we + + align:start position:0% +9th what we've done at Boeing is that we + + + align:start position:0% +9th what we've done at Boeing is that we +decided to do some inservice evaluations + + align:start position:0% +decided to do some inservice evaluations + + + align:start position:0% +decided to do some inservice evaluations +instead which I'll show you in a moment + + align:start position:0% +instead which I'll show you in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +instead which I'll show you in a moment +but this is the official Boeing + + align:start position:0% +but this is the official Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +but this is the official Boeing +engineering position on passive RFID on + + align:start position:0% +engineering position on passive RFID on + + + align:start position:0% +engineering position on passive RFID on +one of our + + align:start position:0% +one of our + + + align:start position:0% +one of our +jetliners and this is for an existing + + align:start position:0% +jetliners and this is for an existing + + + align:start position:0% +jetliners and this is for an existing +currently in production jet liner or our + + align:start position:0% +currently in production jet liner or our + + + align:start position:0% +currently in production jet liner or our +new + + align:start position:0% +new + + + align:start position:0% +new +Dreamliner we're saying that for Passive + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner we're saying that for Passive + + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner we're saying that for Passive +RFID technology because there's no + + align:start position:0% +RFID technology because there's no + + + align:start position:0% +RFID technology because there's no +ontech power source and no active + + align:start position:0% +ontech power source and no active + + + align:start position:0% +ontech power source and no active +transmitter and our schema is to use + + align:start position:0% +transmitter and our schema is to use + + + align:start position:0% +transmitter and our schema is to use +this while the airplane is parked on the + + align:start position:0% +this while the airplane is parked on the + + + align:start position:0% +this while the airplane is parked on the +ground not on an active taxiway and not + + align:start position:0% +ground not on an active taxiway and not + + + align:start position:0% +ground not on an active taxiway and not +in flight and we have um adequate + + align:start position:0% +in flight and we have um adequate + + + align:start position:0% +in flight and we have um adequate +electromagnetic shielding on the Boeing + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic shielding on the Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic shielding on the Boeing +airplane today and that they're going to + + align:start position:0% +airplane today and that they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +airplane today and that they're going to +use this part 15 certified unlicensed + + align:start position:0% +use this part 15 certified unlicensed + + + align:start position:0% +use this part 15 certified unlicensed +use FCC rules we believe that passive + + align:start position:0% +use FCC rules we believe that passive + + + align:start position:0% +use FCC rules we believe that passive +devices do not impact form fitter + + align:start position:0% +devices do not impact form fitter + + + align:start position:0% +devices do not impact form fitter +function of any installed system or + + align:start position:0% +function of any installed system or + + + align:start position:0% +function of any installed system or +equipment on a Boeing + + align:start position:0% +equipment on a Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +equipment on a Boeing +airplane and we've got already the FAA + + align:start position:0% +airplane and we've got already the FAA + + + align:start position:0% +airplane and we've got already the FAA +ja iosa air Transport Canada to agree to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this in fact we received on May 13 + + align:start position:0% +this in fact we received on May 13 + + + align:start position:0% +this in fact we received on May 13 +a national policy member from the FAA + + align:start position:0% +a national policy member from the FAA + + + align:start position:0% +a national policy member from the FAA +allowing passive RFID tags to be put on + + align:start position:0% +allowing passive RFID tags to be put on + + + align:start position:0% +allowing passive RFID tags to be put on +Boeing + + align:start position:0% +Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing +jetliners so that's the basis for the + + align:start position:0% +jetliners so that's the basis for the + + + align:start position:0% +jetliners so that's the basis for the +new airplane the 787 + + align:start position:0% +new airplane the 787 + + + align:start position:0% +new airplane the 787 +Dreamliner to prove that this worked we + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner to prove that this worked we + + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner to prove that this worked we +wanted to do a proof of concept and we + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do a proof of concept and we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do a proof of concept and we +picked one of our good customers FedEx + + align:start position:0% +picked one of our good customers FedEx + + + align:start position:0% +picked one of our good customers FedEx +who had an an md10 going through the + + align:start position:0% +who had an an md10 going through the + + + align:start position:0% +who had an an md10 going through the +conversion from a passenger plane to a + + align:start position:0% +conversion from a passenger plane to a + + + align:start position:0% +conversion from a passenger plane to a +freighter and we got to do a science + + align:start position:0% +freighter and we got to do a science + + + align:start position:0% +freighter and we got to do a science +project for the first time in commercial + + align:start position:0% +project for the first time in commercial + + + align:start position:0% +project for the first time in commercial +Aviation we outfitted the airplane with + + align:start position:0% +Aviation we outfitted the airplane with + + + align:start position:0% +Aviation we outfitted the airplane with +massive RFID tags in all zones the + + align:start position:0% +massive RFID tags in all zones the + + + align:start position:0% +massive RFID tags in all zones the +flight deck and the wheel well the + + align:start position:0% +flight deck and the wheel well the + + + align:start position:0% +flight deck and the wheel well the +avionics compartment the eBay and the + + align:start position:0% +avionics compartment the eBay and the + + + align:start position:0% +avionics compartment the eBay and the +cargo compartment and we flew this + + align:start position:0% +cargo compartment and we flew this + + + align:start position:0% +cargo compartment and we flew this +airplane 18 hours per day multiple + + align:start position:0% +airplane 18 hours per day multiple + + + align:start position:0% +airplane 18 hours per day multiple +flight segments per day out of Memphis + + align:start position:0% +flight segments per day out of Memphis + + + align:start position:0% +flight segments per day out of Memphis +Tennessee for 90 consecutive days then + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee for 90 consecutive days then + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee for 90 consecutive days then +we also left the tags on for one year + + align:start position:0% +we also left the tags on for one year + + + align:start position:0% +we also left the tags on for one year +and I'm here to tell you there was not + + align:start position:0% +and I'm here to tell you there was not + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm here to tell you there was not +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +failure here's the objectives as + + align:start position:0% +failure here's the objectives as + + + align:start position:0% +failure here's the objectives as +officially stated we want to identify + + align:start position:0% +officially stated we want to identify + + + align:start position:0% +officially stated we want to identify +any potential electromagnetic inter + + align:start position:0% +any potential electromagnetic inter + + + align:start position:0% +any potential electromagnetic inter +erence or any detrimental environmental + + align:start position:0% +erence or any detrimental environmental + + + align:start position:0% +erence or any detrimental environmental +effects as you well know there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +effects as you well know there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +effects as you well know there's a lot +of changes in temperature pressure + + align:start position:0% +of changes in temperature pressure + + + align:start position:0% +of changes in temperature pressure +humidity there's costic chemicals like + + align:start position:0% +humidity there's costic chemicals like + + + align:start position:0% +humidity there's costic chemicals like +Sky draw which is hydraulic fluid all + + align:start position:0% +Sky draw which is hydraulic fluid all + + + align:start position:0% +Sky draw which is hydraulic fluid all +these can affect the performance there's + + align:start position:0% +these can affect the performance there's + + + align:start position:0% +these can affect the performance there's +also quite a bit of metal in the + + align:start position:0% +also quite a bit of metal in the + + + align:start position:0% +also quite a bit of metal in the +airplane so we want to evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +airplane so we want to evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +airplane so we want to evaluate the +Integrity of the application and make + + align:start position:0% +Integrity of the application and make + + + align:start position:0% +Integrity of the application and make +sure none of the data got corrupted over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time this was our test coupon you'll see + + align:start position:0% +time this was our test coupon you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +time this was our test coupon you'll see +a standard barcoded name plate with + + align:start position:0% +a standard barcoded name plate with + + + align:start position:0% +a standard barcoded name plate with +human readable this complies with the + + align:start position:0% +human readable this complies with the + + + align:start position:0% +human readable this complies with the +Air transport associ station spec 2000 + + align:start position:0% +Air transport associ station spec 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +Air transport associ station spec 2000 +chapter 9 standard what you don't see + + align:start position:0% +chapter 9 standard what you don't see + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 9 standard what you don't see +inside is a laminated inlay which is the + + align:start position:0% +inside is a laminated inlay which is the + + + align:start position:0% +inside is a laminated inlay which is the +microchip with the antenna package on + + align:start position:0% +microchip with the antenna package on + + + align:start position:0% +microchip with the antenna package on +the back of this device we had iron + + align:start position:0% +the back of this device we had iron + + + align:start position:0% +the back of this device we had iron +loaded silicone which is to make this + + align:start position:0% +loaded silicone which is to make this + + + align:start position:0% +loaded silicone which is to make this +work directly applied to metal so there + + align:start position:0% +work directly applied to metal so there + + + align:start position:0% +work directly applied to metal so there +wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be +interference we ran this test twice the + + align:start position:0% +interference we ran this test twice the + + + align:start position:0% +interference we ran this test twice the +first test we did with 13.56 megahertz + + align:start position:0% +first test we did with 13.56 megahertz + + + align:start position:0% +first test we did with 13.56 megahertz +using an inlay from infini and + + align:start position:0% +using an inlay from infini and + + + align:start position:0% +using an inlay from infini and +Technologies in Germany with a 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +Technologies in Germany with a 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies in Germany with a 10,000 +bit eom that test worked fabulously but + + align:start position:0% +bit eom that test worked fabulously but + + + align:start position:0% +bit eom that test worked fabulously but +it had one limitation the read range was + + align:start position:0% +it had one limitation the read range was + + + align:start position:0% +it had one limitation the read range was +like 6 to 8 in in the airplane 6 to 8 in + + align:start position:0% +like 6 to 8 in in the airplane 6 to 8 in + + + align:start position:0% +like 6 to 8 in in the airplane 6 to 8 in +read range and that didn't fulfill the + + align:start position:0% +read range and that didn't fulfill the + + + align:start position:0% +read range and that didn't fulfill the +vision we had of walking through the + + align:start position:0% +vision we had of walking through the + + + align:start position:0% +vision we had of walking through the +passenger cabin reading all of the life + + align:start position:0% +passenger cabin reading all of the life + + + align:start position:0% +passenger cabin reading all of the life +vests or reading behind sidewall panels + + align:start position:0% +vests or reading behind sidewall panels + + + align:start position:0% +vests or reading behind sidewall panels +devices or up in the passenger service + + align:start position:0% +devices or up in the passenger service + + + align:start position:0% +devices or up in the passenger service +units where the oxygen Mass come down + + align:start position:0% +units where the oxygen Mass come down + + + align:start position:0% +units where the oxygen Mass come down +when you lose cabin pressure the + + align:start position:0% +when you lose cabin pressure the + + + align:start position:0% +when you lose cabin pressure the +airplane so that read range didn't work + + align:start position:0% +airplane so that read range didn't work + + + align:start position:0% +airplane so that read range didn't work +for us so we decided let's go back to + + align:start position:0% +for us so we decided let's go back to + + + align:start position:0% +for us so we decided let's go back to +the drawing board let's go to ultra high + + align:start position:0% +the drawing board let's go to ultra high + + + align:start position:0% +the drawing board let's go to ultra high +frequency so we partnered at that time + + align:start position:0% +frequency so we partnered at that time + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so we partnered at that time +with intermi Technologies they created + + align:start position:0% +with intermi Technologies they created + + + align:start position:0% +with intermi Technologies they created +some inlays for us 915 MHz metal Mount + + align:start position:0% +some inlays for us 915 MHz metal Mount + + + align:start position:0% +some inlays for us 915 MHz metal Mount +compatible and we ran the test + + align:start position:0% +compatible and we ran the test + + + align:start position:0% +compatible and we ran the test +again and at 915 megahertz in a Boeing + + align:start position:0% +again and at 915 megahertz in a Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +again and at 915 megahertz in a Boeing +airplane we got 10 to 12 feet read range + + align:start position:0% +airplane we got 10 to 12 feet read range + + + align:start position:0% +airplane we got 10 to 12 feet read range +and it worked really fabulously we're + + align:start position:0% +and it worked really fabulously we're + + + align:start position:0% +and it worked really fabulously we're +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +pleased here's our test airplane tail + + align:start position:0% +pleased here's our test airplane tail + + + align:start position:0% +pleased here's our test airplane tail +number n370 F we've used it for two + + align:start position:0% +number n370 F we've used it for two + + + align:start position:0% +number n370 F we've used it for two +tests now the high frequency the ultra + + align:start position:0% +tests now the high frequency the ultra + + + align:start position:0% +tests now the high frequency the ultra +high frequency and we have have plans + + align:start position:0% +high frequency and we have have plans + + + align:start position:0% +high frequency and we have have plans +this year to do the same airplane the + + align:start position:0% +this year to do the same airplane the + + + align:start position:0% +this year to do the same airplane the +same Parts with active + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tags I want to show you some of the + + align:start position:0% +tags I want to show you some of the + + + align:start position:0% +tags I want to show you some of the +applications in the airplane this is an + + align:start position:0% +applications in the airplane this is an + + + align:start position:0% +applications in the airplane this is an +Electronics avionics box it's in a + + align:start position:0% +Electronics avionics box it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +Electronics avionics box it's in a +benign application where the temperature + + align:start position:0% +benign application where the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +benign application where the temperature +pressure and humidity are relatively + + align:start position:0% +pressure and humidity are relatively + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and humidity are relatively +constant this is the inertial reference + + align:start position:0% +constant this is the inertial reference + + + align:start position:0% +constant this is the inertial reference +unit of the airplane this is also a + + align:start position:0% +unit of the airplane this is also a + + + align:start position:0% +unit of the airplane this is also a +temperature controlled + + align:start position:0% +temperature controlled + + + align:start position:0% +temperature controlled +environment this controls the flaps of + + align:start position:0% +environment this controls the flaps of + + + align:start position:0% +environment this controls the flaps of +the airplane it's in the left wheel well + + align:start position:0% +the airplane it's in the left wheel well + + + align:start position:0% +the airplane it's in the left wheel well +it's a pretty costic environment + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty costic environment + + + align:start position:0% +it's a pretty costic environment +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +this is the smoke detector this is on + + align:start position:0% +this is the smoke detector this is on + + + align:start position:0% +this is the smoke detector this is on +the uh ceiling of the cargo compartment + + align:start position:0% +the uh ceiling of the cargo compartment + + + align:start position:0% +the uh ceiling of the cargo compartment +we did every other smoke detector of the + + align:start position:0% +we did every other smoke detector of the + + + align:start position:0% +we did every other smoke detector of the +airplane this was in the right wheel + + align:start position:0% +airplane this was in the right wheel + + + align:start position:0% +airplane this was in the right wheel +well this is a vicer hydraulic pump it + + align:start position:0% +well this is a vicer hydraulic pump it + + + align:start position:0% +well this is a vicer hydraulic pump it +runs the hydraulic system on the + + align:start position:0% +runs the hydraulic system on the + + + align:start position:0% +runs the hydraulic system on the +md10 this is the handheld products + + align:start position:0% +md10 this is the handheld products + + + align:start position:0% +md10 this is the handheld products +portable data terminal that the + + align:start position:0% +portable data terminal that the + + + align:start position:0% +portable data terminal that the +mechanics at FedEx use to read and write + + align:start position:0% +mechanics at FedEx use to read and write + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics at FedEx use to read and write +to these devices during the test what's + + align:start position:0% +to these devices during the test what's + + + align:start position:0% +to these devices during the test what's +interesting about this device is that it + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this device is that it + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this device is that it +reads barcodes it reads and writes RFID + + align:start position:0% +reads barcodes it reads and writes RFID + + + align:start position:0% +reads barcodes it reads and writes RFID +it takes a digital photograph and it'll + + align:start position:0% +it takes a digital photograph and it'll + + + align:start position:0% +it takes a digital photograph and it'll +send this through an 802.11b wireless + + align:start position:0% +send this through an 802.11b wireless + + + align:start position:0% +send this through an 802.11b wireless +land Network the United States Postal + + align:start position:0% +land Network the United States Postal + + + align:start position:0% +land Network the United States Postal +Service just ordered 350,000 of these so + + align:start position:0% +Service just ordered 350,000 of these so + + + align:start position:0% +Service just ordered 350,000 of these so +it must be that's your insider trading + + align:start position:0% +it must be that's your insider trading + + + align:start position:0% +it must be that's your insider trading +tip of the day I didn't say + + align:start position:0% +tip of the day I didn't say + + + align:start position:0% +tip of the day I didn't say +that findings of the evaluation there + + align:start position:0% +that findings of the evaluation there + + + align:start position:0% +that findings of the evaluation there +was no detrimental effects and there was + + align:start position:0% +was no detrimental effects and there was + + + align:start position:0% +was no detrimental effects and there was +no suspected electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +no suspected electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +no suspected electromagnetic +interference and so the FAA gave us the + + align:start position:0% +interference and so the FAA gave us the + + + align:start position:0% +interference and so the FAA gave us the +go-ahead as a new basis for our new + + align:start position:0% +go-ahead as a new basis for our new + + + align:start position:0% +go-ahead as a new basis for our new +airplane the + + align:start position:0% +airplane the + + + align:start position:0% +airplane the +Dreamliner so on October 3rd we made the + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner so on October 3rd we made the + + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner so on October 3rd we made the +announcement + + align:start position:0% +announcement + + + align:start position:0% +announcement +significant line replaceable units on + + align:start position:0% +significant line replaceable units on + + + align:start position:0% +significant line replaceable units on +the Dreamliner 2,000 of them actually + + align:start position:0% +the Dreamliner 2,000 of them actually + + + align:start position:0% +the Dreamliner 2,000 of them actually +will have passive UHF + + align:start position:0% +will have passive UHF + + + align:start position:0% +will have passive UHF +RFID we're calling them just ubiquitous + + align:start position:0% +RFID we're calling them just ubiquitous + + + align:start position:0% +RFID we're calling them just ubiquitous +terms smart labels but it's going to + + align:start position:0% +terms smart labels but it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +terms smart labels but it's going to +have human readable + + align:start position:0% +have human readable + + + align:start position:0% +have human readable +barcodes and between 860 and 960 + + align:start position:0% +barcodes and between 860 and 960 + + + align:start position:0% +barcodes and between 860 and 960 +megahertz a global interoperable + + align:start position:0% +megahertz a global interoperable + + + align:start position:0% +megahertz a global interoperable +frequency and I'll get to a moment the + + align:start position:0% +frequency and I'll get to a moment the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and I'll get to a moment the +requirements but ISO 18,000 6C air + + align:start position:0% +requirements but ISO 18,000 6C air + + + align:start position:0% +requirements but ISO 18,000 6C air +interface protocol I'll show you those + + align:start position:0% +interface protocol I'll show you those + + + align:start position:0% +interface protocol I'll show you those +requirements in a moment but it's + + align:start position:0% +requirements in a moment but it's + + + align:start position:0% +requirements in a moment but it's +official the Dreamliner will be the + + align:start position:0% +official the Dreamliner will be the + + + align:start position:0% +official the Dreamliner will be the +first platform to have RFID enabled uh + + align:start position:0% +first platform to have RFID enabled uh + + + align:start position:0% +first platform to have RFID enabled uh +smart labels on significant + + align:start position:0% +smart labels on significant + + + align:start position:0% +smart labels on significant +Parts we're not just focusing on Parts + + align:start position:0% +Parts we're not just focusing on Parts + + + align:start position:0% +Parts we're not just focusing on Parts +identification like I said the shipping + + align:start position:0% +identification like I said the shipping + + + align:start position:0% +identification like I said the shipping +labels and packing slips we have a team + + align:start position:0% +labels and packing slips we have a team + + + align:start position:0% +labels and packing slips we have a team +they're about 90% done that will also be + + align:start position:0% +they're about 90% done that will also be + + + align:start position:0% +they're about 90% done that will also be +EPC class one gen two we've already + + align:start position:0% +EPC class one gen two we've already + + + align:start position:0% +EPC class one gen two we've already +decided that Boeing actually joined EPC + + align:start position:0% +decided that Boeing actually joined EPC + + + align:start position:0% +decided that Boeing actually joined EPC +Global last + + align:start position:0% +Global last + + + align:start position:0% +Global last +quarter I will become the co-chair of + + align:start position:0% +quarter I will become the co-chair of + + + align:start position:0% +quarter I will become the co-chair of +the Aerospace and defense um business + + align:start position:0% +the Aerospace and defense um business + + + align:start position:0% +the Aerospace and defense um business +Action Group for for EPC global that was + + align:start position:0% +Action Group for for EPC global that was + + + align:start position:0% +Action Group for for EPC global that was +announced yesterday by Mike + + align:start position:0% +announced yesterday by Mike + + + align:start position:0% +announced yesterday by Mike +Miranda as far as the total integrated a + + align:start position:0% +Miranda as far as the total integrated a + + + align:start position:0% +Miranda as far as the total integrated a +automation of our airplane final + + align:start position:0% +automation of our airplane final + + + align:start position:0% +automation of our airplane final +assembly we're experimenting right now + + align:start position:0% +assembly we're experimenting right now + + + align:start position:0% +assembly we're experimenting right now +with active tags with real-time locating + + align:start position:0% +with active tags with real-time locating + + + align:start position:0% +with active tags with real-time locating +systems in our Factory and there'll be + + align:start position:0% +systems in our Factory and there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +systems in our Factory and there'll be +passive tags on returnable containers + + align:start position:0% +passive tags on returnable containers + + + align:start position:0% +passive tags on returnable containers +and tooling + + align:start position:0% +and tooling + + + align:start position:0% +and tooling +also finally we have a new aftermarket + + align:start position:0% +also finally we have a new aftermarket + + + align:start position:0% +also finally we have a new aftermarket +process which is like what's called + + align:start position:0% +process which is like what's called + + + align:start position:0% +process which is like what's called +Power by the hour which will be managing + + align:start position:0% +Power by the hour which will be managing + + + align:start position:0% +Power by the hour which will be managing +the spare parts business and managing + + align:start position:0% +the spare parts business and managing + + + align:start position:0% +the spare parts business and managing +the maintenance for airline customers + + align:start position:0% +the maintenance for airline customers + + + align:start position:0% +the maintenance for airline customers +after we deliver the Dreamliner and that + + align:start position:0% +after we deliver the Dreamliner and that + + + align:start position:0% +after we deliver the Dreamliner and that +will be senator around predictive + + align:start position:0% +will be senator around predictive + + + align:start position:0% +will be senator around predictive +maintenance based on information from + + align:start position:0% +maintenance based on information from + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance based on information from +the RFID smart + + align:start position:0% +the RFID smart + + + align:start position:0% +the RFID smart +labels these are the key requirements + + align:start position:0% +labels these are the key requirements + + + align:start position:0% +labels these are the key requirements +for the on airplane tags it's a passive + + align:start position:0% +for the on airplane tags it's a passive + + + align:start position:0% +for the on airplane tags it's a passive +reader talk first protocol it's 860 to + + align:start position:0% +reader talk first protocol it's 860 to + + + align:start position:0% +reader talk first protocol it's 860 to +960 megahertz it'll be read write secure + + align:start position:0% +960 megahertz it'll be read write secure + + + align:start position:0% +960 megahertz it'll be read write secure +memory it complies with the text element + + align:start position:0% +memory it complies with the text element + + + align:start position:0% +memory it complies with the text element +identifiers and the data syntax and + + align:start position:0% +identifiers and the data syntax and + + + align:start position:0% +identifiers and the data syntax and +semantics of a spec 2000 + + align:start position:0% +semantics of a spec 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +semantics of a spec 2000 +chapter9 here's a rub we have to pass + + align:start position:0% +chapter9 here's a rub we have to pass + + + align:start position:0% +chapter9 here's a rub we have to pass +the do1 160 environmental tests that's + + align:start position:0% +the do1 160 environmental tests that's + + + align:start position:0% +the do1 160 environmental tests that's +like vibration salt spray fungus + + align:start position:0% +like vibration salt spray fungus + + + align:start position:0% +like vibration salt spray fungus +humidity pretty severe testing that's + + align:start position:0% +humidity pretty severe testing that's + + + align:start position:0% +humidity pretty severe testing that's +going to drive the cost of these tags + + align:start position:0% +going to drive the cost of these tags + + + align:start position:0% +going to drive the cost of these tags +from uh cents up to dollars probably + + align:start position:0% +from uh cents up to dollars probably + + + align:start position:0% +from uh cents up to dollars probably +Target price of $15 for an integrated + + align:start position:0% +Target price of $15 for an integrated + + + align:start position:0% +Target price of $15 for an integrated +smart label that's because of the + + align:start position:0% +smart label that's because of the + + + align:start position:0% +smart label that's because of the +sophisticated test it has to go + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated test it has to go + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated test it has to go +through the air interface is the EPC + + align:start position:0% +through the air interface is the EPC + + + align:start position:0% +through the air interface is the EPC +protocol these will be metal Mount + + align:start position:0% +protocol these will be metal Mount + + + align:start position:0% +protocol these will be metal Mount +surface and sensitive packages we're + + align:start position:0% +surface and sensitive packages we're + + + align:start position:0% +surface and sensitive packages we're +asking for a 10-year data service life + + align:start position:0% +asking for a 10-year data service life + + + align:start position:0% +asking for a 10-year data service life +and it has to comply with the FAA policy + + align:start position:0% +and it has to comply with the FAA policy + + + align:start position:0% +and it has to comply with the FAA policy +memo released on May 13th + + align:start position:0% +memo released on May 13th + + + align:start position:0% +memo released on May 13th +we had a meeting at the Museum of Flight + + align:start position:0% +we had a meeting at the Museum of Flight + + + align:start position:0% +we had a meeting at the Museum of Flight +in October of last year we had 40 + + align:start position:0% +in October of last year we had 40 + + + align:start position:0% +in October of last year we had 40 +companies attend this was all of the + + align:start position:0% +companies attend this was all of the + + + align:start position:0% +companies attend this was all of the +people like Phillips and + + align:start position:0% +people like Phillips and + + + align:start position:0% +people like Phillips and +Intel and um symbol + + align:start position:0% +Intel and um symbol + + + align:start position:0% +Intel and um symbol +Technologies intell oflex everybody was + + align:start position:0% +Technologies intell oflex everybody was + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies intell oflex everybody was +invited and we said this is what our + + align:start position:0% +invited and we said this is what our + + + align:start position:0% +invited and we said this is what our +requirements are Boeing's a requirements + + align:start position:0% +requirements are Boeing's a requirements + + + align:start position:0% +requirements are Boeing's a requirements +holder we're a system integrator a type + + align:start position:0% +holder we're a system integrator a type + + + align:start position:0% +holder we're a system integrator a type +certificate holder we do not have a core + + align:start position:0% +certificate holder we do not have a core + + + align:start position:0% +certificate holder we do not have a core +competency in RFID + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +technology some of the data elements + + align:start position:0% +technology some of the data elements + + + align:start position:0% +technology some of the data elements +that we're going to be writing to these + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be writing to these + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be writing to these +tags is things like the part number and + + align:start position:0% +tags is things like the part number and + + + align:start position:0% +tags is things like the part number and +the serial number the manufacturer the + + align:start position:0% +the serial number the manufacturer the + + + align:start position:0% +the serial number the manufacturer the +date of manufacturer country of origin + + align:start position:0% +date of manufacturer country of origin + + + align:start position:0% +date of manufacturer country of origin +the mod level the weight of the part the + + align:start position:0% +the mod level the weight of the part the + + + align:start position:0% +the mod level the weight of the part the +lot number things like this many more + + align:start position:0% +lot number things like this many more + + + align:start position:0% +lot number things like this many more +this is all being + + align:start position:0% +this is all being + + + align:start position:0% +this is all being +standardized if you're a supplier to + + align:start position:0% +standardized if you're a supplier to + + + align:start position:0% +standardized if you're a supplier to +boing your Airbus you'll be happy to + + align:start position:0% +boing your Airbus you'll be happy to + + + align:start position:0% +boing your Airbus you'll be happy to +know that these requirements are all the + + align:start position:0% +know that these requirements are all the + + + align:start position:0% +know that these requirements are all the +same for Boeing for Airbus for for + + align:start position:0% +same for Boeing for Airbus for for + + + align:start position:0% +same for Boeing for Airbus for for +Bombardier for Embraer for Doo Aviation + + align:start position:0% +Bombardier for Embraer for Doo Aviation + + + align:start position:0% +Bombardier for Embraer for Doo Aviation +and for cesna for + + align:start position:0% +and for cesna for + + + align:start position:0% +and for cesna for +everybody ATA spec 2000 AC cross + + align:start position:0% +everybody ATA spec 2000 AC cross + + + align:start position:0% +everybody ATA spec 2000 AC cross +industry global team everything's going + + align:start position:0% +industry global team everything's going + + + align:start position:0% +industry global team everything's going +to be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same what we've accomplished we've + + align:start position:0% +same what we've accomplished we've + + + align:start position:0% +same what we've accomplished we've +accomplished the passive inservice + + align:start position:0% +accomplished the passive inservice + + + align:start position:0% +accomplished the passive inservice +evaluations we've held Global forums + + align:start position:0% +evaluations we've held Global forums + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations we've held Global forums +with Airline customers and + + align:start position:0% +with Airline customers and + + + align:start position:0% +with Airline customers and +suppliers they've been held um in Hong + + align:start position:0% +suppliers they've been held um in Hong + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers they've been held um in Hong +Kong in Munich in Orlando Florida and + + align:start position:0% +Kong in Munich in Orlando Florida and + + + align:start position:0% +Kong in Munich in Orlando Florida and +Atlanta and this year will'll be held in + + align:start position:0% +Atlanta and this year will'll be held in + + + align:start position:0% +Atlanta and this year will'll be held in +Chicago and also in in Shaman China + + align:start position:0% +Chicago and also in in Shaman China + + + align:start position:0% +Chicago and also in in Shaman China +later this + + align:start position:0% +later this + + + align:start position:0% +later this +fall the fa has approved it we've got + + align:start position:0% +fall the fa has approved it we've got + + + align:start position:0% +fall the fa has approved it we've got +the smart label requirements + + align:start position:0% +the smart label requirements + + + align:start position:0% +the smart label requirements +defined we've done our internal studies + + align:start position:0% +defined we've done our internal studies + + + align:start position:0% +defined we've done our internal studies +and our planning directives at Boeing + + align:start position:0% +and our planning directives at Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +and our planning directives at Boeing +we've joined EPC Global we're forming an + + align:start position:0% +we've joined EPC Global we're forming an + + + align:start position:0% +we've joined EPC Global we're forming an +aerospace andest business Action Group + + align:start position:0% +aerospace andest business Action Group + + + align:start position:0% +aerospace andest business Action Group +we've joined the Cambridge University + + align:start position:0% +we've joined the Cambridge University + + + align:start position:0% +we've joined the Cambridge University +Aid research program we're especially + + align:start position:0% +Aid research program we're especially + + + align:start position:0% +Aid research program we're especially +interested in data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +synchronization plan next steps continue + + align:start position:0% +synchronization plan next steps continue + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization plan next steps continue +this effort with Cambridge on the data + + align:start position:0% +this effort with Cambridge on the data + + + align:start position:0% +this effort with Cambridge on the data +synchronization and the sensor networks + + align:start position:0% +synchronization and the sensor networks + + + align:start position:0% +synchronization and the sensor networks +we're very interested we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +we're very interested we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +we're very interested we're going to be +conducting more supplier forums this + + align:start position:0% +conducting more supplier forums this + + + align:start position:0% +conducting more supplier forums this +year continue to develop the smart + + align:start position:0% +year continue to develop the smart + + + align:start position:0% +year continue to develop the smart +label more Airline forums we're + + align:start position:0% +label more Airline forums we're + + + align:start position:0% +label more Airline forums we're +developing our service ready plan for + + align:start position:0% +developing our service ready plan for + + + align:start position:0% +developing our service ready plan for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Dreamliner finalizing our certification + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner finalizing our certification + + + align:start position:0% +Dreamliner finalizing our certification +plan with the FAA finalizing the data + + align:start position:0% +plan with the FAA finalizing the data + + + align:start position:0% +plan with the FAA finalizing the data +content and doing an active tag in + + align:start position:0% +content and doing an active tag in + + + align:start position:0% +content and doing an active tag in +service evaluation this year but my + + align:start position:0% +service evaluation this year but my + + + align:start position:0% +service evaluation this year but my +message to you is that we couldn't do + + align:start position:0% +message to you is that we couldn't do + + + align:start position:0% +message to you is that we couldn't do +this without + + align:start position:0% +this without + + + align:start position:0% +this without +Academia uh sanj started this all at MIT + + align:start position:0% +Academia uh sanj started this all at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +Academia uh sanj started this all at MIT +and now we're with Cambridge University + + align:start position:0% +and now we're with Cambridge University + + + align:start position:0% +and now we're with Cambridge University +and so Boeing uh we're a great + + align:start position:0% +and so Boeing uh we're a great + + + align:start position:0% +and so Boeing uh we're a great +industrial concern but we don't have the + + align:start position:0% +industrial concern but we don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +industrial concern but we don't have the +competency that you have I thank you + + align:start position:0% +competency that you have I thank you + + + align:start position:0% +competency that you have I thank you +thank you for inviting me here we're + + align:start position:0% +thank you for inviting me here we're + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for inviting me here we're +working very closely with you there's + + align:start position:0% +working very closely with you there's + + + align:start position:0% +working very closely with you there's +lots of opportunities for continuing + + align:start position:0% +lots of opportunities for continuing + + + align:start position:0% +lots of opportunities for continuing +working + + align:start position:0% +working + + + align:start position:0% +working +together we do have time for questions + + align:start position:0% +together we do have time for questions + + + align:start position:0% +together we do have time for questions +and answers if that + + align:start position:0% +and answers if that + + + align:start position:0% +and answers if that +allows for Allan or myself anything + + align:start position:0% +allows for Allan or myself anything + + + align:start position:0% +allows for Allan or myself anything +about our + + align:start position:0% +about our + + + align:start position:0% +about our +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +program um can you talk about the active + + align:start position:0% +program um can you talk about the active + + + align:start position:0% +program um can you talk about the active +testing what's the purpose of that why + + align:start position:0% +testing what's the purpose of that why + + + align:start position:0% +testing what's the purpose of that why +why are you interested in doing that you + + align:start position:0% +why are you interested in doing that you + + + align:start position:0% +why are you interested in doing that you +said you're using passive label so we + + align:start position:0% +said you're using passive label so we + + + align:start position:0% +said you're using passive label so we +have a plan for active tags on the + + align:start position:0% +have a plan for active tags on the + + + align:start position:0% +have a plan for active tags on the +airplane where upon demand from the + + align:start position:0% +airplane where upon demand from the + + + align:start position:0% +airplane where upon demand from the +flight deck they'll interrogate the + + align:start position:0% +flight deck they'll interrogate the + + + align:start position:0% +flight deck they'll interrogate the +entire airplane in a broad way active + + align:start position:0% +entire airplane in a broad way active + + + align:start position:0% +entire airplane in a broad way active +tags in our airplane test will broadcast + + align:start position:0% +tags in our airplane test will broadcast + + + align:start position:0% +tags in our airplane test will broadcast +anywhere the the actual the air they're + + align:start position:0% +anywhere the the actual the air they're + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere the the actual the air they're +bouncing off the walls the fuselage um + + align:start position:0% +bouncing off the walls the fuselage um + + + align:start position:0% +bouncing off the walls the fuselage um +it's really worked well on our static + + align:start position:0% +it's really worked well on our static + + + align:start position:0% +it's really worked well on our static +tests we wanted do a test on an airplane + + align:start position:0% +tests we wanted do a test on an airplane + + + align:start position:0% +tests we wanted do a test on an airplane +then we can send that information + + align:start position:0% +then we can send that information + + + align:start position:0% +then we can send that information +through a high-speed internet link + + align:start position:0% +through a high-speed internet link + + + align:start position:0% +through a high-speed internet link +through um connections by Boeing to a + + align:start position:0% +through um connections by Boeing to a + + + align:start position:0% +through um connections by Boeing to a +main operating basee on the ground we've + + align:start position:0% +main operating basee on the ground we've + + + align:start position:0% +main operating basee on the ground we've +got all these great plans to use RFID on + + align:start position:0% +got all these great plans to use RFID on + + + align:start position:0% +got all these great plans to use RFID on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +airplane that's the next logical step + + align:start position:0% +airplane that's the next logical step + + + align:start position:0% +airplane that's the next logical step +but we have to get it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +certified flight we're going to do it in + + align:start position:0% +certified flight we're going to do it in + + + align:start position:0% +certified flight we're going to do it in +Flight you'll know that there's actually + + align:start position:0% +Flight you'll know that there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +Flight you'll know that there's actually +a supplemental type certificate that was + + align:start position:0% +a supplemental type certificate that was + + + align:start position:0% +a supplemental type certificate that was +given to Savvy technology on a Boeing + + align:start position:0% +given to Savvy technology on a Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +given to Savvy technology on a Boeing +76730 for active tags and they were the + + align:start position:0% +76730 for active tags and they were the + + + align:start position:0% +76730 for active tags and they were the +ones for the UL monitoring but their + + align:start position:0% +ones for the UL monitoring but their + + + align:start position:0% +ones for the UL monitoring but their +supplemental type certificate says it + + align:start position:0% +supplemental type certificate says it + + + align:start position:0% +supplemental type certificate says it +has to be turned off in flight + + align:start position:0% +has to be turned off in flight + + + align:start position:0% +has to be turned off in flight +but as you know they tested that on + + align:start position:0% +but as you know they tested that on + + + align:start position:0% +but as you know they tested that on +United partial service airplane and they + + align:start position:0% +United partial service airplane and they + + + align:start position:0% +United partial service airplane and they +did transmit continuously for hours in + + align:start position:0% +did transmit continuously for hours in + + + align:start position:0% +did transmit continuously for hours in +Flight every day so it was a very safe + + align:start position:0% +Flight every day so it was a very safe + + + align:start position:0% +Flight every day so it was a very safe +proposition next + + align:start position:0% +proposition next + + + align:start position:0% +proposition next +sir concerning the could you use the mic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +FL manufacturing might want of whether e + + align:start position:0% +FL manufacturing might want of whether e + + + align:start position:0% +FL manufacturing might want of whether e +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +on and that's different from where you + + align:start position:0% +on and that's different from where you + + + align:start position:0% +on and that's different from where you +consider main where want items that is + + align:start position:0% +consider main where want items that is + + + align:start position:0% +consider main where want items that is +replaceable or + + align:start position:0% +replaceable or + + + align:start position:0% +replaceable or +consumable so you mention 2,000 items + + align:start position:0% +consumable so you mention 2,000 items + + + align:start position:0% +consumable so you mention 2,000 items +that you have currently + + align:start position:0% +that you have currently + + + align:start position:0% +that you have currently +identified is that deeper in your + + align:start position:0% +identified is that deeper in your + + + align:start position:0% +identified is that deeper in your +manufacturing you have + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing you have + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing you have +different items that you + + align:start position:0% +different items that you + + + align:start position:0% +different items that you +use manf yes great question what what I + + align:start position:0% +use manf yes great question what what I + + + align:start position:0% +use manf yes great question what what I +showed was the CR IIA for the on + + align:start position:0% +showed was the CR IIA for the on + + + align:start position:0% +showed was the CR IIA for the on +airplane part marking that would last + + align:start position:0% +airplane part marking that would last + + + align:start position:0% +airplane part marking that would last +for 30 years be on the fly with the + + align:start position:0% +for 30 years be on the fly with the + + + align:start position:0% +for 30 years be on the fly with the +airplane fly away part of Airborne + + align:start position:0% +airplane fly away part of Airborne + + + align:start position:0% +airplane fly away part of Airborne +equipment we're also going to put RFID + + align:start position:0% +equipment we're also going to put RFID + + + align:start position:0% +equipment we're also going to put RFID +tags typically active tags on large + + align:start position:0% +tags typically active tags on large + + + align:start position:0% +tags typically active tags on large +assemblies inside of our Factory so we + + align:start position:0% +assemblies inside of our Factory so we + + + align:start position:0% +assemblies inside of our Factory so we +can find them during our final assembly + + align:start position:0% +can find them during our final assembly + + + align:start position:0% +can find them during our final assembly +believe it or not this Dreamliner will + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not this Dreamliner will + + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not this Dreamliner will +only take three days 72 hours to put + + align:start position:0% +only take three days 72 hours to put + + + align:start position:0% +only take three days 72 hours to put +together every copy don't get nervous + + align:start position:0% +together every copy don't get nervous + + + align:start position:0% +together every copy don't get nervous +today it takes up to 26 days depending + + align:start position:0% +today it takes up to 26 days depending + + + align:start position:0% +today it takes up to 26 days depending +like a 747 26 days in final assembly 737 + + align:start position:0% +like a 747 26 days in final assembly 737 + + + align:start position:0% +like a 747 26 days in final assembly 737 +is a couple of weeks the Dreamliner we + + align:start position:0% +is a couple of weeks the Dreamliner we + + + align:start position:0% +is a couple of weeks the Dreamliner we +have a different procurement strategy a + + align:start position:0% +have a different procurement strategy a + + + align:start position:0% +have a different procurement strategy a +different way of building the airplane + + align:start position:0% +different way of building the airplane + + + align:start position:0% +different way of building the airplane +so we have to Stage them you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +so we have to Stage them you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to Stage them you can imagine +coming from Mitsubishi Kawasaki and Fuji + + align:start position:0% +coming from Mitsubishi Kawasaki and Fuji + + + align:start position:0% +coming from Mitsubishi Kawasaki and Fuji +have Industries in Japan they make about + + align:start position:0% +have Industries in Japan they make about + + + align:start position:0% +have Industries in Japan they make about +35% of the + + align:start position:0% +35% of the + + + align:start position:0% +35% of the +airplane different parts of the airframe + + align:start position:0% +airplane different parts of the airframe + + + align:start position:0% +airplane different parts of the airframe +come from all over stuff sections and + + align:start position:0% +come from all over stuff sections and + + + align:start position:0% +come from all over stuff sections and +we're putting the airplane together like + + align:start position:0% +we're putting the airplane together like + + + align:start position:0% +we're putting the airplane together like +a Lego set and so we have to Stage them + + align:start position:0% +a Lego set and so we have to Stage them + + + align:start position:0% +a Lego set and so we have to Stage them +so active RFID will be all over that + + align:start position:0% +so active RFID will be all over that + + + align:start position:0% +so active RFID will be all over that +airplane but it won't fly on the + + align:start position:0% +airplane but it won't fly on the + + + align:start position:0% +airplane but it won't fly on the +airplane today it's these passive tags + + align:start position:0% +airplane today it's these passive tags + + + align:start position:0% +airplane today it's these passive tags +with that criteria + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there was one other + + align:start position:0% +there was one other + + + align:start position:0% +there was one other +question thank you so given that uh + + align:start position:0% +question thank you so given that uh + + + align:start position:0% +question thank you so given that uh +boing is adopting RFID technology as as + + align:start position:0% +boing is adopting RFID technology as as + + + align:start position:0% +boing is adopting RFID technology as as +your mention of boing and Airbus sharing + + align:start position:0% +your mention of boing and Airbus sharing + + + align:start position:0% +your mention of boing and Airbus sharing +some of their manufacturer uh Supply + + align:start position:0% +some of their manufacturer uh Supply + + + align:start position:0% +some of their manufacturer uh Supply +chains how do you see the NTSB and some + + align:start position:0% +chains how do you see the NTSB and some + + + align:start position:0% +chains how do you see the NTSB and some +of the safety boards reacting to it what + + align:start position:0% +of the safety boards reacting to it what + + + align:start position:0% +of the safety boards reacting to it what +kind of changes do you foresee in the + + align:start position:0% +kind of changes do you foresee in the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of changes do you foresee in the +future where I as an individual + + align:start position:0% +future where I as an individual + + + align:start position:0% +future where I as an individual +speculate stringent more stringent + + align:start position:0% +speculate stringent more stringent + + + align:start position:0% +speculate stringent more stringent +requirements on aircraft maintenance and + + align:start position:0% +requirements on aircraft maintenance and + + + align:start position:0% +requirements on aircraft maintenance and +safety but I'm curious what you as the + + align:start position:0% +safety but I'm curious what you as the + + + align:start position:0% +safety but I'm curious what you as the +boing uh think t would feel + + align:start position:0% +boing uh think t would feel + + + align:start position:0% +boing uh think t would feel +about lawmakers reacting to these + + align:start position:0% +about lawmakers reacting to these + + + align:start position:0% +about lawmakers reacting to these +changes as well the FAA is very pleased + + align:start position:0% +changes as well the FAA is very pleased + + + align:start position:0% +changes as well the FAA is very pleased +that we're going to have maintenance + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to have maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to have maintenance +history on the part as opposed to in a + + align:start position:0% +history on the part as opposed to in a + + + align:start position:0% +history on the part as opposed to in a +database but I want to mention it'll + + align:start position:0% +database but I want to mention it'll + + + align:start position:0% +database but I want to mention it'll +also be redundant it'll be duplicate in + + align:start position:0% +also be redundant it'll be duplicate in + + + align:start position:0% +also be redundant it'll be duplicate in +a synchronized database that's encrypted + + align:start position:0% +a synchronized database that's encrypted + + + align:start position:0% +a synchronized database that's encrypted +and secure so in case a tag is damaged + + align:start position:0% +and secure so in case a tag is damaged + + + align:start position:0% +and secure so in case a tag is damaged +in service it can be replicated that's + + align:start position:0% +in service it can be replicated that's + + + align:start position:0% +in service it can be replicated that's +one of the things Allen's team at + + align:start position:0% +one of the things Allen's team at + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things Allen's team at +Cambridge is helping us with what's the + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge is helping us with what's the + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge is helping us with what's the +most efficient way to get this every day + + align:start position:0% +most efficient way to get this every day + + + align:start position:0% +most efficient way to get this every day +when information around the world is + + align:start position:0% +when information around the world is + + + align:start position:0% +when information around the world is +added to these tags about a serviceable + + align:start position:0% +added to these tags about a serviceable + + + align:start position:0% +added to these tags about a serviceable +Incorporated how does it get back to + + align:start position:0% +Incorporated how does it get back to + + + align:start position:0% +Incorporated how does it get back to +Boeing and so the information will be in + + align:start position:0% +Boeing and so the information will be in + + + align:start position:0% +Boeing and so the information will be in +a separate database and to your question + + align:start position:0% +a separate database and to your question + + + align:start position:0% +a separate database and to your question +about the national Transportation safety + + align:start position:0% +about the national Transportation safety + + + align:start position:0% +about the national Transportation safety +board they're excited that it helps + + align:start position:0% +board they're excited that it helps + + + align:start position:0% +board they're excited that it helps +communicate anything to help communicate + + align:start position:0% +communicate anything to help communicate + + + align:start position:0% +communicate anything to help communicate +is what they're interested in and + + align:start position:0% +is what they're interested in and + + + align:start position:0% +is what they're interested in and +they're not legislating this this is um + + align:start position:0% +they're not legislating this this is um + + + align:start position:0% +they're not legislating this this is um +an initiative pushed forward by Boeing + + align:start position:0% +an initiative pushed forward by Boeing + + + align:start position:0% +an initiative pushed forward by Boeing +and Airbus we're not being mandated to + + align:start position:0% +and Airbus we're not being mandated to + + + align:start position:0% +and Airbus we're not being mandated to +do this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um how is your experimentations going to + + align:start position:0% +um how is your experimentations going to + + + align:start position:0% +um how is your experimentations going to +affect your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppliers the suppliers of the affected + + align:start position:0% +suppliers the suppliers of the affected + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers the suppliers of the affected +2,000 parts and that affects about 65 + + align:start position:0% +2,000 parts and that affects about 65 + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 parts and that affects about 65 +different suppliers to Boeing out of our + + align:start position:0% +different suppliers to Boeing out of our + + + align:start position:0% +different suppliers to Boeing out of our +2500 it's about 65 suppliers we've + + align:start position:0% +2500 it's about 65 suppliers we've + + + align:start position:0% +2500 it's about 65 suppliers we've +already informed them that we intend to + + align:start position:0% +already informed them that we intend to + + + align:start position:0% +already informed them that we intend to +deploy RFID enabled smart labels on + + align:start position:0% +deploy RFID enabled smart labels on + + + align:start position:0% +deploy RFID enabled smart labels on +these significant airplane parts and + + align:start position:0% +these significant airplane parts and + + + align:start position:0% +these significant airplane parts and +that this would be a condition of doing + + align:start position:0% +that this would be a condition of doing + + + align:start position:0% +that this would be a condition of doing +business business with us and there's + + align:start position:0% +business business with us and there's + + + align:start position:0% +business business with us and there's +obviously some resistance and there's + + align:start position:0% +obviously some resistance and there's + + + align:start position:0% +obviously some resistance and there's +what they call Cost assertions where + + align:start position:0% +what they call Cost assertions where + + + align:start position:0% +what they call Cost assertions where +they want us to pay them and they want + + align:start position:0% +they want us to pay them and they want + + + align:start position:0% +they want us to pay them and they want +some non-recurring engineering uh money + + align:start position:0% +some non-recurring engineering uh money + + + align:start position:0% +some non-recurring engineering uh money +to be given back to them so the cost + + align:start position:0% +to be given back to them so the cost + + + align:start position:0% +to be given back to them so the cost +aside they're all for promoting new + + align:start position:0% +aside they're all for promoting new + + + align:start position:0% +aside they're all for promoting new +technology when there's a business case + + align:start position:0% +technology when there's a business case + + + align:start position:0% +technology when there's a business case +for them we're helping them actually + + align:start position:0% +for them we're helping them actually + + + align:start position:0% +for them we're helping them actually +understand how this will help them + + align:start position:0% +understand how this will help them + + + align:start position:0% +understand how this will help them +reduce their cost of building products + + align:start position:0% +reduce their cost of building products + + + align:start position:0% +reduce their cost of building products +and maintaining them in the aftermarket + + align:start position:0% +and maintaining them in the aftermarket + + + align:start position:0% +and maintaining them in the aftermarket +some of our suppliers they they get it + + align:start position:0% +some of our suppliers they they get it + + + align:start position:0% +some of our suppliers they they get it +they understand some of them are not + + align:start position:0% +they understand some of them are not + + + align:start position:0% +they understand some of them are not +going to be early adopters and they uh + + align:start position:0% +going to be early adopters and they uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to be early adopters and they uh +won't be dragged will unwillingly but we + + align:start position:0% +won't be dragged will unwillingly but we + + + align:start position:0% +won't be dragged will unwillingly but we +have a big enough stick we can do + + align:start position:0% +have a big enough stick we can do + + + align:start position:0% +have a big enough stick we can do +that so thank you very one more okay one + + align:start position:0% +that so thank you very one more okay one + + + align:start position:0% +that so thank you very one more okay one +quick one uh how many times a day will + + align:start position:0% +quick one uh how many times a day will + + + align:start position:0% +quick one uh how many times a day will +you read this + + align:start position:0% +you read this + + + align:start position:0% +you read this +data you said data daily if it's updated + + align:start position:0% +data you said data daily if it's updated + + + align:start position:0% +data you said data daily if it's updated +it'll need to be brought back the same + + align:start position:0% +it'll need to be brought back the same + + + align:start position:0% +it'll need to be brought back the same +day to us some of these tags will not be + + align:start position:0% +day to us some of these tags will not be + + + align:start position:0% +day to us some of these tags will not be +touched for months they'll only be + + align:start position:0% +touched for months they'll only be + + + align:start position:0% +touched for months they'll only be +touched the event there's a failure + + align:start position:0% +touched the event there's a failure + + + align:start position:0% +touched the event there's a failure +there's a no fault found there's an + + align:start position:0% +there's a no fault found there's an + + + align:start position:0% +there's a no fault found there's an +indication of failure the parts are + + align:start position:0% +indication of failure the parts are + + + align:start position:0% +indication of failure the parts are +removing replace if there's a mandated + + align:start position:0% +removing replace if there's a mandated + + + align:start position:0% +removing replace if there's a mandated +inspection from the FAA or if an + + align:start position:0% +inspection from the FAA or if an + + + align:start position:0% +inspection from the FAA or if an +airline's doing an inventory they might + + align:start position:0% +airline's doing an inventory they might + + + align:start position:0% +airline's doing an inventory they might +read the tag but not right to it + + align:start position:0% +read the tag but not right to it + + + align:start position:0% +read the tag but not right to it +typically if they do a service Bol or + + align:start position:0% +typically if they do a service Bol or + + + align:start position:0% +typically if they do a service Bol or +mod kit or if there's a failure would be + + align:start position:0% +mod kit or if there's a failure would be + + + align:start position:0% +mod kit or if there's a failure would be +the two most important times they would + + align:start position:0% +the two most important times they would + + + align:start position:0% +the two most important times they would +touch this tag may go for months a lot + + align:start position:0% +touch this tag may go for months a lot + + + align:start position:0% +touch this tag may go for months a lot +of things on the airplane have a + + align:start position:0% +of things on the airplane have a + + + align:start position:0% +of things on the airplane have a +meantime between removal of over 10,000 + + align:start position:0% +meantime between removal of over 10,000 + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between removal of over 10,000 +flight hours a typical jet airplane only + + align:start position:0% +flight hours a typical jet airplane only + + + align:start position:0% +flight hours a typical jet airplane only +flies 3,000 flight hours a year based on + + align:start position:0% +flies 3,000 flight hours a year based on + + + align:start position:0% +flies 3,000 flight hours a year based on +your quantity per airplane the + + align:start position:0% +your quantity per airplane the + + + align:start position:0% +your quantity per airplane the +mathematical model would say that some + + align:start position:0% +mathematical model would say that some + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical model would say that some +items won't be visited very often and + + align:start position:0% +items won't be visited very often and + + + align:start position:0% +items won't be visited very often and +some items like coffee makers have a + + align:start position:0% +some items like coffee makers have a + + + align:start position:0% +some items like coffee makers have a +meantime between removal of every 80 + + align:start position:0% +meantime between removal of every 80 + + + align:start position:0% +meantime between removal of every 80 +flight + + align:start position:0% +flight + + + align:start position:0% +flight +hours and on a 747 there's like 12 + + align:start position:0% +hours and on a 747 there's like 12 + + + align:start position:0% +hours and on a 747 there's like 12 +coffee makers on an airplane so you do + + align:start position:0% +coffee makers on an airplane so you do + + + align:start position:0% +coffee makers on an airplane so you do +the math and they'll be visited + + align:start position:0% +the math and they'll be visited + + + align:start position:0% +the math and they'll be visited +frequently depending on the + + align:start position:0% +frequently depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +frequently depending on the +commodity thank you for inviting me it's + + align:start position:0% +commodity thank you for inviting me it's + + + align:start position:0% +commodity thank you for inviting me it's +been a pleasure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/iUB_y1OXBo4.txt b/iUB_y1OXBo4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afd56c7aaf11b22a1769b1e75bbc58d08007c458 --- /dev/null +++ b/iUB_y1OXBo4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11440 @@ +align:start position:0% + +So the first thing I I promised to do + + align:start position:0% +So the first thing I I promised to do + + + align:start position:0% +So the first thing I I promised to do +today was to do the last problem on the + + align:start position:0% +today was to do the last problem on the + + + align:start position:0% +today was to do the last problem on the +first problem set with you all. And so + + align:start position:0% +first problem set with you all. And so + + + align:start position:0% +first problem set with you all. And so +for context, this was like pretty + + align:start position:0% +for context, this was like pretty + + + align:start position:0% +for context, this was like pretty +difficult problem. Um and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +difficult problem. Um and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +difficult problem. Um and a lot of +people didn't get it fully right or or + + align:start position:0% +people didn't get it fully right or or + + + align:start position:0% +people didn't get it fully right or or +made a mistake. And actually even the + + align:start position:0% +made a mistake. And actually even the + + + align:start position:0% +made a mistake. And actually even the +people who did get it right tended to + + align:start position:0% +people who did get it right tended to + + + align:start position:0% +people who did get it right tended to +write something that was pretty long and + + align:start position:0% +write something that was pretty long and + + + align:start position:0% +write something that was pretty long and +complicated. Um so so I spent a while + + align:start position:0% +complicated. Um so so I spent a while + + + align:start position:0% +complicated. Um so so I spent a while +thinking about it. I think I could have + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it. I think I could have + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it. I think I could have +set up the problem with a little more + + align:start position:0% +set up the problem with a little more + + + align:start position:0% +set up the problem with a little more +direction. Um but anyway, but I will + + align:start position:0% +direction. Um but anyway, but I will + + + align:start position:0% +direction. Um but anyway, but I will +explain uh explain it to everybody and + + align:start position:0% +explain uh explain it to everybody and + + + align:start position:0% +explain uh explain it to everybody and +um and try to say sort of what were the + + align:start position:0% +um and try to say sort of what were the + + + align:start position:0% +um and try to say sort of what were the +issues and what like what's what's what + + align:start position:0% +issues and what like what's what's what + + + align:start position:0% +issues and what like what's what's what +do you need to know to do it cleanly. + + align:start position:0% +do you need to know to do it cleanly. + + + align:start position:0% +do you need to know to do it cleanly. +Okay. So the set the the the the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So the set the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So the set the the the the +background of this problem is that we + + align:start position:0% +background of this problem is that we + + + align:start position:0% +background of this problem is that we +had done a bunch of stuff in class about + + align:start position:0% +had done a bunch of stuff in class about + + + align:start position:0% +had done a bunch of stuff in class about +lines in the plane say in FQ2 and the + + align:start position:0% +lines in the plane say in FQ2 and the + + + align:start position:0% +lines in the plane say in FQ2 and the +problem was to try to do something + + align:start position:0% +problem was to try to do something + + + align:start position:0% +problem was to try to do something +similar for lines in FQ3 but it is a + + align:start position:0% +similar for lines in FQ3 but it is a + + + align:start position:0% +similar for lines in FQ3 but it is a +little more complicated. So let me first + + align:start position:0% +little more complicated. So let me first + + + align:start position:0% +little more complicated. So let me first +remind everybody what we did for lines + + align:start position:0% +remind everybody what we did for lines + + + align:start position:0% +remind everybody what we did for lines +in FQ2 and then we'll go up to three + + align:start position:0% +in FQ2 and then we'll go up to three + + + align:start position:0% +in FQ2 and then we'll go up to three +dimensions. + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So +general setup. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So first of all if we have a + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So first of all if we have a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So first of all if we have a +function on fqd + + align:start position:0% +function on fqd + + + align:start position:0% +function on fqd +then fnot will be the constant part. + + align:start position:0% +then fnot will be the constant part. + + + align:start position:0% +then fnot will be the constant part. +So fnot of x is 1 / q to the d some y + + align:start position:0% +So fnot of x is 1 / q to the d some y + + + align:start position:0% +So fnot of x is 1 / q to the d some y +and fq to the d of f of y. And then f + + align:start position:0% +and fq to the d of f of y. And then f + + + align:start position:0% +and fq to the d of f of y. And then f +subh f high will be the rest of it. So f + + align:start position:0% +subh f high will be the rest of it. So f + + + align:start position:0% +subh f high will be the rest of it. So f +is f not. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um so first we studied lines in + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so first we studied lines in + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so first we studied lines in +fq2 and this is just going to be a recap + + align:start position:0% +fq2 and this is just going to be a recap + + + align:start position:0% +fq2 and this is just going to be a recap +of what we did in class. + + align:start position:0% +of what we did in class. + + + align:start position:0% +of what we did in class. +So we noticed um so let's say that l1 + + align:start position:0% +So we noticed um so let's say that l1 + + + align:start position:0% +So we noticed um so let's say that l1 +and l2 are are lines or characteristic + + align:start position:0% +and l2 are are lines or characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +and l2 are are lines or characteristic +function of lines. Um okay so there are + + align:start position:0% +function of lines. Um okay so there are + + + align:start position:0% +function of lines. Um okay so there are +two cases. If L1 and L2 are parallel + + align:start position:0% +two cases. If L1 and L2 are parallel + + + align:start position:0% +two cases. If L1 and L2 are parallel +um then you can easily see that their + + align:start position:0% +um then you can easily see that their + + + align:start position:0% +um then you can easily see that their +inner product is zero. Parallel means + + align:start position:0% +inner product is zero. Parallel means + + + align:start position:0% +inner product is zero. Parallel means +they don't intersect. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So you get this. + + align:start position:0% +So you get this. + + + align:start position:0% +So you get this. +Okay. And you could also look at the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And you could also look at the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And you could also look at the +high part and if you look at the high + + align:start position:0% +high part and if you look at the high + + + align:start position:0% +high part and if you look at the high +part it will be negative. The inner + + align:start position:0% +part it will be negative. The inner + + + align:start position:0% +part it will be negative. The inner +product will be negative. L1H L2 H will + + align:start position:0% +product will be negative. L1H L2 H will + + + align:start position:0% +product will be negative. L1H L2 H will +be negative. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's easy to compute but let me there's + + align:start position:0% +It's easy to compute but let me there's + + + align:start position:0% +It's easy to compute but let me there's +something I could say out loud. Um uh so + + align:start position:0% +something I could say out loud. Um uh so + + + align:start position:0% +something I could say out loud. Um uh so +one one would one always has that fg + + align:start position:0% +one one would one always has that fg + + + align:start position:0% +one one would one always has that fg +is f gn plus fi g high. + + align:start position:0% +is f gn plus fi g high. + + + align:start position:0% +is f gn plus fi g high. +You can see that from the fora + + align:start position:0% +You can see that from the fora + + + align:start position:0% +You can see that from the fora +representation of these things. So in + + align:start position:0% +representation of these things. So in + + + align:start position:0% +representation of these things. So in +this case l1 l the inner product of l1 + + align:start position:0% +this case l1 l the inner product of l1 + + + align:start position:0% +this case l1 l the inner product of l1 +and l2 is zero. + + align:start position:0% +and l2 is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +and l2 is zero. +Ln l1 kn and l2 kn are both positive. So + + align:start position:0% +Ln l1 kn and l2 kn are both positive. So + + + align:start position:0% +Ln l1 kn and l2 kn are both positive. So +their inner product is positive. So for + + align:start position:0% +their inner product is positive. So for + + + align:start position:0% +their inner product is positive. So for +this all to fit together this inner + + align:start position:0% +this all to fit together this inner + + + align:start position:0% +this all to fit together this inner +product should be negative. + + align:start position:0% +product should be negative. + + + align:start position:0% +product should be negative. +Okay. So that's what happens if they're + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that's what happens if they're + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that's what happens if they're +parallel. Now at the time that felt + + align:start position:0% +parallel. Now at the time that felt + + + align:start position:0% +parallel. Now at the time that felt +parallel felt like sort of a special + + align:start position:0% +parallel felt like sort of a special + + + align:start position:0% +parallel felt like sort of a special +case. Two lines are usually not + + align:start position:0% +case. Two lines are usually not + + + align:start position:0% +case. Two lines are usually not +parallel. Once in a while they're + + align:start position:0% +parallel. Once in a while they're + + + align:start position:0% +parallel. Once in a while they're +parallel. So maybe the more important + + align:start position:0% +parallel. So maybe the more important + + + align:start position:0% +parallel. So maybe the more important +case is if they're not parallel. + + align:start position:0% +case is if they're not parallel. + + + align:start position:0% +case is if they're not parallel. +L1 and L2 are not parallel. + + align:start position:0% +L1 and L2 are not parallel. + + + align:start position:0% +L1 and L2 are not parallel. +Okay. So if they're not parallel then + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So if they're not parallel then + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So if they're not parallel then +they intersect and therefore the sum L1 + + align:start position:0% +they intersect and therefore the sum L1 + + + align:start position:0% +they intersect and therefore the sum L1 +of X L2 of X is one. + + align:start position:0% +of X L2 of X is one. + + + align:start position:0% +of X L2 of X is one. +But if you take the high part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L1H L2H you get zero. So the high parts + + align:start position:0% +L1H L2H you get zero. So the high parts + + + align:start position:0% +L1H L2H you get zero. So the high parts +are orthogonal. + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal. + + + align:start position:0% +are orthogonal. +Okay. And we discussed a couple ways of + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And we discussed a couple ways of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And we discussed a couple ways of +seeing this. Um so one way to see it + + align:start position:0% +seeing this. Um so one way to see it + + + align:start position:0% +seeing this. Um so one way to see it +is based on the fora transform. + + align:start position:0% +is based on the fora transform. + + + align:start position:0% +is based on the fora transform. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +So if you take L hat of C its norm is Q + + align:start position:0% +So if you take L hat of C its norm is Q + + + align:start position:0% +So if you take L hat of C its norm is Q +times characteristic function of L perp + + align:start position:0% +times characteristic function of L perp + + + align:start position:0% +times characteristic function of L perp +and so in particular + + align:start position:0% +and so in particular + + + align:start position:0% +and so in particular +the support + + align:start position:0% +the support + + + align:start position:0% +the support +of L1 hat intersected with the support + + align:start position:0% +of L1 hat intersected with the support + + + align:start position:0% +of L1 hat intersected with the support +of L2 hat is L1 perp intersected with L2 + + align:start position:0% +of L2 hat is L1 perp intersected with L2 + + + align:start position:0% +of L2 hat is L1 perp intersected with L2 +perp which is just the origin. if the + + align:start position:0% +perp which is just the origin. if the + + + align:start position:0% +perp which is just the origin. if the +lines are in different directions. + + align:start position:0% +lines are in different directions. + + + align:start position:0% +lines are in different directions. +So this is all under L1 and L2 are not + + align:start position:0% +So this is all under L1 and L2 are not + + + align:start position:0% +So this is all under L1 and L2 are not +parallel. L1 and L2 are not parallel. L1 + + align:start position:0% +parallel. L1 and L2 are not parallel. L1 + + + align:start position:0% +parallel. L1 and L2 are not parallel. L1 +hat and L2 hat also are not parallel and + + align:start position:0% +hat and L2 hat also are not parallel and + + + align:start position:0% +hat and L2 hat also are not parallel and +they intersect only at the origin. + + align:start position:0% +they intersect only at the origin. + + + align:start position:0% +they intersect only at the origin. +Okay. And then by looking at the high + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then by looking at the high + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then by looking at the high +part we leave out the origin. So there's + + align:start position:0% +part we leave out the origin. So there's + + + align:start position:0% +part we leave out the origin. So there's +nothing left where they intersect and + + align:start position:0% +nothing left where they intersect and + + + align:start position:0% +nothing left where they intersect and +that gives us the orthogonal out. + + align:start position:0% +that gives us the orthogonal out. + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us the orthogonal out. +Okay. So once we had this we used it to + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So once we had this we used it to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So once we had this we used it to +prove a proposition + + align:start position:0% +prove a proposition + + + align:start position:0% +prove a proposition +that said if f is the sum over some set + + align:start position:0% +that said if f is the sum over some set + + + align:start position:0% +that said if f is the sum over some set +of lines of l + + align:start position:0% +of lines of l + + + align:start position:0% +of lines of l +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +f high l2 squared is bounded by the sum + + align:start position:0% +f high l2 squared is bounded by the sum + + + align:start position:0% +f high l2 squared is bounded by the sum +over the lines of l high or not high + + align:start position:0% +over the lines of l high or not high + + + align:start position:0% +over the lines of l high or not high +l2 squared which then you could work out + + align:start position:0% +l2 squared which then you could work out + + + align:start position:0% +l2 squared which then you could work out +easily as bounded by the number of lines + + align:start position:0% +easily as bounded by the number of lines + + + align:start position:0% +easily as bounded by the number of lines +times Q. This is almost an equality. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um so this was really the key thing and + + align:start position:0% +Um so this was really the key thing and + + + align:start position:0% +Um so this was really the key thing and +this came from orthogonality. You can + + align:start position:0% +this came from orthogonality. You can + + + align:start position:0% +this came from orthogonality. You can +think of it as taking this sum and + + align:start position:0% +think of it as taking this sum and + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as taking this sum and +expanding it out. So this is the sum L1 + + align:start position:0% +expanding it out. So this is the sum L1 + + + align:start position:0% +expanding it out. So this is the sum L1 +and L2 in our set of lines of the sum + + align:start position:0% +and L2 in our set of lines of the sum + + + align:start position:0% +and L2 in our set of lines of the sum +L1H L2 H. + + align:start position:0% +L1H L2 H. + + + align:start position:0% +L1H L2 H. +And for each of these we plugged in + + align:start position:0% +And for each of these we plugged in + + + align:start position:0% +And for each of these we plugged in +that. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So now let's go to three + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now let's go to three + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So now let's go to three +dimensions. See what's the same and + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. See what's the same and + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. See what's the same and +what's different and and most + + align:start position:0% +what's different and and most + + + align:start position:0% +what's different and and most +importantly what should be the analog of + + align:start position:0% +importantly what should be the analog of + + + align:start position:0% +importantly what should be the analog of +this proposition. + + align:start position:0% +this proposition. + + + align:start position:0% +this proposition. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so lines in FQ3. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so they could still be parallel or + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so they could still be parallel or + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so they could still be parallel or +not parallel. So if L1 and L2 are + + align:start position:0% +not parallel. So if L1 and L2 are + + + align:start position:0% +not parallel. So if L1 and L2 are +parallel, + + align:start position:0% +parallel, + + + align:start position:0% +parallel, +um then everything is still true. + + align:start position:0% +um then everything is still true. + + + align:start position:0% +um then everything is still true. +They're parallel, then + + align:start position:0% +They're parallel, then + + + align:start position:0% +They're parallel, then +this is zero. And if we wanted to take + + align:start position:0% +this is zero. And if we wanted to take + + + align:start position:0% +this is zero. And if we wanted to take +the high part, + + align:start position:0% +the high part, + + + align:start position:0% +the high part, +it would be negative. + + align:start position:0% +it would be negative. + + + align:start position:0% +it would be negative. +Just the same as before. Okay. What if + + align:start position:0% +Just the same as before. Okay. What if + + + align:start position:0% +Just the same as before. Okay. What if +they're not parallel? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. If they're not parallel, there are + + align:start position:0% +Okay. If they're not parallel, there are + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. If they're not parallel, there are +still two possibilities. They could + + align:start position:0% +still two possibilities. They could + + + align:start position:0% +still two possibilities. They could +intersect each other or they could not + + align:start position:0% +intersect each other or they could not + + + align:start position:0% +intersect each other or they could not +intersect each other. + + align:start position:0% +intersect each other. + + + align:start position:0% +intersect each other. +So I guess there are sort of sub cases. + + align:start position:0% +So I guess there are sort of sub cases. + + + align:start position:0% +So I guess there are sort of sub cases. +If they intersect + + align:start position:0% +If they intersect + + + align:start position:0% +If they intersect +um then the sum on x l1 l2 would be one + + align:start position:0% +um then the sum on x l1 l2 would be one + + + align:start position:0% +um then the sum on x l1 l2 would be one +intersect at one point. + + align:start position:0% +intersect at one point. + + + align:start position:0% +intersect at one point. +Okay, that looks like before and we + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that looks like before and we + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that looks like before and we +could take the high part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um but the high part isn't zero. + + align:start position:0% +um but the high part isn't zero. + + + align:start position:0% +um but the high part isn't zero. +So this is an important thing that's + + align:start position:0% +So this is an important thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +So this is an important thing that's +different. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So one one common mistake was not to do + + align:start position:0% +So one one common mistake was not to do + + + align:start position:0% +So one one common mistake was not to do +this computation carefully and just + + align:start position:0% +this computation carefully and just + + + align:start position:0% +this computation carefully and just +assume it should be zero like it was in + + align:start position:0% +assume it should be zero like it was in + + + align:start position:0% +assume it should be zero like it was in +two dimensions. + + align:start position:0% +two dimensions. + + + align:start position:0% +two dimensions. +But it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there's not that much difference + + align:start position:0% +um there's not that much difference + + + align:start position:0% +um there's not that much difference +between one and 1 - 1 over Q. So it's + + align:start position:0% +between one and 1 - 1 over Q. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +between one and 1 - 1 over Q. So it's +not clear that we're accomplishing a + + align:start position:0% +not clear that we're accomplishing a + + + align:start position:0% +not clear that we're accomplishing a +whole lot by focusing on the high part. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Um okay. Now we so to see this we could + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. Now we so to see this we could + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. Now we so to see this we could +do this computation. It's elementary but + + align:start position:0% +do this computation. It's elementary but + + + align:start position:0% +do this computation. It's elementary but +it's a little bit tedious. + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit tedious. + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit tedious. +Um but let me see if I could say + + align:start position:0% +Um but let me see if I could say + + + align:start position:0% +Um but let me see if I could say +something conceptual. Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the the reason that this happened + + align:start position:0% +so the the reason that this happened + + + align:start position:0% +so the the reason that this happened +here is that the two high parts are + + align:start position:0% +here is that the two high parts are + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the two high parts are +independent of each other as functions. + + align:start position:0% +independent of each other as functions. + + + align:start position:0% +independent of each other as functions. +That's like a high a highbrow way of + + align:start position:0% +That's like a high a highbrow way of + + + align:start position:0% +That's like a high a highbrow way of +saying what's going on. um and um that's + + align:start position:0% +saying what's going on. um and um that's + + + align:start position:0% +saying what's going on. um and um that's +not true anymore. If you have two lines + + align:start position:0% +not true anymore. If you have two lines + + + align:start position:0% +not true anymore. If you have two lines +that intersect in three space, um + + align:start position:0% +that intersect in three space, um + + + align:start position:0% +that intersect in three space, um +they're not is not independent of each + + align:start position:0% +they're not is not independent of each + + + align:start position:0% +they're not is not independent of each +other. So if you know that you're in the + + align:start position:0% +other. So if you know that you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +other. So if you know that you're in the +first line, then you're much more likely + + align:start position:0% +first line, then you're much more likely + + + align:start position:0% +first line, then you're much more likely +to be in the second line than if you + + align:start position:0% +to be in the second line than if you + + + align:start position:0% +to be in the second line than if you +were just a random point. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so you can I don't know if that's + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so you can I don't know if that's + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so you can I don't know if that's +helpful, but you you could also just + + align:start position:0% +helpful, but you you could also just + + + align:start position:0% +helpful, but you you could also just +check that + + align:start position:0% +check that + + + align:start position:0% +check that +that's how it goes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, okay. They could also not intersect. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +If they don't intersect, then everything + + align:start position:0% +If they don't intersect, then everything + + + align:start position:0% +If they don't intersect, then everything +is the same as the parallel case + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the parallel case + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the parallel case +actually. So the that's going to be zero + + align:start position:0% +actually. So the that's going to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +actually. So the that's going to be zero +and the sum of the high parts in a + + align:start position:0% +and the sum of the high parts in a + + + align:start position:0% +and the sum of the high parts in a +product the high parts will be negative. + + align:start position:0% +product the high parts will be negative. + + + align:start position:0% +product the high parts will be negative. +If you do it carefully, it's negative 1 + + align:start position:0% +If you do it carefully, it's negative 1 + + + align:start position:0% +If you do it carefully, it's negative 1 +over Q. Same thing would be true here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So, uh, another direction that + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh, another direction that + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh, another direction that +this suggested to some people is that we + + align:start position:0% +this suggested to some people is that we + + + align:start position:0% +this suggested to some people is that we +ought to try to think how many pairs of + + align:start position:0% +ought to try to think how many pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +ought to try to think how many pairs of +lines intersect as opposed to the pairs + + align:start position:0% +lines intersect as opposed to the pairs + + + align:start position:0% +lines intersect as opposed to the pairs +of lines that don't intersect. + + align:start position:0% +of lines that don't intersect. + + + align:start position:0% +of lines that don't intersect. +And that is a totally reasonable way of + + align:start position:0% +And that is a totally reasonable way of + + + align:start position:0% +And that is a totally reasonable way of +thinking about this from the beginning. + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this from the beginning. + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this from the beginning. +But it's not ob not obvious how to + + align:start position:0% +But it's not ob not obvious how to + + + align:start position:0% +But it's not ob not obvious how to +figure that out. Um it is possible for + + align:start position:0% +figure that out. Um it is possible for + + + align:start position:0% +figure that out. Um it is possible for +every pair of lines to intersect and + + align:start position:0% +every pair of lines to intersect and + + + align:start position:0% +every pair of lines to intersect and +there are there are two significant ways + + align:start position:0% +there are there are two significant ways + + + align:start position:0% +there are there are two significant ways +that that could happen. One way is you + + align:start position:0% +that that could happen. One way is you + + + align:start position:0% +that that could happen. One way is you +could take all the lines through the + + align:start position:0% +could take all the lines through the + + + align:start position:0% +could take all the lines through the +origin. You just pick a point and take + + align:start position:0% +origin. You just pick a point and take + + + align:start position:0% +origin. You just pick a point and take +all the lines through that point. Then + + align:start position:0% +all the lines through that point. Then + + + align:start position:0% +all the lines through that point. Then +every pair of lines will intersect at + + align:start position:0% +every pair of lines will intersect at + + + align:start position:0% +every pair of lines will intersect at +that point. Have like a porcupine shape. + + align:start position:0% +that point. Have like a porcupine shape. + + + align:start position:0% +that point. Have like a porcupine shape. +A second way that almost all the lines + + align:start position:0% +A second way that almost all the lines + + + align:start position:0% +A second way that almost all the lines +could intersect is to choose them all in + + align:start position:0% +could intersect is to choose them all in + + + align:start position:0% +could intersect is to choose them all in +a plane. So if you fix a plane and then + + align:start position:0% +a plane. So if you fix a plane and then + + + align:start position:0% +a plane. So if you fix a plane and then +you choose lines in the plane, a few of + + align:start position:0% +you choose lines in the plane, a few of + + + align:start position:0% +you choose lines in the plane, a few of +them might be parallel, but almost every + + align:start position:0% +them might be parallel, but almost every + + + align:start position:0% +them might be parallel, but almost every +pair of lines in the plane will + + align:start position:0% +pair of lines in the plane will + + + align:start position:0% +pair of lines in the plane will +intersect. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway, so so people try to explore this + + align:start position:0% +anyway, so so people try to explore this + + + align:start position:0% +anyway, so so people try to explore this +a little bit, but it's not so clear how + + align:start position:0% +a little bit, but it's not so clear how + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit, but it's not so clear how +to uh put a bound how about how many how + + align:start position:0% +to uh put a bound how about how many how + + + align:start position:0% +to uh put a bound how about how many how +many pairs will intersect. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So then another thought is that + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So then another thought is that + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So then another thought is that +instead of instead of try focusing + + align:start position:0% +instead of instead of try focusing + + + align:start position:0% +instead of instead of try focusing +on this we should focus we should look + + align:start position:0% +on this we should focus we should look + + + align:start position:0% +on this we should focus we should look +at the for transform and just sort of + + align:start position:0% +at the for transform and just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +at the for transform and just sort of +see what the for transform tells us. So + + align:start position:0% +see what the for transform tells us. So + + + align:start position:0% +see what the for transform tells us. So +the for transform does have a nice + + align:start position:0% +the for transform does have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +the for transform does have a nice +description in any dimension like you + + align:start position:0% +description in any dimension like you + + + align:start position:0% +description in any dimension like you +did on the first part of the problem set + + align:start position:0% +did on the first part of the problem set + + + align:start position:0% +did on the first part of the problem set +and it it tells us something. + + align:start position:0% +and it it tells us something. + + + align:start position:0% +and it it tells us something. +Okay. So let's think about the forier + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So let's think about the forier + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So let's think about the forier +transform + + align:start position:0% +transform + + + align:start position:0% +transform +for point of view. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So if we take the 4A transform of + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So if we take the 4A transform of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So if we take the 4A transform of +our line and look at its absolute value, + + align:start position:0% +our line and look at its absolute value, + + + align:start position:0% +our line and look at its absolute value, +it will be Q times the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +it will be Q times the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +it will be Q times the characteristic +function of L perp. + + align:start position:0% +function of L perp. + + + align:start position:0% +function of L perp. +But notice, so the L is still a line, + + align:start position:0% +But notice, so the L is still a line, + + + align:start position:0% +But notice, so the L is still a line, +but since we're in in three dimensions, + + align:start position:0% +but since we're in in three dimensions, + + + align:start position:0% +but since we're in in three dimensions, +L perp is two dimension. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So then if we were to take look at + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So then if we were to take look at + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So then if we were to take look at +the so if L1 and L2 are not parallel + + align:start position:0% +the so if L1 and L2 are not parallel + + + align:start position:0% +the so if L1 and L2 are not parallel +not parallel I if I look at the support + + align:start position:0% +not parallel I if I look at the support + + + align:start position:0% +not parallel I if I look at the support +of L1 hat intersected with the support + + align:start position:0% +of L1 hat intersected with the support + + + align:start position:0% +of L1 hat intersected with the support +of L2 hat + + align:start position:0% +of L2 hat + + + align:start position:0% +of L2 hat +well that's L1 perp intersected with L2 + + align:start position:0% +well that's L1 perp intersected with L2 + + + align:start position:0% +well that's L1 perp intersected with L2 +perp + + align:start position:0% +perp + + + align:start position:0% +perp +so I have a two plane and I'm + + align:start position:0% +so I have a two plane and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so I have a two plane and I'm +intersecting it with a different two + + align:start position:0% +intersecting it with a different two + + + align:start position:0% +intersecting it with a different two +plane and that will make a line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a line. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so a third common mistake was to + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so a third common mistake was to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so a third common mistake was to +not do this so carefully and think that + + align:start position:0% +not do this so carefully and think that + + + align:start position:0% +not do this so carefully and think that +this intersection was just zero. And if + + align:start position:0% +this intersection was just zero. And if + + + align:start position:0% +this intersection was just zero. And if +the intersection was just zero, when you + + align:start position:0% +the intersection was just zero, when you + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection was just zero, when you +take the high part, you would get rid of + + align:start position:0% +take the high part, you would get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +take the high part, you would get rid of +the zero and that would show that L1 and + + align:start position:0% +the zero and that would show that L1 and + + + align:start position:0% +the zero and that would show that L1 and +L2 were orthogonal, which is not + + align:start position:0% +L2 were orthogonal, which is not + + + align:start position:0% +L2 were orthogonal, which is not +actually the L1 hat and L2 hat were + + align:start position:0% +actually the L1 hat and L2 hat were + + + align:start position:0% +actually the L1 hat and L2 hat were +orthogonal, which is not actually the + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal, which is not actually the + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal, which is not actually the +case. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Okay. Cool. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Cool. +All right. So, to prove some kind of a + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, to prove some kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, to prove some kind of a +estimate about how these lines + + align:start position:0% +estimate about how these lines + + + align:start position:0% +estimate about how these lines +intersect, we're going to try to combine + + align:start position:0% +intersect, we're going to try to combine + + + align:start position:0% +intersect, we're going to try to combine +um this information and this + + align:start position:0% +um this information and this + + + align:start position:0% +um this information and this +information. So, if they're parallel, + + align:start position:0% +information. So, if they're parallel, + + + align:start position:0% +information. So, if they're parallel, +they actually are orthogonal, which is + + align:start position:0% +they actually are orthogonal, which is + + + align:start position:0% +they actually are orthogonal, which is +very good. If they're not parallel, um + + align:start position:0% +very good. If they're not parallel, um + + + align:start position:0% +very good. If they're not parallel, um +they're not fully orthogonal. But the + + align:start position:0% +they're not fully orthogonal. But the + + + align:start position:0% +they're not fully orthogonal. But the +forier transform of the intersection of + + align:start position:0% +forier transform of the intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +forier transform of the intersection of +for transforms is kind of small and + + align:start position:0% +for transforms is kind of small and + + + align:start position:0% +for transforms is kind of small and +special. We'll try to use that. + + align:start position:0% +special. We'll try to use that. + + + align:start position:0% +special. We'll try to use that. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um so here's the analogous proposition + + align:start position:0% +Um so here's the analogous proposition + + + align:start position:0% +Um so here's the analogous proposition +and I think it would have been helpful + + align:start position:0% +and I think it would have been helpful + + + align:start position:0% +and I think it would have been helpful +if I had stated this in the problem set. + + align:start position:0% +if I had stated this in the problem set. + + + align:start position:0% +if I had stated this in the problem set. +Um okay. So here's how how it goes. So + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. So here's how how it goes. So + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. So here's how how it goes. So +if L is a set of lines in three + + align:start position:0% +if L is a set of lines in three + + + align:start position:0% +if L is a set of lines in three +dimensions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and F Q3 + + align:start position:0% +and F Q3 + + + align:start position:0% +and F Q3 +um um and F + + align:start position:0% +um um and F + + + align:start position:0% +um um and F +is the sum + + align:start position:0% +is the sum + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum +lines + + align:start position:0% +lines + + + align:start position:0% +lines +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +F L2 squared is bounded by so what we + + align:start position:0% +F L2 squared is bounded by so what we + + + align:start position:0% +F L2 squared is bounded by so what we +had before was something like + + align:start position:0% +had before was something like + + + align:start position:0% +had before was something like +orthogonality + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +some L and L of F L or this is with the + + align:start position:0% +some L and L of F L or this is with the + + + align:start position:0% +some L and L of F L or this is with the +high part the high part L2 and that's + + align:start position:0% +high part the high part L2 and that's + + + align:start position:0% +high part the high part L2 and that's +not true anymore but it is true if we + + align:start position:0% +not true anymore but it is true if we + + + align:start position:0% +not true anymore but it is true if we +put an extra factor of Q. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um and so then that is around um + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um and so then that is around um + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um and so then that is around um +the number of lines times each one of + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines times each one of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines times each one of +these is around Q and there's another + + align:start position:0% +these is around Q and there's another + + + align:start position:0% +these is around Q and there's another +factor of Q which is around there. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So if you compare these this is like an + + align:start position:0% +So if you compare these this is like an + + + align:start position:0% +So if you compare these this is like an +orthogonality proposition. This is + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality proposition. This is + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality proposition. This is +clearly much weaker than orthogonality + + align:start position:0% +clearly much weaker than orthogonality + + + align:start position:0% +clearly much weaker than orthogonality +because we have a big factor here. + + align:start position:0% +because we have a big factor here. + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a big factor here. +uh nevertheless it's stronger than + + align:start position:0% +uh nevertheless it's stronger than + + + align:start position:0% +uh nevertheless it's stronger than +nothing. Even though there's a big + + align:start position:0% +nothing. Even though there's a big + + + align:start position:0% +nothing. Even though there's a big +factor here, this proposition has some + + align:start position:0% +factor here, this proposition has some + + + align:start position:0% +factor here, this proposition has some +meaningful information in it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So, let me explain how to prove + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, let me explain how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, let me explain how to prove +this proposition. Um and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +this proposition. Um and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this proposition. Um and then we'll +digest it and and say argue that that it + + align:start position:0% +digest it and and say argue that that it + + + align:start position:0% +digest it and and say argue that that it +does tell us something interesting even + + align:start position:0% +does tell us something interesting even + + + align:start position:0% +does tell us something interesting even +though it's a lot weaker in some sense + + align:start position:0% +though it's a lot weaker in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +though it's a lot weaker in some sense +than the two dimensional proposition. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. How do we prove this? + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How do we prove this? + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How do we prove this? +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +for parallel lines, we have a really + + align:start position:0% +for parallel lines, we have a really + + + align:start position:0% +for parallel lines, we have a really +good information. So let's first think + + align:start position:0% +good information. So let's first think + + + align:start position:0% +good information. So let's first think +about all the lines in a given direction + + align:start position:0% +about all the lines in a given direction + + + align:start position:0% +about all the lines in a given direction +and add those up. And then after that, + + align:start position:0% +and add those up. And then after that, + + + align:start position:0% +and add those up. And then after that, +we'll add up the different directions. + + align:start position:0% +we'll add up the different directions. + + + align:start position:0% +we'll add up the different directions. +So we'll label the directions by W. So W + + align:start position:0% +So we'll label the directions by W. So W + + + align:start position:0% +So we'll label the directions by W. So W +will be a one-dimensional subspace + + align:start position:0% +will be a one-dimensional subspace + + + align:start position:0% +will be a one-dimensional subspace +direction and then LW will be the lines + + align:start position:0% +direction and then LW will be the lines + + + align:start position:0% +direction and then LW will be the lines +in our set of lines that are parallel to + + align:start position:0% +in our set of lines that are parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +in our set of lines that are parallel to +W. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And we can also make an FW. That's + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And we can also make an FW. That's + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And we can also make an FW. That's +the sum over the lines in LW of L. So F + + align:start position:0% +the sum over the lines in LW of L. So F + + + align:start position:0% +the sum over the lines in LW of L. So F +itself is the sum over the different + + align:start position:0% +itself is the sum over the different + + + align:start position:0% +itself is the sum over the different +directions of FW. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so the first thing that we will do + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so the first thing that we will do + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so the first thing that we will do +is um prove some estimates about FW. + + align:start position:0% +is um prove some estimates about FW. + + + align:start position:0% +is um prove some estimates about FW. +Um and this part really is not that + + align:start position:0% +Um and this part really is not that + + + align:start position:0% +Um and this part really is not that +difficult and we're adding up functions + + align:start position:0% +difficult and we're adding up functions + + + align:start position:0% +difficult and we're adding up functions +with disjoint supports. So it's not that + + align:start position:0% +with disjoint supports. So it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +with disjoint supports. So it's not that +complicated what happens. Um, okay. + + align:start position:0% +complicated what happens. Um, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +complicated what happens. Um, okay. +So, FW + + align:start position:0% +So, FW + + + align:start position:0% +So, FW +L2 + + align:start position:0% +L2 + + + align:start position:0% +L2 +is the size of W sorry the size of uh LW + + align:start position:0% +is the size of W sorry the size of uh LW + + + align:start position:0% +is the size of W sorry the size of uh LW +* Q. + + align:start position:0% +* Q. + + + align:start position:0% +* Q. +Why is that? We're we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because the Okay. So proof + + align:start position:0% +because the Okay. So proof + + + align:start position:0% +because the Okay. So proof +uh so the sum f w^2 is the sum lw + + align:start position:0% +uh so the sum f w^2 is the sum lw + + + align:start position:0% +uh so the sum f w^2 is the sum lw +sum on x + + align:start position:0% +sum on x + + + align:start position:0% +sum on x +l of x + + align:start position:0% +l of x + + + align:start position:0% +l of x +squared. + + align:start position:0% +squared. + + + align:start position:0% +squared. +But these lines are parallel. They're + + align:start position:0% +But these lines are parallel. They're + + + align:start position:0% +But these lines are parallel. They're +disjoint from each other. So there's + + align:start position:0% +disjoint from each other. So there's + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint from each other. So there's +only at any given x only one of them is + + align:start position:0% +only at any given x only one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +only at any given x only one of them is +making an appearance. + + align:start position:0% +making an appearance. + + + align:start position:0% +making an appearance. +So this is some l + + align:start position:0% +So this is some l + + + align:start position:0% +So this is some l +sub x l of x squ. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And then that's the right hand. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then that's the right hand. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And then that's the right hand. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +Okay. And if you, it's not clear yet why + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And if you, it's not clear yet why + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And if you, it's not clear yet why +we would want to look at the high + + align:start position:0% +we would want to look at the high + + + align:start position:0% +we would want to look at the high +frequency part, but if we did, it + + align:start position:0% +frequency part, but if we did, it + + + align:start position:0% +frequency part, but if we did, it +wouldn't change much. So FW high L2 is + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't change much. So FW high L2 is + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't change much. So FW high L2 is +less than FWL2. + + align:start position:0% +less than FWL2. + + + align:start position:0% +less than FWL2. +And so the proof is that this is this is + + align:start position:0% +And so the proof is that this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +And so the proof is that this is this is +true for any function. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We have have it over over there. Um + + align:start position:0% +We have have it over over there. Um + + + align:start position:0% +We have have it over over there. Um +for any function g2 + + align:start position:0% +for any function g2 + + + align:start position:0% +for any function g2 +is always g l2 2 plus g high l2 squ. So + + align:start position:0% +is always g l2 2 plus g high l2 squ. So + + + align:start position:0% +is always g l2 2 plus g high l2 squ. So +it's at least as big as g high2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So you can do it with the with + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So you can do it with the with + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So you can do it with the with +furry transform. You you could also do + + align:start position:0% +furry transform. You you could also do + + + align:start position:0% +furry transform. You you could also do +it by hand. + + align:start position:0% +it by hand. + + + align:start position:0% +it by hand. +That's a it's + + align:start position:0% +That's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +That's a it's +call it an exercise. + + align:start position:0% +call it an exercise. + + + align:start position:0% +call it an exercise. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Now um the more tricky and interesting + + align:start position:0% +Now um the more tricky and interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Now um the more tricky and interesting +point is what happens when we add + + align:start position:0% +point is what happens when we add + + + align:start position:0% +point is what happens when we add +together the different W + + align:start position:0% +together the different W + + + align:start position:0% +together the different W +and when we do that the way their fora + + align:start position:0% +and when we do that the way their fora + + + align:start position:0% +and when we do that the way their fora +transforms behave will come into play. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I guess that this is lema three but + + align:start position:0% +So I guess that this is lema three but + + + align:start position:0% +So I guess that this is lema three but +I'm going to put a star because this is + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put a star because this is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put a star because this is +the important lema. This is where the + + align:start position:0% +the important lema. This is where the + + + align:start position:0% +the important lema. This is where the +interesting stuff is happening. + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff is happening. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting stuff is happening. +Okay. Important lema says that f L2 + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Important lema says that f L2 + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Important lema says that f L2 +is bounded by Q + 1 times the sum on W + + align:start position:0% +is bounded by Q + 1 times the sum on W + + + align:start position:0% +is bounded by Q + 1 times the sum on W +of FWL2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, here's the proof. Oh, and sorry. + + align:start position:0% +Okay, here's the proof. Oh, and sorry. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, here's the proof. Oh, and sorry. +And now I need to put high everywhere. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So, + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, +f high l 2 is by planer. It's the sum on + + align:start position:0% +f high l 2 is by planer. It's the sum on + + + align:start position:0% +f high l 2 is by planer. It's the sum on +the nonzero c fhat of c squ. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So remember that f knot is the zero + + align:start position:0% +So remember that f knot is the zero + + + align:start position:0% +So remember that f knot is the zero +frequency part of f. f high as all the + + align:start position:0% +frequency part of f. f high as all the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency part of f. f high as all the +other frequencies in F. And so this is + + align:start position:0% +other frequencies in F. And so this is + + + align:start position:0% +other frequencies in F. And so this is +planer. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Oh, okay. And I guess because of the + + align:start position:0% +Oh, okay. And I guess because of the + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, okay. And I guess because of the +finite field normalization that I always + + align:start position:0% +finite field normalization that I always + + + align:start position:0% +finite field normalization that I always +have trouble remembering, there should + + align:start position:0% +have trouble remembering, there should + + + align:start position:0% +have trouble remembering, there should +be this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Now f is the sum of fw. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now f is the sum of fw. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now f is the sum of fw. +This is 1 / q cubed times the sum in the + + align:start position:0% +This is 1 / q cubed times the sum in the + + + align:start position:0% +This is 1 / q cubed times the sum in the +nonzero c sum on w of fw hat of c^ + + align:start position:0% +nonzero c sum on w of fw hat of c^ + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero c sum on w of fw hat of c^ +squ. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now in two dimensions we could have done + + align:start position:0% +Now in two dimensions we could have done + + + align:start position:0% +Now in two dimensions we could have done +this and gotten to this point and then + + align:start position:0% +this and gotten to this point and then + + + align:start position:0% +this and gotten to this point and then +we would have been very happy because + + align:start position:0% +we would have been very happy because + + + align:start position:0% +we would have been very happy because +the different FW hats have different + + align:start position:0% +the different FW hats have different + + + align:start position:0% +the different FW hats have different +supports. They're supported on on + + align:start position:0% +supports. They're supported on on + + + align:start position:0% +supports. They're supported on on +different lines through the origin. So + + align:start position:0% +different lines through the origin. So + + + align:start position:0% +different lines through the origin. So +we would have orthogonality. + + align:start position:0% +we would have orthogonality. + + + align:start position:0% +we would have orthogonality. +So the way it would the way it would + + align:start position:0% +So the way it would the way it would + + + align:start position:0% +So the way it would the way it would +have worked in two dimensions is that + + align:start position:0% +have worked in two dimensions is that + + + align:start position:0% +have worked in two dimensions is that +for any particular C there is only one w + + align:start position:0% +for any particular C there is only one w + + + align:start position:0% +for any particular C there is only one w +which is non zero in this sum and so we + + align:start position:0% +which is non zero in this sum and so we + + + align:start position:0% +which is non zero in this sum and so we +could take this square in inside. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay but that's not true anymore. So fw + + align:start position:0% +Okay but that's not true anymore. So fw + + + align:start position:0% +Okay but that's not true anymore. So fw +hat is supported on wp + + align:start position:0% +hat is supported on wp + + + align:start position:0% +hat is supported on wp +and in any in any uh in any given + + align:start position:0% +and in any in any uh in any given + + + align:start position:0% +and in any in any uh in any given +direction any given any given c there + + align:start position:0% +direction any given any given c there + + + align:start position:0% +direction any given any given c there +are many different two planes that + + align:start position:0% +are many different two planes that + + + align:start position:0% +are many different two planes that +contain that c. + + align:start position:0% +contain that c. + + + align:start position:0% +contain that c. +So let's write that down. + + align:start position:0% +So let's write that down. + + + align:start position:0% +So let's write that down. +So we're going to note + + align:start position:0% +So we're going to note + + + align:start position:0% +So we're going to note +that the support of FW hat is WRP + + align:start position:0% +that the support of FW hat is WRP + + + align:start position:0% +that the support of FW hat is WRP +and um so for any C um + + align:start position:0% +and um so for any C um + + + align:start position:0% +and um so for any C um +uh the um FW + + align:start position:0% +uh the um FW + + + align:start position:0% +uh the um FW +the the set of W so that f W of C is not + + align:start position:0% +the the set of W so that f W of C is not + + + align:start position:0% +the the set of W so that f W of C is not +zero is contained in the set of W. So + + align:start position:0% +zero is contained in the set of W. So + + + align:start position:0% +zero is contained in the set of W. So +the W is in C per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +>> did the we we still need the high part + + align:start position:0% +>> did the we we still need the high part + + + align:start position:0% +>> did the we we still need the high part +right on the + + align:start position:0% +right on the + + + align:start position:0% +right on the +on the F hat. + + align:start position:0% +on the F hat. + + + align:start position:0% +on the F hat. +>> Yeah. So the question is I think the + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So the question is I think the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So the question is I think the +question is so on the left hand side I + + align:start position:0% +question is so on the left hand side I + + + align:start position:0% +question is so on the left hand side I +put the high part of F and the question + + align:start position:0% +put the high part of F and the question + + + align:start position:0% +put the high part of F and the question +is do we need the high part here? Is + + align:start position:0% +is do we need the high part here? Is + + + align:start position:0% +is do we need the high part here? Is +that the question? + + align:start position:0% +that the question? + + + align:start position:0% +that the question? +>> Zero. No. Um so we so we don't need that + + align:start position:0% +>> Zero. No. Um so we so we don't need that + + + align:start position:0% +>> Zero. No. Um so we so we don't need that +but but I should have said it uh + + align:start position:0% +but but I should have said it uh + + + align:start position:0% +but but I should have said it uh +clearer. So let's all remember that if + + align:start position:0% +clearer. So let's all remember that if + + + align:start position:0% +clearer. So let's all remember that if +you take the high part of f hat c what + + align:start position:0% +you take the high part of f hat c what + + + align:start position:0% +you take the high part of f hat c what +you get is fhat of c is non zero and + + align:start position:0% +you get is fhat of c is non zero and + + + align:start position:0% +you get is fhat of c is non zero and +zero if c is zero. + + align:start position:0% +zero if c is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +zero if c is zero. +So this is this is f fihat. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So for any given frequency C, I + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So for any given frequency C, I + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So for any given frequency C, I +only need to include the W's in CP. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So actually I can write + + align:start position:0% +So actually I can write + + + align:start position:0% +So actually I can write +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +and there aren't as many there. There's + + align:start position:0% +and there aren't as many there. There's + + + align:start position:0% +and there aren't as many there. There's +more than one of them, but there is a + + align:start position:0% +more than one of them, but there is a + + + align:start position:0% +more than one of them, but there is a +non-trivial bound on how many are terms + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial bound on how many are terms + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial bound on how many are terms +are in this sum. So the number of W + + align:start position:0% +are in this sum. So the number of W + + + align:start position:0% +are in this sum. So the number of W +in C perp so this is a two plane we're + + align:start position:0% +in C perp so this is a two plane we're + + + align:start position:0% +in C perp so this is a two plane we're +talking about how many lines through the + + align:start position:0% +talking about how many lines through the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how many lines through the +origin there are in this two plane + + align:start position:0% +origin there are in this two plane + + + align:start position:0% +origin there are in this two plane +that's Q + one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for so there are something like Q ^2 + + align:start position:0% +so for so there are something like Q ^2 + + + align:start position:0% +so for so there are something like Q ^2 +different W in total but for any given C + + align:start position:0% +different W in total but for any given C + + + align:start position:0% +different W in total but for any given C +we're only including Q of them in the + + align:start position:0% +we're only including Q of them in the + + + align:start position:0% +we're only including Q of them in the +sum here that's not as good as + + align:start position:0% +sum here that's not as good as + + + align:start position:0% +sum here that's not as good as +orthogonal ity, but it actually is + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal ity, but it actually is + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal ity, but it actually is +helpful information. + + align:start position:0% +helpful information. + + + align:start position:0% +helpful information. +And the way we can exploit that + + align:start position:0% +And the way we can exploit that + + + align:start position:0% +And the way we can exploit that +information is by Koshy Schwarzing this. + + align:start position:0% +information is by Koshy Schwarzing this. + + + align:start position:0% +information is by Koshy Schwarzing this. +So I'm going to think of this as the sum + + align:start position:0% +So I'm going to think of this as the sum + + + align:start position:0% +So I'm going to think of this as the sum +of this thing times 1. Of course, I + + align:start position:0% +of this thing times 1. Of course, I + + + align:start position:0% +of this thing times 1. Of course, I +didn't change anything. And now I can + + align:start position:0% +didn't change anything. And now I can + + + align:start position:0% +didn't change anything. And now I can +apply Koshy Schwarz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one over Q cubed sum over the nonzero C. + + align:start position:0% +one over Q cubed sum over the nonzero C. + + + align:start position:0% +one over Q cubed sum over the nonzero C. +Okay, the first term will be + + align:start position:0% +Okay, the first term will be + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, the first term will be +some W in C per + + align:start position:0% +some W in C per + + + align:start position:0% +some W in C per +FAT of W of C norm squared + + align:start position:0% +FAT of W of C norm squared + + + align:start position:0% +FAT of W of C norm squared +and the second half will be some W and C + + align:start position:0% +and the second half will be some W and C + + + align:start position:0% +and the second half will be some W and C +per of 1 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and this is Q + one + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is Q + one + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is Q + one +so we bring that out to the front. And + + align:start position:0% +so we bring that out to the front. And + + + align:start position:0% +so we bring that out to the front. And +after that, what we have left is a sum + + align:start position:0% +after that, what we have left is a sum + + + align:start position:0% +after that, what we have left is a sum +that just involves each FW one at a + + align:start position:0% +that just involves each FW one at a + + + align:start position:0% +that just involves each FW one at a +time. So it's Q + 1 1 over Q cubed sum + + align:start position:0% +time. So it's Q + 1 1 over Q cubed sum + + + align:start position:0% +time. So it's Q + 1 1 over Q cubed sum +on the nonzero C. Um + + align:start position:0% +on the nonzero C. Um + + + align:start position:0% +on the nonzero C. Um +actually I could put well I'll put the + + align:start position:0% +actually I could put well I'll put the + + + align:start position:0% +actually I could put well I'll put the +sum on W here. F WW hat C^ squ but I can + + align:start position:0% +sum on W here. F WW hat C^ squ but I can + + + align:start position:0% +sum on W here. F WW hat C^ squ but I can +switch the order of these sums. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And now if I plan your back I have Q + + + align:start position:0% +And now if I plan your back I have Q + + + + align:start position:0% +And now if I plan your back I have Q + +one times the sum on W FW high L2. + + align:start position:0% +one times the sum on W FW high L2. + + + align:start position:0% +one times the sum on W FW high L2. +And that's the statement. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Any questions or comments? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +In that case maybe I have a question for + + align:start position:0% +In that case maybe I have a question for + + + align:start position:0% +In that case maybe I have a question for +you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +In this proof, what was the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +In this proof, what was the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +In this proof, what was the purpose of +taking out the zero frequency? What did + + align:start position:0% +taking out the zero frequency? What did + + + align:start position:0% +taking out the zero frequency? What did +we gain by doing that? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, +>> the zero frequency + + align:start position:0% +>> the zero frequency + + + align:start position:0% +>> the zero frequency +equals 0 every + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 every + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 every +W contains equals Z. So the bound would + + align:start position:0% +W contains equals Z. So the bound would + + + align:start position:0% +W contains equals Z. So the bound would +be Q. + + align:start position:0% +be Q. + + + align:start position:0% +be Q. +>> Good. Good. So the comment is that C + + align:start position:0% +>> Good. Good. So the comment is that C + + + align:start position:0% +>> Good. Good. So the comment is that C +equals 0 is special because and when C + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 is special because and when C + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 is special because and when C +is zero every W per goes through zero. + + align:start position:0% +is zero every W per goes through zero. + + + align:start position:0% +is zero every W per goes through zero. +So um every every there so there are Q2 + + align:start position:0% +So um every every there so there are Q2 + + + align:start position:0% +So um every every there so there are Q2 +different W's and every one of them has + + align:start position:0% +different W's and every one of them has + + + align:start position:0% +different W's and every one of them has +a contribution at zero. So if we wanted + + align:start position:0% +a contribution at zero. So if we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +a contribution at zero. So if we wanted +to do Koshy Schwarz we would have Q ^ + + align:start position:0% +to do Koshy Schwarz we would have Q ^ + + + align:start position:0% +to do Koshy Schwarz we would have Q ^ +squ terms here. Um but at every other C + + align:start position:0% +squ terms here. Um but at every other C + + + align:start position:0% +squ terms here. Um but at every other C +we have only Q W per going through it + + align:start position:0% +we have only Q W per going through it + + + align:start position:0% +we have only Q W per going through it +and so we have to pay only Q over here. + + align:start position:0% +and so we have to pay only Q over here. + + + align:start position:0% +and so we have to pay only Q over here. +That's what's different about zero and + + align:start position:0% +That's what's different about zero and + + + align:start position:0% +That's what's different about zero and +not zero. + + align:start position:0% +not zero. + + + align:start position:0% +not zero. +Yeah. Good. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Good. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Good. +Okay. Um so now the proof of the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so now the proof of the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so now the proof of the +proposition over there is just + + align:start position:0% +proposition over there is just + + + align:start position:0% +proposition over there is just +assembling these lemas. So the + + align:start position:0% +assembling these lemas. So the + + + align:start position:0% +assembling these lemas. So the +proposition says that I I want to bound + + align:start position:0% +proposition says that I I want to bound + + + align:start position:0% +proposition says that I I want to bound +the L2 norm of f high. + + align:start position:0% +the L2 norm of f high. + + + align:start position:0% +the L2 norm of f high. +How do I do it? Uh, lamma 3 says the L2 + + align:start position:0% +How do I do it? Uh, lamma 3 says the L2 + + + align:start position:0% +How do I do it? Uh, lamma 3 says the L2 +norm of fi is bounded by q + one times + + align:start position:0% +norm of fi is bounded by q + one times + + + align:start position:0% +norm of fi is bounded by q + one times +the sum on w of those. And llamas one + + align:start position:0% +the sum on w of those. And llamas one + + + align:start position:0% +the sum on w of those. And llamas one +and lamas 2 tells me how big each one of + + align:start position:0% +and lamas 2 tells me how big each one of + + + align:start position:0% +and lamas 2 tells me how big each one of +these is. + + align:start position:0% +these is. + + + align:start position:0% +these is. +If you put that all together, you get + + align:start position:0% +If you put that all together, you get + + + align:start position:0% +If you put that all together, you get +you get proposition two. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great. Okay. So, now let me erase this a + + align:start position:0% +great. Okay. So, now let me erase this a + + + align:start position:0% +great. Okay. So, now let me erase this a +little bit and let's think about what + + align:start position:0% +little bit and let's think about what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and let's think about what +what proposition two tells us about + + align:start position:0% +what proposition two tells us about + + + align:start position:0% +what proposition two tells us about +lines in free space. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um, so actually let's let's uh first + + align:start position:0% +Um, so actually let's let's uh first + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so actually let's let's uh first +review what proposition one tells us + + align:start position:0% +review what proposition one tells us + + + align:start position:0% +review what proposition one tells us +about lines in the plane. + + align:start position:0% +about lines in the plane. + + + align:start position:0% +about lines in the plane. +So f is a sum of lines. + + align:start position:0% +So f is a sum of lines. + + + align:start position:0% +So f is a sum of lines. +fnot is always the number of lines + + align:start position:0% +fnot is always the number of lines + + + align:start position:0% +fnot is always the number of lines +divided by q. And so f L2 squared is + + align:start position:0% +divided by q. And so f L2 squared is + + + align:start position:0% +divided by q. And so f L2 squared is +works out to be the number of lines + + align:start position:0% +works out to be the number of lines + + + align:start position:0% +works out to be the number of lines +squared. It's not hard to check. + + align:start position:0% +squared. It's not hard to check. + + + align:start position:0% +squared. It's not hard to check. +And proposition one, + + align:start position:0% +And proposition one, + + + align:start position:0% +And proposition one, +it tells us that fi L2 is bounded by the + + align:start position:0% +it tells us that fi L2 is bounded by the + + + align:start position:0% +it tells us that fi L2 is bounded by the +number of lines times Q. So if you put + + align:start position:0% +number of lines times Q. So if you put + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines times Q. So if you put +these together, you see that if the + + align:start position:0% +these together, you see that if the + + + align:start position:0% +these together, you see that if the +number of lines is much bigger than Q, + + align:start position:0% +number of lines is much bigger than Q, + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines is much bigger than Q, +then F is mostly constant. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So then uh the L2 norm of f_subi is much + + align:start position:0% +So then uh the L2 norm of f_subi is much + + + align:start position:0% +So then uh the L2 norm of f_subi is much +smaller than the L2 norm of the constant + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the L2 norm of the constant + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the L2 norm of the constant +part. The sum of lines looks almost + + align:start position:0% +part. The sum of lines looks almost + + + align:start position:0% +part. The sum of lines looks almost +constant with some small perturbations. + + align:start position:0% +constant with some small perturbations. + + + align:start position:0% +constant with some small perturbations. +Okay. What's the analog of that in three + + align:start position:0% +Okay. What's the analog of that in three + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. What's the analog of that in three +dimensions? + + align:start position:0% +dimensions? + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions? +Lines in FQ3. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So in three dimensions fnot is the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in three dimensions fnot is the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in three dimensions fnot is the +number of lines over q ^2 because each + + align:start position:0% +number of lines over q ^2 because each + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines over q ^2 because each +line occupies a 1 over q ^2 fraction of + + align:start position:0% +line occupies a 1 over q ^2 fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +line occupies a 1 over q ^2 fraction of +space. + + align:start position:0% +space. + + + align:start position:0% +space. +And so then you can compute the l2 norm + + align:start position:0% +And so then you can compute the l2 norm + + + align:start position:0% +And so then you can compute the l2 norm +of f^ 2. It's not difficult. It's number + + align:start position:0% +of f^ 2. It's not difficult. It's number + + + align:start position:0% +of f^ 2. It's not difficult. It's number +of lines squared over q. + + align:start position:0% +of lines squared over q. + + + align:start position:0% +of lines squared over q. +And on the other hand we know that fi l2 + + align:start position:0% +And on the other hand we know that fi l2 + + + align:start position:0% +And on the other hand we know that fi l2 +is at most the number of lines times q + + align:start position:0% +is at most the number of lines times q + + + align:start position:0% +is at most the number of lines times q +^2. + + align:start position:0% +^2. + + + align:start position:0% +^2. +You can put these together. If the + + align:start position:0% +You can put these together. If the + + + align:start position:0% +You can put these together. If the +number of lines is large enough, then + + align:start position:0% +number of lines is large enough, then + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines is large enough, then +this is way bigger than this. + + align:start position:0% +this is way bigger than this. + + + align:start position:0% +this is way bigger than this. +If you do a little bit of algebra, you + + align:start position:0% +If you do a little bit of algebra, you + + + align:start position:0% +If you do a little bit of algebra, you +see that if the number of lines is much + + align:start position:0% +see that if the number of lines is much + + + align:start position:0% +see that if the number of lines is much +larger than Q cubed, + + align:start position:0% +larger than Q cubed, + + + align:start position:0% +larger than Q cubed, +then the high frequency part is much + + align:start position:0% +then the high frequency part is much + + + align:start position:0% +then the high frequency part is much +smaller than the constant part. So if + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the constant part. So if + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than the constant part. So if +you add up more than q cubed lines in + + align:start position:0% +you add up more than q cubed lines in + + + align:start position:0% +you add up more than q cubed lines in +three-dimensional space, you'll get + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space, you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space, you'll get +something that's mostly constant with + + align:start position:0% +something that's mostly constant with + + + align:start position:0% +something that's mostly constant with +some small perturbations. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Now these are both the correct + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now these are both the correct + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now these are both the correct +thresholds for this behavior. Why? So in + + align:start position:0% +thresholds for this behavior. Why? So in + + + align:start position:0% +thresholds for this behavior. Why? So in +two dimensions suppose I add up less + + align:start position:0% +two dimensions suppose I add up less + + + align:start position:0% +two dimensions suppose I add up less +than Q lines. Say Q over2 lines. Well + + align:start position:0% +than Q lines. Say Q over2 lines. Well + + + align:start position:0% +than Q lines. Say Q over2 lines. Well +they only fill half of space. So there's + + align:start position:0% +they only fill half of space. So there's + + + align:start position:0% +they only fill half of space. So there's +no way that that thing is going to look + + align:start position:0% +no way that that thing is going to look + + + align:start position:0% +no way that that thing is going to look +constant. So this will certainly not be + + align:start position:0% +constant. So this will certainly not be + + + align:start position:0% +constant. So this will certainly not be +true with Q over two lines. + + align:start position:0% +true with Q over two lines. + + + align:start position:0% +true with Q over two lines. +All right. Now in three dimensions + + align:start position:0% +All right. Now in three dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +All right. Now in three dimensions +suppose I add up less than Q cubed lines + + align:start position:0% +suppose I add up less than Q cubed lines + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I add up less than Q cubed lines +maybe half of Q cubed lines. + + align:start position:0% +maybe half of Q cubed lines. + + + align:start position:0% +maybe half of Q cubed lines. +All right. Now this is a trickier + + align:start position:0% +All right. Now this is a trickier + + + align:start position:0% +All right. Now this is a trickier +wicket. It depends which lines I pick. + + align:start position:0% +wicket. It depends which lines I pick. + + + align:start position:0% +wicket. It depends which lines I pick. +If you were to pick half of Q cubed + + align:start position:0% +If you were to pick half of Q cubed + + + align:start position:0% +If you were to pick half of Q cubed +lines randomly and add them up it would + + align:start position:0% +lines randomly and add them up it would + + + align:start position:0% +lines randomly and add them up it would +be quite close to constant. + + align:start position:0% +be quite close to constant. + + + align:start position:0% +be quite close to constant. +But if you pick them cleverly you can + + align:start position:0% +But if you pick them cleverly you can + + + align:start position:0% +But if you pick them cleverly you can +make it not look like a constant. And + + align:start position:0% +make it not look like a constant. And + + + align:start position:0% +make it not look like a constant. And +here's how to do it. + + align:start position:0% +here's how to do it. + + + align:start position:0% +here's how to do it. +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +so example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of 12 q cubed lines + + align:start position:0% +of 12 q cubed lines + + + align:start position:0% +of 12 q cubed lines +in fq cubed. + + align:start position:0% +in fq cubed. + + + align:start position:0% +in fq cubed. +Okay, here's what I'm going to do. I'm + + align:start position:0% +Okay, here's what I'm going to do. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, here's what I'm going to do. I'm +gonna pick one half Q aine two planes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh capital PJ + + align:start position:0% +uh capital PJ + + + align:start position:0% +uh capital PJ +and then um in each capital PJ + + align:start position:0% +and then um in each capital PJ + + + align:start position:0% +and then um in each capital PJ +I pick + + align:start position:0% +I pick + + + align:start position:0% +I pick +all the lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is basically Q^2 lines. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So two dimensional plane has about Q ^2 + + align:start position:0% +So two dimensional plane has about Q ^2 + + + align:start position:0% +So two dimensional plane has about Q ^2 +lines in it. Q2 + Q. + + align:start position:0% +lines in it. Q2 + Q. + + + align:start position:0% +lines in it. Q2 + Q. +Okay. So you put this all together. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So you put this all together. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So you put this all together. +That's about half of Q cubed lines. Um + + align:start position:0% +That's about half of Q cubed lines. Um + + + align:start position:0% +That's about half of Q cubed lines. Um +now f which is the sum l and l is + + align:start position:0% +now f which is the sum l and l is + + + align:start position:0% +now f which is the sum l and l is +supported + + align:start position:0% +supported + + + align:start position:0% +supported +on the union of the pj + + align:start position:0% +on the union of the pj + + + align:start position:0% +on the union of the pj +and the size of the union of the pj is + + align:start position:0% +and the size of the union of the pj is + + + align:start position:0% +and the size of the union of the pj is +uh is clearly at most half of the space. + + align:start position:0% +uh is clearly at most half of the space. + + + align:start position:0% +uh is clearly at most half of the space. +So the size of the union of PJ is at + + align:start position:0% +So the size of the union of PJ is at + + + align:start position:0% +So the size of the union of PJ is at +most 12 Q the number of J times Q ^2 + + align:start position:0% +most 12 Q the number of J times Q ^2 + + + align:start position:0% +most 12 Q the number of J times Q ^2 +number of points per plane 12 Q cubed. + + align:start position:0% +number of points per plane 12 Q cubed. + + + align:start position:0% +number of points per plane 12 Q cubed. +So this thing is only supported on about + + align:start position:0% +So this thing is only supported on about + + + align:start position:0% +So this thing is only supported on about +half of space. There's no way that it's + + align:start position:0% +half of space. There's no way that it's + + + align:start position:0% +half of space. There's no way that it's +approximately constant. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cool. + + align:start position:0% +Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. +Okay. So in a certain sense this is the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in a certain sense this is the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in a certain sense this is the +right threshold. Uh although you could + + align:start position:0% +right threshold. Uh although you could + + + align:start position:0% +right threshold. Uh although you could +also imagine asking some more refined + + align:start position:0% +also imagine asking some more refined + + + align:start position:0% +also imagine asking some more refined +questions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, I guess looking back at the + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I guess looking back at the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I guess looking back at the +homework, I mentioned a few a few things + + align:start position:0% +homework, I mentioned a few a few things + + + align:start position:0% +homework, I mentioned a few a few things +that people tried that didn't work. And + + align:start position:0% +that people tried that didn't work. And + + + align:start position:0% +that people tried that didn't work. And +um I think the most common thing that + + align:start position:0% +um I think the most common thing that + + + align:start position:0% +um I think the most common thing that +people had a tricky time finding was + + align:start position:0% +people had a tricky time finding was + + + align:start position:0% +people had a tricky time finding was +that they should first group the lines + + align:start position:0% +that they should first group the lines + + + align:start position:0% +that they should first group the lines +in by their direction and have these FWS + + align:start position:0% +in by their direction and have these FWS + + + align:start position:0% +in by their direction and have these FWS +and then group the FWS together to make + + align:start position:0% +and then group the FWS together to make + + + align:start position:0% +and then group the FWS together to make +F. + + align:start position:0% +F. + + + align:start position:0% +F. +Yeah. Um so I think I could have done a + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Um so I think I could have done a + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Um so I think I could have done a +better job giving direction to look in + + align:start position:0% +better job giving direction to look in + + + align:start position:0% +better job giving direction to look in +that look that way. Look in that + + align:start position:0% +that look that way. Look in that + + + align:start position:0% +that look that way. Look in that +direction. Uh but in hindsight, why was + + align:start position:0% +direction. Uh but in hindsight, why was + + + align:start position:0% +direction. Uh but in hindsight, why was +that a good idea? + + align:start position:0% +that a good idea? + + + align:start position:0% +that a good idea? +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +there's a saying that I like about + + align:start position:0% +there's a saying that I like about + + + align:start position:0% +there's a saying that I like about +trying to learn stuff or trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to learn stuff or trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to learn stuff or trying to +figure stuff out that I learned from a + + align:start position:0% +figure stuff out that I learned from a + + + align:start position:0% +figure stuff out that I learned from a +Taichi teacher. Uh they said do do + + align:start position:0% +Taichi teacher. Uh they said do do + + + align:start position:0% +Taichi teacher. Uh they said do do +what's easy first. + + align:start position:0% +what's easy first. + + + align:start position:0% +what's easy first. +So if you are you're trying to for in + + align:start position:0% +So if you are you're trying to for in + + + align:start position:0% +So if you are you're trying to for in +math for example add up a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +math for example add up a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +math for example add up a whole lot of +things and understand what the sum is + + align:start position:0% +things and understand what the sum is + + + align:start position:0% +things and understand what the sum is +like. If there are some pieces that you + + align:start position:0% +like. If there are some pieces that you + + + align:start position:0% +like. If there are some pieces that you +can add up and you know what those are + + align:start position:0% +can add up and you know what those are + + + align:start position:0% +can add up and you know what those are +like it's usually a good idea to do that + + align:start position:0% +like it's usually a good idea to do that + + + align:start position:0% +like it's usually a good idea to do that +first. + + align:start position:0% +first. + + + align:start position:0% +first. +Um and uh you know adding up parallel + + align:start position:0% +Um and uh you know adding up parallel + + + align:start position:0% +Um and uh you know adding up parallel +lines is fairly easy to understand and + + align:start position:0% +lines is fairly easy to understand and + + + align:start position:0% +lines is fairly easy to understand and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it won't always help but sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +it won't always help but sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +it won't always help but sometimes it's +helpful to do what's easy first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually same thing happens in Fubini + + align:start position:0% +actually same thing happens in Fubini + + + align:start position:0% +actually same thing happens in Fubini +when I teach analysis at various levels + + align:start position:0% +when I teach analysis at various levels + + + align:start position:0% +when I teach analysis at various levels +when is it a good idea to do Fubini to + + align:start position:0% +when is it a good idea to do Fubini to + + + align:start position:0% +when is it a good idea to do Fubini to +switch the order of integration or + + align:start position:0% +switch the order of integration or + + + align:start position:0% +switch the order of integration or +switch the order of summation you want + + align:start position:0% +switch the order of summation you want + + + align:start position:0% +switch the order of summation you want +to put the sum that you do first to be + + align:start position:0% +to put the sum that you do first to be + + + align:start position:0% +to put the sum that you do first to be +the easy one that's almost always the + + align:start position:0% +the easy one that's almost always the + + + align:start position:0% +the easy one that's almost always the +right way to organize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So that was the recap of the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that was the recap of the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that was the recap of the +homework. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um cool. So now the now we come to + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um cool. So now the now we come to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um cool. So now the now we come to +the the main the main topic of the day + + align:start position:0% +the the main the main topic of the day + + + align:start position:0% +the the main the main topic of the day +uh which is uh doing some some + + align:start position:0% +uh which is uh doing some some + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is uh doing some some +projection theory in uklidian space and + + align:start position:0% +projection theory in uklidian space and + + + align:start position:0% +projection theory in uklidian space and +thinking about how projections ma makes + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how projections ma makes + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how projections ma makes +functions smoother. So if you take a + + align:start position:0% +functions smoother. So if you take a + + + align:start position:0% +functions smoother. So if you take a +function in R to the D and you project + + align:start position:0% +function in R to the D and you project + + + align:start position:0% +function in R to the D and you project +it onto something lower dimensional + + align:start position:0% +it onto something lower dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +it onto something lower dimensional +um well if you just pick one lower + + align:start position:0% +um well if you just pick one lower + + + align:start position:0% +um well if you just pick one lower +dimensional projection it might not be + + align:start position:0% +dimensional projection it might not be + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional projection it might not be +very nice but if you look at all the + + align:start position:0% +very nice but if you look at all the + + + align:start position:0% +very nice but if you look at all the +lower dimensional projections most of + + align:start position:0% +lower dimensional projections most of + + + align:start position:0% +lower dimensional projections most of +them will be smoother and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +them will be smoother and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +them will be smoother and we're going to +investigate that phenomenon. And I hope + + align:start position:0% +investigate that phenomenon. And I hope + + + align:start position:0% +investigate that phenomenon. And I hope +you'll see that it's very parallel to + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that it's very parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that it's very parallel to +the large civ theory from number three. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right, projections + + align:start position:0% +All right, projections + + + align:start position:0% +All right, projections +and smoothing. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right, so here's our setup. Uh so f + + align:start position:0% +All right, so here's our setup. Uh so f + + + align:start position:0% +All right, so here's our setup. Uh so f +is now a function on r to the d + + align:start position:0% +is now a function on r to the d + + + align:start position:0% +is now a function on r to the d +and v is going to be a subspace. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And recall but by by the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And recall but by by the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And recall but by by the +projection of f what I mean is the + + align:start position:0% +projection of f what I mean is the + + + align:start position:0% +projection of f what I mean is the +integral over var f of y + z + + align:start position:0% +integral over var f of y + z + + + align:start position:0% +integral over var f of y + z +d volume of z. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is a map from functions on R to + + align:start position:0% +So this is a map from functions on R to + + + align:start position:0% +So this is a map from functions on R to +the D to functions on V. + + align:start position:0% +the D to functions on V. + + + align:start position:0% +the D to functions on V. +Um okay + + align:start position:0% +Um okay + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay +u and I'm going to mostly focus + + align:start position:0% +u and I'm going to mostly focus + + + align:start position:0% +u and I'm going to mostly focus +everything works for all the dimensions + + align:start position:0% +everything works for all the dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +everything works for all the dimensions +but for ease of notation whatever I'm + + align:start position:0% +but for ease of notation whatever I'm + + + align:start position:0% +but for ease of notation whatever I'm +going to mostly focus on projecting to + + align:start position:0% +going to mostly focus on projecting to + + + align:start position:0% +going to mostly focus on projecting to +onedimensional subspaces. So theta is a + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional subspaces. So theta is a + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional subspaces. So theta is a +direction in the circle. Pi theta of f + + align:start position:0% +direction in the circle. Pi theta of f + + + align:start position:0% +direction in the circle. Pi theta of f +is going to mean pi it's abbreviation + + align:start position:0% +is going to mean pi it's abbreviation + + + align:start position:0% +is going to mean pi it's abbreviation +for pi span of theta of f or direction. + + align:start position:0% +for pi span of theta of f or direction. + + + align:start position:0% +for pi span of theta of f or direction. +look at the line in that direction. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So, here is a theorem that + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, here is a theorem that + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, here is a theorem that +says that if you start with a function + + align:start position:0% +says that if you start with a function + + + align:start position:0% +says that if you start with a function +that's very little regularity, most of + + align:start position:0% +that's very little regularity, most of + + + align:start position:0% +that's very little regularity, most of +the projections are even smooth. So + + align:start position:0% +the projections are even smooth. So + + + align:start position:0% +the projections are even smooth. So +theorem says + + align:start position:0% +theorem says + + + align:start position:0% +theorem says +if f is an l2 function on r to the d and + + align:start position:0% +if f is an l2 function on r to the d and + + + align:start position:0% +if f is an l2 function on r to the d and +the support of f is in the unit ball + + align:start position:0% +the support of f is in the unit ball + + + align:start position:0% +the support of f is in the unit ball +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +um if I integrate over the sphere and I + + align:start position:0% +um if I integrate over the sphere and I + + + align:start position:0% +um if I integrate over the sphere and I +take um + + align:start position:0% +take um + + + align:start position:0% +take um +the projection onto the line in the + + align:start position:0% +the projection onto the line in the + + + align:start position:0% +the projection onto the line in the +theta direction of f and I take it ck + + align:start position:0% +theta direction of f and I take it ck + + + align:start position:0% +theta direction of f and I take it ck +norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um then that is bounded by the L2 norm + + align:start position:0% +um then that is bounded by the L2 norm + + + align:start position:0% +um then that is bounded by the L2 norm +of f provided that the dimension is big + + align:start position:0% +of f provided that the dimension is big + + + align:start position:0% +of f provided that the dimension is big +enough. So I add the hypothesis to + + align:start position:0% +enough. So I add the hypothesis to + + + align:start position:0% +enough. So I add the hypothesis to +dimension uh what should it be? + + align:start position:0% +dimension uh what should it be? + + + align:start position:0% +dimension uh what should it be? +Dimension + + align:start position:0% +Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension +D minus one / 2 should be bigger than 12 + + align:start position:0% +D minus one / 2 should be bigger than 12 + + + align:start position:0% +D minus one / 2 should be bigger than 12 ++ K. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You can unwind that a little bit. It + + align:start position:0% +You can unwind that a little bit. It + + + align:start position:0% +You can unwind that a little bit. It +says D is bigger than something + + align:start position:0% +says D is bigger than something + + + align:start position:0% +says D is bigger than something +right. So for example + + align:start position:0% +right. So for example + + + align:start position:0% +right. So for example +D is seven then you can take K equals 2. + + align:start position:0% +D is seven then you can take K equals 2. + + + align:start position:0% +D is seven then you can take K equals 2. +So in seven dimensions, take just a L2 + + align:start position:0% +So in seven dimensions, take just a L2 + + + align:start position:0% +So in seven dimensions, take just a L2 +function. If you project it down to one + + align:start position:0% +function. If you project it down to one + + + align:start position:0% +function. If you project it down to one +dimension in a typical direction, you'll + + align:start position:0% +dimension in a typical direction, you'll + + + align:start position:0% +dimension in a typical direction, you'll +get something that's C2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, I'm actually not sure to whom to + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I'm actually not sure to whom to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I'm actually not sure to whom to +attribute this theorem. So I'm I'm in + + align:start position:0% +attribute this theorem. So I'm I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +attribute this theorem. So I'm I'm in +the process of doing some historical + + align:start position:0% +the process of doing some historical + + + align:start position:0% +the process of doing some historical +research and maybe I'll know next class. + + align:start position:0% +research and maybe I'll know next class. + + + align:start position:0% +research and maybe I'll know next class. +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +So this theorem is also based on the 4A + + align:start position:0% +So this theorem is also based on the 4A + + + align:start position:0% +So this theorem is also based on the 4A +transform and the way the 4A transform + + align:start position:0% +transform and the way the 4A transform + + + align:start position:0% +transform and the way the 4A transform +interact with projections. + + align:start position:0% +interact with projections. + + + align:start position:0% +interact with projections. +So now let's think about how that works. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transform + + align:start position:0% +transform + + + align:start position:0% +transform +and projections. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So f is a function on r to + + align:start position:0% +All right. So f is a function on r to + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So f is a function on r to +the d. It has a 4 a transform. We've + + align:start position:0% +the d. It has a 4 a transform. We've + + + align:start position:0% +the d. It has a 4 a transform. We've +talked about it. Pi V of F is a function + + align:start position:0% +talked about it. Pi V of F is a function + + + align:start position:0% +talked about it. Pi V of F is a function +on V. It also has a 4A transform. I just + + align:start position:0% +on V. It also has a 4A transform. I just + + + align:start position:0% +on V. It also has a 4A transform. I just +remind you how it works. So V is a + + align:start position:0% +remind you how it works. So V is a + + + align:start position:0% +remind you how it works. So V is a +vector space and it basically works the + + align:start position:0% +vector space and it basically works the + + + align:start position:0% +vector space and it basically works the +same way as on on uklidian space. Um + + align:start position:0% +same way as on on uklidian space. Um + + + align:start position:0% +same way as on on uklidian space. Um +okay. So suppose I have a function G + + align:start position:0% +okay. So suppose I have a function G + + + align:start position:0% +okay. So suppose I have a function G +from B to C. Um then g hat will also be + + align:start position:0% +from B to C. Um then g hat will also be + + + align:start position:0% +from B to C. Um then g hat will also be +a function from v to c and ghat of c + + align:start position:0% +a function from v to c and ghat of c + + + align:start position:0% +a function from v to c and ghat of c +will be the integral over v of uh g of y + + align:start position:0% +will be the integral over v of uh g of y + + + align:start position:0% +will be the integral over v of uh g of y +e - 2<unk>i i y c d y but dy means with + + align:start position:0% +e - 2<unk>i i y c d y but dy means with + + + align:start position:0% +e - 2<unk>i i y c d y but dy means with +the volume form for my vector space v. + + align:start position:0% +the volume form for my vector space v. + + + align:start position:0% +the volume form for my vector space v. +So that's the for a transform. + + align:start position:0% +So that's the for a transform. + + + align:start position:0% +So that's the for a transform. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +>> Why do you add the two pi here normally + + align:start position:0% +>> Why do you add the two pi here normally + + + align:start position:0% +>> Why do you add the two pi here normally +include the general transform? Is that + + align:start position:0% +include the general transform? Is that + + + align:start position:0% +include the general transform? Is that +just a convention? + + align:start position:0% +just a convention? + + + align:start position:0% +just a convention? +>> Yeah. So the question is why is there a + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So the question is why is there a + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So the question is why is there a +2 pi here? There are a couple different + + align:start position:0% +2 pi here? There are a couple different + + + align:start position:0% +2 pi here? There are a couple different +conventions for the 4a transform. One of + + align:start position:0% +conventions for the 4a transform. One of + + + align:start position:0% +conventions for the 4a transform. One of +them has a 2 pi here. The other one has + + align:start position:0% +them has a 2 pi here. The other one has + + + align:start position:0% +them has a 2 pi here. The other one has +a 1 over 2 pi to the d in the front. + + align:start position:0% +a 1 over 2 pi to the d in the front. + + + align:start position:0% +a 1 over 2 pi to the d in the front. +Those are as far as I can tell equally + + align:start position:0% +Those are as far as I can tell equally + + + align:start position:0% +Those are as far as I can tell equally +good. And they both involve some + + align:start position:0% +good. And they both involve some + + + align:start position:0% +good. And they both involve some +slightly annoying factors of 2 pi. + + align:start position:0% +slightly annoying factors of 2 pi. + + + align:start position:0% +slightly annoying factors of 2 pi. +There's another convention where you + + align:start position:0% +There's another convention where you + + + align:start position:0% +There's another convention where you +write neither of those things. Um, that + + align:start position:0% +write neither of those things. Um, that + + + align:start position:0% +write neither of those things. Um, that +strictly speaking is not correct, but + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking is not correct, but + + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking is not correct, but +it's convenient and it usually is okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh, okay. + + align:start position:0% +Uh, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, okay. +Uh, okay. Then we can do for a inversion + + align:start position:0% +Uh, okay. Then we can do for a inversion + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, okay. Then we can do for a inversion +where we recover g of y. Do for a + + align:start position:0% +where we recover g of y. Do for a + + + align:start position:0% +where we recover g of y. Do for a +inversion. That's the integral over v + + align:start position:0% +inversion. That's the integral over v + + + align:start position:0% +inversion. That's the integral over v +ghat x of c e to the 2 pi i y c d volume + + align:start position:0% +ghat x of c e to the 2 pi i y c d volume + + + align:start position:0% +ghat x of c e to the 2 pi i y c d volume +of x c. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so that's how the for transform + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so that's how the for transform + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so that's how the for transform +works on a subspace. Um and um + + align:start position:0% +works on a subspace. Um and um + + + align:start position:0% +works on a subspace. Um and um +and now what does projection do to the + + align:start position:0% +and now what does projection do to the + + + align:start position:0% +and now what does projection do to the +for a transform? There's an elegant + + align:start position:0% +for a transform? There's an elegant + + + align:start position:0% +for a transform? There's an elegant +formula llama call it a a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +formula llama call it a a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +formula llama call it a a dictionary +lama translates between + + align:start position:0% +lama translates between + + + align:start position:0% +lama translates between +the um projection on the physical side + + align:start position:0% +the um projection on the physical side + + + align:start position:0% +the um projection on the physical side +and projection on the forier side and + + align:start position:0% +and projection on the forier side and + + + align:start position:0% +and projection on the forier side and +it's analogous to something that I + + align:start position:0% +it's analogous to something that I + + + align:start position:0% +it's analogous to something that I +called the dictionary lema when we were + + align:start position:0% +called the dictionary lema when we were + + + align:start position:0% +called the dictionary lema when we were +doing large s all right it says the + + align:start position:0% +doing large s all right it says the + + + align:start position:0% +doing large s all right it says the +following thing um if I have a function + + align:start position:0% +following thing um if I have a function + + + align:start position:0% +following thing um if I have a function +on r to the d + + align:start position:0% +on r to the d + + + align:start position:0% +on r to the d +then if I project it to v and take its + + align:start position:0% +then if I project it to v and take its + + + align:start position:0% +then if I project it to v and take its +fora transform it's just fhat of c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for all c and v. + + align:start position:0% +for all c and v. + + + align:start position:0% +for all c and v. +All right, so let's process a second. So + + align:start position:0% +All right, so let's process a second. So + + + align:start position:0% +All right, so let's process a second. So +this is a function on v. It's for a + + align:start position:0% +this is a function on v. It's for a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a function on v. It's for a +transform is only defined on v. So this + + align:start position:0% +transform is only defined on v. So this + + + align:start position:0% +transform is only defined on v. So this +left hand side only makes sense if c is + + align:start position:0% +left hand side only makes sense if c is + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side only makes sense if c is +in v. But it's equal to fhat of c and + + align:start position:0% +in v. But it's equal to fhat of c and + + + align:start position:0% +in v. But it's equal to fhat of c and +fhat makes sense for c anywhere in rd. + + align:start position:0% +fhat makes sense for c anywhere in rd. + + + align:start position:0% +fhat makes sense for c anywhere in rd. +Okay, so here's the proof. Um + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so here's the proof. Um + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so here's the proof. Um +yeah, let's just expand out what + + align:start position:0% +yeah, let's just expand out what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, let's just expand out what +everything means. So the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +everything means. So the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +everything means. So the left hand side +is the integral over v pi v of y eus 2 + + align:start position:0% +is the integral over v pi v of y eus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +is the integral over v pi v of y eus 2 +pi i c doy + + align:start position:0% +pi i c doy + + + align:start position:0% +pi i c doy +um d volume v of y. + + align:start position:0% +um d volume v of y. + + + align:start position:0% +um d volume v of y. +But what is the projection pi v of y? + + align:start position:0% +But what is the projection pi v of y? + + + align:start position:0% +But what is the projection pi v of y? +That's also an integral and it's an + + align:start position:0% +That's also an integral and it's an + + + align:start position:0% +That's also an integral and it's an +integral over v. + + align:start position:0% +integral over v. + + + align:start position:0% +integral over v. +So that's the integral over v integral + + align:start position:0% +So that's the integral over v integral + + + align:start position:0% +So that's the integral over v integral +over vp + + align:start position:0% +over vp + + + align:start position:0% +over vp +f of y + z + + align:start position:0% +f of y + z + + + align:start position:0% +f of y + z +d volume of z. So that was this thing + + align:start position:0% +d volume of z. So that was this thing + + + align:start position:0% +d volume of z. So that was this thing +e to the minus 2 pi i y c d volume of y. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So now notice that all + + align:start position:0% +All right. So now notice that all + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So now notice that all +together if you put this stuff together + + align:start position:0% +together if you put this stuff together + + + align:start position:0% +together if you put this stuff together +and that and that together we are + + align:start position:0% +and that and that together we are + + + align:start position:0% +and that and that together we are +integrating over r to the d. + + align:start position:0% +integrating over r to the d. + + + align:start position:0% +integrating over r to the d. +Um and so more precisely we can do sort + + align:start position:0% +Um and so more precisely we can do sort + + + align:start position:0% +Um and so more precisely we can do sort +of a change of variables here. We can + + align:start position:0% +of a change of variables here. We can + + + align:start position:0% +of a change of variables here. We can +say x is y + z and dx is dv volume v of + + align:start position:0% +say x is y + z and dx is dv volume v of + + + align:start position:0% +say x is y + z and dx is dv volume v of +y dv volume v of z. + + align:start position:0% +y dv volume v of z. + + + align:start position:0% +y dv volume v of z. +So this is f ofx. This stuff is just dx. + + align:start position:0% +So this is f ofx. This stuff is just dx. + + + align:start position:0% +So this is f ofx. This stuff is just dx. +Uh now who is this? + + align:start position:0% +Uh now who is this? + + + align:start position:0% +Uh now who is this? +Well, because z is in var and c is in v. + + align:start position:0% +Well, because z is in var and c is in v. + + + align:start position:0% +Well, because z is in var and c is in v. +Z do c is zero. + + align:start position:0% +Z do c is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +Z do c is zero. +So e to the minus 2<unk>i i y c is the + + align:start position:0% +So e to the minus 2<unk>i i y c is the + + + align:start position:0% +So e to the minus 2<unk>i i y c is the +same thing as e - 2 pi i y + z c. + + align:start position:0% +same thing as e - 2 pi i y + z c. + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as e - 2 pi i y + z c. +changed it by z which was zero + + align:start position:0% +changed it by z which was zero + + + align:start position:0% +changed it by z which was zero +which is e to the minus 2 pi iix x dx + + align:start position:0% +which is e to the minus 2 pi iix x dx + + + align:start position:0% +which is e to the minus 2 pi iix x dx +okay so I can rewrite everything in + + align:start position:0% +okay so I can rewrite everything in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I can rewrite everything in +terms of x and it's just my integral + + align:start position:0% +terms of x and it's just my integral + + + align:start position:0% +terms of x and it's just my integral +fx e the minus 2<unk>i ix c dx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so that's fhatic c and that's + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's fhatic c and that's + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's fhatic c and that's +what we wanted to prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. Good. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So let's see what how might we use + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So let's see what how might we use + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So let's see what how might we use +this? What might this tell us? Um, + + align:start position:0% +this? What might this tell us? Um, + + + align:start position:0% +this? What might this tell us? Um, +so we're interested in this projection + + align:start position:0% +so we're interested in this projection + + + align:start position:0% +so we're interested in this projection +thing and the projection plays very + + align:start position:0% +thing and the projection plays very + + + align:start position:0% +thing and the projection plays very +nicely with the forier transform. And so + + align:start position:0% +nicely with the forier transform. And so + + + align:start position:0% +nicely with the forier transform. And so +any anything else that plays nicely with + + align:start position:0% +any anything else that plays nicely with + + + align:start position:0% +any anything else that plays nicely with +the for transform, we could sort of try + + align:start position:0% +the for transform, we could sort of try + + + align:start position:0% +the for transform, we could sort of try +to figure out how it interacts with + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how it interacts with + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out how it interacts with +projection. + + align:start position:0% +projection. + + + align:start position:0% +projection. +And one of the fundamental things that + + align:start position:0% +And one of the fundamental things that + + + align:start position:0% +And one of the fundamental things that +interacts nicely with the for transform + + align:start position:0% +interacts nicely with the for transform + + + align:start position:0% +interacts nicely with the for transform +is the L2 norm because we have planer. + + align:start position:0% +is the L2 norm because we have planer. + + + align:start position:0% +is the L2 norm because we have planer. +So we can write F L2 in terms of F hat. + + align:start position:0% +So we can write F L2 in terms of F hat. + + + align:start position:0% +So we can write F L2 in terms of F hat. +and fhat is closely related to pi v of + + align:start position:0% +and fhat is closely related to pi v of + + + align:start position:0% +and fhat is closely related to pi v of +fhat. And let's just see what happens. + + align:start position:0% +fhat. And let's just see what happens. + + + align:start position:0% +fhat. And let's just see what happens. +What does that tell us? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so I'll call this um + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so I'll call this um + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so I'll call this um +relating + + align:start position:0% +relating + + + align:start position:0% +relating +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +f2 + + align:start position:0% +f2 + + + align:start position:0% +f2 +and pi v of f via the 4a transform. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And I'm going to focus on pi theta + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And I'm going to focus on pi theta + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And I'm going to focus on pi theta +of f because that will make this the + + align:start position:0% +of f because that will make this the + + + align:start position:0% +of f because that will make this the +easiest. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So + + align:start position:0% +All right. So + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So +f l2^2 + + align:start position:0% +f l2^2 + + + align:start position:0% +f l2^2 +is f l2. + + align:start position:0% +is f l2. + + + align:start position:0% +is f l2. +Write that out. It's the integral over r + + align:start position:0% +Write that out. It's the integral over r + + + align:start position:0% +Write that out. It's the integral over r +d f of c^ 2 d c. + + align:start position:0% +d f of c^ 2 d c. + + + align:start position:0% +d f of c^ 2 d c. +Okay. and the different um if I take pi + + align:start position:0% +Okay. and the different um if I take pi + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. and the different um if I take pi +theta of fhat + + align:start position:0% +theta of fhat + + + align:start position:0% +theta of fhat +that will correspond to fhat on + + align:start position:0% +that will correspond to fhat on + + + align:start position:0% +that will correspond to fhat on +different lines through the origin. + + align:start position:0% +different lines through the origin. + + + align:start position:0% +different lines through the origin. +So that suggests let's sort of separate + + align:start position:0% +So that suggests let's sort of separate + + + align:start position:0% +So that suggests let's sort of separate +this out in different directions by + + align:start position:0% +this out in different directions by + + + align:start position:0% +this out in different directions by +writing it in polar coordinates. + + align:start position:0% +writing it in polar coordinates. + + + align:start position:0% +writing it in polar coordinates. +So this is equal to the integral over + + align:start position:0% +So this is equal to the integral over + + + align:start position:0% +So this is equal to the integral over +the dus one sphere integral from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +the dus one sphere integral from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +the dus one sphere integral from 0 to +infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity +f of r theta^ + + align:start position:0% +f of r theta^ + + + align:start position:0% +f of r theta^ +2 r dus1 dr r d theta. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And um + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And um + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And um +let me do this little trick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to also include negative r so that once + + align:start position:0% +to also include negative r so that once + + + align:start position:0% +to also include negative r so that once +I fix theta I have a nice integral from + + align:start position:0% +I fix theta I have a nice integral from + + + align:start position:0% +I fix theta I have a nice integral from +minus infinity to infinity. + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to infinity. + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to infinity. +All right. So this guy is related to pi + + align:start position:0% +All right. So this guy is related to pi + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So this guy is related to pi +theta of f by this lema. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is 12 + + align:start position:0% +So this is 12 + + + align:start position:0% +So this is 12 +sus1 + + align:start position:0% +sus1 + + + align:start position:0% +sus1 +d theta. So I'm averaging over all the + + align:start position:0% +d theta. So I'm averaging over all the + + + align:start position:0% +d theta. So I'm averaging over all the +different directions. And what am I + + align:start position:0% +different directions. And what am I + + + align:start position:0% +different directions. And what am I +averaging? integrating from minus + + align:start position:0% +averaging? integrating from minus + + + align:start position:0% +averaging? integrating from minus +infinity to infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity to infinity +pi theta f + + align:start position:0% +pi theta f + + + align:start position:0% +pi theta f +of r theta + + align:start position:0% +of r theta + + + align:start position:0% +of r theta +r the dus one dr r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what is this inside thing inside here + + align:start position:0% +what is this inside thing inside here + + + align:start position:0% +what is this inside thing inside here +you know at first you might have thought + + align:start position:0% +you know at first you might have thought + + + align:start position:0% +you know at first you might have thought +you might get the l2 norm of pi theta of + + align:start position:0% +you might get the l2 norm of pi theta of + + + align:start position:0% +you might get the l2 norm of pi theta of +f^2 + + align:start position:0% +f^2 + + + align:start position:0% +f^2 +but that's so that would be the L2 of + + align:start position:0% +but that's so that would be the L2 of + + + align:start position:0% +but that's so that would be the L2 of +the F^2. + + align:start position:0% +the F^2. + + + align:start position:0% +the F^2. +This has this extra factor here + + align:start position:0% +This has this extra factor here + + + align:start position:0% +This has this extra factor here +which heavily weights large frequencies + + align:start position:0% +which heavily weights large frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +which heavily weights large frequencies +and gives a very low weight to small + + align:start position:0% +and gives a very low weight to small + + + align:start position:0% +and gives a very low weight to small +frequencies. + + align:start position:0% +frequencies. + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies. +Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, +>> that's right. This thing is a soalevn + + align:start position:0% +>> that's right. This thing is a soalevn + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's right. This thing is a soalevn +norm. So what what naturally appears + + align:start position:0% +norm. So what what naturally appears + + + align:start position:0% +norm. So what what naturally appears +here is a soalev norm. And now let's + + align:start position:0% +here is a soalev norm. And now let's + + + align:start position:0% +here is a soalev norm. And now let's +pause and we'll review solev norms and + + align:start position:0% +pause and we'll review solev norms and + + + align:start position:0% +pause and we'll review solev norms and +the and some fact important facts about + + align:start position:0% +the and some fact important facts about + + + align:start position:0% +the and some fact important facts about +them. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +All right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So definition + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So definition + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So definition +if I have a function G on a vector space + + align:start position:0% +if I have a function G on a vector space + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a function G on a vector space +um like a like a subspace of well a + + align:start position:0% +um like a like a subspace of well a + + + align:start position:0% +um like a like a subspace of well a +space with a with uklidian norm. + + align:start position:0% +space with a with uklidian norm. + + + align:start position:0% +space with a with uklidian norm. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Um this is about the dictionary level. + + align:start position:0% +>> Um this is about the dictionary level. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um this is about the dictionary level. +I'm wondering what class of functions + + align:start position:0% +I'm wondering what class of functions + + + align:start position:0% +I'm wondering what class of functions +that applies to because if f is like an + + align:start position:0% +that applies to because if f is like an + + + align:start position:0% +that applies to because if f is like an +L2 function so f hat is L2 function. How + + align:start position:0% +L2 function so f hat is L2 function. How + + + align:start position:0% +L2 function so f hat is L2 function. How +is its value on a measure zero subset + + align:start position:0% +is its value on a measure zero subset + + + align:start position:0% +is its value on a measure zero subset +like be meaningful? + + align:start position:0% +like be meaningful? + + + align:start position:0% +like be meaningful? +>> Yeah. Okay, great. So the the going back + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay, great. So the the going back + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay, great. So the the going back +to the dictionary lema. Um the question + + align:start position:0% +to the dictionary lema. Um the question + + + align:start position:0% +to the dictionary lema. Um the question +was for which set class of functions + + align:start position:0% +was for which set class of functions + + + align:start position:0% +was for which set class of functions +does this actually make sense. And if + + align:start position:0% +does this actually make sense. And if + + + align:start position:0% +does this actually make sense. And if +you look at what I wrote on the board, + + align:start position:0% +you look at what I wrote on the board, + + + align:start position:0% +you look at what I wrote on the board, +it's a little suspicious. It just says + + align:start position:0% +it's a little suspicious. It just says + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little suspicious. It just says +that f is a function. And if f is just a + + align:start position:0% +that f is a function. And if f is just a + + + align:start position:0% +that f is a function. And if f is just a +function, actually none of the sides of + + align:start position:0% +function, actually none of the sides of + + + align:start position:0% +function, actually none of the sides of +this equation in general make sense. Um + + align:start position:0% +this equation in general make sense. Um + + + align:start position:0% +this equation in general make sense. Um +uh one thing that would that would be + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing that would that would be + + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing that would that would be +clearly sufficient is if f was a schwarz + + align:start position:0% +clearly sufficient is if f was a schwarz + + + align:start position:0% +clearly sufficient is if f was a schwarz +function. + + align:start position:0% +function. + + + align:start position:0% +function. +If f is a schwarz function um f had hat + + align:start position:0% +If f is a schwarz function um f had hat + + + align:start position:0% +If f is a schwarz function um f had hat +is awarz function. The projection is a + + align:start position:0% +is awarz function. The projection is a + + + align:start position:0% +is awarz function. The projection is a +schwarz function. It's it's for + + align:start position:0% +schwarz function. It's it's for + + + align:start position:0% +schwarz function. It's it's for +transformation. So that's all okay. Um + + align:start position:0% +transformation. So that's all okay. Um + + + align:start position:0% +transformation. So that's all okay. Um +if f is just l2 it's not immediately + + align:start position:0% +if f is just l2 it's not immediately + + + align:start position:0% +if f is just l2 it's not immediately +obvious how how all of these things + + align:start position:0% +obvious how how all of these things + + + align:start position:0% +obvious how how all of these things +would be defined. Um so let's think + + align:start position:0% +would be defined. Um so let's think + + + align:start position:0% +would be defined. Um so let's think +about this this way for now. Um and + + align:start position:0% +about this this way for now. Um and + + + align:start position:0% +about this this way for now. Um and +in in in it's fairly often the case that + + align:start position:0% +in in in it's fairly often the case that + + + align:start position:0% +in in in it's fairly often the case that +we can prove things about general L2 + + align:start position:0% +we can prove things about general L2 + + + align:start position:0% +we can prove things about general L2 +functions by first proving them for + + align:start position:0% +functions by first proving them for + + + align:start position:0% +functions by first proving them for +Schwarz functions and then proving um + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz functions and then proving um + + + align:start position:0% +Schwarz functions and then proving um +then using the fact that Schwarz + + align:start position:0% +then using the fact that Schwarz + + + align:start position:0% +then using the fact that Schwarz +functions are dense in L2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay good + + align:start position:0% +okay good + + + align:start position:0% +okay good +okay okay so we were remembering what + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we were remembering what + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we were remembering what +what is a sole fn norm so if I have a + + align:start position:0% +what is a sole fn norm so if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +what is a sole fn norm so if I have a +function on v then um g hs dot squared + + align:start position:0% +function on v then um g hs dot squared + + + align:start position:0% +function on v then um g hs dot squared +is the integral over v + + align:start position:0% +is the integral over v + + + align:start position:0% +is the integral over v +I'll take the norm of g hat of c^2 + + align:start position:0% +I'll take the norm of g hat of c^2 + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take the norm of g hat of c^2 +um and then I'll put here the norm of C + + align:start position:0% +um and then I'll put here the norm of C + + + align:start position:0% +um and then I'll put here the norm of C +to the 2s. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This makes sense for any real number S. + + align:start position:0% +This makes sense for any real number S. + + + align:start position:0% +This makes sense for any real number S. +Um and um + + align:start position:0% +Um and um + + + align:start position:0% +Um and um +and it has something to do with the + + align:start position:0% +and it has something to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +and it has something to do with the +smoothness of of of G and in particular + + align:start position:0% +smoothness of of of G and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +smoothness of of of G and in particular +if S is a natural number then it has an + + align:start position:0% +if S is a natural number then it has an + + + align:start position:0% +if S is a natural number then it has an +interpretation in terms of L2 norms of + + align:start position:0% +interpretation in terms of L2 norms of + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation in terms of L2 norms of +derivatives. + + align:start position:0% +derivatives. + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives. +So um G H1 dot squared + + align:start position:0% +So um G H1 dot squared + + + align:start position:0% +So um G H1 dot squared +is the sum over different directions J + + align:start position:0% +is the sum over different directions J + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum over different directions J +of the J derivative of G L2 at least + + align:start position:0% +of the J derivative of G L2 at least + + + align:start position:0% +of the J derivative of G L2 at least +approximately maybe exactly um and then + + align:start position:0% +approximately maybe exactly um and then + + + align:start position:0% +approximately maybe exactly um and then +um higher values of S higher values of S + + align:start position:0% +um higher values of S higher values of S + + + align:start position:0% +um higher values of S higher values of S +correspond to taking more derivatives so + + align:start position:0% +correspond to taking more derivatives so + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to taking more derivatives so +I'll just put one more and you'll see + + align:start position:0% +I'll just put one more and you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just put one more and you'll see +the pattern h2 dot squared is around the + + align:start position:0% +the pattern h2 dot squared is around the + + + align:start position:0% +the pattern h2 dot squared is around the +sum over J1 and J2 of the second + + align:start position:0% +sum over J1 and J2 of the second + + + align:start position:0% +sum over J1 and J2 of the second +derivative in the J1 J2 directions of G + + align:start position:0% +derivative in the J1 J2 directions of G + + + align:start position:0% +derivative in the J1 J2 directions of G +L2 and so on. + + align:start position:0% +L2 and so on. + + + align:start position:0% +L2 and so on. +Okay. Um and if S is not an integer then + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um and if S is not an integer then + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um and if S is not an integer then +there's not a direct interpretation of + + align:start position:0% +there's not a direct interpretation of + + + align:start position:0% +there's not a direct interpretation of +this form but it is still kind of + + align:start position:0% +this form but it is still kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this form but it is still kind of +measuring how smooth the function G is. + + align:start position:0% +measuring how smooth the function G is. + + + align:start position:0% +measuring how smooth the function G is. +Okay. There is also a regular. So this + + align:start position:0% +Okay. There is also a regular. So this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. There is also a regular. So this +is the sole f norm with a dot. It's + + align:start position:0% +is the sole f norm with a dot. It's + + + align:start position:0% +is the sole f norm with a dot. It's +called the homogeneous soalef norm. And + + align:start position:0% +called the homogeneous soalef norm. And + + + align:start position:0% +called the homogeneous soalef norm. And +there's a version without the dot which + + align:start position:0% +there's a version without the dot which + + + align:start position:0% +there's a version without the dot which +is defined like this. Um + + align:start position:0% +is defined like this. Um + + + align:start position:0% +is defined like this. Um +gh hs 2 is the integral over v ghat of c + + align:start position:0% +gh hs 2 is the integral over v ghat of c + + + align:start position:0% +gh hs 2 is the integral over v ghat of c +^ 2 uh 1 + the norm of c ^ 2 to the s d + + align:start position:0% +^ 2 uh 1 + the norm of c ^ 2 to the s d + + + align:start position:0% +^ 2 uh 1 + the norm of c ^ 2 to the s d +c + + align:start position:0% +c + + + align:start position:0% +c +which is roughly the same um as if you + + align:start position:0% +which is roughly the same um as if you + + + align:start position:0% +which is roughly the same um as if you +took out the biggest power. This would + + align:start position:0% +took out the biggest power. This would + + + align:start position:0% +took out the biggest power. This would +be 1 + c 2s + + align:start position:0% +be 1 + c 2s + + + align:start position:0% +be 1 + c 2s +and the one contributes gl 2^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +and the one contributes gl 2^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +and the one contributes gl 2^ 2 +and the c to the 2s is this thing. So it + + align:start position:0% +and the c to the 2s is this thing. So it + + + align:start position:0% +and the c to the 2s is this thing. So it +contributes + + align:start position:0% +contributes + + + align:start position:0% +contributes +hs dot. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool. So there's a well-known um set of + + align:start position:0% +cool. So there's a well-known um set of + + + align:start position:0% +cool. So there's a well-known um set of +theorems called the soalev embedding + + align:start position:0% +theorems called the soalev embedding + + + align:start position:0% +theorems called the soalev embedding +theorems which imply that if g is in a + + align:start position:0% +theorems which imply that if g is in a + + + align:start position:0% +theorems which imply that if g is in a +soalev space for a big enough s then it + + align:start position:0% +soalev space for a big enough s then it + + + align:start position:0% +soalev space for a big enough s then it +is continuous and if even a bigger s + + align:start position:0% +is continuous and if even a bigger s + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous and if even a bigger s +then it's c1 and so on. Um so I will + + align:start position:0% +then it's c1 and so on. Um so I will + + + align:start position:0% +then it's c1 and so on. Um so I will +write a summary. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So belove embedding. Um + + align:start position:0% +So belove embedding. Um + + + align:start position:0% +So belove embedding. Um +if s is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +if s is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +if s is bigger than +1/2 the dimension of v um then + + align:start position:0% +1/2 the dimension of v um then + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 the dimension of v um then +g l infinity is bounded by g in hs + + align:start position:0% +g l infinity is bounded by g in hs + + + align:start position:0% +g l infinity is bounded by g in hs +and um and if g is in hs then g is + + align:start position:0% +and um and if g is in hs then g is + + + align:start position:0% +and um and if g is in hs then g is +continuous. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And if we add um if s is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +And if we add um if s is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +And if we add um if s is bigger than +some k plus 1/2 the dimension of v um + + align:start position:0% +some k plus 1/2 the dimension of v um + + + align:start position:0% +some k plus 1/2 the dimension of v um +then the kith derivatives + + align:start position:0% +then the kith derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +then the kith derivatives +of g are bounded by the hs norm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if g is in hs then it's ck + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, any questions or comments about sov + + align:start position:0% +Um, any questions or comments about sov + + + align:start position:0% +Um, any questions or comments about sov +spaces? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Um so + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um so +now that we have recalled that + + align:start position:0% +now that we have recalled that + + + align:start position:0% +now that we have recalled that +if we look back here + + align:start position:0% +if we look back here + + + align:start position:0% +if we look back here +we will recognize what appears here as a + + align:start position:0% +we will recognize what appears here as a + + + align:start position:0% +we will recognize what appears here as a +solev norm of the projection. + + align:start position:0% +solev norm of the projection. + + + align:start position:0% +solev norm of the projection. +So the L2 norm squar of f is this + + align:start position:0% +So the L2 norm squar of f is this + + + align:start position:0% +So the L2 norm squar of f is this +integral and this thing here + + align:start position:0% +integral and this thing here + + + align:start position:0% +integral and this thing here +is the hs norm of pi theta of f. So this + + align:start position:0% +is the hs norm of pi theta of f. So this + + + align:start position:0% +is the hs norm of pi theta of f. So this +is 12 integral over the d minus one + + align:start position:0% +is 12 integral over the d minus one + + + align:start position:0% +is 12 integral over the d minus one +sphere + + align:start position:0% +sphere + + + align:start position:0% +sphere +pi theta of f h + + align:start position:0% +pi theta of f h + + + align:start position:0% +pi theta of f h +d -1 / 2 dot^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +d -1 / 2 dot^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +d -1 / 2 dot^ 2 +d theta. + + align:start position:0% +d theta. + + + align:start position:0% +d theta. +Okay. Where did this come from and why + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Where did this come from and why + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Where did this come from and why +does it have a dot? This r is the norm + + align:start position:0% +does it have a dot? This r is the norm + + + align:start position:0% +does it have a dot? This r is the norm +of my frequency c. + + align:start position:0% +of my frequency c. + + + align:start position:0% +of my frequency c. +So this is the norm of c to the 2 s. So + + align:start position:0% +So this is the norm of c to the 2 s. So + + + align:start position:0% +So this is the norm of c to the 2 s. So +s is d minus one over two. And it's + + align:start position:0% +s is d minus one over two. And it's + + + align:start position:0% +s is d minus one over two. And it's +homogeneous. We don't have this extra + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous. We don't have this extra + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous. We don't have this extra +one. So there's a dot. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Cool. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cool. + + align:start position:0% +Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now you can pro probably have a + + align:start position:0% +okay so now you can pro probably have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now you can pro probably have a +good guess of how we would like to prove + + align:start position:0% +good guess of how we would like to prove + + + align:start position:0% +good guess of how we would like to prove +this theorem. + + align:start position:0% +this theorem. + + + align:start position:0% +this theorem. +The L2 norm + + align:start position:0% +The L2 norm + + + align:start position:0% +The L2 norm +controls an integral like this with the + + align:start position:0% +controls an integral like this with the + + + align:start position:0% +controls an integral like this with the +soelv norm. Sov embedding tells us that + + align:start position:0% +soelv norm. Sov embedding tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +soelv norm. Sov embedding tells us that +the soilv norm controls the ck norm. + + align:start position:0% +the soilv norm controls the ck norm. + + + align:start position:0% +the soilv norm controls the ck norm. +So that's the plan. Okay. But + + align:start position:0% +So that's the plan. Okay. But + + + align:start position:0% +So that's the plan. Okay. But +technically there is a small technical + + align:start position:0% +technically there is a small technical + + + align:start position:0% +technically there is a small technical +issue which has to do with the dot or + + align:start position:0% +issue which has to do with the dot or + + + align:start position:0% +issue which has to do with the dot or +the no dot. Dot and no dot homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +the no dot. Dot and no dot homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +the no dot. Dot and no dot homogeneous +not homogeneous are both natural and + + align:start position:0% +not homogeneous are both natural and + + + align:start position:0% +not homogeneous are both natural and +important. Homogeneous one will occur + + align:start position:0% +important. Homogeneous one will occur + + + align:start position:0% +important. Homogeneous one will occur +naturally in some places. It naturally + + align:start position:0% +naturally in some places. It naturally + + + align:start position:0% +naturally in some places. It naturally +occurred here. On the other hand sov + + align:start position:0% +occurred here. On the other hand sov + + + align:start position:0% +occurred here. On the other hand sov +embedding is a theorem that requires uh + + align:start position:0% +embedding is a theorem that requires uh + + + align:start position:0% +embedding is a theorem that requires uh +that the non-homogeneous soil of space. + + align:start position:0% +that the non-homogeneous soil of space. + + + align:start position:0% +that the non-homogeneous soil of space. +So we need to do a little bit of work to + + align:start position:0% +So we need to do a little bit of work to + + + align:start position:0% +So we need to do a little bit of work to +to get between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um so now we can do proof of theorem. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So integral sdus1 + + align:start position:0% +All right. So integral sdus1 + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So integral sdus1 +pi theta f c k k d theta is bounded by + + align:start position:0% +pi theta f c k k d theta is bounded by + + + align:start position:0% +pi theta f c k k d theta is bounded by +integral sdus one pi thetaf f + + align:start position:0% +integral sdus one pi thetaf f + + + align:start position:0% +integral sdus one pi thetaf f +h dus1 / 2 without the dot squared d + + align:start position:0% +h dus1 / 2 without the dot squared d + + + align:start position:0% +h dus1 / 2 without the dot squared d +theta so this is so embedded + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that hypothesis about d up + + align:start position:0% +okay and that hypothesis about d up + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that hypothesis about d up +there is just exactly the hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +there is just exactly the hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +there is just exactly the hypothesis +that you need for this to be true when + + align:start position:0% +that you need for this to be true when + + + align:start position:0% +that you need for this to be true when +you plug in so embedding. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right, now let's open up the + + align:start position:0% +All right, now let's open up the + + + align:start position:0% +All right, now let's open up the +definition of this thing and we'll + + align:start position:0% +definition of this thing and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +definition of this thing and we'll +almost see the FL2 norm squared but not + + align:start position:0% +almost see the FL2 norm squared but not + + + align:start position:0% +almost see the FL2 norm squared but not +quite. + + align:start position:0% +quite. + + + align:start position:0% +quite. +So this is around integral of sdus one + + align:start position:0% +So this is around integral of sdus one + + + align:start position:0% +So this is around integral of sdus one +integral from minus infinity to infinity + + align:start position:0% +integral from minus infinity to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +integral from minus infinity to infinity +f of r theta^ 2 and we'll have 1 + r dus + + align:start position:0% +f of r theta^ 2 and we'll have 1 + r dus + + + align:start position:0% +f of r theta^ 2 and we'll have 1 + r dus + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +d r d theta. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we don't have a dot that requires us + + align:start position:0% +So we don't have a dot that requires us + + + align:start position:0% +So we don't have a dot that requires us +to put this extra one that we didn't + + align:start position:0% +to put this extra one that we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +to put this extra one that we didn't +have before. + + align:start position:0% +have before. + + + align:start position:0% +have before. +All right. So you have a sum of two + + align:start position:0% +All right. So you have a sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So you have a sum of two +pieces. In real analysis, we usually + + align:start position:0% +pieces. In real analysis, we usually + + + align:start position:0% +pieces. In real analysis, we usually +think about which of the two pieces is + + align:start position:0% +think about which of the two pieces is + + + align:start position:0% +think about which of the two pieces is +bigger. So if r is bigger than one, this + + align:start position:0% +bigger. So if r is bigger than one, this + + + align:start position:0% +bigger. So if r is bigger than one, this +piece dominates. And if r is smaller + + align:start position:0% +piece dominates. And if r is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +piece dominates. And if r is smaller +than one, that piece dominates. + + align:start position:0% +than one, that piece dominates. + + + align:start position:0% +than one, that piece dominates. +So it's the integral sus one integral r + + align:start position:0% +So it's the integral sus one integral r + + + align:start position:0% +So it's the integral sus one integral r +bigger than 1 + + align:start position:0% +bigger than 1 + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than 1 +f of r theta^ 2 r dus r d theta. Let's + + align:start position:0% +f of r theta^ 2 r dus r d theta. Let's + + + align:start position:0% +f of r theta^ 2 r dus r d theta. Let's +call that term number one. + + align:start position:0% +call that term number one. + + + align:start position:0% +call that term number one. +Plus the integral sdus one integral r + + align:start position:0% +Plus the integral sdus one integral r + + + align:start position:0% +Plus the integral sdus one integral r +smaller than one f of r theta^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one f of r theta^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one f of r theta^ 2 +1 * 1 d r d. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Let's call this piece two. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So piece one is uh clearly smaller than + + align:start position:0% +So piece one is uh clearly smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +So piece one is uh clearly smaller than +what we had before which was f L2 squ. + + align:start position:0% +what we had before which was f L2 squ. + + + align:start position:0% +what we had before which was f L2 squ. +So piece one smaller than L2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Piece two. + + align:start position:0% +Piece two. + + + align:start position:0% +Piece two. +Okay. In piece two I think it's no + + align:start position:0% +Okay. In piece two I think it's no + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. In piece two I think it's no +longer really helpful to think of this + + align:start position:0% +longer really helpful to think of this + + + align:start position:0% +longer really helpful to think of this +as being related to polar coordinates. + + align:start position:0% +as being related to polar coordinates. + + + align:start position:0% +as being related to polar coordinates. +We're integrating over a sphere cross + + align:start position:0% +We're integrating over a sphere cross + + + align:start position:0% +We're integrating over a sphere cross +and interval and that's a finite volume. + + align:start position:0% +and interval and that's a finite volume. + + + align:start position:0% +and interval and that's a finite volume. +And so what I'd like to put here is just + + align:start position:0% +And so what I'd like to put here is just + + + align:start position:0% +And so what I'd like to put here is just +that it's bounded by the a constant + + align:start position:0% +that it's bounded by the a constant + + + align:start position:0% +that it's bounded by the a constant +which is the volume times the biggest + + align:start position:0% +which is the volume times the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +which is the volume times the biggest +possible size of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +super. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So how big is that? + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So how big is that? + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So how big is that? +So fhat of c + + align:start position:0% +So fhat of c + + + align:start position:0% +So fhat of c +bounded by the integral f(x) e - 2<unk>i + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the integral f(x) e - 2<unk>i + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the integral f(x) e - 2<unk>i +iix x c dx and the most common approach + + align:start position:0% +iix x c dx and the most common approach + + + align:start position:0% +iix x c dx and the most common approach +the easiest approach to this is use the + + align:start position:0% +the easiest approach to this is use the + + + align:start position:0% +the easiest approach to this is use the +triangle inequality so we have this + + align:start position:0% +triangle inequality so we have this + + + align:start position:0% +triangle inequality so we have this +now we have the l1 norm of f okay so we + + align:start position:0% +now we have the l1 norm of f okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +now we have the l1 norm of f okay so we +have two pieces one piece is controlled + + align:start position:0% +have two pieces one piece is controlled + + + align:start position:0% +have two pieces one piece is controlled +by the l2 norm of f the other piece is + + align:start position:0% +by the l2 norm of f the other piece is + + + align:start position:0% +by the l2 norm of f the other piece is +controlled by the l1 norm of f um I + + align:start position:0% +controlled by the l1 norm of f um I + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by the l1 norm of f um I +could have written the theorem that way + + align:start position:0% +could have written the theorem that way + + + align:start position:0% +could have written the theorem that way +But I wrote it a little bit differently. + + align:start position:0% +But I wrote it a little bit differently. + + + align:start position:0% +But I wrote it a little bit differently. +I thought it was cuter. Uh I've had the + + align:start position:0% +I thought it was cuter. Uh I've had the + + + align:start position:0% +I thought it was cuter. Uh I've had the +support of f is in the unit ball. If the + + align:start position:0% +support of f is in the unit ball. If the + + + align:start position:0% +support of f is in the unit ball. If the +support of f is in the unit ball, then + + align:start position:0% +support of f is in the unit ball, then + + + align:start position:0% +support of f is in the unit ball, then +we can control the L1 norm by the L2 + + align:start position:0% +we can control the L1 norm by the L2 + + + align:start position:0% +we can control the L1 norm by the L2 +norm. + + align:start position:0% +norm. + + + align:start position:0% +norm. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +since the support of F is in the unit + + align:start position:0% +since the support of F is in the unit + + + align:start position:0% +since the support of F is in the unit +ball integral of f ofx + + align:start position:0% +ball integral of f ofx + + + align:start position:0% +ball integral of f ofx +dx looks like that. It's bounded by the + + align:start position:0% +dx looks like that. It's bounded by the + + + align:start position:0% +dx looks like that. It's bounded by the +integral of f(x)^2 + + align:start position:0% +integral of f(x)^2 + + + align:start position:0% +integral of f(x)^2 +to the 12 times the integral over the + + align:start position:0% +to the 12 times the integral over the + + + align:start position:0% +to the 12 times the integral over the +unit ball of 1 to the 12. So that's + + align:start position:0% +unit ball of 1 to the 12. So that's + + + align:start position:0% +unit ball of 1 to the 12. So that's +bounded by f2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So using using the support I can + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So using using the support I can + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So using using the support I can +bound both one and two by FL2 + + align:start position:0% +bound both one and two by FL2 + + + align:start position:0% +bound both one and two by FL2 +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +okay and that was that was what I had + + align:start position:0% +okay and that was that was what I had + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that was that was what I had +thought of as the proof of the theorem + + align:start position:0% +thought of as the proof of the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +thought of as the proof of the theorem +but now is a good moment to come back to + + align:start position:0% +but now is a good moment to come back to + + + align:start position:0% +but now is a good moment to come back to +the question that was asked earlier. + + align:start position:0% +the question that was asked earlier. + + + align:start position:0% +the question that was asked earlier. +What do you actually have to assume + + align:start position:0% +What do you actually have to assume + + + align:start position:0% +What do you actually have to assume +about f for all of this to make sense? + + align:start position:0% +about f for all of this to make sense? + + + align:start position:0% +about f for all of this to make sense? +Um okay. Um so let me add some fine + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. Um so let me add some fine + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. Um so let me add some fine +print. I'll write what we actually + + align:start position:0% +print. I'll write what we actually + + + align:start position:0% +print. I'll write what we actually +proved. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +all right. So the fine print is for for + + align:start position:0% +all right. So the fine print is for for + + + align:start position:0% +all right. So the fine print is for for +the time being suppose that f is a + + align:start position:0% +the time being suppose that f is a + + + align:start position:0% +the time being suppose that f is a +schwarz function. + + align:start position:0% +schwarz function. + + + align:start position:0% +schwarz function. +We needed f is a Schwarz function to + + align:start position:0% +We needed f is a Schwarz function to + + + align:start position:0% +We needed f is a Schwarz function to +justify our formula about the 4A + + align:start position:0% +justify our formula about the 4A + + + align:start position:0% +justify our formula about the 4A +transform of the projection and in a few + + align:start position:0% +transform of the projection and in a few + + + align:start position:0% +transform of the projection and in a few +other places to make sure all these for + + align:start position:0% +other places to make sure all these for + + + align:start position:0% +other places to make sure all these for +a transforms make sense. If you assume + + align:start position:0% +a transforms make sense. If you assume + + + align:start position:0% +a transforms make sense. If you assume +that F is Schwarz, everything we wrote + + align:start position:0% +that F is Schwarz, everything we wrote + + + align:start position:0% +that F is Schwarz, everything we wrote +makes sense. Um and we get this estimate + + align:start position:0% +makes sense. Um and we get this estimate + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense. Um and we get this estimate +and and this is an inequality. + + align:start position:0% +and and this is an inequality. + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is an inequality. +And then it is now possible to do some + + align:start position:0% +And then it is now possible to do some + + + align:start position:0% +And then it is now possible to do some +extra work. If you have a function + + align:start position:0% +extra work. If you have a function + + + align:start position:0% +extra work. If you have a function +that's not Schwarz, just a function in + + align:start position:0% +that's not Schwarz, just a function in + + + align:start position:0% +that's not Schwarz, just a function in +L2, you could have a sequence of Schwarz + + align:start position:0% +L2, you could have a sequence of Schwarz + + + align:start position:0% +L2, you could have a sequence of Schwarz +functions that approximate it and um and + + align:start position:0% +functions that approximate it and um and + + + align:start position:0% +functions that approximate it and um and +for each one of those approximating + + align:start position:0% +for each one of those approximating + + + align:start position:0% +for each one of those approximating +functions, this bound would be true. And + + align:start position:0% +functions, this bound would be true. And + + + align:start position:0% +functions, this bound would be true. And +then with some work, you could show that + + align:start position:0% +then with some work, you could show that + + + align:start position:0% +then with some work, you could show that +the bound is also true for the limiting + + align:start position:0% +the bound is also true for the limiting + + + align:start position:0% +the bound is also true for the limiting +function f. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So I'll put a remark + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I'll put a remark + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I'll put a remark +um can remove the hypothesis. + + align:start position:0% +um can remove the hypothesis. + + + align:start position:0% +um can remove the hypothesis. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Um, so any questions or comments about + + align:start position:0% +Um, so any questions or comments about + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so any questions or comments about +the proof of this theorem? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Is the condition that the support is in + + align:start position:0% +>> Is the condition that the support is in + + + align:start position:0% +>> Is the condition that the support is in +the unit essential to this? + + align:start position:0% +the unit essential to this? + + + align:start position:0% +the unit essential to this? +>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is, is the + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is, is the + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is, is the +assumption that the support of F is in + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the support of F is in + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that the support of F is in +the unit ball essential? What would + + align:start position:0% +the unit ball essential? What would + + + align:start position:0% +the unit ball essential? What would +happen if we remove this assumption? + + align:start position:0% +happen if we remove this assumption? + + + align:start position:0% +happen if we remove this assumption? +>> Right. + + align:start position:0% +>> Right. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Right. +>> Yeah. So looking at the proof, we could + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So looking at the proof, we could + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. So looking at the proof, we could +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +let me get another color. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Looking at the proof, we could if we + + align:start position:0% +Looking at the proof, we could if we + + + align:start position:0% +Looking at the proof, we could if we +want to remove this assumption. And then + + align:start position:0% +want to remove this assumption. And then + + + align:start position:0% +want to remove this assumption. And then +we would need to add the L1 norm as well + + align:start position:0% +we would need to add the L1 norm as well + + + align:start position:0% +we would need to add the L1 norm as well +as the L2 norm um to deal with um + + align:start position:0% +as the L2 norm um to deal with um + + + align:start position:0% +as the L2 norm um to deal with um +uh due to my brilliant neighbor labeling + + align:start position:0% +uh due to my brilliant neighbor labeling + + + align:start position:0% +uh due to my brilliant neighbor labeling +scheme, term one is bounded by the L2 + + align:start position:0% +scheme, term one is bounded by the L2 + + + align:start position:0% +scheme, term one is bounded by the L2 +norm and term two is bounded by the L1 + + align:start position:0% +norm and term two is bounded by the L1 + + + align:start position:0% +norm and term two is bounded by the L1 +norm. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, I haven't thought about it + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I haven't thought about it + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I haven't thought about it +carefully. You you could ask if we did + + align:start position:0% +carefully. You you could ask if we did + + + align:start position:0% +carefully. You you could ask if we did +this uh would it still be true? I + + align:start position:0% +this uh would it still be true? I + + + align:start position:0% +this uh would it still be true? I +suspect that's not true and the sort of + + align:start position:0% +suspect that's not true and the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +suspect that's not true and the sort of +natural example to look at is a function + + align:start position:0% +natural example to look at is a function + + + align:start position:0% +natural example to look at is a function +on a really big ball. I haven't I + + align:start position:0% +on a really big ball. I haven't I + + + align:start position:0% +on a really big ball. I haven't I +haven't thought it through carefully. + + align:start position:0% +haven't thought it through carefully. + + + align:start position:0% +haven't thought it through carefully. +So, it's good a good little good little + + align:start position:0% +So, it's good a good little good little + + + align:start position:0% +So, it's good a good little good little +project to figure out what happens. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Okay. So the um big big picture takeaway + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So the um big big picture takeaway + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So the um big big picture takeaway +of this theorem is we take a function in + + align:start position:0% +of this theorem is we take a function in + + + align:start position:0% +of this theorem is we take a function in +high dimensions which is not very + + align:start position:0% +high dimensions which is not very + + + align:start position:0% +high dimensions which is not very +regular and when we project it to low + + align:start position:0% +regular and when we project it to low + + + align:start position:0% +regular and when we project it to low +dimensions most of the projections are + + align:start position:0% +dimensions most of the projections are + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions most of the projections are +much more regular and um I was trying to + + align:start position:0% +much more regular and um I was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +much more regular and um I was trying to +think of places that this relates to or + + align:start position:0% +think of places that this relates to or + + + align:start position:0% +think of places that this relates to or +we might have seen something like this + + align:start position:0% +we might have seen something like this + + + align:start position:0% +we might have seen something like this +before. Um and one place where we see + + align:start position:0% +before. Um and one place where we see + + + align:start position:0% +before. Um and one place where we see +something like this is the central limit + + align:start position:0% +something like this is the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +something like this is the central limit +theorem in probability. + + align:start position:0% +theorem in probability. + + + align:start position:0% +theorem in probability. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +so let me remind us how that works. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So suppose that XJ are random + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So suppose that XJ are random + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So suppose that XJ are random +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +which are uniformly distributed + + align:start position:0% +which are uniformly distributed + + + align:start position:0% +which are uniformly distributed +in 01 + + align:start position:0% +in 01 + + + align:start position:0% +in 01 +and there are a lot of them one up to n. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So in the central limit theorem we + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in the central limit theorem we + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in the central limit theorem we +might think what happens if we add up + + align:start position:0% +might think what happens if we add up + + + align:start position:0% +might think what happens if we add up +all these random variables. + + align:start position:0% +all these random variables. + + + align:start position:0% +all these random variables. +Um so and we could look at the sum of + + align:start position:0% +Um so and we could look at the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +Um so and we could look at the sum of +the XJ. This will be the random + + align:start position:0% +the XJ. This will be the random + + + align:start position:0% +the XJ. This will be the random +variable. + + align:start position:0% +variable. + + + align:start position:0% +variable. +Actually let me put it not that + + align:start position:0% +Actually let me put it not that + + + align:start position:0% +Actually let me put it not that +important but going to put minus a half + + align:start position:0% +important but going to put minus a half + + + align:start position:0% +important but going to put minus a half +a half. The central limit theorem is a + + align:start position:0% +a half. The central limit theorem is a + + + align:start position:0% +a half. The central limit theorem is a +little bit nicer. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh okay. So what happens when I add them + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. So what happens when I add them + + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. So what happens when I add them +up? and I add them up. The central limit + + align:start position:0% +up? and I add them up. The central limit + + + align:start position:0% +up? and I add them up. The central limit +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +says that the sum of these random + + align:start position:0% +says that the sum of these random + + + align:start position:0% +says that the sum of these random +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +is approximately a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +is approximately a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +is approximately a Gaussian +with mean zero and um standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +with mean zero and um standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +with mean zero and um standard deviation +something like square root of n. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And notice in particular that it's quite + + align:start position:0% +And notice in particular that it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +And notice in particular that it's quite +smooth. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay. So the probability the joint + + align:start position:0% +um okay. So the probability the joint + + + align:start position:0% +um okay. So the probability the joint +probability density function of these + + align:start position:0% +probability density function of these + + + align:start position:0% +probability density function of these +XJS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +XJ + + align:start position:0% +XJ + + + align:start position:0% +XJ +is f of x1 up to xn. It's the + + align:start position:0% +is f of x1 up to xn. It's the + + + align:start position:0% +is f of x1 up to xn. It's the +characteristic function of the cube. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is a sort of typical this is an + + align:start position:0% +So this is a sort of typical this is an + + + align:start position:0% +So this is a sort of typical this is an +example of a function that's in L2 but + + align:start position:0% +example of a function that's in L2 but + + + align:start position:0% +example of a function that's in L2 but +is not continuous. + + align:start position:0% +is not continuous. + + + align:start position:0% +is not continuous. +Okay. Uh now what is what is the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh now what is what is the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh now what is what is the +probability density function of this + + align:start position:0% +probability density function of this + + + align:start position:0% +probability density function of this +thing? Um well, we have a map. Um I + + align:start position:0% +thing? Um well, we have a map. Um I + + + align:start position:0% +thing? Um well, we have a map. Um I +guess the summation map goes from Rn to + + align:start position:0% +guess the summation map goes from Rn to + + + align:start position:0% +guess the summation map goes from Rn to +R and it just takes X1 up to Xn and it + + align:start position:0% +R and it just takes X1 up to Xn and it + + + align:start position:0% +R and it just takes X1 up to Xn and it +maps it to X1 plus F plus Xn. Add them + + align:start position:0% +maps it to X1 plus F plus Xn. Add them + + + align:start position:0% +maps it to X1 plus F plus Xn. Add them +up. It's a linear map. + + align:start position:0% +up. It's a linear map. + + + align:start position:0% +up. It's a linear map. +So the probability + + align:start position:0% +So the probability + + + align:start position:0% +So the probability +density function + + align:start position:0% +density function + + + align:start position:0% +density function +of um of the sum of the xjs + + align:start position:0% +of um of the sum of the xjs + + + align:start position:0% +of um of the sum of the xjs +is the push forward of fdx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is a slightly different + + align:start position:0% +and this is a slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a slightly different +language but it is up to a small change + + align:start position:0% +language but it is up to a small change + + + align:start position:0% +language but it is up to a small change +of variables. It's the projection of f + + align:start position:0% +of variables. It's the projection of f + + + align:start position:0% +of variables. It's the projection of f +on the main diagonal. + + align:start position:0% +on the main diagonal. + + + align:start position:0% +on the main diagonal. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +I can make we can make this look nicer + + align:start position:0% +I can make we can make this look nicer + + + align:start position:0% +I can make we can make this look nicer +if we normalize in the central limit + + align:start position:0% +if we normalize in the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +if we normalize in the central limit +theorem which is not a which is a fairly + + align:start position:0% +theorem which is not a which is a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +theorem which is not a which is a fairly +standard way of writing it. So let me + + align:start position:0% +standard way of writing it. So let me + + + align:start position:0% +standard way of writing it. So let me +write the central limit theorem this + + align:start position:0% +write the central limit theorem this + + + align:start position:0% +write the central limit theorem this +way. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So now my function is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and let's say that theta is 1 /<unk> n11 + + align:start position:0% +and let's say that theta is 1 /<unk> n11 + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say that theta is 1 /<unk> n11 +which is in which is a unit vector. So + + align:start position:0% +which is in which is a unit vector. So + + + align:start position:0% +which is in which is a unit vector. So +this is just the projection I'll call it + + align:start position:0% +this is just the projection I'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the projection I'll call it +theta 1 in the theta 1 direction of f. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +So I take the characteristic function of + + align:start position:0% +So I take the characteristic function of + + + align:start position:0% +So I take the characteristic function of +the cube. If I project it in that + + align:start position:0% +the cube. If I project it in that + + + align:start position:0% +the cube. If I project it in that +direction, I get something that is + + align:start position:0% +direction, I get something that is + + + align:start position:0% +direction, I get something that is +almost a Gaussian. And that's the + + align:start position:0% +almost a Gaussian. And that's the + + + align:start position:0% +almost a Gaussian. And that's the +central limit there. + + align:start position:0% +central limit there. + + + align:start position:0% +central limit there. +And notice in particular that the that + + align:start position:0% +And notice in particular that the that + + + align:start position:0% +And notice in particular that the that +that that projection is quite smooth. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So if I were to take the cube and I were + + align:start position:0% +So if I were to take the cube and I were + + + align:start position:0% +So if I were to take the cube and I were +just going to project it onto the x1 + + align:start position:0% +just going to project it onto the x1 + + + align:start position:0% +just going to project it onto the x1 +axis, + + align:start position:0% +axis, + + + align:start position:0% +axis, +well the other variables would be + + align:start position:0% +well the other variables would be + + + align:start position:0% +well the other variables would be +irrelevant and I would just get the + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant and I would just get the + + + align:start position:0% +irrelevant and I would just get the +characteristic function of an interval + + align:start position:0% +characteristic function of an interval + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic function of an interval +and it would not be any smoother than it + + align:start position:0% +and it would not be any smoother than it + + + align:start position:0% +and it would not be any smoother than it +was before. Still be discontinuous. And + + align:start position:0% +was before. Still be discontinuous. And + + + align:start position:0% +was before. Still be discontinuous. And +that's the same I could project it onto + + align:start position:0% +that's the same I could project it onto + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same I could project it onto +any of the axes. They're all the same. + + align:start position:0% +any of the axes. They're all the same. + + + align:start position:0% +any of the axes. They're all the same. +That would be uh characteristic function + + align:start position:0% +That would be uh characteristic function + + + align:start position:0% +That would be uh characteristic function +of an integral. But if I project it onto + + align:start position:0% +of an integral. But if I project it onto + + + align:start position:0% +of an integral. But if I project it onto +the main diagonal then I get the thing + + align:start position:0% +the main diagonal then I get the thing + + + align:start position:0% +the main diagonal then I get the thing +in the central limit theorem which is + + align:start position:0% +in the central limit theorem which is + + + align:start position:0% +in the central limit theorem which is +extremely smooth and you know the the + + align:start position:0% +extremely smooth and you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +extremely smooth and you know the the +the the more I increase the dimension + + align:start position:0% +the the more I increase the dimension + + + align:start position:0% +the the more I increase the dimension +the more it looks like a Gaussian and in + + align:start position:0% +the more it looks like a Gaussian and in + + + align:start position:0% +the more it looks like a Gaussian and in +particular the smoother it gets. + + align:start position:0% +particular the smoother it gets. + + + align:start position:0% +particular the smoother it gets. +Okay. Now in the central limit theorem + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now in the central limit theorem + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now in the central limit theorem +it actually is not terribly important + + align:start position:0% +it actually is not terribly important + + + align:start position:0% +it actually is not terribly important +that all of these are exactly one. It's + + align:start position:0% +that all of these are exactly one. It's + + + align:start position:0% +that all of these are exactly one. It's +just important that they're roughly + + align:start position:0% +just important that they're roughly + + + align:start position:0% +just important that they're roughly +equal to each other. + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other. + + + align:start position:0% +equal to each other. +So as long as you take a direction which + + align:start position:0% +So as long as you take a direction which + + + align:start position:0% +So as long as you take a direction which +is doesn't emphasize any of the + + align:start position:0% +is doesn't emphasize any of the + + + align:start position:0% +is doesn't emphasize any of the +coordinate axes too much, you'll see + + align:start position:0% +coordinate axes too much, you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate axes too much, you'll see +something like the central limit + + align:start position:0% +something like the central limit + + + align:start position:0% +something like the central limit +theorem. So in all of those directions, + + align:start position:0% +theorem. So in all of those directions, + + + align:start position:0% +theorem. So in all of those directions, +the projection will look quite smooth + + align:start position:0% +the projection will look quite smooth + + + align:start position:0% +the projection will look quite smooth +and in fact it will look a lot like a + + align:start position:0% +and in fact it will look a lot like a + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact it will look a lot like a +Gaussian. + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian. + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian. +Uh or where but if you were to project + + align:start position:0% +Uh or where but if you were to project + + + align:start position:0% +Uh or where but if you were to project +it in the bad directions and in a + + align:start position:0% +it in the bad directions and in a + + + align:start position:0% +it in the bad directions and in a +coordinate direction or combination of a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate direction or combination of a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate direction or combination of a +couple coordinate directions, then + + align:start position:0% +couple coordinate directions, then + + + align:start position:0% +couple coordinate directions, then +you'll get something that's not so + + align:start position:0% +you'll get something that's not so + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get something that's not so +smooth. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so that's an example of this + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so that's an example of this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so that's an example of this +theorem. + + align:start position:0% +theorem. + + + align:start position:0% +theorem. +And in this special example, we can say + + align:start position:0% +And in this special example, we can say + + + align:start position:0% +And in this special example, we can say +much more refined things about which + + align:start position:0% +much more refined things about which + + + align:start position:0% +much more refined things about which +directions are good and bad and exactly + + align:start position:0% +directions are good and bad and exactly + + + align:start position:0% +directions are good and bad and exactly +what happens. Um, but this theorem is a + + align:start position:0% +what happens. Um, but this theorem is a + + + align:start position:0% +what happens. Um, but this theorem is a +lot more general because you don't have + + align:start position:0% +lot more general because you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +lot more general because you don't have +to put in the characteristic function of + + align:start position:0% +to put in the characteristic function of + + + align:start position:0% +to put in the characteristic function of +a cube. You can put in quite a broad + + align:start position:0% +a cube. You can put in quite a broad + + + align:start position:0% +a cube. You can put in quite a broad +range of functions + + align:start position:0% +range of functions + + + align:start position:0% +range of functions +and qualitatively similar things happen. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, +>> dumb but like this theorem we proved + + align:start position:0% +>> dumb but like this theorem we proved + + + align:start position:0% +>> dumb but like this theorem we proved +earlier it's really saying like when you + + align:start position:0% +earlier it's really saying like when you + + + align:start position:0% +earlier it's really saying like when you +integrate you make it smoother like it's + + align:start position:0% +integrate you make it smoother like it's + + + align:start position:0% +integrate you make it smoother like it's +a projection is an integration. + + align:start position:0% +a projection is an integration. + + + align:start position:0% +a projection is an integration. +>> Yes. Yes. The comment is the comment is + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Yes. The comment is the comment is + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Yes. The comment is the comment is +that when we project we project by + + align:start position:0% +that when we project we project by + + + align:start position:0% +that when we project we project by +integrating some of the variables and so + + align:start position:0% +integrating some of the variables and so + + + align:start position:0% +integrating some of the variables and so +the comment is when we integrate + + align:start position:0% +the comment is when we integrate + + + align:start position:0% +the comment is when we integrate +something we make it smoother. That's a + + align:start position:0% +something we make it smoother. That's a + + + align:start position:0% +something we make it smoother. That's a +really nice comment and it reminds us of + + align:start position:0% +really nice comment and it reminds us of + + + align:start position:0% +really nice comment and it reminds us of +something uh more familiar and + + align:start position:0% +something uh more familiar and + + + align:start position:0% +something uh more familiar and +fundamental just like if you had a + + align:start position:0% +fundamental just like if you had a + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental just like if you had a +function of one variable that was just + + align:start position:0% +function of one variable that was just + + + align:start position:0% +function of one variable that was just +in L2 say or L1 if you integrated it it + + align:start position:0% +in L2 say or L1 if you integrated it it + + + align:start position:0% +in L2 say or L1 if you integrated it it +would get smoother. If you integrated it + + align:start position:0% +would get smoother. If you integrated it + + + align:start position:0% +would get smoother. If you integrated it +a whole bunch of times, then you would + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of times, then you would + + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of times, then you would +get something smooth. + + align:start position:0% +get something smooth. + + + align:start position:0% +get something smooth. +Yeah. So, this is a little bit like this + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, this is a little bit like this + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, this is a little bit like this +is this is a little bit like that. And I + + align:start position:0% +is this is a little bit like that. And I + + + align:start position:0% +is this is a little bit like that. And I +guess the smoothness does come from + + align:start position:0% +guess the smoothness does come from + + + align:start position:0% +guess the smoothness does come from +doing the integration. + + align:start position:0% +doing the integration. + + + align:start position:0% +doing the integration. +>> Um, in this situation, + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, in this situation, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, in this situation, +>> yeah, what's it? + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, what's it? + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah, what's it? +>> The bounds are interesting. So, like + + align:start position:0% +>> The bounds are interesting. So, like + + + align:start position:0% +>> The bounds are interesting. So, like +like how smooth it is is interesting. + + align:start position:0% +like how smooth it is is interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +like how smooth it is is interesting. +>> Yes, the bounds are interesting. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, the bounds are interesting. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, the bounds are interesting. Yes. +Yeah. And I guess one of the differences + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And I guess one of the differences + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And I guess one of the differences +here is, you know, this this function + + align:start position:0% +here is, you know, this this function + + + align:start position:0% +here is, you know, this this function +depends on many variables. We're going + + align:start position:0% +depends on many variables. We're going + + + align:start position:0% +depends on many variables. We're going +to integrate some of them but not + + align:start position:0% +to integrate some of them but not + + + align:start position:0% +to integrate some of them but not +others. + + align:start position:0% +others. + + + align:start position:0% +others. +Um, and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah, anyway, so it and then it depends + + align:start position:0% +yeah, anyway, so it and then it depends + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, anyway, so it and then it depends +which ones we integrate whether or not + + align:start position:0% +which ones we integrate whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +which ones we integrate whether or not +it gets smoother, but it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +it gets smoother, but it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +it gets smoother, but it turns out that +usually it does. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. But yeah, I think that I think + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. But yeah, I think that I think + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. But yeah, I think that I think +that is a good way of looking at it. + + align:start position:0% +that is a good way of looking at it. + + + align:start position:0% +that is a good way of looking at it. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Cool. + + align:start position:0% +Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. +Cool. Okay. So let me end by mentioning + + align:start position:0% +Cool. Okay. So let me end by mentioning + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. Okay. So let me end by mentioning +so as part of the class I'll try to + + align:start position:0% +so as part of the class I'll try to + + + align:start position:0% +so as part of the class I'll try to +mention different ways that that + + align:start position:0% +mention different ways that that + + + align:start position:0% +mention different ways that that +projection theory is related to various + + align:start position:0% +projection theory is related to various + + + align:start position:0% +projection theory is related to various +parts of math. Um and so this reminds me + + align:start position:0% +parts of math. Um and so this reminds me + + + align:start position:0% +parts of math. Um and so this reminds me +of something I heard about um which is + + align:start position:0% +of something I heard about um which is + + + align:start position:0% +of something I heard about um which is +about trying to generalize the central + + align:start position:0% +about trying to generalize the central + + + align:start position:0% +about trying to generalize the central +limit theorem. So what if the input was + + align:start position:0% +limit theorem. So what if the input was + + + align:start position:0% +limit theorem. So what if the input was +not um independent random variables but + + align:start position:0% +not um independent random variables but + + + align:start position:0% +not um independent random variables but +something somewhat more general? Would + + align:start position:0% +something somewhat more general? Would + + + align:start position:0% +something somewhat more general? Would +it still be true that when we take a + + align:start position:0% +it still be true that when we take a + + + align:start position:0% +it still be true that when we take a +projection like this, you would see a + + align:start position:0% +projection like this, you would see a + + + align:start position:0% +projection like this, you would see a +Gaussian? + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian? + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian? +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +and so there's a a big a big body of of + + align:start position:0% +and so there's a a big a big body of of + + + align:start position:0% +and so there's a a big a big body of of +work on that. Um, but what one + + align:start position:0% +work on that. Um, but what one + + + align:start position:0% +work on that. Um, but what one +interesting direction I heard about is + + align:start position:0% +interesting direction I heard about is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting direction I heard about is +initiated by Keith Ball and it's + + align:start position:0% +initiated by Keith Ball and it's + + + align:start position:0% +initiated by Keith Ball and it's +connection between probability theory + + align:start position:0% +connection between probability theory + + + align:start position:0% +connection between probability theory +and convex geometry. And the point of + + align:start position:0% +and convex geometry. And the point of + + + align:start position:0% +and convex geometry. And the point of +view is that maybe to some extent what's + + align:start position:0% +view is that maybe to some extent what's + + + align:start position:0% +view is that maybe to some extent what's +important about the cube is just that + + align:start position:0% +important about the cube is just that + + + align:start position:0% +important about the cube is just that +it's a convex set. So instead of the + + align:start position:0% +it's a convex set. So instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a convex set. So instead of the +cube, take any convex set in R to the N. + + align:start position:0% +cube, take any convex set in R to the N. + + + align:start position:0% +cube, take any convex set in R to the N. +N is large. + + align:start position:0% +N is large. + + + align:start position:0% +N is large. +Okay. Now there's no distinguished like + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now there's no distinguished like + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now there's no distinguished like +there's nothing special about the + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing special about the + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing special about the +coordinate axis anymore. So so it's not + + align:start position:0% +coordinate axis anymore. So so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate axis anymore. So so it's not +the coordinate axis projections aren't + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate axis projections aren't + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinate axis projections aren't +necessarily the ones that are bad that + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the ones that are bad that + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the ones that are bad that +this one isn't necessarily good. But the + + align:start position:0% +this one isn't necessarily good. But the + + + align:start position:0% +this one isn't necessarily good. But the +the question he raised is maybe you take + + align:start position:0% +the question he raised is maybe you take + + + align:start position:0% +the question he raised is maybe you take +any convex set and look at its + + align:start position:0% +any convex set and look at its + + + align:start position:0% +any convex set and look at its +projections onto one-dimensional spaces. + + align:start position:0% +projections onto one-dimensional spaces. + + + align:start position:0% +projections onto one-dimensional spaces. +Maybe most of them are almost Gaussian. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. And that's a recent topic of + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And that's a recent topic of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And that's a recent topic of +research and a significant amount like + + align:start position:0% +research and a significant amount like + + + align:start position:0% +research and a significant amount like +that is true. Um, uh, Keith Ball gave an + + align:start position:0% +that is true. Um, uh, Keith Ball gave an + + + align:start position:0% +that is true. Um, uh, Keith Ball gave an +ICM talk about it and I put some + + align:start position:0% +ICM talk about it and I put some + + + align:start position:0% +ICM talk about it and I put some +references in the homework if anybody is + + align:start position:0% +references in the homework if anybody is + + + align:start position:0% +references in the homework if anybody is +interested in reading about it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cool. + + align:start position:0% +Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +Cool. +Um, okay. Well, let's let's stop there + + align:start position:0% +Um, okay. Well, let's let's stop there + + + align:start position:0% +Um, okay. Well, let's let's stop there +for today. + + align:start position:0% +for today. + + + align:start position:0% +for today. +uh to to the plan for Thursday is to + + align:start position:0% +uh to to the plan for Thursday is to + + + align:start position:0% +uh to to the plan for Thursday is to +come back to the large civ which is done + + align:start position:0% +come back to the large civ which is done + + + align:start position:0% +come back to the large civ which is done +which is from number theory and I'll try + + align:start position:0% +which is from number theory and I'll try + + + align:start position:0% +which is from number theory and I'll try +to tell you some some things what kind + + align:start position:0% +to tell you some some things what kind + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you some some things what kind +of applications in number theory does + + align:start position:0% +of applications in number theory does + + + align:start position:0% +of applications in number theory does +the large civ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/j563wGImp9U.txt b/j563wGImp9U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc36586cee4546570be37df3bcb7e5c3d2ced32b --- /dev/null +++ b/j563wGImp9U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14075 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is this video that we saw by David + + align:start position:0% +this is this video that we saw by David + + + align:start position:0% +this is this video that we saw by David +Mandela's about his new book which is + + align:start position:0% +Mandela's about his new book which is + + + align:start position:0% +Mandela's about his new book which is +called robots are robots ourselves + + align:start position:0% +called robots are robots ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +called robots are robots ourselves +robots in the myth of autonomy and he + + align:start position:0% +robots in the myth of autonomy and he + + + align:start position:0% +robots in the myth of autonomy and he +means exactly that that autonomy really + + align:start position:0% +means exactly that that autonomy really + + + align:start position:0% +means exactly that that autonomy really +is a myth and will be so and David has a + + align:start position:0% +is a myth and will be so and David has a + + + align:start position:0% +is a myth and will be so and David has a +unique perspective on this question + + align:start position:0% +unique perspective on this question + + + align:start position:0% +unique perspective on this question +because this is his life in other words + + align:start position:0% +because this is his life in other words + + + align:start position:0% +because this is his life in other words +he has been deeply involved with + + align:start position:0% +he has been deeply involved with + + + align:start position:0% +he has been deeply involved with +robotics at just cutting edge levels for + + align:start position:0% +robotics at just cutting edge levels for + + + align:start position:0% +robotics at just cutting edge levels for +the last 30-plus years so he was deeply + + align:start position:0% +the last 30-plus years so he was deeply + + + align:start position:0% +the last 30-plus years so he was deeply +involved in a lot of the early undersea + + align:start position:0% +involved in a lot of the early undersea + + + align:start position:0% +involved in a lot of the early undersea +exploration working with Bob Ballard and + + align:start position:0% +exploration working with Bob Ballard and + + + align:start position:0% +exploration working with Bob Ballard and +Alvin and the pods that came off Alvin + + align:start position:0% +Alvin and the pods that came off Alvin + + + align:start position:0% +Alvin and the pods that came off Alvin +and then he did a lot of work with NASA + + align:start position:0% +and then he did a lot of work with NASA + + + align:start position:0% +and then he did a lot of work with NASA +and was involved in the robotics on you + + align:start position:0% +and was involved in the robotics on you + + + align:start position:0% +and was involved in the robotics on you +know when Mars and the planetary + + align:start position:0% +know when Mars and the planetary + + + align:start position:0% +know when Mars and the planetary +explorations using robotics and then he + + align:start position:0% +explorations using robotics and then he + + + align:start position:0% +explorations using robotics and then he +spent a lot of time working on spending + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time working on spending + + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time working on spending +he spent a lot of time with the US + + align:start position:0% +he spent a lot of time with the US + + + align:start position:0% +he spent a lot of time with the US +military that had been doing drone + + align:start position:0% +military that had been doing drone + + + align:start position:0% +military that had been doing drone +technology and his real hands-on feel + + align:start position:0% +technology and his real hands-on feel + + + align:start position:0% +technology and his real hands-on feel +he's also a pilot and flies extensively + + align:start position:0% +he's also a pilot and flies extensively + + + align:start position:0% +he's also a pilot and flies extensively +both helicopters and aircraft he's been + + align:start position:0% +both helicopters and aircraft he's been + + + align:start position:0% +both helicopters and aircraft he's been +involved in a helicopter drone company + + align:start position:0% +involved in a helicopter drone company + + + align:start position:0% +involved in a helicopter drone company +so he knows exactly what those are and + + align:start position:0% +so he knows exactly what those are and + + + align:start position:0% +so he knows exactly what those are and +how they work and in addition he's just + + align:start position:0% +how they work and in addition he's just + + + align:start position:0% +how they work and in addition he's just +taken Leigh from MIT and he set up his + + align:start position:0% +taken Leigh from MIT and he set up his + + + align:start position:0% +taken Leigh from MIT and he set up his +own robotics company including with + + align:start position:0% +own robotics company including with + + + align:start position:0% +own robotics company including with +people from Lincoln labs which has the + + align:start position:0% +people from Lincoln labs which has the + + + align:start position:0% +people from Lincoln labs which has the +greatest radar expertise and the issue + + align:start position:0% +greatest radar expertise and the issue + + + align:start position:0% +greatest radar expertise and the issue +there is how do you create robots that + + align:start position:0% +there is how do you create robots that + + + align:start position:0% +there is how do you create robots that +can work in really intimate proximity + + align:start position:0% +can work in really intimate proximity + + + align:start position:0% +can work in really intimate proximity +with people right not kind of arms like + + align:start position:0% +with people right not kind of arms like + + + align:start position:0% +with people right not kind of arms like +distance much less locked in on the + + align:start position:0% +distance much less locked in on the + + + align:start position:0% +distance much less locked in on the +floor but really in close proximity so + + align:start position:0% +floor but really in close proximity so + + + align:start position:0% +floor but really in close proximity so +they're developing interesting + + align:start position:0% +they're developing interesting + + + align:start position:0% +they're developing interesting +technologies to enable that so he's got + + align:start position:0% +technologies to enable that so he's got + + + align:start position:0% +technologies to enable that so he's got +a whole personal sense of what this + + align:start position:0% +a whole personal sense of what this + + + align:start position:0% +a whole personal sense of what this +robotics movement is all about and he + + align:start position:0% +robotics movement is all about and he + + + align:start position:0% +robotics movement is all about and he +kind of takes us back from the + + align:start position:0% +kind of takes us back from the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of takes us back from the +literature that has portrayed this kind + + align:start position:0% +literature that has portrayed this kind + + + align:start position:0% +literature that has portrayed this kind +of ongoing nightmare of job display some + + align:start position:0% +of ongoing nightmare of job display some + + + align:start position:0% +of ongoing nightmare of job display some +informatics and I think frankly puts us + + align:start position:0% +informatics and I think frankly puts us + + + align:start position:0% +informatics and I think frankly puts us +a much more realistic posture of what + + align:start position:0% +a much more realistic posture of what + + + align:start position:0% +a much more realistic posture of what +it's actually going to be like when + + align:start position:0% +it's actually going to be like when + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually going to be like when +robotics you know start to scale up to + + align:start position:0% +robotics you know start to scale up to + + + align:start position:0% +robotics you know start to scale up to +regret it + + align:start position:0% +regret it + + + align:start position:0% +regret it +and they have so far and his work we + + align:start position:0% +and they have so far and his work we + + + align:start position:0% +and they have so far and his work we +read JCR Licklider when we took up the + + align:start position:0% +read JCR Licklider when we took up the + + + align:start position:0% +read JCR Licklider when we took up the +book the dream machine his biography by + + align:start position:0% +book the dream machine his biography by + + + align:start position:0% +book the dream machine his biography by +Mitch Walder and Lickliter as you + + align:start position:0% +Mitch Walder and Lickliter as you + + + align:start position:0% +Mitch Walder and Lickliter as you +remember gave us this picture of how + + align:start position:0% +remember gave us this picture of how + + + align:start position:0% +remember gave us this picture of how +people and machines were gonna work + + align:start position:0% +people and machines were gonna work + + + align:start position:0% +people and machines were gonna work +together and look lighter in a way was + + align:start position:0% +together and look lighter in a way was + + + align:start position:0% +together and look lighter in a way was +responding to a period of technological + + align:start position:0% +responding to a period of technological + + + align:start position:0% +responding to a period of technological +concern that computers were gonna + + align:start position:0% +concern that computers were gonna + + + align:start position:0% +concern that computers were gonna +replace people because they could think + + align:start position:0% +replace people because they could think + + + align:start position:0% +replace people because they could think +better than people and Licklider + + align:start position:0% +better than people and Licklider + + + align:start position:0% +better than people and Licklider +although a great technologist was + + align:start position:0% +although a great technologist was + + + align:start position:0% +although a great technologist was +trained as a psychologist and his field + + align:start position:0% +trained as a psychologist and his field + + + align:start position:0% +trained as a psychologist and his field +was the was man-machine interface how do + + align:start position:0% +was the was man-machine interface how do + + + align:start position:0% +was the was man-machine interface how do +people work with machines how does that + + align:start position:0% +people work with machines how does that + + + align:start position:0% +people work with machines how does that +actually function and so he comes to + + align:start position:0% +actually function and so he comes to + + + align:start position:0% +actually function and so he comes to +competing with this vision of a + + align:start position:0% +competing with this vision of a + + + align:start position:0% +competing with this vision of a +symbiosis between computers are going to + + align:start position:0% +symbiosis between computers are going to + + + align:start position:0% +symbiosis between computers are going to +do what they're good at and people are + + align:start position:0% +do what they're good at and people are + + + align:start position:0% +do what they're good at and people are +going to do what they're good at and + + align:start position:0% +going to do what they're good at and + + + align:start position:0% +going to do what they're good at and +we're gonna have a symbiosis between the + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have a symbiosis between the + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have a symbiosis between the +two that's gonna optimize both + + align:start position:0% +two that's gonna optimize both + + + align:start position:0% +two that's gonna optimize both +territories and indeed that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +territories and indeed that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +territories and indeed that's exactly +the direction that computers go in in + + align:start position:0% +the direction that computers go in in + + + align:start position:0% +the direction that computers go in in +other words I'm not spending sleepless + + align:start position:0% +other words I'm not spending sleepless + + + align:start position:0% +other words I'm not spending sleepless +nights wondering when this thing is + + align:start position:0% +nights wondering when this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +nights wondering when this thing is +gonna replace me right we thought it was + + align:start position:0% +gonna replace me right we thought it was + + + align:start position:0% +gonna replace me right we thought it was +right and Norbert Wiener at MIT had + + align:start position:0% +right and Norbert Wiener at MIT had + + + align:start position:0% +right and Norbert Wiener at MIT had +invented the term cybernetics and wrote + + align:start position:0% +invented the term cybernetics and wrote + + + align:start position:0% +invented the term cybernetics and wrote +the first book on the topic but Wiener + + align:start position:0% +the first book on the topic but Wiener + + + align:start position:0% +the first book on the topic but Wiener +had a very dark vision of what computing + + align:start position:0% +had a very dark vision of what computing + + + align:start position:0% +had a very dark vision of what computing +was going to be for the future of human + + align:start position:0% +was going to be for the future of human + + + align:start position:0% +was going to be for the future of human +thinking it didn't turn out to happen so + + align:start position:0% +thinking it didn't turn out to happen so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking it didn't turn out to happen so +Mendell is arguing that even the most + + align:start position:0% +Mendell is arguing that even the most + + + align:start position:0% +Mendell is arguing that even the most +threatening technology which arguably is + + align:start position:0% +threatening technology which arguably is + + + align:start position:0% +threatening technology which arguably is +robotics it's just not going to work out + + align:start position:0% +robotics it's just not going to work out + + + align:start position:0% +robotics it's just not going to work out +that way a symbiosis is gonna what is is + + align:start position:0% +that way a symbiosis is gonna what is is + + + align:start position:0% +that way a symbiosis is gonna what is is +going to be what's achieved here so he + + align:start position:0% +going to be what's achieved here so he + + + align:start position:0% +going to be what's achieved here so he +and he takes apart each one of these + + align:start position:0% +and he takes apart each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +and he takes apart each one of these +territories in the book I mean how'd you + + align:start position:0% +territories in the book I mean how'd you + + + align:start position:0% +territories in the book I mean how'd you +do the video but it's a very rich and + + align:start position:0% +do the video but it's a very rich and + + + align:start position:0% +do the video but it's a very rich and +very well-written book that's a + + align:start position:0% +very well-written book that's a + + + align:start position:0% +very well-written book that's a +tremendously fun read and he tells a lot + + align:start position:0% +tremendously fun read and he tells a lot + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously fun read and he tells a lot +of great stories but his vision is that + + align:start position:0% +of great stories but his vision is that + + + align:start position:0% +of great stories but his vision is that +there can be a richer space when people + + align:start position:0% +there can be a richer space when people + + + align:start position:0% +there can be a richer space when people +and you and robot robots are joined + + align:start position:0% +and you and robot robots are joined + + + align:start position:0% +and you and robot robots are joined +there's a richer understanding and + + align:start position:0% +there's a richer understanding and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a richer understanding and +ability to make perceptions and + + align:start position:0% +ability to make perceptions and + + + align:start position:0% +ability to make perceptions and +judgments that occurs from that mix and + + align:start position:0% +judgments that occurs from that mix and + + + align:start position:0% +judgments that occurs from that mix and +that turns out to be exactly his + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be exactly his + + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be exactly his +experience under C and doing space + + align:start position:0% +experience under C and doing space + + + align:start position:0% +experience under C and doing space +robotics + + align:start position:0% +robotics + + + align:start position:0% +robotics +that there's just a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +that there's just a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that there's just a different kind of +environment that of all-seer and it's + + align:start position:0% +environment that of all-seer and it's + + + align:start position:0% +environment that of all-seer and it's +better than a machine alone or a person + + align:start position:0% +better than a machine alone or a person + + + align:start position:0% +better than a machine alone or a person +alone that there's a new symbiosis that + + align:start position:0% +alone that there's a new symbiosis that + + + align:start position:0% +alone that there's a new symbiosis that +enhances both sides in a way that we can + + align:start position:0% +enhances both sides in a way that we can + + + align:start position:0% +enhances both sides in a way that we can +draw on and what he finds is that when + + align:start position:0% +draw on and what he finds is that when + + + align:start position:0% +draw on and what he finds is that when +people in effect start to operate the + + align:start position:0% +people in effect start to operate the + + + align:start position:0% +people in effect start to operate the +robotics and in the end in these systems + + align:start position:0% +robotics and in the end in these systems + + + align:start position:0% +robotics and in the end in these systems +autonomous systems don't work very well + + align:start position:0% +autonomous systems don't work very well + + + align:start position:0% +autonomous systems don't work very well +people really need to be part of the + + align:start position:0% +people really need to be part of the + + + align:start position:0% +people really need to be part of the +process with the robot that the robot + + align:start position:0% +process with the robot that the robot + + + align:start position:0% +process with the robot that the robot +becomes an extension of themselves and + + align:start position:0% +becomes an extension of themselves and + + + align:start position:0% +becomes an extension of themselves and +that in fact all their perceptions are + + align:start position:0% +that in fact all their perceptions are + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact all their perceptions are +in the robot so even if the robot is a + + align:start position:0% +in the robot so even if the robot is a + + + align:start position:0% +in the robot so even if the robot is a +mile deeper undersea or you know tens of + + align:start position:0% +mile deeper undersea or you know tens of + + + align:start position:0% +mile deeper undersea or you know tens of +thousands of miles away in space running + + align:start position:0% +thousands of miles away in space running + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of miles away in space running +around the moon that the person + + align:start position:0% +around the moon that the person + + + align:start position:0% +around the moon that the person +operating the robot and cooperating with + + align:start position:0% +operating the robot and cooperating with + + + align:start position:0% +operating the robot and cooperating with +a robot is in the robot and the sensory + + align:start position:0% +a robot is in the robot and the sensory + + + align:start position:0% +a robot is in the robot and the sensory +systems that are available to the robot + + align:start position:0% +systems that are available to the robot + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are available to the robot +really become theirs and in fact we get + + align:start position:0% +really become theirs and in fact we get + + + align:start position:0% +really become theirs and in fact we get +extended with a whole new kind of reach + + align:start position:0% +extended with a whole new kind of reach + + + align:start position:0% +extended with a whole new kind of reach +and that's really his vision of what + + align:start position:0% +and that's really his vision of what + + + align:start position:0% +and that's really his vision of what +occurs here that that's the UAV story + + align:start position:0% +occurs here that that's the UAV story + + + align:start position:0% +occurs here that that's the UAV story +that's the undersea exploration story + + align:start position:0% +that's the undersea exploration story + + + align:start position:0% +that's the undersea exploration story +that's the space story and he argues + + align:start position:0% +that's the space story and he argues + + + align:start position:0% +that's the space story and he argues +this is gonna be the driverless car + + align:start position:0% +this is gonna be the driverless car + + + align:start position:0% +this is gonna be the driverless car +story - so we have been proceeding and + + align:start position:0% +story - so we have been proceeding and + + + align:start position:0% +story - so we have been proceeding and +he goes through this at-rich length in + + align:start position:0% +he goes through this at-rich length in + + + align:start position:0% +he goes through this at-rich length in +his book we've been a proceeding under + + align:start position:0% +his book we've been a proceeding under + + + align:start position:0% +his book we've been a proceeding under +the assumption that we're gonna get + + align:start position:0% +the assumption that we're gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +the assumption that we're gonna get +replaced by driverless cars but he + + align:start position:0% +replaced by driverless cars but he + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by driverless cars but he +argues wait a minute 40 years of + + align:start position:0% +argues wait a minute 40 years of + + + align:start position:0% +argues wait a minute 40 years of +experience of robotics says that's not + + align:start position:0% +experience of robotics says that's not + + + align:start position:0% +experience of robotics says that's not +what happens instead this symbiosis + + align:start position:0% +what happens instead this symbiosis + + + align:start position:0% +what happens instead this symbiosis +starts to occur right because people are + + align:start position:0% +starts to occur right because people are + + + align:start position:0% +starts to occur right because people are +not gonna want to give up certain kinds + + align:start position:0% +not gonna want to give up certain kinds + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna want to give up certain kinds +of level of controls and certain kinds + + align:start position:0% +of level of controls and certain kinds + + + align:start position:0% +of level of controls and certain kinds +of decision-making right they're gonna + + align:start position:0% +of decision-making right they're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +of decision-making right they're gonna +want to be involved in those so he + + align:start position:0% +want to be involved in those so he + + + align:start position:0% +want to be involved in those so he +argues that just as with undersea + + align:start position:0% +argues that just as with undersea + + + align:start position:0% +argues that just as with undersea +exploration and with the other robotics + + align:start position:0% +exploration and with the other robotics + + + align:start position:0% +exploration and with the other robotics +fields that he's talking about a richer + + align:start position:0% +fields that he's talking about a richer + + + align:start position:0% +fields that he's talking about a richer +driver experience that involves much + + align:start position:0% +driver experience that involves much + + + align:start position:0% +driver experience that involves much +more engagement with the surroundings + + align:start position:0% +more engagement with the surroundings + + + align:start position:0% +more engagement with the surroundings +much greater information and knowledge + + align:start position:0% +much greater information and knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +much greater information and knowledge +access much better safety and much + + align:start position:0% +access much better safety and much + + + align:start position:0% +access much better safety and much +better comfort a lower stress + + align:start position:0% +better comfort a lower stress + + + align:start position:0% +better comfort a lower stress +environment + + align:start position:0% +environment + + + align:start position:0% +environment +can occur in a driverless car setting + + align:start position:0% +can occur in a driverless car setting + + + align:start position:0% +can occur in a driverless car setting +that people will still be in command of + + align:start position:0% +that people will still be in command of + + + align:start position:0% +that people will still be in command of +the car they'll be able to seed a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the car they'll be able to seed a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the car they'll be able to seed a lot of +lower and territory to the to the + + align:start position:0% +lower and territory to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +lower and territory to the to the +robotic activities but will taint and + + align:start position:0% +robotic activities but will taint and + + + align:start position:0% +robotic activities but will taint and +retain certain kinds of charge and be + + align:start position:0% +retain certain kinds of charge and be + + + align:start position:0% +retain certain kinds of charge and be +able to operate in a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +able to operate in a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +able to operate in a different kind of +level of perception we'll see you know + + align:start position:0% +level of perception we'll see you know + + + align:start position:0% +level of perception we'll see you know +time will tell here the driverless car + + align:start position:0% +time will tell here the driverless car + + + align:start position:0% +time will tell here the driverless car +movement has been pushed by a whole + + align:start position:0% +movement has been pushed by a whole + + + align:start position:0% +movement has been pushed by a whole +community that essentially wants to get + + align:start position:0% +community that essentially wants to get + + + align:start position:0% +community that essentially wants to get +people out of the driver's seat into the + + align:start position:0% +people out of the driver's seat into the + + + align:start position:0% +people out of the driver's seat into the +trunk right or at least watching movies + + align:start position:0% +trunk right or at least watching movies + + + align:start position:0% +trunk right or at least watching movies +in the backseat Mendell argues that's + + align:start position:0% +in the backseat Mendell argues that's + + + align:start position:0% +in the backseat Mendell argues that's +actually probably not going to occur and + + align:start position:0% +actually probably not going to occur and + + + align:start position:0% +actually probably not going to occur and +then he lays out a series of + + align:start position:0% +then he lays out a series of + + + align:start position:0% +then he lays out a series of +technological challenge doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +technological challenge doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +technological challenge doesn't have to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +so lidar which is the fundamental radar + + align:start position:0% +so lidar which is the fundamental radar + + + align:start position:0% +so lidar which is the fundamental radar +system are using for driverless cars and + + align:start position:0% +system are using for driverless cars and + + + align:start position:0% +system are using for driverless cars and +David knows a lot about radar because + + align:start position:0% +David knows a lot about radar because + + + align:start position:0% +David knows a lot about radar because +that's what his new company is organized + + align:start position:0% +that's what his new company is organized + + + align:start position:0% +that's what his new company is organized +around lidar happens to be very + + align:start position:0% +around lidar happens to be very + + + align:start position:0% +around lidar happens to be very +problematic in wet surfaces and snowy + + align:start position:0% +problematic in wet surfaces and snowy + + + align:start position:0% +problematic in wet surfaces and snowy +services it fails right that's why + + align:start position:0% +services it fails right that's why + + + align:start position:0% +services it fails right that's why +Google is based it's driverless car + + align:start position:0% +Google is based it's driverless car + + + align:start position:0% +Google is based it's driverless car +operation out in sunny California right + + align:start position:0% +operation out in sunny California right + + + align:start position:0% +operation out in sunny California right +uber is having much more trouble in + + align:start position:0% +uber is having much more trouble in + + + align:start position:0% +uber is having much more trouble in +Pittsburgh and I'm sure your friends + + align:start position:0% +Pittsburgh and I'm sure your friends + + + align:start position:0% +Pittsburgh and I'm sure your friends +Steph are gonna have trouble when they + + align:start position:0% +Steph are gonna have trouble when they + + + align:start position:0% +Steph are gonna have trouble when they +worry about Boston in the winter time + + align:start position:0% +worry about Boston in the winter time + + + align:start position:0% +worry about Boston in the winter time +with their driverless car initiatives + + align:start position:0% +with their driverless car initiatives + + + align:start position:0% +with their driverless car initiatives +you know you it's highly problematic you + + align:start position:0% +you know you it's highly problematic you + + + align:start position:0% +you know you it's highly problematic you +can get around that by using + + align:start position:0% +can get around that by using + + + align:start position:0% +can get around that by using +ground-penetrating radar which avoids + + align:start position:0% +ground-penetrating radar which avoids + + + align:start position:0% +ground-penetrating radar which avoids +the surface water problem but and + + align:start position:0% +the surface water problem but and + + + align:start position:0% +the surface water problem but and +surface slickness problem but you know + + align:start position:0% +surface slickness problem but you know + + + align:start position:0% +surface slickness problem but you know +at the moment that's another $70,000 per + + align:start position:0% +at the moment that's another $70,000 per + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment that's another $70,000 per +car so you know the prices will get + + align:start position:0% +car so you know the prices will get + + + align:start position:0% +car so you know the prices will get +driven down the cost curve and maybe we + + align:start position:0% +driven down the cost curve and maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +driven down the cost curve and maybe we +can do that but these are significant + + align:start position:0% +can do that but these are significant + + + align:start position:0% +can do that but these are significant +barriers here I was at a presentation + + align:start position:0% +barriers here I was at a presentation + + + align:start position:0% +barriers here I was at a presentation +recently by Gill Pratt and John Leonard + + align:start position:0% +recently by Gill Pratt and John Leonard + + + align:start position:0% +recently by Gill Pratt and John Leonard +who were leading the Toyota driverless + + align:start position:0% +who were leading the Toyota driverless + + + align:start position:0% +who were leading the Toyota driverless +car initiative and it was an interesting + + align:start position:0% +car initiative and it was an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +car initiative and it was an interesting +discussion the leader of the discussion + + align:start position:0% +discussion the leader of the discussion + + + align:start position:0% +discussion the leader of the discussion +said well you know we're gonna drive + + align:start position:0% +said well you know we're gonna drive + + + align:start position:0% +said well you know we're gonna drive +those cars you know within five years + + align:start position:0% +those cars you know within five years + + + align:start position:0% +those cars you know within five years +and you'll Pratt who led the whole + + align:start position:0% +and you'll Pratt who led the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll Pratt who led the whole +robotics effort in DARPA you know and a + + align:start position:0% +robotics effort in DARPA you know and a + + + align:start position:0% +robotics effort in DARPA you know and a +former MIT faculty member one of the + + align:start position:0% +former MIT faculty member one of the + + + align:start position:0% +former MIT faculty member one of the +most respected experts in robotics in + + align:start position:0% +most respected experts in robotics in + + + align:start position:0% +most respected experts in robotics in +the world and named by Toyota to lead + + align:start position:0% +the world and named by Toyota to lead + + + align:start position:0% +the world and named by Toyota to lead +their effort Gill had had this line and + + align:start position:0% +their effort Gill had had this line and + + + align:start position:0% +their effort Gill had had this line and +he said you know people tend to + + align:start position:0% +he said you know people tend to + + + align:start position:0% +he said you know people tend to +completely overestimate what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +completely overestimate what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +completely overestimate what we're gonna +accomplish in the next five years and + + align:start position:0% +accomplish in the next five years and + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish in the next five years and +completely underestimate what we're + + align:start position:0% +completely underestimate what we're + + + align:start position:0% +completely underestimate what we're +going to accomplish in the next 50 we're + + align:start position:0% +going to accomplish in the next 50 we're + + + align:start position:0% +going to accomplish in the next 50 we're +not good at making that balance and in + + align:start position:0% +not good at making that balance and in + + + align:start position:0% +not good at making that balance and in +effect what he was saying is the + + align:start position:0% +effect what he was saying is the + + + align:start position:0% +effect what he was saying is the +driverless car problem is not a + + align:start position:0% +driverless car problem is not a + + + align:start position:0% +driverless car problem is not a +five-year problem and then John Leonard + + align:start position:0% +five-year problem and then John Leonard + + + align:start position:0% +five-year problem and then John Leonard +who's running mi t--'s part of the + + align:start position:0% +who's running mi t--'s part of the + + + align:start position:0% +who's running mi t--'s part of the +Toyota initiative one of mi t--'s famous + + align:start position:0% +Toyota initiative one of mi t--'s famous + + + align:start position:0% +Toyota initiative one of mi t--'s famous +robotics experts he put up a video and + + align:start position:0% +robotics experts he put up a video and + + + align:start position:0% +robotics experts he put up a video and +the video was him taking his kids to + + align:start position:0% +the video was him taking his kids to + + + align:start position:0% +the video was him taking his kids to +school and they drive down a residential + + align:start position:0% +school and they drive down a residential + + + align:start position:0% +school and they drive down a residential +street one of these kind of urbanized + + align:start position:0% +street one of these kind of urbanized + + + align:start position:0% +street one of these kind of urbanized +suburbs around here and you know and + + align:start position:0% +suburbs around here and you know and + + + align:start position:0% +suburbs around here and you know and +there's a t-intersection so they leave + + align:start position:0% +there's a t-intersection so they leave + + + align:start position:0% +there's a t-intersection so they leave +the residential street and they have to + + align:start position:0% +the residential street and they have to + + + align:start position:0% +the residential street and they have to +make a left turn to get to the school + + align:start position:0% +make a left turn to get to the school + + + align:start position:0% +make a left turn to get to the school +kids are sitting in the back right and + + align:start position:0% +kids are sitting in the back right and + + + align:start position:0% +kids are sitting in the back right and +in the lane immediately in front of him + + align:start position:0% +in the lane immediately in front of him + + + align:start position:0% +in the lane immediately in front of him +going in that direction going to the + + align:start position:0% +going in that direction going to the + + + align:start position:0% +going in that direction going to the +right are cars that are erratically + + align:start position:0% +right are cars that are erratically + + + align:start position:0% +right are cars that are erratically +coming across at about 40 to 50 miles an + + align:start position:0% +coming across at about 40 to 50 miles an + + + align:start position:0% +coming across at about 40 to 50 miles an +hour and then and the lane that he wants + + align:start position:0% +hour and then and the lane that he wants + + + align:start position:0% +hour and then and the lane that he wants +to get into it's bumper-to-bumper + + align:start position:0% +to get into it's bumper-to-bumper + + + align:start position:0% +to get into it's bumper-to-bumper +completely stalled and he's got to turn + + align:start position:0% +completely stalled and he's got to turn + + + align:start position:0% +completely stalled and he's got to turn +left he finally is able to solve the + + align:start position:0% +left he finally is able to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +left he finally is able to solve the +problem he indicates by rolling down his + + align:start position:0% +problem he indicates by rolling down his + + + align:start position:0% +problem he indicates by rolling down his +window making a judgment about what + + align:start position:0% +window making a judgment about what + + + align:start position:0% +window making a judgment about what +driver might be the most sympathetic + + align:start position:0% +driver might be the most sympathetic + + + align:start position:0% +driver might be the most sympathetic +right waving establishing an eye contact + + align:start position:0% +right waving establishing an eye contact + + + align:start position:0% +right waving establishing an eye contact +and this driver is willing to let him + + align:start position:0% +and this driver is willing to let him + + + align:start position:0% +and this driver is willing to let him +pull in in front of her but he's then + + align:start position:0% +pull in in front of her but he's then + + + align:start position:0% +pull in in front of her but he's then +gotta wait she's got to be at the right + + align:start position:0% +gotta wait she's got to be at the right + + + align:start position:0% +gotta wait she's got to be at the right +point of the line and the erratic 50 + + align:start position:0% +point of the line and the erratic 50 + + + align:start position:0% +point of the line and the erratic 50 +mile an hour cars have got to let up a + + align:start position:0% +mile an hour cars have got to let up a + + + align:start position:0% +mile an hour cars have got to let up a +little bit so we can get across he's + + align:start position:0% +little bit so we can get across he's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit so we can get across he's +finally able to achieve it + + align:start position:0% +finally able to achieve it + + + align:start position:0% +finally able to achieve it +does this every morning said look I + + align:start position:0% +does this every morning said look I + + + align:start position:0% +does this every morning said look I +can't write the algorithm for the + + align:start position:0% +can't write the algorithm for the + + + align:start position:0% +can't write the algorithm for the +left-hand turn into heavy traffic I + + align:start position:0% +left-hand turn into heavy traffic I + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand turn into heavy traffic I +can't do it I've been thinking about it + + align:start position:0% +can't do it I've been thinking about it + + + align:start position:0% +can't do it I've been thinking about it +for a long time that is at least a + + align:start position:0% +for a long time that is at least a + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time that is at least a +ten-year problem how is my driverless + + align:start position:0% +ten-year problem how is my driverless + + + align:start position:0% +ten-year problem how is my driverless +car going to establish eye contact with + + align:start position:0% +car going to establish eye contact with + + + align:start position:0% +car going to establish eye contact with +the driver in that far lane right how + + align:start position:0% +the driver in that far lane right how + + + align:start position:0% +the driver in that far lane right how +are they going a signal out the window + + align:start position:0% +are they going a signal out the window + + + align:start position:0% +are they going a signal out the window +right how are they going to make that + + align:start position:0% +right how are they going to make that + + + align:start position:0% +right how are they going to make that +purse + + align:start position:0% +purse + + + align:start position:0% +purse +connection all of us when we drive all + + align:start position:0% +connection all of us when we drive all + + + align:start position:0% +connection all of us when we drive all +the time or making constant judgments + + align:start position:0% +the time or making constant judgments + + + align:start position:0% +the time or making constant judgments +about other drivers John Leonard says I + + align:start position:0% +about other drivers John Leonard says I + + + align:start position:0% +about other drivers John Leonard says I +can't write the algorithms to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +can't write the algorithms to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +can't write the algorithms to evaluate +you know the crazy 18-year old hot rod + + align:start position:0% +you know the crazy 18-year old hot rod + + + align:start position:0% +you know the crazy 18-year old hot rod +driver versus me versus an elderly 65 + + align:start position:0% +driver versus me versus an elderly 65 + + + align:start position:0% +driver versus me versus an elderly 65 +year old driver right I can't make those + + align:start position:0% +year old driver right I can't make those + + + align:start position:0% +year old driver right I can't make those +differentials in my algorithms to make + + align:start position:0% +differentials in my algorithms to make + + + align:start position:0% +differentials in my algorithms to make +this thing work so the problem of + + align:start position:0% +this thing work so the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +this thing work so the problem of +driving in an urbanized setting is going + + align:start position:0% +driving in an urbanized setting is going + + + align:start position:0% +driving in an urbanized setting is going +to be profound he said look we can + + align:start position:0% +to be profound he said look we can + + + align:start position:0% +to be profound he said look we can +probably figure out interstate driving + + align:start position:0% +probably figure out interstate driving + + + align:start position:0% +probably figure out interstate driving +the variables are much more manageable + + align:start position:0% +the variables are much more manageable + + + align:start position:0% +the variables are much more manageable +but urbanized setting it's really really + + align:start position:0% +but urbanized setting it's really really + + + align:start position:0% +but urbanized setting it's really really +complicated so I guess what Mendel is + + align:start position:0% +complicated so I guess what Mendel is + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so I guess what Mendel is +telling us and those are just examples + + align:start position:0% +telling us and those are just examples + + + align:start position:0% +telling us and those are just examples +that are not in his book but I'm pulling + + align:start position:0% +that are not in his book but I'm pulling + + + align:start position:0% +that are not in his book but I'm pulling +up from recent experience but Mendell is + + align:start position:0% +up from recent experience but Mendell is + + + align:start position:0% +up from recent experience but Mendell is +telling us that this autonomy is not a + + align:start position:0% +telling us that this autonomy is not a + + + align:start position:0% +telling us that this autonomy is not a +silly at hand and even when it is + + align:start position:0% +silly at hand and even when it is + + + align:start position:0% +silly at hand and even when it is +available and he uses the example of the + + align:start position:0% +available and he uses the example of the + + + align:start position:0% +available and he uses the example of the +moon landing the astronauts preempted + + align:start position:0% +moon landing the astronauts preempted + + + align:start position:0% +moon landing the astronauts preempted +because they see things ie a small + + align:start position:0% +because they see things ie a small + + + align:start position:0% +because they see things ie a small +crater that would have prevented the + + align:start position:0% +crater that would have prevented the + + + align:start position:0% +crater that would have prevented the +landing in the right location so they + + align:start position:0% +landing in the right location so they + + + align:start position:0% +landing in the right location so they +have to take over the controls and move + + align:start position:0% +have to take over the controls and move + + + align:start position:0% +have to take over the controls and move +this thing people are not going to want + + align:start position:0% +this thing people are not going to want + + + align:start position:0% +this thing people are not going to want +to give up that level of involvement he + + align:start position:0% +to give up that level of involvement he + + + align:start position:0% +to give up that level of involvement he +argues and shouldn't because there's + + align:start position:0% +argues and shouldn't because there's + + + align:start position:0% +argues and shouldn't because there's +some things they're gonna be better at + + align:start position:0% +some things they're gonna be better at + + + align:start position:0% +some things they're gonna be better at +judging than even the best machinery we + + align:start position:0% +judging than even the best machinery we + + + align:start position:0% +judging than even the best machinery we +can come up with so it's there's an + + align:start position:0% +can come up with so it's there's an + + + align:start position:0% +can come up with so it's there's an +example that David uses which is that a + + align:start position:0% +example that David uses which is that a + + + align:start position:0% +example that David uses which is that a +combination of a chess master and a + + align:start position:0% +combination of a chess master and a + + + align:start position:0% +combination of a chess master and a +computer always beats another chess + + align:start position:0% +computer always beats another chess + + + align:start position:0% +computer always beats another chess +master alone or a computer alone + + align:start position:0% +master alone or a computer alone + + + align:start position:0% +master alone or a computer alone +right and so far that's our experience + + align:start position:0% +right and so far that's our experience + + + align:start position:0% +right and so far that's our experience +now all of these things could change + + align:start position:0% +now all of these things could change + + + align:start position:0% +now all of these things could change +over time and technology will definitely + + align:start position:0% +over time and technology will definitely + + + align:start position:0% +over time and technology will definitely +advance but what David is arguing is + + align:start position:0% +advance but what David is arguing is + + + align:start position:0% +advance but what David is arguing is +that this robotics revolution is not + + align:start position:0% +that this robotics revolution is not + + + align:start position:0% +that this robotics revolution is not +going to be a revolution around autonomy + + align:start position:0% +going to be a revolution around autonomy + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a revolution around autonomy +it's gonna be a revolution like this + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be a revolution like this + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be a revolution like this +revolution around Sun biosis and I think + + align:start position:0% +revolution around Sun biosis and I think + + + align:start position:0% +revolution around Sun biosis and I think +that's a really important thing for us + + align:start position:0% +that's a really important thing for us + + + align:start position:0% +that's a really important thing for us +to keep in mind as we think about the + + align:start position:0% +to keep in mind as we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +to keep in mind as we think about the +speed which these changes are going to + + align:start position:0% +speed which these changes are going to + + + align:start position:0% +speed which these changes are going to +start to happen the complexity is really + + align:start position:0% +start to happen the complexity is really + + + align:start position:0% +start to happen the complexity is really +high and the nature of the changes + + align:start position:0% +high and the nature of the changes + + + align:start position:0% +high and the nature of the changes +themselves and in David Mandela's world + + align:start position:0% +themselves and in David Mandela's world + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and in David Mandela's world +of CO bot X and assistive robotics there + + align:start position:0% +of CO bot X and assistive robotics there + + + align:start position:0% +of CO bot X and assistive robotics there +is much more room for people than a + + align:start position:0% +is much more room for people than a + + + align:start position:0% +is much more room for people than a +truly totally autonomous system and that + + align:start position:0% +truly totally autonomous system and that + + + align:start position:0% +truly totally autonomous system and that +presents again back to our education + + align:start position:0% +presents again back to our education + + + align:start position:0% +presents again back to our education +discussion that's back to our training + + align:start position:0% +discussion that's back to our training + + + align:start position:0% +discussion that's back to our training +discussion that presents a whole new set + + align:start position:0% +discussion that presents a whole new set + + + align:start position:0% +discussion that presents a whole new set +of ways of thinking about what this is + + align:start position:0% +of ways of thinking about what this is + + + align:start position:0% +of ways of thinking about what this is +going to look like that we probably + + align:start position:0% +going to look like that we probably + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like that we probably +ought to keep in mind and it also means + + align:start position:0% +ought to keep in mind and it also means + + + align:start position:0% +ought to keep in mind and it also means +that the timetable of these changes is + + align:start position:0% +that the timetable of these changes is + + + align:start position:0% +that the timetable of these changes is +not as abrupt as the media has been + + align:start position:0% +not as abrupt as the media has been + + + align:start position:0% +not as abrupt as the media has been +telling us in the last couple of years + + align:start position:0% +telling us in the last couple of years + + + align:start position:0% +telling us in the last couple of years +right it's a more manageable David + + align:start position:0% +right it's a more manageable David + + + align:start position:0% +right it's a more manageable David +Mindell would argue and more gradual + + align:start position:0% +Mindell would argue and more gradual + + + align:start position:0% +Mindell would argue and more gradual +kind of timetable all right + + align:start position:0% +kind of timetable all right + + + align:start position:0% +kind of timetable all right +sanim it's all yours yes I think that's + + align:start position:0% +sanim it's all yours yes I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +sanim it's all yours yes I think that's +the question about symbiosis + + align:start position:0% +the question about symbiosis + + + align:start position:0% +the question about symbiosis +interesting especially considering the + + align:start position:0% +interesting especially considering the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting especially considering the +debate about whether people and robots + + align:start position:0% +debate about whether people and robots + + + align:start position:0% +debate about whether people and robots +are what like substitute goods or + + align:start position:0% +are what like substitute goods or + + + align:start position:0% +are what like substitute goods or +complementary Goods and I think that the + + align:start position:0% +complementary Goods and I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +complementary Goods and I think that the +consensus here is that there's three + + align:start position:0% +consensus here is that there's three + + + align:start position:0% +consensus here is that there's three +complementary but I think that also has + + align:start position:0% +complementary but I think that also has + + + align:start position:0% +complementary but I think that also has +some interesting implications for you + + align:start position:0% +some interesting implications for you + + + align:start position:0% +some interesting implications for you +know what was the what that could do to + + align:start position:0% +know what was the what that could do to + + + align:start position:0% +know what was the what that could do to +the human environment so even with goods + + align:start position:0% +the human environment so even with goods + + + align:start position:0% +the human environment so even with goods +that are complementary it's clearly it's + + align:start position:0% +that are complementary it's clearly it's + + + align:start position:0% +that are complementary it's clearly it's +likely that this will kind of push out + + align:start position:0% +likely that this will kind of push out + + + align:start position:0% +likely that this will kind of push out +the demand for the types of labor that + + align:start position:0% +the demand for the types of labor that + + + align:start position:0% +the demand for the types of labor that +is more well versed in and high-skilled + + align:start position:0% +is more well versed in and high-skilled + + + align:start position:0% +is more well versed in and high-skilled +Rovers and working with these types of + + align:start position:0% +Rovers and working with these types of + + + align:start position:0% +Rovers and working with these types of +Technology and produced a bag for labor + + align:start position:0% +Technology and produced a bag for labor + + + align:start position:0% +Technology and produced a bag for labor +that's less so so I think that there are + + align:start position:0% +that's less so so I think that there are + + + align:start position:0% +that's less so so I think that there are +really important considerations about + + align:start position:0% +really important considerations about + + + align:start position:0% +really important considerations about +when you're integrating technology to + + align:start position:0% +when you're integrating technology to + + + align:start position:0% +when you're integrating technology to +human environment how it's in effect + + align:start position:0% +human environment how it's in effect + + + align:start position:0% +human environment how it's in effect +that environment so I think just a + + align:start position:0% +that environment so I think just a + + + align:start position:0% +that environment so I think just a +question that a lot of you had was when + + align:start position:0% +question that a lot of you had was when + + + align:start position:0% +question that a lot of you had was when +you are looking at building these + + align:start position:0% +you are looking at building these + + + align:start position:0% +you are looking at building these +autonomous or semi-autonomous + + align:start position:0% +autonomous or semi-autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +autonomous or semi-autonomous +technologies into an existing human + + align:start position:0% +technologies into an existing human + + + align:start position:0% +technologies into an existing human +environment it's gonna require a lot of + + align:start position:0% +environment it's gonna require a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +environment it's gonna require a lot of +knowledge about that environment in + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about that environment in + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about that environment in +order to make these important predictive + + align:start position:0% +order to make these important predictive + + + align:start position:0% +order to make these important predictive +models so what are some of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +models so what are some of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +models so what are some of the biggest +challenges in doing that and where do + + align:start position:0% +challenges in doing that and where do + + + align:start position:0% +challenges in doing that and where do +you see like the potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so one of the things that was something + + align:start position:0% +so one of the things that was something + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the things that was something +I really agree with a lot of the points + + align:start position:0% +I really agree with a lot of the points + + + align:start position:0% +I really agree with a lot of the points +that he made + + align:start position:0% +that he made + + + align:start position:0% +that he made +they sound really optimistic but also + + align:start position:0% +they sound really optimistic but also + + + align:start position:0% +they sound really optimistic but also +like appropriately realistic future for + + align:start position:0% +like appropriately realistic future for + + + align:start position:0% +like appropriately realistic future for +our symbiotic they should just robots in + + align:start position:0% +our symbiotic they should just robots in + + + align:start position:0% +our symbiotic they should just robots in +a lot of different fields but um city an + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different fields but um city an + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of different fields but um city an +event and your question Keith raises the + + align:start position:0% +event and your question Keith raises the + + + align:start position:0% +event and your question Keith raises the +issue of the pilot the soldier the + + align:start position:0% +issue of the pilot the soldier the + + + align:start position:0% +issue of the pilot the soldier the +astronaut were all to some extent a + + align:start position:0% +astronaut were all to some extent a + + + align:start position:0% +astronaut were all to some extent a +little reticent to fully adopt complete + + align:start position:0% +little reticent to fully adopt complete + + + align:start position:0% +little reticent to fully adopt complete +economy in their own like expected field + + align:start position:0% +economy in their own like expected field + + + align:start position:0% +economy in their own like expected field +so I guess one of the places where you + + align:start position:0% +so I guess one of the places where you + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess one of the places where you +could consider a potential failure of + + align:start position:0% +could consider a potential failure of + + + align:start position:0% +could consider a potential failure of +that symbiosis is is that is that a + + align:start position:0% +that symbiosis is is that is that a + + + align:start position:0% +that symbiosis is is that is that a +hesitation to adopt the fully autonomous + + align:start position:0% +hesitation to adopt the fully autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +hesitation to adopt the fully autonomous +system something we should train out of + + align:start position:0% +system something we should train out of + + + align:start position:0% +system something we should train out of +these humans or should we adapt our + + align:start position:0% +these humans or should we adapt our + + + align:start position:0% +these humans or should we adapt our +technological development to match that + + align:start position:0% +technological development to match that + + + align:start position:0% +technological development to match that +like is that a failure point is that + + align:start position:0% +like is that a failure point is that + + + align:start position:0% +like is that a failure point is that +hope it's possible with the want to or + + align:start position:0% +hope it's possible with the want to or + + + align:start position:0% +hope it's possible with the want to or +the desire to go away from autonomy + + align:start position:0% +the desire to go away from autonomy + + + align:start position:0% +the desire to go away from autonomy +maybe they have some sort of instinctual + + align:start position:0% +maybe they have some sort of instinctual + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they have some sort of instinctual +realization that the computer cannot do + + align:start position:0% +realization that the computer cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +realization that the computer cannot do +everything that they can it like does + + align:start position:0% +everything that they can it like does + + + align:start position:0% +everything that they can it like does +not good as it may it's not cos pattern + + align:start position:0% +not good as it may it's not cos pattern + + + align:start position:0% +not good as it may it's not cos pattern +pattern recognition that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +pattern recognition that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +pattern recognition that kind of thing +so maybe it's not a failure point maybe + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it's not a failure point maybe + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe it's not a failure point maybe +instead it's a not sure what you would + + align:start position:0% +instead it's a not sure what you would + + + align:start position:0% +instead it's a not sure what you would +call it bless you yeah yeah almost like + + align:start position:0% +call it bless you yeah yeah almost like + + + align:start position:0% +call it bless you yeah yeah almost like +a warning system yeah yeah and on top of + + align:start position:0% +a warning system yeah yeah and on top of + + + align:start position:0% +a warning system yeah yeah and on top of +that I feel like there's a whole like + + align:start position:0% +that I feel like there's a whole like + + + align:start position:0% +that I feel like there's a whole like +especially thinking about cars but I + + align:start position:0% +especially thinking about cars but I + + + align:start position:0% +especially thinking about cars but I +mean I'm sure career pilots and other + + align:start position:0% +mean I'm sure career pilots and other + + + align:start position:0% +mean I'm sure career pilots and other +people as well like there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +people as well like there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +people as well like there's a lot of +like culture around being like a driver + + align:start position:0% +like culture around being like a driver + + + align:start position:0% +like culture around being like a driver +being a pilot like you like define + + align:start position:0% +being a pilot like you like define + + + align:start position:0% +being a pilot like you like define +yourself as a pilot and I think by + + align:start position:0% +yourself as a pilot and I think by + + + align:start position:0% +yourself as a pilot and I think by +taking away any control that you have + + align:start position:0% +taking away any control that you have + + + align:start position:0% +taking away any control that you have +over like an aircraft or something that + + align:start position:0% +over like an aircraft or something that + + + align:start position:0% +over like an aircraft or something that +could be + + align:start position:0% +could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be +something that people don't want to do + + align:start position:0% +something that people don't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +something that people don't want to do +just because like people like to drive + + align:start position:0% +just because like people like to drive + + + align:start position:0% +just because like people like to drive +like they like the open room they want + + align:start position:0% +like they like the open room they want + + + align:start position:0% +like they like the open room they want +to feel like they're in control and + + align:start position:0% +to feel like they're in control and + + + align:start position:0% +to feel like they're in control and +seeking that away could just be like + + align:start position:0% +seeking that away could just be like + + + align:start position:0% +seeking that away could just be like +little girls issue as well I thought + + align:start position:0% +little girls issue as well I thought + + + align:start position:0% +little girls issue as well I thought +autopilot was like pretty well accepted + + align:start position:0% +autopilot was like pretty well accepted + + + align:start position:0% +autopilot was like pretty well accepted +and kind of integrated by now I know + + align:start position:0% +and kind of integrated by now I know + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of integrated by now I know +especially for like long-distance + + align:start position:0% +especially for like long-distance + + + align:start position:0% +especially for like long-distance +flights like you know across Atlantic I + + align:start position:0% +flights like you know across Atlantic I + + + align:start position:0% +flights like you know across Atlantic I +definitely don't want the pilot on this + + align:start position:0% +definitely don't want the pilot on this + + + align:start position:0% +definitely don't want the pilot on this +airplane like reading and charting the + + align:start position:0% +airplane like reading and charting the + + + align:start position:0% +airplane like reading and charting the +navigation across the Atlantic Ocean + + align:start position:0% +navigation across the Atlantic Ocean + + + align:start position:0% +navigation across the Atlantic Ocean +like I'm good + + align:start position:0% +like I'm good + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm good +we can definitely have you know more + + align:start position:0% +we can definitely have you know more + + + align:start position:0% +we can definitely have you know more +integrated technology do a lot machines + + align:start position:0% +integrated technology do a lot machines + + + align:start position:0% +integrated technology do a lot machines +to do that but like at least within the + + align:start position:0% +to do that but like at least within the + + + align:start position:0% +to do that but like at least within the +pilot community I thought this was + + align:start position:0% +pilot community I thought this was + + + align:start position:0% +pilot community I thought this was +pretty accepted and like now with + + align:start position:0% +pretty accepted and like now with + + + align:start position:0% +pretty accepted and like now with +fighter pilots and things like that like + + align:start position:0% +fighter pilots and things like that like + + + align:start position:0% +fighter pilots and things like that like +you're going so fast it doesn't make + + align:start position:0% +you're going so fast it doesn't make + + + align:start position:0% +you're going so fast it doesn't make +sense to have a human interpret all + + align:start position:0% +sense to have a human interpret all + + + align:start position:0% +sense to have a human interpret all +these signals that are coming in yeah no + + align:start position:0% +these signals that are coming in yeah no + + + align:start position:0% +these signals that are coming in yeah no +go ahead + + align:start position:0% +go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead +yeah all right it is very widely + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right it is very widely + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right it is very widely +accepted intubated but also I think you + + align:start position:0% +accepted intubated but also I think you + + + align:start position:0% +accepted intubated but also I think you +make an interesting point that in terms + + align:start position:0% +make an interesting point that in terms + + + align:start position:0% +make an interesting point that in terms +of how people define themselves and that + + align:start position:0% +of how people define themselves and that + + + align:start position:0% +of how people define themselves and that +job being actually part of their their + + align:start position:0% +job being actually part of their their + + + align:start position:0% +job being actually part of their their +identity also I think as we've developed + + align:start position:0% +identity also I think as we've developed + + + align:start position:0% +identity also I think as we've developed +more and more complex machines and those + + align:start position:0% +more and more complex machines and those + + + align:start position:0% +more and more complex machines and those +machines become integrated into our life + + align:start position:0% +machines become integrated into our life + + + align:start position:0% +machines become integrated into our life +we interact with each other through + + align:start position:0% +we interact with each other through + + + align:start position:0% +we interact with each other through +those machines so even just taking the + + align:start position:0% +those machines so even just taking the + + + align:start position:0% +those machines so even just taking the +example of like air traffic there's a + + align:start position:0% +example of like air traffic there's a + + + align:start position:0% +example of like air traffic there's a +very complex communication network + + align:start position:0% +very complex communication network + + + align:start position:0% +very complex communication network +between air traffic controllers and + + align:start position:0% +between air traffic controllers and + + + align:start position:0% +between air traffic controllers and +different pilots and you know from + + align:start position:0% +different pilots and you know from + + + align:start position:0% +different pilots and you know from +commercial aviation to general aviation + + align:start position:0% +commercial aviation to general aviation + + + align:start position:0% +commercial aviation to general aviation +and there's a very even though that + + align:start position:0% +and there's a very even though that + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a very even though that +system has a lot of autonomous + + align:start position:0% +system has a lot of autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +system has a lot of autonomous +components in it in today's day and age + + align:start position:0% +components in it in today's day and age + + + align:start position:0% +components in it in today's day and age +there there's still generations of + + align:start position:0% +there there's still generations of + + + align:start position:0% +there there's still generations of +protocol both very officially lineally + + align:start position:0% +protocol both very officially lineally + + + align:start position:0% +protocol both very officially lineally +delineate delineated and also sort of + + align:start position:0% +delineate delineated and also sort of + + + align:start position:0% +delineate delineated and also sort of +adopted as practice and I think that the + + align:start position:0% +adopted as practice and I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +adopted as practice and I think that the +humans who are willingly part of that + + align:start position:0% +humans who are willingly part of that + + + align:start position:0% +humans who are willingly part of that +system is controllers and pilots know + + align:start position:0% +system is controllers and pilots know + + + align:start position:0% +system is controllers and pilots know +that very well so they know how to + + align:start position:0% +that very well so they know how to + + + align:start position:0% +that very well so they know how to +interact with the other pilots sort of + + align:start position:0% +interact with the other pilots sort of + + + align:start position:0% +interact with the other pilots sort of +like manners and and how to + + align:start position:0% +like manners and and how to + + + align:start position:0% +like manners and and how to +well informed safe decisions based on + + align:start position:0% +well informed safe decisions based on + + + align:start position:0% +well informed safe decisions based on +what other people are doing so I think + + align:start position:0% +what other people are doing so I think + + + align:start position:0% +what other people are doing so I think +yeah I think that that's even though + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think that that's even though + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think that that's even though +they might be flying technically a + + align:start position:0% +they might be flying technically a + + + align:start position:0% +they might be flying technically a +completely autonomous plane they still + + align:start position:0% +completely autonomous plane they still + + + align:start position:0% +completely autonomous plane they still +serve as the endpoint of the + + align:start position:0% +serve as the endpoint of the + + + align:start position:0% +serve as the endpoint of the +communication with other humans who are + + align:start position:0% +communication with other humans who are + + + align:start position:0% +communication with other humans who are +in charge of other completely autonomous + + align:start position:0% +in charge of other completely autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +in charge of other completely autonomous +systems and boy I think you're you're + + align:start position:0% +systems and boy I think you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +systems and boy I think you're you're +absolutely right on that and from what I + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right on that and from what I + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely right on that and from what I +understand from David's book and + + align:start position:0% +understand from David's book and + + + align:start position:0% +understand from David's book and +discussions with him you know in + + align:start position:0% +discussions with him you know in + + + align:start position:0% +discussions with him you know in +addition he gives in him what a + + align:start position:0% +addition he gives in him what a + + + align:start position:0% +addition he gives in him what a +remarkable example right and that it's a + + align:start position:0% +remarkable example right and that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable example right and that it's a +startling example that starts the book + + align:start position:0% +startling example that starts the book + + + align:start position:0% +startling example that starts the book +off and then when you get a chance to + + align:start position:0% +off and then when you get a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +off and then when you get a chance to +book is really worth reading he tells + + align:start position:0% +book is really worth reading he tells + + + align:start position:0% +book is really worth reading he tells +the story of an Air France crash over + + align:start position:0% +the story of an Air France crash over + + + align:start position:0% +the story of an Air France crash over +the Pacific like 15 years ago Chloe I + + align:start position:0% +the Pacific like 15 years ago Chloe I + + + align:start position:0% +the Pacific like 15 years ago Chloe I +see you're smiling so you think you know + + align:start position:0% +see you're smiling so you think you know + + + align:start position:0% +see you're smiling so you think you know +this story and you can you can + + align:start position:0% +this story and you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +this story and you can you can +extrapolate and see if I get this story + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate and see if I get this story + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate and see if I get this story +right but essentially the story that he + + align:start position:0% +right but essentially the story that he + + + align:start position:0% +right but essentially the story that he +tells is that you know there's a moment + + align:start position:0% +tells is that you know there's a moment + + + align:start position:0% +tells is that you know there's a moment +of the flight there on autopilot as you + + align:start position:0% +of the flight there on autopilot as you + + + align:start position:0% +of the flight there on autopilot as you +point out Rashid it's it can be a very + + align:start position:0% +point out Rashid it's it can be a very + + + align:start position:0% +point out Rashid it's it can be a very +useful tool for for pilots and is used + + align:start position:0% +useful tool for for pilots and is used + + + align:start position:0% +useful tool for for pilots and is used +in many parts of a flight pattern and + + align:start position:0% +in many parts of a flight pattern and + + + align:start position:0% +in many parts of a flight pattern and +they're on auto pilot and the plane + + align:start position:0% +they're on auto pilot and the plane + + + align:start position:0% +they're on auto pilot and the plane +enters an area of very low temperatures + + align:start position:0% +enters an area of very low temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +enters an area of very low temperatures +and ice is forming on the wings so the + + align:start position:0% +and ice is forming on the wings so the + + + align:start position:0% +and ice is forming on the wings so the +autopilot system default mechanism at + + align:start position:0% +autopilot system default mechanism at + + + align:start position:0% +autopilot system default mechanism at +that point is to remove the autopilot + + align:start position:0% +that point is to remove the autopilot + + + align:start position:0% +that point is to remove the autopilot +control and switch it to the pilot + + align:start position:0% +control and switch it to the pilot + + + align:start position:0% +control and switch it to the pilot +control and what has happened is that + + align:start position:0% +control and what has happened is that + + + align:start position:0% +control and what has happened is that +the pilot of the aircraft is back in the + + align:start position:0% +the pilot of the aircraft is back in the + + + align:start position:0% +the pilot of the aircraft is back in the +restroom because they're on autopilot + + align:start position:0% +restroom because they're on autopilot + + + align:start position:0% +restroom because they're on autopilot +over the middle of the Pacific and the + + align:start position:0% +over the middle of the Pacific and the + + + align:start position:0% +over the middle of the Pacific and the +engineer the flight engineer and the + + align:start position:0% +engineer the flight engineer and the + + + align:start position:0% +engineer the flight engineer and the +copilot are at the controls they're + + align:start position:0% +copilot are at the controls they're + + + align:start position:0% +copilot are at the controls they're +relaxing and suddenly they're in charge + + align:start position:0% +relaxing and suddenly they're in charge + + + align:start position:0% +relaxing and suddenly they're in charge +and each has a different reaction and it + + align:start position:0% +and each has a different reaction and it + + + align:start position:0% +and each has a different reaction and it +ends up complete destabilizing the + + align:start position:0% +ends up complete destabilizing the + + + align:start position:0% +ends up complete destabilizing the +aircraft and throwing it into a spin + + align:start position:0% +aircraft and throwing it into a spin + + + align:start position:0% +aircraft and throwing it into a spin +right into the Pacific Ocean + + align:start position:0% +right into the Pacific Ocean + + + align:start position:0% +right into the Pacific Ocean +where all the lives in the aircraft were + + align:start position:0% +where all the lives in the aircraft were + + + align:start position:0% +where all the lives in the aircraft were +lost and they have the opposite they're + + align:start position:0% +lost and they have the opposite they're + + + align:start position:0% +lost and they have the opposite they're +not ready so this moment of people being + + align:start position:0% +not ready so this moment of people being + + + align:start position:0% +not ready so this moment of people being +ready to take + + align:start position:0% +ready to take + + + align:start position:0% +ready to take +roll again after having been out of + + align:start position:0% +roll again after having been out of + + + align:start position:0% +roll again after having been out of +control turns out to be a nightmare in + + align:start position:0% +control turns out to be a nightmare in + + + align:start position:0% +control turns out to be a nightmare in +all kinds of other settings right + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of other settings right + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of other settings right +it's very unmanageable how do you keep + + align:start position:0% +it's very unmanageable how do you keep + + + align:start position:0% +it's very unmanageable how do you keep +the person who needs to o be an overall + + align:start position:0% +the person who needs to o be an overall + + + align:start position:0% +the person who needs to o be an overall +control completely in the game right and + + align:start position:0% +control completely in the game right and + + + align:start position:0% +control completely in the game right and +how do you keep them completely involved + + align:start position:0% +how do you keep them completely involved + + + align:start position:0% +how do you keep them completely involved +so that's one of the most complicated + + align:start position:0% +so that's one of the most complicated + + + align:start position:0% +so that's one of the most complicated +design problems for autonomous vehicles + + align:start position:0% +design problems for autonomous vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +design problems for autonomous vehicles +in general and driverless cars in + + align:start position:0% +in general and driverless cars in + + + align:start position:0% +in general and driverless cars in +particular right since we're probably + + align:start position:0% +particular right since we're probably + + + align:start position:0% +particular right since we're probably +not going to get to fully driverless + + align:start position:0% +not going to get to fully driverless + + + align:start position:0% +not going to get to fully driverless +cars soon how is that relationship gonna + + align:start position:0% +cars soon how is that relationship gonna + + + align:start position:0% +cars soon how is that relationship gonna +work right and how are we gonna play + + align:start position:0% +work right and how are we gonna play + + + align:start position:0% +work right and how are we gonna play +that out and how do you keep just enough + + align:start position:0% +that out and how do you keep just enough + + + align:start position:0% +that out and how do you keep just enough +of a level involved an interesting + + align:start position:0% +of a level involved an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of a level involved an interesting +Reggie back to your point the autopilot + + align:start position:0% +Reggie back to your point the autopilot + + + align:start position:0% +Reggie back to your point the autopilot +system and aircraft has actually now + + align:start position:0% +system and aircraft has actually now + + + align:start position:0% +system and aircraft has actually now +evolved to the point where they keep + + align:start position:0% +evolved to the point where they keep + + + align:start position:0% +evolved to the point where they keep +that balance right between the Machine + + align:start position:0% +that balance right between the Machine + + + align:start position:0% +that balance right between the Machine +and the person and the overall personal + + align:start position:0% +and the person and the overall personal + + + align:start position:0% +and the person and the overall personal +control and the desire of the person to + + align:start position:0% +control and the desire of the person to + + + align:start position:0% +control and the desire of the person to +retain the control they figured out what + + align:start position:0% +retain the control they figured out what + + + align:start position:0% +retain the control they figured out what +the signalling is so that that actually + + align:start position:0% +the signalling is so that that actually + + + align:start position:0% +the signalling is so that that actually +works well on both sides but that's a + + align:start position:0% +works well on both sides but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +works well on both sides but that's a +really complicated balance to work out + + align:start position:0% +really complicated balance to work out + + + align:start position:0% +really complicated balance to work out +have I got that right Chloe is that + + align:start position:0% +have I got that right Chloe is that + + + align:start position:0% +have I got that right Chloe is that +anything to say more on this are you + + align:start position:0% +anything to say more on this are you + + + align:start position:0% +anything to say more on this are you +studying this well I mean in air after + + align:start position:0% +studying this well I mean in air after + + + align:start position:0% +studying this well I mean in air after +we do a little bit of but I also fly + + align:start position:0% +we do a little bit of but I also fly + + + align:start position:0% +we do a little bit of but I also fly +like personally and I've had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +like personally and I've had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +like personally and I've had a lot of +experiences that validate the exact + + align:start position:0% +experiences that validate the exact + + + align:start position:0% +experiences that validate the exact +thing so I used to fly a pretty small + + align:start position:0% +thing so I used to fly a pretty small + + + align:start position:0% +thing so I used to fly a pretty small +four seater aircraft and which is + + align:start position:0% +four seater aircraft and which is + + + align:start position:0% +four seater aircraft and which is +basically the same size incessant but a + + align:start position:0% +basically the same size incessant but a + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same size incessant but a +lot faster and so one of the I used to + + align:start position:0% +lot faster and so one of the I used to + + + align:start position:0% +lot faster and so one of the I used to +fly with my dad a lot in one of those + + align:start position:0% +fly with my dad a lot in one of those + + + align:start position:0% +fly with my dad a lot in one of those +stories that we would repeatedly live + + align:start position:0% +stories that we would repeatedly live + + + align:start position:0% +stories that we would repeatedly live +out when we were landing in a new + + align:start position:0% +out when we were landing in a new + + + align:start position:0% +out when we were landing in a new +airport was that the air traffic + + align:start position:0% +airport was that the air traffic + + + align:start position:0% +airport was that the air traffic +controller would based on the size and + + align:start position:0% +controller would based on the size and + + + align:start position:0% +controller would based on the size and +type of our aircraft would vastly + + align:start position:0% +type of our aircraft would vastly + + + align:start position:0% +type of our aircraft would vastly +underestimate the speed at which we were + + align:start position:0% +underestimate the speed at which we were + + + align:start position:0% +underestimate the speed at which we were +making our descent and a full descendant + + align:start position:0% +making our descent and a full descendant + + + align:start position:0% +making our descent and a full descendant +list of these airports it's like a multi + + align:start position:0% +list of these airports it's like a multi + + + align:start position:0% +list of these airports it's like a multi +leg it's like thing that you start you + + align:start position:0% +leg it's like thing that you start you + + + align:start position:0% +leg it's like thing that you start you +know up to 20 minutes before you're + + align:start position:0% +know up to 20 minutes before you're + + + align:start position:0% +know up to 20 minutes before you're +actually on the ground so it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +actually on the ground so it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +actually on the ground so it's pretty +confident with their other airplanes in + + align:start position:0% +confident with their other airplanes in + + + align:start position:0% +confident with their other airplanes in +the air you have to match their speeds + + align:start position:0% +the air you have to match their speeds + + + align:start position:0% +the air you have to match their speeds +and rate them descent so you don't have + + align:start position:0% +and rate them descent so you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +and rate them descent so you don't have +to perform colliding on the runway + + align:start position:0% +to perform colliding on the runway + + + align:start position:0% +to perform colliding on the runway +and repeatedly we would be how fast we + + align:start position:0% +and repeatedly we would be how fast we + + + align:start position:0% +and repeatedly we would be how fast we +were going would be underestimated and + + align:start position:0% +were going would be underestimated and + + + align:start position:0% +were going would be underestimated and +we would be coming down like you know + + align:start position:0% +we would be coming down like you know + + + align:start position:0% +we would be coming down like you know +much more rapidly than the air attacks + + align:start position:0% +much more rapidly than the air attacks + + + align:start position:0% +much more rapidly than the air attacks +until a good thing and so you know we'd + + align:start position:0% +until a good thing and so you know we'd + + + align:start position:0% +until a good thing and so you know we'd +be going faster than like a much much + + align:start position:0% +be going faster than like a much much + + + align:start position:0% +be going faster than like a much much +larger aircraft was so that was just + + align:start position:0% +larger aircraft was so that was just + + + align:start position:0% +larger aircraft was so that was just +another case where establishing human + + align:start position:0% +another case where establishing human + + + align:start position:0% +another case where establishing human +contact with other people to let them + + align:start position:0% +contact with other people to let them + + + align:start position:0% +contact with other people to let them +know where you were and with the people + + align:start position:0% +know where you were and with the people + + + align:start position:0% +know where you were and with the people +who theoretically who is instrumentation + + align:start position:0% +who theoretically who is instrumentation + + + align:start position:0% +who theoretically who is instrumentation +was telling them something different + + align:start position:0% +was telling them something different + + + align:start position:0% +was telling them something different +it's it's important to people who know + + align:start position:0% +it's it's important to people who know + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's important to people who know +their own visions never stay involved in + + align:start position:0% +their own visions never stay involved in + + + align:start position:0% +their own visions never stay involved in +the process I think it's an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +the process I think it's an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +the process I think it's an opportunity +for watching autonomy in an area where + + align:start position:0% +for watching autonomy in an area where + + + align:start position:0% +for watching autonomy in an area where +there's human human bias like there's + + align:start position:0% +there's human human bias like there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's human human bias like there's +the case city of like a Japanese flight + + align:start position:0% +the case city of like a Japanese flight + + + align:start position:0% +the case city of like a Japanese flight +where um the copilot knows that what the + + align:start position:0% +where um the copilot knows that what the + + + align:start position:0% +where um the copilot knows that what the +actual pilot is doing is wrong but + + align:start position:0% +actual pilot is doing is wrong but + + + align:start position:0% +actual pilot is doing is wrong but +because he's an authority figure + + align:start position:0% +because he's an authority figure + + + align:start position:0% +because he's an authority figure +he won't contradict them so using on + + align:start position:0% +he won't contradict them so using on + + + align:start position:0% +he won't contradict them so using on +times like some autonomous you can see + + align:start position:0% +times like some autonomous you can see + + + align:start position:0% +times like some autonomous you can see +like no this is wrong we're definitely + + align:start position:0% +like no this is wrong we're definitely + + + align:start position:0% +like no this is wrong we're definitely +like doing something wrong or at least + + align:start position:0% +like doing something wrong or at least + + + align:start position:0% +like doing something wrong or at least +some kind of flag is useful in sci-fi + + align:start position:0% +some kind of flag is useful in sci-fi + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of flag is useful in sci-fi +like it was really cool because um it + + align:start position:0% +like it was really cool because um it + + + align:start position:0% +like it was really cool because um it +talked about like human bias injustice + + align:start position:0% +talked about like human bias injustice + + + align:start position:0% +talked about like human bias injustice +like when you make a decision and so + + align:start position:0% +like when you make a decision and so + + + align:start position:0% +like when you make a decision and so +there's this one science fiction where + + align:start position:0% +there's this one science fiction where + + + align:start position:0% +there's this one science fiction where +like in the future like an AI was the + + align:start position:0% +like in the future like an AI was the + + + align:start position:0% +like in the future like an AI was the +judge because he'd be non biased + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's already kind of happening that + + align:start position:0% +that's already kind of happening that + + + align:start position:0% +that's already kind of happening that +they've been using algorithms and some + + align:start position:0% +they've been using algorithms and some + + + align:start position:0% +they've been using algorithms and some +jurisdictions to determine whether + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions to determine whether + + + align:start position:0% +jurisdictions to determine whether +someone should get bailed or not based + + align:start position:0% +someone should get bailed or not based + + + align:start position:0% +someone should get bailed or not based +on their background so like it's like a + + align:start position:0% +on their background so like it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +on their background so like it's like a +proprietary software which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +proprietary software which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +proprietary software which is kind of +scary to begin with because people don't + + align:start position:0% +scary to begin with because people don't + + + align:start position:0% +scary to begin with because people don't +really understand like how they get the + + align:start position:0% +really understand like how they get the + + + align:start position:0% +really understand like how they get the +decisions but it you'll put in different + + align:start position:0% +decisions but it you'll put in different + + + align:start position:0% +decisions but it you'll put in different +factors about the person and that can + + align:start position:0% +factors about the person and that can + + + align:start position:0% +factors about the person and that can +help inform the judge as to whether they + + align:start position:0% +help inform the judge as to whether they + + + align:start position:0% +help inform the judge as to whether they +should be let out on bail or not and so + + align:start position:0% +should be let out on bail or not and so + + + align:start position:0% +should be let out on bail or not and so +I think there's a big loss some someone + + align:start position:0% +I think there's a big loss some someone + + + align:start position:0% +I think there's a big loss some someone +just filed a lawsuit about that since + + align:start position:0% +just filed a lawsuit about that since + + + align:start position:0% +just filed a lawsuit about that since +you're not allowed to face your accuser + + align:start position:0% +you're not allowed to face your accuser + + + align:start position:0% +you're not allowed to face your accuser +of your accuser is an algorithm so like + + align:start position:0% +of your accuser is an algorithm so like + + + align:start position:0% +of your accuser is an algorithm so like +we're already getting into this like why + + align:start position:0% +we're already getting into this like why + + + align:start position:0% +we're already getting into this like why +would you even start down that road the + + align:start position:0% +would you even start down that road the + + + align:start position:0% +would you even start down that road the +justification is more fair whatever you + + align:start position:0% +justification is more fair whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +justification is more fair whatever you +think of it is that for a lot of judges + + align:start position:0% +think of it is that for a lot of judges + + + align:start position:0% +think of it is that for a lot of judges +who are seeing like hundreds of cases a + + align:start position:0% +who are seeing like hundreds of cases a + + + align:start position:0% +who are seeing like hundreds of cases a +day a lot of things are affecting their + + align:start position:0% +day a lot of things are affecting their + + + align:start position:0% +day a lot of things are affecting their +judgment from like I think the paper I + + align:start position:0% +judgment from like I think the paper I + + + align:start position:0% +judgment from like I think the paper I +read said it could be like a third + + align:start position:0% +read said it could be like a third + + + align:start position:0% +read said it could be like a third +favorite team won the night before if + + align:start position:0% +favorite team won the night before if + + + align:start position:0% +favorite team won the night before if +they're hungry like they're influenced + + align:start position:0% +they're hungry like they're influenced + + + align:start position:0% +they're hungry like they're influenced +like by these outside factors so if we + + align:start position:0% +like by these outside factors so if we + + + align:start position:0% +like by these outside factors so if we +automate it and you take out some of + + align:start position:0% +automate it and you take out some of + + + align:start position:0% +automate it and you take out some of +those biases and other biases that + + align:start position:0% +those biases and other biases that + + + align:start position:0% +those biases and other biases that +judges just have like inherently from + + align:start position:0% +judges just have like inherently from + + + align:start position:0% +judges just have like inherently from +whatever their upbringing that + + align:start position:0% +whatever their upbringing that + + + align:start position:0% +whatever their upbringing that +compassion I mean also like the way I + + align:start position:0% +compassion I mean also like the way I + + + align:start position:0% +compassion I mean also like the way I +would think about is like great could + + align:start position:0% +would think about is like great could + + + align:start position:0% +would think about is like great could +you get a nice juristic and if there's + + align:start position:0% +you get a nice juristic and if there's + + + align:start position:0% +you get a nice juristic and if there's +ever an issue that's the one that goes + + align:start position:0% +ever an issue that's the one that goes + + + align:start position:0% +ever an issue that's the one that goes +to court very quick cases but there's a + + align:start position:0% +to court very quick cases but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +to court very quick cases but there's a +whole thing at MIT about this now that + + align:start position:0% +whole thing at MIT about this now that + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing at MIT about this now that +they're doing like the lawyers and tech + + align:start position:0% +they're doing like the lawyers and tech + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing like the lawyers and tech +and they're it's starting it's around + + align:start position:0% +and they're it's starting it's around + + + align:start position:0% +and they're it's starting it's around +Sloan and around the Media Lab but it's + + align:start position:0% +Sloan and around the Media Lab but it's + + + align:start position:0% +Sloan and around the Media Lab but it's +a it's a feel that MIT is is looking + + align:start position:0% +a it's a feel that MIT is is looking + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a feel that MIT is is looking +into but I don't know if we'll come up + + align:start position:0% +into but I don't know if we'll come up + + + align:start position:0% +into but I don't know if we'll come up +with a lot of school yeah really close + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of school yeah really close + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of school yeah really close +study that I just read from my paper I'm + + align:start position:0% +study that I just read from my paper I'm + + + align:start position:0% +study that I just read from my paper I'm +pulled it up it got published early this + + align:start position:0% +pulled it up it got published early this + + + align:start position:0% +pulled it up it got published early this +week by Carnegie Mellon entitled human + + align:start position:0% +week by Carnegie Mellon entitled human + + + align:start position:0% +week by Carnegie Mellon entitled human +centered approach to algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +centered approach to algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +centered approach to algorithmic +services considerations for a fair and + + align:start position:0% +services considerations for a fair and + + + align:start position:0% +services considerations for a fair and +motivating smart community service + + align:start position:0% +motivating smart community service + + + align:start position:0% +motivating smart community service +management that allocates donations to + + align:start position:0% +management that allocates donations to + + + align:start position:0% +management that allocates donations to +nonprofit organizations so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit organizations so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit organizations so it's a very +long title + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the title of your paper is gonna be + + align:start position:0% +the title of your paper is gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +the title of your paper is gonna be +shorter I'm sure I hope so um so there's + + align:start position:0% +shorter I'm sure I hope so um so there's + + + align:start position:0% +shorter I'm sure I hope so um so there's +three people one of them is from the + + align:start position:0% +three people one of them is from the + + + align:start position:0% +three people one of them is from the +center for machine learning and other + + align:start position:0% +center for machine learning and other + + + align:start position:0% +center for machine learning and other +ones from the School of Design and then + + align:start position:0% +ones from the School of Design and then + + + align:start position:0% +ones from the School of Design and then +there's a stake holder from an + + align:start position:0% +there's a stake holder from an + + + align:start position:0% +there's a stake holder from an +organization called food rescue which + + align:start position:0% +organization called food rescue which + + + align:start position:0% +organization called food rescue which +serves a greater like lived a greater + + align:start position:0% +serves a greater like lived a greater + + + align:start position:0% +serves a greater like lived a greater +Pittsburgh area and what was really cool + + align:start position:0% +Pittsburgh area and what was really cool + + + align:start position:0% +Pittsburgh area and what was really cool +about this was essentially that they not + + align:start position:0% +about this was essentially that they not + + + align:start position:0% +about this was essentially that they not +only talked to computer scientists who + + align:start position:0% +only talked to computer scientists who + + + align:start position:0% +only talked to computer scientists who +are designing the algorithms for who + + align:start position:0% +are designing the algorithms for who + + + align:start position:0% +are designing the algorithms for who +gets like the food allocations but then + + align:start position:0% +gets like the food allocations but then + + + align:start position:0% +gets like the food allocations but then +they also put valuated though I guess + + align:start position:0% +they also put valuated though I guess + + + align:start position:0% +they also put valuated though I guess +the ethos that was driving the way that + + align:start position:0% +the ethos that was driving the way that + + + align:start position:0% +the ethos that was driving the way that +this link that the programmers were + + align:start position:0% +this link that the programmers were + + + align:start position:0% +this link that the programmers were +devising their algorithm and the + + align:start position:0% +devising their algorithm and the + + + align:start position:0% +devising their algorithm and the +decisions that they had made right like + + align:start position:0% +decisions that they had made right like + + + align:start position:0% +decisions that they had made right like +the cost-benefit analyses and like who + + align:start position:0% +the cost-benefit analyses and like who + + + align:start position:0% +the cost-benefit analyses and like who +actually gets the food why they should + + align:start position:0% +actually gets the food why they should + + + align:start position:0% +actually gets the food why they should +get them what considerations their + + align:start position:0% +get them what considerations their + + + align:start position:0% +get them what considerations their +children should have etc and then from + + align:start position:0% +children should have etc and then from + + + align:start position:0% +children should have etc and then from +there they started thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +there they started thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +there they started thinking about the +ways in which the algorithm was designed + + align:start position:0% +ways in which the algorithm was designed + + + align:start position:0% +ways in which the algorithm was designed +how that would impact in implementation + + align:start position:0% +how that would impact in implementation + + + align:start position:0% +how that would impact in implementation +the lives of the people receiving the + + align:start position:0% +the lives of the people receiving the + + + align:start position:0% +the lives of the people receiving the +food and whether or not that was fair + + align:start position:0% +food and whether or not that was fair + + + align:start position:0% +food and whether or not that was fair +and interestingly enough and I think + + align:start position:0% +and interestingly enough and I think + + + align:start position:0% +and interestingly enough and I think +that this is really really crucial and + + align:start position:0% +that this is really really crucial and + + + align:start position:0% +that this is really really crucial and +you know not only the design process but + + align:start position:0% +you know not only the design process but + + + align:start position:0% +you know not only the design process but +generally in policy making was the + + align:start position:0% +generally in policy making was the + + + align:start position:0% +generally in policy making was the +question that they bring up about + + align:start position:0% +question that they bring up about + + + align:start position:0% +question that they bring up about +empathy right like to what extent are + + align:start position:0% +empathy right like to what extent are + + + align:start position:0% +empathy right like to what extent are +the algorithms that are being created + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms that are being created + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithms that are being created +reflective of the individual programmers + + align:start position:0% +reflective of the individual programmers + + + align:start position:0% +reflective of the individual programmers +ethics and personal like personal values + + align:start position:0% +ethics and personal like personal values + + + align:start position:0% +ethics and personal like personal values +and that was something that they really + + align:start position:0% +and that was something that they really + + + align:start position:0% +and that was something that they really +bring to light in this I think is an + + align:start position:0% +bring to light in this I think is an + + + align:start position:0% +bring to light in this I think is an +incredibly innovative case study right + + align:start position:0% +incredibly innovative case study right + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly innovative case study right +and it's being applied to the nonprofit + + align:start position:0% +and it's being applied to the nonprofit + + + align:start position:0% +and it's being applied to the nonprofit +sector in a really small sort of piloted + + align:start position:0% +sector in a really small sort of piloted + + + align:start position:0% +sector in a really small sort of piloted +way but I could see studies like this + + align:start position:0% +way but I could see studies like this + + + align:start position:0% +way but I could see studies like this +sort of scaling up to other algorithms + + align:start position:0% +sort of scaling up to other algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +sort of scaling up to other algorithms +and really striving to understand the + + align:start position:0% +and really striving to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +and really striving to understand the +ways in which they prejudiced + + align:start position:0% +ways in which they prejudiced + + + align:start position:0% +ways in which they prejudiced +decision-making even if they act as + + align:start position:0% +decision-making even if they act as + + + align:start position:0% +decision-making even if they act as +heuristics right carrot sticks are just + + align:start position:0% +heuristics right carrot sticks are just + + + align:start position:0% +heuristics right carrot sticks are just +used utilizing values and shortcuts to + + align:start position:0% +used utilizing values and shortcuts to + + + align:start position:0% +used utilizing values and shortcuts to +decision-making based on sort of your + + align:start position:0% +decision-making based on sort of your + + + align:start position:0% +decision-making based on sort of your +intuition in the decision-making process + + align:start position:0% +intuition in the decision-making process + + + align:start position:0% +intuition in the decision-making process +so that could be really cool but at the + + align:start position:0% +so that could be really cool but at the + + + align:start position:0% +so that could be really cool but at the +same time for me in some of the studies + + align:start position:0% +same time for me in some of the studies + + + align:start position:0% +same time for me in some of the studies +both design and politics there's an + + align:start position:0% +both design and politics there's an + + + align:start position:0% +both design and politics there's an +enormous and I guess real my religious + + align:start position:0% +enormous and I guess real my religious + + + align:start position:0% +enormous and I guess real my religious +study is also employing this effect + + align:start position:0% +study is also employing this effect + + + align:start position:0% +study is also employing this effect +there's a huge movement in religious + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge movement in religious + + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge movement in religious +studies to move away from empathy + + align:start position:0% +studies to move away from empathy + + + align:start position:0% +studies to move away from empathy +because it can be utilized as a tool for + + align:start position:0% +because it can be utilized as a tool for + + + align:start position:0% +because it can be utilized as a tool for +man + + align:start position:0% +man + + + align:start position:0% +man +equation right because if you have + + align:start position:0% +equation right because if you have + + + align:start position:0% +equation right because if you have +insight into what individual matters and + + align:start position:0% +insight into what individual matters and + + + align:start position:0% +insight into what individual matters and +what motivates stuff to action then that + + align:start position:0% +what motivates stuff to action then that + + + align:start position:0% +what motivates stuff to action then that +is not good but what indeed you should + + align:start position:0% +is not good but what indeed you should + + + align:start position:0% +is not good but what indeed you should +have it as was stated by the divinity + + align:start position:0% +have it as was stated by the divinity + + + align:start position:0% +have it as was stated by the divinity +professor at Yale and I think he also + + align:start position:0% +professor at Yale and I think he also + + + align:start position:0% +professor at Yale and I think he also +does some work in philosophy is that we + + align:start position:0% +does some work in philosophy is that we + + + align:start position:0% +does some work in philosophy is that we +you should strive for and what I think + + align:start position:0% +you should strive for and what I think + + + align:start position:0% +you should strive for and what I think +the algorithm should strive for is + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm should strive for is + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm should strive for is +compassion not empathy which is distinct + + align:start position:0% +compassion not empathy which is distinct + + + align:start position:0% +compassion not empathy which is distinct +from empathy the difference is that in + + align:start position:0% +from empathy the difference is that in + + + align:start position:0% +from empathy the difference is that in +empathy you seek to feel the way that + + align:start position:0% +empathy you seek to feel the way that + + + align:start position:0% +empathy you seek to feel the way that +the other person feels where in + + align:start position:0% +the other person feels where in + + + align:start position:0% +the other person feels where in +compassion you seek to understand how + + align:start position:0% +compassion you seek to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +compassion you seek to understand how +their how they feel but you don't truly + + align:start position:0% +their how they feel but you don't truly + + + align:start position:0% +their how they feel but you don't truly +try to access those emotions and so I + + align:start position:0% +try to access those emotions and so I + + + align:start position:0% +try to access those emotions and so I +think that compassion intellectually is + + align:start position:0% +think that compassion intellectually is + + + align:start position:0% +think that compassion intellectually is +more sustainable and it's something that + + align:start position:0% +more sustainable and it's something that + + + align:start position:0% +more sustainable and it's something that +you can actively implement in an + + align:start position:0% +you can actively implement in an + + + align:start position:0% +you can actively implement in an +algorithm whereas if you try to make + + align:start position:0% +algorithm whereas if you try to make + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm whereas if you try to make +your algorithm empathetic it starts + + align:start position:0% +your algorithm empathetic it starts + + + align:start position:0% +your algorithm empathetic it starts +getting into the realm of making value + + align:start position:0% +getting into the realm of making value + + + align:start position:0% +getting into the realm of making value +judgments which is ultimately going to + + align:start position:0% +judgments which is ultimately going to + + + align:start position:0% +judgments which is ultimately going to +be damaging and more prejudicial than if + + align:start position:0% +be damaging and more prejudicial than if + + + align:start position:0% +be damaging and more prejudicial than if +an individual is making a decision + + align:start position:0% +an individual is making a decision + + + align:start position:0% +an individual is making a decision +because then you can sort of leave the + + align:start position:0% +because then you can sort of leave the + + + align:start position:0% +because then you can sort of leave the +perjury to the Machine and not place the + + align:start position:0% +perjury to the Machine and not place the + + + align:start position:0% +perjury to the Machine and not place the +impetus of whatever discrimination is + + align:start position:0% +impetus of whatever discrimination is + + + align:start position:0% +impetus of whatever discrimination is +happening on an individual I know the + + align:start position:0% +happening on an individual I know the + + + align:start position:0% +happening on an individual I know the +Microsoft just quickly on that point + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft just quickly on that point + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft just quickly on that point +they just released an article in The New + + align:start position:0% +they just released an article in The New + + + align:start position:0% +they just released an article in The New +York Times I think it was yesterday on + + align:start position:0% +York Times I think it was yesterday on + + + align:start position:0% +York Times I think it was yesterday on +the hack that happened in England on + + align:start position:0% +the hack that happened in England on + + + align:start position:0% +the hack that happened in England on +their NHS and they were wondering who + + align:start position:0% +their NHS and they were wondering who + + + align:start position:0% +their NHS and they were wondering who +one rolled or what is the role of + + align:start position:0% +one rolled or what is the role of + + + align:start position:0% +one rolled or what is the role of +Microsoft in all of this like should + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft in all of this like should + + + align:start position:0% +Microsoft in all of this like should +they be to blame so of course well the + + align:start position:0% +they be to blame so of course well the + + + align:start position:0% +they be to blame so of course well the +whole time I was watching this and + + align:start position:0% +whole time I was watching this and + + + align:start position:0% +whole time I was watching this and +Mendel as he's brilliant obviously but I + + align:start position:0% +Mendel as he's brilliant obviously but I + + + align:start position:0% +Mendel as he's brilliant obviously but I +also think that he I couldn't help but + + align:start position:0% +also think that he I couldn't help but + + + align:start position:0% +also think that he I couldn't help but +think that he was being a little + + align:start position:0% +think that he was being a little + + + align:start position:0% +think that he was being a little +hypocritical because because I think + + align:start position:0% +hypocritical because because I think + + + align:start position:0% +hypocritical because because I think +it's my message and premise was don't + + align:start position:0% +it's my message and premise was don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's my message and premise was don't +don't worry about job displacement by + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about job displacement by + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about job displacement by +autonomy or robotics autonomous robots + + align:start position:0% +autonomy or robotics autonomous robots + + + align:start position:0% +autonomy or robotics autonomous robots +it'll never happen because the symbiosis + + align:start position:0% +it'll never happen because the symbiosis + + + align:start position:0% +it'll never happen because the symbiosis +of humans and machines is more powerful + + align:start position:0% +of humans and machines is more powerful + + + align:start position:0% +of humans and machines is more powerful +than the machines alone or the humans + + align:start position:0% +than the machines alone or the humans + + + align:start position:0% +than the machines alone or the humans +alone but I don't think that we can deny + + align:start position:0% +alone but I don't think that we can deny + + + align:start position:0% +alone but I don't think that we can deny +that certain jobs have been displaced or + + align:start position:0% +that certain jobs have been displaced or + + + align:start position:0% +that certain jobs have been displaced or +replaced by automated machines robotics + + align:start position:0% +replaced by automated machines robotics + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by automated machines robotics +etc and although more jobs can be + + align:start position:0% +etc and although more jobs can be + + + align:start position:0% +etc and although more jobs can be +created in the future or as a result of + + align:start position:0% +created in the future or as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +created in the future or as a result of +improve + + align:start position:0% +improve + + + align:start position:0% +improve +technologies we can't really get around + + align:start position:0% +technologies we can't really get around + + + align:start position:0% +technologies we can't really get around +the fact I think that the people who do + + align:start position:0% +the fact I think that the people who do + + + align:start position:0% +the fact I think that the people who do +lose those jobs often have have families + + align:start position:0% +lose those jobs often have have families + + + align:start position:0% +lose those jobs often have have families +and then as we've been talking earlier + + align:start position:0% +and then as we've been talking earlier + + + align:start position:0% +and then as we've been talking earlier +today then they're out of the game they + + align:start position:0% +today then they're out of the game they + + + align:start position:0% +today then they're out of the game they +don't go back for a four-year like an + + align:start position:0% +don't go back for a four-year like an + + + align:start position:0% +don't go back for a four-year like an +advanced degree because oh now I need a + + align:start position:0% +advanced degree because oh now I need a + + + align:start position:0% +advanced degree because oh now I need a +PhD or a master's degree but they're + + align:start position:0% +PhD or a master's degree but they're + + + align:start position:0% +PhD or a master's degree but they're +often permanently unemployed or + + align:start position:0% +often permanently unemployed or + + + align:start position:0% +often permanently unemployed or +displaced into other like service + + align:start position:0% +displaced into other like service + + + align:start position:0% +displaced into other like service +sectors so I like ya David Mindell + + align:start position:0% +sectors so I like ya David Mindell + + + align:start position:0% +sectors so I like ya David Mindell +you're right we're probably never gonna + + align:start position:0% +you're right we're probably never gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you're right we're probably never gonna +be completely autonomous but then again + + align:start position:0% +be completely autonomous but then again + + + align:start position:0% +be completely autonomous but then again +there are there are jobs like you can't + + align:start position:0% +there are there are jobs like you can't + + + align:start position:0% +there are there are jobs like you can't +deny I wouldn't necessarily say + + align:start position:0% +deny I wouldn't necessarily say + + + align:start position:0% +deny I wouldn't necessarily say +hypocritical but maybe biased I he's + + align:start position:0% +hypocritical but maybe biased I he's + + + align:start position:0% +hypocritical but maybe biased I he's +never gonna be out of it he's the person + + align:start position:0% +never gonna be out of it he's the person + + + align:start position:0% +never gonna be out of it he's the person +who ended the technological race cuz yes + + align:start position:0% +who ended the technological race cuz yes + + + align:start position:0% +who ended the technological race cuz yes +the technological race you know + + align:start position:0% +the technological race you know + + + align:start position:0% +the technological race you know +symbiosis is very real for the + + align:start position:0% +symbiosis is very real for the + + + align:start position:0% +symbiosis is very real for the +scientists and engineers limits have + + align:start position:0% +scientists and engineers limits have + + + align:start position:0% +scientists and engineers limits have +been extended by these certain types of + + align:start position:0% +been extended by these certain types of + + + align:start position:0% +been extended by these certain types of +endeavors but I've never gotten to that + + align:start position:0% +endeavors but I've never gotten to that + + + align:start position:0% +endeavors but I've never gotten to that +level of education in the first place he + + align:start position:0% +level of education in the first place he + + + align:start position:0% +level of education in the first place he +he points it out like ok yes there are + + align:start position:0% +he points it out like ok yes there are + + + align:start position:0% +he points it out like ok yes there are +people in manufacturing jobs get + + align:start position:0% +people in manufacturing jobs get + + + align:start position:0% +people in manufacturing jobs get +replaced but it's similar to how I think + + align:start position:0% +replaced but it's similar to how I think + + + align:start position:0% +replaced but it's similar to how I think +it was one of the other readings for + + align:start position:0% +it was one of the other readings for + + + align:start position:0% +it was one of the other readings for +they were saying that the know people + + align:start position:0% +they were saying that the know people + + + align:start position:0% +they were saying that the know people +who would have to light lamps in the + + align:start position:0% +who would have to light lamps in the + + + align:start position:0% +who would have to light lamps in the +street got replaced by electrical lights + + align:start position:0% +street got replaced by electrical lights + + + align:start position:0% +street got replaced by electrical lights +or people who would shout news to + + align:start position:0% +or people who would shout news to + + + align:start position:0% +or people who would shout news to +factory workers were replaced by radios + + align:start position:0% +factory workers were replaced by radios + + + align:start position:0% +factory workers were replaced by radios +you know it's gonna happen you know it's + + align:start position:0% +you know it's gonna happen you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's gonna happen you know it's +gonna happen oh it sucks but it happens + + align:start position:0% +gonna happen oh it sucks but it happens + + + align:start position:0% +gonna happen oh it sucks but it happens +that's how progress op worker could be + + align:start position:0% +that's how progress op worker could be + + + align:start position:0% +that's how progress op worker could be +you know it's it's not I don't know + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's not I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's not I don't know +really what Sid what's what's the + + align:start position:0% +really what Sid what's what's the + + + align:start position:0% +really what Sid what's what's the +alternative stop progressing because + + align:start position:0% +alternative stop progressing because + + + align:start position:0% +alternative stop progressing because +then other countries start progressing + + align:start position:0% +then other countries start progressing + + + align:start position:0% +then other countries start progressing +and then you're left behind they know + + align:start position:0% +and then you're left behind they know + + + align:start position:0% +and then you're left behind they know +everyone's unemployed because now your + + align:start position:0% +everyone's unemployed because now your + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's unemployed because now your +country doesn't have money that's not + + align:start position:0% +country doesn't have money that's not + + + align:start position:0% +country doesn't have money that's not +just wanted to make a quick point about + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to make a quick point about + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to make a quick point about +the concept of fetishization because I + + align:start position:0% +the concept of fetishization because I + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of fetishization because I +feel like your finishes issue yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +feel like your finishes issue yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +feel like your finishes issue yeah yeah +because I mean I think I mean at least + + align:start position:0% +because I mean I think I mean at least + + + align:start position:0% +because I mean I think I mean at least +in my understanding fetishization and + + align:start position:0% +in my understanding fetishization and + + + align:start position:0% +in my understanding fetishization and +postmodern philosophy is the process by + + align:start position:0% +postmodern philosophy is the process by + + + align:start position:0% +postmodern philosophy is the process by +which you love the idea of something so + + align:start position:0% +which you love the idea of something so + + + align:start position:0% +which you love the idea of something so +much that you relentlessly pursue it and + + align:start position:0% +much that you relentlessly pursue it and + + + align:start position:0% +much that you relentlessly pursue it and +then you continue you know + + align:start position:0% +then you continue you know + + + align:start position:0% +then you continue you know +operating in the pursuit of that right + + align:start position:0% +operating in the pursuit of that right + + + align:start position:0% +operating in the pursuit of that right +and I don't the question mark you know + + align:start position:0% +and I don't the question mark you know + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't the question mark you know +as much as I love technology and as I'm + + align:start position:0% +as much as I love technology and as I'm + + + align:start position:0% +as much as I love technology and as I'm +fascinated by it and as much as you know + + align:start position:0% +fascinated by it and as much as you know + + + align:start position:0% +fascinated by it and as much as you know +I someday maybe want to be an engineer + + align:start position:0% +I someday maybe want to be an engineer + + + align:start position:0% +I someday maybe want to be an engineer +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +I ask myself like how is it that we have + + align:start position:0% +I ask myself like how is it that we have + + + align:start position:0% +I ask myself like how is it that we have +come so far in autonomous would be quite + + align:start position:0% +come so far in autonomous would be quite + + + align:start position:0% +come so far in autonomous would be quite +pleased with our technology and we can + + align:start position:0% +pleased with our technology and we can + + + align:start position:0% +pleased with our technology and we can +get more public bus routes right look + + align:start position:0% +get more public bus routes right look + + + align:start position:0% +get more public bus routes right look +that's a it doesn't like it doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +that's a it doesn't like it doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +that's a it doesn't like it doesn't seem +like a trade off to people but to me + + align:start position:0% +like a trade off to people but to me + + + align:start position:0% +like a trade off to people but to me +that's an enormous concern and I'm + + align:start position:0% +that's an enormous concern and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's an enormous concern and I'm +constantly looking up questions like + + align:start position:0% +constantly looking up questions like + + + align:start position:0% +constantly looking up questions like +this on Quora and people are like well + + align:start position:0% +this on Quora and people are like well + + + align:start position:0% +this on Quora and people are like well +it doesn't matter because they don't + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter because they don't + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter because they don't +have to be mutually exclusive well this + + align:start position:0% +have to be mutually exclusive well this + + + align:start position:0% +have to be mutually exclusive well this +is that this is the whole problem with + + align:start position:0% +is that this is the whole problem with + + + align:start position:0% +is that this is the whole problem with +like a change in legacy sectors how do + + align:start position:0% +like a change in legacy sectors how do + + + align:start position:0% +like a change in legacy sectors how do +you introduce innovation in the legacy + + align:start position:0% +you introduce innovation in the legacy + + + align:start position:0% +you introduce innovation in the legacy +seconds that's at the heart of that kind + + align:start position:0% +seconds that's at the heart of that kind + + + align:start position:0% +seconds that's at the heart of that kind +of question and no changing a public + + align:start position:0% +of question and no changing a public + + + align:start position:0% +of question and no changing a public +transportation system an established + + align:start position:0% +transportation system an established + + + align:start position:0% +transportation system an established +sector may in many ways be far harder + + align:start position:0% +sector may in many ways be far harder + + + align:start position:0% +sector may in many ways be far harder +than in inducing the completely + + align:start position:0% +than in inducing the completely + + + align:start position:0% +than in inducing the completely +disruptive technology that's completely + + align:start position:0% +disruptive technology that's completely + + + align:start position:0% +disruptive technology that's completely +outside the scope of an existing realm + + align:start position:0% +outside the scope of an existing realm + + + align:start position:0% +outside the scope of an existing realm +with what bill was saying before where + + align:start position:0% +with what bill was saying before where + + + align:start position:0% +with what bill was saying before where +like the city driving is unbelievably + + align:start position:0% +like the city driving is unbelievably + + + align:start position:0% +like the city driving is unbelievably +difficult and we probably will never get + + align:start position:0% +difficult and we probably will never get + + + align:start position:0% +difficult and we probably will never get +autonomous city driving + + align:start position:0% +autonomous city driving + + + align:start position:0% +autonomous city driving +well I might say never this is more than + + align:start position:0% +well I might say never this is more than + + + align:start position:0% +well I might say never this is more than +it this is more than a decade of a + + align:start position:0% +it this is more than a decade of a + + + align:start position:0% +it this is more than a decade of a +problem yeah why are you so curious like + + align:start position:0% +problem yeah why are you so curious like + + + align:start position:0% +problem yeah why are you so curious like +why do we view why do we view reason + + align:start position:0% +why do we view why do we view reason + + + align:start position:0% +why do we view why do we view reason +some I'm not gonna say nearly impossible + + align:start position:0% +some I'm not gonna say nearly impossible + + + align:start position:0% +some I'm not gonna say nearly impossible +he's incredibly technically challenging + + align:start position:0% +he's incredibly technically challenging + + + align:start position:0% +he's incredibly technically challenging +problems as more solvable than getting + + align:start position:0% +problems as more solvable than getting + + + align:start position:0% +problems as more solvable than getting +more public buses on the route like why + + align:start position:0% +more public buses on the route like why + + + align:start position:0% +more public buses on the route like why +do we have more persistence and + + align:start position:0% +do we have more persistence and + + + align:start position:0% +do we have more persistence and +resilience when it comes to because it's + + align:start position:0% +resilience when it comes to because it's + + + align:start position:0% +resilience when it comes to because it's +a frontier territory and the barriers + + align:start position:0% +a frontier territory and the barriers + + + align:start position:0% +a frontier territory and the barriers +aren't in the way right talk about + + align:start position:0% +aren't in the way right talk about + + + align:start position:0% +aren't in the way right talk about +trains literally public buses no I think + + align:start position:0% +trains literally public buses no I think + + + align:start position:0% +trains literally public buses no I think +we were trying to get at it's like + + align:start position:0% +we were trying to get at it's like + + + align:start position:0% +we were trying to get at it's like +there's no like barriers to like figure + + align:start position:0% +there's no like barriers to like figure + + + align:start position:0% +there's no like barriers to like figure +out what the new autonomous vehicle is + + align:start position:0% +out what the new autonomous vehicle is + + + align:start position:0% +out what the new autonomous vehicle is +because there's no existing + + align:start position:0% +because there's no existing + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no existing +infrastructure on the pharmaceuticals + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure on the pharmaceuticals + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure on the pharmaceuticals +that I have to over whereas in order to + + align:start position:0% +that I have to over whereas in order to + + + align:start position:0% +that I have to over whereas in order to +get new public restaurants I have to + + align:start position:0% +get new public restaurants I have to + + + align:start position:0% +get new public restaurants I have to +like like contend with the established + + align:start position:0% +like like contend with the established + + + align:start position:0% +like like contend with the established +system of public restaurants and kind of + + align:start position:0% +system of public restaurants and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +system of public restaurants and kind of +go for that I think you know I think + + align:start position:0% +go for that I think you know I think + + + align:start position:0% +go for that I think you know I think +there was a goober there's look at that + + align:start position:0% +there was a goober there's look at that + + + align:start position:0% +there was a goober there's look at that +start of those like uber buffer buses + + align:start position:0% +start of those like uber buffer buses + + + align:start position:0% +start of those like uber buffer buses +which is like we're optimized for people + + align:start position:0% +which is like we're optimized for people + + + align:start position:0% +which is like we're optimized for people +who's + + align:start position:0% +who's + + + align:start position:0% +who's +yes yeah just like just a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah just like just a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah just like just a lot of the +finances about the economic cycle + + align:start position:0% +finances about the economic cycle + + + align:start position:0% +finances about the economic cycle +doesn't turn continuously run seascape + + align:start position:0% +doesn't turn continuously run seascape + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't turn continuously run seascape +well I mean a quick point I think you + + align:start position:0% +well I mean a quick point I think you + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean a quick point I think you +brought a really good point in terms of + + align:start position:0% +brought a really good point in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +brought a really good point in terms of +like in people writing these papers I'm + + align:start position:0% +like in people writing these papers I'm + + + align:start position:0% +like in people writing these papers I'm +I was at a talk by a diplomat unlike + + align:start position:0% +I was at a talk by a diplomat unlike + + + align:start position:0% +I was at a talk by a diplomat unlike +Trump in Mexico he was really funny term + + align:start position:0% +Trump in Mexico he was really funny term + + + align:start position:0% +Trump in Mexico he was really funny term +where he's like yeah it's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +where he's like yeah it's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +where he's like yeah it's an interesting +to like read a lot of these papers + + align:start position:0% +to like read a lot of these papers + + + align:start position:0% +to like read a lot of these papers +because a lot of them are like when tech + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of them are like when tech + + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of them are like when tech +millionaires talk about yeah we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +millionaires talk about yeah we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +millionaires talk about yeah we're gonna +do this and help but the the moment or + + align:start position:0% +do this and help but the the moment or + + + align:start position:0% +do this and help but the the moment or +go into their dinner he's like yeah + + align:start position:0% +go into their dinner he's like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +go into their dinner he's like yeah +they're kind of like limousine liberals + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of like limousine liberals + + + align:start position:0% +they're kind of like limousine liberals +which I thought was really funny term + + align:start position:0% +which I thought was really funny term + + + align:start position:0% +which I thought was really funny term +rules but I think there's the people + + align:start position:0% +rules but I think there's the people + + + align:start position:0% +rules but I think there's the people +that creep in there's also a Chinese + + align:start position:0% +that creep in there's also a Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +that creep in there's also a Chinese +saying which is much better to walk + + align:start position:0% +saying which is much better to walk + + + align:start position:0% +saying which is much better to walk +10,000 miles and talk to people on the + + align:start position:0% +10,000 miles and talk to people on the + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 miles and talk to people on the +way than to read 10,000 books that I + + align:start position:0% +way than to read 10,000 books that I + + + align:start position:0% +way than to read 10,000 books that I +need is really true where it's like okay + + align:start position:0% +need is really true where it's like okay + + + align:start position:0% +need is really true where it's like okay +you familiar with Ellen it's a great + + align:start position:0% +you familiar with Ellen it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +you familiar with Ellen it's a great +line Martina I want to use it myself but + + align:start position:0% +line Martina I want to use it myself but + + + align:start position:0% +line Martina I want to use it myself but +I wanted a valid it's an old term that + + align:start position:0% +I wanted a valid it's an old term that + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted a valid it's an old term that +turns really you know classify this + + align:start position:0% +turns really you know classify this + + + align:start position:0% +turns really you know classify this +looking valley libertarianism yeah but I + + align:start position:0% +looking valley libertarianism yeah but I + + + align:start position:0% +looking valley libertarianism yeah but I +think I think the big issues that we + + align:start position:0% +think I think the big issues that we + + + align:start position:0% +think I think the big issues that we +really need to started talking to you + + align:start position:0% +really need to started talking to you + + + align:start position:0% +really need to started talking to you +guys the people on the street and like + + align:start position:0% +guys the people on the street and like + + + align:start position:0% +guys the people on the street and like +what they get what they're thinking what + + align:start position:0% +what they get what they're thinking what + + + align:start position:0% +what they get what they're thinking what +they think about the issue rather than + + align:start position:0% +they think about the issue rather than + + + align:start position:0% +they think about the issue rather than +it dislike this could be also put into + + align:start position:0% +it dislike this could be also put into + + + align:start position:0% +it dislike this could be also put into +practice because in fragments can be a + + align:start position:0% +practice because in fragments can be a + + + align:start position:0% +practice because in fragments can be a +lot of different things and the way + + align:start position:0% +lot of different things and the way + + + align:start position:0% +lot of different things and the way +people most people just want to do good + + align:start position:0% +people most people just want to do good + + + align:start position:0% +people most people just want to do good +and sometimes of what their worries + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes of what their worries + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes of what their worries +I'm clouded by the way I view those + + align:start position:0% +I'm clouded by the way I view those + + + align:start position:0% +I'm clouded by the way I view those +words you know I mean I'm just really + + align:start position:0% +words you know I mean I'm just really + + + align:start position:0% +words you know I mean I'm just really +perplexed by the fact that people will + + align:start position:0% +perplexed by the fact that people will + + + align:start position:0% +perplexed by the fact that people will +spend 50 years trying to develop a + + align:start position:0% +spend 50 years trying to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +spend 50 years trying to develop a +technology but like in two months right + + align:start position:0% +technology but like in two months right + + + align:start position:0% +technology but like in two months right +or two years you can't increase support + + align:start position:0% +or two years you can't increase support + + + align:start position:0% +or two years you can't increase support +for polite transit like then not I think + + align:start position:0% +for polite transit like then not I think + + + align:start position:0% +for polite transit like then not I think +it's to me like what's insane about and + + align:start position:0% +it's to me like what's insane about and + + + align:start position:0% +it's to me like what's insane about and +I think the public sign it because of + + align:start position:0% +I think the public sign it because of + + + align:start position:0% +I think the public sign it because of +the nature of the good one is public + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the good one is public + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the good one is public +good and the other one is marketable + + align:start position:0% +good and the other one is marketable + + + align:start position:0% +good and the other one is marketable +tradable yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we we have these snapchats companies + + align:start position:0% +we we have these snapchats companies + + + align:start position:0% +we we have these snapchats companies +they still get something before we have + + align:start position:0% +they still get something before we have + + + align:start position:0% +they still get something before we have +this big players and also because it's + + align:start position:0% +this big players and also because it's + + + align:start position:0% +this big players and also because it's +easier maybe now for you know a group of + + align:start position:0% +easier maybe now for you know a group of + + + align:start position:0% +easier maybe now for you know a group of +twenty to thirty scientists and + + align:start position:0% +twenty to thirty scientists and + + + align:start position:0% +twenty to thirty scientists and +engineers to make a Mars rover and four + + align:start position:0% +engineers to make a Mars rover and four + + + align:start position:0% +engineers to make a Mars rover and four +have that to be a successful mission and + + align:start position:0% +have that to be a successful mission and + + + align:start position:0% +have that to be a successful mission and +you know for how but to have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you know for how but to have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you know for how but to have a lot of +little things like that where they can + + align:start position:0% +little things like that where they can + + + align:start position:0% +little things like that where they can +define how they want their innovation to + + align:start position:0% +define how they want their innovation to + + + align:start position:0% +define how they want their innovation to +operate before we can then take that + + align:start position:0% +operate before we can then take that + + + align:start position:0% +operate before we can then take that +infrastructure that is established by + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure that is established by + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure that is established by +those those pioneers and apply it to you + + align:start position:0% +those those pioneers and apply it to you + + + align:start position:0% +those those pioneers and apply it to you +know interestingly Sunday's sermon makes + + align:start position:0% +know interestingly Sunday's sermon makes + + + align:start position:0% +know interestingly Sunday's sermon makes +the argument of MIT he makes the + + align:start position:0% +the argument of MIT he makes the + + + align:start position:0% +the argument of MIT he makes the +argument that we're not going to get to + + align:start position:0% +argument that we're not going to get to + + + align:start position:0% +argument that we're not going to get to +anything resembling autonomous vehicles + + align:start position:0% +anything resembling autonomous vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +anything resembling autonomous vehicles +until we integrate the systems were + + align:start position:0% +until we integrate the systems were + + + align:start position:0% +until we integrate the systems were +developing into the infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +developing into the infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +developing into the infrastructure +itself in other words suppose rather + + align:start position:0% +itself in other words suppose rather + + + align:start position:0% +itself in other words suppose rather +than trying to make the vehicle entirely + + align:start position:0% +than trying to make the vehicle entirely + + + align:start position:0% +than trying to make the vehicle entirely +independent of everything that's around + + align:start position:0% +independent of everything that's around + + + align:start position:0% +independent of everything that's around +at people everything that's around right + + align:start position:0% +at people everything that's around right + + + align:start position:0% +at people everything that's around right +suppose we integrated the vehicle into a + + align:start position:0% +suppose we integrated the vehicle into a + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we integrated the vehicle into a +new set of smart infrastructure so in + + align:start position:0% +new set of smart infrastructure so in + + + align:start position:0% +new set of smart infrastructure so in +effect there are rails for every car + + align:start position:0% +effect there are rails for every car + + + align:start position:0% +effect there are rails for every car +right they just happen to be cyber rails + + align:start position:0% +right they just happen to be cyber rails + + + align:start position:0% +right they just happen to be cyber rails +and that would simplify all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +and that would simplify all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +and that would simplify all kinds of +things in the itami project yeah right + + align:start position:0% +things in the itami project yeah right + + + align:start position:0% +things in the itami project yeah right +exactly right so in other words making + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so in other words making + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so in other words making +the infrastructure smart in parallel + + align:start position:0% +the infrastructure smart in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +the infrastructure smart in parallel +with making the vehicle smart radically + + align:start position:0% +with making the vehicle smart radically + + + align:start position:0% +with making the vehicle smart radically +resolves a lot of the problems here and + + align:start position:0% +resolves a lot of the problems here and + + + align:start position:0% +resolves a lot of the problems here and +yet we haven't even thought about that + + align:start position:0% +yet we haven't even thought about that + + + align:start position:0% +yet we haven't even thought about that +were so busy embarked on making the + + align:start position:0% +were so busy embarked on making the + + + align:start position:0% +were so busy embarked on making the +vehicle totally in a pennant that we + + align:start position:0% +vehicle totally in a pennant that we + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle totally in a pennant that we +haven't even thought about a much more + + align:start position:0% +haven't even thought about a much more + + + align:start position:0% +haven't even thought about a much more +logical path he would argue which is to + + align:start position:0% +logical path he would argue which is to + + + align:start position:0% +logical path he would argue which is to +upgrade the infrastructure at the same + + align:start position:0% +upgrade the infrastructure at the same + + + align:start position:0% +upgrade the infrastructure at the same +time we're upgrading the vehicles + + align:start position:0% +time we're upgrading the vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +time we're upgrading the vehicles +Andy argues what's gonna happen to + + align:start position:0% +Andy argues what's gonna happen to + + + align:start position:0% +Andy argues what's gonna happen to +people right well you've got a massive + + align:start position:0% +people right well you've got a massive + + + align:start position:0% +people right well you've got a massive +infrastructure upgrade which is going to + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure upgrade which is going to + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure upgrade which is going to +be heavy employment focused right it's a + + align:start position:0% +be heavy employment focused right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +be heavy employment focused right it's a +significant kind of offset we have any + + align:start position:0% +significant kind of offset we have any + + + align:start position:0% +significant kind of offset we have any +thought about doing that right and that + + align:start position:0% +thought about doing that right and that + + + align:start position:0% +thought about doing that right and that +gets into in a way some of the issues + + align:start position:0% +gets into in a way some of the issues + + + align:start position:0% +gets into in a way some of the issues +that that you're talking about and + + align:start position:0% +that that you're talking about and + + + align:start position:0% +that that you're talking about and +what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +what's interesting +in the article that I conducted with the + + align:start position:0% +in the article that I conducted with the + + + align:start position:0% +in the article that I conducted with the +co-founder of mechanics he said that the + + align:start position:0% +co-founder of mechanics he said that the + + + align:start position:0% +co-founder of mechanics he said that the +the firms that he has talked to her and + + align:start position:0% +the firms that he has talked to her and + + + align:start position:0% +the firms that he has talked to her and +you taught me specifically you know not + + align:start position:0% +you taught me specifically you know not + + + align:start position:0% +you taught me specifically you know not +to you know sort of speak throw them + + align:start position:0% +to you know sort of speak throw them + + + align:start position:0% +to you know sort of speak throw them +under the bus but they don't think that + + align:start position:0% +under the bus but they don't think that + + + align:start position:0% +under the bus but they don't think that +those are considerations that are fallen + + align:start position:0% +those are considerations that are fallen + + + align:start position:0% +those are considerations that are fallen +their domain they think that the market + + align:start position:0% +their domain they think that the market + + + align:start position:0% +their domain they think that the market +is at some point going to decide these + + align:start position:0% +is at some point going to decide these + + + align:start position:0% +is at some point going to decide these +things for them and so they should just + + align:start position:0% +things for them and so they should just + + + align:start position:0% +things for them and so they should just +worry on fixing the technology but if + + align:start position:0% +worry on fixing the technology but if + + + align:start position:0% +worry on fixing the technology but if +there's nothing that this class is + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that this class is + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that this class is +teaching us is that we need to include + + align:start position:0% +teaching us is that we need to include + + + align:start position:0% +teaching us is that we need to include +these considerations within the research + + align:start position:0% +these considerations within the research + + + align:start position:0% +these considerations within the research +and development process even at the + + align:start position:0% +and development process even at the + + + align:start position:0% +and development process even at the +basic or early stages right so Sonam how + + align:start position:0% +basic or early stages right so Sonam how + + + align:start position:0% +basic or early stages right so Sonam how +about a closing thought on David Mindell + + align:start position:0% +about a closing thought on David Mindell + + + align:start position:0% +about a closing thought on David Mindell +we've had a robust discussion thank you + + align:start position:0% +we've had a robust discussion thank you + + + align:start position:0% +we've had a robust discussion thank you +all I think everybody got into it this + + align:start position:0% +all I think everybody got into it this + + + align:start position:0% +all I think everybody got into it this +time I think it's interesting that this + + align:start position:0% +time I think it's interesting that this + + + align:start position:0% +time I think it's interesting that this +debate about ecology raises some really + + align:start position:0% +debate about ecology raises some really + + + align:start position:0% +debate about ecology raises some really +philosophical questions first about what + + align:start position:0% +philosophical questions first about what + + + align:start position:0% +philosophical questions first about what +we're talking about humans trust and + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about humans trust and + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about humans trust and +agency when it comes to ecology and then + + align:start position:0% +agency when it comes to ecology and then + + + align:start position:0% +agency when it comes to ecology and then +also about you know what the goals + + align:start position:0% +also about you know what the goals + + + align:start position:0% +also about you know what the goals +should be of when you talk about + + align:start position:0% +should be of when you talk about + + + align:start position:0% +should be of when you talk about +integrating technology into deeper and + + align:start position:0% +integrating technology into deeper and + + + align:start position:0% +integrating technology into deeper and +deeper parts of human life like what + + align:start position:0% +deeper parts of human life like what + + + align:start position:0% +deeper parts of human life like what +should the goals see how much did how + + align:start position:0% +should the goals see how much did how + + + align:start position:0% +should the goals see how much did how +much should there be intervention on and + + align:start position:0% +much should there be intervention on and + + + align:start position:0% +much should there be intervention on and +like how can we improve the overall + + align:start position:0% +like how can we improve the overall + + + align:start position:0% +like how can we improve the overall +infrastructure so I think it's just some + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure so I think it's just some + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure so I think it's just some +you know I think simply about how this + + align:start position:0% +you know I think simply about how this + + + align:start position:0% +you know I think simply about how this +is like engineering its philosophical + + align:start position:0% +is like engineering its philosophical + + + align:start position:0% +is like engineering its philosophical +best so I think good point good closing + + align:start position:0% +best so I think good point good closing + + + align:start position:0% +best so I think good point good closing +points in them all right one more to go + + align:start position:0% +points in them all right one more to go + + + align:start position:0% +points in them all right one more to go +and you're back to me you could be the + + align:start position:0% +and you're back to me you could be the + + + align:start position:0% +and you're back to me you could be the +judge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but that is the cover of my next book + + align:start position:0% +but that is the cover of my next book + + + align:start position:0% +but that is the cover of my next book +written with Peter Singer these are both + + align:start position:0% +written with Peter Singer these are both + + + align:start position:0% +written with Peter Singer these are both +Peter and I out hiking his mother took + + align:start position:0% +Peter and I out hiking his mother took + + + align:start position:0% +Peter and I out hiking his mother took +that picture my wife took that picture + + align:start position:0% +that picture my wife took that picture + + + align:start position:0% +that picture my wife took that picture +but this is a as you saw a chapter that + + align:start position:0% +but this is a as you saw a chapter that + + + align:start position:0% +but this is a as you saw a chapter that +it's actually going through a fair + + align:start position:0% +it's actually going through a fair + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually going through a fair +amount of revision since the from the + + align:start position:0% +amount of revision since the from the + + + align:start position:0% +amount of revision since the from the +version you've got but it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +version you've got but it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +version you've got but it's it's an +attempt to kind of wrestle with this + + align:start position:0% +attempt to kind of wrestle with this + + + align:start position:0% +attempt to kind of wrestle with this +kind of movement here around the future + + align:start position:0% +kind of movement here around the future + + + align:start position:0% +kind of movement here around the future +of work and you know and this concept + + align:start position:0% +of work and you know and this concept + + + align:start position:0% +of work and you know and this concept +that people are gonna get displaced by + + align:start position:0% +that people are gonna get displaced by + + + align:start position:0% +that people are gonna get displaced by +automation this has been with us for a + + align:start position:0% +automation this has been with us for a + + + align:start position:0% +automation this has been with us for a +long time right so the first major + + align:start position:0% +long time right so the first major + + + align:start position:0% +long time right so the first major +episode is really in Britain in 1815 + + align:start position:0% +episode is really in Britain in 1815 + + + align:start position:0% +episode is really in Britain in 1815 +around the Luddite movement and there + + align:start position:0% +around the Luddite movement and there + + + align:start position:0% +around the Luddite movement and there +with with Weaver's Smashing automated + + align:start position:0% +with with Weaver's Smashing automated + + + align:start position:0% +with with Weaver's Smashing automated +looms right that are putting them out of + + align:start position:0% +looms right that are putting them out of + + + align:start position:0% +looms right that are putting them out of +work right and eventually the entire a + + align:start position:0% +work right and eventually the entire a + + + align:start position:0% +work right and eventually the entire a +whole division of the British Army like + + align:start position:0% +whole division of the British Army like + + + align:start position:0% +whole division of the British Army like +15,000 British soldiers get pulled in to + + align:start position:0% +15,000 British soldiers get pulled in to + + + align:start position:0% +15,000 British soldiers get pulled in to +put down this pretty significant + + align:start position:0% +put down this pretty significant + + + align:start position:0% +put down this pretty significant +movement in Britain so that's the first + + align:start position:0% +movement in Britain so that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +movement in Britain so that's the first +episode there we regularly go through + + align:start position:0% +episode there we regularly go through + + + align:start position:0% +episode there we regularly go through +this debate about every 30 years roughly + + align:start position:0% +this debate about every 30 years roughly + + + align:start position:0% +this debate about every 30 years roughly +in nine in 1950 I mentioned this before + + align:start position:0% +in nine in 1950 I mentioned this before + + + align:start position:0% +in nine in 1950 I mentioned this before +but Norbert Wiener painted this very + + align:start position:0% +but Norbert Wiener painted this very + + + align:start position:0% +but Norbert Wiener painted this very +dark vision of computers displacing + + align:start position:0% +dark vision of computers displacing + + + align:start position:0% +dark vision of computers displacing +people it took us a long time to evolve + + align:start position:0% +people it took us a long time to evolve + + + align:start position:0% +people it took us a long time to evolve +in the Licklider vision in the 1960s + + align:start position:0% +in the Licklider vision in the 1960s + + + align:start position:0% +in the Licklider vision in the 1960s +there was huge anxiety about workforce + + align:start position:0% +there was huge anxiety about workforce + + + align:start position:0% +there was huge anxiety about workforce +automation as a number of new + + align:start position:0% +automation as a number of new + + + align:start position:0% +automation as a number of new +technologies are being introduced into + + align:start position:0% +technologies are being introduced into + + + align:start position:0% +technologies are being introduced into +the industrial processes in 1915 that + + align:start position:0% +the industrial processes in 1915 that + + + align:start position:0% +the industrial processes in 1915 that +concern in 2015 that concern came right + + align:start position:0% +concern in 2015 that concern came right + + + align:start position:0% +concern in 2015 that concern came right +back that a mix of artificial + + align:start position:0% +back that a mix of artificial + + + align:start position:0% +back that a mix of artificial +intelligence machine learning robotics + + align:start position:0% +intelligence machine learning robotics + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence machine learning robotics +was going to be very threatening this is + + align:start position:0% +was going to be very threatening this is + + + align:start position:0% +was going to be very threatening this is +an old debate so the famous economist + + align:start position:0% +an old debate so the famous economist + + + align:start position:0% +an old debate so the famous economist +John Maynard Keynes once famously wrote + + align:start position:0% +John Maynard Keynes once famously wrote + + + align:start position:0% +John Maynard Keynes once famously wrote +thus we have been expressly evolved by + + align:start position:0% +thus we have been expressly evolved by + + + align:start position:0% +thus we have been expressly evolved by +nature with all our impulses and deepest + + align:start position:0% +nature with all our impulses and deepest + + + align:start position:0% +nature with all our impulses and deepest +instincts for the purpose of solving the + + align:start position:0% +instincts for the purpose of solving the + + + align:start position:0% +instincts for the purpose of solving the +economic problem if the economic problem + + align:start position:0% +economic problem if the economic problem + + + align:start position:0% +economic problem if the economic problem +is solved making will be deprived of its + + align:start position:0% +is solved making will be deprived of its + + + align:start position:0% +is solved making will be deprived of its +tradition + + align:start position:0% +tradition + + + align:start position:0% +tradition +purpose in other words our lives are + + align:start position:0% +purpose in other words our lives are + + + align:start position:0% +purpose in other words our lives are +organized around our work in many many + + align:start position:0% +organized around our work in many many + + + align:start position:0% +organized around our work in many many +important kinds of ways and that's how + + align:start position:0% +important kinds of ways and that's how + + + align:start position:0% +important kinds of ways and that's how +our lives get meaning and if we're + + align:start position:0% +our lives get meaning and if we're + + + align:start position:0% +our lives get meaning and if we're +blowing up the work model what's gonna + + align:start position:0% +blowing up the work model what's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +blowing up the work model what's gonna +happen right but the important point to + + align:start position:0% +happen right but the important point to + + + align:start position:0% +happen right but the important point to +realize here is there's no sign of that + + align:start position:0% +realize here is there's no sign of that + + + align:start position:0% +realize here is there's no sign of that +yet right the American workweek is 47 + + align:start position:0% +yet right the American workweek is 47 + + + align:start position:0% +yet right the American workweek is 47 +hours at this point so it's we're some + + align:start position:0% +hours at this point so it's we're some + + + align:start position:0% +hours at this point so it's we're some +distance away from this we have time to + + align:start position:0% +distance away from this we have time to + + + align:start position:0% +distance away from this we have time to +reflect on this if we ever indeed come + + align:start position:0% +reflect on this if we ever indeed come + + + align:start position:0% +reflect on this if we ever indeed come +close to that kind of level of + + align:start position:0% +close to that kind of level of + + + align:start position:0% +close to that kind of level of +realization + + align:start position:0% +realization + + + align:start position:0% +realization +I just wanted to expose you to this + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to expose you to this + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to expose you to this +famous Keynes point because Keynes is + + align:start position:0% +famous Keynes point because Keynes is + + + align:start position:0% +famous Keynes point because Keynes is +thinking about this in the midst of the + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this in the midst of the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this in the midst of the +depression right he's thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +depression right he's thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +depression right he's thinking about the +whole future at work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the back the backdrop that we're + + align:start position:0% +so the back the backdrop that we're + + + align:start position:0% +so the back the backdrop that we're +facing now is significant work + + align:start position:0% +facing now is significant work + + + align:start position:0% +facing now is significant work +disruption and we've talked a lot about + + align:start position:0% +disruption and we've talked a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +disruption and we've talked a lot about +that today + + align:start position:0% +that today + + + align:start position:0% +that today +half of the manufacturing jobs as we + + align:start position:0% +half of the manufacturing jobs as we + + + align:start position:0% +half of the manufacturing jobs as we +talked back in class number three were + + align:start position:0% +talked back in class number three were + + + align:start position:0% +talked back in class number three were +lost between 2000 and 2010 and we saw + + align:start position:0% +lost between 2000 and 2010 and we saw + + + align:start position:0% +lost between 2000 and 2010 and we saw +the data on median income decline and we + + align:start position:0% +the data on median income decline and we + + + align:start position:0% +the data on median income decline and we +talked about the barbell problem and + + align:start position:0% +talked about the barbell problem and + + + align:start position:0% +talked about the barbell problem and +Brynjolfsson and McAfee paint a picture + + align:start position:0% +Brynjolfsson and McAfee paint a picture + + + align:start position:0% +Brynjolfsson and McAfee paint a picture +of technological job displacement and + + align:start position:0% +of technological job displacement and + + + align:start position:0% +of technological job displacement and +described the accelerating round of IT + + align:start position:0% +described the accelerating round of IT + + + align:start position:0% +described the accelerating round of IT +technologies that are headed towards the + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are headed towards the + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are headed towards the +workplace now when we read about + + align:start position:0% +workplace now when we read about + + + align:start position:0% +workplace now when we read about +advanced manufacturing right the fix for + + align:start position:0% +advanced manufacturing right the fix for + + + align:start position:0% +advanced manufacturing right the fix for +the manufacturing sector is full of new + + align:start position:0% +the manufacturing sector is full of new + + + align:start position:0% +the manufacturing sector is full of new +technologies like 3d printing and + + align:start position:0% +technologies like 3d printing and + + + align:start position:0% +technologies like 3d printing and +digital production and advanced sensors + + align:start position:0% +digital production and advanced sensors + + + align:start position:0% +digital production and advanced sensors +and photonics and you know a raft of + + align:start position:0% +and photonics and you know a raft of + + + align:start position:0% +and photonics and you know a raft of +advanced materials a raft of new + + align:start position:0% +advanced materials a raft of new + + + align:start position:0% +advanced materials a raft of new +technologies that are also going to be + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are also going to be + + + align:start position:0% +technologies that are also going to be +entering that sector to make that + + align:start position:0% +entering that sector to make that + + + align:start position:0% +entering that sector to make that +significantly more efficient and kind of + + align:start position:0% +significantly more efficient and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +significantly more efficient and kind of +get the u.s. back in the game that's the + + align:start position:0% +get the u.s. back in the game that's the + + + align:start position:0% +get the u.s. back in the game that's the +whole object of that exercise right so + + align:start position:0% +whole object of that exercise right so + + + align:start position:0% +whole object of that exercise right so +there are as a raft of new technologies + + align:start position:0% +there are as a raft of new technologies + + + align:start position:0% +there are as a raft of new technologies +that is handed from the IT world and + + align:start position:0% +that is handed from the IT world and + + + align:start position:0% +that is handed from the IT world and +elsewhere into the workplace that we're + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere into the workplace that we're + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere into the workplace that we're +all going to have to reckon with and + + align:start position:0% +all going to have to reckon with and + + + align:start position:0% +all going to have to reckon with and +there are technological dystopian so + + align:start position:0% +there are technological dystopian so + + + align:start position:0% +there are technological dystopian so +Martin Ford argues that there is a + + align:start position:0% +Martin Ford argues that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +Martin Ford argues that there is a +system of winner-take-all distribution + + align:start position:0% +system of winner-take-all distribution + + + align:start position:0% +system of winner-take-all distribution +that's evolving that the technology of + + align:start position:0% +that's evolving that the technology of + + + align:start position:0% +that's evolving that the technology of +software towards + + align:start position:0% +software towards + + + align:start position:0% +software towards +manopoly and the ability of computers to + + align:start position:0% +manopoly and the ability of computers to + + + align:start position:0% +manopoly and the ability of computers to +do more than their program for deep + + align:start position:0% +do more than their program for deep + + + align:start position:0% +do more than their program for deep +learning as it's called it's gonna push + + align:start position:0% +learning as it's called it's gonna push + + + align:start position:0% +learning as it's called it's gonna push +out a whole lower end that this + + align:start position:0% +out a whole lower end that this + + + align:start position:0% +out a whole lower end that this +winner-take-all distribution is going to + + align:start position:0% +winner-take-all distribution is going to + + + align:start position:0% +winner-take-all distribution is going to +be very disruptive to society + + align:start position:0% +be very disruptive to society + + + align:start position:0% +be very disruptive to society +David Cowan argues that the country will + + align:start position:0% +David Cowan argues that the country will + + + align:start position:0% +David Cowan argues that the country will +be divided by this technological advance + + align:start position:0% +be divided by this technological advance + + + align:start position:0% +be divided by this technological advance +into two countries will have a developed + + align:start position:0% +into two countries will have a developed + + + align:start position:0% +into two countries will have a developed +world and will have an undeveloped world + + align:start position:0% +world and will have an undeveloped world + + + align:start position:0% +world and will have an undeveloped world +in the United States and indeed Peter + + align:start position:0% +in the United States and indeed Peter + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States and indeed Peter +teaming of MIT The Economist has just + + align:start position:0% +teaming of MIT The Economist has just + + + align:start position:0% +teaming of MIT The Economist has just +written a book arguing that current + + align:start position:0% +written a book arguing that current + + + align:start position:0% +written a book arguing that current +inequality in the United States has + + align:start position:0% +inequality in the United States has + + + align:start position:0% +inequality in the United States has +reached such a level that the right + + align:start position:0% +reached such a level that the right + + + align:start position:0% +reached such a level that the right +comparison is to look at developing + + align:start position:0% +comparison is to look at developing + + + align:start position:0% +comparison is to look at developing +world economics in a u.s. context to + + align:start position:0% +world economics in a u.s. context to + + + align:start position:0% +world economics in a u.s. context to +understand it fully just for example + + align:start position:0% +understand it fully just for example + + + align:start position:0% +understand it fully just for example +Germany the lowest 20% compared to the + + align:start position:0% +Germany the lowest 20% compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +Germany the lowest 20% compared to the +highest 20% it's one to four right in + + align:start position:0% +highest 20% it's one to four right in + + + align:start position:0% +highest 20% it's one to four right in +the United States Louis 20 percent of + + align:start position:0% +the United States Louis 20 percent of + + + align:start position:0% +the United States Louis 20 percent of +the population income to the highest 20 + + align:start position:0% +the population income to the highest 20 + + + align:start position:0% +the population income to the highest 20 +percent is now 8 to 1 that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +percent is now 8 to 1 that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +percent is now 8 to 1 that's pretty +dramatic income inequality that's a + + align:start position:0% +dramatic income inequality that's a + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic income inequality that's a +pretty that's different than how the US + + align:start position:0% +pretty that's different than how the US + + + align:start position:0% +pretty that's different than how the US +was for the previous you know century in + + align:start position:0% +was for the previous you know century in + + + align:start position:0% +was for the previous you know century in +their second Machine Age book Eric and + + align:start position:0% +their second Machine Age book Eric and + + + align:start position:0% +their second Machine Age book Eric and +Andrew argued that the low-skilled + + align:start position:0% +Andrew argued that the low-skilled + + + align:start position:0% +Andrew argued that the low-skilled +replaced the middle skilled jobs that + + align:start position:0% +replaced the middle skilled jobs that + + + align:start position:0% +replaced the middle skilled jobs that +were displaced by technology they argue + + align:start position:0% +were displaced by technology they argue + + + align:start position:0% +were displaced by technology they argue +for Tax Policy as a fix here although as + + align:start position:0% +for Tax Policy as a fix here although as + + + align:start position:0% +for Tax Policy as a fix here although as +we've discussed and Russia she lit us + + align:start position:0% +we've discussed and Russia she lit us + + + align:start position:0% +we've discussed and Russia she lit us +into it that politically is a very tough + + align:start position:0% +into it that politically is a very tough + + + align:start position:0% +into it that politically is a very tough +proposition there are studies that + + align:start position:0% +proposition there are studies that + + + align:start position:0% +proposition there are studies that +project very high levels of + + align:start position:0% +project very high levels of + + + align:start position:0% +project very high levels of +technological job displacements so out + + align:start position:0% +technological job displacements so out + + + align:start position:0% +technological job displacements so out +of Oxford fry and Osborne look at + + align:start position:0% +of Oxford fry and Osborne look at + + + align:start position:0% +of Oxford fry and Osborne look at +occupational descriptions and conclude + + align:start position:0% +occupational descriptions and conclude + + + align:start position:0% +occupational descriptions and conclude +Oh 47 percent of all US jobs have high + + align:start position:0% +Oh 47 percent of all US jobs have high + + + align:start position:0% +Oh 47 percent of all US jobs have high +likelihood of being replaced by + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of being replaced by + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of being replaced by +automation Rob Atkinson and itî F has + + align:start position:0% +automation Rob Atkinson and itî F has + + + align:start position:0% +automation Rob Atkinson and itî F has +given a very strong critique of that + + align:start position:0% +given a very strong critique of that + + + align:start position:0% +given a very strong critique of that +study he argues that it assumes a highly + + align:start position:0% +study he argues that it assumes a highly + + + align:start position:0% +study he argues that it assumes a highly +unlikely 3% labor productivity rate the + + align:start position:0% +unlikely 3% labor productivity rate the + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely 3% labor productivity rate the +advent of all this automation you know + + align:start position:0% +advent of all this automation you know + + + align:start position:0% +advent of all this automation you know +we haven't seen that since the nineteen + + align:start position:0% +we haven't seen that since the nineteen + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't seen that since the nineteen +century so don't expect it to happen + + align:start position:0% +century so don't expect it to happen + + + align:start position:0% +century so don't expect it to happen +anytime soon Atkinson argues he also is + + align:start position:0% +anytime soon Atkinson argues he also is + + + align:start position:0% +anytime soon Atkinson argues he also is +they also they argue that flying Osborne + + align:start position:0% +they also they argue that flying Osborne + + + align:start position:0% +they also they argue that flying Osborne +engaged and in a lump of Labor fallacy + + align:start position:0% +engaged and in a lump of Labor fallacy + + + align:start position:0% +engaged and in a lump of Labor fallacy +in other words they assumed that there's + + align:start position:0% +in other words they assumed that there's + + + align:start position:0% +in other words they assumed that there's +a fixed amount of work right and that + + align:start position:0% +a fixed amount of work right and that + + + align:start position:0% +a fixed amount of work right and that +the amount of work doesn't grow + + align:start position:0% +the amount of work doesn't grow + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of work doesn't grow +spurred by these new technologies that's + + align:start position:0% +spurred by these new technologies that's + + + align:start position:0% +spurred by these new technologies that's +what David Otter led led us to + + align:start position:0% +what David Otter led led us to + + + align:start position:0% +what David Otter led led us to +understand better this whole + + align:start position:0% +understand better this whole + + + align:start position:0% +understand better this whole +complementarity in other words there + + align:start position:0% +complementarity in other words there + + + align:start position:0% +complementarity in other words there +isn't a fixed amount of work the + + align:start position:0% +isn't a fixed amount of work the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a fixed amount of work the +complementarity can create more right so + + align:start position:0% +complementarity can create more right so + + + align:start position:0% +complementarity can create more right so +that there are larger net potential + + align:start position:0% +that there are larger net potential + + + align:start position:0% +that there are larger net potential +gains here across the economy the most + + align:start position:0% +gains here across the economy the most + + + align:start position:0% +gains here across the economy the most +realistic study of technological + + align:start position:0% +realistic study of technological + + + align:start position:0% +realistic study of technological +displacement so far has been by the OECD + + align:start position:0% +displacement so far has been by the OECD + + + align:start position:0% +displacement so far has been by the OECD +done last summer they looked at 22 OECD + + align:start position:0% +done last summer they looked at 22 OECD + + + align:start position:0% +done last summer they looked at 22 OECD +nations and rather than look at + + align:start position:0% +nations and rather than look at + + + align:start position:0% +nations and rather than look at +occupational descriptions they decided + + align:start position:0% +occupational descriptions they decided + + + align:start position:0% +occupational descriptions they decided +let's go talk to the workers that are + + align:start position:0% +let's go talk to the workers that are + + + align:start position:0% +let's go talk to the workers that are +actually doing those jobs and this went + + align:start position:0% +actually doing those jobs and this went + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing those jobs and this went +through 20 different 22 different OECD + + align:start position:0% +through 20 different 22 different OECD + + + align:start position:0% +through 20 different 22 different OECD +countries they actually went out and + + align:start position:0% +countries they actually went out and + + + align:start position:0% +countries they actually went out and +talked to the workforce and they would + + align:start position:0% +talked to the workforce and they would + + + align:start position:0% +talked to the workforce and they would +talk to people what we're at you may + + align:start position:0% +talk to people what we're at you may + + + align:start position:0% +talk to people what we're at you may +have a particularly job title what are + + align:start position:0% +have a particularly job title what are + + + align:start position:0% +have a particularly job title what are +you actually doing right what is your + + align:start position:0% +you actually doing right what is your + + + align:start position:0% +you actually doing right what is your +work actually consistent and of course + + align:start position:0% +work actually consistent and of course + + + align:start position:0% +work actually consistent and of course +it turns out and we all surmise this in + + align:start position:0% +it turns out and we all surmise this in + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out and we all surmise this in +a way people are doing many things that + + align:start position:0% +a way people are doing many things that + + + align:start position:0% +a way people are doing many things that +aren't necessarily caption of their job + + align:start position:0% +aren't necessarily caption of their job + + + align:start position:0% +aren't necessarily caption of their job +title heaven forbid if somebody held me + + align:start position:0% +title heaven forbid if somebody held me + + + align:start position:0% +title heaven forbid if somebody held me +to my job title right nothing would ever + + align:start position:0% +to my job title right nothing would ever + + + align:start position:0% +to my job title right nothing would ever +get done right and we all know this + + align:start position:0% +get done right and we all know this + + + align:start position:0% +get done right and we all know this +right and that's what the OECD found + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what the OECD found + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what the OECD found +people are doing much more stuff than + + align:start position:0% +people are doing much more stuff than + + + align:start position:0% +people are doing much more stuff than +they're particularly narrow job + + align:start position:0% +they're particularly narrow job + + + align:start position:0% +they're particularly narrow job +description may you know say that + + align:start position:0% +description may you know say that + + + align:start position:0% +description may you know say that +they're doing so they concluded over an + + align:start position:0% +they're doing so they concluded over an + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing so they concluded over an +extended period of time across those + + align:start position:0% +extended period of time across those + + + align:start position:0% +extended period of time across those +developed countries the effect of + + align:start position:0% +developed countries the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +developed countries the effect of +technological displacement was maybe + + align:start position:0% +technological displacement was maybe + + + align:start position:0% +technological displacement was maybe +nine percent now that's a significant + + align:start position:0% +nine percent now that's a significant + + + align:start position:0% +nine percent now that's a significant +number over even over an extended period + + align:start position:0% +number over even over an extended period + + + align:start position:0% +number over even over an extended period +of time all right + + align:start position:0% +of time all right + + + align:start position:0% +of time all right +that's a significant number but it's you + + align:start position:0% +that's a significant number but it's you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a significant number but it's you +know it's not forty-seven percent right + + align:start position:0% +know it's not forty-seven percent right + + + align:start position:0% +know it's not forty-seven percent right +in the United States the number was ten + + align:start position:0% +in the United States the number was ten + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States the number was ten +percent the range was six percent to 12 + + align:start position:0% +percent the range was six percent to 12 + + + align:start position:0% +percent the range was six percent to 12 +percent depending on what kind of + + align:start position:0% +percent depending on what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +percent depending on what kind of +employment you had in your country + + align:start position:0% +employment you had in your country + + + align:start position:0% +employment you had in your country +that's a that means we have a job ahead + + align:start position:0% +that's a that means we have a job ahead + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that means we have a job ahead +of us but it's not a nightmare right + + align:start position:0% +of us but it's not a nightmare right + + + align:start position:0% +of us but it's not a nightmare right +it's not something we should be you know + + align:start position:0% +it's not something we should be you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's not something we should be you know +sleepless over every night from + + align:start position:0% +sleepless over every night from + + + align:start position:0% +sleepless over every night from +there's a recent effort on this is not + + align:start position:0% +there's a recent effort on this is not + + + align:start position:0% +there's a recent effort on this is not +in the book but in the chapter but + + align:start position:0% +in the book but in the chapter but + + + align:start position:0% +in the book but in the chapter but +during awesome Boogaloo another very + + align:start position:0% +during awesome Boogaloo another very + + + align:start position:0% +during awesome Boogaloo another very +noted MIT economist who does a lot of + + align:start position:0% +noted MIT economist who does a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +noted MIT economist who does a lot of +work with David otter and as a real + + align:start position:0% +work with David otter and as a real + + + align:start position:0% +work with David otter and as a real +student of innovation is a growth + + align:start position:0% +student of innovation is a growth + + + align:start position:0% +student of innovation is a growth +economist + + align:start position:0% +economist + + + align:start position:0% +economist +jiron looked at robotics and he looked + + align:start position:0% +jiron looked at robotics and he looked + + + align:start position:0% +jiron looked at robotics and he looked +at job displacement in the robotic sect + + align:start position:0% +at job displacement in the robotic sect + + + align:start position:0% +at job displacement in the robotic sect +there and he had a pretty useful had a + + align:start position:0% +there and he had a pretty useful had a + + + align:start position:0% +there and he had a pretty useful had a +good database that he was working from + + align:start position:0% +good database that he was working from + + + align:start position:0% +good database that he was working from +he concluded that over a 17 year period + + align:start position:0% +he concluded that over a 17 year period + + + align:start position:0% +he concluded that over a 17 year period +ending in 1977 a total fee entire United + + align:start position:0% +ending in 1977 a total fee entire United + + + align:start position:0% +ending in 1977 a total fee entire United +States economy a technological job + + align:start position:0% +States economy a technological job + + + align:start position:0% +States economy a technological job +displacement caused by robotics was + + align:start position:0% +displacement caused by robotics was + + + align:start position:0% +displacement caused by robotics was +somewhere between 300,000 and 600,000 + + align:start position:0% +somewhere between 300,000 and 600,000 + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere between 300,000 and 600,000 +jobs over a 17 year period that is not a + + align:start position:0% +jobs over a 17 year period that is not a + + + align:start position:0% +jobs over a 17 year period that is not a +big number right job churn in the United + + align:start position:0% +big number right job churn in the United + + + align:start position:0% +big number right job churn in the United +States per week or something like 75 + + align:start position:0% +States per week or something like 75 + + + align:start position:0% +States per week or something like 75 +thousand jobs per week right look at it + + align:start position:0% +thousand jobs per week right look at it + + + align:start position:0% +thousand jobs per week right look at it +in that kind of context so these changes + + align:start position:0% +in that kind of context so these changes + + + align:start position:0% +in that kind of context so these changes +are going to be significant and they I + + align:start position:0% +are going to be significant and they I + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be significant and they I +would argue they will occur but we may + + align:start position:0% +would argue they will occur but we may + + + align:start position:0% +would argue they will occur but we may +have a have a time period that we're + + align:start position:0% +have a have a time period that we're + + + align:start position:0% +have a have a time period that we're +able to look at them and think and plan + + align:start position:0% +able to look at them and think and plan + + + align:start position:0% +able to look at them and think and plan +and act rather than being completely + + align:start position:0% +and act rather than being completely + + + align:start position:0% +and act rather than being completely +disruptive overnight so there's a + + align:start position:0% +disruptive overnight so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +disruptive overnight so there's a +there's a quote by the vice-president of + + align:start position:0% +there's a quote by the vice-president of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a quote by the vice-president of +the Danish Conference of trade unions + + align:start position:0% +the Danish Conference of trade unions + + + align:start position:0% +the Danish Conference of trade unions +named NOLA hell's Jim Hill domed her + + align:start position:0% +named NOLA hell's Jim Hill domed her + + + align:start position:0% +named NOLA hell's Jim Hill domed her +comment at a conference that I went oh + + align:start position:0% +comment at a conference that I went oh + + + align:start position:0% +comment at a conference that I went oh +we CD conference I went to last fall was + + align:start position:0% +we CD conference I went to last fall was + + + align:start position:0% +we CD conference I went to last fall was +new technology is not the enemy of + + align:start position:0% +new technology is not the enemy of + + + align:start position:0% +new technology is not the enemy of +workers old technology is and what she's + + align:start position:0% +workers old technology is and what she's + + + align:start position:0% +workers old technology is and what she's +saying here is that the company's most + + align:start position:0% +saying here is that the company's most + + + align:start position:0% +saying here is that the company's most +likely to fail we're all jobs will be + + align:start position:0% +likely to fail we're all jobs will be + + + align:start position:0% +likely to fail we're all jobs will be +lost are those who are not keeping up + + align:start position:0% +lost are those who are not keeping up + + + align:start position:0% +lost are those who are not keeping up +with the technologies that workers have + + align:start position:0% +with the technologies that workers have + + + align:start position:0% +with the technologies that workers have +a stake in keeping their firms current + + align:start position:0% +a stake in keeping their firms current + + + align:start position:0% +a stake in keeping their firms current +with current realities so there is a and + + align:start position:0% +with current realities so there is a and + + + align:start position:0% +with current realities so there is a and +here's a chart that just shows the rate + + align:start position:0% +here's a chart that just shows the rate + + + align:start position:0% +here's a chart that just shows the rate +at which robots are being installed in a + + align:start position:0% +at which robots are being installed in a + + + align:start position:0% +at which robots are being installed in a +production it's actually slowed fairly + + align:start position:0% +production it's actually slowed fairly + + + align:start position:0% +production it's actually slowed fairly +significantly now look we're in a prime + + align:start position:0% +significantly now look we're in a prime + + + align:start position:0% +significantly now look we're in a prime +of moving from old-style industrial + + align:start position:0% +of moving from old-style industrial + + + align:start position:0% +of moving from old-style industrial +robotics which you know used to weighed + + align:start position:0% +robotics which you know used to weighed + + + align:start position:0% +robotics which you know used to weighed +tons and you know they were fixed in + + align:start position:0% +tons and you know they were fixed in + + + align:start position:0% +tons and you know they were fixed in +place and they had to be fenced off to + + align:start position:0% +place and they had to be fenced off to + + + align:start position:0% +place and they had to be fenced off to +you didn't want to be anywhere near them + + align:start position:0% +you didn't want to be anywhere near them + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't want to be anywhere near them +because they were unsafe and they would + + align:start position:0% +because they were unsafe and they would + + + align:start position:0% +because they were unsafe and they would +do the perfect weld and that's all they + + align:start position:0% +do the perfect weld and that's all they + + + align:start position:0% +do the perfect weld and that's all they +could do right on an auto line we're + + align:start position:0% +could do right on an auto line we're + + + align:start position:0% +could do right on an auto line we're +moving to a whole new generation of + + align:start position:0% +moving to a whole new generation of + + + align:start position:0% +moving to a whole new generation of +robotics that are much more flexible + + align:start position:0% +robotics that are much more flexible + + + align:start position:0% +robotics that are much more flexible +that are subject to voice command that + + align:start position:0% +that are subject to voice command that + + + align:start position:0% +that are subject to voice command that +are radically different kind of robotics + + align:start position:0% +are radically different kind of robotics + + + align:start position:0% +are radically different kind of robotics +than the old industrial robotics so some + + align:start position:0% +than the old industrial robotics so some + + + align:start position:0% +than the old industrial robotics so some +of this data may reflect you know the + + align:start position:0% +of this data may reflect you know the + + + align:start position:0% +of this data may reflect you know the +fact that that new generation of + + align:start position:0% +fact that that new generation of + + + align:start position:0% +fact that that new generation of +robotics is only now just starting to be + + align:start position:0% +robotics is only now just starting to be + + + align:start position:0% +robotics is only now just starting to be +thought about and put together expressed + + align:start position:0% +thought about and put together expressed + + + align:start position:0% +thought about and put together expressed +around being replaced by robotics like + + align:start position:0% +around being replaced by robotics like + + + align:start position:0% +around being replaced by robotics like +there might be some sort of correlation + + align:start position:0% +there might be some sort of correlation + + + align:start position:0% +there might be some sort of correlation +relation there this this slowdown rate + + align:start position:0% +relation there this this slowdown rate + + + align:start position:0% +relation there this this slowdown rate +yeah I don't know I don't think so we + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't know I don't think so we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't know I don't think so we +don't have an organized workforce + + align:start position:0% +don't have an organized workforce + + + align:start position:0% +don't have an organized workforce +anymore right we're down to about 11% + + align:start position:0% +anymore right we're down to about 11% + + + align:start position:0% +anymore right we're down to about 11% +unionization in the United States yes so + + align:start position:0% +unionization in the United States yes so + + + align:start position:0% +unionization in the United States yes so +workers don't have a lot of slot to say + + align:start position:0% +workers don't have a lot of slot to say + + + align:start position:0% +workers don't have a lot of slot to say +at this point in the US but a lot of + + align:start position:0% +at this point in the US but a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +at this point in the US but a lot of +these changes they don't have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +these changes they don't have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +these changes they don't have a lot of +control over their employment frankly + + align:start position:0% +control over their employment frankly + + + align:start position:0% +control over their employment frankly +which is another set of issues but the + + align:start position:0% +which is another set of issues but the + + + align:start position:0% +which is another set of issues but the +chapter argues that the most immediate + + align:start position:0% +chapter argues that the most immediate + + + align:start position:0% +chapter argues that the most immediate +near-term problem is not technological + + align:start position:0% +near-term problem is not technological + + + align:start position:0% +near-term problem is not technological +displacement right that's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +displacement right that's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +displacement right that's going to be a +longer term problem the most immediate + + align:start position:0% +longer term problem the most immediate + + + align:start position:0% +longer term problem the most immediate +near-term problem is that is what + + align:start position:0% +near-term problem is that is what + + + align:start position:0% +near-term problem is that is what +economists call secular stagnation and + + align:start position:0% +economists call secular stagnation and + + + align:start position:0% +economists call secular stagnation and +that's the problem we're in now and this + + align:start position:0% +that's the problem we're in now and this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the problem we're in now and this +term was developed by Larry Summers in + + align:start position:0% +term was developed by Larry Summers in + + + align:start position:0% +term was developed by Larry Summers in +2013 to essentially describe this + + align:start position:0% +2013 to essentially describe this + + + align:start position:0% +2013 to essentially describe this +situation that we've got at the moment + + align:start position:0% +situation that we've got at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +situation that we've got at the moment +interest rates around zero and US output + + align:start position:0% +interest rates around zero and US output + + + align:start position:0% +interest rates around zero and US output +is insufficient to support full + + align:start position:0% +is insufficient to support full + + + align:start position:0% +is insufficient to support full +employment and he's writing in 2013 it's + + align:start position:0% +employment and he's writing in 2013 it's + + + align:start position:0% +employment and he's writing in 2013 it's +gotten better since then but we do have + + align:start position:0% +gotten better since then but we do have + + + align:start position:0% +gotten better since then but we do have +this structural unemployment where a + + align:start position:0% +this structural unemployment where a + + + align:start position:0% +this structural unemployment where a +significant number of people who had + + align:start position:0% +significant number of people who had + + + align:start position:0% +significant number of people who had +jobs no longer are in the workforce + + align:start position:0% +jobs no longer are in the workforce + + + align:start position:0% +jobs no longer are in the workforce +right that's the problem that's still + + align:start position:0% +right that's the problem that's still + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the problem that's still +with us he argues that there is series + + align:start position:0% +with us he argues that there is series + + + align:start position:0% +with us he argues that there is series +of factors that affect us that are + + align:start position:0% +of factors that affect us that are + + + align:start position:0% +of factors that affect us that are +hampering the investment demand so + + align:start position:0% +hampering the investment demand so + + + align:start position:0% +hampering the investment demand so +decreasing population growth Ryan + + align:start position:0% +decreasing population growth Ryan + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing population growth Ryan +we can all see that a relative decrease + + align:start position:0% +we can all see that a relative decrease + + + align:start position:0% +we can all see that a relative decrease +in the cost of capital goods excess + + align:start position:0% +in the cost of capital goods excess + + + align:start position:0% +in the cost of capital goods excess +money being retained and not used by + + align:start position:0% +money being retained and not used by + + + align:start position:0% +money being retained and not used by +large corporations so retained earnings + + align:start position:0% +large corporations so retained earnings + + + align:start position:0% +large corporations so retained earnings +by large companies is very high at this + + align:start position:0% +by large companies is very high at this + + + align:start position:0% +by large companies is very high at this +point on the savings side there's he he + + align:start position:0% +point on the savings side there's he he + + + align:start position:0% +point on the savings side there's he he +would argue excessive reserve holdings + + align:start position:0% +would argue excessive reserve holdings + + + align:start position:0% +would argue excessive reserve holdings +in developing countries due to post + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries due to post + + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries due to post +crisis in part post crisis financial + + align:start position:0% +crisis in part post crisis financial + + + align:start position:0% +crisis in part post crisis financial +regulation the inequality is a cause + + align:start position:0% +regulation the inequality is a cause + + + align:start position:0% +regulation the inequality is a cause +here and increasing intermediating costs + + align:start position:0% +here and increasing intermediating costs + + + align:start position:0% +here and increasing intermediating costs +are all causative factors in this period + + align:start position:0% +are all causative factors in this period + + + align:start position:0% +are all causative factors in this period +of low growth we have very low GDP and + + align:start position:0% +of low growth we have very low GDP and + + + align:start position:0% +of low growth we have very low GDP and +we have very low productivity so economy + + align:start position:0% +we have very low productivity so economy + + + align:start position:0% +we have very low productivity so economy +wide our productivity is about one point + + align:start position:0% +wide our productivity is about one point + + + align:start position:0% +wide our productivity is about one point +one two percent not a good level right + + align:start position:0% +one two percent not a good level right + + + align:start position:0% +one two percent not a good level right +yeah we have four point nine percent + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have four point nine percent + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have four point nine percent +unemployment but go back to Russians + + align:start position:0% +unemployment but go back to Russians + + + align:start position:0% +unemployment but go back to Russians +barbell example a lot of that is the + + align:start position:0% +barbell example a lot of that is the + + + align:start position:0% +barbell example a lot of that is the +thinning out of the center being pushed + + align:start position:0% +thinning out of the center being pushed + + + align:start position:0% +thinning out of the center being pushed +to lower end services jobs also the + + align:start position:0% +to lower end services jobs also the + + + align:start position:0% +to lower end services jobs also the +labor force participation rate thank you + + align:start position:0% +labor force participation rate thank you + + + align:start position:0% +labor force participation rate thank you +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so we we have low productivity low + + align:start position:0% +so we we have low productivity low + + + align:start position:0% +so we we have low productivity low +capital investment right and a low + + align:start position:0% +capital investment right and a low + + + align:start position:0% +capital investment right and a low +growth rate growing inequality and a + + align:start position:0% +growth rate growing inequality and a + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate growing inequality and a +declining middle class right these are + + align:start position:0% +declining middle class right these are + + + align:start position:0% +declining middle class right these are +big problems now low productivity rate + + align:start position:0% +big problems now low productivity rate + + + align:start position:0% +big problems now low productivity rate +low capital investment that tells us + + align:start position:0% +low capital investment that tells us + + + align:start position:0% +low capital investment that tells us +that automation is not happening at the + + align:start position:0% +that automation is not happening at the + + + align:start position:0% +that automation is not happening at the +moment because automation is designed to + + align:start position:0% +moment because automation is designed to + + + align:start position:0% +moment because automation is designed to +increase productivity and is based on + + align:start position:0% +increase productivity and is based on + + + align:start position:0% +increase productivity and is based on +increased capital investment seeing + + align:start position:0% +increased capital investment seeing + + + align:start position:0% +increased capital investment seeing +either one of those so that tells us + + align:start position:0% +either one of those so that tells us + + + align:start position:0% +either one of those so that tells us +that we're not entering a period of + + align:start position:0% +that we're not entering a period of + + + align:start position:0% +that we're not entering a period of +radical growth in automation Martine + + align:start position:0% +radical growth in automation Martine + + + align:start position:0% +radical growth in automation Martine +this is just the u.s. part of global and + + align:start position:0% +this is just the u.s. part of global and + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the u.s. part of global and +also is it taking to account like yeah + + align:start position:0% +also is it taking to account like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +also is it taking to account like yeah +it does take a does toy take into + + align:start position:0% +it does take a does toy take into + + + align:start position:0% +it does take a does toy take into +account the decline in manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +account the decline in manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +account the decline in manufacturing +employment this is a u.s. picture that + + align:start position:0% +employment this is a u.s. picture that + + + align:start position:0% +employment this is a u.s. picture that +Summers is painting and he's gonna + + align:start position:0% +Summers is painting and he's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +Summers is painting and he's gonna +propose the u.s. solution in a second + + align:start position:0% +propose the u.s. solution in a second + + + align:start position:0% +propose the u.s. solution in a second +which is a major infrastructure package + + align:start position:0% +which is a major infrastructure package + + + align:start position:0% +which is a major infrastructure package +but it's a phenomena the secular + + align:start position:0% +but it's a phenomena the secular + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a phenomena the secular +stagnation is a phenomena now in + + align:start position:0% +stagnation is a phenomena now in + + + align:start position:0% +stagnation is a phenomena now in +European economies as well and in + + align:start position:0% +European economies as well and in + + + align:start position:0% +European economies as well and in +Japanese economy right so this is a + + align:start position:0% +Japanese economy right so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +Japanese economy right so this is a +worldwide phenomena of the developed + + align:start position:0% +worldwide phenomena of the developed + + + align:start position:0% +worldwide phenomena of the developed +world at the moment right and it's the + + align:start position:0% +world at the moment right and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +world at the moment right and it's the +it's a problem that you all have you're + + align:start position:0% +it's a problem that you all have you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's a problem that you all have you're +going to have this future work problem + + align:start position:0% +going to have this future work problem + + + align:start position:0% +going to have this future work problem +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +sure but now you've got this one yes + + align:start position:0% +sure but now you've got this one yes + + + align:start position:0% +sure but now you've got this one yes +aging workforce right and that's a + + align:start position:0% +aging workforce right and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +aging workforce right and that's a +powerful part of the story too okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have a you know if you have a + + align:start position:0% +if you have a you know if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a you know if you have a +population increase a one-percent year + + align:start position:0% +population increase a one-percent year + + + align:start position:0% +population increase a one-percent year +population increase that guarantees you + + align:start position:0% +population increase that guarantees you + + + align:start position:0% +population increase that guarantees you +like one additional percentage point in + + align:start position:0% +like one additional percentage point in + + + align:start position:0% +like one additional percentage point in +your growth rate if you have zero + + align:start position:0% +your growth rate if you have zero + + + align:start position:0% +your growth rate if you have zero +population increased you just pull one + + align:start position:0% +population increased you just pull one + + + align:start position:0% +population increased you just pull one +percentage of growth out of here out of + + align:start position:0% +percentage of growth out of here out of + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of growth out of here out of +your growth rate out of your GDP rate + + align:start position:0% +your growth rate out of your GDP rate + + + align:start position:0% +your growth rate out of your GDP rate +right so that's a phenomena that a lot + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a phenomena that a lot + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a phenomena that a lot +of these developing countries is + + align:start position:0% +of these developing countries is + + + align:start position:0% +of these developing countries is +starting to wrestle with and Chinese + + align:start position:0% +starting to wrestle with and Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +starting to wrestle with and Chinese +gonna have to wrestle with this one + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to wrestle with this one + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to wrestle with this one +fairly soon so this is here's what + + align:start position:0% +fairly soon so this is here's what + + + align:start position:0% +fairly soon so this is here's what +Summers is talking about in terms of + + align:start position:0% +Summers is talking about in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +Summers is talking about in terms of +excess of savings over investment look + + align:start position:0% +excess of savings over investment look + + + align:start position:0% +excess of savings over investment look +at the split between savings and + + align:start position:0% +at the split between savings and + + + align:start position:0% +at the split between savings and +investment levels that means we're not + + align:start position:0% +investment levels that means we're not + + + align:start position:0% +investment levels that means we're not +taking we're not investing our savings + + align:start position:0% +taking we're not investing our savings + + + align:start position:0% +taking we're not investing our savings +in the society in the economy right and + + align:start position:0% +in the society in the economy right and + + + align:start position:0% +in the society in the economy right and +Summers identifies this gap 2008 is like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's when savings falls apart right + + align:start position:0% +that's when savings falls apart right + + + align:start position:0% +that's when savings falls apart right +but there's still a big gap in the + + align:start position:0% +but there's still a big gap in the + + + align:start position:0% +but there's still a big gap in the +system system + + align:start position:0% +system system + + + align:start position:0% +system system +and investment hits them too I want you + + align:start position:0% +and investment hits them too I want you + + + align:start position:0% +and investment hits them too I want you +to know of this economist named Robert + + align:start position:0% +to know of this economist named Robert + + + align:start position:0% +to know of this economist named Robert +Gordon because you know you all are + + align:start position:0% +Gordon because you know you all are + + + align:start position:0% +Gordon because you know you all are +hanging out at MIT and we believe that + + align:start position:0% +hanging out at MIT and we believe that + + + align:start position:0% +hanging out at MIT and we believe that +technological advances the most powerful + + align:start position:0% +technological advances the most powerful + + + align:start position:0% +technological advances the most powerful +thing ever + + align:start position:0% +thing ever + + + align:start position:0% +thing ever +but Robert Gordon paints a different + + align:start position:0% +but Robert Gordon paints a different + + + align:start position:0% +but Robert Gordon paints a different +picture and you just ought to be aware + + align:start position:0% +picture and you just ought to be aware + + + align:start position:0% +picture and you just ought to be aware +of this debate not that he's necessarily + + align:start position:0% +of this debate not that he's necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +of this debate not that he's necessarily +right this was by far the best-selling + + align:start position:0% +right this was by far the best-selling + + + align:start position:0% +right this was by far the best-selling +book on economics for the last two years + + align:start position:0% +book on economics for the last two years + + + align:start position:0% +book on economics for the last two years +and Gordon's book is called the rise and + + align:start position:0% +and Gordon's book is called the rise and + + + align:start position:0% +and Gordon's book is called the rise and +fall of American growth he argues that + + align:start position:0% +fall of American growth he argues that + + + align:start position:0% +fall of American growth he argues that +the current low growth secular + + align:start position:0% +the current low growth secular + + + align:start position:0% +the current low growth secular +stagnation and he uses the term as the + + align:start position:0% +stagnation and he uses the term as the + + + align:start position:0% +stagnation and he uses the term as the +result not of insufficient demand but of + + align:start position:0% +result not of insufficient demand but of + + + align:start position:0% +result not of insufficient demand but of +insufficient supply ie insufficient + + align:start position:0% +insufficient supply ie insufficient + + + align:start position:0% +insufficient supply ie insufficient +technological supply so he argues that + + align:start position:0% +technological supply so he argues that + + + align:start position:0% +technological supply so he argues that +the IT revolution is fading and that we + + align:start position:0% +the IT revolution is fading and that we + + + align:start position:0% +the IT revolution is fading and that we +never got as much out of the IT + + align:start position:0% +never got as much out of the IT + + + align:start position:0% +never got as much out of the IT +revolution as we did out of prior + + align:start position:0% +revolution as we did out of prior + + + align:start position:0% +revolution as we did out of prior +innovation ways like this one just + + align:start position:0% +innovation ways like this one just + + + align:start position:0% +innovation ways like this one just +wasn't that big compared to electricity + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that big compared to electricity + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that big compared to electricity +and compared to railroads and some of + + align:start position:0% +and compared to railroads and some of + + + align:start position:0% +and compared to railroads and some of +the other big ways that we've been + + align:start position:0% +the other big ways that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the other big ways that we've been +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +and that we were locked on to an + + align:start position:0% +and that we were locked on to an + + + align:start position:0% +and that we were locked on to an +innovation wave that is just not at this + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave that is just not at this + + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave that is just not at this +stage producing that much productivity + + align:start position:0% +stage producing that much productivity + + + align:start position:0% +stage producing that much productivity +growth and he goes into enormous depth + + align:start position:0% +growth and he goes into enormous depth + + + align:start position:0% +growth and he goes into enormous depth +about each one of these technologies so + + align:start position:0% +about each one of these technologies so + + + align:start position:0% +about each one of these technologies so +a complete rarity for an economist he + + align:start position:0% +a complete rarity for an economist he + + + align:start position:0% +a complete rarity for an economist he +actually has read into the technology + + align:start position:0% +actually has read into the technology + + + align:start position:0% +actually has read into the technology +literature and is looking at what these + + align:start position:0% +literature and is looking at what these + + + align:start position:0% +literature and is looking at what these +inventions actually were in the second + + align:start position:0% +inventions actually were in the second + + + align:start position:0% +inventions actually were in the second +half of the 19th century and what they + + align:start position:0% +half of the 19th century and what they + + + align:start position:0% +half of the 19th century and what they +meant so it's an intriguing it's an + + align:start position:0% +meant so it's an intriguing it's an + + + align:start position:0% +meant so it's an intriguing it's an +intriguing alternative story one that's + + align:start position:0% +intriguing alternative story one that's + + + align:start position:0% +intriguing alternative story one that's +contrary to the story that we've been + + align:start position:0% +contrary to the story that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +contrary to the story that we've been +telling ourselves for a long period of + + align:start position:0% +telling ourselves for a long period of + + + align:start position:0% +telling ourselves for a long period of +time how do we fix this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gordon says that there that it involves + + align:start position:0% +gordon says that there that it involves + + + align:start position:0% +gordon says that there that it involves +fixing societal headwinds is the best + + align:start position:0% +fixing societal headwinds is the best + + + align:start position:0% +fixing societal headwinds is the best +way kind of out of this box and + + align:start position:0% +way kind of out of this box and + + + align:start position:0% +way kind of out of this box and +improving growth will depend on + + align:start position:0% +improving growth will depend on + + + align:start position:0% +improving growth will depend on +educational attainment and remember we + + align:start position:0% +educational attainment and remember we + + + align:start position:0% +educational attainment and remember we +read golden and cats we talked about how + + align:start position:0% +read golden and cats we talked about how + + + align:start position:0% +read golden and cats we talked about how +a key to the historical American growth + + align:start position:0% +a key to the historical American growth + + + align:start position:0% +a key to the historical American growth +rate was that there's always a rise in + + align:start position:0% +rate was that there's always a rise in + + + align:start position:0% +rate was that there's always a rise in +increased technical requirements in the + + align:start position:0% +increased technical requirements in the + + + align:start position:0% +increased technical requirements in the +economy and the genius the American + + align:start position:0% +economy and the genius the American + + + align:start position:0% +economy and the genius the American +system at least till the mid 70s was + + align:start position:0% +system at least till the mid 70s was + + + align:start position:0% +system at least till the mid 70s was +that we kept an education curve between + + align:start position:0% +that we kept an education curve between + + + align:start position:0% +that we kept an education curve between +high school and particularly college + + align:start position:0% +high school and particularly college + + + align:start position:0% +high school and particularly college +mascot a college education add ahead of + + align:start position:0% +mascot a college education add ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +mascot a college education add ahead of +that right that in turn those those + + align:start position:0% +that right that in turn those those + + + align:start position:0% +that right that in turn those those +curves are related each other that + + align:start position:0% +curves are related each other that + + + align:start position:0% +curves are related each other that +talent base as we know from Romer helps + + align:start position:0% +talent base as we know from Romer helps + + + align:start position:0% +talent base as we know from Romer helps +drive the technological base if you get + + align:start position:0% +drive the technological base if you get + + + align:start position:0% +drive the technological base if you get +a large part of your economy out + + align:start position:0% +a large part of your economy out + + + align:start position:0% +a large part of your economy out +prospecting or involved and supporting a + + align:start position:0% +prospecting or involved and supporting a + + + align:start position:0% +prospecting or involved and supporting a +technology advance the whole system will + + align:start position:0% +technology advance the whole system will + + + align:start position:0% +technology advance the whole system will +do better so when we leveled out the + + align:start position:0% +do better so when we leveled out the + + + align:start position:0% +do better so when we leveled out the +graduation rate at the college level in + + align:start position:0% +graduation rate at the college level in + + + align:start position:0% +graduation rate at the college level in +mid 70s right we paid a big price in + + align:start position:0% +mid 70s right we paid a big price in + + + align:start position:0% +mid 70s right we paid a big price in +terms of ongoing technology productivity + + align:start position:0% +terms of ongoing technology productivity + + + align:start position:0% +terms of ongoing technology productivity +and technology advanced as well so + + align:start position:0% +and technology advanced as well so + + + align:start position:0% +and technology advanced as well so +that's kind of what he's suggesting it's + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what he's suggesting it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what he's suggesting it's +an interesting he doesn't spell it out + + align:start position:0% +an interesting he doesn't spell it out + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting he doesn't spell it out +quite that way but it's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +quite that way but it's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +quite that way but it's an interesting +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +so tackling some of these underlying + + align:start position:0% +so tackling some of these underlying + + + align:start position:0% +so tackling some of these underlying +social problems including inequality ie + + align:start position:0% +social problems including inequality ie + + + align:start position:0% +social problems including inequality ie +bring more people into the economy right + + align:start position:0% +bring more people into the economy right + + + align:start position:0% +bring more people into the economy right +you know all of these are fixes in his + + align:start position:0% +you know all of these are fixes in his + + + align:start position:0% +you know all of these are fixes in his +mind for getting around the fact that + + align:start position:0% +mind for getting around the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +mind for getting around the fact that +the IT revolution isn't quite what we + + align:start position:0% +the IT revolution isn't quite what we + + + align:start position:0% +the IT revolution isn't quite what we +hope for now + + align:start position:0% +hope for now + + + align:start position:0% +hope for now +what do I think of that right you know + + align:start position:0% +what do I think of that right you know + + + align:start position:0% +what do I think of that right you know +time will tell right we're gonna find + + align:start position:0% +time will tell right we're gonna find + + + align:start position:0% +time will tell right we're gonna find +out I think it may be we had the rapid + + align:start position:0% +out I think it may be we had the rapid + + + align:start position:0% +out I think it may be we had the rapid +rise we're on a more moderate growth + + align:start position:0% +rise we're on a more moderate growth + + + align:start position:0% +rise we're on a more moderate growth +pattern the IT revolution as we talked + + align:start position:0% +pattern the IT revolution as we talked + + + align:start position:0% +pattern the IT revolution as we talked +about when we talked about innovation + + align:start position:0% +about when we talked about innovation + + + align:start position:0% +about when we talked about innovation +waves and we can only expect more + + align:start position:0% +waves and we can only expect more + + + align:start position:0% +waves and we can only expect more +moderate growth as a result of them + + align:start position:0% +moderate growth as a result of them + + + align:start position:0% +moderate growth as a result of them +right but we are waiting for the next + + align:start position:0% +right but we are waiting for the next + + + align:start position:0% +right but we are waiting for the next +big thing right for the next big + + align:start position:0% +big thing right for the next big + + + align:start position:0% +big thing right for the next big +innovation wave so summer solution is to + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave so summer solution is to + + + align:start position:0% +innovation wave so summer solution is to +throw money in infrastructure and well + + align:start position:0% +throw money in infrastructure and well + + + align:start position:0% +throw money in infrastructure and well +let's do roads and that will help that + + align:start position:0% +let's do roads and that will help that + + + align:start position:0% +let's do roads and that will help that +community that got displaced and + + align:start position:0% +community that got displaced and + + + align:start position:0% +community that got displaced and +manufacturing jobs that aren't + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing jobs that aren't + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing jobs that aren't +upskilling right that could help them + + align:start position:0% +upskilling right that could help them + + + align:start position:0% +upskilling right that could help them +but the problem with summer solution I + + align:start position:0% +but the problem with summer solution I + + + align:start position:0% +but the problem with summer solution I +would argue and the chapter argues is + + align:start position:0% +would argue and the chapter argues is + + + align:start position:0% +would argue and the chapter argues is +that it doesn't do anything to address + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't do anything to address + + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't do anything to address +productivity right which is the heart of + + align:start position:0% +productivity right which is the heart of + + + align:start position:0% +productivity right which is the heart of +the problem right getting that + + align:start position:0% +the problem right getting that + + + align:start position:0% +the problem right getting that +productivity number up you know as we + + align:start position:0% +productivity number up you know as we + + + align:start position:0% +productivity number up you know as we +know increases GDP and it's the cause + + align:start position:0% +know increases GDP and it's the cause + + + align:start position:0% +know increases GDP and it's the cause +that it's a key causative factor behind + + align:start position:0% +that it's a key causative factor behind + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a key causative factor behind +the growth rate and lets get that growth + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate and lets get that growth + + + align:start position:0% +the growth rate and lets get that growth +rate up and overall economic well-being + + align:start position:0% +rate up and overall economic well-being + + + align:start position:0% +rate up and overall economic well-being +will improve and you'll have more money + + align:start position:0% +will improve and you'll have more money + + + align:start position:0% +will improve and you'll have more money +to distribute right let's at least get + + align:start position:0% +to distribute right let's at least get + + + align:start position:0% +to distribute right let's at least get +that right but a infrastructure program + + align:start position:0% +that right but a infrastructure program + + + align:start position:0% +that right but a infrastructure program +that's aimed at roads and sewers we + + align:start position:0% +that's aimed at roads and sewers we + + + align:start position:0% +that's aimed at roads and sewers we +already have a road system you know we + + align:start position:0% +already have a road system you know we + + + align:start position:0% +already have a road system you know we +have 90,000 miles of Interstate Highway + + align:start position:0% +have 90,000 miles of Interstate Highway + + + align:start position:0% +have 90,000 miles of Interstate Highway +we're not gonna get by repairing it + + align:start position:0% +we're not gonna get by repairing it + + + align:start position:0% +we're not gonna get by repairing it +we're not gonna get the innovation wave + + align:start position:0% +we're not gonna get the innovation wave + + + align:start position:0% +we're not gonna get the innovation wave +boost that the combination of building + + align:start position:0% +boost that the combination of building + + + align:start position:0% +boost that the combination of building +that interstate system and internal + + align:start position:0% +that interstate system and internal + + + align:start position:0% +that interstate system and internal +combustion engines got us back in like + + align:start position:0% +combustion engines got us back in like + + + align:start position:0% +combustion engines got us back in like +the 40s and 50s right we're just not + + align:start position:0% +the 40s and 50s right we're just not + + + align:start position:0% +the 40s and 50s right we're just not +going to get that out of it so summers + + align:start position:0% +going to get that out of it so summers + + + align:start position:0% +going to get that out of it so summers +prescription of just doing + + align:start position:0% +prescription of just doing + + + align:start position:0% +prescription of just doing +infrastructure will help people who are + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure will help people who are + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure will help people who are +underemployed but it's not gonna wrestle + + align:start position:0% +underemployed but it's not gonna wrestle + + + align:start position:0% +underemployed but it's not gonna wrestle +with this underlying productivity rate + + align:start position:0% +with this underlying productivity rate + + + align:start position:0% +with this underlying productivity rate +which is really the problem at hand and + + align:start position:0% +which is really the problem at hand and + + + align:start position:0% +which is really the problem at hand and +the alternative here the book argues is + + align:start position:0% +the alternative here the book argues is + + + align:start position:0% +the alternative here the book argues is +investing in innovation infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +investing in innovation infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +investing in innovation infrastructure +now though is having a larger view of + + align:start position:0% +now though is having a larger view of + + + align:start position:0% +now though is having a larger view of +what that infrastructure ought to be and + + align:start position:0% +what that infrastructure ought to be and + + + align:start position:0% +what that infrastructure ought to be and +investing in that all right + + align:start position:0% +investing in that all right + + + align:start position:0% +investing in that all right +that's this text and let's take it apart + + align:start position:0% +that's this text and let's take it apart + + + align:start position:0% +that's this text and let's take it apart +Lou you know it's all yours + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll go back to the hiking picture so do + + align:start position:0% +I'll go back to the hiking picture so do + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go back to the hiking picture so do +you want + + align:start position:0% +you want + + + align:start position:0% +you want +wrap up and then go back very well let's + + align:start position:0% +wrap up and then go back very well let's + + + align:start position:0% +wrap up and then go back very well let's +let you + + align:start position:0% +let you + + + align:start position:0% +let you +louie out tell us some key observations + + align:start position:0% +louie out tell us some key observations + + + align:start position:0% +louie out tell us some key observations +about this channel I agree we're heading + + align:start position:0% +about this channel I agree we're heading + + + align:start position:0% +about this channel I agree we're heading +towards the deadline and there's and + + align:start position:0% +towards the deadline and there's and + + + align:start position:0% +towards the deadline and there's and +things I want to say too but go ahead + + align:start position:0% +things I want to say too but go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +things I want to say too but go ahead +you know we realize there's this + + align:start position:0% +you know we realize there's this + + + align:start position:0% +you know we realize there's this +especially the competition of Technology + + align:start position:0% +especially the competition of Technology + + + align:start position:0% +especially the competition of Technology +replacement and the possible solutions + + align:start position:0% +replacement and the possible solutions + + + align:start position:0% +replacement and the possible solutions +that we have and also this are the + + align:start position:0% +that we have and also this are the + + + align:start position:0% +that we have and also this are the +policy factor that we want to take into + + align:start position:0% +policy factor that we want to take into + + + align:start position:0% +policy factor that we want to take into +account and I think the technology + + align:start position:0% +account and I think the technology + + + align:start position:0% +account and I think the technology +placement can actually be an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +placement can actually be an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +placement can actually be an opportunity +for economies having aging population + + align:start position:0% +for economies having aging population + + + align:start position:0% +for economies having aging population +but at the same time the United States + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time the United States + + + align:start position:0% +but at the same time the United States +facing low investment rate and low low + + align:start position:0% +facing low investment rate and low low + + + align:start position:0% +facing low investment rate and low low +savings and low economic growth it's + + align:start position:0% +savings and low economic growth it's + + + align:start position:0% +savings and low economic growth it's +it's probably problematic for this + + align:start position:0% +it's probably problematic for this + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably problematic for this +substitution to work well so do we have + + align:start position:0% +substitution to work well so do we have + + + align:start position:0% +substitution to work well so do we have +so what are the what are the suggestions + + align:start position:0% +so what are the what are the suggestions + + + align:start position:0% +so what are the what are the suggestions +that we have to just improve maybe this + + align:start position:0% +that we have to just improve maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to just improve maybe this +is together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes so what are the lessons so in the in + + align:start position:0% +yes so what are the lessons so in the in + + + align:start position:0% +yes so what are the lessons so in the in +one of this that's a guess and saying + + align:start position:0% +one of this that's a guess and saying + + + align:start position:0% +one of this that's a guess and saying +like by reducing the number of working + + align:start position:0% +like by reducing the number of working + + + align:start position:0% +like by reducing the number of working +hours and can actually help to encourage + + align:start position:0% +hours and can actually help to encourage + + + align:start position:0% +hours and can actually help to encourage +consumption and help to solve + + align:start position:0% +consumption and help to solve + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and help to solve +unemployment and how do you guys like + + align:start position:0% +unemployment and how do you guys like + + + align:start position:0% +unemployment and how do you guys like +this idea so it's reducing hours yeah + + align:start position:0% +this idea so it's reducing hours yeah + + + align:start position:0% +this idea so it's reducing hours yeah +reducing member of working hours Francis + + align:start position:0% +reducing member of working hours Francis + + + align:start position:0% +reducing member of working hours Francis +that is you know what I would love that + + align:start position:0% +that is you know what I would love that + + + align:start position:0% +that is you know what I would love that +but then I think you always have the + + align:start position:0% +but then I think you always have the + + + align:start position:0% +but then I think you always have the +people who I mean how do you enforce it + + align:start position:0% +people who I mean how do you enforce it + + + align:start position:0% +people who I mean how do you enforce it +and how do you regulate it because you + + align:start position:0% +and how do you regulate it because you + + + align:start position:0% +and how do you regulate it because you +always have the people who will want to + + align:start position:0% +always have the people who will want to + + + align:start position:0% +always have the people who will want to +work more hours to get ahead that's one + + align:start position:0% +work more hours to get ahead that's one + + + align:start position:0% +work more hours to get ahead that's one +of the reasons yeah you find when people + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons yeah you find when people + + + align:start position:0% +of the reasons yeah you find when people +start getting paid overtime that's calm + + align:start position:0% +start getting paid overtime that's calm + + + align:start position:0% +start getting paid overtime that's calm +down all right and then you know make it + + align:start position:0% +down all right and then you know make it + + + align:start position:0% +down all right and then you know make it +so that over time as it currently is you + + align:start position:0% +so that over time as it currently is you + + + align:start position:0% +so that over time as it currently is you +make it you know uh you have to get + + align:start position:0% +make it you know uh you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +make it you know uh you have to get +permission from your supervisor in order + + align:start position:0% +permission from your supervisor in order + + + align:start position:0% +permission from your supervisor in order +to actually get those hours I'm writing + + align:start position:0% +to actually get those hours I'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +to actually get those hours I'm writing +Authority and please like if you're + + align:start position:0% +Authority and please like if you're + + + align:start position:0% +Authority and please like if you're +really over time you need an expense for + + align:start position:0% +really over time you need an expense for + + + align:start position:0% +really over time you need an expense for +it is that bullet just do under the + + align:start position:0% +it is that bullet just do under the + + + align:start position:0% +it is that bullet just do under the +table instead five billion every Tiger + + align:start position:0% +table instead five billion every Tiger + + + align:start position:0% +table instead five billion every Tiger +admitting you can't finish your work and + + align:start position:0% +admitting you can't finish your work and + + + align:start position:0% +admitting you can't finish your work and +the normal hour is so bad yeah or like + + align:start position:0% +the normal hour is so bad yeah or like + + + align:start position:0% +the normal hour is so bad yeah or like +in if so in my field we're not we're not + + align:start position:0% +in if so in my field we're not we're not + + + align:start position:0% +in if so in my field we're not we're not +paid hourly we're paid on the way that + + align:start position:0% +paid hourly we're paid on the way that + + + align:start position:0% +paid hourly we're paid on the way that +we are measured is in the output of + + align:start position:0% +we are measured is in the output of + + + align:start position:0% +we are measured is in the output of +publications that we have so yeah I + + align:start position:0% +publications that we have so yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +publications that we have so yeah I +didn't want to work until one o'clock in + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to work until one o'clock in + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to work until one o'clock in +the morning three nights a week + + align:start position:0% +the morning three nights a week + + + align:start position:0% +the morning three nights a week +three nights last week but I did because + + align:start position:0% +three nights last week but I did because + + + align:start position:0% +three nights last week but I did because +I had a paper I had to get out and so + + align:start position:0% +I had a paper I had to get out and so + + + align:start position:0% +I had a paper I had to get out and so +help what I can't I can't imagine in my + + align:start position:0% +help what I can't I can't imagine in my + + + align:start position:0% +help what I can't I can't imagine in my +field an hour limit being in place well + + align:start position:0% +field an hour limit being in place well + + + align:start position:0% +field an hour limit being in place well +yeah but that's different from like a + + align:start position:0% +yeah but that's different from like a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but that's different from like a +factory job where like suppose + + align:start position:0% +factory job where like suppose + + + align:start position:0% +factory job where like suppose +yeah I think cultural context is + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think cultural context is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think cultural context is +important just like I don't things where + + align:start position:0% +important just like I don't things where + + + align:start position:0% +important just like I don't things where +you don't know in the USC there right + + align:start position:0% +you don't know in the USC there right + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know in the USC there right +this is not a very American solution I + + align:start position:0% +this is not a very American solution I + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a very American solution I +would allegedly workaholics yeah one of + + align:start position:0% +would allegedly workaholics yeah one of + + + align:start position:0% +would allegedly workaholics yeah one of +the trends I've seen is people talking + + align:start position:0% +the trends I've seen is people talking + + + align:start position:0% +the trends I've seen is people talking +about who is going to lose jobs and it's + + align:start position:0% +about who is going to lose jobs and it's + + + align:start position:0% +about who is going to lose jobs and it's +they always say that the alternative is + + align:start position:0% +they always say that the alternative is + + + align:start position:0% +they always say that the alternative is +that the people who are gonna gain jobs + + align:start position:0% +that the people who are gonna gain jobs + + + align:start position:0% +that the people who are gonna gain jobs +are creatives and then it's the creative + + align:start position:0% +are creatives and then it's the creative + + + align:start position:0% +are creatives and then it's the creative +economy that's going to be in the most + + align:start position:0% +economy that's going to be in the most + + + align:start position:0% +economy that's going to be in the most +remote nation in manufacturing so + + align:start position:0% +remote nation in manufacturing so + + + align:start position:0% +remote nation in manufacturing so +there's gonna be really interesting + + align:start position:0% +there's gonna be really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +there's gonna be really interesting +opportunities and say virtual reality + + align:start position:0% +opportunities and say virtual reality + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities and say virtual reality +for people who are interested in + + align:start position:0% +for people who are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +for people who are interested in +producing say entertainment specifically + + align:start position:0% +producing say entertainment specifically + + + align:start position:0% +producing say entertainment specifically +for that you know technological or + + align:start position:0% +for that you know technological or + + + align:start position:0% +for that you know technological or +environment I think one of the proposed + + align:start position:0% +environment I think one of the proposed + + + align:start position:0% +environment I think one of the proposed +that it would be mall their job + + align:start position:0% +that it would be mall their job + + + align:start position:0% +that it would be mall their job +replacement in the middle class in there + + align:start position:0% +replacement in the middle class in there + + + align:start position:0% +replacement in the middle class in there +was Lucia higher demand for high pay + + align:start position:0% +was Lucia higher demand for high pay + + + align:start position:0% +was Lucia higher demand for high pay +high-skilled jobs and low pay + + align:start position:0% +high-skilled jobs and low pay + + + align:start position:0% +high-skilled jobs and low pay +low-skilled jobs in their sent with a + + align:start position:0% +low-skilled jobs in their sent with a + + + align:start position:0% +low-skilled jobs in their sent with a +reduced size of middle class so in terms + + align:start position:0% +reduced size of middle class so in terms + + + align:start position:0% +reduced size of middle class so in terms +of the rising demand for the low stay + + align:start position:0% +of the rising demand for the low stay + + + align:start position:0% +of the rising demand for the low stay +low paid jobs where will be that will be + + align:start position:0% +low paid jobs where will be that will be + + + align:start position:0% +low paid jobs where will be that will be +this or performance associated with that + + align:start position:0% +this or performance associated with that + + + align:start position:0% +this or performance associated with that +kind of future + + align:start position:0% +kind of future + + + align:start position:0% +kind of future +yeah I think you just sounded pretty + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think you just sounded pretty + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think you just sounded pretty +important for like that we tried to get + + align:start position:0% +important for like that we tried to get + + + align:start position:0% +important for like that we tried to get +it which is kind of just as hollowing + + align:start position:0% +it which is kind of just as hollowing + + + align:start position:0% +it which is kind of just as hollowing +out of the middle class but more + + align:start position:0% +out of the middle class but more + + + align:start position:0% +out of the middle class but more +importantly like the economic models + + align:start position:0% +importantly like the economic models + + + align:start position:0% +importantly like the economic models +that we're gonna have to use are not + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna have to use are not + + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna have to use are not +going to be now as income levels are + + align:start position:0% +going to be now as income levels are + + + align:start position:0% +going to be now as income levels are +distributed you know relatively evenly + + align:start position:0% +distributed you know relatively evenly + + + align:start position:0% +distributed you know relatively evenly +in accordance with population numbers + + align:start position:0% +in accordance with population numbers + + + align:start position:0% +in accordance with population numbers +but like you have to use models from you + + align:start position:0% +but like you have to use models from you + + + align:start position:0% +but like you have to use models from you +know different countries or stuff like + + align:start position:0% +know different countries or stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +know different countries or stuff like +that it's gonna be like an entirely + + align:start position:0% +that it's gonna be like an entirely + + + align:start position:0% +that it's gonna be like an entirely +different way to think about the economy + + align:start position:0% +different way to think about the economy + + + align:start position:0% +different way to think about the economy +because we've never really had to deal + + align:start position:0% +because we've never really had to deal + + + align:start position:0% +because we've never really had to deal +with an economy where like we're so now + + align:start position:0% +with an economy where like we're so now + + + align:start position:0% +with an economy where like we're so now +we're like we've never been bimodal + + align:start position:0% +we're like we've never been bimodal + + + align:start position:0% +we're like we've never been bimodal +before having to deal with like we only + + align:start position:0% +before having to deal with like we only + + + align:start position:0% +before having to deal with like we only +have low-skilled low-grade jobs or like + + align:start position:0% +have low-skilled low-grade jobs or like + + + align:start position:0% +have low-skilled low-grade jobs or like +high skilled high paid jobs and on the + + align:start position:0% +high skilled high paid jobs and on the + + + align:start position:0% +high skilled high paid jobs and on the +like confident size magnitude the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +like confident size magnitude the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +like confident size magnitude the u.s. +it's on like I don't think we tried to + + align:start position:0% +it's on like I don't think we tried to + + + align:start position:0% +it's on like I don't think we tried to +deal with that before and so I don't + + align:start position:0% +deal with that before and so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that before and so I don't +think a democracy has had to deal with + + align:start position:0% +think a democracy has had to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +think a democracy has had to deal with +that before + + align:start position:0% +that before + + + align:start position:0% +that before +I mean we do not say that early America + + align:start position:0% +I mean we do not say that early America + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we do not say that early America +was pretty bimodal and you had + + align:start position:0% +was pretty bimodal and you had + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty bimodal and you had +plantation owners and you had like + + align:start position:0% +plantation owners and you had like + + + align:start position:0% +plantation owners and you had like +bakers in New York and everyone else was + + align:start position:0% +bakers in New York and everyone else was + + + align:start position:0% +bakers in New York and everyone else was +pretty poor yeah I think there were + + align:start position:0% +pretty poor yeah I think there were + + + align:start position:0% +pretty poor yeah I think there were +times in the later part of the 19th + + align:start position:0% +times in the later part of the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +times in the later part of the 19th +century where we had these kind of + + align:start position:0% +century where we had these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +century where we had these kind of +inequality numbers - yeah but we got out + + align:start position:0% +inequality numbers - yeah but we got out + + + align:start position:0% +inequality numbers - yeah but we got out +of them we got out of them essentially + + align:start position:0% +of them we got out of them essentially + + + align:start position:0% +of them we got out of them essentially +by raising the education level of the + + align:start position:0% +by raising the education level of the + + + align:start position:0% +by raising the education level of the +entire workforce + + align:start position:0% +entire workforce + + + align:start position:0% +entire workforce +you know labor protections yes and we + + align:start position:0% +you know labor protections yes and we + + + align:start position:0% +you know labor protections yes and we +did that too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that is a fundamental assumption + + align:start position:0% +yeah that is a fundamental assumption + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that is a fundamental assumption +but I think it's pretty interesting the + + align:start position:0% +but I think it's pretty interesting the + + + align:start position:0% +but I think it's pretty interesting the +assumption that there should be a middle + + align:start position:0% +assumption that there should be a middle + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that there should be a middle +class or that it's natural for there to + + align:start position:0% +class or that it's natural for there to + + + align:start position:0% +class or that it's natural for there to +be or if it's always gonna be a case not + + align:start position:0% +be or if it's always gonna be a case not + + + align:start position:0% +be or if it's always gonna be a case not +to say it shouldn't be ordered or it + + align:start position:0% +to say it shouldn't be ordered or it + + + align:start position:0% +to say it shouldn't be ordered or it +should be just like it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +should be just like it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +should be just like it's interesting +that we make it something that like the + + align:start position:0% +that we make it something that like the + + + align:start position:0% +that we make it something that like the +fundamental assumption that I think I no + + align:start position:0% +fundamental assumption that I think I no + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental assumption that I think I no +argue that that's pretty fundamental to + + align:start position:0% +argue that that's pretty fundamental to + + + align:start position:0% +argue that that's pretty fundamental to +the ethos of the country yeah thank you + + align:start position:0% +the ethos of the country yeah thank you + + + align:start position:0% +the ethos of the country yeah thank you +overall immigration occurred here and + + align:start position:0% +overall immigration occurred here and + + + align:start position:0% +overall immigration occurred here and +social classes were significantly + + align:start position:0% +social classes were significantly + + + align:start position:0% +social classes were significantly +reduced in the United States from the + + align:start position:0% +reduced in the United States from the + + + align:start position:0% +reduced in the United States from the +period of founding until the latter part + + align:start position:0% +period of founding until the latter part + + + align:start position:0% +period of founding until the latter part +of the 19th century when + + align:start position:0% +of the 19th century when + + + align:start position:0% +of the 19th century when +industrialization took off but that it + + align:start position:0% +industrialization took off but that it + + + align:start position:0% +industrialization took off but that it +was a pretty strong middle class base + + align:start position:0% +was a pretty strong middle class base + + + align:start position:0% +was a pretty strong middle class base +and that talent base that involved based + + align:start position:0% +and that talent base that involved based + + + align:start position:0% +and that talent base that involved based +that citizen base it's pretty key to the + + align:start position:0% +that citizen base it's pretty key to the + + + align:start position:0% +that citizen base it's pretty key to the +effect of the ability of democracy to + + align:start position:0% +effect of the ability of democracy to + + + align:start position:0% +effect of the ability of democracy to +function and what happens in democracy + + align:start position:0% +function and what happens in democracy + + + align:start position:0% +function and what happens in democracy +when you start to really split the + + align:start position:0% +when you start to really split the + + + align:start position:0% +when you start to really split the +society and significant inequality + + align:start position:0% +society and significant inequality + + + align:start position:0% +society and significant inequality +occurs I'm worried about some of the + + align:start position:0% +occurs I'm worried about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +occurs I'm worried about some of the +signaling system we're getting on that + + align:start position:0% +signaling system we're getting on that + + + align:start position:0% +signaling system we're getting on that +at the moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but intuitively they after learning + + align:start position:0% +but intuitively they after learning + + + align:start position:0% +but intuitively they after learning +economics fun serious I think reading + + align:start position:0% +economics fun serious I think reading + + + align:start position:0% +economics fun serious I think reading +the labor mobility is probably one of + + align:start position:0% +the labor mobility is probably one of + + + align:start position:0% +the labor mobility is probably one of +the solutions so how do we how do you + + align:start position:0% +the solutions so how do we how do you + + + align:start position:0% +the solutions so how do we how do you +best view about like how effective would + + align:start position:0% +best view about like how effective would + + + align:start position:0% +best view about like how effective would +this be in half feasible and we've + + align:start position:0% +this be in half feasible and we've + + + align:start position:0% +this be in half feasible and we've +decreased labor mobility of United + + align:start position:0% +decreased labor mobility of United + + + align:start position:0% +decreased labor mobility of United +States significantly in the last seven + + align:start position:0% +States significantly in the last seven + + + align:start position:0% +States significantly in the last seven +decades the ability to move up the + + align:start position:0% +decades the ability to move up the + + + align:start position:0% +decades the ability to move up the +island they can look to find new + + align:start position:0% +island they can look to find new + + + align:start position:0% +island they can look to find new +employment snake with a new set of + + align:start position:0% +employment snake with a new set of + + + align:start position:0% +employment snake with a new set of +students right but what happens in these + + align:start position:0% +students right but what happens in these + + + align:start position:0% +students right but what happens in these +failing industrial economies is that + + align:start position:0% +failing industrial economies is that + + + align:start position:0% +failing industrial economies is that +people homeownership is typically a + + align:start position:0% +people homeownership is typically a + + + align:start position:0% +people homeownership is typically a +family's key asset if the community is + + align:start position:0% +family's key asset if the community is + + + align:start position:0% +family's key asset if the community is +failing because of industrial decline + + align:start position:0% +failing because of industrial decline + + + align:start position:0% +failing because of industrial decline +that s it collapses it's much harder for + + align:start position:0% +that s it collapses it's much harder for + + + align:start position:0% +that s it collapses it's much harder for +people to get out at that point so + + align:start position:0% +people to get out at that point so + + + align:start position:0% +people to get out at that point so +there's been less labor mobility an + + align:start position:0% +there's been less labor mobility an + + + align:start position:0% +there's been less labor mobility an +interestingly less job churn in the + + align:start position:0% +interestingly less job churn in the + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly less job churn in the +United States in the last decade and + + align:start position:0% +United States in the last decade and + + + align:start position:0% +United States in the last decade and +then then there's social mobility right + + align:start position:0% +then then there's social mobility right + + + align:start position:0% +then then there's social mobility right +which arguably has been pretty key to + + align:start position:0% +which arguably has been pretty key to + + + align:start position:0% +which arguably has been pretty key to +this country in other words your ability + + align:start position:0% +this country in other words your ability + + + align:start position:0% +this country in other words your ability +to improve yourself which has always + + align:start position:0% +to improve yourself which has always + + + align:start position:0% +to improve yourself which has always +been an operating assumption the United + + align:start position:0% +been an operating assumption the United + + + align:start position:0% +been an operating assumption the United +States you could always do better than + + align:start position:0% +States you could always do better than + + + align:start position:0% +States you could always do better than +your parents right and that may be + + align:start position:0% +your parents right and that may be + + + align:start position:0% +your parents right and that may be +coming to an end as well right that may + + align:start position:0% +coming to an end as well right that may + + + align:start position:0% +coming to an end as well right that may +be significantly foreclosed they've + + align:start position:0% +be significantly foreclosed they've + + + align:start position:0% +be significantly foreclosed they've +shown that this generation is worse off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fortunately we have more stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we have more stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately we have more stuff that's +the one interestingly in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the one interestingly in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the one interestingly in terms of +representing your culture I saw a meme + + align:start position:0% +representing your culture I saw a meme + + + align:start position:0% +representing your culture I saw a meme +last night that said you know why do you + + align:start position:0% +last night that said you know why do you + + + align:start position:0% +last night that said you know why do you +think I post so many selfies I don't + + align:start position:0% +think I post so many selfies I don't + + + align:start position:0% +think I post so many selfies I don't +have a car I don't have a house to post + + align:start position:0% +have a car I don't have a house to post + + + align:start position:0% +have a car I don't have a house to post +pictures I'm just gonna post photos of + + align:start position:0% +pictures I'm just gonna post photos of + + + align:start position:0% +pictures I'm just gonna post photos of +my face + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +representative our social opportunity + + align:start position:0% +representative our social opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +representative our social opportunity +like millionaire who complaining that + + align:start position:0% +like millionaire who complaining that + + + align:start position:0% +like millionaire who complaining that +Millennials don't have houses spending + + align:start position:0% +Millennials don't have houses spending + + + align:start position:0% +Millennials don't have houses spending +all their money on avocado - all right + + align:start position:0% +all their money on avocado - all right + + + align:start position:0% +all their money on avocado - all right +so I'm gonna take the opportunity to do + + align:start position:0% +so I'm gonna take the opportunity to do + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm gonna take the opportunity to do +a quick wrap-up of just this class + + align:start position:0% +a quick wrap-up of just this class + + + align:start position:0% +a quick wrap-up of just this class +because we did the wrap-up of the + + align:start position:0% +because we did the wrap-up of the + + + align:start position:0% +because we did the wrap-up of the +overall class at the outset but just + + align:start position:0% +overall class at the outset but just + + + align:start position:0% +overall class at the outset but just +very briefly here you know Brynjolfsson + + align:start position:0% +very briefly here you know Brynjolfsson + + + align:start position:0% +very briefly here you know Brynjolfsson +and McAfee tell us that the the advent + + align:start position:0% +and McAfee tell us that the the advent + + + align:start position:0% +and McAfee tell us that the the advent +of IT is going to be significantly + + align:start position:0% +of IT is going to be significantly + + + align:start position:0% +of IT is going to be significantly +disruptive in the in the foreseeable + + align:start position:0% +disruptive in the in the foreseeable + + + align:start position:0% +disruptive in the in the foreseeable +future in the short to mid-term future + + align:start position:0% +future in the short to mid-term future + + + align:start position:0% +future in the short to mid-term future +and it's going to create significant + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to create significant + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to create significant +technological job displacement and David + + align:start position:0% +technological job displacement and David + + + align:start position:0% +technological job displacement and David +Otter in his piece why do we still have + + align:start position:0% +Otter in his piece why do we still have + + + align:start position:0% +Otter in his piece why do we still have +so many jobs responds with a with a + + align:start position:0% +so many jobs responds with a with a + + + align:start position:0% +so many jobs responds with a with a +long-standing set of you know thoughtful + + align:start position:0% +long-standing set of you know thoughtful + + + align:start position:0% +long-standing set of you know thoughtful +economic arguments arguing that we can't + + align:start position:0% +economic arguments arguing that we can't + + + align:start position:0% +economic arguments arguing that we can't +just look at the displaced jobs we also + + align:start position:0% +just look at the displaced jobs we also + + + align:start position:0% +just look at the displaced jobs we also +have to look at the new complementary + + align:start position:0% +have to look at the new complementary + + + align:start position:0% +have to look at the new complementary +jobs that are coming about and the net + + align:start position:0% +jobs that are coming about and the net + + + align:start position:0% +jobs that are coming about and the net +increase in new technologies and + + align:start position:0% +increase in new technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +increase in new technologies and +production that will accompany these + + align:start position:0% +production that will accompany these + + + align:start position:0% +production that will accompany these +technological changes - they create you + + align:start position:0% +technological changes - they create you + + + align:start position:0% +technological changes - they create you +know a ground condition that is not that + + align:start position:0% +know a ground condition that is not that + + + align:start position:0% +know a ground condition that is not that +may make this this shift more manageable + + align:start position:0% +may make this this shift more manageable + + + align:start position:0% +may make this this shift more manageable +and odder also talks about how our + + align:start position:0% +and odder also talks about how our + + + align:start position:0% +and odder also talks about how our +economy he looks at in that inequality + + align:start position:0% +economy he looks at in that inequality + + + align:start position:0% +economy he looks at in that inequality +and ties it to education and education + + align:start position:0% +and ties it to education and education + + + align:start position:0% +and ties it to education and education +attainment and he argues overall that + + align:start position:0% +attainment and he argues overall that + + + align:start position:0% +attainment and he argues overall that +this inequality problem that's tied to + + align:start position:0% +this inequality problem that's tied to + + + align:start position:0% +this inequality problem that's tied to +our education levels education + + align:start position:0% +our education levels education + + + align:start position:0% +our education levels education +attainment our society is going to + + align:start position:0% +attainment our society is going to + + + align:start position:0% +attainment our society is going to +require significant upskilling of our + + align:start position:0% +require significant upskilling of our + + + align:start position:0% +require significant upskilling of our +population and then David Mindell takes + + align:start position:0% +population and then David Mindell takes + + + align:start position:0% +population and then David Mindell takes +us back to the what's the future of work + + align:start position:0% +us back to the what's the future of work + + + align:start position:0% +us back to the what's the future of work +going to look like and takes a deep dive + + align:start position:0% +going to look like and takes a deep dive + + + align:start position:0% +going to look like and takes a deep dive +into what most people view as the most + + align:start position:0% +into what most people view as the most + + + align:start position:0% +into what most people view as the most +threatening territory robotics and + + align:start position:0% +threatening territory robotics and + + + align:start position:0% +threatening territory robotics and +argues that yes there will be + + align:start position:0% +argues that yes there will be + + + align:start position:0% +argues that yes there will be +technological job displacement but the + + align:start position:0% +technological job displacement but the + + + align:start position:0% +technological job displacement but the +relationship with robotics is a + + align:start position:0% +relationship with robotics is a + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with robotics is a +complementary one that there's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +complementary one that there's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +complementary one that there's gonna be +a human-machine symbiosis it's going to + + align:start position:0% +a human-machine symbiosis it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +a human-machine symbiosis it's going to +be more complicated picture than just + + align:start position:0% +be more complicated picture than just + + + align:start position:0% +be more complicated picture than just +straight technologic + + align:start position:0% +straight technologic + + + align:start position:0% +straight technologic +job displacement there will be new + + align:start position:0% +job displacement there will be new + + + align:start position:0% +job displacement there will be new +opportunities for people in this mix and + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for people in this mix and + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities for people in this mix and +then reading from that chapter of the + + align:start position:0% +then reading from that chapter of the + + + align:start position:0% +then reading from that chapter of the +upcoming book that you know I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +upcoming book that you know I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +upcoming book that you know I'm doing +with Peter Singer looking through the + + align:start position:0% +with Peter Singer looking through the + + + align:start position:0% +with Peter Singer looking through the +literature we conclude that the jobless + + align:start position:0% +literature we conclude that the jobless + + + align:start position:0% +literature we conclude that the jobless +future is not on us today and the rates + + align:start position:0% +future is not on us today and the rates + + + align:start position:0% +future is not on us today and the rates +low productivity rates and low + + align:start position:0% +low productivity rates and low + + + align:start position:0% +low productivity rates and low +investment rates suggest that it's not + + align:start position:0% +investment rates suggest that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +investment rates suggest that it's not +evolving rapidly right so we may have a + + align:start position:0% +evolving rapidly right so we may have a + + + align:start position:0% +evolving rapidly right so we may have a +little time here and then meanwhile we + + align:start position:0% +little time here and then meanwhile we + + + align:start position:0% +little time here and then meanwhile we +do have this deep problem with a low + + align:start position:0% +do have this deep problem with a low + + + align:start position:0% +do have this deep problem with a low +growth rate a low productivity rate a + + align:start position:0% +growth rate a low productivity rate a + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate a low productivity rate a +low capital investment rate which is + + align:start position:0% +low capital investment rate which is + + + align:start position:0% +low capital investment rate which is +creating secular stagnation in summers + + align:start position:0% +creating secular stagnation in summers + + + align:start position:0% +creating secular stagnation in summers +terms and that's something that we need + + align:start position:0% +terms and that's something that we need + + + align:start position:0% +terms and that's something that we need +to get on right because that's the + + align:start position:0% +to get on right because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +to get on right because that's the +immediate future so and then overall + + align:start position:0% +immediate future so and then overall + + + align:start position:0% +immediate future so and then overall +this general upskilling of the workforce + + align:start position:0% +this general upskilling of the workforce + + + align:start position:0% +this general upskilling of the workforce +serves both purposes so let's get on + + align:start position:0% +serves both purposes so let's get on + + + align:start position:0% +serves both purposes so let's get on +with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jM-JYT2j6Yw.txt b/jM-JYT2j6Yw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28ad9a00dafc9bd463ae8a30101eb30fd9355589 --- /dev/null +++ b/jM-JYT2j6Yw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,859 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so when we have a vector product of two + + align:start position:0% +so when we have a vector product of two + + + align:start position:0% +so when we have a vector product of two +vectors a cross B equals C let's compute + + align:start position:0% +vectors a cross B equals C let's compute + + + align:start position:0% +vectors a cross B equals C let's compute +that vector product in different + + align:start position:0% +that vector product in different + + + align:start position:0% +that vector product in different +coordinate systems so let's begin by + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems so let's begin by + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate systems so let's begin by +choosing two vectors I hat and jaehun + + align:start position:0% +choosing two vectors I hat and jaehun + + + align:start position:0% +choosing two vectors I hat and jaehun +and notice they're at a right angle and + + align:start position:0% +and notice they're at a right angle and + + + align:start position:0% +and notice they're at a right angle and +because there is a unit vector the area + + align:start position:0% +because there is a unit vector the area + + + align:start position:0% +because there is a unit vector the area +here is equal to 1 and I want to define + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to 1 and I want to define + + + align:start position:0% +here is equal to 1 and I want to define +K hat to be equal to I hat cross J hat + + align:start position:0% +K hat to be equal to I hat cross J hat + + + align:start position:0% +K hat to be equal to I hat cross J hat +now our angle theta here was 90 degrees + + align:start position:0% +now our angle theta here was 90 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +now our angle theta here was 90 degrees +and so if I use the right hand rule then + + align:start position:0% +and so if I use the right hand rule then + + + align:start position:0% +and so if I use the right hand rule then +I had cross J hat is the right-handed + + align:start position:0% +I had cross J hat is the right-handed + + + align:start position:0% +I had cross J hat is the right-handed +unit normal is out of the plane of the + + align:start position:0% +unit normal is out of the plane of the + + + align:start position:0% +unit normal is out of the plane of the +figure and so I would write k hat like + + align:start position:0% +figure and so I would write k hat like + + + align:start position:0% +figure and so I would write k hat like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and notice k hat is out of plane of + + align:start position:0% +and notice k hat is out of plane of + + + align:start position:0% +and notice k hat is out of plane of +figure and because I used my right hand + + align:start position:0% +figure and because I used my right hand + + + align:start position:0% +figure and because I used my right hand +rule this is what we call a right-handed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinate system now there's something + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system now there's something + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system now there's something +very nice about this cross product + + align:start position:0% +very nice about this cross product + + + align:start position:0% +very nice about this cross product +definition notice that there's a cyclic + + align:start position:0% +definition notice that there's a cyclic + + + align:start position:0% +definition notice that there's a cyclic +order i j k is a cyclic order and if you + + align:start position:0% +order i j k is a cyclic order and if you + + + align:start position:0% +order i j k is a cyclic order and if you +interchange any two for example J I K + + align:start position:0% +interchange any two for example J I K + + + align:start position:0% +interchange any two for example J I K +that's anti cyclic and the cross + + align:start position:0% +that's anti cyclic and the cross + + + align:start position:0% +that's anti cyclic and the cross +products satisfy this cyclic rule in + + align:start position:0% +products satisfy this cyclic rule in + + + align:start position:0% +products satisfy this cyclic rule in +that J cross K hat is I hat and notice j + + align:start position:0% +that J cross K hat is I hat and notice j + + + align:start position:0% +that J cross K hat is I hat and notice j +k i j k i maintains that cyclic order + + align:start position:0% +k i j k i maintains that cyclic order + + + align:start position:0% +k i j k i maintains that cyclic order +and k hat cross i hat is j hat k i J + + align:start position:0% +and k hat cross i hat is j hat k i J + + + align:start position:0% +and k hat cross i hat is j hat k i J +maintains that cyclic order but because + + align:start position:0% +maintains that cyclic order but because + + + align:start position:0% +maintains that cyclic order but because +of the way we defined a cross product in + + align:start position:0% +of the way we defined a cross product in + + + align:start position:0% +of the way we defined a cross product in +general + + align:start position:0% +general + + + align:start position:0% +general +a cross B is minus B cross a because now + + align:start position:0% +a cross B is minus B cross a because now + + + align:start position:0% +a cross B is minus B cross a because now +you're using the opposite direction so + + align:start position:0% +you're using the opposite direction so + + + align:start position:0% +you're using the opposite direction so +there's a minus sign and therefore any + + align:start position:0% +there's a minus sign and therefore any + + + align:start position:0% +there's a minus sign and therefore any +anti cyclic permutation of these unit + + align:start position:0% +anti cyclic permutation of these unit + + + align:start position:0% +anti cyclic permutation of these unit +vectors as an example K hat cross J hat + + align:start position:0% +vectors as an example K hat cross J hat + + + align:start position:0% +vectors as an example K hat cross J hat +has to be notice I've what's called is + + align:start position:0% +has to be notice I've what's called is + + + align:start position:0% +has to be notice I've what's called is +minus I hat + + align:start position:0% +minus I hat + + + align:start position:0% +minus I hat +that's anti community of property of the + + align:start position:0% +that's anti community of property of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's anti community of property of the +cross product similarly I had cross K + + align:start position:0% +cross product similarly I had cross K + + + align:start position:0% +cross product similarly I had cross K +hat is minus J hat and lastly J hat + + align:start position:0% +hat is minus J hat and lastly J hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat is minus J hat and lastly J hat +cross I hat + + align:start position:0% +cross I hat + + + align:start position:0% +cross I hat +is minus K hat and so in fact you only + + align:start position:0% +is minus K hat and so in fact you only + + + align:start position:0% +is minus K hat and so in fact you only +need to know one and this idea of cyclic + + align:start position:0% +need to know one and this idea of cyclic + + + align:start position:0% +need to know one and this idea of cyclic +and anti-cyclical to be able to write + + align:start position:0% +and anti-cyclical to be able to write + + + align:start position:0% +and anti-cyclical to be able to write +down all of the other six so we have one + + align:start position:0% +down all of the other six so we have one + + + align:start position:0% +down all of the other six so we have one +two three four five six now when you + + align:start position:0% +two three four five six now when you + + + align:start position:0% +two three four five six now when you +want to compute the cross products in + + align:start position:0% +want to compute the cross products in + + + align:start position:0% +want to compute the cross products in +Cartesian coordinates for instance it + + align:start position:0% +Cartesian coordinates for instance it + + + align:start position:0% +Cartesian coordinates for instance it +can be a little bit messy there's going + + align:start position:0% +can be a little bit messy there's going + + + align:start position:0% +can be a little bit messy there's going +to be a lot of terms if I write a vector + + align:start position:0% +to be a lot of terms if I write a vector + + + align:start position:0% +to be a lot of terms if I write a vector +a as ax I hat plus ay Y J hat plus AZ K + + align:start position:0% +a as ax I hat plus ay Y J hat plus AZ K + + + align:start position:0% +a as ax I hat plus ay Y J hat plus AZ K +hat and I write a vector B as B X I hat + + align:start position:0% +hat and I write a vector B as B X I hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat and I write a vector B as B X I hat +plus B Y J hat plus B Z K hat and now I + + align:start position:0% +plus B Y J hat plus B Z K hat and now I + + + align:start position:0% +plus B Y J hat plus B Z K hat and now I +want to compute the cross product of + + align:start position:0% +want to compute the cross product of + + + align:start position:0% +want to compute the cross product of +these vectors to get the new one notice + + align:start position:0% +these vectors to get the new one notice + + + align:start position:0% +these vectors to get the new one notice +that there's going to be six terms + + align:start position:0% +that there's going to be six terms + + + align:start position:0% +that there's going to be six terms +because I have I hat well we actually + + align:start position:0% +because I have I hat well we actually + + + align:start position:0% +because I have I hat well we actually +should say one more thing that I had + + align:start position:0% +should say one more thing that I had + + + align:start position:0% +should say one more thing that I had +cross I hat the angle between these two + + align:start position:0% +cross I hat the angle between these two + + + align:start position:0% +cross I hat the angle between these two +vectors is zero there's no perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +vectors is zero there's no perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +vectors is zero there's no perpendicular +projection so that's zero as is J hat + + align:start position:0% +projection so that's zero as is J hat + + + align:start position:0% +projection so that's zero as is J hat +cross J hat K hat cross K hat so of + + align:start position:0% +cross J hat K hat cross K hat so of + + + align:start position:0% +cross J hat K hat cross K hat so of +these nine parts when we take the cross + + align:start position:0% +these nine parts when we take the cross + + + align:start position:0% +these nine parts when we take the cross +product three of them + + align:start position:0% +product three of them + + + align:start position:0% +product three of them +be zero by this rule and we'll apply our + + align:start position:0% +be zero by this rule and we'll apply our + + + align:start position:0% +be zero by this rule and we'll apply our +cyclic or anti cyclic rules for the + + align:start position:0% +cyclic or anti cyclic rules for the + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic or anti cyclic rules for the +others and so what we have here let's + + align:start position:0% +others and so what we have here let's + + + align:start position:0% +others and so what we have here let's +just do it in so C equals a cross B and + + align:start position:0% +just do it in so C equals a cross B and + + + align:start position:0% +just do it in so C equals a cross B and +now let's just go one by one I hat cross + + align:start position:0% +now let's just go one by one I hat cross + + + align:start position:0% +now let's just go one by one I hat cross +I hat that's zero the vectors + + align:start position:0% +I hat that's zero the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +I hat that's zero the vectors +there's no perpendicular part the area + + align:start position:0% +there's no perpendicular part the area + + + align:start position:0% +there's no perpendicular part the area +formed by these two vectors is zero + + align:start position:0% +formed by these two vectors is zero + + + align:start position:0% +formed by these two vectors is zero +I have cross j hat that's cyclic i j is + + align:start position:0% +I have cross j hat that's cyclic i j is + + + align:start position:0% +I have cross j hat that's cyclic i j is +plus k hat + + align:start position:0% +plus k hat + + + align:start position:0% +plus k hat +so our first nonzero term is ax B Y K + + align:start position:0% +so our first nonzero term is ax B Y K + + + align:start position:0% +so our first nonzero term is ax B Y K +hat i across j hat and now let's do i + + align:start position:0% +hat i across j hat and now let's do i + + + align:start position:0% +hat i across j hat and now let's do i +hat cross k hat notice that's anti + + align:start position:0% +hat cross k hat notice that's anti + + + align:start position:0% +hat cross k hat notice that's anti +cyclic I K minus J so our next term is + + align:start position:0% +cyclic I K minus J so our next term is + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic I K minus J so our next term is +minus ax b z j hat so there's the first + + align:start position:0% +minus ax b z j hat so there's the first + + + align:start position:0% +minus ax b z j hat so there's the first +two and now let's just continue this + + align:start position:0% +two and now let's just continue this + + + align:start position:0% +two and now let's just continue this +process J hat cross I hat that's anti + + align:start position:0% +process J hat cross I hat that's anti + + + align:start position:0% +process J hat cross I hat that's anti +cyclic so we have we have minus ay y bx + + align:start position:0% +cyclic so we have we have minus ay y bx + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic so we have we have minus ay y bx +k hat a YJ hat cross bx I hat J hat + + align:start position:0% +k hat a YJ hat cross bx I hat J hat + + + align:start position:0% +k hat a YJ hat cross bx I hat J hat +cross J hat that's 0 so we have no + + align:start position:0% +cross J hat that's 0 so we have no + + + align:start position:0% +cross J hat that's 0 so we have no +contribution there and J hat cross K hat + + align:start position:0% +contribution there and J hat cross K hat + + + align:start position:0% +contribution there and J hat cross K hat +that is cyclic so that's plus ay Y B Z K + + align:start position:0% +that is cyclic so that's plus ay Y B Z K + + + align:start position:0% +that is cyclic so that's plus ay Y B Z K +hat and now we have our last two terms K + + align:start position:0% +hat and now we have our last two terms K + + + align:start position:0% +hat and now we have our last two terms K +hat cross I hat that's cyclic so that's + + align:start position:0% +hat cross I hat that's cyclic so that's + + + align:start position:0% +hat cross I hat that's cyclic so that's +plus AZ B X J hat K hat cross J hat + + align:start position:0% +plus AZ B X J hat K hat cross J hat + + + align:start position:0% +plus AZ B X J hat K hat cross J hat +that's anti cyclic so there's a minus I + + align:start position:0% +that's anti cyclic so there's a minus I + + + align:start position:0% +that's anti cyclic so there's a minus I +hat so it's minus AZ B Y I had and + + align:start position:0% +hat so it's minus AZ B Y I had and + + + align:start position:0% +hat so it's minus AZ B Y I had and +finally K hat cross K hat well that's + + align:start position:0% +finally K hat cross K hat well that's + + + align:start position:0% +finally K hat cross K hat well that's +also zero so we have six terms and we + + align:start position:0% +also zero so we have six terms and we + + + align:start position:0% +also zero so we have six terms and we +can collect them equal to a X B Y minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh let's check this one here we use the + + align:start position:0% +oh let's check this one here we use the + + + align:start position:0% +oh let's check this one here we use the +wrong symbol here we have to be a little + + align:start position:0% +wrong symbol here we have to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +wrong symbol here we have to be a little +bit careful here a Y cross BZ is J hat + + align:start position:0% +bit careful here a Y cross BZ is J hat + + + align:start position:0% +bit careful here a Y cross BZ is J hat +cross k hat that's plus I huh so we have + + align:start position:0% +cross k hat that's plus I huh so we have + + + align:start position:0% +cross k hat that's plus I huh so we have +a X B Y minus ay Y B X K hat and now + + align:start position:0% +a X B Y minus ay Y B X K hat and now + + + align:start position:0% +a X B Y minus ay Y B X K hat and now +let's look at the I had terms I'll just + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the I had terms I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the I had terms I'll just +check those off we have a Y be Z minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AZ B Y I hat and check those two terms + + align:start position:0% +AZ B Y I hat and check those two terms + + + align:start position:0% +AZ B Y I hat and check those two terms +off and lastly we have AZ be X minus ax + + align:start position:0% +off and lastly we have AZ be X minus ax + + + align:start position:0% +off and lastly we have AZ be X minus ax +B Z so we have AZ be X minus a X B Z and + + align:start position:0% +B Z so we have AZ be X minus a X B Z and + + + align:start position:0% +B Z so we have AZ be X minus a X B Z and +that's J hat and that's how we calculate + + align:start position:0% +that's J hat and that's how we calculate + + + align:start position:0% +that's J hat and that's how we calculate +the cross product in Cartesian + + align:start position:0% +the cross product in Cartesian + + + align:start position:0% +the cross product in Cartesian +coordinates \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jNSvbmc_ecM.txt b/jNSvbmc_ecM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39687235638b790b4e94a5dfd3253ef1d39d6484 --- /dev/null +++ b/jNSvbmc_ecM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8235 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so so while we're + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so so while we're + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so so while we're +waiting for the phone I mean for the + + align:start position:0% +waiting for the phone I mean for the + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for the phone I mean for the +microphone um a little bit of catching + + align:start position:0% +microphone um a little bit of catching + + + align:start position:0% +microphone um a little bit of catching +up from the previous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecture on the on the on the slide over + + align:start position:0% +lecture on the on the on the slide over + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on the on the on the slide over +there is the telescope so I don't want + + align:start position:0% +there is the telescope so I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +there is the telescope so I don't want +to spend too much time on it you've + + align:start position:0% +to spend too much time on it you've + + + align:start position:0% +to spend too much time on it you've +already seen the + + align:start position:0% +already seen the + + + align:start position:0% +already seen the +telescope at least in in one homework + + align:start position:0% +telescope at least in in one homework + + + align:start position:0% +telescope at least in in one homework +problem of the previous set so you're + + align:start position:0% +problem of the previous set so you're + + + align:start position:0% +problem of the previous set so you're +familiar with it and we also alluded to + + align:start position:0% +familiar with it and we also alluded to + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with it and we also alluded to +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +earlier uh so it is kind of opposite + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh so it is kind of opposite + + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh so it is kind of opposite +than the microscope in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +than the microscope in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +than the microscope in the sense that +okay both instruments are similar + + align:start position:0% +okay both instruments are similar + + + align:start position:0% +okay both instruments are similar +because they magnify but they magnify + + align:start position:0% +because they magnify but they magnify + + + align:start position:0% +because they magnify but they magnify +what in the case of a microscope we see + + align:start position:0% +what in the case of a microscope we see + + + align:start position:0% +what in the case of a microscope we see +very small detail thank + + align:start position:0% +very small detail thank + + + align:start position:0% +very small detail thank +you okay we got a new battery now so so + + align:start position:0% +you okay we got a new battery now so so + + + align:start position:0% +you okay we got a new battery now so so +we're back in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +business okay so in the + + align:start position:0% +business okay so in the + + + align:start position:0% +business okay so in the +microscope uh the object appears small + + align:start position:0% +microscope uh the object appears small + + + align:start position:0% +microscope uh the object appears small +because it is physically very small uh + + align:start position:0% +because it is physically very small uh + + + align:start position:0% +because it is physically very small uh +and it is available nearby that is the + + align:start position:0% +and it is available nearby that is the + + + align:start position:0% +and it is available nearby that is the +definition of a microscope in the case + + align:start position:0% +definition of a microscope in the case + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a microscope in the case +of a telescope the object appears small + + align:start position:0% +of a telescope the object appears small + + + align:start position:0% +of a telescope the object appears small +not because it is physically small but + + align:start position:0% +not because it is physically small but + + + align:start position:0% +not because it is physically small but +it is but because it is very far away so + + align:start position:0% +it is but because it is very far away so + + + align:start position:0% +it is but because it is very far away so +for example a star a star is humongus + + align:start position:0% +for example a star a star is humongus + + + align:start position:0% +for example a star a star is humongus +right it may be uh several thousand + + align:start position:0% +right it may be uh several thousand + + + align:start position:0% +right it may be uh several thousand +times bigger than the earth but it + + align:start position:0% +times bigger than the earth but it + + + align:start position:0% +times bigger than the earth but it +appears very small because it is also + + align:start position:0% +appears very small because it is also + + + align:start position:0% +appears very small because it is also +maybe thousands of light years away okay + + align:start position:0% +maybe thousands of light years away okay + + + align:start position:0% +maybe thousands of light years away okay +so this is the situation where we + + align:start position:0% +so this is the situation where we + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the situation where we +typically where we use a + + align:start position:0% +typically where we use a + + + align:start position:0% +typically where we use a +telescope so you see the the function of + + align:start position:0% +telescope so you see the the function of + + + align:start position:0% +telescope so you see the the function of +the telescope here H so this is the case + + align:start position:0% +the telescope here H so this is the case + + + align:start position:0% +the telescope here H so this is the case +of a telescope with an object at a + + align:start position:0% +of a telescope with an object at a + + + align:start position:0% +of a telescope with an object at a +finite location so in this case the + + align:start position:0% +finite location so in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +finite location so in this case the +object is physically big it appears + + align:start position:0% +object is physically big it appears + + + align:start position:0% +object is physically big it appears +small because it is far away so the + + align:start position:0% +small because it is far away so the + + + align:start position:0% +small because it is far away so the +telescope in this case it is actually + + align:start position:0% +telescope in this case it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +telescope in this case it is actually +very similar to the microscope the way + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the microscope the way + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the microscope the way +it works it creates an image of this + + align:start position:0% +it works it creates an image of this + + + align:start position:0% +it works it creates an image of this +object in the following sense that each + + align:start position:0% +object in the following sense that each + + + align:start position:0% +object in the following sense that each +point in the object becomes a parallel + + align:start position:0% +point in the object becomes a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +point in the object becomes a parallel +aray bundle + + align:start position:0% +aray bundle + + + align:start position:0% +aray bundle +uh at the output of the telescope so + + align:start position:0% +uh at the output of the telescope so + + + align:start position:0% +uh at the output of the telescope so +therefore the Observer again recall that + + align:start position:0% +therefore the Observer again recall that + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the Observer again recall that +that the final final image is produced + + align:start position:0% +that the final final image is produced + + + align:start position:0% +that the final final image is produced +by the lens of the observer's eye on the + + align:start position:0% +by the lens of the observer's eye on the + + + align:start position:0% +by the lens of the observer's eye on the +retina so the eye of the Observer picks + + align:start position:0% +retina so the eye of the Observer picks + + + align:start position:0% +retina so the eye of the Observer picks +up this parallel Ray bundle and focuses + + align:start position:0% +up this parallel Ray bundle and focuses + + + align:start position:0% +up this parallel Ray bundle and focuses +it on the retina now if you extend the + + align:start position:0% +it on the retina now if you extend the + + + align:start position:0% +it on the retina now if you extend the +Rays backwards through the final I piece + + align:start position:0% +Rays backwards through the final I piece + + + align:start position:0% +Rays backwards through the final I piece +of the telescope you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +of the telescope you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +of the telescope you can see that the +telescope actually is creating a virtual + + align:start position:0% +telescope actually is creating a virtual + + + align:start position:0% +telescope actually is creating a virtual +image that is u magnified with respect + + align:start position:0% +image that is u magnified with respect + + + align:start position:0% +image that is u magnified with respect +to the original object and that's why + + align:start position:0% +to the original object and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +to the original object and that's why +that's how the telescope + + align:start position:0% +that's how the telescope + + + align:start position:0% +that's how the telescope +magnifies this remote uh object it is + + align:start position:0% +magnifies this remote uh object it is + + + align:start position:0% +magnifies this remote uh object it is +more common to use the telescope as + + align:start position:0% +more common to use the telescope as + + + align:start position:0% +more common to use the telescope as +shown in the second case where the + + align:start position:0% +shown in the second case where the + + + align:start position:0% +shown in the second case where the +object is actually at infinity and uh + + align:start position:0% +object is actually at infinity and uh + + + align:start position:0% +object is actually at infinity and uh +that is the classical case of a + + align:start position:0% +that is the classical case of a + + + align:start position:0% +that is the classical case of a +telescope where now instead of having + + align:start position:0% +telescope where now instead of having + + + align:start position:0% +telescope where now instead of having +spherical waves arriving from points in + + align:start position:0% +spherical waves arriving from points in + + + align:start position:0% +spherical waves arriving from points in +the object now we have plain waves so to + + align:start position:0% +the object now we have plain waves so to + + + align:start position:0% +the object now we have plain waves so to +a good approximation + + align:start position:0% +a good approximation + + + align:start position:0% +a good approximation +um uh to an excellent approximation + + align:start position:0% +um uh to an excellent approximation + + + align:start position:0% +um uh to an excellent approximation +stars are located at Infinity but not + + align:start position:0% +stars are located at Infinity but not + + + align:start position:0% +stars are located at Infinity but not +necessarily even terrestrial objects + + align:start position:0% +necessarily even terrestrial objects + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily even terrestrial objects +that are located say more than 100 + + align:start position:0% +that are located say more than 100 + + + align:start position:0% +that are located say more than 100 +meters or a kilometer away they satisfy + + align:start position:0% +meters or a kilometer away they satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +meters or a kilometer away they satisfy +this approximation quite well so they + + align:start position:0% +this approximation quite well so they + + + align:start position:0% +this approximation quite well so they +produce these almost parallel Ray + + align:start position:0% +produce these almost parallel Ray + + + align:start position:0% +produce these almost parallel Ray +bundles so the telescope in this case it + + align:start position:0% +bundles so the telescope in this case it + + + align:start position:0% +bundles so the telescope in this case it +is a focal in the sense that at the + + align:start position:0% +is a focal in the sense that at the + + + align:start position:0% +is a focal in the sense that at the +output of the SC telescope again you + + align:start position:0% +output of the SC telescope again you + + + align:start position:0% +output of the SC telescope again you +produce a parallel aray bundle and the + + align:start position:0% +produce a parallel aray bundle and the + + + align:start position:0% +produce a parallel aray bundle and the +reason of course is that you want the + + align:start position:0% +reason of course is that you want the + + + align:start position:0% +reason of course is that you want the +Observer to form an image with + + align:start position:0% +Observer to form an image with + + + align:start position:0% +Observer to form an image with +unaccommodated ey okay that means that + + align:start position:0% +unaccommodated ey okay that means that + + + align:start position:0% +unaccommodated ey okay that means that +still uh the image must be at Infinity + + align:start position:0% +still uh the image must be at Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +still uh the image must be at Infinity +so that the eye without any strain the + + align:start position:0% +so that the eye without any strain the + + + align:start position:0% +so that the eye without any strain the +eye can focus it on the retina and since + + align:start position:0% +eye can focus it on the retina and since + + + align:start position:0% +eye can focus it on the retina and since +that is the case it means that the total + + align:start position:0% +that is the case it means that the total + + + align:start position:0% +that is the case it means that the total +now let's be a little bit careful with + + align:start position:0% +now let's be a little bit careful with + + + align:start position:0% +now let's be a little bit careful with +the terminology the total power of the + + align:start position:0% +the terminology the total power of the + + + align:start position:0% +the terminology the total power of the +telescope is zero that is the telescope + + align:start position:0% +telescope is zero that is the telescope + + + align:start position:0% +telescope is zero that is the telescope +has no Optical IAL power its focal + + align:start position:0% +has no Optical IAL power its focal + + + align:start position:0% +has no Optical IAL power its focal +length is infinity however it does have + + align:start position:0% +length is infinity however it does have + + + align:start position:0% +length is infinity however it does have +magnifying power what the telescope does + + align:start position:0% +magnifying power what the telescope does + + + align:start position:0% +magnifying power what the telescope does +in this case the angle between a chief + + align:start position:0% +in this case the angle between a chief + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the angle between a chief +Fray and the axis the telescope + + align:start position:0% +Fray and the axis the telescope + + + align:start position:0% +Fray and the axis the telescope +magnifies this angle and this is now by + + align:start position:0% +magnifies this angle and this is now by + + + align:start position:0% +magnifies this angle and this is now by +definition the magnification of the + + align:start position:0% +definition the magnification of the + + + align:start position:0% +definition the magnification of the +telescope and you can see that by virtue + + align:start position:0% +telescope and you can see that by virtue + + + align:start position:0% +telescope and you can see that by virtue +of magnifying this angle the telescope + + align:start position:0% +of magnifying this angle the telescope + + + align:start position:0% +of magnifying this angle the telescope +also magnifies the final real image that + + align:start position:0% +also magnifies the final real image that + + + align:start position:0% +also magnifies the final real image that +will be produced on the retina + + align:start position:0% +will be produced on the retina + + + align:start position:0% +will be produced on the retina +and in order to be a focal this was the + + align:start position:0% +and in order to be a focal this was the + + + align:start position:0% +and in order to be a focal this was the +topic of the homework that I gave you + + align:start position:0% +topic of the homework that I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +topic of the homework that I gave you +guys a few I don't know I think it was + + align:start position:0% +guys a few I don't know I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +guys a few I don't know I think it was +two weeks ago in order to be a focal the + + align:start position:0% +two weeks ago in order to be a focal the + + + align:start position:0% +two weeks ago in order to be a focal the +distance between the two lenses must + + align:start position:0% +distance between the two lenses must + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the two lenses must +equal the sum of the focal lens it is + + align:start position:0% +equal the sum of the focal lens it is + + + align:start position:0% +equal the sum of the focal lens it is +very easy to convince yourselves in this + + align:start position:0% +very easy to convince yourselves in this + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to convince yourselves in this +case that that an instrument such as + + align:start position:0% +case that that an instrument such as + + + align:start position:0% +case that that an instrument such as +this one the um in the in the imag in uh + + align:start position:0% +this one the um in the in the imag in uh + + + align:start position:0% +this one the um in the in the imag in uh +in The Matrix of the + + align:start position:0% +in The Matrix of the + + + align:start position:0% +in The Matrix of the +instrument The Matrix will look like + + align:start position:0% +instrument The Matrix will look like + + + align:start position:0% +instrument The Matrix will look like +this and it will have a zero + + align:start position:0% +this and it will have a zero + + + align:start position:0% +this and it will have a zero +in the One Two element in the first uh + + align:start position:0% +in the One Two element in the first uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the One Two element in the first uh +row second column it will have a zero if + + align:start position:0% +row second column it will have a zero if + + + align:start position:0% +row second column it will have a zero if +that is the case + + align:start position:0% +that is the case + + + align:start position:0% +that is the case +whoops if that is the case then it is + + align:start position:0% +whoops if that is the case then it is + + + align:start position:0% +whoops if that is the case then it is +called a focal so by by uh satisfying + + align:start position:0% +called a focal so by by uh satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +called a focal so by by uh satisfying +this condition uh D equals F objective + + align:start position:0% +this condition uh D equals F objective + + + align:start position:0% +this condition uh D equals F objective +plus F ipce we ensure that this is the + + align:start position:0% +plus F ipce we ensure that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +plus F ipce we ensure that this is the +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +Okay so there's a number of different + + align:start position:0% +Okay so there's a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +Okay so there's a number of different +types of Tes Scopes um I just picked one + + align:start position:0% +types of Tes Scopes um I just picked one + + + align:start position:0% +types of Tes Scopes um I just picked one +here the the textbook lists all of them + + align:start position:0% +here the the textbook lists all of them + + + align:start position:0% +here the the textbook lists all of them +there is the klarian Galilean + + align:start position:0% +there is the klarian Galilean + + + align:start position:0% +there is the klarian Galilean +astronomical telescope they all have + + align:start position:0% +astronomical telescope they all have + + + align:start position:0% +astronomical telescope they all have +different combinations of U of uh of + + align:start position:0% +different combinations of U of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +different combinations of U of uh of +lenses I picked one here that is + + align:start position:0% +lenses I picked one here that is + + + align:start position:0% +lenses I picked one here that is +composed exclusively of mirrors and it + + align:start position:0% +composed exclusively of mirrors and it + + + align:start position:0% +composed exclusively of mirrors and it +is very common actually in in + + align:start position:0% +is very common actually in in + + + align:start position:0% +is very common actually in in +observation in observatories it is + + align:start position:0% +observation in observatories it is + + + align:start position:0% +observation in observatories it is +called the Cagan it is also the same + + align:start position:0% +called the Cagan it is also the same + + + align:start position:0% +called the Cagan it is also the same +type that if you go to the Discovery + + align:start position:0% +type that if you go to the Discovery + + + align:start position:0% +type that if you go to the Discovery +Store for example and buy a telescope + + align:start position:0% +Store for example and buy a telescope + + + align:start position:0% +Store for example and buy a telescope +for your nephew or your niece this is + + align:start position:0% +for your nephew or your niece this is + + + align:start position:0% +for your nephew or your niece this is +the type you look at it you know the + + align:start position:0% +the type you look at it you know the + + + align:start position:0% +the type you look at it you know the +tube is oriented horizontally and you + + align:start position:0% +tube is oriented horizontally and you + + + align:start position:0% +tube is oriented horizontally and you +look at it from the top and this is the + + align:start position:0% +look at it from the top and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +look at it from the top and this is the +schematic here the the object or the the + + align:start position:0% +schematic here the the object or the the + + + align:start position:0% +schematic here the the object or the the +sky is on this end and you place your + + align:start position:0% +sky is on this end and you place your + + + align:start position:0% +sky is on this end and you place your +eye this way so the telescope itself + + align:start position:0% +eye this way so the telescope itself + + + align:start position:0% +eye this way so the telescope itself +consists of a large first mirror that + + align:start position:0% +consists of a large first mirror that + + + align:start position:0% +consists of a large first mirror that +functions as um as the SEC as the + + align:start position:0% +functions as um as the SEC as the + + + align:start position:0% +functions as um as the SEC as the +primary uh then there's a second mirror + + align:start position:0% +primary uh then there's a second mirror + + + align:start position:0% +primary uh then there's a second mirror +so if you look at the from this side if + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at the from this side if + + + align:start position:0% +so if you look at the from this side if +you look at into the telescope you will + + align:start position:0% +you look at into the telescope you will + + + align:start position:0% +you look at into the telescope you will +see a small block in the front face of + + align:start position:0% +see a small block in the front face of + + + align:start position:0% +see a small block in the front face of +the of the of the instrument so that's + + align:start position:0% +the of the of the instrument so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the of the of the instrument so that's +the secondary mirror so the combination + + align:start position:0% +the secondary mirror so the combination + + + align:start position:0% +the secondary mirror so the combination +of primary and secondary of course you + + align:start position:0% +of primary and secondary of course you + + + align:start position:0% +of primary and secondary of course you +use two of them to get even higher + + align:start position:0% +use two of them to get even higher + + + align:start position:0% +use two of them to get even higher +magnification and the combination is the + + align:start position:0% +magnification and the combination is the + + + align:start position:0% +magnification and the combination is the +objective and then there's an eye piece + + align:start position:0% +objective and then there's an eye piece + + + align:start position:0% +objective and then there's an eye piece +which is where you stick your eye and + + align:start position:0% +which is where you stick your eye and + + + align:start position:0% +which is where you stick your eye and +you see the you see the image of the + + align:start position:0% +you see the you see the image of the + + + align:start position:0% +you see the you see the image of the +sky so this is a composed purely of + + align:start position:0% +sky so this is a composed purely of + + + align:start position:0% +sky so this is a composed purely of +mirrors so last time we agreed to call + + align:start position:0% +mirrors so last time we agreed to call + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors so last time we agreed to call +this kind of instrument + + align:start position:0% +this kind of instrument + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of instrument +catoptric then there's another type of + + align:start position:0% +catoptric then there's another type of + + + align:start position:0% +catoptric then there's another type of +telescope actually it's not a telescope + + align:start position:0% +telescope actually it's not a telescope + + + align:start position:0% +telescope actually it's not a telescope +it's a kind of an method for correcting + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of an method for correcting + + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of an method for correcting +Optical systems called + + align:start position:0% +Optical systems called + + + align:start position:0% +Optical systems called +Schmid Schmid telescope or Schmid + + align:start position:0% +Schmid Schmid telescope or Schmid + + + align:start position:0% +Schmid Schmid telescope or Schmid +Optical system so let me say why you use + + align:start position:0% +Optical system so let me say why you use + + + align:start position:0% +Optical system so let me say why you use +this so you recall that the ideal mirror + + align:start position:0% +this so you recall that the ideal mirror + + + align:start position:0% +this so you recall that the ideal mirror +surface to give perfect focusing of an + + align:start position:0% +surface to give perfect focusing of an + + + align:start position:0% +surface to give perfect focusing of an +object at Infinity is actually parabolic + + align:start position:0% +object at Infinity is actually parabolic + + + align:start position:0% +object at Infinity is actually parabolic +now suppose that we cannot make a + + align:start position:0% +now suppose that we cannot make a + + + align:start position:0% +now suppose that we cannot make a +parabola uh so we have to make a sphere + + align:start position:0% +parabola uh so we have to make a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +parabola uh so we have to make a sphere +instead of a parabola well in that case + + align:start position:0% +instead of a parabola well in that case + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a parabola well in that case +a liit of thought will convince yourself + + align:start position:0% +a liit of thought will convince yourself + + + align:start position:0% +a liit of thought will convince yourself +that uh the sphere because it is more + + align:start position:0% +that uh the sphere because it is more + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the sphere because it is more +highly curved than the parabola near the + + align:start position:0% +highly curved than the parabola near the + + + align:start position:0% +highly curved than the parabola near the +edges away from the parial region it + + align:start position:0% +edges away from the parial region it + + + align:start position:0% +edges away from the parial region it +will actually bend the Rays that are far + + align:start position:0% +will actually bend the Rays that are far + + + align:start position:0% +will actually bend the Rays that are far +from the axis it they will bend more + + align:start position:0% +from the axis it they will bend more + + + align:start position:0% +from the axis it they will bend more +than they should so the result is the + + align:start position:0% +than they should so the result is the + + + align:start position:0% +than they should so the result is the +failure to reach perfect Focus this is + + align:start position:0% +failure to reach perfect Focus this is + + + align:start position:0% +failure to reach perfect Focus this is +what we have already seen and we call it + + align:start position:0% +what we have already seen and we call it + + + align:start position:0% +what we have already seen and we call it +spherical aberation so Smith basically + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation so Smith basically + + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation so Smith basically +came up with an idea to + + align:start position:0% +came up with an idea to + + + align:start position:0% +came up with an idea to +correct the spherical aberation by + + align:start position:0% +correct the spherical aberation by + + + align:start position:0% +correct the spherical aberation by +sticking a slightly + + align:start position:0% +sticking a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +sticking a slightly +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um a glass surface at the front pupil + + align:start position:0% +um a glass surface at the front pupil + + + align:start position:0% +um a glass surface at the front pupil +here he he put a glass surface which is + + align:start position:0% +here he he put a glass surface which is + + + align:start position:0% +here he he put a glass surface which is +slightly um shaped it's it has a thidal + + align:start position:0% +slightly um shaped it's it has a thidal + + + align:start position:0% +slightly um shaped it's it has a thidal +shape and the purpose I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +shape and the purpose I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +shape and the purpose I don't know if +you can see it in the image it was it + + align:start position:0% +you can see it in the image it was it + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it in the image it was it +perhaps I should have exaggerated more + + align:start position:0% +perhaps I should have exaggerated more + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps I should have exaggerated more +it is too subtle but what it does is it + + align:start position:0% +it is too subtle but what it does is it + + + align:start position:0% +it is too subtle but what it does is it +takes this Ray and sends it + + align:start position:0% +takes this Ray and sends it + + + align:start position:0% +takes this Ray and sends it +slightly higher so this kind of + + align:start position:0% +slightly higher so this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +slightly higher so this kind of +functions like a negative lens actually + + align:start position:0% +functions like a negative lens actually + + + align:start position:0% +functions like a negative lens actually +you can think of it this way with a very + + align:start position:0% +you can think of it this way with a very + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of it this way with a very +small power and then because this hits + + align:start position:0% +small power and then because this hits + + + align:start position:0% +small power and then because this hits +the surface at a different point with a + + align:start position:0% +the surface at a different point with a + + + align:start position:0% +the surface at a different point with a +different angle then basically by + + align:start position:0% +different angle then basically by + + + align:start position:0% +different angle then basically by +engineering the the shape of the surface + + align:start position:0% +engineering the the shape of the surface + + + align:start position:0% +engineering the the shape of the surface +here you can make sure that most that + + align:start position:0% +here you can make sure that most that + + + align:start position:0% +here you can make sure that most that +all of the Rays will actually meet + + align:start position:0% +all of the Rays will actually meet + + + align:start position:0% +all of the Rays will actually meet +ideally at the at the focal point so + + align:start position:0% +ideally at the at the focal point so + + + align:start position:0% +ideally at the at the focal point so +this is a very simple way to correct for + + align:start position:0% +this is a very simple way to correct for + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very simple way to correct for +this I don't know if it is simple but + + align:start position:0% +this I don't know if it is simple but + + + align:start position:0% +this I don't know if it is simple but +anyway it is a way to correct for + + align:start position:0% +anyway it is a way to correct for + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it is a way to correct for +spherical aberation so this is called + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation so this is called + + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation so this is called +cat dioptic because it contains a + + align:start position:0% +cat dioptic because it contains a + + + align:start position:0% +cat dioptic because it contains a +reflector as well as a refractive + + align:start position:0% +reflector as well as a refractive + + + align:start position:0% +reflector as well as a refractive +element so according to our + + align:start position:0% +element so according to our + + + align:start position:0% +element so according to our +terminology that's what we call it okay + + align:start position:0% +terminology that's what we call it okay + + + align:start position:0% +terminology that's what we call it okay +okay so that's all I had to say about + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all I had to say about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all I had to say about +telescopes are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +telescopes are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +telescopes are there any questions +or either about telescopes or + + align:start position:0% +or either about telescopes or + + + align:start position:0% +or either about telescopes or +microscopes or any of the optical + + align:start position:0% +microscopes or any of the optical + + + align:start position:0% +microscopes or any of the optical +systems that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saw okay okay so next I'm I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +saw okay okay so next I'm I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +saw okay okay so next I'm I'm going to +shift gears a little + + align:start position:0% +shift gears a little + + + align:start position:0% +shift gears a little +bit and I'm going to expand on the very + + align:start position:0% +bit and I'm going to expand on the very + + + align:start position:0% +bit and I'm going to expand on the very +last topic that we saw uh the topic of + + align:start position:0% +last topic that we saw uh the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +last topic that we saw uh the topic of +aberation so we saw quite extensively we + + align:start position:0% +aberation so we saw quite extensively we + + + align:start position:0% +aberation so we saw quite extensively we +mentioned several times this spherical + + align:start position:0% +mentioned several times this spherical + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned several times this spherical +aberation it turns out it is not the + + align:start position:0% +aberation it turns out it is not the + + + align:start position:0% +aberation it turns out it is not the +only + + align:start position:0% +only + + + align:start position:0% +only +one and we'll see a number of different + + align:start position:0% +one and we'll see a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +one and we'll see a number of different +types of Aber of aberations uh + + align:start position:0% +types of Aber of aberations uh + + + align:start position:0% +types of Aber of aberations uh +today so to do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +today so to do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +today so to do a little bit of +organization and classification we start + + align:start position:0% +organization and classification we start + + + align:start position:0% +organization and classification we start +by classifying them as two types one is + + align:start position:0% +by classifying them as two types one is + + + align:start position:0% +by classifying them as two types one is +chromatic and this we have also seen in + + align:start position:0% +chromatic and this we have also seen in + + + align:start position:0% +chromatic and this we have also seen in +the past in the context of a prism + + align:start position:0% +the past in the context of a prism + + + align:start position:0% +the past in the context of a prism +primarily and it is due to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +primarily and it is due to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +primarily and it is due to the fact that +the index of refraction has a variation + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction has a variation + + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction has a variation +with wavelength so if you if you apply + + align:start position:0% +with wavelength so if you if you apply + + + align:start position:0% +with wavelength so if you if you apply +the lens makers formula or any of those + + align:start position:0% +the lens makers formula or any of those + + + align:start position:0% +the lens makers formula or any of those +in order to design an element with a + + align:start position:0% +in order to design an element with a + + + align:start position:0% +in order to design an element with a +given focal length at a given wavelength + + align:start position:0% +given focal length at a given wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +given focal length at a given wavelength +you have no guarantee that the focal + + align:start position:0% +you have no guarantee that the focal + + + align:start position:0% +you have no guarantee that the focal +length will be the same at a different + + align:start position:0% +length will be the same at a different + + + align:start position:0% +length will be the same at a different +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +so that fact is called chromatic + + align:start position:0% +so that fact is called chromatic + + + align:start position:0% +so that fact is called chromatic +aberation again this comes from a Greek + + align:start position:0% +aberation again this comes from a Greek + + + align:start position:0% +aberation again this comes from a Greek +word I had to do this I sound like like + + align:start position:0% +word I had to do this I sound like like + + + align:start position:0% +word I had to do this I sound like like +this movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding but + + align:start position:0% +this movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding but + + + align:start position:0% +this movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding but +since I'm Greek I guess it is natural + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sooma in Latin is would spelled chroma + + align:start position:0% +sooma in Latin is would spelled chroma + + + align:start position:0% +sooma in Latin is would spelled chroma +with the accent here it means color uh + + align:start position:0% +with the accent here it means color uh + + + align:start position:0% +with the accent here it means color uh +in in + + align:start position:0% +in in + + + align:start position:0% +in in +Greek so that's where the term chromatic + + align:start position:0% +Greek so that's where the term chromatic + + + align:start position:0% +Greek so that's where the term chromatic +comes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the second Ty the second type of + + align:start position:0% +um the second Ty the second type of + + + align:start position:0% +um the second Ty the second type of +operation is called geometrical and + + align:start position:0% +operation is called geometrical and + + + align:start position:0% +operation is called geometrical and +there's a long definition here but I + + align:start position:0% +there's a long definition here but I + + + align:start position:0% +there's a long definition here but I +will go back to it and uh perhaps this + + align:start position:0% +will go back to it and uh perhaps this + + + align:start position:0% +will go back to it and uh perhaps this +long definition will make more sense let + + align:start position:0% +long definition will make more sense let + + + align:start position:0% +long definition will make more sense let +me start with chromatic because this is + + align:start position:0% +me start with chromatic because this is + + + align:start position:0% +me start with chromatic because this is +easy to deal with okay not easy to deal + + align:start position:0% +easy to deal with okay not easy to deal + + + align:start position:0% +easy to deal with okay not easy to deal +with but it is easy to understand uh so + + align:start position:0% +with but it is easy to understand uh so + + + align:start position:0% +with but it is easy to understand uh so +as I said we have seen this type of plot + + align:start position:0% +as I said we have seen this type of plot + + + align:start position:0% +as I said we have seen this type of plot +before when the horizontal axis is the + + align:start position:0% +before when the horizontal axis is the + + + align:start position:0% +before when the horizontal axis is the +wavelength the vertical G axis is the + + align:start position:0% +wavelength the vertical G axis is the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength the vertical G axis is the +index of refraction and forget this dust + + align:start position:0% +index of refraction and forget this dust + + + align:start position:0% +index of refraction and forget this dust +line for a moment just look at the solid + + align:start position:0% +line for a moment just look at the solid + + + align:start position:0% +line for a moment just look at the solid +lines so these are the index of + + align:start position:0% +lines so these are the index of + + + align:start position:0% +lines so these are the index of +refraction as function of wavelength for + + align:start position:0% +refraction as function of wavelength for + + + align:start position:0% +refraction as function of wavelength for +different glasses you have seen this + + align:start position:0% +different glasses you have seen this + + + align:start position:0% +different glasses you have seen this +before in the context of a prism this is + + align:start position:0% +before in the context of a prism this is + + + align:start position:0% +before in the context of a prism this is +of course a disaster it means that if + + align:start position:0% +of course a disaster it means that if + + + align:start position:0% +of course a disaster it means that if +you have a a a lens like this one which + + align:start position:0% +you have a a a lens like this one which + + + align:start position:0% +you have a a a lens like this one which +you design for a certain focal length + + align:start position:0% +you design for a certain focal length + + + align:start position:0% +you design for a certain focal length +say somewhere in the middle of the of + + align:start position:0% +say somewhere in the middle of the of + + + align:start position:0% +say somewhere in the middle of the of +the spectrum say near yellow then this + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum say near yellow then this + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum say near yellow then this +means that um well as you can see the + + align:start position:0% +means that um well as you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +means that um well as you can see the +index in the red wavelength uh for uh uh + + align:start position:0% +index in the red wavelength uh for uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +index in the red wavelength uh for uh uh +sort of normal materials this is + + align:start position:0% +sort of normal materials this is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of normal materials this is +actually called normal dispersion the + + align:start position:0% +actually called normal dispersion the + + + align:start position:0% +actually called normal dispersion the +index is is smaller at the red + + align:start position:0% +index is is smaller at the red + + + align:start position:0% +index is is smaller at the red +wavelengths so if you remember the lens + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths so if you remember the lens + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths so if you remember the lens +makers formula smaller index means that + + align:start position:0% +makers formula smaller index means that + + + align:start position:0% +makers formula smaller index means that +the focal length is what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the lens maker formula says that 1 + + align:start position:0% +okay the lens maker formula says that 1 + + + align:start position:0% +okay the lens maker formula says that 1 +/ + + align:start position:0% +/ + + + align:start position:0% +/ +f equal + + align:start position:0% +f equal + + + align:start position:0% +f equal +nus1 the difference in radi + + align:start position:0% +nus1 the difference in radi + + + align:start position:0% +nus1 the difference in radi +right so if n goes down it means that + + align:start position:0% +right so if n goes down it means that + + + align:start position:0% +right so if n goes down it means that +one / f uh goes down it means that F + + align:start position:0% +one / f uh goes down it means that F + + + align:start position:0% +one / f uh goes down it means that F +goes up right so it means that the focal + + align:start position:0% +goes up right so it means that the focal + + + align:start position:0% +goes up right so it means that the focal +length is longer and this is also what + + align:start position:0% +length is longer and this is also what + + + align:start position:0% +length is longer and this is also what +you see in this picture over here you + + align:start position:0% +you see in this picture over here you + + + align:start position:0% +you see in this picture over here you +see that if you have a a uh white white + + align:start position:0% +see that if you have a a uh white white + + + align:start position:0% +see that if you have a a uh white white +light coming from Infinity you see that + + align:start position:0% +light coming from Infinity you see that + + + align:start position:0% +light coming from Infinity you see that +the red Rays focus at a longer distance + + align:start position:0% +the red Rays focus at a longer distance + + + align:start position:0% +the red Rays focus at a longer distance +than the blue Rays + + align:start position:0% +than the blue Rays + + + align:start position:0% +than the blue Rays +okay so that is the that is the evidence + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is the that is the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is the that is the evidence +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +of chromatic aberation and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +of chromatic aberation and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +of chromatic aberation and it turns out +there a there's a way of correcting it + + align:start position:0% +there a there's a way of correcting it + + + align:start position:0% +there a there's a way of correcting it +which is to stick two lenses one of them + + align:start position:0% +which is to stick two lenses one of them + + + align:start position:0% +which is to stick two lenses one of them +with the that is a positive lens and the + + align:start position:0% +with the that is a positive lens and the + + + align:start position:0% +with the that is a positive lens and the +other a negative lens uh and + + align:start position:0% +other a negative lens uh and + + + align:start position:0% +other a negative lens uh and +uh first of all the the two lenses have + + align:start position:0% +uh first of all the the two lenses have + + + align:start position:0% +uh first of all the the two lenses have +to have slightly different um indices + + align:start position:0% +to have slightly different um indices + + + align:start position:0% +to have slightly different um indices +otherwise it wouldn't even make sense + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it wouldn't even make sense + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it wouldn't even make sense +right then this would be just one + + align:start position:0% +right then this would be just one + + + align:start position:0% +right then this would be just one +element so they have different indices + + align:start position:0% +element so they have different indices + + + align:start position:0% +element so they have different indices +different uh dispersion probably so one + + align:start position:0% +different uh dispersion probably so one + + + align:start position:0% +different uh dispersion probably so one +can pick for example between these + + align:start position:0% +can pick for example between these + + + align:start position:0% +can pick for example between these +glasses right you can pick one lens out + + align:start position:0% +glasses right you can pick one lens out + + + align:start position:0% +glasses right you can pick one lens out +of this one another out of this one this + + align:start position:0% +of this one another out of this one this + + + align:start position:0% +of this one another out of this one this +is how one designs this kind of element + + align:start position:0% +is how one designs this kind of element + + + align:start position:0% +is how one designs this kind of element +and then the way to understand it is + + align:start position:0% +and then the way to understand it is + + + align:start position:0% +and then the way to understand it is +because one of them tries to focus the + + align:start position:0% +because one of them tries to focus the + + + align:start position:0% +because one of them tries to focus the +Rays the other because it is negative it + + align:start position:0% +Rays the other because it is negative it + + + align:start position:0% +Rays the other because it is negative it +will try to actually defocus them you + + align:start position:0% +will try to actually defocus them you + + + align:start position:0% +will try to actually defocus them you +can imagine how one can compensate the + + align:start position:0% +can imagine how one can compensate the + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine how one can compensate the +action of the positive lens with the + + align:start position:0% +action of the positive lens with the + + + align:start position:0% +action of the positive lens with the +action of the negative lens and + + align:start position:0% +action of the negative lens and + + + align:start position:0% +action of the negative lens and +eventually cancel or at least + + align:start position:0% +eventually cancel or at least + + + align:start position:0% +eventually cancel or at least +approximately cancel chromatic aberation + + align:start position:0% +approximately cancel chromatic aberation + + + align:start position:0% +approximately cancel chromatic aberation +over a relatively long range of + + align:start position:0% +over a relatively long range of + + + align:start position:0% +over a relatively long range of +wavelength I used to give this problem + + align:start position:0% +wavelength I used to give this problem + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength I used to give this problem +as a homework I don't do it anymore but + + align:start position:0% +as a homework I don't do it anymore but + + + align:start position:0% +as a homework I don't do it anymore but +uh but um but anyway it is a fairly + + align:start position:0% +uh but um but anyway it is a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +uh but um but anyway it is a fairly +straightforward thing to + + align:start position:0% +straightforward thing to + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward thing to +and if you go over the textbook there's + + align:start position:0% +and if you go over the textbook there's + + + align:start position:0% +and if you go over the textbook there's +an entire section where he tells you in + + align:start position:0% +an entire section where he tells you in + + + align:start position:0% +an entire section where he tells you in +detail how this kind of thing can be + + align:start position:0% +detail how this kind of thing can be + + + align:start position:0% +detail how this kind of thing can be +done conceptually it is very simple all + + align:start position:0% +done conceptually it is very simple all + + + align:start position:0% +done conceptually it is very simple all +you do is you balance the focal lengths + + align:start position:0% +you do is you balance the focal lengths + + + align:start position:0% +you do is you balance the focal lengths +so you b basically make sure that the + + align:start position:0% +so you b basically make sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +so you b basically make sure that the +composite has a focal + + align:start position:0% +composite has a focal + + + align:start position:0% +composite has a focal +length that is the nominal focal length + + align:start position:0% +length that is the nominal focal length + + + align:start position:0% +length that is the nominal focal length +and then you balance the chromatic by + + align:start position:0% +and then you balance the chromatic by + + + align:start position:0% +and then you balance the chromatic by +use of the two of the two elements of + + align:start position:0% +use of the two of the two elements of + + + align:start position:0% +use of the two of the two elements of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +composite uh the geometrical liberations + + align:start position:0% +composite uh the geometrical liberations + + + align:start position:0% +composite uh the geometrical liberations +are more interesting because um + + align:start position:0% +are more interesting because um + + + align:start position:0% +are more interesting because um +conceptually they are actually much + + align:start position:0% +conceptually they are actually much + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually they are actually much +richer than chromatic and also + + align:start position:0% +richer than chromatic and also + + + align:start position:0% +richer than chromatic and also +algebraically they're much more + + align:start position:0% +algebraically they're much more + + + align:start position:0% +algebraically they're much more +difficult to handle so people have come + + align:start position:0% +difficult to handle so people have come + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to handle so people have come +up with all kinds of clever tricks in + + align:start position:0% +up with all kinds of clever tricks in + + + align:start position:0% +up with all kinds of clever tricks in +order to understand and express + + align:start position:0% +order to understand and express + + + align:start position:0% +order to understand and express +geometric + + align:start position:0% +geometric + + + align:start position:0% +geometric +aerations so again let me remind you + + align:start position:0% +aerations so again let me remind you + + + align:start position:0% +aerations so again let me remind you +that at the exit of an optical + + align:start position:0% +that at the exit of an optical + + + align:start position:0% +that at the exit of an optical +instrument the ideal wavefront should be + + align:start position:0% +instrument the ideal wavefront should be + + + align:start position:0% +instrument the ideal wavefront should be +spherical so this is the dust line over + + align:start position:0% +spherical so this is the dust line over + + + align:start position:0% +spherical so this is the dust line over +here if you if you draw normals to this + + align:start position:0% +here if you if you draw normals to this + + + align:start position:0% +here if you if you draw normals to this +spherical wavefront of course they will + + align:start position:0% +spherical wavefront of course they will + + + align:start position:0% +spherical wavefront of course they will +be the radi ey of the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +be the radi ey of the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +be the radi ey of the corresponding +sphere and they will meet of at the + + align:start position:0% +sphere and they will meet of at the + + + align:start position:0% +sphere and they will meet of at the +center of the sphere so if I actually + + align:start position:0% +center of the sphere so if I actually + + + align:start position:0% +center of the sphere so if I actually +produce a spherical wavefront then I can + + align:start position:0% +produce a spherical wavefront then I can + + + align:start position:0% +produce a spherical wavefront then I can +expect a perfect geometrical focus at + + align:start position:0% +expect a perfect geometrical focus at + + + align:start position:0% +expect a perfect geometrical focus at +the center of that spherical wfront so + + align:start position:0% +the center of that spherical wfront so + + + align:start position:0% +the center of that spherical wfront so +the problem of course these at Optical + + align:start position:0% +the problem of course these at Optical + + + align:start position:0% +the problem of course these at Optical +instruments as we saw repeatedly in a + + align:start position:0% +instruments as we saw repeatedly in a + + + align:start position:0% +instruments as we saw repeatedly in a +number of cases in the past including + + align:start position:0% +number of cases in the past including + + + align:start position:0% +number of cases in the past including +spherical uh reflectors spherical + + align:start position:0% +spherical uh reflectors spherical + + + align:start position:0% +spherical uh reflectors spherical +refractors and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +refractors and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +refractors and so on and so forth +they don't produce spherical wave fronts + + align:start position:0% +they don't produce spherical wave fronts + + + align:start position:0% +they don't produce spherical wave fronts +at the exit they produce wavefronts that + + align:start position:0% +at the exit they produce wavefronts that + + + align:start position:0% +at the exit they produce wavefronts that +in general may be some complicated + + align:start position:0% +in general may be some complicated + + + align:start position:0% +in general may be some complicated +surface so in this case you see the I of + + align:start position:0% +surface so in this case you see the I of + + + align:start position:0% +surface so in this case you see the I of +course are exaggerated I made it + + align:start position:0% +course are exaggerated I made it + + + align:start position:0% +course are exaggerated I made it +terribly abated and this is the solid + + align:start position:0% +terribly abated and this is the solid + + + align:start position:0% +terribly abated and this is the solid +line over here so the um the difference + + align:start position:0% +line over here so the um the difference + + + align:start position:0% +line over here so the um the difference +between the actual aerated wavefront and + + align:start position:0% +between the actual aerated wavefront and + + + align:start position:0% +between the actual aerated wavefront and +the ideal wavefront which is of course + + align:start position:0% +the ideal wavefront which is of course + + + align:start position:0% +the ideal wavefront which is of course +spherical this difference is by + + align:start position:0% +spherical this difference is by + + + align:start position:0% +spherical this difference is by +definition the aberation so try to be + + align:start position:0% +definition the aberation so try to be + + + align:start position:0% +definition the aberation so try to be +fairly loyal here so I again this is a + + align:start position:0% +fairly loyal here so I again this is a + + + align:start position:0% +fairly loyal here so I again this is a +cartoon but I took the difference + + align:start position:0% +cartoon but I took the difference + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon but I took the difference +between the solid line and the dust line + + align:start position:0% +between the solid line and the dust line + + + align:start position:0% +between the solid line and the dust line +and this is what you would get typically + + align:start position:0% +and this is what you would get typically + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what you would get typically +you measure it in Optical path length + + align:start position:0% +you measure it in Optical path length + + + align:start position:0% +you measure it in Optical path length +and it doesn't have to be very + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't have to be very + + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't have to be very +dramatic the vertical axis here it can + + align:start position:0% +dramatic the vertical axis here it can + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic the vertical axis here it can +be as small as a few wavelengths and + + align:start position:0% +be as small as a few wavelengths and + + + align:start position:0% +be as small as a few wavelengths and +that is often sufficient to destroy the + + align:start position:0% +that is often sufficient to destroy the + + + align:start position:0% +that is often sufficient to destroy the +quality of the image trans formation in + + align:start position:0% +quality of the image trans formation in + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the image trans formation in +an optical system in fact the + + align:start position:0% +an optical system in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +an optical system in fact the +book has the story of the Hubble + + align:start position:0% +book has the story of the Hubble + + + align:start position:0% +book has the story of the Hubble +telescope which is kind of a famous or I + + align:start position:0% +telescope which is kind of a famous or I + + + align:start position:0% +telescope which is kind of a famous or I +should say Infamous um uh story of a + + align:start position:0% +should say Infamous um uh story of a + + + align:start position:0% +should say Infamous um uh story of a +disaster and heroic in Optical design + + align:start position:0% +disaster and heroic in Optical design + + + align:start position:0% +disaster and heroic in Optical design +the telescope was sent to space with a + + align:start position:0% +the telescope was sent to space with a + + + align:start position:0% +the telescope was sent to space with a +serious error in the design actually in + + align:start position:0% +serious error in the design actually in + + + align:start position:0% +serious error in the design actually in +the in the assembly that caused a huge + + align:start position:0% +the in the assembly that caused a huge + + + align:start position:0% +the in the assembly that caused a huge +spheric Liberation and then they had to + + align:start position:0% +spheric Liberation and then they had to + + + align:start position:0% +spheric Liberation and then they had to +send another space scrap to fix it and + + align:start position:0% +send another space scrap to fix it and + + + align:start position:0% +send another space scrap to fix it and +so on anyway they they actually + + align:start position:0% +so on anyway they they actually + + + align:start position:0% +so on anyway they they actually +succeeded which is + + align:start position:0% +succeeded which is + + + align:start position:0% +succeeded which is +impressive but um anyway so what the + + align:start position:0% +impressive but um anyway so what the + + + align:start position:0% +impressive but um anyway so what the +book says is that the error was actually + + align:start position:0% +book says is that the error was actually + + + align:start position:0% +book says is that the error was actually +turned out to be I think it was half a + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be I think it was half a + + + align:start position:0% +turned out to be I think it was half a +wavelength or so but never it was + + align:start position:0% +wavelength or so but never it was + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength or so but never it was +sufficient to to destroy the quality of + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to to destroy the quality of + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to to destroy the quality of +the images that were beamed from the + + align:start position:0% +the images that were beamed from the + + + align:start position:0% +the images that were beamed from the +telescope so I has to be very very + + align:start position:0% +telescope so I has to be very very + + + align:start position:0% +telescope so I has to be very very +careful in this business + + align:start position:0% +careful in this business + + + align:start position:0% +careful in this business +okay so as you can imagine if you try to + + align:start position:0% +okay so as you can imagine if you try to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so as you can imagine if you try to +express this kind of complicated surface + + align:start position:0% +express this kind of complicated surface + + + align:start position:0% +express this kind of complicated surface +or its difference from a sphere you will + + align:start position:0% +or its difference from a sphere you will + + + align:start position:0% +or its difference from a sphere you will +probably get a very nasty GE + + align:start position:0% +probably get a very nasty GE + + + align:start position:0% +probably get a very nasty GE +trigonometric expression so for a number + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric expression so for a number + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric expression so for a number +of reasons one of them has to do + + align:start position:0% +of reasons one of them has to do + + + align:start position:0% +of reasons one of them has to do +with the ability to compute analytically + + align:start position:0% +with the ability to compute analytically + + + align:start position:0% +with the ability to compute analytically +which is kind of an old-fashioned + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of an old-fashioned + + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of an old-fashioned +problem because now we have computers so + + align:start position:0% +problem because now we have computers so + + + align:start position:0% +problem because now we have computers so +that's one reason but the second reason + + align:start position:0% +that's one reason but the second reason + + + align:start position:0% +that's one reason but the second reason +because of the desire to get intuition + + align:start position:0% +because of the desire to get intuition + + + align:start position:0% +because of the desire to get intuition +about how these things work people + + align:start position:0% +about how these things work people + + + align:start position:0% +about how these things work people +normally Express aberations in the form + + align:start position:0% +normally Express aberations in the form + + + align:start position:0% +normally Express aberations in the form +of a tailor + + align:start position:0% +of a tailor + + + align:start position:0% +of a tailor +series and and of course since we're + + align:start position:0% +series and and of course since we're + + + align:start position:0% +series and and of course since we're +dealing now in in in this is a Surface + + align:start position:0% +dealing now in in in this is a Surface + + + align:start position:0% +dealing now in in in this is a Surface +not a not a not just a a curve as I saw + + align:start position:0% +not a not a not just a a curve as I saw + + + align:start position:0% +not a not a not just a a curve as I saw +here the tailor series is is um High + + align:start position:0% +here the tailor series is is um High + + + align:start position:0% +here the tailor series is is um High +dimensional right you you you actually + + align:start position:0% +dimensional right you you you actually + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional right you you you actually +have many terms for each order in the + + align:start position:0% +have many terms for each order in the + + + align:start position:0% +have many terms for each order in the +tailor series + + align:start position:0% +tailor series + + + align:start position:0% +tailor series +expansion so these terms are actually + + align:start position:0% +expansion so these terms are actually + + + align:start position:0% +expansion so these terms are actually +grouped into into orders and the + + align:start position:0% +grouped into into orders and the + + + align:start position:0% +grouped into into orders and the +aberations that and the terms that we + + align:start position:0% +aberations that and the terms that we + + + align:start position:0% +aberations that and the terms that we +consider as a first step in Optical + + align:start position:0% +consider as a first step in Optical + + + align:start position:0% +consider as a first step in Optical +system are the third order aberations + + align:start position:0% +system are the third order aberations + + + align:start position:0% +system are the third order aberations +that are also known as sidal + + align:start position:0% +that are also known as sidal + + + align:start position:0% +that are also known as sidal +aberations and uh of course the the + + align:start position:0% +aberations and uh of course the the + + + align:start position:0% +aberations and uh of course the the +second order operations disappear + + align:start position:0% +second order operations disappear + + + align:start position:0% +second order operations disappear +because we assume rotationally symmetric + + align:start position:0% +because we assume rotationally symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +because we assume rotationally symmetric +Optics that kills all the second order + + align:start position:0% +Optics that kills all the second order + + + align:start position:0% +Optics that kills all the second order +terms in the tailor series by definition + + align:start position:0% +terms in the tailor series by definition + + + align:start position:0% +terms in the tailor series by definition +and the first order aberation is + + align:start position:0% +and the first order aberation is + + + align:start position:0% +and the first order aberation is +actually only one and that is Def Focus + + align:start position:0% +actually only one and that is Def Focus + + + align:start position:0% +actually only one and that is Def Focus +so first order aberation is actually + + align:start position:0% +so first order aberation is actually + + + align:start position:0% +so first order aberation is actually +parac it is something we've already + + align:start position:0% +parac it is something we've already + + + align:start position:0% +parac it is something we've already +considered and then it is the the third + + align:start position:0% +considered and then it is the the third + + + align:start position:0% +considered and then it is the the third +order that we deal with in Optical + + align:start position:0% +order that we deal with in Optical + + + align:start position:0% +order that we deal with in Optical +design so it turns out after you go + + align:start position:0% +design so it turns out after you go + + + align:start position:0% +design so it turns out after you go +through all the symmetries and all that + + align:start position:0% +through all the symmetries and all that + + + align:start position:0% +through all the symmetries and all that +it turns out that the third order + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the third order + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the third order +aberations is five of them one we've + + align:start position:0% +aberations is five of them one we've + + + align:start position:0% +aberations is five of them one we've +already + + align:start position:0% +already + + + align:start position:0% +already +encountered it is spherical and the + + align:start position:0% +encountered it is spherical and the + + + align:start position:0% +encountered it is spherical and the +other four are coma astigmatism + + align:start position:0% +other four are coma astigmatism + + + align:start position:0% +other four are coma astigmatism +curvature of field and Distortion and + + align:start position:0% +curvature of field and Distortion and + + + align:start position:0% +curvature of field and Distortion and +what you see here is the aberation wont + + align:start position:0% +what you see here is the aberation wont + + + align:start position:0% +what you see here is the aberation wont +so this probably doesn't mean very much + + align:start position:0% +so this probably doesn't mean very much + + + align:start position:0% +so this probably doesn't mean very much +what we'll do next is we'll actually see + + align:start position:0% +what we'll do next is we'll actually see + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll do next is we'll actually see +r diagrams of all these aberations and + + align:start position:0% +r diagrams of all these aberations and + + + align:start position:0% +r diagrams of all these aberations and +what they look + + align:start position:0% +what they look + + + align:start position:0% +what they look +like okay so the spherical uh these + + align:start position:0% +like okay so the spherical uh these + + + align:start position:0% +like okay so the spherical uh these +diagrams are straight out of the book we + + align:start position:0% +diagrams are straight out of the book we + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams are straight out of the book we +have seen actually several times um the + + align:start position:0% +have seen actually several times um the + + + align:start position:0% +have seen actually several times um the +way spheric Liberation looks like it + + align:start position:0% +way spheric Liberation looks like it + + + align:start position:0% +way spheric Liberation looks like it +basically happens when the Rays that are + + align:start position:0% +basically happens when the Rays that are + + + align:start position:0% +basically happens when the Rays that are +away from the axis they receive more + + align:start position:0% +away from the axis they receive more + + + align:start position:0% +away from the axis they receive more +curvature than rays that are near the + + align:start position:0% +curvature than rays that are near the + + + align:start position:0% +curvature than rays that are near the +Axis or more or less okay so in both of + + align:start position:0% +Axis or more or less okay so in both of + + + align:start position:0% +Axis or more or less okay so in both of +these cases you get this situation where + + align:start position:0% +these cases you get this situation where + + + align:start position:0% +these cases you get this situation where +the Rays from a from the axis they focus + + align:start position:0% +the Rays from a from the axis they focus + + + align:start position:0% +the Rays from a from the axis they focus +before or after the parial + + align:start position:0% +before or after the parial + + + align:start position:0% +before or after the parial +focus uh it is interesting the way if + + align:start position:0% +focus uh it is interesting the way if + + + align:start position:0% +focus uh it is interesting the way if +you look at this kind of system you kind + + align:start position:0% +you look at this kind of system you kind + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this kind of system you kind +of wonder what exactly is the focal spot + + align:start position:0% +of wonder what exactly is the focal spot + + + align:start position:0% +of wonder what exactly is the focal spot +and that's not an easy question to + + align:start position:0% +and that's not an easy question to + + + align:start position:0% +and that's not an easy question to +answer so if you look at the at the + + align:start position:0% +answer so if you look at the at the + + + align:start position:0% +answer so if you look at the at the +marginal aray over here the size of the + + align:start position:0% +marginal aray over here the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal aray over here the size of the +beam that you create is of course + + align:start position:0% +beam that you create is of course + + + align:start position:0% +beam that you create is of course +defined by the marginal Ray so you see + + align:start position:0% +defined by the marginal Ray so you see + + + align:start position:0% +defined by the marginal Ray so you see +that the marginal aray kind of focuses + + align:start position:0% +that the marginal aray kind of focuses + + + align:start position:0% +that the marginal aray kind of focuses +here then starts to focus less then + + align:start position:0% +here then starts to focus less then + + + align:start position:0% +here then starts to focus less then +reaches a minimum size and then starts + + align:start position:0% +reaches a minimum size and then starts + + + align:start position:0% +reaches a minimum size and then starts +to expand again right because now this + + align:start position:0% +to expand again right because now this + + + align:start position:0% +to expand again right because now this +seated Ray takes over so there's a + + align:start position:0% +seated Ray takes over so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +seated Ray takes over so there's a +minimum width in this Optical beam in + + align:start position:0% +minimum width in this Optical beam in + + + align:start position:0% +minimum width in this Optical beam in +this seated Optical beam we produced and + + align:start position:0% +this seated Optical beam we produced and + + + align:start position:0% +this seated Optical beam we produced and +that is called the least the circle of + + align:start position:0% +that is called the least the circle of + + + align:start position:0% +that is called the least the circle of +least confusion it is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +least confusion it is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +least confusion it is kind of a +compromise to see where the system is + + align:start position:0% +compromise to see where the system is + + + align:start position:0% +compromise to see where the system is +approximately in + + align:start position:0% +approximately in + + + align:start position:0% +approximately in +Focus another thing that I want to + + align:start position:0% +Focus another thing that I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Focus another thing that I want to +emphasize + + align:start position:0% +emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize +from this diagram is that as you can + + align:start position:0% +from this diagram is that as you can + + + align:start position:0% +from this diagram is that as you can +see near the edge here of this + + align:start position:0% +see near the edge here of this + + + align:start position:0% +see near the edge here of this +bundle H there is a congruence of rays + + align:start position:0% +bundle H there is a congruence of rays + + + align:start position:0% +bundle H there is a congruence of rays +that approach so if you this you can + + align:start position:0% +that approach so if you this you can + + + align:start position:0% +that approach so if you this you can +only see a few Rays here but if you + + align:start position:0% +only see a few Rays here but if you + + + align:start position:0% +only see a few Rays here but if you +imagine that you fill up the space with + + align:start position:0% +imagine that you fill up the space with + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that you fill up the space with +Rays then you would see that you would + + align:start position:0% +Rays then you would see that you would + + + align:start position:0% +Rays then you would see that you would +get a very tight intersection of + + align:start position:0% +get a very tight intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +get a very tight intersection of +successive rays that trace a curve here + + align:start position:0% +successive rays that trace a curve here + + + align:start position:0% +successive rays that trace a curve here +this curve is called a costic and again + + align:start position:0% +this curve is called a costic and again + + + align:start position:0% +this curve is called a costic and again +that's another + + align:start position:0% +that's another + + + align:start position:0% +that's another +Greek + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +word kti means um something that burns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and uh the reason it is called + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh the reason it is called + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh the reason it is called +costic or the reason it it alludes the + + align:start position:0% +costic or the reason it it alludes the + + + align:start position:0% +costic or the reason it it alludes the +the word alludes to burning is because + + align:start position:0% +the word alludes to burning is because + + + align:start position:0% +the word alludes to burning is because +this congruence of rays if you were to + + align:start position:0% +this congruence of rays if you were to + + + align:start position:0% +this congruence of rays if you were to +put a piece of paper there if you want + + align:start position:0% +put a piece of paper there if you want + + + align:start position:0% +put a piece of paper there if you want +to put you know an element it would + + align:start position:0% +to put you know an element it would + + + align:start position:0% +to put you know an element it would +create an increased intensity of light + + align:start position:0% +create an increased intensity of light + + + align:start position:0% +create an increased intensity of light +near the edge of this of this uh bundle + + align:start position:0% +near the edge of this of this uh bundle + + + align:start position:0% +near the edge of this of this uh bundle +and therefore it would cause presumably + + align:start position:0% +and therefore it would cause presumably + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore it would cause presumably +elevated temperature since you have more + + align:start position:0% +elevated temperature since you have more + + + align:start position:0% +elevated temperature since you have more +light energy and that might actually + + align:start position:0% +light energy and that might actually + + + align:start position:0% +light energy and that might actually +result in Burning uh cosics are very + + align:start position:0% +result in Burning uh cosics are very + + + align:start position:0% +result in Burning uh cosics are very +interesting things uh I will say a + + align:start position:0% +interesting things uh I will say a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things uh I will say a +little bit more perhaps next time about + + align:start position:0% +little bit more perhaps next time about + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more perhaps next time about +cosics uh but they occur often when you + + align:start position:0% +cosics uh but they occur often when you + + + align:start position:0% +cosics uh but they occur often when you +deviate from a perfect spherical wfront + + align:start position:0% +deviate from a perfect spherical wfront + + + align:start position:0% +deviate from a perfect spherical wfront +when you pick different wavefronts other + + align:start position:0% +when you pick different wavefronts other + + + align:start position:0% +when you pick different wavefronts other +than sperical these cosics have a + + align:start position:0% +than sperical these cosics have a + + + align:start position:0% +than sperical these cosics have a +tendency to occur and there's a very + + align:start position:0% +tendency to occur and there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +tendency to occur and there's a very +beautiful mathematical theory that + + align:start position:0% +beautiful mathematical theory that + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful mathematical theory that +describes that uh it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +describes that uh it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +describes that uh it's a little bit +Advanced so we will not go into it is + + align:start position:0% +Advanced so we will not go into it is + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced so we will not go into it is +kind of Beyond the scope of this class + + align:start position:0% +kind of Beyond the scope of this class + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Beyond the scope of this class +but uh I I thought since also the book + + align:start position:0% +but uh I I thought since also the book + + + align:start position:0% +but uh I I thought since also the book +has mentioned it I thought it would be + + align:start position:0% +has mentioned it I thought it would be + + + align:start position:0% +has mentioned it I thought it would be +interesting to point out the existence + + align:start position:0% +interesting to point out the existence + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to point out the existence +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +costic uh when it comes to um spherical + + align:start position:0% +costic uh when it comes to um spherical + + + align:start position:0% +costic uh when it comes to um spherical +aberation it turns out there's several + + align:start position:0% +aberation it turns out there's several + + + align:start position:0% +aberation it turns out there's several +things one can do in order to control + + align:start position:0% +things one can do in order to control + + + align:start position:0% +things one can do in order to control +the spherical + + align:start position:0% +the spherical + + + align:start position:0% +the spherical +Liberation one is the actual shape of + + align:start position:0% +Liberation one is the actual shape of + + + align:start position:0% +Liberation one is the actual shape of +the lens if you go back to the lens + + align:start position:0% +the lens if you go back to the lens + + + align:start position:0% +the lens if you go back to the lens +maker formula + + align:start position:0% +maker formula + + + align:start position:0% +maker formula +this one over here I've already written + + align:start position:0% +this one over here I've already written + + + align:start position:0% +this one over here I've already written +it you can see very easily that you can + + align:start position:0% +it you can see very easily that you can + + + align:start position:0% +it you can see very easily that you can +get the same focal + + align:start position:0% +get the same focal + + + align:start position:0% +get the same focal +length with a number of different + + align:start position:0% +length with a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +length with a number of different +combinations of radi for the front and + + align:start position:0% +combinations of radi for the front and + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of radi for the front and +the back surface of the lens + + align:start position:0% +the back surface of the lens + + + align:start position:0% +the back surface of the lens +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so um from the parial point of view it + + align:start position:0% +so um from the parial point of view it + + + align:start position:0% +so um from the parial point of view it +makes no difference whether you pick for + + align:start position:0% +makes no difference whether you pick for + + + align:start position:0% +makes no difference whether you pick for +example uh whether you pick a plaino + + align:start position:0% +example uh whether you pick a plaino + + + align:start position:0% +example uh whether you pick a plaino +convex or whether whether you pick a + + align:start position:0% +convex or whether whether you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +convex or whether whether you pick a +biconvex lens or whether you pick a + + align:start position:0% +biconvex lens or whether you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +biconvex lens or whether you pick a +miniscus and so on from the parial point + + align:start position:0% +miniscus and so on from the parial point + + + align:start position:0% +miniscus and so on from the parial point +of view they're all the same because as + + align:start position:0% +of view they're all the same because as + + + align:start position:0% +of view they're all the same because as +long as you have the same focal length + + align:start position:0% +long as you have the same focal length + + + align:start position:0% +long as you have the same focal length +however because this Theory now we've + + align:start position:0% +however because this Theory now we've + + + align:start position:0% +however because this Theory now we've +gone beyond the par actual approximation + + align:start position:0% +gone beyond the par actual approximation + + + align:start position:0% +gone beyond the par actual approximation +this theory is non paral actually the + + align:start position:0% +this theory is non paral actually the + + + align:start position:0% +this theory is non paral actually the +shape factor of the lens makes a + + align:start position:0% +shape factor of the lens makes a + + + align:start position:0% +shape factor of the lens makes a +difference and then forget the + + align:start position:0% +difference and then forget the + + + align:start position:0% +difference and then forget the +definitions here this plot is the most + + align:start position:0% +definitions here this plot is the most + + + align:start position:0% +definitions here this plot is the most +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +one where you can see different lens + + align:start position:0% +one where you can see different lens + + + align:start position:0% +one where you can see different lens +shapes this is a miniscus kind of that + + align:start position:0% +shapes this is a miniscus kind of that + + + align:start position:0% +shapes this is a miniscus kind of that +is a convex miniscus then this is plain + + align:start position:0% +is a convex miniscus then this is plain + + + align:start position:0% +is a convex miniscus then this is plain +or convex this is by convex again plain + + align:start position:0% +or convex this is by convex again plain + + + align:start position:0% +or convex this is by convex again plain +or convex but flip the other way around + + align:start position:0% +or convex but flip the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +or convex but flip the other way around +and then a concave + + align:start position:0% +and then a concave + + + align:start position:0% +and then a concave +miniscus and this Blood was computed so + + align:start position:0% +miniscus and this Blood was computed so + + + align:start position:0% +miniscus and this Blood was computed so +that all of these different shapes they + + align:start position:0% +that all of these different shapes they + + + align:start position:0% +that all of these different shapes they +have the same par actual focal length + + align:start position:0% +have the same par actual focal length + + + align:start position:0% +have the same par actual focal length +but on the vertical axis you kind of see + + align:start position:0% +but on the vertical axis you kind of see + + + align:start position:0% +but on the vertical axis you kind of see +the amount of spherical aberation that + + align:start position:0% +the amount of spherical aberation that + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of spherical aberation that +you receive and you can see that it is + + align:start position:0% +you receive and you can see that it is + + + align:start position:0% +you receive and you can see that it is +very different of course and uh and um + + align:start position:0% +very different of course and uh and um + + + align:start position:0% +very different of course and uh and um +it actually has a minimum it is not + + align:start position:0% +it actually has a minimum it is not + + + align:start position:0% +it actually has a minimum it is not +quite zero but it is a minimum and the + + align:start position:0% +quite zero but it is a minimum and the + + + align:start position:0% +quite zero but it is a minimum and the +minimum occurs typically near the plain + + align:start position:0% +minimum occurs typically near the plain + + + align:start position:0% +minimum occurs typically near the plain +of convex + + align:start position:0% +of convex + + + align:start position:0% +of convex +shape for a for an object at + + align:start position:0% +shape for a for an object at + + + align:start position:0% +shape for a for an object at +Infinity okay so why is that well the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay so why is that well the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay so why is that well the +reason is this is kind of nicely + + align:start position:0% +reason is this is kind of nicely + + + align:start position:0% +reason is this is kind of nicely +illustrated by another diagram that I + + align:start position:0% +illustrated by another diagram that I + + + align:start position:0% +illustrated by another diagram that I +sto uh from your textbook + + align:start position:0% +sto uh from your textbook + + + align:start position:0% +sto uh from your textbook +um if + + align:start position:0% +um if + + + align:start position:0% +um if +you if you place the plan of convex lens + + align:start position:0% +you if you place the plan of convex lens + + + align:start position:0% +you if you place the plan of convex lens +such that its flat surface faces the + + align:start position:0% +such that its flat surface faces the + + + align:start position:0% +such that its flat surface faces the +plane wave coming from Infinity then + + align:start position:0% +plane wave coming from Infinity then + + + align:start position:0% +plane wave coming from Infinity then +basically refraction occurs only at this + + align:start position:0% +basically refraction occurs only at this + + + align:start position:0% +basically refraction occurs only at this +spherical interface so you have no hope + + align:start position:0% +spherical interface so you have no hope + + + align:start position:0% +spherical interface so you have no hope +you will get very strong spherical + + align:start position:0% +you will get very strong spherical + + + align:start position:0% +you will get very strong spherical +aberation because as we learned earlier + + align:start position:0% +aberation because as we learned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +aberation because as we learned earlier +the spherical surface is very far from + + align:start position:0% +the spherical surface is very far from + + + align:start position:0% +the spherical surface is very far from +ideal as a focusing element so this case + + align:start position:0% +ideal as a focusing element so this case + + + align:start position:0% +ideal as a focusing element so this case +is very highly aerated now you can do a + + align:start position:0% +is very highly aerated now you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +is very highly aerated now you can do a +very simple thing you can flip the lens + + align:start position:0% +very simple thing you can flip the lens + + + align:start position:0% +very simple thing you can flip the lens +so that the spherical wave meets the + + align:start position:0% +so that the spherical wave meets the + + + align:start position:0% +so that the spherical wave meets the +spheric I'm sorry so that the plain wave + + align:start position:0% +spheric I'm sorry so that the plain wave + + + align:start position:0% +spheric I'm sorry so that the plain wave +meets the spherical surface if you do + + align:start position:0% +meets the spherical surface if you do + + + align:start position:0% +meets the spherical surface if you do +that then you actually get refraction to + + align:start position:0% +that then you actually get refraction to + + + align:start position:0% +that then you actually get refraction to +occur in two + + align:start position:0% +occur in two + + + align:start position:0% +occur in two +steps and because the first step + + align:start position:0% +steps and because the first step + + + align:start position:0% +steps and because the first step +produces an abated spherical wave but + + align:start position:0% +produces an abated spherical wave but + + + align:start position:0% +produces an abated spherical wave but +the second step also incurs some + + align:start position:0% +the second step also incurs some + + + align:start position:0% +the second step also incurs some +spherical aberation because of the + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation because of the + + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation because of the +nonlinearity in snails law it turns out + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity in snails law it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity in snails law it turns out +that in this case the second surface not + + align:start position:0% +that in this case the second surface not + + + align:start position:0% +that in this case the second surface not +exactly but closely compensates the + + align:start position:0% +exactly but closely compensates the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly but closely compensates the +spheric elaboration and you get a much + + align:start position:0% +spheric elaboration and you get a much + + + align:start position:0% +spheric elaboration and you get a much +better focus in quality over here so + + align:start position:0% +better focus in quality over here so + + + align:start position:0% +better focus in quality over here so +this is a very good practical advice + + align:start position:0% +this is a very good practical advice + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very good practical advice +that we give to the sort of first year + + align:start position:0% +that we give to the sort of first year + + + align:start position:0% +that we give to the sort of first year +graduate students when when they go to + + align:start position:0% +graduate students when when they go to + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students when when they go to +the laser lab is that when you have a + + align:start position:0% +the laser lab is that when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +the laser lab is that when you have a +when you try to to focus a plane wave + + align:start position:0% +when you try to to focus a plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +when you try to to focus a plane wave +you always Orient but a you use a a + + align:start position:0% +you always Orient but a you use a a + + + align:start position:0% +you always Orient but a you use a a +Plaine or convex lens not a b convex and + + align:start position:0% +Plaine or convex lens not a b convex and + + + align:start position:0% +Plaine or convex lens not a b convex and +B that you place it this way so that the + + align:start position:0% +B that you place it this way so that the + + + align:start position:0% +B that you place it this way so that the +spherical surface of the + + align:start position:0% +spherical surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +spherical surface of the +lens uh meets the planer wfront and of + + align:start position:0% +lens uh meets the planer wfront and of + + + align:start position:0% +lens uh meets the planer wfront and of +course it also goes the other way around + + align:start position:0% +course it also goes the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +course it also goes the other way around +if you have a point source and you want + + align:start position:0% +if you have a point source and you want + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a point source and you want +to cimate it then again you have to make + + align:start position:0% +to cimate it then again you have to make + + + align:start position:0% +to cimate it then again you have to make +sure basically you can reverse the Rays + + align:start position:0% +sure basically you can reverse the Rays + + + align:start position:0% +sure basically you can reverse the Rays +over here and you have to orient the + + align:start position:0% +over here and you have to orient the + + + align:start position:0% +over here and you have to orient the +lens so that the planer part of the lens + + align:start position:0% +lens so that the planer part of the lens + + + align:start position:0% +lens so that the planer part of the lens +faces the point + + align:start position:0% +faces the point + + + align:start position:0% +faces the point +source so this is an example of doing a + + align:start position:0% +source so this is an example of doing a + + + align:start position:0% +source so this is an example of doing a +very simple trick in order to not quite + + align:start position:0% +very simple trick in order to not quite + + + align:start position:0% +very simple trick in order to not quite +eliminate but but + + align:start position:0% +eliminate but but + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate but but +um U uh reduce the spherical + + align:start position:0% +um U uh reduce the spherical + + + align:start position:0% +um U uh reduce the spherical +aberation it turns out that yes push the + + align:start position:0% +aberation it turns out that yes push the + + + align:start position:0% +aberation it turns out that yes push the +button + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please he didn't push the + + align:start position:0% +please he didn't push the + + + align:start position:0% +please he didn't push the +but sorry uh in that graph how did they + + align:start position:0% +but sorry uh in that graph how did they + + + align:start position:0% +but sorry uh in that graph how did they +actually measure the spherical + + align:start position:0% +actually measure the spherical + + + align:start position:0% +actually measure the spherical +aberration in different lens shapes yeah + + align:start position:0% +aberration in different lens shapes yeah + + + align:start position:0% +aberration in different lens shapes yeah +so the way to thank I should have + + align:start position:0% +so the way to thank I should have + + + align:start position:0% +so the way to thank I should have +mentioned that so you can characterize + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that so you can characterize + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that so you can characterize +spherical aberation based one of these + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation based one of these + + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation based one of these +on one of these parameters here one is + + align:start position:0% +on one of these parameters here one is + + + align:start position:0% +on one of these parameters here one is +uh it's called the longitudinal + + align:start position:0% +uh it's called the longitudinal + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's called the longitudinal +spherical aberation and it is the + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation and it is the + + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation and it is the +distance on axis between the parial + + align:start position:0% +distance on axis between the parial + + + align:start position:0% +distance on axis between the parial +focus and the focal point of the last of + + align:start position:0% +focus and the focal point of the last of + + + align:start position:0% +focus and the focal point of the last of +the marginal Ray right another way to do + + align:start position:0% +the marginal Ray right another way to do + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal Ray right another way to do +it is to basically measure the size of + + align:start position:0% +it is to basically measure the size of + + + align:start position:0% +it is to basically measure the size of +the least confusion so any of these if + + align:start position:0% +the least confusion so any of these if + + + align:start position:0% +the least confusion so any of these if +you think about it all of these are + + align:start position:0% +you think about it all of these are + + + align:start position:0% +you think about it all of these are +proportional to each other so you can + + align:start position:0% +proportional to each other so you can + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to each other so you can +put any of these quantities on the + + align:start position:0% +put any of these quantities on the + + + align:start position:0% +put any of these quantities on the +vertical axis here I'm not sure what he + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis here I'm not sure what he + + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis here I'm not sure what he +did here I think it says axal here so it + + align:start position:0% +did here I think it says axal here so it + + + align:start position:0% +did here I think it says axal here so it +was it was the longitudinal distance + + align:start position:0% +was it was the longitudinal distance + + + align:start position:0% +was it was the longitudinal distance +yeah and thank you I should have + + align:start position:0% +yeah and thank you I should have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and thank you I should have +mentioned that this way of + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that this way of + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that this way of +characterization is common for all of + + align:start position:0% +characterization is common for all of + + + align:start position:0% +characterization is common for all of +the aberations that we'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +the aberations that we'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +the aberations that we'll see in the +next few + + align:start position:0% +next few + + + align:start position:0% +next few +slides yeah + + align:start position:0% +slides yeah + + + align:start position:0% +slides yeah +B uh when we purchase a lens uh do they + + align:start position:0% +B uh when we purchase a lens uh do they + + + align:start position:0% +B uh when we purchase a lens uh do they +specify pedaal uh focal length or circle + + align:start position:0% +specify pedaal uh focal length or circle + + + align:start position:0% +specify pedaal uh focal length or circle +of Le confusion as a + + align:start position:0% +of Le confusion as a + + + align:start position:0% +of Le confusion as a +f yeah that is a really good question + + align:start position:0% +f yeah that is a really good question + + + align:start position:0% +f yeah that is a really good question +um if it is a sort + + align:start position:0% +um if it is a sort + + + align:start position:0% +um if it is a sort +of highend + + align:start position:0% +of highend + + + align:start position:0% +of highend +lens it should be well corrected + + align:start position:0% +lens it should be well corrected + + + align:start position:0% +lens it should be well corrected +so then what they will specify is + + align:start position:0% +so then what they will specify is + + + align:start position:0% +so then what they will specify is +actually the least confusion focal + + align:start position:0% +actually the least confusion focal + + + align:start position:0% +actually the least confusion focal +length but it is pretty close to par + + align:start position:0% +length but it is pretty close to par + + + align:start position:0% +length but it is pretty close to par +Axel uh if it is a poor lens then most + + align:start position:0% +Axel uh if it is a poor lens then most + + + align:start position:0% +Axel uh if it is a poor lens then most +likely what they specify is the par + + align:start position:0% +likely what they specify is the par + + + align:start position:0% +likely what they specify is the par +actal focus and then it is kind of up to + + align:start position:0% +actal focus and then it is kind of up to + + + align:start position:0% +actal focus and then it is kind of up to +you to to position it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions in the previous yes uh in the + + align:start position:0% +questions in the previous yes uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +questions in the previous yes uh in the +previous SL what is the curve in the + + align:start position:0% +previous SL what is the curve in the + + + align:start position:0% +previous SL what is the curve in the +third uh uh previous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh yeah what is the curving the thir uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph the curve in the third graph yeah + + align:start position:0% +graph the curve in the third graph yeah + + + align:start position:0% +graph the curve in the third graph yeah +so the vertical axis is h and a + + align:start position:0% +so the vertical axis is h and a + + + align:start position:0% +so the vertical axis is h and a +horizontal ax this one + + align:start position:0% +horizontal ax this one + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal ax this one +yeah I don't remember actually I think + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't remember actually I think + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't remember actually I think +it is the I I I I suppose it is the + + align:start position:0% +it is the I I I I suppose it is the + + + align:start position:0% +it is the I I I I suppose it is the +amount of spherical aberation as a + + align:start position:0% +amount of spherical aberation as a + + + align:start position:0% +amount of spherical aberation as a +function of position in the field I'm + + align:start position:0% +function of position in the field I'm + + + align:start position:0% +function of position in the field I'm +not really sure + + align:start position:0% +not really sure + + + align:start position:0% +not really sure +maybe you can check the actually I have + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can check the actually I have + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can check the actually I have +the book you can check the book HH this + + align:start position:0% +the book you can check the book HH this + + + align:start position:0% +the book you can check the book HH this +Cur is directly from the book + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I think it is the amount of spheric + + align:start position:0% +so I think it is the amount of spheric + + + align:start position:0% +so I think it is the amount of spheric +Liberation it makes sense right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so it turns out that um what we + + align:start position:0% +okay so it turns out that um what we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it turns out that um what we +said before and actually Colin made that + + align:start position:0% +said before and actually Colin made that + + + align:start position:0% +said before and actually Colin made that +point when I was discussing uh + + align:start position:0% +point when I was discussing uh + + + align:start position:0% +point when I was discussing uh +ellipsoidal refractors and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoidal refractors and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoidal refractors and so on and so +forth um what we said before that a + + align:start position:0% +forth um what we said before that a + + + align:start position:0% +forth um what we said before that a +spherical surface produces spherical + + align:start position:0% +spherical surface produces spherical + + + align:start position:0% +spherical surface produces spherical +aberation it is not always + + align:start position:0% +aberation it is not always + + + align:start position:0% +aberation it is not always +true uh there is one condition where a + + align:start position:0% +true uh there is one condition where a + + + align:start position:0% +true uh there is one condition where a +spherical surface does not not produce + + align:start position:0% +spherical surface does not not produce + + + align:start position:0% +spherical surface does not not produce +um spherical + + align:start position:0% +um spherical + + + align:start position:0% +um spherical +Liberation and this condition is given + + align:start position:0% +Liberation and this condition is given + + + align:start position:0% +Liberation and this condition is given +here that's another diagram uh got that + + align:start position:0% +here that's another diagram uh got that + + + align:start position:0% +here that's another diagram uh got that +I got from the + + align:start position:0% +I got from the + + + align:start position:0% +I got from the +book and you can see here uh basically + + align:start position:0% +book and you can see here uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +book and you can see here uh basically +the condition says that if the radius of + + align:start position:0% +the condition says that if the radius of + + + align:start position:0% +the condition says that if the radius of +the sphere is R the index of refraction + + align:start position:0% +the sphere is R the index of refraction + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere is R the index of refraction +of the sphere is N2 the index of + + align:start position:0% +of the sphere is N2 the index of + + + align:start position:0% +of the sphere is N2 the index of +refraction outside the sphere is + + align:start position:0% +refraction outside the sphere is + + + align:start position:0% +refraction outside the sphere is +N1 and you place a point source at the + + align:start position:0% +N1 and you place a point source at the + + + align:start position:0% +N1 and you place a point source at the +the distance R N1 over + + align:start position:0% +the distance R N1 over + + + align:start position:0% +the distance R N1 over +N2 then of course the point source is + + align:start position:0% +N2 then of course the point source is + + + align:start position:0% +N2 then of course the point source is +inside the sphere this if you think + + align:start position:0% +inside the sphere this if you think + + + align:start position:0% +inside the sphere this if you think +about it this is a negative lens it will + + align:start position:0% +about it this is a negative lens it will + + + align:start position:0% +about it this is a negative lens it will +produce a virtual image this virtual + + align:start position:0% +produce a virtual image this virtual + + + align:start position:0% +produce a virtual image this virtual +image is located over here and it is + + align:start position:0% +image is located over here and it is + + + align:start position:0% +image is located over here and it is +freeos sperical Liberation okay I will + + align:start position:0% +freeos sperical Liberation okay I will + + + align:start position:0% +freeos sperical Liberation okay I will +not prove this this is actually in the + + align:start position:0% +not prove this this is actually in the + + + align:start position:0% +not prove this this is actually in the +book uh it is given as an as a problem + + align:start position:0% +book uh it is given as an as a problem + + + align:start position:0% +book uh it is given as an as a problem +in the textbook and the problems in the + + align:start position:0% +in the textbook and the problems in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the textbook and the problems in the +textbook are solved at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +textbook are solved at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +textbook are solved at the end of the +textbook + + align:start position:0% +textbook + + + align:start position:0% +textbook +that's why I never assign problems from + + align:start position:0% +that's why I never assign problems from + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I never assign problems from +the textbook and anyway you can look up + + align:start position:0% +the textbook and anyway you can look up + + + align:start position:0% +the textbook and anyway you can look up +the there is a very simple geometrical + + align:start position:0% +the there is a very simple geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +the there is a very simple geometrical +proof of this one so I will skip it + + align:start position:0% +proof of this one so I will skip it + + + align:start position:0% +proof of this one so I will skip it +here but the point of this is that is + + align:start position:0% +here but the point of this is that is + + + align:start position:0% +here but the point of this is that is +that um there is actually a single + + align:start position:0% +that um there is actually a single + + + align:start position:0% +that um there is actually a single +combination of image of I'm sorry of + + align:start position:0% +combination of image of I'm sorry of + + + align:start position:0% +combination of image of I'm sorry of +object image pairs for which the + + align:start position:0% +object image pairs for which the + + + align:start position:0% +object image pairs for which the +spherical aberation is cancelled for + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation is cancelled for + + + align:start position:0% +spherical aberation is cancelled for +this spherical + + align:start position:0% +this spherical + + + align:start position:0% +this spherical +surface and again I want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +surface and again I want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +surface and again I want to emphasize +that if if you place the object Point + + align:start position:0% +that if if you place the object Point + + + align:start position:0% +that if if you place the object Point +elsewhere okay it will still form an + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere okay it will still form an + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere okay it will still form an +image in the par axial sense this lens + + align:start position:0% +image in the par axial sense this lens + + + align:start position:0% +image in the par axial sense this lens +will remain a lens right but it will not + + align:start position:0% +will remain a lens right but it will not + + + align:start position:0% +will remain a lens right but it will not +be free of spherical Liberation it will + + align:start position:0% +be free of spherical Liberation it will + + + align:start position:0% +be free of spherical Liberation it will +not it will only be free if if this + + align:start position:0% +not it will only be free if if this + + + align:start position:0% +not it will only be free if if this +condition here is is + + align:start position:0% +condition here is is + + + align:start position:0% +condition here is is +satisfied and actually this distance + + align:start position:0% +satisfied and actually this distance + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied and actually this distance +that I mentioned is from the center of + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned is from the center of + + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned is from the center of +the sphere okay um all right so + + align:start position:0% +the sphere okay um all right so + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere okay um all right so +the reason for that so so so this now + + align:start position:0% +the reason for that so so so this now + + + align:start position:0% +the reason for that so so so this now +has a number of + + align:start position:0% +has a number of + + + align:start position:0% +has a number of +implications uh for example this is one + + align:start position:0% +implications uh for example this is one + + + align:start position:0% +implications uh for example this is one +reason why miniscus lenses are very + + align:start position:0% +reason why miniscus lenses are very + + + align:start position:0% +reason why miniscus lenses are very +popular in photography or at least in + + align:start position:0% +popular in photography or at least in + + + align:start position:0% +popular in photography or at least in +very oldfashioned cameras that um were + + align:start position:0% +very oldfashioned cameras that um were + + + align:start position:0% +very oldfashioned cameras that um were +very expensive now we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +very expensive now we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +very expensive now we're talking about +cameras in the 20s and 30s you know the + + align:start position:0% +cameras in the 20s and 30s you know the + + + align:start position:0% +cameras in the 20s and 30s you know the +type of camera that the photograph that + + align:start position:0% +type of camera that the photograph that + + + align:start position:0% +type of camera that the photograph that +the cameraman would go under a black + + align:start position:0% +the cameraman would go under a black + + + align:start position:0% +the cameraman would go under a black +hood and go in and then click and the + + align:start position:0% +hood and go in and then click and the + + + align:start position:0% +hood and go in and then click and the +the family would be sitting you know + + align:start position:0% +the family would be sitting you know + + + align:start position:0% +the family would be sitting you know +with the whatever with the + + align:start position:0% +with the whatever with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the whatever with the +children all that stuff so these cameras + + align:start position:0% +children all that stuff so these cameras + + + align:start position:0% +children all that stuff so these cameras +they would typically use a single + + align:start position:0% +they would typically use a single + + + align:start position:0% +they would typically use a single +meniscus lens and the reason was exactly + + align:start position:0% +meniscus lens and the reason was exactly + + + align:start position:0% +meniscus lens and the reason was exactly +that the meniscus at least if you design + + align:start position:0% +that the meniscus at least if you design + + + align:start position:0% +that the meniscus at least if you design +it for the typical distance remember + + align:start position:0% +it for the typical distance remember + + + align:start position:0% +it for the typical distance remember +again this was a camera for a + + align:start position:0% +again this was a camera for a + + + align:start position:0% +again this was a camera for a +photography shop right so it has you can + + align:start position:0% +photography shop right so it has you can + + + align:start position:0% +photography shop right so it has you can +kind of predict the location of the + + align:start position:0% +kind of predict the location of the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of predict the location of the +object because the camera is already + + align:start position:0% +object because the camera is already + + + align:start position:0% +object because the camera is already +always sitting in the same distance + + align:start position:0% +always sitting in the same distance + + + align:start position:0% +always sitting in the same distance +from the where you place the family to + + align:start position:0% +from the where you place the family to + + + align:start position:0% +from the where you place the family to +take the family picture then in that + + align:start position:0% +take the family picture then in that + + + align:start position:0% +take the family picture then in that +case you can engineer the meniscus to + + align:start position:0% +case you can engineer the meniscus to + + + align:start position:0% +case you can engineer the meniscus to +minimize the spherical aberation for + + align:start position:0% +minimize the spherical aberation for + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the spherical aberation for +this particular distance it turns out + + align:start position:0% +this particular distance it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +this particular distance it turns out +the meniscus also has some other + + align:start position:0% +the meniscus also has some other + + + align:start position:0% +the meniscus also has some other +interesting properties but I will not go + + align:start position:0% +interesting properties but I will not go + + + align:start position:0% +interesting properties but I will not go +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +that okay so of course in that case you + + align:start position:0% +that okay so of course in that case you + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so of course in that case you +cannot really put the family in glass so + + align:start position:0% +cannot really put the family in glass so + + + align:start position:0% +cannot really put the family in glass so +you're going to have exactly this uh + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have exactly this uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have exactly this uh +situation over here but nevertheless if + + align:start position:0% +situation over here but nevertheless if + + + align:start position:0% +situation over here but nevertheless if +you think about it you don't need you + + align:start position:0% +you think about it you don't need you + + + align:start position:0% +you think about it you don't need you +know you can satisfy this condition even + + align:start position:0% +know you can satisfy this condition even + + + align:start position:0% +know you can satisfy this condition even +if you have two spherical surfaces + + align:start position:0% +if you have two spherical surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +if you have two spherical surfaces +provided that as you go from one surface + + align:start position:0% +provided that as you go from one surface + + + align:start position:0% +provided that as you go from one surface +to the next you to satisfy the same + + align:start position:0% +to the next you to satisfy the same + + + align:start position:0% +to the next you to satisfy the same +condition right it is the same condition + + align:start position:0% +condition right it is the same condition + + + align:start position:0% +condition right it is the same condition +uh that you have to satisfy twice and I + + align:start position:0% +uh that you have to satisfy twice and I + + + align:start position:0% +uh that you have to satisfy twice and I +forgot to mention this condition is + + align:start position:0% +forgot to mention this condition is + + + align:start position:0% +forgot to mention this condition is +called the aplanatic condition actually + + align:start position:0% +called the aplanatic condition actually + + + align:start position:0% +called the aplanatic condition actually +that I don't know what is called a + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know what is called a + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know what is called a +plantic but it sounds like a you know + + align:start position:0% +plantic but it sounds like a you know + + + align:start position:0% +plantic but it sounds like a you know +Colin why where that comes from atic + + align:start position:0% +Colin why where that comes from atic + + + align:start position:0% +Colin why where that comes from atic +means non planers so it makes no sense + + align:start position:0% +means non planers so it makes no sense + + + align:start position:0% +means non planers so it makes no sense +at all but anyway that's what they call + + align:start position:0% +at all but anyway that's what they call + + + align:start position:0% +at all but anyway that's what they call +it and + + align:start position:0% +it and + + + align:start position:0% +it and +um and it is also used in oil immersion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +microscopy uh in this case uh we + + align:start position:0% +microscopy uh in this case uh we + + + align:start position:0% +microscopy uh in this case uh we +mentioned that actually it was also a + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that actually it was also a + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that actually it was also a +topic of one of the homeworks all + + align:start position:0% +topic of one of the homeworks all + + + align:start position:0% +topic of one of the homeworks all +immersion means that you put a liquid + + align:start position:0% +immersion means that you put a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +immersion means that you put a liquid +droplet between the objective and the + + align:start position:0% +droplet between the objective and the + + + align:start position:0% +droplet between the objective and the +sample in the microscope and in this + + align:start position:0% +sample in the microscope and in this + + + align:start position:0% +sample in the microscope and in this +case again you can kind of make sure + + align:start position:0% +case again you can kind of make sure + + + align:start position:0% +case again you can kind of make sure +that when you apply the plantic + + align:start position:0% +that when you apply the plantic + + + align:start position:0% +that when you apply the plantic +condition because again in a microscope + + align:start position:0% +condition because again in a microscope + + + align:start position:0% +condition because again in a microscope +you have very good control of the + + align:start position:0% +you have very good control of the + + + align:start position:0% +you have very good control of the +distance + + align:start position:0% +distance + + + align:start position:0% +distance +between the exit pupil and the object um + + align:start position:0% +between the exit pupil and the object um + + + align:start position:0% +between the exit pupil and the object um +you you can make sure that the plantic + + align:start position:0% +you you can make sure that the plantic + + + align:start position:0% +you you can make sure that the plantic +condition is satisfied for this + + align:start position:0% +condition is satisfied for this + + + align:start position:0% +condition is satisfied for this +particular distance and and you can use + + align:start position:0% +particular distance and and you can use + + + align:start position:0% +particular distance and and you can use +the index of refraction of the oil in + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction of the oil in + + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction of the oil in +order to satisfy the aplanatic um + + align:start position:0% +order to satisfy the aplanatic um + + + align:start position:0% +order to satisfy the aplanatic um +condition so now that's a case where you + + align:start position:0% +condition so now that's a case where you + + + align:start position:0% +condition so now that's a case where you +exactly cancel the spherical aberation + + align:start position:0% +exactly cancel the spherical aberation + + + align:start position:0% +exactly cancel the spherical aberation +so it is it is very interesting it is + + align:start position:0% +so it is it is very interesting it is + + + align:start position:0% +so it is it is very interesting it is +different than the previous case here we + + align:start position:0% +different than the previous case here we + + + align:start position:0% +different than the previous case here we +exactly cancel it by using this uh + + align:start position:0% +exactly cancel it by using this uh + + + align:start position:0% +exactly cancel it by using this uh +particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition the next operation I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +condition the next operation I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +condition the next operation I wanted to +discuss is + + align:start position:0% +discuss is + + + align:start position:0% +discuss is +comma so comma is different than + + align:start position:0% +comma so comma is different than + + + align:start position:0% +comma so comma is different than +spherical in the sense that spherical + + align:start position:0% +spherical in the sense that spherical + + + align:start position:0% +spherical in the sense that spherical +occurs even if you have on axis + + align:start position:0% +occurs even if you have on axis + + + align:start position:0% +occurs even if you have on axis +incidents comma actually + + align:start position:0% +incidents comma actually + + + align:start position:0% +incidents comma actually +occurs for off axis incident Rays so + + align:start position:0% +occurs for off axis incident Rays so + + + align:start position:0% +occurs for off axis incident Rays so +this is the typical + + align:start position:0% +this is the typical + + + align:start position:0% +this is the typical +image the typical sort of depiction of + + align:start position:0% +image the typical sort of depiction of + + + align:start position:0% +image the typical sort of depiction of +comma that you see in books again you + + align:start position:0% +comma that you see in books again you + + + align:start position:0% +comma that you see in books again you +have a plane wave coming from Infinity + + align:start position:0% +have a plane wave coming from Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +have a plane wave coming from Infinity +but it is incident at an angle of axis + + align:start position:0% +but it is incident at an angle of axis + + + align:start position:0% +but it is incident at an angle of axis +so it is likely quite possible that you + + align:start position:0% +so it is likely quite possible that you + + + align:start position:0% +so it is likely quite possible that you +might have spherical aberation as well + + align:start position:0% +might have spherical aberation as well + + + align:start position:0% +might have spherical aberation as well +in this case but in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +in this case but in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +in this case but in this particular case +we're only concerned for the for the + + align:start position:0% +we're only concerned for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +we're only concerned for the for the +aberation due to the fact that you are + + align:start position:0% +aberation due to the fact that you are + + + align:start position:0% +aberation due to the fact that you are +off axis that is called comma so if you + + align:start position:0% +off axis that is called comma so if you + + + align:start position:0% +off axis that is called comma so if you +work out the sort of the nonparaxial + + align:start position:0% +work out the sort of the nonparaxial + + + align:start position:0% +work out the sort of the nonparaxial +Imaging for this case you will discover + + align:start position:0% +Imaging for this case you will discover + + + align:start position:0% +Imaging for this case you will discover +that at the focal plane sort of up to + + align:start position:0% +that at the focal plane sort of up to + + + align:start position:0% +that at the focal plane sort of up to +here what you see is a cross-section of + + align:start position:0% +here what you see is a cross-section of + + + align:start position:0% +here what you see is a cross-section of +the of the uh system in the meridianal + + align:start position:0% +the of the uh system in the meridianal + + + align:start position:0% +the of the uh system in the meridianal +plane uh this is what you would see as a + + align:start position:0% +plane uh this is what you would see as a + + + align:start position:0% +plane uh this is what you would see as a +front view on the imag in plane and it + + align:start position:0% +front view on the imag in plane and it + + + align:start position:0% +front view on the imag in plane and it +turns out you can also see it here this + + align:start position:0% +turns out you can also see it here this + + + align:start position:0% +turns out you can also see it here this +is perhaps a better a better picture it + + align:start position:0% +is perhaps a better a better picture it + + + align:start position:0% +is perhaps a better a better picture it +looks like a teardrop and this is where + + align:start position:0% +looks like a teardrop and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a teardrop and this is where +the term comma comes from it is not a + + align:start position:0% +the term comma comes from it is not a + + + align:start position:0% +the term comma comes from it is not a +condition that you enter after a very + + align:start position:0% +condition that you enter after a very + + + align:start position:0% +condition that you enter after a very +serious accident but it is rather um + + align:start position:0% +serious accident but it is rather um + + + align:start position:0% +serious accident but it is rather um +from the punctuation symbol comma in old + + align:start position:0% +from the punctuation symbol comma in old + + + align:start position:0% +from the punctuation symbol comma in old +fashion books kind of the comma looks + + align:start position:0% +fashion books kind of the comma looks + + + align:start position:0% +fashion books kind of the comma looks +like this right so I don't know how good + + align:start position:0% +like this right so I don't know how good + + + align:start position:0% +like this right so I don't know how good +my drawing is but but um this this + + align:start position:0% +my drawing is but but um this this + + + align:start position:0% +my drawing is but but um this this +teardrop shape is kind of reminiscent of + + align:start position:0% +teardrop shape is kind of reminiscent of + + + align:start position:0% +teardrop shape is kind of reminiscent of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +punctuation + + align:start position:0% +punctuation + + + align:start position:0% +punctuation +comma so this is what it looks like um + + align:start position:0% +comma so this is what it looks like um + + + align:start position:0% +comma so this is what it looks like um +now the geometry of this is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +now the geometry of this is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +now the geometry of this is a little bit +complicated you you can basically + + align:start position:0% +complicated you you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +complicated you you can basically +calculate the shape of the comma in the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the shape of the comma in the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the shape of the comma in the +meridianal plane and the sagittal plane + + align:start position:0% +meridianal plane and the sagittal plane + + + align:start position:0% +meridianal plane and the sagittal plane +perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to +that so the meridianal plane is this one + + align:start position:0% +that so the meridianal plane is this one + + + align:start position:0% +that so the meridianal plane is this one +the one that you see over here that is + + align:start position:0% +the one that you see over here that is + + + align:start position:0% +the one that you see over here that is +if you take the plane of incidence it is + + align:start position:0% +if you take the plane of incidence it is + + + align:start position:0% +if you take the plane of incidence it is +the plane that cuts through the center + + align:start position:0% +the plane that cuts through the center + + + align:start position:0% +the plane that cuts through the center +of the lens and then if you rotate by + + align:start position:0% +of the lens and then if you rotate by + + + align:start position:0% +of the lens and then if you rotate by +90° that would be the sagittal plane so + + align:start position:0% +90° that would be the sagittal plane so + + + align:start position:0% +90° that would be the sagittal plane so +of course because we're off axxis the + + align:start position:0% +of course because we're off axxis the + + + align:start position:0% +of course because we're off axxis the +two are not symmetric anymore on axis + + align:start position:0% +two are not symmetric anymore on axis + + + align:start position:0% +two are not symmetric anymore on axis +they're symmetric but off axis they're + + align:start position:0% +they're symmetric but off axis they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're symmetric but off axis they're +not so that's what gives rise to the + + align:start position:0% +not so that's what gives rise to the + + + align:start position:0% +not so that's what gives rise to the +strongly asymmetric nature of the comma + + align:start position:0% +strongly asymmetric nature of the comma + + + align:start position:0% +strongly asymmetric nature of the comma +and it turns out if you do some simple + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out if you do some simple + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out if you do some simple +geometry you find out that the length of + + align:start position:0% +geometry you find out that the length of + + + align:start position:0% +geometry you find out that the length of +this comatic shape along the tangential + + align:start position:0% +this comatic shape along the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +this comatic shape along the tangential +the meridianal plane it turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +the meridianal plane it turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +the meridianal plane it turns out to be +three times the length along the + + align:start position:0% +three times the length along the + + + align:start position:0% +three times the length along the +sagittal plane so this follows from + + align:start position:0% +sagittal plane so this follows from + + + align:start position:0% +sagittal plane so this follows from +geometry to be honest I never quite went + + align:start position:0% +geometry to be honest I never quite went + + + align:start position:0% +geometry to be honest I never quite went +through the derivation of this one but + + align:start position:0% +through the derivation of this one but + + + align:start position:0% +through the derivation of this one but +anyway someone did it + + align:start position:0% +anyway someone did it + + + align:start position:0% +anyway someone did it +and um these derivations by the way they + + align:start position:0% +and um these derivations by the way they + + + align:start position:0% +and um these derivations by the way they +have a way of becoming very complicated + + align:start position:0% +have a way of becoming very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +have a way of becoming very complicated +even when they give very simple results + + align:start position:0% +even when they give very simple results + + + align:start position:0% +even when they give very simple results +like this case over + + align:start position:0% +like this case over + + + align:start position:0% +like this case over +here uh uh what I would like to there's + + align:start position:0% +here uh uh what I would like to there's + + + align:start position:0% +here uh uh what I would like to there's +a few things I would like to say about + + align:start position:0% +a few things I would like to say about + + + align:start position:0% +a few things I would like to say about +comma one is of course that it also + + align:start position:0% +comma one is of course that it also + + + align:start position:0% +comma one is of course that it also +depends on the shape of the lens so here + + align:start position:0% +depends on the shape of the lens so here + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the shape of the lens so here +you see both the spherical aberation and + + align:start position:0% +you see both the spherical aberation and + + + align:start position:0% +you see both the spherical aberation and +comma plotted for lenses of the same + + align:start position:0% +comma plotted for lenses of the same + + + align:start position:0% +comma plotted for lenses of the same +Focus length but but a different um + + align:start position:0% +Focus length but but a different um + + + align:start position:0% +Focus length but but a different um +shape + + align:start position:0% +shape + + + align:start position:0% +shape +factor and you can see that for TTLY + + align:start position:0% +factor and you can see that for TTLY + + + align:start position:0% +factor and you can see that for TTLY +there's a region over here where both + + align:start position:0% +there's a region over here where both + + + align:start position:0% +there's a region over here where both +the spherical actually the comma is + + align:start position:0% +the spherical actually the comma is + + + align:start position:0% +the spherical actually the comma is +completely eliminated and the spherical + + align:start position:0% +completely eliminated and the spherical + + + align:start position:0% +completely eliminated and the spherical +is close to zero so this means that this + + align:start position:0% +is close to zero so this means that this + + + align:start position:0% +is close to zero so this means that this +is a good design point if you want to + + align:start position:0% +is a good design point if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +is a good design point if you want to +simultaneously minimize comma and + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously minimize comma and + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously minimize comma and +spheric + + align:start position:0% +spheric + + + align:start position:0% +spheric +elaboration + + align:start position:0% +elaboration + + + align:start position:0% +elaboration +um now you might wonder let me skip for + + align:start position:0% +um now you might wonder let me skip for + + + align:start position:0% +um now you might wonder let me skip for +a moment the discussion of the bottom + + align:start position:0% +a moment the discussion of the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +a moment the discussion of the bottom +figure over here I'll come back to it + + align:start position:0% +figure over here I'll come back to it + + + align:start position:0% +figure over here I'll come back to it +but you may wonder how it can be that + + align:start position:0% +but you may wonder how it can be that + + + align:start position:0% +but you may wonder how it can be that +comma is completely um completely + + align:start position:0% +comma is completely um completely + + + align:start position:0% +comma is completely um completely +eliminated + + align:start position:0% +eliminated + + + align:start position:0% +eliminated +okay it turns out that um and again this + + align:start position:0% +okay it turns out that um and again this + + + align:start position:0% +okay it turns out that um and again this +is something I will I will give without + + align:start position:0% +is something I will I will give without + + + align:start position:0% +is something I will I will give without +proof uh it turns out that there is a + + align:start position:0% +proof uh it turns out that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +proof uh it turns out that there is a +condition that indeed you can cancel + + align:start position:0% +condition that indeed you can cancel + + + align:start position:0% +condition that indeed you can cancel +comma so this is called the sign I sign + + align:start position:0% +comma so this is called the sign I sign + + + align:start position:0% +comma so this is called the sign I sign +now this is not a Greek word it is + + align:start position:0% +now this is not a Greek word it is + + + align:start position:0% +now this is not a Greek word it is +actually a Latin word and it is the same + + align:start position:0% +actually a Latin word and it is the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually a Latin word and it is the same +sign as the sign we have in the + + align:start position:0% +sign as the sign we have in the + + + align:start position:0% +sign as the sign we have in the +gometry and um this requires a little + + align:start position:0% +gometry and um this requires a little + + + align:start position:0% +gometry and um this requires a little +bit of explanation so we'll do that and + + align:start position:0% +bit of explanation so we'll do that and + + + align:start position:0% +bit of explanation so we'll do that and +then we'll quit for today uh so the sign + + align:start position:0% +then we'll quit for today uh so the sign + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll quit for today uh so the sign +condition follows from an other result + + align:start position:0% +condition follows from an other result + + + align:start position:0% +condition follows from an other result +called the optical sign theorem + + align:start position:0% +called the optical sign theorem + + + align:start position:0% +called the optical sign theorem +interestingly for those of you who are + + align:start position:0% +interestingly for those of you who are + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly for those of you who are +mechanical engineers and know + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineers and know + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineers and know +thermodynamics this theorem was proven + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics this theorem was proven + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics this theorem was proven +by a kind of a here of thermodynamics + + align:start position:0% +by a kind of a here of thermodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +by a kind of a here of thermodynamics +clausus there was I think there's some + + align:start position:0% +clausus there was I think there's some + + + align:start position:0% +clausus there was I think there's some +kind something called clausus inequality + + align:start position:0% +kind something called clausus inequality + + + align:start position:0% +kind something called clausus inequality +or something like that it's a very big + + align:start position:0% +or something like that it's a very big + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that it's a very big +important result in thermodynamics so he + + align:start position:0% +important result in thermodynamics so he + + + align:start position:0% +important result in thermodynamics so he +proved it first and then two other + + align:start position:0% +proved it first and then two other + + + align:start position:0% +proved it first and then two other +people associated with Optics more + + align:start position:0% +people associated with Optics more + + + align:start position:0% +people associated with Optics more +closely ab and Helm holes they derived + + align:start position:0% +closely ab and Helm holes they derived + + + align:start position:0% +closely ab and Helm holes they derived +it independently 10 years + + align:start position:0% +it independently 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +it independently 10 years +later so what did this theorem say well + + align:start position:0% +later so what did this theorem say well + + + align:start position:0% +later so what did this theorem say well +uh here's again the geometry of an + + align:start position:0% +uh here's again the geometry of an + + + align:start position:0% +uh here's again the geometry of an +optical + + align:start position:0% +optical + + + align:start position:0% +optical +system uh we use the notation Alpha as + + align:start position:0% +system uh we use the notation Alpha as + + + align:start position:0% +system uh we use the notation Alpha as +before to denote angles and Y for some + + align:start position:0% +before to denote angles and Y for some + + + align:start position:0% +before to denote angles and Y for some +reason the book uses y not x uh to + + align:start position:0% +reason the book uses y not x uh to + + + align:start position:0% +reason the book uses y not x uh to +denote the elevation of + + align:start position:0% +denote the elevation of + + + align:start position:0% +denote the elevation of +rays so this is now an exact result it + + align:start position:0% +rays so this is now an exact result it + + + align:start position:0% +rays so this is now an exact result it +is not paral but it says that if you + + align:start position:0% +is not paral but it says that if you + + + align:start position:0% +is not paral but it says that if you +satisfy the imag in condition then uh + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the imag in condition then uh + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the imag in condition then uh +the index of refraction the ray + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction the ray + + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction the ray +elevation and the sign of the ray angle + + align:start position:0% +elevation and the sign of the ray angle + + + align:start position:0% +elevation and the sign of the ray angle +in the object space are the same as the + + align:start position:0% +in the object space are the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +in the object space are the same as the +product of this actually should have + + align:start position:0% +product of this actually should have + + + align:start position:0% +product of this actually should have +said the product of the three is the + + align:start position:0% +said the product of the three is the + + + align:start position:0% +said the product of the three is the +same of the as the product in the image + + align:start position:0% +same of the as the product in the image + + + align:start position:0% +same of the as the product in the image +space okay so you can see these + + align:start position:0% +space okay so you can see these + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so you can see these +quantities over here uh all of them a + + align:start position:0% +quantities over here uh all of them a + + + align:start position:0% +quantities over here uh all of them a +sub I I'm sorry this is a sub I a sub o + + align:start position:0% +sub I I'm sorry this is a sub I a sub o + + + align:start position:0% +sub I I'm sorry this is a sub I a sub o +and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so +forth okay why is the significant now if + + align:start position:0% +forth okay why is the significant now if + + + align:start position:0% +forth okay why is the significant now if +you take the ratio of Y at the image + + align:start position:0% +you take the ratio of Y at the image + + + align:start position:0% +you take the ratio of Y at the image +plane so this is y sub I over y sub o + + align:start position:0% +plane so this is y sub I over y sub o + + + align:start position:0% +plane so this is y sub I over y sub o +that ratio is the + + align:start position:0% +that ratio is the + + + align:start position:0% +that ratio is the +magnification so you see a problem here + + align:start position:0% +magnification so you see a problem here + + + align:start position:0% +magnification so you see a problem here +the problem is that um if you calculate + + align:start position:0% +the problem is that um if you calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is that um if you calculate +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +ratio from this quantity the ratio would + + align:start position:0% +ratio from this quantity the ratio would + + + align:start position:0% +ratio from this quantity the ratio would +now to be what it will turn out to be + + align:start position:0% +now to be what it will turn out to be + + + align:start position:0% +now to be what it will turn out to be +something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +n uh I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sin Alpha I over an object sin Alpha + + align:start position:0% +sin Alpha I over an object sin Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +sin Alpha I over an object sin Alpha +object and because of the presence of + + align:start position:0% +object and because of the presence of + + + align:start position:0% +object and because of the presence of +the signs here you can very easily + + align:start position:0% +the signs here you can very easily + + + align:start position:0% +the signs here you can very easily +deduce that the that the magnification + + align:start position:0% +deduce that the that the magnification + + + align:start position:0% +deduce that the that the magnification +is not the same the magnification that + + align:start position:0% +is not the same the magnification that + + + align:start position:0% +is not the same the magnification that +you have depends on the size of the + + align:start position:0% +you have depends on the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +you have depends on the size of the +object which is of course very + + align:start position:0% +object which is of course very + + + align:start position:0% +object which is of course very +annoying uh we did not see that in the + + align:start position:0% +annoying uh we did not see that in the + + + align:start position:0% +annoying uh we did not see that in the +paral approximation but of course this + + align:start position:0% +paral approximation but of course this + + + align:start position:0% +paral approximation but of course this +is non parial that's why it happens but + + align:start position:0% +is non parial that's why it happens but + + + align:start position:0% +is non parial that's why it happens but +it is very annoying it is and it is the + + align:start position:0% +it is very annoying it is and it is the + + + align:start position:0% +it is very annoying it is and it is the +reason why comma happens you can also + + align:start position:0% +reason why comma happens you can also + + + align:start position:0% +reason why comma happens you can also +see it over + + align:start position:0% +see it over + + + align:start position:0% +see it over +here you can see very you can see sort + + align:start position:0% +here you can see very you can see sort + + + align:start position:0% +here you can see very you can see sort +of that different + + align:start position:0% +of that different + + + align:start position:0% +of that different +Rays they attempt to to reach to focus + + align:start position:0% +Rays they attempt to to reach to focus + + + align:start position:0% +Rays they attempt to to reach to focus +at different locations in the image + + align:start position:0% +at different locations in the image + + + align:start position:0% +at different locations in the image +plane so that's the reason so the sign + + align:start position:0% +plane so that's the reason so the sign + + + align:start position:0% +plane so that's the reason so the sign +theorem says boy if I could actually + + align:start position:0% +theorem says boy if I could actually + + + align:start position:0% +theorem says boy if I could actually +make I'm sorry if I could actually + + align:start position:0% +make I'm sorry if I could actually + + + align:start position:0% +make I'm sorry if I could actually +make this ratio s Alpha in the object + + align:start position:0% +make this ratio s Alpha in the object + + + align:start position:0% +make this ratio s Alpha in the object +over sin Alpha in the image if I could + + align:start position:0% +over sin Alpha in the image if I could + + + align:start position:0% +over sin Alpha in the image if I could +make equal to the corresponding parial + + align:start position:0% +make equal to the corresponding parial + + + align:start position:0% +make equal to the corresponding parial +quantities then I would be happy because + + align:start position:0% +quantities then I would be happy because + + + align:start position:0% +quantities then I would be happy because +then the magnification would be the same + + align:start position:0% +then the magnification would be the same + + + align:start position:0% +then the magnification would be the same +independent of object elevation and + + align:start position:0% +independent of object elevation and + + + align:start position:0% +independent of object elevation and +therefore I would be free of comma so + + align:start position:0% +therefore I would be free of comma so + + + align:start position:0% +therefore I would be free of comma so +that is the sign + + align:start position:0% +that is the sign + + + align:start position:0% +that is the sign +theorem so + + align:start position:0% +theorem so + + + align:start position:0% +theorem so +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so basically the reason um comma + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically the reason um comma + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically the reason um comma +can be eliminated here is because for + + align:start position:0% +can be eliminated here is because for + + + align:start position:0% +can be eliminated here is because for +this particular lens configuration the + + align:start position:0% +this particular lens configuration the + + + align:start position:0% +this particular lens configuration the +sign theorem is actually satisfied so + + align:start position:0% +sign theorem is actually satisfied so + + + align:start position:0% +sign theorem is actually satisfied so +you basically get a complete uh complete + + align:start position:0% +you basically get a complete uh complete + + + align:start position:0% +you basically get a complete uh complete +elimination of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +comma okay + + align:start position:0% +comma okay + + + align:start position:0% +comma okay +so unless there's any questions I think + + align:start position:0% +so unless there's any questions I think + + + align:start position:0% +so unless there's any questions I think +we should quit here and we'll continue + + align:start position:0% +we should quit here and we'll continue + + + align:start position:0% +we should quit here and we'll continue +with the remaining aberations on + + align:start position:0% +with the remaining aberations on + + + align:start position:0% +with the remaining aberations on +Wednesday George can I can I make a + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday George can I can I make a + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday George can I can I make a +comment about the I've been thinking + + align:start position:0% +comment about the I've been thinking + + + align:start position:0% +comment about the I've been thinking +about this aplanatic word that you + + align:start position:0% +about this aplanatic word that you + + + align:start position:0% +about this aplanatic word that you +mentioned if you go back a couple of + + align:start position:0% +mentioned if you go back a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned if you go back a couple of +slides to the + + align:start position:0% +slides to the + + + align:start position:0% +slides to the +uh yeah that yeah that one would do um I + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah that yeah that one would do um I + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah that yeah that one would do um I +think that now I'm thinking where that + + align:start position:0% +think that now I'm thinking where that + + + align:start position:0% +think that now I'm thinking where that +word comes from I've never really + + align:start position:0% +word comes from I've never really + + + align:start position:0% +word comes from I've never really +thought about it before but the that of + + align:start position:0% +thought about it before but the that of + + + align:start position:0% +thought about it before but the that of +course the applin atic condition will be + + align:start position:0% +course the applin atic condition will be + + + align:start position:0% +course the applin atic condition will be +satisfied not just at one point but on a + + align:start position:0% +satisfied not just at one point but on a + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied not just at one point but on a +complete sphere with Center at the + + align:start position:0% +complete sphere with Center at the + + + align:start position:0% +complete sphere with Center at the +center of the spherical surface okay and + + align:start position:0% +center of the spherical surface okay and + + + align:start position:0% +center of the spherical surface okay and +the Perfect Image will be formed on + + align:start position:0% +the Perfect Image will be formed on + + + align:start position:0% +the Perfect Image will be formed on +another sphere also with it Center at + + align:start position:0% +another sphere also with it Center at + + + align:start position:0% +another sphere also with it Center at +the center of the spherical surface so I + + align:start position:0% +the center of the spherical surface so I + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the spherical surface so I +think maybe that's why it says uh not + + align:start position:0% +think maybe that's why it says uh not + + + align:start position:0% +think maybe that's why it says uh not +plain it's because the the image on a on + + align:start position:0% +plain it's because the the image on a on + + + align:start position:0% +plain it's because the the image on a on +a spherical surface is is going to be + + align:start position:0% +a spherical surface is is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +a spherical surface is is going to be +formed perfectly on another spherical + + align:start position:0% +formed perfectly on another spherical + + + align:start position:0% +formed perfectly on another spherical +surface which with the petal surface + + align:start position:0% +surface which with the petal surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface which with the petal surface +right as we'll see a little bit later + + align:start position:0% +right as we'll see a little bit later + + + align:start position:0% +right as we'll see a little bit later +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah y that makes sense yeah \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/juxuwNK3G-c.txt b/juxuwNK3G-c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffd01d548e656b8af8033e26afbdf8e8707e20f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/juxuwNK3G-c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we're speaking today with Tom Perez the + + align:start position:0% +we're speaking today with Tom Perez the + + + align:start position:0% +we're speaking today with Tom Perez the +Secretary of Labor for the United States + + align:start position:0% +Secretary of Labor for the United States + + + align:start position:0% +Secretary of Labor for the United States +Department of Labor so thank you Mr + + align:start position:0% +Department of Labor so thank you Mr + + + align:start position:0% +Department of Labor so thank you Mr +secretary for joining us oh it's a + + align:start position:0% +secretary for joining us oh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +secretary for joining us oh it's a +pleasure to be with you maybe you could + + align:start position:0% +pleasure to be with you maybe you could + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure to be with you maybe you could +talk a little bit about what's changed + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about what's changed + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about what's changed +since you and I entered the labor force + + align:start position:0% +since you and I entered the labor force + + + align:start position:0% +since you and I entered the labor force +a number of years ago I'm thinking about + + align:start position:0% +a number of years ago I'm thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +a number of years ago I'm thinking about +a good friend of mine whose dad um + + align:start position:0% +a good friend of mine whose dad um + + + align:start position:0% +a good friend of mine whose dad um +graduated high school went to work at + + align:start position:0% +graduated high school went to work at + + + align:start position:0% +graduated high school went to work at +Bethlehem Steel and worked there for 42 + + align:start position:0% +Bethlehem Steel and worked there for 42 + + + align:start position:0% +Bethlehem Steel and worked there for 42 +years years and as as we fast forward to + + align:start position:0% +years years and as as we fast forward to + + + align:start position:0% +years years and as as we fast forward to +today uh it is much less frequent to see + + align:start position:0% +today uh it is much less frequent to see + + + align:start position:0% +today uh it is much less frequent to see +someone at a job for 30 40 years like + + align:start position:0% +someone at a job for 30 40 years like + + + align:start position:0% +someone at a job for 30 40 years like +our parents generation and uh once again + + align:start position:0% +our parents generation and uh once again + + + align:start position:0% +our parents generation and uh once again +you you look in the world of + + align:start position:0% +you you look in the world of + + + align:start position:0% +you you look in the world of +manufacturing just to take one example + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing just to take one example + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing just to take one example +uh the jobs of today are quite different + + align:start position:0% +uh the jobs of today are quite different + + + align:start position:0% +uh the jobs of today are quite different +from the jobs of yesterday and uh + + align:start position:0% +from the jobs of yesterday and uh + + + align:start position:0% +from the jobs of yesterday and uh +frankly uh in many cases a high school + + align:start position:0% +frankly uh in many cases a high school + + + align:start position:0% +frankly uh in many cases a high school +degree simply won't suffice and so my + + align:start position:0% +degree simply won't suffice and so my + + + align:start position:0% +degree simply won't suffice and so my +parents always taught me education is + + align:start position:0% +parents always taught me education is + + + align:start position:0% +parents always taught me education is +the great equalizer it's what made + + align:start position:0% +the great equalizer it's what made + + + align:start position:0% +the great equalizer it's what made +America a superpower this commitment to + + align:start position:0% +America a superpower this commitment to + + + align:start position:0% +America a superpower this commitment to +free public elementary and secondary + + align:start position:0% +free public elementary and secondary + + + align:start position:0% +free public elementary and secondary +education and today we need to keep that + + align:start position:0% +education and today we need to keep that + + + align:start position:0% +education and today we need to keep that +investment maybe we could focus on some + + align:start position:0% +investment maybe we could focus on some + + + align:start position:0% +investment maybe we could focus on some +of the current challenges and + + align:start position:0% +of the current challenges and + + + align:start position:0% +of the current challenges and +opportunities we're coming out of this + + align:start position:0% +opportunities we're coming out of this + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities we're coming out of this +great uh recession the worst since the + + align:start position:0% +great uh recession the worst since the + + + align:start position:0% +great uh recession the worst since the +Great Depression uh the economy has been + + align:start position:0% +Great Depression uh the economy has been + + + align:start position:0% +Great Depression uh the economy has been +growing but not everyone is sharing + + align:start position:0% +growing but not everyone is sharing + + + align:start position:0% +growing but not everyone is sharing +equally in the benefits of of the growth + + align:start position:0% +equally in the benefits of of the growth + + + align:start position:0% +equally in the benefits of of the growth +what accounts for where we are today + + align:start position:0% +what accounts for where we are today + + + align:start position:0% +what accounts for where we are today +well it's always important important to + + align:start position:0% +well it's always important important to + + + align:start position:0% +well it's always important important to +look at where we were where we are and + + align:start position:0% +look at where we were where we are and + + + align:start position:0% +look at where we were where we are and +where we need to go the rising tide of + + align:start position:0% +where we need to go the rising tide of + + + align:start position:0% +where we need to go the rising tide of +progress in the late 90s that we saw + + align:start position:0% +progress in the late 90s that we saw + + + align:start position:0% +progress in the late 90s that we saw +lifted more boats uh today that Rising + + align:start position:0% +lifted more boats uh today that Rising + + + align:start position:0% +lifted more boats uh today that Rising +tide isn't lifting uh as many boats as + + align:start position:0% +tide isn't lifting uh as many boats as + + + align:start position:0% +tide isn't lifting uh as many boats as +it needs to we need to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +it needs to we need to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +it needs to we need to make sure that +everybody has that chance and and the + + align:start position:0% +everybody has that chance and and the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has that chance and and the +one of the biggest challenges in this + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest challenges in this + + + align:start position:0% +one of the biggest challenges in this +context is addressing the issue of uh + + align:start position:0% +context is addressing the issue of uh + + + align:start position:0% +context is addressing the issue of uh +stubbornly uh stagnant wages and and + + align:start position:0% +stubbornly uh stagnant wages and and + + + align:start position:0% +stubbornly uh stagnant wages and and +that's not simply a phenomenon of the + + align:start position:0% +that's not simply a phenomenon of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's not simply a phenomenon of the +great re session for + + align:start position:0% +great re session for + + + align:start position:0% +great re session for +decades productivity growth and real + + align:start position:0% +decades productivity growth and real + + + align:start position:0% +decades productivity growth and real +wage growth uh Rose hand in hand and + + align:start position:0% +wage growth uh Rose hand in hand and + + + align:start position:0% +wage growth uh Rose hand in hand and +then starting around 1980 uh that began + + align:start position:0% +then starting around 1980 uh that began + + + align:start position:0% +then starting around 1980 uh that began +to change and we see productivity + + align:start position:0% +to change and we see productivity + + + align:start position:0% +to change and we see productivity +increases of over 90% And real wage + + align:start position:0% +increases of over 90% And real wage + + + align:start position:0% +increases of over 90% And real wage +growth of 2 or 3% and that's unfair to + + align:start position:0% +growth of 2 or 3% and that's unfair to + + + align:start position:0% +growth of 2 or 3% and that's unfair to +workers workers are are have helped bake + + align:start position:0% +workers workers are are have helped bake + + + align:start position:0% +workers workers are are have helped bake +the pie of prosperity uh but their Sweat + + align:start position:0% +the pie of prosperity uh but their Sweat + + + align:start position:0% +the pie of prosperity uh but their Sweat +Equity hasn't translated into um + + align:start position:0% +Equity hasn't translated into um + + + align:start position:0% +Equity hasn't translated into um +Financial equity for them and so to to + + align:start position:0% +Financial equity for them and so to to + + + align:start position:0% +Financial equity for them and so to to +many people haven't gotten a raise in + + align:start position:0% +many people haven't gotten a raise in + + + align:start position:0% +many people haven't gotten a raise in +years too many people are working two + + align:start position:0% +years too many people are working two + + + align:start position:0% +years too many people are working two +three jobs one of the best family values + + align:start position:0% +three jobs one of the best family values + + + align:start position:0% +three jobs one of the best family values +is the value of time spent with your + + align:start position:0% +is the value of time spent with your + + + align:start position:0% +is the value of time spent with your +family and folks just don't have enough + + align:start position:0% +family and folks just don't have enough + + + align:start position:0% +family and folks just don't have enough +time to do that we could talk a little + + align:start position:0% +time to do that we could talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +time to do that we could talk a little +bit perhaps about how we can get the + + align:start position:0% +bit perhaps about how we can get the + + + align:start position:0% +bit perhaps about how we can get the +wages and and high quality jobs moving + + align:start position:0% +wages and and high quality jobs moving + + + align:start position:0% +wages and and high quality jobs moving +in the right direction and I know you + + align:start position:0% +in the right direction and I know you + + + align:start position:0% +in the right direction and I know you +are an Ardent advocate for the + + align:start position:0% +are an Ardent advocate for the + + + align:start position:0% +are an Ardent advocate for the +administration for the country about the + + align:start position:0% +administration for the country about the + + + align:start position:0% +administration for the country about the +importance of skills and skill + + align:start position:0% +importance of skills and skill + + + align:start position:0% +importance of skills and skill +development wonder if you could say what + + align:start position:0% +development wonder if you could say what + + + align:start position:0% +development wonder if you could say what +your thoughts are on what worker + + align:start position:0% +your thoughts are on what worker + + + align:start position:0% +your thoughts are on what worker +might do and what kind of opportunities + + align:start position:0% +might do and what kind of opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +might do and what kind of opportunities +we need to provide for workers to keep + + align:start position:0% +we need to provide for workers to keep + + + align:start position:0% +we need to provide for workers to keep +those skills current so that people can + + align:start position:0% +those skills current so that people can + + + align:start position:0% +those skills current so that people can +adapt over time you look at the data and + + align:start position:0% +adapt over time you look at the data and + + + align:start position:0% +adapt over time you look at the data and +the education dividend is undeniable the + + align:start position:0% +the education dividend is undeniable the + + + align:start position:0% +the education dividend is undeniable the +more education you have the greater the + + align:start position:0% +more education you have the greater the + + + align:start position:0% +more education you have the greater the +chances are that you can punch your + + align:start position:0% +chances are that you can punch your + + + align:start position:0% +chances are that you can punch your +ticket to the middle class and then stay + + align:start position:0% +ticket to the middle class and then stay + + + align:start position:0% +ticket to the middle class and then stay +there it's important to recognize that + + align:start position:0% +there it's important to recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +there it's important to recognize that +there are multiple educational Pathways + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple educational Pathways + + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple educational Pathways +to the middle class some people graduate + + align:start position:0% +to the middle class some people graduate + + + align:start position:0% +to the middle class some people graduate +high school and go to college but other + + align:start position:0% +high school and go to college but other + + + align:start position:0% +high school and go to college but other +people uh especially when I was growing + + align:start position:0% +people uh especially when I was growing + + + align:start position:0% +people uh especially when I was growing +up Buffalo a lot of folks uh went + + align:start position:0% +up Buffalo a lot of folks uh went + + + align:start position:0% +up Buffalo a lot of folks uh went +through the apprenticeship route and + + align:start position:0% +through the apprenticeship route and + + + align:start position:0% +through the apprenticeship route and +that route if you go to places like + + align:start position:0% +that route if you go to places like + + + align:start position:0% +that route if you go to places like +Germany uh has equal stature with uh the + + align:start position:0% +Germany uh has equal stature with uh the + + + align:start position:0% +Germany uh has equal stature with uh the +four-year route and uh here in America + + align:start position:0% +four-year route and uh here in America + + + align:start position:0% +four-year route and uh here in America +we devalued that over the course of + + align:start position:0% +we devalued that over the course of + + + align:start position:0% +we devalued that over the course of +recent decades and that's why this + + align:start position:0% +recent decades and that's why this + + + align:start position:0% +recent decades and that's why this +President and and and we at the + + align:start position:0% +President and and and we at the + + + align:start position:0% +President and and and we at the +Department of Labor are trying to change + + align:start position:0% +Department of Labor are trying to change + + + align:start position:0% +Department of Labor are trying to change +that and I've met so many folks who have + + align:start position:0% +that and I've met so many folks who have + + + align:start position:0% +that and I've met so many folks who have +completed apprenticeship programs + + align:start position:0% +completed apprenticeship programs + + + align:start position:0% +completed apprenticeship programs +whether it's the traditional skilled + + align:start position:0% +whether it's the traditional skilled + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's the traditional skilled +trades whether it's it whether it's in + + align:start position:0% +trades whether it's it whether it's in + + + align:start position:0% +trades whether it's it whether it's in +the health sector + + align:start position:0% +the health sector + + + align:start position:0% +the health sector +uh these are these are alternative + + align:start position:0% +uh these are these are alternative + + + align:start position:0% +uh these are these are alternative +Pathways to higher ed and many of these + + align:start position:0% +Pathways to higher ed and many of these + + + align:start position:0% +Pathways to higher ed and many of these +folks who complete apprenticeships then + + align:start position:0% +folks who complete apprenticeships then + + + align:start position:0% +folks who complete apprenticeships then +get uh an associates degree at Community + + align:start position:0% +get uh an associates degree at Community + + + align:start position:0% +get uh an associates degree at Community +College and then go to a four-year + + align:start position:0% +College and then go to a four-year + + + align:start position:0% +College and then go to a four-year +college so uh it's important as people + + align:start position:0% +college so uh it's important as people + + + align:start position:0% +college so uh it's important as people +think about that pathway uh to + + align:start position:0% +think about that pathway uh to + + + align:start position:0% +think about that pathway uh to +upskilling to recognize that there are + + align:start position:0% +upskilling to recognize that there are + + + align:start position:0% +upskilling to recognize that there are +multiple entry points and they all lead + + align:start position:0% +multiple entry points and they all lead + + + align:start position:0% +multiple entry points and they all lead +to core competencies that enable you to + + align:start position:0% +to core competencies that enable you to + + + align:start position:0% +to core competencies that enable you to +compete and Thrive not only in today's + + align:start position:0% +compete and Thrive not only in today's + + + align:start position:0% +compete and Thrive not only in today's +economy but in tomorrow's economy well I + + align:start position:0% +economy but in tomorrow's economy well I + + + align:start position:0% +economy but in tomorrow's economy well I +think your work on apprenticeships is so + + align:start position:0% +think your work on apprenticeships is so + + + align:start position:0% +think your work on apprenticeships is so +important because the evidence is so + + align:start position:0% +important because the evidence is so + + + align:start position:0% +important because the evidence is so +clear on how well they pay off for every + + align:start position:0% +clear on how well they pay off for every + + + align:start position:0% +clear on how well they pay off for every +dollar we invest in apprenticeship the + + align:start position:0% +dollar we invest in apprenticeship the + + + align:start position:0% +dollar we invest in apprenticeship the +return is something like $27 that's uh I + + align:start position:0% +return is something like $27 that's uh I + + + align:start position:0% +return is something like $27 that's uh I +I wish every investment we made had that + + align:start position:0% +I wish every investment we made had that + + + align:start position:0% +I wish every investment we made had that +kind of return one of the concepts that + + align:start position:0% +kind of return one of the concepts that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of return one of the concepts that +we use in this course is the term social + + align:start position:0% +we use in this course is the term social + + + align:start position:0% +we use in this course is the term social +contract and you've been an articulate + + align:start position:0% +contract and you've been an articulate + + + align:start position:0% +contract and you've been an articulate +proponent of uh a strong voice for the + + align:start position:0% +proponent of uh a strong voice for the + + + align:start position:0% +proponent of uh a strong voice for the +American Workforce wonder if you could + + align:start position:0% +American Workforce wonder if you could + + + align:start position:0% +American Workforce wonder if you could +speak a bit about the role of voice in + + align:start position:0% +speak a bit about the role of voice in + + + align:start position:0% +speak a bit about the role of voice in +our economy and what it means to workers + + align:start position:0% +our economy and what it means to workers + + + align:start position:0% +our economy and what it means to workers +and what it means to our society it's + + align:start position:0% +and what it means to our society it's + + + align:start position:0% +and what it means to our society it's +not a coincidence in my mind that um the + + align:start position:0% +not a coincidence in my mind that um the + + + align:start position:0% +not a coincidence in my mind that um the +periods in our nation's history in the + + align:start position:0% +periods in our nation's history in the + + + align:start position:0% +periods in our nation's history in the +20th century for instance uh where you + + align:start position:0% +20th century for instance uh where you + + + align:start position:0% +20th century for instance uh where you +had decade after decade of real wage + + align:start position:0% +had decade after decade of real wage + + + align:start position:0% +had decade after decade of real wage +growth uh didn't just coincide but + + align:start position:0% +growth uh didn't just coincide but + + + align:start position:0% +growth uh didn't just coincide but +coexisted with uh a period of time where + + align:start position:0% +coexisted with uh a period of time where + + + align:start position:0% +coexisted with uh a period of time where +workers had a collective voice where you + + align:start position:0% +workers had a collective voice where you + + + align:start position:0% +workers had a collective voice where you +had much higher Union density where + + align:start position:0% +had much higher Union density where + + + align:start position:0% +had much higher Union density where +people could advocate America's greatest + + align:start position:0% +people could advocate America's greatest + + + align:start position:0% +people could advocate America's greatest +Generation who fought in World War II + + align:start position:0% +Generation who fought in World War II + + + align:start position:0% +Generation who fought in World War II +millions of them came home and what did + + align:start position:0% +millions of them came home and what did + + + align:start position:0% +millions of them came home and what did +they do they they worked collectively + + align:start position:0% +they do they they worked collectively + + + align:start position:0% +they do they they worked collectively +once again in the workplace to fight for + + align:start position:0% +once again in the workplace to fight for + + + align:start position:0% +once again in the workplace to fight for +fair wages and and what we I think have + + align:start position:0% +fair wages and and what we I think have + + + align:start position:0% +fair wages and and what we I think have +lost today is is too many folks have + + align:start position:0% +lost today is is too many folks have + + + align:start position:0% +lost today is is too many folks have +bought into this false choice of uh you + + align:start position:0% +bought into this false choice of uh you + + + align:start position:0% +bought into this false choice of uh you +either take care of your shareholder or + + align:start position:0% +either take care of your shareholder or + + + align:start position:0% +either take care of your shareholder or +you take care of your worker but you + + align:start position:0% +you take care of your worker but you + + + align:start position:0% +you take care of your worker but you +can't do both that's a i categorically + + align:start position:0% +can't do both that's a i categorically + + + align:start position:0% +can't do both that's a i categorically +reject that and it it isn't indeed a + + align:start position:0% +reject that and it it isn't indeed a + + + align:start position:0% +reject that and it it isn't indeed a +false choice you look at places like uh + + align:start position:0% +false choice you look at places like uh + + + align:start position:0% +false choice you look at places like uh +the Ford Motor Company an existential + + align:start position:0% +the Ford Motor Company an existential + + + align:start position:0% +the Ford Motor Company an existential +crisis in the Great Recession and what + + align:start position:0% +crisis in the Great Recession and what + + + align:start position:0% +crisis in the Great Recession and what +happened the UAW and Ford got together + + align:start position:0% +happened the UAW and Ford got together + + + align:start position:0% +happened the UAW and Ford got together +uh around a uh a plan of shared + + align:start position:0% +uh around a uh a plan of shared + + + align:start position:0% +uh around a uh a plan of shared +sacrifice leading to Shared Prosperity + + align:start position:0% +sacrifice leading to Shared Prosperity + + + align:start position:0% +sacrifice leading to Shared Prosperity +so I I visited uh uh a plant in + + align:start position:0% +so I I visited uh uh a plant in + + + align:start position:0% +so I I visited uh uh a plant in +Louisville Kentucky that makes the Ford + + align:start position:0% +Louisville Kentucky that makes the Ford + + + align:start position:0% +Louisville Kentucky that makes the Ford +Escape and in 2007 they were down to + + align:start position:0% +Escape and in 2007 they were down to + + + align:start position:0% +Escape and in 2007 they were down to +about 700 workers they weren't sure if + + align:start position:0% +about 700 workers they weren't sure if + + + align:start position:0% +about 700 workers they weren't sure if +they were going to shutter the plant + + align:start position:0% +they were going to shutter the plant + + + align:start position:0% +they were going to shutter the plant +entirely and and as a result of that + + align:start position:0% +entirely and and as a result of that + + + align:start position:0% +entirely and and as a result of that +cooperation you see uh shared sacrifice + + align:start position:0% +cooperation you see uh shared sacrifice + + + align:start position:0% +cooperation you see uh shared sacrifice +leading to Shared prosperity and today + + align:start position:0% +leading to Shared prosperity and today + + + align:start position:0% +leading to Shared prosperity and today +they're 4,400 employees and growing and + + align:start position:0% +they're 4,400 employees and growing and + + + align:start position:0% +they're 4,400 employees and growing and +that doesn't include the supply chain so + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't include the supply chain so + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't include the supply chain so +when workers have a voice America + + align:start position:0% +when workers have a voice America + + + align:start position:0% +when workers have a voice America +succeeds there are many ways to give + + align:start position:0% +succeeds there are many ways to give + + + align:start position:0% +succeeds there are many ways to give +voice to workers uh unions are certainly + + align:start position:0% +voice to workers uh unions are certainly + + + align:start position:0% +voice to workers uh unions are certainly +one way there are also a number of uh + + align:start position:0% +one way there are also a number of uh + + + align:start position:0% +one way there are also a number of uh +nonprofits that are working with taxi + + align:start position:0% +nonprofits that are working with taxi + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofits that are working with taxi +cab drivers and uh home health workers + + align:start position:0% +cab drivers and uh home health workers + + + align:start position:0% +cab drivers and uh home health workers +and fast food workers nonprofits that + + align:start position:0% +and fast food workers nonprofits that + + + align:start position:0% +and fast food workers nonprofits that +are very agile and and they're really + + align:start position:0% +are very agile and and they're really + + + align:start position:0% +are very agile and and they're really +standing up for low-wage workers trying + + align:start position:0% +standing up for low-wage workers trying + + + align:start position:0% +standing up for low-wage workers trying +to give voice there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +to give voice there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to give voice there are a lot of +headwinds in this issue there are courts + + align:start position:0% +headwinds in this issue there are courts + + + align:start position:0% +headwinds in this issue there are courts +right now that um are hostile to uh + + align:start position:0% +right now that um are hostile to uh + + + align:start position:0% +right now that um are hostile to uh +efforts to organize there's hostile + + align:start position:0% +efforts to organize there's hostile + + + align:start position:0% +efforts to organize there's hostile +state legislatures right now that are + + align:start position:0% +state legislatures right now that are + + + align:start position:0% +state legislatures right now that are +making it hard for public sector workers + + align:start position:0% +making it hard for public sector workers + + + align:start position:0% +making it hard for public sector workers +uh to move forward um there are + + align:start position:0% +uh to move forward um there are + + + align:start position:0% +uh to move forward um there are +well-healed + + align:start position:0% +well-healed + + + align:start position:0% +well-healed +multi-billionaires who are spending a + + align:start position:0% +multi-billionaires who are spending a + + + align:start position:0% +multi-billionaires who are spending a +lot of money trying to muzzle voice but + + align:start position:0% +lot of money trying to muzzle voice but + + + align:start position:0% +lot of money trying to muzzle voice but +these forces existed a 100 years ago + + align:start position:0% +these forces existed a 100 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +these forces existed a 100 years ago +we've defeated these before the Ark of + + align:start position:0% +we've defeated these before the Ark of + + + align:start position:0% +we've defeated these before the Ark of +the moral Universe has always bent + + align:start position:0% +the moral Universe has always bent + + + align:start position:0% +the moral Universe has always bent +toward Justice and toward those who seek + + align:start position:0% +toward Justice and toward those who seek + + + align:start position:0% +toward Justice and toward those who seek +to um expand opportunity um but it + + align:start position:0% +to um expand opportunity um but it + + + align:start position:0% +to um expand opportunity um but it +doesn't bend on its own I'm wondering if + + align:start position:0% +doesn't bend on its own I'm wondering if + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't bend on its own I'm wondering if +uh you would like to conclude with your + + align:start position:0% +uh you would like to conclude with your + + + align:start position:0% +uh you would like to conclude with your +own advice for the Next Generation + + align:start position:0% +own advice for the Next Generation + + + align:start position:0% +own advice for the Next Generation +Workforce first of all I think education + + align:start position:0% +Workforce first of all I think education + + + align:start position:0% +Workforce first of all I think education +is the great equalizer so you want to + + align:start position:0% +is the great equalizer so you want to + + + align:start position:0% +is the great equalizer so you want to +make sure that uh you have the skills to + + align:start position:0% +make sure that uh you have the skills to + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that uh you have the skills to +compete today and tomorrow secondly you + + align:start position:0% +compete today and tomorrow secondly you + + + align:start position:0% +compete today and tomorrow secondly you +need to find your passion uh Happy is + + align:start position:0% +need to find your passion uh Happy is + + + align:start position:0% +need to find your passion uh Happy is +the person whose job is his or her hobby + + align:start position:0% +the person whose job is his or her hobby + + + align:start position:0% +the person whose job is his or her hobby +because then you never have to work a + + align:start position:0% +because then you never have to work a + + + align:start position:0% +because then you never have to work a +day in your life third you need to + + align:start position:0% +day in your life third you need to + + + align:start position:0% +day in your life third you need to +reject these false choices of those who + + align:start position:0% +reject these false choices of those who + + + align:start position:0% +reject these false choices of those who +suggest that uh if you burn out your + + align:start position:0% +suggest that uh if you burn out your + + + align:start position:0% +suggest that uh if you burn out your +neighbor's candle that will make your + + align:start position:0% +neighbor's candle that will make your + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor's candle that will make your +candle shine brighter uh that's never + + align:start position:0% +candle shine brighter uh that's never + + + align:start position:0% +candle shine brighter uh that's never +been who we are as a nation we've always + + align:start position:0% +been who we are as a nation we've always + + + align:start position:0% +been who we are as a nation we've always +been a community recognizing that we all + + align:start position:0% +been a community recognizing that we all + + + align:start position:0% +been a community recognizing that we all +succeed only when we all succeed we We + + align:start position:0% +succeed only when we all succeed we We + + + align:start position:0% +succeed only when we all succeed we We +rise and fall on the strength of our + + align:start position:0% +rise and fall on the strength of our + + + align:start position:0% +rise and fall on the strength of our +middle class and the strength of our + + align:start position:0% +middle class and the strength of our + + + align:start position:0% +middle class and the strength of our +ladders of opportunity to the middle + + align:start position:0% +ladders of opportunity to the middle + + + align:start position:0% +ladders of opportunity to the middle +class and and so I want everyone all + + align:start position:0% +class and and so I want everyone all + + + align:start position:0% +class and and so I want everyone all +your students to make sure they + + align:start position:0% +your students to make sure they + + + align:start position:0% +your students to make sure they +understand that uh opportunities abound + + align:start position:0% +understand that uh opportunities abound + + + align:start position:0% +understand that uh opportunities abound +and low wages and no benefits are a + + align:start position:0% +and low wages and no benefits are a + + + align:start position:0% +and low wages and no benefits are a +choice that companies make not a + + align:start position:0% +choice that companies make not a + + + align:start position:0% +choice that companies make not a +necessity born out of uh globalization + + align:start position:0% +necessity born out of uh globalization + + + align:start position:0% +necessity born out of uh globalization +or technology advances uh these are + + align:start position:0% +or technology advances uh these are + + + align:start position:0% +or technology advances uh these are +choices and you need to make that choice + + align:start position:0% +choices and you need to make that choice + + + align:start position:0% +choices and you need to make that choice +as a student uh to get involved and to + + align:start position:0% +as a student uh to get involved and to + + + align:start position:0% +as a student uh to get involved and to +exert leadership well a very very + + align:start position:0% +exert leadership well a very very + + + align:start position:0% +exert leadership well a very very +powerful statement Mr secretary thank + + align:start position:0% +powerful statement Mr secretary thank + + + align:start position:0% +powerful statement Mr secretary thank +you for all you do and for all everyone + + align:start position:0% +you for all you do and for all everyone + + + align:start position:0% +you for all you do and for all everyone +here at the Department of Labor does for + + align:start position:0% +here at the Department of Labor does for + + + align:start position:0% +here at the Department of Labor does for +the current generation Workforce and for + + align:start position:0% +the current generation Workforce and for + + + align:start position:0% +the current generation Workforce and for +all of those to come well honor time + + align:start position:0% +all of those to come well honor time + + + align:start position:0% +all of those to come well honor time +take care thanks again \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/k9wV8OIv5Qg.txt b/k9wV8OIv5Qg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43115f1aa385da18a6004bc764311607feab8f8b --- /dev/null +++ b/k9wV8OIv5Qg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ +HiJohn Guttag. +By day, I'm a professor of Electrical Engineering + +and Computer Science at MIT +and also a member of the + +Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence +Laboratory at MIT. + +But you probabaly know me +as the figurehead or something behind + +6.00 and the whole series of 6.00 courses. + +It's a really good question about +what keeps a learner + +interested in pursuing this topic. + +We designed this course +actually to be a hard course. + +It's very similar to +what we teach at MIT. + +And we really didn't want +to compromise on the opportunity + +for students to learn alot. However, as it's been said + +there's no royal road to mathematics. +There's no royal road to computer science. + +To learn a lot, you actually have to work. + +On campus, we are able to provide the students who are struggling + +a lot of interaction and counseling +and dare I say it hand-holding + +to encourage them to keep going. + +It's much harder to do that +when we don't physically meet with + +the students. What I can say is that the learning + +curve for this is very steep in the beginning but then it does flatten out + +and somewhere along the way +most people have it's almost like an epiphany + +Oh! Now I get it! +This is not as hard as I thought it was + +and then they feel really good about +themselves as they should. + +So the main thing I tell people is +give it a fair shot. + +You know, don't quit too early +hang in there, and almost + +everybody does get it. +Let me clarify that. + +Almost everybody who really does the work +gets it. You can't learn to program + +just by watching people talk about +programming. You have to do it. + +And the main thing I would +encourage people to understand + +is it does get easier. +This is not one of those subjects + +where it just gets harder and harder and harder. +Most people who get through the + +beginning find they do just fine +thereafter. + +You can tell from my gray hair +I've been at this for quite a while. + +And what I like most about it is +it's never the same. + +If you asked me as recently +as ten years ago what I'd be doing + +today, I'd have gotten it all wrong. +The nice thing about being a computer + +scientist is the world changes out from +under your feet all the time. + +You have to learn new things +and it's just continually exciting. + +The other thing I like +about it is today we're kind of - this is going + +to sound arrogant but I'll say it anyway - +at the center of the universe. + +Almost everything going on in the world +today depends upon computer science and its + +technologies. +And it's kind of fun to be in the middle of + +things. And how has it changed my life? +So the one way it's changed my life is + +it's given me gainful employment for +a long time. Something not to be + +sneered at. And the other thing is +and it's a combination of coputer science + +and being an academic, is I've just met an +incredible number of wonderful people. + +And intellectually interesting people. +And it's changed my life in lots of ways. + +The opportunity to interact with those people +particularly the young people, you know, + +we turn over pretty quickly at the university +so I'm always meeting new people + +hearing new things, getting new perspectives +and it's really fun. + +That's actually a tricky question. +Because it can be interpreted in multiple + +ways. So what most of us think of is +what's called Moore's Law. + +Every 18 months or so +the number of transistors that can be fit + +on a square milimeter on a chip would +double. And so circuitry got denser and denser + +and denser and that made computers faster +and faster. + +One of the limitations, believe it or not, +is the speed of light, and by getting things + +closer to each other, the distances are shorter +and things can be faster. + +We're probably nearing the end of Moore's +Law. + +We're entering the regime where things +become small enough that quantum affects + +start to take over. And that's much +harder to think about how to program, + +how to build machines. And so we won't be +able to make + +them faster in an easy way. +That doesn't mean we won't make them faster, + +because now, what we see is an increasing +emphasis on parallelism. So if you can't make + +one core faster, well, maybe what you can +do + +is link thousands of cores together and do +multiple + +things at the same time, and make things +still run faster by exploiting parallelism. + +And I think that's really going to be the +long-term future of speed ups is our getting + +more and more clever about how to parallelize +things. + +Now this just is not simply a matter of building +hardware that will accomodate this but how + +do we write programs +that would accommodate this. + +Today, most of us think about programs as a + +sequential set of instructions one after another +and we don't really have parallelism in mind. + +And so a lot of our algorithms that we depend +upon are not very easy to parallelize. And + +so it's not that easy +to take advatage of the + +parallelism in the hardware. Other times we have + +what we call embarrassing paralellism, +where it's + +really easy. And so I think what +we'll see is + +computation will get faster, +not computers, but + +computation as we get better at building parallel +machines and exploiting that parallelism in + +our software. + +In some sense, programs have +been producing programs + +since the 1950's, before I'm sure most of + +were born. Around that time, +people started building + +things called compilers. You've +probably all have heard + +of compilers. What a compiler does is it +takes a + +program in one language that humans like to +write in, + +say python, and produces at the other end +a program in another language that the + +computer can execute directly. So in that +sense, every compiler is a program that creates + +a program. Now maybe we could say that that's +not + +really programming, but there's a continuum. +So + +today, there's a tremendous hubbub about machine +learning. + +Google learns what ads it should show us to +try to get us + +to buy things that we may not need. Netflix +uses machine learning + +to recommend movies, all these kinds of things. + +So what is machine learning? Something we +talk about at the + +end of this course, but essentially machine +learning + +is a program that takes in data and produces +another + +program that takes in other data and produces +predictions. So effectively, machine learning + +is a way of a program +producing more programs. + +Well first of all, I say to say +that the question starts + +from the wrong premise. I'm teaching a class +with the + +same number, maybe even the same title but +it's not + +the same class year after year. If you look +for example at + +OCW, you'll see that there is a version of +the course + +in 2008 and then we did a whole new version +in 2011 + +because it had changed a fair amount in those +three + +years. And just last spring, we recorded a +whole new version + +of half the course because the back half had +completely + +changed. That course should be +available soon. + +It contains a lot more machine learning in +it. For example + +a lot more data science in it than the previous +version. I'd say that when I teach it on campus, + +I probably change somewhere between 15% and +20% of the content + +every semester I teach it. And that's why +after three + +or four years, we feel we need to do a whole +new version + +online to sort of keep up with it. And I think +that + +in a field like computer science, we're not +in a field + +where we can take a course and put it in a +can and just + +rerun it over and over again. We really do +owe it to the + +learners to update the course and make it +contemporary. + +And just as we owe it to the learners on campus, +we owe it to the learners who are online. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kB2Ue4Fip2c.txt b/kB2Ue4Fip2c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b63919d1b5a7bfa242bcd78fc7efb09852c54b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/kB2Ue4Fip2c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2527 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So these are the +scores from test number two. + +The celebration. + +And as you can see, the +average has gone down. + +So as I've said in the past, I +think everybody in this room + +has the intellectual capacity +to be here. + +Some people choose +to be there. + +I don't know why they choose to +be there, why they choose + +not to go to recitation, why +they choose not to try the + +homework, why they choose not +to go to office hours, why + +they choose not to read. + +But I guarantee you, +when you make that + +choice you will be here. + +And I have no requirements +whatsoever to pass a certain + +number of people. + +I can give everybody +A's if I want. + +And I can take a large number +of people-- you + +know, look at this. + +The way this is right now, +the failure rate will be + +abnormally high. + +So I would warmly recommend that +if you're down here, that + +you look in the mirror and ask +yourself a few questions. + +OK. + +Let's get to the lesson. + +We're going to start +a new unit today. + +The new unit is going to be +the second half of the + +classification of solids. + +We looked at solids and we +reasoned that there were + +ordered solids and we've looked +at crystals and their + +arrangements and so on. + +And today, we're going +to start talking + +about disordered solids. + +And they're characterized +by no long-range order. + +They have short-range order. + +You might know who your next +nearest neighbor is, or your + +second next nearest neighbor, +but you certainly don't know + +who your 10th nearest neighbor +is or who your 100th nearest + +neighbor is. + +And these solids are called +amorphous solids. + +And there's a simple +one salable + +Angle-Saxon word for this. + +It's called glass. + +So we're going to talk +about glasses. + +What kind of materials +can form glasses? + +Well, obviously, materials +that have trouble + +crystallizing. + +And they come from a variety +of walks of life. + +So we have in organic +compounds. + +Some inorganic compounds can +form disordered solids. + +And a good example +is silicates. + +And this is what you know as +window glass, glass that's + +used in bottles, cookware, +and so on. + +There are organic compounds +that can form disordered + +solids and a variety +of polymers. + +Things like food wrap and so on, +are also prone to forming + +disordered solids. + +Some elements. + +Some simple elements can +form disordered solids. + +A good example is sulfur. + +Sulfur can form solid in +crystalline form, but more + +often than not, it can form +disordered solids. + +And what I'm going to show you +towards the end of the lecture + +is metal alloys. + +Metal alloys can form disordered +solids, and you're + +going to see metallic glasses. + +And they're typically 80% +metal and 20% metalloid. + +That is somewhere along that red +staircase on your Periodic + +Table that divides the metals +from the nonmetals. + +So a good example here +is iron 80-- + +this is on mole basis-- + +and boron 20, boron being +the metalloid. + +And some, some do both. + +Some compounds can form both +crystal and amorphous. + +So one example of that +is SiO2, silica. + +When it forms crystalline solid, +we call it quartz. + +Crystalline SiO2 is quartz, +and amorphous SiO2 is the + +silicate glass that we know +for windows and bottles. + +And so as I've said many times, +the term "glass" is + +related to atomic arrangement. + +It has nothing to do +with the ability + +to see through something. + +Transparency has +no place here. + +So what are the conditions? + +I mean, if you have silica and +it can form crystalline or + +amorphous forms, how does +it decide which to do? + +And so I'm going to +look at conditions + +promoting glass formation. + +And I'm going to form glasses +on the basis of + +solidification. + +So I'm going to start from the +liquid and go to the solid. + +So I'm asking the question, why, +on some occasions, does + +the liquid go to a solid that's +amorphous and in other + +occasions it will go to a solid +that is crystalline? + +As in the case of quartz. + +So there are primarily three +factors that it boils down to. + +And I like to make the analogy +to the game of musical chairs. + +So imagine I've got chairs +placed around + +this central table. + +You know how the game goes. + +There are more people +than chairs. + +And the music starts and you +walk around, and then at some + +point the music stops and people +race for the chairs. + +And some people are going to get +a seat and they get booted + +out of the game. + +And then one of the chairs is +removed and then so it goes. + +You know this game. + +I know you don't want to admit +to playing it, but your little + +siblings play it. + +But of course, you +don't play it. + +But imagine if you +were to play it. + +The same situation here. + +I've got silicate floating +around in the liquid state, + +and the chairs are the crystal +lattice sites. + +So the question is, what +promotes the ability to get to + +the lattice sites or not? + +So obviously, one of the +first things we think + +about is atom mobility. + +Atom or compound mobility. + +This is in the liquid phase. + +And the way I want to write +this, I want to talk about + +promoting glass formation. + +So obviously, high mobility is +going to enhanced crystal + +formation, isn't it? + +If you've got high mobility, +you're going to be able to + +find the right lattice site. + +So I'm going to talk about +if atom mobility promotes + +crystallization, the reciprocal +of atom mobility + +will promote glass formation. + +The second thing is the +arrangement of the chairs. + +If the chairs are in a simple +line, it's easy + +to get to the chairs. + +All other things being equal. + +But if the chairs are arranged +in some complex formation, + +it's harder to get +to the chairs. + +So that has an analogy and +that's the complexity of the + +crystal structure. + +The more complex, +the more likely + +you are to form glasses. + +And then the last thing, an +analogy to the musical chairs, + +is the rate at which +the music stops. + +If the music stops suddenly you +could get trapped in the + +liquid state. + +If I gradually turn down +the volume, you + +know, OK, wait a minute. + +The music's going to stop. + +You start moving towards +the seat. + +So that's the analogy. + +Here is the cooling rate. + +So a high cooling rate is +going to make it more + +difficult for the system to +find the crystal structure + +because as the cooling starts, +the atoms start thinking, gee, + +it's time to form the solid. + +But the thermal energy is +removed from the system before + +the atoms have had a chance to +find a crystal structure. + +So the reciprocal of atom +mobility, we write in a + +positive term and call +that the viscosity. + +Something, a fluid, a liquid, +that has low atom mobility has + +high viscosity. + +So I'll take this out and +instead represent it this way. + +This is the way to think +about the formation of + +the amorphous state. + +And why are we studying +glasses? + +Well, in the old days it was +bottles and food and + +cook ware and so on. + +Today, fiber optics. + +Fiber optics is based on +silicate chemistry. + +Very important. + +So understanding silicate +chemistry has high-tech + +implications. + +So let's look at, for the first +study, the silicates. + +The silicates for their value +in fiberoptic technology. + +So these are based on SiO2. + +And some nomenclature. + +This is called silica. + +So the oxide of an atom is named +by adding the term "a." + +So silicon gives us silica +as the oxide. + +So here's the atom silicon, +the basic element. + +And if we fully oxidize-- + +see, here I've taken silicon, I +put two oxygens, so I made a + +neutral compound-- + +that's silica. + +And then if I fully oxidize-- + +the maximum number of oxygens +I can put around is four-- + +and this is going to have +a net charge of 4 minus. + +And this fully oxidized anion +is called the silicate. + +And that's where we get the name +of the family of glasses. + +So this is fully oxidized. + +So now let's look at +the structure. + +Silicate glasses. + +sp3 hybridized. + +Just like carbon above it. + +sp3 hybridized. + +So that gives us the four struts +off of the central + +silicon at 109 degree angles +to one another. + +And let's put some flesh +on the bones here. + +So I'll put a silicon +here in the center. + +One, two, three, four. + +But instead of putting silicons +everywhere, I'll put + +oxygens at the end +of the struts. + +And then I'll put the second +silicon, and you can see the + +oxygen is acting as a bridge +between the two silicons. + +One, two, three, four. + +Let's do one more. + +Another silicon. + +One, two, three, four. + +So again, you can see the +oxygen acts as a bridge + +between the two silicons. + +So you see four oxygens per +silicon, but I've got two + +silicons per oxygen. + +Hence, the structure looks +like SiO4, but the + +stoichiometry of the +compound is SiO2 + +because the oxygens bridge. + +So this doesn't give you any +clue as to what the structure + +should be, does it? + +You really have to write +this thing out. + +Now, here's where the thing +gets interesting. + +This is a three-dimensional +network. + +All of these oxygens +bridge to silicons. + +And I was talking here +about viscosity. + +You can see that this thing in +the liquid state is huge. + +It's like a giant battleship, +and this is just one. + +So now we can have +another silicate. + +It can form chains. + +It can form meshes. + +And these meshes entangle. + +So viscosity very high. + +So when it goes to solidify-- + +David, if we can go to the +document camera, please-- + +so here you see the silicate. + +So the yellows represent +silicon. + +And you can see the +oxygens, here, are + +at 109 degree angles. + +So this is the SiO4. + +We'll do some nanotechnology +here. + +So here's the SiO4. + +One, two, three, four. + +And now I'm going to +make the bridge. + +But look. + +The bond between the oxygens and +the silicon is defined in + +three dimensions. + +It's a 109 degree angle. + +But the bond between the two +oxygens is not defined. + +It's only defined in +two dimensions. + +So you can see that if I put +all of these oxygens on the + +same plane-- + +so somebody borrowed this +and look, they lost + +an oxygen for me. + +Got a missing oxygen, here. + +If you find this thing, please +bring it to my office. + +So now all five oxygens +are on the same plane. + +One, two, three, +four, and five. + +And then up here are +the two silicons. + +They're in the same plane. + +The oxygens are in +the same plane. + +What I'm showing you here +is the beginning + +of crystalline quartz. + +Crystalline quartz, +this stuff. + +But now what happens +if we cool quickly? + +This bond is only specified in +two dimensions, which means I + +can hold this bond at +the proper value and + +this is free to rotate. + +This is free to rotate. + +Look at the autofocus +on this thing. + +Who designed this? + +Boy, what a stupid machine. + +So anyway, so here we are. + +Here is the point. + +This bond is free to rotate, +and when it rotates, look-- + +now this oxygen is no longer in +the plane with this oxygen. + +And as a result of that freedom +to rotate, we can end + +up running out of +thermal energy. + +And this is nowhere near its +regular crystalline array. + +So this gives you the +indications of the high + +viscosity, moderate cooling rate +will end up giving you + +the amorphous silica. + +But in all cases, this bond +is the linkage through. + +So we end up with this +three-dimensional network. + +So what do we do with to +show that we have some + +evidence for this? + +David, may we cut back to +the slides, please? + +So how do you characterize? + +I'm going to use x-rays. + +So here's an x-ray diffraction +pattern of the-- the upper one + +is cristobalite, which is +one of the polymorphs of + +crystalline SiO2. + +And you can see you have +distinct peaks indicative of + +satisfying Bragg's Law. + +There's some width to +them, but that's + +because it's a real crystal. + +Down here, this is the +amorphous silica. + +You don't see all of +these features. + +You see only one very +broad peak. + +Now if I said it's crystal-- + +pardon me-- if it's glass, you'd +say, well, it has no + +long-range order. + +So why do we have even +this one feature? + +What's this one feature +indicative of? + +Doesn't matter how much disorder +there is, I still + +know that no matter what, I'm +always going to have these + +four oxygens as my nearest +neighbors. + +So these four oxygens minus any +long-range order gives us + +this one line here. + +So we have evidence for it. + +Now let's look at the +energetics, because clearly, + +these are two different +states. + +One of these is lower energy +than the other. + +Which one is it? + +How to think about +the problem? + +There's a simple way +to do it with the + +tools we have in 3.091. + +Energetics can be given +by bond formation. + +Energetics via bond density. + +When things form bonds +the energy + +of the system decreases. + +So which one is going to have +higher bond density? + +Well, the higher bond density +clearly is going to be + +exhibited by the one that +has the tighter packing. + +And which one has +tighter packing? + +The disordered solid or +the ordered solid? + +The ordered solid has much +more dense packing. + +So the ordered crystal exhibits +tighter packing, + +therefore, this means more +bonds per unit volume. + +So that means, to me, that the +energy of the crystalline + +state must be more negative +than the energy + +of the glassy state. + +That makes sense so far. + +But now I want to show you one +other thing that we've just + +inferred from this +little exercise. + +If we get more bonds per unit +volume, then can you see that + +we've made an association +between the binding energy of + +any arbitrary ensemble and +it's molar volume? + +So volume now, is a very easy +thing to measure, isn't it? + +You can see it with +the naked eye. + +So the volume of something with +a given composition-- + +and we're talking about a mole, +we're talking about + +equal numbers of atoms-- + +so the molar volume is +indicative of binding energy. + +It's a one-to-one +correspondence. + +If you like, the Vmolar is a +measure of disorder, meaning + +the higher the molar volume, +the greater the disorder. + +Or put the other way, the +smallest molar volume is that + +exhibited by the crystal. + +So we have some traces here that +come from the reading. + +So this comes from the archival +lecture notes that + +were written by my predecessor, +Professor Witt. + +There's a little typo here that +obviously heating means + +increasing temperature, not +decreasing temperature. + +Make a little correction here. + +So what we're plotting is the +volume, the molar volume of + +silicate glass as a function +of temperature. + +And imagine we start with +some blob of glass-- + +of some known mass-- + +so we can divide and figure out +what the molar volume is, + +and we started cooling it. + +We cool down until we get +to the crystallization + +temperature of quartz. + +And when we get to that +temperature crystalline quartz + +forms and along with +it, a tremendous + +decrease in the volume. + +Unlike water ice, which is a +rare exception, where the ice + +occupies a larger volume than +the liquid, for most systems, + +the solid is more compact +than the liquid. + +And that's what you see here. + +There's an abrupt drop here +at the melting point. + +And then when we continue to +cool, there's some thermal + +contraction. + +And as you can imagine a hot +solid occupies a greater + +volume than a cold solid. + +And so this is the cooling curve +and you can retrace it, + +heat up, and when we get to the +melting point, there's a + +tremendous expansion +and then off we go. + +So that's the classical form +of the crystallization of a + +material that is undergoing the +normal process of liquid + +to solid transformation. + +I'm going to use some +tea colors today. + +So we went down the red line. + +Now let's go down +the green line. + +So we're going to go down +the green line. + +We go down the green line, we're +going to use the same + +stuff, this silicate network, +only we're going to cool a + +little bit faster. + +And we cool a little bit faster, +we can zoom right on + +past the normal melting +point and create + +a supercooled liquid. + +And that supercooled liquid +gets lower and lower in + +temperature and all the while +the volume is shrinking. + +Again, a hot liquid what +occupies a smaller volume than + +cold liquid. + +You know this from a mercury-- + +the old days, you remember +these old thermometers? + +You probably have never seen +one of these things. + +It's all done digitally. + +But we used to have these liquid +and bulb thermometers. + +You'd have numbers on here, +and what happens is the + +temperature goes up, the liquid +in here rises to a + +higher temperature. + +And at a lower temperature +this contracts. + +Isn't the solid expanding, +too? + +Uh-huh. + +So what's the other thing +you learned from this? + +It must mean that coefficient of +thermal expansion, which we + +affectionately will call CTE, +the coefficient of thermal + +expansion of the liquid, must +be much greater than the + +coefficient of the thermal +expansion of a solid. + +Otherwise, the two would expand +and you wouldn't get + +any sensible measurement +out of this, right? + +Well, we see that on a curve. + +We see that on a curve, because +when we plot volume + +versus temperature, when we're +up here in the liquid regime + +we have a steep slope. + +This slope here is dv by dt. + +And when we get down on +the solid regime, + +it's a gradual slope. + +It's still a slope, but it's +a gradual because the + +coefficient of thermal +expansion down + +here is very low. + +And that's what you're +seeing here. + +So at some temperature the +system changes from a + +supercooled liquid to a solid. + +But it's a disordered solid +because we've quenched in all + +of that remaining +liquid disorder. + +And take a look at this-- + +you've changed from the slope +that's characteristic of the + +coefficient of thermal expansion +of a liquid down + +here to the gentle slope +coefficient of thermal + +expansion of solid. + +You know what this proves? + +This proves that glass +is a solid. + +There are many people out there, +even in the popular + +press, who will say, glass +is just a very, + +very viscous liquid. + +Nonsense. + +Look at this. + +It has this coefficient +of thermal expansion. + +And don't fall for any of that +nonsense they tell you when + +you go to the cathedrals in +Europe and the glass is + +thicker at the bottom because +it's been dripping for 400 + +years, and that proves-- + +you know why the glass is +thicker at the bottom? + +Because they made +it by spinning. + +And when they spun it, it was +graded in thickness from the + +center out. + +And now, if you're the glazier +and you're putting the glass + +in a window, which way would you +put a pane of glass that + +had variable thickness? + +Would you put the thickest +part up or the + +thickest part down? + +It's thicker on the bottom +because that's + +the way it was made. + +Lord help the tour guide when +there's an MIT student taking + +3.091 on that tour. + +All right, so here we are. + +Look at what you have here? + +You see this? + +At this temperature-- + +let's say down here where +the lines end, it's room + +temperature. + +At room temperature +the volume of the + +crystalline solid is low. + +The volume of the amorphous +solid is higher. + +That's proving this. + +Vmolar is a measure +of the disorder. + +And sure enough, the glass that +was cooled quickly ends + +up quenching in more of the +liquid state disorder, and you + +see that in terms of what I +call the excess volume. + +The excess volume is a measure +disorder because the + +crystalline solid +non-zero volume. + +So we can define, we can go from +this directly over and + +say that v, that's +the excess-- + +that's a pun. + +You know, instead +of writing this? + +This is the way they +do in high school. + +This is the excess volume. + +Bologna. + +We don't write like that. + +Excess volume is equal +to v of the glass + +minus v of the crystal. + +And the greater the excess +volume, the greater the degree + +of disorder. + +So let's do one more. + +Let's go down the orange line. + +The projector isn't giving us a +good yellow component, here. + +OK, so this is the +orange line. + +And what's the difference +between the orange line and + +the green line? + +The difference between the +orange line and the green line + +is that in the orange line +we're going to cool more + +slowly than we did on +the green line. + +Because green means go. + +So that's the fast one, right? + +So here we are. + +We still get supercooled liquid, +but we get down to a + +lower temperature before we have +ceased to have higher and + +higher viscous liquid and +have formed the solid. + +The knee in that curve occurs +at a lower temperature. + +And that value is called the +glass transition temperature. + +Why do we call it the glass +transition temperature instead + +of just saying it's a +solidification temperature? + +Because when I say +solidification, before today + +you would say, OK, liquid +became a solid. + +But after today, if someone says +to you, solidification, + +you say, do mean ordered solid +or disordered solid? + +So we distinguish. + +So every crystallization is a +solidification, but every + +solidification is not +a crystallization. + +So here we are. + +Look at this-- this has a +smaller excess volume. + +Because if it was a slower +cooling, that meant that's the + +equivalent of giving more time, +more thermal energy, for + +things to find their crystalline +position, which + +means there's less excess +volume quenched in. + +OK. + +So let's just get that down, +define these things. + +So this is a measure +of disorder. + +Or glassiness, if you like. + +OK. + +So now let's define these two +different temperatures so that + +we have the distinction. + +So we have, first of all, the +classical one, which is + +crystallization. + +And crystallization represents +the reactions of liquid. + +In both cases, we're going to +convert a liquid to a solid, + +but a liquid goes to a +crystalline solid. + +And that occurs at a +unique temperature + +called the melting point. + +Imagine if I talked +to you about the + +freezing point of water. + +Freezing point of water at +atmospheric pressure is 0 + +degrees centigrade. + +If I asked you, well, if I cool +the water really quickly + +or if I cool it slowly, does it +make any difference to the + +freezing point of water? + +No. + +Why not? + +Why isn't all this happening? + +Because water is a tiny molecule +and so cooling rate + +has no impact on the temperature +of conversion. + +Those water molecules +will always find + +their lattice sites. + +So this is a function +only of composition. + +If I put something in the water +and I make it impure, I + +know I can change its +freezing point. + +If I put salt in water, I will +depress its freezing point. + +But if I put pure water, it +will free at 0 degrees + +centigrade. + +Later on, we'll learn that +there are some pressure + +effects, but today that's not +going to elucidate anything. + +It'll just be a distraction. + +So pure water, always +the same thing. + +But now if you go to something +like silica, which has the + +capability of forming a glass, +the glass formation is a + +different reaction. + +Glass formation is written +in this manner. + +We will start with supercooled +liquid. + +It's liquid, but I'm already +going to stipulate that it's + +liquid that's been cooled +below the melting point. + +Supercooled means it's +cooled below the + +normal melting point. + +So a supercooled liquid is going +to form a glassy solid, + +and this occurs at tg. + +tg, which is the glass +transition temperature. + +And that is very much a function +of cooling rate. + +And, of course, the function +of composition. + +Obviously, if we change the +composition from SiO2, we're + +no longer comparing +apples to apples. + +So composition is important in +both instances, but only in + +the case of supercooled liquid +do we form the glassy solid. + +And the degree of disorder +is a function + +of the cooling rate. + +And how is it a function +of the cooling rate? + +As the dt by dt, right? + +Change in temperature with time +as dt by dt goes up, the + +degree of disorder goes up. + +So if I want to quench in the +liquid state, can you imagine + +if I had liquid and I could +instantaneously cool it? + +I would quench in all of +the liquid disorder. + +If I quench it less rapidly, +there will be some time for + +the atoms to strive for a +degree of crystallinity. + +So all of this we've said with +reference to silicate glasses. + +Now, there are other glasses. + +What are other glass +forming oxides? + +Well, what do I have +to look for? + +I should look for other +compounds that form bridging + +oxygens, right? + +That's the key here. + +What's the unifying feature? + +It's bridging oxygens. + +Bridging oxygen leads +to glass formation. + +So what are other compounds +that could give us such + +bridging oxygens? + +Well, you could be lazy and say, +well, if silica does it, + +then why don't I look up +and down the column + +on a Periodic Table. + +If you go up to carbon that's no +good because it forms gas, + +but if you go underneath you +will form germania glasses. + +So this is germania, and the +glasses are germinate glasses. + +You can also go to +group three. + +B2O3. + +B2O3 forms sp2 hybrids. + +And the sp2 hybrids +off of each boron, + +we have three oxygens. + +And that oxygen can bond +to another boron. + +One, two, three. + +And this is all going to lie +flat in a plane, isn't it? + +But this oxygen bridge is only +specified in two dimensions, + +whereas the boron struts are +specified in three dimensions, + +which means this oxygen bond +between the two borons doesn't + +have to lie in the plane. + +It could tilt this up and if it +does, this is going to have + +a greater volume. + +You can see this with +the naked eye. + +I mean, I could have just taught +the lessen by putting + +this slide up. + +If those are equivalent numbers +of borons and oxygens, + +it's plainly obvious that on +the right side you've got + +excess volume. + +This occupies a much larger +volume than the + +image to the left. + +The image to the left +is crystalline B2O3. + +The image to the right is the +same stuff, except in many + +instances this +boron-oxygen-boron bond + +doesn't lie in the plane. + +It tilts out of the plane and +it causes all sorts of + +distortions and leads +to excess volume. + +So this is called +a borate glass. + +All right, so if we can do it +with the borates, we can do it + +with anything that will +form covalent bonds. + +So we can do it with P2O5, +phosphate glasses. + +V2O5, vanadate glasses. + +As2O5, arsenate glasses. + +And Sb2O5, stibnite glasses. + +And these are used, actually, +as additives to some of the + +glass that's put in computer +screens so that they will + +gobble up excess oxygen on +cooling and avoid bubble + +formation, which then makes +the glass foggy. + +And a foggy computer screen is +no fun to try to look through. + +So what are the properties +of these oxide glasses? + +Well, first of all, they're +chemically inert. + +Why are they chemically inert? + +Because they've got strong +covalent bonds. + +So if you try to react something +with them, it's + +going to take a very +special compound + +that can trigger reactions. + +Which is why they're used for +bottling beverages and + +packaging foods. + +You put vegetables and fruits +in glass jars going back to + +ancient times. + +Until recent times, with the +advent of the soda can, there + +were glass bottles and so. + +They're electrically +insulating. + +Why are they electrically +insulating? + +Electronic structure. + +These are all covalent bonds, +high band gap, which is why + +the amorphous version is +used in window glass. + +High band gap, which means +light goes through. + +How do I think about whether +something is transparent? + +Do a little finger +demonstration. + +This is the band gap of the +glass, and this is the band + +energy, the photon energy. + +If the photon energy is small +it goes right through. + +That's called transparency, +see. + +You can study quantum mechanics, +but you know what? + +This is it. + +That's all you have to know. + +Now what happens if the +band gap is small-- + +like around 2eV-- + +and here's the photon energy? + +That's called absorption +and re-emission. + +Transparency, absorption. + +That's all it takes. + +You think I'm kidding. + +That's all you need to know. + +So now, the next thing. + +Mechanically brittle. + +Why are they mechanically +brittle? + +Strong bonds. + +No opportunity for slip. + +Please don't tell me-- this is +what students tell me every + +year and they get zero for the +stupid answer-- that the + +reason glass is brittle is it's +a distorted solid and + +therefore has no dislocations. + +Uh-uh. + +Dislocations take the stress +required to cause slip and + +reduce it to a lower value. + +But you cannot cause this +thing to slip once it is + +solidified. + +The only way to get this silicon +to move relative to + +that silicon in a +vertical shear-- + +let's say I want to make this +silicon move up and this + +silicon move down-- there's +only one way. + +It's called break that bond. + +When you break that covalent +bond, that's called fracture. + +So there is no slip allowed +because we have strong + +covalent bonds. + +If you want to reshape glass, +what do you have to do? + +You have to heat it back up +above its glass transition + +temperature. + +But you do not shape glass +once it is solidified. + +You may have tried in the home, +and then you end up with + +something called shards. + +And that's the reason. + +Optically transparent, we +know that one already. + +OK. + +Last thing is the very +high melting. + +Melting point of silica is over +1,500 degrees Celsius. + +You're saying, well, +wait a minute. + +He's telling me we're going to +make beverage containers, + +we're going to make food +containers, we're going to + +make all sorts of useful +objects, but that's going to + +cost a lot of energy +to go away up there + +to melt this glass. + +But it does have desirable +properties-- + +chemically inert, and so on. + +So what can we do? + +Back here. + +Glass transition temperate is a +function of cooling rate and + +a function of composition. + +So next step is let's modify +the composition of the + +silicate network in order +to drop it's processing + +temperature so that we can make +beverage containers at + +acceptable energy. + +So what's it going to take? + +I'm going to have to do +something about those bonds. + +Because those bonds are what +caused me to have to go to + +such high temperatures. + +So in order to reduce the +processing temperature of + +silicate glasses via change +in composition-- + +so this is material science-- + +change the composition in +order to get desirable + +properties. + +And specifically, I want +to lower the processing + +temperature. + +Even when I get these things +liquid, they don't deform very + +well, because all these networks +are entangled. + +So I'll give you another +analogy. + +Suppose you're in the kitchen +and you're going + +to cook some pasta. + +So you take some linguine and +it's about a foot long. + +So you got this pound of +linguine and you cook it in + +the boiling water and you +pour in into a colander. + +And you may or may not rinse +it with cold water. + +Whatever. + +Just leave it in the colander +for a little while and what + +you'll find is the whole thing +turns into one big mass. + +I'm not talking about the +stuff got all gooey. + +I'm just saying it just +hangs together. + +And if you're clever you can +just gently slide it out. + +And it'll slide out of +this one big mass. + +What's holding those strands of +pasta together, by the way? + +Well, are they covalent bonds? + +Are they ionic bonds? + +Are they metallic bonds? + +I don't know, if you've got +metallic pasta, you've got + +digestive problems. So +what's the bonds? + +It's van der Waals +bonds, right? + +Now, I can cause them to +slip again, can't I? + +I can put a little +water in there. + +And what does the water do? + +It goes in between and then it's +got hydrogen bonds and + +they slide. + +I can put a little oil in there +and then that slides. + +or. + +The other thing I +could do is-- + +you know, have you ever seen +some people, they break the + +pasta before they boil it? + +I did this experiment. + +So you take the pound, +divide it two halves. + +By my math, that's +two half pounds. + +So you cook the one half pound +one foot in length and you + +cook the other half pound-- + +break them in three. + +So they're about four-inchers. + +And then you put them each +in a separate colander. + +Which one do you think is +going to be much more + +difficult to move around? + +It's the long stuff, right? + +The long stuff entangles. + +So we're going to do the same +thing here with the + +processing. + +And basically, you can study +and learn pretty much + +everything you need to know +about polymeric networks in + +the kitchen with a +pound of pasta. + +All you need to know. + +All right, so let's +go and look at it. + +I want to reduce the amount, the +length, of those chains. + +If I reduce the length of those +chains, I can process at + +much, much lower temperatures. + +So what's my weapon, here? + +My weapon here is oxygen. + +Oxygen is going to go in there +in the form of the oxide ion. + +And the oxide ion, O double +minus, has a very, very high + +affinity for the bonding. + +And so what'll happen is +oxide ion attacks the + +oxygen-silicon bond. + +It attacks the oxygen-silicon +bond and breaks it. + +It breaks it in two and then +incorporates itself into the + +network in the following way-- +you see I have to silicons + +joined across an oxygen? + +This free oxide ion will come +in here, interrupt that + +network in the following +manner. + +So it's now broken the +silicon chain. + +Now, I've got conservation +of charge. + +This was 2 minus. + +I don't see any exposed +charge here. + +I need 2 minus. + +This'll be minus 1, this'll +be minus 1. + +I have conservation of charge, +I have conservation of mass. + +And what I've done is I've +broken the chain. + +This is called chain scission. + +Shorter chains, higher +fluidity. + +Higher fluidity, which means +lower processing temperature. + +Now, where am I going +to get my-- + +I can't go to the lab and get +a bottle of oxide anions. + +I have to have charged +neutral species. + +And so what I'm going to look +for is an oxide ion donor. + +I need an oxide ion donor. + +And where do I find an +oxide ion donor? + +Well, better be something +that's going to be a + +cation, isn't it? + +Because if I've got an oxide +anion, I need a cation. + +And what kind of a cation? + +How do I make an oxide anion? + +I have to have electrons +to give to the oxygen. + +So I need a good +electron donor. + +Or to use a simple Anglo-Saxon +word, a good metal. + +So a good metal oxide like, +say, calcium oxide. + +So if I take calcium oxide and +I dissolve calcium oxide in + +silica, it dissociates +to give calcium + +cation plus oxide anion. + +And then the oxide anion +migrates over here to our pal + +the oxygen bridge and results in +two of these broken pieces. + +So we call this one a bridging +oxygen, as I've been saying up + +until now, BO. + +And this one is called +a terminal oxygen. + +This is bridging oxygen, this +is terminal oxygen. + +Or some people, I +don't know why-- + +they have no literary skills-- +they call it + +non-bridging oxygen. + +I hate that because it tells +you what it's not. + +So you might see non-bridging +oxygen. + +So all of these up here, the +silicates and so on, these + +compounds that have the +ability to form oxygen + +bridges, these are called +network formers. + +These are all network formers. + +Because they have the capacity +to make oxygen bridges. + +And then compounds like calcium +oxide that have the + +ability to donate oxide ions +that break bridges, these are + +called network modifiers. + +So good examples-- + +any good metal. + +So I can look at lithium oxide, +sodium oxide, these + +will all disassociate +to give oxide anion. + +If calcium will work and you +believe Mendeleyev, then you + +should probably think about +magnesium oxide, calcium + +oxide, and anything +in that series. + +A good ionic oxide like +lanthanum oxide, yttrium + +oxide, these will be +oxide ion donors. + +If you want to get yourself +fired, use scandium oxide + +because it's frightfully +expensive. + +And you can go to Group four. + +You can even use something like +lead oxide or tin oxide. + +Even they will donate +oxide ions. + +In fact, you can put a lot of +lead oxide in, you'll modify + +this thing so much that it'll +start to allow you to cut + +crystalline facets and this'll +be called lead crystal. + +Why do we use lead? + +Well, number one, it modifies +so I can cut it and I get a + +straight line instead of that +conchoidal glass edge that if + +you've ever cut yourself you'll +never do it again. + +The other thing is lead, because +it's got so many + +electrons, has a very, very +high index of refraction. + +So when you make your billion +and you've got your crystal + +chandelier hanging, of course +you want the cut crystal with + +a high index of refraction +because it's going to make + +that candlelight look +really elegant and + +romantic and so on. + +And if you make a super boatload +of money, then you're + +not going to go with +lead crystal. + +You're going to make diamond +pendants, right? + +Because they've got +a higher index. + +And we all want the best +index, don't we? + +OK, so I think this is probably +a good place to stay. + +So let's jump to the end, +because we've got + +a few things here. + +So I said I was going to show +you about metallic glass. + +Here's metallic glass. + +1959, Pol Duwez, who was a +professor at Caltech, reasoned + +that if he were able to cool +liquid metal very quickly, at, + +say, a million degrees per +second, he could freeze the + +random orientations of atoms +in the liquid state and + +prevent them from finding even +something, either simple + +cubic, body-centered cubic, +face-centered cubic lattice. + +So he worked with +gold silicon. + +Gold silicon has a very, +very deep eutectic. + +Even though gold melts to over +1,000, mixed with silicon, it + +gets down to about 400 +degrees Celsius. + +So he dropped this through +a little orifice here. + +This is molten and it drops +onto a water-cooled copper + +wheel spinning at a +very high speed. + +And it makes a ribbon some +tens of microns wide. + +And what came out here +was disordered solid. + +It was metallic glass. + +This was the birth of rapid +solidification, and this is + +metallic glass. + +This is metallic glass. + +This has no long-range order, +no grain boundaries, no + +dislocations, but it's +not transparent. + +Why? + +Because it's a metal. + +And what do you know about +band gaps and metals? + +And it's different. + +It was a different Q-factor. + +It has different mechanical +properties. + +It has no ductility in +a classical sense. + +This is just for +your reference. + +This is aluminum foil. + +And you know what aluminum is. + +It's got ductility. + +It's got no grain boundaries +so the corrosion properties + +are different. + +It's got no magnetic +wall boundaries. + +So that a transformer made of +this stuff is half the mass of + +a transformer made of +crystalline glass. + +It has some other uses. + +So it's used in magnetoelastic +resonators for theft + +prevention-- oh, I'm sorry. + +I'm in Cambridge. + +I can't say theft prevention-- + +for inventory control. + +And so you see that it's 20% +boron and all of this metal-- + +iron, chrome, and moly-- + +and they put this inside the +object in the store. + +And then there's a permanent +magnet there, + +iron-cobalt-chromium, that sets +the metglass to a field. + +And then when you walk through +the uprights, there's a + +58-kilohertz signal that causes +this thing to ring. + +So it excites and listens +for the ring. + +And if you still have that +little piece of metglass in + +there that hasn't been +demagnetized-- + +Bing! + +And then, oh, jeez, I'm sorry. + +I really am. + +I meant to pay for this. + +Explain it to the +police officer. + +All right. + +So that's inventory control. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lLhfDSOwWtU.txt b/lLhfDSOwWtU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21483dc2c2e2754df01b24d40447c0e1d2fb6aa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/lLhfDSOwWtU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14603 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right so I'll begin today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +all right so I'll begin today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I'll begin today's lecture +by giving a brief recap of risk + + align:start position:0% +by giving a brief recap of risk + + + align:start position:0% +by giving a brief recap of risk +stratification we didn't get to finish + + align:start position:0% +stratification we didn't get to finish + + + align:start position:0% +stratification we didn't get to finish +talking about survival modeling on + + align:start position:0% +talking about survival modeling on + + + align:start position:0% +talking about survival modeling on +Thursday and so I'll go a little bit + + align:start position:0% +Thursday and so I'll go a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday and so I'll go a little bit +more into that and I'll answer some of + + align:start position:0% +more into that and I'll answer some of + + + align:start position:0% +more into that and I'll answer some of +the questions that arose during our + + align:start position:0% +the questions that arose during our + + + align:start position:0% +the questions that arose during our +discussions and on Piazza Sims and then + + align:start position:0% +discussions and on Piazza Sims and then + + + align:start position:0% +discussions and on Piazza Sims and then +the vast majority of today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +the vast majority of today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +the vast majority of today's lecture +we'll be talking about a new topic in + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about a new topic in + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be talking about a new topic in +particular physiological time series + + align:start position:0% +particular physiological time series + + + align:start position:0% +particular physiological time series +modeling I'll give two examples of + + align:start position:0% +modeling I'll give two examples of + + + align:start position:0% +modeling I'll give two examples of +physiological time series modeling the + + align:start position:0% +physiological time series modeling the + + + align:start position:0% +physiological time series modeling the +first one coming from monitoring + + align:start position:0% +first one coming from monitoring + + + align:start position:0% +first one coming from monitoring +patients and intensive care units and + + align:start position:0% +patients and intensive care units and + + + align:start position:0% +patients and intensive care units and +the second one asking a very different + + align:start position:0% +the second one asking a very different + + + align:start position:0% +the second one asking a very different +type of question that of diagnosing + + align:start position:0% +type of question that of diagnosing + + + align:start position:0% +type of question that of diagnosing +patients heart conditions using EKGs and + + align:start position:0% +patients heart conditions using EKGs and + + + align:start position:0% +patients heart conditions using EKGs and +both of these correspond to readings + + align:start position:0% +both of these correspond to readings + + + align:start position:0% +both of these correspond to readings +that you had for today's lecture and + + align:start position:0% +that you had for today's lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +that you had for today's lecture and +we'll go into much more depth in these + + align:start position:0% +we'll go into much more depth in these + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go into much more depth in these +of those papers today and I'll provide + + align:start position:0% +of those papers today and I'll provide + + + align:start position:0% +of those papers today and I'll provide +much more color around them so just to + + align:start position:0% +much more color around them so just to + + + align:start position:0% +much more color around them so just to +briefly remind you where we were on + + align:start position:0% +briefly remind you where we were on + + + align:start position:0% +briefly remind you where we were on +Thursday we talked about how one could + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we talked about how one could + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday we talked about how one could +formalize risk trafic Asian instead of + + align:start position:0% +formalize risk trafic Asian instead of + + + align:start position:0% +formalize risk trafic Asian instead of +as a classification problem of what + + align:start position:0% +as a classification problem of what + + + align:start position:0% +as a classification problem of what +would happen let's say in some + + align:start position:0% +would happen let's say in some + + + align:start position:0% +would happen let's say in some +predefined time period rather thinking + + align:start position:0% +predefined time period rather thinking + + + align:start position:0% +predefined time period rather thinking +about risk stratification as a + + align:start position:0% +about risk stratification as a + + + align:start position:0% +about risk stratification as a +regression question or a Russian task + + align:start position:0% +regression question or a Russian task + + + align:start position:0% +regression question or a Russian task +given what you know about a patient at + + align:start position:0% +given what you know about a patient at + + + align:start position:0% +given what you know about a patient at +time zero predicting time to event so + + align:start position:0% +time zero predicting time to event so + + + align:start position:0% +time zero predicting time to event so +for example here the event might be + + align:start position:0% +for example here the event might be + + + align:start position:0% +for example here the event might be +death divorce college graduation + + align:start position:0% +death divorce college graduation + + + align:start position:0% +death divorce college graduation +and at patient one that event a pin the + + align:start position:0% +and at patient one that event a pin the + + + align:start position:0% +and at patient one that event a pin the +time step nine patient two that event + + align:start position:0% +time step nine patient two that event + + + align:start position:0% +time step nine patient two that event +happened in time step twelve and for + + align:start position:0% +happened in time step twelve and for + + + align:start position:0% +happened in time step twelve and for +patient four we don't know when that + + align:start position:0% +patient four we don't know when that + + + align:start position:0% +patient four we don't know when that +event happened because it was censored + + align:start position:0% +event happened because it was censored + + + align:start position:0% +event happened because it was censored +in particular after time step seven we + + align:start position:0% +in particular after time step seven we + + + align:start position:0% +in particular after time step seven we +no longer get a view any of the + + align:start position:0% +no longer get a view any of the + + + align:start position:0% +no longer get a view any of the +patient's data and so we don't know when + + align:start position:0% +patient's data and so we don't know when + + + align:start position:0% +patient's data and so we don't know when +when that red dot would be sometime in + + align:start position:0% +when that red dot would be sometime in + + + align:start position:0% +when that red dot would be sometime in +the future or Never so this is what we + + align:start position:0% +the future or Never so this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +the future or Never so this is what we +mean by right sensor data which is + + align:start position:0% +mean by right sensor data which is + + + align:start position:0% +mean by right sensor data which is +precisely what survival modeling is + + align:start position:0% +precisely what survival modeling is + + + align:start position:0% +precisely what survival modeling is +aiming to to solve are there questions + + align:start position:0% +aiming to to solve are there questions + + + align:start position:0% +aiming to to solve are there questions +about this set up first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I realized that I flipped the X in + + align:start position:0% +yeah I realized that I flipped the X in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I realized that I flipped the X in +the Oh in today's presentation that's + + align:start position:0% +the Oh in today's presentation that's + + + align:start position:0% +the Oh in today's presentation that's +not relevant so f of T is the + + align:start position:0% +not relevant so f of T is the + + + align:start position:0% +not relevant so f of T is the +probability of death or the event + + align:start position:0% +probability of death or the event + + + align:start position:0% +probability of death or the event +occurring at time step T and although in + + align:start position:0% +occurring at time step T and although in + + + align:start position:0% +occurring at time step T and although in +this slide I'm showing it as an + + align:start position:0% +this slide I'm showing it as an + + + align:start position:0% +this slide I'm showing it as an +unconditional model in general you + + align:start position:0% +unconditional model in general you + + + align:start position:0% +unconditional model in general you +should think about this as a conditional + + align:start position:0% +should think about this as a conditional + + + align:start position:0% +should think about this as a conditional +density so you might be conditioning on + + align:start position:0% +density so you might be conditioning on + + + align:start position:0% +density so you might be conditioning on +some covariance or features that you + + align:start position:0% +some covariance or features that you + + + align:start position:0% +some covariance or features that you +have that patient at baseline and very + + align:start position:0% +have that patient at baseline and very + + + align:start position:0% +have that patient at baseline and very +important for survival modeling and for + + align:start position:0% +important for survival modeling and for + + + align:start position:0% +important for survival modeling and for +the next things I'll tell you are the + + align:start position:0% +the next things I'll tell you are the + + + align:start position:0% +the next things I'll tell you are the +survival function denoted as capital S + + align:start position:0% +survival function denoted as capital S + + + align:start position:0% +survival function denoted as capital S +of T and that's simply 1 minus the + + align:start position:0% +of T and that's simply 1 minus the + + + align:start position:0% +of T and that's simply 1 minus the +cumulative density function so it's the + + align:start position:0% +cumulative density function so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative density function so it's the +probability that the event occurrence + + align:start position:0% +probability that the event occurrence + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the event occurrence +which is time which it which is denoted + + align:start position:0% +which is time which it which is denoted + + + align:start position:0% +which is time which it which is denoted +here as capital T occurs greater than + + align:start position:0% +here as capital T occurs greater than + + + align:start position:0% +here as capital T occurs greater than +some little T so it's this function + + align:start position:0% +some little T so it's this function + + + align:start position:0% +some little T so it's this function +which is simply given to you by the + + align:start position:0% +which is simply given to you by the + + + align:start position:0% +which is simply given to you by the +integral from 0 to infinity of the + + align:start position:0% +integral from 0 to infinity of the + + + align:start position:0% +integral from 0 to infinity of the +density so in pictures this is the + + align:start position:0% +density so in pictures this is the + + + align:start position:0% +density so in pictures this is the +density on the x axis is time the y axis + + align:start position:0% +density on the x axis is time the y axis + + + align:start position:0% +density on the x axis is time the y axis +is the density function and this black + + align:start position:0% +is the density function and this black + + + align:start position:0% +is the density function and this black +curve is what I'm denoting as f of T and + + align:start position:0% +curve is what I'm denoting as f of T and + + + align:start position:0% +curve is what I'm denoting as f of T and +this white area is capital S FC the + + align:start position:0% +this white area is capital S FC the + + + align:start position:0% +this white area is capital S FC the +survival probability of survival + + align:start position:0% +survival probability of survival + + + align:start position:0% +survival probability of survival +function yes in in the way that I + + align:start position:0% +function yes in in the way that I + + + align:start position:0% +function yes in in the way that I +described it to here yes because we're + + align:start position:0% +described it to here yes because we're + + + align:start position:0% +described it to here yes because we're +talking about the time T event but often + + align:start position:0% +talking about the time T event but often + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the time T event but often +weren't we might be in scenarios where + + align:start position:0% +weren't we might be in scenarios where + + + align:start position:0% +weren't we might be in scenarios where +the venta may never occur and so that is + + align:start position:0% +the venta may never occur and so that is + + + align:start position:0% +the venta may never occur and so that is +the you can form eyes in a couple + + align:start position:0% +the you can form eyes in a couple + + + align:start position:0% +the you can form eyes in a couple +different ways you could put it a point + + align:start position:0% +different ways you could put it a point + + + align:start position:0% +different ways you could put it a point +mass at s of infinity or you could + + align:start position:0% +mass at s of infinity or you could + + + align:start position:0% +mass at s of infinity or you could +simply say that the integral from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +simply say that the integral from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +simply say that the integral from 0 to +infinity is some quantity less than 1 + + align:start position:0% +infinity is some quantity less than 1 + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is some quantity less than 1 +and in the readings that I'm referencing + + align:start position:0% +and in the readings that I'm referencing + + + align:start position:0% +and in the readings that I'm referencing +in the very bottom of slides it shows + + align:start position:0% +in the very bottom of slides it shows + + + align:start position:0% +in the very bottom of slides it shows +you how you can very easily modify all + + align:start position:0% +you how you can very easily modify all + + + align:start position:0% +you how you can very easily modify all +the frameworks I'm talking about here to + + align:start position:0% +the frameworks I'm talking about here to + + + align:start position:0% +the frameworks I'm talking about here to +deal with that scenario where they vent + + align:start position:0% +deal with that scenario where they vent + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that scenario where they vent +may never occur but for the purposes of + + align:start position:0% +may never occur but for the purposes of + + + align:start position:0% +may never occur but for the purposes of +my presentation you can assume that the + + align:start position:0% +my presentation you can assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +my presentation you can assume that the +vent will always occur at some point + + align:start position:0% +vent will always occur at some point + + + align:start position:0% +vent will always occur at some point +it's a very it's a it's a very minor + + align:start position:0% +it's a very it's a it's a very minor + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very it's a it's a very minor +modification where in essence divide the + + align:start position:0% +modification where in essence divide the + + + align:start position:0% +modification where in essence divide the +densities by a constant which accounts + + align:start position:0% +densities by a constant which accounts + + + align:start position:0% +densities by a constant which accounts +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +- that it wouldn't integrate to one + + align:start position:0% +- that it wouldn't integrate to one + + + align:start position:0% +- that it wouldn't integrate to one +otherwise now a key question that has to + + align:start position:0% +otherwise now a key question that has to + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise now a key question that has to +be solved when trying to use a + + align:start position:0% +be solved when trying to use a + + + align:start position:0% +be solved when trying to use a +parametric approach to survival modeling + + align:start position:0% +parametric approach to survival modeling + + + align:start position:0% +parametric approach to survival modeling +is what should that f of t look like + + align:start position:0% +is what should that f of t look like + + + align:start position:0% +is what should that f of t look like +what should that density function look + + align:start position:0% +what should that density function look + + + align:start position:0% +what should that density function look +like and I'm showing you here is a table + + align:start position:0% +like and I'm showing you here is a table + + + align:start position:0% +like and I'm showing you here is a table +of some very commonly used density + + align:start position:0% +of some very commonly used density + + + align:start position:0% +of some very commonly used density +functions and you'll show what you see + + align:start position:0% +functions and you'll show what you see + + + align:start position:0% +functions and you'll show what you see +in these two columns on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +in these two columns on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +in these two columns on the right hand +column is the density function f of T + + align:start position:0% +column is the density function f of T + + + align:start position:0% +column is the density function f of T +itself lambda denote some parameter of + + align:start position:0% +itself lambda denote some parameter of + + + align:start position:0% +itself lambda denote some parameter of +the model T is the time and on this + + align:start position:0% +the model T is the time and on this + + + align:start position:0% +the model T is the time and on this +second middle column is the survival + + align:start position:0% +second middle column is the survival + + + align:start position:0% +second middle column is the survival +function so this is obtained for these + + align:start position:0% +function so this is obtained for these + + + align:start position:0% +function so this is obtained for these +particular parametric forms by a + + align:start position:0% +particular parametric forms by a + + + align:start position:0% +particular parametric forms by a +analytical solution in essence solving + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution in essence solving + + + align:start position:0% +analytical solution in essence solving +that integral from T to infinity this is + + align:start position:0% +that integral from T to infinity this is + + + align:start position:0% +that integral from T to infinity this is +the analytic solution for that and so + + align:start position:0% +the analytic solution for that and so + + + align:start position:0% +the analytic solution for that and so +these go by comma names of exponential + + align:start position:0% +these go by comma names of exponential + + + align:start position:0% +these go by comma names of exponential +weibo log normal and so on and + + align:start position:0% +weibo log normal and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +weibo log normal and so on and +critically all these have support only + + align:start position:0% +critically all these have support only + + + align:start position:0% +critically all these have support only +on the positive real numbers right + + align:start position:0% +on the positive real numbers right + + + align:start position:0% +on the positive real numbers right +because the vents can never occur at + + align:start position:0% +because the vents can never occur at + + + align:start position:0% +because the vents can never occur at +negative time now we live in a day and + + align:start position:0% +negative time now we live in a day and + + + align:start position:0% +negative time now we live in a day and +age where we no longer have to make + + align:start position:0% +age where we no longer have to make + + + align:start position:0% +age where we no longer have to make +standard parametric assumptions for + + align:start position:0% +standard parametric assumptions for + + + align:start position:0% +standard parametric assumptions for +densities we could for example try to + + align:start position:0% +densities we could for example try to + + + align:start position:0% +densities we could for example try to +formalize the density as some output of + + align:start position:0% +formalize the density as some output of + + + align:start position:0% +formalize the density as some output of +some deep neural network but if we don't + + align:start position:0% +some deep neural network but if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +some deep neural network but if we don't +use a parametric approach so there are + + align:start position:0% +use a parametric approach so there are + + + align:start position:0% +use a parametric approach so there are +two ways to try to do that one way to do + + align:start position:0% +two ways to try to do that one way to do + + + align:start position:0% +two ways to try to do that one way to do +that would be to say that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that would be to say that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that would be to say that we're going to +model the posterior the the distribution + + align:start position:0% +model the posterior the the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +model the posterior the the distribution +f of t as one of these things where + + align:start position:0% +f of t as one of these things where + + + align:start position:0% +f of t as one of these things where +lambda or whatever the parameters the + + align:start position:0% +lambda or whatever the parameters the + + + align:start position:0% +lambda or whatever the parameters the +distribution are given to you by the + + align:start position:0% +distribution are given to you by the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution are given to you by the +output of that say a deep neural network + + align:start position:0% +output of that say a deep neural network + + + align:start position:0% +output of that say a deep neural network +on that on the covariates X so that + + align:start position:0% +on that on the covariates X so that + + + align:start position:0% +on that on the covariates X so that +would be one approach a very different + + align:start position:0% +would be one approach a very different + + + align:start position:0% +would be one approach a very different +approach would be a nonparametric + + align:start position:0% +approach would be a nonparametric + + + align:start position:0% +approach would be a nonparametric +distribution where you say okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +distribution where you say okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +distribution where you say okay I'm +going to define F of T extremely + + align:start position:0% +going to define F of T extremely + + + align:start position:0% +going to define F of T extremely +flexibly not not as one of these forms + + align:start position:0% +flexibly not not as one of these forms + + + align:start position:0% +flexibly not not as one of these forms +and there one runs into a slightly + + align:start position:0% +and there one runs into a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +and there one runs into a slightly +different challenge because as I was + + align:start position:0% +different challenge because as I was + + + align:start position:0% +different challenge because as I was +showing you the next slide to do maximum + + align:start position:0% +showing you the next slide to do maximum + + + align:start position:0% +showing you the next slide to do maximum +likelihood estimation of these + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation of these + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation of these +distributions from sensor data one needs + + align:start position:0% +distributions from sensor data one needs + + + align:start position:0% +distributions from sensor data one needs +to get one needs to make use of this + + align:start position:0% +to get one needs to make use of this + + + align:start position:0% +to get one needs to make use of this +survival function S of T and so if your + + align:start position:0% +survival function S of T and so if your + + + align:start position:0% +survival function S of T and so if your +f of T is complex and you don't have a + + align:start position:0% +f of T is complex and you don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +f of T is complex and you don't have a +nice analytic + + align:start position:0% +nice analytic + + + align:start position:0% +nice analytic +solution for s of T then you don't have + + align:start position:0% +solution for s of T then you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +solution for s of T then you don't have +to somehow use a numerical approximation + + align:start position:0% +to somehow use a numerical approximation + + + align:start position:0% +to somehow use a numerical approximation +of s of T during learning so it's + + align:start position:0% +of s of T during learning so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of s of T during learning so it's +definitely possible but it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +definitely possible but it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +definitely possible but it's going to be +a little bit more effort so now here's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more effort so now here's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more effort so now here's +where I'm going to get into maximum + + align:start position:0% +where I'm going to get into maximum + + + align:start position:0% +where I'm going to get into maximum +likelihood estimation of these + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation of these + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation of these +distributions and to define for you the + + align:start position:0% +distributions and to define for you the + + + align:start position:0% +distributions and to define for you the +likelihood function I'm going to break + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function I'm going to break + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood function I'm going to break +it down at two different settings the + + align:start position:0% +it down at two different settings the + + + align:start position:0% +it down at two different settings the +first setting is an observation which is + + align:start position:0% +first setting is an observation which is + + + align:start position:0% +first setting is an observation which is +uncensored meaning we do observe when + + align:start position:0% +uncensored meaning we do observe when + + + align:start position:0% +uncensored meaning we do observe when +the event death for example occurs and + + align:start position:0% +the event death for example occurs and + + + align:start position:0% +the event death for example occurs and +in that case the probability of the + + align:start position:0% +in that case the probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +in that case the probability of the +event it's very simple it's just + + align:start position:0% +event it's very simple it's just + + + align:start position:0% +event it's very simple it's just +probability of the event occurring at + + align:start position:0% +probability of the event occurring at + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the event occurring at +Capital at capital t random variable T + + align:start position:0% +Capital at capital t random variable T + + + align:start position:0% +Capital at capital t random variable T +equals little T is just F of T done + + align:start position:0% +equals little T is just F of T done + + + align:start position:0% +equals little T is just F of T done +however what happens if for this data + + align:start position:0% +however what happens if for this data + + + align:start position:0% +however what happens if for this data +point you don't observe when the event + + align:start position:0% +point you don't observe when the event + + + align:start position:0% +point you don't observe when the event +occurred because of censoring well of + + align:start position:0% +occurred because of censoring well of + + + align:start position:0% +occurred because of censoring well of +course you could just throw away that + + align:start position:0% +course you could just throw away that + + + align:start position:0% +course you could just throw away that +data point not using your estimation but + + align:start position:0% +data point not using your estimation but + + + align:start position:0% +data point not using your estimation but +that's precisely what we mentioned at + + align:start position:0% +that's precisely what we mentioned at + + + align:start position:0% +that's precisely what we mentioned at +the very beginning of last week's + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of last week's + + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of last week's +lecture was the goal of survival + + align:start position:0% +lecture was the goal of survival + + + align:start position:0% +lecture was the goal of survival +modeling to not do that because we did + + align:start position:0% +modeling to not do that because we did + + + align:start position:0% +modeling to not do that because we did +that to introduce bias into our into our + + align:start position:0% +that to introduce bias into our into our + + + align:start position:0% +that to introduce bias into our into our +estimation procedure so we would like to + + align:start position:0% +estimation procedure so we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +estimation procedure so we would like to +be able to use that observation the at + + align:start position:0% +be able to use that observation the at + + + align:start position:0% +be able to use that observation the at +that this data point was censored but + + align:start position:0% +that this data point was censored but + + + align:start position:0% +that this data point was censored but +the only information we can get from + + align:start position:0% +the only information we can get from + + + align:start position:0% +the only information we can get from +that observation is that capital T the + + align:start position:0% +that observation is that capital T the + + + align:start position:0% +that observation is that capital T the +event time must have occurred sometime + + align:start position:0% +event time must have occurred sometime + + + align:start position:0% +event time must have occurred sometime +larger than the observe the time of + + align:start position:0% +larger than the observe the time of + + + align:start position:0% +larger than the observe the time of +censoring which is little T here okay so + + align:start position:0% +censoring which is little T here okay so + + + align:start position:0% +censoring which is little T here okay so +we don't know precisely when capital T + + align:start position:0% +we don't know precisely when capital T + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know precisely when capital T +was but we know it's something larger + + align:start position:0% +was but we know it's something larger + + + align:start position:0% +was but we know it's something larger +than the observed censoring time little + + align:start position:0% +than the observed censoring time little + + + align:start position:0% +than the observed censoring time little +of T and that remember is precisely what + + align:start position:0% +of T and that remember is precisely what + + + align:start position:0% +of T and that remember is precisely what +the survival function is capturing so + + align:start position:0% +the survival function is capturing so + + + align:start position:0% +the survival function is capturing so +for a censored observation we're going + + align:start position:0% +for a censored observation we're going + + + align:start position:0% +for a censored observation we're going +to use capital S of T within the + + align:start position:0% +to use capital S of T within the + + + align:start position:0% +to use capital S of T within the +likelihood so now we can then combine + + align:start position:0% +likelihood so now we can then combine + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood so now we can then combine +these two for censored and uncensored + + align:start position:0% +these two for censored and uncensored + + + align:start position:0% +these two for censored and uncensored +data and what we get is the following + + align:start position:0% +data and what we get is the following + + + align:start position:0% +data and what we get is the following +likelihood objective and this is I'm + + align:start position:0% +likelihood objective and this is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood objective and this is I'm +showing you here the log likelihood + + align:start position:0% +showing you here the log likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +showing you here the log likelihood +objective recall from last week that + + align:start position:0% +objective recall from last week that + + + align:start position:0% +objective recall from last week that +little B of I simply denotes is this + + align:start position:0% +little B of I simply denotes is this + + + align:start position:0% +little B of I simply denotes is this +observation censored or not so if bi is + + align:start position:0% +observation censored or not so if bi is + + + align:start position:0% +observation censored or not so if bi is +1 is 1 it means the time that you're + + align:start position:0% +1 is 1 it means the time that you're + + + align:start position:0% +1 is 1 it means the time that you're +given is the time of the censoring event + + align:start position:0% +given is the time of the censoring event + + + align:start position:0% +given is the time of the censoring event +event and if bi is 0 in + + align:start position:0% +event and if bi is 0 in + + + align:start position:0% +event and if bi is 0 in +you're given is the time at the event + + align:start position:0% +you're given is the time at the event + + + align:start position:0% +you're given is the time at the event +occurs so here we're going to do is now + + align:start position:0% +occurs so here we're going to do is now + + + align:start position:0% +occurs so here we're going to do is now +sum over all of the data points in your + + align:start position:0% +sum over all of the data points in your + + + align:start position:0% +sum over all of the data points in your +data set from little I equals 1 to N of + + align:start position:0% +data set from little I equals 1 to N of + + + align:start position:0% +data set from little I equals 1 to N of +BI times log of the probability under + + align:start position:0% +BI times log of the probability under + + + align:start position:0% +BI times log of the probability under +the censored model plus 1 minus bi times + + align:start position:0% +the censored model plus 1 minus bi times + + + align:start position:0% +the censored model plus 1 minus bi times +log of probability under the uncensored + + align:start position:0% +log of probability under the uncensored + + + align:start position:0% +log of probability under the uncensored +model and so this bi is going to switch + + align:start position:0% +model and so this bi is going to switch + + + align:start position:0% +model and so this bi is going to switch +on which of these two you're going to + + align:start position:0% +on which of these two you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +on which of these two you're going to +use for that given data point all right + + align:start position:0% +use for that given data point all right + + + align:start position:0% +use for that given data point all right +so the learning objective for maximum + + align:start position:0% +so the learning objective for maximum + + + align:start position:0% +so the learning objective for maximum +likelihood estimation here is very + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation here is very + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimation here is very +similar to what you're used to in + + align:start position:0% +similar to what you're used to in + + + align:start position:0% +similar to what you're used to in +learning the distributions with the big + + align:start position:0% +learning the distributions with the big + + + align:start position:0% +learning the distributions with the big +difference that for sensor data we're + + align:start position:0% +difference that for sensor data we're + + + align:start position:0% +difference that for sensor data we're +going to use this survival function to + + align:start position:0% +going to use this survival function to + + + align:start position:0% +going to use this survival function to +estimate it its probability are there + + align:start position:0% +estimate it its probability are there + + + align:start position:0% +estimate it its probability are there +any questions and this of course could + + align:start position:0% +any questions and this of course could + + + align:start position:0% +any questions and this of course could +then be optimized via your favorite + + align:start position:0% +then be optimized via your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +then be optimized via your favorite +algorithm whether it be stochastic + + align:start position:0% +algorithm whether it be stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm whether it be stochastic +gradient descent or second-order method + + align:start position:0% +gradient descent or second-order method + + + align:start position:0% +gradient descent or second-order method +and so on yep yes yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly that's exactly right so consider + + align:start position:0% +exactly that's exactly right so consider + + + align:start position:0% +exactly that's exactly right so consider +the following picture where for this is + + align:start position:0% +the following picture where for this is + + + align:start position:0% +the following picture where for this is +time T and this is f of T you can + + align:start position:0% +time T and this is f of T you can + + + align:start position:0% +time T and this is f of T you can +imagine for any one patient you might + + align:start position:0% +imagine for any one patient you might + + + align:start position:0% +imagine for any one patient you might +have a different function you might but + + align:start position:0% +have a different function you might but + + + align:start position:0% +have a different function you might but +they might all be of the same parametric + + align:start position:0% +they might all be of the same parametric + + + align:start position:0% +they might all be of the same parametric +form so they might be like that or maybe + + align:start position:0% +form so they might be like that or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +form so they might be like that or maybe +they're shifted a little bit right so + + align:start position:0% +they're shifted a little bit right so + + + align:start position:0% +they're shifted a little bit right so +you think about each of these three + + align:start position:0% +you think about each of these three + + + align:start position:0% +you think about each of these three +things as being from the same parametric + + align:start position:0% +things as being from the same parametric + + + align:start position:0% +things as being from the same parametric +family distributions but with different + + align:start position:0% +family distributions but with different + + + align:start position:0% +family distributions but with different +means and in this case then the mean is + + align:start position:0% +means and in this case then the mean is + + + align:start position:0% +means and in this case then the mean is +given to as the output of the deep + + align:start position:0% +given to as the output of the deep + + + align:start position:0% +given to as the output of the deep +neural network and so that would be the + + align:start position:0% +neural network and so that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +neural network and so that would be the +way would be used and then one could + + align:start position:0% +way would be used and then one could + + + align:start position:0% +way would be used and then one could +just back propagate an unusual way to do + + align:start position:0% +just back propagate an unusual way to do + + + align:start position:0% +just back propagate an unusual way to do +learning yep + + align:start position:0% +learning yep + + + align:start position:0% +learning yep +excuse me B sub I is just an indicator + + align:start position:0% +excuse me B sub I is just an indicator + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me B sub I is just an indicator +whether the ithe data point was censored + + align:start position:0% +whether the ithe data point was censored + + + align:start position:0% +whether the ithe data point was censored +or not censored yes she may live density + + align:start position:0% +or not censored yes she may live density + + + align:start position:0% +or not censored yes she may live density +function yes so just excuse me it's a + + align:start position:0% +function yes so just excuse me it's a + + + align:start position:0% +function yes so just excuse me it's a +very good question so the observation + + align:start position:0% +very good question so the observation + + + align:start position:0% +very good question so the observation +was that you have two different types of + + align:start position:0% +was that you have two different types of + + + align:start position:0% +was that you have two different types of +probabilities used here this is in this + + align:start position:0% +probabilities used here this is in this + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities used here this is in this +case we're using something like the + + align:start position:0% +case we're using something like the + + + align:start position:0% +case we're using something like the +cumulative density where whereas here + + align:start position:0% +cumulative density where whereas here + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative density where whereas here +we're using the probability density + + align:start position:0% +we're using the probability density + + + align:start position:0% +we're using the probability density +function and the question was are these + + align:start position:0% +function and the question was are these + + + align:start position:0% +function and the question was are these +two on different scales is it you know + + align:start position:0% +two on different scales is it you know + + + align:start position:0% +two on different scales is it you know +it doesn't make sense to combine them in + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make sense to combine them in + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't make sense to combine them in +this type of linear fashion with the + + align:start position:0% +this type of linear fashion with the + + + align:start position:0% +this type of linear fashion with the +same weighting and I think it does make + + align:start position:0% +same weighting and I think it does make + + + align:start position:0% +same weighting and I think it does make +sense right so I think about you know + + align:start position:0% +sense right so I think about you know + + + align:start position:0% +sense right so I think about you know +think about a setting where you have a + + align:start position:0% +think about a setting where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +think about a setting where you have a +very a very small time range right + + align:start position:0% +very a very small time range right + + + align:start position:0% +very a very small time range right +you're not exactly sure when this event + + align:start position:0% +you're not exactly sure when this event + + + align:start position:0% +you're not exactly sure when this event +occurs is one it's something in this + + align:start position:0% +occurs is one it's something in this + + + align:start position:0% +occurs is one it's something in this +time range in the setting of + + align:start position:0% +time range in the setting of + + + align:start position:0% +time range in the setting of +the sensor data where that time range + + align:start position:0% +the sensor data where that time range + + + align:start position:0% +the sensor data where that time range +could potentially be very large your + + align:start position:0% +could potentially be very large your + + + align:start position:0% +could potentially be very large your +your model is providing so you your log + + align:start position:0% +your model is providing so you your log + + + align:start position:0% +your model is providing so you your log +probability is somehow somehow going to + + align:start position:0% +probability is somehow somehow going to + + + align:start position:0% +probability is somehow somehow going to +be much more flat because you're because + + align:start position:0% +be much more flat because you're because + + + align:start position:0% +be much more flat because you're because +you're covering much more probability + + align:start position:0% +you're covering much more probability + + + align:start position:0% +you're covering much more probability +mass and and so that observation I think + + align:start position:0% +mass and and so that observation I think + + + align:start position:0% +mass and and so that observation I think +intuitively is likely to have a much a + + align:start position:0% +intuitively is likely to have a much a + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively is likely to have a much a +bit of a smaller effect on the overall + + align:start position:0% +bit of a smaller effect on the overall + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a smaller effect on the overall +learning algorithm or these you know + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm or these you know + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm or these you know +these observations you you know + + align:start position:0% +these observations you you know + + + align:start position:0% +these observations you you know +precisely where they are and so as you + + align:start position:0% +precisely where they are and so as you + + + align:start position:0% +precisely where they are and so as you +deviate from that you have a you know + + align:start position:0% +deviate from that you have a you know + + + align:start position:0% +deviate from that you have a you know +you incur the corresponding log log loss + + align:start position:0% +you incur the corresponding log log loss + + + align:start position:0% +you incur the corresponding log log loss +penalty but but I do think that it makes + + align:start position:0% +penalty but but I do think that it makes + + + align:start position:0% +penalty but but I do think that it makes +sense to have them at some scale if any + + align:start position:0% +sense to have them at some scale if any + + + align:start position:0% +sense to have them at some scale if any +way anyone in the room has done work + + align:start position:0% +way anyone in the room has done work + + + align:start position:0% +way anyone in the room has done work +with survivor modeling and has a + + align:start position:0% +with survivor modeling and has a + + + align:start position:0% +with survivor modeling and has a +different answer to that I'd love to + + align:start position:0% +different answer to that I'd love to + + + align:start position:0% +different answer to that I'd love to +hear it not today but maybe someone in + + align:start position:0% +hear it not today but maybe someone in + + + align:start position:0% +hear it not today but maybe someone in +the in the future will answer this + + align:start position:0% +the in the future will answer this + + + align:start position:0% +the in the future will answer this +question differently I'm gonna move on + + align:start position:0% +question differently I'm gonna move on + + + align:start position:0% +question differently I'm gonna move on +for now so the remaining question that I + + align:start position:0% +for now so the remaining question that I + + + align:start position:0% +for now so the remaining question that I +want to talk about today is how one + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about today is how one + + + align:start position:0% +want to talk about today is how one +evaluates survival models so we talked + + align:start position:0% +evaluates survival models so we talked + + + align:start position:0% +evaluates survival models so we talked +about binary classification a lot in the + + align:start position:0% +about binary classification a lot in the + + + align:start position:0% +about binary classification a lot in the +context of risk ratification in the + + align:start position:0% +context of risk ratification in the + + + align:start position:0% +context of risk ratification in the +beginning and we talked about how area + + align:start position:0% +beginning and we talked about how area + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and we talked about how area +under the ROC curve is one measure of + + align:start position:0% +under the ROC curve is one measure of + + + align:start position:0% +under the ROC curve is one measure of +classification performance but here + + align:start position:0% +classification performance but here + + + align:start position:0% +classification performance but here +we're doing more something more akin to + + align:start position:0% +we're doing more something more akin to + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing more something more akin to +regression not classification a standard + + align:start position:0% +regression not classification a standard + + + align:start position:0% +regression not classification a standard +measure that's used to measure + + align:start position:0% +measure that's used to measure + + + align:start position:0% +measure that's used to measure +performance is known as the C statistic + + align:start position:0% +performance is known as the C statistic + + + align:start position:0% +performance is known as the C statistic +or concordance index those are one of + + align:start position:0% +or concordance index those are one of + + + align:start position:0% +or concordance index those are one of +the same and it's defined as follows and + + align:start position:0% +the same and it's defined as follows and + + + align:start position:0% +the same and it's defined as follows and +has a very intuitive definition it sums + + align:start position:0% +has a very intuitive definition it sums + + + align:start position:0% +has a very intuitive definition it sums +over pairs of data points that can be + + align:start position:0% +over pairs of data points that can be + + + align:start position:0% +over pairs of data points that can be +compared to one another and it says okay + + align:start position:0% +compared to one another and it says okay + + + align:start position:0% +compared to one another and it says okay +what is the what is the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +what is the what is the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the what is the likelihood of +the event happening for an event that + + align:start position:0% +the event happening for an event that + + + align:start position:0% +the event happening for an event that +occurs before an event another event and + + align:start position:0% +occurs before an event another event and + + + align:start position:0% +occurs before an event another event and +what you want is that the likelihood of + + align:start position:0% +what you want is that the likelihood of + + + align:start position:0% +what you want is that the likelihood of +event that that on average in essence + + align:start position:0% +event that that on average in essence + + + align:start position:0% +event that that on average in essence +should occur later should be larger than + + align:start position:0% +should occur later should be larger than + + + align:start position:0% +should occur later should be larger than +the event that should occur earlier I'm + + align:start position:0% +the event that should occur earlier I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the event that should occur earlier I'm +going to first it + + align:start position:0% +going to first it + + + align:start position:0% +going to first it +with this picture and then I'll work + + align:start position:0% +with this picture and then I'll work + + + align:start position:0% +with this picture and then I'll work +through the math so here's the picture + + align:start position:0% +through the math so here's the picture + + + align:start position:0% +through the math so here's the picture +and then then we'll talk about the math + + align:start position:0% +and then then we'll talk about the math + + + align:start position:0% +and then then we'll talk about the math +so what I'm showing you here are every + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm showing you here are every + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm showing you here are every +single observation in your data set and + + align:start position:0% +single observation in your data set and + + + align:start position:0% +single observation in your data set and +they're sorted by either the censoring + + align:start position:0% +they're sorted by either the censoring + + + align:start position:0% +they're sorted by either the censoring +time or the event time so by black I'm + + align:start position:0% +time or the event time so by black I'm + + + align:start position:0% +time or the event time so by black I'm +illustrating uncensored data points and + + align:start position:0% +illustrating uncensored data points and + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating uncensored data points and +by red I'm denoting censored data points + + align:start position:0% +by red I'm denoting censored data points + + + align:start position:0% +by red I'm denoting censored data points +now so here we see that this data point + + align:start position:0% +now so here we see that this data point + + + align:start position:0% +now so here we see that this data point +the event happened before this data + + align:start position:0% +the event happened before this data + + + align:start position:0% +the event happened before this data +point censoring event + + align:start position:0% +point censoring event + + + align:start position:0% +point censoring event +now since this statement was censored it + + align:start position:0% +now since this statement was censored it + + + align:start position:0% +now since this statement was censored it +means it's true event time you can think + + align:start position:0% +means it's true event time you can think + + + align:start position:0% +means it's true event time you can think +about it sometime into the far future so + + align:start position:0% +about it sometime into the far future so + + + align:start position:0% +about it sometime into the far future so +what we'd want is that the the model + + align:start position:0% +what we'd want is that the the model + + + align:start position:0% +what we'd want is that the the model +gives that the probability that this + + align:start position:0% +gives that the probability that this + + + align:start position:0% +gives that the probability that this +event happens by this time should be + + align:start position:0% +event happens by this time should be + + + align:start position:0% +event happens by this time should be +larger than the probability that this + + align:start position:0% +larger than the probability that this + + + align:start position:0% +larger than the probability that this +event happens by this time because this + + align:start position:0% +event happens by this time because this + + + align:start position:0% +event happens by this time because this +actually occurred first and these two + + align:start position:0% +actually occurred first and these two + + + align:start position:0% +actually occurred first and these two +accomplish together to each other on the + + align:start position:0% +accomplish together to each other on the + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish together to each other on the +other hand it wouldn't make sense to + + align:start position:0% +other hand it wouldn't make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +other hand it wouldn't make sense to +compare y2 and y4 because both of these + + align:start position:0% +compare y2 and y4 because both of these + + + align:start position:0% +compare y2 and y4 because both of these +were censored data point so we don't + + align:start position:0% +were censored data point so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +were censored data point so we don't +know precisely when they occurred so for + + align:start position:0% +know precisely when they occurred so for + + + align:start position:0% +know precisely when they occurred so for +example it could have very well happened + + align:start position:0% +example it could have very well happened + + + align:start position:0% +example it could have very well happened +that the event two happened after event + + align:start position:0% +that the event two happened after event + + + align:start position:0% +that the event two happened after event +four so what I'm showing you here with + + align:start position:0% +four so what I'm showing you here with + + + align:start position:0% +four so what I'm showing you here with +each of these lines are the pairwise + + align:start position:0% +each of these lines are the pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +each of these lines are the pairwise +comparisons that are actually possible + + align:start position:0% +comparisons that are actually possible + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons that are actually possible +to make you can make pairwise + + align:start position:0% +to make you can make pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +to make you can make pairwise +comparisons of course between any pair + + align:start position:0% +comparisons of course between any pair + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons of course between any pair +of events that actually did occur and + + align:start position:0% +of events that actually did occur and + + + align:start position:0% +of events that actually did occur and +you can make pairwise comparisons + + align:start position:0% +you can make pairwise comparisons + + + align:start position:0% +you can make pairwise comparisons +between censored events and events that + + align:start position:0% +between censored events and events that + + + align:start position:0% +between censored events and events that +occurred before it now if you now look + + align:start position:0% +occurred before it now if you now look + + + align:start position:0% +occurred before it now if you now look +at this formula this formula in the in + + align:start position:0% +at this formula this formula in the in + + + align:start position:0% +at this formula this formula in the in +the this indicate this is looking at an + + align:start position:0% +the this indicate this is looking at an + + + align:start position:0% +the this indicate this is looking at an +indicator of survival functions between + + align:start position:0% +indicator of survival functions between + + + align:start position:0% +indicator of survival functions between +pairs of data points and which pairs of + + align:start position:0% +pairs of data points and which pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of data points and which pairs of +data points was precisely those pairs of + + align:start position:0% +data points was precisely those pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +data points was precisely those pairs of +data points which I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +data points which I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +data points which I'm showing +comparisons of with these blue lines + + align:start position:0% +comparisons of with these blue lines + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons of with these blue lines +here so we're gonna sum over I is such a + + align:start position:0% +here so we're gonna sum over I is such a + + + align:start position:0% +here so we're gonna sum over I is such a +bi is equal to zero and remember that + + align:start position:0% +bi is equal to zero and remember that + + + align:start position:0% +bi is equal to zero and remember that +means it is an uncensored data point and + + align:start position:0% +means it is an uncensored data point and + + + align:start position:0% +means it is an uncensored data point and +then we look at we look at + + align:start position:0% +then we look at we look at + + + align:start position:0% +then we look at we look at +why I compared to all other YJ that's + + align:start position:0% +why I compared to all other YJ that's + + + align:start position:0% +why I compared to all other YJ that's +great that has a value greater than both + + align:start position:0% +great that has a value greater than both + + + align:start position:0% +great that has a value greater than both +censored and uncensored now if your data + + align:start position:0% +censored and uncensored now if your data + + + align:start position:0% +censored and uncensored now if your data +had no sensor data points in it then you + + align:start position:0% +had no sensor data points in it then you + + + align:start position:0% +had no sensor data points in it then you +can verify that in fact this corresponds + + align:start position:0% +can verify that in fact this corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +can verify that in fact this corresponds +outside there's one other assumption one + + align:start position:0% +outside there's one other assumption one + + + align:start position:0% +outside there's one other assumption one +is to make which is that suppose that + + align:start position:0% +is to make which is that suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +is to make which is that suppose that +that your outcome is binary and so if + + align:start position:0% +that your outcome is binary and so if + + + align:start position:0% +that your outcome is binary and so if +you might wonder how you get a binary + + align:start position:0% +you might wonder how you get a binary + + + align:start position:0% +you might wonder how you get a binary +outcome from this imagine that your your + + align:start position:0% +outcome from this imagine that your your + + + align:start position:0% +outcome from this imagine that your your +density function looked a little bit + + align:start position:0% +density function looked a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +density function looked a little bit +like this where it could occur either at + + align:start position:0% +like this where it could occur either at + + + align:start position:0% +like this where it could occur either at +time you know one or time - right so + + align:start position:0% +time you know one or time - right so + + + align:start position:0% +time you know one or time - right so +something like like that alright so if + + align:start position:0% +something like like that alright so if + + + align:start position:0% +something like like that alright so if +if this if the event can occur at only + + align:start position:0% +if this if the event can occur at only + + + align:start position:0% +if this if the event can occur at only +two times not a whole range of times + + align:start position:0% +two times not a whole range of times + + + align:start position:0% +two times not a whole range of times +then this would this is an analogous to + + align:start position:0% +then this would this is an analogous to + + + align:start position:0% +then this would this is an analogous to +a binary outcome and so if you have a + + align:start position:0% +a binary outcome and so if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +a binary outcome and so if you have a +binary outcome like this and no + + align:start position:0% +binary outcome like this and no + + + align:start position:0% +binary outcome like this and no +censoring that in fact that C statistic + + align:start position:0% +censoring that in fact that C statistic + + + align:start position:0% +censoring that in fact that C statistic +is exactly equal to the area under the + + align:start position:0% +is exactly equal to the area under the + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly equal to the area under the +ROC curve so I just connects it a little + + align:start position:0% +ROC curve so I just connects it a little + + + align:start position:0% +ROC curve so I just connects it a little +bit back to things were used to every + + align:start position:0% +bit back to things were used to every + + + align:start position:0% +bit back to things were used to every +dot corresponds to one event either + + align:start position:0% +dot corresponds to one event either + + + align:start position:0% +dot corresponds to one event either +censored or not and they're sorted in + + align:start position:0% +censored or not and they're sorted in + + + align:start position:0% +censored or not and they're sorted in +this figure they're sorted by the time + + align:start position:0% +this figure they're sorted by the time + + + align:start position:0% +this figure they're sorted by the time +of either the censoring or the event + + align:start position:0% +of either the censoring or the event + + + align:start position:0% +of either the censoring or the event +occurring so I talked when I talked + + align:start position:0% +occurring so I talked when I talked + + + align:start position:0% +occurring so I talked when I talked +about C statistic that's one way to + + align:start position:0% +about C statistic that's one way to + + + align:start position:0% +about C statistic that's one way to +measure performance of your survival + + align:start position:0% +measure performance of your survival + + + align:start position:0% +measure performance of your survival +modeling but you might remember that I + + align:start position:0% +modeling but you might remember that I + + + align:start position:0% +modeling but you might remember that I +when we talk to binary classification we + + align:start position:0% +when we talk to binary classification we + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk to binary classification we +said how area under the ROC curve in + + align:start position:0% +said how area under the ROC curve in + + + align:start position:0% +said how area under the ROC curve in +itself is very limiting and so we should + + align:start position:0% +itself is very limiting and so we should + + + align:start position:0% +itself is very limiting and so we should +think through other performance metrics + + align:start position:0% +think through other performance metrics + + + align:start position:0% +think through other performance metrics +of relevance so here a few other things + + align:start position:0% +of relevance so here a few other things + + + align:start position:0% +of relevance so here a few other things +that you could do one thing you could do + + align:start position:0% +that you could do one thing you could do + + + align:start position:0% +that you could do one thing you could do +is you could use the mean squared error + + align:start position:0% +is you could use the mean squared error + + + align:start position:0% +is you could use the mean squared error +so again thinking about this as a + + align:start position:0% +so again thinking about this as a + + + align:start position:0% +so again thinking about this as a +regression problem but of course that + + align:start position:0% +regression problem but of course that + + + align:start position:0% +regression problem but of course that +only makes sense for unfor uncensored + + align:start position:0% +only makes sense for unfor uncensored + + + align:start position:0% +only makes sense for unfor uncensored +data points so focus just in the + + align:start position:0% +data points so focus just in the + + + align:start position:0% +data points so focus just in the +uncensored data points look to see how + + align:start position:0% +uncensored data points look to see how + + + align:start position:0% +uncensored data points look to see how +well we're doing at predicting one event + + align:start position:0% +well we're doing at predicting one event + + + align:start position:0% +well we're doing at predicting one event +occur + + align:start position:0% +occur + + + align:start position:0% +occur +the second thing one could do since you + + align:start position:0% +the second thing one could do since you + + + align:start position:0% +the second thing one could do since you +have a the ability to define the + + align:start position:0% +have a the ability to define the + + + align:start position:0% +have a the ability to define the +likelihood of an observation censored or + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of an observation censored or + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of an observation censored or +not censored one could hold out data and + + align:start position:0% +not censored one could hold out data and + + + align:start position:0% +not censored one could hold out data and +look at the held out likelihood or a log + + align:start position:0% +look at the held out likelihood or a log + + + align:start position:0% +look at the held out likelihood or a log +likelihood of that held out data the + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of that held out data the + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of that held out data the +third thing you could do is you can + + align:start position:0% +third thing you could do is you can + + + align:start position:0% +third thing you could do is you can +after learning using this survival + + align:start position:0% +after learning using this survival + + + align:start position:0% +after learning using this survival +modeling framework one could then turn + + align:start position:0% +modeling framework one could then turn + + + align:start position:0% +modeling framework one could then turn +it into a binary classification problem + + align:start position:0% +it into a binary classification problem + + + align:start position:0% +it into a binary classification problem +by for example artificially choosing + + align:start position:0% +by for example artificially choosing + + + align:start position:0% +by for example artificially choosing +time ranges like greater than three + + align:start position:0% +time ranges like greater than three + + + align:start position:0% +time ranges like greater than three +months is one less than three months is + + align:start position:0% +months is one less than three months is + + + align:start position:0% +months is one less than three months is +zero that would be one crew definition + + align:start position:0% +zero that would be one crew definition + + + align:start position:0% +zero that would be one crew definition +and then once you've done a reduction to + + align:start position:0% +and then once you've done a reduction to + + + align:start position:0% +and then once you've done a reduction to +a binary classification problem you + + align:start position:0% +a binary classification problem you + + + align:start position:0% +a binary classification problem you +could use all the existing performance + + align:start position:0% +could use all the existing performance + + + align:start position:0% +could use all the existing performance +metrics that are used to thinking about + + align:start position:0% +metrics that are used to thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +metrics that are used to thinking about +for binary classification to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +for binary classification to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +for binary classification to evaluate +the performance they're things like + + align:start position:0% +the performance they're things like + + + align:start position:0% +the performance they're things like +positive predictive value for example + + align:start position:0% +positive predictive value for example + + + align:start position:0% +positive predictive value for example +and you could of course choose different + + align:start position:0% +and you could of course choose different + + + align:start position:0% +and you could of course choose different +reductions and get different performance + + align:start position:0% +reductions and get different performance + + + align:start position:0% +reductions and get different performance +statistics out so this is just a small + + align:start position:0% +statistics out so this is just a small + + + align:start position:0% +statistics out so this is just a small +subset of of ways to try to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +subset of of ways to try to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +subset of of ways to try to evaluate +survivor modelling but it's a very very + + align:start position:0% +survivor modelling but it's a very very + + + align:start position:0% +survivor modelling but it's a very very +rich literature and again on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +rich literature and again on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +rich literature and again on the bottom +of these slides I pointed you several + + align:start position:0% +of these slides I pointed you several + + + align:start position:0% +of these slides I pointed you several +references that you could go to to learn + + align:start position:0% +references that you could go to to learn + + + align:start position:0% +references that you could go to to learn +more the final comment I wanted to make + + align:start position:0% +more the final comment I wanted to make + + + align:start position:0% +more the final comment I wanted to make +is that I only told you about one + + align:start position:0% +is that I only told you about one + + + align:start position:0% +is that I only told you about one +estimator in today's lecture and that's + + align:start position:0% +estimator in today's lecture and that's + + + align:start position:0% +estimator in today's lecture and that's +known as the likelihood based estimator + + align:start position:0% +known as the likelihood based estimator + + + align:start position:0% +known as the likelihood based estimator +but there's a whole nother estimation + + align:start position:0% +but there's a whole nother estimation + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a whole nother estimation +approach for survival modeling's which + + align:start position:0% +approach for survival modeling's which + + + align:start position:0% +approach for survival modeling's which +is very important to know about they're + + align:start position:0% +is very important to know about they're + + + align:start position:0% +is very important to know about they're +called partial likelihood estimators and + + align:start position:0% +called partial likelihood estimators and + + + align:start position:0% +called partial likelihood estimators and +for those of you who've heard of Cox + + align:start position:0% +for those of you who've heard of Cox + + + align:start position:0% +for those of you who've heard of Cox +proportional hazards models and I know + + align:start position:0% +proportional hazards models and I know + + + align:start position:0% +proportional hazards models and I know +they were discussed in Friday's + + align:start position:0% +they were discussed in Friday's + + + align:start position:0% +they were discussed in Friday's +recitation that's an example of a class + + align:start position:0% +recitation that's an example of a class + + + align:start position:0% +recitation that's an example of a class +of model that's commonly used within + + align:start position:0% +of model that's commonly used within + + + align:start position:0% +of model that's commonly used within +this partial likelihood estimator now at + + align:start position:0% +this partial likelihood estimator now at + + + align:start position:0% +this partial likelihood estimator now at +a very intuitive level what this partial + + align:start position:0% +a very intuitive level what this partial + + + align:start position:0% +a very intuitive level what this partial +likelihood estimator is doing is it's + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimator is doing is it's + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood estimator is doing is it's +working with something like the C + + align:start position:0% +working with something like the C + + + align:start position:0% +working with something like the C +statistic so notice how the C statistic + + align:start position:0% +statistic so notice how the C statistic + + + align:start position:0% +statistic so notice how the C statistic +only looks at relative orderings of + + align:start position:0% +only looks at relative orderings of + + + align:start position:0% +only looks at relative orderings of +events of their event occurrences it + + align:start position:0% +events of their event occurrences it + + + align:start position:0% +events of their event occurrences it +doesn't care about exactly when the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about exactly when the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't care about exactly when the +event occurred or not in some sense + + align:start position:0% +event occurred or not in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +event occurred or not in some sense +there's a there's a there's a constant + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a there's a constant + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's a there's a constant +there's in this survival function which + + align:start position:0% +there's in this survival function which + + + align:start position:0% +there's in this survival function which +could be divided out from both sides of + + align:start position:0% +could be divided out from both sides of + + + align:start position:0% +could be divided out from both sides of +this of this inequality and it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +this of this inequality and it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +this of this inequality and it wouldn't +affect anything about the statistic + + align:start position:0% +affect anything about the statistic + + + align:start position:0% +affect anything about the statistic +and so one could think about other ways + + align:start position:0% +and so one could think about other ways + + + align:start position:0% +and so one could think about other ways +of learning these models by saying well + + align:start position:0% +of learning these models by saying well + + + align:start position:0% +of learning these models by saying well +we want to learn a survival function + + align:start position:0% +we want to learn a survival function + + + align:start position:0% +we want to learn a survival function +such that it gets the order incorrect + + align:start position:0% +such that it gets the order incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +such that it gets the order incorrect +between data points now such a survival + + align:start position:0% +between data points now such a survival + + + align:start position:0% +between data points now such a survival +function wouldn't do a very good job + + align:start position:0% +function wouldn't do a very good job + + + align:start position:0% +function wouldn't do a very good job +wouldn't do there's no reason we'll do + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't do there's no reason we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't do there's no reason we'll do +any good at getting the precise time of + + align:start position:0% +any good at getting the precise time of + + + align:start position:0% +any good at getting the precise time of +one in the can't event occurs but if + + align:start position:0% +one in the can't event occurs but if + + + align:start position:0% +one in the can't event occurs but if +your goal were to just figure out what + + align:start position:0% +your goal were to just figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +your goal were to just figure out what +is the sorted order of patients by risk + + align:start position:0% +is the sorted order of patients by risk + + + align:start position:0% +is the sorted order of patients by risk +so that you're going to do an + + align:start position:0% +so that you're going to do an + + + align:start position:0% +so that you're going to do an +intervention on the ten most risky + + align:start position:0% +intervention on the ten most risky + + + align:start position:0% +intervention on the ten most risky +people then getting that order incorrect + + align:start position:0% +people then getting that order incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +people then getting that order incorrect +is going to be enough and that's + + align:start position:0% +is going to be enough and that's + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be enough and that's +precisely the intuition used behind + + align:start position:0% +precisely the intuition used behind + + + align:start position:0% +precisely the intuition used behind +these partial likelihood estimators they + + align:start position:0% +these partial likelihood estimators they + + + align:start position:0% +these partial likelihood estimators they +focus on something which is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +focus on something which is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +focus on something which is a little bit +less than the original goal but in doing + + align:start position:0% +less than the original goal but in doing + + + align:start position:0% +less than the original goal but in doing +so they can have much better statistical + + align:start position:0% +so they can have much better statistical + + + align:start position:0% +so they can have much better statistical +complexity meaning the amount of data + + align:start position:0% +complexity meaning the amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +complexity meaning the amount of data +they need in order to fit this model as + + align:start position:0% +they need in order to fit this model as + + + align:start position:0% +they need in order to fit this model as +well and again this is a very rich topic + + align:start position:0% +well and again this is a very rich topic + + + align:start position:0% +well and again this is a very rich topic +I always wanted to do is give you a + + align:start position:0% +I always wanted to do is give you a + + + align:start position:0% +I always wanted to do is give you a +pointer to it so that you can go read + + align:start position:0% +pointer to it so that you can go read + + + align:start position:0% +pointer to it so that you can go read +more about it if this is something of + + align:start position:0% +more about it if this is something of + + + align:start position:0% +more about it if this is something of +interest to you okay so now moving on + + align:start position:0% +interest to you okay so now moving on + + + align:start position:0% +interest to you okay so now moving on +into the recap one of the most important + + align:start position:0% +into the recap one of the most important + + + align:start position:0% +into the recap one of the most important +points that we discussed last week was + + align:start position:0% +points that we discussed last week was + + + align:start position:0% +points that we discussed last week was +about non stationarity and there was a + + align:start position:0% +about non stationarity and there was a + + + align:start position:0% +about non stationarity and there was a +question posted to Piazza which was + + align:start position:0% +question posted to Piazza which was + + + align:start position:0% +question posted to Piazza which was +really interesting which is how do you + + align:start position:0% +really interesting which is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting which is how do you +actually deal with non stationarity and + + align:start position:0% +actually deal with non stationarity and + + + align:start position:0% +actually deal with non stationarity and +I spoke a lot about it existing and I + + align:start position:0% +I spoke a lot about it existing and I + + + align:start position:0% +I spoke a lot about it existing and I +talked about how to test for it but I + + align:start position:0% +talked about how to test for it but I + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how to test for it but I +didn't say what to do if you have it so + + align:start position:0% +didn't say what to do if you have it so + + + align:start position:0% +didn't say what to do if you have it so +so I thought it's such an interesting + + align:start position:0% +so I thought it's such an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +so I thought it's such an interesting +question that I would also talk about it + + align:start position:0% +question that I would also talk about it + + + align:start position:0% +question that I would also talk about it +a bit during lecture so that the the + + align:start position:0% +a bit during lecture so that the the + + + align:start position:0% +a bit during lecture so that the the +short answer is if you have to have a + + align:start position:0% +short answer is if you have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +short answer is if you have to have a +solution that you deploy tomorrow then + + align:start position:0% +solution that you deploy tomorrow then + + + align:start position:0% +solution that you deploy tomorrow then +here's the hack that sometimes works you + + align:start position:0% +here's the hack that sometimes works you + + + align:start position:0% +here's the hack that sometimes works you +take your most recent data like the last + + align:start position:0% +take your most recent data like the last + + + align:start position:0% +take your most recent data like the last +three months data and you hope that + + align:start position:0% +three months data and you hope that + + + align:start position:0% +three months data and you hope that +there's not much non stationarity within + + align:start position:0% +there's not much non stationarity within + + + align:start position:0% +there's not much non stationarity within +last three months you throw out all the + + align:start position:0% +last three months you throw out all the + + + align:start position:0% +last three months you throw out all the +historical data and you just train using + + align:start position:0% +historical data and you just train using + + + align:start position:0% +historical data and you just train using +the most recent data all right so a bit + + align:start position:0% +the most recent data all right so a bit + + + align:start position:0% +the most recent data all right so a bit +unsatisfying because you might have now + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfying because you might have now + + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfying because you might have now +extremely little data left to learn with + + align:start position:0% +extremely little data left to learn with + + + align:start position:0% +extremely little data left to learn with +but you know if you have enough volume + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you have enough volume + + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you have enough volume +it might might be good enough but the + + align:start position:0% +it might might be good enough but the + + + align:start position:0% +it might might be good enough but the +real interesting question from a + + align:start position:0% +real interesting question from a + + + align:start position:0% +real interesting question from a +research perspective is how could you + + align:start position:0% +research perspective is how could you + + + align:start position:0% +research perspective is how could you +optimally use that historical data so + + align:start position:0% +optimally use that historical data so + + + align:start position:0% +optimally use that historical data so +here are three different ways so one way + + align:start position:0% +here are three different ways so one way + + + align:start position:0% +here are three different ways so one way +has to do with imputation imagine that + + align:start position:0% +has to do with imputation imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with imputation imagine that +the way in which your day + + align:start position:0% +the way in which your day + + + align:start position:0% +the way in which your day +non-stationary was because they were + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary was because they were + + + align:start position:0% +non-stationary was because they were +let's say parts of time when certain + + align:start position:0% +let's say parts of time when certain + + + align:start position:0% +let's say parts of time when certain +features were just unavailable and I + + align:start position:0% +features were just unavailable and I + + + align:start position:0% +features were just unavailable and I +gave you this example last week of + + align:start position:0% +gave you this example last week of + + + align:start position:0% +gave you this example last week of +laboratory test results across time and + + align:start position:0% +laboratory test results across time and + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory test results across time and +I showed you how there sometimes is + + align:start position:0% +I showed you how there sometimes is + + + align:start position:0% +I showed you how there sometimes is +really big blocks of time where no lab + + align:start position:0% +really big blocks of time where no lab + + + align:start position:0% +really big blocks of time where no lab +tests are available are very fewer + + align:start position:0% +tests are available are very fewer + + + align:start position:0% +tests are available are very fewer +available well luckily we live in a + + align:start position:0% +available well luckily we live in a + + + align:start position:0% +available well luckily we live in a +world with high dimensional data and + + align:start position:0% +world with high dimensional data and + + + align:start position:0% +world with high dimensional data and +what that means is there's often a lot + + align:start position:0% +what that means is there's often a lot + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is there's often a lot +of redundancy in the data so what you + + align:start position:0% +of redundancy in the data so what you + + + align:start position:0% +of redundancy in the data so what you +could imagine doing is imputing features + + align:start position:0% +could imagine doing is imputing features + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine doing is imputing features +that you observe to be missing such that + + align:start position:0% +that you observe to be missing such that + + + align:start position:0% +that you observe to be missing such that +the missingness properties in fact + + align:start position:0% +the missingness properties in fact + + + align:start position:0% +the missingness properties in fact +aren't changing as much across time + + align:start position:0% +aren't changing as much across time + + + align:start position:0% +aren't changing as much across time +after imputation if you do that as a + + align:start position:0% +after imputation if you do that as a + + + align:start position:0% +after imputation if you do that as a +pre-processing step it may allow you to + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing step it may allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +pre-processing step it may allow you to +make use of much more of an historical + + align:start position:0% +make use of much more of an historical + + + align:start position:0% +make use of much more of an historical +data a different approach which is + + align:start position:0% +data a different approach which is + + + align:start position:0% +data a different approach which is +intimately tied to that has to do with + + align:start position:0% +intimately tied to that has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +intimately tied to that has to do with +transforming the data instead of + + align:start position:0% +transforming the data instead of + + + align:start position:0% +transforming the data instead of +imputing it transforming it into another + + align:start position:0% +imputing it transforming it into another + + + align:start position:0% +imputing it transforming it into another +representation altogether such that + + align:start position:0% +representation altogether such that + + + align:start position:0% +representation altogether such that +Debrecen tation is invariant across time + + align:start position:0% +Debrecen tation is invariant across time + + + align:start position:0% +Debrecen tation is invariant across time +and here I'm giving you a reference to + + align:start position:0% +and here I'm giving you a reference to + + + align:start position:0% +and here I'm giving you a reference to +this paper by gonadal from the Journal + + align:start position:0% +this paper by gonadal from the Journal + + + align:start position:0% +this paper by gonadal from the Journal +of machine learning research 2016 which + + align:start position:0% +of machine learning research 2016 which + + + align:start position:0% +of machine learning research 2016 which +talks about how to do domain and variant + + align:start position:0% +talks about how to do domain and variant + + + align:start position:0% +talks about how to do domain and variant +learning of neural networks and that's + + align:start position:0% +learning of neural networks and that's + + + align:start position:0% +learning of neural networks and that's +one approach to do so and I view those + + align:start position:0% +one approach to do so and I view those + + + align:start position:0% +one approach to do so and I view those +two as being very similar imputation and + + align:start position:0% +two as being very similar imputation and + + + align:start position:0% +two as being very similar imputation and +transformations a second approach is to + + align:start position:0% +transformations a second approach is to + + + align:start position:0% +transformations a second approach is to +reweighed the data to look like the + + align:start position:0% +reweighed the data to look like the + + + align:start position:0% +reweighed the data to look like the +current data so imagine that you go back + + align:start position:0% +current data so imagine that you go back + + + align:start position:0% +current data so imagine that you go back +in time you say you know what icd-10 + + align:start position:0% +in time you say you know what icd-10 + + + align:start position:0% +in time you say you know what icd-10 +codes for some very weird reason this is + + align:start position:0% +codes for some very weird reason this is + + + align:start position:0% +codes for some very weird reason this is +not true by the way icd-10 codes in this + + align:start position:0% +not true by the way icd-10 codes in this + + + align:start position:0% +not true by the way icd-10 codes in this +untrue world happened to be used between + + align:start position:0% +untrue world happened to be used between + + + align:start position:0% +untrue world happened to be used between +March and April of 2003 and then they + + align:start position:0% +March and April of 2003 and then they + + + align:start position:0% +March and April of 2003 and then they +weren't used again until 2015 all right + + align:start position:0% +weren't used again until 2015 all right + + + align:start position:0% +weren't used again until 2015 all right +so instead of throwing away all of the + + align:start position:0% +so instead of throwing away all of the + + + align:start position:0% +so instead of throwing away all of the +previous data we're gonna recognize that + + align:start position:0% +previous data we're gonna recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +previous data we're gonna recognize that +those that three month interval 10 years + + align:start position:0% +those that three month interval 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +those that three month interval 10 years +ago is actually drawn from a very + + align:start position:0% +ago is actually drawn from a very + + + align:start position:0% +ago is actually drawn from a very +similar distribution as what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +similar distribution as what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +similar distribution as what we're gonna +be testing on today so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +be testing on today so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +be testing on today so we're going to +wait those data points up very much and + + align:start position:0% +wait those data points up very much and + + + align:start position:0% +wait those data points up very much and +don't wait the data points that are less + + align:start position:0% +don't wait the data points that are less + + + align:start position:0% +don't wait the data points that are less +like the ones from today that's the + + align:start position:0% +like the ones from today that's the + + + align:start position:0% +like the ones from today that's the +intuition behind these route weighting + + align:start position:0% +intuition behind these route weighting + + + align:start position:0% +intuition behind these route weighting +approaches and we're going to talk much + + align:start position:0% +approaches and we're going to talk much + + + align:start position:0% +approaches and we're going to talk much +more about that in the context of causal + + align:start position:0% +more about that in the context of causal + + + align:start position:0% +more about that in the context of causal +inference not because these two have to + + align:start position:0% +inference not because these two have to + + + align:start position:0% +inference not because these two have to +do each other but they have they end up + + align:start position:0% +do each other but they have they end up + + + align:start position:0% +do each other but they have they end up +using a very similar technique for how + + align:start position:0% +using a very similar technique for how + + + align:start position:0% +using a very similar technique for how +to deal with data set shift or Co vary + + align:start position:0% +to deal with data set shift or Co vary + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with data set shift or Co vary +shift in the final technique that I'll + + align:start position:0% +shift in the final technique that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +shift in the final technique that I'll +mention is based on online learning + + align:start position:0% +mention is based on online learning + + + align:start position:0% +mention is based on online learning +algorithms so the idea there is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there might be cut points change points + + align:start position:0% +there might be cut points change points + + + align:start position:0% +there might be cut points change points +across time + + align:start position:0% +across time + + + align:start position:0% +across time +so maybe the data looks one way up until + + align:start position:0% +so maybe the data looks one way up until + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe the data looks one way up until +this change point and then suddenly the + + align:start position:0% +this change point and then suddenly the + + + align:start position:0% +this change point and then suddenly the +data looks really different + + align:start position:0% +data looks really different + + + align:start position:0% +data looks really different +until this change point and then some of + + align:start position:0% +until this change point and then some of + + + align:start position:0% +until this change point and then some of +the data looks very different on to the + + align:start position:0% +the data looks very different on to the + + + align:start position:0% +the data looks very different on to the +future right so here I'm showing you + + align:start position:0% +future right so here I'm showing you + + + align:start position:0% +future right so here I'm showing you +there are two change points in which + + align:start position:0% +there are two change points in which + + + align:start position:0% +there are two change points in which +data set shift happens what these online + + align:start position:0% +data set shift happens what these online + + + align:start position:0% +data set shift happens what these online +learning algorithms do is they say okay + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithms do is they say okay + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithms do is they say okay +suppose we were forced to make + + align:start position:0% +suppose we were forced to make + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we were forced to make +predictions throughout this time period + + align:start position:0% +predictions throughout this time period + + + align:start position:0% +predictions throughout this time period +using only the historical data to make + + align:start position:0% +using only the historical data to make + + + align:start position:0% +using only the historical data to make +predictions at each point in time well + + align:start position:0% +predictions at each point in time well + + + align:start position:0% +predictions at each point in time well +if we could somehow recognize that there + + align:start position:0% +if we could somehow recognize that there + + + align:start position:0% +if we could somehow recognize that there +might be these shifts we could design + + align:start position:0% +might be these shifts we could design + + + align:start position:0% +might be these shifts we could design +algorithms that are going to be robust + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that are going to be robust + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that are going to be robust +to those shifts and then one could try + + align:start position:0% +to those shifts and then one could try + + + align:start position:0% +to those shifts and then one could try +to analyze mathematically analyze those + + align:start position:0% +to analyze mathematically analyze those + + + align:start position:0% +to analyze mathematically analyze those +algorithms based on the amount of regret + + align:start position:0% +algorithms based on the amount of regret + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms based on the amount of regret +they would have to for example an + + align:start position:0% +they would have to for example an + + + align:start position:0% +they would have to for example an +algorithm that knew exactly when those + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that knew exactly when those + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that knew exactly when those +changes were and of course we don't know + + align:start position:0% +changes were and of course we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +changes were and of course we don't know +precisely when those changes were and so + + align:start position:0% +precisely when those changes were and so + + + align:start position:0% +precisely when those changes were and so +there's a whole field of algorithms + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole field of algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +there's a whole field of algorithms +trying to do that in here I'm just + + align:start position:0% +trying to do that in here I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do that in here I'm just +giving you one citation for a recent + + align:start position:0% +giving you one citation for a recent + + + align:start position:0% +giving you one citation for a recent +work so to conclude risk stratification + + align:start position:0% +work so to conclude risk stratification + + + align:start position:0% +work so to conclude risk stratification +this is the last slide here I just maybe + + align:start position:0% +this is the last slide here I just maybe + + + align:start position:0% +this is the last slide here I just maybe +ask you a question after class we've + + align:start position:0% +ask you a question after class we've + + + align:start position:0% +ask you a question after class we've +talked about two approaches for + + align:start position:0% +talked about two approaches for + + + align:start position:0% +talked about two approaches for +formalizing restaurant education first + + align:start position:0% +formalizing restaurant education first + + + align:start position:0% +formalizing restaurant education first +as binary classification second as + + align:start position:0% +as binary classification second as + + + align:start position:0% +as binary classification second as +regression and in the regression set + + align:start position:0% +regression and in the regression set + + + align:start position:0% +regression and in the regression set +framework one has to think about + + align:start position:0% +framework one has to think about + + + align:start position:0% +framework one has to think about +censoring which is why we call it + + align:start position:0% +censoring which is why we call it + + + align:start position:0% +censoring which is why we call it +survival modeling second in our examples + + align:start position:0% +survival modeling second in our examples + + + align:start position:0% +survival modeling second in our examples +and again in your homework assignment + + align:start position:0% +and again in your homework assignment + + + align:start position:0% +and again in your homework assignment +that's coming up next week we'll see + + align:start position:0% +that's coming up next week we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming up next week we'll see +that often the variables the features + + align:start position:0% +that often the variables the features + + + align:start position:0% +that often the variables the features +that are most predictive make a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that are most predictive make a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that are most predictive make a lot of +sense right in the diabetes case we said + + align:start position:0% +sense right in the diabetes case we said + + + align:start position:0% +sense right in the diabetes case we said +we saw how patients having comorbidities + + align:start position:0% +we saw how patients having comorbidities + + + align:start position:0% +we saw how patients having comorbidities +of diabetes like hypertension or + + align:start position:0% +of diabetes like hypertension or + + + align:start position:0% +of diabetes like hypertension or +patients being obese we're very + + align:start position:0% +patients being obese we're very + + + align:start position:0% +patients being obese we're very +predictive of patients getting diabetes + + align:start position:0% +predictive of patients getting diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +predictive of patients getting diabetes +so you might ask yourself + + align:start position:0% +so you might ask yourself + + + align:start position:0% +so you might ask yourself +is there something causal there are + + align:start position:0% +is there something causal there are + + + align:start position:0% +is there something causal there are +those features that are very predictive + + align:start position:0% +those features that are very predictive + + + align:start position:0% +those features that are very predictive +in fact causing the what's causing the + + align:start position:0% +in fact causing the what's causing the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact causing the what's causing the +patient to develop type 2 diabetes like + + align:start position:0% +patient to develop type 2 diabetes like + + + align:start position:0% +patient to develop type 2 diabetes like +for example obesity causing diabetes and + + align:start position:0% +for example obesity causing diabetes and + + + align:start position:0% +for example obesity causing diabetes and +this is where I want to caution you + + align:start position:0% +this is where I want to caution you + + + align:start position:0% +this is where I want to caution you +you shouldn't interpret these very + + align:start position:0% +you shouldn't interpret these very + + + align:start position:0% +you shouldn't interpret these very +predictive features in a causal fashion + + align:start position:0% +predictive features in a causal fashion + + + align:start position:0% +predictive features in a causal fashion +particularly not when one starts to work + + align:start position:0% +particularly not when one starts to work + + + align:start position:0% +particularly not when one starts to work +with high dimensional data as we do in + + align:start position:0% +with high dimensional data as we do in + + + align:start position:0% +with high dimensional data as we do in +in in this course the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +in in this course the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +in in this course the reason for that is +very subtle and we'll talk about that in + + align:start position:0% +very subtle and we'll talk about that in + + + align:start position:0% +very subtle and we'll talk about that in +the causal inference lectures but I just + + align:start position:0% +the causal inference lectures but I just + + + align:start position:0% +the causal inference lectures but I just +wanted to give you a pointer now that + + align:start position:0% +wanted to give you a pointer now that + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to give you a pointer now that +you shouldn't think about it in that way + + align:start position:0% +you shouldn't think about it in that way + + + align:start position:0% +you shouldn't think about it in that way +and you'll understand why in just a few + + align:start position:0% +and you'll understand why in just a few + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll understand why in just a few +weeks and finally we talked about ways + + align:start position:0% +weeks and finally we talked about ways + + + align:start position:0% +weeks and finally we talked about ways +of dealing with missing data I gave you + + align:start position:0% +of dealing with missing data I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +of dealing with missing data I gave you +one feature representation for the + + align:start position:0% +one feature representation for the + + + align:start position:0% +one feature representation for the +diabetes case which which was designed + + align:start position:0% +diabetes case which which was designed + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes case which which was designed +to deal with missing data it said was + + align:start position:0% +to deal with missing data it said was + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with missing data it said was +there any diagnosis code 250 dot zero + + align:start position:0% +there any diagnosis code 250 dot zero + + + align:start position:0% +there any diagnosis code 250 dot zero +one in the last three months and if + + align:start position:0% +one in the last three months and if + + + align:start position:0% +one in the last three months and if +there was you have a one if you don't at + + align:start position:0% +there was you have a one if you don't at + + + align:start position:0% +there was you have a one if you don't at +zero so it's designed to recognize that + + align:start position:0% +zero so it's designed to recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +zero so it's designed to recognize that +you don't have information perhaps for + + align:start position:0% +you don't have information perhaps for + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have information perhaps for +some large chunk of time in that window + + align:start position:0% +some large chunk of time in that window + + + align:start position:0% +some large chunk of time in that window +but that missing data could also be + + align:start position:0% +but that missing data could also be + + + align:start position:0% +but that missing data could also be +dangerous if that missingness itself is + + align:start position:0% +dangerous if that missingness itself is + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous if that missingness itself is +caused you to non-stationarity which is + + align:start position:0% +caused you to non-stationarity which is + + + align:start position:0% +caused you to non-stationarity which is +then going to result in your test + + align:start position:0% +then going to result in your test + + + align:start position:0% +then going to result in your test +distribution looking different from your + + align:start position:0% +distribution looking different from your + + + align:start position:0% +distribution looking different from your +train distribution and that's where + + align:start position:0% +train distribution and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +train distribution and that's where +approaches that are based on imputation + + align:start position:0% +approaches that are based on imputation + + + align:start position:0% +approaches that are based on imputation +could actually be very valuable + + align:start position:0% +could actually be very valuable + + + align:start position:0% +could actually be very valuable +not because they improve your predictive + + align:start position:0% +not because they improve your predictive + + + align:start position:0% +not because they improve your predictive +accuracy when everything goes right but + + align:start position:0% +accuracy when everything goes right but + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy when everything goes right but +because they might improve your + + align:start position:0% +because they might improve your + + + align:start position:0% +because they might improve your +predictive accuracy when things go wrong + + align:start position:0% +predictive accuracy when things go wrong + + + align:start position:0% +predictive accuracy when things go wrong +and so one of your readings for last + + align:start position:0% +and so one of your readings for last + + + align:start position:0% +and so one of your readings for last +week's lecture was actually an example + + align:start position:0% +week's lecture was actually an example + + + align:start position:0% +week's lecture was actually an example +of that where they used a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +of that where they used a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +of that where they used a Gaussian +process model to mute much of the + + align:start position:0% +process model to mute much of the + + + align:start position:0% +process model to mute much of the +missing data in a patient's + + align:start position:0% +missing data in a patient's + + + align:start position:0% +missing data in a patient's +continuous vital signs and then they use + + align:start position:0% +continuous vital signs and then they use + + + align:start position:0% +continuous vital signs and then they use +a recurrent neural network to predict + + align:start position:0% +a recurrent neural network to predict + + + align:start position:0% +a recurrent neural network to predict +based on that imputed data so in that + + align:start position:0% +based on that imputed data so in that + + + align:start position:0% +based on that imputed data so in that +case there are really two things going + + align:start position:0% +case there are really two things going + + + align:start position:0% +case there are really two things going +on first is this robustness to data set + + align:start position:0% +on first is this robustness to data set + + + align:start position:0% +on first is this robustness to data set +shift but there's a second thing which + + align:start position:0% +shift but there's a second thing which + + + align:start position:0% +shift but there's a second thing which +is going on as well which has to do with + + align:start position:0% +is going on as well which has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +is going on as well which has to do with +a trade-off between the amount of data + + align:start position:0% +a trade-off between the amount of data + + + align:start position:0% +a trade-off between the amount of data +you have and the + + align:start position:0% +you have and the + + + align:start position:0% +you have and the +complexity of the prediction problem by + + align:start position:0% +complexity of the prediction problem by + + + align:start position:0% +complexity of the prediction problem by +doing imputation sometimes you make your + + align:start position:0% +doing imputation sometimes you make your + + + align:start position:0% +doing imputation sometimes you make your +problem look a bit simpler and simpler + + align:start position:0% +problem look a bit simpler and simpler + + + align:start position:0% +problem look a bit simpler and simpler +algorithms might succeed where others + + align:start position:0% +algorithms might succeed where others + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms might succeed where others +otherwise they would fail because not + + align:start position:0% +otherwise they would fail because not + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise they would fail because not +having enough of data and that's + + align:start position:0% +having enough of data and that's + + + align:start position:0% +having enough of data and that's +something that you saw in that last + + align:start position:0% +something that you saw in that last + + + align:start position:0% +something that you saw in that last +week's reading so I'm done with + + align:start position:0% +week's reading so I'm done with + + + align:start position:0% +week's reading so I'm done with +recertification I'll take one minute + + align:start position:0% +recertification I'll take one minute + + + align:start position:0% +recertification I'll take one minute +breather for everyone in the room and + + align:start position:0% +breather for everyone in the room and + + + align:start position:0% +breather for everyone in the room and +then we'll start with the the main topic + + align:start position:0% +then we'll start with the the main topic + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll start with the the main topic +which is lecture which is fighting + + align:start position:0% +which is lecture which is fighting + + + align:start position:0% +which is lecture which is fighting +physiological time series modeling okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's get started so here's a baby + + align:start position:0% +let's get started so here's a baby + + + align:start position:0% +let's get started so here's a baby +that's not doing very well this baby's + + align:start position:0% +that's not doing very well this baby's + + + align:start position:0% +that's not doing very well this baby's +in the intensive care unit it's maybe it + + align:start position:0% +in the intensive care unit it's maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +in the intensive care unit it's maybe it +was a premature infant maybe it's a baby + + align:start position:0% +was a premature infant maybe it's a baby + + + align:start position:0% +was a premature infant maybe it's a baby +who has some some chronic disease and of + + align:start position:0% +who has some some chronic disease and of + + + align:start position:0% +who has some some chronic disease and of +course parents are very worried this + + align:start position:0% +course parents are very worried this + + + align:start position:0% +course parents are very worried this +baby is getting very close monitoring + + align:start position:0% +baby is getting very close monitoring + + + align:start position:0% +baby is getting very close monitoring +and it's connected to lots of different + + align:start position:0% +and it's connected to lots of different + + + align:start position:0% +and it's connected to lots of different +probes there's the number one here it's + + align:start position:0% +probes there's the number one here it's + + + align:start position:0% +probes there's the number one here it's +illustrating a three probe three lead II + + align:start position:0% +illustrating a three probe three lead II + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating a three probe three lead II +stage ECG which we'll be talking about + + align:start position:0% +stage ECG which we'll be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +stage ECG which we'll be talking about +much more which is measuring its heart + + align:start position:0% +much more which is measuring its heart + + + align:start position:0% +much more which is measuring its heart +how the baby's heart - doing over over + + align:start position:0% +how the baby's heart - doing over over + + + align:start position:0% +how the baby's heart - doing over over +through over here this number three is + + align:start position:0% +through over here this number three is + + + align:start position:0% +through over here this number three is +something attached to the baby's foot + + align:start position:0% +something attached to the baby's foot + + + align:start position:0% +something attached to the baby's foot +which is measuring it's it's a pulse + + align:start position:0% +which is measuring it's it's a pulse + + + align:start position:0% +which is measuring it's it's a pulse +exon examiner which is measuring it's + + align:start position:0% +exon examiner which is measuring it's + + + align:start position:0% +exon examiner which is measuring it's +the baby's oxygen saturation the amount + + align:start position:0% +the baby's oxygen saturation the amount + + + align:start position:0% +the baby's oxygen saturation the amount +of oxygen in the blood there number four + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen in the blood there number four + + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen in the blood there number four +is a probe which is measuring the baby's + + align:start position:0% +is a probe which is measuring the baby's + + + align:start position:0% +is a probe which is measuring the baby's +temperature and so on and so you know + + align:start position:0% +temperature and so on and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and so on and so you know +we're really taking really close + + align:start position:0% +we're really taking really close + + + align:start position:0% +we're really taking really close +measurements to this baby because we + + align:start position:0% +measurements to this baby because we + + + align:start position:0% +measurements to this baby because we +want to understand how this baby doing + + align:start position:0% +want to understand how this baby doing + + + align:start position:0% +want to understand how this baby doing +we recognize that there might be really + + align:start position:0% +we recognize that there might be really + + + align:start position:0% +we recognize that there might be really +sudden changes in the baby's state of + + align:start position:0% +sudden changes in the baby's state of + + + align:start position:0% +sudden changes in the baby's state of +health that we want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +health that we want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +health that we want to be able to +recognize as early as possible and so + + align:start position:0% +recognize as early as possible and so + + + align:start position:0% +recognize as early as possible and so +behind the scenes next to this baby + + align:start position:0% +behind the scenes next to this baby + + + align:start position:0% +behind the scenes next to this baby +you'll of course have huge number of + + align:start position:0% +you'll of course have huge number of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll of course have huge number of +monitors each of the monitor is showing + + align:start position:0% +monitors each of the monitor is showing + + + align:start position:0% +monitors each of the monitor is showing +the readout from each of these different + + align:start position:0% +the readout from each of these different + + + align:start position:0% +the readout from each of these different +signals and this type of data is really + + align:start position:0% +signals and this type of data is really + + + align:start position:0% +signals and this type of data is really +prevalent and + + align:start position:0% +prevalent and + + + align:start position:0% +prevalent and +in intensive care units but you also see + + align:start position:0% +in intensive care units but you also see + + + align:start position:0% +in intensive care units but you also see +in today's lecture how some aspects of + + align:start position:0% +in today's lecture how some aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +in today's lecture how some aspects of +this data are now starting to make its + + align:start position:0% +this data are now starting to make its + + + align:start position:0% +this data are now starting to make its +way to the home as well so for example + + align:start position:0% +way to the home as well so for example + + + align:start position:0% +way to the home as well so for example +EKGs are now available on Apple and + + align:start position:0% +EKGs are now available on Apple and + + + align:start position:0% +EKGs are now available on Apple and +Samsung watches to help understand does + + align:start position:0% +Samsung watches to help understand does + + + align:start position:0% +Samsung watches to help understand does +help to help with diagnosis of + + align:start position:0% +help to help with diagnosis of + + + align:start position:0% +help to help with diagnosis of +arrhythmias even for people at home and + + align:start position:0% +arrhythmias even for people at home and + + + align:start position:0% +arrhythmias even for people at home and +so from this type of data there a number + + align:start position:0% +so from this type of data there a number + + + align:start position:0% +so from this type of data there a number +of really important use cases to think + + align:start position:0% +of really important use cases to think + + + align:start position:0% +of really important use cases to think +about the first one is to recognize that + + align:start position:0% +about the first one is to recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +about the first one is to recognize that +often we're getting really noisy data + + align:start position:0% +often we're getting really noisy data + + + align:start position:0% +often we're getting really noisy data +and we want to try to infer the true + + align:start position:0% +and we want to try to infer the true + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to try to infer the true +signal so imagine for example that + + align:start position:0% +signal so imagine for example that + + + align:start position:0% +signal so imagine for example that +temperature probe like the paint the + + align:start position:0% +temperature probe like the paint the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature probe like the paint the +baby's true temperature might be 98.5 + + align:start position:0% +baby's true temperature might be 98.5 + + + align:start position:0% +baby's true temperature might be 98.5 +but for whatever reason we'll see a few + + align:start position:0% +but for whatever reason we'll see a few + + + align:start position:0% +but for whatever reason we'll see a few +reasons here today maybe you're getting + + align:start position:0% +reasons here today maybe you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +reasons here today maybe you're getting +the observation of 93 and you didn't + + align:start position:0% +the observation of 93 and you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the observation of 93 and you didn't +know is that actually the true baby + + align:start position:0% +know is that actually the true baby + + + align:start position:0% +know is that actually the true baby +temperature in which case we'd it would + + align:start position:0% +temperature in which case we'd it would + + + align:start position:0% +temperature in which case we'd it would +be in a lot of trouble or is that a + + align:start position:0% +be in a lot of trouble or is that a + + + align:start position:0% +be in a lot of trouble or is that a +anomalous reading so we like to + + align:start position:0% +anomalous reading so we like to + + + align:start position:0% +anomalous reading so we like to +distinguish between those two things and + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between those two things and + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between those two things and +in other cases we are interested in not + + align:start position:0% +in other cases we are interested in not + + + align:start position:0% +in other cases we are interested in not +necessarily fully understanding what's + + align:start position:0% +necessarily fully understanding what's + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily fully understanding what's +going on with the baby along each of + + align:start position:0% +going on with the baby along each of + + + align:start position:0% +going on with the baby along each of +those axes but we just want to use that + + align:start position:0% +those axes but we just want to use that + + + align:start position:0% +those axes but we just want to use that +data for predictive purposes for risk + + align:start position:0% +data for predictive purposes for risk + + + align:start position:0% +data for predictive purposes for risk +stratification for example and so the + + align:start position:0% +stratification for example and so the + + + align:start position:0% +stratification for example and so the +type of machine learning approach that + + align:start position:0% +type of machine learning approach that + + + align:start position:0% +type of machine learning approach that +will take here will depend on the + + align:start position:0% +will take here will depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +will take here will depend on the +following three factors first do we have + + align:start position:0% +following three factors first do we have + + + align:start position:0% +following three factors first do we have +label data available for example do we + + align:start position:0% +label data available for example do we + + + align:start position:0% +label data available for example do we +know the ground truth of what the baby's + + align:start position:0% +know the ground truth of what the baby's + + + align:start position:0% +know the ground truth of what the baby's +true temperature was at least for a few + + align:start position:0% +true temperature was at least for a few + + + align:start position:0% +true temperature was at least for a few +of the babies in the training set second + + align:start position:0% +of the babies in the training set second + + + align:start position:0% +of the babies in the training set second +do we have a good mechanistic or + + align:start position:0% +do we have a good mechanistic or + + + align:start position:0% +do we have a good mechanistic or +statistical model of how this data might + + align:start position:0% +statistical model of how this data might + + + align:start position:0% +statistical model of how this data might +evolve across time right we know a lot + + align:start position:0% +evolve across time right we know a lot + + + align:start position:0% +evolve across time right we know a lot +about hearts for example cardiology is + + align:start position:0% +about hearts for example cardiology is + + + align:start position:0% +about hearts for example cardiology is +one of those fields of medicine where + + align:start position:0% +one of those fields of medicine where + + + align:start position:0% +one of those fields of medicine where +it's really well studied there are good + + align:start position:0% +it's really well studied there are good + + + align:start position:0% +it's really well studied there are good +simulators of hearts and how they beat + + align:start position:0% +simulators of hearts and how they beat + + + align:start position:0% +simulators of hearts and how they beat +across time and how that affects the + + align:start position:0% +across time and how that affects the + + + align:start position:0% +across time and how that affects the +electrical stimulation across the body + + align:start position:0% +electrical stimulation across the body + + + align:start position:0% +electrical stimulation across the body +and if we have these good mechanistic or + + align:start position:0% +and if we have these good mechanistic or + + + align:start position:0% +and if we have these good mechanistic or +Cystic models that can often allow one + + align:start position:0% +Cystic models that can often allow one + + + align:start position:0% +Cystic models that can often allow one +to trade off not having much label data + + align:start position:0% +to trade off not having much label data + + + align:start position:0% +to trade off not having much label data +or just not having much data period and + + align:start position:0% +or just not having much data period and + + + align:start position:0% +or just not having much data period and +it's really these three points which I + + align:start position:0% +it's really these three points which I + + + align:start position:0% +it's really these three points which I +want to illustrate the extremes of in + + align:start position:0% +want to illustrate the extremes of in + + + align:start position:0% +want to illustrate the extremes of in +today's lecture what you do when you + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture what you do when you + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture what you do when you +don't have much data and what you do + + align:start position:0% +don't have much data and what you do + + + align:start position:0% +don't have much data and what you do +what you can do when you + + align:start position:0% +what you can do when you + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do when you +a ton of data I think it's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +a ton of data I think it's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +a ton of data I think it's gonna be +really informative for us as we go out + + align:start position:0% +really informative for us as we go out + + + align:start position:0% +really informative for us as we go out +into the world and we'll have to tackle + + align:start position:0% +into the world and we'll have to tackle + + + align:start position:0% +into the world and we'll have to tackle +each of those two settings so so here's + + align:start position:0% +each of those two settings so so here's + + + align:start position:0% +each of those two settings so so here's +an example of two different babies with + + align:start position:0% +an example of two different babies with + + + align:start position:0% +an example of two different babies with +very different trajectories one and the + + align:start position:0% +very different trajectories one and the + + + align:start position:0% +very different trajectories one and the +x-axis here is time in seconds the + + align:start position:0% +x-axis here is time in seconds the + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis here is time in seconds the +y-axis here or I think seconds maybe + + align:start position:0% +y-axis here or I think seconds maybe + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis here or I think seconds maybe +minutes the Y axis here is beats per + + align:start position:0% +minutes the Y axis here is beats per + + + align:start position:0% +minutes the Y axis here is beats per +minute the baby's heart rate and you see + + align:start position:0% +minute the baby's heart rate and you see + + + align:start position:0% +minute the baby's heart rate and you see +in some cases it's really fluctuating a + + align:start position:0% +in some cases it's really fluctuating a + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases it's really fluctuating a +lot up and down in some cases it's sort + + align:start position:0% +lot up and down in some cases it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +lot up and down in some cases it's sort +of going in a similar in one direction + + align:start position:0% +of going in a similar in one direction + + + align:start position:0% +of going in a similar in one direction +and in all cases then the short-term + + align:start position:0% +and in all cases then the short-term + + + align:start position:0% +and in all cases then the short-term +observations are very different from the + + align:start position:0% +observations are very different from the + + + align:start position:0% +observations are very different from the +long-range trajectories so the first + + align:start position:0% +long-range trajectories so the first + + + align:start position:0% +long-range trajectories so the first +problem that I want us to think about is + + align:start position:0% +problem that I want us to think about is + + + align:start position:0% +problem that I want us to think about is +one of trying to understand how do we + + align:start position:0% +one of trying to understand how do we + + + align:start position:0% +one of trying to understand how do we +deconvolve between the truth of what's + + align:start position:0% +deconvolve between the truth of what's + + + align:start position:0% +deconvolve between the truth of what's +going on with the first for example a + + align:start position:0% +going on with the first for example a + + + align:start position:0% +going on with the first for example a +patient's blood pressure or oxygen + + align:start position:0% +patient's blood pressure or oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +patient's blood pressure or oxygen +versus interventions that are happening + + align:start position:0% +versus interventions that are happening + + + align:start position:0% +versus interventions that are happening +to them so on the bottom here I'm + + align:start position:0% +to them so on the bottom here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to them so on the bottom here I'm +showing examples of interventions here + + align:start position:0% +showing examples of interventions here + + + align:start position:0% +showing examples of interventions here +in this oxygen uptake we notice how + + align:start position:0% +in this oxygen uptake we notice how + + + align:start position:0% +in this oxygen uptake we notice how +between roughly a thousand to two + + align:start position:0% +between roughly a thousand to two + + + align:start position:0% +between roughly a thousand to two +thousand seconds sediment Li there's no + + align:start position:0% +thousand seconds sediment Li there's no + + + align:start position:0% +thousand seconds sediment Li there's no +signal at two other that's an example + + align:start position:0% +signal at two other that's an example + + + align:start position:0% +signal at two other that's an example +what's called drop out over here we see + + align:start position:0% +what's called drop out over here we see + + + align:start position:0% +what's called drop out over here we see +a different type of the effect of a + + align:start position:0% +a different type of the effect of a + + + align:start position:0% +a different type of the effect of a +different intervention which is due to a + + align:start position:0% +different intervention which is due to a + + + align:start position:0% +different intervention which is due to a +probe recalibration and at that time + + align:start position:0% +probe recalibration and at that time + + + align:start position:0% +probe recalibration and at that time +there was a dropout followed by a sudden + + align:start position:0% +there was a dropout followed by a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +there was a dropout followed by a sudden +change in the values and that's really + + align:start position:0% +change in the values and that's really + + + align:start position:0% +change in the values and that's really +happening to a recalibration step and + + align:start position:0% +happening to a recalibration step and + + + align:start position:0% +happening to a recalibration step and +both these cases what's going on with + + align:start position:0% +both these cases what's going on with + + + align:start position:0% +both these cases what's going on with +the individual might be route to the + + align:start position:0% +the individual might be route to the + + + align:start position:0% +the individual might be route to the +constant across time but what's being + + align:start position:0% +constant across time but what's being + + + align:start position:0% +constant across time but what's being +observed that dramatically affected by + + align:start position:0% +observed that dramatically affected by + + + align:start position:0% +observed that dramatically affected by +those interventions so we want to ask + + align:start position:0% +those interventions so we want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +those interventions so we want to ask +the question can we identify those + + align:start position:0% +the question can we identify those + + + align:start position:0% +the question can we identify those +artefactual processes can we identify + + align:start position:0% +artefactual processes can we identify + + + align:start position:0% +artefactual processes can we identify +that these interventions were happening + + align:start position:0% +that these interventions were happening + + + align:start position:0% +that these interventions were happening +at those points of time and and then if + + align:start position:0% +at those points of time and and then if + + + align:start position:0% +at those points of time and and then if +we could identify them then we could + + align:start position:0% +we could identify them then we could + + + align:start position:0% +we could identify them then we could +potentially subtract their effect out so + + align:start position:0% +potentially subtract their effect out so + + + align:start position:0% +potentially subtract their effect out so +we could we could impute the data which + + align:start position:0% +we could we could impute the data which + + + align:start position:0% +we could we could impute the data which +we know now know to be missing and then + + align:start position:0% +we know now know to be missing and then + + + align:start position:0% +we know now know to be missing and then +have this much higher quality signal + + align:start position:0% +have this much higher quality signal + + + align:start position:0% +have this much higher quality signal +used for some downstream predictive + + align:start position:0% +used for some downstream predictive + + + align:start position:0% +used for some downstream predictive +purpose for example + + align:start position:0% +purpose for example + + + align:start position:0% +purpose for example +now the second reason why this could be + + align:start position:0% +now the second reason why this could be + + + align:start position:0% +now the second reason why this could be +really important is to tackle this + + align:start position:0% +really important is to tackle this + + + align:start position:0% +really important is to tackle this +problem called alarm fatigue alarm + + align:start position:0% +problem called alarm fatigue alarm + + + align:start position:0% +problem called alarm fatigue alarm +fatigue is one of the most important + + align:start position:0% +fatigue is one of the most important + + + align:start position:0% +fatigue is one of the most important +challenges facing medicine today as we + + align:start position:0% +challenges facing medicine today as we + + + align:start position:0% +challenges facing medicine today as we +get better and better in doing risk + + align:start position:0% +get better and better in doing risk + + + align:start position:0% +get better and better in doing risk +stratification as we come up with more + + align:start position:0% +stratification as we come up with more + + + align:start position:0% +stratification as we come up with more +and more diagnostic tools and tests that + + align:start position:0% +and more diagnostic tools and tests that + + + align:start position:0% +and more diagnostic tools and tests that +means these red flags are being raised + + align:start position:0% +means these red flags are being raised + + + align:start position:0% +means these red flags are being raised +more and more often and each one of + + align:start position:0% +more and more often and each one of + + + align:start position:0% +more and more often and each one of +these has some associated false positive + + align:start position:0% +these has some associated false positive + + + align:start position:0% +these has some associated false positive +rate for it and so the more tests you + + align:start position:0% +rate for it and so the more tests you + + + align:start position:0% +rate for it and so the more tests you +have suppose the false positive rate is + + align:start position:0% +have suppose the false positive rate is + + + align:start position:0% +have suppose the false positive rate is +kept constant the more tests you have + + align:start position:0% +kept constant the more tests you have + + + align:start position:0% +kept constant the more tests you have +the more likely it is that the union of + + align:start position:0% +the more likely it is that the union of + + + align:start position:0% +the more likely it is that the union of +all of those is going to be some some + + align:start position:0% +all of those is going to be some some + + + align:start position:0% +all of those is going to be some some +error and so when you're in an intensive + + align:start position:0% +error and so when you're in an intensive + + + align:start position:0% +error and so when you're in an intensive +care unit their alarm is going off all + + align:start position:0% +care unit their alarm is going off all + + + align:start position:0% +care unit their alarm is going off all +the time and something that happens is + + align:start position:0% +the time and something that happens is + + + align:start position:0% +the time and something that happens is +that nurses end up starting to ignore + + align:start position:0% +that nurses end up starting to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +that nurses end up starting to ignore +those alarms because so often those + + align:start position:0% +those alarms because so often those + + + align:start position:0% +those alarms because so often those +alarms are false positives or due to for + + align:start position:0% +alarms are false positives or due to for + + + align:start position:0% +alarms are false positives or due to for +example artifacts like what I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +example artifacts like what I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +example artifacts like what I'm showing +you here and so if we had techniques + + align:start position:0% +you here and so if we had techniques + + + align:start position:0% +you here and so if we had techniques +such as the ones we'll talk about right + + align:start position:0% +such as the ones we'll talk about right + + + align:start position:0% +such as the ones we'll talk about right +now which could recognize when for + + align:start position:0% +now which could recognize when for + + + align:start position:0% +now which could recognize when for +example the sudden drop in a patient's + + align:start position:0% +example the sudden drop in a patient's + + + align:start position:0% +example the sudden drop in a patient's +heart rate is due to an artifact and not + + align:start position:0% +heart rate is due to an artifact and not + + + align:start position:0% +heart rate is due to an artifact and not +due to the patient's true heart rate + + align:start position:0% +due to the patient's true heart rate + + + align:start position:0% +due to the patient's true heart rate +dropping if we had enough confidence in + + align:start position:0% +dropping if we had enough confidence in + + + align:start position:0% +dropping if we had enough confidence in +that in distinguishing those two things + + align:start position:0% +that in distinguishing those two things + + + align:start position:0% +that in distinguishing those two things +and we might not decide to raise that + + align:start position:0% +and we might not decide to raise that + + + align:start position:0% +and we might not decide to raise that +red flag and that might reduce the + + align:start position:0% +red flag and that might reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +red flag and that might reduce the +amount of false alarms and that then + + align:start position:0% +amount of false alarms and that then + + + align:start position:0% +amount of false alarms and that then +might reduce the amount of alarm fatigue + + align:start position:0% +might reduce the amount of alarm fatigue + + + align:start position:0% +might reduce the amount of alarm fatigue +and that could have a very big impact on + + align:start position:0% +and that could have a very big impact on + + + align:start position:0% +and that could have a very big impact on +healthcare so the technique which we'll + + align:start position:0% +healthcare so the technique which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare so the technique which we'll +talk about today goes by the name of + + align:start position:0% +talk about today goes by the name of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about today goes by the name of +switching linear dynamical systems who + + align:start position:0% +switching linear dynamical systems who + + + align:start position:0% +switching linear dynamical systems who +here has seen a picture like this on + + align:start position:0% +here has seen a picture like this on + + + align:start position:0% +here has seen a picture like this on +this picture on the bottom before about + + align:start position:0% +this picture on the bottom before about + + + align:start position:0% +this picture on the bottom before about +half of the room so for the other half + + align:start position:0% +half of the room so for the other half + + + align:start position:0% +half of the room so for the other half +of the room I'm going to give a Brit bit + + align:start position:0% +of the room I'm going to give a Brit bit + + + align:start position:0% +of the room I'm going to give a Brit bit +of a recap into probabilistic modeling + + align:start position:0% +of a recap into probabilistic modeling + + + align:start position:0% +of a recap into probabilistic modeling +and all of you are now familiar with + + align:start position:0% +and all of you are now familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +and all of you are now familiar with +general probability so you're used to + + align:start position:0% +general probability so you're used to + + + align:start position:0% +general probability so you're used to +thinking about for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +univariate gallon distributions we + + align:start position:0% +univariate gallon distributions we + + + align:start position:0% +univariate gallon distributions we +talked about how one could model + + align:start position:0% +talked about how one could model + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how one could model +survival which was an example of such a + + align:start position:0% +survival which was an example of such a + + + align:start position:0% +survival which was an example of such a +distribution but for today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +distribution but for today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +distribution but for today's lecture +we're going to be thinking now about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be thinking now about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be thinking now about +multivariate probably distributions in + + align:start position:0% +multivariate probably distributions in + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate probably distributions in +particular we'll be thinking about how a + + align:start position:0% +particular we'll be thinking about how a + + + align:start position:0% +particular we'll be thinking about how a +patient state let's say their true blood + + align:start position:0% +patient state let's say their true blood + + + align:start position:0% +patient state let's say their true blood +pressure evolves across time and so now + + align:start position:0% +pressure evolves across time and so now + + + align:start position:0% +pressure evolves across time and so now +we're interested in not just the random + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in not just the random + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in not just the random +variable at one point in time but that + + align:start position:0% +variable at one point in time but that + + + align:start position:0% +variable at one point in time but that +same random variable at the second point + + align:start position:0% +same random variable at the second point + + + align:start position:0% +same random variable at the second point +in time third point in time fourth point + + align:start position:0% +in time third point in time fourth point + + + align:start position:0% +in time third point in time fourth point +in 2015 time and so on so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +in 2015 time and so on so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +in 2015 time and so on so what I'm +showing you here is known as a graphical + + align:start position:0% +showing you here is known as a graphical + + + align:start position:0% +showing you here is known as a graphical +model also known as a Bayesian network + + align:start position:0% +model also known as a Bayesian network + + + align:start position:0% +model also known as a Bayesian network +and it's one way of illustrating a + + align:start position:0% +and it's one way of illustrating a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's one way of illustrating a +multivariate probability distribution + + align:start position:0% +multivariate probability distribution + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate probability distribution +that has particular conditional + + align:start position:0% +that has particular conditional + + + align:start position:0% +that has particular conditional +independence properties specifically in + + align:start position:0% +independence properties specifically in + + + align:start position:0% +independence properties specifically in +this model one node corresponds to one + + align:start position:0% +this model one node corresponds to one + + + align:start position:0% +this model one node corresponds to one +random variable so this is describing a + + align:start position:0% +random variable so this is describing a + + + align:start position:0% +random variable so this is describing a +joint distribution on X 1 through X 6 + + align:start position:0% +joint distribution on X 1 through X 6 + + + align:start position:0% +joint distribution on X 1 through X 6 +comma Y 1 through why sex + + align:start position:0% +comma Y 1 through why sex + + + align:start position:0% +comma Y 1 through why sex +so it's this multivariate distribution + + align:start position:0% +so it's this multivariate distribution + + + align:start position:0% +so it's this multivariate distribution +on 12 random variables the fact that + + align:start position:0% +on 12 random variables the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +on 12 random variables the fact that +this is shaded in simply denotes that at + + align:start position:0% +this is shaded in simply denotes that at + + + align:start position:0% +this is shaded in simply denotes that at +test time when we use these models + + align:start position:0% +test time when we use these models + + + align:start position:0% +test time when we use these models +typically these Y variables are observed + + align:start position:0% +typically these Y variables are observed + + + align:start position:0% +typically these Y variables are observed +whereas where our goal is usually to + + align:start position:0% +whereas where our goal is usually to + + + align:start position:0% +whereas where our goal is usually to +infer the X variables those are + + align:start position:0% +infer the X variables those are + + + align:start position:0% +infer the X variables those are +typically unobserved meaning that our + + align:start position:0% +typically unobserved meaning that our + + + align:start position:0% +typically unobserved meaning that our +typical task is one of doing posterior + + align:start position:0% +typical task is one of doing posterior + + + align:start position:0% +typical task is one of doing posterior +inference to infer the X's given the Y's + + align:start position:0% +inference to infer the X's given the Y's + + + align:start position:0% +inference to infer the X's given the Y's +now associated with this graph I already + + align:start position:0% +now associated with this graph I already + + + align:start position:0% +now associated with this graph I already +told you the nodes correspond to random + + align:start position:0% +told you the nodes correspond to random + + + align:start position:0% +told you the nodes correspond to random +variables the graph tells us how is this + + align:start position:0% +variables the graph tells us how is this + + + align:start position:0% +variables the graph tells us how is this +Joint Distribution factorized in + + align:start position:0% +Joint Distribution factorized in + + + align:start position:0% +Joint Distribution factorized in +particular it's going to be factorized + + align:start position:0% +particular it's going to be factorized + + + align:start position:0% +particular it's going to be factorized +in the following way as the product over + + align:start position:0% +in the following way as the product over + + + align:start position:0% +in the following way as the product over +random variables of the probability of + + align:start position:0% +random variables of the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +random variables of the probability of +the I threatened variable I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the I threatened variable I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the I threatened variable I'm going to +use Z to just know the random variable + + align:start position:0% +use Z to just know the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +use Z to just know the random variable +so as to think is think of Z as the + + align:start position:0% +so as to think is think of Z as the + + + align:start position:0% +so as to think is think of Z as the +union of x and y Z I conditioned on the + + align:start position:0% +union of x and y Z I conditioned on the + + + align:start position:0% +union of x and y Z I conditioned on the +parents the values of the parents of + + align:start position:0% +parents the values of the parents of + + + align:start position:0% +parents the values of the parents of +see I so I'm going to assume this + + align:start position:0% +see I so I'm going to assume this + + + align:start position:0% +see I so I'm going to assume this +factorization and in particular for this + + align:start position:0% +factorization and in particular for this + + + align:start position:0% +factorization and in particular for this +graphical model which goes by the name + + align:start position:0% +graphical model which goes by the name + + + align:start position:0% +graphical model which goes by the name +of a Markov model it has a very specific + + align:start position:0% +of a Markov model it has a very specific + + + align:start position:0% +of a Markov model it has a very specific +factorization and we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +factorization and we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +factorization and we're just going to +read it off from this definition so + + align:start position:0% +read it off from this definition so + + + align:start position:0% +read it off from this definition so +we're gonna go in order first x1 then Y + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna go in order first x1 then Y + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna go in order first x1 then Y +1 then X 2 then Y 2 and so on which is a + + align:start position:0% +1 then X 2 then Y 2 and so on which is a + + + align:start position:0% +1 then X 2 then Y 2 and so on which is a +going based on a root 2 2 children + + align:start position:0% +going based on a root 2 2 children + + + align:start position:0% +going based on a root 2 2 children +transversal this graph so the first + + align:start position:0% +transversal this graph so the first + + + align:start position:0% +transversal this graph so the first +random variable is X 1 second variable + + align:start position:0% +random variable is X 1 second variable + + + align:start position:0% +random variable is X 1 second variable +is y 2 and what are the parents of Y + + align:start position:0% +is y 2 and what are the parents of Y + + + align:start position:0% +is y 2 and what are the parents of Y +sorry what are the parents of Y 1 ever + + align:start position:0% +sorry what are the parents of Y 1 ever + + + align:start position:0% +sorry what are the parents of Y 1 ever +want to say out loud X 1 ok so Y 1 in + + align:start position:0% +want to say out loud X 1 ok so Y 1 in + + + align:start position:0% +want to say out loud X 1 ok so Y 1 in +this factorization is only going to + + align:start position:0% +this factorization is only going to + + + align:start position:0% +this factorization is only going to +depend on X 1 next we have X 2 what are + + align:start position:0% +depend on X 1 next we have X 2 what are + + + align:start position:0% +depend on X 1 next we have X 2 what are +the parents of X - everyone say out loud + + align:start position:0% +the parents of X - everyone say out loud + + + align:start position:0% +the parents of X - everyone say out loud +X 1 okay then we have Y 2 what are the + + align:start position:0% +X 1 okay then we have Y 2 what are the + + + align:start position:0% +X 1 okay then we have Y 2 what are the +parents of Y - everyone say out loud X 2 + + align:start position:0% +parents of Y - everyone say out loud X 2 + + + align:start position:0% +parents of Y - everyone say out loud X 2 +and so on okay so this Joint + + align:start position:0% +and so on okay so this Joint + + + align:start position:0% +and so on okay so this Joint +Distribution is is going to have a + + align:start position:0% +Distribution is is going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +Distribution is is going to have a +particularly simple form which is given + + align:start position:0% +particularly simple form which is given + + + align:start position:0% +particularly simple form which is given +to you by this factorization shown here + + align:start position:0% +to you by this factorization shown here + + + align:start position:0% +to you by this factorization shown here +and this factorization corresponds 1 to + + align:start position:0% +and this factorization corresponds 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +and this factorization corresponds 1 to +1 with the particular graph in the way + + align:start position:0% +1 with the particular graph in the way + + + align:start position:0% +1 with the particular graph in the way +that I just told you and in this way we + + align:start position:0% +that I just told you and in this way we + + + align:start position:0% +that I just told you and in this way we +can define a very complex probability + + align:start position:0% +can define a very complex probability + + + align:start position:0% +can define a very complex probability +distribution by a number of much simpler + + align:start position:0% +distribution by a number of much simpler + + + align:start position:0% +distribution by a number of much simpler +conditional probably distributions for + + align:start position:0% +conditional probably distributions for + + + align:start position:0% +conditional probably distributions for +example if each of the random variables + + align:start position:0% +example if each of the random variables + + + align:start position:0% +example if each of the random variables +were binary then to describe probability + + align:start position:0% +were binary then to describe probability + + + align:start position:0% +were binary then to describe probability +of y 1 given X 1 we only need two + + align:start position:0% +of y 1 given X 1 we only need two + + + align:start position:0% +of y 1 given X 1 we only need two +numbers for each value of x 1 either 0 1 + + align:start position:0% +numbers for each value of x 1 either 0 1 + + + align:start position:0% +numbers for each value of x 1 either 0 1 +we give the probability of y 1 equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +we give the probability of y 1 equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +we give the probability of y 1 equals 1 +and then of course probably y 1 equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +and then of course probably y 1 equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +and then of course probably y 1 equals 0 +is just 1 minus that alright so we can + + align:start position:0% +is just 1 minus that alright so we can + + + align:start position:0% +is just 1 minus that alright so we can +describe that very complicated joint + + align:start position:0% +describe that very complicated joint + + + align:start position:0% +describe that very complicated joint +distribution by a number of much smaller + + align:start position:0% +distribution by a number of much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +distribution by a number of much smaller +distributions now the reason why I'm + + align:start position:0% +distributions now the reason why I'm + + + align:start position:0% +distributions now the reason why I'm +drawing it in this way is because we're + + align:start position:0% +drawing it in this way is because we're + + + align:start position:0% +drawing it in this way is because we're +making some really strong assumptions + + align:start position:0% +making some really strong assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +making some really strong assumptions +about the temporal + + align:start position:0% +about the temporal + + + align:start position:0% +about the temporal +dynamics in this problem in particular + + align:start position:0% +dynamics in this problem in particular + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics in this problem in particular +the fact that x3 only has an arrow from + + align:start position:0% +the fact that x3 only has an arrow from + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that x3 only has an arrow from +x2 and not from ax one implies that X 3 + + align:start position:0% +x2 and not from ax one implies that X 3 + + + align:start position:0% +x2 and not from ax one implies that X 3 +is conditionally independent of ax 1 if + + align:start position:0% +is conditionally independent of ax 1 if + + + align:start position:0% +is conditionally independent of ax 1 if +you knew X two's value sometimes think + + align:start position:0% +you knew X two's value sometimes think + + + align:start position:0% +you knew X two's value sometimes think +about this as as cutting right if you're + + align:start position:0% +about this as as cutting right if you're + + + align:start position:0% +about this as as cutting right if you're +to take X 2 out of the model and remove + + align:start position:0% +to take X 2 out of the model and remove + + + align:start position:0% +to take X 2 out of the model and remove +all edges incident on it then X 1 and X + + align:start position:0% +all edges incident on it then X 1 and X + + + align:start position:0% +all edges incident on it then X 1 and X +3 are now separated from one another + + align:start position:0% +3 are now separated from one another + + + align:start position:0% +3 are now separated from one another +they're independent now for those of you + + align:start position:0% +they're independent now for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +they're independent now for those of you +who do know graphical models you'll + + align:start position:0% +who do know graphical models you'll + + + align:start position:0% +who do know graphical models you'll +recognize that that type of independent + + align:start position:0% +recognize that that type of independent + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that that type of independent +statement that I made is only true for + + align:start position:0% +statement that I made is only true for + + + align:start position:0% +statement that I made is only true for +Markov models and the semantics for + + align:start position:0% +Markov models and the semantics for + + + align:start position:0% +Markov models and the semantics for +Bayesian networks are a little bit + + align:start position:0% +Bayesian networks are a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +Bayesian networks are a little bit +different but actually for this model + + align:start position:0% +different but actually for this model + + + align:start position:0% +different but actually for this model +it's they're one in the same so we're + + align:start position:0% +it's they're one in the same so we're + + + align:start position:0% +it's they're one in the same so we're +going to make the following assumptions + + align:start position:0% +going to make the following assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +going to make the following assumptions +for the conditional distributions shown + + align:start position:0% +for the conditional distributions shown + + + align:start position:0% +for the conditional distributions shown +here first we're going to suppose that + + align:start position:0% +here first we're going to suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +here first we're going to suppose that +XT is given to you by a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +XT is given to you by a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +XT is given to you by a Gaussian +distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution +remember XT for exempt E's denoting a + + align:start position:0% +remember XT for exempt E's denoting a + + + align:start position:0% +remember XT for exempt E's denoting a +time step let's say three only depends + + align:start position:0% +time step let's say three only depends + + + align:start position:0% +time step let's say three only depends +in this picture the conditional solution + + align:start position:0% +in this picture the conditional solution + + + align:start position:0% +in this picture the conditional solution +only depends on the previous time steps + + align:start position:0% +only depends on the previous time steps + + + align:start position:0% +only depends on the previous time steps +value x2 or XT minus 1 so you'll notice + + align:start position:0% +value x2 or XT minus 1 so you'll notice + + + align:start position:0% +value x2 or XT minus 1 so you'll notice +how I'm gonna say here XT is gonna + + align:start position:0% +how I'm gonna say here XT is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +how I'm gonna say here XT is gonna +distribute it as something but the only + + align:start position:0% +distribute it as something but the only + + + align:start position:0% +distribute it as something but the only +random variables in this something can + + align:start position:0% +random variables in this something can + + + align:start position:0% +random variables in this something can +be XT minus 1 according to this + + align:start position:0% +be XT minus 1 according to this + + + align:start position:0% +be XT minus 1 according to this +assumption these assumptions and + + align:start position:0% +assumption these assumptions and + + + align:start position:0% +assumption these assumptions and +particular we're gonna assume that it's + + align:start position:0% +particular we're gonna assume that it's + + + align:start position:0% +particular we're gonna assume that it's +some Gaussian distribution whose mean is + + align:start position:0% +some Gaussian distribution whose mean is + + + align:start position:0% +some Gaussian distribution whose mean is +some linear transformation of XT minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +some linear transformation of XT minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +some linear transformation of XT minus 1 +and which has a fixed covariance matrix + + align:start position:0% +and which has a fixed covariance matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and which has a fixed covariance matrix +Q so at each step of this process the + + align:start position:0% +Q so at each step of this process the + + + align:start position:0% +Q so at each step of this process the +next random variable is some random walk + + align:start position:0% +next random variable is some random walk + + + align:start position:0% +next random variable is some random walk +from the previous random variable where + + align:start position:0% +from the previous random variable where + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous random variable where +you're moving according to some Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +you're moving according to some Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +you're moving according to some Gaussian +distribution simply in a very similar + + align:start position:0% +distribution simply in a very similar + + + align:start position:0% +distribution simply in a very similar +way we're going to assume that YT is + + align:start position:0% +way we're going to assume that YT is + + + align:start position:0% +way we're going to assume that YT is +drawn ohso as a Gaussian distribution + + align:start position:0% +drawn ohso as a Gaussian distribution + + + align:start position:0% +drawn ohso as a Gaussian distribution +but now depending on XT so I want you to + + align:start position:0% +but now depending on XT so I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +but now depending on XT so I want you to +think about XT as the true state of the + + align:start position:0% +think about XT as the true state of the + + + align:start position:0% +think about XT as the true state of the +patient it's a vector that's summarizing + + align:start position:0% +patient it's a vector that's summarizing + + + align:start position:0% +patient it's a vector that's summarizing +their blood pressure + + align:start position:0% +their blood pressure + + + align:start position:0% +their blood pressure +sure their oxygen saturation a whole + + align:start position:0% +sure their oxygen saturation a whole + + + align:start position:0% +sure their oxygen saturation a whole +bunch of other parameters or maybe even + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other parameters or maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of other parameters or maybe even +just one of those and y1 are the + + align:start position:0% +just one of those and y1 are the + + + align:start position:0% +just one of those and y1 are the +observations that you do observe all + + align:start position:0% +observations that you do observe all + + + align:start position:0% +observations that you do observe all +right so let's say x1 is the patient's + + align:start position:0% +right so let's say x1 is the patient's + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's say x1 is the patient's +true blood pressure y1 is the observed + + align:start position:0% +true blood pressure y1 is the observed + + + align:start position:0% +true blood pressure y1 is the observed +blood pressure what comes from your + + align:start position:0% +blood pressure what comes from your + + + align:start position:0% +blood pressure what comes from your +monitor so then a reasonable assumption + + align:start position:0% +monitor so then a reasonable assumption + + + align:start position:0% +monitor so then a reasonable assumption +would be that well if all of us were + + align:start position:0% +would be that well if all of us were + + + align:start position:0% +would be that well if all of us were +equal right if it was a true observation + + align:start position:0% +equal right if it was a true observation + + + align:start position:0% +equal right if it was a true observation +then y1 should be very close to x 1 like + + align:start position:0% +then y1 should be very close to x 1 like + + + align:start position:0% +then y1 should be very close to x 1 like +so you might assume that this covariance + + align:start position:0% +so you might assume that this covariance + + + align:start position:0% +so you might assume that this covariance +matrix is the covariance is the variance + + align:start position:0% +matrix is the covariance is the variance + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is the covariance is the variance +is very very small all right why one + + align:start position:0% +is very very small all right why one + + + align:start position:0% +is very very small all right why one +should be very close to x1 if it's a + + align:start position:0% +should be very close to x1 if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +should be very close to x1 if it's a +good observation + + align:start position:0% +good observation + + + align:start position:0% +good observation +of course if it's a noisy observation + + align:start position:0% +of course if it's a noisy observation + + + align:start position:0% +of course if it's a noisy observation +like for example if the probe was + + align:start position:0% +like for example if the probe was + + + align:start position:0% +like for example if the probe was +disconnected from the baby then y1 + + align:start position:0% +disconnected from the baby then y1 + + + align:start position:0% +disconnected from the baby then y1 +should have no relationship to x1 and + + align:start position:0% +should have no relationship to x1 and + + + align:start position:0% +should have no relationship to x1 and +that dependence on the actual state of + + align:start position:0% +that dependence on the actual state of + + + align:start position:0% +that dependence on the actual state of +the world I'm denoting here by these + + align:start position:0% +the world I'm denoting here by these + + + align:start position:0% +the world I'm denoting here by these +Keys superscript s of T I'm ignoring + + align:start position:0% +Keys superscript s of T I'm ignoring + + + align:start position:0% +Keys superscript s of T I'm ignoring +that right now and I'll bring that in in + + align:start position:0% +that right now and I'll bring that in in + + + align:start position:0% +that right now and I'll bring that in in +the next slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similarly the relationship between X 2 + + align:start position:0% +similarly the relationship between X 2 + + + align:start position:0% +similarly the relationship between X 2 +and X 1 should be 1 which captures some + + align:start position:0% +and X 1 should be 1 which captures some + + + align:start position:0% +and X 1 should be 1 which captures some +the dynamics that I showed in the + + align:start position:0% +the dynamics that I showed in the + + + align:start position:0% +the dynamics that I showed in the +previous slides + + align:start position:0% +previous slides + + + align:start position:0% +previous slides +right where I showed over here and this + + align:start position:0% +right where I showed over here and this + + + align:start position:0% +right where I showed over here and this +is the patient's a true heart rate of + + align:start position:0% +is the patient's a true heart rate of + + + align:start position:0% +is the patient's a true heart rate of +all being across time let's say right + + align:start position:0% +all being across time let's say right + + + align:start position:0% +all being across time let's say right +notice how if you look very locally it + + align:start position:0% +notice how if you look very locally it + + + align:start position:0% +notice how if you look very locally it +looks like there are some very you know + + align:start position:0% +looks like there are some very you know + + + align:start position:0% +looks like there are some very you know +very big local dynamics whereas if you + + align:start position:0% +very big local dynamics whereas if you + + + align:start position:0% +very big local dynamics whereas if you +look more globally again there's some + + align:start position:0% +look more globally again there's some + + + align:start position:0% +look more globally again there's some +smoothness but there's some again it + + align:start position:0% +smoothness but there's some again it + + + align:start position:0% +smoothness but there's some again it +looks like some random changes across + + align:start position:0% +looks like some random changes across + + + align:start position:0% +looks like some random changes across +time and so those those that drift has + + align:start position:0% +time and so those those that drift has + + + align:start position:0% +time and so those those that drift has +to somehow be summarized in this model + + align:start position:0% +to somehow be summarized in this model + + + align:start position:0% +to somehow be summarized in this model +by that a random variable I'll get into + + align:start position:0% +by that a random variable I'll get into + + + align:start position:0% +by that a random variable I'll get into +more detail by that in just a moment so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I just showed you was an example of + + align:start position:0% +what I just showed you was an example of + + + align:start position:0% +what I just showed you was an example of +a linear dynamical system but it was + + align:start position:0% +a linear dynamical system but it was + + + align:start position:0% +a linear dynamical system but it was +assuming that there were none of these + + align:start position:0% +assuming that there were none of these + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that there were none of these +events hopping none of these artifacts + + align:start position:0% +events hopping none of these artifacts + + + align:start position:0% +events hopping none of these artifacts +happening the actual model that we were + + align:start position:0% +happening the actual model that we were + + + align:start position:0% +happening the actual model that we were +going to want to be able to use then is + + align:start position:0% +going to want to be able to use then is + + + align:start position:0% +going to want to be able to use then is +going to also incorporate the fact that + + align:start position:0% +going to also incorporate the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +going to also incorporate the fact that +there might be artifacts and to model + + align:start position:0% +there might be artifacts and to model + + + align:start position:0% +there might be artifacts and to model +that we need to introduce additional + + align:start position:0% +that we need to introduce additional + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to introduce additional +random variables corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +random variables corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +random variables corresponding to +whether those artifacts occurred or not + + align:start position:0% +whether those artifacts occurred or not + + + align:start position:0% +whether those artifacts occurred or not +as that's now this model so + + align:start position:0% +as that's now this model so + + + align:start position:0% +as that's now this model so +let these asses these are other random + + align:start position:0% +let these asses these are other random + + + align:start position:0% +let these asses these are other random +variables which are denoting artefactual + + align:start position:0% +variables which are denoting artefactual + + + align:start position:0% +variables which are denoting artefactual +events they are also evolving with time + + align:start position:0% +events they are also evolving with time + + + align:start position:0% +events they are also evolving with time +for example if there's an artifact shoe + + align:start position:0% +for example if there's an artifact shoe + + + align:start position:0% +for example if there's an artifact shoe +event at three seconds maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +event at three seconds maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +event at three seconds maybe there's +also an artifact shoe event at four + + align:start position:0% +also an artifact shoe event at four + + + align:start position:0% +also an artifact shoe event at four +seconds we like to model the + + align:start position:0% +seconds we like to model the + + + align:start position:0% +seconds we like to model the +relationship between those that's what + + align:start position:0% +relationship between those that's what + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between those that's what +you have these arrows and then the way + + align:start position:0% +you have these arrows and then the way + + + align:start position:0% +you have these arrows and then the way +that we interpret the observations that + + align:start position:0% +that we interpret the observations that + + + align:start position:0% +that we interpret the observations that +we do get depends on both the true value + + align:start position:0% +we do get depends on both the true value + + + align:start position:0% +we do get depends on both the true value +of what's going on with the patient and + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on with the patient and + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on with the patient and +whether there was an art of factual + + align:start position:0% +whether there was an art of factual + + + align:start position:0% +whether there was an art of factual +event or not you know notice that + + align:start position:0% +event or not you know notice that + + + align:start position:0% +event or not you know notice that +there's also an edge going from the + + align:start position:0% +there's also an edge going from the + + + align:start position:0% +there's also an edge going from the +artefactual events to the true values to + + align:start position:0% +artefactual events to the true values to + + + align:start position:0% +artefactual events to the true values to +note the fact that those interventions + + align:start position:0% +note the fact that those interventions + + + align:start position:0% +note the fact that those interventions +might actually be affecting the patient + + align:start position:0% +might actually be affecting the patient + + + align:start position:0% +might actually be affecting the patient +for example if you give them a + + align:start position:0% +for example if you give them a + + + align:start position:0% +for example if you give them a +medication to change their blood + + align:start position:0% +medication to change their blood + + + align:start position:0% +medication to change their blood +pressure then that that that procedure + + align:start position:0% +pressure then that that that procedure + + + align:start position:0% +pressure then that that that procedure +is going to affect the the next time + + align:start position:0% +is going to affect the the next time + + + align:start position:0% +is going to affect the the next time +steps value of the patient's blood + + align:start position:0% +steps value of the patient's blood + + + align:start position:0% +steps value of the patient's blood +pressure so when one wants to learn this + + align:start position:0% +pressure so when one wants to learn this + + + align:start position:0% +pressure so when one wants to learn this +model you have to ask yourself what + + align:start position:0% +model you have to ask yourself what + + + align:start position:0% +model you have to ask yourself what +types of data do you have available + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unfortunately it's very hard to get data + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it's very hard to get data + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately it's very hard to get data +on both the ground truth what's going on + + align:start position:0% +on both the ground truth what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +on both the ground truth what's going on +with a patient and whether these + + align:start position:0% +with a patient and whether these + + + align:start position:0% +with a patient and whether these +artifacts truly occurred or not instead + + align:start position:0% +artifacts truly occurred or not instead + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts truly occurred or not instead +what we actually have are just these + + align:start position:0% +what we actually have are just these + + + align:start position:0% +what we actually have are just these +observations like we get we get these + + align:start position:0% +observations like we get we get these + + + align:start position:0% +observations like we get we get these +very noisy blood pressure draws across + + align:start position:0% +very noisy blood pressure draws across + + + align:start position:0% +very noisy blood pressure draws across +time so what this paper does is it uses + + align:start position:0% +time so what this paper does is it uses + + + align:start position:0% +time so what this paper does is it uses +a maximum likelihood estimation approach + + align:start position:0% +a maximum likelihood estimation approach + + + align:start position:0% +a maximum likelihood estimation approach +where recognizes that we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +where recognizes that we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +where recognizes that we're going to be +learning from missing data we're going + + align:start position:0% +learning from missing data we're going + + + align:start position:0% +learning from missing data we're going +to explicitly think of these axes and SS + + align:start position:0% +to explicitly think of these axes and SS + + + align:start position:0% +to explicitly think of these axes and SS +as latent variables and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +as latent variables and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +as latent variables and we're going to +maximize the likelihood of the whole + + align:start position:0% +maximize the likelihood of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the likelihood of the whole +entire model marginalizing over ax and + + align:start position:0% +entire model marginalizing over ax and + + + align:start position:0% +entire model marginalizing over ax and +ass so just maximizing the margin or + + align:start position:0% +ass so just maximizing the margin or + + + align:start position:0% +ass so just maximizing the margin or +likelihood over the Y's now for those of + + align:start position:0% +likelihood over the Y's now for those of + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood over the Y's now for those of +you who've studied engineering before + + align:start position:0% +you who've studied engineering before + + + align:start position:0% +you who've studied engineering before +you might recognize that as a very hard + + align:start position:0% +you might recognize that as a very hard + + + align:start position:0% +you might recognize that as a very hard +learning problem in fact it's that + + align:start position:0% +learning problem in fact it's that + + + align:start position:0% +learning problem in fact it's that +likelihood is non-convex and one could + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is non-convex and one could + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood is non-convex and one could +imagine all sorts of and heuristics for + + align:start position:0% +imagine all sorts of and heuristics for + + + align:start position:0% +imagine all sorts of and heuristics for +learning such as gradient descent or as + + align:start position:0% +learning such as gradient descent or as + + + align:start position:0% +learning such as gradient descent or as +this paper uses X + + align:start position:0% +this paper uses X + + + align:start position:0% +this paper uses X +maximization and because of that non + + align:start position:0% +maximization and because of that non + + + align:start position:0% +maximization and because of that non +convexity each of these algorithms + + align:start position:0% +convexity each of these algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +convexity each of these algorithms +typically will only reach a local Maxima + + align:start position:0% +typically will only reach a local Maxima + + + align:start position:0% +typically will only reach a local Maxima +of the likelihood so this paper uses e/m + + align:start position:0% +of the likelihood so this paper uses e/m + + + align:start position:0% +of the likelihood so this paper uses e/m +which intuitively iterates between + + align:start position:0% +which intuitively iterates between + + + align:start position:0% +which intuitively iterates between +inferring those missing variables so + + align:start position:0% +inferring those missing variables so + + + align:start position:0% +inferring those missing variables so +imputing the axes and the esses given + + align:start position:0% +imputing the axes and the esses given + + + align:start position:0% +imputing the axes and the esses given +the current model and doing posterior + + align:start position:0% +the current model and doing posterior + + + align:start position:0% +the current model and doing posterior +inference to infer the missing variables + + align:start position:0% +inference to infer the missing variables + + + align:start position:0% +inference to infer the missing variables +given the observed variables using the + + align:start position:0% +given the observed variables using the + + + align:start position:0% +given the observed variables using the +current model and then once you've + + align:start position:0% +current model and then once you've + + + align:start position:0% +current model and then once you've +imputed those variables attempting to + + align:start position:0% +imputed those variables attempting to + + + align:start position:0% +imputed those variables attempting to +refit to the model so that's called the + + align:start position:0% +refit to the model so that's called the + + + align:start position:0% +refit to the model so that's called the +M step for maximization which updates + + align:start position:0% +M step for maximization which updates + + + align:start position:0% +M step for maximization which updates +the model and just iterates between + + align:start position:0% +the model and just iterates between + + + align:start position:0% +the model and just iterates between +those two things + + align:start position:0% +those two things + + + align:start position:0% +those two things +that's one learning algorithm which is + + align:start position:0% +that's one learning algorithm which is + + + align:start position:0% +that's one learning algorithm which is +which is guaranteed to reach a local + + align:start position:0% +which is guaranteed to reach a local + + + align:start position:0% +which is guaranteed to reach a local +Maxima of the likelihood under some + + align:start position:0% +Maxima of the likelihood under some + + + align:start position:0% +Maxima of the likelihood under some +regularity assumptions and so this paper + + align:start position:0% +regularity assumptions and so this paper + + + align:start position:0% +regularity assumptions and so this paper +uses that algorithm but you need to be + + align:start position:0% +uses that algorithm but you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +uses that algorithm but you need to be +asking yourself if all you ever reserve + + align:start position:0% +asking yourself if all you ever reserve + + + align:start position:0% +asking yourself if all you ever reserve +are the Y's then will this algorithm + + align:start position:0% +are the Y's then will this algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +are the Y's then will this algorithm +ever recover anything close to the true + + align:start position:0% +ever recover anything close to the true + + + align:start position:0% +ever recover anything close to the true +model for example there might be large + + align:start position:0% +model for example there might be large + + + align:start position:0% +model for example there might be large +amounts of non identifiability here they + + align:start position:0% +amounts of non identifiability here they + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of non identifiability here they +could be that that you could swap the + + align:start position:0% +could be that that you could swap the + + + align:start position:0% +could be that that you could swap the +meaning of the esses and you get a + + align:start position:0% +meaning of the esses and you get a + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of the esses and you get a +similar likelihood on the Y's that's + + align:start position:0% +similar likelihood on the Y's that's + + + align:start position:0% +similar likelihood on the Y's that's +we're bringing and domain knowledge + + align:start position:0% +we're bringing and domain knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +we're bringing and domain knowledge +becomes critical okay so this is going + + align:start position:0% +becomes critical okay so this is going + + + align:start position:0% +becomes critical okay so this is going +to be an example where we have no label + + align:start position:0% +to be an example where we have no label + + + align:start position:0% +to be an example where we have no label +data or very little label data and we're + + align:start position:0% +data or very little label data and we're + + + align:start position:0% +data or very little label data and we're +going to do unsupervised learning of + + align:start position:0% +going to do unsupervised learning of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do unsupervised learning of +this model but we're going to use a ton + + align:start position:0% +this model but we're going to use a ton + + + align:start position:0% +this model but we're going to use a ton +of domain knowledge or to constrain the + + align:start position:0% +of domain knowledge or to constrain the + + + align:start position:0% +of domain knowledge or to constrain the +model as much as possible so what is + + align:start position:0% +model as much as possible so what is + + + align:start position:0% +model as much as possible so what is +that domain knowledge well first we're + + align:start position:0% +that domain knowledge well first we're + + + align:start position:0% +that domain knowledge well first we're +going to use the fact that we know that + + align:start position:0% +going to use the fact that we know that + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the fact that we know that +a true heart rate evolves in a a fashion + + align:start position:0% +a true heart rate evolves in a a fashion + + + align:start position:0% +a true heart rate evolves in a a fashion +that can be very well modeled by an + + align:start position:0% +that can be very well modeled by an + + + align:start position:0% +that can be very well modeled by an +autoregressive process so the + + align:start position:0% +autoregressive process so the + + + align:start position:0% +autoregressive process so the +autoregressive process that's used in + + align:start position:0% +autoregressive process that's used in + + + align:start position:0% +autoregressive process that's used in +this paper is used to model the normal + + align:start position:0% +this paper is used to model the normal + + + align:start position:0% +this paper is used to model the normal +heart rate dynamics and a moment to tell + + align:start position:0% +heart rate dynamics and a moment to tell + + + align:start position:0% +heart rate dynamics and a moment to tell +you how to model the abnormal heart rate + + align:start position:0% +you how to model the abnormal heart rate + + + align:start position:0% +you how to model the abnormal heart rate +observations and intuitively I'll first + + align:start position:0% +observations and intuitively I'll first + + + align:start position:0% +observations and intuitively I'll first +go over the intuition that I'll give you + + align:start position:0% +go over the intuition that I'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +go over the intuition that I'll give you +the math intuitively what it does is it + + align:start position:0% +the math intuitively what it does is it + + + align:start position:0% +the math intuitively what it does is it +recognizes that this + + align:start position:0% +recognizes that this + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes that this +complicated signal can be decomposed + + align:start position:0% +complicated signal can be decomposed + + + align:start position:0% +complicated signal can be decomposed +into two pieces + + align:start position:0% +into two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +into two pieces +the first piece shown here is called a + + align:start position:0% +the first piece shown here is called a + + + align:start position:0% +the first piece shown here is called a +baseline signal and that if you squint + + align:start position:0% +baseline signal and that if you squint + + + align:start position:0% +baseline signal and that if you squint +your eyes you sort of ignore the very + + align:start position:0% +your eyes you sort of ignore the very + + + align:start position:0% +your eyes you sort of ignore the very +local fluctuations this is what you get + + align:start position:0% +local fluctuations this is what you get + + + align:start position:0% +local fluctuations this is what you get +out and then you can look at the + + align:start position:0% +out and then you can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +out and then you can look at the +residual of subtracting this signal + + align:start position:0% +residual of subtracting this signal + + + align:start position:0% +residual of subtracting this signal +subtracting this baseline from this + + align:start position:0% +subtracting this baseline from this + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting this baseline from this +signal and what you get out looks like + + align:start position:0% +signal and what you get out looks like + + + align:start position:0% +signal and what you get out looks like +this and notice here at around zero mean + + align:start position:0% +this and notice here at around zero mean + + + align:start position:0% +this and notice here at around zero mean +so to 0 means signal with some random + + align:start position:0% +so to 0 means signal with some random + + + align:start position:0% +so to 0 means signal with some random +fluctuations and the fluctuations are + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the fluctuations are + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and the fluctuations are +happening here at a much faster rate + + align:start position:0% +happening here at a much faster rate + + + align:start position:0% +happening here at a much faster rate +than and for the original baseline and + + align:start position:0% +than and for the original baseline and + + + align:start position:0% +than and for the original baseline and +so the sum of bt and this residual is is + + align:start position:0% +so the sum of bt and this residual is is + + + align:start position:0% +so the sum of bt and this residual is is +a very it looks is exactly equal to the + + align:start position:0% +a very it looks is exactly equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +a very it looks is exactly equal to the +true heart rate and each of these two + + align:start position:0% +true heart rate and each of these two + + + align:start position:0% +true heart rate and each of these two +things we can model very well this we + + align:start position:0% +things we can model very well this we + + + align:start position:0% +things we can model very well this we +can model by a random walk with which + + align:start position:0% +can model by a random walk with which + + + align:start position:0% +can model by a random walk with which +goes very slowly and this we can model + + align:start position:0% +goes very slowly and this we can model + + + align:start position:0% +goes very slowly and this we can model +by a random walk which goes very quickly + + align:start position:0% +by a random walk which goes very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +by a random walk which goes very quickly +and that is exactly what I'm now going + + align:start position:0% +and that is exactly what I'm now going + + + align:start position:0% +and that is exactly what I'm now going +to show over here on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +to show over here on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +to show over here on the left hand side +bTW this baseline signal we're going to + + align:start position:0% +bTW this baseline signal we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +bTW this baseline signal we're going to +model as a Gaussian distribution which + + align:start position:0% +model as a Gaussian distribution which + + + align:start position:0% +model as a Gaussian distribution which +is parametrized as a function of not + + align:start position:0% +is parametrized as a function of not + + + align:start position:0% +is parametrized as a function of not +just BT minus 1 but also BT minus 2 and + + align:start position:0% +just BT minus 1 but also BT minus 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +just BT minus 1 but also BT minus 2 and +BT minus 3 and so we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +BT minus 3 and so we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +BT minus 3 and so we're going to be +taking a weighted average of the + + align:start position:0% +taking a weighted average of the + + + align:start position:0% +taking a weighted average of the +previous few time steps where we're + + align:start position:0% +previous few time steps where we're + + + align:start position:0% +previous few time steps where we're +smoothing out in essence the observing + + align:start position:0% +smoothing out in essence the observing + + + align:start position:0% +smoothing out in essence the observing +the previous few observations if you + + align:start position:0% +the previous few observations if you + + + align:start position:0% +the previous few observations if you +were to if you're being a keen observer + + align:start position:0% +were to if you're being a keen observer + + + align:start position:0% +were to if you're being a keen observer +you'll notice that this is no longer a + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that this is no longer a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that this is no longer a +Markov model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for example if this if this P 1 and P 2 + + align:start position:0% +for example if this if this P 1 and P 2 + + + align:start position:0% +for example if this if this P 1 and P 2 +are equal to 2 this then corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +are equal to 2 this then corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +are equal to 2 this then corresponds to +a second-order Markov model because each + + align:start position:0% +a second-order Markov model because each + + + align:start position:0% +a second-order Markov model because each +random variable depends on the previous + + align:start position:0% +random variable depends on the previous + + + align:start position:0% +random variable depends on the previous +two time steps of the of the of the + + align:start position:0% +two time steps of the of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +two time steps of the of the of the +Markov chain and so after so you would + + align:start position:0% +Markov chain and so after so you would + + + align:start position:0% +Markov chain and so after so you would +model now BT by this process and you + + align:start position:0% +model now BT by this process and you + + + align:start position:0% +model now BT by this process and you +would probably be averaging over a large + + align:start position:0% +would probably be averaging over a large + + + align:start position:0% +would probably be averaging over a large +number of previous time steps to get the + + align:start position:0% +number of previous time steps to get the + + + align:start position:0% +number of previous time steps to get the +smooth property and then you model XT + + align:start position:0% +smooth property and then you model XT + + + align:start position:0% +smooth property and then you model XT +minus BT by this Auto regressive process + + align:start position:0% +minus BT by this Auto regressive process + + + align:start position:0% +minus BT by this Auto regressive process +where you might for example just be + + align:start position:0% +where you might for example just be + + + align:start position:0% +where you might for example just be +looking at just the previous couple of + + align:start position:0% +looking at just the previous couple of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at just the previous couple of +time steps and you recognize that you're + + align:start position:0% +time steps and you recognize that you're + + + align:start position:0% +time steps and you recognize that you're +just doing much more random fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +just doing much more random fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +just doing much more random fluctuations +and then so that so that's how one would + + align:start position:0% +and then so that so that's how one would + + + align:start position:0% +and then so that so that's how one would +now model normal heart rate dynamics and + + align:start position:0% +now model normal heart rate dynamics and + + + align:start position:0% +now model normal heart rate dynamics and +again it's just this is an example of a + + align:start position:0% +again it's just this is an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +again it's just this is an example of a +statistical model there's no mechanistic + + align:start position:0% +statistical model there's no mechanistic + + + align:start position:0% +statistical model there's no mechanistic +knowledge of hearts being used here but + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of hearts being used here but + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of hearts being used here but +we can fit the data of normal hearts + + align:start position:0% +we can fit the data of normal hearts + + + align:start position:0% +we can fit the data of normal hearts +pretty well using this but the next + + align:start position:0% +pretty well using this but the next + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well using this but the next +question and the most interesting one is + + align:start position:0% +question and the most interesting one is + + + align:start position:0% +question and the most interesting one is +how does one now model artefactual + + align:start position:0% +how does one now model artefactual + + + align:start position:0% +how does one now model artefactual +events so for that that's where some + + align:start position:0% +events so for that that's where some + + + align:start position:0% +events so for that that's where some +some mechanistic knowledge comes in so + + align:start position:0% +some mechanistic knowledge comes in so + + + align:start position:0% +some mechanistic knowledge comes in so +one model is that the probe dropouts are + + align:start position:0% +one model is that the probe dropouts are + + + align:start position:0% +one model is that the probe dropouts are +given by recognizing that if a probe is + + align:start position:0% +given by recognizing that if a probe is + + + align:start position:0% +given by recognizing that if a probe is +removed from the baby then there should + + align:start position:0% +removed from the baby then there should + + + align:start position:0% +removed from the baby then there should +no longer be or at least if you after a + + align:start position:0% +no longer be or at least if you after a + + + align:start position:0% +no longer be or at least if you after a +small amount of time there should no + + align:start position:0% +small amount of time there should no + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of time there should no +longer be any dependence on the true + + align:start position:0% +longer be any dependence on the true + + + align:start position:0% +longer be any dependence on the true +value of the baby for example the blood + + align:start position:0% +value of the baby for example the blood + + + align:start position:0% +value of the baby for example the blood +pressure once the blood pressure probe + + align:start position:0% +pressure once the blood pressure probe + + + align:start position:0% +pressure once the blood pressure probe +is removed is no longer related to the + + align:start position:0% +is removed is no longer related to the + + + align:start position:0% +is removed is no longer related to the +baby's true blood pressure but there + + align:start position:0% +baby's true blood pressure but there + + + align:start position:0% +baby's true blood pressure but there +might be some delay to that lack of + + align:start position:0% +might be some delay to that lack of + + + align:start position:0% +might be some delay to that lack of +dependence and so and that is going to + + align:start position:0% +dependence and so and that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +dependence and so and that is going to +be encoded in some domain knowledge so + + align:start position:0% +be encoded in some domain knowledge so + + + align:start position:0% +be encoded in some domain knowledge so +for example the temperature probe when + + align:start position:0% +for example the temperature probe when + + + align:start position:0% +for example the temperature probe when +you remove the temperature probe from + + align:start position:0% +you remove the temperature probe from + + + align:start position:0% +you remove the temperature probe from +the baby + + align:start position:0% +the baby + + + align:start position:0% +the baby +it starts heating up again or sir it + + align:start position:0% +it starts heating up again or sir it + + + align:start position:0% +it starts heating up again or sir it +starts cooling right so assuming that + + align:start position:0% +starts cooling right so assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +starts cooling right so assuming that +the ambient temperature is cooler than + + align:start position:0% +the ambient temperature is cooler than + + + align:start position:0% +the ambient temperature is cooler than +the baby's temperature you take it off + + align:start position:0% +the baby's temperature you take it off + + + align:start position:0% +the baby's temperature you take it off +the baby it starts going down how fast + + align:start position:0% +the baby it starts going down how fast + + + align:start position:0% +the baby it starts going down how fast +does it cooled down wait + + align:start position:0% +does it cooled down wait + + + align:start position:0% +does it cooled down wait +assume that it cools down at with some + + align:start position:0% +assume that it cools down at with some + + + align:start position:0% +assume that it cools down at with some +exponential decay from the babies + + align:start position:0% +exponential decay from the babies + + + align:start position:0% +exponential decay from the babies +temperature and this is something that + + align:start position:0% +temperature and this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and this is something that +is very reasonable and you could imagine + + align:start position:0% +is very reasonable and you could imagine + + + align:start position:0% +is very reasonable and you could imagine +maybe if you had label data for just a + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you had label data for just a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if you had label data for just a +few of the babies you could try to fit + + align:start position:0% +few of the babies you could try to fit + + + align:start position:0% +few of the babies you could try to fit +to the parameters of that exponential + + align:start position:0% +to the parameters of that exponential + + + align:start position:0% +to the parameters of that exponential +very quickly and in this way now we + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and in this way now we + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and in this way now we +parameterize the conditional + + align:start position:0% +parameterize the conditional + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize the conditional +distribution of the temperature probe + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the temperature probe + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the temperature probe +given both the state and whether the + + align:start position:0% +given both the state and whether the + + + align:start position:0% +given both the state and whether the +artifact occurred or not using this very + + align:start position:0% +artifact occurred or not using this very + + + align:start position:0% +artifact occurred or not using this very +simple exponential decay and in this + + align:start position:0% +simple exponential decay and in this + + + align:start position:0% +simple exponential decay and in this +paper they give a very similar type of + + align:start position:0% +paper they give a very similar type of + + + align:start position:0% +paper they give a very similar type of +us they make similar types of as + + align:start position:0% +us they make similar types of as + + + align:start position:0% +us they make similar types of as +analogous types of assumptions for all + + align:start position:0% +analogous types of assumptions for all + + + align:start position:0% +analogous types of assumptions for all +of the other artefactual probes you + + align:start position:0% +of the other artefactual probes you + + + align:start position:0% +of the other artefactual probes you +should think about this as constraining + + align:start position:0% +should think about this as constraining + + + align:start position:0% +should think about this as constraining +these conditional distributions I showed + + align:start position:0% +these conditional distributions I showed + + + align:start position:0% +these conditional distributions I showed +you here there are no longer allowed to + + align:start position:0% +you here there are no longer allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +you here there are no longer allowed to +be arbitrary distribution since that + + align:start position:0% +be arbitrary distribution since that + + + align:start position:0% +be arbitrary distribution since that +when one does now expectation + + align:start position:0% +when one does now expectation + + + align:start position:0% +when one does now expectation +maximization to try to maximize the + + align:start position:0% +maximization to try to maximize the + + + align:start position:0% +maximization to try to maximize the +marginal likelihood of the data you've + + align:start position:0% +marginal likelihood of the data you've + + + align:start position:0% +marginal likelihood of the data you've +now constrained it in a way that you + + align:start position:0% +now constrained it in a way that you + + + align:start position:0% +now constrained it in a way that you +hopefully remove the unidentifiable 'ti + + align:start position:0% +hopefully remove the unidentifiable 'ti + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully remove the unidentifiable 'ti +of the learning problem and makes all + + align:start position:0% +of the learning problem and makes all + + + align:start position:0% +of the learning problem and makes all +the difference in learning here so so in + + align:start position:0% +the difference in learning here so so in + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in learning here so so in +this in this paper their evaluation did + + align:start position:0% +this in this paper their evaluation did + + + align:start position:0% +this in this paper their evaluation did +a little bit of fine-tuning for each + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of fine-tuning for each + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of fine-tuning for each +baby in particular they assumed that the + + align:start position:0% +baby in particular they assumed that the + + + align:start position:0% +baby in particular they assumed that the +first 30 minutes near the the start + + align:start position:0% +first 30 minutes near the the start + + + align:start position:0% +first 30 minutes near the the start +consists of normal dynamics so that's + + align:start position:0% +consists of normal dynamics so that's + + + align:start position:0% +consists of normal dynamics so that's +there are no artifacts that's of course + + align:start position:0% +there are no artifacts that's of course + + + align:start position:0% +there are no artifacts that's of course +a big assumption but they use that to + + align:start position:0% +a big assumption but they use that to + + + align:start position:0% +a big assumption but they use that to +try to fine-tune the the dynamic model + + align:start position:0% +try to fine-tune the the dynamic model + + + align:start position:0% +try to fine-tune the the dynamic model +to fine tune it for each baby and for + + align:start position:0% +to fine tune it for each baby and for + + + align:start position:0% +to fine tune it for each baby and for +themselves and then they looked at the + + align:start position:0% +themselves and then they looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and then they looked at the +ability to try to identify artefactual + + align:start position:0% +ability to try to identify artefactual + + + align:start position:0% +ability to try to identify artefactual +processes I want to go a little bit + + align:start position:0% +processes I want to go a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +processes I want to go a little bit +slowly through this plot because it's + + align:start position:0% +slowly through this plot because it's + + + align:start position:0% +slowly through this plot because it's +quite interesting so what I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting so what I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting so what I'm showing +you here is a ROC curve of the ability + + align:start position:0% +you here is a ROC curve of the ability + + + align:start position:0% +you here is a ROC curve of the ability +to predict each of the four different + + align:start position:0% +to predict each of the four different + + + align:start position:0% +to predict each of the four different +types of artifacts for example at any + + align:start position:0% +types of artifacts for example at any + + + align:start position:0% +types of artifacts for example at any +one point in time was there a blood + + align:start position:0% +one point in time was there a blood + + + align:start position:0% +one point in time was there a blood +sample being taken or not at any one + + align:start position:0% +sample being taken or not at any one + + + align:start position:0% +sample being taken or not at any one +point in time was there a core + + align:start position:0% +point in time was there a core + + + align:start position:0% +point in time was there a core +temperature disconnect of the of the + + align:start position:0% +temperature disconnect of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature disconnect of the of the +core temperature probe and to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +core temperature probe and to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +core temperature probe and to evaluate +it they're assuming that they have some + + align:start position:0% +it they're assuming that they have some + + + align:start position:0% +it they're assuming that they have some +label data for valuation purposes only + + align:start position:0% +label data for valuation purposes only + + + align:start position:0% +label data for valuation purposes only +and of course you want to be the very + + align:start position:0% +and of course you want to be the very + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you want to be the very +far top-left corner up here what we're + + align:start position:0% +far top-left corner up here what we're + + + align:start position:0% +far top-left corner up here what we're +showing here are three different curves + + align:start position:0% +showing here are three different curves + + + align:start position:0% +showing here are three different curves +the very same + + align:start position:0% +the very same + + + align:start position:0% +the very same +dotted line out which I'm gonna trace + + align:start position:0% +dotted line out which I'm gonna trace + + + align:start position:0% +dotted line out which I'm gonna trace +out with my cursor is the baseline think + + align:start position:0% +out with my cursor is the baseline think + + + align:start position:0% +out with my cursor is the baseline think +of that as a much worse algorithm okay + + align:start position:0% +of that as a much worse algorithm okay + + + align:start position:0% +of that as a much worse algorithm okay +sorry that's that line over there + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's that line over there + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's that line over there +everyone see it and this approach are + + align:start position:0% +everyone see it and this approach are + + + align:start position:0% +everyone see it and this approach are +the other two lines + + align:start position:0% +the other two lines + + + align:start position:0% +the other two lines +now what's differentiating those other + + align:start position:0% +now what's differentiating those other + + + align:start position:0% +now what's differentiating those other +two lines corresponds to the particular + + align:start position:0% +two lines corresponds to the particular + + + align:start position:0% +two lines corresponds to the particular +type of approximate inference algorithm + + align:start position:0% +type of approximate inference algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +type of approximate inference algorithm +that's used to do this posterior + + align:start position:0% +that's used to do this posterior + + + align:start position:0% +that's used to do this posterior +inference to infer the true value of the + + align:start position:0% +inference to infer the true value of the + + + align:start position:0% +inference to infer the true value of the +axes given your noisy observations in + + align:start position:0% +axes given your noisy observations in + + + align:start position:0% +axes given your noisy observations in +the model given here is actually a very + + align:start position:0% +the model given here is actually a very + + + align:start position:0% +the model given here is actually a very +hard inference problem mathematically I + + align:start position:0% +hard inference problem mathematically I + + + align:start position:0% +hard inference problem mathematically I +think one can show that it's a np-hard + + align:start position:0% +think one can show that it's a np-hard + + + align:start position:0% +think one can show that it's a np-hard +computational problem and so they have + + align:start position:0% +computational problem and so they have + + + align:start position:0% +computational problem and so they have +to approximate it in some way they used + + align:start position:0% +to approximate it in some way they used + + + align:start position:0% +to approximate it in some way they used +two different approximations here the + + align:start position:0% +two different approximations here the + + + align:start position:0% +two different approximations here the +first approximation is based on what + + align:start position:0% +first approximation is based on what + + + align:start position:0% +first approximation is based on what +they're calling a Gaussian some + + align:start position:0% +they're calling a Gaussian some + + + align:start position:0% +they're calling a Gaussian some +approximation and it's a deterministic + + align:start position:0% +approximation and it's a deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and it's a deterministic +approximation the second approximation + + align:start position:0% +approximation the second approximation + + + align:start position:0% +approximation the second approximation +is based on a Monte Carlo method and + + align:start position:0% +is based on a Monte Carlo method and + + + align:start position:0% +is based on a Monte Carlo method and +what you see here is that the gal D and + + align:start position:0% +what you see here is that the gal D and + + + align:start position:0% +what you see here is that the gal D and +some approximation is actually + + align:start position:0% +some approximation is actually + + + align:start position:0% +some approximation is actually +dramatically better right so for example + + align:start position:0% +dramatically better right so for example + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically better right so for example +in this blood sample one the the ROC + + align:start position:0% +in this blood sample one the the ROC + + + align:start position:0% +in this blood sample one the the ROC +curve looks like this for the for the + + align:start position:0% +curve looks like this for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +curve looks like this for the for the +Gaussian some approximation whereas for + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian some approximation whereas for + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian some approximation whereas for +the Monte Carlo approximation it's it's + + align:start position:0% +the Monte Carlo approximation it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +the Monte Carlo approximation it's it's +actually significantly lower and this is + + align:start position:0% +actually significantly lower and this is + + + align:start position:0% +actually significantly lower and this is +just to point out that even in in this + + align:start position:0% +just to point out that even in in this + + + align:start position:0% +just to point out that even in in this +setting where where we have very little + + align:start position:0% +setting where where we have very little + + + align:start position:0% +setting where where we have very little +data we're using a lot of domain + + align:start position:0% +data we're using a lot of domain + + + align:start position:0% +data we're using a lot of domain +knowledge the actual details of how one + + align:start position:0% +knowledge the actual details of how one + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge the actual details of how one +does the math and particularly the + + align:start position:0% +does the math and particularly the + + + align:start position:0% +does the math and particularly the +approximate inference can make a really + + align:start position:0% +approximate inference can make a really + + + align:start position:0% +approximate inference can make a really +big difference in the performance of the + + align:start position:0% +big difference in the performance of the + + + align:start position:0% +big difference in the performance of the +system and so it's something that one + + align:start position:0% +system and so it's something that one + + + align:start position:0% +system and so it's something that one +should really think deeply about as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to skip that slide and then + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to skip that slide and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to skip that slide and then +just mentioned very boobs of this one + + align:start position:0% +just mentioned very boobs of this one + + + align:start position:0% +just mentioned very boobs of this one +this is showing an inference of the of + + align:start position:0% +this is showing an inference of the of + + + align:start position:0% +this is showing an inference of the of +the events so here I'm showing you three + + align:start position:0% +the events so here I'm showing you three + + + align:start position:0% +the events so here I'm showing you three +different observations and on the bottom + + align:start position:0% +different observations and on the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +different observations and on the bottom +here I'm showing the prediction of when + + align:start position:0% +here I'm showing the prediction of when + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm showing the prediction of when +artifact if two different artefactual + + align:start position:0% +artifact if two different artefactual + + + align:start position:0% +artifact if two different artefactual +events happen + + align:start position:0% +events happen + + + align:start position:0% +events happen +and these predictions were actually + + align:start position:0% +and these predictions were actually + + + align:start position:0% +and these predictions were actually +quite good using this model so I'm done + + align:start position:0% +quite good using this model so I'm done + + + align:start position:0% +quite good using this model so I'm done +with that first example and and the just + + align:start position:0% +with that first example and and the just + + + align:start position:0% +with that first example and and the just +to recap the important point to that + + align:start position:0% +to recap the important point to that + + + align:start position:0% +to recap the important point to that +example it were was that we had almost + + align:start position:0% +example it were was that we had almost + + + align:start position:0% +example it were was that we had almost +no label data we're tackling this + + align:start position:0% +no label data we're tackling this + + + align:start position:0% +no label data we're tackling this +problem using a cleverly chosen + + align:start position:0% +problem using a cleverly chosen + + + align:start position:0% +problem using a cleverly chosen +statistical model with some domain + + align:start position:0% +statistical model with some domain + + + align:start position:0% +statistical model with some domain +knowledge built in and that can go + + align:start position:0% +knowledge built in and that can go + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge built in and that can go +really far + + align:start position:0% +really far + + + align:start position:0% +really far +so now we'll shift gears to talk about a + + align:start position:0% +so now we'll shift gears to talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +so now we'll shift gears to talk about a +different type of problem involving + + align:start position:0% +different type of problem involving + + + align:start position:0% +different type of problem involving +involving physiological data and that's + + align:start position:0% +involving physiological data and that's + + + align:start position:0% +involving physiological data and that's +of detecting a atrial fibrillation so + + align:start position:0% +of detecting a atrial fibrillation so + + + align:start position:0% +of detecting a atrial fibrillation so +what I'm showing you here is an alivecor + + align:start position:0% +what I'm showing you here is an alivecor + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm showing you here is an alivecor +device I own one of these so if you want + + align:start position:0% +device I own one of these so if you want + + + align:start position:0% +device I own one of these so if you want +to drop on my e25 545 off this you can + + align:start position:0% +to drop on my e25 545 off this you can + + + align:start position:0% +to drop on my e25 545 off this you can +you can play around with it and if you + + align:start position:0% +you can play around with it and if you + + + align:start position:0% +you can play around with it and if you +attach it to your mobile phone it'll + + align:start position:0% +attach it to your mobile phone it'll + + + align:start position:0% +attach it to your mobile phone it'll +it'll show you it'll it'll show you your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrical conductance through your + + align:start position:0% +electrical conductance through your + + + align:start position:0% +electrical conductance through your +heart as measured through your two + + align:start position:0% +heart as measured through your two + + + align:start position:0% +heart as measured through your two +fingers touching this device shown over + + align:start position:0% +fingers touching this device shown over + + + align:start position:0% +fingers touching this device shown over +here and from that one can try to detect + + align:start position:0% +here and from that one can try to detect + + + align:start position:0% +here and from that one can try to detect +whether the patient has atrial + + align:start position:0% +whether the patient has atrial + + + align:start position:0% +whether the patient has atrial +fibrillation so what is atrial + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation so what is atrial + + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation so what is atrial +fibrillation good questions on avacado + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is from the American Heart + + align:start position:0% +so this is from the American Heart + + + align:start position:0% +so this is from the American Heart +Association they define atrial + + align:start position:0% +Association they define atrial + + + align:start position:0% +Association they define atrial +fibrillation as a quivering or irregular + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation as a quivering or irregular + + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation as a quivering or irregular +heartbeat so known as arrhythmia and one + + align:start position:0% +heartbeat so known as arrhythmia and one + + + align:start position:0% +heartbeat so known as arrhythmia and one +of the big challenges is that it could + + align:start position:0% +of the big challenges is that it could + + + align:start position:0% +of the big challenges is that it could +lead to blood clots stroke heart failure + + align:start position:0% +lead to blood clots stroke heart failure + + + align:start position:0% +lead to blood clots stroke heart failure +and so on so here's how a patient might + + align:start position:0% +and so on so here's how a patient might + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so here's how a patient might +describe having atrial fibrillation my + + align:start position:0% +describe having atrial fibrillation my + + + align:start position:0% +describe having atrial fibrillation my +heart flip-flop skips beats feels like + + align:start position:0% +heart flip-flop skips beats feels like + + + align:start position:0% +heart flip-flop skips beats feels like +it's banging against my chest while + + align:start position:0% +it's banging against my chest while + + + align:start position:0% +it's banging against my chest while +particularly when I'm carrying stuff up + + align:start position:0% +particularly when I'm carrying stuff up + + + align:start position:0% +particularly when I'm carrying stuff up +my stairs or bending down okay now let's + + align:start position:0% +my stairs or bending down okay now let's + + + align:start position:0% +my stairs or bending down okay now let's +try to look at a picture of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is a normal heartbeat uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a normal heartbeat uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a normal heartbeat uh +hearts move you know pumping like this + + align:start position:0% +hearts move you know pumping like this + + + align:start position:0% +hearts move you know pumping like this +and if you're to look at the signal + + align:start position:0% +and if you're to look at the signal + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're to look at the signal +output of the EKG of a normal heartbeat + + align:start position:0% +output of the EKG of a normal heartbeat + + + align:start position:0% +output of the EKG of a normal heartbeat +it would look like this and it's roughly + + align:start position:0% +it would look like this and it's roughly + + + align:start position:0% +it would look like this and it's roughly +corresponding to the different so the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the different so the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the different so the +signals correspond to different cycles + + align:start position:0% +signals correspond to different cycles + + + align:start position:0% +signals correspond to different cycles +of the of the heartbeat now for a + + align:start position:0% +of the of the heartbeat now for a + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the heartbeat now for a +patient who has atrial fibrillation + + align:start position:0% +patient who has atrial fibrillation + + + align:start position:0% +patient who has atrial fibrillation +looks more like this so much more + + align:start position:0% +looks more like this so much more + + + align:start position:0% +looks more like this so much more +obviously abnormal at least in this + + align:start position:0% +obviously abnormal at least in this + + + align:start position:0% +obviously abnormal at least in this +figure and if you look at the car + + align:start position:0% +figure and if you look at the car + + + align:start position:0% +figure and if you look at the car +spinning signals also looks very + + align:start position:0% +spinning signals also looks very + + + align:start position:0% +spinning signals also looks very +different so this is just to give you + + align:start position:0% +different so this is just to give you + + + align:start position:0% +different so this is just to give you +some intuition about what I mean by + + align:start position:0% +some intuition about what I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +some intuition about what I mean by +atrial fibrillation so what we're going + + align:start position:0% +atrial fibrillation so what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +atrial fibrillation so what we're going +to try to do now is to detect it so + + align:start position:0% +to try to do now is to detect it so + + + align:start position:0% +to try to do now is to detect it so +we're going to take data like that and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take data like that and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take data like that and +try to classify it into number of + + align:start position:0% +try to classify it into number of + + + align:start position:0% +try to classify it into number of +different categories now this is + + align:start position:0% +different categories now this is + + + align:start position:0% +different categories now this is +something which has been studied for + + align:start position:0% +something which has been studied for + + + align:start position:0% +something which has been studied for +decades and last year in 2017 there was + + align:start position:0% +decades and last year in 2017 there was + + + align:start position:0% +decades and last year in 2017 there was +a competition run by Professor Roger + + align:start position:0% +a competition run by Professor Roger + + + align:start position:0% +a competition run by Professor Roger +mark who is here at MIT which is trying + + align:start position:0% +mark who is here at MIT which is trying + + + align:start position:0% +mark who is here at MIT which is trying +to say well how could how good are we at + + align:start position:0% +to say well how could how good are we at + + + align:start position:0% +to say well how could how good are we at +where I trying to figure out which + + align:start position:0% +where I trying to figure out which + + + align:start position:0% +where I trying to figure out which +patients have different types of heart + + align:start position:0% +patients have different types of heart + + + align:start position:0% +patients have different types of heart +rhythms based on data that looks like + + align:start position:0% +rhythms based on data that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +rhythms based on data that looks like +this so this is a normal rhythm which is + + align:start position:0% +this so this is a normal rhythm which is + + + align:start position:0% +this so this is a normal rhythm which is +also called a sinus rhythm and over here + + align:start position:0% +also called a sinus rhythm and over here + + + align:start position:0% +also called a sinus rhythm and over here +it's a trio this is an example of one + + align:start position:0% +it's a trio this is an example of one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a trio this is an example of one +patient who has atrial fibrillation this + + align:start position:0% +patient who has atrial fibrillation this + + + align:start position:0% +patient who has atrial fibrillation this +is another type of rhythm that's not + + align:start position:0% +is another type of rhythm that's not + + + align:start position:0% +is another type of rhythm that's not +atrial fibrillation but is abnormal and + + align:start position:0% +atrial fibrillation but is abnormal and + + + align:start position:0% +atrial fibrillation but is abnormal and +this is a noisy recording for example + + align:start position:0% +this is a noisy recording for example + + + align:start position:0% +this is a noisy recording for example +the patients you know doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +the patients you know doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +the patients you know doesn't really +have their two fingers very well put + + align:start position:0% +have their two fingers very well put + + + align:start position:0% +have their two fingers very well put +onto the two leads of the device so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +given one of these categories can we + + align:start position:0% +given one of these categories can we + + + align:start position:0% +given one of these categories can we +predict you know one of these signals + + align:start position:0% +predict you know one of these signals + + + align:start position:0% +predict you know one of these signals +could we predict which category came + + align:start position:0% +could we predict which category came + + + align:start position:0% +could we predict which category came +from so if you looked at this you might + + align:start position:0% +from so if you looked at this you might + + + align:start position:0% +from so if you looked at this you might +recognize that they look bit different + + align:start position:0% +recognize that they look bit different + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that they look bit different +right so um could could some of you + + align:start position:0% +right so um could could some of you + + + align:start position:0% +right so um could could some of you +guess what might be predictive features + + align:start position:0% +guess what might be predictive features + + + align:start position:0% +guess what might be predictive features +at differ + + align:start position:0% +at differ + + + align:start position:0% +at differ +one of these signals from mother in the + + align:start position:0% +one of these signals from mother in the + + + align:start position:0% +one of these signals from mother in the +back I speak in English for good okay so + + align:start position:0% +back I speak in English for good okay so + + + align:start position:0% +back I speak in English for good okay so +are you cardiologists no so what what + + align:start position:0% +are you cardiologists no so what what + + + align:start position:0% +are you cardiologists no so what what +the students just it is what one can + + align:start position:0% +the students just it is what one can + + + align:start position:0% +the students just it is what one can +look for sort of in these inversions to + + align:start position:0% +look for sort of in these inversions to + + + align:start position:0% +look for sort of in these inversions to +try to try to discover a little + + align:start position:0% +try to try to discover a little + + + align:start position:0% +try to try to discover a little +differently so here it's just in the + + align:start position:0% +differently so here it's just in the + + + align:start position:0% +differently so here it's just in the +lack of those inversions is is + + align:start position:0% +lack of those inversions is is + + + align:start position:0% +lack of those inversions is is +predictive of an abnormal rhythm what + + align:start position:0% +predictive of an abnormal rhythm what + + + align:start position:0% +predictive of an abnormal rhythm what +about another feature that could be + + align:start position:0% +about another feature that could be + + + align:start position:0% +about another feature that could be +predictive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the spacing between beats is more + + align:start position:0% +the spacing between beats is more + + + align:start position:0% +the spacing between beats is more +irregular with the AF for them so your + + align:start position:0% +irregular with the AF for them so your + + + align:start position:0% +irregular with the AF for them so your +serve looking at this you see how here + + align:start position:0% +serve looking at this you see how here + + + align:start position:0% +serve looking at this you see how here +this spacing is very different from this + + align:start position:0% +this spacing is very different from this + + + align:start position:0% +this spacing is very different from this +spacing whereas in the normal rhythm + + align:start position:0% +spacing whereas in the normal rhythm + + + align:start position:0% +spacing whereas in the normal rhythm +sort of the spacing looks pretty darn + + align:start position:0% +sort of the spacing looks pretty darn + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the spacing looks pretty darn +regular alright good okay so if I was to + + align:start position:0% +regular alright good okay so if I was to + + + align:start position:0% +regular alright good okay so if I was to +show you 40 examples of these and then + + align:start position:0% +show you 40 examples of these and then + + + align:start position:0% +show you 40 examples of these and then +ask you to class of us and new ones how + + align:start position:0% +ask you to class of us and new ones how + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to class of us and new ones how +well do you think you'll be able to do + + align:start position:0% +well do you think you'll be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +well do you think you'll be able to do +pretty well and I would be surprised if + + align:start position:0% +pretty well and I would be surprised if + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well and I would be surprised if +you couldn't do reasonably well at least + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't do reasonably well at least + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't do reasonably well at least +extinguishing between normal rhythm and + + align:start position:0% +extinguishing between normal rhythm and + + + align:start position:0% +extinguishing between normal rhythm and +na after them right because there seem + + align:start position:0% +na after them right because there seem + + + align:start position:0% +na after them right because there seem +to be some pretty clear signals here of + + align:start position:0% +to be some pretty clear signals here of + + + align:start position:0% +to be some pretty clear signals here of +course as you get into alternatives that + + align:start position:0% +course as you get into alternatives that + + + align:start position:0% +course as you get into alternatives that +the story gets much more complex but let + + align:start position:0% +the story gets much more complex but let + + + align:start position:0% +the story gets much more complex but let +me dig in a little bit deeper into into + + align:start position:0% +me dig in a little bit deeper into into + + + align:start position:0% +me dig in a little bit deeper into into +what I mean by this so so let's define + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by this so so let's define + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean by this so so let's define +some of these terms + + align:start position:0% +some of these terms + + + align:start position:0% +some of these terms +well cardiologists have studied this for + + align:start position:0% +well cardiologists have studied this for + + + align:start position:0% +well cardiologists have studied this for +a really long time and they have so what + + align:start position:0% +a really long time and they have so what + + + align:start position:0% +a really long time and they have so what +I'm showing you here is one heart cycle + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing you here is one heart cycle + + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing you here is one heart cycle +and they've you can put names to each of + + align:start position:0% +and they've you can put names to each of + + + align:start position:0% +and they've you can put names to each of +the peaks that you would see in a + + align:start position:0% +the peaks that you would see in a + + + align:start position:0% +the peaks that you would see in a +regular heart cycle so that for example + + align:start position:0% +regular heart cycle so that for example + + + align:start position:0% +regular heart cycle so that for example +that very high peak is known as the are + + align:start position:0% +that very high peak is known as the are + + + align:start position:0% +that very high peak is known as the are +peak and you could look at for example + + align:start position:0% +peak and you could look at for example + + + align:start position:0% +peak and you could look at for example +the interval so this is this is one beat + + align:start position:0% +the interval so this is this is one beat + + + align:start position:0% +the interval so this is this is one beat +you could look at the interval between + + align:start position:0% +you could look at the interval between + + + align:start position:0% +you could look at the interval between +the our peak of one beat and the our + + align:start position:0% +the our peak of one beat and the our + + + align:start position:0% +the our peak of one beat and the our +peak of another peak and define that to + + align:start position:0% +peak of another peak and define that to + + + align:start position:0% +peak of another peak and define that to +be the RR interval in a similar way one + + align:start position:0% +be the RR interval in a similar way one + + + align:start position:0% +be the RR interval in a similar way one +could take one we could find different + + align:start position:0% +could take one we could find different + + + align:start position:0% +could take one we could find different +distinctive elements of the signal by + + align:start position:0% +distinctive elements of the signal by + + + align:start position:0% +distinctive elements of the signal by +the way each each each time step + + align:start position:0% +the way each each each time step + + + align:start position:0% +the way each each each time step +corresponds to the beat the heart being + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the beat the heart being + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the beat the heart being +in a different position okay so and it + + align:start position:0% +in a different position okay so and it + + + align:start position:0% +in a different position okay so and it +for a healthy heart these are relatively + + align:start position:0% +for a healthy heart these are relatively + + + align:start position:0% +for a healthy heart these are relatively +deterministic and so you can look at + + align:start position:0% +deterministic and so you can look at + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic and so you can look at +other distances and derive features from + + align:start position:0% +other distances and derive features from + + + align:start position:0% +other distances and derive features from +those distances as well just like we + + align:start position:0% +those distances as well just like we + + + align:start position:0% +those distances as well just like we +were talking about both within a beat + + align:start position:0% +were talking about both within a beat + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about both within a beat +and across beats yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I don't know the difference for the + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't know the difference for the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't know the difference for the +segment in the interval is did anyone + + align:start position:0% +segment in the interval is did anyone + + + align:start position:0% +segment in the interval is did anyone +else know maybe it's an interval is + + align:start position:0% +else know maybe it's an interval is + + + align:start position:0% +else know maybe it's an interval is +between probably the heads of Peaks + + align:start position:0% +between probably the heads of Peaks + + + align:start position:0% +between probably the heads of Peaks +where our segments might refer to within + + align:start position:0% +where our segments might refer to within + + + align:start position:0% +where our segments might refer to within +within interval that's my guess - + + align:start position:0% +within interval that's my guess - + + + align:start position:0% +within interval that's my guess - +someone know better but for the purpose + + align:start position:0% +someone know better but for the purpose + + + align:start position:0% +someone know better but for the purpose +of today's class that's good enough + + align:start position:0% +of today's class that's good enough + + + align:start position:0% +of today's class that's good enough +understanding the point is this is well + + align:start position:0% +understanding the point is this is well + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the point is this is well +understood right and what one could + + align:start position:0% +understood right and what one could + + + align:start position:0% +understood right and what one could +derive features from this by us so what + + align:start position:0% +derive features from this by us so what + + + align:start position:0% +derive features from this by us so what +would a traditional approach be to this + + align:start position:0% +would a traditional approach be to this + + + align:start position:0% +would a traditional approach be to this +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +so this is I'm pulling this figure from + + align:start position:0% +so this is I'm pulling this figure from + + + align:start position:0% +so this is I'm pulling this figure from +paper from 2002 what it'll do is it'll + + align:start position:0% +paper from 2002 what it'll do is it'll + + + align:start position:0% +paper from 2002 what it'll do is it'll +take in that signal it'll do some + + align:start position:0% +take in that signal it'll do some + + + align:start position:0% +take in that signal it'll do some +filtering of it then it will run a peak + + align:start position:0% +filtering of it then it will run a peak + + + align:start position:0% +filtering of it then it will run a peak +detection logic which will find these + + align:start position:0% +detection logic which will find these + + + align:start position:0% +detection logic which will find these +Peaks and then it'll measure intervals + + align:start position:0% +Peaks and then it'll measure intervals + + + align:start position:0% +Peaks and then it'll measure intervals +between these peaks and within within a + + align:start position:0% +between these peaks and within within a + + + align:start position:0% +between these peaks and within within a +beat and it'll take those those + + align:start position:0% +beat and it'll take those those + + + align:start position:0% +beat and it'll take those those +computations or make some dishes and + + align:start position:0% +computations or make some dishes and + + + align:start position:0% +computations or make some dishes and +based on it okay so that's a traditional + + align:start position:0% +based on it okay so that's a traditional + + + align:start position:0% +based on it okay so that's a traditional +algorithm and they work pretty + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and they work pretty + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and they work pretty +reasonably and so what do I mean by + + align:start position:0% +reasonably and so what do I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably and so what do I mean by +signal processing well this is an + + align:start position:0% +signal processing well this is an + + + align:start position:0% +signal processing well this is an +example of that I encourage any of you + + align:start position:0% +example of that I encourage any of you + + + align:start position:0% +example of that I encourage any of you +to go home today and try to code up a + + align:start position:0% +to go home today and try to code up a + + + align:start position:0% +to go home today and try to code up a +peaked finding algorithm it's not that + + align:start position:0% +peaked finding algorithm it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +peaked finding algorithm it's not that +hard right at least not together okay + + align:start position:0% +hard right at least not together okay + + + align:start position:0% +hard right at least not together okay +one you know you might imagine keeping a + + align:start position:0% +one you know you might imagine keeping a + + + align:start position:0% +one you know you might imagine keeping a +running a running tab of what's the + + align:start position:0% +running a running tab of what's the + + + align:start position:0% +running a running tab of what's the +highest signal you've seen so far then + + align:start position:0% +highest signal you've seen so far then + + + align:start position:0% +highest signal you've seen so far then +you look to see what is the first time + + align:start position:0% +you look to see what is the first time + + + align:start position:0% +you look to see what is the first time +it drops the second time the next time + + align:start position:0% +it drops the second time the next time + + + align:start position:0% +it drops the second time the next time +it goes up larger than let's say the + + align:start position:0% +it goes up larger than let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +it goes up larger than let's say the +previous you know suppose that what you + + align:start position:0% +previous you know suppose that what you + + + align:start position:0% +previous you know suppose that what you +want to look for when when the drop is + + align:start position:0% +want to look for when when the drop is + + + align:start position:0% +want to look for when when the drop is +the maximum value recent a maximum value + + align:start position:0% +the maximum value recent a maximum value + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum value recent a maximum value +divided by two and then you see okay + + align:start position:0% +divided by two and then you see okay + + + align:start position:0% +divided by two and then you see okay +then you've reset and you can imagine in + + align:start position:0% +then you've reset and you can imagine in + + + align:start position:0% +then you've reset and you can imagine in +this way very quickly coding up a peak + + align:start position:0% +this way very quickly coding up a peak + + + align:start position:0% +this way very quickly coding up a peak +finding algorithm and so this is just + + align:start position:0% +finding algorithm and so this is just + + + align:start position:0% +finding algorithm and so this is just +again to give you some intuition behind + + align:start position:0% +again to give you some intuition behind + + + align:start position:0% +again to give you some intuition behind +what a traditional approach would be and + + align:start position:0% +what a traditional approach would be and + + + align:start position:0% +what a traditional approach would be and +then you can very quickly see that that + + align:start position:0% +then you can very quickly see that that + + + align:start position:0% +then you can very quickly see that that +you know once you start to look at some + + align:start position:0% +you know once you start to look at some + + + align:start position:0% +you know once you start to look at some +intervals between Peaks that alone is + + align:start position:0% +intervals between Peaks that alone is + + + align:start position:0% +intervals between Peaks that alone is +often good enough for predicting whether + + align:start position:0% +often good enough for predicting whether + + + align:start position:0% +often good enough for predicting whether +a patient has atrial fibrillation so + + align:start position:0% +a patient has atrial fibrillation so + + + align:start position:0% +a patient has atrial fibrillation so +this is a figure taken from a paper in + + align:start position:0% +this is a figure taken from a paper in + + + align:start position:0% +this is a figure taken from a paper in +2001 I'm + + align:start position:0% +2001 I'm + + + align:start position:0% +2001 I'm +showing a single patience time series so + + align:start position:0% +showing a single patience time series so + + + align:start position:0% +showing a single patience time series so +the x-axis is for that single patient + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis is for that single patient + + + align:start position:0% +the x-axis is for that single patient +their beats heart beats across time the + + align:start position:0% +their beats heart beats across time the + + + align:start position:0% +their beats heart beats across time the +y-axis is just showing the RR interval + + align:start position:0% +y-axis is just showing the RR interval + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis is just showing the RR interval +between the previous beat and the + + align:start position:0% +between the previous beat and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the previous beat and the +current beat okay and down here in the + + align:start position:0% +current beat okay and down here in the + + + align:start position:0% +current beat okay and down here in the +bottom is the ground truth of whether + + align:start position:0% +bottom is the ground truth of whether + + + align:start position:0% +bottom is the ground truth of whether +the patient is assessed to have to be in + + align:start position:0% +the patient is assessed to have to be in + + + align:start position:0% +the patient is assessed to have to be in +to have a normal rhythm or atrial + + align:start position:0% +to have a normal rhythm or atrial + + + align:start position:0% +to have a normal rhythm or atrial +fibrillation which which is noted as + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation which which is noted as + + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation which which is noted as +this higher value here so these are AF + + align:start position:0% +this higher value here so these are AF + + + align:start position:0% +this higher value here so these are AF +rhythms this is normal this is AF again + + align:start position:0% +rhythms this is normal this is AF again + + + align:start position:0% +rhythms this is normal this is AF again +and what you can see is that the RR + + align:start position:0% +and what you can see is that the RR + + + align:start position:0% +and what you can see is that the RR +interval actually gets you pretty far + + align:start position:0% +interval actually gets you pretty far + + + align:start position:0% +interval actually gets you pretty far +you notice how it's pretty high up here + + align:start position:0% +you notice how it's pretty high up here + + + align:start position:0% +you notice how it's pretty high up here +sediment lis it drops the RR interval + + align:start position:0% +sediment lis it drops the RR interval + + + align:start position:0% +sediment lis it drops the RR interval +drops for a while and that's when the + + align:start position:0% +drops for a while and that's when the + + + align:start position:0% +drops for a while and that's when the +patient has AF then it goes up again + + align:start position:0% +patient has AF then it goes up again + + + align:start position:0% +patient has AF then it goes up again +then it drops again and so on okay and + + align:start position:0% +then it drops again and so on okay and + + + align:start position:0% +then it drops again and so on okay and +so it's not deterministic the + + align:start position:0% +so it's not deterministic the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not deterministic the +relationship but there's definitely a + + align:start position:0% +relationship but there's definitely a + + + align:start position:0% +relationship but there's definitely a +lot of signal just from that so you + + align:start position:0% +lot of signal just from that so you + + + align:start position:0% +lot of signal just from that so you +might say okay well what's the next + + align:start position:0% +might say okay well what's the next + + + align:start position:0% +might say okay well what's the next +thing we could do to try to clean up the + + align:start position:0% +thing we could do to try to clean up the + + + align:start position:0% +thing we could do to try to clean up the +signal a little bit more so flashback + + align:start position:0% +signal a little bit more so flashback + + + align:start position:0% +signal a little bit more so flashback +words from 2001 to 1970 here at MIT + + align:start position:0% +words from 2001 to 1970 here at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +words from 2001 to 1970 here at MIT +studied by actually no this is not MIT + + align:start position:0% +studied by actually no this is not MIT + + + align:start position:0% +studied by actually no this is not MIT +this is somewhere else sorry but still + + align:start position:0% +this is somewhere else sorry but still + + + align:start position:0% +this is somewhere else sorry but still +1970 where they they used a Markov model + + align:start position:0% +1970 where they they used a Markov model + + + align:start position:0% +1970 where they they used a Markov model +very similar to the Markov models we + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the Markov models we + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the Markov models we +were just talking about in the previous + + align:start position:0% +were just talking about in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +were just talking about in the previous +example to model what a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +example to model what a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +example to model what a sequence of +normal hour hour intervals looks like + + align:start position:0% +normal hour hour intervals looks like + + + align:start position:0% +normal hour hour intervals looks like +versus what a sequence of abnormal for + + align:start position:0% +versus what a sequence of abnormal for + + + align:start position:0% +versus what a sequence of abnormal for +example AF or hour intervals looks like + + align:start position:0% +example AF or hour intervals looks like + + + align:start position:0% +example AF or hour intervals looks like +and in that way one can recognize that + + align:start position:0% +and in that way one can recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +and in that way one can recognize that +for any one observation of an hour + + align:start position:0% +for any one observation of an hour + + + align:start position:0% +for any one observation of an hour +interval might might not by itself be + + align:start position:0% +interval might might not by itself be + + + align:start position:0% +interval might might not by itself be +perfectly predictive but if you look at + + align:start position:0% +perfectly predictive but if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly predictive but if you look at +sort of a sequence of them for a patient + + align:start position:0% +sort of a sequence of them for a patient + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a sequence of them for a patient +with atrial fibrillation there is some + + align:start position:0% +with atrial fibrillation there is some + + + align:start position:0% +with atrial fibrillation there is some +common pattern to it and you can't want + + align:start position:0% +common pattern to it and you can't want + + + align:start position:0% +common pattern to it and you can't want +to detect it by just looking at the + + align:start position:0% +to detect it by just looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +to detect it by just looking at the +likelihood of that of that sequence + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of that of that sequence + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood of that of that sequence +under each of these two different models + + align:start position:0% +under each of these two different models + + + align:start position:0% +under each of these two different models +normal and abnormal and that did pretty + + align:start position:0% +normal and abnormal and that did pretty + + + align:start position:0% +normal and abnormal and that did pretty +well even better than the previous + + align:start position:0% +well even better than the previous + + + align:start position:0% +well even better than the previous +approaches for for predicting atrial + + align:start position:0% +approaches for for predicting atrial + + + align:start position:0% +approaches for for predicting atrial +fibrillation okay this is the paper I + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation okay this is the paper I + + + align:start position:0% +fibrillation okay this is the paper I +wanted to say from from MIT + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say from from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say from from MIT +now 1991 + + align:start position:0% +now 1991 + + + align:start position:0% +now 1991 +this is a firm roger marx group and now + + align:start position:0% +this is a firm roger marx group and now + + + align:start position:0% +this is a firm roger marx group and now +this is a neural network based approach + + align:start position:0% +this is a neural network based approach + + + align:start position:0% +this is a neural network based approach +where it says okay we're going to take a + + align:start position:0% +where it says okay we're going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +where it says okay we're going to take a +bunch of these things you know we're + + align:start position:0% +bunch of these things you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of these things you know we're +gonna derive a bunch of these intervals + + align:start position:0% +gonna derive a bunch of these intervals + + + align:start position:0% +gonna derive a bunch of these intervals +and then we're gonna throw that through + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna throw that through + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna throw that through +a blackbox supervised machine learning + + align:start position:0% +a blackbox supervised machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +a blackbox supervised machine learning +algorithm to predict where the patient + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to predict where the patient + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to predict where the patient +has a F or not all right so these are + + align:start position:0% +has a F or not all right so these are + + + align:start position:0% +has a F or not all right so these are +very first of all there's it's there's + + align:start position:0% +very first of all there's it's there's + + + align:start position:0% +very first of all there's it's there's +some simple approaches here that work + + align:start position:0% +some simple approaches here that work + + + align:start position:0% +some simple approaches here that work +reasonably well using neural networks in + + align:start position:0% +reasonably well using neural networks in + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably well using neural networks in +this domain is not a new thing but but + + align:start position:0% +this domain is not a new thing but but + + + align:start position:0% +this domain is not a new thing but but +where are we as a field so as I + + align:start position:0% +where are we as a field so as I + + + align:start position:0% +where are we as a field so as I +mentioned there was this competition + + align:start position:0% +mentioned there was this competition + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned there was this competition +last year and what I'm showing you here + + align:start position:0% +last year and what I'm showing you here + + + align:start position:0% +last year and what I'm showing you here +the citation is from one of the winning + + align:start position:0% +the citation is from one of the winning + + + align:start position:0% +the citation is from one of the winning +approaches and this winning approach + + align:start position:0% +approaches and this winning approach + + + align:start position:0% +approaches and this winning approach +really brings the two paradigms together + + align:start position:0% +really brings the two paradigms together + + + align:start position:0% +really brings the two paradigms together +it extracts a large number of expert + + align:start position:0% +it extracts a large number of expert + + + align:start position:0% +it extracts a large number of expert +drive features so shown shown here and + + align:start position:0% +drive features so shown shown here and + + + align:start position:0% +drive features so shown shown here and +these are exactly the types of things + + align:start position:0% +these are exactly the types of things + + + align:start position:0% +these are exactly the types of things +you might think like your proportion + + align:start position:0% +you might think like your proportion + + + align:start position:0% +you might think like your proportion +you know median our our interval of + + align:start position:0% +you know median our our interval of + + + align:start position:0% +you know median our our interval of +regular rhythms max are our irregularity + + align:start position:0% +regular rhythms max are our irregularity + + + align:start position:0% +regular rhythms max are our irregularity +measure and they're just a whole range + + align:start position:0% +measure and they're just a whole range + + + align:start position:0% +measure and they're just a whole range +of different things that you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +of different things that you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +of different things that you can imagine +manually deriving from the data and you + + align:start position:0% +manually deriving from the data and you + + + align:start position:0% +manually deriving from the data and you +throw all these features into a machine + + align:start position:0% +throw all these features into a machine + + + align:start position:0% +throw all these features into a machine +learning algorithm maybe random forests + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm maybe random forests + + + align:start position:0% +learning algorithm maybe random forests +maybe neural network doesn't matter and + + align:start position:0% +maybe neural network doesn't matter and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe neural network doesn't matter and +what you get out is a slightly better + + align:start position:0% +what you get out is a slightly better + + + align:start position:0% +what you get out is a slightly better +algorithm than what if you had just came + + align:start position:0% +algorithm than what if you had just came + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm than what if you had just came +up with a simple rule in your own all + + align:start position:0% +up with a simple rule in your own all + + + align:start position:0% +up with a simple rule in your own all +right so that's what that was the + + align:start position:0% +right so that's what that was the + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's what that was the +winning our with him then and in the + + align:start position:0% +winning our with him then and in the + + + align:start position:0% +winning our with him then and in the +summary paper they conjecture that well + + align:start position:0% +summary paper they conjecture that well + + + align:start position:0% +summary paper they conjecture that well +maybe it's the case that they were one + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's the case that they were one + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's the case that they were one +didn't expected that convolutional + + align:start position:0% +didn't expected that convolutional + + + align:start position:0% +didn't expected that convolutional +neural networks would win and they were + + align:start position:0% +neural networks would win and they were + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks would win and they were +surprised that none of the winning + + align:start position:0% +surprised that none of the winning + + + align:start position:0% +surprised that none of the winning +solutions involved convolutional neural + + align:start position:0% +solutions involved convolutional neural + + + align:start position:0% +solutions involved convolutional neural +networks and the conjecture that maybe + + align:start position:0% +networks and the conjecture that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +networks and the conjecture that maybe +the reason why is because maybe with + + align:start position:0% +the reason why is because maybe with + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why is because maybe with +these 8000 patients that they had + + align:start position:0% +these 8000 patients that they had + + + align:start position:0% +these 8000 patients that they had +amenities that just wasn't enough to + + align:start position:0% +amenities that just wasn't enough to + + + align:start position:0% +amenities that just wasn't enough to +give them more complex models advantage + + align:start position:0% +give them more complex models advantage + + + align:start position:0% +give them more complex models advantage +so flip forward now to this year and the + + align:start position:0% +so flip forward now to this year and the + + + align:start position:0% +so flip forward now to this year and the +article that you've read in your in your + + align:start position:0% +article that you've read in your in your + + + align:start position:0% +article that you've read in your in your +readings and in nature medicine where + + align:start position:0% +readings and in nature medicine where + + + align:start position:0% +readings and in nature medicine where +the Stanford group now showed how a + + align:start position:0% +the Stanford group now showed how a + + + align:start position:0% +the Stanford group now showed how a +convolutional neural network approach + + align:start position:0% +convolutional neural network approach + + + align:start position:0% +convolutional neural network approach +which is in many ways extremely naive + + align:start position:0% +which is in many ways extremely naive + + + align:start position:0% +which is in many ways extremely naive +all does is it takes the sequence data + + align:start position:0% +all does is it takes the sequence data + + + align:start position:0% +all does is it takes the sequence data +in it doesn't makes no attempt at trying + + align:start position:0% +in it doesn't makes no attempt at trying + + + align:start position:0% +in it doesn't makes no attempt at trying +to understand the underlying physiology + + align:start position:0% +to understand the underlying physiology + + + align:start position:0% +to understand the underlying physiology +and just predicts from that can do + + align:start position:0% +and just predicts from that can do + + + align:start position:0% +and just predicts from that can do +really really well and so there couple + + align:start position:0% +really really well and so there couple + + + align:start position:0% +really really well and so there couple +differences that I want to emphasize to + + align:start position:0% +differences that I want to emphasize to + + + align:start position:0% +differences that I want to emphasize to +the previous work first the sensor is + + align:start position:0% +the previous work first the sensor is + + + align:start position:0% +the previous work first the sensor is +different whereas the previous work used + + align:start position:0% +different whereas the previous work used + + + align:start position:0% +different whereas the previous work used +this a live court sensor in this paper + + align:start position:0% +this a live court sensor in this paper + + + align:start position:0% +this a live court sensor in this paper +from Stanford they're using a different + + align:start position:0% +from Stanford they're using a different + + + align:start position:0% +from Stanford they're using a different +center called the Zeo patch which is + + align:start position:0% +center called the Zeo patch which is + + + align:start position:0% +center called the Zeo patch which is +attached to the human body and + + align:start position:0% +attached to the human body and + + + align:start position:0% +attached to the human body and +conceivably much less noisy right so + + align:start position:0% +conceivably much less noisy right so + + + align:start position:0% +conceivably much less noisy right so +that's one big difference and the second + + align:start position:0% +that's one big difference and the second + + + align:start position:0% +that's one big difference and the second +big difference is that there's + + align:start position:0% +big difference is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +big difference is that there's +dramatically more data instead of eight + + align:start position:0% +dramatically more data instead of eight + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically more data instead of eight +thousand patients to Train from now they + + align:start position:0% +thousand patients to Train from now they + + + align:start position:0% +thousand patients to Train from now they +have over 90,000 records from 50,000 + + align:start position:0% +have over 90,000 records from 50,000 + + + align:start position:0% +have over 90,000 records from 50,000 +different patients to train from the + + align:start position:0% +different patients to train from the + + + align:start position:0% +different patients to train from the +third major difference is that now + + align:start position:0% +third major difference is that now + + + align:start position:0% +third major difference is that now +rather than just trying to classify into + + align:start position:0% +rather than just trying to classify into + + + align:start position:0% +rather than just trying to classify into +four categories normal abnormal other or + + align:start position:0% +four categories normal abnormal other or + + + align:start position:0% +four categories normal abnormal other or +noisy now we're going to try to classify + + align:start position:0% +noisy now we're going to try to classify + + + align:start position:0% +noisy now we're going to try to classify +into fourteen different categories where + + align:start position:0% +into fourteen different categories where + + + align:start position:0% +into fourteen different categories where +in essence breaking apart to that other + + align:start position:0% +in essence breaking apart to that other + + + align:start position:0% +in essence breaking apart to that other +class into much finer grain detail of + + align:start position:0% +class into much finer grain detail of + + + align:start position:0% +class into much finer grain detail of +different types of abnormal rhythms and + + align:start position:0% +different types of abnormal rhythms and + + + align:start position:0% +different types of abnormal rhythms and +so here are some of those other abnormal + + align:start position:0% +so here are some of those other abnormal + + + align:start position:0% +so here are some of those other abnormal +rhythms things like complete heart block + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a bunch of other names I can't + + align:start position:0% +and a bunch of other names I can't + + + align:start position:0% +and a bunch of other names I can't +pronounce and from each one of these + + align:start position:0% +pronounce and from each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +pronounce and from each one of these +they gathered a lot of data and that + + align:start position:0% +they gathered a lot of data and that + + + align:start position:0% +they gathered a lot of data and that +actually did so it's not described in + + align:start position:0% +actually did so it's not described in + + + align:start position:0% +actually did so it's not described in +the paper but I've talked to the + + align:start position:0% +the paper but I've talked to the + + + align:start position:0% +the paper but I've talked to the +author's they didn't they gather this + + align:start position:0% +author's they didn't they gather this + + + align:start position:0% +author's they didn't they gather this +data in a very interesting way so they + + align:start position:0% +data in a very interesting way so they + + + align:start position:0% +data in a very interesting way so they +serve they did their training + + align:start position:0% +serve they did their training + + + align:start position:0% +serve they did their training +iteratively they look to see where their + + align:start position:0% +iteratively they look to see where their + + + align:start position:0% +iteratively they look to see where their +errors were and then they went and + + align:start position:0% +errors were and then they went and + + + align:start position:0% +errors were and then they went and +gathered more data from patients with + + align:start position:0% +gathered more data from patients with + + + align:start position:0% +gathered more data from patients with +that subcategory so many of these other + + align:start position:0% +that subcategory so many of these other + + + align:start position:0% +that subcategory so many of these other +categories are very under might be + + align:start position:0% +categories are very under might be + + + align:start position:0% +categories are very under might be +underrepresented in the general + + align:start position:0% +underrepresented in the general + + + align:start position:0% +underrepresented in the general +population but they actually gather a + + align:start position:0% +population but they actually gather a + + + align:start position:0% +population but they actually gather a +lot of patients of that type in their + + align:start position:0% +lot of patients of that type in their + + + align:start position:0% +lot of patients of that type in their +data set for training purposes and so I + + align:start position:0% +data set for training purposes and so I + + + align:start position:0% +data set for training purposes and so I +think those three things ended up making + + align:start position:0% +think those three things ended up making + + + align:start position:0% +think those three things ended up making +a very big difference so what is their + + align:start position:0% +a very big difference so what is their + + + align:start position:0% +a very big difference so what is their +convolutional network well first of all + + align:start position:0% +convolutional network well first of all + + + align:start position:0% +convolutional network well first of all +it's a 1d signal so it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +it's a 1d signal so it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +it's a 1d signal so it's a little bit +different from the commnets you + + align:start position:0% +different from the commnets you + + + align:start position:0% +different from the commnets you +typically see in computer vision and + + align:start position:0% +typically see in computer vision and + + + align:start position:0% +typically see in computer vision and +I'll show you an illustration of that in + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you an illustration of that in + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you an illustration of that in +the next slide it's a very deep model + + align:start position:0% +the next slide it's a very deep model + + + align:start position:0% +the next slide it's a very deep model +so 34 layers so the input comes in on + + align:start position:0% +so 34 layers so the input comes in on + + + align:start position:0% +so 34 layers so the input comes in on +the very top in this picture it's passed + + align:start position:0% +the very top in this picture it's passed + + + align:start position:0% +the very top in this picture it's passed +through a number of a number of layers + + align:start position:0% +through a number of a number of layers + + + align:start position:0% +through a number of a number of layers +each layer consists of convolution + + align:start position:0% +each layer consists of convolution + + + align:start position:0% +each layer consists of convolution +followed by rectified linear units and + + align:start position:0% +followed by rectified linear units and + + + align:start position:0% +followed by rectified linear units and +there is sub sampling at every other + + align:start position:0% +there is sub sampling at every other + + + align:start position:0% +there is sub sampling at every other +layer so that you go from a very wide + + align:start position:0% +layer so that you go from a very wide + + + align:start position:0% +layer so that you go from a very wide +signal so very lot you know + + align:start position:0% +signal so very lot you know + + + align:start position:0% +signal so very lot you know +for how long one second long signal + + align:start position:0% +for how long one second long signal + + + align:start position:0% +for how long one second long signal +summarized down into sort of much many + + align:start position:0% +summarized down into sort of much many + + + align:start position:0% +summarized down into sort of much many +smaller number of dimensions which you + + align:start position:0% +smaller number of dimensions which you + + + align:start position:0% +smaller number of dimensions which you +then have a sort of fully connected + + align:start position:0% +then have a sort of fully connected + + + align:start position:0% +then have a sort of fully connected +layer at the bottom to do for your + + align:start position:0% +layer at the bottom to do for your + + + align:start position:0% +layer at the bottom to do for your +predictions and then they also have + + align:start position:0% +predictions and then they also have + + + align:start position:0% +predictions and then they also have +these short cut connections which allow + + align:start position:0% +these short cut connections which allow + + + align:start position:0% +these short cut connections which allow +you to pass information from earlier + + align:start position:0% +you to pass information from earlier + + + align:start position:0% +you to pass information from earlier +layers down to the very end of the + + align:start position:0% +layers down to the very end of the + + + align:start position:0% +layers down to the very end of the +network or even into intermediate layers + + align:start position:0% +network or even into intermediate layers + + + align:start position:0% +network or even into intermediate layers +and for those of you who are familiar + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you who are familiar + + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you who are familiar +with residual networks is the same idea + + align:start position:0% +with residual networks is the same idea + + + align:start position:0% +with residual networks is the same idea +so what is a 1d convolution well it + + align:start position:0% +so what is a 1d convolution well it + + + align:start position:0% +so what is a 1d convolution well it +looks a little bit like this so this is + + align:start position:0% +looks a little bit like this so this is + + + align:start position:0% +looks a little bit like this so this is +the signal I'm going to just approximate + + align:start position:0% +the signal I'm going to just approximate + + + align:start position:0% +the signal I'm going to just approximate +it by a bunch of ones and zeroes I'll + + align:start position:0% +it by a bunch of ones and zeroes I'll + + + align:start position:0% +it by a bunch of ones and zeroes I'll +say this is a 1 this is a 0 this is a 1 + + align:start position:0% +say this is a 1 this is a 0 this is a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +say this is a 1 this is a 0 this is a 1 +1 and so on a convolutional Network has + + align:start position:0% +1 and so on a convolutional Network has + + + align:start position:0% +1 and so on a convolutional Network has +a filter associated with it that filter + + align:start position:0% +a filter associated with it that filter + + + align:start position:0% +a filter associated with it that filter +is then applied in a 1d model it's + + align:start position:0% +is then applied in a 1d model it's + + + align:start position:0% +is then applied in a 1d model it's +qapplied in a linear fashion it's just + + align:start position:0% +qapplied in a linear fashion it's just + + + align:start position:0% +qapplied in a linear fashion it's just +taking a dot product through the filters + + align:start position:0% +taking a dot product through the filters + + + align:start position:0% +taking a dot product through the filters +values with the values of this signal at + + align:start position:0% +values with the values of this signal at + + + align:start position:0% +values with the values of this signal at +each point in time so it looks a little + + align:start position:0% +each point in time so it looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +each point in time so it looks a little +bit like this and this is what you get + + align:start position:0% +bit like this and this is what you get + + + align:start position:0% +bit like this and this is what you get +out so this is the convolution of a + + align:start position:0% +out so this is the convolution of a + + + align:start position:0% +out so this is the convolution of a +single filter with the whole signal and + + align:start position:0% +single filter with the whole signal and + + + align:start position:0% +single filter with the whole signal and +the computation I did there so for + + align:start position:0% +the computation I did there so for + + + align:start position:0% +the computation I did there so for +example this first number came from + + align:start position:0% +example this first number came from + + + align:start position:0% +example this first number came from +taking the dot product of the first 3 + + align:start position:0% +taking the dot product of the first 3 + + + align:start position:0% +taking the dot product of the first 3 +numbers 1 0 1 with the filter so it's 1 + + align:start position:0% +numbers 1 0 1 with the filter so it's 1 + + + align:start position:0% +numbers 1 0 1 with the filter so it's 1 +times 2 plus 3 times 0 plus 1 times 1 + + align:start position:0% +times 2 plus 3 times 0 plus 1 times 1 + + + align:start position:0% +times 2 plus 3 times 0 plus 1 times 1 +which is 3 ok and so each of the + + align:start position:0% +which is 3 ok and so each of the + + + align:start position:0% +which is 3 ok and so each of the +subsequent numbers will compute in the + + align:start position:0% +subsequent numbers will compute in the + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent numbers will compute in the +same way and I'll I usually have you + + align:start position:0% +same way and I'll I usually have you + + + align:start position:0% +same way and I'll I usually have you +figure out what this last one is but + + align:start position:0% +figure out what this last one is but + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what this last one is but +I'll leave that for you to do at home + + align:start position:0% +I'll leave that for you to do at home + + + align:start position:0% +I'll leave that for you to do at home +that's what a 1d convolution is and so + + align:start position:0% +that's what a 1d convolution is and so + + + align:start position:0% +that's what a 1d convolution is and so +they had they do this for lots of + + align:start position:0% +they had they do this for lots of + + + align:start position:0% +they had they do this for lots of +different filters each of those filters + + align:start position:0% +different filters each of those filters + + + align:start position:0% +different filters each of those filters +might be of varying lengths and each of + + align:start position:0% +might be of varying lengths and each of + + + align:start position:0% +might be of varying lengths and each of +those will detect different types of + + align:start position:0% +those will detect different types of + + + align:start position:0% +those will detect different types of +signal patterns and in this way after + + align:start position:0% +signal patterns and in this way after + + + align:start position:0% +signal patterns and in this way after +having many layers of these one can in + + align:start position:0% +having many layers of these one can in + + + align:start position:0% +having many layers of these one can in +an automatic fashion extracts many of + + align:start position:0% +an automatic fashion extracts many of + + + align:start position:0% +an automatic fashion extracts many of +the same types of signals used in that + + align:start position:0% +the same types of signals used in that + + + align:start position:0% +the same types of signals used in that +earlier work but also be much more + + align:start position:0% +earlier work but also be much more + + + align:start position:0% +earlier work but also be much more +flexible to detect some new ones as well + + align:start position:0% +flexible to detect some new ones as well + + + align:start position:0% +flexible to detect some new ones as well +you hold your question because I need a + + align:start position:0% +you hold your question because I need a + + + align:start position:0% +you hold your question because I need a +broth up so in the paper that you read + + align:start position:0% +broth up so in the paper that you read + + + align:start position:0% +broth up so in the paper that you read +they talked about how they evaluated + + align:start position:0% +they talked about how they evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +they talked about how they evaluated +this and and so I'm not going to go into + + align:start position:0% +this and and so I'm not going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +this and and so I'm not going to go into +much depth in it now I just want to + + align:start position:0% +much depth in it now I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +much depth in it now I just want to +point out two different metrics that + + align:start position:0% +point out two different metrics that + + + align:start position:0% +point out two different metrics that +they used so the first metric they used + + align:start position:0% +they used so the first metric they used + + + align:start position:0% +they used so the first metric they used +was what they called a sequential error + + align:start position:0% +was what they called a sequential error + + + align:start position:0% +was what they called a sequential error +metric what that looked at + + align:start position:0% +metric what that looked at + + + align:start position:0% +metric what that looked at +is you have this very long sequence for + + align:start position:0% +is you have this very long sequence for + + + align:start position:0% +is you have this very long sequence for +each patient and they labeled different + + align:start position:0% +each patient and they labeled different + + + align:start position:0% +each patient and they labeled different +one-second intervals of that sequence + + align:start position:0% +one-second intervals of that sequence + + + align:start position:0% +one-second intervals of that sequence +into abnormal normal and so on so you + + align:start position:0% +into abnormal normal and so on so you + + + align:start position:0% +into abnormal normal and so on so you +could ask how good are we at labeling + + align:start position:0% +could ask how good are we at labeling + + + align:start position:0% +could ask how good are we at labeling +each of the different points along the + + align:start position:0% +each of the different points along the + + + align:start position:0% +each of the different points along the +sequence that's a sequence metric the + + align:start position:0% +sequence that's a sequence metric the + + + align:start position:0% +sequence that's a sequence metric the +different the second metric is the set + + align:start position:0% +different the second metric is the set + + + align:start position:0% +different the second metric is the set +metric and that looks at if the patient + + align:start position:0% +metric and that looks at if the patient + + + align:start position:0% +metric and that looks at if the patient +has something that's abnormal anywhere + + align:start position:0% +has something that's abnormal anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +has something that's abnormal anywhere +did you detect it so that's the in + + align:start position:0% +did you detect it so that's the in + + + align:start position:0% +did you detect it so that's the in +essence taking an ore of each of those + + align:start position:0% +essence taking an ore of each of those + + + align:start position:0% +essence taking an ore of each of those +one-second intervals and then looking + + align:start position:0% +one-second intervals and then looking + + + align:start position:0% +one-second intervals and then looking +across patient and from a clinical + + align:start position:0% +across patient and from a clinical + + + align:start position:0% +across patient and from a clinical +diagnostic perspective the sect metric + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic perspective the sect metric + + + align:start position:0% +diagnostic perspective the sect metric +might be most useful but then when you + + align:start position:0% +might be most useful but then when you + + + align:start position:0% +might be most useful but then when you +want to introspect and understand where + + align:start position:0% +want to introspect and understand where + + + align:start position:0% +want to introspect and understand where +is that happening then the sequential + + align:start position:0% +is that happening then the sequential + + + align:start position:0% +is that happening then the sequential +metric is important and the key + + align:start position:0% +metric is important and the key + + + align:start position:0% +metric is important and the key +take-home message from their paper is + + align:start position:0% +take-home message from their paper is + + + align:start position:0% +take-home message from their paper is +that if you compared the models + + align:start position:0% +that if you compared the models + + + align:start position:0% +that if you compared the models +predictions this is I think using an f-1 + + align:start position:0% +predictions this is I think using an f-1 + + + align:start position:0% +predictions this is I think using an f-1 +metric to what you would get from Anna + + align:start position:0% +metric to what you would get from Anna + + + align:start position:0% +metric to what you would get from Anna +from a panel of cardiologists these + + align:start position:0% +from a panel of cardiologists these + + + align:start position:0% +from a panel of cardiologists these +models are doing as well if not better + + align:start position:0% +models are doing as well if not better + + + align:start position:0% +models are doing as well if not better +than these panels of cardiologists so + + align:start position:0% +than these panels of cardiologists so + + + align:start position:0% +than these panels of cardiologists so +this is extremely exciting and this is + + align:start position:0% +this is extremely exciting and this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is extremely exciting and this is +technology or variants of this + + align:start position:0% +technology or variants of this + + + align:start position:0% +technology or variants of this +technology that you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +technology that you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +technology that you're going to see +deployed now you know so for those of + + align:start position:0% +deployed now you know so for those of + + + align:start position:0% +deployed now you know so for those of +you who purchased these Apple watches + + align:start position:0% +you who purchased these Apple watches + + + align:start position:0% +you who purchased these Apple watches +these Samsung watches I don't know + + align:start position:0% +these Samsung watches I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +these Samsung watches I don't know +exactly what they're using but I + + align:start position:0% +exactly what they're using but I + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what they're using but I +wouldn't be surprised if they're using + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised if they're using + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised if they're using +techniques similar to this and you're + + align:start position:0% +techniques similar to this and you're + + + align:start position:0% +techniques similar to this and you're +gonna see much more of that in the + + align:start position:0% +gonna see much more of that in the + + + align:start position:0% +gonna see much more of that in the +future so this is going to be really the + + align:start position:0% +future so this is going to be really the + + + align:start position:0% +future so this is going to be really the +first example in this course so far if + + align:start position:0% +first example in this course so far if + + + align:start position:0% +first example in this course so far if +something that's really been deployed + + align:start position:0% +something that's really been deployed + + + align:start position:0% +something that's really been deployed +and so in summary were very often in the + + align:start position:0% +and so in summary were very often in the + + + align:start position:0% +and so in summary were very often in the +realm of not enough data and in this in + + align:start position:0% +realm of not enough data and in this in + + + align:start position:0% +realm of not enough data and in this in +this lecture today we gave two examples + + align:start position:0% +this lecture today we gave two examples + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture today we gave two examples +how how you can deal with that first you + + align:start position:0% +how how you can deal with that first you + + + align:start position:0% +how how you can deal with that first you +can try to use mechanistic and + + align:start position:0% +can try to use mechanistic and + + + align:start position:0% +can try to use mechanistic and +statistical models to try to work in + + align:start position:0% +statistical models to try to work in + + + align:start position:0% +statistical models to try to work in +setting three to have much data and and + + align:start position:0% +setting three to have much data and and + + + align:start position:0% +setting three to have much data and and +other extremes you do have a lot of data + + align:start position:0% +other extremes you do have a lot of data + + + align:start position:0% +other extremes you do have a lot of data +and you can try to ignore that and just + + align:start position:0% +and you can try to ignore that and just + + + align:start position:0% +and you can try to ignore that and just +use these black box punches that's all + + align:start position:0% +use these black box punches that's all + + + align:start position:0% +use these black box punches that's all +for today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lLmt2UPPuY4.txt b/lLmt2UPPuY4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38e0993b355dadb72f93b8aa5b5783ce8ce238e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/lLmt2UPPuY4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2104 @@ +NARRATOR: The following content +is provided under a + +Creative Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Hi. + +Our lecture today is entitled +Implicit Differentiation. + +And aside from other +considerations, this lecture + +bares a very strong relationship +to many of the + +comments that we've made about +single-valued functions and + +one-to-one functions. + +Let's get right into the topic +by talking about one + +particular phase that somehow or +other we may have taken for + +granted, but which really is a +lot more sophisticated than we + +really imagine at +first glance. + +Let's look, for example, at +an expression such as 'y' + +equals 'f of x'. + +A rather harmless expression, +we write it down quite + +frequently, and we say +things like what? + +Given that 'y' equals 'f +of x', find 'dy dx'. + +And you see the point that we've +made here is we have + +assumed that 'y' can +be solved for + +explicitly in terms of 'x'. + +In other words, in terms of +our function machine, we + +visualize an 'f' machine. + +'x' goes in as the input, 'y' +comes out as the output, and + +everything is fine. + +Now, the interesting point +is simply this. + +Let's look at a slightly more + +complicated algebraic equation. + +For example, 'x to the eighth' +plus ''x to the sixth' 'y to + +the fourth'' plus 'y to +the sixth' equals 3. + +Now, in this particular example, +notice that 'x' and + +'y' are not given at random. + +For example, if I say let me +pick 'x' to be 2 and 'y' to be + +2, and I put 2 in for 'x' and +2 in for 'y', just look at + +what happens to the left-hand +side here. + +It makes, in particular, +3 a pretty big number. + +In other words, when 'x' is 2 +and 'y' is 2, this equation-- + +and we'll talk about the meaning +of the equation more + +in just a few minutes, but +this equation does not + +balance, so to speak. + +In other words, while we cannot +pick 'x' at random for + +a given value of 'y', once 'x' +is given, notice that we wind + +up with a sixth degree +polynomial equation in 'y', + +which determines at most +six values of 'y'. + +And if we're given a value of +'y' as a fixed number, we wind + +up with an eighth degree +polynomial equation in 'x', + +which means that what? + +'x' is no longer +random either. + +The point is it is very, very +difficult, if not impossible, + +to try to solve this particular +equation for 'y' + +explicitly in terms +of 'x' or for 'x' + +explicitly in terms of 'y'. + +And the question is +how do we tackle + +something along these lines? + +And we make a very +tacit assumption. + +And by the way, you'll notice +that when you read this + +section in the text, there are +several remarks saying that + +many of the proofs are beyond +the scope of the textbook at + +this particular point. + +And they'll say we'll talk about +this later, and there + +are references to more +advanced textbooks. + +The point is that from a +more rigorous point of + +view, this is true. + +However, from a geometric +intuitive point of view, it's + +quite easy to see what's really +going on here, as we + +shall do with as the +lecture progresses. + +But for the time being, let's +review what that tacit + +assumption is. + +Essentially what we say is let's +assume that 'y' is a + +particular function of 'x'. + +What particular function +of 'x' is it? + +Well, it's that function of 'x' +such that when you replace + +'y' by that function of 'x', +this becomes an identity. + +And this is what I want +to talk about next. + +You see, assume that 'y' is that +function of 'x' such that + +when you replace 'y' in terms of +'x', 'x to the eighth' plus + +''x to the sixth' 'y the +fourth'' plus 'y to the sixth' + +is identically 3. + +And notice the use of the three +lines here to indicate + +the identity as opposed +to the two lines to + +indicate the equality. + +Now, obviously, there's a more +important difference than to + +say that one is indicated +by three lines and + +the other by two. + +Let me take a few moments to +digress on a very important + +topic, namely, the difference +between what we call an + +equation, or perhaps more +appropriately, a conditional + +equality, and that which we call +an absolute equality or + +an identity. + +For example, let's take a look +at an expression such as 'x + +squared' equals 4. + +You say, ah, these two things +are equals, and if I do the + +same thing to equals, +I get equals. + +So the fellow says I think I'll +differentiate both sides + +of this equality. + +If he differentiates 'x +squared', he gets '2x', and if + +he differentiates +4, he gets 0. + +Now notice that if you solve +the equation 'x squared' + +equals 4, you get what? + +'x' equals minus 2, or 2. + +On the other hand, if you solve +the equation '2x' equals + +0, you get x equals 0, and +there seems to be no + +correlation between these two. + +Now, you see the answer +to this thing is this. + +'x squared' is not a synonym. + +'x squared' is not another +way of saying 4. + +To use the language of the new +mathematics, the solution set + +for 'x squared' equals +4 is what? + +The set of all 'x' such that +'x squared' equals 4. + +That's another way +of saying what? + +The set whose only two members +are 2 and negative 2. + +In other words, we cannot +say that 'x squared' is + +a synonym for 4. + +All we can say is given the +condition if 'x' is either 2 + +or minus 2, then 'x +squared' equals 4. + +Otherwise, this is +not the case. + +For example, if you subtract 4 +from 'x squared', you do not + +get identically 0. + +In other words, 'x squared' +minus 4 is not another + +way of saying 0. + +For example, if I put +'x' equals 3 in + +here, this says what? + +3 squared equals 4, which is +certainly a meaningful + +statement, but nonetheless +a false statement. + +You see, somehow or other, an +equation is something which + +can be true for a certain values +of your variable but + +false for others. + +On the other hand, an identity, +as the name may + +imply, is something that's +true for all + +values of the variable. + +For example, let's go back to +something we learned in + +elementary school algebra: 'x +squared minus 1' equals 'x + + +1' times 'x - 1'. + +Notice I wrote this with +the three lines here. + +It's my way of saying that for +any number 'x' whatsoever, 'x + +squared - 1' always names +the same number as 'x + + +1' times 'x - 1'. + +In other words, the solution +set of this particular + +equation includes all +real numbers. + +Or another way of saying it is +that if you were to subtract + +'x + 1' times 'x - 1' from the +'x squared minus 1', the + +result would be 0 independently +of what the + +value of 'x' was. + +In more colloquial terms, what +we're saying is that 'x + +squared minus 1' and 'x + +1' times 'x - 1' are two + +different ways of saying +the same thing. + +Now, the beauty of an +identity versus a + +conditional equality is this. + +That if two expressions are just +two different names for + +the same thing, then whatever +is true for one expression + +will be true for the other. + +You see, in other words, if the +concept is the same but + +only the names are different, +then certainly anything that + +depends on the concept will not +depend on the particular + +name that's involved. + +Well, as a case in point, let's +suppose now I take 'x + +squared minus 1' and +I differentiate it. + +The result is '2x'. + +On the other hand, if I take +'x + 1' times 'x - 1' and + +differentiate it, I get what? + +By use of the product rule, it's +the first factor times + +the derivative of the second +plus the derivative of the + +first factor times the second. + +That's what? 'x + 1' plus +'x - 1', and that + +comes out to be '2x'. + +In other words, since these two +expressions were just two + +different names for the same +thing, the derivative of one + +of the expressions must equal +the derivative of the other + +because it's still the same +function that you're + +differentiating. + +And this is what we mean when +we say let's assume that 'y' + +is that function of 'x' that +makes the resulting equation + +an identity. + +Let's look at a particularly +simple illustration, and we'll + +do this quite often +in this course. + +Namely, whenever we want to +illustrate a new topic, we + +will always, when possible, pick +an illustrative example + +that could have been solved +by a previous method. + +As a case in point, let's +look at the identity 'x' + +times 'y' is 1. + +See, in other words, 'y' is that +particular function of + +'x', such that whenever you +replace 'y' by that function, + +this becomes an identity. + +Now, if that seems hard, notice +that we could turn this + +into an explicit relationship +just by dividing both sides of + +this equation, our +identity by 'x'. + +Of course, that assumes +'x' is not equal to 0. + +But if we do that, 'y' +becomes '1/x'. + +Now notice that '1/x' has the +property that as long as 'x' + +is not 0, if you multiply that +by 'x', you get identically 1. + +'x' times '1/x' is 1. + +Two different ways +of saying 1. + +Now, how does the method +of implicit + +differentiation proceed? + +We say OK, since this is an +identity, if I differentiate + +both sides with respect to 'x', +the derivative of the + +left-hand side should equal +the derivative of the + +right-hand side. + +Now, how do we differentiate +'x' times 'y'? + +Observe that we're assuming that +'y' is a function of 'x'. + +Therefore, 'x' times 'y' +is a product of two + +functions of 'x'. + +To differentiate a product, +we use the product rule. + +Namely, we will take the first +factor times the derivative of + +the second with respect +to 'x'. + +That's 'dy dx', because 'y' is +the second factor, plus the + +derivative of the first factor +with respect to 'x'. + +Well, the derivative of 'x' with +respect to 'x' is 1 times + +the second factor, which is 'y', +that's now the derivative + +of the left-hand side. + +That must equal identically +the derivative of the + +right-hand side. + +The right-hand side is 1. + +The derivative of +a constant is 0. + +So we wind up with the +relationship that 'x' times + +'dy dx' plus 'y' must +be identically 0. + +And now solving for 'dy dx' in +terms of 'x' and 'y', we find + +that 'dy dx' is equal +to minus 'y/x'. + +By the way, notice that by +picking a problem that could + +be solved explicitly for 'y' +in terms of 'x', we have a + +very simple check on this +particular problem. + +Namely, we know that 'y', if +'x' is not 0, that y is + +another name for '1/x'. + +Therefore, minus 'y/x' is +another name for ''minus 1' + +over 'x squared''. + +But we already know that if 'y' +equals 'x to the minus 1' + +by another method, we know that +'dy dx' is 'minus x to + +the minus 2', which is also +''minus 1' over 'x squared''. + +And so we see that the new +method does give us the same + +answer as the old method. + +By the way, let me +make a rather + +important aside over here. + +And that is when you look at +something like this, you might + +say something like I wonder +what happens if I try to + +compute 'dy dx', say, when 'x' +equals 2 and 'y' equals 3? + +Now, you see if you mechanically +plug into + +something like this, +you get what? + +Minus 3/2, which is minus +three-halves. + +The point that I want to bring +out, and we'll come to this at + +the conclusion of today's +lecture also, is the concept + +of related rates and +related variables. + +Notice that whereas from this +equation it looks as if we can + +let 'y' equal 3 and 'x' equal +2, notice that if we go back + +to our basic definition, 'x' +and 'y' are related so that + +they are not independent. + +Notice that as soon as we say +let 'x' equal 2, we have what? + +That '2y' is 1, and +'y' must be 1/2. + +In other words, when you use +implicit differentiation, + +never forget that whenever +you're going to compare 'x' + +and 'y', you must go back to the +equation or the identity + +which implicitly relates +'x' to 'y'. + +Well, so far this may +look rather easy and + +straightforward. + +But the fact remains that there +are certain subtleties + +here which we have +not hit yet. + +So what I'd like to do now +is pick a second example, + +slightly more complicated than +this one, which can still be + +solved explicitly but which +leads to a wrinkle which we + +may not have observed before. + +With this in mind, +what I would like + +to do is the following. + +Let's consider the relation 'x +squared' plus 'y squared' + +equals 25 and ask the question +how do you find 'dy dx' in + +this particular case? + +Again what we do is we assume, +and this is the big word here. + +There are lots of things that +you can assume, but whether + +they exist or not is +another question. + +That's the part that the +textbook means is more + +advanced and is hard +to justify. + +But let's take a look here. + +We'll assume that 'y' is a +particular function of 'x' + +with the property that when 'y' +is that function of 'x', + +'x squared' plus 'y squared' +is identically 25, OK? + +And what that means is that +whatever 'x' and 'y' are, + +they're related in such a way +that 'x squared' plus 'y + +squared' is a synonym for 25. + +If we now proceed by implicit +differentiation here, you see + +the left-hand side is a function +which is the sum of + +two functions of 'x'. + +The derivative of a sum is the +sum of the derivatives. + +The derivative of 'x squared' +with respect to 'x' is '2x'. + +The derivative of 'y squared' +with respect + +to 'x' is not '2y'. + +The derivative of 'y squared' +with respect to 'y' is '2y'. + +By the chain rule, the +derivative of 'y squared' with + +respect to 'x' is what? + +The derivative of 'y squared' +with respect to + +'y' times 'dy dx'. + +In other words, this +is simply what? + +''2y' 'dy dx''. + +So the derivative of the +left-hand side is '2x' plus + +''2y' 'dy dx''. + +The derivative of the +right-hand side, the + +right-hand side being +a constant, is 0. + +And if we now solve for 'dy dx' +in terms of 'x' and 'y', + +we find that 'dy dx' +is 'minus x/y', OK? + +This is all there is to this +thing mechanically. + +By the way, of course, it +happens as you probably + +remember, that 'x squared' plus +'y squared' equals 25 is + +a circle centered at the origin +with radius equal to 5. + +OK, so far so good. + +We'll come back to this diagram +in a little while. + +But the thing now is could we +have solved the same problem + +by solving for 'y' explicitly +in terms of 'x'? + +The answer in this case, +of course, is yes. + +Namely, if 'x squared' plus 'y +squared' is 25, that says that + +'y squared' is 25 minus 'x +squared', and therefore, the + +desired function of 'x'. + +'y' is what function of 'x'? + +It's plus or minus the +square root of + +'25 minus 'x squared''. + +In other words, that's what? + +It's the positive '25 minus 'x +squared'' to the 1/2 power. + +That's one of the solutions. + +And the other solution is the +negative '25 minus 'x + +squared'' to the 1/2 power. + +I simply use the exponent +notation because it's more + +familiar to us in terms +of differentiation to + +differentiate the exponent +rather than the radical sign. + +But the idea is this: Notice +now that we begin to see a + +multivalued function creeping +in over here. + +In other words, we now find that +we want to solve for 'y' + +explicitly in terms of 'x', +that we do get the problem + +that y might be a multivalued +function of 'x'. + +Well, we'll look at +that in a moment. + +For the time being, +let's simply do a + +double check over here. + +Let's actually differentiate +this thing explicitly and see + +what the derivative +turns out to be. + +If we differentiate this, +we bring the 1/2 down. + +We replace it to an +exponent one less. + +And by the chain rule, we must +multiply by the derivative of + +what's inside here, 25 minus x +squared with respect to 'x'. + +That's 'minus 2x'. + +Collecting terms and +simplifying, we get what? + +'Minus x' over ''25 minus 'x +squared'' to the 1/2'. + +And recalling that ''25 minus +'x squared'' to the 1/2' is + +equal to the 'y' value in this +case, we get the derivative of + +'y1' with respect to 'x' is +'minus x' over 'y1', just + +calling the function this. + +That at any rate shows what? + +The negative x-coordinate over +the y-coordinate, and that + +certainly checks with the result +that we had before. + +In a similar way, if we now +differentiate 'y2' with + +respect to 'x', bringing down +the exponent, multiplying by + +the derivative of what's inside +with respect to 'x', we + +wind up with the same expression +as we did before, + +only now we remember that 'y2' +is defined to be negative ''25 + +minus 'x squared'' to the +1/2', so this is really + +negative y2. + +By the way, notice again that we +get the same answer here as + +we did here. + +I like to keep the minus sign +with the appropriate term. + +In other words, notice it was +the fact that 'y2' was + +multivalued that caused us +to have two different + +possibilities here in +the first place. + +Now, let's go back to our little +graph over here and + +take a look to see just +what happened here. + +Remember, all through this +course, we've said what? + +Be aware of what happens +when 'y' equals 0. + +Notice in terms of our picture +and our related rates here, + +when 'y' is 0, 'x' is not +some arbitrary number. + +When 'y' is 0, since 'x squared' +plus 'y squared' + +equals 25 when 'y' is 0, 'x' +must either be 5 or minus 5. + +So what's happening is the bad +point when 'y' is 0, or the + +bad points, are right here. + +And notice the rather +interesting thing here, and + +this is what comes up more +analytically later. + +The only time you're in trouble +when you assume that + +'y' is a function of 'x'-- +remember, function mean + +single-valued-- + +is that if you happen to be in +the neighborhood of 5 comma 0 + +or minus 5 comma 0, notice +that for any neighborhood + +surrounding this point, +there is no way-- + +if this point here is included, +there is no way of + +breaking up this function +to be single valued. + +In other words, if you must have +a small portion of the + +curve that includes 5 comma +0 as an interior point, no + +matter how you do it, the +resulting curve is going to be + +multivalued, and then we're in +the same predicament again. + +In other words, from a +theoretical point of view, + +geometrically speaking, it's +very easy to assume that 'y' + +is a function of 'x' that makes + +our equation an identity. + +But from a real point of view, +what may frequently happen is + +that the only type of function +that would work is what we + +call a multivalued function. + +That's exactly what's +going on over here. + +And that's why a textbook, +which is trying to be + +rigorous, has to be very, very +careful in explaining what + +happens in neighborhoods +of points like this. + +But again, we'll talk about +that in more detail in a + +little while. + +I would like to make one +aside over here. + +You may recall that we learned +in one of our previous + +lectures that by inverse +functions, we can + +differentiate things like 'x' +to the 1/2, 'x' to the 1/3. + +This generalizes very nicely +and very simply in terms of + +implicit differentiation. + +Namely, suppose you have 'y' +equals 'x to the 'p/q'' power + +where 'p' and 'q' +are integers. + +In other words, your exponent +is now a fraction. + +Raise both sides to the q-th +power, and you get 'y' to the + +'q' equals 'x to the p'. + +Now, we know how to +differentiate powers of 'x' or + +'y' if the power happens +to be an integer. + +So by implicit differentiation, +assuming that + +this is now an identity, which +it is if 'y' equals 'x to the + +'p/q'', if we differentiate +both sides with respect to + +'x', the derivative of the +left-hand side is 'qy to the + +'q - 1'' times the derivative +of 'y' with respect to 'x'. + +That is, we're differentiating +with respect to 'x'. + +And the derivative of the +right-hand side is + +'px to the 'p - 1''. + +And since this is an +identity, these two + +expressions must be equal. + +If we solve now for 'dy dx', +we obtain this expression, + +replacing 'y' by 'x to the +'p/q'', and multiplying out + +here, and remembering that when +you have an exponent in + +the denominator, it can come +up into the numerator by + +changing the sign. + +A little bit of arithmetic shows +that 'dy dx' is ''p/q' x + +to the ''p - 1' minus 'p' +plus 'p/q'' power. + +The 'p' and the 'minus p' cancel +out, and we find what? + +That 'dy dx' is 'p/q' times +'x to the ''p/q' - 1''. + +Remembering that 'p/q' was +our fractional exponent, + +we again see what? + +That to differentiate 'x' to +a fractional exponent-- + +'p/q'-- + +you bring the exponent down and +replace the 2 by one less. + +So that gives us an alternative +method for finding + +the derivative of a fractional +exponent by namely using + +implicit differentiation. + +Now, the reason I put that aside +in is we could certainly + +get along without it. + +But I felt that before we go any +further, that I would like + +at least to add it on the more +elementary levels to be sure + +that we understand explicitly +what implicit + +differentiation means. + +With this in mind, let's now go +back to the problem that we + +started off with in this +lecture, namely, the curve + +whose equation is 'x to the +eighth' plus ''x to the sixth' + +'y to the fourth'' plus 'y +the sixth' equals 3. + +And we say what? + +Let's find the equation of the +line tangent to this curve at + +the point 1 comma 1. + +By the way, I did something +that teachers are + +allowed to do here. + +I rigged the problem to come +out rather simply. + +You see, what I did was by +picking 1 and 1 here, + +it turns out what? + +That if I made the right-hand +side just equal to the number + +of terms here, I would get +this thing to check out. + +But notice, by the way, if I had +just picked the point at + +random to try to even check +where that point is on this + +curve, or if it were on this +curve, to find out what its + +coordinates are, this is a +rather difficult problem. + +In other words, if I just pick +a random value of 'x', as I + +said before, I get a sixth +degree polynomial equation to + +solve, and if I pick a random +value of 'y', an eighth degree + +polynomial equation to solve. + +You know, it might be nice to +pretend that the 8 was a 2 or + +something like this and solve +it as a quadratic equation. + +But quite frankly, solving +polynomial equations, which + +are higher than the degree two +is a very difficult task. + +In fact, if the degree is +greater than four, it may even + +be an impossible task. + +I'm not going to go into +that now because + +it's not that crucial. + +What is crucial is to observe +that this particular problem + +makes sense. + +It's a meaningful problem. + +It would be difficult, if not +impossible, to solve for 'y' + +explicitly in terms +of 'x' here, OK? + +Yet to solve this problem, +we can now use implicit + +differentiation except for the +fact that we can no longer + +check back by another method to +see if the answer is right. + +That's why I wanted to pick a +few introductory examples that + +we could check by other means. + +Now that we have a feeling for +this, maybe we will trust the + +technique in a case where we +have no recourse other than to + +use the technique. + +So what we do now is this: We +say OK, let's assume that 'y' + +is that function of 'x', that +differentiable function of 'x' + +that makes this particular +equation an identity. + +And assuming now that this +is an identity, let me + +differentiate both sides +with respect to 'x'. + +See, this is a sum. + +One of the terms in the sum +happens to be a product. + +But by now, hopefully how we go +about something like this + +will be old hat. + +Namely, to differentiate the +left-hand side with respect to + +'x', we get what? + +'8x to the seventh' plus what? + +The derivative of 'x to the +sixth', which is '6x to the + +fifth', times the second +factor, which is 'y the + +fourth', plus the first factor, +which is 'x to the + +sixth', times the derivative +of 'y to the fourth' with + +respect to 'x'-- + +that's ''4y cubed' 'dy dx''-- + +plus the derivative of 'y to +the sixth' with respect to + +'x', which is ''6y to +the fifth' 'dy dx''. + +That must be identically 0. + +And if we now solve this for 'dy +dx', just by transposing, + +we wind up again with a rather +messy expression, but which + +does show what 'dy dx' looks +like in terms of 'x' and 'y'. + +We were interested in knowing +what the slope was not only + +for any old value of 'x' and +'y' but rather for what? + +When 'x' is 1 and 'y' is 1. + +And that works out very nicely +computationally. + +It's just minus 14/10. + +In other words, at the point +1 comma 1, the slope of the + +curve is minus 7/5. + +The curve passes through +the point (1, 1). + +Hence, it's equation is 'y - 1' +over 'x - 1' equals minus + +7/5, or more explicitly, +'7x + 5y' equals 12. + +And the point that I wanted to +make here is notice that + +nothing changed in principle +from our first few lectures. + +Notice that to find the equation +of the line, we still + +use the recipe that we have +to know a point on the + +line and the slope. + +The only thing that's changed +with today's lesson is that we + +can now find the slope of a +curve at a particular point + +that we could not find prior +to today's lesson. + +All that has changed is that we +have one more technique for + +finding the derivative of a +particular type of function. + +I would like to analyze this +problem in more detail. + +In particular, I would like to +see where the numerator of + +this expression can +be 0 and where the + +denominator can be 0. + +Because you see in terms of +slopes, where the numerator is + +0, it means the slope +will be 0. + +That means we have a horizontal +tangent line. + +Where the denominator is 0, +that means the slope is + +infinite, OK? + +And where the slope is infinite, +that means you have + +a vertical line, and that means +you have a vertical + +tangent, OK. + +So let's take a look and +see what that means. + +Keep this particular equation +in mind, because now you see + +on the next board, all I want +to do is work with what this + +thing means. + +In other words, 'dy dx' will be +0 when my numerator is 0. + +My numerator can be written +in this particular form. + +And by the way, here's again +an interesting point. + +When will this expression +be 0? + +And the answer is when either +of these two factors is 0. + +Well, the first factor +is 0 when 'x' is 0. + +And the second factor is 0, +since these are even powers, + +only when 'x' and +'y' are both 0. + +Notice, however, that 'x' and +'y' cannot both be 0. + +Recall that the equation +was what? + +Whatever it was, notice that +(0, 0) is not a point which + +satisfies the equation. + +Remember, (0, 0) does not +satisfy 'x to the eighth' plus + +''x to the sixth' 'y squared'' +plus 'y to the + +sixth' equals 3. + +It's equal to 0, you see. + +But at any rate, notice +that the slope is 0 + +only when 'x' is 0. + +And because of the particular +equation, when 'x' is 0-- + +well, we'll go back to +that in a minute. + +Let's just check to see +what's happening here. + +The denominator will be 0. + +In other words, when 'dx +dy' is 0-- '1 over + +'dy dx'', you see-- + +only when this factor here is 0, +and that occurs again only + +when 'y' is 0. + +Now, the point to keep +in mind is this. + +Remember, I put this down here +so we could refer to it, and I + +forgot that I put it here, and +that's why I didn't see it + +until just now. + +All I'm saying here is that +notice that when 'x' is 0, 'y' + +must be plus or minus +the sixth root of 3. + +And when 'y' is 0, these two +terms drop out. 'x' must be + +plus or minus the eighth +root of 3. + +Coming over to a graph here +then, what we see is that the + +curve crosses the x-axis +at this point + +with a vertical tangent. + +It crosses the y-axis +at this point with + +a horizontal tangent. + +Notice, by the way, that this +curve is also symmetric with + +respect to both the x- and +the y-axes, because + +if I replace 'x'-- + +well, it's not important, and +I don't want to obscure the + +lecture by taking time +out for this now. + +But the point is a quick check +shows that this curve is + +symmetric with respect to both +the x- and the y-axes, that if + +I could plot this curve just +in the first quadrant, the + +mirror image with respect to the +y-axis would then show me + +the second quadrant. + +If I then took the mirror image +of this upper half with + +respect to the x-axis, that +would give me the lower + +portion of this curve. + +The curve tends to look +something like this. + +And by the way, all we've done, +if we look back over + +here if you can see this OK, the +'7x + 5y' equals 12 simply + +turned out to be what? + +The equation of the line which +was tangent to this curve at + +this particular point. + +What I'd like to show you in +terms of one-to-oneness and + +single-valuedness is this. + +I told you I was interested in +what was happening at this + +curve at the point 1 comma 1. + +Suppose I had said instead find +the equation of the line + +tangent to this curve at the +point whose x-coordinate is 1? + +Well, you see, there are two +points on this curve whose + +x-coordinate is 1. + +You see, this is a double-valued +curve. + +A given value of 'x' between +these two extremes yields the + +two values of 'y'. + +I would have had no way of +knowing which of the two + +y-values I meant, you see? + +And correspondingly, if somebody +had said find the + +slope of the curve, of the +equation of a line tangent to + +the curve, at the point whose +y-coordinate is 1, notice that + +this is not 1 to 1. + +In other words, if the +y-coordinate is 1, notice that + +I cannot distinguish between +the point 1 comma 1 and the + +point what? + +Minus 1 comma 1. + +You see, there's again our +problem with inverse functions + +and things of this +particular type. + +If we're told the neighborhood +of the point that we're + +interested in, we're fine. + +If all we're told are one of +the coordinates and have to + +find the other, there is a +certain amount of ambiguity. + +And keep in mind, by the way, +that I deliberately rigged + +this problem to get something +I could graph at least. + +In many cases, it's much more +difficult to even visualize + +what the graph looks like, +much more complicated. + +You see, computationally, this +can be come quite a mess. + +The important point is that what +we were doing implicitly + +here assumed on the explicit +fact I could take this curve + +and break it down at the points +where I have vertical + +tangents and look at this as +two separate curves: 'c1', + +namely, the original curve, but +restricted to 'y' being + +non-negative, and 'c2', the +original curve, but restricted + +to 'y' being negative. + +In other words, I can look at +'c1' as being this piece and + +'c2' as being this piece. + +And again, the point is what? + +That whenever you're in the +neighborhood of these points, + +you're in trouble. + +Because notice that no matter +how small a neighborhood I + +pick, if I can't tell one of +these branches from the other, + +no matter how I do this, I'm +going to be caught on a + +multivalued part of the +curve over here. + +Well, at any rate, I think this +begins to show us what + +implicit differentiation means, +why we have to be + +careful of points at which +vertical tangent occur, but I + +would like before closing this +lecture to generalize the + +concept of related rates and +make this a little bit more + +applicable from a physical +point of view. + +And that is when we say in +something like this that let's + +assume that 'y' is a +differentiable function of + +'x', there is no reason to +have to assume that the + +variable you want to relate +things to is 'x' itself. + +For example, let me do something +which uses the same + +kind of an equation that we had +before, but only from a + +different point of view. + +See, now instead of asking for +the slope of this circle or + +what have you, let's work +the question this way. + +Let's suppose we have +a particle. + +The particle is moving along the +curve 'x squared' plus 'y + +squared' equals 25 where for +physical reasons we'll say 'x' + +and 'y' are in feet, and that +we know at the point 3 comma + +4, 'dx dt'-- + +the horizontal component of the +speed of the particle-- + +is 8 feet per second. + +And the question is we'd +like to find 'dy dt', + +the vertical component. + +In other words, the particle +is moving along the circle. + +We know that at the point 3 +comma 4, 'x' is increasing at + +the rate of 6 feet per second +while the increasing + +x-direction is this way. + +So somehow or other, we know +that the particle is moving + +along the curve in +this direction. + +You see, if it were moving +in this direction, it's + +x-coordinate would be +decreasing, not increasing. + +And the question that comes +up is how do we find + +'dy dt' in this case? + +Well, see, all we do in this +case is we say look-it, + +instead of assuming that 'y' is +a differentiable function + +of 'x', why don't we assume +that both 'x' and 'y' are + +differentiable functions +of 't'? + +In other words, let's assume +that 'x' and 'y' are + +differentiable functions of 't' +that make this an identity + +in terms of 't'. + +Now again, as long as this is an +identity and we're assuming + +that 'x' and 'y' are +differentiable functions of + +'t', there is absolutely +no reason why we can't + +differentiate both sides of this +equation with respect to + +'t' instead of with +respect to 'x'. + +If we do that, we get what? + +'2x' 'dx dt' plus '2y' +'dy dt' equals 0. + +You see the same principle as +before even though we're now + +differentiating implicitly +evidently what we could call + +parametric equations. + +We're assuming that 'x' and +'y' are differentiable + +functions of 't'. + +You see, from this identity now, +we can conclude that 'dy + +dt' is 'minus x/y' +times 'dx dt'. + +And now, you see, to polish off +our particular problem, + +namely, we're interested +in what? + +When 'x' was 3, 'y' was +4, and 'dx dt' is 8. + +In other words, I find out +from this that 'dy dt' is + +minus 6 feet per second. + +You see, the idea was that 'x' +and 'y' as positions of the + +point were related by the fact +that 'x squared' plus 'y + +squared' had to equal 25. + +In other words, this is what +we physically call a + +constraint. + +And by the way, this is what +makes calculus such an + +important, powerful, +analytical tool. + +Notice that in doing this +particular problem, I never + +had to know explicitly +what functions 'x' + +and 'y' were of 't'. + +All I had to know was what? + +That 'x' and 'y' were +differentiable + +functions of 't'. + +I don't care how the particle +was moving away from the point + +3 comma 4 as long as 'x' and +'y' were differentiable + +functions of 't', this is how +the rates 'dy dt' and 'dx dt' + +had to be related. + +Well, let me summarize what +was really important + +conceptually about +today's lecture. + +The most important thing +conceptually was what? + +With all of our talk about +explicitly writing an output + +and an input, in many important +mathematical + +relationships, the variables +that we're concerned with are + +implicitly related. + +In other words, we are not told +what 'y' looks like in + +terms of 'x', but rather how 'x' +and 'y' are interrelated, + +and from here we have to +find a derivative. + +And the way we do this is that +we make the assumption that an + +appropriate identity exists, +that 'y' is an appropriate + +function of 'x' that makes the +relationship an identity. + +The validity of when you can +do this, for example, + +geometrically, when do you wind +up not having a point + +that includes a vertical +tangent, a point where you + +can't separate the curve +doubling back? + +That turns out to be a rather +difficult point from an + +analytical point of view, a +point that we will return to + +in a more advanced context when +we deal with functions of + +several variables. + +But for the time being, all I +want you to be left with in + +this lecture is the feeling that +we can, given an implicit + +relationship under the proper +conditions, assume that the + +appropriate explicit +relationship exists and that + +we can differentiate both +sides as an identity. + +Well, enough said for today, and +until next time, goodbye. + +NARRATOR: Funding for the +publication of this video was + +provided by the Gabriella and +Paul Rosenbaum Foundation. + +Help OCW continue to provide +free and open access to MIT + +courses by making a donation +at ocw.mit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/mf5YOU_jr8U.txt b/mf5YOU_jr8U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9057bc8a2fbbc2124efe5255bce906f1067004c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/mf5YOU_jr8U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the other method we've used we're trying + + align:start position:0% +the other method we've used we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +the other method we've used we're trying +is uh seepage meters any of you guys + + align:start position:0% +is uh seepage meters any of you guys + + + align:start position:0% +is uh seepage meters any of you guys +familiar with secret meters + + align:start position:0% +familiar with secret meters + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with secret meters +did you work with uh emily and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all too familiar with seafood meters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you know basically it sort of makes + + align:start position:0% +uh you know basically it sort of makes + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know basically it sort of makes +sense when you think about it we're not + + align:start position:0% +sense when you think about it we're not + + + align:start position:0% +sense when you think about it we're not +interested in concentration as much as + + align:start position:0% +interested in concentration as much as + + + align:start position:0% +interested in concentration as much as +we are in flux + + align:start position:0% +we are in flux + + + align:start position:0% +we are in flux +total mass coming in per year amount of + + align:start position:0% +total mass coming in per year amount of + + + align:start position:0% +total mass coming in per year amount of +water and that's hard to measure in + + align:start position:0% +water and that's hard to measure in + + + align:start position:0% +water and that's hard to measure in +groundwater as + + align:start position:0% +groundwater as + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater as +you probably personally experienced okay + + align:start position:0% +you probably personally experienced okay + + + align:start position:0% +you probably personally experienced okay +so what they've come up with are these + + align:start position:0% +so what they've come up with are these + + + align:start position:0% +so what they've come up with are these +things called seepage meters uh david + + align:start position:0% +things called seepage meters uh david + + + align:start position:0% +things called seepage meters uh david +lee + + align:start position:0% +lee + + + align:start position:0% +lee +and a few others came out designed them + + align:start position:0% +and a few others came out designed them + + + align:start position:0% +and a few others came out designed them +uh first in canada some years ago + + align:start position:0% +uh first in canada some years ago + + + align:start position:0% +uh first in canada some years ago +and um the idea being that you find some + + align:start position:0% +and um the idea being that you find some + + + align:start position:0% +and um the idea being that you find some +sort of a way to have a funnel or + + align:start position:0% +sort of a way to have a funnel or + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a way to have a funnel or +something you can put on the pond bottom + + align:start position:0% +something you can put on the pond bottom + + + align:start position:0% +something you can put on the pond bottom +and the groundwater that would be + + align:start position:0% +and the groundwater that would be + + + align:start position:0% +and the groundwater that would be +discharging the leg goes through that + + align:start position:0% +discharging the leg goes through that + + + align:start position:0% +discharging the leg goes through that +first and you can capture it and measure + + align:start position:0% +first and you can capture it and measure + + + align:start position:0% +first and you can capture it and measure +the rate + + align:start position:0% +the rate + + + align:start position:0% +the rate +okay that's a wonderful i that's that's + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a wonderful i that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a wonderful i that's that's +that's the simple explanation + + align:start position:0% +that's the simple explanation + + + align:start position:0% +that's the simple explanation +everything after that gets to be + + align:start position:0% +everything after that gets to be + + + align:start position:0% +everything after that gets to be +complicated about it but uh + + align:start position:0% +complicated about it but uh + + + align:start position:0% +complicated about it but uh +so what we did is before they put the + + align:start position:0% +so what we did is before they put the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we did is before they put the +wall in we did about 150 seepage meter + + align:start position:0% +wall in we did about 150 seepage meter + + + align:start position:0% +wall in we did about 150 seepage meter +measurements out here + + align:start position:0% +measurements out here + + + align:start position:0% +measurements out here +to try to quantify the amount of water + + align:start position:0% +to try to quantify the amount of water + + + align:start position:0% +to try to quantify the amount of water +coming out and compared to our models + + align:start position:0% +coming out and compared to our models + + + align:start position:0% +coming out and compared to our models +we also looked at the chemistry of the + + align:start position:0% +we also looked at the chemistry of the + + + align:start position:0% +we also looked at the chemistry of the +water coming out and now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +water coming out and now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +water coming out and now we're going to +try to do some seepage meter + + align:start position:0% +try to do some seepage meter + + + align:start position:0% +try to do some seepage meter +measurements afterwards + + align:start position:0% +measurements afterwards + + + align:start position:0% +measurements afterwards +and um what we did is we also set some + + align:start position:0% +and um what we did is we also set some + + + align:start position:0% +and um what we did is we also set some +permanent seepage meters in + + align:start position:0% +permanent seepage meters in + + + align:start position:0% +permanent seepage meters in +and if you guys rotate a little bit this + + align:start position:0% +and if you guys rotate a little bit this + + + align:start position:0% +and if you guys rotate a little bit this +way i'll show them to you + + align:start position:0% +way i'll show them to you + + + align:start position:0% +way i'll show them to you +there's one of them right close to the + + align:start position:0% +there's one of them right close to the + + + align:start position:0% +there's one of them right close to the +shore here + + align:start position:0% +shore here + + + align:start position:0% +shore here +i forgot to turn these on pete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he'll be the highlight of the day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no that's right um + + align:start position:0% +no that's right um + + + align:start position:0% +no that's right um +what we did is um for reasons i won't go + + align:start position:0% +what we did is um for reasons i won't go + + + align:start position:0% +what we did is um for reasons i won't go +into we decided to uh set in a number of + + align:start position:0% +into we decided to uh set in a number of + + + align:start position:0% +into we decided to uh set in a number of +permanent seepers meters + + align:start position:0% +permanent seepers meters + + + align:start position:0% +permanent seepers meters +basically they're 55 gallon drums that + + align:start position:0% +basically they're 55 gallon drums that + + + align:start position:0% +basically they're 55 gallon drums that +were cut so they were half a drum + + align:start position:0% +were cut so they were half a drum + + + align:start position:0% +were cut so they were half a drum +so they're open on the bottom so so what + + align:start position:0% +so they're open on the bottom so so what + + + align:start position:0% +so they're open on the bottom so so what +you have is a ring basically + + align:start position:0% +you have is a ring basically + + + align:start position:0% +you have is a ring basically +and we use some with with removable lids + + align:start position:0% +and we use some with with removable lids + + + align:start position:0% +and we use some with with removable lids +here's the lid to the drum + + align:start position:0% +here's the lid to the drum + + + align:start position:0% +here's the lid to the drum +so you see two of them right here uh we + + align:start position:0% +so you see two of them right here uh we + + + align:start position:0% +so you see two of them right here uh we +put them here because they look like + + align:start position:0% +put them here because they look like + + + align:start position:0% +put them here because they look like +they're awfully close to the edge but at + + align:start position:0% +they're awfully close to the edge but at + + + align:start position:0% +they're awfully close to the edge but at +high water you know you'd be underwater + + align:start position:0% +high water you know you'd be underwater + + + align:start position:0% +high water you know you'd be underwater +yourselves okay + + align:start position:0% +yourselves okay + + + align:start position:0% +yourselves okay +and the reason why we put removable lids + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why we put removable lids + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why we put removable lids +is we want to + + align:start position:0% +is we want to + + + align:start position:0% +is we want to +be sure that there isn't some unique + + align:start position:0% +be sure that there isn't some unique + + + align:start position:0% +be sure that there isn't some unique +geochemistry occurring beneath + + align:start position:0% +geochemistry occurring beneath + + + align:start position:0% +geochemistry occurring beneath +a permanent meter so we want them to + + align:start position:0% +a permanent meter so we want them to + + + align:start position:0% +a permanent meter so we want them to +have the same you know bathing of pond + + align:start position:0% +have the same you know bathing of pond + + + align:start position:0% +have the same you know bathing of pond +water when we're not taking our + + align:start position:0% +water when we're not taking our + + + align:start position:0% +water when we're not taking our +measurements + + align:start position:0% +measurements + + + align:start position:0% +measurements +you know unlike what you may have done + + align:start position:0% +you know unlike what you may have done + + + align:start position:0% +you know unlike what you may have done +whoever was you may have done where they + + align:start position:0% +whoever was you may have done where they + + + align:start position:0% +whoever was you may have done where they +had the 55 gallon drums you guys will + + align:start position:0% +had the 55 gallon drums you guys will + + + align:start position:0% +had the 55 gallon drums you guys will +see those later + + align:start position:0% +see those later + + + align:start position:0% +see those later +so um so when we want to take a + + align:start position:0% +so um so when we want to take a + + + align:start position:0% +so um so when we want to take a +measurement uh of the flux coming out + + align:start position:0% +measurement uh of the flux coming out + + + align:start position:0% +measurement uh of the flux coming out +through the meter you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +through the meter you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +through the meter you can imagine +groundwater is coming up do you have a + + align:start position:0% +groundwater is coming up do you have a + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater is coming up do you have a +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +what was that groundwater is coming up + + align:start position:0% +what was that groundwater is coming up + + + align:start position:0% +what was that groundwater is coming up +through the meter okay and i can + + align:start position:0% +through the meter okay and i can + + + align:start position:0% +through the meter okay and i can +actually put the lid on + + align:start position:0% +actually put the lid on + + + align:start position:0% +actually put the lid on +like this and force the water up to a + + align:start position:0% +like this and force the water up to a + + + align:start position:0% +like this and force the water up to a +tube where i can measure the + + align:start position:0% +tube where i can measure the + + + align:start position:0% +tube where i can measure the +i can take a sample of it or i can get + + align:start position:0% +i can take a sample of it or i can get + + + align:start position:0% +i can take a sample of it or i can get +the flow rate for that + + align:start position:0% +the flow rate for that + + + align:start position:0% +the flow rate for that +area so you have ground water coming up + + align:start position:0% +area so you have ground water coming up + + + align:start position:0% +area so you have ground water coming up +out of the lake + + align:start position:0% +out of the lake + + + align:start position:0% +out of the lake +out of the ground water into the lake + + align:start position:0% +out of the ground water into the lake + + + align:start position:0% +out of the ground water into the lake +some car some portion of it's passing + + align:start position:0% +some car some portion of it's passing + + + align:start position:0% +some car some portion of it's passing +through that ring + + align:start position:0% +through that ring + + + align:start position:0% +through that ring +because those are only about this deep + + align:start position:0% +because those are only about this deep + + + align:start position:0% +because those are only about this deep +the rings and then you can just measure + + align:start position:0% +the rings and then you can just measure + + + align:start position:0% +the rings and then you can just measure +the flux for that area + + align:start position:0% +the flux for that area + + + align:start position:0% +the flux for that area +all right um unfortunately people forget + + align:start position:0% +all right um unfortunately people forget + + + align:start position:0% +all right um unfortunately people forget +to turn them on when i got here + + align:start position:0% +to turn them on when i got here + + + align:start position:0% +to turn them on when i got here +so we'll take another look i've got two + + align:start position:0% +so we'll take another look i've got two + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll take another look i've got two +of them set up right now we'll see how + + align:start position:0% +of them set up right now we'll see how + + + align:start position:0% +of them set up right now we'll see how +much water they accumulate in the next + + align:start position:0% +much water they accumulate in the next + + + align:start position:0% +much water they accumulate in the next +few minutes + + align:start position:0% +few minutes + + + align:start position:0% +few minutes +um i can tell you that we were seeing + + align:start position:0% +um i can tell you that we were seeing + + + align:start position:0% +um i can tell you that we were seeing +rates on the order of 30 liters a day + + align:start position:0% +rates on the order of 30 liters a day + + + align:start position:0% +rates on the order of 30 liters a day +on on these which is a lot of water in + + align:start position:0% +on on these which is a lot of water in + + + align:start position:0% +on on these which is a lot of water in +20 seconds we fill up + + align:start position:0% +20 seconds we fill up + + + align:start position:0% +20 seconds we fill up +in 20 minutes we pull up we'll fill up a + + align:start position:0% +in 20 minutes we pull up we'll fill up a + + + align:start position:0% +in 20 minutes we pull up we'll fill up a +bag if these are working all right + + align:start position:0% +bag if these are working all right + + + align:start position:0% +bag if these are working all right +then you can take a sample of that water + + align:start position:0% +then you can take a sample of that water + + + align:start position:0% +then you can take a sample of that water +and actually analyze it and measure the + + align:start position:0% +and actually analyze it and measure the + + + align:start position:0% +and actually analyze it and measure the +flow rate + + align:start position:0% +flow rate + + + align:start position:0% +flow rate +so that's another way we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +so that's another way we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +so that's another way we're looking at +at the uh flux we actually have some + + align:start position:0% +at the uh flux we actually have some + + + align:start position:0% +at the uh flux we actually have some +control sites that are outside the iron + + align:start position:0% +control sites that are outside the iron + + + align:start position:0% +control sites that are outside the iron +so they won't have you know they won't + + align:start position:0% +so they won't have you know they won't + + + align:start position:0% +so they won't have you know they won't +have had the treatment so we should show + + align:start position:0% +have had the treatment so we should show + + + align:start position:0% +have had the treatment so we should show +the difference + + align:start position:0% +the difference + + + align:start position:0% +the difference +that's what we're looking at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the limnologist would say no + + align:start position:0% +uh the limnologist would say no + + + align:start position:0% +uh the limnologist would say no +apparently the amount of iron in a + + align:start position:0% +apparently the amount of iron in a + + + align:start position:0% +apparently the amount of iron in a +system like this is so large that this + + align:start position:0% +system like this is so large that this + + + align:start position:0% +system like this is so large that this +is trivial + + align:start position:0% +is trivial + + + align:start position:0% +is trivial +that's all i can tell you that iron + + align:start position:0% +that's all i can tell you that iron + + + align:start position:0% +that's all i can tell you that iron +would not be a problem + + align:start position:0% +would not be a problem + + + align:start position:0% +would not be a problem +they don't expect it to be a problem you + + align:start position:0% +they don't expect it to be a problem you + + + align:start position:0% +they don't expect it to be a problem you +better remember + + align:start position:0% +better remember + + + align:start position:0% +better remember +all this stuff brown color + + align:start position:0% +all this stuff brown color + + + align:start position:0% +all this stuff brown color +iron yeah it's iron everywhere there's + + align:start position:0% +iron yeah it's iron everywhere there's + + + align:start position:0% +iron yeah it's iron everywhere there's +only what's amazing is it's only three + + align:start position:0% +only what's amazing is it's only three + + + align:start position:0% +only what's amazing is it's only three +percent by weight iron in this sand + + align:start position:0% +percent by weight iron in this sand + + + align:start position:0% +percent by weight iron in this sand +this what makes the sand red very very + + align:start position:0% +this what makes the sand red very very + + + align:start position:0% +this what makes the sand red very very +low percentage of + + align:start position:0% +low percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +low percentage of +by weight oh that's what they said let + + align:start position:0% +by weight oh that's what they said let + + + align:start position:0% +by weight oh that's what they said let +me tell you it wasn't brain surgery when + + align:start position:0% +me tell you it wasn't brain surgery when + + + align:start position:0% +me tell you it wasn't brain surgery when +we were out here + + align:start position:0% +we were out here + + + align:start position:0% +we were out here +i had visions of you know guys with rods + + align:start position:0% +i had visions of you know guys with rods + + + align:start position:0% +i had visions of you know guys with rods +and little excavators and these were + + align:start position:0% +and little excavators and these were + + + align:start position:0% +and little excavators and these were +like my honking machines + + align:start position:0% +like my honking machines + + + align:start position:0% +like my honking machines +and there was mud flying everywhere and + + align:start position:0% +and there was mud flying everywhere and + + + align:start position:0% +and there was mud flying everywhere and +it was an ugly + + align:start position:0% +it was an ugly + + + align:start position:0% +it was an ugly +in fact what we'll do is we get a bunch + + align:start position:0% +in fact what we'll do is we get a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +in fact what we'll do is we get a bunch +of photos we can we can give you guys + + align:start position:0% +of photos we can we can give you guys + + + align:start position:0% +of photos we can we can give you guys +some photos it was pretty funny + + align:start position:0% +some photos it was pretty funny + + + align:start position:0% +some photos it was pretty funny +and i had one of my guys um tim mccobb + + align:start position:0% +and i had one of my guys um tim mccobb + + + align:start position:0% +and i had one of my guys um tim mccobb +who's a northeastern uh grad + + align:start position:0% +who's a northeastern uh grad + + + align:start position:0% +who's a northeastern uh grad +working with me and he's one of these + + align:start position:0% +working with me and he's one of these + + + align:start position:0% +working with me and he's one of these +guys who just has a natural for working + + align:start position:0% +guys who just has a natural for working + + + align:start position:0% +guys who just has a natural for working +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +i don't wanna i don't wanna sound uh + + align:start position:0% +i don't wanna i don't wanna sound uh + + + align:start position:0% +i don't wanna i don't wanna sound uh +prejudiced here but uh + + align:start position:0% +prejudiced here but uh + + + align:start position:0% +prejudiced here but uh +construction workers you know you know + + align:start position:0% +construction workers you know you know + + + align:start position:0% +construction workers you know you know +some people can work with + + align:start position:0% +some people can work with + + + align:start position:0% +some people can work with +with that mentality type person and he + + align:start position:0% +with that mentality type person and he + + + align:start position:0% +with that mentality type person and he +was out there with his instrumentation + + align:start position:0% +was out there with his instrumentation + + + align:start position:0% +was out there with his instrumentation +little plastic tubes and things and + + align:start position:0% +little plastic tubes and things and + + + align:start position:0% +little plastic tubes and things and +these huge escalators hanging over him + + align:start position:0% +these huge escalators hanging over him + + + align:start position:0% +these huge escalators hanging over him +like monsters + + align:start position:0% +like monsters + + + align:start position:0% +like monsters +he's like no no no i have to put this in + + align:start position:0% +he's like no no no i have to put this in + + + align:start position:0% +he's like no no no i have to put this in +first you know and + + align:start position:0% +first you know and + + + align:start position:0% +first you know and +they would have killed me i wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +they would have killed me i wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +they would have killed me i wouldn't +have been able i would have been dead + + align:start position:0% +have been able i would have been dead + + + align:start position:0% +have been able i would have been dead +but uh it was pretty funny + + align:start position:0% +but uh it was pretty funny + + + align:start position:0% +but uh it was pretty funny +um anyways anything else + + align:start position:0% +um anyways anything else + + + align:start position:0% +um anyways anything else +i can show them that we can try the head + + align:start position:0% +i can show them that we can try the head + + + align:start position:0% +i can show them that we can try the head +thing if you want + + align:start position:0% +thing if you want + + + align:start position:0% +thing if you want +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah maybe we should uh pack it up a + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe we should uh pack it up a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah maybe we should uh pack it up a +little bit then + + align:start position:0% +little bit then + + + align:start position:0% +little bit then +you can either hit the we do it here + + align:start position:0% +you can either hit the we do it here + + + align:start position:0% +you can either hit the we do it here +um let me let's try it here we're all + + align:start position:0% +um let me let's try it here we're all + + + align:start position:0% +um let me let's try it here we're all +set up right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um i just want to prove to you how would + + align:start position:0% +um i just want to prove to you how would + + + align:start position:0% +um i just want to prove to you how would +you how would you know you're in a + + align:start position:0% +you how would you know you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +you how would you know you're in a +groundwater discharge area what would + + align:start position:0% +groundwater discharge area what would + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater discharge area what would +you look for + + align:start position:0% +you look for + + + align:start position:0% +you look for +anybody have any ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably not right uh what you'd want to + + align:start position:0% +probably not right uh what you'd want to + + + align:start position:0% +probably not right uh what you'd want to +do is you'd want to + + align:start position:0% +do is you'd want to + + + align:start position:0% +do is you'd want to +prove to yourselves that you're um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see here if you can open that one + + align:start position:0% +let's see here if you can open that one + + + align:start position:0% +let's see here if you can open that one +which one is that + + align:start position:0% +which one is that + + + align:start position:0% +which one is that +can you move your foot are you standing + + align:start position:0% +can you move your foot are you standing + + + align:start position:0% +can you move your foot are you standing +on one you are okay that one's fine + + align:start position:0% +on one you are okay that one's fine + + + align:start position:0% +on one you are okay that one's fine +that one will work yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a different \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/n7dryYNOA_U.txt b/n7dryYNOA_U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20ec113e4c097aae5a67c479cc6494cb7ebf6cf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/n7dryYNOA_U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +yeah so thank you it's i was extremely + + align:start position:0% +yeah so thank you it's i was extremely + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so thank you it's i was extremely +excited when uh i learned that this + + align:start position:0% +excited when uh i learned that this + + + align:start position:0% +excited when uh i learned that this +class was happening at all just because + + align:start position:0% +class was happening at all just because + + + align:start position:0% +class was happening at all just because +i've been doing + + align:start position:0% +i've been doing + + + align:start position:0% +i've been doing +things that i would consider audio ar + + align:start position:0% +things that i would consider audio ar + + + align:start position:0% +things that i would consider audio ar +for uh you know 12 years now probably um + + align:start position:0% +for uh you know 12 years now probably um + + + align:start position:0% +for uh you know 12 years now probably um +i'm very old so don't don't ask me any + + align:start position:0% +i'm very old so don't don't ask me any + + + align:start position:0% +i'm very old so don't don't ask me any +particulars but + + align:start position:0% +particulars but + + + align:start position:0% +particulars but +and uh it was just it's so exciting to + + align:start position:0% +and uh it was just it's so exciting to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it was just it's so exciting to +be at a time now where things are + + align:start position:0% +be at a time now where things are + + + align:start position:0% +be at a time now where things are +becoming um i don't know if i'd call it + + align:start position:0% +becoming um i don't know if i'd call it + + + align:start position:0% +becoming um i don't know if i'd call it +mainstream yet but at least getting to + + align:start position:0% +mainstream yet but at least getting to + + + align:start position:0% +mainstream yet but at least getting to +the point where people are talking about + + align:start position:0% +the point where people are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +the point where people are talking about +it and teaching it and uh and uh you + + align:start position:0% +it and teaching it and uh and uh you + + + align:start position:0% +it and teaching it and uh and uh you +know so i was excited to learn from what + + align:start position:0% +know so i was excited to learn from what + + + align:start position:0% +know so i was excited to learn from what +you guys are uh going through uh in + + align:start position:0% +you guys are uh going through uh in + + + align:start position:0% +you guys are uh going through uh in +learning in this class and uh to + + align:start position:0% +learning in this class and uh to + + + align:start position:0% +learning in this class and uh to +contribute to the extent that i can so i + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the extent that i can so i + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the extent that i can so i +don't know what just happened there but + + align:start position:0% +don't know what just happened there but + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what just happened there but +i'm gonna press + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna press + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna press +play again on my + + align:start position:0% +play again on my + + + align:start position:0% +play again on my +my back + + align:start position:0% +my back + + + align:start position:0% +my back +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i have uh i'm a sound artist um and + + align:start position:0% +i have uh i'm a sound artist um and + + + align:start position:0% +i have uh i'm a sound artist um and +technologist and i've been um doing work + + align:start position:0% +technologist and i've been um doing work + + + align:start position:0% +technologist and i've been um doing work +with uh uh + + align:start position:0% +with uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +with uh uh +what i would call audio ar for quite a + + align:start position:0% +what i would call audio ar for quite a + + + align:start position:0% +what i would call audio ar for quite a +while as i was saying i work a lot with + + align:start position:0% +while as i was saying i work a lot with + + + align:start position:0% +while as i was saying i work a lot with +spoken human voices and on the + + align:start position:0% +spoken human voices and on the + + + align:start position:0% +spoken human voices and on the +contributory part of my work is that i i + + align:start position:0% +contributory part of my work is that i i + + + align:start position:0% +contributory part of my work is that i i +generally + + align:start position:0% +generally + + + align:start position:0% +generally +do work that um that feeds off of + + align:start position:0% +do work that um that feeds off of + + + align:start position:0% +do work that um that feeds off of +responses and commentary that i get from + + align:start position:0% +responses and commentary that i get from + + + align:start position:0% +responses and commentary that i get from +people who are experiencing the work so + + align:start position:0% +people who are experiencing the work so + + + align:start position:0% +people who are experiencing the work so +i ask people questions they i record + + align:start position:0% +i ask people questions they i record + + + align:start position:0% +i ask people questions they i record +their answers or they record themselves + + align:start position:0% +their answers or they record themselves + + + align:start position:0% +their answers or they record themselves +and then those those uh sort of feed + + align:start position:0% +and then those those uh sort of feed + + + align:start position:0% +and then those those uh sort of feed +back into these evolving works that are + + align:start position:0% +back into these evolving works that are + + + align:start position:0% +back into these evolving works that are +often location based and uh and sort of + + align:start position:0% +often location based and uh and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +often location based and uh and sort of +change over time and and often have a + + align:start position:0% +change over time and and often have a + + + align:start position:0% +change over time and and often have a +musical underpinning as well so i'll i'm + + align:start position:0% +musical underpinning as well so i'll i'm + + + align:start position:0% +musical underpinning as well so i'll i'm +going to talk about a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a whole bunch of +examples of my work and then talk a + + align:start position:0% +examples of my work and then talk a + + + align:start position:0% +examples of my work and then talk a +little bit about the technology that + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the technology that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the technology that +i've developed to um to support some of + + align:start position:0% +i've developed to um to support some of + + + align:start position:0% +i've developed to um to support some of +that work which is + + align:start position:0% +that work which is + + + align:start position:0% +that work which is +what i would call a contributory audio + + align:start position:0% +what i would call a contributory audio + + + align:start position:0% +what i would call a contributory audio +ar framework platform um called + + align:start position:0% +ar framework platform um called + + + align:start position:0% +ar framework platform um called +roundware and + + align:start position:0% +roundware and + + + align:start position:0% +roundware and +then i'm hoping there'll be plenty of + + align:start position:0% +then i'm hoping there'll be plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +then i'm hoping there'll be plenty of +time to + + align:start position:0% +time to + + + align:start position:0% +time to +to ask questions because that's probably + + align:start position:0% +to ask questions because that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +to ask questions because that's probably +going to be the most useful and + + align:start position:0% +going to be the most useful and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the most useful and +interesting part perhaps so feel free to + + align:start position:0% +interesting part perhaps so feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting part perhaps so feel free to +jump in anytime if you have questions + + align:start position:0% +jump in anytime if you have questions + + + align:start position:0% +jump in anytime if you have questions +but there will be time at the end either + + align:start position:0% +but there will be time at the end either + + + align:start position:0% +but there will be time at the end either +way so + + align:start position:0% +way so + + + align:start position:0% +way so +let me just leap in i don't know what + + align:start position:0% +let me just leap in i don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +let me just leap in i don't know what +order things are gonna happen here but + + align:start position:0% +order things are gonna happen here but + + + align:start position:0% +order things are gonna happen here but +i'm gonna go for it whatever it is okay + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna go for it whatever it is okay + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna go for it whatever it is okay +so so what is roundware i just uh + + align:start position:0% +so so what is roundware i just uh + + + align:start position:0% +so so what is roundware i just uh +mentioned a little bit about what + + align:start position:0% +mentioned a little bit about what + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned a little bit about what +ramware is but essentially roundware is + + align:start position:0% +ramware is but essentially roundware is + + + align:start position:0% +ramware is but essentially roundware is +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +a framework um or a platform depending + + align:start position:0% +a framework um or a platform depending + + + align:start position:0% +a framework um or a platform depending +on your preference there that allows for + + align:start position:0% +on your preference there that allows for + + + align:start position:0% +on your preference there that allows for +the creation of + + align:start position:0% +the creation of + + + align:start position:0% +the creation of +basically it allows to overlay any kind + + align:start position:0% +basically it allows to overlay any kind + + + align:start position:0% +basically it allows to overlay any kind +of physical landscape with a layer of + + align:start position:0% +of physical landscape with a layer of + + + align:start position:0% +of physical landscape with a layer of +audio + + align:start position:0% +audio + + + align:start position:0% +audio +and it's actually multiple layers of + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually multiple layers of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's actually multiple layers of +audio that can interact with each other + + align:start position:0% +audio that can interact with each other + + + align:start position:0% +audio that can interact with each other +and i have this quick sort of example + + align:start position:0% +and i have this quick sort of example + + + align:start position:0% +and i have this quick sort of example +here of of the basic elements of what a + + align:start position:0% +here of of the basic elements of what a + + + align:start position:0% +here of of the basic elements of what a +roundware installation covers um so + + align:start position:0% +roundware installation covers um so + + + align:start position:0% +roundware installation covers um so +let's say you wanted to do something on + + align:start position:0% +let's say you wanted to do something on + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you wanted to do something on +the uh the the mall in dc + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the mall in dc + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the mall in dc +and uh this is just + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is just + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is just +this is the mall and the first thing + + align:start position:0% +this is the mall and the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +this is the mall and the first thing +roundware allows you to do is create + + align:start position:0% +roundware allows you to do is create + + + align:start position:0% +roundware allows you to do is create +sort of regions of what i call ambient + + align:start position:0% +sort of regions of what i call ambient + + + align:start position:0% +sort of regions of what i call ambient +music uh well i don't call it i mean + + align:start position:0% +music uh well i don't call it i mean + + + align:start position:0% +music uh well i don't call it i mean +lots of people call things ambient music + + align:start position:0% +lots of people call things ambient music + + + align:start position:0% +lots of people call things ambient music +but um it's a it's sort of a continuous + + align:start position:0% +but um it's a it's sort of a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +but um it's a it's sort of a continuous +layer of ambient sound and those right + + align:start position:0% +layer of ambient sound and those right + + + align:start position:0% +layer of ambient sound and those right +now they're just circles that are drawn + + align:start position:0% +now they're just circles that are drawn + + + align:start position:0% +now they're just circles that are drawn +here you could have any shapes you want + + align:start position:0% +here you could have any shapes you want + + + align:start position:0% +here you could have any shapes you want +and basically the way to think about it + + align:start position:0% +and basically the way to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +and basically the way to think about it +is each of these circles has a different + + align:start position:0% +is each of these circles has a different + + + align:start position:0% +is each of these circles has a different +underlying um + + align:start position:0% +underlying um + + + align:start position:0% +underlying um +ambient uh it doesn't have to be ambient + + align:start position:0% +ambient uh it doesn't have to be ambient + + + align:start position:0% +ambient uh it doesn't have to be ambient +but often in my case it's ambient + + align:start position:0% +but often in my case it's ambient + + + align:start position:0% +but often in my case it's ambient +soundtrack and as you perf as you walk + + align:start position:0% +soundtrack and as you perf as you walk + + + align:start position:0% +soundtrack and as you perf as you walk +from one to the next you know one fades + + align:start position:0% +from one to the next you know one fades + + + align:start position:0% +from one to the next you know one fades +out the other one fades in etc you know + + align:start position:0% +out the other one fades in etc you know + + + align:start position:0% +out the other one fades in etc you know +here you're you've got all three of them + + align:start position:0% +here you're you've got all three of them + + + align:start position:0% +here you're you've got all three of them +playing so this is a way to compose a + + align:start position:0% +playing so this is a way to compose a + + + align:start position:0% +playing so this is a way to compose a +piece of music or a + + align:start position:0% +piece of music or a + + + align:start position:0% +piece of music or a +audio experience of some sort that + + align:start position:0% +audio experience of some sort that + + + align:start position:0% +audio experience of some sort that +really it is very highly dependent on + + align:start position:0% +really it is very highly dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +really it is very highly dependent on +how somebody traverses an actual terrain + + align:start position:0% +how somebody traverses an actual terrain + + + align:start position:0% +how somebody traverses an actual terrain +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this is quite simplified in the sense + + align:start position:0% +this is quite simplified in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +this is quite simplified in the sense +that there are only circles here right + + align:start position:0% +that there are only circles here right + + + align:start position:0% +that there are only circles here right +right now roundware started out you + + align:start position:0% +right now roundware started out you + + + align:start position:0% +right now roundware started out you +could only do circles i've since moved + + align:start position:0% +could only do circles i've since moved + + + align:start position:0% +could only do circles i've since moved +on to polygons which is very exciting + + align:start position:0% +on to polygons which is very exciting + + + align:start position:0% +on to polygons which is very exciting +and so you can draw just you know a + + align:start position:0% +and so you can draw just you know a + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can draw just you know a +block or you could just draw right + + align:start position:0% +block or you could just draw right + + + align:start position:0% +block or you could just draw right +around here on a map and basically + + align:start position:0% +around here on a map and basically + + + align:start position:0% +around here on a map and basically +assign any + + align:start position:0% +assign any + + + align:start position:0% +assign any +any um audio to that and in addition to + + align:start position:0% +any um audio to that and in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +any um audio to that and in addition to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the sort of underlying continuous layer + + align:start position:0% +the sort of underlying continuous layer + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of underlying continuous layer +of audio there are two types of + + align:start position:0% +of audio there are two types of + + + align:start position:0% +of audio there are two types of +sort of what i call momentary audio that + + align:start position:0% +sort of what i call momentary audio that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what i call momentary audio that +that can be interspersed within that + + align:start position:0% +that can be interspersed within that + + + align:start position:0% +that can be interspersed within that +they're usually smaller bits and they're + + align:start position:0% +they're usually smaller bits and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're usually smaller bits and they're +usually + + align:start position:0% +usually + + + align:start position:0% +usually +pieces of audio that kind of play once + + align:start position:0% +pieces of audio that kind of play once + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of audio that kind of play once +like you right you get into the area and + + align:start position:0% +like you right you get into the area and + + + align:start position:0% +like you right you get into the area and +then it's triggered it will play once + + align:start position:0% +then it's triggered it will play once + + + align:start position:0% +then it's triggered it will play once +and then it'll be done as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +and then it'll be done as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +and then it'll be done as opposed to +sort of a looping ambient situation + + align:start position:0% +sort of a looping ambient situation + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a looping ambient situation +and those can be either curated by the + + align:start position:0% +and those can be either curated by the + + + align:start position:0% +and those can be either curated by the +person creating the project you know me + + align:start position:0% +person creating the project you know me + + + align:start position:0% +person creating the project you know me +or whomever is using ramware + + align:start position:0% +or whomever is using ramware + + + align:start position:0% +or whomever is using ramware +or they can be added using the same app + + align:start position:0% +or they can be added using the same app + + + align:start position:0% +or they can be added using the same app +they can be added by + + align:start position:0% +they can be added by + + + align:start position:0% +they can be added by +the people who are experiencing the + + align:start position:0% +the people who are experiencing the + + + align:start position:0% +the people who are experiencing the +project so these red ones are to + + align:start position:0% +project so these red ones are to + + + align:start position:0% +project so these red ones are to +indicate that there's another kind of + + align:start position:0% +indicate that there's another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +indicate that there's another kind of +type of content which is a dynamic type + + align:start position:0% +type of content which is a dynamic type + + + align:start position:0% +type of content which is a dynamic type +of content which happens + + align:start position:0% +of content which happens + + + align:start position:0% +of content which happens +over time when a particular piece is + + align:start position:0% +over time when a particular piece is + + + align:start position:0% +over time when a particular piece is +installed so if i installed this in dc + + align:start position:0% +installed so if i installed this in dc + + + align:start position:0% +installed so if i installed this in dc +on you know january 1st and you know the + + align:start position:0% +on you know january 1st and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +on you know january 1st and you know the +app was released and people could wander + + align:start position:0% +app was released and people could wander + + + align:start position:0% +app was released and people could wander +around listening to everything which was + + align:start position:0% +around listening to everything which was + + + align:start position:0% +around listening to everything which was +the ambient layer and then these yellow + + align:start position:0% +the ambient layer and then these yellow + + + align:start position:0% +the ambient layer and then these yellow +dots and then they added their own on + + align:start position:0% +dots and then they added their own on + + + align:start position:0% +dots and then they added their own on +top of that to respond to various + + align:start position:0% +top of that to respond to various + + + align:start position:0% +top of that to respond to various +questions that are asked within the app + + align:start position:0% +questions that are asked within the app + + + align:start position:0% +questions that are asked within the app +and you know depending on what what the + + align:start position:0% +and you know depending on what what the + + + align:start position:0% +and you know depending on what what the +piece is about i can ask questions any + + align:start position:0% +piece is about i can ask questions any + + + align:start position:0% +piece is about i can ask questions any +any question i want i could you know + + align:start position:0% +any question i want i could you know + + + align:start position:0% +any question i want i could you know +look at the clouds and tell me what you + + align:start position:0% +look at the clouds and tell me what you + + + align:start position:0% +look at the clouds and tell me what you +think and then they could do or you know + + align:start position:0% +think and then they could do or you know + + + align:start position:0% +think and then they could do or you know +tell me uh what this building reminds + + align:start position:0% +tell me uh what this building reminds + + + align:start position:0% +tell me uh what this building reminds +you of or you know anything at all + + align:start position:0% +you of or you know anything at all + + + align:start position:0% +you of or you know anything at all +and you know describe the person who + + align:start position:0% +and you know describe the person who + + + align:start position:0% +and you know describe the person who +just walked past you or something like + + align:start position:0% +just walked past you or something like + + + align:start position:0% +just walked past you or something like +that there are lots of you know + + align:start position:0% +that there are lots of you know + + + align:start position:0% +that there are lots of you know +explorations that can be done but the + + align:start position:0% +explorations that can be done but the + + + align:start position:0% +explorations that can be done but the +point is that these red ones are + + align:start position:0% +point is that these red ones are + + + align:start position:0% +point is that these red ones are +sort of indicative of of a co-creation + + align:start position:0% +sort of indicative of of a co-creation + + + align:start position:0% +sort of indicative of of a co-creation +sort of element to what i do a + + align:start position:0% +sort of element to what i do a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of element to what i do a +contributory element and a + + align:start position:0% +contributory element and a + + + align:start position:0% +contributory element and a +way in which i lose + + align:start position:0% +way in which i lose + + + align:start position:0% +way in which i lose +control over a lot of what the piece + + align:start position:0% +control over a lot of what the piece + + + align:start position:0% +control over a lot of what the piece +ends up being which is both exciting and + + align:start position:0% +ends up being which is both exciting and + + + align:start position:0% +ends up being which is both exciting and +totally nerve-wracking as as i'm sure + + align:start position:0% +totally nerve-wracking as as i'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +totally nerve-wracking as as i'm sure +you can imagine but um + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine but um + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine but um +it's uh it's a a crucial part of my work + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it's a a crucial part of my work + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it's a a crucial part of my work +and about + + align:start position:0% +and about + + + align:start position:0% +and about +and of what roundware allows because + + align:start position:0% +and of what roundware allows because + + + align:start position:0% +and of what roundware allows because +again roundware was developed obviously + + align:start position:0% +again roundware was developed obviously + + + align:start position:0% +again roundware was developed obviously +to you know + + align:start position:0% +to you know + + + align:start position:0% +to you know +scratch the own itch that i have my own + + align:start position:0% +scratch the own itch that i have my own + + + align:start position:0% +scratch the own itch that i have my own +itch that i had to uh to create um + + align:start position:0% +itch that i had to uh to create um + + + align:start position:0% +itch that i had to uh to create um +uh the pieces so + + align:start position:0% +uh the pieces so + + + align:start position:0% +uh the pieces so +i will uh keep on going i'm gonna kind + + align:start position:0% +i will uh keep on going i'm gonna kind + + + align:start position:0% +i will uh keep on going i'm gonna kind +of crank through some of these um some + + align:start position:0% +of crank through some of these um some + + + align:start position:0% +of crank through some of these um some +of the history of where roundware came + + align:start position:0% +of the history of where roundware came + + + align:start position:0% +of the history of where roundware came +from just relatively quickly although + + align:start position:0% +from just relatively quickly although + + + align:start position:0% +from just relatively quickly although +i'm gonna show one video which i think + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna show one video which i think + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna show one video which i think +will be useful + + align:start position:0% +will be useful + + + align:start position:0% +will be useful +so roundware is actually named because + + align:start position:0% +so roundware is actually named because + + + align:start position:0% +so roundware is actually named because +the first project i did with it was + + align:start position:0% +the first project i did with it was + + + align:start position:0% +the first project i did with it was +called round + + align:start position:0% +called round + + + align:start position:0% +called round +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this was a project for a museum outside + + align:start position:0% +this was a project for a museum outside + + + align:start position:0% +this was a project for a museum outside +of new york + + align:start position:0% +of new york + + + align:start position:0% +of new york +called the aldrich contemporary art + + align:start position:0% +called the aldrich contemporary art + + + align:start position:0% +called the aldrich contemporary art +museum and they asked me to + + align:start position:0% +museum and they asked me to + + + align:start position:0% +museum and they asked me to +come in and do something that would + + align:start position:0% +come in and do something that would + + + align:start position:0% +come in and do something that would +be some sort of + + align:start position:0% +be some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +be some sort of +slightly resembling an audio tour but + + align:start position:0% +slightly resembling an audio tour but + + + align:start position:0% +slightly resembling an audio tour but +not be an audio tour because they really + + align:start position:0% +not be an audio tour because they really + + + align:start position:0% +not be an audio tour because they really +didn't like the general approach of + + align:start position:0% +didn't like the general approach of + + + align:start position:0% +didn't like the general approach of +audio tours to sort of tell you what + + align:start position:0% +audio tours to sort of tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +audio tours to sort of tell you what +you're supposed to think about the + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to think about the +artwork et cetera et cetera and + + align:start position:0% +artwork et cetera et cetera and + + + align:start position:0% +artwork et cetera et cetera and +i decided that what i would do was + + align:start position:0% +i decided that what i would do was + + + align:start position:0% +i decided that what i would do was +basically create a sort of soundtrack + + align:start position:0% +basically create a sort of soundtrack + + + align:start position:0% +basically create a sort of soundtrack +for the museum so when people are + + align:start position:0% +for the museum so when people are + + + align:start position:0% +for the museum so when people are +wandering around they could hear that + + align:start position:0% +wandering around they could hear that + + + align:start position:0% +wandering around they could hear that +and then um infuse it with comments that + + align:start position:0% +and then um infuse it with comments that + + + align:start position:0% +and then um infuse it with comments that +people made about the artworks in the + + align:start position:0% +people made about the artworks in the + + + align:start position:0% +people made about the artworks in the +museum that would be heard when you were + + align:start position:0% +museum that would be heard when you were + + + align:start position:0% +museum that would be heard when you were +standing in front of that artwork so you + + align:start position:0% +standing in front of that artwork so you + + + align:start position:0% +standing in front of that artwork so you +could be standing in front of a painting + + align:start position:0% +could be standing in front of a painting + + + align:start position:0% +could be standing in front of a painting +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you could hear um you know the + + align:start position:0% +you could hear um you know the + + + align:start position:0% +you could hear um you know the +curatorial curator smart remarks about + + align:start position:0% +curatorial curator smart remarks about + + + align:start position:0% +curatorial curator smart remarks about +the painter but then about the painting + + align:start position:0% +the painter but then about the painting + + + align:start position:0% +the painter but then about the painting +but then you could also hear a + + align:start position:0% +but then you could also hear a + + + align:start position:0% +but then you could also hear a +six-year-old's comments about the + + align:start position:0% +six-year-old's comments about the + + + align:start position:0% +six-year-old's comments about the +painting as well and + + align:start position:0% +painting as well and + + + align:start position:0% +painting as well and +the idea of sort of democratizing and + + align:start position:0% +the idea of sort of democratizing and + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of sort of democratizing and +making um + + align:start position:0% +making um + + + align:start position:0% +making um +making art into something that i feel it + + align:start position:0% +making art into something that i feel it + + + align:start position:0% +making art into something that i feel it +should always be which is that anybody + + align:start position:0% +should always be which is that anybody + + + align:start position:0% +should always be which is that anybody +can appreciate it anybody can like or + + align:start position:0% +can appreciate it anybody can like or + + + align:start position:0% +can appreciate it anybody can like or +dislike anything and you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +dislike anything and you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +dislike anything and you don't need to +have a phd in in art history or some + + align:start position:0% +have a phd in in art history or some + + + align:start position:0% +have a phd in in art history or some +kind of you know critical discourse to + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know critical discourse to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know critical discourse to +uh to have that sort of appreciation so + + align:start position:0% +uh to have that sort of appreciation so + + + align:start position:0% +uh to have that sort of appreciation so +that's where round game roundwork came + + align:start position:0% +that's where round game roundwork came + + + align:start position:0% +that's where round game roundwork came +from the the title the round round is is + + align:start position:0% +from the the title the round round is is + + + align:start position:0% +from the the title the round round is is +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +the reason i named it that which is + + align:start position:0% +the reason i named it that which is + + + align:start position:0% +the reason i named it that which is +somewhat useful perhaps to to understand + + align:start position:0% +somewhat useful perhaps to to understand + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat useful perhaps to to understand +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +um first of all king arthur's round + + align:start position:0% +um first of all king arthur's round + + + align:start position:0% +um first of all king arthur's round +table + + align:start position:0% +table + + + align:start position:0% +table +where everybody sits around a round + + align:start position:0% +where everybody sits around a round + + + align:start position:0% +where everybody sits around a round +table and nobody's nobody's opinion is + + align:start position:0% +table and nobody's nobody's opinion is + + + align:start position:0% +table and nobody's nobody's opinion is +sort of more important than others and + + align:start position:0% +sort of more important than others and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of more important than others and +then second of all the notion of um + + align:start position:0% +then second of all the notion of um + + + align:start position:0% +then second of all the notion of um +a musical round you guys know what a + + align:start position:0% +a musical round you guys know what a + + + align:start position:0% +a musical round you guys know what a +musical round is like row row rower boat + + align:start position:0% +musical round is like row row rower boat + + + align:start position:0% +musical round is like row row rower boat +and everybody's kind of everybody's + + align:start position:0% +and everybody's kind of everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody's kind of everybody's +singing together but kind of in an + + align:start position:0% +singing together but kind of in an + + + align:start position:0% +singing together but kind of in an +offset way which i think is is somewhat + + align:start position:0% +offset way which i think is is somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +offset way which i think is is somewhat +what roundware enables you to create so + + align:start position:0% +what roundware enables you to create so + + + align:start position:0% +what roundware enables you to create so +i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to +hope that this is actually going to play + + align:start position:0% +hope that this is actually going to play + + + align:start position:0% +hope that this is actually going to play +a video + + align:start position:0% +a video + + + align:start position:0% +a video +this was a piece that i did at the de + + align:start position:0% +this was a piece that i did at the de + + + align:start position:0% +this was a piece that i did at the de +cordova + + align:start position:0% +cordova + + + align:start position:0% +cordova +sculpture garden museum out in lincoln + + align:start position:0% +sculpture garden museum out in lincoln + + + align:start position:0% +sculpture garden museum out in lincoln +outside of boston and + + align:start position:0% +outside of boston and + + + align:start position:0% +outside of boston and +it was one of the first pieces using + + align:start position:0% +it was one of the first pieces using + + + align:start position:0% +it was one of the first pieces using +roundware and i think it will give you a + + align:start position:0% +roundware and i think it will give you a + + + align:start position:0% +roundware and i think it will give you a +little bit of an idea of what roundmark + + align:start position:0% +little bit of an idea of what roundmark + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of an idea of what roundmark +can actually do and what my work is like + + align:start position:0% +can actually do and what my work is like + + + align:start position:0% +can actually do and what my work is like +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +escapes piece is i think of it as a + + align:start position:0% +escapes piece is i think of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +escapes piece is i think of it as a +musical composition that is a spatially + + align:start position:0% +musical composition that is a spatially + + + align:start position:0% +musical composition that is a spatially +related musical composition + + align:start position:0% +related musical composition + + + align:start position:0% +related musical composition +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +and the volumes of those + + align:start position:0% +and the volumes of those + + + align:start position:0% +and the volumes of those +parts um fade up and down depending on + + align:start position:0% +parts um fade up and down depending on + + + align:start position:0% +parts um fade up and down depending on +how close you are to where the center of + + align:start position:0% +how close you are to where the center of + + + align:start position:0% +how close you are to where the center of +that particular musical part is + + align:start position:0% +that particular musical part is + + + align:start position:0% +that particular musical part is +okay let's walk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the music is changing now + + align:start position:0% +the music is changing now + + + align:start position:0% +the music is changing now +yeah we get these bells more towards the + + align:start position:0% +yeah we get these bells more towards the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we get these bells more towards the +entrance of the museum it's more of a + + align:start position:0% +entrance of the museum it's more of a + + + align:start position:0% +entrance of the museum it's more of a +sort of melodic part a very slow melody + + align:start position:0% +sort of melodic part a very slow melody + + + align:start position:0% +sort of melodic part a very slow melody +all the music is based on some of the + + align:start position:0% +all the music is based on some of the + + + align:start position:0% +all the music is based on some of the +topographic characteristics of the park + + align:start position:0% +topographic characteristics of the park + + + align:start position:0% +topographic characteristics of the park +itself + + align:start position:0% +itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +i know that it is oh there's some voices + + align:start position:0% +i know that it is oh there's some voices + + + align:start position:0% +i know that it is oh there's some voices +hey there goes a chipmunk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right where i'm standing some guy saw a + + align:start position:0% +right where i'm standing some guy saw a + + + align:start position:0% +right where i'm standing some guy saw a +chip + + align:start position:0% +chip + + + align:start position:0% +chip +there goes the chipmunk again um which + + align:start position:0% +there goes the chipmunk again um which + + + align:start position:0% +there goes the chipmunk again um which +could have been a chipmunk from two + + align:start position:0% +could have been a chipmunk from two + + + align:start position:0% +could have been a chipmunk from two +weeks ago yes it could have absolutely i + + align:start position:0% +weeks ago yes it could have absolutely i + + + align:start position:0% +weeks ago yes it could have absolutely i +think it's kind of fun to think about + + align:start position:0% +think it's kind of fun to think about + + + align:start position:0% +think it's kind of fun to think about +where that chipmunk is right now + + align:start position:0% +where that chipmunk is right now + + + align:start position:0% +where that chipmunk is right now +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +wow + + align:start position:0% +wow + + + align:start position:0% +wow +so that guy went and did this + + align:start position:0% +so that guy went and did this + + + align:start position:0% +so that guy went and did this +they stuck their head into + + align:start position:0% +they stuck their head into + + + align:start position:0% +they stuck their head into +this open glass dome that's part of the + + align:start position:0% +this open glass dome that's part of the + + + align:start position:0% +this open glass dome that's part of the +structure and these are the acoustics he + + align:start position:0% +structure and these are the acoustics he + + + align:start position:0% +structure and these are the acoustics he +was talking about + + align:start position:0% +was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +was talking about +and now i'm doing it too + + align:start position:0% +and now i'm doing it too + + + align:start position:0% +and now i'm doing it too +you might not have done that otherwise + + align:start position:0% +you might not have done that otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +you might not have done that otherwise +i'm pretty sure i wouldn't dab + + align:start position:0% +i'm pretty sure i wouldn't dab + + + align:start position:0% +i'm pretty sure i wouldn't dab +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +am + + align:start position:0% +am + + + align:start position:0% +am +weak + + align:start position:0% +weak + + + align:start position:0% +weak +being recruited into the israeli army + + align:start position:0% +being recruited into the israeli army + + + align:start position:0% +being recruited into the israeli army +i'm going to be a soldier i'm very + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be a soldier i'm very + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be a soldier i'm very +scared + + align:start position:0% +scared + + + align:start position:0% +scared +pretty excited + + align:start position:0% +pretty excited + + + align:start position:0% +pretty excited +being here is pretty peaceful i guess + + align:start position:0% +being here is pretty peaceful i guess + + + align:start position:0% +being here is pretty peaceful i guess +compared to what i'm about to go through + + align:start position:0% +compared to what i'm about to go through + + + align:start position:0% +compared to what i'm about to go through +good luck to me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh wow + + align:start position:0% +oh wow + + + align:start position:0% +oh wow +this rain + + align:start position:0% +this rain + + + align:start position:0% +this rain +that's right + + align:start position:0% +that's right + + + align:start position:0% +that's right +and they recorded the rain and left it + + align:start position:0% +and they recorded the rain and left it + + + align:start position:0% +and they recorded the rain and left it +here for us + + align:start position:0% +here for us + + + align:start position:0% +here for us +it's not raining though right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool +so um so if you want to make your own + + align:start position:0% +so um so if you want to make your own + + + align:start position:0% +so um so if you want to make your own +recording + + align:start position:0% +recording + + + align:start position:0% +recording +okay i'm looking at this sculpture it + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm looking at this sculpture it + + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm looking at this sculpture it +looks like a piece of + + align:start position:0% +looks like a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a piece of +like hvac ductwork from a building but + + align:start position:0% +like hvac ductwork from a building but + + + align:start position:0% +like hvac ductwork from a building but +it kind of twists in a way that reminds + + align:start position:0% +it kind of twists in a way that reminds + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of twists in a way that reminds +me of like a lower intestine + + align:start position:0% +me of like a lower intestine + + + align:start position:0% +me of like a lower intestine +we hit stop and hit stop and then we can + + align:start position:0% +we hit stop and hit stop and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +we hit stop and hit stop and then we can +listen to it back + + align:start position:0% +listen to it back + + + align:start position:0% +listen to it back +okay i'm looking at this sculpture it + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm looking at this sculpture it + + + align:start position:0% +okay i'm looking at this sculpture it +looks like a piece of there i am + + align:start position:0% +looks like a piece of there i am + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a piece of there i am +like hvac + + align:start position:0% +like hvac + + + align:start position:0% +like hvac +there were these three elements going on + + align:start position:0% +there were these three elements going on + + + align:start position:0% +there were these three elements going on +simultaneously there was the music there + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously there was the music there + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously there was the music there +was the rain from god knows when that + + align:start position:0% +was the rain from god knows when that + + + align:start position:0% +was the rain from god knows when that +was recorded not on a day like today + + align:start position:0% +was recorded not on a day like today + + + align:start position:0% +was recorded not on a day like today +and then there's me + + align:start position:0% +and then there's me + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's me +from just a few minutes ago + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it looks like a very peaceful garden + + align:start position:0% +it looks like a very peaceful garden + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like a very peaceful garden +the thing i think would would help it + + align:start position:0% +the thing i think would would help it + + + align:start position:0% +the thing i think would would help it +would be a few it would be a few + + align:start position:0% +would be a few it would be a few + + + align:start position:0% +would be a few it would be a few +of one of those type of fish + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +should give you a little a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +should give you a little a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +should give you a little a little bit of +an idea so that piece started out with + + align:start position:0% +an idea so that piece started out with + + + align:start position:0% +an idea so that piece started out with +just the music and none of the comments + + align:start position:0% +just the music and none of the comments + + + align:start position:0% +just the music and none of the comments +and then people made the comments over + + align:start position:0% +and then people made the comments over + + + align:start position:0% +and then people made the comments over +time which + + align:start position:0% +time which + + + align:start position:0% +time which +again that's that's the other sort of + + align:start position:0% +again that's that's the other sort of + + + align:start position:0% +again that's that's the other sort of +nerve-wracking part of this is when you + + align:start position:0% +nerve-wracking part of this is when you + + + align:start position:0% +nerve-wracking part of this is when you +start and you know the music is written + + align:start position:0% +start and you know the music is written + + + align:start position:0% +start and you know the music is written +to have comments on top of it so it's + + align:start position:0% +to have comments on top of it so it's + + + align:start position:0% +to have comments on top of it so it's +not that interesting until commentary + + align:start position:0% +not that interesting until commentary + + + align:start position:0% +not that interesting until commentary +sort of comes in but um you sort of hope + + align:start position:0% +sort of comes in but um you sort of hope + + + align:start position:0% +sort of comes in but um you sort of hope +for the best and uh and and hope that + + align:start position:0% +for the best and uh and and hope that + + + align:start position:0% +for the best and uh and and hope that +you get you know kids who who like + + align:start position:0% +you get you know kids who who like + + + align:start position:0% +you get you know kids who who like +catfish i don't know it's a type of fish + + align:start position:0% +catfish i don't know it's a type of fish + + + align:start position:0% +catfish i don't know it's a type of fish +that are catfish it's very interesting + + align:start position:0% +that are catfish it's very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that are catfish it's very interesting +phrasing but um + + align:start position:0% +phrasing but um + + + align:start position:0% +phrasing but um +it was you know super cute though so um + + align:start position:0% +it was you know super cute though so um + + + align:start position:0% +it was you know super cute though so um +so that gives you the basic idea i think + + align:start position:0% +so that gives you the basic idea i think + + + align:start position:0% +so that gives you the basic idea i think +hopefully um with the retro iphone and + + align:start position:0% +hopefully um with the retro iphone and + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully um with the retro iphone and +everything uh + + align:start position:0% +everything uh + + + align:start position:0% +everything uh +so i'll go through um actually i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +so i'll go through um actually i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so i'll go through um actually i'm gonna +skip some of these things real quick + + align:start position:0% +skip some of these things real quick + + + align:start position:0% +skip some of these things real quick +here um that's not that's not that's not + + align:start position:0% +here um that's not that's not that's not + + + align:start position:0% +here um that's not that's not that's not +okay another audio arp sounds guy this + + align:start position:0% +okay another audio arp sounds guy this + + + align:start position:0% +okay another audio arp sounds guy this +was a piece i did in christchurch new + + align:start position:0% +was a piece i did in christchurch new + + + align:start position:0% +was a piece i did in christchurch new +zealand um + + align:start position:0% +zealand um + + + align:start position:0% +zealand um +this was a p they uh + + align:start position:0% +this was a p they uh + + + align:start position:0% +this was a p they uh +a number of years ago they had a huge + + align:start position:0% +a number of years ago they had a huge + + + align:start position:0% +a number of years ago they had a huge +earthquake in christchurch which pretty + + align:start position:0% +earthquake in christchurch which pretty + + + align:start position:0% +earthquake in christchurch which pretty +much destroyed um + + align:start position:0% +much destroyed um + + + align:start position:0% +much destroyed um +a huge portion of the downtown so the + + align:start position:0% +a huge portion of the downtown so the + + + align:start position:0% +a huge portion of the downtown so the +point the sort of + + align:start position:0% +point the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +point the sort of +hope with this piece was to create a + + align:start position:0% +hope with this piece was to create a + + + align:start position:0% +hope with this piece was to create a +piece in the downtown area and let + + align:start position:0% +piece in the downtown area and let + + + align:start position:0% +piece in the downtown area and let +people who are residents go sort of + + align:start position:0% +people who are residents go sort of + + + align:start position:0% +people who are residents go sort of +wander through and um + + align:start position:0% +wander through and um + + + align:start position:0% +wander through and um +you know reminisce + + align:start position:0% +you know reminisce + + + align:start position:0% +you know reminisce +in part reminisce about what used to + + align:start position:0% +in part reminisce about what used to + + + align:start position:0% +in part reminisce about what used to +exist in certain places that were you + + align:start position:0% +exist in certain places that were you + + + align:start position:0% +exist in certain places that were you +know unfortunately destroyed but then + + align:start position:0% +know unfortunately destroyed but then + + + align:start position:0% +know unfortunately destroyed but then +also looked to the future and looked and + + align:start position:0% +also looked to the future and looked and + + + align:start position:0% +also looked to the future and looked and +and sort of talked about well this + + align:start position:0% +and sort of talked about well this + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of talked about well this +this was this but now we have an + + align:start position:0% +this was this but now we have an + + + align:start position:0% +this was this but now we have an +opportunity to rebuild and this could + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to rebuild and this could + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to rebuild and this could +become this and the downtown could + + align:start position:0% +become this and the downtown could + + + align:start position:0% +become this and the downtown could +transform into this new + + align:start position:0% +transform into this new + + + align:start position:0% +transform into this new +new sort of thing so the idea of having + + align:start position:0% +new sort of thing so the idea of having + + + align:start position:0% +new sort of thing so the idea of having +a location-based piece that allowed + + align:start position:0% +a location-based piece that allowed + + + align:start position:0% +a location-based piece that allowed +people to make these comments to + + align:start position:0% +people to make these comments to + + + align:start position:0% +people to make these comments to +actually create the comments when + + align:start position:0% +actually create the comments when + + + align:start position:0% +actually create the comments when +they're in the sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +they're in the sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +they're in the sort of you know +emotional space of being there was + + align:start position:0% +emotional space of being there was + + + align:start position:0% +emotional space of being there was +extremely important because i think that + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because i think that + + + align:start position:0% +extremely important because i think that +that really puts you in the right place + + align:start position:0% +that really puts you in the right place + + + align:start position:0% +that really puts you in the right place +to make you know heartfelt earnest + + align:start position:0% +to make you know heartfelt earnest + + + align:start position:0% +to make you know heartfelt earnest +authentic comments and then also + + align:start position:0% +authentic comments and then also + + + align:start position:0% +authentic comments and then also +obviously when other people come by to + + align:start position:0% +obviously when other people come by to + + + align:start position:0% +obviously when other people come by to +listen to those comments they exist in + + align:start position:0% +listen to those comments they exist in + + + align:start position:0% +listen to those comments they exist in +the place where the person made them so + + align:start position:0% +the place where the person made them so + + + align:start position:0% +the place where the person made them so +there's this you know there's this + + align:start position:0% +there's this you know there's this + + + align:start position:0% +there's this you know there's this +connection to the to the specific + + align:start position:0% +connection to the to the specific + + + align:start position:0% +connection to the to the specific +landscape to that specific location um + + align:start position:0% +landscape to that specific location um + + + align:start position:0% +landscape to that specific location um +on both ends of that uh experience which + + align:start position:0% +on both ends of that uh experience which + + + align:start position:0% +on both ends of that uh experience which +which i think is one of the ways that um + + align:start position:0% +which i think is one of the ways that um + + + align:start position:0% +which i think is one of the ways that um +that audio ar can be really really + + align:start position:0% +that audio ar can be really really + + + align:start position:0% +that audio ar can be really really +compelling um certainly not the only but + + align:start position:0% +compelling um certainly not the only but + + + align:start position:0% +compelling um certainly not the only but +one of the uh one of the great ways that + + align:start position:0% +one of the uh one of the great ways that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the uh one of the great ways that +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +that you can you know navigate through a + + align:start position:0% +that you can you know navigate through a + + + align:start position:0% +that you can you know navigate through a +space listening to something and you + + align:start position:0% +space listening to something and you + + + align:start position:0% +space listening to something and you +know not having your phone in front of + + align:start position:0% +know not having your phone in front of + + + align:start position:0% +know not having your phone in front of +you the whole time uh and uh you know + + align:start position:0% +you the whole time uh and uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +you the whole time uh and uh you know +get that added layer of content so + + align:start position:0% +get that added layer of content so + + + align:start position:0% +get that added layer of content so +um another project tributaries this was + + align:start position:0% +um another project tributaries this was + + + align:start position:0% +um another project tributaries this was +a project in newcastle in the uk which + + align:start position:0% +a project in newcastle in the uk which + + + align:start position:0% +a project in newcastle in the uk which +was um + + align:start position:0% +was um + + + align:start position:0% +was um +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +done for the 100th anniversary of world + + align:start position:0% +done for the 100th anniversary of world + + + align:start position:0% +done for the 100th anniversary of world +war one + + align:start position:0% +war one + + + align:start position:0% +war one +the end of world war well sort of the + + align:start position:0% +the end of world war well sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +the end of world war well sort of the +entire sort of the + + align:start position:0% +entire sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +entire sort of the +they were doing a bunch of the museums + + align:start position:0% +they were doing a bunch of the museums + + + align:start position:0% +they were doing a bunch of the museums +over there were doing a bunch of exhibit + + align:start position:0% +over there were doing a bunch of exhibit + + + align:start position:0% +over there were doing a bunch of exhibit +exhibitions on world war one and they + + align:start position:0% +exhibitions on world war one and they + + + align:start position:0% +exhibitions on world war one and they +wanted to try to bring back some voices + + align:start position:0% +wanted to try to bring back some voices + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to try to bring back some voices +from back then and bring back some uh + + align:start position:0% +from back then and bring back some uh + + + align:start position:0% +from back then and bring back some uh +some of the experiences that uh people + + align:start position:0% +some of the experiences that uh people + + + align:start position:0% +some of the experiences that uh people +who are live then went through obviously + + align:start position:0% +who are live then went through obviously + + + align:start position:0% +who are live then went through obviously +there's not many recordings from back + + align:start position:0% +there's not many recordings from back + + + align:start position:0% +there's not many recordings from back +then so we kind of had to + + align:start position:0% +then so we kind of had to + + + align:start position:0% +then so we kind of had to +reproduce some of that but they did have + + align:start position:0% +reproduce some of that but they did have + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce some of that but they did have +a lot of texts a lot of diaries a lot of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of texts a lot of diaries a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of texts a lot of diaries a lot of +other you know their weather reports and + + align:start position:0% +other you know their weather reports and + + + align:start position:0% +other you know their weather reports and +all that kind of stuff so there was ways + + align:start position:0% +all that kind of stuff so there was ways + + + align:start position:0% +all that kind of stuff so there was ways +that we could you know we got a + + align:start position:0% +that we could you know we got a + + + align:start position:0% +that we could you know we got a +present-day weather + + align:start position:0% +present-day weather + + + align:start position:0% +present-day weather +weather person to uh to voice the + + align:start position:0% +weather person to uh to voice the + + + align:start position:0% +weather person to uh to voice the +weather reports from 100 years ago and + + align:start position:0% +weather reports from 100 years ago and + + + align:start position:0% +weather reports from 100 years ago and +sort of distribute those throughout the + + align:start position:0% +sort of distribute those throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of distribute those throughout the +city and and kind of create this + + align:start position:0% +city and and kind of create this + + + align:start position:0% +city and and kind of create this +connection between um + + align:start position:0% +connection between um + + + align:start position:0% +connection between um +this historical moment and the present + + align:start position:0% +this historical moment and the present + + + align:start position:0% +this historical moment and the present +day and i think again i think audio + + align:start position:0% +day and i think again i think audio + + + align:start position:0% +day and i think again i think audio +and audio are in particular is a great + + align:start position:0% +and audio are in particular is a great + + + align:start position:0% +and audio are in particular is a great +i think can be very effective at + + align:start position:0% +i think can be very effective at + + + align:start position:0% +i think can be very effective at +connecting compressing time if you will + + align:start position:0% +connecting compressing time if you will + + + align:start position:0% +connecting compressing time if you will +connecting different points in time + + align:start position:0% +connecting different points in time + + + align:start position:0% +connecting different points in time +whether it's yesterday and today you + + align:start position:0% +whether it's yesterday and today you + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's yesterday and today you +know i experienced something in this + + align:start position:0% +know i experienced something in this + + + align:start position:0% +know i experienced something in this +location now and somebody will have a + + align:start position:0% +location now and somebody will have a + + + align:start position:0% +location now and somebody will have a +new experience in this location tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +new experience in this location tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +new experience in this location tomorrow +and and there's sort of a constancy of + + align:start position:0% +and and there's sort of a constancy of + + + align:start position:0% +and and there's sort of a constancy of +location but uh but a a breadth of time + + align:start position:0% +location but uh but a a breadth of time + + + align:start position:0% +location but uh but a a breadth of time +i think can be quite interesting and you + + align:start position:0% +i think can be quite interesting and you + + + align:start position:0% +i think can be quite interesting and you +know whether it's a day a week a month + + align:start position:0% +know whether it's a day a week a month + + + align:start position:0% +know whether it's a day a week a month +or 100 years i think there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +or 100 years i think there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +or 100 years i think there's a lot of +ways of kind of + + align:start position:0% +ways of kind of + + + align:start position:0% +ways of kind of +jumping into that and and doing some + + align:start position:0% +jumping into that and and doing some + + + align:start position:0% +jumping into that and and doing some +exploring so + + align:start position:0% +exploring so + + + align:start position:0% +exploring so +tributaries that was probably the + + align:start position:0% +tributaries that was probably the + + + align:start position:0% +tributaries that was probably the +biggest aspect of that project that um + + align:start position:0% +biggest aspect of that project that um + + + align:start position:0% +biggest aspect of that project that um +it was new and different for me um + + align:start position:0% +it was new and different for me um + + + align:start position:0% +it was new and different for me um +so i'll get a little into behind the + + align:start position:0% +so i'll get a little into behind the + + + align:start position:0% +so i'll get a little into behind the +scenes stuff um + + align:start position:0% +scenes stuff um + + + align:start position:0% +scenes stuff um +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +too much but uh + + align:start position:0% +too much but uh + + + align:start position:0% +too much but uh +so as i as i mentioned before ram ware + + align:start position:0% +so as i as i mentioned before ram ware + + + align:start position:0% +so as i as i mentioned before ram ware +is a software platform rate is open + + align:start position:0% +is a software platform rate is open + + + align:start position:0% +is a software platform rate is open +source i don't know what um + + align:start position:0% +source i don't know what um + + + align:start position:0% +source i don't know what um +i'm not going to get very really hardly + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to get very really hardly + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to get very really hardly +at all technical so i'm sure you guys + + align:start position:0% +at all technical so i'm sure you guys + + + align:start position:0% +at all technical so i'm sure you guys +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +um but feel free to ask more technical + + align:start position:0% +um but feel free to ask more technical + + + align:start position:0% +um but feel free to ask more technical +questions if you have them but ramware + + align:start position:0% +questions if you have them but ramware + + + align:start position:0% +questions if you have them but ramware +essentially is a + + align:start position:0% +essentially is a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is a +client server the server sits in the + + align:start position:0% +client server the server sits in the + + + align:start position:0% +client server the server sits in the +cloud all the audio is sort of stored up + + align:start position:0% +cloud all the audio is sort of stored up + + + align:start position:0% +cloud all the audio is sort of stored up +there database all that kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +there database all that kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +there database all that kind of stuff +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +there are various clients that can talk + + align:start position:0% +there are various clients that can talk + + + align:start position:0% +there are various clients that can talk +to that server via the ramware api + + align:start position:0% +to that server via the ramware api + + + align:start position:0% +to that server via the ramware api +this is a somewhat old diagram so + + align:start position:0% +this is a somewhat old diagram so + + + align:start position:0% +this is a somewhat old diagram so +forgive some of the stuff that's a + + align:start position:0% +forgive some of the stuff that's a + + + align:start position:0% +forgive some of the stuff that's a +little outdated but essentially just + + align:start position:0% +little outdated but essentially just + + + align:start position:0% +little outdated but essentially just +what i said you know + + align:start position:0% +what i said you know + + + align:start position:0% +what i said you know +database + + align:start position:0% +database + + + align:start position:0% +database +some uh + + align:start position:0% +some uh + + + align:start position:0% +some uh +software on the server that used to do + + align:start position:0% +software on the server that used to do + + + align:start position:0% +software on the server that used to do +the audio mixing the audio mixing is now + + align:start position:0% +the audio mixing the audio mixing is now + + + align:start position:0% +the audio mixing the audio mixing is now +work moved to the clients um + + align:start position:0% +work moved to the clients um + + + align:start position:0% +work moved to the clients um +but the basic point is that there's a + + align:start position:0% +but the basic point is that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +but the basic point is that there's a +database of of of uh audio that is all + + align:start position:0% +database of of of uh audio that is all + + + align:start position:0% +database of of of uh audio that is all +geotagged and the clients access that + + align:start position:0% +geotagged and the clients access that + + + align:start position:0% +geotagged and the clients access that +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +with the knowledge of course of where + + align:start position:0% +with the knowledge of course of where + + + align:start position:0% +with the knowledge of course of where +the client is at any given time how the + + align:start position:0% +the client is at any given time how the + + + align:start position:0% +the client is at any given time how the +client's moving + + align:start position:0% +client's moving + + + align:start position:0% +client's moving +where you know all of that information + + align:start position:0% +where you know all of that information + + + align:start position:0% +where you know all of that information +and that + + align:start position:0% +and that + + + align:start position:0% +and that +that enables the generation of a dynamic + + align:start position:0% +that enables the generation of a dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +that enables the generation of a dynamic +stream of audio that is you know unique + + align:start position:0% +stream of audio that is you know unique + + + align:start position:0% +stream of audio that is you know unique +for any individual any client will have + + align:start position:0% +for any individual any client will have + + + align:start position:0% +for any individual any client will have +a unique + + align:start position:0% +a unique + + + align:start position:0% +a unique +um unique stream of audio whether it's + + align:start position:0% +um unique stream of audio whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +um unique stream of audio whether it's +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh you know coming from the client or + + align:start position:0% +uh you know coming from the client or + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know coming from the client or +being generated locally and it all + + align:start position:0% +being generated locally and it all + + + align:start position:0% +being generated locally and it all +depends on how they're walking around + + align:start position:0% +depends on how they're walking around + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how they're walking around +how fast they're going + + align:start position:0% +how fast they're going + + + align:start position:0% +how fast they're going +in some cases what direction they're + + align:start position:0% +in some cases what direction they're + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases what direction they're +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +i know you guys are + + align:start position:0% +i know you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +i know you guys are +fully aware of all the bose + + align:start position:0% +fully aware of all the bose + + + align:start position:0% +fully aware of all the bose +stuff uh the frames and whatnot + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh the frames and whatnot + + + align:start position:0% +stuff uh the frames and whatnot +so that's a sort of high level + + align:start position:0% +so that's a sort of high level + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a sort of high level +architecture on the uh this is you know + + align:start position:0% +architecture on the uh this is you know + + + align:start position:0% +architecture on the uh this is you know +way more than i want to actually go + + align:start position:0% +way more than i want to actually go + + + align:start position:0% +way more than i want to actually go +through as i mentioned the mixing is now + + align:start position:0% +through as i mentioned the mixing is now + + + align:start position:0% +through as i mentioned the mixing is now +done on the client side so just the + + align:start position:0% +done on the client side so just the + + + align:start position:0% +done on the client side so just the +component parts of the audio stream are + + align:start position:0% +component parts of the audio stream are + + + align:start position:0% +component parts of the audio stream are +downloaded and then the client does the + + align:start position:0% +downloaded and then the client does the + + + align:start position:0% +downloaded and then the client does the +mixing which allows me to do + + align:start position:0% +mixing which allows me to do + + + align:start position:0% +mixing which allows me to do +um more + + align:start position:0% +um more + + + align:start position:0% +um more +less latent activities such as you know + + align:start position:0% +less latent activities such as you know + + + align:start position:0% +less latent activities such as you know +when you when you look in a different + + align:start position:0% +when you when you look in a different + + + align:start position:0% +when you when you look in a different +direction you don't want to have to wait + + align:start position:0% +direction you don't want to have to wait + + + align:start position:0% +direction you don't want to have to wait +for the buffering time to have your + + align:start position:0% +for the buffering time to have your + + + align:start position:0% +for the buffering time to have your +audio actually change accordingly so + + align:start position:0% +audio actually change accordingly so + + + align:start position:0% +audio actually change accordingly so +um client-side mixing makes a lot more + + align:start position:0% +um client-side mixing makes a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +um client-side mixing makes a lot more +sense and is something that + + align:start position:0% +sense and is something that + + + align:start position:0% +sense and is something that +you know that we've moved to that the + + align:start position:0% +you know that we've moved to that the + + + align:start position:0% +you know that we've moved to that the +ios + + align:start position:0% +ios + + + align:start position:0% +ios +framework has uh moved to that and uh as + + align:start position:0% +framework has uh moved to that and uh as + + + align:start position:0% +framework has uh moved to that and uh as +has the web the web app framework + + align:start position:0% +has the web the web app framework + + + align:start position:0% +has the web the web app framework +android is a little behind um + + align:start position:0% +android is a little behind um + + + align:start position:0% +android is a little behind um +budgetary problems + + align:start position:0% +budgetary problems + + + align:start position:0% +budgetary problems +you know how it is open source projects + + align:start position:0% +you know how it is open source projects + + + align:start position:0% +you know how it is open source projects +when you get somebody when i you know + + align:start position:0% +when you get somebody when i you know + + + align:start position:0% +when you get somebody when i you know +when i get an enthusiastic roundwork + + align:start position:0% +when i get an enthusiastic roundwork + + + align:start position:0% +when i get an enthusiastic roundwork +developer + + align:start position:0% +developer + + + align:start position:0% +developer +to uh participate then that will catch + + align:start position:0% +to uh participate then that will catch + + + align:start position:0% +to uh participate then that will catch +up i think but um + + align:start position:0% +up i think but um + + + align:start position:0% +up i think but um +but yeah so frameworks for ios you can + + align:start position:0% +but yeah so frameworks for ios you can + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah so frameworks for ios you can +you know put it into any ios app you + + align:start position:0% +you know put it into any ios app you + + + align:start position:0% +you know put it into any ios app you +want and it basically just implements + + align:start position:0% +want and it basically just implements + + + align:start position:0% +want and it basically just implements +the ram where api allows for + + align:start position:0% +the ram where api allows for + + + align:start position:0% +the ram where api allows for +the generation of these streams and the + + align:start position:0% +the generation of these streams and the + + + align:start position:0% +the generation of these streams and the +communication with the with the server + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a diagram of of the playlist so + + align:start position:0% +this is a diagram of of the playlist so + + + align:start position:0% +this is a diagram of of the playlist so +essentially at any given time + + align:start position:0% +essentially at any given time + + + align:start position:0% +essentially at any given time +there's a dynamic playlist that + + align:start position:0% +there's a dynamic playlist that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a dynamic playlist that +roundware generates + + align:start position:0% +roundware generates + + + align:start position:0% +roundware generates +which determines what + + align:start position:0% +which determines what + + + align:start position:0% +which determines what +of those assets will play back for the + + align:start position:0% +of those assets will play back for the + + + align:start position:0% +of those assets will play back for the +person and the assets are if you + + align:start position:0% +person and the assets are if you + + + align:start position:0% +person and the assets are if you +remember the diagram before the small + + align:start position:0% +remember the diagram before the small + + + align:start position:0% +remember the diagram before the small +dots like the small + + align:start position:0% +dots like the small + + + align:start position:0% +dots like the small +you could be in a spot where there are + + align:start position:0% +you could be in a spot where there are + + + align:start position:0% +you could be in a spot where there are +100 assets you don't want to hear them + + align:start position:0% +100 assets you don't want to hear them + + + align:start position:0% +100 assets you don't want to hear them +all at the same time obviously you want + + align:start position:0% +all at the same time obviously you want + + + align:start position:0% +all at the same time obviously you want +to have some kind of capacity for + + align:start position:0% +to have some kind of capacity for + + + align:start position:0% +to have some kind of capacity for +filtering um and whatnot so here's a + + align:start position:0% +filtering um and whatnot so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +filtering um and whatnot so here's a +here's just a sort of high level view of + + align:start position:0% +here's just a sort of high level view of + + + align:start position:0% +here's just a sort of high level view of +the the filtering that's possible you + + align:start position:0% +the the filtering that's possible you + + + align:start position:0% +the the filtering that's possible you +have all the assets on the top + + align:start position:0% +have all the assets on the top + + + align:start position:0% +have all the assets on the top +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +you know for a particular project then + + align:start position:0% +you know for a particular project then + + + align:start position:0% +you know for a particular project then +you can filter them by tags there's + + align:start position:0% +you can filter them by tags there's + + + align:start position:0% +you can filter them by tags there's +basically it's you know sort of very + + align:start position:0% +basically it's you know sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's you know sort of very +simple metadata kind of um tags that are + + align:start position:0% +simple metadata kind of um tags that are + + + align:start position:0% +simple metadata kind of um tags that are +grouped by categories you know if you're + + align:start position:0% +grouped by categories you know if you're + + + align:start position:0% +grouped by categories you know if you're +which question are you responding to + + align:start position:0% +which question are you responding to + + + align:start position:0% +which question are you responding to +are you an adult or a child if you might + + align:start position:0% +are you an adult or a child if you might + + + align:start position:0% +are you an adult or a child if you might +want to + + align:start position:0% +want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to +if you care about that um you know + + align:start position:0% +if you care about that um you know + + + align:start position:0% +if you care about that um you know +what's your favorite color i mean you + + align:start position:0% +what's your favorite color i mean you + + + align:start position:0% +what's your favorite color i mean you +know it could be anything um and then + + align:start position:0% +know it could be anything um and then + + + align:start position:0% +know it could be anything um and then +there are location-based filters you + + align:start position:0% +there are location-based filters you + + + align:start position:0% +there are location-based filters you +know based on where you're located based + + align:start position:0% +know based on where you're located based + + + align:start position:0% +know based on where you're located based +on how frequently whether you heard the + + align:start position:0% +on how frequently whether you heard the + + + align:start position:0% +on how frequently whether you heard the +the asset recently + + align:start position:0% +the asset recently + + + align:start position:0% +the asset recently +and you know if it's been blocked for + + align:start position:0% +and you know if it's been blocked for + + + align:start position:0% +and you know if it's been blocked for +some reason then there's ordering and + + align:start position:0% +some reason then there's ordering and + + + align:start position:0% +some reason then there's ordering and +prioritization all that kind of stuff so + + align:start position:0% +prioritization all that kind of stuff so + + + align:start position:0% +prioritization all that kind of stuff so +again i don't want to go into huge + + align:start position:0% +again i don't want to go into huge + + + align:start position:0% +again i don't want to go into huge +detail because we don't have a ton of + + align:start position:0% +detail because we don't have a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +detail because we don't have a ton of +time but um + + align:start position:0% +time but um + + + align:start position:0% +time but um +it's important obviously to be able to + + align:start position:0% +it's important obviously to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +it's important obviously to be able to +filter content to be able to create the + + align:start position:0% +filter content to be able to create the + + + align:start position:0% +filter content to be able to create the +kind of experiences that you want and um + + align:start position:0% +kind of experiences that you want and um + + + align:start position:0% +kind of experiences that you want and um +some of this content filtering is sort + + align:start position:0% +some of this content filtering is sort + + + align:start position:0% +some of this content filtering is sort +of automatic and others are you know can + + align:start position:0% +of automatic and others are you know can + + + align:start position:0% +of automatic and others are you know can +be exposed to the to the user + + align:start position:0% +be exposed to the to the user + + + align:start position:0% +be exposed to the to the user +based on what you want um + + align:start position:0% +based on what you want um + + + align:start position:0% +based on what you want um +so in some cases i might want people to + + align:start position:0% +so in some cases i might want people to + + + align:start position:0% +so in some cases i might want people to +be able to + + align:start position:0% +be able to + + + align:start position:0% +be able to +say i want to hear only comments that + + align:start position:0% +say i want to hear only comments that + + + align:start position:0% +say i want to hear only comments that +museum visitors have made versus + + align:start position:0% +museum visitors have made versus + + + align:start position:0% +museum visitors have made versus +curatorial comments in other cases i + + align:start position:0% +curatorial comments in other cases i + + + align:start position:0% +curatorial comments in other cases i +might want to enforce that those are + + align:start position:0% +might want to enforce that those are + + + align:start position:0% +might want to enforce that those are +mixed with each other to make some kind + + align:start position:0% +mixed with each other to make some kind + + + align:start position:0% +mixed with each other to make some kind +of point for example + + align:start position:0% +of point for example + + + align:start position:0% +of point for example +um so here's a few other types of um + + align:start position:0% +um so here's a few other types of um + + + align:start position:0% +um so here's a few other types of um +these are kind of different listening + + align:start position:0% +these are kind of different listening + + + align:start position:0% +these are kind of different listening +modes if you will + + align:start position:0% +modes if you will + + + align:start position:0% +modes if you will +that roundware supports + + align:start position:0% +that roundware supports + + + align:start position:0% +that roundware supports +the traditional + + align:start position:0% +the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +the traditional +mode is you know when you're within the + + align:start position:0% +mode is you know when you're within the + + + align:start position:0% +mode is you know when you're within the +range of a particular asset you can it + + align:start position:0% +range of a particular asset you can it + + + align:start position:0% +range of a particular asset you can it +becomes part of the playlist so right + + align:start position:0% +becomes part of the playlist so right + + + align:start position:0% +becomes part of the playlist so right +here these three are in range they're + + align:start position:0% +here these three are in range they're + + + align:start position:0% +here these three are in range they're +either circles or you can have a polygon + + align:start position:0% +either circles or you can have a polygon + + + align:start position:0% +either circles or you can have a polygon +for assets as well that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +for assets as well that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +for assets as well that's pretty +straightforward you know what whatever + + align:start position:0% +straightforward you know what whatever + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward you know what whatever +you're close to you can hear + + align:start position:0% +you're close to you can hear + + + align:start position:0% +you're close to you can hear +the global listen just makes everything + + align:start position:0% +the global listen just makes everything + + + align:start position:0% +the global listen just makes everything +available no matter where you are that + + align:start position:0% +available no matter where you are that + + + align:start position:0% +available no matter where you are that +can be very effective at times um for + + align:start position:0% +can be very effective at times um for + + + align:start position:0% +can be very effective at times um for +certain types of projects um or at + + align:start position:0% +certain types of projects um or at + + + align:start position:0% +certain types of projects um or at +certain times within the experience of a + + align:start position:0% +certain times within the experience of a + + + align:start position:0% +certain times within the experience of a +project you could switch to global mode + + align:start position:0% +project you could switch to global mode + + + align:start position:0% +project you could switch to global mode +and then switch back if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +and then switch back if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +and then switch back if you wanted +range listening allows for you to um + + align:start position:0% +range listening allows for you to um + + + align:start position:0% +range listening allows for you to um +create + + align:start position:0% +create + + + align:start position:0% +create +some different sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +some different sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +some different sort of uh +approaches of listening to stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +approaches of listening to stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +approaches of listening to stuff that's +at different distances from you so + + align:start position:0% +at different distances from you so + + + align:start position:0% +at different distances from you so +there's a minimum and a maximum distance + + align:start position:0% +there's a minimum and a maximum distance + + + align:start position:0% +there's a minimum and a maximum distance +and you can i've done some + + align:start position:0% +and you can i've done some + + + align:start position:0% +and you can i've done some +experimentation with you know lift your + + align:start position:0% +experimentation with you know lift your + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation with you know lift your +phone up and it point you know it sort + + align:start position:0% +phone up and it point you know it sort + + + align:start position:0% +phone up and it point you know it sort +of lets you listen to stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +of lets you listen to stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +of lets you listen to stuff that's +farther away from you and you point it + + align:start position:0% +farther away from you and you point it + + + align:start position:0% +farther away from you and you point it +downwards it brings the stuff closer so + + align:start position:0% +downwards it brings the stuff closer so + + + align:start position:0% +downwards it brings the stuff closer so +again that's a way that you can + + align:start position:0% +again that's a way that you can + + + align:start position:0% +again that's a way that you can +determine what content you're listening + + align:start position:0% +determine what content you're listening + + + align:start position:0% +determine what content you're listening +to and that's that's useful if you + + align:start position:0% +to and that's that's useful if you + + + align:start position:0% +to and that's that's useful if you +create + + align:start position:0% +create + + + align:start position:0% +create +projects that don't have content + + align:start position:0% +projects that don't have content + + + align:start position:0% +projects that don't have content +everywhere and you want people to still + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and you want people to still + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere and you want people to still +be able to listen they can just expand + + align:start position:0% +be able to listen they can just expand + + + align:start position:0% +be able to listen they can just expand +their range + + align:start position:0% +their range + + + align:start position:0% +their range +and then directional listening again + + align:start position:0% +and then directional listening again + + + align:start position:0% +and then directional listening again +this is what bose + + align:start position:0% +this is what bose + + + align:start position:0% +this is what bose +frames do but also the imu and your + + align:start position:0% +frames do but also the imu and your + + + align:start position:0% +frames do but also the imu and your +phone does so if you + + align:start position:0% +phone does so if you + + + align:start position:0% +phone does so if you +you know if you take your phone when + + align:start position:0% +you know if you take your phone when + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you take your phone when +you're listening to the app and you just + + align:start position:0% +you're listening to the app and you just + + + align:start position:0% +you're listening to the app and you just +move it around you can give yourself a + + align:start position:0% +move it around you can give yourself a + + + align:start position:0% +move it around you can give yourself a +certain arc and + + align:start position:0% +certain arc and + + + align:start position:0% +certain arc and +and listen to the content that in this + + align:start position:0% +and listen to the content that in this + + + align:start position:0% +and listen to the content that in this +case these three guys would be available + + align:start position:0% +case these three guys would be available + + + align:start position:0% +case these three guys would be available +you can combine these in different ways + + align:start position:0% +you can combine these in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +you can combine these in different ways +you know you can use the distance + + align:start position:0% +you know you can use the distance + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can use the distance +minimum and maximum distance with the + + align:start position:0% +minimum and maximum distance with the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum and maximum distance with the +range you can + + align:start position:0% +range you can + + + align:start position:0% +range you can +you know combine these sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know combine these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know combine these sort of +approaches in different ways + + align:start position:0% +approaches in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +approaches in different ways +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +i'm not going to demo the web admin + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to demo the web admin + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to demo the web admin +because i don't think that's very + + align:start position:0% +because i don't think that's very + + + align:start position:0% +because i don't think that's very +exciting but i'm happy to answer + + align:start position:0% +exciting but i'm happy to answer + + + align:start position:0% +exciting but i'm happy to answer +questions about that + + align:start position:0% +questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know we're coming up on 4 30 here so + + align:start position:0% +you know we're coming up on 4 30 here so + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're coming up on 4 30 here so +i thought um i would be + + align:start position:0% +i thought um i would be + + + align:start position:0% +i thought um i would be +it would probably be better for you guys + + align:start position:0% +it would probably be better for you guys + + + align:start position:0% +it would probably be better for you guys +to have me stop blabbing a lot and um + + align:start position:0% +to have me stop blabbing a lot and um + + + align:start position:0% +to have me stop blabbing a lot and um +perhaps dive into what is most + + align:start position:0% +perhaps dive into what is most + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps dive into what is most +interesting to you guys hopefully + + align:start position:0% +interesting to you guys hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to you guys hopefully +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +um and uh we can go from there is that + + align:start position:0% +um and uh we can go from there is that + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh we can go from there is that +that cool that work for you guys i can + + align:start position:0% +that cool that work for you guys i can + + + align:start position:0% +that cool that work for you guys i can +certainly talk about more projects but + + align:start position:0% +certainly talk about more projects but + + + align:start position:0% +certainly talk about more projects but +i'd love to hear what what questions you + + align:start position:0% +i'd love to hear what what questions you + + + align:start position:0% +i'd love to hear what what questions you +guys have and i can i can certainly + + align:start position:0% +guys have and i can i can certainly + + + align:start position:0% +guys have and i can i can certainly +demonstrate stuff as well um + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate stuff as well um + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate stuff as well um +if uh if you want + + align:start position:0% +if uh if you want + + + align:start position:0% +if uh if you want +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +comments + + align:start position:0% +comments + + + align:start position:0% +comments +there's got to be something it's gotta + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be something it's gotta + + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be something it's gotta +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +one of our first game ideas that we + + align:start position:0% +one of our first game ideas that we + + + align:start position:0% +one of our first game ideas that we +haven't ended up pursuing was actually + + align:start position:0% +haven't ended up pursuing was actually + + + align:start position:0% +haven't ended up pursuing was actually +gwen's idea + + align:start position:0% +gwen's idea + + + align:start position:0% +gwen's idea +but uh was this like + + align:start position:0% +but uh was this like + + + align:start position:0% +but uh was this like +murder mystery where you have to go to + + align:start position:0% +murder mystery where you have to go to + + + align:start position:0% +murder mystery where you have to go to +different locations to get different + + align:start position:0% +different locations to get different + + + align:start position:0% +different locations to get different +clues + + align:start position:0% +clues + + + align:start position:0% +clues +to hear different clues like the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the idea was like you'd go back in time + + align:start position:0% +the idea was like you'd go back in time + + + align:start position:0% +the idea was like you'd go back in time +and hear something relevant to whatever + + align:start position:0% +and hear something relevant to whatever + + + align:start position:0% +and hear something relevant to whatever +case you're trying to solve + + align:start position:0% +case you're trying to solve + + + align:start position:0% +case you're trying to solve +that sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +that sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of thing +yeah that's super cool yeah that's that + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's super cool yeah that's that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's super cool yeah that's that +sounds like it would be + + align:start position:0% +sounds like it would be + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like it would be +an application + + align:start position:0% +an application + + + align:start position:0% +an application +totally yeah no i love that idea um i + + align:start position:0% +totally yeah no i love that idea um i + + + align:start position:0% +totally yeah no i love that idea um i +think uh that the time traveling thing + + align:start position:0% +think uh that the time traveling thing + + + align:start position:0% +think uh that the time traveling thing +is is as i was mentioning before i think + + align:start position:0% +is is as i was mentioning before i think + + + align:start position:0% +is is as i was mentioning before i think +that can be really helpful both + + align:start position:0% +that can be really helpful both + + + align:start position:0% +that can be really helpful both +you know you can create sounds you know + + align:start position:0% +you know you can create sounds you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can create sounds you know +you could have a horse and buggy driving + + align:start position:0% +you could have a horse and buggy driving + + + align:start position:0% +you could have a horse and buggy driving +by whatever you know you could have like + + align:start position:0% +by whatever you know you could have like + + + align:start position:0% +by whatever you know you could have like +period type sounds going if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +period type sounds going if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +period type sounds going if you wanted +to sort of really make somebody feel + + align:start position:0% +to sort of really make somebody feel + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of really make somebody feel +like they've gone back in time but then + + align:start position:0% +like they've gone back in time but then + + + align:start position:0% +like they've gone back in time but then +you can also + + align:start position:0% +you can also + + + align:start position:0% +you can also +each user + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes you would that would probably be a + + align:start position:0% +yes you would that would probably be a + + + align:start position:0% +yes you would that would probably be a +set of tags you would assign different + + align:start position:0% +set of tags you would assign different + + + align:start position:0% +set of tags you would assign different +tags to different stories you could have + + align:start position:0% +tags to different stories you could have + + + align:start position:0% +tags to different stories you could have +story a story b story c and people would + + align:start position:0% +story a story b story c and people would + + + align:start position:0% +story a story b story c and people would +choose which order could be assigned one + + align:start position:0% +choose which order could be assigned one + + + align:start position:0% +choose which order could be assigned one +of those three and then that would + + align:start position:0% +of those three and then that would + + + align:start position:0% +of those three and then that would +segment the content based on + + align:start position:0% +segment the content based on + + + align:start position:0% +segment the content based on +based on what they wanted but yes going + + align:start position:0% +based on what they wanted but yes going + + + align:start position:0% +based on what they wanted but yes going +going to a particular location sort of + + align:start position:0% +going to a particular location sort of + + + align:start position:0% +going to a particular location sort of +gathering + + align:start position:0% +gathering + + + align:start position:0% +gathering +more information or something like that + + align:start position:0% +more information or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +more information or something like that +for the murder mystery um is is + + align:start position:0% +for the murder mystery um is is + + + align:start position:0% +for the murder mystery um is is +definitely something that that uh that + + align:start position:0% +definitely something that that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +definitely something that that uh that +ramware could do it's actually funny one + + align:start position:0% +ramware could do it's actually funny one + + + align:start position:0% +ramware could do it's actually funny one +um actually that escapes piece this case + + align:start position:0% +um actually that escapes piece this case + + + align:start position:0% +um actually that escapes piece this case +piece + + align:start position:0% +piece + + + align:start position:0% +piece +that i showed the video of + + align:start position:0% +that i showed the video of + + + align:start position:0% +that i showed the video of +people um started making up their own + + align:start position:0% +people um started making up their own + + + align:start position:0% +people um started making up their own +sort of games with it um and one one + + align:start position:0% +sort of games with it um and one one + + + align:start position:0% +sort of games with it um and one one +person sort of did kind of what you're + + align:start position:0% +person sort of did kind of what you're + + + align:start position:0% +person sort of did kind of what you're +saying it wasn't a murder mystery by any + + align:start position:0% +saying it wasn't a murder mystery by any + + + align:start position:0% +saying it wasn't a murder mystery by any +stretch but they went to sort of + + align:start position:0% +stretch but they went to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +stretch but they went to sort of +a random place and said you know go to + + align:start position:0% +a random place and said you know go to + + + align:start position:0% +a random place and said you know go to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +corner of the parking lot to receive + + align:start position:0% +corner of the parking lot to receive + + + align:start position:0% +corner of the parking lot to receive +further instructions or something like + + align:start position:0% +further instructions or something like + + + align:start position:0% +further instructions or something like +that and then they went over there and + + align:start position:0% +that and then they went over there and + + + align:start position:0% +that and then they went over there and +then they + + align:start position:0% +then they + + + align:start position:0% +then they +proceeded to talk about the further + + align:start position:0% +proceeded to talk about the further + + + align:start position:0% +proceeded to talk about the further +instruction and then they + + align:start position:0% +instruction and then they + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and then they +you know and + + align:start position:0% +you know and + + + align:start position:0% +you know and +it it was kind of a game within within + + align:start position:0% +it it was kind of a game within within + + + align:start position:0% +it it was kind of a game within within +the piece which was + + align:start position:0% +the piece which was + + + align:start position:0% +the piece which was +you know not i didn't have anything to + + align:start position:0% +you know not i didn't have anything to + + + align:start position:0% +you know not i didn't have anything to +do with that it was it was uh you know + + align:start position:0% +do with that it was it was uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +do with that it was it was uh you know +somebody taking their own initiative to + + align:start position:0% +somebody taking their own initiative to + + + align:start position:0% +somebody taking their own initiative to +sort of figure that out which um + + align:start position:0% +sort of figure that out which um + + + align:start position:0% +sort of figure that out which um +which i thought was great other other + + align:start position:0% +which i thought was great other other + + + align:start position:0% +which i thought was great other other +whole bunch of kids talked about zombies + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of kids talked about zombies + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of kids talked about zombies +and stuff they were like i'm hiding + + align:start position:0% +and stuff they were like i'm hiding + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff they were like i'm hiding +beneath this sculpture + + align:start position:0% +beneath this sculpture + + + align:start position:0% +beneath this sculpture +the zombies are coming and then this + + align:start position:0% +the zombies are coming and then this + + + align:start position:0% +the zombies are coming and then this +this this story of zombies actually + + align:start position:0% +this this story of zombies actually + + + align:start position:0% +this this story of zombies actually +continued over + + align:start position:0% +continued over + + + align:start position:0% +continued over +over months um and + + align:start position:0% +over months um and + + + align:start position:0% +over months um and +with different people like different you + + align:start position:0% +with different people like different you + + + align:start position:0% +with different people like different you +know like + + align:start position:0% +know like + + + align:start position:0% +know like +all the zombie fans kind of came + + align:start position:0% +all the zombie fans kind of came + + + align:start position:0% +all the zombie fans kind of came +together and there was this one area of + + align:start position:0% +together and there was this one area of + + + align:start position:0% +together and there was this one area of +the sculpture park that kind of turned + + align:start position:0% +the sculpture park that kind of turned + + + align:start position:0% +the sculpture park that kind of turned +into zombieland and + + align:start position:0% +into zombieland and + + + align:start position:0% +into zombieland and +um and then at the end you'll be very + + align:start position:0% +um and then at the end you'll be very + + + align:start position:0% +um and then at the end you'll be very +glad to know the helicopters came and + + align:start position:0% +glad to know the helicopters came and + + + align:start position:0% +glad to know the helicopters came and +landed and everybody was saved so nobody + + align:start position:0% +landed and everybody was saved so nobody + + + align:start position:0% +landed and everybody was saved so nobody +died but um i mean obviously the zombies + + align:start position:0% +died but um i mean obviously the zombies + + + align:start position:0% +died but um i mean obviously the zombies +are sort of i don't know what they are + + align:start position:0% +are sort of i don't know what they are + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of i don't know what they are +i'm not going to make a comment i'm not + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to make a comment i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to make a comment i'm not +gonna come down one side of that + + align:start position:0% +gonna come down one side of that + + + align:start position:0% +gonna come down one side of that +argument but um + + align:start position:0% +argument but um + + + align:start position:0% +argument but um +but it's just it's one of those things + + align:start position:0% +but it's just it's one of those things + + + align:start position:0% +but it's just it's one of those things +where when you open up your um + + align:start position:0% +where when you open up your um + + + align:start position:0% +where when you open up your um +work to + + align:start position:0% +work to + + + align:start position:0% +work to +this kind of um potential interaction + + align:start position:0% +this kind of um potential interaction + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of um potential interaction +with it you sometimes get really + + align:start position:0% +with it you sometimes get really + + + align:start position:0% +with it you sometimes get really +really neat kind of takes on it that you + + align:start position:0% +really neat kind of takes on it that you + + + align:start position:0% +really neat kind of takes on it that you +uh you know i mean i certainly didn't + + align:start position:0% +uh you know i mean i certainly didn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know i mean i certainly didn't +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +to create some kind of zombie scenario + + align:start position:0% +to create some kind of zombie scenario + + + align:start position:0% +to create some kind of zombie scenario +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but it's wonderful and it's it's uh you + + align:start position:0% +but it's wonderful and it's it's uh you + + + align:start position:0% +but it's wonderful and it's it's uh you +know it kind of adds to the um to me it + + align:start position:0% +know it kind of adds to the um to me it + + + align:start position:0% +know it kind of adds to the um to me it +adds to the excitement of of sort of + + align:start position:0% +adds to the excitement of of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +adds to the excitement of of sort of +creating these pieces i i am + + align:start position:0% +creating these pieces i i am + + + align:start position:0% +creating these pieces i i am +you know my work is very + + align:start position:0% +you know my work is very + + + align:start position:0% +you know my work is very +you know i guess maybe it's a fear of + + align:start position:0% +you know i guess maybe it's a fear of + + + align:start position:0% +you know i guess maybe it's a fear of +ever of ever having something be done + + align:start position:0% +ever of ever having something be done + + + align:start position:0% +ever of ever having something be done +but it's there's something about um + + align:start position:0% +but it's there's something about um + + + align:start position:0% +but it's there's something about um +knowing that um things can you know can + + align:start position:0% +knowing that um things can you know can + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that um things can you know can +be sent out into the world and kind of + + align:start position:0% +be sent out into the world and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +be sent out into the world and kind of +take on uh their own uh their own life + + align:start position:0% +take on uh their own uh their own life + + + align:start position:0% +take on uh their own uh their own life +if you will + + align:start position:0% +if you will + + + align:start position:0% +if you will +much like a zombie no um and uh + + align:start position:0% +much like a zombie no um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +much like a zombie no um and uh +and uh and and kind of you know get this + + align:start position:0% +and uh and and kind of you know get this + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and and kind of you know get this +level of creativity or level of input + + align:start position:0% +level of creativity or level of input + + + align:start position:0% +level of creativity or level of input +that i couldn't do on my own you know i + + align:start position:0% +that i couldn't do on my own you know i + + + align:start position:0% +that i couldn't do on my own you know i +i really get tons of inspiration from + + align:start position:0% +i really get tons of inspiration from + + + align:start position:0% +i really get tons of inspiration from +people who come in and uh + + align:start position:0% +people who come in and uh + + + align:start position:0% +people who come in and uh +and do stuff so yeah i think that that + + align:start position:0% +and do stuff so yeah i think that that + + + align:start position:0% +and do stuff so yeah i think that that +idea is certainly one that would be um + + align:start position:0% +idea is certainly one that would be um + + + align:start position:0% +idea is certainly one that would be um +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +suited for round where um you know i + + align:start position:0% +suited for round where um you know i + + + align:start position:0% +suited for round where um you know i +have dreams of ramware becoming a a sas + + align:start position:0% +have dreams of ramware becoming a a sas + + + align:start position:0% +have dreams of ramware becoming a a sas +at some point it is not yet it is kind + + align:start position:0% +at some point it is not yet it is kind + + + align:start position:0% +at some point it is not yet it is kind +of requires a little more technical um + + align:start position:0% +of requires a little more technical um + + + align:start position:0% +of requires a little more technical um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +involvement to set up the server and + + align:start position:0% +involvement to set up the server and + + + align:start position:0% +involvement to set up the server and +then get the client talking so it's not + + align:start position:0% +then get the client talking so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +then get the client talking so it's not +you know all the code is there it's just + + align:start position:0% +you know all the code is there it's just + + + align:start position:0% +you know all the code is there it's just +a matter of um kind of going through + + align:start position:0% +a matter of um kind of going through + + + align:start position:0% +a matter of um kind of going through +those those uh + + align:start position:0% +those those uh + + + align:start position:0% +those those uh +steps um there's a demo roundware app + + align:start position:0% +steps um there's a demo roundware app + + + align:start position:0% +steps um there's a demo roundware app +that can be used for sort of testing + + align:start position:0% +that can be used for sort of testing + + + align:start position:0% +that can be used for sort of testing +stuff um which is pretty handy if you + + align:start position:0% +stuff um which is pretty handy if you + + + align:start position:0% +stuff um which is pretty handy if you +just want to go out and make com you + + align:start position:0% +just want to go out and make com you + + + align:start position:0% +just want to go out and make com you +know make recordings in certain + + align:start position:0% +know make recordings in certain + + + align:start position:0% +know make recordings in certain +locations and then sort of see how it + + align:start position:0% +locations and then sort of see how it + + + align:start position:0% +locations and then sort of see how it +how it works + + align:start position:0% +how it works + + + align:start position:0% +how it works +that can be done that's + + align:start position:0% +that can be done that's + + + align:start position:0% +that can be done that's +uh the ios version is the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh the ios version is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh the ios version is the uh +a good place to do that but i think that + + align:start position:0% +a good place to do that but i think that + + + align:start position:0% +a good place to do that but i think that +idea would definitely be um + + align:start position:0% +idea would definitely be um + + + align:start position:0% +idea would definitely be um +you know roundwork could certainly help + + align:start position:0% +you know roundwork could certainly help + + + align:start position:0% +you know roundwork could certainly help +at least get the basics going on that + + align:start position:0% +at least get the basics going on that + + + align:start position:0% +at least get the basics going on that +question yes you know you show up a + + align:start position:0% +question yes you know you show up a + + + align:start position:0% +question yes you know you show up a +little bit of the scape's user interface + + align:start position:0% +little bit of the scape's user interface + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of the scape's user interface +the end user what you can record and + + align:start position:0% +the end user what you can record and + + + align:start position:0% +the end user what you can record and +just pretty much just drop a sound + + align:start position:0% +just pretty much just drop a sound + + + align:start position:0% +just pretty much just drop a sound +that has some radius + + align:start position:0% +that has some radius + + + align:start position:0% +that has some radius +but then you also showed all this other + + align:start position:0% +but then you also showed all this other + + + align:start position:0% +but then you also showed all this other +capacity of direction and like minimum + + align:start position:0% +capacity of direction and like minimum + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of direction and like minimum +maximum radius is like how much + + align:start position:0% +maximum radius is like how much + + + align:start position:0% +maximum radius is like how much +of that do you see + + align:start position:0% +of that do you see + + + align:start position:0% +of that do you see +being useful to expose to kind of like + + align:start position:0% +being useful to expose to kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +being useful to expose to kind of like +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +most fundamental part of + + align:start position:0% +most fundamental part of + + + align:start position:0% +most fundamental part of +the the most difficult part of the thing + + align:start position:0% +the the most difficult part of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +the the most difficult part of the thing +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +and how much of it is just like too + + align:start position:0% +and how much of it is just like too + + + align:start position:0% +and how much of it is just like too +complex and he is off-putting + + align:start position:0% +complex and he is off-putting + + + align:start position:0% +complex and he is off-putting +yeah i to date i've exposed very little + + align:start position:0% +yeah i to date i've exposed very little + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i to date i've exposed very little +of it um and that's a really good + + align:start position:0% +of it um and that's a really good + + + align:start position:0% +of it um and that's a really good +question it is something i think a lot + + align:start position:0% +question it is something i think a lot + + + align:start position:0% +question it is something i think a lot +about because i do want + + align:start position:0% +about because i do want + + + align:start position:0% +about because i do want +it to remain simple for the end user + + align:start position:0% +it to remain simple for the end user + + + align:start position:0% +it to remain simple for the end user +that's why you know there's like two + + align:start position:0% +that's why you know there's like two + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you know there's like two +buttons it's listen or speak and that's + + align:start position:0% +buttons it's listen or speak and that's + + + align:start position:0% +buttons it's listen or speak and that's +kind of obviously within speak there's a + + align:start position:0% +kind of obviously within speak there's a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of obviously within speak there's a +few steps that you need to do to what + + align:start position:0% +few steps that you need to do to what + + + align:start position:0% +few steps that you need to do to what +questions you want to respond to and + + align:start position:0% +questions you want to respond to and + + + align:start position:0% +questions you want to respond to and +whatnot but + + align:start position:0% +whatnot but + + + align:start position:0% +whatnot but +it's fairly fairly straightforward in + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly fairly straightforward in + + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly fairly straightforward in +that regard and + + align:start position:0% +that regard and + + + align:start position:0% +that regard and +exposing more + + align:start position:0% +exposing more + + + align:start position:0% +exposing more +does cause some problems sometimes so + + align:start position:0% +does cause some problems sometimes so + + + align:start position:0% +does cause some problems sometimes so +i've experimented a little bit with + + align:start position:0% +i've experimented a little bit with + + + align:start position:0% +i've experimented a little bit with +adding additional filtering capacity + + align:start position:0% +adding additional filtering capacity + + + align:start position:0% +adding additional filtering capacity +but having it + + align:start position:0% +but having it + + + align:start position:0% +but having it +sort of semi-hidden not really hidden + + align:start position:0% +sort of semi-hidden not really hidden + + + align:start position:0% +sort of semi-hidden not really hidden +but like it isn't + + align:start position:0% +but like it isn't + + + align:start position:0% +but like it isn't +it's like behind a button instead of you + + align:start position:0% +it's like behind a button instead of you + + + align:start position:0% +it's like behind a button instead of you +know you hit a button then you open up + + align:start position:0% +know you hit a button then you open up + + + align:start position:0% +know you hit a button then you open up +oh here are some filters i can do and + + align:start position:0% +oh here are some filters i can do and + + + align:start position:0% +oh here are some filters i can do and +the filters have a default state which + + align:start position:0% +the filters have a default state which + + + align:start position:0% +the filters have a default state which +is basically listen to everything and + + align:start position:0% +is basically listen to everything and + + + align:start position:0% +is basically listen to everything and +then you can you can kind of specify + + align:start position:0% +then you can you can kind of specify + + + align:start position:0% +then you can you can kind of specify +from there become a super user of sorts + + align:start position:0% +from there become a super user of sorts + + + align:start position:0% +from there become a super user of sorts +if you if you want the user choosing + + align:start position:0% +if you if you want the user choosing + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you want the user choosing +their listening experience based on + + align:start position:0% +their listening experience based on + + + align:start position:0% +their listening experience based on +eliminating things that you don't want + + align:start position:0% +eliminating things that you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating things that you don't want +to hear + + align:start position:0% +to hear + + + align:start position:0% +to hear +in this case yes yes i like to start + + align:start position:0% +in this case yes yes i like to start + + + align:start position:0% +in this case yes yes i like to start +with the broad + + align:start position:0% +with the broad + + + align:start position:0% +with the broad +set if you start with nothing then + + align:start position:0% +set if you start with nothing then + + + align:start position:0% +set if you start with nothing then +people are going to get confused because + + align:start position:0% +people are going to get confused because + + + align:start position:0% +people are going to get confused because +they won't you know so kind of starting + + align:start position:0% +they won't you know so kind of starting + + + align:start position:0% +they won't you know so kind of starting +broad and then narrowing down um as far + + align:start position:0% +broad and then narrowing down um as far + + + align:start position:0% +broad and then narrowing down um as far +as the other um the other sort of + + align:start position:0% +as the other um the other sort of + + + align:start position:0% +as the other um the other sort of +listening modes and everything goes + + align:start position:0% +listening modes and everything goes + + + align:start position:0% +listening modes and everything goes +that's that's more of a kind of um you + + align:start position:0% +that's that's more of a kind of um you + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's more of a kind of um you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +set up the project that way one way or + + align:start position:0% +set up the project that way one way or + + + align:start position:0% +set up the project that way one way or +the other and and if you're seeding the + + align:start position:0% +the other and and if you're seeding the + + + align:start position:0% +the other and and if you're seeding the +project with a certain amount of content + + align:start position:0% +project with a certain amount of content + + + align:start position:0% +project with a certain amount of content +you know some like the skates piece was + + align:start position:0% +you know some like the skates piece was + + + align:start position:0% +you know some like the skates piece was +seated with basically no content i + + align:start position:0% +seated with basically no content i + + + align:start position:0% +seated with basically no content i +allowed people to come in and do + + align:start position:0% +allowed people to come in and do + + + align:start position:0% +allowed people to come in and do +whatever they wanted the tributaries + + align:start position:0% +whatever they wanted the tributaries + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they wanted the tributaries +piece + + align:start position:0% +piece + + + align:start position:0% +piece +i created a lot of content myself and i + + align:start position:0% +i created a lot of content myself and i + + + align:start position:0% +i created a lot of content myself and i +put it out there um and uh you know the + + align:start position:0% +put it out there um and uh you know the + + + align:start position:0% +put it out there um and uh you know the +weather reports and diary entries and + + align:start position:0% +weather reports and diary entries and + + + align:start position:0% +weather reports and diary entries and +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +uh you know + + align:start position:0% +uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know +machinists shop logs i mean stuff like + + align:start position:0% +machinists shop logs i mean stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +machinists shop logs i mean stuff like +that that was historical material i + + align:start position:0% +that that was historical material i + + + align:start position:0% +that that was historical material i +could create that and then i could place + + align:start position:0% +could create that and then i could place + + + align:start position:0% +could create that and then i could place +that where i wanted and i could create + + align:start position:0% +that where i wanted and i could create + + + align:start position:0% +that where i wanted and i could create +the shapes and i could do anything like + + align:start position:0% +the shapes and i could do anything like + + + align:start position:0% +the shapes and i could do anything like +that um the thing that i think actually + + align:start position:0% +that um the thing that i think actually + + + align:start position:0% +that um the thing that i think actually +the the the the scenario in which i + + align:start position:0% +the the the the scenario in which i + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the scenario in which i +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +exposing more to an end user that would + + align:start position:0% +exposing more to an end user that would + + + align:start position:0% +exposing more to an end user that would +be most appropriate would be + + align:start position:0% +be most appropriate would be + + + align:start position:0% +be most appropriate would be +something that i'm sort of i'm working + + align:start position:0% +something that i'm sort of i'm working + + + align:start position:0% +something that i'm sort of i'm working +on now which is um + + align:start position:0% +on now which is um + + + align:start position:0% +on now which is um +enabling the app to be more of uh to be + + align:start position:0% +enabling the app to be more of uh to be + + + align:start position:0% +enabling the app to be more of uh to be +a more + + align:start position:0% +a more + + + align:start position:0% +a more +to be a different type of creation tool + + align:start position:0% +to be a different type of creation tool + + + align:start position:0% +to be a different type of creation tool +so so so the person creating the + + align:start position:0% +so so so the person creating the + + + align:start position:0% +so so so the person creating the +experience would be able to go + + align:start position:0% +experience would be able to go + + + align:start position:0% +experience would be able to go +and say you know create a recording and + + align:start position:0% +and say you know create a recording and + + + align:start position:0% +and say you know create a recording and +then walk around a closed polygon that + + align:start position:0% +then walk around a closed polygon that + + + align:start position:0% +then walk around a closed polygon that +they want that recording to exist in for + + align:start position:0% +they want that recording to exist in for + + + align:start position:0% +they want that recording to exist in for +example um + + align:start position:0% +example um + + + align:start position:0% +example um +and and do sort of other other + + align:start position:0% +and and do sort of other other + + + align:start position:0% +and and do sort of other other +manipulations be able to move stuff + + align:start position:0% +manipulations be able to move stuff + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations be able to move stuff +around to be able to adjust so you're + + align:start position:0% +around to be able to adjust so you're + + + align:start position:0% +around to be able to adjust so you're +really in the actual physical location + + align:start position:0% +really in the actual physical location + + + align:start position:0% +really in the actual physical location +that the piece is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that the piece is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that the piece is going to be +experienced when you're creating it + + align:start position:0% +experienced when you're creating it + + + align:start position:0% +experienced when you're creating it +because i think that's + + align:start position:0% +because i think that's + + + align:start position:0% +because i think that's +that's a far cry from sitting at your + + align:start position:0% +that's a far cry from sitting at your + + + align:start position:0% +that's a far cry from sitting at your +computer at a google map and drawing + + align:start position:0% +computer at a google map and drawing + + + align:start position:0% +computer at a google map and drawing +something like i think this is where it + + align:start position:0% +something like i think this is where it + + + align:start position:0% +something like i think this is where it +is but i'm not really sure and i don't + + align:start position:0% +is but i'm not really sure and i don't + + + align:start position:0% +is but i'm not really sure and i don't +really know if this is going to work so + + align:start position:0% +really know if this is going to work so + + + align:start position:0% +really know if this is going to work so +you do that i always find myself doing + + align:start position:0% +you do that i always find myself doing + + + align:start position:0% +you do that i always find myself doing +that and then going out + + align:start position:0% +that and then going out + + + align:start position:0% +that and then going out +and listening and then going back in and + + align:start position:0% +and listening and then going back in and + + + align:start position:0% +and listening and then going back in and +then going it's like this back and forth + + align:start position:0% +then going it's like this back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +then going it's like this back and forth +can be very frustrating so so i think + + align:start position:0% +can be very frustrating so so i think + + + align:start position:0% +can be very frustrating so so i think +the exposure of more in-depth sort of + + align:start position:0% +the exposure of more in-depth sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the exposure of more in-depth sort of +i don't know if you want to call them + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if you want to call them + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if you want to call them +editing tools or just or just sort of + + align:start position:0% +editing tools or just or just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +editing tools or just or just sort of +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +modifying tools i think + + align:start position:0% +modifying tools i think + + + align:start position:0% +modifying tools i think +i think makes more sense for + + align:start position:0% +i think makes more sense for + + + align:start position:0% +i think makes more sense for +sort of more of the creator side of + + align:start position:0% +sort of more of the creator side of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of more of the creator side of +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +of course end users are creators to a + + align:start position:0% +of course end users are creators to a + + + align:start position:0% +of course end users are creators to a +certain extent because they're adding + + align:start position:0% +certain extent because they're adding + + + align:start position:0% +certain extent because they're adding +their own or they have the option of + + align:start position:0% +their own or they have the option of + + + align:start position:0% +their own or they have the option of +having their own content but um + + align:start position:0% +having their own content but um + + + align:start position:0% +having their own content but um +but it's a good question because it's i + + align:start position:0% +but it's a good question because it's i + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a good question because it's i +think it's a constant balance and maybe + + align:start position:0% +think it's a constant balance and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a constant balance and maybe +when people get more familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +when people get more familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +when people get more familiar with the +overall idea of audio ar then + + align:start position:0% +overall idea of audio ar then + + + align:start position:0% +overall idea of audio ar then +and then we'll be able to push a little + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll be able to push a little + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll be able to push a little +farther in that direction but right now + + align:start position:0% +farther in that direction but right now + + + align:start position:0% +farther in that direction but right now +i my experience has been that people + + align:start position:0% +i my experience has been that people + + + align:start position:0% +i my experience has been that people +when explaining it to them it was + + align:start position:0% +when explaining it to them it was + + + align:start position:0% +when explaining it to them it was +wonderful when pokemon go came out for + + align:start position:0% +wonderful when pokemon go came out for + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful when pokemon go came out for +me because i could even though this + + align:start position:0% +me because i could even though this + + + align:start position:0% +me because i could even though this +really isn't pokemon go there is an + + align:start position:0% +really isn't pokemon go there is an + + + align:start position:0% +really isn't pokemon go there is an +element of + + align:start position:0% +element of + + + align:start position:0% +element of +hey it's like pokemon go except instead + + align:start position:0% +hey it's like pokemon go except instead + + + align:start position:0% +hey it's like pokemon go except instead +of finding pokemon you're going around + + align:start position:0% +of finding pokemon you're going around + + + align:start position:0% +of finding pokemon you're going around +and you're finding little pieces of + + align:start position:0% +and you're finding little pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +and you're finding little pieces of +audio and those are playing and it's you + + align:start position:0% +audio and those are playing and it's you + + + align:start position:0% +audio and those are playing and it's you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +and you can add right pokemon you can't + + align:start position:0% +and you can add right pokemon you can't + + + align:start position:0% +and you can add right pokemon you can't +you can't spawn your own um pokemon + + align:start position:0% +you can't spawn your own um pokemon + + + align:start position:0% +you can't spawn your own um pokemon +really at this point so + + align:start position:0% +really at this point so + + + align:start position:0% +really at this point so +um but that was a nice thing to sort of + + align:start position:0% +um but that was a nice thing to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um but that was a nice thing to sort of +give me a context within which to talk + + align:start position:0% +give me a context within which to talk + + + align:start position:0% +give me a context within which to talk +about this stuff um despite the obvious + + align:start position:0% +about this stuff um despite the obvious + + + align:start position:0% +about this stuff um despite the obvious +differences but + + align:start position:0% +differences but + + + align:start position:0% +differences but +but perhaps when ar generally and maybe + + align:start position:0% +but perhaps when ar generally and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +but perhaps when ar generally and maybe +audio ar gets to the point where + + align:start position:0% +audio ar gets to the point where + + + align:start position:0% +audio ar gets to the point where +everybody kind of understands that it + + align:start position:0% +everybody kind of understands that it + + + align:start position:0% +everybody kind of understands that it +exists and there are possibilities + + align:start position:0% +exists and there are possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +exists and there are possibilities +on a base level then you know we'll be + + align:start position:0% +on a base level then you know we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +on a base level then you know we'll be +able to push things farther + + align:start position:0% +able to push things farther + + + align:start position:0% +able to push things farther +but yeah i think there's a ton of stuff + + align:start position:0% +but yeah i think there's a ton of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah i think there's a ton of stuff +with the directional and that's why you + + align:start position:0% +with the directional and that's why you + + + align:start position:0% +with the directional and that's why you +know that the uh + + align:start position:0% +know that the uh + + + align:start position:0% +know that the uh +you know bose imu enabled headphones or + + align:start position:0% +you know bose imu enabled headphones or + + + align:start position:0% +you know bose imu enabled headphones or +frames and you know i know that there + + align:start position:0% +frames and you know i know that there + + + align:start position:0% +frames and you know i know that there +are other other manufacturers doing + + align:start position:0% +are other other manufacturers doing + + + align:start position:0% +are other other manufacturers doing +stuff as well + + align:start position:0% +stuff as well + + + align:start position:0% +stuff as well +and i think it's going to be really + + align:start position:0% +and i think it's going to be really + + + align:start position:0% +and i think it's going to be really +exciting uh for sure or i mean airpods + + align:start position:0% +exciting uh for sure or i mean airpods + + + align:start position:0% +exciting uh for sure or i mean airpods +or you know i think they've got imus or + + align:start position:0% +or you know i think they've got imus or + + + align:start position:0% +or you know i think they've got imus or +some semi-imu the new airpod pros have + + align:start position:0% +some semi-imu the new airpod pros have + + + align:start position:0% +some semi-imu the new airpod pros have +something they certainly have + + align:start position:0% +something they certainly have + + + align:start position:0% +something they certainly have +accelerometer in them so i don't know + + align:start position:0% +accelerometer in them so i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +accelerometer in them so i don't know +well yes right because you can test them + + align:start position:0% +well yes right because you can test them + + + align:start position:0% +well yes right because you can test them +yeah cause you could tap them and i i + + align:start position:0% +yeah cause you could tap them and i i + + + align:start position:0% +yeah cause you could tap them and i i +don't know what they're gonna you know + + align:start position:0% +don't know what they're gonna you know + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what they're gonna you know +what kind of apis are going to open up + + align:start position:0% +what kind of apis are going to open up + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of apis are going to open up +on that but + + align:start position:0% +on that but + + + align:start position:0% +on that but +it seems like + + align:start position:0% +it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +it seems like +people are thinking about that stuff + + align:start position:0% +people are thinking about that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +people are thinking about that stuff +wearables hearables that i don't know if + + align:start position:0% +wearables hearables that i don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +wearables hearables that i don't know if +i'm too into that phrase but it's uh it + + align:start position:0% +i'm too into that phrase but it's uh it + + + align:start position:0% +i'm too into that phrase but it's uh it +seems to be what people are using + + align:start position:0% +seems to be what people are using + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be what people are using +somewhat now but + + align:start position:0% +somewhat now but + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat now but +but yeah for me the more hardware that + + align:start position:0% +but yeah for me the more hardware that + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah for me the more hardware that +companies put out that i can experiment + + align:start position:0% +companies put out that i can experiment + + + align:start position:0% +companies put out that i can experiment +with the better it's great because + + align:start position:0% +with the better it's great because + + + align:start position:0% +with the better it's great because +i certainly can't build hardware on my + + align:start position:0% +i certainly can't build hardware on my + + + align:start position:0% +i certainly can't build hardware on my +you know i tried strapping an imu to my + + align:start position:0% +you know i tried strapping an imu to my + + + align:start position:0% +you know i tried strapping an imu to my +you know like + + align:start position:0% +you know like + + + align:start position:0% +you know like +is a major failure + + align:start position:0% +is a major failure + + + align:start position:0% +is a major failure +um but uh i am i'm not really a hardware + + align:start position:0% +um but uh i am i'm not really a hardware + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh i am i'm not really a hardware +guy so + + align:start position:0% +guy so + + + align:start position:0% +guy so +more questions more + + align:start position:0% +more questions more + + + align:start position:0% +more questions more +comments more things you would like me + + align:start position:0% +comments more things you would like me + + + align:start position:0% +comments more things you would like me +to show i can + + align:start position:0% +to show i can + + + align:start position:0% +to show i can +go to + + align:start position:0% +go to + + + align:start position:0% +go to +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +just a yeah take question what is the + + align:start position:0% +just a yeah take question what is the + + + align:start position:0% +just a yeah take question what is the +precision where you + + align:start position:0% +precision where you + + + align:start position:0% +precision where you +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +delineate where where the sound will + + align:start position:0% +delineate where where the sound will + + + align:start position:0% +delineate where where the sound will +play is it + + align:start position:0% +play is it + + + align:start position:0% +play is it +how exact is it well ramware is is what + + align:start position:0% +how exact is it well ramware is is what + + + align:start position:0% +how exact is it well ramware is is what +i would call location + + align:start position:0% +i would call location + + + align:start position:0% +i would call location +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +determinate it's sort of it's agnostic + + align:start position:0% +determinate it's sort of it's agnostic + + + align:start position:0% +determinate it's sort of it's agnostic +to what where it gets its location + + align:start position:0% +to what where it gets its location + + + align:start position:0% +to what where it gets its location +information from so + + align:start position:0% +information from so + + + align:start position:0% +information from so +i you note i showed you mainly outdoor + + align:start position:0% +i you note i showed you mainly outdoor + + + align:start position:0% +i you note i showed you mainly outdoor +projects because + + align:start position:0% +projects because + + + align:start position:0% +projects because +we all know the problems with gps + + align:start position:0% +we all know the problems with gps + + + align:start position:0% +we all know the problems with gps +indoors we also know the gps is + + align:start position:0% +indoors we also know the gps is + + + align:start position:0% +indoors we also know the gps is +the only sort of ubiquitous location + + align:start position:0% +the only sort of ubiquitous location + + + align:start position:0% +the only sort of ubiquitous location +you know essentially free location + + align:start position:0% +you know essentially free location + + + align:start position:0% +you know essentially free location +technology that exists right now + + align:start position:0% +technology that exists right now + + + align:start position:0% +technology that exists right now +so so so we have gps error bars right + + align:start position:0% +so so so we have gps error bars right + + + align:start position:0% +so so so we have gps error bars right +now which inside a building are you know + + align:start position:0% +now which inside a building are you know + + + align:start position:0% +now which inside a building are you know +way too big to make it useful i have + + align:start position:0% +way too big to make it useful i have + + + align:start position:0% +way too big to make it useful i have +done a lot of experimentation with other + + align:start position:0% +done a lot of experimentation with other + + + align:start position:0% +done a lot of experimentation with other +you know interior + + align:start position:0% +you know interior + + + align:start position:0% +you know interior +you know systems whether they be + + align:start position:0% +you know systems whether they be + + + align:start position:0% +you know systems whether they be +beacon based or + + align:start position:0% +beacon based or + + + align:start position:0% +beacon based or +you know magnetic field based or visual + + align:start position:0% +you know magnetic field based or visual + + + align:start position:0% +you know magnetic field based or visual +positioning systems but at the end of + + align:start position:0% +positioning systems but at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +positioning systems but at the end of +the day roundware just takes at this + + align:start position:0% +the day roundware just takes at this + + + align:start position:0% +the day roundware just takes at this +point roundwear just takes two + + align:start position:0% +point roundwear just takes two + + + align:start position:0% +point roundwear just takes two +coordinates it roundmer doesn't have a z + + align:start position:0% +coordinates it roundmer doesn't have a z + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates it roundmer doesn't have a z +axis at this point + + align:start position:0% +axis at this point + + + align:start position:0% +axis at this point +but adding that isn't that isn't a huge + + align:start position:0% +but adding that isn't that isn't a huge + + + align:start position:0% +but adding that isn't that isn't a huge +huge leap but i haven't bothered to add + + align:start position:0% +huge leap but i haven't bothered to add + + + align:start position:0% +huge leap but i haven't bothered to add +it there's no point until i can get + + align:start position:0% +it there's no point until i can get + + + align:start position:0% +it there's no point until i can get +something that actually gives me useful + + align:start position:0% +something that actually gives me useful + + + align:start position:0% +something that actually gives me useful +z data to uh to actually base something + + align:start position:0% +z data to uh to actually base something + + + align:start position:0% +z data to uh to actually base something +on but it would be super cool if you + + align:start position:0% +on but it would be super cool if you + + + align:start position:0% +on but it would be super cool if you +know you get uwb systems which are like + + align:start position:0% +know you get uwb systems which are like + + + align:start position:0% +know you get uwb systems which are like +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +ultra wideband it's like so it's like + + align:start position:0% +ultra wideband it's like so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +ultra wideband it's like so it's like +you can get like millimeter level and + + align:start position:0% +you can get like millimeter level and + + + align:start position:0% +you can get like millimeter level and +then you could like raise your phone up + + align:start position:0% +then you could like raise your phone up + + + align:start position:0% +then you could like raise your phone up +and you could stand up and sit down and + + align:start position:0% +and you could stand up and sit down and + + + align:start position:0% +and you could stand up and sit down and +get whole new levels of of ambient sound + + align:start position:0% +get whole new levels of of ambient sound + + + align:start position:0% +get whole new levels of of ambient sound +i mean it could be totally amazing but + + align:start position:0% +i mean it could be totally amazing but + + + align:start position:0% +i mean it could be totally amazing but +unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately +you know roundware depends on the + + align:start position:0% +you know roundware depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +you know roundware depends on the +systems that are built by large + + align:start position:0% +systems that are built by large + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are built by large +companies and governments that i don't + + align:start position:0% +companies and governments that i don't + + + align:start position:0% +companies and governments that i don't +have any control over your experience + + align:start position:0% +have any control over your experience + + + align:start position:0% +have any control over your experience +with implementing this + + align:start position:0% +with implementing this + + + align:start position:0% +with implementing this +museum park walk or + + align:start position:0% +museum park walk or + + + align:start position:0% +museum park walk or +art exhibit + + align:start position:0% +art exhibit + + + align:start position:0% +art exhibit +did it feel like it connected + + align:start position:0% +did it feel like it connected + + + align:start position:0% +did it feel like it connected +spatially + + align:start position:0% +spatially + + + align:start position:0% +spatially +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +conceptually so + + align:start position:0% +conceptually so + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually so +um it felt very connected in the demo + + align:start position:0% +um it felt very connected in the demo + + + align:start position:0% +um it felt very connected in the demo +or he must have been talking about this + + align:start position:0% +or he must have been talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +or he must have been talking about this +particular thing + + align:start position:0% +particular thing + + + align:start position:0% +particular thing +uh but was that the experience when you + + align:start position:0% +uh but was that the experience when you + + + align:start position:0% +uh but was that the experience when you +when you implemented it as well that + + align:start position:0% +when you implemented it as well that + + + align:start position:0% +when you implemented it as well that +yeah people really + + align:start position:0% +yeah people really + + + align:start position:0% +yeah people really +can't see what object they're talking + + align:start position:0% +can't see what object they're talking + + + align:start position:0% +can't see what object they're talking +about or does it sort of + + align:start position:0% +about or does it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +about or does it sort of +pop up in the wrong place sometimes + + align:start position:0% +pop up in the wrong place sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +pop up in the wrong place sometimes +it would be + + align:start position:0% +it would be + + + align:start position:0% +it would be +unfair of me to say that it was always + + align:start position:0% +unfair of me to say that it was always + + + align:start position:0% +unfair of me to say that it was always +fine because it certainly wasn't + + align:start position:0% +fine because it certainly wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +fine because it certainly wasn't +sometimes gps gets wacky and of course + + align:start position:0% +sometimes gps gets wacky and of course + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes gps gets wacky and of course +the the error bars get multiplied + + align:start position:0% +the the error bars get multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +the the error bars get multiplied +because you you make a recording and + + align:start position:0% +because you you make a recording and + + + align:start position:0% +because you you make a recording and +there's an error bar associated with + + align:start position:0% +there's an error bar associated with + + + align:start position:0% +there's an error bar associated with +that and then you're listening to the + + align:start position:0% +that and then you're listening to the + + + align:start position:0% +that and then you're listening to the +recording there's another error bar + + align:start position:0% +recording there's another error bar + + + align:start position:0% +recording there's another error bar +associated sometimes those can + + align:start position:0% +associated sometimes those can + + + align:start position:0% +associated sometimes those can +destructively interact which is great + + align:start position:0% +destructively interact which is great + + + align:start position:0% +destructively interact which is great +other times not so certainly there are + + align:start position:0% +other times not so certainly there are + + + align:start position:0% +other times not so certainly there are +times when weird stuff happens i think + + align:start position:0% +times when weird stuff happens i think + + + align:start position:0% +times when weird stuff happens i think +generally you know i was pretty aware of + + align:start position:0% +generally you know i was pretty aware of + + + align:start position:0% +generally you know i was pretty aware of +what the error bars were when i was + + align:start position:0% +what the error bars were when i was + + + align:start position:0% +what the error bars were when i was +when i was creating the experience so + + align:start position:0% +when i was creating the experience so + + + align:start position:0% +when i was creating the experience so +i sort of could set things up to a + + align:start position:0% +i sort of could set things up to a + + + align:start position:0% +i sort of could set things up to a +certain extent um understanding uh + + align:start position:0% +certain extent um understanding uh + + + align:start position:0% +certain extent um understanding uh +understanding that and kind of guiding + + align:start position:0% +understanding that and kind of guiding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding that and kind of guiding +the experience such that it would work + + align:start position:0% +the experience such that it would work + + + align:start position:0% +the experience such that it would work +relatively well with that + + align:start position:0% +relatively well with that + + + align:start position:0% +relatively well with that +and i will also say that as an artist i + + align:start position:0% +and i will also say that as an artist i + + + align:start position:0% +and i will also say that as an artist i +kind of have it a little bit easier + + align:start position:0% +kind of have it a little bit easier + + + align:start position:0% +kind of have it a little bit easier +because people are a little more willing + + align:start position:0% +because people are a little more willing + + + align:start position:0% +because people are a little more willing +to be um you know with aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +to be um you know with aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +to be um you know with aesthetic +experiences that are a little more + + align:start position:0% +experiences that are a little more + + + align:start position:0% +experiences that are a little more +willing to be uh + + align:start position:0% +willing to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +willing to be uh +sort of forgiving about stuff like that + + align:start position:0% +sort of forgiving about stuff like that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of forgiving about stuff like that +so if you're talking about something + + align:start position:0% +so if you're talking about something + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're talking about something +that is maybe over there you'd be like + + align:start position:0% +that is maybe over there you'd be like + + + align:start position:0% +that is maybe over there you'd be like +oh the artist wanted me to walk over + + align:start position:0% +oh the artist wanted me to walk over + + + align:start position:0% +oh the artist wanted me to walk over +there and you know i mean if you're if + + align:start position:0% +there and you know i mean if you're if + + + align:start position:0% +there and you know i mean if you're if +you're in a a generous kind of + + align:start position:0% +you're in a a generous kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you're in a a generous kind of +interpretive mode that can work i also + + align:start position:0% +interpretive mode that can work i also + + + align:start position:0% +interpretive mode that can work i also +do i will say that a lot of times + + align:start position:0% +do i will say that a lot of times + + + align:start position:0% +do i will say that a lot of times +little gps hiccups can actually be + + align:start position:0% +little gps hiccups can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +little gps hiccups can actually be +really interesting because + + align:start position:0% +really interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting because +um if you're walking by and somebody's + + align:start position:0% +um if you're walking by and somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +um if you're walking by and somebody's +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this happened to me in the escapes + + align:start position:0% +this happened to me in the escapes + + + align:start position:0% +this happened to me in the escapes +project just to use that as an example i + + align:start position:0% +project just to use that as an example i + + + align:start position:0% +project just to use that as an example i +was walking by and somebody was like + + align:start position:0% +was walking by and somebody was like + + + align:start position:0% +was walking by and somebody was like +i'm standing inside this ring of trees + + align:start position:0% +i'm standing inside this ring of trees + + + align:start position:0% +i'm standing inside this ring of trees +and i'm looking up towards the sky and + + align:start position:0% +and i'm looking up towards the sky and + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm looking up towards the sky and +it's really + + align:start position:0% +it's really + + + align:start position:0% +it's really +it reminds me of you know my + + align:start position:0% +it reminds me of you know my + + + align:start position:0% +it reminds me of you know my +grandfather's house up in maine where i + + align:start position:0% +grandfather's house up in maine where i + + + align:start position:0% +grandfather's house up in maine where i +had this similar situation i was like + + align:start position:0% +had this similar situation i was like + + + align:start position:0% +had this similar situation i was like +i'm not in the ring of trees right now + + align:start position:0% +i'm not in the ring of trees right now + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not in the ring of trees right now +i'm just walking out in this field so it + + align:start position:0% +i'm just walking out in this field so it + + + align:start position:0% +i'm just walking out in this field so it +made me look around and i was like oh + + align:start position:0% +made me look around and i was like oh + + + align:start position:0% +made me look around and i was like oh +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +30 feet that direction was in fact + + align:start position:0% +30 feet that direction was in fact + + + align:start position:0% +30 feet that direction was in fact +something that looked like a ring of + + align:start position:0% +something that looked like a ring of + + + align:start position:0% +something that looked like a ring of +trees and it got me to go into it + + align:start position:0% +trees and it got me to go into it + + + align:start position:0% +trees and it got me to go into it +whereas so i think there is something + + align:start position:0% +whereas so i think there is something + + + align:start position:0% +whereas so i think there is something +really nice about sort of + + align:start position:0% +really nice about sort of + + + align:start position:0% +really nice about sort of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +audio are generally being able to kind + + align:start position:0% +audio are generally being able to kind + + + align:start position:0% +audio are generally being able to kind +of pull you in different directions or + + align:start position:0% +of pull you in different directions or + + + align:start position:0% +of pull you in different directions or +guide you or or encourage or whatever + + align:start position:0% +guide you or or encourage or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +guide you or or encourage or whatever +words you want but um to get you to + + align:start position:0% +words you want but um to get you to + + + align:start position:0% +words you want but um to get you to +explore a little more + + align:start position:0% +explore a little more + + + align:start position:0% +explore a little more +by um you know by by kind of giving you + + align:start position:0% +by um you know by by kind of giving you + + + align:start position:0% +by um you know by by kind of giving you +information that is pertinent to a spot + + align:start position:0% +information that is pertinent to a spot + + + align:start position:0% +information that is pertinent to a spot +when you're not quite at that spot yet + + align:start position:0% +when you're not quite at that spot yet + + + align:start position:0% +when you're not quite at that spot yet +um for example and i i know that might + + align:start position:0% +um for example and i i know that might + + + align:start position:0% +um for example and i i know that might +seem like an excuse for gps you know + + align:start position:0% +seem like an excuse for gps you know + + + align:start position:0% +seem like an excuse for gps you know +errors but + + align:start position:0% +errors but + + + align:start position:0% +errors but +sometimes they can be nice of course + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they can be nice of course + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they can be nice of course +sometimes they can be + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they can be + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they can be +inappropriate and bad but + + align:start position:0% +inappropriate and bad but + + + align:start position:0% +inappropriate and bad but +yeah that's you know when you when you + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's you know when you when you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's you know when you when you +open yourself up to + + align:start position:0% +open yourself up to + + + align:start position:0% +open yourself up to +you gotta open yourself up to the the + + align:start position:0% +you gotta open yourself up to the the + + + align:start position:0% +you gotta open yourself up to the the +goods and the bads but um + + align:start position:0% +goods and the bads but um + + + align:start position:0% +goods and the bads but um +but yeah i'm just super excited for the + + align:start position:0% +but yeah i'm just super excited for the + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah i'm just super excited for the +day when positioning interior + + align:start position:0% +day when positioning interior + + + align:start position:0% +day when positioning interior +positioning is accurate enough to um to + + align:start position:0% +positioning is accurate enough to um to + + + align:start position:0% +positioning is accurate enough to um to +really do something + + align:start position:0% +really do something + + + align:start position:0% +really do something +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +you can place sound objects walk around + + align:start position:0% +you can place sound objects walk around + + + align:start position:0% +you can place sound objects walk around +them and and you know understand uh have + + align:start position:0% +them and and you know understand uh have + + + align:start position:0% +them and and you know understand uh have +them feel like they've been spatialized + + align:start position:0% +them feel like they've been spatialized + + + align:start position:0% +them feel like they've been spatialized +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and really kind of + + align:start position:0% +and really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and really kind of +get a much more true to reality kind of + + align:start position:0% +get a much more true to reality kind of + + + align:start position:0% +get a much more true to reality kind of +experience but + + align:start position:0% +experience but + + + align:start position:0% +experience but +you guys probably know more about how + + align:start position:0% +you guys probably know more about how + + + align:start position:0% +you guys probably know more about how +close we are to that than i do but + + align:start position:0% +close we are to that than i do but + + + align:start position:0% +close we are to that than i do but +my uh from from where i sit exciting + + align:start position:0% +my uh from from where i sit exciting + + + align:start position:0% +my uh from from where i sit exciting +stuff is happening but um it's still i + + align:start position:0% +stuff is happening but um it's still i + + + align:start position:0% +stuff is happening but um it's still i +mean the big guys are all working on it + + align:start position:0% +mean the big guys are all working on it + + + align:start position:0% +mean the big guys are all working on it +right i mean + + align:start position:0% +right i mean + + + align:start position:0% +right i mean +spatial computing is like + + align:start position:0% +spatial computing is like + + + align:start position:0% +spatial computing is like +everybody wants their spatial engine and + + align:start position:0% +everybody wants their spatial engine and + + + align:start position:0% +everybody wants their spatial engine and +amazon is doing their thing and you know + + align:start position:0% +amazon is doing their thing and you know + + + align:start position:0% +amazon is doing their thing and you know +niantic of course is well into it magic + + align:start position:0% +niantic of course is well into it magic + + + align:start position:0% +niantic of course is well into it magic +leap has got the whatever i don't know + + align:start position:0% +leap has got the whatever i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +leap has got the whatever i don't know +all the + + align:start position:0% +all the + + + align:start position:0% +all the +the magic verse is that what they call + + align:start position:0% +the magic verse is that what they call + + + align:start position:0% +the magic verse is that what they call +it i never know what magic + + align:start position:0% +it i never know what magic + + + align:start position:0% +it i never know what magic +neither do i neither do i but it seems + + align:start position:0% +neither do i neither do i but it seems + + + align:start position:0% +neither do i neither do i but it seems +like they're spending a lot of money and + + align:start position:0% +like they're spending a lot of money and + + + align:start position:0% +like they're spending a lot of money and +doing they got good people doing stuff + + align:start position:0% +doing they got good people doing stuff + + + align:start position:0% +doing they got good people doing stuff +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +yes they got neil stevenson doing stuff + + align:start position:0% +yes they got neil stevenson doing stuff + + + align:start position:0% +yes they got neil stevenson doing stuff +so i mean they'll be they got some + + align:start position:0% +so i mean they'll be they got some + + + align:start position:0% +so i mean they'll be they got some +content possibilities so + + align:start position:0% +content possibilities so + + + align:start position:0% +content possibilities so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so yeah i mean it's it's super exciting + + align:start position:0% +so yeah i mean it's it's super exciting + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah i mean it's it's super exciting +but we're definitely dependent on the + + align:start position:0% +but we're definitely dependent on the + + + align:start position:0% +but we're definitely dependent on the +you know systems that + + align:start position:0% +you know systems that + + + align:start position:0% +you know systems that +that are + + align:start position:0% +that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are +out of out of my control out of most + + align:start position:0% +out of out of my control out of most + + + align:start position:0% +out of out of my control out of most +people's control + + align:start position:0% +people's control + + + align:start position:0% +people's control +but i think if you work within those + + align:start position:0% +but i think if you work within those + + + align:start position:0% +but i think if you work within those +constraints you can still create some + + align:start position:0% +constraints you can still create some + + + align:start position:0% +constraints you can still create some +pretty cool stuff + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool stuff + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool stuff +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +for my project i wanted to make + + align:start position:0% +for my project i wanted to make + + + align:start position:0% +for my project i wanted to make +something that people could like + + align:start position:0% +something that people could like + + + align:start position:0% +something that people could like +potentially contribute poetry + + align:start position:0% +potentially contribute poetry + + + align:start position:0% +potentially contribute poetry +to like a location so i think this might + + align:start position:0% +to like a location so i think this might + + + align:start position:0% +to like a location so i think this might +be really helpful with that + + align:start position:0% +be really helpful with that + + + align:start position:0% +be really helpful with that +yeah yeah that's that's very cool yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that's that's very cool yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that's that's very cool yeah +poetry um + + align:start position:0% +poetry um + + + align:start position:0% +poetry um +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +i think poetry + + align:start position:0% +i think poetry + + + align:start position:0% +i think poetry +can have some wonderful obviously a lot + + align:start position:0% +can have some wonderful obviously a lot + + + align:start position:0% +can have some wonderful obviously a lot +of the the language can be very sort of + + align:start position:0% +of the the language can be very sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of the the language can be very sort of +you know physically as you could + + align:start position:0% +you know physically as you could + + + align:start position:0% +you know physically as you could +put you in a place and it would be nice + + align:start position:0% +put you in a place and it would be nice + + + align:start position:0% +put you in a place and it would be nice +to actually be in that place too yeah i + + align:start position:0% +to actually be in that place too yeah i + + + align:start position:0% +to actually be in that place too yeah i +did i did a piece it's no longer + + align:start position:0% +did i did a piece it's no longer + + + align:start position:0% +did i did a piece it's no longer +available + + align:start position:0% +available + + + align:start position:0% +available +because of the inexorable you know + + align:start position:0% +because of the inexorable you know + + + align:start position:0% +because of the inexorable you know +progress of new ios versions and whatnot + + align:start position:0% +progress of new ios versions and whatnot + + + align:start position:0% +progress of new ios versions and whatnot +but i i did a piece in harvard yard that + + align:start position:0% +but i i did a piece in harvard yard that + + + align:start position:0% +but i i did a piece in harvard yard that +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +as the source material it used all of + + align:start position:0% +as the source material it used all of + + + align:start position:0% +as the source material it used all of +the not all but used a bunch of audio + + align:start position:0% +the not all but used a bunch of audio + + + align:start position:0% +the not all but used a bunch of audio +that um the woodbury poetry room at + + align:start position:0% +that um the woodbury poetry room at + + + align:start position:0% +that um the woodbury poetry room at +harvard had they've had a poetry series + + align:start position:0% +harvard had they've had a poetry series + + + align:start position:0% +harvard had they've had a poetry series +for like + + align:start position:0% +for like + + + align:start position:0% +for like +100 years of poets coming in and reading + + align:start position:0% +100 years of poets coming in and reading + + + align:start position:0% +100 years of poets coming in and reading +their works so they had recordings of + + align:start position:0% +their works so they had recordings of + + + align:start position:0% +their works so they had recordings of +like robert frost and william carlos + + align:start position:0% +like robert frost and william carlos + + + align:start position:0% +like robert frost and william carlos +williams and + + align:start position:0% +williams and + + + align:start position:0% +williams and +ezra pound i mean people like really old + + align:start position:0% +ezra pound i mean people like really old + + + align:start position:0% +ezra pound i mean people like really old +amazing recordings of these actual poets + + align:start position:0% +amazing recordings of these actual poets + + + align:start position:0% +amazing recordings of these actual poets +reading their work um and then they have + + align:start position:0% +reading their work um and then they have + + + align:start position:0% +reading their work um and then they have +more contemporary poetry uh poets as + + align:start position:0% +more contemporary poetry uh poets as + + + align:start position:0% +more contemporary poetry uh poets as +well and i took those and i kind of + + align:start position:0% +well and i took those and i kind of + + + align:start position:0% +well and i took those and i kind of +sliced them up line by line and then + + align:start position:0% +sliced them up line by line and then + + + align:start position:0% +sliced them up line by line and then +distributed them around in different + + align:start position:0% +distributed them around in different + + + align:start position:0% +distributed them around in different +places so i had like all the first lines + + align:start position:0% +places so i had like all the first lines + + + align:start position:0% +places so i had like all the first lines +of the poem + + align:start position:0% +of the poem + + + align:start position:0% +of the poem +in a certain area so if you went to this + + align:start position:0% +in a certain area so if you went to this + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain area so if you went to this +area you could hear + + align:start position:0% +area you could hear + + + align:start position:0% +area you could hear +first line after first line after first + + align:start position:0% +first line after first line after first + + + align:start position:0% +first line after first line after first +line then you could go somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +line then you could go somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +line then you could go somewhere else +and hear all the last lines it was very + + align:start position:0% +and hear all the last lines it was very + + + align:start position:0% +and hear all the last lines it was very +made it very abstract and the poets + + align:start position:0% +made it very abstract and the poets + + + align:start position:0% +made it very abstract and the poets +probably would + + align:start position:0% +probably would + + + align:start position:0% +probably would +be very upset with me if they found out + + align:start position:0% +be very upset with me if they found out + + + align:start position:0% +be very upset with me if they found out +about this but + + align:start position:0% +about this but + + + align:start position:0% +about this but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it was you know it was a it was a + + align:start position:0% +it was you know it was a it was a + + + align:start position:0% +it was you know it was a it was a +remixing of of that um and it you know a + + align:start position:0% +remixing of of that um and it you know a + + + align:start position:0% +remixing of of that um and it you know a +spatial remixing which um + + align:start position:0% +spatial remixing which um + + + align:start position:0% +spatial remixing which um +which was pretty fun to do but i loved + + align:start position:0% +which was pretty fun to do but i loved + + + align:start position:0% +which was pretty fun to do but i loved +your idea so were you thinking of having + + align:start position:0% +your idea so were you thinking of having + + + align:start position:0% +your idea so were you thinking of having +people read their own poetry or or + + align:start position:0% +people read their own poetry or or + + + align:start position:0% +people read their own poetry or or +something along those lines so so write + + align:start position:0% +something along those lines so so write + + + align:start position:0% +something along those lines so so write +upon that + + align:start position:0% +upon that + + + align:start position:0% +upon that +related to a certain location and then + + align:start position:0% +related to a certain location and then + + + align:start position:0% +related to a certain location and then +go to that location and kind of recite + + align:start position:0% +go to that location and kind of recite + + + align:start position:0% +go to that location and kind of recite +it sort of thing or i could imagine if + + align:start position:0% +it sort of thing or i could imagine if + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of thing or i could imagine if +you want to share any more thoughts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +oh like almost almost like + + align:start position:0% +oh like almost almost like + + + align:start position:0% +oh like almost almost like +like improv or something like like all + + align:start position:0% +like improv or something like like all + + + align:start position:0% +like improv or something like like all +this oh yeah that could be really + + align:start position:0% +this oh yeah that could be really + + + align:start position:0% +this oh yeah that could be really +that could be really great yeah so + + align:start position:0% +that could be really great yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +that could be really great yeah so +so yeah the question would be i mean the + + align:start position:0% +so yeah the question would be i mean the + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah the question would be i mean the +you know in a round more context that + + align:start position:0% +you know in a round more context that + + + align:start position:0% +you know in a round more context that +would be you know open the app press + + align:start position:0% +would be you know open the app press + + + align:start position:0% +would be you know open the app press +speak + + align:start position:0% +speak + + + align:start position:0% +speak +recite it you know make up a poem right + + align:start position:0% +recite it you know make up a poem right + + + align:start position:0% +recite it you know make up a poem right +now and then you just press record and + + align:start position:0% +now and then you just press record and + + + align:start position:0% +now and then you just press record and +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +record it and then upload it to the + + align:start position:0% +record it and then upload it to the + + + align:start position:0% +record it and then upload it to the +cloud and then whenever somebody else + + align:start position:0% +cloud and then whenever somebody else + + + align:start position:0% +cloud and then whenever somebody else +came by they could uh + + align:start position:0% +came by they could uh + + + align:start position:0% +came by they could uh +they could um you know they could hear + + align:start position:0% +they could um you know they could hear + + + align:start position:0% +they could um you know they could hear +that and then you'd have the ability of + + align:start position:0% +that and then you'd have the ability of + + + align:start position:0% +that and then you'd have the ability of +course as an administrator in that case + + align:start position:0% +course as an administrator in that case + + + align:start position:0% +course as an administrator in that case +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +listen and + + align:start position:0% +listen and + + + align:start position:0% +listen and +move the recording or make the area + + align:start position:0% +move the recording or make the area + + + align:start position:0% +move the recording or make the area +bigger or you know those sorts of things + + align:start position:0% +bigger or you know those sorts of things + + + align:start position:0% +bigger or you know those sorts of things +if you if you were to to want to do that + + align:start position:0% +if you if you were to to want to do that + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you were to to want to do that +but that could be a a wonderful way of + + align:start position:0% +but that could be a a wonderful way of + + + align:start position:0% +but that could be a a wonderful way of +kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of +it would be a nice way to traverse the + + align:start position:0% +it would be a nice way to traverse the + + + align:start position:0% +it would be a nice way to traverse the +city right you kind of wander through a + + align:start position:0% +city right you kind of wander through a + + + align:start position:0% +city right you kind of wander through a +city and you hear + + align:start position:0% +city and you hear + + + align:start position:0% +city and you hear +residents + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +improvised poetry at + + align:start position:0% +improvised poetry at + + + align:start position:0% +improvised poetry at +uh you know sort of you know at + + align:start position:0% +uh you know sort of you know at + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know sort of you know at +crosswalks or wherever like that's a + + align:start position:0% +crosswalks or wherever like that's a + + + align:start position:0% +crosswalks or wherever like that's a +that's a cool idea + + align:start position:0% +that's a cool idea + + + align:start position:0% +that's a cool idea +and you had a lot of uh you you've been + + align:start position:0% +and you had a lot of uh you you've been + + + align:start position:0% +and you had a lot of uh you you've been +working a lot on prompts yeah like + + align:start position:0% +working a lot on prompts yeah like + + + align:start position:0% +working a lot on prompts yeah like +get people who will not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +get people who will not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +get people who will not necessarily +be able to compose a whole pool up on + + align:start position:0% +be able to compose a whole pool up on + + + align:start position:0% +be able to compose a whole pool up on +the fly to be able to stop like + + align:start position:0% +the fly to be able to stop like + + + align:start position:0% +the fly to be able to stop like +that's really smart to think about that + + align:start position:0% +that's really smart to think about that + + + align:start position:0% +that's really smart to think about that +because that's really hard like even if + + align:start position:0% +because that's really hard like even if + + + align:start position:0% +because that's really hard like even if +i mean poetry is like particularly hard + + align:start position:0% +i mean poetry is like particularly hard + + + align:start position:0% +i mean poetry is like particularly hard +but even for me being like to say + + align:start position:0% +but even for me being like to say + + + align:start position:0% +but even for me being like to say +anything is sometimes hard so i always + + align:start position:0% +anything is sometimes hard so i always + + + align:start position:0% +anything is sometimes hard so i always +think about the what questions i i ask + + align:start position:0% +think about the what questions i i ask + + + align:start position:0% +think about the what questions i i ask +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +i usually have some question that's like + + align:start position:0% +i usually have some question that's like + + + align:start position:0% +i usually have some question that's like +so broad that it's + + align:start position:0% +so broad that it's + + + align:start position:0% +so broad that it's +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +that anybody could do it like you know + + align:start position:0% +that anybody could do it like you know + + + align:start position:0% +that anybody could do it like you know +just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tell a story about your day i don't know + + align:start position:0% +tell a story about your day i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +tell a story about your day i don't know +look at the you know + + align:start position:0% +look at the you know + + + align:start position:0% +look at the you know +look at the ground and tell me what it + + align:start position:0% +look at the ground and tell me what it + + + align:start position:0% +look at the ground and tell me what it +reminds you i mean i don't know i'm just + + align:start position:0% +reminds you i mean i don't know i'm just + + + align:start position:0% +reminds you i mean i don't know i'm just +sorry i'm making bad examples right now + + align:start position:0% +sorry i'm making bad examples right now + + + align:start position:0% +sorry i'm making bad examples right now +but something that's very broad + + align:start position:0% +but something that's very broad + + + align:start position:0% +but something that's very broad +to uh i mean literally it could just be + + align:start position:0% +to uh i mean literally it could just be + + + align:start position:0% +to uh i mean literally it could just be +share something you know + + align:start position:0% +share something you know + + + align:start position:0% +share something you know +say something + + align:start position:0% +say something + + + align:start position:0% +say something +and then as i go down the list i sort of + + align:start position:0% +and then as i go down the list i sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and then as i go down the list i sort of +get get into more details because i find + + align:start position:0% +get get into more details because i find + + + align:start position:0% +get get into more details because i find +that some people + + align:start position:0% +that some people + + + align:start position:0% +that some people +freak out when they have a super broad + + align:start position:0% +freak out when they have a super broad + + + align:start position:0% +freak out when they have a super broad +question they're like uh what do you + + align:start position:0% +question they're like uh what do you + + + align:start position:0% +question they're like uh what do you +mean something what does that mean you + + align:start position:0% +mean something what does that mean you + + + align:start position:0% +mean something what does that mean you +always say something they are like much + + align:start position:0% +always say something they are like much + + + align:start position:0% +always say something they are like much +happier being like given instructions + + align:start position:0% +happier being like given instructions + + + align:start position:0% +happier being like given instructions +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +look at a tree near you and + + align:start position:0% +look at a tree near you and + + + align:start position:0% +look at a tree near you and +describe it + + align:start position:0% +describe it + + + align:start position:0% +describe it +then they're like okay i can do that + + align:start position:0% +then they're like okay i can do that + + + align:start position:0% +then they're like okay i can do that +there's a tree + + align:start position:0% +there's a tree + + + align:start position:0% +there's a tree +record you know the tree is quite tall + + align:start position:0% +record you know the tree is quite tall + + + align:start position:0% +record you know the tree is quite tall +and it's got lots of branches and leaves + + align:start position:0% +and it's got lots of branches and leaves + + + align:start position:0% +and it's got lots of branches and leaves +right now are green but they're starting + + align:start position:0% +right now are green but they're starting + + + align:start position:0% +right now are green but they're starting +to turn yellow + + align:start position:0% +to turn yellow + + + align:start position:0% +to turn yellow +that some people are much more + + align:start position:0% +that some people are much more + + + align:start position:0% +that some people are much more +comfortable with that um + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with that um + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with that um +so in a poetry context that could be + + align:start position:0% +so in a poetry context that could be + + + align:start position:0% +so in a poetry context that could be +really interesting like what are some + + align:start position:0% +really interesting like what are some + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting like what are some +prompts that you've come up with thus + + align:start position:0% +prompts that you've come up with thus + + + align:start position:0% +prompts that you've come up with thus +far that you've because that's a big + + align:start position:0% +far that you've because that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +far that you've because that's a big +challenge that's a challenge + + align:start position:0% +challenge that's a challenge + + + align:start position:0% +challenge that's a challenge +yeah like right now i've just been + + align:start position:0% +yeah like right now i've just been + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like right now i've just been +thinking about like sounds so + + align:start position:0% +thinking about like sounds so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about like sounds so +um it wasn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +um it wasn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +um it wasn't necessarily +like a poem about sound + + align:start position:0% +like a poem about sound + + + align:start position:0% +like a poem about sound +but ask like what sounds can you hear + + align:start position:0% +but ask like what sounds can you hear + + + align:start position:0% +but ask like what sounds can you hear +right now and like like looking really + + align:start position:0% +right now and like like looking really + + + align:start position:0% +right now and like like looking really +good too + + align:start position:0% +good too + + + align:start position:0% +good too +and for like one test i asked them to + + align:start position:0% +and for like one test i asked them to + + + align:start position:0% +and for like one test i asked them to +write a poem about a different subject + + align:start position:0% +write a poem about a different subject + + + align:start position:0% +write a poem about a different subject +based on the sounds they heard + + align:start position:0% +based on the sounds they heard + + + align:start position:0% +based on the sounds they heard +you mean + + align:start position:0% +you mean + + + align:start position:0% +you mean +like a poem about sound that isn't about + + align:start position:0% +like a poem about sound that isn't about + + + align:start position:0% +like a poem about sound that isn't about +what that sound is actually like what it + + align:start position:0% +what that sound is actually like what it + + + align:start position:0% +what that sound is actually like what it +reminds you is that what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +reminds you is that what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +reminds you is that what you're saying +sorry i'm + + align:start position:0% +sorry i'm + + + align:start position:0% +sorry i'm +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +like the theme is not necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +like the theme is not necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +like the theme is not necessarily the +sound itself right yeah so what it + + align:start position:0% +sound itself right yeah so what it + + + align:start position:0% +sound itself right yeah so what it +reminds you of or what it + + align:start position:0% +reminds you of or what it + + + align:start position:0% +reminds you of or what it +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +maybe points towards or something like + + align:start position:0% +maybe points towards or something like + + + align:start position:0% +maybe points towards or something like +that yeah + + align:start position:0% +that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +no that's great to use sound as a poetry + + align:start position:0% +no that's great to use sound as a poetry + + + align:start position:0% +no that's great to use sound as a poetry +is such a + + align:start position:0% +is such a + + + align:start position:0% +is such a +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +in my mind poetry is meant to be red + + align:start position:0% +in my mind poetry is meant to be red + + + align:start position:0% +in my mind poetry is meant to be red +it's meant to be you know it's got all + + align:start position:0% +it's meant to be you know it's got all + + + align:start position:0% +it's meant to be you know it's got all +the rhythms and everything really come + + align:start position:0% +the rhythms and everything really come + + + align:start position:0% +the rhythms and everything really come +out when you + + align:start position:0% +out when you + + + align:start position:0% +out when you +when it when it gets into the the audio + + align:start position:0% +when it when it gets into the the audio + + + align:start position:0% +when it when it gets into the the audio +from just the written page i mean the + + align:start position:0% +from just the written page i mean the + + + align:start position:0% +from just the written page i mean the +written page can be really interesting + + align:start position:0% +written page can be really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +written page can be really interesting +too but it's uh um + + align:start position:0% +too but it's uh um + + + align:start position:0% +too but it's uh um +that's uh + + align:start position:0% +that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh +yeah but it's hard it's hard to just + + align:start position:0% +yeah but it's hard it's hard to just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but it's hard it's hard to just +make up a poem + + align:start position:0% +make up a poem + + + align:start position:0% +make up a poem +and it must rhyme + + align:start position:0% +and it must rhyme + + + align:start position:0% +and it must rhyme +uh yes don't yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a little bit more fruitless yes that's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more fruitless yes that's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more fruitless yes that's +good that's good yes free form is uh + + align:start position:0% +good that's good yes free form is uh + + + align:start position:0% +good that's good yes free form is uh +i'm always impressed with like uh like + + align:start position:0% +i'm always impressed with like uh like + + + align:start position:0% +i'm always impressed with like uh like +free form like + + align:start position:0% +free form like + + + align:start position:0% +free form like +you know like rap battles and stuff like + + align:start position:0% +you know like rap battles and stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +you know like rap battles and stuff like +that people like i mean like obviously + + align:start position:0% +that people like i mean like obviously + + + align:start position:0% +that people like i mean like obviously +eminem is like you know the eight mile + + align:start position:0% +eminem is like you know the eight mile + + + align:start position:0% +eminem is like you know the eight mile +thing it's just like oh my gosh how do + + align:start position:0% +thing it's just like oh my gosh how do + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's just like oh my gosh how do +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +come up with this stuff like and i know + + align:start position:0% +come up with this stuff like and i know + + + align:start position:0% +come up with this stuff like and i know +a lot of it is i know there are + + align:start position:0% +a lot of it is i know there are + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of it is i know there are +strategies and techniques that kind of + + align:start position:0% +strategies and techniques that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +strategies and techniques that kind of +make it more doable but it's um my brain + + align:start position:0% +make it more doable but it's um my brain + + + align:start position:0% +make it more doable but it's um my brain +doesn't work that way i can't just + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work that way i can't just + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work that way i can't just +although it sounds like it right now + + align:start position:0% +although it sounds like it right now + + + align:start position:0% +although it sounds like it right now +that i can just talk forever but uh + + align:start position:0% +that i can just talk forever but uh + + + align:start position:0% +that i can just talk forever but uh +i i don't always uh don't always + + align:start position:0% +i i don't always uh don't always + + + align:start position:0% +i i don't always uh don't always +uh not always able to you right and + + align:start position:0% +uh not always able to you right and + + + align:start position:0% +uh not always able to you right and +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +away your sdks yes + + align:start position:0% +away your sdks yes + + + align:start position:0% +away your sdks yes +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +right oh that reminds me i i should also + + align:start position:0% +right oh that reminds me i i should also + + + align:start position:0% +right oh that reminds me i i should also +mention that um i have uh + + align:start position:0% +mention that um i have uh + + + align:start position:0% +mention that um i have uh +started um a new website called + + align:start position:0% +started um a new website called + + + align:start position:0% +started um a new website called +audioar.org + + align:start position:0% +audioar.org + + + align:start position:0% +audioar.org +um which + + align:start position:0% +um which + + + align:start position:0% +um which +oh great great great so so so the site + + align:start position:0% +oh great great great so so so the site + + + align:start position:0% +oh great great great so so so the site +is in its infancy right now i started it + + align:start position:0% +is in its infancy right now i started it + + + align:start position:0% +is in its infancy right now i started it +with a couple colleagues a couple + + align:start position:0% +with a couple colleagues a couple + + + align:start position:0% +with a couple colleagues a couple +journalists + + align:start position:0% +journalists + + + align:start position:0% +journalists +and fran who came here a few months ago + + align:start position:0% +and fran who came here a few months ago + + + align:start position:0% +and fran who came here a few months ago +friend panetta a month ago to uh talk to + + align:start position:0% +friend panetta a month ago to uh talk to + + + align:start position:0% +friend panetta a month ago to uh talk to +you guys + + align:start position:0% +you guys + + + align:start position:0% +you guys +british + + align:start position:0% +british + + + align:start position:0% +british +probably remember because her very + + align:start position:0% +probably remember because her very + + + align:start position:0% +probably remember because her very +perfect british accent which is + + align:start position:0% +perfect british accent which is + + + align:start position:0% +perfect british accent which is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so she's been doing audio air stuff + + align:start position:0% +so she's been doing audio air stuff + + + align:start position:0% +so she's been doing audio air stuff +obviously as you know for a while too so + + align:start position:0% +obviously as you know for a while too so + + + align:start position:0% +obviously as you know for a while too so +we started this + + align:start position:0% +we started this + + + align:start position:0% +we started this +site just to kind of try to collab try + + align:start position:0% +site just to kind of try to collab try + + + align:start position:0% +site just to kind of try to collab try +to collect different practitioners in + + align:start position:0% +to collect different practitioners in + + + align:start position:0% +to collect different practitioners in +the area and try to it felt like + + align:start position:0% +the area and try to it felt like + + + align:start position:0% +the area and try to it felt like +something was starting companies + + align:start position:0% +something was starting companies + + + align:start position:0% +something was starting companies +obviously bose and you know amazon and + + align:start position:0% +obviously bose and you know amazon and + + + align:start position:0% +obviously bose and you know amazon and +apple and others are getting interested + + align:start position:0% +apple and others are getting interested + + + align:start position:0% +apple and others are getting interested +and and we thought it would be a nice + + align:start position:0% +and and we thought it would be a nice + + + align:start position:0% +and and we thought it would be a nice +place to sort of um let practitioners + + align:start position:0% +place to sort of um let practitioners + + + align:start position:0% +place to sort of um let practitioners +and um and technologists and academics + + align:start position:0% +and um and technologists and academics + + + align:start position:0% +and um and technologists and academics +and other people kind of + + align:start position:0% +and other people kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and other people kind of +share um share their experiences things + + align:start position:0% +share um share their experiences things + + + align:start position:0% +share um share their experiences things +that work things that didn't work and + + align:start position:0% +that work things that didn't work and + + + align:start position:0% +that work things that didn't work and +just sort of uh give + + align:start position:0% +just sort of uh give + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of uh give +and you know let people know when + + align:start position:0% +and you know let people know when + + + align:start position:0% +and you know let people know when +projects are happening and whatnot so + + align:start position:0% +projects are happening and whatnot so + + + align:start position:0% +projects are happening and whatnot so +we're we're kind of ramping up on that + + align:start position:0% +we're we're kind of ramping up on that + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're kind of ramping up on that +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +philip has agreed to be interviewed for + + align:start position:0% +philip has agreed to be interviewed for + + + align:start position:0% +philip has agreed to be interviewed for +that at some point whenever i get myself + + align:start position:0% +that at some point whenever i get myself + + + align:start position:0% +that at some point whenever i get myself +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in gear i promise i will and i'm looking + + align:start position:0% +in gear i promise i will and i'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +in gear i promise i will and i'm looking +forward to that but yeah i know you're + + align:start position:0% +forward to that but yeah i know you're + + + align:start position:0% +forward to that but yeah i know you're +like please forget + + align:start position:0% +like please forget + + + align:start position:0% +like please forget +um but uh but yeah any projects you guys + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but yeah any projects you guys + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but yeah any projects you guys +do and um you know we'd love to uh uh + + align:start position:0% +do and um you know we'd love to uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +do and um you know we'd love to uh uh +you know think about getting getting + + align:start position:0% +you know think about getting getting + + + align:start position:0% +you know think about getting getting +stuff up there because i do think it's + + align:start position:0% +stuff up there because i do think it's + + + align:start position:0% +stuff up there because i do think it's +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um you know i think this class is + + align:start position:0% +um you know i think this class is + + + align:start position:0% +um you know i think this class is +evidence of the fact that it is + + align:start position:0% +evidence of the fact that it is + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of the fact that it is +becoming a real thing um which is which + + align:start position:0% +becoming a real thing um which is which + + + align:start position:0% +becoming a real thing um which is which +is really exciting so i'm super excited + + align:start position:0% +is really exciting so i'm super excited + + + align:start position:0% +is really exciting so i'm super excited +to hear what to hear to experience what + + align:start position:0% +to hear what to hear to experience what + + + align:start position:0% +to hear what to hear to experience what +you guys uh + + align:start position:0% +you guys uh + + + align:start position:0% +you guys uh +choose to do with the um + + align:start position:0% +choose to do with the um + + + align:start position:0% +choose to do with the um +with uh you know with the class is it is + + align:start position:0% +with uh you know with the class is it is + + + align:start position:0% +with uh you know with the class is it is +there a project there are project is a + + align:start position:0% +there a project there are project is a + + + align:start position:0% +there a project there are project is a +project sort of a deliverable for the + + align:start position:0% +project sort of a deliverable for the + + + align:start position:0% +project sort of a deliverable for the +class is that right so um + + align:start position:0% +class is that right so um + + + align:start position:0% +class is that right so um +there will be + + align:start position:0% +there will be + + + align:start position:0% +there will be +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +presentation we need to discuss that + + align:start position:0% +presentation we need to discuss that + + + align:start position:0% +presentation we need to discuss that +before you leave when it's going to + + align:start position:0% +before you leave when it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +before you leave when it's going to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +because there are possible changes there + + align:start position:0% +because there are possible changes there + + + align:start position:0% +because there are possible changes there +but there will be a presentation at the + + align:start position:0% +but there will be a presentation at the + + + align:start position:0% +but there will be a presentation at the +end of the class + + align:start position:0% +end of the class + + + align:start position:0% +end of the class +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +francesca will + + align:start position:0% +francesca will + + + align:start position:0% +francesca will +hopefully attend some people from both + + align:start position:0% +hopefully attend some people from both + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully attend some people from both +will attend if you can come that way oh + + align:start position:0% +will attend if you can come that way oh + + + align:start position:0% +will attend if you can come that way oh +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +we'll spend the + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend the +next two weeks + + align:start position:0% +next two weeks + + + align:start position:0% +next two weeks +thinking through how to + + align:start position:0% +thinking through how to + + + align:start position:0% +thinking through how to +disseminate our + + align:start position:0% +disseminate our + + + align:start position:0% +disseminate our +insights from the class yeah so there + + align:start position:0% +insights from the class yeah so there + + + align:start position:0% +insights from the class yeah so there +will be something online i dare say but + + align:start position:0% +will be something online i dare say but + + + align:start position:0% +will be something online i dare say but +we will try to decide that together + + align:start position:0% +we will try to decide that together + + + align:start position:0% +we will try to decide that together +exactly what form it will take + + align:start position:0% +exactly what form it will take + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what form it will take +so there will be something we will leave + + align:start position:0% +so there will be something we will leave + + + align:start position:0% +so there will be something we will leave +a trace + + align:start position:0% +a trace + + + align:start position:0% +a trace +well to the extent possible we'd love to + + align:start position:0% +well to the extent possible we'd love to + + + align:start position:0% +well to the extent possible we'd love to +amplify that message on on audiohour.org + + align:start position:0% +amplify that message on on audiohour.org + + + align:start position:0% +amplify that message on on audiohour.org +if it's you know possible but we can we + + align:start position:0% +if it's you know possible but we can we + + + align:start position:0% +if it's you know possible but we can we +can obviously talk about that but but + + align:start position:0% +can obviously talk about that but but + + + align:start position:0% +can obviously talk about that but but +yeah so if you guys have any ideas about + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you guys have any ideas about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you guys have any ideas about +things to include or practitioners or + + align:start position:0% +things to include or practitioners or + + + align:start position:0% +things to include or practitioners or +whatever please feel free to reach out + + align:start position:0% +whatever please feel free to reach out + + + align:start position:0% +whatever please feel free to reach out +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +we are super open and want to + + align:start position:0% +we are super open and want to + + + align:start position:0% +we are super open and want to +learn from each other so + + align:start position:0% +learn from each other so + + + align:start position:0% +learn from each other so +i just + + align:start position:0% +i just + + + align:start position:0% +i just +so we're running out of time but i'm + + align:start position:0% +so we're running out of time but i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so we're running out of time but i'm +very curious about one aspect of the + + align:start position:0% +very curious about one aspect of the + + + align:start position:0% +very curious about one aspect of the +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +is it + + align:start position:0% +is it + + + align:start position:0% +is it +dynamic in any way that + + align:start position:0% +dynamic in any way that + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic in any way that +people who make contribution could + + align:start position:0% +people who make contribution could + + + align:start position:0% +people who make contribution could +actually change + + align:start position:0% +actually change + + + align:start position:0% +actually change +parameters or aspects of the experience + + align:start position:0% +parameters or aspects of the experience + + + align:start position:0% +parameters or aspects of the experience +for other people beyond just the sound + + align:start position:0% +for other people beyond just the sound + + + align:start position:0% +for other people beyond just the sound +basically so + + align:start position:0% +basically so + + + align:start position:0% +basically so +an example would be like if there's a + + align:start position:0% +an example would be like if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +an example would be like if there's a +lot of people + + align:start position:0% +lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people +leaving a i don't know why i call them + + align:start position:0% +leaving a i don't know why i call them + + + align:start position:0% +leaving a i don't know why i call them +decided to call themselves races but if + + align:start position:0% +decided to call themselves races but if + + + align:start position:0% +decided to call themselves races but if +a lot of people leave sound traces in + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people leave sound traces in + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people leave sound traces in +the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +location can the system detect detect + + align:start position:0% +location can the system detect detect + + + align:start position:0% +location can the system detect detect +that and decide to play + + align:start position:0% +that and decide to play + + + align:start position:0% +that and decide to play +sort of a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a +more multi-layered ambient + + align:start position:0% +more multi-layered ambient + + + align:start position:0% +more multi-layered ambient +uh soundtrack in that area or something + + align:start position:0% +uh soundtrack in that area or something + + + align:start position:0% +uh soundtrack in that area or something +is there's some way of being aware of + + align:start position:0% +is there's some way of being aware of + + + align:start position:0% +is there's some way of being aware of +what's being input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a that's a really + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a really + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a really +interesting area to think about um i + + align:start position:0% +interesting area to think about um i + + + align:start position:0% +interesting area to think about um i +think the simple answer right now is is + + align:start position:0% +think the simple answer right now is is + + + align:start position:0% +think the simple answer right now is is +no in the sense that ram where doesn't + + align:start position:0% +no in the sense that ram where doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +no in the sense that ram where doesn't +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i mean + + align:start position:0% +i mean + + + align:start position:0% +i mean +ram where you can choose + + align:start position:0% +ram where you can choose + + + align:start position:0% +ram where you can choose +how many simultaneous voices can play + + align:start position:0% +how many simultaneous voices can play + + + align:start position:0% +how many simultaneous voices can play +and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore +if you say well three simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +if you say well three simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +if you say well three simultaneous +voices can play if three are available + + align:start position:0% +voices can play if three are available + + + align:start position:0% +voices can play if three are available +then in that sense if there's a location + + align:start position:0% +then in that sense if there's a location + + + align:start position:0% +then in that sense if there's a location +where people add more + + align:start position:0% +where people add more + + + align:start position:0% +where people add more +then that will be a location where + + align:start position:0% +then that will be a location where + + + align:start position:0% +then that will be a location where +potentially three will most likely if + + align:start position:0% +potentially three will most likely if + + + align:start position:0% +potentially three will most likely if +there's a hundred in this spot you'll + + align:start position:0% +there's a hundred in this spot you'll + + + align:start position:0% +there's a hundred in this spot you'll +probably have three playing altogether + + align:start position:0% +probably have three playing altogether + + + align:start position:0% +probably have three playing altogether +at any given time that's not the music + + align:start position:0% +at any given time that's not the music + + + align:start position:0% +at any given time that's not the music +layer or whatever that's just the the + + align:start position:0% +layer or whatever that's just the the + + + align:start position:0% +layer or whatever that's just the the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +so whereas if you have a spot that only + + align:start position:0% +so whereas if you have a spot that only + + + align:start position:0% +so whereas if you have a spot that only +has one available even though three + + align:start position:0% +has one available even though three + + + align:start position:0% +has one available even though three +could potentially play at the same time + + align:start position:0% +could potentially play at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +could potentially play at the same time +only one will ever actually play because + + align:start position:0% +only one will ever actually play because + + + align:start position:0% +only one will ever actually play because +there's only one available so that's a + + align:start position:0% +there's only one available so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one available so that's a +very very rudimentary aspect of what + + align:start position:0% +very very rudimentary aspect of what + + + align:start position:0% +very very rudimentary aspect of what +you're talking about and that's the only + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about and that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about and that's the only +sort of at least if i'm understanding + + align:start position:0% +sort of at least if i'm understanding + + + align:start position:0% +sort of at least if i'm understanding +you correctly that's that's the only + + align:start position:0% +you correctly that's that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +you correctly that's that's the only +thing that roundworth sort of does + + align:start position:0% +thing that roundworth sort of does + + + align:start position:0% +thing that roundworth sort of does +currently but i love this idea i hadn't + + align:start position:0% +currently but i love this idea i hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +currently but i love this idea i hadn't +thought about this i love this idea of + + align:start position:0% +thought about this i love this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +thought about this i love this idea of +more more activity kind of the heat map + + align:start position:0% +more more activity kind of the heat map + + + align:start position:0% +more more activity kind of the heat map +heats up and something changes with + + align:start position:0% +heats up and something changes with + + + align:start position:0% +heats up and something changes with +we're always going to think about + + align:start position:0% +we're always going to think about + + + align:start position:0% +we're always going to think about +this is there a way i can program this + + align:start position:0% +this is there a way i can program this + + + align:start position:0% +this is there a way i can program this +as a participant you know like because + + align:start position:0% +as a participant you know like because + + + align:start position:0% +as a participant you know like because +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so even there might be a way even if you + + align:start position:0% +so even there might be a way even if you + + + align:start position:0% +so even there might be a way even if you +don't know it uh you know injecting + + align:start position:0% +don't know it uh you know injecting + + + align:start position:0% +don't know it uh you know injecting +codes somewhere by yeah who knows uh you + + align:start position:0% +codes somewhere by yeah who knows uh you + + + align:start position:0% +codes somewhere by yeah who knows uh you +know uh + + align:start position:0% +know uh + + + align:start position:0% +know uh +overloading the database or something + + align:start position:0% +overloading the database or something + + + align:start position:0% +overloading the database or something +but uh + + align:start position:0% +but uh + + + align:start position:0% +but uh +yeah it's it's just + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's it's just + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's it's just +i think there's some potential there + + align:start position:0% +i think there's some potential there + + + align:start position:0% +i think there's some potential there +somewhere and like what + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and like what + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and like what +it could be very advanced like the words + + align:start position:0% +it could be very advanced like the words + + + align:start position:0% +it could be very advanced like the words +you say could actually be + + align:start position:0% +you say could actually be + + + align:start position:0% +you say could actually be +understood by the system and it could + + align:start position:0% +understood by the system and it could + + + align:start position:0% +understood by the system and it could +change things but + + align:start position:0% +change things but + + + align:start position:0% +change things but +yeah i've been then yeah then you're + + align:start position:0% +yeah i've been then yeah then you're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah i've been then yeah then you're +halfway to the matrix i've + + align:start position:0% +halfway to the matrix i've + + + align:start position:0% +halfway to the matrix i've +i don't know it's super i've been + + align:start position:0% +i don't know it's super i've been + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know it's super i've been +thinking about you know the first step + + align:start position:0% +thinking about you know the first step + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about you know the first step +to that obviously is sort of getting + + align:start position:0% +to that obviously is sort of getting + + + align:start position:0% +to that obviously is sort of getting +some kind of accurate translation you + + align:start position:0% +some kind of accurate translation you + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of accurate translation you +know or transcription service you know + + align:start position:0% +know or transcription service you know + + + align:start position:0% +know or transcription service you know +automated so that and then and then you + + align:start position:0% +automated so that and then and then you + + + align:start position:0% +automated so that and then and then you +could get to the point where you could + + align:start position:0% +could get to the point where you could + + + align:start position:0% +could get to the point where you could +search for only play me only play me + + align:start position:0% +search for only play me only play me + + + align:start position:0% +search for only play me only play me +commentary that's that uses the word + + align:start position:0% +commentary that's that uses the word + + + align:start position:0% +commentary that's that uses the word +love and then you could walk around and + + align:start position:0% +love and then you could walk around and + + + align:start position:0% +love and then you could walk around and +get this whole experience with just um + + align:start position:0% +get this whole experience with just um + + + align:start position:0% +get this whole experience with just um +and then you do sentiment analysis and + + align:start position:0% +and then you do sentiment analysis and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you do sentiment analysis and +then it's like only give me the the + + align:start position:0% +then it's like only give me the the + + + align:start position:0% +then it's like only give me the the +comments that + + align:start position:0% +comments that + + + align:start position:0% +comments that +feel love + + align:start position:0% +feel love + + + align:start position:0% +feel love +even though they don't say love but they + + align:start position:0% +even though they don't say love but they + + + align:start position:0% +even though they don't say love but they +feel it um + + align:start position:0% +feel it um + + + align:start position:0% +feel it um +so i think those are super exciting + + align:start position:0% +so i think those are super exciting + + + align:start position:0% +so i think those are super exciting +areas to look into + + align:start position:0% +areas to look into + + + align:start position:0% +areas to look into +i just want to know what the zombie + + align:start position:0% +i just want to know what the zombie + + + align:start position:0% +i just want to know what the zombie +people would do with something like that + + align:start position:0% +people would do with something like that + + + align:start position:0% +people would do with something like that +yeah where they can sort of affect the + + align:start position:0% +yeah where they can sort of affect the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah where they can sort of affect the +system itself or the zombies themselves + + align:start position:0% +system itself or the zombies themselves + + + align:start position:0% +system itself or the zombies themselves +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +i mean + + align:start position:0% +i mean + + + align:start position:0% +i mean +this is this is very very very important + + align:start position:0% +this is this is very very very important + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is very very very important +but no i i i love that idea um and + + align:start position:0% +but no i i i love that idea um and + + + align:start position:0% +but no i i i love that idea um and +yeah so uh it's open source right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time i think this was really helpful + + align:start position:0% +time i think this was really helpful + + + align:start position:0% +time i think this was really helpful +actually we have one team who are out + + align:start position:0% +actually we have one team who are out + + + align:start position:0% +actually we have one team who are out +today because of medical emergency or + + align:start position:0% +today because of medical emergency or + + + align:start position:0% +today because of medical emergency or +basically doing the kind of pokemon go + + align:start position:0% +basically doing the kind of pokemon go + + + align:start position:0% +basically doing the kind of pokemon go +go music oh cool so + + align:start position:0% +go music oh cool so + + + align:start position:0% +go music oh cool so +uh we'll definitely have them look at + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll definitely have them look at + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll definitely have them look at +your system and they great + + align:start position:0% +your system and they great + + + align:start position:0% +your system and they great +i would guess will wanna use it + + align:start position:0% +i would guess will wanna use it + + + align:start position:0% +i would guess will wanna use it +well feel free to reach out i can you + + align:start position:0% +well feel free to reach out i can you + + + align:start position:0% +well feel free to reach out i can you +know again depending on the level of + + align:start position:0% +know again depending on the level of + + + align:start position:0% +know again depending on the level of +technical + + align:start position:0% +technical + + + align:start position:0% +technical +skill + + align:start position:0% +skill + + + align:start position:0% +skill +and time involved or time available it's + + align:start position:0% +and time involved or time available it's + + + align:start position:0% +and time involved or time available it's +um you know i can recommend different + + align:start position:0% +um you know i can recommend different + + + align:start position:0% +um you know i can recommend different +approaches to to things but all the code + + align:start position:0% +approaches to to things but all the code + + + align:start position:0% +approaches to to things but all the code +is there the server's written in python + + align:start position:0% +is there the server's written in python + + + align:start position:0% +is there the server's written in python +using django obviously ios is swift and + + align:start position:0% +using django obviously ios is swift and + + + align:start position:0% +using django obviously ios is swift and +um the web stuff is is uh very nascent + + align:start position:0% +um the web stuff is is uh very nascent + + + align:start position:0% +um the web stuff is is uh very nascent +right now but it is + + align:start position:0% +right now but it is + + + align:start position:0% +right now but it is +um it's all you know javascript sort of + + align:start position:0% +um it's all you know javascript sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um it's all you know javascript sort of +modern day javascript stuff so to the + + align:start position:0% +modern day javascript stuff so to the + + + align:start position:0% +modern day javascript stuff so to the +extent yes + + align:start position:0% +extent yes + + + align:start position:0% +extent yes +but do you is there a way to like + + align:start position:0% +but do you is there a way to like + + + align:start position:0% +but do you is there a way to like +procedurally generate a location + + align:start position:0% +procedurally generate a location + + + align:start position:0% +procedurally generate a location +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +a sound fight or is it + + align:start position:0% +a sound fight or is it + + + align:start position:0% +a sound fight or is it +totally tight + + align:start position:0% +totally tight + + + align:start position:0% +totally tight +um can you describe what like what + + align:start position:0% +um can you describe what like what + + + align:start position:0% +um can you describe what like what +scenario you would like what what input + + align:start position:0% +scenario you would like what what input + + + align:start position:0% +scenario you would like what what input +would you be taking to so pokemon go so + + align:start position:0% +would you be taking to so pokemon go so + + + align:start position:0% +would you be taking to so pokemon go so +this is has to do with the pokemon go + + align:start position:0% +this is has to do with the pokemon go + + + align:start position:0% +this is has to do with the pokemon go +but like audio music + + align:start position:0% +but like audio music + + + align:start position:0% +but like audio music +um project that chuck is doing um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +uh checking chairs are doing so + + align:start position:0% +uh checking chairs are doing so + + + align:start position:0% +uh checking chairs are doing so +um in pokemon go you walk around pokemon + + align:start position:0% +um in pokemon go you walk around pokemon + + + align:start position:0% +um in pokemon go you walk around pokemon +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +spawn + + align:start position:0% +spawn + + + align:start position:0% +spawn +can audio also spawn + + align:start position:0% +can audio also spawn + + + align:start position:0% +can audio also spawn +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +based on like a probability yeah um that + + align:start position:0% +based on like a probability yeah um that + + + align:start position:0% +based on like a probability yeah um that +is i mean it + + align:start position:0% +is i mean it + + + align:start position:0% +is i mean it +that would be + + align:start position:0% +that would be + + + align:start position:0% +that would be +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the kind of thing that um would be a + + align:start position:0% +the kind of thing that um would be a + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of thing that um would be a +relatively small modification for a + + align:start position:0% +relatively small modification for a + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small modification for a +particular project i haven't done that + + align:start position:0% +particular project i haven't done that + + + align:start position:0% +particular project i haven't done that +the other thing that i haven't done that + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that i haven't done that + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that i haven't done that +i'm very excited about is + + align:start position:0% +i'm very excited about is + + + align:start position:0% +i'm very excited about is +is that they is moving after after their + + align:start position:0% +is that they is moving after after their + + + align:start position:0% +is that they is moving after after their +spawn then they move you you assign a + + align:start position:0% +spawn then they move you you assign a + + + align:start position:0% +spawn then they move you you assign a +path and a time whatever and they loop + + align:start position:0% +path and a time whatever and they loop + + + align:start position:0% +path and a time whatever and they loop +around or or so then you can just sit in + + align:start position:0% +around or or so then you can just sit in + + + align:start position:0% +around or or so then you can just sit in +one place and you can let stuff flow + + align:start position:0% +one place and you can let stuff flow + + + align:start position:0% +one place and you can let stuff flow +over you or you can move around and + + align:start position:0% +over you or you can move around and + + + align:start position:0% +over you or you can move around and +there's this sort of double + + align:start position:0% +there's this sort of double + + + align:start position:0% +there's this sort of double +double um interaction in that sense well + + align:start position:0% +double um interaction in that sense well + + + align:start position:0% +double um interaction in that sense well +it's a single interaction but you know + + align:start position:0% +it's a single interaction but you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's a single interaction but you know +what i mean double um motion so um that + + align:start position:0% +what i mean double um motion so um that + + + align:start position:0% +what i mean double um motion so um that +is also really um that kind of dynamism + + align:start position:0% +is also really um that kind of dynamism + + + align:start position:0% +is also really um that kind of dynamism +i think is very exciting but yeah i like + + align:start position:0% +i think is very exciting but yeah i like + + + align:start position:0% +i think is very exciting but yeah i like +the idea of of spawning um sort of + + align:start position:0% +the idea of of spawning um sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of of spawning um sort of +popping up based on + + align:start position:0% +popping up based on + + + align:start position:0% +popping up based on +you know maybe your previous experience + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe your previous experience + + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe your previous experience +within the app or or something like that + + align:start position:0% +within the app or or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +within the app or or something like that +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +but yeah i think the framework is there + + align:start position:0% +but yeah i think the framework is there + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah i think the framework is there +that that you can you know i've been + + align:start position:0% +that that you can you know i've been + + + align:start position:0% +that that you can you know i've been +just adding stuff as we go you know + + align:start position:0% +just adding stuff as we go you know + + + align:start position:0% +just adding stuff as we go you know +semi-organic code base in that sense + + align:start position:0% +semi-organic code base in that sense + + + align:start position:0% +semi-organic code base in that sense +which is sometimes problematic but um + + align:start position:0% +which is sometimes problematic but um + + + align:start position:0% +which is sometimes problematic but um +it's fairly clean so + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly clean so + + + align:start position:0% +it's fairly clean so +check it out if you know python you can + + align:start position:0% +check it out if you know python you can + + + align:start position:0% +check it out if you know python you can +jump in and have a look all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you guys so much thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/noKXLhp6jbk.txt b/noKXLhp6jbk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..964dcae2ba239e431a2e0a3a794a6530e51f174c --- /dev/null +++ b/noKXLhp6jbk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6507 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we're we're going to begin today is + + align:start position:0% +so we're we're going to begin today is + + + align:start position:0% +so we're we're going to begin today is +continuing with our discussions of the + + align:start position:0% +continuing with our discussions of the + + + align:start position:0% +continuing with our discussions of the +substrates for grow yellow yes and + + align:start position:0% +substrates for grow yellow yes and + + + align:start position:0% +substrates for grow yellow yes and +analysis of the data and after that + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the data and after that + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the data and after that +we'll talk about the DNA K DNA J + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the DNA K DNA J + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the DNA K DNA J +chaperone system here so recall last + + align:start position:0% +chaperone system here so recall last + + + align:start position:0% +chaperone system here so recall last +time we left off with the question of + + align:start position:0% +time we left off with the question of + + + align:start position:0% +time we left off with the question of +the grow al grow yes substrate so inside + + align:start position:0% +the grow al grow yes substrate so inside + + + align:start position:0% +the grow al grow yes substrate so inside +an e coli so what are the polypeptides + + align:start position:0% +an e coli so what are the polypeptides + + + align:start position:0% +an e coli so what are the polypeptides +that are folded by this macro molecular + + align:start position:0% +that are folded by this macro molecular + + + align:start position:0% +that are folded by this macro molecular +machine and so there was the pulse chase + + align:start position:0% +machine and so there was the pulse chase + + + align:start position:0% +machine and so there was the pulse chase +experiment there was immuno + + align:start position:0% +experiment there was immuno + + + align:start position:0% +experiment there was immuno +precipitation okay and then analysis and + + align:start position:0% +precipitation okay and then analysis and + + + align:start position:0% +precipitation okay and then analysis and +so in this analysis we talked about + + align:start position:0% +so in this analysis we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +so in this analysis we talked about +doing to del two dimensional gel + + align:start position:0% +doing to del two dimensional gel + + + align:start position:0% +doing to del two dimensional gel +electrophoresis and then trypsin digest + + align:start position:0% +electrophoresis and then trypsin digest + + + align:start position:0% +electrophoresis and then trypsin digest +and mass spec of the various spots okay + + align:start position:0% +and mass spec of the various spots okay + + + align:start position:0% +and mass spec of the various spots okay +so where we left off were with these + + align:start position:0% +so where we left off were with these + + + align:start position:0% +so where we left off were with these +data here and the question how many + + align:start position:0% +data here and the question how many + + + align:start position:0% +data here and the question how many +polypeptide substrates interact with + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide substrates interact with + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide substrates interact with +grow EO in vivo so insight and equalize + + align:start position:0% +grow EO in vivo so insight and equalize + + + align:start position:0% +grow EO in vivo so insight and equalize +cell and what we're looking at are the + + align:start position:0% +cell and what we're looking at are the + + + align:start position:0% +cell and what we're looking at are the +various gels for either total soluble + + align:start position:0% +various gels for either total soluble + + + align:start position:0% +various gels for either total soluble +cytoplasmic proteins on top at either + + align:start position:0% +cytoplasmic proteins on top at either + + + align:start position:0% +cytoplasmic proteins on top at either +zero minutes so at the start of the + + align:start position:0% +zero minutes so at the start of the + + + align:start position:0% +zero minutes so at the start of the +pulse recall that these cells were + + align:start position:0% +pulse recall that these cells were + + + align:start position:0% +pulse recall that these cells were +treated with radio labeled Metheny and + + align:start position:0% +treated with radio labeled Metheny and + + + align:start position:0% +treated with radio labeled Metheny and +then there is a chase for a period of + + align:start position:0% +then there is a chase for a period of + + + align:start position:0% +then there is a chase for a period of +time when excess unlabeled methionine + + align:start position:0% +time when excess unlabeled methionine + + + align:start position:0% +time when excess unlabeled methionine +was added so here we're looking at total + + align:start position:0% +was added so here we're looking at total + + + align:start position:0% +was added so here we're looking at total +soluble cytoplasmic proteins ten minutes + + align:start position:0% +soluble cytoplasmic proteins ten minutes + + + align:start position:0% +soluble cytoplasmic proteins ten minutes +into the chase and then at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +into the chase and then at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +into the chase and then at the bottom +what we're looking at are the + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking at are the + + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking at are the +polypeptides that we're + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides that we're + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides that we're +immunoprecipitated by treatment of this + + align:start position:0% +immunoprecipitated by treatment of this + + + align:start position:0% +immunoprecipitated by treatment of this +cell lysate with the anti grow al + + align:start position:0% +cell lysate with the anti grow al + + + align:start position:0% +cell lysate with the anti grow al +antibody + + align:start position:0% +antibody + + + align:start position:0% +antibody +so the idea is this antibody will bind + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is this antibody will bind + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is this antibody will bind +to grow Al and just polypeptides are + + align:start position:0% +to grow Al and just polypeptides are + + + align:start position:0% +to grow Al and just polypeptides are +bound those will be pulled down as well + + align:start position:0% +bound those will be pulled down as well + + + align:start position:0% +bound those will be pulled down as well +right so it's kind of incredible this + + align:start position:0% +right so it's kind of incredible this + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's kind of incredible this +experiment work there is a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +experiment work there is a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +experiment work there is a bunch of +questions after class in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +questions after class in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +questions after class in terms of the +details of this immuno precipitation + + align:start position:0% +details of this immuno precipitation + + + align:start position:0% +details of this immuno precipitation +right just to think about is it a Gro al + + align:start position:0% +right just to think about is it a Gro al + + + align:start position:0% +right just to think about is it a Gro al +monomer or is it the grow L heptamer how + + align:start position:0% +monomer or is it the grow L heptamer how + + + align:start position:0% +monomer or is it the grow L heptamer how +tightly are these polypeptides bound how + + align:start position:0% +tightly are these polypeptides bound how + + + align:start position:0% +tightly are these polypeptides bound how +do they stay bound during the course of + + align:start position:0% +do they stay bound during the course of + + + align:start position:0% +do they stay bound during the course of +the workup + + align:start position:0% +the workup + + + align:start position:0% +the workup +where's Gro es right these are a number + + align:start position:0% +where's Gro es right these are a number + + + align:start position:0% +where's Gro es right these are a number +of questions to think about and to look + + align:start position:0% +of questions to think about and to look + + + align:start position:0% +of questions to think about and to look +at the experimental to see about answers + + align:start position:0% +at the experimental to see about answers + + + align:start position:0% +at the experimental to see about answers +so where we're gonna focus is right now + + align:start position:0% +so where we're gonna focus is right now + + + align:start position:0% +so where we're gonna focus is right now +looking at these gels and so what we + + align:start position:0% +looking at these gels and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these gels and so what we +need to ask is what do we learn just + + align:start position:0% +need to ask is what do we learn just + + + align:start position:0% +need to ask is what do we learn just +from qualitative inspection of these + + align:start position:0% +from qualitative inspection of these + + + align:start position:0% +from qualitative inspection of these +data right so on these along the y-axis + + align:start position:0% +data right so on these along the y-axis + + + align:start position:0% +data right so on these along the y-axis +we have molecular weight and along the + + align:start position:0% +we have molecular weight and along the + + + align:start position:0% +we have molecular weight and along the +x-axis the P I so if we first take a + + align:start position:0% +x-axis the P I so if we first take a + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis the P I so if we first take a +look at the total soluble cytoplasmic + + align:start position:0% +look at the total soluble cytoplasmic + + + align:start position:0% +look at the total soluble cytoplasmic +proteins at zero minutes and ten minutes + + align:start position:0% +proteins at zero minutes and ten minutes + + + align:start position:0% +proteins at zero minutes and ten minutes +what do we see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do we see many spots or a few spots you + + align:start position:0% +do we see many spots or a few spots you + + + align:start position:0% +do we see many spots or a few spots you +know many spots right and we see many + + align:start position:0% +know many spots right and we see many + + + align:start position:0% +know many spots right and we see many +spots both at zero minutes and at 10 + + align:start position:0% +spots both at zero minutes and at 10 + + + align:start position:0% +spots both at zero minutes and at 10 +minutes okay so the e coli genome + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay so the e coli genome + + + align:start position:0% +minutes okay so the e coli genome +encodes over 4,000 proteins + + align:start position:0% +encodes over 4,000 proteins + + + align:start position:0% +encodes over 4,000 proteins +roughly 4,300 and if one were to go and + + align:start position:0% +roughly 4,300 and if one were to go and + + + align:start position:0% +roughly 4,300 and if one were to go and +cow all of these spots how many do we + + align:start position:0% +cow all of these spots how many do we + + + align:start position:0% +cow all of these spots how many do we +see it's on the order of 2,500 okay so + + align:start position:0% +see it's on the order of 2,500 okay so + + + align:start position:0% +see it's on the order of 2,500 okay so +they detect it on the order of 25 + + align:start position:0% +they detect it on the order of 25 + + + align:start position:0% +they detect it on the order of 25 +hundred different cytoplasmic proteins + + align:start position:0% +hundred different cytoplasmic proteins + + + align:start position:0% +hundred different cytoplasmic proteins +on these gels what do we see in terms of + + align:start position:0% +on these gels what do we see in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +on these gels what do we see in terms of +distribution by molecular weight is it a + + align:start position:0% +distribution by molecular weight is it a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution by molecular weight is it a +broad distribution or as you know narrow + + align:start position:0% +broad distribution or as you know narrow + + + align:start position:0% +broad distribution or as you know narrow +distribution broad right we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +distribution broad right we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +distribution broad right we're seeing +spots of all different molecular weights + + align:start position:0% +spots of all different molecular weights + + + align:start position:0% +spots of all different molecular weights +so from low to high on this gel what + + align:start position:0% +so from low to high on this gel what + + + align:start position:0% +so from low to high on this gel what +about P I yeah we also have a broad + + align:start position:0% +about P I yeah we also have a broad + + + align:start position:0% +about P I yeah we also have a broad +distribution in these gels right so we + + align:start position:0% +distribution in these gels right so we + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in these gels right so we +see polypeptides of low through high P I + + align:start position:0% +see polypeptides of low through high P I + + + align:start position:0% +see polypeptides of low through high P I +on the scale from I'm four to seven so + + align:start position:0% +on the scale from I'm four to seven so + + + align:start position:0% +on the scale from I'm four to seven so +now what we want to do is look at the + + align:start position:0% +now what we want to do is look at the + + + align:start position:0% +now what we want to do is look at the +gels obtained for the samples from the + + align:start position:0% +gels obtained for the samples from the + + + align:start position:0% +gels obtained for the samples from the +immuno precipitation and ask what do we + + align:start position:0% +immuno precipitation and ask what do we + + + align:start position:0% +immuno precipitation and ask what do we +see and is that the same or different + + align:start position:0% +see and is that the same or different + + + align:start position:0% +see and is that the same or different +from what we see for the total + + align:start position:0% +from what we see for the total + + + align:start position:0% +from what we see for the total +cytoplasmic proteins up here okay so if + + align:start position:0% +cytoplasmic proteins up here okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +cytoplasmic proteins up here okay so if +we look at the data here which are the + + align:start position:0% +we look at the data here which are the + + + align:start position:0% +we look at the data here which are the +polypeptides that were obtained from + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides that were obtained from + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides that were obtained from +immuno precipitation at zero minutes + + align:start position:0% +immuno precipitation at zero minutes + + + align:start position:0% +immuno precipitation at zero minutes +what do we see so we do we see a few + + align:start position:0% +what do we see so we do we see a few + + + align:start position:0% +what do we see so we do we see a few +spots a lot of spots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's start with the first point + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start with the first point + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start with the first point +Kenny made which is that we have a lot + + align:start position:0% +Kenny made which is that we have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Kenny made which is that we have a lot +of spots right and I'd argue that's true + + align:start position:0% +of spots right and I'd argue that's true + + + align:start position:0% +of spots right and I'd argue that's true +right in this gel we see many spots + + align:start position:0% +right in this gel we see many spots + + + align:start position:0% +right in this gel we see many spots +where each spot indicates a distinct + + align:start position:0% +where each spot indicates a distinct + + + align:start position:0% +where each spot indicates a distinct +polypeptide do we see the same or less + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide do we see the same or less + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide do we see the same or less +than here for the total cytoplasmic + + align:start position:0% +than here for the total cytoplasmic + + + align:start position:0% +than here for the total cytoplasmic +protein we see less right yeah just that + + align:start position:0% +protein we see less right yeah just that + + + align:start position:0% +protein we see less right yeah just that +this way to think it right so we see + + align:start position:0% +this way to think it right so we see + + + align:start position:0% +this way to think it right so we see +less and that's a good sign right + + align:start position:0% +less and that's a good sign right + + + align:start position:0% +less and that's a good sign right +because an antibody was used to pull + + align:start position:0% +because an antibody was used to pull + + + align:start position:0% +because an antibody was used to pull +down some some fraction of this pool + + align:start position:0% +down some some fraction of this pool + + + align:start position:0% +down some some fraction of this pool +right so about how many are here they + + align:start position:0% +right so about how many are here they + + + align:start position:0% +right so about how many are here they +found about 250 to 300 polypeptides + + align:start position:0% +found about 250 to 300 polypeptides + + + align:start position:0% +found about 250 to 300 polypeptides +there so about 10% of the cytoplasmic + + align:start position:0% +there so about 10% of the cytoplasmic + + + align:start position:0% +there so about 10% of the cytoplasmic +proteins were found to be interacting + + align:start position:0% +proteins were found to be interacting + + + align:start position:0% +proteins were found to be interacting +here right so on the basis of the + + align:start position:0% +here right so on the basis of the + + + align:start position:0% +here right so on the basis of the +experiment we can conclude you know + + align:start position:0% +experiment we can conclude you know + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we can conclude you know +these are polypeptides that interact + + align:start position:0% +these are polypeptides that interact + + + align:start position:0% +these are polypeptides that interact +with grow al here okay so now Kenny has + + align:start position:0% +with grow al here okay so now Kenny has + + + align:start position:0% +with grow al here okay so now Kenny has +a few additional observations in this + + align:start position:0% +a few additional observations in this + + + align:start position:0% +a few additional observations in this +gel what what are those so how are these + + align:start position:0% +gel what what are those so how are these + + + align:start position:0% +gel what what are those so how are these +polypeptides distributed it'll just + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides distributed it'll just + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides distributed it'll just +focus on C for the moment so in terms of + + align:start position:0% +focus on C for the moment so in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +focus on C for the moment so in terms of +molecular weight what do we see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so we have a wide range and where is + + align:start position:0% +and so we have a wide range and where is + + + align:start position:0% +and so we have a wide range and where is +that range and how does that range + + align:start position:0% +that range and how does that range + + + align:start position:0% +that range and how does that range +compared to here so I agree but look at + + align:start position:0% +compared to here so I agree but look at + + + align:start position:0% +compared to here so I agree but look at +the subtleties yeah + + align:start position:0% +the subtleties yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the subtleties yeah +so let's roughly say in the range of 20 + + align:start position:0% +so let's roughly say in the range of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +so let's roughly say in the range of 20 +right so if we look at the bottom part + + align:start position:0% +right so if we look at the bottom part + + + align:start position:0% +right so if we look at the bottom part +of the gel versus the top part of the + + align:start position:0% +of the gel versus the top part of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the gel versus the top part of the +gel here and we compare that to the + + align:start position:0% +gel here and we compare that to the + + + align:start position:0% +gel here and we compare that to the +bottom part of the gel here and the top + + align:start position:0% +bottom part of the gel here and the top + + + align:start position:0% +bottom part of the gel here and the top +part of the gel here we see some + + align:start position:0% +part of the gel here we see some + + + align:start position:0% +part of the gel here we see some +differences that aren't just the total + + align:start position:0% +differences that aren't just the total + + + align:start position:0% +differences that aren't just the total +number of spots Rebecca you're more + + align:start position:0% +number of spots Rebecca you're more + + + align:start position:0% +number of spots Rebecca you're more +highly charged yes so let's first stick + + align:start position:0% +highly charged yes so let's first stick + + + align:start position:0% +highly charged yes so let's first stick +to the size right so we're seeing that + + align:start position:0% +to the size right so we're seeing that + + + align:start position:0% +to the size right so we're seeing that +in the bottom region of this gel where + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom region of this gel where + + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom region of this gel where +we have lower molecular weight species + + align:start position:0% +we have lower molecular weight species + + + align:start position:0% +we have lower molecular weight species +we see fewer of these here than here so + + align:start position:0% +we see fewer of these here than here so + + + align:start position:0% +we see fewer of these here than here so +why might that be if there's less + + align:start position:0% +why might that be if there's less + + + align:start position:0% +why might that be if there's less +polypeptides with molecular weight + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides with molecular weight + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides with molecular weight +smaller than 20 it's just less likely to + + align:start position:0% +smaller than 20 it's just less likely to + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than 20 it's just less likely to +have something that needs a chaperone + + align:start position:0% +have something that needs a chaperone + + + align:start position:0% +have something that needs a chaperone +okay so maybe these smaller polypeptides + + align:start position:0% +okay so maybe these smaller polypeptides + + + align:start position:0% +okay so maybe these smaller polypeptides +they need less help their domain + + align:start position:0% +they need less help their domain + + + align:start position:0% +they need less help their domain +structure is more simple for instance + + align:start position:0% +structure is more simple for instance + + + align:start position:0% +structure is more simple for instance +they're easier to fold and other + + align:start position:0% +they're easier to fold and other + + + align:start position:0% +they're easier to fold and other +machinery can take take care of that + + align:start position:0% +machinery can take take care of that + + + align:start position:0% +machinery can take take care of that +here okay and then if we look at P I + + align:start position:0% +here okay and then if we look at P I + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and then if we look at P I +what do we see so how is the + + align:start position:0% +what do we see so how is the + + + align:start position:0% +what do we see so how is the +distribution in terms of P I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +large molecular weight proteins are + + align:start position:0% +large molecular weight proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +large molecular weight proteins are +pretty evenly distributed but the + + align:start position:0% +pretty evenly distributed but the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty evenly distributed but the +smaller ones yeah how do you use the + + align:start position:0% +smaller ones yeah how do you use the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller ones yeah how do you use the +word charged so yeah so you know oh it's + + align:start position:0% +word charged so yeah so you know oh it's + + + align:start position:0% +word charged so yeah so you know oh it's +just like you heard in recitations 2 & 3 + + align:start position:0% +just like you heard in recitations 2 & 3 + + + align:start position:0% +just like you heard in recitations 2 & 3 +pay attention to to the scale and what + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to to the scale and what + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to to the scale and what +kind of charge if you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +kind of charge if you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +kind of charge if you're talking about +charge right you have negatively charged + + align:start position:0% +charge right you have negatively charged + + + align:start position:0% +charge right you have negatively charged +and positively charged amino acids oh so + + align:start position:0% +and positively charged amino acids oh so + + + align:start position:0% +and positively charged amino acids oh so +we're in that that regime are you right + + align:start position:0% +we're in that that regime are you right + + + align:start position:0% +we're in that that regime are you right +but if we look at you know these areas + + align:start position:0% +but if we look at you know these areas + + + align:start position:0% +but if we look at you know these areas +here we see a wide distribution right + + align:start position:0% +here we see a wide distribution right + + + align:start position:0% +here we see a wide distribution right +and maybe when they're smaller we're + + align:start position:0% +and maybe when they're smaller we're + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe when they're smaller we're +seeing some more over here but then I + + align:start position:0% +seeing some more over here but then I + + + align:start position:0% +seeing some more over here but then I +mean ask yourself is 22 an outlier you + + align:start position:0% +mean ask yourself is 22 an outlier you + + + align:start position:0% +mean ask yourself is 22 an outlier you +know there okay so what can be done in + + align:start position:0% +know there okay so what can be done in + + + align:start position:0% +know there okay so what can be done in +terms of these data and this is actually + + align:start position:0% +terms of these data and this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +terms of these data and this is actually +analysis of the gels looking at total + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the gels looking at total + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the gels looking at total +proteins and grow yel bound proteins for + + align:start position:0% +proteins and grow yel bound proteins for + + + align:start position:0% +proteins and grow yel bound proteins for +the total percentage in terms of pi and + + align:start position:0% +the total percentage in terms of pi and + + + align:start position:0% +the total percentage in terms of pi and +in terms of molecular weight and so you + + align:start position:0% +in terms of molecular weight and so you + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of molecular weight and so you +can compare right and so what we see is + + align:start position:0% +can compare right and so what we see is + + + align:start position:0% +can compare right and so what we see is +that overall and look a bit closer that + + align:start position:0% +that overall and look a bit closer that + + + align:start position:0% +that overall and look a bit closer that +P I that distributions are quite similar + + align:start position:0% +P I that distributions are quite similar + + + align:start position:0% +P I that distributions are quite similar +molecular weight we see some differences + + align:start position:0% +molecular weight we see some differences + + + align:start position:0% +molecular weight we see some differences +okay we also don't see that many + + align:start position:0% +okay we also don't see that many + + + align:start position:0% +okay we also don't see that many +proteins that are greater than 90 kilo + + align:start position:0% +proteins that are greater than 90 kilo + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that are greater than 90 kilo +daltons being folded by this machine + + align:start position:0% +daltons being folded by this machine + + + align:start position:0% +daltons being folded by this machine +okay and then again why might that be we + + align:start position:0% +okay and then again why might that be we + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then again why might that be we +learned that the chamber can accommodate + + align:start position:0% +learned that the chamber can accommodate + + + align:start position:0% +learned that the chamber can accommodate +polypeptides up to about 60 kilo daltons + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides up to about 60 kilo daltons + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides up to about 60 kilo daltons +right so maybe they're just too big here + + align:start position:0% +right so maybe they're just too big here + + + align:start position:0% +right so maybe they're just too big here +so what are the identities of these + + align:start position:0% +so what are the identities of these + + + align:start position:0% +so what are the identities of these +proteins here right so this is where the + + align:start position:0% +proteins here right so this is where the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins here right so this is where the +trypsin digest and mass spec comes into + + align:start position:0% +trypsin digest and mass spec comes into + + + align:start position:0% +trypsin digest and mass spec comes into +play so we can imagine extracting the + + align:start position:0% +play so we can imagine extracting the + + + align:start position:0% +play so we can imagine extracting the +spots digesting them with the protease + + align:start position:0% +spots digesting them with the protease + + + align:start position:0% +spots digesting them with the protease +trypsin and then doing mass spec + + align:start position:0% +trypsin and then doing mass spec + + + align:start position:0% +trypsin and then doing mass spec +analysis to find out the identities and + + align:start position:0% +analysis to find out the identities and + + + align:start position:0% +analysis to find out the identities and +comparing that data to two databases of + + align:start position:0% +comparing that data to two databases of + + + align:start position:0% +comparing that data to two databases of +E coli proteins and so from that of the + + align:start position:0% +E coli proteins and so from that of the + + + align:start position:0% +E coli proteins and so from that of the +250 to 300 proteins that they identified + + align:start position:0% +250 to 300 proteins that they identified + + + align:start position:0% +250 to 300 proteins that they identified +in these immunoprecipitation gels they + + align:start position:0% +in these immunoprecipitation gels they + + + align:start position:0% +in these immunoprecipitation gels they +were able to identify 50 to + + align:start position:0% +were able to identify 50 to + + + align:start position:0% +were able to identify 50 to +without a doubt and what are some of + + align:start position:0% +without a doubt and what are some of + + + align:start position:0% +without a doubt and what are some of +those 52 proteins so I've just + + align:start position:0% +those 52 proteins so I've just + + + align:start position:0% +those 52 proteins so I've just +highlighted a few examples what what do + + align:start position:0% +highlighted a few examples what what do + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted a few examples what what do +we see so here's our friend ef-tu as one + + align:start position:0% +we see so here's our friend ef-tu as one + + + align:start position:0% +we see so here's our friend ef-tu as one +example we see subunit of RNA polymerase + + align:start position:0% +example we see subunit of RNA polymerase + + + align:start position:0% +example we see subunit of RNA polymerase +ferritin and certain ribosomal proteins + + align:start position:0% +ferritin and certain ribosomal proteins + + + align:start position:0% +ferritin and certain ribosomal proteins +so just thinking about these proteins + + align:start position:0% +so just thinking about these proteins + + + align:start position:0% +so just thinking about these proteins +and their role in translation in our in + + align:start position:0% +and their role in translation in our in + + + align:start position:0% +and their role in translation in our in +a polarization ferritin is an iron + + align:start position:0% +a polarization ferritin is an iron + + + align:start position:0% +a polarization ferritin is an iron +storage protein what do we think what + + align:start position:0% +storage protein what do we think what + + + align:start position:0% +storage protein what do we think what +are what are our thoughts about these + + align:start position:0% +are what are our thoughts about these + + + align:start position:0% +are what are our thoughts about these +proteins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're pretty important right imagine + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty important right imagine + + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty important right imagine +if EFT you couldn't adopt its native + + align:start position:0% +if EFT you couldn't adopt its native + + + align:start position:0% +if EFT you couldn't adopt its native +conformation right there might be some + + align:start position:0% +conformation right there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +conformation right there might be some +major problems there and recall when I + + align:start position:0% +major problems there and recall when I + + + align:start position:0% +major problems there and recall when I +introduced Gro Al Groh es we learned + + align:start position:0% +introduced Gro Al Groh es we learned + + + align:start position:0% +introduced Gro Al Groh es we learned +that they fall into the category of + + align:start position:0% +that they fall into the category of + + + align:start position:0% +that they fall into the category of +chaperonins so they're essential for + + align:start position:0% +chaperonins so they're essential for + + + align:start position:0% +chaperonins so they're essential for +life so that makes sense in terms of + + align:start position:0% +life so that makes sense in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +life so that makes sense in terms of +seeing some of these proteins as being + + align:start position:0% +seeing some of these proteins as being + + + align:start position:0% +seeing some of these proteins as being +very important and what about structural + + align:start position:0% +very important and what about structural + + + align:start position:0% +very important and what about structural +motifs + + align:start position:0% +motifs + + + align:start position:0% +motifs +it's then we see okay these are the 50 + + align:start position:0% +it's then we see okay these are the 50 + + + align:start position:0% +it's then we see okay these are the 50 +proteins we identified what are their + + align:start position:0% +proteins we identified what are their + + + align:start position:0% +proteins we identified what are their +structural features and what does that + + align:start position:0% +structural features and what does that + + + align:start position:0% +structural features and what does that +tell us about this chaperone the + + align:start position:0% +tell us about this chaperone the + + + align:start position:0% +tell us about this chaperone the +conclusion is that overall the proteins + + align:start position:0% +conclusion is that overall the proteins + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion is that overall the proteins +identified have quite complex structural + + align:start position:0% +identified have quite complex structural + + + align:start position:0% +identified have quite complex structural +features so these can range from complex + + align:start position:0% +features so these can range from complex + + + align:start position:0% +features so these can range from complex +domain organization to beta sheets + + align:start position:0% +domain organization to beta sheets + + + align:start position:0% +domain organization to beta sheets +including those that are buried and have + + align:start position:0% +including those that are buried and have + + + align:start position:0% +including those that are buried and have +large hydrophobic surfaces here and so + + align:start position:0% +large hydrophobic surfaces here and so + + + align:start position:0% +large hydrophobic surfaces here and so +we can speculate that maybe some of + + align:start position:0% +we can speculate that maybe some of + + + align:start position:0% +we can speculate that maybe some of +these hydrophobic surfaces interact with + + align:start position:0% +these hydrophobic surfaces interact with + + + align:start position:0% +these hydrophobic surfaces interact with +the Gro yell apical kobold domain to + + align:start position:0% +the Gro yell apical kobold domain to + + + align:start position:0% +the Gro yell apical kobold domain to +have these polypeptides enter into the + + align:start position:0% +have these polypeptides enter into the + + + align:start position:0% +have these polypeptides enter into the +chamber here was a question they're all + + align:start position:0% +chamber here was a question they're all + + + align:start position:0% +chamber here was a question they're all +proteins that exist in relatively high + + align:start position:0% +proteins that exist in relatively high + + + align:start position:0% +proteins that exist in relatively high +abundances so if you also be making the + + align:start position:0% +abundances so if you also be making the + + + align:start position:0% +abundances so if you also be making the +argument that proteins that are more + + align:start position:0% +argument that proteins that are more + + + align:start position:0% +argument that proteins that are more +likely to have high concentrations and + + align:start position:0% +likely to have high concentrations and + + + align:start position:0% +likely to have high concentrations and +therefore a high higher probability of + + align:start position:0% +therefore a high higher probability of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore a high higher probability of +aggregating just because it's a + + align:start position:0% +aggregating just because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +aggregating just because it's a +molecular reaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they favor binding to grow yeah yeah I + + align:start position:0% +they favor binding to grow yeah yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +they favor binding to grow yeah yeah I +even thought about it in terms of they + + align:start position:0% +even thought about it in terms of they + + + align:start position:0% +even thought about it in terms of they +certainly are abundant it could be it + + align:start position:0% +certainly are abundant it could be it + + + align:start position:0% +certainly are abundant it could be it +could be I just don't know yeah so could + + align:start position:0% +could be I just don't know yeah so could + + + align:start position:0% +could be I just don't know yeah so could +that have happened in the experimental + + align:start position:0% +that have happened in the experimental + + + align:start position:0% +that have happened in the experimental +setup it's a possibility right so we + + align:start position:0% +setup it's a possibility right so we + + + align:start position:0% +setup it's a possibility right so we +learned that what ef-tu was about 10% of + + align:start position:0% +learned that what ef-tu was about 10% of + + + align:start position:0% +learned that what ef-tu was about 10% of +all ribosomal proteins yeah so that's + + align:start position:0% +all ribosomal proteins yeah so that's + + + align:start position:0% +all ribosomal proteins yeah so that's +something also to keep in mind and a + + align:start position:0% +something also to keep in mind and a + + + align:start position:0% +something also to keep in mind and a +good thought there so what else can we + + align:start position:0% +good thought there so what else can we + + + align:start position:0% +good thought there so what else can we +learn one more observation from these + + align:start position:0% +learn one more observation from these + + + align:start position:0% +learn one more observation from these +experiments before we move on to DNA KJ + + align:start position:0% +experiments before we move on to DNA KJ + + + align:start position:0% +experiments before we move on to DNA KJ +right so recall last time when we talked + + align:start position:0% +right so recall last time when we talked + + + align:start position:0% +right so recall last time when we talked +about the actual pulse chase experiment + + align:start position:0% +about the actual pulse chase experiment + + + align:start position:0% +about the actual pulse chase experiment +they took samples at multiple time + + align:start position:0% +they took samples at multiple time + + + align:start position:0% +they took samples at multiple time +points right and so why did they do that + + align:start position:0% +points right and so why did they do that + + + align:start position:0% +points right and so why did they do that +you can imagine doing this analysis not + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine doing this analysis not + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine doing this analysis not +just at 0 minutes and 10 minutes but at + + align:start position:0% +just at 0 minutes and 10 minutes but at + + + align:start position:0% +just at 0 minutes and 10 minutes but at +a variety of time points and ask if we + + align:start position:0% +a variety of time points and ask if we + + + align:start position:0% +a variety of time points and ask if we +compare gel to gel and we compare spot + + align:start position:0% +compare gel to gel and we compare spot + + + align:start position:0% +compare gel to gel and we compare spot +to spot right so going back these spots + + align:start position:0% +to spot right so going back these spots + + + align:start position:0% +to spot right so going back these spots +are labeled many of them in here we can + + align:start position:0% +are labeled many of them in here we can + + + align:start position:0% +are labeled many of them in here we can +ask the question how does the intensity + + align:start position:0% +ask the question how does the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +ask the question how does the intensity +of that spot change over time and what + + align:start position:0% +of that spot change over time and what + + + align:start position:0% +of that spot change over time and what +does that tell us about the interactions + + align:start position:0% +does that tell us about the interactions + + + align:start position:0% +does that tell us about the interactions +of that polypeptide with Grohe oh right + + align:start position:0% +of that polypeptide with Grohe oh right + + + align:start position:0% +of that polypeptide with Grohe oh right +so just for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here right example + + align:start position:0% +here right example + + + align:start position:0% +here right example +just imagine at time equals zero we see + + align:start position:0% +just imagine at time equals zero we see + + + align:start position:0% +just imagine at time equals zero we see +some protein or polypeptide X okay so + + align:start position:0% +some protein or polypeptide X okay so + + + align:start position:0% +some protein or polypeptide X okay so +then what happens that say time equals + + align:start position:0% +then what happens that say time equals + + + align:start position:0% +then what happens that say time equals +two minutes okay if we do not see it + + align:start position:0% +two minutes okay if we do not see it + + + align:start position:0% +two minutes okay if we do not see it +let's consider two options okay did not + + align:start position:0% +let's consider two options okay did not + + + align:start position:0% +let's consider two options okay did not +see X okay maybe we conclude that X + + align:start position:0% +see X okay maybe we conclude that X + + + align:start position:0% +see X okay maybe we conclude that X +dissociates quickly okay or folds you + + align:start position:0% +dissociates quickly okay or folds you + + + align:start position:0% +dissociates quickly okay or folds you +know relatively easily right imagine if + + align:start position:0% +know relatively easily right imagine if + + + align:start position:0% +know relatively easily right imagine if +we do see X after two minutes here + + align:start position:0% +we do see X after two minutes here + + + align:start position:0% +we do see X after two minutes here +maybe the conclusion is X is not yet + + align:start position:0% +maybe the conclusion is X is not yet + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the conclusion is X is not yet +folded here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we can imagine doing this at + + align:start position:0% +and then we can imagine doing this at + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can imagine doing this at +different time points and they went out + + align:start position:0% +different time points and they went out + + + align:start position:0% +different time points and they went out +to ten minutes here okay so maybe if we + + align:start position:0% +to ten minutes here okay so maybe if we + + + align:start position:0% +to ten minutes here okay so maybe if we +see X at ten minutes the conclusion is X + + align:start position:0% +see X at ten minutes the conclusion is X + + + align:start position:0% +see X at ten minutes the conclusion is X +is difficult to fold okay and two we + + align:start position:0% +is difficult to fold okay and two we + + + align:start position:0% +is difficult to fold okay and two we +want to think about these time points + + align:start position:0% +want to think about these time points + + + align:start position:0% +want to think about these time points +also from the standpoint of what we saw + + align:start position:0% +also from the standpoint of what we saw + + + align:start position:0% +also from the standpoint of what we saw +in terms of the residency time of a + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the residency time of a + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the residency time of a +polypeptide and the Gro yell chamber + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide and the Gro yell chamber + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide and the Gro yell chamber +right so we saw from the various models + + align:start position:0% +right so we saw from the various models + + + align:start position:0% +right so we saw from the various models +that that's somewhere on the order of + + align:start position:0% +that that's somewhere on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +that that's somewhere on the order of +six to ten seconds right so there can be + + align:start position:0% +six to ten seconds right so there can be + + + align:start position:0% +six to ten seconds right so there can be +multiple binding and release events that + + align:start position:0% +multiple binding and release events that + + + align:start position:0% +multiple binding and release events that +occur so in this paper what the authors + + align:start position:0% +occur so in this paper what the authors + + + align:start position:0% +occur so in this paper what the authors +did is trace the spots and compare the + + align:start position:0% +did is trace the spots and compare the + + + align:start position:0% +did is trace the spots and compare the +intensities of the spots over time right + + align:start position:0% +intensities of the spots over time right + + + align:start position:0% +intensities of the spots over time right +and you can do a little exercise from + + align:start position:0% +and you can do a little exercise from + + + align:start position:0% +and you can do a little exercise from +these gels looking at spots they circled + + align:start position:0% +these gels looking at spots they circled + + + align:start position:0% +these gels looking at spots they circled +and just ask qualitatively what's + + align:start position:0% +and just ask qualitatively what's + + + align:start position:0% +and just ask qualitatively what's +happening to the spot is the intensity + + align:start position:0% +happening to the spot is the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +happening to the spot is the intensity +staying the same + + align:start position:0% +staying the same + + + align:start position:0% +staying the same +is it being reduced so for instance it's + + align:start position:0% +is it being reduced so for instance it's + + + align:start position:0% +is it being reduced so for instance it's +easy to look at spot number 22 here at + + align:start position:0% +easy to look at spot number 22 here at + + + align:start position:0% +easy to look at spot number 22 here at +zero minutes versus spot 22 at 10 + + align:start position:0% +zero minutes versus spot 22 at 10 + + + align:start position:0% +zero minutes versus spot 22 at 10 +minutes right and what do we see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does it look the same more intense less + + align:start position:0% +does it look the same more intense less + + + align:start position:0% +does it look the same more intense less +intense less intense right what about + + align:start position:0% +intense less intense right what about + + + align:start position:0% +intense less intense right what about +spot number 12 at zero minutes versus 10 + + align:start position:0% +spot number 12 at zero minutes versus 10 + + + align:start position:0% +spot number 12 at zero minutes versus 10 +minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know they look quite similar like by + + align:start position:0% +you know they look quite similar like by + + + align:start position:0% +you know they look quite similar like by +eye right so you can imagine doing this + + align:start position:0% +eye right so you can imagine doing this + + + align:start position:0% +eye right so you can imagine doing this +type of exercise through each gel and + + align:start position:0% +type of exercise through each gel and + + + align:start position:0% +type of exercise through each gel and +actually doing it quantitatively using + + align:start position:0% +actually doing it quantitatively using + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing it quantitatively using +some instrumentation so what do they see + + align:start position:0% +some instrumentation so what do they see + + + align:start position:0% +some instrumentation so what do they see +effectively and if they divided the data + + align:start position:0% +effectively and if they divided the data + + + align:start position:0% +effectively and if they divided the data +into three groups based on certain + + align:start position:0% +into three groups based on certain + + + align:start position:0% +into three groups based on certain +trends okay and that that's shown here + + align:start position:0% +trends okay and that that's shown here + + + align:start position:0% +trends okay and that that's shown here +where what we're looking at is the + + align:start position:0% +where what we're looking at is the + + + align:start position:0% +where what we're looking at is the +relative intensity change versus time so + + align:start position:0% +relative intensity change versus time so + + + align:start position:0% +relative intensity change versus time so +you can imagine at some time point that + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine at some time point that + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine at some time point that +spot has a maximum intensity that + + align:start position:0% +spot has a maximum intensity that + + + align:start position:0% +spot has a maximum intensity that +they've put out a hundred okay so we see + + align:start position:0% +they've put out a hundred okay so we see + + + align:start position:0% +they've put out a hundred okay so we see +the three groups here and the question + + align:start position:0% +the three groups here and the question + + + align:start position:0% +the three groups here and the question +is if we look at these as groups what + + align:start position:0% +is if we look at these as groups what + + + align:start position:0% +is if we look at these as groups what +did the data show okay so in Group one + + align:start position:0% +did the data show okay so in Group one + + + align:start position:0% +did the data show okay so in Group one +we see examples where the spot at time + + align:start position:0% +we see examples where the spot at time + + + align:start position:0% +we see examples where the spot at time +equals zero is at a maximum and then the + + align:start position:0% +equals zero is at a maximum and then the + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero is at a maximum and then the +intensity of that so spots decrease over + + align:start position:0% +intensity of that so spots decrease over + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of that so spots decrease over +time and the other thing we see is that + + align:start position:0% +time and the other thing we see is that + + + align:start position:0% +time and the other thing we see is that +at some time that isn't very long the + + align:start position:0% +at some time that isn't very long the + + + align:start position:0% +at some time that isn't very long the +intensities go to approximately zero so + + align:start position:0% +intensities go to approximately zero so + + + align:start position:0% +intensities go to approximately zero so +we're not seeing these polypeptides + + align:start position:0% +we're not seeing these polypeptides + + + align:start position:0% +we're not seeing these polypeptides +bound any longer and then effectively + + align:start position:0% +bound any longer and then effectively + + + align:start position:0% +bound any longer and then effectively +what we want to ask is do these + + align:start position:0% +what we want to ask is do these + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to ask is do these +polypeptides have any similar features + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides have any similar features + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides have any similar features +and what the authors observed is that + + align:start position:0% +and what the authors observed is that + + + align:start position:0% +and what the authors observed is that +the polypeptides falling into this group + + align:start position:0% +the polypeptides falling into this group + + + align:start position:0% +the polypeptides falling into this group +showing this behavior are smaller than + + align:start position:0% +showing this behavior are smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +showing this behavior are smaller than +60 kilo daltons + + align:start position:0% +60 kilo daltons + + + align:start position:0% +60 kilo daltons +and as shown here they're seeing them + + align:start position:0% +and as shown here they're seeing them + + + align:start position:0% +and as shown here they're seeing them +completely released over the time course + + align:start position:0% +completely released over the time course + + + align:start position:0% +completely released over the time course +of this experiment and in generally in + + align:start position:0% +of this experiment and in generally in + + + align:start position:0% +of this experiment and in generally in +general within the first two minutes + + align:start position:0% +general within the first two minutes + + + align:start position:0% +general within the first two minutes +okay so what does that correspond to how + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does that correspond to how + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what does that correspond to how +they interpreted this was that these + + align:start position:0% +they interpreted this was that these + + + align:start position:0% +they interpreted this was that these +polypeptides are either binding Grohe l + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides are either binding Grohe l + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides are either binding Grohe l +once or have several rounds of binding + + align:start position:0% +once or have several rounds of binding + + + align:start position:0% +once or have several rounds of binding +and ultimately reach their folded state + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately reach their folded state + + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately reach their folded state +in this relatively short time period so + + align:start position:0% +in this relatively short time period so + + + align:start position:0% +in this relatively short time period so +how does group two differ + + align:start position:0% +how does group two differ + + + align:start position:0% +how does group two differ +looking at these data what do we see in + + align:start position:0% +looking at these data what do we see in + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these data what do we see in +group two that's different from group + + align:start position:0% +group two that's different from group + + + align:start position:0% +group two that's different from group +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah right we're seeing the relative + + align:start position:0% +Yeah right we're seeing the relative + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah right we're seeing the relative +intensity never go all the way to zero + + align:start position:0% +intensity never go all the way to zero + + + align:start position:0% +intensity never go all the way to zero +so here we've gone to zero here we see + + align:start position:0% +so here we've gone to zero here we see + + + align:start position:0% +so here we've gone to zero here we see +you know twenty to thirty percent as the + + align:start position:0% +you know twenty to thirty percent as the + + + align:start position:0% +you know twenty to thirty percent as the +cutoff so how are these data interpreted + + align:start position:0% +cutoff so how are these data interpreted + + + align:start position:0% +cutoff so how are these data interpreted +in this work and what are the identities + + align:start position:0% +in this work and what are the identities + + + align:start position:0% +in this work and what are the identities +of these polypeptides so similar to + + align:start position:0% +of these polypeptides so similar to + + + align:start position:0% +of these polypeptides so similar to +Group one these polypeptides are also + + align:start position:0% +Group one these polypeptides are also + + + align:start position:0% +Group one these polypeptides are also +all smaller than sixty kilo daltons and + + align:start position:0% +all smaller than sixty kilo daltons and + + + align:start position:0% +all smaller than sixty kilo daltons and +how this behavior is interpreted is that + + align:start position:0% +how this behavior is interpreted is that + + + align:start position:0% +how this behavior is interpreted is that +even after ten minutes there's some + + align:start position:0% +even after ten minutes there's some + + + align:start position:0% +even after ten minutes there's some +fraction of these polypeptides that are + + align:start position:0% +fraction of these polypeptides that are + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of these polypeptides that are +still associated with grow EO right so + + align:start position:0% +still associated with grow EO right so + + + align:start position:0% +still associated with grow EO right so +they haven't reached their native fold + + align:start position:0% +they haven't reached their native fold + + + align:start position:0% +they haven't reached their native fold +and our remaining bound what's going on + + align:start position:0% +and our remaining bound what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +and our remaining bound what's going on +in this group here group three this + + align:start position:0% +in this group here group three this + + + align:start position:0% +in this group here group three this +behavior is very different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep yes right so these proteins are + + align:start position:0% +yep yes right so these proteins are + + + align:start position:0% +yep yes right so these proteins are +interacting with grow L because they + + align:start position:0% +interacting with grow L because they + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with grow L because they +were pulled down but it looks like + + align:start position:0% +were pulled down but it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +were pulled down but it looks like +they're interacting at later time points + + align:start position:0% +they're interacting at later time points + + + align:start position:0% +they're interacting at later time points +right so we see this growth in terms of + + align:start position:0% +right so we see this growth in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +right so we see this growth in terms of +increase in intensity over time and then + + align:start position:0% +increase in intensity over time and then + + + align:start position:0% +increase in intensity over time and then +they go down okay and here we see 40 + + align:start position:0% +they go down okay and here we see 40 + + + align:start position:0% +they go down okay and here we see 40 +percent or higher so they are not + + align:start position:0% +percent or higher so they are not + + + align:start position:0% +percent or higher so they are not +readily dissociating binding at longer + + align:start position:0% +readily dissociating binding at longer + + + align:start position:0% +readily dissociating binding at longer +time points so one question here is are + + align:start position:0% +time points so one question here is are + + + align:start position:0% +time points so one question here is are +these dead-end species you know and + + align:start position:0% +these dead-end species you know and + + + align:start position:0% +these dead-end species you know and +within this work the authors did some + + align:start position:0% +within this work the authors did some + + + align:start position:0% +within this work the authors did some +additional controls which there's some + + align:start position:0% +additional controls which there's some + + + align:start position:0% +additional controls which there's some +detail and the notes I'll post in + + align:start position:0% +detail and the notes I'll post in + + + align:start position:0% +detail and the notes I'll post in +lecture but effectively asking what + + align:start position:0% +lecture but effectively asking what + + + align:start position:0% +lecture but effectively asking what +happens if we add in grow yes what + + align:start position:0% +happens if we add in grow yes what + + + align:start position:0% +happens if we add in grow yes what +happens if we add in ATP do we still see + + align:start position:0% +happens if we add in ATP do we still see + + + align:start position:0% +happens if we add in ATP do we still see +these species or not and some of them + + align:start position:0% +these species or not and some of them + + + align:start position:0% +these species or not and some of them +were released under those conditions + + align:start position:0% +were released under those conditions + + + align:start position:0% +were released under those conditions +there so in summary what we see from + + align:start position:0% +there so in summary what we see from + + + align:start position:0% +there so in summary what we see from +this is a method to look at you know + + align:start position:0% +this is a method to look at you know + + + align:start position:0% +this is a method to look at you know +chaperone substrate selection in the + + align:start position:0% +chaperone substrate selection in the + + + align:start position:0% +chaperone substrate selection in the +context of a cell right we see that grow + + align:start position:0% +context of a cell right we see that grow + + + align:start position:0% +context of a cell right we see that grow +al folds proteins over a range of sizes + + align:start position:0% +al folds proteins over a range of sizes + + + align:start position:0% +al folds proteins over a range of sizes +but not really the small ones so 120 + + align:start position:0% +but not really the small ones so 120 + + + align:start position:0% +but not really the small ones so 120 +kilo daltons not so much and over 60 + + align:start position:0% +kilo daltons not so much and over 60 + + + align:start position:0% +kilo daltons not so much and over 60 +kill adult and it's not so much here and + + align:start position:0% +kill adult and it's not so much here and + + + align:start position:0% +kill adult and it's not so much here and +that these poly peptide substrates have + + align:start position:0% +that these poly peptide substrates have + + + align:start position:0% +that these poly peptide substrates have +complex native folds so where we're + + align:start position:0% +complex native folds so where we're + + + align:start position:0% +complex native folds so where we're +going to close the chaperone unit is + + align:start position:0% +going to close the chaperone unit is + + + align:start position:0% +going to close the chaperone unit is +with looking at the machinery DNA K J + + align:start position:0% +with looking at the machinery DNA K J + + + align:start position:0% +with looking at the machinery DNA K J +and so we'll introduce that system and + + align:start position:0% +and so we'll introduce that system and + + + align:start position:0% +and so we'll introduce that system and +then look at a similar series of + + align:start position:0% +then look at a similar series of + + + align:start position:0% +then look at a similar series of +experiments where the substrate scope + + align:start position:0% +experiments where the substrate scope + + + align:start position:0% +experiments where the substrate scope +for this chaperone system was evaluated + + align:start position:0% +for this chaperone system was evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +for this chaperone system was evaluated +so if we go back to the overview from + + align:start position:0% +so if we go back to the overview from + + + align:start position:0% +so if we go back to the overview from +the start where all these players were + + align:start position:0% +the start where all these players were + + + align:start position:0% +the start where all these players were +introduced this is where we are now so + + align:start position:0% +introduced this is where we are now so + + + align:start position:0% +introduced this is where we are now so +we're looking at DNA k and its co shop + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at DNA k and its co shop + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at DNA k and its co shop +or own DNA j so these are downstream of + + align:start position:0% +or own DNA j so these are downstream of + + + align:start position:0% +or own DNA j so these are downstream of +trigger + + align:start position:0% +trigger + + + align:start position:0% +trigger +sure what do we have for DNA KMJ here so + + align:start position:0% +sure what do we have for DNA KMJ here so + + + align:start position:0% +sure what do we have for DNA KMJ here so +these are heat shock proteins DNA K is + + align:start position:0% +these are heat shock proteins DNA K is + + + align:start position:0% +these are heat shock proteins DNA K is +an hsp70 so 70 kilo daltons and hsp70 s + + align:start position:0% +an hsp70 so 70 kilo daltons and hsp70 s + + + align:start position:0% +an hsp70 so 70 kilo daltons and hsp70 s +are ubiquitous so just to note they're + + align:start position:0% +are ubiquitous so just to note they're + + + align:start position:0% +are ubiquitous so just to note they're +involved in a variety of protein quality + + align:start position:0% +involved in a variety of protein quality + + + align:start position:0% +involved in a variety of protein quality +control functions so we have folding as + + align:start position:0% +control functions so we have folding as + + + align:start position:0% +control functions so we have folding as +we'll talk about in the context of + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about in the context of +today's lecture in this module but even + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture in this module but even + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture in this module but even +roles that range from you know protein + + align:start position:0% +roles that range from you know protein + + + align:start position:0% +roles that range from you know protein +transport to assisting with protein + + align:start position:0% +transport to assisting with protein + + + align:start position:0% +transport to assisting with protein +degradation occur so here we have hsp70 + + align:start position:0% +degradation occur so here we have hsp70 + + + align:start position:0% +degradation occur so here we have hsp70 +for DNA k & h SP 40 for DNA j okay so in + + align:start position:0% +for DNA k & h SP 40 for DNA j okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +for DNA k & h SP 40 for DNA j okay so in +this system DNA K is the chaperone and + + align:start position:0% +this system DNA K is the chaperone and + + + align:start position:0% +this system DNA K is the chaperone and +DNA J is the Co chaperone and DNA k is + + align:start position:0% +DNA J is the Co chaperone and DNA k is + + + align:start position:0% +DNA J is the Co chaperone and DNA k is +ATP dependent so it's monomeric so with + + align:start position:0% +ATP dependent so it's monomeric so with + + + align:start position:0% +ATP dependent so it's monomeric so with +this system we don't have a chamber like + + align:start position:0% +this system we don't have a chamber like + + + align:start position:0% +this system we don't have a chamber like +we have with grow al grow yes and it's + + align:start position:0% +we have with grow al grow yes and it's + + + align:start position:0% +we have with grow al grow yes and it's +ATP dependent okay DNA j is the co + + align:start position:0% +ATP dependent okay DNA j is the co + + + align:start position:0% +ATP dependent okay DNA j is the co +chaperone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so what happens in terms of this + + align:start position:0% +here so what happens in terms of this + + + align:start position:0% +here so what happens in terms of this +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +so effectively DNA J the Co chaperone + + align:start position:0% +so effectively DNA J the Co chaperone + + + align:start position:0% +so effectively DNA J the Co chaperone +scans hydrophobic surfaces of proteins + + align:start position:0% +scans hydrophobic surfaces of proteins + + + align:start position:0% +scans hydrophobic surfaces of proteins +or polypeptides okay and it associates + + align:start position:0% +or polypeptides okay and it associates + + + align:start position:0% +or polypeptides okay and it associates +with them so it binds okay and then what + + align:start position:0% +with them so it binds okay and then what + + + align:start position:0% +with them so it binds okay and then what +DNA j does is it delivers non-native + + align:start position:0% +DNA j does is it delivers non-native + + + align:start position:0% +DNA j does is it delivers non-native +polypeptide to DNA k okay and then how + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide to DNA k okay and then how + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide to DNA k okay and then how +we think about DNA k okay is that DNA k + + align:start position:0% +we think about DNA k okay is that DNA k + + + align:start position:0% +we think about DNA k okay is that DNA k +binds and releases unfolded polypeptides + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and this is another case where + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is another case where + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is another case where +there can be multiple cycles of binding + + align:start position:0% +there can be multiple cycles of binding + + + align:start position:0% +there can be multiple cycles of binding +and release so DNA k will bind to a + + align:start position:0% +and release so DNA k will bind to a + + + align:start position:0% +and release so DNA k will bind to a +polypeptide that hasn't unfolded region + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide that hasn't unfolded region + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide that hasn't unfolded region +there'll be some period of time that + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some period of time that + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be some period of time that +that complex exists and then DNA K will + + align:start position:0% +that complex exists and then DNA K will + + + align:start position:0% +that complex exists and then DNA K will +release it okay and so in terms of where + + align:start position:0% +release it okay and so in terms of where + + + align:start position:0% +release it okay and so in terms of where +it likes to bind these are typically six + + align:start position:0% +it likes to bind these are typically six + + + align:start position:0% +it likes to bind these are typically six +to nine amino acid segments that are + + align:start position:0% +to nine amino acid segments that are + + + align:start position:0% +to nine amino acid segments that are +hydrophobic okay so what likes residue + + align:start position:0% +hydrophobic okay so what likes residue + + + align:start position:0% +hydrophobic okay so what likes residue +is like leucine and isoleucine and + + align:start position:0% +is like leucine and isoleucine and + + + align:start position:0% +is like leucine and isoleucine and +statistically this type of region occurs + + align:start position:0% +statistically this type of region occurs + + + align:start position:0% +statistically this type of region occurs +about every 40 amino acid and for these + + align:start position:0% +about every 40 amino acid and for these + + + align:start position:0% +about every 40 amino acid and for these +segments just to note that there's a + + align:start position:0% +segments just to note that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +segments just to note that there's a +range of binding affinities right you + + align:start position:0% +range of binding affinities right you + + + align:start position:0% +range of binding affinities right you +can imagine there's very like a variety + + align:start position:0% +can imagine there's very like a variety + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine there's very like a variety +of possibilities here and what's found + + align:start position:0% +of possibilities here and what's found + + + align:start position:0% +of possibilities here and what's found +from studies is that the KD of DNA k for + + align:start position:0% +from studies is that the KD of DNA k for + + + align:start position:0% +from studies is that the KD of DNA k for +various polypeptides can range from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about 5 nano molar to about 5 micro + + align:start position:0% +about 5 nano molar to about 5 micro + + + align:start position:0% +about 5 nano molar to about 5 micro +molar so by several orders of magnitude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in terms of size of polypeptide it + + align:start position:0% +in terms of size of polypeptide it + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of size of polypeptide it +stated that DNA k has some preference + + align:start position:0% +stated that DNA k has some preference + + + align:start position:0% +stated that DNA k has some preference +for polypeptides on the order of 20 to + + align:start position:0% +for polypeptides on the order of 20 to + + + align:start position:0% +for polypeptides on the order of 20 to +30 kilonewtons but it can bind larger + + align:start position:0% +30 kilonewtons but it can bind larger + + + align:start position:0% +30 kilonewtons but it can bind larger +ones and it can bind polypeptides + + align:start position:0% +ones and it can bind polypeptides + + + align:start position:0% +ones and it can bind polypeptides +greater than 60 kilo daltons as we'll + + align:start position:0% +greater than 60 kilo daltons as we'll + + + align:start position:0% +greater than 60 kilo daltons as we'll +see later + + align:start position:0% +see later + + + align:start position:0% +see later +so in this system there's another player + + align:start position:0% +so in this system there's another player + + + align:start position:0% +so in this system there's another player +that we need to think about and that's + + align:start position:0% +that we need to think about and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to think about and that's +this grpe or grip ii + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what we have here is a nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +and what we have here is a nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +and what we have here is a nucleotide +exchange factor so any F and it's also a + + align:start position:0% +exchange factor so any F and it's also a + + + align:start position:0% +exchange factor so any F and it's also a +thermo sensor okay and what grip e does + + align:start position:0% +thermo sensor okay and what grip e does + + + align:start position:0% +thermo sensor okay and what grip e does +is that it regulates DNA k binding to a + + align:start position:0% +is that it regulates DNA k binding to a + + + align:start position:0% +is that it regulates DNA k binding to a +substrate by inducing a vp release so + + align:start position:0% +substrate by inducing a vp release so + + + align:start position:0% +substrate by inducing a vp release so +what we'll see is that the ATP and ADP + + align:start position:0% +what we'll see is that the ATP and ADP + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll see is that the ATP and ADP +bound forms of DNA k have different + + align:start position:0% +bound forms of DNA k have different + + + align:start position:0% +bound forms of DNA k have different +affinities for these polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +affinities for these polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +affinities for these polypeptide +substrates + + align:start position:0% +substrates + + + align:start position:0% +substrates +okay so what we're gonna do is look at + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we're gonna do is look at + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what we're gonna do is look at +the structures of the components of this + + align:start position:0% +the structures of the components of this + + + align:start position:0% +the structures of the components of this +system and then look at the cycle and so + + align:start position:0% +system and then look at the cycle and so + + + align:start position:0% +system and then look at the cycle and so +if we consider DNA k so we think of this + + align:start position:0% +if we consider DNA k so we think of this + + + align:start position:0% +if we consider DNA k so we think of this +protein as having two different domains + + align:start position:0% +protein as having two different domains + + + align:start position:0% +protein as having two different domains +so there's an n-terminal domain and a + + align:start position:0% +so there's an n-terminal domain and a + + + align:start position:0% +so there's an n-terminal domain and a +c-terminal domain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and in this n-terminal domain what + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this n-terminal domain what + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this n-terminal domain what +we have is the nucleotide-binding domain + + align:start position:0% +we have is the nucleotide-binding domain + + + align:start position:0% +we have is the nucleotide-binding domain +and VD so this is where ATPase activity + + align:start position:0% +and VD so this is where ATPase activity + + + align:start position:0% +and VD so this is where ATPase activity +occurs okay and this is about 44 kilo + + align:start position:0% +occurs okay and this is about 44 kilo + + + align:start position:0% +occurs okay and this is about 44 kilo +daltons here okay there's a linker + + align:start position:0% +daltons here okay there's a linker + + + align:start position:0% +daltons here okay there's a linker +region and then in this C terminal and + + align:start position:0% +region and then in this C terminal and + + + align:start position:0% +region and then in this C terminal and +we have the peptide binding or substrate + + align:start position:0% +we have the peptide binding or substrate + + + align:start position:0% +we have the peptide binding or substrate +binding domain okay this is 27 killa + + align:start position:0% +binding domain okay this is 27 killa + + + align:start position:0% +binding domain okay this is 27 killa +Dalton's + + align:start position:0% +Dalton's + + + align:start position:0% +Dalton's +okay so here if we think about this part + + align:start position:0% +okay so here if we think about this part + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here if we think about this part +just in cartoon form what's observed is + + align:start position:0% +just in cartoon form what's observed is + + + align:start position:0% +just in cartoon form what's observed is +that there's a cleft for binding ATP or + + align:start position:0% +that there's a cleft for binding ATP or + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a cleft for binding ATP or +ADP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so ATP or ADP binds here okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay so ATP or ADP binds here okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so ATP or ADP binds here okay and +this is also where the nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +this is also where the nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +this is also where the nucleotide +exchange factor grippy will interact + + align:start position:0% +exchange factor grippy will interact + + + align:start position:0% +exchange factor grippy will interact +right because because that's such a job + + align:start position:0% +right because because that's such a job + + + align:start position:0% +right because because that's such a job +as a nucleotide exchange factor is to + + align:start position:0% +as a nucleotide exchange factor is to + + + align:start position:0% +as a nucleotide exchange factor is to +help with that so basically we have you + + align:start position:0% +help with that so basically we have you + + + align:start position:0% +help with that so basically we have you +know grippy here what we see in this + + align:start position:0% +know grippy here what we see in this + + + align:start position:0% +know grippy here what we see in this +domain it's often described as being a + + align:start position:0% +domain it's often described as being a + + + align:start position:0% +domain it's often described as being a +beta sandwich okay plus an alpha helical + + align:start position:0% +beta sandwich okay plus an alpha helical + + + align:start position:0% +beta sandwich okay plus an alpha helical +latch okay and the idea is that this + + align:start position:0% +latch okay and the idea is that this + + + align:start position:0% +latch okay and the idea is that this +latch closes in the presence of the + + align:start position:0% +latch closes in the presence of the + + + align:start position:0% +latch closes in the presence of the +polypeptide okay so effectively if we + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide okay so effectively if we + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide okay so effectively if we +look at this as a cartoon and we'll look + + align:start position:0% +look at this as a cartoon and we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +look at this as a cartoon and we'll look +at actual structures in a minute this + + align:start position:0% +at actual structures in a minute this + + + align:start position:0% +at actual structures in a minute this +peptide binding domain can either be in + + align:start position:0% +peptide binding domain can either be in + + + align:start position:0% +peptide binding domain can either be in +an open forum okay and this is the latch + + align:start position:0% +an open forum okay and this is the latch + + + align:start position:0% +an open forum okay and this is the latch +you have the alpha helical part here's + + align:start position:0% +you have the alpha helical part here's + + + align:start position:0% +you have the alpha helical part here's +the beta sandwich and if there's some + + align:start position:0% +the beta sandwich and if there's some + + + align:start position:0% +the beta sandwich and if there's some +polypeptide to bind what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide to bind what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide to bind what happens is that +the latch closes and you know the + + align:start position:0% +the latch closes and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +the latch closes and you know the +polypeptide is bound here so this is the + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide is bound here so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide is bound here so this is the +closed form okay and this pocket is + + align:start position:0% +closed form okay and this pocket is + + + align:start position:0% +closed form okay and this pocket is +hydrophobic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that makes sense based on what we + + align:start position:0% +and that makes sense based on what we + + + align:start position:0% +and that makes sense based on what we +know about DNA k liking to bind + + align:start position:0% +know about DNA k liking to bind + + + align:start position:0% +know about DNA k liking to bind +hydrophobic stretches so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +hydrophobic stretches so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +hydrophobic stretches so let's look at +some structures of DNA okay I present + + align:start position:0% +some structures of DNA okay I present + + + align:start position:0% +some structures of DNA okay I present +two slides of structures here one from + + align:start position:0% +two slides of structures here one from + + + align:start position:0% +two slides of structures here one from +the assigned review and this other + + align:start position:0% +the assigned review and this other + + + align:start position:0% +the assigned review and this other +version and I'll just focus on this one + + align:start position:0% +version and I'll just focus on this one + + + align:start position:0% +version and I'll just focus on this one +for here so here we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +for here so here we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +for here so here we're looking at the +domain organization what we have here is + + align:start position:0% +domain organization what we have here is + + + align:start position:0% +domain organization what we have here is +the nucleotide binding domain so here's + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide binding domain so here's + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide binding domain so here's +that clef for ATP binding here we're + + align:start position:0% +that clef for ATP binding here we're + + + align:start position:0% +that clef for ATP binding here we're +looking at the peptide binding domain so + + align:start position:0% +looking at the peptide binding domain so + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the peptide binding domain so +the beta sandwich region is in green the + + align:start position:0% +the beta sandwich region is in green the + + + align:start position:0% +the beta sandwich region is in green the +alpha helical latch is in yellow and we + + align:start position:0% +alpha helical latch is in yellow and we + + + align:start position:0% +alpha helical latch is in yellow and we +see that there's a model polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +see that there's a model polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +see that there's a model polypeptide +here and this is in the closed form okay + + align:start position:0% +here and this is in the closed form okay + + + align:start position:0% +here and this is in the closed form okay +here's another view of DNA k with a + + align:start position:0% +here's another view of DNA k with a + + + align:start position:0% +here's another view of DNA k with a +peptide bound so we see the beta + + align:start position:0% +peptide bound so we see the beta + + + align:start position:0% +peptide bound so we see the beta +sandwich here's the alpha helical latch + + align:start position:0% +sandwich here's the alpha helical latch + + + align:start position:0% +sandwich here's the alpha helical latch +this depiction here from the review is + + align:start position:0% +this depiction here from the review is + + + align:start position:0% +this depiction here from the review is +showing the closed and open states and + + align:start position:0% +showing the closed and open states and + + + align:start position:0% +showing the closed and open states and +closed and open as referring to the + + align:start position:0% +closed and open as referring to the + + + align:start position:0% +closed and open as referring to the +green area here okay so don't get + + align:start position:0% +green area here okay so don't get + + + align:start position:0% +green area here okay so don't get +confused with the nuclei by nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +confused with the nuclei by nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +confused with the nuclei by nucleotide +binding domain and how these are shown + + align:start position:0% +binding domain and how these are shown + + + align:start position:0% +binding domain and how these are shown +so what we see here again there's a + + align:start position:0% +so what we see here again there's a + + + align:start position:0% +so what we see here again there's a +bound polypeptide in this peptide + + align:start position:0% +bound polypeptide in this peptide + + + align:start position:0% +bound polypeptide in this peptide +binding domain and here there's no bound + + align:start position:0% +binding domain and here there's no bound + + + align:start position:0% +binding domain and here there's no bound +polypeptide and we see that now this + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide and we see that now this + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide and we see that now this +alpha helical region is sticking up + + align:start position:0% +alpha helical region is sticking up + + + align:start position:0% +alpha helical region is sticking up +there so what about DNA J you consider + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DNA J we're just going to focus on the + + align:start position:0% +DNA J we're just going to focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA J we're just going to focus on the +domain organization and just a more + + align:start position:0% +domain organization and just a more + + + align:start position:0% +domain organization and just a more +simplified view than what's on the slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have two domains okay for DNA k + + align:start position:0% +we have two domains okay for DNA k + + + align:start position:0% +we have two domains okay for DNA k +binding okay and then for you know + + align:start position:0% +binding okay and then for you know + + + align:start position:0% +binding okay and then for you know +peptide binding so DNA k is going to go + + align:start position:0% +peptide binding so DNA k is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +peptide binding so DNA k is going to go +out there and find some polypeptide that + + align:start position:0% +out there and find some polypeptide that + + + align:start position:0% +out there and find some polypeptide that +needs the help of DNA J it's going to + + align:start position:0% +needs the help of DNA J it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +needs the help of DNA J it's going to +bind that polypeptide and deliver it to + + align:start position:0% +bind that polypeptide and deliver it to + + + align:start position:0% +bind that polypeptide and deliver it to +DNA k so effectively it interacts both + + align:start position:0% +DNA k so effectively it interacts both + + + align:start position:0% +DNA k so effectively it interacts both +with the polypeptide substrate and it + + align:start position:0% +with the polypeptide substrate and it + + + align:start position:0% +with the polypeptide substrate and it +also acts with DNA k when delivering + + align:start position:0% +also acts with DNA k when delivering + + + align:start position:0% +also acts with DNA k when delivering +this polypeptide so just to point out + + align:start position:0% +this polypeptide so just to point out + + + align:start position:0% +this polypeptide so just to point out +DNA j as part of an HS p40 family and + + align:start position:0% +DNA j as part of an HS p40 family and + + + align:start position:0% +DNA j as part of an HS p40 family and +these are quite diverse i just + + align:start position:0% +these are quite diverse i just + + + align:start position:0% +these are quite diverse i just +illustrate that from you know the range + + align:start position:0% +illustrate that from you know the range + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate that from you know the range +of different sizes so from about a + + align:start position:0% +of different sizes so from about a + + + align:start position:0% +of different sizes so from about a +hundred to about two thousand amino + + align:start position:0% +hundred to about two thousand amino + + + align:start position:0% +hundred to about two thousand amino +acids and all of these HS p-40s have + + align:start position:0% +acids and all of these HS p-40s have + + + align:start position:0% +acids and all of these HS p-40s have +what's called a j domain and in this + + align:start position:0% +what's called a j domain and in this + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a j domain and in this +more detailed depiction here it's + + align:start position:0% +more detailed depiction here it's + + + align:start position:0% +more detailed depiction here it's +indicated the seventy amino acids at the + + align:start position:0% +indicated the seventy amino acids at the + + + align:start position:0% +indicated the seventy amino acids at the +n-terminus are the j domain and they're + + align:start position:0% +n-terminus are the j domain and they're + + + align:start position:0% +n-terminus are the j domain and they're +important for interacting with DNA k or + + align:start position:0% +important for interacting with DNA k or + + + align:start position:0% +important for interacting with DNA k or +another hsp70 so what about grip ii + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this nucleotide exchange factor so grip + + align:start position:0% +this nucleotide exchange factor so grip + + + align:start position:0% +this nucleotide exchange factor so grip +II is a homodimer okay and if we just + + align:start position:0% +II is a homodimer okay and if we just + + + align:start position:0% +II is a homodimer okay and if we just +look at one monomer and then I'll show + + align:start position:0% +look at one monomer and then I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +look at one monomer and then I'll show +you the structure so in 97 a crystal + + align:start position:0% +you the structure so in 97 a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +you the structure so in 97 a crystal +structure of grip II with a DNA K + + align:start position:0% +structure of grip II with a DNA K + + + align:start position:0% +structure of grip II with a DNA K +nucleotide binding domain was published + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide binding domain was published + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide binding domain was published +and this is what came from that so just + + align:start position:0% +and this is what came from that so just + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what came from that so just +use your imagination maybe I'll draw + + align:start position:0% +use your imagination maybe I'll draw + + + align:start position:0% +use your imagination maybe I'll draw +this a little differently okay basically + + align:start position:0% +this a little differently okay basically + + + align:start position:0% +this a little differently okay basically +what we see with grip ii is that there's + + align:start position:0% +what we see with grip ii is that there's + + + align:start position:0% +what we see with grip ii is that there's +a beta sheet okay and this is the c + + align:start position:0% +a beta sheet okay and this is the c + + + align:start position:0% +a beta sheet okay and this is the c +terminal region and then what we see + + align:start position:0% +terminal region and then what we see + + + align:start position:0% +terminal region and then what we see +here is an extended alpha helix okay and + + align:start position:0% +here is an extended alpha helix okay and + + + align:start position:0% +here is an extended alpha helix okay and +this is the n-terminal region + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is just a cartoon of the + + align:start position:0% +and this is just a cartoon of the + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just a cartoon of the +monomer okay so what happens is that the + + align:start position:0% +monomer okay so what happens is that the + + + align:start position:0% +monomer okay so what happens is that the +grip a homodimer + + align:start position:0% +grip a homodimer + + + align:start position:0% +grip a homodimer +uses one of the beta sheets of one + + align:start position:0% +uses one of the beta sheets of one + + + align:start position:0% +uses one of the beta sheets of one +monomer to insert into that ATP binding + + align:start position:0% +monomer to insert into that ATP binding + + + align:start position:0% +monomer to insert into that ATP binding +cleft here of DNA k okay and when that + + align:start position:0% +cleft here of DNA k okay and when that + + + align:start position:0% +cleft here of DNA k okay and when that +happens it forces it open there so let's + + align:start position:0% +happens it forces it open there so let's + + + align:start position:0% +happens it forces it open there so let's +look at the structure and this is + + align:start position:0% +look at the structure and this is + + + align:start position:0% +look at the structure and this is +something that actually puzzled me for + + align:start position:0% +something that actually puzzled me for + + + align:start position:0% +something that actually puzzled me for +quite some time but there's been a + + align:start position:0% +quite some time but there's been a + + + align:start position:0% +quite some time but there's been a +recent update so this is a crystal + + align:start position:0% +recent update so this is a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +recent update so this is a crystal +structure of grip ii homo dimer so we + + align:start position:0% +structure of grip ii homo dimer so we + + + align:start position:0% +structure of grip ii homo dimer so we +see one monomer in blue and one monomer + + align:start position:0% +see one monomer in blue and one monomer + + + align:start position:0% +see one monomer in blue and one monomer +in green bound to an n-terminal + + align:start position:0% +in green bound to an n-terminal + + + align:start position:0% +in green bound to an n-terminal +nucleotide binding domain of DNA k which + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide binding domain of DNA k which + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide binding domain of DNA k which +is shown in pink okay and so we see the + + align:start position:0% +is shown in pink okay and so we see the + + + align:start position:0% +is shown in pink okay and so we see the +beta sheet region of each monomer we see + + align:start position:0% +beta sheet region of each monomer we see + + + align:start position:0% +beta sheet region of each monomer we see +the extended alpha helix the C terminal + + align:start position:0% +the extended alpha helix the C terminal + + + align:start position:0% +the extended alpha helix the C terminal +end is here the n-terminal end is here + + align:start position:0% +end is here the n-terminal end is here + + + align:start position:0% +end is here the n-terminal end is here +and I note that not shown in this + + align:start position:0% +and I note that not shown in this + + + align:start position:0% +and I note that not shown in this +structure is there's an unfolded region + + align:start position:0% +structure is there's an unfolded region + + + align:start position:0% +structure is there's an unfolded region +after the end here of grippy and so we + + align:start position:0% +after the end here of grippy and so we + + + align:start position:0% +after the end here of grippy and so we +see this nucleotide binding domain + + align:start position:0% +see this nucleotide binding domain + + + align:start position:0% +see this nucleotide binding domain +interacting with one of the beta sheets + + align:start position:0% +interacting with one of the beta sheets + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with one of the beta sheets +so a 1 to 1 stoichiometry okay and so + + align:start position:0% +so a 1 to 1 stoichiometry okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +so a 1 to 1 stoichiometry okay and so +the idea and as we'll see when we go + + align:start position:0% +the idea and as we'll see when we go + + + align:start position:0% +the idea and as we'll see when we go +forth with the cycle is that grip II is + + align:start position:0% +forth with the cycle is that grip II is + + + align:start position:0% +forth with the cycle is that grip II is +inserting the c-terminal beta sheet into + + align:start position:0% +inserting the c-terminal beta sheet into + + + align:start position:0% +inserting the c-terminal beta sheet into +the nucleotide binding class of DNA k ok + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide binding class of DNA k ok + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide binding class of DNA k ok +and this happens for the adp bound form + + align:start position:0% +and this happens for the adp bound form + + + align:start position:0% +and this happens for the adp bound form +and it facilitates ATP release okay so + + align:start position:0% +and it facilitates ATP release okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and it facilitates ATP release okay so +what's going on down here + + align:start position:0% +what's going on down here + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on down here +why is there this extended alpha helix + + align:start position:0% +why is there this extended alpha helix + + + align:start position:0% +why is there this extended alpha helix +and I'll just know there is a study just + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just know there is a study just + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll just know there is a study just +in the past year where interactions + + align:start position:0% +in the past year where interactions + + + align:start position:0% +in the past year where interactions +between DNA k and grip + + align:start position:0% +between DNA k and grip + + + align:start position:0% +between DNA k and grip +e were studied in some more detail so + + align:start position:0% +e were studied in some more detail so + + + align:start position:0% +e were studied in some more detail so +they use them biochemical experiments + + align:start position:0% +they use them biochemical experiments + + + align:start position:0% +they use them biochemical experiments +some cryo-electron microscopy and what + + align:start position:0% +some cryo-electron microscopy and what + + + align:start position:0% +some cryo-electron microscopy and what +they learned is that the interactions + + align:start position:0% +they learned is that the interactions + + + align:start position:0% +they learned is that the interactions +between grippy + + align:start position:0% +between grippy + + + align:start position:0% +between grippy +DNA k are more complex than what's seen + + align:start position:0% +DNA k are more complex than what's seen + + + align:start position:0% +DNA k are more complex than what's seen +here and what they observe in their + + align:start position:0% +here and what they observe in their + + + align:start position:0% +here and what they observe in their +cryo-em is evidence for this n-terminal + + align:start position:0% +cryo-em is evidence for this n-terminal + + + align:start position:0% +cryo-em is evidence for this n-terminal +region interacting with the substrate or + + align:start position:0% +region interacting with the substrate or + + + align:start position:0% +region interacting with the substrate or +polypeptide binding domain of DNA k ok + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide binding domain of DNA k ok + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide binding domain of DNA k ok +so there's some dynamics and flexibility + + align:start position:0% +so there's some dynamics and flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some dynamics and flexibility +that we can't appreciate from this + + align:start position:0% +that we can't appreciate from this + + + align:start position:0% +that we can't appreciate from this +crystal structure and so that begs into + + align:start position:0% +crystal structure and so that begs into + + + align:start position:0% +crystal structure and so that begs into +question how else is grippy facilitating + + align:start position:0% +question how else is grippy facilitating + + + align:start position:0% +question how else is grippy facilitating +this cycle and modulating conformation + + align:start position:0% +this cycle and modulating conformation + + + align:start position:0% +this cycle and modulating conformation +and function of DNA k so you're not + + align:start position:0% +and function of DNA k so you're not + + + align:start position:0% +and function of DNA k so you're not +responsible for these details but if + + align:start position:0% +responsible for these details but if + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for these details but if +it's something you're curious about I've + + align:start position:0% +it's something you're curious about I've + + + align:start position:0% +it's something you're curious about I've +included the reference so effectively + + align:start position:0% +included the reference so effectively + + + align:start position:0% +included the reference so effectively +grip e accelerates the release of ADP + + align:start position:0% +grip e accelerates the release of ADP + + + align:start position:0% +grip e accelerates the release of ADP +and that in turn promotes binding of ATP + + align:start position:0% +and that in turn promotes binding of ATP + + + align:start position:0% +and that in turn promotes binding of ATP +so what is the functional cycle and + + align:start position:0% +so what is the functional cycle and + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the functional cycle and +we'll look at this depiction here + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at this depiction here + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at this depiction here +there's another depiction in the notes + + align:start position:0% +there's another depiction in the notes + + + align:start position:0% +there's another depiction in the notes +from the reading this is the current + + align:start position:0% +from the reading this is the current + + + align:start position:0% +from the reading this is the current +model and in this model we're going to + + align:start position:0% +model and in this model we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +model and in this model we're going to +start here so what do we see we have DNA + + align:start position:0% +start here so what do we see we have DNA + + + align:start position:0% +start here so what do we see we have DNA +K in the ATP bound form so we have the + + align:start position:0% +K in the ATP bound form so we have the + + + align:start position:0% +K in the ATP bound form so we have the +two domains right the nucleotide binding + + align:start position:0% +two domains right the nucleotide binding + + + align:start position:0% +two domains right the nucleotide binding +domain and here the polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +domain and here the polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +domain and here the polypeptide +substrate binding domain and in this + + align:start position:0% +substrate binding domain and in this + + + align:start position:0% +substrate binding domain and in this +cartoon we see that alpha helical latch + + align:start position:0% +cartoon we see that alpha helical latch + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon we see that alpha helical latch +is open + + align:start position:0% +is open + + + align:start position:0% +is open +so no polypeptides bound okay and what + + align:start position:0% +so no polypeptides bound okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +so no polypeptides bound okay and what +we also see is that the ATPase activity + + align:start position:0% +we also see is that the ATPase activity + + + align:start position:0% +we also see is that the ATPase activity +here is very very low okay so DNA K is + + align:start position:0% +here is very very low okay so DNA K is + + + align:start position:0% +here is very very low okay so DNA K is +not hydrolyzing its ATP so then what + + align:start position:0% +not hydrolyzing its ATP so then what + + + align:start position:0% +not hydrolyzing its ATP so then what +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +DMA K the sorry DNA J the coast + + align:start position:0% +DMA K the sorry DNA J the coast + + + align:start position:0% +DMA K the sorry DNA J the coast +chaperone has found some polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +chaperone has found some polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +chaperone has found some polypeptide +substrate indicated by this S that needs + + align:start position:0% +substrate indicated by this S that needs + + + align:start position:0% +substrate indicated by this S that needs +the help of DNA + + align:start position:0% +the help of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +the help of DNA +okay so there's J binds the polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's J binds the polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's J binds the polypeptide +substrate and it delivers a polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +substrate and it delivers a polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +substrate and it delivers a polypeptide +to DNA K okay so what does this cartoon + + align:start position:0% +to DNA K okay so what does this cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +to DNA K okay so what does this cartoon +tell us it tells us that J is + + align:start position:0% +tell us it tells us that J is + + + align:start position:0% +tell us it tells us that J is +interacting with K and here we see the + + align:start position:0% +interacting with K and here we see the + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with K and here we see the +polypeptide substrate being delivered + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide substrate being delivered + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide substrate being delivered +okay so when DNA K is in the ATP bound + + align:start position:0% +okay so when DNA K is in the ATP bound + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when DNA K is in the ATP bound +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +it finds peptides with relatively low + + align:start position:0% +it finds peptides with relatively low + + + align:start position:0% +it finds peptides with relatively low +affinity and in a reversible manner so + + align:start position:0% +affinity and in a reversible manner so + + + align:start position:0% +affinity and in a reversible manner so +there's fast it's just exchange that + + align:start position:0% +there's fast it's just exchange that + + + align:start position:0% +there's fast it's just exchange that +polypeptides going to come on and off + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides going to come on and off + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides going to come on and off +and when DNA J binds and delivers the + + align:start position:0% +and when DNA J binds and delivers the + + + align:start position:0% +and when DNA J binds and delivers the +polypeptide it activates the ATPase + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide it activates the ATPase + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide it activates the ATPase +activity of DNA k okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +activity of DNA k okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +activity of DNA k okay so that's +indicated here + + align:start position:0% +indicated here + + + align:start position:0% +indicated here +so the ATPase activity is enhanced + + align:start position:0% +so the ATPase activity is enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +so the ATPase activity is enhanced +substantially so you can compare the + + align:start position:0% +substantially so you can compare the + + + align:start position:0% +substantially so you can compare the +values for some quantitative insight + + align:start position:0% +values for some quantitative insight + + + align:start position:0% +values for some quantitative insight +there's ATP hydrolysis ATP hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +there's ATP hydrolysis ATP hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +there's ATP hydrolysis ATP hydrolysis +results in release of DNA J and P I so + + align:start position:0% +results in release of DNA J and P I so + + + align:start position:0% +results in release of DNA J and P I so +now what do we have ATP hydrolyzed and + + align:start position:0% +now what do we have ATP hydrolyzed and + + + align:start position:0% +now what do we have ATP hydrolyzed and +now we have ADP bound in the nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +now we have ADP bound in the nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +now we have ADP bound in the nucleotide +binding domain and what do we see the + + align:start position:0% +binding domain and what do we see the + + + align:start position:0% +binding domain and what do we see the +latch has closed okay open closed so + + align:start position:0% +latch has closed okay open closed so + + + align:start position:0% +latch has closed okay open closed so +like what we saw in the structures with + + align:start position:0% +like what we saw in the structures with + + + align:start position:0% +like what we saw in the structures with +those male model polypeptides bound we + + align:start position:0% +those male model polypeptides bound we + + + align:start position:0% +those male model polypeptides bound we +have the substrate clamped in this latch + + align:start position:0% +have the substrate clamped in this latch + + + align:start position:0% +have the substrate clamped in this latch +so here we have a form of DNA k that + + align:start position:0% +so here we have a form of DNA k that + + + align:start position:0% +so here we have a form of DNA k that +binds the polypeptide with high affinity + + align:start position:0% +binds the polypeptide with high affinity + + + align:start position:0% +binds the polypeptide with high affinity +and slow exchange so this state is + + align:start position:0% +and slow exchange so this state is + + + align:start position:0% +and slow exchange so this state is +considered to be long lived on the order + + align:start position:0% +considered to be long lived on the order + + + align:start position:0% +considered to be long lived on the order +of ten to fifteen seconds so the + + align:start position:0% +of ten to fifteen seconds so the + + + align:start position:0% +of ten to fifteen seconds so the +question is if this is binding the + + align:start position:0% +question is if this is binding the + + + align:start position:0% +question is if this is binding the +polypeptide with high affinity and slow + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide with high affinity and slow + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide with high affinity and slow +exchange how do we release it right and + + align:start position:0% +exchange how do we release it right and + + + align:start position:0% +exchange how do we release it right and +that's where this nucleotide exchange + + align:start position:0% +that's where this nucleotide exchange + + + align:start position:0% +that's where this nucleotide exchange +factor grip e comes into play so here + + align:start position:0% +factor grip e comes into play so here + + + align:start position:0% +factor grip e comes into play so here +comes a long grip e grippy binds grippy + + align:start position:0% +comes a long grip e grippy binds grippy + + + align:start position:0% +comes a long grip e grippy binds grippy +binding results in release of adp from + + align:start position:0% +binding results in release of adp from + + + align:start position:0% +binding results in release of adp from +the nucleotide binding domain okay so + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide binding domain okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleotide binding domain okay so +grippy is inserting its beta sheet into + + align:start position:0% +grippy is inserting its beta sheet into + + + align:start position:0% +grippy is inserting its beta sheet into +that clef and it looks like something + + align:start position:0% +that clef and it looks like something + + + align:start position:0% +that clef and it looks like something +else is happening with that long alpha + + align:start position:0% +else is happening with that long alpha + + + align:start position:0% +else is happening with that long alpha +helix to facilitate this but this was + + align:start position:0% +helix to facilitate this but this was + + + align:start position:0% +helix to facilitate this but this was +drawn before that 2015 study so we just + + align:start position:0% +drawn before that 2015 study so we just + + + align:start position:0% +drawn before that 2015 study so we just +see it interacting here but imagine that + + align:start position:0% +see it interacting here but imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +see it interacting here but imagine that +this region here is maybe interacting + + align:start position:0% +this region here is maybe interacting + + + align:start position:0% +this region here is maybe interacting +down here and doing something to + + align:start position:0% +down here and doing something to + + + align:start position:0% +down here and doing something to +facilitate peptide release so now what + + align:start position:0% +facilitate peptide release so now what + + + align:start position:0% +facilitate peptide release so now what +know nucleotides bound according to this + + align:start position:0% +know nucleotides bound according to this + + + align:start position:0% +know nucleotides bound according to this +model since the ADP is released ATP + + align:start position:0% +model since the ADP is released ATP + + + align:start position:0% +model since the ADP is released ATP +binding is facility + + align:start position:0% +binding is facility + + + align:start position:0% +binding is facility +hated so ATP combined and what do we see + + align:start position:0% +hated so ATP combined and what do we see + + + align:start position:0% +hated so ATP combined and what do we see +there's release of the peptide release + + align:start position:0% +there's release of the peptide release + + + align:start position:0% +there's release of the peptide release +of grip II and this cycle can start over + + align:start position:0% +of grip II and this cycle can start over + + + align:start position:0% +of grip II and this cycle can start over +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +okay so effectively release of ADP is + + align:start position:0% +okay so effectively release of ADP is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so effectively release of ADP is +accelerated about 5,000 fold from the + + align:start position:0% +accelerated about 5,000 fold from the + + + align:start position:0% +accelerated about 5,000 fold from the +action of grip II right and so grip is + + align:start position:0% +action of grip II right and so grip is + + + align:start position:0% +action of grip II right and so grip is +called a thermo sensor and can begin to + + align:start position:0% +called a thermo sensor and can begin to + + + align:start position:0% +called a thermo sensor and can begin to +think about why that might be if say + + align:start position:0% +think about why that might be if say + + + align:start position:0% +think about why that might be if say +there's condition of heat shock or + + align:start position:0% +there's condition of heat shock or + + + align:start position:0% +there's condition of heat shock or +stress maybe the cell wants DNA k to be + + align:start position:0% +stress maybe the cell wants DNA k to be + + + align:start position:0% +stress maybe the cell wants DNA k to be +able to hold on to this polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +able to hold on to this polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +able to hold on to this polypeptide +rather than release it so grip II won't + + align:start position:0% +rather than release it so grip II won't + + + align:start position:0% +rather than release it so grip II won't +be doing its job under those conditions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so another example of ATP binding and + + align:start position:0% +so another example of ATP binding and + + + align:start position:0% +so another example of ATP binding and +hydrolysis you know modulating activity + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis you know modulating activity + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis you know modulating activity +of these chaperones so we need to think + + align:start position:0% +of these chaperones so we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +of these chaperones so we need to think +about what are the substrates for DNA KJ + + align:start position:0% +about what are the substrates for DNA KJ + + + align:start position:0% +about what are the substrates for DNA KJ +and what is this chaperone system doing + + align:start position:0% +and what is this chaperone system doing + + + align:start position:0% +and what is this chaperone system doing +right so we defined possibilities as + + align:start position:0% +right so we defined possibilities as + + + align:start position:0% +right so we defined possibilities as +full bases right like what we saw with + + align:start position:0% +full bases right like what we saw with + + + align:start position:0% +full bases right like what we saw with +Gro yell hold aces unfold aces what's + + align:start position:0% +Gro yell hold aces unfold aces what's + + + align:start position:0% +Gro yell hold aces unfold aces what's +what's happening here and so in thinking + + align:start position:0% +what's happening here and so in thinking + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening here and so in thinking +about the in vitro substrates what are + + align:start position:0% +about the in vitro substrates what are + + + align:start position:0% +about the in vitro substrates what are +the experiments we're going to do there + + align:start position:0% +the experiments we're going to do there + + + align:start position:0% +the experiments we're going to do there +sorry in vivo substrates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so can we take the method used for grow + + align:start position:0% +so can we take the method used for grow + + + align:start position:0% +so can we take the method used for grow +Al Groh yes and adapt it to the system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are you convinced that method was useful + + align:start position:0% +are you convinced that method was useful + + + align:start position:0% +are you convinced that method was useful +or are you down on that method yeah + + align:start position:0% +or are you down on that method yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or are you down on that method yeah +right it can be adapted right so can + + align:start position:0% +right it can be adapted right so can + + + align:start position:0% +right it can be adapted right so can +imagine again going to do pulse chase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and can imagine the same + + align:start position:0% +here and can imagine the same + + + align:start position:0% +here and can imagine the same +experiments where we have our E coli + + align:start position:0% +experiments where we have our E coli + + + align:start position:0% +experiments where we have our E coli +with no methionine to deplete right we + + align:start position:0% +with no methionine to deplete right we + + + align:start position:0% +with no methionine to deplete right we +can pulse with radio labeled Messiaen + + align:start position:0% +can pulse with radio labeled Messiaen + + + align:start position:0% +can pulse with radio labeled Messiaen +een again fifteen seconds thirty degrees + + align:start position:0% +een again fifteen seconds thirty degrees + + + align:start position:0% +een again fifteen seconds thirty degrees +celsius to let us see newly synthesized + + align:start position:0% +celsius to let us see newly synthesized + + + align:start position:0% +celsius to let us see newly synthesized +polypeptides and this gives us a way to + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides and this gives us a way to + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptides and this gives us a way to +ask what newly synthesized polypeptides + + align:start position:0% +ask what newly synthesized polypeptides + + + align:start position:0% +ask what newly synthesized polypeptides +to DNA k j act on right then we can + + align:start position:0% +to DNA k j act on right then we can + + + align:start position:0% +to DNA k j act on right then we can +chase with excess unlabeled methionine + + align:start position:0% +chase with excess unlabeled methionine + + + align:start position:0% +chase with excess unlabeled methionine +okay for ten minutes okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again can take samples at varying + + align:start position:0% +and again can take samples at varying + + + align:start position:0% +and again can take samples at varying +times okay do rapid lysis okay and in + + align:start position:0% +times okay do rapid lysis okay and in + + + align:start position:0% +times okay do rapid lysis okay and in +this case rather than using EDTA to + + align:start position:0% +this case rather than using EDTA to + + + align:start position:0% +this case rather than using EDTA to +quench what they did is do rapid ATP + + align:start position:0% +quench what they did is do rapid ATP + + + align:start position:0% +quench what they did is do rapid ATP +removal by adding an ATPase here so just + + align:start position:0% +removal by adding an ATPase here so just + + + align:start position:0% +removal by adding an ATPase here so just +to realize that their semen variations + + align:start position:0% +to realize that their semen variations + + + align:start position:0% +to realize that their semen variations +in terms of how you can quench these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what do they find and we'll go + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do they find and we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do they find and we'll go +over the data in more detail starting on + + align:start position:0% +over the data in more detail starting on + + + align:start position:0% +over the data in more detail starting on +Monday and what do they need to do to + + align:start position:0% +Monday and what do they need to do to + + + align:start position:0% +Monday and what do they need to do to +find that right so in this case they + + align:start position:0% +find that right so in this case they + + + align:start position:0% +find that right so in this case they +need an antibody to DNA k if there's + + align:start position:0% +need an antibody to DNA k if there's + + + align:start position:0% +need an antibody to DNA k if there's +going to be an immuno precipitation + + align:start position:0% +going to be an immuno precipitation + + + align:start position:0% +going to be an immuno precipitation +right okay so in these experiments + + align:start position:0% +right okay so in these experiments + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so in these experiments +effectively wear to this point the + + align:start position:0% +effectively wear to this point the + + + align:start position:0% +effectively wear to this point the +immunoprecipitated with their DNA k + + align:start position:0% +immunoprecipitated with their DNA k + + + align:start position:0% +immunoprecipitated with their DNA k +antibody of course the specificity of + + align:start position:0% +antibody of course the specificity of + + + align:start position:0% +antibody of course the specificity of +this antibody needed to be studied and + + align:start position:0% +this antibody needed to be studied and + + + align:start position:0% +this antibody needed to be studied and +then they used SDS page to analyze the + + align:start position:0% +then they used SDS page to analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +then they used SDS page to analyze the +amino precipitates and so what we'll see + + align:start position:0% +amino precipitates and so what we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +amino precipitates and so what we'll see +when we discuss the data next time + + align:start position:0% +when we discuss the data next time + + + align:start position:0% +when we discuss the data next time +the experiments were analogous to what + + align:start position:0% +the experiments were analogous to what + + + align:start position:0% +the experiments were analogous to what +was done with Gro Iago yes but a few + + align:start position:0% +was done with Gro Iago yes but a few + + + align:start position:0% +was done with Gro Iago yes but a few +differences they were less sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +differences they were less sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +differences they were less sophisticated +in terms of the approach + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the approach + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the approach +so they used just standard 1d SDS page + + align:start position:0% +so they used just standard 1d SDS page + + + align:start position:0% +so they used just standard 1d SDS page +rather than 2d and they didn't go + + align:start position:0% +rather than 2d and they didn't go + + + align:start position:0% +rather than 2d and they didn't go +through the process of doing trypsin + + align:start position:0% +through the process of doing trypsin + + + align:start position:0% +through the process of doing trypsin +digestion mass spec to identify the + + align:start position:0% +digestion mass spec to identify the + + + align:start position:0% +digestion mass spec to identify the +polypeptide so it's more of a + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide so it's more of a + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide so it's more of a +qualitative look but we're gonna ask + + align:start position:0% +qualitative look but we're gonna ask + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative look but we're gonna ask +starting on Monday what did they learn + + align:start position:0% +starting on Monday what did they learn + + + align:start position:0% +starting on Monday what did they learn +from analyzing these gels about the + + align:start position:0% +from analyzing these gels about the + + + align:start position:0% +from analyzing these gels about the +substrate scope of DNA KJ and then we + + align:start position:0% +substrate scope of DNA KJ and then we + + + align:start position:0% +substrate scope of DNA KJ and then we +have to ask the question how does that + + align:start position:0% +have to ask the question how does that + + + align:start position:0% +have to ask the question how does that +help our understanding in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +help our understanding in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +help our understanding in terms of the +type of chaperone activity that's + + align:start position:0% +type of chaperone activity that's + + + align:start position:0% +type of chaperone activity that's +occurring okay so with that I'll close + + align:start position:0% +occurring okay so with that I'll close + + + align:start position:0% +occurring okay so with that I'll close +we'll end the chaperone unit with those + + align:start position:0% +we'll end the chaperone unit with those + + + align:start position:0% +we'll end the chaperone unit with those +experiments on Monday and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +experiments on Monday and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +experiments on Monday and then we'll +transition into module three on the + + align:start position:0% +transition into module three on the + + + align:start position:0% +transition into module three on the +proteasome and degradation chambers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/o8sje-b-BCk.txt b/o8sje-b-BCk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d8bfb02a74ec9684501174b63b2c1f3334a9f8f --- /dev/null +++ b/o8sje-b-BCk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi professor thompson + + align:start position:0% +hi professor thompson + + + align:start position:0% +hi professor thompson +can i ask a question about the + + align:start position:0% +can i ask a question about the + + + align:start position:0% +can i ask a question about the +incoming factor on the sileski equation + + align:start position:0% +incoming factor on the sileski equation + + + align:start position:0% +incoming factor on the sileski equation +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +i noticed that in the last lecture + + align:start position:0% +i noticed that in the last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +i noticed that in the last lecture +slides the incoming factor you note that + + align:start position:0% +slides the incoming factor you note that + + + align:start position:0% +slides the incoming factor you note that +it was x multiply + + align:start position:0% +it was x multiply + + + align:start position:0% +it was x multiply +delta x over + + align:start position:0% +delta x over + + + align:start position:0% +delta x over +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +why it is not minus x multiply delta x + + align:start position:0% +why it is not minus x multiply delta x + + + align:start position:0% +why it is not minus x multiply delta x +over delta y + + align:start position:0% +over delta y + + + align:start position:0% +over delta y +you're wondering about the sign + + align:start position:0% +you're wondering about the sign + + + align:start position:0% +you're wondering about the sign +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah it is confusing because um + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is confusing because um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it is confusing because um +the way that equation is written it + + align:start position:0% +the way that equation is written it + + + align:start position:0% +the way that equation is written it +looks as if of course um + + align:start position:0% +looks as if of course um + + + align:start position:0% +looks as if of course um +i can't remember which way is it written + + align:start position:0% +i can't remember which way is it written + + + align:start position:0% +i can't remember which way is it written +minus right + + align:start position:0% +minus right + + + align:start position:0% +minus right +yeah miners + + align:start position:0% +yeah miners + + + align:start position:0% +yeah miners +subtracting the income effect + + align:start position:0% +subtracting the income effect + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting the income effect +but the uh + + align:start position:0% +but the uh + + + align:start position:0% +but the uh +the graph on the previous slide + + align:start position:0% +the graph on the previous slide + + + align:start position:0% +the graph on the previous slide +says we're kind of adding the income + + align:start position:0% +says we're kind of adding the income + + + align:start position:0% +says we're kind of adding the income +effect if prices go down and income + + align:start position:0% +effect if prices go down and income + + + align:start position:0% +effect if prices go down and income +effectively increases then you you buy + + align:start position:0% +effectively increases then you you buy + + + align:start position:0% +effectively increases then you you buy +more than you would if you held income + + align:start position:0% +more than you would if you held income + + + align:start position:0% +more than you would if you held income +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +so the the answer to the puzzle is + + align:start position:0% +so the the answer to the puzzle is + + + align:start position:0% +so the the answer to the puzzle is +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +uh the demand curve + + align:start position:0% +uh the demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +uh the demand curve +figures have + + align:start position:0% +figures have + + + align:start position:0% +figures have +uh reversed + + align:start position:0% +uh reversed + + + align:start position:0% +uh reversed +the dependent and the indi independent + + align:start position:0% +the dependent and the indi independent + + + align:start position:0% +the dependent and the indi independent +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +that is to say we usually write d y d x + + align:start position:0% +that is to say we usually write d y d x + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say we usually write d y d x +where y is the dependent variable x is + + align:start position:0% +where y is the dependent variable x is + + + align:start position:0% +where y is the dependent variable x is +the right hand side independent variable + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side independent variable + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side independent variable +but the demand curves actually you know + + align:start position:0% +but the demand curves actually you know + + + align:start position:0% +but the demand curves actually you know +put price + + align:start position:0% +put price + + + align:start position:0% +put price +on the y axis + + align:start position:0% +on the y axis + + + align:start position:0% +on the y axis +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so it's the inverse slope + + align:start position:0% +so it's the inverse slope + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the inverse slope +if that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +if that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +if that makes sense +so the + + align:start position:0% +so the + + + align:start position:0% +so the +the the slope d y d x as written in that + + align:start position:0% +the the slope d y d x as written in that + + + align:start position:0% +the the slope d y d x as written in that +slutsky equation is the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +slutsky equation is the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +slutsky equation is the inverse of the +slope in the diagram + + align:start position:0% +slope in the diagram + + + align:start position:0% +slope in the diagram +okay thank you + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +but don't worry i stumbled over that + + align:start position:0% +but don't worry i stumbled over that + + + align:start position:0% +but don't worry i stumbled over that +myself + + align:start position:0% +myself + + + align:start position:0% +myself +i was + + align:start position:0% +i was + + + align:start position:0% +i was +pumping it and i actually asked michael + + align:start position:0% +pumping it and i actually asked michael + + + align:start position:0% +pumping it and i actually asked michael +to look at it and i'd forgotten that + + align:start position:0% +to look at it and i'd forgotten that + + + align:start position:0% +to look at it and i'd forgotten that +that strange labeling that we use so it + + align:start position:0% +that strange labeling that we use so it + + + align:start position:0% +that strange labeling that we use so it +is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit +unusual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you for asking the question i do + + align:start position:0% +thank you for asking the question i do + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for asking the question i do +always start the class so you got us off + + align:start position:0% +always start the class so you got us off + + + align:start position:0% +always start the class so you got us off +slightly early but that's fine are there + + align:start position:0% +slightly early but that's fine are there + + + align:start position:0% +slightly early but that's fine are there +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +the reading list for this lecture + + align:start position:0% +the reading list for this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +the reading list for this lecture +it's just one starred reading here kreps + + align:start position:0% +it's just one starred reading here kreps + + + align:start position:0% +it's just one starred reading here kreps +chapter seven so again a lot but not all + + align:start position:0% +chapter seven so again a lot but not all + + + align:start position:0% +chapter seven so again a lot but not all +of the material today is in that text + + align:start position:0% +of the material today is in that text + + + align:start position:0% +of the material today is in that text +and it starred for reason i think you + + align:start position:0% +and it starred for reason i think you + + + align:start position:0% +and it starred for reason i think you +will find it to be very helpful to read + + align:start position:0% +will find it to be very helpful to read + + + align:start position:0% +will find it to be very helpful to read +through it let's see so that's that and + + align:start position:0% +through it let's see so that's that and + + + align:start position:0% +through it let's see so that's that and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +the study guide from what we did last + + align:start position:0% +the study guide from what we did last + + + align:start position:0% +the study guide from what we did last +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +okay uh income and substitution effects + + align:start position:0% +okay uh income and substitution effects + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh income and substitution effects +can someone volunteer to answer + + align:start position:0% +can someone volunteer to answer + + + align:start position:0% +can someone volunteer to answer +this request to discuss engel's law + + align:start position:0% +this request to discuss engel's law + + + align:start position:0% +this request to discuss engel's law +be as + + align:start position:0% +be as + + + align:start position:0% +be as +clear as + + align:start position:0% +clear as + + + align:start position:0% +clear as +the data used and + + align:start position:0% +the data used and + + + align:start position:0% +the data used and +what you would find if you + + align:start position:0% +what you would find if you + + + align:start position:0% +what you would find if you +look at the data properly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +income is spent on food right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the higher is your income + + align:start position:0% +the higher is your income + + + align:start position:0% +the higher is your income +some goods expenditure shares go + + align:start position:0% +some goods expenditure shares go + + + align:start position:0% +some goods expenditure shares go +up and some expenditure shares go down + + align:start position:0% +up and some expenditure shares go down + + + align:start position:0% +up and some expenditure shares go down +so the exact statement of it was i guess + + align:start position:0% +so the exact statement of it was i guess + + + align:start position:0% +so the exact statement of it was i guess +in this figure with the data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +food is a necessity so the consumption + + align:start position:0% +food is a necessity so the consumption + + + align:start position:0% +food is a necessity so the consumption +actually goes down + + align:start position:0% +actually goes down + + + align:start position:0% +actually goes down +or rises less rapidly than income does + + align:start position:0% +or rises less rapidly than income does + + + align:start position:0% +or rises less rapidly than income does +so thank you + + align:start position:0% +so thank you + + + align:start position:0% +so thank you +so that's where it is in the lecture + + align:start position:0% +so that's where it is in the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +so that's where it is in the lecture +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +one comment i have this is about um + + align:start position:0% +one comment i have this is about um + + + align:start position:0% +one comment i have this is about um +expenditure + + align:start position:0% +expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure +shares it doesn't say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the quantity of food + + align:start position:0% +the quantity of food + + + align:start position:0% +the quantity of food +it says times quantity of food is going + + align:start position:0% +it says times quantity of food is going + + + align:start position:0% +it says times quantity of food is going +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +so expenditures for food are going up it + + align:start position:0% +so expenditures for food are going up it + + + align:start position:0% +so expenditures for food are going up it +could be a normal good but it's not + + align:start position:0% +could be a normal good but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +could be a normal good but it's not +going up as fast + + align:start position:0% +going up as fast + + + align:start position:0% +going up as fast +as total income is going up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +last time i drew what i called an income + + align:start position:0% +last time i drew what i called an income + + + align:start position:0% +last time i drew what i called an income +expansion path which traces out the + + align:start position:0% +expansion path which traces out the + + + align:start position:0% +expansion path which traces out the +locus of tangencies as income rises + + align:start position:0% +locus of tangencies as income rises + + + align:start position:0% +locus of tangencies as income rises +holding prices fixed + + align:start position:0% +holding prices fixed + + + align:start position:0% +holding prices fixed +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if they were linear + + align:start position:0% +if they were linear + + + align:start position:0% +if they were linear +then the expenditure shares + + align:start position:0% +then the expenditure shares + + + align:start position:0% +then the expenditure shares +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +constant that is to say income goes up + + align:start position:0% +constant that is to say income goes up + + + align:start position:0% +constant that is to say income goes up +the amount spent on the first good good + + align:start position:0% +the amount spent on the first good good + + + align:start position:0% +the amount spent on the first good good +the amount spent on the second good goes + + align:start position:0% +the amount spent on the second good goes + + + align:start position:0% +the amount spent on the second good goes +up everything is rising proportionally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in order to get + + align:start position:0% +in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +in order to get +the expenditure share to be not rising + + align:start position:0% +the expenditure share to be not rising + + + align:start position:0% +the expenditure share to be not rising +as fast for food + + align:start position:0% +as fast for food + + + align:start position:0% +as fast for food +you have to have those + + align:start position:0% +you have to have those + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have those +income expansion paths be somewhat + + align:start position:0% +income expansion paths be somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +income expansion paths be somewhat +curved + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +you don't get a proportional rise + + align:start position:0% +you don't get a proportional rise + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get a proportional rise +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +food i'm really answering a question + + align:start position:0% +food i'm really answering a question + + + align:start position:0% +food i'm really answering a question +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +asked in class last time or at least + + align:start position:0% +asked in class last time or at least + + + align:start position:0% +asked in class last time or at least +what i thought about afterwards might be + + align:start position:0% +what i thought about afterwards might be + + + align:start position:0% +what i thought about afterwards might be +helpful + + align:start position:0% +helpful + + + align:start position:0% +helpful +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +another way to say this we talked about + + align:start position:0% +another way to say this we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +another way to say this we talked about +giffin goods oh well maybe that's a + + align:start position:0% +giffin goods oh well maybe that's a + + + align:start position:0% +giffin goods oh well maybe that's a +question so someone volunteered to tell + + align:start position:0% +question so someone volunteered to tell + + + align:start position:0% +question so someone volunteered to tell +me what is the gif and good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +it's when the price and the quantity + + align:start position:0% +it's when the price and the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +it's when the price and the quantity +demanded move in the same direction so + + align:start position:0% +demanded move in the same direction so + + + align:start position:0% +demanded move in the same direction so +like if the price of something goes up + + align:start position:0% +like if the price of something goes up + + + align:start position:0% +like if the price of something goes up +then you want then you buy more of it + + align:start position:0% +then you want then you buy more of it + + + align:start position:0% +then you want then you buy more of it +that's right + + align:start position:0% +that's right + + + align:start position:0% +that's right +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +perfect perfect answer so the point is + + align:start position:0% +perfect perfect answer so the point is + + + align:start position:0% +perfect perfect answer so the point is +the quantity is what we have in mind + + align:start position:0% +the quantity is what we have in mind + + + align:start position:0% +the quantity is what we have in mind +when we talk about given goods not + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about given goods not + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about given goods not +price times quantity not expenditure + + align:start position:0% +price times quantity not expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +price times quantity not expenditure +shares + + align:start position:0% +shares + + + align:start position:0% +shares +what creates a given good is + + align:start position:0% +what creates a given good is + + + align:start position:0% +what creates a given good is +a good which is + + align:start position:0% +a good which is + + + align:start position:0% +a good which is +is not normal that is to say + + align:start position:0% +is not normal that is to say + + + align:start position:0% +is not normal that is to say +where expenditures are + + align:start position:0% +where expenditures are + + + align:start position:0% +where expenditures are +falling relatively speaking as we + + align:start position:0% +falling relatively speaking as we + + + align:start position:0% +falling relatively speaking as we +increase income + + align:start position:0% +increase income + + + align:start position:0% +increase income +and the point is there's two effects of + + align:start position:0% +and the point is there's two effects of + + + align:start position:0% +and the point is there's two effects of +price changes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +english law is about income changes + + align:start position:0% +english law is about income changes + + + align:start position:0% +english law is about income changes +giffen's paradox is about a price change + + align:start position:0% +giffen's paradox is about a price change + + + align:start position:0% +giffen's paradox is about a price change +but the price change can be broken into + + align:start position:0% +but the price change can be broken into + + + align:start position:0% +but the price change can be broken into +two pieces + + align:start position:0% +two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +two pieces +the substitution effect and the + + align:start position:0% +the substitution effect and the + + + align:start position:0% +the substitution effect and the +consequent income effect + + align:start position:0% +consequent income effect + + + align:start position:0% +consequent income effect +and the substitution effect does mean + + align:start position:0% +and the substitution effect does mean + + + align:start position:0% +and the substitution effect does mean +that as price goes + + align:start position:0% +that as price goes + + + align:start position:0% +that as price goes +up you would demand less + + align:start position:0% +up you would demand less + + + align:start position:0% +up you would demand less +but the income effect means that as + + align:start position:0% +but the income effect means that as + + + align:start position:0% +but the income effect means that as +price goes up you have effectively less + + align:start position:0% +price goes up you have effectively less + + + align:start position:0% +price goes up you have effectively less +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +and if it's a necessity then you're + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a necessity then you're + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a necessity then you're +going to spend relatively less on that + + align:start position:0% +going to spend relatively less on that + + + align:start position:0% +going to spend relatively less on that +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +so that's the + + align:start position:0% +so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the +tends to make the quantity go + + align:start position:0% +tends to make the quantity go + + + align:start position:0% +tends to make the quantity go +down so it's about a income effect + + align:start position:0% +down so it's about a income effect + + + align:start position:0% +down so it's about a income effect +dominating the price effect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with implications for quantities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i hope that's helpful another way to say + + align:start position:0% +i hope that's helpful another way to say + + + align:start position:0% +i hope that's helpful another way to say +this is when we look at income expansion + + align:start position:0% +this is when we look at income expansion + + + align:start position:0% +this is when we look at income expansion +paths + + align:start position:0% +paths + + + align:start position:0% +paths +just changing income we're not moving + + align:start position:0% +just changing income we're not moving + + + align:start position:0% +just changing income we're not moving +the price around at all + + align:start position:0% +the price around at all + + + align:start position:0% +the price around at all +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and we are assuming somehow you can make + + align:start position:0% +and we are assuming somehow you can make + + + align:start position:0% +and we are assuming somehow you can make +comparisons across the different income + + align:start position:0% +comparisons across the different income + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons across the different income +groups + + align:start position:0% +groups + + + align:start position:0% +groups +that they're all facing the same prices + + align:start position:0% +that they're all facing the same prices + + + align:start position:0% +that they're all facing the same prices +it's just that some people have more + + align:start position:0% +it's just that some people have more + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that some people have more +income than others + + align:start position:0% +income than others + + + align:start position:0% +income than others +which is effectively what would happen + + align:start position:0% +which is effectively what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +which is effectively what would happen +for a given individual individual if + + align:start position:0% +for a given individual individual if + + + align:start position:0% +for a given individual individual if +somehow a poor individual + + align:start position:0% +somehow a poor individual + + + align:start position:0% +somehow a poor individual +were given more + + align:start position:0% +were given more + + + align:start position:0% +were given more +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +but it's all about + + align:start position:0% +but it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +but it's all about +moving income around in the cross + + align:start position:0% +moving income around in the cross + + + align:start position:0% +moving income around in the cross +section or as if over time for a given + + align:start position:0% +section or as if over time for a given + + + align:start position:0% +section or as if over time for a given +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +holding the prices fixed whereas the + + align:start position:0% +holding the prices fixed whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +holding the prices fixed whereas the +giffin good + + align:start position:0% +giffin good + + + align:start position:0% +giffin good +has to do entirely with just changing + + align:start position:0% +has to do entirely with just changing + + + align:start position:0% +has to do entirely with just changing +prices + + align:start position:0% +prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices +income changes only as a consequence of + + align:start position:0% +income changes only as a consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +income changes only as a consequence of +the price change + + align:start position:0% +the price change + + + align:start position:0% +the price change +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and the gift and good is about + + align:start position:0% +and the gift and good is about + + + align:start position:0% +and the gift and good is about +quantities i hope that's helpful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can someone do the last one here + + align:start position:0% +can someone do the last one here + + + align:start position:0% +can someone do the last one here +compare and contrast the utility + + align:start position:0% +compare and contrast the utility + + + align:start position:0% +compare and contrast the utility +maximization problem + + align:start position:0% +maximization problem + + + align:start position:0% +maximization problem +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +expenditure minimization problem + + align:start position:0% +expenditure minimization problem + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure minimization problem +and give essentially give a statement of + + align:start position:0% +and give essentially give a statement of + + + align:start position:0% +and give essentially give a statement of +duality what does duality mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yep so the duality just means that + + align:start position:0% +um yep so the duality just means that + + + align:start position:0% +um yep so the duality just means that +like these two ways of formulating the + + align:start position:0% +like these two ways of formulating the + + + align:start position:0% +like these two ways of formulating the +like the consumer's choice problem are + + align:start position:0% +like the consumer's choice problem are + + + align:start position:0% +like the consumer's choice problem are +in fact just identical utility + + align:start position:0% +in fact just identical utility + + + align:start position:0% +in fact just identical utility +maximization says given a budget what's + + align:start position:0% +maximization says given a budget what's + + + align:start position:0% +maximization says given a budget what's +the highest utility i can achieve and + + align:start position:0% +the highest utility i can achieve and + + + align:start position:0% +the highest utility i can achieve and +expenditure minimization is given um + + align:start position:0% +expenditure minimization is given um + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure minimization is given um +given a level of utility i want to hit + + align:start position:0% +given a level of utility i want to hit + + + align:start position:0% +given a level of utility i want to hit +what's the minimum budget i need to hit + + align:start position:0% +what's the minimum budget i need to hit + + + align:start position:0% +what's the minimum budget i need to hit +that and these two will + + align:start position:0% +that and these two will + + + align:start position:0% +that and these two will +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +they're basically like identical like + + align:start position:0% +they're basically like identical like + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically like identical like +problems of each other + + align:start position:0% +problems of each other + + + align:start position:0% +problems of each other +perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a perfect answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you i can't add anything + + align:start position:0% +thank you i can't add anything + + + align:start position:0% +thank you i can't add anything +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so as always + + align:start position:0% +so as always + + + align:start position:0% +so as always +it's now quite apparent you know + + align:start position:0% +it's now quite apparent you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's now quite apparent you know +these are review questions that you + + align:start position:0% +these are review questions that you + + + align:start position:0% +these are review questions that you +should go over after class + + align:start position:0% +should go over after class + + + align:start position:0% +should go over after class +and before the next class to make sure + + align:start position:0% +and before the next class to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +and before the next class to make sure +you're really following the material + + align:start position:0% +you're really following the material + + + align:start position:0% +you're really following the material +they go with the production lecture + + align:start position:0% +they go with the production lecture + + + align:start position:0% +they go with the production lecture +lecture four + + align:start position:0% +lecture four + + + align:start position:0% +lecture four +to get reoriented we have an economy + + align:start position:0% +to get reoriented we have an economy + + + align:start position:0% +to get reoriented we have an economy +which consists of preferences endowments + + align:start position:0% +which consists of preferences endowments + + + align:start position:0% +which consists of preferences endowments +and technology last time + + align:start position:0% +and technology last time + + + align:start position:0% +and technology last time +last two lectures we focused on + + align:start position:0% +last two lectures we focused on + + + align:start position:0% +last two lectures we focused on +preferences oh i should have also said + + align:start position:0% +preferences oh i should have also said + + + align:start position:0% +preferences oh i should have also said +the the application at the end having to + + align:start position:0% +the the application at the end having to + + + align:start position:0% +the the application at the end having to +do with borrowing and lending you know + + align:start position:0% +do with borrowing and lending you know + + + align:start position:0% +do with borrowing and lending you know +in addition to labeling the goods + + align:start position:0% +in addition to labeling the goods + + + align:start position:0% +in addition to labeling the goods +by the date date one and day two + + align:start position:0% +by the date date one and day two + + + align:start position:0% +by the date date one and day two +it was quite apparent that we had also + + align:start position:0% +it was quite apparent that we had also + + + align:start position:0% +it was quite apparent that we had also +actually plotted the endowment so that + + align:start position:0% +actually plotted the endowment so that + + + align:start position:0% +actually plotted the endowment so that +was a bit different than what we had + + align:start position:0% +was a bit different than what we had + + + align:start position:0% +was a bit different than what we had +been doing with good x and good y + + align:start position:0% +been doing with good x and good y + + + align:start position:0% +been doing with good x and good y +where we just talked about income so in + + align:start position:0% +where we just talked about income so in + + + align:start position:0% +where we just talked about income so in +addition to having income i as exogenous + + align:start position:0% +addition to having income i as exogenous + + + align:start position:0% +addition to having income i as exogenous +in that diagram we had the endowments + + align:start position:0% +in that diagram we had the endowments + + + align:start position:0% +in that diagram we had the endowments +the amount of money they had in day one + + align:start position:0% +the amount of money they had in day one + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of money they had in day one +the amount of money they had in day two + + align:start position:0% +the amount of money they had in day two + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of money they had in day two +and plotted the endowment point in the + + align:start position:0% +and plotted the endowment point in the + + + align:start position:0% +and plotted the endowment point in the +diagram which is actually either way is + + align:start position:0% +diagram which is actually either way is + + + align:start position:0% +diagram which is actually either way is +fine but we did add more information + + align:start position:0% +fine but we did add more information + + + align:start position:0% +fine but we did add more information +anyway so that you've seen endowments + + align:start position:0% +anyway so that you've seen endowments + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so that you've seen endowments +and preferences today we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +and preferences today we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +and preferences today we're going to do +technology + + align:start position:0% +technology + + + align:start position:0% +technology +and choice of over production plans + + align:start position:0% +and choice of over production plans + + + align:start position:0% +and choice of over production plans +uh we'll explore some possible + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll explore some possible + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll explore some possible +properties + + align:start position:0% +properties + + + align:start position:0% +properties +that technology sets can have + + align:start position:0% +that technology sets can have + + + align:start position:0% +that technology sets can have +as we did for consumer preferences so on + + align:start position:0% +as we did for consumer preferences so on + + + align:start position:0% +as we did for consumer preferences so on +and then we'll go to the application + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll go to the application + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll go to the application +which is going to be + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be +similar to what we did for households + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we did for households + + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we did for households +we're going to have firms maximizing + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have firms maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have firms maximizing +profits + + align:start position:0% +profits + + + align:start position:0% +profits +given a production possibility set and + + align:start position:0% +given a production possibility set and + + + align:start position:0% +given a production possibility set and +we'll take that into + + align:start position:0% +we'll take that into + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take that into +an application and actually by the end + + align:start position:0% +an application and actually by the end + + + align:start position:0% +an application and actually by the end +of this lecture + + align:start position:0% +of this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +of this lecture +we will actually look at our first + + align:start position:0% +we will actually look at our first + + + align:start position:0% +we will actually look at our first +entire specified economy robinson crusoe + + align:start position:0% +entire specified economy robinson crusoe + + + align:start position:0% +entire specified economy robinson crusoe +economy and begin to talk about + + align:start position:0% +economy and begin to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +economy and begin to talk about +international trade so + + align:start position:0% +international trade so + + + align:start position:0% +international trade so +this slide is meant to portray + + align:start position:0% +this slide is meant to portray + + + align:start position:0% +this slide is meant to portray +technology it's a picture i took + + align:start position:0% +technology it's a picture i took + + + align:start position:0% +technology it's a picture i took +actually in northern thailand where i + + align:start position:0% +actually in northern thailand where i + + + align:start position:0% +actually in northern thailand where i +was doing my field research + + align:start position:0% +was doing my field research + + + align:start position:0% +was doing my field research +and um if you're really into economics + + align:start position:0% +and um if you're really into economics + + + align:start position:0% +and um if you're really into economics +you start talking about land labor and + + align:start position:0% +you start talking about land labor and + + + align:start position:0% +you start talking about land labor and +capital as inputs into production and + + align:start position:0% +capital as inputs into production and + + + align:start position:0% +capital as inputs into production and +here you see + + align:start position:0% +here you see + + + align:start position:0% +here you see +all three + + align:start position:0% +all three + + + align:start position:0% +all three +the land is kind of obvious he's getting + + align:start position:0% +the land is kind of obvious he's getting + + + align:start position:0% +the land is kind of obvious he's getting +ready to plant uh labor this guy who's + + align:start position:0% +ready to plant uh labor this guy who's + + + align:start position:0% +ready to plant uh labor this guy who's +showing off by the way because he's not + + align:start position:0% +showing off by the way because he's not + + + align:start position:0% +showing off by the way because he's not +using any hands he's not grabbing the + + align:start position:0% +using any hands he's not grabbing the + + + align:start position:0% +using any hands he's not grabbing the +handlebars and what you might think is + + align:start position:0% +handlebars and what you might think is + + + align:start position:0% +handlebars and what you might think is +like a lawn mower + + align:start position:0% +like a lawn mower + + + align:start position:0% +like a lawn mower +and then this tiller which they call uh + + align:start position:0% +and then this tiller which they call uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then this tiller which they call uh +iron buffalo + + align:start position:0% +iron buffalo + + + align:start position:0% +iron buffalo +replaced the buffalo they used to do the + + align:start position:0% +replaced the buffalo they used to do the + + + align:start position:0% +replaced the buffalo they used to do the +plowing and it's just this small + + align:start position:0% +plowing and it's just this small + + + align:start position:0% +plowing and it's just this small +horsepower motor driving the uh + + align:start position:0% +horsepower motor driving the uh + + + align:start position:0% +horsepower motor driving the uh +treads on on the wheels but anyway + + align:start position:0% +treads on on the wheels but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +treads on on the wheels but anyway +that's the capital + + align:start position:0% +that's the capital + + + align:start position:0% +that's the capital +land labor and capital i thought a + + align:start position:0% +land labor and capital i thought a + + + align:start position:0% +land labor and capital i thought a +picture is worth a thousand words + + align:start position:0% +picture is worth a thousand words + + + align:start position:0% +picture is worth a thousand words +anyway + + align:start position:0% +anyway + + + align:start position:0% +anyway +production okay so firms possess + + align:start position:0% +production okay so firms possess + + + align:start position:0% +production okay so firms possess +production capabilities + + align:start position:0% +production capabilities + + + align:start position:0% +production capabilities +meaning some commodities are inputs + + align:start position:0% +meaning some commodities are inputs + + + align:start position:0% +meaning some commodities are inputs +there's our outputs and the capability + + align:start position:0% +there's our outputs and the capability + + + align:start position:0% +there's our outputs and the capability +is described by + + align:start position:0% +is described by + + + align:start position:0% +is described by +a set of possible values which you can + + align:start position:0% +a set of possible values which you can + + + align:start position:0% +a set of possible values which you can +think of as vectors with inputs and + + align:start position:0% +think of as vectors with inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +think of as vectors with inputs and +outputs or some people say netput if we + + align:start position:0% +outputs or some people say netput if we + + + align:start position:0% +outputs or some people say netput if we +have the number of goods including + + align:start position:0% +have the number of goods including + + + align:start position:0% +have the number of goods including +inputs and outputs being of dimension + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs being of dimension + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs being of dimension +capital k + + align:start position:0% +capital k + + + align:start position:0% +capital k +then a vector has dimension capital k + + align:start position:0% +then a vector has dimension capital k + + + align:start position:0% +then a vector has dimension capital k +and the set of all feasible production + + align:start position:0% +and the set of all feasible production + + + align:start position:0% +and the set of all feasible production +vectors is called the production + + align:start position:0% +vectors is called the production + + + align:start position:0% +vectors is called the production +possibility set + + align:start position:0% +possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +possibility set +now we do + + align:start position:0% +now we do + + + align:start position:0% +now we do +have a convention + + align:start position:0% +have a convention + + + align:start position:0% +have a convention +namely inputs are negative or at least + + align:start position:0% +namely inputs are negative or at least + + + align:start position:0% +namely inputs are negative or at least +not positive + + align:start position:0% +not positive + + + align:start position:0% +not positive +and outputs are positive or at least not + + align:start position:0% +and outputs are positive or at least not + + + align:start position:0% +and outputs are positive or at least not +negative and with a couple of exceptions + + align:start position:0% +negative and with a couple of exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +negative and with a couple of exceptions +i'm going to continue that it is easier + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to continue that it is easier + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to continue that it is easier +to interpret if we redesignate the + + align:start position:0% +to interpret if we redesignate the + + + align:start position:0% +to interpret if we redesignate the +inputs and talk about labor and capital + + align:start position:0% +inputs and talk about labor and capital + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and talk about labor and capital +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +land as being positive into a production + + align:start position:0% +land as being positive into a production + + + align:start position:0% +land as being positive into a production +function to get rice as the output um + + align:start position:0% +function to get rice as the output um + + + align:start position:0% +function to get rice as the output um +but for reasons of very succinct + + align:start position:0% +but for reasons of very succinct + + + align:start position:0% +but for reasons of very succinct +accounting it's quite useful to have the + + align:start position:0% +accounting it's quite useful to have the + + + align:start position:0% +accounting it's quite useful to have the +inputs as negative and the outputs as + + align:start position:0% +inputs as negative and the outputs as + + + align:start position:0% +inputs as negative and the outputs as +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +you'll see more of that + + align:start position:0% +you'll see more of that + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see more of that +powerful notation a little bit later + + align:start position:0% +powerful notation a little bit later + + + align:start position:0% +powerful notation a little bit later +anyway so for example + + align:start position:0% +anyway so for example + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so for example +if we have three commodities + + align:start position:0% +if we have three commodities + + + align:start position:0% +if we have three commodities +two of which are inputs say labor and + + align:start position:0% +two of which are inputs say labor and + + + align:start position:0% +two of which are inputs say labor and +steel numbered one and two in the vector + + align:start position:0% +steel numbered one and two in the vector + + + align:start position:0% +steel numbered one and two in the vector +and the output being safety pins then + + align:start position:0% +and the output being safety pins then + + + align:start position:0% +and the output being safety pins then +for example we have a an output vector + + align:start position:0% +for example we have a an output vector + + + align:start position:0% +for example we have a an output vector +of minus five minus eight and ten + + align:start position:0% +of minus five minus eight and ten + + + align:start position:0% +of minus five minus eight and ten +and uh the inputs are each negative and + + align:start position:0% +and uh the inputs are each negative and + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the inputs are each negative and +the output the steel wat the safety pins + + align:start position:0% +the output the steel wat the safety pins + + + align:start position:0% +the output the steel wat the safety pins +is positive + + align:start position:0% +is positive + + + align:start position:0% +is positive +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +not too hard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more generally + + align:start position:0% +more generally + + + align:start position:0% +more generally +it could be a production possibility set + + align:start position:0% +it could be a production possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +it could be a production possibility set +sometimes we call it y i apologize so we + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we call it y i apologize so we + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we call it y i apologize so we +use different sources here + + align:start position:0% +use different sources here + + + align:start position:0% +use different sources here +we can write z from 1 to k + + align:start position:0% +we can write z from 1 to k + + + align:start position:0% +we can write z from 1 to k +as this vector where again k is the + + align:start position:0% +as this vector where again k is the + + + align:start position:0% +as this vector where again k is the +number of commodities + + align:start position:0% +number of commodities + + + align:start position:0% +number of commodities +and if we wish we had a firm j + + align:start position:0% +and if we wish we had a firm j + + + align:start position:0% +and if we wish we had a firm j +we could index everything by j and talk + + align:start position:0% +we could index everything by j and talk + + + align:start position:0% +we could index everything by j and talk +about the production possibilities set + + align:start position:0% +about the production possibilities set + + + align:start position:0% +about the production possibilities set +of firm j and the inputs + + align:start position:0% +of firm j and the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +of firm j and the inputs +j 1 j 2 through j k + + align:start position:0% +j 1 j 2 through j k + + + align:start position:0% +j 1 j 2 through j k +and we drop the j for most of this talk + + align:start position:0% +and we drop the j for most of this talk + + + align:start position:0% +and we drop the j for most of this talk +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +this is very similar to what we did for + + align:start position:0% +this is very similar to what we did for + + + align:start position:0% +this is very similar to what we did for +consumption we had + + align:start position:0% +consumption we had + + + align:start position:0% +consumption we had +x1 through + + align:start position:0% +x1 through + + + align:start position:0% +x1 through +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +l i think it was and then we put an i + + align:start position:0% +l i think it was and then we put an i + + + align:start position:0% +l i think it was and then we put an i +for how outsole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +needed + + align:start position:0% +needed + + + align:start position:0% +needed +so here we're dropping the j + + align:start position:0% +so here we're dropping the j + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're dropping the j +here's a picture of a production + + align:start position:0% +here's a picture of a production + + + align:start position:0% +here's a picture of a production +possibility set + + align:start position:0% +possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +possibility set +z + + align:start position:0% +z + + + align:start position:0% +z +where we have one input only + + align:start position:0% +where we have one input only + + + align:start position:0% +where we have one input only +and it's negative + + align:start position:0% +and it's negative + + + align:start position:0% +and it's negative +more the more negative it is + + align:start position:0% +more the more negative it is + + + align:start position:0% +more the more negative it is +the larger the quantity being utilized + + align:start position:0% +the larger the quantity being utilized + + + align:start position:0% +the larger the quantity being utilized +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +and likewise if you use more of it you + + align:start position:0% +and likewise if you use more of it you + + + align:start position:0% +and likewise if you use more of it you +get more output + + align:start position:0% +get more output + + + align:start position:0% +get more output +this entire speckled region + + align:start position:0% +this entire speckled region + + + align:start position:0% +this entire speckled region +is illustrative of the entire production + + align:start position:0% +is illustrative of the entire production + + + align:start position:0% +is illustrative of the entire production +possibility set + + align:start position:0% +possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +possibility set +you don't have to be on the boundary + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to be on the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to be on the boundary +which is the maximum output you can get + + align:start position:0% +which is the maximum output you can get + + + align:start position:0% +which is the maximum output you can get +for a given input in order to be in the + + align:start position:0% +for a given input in order to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +for a given input in order to be in the +set that boundary is typically included + + align:start position:0% +set that boundary is typically included + + + align:start position:0% +set that boundary is typically included +in the set but so are these interior + + align:start position:0% +in the set but so are these interior + + + align:start position:0% +in the set but so are these interior +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +so here are possible properties and + + align:start position:0% +so here are possible properties and + + + align:start position:0% +so here are possible properties and +again just like for the household we + + align:start position:0% +again just like for the household we + + + align:start position:0% +again just like for the household we +didn't insist + + align:start position:0% +didn't insist + + + align:start position:0% +didn't insist +that every + + align:start position:0% +that every + + + align:start position:0% +that every +possib every production possibility set + + align:start position:0% +possib every production possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +possib every production possibility set +contain each of these in fact + + align:start position:0% +contain each of these in fact + + + align:start position:0% +contain each of these in fact +some of them contradict uh each other as + + align:start position:0% +some of them contradict uh each other as + + + align:start position:0% +some of them contradict uh each other as +you'll see in a minute + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in a minute +so we usually assume it's not empty i + + align:start position:0% +so we usually assume it's not empty i + + + align:start position:0% +so we usually assume it's not empty i +mean why are we writing it down if + + align:start position:0% +mean why are we writing it down if + + + align:start position:0% +mean why are we writing it down if +there's nothing to do closed + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing to do closed + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing to do closed +means it contains its boundary that's + + align:start position:0% +means it contains its boundary that's + + + align:start position:0% +means it contains its boundary that's +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +way to say it another is just + + align:start position:0% +way to say it another is just + + + align:start position:0% +way to say it another is just +that every limit point in this every + + align:start position:0% +that every limit point in this every + + + align:start position:0% +that every limit point in this every +sequence that consists of points in the + + align:start position:0% +sequence that consists of points in the + + + align:start position:0% +sequence that consists of points in the +set that converges + + align:start position:0% +set that converges + + + align:start position:0% +set that converges +has a point that is also in the set + + align:start position:0% +has a point that is also in the set + + + align:start position:0% +has a point that is also in the set +that's a technical condition + + align:start position:0% +that's a technical condition + + + align:start position:0% +that's a technical condition +i'm sure you've noticed i'm not + + align:start position:0% +i'm sure you've noticed i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +i'm sure you've noticed i'm not +overdoing the + + align:start position:0% +overdoing the + + + align:start position:0% +overdoing the +continuity part and the closure part + + align:start position:0% +continuity part and the closure part + + + align:start position:0% +continuity part and the closure part +it's a bit more technical than we need + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit more technical than we need + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit more technical than we need +and these properties are + + align:start position:0% +and these properties are + + + align:start position:0% +and these properties are +pretty intuitive + + align:start position:0% +pretty intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +pretty intuitive +no free lunch + + align:start position:0% +no free lunch + + + align:start position:0% +no free lunch +means that whenever + + align:start position:0% +means that whenever + + + align:start position:0% +means that whenever +z is in the set and it's not has no + + align:start position:0% +z is in the set and it's not has no + + + align:start position:0% +z is in the set and it's not has no +negative components you can't get any + + align:start position:0% +negative components you can't get any + + + align:start position:0% +negative components you can't get any +output so z is a vector z can have + + align:start position:0% +output so z is a vector z can have + + + align:start position:0% +output so z is a vector z can have +positive and negative components here + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative components here + + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative components here +this writing this z vector being + + align:start position:0% +this writing this z vector being + + + align:start position:0% +this writing this z vector being +non-negative means that no component in + + align:start position:0% +non-negative means that no component in + + + align:start position:0% +non-negative means that no component in +the vector is negative which means + + align:start position:0% +the vector is negative which means + + + align:start position:0% +the vector is negative which means +they're either zero or positive + + align:start position:0% +they're either zero or positive + + + align:start position:0% +they're either zero or positive +and if there were say all zero then you + + align:start position:0% +and if there were say all zero then you + + + align:start position:0% +and if there were say all zero then you +have no inputs and you can't get any + + align:start position:0% +have no inputs and you can't get any + + + align:start position:0% +have no inputs and you can't get any +output you can't get lunch out of that + + align:start position:0% +output you can't get lunch out of that + + + align:start position:0% +output you can't get lunch out of that +that's the expression no free lunch this + + align:start position:0% +that's the expression no free lunch this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the expression no free lunch this +is used by cynical economist to mean + + align:start position:0% +is used by cynical economist to mean + + + align:start position:0% +is used by cynical economist to mean +something else which means if someone + + align:start position:0% +something else which means if someone + + + align:start position:0% +something else which means if someone +offers you something for free be careful + + align:start position:0% +offers you something for free be careful + + + align:start position:0% +offers you something for free be careful +because there may be + + align:start position:0% +because there may be + + + align:start position:0% +because there may be +anyway i won't + + align:start position:0% +anyway i won't + + + align:start position:0% +anyway i won't +share that too much + + align:start position:0% +share that too much + + + align:start position:0% +share that too much +convexity if you have two elements z and + + align:start position:0% +convexity if you have two elements z and + + + align:start position:0% +convexity if you have two elements z and +z prime + + align:start position:0% +z prime + + + align:start position:0% +z prime +in the set + + align:start position:0% +in the set + + + align:start position:0% +in the set +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +the alpha weighted combination is also + + align:start position:0% +the alpha weighted combination is also + + + align:start position:0% +the alpha weighted combination is also +in the set + + align:start position:0% +in the set + + + align:start position:0% +in the set +we did this with consumption sets so + + align:start position:0% +we did this with consumption sets so + + + align:start position:0% +we did this with consumption sets so +this is not surprising + + align:start position:0% +this is not surprising + + + align:start position:0% +this is not surprising +uh free disposal + + align:start position:0% +uh free disposal + + + align:start position:0% +uh free disposal +means that if you have a vector z in the + + align:start position:0% +means that if you have a vector z in the + + + align:start position:0% +means that if you have a vector z in the +production set + + align:start position:0% +production set + + + align:start position:0% +production set +and z prime is + + align:start position:0% +and z prime is + + + align:start position:0% +and z prime is +not higher it's say it's less than or + + align:start position:0% +not higher it's say it's less than or + + + align:start position:0% +not higher it's say it's less than or +equal to z then that z prime is also in + + align:start position:0% +equal to z then that z prime is also in + + + align:start position:0% +equal to z then that z prime is also in +the set + + align:start position:0% +the set + + + align:start position:0% +the set +this is called free disposal + + align:start position:0% +this is called free disposal + + + align:start position:0% +this is called free disposal +there are two ways to look at it it's + + align:start position:0% +there are two ways to look at it it's + + + align:start position:0% +there are two ways to look at it it's +kind of the same one suppose z prime had + + align:start position:0% +kind of the same one suppose z prime had + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the same one suppose z prime had +the same amount of all the negative + + align:start position:0% +the same amount of all the negative + + + align:start position:0% +the same amount of all the negative +inputs + + align:start position:0% +inputs + + + align:start position:0% +inputs +quantities of all the inputs which are + + align:start position:0% +quantities of all the inputs which are + + + align:start position:0% +quantities of all the inputs which are +negative but had less output so the + + align:start position:0% +negative but had less output so the + + + align:start position:0% +negative but had less output so the +positive components are not greater + + align:start position:0% +positive components are not greater + + + align:start position:0% +positive components are not greater +and maybe extremely less + + align:start position:0% +and maybe extremely less + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe extremely less +then you're perfectly free to throw away + + align:start position:0% +then you're perfectly free to throw away + + + align:start position:0% +then you're perfectly free to throw away +that extra output and maintain yourself + + align:start position:0% +that extra output and maintain yourself + + + align:start position:0% +that extra output and maintain yourself +in the production possibility set + + align:start position:0% +in the production possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +in the production possibility set +a little less obvious + + align:start position:0% +a little less obvious + + + align:start position:0% +a little less obvious +if z prime were say strictly less than z + + align:start position:0% +if z prime were say strictly less than z + + + align:start position:0% +if z prime were say strictly less than z +because the input quantities are + + align:start position:0% +because the input quantities are + + + align:start position:0% +because the input quantities are +actually higher + + align:start position:0% +actually higher + + + align:start position:0% +actually higher +and again the negative makes it look + + align:start position:0% +and again the negative makes it look + + + align:start position:0% +and again the negative makes it look +like it's less higher inputs means a + + align:start position:0% +like it's less higher inputs means a + + + align:start position:0% +like it's less higher inputs means a +bigger negative number + + align:start position:0% +bigger negative number + + + align:start position:0% +bigger negative number +then that's also in the set y + + align:start position:0% +then that's also in the set y + + + align:start position:0% +then that's also in the set y +because you've got more inputs say + + align:start position:0% +because you've got more inputs say + + + align:start position:0% +because you've got more inputs say +you're maintaining the same output well + + align:start position:0% +you're maintaining the same output well + + + align:start position:0% +you're maintaining the same output well +if the inputs were at all productive you + + align:start position:0% +if the inputs were at all productive you + + + align:start position:0% +if the inputs were at all productive you +would have had more output but you throw + + align:start position:0% +would have had more output but you throw + + + align:start position:0% +would have had more output but you throw +away that output that's the free + + align:start position:0% +away that output that's the free + + + align:start position:0% +away that output that's the free +disposal again + + align:start position:0% +disposal again + + + align:start position:0% +disposal again +and then finally you can always shut + + align:start position:0% +and then finally you can always shut + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally you can always shut +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +most i think production functions + + align:start position:0% +most i think production functions + + + align:start position:0% +most i think production functions +production sets have that property that + + align:start position:0% +production sets have that property that + + + align:start position:0% +production sets have that property that +zero is feasible which is a bit + + align:start position:0% +zero is feasible which is a bit + + + align:start position:0% +zero is feasible which is a bit +different from saying + + align:start position:0% +different from saying + + + align:start position:0% +different from saying +it's empty it means zero is in there but + + align:start position:0% +it's empty it means zero is in there but + + + align:start position:0% +it's empty it means zero is in there but +other things are usually typically also + + align:start position:0% +other things are usually typically also + + + align:start position:0% +other things are usually typically also +in there + + align:start position:0% +in there + + + align:start position:0% +in there +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +two other three other properties + + align:start position:0% +two other three other properties + + + align:start position:0% +two other three other properties +decreasing returns to scale and i'll + + align:start position:0% +decreasing returns to scale and i'll + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing returns to scale and i'll +show you some pictures + + align:start position:0% +show you some pictures + + + align:start position:0% +show you some pictures +if z is in there and alpha is less than + + align:start position:0% +if z is in there and alpha is less than + + + align:start position:0% +if z is in there and alpha is less than +one then alpha times z is also in there + + align:start position:0% +one then alpha times z is also in there + + + align:start position:0% +one then alpha times z is also in there +so decreasing returns actually means you + + align:start position:0% +so decreasing returns actually means you + + + align:start position:0% +so decreasing returns actually means you +can scale back something in the + + align:start position:0% +can scale back something in the + + + align:start position:0% +can scale back something in the +production function + + align:start position:0% +production function + + + align:start position:0% +production function +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +us steel + + align:start position:0% +us steel + + + align:start position:0% +us steel +blast furnaces and somehow they can pair + + align:start position:0% +blast furnaces and somehow they can pair + + + align:start position:0% +blast furnaces and somehow they can pair +that down + + align:start position:0% +that down + + + align:start position:0% +that down +and make a smaller one + + align:start position:0% +and make a smaller one + + + align:start position:0% +and make a smaller one +you know so it may not be true but + + align:start position:0% +you know so it may not be true but + + + align:start position:0% +you know so it may not be true but +that's what the property is + + align:start position:0% +that's what the property is + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the property is +constant returns means that you can + + align:start position:0% +constant returns means that you can + + + align:start position:0% +constant returns means that you can +scale up or down willy nilly and still + + align:start position:0% +scale up or down willy nilly and still + + + align:start position:0% +scale up or down willy nilly and still +have the vector alpha z in the + + align:start position:0% +have the vector alpha z in the + + + align:start position:0% +have the vector alpha z in the +production set when z is + + align:start position:0% +production set when z is + + + align:start position:0% +production set when z is +and increasing returns goes the other + + align:start position:0% +and increasing returns goes the other + + + align:start position:0% +and increasing returns goes the other +way if you have z in the set + + align:start position:0% +way if you have z in the set + + + align:start position:0% +way if you have z in the set +and alpha is greater than one then alpha + + align:start position:0% +and alpha is greater than one then alpha + + + align:start position:0% +and alpha is greater than one then alpha +times z is also in the production set + + align:start position:0% +times z is also in the production set + + + align:start position:0% +times z is also in the production set +which means in this case to continue the + + align:start position:0% +which means in this case to continue the + + + align:start position:0% +which means in this case to continue the +example of u.s steel if you still have + + align:start position:0% +example of u.s steel if you still have + + + align:start position:0% +example of u.s steel if you still have +one big blast furnace they can just as + + align:start position:0% +one big blast furnace they can just as + + + align:start position:0% +one big blast furnace they can just as +easily have two or three + + align:start position:0% +easily have two or three + + + align:start position:0% +easily have two or three +they can run them okay so let me draw + + align:start position:0% +they can run them okay so let me draw + + + align:start position:0% +they can run them okay so let me draw +you some pictures + + align:start position:0% +you some pictures + + + align:start position:0% +you some pictures +this is decreasing returns which + + align:start position:0% +this is decreasing returns which + + + align:start position:0% +this is decreasing returns which +it in totally comes from the curvature + + align:start position:0% +it in totally comes from the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +it in totally comes from the curvature +declining + + align:start position:0% +declining + + + align:start position:0% +declining +of the boundary of the production + + align:start position:0% +of the boundary of the production + + + align:start position:0% +of the boundary of the production +possibility set + + align:start position:0% +possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +possibility set +the property says if you're given y in + + align:start position:0% +the property says if you're given y in + + + align:start position:0% +the property says if you're given y in +the set and it's not zero then alpha + + align:start position:0% +the set and it's not zero then alpha + + + align:start position:0% +the set and it's not zero then alpha +between zero and one + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one +times y is also in the set which these + + align:start position:0% +times y is also in the set which these + + + align:start position:0% +times y is also in the set which these +things are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is increasing returns which is whoa + + align:start position:0% +this is increasing returns which is whoa + + + align:start position:0% +this is increasing returns which is whoa +getting steeper and steeper + + align:start position:0% +getting steeper and steeper + + + align:start position:0% +getting steeper and steeper +and then there's stake but it's + + align:start position:0% +and then there's stake but it's + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's stake but it's +instructive + + align:start position:0% +instructive + + + align:start position:0% +instructive +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this is the same alpha y yes but the + + align:start position:0% +this is the same alpha y yes but the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the same alpha y yes but the +property of increasing returns says + + align:start position:0% +property of increasing returns says + + + align:start position:0% +property of increasing returns says +if you have y + + align:start position:0% +if you have y + + + align:start position:0% +if you have y +say here + + align:start position:0% +say here + + + align:start position:0% +say here +and alpha is greater than one + + align:start position:0% +and alpha is greater than one + + + align:start position:0% +and alpha is greater than one +then alpha y is in the set so actually + + align:start position:0% +then alpha y is in the set so actually + + + align:start position:0% +then alpha y is in the set so actually +the error will fix this i guess is that + + align:start position:0% +the error will fix this i guess is that + + + align:start position:0% +the error will fix this i guess is that +the alpha y should have been depicted + + align:start position:0% +the alpha y should have been depicted + + + align:start position:0% +the alpha y should have been depicted +out here + + align:start position:0% +out here + + + align:start position:0% +out here +in the production so all this area + + align:start position:0% +in the production so all this area + + + align:start position:0% +in the production so all this area +is in the production set + + align:start position:0% +is in the production set + + + align:start position:0% +is in the production set +and then constant returns is neither of + + align:start position:0% +and then constant returns is neither of + + + align:start position:0% +and then constant returns is neither of +those extremes + + align:start position:0% +those extremes + + + align:start position:0% +those extremes +it's just a linear boundary and it says + + align:start position:0% +it's just a linear boundary and it says + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a linear boundary and it says +if you pick anything in the set say here + + align:start position:0% +if you pick anything in the set say here + + + align:start position:0% +if you pick anything in the set say here +and then draw a line a ray from the zero + + align:start position:0% +and then draw a line a ray from the zero + + + align:start position:0% +and then draw a line a ray from the zero +through that picked point + + align:start position:0% +through that picked point + + + align:start position:0% +through that picked point +uh everything on that ray towards zero + + align:start position:0% +uh everything on that ray towards zero + + + align:start position:0% +uh everything on that ray towards zero +or out to infinity is also in the set + + align:start position:0% +or out to infinity is also in the set + + + align:start position:0% +or out to infinity is also in the set +and i guess we should have put alpha + + align:start position:0% +and i guess we should have put alpha + + + align:start position:0% +and i guess we should have put alpha +down here instead of lambda but it's + + align:start position:0% +down here instead of lambda but it's + + + align:start position:0% +down here instead of lambda but it's +kind of obvious + + align:start position:0% +kind of obvious + + + align:start position:0% +kind of obvious +so constant returns to scale is going to + + align:start position:0% +so constant returns to scale is going to + + + align:start position:0% +so constant returns to scale is going to +have some strong properties + + align:start position:0% +have some strong properties + + + align:start position:0% +have some strong properties +which will come to + + align:start position:0% +which will come to + + + align:start position:0% +which will come to +one word about aggregating up production + + align:start position:0% +one word about aggregating up production + + + align:start position:0% +one word about aggregating up production +sets + + align:start position:0% +sets + + + align:start position:0% +sets +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this is one of the exceptions where what + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the exceptions where what + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the exceptions where what +well this is the classic picture + + align:start position:0% +well this is the classic picture + + + align:start position:0% +well this is the classic picture +inputs on the x-axis output on the + + align:start position:0% +inputs on the x-axis output on the + + + align:start position:0% +inputs on the x-axis output on the +y-axis this would be the production set + + align:start position:0% +y-axis this would be the production set + + + align:start position:0% +y-axis this would be the production set +here's a point on the boundary of one + + align:start position:0% +here's a point on the boundary of one + + + align:start position:0% +here's a point on the boundary of one +firm's label number one firm + + align:start position:0% +firm's label number one firm + + + align:start position:0% +firm's label number one firm +here here also the exception is we're + + align:start position:0% +here here also the exception is we're + + + align:start position:0% +here here also the exception is we're +labeling firms one and two + + align:start position:0% +labeling firms one and two + + + align:start position:0% +labeling firms one and two +this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the +production set of another one that + + align:start position:0% +production set of another one that + + + align:start position:0% +production set of another one that +actually uses as an input the output + + align:start position:0% +actually uses as an input the output + + + align:start position:0% +actually uses as an input the output +that this produces and i'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +that this produces and i'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +that this produces and i'll come back to +that later + + align:start position:0% +that later + + + align:start position:0% +that later +in this case + + align:start position:0% +in this case + + + align:start position:0% +in this case +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +inputs and outputs are reversed + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs are reversed + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs are reversed +and finally we have an endowment point + + align:start position:0% +and finally we have an endowment point + + + align:start position:0% +and finally we have an endowment point +so we want to add all these things up + + align:start position:0% +so we want to add all these things up + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to add all these things up +and get sort of the aggregate set of + + align:start position:0% +and get sort of the aggregate set of + + + align:start position:0% +and get sort of the aggregate set of +possibilities you've got to do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +possibilities you've got to do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities you've got to do a lot of +vector algebra but essentially what's + + align:start position:0% +vector algebra but essentially what's + + + align:start position:0% +vector algebra but essentially what's +going on here is + + align:start position:0% +going on here is + + + align:start position:0% +going on here is +start at 0 that's feasible it uses less + + align:start position:0% +start at 0 that's feasible it uses less + + + align:start position:0% +start at 0 that's feasible it uses less +the endowment that's fine + + align:start position:0% +the endowment that's fine + + + align:start position:0% +the endowment that's fine +then find y one on the first production + + align:start position:0% +then find y one on the first production + + + align:start position:0% +then find y one on the first production +set y one + + align:start position:0% +set y one + + + align:start position:0% +set y one +then add that and down one back in + + align:start position:0% +then add that and down one back in + + + align:start position:0% +then add that and down one back in +notice this is a parallel line shift and + + align:start position:0% +notice this is a parallel line shift and + + + align:start position:0% +notice this is a parallel line shift and +then so far we've been keeping y2 at + + align:start position:0% +then so far we've been keeping y2 at + + + align:start position:0% +then so far we've been keeping y2 at +zero but let's move y2 to something + + align:start position:0% +zero but let's move y2 to something + + + align:start position:0% +zero but let's move y2 to something +non-trivial production that movement + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial production that movement + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial production that movement +here is the same as this movement here + + align:start position:0% +here is the same as this movement here + + + align:start position:0% +here is the same as this movement here +so this point which is of course the sum + + align:start position:0% +so this point which is of course the sum + + + align:start position:0% +so this point which is of course the sum +of y1 y2 and z1 + + align:start position:0% +of y1 y2 and z1 + + + align:start position:0% +of y1 y2 and z1 +is feasible because it comes from these + + align:start position:0% +is feasible because it comes from these + + + align:start position:0% +is feasible because it comes from these +three possibilities + + align:start position:0% +three possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +three possibilities +so this larger area out here is the + + align:start position:0% +so this larger area out here is the + + + align:start position:0% +so this larger area out here is the +aggregated or aggregate production set + + align:start position:0% +aggregated or aggregate production set + + + align:start position:0% +aggregated or aggregate production set +now let's talk about the firm's problem + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about the firm's problem + + + align:start position:0% +now let's talk about the firm's problem +so we're already getting into an + + align:start position:0% +so we're already getting into an + + + align:start position:0% +so we're already getting into an +application now there are these prices p + + align:start position:0% +application now there are these prices p + + + align:start position:0% +application now there are these prices p +which the firm takes as given just like + + align:start position:0% +which the firm takes as given just like + + + align:start position:0% +which the firm takes as given just like +the household took prices as given and + + align:start position:0% +the household took prices as given and + + + align:start position:0% +the household took prices as given and +the firm wants to come up with a plan + + align:start position:0% +the firm wants to come up with a plan + + + align:start position:0% +the firm wants to come up with a plan +input output plan to maximize its profit + + align:start position:0% +input output plan to maximize its profit + + + align:start position:0% +input output plan to maximize its profit +so this capital pi here is just a + + align:start position:0% +so this capital pi here is just a + + + align:start position:0% +so this capital pi here is just a +statement of prices time p k times z k + + align:start position:0% +statement of prices time p k times z k + + + align:start position:0% +statement of prices time p k times z k +summing up over all the caves + + align:start position:0% +summing up over all the caves + + + align:start position:0% +summing up over all the caves +and here again you know + + align:start position:0% +and here again you know + + + align:start position:0% +and here again you know +it looks like everything's positive what + + align:start position:0% +it looks like everything's positive what + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like everything's positive what +a wonderful world but some of these z's + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful world but some of these z's + + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful world but some of these z's +are required to be negative + + align:start position:0% +are required to be negative + + + align:start position:0% +are required to be negative +and hence + + align:start position:0% +and hence + + + align:start position:0% +and hence +the times the negative object so + + align:start position:0% +the times the negative object so + + + align:start position:0% +the times the negative object so +there's expenses in here and revenues in + + align:start position:0% +there's expenses in here and revenues in + + + align:start position:0% +there's expenses in here and revenues in +here and then we talk about the firm's + + align:start position:0% +here and then we talk about the firm's + + + align:start position:0% +here and then we talk about the firm's +problem which is fp for firms problem + + align:start position:0% +problem which is fp for firms problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem which is fp for firms problem +is to maximize the profits by choosing + + align:start position:0% +is to maximize the profits by choosing + + + align:start position:0% +is to maximize the profits by choosing +feasible points vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +feasible points vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +feasible points vectors in the +production possibility set + + align:start position:0% +production possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +production possibility set +so this very cryptic abbreviated + + align:start position:0% +so this very cryptic abbreviated + + + align:start position:0% +so this very cryptic abbreviated +notation + + align:start position:0% +notation + + + align:start position:0% +notation +max p of z for + + align:start position:0% +max p of z for + + + align:start position:0% +max p of z for +z and z + + align:start position:0% +z and z + + + align:start position:0% +z and z +and here's a picture + + align:start position:0% +and here's a picture + + + align:start position:0% +and here's a picture +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +inputs which are negative in sign + + align:start position:0% +inputs which are negative in sign + + + align:start position:0% +inputs which are negative in sign +outputs which are positive + + align:start position:0% +outputs which are positive + + + align:start position:0% +outputs which are positive +these guys here these linear + + align:start position:0% +these guys here these linear + + + align:start position:0% +these guys here these linear +hyperplanes represent possible profit + + align:start position:0% +hyperplanes represent possible profit + + + align:start position:0% +hyperplanes represent possible profit +levels call them iso profit lines + + align:start position:0% +levels call them iso profit lines + + + align:start position:0% +levels call them iso profit lines +when we introduced indifference curves i + + align:start position:0% +when we introduced indifference curves i + + + align:start position:0% +when we introduced indifference curves i +said it might be better to call them iso + + align:start position:0% +said it might be better to call them iso + + + align:start position:0% +said it might be better to call them iso +utility lines and i was anticipating + + align:start position:0% +utility lines and i was anticipating + + + align:start position:0% +utility lines and i was anticipating +this slide and another one that's coming + + align:start position:0% +this slide and another one that's coming + + + align:start position:0% +this slide and another one that's coming +so an iso profit line means + + align:start position:0% +so an iso profit line means + + + align:start position:0% +so an iso profit line means +as you say + + align:start position:0% +as you say + + + align:start position:0% +as you say +use more inputs but get more output you + + align:start position:0% +use more inputs but get more output you + + + align:start position:0% +use more inputs but get more output you +have expenses balancing revenues and you + + align:start position:0% +have expenses balancing revenues and you + + + align:start position:0% +have expenses balancing revenues and you +stay on this line + + align:start position:0% +stay on this line + + + align:start position:0% +stay on this line +if you go + + align:start position:0% +if you go + + + align:start position:0% +if you go +within + + align:start position:0% +within + + + align:start position:0% +within +lower inputs so for the same prices you + + align:start position:0% +lower inputs so for the same prices you + + + align:start position:0% +lower inputs so for the same prices you +would have higher profits + + align:start position:0% +would have higher profits + + + align:start position:0% +would have higher profits +the slope of any iso profit line + + align:start position:0% +the slope of any iso profit line + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of any iso profit line +is just + + align:start position:0% +is just + + + align:start position:0% +is just +price of output divided by the price of + + align:start position:0% +price of output divided by the price of + + + align:start position:0% +price of output divided by the price of +input like p2 over p1 + + align:start position:0% +input like p2 over p1 + + + align:start position:0% +input like p2 over p1 +and of course we're depicting this + + align:start position:0% +and of course we're depicting this + + + align:start position:0% +and of course we're depicting this +tangency as the maximum profit line you + + align:start position:0% +tangency as the maximum profit line you + + + align:start position:0% +tangency as the maximum profit line you +could be + + align:start position:0% +could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be +in the interior but then you would not + + align:start position:0% +in the interior but then you would not + + + align:start position:0% +in the interior but then you would not +be maximizing + + align:start position:0% +be maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +be maximizing +so let's call + + align:start position:0% +so let's call + + + align:start position:0% +so let's call +little pi of p + + align:start position:0% +little pi of p + + + align:start position:0% +little pi of p +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +the maximized profit + + align:start position:0% +the maximized profit + + + align:start position:0% +the maximized profit +not just any old profit + + align:start position:0% +not just any old profit + + + align:start position:0% +not just any old profit +which was capital pi a minute ago this + + align:start position:0% +which was capital pi a minute ago this + + + align:start position:0% +which was capital pi a minute ago this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +best choice + + align:start position:0% +best choice + + + align:start position:0% +best choice +of production vector z in the production + + align:start position:0% +of production vector z in the production + + + align:start position:0% +of production vector z in the production +set given price is p p is a parameter + + align:start position:0% +set given price is p p is a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +set given price is p p is a parameter +here this is quote partial equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +here this is quote partial equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +here this is quote partial equilibrium +so we + + align:start position:0% +so we + + + align:start position:0% +so we +index the solution by p + + align:start position:0% +index the solution by p + + + align:start position:0% +index the solution by p +which will do experiments where we vary + + align:start position:0% +which will do experiments where we vary + + + align:start position:0% +which will do experiments where we vary +p + + align:start position:0% +p + + + align:start position:0% +p +there are some profits + + align:start position:0% +there are some profits + + + align:start position:0% +there are some profits +properties of the profit function + + align:start position:0% +properties of the profit function + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the profit function +namely + + align:start position:0% +namely + + + align:start position:0% +namely +this profit function pi + + align:start position:0% +this profit function pi + + + align:start position:0% +this profit function pi +is homogeneous of degree one in the + + align:start position:0% +is homogeneous of degree one in the + + + align:start position:0% +is homogeneous of degree one in the +price vector p homogeneous of degree one + + align:start position:0% +price vector p homogeneous of degree one + + + align:start position:0% +price vector p homogeneous of degree one +means that if you scale + + align:start position:0% +means that if you scale + + + align:start position:0% +means that if you scale +prices up by some proportion like + + align:start position:0% +prices up by some proportion like + + + align:start position:0% +prices up by some proportion like +doubling them then + + align:start position:0% +doubling them then + + + align:start position:0% +doubling them then +maximized profit should also double + + align:start position:0% +maximized profit should also double + + + align:start position:0% +maximized profit should also double +the reason that should be + + align:start position:0% +the reason that should be + + + align:start position:0% +the reason that should be +obvious at least when you think about it + + align:start position:0% +obvious at least when you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +obvious at least when you think about it +if we're doubling prices we're not + + align:start position:0% +if we're doubling prices we're not + + + align:start position:0% +if we're doubling prices we're not +changing the slope + + align:start position:0% +changing the slope + + + align:start position:0% +changing the slope +so we're not changing the maximizing + + align:start position:0% +so we're not changing the maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +so we're not changing the maximizing +choice + + align:start position:0% +choice + + + align:start position:0% +choice +but we have changed the levels of the + + align:start position:0% +but we have changed the levels of the + + + align:start position:0% +but we have changed the levels of the +prices + + align:start position:0% +prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices +and the levels means + + align:start position:0% +and the levels means + + + align:start position:0% +and the levels means +even though the z's aren't moving the + + align:start position:0% +even though the z's aren't moving the + + + align:start position:0% +even though the z's aren't moving the +prices are moving if prices have doubled + + align:start position:0% +prices are moving if prices have doubled + + + align:start position:0% +prices are moving if prices have doubled +then it must be that profits have + + align:start position:0% +then it must be that profits have + + + align:start position:0% +then it must be that profits have +doubled + + align:start position:0% +doubled + + + align:start position:0% +doubled +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +constant returns to scale + + align:start position:0% +constant returns to scale + + + align:start position:0% +constant returns to scale +homogeneous for degree one sorry + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous for degree one sorry + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous for degree one sorry +homogeneous degree one + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous degree one + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous degree one +uh profit function is continuous + + align:start position:0% +uh profit function is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +uh profit function is continuous +it's actually true much more generally + + align:start position:0% +it's actually true much more generally + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually true much more generally +than you might think but i'm not + + align:start position:0% +than you might think but i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +than you might think but i'm not +into emphasizing continuity too much + + align:start position:0% +into emphasizing continuity too much + + + align:start position:0% +into emphasizing continuity too much +these days + + align:start position:0% +these days + + + align:start position:0% +these days +uh profit function is convex that's an + + align:start position:0% +uh profit function is convex that's an + + + align:start position:0% +uh profit function is convex that's an +np + + align:start position:0% +np + + + align:start position:0% +np +so that's an interesting property so + + align:start position:0% +so that's an interesting property so + + + align:start position:0% +so that's an interesting property so +let's look at that one + + align:start position:0% +let's look at that one + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at that one +the profit function is convex + + align:start position:0% +the profit function is convex + + + align:start position:0% +the profit function is convex +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +what do we want to show + + align:start position:0% +what do we want to show + + + align:start position:0% +what do we want to show +if we have two piece two prime prices p + + align:start position:0% +if we have two piece two prime prices p + + + align:start position:0% +if we have two piece two prime prices p +and p m in the associated profits pi of + + align:start position:0% +and p m in the associated profits pi of + + + align:start position:0% +and p m in the associated profits pi of +p and pi of p prime then we take the + + align:start position:0% +p and pi of p prime then we take the + + + align:start position:0% +p and pi of p prime then we take the +linear combination of the prices say p + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the prices say p + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the prices say p +double prime is alpha weighted sum the + + align:start position:0% +double prime is alpha weighted sum the + + + align:start position:0% +double prime is alpha weighted sum the +associated profits should be + + align:start position:0% +associated profits should be + + + align:start position:0% +associated profits should be +uh not greater than the weighted sum of + + align:start position:0% +uh not greater than the weighted sum of + + + align:start position:0% +uh not greater than the weighted sum of +the profit so that i said that in words + + align:start position:0% +the profit so that i said that in words + + + align:start position:0% +the profit so that i said that in words +it's probably just a whole lot easier to + + align:start position:0% +it's probably just a whole lot easier to + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably just a whole lot easier to +do the mechanics so we start with two + + align:start position:0% +do the mechanics so we start with two + + + align:start position:0% +do the mechanics so we start with two +prices p and p prime we pick an alpha we + + align:start position:0% +prices p and p prime we pick an alpha we + + + align:start position:0% +prices p and p prime we pick an alpha we +consider p double prime to be the alpha + + align:start position:0% +consider p double prime to be the alpha + + + align:start position:0% +consider p double prime to be the alpha +weighted sum we let z be + + align:start position:0% +weighted sum we let z be + + + align:start position:0% +weighted sum we let z be +the solution to the firm's profit + + align:start position:0% +the solution to the firm's profit + + + align:start position:0% +the solution to the firm's profit +maximization problem + + align:start position:0% +maximization problem + + + align:start position:0% +maximization problem +at p double prime + + align:start position:0% +at p double prime + + + align:start position:0% +at p double prime +so in other words that special maximized + + align:start position:0% +so in other words that special maximized + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words that special maximized +profit pi of p double prime is just p + + align:start position:0% +profit pi of p double prime is just p + + + align:start position:0% +profit pi of p double prime is just p +double prime times z because z is the + + align:start position:0% +double prime times z because z is the + + + align:start position:0% +double prime times z because z is the +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +now z + + align:start position:0% +now z + + + align:start position:0% +now z +therefore was feasible it was in the + + align:start position:0% +therefore was feasible it was in the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore was feasible it was in the +production possibility set + + align:start position:0% +production possibility set + + + align:start position:0% +production possibility set +so even though we changed the prices + + align:start position:0% +so even though we changed the prices + + + align:start position:0% +so even though we changed the prices +that z remains feasible + + align:start position:0% +that z remains feasible + + + align:start position:0% +that z remains feasible +which means whatever + + align:start position:0% +which means whatever + + + align:start position:0% +which means whatever +solves the problem at p + + align:start position:0% +solves the problem at p + + + align:start position:0% +solves the problem at p +it cannot deliver a lower number than + + align:start position:0% +it cannot deliver a lower number than + + + align:start position:0% +it cannot deliver a lower number than +this and may deliver a higher one + + align:start position:0% +this and may deliver a higher one + + + align:start position:0% +this and may deliver a higher one +the profit maximizing solution at p + + align:start position:0% +the profit maximizing solution at p + + + align:start position:0% +the profit maximizing solution at p +might involve a different z + + align:start position:0% +might involve a different z + + + align:start position:0% +might involve a different z +different from z and likewise the profit + + align:start position:0% +different from z and likewise the profit + + + align:start position:0% +different from z and likewise the profit +maximizing solution at p prime can only + + align:start position:0% +maximizing solution at p prime can only + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing solution at p prime can only +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +not lower and maybe higher than p prime + + align:start position:0% +not lower and maybe higher than p prime + + + align:start position:0% +not lower and maybe higher than p prime +evaluated at this v okay so now we do + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at this v okay so now we do + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at this v okay so now we do +the math + + align:start position:0% +the math + + + align:start position:0% +the math +we want to show that pi of p double + + align:start position:0% +we want to show that pi of p double + + + align:start position:0% +we want to show that pi of p double +prime + + align:start position:0% +prime + + + align:start position:0% +prime +which is p by definition + + align:start position:0% +which is p by definition + + + align:start position:0% +which is p by definition +p double prime of z remember the + + align:start position:0% +p double prime of z remember the + + + align:start position:0% +p double prime of z remember the +starting point we're starting at p + + align:start position:0% +starting point we're starting at p + + + align:start position:0% +starting point we're starting at p +double prime and we're told that z is + + align:start position:0% +double prime and we're told that z is + + + align:start position:0% +double prime and we're told that z is +the solution + + align:start position:0% +the solution + + + align:start position:0% +the solution +so this is p double prime z but p double + + align:start position:0% +so this is p double prime z but p double + + + align:start position:0% +so this is p double prime z but p double +prime written out is just alpha p one + + align:start position:0% +prime written out is just alpha p one + + + align:start position:0% +prime written out is just alpha p one +minus alpha p prime that was the + + align:start position:0% +minus alpha p prime that was the + + + align:start position:0% +minus alpha p prime that was the +definition times z + + align:start position:0% +definition times z + + + align:start position:0% +definition times z +and now we invoke each of these two weak + + align:start position:0% +and now we invoke each of these two weak + + + align:start position:0% +and now we invoke each of these two weak +inequalities and say well alpha p times + + align:start position:0% +inequalities and say well alpha p times + + + align:start position:0% +inequalities and say well alpha p times +z is alpha + + align:start position:0% +z is alpha + + + align:start position:0% +z is alpha +p z + + align:start position:0% +p z + + + align:start position:0% +p z +less than pi of p so the inequality is + + align:start position:0% +less than pi of p so the inequality is + + + align:start position:0% +less than pi of p so the inequality is +less than or equal to and we get + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to and we get + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to and we get +the same thing for p prime + + align:start position:0% +the same thing for p prime + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing for p prime +sorry i think the ratio of my words to + + align:start position:0% +sorry i think the ratio of my words to + + + align:start position:0% +sorry i think the ratio of my words to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +what's on the slide i must have talked + + align:start position:0% +what's on the slide i must have talked + + + align:start position:0% +what's on the slide i must have talked +for three minutes but and there's only + + align:start position:0% +for three minutes but and there's only + + + align:start position:0% +for three minutes but and there's only +four lines here so i apologize + + align:start position:0% +four lines here so i apologize + + + align:start position:0% +four lines here so i apologize +profit function is convex maybe weakly + + align:start position:0% +profit function is convex maybe weakly + + + align:start position:0% +profit function is convex maybe weakly +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +it's not concave + + align:start position:0% +it's not concave + + + align:start position:0% +it's not concave +not strictly concave + + align:start position:0% +not strictly concave + + + align:start position:0% +not strictly concave +it may be convex or strictly convex + + align:start position:0% +it may be convex or strictly convex + + + align:start position:0% +it may be convex or strictly convex +okay we'll come back to that momentarily + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll come back to that momentarily + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll come back to that momentarily +uh homogeneity two more properties and + + align:start position:0% +uh homogeneity two more properties and + + + align:start position:0% +uh homogeneity two more properties and +back to convexity so if f is a real + + align:start position:0% +back to convexity so if f is a real + + + align:start position:0% +back to convexity so if f is a real +valued function + + align:start position:0% +valued function + + + align:start position:0% +valued function +mapping r n into r and k is an integer + + align:start position:0% +mapping r n into r and k is an integer + + + align:start position:0% +mapping r n into r and k is an integer +we say f is homogeneous of degree k + + align:start position:0% +we say f is homogeneous of degree k + + + align:start position:0% +we say f is homogeneous of degree k +if whenever you scale the arguments of + + align:start position:0% +if whenever you scale the arguments of + + + align:start position:0% +if whenever you scale the arguments of +the function up by the arguments of the + + align:start position:0% +the function up by the arguments of the + + + align:start position:0% +the function up by the arguments of the +function v up by alpha the value in the + + align:start position:0% +function v up by alpha the value in the + + + align:start position:0% +function v up by alpha the value in the +domain goes up by + + align:start position:0% +domain goes up by + + + align:start position:0% +domain goes up by +in the range goes up by alpha to the + + align:start position:0% +in the range goes up by alpha to the + + + align:start position:0% +in the range goes up by alpha to the +power k so + + align:start position:0% +power k so + + + align:start position:0% +power k so +you know homogeneous of degree zero + + align:start position:0% +you know homogeneous of degree zero + + + align:start position:0% +you know homogeneous of degree zero +would mean nothing changes + + align:start position:0% +would mean nothing changes + + + align:start position:0% +would mean nothing changes +homogeneous of degree one we just did + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous of degree one we just did + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous of degree one we just did +for profits + + align:start position:0% +for profits + + + align:start position:0% +for profits +uh where k is equal to one and this is + + align:start position:0% +uh where k is equal to one and this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh where k is equal to one and this is +the more most general + + align:start position:0% +the more most general + + + align:start position:0% +the more most general +concept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another property + + align:start position:0% +another property + + + align:start position:0% +another property +of the profit function + + align:start position:0% +of the profit function + + + align:start position:0% +of the profit function +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +continuously differential + + align:start position:0% +continuously differential + + + align:start position:0% +continuously differential +so i'm going to show you an expression + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to show you an expression + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to show you an expression +with the derivatives + + align:start position:0% +with the derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +with the derivatives +if you take that function which has as a + + align:start position:0% +if you take that function which has as a + + + align:start position:0% +if you take that function which has as a +parameter the price vector p + + align:start position:0% +parameter the price vector p + + + align:start position:0% +parameter the price vector p +and differentiate the maximized profit + + align:start position:0% +and differentiate the maximized profit + + + align:start position:0% +and differentiate the maximized profit +with respect to say the kth item pk + + align:start position:0% +with respect to say the kth item pk + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to say the kth item pk +holding all the prices doing it locally + + align:start position:0% +holding all the prices doing it locally + + + align:start position:0% +holding all the prices doing it locally +around + + align:start position:0% +around + + + align:start position:0% +around +the maximizing value p star + + align:start position:0% +the maximizing value p star + + + align:start position:0% +the maximizing value p star +then the solution is the input you get + + align:start position:0% +then the solution is the input you get + + + align:start position:0% +then the solution is the input you get +the input back + + align:start position:0% +the input back + + + align:start position:0% +the input back +derivative with respect to p k + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to p k + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to p k +you get the input z k + + align:start position:0% +you get the input z k + + + align:start position:0% +you get the input z k +a quick + + align:start position:0% +a quick + + + align:start position:0% +a quick +maybe misleading intuition + + align:start position:0% +maybe misleading intuition + + + align:start position:0% +maybe misleading intuition +for that is + + align:start position:0% +for that is + + + align:start position:0% +for that is +you know write down profits + + align:start position:0% +you know write down profits + + + align:start position:0% +you know write down profits +p1 x z1 p2 z2 etc etc take a derivative + + align:start position:0% +p1 x z1 p2 z2 etc etc take a derivative + + + align:start position:0% +p1 x z1 p2 z2 etc etc take a derivative +at the maximizing solution the + + align:start position:0% +at the maximizing solution the + + + align:start position:0% +at the maximizing solution the +derivative is respect to pk + + align:start position:0% +derivative is respect to pk + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is respect to pk +where does that show up + + align:start position:0% +where does that show up + + + align:start position:0% +where does that show up +shows up in the pk zk term + + align:start position:0% +shows up in the pk zk term + + + align:start position:0% +shows up in the pk zk term +so it seems like this ought to be true + + align:start position:0% +so it seems like this ought to be true + + + align:start position:0% +so it seems like this ought to be true +actually what it's using is the + + align:start position:0% +actually what it's using is the + + + align:start position:0% +actually what it's using is the +convexity + + align:start position:0% +convexity + + + align:start position:0% +convexity +so this thing is called hoteling's lemma + + align:start position:0% +so this thing is called hoteling's lemma + + + align:start position:0% +so this thing is called hoteling's lemma +here is the actual profit function + + align:start position:0% +here is the actual profit function + + + align:start position:0% +here is the actual profit function +written out with all the prices + + align:start position:0% +written out with all the prices + + + align:start position:0% +written out with all the prices +it's actually got a star on everything + + align:start position:0% +it's actually got a star on everything + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually got a star on everything +but the case price + + align:start position:0% +but the case price + + + align:start position:0% +but the case price +here no star + + align:start position:0% +here no star + + + align:start position:0% +here no star +but we're going to evaluate profit at + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to evaluate profit at + + + align:start position:0% +but we're going to evaluate profit at +star k + + align:start position:0% +star k + + + align:start position:0% +star k +so we're right here okay on this profit + + align:start position:0% +so we're right here okay on this profit + + + align:start position:0% +so we're right here okay on this profit +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +this would be + + align:start position:0% +this would be + + + align:start position:0% +this would be +the maximized profit + + align:start position:0% +the maximized profit + + + align:start position:0% +the maximized profit +in general and also the maximized profit + + align:start position:0% +in general and also the maximized profit + + + align:start position:0% +in general and also the maximized profit +in particular when the price of the case + + align:start position:0% +in particular when the price of the case + + + align:start position:0% +in particular when the price of the case +input or output is pk + + align:start position:0% +input or output is pk + + + align:start position:0% +input or output is pk +what is this and and this is like a + + align:start position:0% +what is this and and this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +what is this and and this is like a +tangency it's a straight line and what + + align:start position:0% +tangency it's a straight line and what + + + align:start position:0% +tangency it's a straight line and what +is this straight line + + align:start position:0% +is this straight line + + + align:start position:0% +is this straight line +that's just + + align:start position:0% +that's just + + + align:start position:0% +that's just +what i was saying in words + + align:start position:0% +what i was saying in words + + + align:start position:0% +what i was saying in words +that's just the evaluation of inputs and + + align:start position:0% +that's just the evaluation of inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the evaluation of inputs and +outputs at this price vector star and it + + align:start position:0% +outputs at this price vector star and it + + + align:start position:0% +outputs at this price vector star and it +start everywhere okay so p k doesn't + + align:start position:0% +start everywhere okay so p k doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +start everywhere okay so p k doesn't +have a star here + + align:start position:0% +have a star here + + + align:start position:0% +have a star here +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +because we're plotting everything as a + + align:start position:0% +because we're plotting everything as a + + + align:start position:0% +because we're plotting everything as a +function of p k but there is a + + align:start position:0% +function of p k but there is a + + + align:start position:0% +function of p k but there is a +particular pk namely pk star + + align:start position:0% +particular pk namely pk star + + + align:start position:0% +particular pk namely pk star +where we can evaluate that linear + + align:start position:0% +where we can evaluate that linear + + + align:start position:0% +where we can evaluate that linear +function now the point of the tangency + + align:start position:0% +function now the point of the tangency + + + align:start position:0% +function now the point of the tangency +is that the curve function the profit + + align:start position:0% +is that the curve function the profit + + + align:start position:0% +is that the curve function the profit +and this linear function have the same + + align:start position:0% +and this linear function have the same + + + align:start position:0% +and this linear function have the same +slope so if we want to know how the + + align:start position:0% +slope so if we want to know how the + + + align:start position:0% +slope so if we want to know how the +profit function is changing as we change + + align:start position:0% +profit function is changing as we change + + + align:start position:0% +profit function is changing as we change +pk + + align:start position:0% +pk + + + align:start position:0% +pk +locally we can just as easily + + align:start position:0% +locally we can just as easily + + + align:start position:0% +locally we can just as easily +show how the straight line is changing + + align:start position:0% +show how the straight line is changing + + + align:start position:0% +show how the straight line is changing +as we change pk locally because they + + align:start position:0% +as we change pk locally because they + + + align:start position:0% +as we change pk locally because they +have the same slope and how is the + + align:start position:0% +have the same slope and how is the + + + align:start position:0% +have the same slope and how is the +linear function changing as we change p + + align:start position:0% +linear function changing as we change p + + + align:start position:0% +linear function changing as we change p +k well it's just changing linearly so + + align:start position:0% +k well it's just changing linearly so + + + align:start position:0% +k well it's just changing linearly so +that's the derivative namely z k so + + align:start position:0% +that's the derivative namely z k so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the derivative namely z k so +that's the proof of this + + align:start position:0% +that's the proof of this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the proof of this +so we did actually use the convexity of + + align:start position:0% +so we did actually use the convexity of + + + align:start position:0% +so we did actually use the convexity of +the profit function + + align:start position:0% +the profit function + + + align:start position:0% +the profit function +and the picture is strict convexity it + + align:start position:0% +and the picture is strict convexity it + + + align:start position:0% +and the picture is strict convexity it +actually works more generally but it + + align:start position:0% +actually works more generally but it + + + align:start position:0% +actually works more generally but it +would be a pretty hard picture to enter + + align:start position:0% +would be a pretty hard picture to enter + + + align:start position:0% +would be a pretty hard picture to enter +now this is also illustrated of + + align:start position:0% +now this is also illustrated of + + + align:start position:0% +now this is also illustrated of +something else called the envelope + + align:start position:0% +something else called the envelope + + + align:start position:0% +something else called the envelope +theorem and i'll just show you the + + align:start position:0% +theorem and i'll just show you the + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and i'll just show you the +definition oh and remember the strategy + + align:start position:0% +definition oh and remember the strategy + + + align:start position:0% +definition oh and remember the strategy +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +tools + + align:start position:0% +tools + + + align:start position:0% +tools +so every so often we bump into a concept + + align:start position:0% +so every so often we bump into a concept + + + align:start position:0% +so every so often we bump into a concept +that generalizes in this case we just + + align:start position:0% +that generalizes in this case we just + + + align:start position:0% +that generalizes in this case we just +went over some example + + align:start position:0% +went over some example + + + align:start position:0% +went over some example +of something called the envelope theorem + + align:start position:0% +of something called the envelope theorem + + + align:start position:0% +of something called the envelope theorem +so let me give you a statement of the + + align:start position:0% +so let me give you a statement of the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me give you a statement of the +general theorem if x is the choice set + + align:start position:0% +general theorem if x is the choice set + + + align:start position:0% +general theorem if x is the choice set +and let e be some parameter of the + + align:start position:0% +and let e be some parameter of the + + + align:start position:0% +and let e be some parameter of the +problem we have a function f mapping + + align:start position:0% +problem we have a function f mapping + + + align:start position:0% +problem we have a function f mapping +elements in the choice set and that + + align:start position:0% +elements in the choice set and that + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the choice set and that +parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter +into some + + align:start position:0% +into some + + + align:start position:0% +into some +real valued objective function + + align:start position:0% +real valued objective function + + + align:start position:0% +real valued objective function +namely like this so + + align:start position:0% +namely like this so + + + align:start position:0% +namely like this so +put max here if you're more comfortable + + align:start position:0% +put max here if you're more comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +put max here if you're more comfortable +so f is the thing we want to max we want + + align:start position:0% +so f is the thing we want to max we want + + + align:start position:0% +so f is the thing we want to max we want +to max it by choice of x + + align:start position:0% +to max it by choice of x + + + align:start position:0% +to max it by choice of x +but we have a parameter in the problem + + align:start position:0% +but we have a parameter in the problem + + + align:start position:0% +but we have a parameter in the problem +called t + + align:start position:0% +called t + + + align:start position:0% +called t +so we denote the solution the maximized + + align:start position:0% +so we denote the solution the maximized + + + align:start position:0% +so we denote the solution the maximized +value of f at t to be v of t the value + + align:start position:0% +value of f at t to be v of t the value + + + align:start position:0% +value of f at t to be v of t the value +function at t + + align:start position:0% +function at t + + + align:start position:0% +function at t +and what is x star + + align:start position:0% +and what is x star + + + align:start position:0% +and what is x star +x star is just the set of all maximizers + + align:start position:0% +x star is just the set of all maximizers + + + align:start position:0% +x star is just the set of all maximizers +x it could be + + align:start position:0% +x it could be + + + align:start position:0% +x it could be +unique there could be many but each one + + align:start position:0% +unique there could be many but each one + + + align:start position:0% +unique there could be many but each one +of them if there are many has to have + + align:start position:0% +of them if there are many has to have + + + align:start position:0% +of them if there are many has to have +the property that + + align:start position:0% +the property that + + + align:start position:0% +the property that +evaluating the function f at that + + align:start position:0% +evaluating the function f at that + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating the function f at that +maximizer x gives you + + align:start position:0% +maximizer x gives you + + + align:start position:0% +maximizer x gives you +v back + + align:start position:0% +v back + + + align:start position:0% +v back +and again everything is indexed by t + + align:start position:0% +and again everything is indexed by t + + + align:start position:0% +and again everything is indexed by t +now for the big e + + align:start position:0% +now for the big e + + + align:start position:0% +now for the big e +if you took the derivative of the value + + align:start position:0% +if you took the derivative of the value + + + align:start position:0% +if you took the derivative of the value +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +with respect to t even though t is a + + align:start position:0% +with respect to t even though t is a + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to t even though t is a +parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter +it will be the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +it will be the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +it will be the derivative of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +underlying function you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +underlying function you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +underlying function you're trying to +maximize + + align:start position:0% +maximize + + + align:start position:0% +maximize +at the optimized solution + + align:start position:0% +at the optimized solution + + + align:start position:0% +at the optimized solution +for that is for an x in the set of + + align:start position:0% +for that is for an x in the set of + + + align:start position:0% +for that is for an x in the set of +maximizers at t + + align:start position:0% +maximizers at t + + + align:start position:0% +maximizers at t +so one thing to say is this is an + + align:start position:0% +so one thing to say is this is an + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing to say is this is an +example of that + + align:start position:0% +example of that + + + align:start position:0% +example of that +right we we we wanted the profit + + align:start position:0% +right we we we wanted the profit + + + align:start position:0% +right we we we wanted the profit +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +which is parameterized by not t but p + + align:start position:0% +which is parameterized by not t but p + + + align:start position:0% +which is parameterized by not t but p +and we wanted to know how it would + + align:start position:0% +and we wanted to know how it would + + + align:start position:0% +and we wanted to know how it would +behave at the optimum if we were to + + align:start position:0% +behave at the optimum if we were to + + + align:start position:0% +behave at the optimum if we were to +slightly change + + align:start position:0% +slightly change + + + align:start position:0% +slightly change +the parameter p + + align:start position:0% +the parameter p + + + align:start position:0% +the parameter p +and we just took the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +and we just took the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +and we just took the derivative of the +objective function + + align:start position:0% +objective function + + + align:start position:0% +objective function +at the optimizing solution + + align:start position:0% +at the optimizing solution + + + align:start position:0% +at the optimizing solution +which here is what this line is at + + align:start position:0% +which here is what this line is at + + + align:start position:0% +which here is what this line is at +the optimizing solution and the + + align:start position:0% +the optimizing solution and the + + + align:start position:0% +the optimizing solution and the +derivative was just c + + align:start position:0% +derivative was just c + + + align:start position:0% +derivative was just c +well at the risk of confusing the issue + + align:start position:0% +well at the risk of confusing the issue + + + align:start position:0% +well at the risk of confusing the issue +there was this chat going on about + + align:start position:0% +there was this chat going on about + + + align:start position:0% +there was this chat going on about +lambda as the marginal utility of income + + align:start position:0% +lambda as the marginal utility of income + + + align:start position:0% +lambda as the marginal utility of income +in the consumer's problem and again + + align:start position:0% +in the consumer's problem and again + + + align:start position:0% +in the consumer's problem and again +income was a parameter + + align:start position:0% +income was a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +income was a parameter +of the problem and nevertheless we + + align:start position:0% +of the problem and nevertheless we + + + align:start position:0% +of the problem and nevertheless we +wanted to know how utility would change + + align:start position:0% +wanted to know how utility would change + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to know how utility would change +in this case utility + + align:start position:0% +in this case utility + + + align:start position:0% +in this case utility +f how utility would change as we change + + align:start position:0% +f how utility would change as we change + + + align:start position:0% +f how utility would change as we change +that parameter income i and the answer + + align:start position:0% +that parameter income i and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +that parameter income i and the answer +from the envelope theorem is + + align:start position:0% +from the envelope theorem is + + + align:start position:0% +from the envelope theorem is +it is the derivative of the maximized + + align:start position:0% +it is the derivative of the maximized + + + align:start position:0% +it is the derivative of the maximized +objective function + + align:start position:0% +objective function + + + align:start position:0% +objective function +that is to say of utility substituting + + align:start position:0% +that is to say of utility substituting + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say of utility substituting +in the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +in the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +in the budget constraint +at parameter i + + align:start position:0% +at parameter i + + + align:start position:0% +at parameter i +so that's consistent with this language + + align:start position:0% +so that's consistent with this language + + + align:start position:0% +so that's consistent with this language +of the margin and utility of income in + + align:start position:0% +of the margin and utility of income in + + + align:start position:0% +of the margin and utility of income in +the chat + + align:start position:0% +the chat + + + align:start position:0% +the chat +there's a great discussion about that + + align:start position:0% +there's a great discussion about that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a great discussion about that +lagrangian which is so powerful look + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian which is so powerful look + + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian which is so powerful look +it's mysterious because the lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +it's mysterious because the lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +it's mysterious because the lagrangian +has those lagrange multipliers times + + align:start position:0% +has those lagrange multipliers times + + + align:start position:0% +has those lagrange multipliers times +constraints not just the objective + + align:start position:0% +constraints not just the objective + + + align:start position:0% +constraints not just the objective +function so you know the chat was it's + + align:start position:0% +function so you know the chat was it's + + + align:start position:0% +function so you know the chat was it's +not really marginal utility because it's + + align:start position:0% +not really marginal utility because it's + + + align:start position:0% +not really marginal utility because it's +the lagrangians it didn't just write + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangians it didn't just write + + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangians it didn't just write +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +the utility term etc etc but you can see + + align:start position:0% +the utility term etc etc but you can see + + + align:start position:0% +the utility term etc etc but you can see +how it + + align:start position:0% +how it + + + align:start position:0% +how it +hopefully get a little more intuition + + align:start position:0% +hopefully get a little more intuition + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully get a little more intuition +about that problem + + align:start position:0% +about that problem + + + align:start position:0% +about that problem +from the from the envelope theorem + + align:start position:0% +from the from the envelope theorem + + + align:start position:0% +from the from the envelope theorem +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +as i said before in many applications + + align:start position:0% +as i said before in many applications + + + align:start position:0% +as i said before in many applications +that we're clear about what's an input + + align:start position:0% +that we're clear about what's an input + + + align:start position:0% +that we're clear about what's an input +and what's an output + + align:start position:0% +and what's an output + + + align:start position:0% +and what's an output +we could have for example n possible + + align:start position:0% +we could have for example n possible + + + align:start position:0% +we could have for example n possible +inputs and m + + align:start position:0% +inputs and m + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and m +possible outputs and then we'd be + + align:start position:0% +possible outputs and then we'd be + + + align:start position:0% +possible outputs and then we'd be +writing these vectors as + + align:start position:0% +writing these vectors as + + + align:start position:0% +writing these vectors as +negatives for + + align:start position:0% +negatives for + + + align:start position:0% +negatives for +the n inputs and + + align:start position:0% +the n inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +the n inputs and +positive m outputs + + align:start position:0% +positive m outputs + + + align:start position:0% +positive m outputs +some degrees of freedom depending on the + + align:start position:0% +some degrees of freedom depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +some degrees of freedom depending on the +production function the other things + + align:start position:0% +production function the other things + + + align:start position:0% +production function the other things +being zero there are things other firms + + align:start position:0% +being zero there are things other firms + + + align:start position:0% +being zero there are things other firms +can do this firm cannot + + align:start position:0% +can do this firm cannot + + + align:start position:0% +can do this firm cannot +so we could maximize + + align:start position:0% +so we could maximize + + + align:start position:0% +so we could maximize +if even easier there's a single output + + align:start position:0% +if even easier there's a single output + + + align:start position:0% +if even easier there's a single output +and n + + align:start position:0% +and n + + + align:start position:0% +and n +capital and possible inputs + + align:start position:0% +capital and possible inputs + + + align:start position:0% +capital and possible inputs +we can + + align:start position:0% +we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can +talk about a production function + + align:start position:0% +talk about a production function + + + align:start position:0% +talk about a production function +you know rice is a function of labor + + align:start position:0% +you know rice is a function of labor + + + align:start position:0% +you know rice is a function of labor +holding capital and land fixed for + + align:start position:0% +holding capital and land fixed for + + + align:start position:0% +holding capital and land fixed for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +or we could have multiple + + align:start position:0% +or we could have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +or we could have multiple +vectors acts land labor and capital + + align:start position:0% +vectors acts land labor and capital + + + align:start position:0% +vectors acts land labor and capital +and we write down this this output + + align:start position:0% +and we write down this this output + + + align:start position:0% +and we write down this this output +function this production function + + align:start position:0% +function this production function + + + align:start position:0% +function this production function +we will have prices + + align:start position:0% +we will have prices + + + align:start position:0% +we will have prices +of the output p + + align:start position:0% +of the output p + + + align:start position:0% +of the output p +say taken as given we'll have the prices + + align:start position:0% +say taken as given we'll have the prices + + + align:start position:0% +say taken as given we'll have the prices +of the n inputs + + align:start position:0% +of the n inputs + + + align:start position:0% +of the n inputs +w1 through wn taken as given and we can + + align:start position:0% +w1 through wn taken as given and we can + + + align:start position:0% +w1 through wn taken as given and we can +write down the profit maximization + + align:start position:0% +write down the profit maximization + + + align:start position:0% +write down the profit maximization +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +now with a bit more intuitive signs its + + align:start position:0% +now with a bit more intuitive signs its + + + align:start position:0% +now with a bit more intuitive signs its +revenue + + align:start position:0% +revenue + + + align:start position:0% +revenue +price times output + + align:start position:0% +price times output + + + align:start position:0% +price times output +minus the cost of the inputs that were + + align:start position:0% +minus the cost of the inputs that were + + + align:start position:0% +minus the cost of the inputs that were +used to create that output + + align:start position:0% +used to create that output + + + align:start position:0% +used to create that output +at the prices wn if f is differentiable + + align:start position:0% +at the prices wn if f is differentiable + + + align:start position:0% +at the prices wn if f is differentiable +then we can look for the first order + + align:start position:0% +then we can look for the first order + + + align:start position:0% +then we can look for the first order +condition set derivatives equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +condition set derivatives equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +condition set derivatives equal to zero +say in particular with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +say in particular with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +say in particular with respect to the +nth input + + align:start position:0% +nth input + + + align:start position:0% +nth input +we'll get + + align:start position:0% +we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get +p + + align:start position:0% +p + + + align:start position:0% +p +times the derivative of f x n over here + + align:start position:0% +times the derivative of f x n over here + + + align:start position:0% +times the derivative of f x n over here +and we'll get w n here + + align:start position:0% +and we'll get w n here + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll get w n here +that's this expression so + + align:start position:0% +that's this expression so + + + align:start position:0% +that's this expression so +the shorthand way to say this is the + + align:start position:0% +the shorthand way to say this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the shorthand way to say this is the +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +of the marginal product or the marginal + + align:start position:0% +of the marginal product or the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +of the marginal product or the marginal +revenue product + + align:start position:0% +revenue product + + + align:start position:0% +revenue product +is equal to the price + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the price + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the price +that's economists speak + + align:start position:0% +that's economists speak + + + align:start position:0% +that's economists speak +if you think about what would happen + + align:start position:0% +if you think about what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about what would happen +when this is say greater than + + align:start position:0% +when this is say greater than + + + align:start position:0% +when this is say greater than +the right-hand side that means + + align:start position:0% +the right-hand side that means + + + align:start position:0% +the right-hand side that means +one more unit of input costs you wn + + align:start position:0% +one more unit of input costs you wn + + + align:start position:0% +one more unit of input costs you wn +but that input applied to the production + + align:start position:0% +but that input applied to the production + + + align:start position:0% +but that input applied to the production +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +gives you a marginal output + + align:start position:0% +gives you a marginal output + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a marginal output +and that marginal output evaluated at + + align:start position:0% +and that marginal output evaluated at + + + align:start position:0% +and that marginal output evaluated at +the price + + align:start position:0% +the price + + + align:start position:0% +the price +gives you the marginal revenue so + + align:start position:0% +gives you the marginal revenue so + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the marginal revenue so +if if the left-hand side is greater than + + align:start position:0% +if if the left-hand side is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +if if the left-hand side is greater than +the right-hand side you can't be done + + align:start position:0% +the right-hand side you can't be done + + + align:start position:0% +the right-hand side you can't be done +because you get more out of increasing + + align:start position:0% +because you get more out of increasing + + + align:start position:0% +because you get more out of increasing +your costs you more imbalance your cost + + align:start position:0% +your costs you more imbalance your cost + + + align:start position:0% +your costs you more imbalance your cost +by increasing your revenue + + align:start position:0% +by increasing your revenue + + + align:start position:0% +by increasing your revenue +and likewise when the inequality goes + + align:start position:0% +and likewise when the inequality goes + + + align:start position:0% +and likewise when the inequality goes +the other way you've gone too far and + + align:start position:0% +the other way you've gone too far and + + + align:start position:0% +the other way you've gone too far and +used up too much of the inputs + + align:start position:0% +used up too much of the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +used up too much of the inputs +so this is a very intuitive expression + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very intuitive expression + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very intuitive expression +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now let's talk about cost + + align:start position:0% +so now let's talk about cost + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's talk about cost +minimization + + align:start position:0% +minimization + + + align:start position:0% +minimization +instead of solving the global problem + + align:start position:0% +instead of solving the global problem + + + align:start position:0% +instead of solving the global problem +and finding the maximizing + + align:start position:0% +and finding the maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +and finding the maximizing +profit maximizing inputs and outputs + + align:start position:0% +profit maximizing inputs and outputs + + + align:start position:0% +profit maximizing inputs and outputs +we're going to break the problem into + + align:start position:0% +we're going to break the problem into + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to break the problem into +pieces + + align:start position:0% +pieces + + + align:start position:0% +pieces +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +take the output y as a given like + + align:start position:0% +take the output y as a given like + + + align:start position:0% +take the output y as a given like +something exogenous got to do it + + align:start position:0% +something exogenous got to do it + + + align:start position:0% +something exogenous got to do it +got to achieve it + + align:start position:0% +got to achieve it + + + align:start position:0% +got to achieve it +but let's achieve it in the cost + + align:start position:0% +but let's achieve it in the cost + + + align:start position:0% +but let's achieve it in the cost +minimizing way + + align:start position:0% +minimizing way + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing way +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +here's the statement of the problem if + + align:start position:0% +here's the statement of the problem if + + + align:start position:0% +here's the statement of the problem if +this v of y + + align:start position:0% +this v of y + + + align:start position:0% +this v of y +is the input set that delivers y as the + + align:start position:0% +is the input set that delivers y as the + + + align:start position:0% +is the input set that delivers y as the +output taking y is given we can choose + + align:start position:0% +output taking y is given we can choose + + + align:start position:0% +output taking y is given we can choose +any input vector as long as it gives us + + align:start position:0% +any input vector as long as it gives us + + + align:start position:0% +any input vector as long as it gives us +the output of y so let's minimize the + + align:start position:0% +the output of y so let's minimize the + + + align:start position:0% +the output of y so let's minimize the +cost the dot product w times x + + align:start position:0% +cost the dot product w times x + + + align:start position:0% +cost the dot product w times x +uh which is the cost for achieving that + + align:start position:0% +uh which is the cost for achieving that + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is the cost for achieving that +output y let's call that the cost + + align:start position:0% +output y let's call that the cost + + + align:start position:0% +output y let's call that the cost +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +it's the cost of producing y in the + + align:start position:0% +it's the cost of producing y in the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the cost of producing y in the +least possible cost way + + align:start position:0% +least possible cost way + + + align:start position:0% +least possible cost way +given + + align:start position:0% +given + + + align:start position:0% +given +input price + + align:start position:0% +input price + + + align:start position:0% +input price +vector w + + align:start position:0% +vector w + + + align:start position:0% +vector w +the price of output doesn't matter here + + align:start position:0% +the price of output doesn't matter here + + + align:start position:0% +the price of output doesn't matter here +because that's a given anyway + + align:start position:0% +because that's a given anyway + + + align:start position:0% +because that's a given anyway +that is to say price is not only given + + align:start position:0% +that is to say price is not only given + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say price is not only given +output is given so revenue is not in + + align:start position:0% +output is given so revenue is not in + + + align:start position:0% +output is given so revenue is not in +question here it's just the cost of + + align:start position:0% +question here it's just the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +question here it's just the cost of +financing it through the inputs so we'll + + align:start position:0% +financing it through the inputs so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +financing it through the inputs so we'll +call the solution conditional factor + + align:start position:0% +call the solution conditional factor + + + align:start position:0% +call the solution conditional factor +demands + + align:start position:0% +demands + + + align:start position:0% +demands +and in + + align:start position:0% +and in + + + align:start position:0% +and in +principle they're a + + align:start position:0% +principle they're a + + + align:start position:0% +principle they're a +function of + + align:start position:0% +function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of +these parameters + + align:start position:0% +these parameters + + + align:start position:0% +these parameters +w and y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me draw you a picture + + align:start position:0% +so let me draw you a picture + + + align:start position:0% +so let me draw you a picture +in this case there's going to be an + + align:start position:0% +in this case there's going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +in this case there's going to be an +output level that's to think of it as + + align:start position:0% +output level that's to think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +output level that's to think of it as +like a single good q + + align:start position:0% +like a single good q + + + align:start position:0% +like a single good q +is the level and we're going to plot uh + + align:start position:0% +is the level and we're going to plot uh + + + align:start position:0% +is the level and we're going to plot uh +and there's two inputs x1 and x2 and + + align:start position:0% +and there's two inputs x1 and x2 and + + + align:start position:0% +and there's two inputs x1 and x2 and +we're going to plot here + + align:start position:0% +we're going to plot here + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to plot here +the set of all inputs that give you the + + align:start position:0% +the set of all inputs that give you the + + + align:start position:0% +the set of all inputs that give you the +same output + + align:start position:0% +same output + + + align:start position:0% +same output +that's that curve since the quantity is + + align:start position:0% +that's that curve since the quantity is + + + align:start position:0% +that's that curve since the quantity is +the same namely q we got a name for this + + align:start position:0% +the same namely q we got a name for this + + + align:start position:0% +the same namely q we got a name for this +guy it's isoquant which is the the final + + align:start position:0% +guy it's isoquant which is the the final + + + align:start position:0% +guy it's isoquant which is the the final +instance of iso this and that okay so + + align:start position:0% +instance of iso this and that okay so + + + align:start position:0% +instance of iso this and that okay so +isoquant for same quantity as we move + + align:start position:0% +isoquant for same quantity as we move + + + align:start position:0% +isoquant for same quantity as we move +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +this isoquant okay + + align:start position:0% +this isoquant okay + + + align:start position:0% +this isoquant okay +and what are these uh straight lines are + + align:start position:0% +and what are these uh straight lines are + + + align:start position:0% +and what are these uh straight lines are +expenditure curves they're down here + + align:start position:0% +expenditure curves they're down here + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure curves they're down here +w times when x1 plus w2 x2 equals c + + align:start position:0% +w times when x1 plus w2 x2 equals c + + + align:start position:0% +w times when x1 plus w2 x2 equals c +where c is some level of cost + + align:start position:0% +where c is some level of cost + + + align:start position:0% +where c is some level of cost +the higher ones are associated with + + align:start position:0% +the higher ones are associated with + + + align:start position:0% +the higher ones are associated with +higher costs + + align:start position:0% +higher costs + + + align:start position:0% +higher costs +to minimize + + align:start position:0% +to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize +one move towards zero + + align:start position:0% +one move towards zero + + + align:start position:0% +one move towards zero +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the solution + + align:start position:0% +the solution + + + align:start position:0% +the solution +is here it's the minimized cost that + + align:start position:0% +is here it's the minimized cost that + + + align:start position:0% +is here it's the minimized cost that +allows you to be on the isoquant in fact + + align:start position:0% +allows you to be on the isoquant in fact + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to be on the isoquant in fact +the way it's drawn + + align:start position:0% +the way it's drawn + + + align:start position:0% +the way it's drawn +any other point on the isoquant would + + align:start position:0% +any other point on the isoquant would + + + align:start position:0% +any other point on the isoquant would +give strictly higher costs + + align:start position:0% +give strictly higher costs + + + align:start position:0% +give strictly higher costs +you with me + + align:start position:0% +you with me + + + align:start position:0% +you with me +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you can also characterize this tangency + + align:start position:0% +you can also characterize this tangency + + + align:start position:0% +you can also characterize this tangency +the slope of this cost line is w1 over + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this cost line is w1 over + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this cost line is w1 over +w2 + + align:start position:0% +w2 + + + align:start position:0% +w2 +the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of the +isoquant is like a marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +isoquant is like a marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +isoquant is like a marginal rate of +substitution except we call it the + + align:start position:0% +substitution except we call it the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution except we call it the +marginal rate of product transformation + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of product transformation + + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of product transformation +it's the rate at which you can give up + + align:start position:0% +it's the rate at which you can give up + + + align:start position:0% +it's the rate at which you can give up +the use of input two and get + + align:start position:0% +the use of input two and get + + + align:start position:0% +the use of input two and get +and use input one in such ways to + + align:start position:0% +and use input one in such ways to + + + align:start position:0% +and use input one in such ways to +maintain quantity constant so you know + + align:start position:0% +maintain quantity constant so you know + + + align:start position:0% +maintain quantity constant so you know +this is very similar to the indifference + + align:start position:0% +this is very similar to the indifference + + + align:start position:0% +this is very similar to the indifference +curve that we had in consumer theory and + + align:start position:0% +curve that we had in consumer theory and + + + align:start position:0% +curve that we had in consumer theory and +this characterization of the tangency is + + align:start position:0% +this characterization of the tangency is + + + align:start position:0% +this characterization of the tangency is +similar in terms of + + align:start position:0% +similar in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +similar in terms of +the ratios of the two tangent lines + + align:start position:0% +the ratios of the two tangent lines + + + align:start position:0% +the ratios of the two tangent lines +being the same + + align:start position:0% +being the same + + + align:start position:0% +being the same +so the thing that's getting toggled in + + align:start position:0% +so the thing that's getting toggled in + + + align:start position:0% +so the thing that's getting toggled in +this case is the + + align:start position:0% +this case is the + + + align:start position:0% +this case is the +is the budget line right + + align:start position:0% +is the budget line right + + + align:start position:0% +is the budget line right +the thing that we're trying to minimize + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're trying to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're trying to minimize +is cost so this + + align:start position:0% +is cost so this + + + align:start position:0% +is cost so this +instead of being a budget line it's an + + align:start position:0% +instead of being a budget line it's an + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being a budget line it's an +iso cost line + + align:start position:0% +iso cost line + + + align:start position:0% +iso cost line +yeah yeah yeah and we're we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah and we're we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah yeah and we're we're trying to +move this way + + align:start position:0% +move this way + + + align:start position:0% +move this way +to make it as low as possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so that's another difference when + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's another difference when + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's another difference when +we did you utility max we had + + align:start position:0% +we did you utility max we had + + + align:start position:0% +we did you utility max we had +um a budget and we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +um a budget and we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +um a budget and we were trying to +maximize although we did in the duality + + align:start position:0% +maximize although we did in the duality + + + align:start position:0% +maximize although we did in the duality +lecture + + align:start position:0% +lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture +talk about minimizing the cost of + + align:start position:0% +talk about minimizing the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about minimizing the cost of +achieving a certain level of utility and + + align:start position:0% +achieving a certain level of utility and + + + align:start position:0% +achieving a certain level of utility and +this is very close to that + + align:start position:0% +this is very close to that + + + align:start position:0% +this is very close to that +so here we're minimizing the cost of + + align:start position:0% +so here we're minimizing the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're minimizing the cost of +achieving this level of output + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh let me just say in words + + align:start position:0% +uh let me just say in words + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me just say in words +you know this this is a particular q + + align:start position:0% +you know this this is a particular q + + + align:start position:0% +you know this this is a particular q +i could have picked another one we could + + align:start position:0% +i could have picked another one we could + + + align:start position:0% +i could have picked another one we could +minimize the cost of achieving that q + + align:start position:0% +minimize the cost of achieving that q + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the cost of achieving that q +and then we would get like cost curves + + align:start position:0% +and then we would get like cost curves + + + align:start position:0% +and then we would get like cost curves +which are going to show up momentarily + + align:start position:0% +which are going to show up momentarily + + + align:start position:0% +which are going to show up momentarily +but that was too much clutter to put on + + align:start position:0% +but that was too much clutter to put on + + + align:start position:0% +but that was too much clutter to put on +the diagram so we didn't do it + + align:start position:0% +the diagram so we didn't do it + + + align:start position:0% +the diagram so we didn't do it +instead we put on this + + align:start position:0% +instead we put on this + + + align:start position:0% +instead we put on this +the idea of changing + + align:start position:0% +the idea of changing + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of changing +the ratio of costs so + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of costs so + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of costs so +say disney company producing movies + + align:start position:0% +say disney company producing movies + + + align:start position:0% +say disney company producing movies +uses uh humans animators + + align:start position:0% +uses uh humans animators + + + align:start position:0% +uses uh humans animators +and computers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over the years uh + + align:start position:0% +over the years uh + + + align:start position:0% +over the years uh +computers gone cheaper cheaper relative + + align:start position:0% +computers gone cheaper cheaper relative + + + align:start position:0% +computers gone cheaper cheaper relative +to the wages of humans + + align:start position:0% +to the wages of humans + + + align:start position:0% +to the wages of humans +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh in the early uh 1900s 1990s + + align:start position:0% +uh in the early uh 1900s 1990s + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the early uh 1900s 1990s +the slope of this line would be + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this line would be + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this line would be +the cost of computers divided by the + + align:start position:0% +the cost of computers divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of computers divided by the +cost of animators + + align:start position:0% +cost of animators + + + align:start position:0% +cost of animators +relatively flat + + align:start position:0% +relatively flat + + + align:start position:0% +relatively flat +by today's standards the line is steeper + + align:start position:0% +by today's standards the line is steeper + + + align:start position:0% +by today's standards the line is steeper +so the cost of + + align:start position:0% +so the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +so the cost of +computers + + align:start position:0% +computers + + + align:start position:0% +computers +well it's it's + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +well it's it's +always have to remember it's like p1 + + align:start position:0% +always have to remember it's like p1 + + + align:start position:0% +always have to remember it's like p1 +over p2 + + align:start position:0% +over p2 + + + align:start position:0% +over p2 +so the cost of animators + + align:start position:0% +so the cost of animators + + + align:start position:0% +so the cost of animators +relative to the cost of computers has + + align:start position:0% +relative to the cost of computers has + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the cost of computers has +become + + align:start position:0% +become + + + align:start position:0% +become +a lot steeper and of course you're + + align:start position:0% +a lot steeper and of course you're + + + align:start position:0% +a lot steeper and of course you're +seeing different tangencies a and b + + align:start position:0% +seeing different tangencies a and b + + + align:start position:0% +seeing different tangencies a and b +naturally walt disney company + + align:start position:0% +naturally walt disney company + + + align:start position:0% +naturally walt disney company +would switch + + align:start position:0% +would switch + + + align:start position:0% +would switch +in the direction of using the cheaper + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of using the cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of using the cheaper +input namely computers + + align:start position:0% +input namely computers + + + align:start position:0% +input namely computers +at the expense of using more humans so + + align:start position:0% +at the expense of using more humans so + + + align:start position:0% +at the expense of using more humans so +later when we get into international + + align:start position:0% +later when we get into international + + + align:start position:0% +later when we get into international +trade we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +trade we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +trade we're going to be talking about +we're going to talk about changing + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about changing + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about changing +factor prices and wages and so on so + + align:start position:0% +factor prices and wages and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +factor prices and wages and so on so +this is like + + align:start position:0% +this is like + + + align:start position:0% +this is like +motivation for that when we get there + + align:start position:0% +motivation for that when we get there + + + align:start position:0% +motivation for that when we get there +cost function is homogeneous of degree + + align:start position:0% +cost function is homogeneous of degree + + + align:start position:0% +cost function is homogeneous of degree +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +if you double the inputs you double the + + align:start position:0% +if you double the inputs you double the + + + align:start position:0% +if you double the inputs you double the +cost same argument as before we're not + + align:start position:0% +cost same argument as before we're not + + + align:start position:0% +cost same argument as before we're not +going to change the optimum we're just + + align:start position:0% +going to change the optimum we're just + + + align:start position:0% +going to change the optimum we're just +changing the prices of the inputs so the + + align:start position:0% +changing the prices of the inputs so the + + + align:start position:0% +changing the prices of the inputs so the +cost doubles the cost function is + + align:start position:0% +cost doubles the cost function is + + + align:start position:0% +cost doubles the cost function is +continuous and the cost function is + + align:start position:0% +continuous and the cost function is + + + align:start position:0% +continuous and the cost function is +concave + + align:start position:0% +concave + + + align:start position:0% +concave +just like we did that the profit + + align:start position:0% +just like we did that the profit + + + align:start position:0% +just like we did that the profit +function was convex we're getting that + + align:start position:0% +function was convex we're getting that + + + align:start position:0% +function was convex we're getting that +this cost function is concave and the + + align:start position:0% +this cost function is concave and the + + + align:start position:0% +this cost function is concave and the +argument is very similar + + align:start position:0% +argument is very similar + + + align:start position:0% +argument is very similar +and instead of chewing up time i'm + + align:start position:0% +and instead of chewing up time i'm + + + align:start position:0% +and instead of chewing up time i'm +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +going to break precedent and leave this + + align:start position:0% +going to break precedent and leave this + + + align:start position:0% +going to break precedent and leave this +for you to to do but it's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +for you to to do but it's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +for you to to do but it's exactly the +same argument + + align:start position:0% +same argument + + + align:start position:0% +same argument +that we went through with the convexity + + align:start position:0% +that we went through with the convexity + + + align:start position:0% +that we went through with the convexity +of the profit function except the signs + + align:start position:0% +of the profit function except the signs + + + align:start position:0% +of the profit function except the signs +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +the inequalities go the other way + + align:start position:0% +the inequalities go the other way + + + align:start position:0% +the inequalities go the other way +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then we get shepard's lemma + + align:start position:0% +and then we get shepard's lemma + + + align:start position:0% +and then we get shepard's lemma +which is a version of hoteling's lemma + + align:start position:0% +which is a version of hoteling's lemma + + + align:start position:0% +which is a version of hoteling's lemma +focusing on costs and hence only on the + + align:start position:0% +focusing on costs and hence only on the + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on costs and hence only on the +inputs + + align:start position:0% +inputs + + + align:start position:0% +inputs +prices + + align:start position:0% +prices + + + align:start position:0% +prices +if we differentiate the + + align:start position:0% +if we differentiate the + + + align:start position:0% +if we differentiate the +minimized cost + + align:start position:0% +minimized cost + + + align:start position:0% +minimized cost +of producing output level y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with respect to + + align:start position:0% +with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to +an input price w + + align:start position:0% +an input price w + + + align:start position:0% +an input price w +i pride myself in the ability to go + + align:start position:0% +i pride myself in the ability to go + + + align:start position:0% +i pride myself in the ability to go +through these slides and remove all the + + align:start position:0% +through these slides and remove all the + + + align:start position:0% +through these slides and remove all the +typos + + align:start position:0% +typos + + + align:start position:0% +typos +but here i'm kind of wishing that i had + + align:start position:0% +but here i'm kind of wishing that i had + + + align:start position:0% +but here i'm kind of wishing that i had +had a + + align:start position:0% +had a + + + align:start position:0% +had a +wn on here because it's xn + + align:start position:0% +wn on here because it's xn + + + align:start position:0% +wn on here because it's xn +so if these if there's only one input + + align:start position:0% +so if these if there's only one input + + + align:start position:0% +so if these if there's only one input +it's fine if there's multiple inputs + + align:start position:0% +it's fine if there's multiple inputs + + + align:start position:0% +it's fine if there's multiple inputs +then there's a vector and we should be + + align:start position:0% +then there's a vector and we should be + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a vector and we should be +differentiating with respect to a + + align:start position:0% +differentiating with respect to a + + + align:start position:0% +differentiating with respect to a +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +item in the vector namely the nth input + + align:start position:0% +item in the vector namely the nth input + + + align:start position:0% +item in the vector namely the nth input +so there's probably + + align:start position:0% +so there's probably + + + align:start position:0% +so there's probably +better to have written this is + + align:start position:0% +better to have written this is + + + align:start position:0% +better to have written this is +w n and have an xn + + align:start position:0% +w n and have an xn + + + align:start position:0% +w n and have an xn +over here + + align:start position:0% +over here + + + align:start position:0% +over here +anyway hopefully we'll take notes and + + align:start position:0% +anyway hopefully we'll take notes and + + + align:start position:0% +anyway hopefully we'll take notes and +correct that it's not wrong it could + + align:start position:0% +correct that it's not wrong it could + + + align:start position:0% +correct that it's not wrong it could +have been written better + + align:start position:0% +have been written better + + + align:start position:0% +have been written better +but the real point is you've seen this + + align:start position:0% +but the real point is you've seen this + + + align:start position:0% +but the real point is you've seen this +before this is a version of ode + + align:start position:0% +before this is a version of ode + + + align:start position:0% +before this is a version of ode +telling's lemma it's called shepard's + + align:start position:0% +telling's lemma it's called shepard's + + + align:start position:0% +telling's lemma it's called shepard's +lemma the shepherd is only dealing with + + align:start position:0% +lemma the shepherd is only dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +lemma the shepherd is only dealing with +cost function hoteling was dealing with + + align:start position:0% +cost function hoteling was dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +cost function hoteling was dealing with +the whole profit function + + align:start position:0% +the whole profit function + + + align:start position:0% +the whole profit function +so all that stuff about the envelope + + align:start position:0% +so all that stuff about the envelope + + + align:start position:0% +so all that stuff about the envelope +theorem blah blah blah that all applies + + align:start position:0% +theorem blah blah blah that all applies + + + align:start position:0% +theorem blah blah blah that all applies +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay cost curves + + align:start position:0% +okay cost curves + + + align:start position:0% +okay cost curves +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we've got the total cost + + align:start position:0% +we've got the total cost + + + align:start position:0% +we've got the total cost +of producing q is the minimized cost of + + align:start position:0% +of producing q is the minimized cost of + + + align:start position:0% +of producing q is the minimized cost of +producing q the marginal cost is the + + align:start position:0% +producing q the marginal cost is the + + + align:start position:0% +producing q the marginal cost is the +derivative of that and the average cost + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that and the average cost + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of that and the average cost +is total cost divided by the quantity q + + align:start position:0% +is total cost divided by the quantity q + + + align:start position:0% +is total cost divided by the quantity q +uh and that's the cost on average + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's the cost on average + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's the cost on average +of of the various units of q um of + + align:start position:0% +of of the various units of q um of + + + align:start position:0% +of of the various units of q um of +course profits would be just + + align:start position:0% +course profits would be just + + + align:start position:0% +course profits would be just +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the revenue minus the cost + + align:start position:0% +the revenue minus the cost + + + align:start position:0% +the revenue minus the cost +this is the minimized cost function kind + + align:start position:0% +this is the minimized cost function kind + + + align:start position:0% +this is the minimized cost function kind +of suppressing the reference to w as if + + align:start position:0% +of suppressing the reference to w as if + + + align:start position:0% +of suppressing the reference to w as if +it were + + align:start position:0% +it were + + + align:start position:0% +it were +fixed and take the derivative of this of + + align:start position:0% +fixed and take the derivative of this of + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and take the derivative of this of +course with respect to q + + align:start position:0% +course with respect to q + + + align:start position:0% +course with respect to q +we're going to get price on the left + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get price on the left + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get price on the left +hand side and the marginal cost on the + + align:start position:0% +hand side and the marginal cost on the + + + align:start position:0% +hand side and the marginal cost on the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so again this has an intuitive you've + + align:start position:0% +so again this has an intuitive you've + + + align:start position:0% +so again this has an intuitive you've +probably seen this in your principles of + + align:start position:0% +probably seen this in your principles of + + + align:start position:0% +probably seen this in your principles of +economics course that when the firm is + + align:start position:0% +economics course that when the firm is + + + align:start position:0% +economics course that when the firm is +optimizing it should pick a quantity q + + align:start position:0% +optimizing it should pick a quantity q + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing it should pick a quantity q +where price is equal to marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +where price is equal to marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +where price is equal to marginal cost +and the reason is of course if + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is of course if + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is of course if +priced for greater than marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +priced for greater than marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +priced for greater than marginal cost +you get more in revenue for one more + + align:start position:0% +you get more in revenue for one more + + + align:start position:0% +you get more in revenue for one more +unit than you sacrifice in terms of + + align:start position:0% +unit than you sacrifice in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +unit than you sacrifice in terms of +costs and vice versa + + align:start position:0% +costs and vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +costs and vice versa +when it goes the other way + + align:start position:0% +when it goes the other way + + + align:start position:0% +when it goes the other way +in particular + + align:start position:0% +in particular + + + align:start position:0% +in particular +we're going to get a strong property + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get a strong property + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get a strong property +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +when we have constant returns to scale + + align:start position:0% +when we have constant returns to scale + + + align:start position:0% +when we have constant returns to scale +this production function + + align:start position:0% +this production function + + + align:start position:0% +this production function +you've seen before production set + + align:start position:0% +you've seen before production set + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen before production set +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the cost + + align:start position:0% +the cost + + + align:start position:0% +the cost +is going to be linear + + align:start position:0% +is going to be linear + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be linear +it just scales up and down + + align:start position:0% +it just scales up and down + + + align:start position:0% +it just scales up and down +as you vary q + + align:start position:0% +as you vary q + + + align:start position:0% +as you vary q +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in other words the marginal cost is + + align:start position:0% +in other words the marginal cost is + + + align:start position:0% +in other words the marginal cost is +equal to the average cost + + align:start position:0% +equal to the average cost + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the average cost +and we want to find the point when + + align:start position:0% +and we want to find the point when + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to find the point when +you're optimizing the price p is equal + + align:start position:0% +you're optimizing the price p is equal + + + align:start position:0% +you're optimizing the price p is equal +to the marginal cost which is also equal + + align:start position:0% +to the marginal cost which is also equal + + + align:start position:0% +to the marginal cost which is also equal +to the average cost so + + align:start position:0% +to the average cost so + + + align:start position:0% +to the average cost so +any price less than that + + align:start position:0% +any price less than that + + + align:start position:0% +any price less than that +you're like no + + align:start position:0% +you're like no + + + align:start position:0% +you're like no +i'm not doing + + align:start position:0% +i'm not doing + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not doing +and any price greater they would go to + + align:start position:0% +and any price greater they would go to + + + align:start position:0% +and any price greater they would go to +infinity and make an infinite amount of + + align:start position:0% +infinity and make an infinite amount of + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and make an infinite amount of +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +and at this critical price p which is + + align:start position:0% +and at this critical price p which is + + + align:start position:0% +and at this critical price p which is +exactly equal to + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to +the constant marginal cost because the + + align:start position:0% +the constant marginal cost because the + + + align:start position:0% +the constant marginal cost because the +slope is the same on this line + + align:start position:0% +slope is the same on this line + + + align:start position:0% +slope is the same on this line +everywhere + + align:start position:0% +everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere +they jump from zero to any old q that + + align:start position:0% +they jump from zero to any old q that + + + align:start position:0% +they jump from zero to any old q that +you want but let me show you the + + align:start position:0% +you want but let me show you the + + + align:start position:0% +you want but let me show you the +intuition of what's going on here again + + align:start position:0% +intuition of what's going on here again + + + align:start position:0% +intuition of what's going on here again +keep track of what's in the numerator + + align:start position:0% +keep track of what's in the numerator + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of what's in the numerator +and what's in the denominator this is + + align:start position:0% +and what's in the denominator this is + + + align:start position:0% +and what's in the denominator this is +supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be +p1 over p2 + + align:start position:0% +p1 over p2 + + + align:start position:0% +p1 over p2 +the slope + + align:start position:0% +the slope + + + align:start position:0% +the slope +of this iso profit line + + align:start position:0% +of this iso profit line + + + align:start position:0% +of this iso profit line +is p1 over p2 + + align:start position:0% +is p1 over p2 + + + align:start position:0% +is p1 over p2 +if p2 is going up + + align:start position:0% +if p2 is going up + + + align:start position:0% +if p2 is going up +this iso profit line slope will be going + + align:start position:0% +this iso profit line slope will be going + + + align:start position:0% +this iso profit line slope will be going +down okay so let's compare the three + + align:start position:0% +down okay so let's compare the three + + + align:start position:0% +down okay so let's compare the three +diagrams here so here + + align:start position:0% +diagrams here so here + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams here so here +given a slope associated with p1 over p2 + + align:start position:0% +given a slope associated with p1 over p2 + + + align:start position:0% +given a slope associated with p1 over p2 +profits just get higher and higher + + align:start position:0% +profits just get higher and higher + + + align:start position:0% +profits just get higher and higher +as you move further and further along + + align:start position:0% +as you move further and further along + + + align:start position:0% +as you move further and further along +the boundaries so + + align:start position:0% +the boundaries so + + + align:start position:0% +the boundaries so +2 is the output so as p2 goes up p1 over + + align:start position:0% +2 is the output so as p2 goes up p1 over + + + align:start position:0% +2 is the output so as p2 goes up p1 over +p2 is going down + + align:start position:0% +p2 is going down + + + align:start position:0% +p2 is going down +so we we get this iso profit line + + align:start position:0% +so we we get this iso profit line + + + align:start position:0% +so we we get this iso profit line +which is actually coincident with the + + align:start position:0% +which is actually coincident with the + + + align:start position:0% +which is actually coincident with the +boundary of the production set + + align:start position:0% +boundary of the production set + + + align:start position:0% +boundary of the production set +and finally for + + align:start position:0% +and finally for + + + align:start position:0% +and finally for +so the mistake here is this this should + + align:start position:0% +so the mistake here is this this should + + + align:start position:0% +so the mistake here is this this should +say going down + + align:start position:0% +say going down + + + align:start position:0% +say going down +i'm constantly catching myself that it + + align:start position:0% +i'm constantly catching myself that it + + + align:start position:0% +i'm constantly catching myself that it +wasn't working that the slope + + align:start position:0% +wasn't working that the slope + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't working that the slope +uh is moving + + align:start position:0% +uh is moving + + + align:start position:0% +uh is moving +in the direction of the opposite of what + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of the opposite of what + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of the opposite of what +i'm saying + + align:start position:0% +i'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +i'm saying +uh what we want here + + align:start position:0% +uh what we want here + + + align:start position:0% +uh what we want here +is a price + + align:start position:0% +is a price + + + align:start position:0% +is a price +where they go they're infinity over here + + align:start position:0% +where they go they're infinity over here + + + align:start position:0% +where they go they're infinity over here +they're indifferent at this price of + + align:start position:0% +they're indifferent at this price of + + + align:start position:0% +they're indifferent at this price of +output and at a lower price of output + + align:start position:0% +output and at a lower price of output + + + align:start position:0% +output and at a lower price of output +they don't want to do anything + + align:start position:0% +they don't want to do anything + + + align:start position:0% +they don't want to do anything +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +nothing zero profit and that's where + + align:start position:0% +nothing zero profit and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +nothing zero profit and that's where +these lines are steeper + + align:start position:0% +these lines are steeper + + + align:start position:0% +these lines are steeper +where these iso profit lines are steeper + + align:start position:0% +where these iso profit lines are steeper + + + align:start position:0% +where these iso profit lines are steeper +and they're steeper because + + align:start position:0% +and they're steeper because + + + align:start position:0% +and they're steeper because +it has a slope of p1 or p2 + + align:start position:0% +it has a slope of p1 or p2 + + + align:start position:0% +it has a slope of p1 or p2 +and the price of output p2 has gotten so + + align:start position:0% +and the price of output p2 has gotten so + + + align:start position:0% +and the price of output p2 has gotten so +low + + align:start position:0% +low + + + align:start position:0% +low +that these lines are getting so steep + + align:start position:0% +that these lines are getting so steep + + + align:start position:0% +that these lines are getting so steep +that the best position is zero profit so + + align:start position:0% +that the best position is zero profit so + + + align:start position:0% +that the best position is zero profit so +i finally set it right that time + + align:start position:0% +i finally set it right that time + + + align:start position:0% +i finally set it right that time +i did not catch his typo before we'll + + align:start position:0% +i did not catch his typo before we'll + + + align:start position:0% +i did not catch his typo before we'll +fix that + + align:start position:0% +fix that + + + align:start position:0% +fix that +the the point of the diagram is constant + + align:start position:0% +the the point of the diagram is constant + + + align:start position:0% +the the point of the diagram is constant +returns to scale has some + + align:start position:0% +returns to scale has some + + + align:start position:0% +returns to scale has some +very special properties prices have to + + align:start position:0% +very special properties prices have to + + + align:start position:0% +very special properties prices have to +be just right + + align:start position:0% +be just right + + + align:start position:0% +be just right +if price ratio is just right then any + + align:start position:0% +if price ratio is just right then any + + + align:start position:0% +if price ratio is just right then any +production is fine + + align:start position:0% +production is fine + + + align:start position:0% +production is fine +and they're making zero profits + + align:start position:0% +and they're making zero profits + + + align:start position:0% +and they're making zero profits +so they don't care they will do + + align:start position:0% +so they don't care they will do + + + align:start position:0% +so they don't care they will do +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +if demand + + align:start position:0% +if demand + + + align:start position:0% +if demand +makes them do it + + align:start position:0% +makes them do it + + + align:start position:0% +makes them do it +but on these two extremes this isn't + + align:start position:0% +but on these two extremes this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +but on these two extremes this isn't +feasible because it's infinite profit + + align:start position:0% +feasible because it's infinite profit + + + align:start position:0% +feasible because it's infinite profit +and here they would make losses so they + + align:start position:0% +and here they would make losses so they + + + align:start position:0% +and here they would make losses so they +minimize their losses and go to zero + + align:start position:0% +minimize their losses and go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +minimize their losses and go to zero +so you you get these very extreme + + align:start position:0% +so you you get these very extreme + + + align:start position:0% +so you you get these very extreme +solutions if you have an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +solutions if you have an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +solutions if you have an equilibrium +with positive profits from a production + + align:start position:0% +with positive profits from a production + + + align:start position:0% +with positive profits from a production +set which displays constant returns to + + align:start position:0% +set which displays constant returns to + + + align:start position:0% +set which displays constant returns to +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +you know that the price ratio has to be + + align:start position:0% +you know that the price ratio has to be + + + align:start position:0% +you know that the price ratio has to be +coincident with the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +coincident with the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +coincident with the slope of the +boundary of the production function so + + align:start position:0% +boundary of the production function so + + + align:start position:0% +boundary of the production function so +we can + + align:start position:0% +we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can +when we get to equilibrium we can + + align:start position:0% +when we get to equilibrium we can + + + align:start position:0% +when we get to equilibrium we can +determine prices from the production + + align:start position:0% +determine prices from the production + + + align:start position:0% +determine prices from the production +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +at least on the premise that something + + align:start position:0% +at least on the premise that something + + + align:start position:0% +at least on the premise that something +is being produced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's what i've said + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is a property of constant returns to + + align:start position:0% +is a property of constant returns to + + + align:start position:0% +is a property of constant returns to +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +namely + + align:start position:0% +namely + + + align:start position:0% +namely +we might just as well + + align:start position:0% +we might just as well + + + align:start position:0% +we might just as well +solve the cost minimization problem for + + align:start position:0% +solve the cost minimization problem for + + + align:start position:0% +solve the cost minimization problem for +an output of 1 + + align:start position:0% +an output of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +an output of 1 +and get the ratio of the inputs that way + + align:start position:0% +and get the ratio of the inputs that way + + + align:start position:0% +and get the ratio of the inputs that way +and then if you want to scale production + + align:start position:0% +and then if you want to scale production + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you want to scale production +up or down y being greater than or less + + align:start position:0% +up or down y being greater than or less + + + align:start position:0% +up or down y being greater than or less +than one that's fine you'll change the + + align:start position:0% +than one that's fine you'll change the + + + align:start position:0% +than one that's fine you'll change the +level of the inputs they're going to + + align:start position:0% +level of the inputs they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +level of the inputs they're going to +scale up and down as well by the same + + align:start position:0% +scale up and down as well by the same + + + align:start position:0% +scale up and down as well by the same +scalar you're using to scale y + + align:start position:0% +scalar you're using to scale y + + + align:start position:0% +scalar you're using to scale y +but the ratio isn't going to move + + align:start position:0% +but the ratio isn't going to move + + + align:start position:0% +but the ratio isn't going to move +but that's a property of constant + + align:start position:0% +but that's a property of constant + + + align:start position:0% +but that's a property of constant +returns to scale + + align:start position:0% +returns to scale + + + align:start position:0% +returns to scale +now again i i had decided this in + + align:start position:0% +now again i i had decided this in + + + align:start position:0% +now again i i had decided this in +advance and + + align:start position:0% +advance and + + + align:start position:0% +advance and +indeed + + align:start position:0% +indeed + + + align:start position:0% +indeed +i have my eyes on the clock here there + + align:start position:0% +i have my eyes on the clock here there + + + align:start position:0% +i have my eyes on the clock here there +is a proof here so if you like + + align:start position:0% +is a proof here so if you like + + + align:start position:0% +is a proof here so if you like +take some time and try to write out a + + align:start position:0% +take some time and try to write out a + + + align:start position:0% +take some time and try to write out a +proof by contradiction i think you'll + + align:start position:0% +proof by contradiction i think you'll + + + align:start position:0% +proof by contradiction i think you'll +find that to be a useful exercise in + + align:start position:0% +find that to be a useful exercise in + + + align:start position:0% +find that to be a useful exercise in +other words proved by something like + + align:start position:0% +other words proved by something like + + + align:start position:0% +other words proved by something like +suppose you changed y and the input + + align:start position:0% +suppose you changed y and the input + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you changed y and the input +ratio were to change + + align:start position:0% +ratio were to change + + + align:start position:0% +ratio were to change +then that would lead to a contradiction + + align:start position:0% +then that would lead to a contradiction + + + align:start position:0% +then that would lead to a contradiction +that something inconsistent with + + align:start position:0% +that something inconsistent with + + + align:start position:0% +that something inconsistent with +constant returns to scale all right + + align:start position:0% +constant returns to scale all right + + + align:start position:0% +constant returns to scale all right +here's robinson crusoe you know it's + + align:start position:0% +here's robinson crusoe you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +here's robinson crusoe you know it's +like a one-island + + align:start position:0% +like a one-island + + + align:start position:0% +like a one-island +one-man economy if you don't know a + + align:start position:0% +one-man economy if you don't know a + + + align:start position:0% +one-man economy if you don't know a +story this means nothing to you + + align:start position:0% +story this means nothing to you + + + align:start position:0% +story this means nothing to you +i think he actually had a helper called + + align:start position:0% +i think he actually had a helper called + + + align:start position:0% +i think he actually had a helper called +friday but anyway + + align:start position:0% +friday but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +friday but anyway +this thing of robinson crusoe being a + + align:start position:0% +this thing of robinson crusoe being a + + + align:start position:0% +this thing of robinson crusoe being a +one-man economy + + align:start position:0% +one-man economy + + + align:start position:0% +one-man economy +and we plot the production possibility + + align:start position:0% +and we plot the production possibility + + + align:start position:0% +and we plot the production possibility +set with province's input getting food + + align:start position:0% +set with province's input getting food + + + align:start position:0% +set with province's input getting food +as the output picking fruit off the + + align:start position:0% +as the output picking fruit off the + + + align:start position:0% +as the output picking fruit off the +trees whatever + + align:start position:0% +trees whatever + + + align:start position:0% +trees whatever +and uh and what's the maximal solution + + align:start position:0% +and uh and what's the maximal solution + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and what's the maximal solution +for robinson + + align:start position:0% +for robinson + + + align:start position:0% +for robinson +it's to find the utility function which + + align:start position:0% +it's to find the utility function which + + + align:start position:0% +it's to find the utility function which +has the highest tangency + + align:start position:0% +has the highest tangency + + + align:start position:0% +has the highest tangency +so these lines are + + align:start position:0% +so these lines are + + + align:start position:0% +so these lines are +the curves of indifference curves + + align:start position:0% +the curves of indifference curves + + + align:start position:0% +the curves of indifference curves +and the + + align:start position:0% +and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the +maximum utility level consistency but + + align:start position:0% +maximum utility level consistency but + + + align:start position:0% +maximum utility level consistency but +this is kind of a big moment in the + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of a big moment in the + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of a big moment in the +course even though the concepts + + align:start position:0% +course even though the concepts + + + align:start position:0% +course even though the concepts +probably look pretty transparent + + align:start position:0% +probably look pretty transparent + + + align:start position:0% +probably look pretty transparent +we just combined utility maximization + + align:start position:0% +we just combined utility maximization + + + align:start position:0% +we just combined utility maximization +with production and i'm telling you the + + align:start position:0% +with production and i'm telling you the + + + align:start position:0% +with production and i'm telling you the +optimum point for the whole economy + + align:start position:0% +optimum point for the whole economy + + + align:start position:0% +optimum point for the whole economy +is this tangency level + + align:start position:0% +is this tangency level + + + align:start position:0% +is this tangency level +and actually + + align:start position:0% +and actually + + + align:start position:0% +and actually +if we drew + + align:start position:0% +if we drew + + + align:start position:0% +if we drew +a line + + align:start position:0% +a line + + + align:start position:0% +a line +that were tangent to both the production + + align:start position:0% +that were tangent to both the production + + + align:start position:0% +that were tangent to both the production +boundary and the indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +boundary and the indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +boundary and the indifference curve +that could represent + + align:start position:0% +that could represent + + + align:start position:0% +that could represent +both a profit line for robinson crusoe + + align:start position:0% +both a profit line for robinson crusoe + + + align:start position:0% +both a profit line for robinson crusoe +the producer + + align:start position:0% +the producer + + + align:start position:0% +the producer +and a budget line for robinson crusoe as + + align:start position:0% +and a budget line for robinson crusoe as + + + align:start position:0% +and a budget line for robinson crusoe as +a consumer so for the first time we're + + align:start position:0% +a consumer so for the first time we're + + + align:start position:0% +a consumer so for the first time we're +actually looking at a competitive + + align:start position:0% +actually looking at a competitive + + + align:start position:0% +actually looking at a competitive +equilibrium for the whole economy it's + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium for the whole economy it's + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium for the whole economy it's +kind of stupid though because robinson's + + align:start position:0% +kind of stupid though because robinson's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stupid though because robinson's +all alone there's no one to trade with + + align:start position:0% +all alone there's no one to trade with + + + align:start position:0% +all alone there's no one to trade with +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +suppose he could + + align:start position:0% +suppose he could + + + align:start position:0% +suppose he could +so suppose robinson crusoe could produce + + align:start position:0% +so suppose robinson crusoe could produce + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose robinson crusoe could produce +two goods + + align:start position:0% +two goods + + + align:start position:0% +two goods +some agricultural output + + align:start position:0% +some agricultural output + + + align:start position:0% +some agricultural output +but also some + + align:start position:0% +but also some + + + align:start position:0% +but also some +tools or some manufactured goods on the + + align:start position:0% +tools or some manufactured goods on the + + + align:start position:0% +tools or some manufactured goods on the +x-axis + + align:start position:0% +x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the set of production possibilities + + align:start position:0% +the set of production possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +the set of production possibilities +is this sort of + + align:start position:0% +is this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is this sort of +half quarter circle area with the with + + align:start position:0% +half quarter circle area with the with + + + align:start position:0% +half quarter circle area with the with +its boundary + + align:start position:0% +its boundary + + + align:start position:0% +its boundary +and uh if robinson crusoe + + align:start position:0% +and uh if robinson crusoe + + + align:start position:0% +and uh if robinson crusoe +would be still intent on maximizing + + align:start position:0% +would be still intent on maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +would be still intent on maximizing +utility we'd find + + align:start position:0% +utility we'd find + + + align:start position:0% +utility we'd find +where the slope of the and where the + + align:start position:0% +where the slope of the and where the + + + align:start position:0% +where the slope of the and where the +we'd find the highest level of the + + align:start position:0% +we'd find the highest level of the + + + align:start position:0% +we'd find the highest level of the +indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve +and the tangency + + align:start position:0% +and the tangency + + + align:start position:0% +and the tangency +there's stuff going on in the background + + align:start position:0% +there's stuff going on in the background + + + align:start position:0% +there's stuff going on in the background +here i'm not showing you + + align:start position:0% +here i'm not showing you + + + align:start position:0% +here i'm not showing you +to make it simpler i'm not talking about + + align:start position:0% +to make it simpler i'm not talking about + + + align:start position:0% +to make it simpler i'm not talking about +his input + + align:start position:0% +his input + + + align:start position:0% +his input +he's just trick whether i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +he's just trick whether i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +he's just trick whether i'm going to +work in agriculture or work in + + align:start position:0% +work in agriculture or work in + + + align:start position:0% +work in agriculture or work in +manufacturing and i'm not showing you + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and i'm not showing you + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and i'm not showing you +that work level + + align:start position:0% +that work level + + + align:start position:0% +that work level +but it is producing this set of + + align:start position:0% +but it is producing this set of + + + align:start position:0% +but it is producing this set of +production possibilities of the two + + align:start position:0% +production possibilities of the two + + + align:start position:0% +production possibilities of the two +goods and this would be + + align:start position:0% +goods and this would be + + + align:start position:0% +goods and this would be +the utility maximizing point a + + align:start position:0% +the utility maximizing point a + + + align:start position:0% +the utility maximizing point a +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +suppose all of a sudden he has the + + align:start position:0% +suppose all of a sudden he has the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose all of a sudden he has the +opportunity to trade with another island + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to trade with another island + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to trade with another island +and suppose + + align:start position:0% +and suppose + + + align:start position:0% +and suppose +we represent the + + align:start position:0% +we represent the + + + align:start position:0% +we represent the +iso profit line + + align:start position:0% +iso profit line + + + align:start position:0% +iso profit line +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +red so + + align:start position:0% +red so + + + align:start position:0% +red so +we want to be + + align:start position:0% +we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be +as far to the northeast as possible + + align:start position:0% +as far to the northeast as possible + + + align:start position:0% +as far to the northeast as possible +maximizing profits but staying on the + + align:start position:0% +maximizing profits but staying on the + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing profits but staying on the +production possibility set so that + + align:start position:0% +production possibility set so that + + + align:start position:0% +production possibility set so that +maximized level + + align:start position:0% +maximized level + + + align:start position:0% +maximized level +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +of production is here b + + align:start position:0% +of production is here b + + + align:start position:0% +of production is here b +and of consumption is here c + + align:start position:0% +and of consumption is here c + + + align:start position:0% +and of consumption is here c +now this is a much more interesting + + align:start position:0% +now this is a much more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +now this is a much more interesting +economy + + align:start position:0% +economy + + + align:start position:0% +economy +because there's some external agent here + + align:start position:0% +because there's some external agent here + + + align:start position:0% +because there's some external agent here +robinson crusoe and the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +robinson crusoe and the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +robinson crusoe and the rest of the +world that other island and + + align:start position:0% +world that other island and + + + align:start position:0% +world that other island and +they're now trading with each other + + align:start position:0% +they're now trading with each other + + + align:start position:0% +they're now trading with each other +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and robinson crusoe has decided to + + align:start position:0% +and robinson crusoe has decided to + + + align:start position:0% +and robinson crusoe has decided to +specialize more + + align:start position:0% +specialize more + + + align:start position:0% +specialize more +though not completely + + align:start position:0% +though not completely + + + align:start position:0% +though not completely +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +manufacturing goods and + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing goods and + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing goods and +to give them up + + align:start position:0% +to give them up + + + align:start position:0% +to give them up +in trade to the other island in order to + + align:start position:0% +in trade to the other island in order to + + + align:start position:0% +in trade to the other island in order to +acquire more agricultural output so + + align:start position:0% +acquire more agricultural output so + + + align:start position:0% +acquire more agricultural output so +we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing +exports and imports + + align:start position:0% +exports and imports + + + align:start position:0% +exports and imports +as we move from b to c and obviously + + align:start position:0% +as we move from b to c and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +as we move from b to c and obviously +robinson crusoe is doing better utility + + align:start position:0% +robinson crusoe is doing better utility + + + align:start position:0% +robinson crusoe is doing better utility +wise from trade + + align:start position:0% +wise from trade + + + align:start position:0% +wise from trade +than at autarky a might stand for + + align:start position:0% +than at autarky a might stand for + + + align:start position:0% +than at autarky a might stand for +autarky + + align:start position:0% +autarky + + + align:start position:0% +autarky +so this is our first glimpse at the + + align:start position:0% +so this is our first glimpse at the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is our first glimpse at the +gains from trade + + align:start position:0% +gains from trade + + + align:start position:0% +gains from trade +with the one-man economy at least + + align:start position:0% +with the one-man economy at least + + + align:start position:0% +with the one-man economy at least +robinson crusoe can be made better off + + align:start position:0% +robinson crusoe can be made better off + + + align:start position:0% +robinson crusoe can be made better off +by trading with another island + + align:start position:0% +by trading with another island + + + align:start position:0% +by trading with another island +this is the related picture + + align:start position:0% +this is the related picture + + + align:start position:0% +this is the related picture +suppose we have two countries uk in the + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have two countries uk in the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have two countries uk in the +united states and their production + + align:start position:0% +united states and their production + + + align:start position:0% +united states and their production +possibility set look different + + align:start position:0% +possibility set look different + + + align:start position:0% +possibility set look different +from each other + + align:start position:0% +from each other + + + align:start position:0% +from each other +we're plotting wheat and cloth in both + + align:start position:0% +we're plotting wheat and cloth in both + + + align:start position:0% +we're plotting wheat and cloth in both +countries + + align:start position:0% +countries + + + align:start position:0% +countries +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we might have in autarky + + align:start position:0% +we might have in autarky + + + align:start position:0% +we might have in autarky +that the uk's maximal utility position + + align:start position:0% +that the uk's maximal utility position + + + align:start position:0% +that the uk's maximal utility position +is here at duk + + align:start position:0% +is here at duk + + + align:start position:0% +is here at duk +and that the u.s no trade position would + + align:start position:0% +and that the u.s no trade position would + + + align:start position:0% +and that the u.s no trade position would +be at the u.s now you do see that you + + align:start position:0% +be at the u.s now you do see that you + + + align:start position:0% +be at the u.s now you do see that you +know this is deliberately chosen so the + + align:start position:0% +know this is deliberately chosen so the + + + align:start position:0% +know this is deliberately chosen so the +slopes of these lines are different + + align:start position:0% +slopes of these lines are different + + + align:start position:0% +slopes of these lines are different +and that suggests there are gains to + + align:start position:0% +and that suggests there are gains to + + + align:start position:0% +and that suggests there are gains to +trade in fact what's depicted here + + align:start position:0% +trade in fact what's depicted here + + + align:start position:0% +trade in fact what's depicted here +is almost common price ratio + + align:start position:0% +is almost common price ratio + + + align:start position:0% +is almost common price ratio +where you could think of it as the + + align:start position:0% +where you could think of it as the + + + align:start position:0% +where you could think of it as the +prices in the rest of the world but this + + align:start position:0% +prices in the rest of the world but this + + + align:start position:0% +prices in the rest of the world but this +may be a bilateral country example but + + align:start position:0% +may be a bilateral country example but + + + align:start position:0% +may be a bilateral country example but +somehow the prices are fixed for each + + align:start position:0% +somehow the prices are fixed for each + + + align:start position:0% +somehow the prices are fixed for each +country by competitive forces so the + + align:start position:0% +country by competitive forces so the + + + align:start position:0% +country by competitive forces so the +slope of the dash line is the same for + + align:start position:0% +slope of the dash line is the same for + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the dash line is the same for +both countries and what happens well the + + align:start position:0% +both countries and what happens well the + + + align:start position:0% +both countries and what happens well the +uk + + align:start position:0% +uk + + + align:start position:0% +uk +decides to export wheat and + + align:start position:0% +decides to export wheat and + + + align:start position:0% +decides to export wheat and +import cloth i thought it was going to + + align:start position:0% +import cloth i thought it was going to + + + align:start position:0% +import cloth i thought it was going to +go the other way actually and + + align:start position:0% +go the other way actually and + + + align:start position:0% +go the other way actually and +the united states + + align:start position:0% +the united states + + + align:start position:0% +the united states +chooses to + + align:start position:0% +chooses to + + + align:start position:0% +chooses to +did i just say that wrong + + align:start position:0% +did i just say that wrong + + + align:start position:0% +did i just say that wrong +chooses to + + align:start position:0% +chooses to + + + align:start position:0% +chooses to +oh yeah i did say it wrong the u.s + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah i did say it wrong the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah i did say it wrong the u.s +chooses to produce more wheat and export + + align:start position:0% +chooses to produce more wheat and export + + + align:start position:0% +chooses to produce more wheat and export +part of that increased production + + align:start position:0% +part of that increased production + + + align:start position:0% +part of that increased production +back to the uk + + align:start position:0% +back to the uk + + + align:start position:0% +back to the uk +the uk was here in autarky when it faces + + align:start position:0% +the uk was here in autarky when it faces + + + align:start position:0% +the uk was here in autarky when it faces +faced with the possibility of trade + + align:start position:0% +faced with the possibility of trade + + + align:start position:0% +faced with the possibility of trade +it produces much more cloth and then it + + align:start position:0% +it produces much more cloth and then it + + + align:start position:0% +it produces much more cloth and then it +exports that cloth to the u.s + + align:start position:0% +exports that cloth to the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +exports that cloth to the u.s +cloth and the uk kind of go hand in hand + + align:start position:0% +cloth and the uk kind of go hand in hand + + + align:start position:0% +cloth and the uk kind of go hand in hand +because people think of the industrial + + align:start position:0% +because people think of the industrial + + + align:start position:0% +because people think of the industrial +revolution and + + align:start position:0% +revolution and + + + align:start position:0% +revolution and +manufacturing of textiles which was kind + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing of textiles which was kind + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing of textiles which was kind +of a big deal in britain and the us and + + align:start position:0% +of a big deal in britain and the us and + + + align:start position:0% +of a big deal in britain and the us and +kansas and so on having + + align:start position:0% +kansas and so on having + + + align:start position:0% +kansas and so on having +lots of wheat so it's meant to be a + + align:start position:0% +lots of wheat so it's meant to be a + + + align:start position:0% +lots of wheat so it's meant to be a +somewhat realistic example + + align:start position:0% +somewhat realistic example + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat realistic example +anyway you know this is like the climax + + align:start position:0% +anyway you know this is like the climax + + + align:start position:0% +anyway you know this is like the climax +of the slides today because you're + + align:start position:0% +of the slides today because you're + + + align:start position:0% +of the slides today because you're +seeing an application of production + + align:start position:0% +seeing an application of production + + + align:start position:0% +seeing an application of production +theory in particular a profit maximizing + + align:start position:0% +theory in particular a profit maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +theory in particular a profit maximizing +theory but now integrating with utility + + align:start position:0% +theory but now integrating with utility + + + align:start position:0% +theory but now integrating with utility +maximization theory + + align:start position:0% +maximization theory + + + align:start position:0% +maximization theory +and looking at an equilibrium of + + align:start position:0% +and looking at an equilibrium of + + + align:start position:0% +and looking at an equilibrium of +an entire economy at least consisting of + + align:start position:0% +an entire economy at least consisting of + + + align:start position:0% +an entire economy at least consisting of +two countries when we + + align:start position:0% +two countries when we + + + align:start position:0% +two countries when we +when we talk about tariffs and taxes and + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about tariffs and taxes and + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about tariffs and taxes and +so on + + align:start position:0% +so on + + + align:start position:0% +so on +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +dashed lines will not be + + align:start position:0% +dashed lines will not be + + + align:start position:0% +dashed lines will not be +of identical slope they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +of identical slope they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +of identical slope they're going to be +have different slopes in different + + align:start position:0% +have different slopes in different + + + align:start position:0% +have different slopes in different +countries depending on which good is + + align:start position:0% +countries depending on which good is + + + align:start position:0% +countries depending on which good is +subject to a tariff + + align:start position:0% +subject to a tariff + + + align:start position:0% +subject to a tariff +imports from china coming into the u.s + + align:start position:0% +imports from china coming into the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +imports from china coming into the u.s +for example subject to a tariff and and + + align:start position:0% +for example subject to a tariff and and + + + align:start position:0% +for example subject to a tariff and and +we'll get there but we're getting very + + align:start position:0% +we'll get there but we're getting very + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get there but we're getting very +close now + + align:start position:0% +close now + + + align:start position:0% +close now +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +there is more to this part of the + + align:start position:0% +there is more to this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +there is more to this part of the +lecture on production + + align:start position:0% +lecture on production + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on production +but i kind of pre-plan to stop here to + + align:start position:0% +but i kind of pre-plan to stop here to + + + align:start position:0% +but i kind of pre-plan to stop here to +say next time when we start + + align:start position:0% +say next time when we start + + + align:start position:0% +say next time when we start +we'll finish up this production lecture + + align:start position:0% +we'll finish up this production lecture + + + align:start position:0% +we'll finish up this production lecture +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +leontyaf + + align:start position:0% +leontyaf + + + align:start position:0% +leontyaf +and google facebook + + align:start position:0% +and google facebook + + + align:start position:0% +and google facebook +uh pagerank i mean + + align:start position:0% +uh pagerank i mean + + + align:start position:0% +uh pagerank i mean +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and the great japanese earthquake + + align:start position:0% +and the great japanese earthquake + + + align:start position:0% +and the great japanese earthquake +and uh and then we'll which are fun + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then we'll which are fun + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then we'll which are fun +applications + + align:start position:0% +applications + + + align:start position:0% +applications +and for production and then we're going + + align:start position:0% +and for production and then we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and for production and then we're going +to go to + + align:start position:0% +to go to + + + align:start position:0% +to go to +lecture five + + align:start position:0% +lecture five + + + align:start position:0% +lecture five +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +talk about the consumer theory and then + + align:start position:0% +talk about the consumer theory and then + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the consumer theory and then +combine them all over again with some + + align:start position:0% +combine them all over again with some + + + align:start position:0% +combine them all over again with some +techniques on uh + + align:start position:0% +techniques on uh + + + align:start position:0% +techniques on uh +linear programming okay + + align:start position:0% +linear programming okay + + + align:start position:0% +linear programming okay +see you soon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oI9fMUqgfxY.txt b/oI9fMUqgfxY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4812549d17621d70c3cd2a06c9e8c89f02e1cff --- /dev/null +++ b/oI9fMUqgfxY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3597 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Last time +we defined the expected + +value of a random variable. + +And we talked about a lot of +ways it could be computed. + +We proved all sorts of +equivalent definitions. + +Today, we're going to keep +talking about expectation. + +And we're going to start +with an example that + +talks about the expected +number of events + +that you expect to have occur. + +And it's a +generalization of what + +we did with Chinese appetizer +and hat check from last time. + +We're going to call +this theorem 1. + +If you have a +probability space, s, + +and you've got a +collection of n events, + +let's call them A1 through +A n, and these are just + +subsets of s, then the expected +number of events to occur, + +of these events, is simply +the sum of i equals 1 to n + +of the probability of +the i-th event occurring. + +So you just sum up +the probabilities + +that the events occur. + +And that tells you +the expected number + +of events that will occur. + +So a very simple formula. + +So for example, A i +might be the event + +if the i-th man gets the +right hat back from last time. + +Or it could be the event +if the i-th person gets + +the right appetizer back +at the Chinese restaurant + +after we spin the +wheel in the center. + +So we're going to prove this. + +And the proof is very similar +to what we did last time when + +we figured out the +expected number of people + +to get the right hat back. + +In particular, we're going +to start by setting up + +an indicator variable, T sub +i, that tells us whether or not + +the i-th event, A sub i occurs. + +So we define T sub i-- and it's +a function of a sample point-- + +to be 1 if the sample +point is in the i-th event, + +meaning the i-th event +occurs, and 0 otherwise. + +And this is just +another way of saying + +that T sub i is 1 if and only +if A sub i happens or occurs. + +Now what we care about is the +number of events that occur. + +And we get that just by +summing up the T sub i. + +So we'll let T be +T1 plus T2 plus T n. + +And that'll count because +we'll get a 1 every time + +an event occurs. + +By adding those up, +we'll get the number + +of events that occur. + +All right. + +Now we care about +the expected value + +of T, the expected number +of events to occur. + +And I claim that's just +the sum i equals 1 to n + +of the expected value of T i. + +Why is that true? + +Why is the expected value of T +the sum of the expected values + +of the T sub i? + +Linearity of expectations. + +Now did we need the T sub i's to +be independent events for that? + +No. + +OK, very good. + +Now the expected value of T +i is really easy to evaluate. + +It's just a 0, 1 variable. + +So it's just the +probability that T i is 1 + +because it's 1 times this plus +0 times the probability of 0, + +and that cancels out. + +And the event that +T i equals 1 is just + +the situation where the i-th +event occurs because T i equals + +1 is the case that A i occurs. + +That's what it is. + +So we've shown that the expected +number of events to occur + +is simply the sum +of the probabilities + +that the events occur. + +So a very simple +formula, very handy. + +And you don't need +independence for that. + +Any questions about that? + +We're going to use that +theorem a lot today. + +As a simple example, suppose +we flip n fair coins. + +And we let A i be the event +that the i-th coin is heads. + +And suppose we want to know +the expected number of heads + +in the n flips. + +Well, we can use this theorem. + +The expected number +of heads is just + +going to be the sum +of the probabilities + +that each coin is a heads. + +So let's do that. + +T is the number of heads. + +We want to know the +expected value of T. + +And from theorem +one, that's just + +the probability the first coin +is heads plus the probability + +the second coin is heads. + +And the same out to the +probability the n-th coin + +is heads. + +What's the probability +the first coin is heads? + +And 1/2. + +The probability the second +coin is heads is a 1/2. + +The probability the last +coin is heads is 1/2. + +And so the expected number of +heads-- we add up 1/2 n times-- + +is just n/2. + +Of course, you all knew that. + +If you flip n fair coins, +the expected number of heads + +is half of them. + +But that's a very +simple way to prove it. + +Did we need the coin +tosses to be mutually + +independent to conclude that? + +No. + +I could've glued them +together in some weird way. + +In fact, I could have glued +some face up and some face down + +and done weird +things, and you still + +expect n/2 heads even if +they were glued together + +in strange ways. + +Because I don't +need independence + +for linearity of +expectation to prove this. + +Now that's the easy +way to evaluate + +the expected number of heads. + +There is a hard way to do it. + +Let me set that up. + +We could start from +the definition, + +a different definition, namely, +that the expected value of T + +is the sum from i equals 0 to n. + +i times the probability +that you have i heads. + +This would be a +natural way to compute + +the expected number of heads. + +You add up the +case where there's + +zero heads times the +probability of 0, + +1 times the probability +of one head, 2 times + +probably two heads, +and so forth. + +That's one of the first +definitions of expectation. + +So let's keep trying to do this. + +What is the probability +of getting i heads? + +And now I'm going +to have to assume + +mutual independence actually. + +Now I'm going to need +mutual independence. + +So already, this +method isn't as good + +because I had to +make that assumption + +to answer this question. + +If you don't make +that assumption, + +you can't answer that question. + +What's the probability of +getting i heads out of n. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: s to the n-th +power times n [INAUDIBLE] i. + +PROFESSOR: Yes, because if +you look at the sample space, + +there are 2 to the n sample +points all equally likely. + +They're all probability +2 the minus n. + +And there's n choose i of +them that have i heads. + +And now you'd have to +evaluate that sum which + +is sort of a pain. + +That one won't come +to mind readily. + +So you might say I reached +sort of a dead end here. + +But in fact, the answer +is easy to use, easy + +to get using this method. + +In fact, we've actually +proved an identity here + +because we know +the answer is n/2. + +We've just proved that +this messy thing is n/2. + +In fact, you can multiply +by 2 to the n here. + +We have proved, using +probability theory and theorem + +1 over there, the sum of +i n choose i equals n 2 + +to the n minus 1. + +Just multiply by 2 to +the n on each side. + +So we've given a +probability based + +proof of this identity which is +sort of hard to do otherwise, + +could be harder to do. + +Any questions about that? + +So again, if it comes time for +a homework problem or a test + +problem, if it +naturally divides up + +in this way where you can +take a random variable when + +you got a computer's expectation +to make it a sum of indicator + +variables, if that is a natural +thing to do, do it that way. + +Because it's so much +easier than trying + +to go from the +definition because you + +might encounter +nasty things like + +that that you got to evaluate. + +So in this case, +we flipped n coins. + +We expect n/2 heads. + +In the hat check, in +Chinese appetizer problems-- + +we had n hats or n +appetizers-- we expected + +to get one back to the right +person-- so a smaller expected + +value. + +For some problems, the +expected value is even less. + +The expected number of events +to occur is less than 1. + +In fact, it might +be much less than 1. + +Now in those cases it turns +out that the expected value + +is an upper bound +on the probability + +that one or more events occur. + +We're going to state +this as theorem 2. + +The probability that at +least one event occurs + +is always upper bounded by +the expected number of events + +to occur. + +Now this theorem +is pretty useless + +if the expected number of +events to occur is bigger than 1 + +because all probabilities +are at most 1. + +But if the expected +number of events to occur + +is small, something +much less than 1, + +this is a pretty useful bound. + +So let's prove that. + +The expected value of +T-- and in this case + +we'll use one of the definitions +we have of expected value, + +name of the one +where you sum from i + +equals 1 to infinity +of the probability T + +is greater than or equal to i. + +Now what did we have to know +about T to use that definition? + +That doesn't work for +all random variables + +T. What condition do I have on +T to be able to use this one? + +Anybody remember? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Must be defined +on the natural numbers? + +PROFESSOR: T must defined +on the natural numbers. + +If it is, I can use this +very simple definition. + +And is T defined on the +natural numbers here? + +Is the range of T +natural numbers? + +Well, I'm counting the number +of events that occurred. + +Could be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. + +Has to be a natural number. + +So it's OK. + +So I can use this definition. + +Now this is summing up +probability T is at least 1 + +plus probability T is +at least 2 and so forth. + +I'm just going to +use the first term. + +This is at least the +size of the first term + +because probabilities +are non-negative. + +So I'm just going to throw away +all the terms after the first + +and conclude that this is +at least the probability T + +is bigger than or equal to 1. + +And I'm done. + +I just look at it in reverse. + +The probability of at +least one event occurring + +is at most the expected value. + +Very simple. + +There's a very quick +corollary here. + +The probability +at least one event + +occurs is at most the sum of +the probabilities of the events. + +And the proof there is +just plugging in theorem 1. + +Because the expected value is +the sum of the probabilities. + +So we just plug-in theorem +1 for the expected value + +because it's just that. + +Any questions about the proof? + +Very simple. + +Now this theorem is very +useful in situations + +where you're trying +to upper bound + +the probability of some kind +of disaster or something + +bad happening. + +For example, suppose +you want to compute + +the probability that a +nuclear plant melts down. + +Now actually, the +government does this. + +They got to figure +this thing out + +because if it's a high +probability, well, + +we're not going to allow +anybody to build them. + +And the way they do it is they +convene a panel of experts. + +They get some people from +various good universities + +and they bring them +down to Washington. + +And they have them +figure out every way + +they can think of that +a meltdown could occur, + +every possible event that +would lead to a meltdown. + +And then they'd have them +figure out the probability + +for each one of those events. + +For example, A1 +could be the event + +that the operator goes +crazy and makes it meltdown. + +A2 could be the event that an +earthquake hits and the cooling + +pipes are ruptured, and +then you got a meltdown. + +A3 is the event that terrorists +shoot their way in and cause + +a meltdown. + +So you've got a lot of +possibilities for how + +the thing can melt down. + +And then they compute +the probabilities. + +And then they add them up +just using this result. + +And they say, well, +the probability + +that a meltdown-causing +event or one or more occurs + +is at most this small number. + +And hopefully it's small. + +So for example, suppose there's +100 ways that a meltdown could + +occur, 100 things that +could cause a meltdown. + +And each one happens with +probability one in a million. + +What can you say +about the probability + +that a meltdown occurs? + +You got a hundred ways +it could happen only. + +Each is a one in +a million chance. + +What's the probability +a meltdown occurs? + +1 in 10,000 because you're +adding up one in a million + +100 times. + +n is 100. + +Each of these is +one in a million. + +So you get 100 over a million. + +There's 1 in 10,000. + +And so then they +publish a report that + +says the chance of this reactor +melting down is 1 in 10,000. + +Now what if I've +got 100 reactors? + +What's the chance that at +least one of them melts down? + +1 in 100 because I got 100 +over 10,000-- same theorem. + +So there's a 1 in 100 chance +something melts down somewhere, + +at most. + +Hopefully, the numbers +are better than that. + +Same thing if you bought +100 lottery tickets, each + +a one in a million +chance, you got a 1 + +in 10,000 chance of +winning, at most. + +So simple fact but powerful +and used a lot in practice. + +And this is sort of +the good case when + +the expected number of +events that are bad to happen + +is small, like a +lot less than 1. + +But what if the expected number +of events to happen is big. + +Say it's 10. + +Say this government +panel gets together + +and they add up all +the probabilities + +and it comes out to be 10. + +Well, it doesn't sound so +good if that's the case. + +But is it necessarily bad? + +Does it necessarily +mean that you're + +going to have a meltdown. + +So for example, +let's say there's + +1,000 ways you could melt down. + +And let's say that the +probability of each one + +is 1 in 100. + +So the expected number of +things that could happen + +to cause a meltdown is 10. + +Am I guaranteed we're +going to melt down? + +No. + +Can anybody think +of a way where it's + +unlikely we're +going to melt down + +but respect these values +here, hypothetically? + +Is there any chance +that it's still + +unlikely to have a meltdown? + +We're going to think of a way? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: They all +happen at the same time. + +PROFESSOR: They all +happen at the same time. + +Now the examples I gave you-- +the terrorists, the earthquake, + +and the crazy operator-- +put that on the side. + +If they all happen together, +when any one happens, + +the others have to happen. + +So we can express +that as for all ij, + +probability of the +i-th event happening + +given the j-th event happening +is one, so total dependence. + +What's the probability of a +meltdown in that scenario? + +What's the probability one of +those meltdown-inducing events + +occurs? + +They all happen at once. + +AUDIENCE: 1 in 100. + +PROFESSOR: 1 in 100. + +Because it's the same as the +probability of the first event + +happening which, by +definition, was 1 in 100. + +So it could be that the +probability of a meltdown + +is small. + +But it might not be as well. + +There's no way, +given this, to know. + +What if I chain-- in fact, +this is like Chinese appetizer, + +right? + +If one person gets their +appetizer back, everybody does. + +So there are circumstances +where you have + +the total dependence like that. + +Let's say I change a little bit +and I don't do this scenario. + +In fact, say I +tell you the events + +are mutually independent, +but you expect 10 to occur. + +Do you sleep at night now? + +Of course, 1% is still +a pretty high number. + +But how many people think that +if they're mutually independent + +and you expect 10 +that, no matter what, + +there's a least a 50% +chance of a meltdown? + +Anybody? + +OK. + +In fact, if you expect 10 and +they're mutually independent, + +a meltdown is a +virtual certainty. + +The chance you don't melt +down is less than 1 in 22,000. + +For sure something +will occur that's bad. + +And this is a theorem +that we call Murphy's law. + +And Murphy's law, probably +you've all heard of it, + +it says-- it's a famous saying. + +If something can go +wrong, it will go wrong. + +And we're going to see +why that's true, at least, + +in our circumstances here. + +That's a pretty +powerful theorem. + +If you have mutually independent +events A1 through A n, then + +the probability that none +of them occur, t equals 0, + +is upper bounded by e to the +minus expected number of events + +to occur. + +So if I expect 10 to occur, +the chance that none do + +is upper bounded by e to the +minus 10, which is very small, + +which means almost surely one of +the events or more will occur. + +And that's bad +news in this case. + +So let's prove that. + +Well, the probability +that t equals 0 + +is the same as the probability +that A1 does not occur + +and A2 does not occur and all +the way to A n does not occur. + +And I claim this +[INAUDIBLE] is the product + +of the probabilities +they don't occur. + +So I'm taking the +product i equals 1 to n + +of the probability that +A i does not occur. + +Now why can I make that step? + +Yeah. + +Independence. + +This is the product rule +for independent events. + +Now the probability +that A i does not occur + +is simply 1 minus the +probability it does occur. + +And now I'm going to +use a simple fact, which + +is that for any +number x, 1 minus x + +is at most e to the minus x. + +Just a simple fact from algebra. + +So I've got 1 minus-- I'm +going to treat this as the x. + +So this is at most e to the +minus probability of A i + +using that fact. + +And now I'll take the +product and put it + +into a sum in the exponent. + +And then some of the +probabilities of the events + +is just the expected value. + +That was theorem 1 +that I just erased. + +So this is e to the minus +expected number of events + +to occur. + +So not too hard a proof. + +We had to use that fact. + +But that gets the +expected number of events + +to occur in the exponent. + +So a simple corollary +is the case when + +we expect 10 events to occur. + +So if we expect 10 or more +mutually independent events + +to occur, the probability +that no event occurs + +is at most e to the minus +10, which is less than 1 + +over 22,000. + +Now there's not even any +dependence on n here. + +It had nothing to do with a +number of possible events, + +just that if you expect +10 of them to occur, + +you're pretty sure +one of them will. + +And this explains why you +see weird coincidences. + +Or people sometimes see what +they think are miracles. + +Because out in the +real world, there's + +billions of possible weird +things that could happen. + +You just can create all +sorts of crazy possibilities. + +And each one might be +one in a billion chance + +of actually happening. + +But you got billions +that could've. + +And if they're all +mutually independent-- + +because you made up all these +different things-- than you + +expect some of them to happen. + +And so you should-- +in fact, you're + +going to know that for sure +some of those weird things + +are going to happen. + +At least the chance that +no weird thing happens + +is 1 in 22,000. + +And so this can be why +somebody will go along + +and say, oh my goodness. + +You won't believe what +happened, a coincidence. + +And it's like, wow, the +chance of that happening + +was one in a billion. + +It must've been a miracle or an +act of God that this happened. + +But you're not thinking about +the other 10 billion things + +that didn't happen. + +So for sure some of those +things are going to happen. + +It's not likely that I'm going +to win megabucks next week. + +But somebody's going to win. + +If enough people play +and it's more than 1 + +over the probability +that you're going to win, + +than it's very +likely somebody will + +win if everybody is +guessing randomly. + +Any questions about +what we're doing? + +So this is amazingly powerful, +this result. In fact, + +it's so powerful that +it's going to let me read + +somebody's mind in the class. + +We're going to do a +little card trick here. + +Now the way this +card trick works-- + +it's a little complicated. + +I'm going to need a +volunteer, probably one of you + +guys down front. + +We'll get you. + +And one of your buddies is going +to keep you honest for me here. + +I'm going to reveal-- +first I'm going + +to let you shuffle the deck. + +So go ahead and shuffle +it, do whatever you want. + +It's a normal deck. + +It's got 52 cards +and two jokers. + +And I don't care what +order they're in. + +I'm going to turn over +the cards one at a time. + +Now I'm going to ask you to +pick a number from 1 to 9 + +ahead of time. + +Don't tell me or anybody else. + +In fact, I'm going to want +you guys to play along too. + +And we're going to see +where we all end up here. + +And that's your starting number. + +And as I turn over the +cards one at a time-- + +say you started with a 3 was +the number you had in mind-- + +on the third card I show, +that becomes your card. + +You don't tell me or jump +up and down or anything. + +But that's your card. + +And say it's a 4 of diamonds. + +Now a 4 replaces the +three in your mind + +and you count 4 more cards, +then that becomes your card. + +Now let's say that's a jack or +a face card or a 10 or a joker. + +10, face card, and +jokers all count as 1 + +just like an ace counts as 1. + +And so then the next +card would be your card + +because you count 1. + +And we keep on going until you +have a card, maybe it's a 7. + +But there's only four +cards left in the deck. + +And so you don't get a new one. + +And your last card is the 7. + +And then you're going to write +that down here, not showing me. + +And you're going to +do this, maybe do this + +with a friend over there. + +And you're going to make sure +you count right on the deck + +because if you screw +up the counting, + +it's going to be hard +for me to read your mind. + +So just to make sure we +all understand this, let + +me write the rules down here +because I want the whole class + +to pick a number from 1 to +9 and play the same game. + +And we're going to +see what happens. + +So let me show you +the rules again just + +to make sure +everybody understands. + +So say the deck +starts out like this. + +I got a 4, a 5. + +So my first few cards of +the deck go like this. + +10 equals a 1. + +Then I got a queen equals a 1. + +3, 7, 6, 4, 2. + +Say it's a small deck. + +I'm going to use 54 cards. + +And say you're chosen number to +start, you start with a three. + +As I show the cards, you're +going to count 1, 2, 3. + +That becomes your new card. + +Then you're going to count 1, 2. + +That becomes your card. + +It's a 10, so you +convert it to a 1 + +because we're only doing +single digit numbers. + +Go to 1, that becomes your card. + +Queen converts to a 1. + +You go 1, that +becomes your card. + +3, 1, 2, 3. + +That becomes your card. + +And you can't get 4, so you +remember the final card. + +Does everybody understand +what you're supposed to do? + +Because we're going to +do 54 cards of this. + +Maybe we get the TAs +to play along here. + +And as you do it, maybe you +want to talk to your buddy, + +make sure you got +it worked out there. + +And if I could read +your mind maybe + +we'll have a gift +certificate or something. + +So you shuffle the deck? + +Got it good? + +All right. + +So I'm going to start revealing +the cards one at a time. + +So you guys play along +quietly in your mind. + +And we'll see if we can +concentrate long enough. + +Aces are 1. + +Jacks are 1. + +10's are 1. + +10's are 1. + +We're halfway done. + +Jokers are 1. + +OK. + +That's the last card. + +So remember the last +one that was yours. + +And you got to go +check with your buddy + +to make sure you guys agree +on the counting there. + +And then write it down. + +Don't tell me because I'm +going to read your mind. + +I'm going to tell you. + +This is not good. + +They're arguing +over the last card. + +I'll have to read +one of your minds. + +What's that? + +The 11 of clubs. + +That's hard one to predict. + +Make your best guess +and write it down. + +Don't tell me. + +Write it down. + +You got two? + +Well, write them both. + +I'll predict one of them. + +I've never had a +dispute on what the-- + +because if you started +with the same position, + +you've got to wind up +in the same position. + +You wrote it down? + +Now think about your +number really hard. + +We'll take yours. + +I'll trust you there. + +Think about it +really hard because I + +need the brain waves to come +over and read the mind here. + +Yeah, yeah. + +I'm getting a really strong +signal on the last card. + +Maybe I don't know. + +Maybe it's something-- +it's really powerful. + +I'm going to say it's +the queen of hearts. + +Is that right? + +Both were the queen of-- oh, +you were trying to screw me up, + +mess with me. + +So you both got the +queen of hearts. + +Oh, you did. + +So how many people got +the queen of hearts? + +Oh wow. + +How many people did not +get the queen of hearts. + +Somebody. + +OK. + +Now there's a chance +you did it legitimately. + +But usually, with +a deck, we're all + +going to get the same last card. + +Now in this case, it happened +to be the very last card. + +That is typically not the case. + +So very good. + +So I read your mind. + +So you guys get the +gift certificates here. + +Very good. + +One for you and +your sponsor there. + +So it's clear how I read +his mind because I got + +the same number everybody did. + +And somehow it doesn't +matter where we started. + +We all had the same +card at the end. + +How is that possible? + +There's nine different +starting points. + +Why don't we wind up in +nine different places? + +And why isn't there +a one in nine chance + +that I guess his card? + +Why do we all wind +up in the same place? + +Any thoughts? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Get the same card. + +After that you stay [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +If ever we had the +same card, then we're + +going to track forever and +finish in the same card. + +But why should we ever +get the same card? + +What are the chances of that, +that we land on the same card? + +Why don't we just keep +missing each other? + +It's a 1 in 9 +chance or something. + +I don't know. + +Why don't we keep missing? + +AUDIENCE: It seems like +there are enough low cards + +that you just move slowly +along and, eventually, you're + +going to intersect. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +I did make a lot +of 1's in the deck. + +If I would've made +all these face + +cards be 10's, the chances of +my reading your mind go down. + +Why do they go down? + +What does it have to do? + +Why did I put a lot +of 1's in the deck? + +AUDIENCE: It goes on longer. + +PROFESSOR: What's that? + +AUDIENCE: The game +goes on longer? + +PROFESSOR: The game +goes on longer. + +So there's more chances +to hit together. + +Because at any given time-- +you've got your card. + +I've got mine. + +If mine is behind you, I +got a chance to land on you. + +And if you're behind +me in the deck, + +you've got a chance to land +on me with your number. + +And if the numbers +are smaller, there's + +more chances to +land on each other. + +And it is true that +on any given chance, + +the chances are low that +we land on the same card. + +But there's a lot of chances. + +And if there's a +lot more chances + +than the probability of +landing on each other, + +we've got Murphy's law. + +If you've got a lot of chances +and they're not less likely + +than the number of chances +or the inverse of that, + +then we expect to have +a certain bunch of times + +that we're going to +land on each other. + +And therefore, a very +high probability we do. + +Now that was a little hand-wavy. + +And in fact, there's a +reason it was hand-wavy. + +Why doesn't Murphy's law +really apply in this case, + +really mathematically apply? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: They're not +mutually independent. + +Once you draw one card, +it's not coming back. + +PROFESSOR: That's correct. + +And it means that the knowledge +that we haven't collided yet + +tells me something about the +cards we've seen-- not a lot, + +but something maybe. + +And it's a finite +deck which tells me + +something about the +cards that are coming. + +And it might influence +the probability + +that we land together, +the next person + +who's jumping on the deck. + +And so the events of-- like +for example, in this case, + +we let A i be the event of a +collision on the i-th jump. + +And there's about 20 jumps in +this game, 10 for each of us + +expected. + +So A i is the event that we +collide on the i-th jump. + +These events are not necessarily +mutually independent. + +Now if I had an +infinite deck or a deck + +with replacement so every card +is equally likely to come next + +no matter what's +come in the past, + +now you can start getting +some mutual independence here. + +And then you could start +really applying the theorem. + +Now in this case, you don't +expect 10 things to happen. + +You expect a few. + +But that's good enough +that, in fact-- so + +we did a computer +simulation once + +and I got about a 90% +chance that we'll all + +be on the same card. + +So I have a pretty good chance +that I'm going to guess right. + +And so far, I haven't +guessed wrong. + +But it will happen +some day that we'll + +start with a different +first number, + +and we will miss at +the end because they'll + +be two possible outcomes. + +Just the way it works +out with 52 cards. + +Now of course, if +we have more cards + +or I made more things be +1's instead of 9's, say, + +my odds go up because the +number of events I've got, + +the number of chances +to collide, increases. + +And the chance of hitting +when I jump also increases. + +Any questions on that game? + +So the point of all this is +that if the expected number + +of events to occur +is small, then + +it's an upper bound +on the probability + +that something happens, whether +they're independent or not. + +If the expected number of events +to occur is bigger than 1, + +large, and if the events +are mutually independent, + +then you can be sure +one of those events + +is going to occur-- very, very +likely one of them will occur. + +And that's Murphy's law. + +Any questions about +numbers of events to occur? + +We'll talk more about the +probability in the numbers + +of events that occur next time. + +Before we do that, +I want to talk + +about some more useful +facts about expectation. + +Now we know from +linearity of expectation + +that the expected value of +a sum of random variables + +is the sum of the expected +values of the random variables. + +Now we're going to look at the +expected value of a product + +of random variables. + +And it turns out there's +a very nice rule for that. + +Theorem 4, and it's the +product rule for expectation. + +And it says that for-- if +your random variables are + +independent, R1 and +R2 are independent, + +then the expected value +of their product, also + +a random variable, is simply the +product of the expected values. + +So it's sort of the +equivalent thing + +to linearity of expectation, +except we're doing products. + +And you need independence. + +Now the proof of this is not +too hard, and it's in the book. + +So we're not going +to do it in class. + +But we can give an example. + +Say we roll two six-sided +fair and independent dice. + +And I want to know what's the +expected product of the dice. + +So we're going to let R1 be +the value on the first die, + +and R2 would be the +value on the second one. + +And the expected +value of the product + +is the product of +the expectations. + +And we already know the expected +value of a single die is 7/2. + +So we get 7/2 times 7/2 +is 49/4 or 12 and 1/4. + +So it's easy to compute the +expected product of two dice. + +Any questions about that? + +Much easier than looking at all +36 outcomes to use this rule. + +Now what if the dice we're +rigged, glued together somehow + +so they always came up the same? + +Would the expected +product B 12 and 1/4 then? + +No? + +Why not? + +Why wouldn't it be the case? + +Why isn't the +expected value of R1 + +squared the square of +the expected value of R1? + +Isn't that what this says? + +AUDIENCE: Independent. + +PROFESSOR: They're +not independent. + +R1 is not independent of R1 +In fact, it's the same thing. + +And you need independence +for that to be the case. + +So a non example, the +expected value of R1 times R1 + +is the expected +value of R1 squared. + +And to do that, we got +to go back to the basics. + +We're taking the six +possible values of R1. + +i equals 1 to 6. + +i squared, because +we're squaring it, + +times the probability +R1 equals i. + +And each of those +probabilities is 1/6. + +So we get 1/6 times 1 plus 4 +plus 9 plus 16 plus 25 plus 36. + +And if you add all that +up you get 15 and 1/6, + +which is not 3 and 1/2 +squared, which is the expected + +value of R1 squared. + +So the expected +value of the square + +is not necessarily the +square of the expectation. + +Because a random variable +is not independent of itself + +generally. + +OK. + +Any questions there? + +There's a couple of +quick corollaries. + +The first is you take +this rule and apply it + +to many random variables as long +as they're mutually dependent. + +So if R1 R2 out to R n +are mutually independent, + +then the expected +value of their product + +is the product of +the expected values. + +And the proof is just by +induction on the number + +of random variables. + +So that's pretty easy. + +There's another easy corollary. + +And that says, for any +constants, constant values, + +a and b, and any +random variable R, + +the expected value of a times +R plus b is simply a times + +the expected value of R plus b. + +And the reason that's +true-- well, the sum + +works because of linearity +of expectation for the sum. + +You can think of b as a random +variable that just always + +has the value b. + +And the a comes out +in front because you + +can think of it as a +random variable that + +always has a value a. + +And that's independent of +any other random variable + +because it never changes. + +So by the product rule, +the a can come out. + +Now you've got to +prove all that. + +But it's not too hard and +not especially interesting. + +So we won't do that here. + +Any questions about those? + +So we've got a +rule for computing + +the sum of random variables, +a rule for the product + +of random variables. + +What about a rule for the +ratio of random variables? + +Let's look at that. + +So is this the corollary? + +In fact, let's take the +inverse of random variable. + +Is the expected value +of 1/R equal to 1 + +over the expected value of +R for any random variable R? + +Some folks saying yes. + +Some saying no. + +What do you think? + +Is that true? + +Oh, got a mix. + +How many say yes? + +How many say no? + +Oh, more no's. + +Somebody tell me +why that's not true. + +Who would like to +give me an example? + +Give us an example there +that'll be very convincing. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: I don't think it's +one that would be immediately + +obvious, but I think if R is +the result of the roll of a die, + +I don't think it works out. + +PROFESSOR: So it's 50 +chance of-- oh, I see. + +So I take the average of 1/i-- +that's sort of hard to compute. + +I got to do [INAUDIBLE] +the sixth harmonic number + +and then invert it. + +There's an easier way to +show that this is false. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: The expected +value equals 0? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +The expected value +equals 0 which + +could happen if R is plus 1 +or minus 1 equally likely. + +So here's an example here. + +So R equals 1 with +probability 1/2, and minus 1 + +with probability 1/2. + +So the expected value of R is 0. + +So that blows up. + +That's infinity. + +What's the expected +value of 1/R? + +Well, 1/1 and 1 over +minus 1, it's the same. + +It equals 0. + +And this would say 0 equals 1/0. + +That's not true. + +So this is false. + +It is not true for +every random variable. + +So once you see this example, +just obviously not true. + +In fact, there's very +few random variables + +for which this is true, even +an indicator random variable. + +So it's 1 with probability 1/2 +and 0 with probability 1/2. + +Then the expected value +of 1/R is infinite. + +1 over the expected +value of R is 2. + +So it's clearly not true. + +Let's do another one. + +What about this +potential corollary? + +Given independent random +variables R and T, + +if the expected value +or R/T is bigger than 1, + +then the expected value of R +is bigger than the expected + +value of T. And let me even give +you a potential proof of this, + +see if you like this proof. + +Well, let's assume the expected +value of R/T is bigger than 1. + +And let's multiply both sides +by the expected value of T. + +And well, the product rule +says that this is just + +the expected value +of R/T times T, which + +is just the expected value +of R because the T's cancel. + +So I gave you a proof. + +Anybody have any +quibbles with this proof? + +Yeah? + +That's a big problem. + +R/T is not independent +of T. [INAUDIBLE] + +if T is very big, likely +that R/T is small. + +So we can't do that step. + +We can't use the independence +here to go from here to here. + +That's wrong. + +There's actually another +big problem with this proof. + +Anybody see another problem? + +Yeah? + +Yeah. + +If the expected value +of T is negative, + +I would end up doing that. + +So that step's wrong. + +So this is a pretty lousy proof. + +Every step is wrong. + +So this is not a +good one to use. + +And in fact, the +theorem is wrong. + +Not only is the proof wrong, +but the result is wrong. + +It's not true. + +And we can see examples. + +We'll do some +examples in a minute. + +Now the amazing thing is that +despite the fact that this + +is just blatantly wrong, +it is used all the time + +in research papers. + +And let me give you +a famous example. + +This is a case of, actually, a +pretty well-known paper written + +by some very famous computer +science professors at Berkeley. + +And let me show +you what they did. + +And this is so that +you will never do this. + +They were trying to compare +two instruction sets way back + +in the day. + +And they were comparing +the RISC architecture + +to something called the Z8002. + +And they were +proponents of RISC. + +And they were using this to +prove that it was a better way + +to do things. + +So they had a bunch of benchmark +problems, probably 20 or so + +in the paper. + +And I'm not going +to do all 20 here. + +I'm going to give you a flavor +for what the data showed. + +And then they looked at +the code size for RISC + +and the other guys, Z8002. + +And then they took the ratio. + +So the first problem was +called E-string search, + +whatever that is. + +But it was some benchmark +problem out there at the time. + +And the code length +on RISC was 150 + +say-- I've changed these +numbers a little bit + +to make them simpler. + +Code length here and +the Z8002 is 120. + +The ratio is 0.8. + +So for this problem, you're +trying to get low, short code. + +So this was a better way +to go to support that. + +And they had something +called F-bit test. + +And here you have 120 lines. + +Here's 180. + +So in this case, risk is better. + +So the ratio of that way +to this way would be 1.5. + +And they had computing +and Ackermann function. + +And that was 150 and 300. + +So a big win for +RISC, ratio of 2. + +And then they had a thing called +recursive sorting problem. + +This is a hard problem. + +There's 2,800 lines on RISC. + +1400 on the old way. + +Ratio of 0.5. + +And there was a bunch more which +I'm not going to go through. + +But their analysis, what they +did is they took the ratio, + +and then they averaged it. + +And so when you do this, you get +an average of, well, 2.3, 4.3, + +4.8/4 is 1.2. + +So the conclusion is that on +average code in this framework + +is 20% longer than +the code on RISC. + +Therefore, clearly, RISC +is a better way to go. + +Your code on average +will be shorter. + +Using the Z8002 on average, +the code will be 20% longer. + +Makes perfect sense, right? + +In fact, this is one of +the most common things + +that is done when people +are comparing two systems. + +Now just one problem with +this approach, and that's + +that it's completely +bogus, completely bogus. + +You cannot conclude-- +let's make this conclusion. + +So their conclusion, they +concluded that Z8002 programs + +are 20% longer on average. + +Everybody understands +the reasoning why, right? + +Take the ratio of all the +test cases, average them up. + +Then you get the average ratio. + +Now there could be some +hint why this is bogus. + +If I just looked at-- +I took and summed + +these numbers, if I add all +those numbers up, I get 3,220. + +And all these, I get 2,000. + +RISC code is not looking +shorter if I do that. + +Looking longer. + +But all that gain, all the loss +of RISC is in this one problem. + +And maybe it's not +fair to do that. + +And that's why when people +have data like this, + +they just take the ratios. + +Because now it would be-- if +I just took the average code + +length and took +the ratio of that, + +it's not fair because +one problem just + +wiped out the whole thing. + +I might as well not even do it. + +And they want every +problem to count equally. + +And that's why they +take the ratio, + +to make them all count equally. + +Let's do one more thing here. + +Let's look at what happens +if we take the ratio of RISC + +to the Z8002. + +Make some room for that. + +So this is-- this column +is Z8002 over RISC. + +What if I just did this-- +RISC over the Z8002 I mean + +the answer should come +out to 1/1.2, right? + +That's what we expect, +because I've just + +been turning it upside down. + +Well, I get 1.25 here. + +These are just being inverted. + +Here I've got 2/3, 0.67. + +Here I get 1/2. + +Here I get 2. + +Let's add those up. + +I get 1.92, 2.42, 4.42. + +Divide by 4-- wow, +I get 1.1 something + +which says, well, that +on average, RISC is + +10% longer than the other one. + +So same analysis says +that RISC programs + +are 10% longer on average. + +Now the beauty of +this method is you + +can make any conclusion you +want seem reasonable, typically. + +You could have the +exact same data. + +And if you want RISC to look +better you do it this way. + +If you want RISC to look +worse, you do it that way. + +You see? + +Is that possible? + +Is it possible for +one to be 20% longer + +than the other on average, +but the other be 10% longer + +on average? + +How many people think +that's possible? + +We had some weird things +happen in this class, + +but that's not possible. + +That can't happen. + +These conclusions +are both bogus. + +Now I'm not teaching you +this so that later when + +you're doing your PhD thesis +and it's down to the wire + +and you need a conclusion +to be proved, good news. + +You can prove it. + +No matter what your conclusion +is, you can prove it. + +That's not why we're doing this. + +We're doing this so you can spot +the flaw in this whole setup + +and that you'll never do this. + +And you'll see it when other +people do because people do it + +all the time. + +So let's try to put some +formality under this + +in terms of probability. + +Because when you start +talking about averages, + +really think about expectations +of random variables and stuff. + +So let's try to view this +as a probability problem + +and see if we can shed +some light on what's + +going on here because it +sure seemed reasonable. + +So let's let x be the benchmark. + +And maybe that'll be +something in the sample space, + +an outcome in the sample space. + +Let's let R x be the code +length for RISC on x and Z x + +be the code length for +the other processor on x. + +And then we'll define a +probability of seeing x. + +That's our problem +we're looking at. + +And typically, you might +assume that it's uniform, + +the distribution there. + +We need this to be able to +define an expected value + +for R and for Z. + +Now what they're doing in the +paper, what really is happening + +here, is instead of this, they +have the expected value of Z/R + +is 1.2. + +That is what they can conclude. + +That does not mean that +the expected value of Z + +is 1.2, the expected +value of R, which + +is what they conclude +that the Z8002 code is + +20% longer than RISC code. + +This is true. + +That is not implied. + +And why not? + +That's just, actually, what +this corollary was doing. + +Really, it's just +what we were-- they + +made the same false assumption +as happened in the corollary. + +You can't multiply both sides +here by the expected value of R + +and then get the expected value +Z. Of course, if you ask them, + +they would have known that. + +But they don't +even think through + +that, they just used the +standard method of taking + +the expected value of a ratio. + +So this is fair to conclude. + +But as we saw, the expected +value of R/Z was 1.1. + +So both of these can be +true at the same time. + +That's fine. + +But you can't make +the conclusions + +that they tried to make. + +Here's another-- in +fact, in this case, + +if we had a uniform +distribution, + +the expected value of R +is like 805 for uniform. + +And the expected +value of Z is 500. + +And that's all you +can conclude if you're + +taking uniform distribution. + +In which case, of course, +if they're promoting RISC, + +well, you don't like +that conclusion. + +So it's better to +get this one's. + +I don't think it was +intentional of course. + +But it's nice that +it came out that way. + +Here's another example that +really makes it painfully clear + +why you never want to do this. + +So a really simple case, just +generic variables R and Z. + +And I got two problems only-- +problem one, problem two. + +R is 2 for problem +1, and z is 1. + +And they reverse on problem 2. + +Z/R is 2 and 1/2. + +R/Z, just the reverse. + +Now the expected +value of R/Z here + +is 2 plus 1/2 divided +by 2 is 1 and 1/4. + +And what's the +expected value of Z/R? + +The average of +these is 1 and 1/4, + +what's the average of these? + +Same thing, 1 and 1/4. + +So never, ever take +averages of ratios + +without really knowing +what you're doing. + +Any questions? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: What would be the +word explanation of the expected + +value of Z/R? + +What is that? + +PROFESSOR: That is the +average of the ratio. + +It is not the ratio +of the average. + +They are very different things. + +And you can see how you +get caught up in that. + +You could see how you have +linearity of expectation, + +you got the product +rule for expectation. + +You do not have a rule that +says this implies that. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Which two? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] Z/R? + +PROFESSOR: Well, in +this case, they're one. + +I don't think that'll +be true in general. + +AUDIENCE: Does that +give you information? + +PROFESSOR: They give +you information. + +That may not be the +information you want. + +It wouldn't imply +that which is what + +you're after in some sense. + +But it gives you +some information. + +It's the expected average ratio. + +The problem is the human brain +goes right from there to here. + +It's just you do. + +It's hard to help +yourself from doing it. + +And it's not true. + +That's the problem. + +We have a version of this in the +one in the homework questions + +which is true. + +But it's a special +version of it where + +you can say something positive. + +Any questions about this? + +So anybody ever shows +you an average of ratios, + +you want the light to go +off and say, danger, danger. + +Think what's happening here. + +Or if you're ever analyzing +data to compare two systems. + +So we talked a lot +about expectation, seen + +a lot of ways of computing it. + +We've done a lot of examples. + +For the rest of today +and for next time, + +we're going to talk +about deviations + +from the expected value. + +Now for some random +variables, they + +are very likely to +take on values that + +are near their expectation. + +For example, if +I flip 100 coins. + +And say they're fair and +mutually independent. + +We know that the expected +number of heads is 50. + +Does anybody remember +the probability + +of getting far from that, namely +having 25 or fewer heads or 75 + +or more heads? + +Remember, we did that? + +It was a couple of weeks ago? + +Is it likely to have +25 or fewer heads? + +AUDIENCE: It's less +than 1 in a million? + +PROFESSOR: Less +than 1 in a million. + +Yeah. + +It was 1 in 5 +million or something. + +I don't know, some +horribly small number. + +So if I flip 100 coins, +I expect to get 50 heads. + +And I'm very likely to +get close to 50 heads. + +I'm not going to be 25 off. + +And then the example +we had in recitation, + +you got a noisy +channel, and you expect + +an error rate, 1% of your +10,000 bits to be corrupted. + +The chance of +getting 2% corrupted + +was like-- what was it, 2 to +the minus 60 or something? + +Extremely unlikely to be +far from the expected value. + +But there's other cases where +you are likely-- you could well + +be far from the expected value. + +Can anybody remember +an example we've + +done where you are almost +surely way off your expected + +value for a random variable? + +Anybody remember an example +we did that has that feature? + +AUDIENCE: The appetizer I think. + +PROFESSOR: The appetizer. + +Let's see. + +Appetizers, you expect 1, but +you're almost certain to be 0. + +Or actually, you're +almost certain to be 0, + +and you have a +chance of being n. + +So if you count 0 +as being close to 1, + +you're likely to be close +to your expectation. + +Because you're likely to +be 0, and you expect 1. + +Remember that noisy +channel problem-- + +not the noisy channel, +the latency problem + +across the channel? + +And we show that the expected +latency was infinite? + +But 99% of the time you +had 10 milliseconds, + +something like that? + +There's an example where +almost all the time you + +are far from your expectation +which is infinite. + +So there are examples +that go both ways. + +Now let's look at another +couple of examples + +that'll motivate the +definition that measures this. + +I'd say that we've got a simple +Bernoulli random variable where + +the probability that +R is 1,000 is 1/2, + +and the probability that +R is minus 1,000 is 1/2. + +Then the expected +value of R is 0. + +Similarly, we could +have another one, S, + +where the probability +that S equals 1 is 1/2, + +and the probability that +S equals minus 1 is 1/2. + +And the expected +value of S is 0. + +Now if this was a +betting game and we're + +talking about dollars-- +here's where you're + +wagering $1,000, fair game. + +Here's where you're wagering $1. + +Now in this game-- +both games are fair. + +Expected value is 0. + +But here you're likely to end +up near your expected value. + +Here you're certain to be far by +some measure from your expected + +value. + +And in fact, if you were +offered to play a game, + +you might have a real decision +as to which game you played. + +If you like risk, you +might play that game. + +If you're risk averse, maybe +you stick with this game + +because what you could +lose would be less. + +Now this motivates the +definition of the variance + +because it helps mathematicians +distinguish between these two + +cases with a simple statistic. + +The variance of a +random variable R-- + +we'll denote it by +var, V-A-R, of R-- + +is defined as the expected +value of the random variable + +minus this expected +value squared. + +That's sort of a mouthful there. + +So let's break it down. + +This is the expected value +of R. This is the deviation + +from the expected value. + +So this is the +deviation from the mean. + +Then we square it. + +So that equals the +square of the deviation. + +And then we take the +expected value of the square. + +So the variance equals +the expected value + +of the square of the deviation. + +In other words, the +variance gives us + +the average of the +squares of the amount + +by which the random variable +deviates from its mean. + +Now the idea behind this is +that if a random variable is + +likely to deviate from its +mean, the variance will be high. + +And if it's likely +to be near its mean, + +the variance will be low. + +And so variance can tell us +something about the expected + +deviation. + +So let's compute the +variance for R and S + +and see what happens. + +So with R minus the +expected value of R, well, + +that is going to be +1,000, because you expect + +the value of 0, with +probability 1/2, and minus 1,000 + +with probability 1/2. + +Then I square that. + +Well, I square 1,000, I get a +million with probability 1/2. + +And I square minus +1,000, I get a million + +again with probability 1/2. + +And so therefore, +the variance of R, + +well, it's the expected value +of this, which is-- well, + +it's always a million. + +So it's just a million. + +Big. + +Now if I were to do this with S, +S minus the expected value of S + +is 1 with probability 1/2, +minus 1 with probability 1/2. + +If I square that, well, +I get 1 squared is 1, + +minus 1 squared is 1. + +And so the variance of S is +the expected value of this. + +And that's just 1. + +So a big difference +in the variance. + +So the variance being different +tells us these random variables + +are-- the distributions +are very different even + +though their expected +values are the same. + +And the guy with +big variance says, + +hey, we're likely to +deviate from the mean here. + +And so risk averse people +stay away from strategies + +when they're investing +that have high variance. + +Now does anybody have any idea +why we square the deviation? + +Why don't we just-- why +didn't mathematicians + +when they figured out +this stuff I don't know + +how many centuries ago, +why didn't they just take + +the expected deviation? + +Why do the stupid +squaring thing? + +That only is going +to complicate it? + +Why don't we instead +compute the expected value + +of R minus the mean? + +Why didn't they do that +and call that the variance? + +Yeah? + +That's zero. + +Yeah. + +Because by linearity +of expectation, + +that corollary +[? 4-2 ?] or whatever, + +this is just the expected value +of R minus the expected value + +of the expected value of R. The +expected value of a scalar is + +just that scalar. + +And that is 0. + +So the expected +deviation from the mean + +is 0 because of how +the mean is defined. + +It's the midpoint, +the weighted midpoint. + +The times you're high +cancel out the times you're + +low if you got the mean right. + +And so this is a +useless definition. + +It's always 0. + +So mathematicians had to do +something to capture this. + +Now what would have been +the more logical thing + +to do that is the next step. + +This doesn't work, +but what would + +you think the mathematicians +would've done? + +Absolute value would have +made a lot of sense here. + +Why they didn't do that? + +Well, you could +do that, but it's + +hard to work with +mathematically. + +You can't prove nice +theorems, it turns out. + +If you put the square in there +and make that be the variance, + +you can prove a theorem +about linearity of variance. + +And if the random +variables are independent, + +then the variance of the sum +is the sum of the variances. + +And mathematicians like +that kind of thing. + +It makes it easier to work +with and do things with. + +Now there are also other +choices like, in fact, + +there's a special name +for a weird case where + +you take the fourth power. + +You could do that. + +As long as an even +power, you could do it. + +And that's actually +called the kurtosis. + +Sounds like a foot disease. + +But it's the kurtosis +of the random variable. + +Now we're not going to worry +about that in this class. + +But we are going to +worry about variance. + +And let me do one +more definition, + +then we'll talk about +variance a lot more tomorrow. + +That square is a bit of a pain. + +And to get rid of it, they +made another definition + +after the fact called +the standard deviation. + +And standard deviation +is defined as follows. + +For a random variable R, +the standard deviation of R + +is denoted by a sigma +of R. And it's just + +the square root of +the variance, undoing + +that nasty square +root after the fact. + +So it turns out to be the +square root of the expectation + +of the deviation squared. + +Another name for this +you've probably seen, + +it's the root of the mean of +the square of the deviations. + +And so you get this thing +called root-mean-square, + +which if any of +you ever done curve + +fitting or any of +those kinds of things + +in statistics or whatever, this +is what you're talking about. + +And so that's why that +expression were to come about. + +So for the standard +deviation of R-- + +what's the standard +deviation of R? + +1,000? + +In effect, that's +pretty close to what + +you expect the deviation to be. + +What's the standard +deviation of S? + +1. + +Square root of 1 +is 1, and that's + +what you expect its +deviation to be. + +So we'll do more of this +tomorrow on recitation. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oS9aPzUNG-s.txt b/oS9aPzUNG-s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab9b3fbb577726eb1e791055924bb97a154f95bd --- /dev/null +++ b/oS9aPzUNG-s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12632 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so uh it's a pleasure to see all of you + + align:start position:0% +so uh it's a pleasure to see all of you + + + align:start position:0% +so uh it's a pleasure to see all of you +guys i'm justin + + align:start position:0% +guys i'm justin + + + align:start position:0% +guys i'm justin +i am your third instructor for 6006. + + align:start position:0% +i am your third instructor for 6006. + + + align:start position:0% +i am your third instructor for 6006. +this is my first time with this course + + align:start position:0% +this is my first time with this course + + + align:start position:0% +this is my first time with this course +although of course this is material that + + align:start position:0% +although of course this is material that + + + align:start position:0% +although of course this is material that +we all know and love in a computer + + align:start position:0% +we all know and love in a computer + + + align:start position:0% +we all know and love in a computer +science + + align:start position:0% +science + + + align:start position:0% +science +department i'll admit i find the + + align:start position:0% +department i'll admit i find the + + + align:start position:0% +department i'll admit i find the +prospect of teaching + + align:start position:0% +prospect of teaching + + + align:start position:0% +prospect of teaching +sorting to 400 people all at once my + + align:start position:0% +sorting to 400 people all at once my + + + align:start position:0% +sorting to 400 people all at once my +like kind of low-key terrifying but + + align:start position:0% +like kind of low-key terrifying but + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of low-key terrifying but +we're going to give it a shot and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give it a shot and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to give it a shot and +hopefully that will subside as the + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that will subside as the + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that will subside as the +lecture goes on today all right + + align:start position:0% +lecture goes on today all right + + + align:start position:0% +lecture goes on today all right +uh so we're going to pick up where we + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're going to pick up where we + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we're going to pick up where we +left off in our last lecture + + align:start position:0% +left off in our last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +left off in our last lecture +and continue on with the similar theme + + align:start position:0% +and continue on with the similar theme + + + align:start position:0% +and continue on with the similar theme +that we're going to see throughout our + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to see throughout our + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to see throughout our +algorithms class + + align:start position:0% +algorithms class + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms class +here in 6.06 i think jason + + align:start position:0% +here in 6.06 i think jason + + + align:start position:0% +here in 6.06 i think jason +and colleagues have done a really great + + align:start position:0% +and colleagues have done a really great + + + align:start position:0% +and colleagues have done a really great +job of kind of organizing this class + + align:start position:0% +job of kind of organizing this class + + + align:start position:0% +job of kind of organizing this class +around some interesting themes um so i + + align:start position:0% +around some interesting themes um so i + + + align:start position:0% +around some interesting themes um so i +thought i'd start with just a tiny bit + + align:start position:0% +thought i'd start with just a tiny bit + + + align:start position:0% +thought i'd start with just a tiny bit +of review + + align:start position:0% +of review + + + align:start position:0% +of review +of some key uh vocabulary words + + align:start position:0% +of some key uh vocabulary words + + + align:start position:0% +of some key uh vocabulary words +incidentally + + align:start position:0% +incidentally + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally +you know typically i teach the intro + + align:start position:0% +you know typically i teach the intro + + + align:start position:0% +you know typically i teach the intro +graphics class or geometry course and + + align:start position:0% +graphics class or geometry course and + + + align:start position:0% +graphics class or geometry course and +last year i got feedback that said i + + align:start position:0% +last year i got feedback that said i + + + align:start position:0% +last year i got feedback that said i +have serial killer handwriting i'm not + + align:start position:0% +have serial killer handwriting i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +have serial killer handwriting i'm not +100 sure what that means + + align:start position:0% +100 sure what that means + + + align:start position:0% +100 sure what that means +but we're gonna use the slides a tiny + + align:start position:0% +but we're gonna use the slides a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +but we're gonna use the slides a tiny +bit more than normal just to make sure + + align:start position:0% +bit more than normal just to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +bit more than normal just to make sure +you guys can read + + align:start position:0% +you guys can read + + + align:start position:0% +you guys can read +and when i'm writing on the board at any + + align:start position:0% +and when i'm writing on the board at any + + + align:start position:0% +and when i'm writing on the board at any +point if you can't + + align:start position:0% +point if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +point if you can't +tell what i wrote it's it's definitely + + align:start position:0% +tell what i wrote it's it's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +tell what i wrote it's it's definitely +me and not you so just just let me know + + align:start position:0% +me and not you so just just let me know + + + align:start position:0% +me and not you so just just let me know +uh but in any event uh in 6006 uh + + align:start position:0% +uh but in any event uh in 6006 uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh but in any event uh in 6006 uh +all the way back in our lecture one i + + align:start position:0% +all the way back in our lecture one i + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back in our lecture one i +know that was a long time ago we we + + align:start position:0% +know that was a long time ago we we + + + align:start position:0% +know that was a long time ago we we +introduced two + + align:start position:0% +introduced two + + + align:start position:0% +introduced two +uh big keywords uh that are closely + + align:start position:0% +uh big keywords uh that are closely + + + align:start position:0% +uh big keywords uh that are closely +related but not precisely the same + + align:start position:0% +related but not precisely the same + + + align:start position:0% +related but not precisely the same +hopefully i've gotten this right uh but + + align:start position:0% +hopefully i've gotten this right uh but + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully i've gotten this right uh but +but roughly uh + + align:start position:0% +but roughly uh + + + align:start position:0% +but roughly uh +there's a theme here which is that + + align:start position:0% +there's a theme here which is that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a theme here which is that +there's an object called an interface + + align:start position:0% +there's an object called an interface + + + align:start position:0% +there's an object called an interface +right which is just sort of like a + + align:start position:0% +right which is just sort of like a + + + align:start position:0% +right which is just sort of like a +program specification right it's just + + align:start position:0% +program specification right it's just + + + align:start position:0% +program specification right it's just +telling us that + + align:start position:0% +telling us that + + + align:start position:0% +telling us that +there's a collection of operations that + + align:start position:0% +there's a collection of operations that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a collection of operations that +we want to implement so for example + + align:start position:0% +we want to implement so for example + + + align:start position:0% +we want to implement so for example +a set as we're going to see today is + + align:start position:0% +a set as we're going to see today is + + + align:start position:0% +a set as we're going to see today is +like a big pile of things + + align:start position:0% +like a big pile of things + + + align:start position:0% +like a big pile of things +and behind the scenes how i choose to + + align:start position:0% +and behind the scenes how i choose to + + + align:start position:0% +and behind the scenes how i choose to +implement it + + align:start position:0% +implement it + + + align:start position:0% +implement it +can affect the run time and and sort of + + align:start position:0% +can affect the run time and and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +can affect the run time and and sort of +how efficient my set is + + align:start position:0% +how efficient my set is + + + align:start position:0% +how efficient my set is +but the actual way that i interact with + + align:start position:0% +but the actual way that i interact with + + + align:start position:0% +but the actual way that i interact with +it is the same whether i use you know an + + align:start position:0% +it is the same whether i use you know an + + + align:start position:0% +it is the same whether i use you know an +unsorted array a sorted array or what + + align:start position:0% +unsorted array a sorted array or what + + + align:start position:0% +unsorted array a sorted array or what +have you + + align:start position:0% +have you + + + align:start position:0% +have you +on the other hand what happens behind + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand what happens behind + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand what happens behind +the scenes is something called a data + + align:start position:0% +the scenes is something called a data + + + align:start position:0% +the scenes is something called a data +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +which is a way to actually in some sense + + align:start position:0% +which is a way to actually in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +which is a way to actually in some sense +implement an interface right so this is + + align:start position:0% +implement an interface right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +implement an interface right so this is +an object + + align:start position:0% +an object + + + align:start position:0% +an object +that on my computer is actually storing + + align:start position:0% +that on my computer is actually storing + + + align:start position:0% +that on my computer is actually storing +the information and implementing + + align:start position:0% +the information and implementing + + + align:start position:0% +the information and implementing +the set of operations that i've laid out + + align:start position:0% +the set of operations that i've laid out + + + align:start position:0% +the set of operations that i've laid out +in my interface + + align:start position:0% +in my interface + + + align:start position:0% +in my interface +right and so this sort of distinction i + + align:start position:0% +right and so this sort of distinction i + + + align:start position:0% +right and so this sort of distinction i +think is is sort of a critical theme + + align:start position:0% +think is is sort of a critical theme + + + align:start position:0% +think is is sort of a critical theme +uh in this course because for instance + + align:start position:0% +uh in this course because for instance + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this course because for instance +in the first couple weeks + + align:start position:0% +in the first couple weeks + + + align:start position:0% +in the first couple weeks +we're going to talk about many different + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about many different + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about many different +ways to implement a set i'm going to see + + align:start position:0% +ways to implement a set i'm going to see + + + align:start position:0% +ways to implement a set i'm going to see +that there's a bunch of trade-offs right + + align:start position:0% +that there's a bunch of trade-offs right + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a bunch of trade-offs right +some of them are really fast for certain + + align:start position:0% +some of them are really fast for certain + + + align:start position:0% +some of them are really fast for certain +operations and slow for others + + align:start position:0% +operations and slow for others + + + align:start position:0% +operations and slow for others +uh and and so essentially we have two + + align:start position:0% +uh and and so essentially we have two + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and so essentially we have two +different decisions to make when we + + align:start position:0% +different decisions to make when we + + + align:start position:0% +different decisions to make when we +choose an algorithm + + align:start position:0% +choose an algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +choose an algorithm +one is making sure that the interface is + + align:start position:0% +one is making sure that the interface is + + + align:start position:0% +one is making sure that the interface is +correct for the problem that we're + + align:start position:0% +correct for the problem that we're + + + align:start position:0% +correct for the problem that we're +concerned with + + align:start position:0% +concerned with + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with +and the other is choosing an appropriate + + align:start position:0% +and the other is choosing an appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +and the other is choosing an appropriate +data structure whose efficiency + + align:start position:0% +data structure whose efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +data structure whose efficiency +and memory usage and so on kind of + + align:start position:0% +and memory usage and so on kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and memory usage and so on kind of +aligns + + align:start position:0% +aligns + + + align:start position:0% +aligns +with the priorities that we have for the + + align:start position:0% +with the priorities that we have for the + + + align:start position:0% +with the priorities that we have for the +application we have in mind + + align:start position:0% +application we have in mind + + + align:start position:0% +application we have in mind +so hopefully this kind of high-level + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully this kind of high-level + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully this kind of high-level +theme makes sense and really kind of + + align:start position:0% +theme makes sense and really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +theme makes sense and really kind of +spiritually i think + + align:start position:0% +spiritually i think + + + align:start position:0% +spiritually i think +that's sort of the main message to get + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the main message to get + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the main message to get +out of this course in the first couple + + align:start position:0% +out of this course in the first couple + + + align:start position:0% +out of this course in the first couple +weeks even if + + align:start position:0% +weeks even if + + + align:start position:0% +weeks even if +you know these o's and thetas and and so + + align:start position:0% +you know these o's and thetas and and so + + + align:start position:0% +you know these o's and thetas and and so +on you know are kind of easy to + + align:start position:0% +on you know are kind of easy to + + + align:start position:0% +on you know are kind of easy to +lose the force through the trees in any + + align:start position:0% +lose the force through the trees in any + + + align:start position:0% +lose the force through the trees in any +event + + align:start position:0% +event + + + align:start position:0% +event +today uh in our lecture we're concerned + + align:start position:0% +today uh in our lecture we're concerned + + + align:start position:0% +today uh in our lecture we're concerned +with one particular interface which is + + align:start position:0% +with one particular interface which is + + + align:start position:0% +with one particular interface which is +called a set + + align:start position:0% +called a set + + + align:start position:0% +called a set +set is exactly what it sounds like it's + + align:start position:0% +set is exactly what it sounds like it's + + + align:start position:0% +set is exactly what it sounds like it's +a big pile of things + + align:start position:0% +a big pile of things + + + align:start position:0% +a big pile of things +uh and and so a set interface is sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh and and so a set interface is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and so a set interface is sort of +like an object that just you can keep + + align:start position:0% +like an object that just you can keep + + + align:start position:0% +like an object that just you can keep +adding things to it and then querying + + align:start position:0% +adding things to it and then querying + + + align:start position:0% +adding things to it and then querying +inside of my set is this object here can + + align:start position:0% +inside of my set is this object here can + + + align:start position:0% +inside of my set is this object here can +i find it and then maybe i associate + + align:start position:0% +i find it and then maybe i associate + + + align:start position:0% +i find it and then maybe i associate +with my + + align:start position:0% +with my + + + align:start position:0% +with my +objects in my set different information + + align:start position:0% +objects in my set different information + + + align:start position:0% +objects in my set different information +so for example + + align:start position:0% +so for example + + + align:start position:0% +so for example +maybe i have a set which represents all + + align:start position:0% +maybe i have a set which represents all + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i have a set which represents all +the students in our classroom today + + align:start position:0% +the students in our classroom today + + + align:start position:0% +the students in our classroom today +yeah and all of you guys are associated + + align:start position:0% +yeah and all of you guys are associated + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and all of you guys are associated +uh with your student id which i believe + + align:start position:0% +uh with your student id which i believe + + + align:start position:0% +uh with your student id which i believe +at mit is a number + + align:start position:0% +at mit is a number + + + align:start position:0% +at mit is a number +yeah which has a less than sign which is + + align:start position:0% +yeah which has a less than sign which is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah which has a less than sign which is +convenient so we can sort all of you + + align:start position:0% +convenient so we can sort all of you + + + align:start position:0% +convenient so we can sort all of you +guys + + align:start position:0% +guys + + + align:start position:0% +guys +and that might be the key that's + + align:start position:0% +and that might be the key that's + + + align:start position:0% +and that might be the key that's +associated to every object in the room + + align:start position:0% +associated to every object in the room + + + align:start position:0% +associated to every object in the room +and so when i'm searching for students + + align:start position:0% +and so when i'm searching for students + + + align:start position:0% +and so when i'm searching for students +maybe i enter in the student + + align:start position:0% +maybe i enter in the student + + + align:start position:0% +maybe i enter in the student +number and then i want to ask my set + + align:start position:0% +number and then i want to ask my set + + + align:start position:0% +number and then i want to ask my set +does this number exist in the set of + + align:start position:0% +does this number exist in the set of + + + align:start position:0% +does this number exist in the set of +students that are in 6006 + + align:start position:0% +students that are in 6006 + + + align:start position:0% +students that are in 6006 +right and if it does then i can pull + + align:start position:0% +right and if it does then i can pull + + + align:start position:0% +right and if it does then i can pull +that student back and then associated + + align:start position:0% +that student back and then associated + + + align:start position:0% +that student back and then associated +with that object is a bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +with that object is a bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +with that object is a bunch of other +information that i'm not using to search + + align:start position:0% +information that i'm not using to search + + + align:start position:0% +information that i'm not using to search +so for instance your name your your i + + align:start position:0% +so for instance your name your your i + + + align:start position:0% +so for instance your name your your i +don't know your social security number + + align:start position:0% +don't know your social security number + + + align:start position:0% +don't know your social security number +credit card number all the stuff that i + + align:start position:0% +credit card number all the stuff that i + + + align:start position:0% +credit card number all the stuff that i +need to uh + + align:start position:0% +need to uh + + + align:start position:0% +need to uh +you know have a more interesting + + align:start position:0% +you know have a more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +you know have a more interesting +profession so uh in any event + + align:start position:0% +profession so uh in any event + + + align:start position:0% +profession so uh in any event +um let's let's kind of fill in the + + align:start position:0% +um let's let's kind of fill in the + + + align:start position:0% +um let's let's kind of fill in the +details of our our set interface a + + align:start position:0% +details of our our set interface a + + + align:start position:0% +details of our our set interface a +little bit more + + align:start position:0% +little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more +uh so our set is a container right it + + align:start position:0% +uh so our set is a container right it + + + align:start position:0% +uh so our set is a container right it +contains + + align:start position:0% +contains + + + align:start position:0% +contains +all of the students in this classroom in + + align:start position:0% +all of the students in this classroom in + + + align:start position:0% +all of the students in this classroom in +some virtual sense at least + + align:start position:0% +some virtual sense at least + + + align:start position:0% +some virtual sense at least +uh and so to build up our set of course + + align:start position:0% +uh and so to build up our set of course + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so to build up our set of course +we need an operation that takes some + + align:start position:0% +we need an operation that takes some + + + align:start position:0% +we need an operation that takes some +iterable object a + + align:start position:0% +iterable object a + + + align:start position:0% +iterable object a +and builds a set out of it right so in + + align:start position:0% +and builds a set out of it right so in + + + align:start position:0% +and builds a set out of it right so in +other words i have you know all the + + align:start position:0% +other words i have you know all the + + + align:start position:0% +other words i have you know all the +students in this classroom represented + + align:start position:0% +students in this classroom represented + + + align:start position:0% +students in this classroom represented +maybe in some other fashion + + align:start position:0% +maybe in some other fashion + + + align:start position:0% +maybe in some other fashion +and i have to insert them all into my + + align:start position:0% +and i have to insert them all into my + + + align:start position:0% +and i have to insert them all into my +set i can also ask my set for how much + + align:start position:0% +set i can also ask my set for how much + + + align:start position:0% +set i can also ask my set for how much +stuff is in it + + align:start position:0% +stuff is in it + + + align:start position:0% +stuff is in it +personally i would call that size but + + align:start position:0% +personally i would call that size but + + + align:start position:0% +personally i would call that size but +length is cool too + + align:start position:0% +length is cool too + + + align:start position:0% +length is cool too +um and then of course there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um and then of course there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um and then of course there are a lot of +different ways that we can interact with + + align:start position:0% +different ways that we can interact with + + + align:start position:0% +different ways that we can interact with +our set + + align:start position:0% +our set + + + align:start position:0% +our set +right so for instance we could say you + + align:start position:0% +right so for instance we could say you + + + align:start position:0% +right so for instance we could say you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +is this student taking 6006 so in set + + align:start position:0% +is this student taking 6006 so in set + + + align:start position:0% +is this student taking 6006 so in set +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +one way to understand that is to say + + align:start position:0% +one way to understand that is to say + + + align:start position:0% +one way to understand that is to say +that the key right the + + align:start position:0% +that the key right the + + + align:start position:0% +that the key right the +each person in this classroom is + + align:start position:0% +each person in this classroom is + + + align:start position:0% +each person in this classroom is +associated with the key + + align:start position:0% +associated with the key + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the key +does that key k exist in my set in which + + align:start position:0% +does that key k exist in my set in which + + + align:start position:0% +does that key k exist in my set in which +case i'll i'll call this find function + + align:start position:0% +case i'll i'll call this find function + + + align:start position:0% +case i'll i'll call this find function +which uh will give me back uh the the + + align:start position:0% +which uh will give me back uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +which uh will give me back uh the the +item with key k + + align:start position:0% +item with key k + + + align:start position:0% +item with key k +or maybe like null or something if it + + align:start position:0% +or maybe like null or something if it + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe like null or something if it +doesn't exist + + align:start position:0% +doesn't exist + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't exist +uh maybe i can delete an object uh from + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe i can delete an object uh from + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe i can delete an object uh from +my my set or insert it notice that these + + align:start position:0% +my my set or insert it notice that these + + + align:start position:0% +my my set or insert it notice that these +are dynamic + + align:start position:0% +are dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +are dynamic +operations meaning that they actually + + align:start position:0% +operations meaning that they actually + + + align:start position:0% +operations meaning that they actually +edit what's inside of my set + + align:start position:0% +edit what's inside of my set + + + align:start position:0% +edit what's inside of my set +and then finally there are all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +and then finally there are all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally there are all kinds of +different sort of operations that i + + align:start position:0% +different sort of operations that i + + + align:start position:0% +different sort of operations that i +might want to do to interact with my set + + align:start position:0% +might want to do to interact with my set + + + align:start position:0% +might want to do to interact with my set +beyond is this thing inside of it right + + align:start position:0% +beyond is this thing inside of it right + + + align:start position:0% +beyond is this thing inside of it right +so for instance + + align:start position:0% +so for instance + + + align:start position:0% +so for instance +maybe okay so for for the student id + + align:start position:0% +maybe okay so for for the student id + + + align:start position:0% +maybe okay so for for the student id +example probably finding like the + + align:start position:0% +example probably finding like the + + + align:start position:0% +example probably finding like the +minimum id number in a class isn't + + align:start position:0% +minimum id number in a class isn't + + + align:start position:0% +minimum id number in a class isn't +a terribly exciting exercise but maybe + + align:start position:0% +a terribly exciting exercise but maybe + + + align:start position:0% +a terribly exciting exercise but maybe +i'm trying to find the student who's + + align:start position:0% +i'm trying to find the student who's + + + align:start position:0% +i'm trying to find the student who's +been at mit the longest and so that + + align:start position:0% +been at mit the longest and so that + + + align:start position:0% +been at mit the longest and so that +would be a + + align:start position:0% +would be a + + + align:start position:0% +would be a +kind of reasonable heuristic i actually + + align:start position:0% +kind of reasonable heuristic i actually + + + align:start position:0% +kind of reasonable heuristic i actually +have no idea whether mit student ids are + + align:start position:0% +have no idea whether mit student ids are + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea whether mit student ids are +assigned linearly or not but in any + + align:start position:0% +assigned linearly or not but in any + + + align:start position:0% +assigned linearly or not but in any +event uh + + align:start position:0% +event uh + + + align:start position:0% +event uh +i could find the smallest key the + + align:start position:0% +i could find the smallest key the + + + align:start position:0% +i could find the smallest key the +largest key and so on + + align:start position:0% +largest key and so on + + + align:start position:0% +largest key and so on +uh in my set and these are all kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh in my set and these are all kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh in my set and these are all kind of +reasonable operations to query + + align:start position:0% +reasonable operations to query + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable operations to query +uh where my object is just a thing that + + align:start position:0% +uh where my object is just a thing that + + + align:start position:0% +uh where my object is just a thing that +stores a lot of different entities + + align:start position:0% +stores a lot of different entities + + + align:start position:0% +stores a lot of different entities +inside of + + align:start position:0% +inside of + + + align:start position:0% +inside of +now is this uh description here notice + + align:start position:0% +now is this uh description here notice + + + align:start position:0% +now is this uh description here notice +that i've labeled this as the set + + align:start position:0% +that i've labeled this as the set + + + align:start position:0% +that i've labeled this as the set +interface this is not a set data + + align:start position:0% +interface this is not a set data + + + align:start position:0% +interface this is not a set data +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +right and the way to remember that is + + align:start position:0% +right and the way to remember that is + + + align:start position:0% +right and the way to remember that is +that i haven't told you how i've + + align:start position:0% +that i haven't told you how i've + + + align:start position:0% +that i haven't told you how i've +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +implemented this right i haven't told + + align:start position:0% +implemented this right i haven't told + + + align:start position:0% +implemented this right i haven't told +you that you know i'm gonna behind the + + align:start position:0% +you that you know i'm gonna behind the + + + align:start position:0% +you that you know i'm gonna behind the +scenes have an array of information + + align:start position:0% +scenes have an array of information + + + align:start position:0% +scenes have an array of information +and and look inside of it and that's how + + align:start position:0% +and and look inside of it and that's how + + + align:start position:0% +and and look inside of it and that's how +i'm gonna implement you know find min or + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna implement you know find min or + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna implement you know find min or +find max with a for loop or whatever + + align:start position:0% +find max with a for loop or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +find max with a for loop or whatever +all i'm telling you is that a set is a + + align:start position:0% +all i'm telling you is that a set is a + + + align:start position:0% +all i'm telling you is that a set is a +thing that implements these operations + + align:start position:0% +thing that implements these operations + + + align:start position:0% +thing that implements these operations +and behind the scenes my computer does + + align:start position:0% +and behind the scenes my computer does + + + align:start position:0% +and behind the scenes my computer does +what it does + + align:start position:0% +what it does + + + align:start position:0% +what it does +that might sound abstract but it's more + + align:start position:0% +that might sound abstract but it's more + + + align:start position:0% +that might sound abstract but it's more +or less what you guys do when you write + + align:start position:0% +or less what you guys do when you write + + + align:start position:0% +or less what you guys do when you write +code in python right you have + + align:start position:0% +code in python right you have + + + align:start position:0% +code in python right you have +you know addictive i think in python + + align:start position:0% +you know addictive i think in python + + + align:start position:0% +you know addictive i think in python +what we're calling a set is maybe a + + align:start position:0% +what we're calling a set is maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +what we're calling a set is maybe a +dictionary + + align:start position:0% +dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary +i'm a matlab coder i'm sorry i'm a + + align:start position:0% +i'm a matlab coder i'm sorry i'm a + + + align:start position:0% +i'm a matlab coder i'm sorry i'm a +numerical analysis kind of guy + + align:start position:0% +numerical analysis kind of guy + + + align:start position:0% +numerical analysis kind of guy +but um essentially you know that one of + + align:start position:0% +but um essentially you know that one of + + + align:start position:0% +but um essentially you know that one of +the beautiful things about coding + + align:start position:0% +the beautiful things about coding + + + align:start position:0% +the beautiful things about coding +in in these high-level programming + + align:start position:0% +in in these high-level programming + + + align:start position:0% +in in these high-level programming +languages is that they take care + + align:start position:0% +languages is that they take care + + + align:start position:0% +languages is that they take care +of these ugly details and what you're + + align:start position:0% +of these ugly details and what you're + + + align:start position:0% +of these ugly details and what you're +left with is just the kind of + + align:start position:0% +left with is just the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +left with is just the kind of +high-level uh interfacing with this + + align:start position:0% +high-level uh interfacing with this + + + align:start position:0% +high-level uh interfacing with this +object that you need at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +object that you need at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +object that you need at the end of the +day + + align:start position:0% +day + + + align:start position:0% +day +so of course in today's lecture now that + + align:start position:0% +so of course in today's lecture now that + + + align:start position:0% +so of course in today's lecture now that +we've set out our goal + + align:start position:0% +we've set out our goal + + + align:start position:0% +we've set out our goal +right which is to fill in like if i + + align:start position:0% +right which is to fill in like if i + + + align:start position:0% +right which is to fill in like if i +wanted to write code for a set + + align:start position:0% +wanted to write code for a set + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to write code for a set +how could i do it now of course our goal + + align:start position:0% +how could i do it now of course our goal + + + align:start position:0% +how could i do it now of course our goal +is to give different data structures + + align:start position:0% +is to give different data structures + + + align:start position:0% +is to give different data structures +that implement these and then understand + + align:start position:0% +that implement these and then understand + + + align:start position:0% +that implement these and then understand +them in terms of their + + align:start position:0% +them in terms of their + + + align:start position:0% +them in terms of their +efficiency data storage correctness all + + align:start position:0% +efficiency data storage correctness all + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency data storage correctness all +that good stuff + + align:start position:0% +that good stuff + + + align:start position:0% +that good stuff +so before we get into all these ugly + + align:start position:0% +so before we get into all these ugly + + + align:start position:0% +so before we get into all these ugly +details let me pause for a second are + + align:start position:0% +details let me pause for a second are + + + align:start position:0% +details let me pause for a second are +there any + + align:start position:0% +there any + + + align:start position:0% +there any +questions about this basic interface + + align:start position:0% +questions about this basic interface + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this basic interface +y'all should feel free to stop me + + align:start position:0% +y'all should feel free to stop me + + + align:start position:0% +y'all should feel free to stop me +anytime because this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +anytime because this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +anytime because this is going to be +hella boring if you're not getting the + + align:start position:0% +hella boring if you're not getting the + + + align:start position:0% +hella boring if you're not getting the +first slide or two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the question was uh what exactly is + + align:start position:0% +so the question was uh what exactly is + + + align:start position:0% +so the question was uh what exactly is +this insert operation doing + + align:start position:0% +this insert operation doing + + + align:start position:0% +this insert operation doing +so i think working in the analogy of the + + align:start position:0% +so i think working in the analogy of the + + + align:start position:0% +so i think working in the analogy of the +students in this classroom is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +students in this classroom is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +students in this classroom is kind of a +reasonable one + + align:start position:0% +reasonable one + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable one +so i'm going to build up an object which + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to build up an object which + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to build up an object which +is a student right so in this + + align:start position:0% +is a student right so in this + + + align:start position:0% +is a student right so in this +uh lecture notes i think we've been + + align:start position:0% +uh lecture notes i think we've been + + + align:start position:0% +uh lecture notes i think we've been +consistent i caught one or two typos we + + align:start position:0% +consistent i caught one or two typos we + + + align:start position:0% +consistent i caught one or two typos we +think of x as the object that contains + + align:start position:0% +think of x as the object that contains + + + align:start position:0% +think of x as the object that contains +all of the information + + align:start position:0% +all of the information + + + align:start position:0% +all of the information +and then associated with that is one + + align:start position:0% +and then associated with that is one + + + align:start position:0% +and then associated with that is one +piece which is called the key + + align:start position:0% +piece which is called the key + + + align:start position:0% +piece which is called the key +that's we're going to use the letter k + + align:start position:0% +that's we're going to use the letter k + + + align:start position:0% +that's we're going to use the letter k +right and that's like your student id + + align:start position:0% +right and that's like your student id + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's like your student id +that's the thing i'm going to use to + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing i'm going to use to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing i'm going to use to +search + + align:start position:0% +search + + + align:start position:0% +search +right so what the insert operation does + + align:start position:0% +right so what the insert operation does + + + align:start position:0% +right so what the insert operation does +is it takes this whole student object + + align:start position:0% +is it takes this whole student object + + + align:start position:0% +is it takes this whole student object +x which includes your id your name your + + align:start position:0% +x which includes your id your name your + + + align:start position:0% +x which includes your id your name your +phone number all that good stuff + + align:start position:0% +phone number all that good stuff + + + align:start position:0% +phone number all that good stuff +and it starts it into the set with the + + align:start position:0% +and it starts it into the set with the + + + align:start position:0% +and it starts it into the set with the +understanding that when i search my set + + align:start position:0% +understanding that when i search my set + + + align:start position:0% +understanding that when i search my set +i'm going to be searching by key + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be searching by key + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be searching by key +right so when i want to find a student i + + align:start position:0% +right so when i want to find a student i + + + align:start position:0% +right so when i want to find a student i +have to put in my id number + + align:start position:0% +have to put in my id number + + + align:start position:0% +have to put in my id number +does that make sense cool any other + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense cool any other + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense cool any other +questions it's great + + align:start position:0% +questions it's great + + + align:start position:0% +questions it's great +fabulous okay so now uh let's let's talk + + align:start position:0% +fabulous okay so now uh let's let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous okay so now uh let's let's talk +about how to actually implement this + + align:start position:0% +about how to actually implement this + + + align:start position:0% +about how to actually implement this +thing and thankfully + + align:start position:0% +thing and thankfully + + + align:start position:0% +thing and thankfully +we're already equipped with uh at least + + align:start position:0% +we're already equipped with uh at least + + + align:start position:0% +we're already equipped with uh at least +a very simple way that we could + + align:start position:0% +a very simple way that we could + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple way that we could +implement a set + + align:start position:0% +implement a set + + + align:start position:0% +implement a set +uh based on what you've already seen in + + align:start position:0% +uh based on what you've already seen in + + + align:start position:0% +uh based on what you've already seen in +your previous programming classes or + + align:start position:0% +your previous programming classes or + + + align:start position:0% +your previous programming classes or +even in just in the last two lectures + + align:start position:0% +even in just in the last two lectures + + + align:start position:0% +even in just in the last two lectures +which is one way to understand a set or + + align:start position:0% +which is one way to understand a set or + + + align:start position:0% +which is one way to understand a set or +to implement it rather + + align:start position:0% +to implement it rather + + + align:start position:0% +to implement it rather +would be to just store a giant array + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of objects that are in my set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i suppose uh continuing with the sort of + + align:start position:0% +i suppose uh continuing with the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +i suppose uh continuing with the sort of +theme of the last two lectures + + align:start position:0% +theme of the last two lectures + + + align:start position:0% +theme of the last two lectures +this is not a space in memory but rather + + align:start position:0% +this is not a space in memory but rather + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a space in memory but rather +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +metaphorical array you know a + + align:start position:0% +metaphorical array you know a + + + align:start position:0% +metaphorical array you know a +theoretical but it doesn't really matter + + align:start position:0% +theoretical but it doesn't really matter + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical but it doesn't really matter +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so one way to store my set + + align:start position:0% +so one way to store my set + + + align:start position:0% +so one way to store my set +would be to just store a bunch of x's in + + align:start position:0% +would be to just store a bunch of x's in + + + align:start position:0% +would be to just store a bunch of x's in +no particular order + + align:start position:0% +no particular order + + + align:start position:0% +no particular order +does that make sense so i have a big + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so i have a big + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so i have a big +piece of memory every piece of memory uh + + align:start position:0% +piece of memory every piece of memory uh + + + align:start position:0% +piece of memory every piece of memory uh +is associated with a different object in + + align:start position:0% +is associated with a different object in + + + align:start position:0% +is associated with a different object in +my set + + align:start position:0% +my set + + + align:start position:0% +my set +obviously this is quite easy to build + + align:start position:0% +obviously this is quite easy to build + + + align:start position:0% +obviously this is quite easy to build +right i just make a big ray and dump + + align:start position:0% +right i just make a big ray and dump + + + align:start position:0% +right i just make a big ray and dump +everything in there + + align:start position:0% +everything in there + + + align:start position:0% +everything in there +and the question is is this particularly + + align:start position:0% +and the question is is this particularly + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is is this particularly +efficient or useful way + + align:start position:0% +efficient or useful way + + + align:start position:0% +efficient or useful way +to implement a set right so for instance + + align:start position:0% +to implement a set right so for instance + + + align:start position:0% +to implement a set right so for instance +let's say that i have + + align:start position:0% +let's say that i have + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that i have +you know i i have a set of all the + + align:start position:0% +you know i i have a set of all the + + + align:start position:0% +you know i i have a set of all the +students in this classroom + + align:start position:0% +students in this classroom + + + align:start position:0% +students in this classroom +there's like some ridiculous number of + + align:start position:0% +there's like some ridiculous number of + + + align:start position:0% +there's like some ridiculous number of +you guys so actually you know asymptotic + + align:start position:0% +you guys so actually you know asymptotic + + + align:start position:0% +you guys so actually you know asymptotic +efficiency maybe actually + + align:start position:0% +efficiency maybe actually + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency maybe actually +matters a little bit and i want to query + + align:start position:0% +matters a little bit and i want to query + + + align:start position:0% +matters a little bit and i want to query +does this student + + align:start position:0% +does this student + + + align:start position:0% +does this student +uh exist in my class you know is eric + + align:start position:0% +uh exist in my class you know is eric + + + align:start position:0% +uh exist in my class you know is eric +domain taking 606 + + align:start position:0% +domain taking 606 + + + align:start position:0% +domain taking 606 +the answer is no i think teaching taking + + align:start position:0% +the answer is no i think teaching taking + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is no i think teaching taking +i don't know + + align:start position:0% +i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know +uh but in any event how do i implement + + align:start position:0% +uh but in any event how do i implement + + + align:start position:0% +uh but in any event how do i implement +it if my set is unordered + + align:start position:0% +it if my set is unordered + + + align:start position:0% +it if my set is unordered +we'll think about it for a second yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's actually an interesting uh + + align:start position:0% +it's actually an interesting uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually an interesting uh +suggestion which is going to anticipate + + align:start position:0% +suggestion which is going to anticipate + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion which is going to anticipate +what's happening later in this lecture + + align:start position:0% +what's happening later in this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening later in this lecture +which was to sort the set + + align:start position:0% +which was to sort the set + + + align:start position:0% +which was to sort the set +and then binary search right but let's + + align:start position:0% +and then binary search right but let's + + + align:start position:0% +and then binary search right but let's +say that actually i only have to do this + + align:start position:0% +say that actually i only have to do this + + + align:start position:0% +say that actually i only have to do this +once for some reason i build up a whole + + align:start position:0% +once for some reason i build up a whole + + + align:start position:0% +once for some reason i build up a whole +set of the people in this classroom + + align:start position:0% +set of the people in this classroom + + + align:start position:0% +set of the people in this classroom +and i just want to know is eric domain + + align:start position:0% +and i just want to know is eric domain + + + align:start position:0% +and i just want to know is eric domain +in this class right so then that + + align:start position:0% +in this class right so then that + + + align:start position:0% +in this class right so then that +algorithm would take n log n time + + align:start position:0% +algorithm would take n log n time + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm would take n log n time +right because i've got to sort everybody + + align:start position:0% +right because i've got to sort everybody + + + align:start position:0% +right because i've got to sort everybody +and then i have to do binary search + + align:start position:0% +and then i have to do binary search + + + align:start position:0% +and then i have to do binary search +which is maybe + + align:start position:0% +which is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +which is maybe +login time but i claim that if the only + + align:start position:0% +login time but i claim that if the only + + + align:start position:0% +login time but i claim that if the only +thing i care about is building up my + + align:start position:0% +thing i care about is building up my + + + align:start position:0% +thing i care about is building up my +entire set + + align:start position:0% +entire set + + + align:start position:0% +entire set +and searching it once there's actually a + + align:start position:0% +and searching it once there's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +and searching it once there's actually a +faster algorithm this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +faster algorithm this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +faster algorithm this is going to be +needlessly confusing because we're going + + align:start position:0% +needlessly confusing because we're going + + + align:start position:0% +needlessly confusing because we're going +to see that this is really + + align:start position:0% +to see that this is really + + + align:start position:0% +to see that this is really +not the right way to implement it in + + align:start position:0% +not the right way to implement it in + + + align:start position:0% +not the right way to implement it in +about 38 seconds + + align:start position:0% +about 38 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +about 38 seconds +yes yeah just iterate from beginning to + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah just iterate from beginning to + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah just iterate from beginning to +this array + + align:start position:0% +this array + + + align:start position:0% +this array +and say is this guy eric no is this guy + + align:start position:0% +and say is this guy eric no is this guy + + + align:start position:0% +and say is this guy eric no is this guy +eric no is this guy eric + + align:start position:0% +eric no is this guy eric + + + align:start position:0% +eric no is this guy eric +yes and then return him right so in the + + align:start position:0% +yes and then return him right so in the + + + align:start position:0% +yes and then return him right so in the +worst case + + align:start position:0% +worst case + + + align:start position:0% +worst case +how long will that algorithm take well + + align:start position:0% +how long will that algorithm take well + + + align:start position:0% +how long will that algorithm take well +in the worst case i have really bad luck + + align:start position:0% +in the worst case i have really bad luck + + + align:start position:0% +in the worst case i have really bad luck +and your instructor is all the way at + + align:start position:0% +and your instructor is all the way at + + + align:start position:0% +and your instructor is all the way at +the end of the list + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the list +right so in this case what is that going + + align:start position:0% +right so in this case what is that going + + + align:start position:0% +right so in this case what is that going +to mean that means that i have to walk + + align:start position:0% +to mean that means that i have to walk + + + align:start position:0% +to mean that means that i have to walk +along the entire array + + align:start position:0% +along the entire array + + + align:start position:0% +along the entire array +before i find him so that algorithm + + align:start position:0% +before i find him so that algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +before i find him so that algorithm +takes order and time + + align:start position:0% +takes order and time + + + align:start position:0% +takes order and time +and so your colleague's intuition that + + align:start position:0% +and so your colleague's intuition that + + + align:start position:0% +and so your colleague's intuition that +somehow this is quite inefficient + + align:start position:0% +somehow this is quite inefficient + + + align:start position:0% +somehow this is quite inefficient +is absolutely correct right if i know + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely correct right if i know + + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely correct right if i know +that i'm going to have to search my + + align:start position:0% +that i'm going to have to search my + + + align:start position:0% +that i'm going to have to search my +array many many times for different + + align:start position:0% +array many many times for different + + + align:start position:0% +array many many times for different +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +then probably it makes sense to do a + + align:start position:0% +then probably it makes sense to do a + + + align:start position:0% +then probably it makes sense to do a +little bit of work ahead of time like + + align:start position:0% +little bit of work ahead of time like + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of work ahead of time like +sorting the list + + align:start position:0% +sorting the list + + + align:start position:0% +sorting the list +and then my my query is much more + + align:start position:0% +and then my my query is much more + + + align:start position:0% +and then my my query is much more +efficient + + align:start position:0% +efficient + + + align:start position:0% +efficient +but this is all just to say that an + + align:start position:0% +but this is all just to say that an + + + align:start position:0% +but this is all just to say that an +unordered array is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +unordered array is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +unordered array is a perfectly +reasonable way to implement the set + + align:start position:0% +reasonable way to implement the set + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable way to implement the set +interface + + align:start position:0% +interface + + + align:start position:0% +interface +and then searching that array will take + + align:start position:0% +and then searching that array will take + + + align:start position:0% +and then searching that array will take +linear time every single time i search + + align:start position:0% +linear time every single time i search + + + align:start position:0% +linear time every single time i search +yup and of course if you go down your + + align:start position:0% +yup and of course if you go down your + + + align:start position:0% +yup and of course if you go down your +list of all of the different operations + + align:start position:0% +list of all of the different operations + + + align:start position:0% +list of all of the different operations +you might want to do + + align:start position:0% +you might want to do + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to do +on a set you'll see that they all take + + align:start position:0% +on a set you'll see that they all take + + + align:start position:0% +on a set you'll see that they all take +linear time so for instance how do i + + align:start position:0% +linear time so for instance how do i + + + align:start position:0% +linear time so for instance how do i +build my set + + align:start position:0% +build my set + + + align:start position:0% +build my set +well i have to reserve n slots in memory + + align:start position:0% +well i have to reserve n slots in memory + + + align:start position:0% +well i have to reserve n slots in memory +right and and at least according to our + + align:start position:0% +right and and at least according to our + + + align:start position:0% +right and and at least according to our +kind of model of computation in this + + align:start position:0% +kind of model of computation in this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of model of computation in this +class that takes + + align:start position:0% +class that takes + + + align:start position:0% +class that takes +order and time right then i got to copy + + align:start position:0% +order and time right then i got to copy + + + align:start position:0% +order and time right then i got to copy +everything into the set + + align:start position:0% +everything into the set + + + align:start position:0% +everything into the set +similarly if i want to insert or delete + + align:start position:0% +similarly if i want to insert or delete + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if i want to insert or delete +what do i have to do + + align:start position:0% +what do i have to do + + + align:start position:0% +what do i have to do +well i have to reserve memory and stick + + align:start position:0% +well i have to reserve memory and stick + + + align:start position:0% +well i have to reserve memory and stick +something inside of there in the worst + + align:start position:0% +something inside of there in the worst + + + align:start position:0% +something inside of there in the worst +case we saw this + + align:start position:0% +case we saw this + + + align:start position:0% +case we saw this +amortized argument before if your set is + + align:start position:0% +amortized argument before if your set is + + + align:start position:0% +amortized argument before if your set is +allowed to kind of grow dynamically + + align:start position:0% +allowed to kind of grow dynamically + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to kind of grow dynamically +and finally if i wanted to like find the + + align:start position:0% +and finally if i wanted to like find the + + + align:start position:0% +and finally if i wanted to like find the +minimum student id + + align:start position:0% +minimum student id + + + align:start position:0% +minimum student id +in my classroom sort of the only + + align:start position:0% +in my classroom sort of the only + + + align:start position:0% +in my classroom sort of the only +algorithm i can have if my my list of + + align:start position:0% +algorithm i can have if my my list of + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm i can have if my my list of +students isn't sorted + + align:start position:0% +students isn't sorted + + + align:start position:0% +students isn't sorted +is to what just iterate over every + + align:start position:0% +is to what just iterate over every + + + align:start position:0% +is to what just iterate over every +single student in the class + + align:start position:0% +single student in the class + + + align:start position:0% +single student in the class +and if the guy that i'm looking at has a + + align:start position:0% +and if the guy that i'm looking at has a + + + align:start position:0% +and if the guy that i'm looking at has a +smaller id than the one that i found + + align:start position:0% +smaller id than the one that i found + + + align:start position:0% +smaller id than the one that i found +replace it does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% +replace it does that make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +replace it does that make sense to +everybody so basically everything you + + align:start position:0% +everybody so basically everything you + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so basically everything you +can do in a set + + align:start position:0% +can do in a set + + + align:start position:0% +can do in a set +you can implement and i think all of you + + align:start position:0% +you can implement and i think all of you + + + align:start position:0% +you can implement and i think all of you +guys are more than qualified to + + align:start position:0% +guys are more than qualified to + + + align:start position:0% +guys are more than qualified to +implement + + align:start position:0% +implement + + + align:start position:0% +implement +as an unordered array it's just going to + + align:start position:0% +as an unordered array it's just going to + + + align:start position:0% +as an unordered array it's just going to +be slow yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that's right so i actually i don't + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right so i actually i don't + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right so i actually i don't +know in this class + + align:start position:0% +know in this class + + + align:start position:0% +know in this class +if if you're i guess the set interface + + align:start position:0% +if if you're i guess the set interface + + + align:start position:0% +if if you're i guess the set interface +the way that we've described it here is + + align:start position:0% +the way that we've described it here is + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we've described it here is +dynamic we can just keep adding stuff to + + align:start position:0% +dynamic we can just keep adding stuff to + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic we can just keep adding stuff to +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +uh in that case remember this amortized + + align:start position:0% +uh in that case remember this amortized + + + align:start position:0% +uh in that case remember this amortized +argument from eric's lecture says that + + align:start position:0% +argument from eric's lecture says that + + + align:start position:0% +argument from eric's lecture says that +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +average that will take order end time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what was that oh that's true that's an + + align:start position:0% +what was that oh that's true that's an + + + align:start position:0% +what was that oh that's true that's an +even better sorry + + align:start position:0% +even better sorry + + + align:start position:0% +even better sorry +uh even if it weren't dynamic um if + + align:start position:0% +uh even if it weren't dynamic um if + + + align:start position:0% +uh even if it weren't dynamic um if +i wanted to replace an existing key like + + align:start position:0% +i wanted to replace an existing key like + + + align:start position:0% +i wanted to replace an existing key like +for some reason two students have + + align:start position:0% +for some reason two students have + + + align:start position:0% +for some reason two students have +the same id this is a terrible analogy + + align:start position:0% +the same id this is a terrible analogy + + + align:start position:0% +the same id this is a terrible analogy +i'm sorry uh but but in any event if i + + align:start position:0% +i'm sorry uh but but in any event if i + + + align:start position:0% +i'm sorry uh but but in any event if i +wanted to replace + + align:start position:0% +wanted to replace + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to replace +uh an object with a new one well what i + + align:start position:0% +uh an object with a new one well what i + + + align:start position:0% +uh an object with a new one well what i +have to do i'd have to search for that + + align:start position:0% +have to do i'd have to search for that + + + align:start position:0% +have to do i'd have to search for that +object first and then replace it + + align:start position:0% +object first and then replace it + + + align:start position:0% +object first and then replace it +and that search is gonna take order and + + align:start position:0% +and that search is gonna take order and + + + align:start position:0% +and that search is gonna take order and +time from our argument before + + align:start position:0% +time from our argument before + + + align:start position:0% +time from our argument before +thank you okay so uh right + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay so uh right + + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay so uh right +in some sense we're done right we've now + + align:start position:0% +in some sense we're done right we've now + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense we're done right we've now +implemented this interface life is good + + align:start position:0% +implemented this interface life is good + + + align:start position:0% +implemented this interface life is good +and and of course this is the difference + + align:start position:0% +and and of course this is the difference + + + align:start position:0% +and and of course this is the difference +between you know existence and and + + align:start position:0% +between you know existence and and + + + align:start position:0% +between you know existence and and +actually uh + + align:start position:0% +actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh +caring about the details inside of this + + align:start position:0% +caring about the details inside of this + + + align:start position:0% +caring about the details inside of this +thing right we've shown that one can + + align:start position:0% +thing right we've shown that one can + + + align:start position:0% +thing right we've shown that one can +implement a set + + align:start position:0% +implement a set + + + align:start position:0% +implement a set +but it's not a terribly efficient way to + + align:start position:0% +but it's not a terribly efficient way to + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not a terribly efficient way to +do it by just storing a big like hot + + align:start position:0% +do it by just storing a big like hot + + + align:start position:0% +do it by just storing a big like hot +mess + + align:start position:0% +mess + + + align:start position:0% +mess +disorganized list of numbers without any + + align:start position:0% +disorganized list of numbers without any + + + align:start position:0% +disorganized list of numbers without any +order yeah + + align:start position:0% +order yeah + + + align:start position:0% +order yeah +so instead of that uh conveniently our + + align:start position:0% +so instead of that uh conveniently our + + + align:start position:0% +so instead of that uh conveniently our +colleague in the front row here has + + align:start position:0% +colleague in the front row here has + + + align:start position:0% +colleague in the front row here has +already suggested a different data + + align:start position:0% +already suggested a different data + + + align:start position:0% +already suggested a different data +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +which is to store our set not as just a + + align:start position:0% +which is to store our set not as just a + + + align:start position:0% +which is to store our set not as just a +disorganized array in any + + align:start position:0% +disorganized array in any + + + align:start position:0% +disorganized array in any +arbitrary order but rather to keep the + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary order but rather to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary order but rather to keep the +items in our set + + align:start position:0% +items in our set + + + align:start position:0% +items in our set +organized by key right so in other words + + align:start position:0% +organized by key right so in other words + + + align:start position:0% +organized by key right so in other words +like if i have this array of all of the + + align:start position:0% +like if i have this array of all of the + + + align:start position:0% +like if i have this array of all of the +students in our classroom + + align:start position:0% +students in our classroom + + + align:start position:0% +students in our classroom +and the very first element in my array + + align:start position:0% +and the very first element in my array + + + align:start position:0% +and the very first element in my array +is going to be the student with the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the student with the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the student with the +smallest id number + + align:start position:0% +smallest id number + + + align:start position:0% +smallest id number +the second is the second smallest id + + align:start position:0% +the second is the second smallest id + + + align:start position:0% +the second is the second smallest id +number all the way to the end of the + + align:start position:0% +number all the way to the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +number all the way to the end of the +array which is a student with the + + align:start position:0% +array which is a student with the + + + align:start position:0% +array which is a student with the +biggest id number + + align:start position:0% +biggest id number + + + align:start position:0% +biggest id number +now does that mean i want to like do + + align:start position:0% +now does that mean i want to like do + + + align:start position:0% +now does that mean i want to like do +arithmetic on student id numbers + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic on student id numbers + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic on student id numbers +absolutely not + + align:start position:0% +absolutely not + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely not +but it's just a way to sort of impose + + align:start position:0% +but it's just a way to sort of impose + + + align:start position:0% +but it's just a way to sort of impose +order on that list so that i can search + + align:start position:0% +order on that list so that i can search + + + align:start position:0% +order on that list so that i can search +it very quickly later + + align:start position:0% +it very quickly later + + + align:start position:0% +it very quickly later +okay so if i want to fill in the set + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i want to fill in the set + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i want to fill in the set +interface + + align:start position:0% +interface + + + align:start position:0% +interface +and i have somehow a sorted array of + + align:start position:0% +and i have somehow a sorted array of + + + align:start position:0% +and i have somehow a sorted array of +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +right so again they're organized by + + align:start position:0% +right so again they're organized by + + + align:start position:0% +right so again they're organized by +student id number + + align:start position:0% +student id number + + + align:start position:0% +student id number +then my runtime starts to get a little + + align:start position:0% +then my runtime starts to get a little + + + align:start position:0% +then my runtime starts to get a little +more interesting + + align:start position:0% +more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting +yeah so now uh insertion deletion still + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now uh insertion deletion still + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now uh insertion deletion still +takes the same amount of time but let's + + align:start position:0% +takes the same amount of time but let's + + + align:start position:0% +takes the same amount of time but let's +say that i want to find the student with + + align:start position:0% +say that i want to find the student with + + + align:start position:0% +say that i want to find the student with +the minimum id number right this find + + align:start position:0% +the minimum id number right this find + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum id number right this find +min + + align:start position:0% +min + + + align:start position:0% +min +function well how could i do it in a + + align:start position:0% +function well how could i do it in a + + + align:start position:0% +function well how could i do it in a +sorted array + + align:start position:0% +sorted array + + + align:start position:0% +sorted array +keyword is sorted here where's the main + + align:start position:0% +keyword is sorted here where's the main + + + align:start position:0% +keyword is sorted here where's the main +element of an array yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh yeah in fact i can give a moderately + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah in fact i can give a moderately + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah in fact i can give a moderately +faster algorithm which is just look at + + align:start position:0% +faster algorithm which is just look at + + + align:start position:0% +faster algorithm which is just look at +the first one + + align:start position:0% +the first one + + + align:start position:0% +the first one +right if i want the minimum element of + + align:start position:0% +right if i want the minimum element of + + + align:start position:0% +right if i want the minimum element of +an array it + + align:start position:0% +an array it + + + align:start position:0% +an array it +and the array is in sorted order i know + + align:start position:0% +and the array is in sorted order i know + + + align:start position:0% +and the array is in sorted order i know +that's the first thing + + align:start position:0% +that's the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first thing +right so that's order one time to answer + + align:start position:0% +right so that's order one time to answer + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's order one time to answer +that kind of a question and similarly if + + align:start position:0% +that kind of a question and similarly if + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of a question and similarly if +i want the the thing with the biggest id + + align:start position:0% +i want the the thing with the biggest id + + + align:start position:0% +i want the the thing with the biggest id +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +i look all the way at the end now uh in + + align:start position:0% +i look all the way at the end now uh in + + + align:start position:0% +i look all the way at the end now uh in +six double o + + align:start position:0% +six double o + + + align:start position:0% +six double o +what triple o this mit student class + + align:start position:0% +what triple o this mit student class + + + align:start position:0% +what triple o this mit student class +numbers are + + align:start position:0% +numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are +super confusing to me uh this in 6 001 + + align:start position:0% +super confusing to me uh this in 6 001 + + + align:start position:0% +super confusing to me uh this in 6 001 +604 2 you guys already i think learned + + align:start position:0% +604 2 you guys already i think learned + + + align:start position:0% +604 2 you guys already i think learned +about binary search and + + align:start position:0% +about binary search and + + + align:start position:0% +about binary search and +even may have implemented it so what do + + align:start position:0% +even may have implemented it so what do + + + align:start position:0% +even may have implemented it so what do +we know if my array is sorted + + align:start position:0% +we know if my array is sorted + + + align:start position:0% +we know if my array is sorted +how long does it take for me to search + + align:start position:0% +how long does it take for me to search + + + align:start position:0% +how long does it take for me to search +for any given element + + align:start position:0% +for any given element + + + align:start position:0% +for any given element +yes login time that's absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +yes login time that's absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +yes login time that's absolutely right +right because i can cut my array in half + + align:start position:0% +right because i can cut my array in half + + + align:start position:0% +right because i can cut my array in half +you know if my key is bigger or smaller + + align:start position:0% +you know if my key is bigger or smaller + + + align:start position:0% +you know if my key is bigger or smaller +then i look on the left or the right + + align:start position:0% +then i look on the left or the right + + + align:start position:0% +then i look on the left or the right +and and so this is a much more efficient + + align:start position:0% +and and so this is a much more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +and and so this is a much more efficient +uh means of searching a set yeah + + align:start position:0% +uh means of searching a set yeah + + + align:start position:0% +uh means of searching a set yeah +uh so in particular you know 6006 this + + align:start position:0% +uh so in particular you know 6006 this + + + align:start position:0% +uh so in particular you know 6006 this +year has 400 students maybe next year it + + align:start position:0% +year has 400 students maybe next year it + + + align:start position:0% +year has 400 students maybe next year it +has 4 000. you know eventually it's + + align:start position:0% +has 4 000. you know eventually it's + + + align:start position:0% +has 4 000. you know eventually it's +going to have like billions + + align:start position:0% +going to have like billions + + + align:start position:0% +going to have like billions +right uh then then what's going to + + align:start position:0% +right uh then then what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +right uh then then what's going to +happen well if i use my unordered array + + align:start position:0% +happen well if i use my unordered array + + + align:start position:0% +happen well if i use my unordered array +you know and i have a billion students + + align:start position:0% +you know and i have a billion students + + + align:start position:0% +you know and i have a billion students +in this class it's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +in this class it's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +in this class it's going to happen +well then it's going to take me roughly + + align:start position:0% +well then it's going to take me roughly + + + align:start position:0% +well then it's going to take me roughly +a billion computations to find any one + + align:start position:0% +a billion computations to find any one + + + align:start position:0% +a billion computations to find any one +student in this course + + align:start position:0% +student in this course + + + align:start position:0% +student in this course +whereas log of a billion is a heck of a + + align:start position:0% +whereas log of a billion is a heck of a + + + align:start position:0% +whereas log of a billion is a heck of a +lot faster + + align:start position:0% +lot faster + + + align:start position:0% +lot faster +right on the other hand i've kind of + + align:start position:0% +right on the other hand i've kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right on the other hand i've kind of +swept a detail under the rug here + + align:start position:0% +swept a detail under the rug here + + + align:start position:0% +swept a detail under the rug here +which is how do i actually get a sorted + + align:start position:0% +which is how do i actually get a sorted + + + align:start position:0% +which is how do i actually get a sorted +array to begin with + + align:start position:0% +array to begin with + + + align:start position:0% +array to begin with +and what we're going to see in today's + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to see in today's + + + align:start position:0% +and what we're going to see in today's +lecture is that that takes more time + + align:start position:0% +lecture is that that takes more time + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is that that takes more time +than building it if i just have a + + align:start position:0% +than building it if i just have a + + + align:start position:0% +than building it if i just have a +disorganized list right building a + + align:start position:0% +disorganized list right building a + + + align:start position:0% +disorganized list right building a +disorganized list is the easy thing to + + align:start position:0% +disorganized list is the easy thing to + + + align:start position:0% +disorganized list is the easy thing to +do you probably all do it at home when + + align:start position:0% +do you probably all do it at home when + + + align:start position:0% +do you probably all do it at home when +you're cleaning house yeah but actually + + align:start position:0% +you're cleaning house yeah but actually + + + align:start position:0% +you're cleaning house yeah but actually +sorting a list of numbers requires a + + align:start position:0% +sorting a list of numbers requires a + + + align:start position:0% +sorting a list of numbers requires a +little bit more work + + align:start position:0% +little bit more work + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more work +and so this is a great example where + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a great example where + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a great example where +there's at least a tiny amount of + + align:start position:0% +there's at least a tiny amount of + + + align:start position:0% +there's at least a tiny amount of +trade-off right + + align:start position:0% +trade-off right + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off right +where now building my sorted array to + + align:start position:0% +where now building my sorted array to + + + align:start position:0% +where now building my sorted array to +represent my set is going to take a + + align:start position:0% +represent my set is going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +represent my set is going to take a +little more computation we're going to + + align:start position:0% +little more computation we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +little more computation we're going to +see it's n log n time + + align:start position:0% +see it's n log n time + + + align:start position:0% +see it's n log n time +but then once i've done that sort of at + + align:start position:0% +but then once i've done that sort of at + + + align:start position:0% +but then once i've done that sort of at +step zero now + + align:start position:0% +step zero now + + + align:start position:0% +step zero now +a lot of these other operations that i + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these other operations that i + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these other operations that i +typically care about at a set like + + align:start position:0% +typically care about at a set like + + + align:start position:0% +typically care about at a set like +searching it for a given key + + align:start position:0% +searching it for a given key + + + align:start position:0% +searching it for a given key +are going to go a lot faster using you + + align:start position:0% +are going to go a lot faster using you + + + align:start position:0% +are going to go a lot faster using you +know binary search + + align:start position:0% +know binary search + + + align:start position:0% +know binary search +okay so so this is our basic uh uh sort + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is our basic uh uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is our basic uh uh sort +of motivator here + + align:start position:0% +of motivator here + + + align:start position:0% +of motivator here +and and so now we've seen the set + + align:start position:0% +and and so now we've seen the set + + + align:start position:0% +and and so now we've seen the set +interface and two potential data + + align:start position:0% +interface and two potential data + + + align:start position:0% +interface and two potential data +structures + + align:start position:0% +structures + + + align:start position:0% +structures +and our goal for the day is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and our goal for the day is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and our goal for the day is going to be +to kind of fill in the details of that + + align:start position:0% +to kind of fill in the details of that + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of fill in the details of that +second one + + align:start position:0% +second one + + + align:start position:0% +second one +and since you all have already seen + + align:start position:0% +and since you all have already seen + + + align:start position:0% +and since you all have already seen +binary search you've probably also + + align:start position:0% +binary search you've probably also + + + align:start position:0% +binary search you've probably also +already seen sorting + + align:start position:0% +already seen sorting + + + align:start position:0% +already seen sorting +but in any event uh today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +but in any event uh today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +but in any event uh today we're going to +focus mostly on the sort of lower left + + align:start position:0% +focus mostly on the sort of lower left + + + align:start position:0% +focus mostly on the sort of lower left +square here right on just how can i take + + align:start position:0% +square here right on just how can i take + + + align:start position:0% +square here right on just how can i take +a disorganized list of objects + + align:start position:0% +a disorganized list of objects + + + align:start position:0% +a disorganized list of objects +and put it into sorted order so that i + + align:start position:0% +and put it into sorted order so that i + + + align:start position:0% +and put it into sorted order so that i +can search for it later + + align:start position:0% +can search for it later + + + align:start position:0% +can search for it later +right so in other words our big problem + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words our big problem + + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words our big problem +for a lecture today + + align:start position:0% +for a lecture today + + + align:start position:0% +for a lecture today +is the second thing here right just + + align:start position:0% +is the second thing here right just + + + align:start position:0% +is the second thing here right just +sorting + + align:start position:0% +sorting + + + align:start position:0% +sorting +incidentally in the next couple lectures + + align:start position:0% +incidentally in the next couple lectures + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally in the next couple lectures +we're going to see other data sets or + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see other data sets or + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see other data sets or +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +structures rather so data structs that + + align:start position:0% +structures rather so data structs that + + + align:start position:0% +structures rather so data structs that +was i used to teach machine learning + + align:start position:0% +was i used to teach machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +was i used to teach machine learning +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +uh and we'll see that they have + + align:start position:0% +uh and we'll see that they have + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we'll see that they have +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +sort of efficiency operations that we + + align:start position:0% +sort of efficiency operations that we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of efficiency operations that we +can fill in this table so we're not done + + align:start position:0% +can fill in this table so we're not done + + + align:start position:0% +can fill in this table so we're not done +yet but this is one step forward + + align:start position:0% +yet but this is one step forward + + + align:start position:0% +yet but this is one step forward +okay so hopefully i have sort of ad + + align:start position:0% +okay so hopefully i have sort of ad + + + align:start position:0% +okay so hopefully i have sort of ad +nauseam justified why one might want to + + align:start position:0% +nauseam justified why one might want to + + + align:start position:0% +nauseam justified why one might want to +sort things + + align:start position:0% +sort things + + + align:start position:0% +sort things +and indeed there are a couple vocabulary + + align:start position:0% +and indeed there are a couple vocabulary + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed there are a couple vocabulary +words that are worth noting uh so one + + align:start position:0% +words that are worth noting uh so one + + + align:start position:0% +words that are worth noting uh so one +uh so you remember that your sorting + + align:start position:0% +uh so you remember that your sorting + + + align:start position:0% +uh so you remember that your sorting +algorithm is is pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is is pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is is pretty straightforward +in terms of how you specify it right + + align:start position:0% +in terms of how you specify it right + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of how you specify it right +so in sorting your input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is an array of + + align:start position:0% +is an array of + + + align:start position:0% +is an array of +n numbers i suppose actually really + + align:start position:0% +n numbers i suppose actually really + + + align:start position:0% +n numbers i suppose actually really +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +we should think of them like keys it's + + align:start position:0% +we should think of them like keys it's + + + align:start position:0% +we should think of them like keys it's +not going to matter a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +not going to matter a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +not going to matter a whole lot +right and our output + + align:start position:0% +right and our output + + + align:start position:0% +right and our output +i'm always very concerned that if i + + align:start position:0% +i'm always very concerned that if i + + + align:start position:0% +i'm always very concerned that if i +write on the board on the back i can + + align:start position:0% +write on the board on the back i can + + + align:start position:0% +write on the board on the back i can +like i + + align:start position:0% +like i + + + align:start position:0% +like i +have to cover it up um it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +have to cover it up um it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +have to cover it up um it's going to be +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out it's going to be a sorted + + align:start position:0% +out it's going to be a sorted + + + align:start position:0% +out it's going to be a sorted +um array right and we'll call this guy b + + align:start position:0% +um array right and we'll call this guy b + + + align:start position:0% +um array right and we'll call this guy b +and we'll call this one uh hey + + align:start position:0% +and we'll call this one uh hey + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll call this one uh hey +this classroom is not optimized for + + align:start position:0% +this classroom is not optimized for + + + align:start position:0% +this classroom is not optimized for +short people + + align:start position:0% +short people + + + align:start position:0% +short people +okay uh so there's a lot of variations + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so there's a lot of variations + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so there's a lot of variations +on the basic sort of sorting problem and + + align:start position:0% +on the basic sort of sorting problem and + + + align:start position:0% +on the basic sort of sorting problem and +the different algorithms that are out + + align:start position:0% +the different algorithms that are out + + + align:start position:0% +the different algorithms that are out +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +uh two vocabulary words i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +uh two vocabulary words i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +uh two vocabulary words i'm gonna +highlight really quick one is if your + + align:start position:0% +highlight really quick one is if your + + + align:start position:0% +highlight really quick one is if your +sort is destructive + + align:start position:0% +sort is destructive + + + align:start position:0% +sort is destructive +what that means is the rather than like + + align:start position:0% +what that means is the rather than like + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is the rather than like +reserving some new memory for my sorted + + align:start position:0% +reserving some new memory for my sorted + + + align:start position:0% +reserving some new memory for my sorted +array b + + align:start position:0% +array b + + + align:start position:0% +array b +and then putting a sorted version of a + + align:start position:0% +and then putting a sorted version of a + + + align:start position:0% +and then putting a sorted version of a +into b + + align:start position:0% +into b + + + align:start position:0% +into b +a destructive algorithm is one that just + + align:start position:0% +a destructive algorithm is one that just + + + align:start position:0% +a destructive algorithm is one that just +overwrites a with a sorted version of a + + align:start position:0% +overwrites a with a sorted version of a + + + align:start position:0% +overwrites a with a sorted version of a +right so a lot of like certainly the c + + align:start position:0% +right so a lot of like certainly the c + + + align:start position:0% +right so a lot of like certainly the c +plus interface + + align:start position:0% +plus interface + + + align:start position:0% +plus interface +does this i assume the python one does + + align:start position:0% +does this i assume the python one does + + + align:start position:0% +does this i assume the python one does +too i i always forget this uh + + align:start position:0% +too i i always forget this uh + + + align:start position:0% +too i i always forget this uh +detail in addition to + + align:start position:0% +detail in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +detail in addition to +uh destructive sorts some sorts are in + + align:start position:0% +uh destructive sorts some sorts are in + + + align:start position:0% +uh destructive sorts some sorts are in +place + + align:start position:0% +place + + + align:start position:0% +place +meaning that not only are they + + align:start position:0% +meaning that not only are they + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that not only are they +destructive but they also don't use + + align:start position:0% +destructive but they also don't use + + + align:start position:0% +destructive but they also don't use +extra + + align:start position:0% +extra + + + align:start position:0% +extra +memory in the process of sorting right + + align:start position:0% +memory in the process of sorting right + + + align:start position:0% +memory in the process of sorting right +like you could imagine a sorting + + align:start position:0% +like you could imagine a sorting + + + align:start position:0% +like you could imagine a sorting +algorithm that like + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that like + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that like +has to preserve a bunch of like scratch + + align:start position:0% +has to preserve a bunch of like scratch + + + align:start position:0% +has to preserve a bunch of like scratch +space to do its work and then put it + + align:start position:0% +space to do its work and then put it + + + align:start position:0% +space to do its work and then put it +back into a + + align:start position:0% +back into a + + + align:start position:0% +back into a +right like for instance the world's + + align:start position:0% +right like for instance the world's + + + align:start position:0% +right like for instance the world's +dumbest uh + + align:start position:0% +dumbest uh + + + align:start position:0% +dumbest uh +destructive sort might be to call your + + align:start position:0% +destructive sort might be to call your + + + align:start position:0% +destructive sort might be to call your +non-destructive sort and then copy it + + align:start position:0% +non-destructive sort and then copy it + + + align:start position:0% +non-destructive sort and then copy it +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +into the into a right but that would + + align:start position:0% +into the into a right but that would + + + align:start position:0% +into the into a right but that would +require order n space + + align:start position:0% +require order n space + + + align:start position:0% +require order n space +to do so if my algorithm additionally + + align:start position:0% +to do so if my algorithm additionally + + + align:start position:0% +to do so if my algorithm additionally +has the property that it doesn't reserve + + align:start position:0% +has the property that it doesn't reserve + + + align:start position:0% +has the property that it doesn't reserve +any extra space + + align:start position:0% +any extra space + + + align:start position:0% +any extra space +at least up to a constant uh then we + + align:start position:0% +at least up to a constant uh then we + + + align:start position:0% +at least up to a constant uh then we +call that in place + + align:start position:0% +call that in place + + + align:start position:0% +call that in place +okay so those are our basic vocabulary + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are our basic vocabulary + + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are our basic vocabulary +words and they're ways to kind of + + align:start position:0% +words and they're ways to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +words and they're ways to kind of +understand the differences between + + align:start position:0% +understand the differences between + + + align:start position:0% +understand the differences between +different sorting algorithms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why do they end up using extra oh one + + align:start position:0% +why do they end up using extra oh one + + + align:start position:0% +why do they end up using extra oh one +space oh yeah sure like any time + + align:start position:0% +space oh yeah sure like any time + + + align:start position:0% +space oh yeah sure like any time +i just make a temporary variable like a + + align:start position:0% +i just make a temporary variable like a + + + align:start position:0% +i just make a temporary variable like a +loop counter that + + align:start position:0% +loop counter that + + + align:start position:0% +loop counter that +that's going to count toward that order + + align:start position:0% +that's going to count toward that order + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to count toward that order +one but the important thing is that the + + align:start position:0% +one but the important thing is that the + + + align:start position:0% +one but the important thing is that the +number of variables i need doesn't scale + + align:start position:0% +number of variables i need doesn't scale + + + align:start position:0% +number of variables i need doesn't scale +in the length of the list + + align:start position:0% +in the length of the list + + + align:start position:0% +in the length of the list +yep okay so i present to you the + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so i present to you the + + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so i present to you the +beginning and end of our sorting lecture + + align:start position:0% +beginning and end of our sorting lecture + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and end of our sorting lecture +which is the world's + + align:start position:0% +which is the world's + + + align:start position:0% +which is the world's +simplest uh sorting algorithm i call it + + align:start position:0% +simplest uh sorting algorithm i call it + + + align:start position:0% +simplest uh sorting algorithm i call it +permutation sort + + align:start position:0% +permutation sort + + + align:start position:0% +permutation sort +i think it's very easy to prove + + align:start position:0% +i think it's very easy to prove + + + align:start position:0% +i think it's very easy to prove +correctness for this particular + + align:start position:0% +correctness for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +correctness for this particular +technique + + align:start position:0% +technique + + + align:start position:0% +technique +uh so in permutation sort what can i do + + align:start position:0% +uh so in permutation sort what can i do + + + align:start position:0% +uh so in permutation sort what can i do +well i know + + align:start position:0% +well i know + + + align:start position:0% +well i know +that if i have an input that's a list of + + align:start position:0% +that if i have an input that's a list of + + + align:start position:0% +that if i have an input that's a list of +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +there exists a permutation of that list + + align:start position:0% +there exists a permutation of that list + + + align:start position:0% +there exists a permutation of that list +of numbers that is sorted + + align:start position:0% +of numbers that is sorted + + + align:start position:0% +of numbers that is sorted +kind of by definition right because the + + align:start position:0% +kind of by definition right because the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of by definition right because the +sword is a permutation of your original + + align:start position:0% +sword is a permutation of your original + + + align:start position:0% +sword is a permutation of your original +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +so what is uh what's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +so what is uh what's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +so what is uh what's a very simple +sorting algorithm well + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithm well + + + align:start position:0% +sorting algorithm well +list every possible permutation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then just double check which one's + + align:start position:0% +and then just double check which one's + + + align:start position:0% +and then just double check which one's +in the right order yeah + + align:start position:0% +in the right order yeah + + + align:start position:0% +in the right order yeah +so there's sort of two key uh pieces to + + align:start position:0% +so there's sort of two key uh pieces to + + + align:start position:0% +so there's sort of two key uh pieces to +this particular technique if we want to + + align:start position:0% +this particular technique if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +this particular technique if we want to +analyze it i don't see a reason to + + align:start position:0% +analyze it i don't see a reason to + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it i don't see a reason to +belabor it too much + + align:start position:0% +belabor it too much + + + align:start position:0% +belabor it too much +but there's sort of one is that we have + + align:start position:0% +but there's sort of one is that we have + + + align:start position:0% +but there's sort of one is that we have +to enumerate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the permutations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if i have a list of n numbers how + + align:start position:0% +now if i have a list of n numbers how + + + align:start position:0% +now if i have a list of n numbers how +many different permutations of n numbers + + align:start position:0% +many different permutations of n numbers + + + align:start position:0% +many different permutations of n numbers +are there + + align:start position:0% +are there + + + align:start position:0% +are there +yes n factorial right + + align:start position:0% +yes n factorial right + + + align:start position:0% +yes n factorial right +so just by virtue of calling this + + align:start position:0% +so just by virtue of calling this + + + align:start position:0% +so just by virtue of calling this +permutations function + + align:start position:0% +permutations function + + + align:start position:0% +permutations function +i know that i incur at least n factorial + + align:start position:0% +i know that i incur at least n factorial + + + align:start position:0% +i know that i incur at least n factorial +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +it might be worse right it might be that + + align:start position:0% +it might be worse right it might be that + + + align:start position:0% +it might be worse right it might be that +like actually listing permutations takes + + align:start position:0% +like actually listing permutations takes + + + align:start position:0% +like actually listing permutations takes +a lot of time for some reason like every + + align:start position:0% +a lot of time for some reason like every + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of time for some reason like every +permutation itself takes + + align:start position:0% +permutation itself takes + + + align:start position:0% +permutation itself takes +order and time but at the very least you + + align:start position:0% +order and time but at the very least you + + + align:start position:0% +order and time but at the very least you +know each one of these things looks like + + align:start position:0% +know each one of these things looks like + + + align:start position:0% +know each one of these things looks like +n factorial i want you my my handwriting + + align:start position:0% +n factorial i want you my my handwriting + + + align:start position:0% +n factorial i want you my my handwriting +is terrible + + align:start position:0% +is terrible + + + align:start position:0% +is terrible +all right so that's what this omega + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's what this omega + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's what this omega +thing is doing if i recall properly + + align:start position:0% +thing is doing if i recall properly + + + align:start position:0% +thing is doing if i recall properly +uh and then secondarily well we've got + + align:start position:0% +uh and then secondarily well we've got + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then secondarily well we've got +to check + + align:start position:0% +to check + + + align:start position:0% +to check +if that particular permutation is sorted + + align:start position:0% +if that particular permutation is sorted + + + align:start position:0% +if that particular permutation is sorted +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how are we going to do that well there's + + align:start position:0% +how are we going to do that well there's + + + align:start position:0% +how are we going to do that well there's +a very easy way to check if a list is + + align:start position:0% +a very easy way to check if a list is + + + align:start position:0% +a very easy way to check if a list is +sorted right i'm gonna do + + align:start position:0% +sorted right i'm gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +sorted right i'm gonna do +maybe four i + + align:start position:0% +maybe four i + + + align:start position:0% +maybe four i +equals one two and minus one + + align:start position:0% +equals one two and minus one + + + align:start position:0% +equals one two and minus one +notice not not a python quota it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +notice not not a python quota it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +notice not not a python quota it's gonna +look a little different right + + align:start position:0% +look a little different right + + + align:start position:0% +look a little different right +then check you know is b + + align:start position:0% +then check you know is b + + + align:start position:0% +then check you know is b +i less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +i less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +i less than or equal to +b i uh + + align:start position:0% +b i uh + + + align:start position:0% +b i uh +plus one right and so if this uh + + align:start position:0% +plus one right and so if this uh + + + align:start position:0% +plus one right and so if this uh +uh relationship is true for every single + + align:start position:0% +uh relationship is true for every single + + + align:start position:0% +uh relationship is true for every single +i that's supposed to be a question mark + + align:start position:0% +i that's supposed to be a question mark + + + align:start position:0% +i that's supposed to be a question mark +right this was less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +right this was less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +right this was less than or equal to +with a question mark over it it was my + + align:start position:0% +with a question mark over it it was my + + + align:start position:0% +with a question mark over it it was my +special notation + + align:start position:0% +special notation + + + align:start position:0% +special notation +right so if i get all the way to the end + + align:start position:0% +right so if i get all the way to the end + + + align:start position:0% +right so if i get all the way to the end +of this for loop and this is true + + align:start position:0% +of this for loop and this is true + + + align:start position:0% +of this for loop and this is true +everywhere + + align:start position:0% +everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere +then my list is sorted and and life is + + align:start position:0% +then my list is sorted and and life is + + + align:start position:0% +then my list is sorted and and life is +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +right so how long does this algorithm + + align:start position:0% +right so how long does this algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +right so how long does this algorithm +take what's kind of staring you right in + + align:start position:0% +take what's kind of staring you right in + + + align:start position:0% +take what's kind of staring you right in +the face right because you have an + + align:start position:0% +the face right because you have an + + + align:start position:0% +the face right because you have an +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +which is looping from one to n minus one + + align:start position:0% +which is looping from one to n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +which is looping from one to n minus one +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +this step incurs order n time i guess + + align:start position:0% +this step incurs order n time i guess + + + align:start position:0% +this step incurs order n time i guess +theta event time + + align:start position:0% +theta event time + + + align:start position:0% +theta event time +because we gotta go all the way into the + + align:start position:0% +because we gotta go all the way into the + + + align:start position:0% +because we gotta go all the way into the +list so when i put these things together + + align:start position:0% +list so when i put these things together + + + align:start position:0% +list so when i put these things together +permutation sort well remember that + + align:start position:0% +permutation sort well remember that + + + align:start position:0% +permutation sort well remember that +this check if sorted happens for every + + align:start position:0% +this check if sorted happens for every + + + align:start position:0% +this check if sorted happens for every +single permutation + + align:start position:0% +single permutation + + + align:start position:0% +single permutation +so at the end of the day our algorithm + + align:start position:0% +so at the end of the day our algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +so at the end of the day our algorithm +takes at least + + align:start position:0% +takes at least + + + align:start position:0% +takes at least +n factorial times n time + + align:start position:0% +n factorial times n time + + + align:start position:0% +n factorial times n time +it's a great example of something that's + + align:start position:0% +it's a great example of something that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great example of something that's +even worse + + align:start position:0% +even worse + + + align:start position:0% +even worse +than n factorial which somehow in my + + align:start position:0% +than n factorial which somehow in my + + + align:start position:0% +than n factorial which somehow in my +head is like the worst possible + + align:start position:0% +head is like the worst possible + + + align:start position:0% +head is like the worst possible +algorithm + + align:start position:0% +algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm +yeah so do you think that python + + align:start position:0% +yeah so do you think that python + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so do you think that python +implements permutation sword + + align:start position:0% +implements permutation sword + + + align:start position:0% +implements permutation sword +i certainly hope not yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so the question was why is it + + align:start position:0% +right so the question was why is it + + + align:start position:0% +right so the question was why is it +omega and not big o which is a fabulous + + align:start position:0% +omega and not big o which is a fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +omega and not big o which is a fabulous +question in this course + + align:start position:0% +question in this course + + + align:start position:0% +question in this course +so here's the basic issue i haven't + + align:start position:0% +so here's the basic issue i haven't + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the basic issue i haven't +given you an algorithm for how to + + align:start position:0% +given you an algorithm for how to + + + align:start position:0% +given you an algorithm for how to +compute + + align:start position:0% +compute + + + align:start position:0% +compute +the set of permutations for a list of + + align:start position:0% +the set of permutations for a list of + + + align:start position:0% +the set of permutations for a list of +numbers i just kind of call some magic + + align:start position:0% +numbers i just kind of call some magic + + + align:start position:0% +numbers i just kind of call some magic +function that i made up + + align:start position:0% +function that i made up + + + align:start position:0% +function that i made up +but i know that that algorithm takes at + + align:start position:0% +but i know that that algorithm takes at + + + align:start position:0% +but i know that that algorithm takes at +least n factorial time in some sense or + + align:start position:0% +least n factorial time in some sense or + + + align:start position:0% +least n factorial time in some sense or +if nothing else the list of permutations + + align:start position:0% +if nothing else the list of permutations + + + align:start position:0% +if nothing else the list of permutations +is n factorial big + + align:start position:0% +is n factorial big + + + align:start position:0% +is n factorial big +because that's all the stuff i have to + + align:start position:0% +because that's all the stuff i have to + + + align:start position:0% +because that's all the stuff i have to +compute so i haven't told you how to + + align:start position:0% +compute so i haven't told you how to + + + align:start position:0% +compute so i haven't told you how to +solve this problem but i'm convinced + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem but i'm convinced + + + align:start position:0% +solve this problem but i'm convinced +that at least this amount of time + + align:start position:0% +that at least this amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +that at least this amount of time +so remember that omega means lower bound + + align:start position:0% +so remember that omega means lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +so remember that omega means lower bound +right so when i put it all together + + align:start position:0% +right so when i put it all together + + + align:start position:0% +right so when i put it all together +in some sense okay this isn't satisfying + + align:start position:0% +in some sense okay this isn't satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense okay this isn't satisfying +in the sense + + align:start position:0% +in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense +that i didn't give you precisely the + + align:start position:0% +that i didn't give you precisely the + + + align:start position:0% +that i didn't give you precisely the +runtime of this algorithm but hopefully + + align:start position:0% +runtime of this algorithm but hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +runtime of this algorithm but hopefully +i've convinced you that it's super + + align:start position:0% +i've convinced you that it's super + + + align:start position:0% +i've convinced you that it's super +useless + + align:start position:0% +useless + + + align:start position:0% +useless +yeah okay any other questions about that + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay any other questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay any other questions about that +but great so so if we go back to our + + align:start position:0% +but great so so if we go back to our + + + align:start position:0% +but great so so if we go back to our +table for the set interface + + align:start position:0% +table for the set interface + + + align:start position:0% +table for the set interface +well in some sense if we implemented it + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense if we implemented it + + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense if we implemented it +using this goofy algorithm + + align:start position:0% +using this goofy algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +using this goofy algorithm +then the lower left entry in our table + + align:start position:0% +then the lower left entry in our table + + + align:start position:0% +then the lower left entry in our table +would be n factorial times n which + + align:start position:0% +would be n factorial times n which + + + align:start position:0% +would be n factorial times n which +wouldn't be so hot + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be so hot + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be so hot +but notice that actually all the rest of + + align:start position:0% +but notice that actually all the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +but notice that actually all the rest of +our our operations are not quite + + align:start position:0% +our our operations are not quite + + + align:start position:0% +our our operations are not quite +efficient right i can use binary search + + align:start position:0% +efficient right i can use binary search + + + align:start position:0% +efficient right i can use binary search +i just + + align:start position:0% +i just + + + align:start position:0% +i just +obtain the algorithm that i rather + + align:start position:0% +obtain the algorithm that i rather + + + align:start position:0% +obtain the algorithm that i rather +obtain the sorted array + + align:start position:0% +obtain the sorted array + + + align:start position:0% +obtain the sorted array +in kind of a funny fashion okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +in kind of a funny fashion okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +in kind of a funny fashion okay so let's +let's fill in some more interesting + + align:start position:0% +let's fill in some more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +let's fill in some more interesting +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +as usual i'm talking too much and i'm + + align:start position:0% +as usual i'm talking too much and i'm + + + align:start position:0% +as usual i'm talking too much and i'm +nervous about the time but we can we can + + align:start position:0% +nervous about the time but we can we can + + + align:start position:0% +nervous about the time but we can we can +skip one of them if we need to + + align:start position:0% +skip one of them if we need to + + + align:start position:0% +skip one of them if we need to +okay so uh i'm gonna have seen uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh i'm gonna have seen uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh i'm gonna have seen uh +selection sort before + + align:start position:0% +selection sort before + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort before +i see your hand but we're gonna defer + + align:start position:0% +i see your hand but we're gonna defer + + + align:start position:0% +i see your hand but we're gonna defer +for a little bit i'm sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that's fabulous why don't we defer to + + align:start position:0% +uh that's fabulous why don't we defer to + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's fabulous why don't we defer to +the end of lecture and we'll we'll do it + + align:start position:0% +the end of lecture and we'll we'll do it + + + align:start position:0% +the end of lecture and we'll we'll do it +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +okay so so uh the first algorithm that + + align:start position:0% +okay so so uh the first algorithm that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so uh the first algorithm that +we'll talk about for sorting which is + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about for sorting which is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about for sorting which is +somewhat sensible + + align:start position:0% +somewhat sensible + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat sensible +uh is something called selection sort + + align:start position:0% +uh is something called selection sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh is something called selection sort +selection source exactly what it sounds + + align:start position:0% +selection source exactly what it sounds + + + align:start position:0% +selection source exactly what it sounds +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +so uh let's say that we have a list of + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's say that we have a list of + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's say that we have a list of +oops my laptop and the screen are not + + align:start position:0% +oops my laptop and the screen are not + + + align:start position:0% +oops my laptop and the screen are not +agreed + + align:start position:0% +agreed + + + align:start position:0% +agreed +okay let's say i have a list of numbers + + align:start position:0% +okay let's say i have a list of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's say i have a list of numbers + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +this is a message that jason i think is + + align:start position:0% +this is a message that jason i think is + + + align:start position:0% +this is a message that jason i think is +sending me in the course notes but i + + align:start position:0% +sending me in the course notes but i + + + align:start position:0% +sending me in the course notes but i +haven't figured it out uh + + align:start position:0% +haven't figured it out uh + + + align:start position:0% +haven't figured it out uh +but in any event and i want to sort uh + + align:start position:0% +but in any event and i want to sort uh + + + align:start position:0% +but in any event and i want to sort uh +this list of numbers + + align:start position:0% +this list of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +this list of numbers +here's a simple algorithm for how to do + + align:start position:0% +here's a simple algorithm for how to do + + + align:start position:0% +here's a simple algorithm for how to do +it which is i can find the + + align:start position:0% +it which is i can find the + + + align:start position:0% +it which is i can find the +biggest number in this whole list and + + align:start position:0% +biggest number in this whole list and + + + align:start position:0% +biggest number in this whole list and +stick it at the end + + align:start position:0% +stick it at the end + + + align:start position:0% +stick it at the end +yeah so in this case what's the biggest + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in this case what's the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in this case what's the biggest +number in this list everybody + + align:start position:0% +number in this list everybody + + + align:start position:0% +number in this list everybody +nine good see this is why you go to mit + + align:start position:0% +nine good see this is why you go to mit + + + align:start position:0% +nine good see this is why you go to mit +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +uh i'm gonna take that nine i'll find it + + align:start position:0% +uh i'm gonna take that nine i'll find it + + + align:start position:0% +uh i'm gonna take that nine i'll find it +and then swap it out with the + + align:start position:0% +and then swap it out with the + + + align:start position:0% +and then swap it out with the +the three which is at the end and now + + align:start position:0% +the three which is at the end and now + + + align:start position:0% +the three which is at the end and now +what's my sort of inductive hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +what's my sort of inductive hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +what's my sort of inductive hypothesis +well in some sense it's that everything + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense it's that everything + + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense it's that everything +to the right of this little red line + + align:start position:0% +to the right of this little red line + + + align:start position:0% +to the right of this little red line +that i've drawn here is in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +that i've drawn here is in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +that i've drawn here is in sorted order +in this case because there's only one + + align:start position:0% +in this case because there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +in this case because there's only one +thing yeah + + align:start position:0% +thing yeah + + + align:start position:0% +thing yeah +so now what am i going to do i'm going + + align:start position:0% +so now what am i going to do i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +so now what am i going to do i'm going +to look to the left of the red line find + + align:start position:0% +to look to the left of the red line find + + + align:start position:0% +to look to the left of the red line find +the next biggest thing + + align:start position:0% +the next biggest thing + + + align:start position:0% +the next biggest thing +what's that oh come on + + align:start position:0% +what's that oh come on + + + align:start position:0% +what's that oh come on +there we go yeah yeah wake up okay so uh + + align:start position:0% +there we go yeah yeah wake up okay so uh + + + align:start position:0% +there we go yeah yeah wake up okay so uh +right so the next biggest one is the + + align:start position:0% +right so the next biggest one is the + + + align:start position:0% +right so the next biggest one is the +eight so we're gonna swap it with the + + align:start position:0% +eight so we're gonna swap it with the + + + align:start position:0% +eight so we're gonna swap it with the +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +put it at the end and so on i think you + + align:start position:0% +put it at the end and so on i think you + + + align:start position:0% +put it at the end and so on i think you +guys could all finish this off + + align:start position:0% +guys could all finish this off + + + align:start position:0% +guys could all finish this off +i suppose there should be one last line + + align:start position:0% +i suppose there should be one last line + + + align:start position:0% +i suppose there should be one last line +here where everything is green and we're + + align:start position:0% +here where everything is green and we're + + + align:start position:0% +here where everything is green and we're +happy but + + align:start position:0% +happy but + + + align:start position:0% +happy but +but in some sense we're pretty sure that + + align:start position:0% +but in some sense we're pretty sure that + + + align:start position:0% +but in some sense we're pretty sure that +an array of one item is in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +an array of one item is in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +an array of one item is in sorted order +uh and so essentially from a high level + + align:start position:0% +uh and so essentially from a high level + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so essentially from a high level +what did selection sort do + + align:start position:0% +what did selection sort do + + + align:start position:0% +what did selection sort do +well it just kept choosing the element + + align:start position:0% +well it just kept choosing the element + + + align:start position:0% +well it just kept choosing the element +which was the biggest + + align:start position:0% +which was the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +which was the biggest +and swapping it into the back and then + + align:start position:0% +and swapping it into the back and then + + + align:start position:0% +and swapping it into the back and then +iterating + + align:start position:0% +iterating + + + align:start position:0% +iterating +now in 6006 we're going to write + + align:start position:0% +now in 6006 we're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +now in 6006 we're going to write +selection sort in a way that you might + + align:start position:0% +selection sort in a way that you might + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort in a way that you might +not be familiar with + + align:start position:0% +not be familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +not be familiar with +uh in some sense this is not so hard to + + align:start position:0% +uh in some sense this is not so hard to + + + align:start position:0% +uh in some sense this is not so hard to +implement with two for loops i think you + + align:start position:0% +implement with two for loops i think you + + + align:start position:0% +implement with two for loops i think you +guys could all do this at home in fact + + align:start position:0% +guys could all do this at home in fact + + + align:start position:0% +guys could all do this at home in fact +you may have already + + align:start position:0% +you may have already + + + align:start position:0% +you may have already +but in this class because we're + + align:start position:0% +but in this class because we're + + + align:start position:0% +but in this class because we're +concerned with proving correctness + + align:start position:0% +concerned with proving correctness + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with proving correctness +proving efficiency all that good stuff + + align:start position:0% +proving efficiency all that good stuff + + + align:start position:0% +proving efficiency all that good stuff +we're going to write it in kind of a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to write it in kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to write it in kind of a +funny way which is recursive + + align:start position:0% +funny way which is recursive + + + align:start position:0% +funny way which is recursive +now i can't emphasize strongly enough + + align:start position:0% +now i can't emphasize strongly enough + + + align:start position:0% +now i can't emphasize strongly enough +how little + + align:start position:0% +how little + + + align:start position:0% +how little +you guys should implement this at home + + align:start position:0% +you guys should implement this at home + + + align:start position:0% +you guys should implement this at home +this is mostly a theoretical version of + + align:start position:0% +this is mostly a theoretical version of + + + align:start position:0% +this is mostly a theoretical version of +selection sort + + align:start position:0% +selection sort + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort +rather than one that you would actually + + align:start position:0% +rather than one that you would actually + + + align:start position:0% +rather than one that you would actually +want to write in code because there's + + align:start position:0% +want to write in code because there's + + + align:start position:0% +want to write in code because there's +obviously much better way to do it and + + align:start position:0% +obviously much better way to do it and + + + align:start position:0% +obviously much better way to do it and +you'll see that in your recitation this + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that in your recitation this + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that in your recitation this +week i believe + + align:start position:0% +week i believe + + + align:start position:0% +week i believe +um but in terms of analysis there's a + + align:start position:0% +um but in terms of analysis there's a + + + align:start position:0% +um but in terms of analysis there's a +nice easy way to write it down + + align:start position:0% +nice easy way to write it down + + + align:start position:0% +nice easy way to write it down +so we're going to sort of take the + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to sort of take the + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to sort of take the +selection sort algorithm + + align:start position:0% +selection sort algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort algorithm +and we're going to divide it into two + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to divide it into two + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to divide it into two +kind of chunks right one of them + + align:start position:0% +kind of chunks right one of them + + + align:start position:0% +kind of chunks right one of them +is find me the biggest thing in the + + align:start position:0% +is find me the biggest thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +is find me the biggest thing in the +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +k elements of my array i shouldn't use k + + align:start position:0% +k elements of my array i shouldn't use k + + + align:start position:0% +k elements of my array i shouldn't use k +because that means key + + align:start position:0% +because that means key + + + align:start position:0% +because that means key +the first i elements of my array and the + + align:start position:0% +the first i elements of my array and the + + + align:start position:0% +the first i elements of my array and the +next one + + align:start position:0% +next one + + + align:start position:0% +next one +is to swap it into place and then sort + + align:start position:0% +is to swap it into place and then sort + + + align:start position:0% +is to swap it into place and then sort +everything to the left right that's sort + + align:start position:0% +everything to the left right that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +everything to the left right that's sort +of the two pieces here so + + align:start position:0% +of the two pieces here so + + + align:start position:0% +of the two pieces here so +let's write that down right + + align:start position:0% +let's write that down right + + + align:start position:0% +let's write that down right +so what did i do well in some sense in + + align:start position:0% +so what did i do well in some sense in + + + align:start position:0% +so what did i do well in some sense in +step one here + + align:start position:0% +step one here + + + align:start position:0% +step one here +i found the biggest uh + + align:start position:0% +i found the biggest uh + + + align:start position:0% +i found the biggest uh +uh with index + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +less than or equal to i right so i + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to i right so i + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to i right so i +started at the end of the list and then + + align:start position:0% +started at the end of the list and then + + + align:start position:0% +started at the end of the list and then +kind of moved backward + + align:start position:0% +kind of moved backward + + + align:start position:0% +kind of moved backward +right and then uh step two + + align:start position:0% +right and then uh step two + + + align:start position:0% +right and then uh step two +was to swap that into place notice when + + align:start position:0% +was to swap that into place notice when + + + align:start position:0% +was to swap that into place notice when +i say swap so for instance when i put + + align:start position:0% +i say swap so for instance when i put + + + align:start position:0% +i say swap so for instance when i put +the eight there + + align:start position:0% +the eight there + + + align:start position:0% +the eight there +well i had to do something with that + + align:start position:0% +well i had to do something with that + + + align:start position:0% +well i had to do something with that +three so i just put it where the eight + + align:start position:0% +three so i just put it where the eight + + + align:start position:0% +three so i just put it where the eight +used to be + + align:start position:0% +used to be + + + align:start position:0% +used to be +and then finally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well am i done no i just put the biggest + + align:start position:0% +well am i done no i just put the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +well am i done no i just put the biggest +thing at the end of my array + + align:start position:0% +thing at the end of my array + + + align:start position:0% +thing at the end of my array +so now i have to sort from index one to + + align:start position:0% +so now i have to sort from index one to + + + align:start position:0% +so now i have to sort from index one to +i minus one + + align:start position:0% +i minus one + + + align:start position:0% +i minus one +right because now i know that the last + + align:start position:0% +right because now i know that the last + + + align:start position:0% +right because now i know that the last +guy is in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +guy is in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +guy is in sorted order +i see i'll return again just a second so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes you can't read the handwriting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is index less than or equal to i + + align:start position:0% +this is index less than or equal to i + + + align:start position:0% +this is index less than or equal to i +great question + + align:start position:0% +great question + + + align:start position:0% +great question +i warned you it's going to be a problem + + align:start position:0% +i warned you it's going to be a problem + + + align:start position:0% +i warned you it's going to be a problem +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh so let's uh let's do step one uh + + align:start position:0% +uh so let's uh let's do step one uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh so let's uh let's do step one uh +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +uh so i'm gonna put code on the board uh + + align:start position:0% +uh so i'm gonna put code on the board uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh so i'm gonna put code on the board uh +and then we're gonna fill in the details + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna fill in the details + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna fill in the details +eric is posting on facebook i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +eric is posting on facebook i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +eric is posting on facebook i'm going to +turn that feature off on my watch later + + align:start position:0% +turn that feature off on my watch later + + + align:start position:0% +turn that feature off on my watch later +uh okay so uh right the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so uh right the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so uh right the uh +let's let's let's uh let's implement + + align:start position:0% +let's let's let's uh let's implement + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's let's uh let's implement +this this helper function here + + align:start position:0% +this this helper function here + + + align:start position:0% +this this helper function here +this is something we're going to call + + align:start position:0% +this is something we're going to call + + + align:start position:0% +this is something we're going to call +prefix max and this is going to find me + + align:start position:0% +prefix max and this is going to find me + + + align:start position:0% +prefix max and this is going to find me +the biggest element of array + + align:start position:0% +the biggest element of array + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest element of array +between index 0 and index i inclusive i + + align:start position:0% +between index 0 and index i inclusive i + + + align:start position:0% +between index 0 and index i inclusive i +believe + + align:start position:0% +believe + + + align:start position:0% +believe +yeah well here's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +yeah well here's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well here's an interesting +observation + + align:start position:0% +observation + + + align:start position:0% +observation +really a deep one which is the + + align:start position:0% +really a deep one which is the + + + align:start position:0% +really a deep one which is the +the biggest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh element from zero to i + + align:start position:0% +uh element from zero to i + + + align:start position:0% +uh element from zero to i +that's an i sorry uh there's sort of two + + align:start position:0% +that's an i sorry uh there's sort of two + + + align:start position:0% +that's an i sorry uh there's sort of two +cases + + align:start position:0% +cases + + + align:start position:0% +cases +right either + + align:start position:0% +right either + + + align:start position:0% +right either +it's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at index i + + align:start position:0% +at index i + + + align:start position:0% +at index i +meaning like i have the first 10 + + align:start position:0% +meaning like i have the first 10 + + + align:start position:0% +meaning like i have the first 10 +elements of my array either + + align:start position:0% +elements of my array either + + + align:start position:0% +elements of my array either +it is element number 10 or + + align:start position:0% +it is element number 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +it is element number 10 or +what's the other case it ain't yeah + + align:start position:0% +what's the other case it ain't yeah + + + align:start position:0% +what's the other case it ain't yeah +in other words + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it has index + + align:start position:0% +it has index + + + align:start position:0% +it has index +less than i this is kind of a tautology + + align:start position:0% +less than i this is kind of a tautology + + + align:start position:0% +less than i this is kind of a tautology +right like either the biggest thing is + + align:start position:0% +right like either the biggest thing is + + + align:start position:0% +right like either the biggest thing is +at this index or it's not + + align:start position:0% +at this index or it's not + + + align:start position:0% +at this index or it's not +in which case it has to be to the left + + align:start position:0% +in which case it has to be to the left + + + align:start position:0% +in which case it has to be to the left +does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense +so this gives us a really simple + + align:start position:0% +so this gives us a really simple + + + align:start position:0% +so this gives us a really simple +algorithm for finding the biggest + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for finding the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm for finding the biggest +element in the array between index zero + + align:start position:0% +element in the array between index zero + + + align:start position:0% +element in the array between index zero +and index i + + align:start position:0% +and index i + + + align:start position:0% +and index i +which is what i've shown you on the + + align:start position:0% +which is what i've shown you on the + + + align:start position:0% +which is what i've shown you on the +screen here i'd write it on the board + + align:start position:0% +screen here i'd write it on the board + + + align:start position:0% +screen here i'd write it on the board +but i am a slow writer and already low + + align:start position:0% +but i am a slow writer and already low + + + align:start position:0% +but i am a slow writer and already low +on time + + align:start position:0% +on time + + + align:start position:0% +on time +and so essentially what did i implement + + align:start position:0% +and so essentially what did i implement + + + align:start position:0% +and so essentially what did i implement +well i + + align:start position:0% +well i + + + align:start position:0% +well i +found the biggest element between + + align:start position:0% +found the biggest element between + + + align:start position:0% +found the biggest element between +index 0 and index i minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +index 0 and index i minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +index 0 and index i minus 1 +right so if i have let's say that i have + + align:start position:0% +right so if i have let's say that i have + + + align:start position:0% +right so if i have let's say that i have +an array + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i forget the sequence of numbers like 8 + + align:start position:0% +i forget the sequence of numbers like 8 + + + align:start position:0% +i forget the sequence of numbers like 8 +3 5 + + align:start position:0% +3 5 + + + align:start position:0% +3 5 +7 9. that'll do it yeah + + align:start position:0% +7 9. that'll do it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +7 9. that'll do it yeah +and so like i give a pointer here which + + align:start position:0% +and so like i give a pointer here which + + + align:start position:0% +and so like i give a pointer here which +is i + + align:start position:0% +is i + + + align:start position:0% +is i +right then the very first thing that i + + align:start position:0% +right then the very first thing that i + + + align:start position:0% +right then the very first thing that i +do is i compute + + align:start position:0% +do is i compute + + + align:start position:0% +do is i compute +the biggest number all the way to the + + align:start position:0% +the biggest number all the way to the + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest number all the way to the +left of this stuff in this case that is + + align:start position:0% +left of this stuff in this case that is + + + align:start position:0% +left of this stuff in this case that is +eight there we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now i look at the very last element of + + align:start position:0% +now i look at the very last element of + + + align:start position:0% +now i look at the very last element of +my array which is + + align:start position:0% +my array which is + + + align:start position:0% +my array which is +nine are you killing me today guys okay + + align:start position:0% +nine are you killing me today guys okay + + + align:start position:0% +nine are you killing me today guys okay +and then what do i return well i want + + align:start position:0% +and then what do i return well i want + + + align:start position:0% +and then what do i return well i want +the biggest one between zero + + align:start position:0% +the biggest one between zero + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest one between zero +and index i so in this case i return + + align:start position:0% +and index i so in this case i return + + + align:start position:0% +and index i so in this case i return +the nine that makes sense so + + align:start position:0% +the nine that makes sense so + + + align:start position:0% +the nine that makes sense so +you know there's this uh i know jerry + + align:start position:0% +you know there's this uh i know jerry + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's this uh i know jerry +kane at stanford likes to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +kane at stanford likes to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +kane at stanford likes to talk about the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +what is it the recursive leap of faith + + align:start position:0% +what is it the recursive leap of faith + + + align:start position:0% +what is it the recursive leap of faith +that happens uh another term for this is + + align:start position:0% +that happens uh another term for this is + + + align:start position:0% +that happens uh another term for this is +induction + + align:start position:0% +induction + + + align:start position:0% +induction +right so we want to prove that our uh + + align:start position:0% +right so we want to prove that our uh + + + align:start position:0% +right so we want to prove that our uh +our algorithm works + + align:start position:0% +our algorithm works + + + align:start position:0% +our algorithm works +well what do we have to do we have to + + align:start position:0% +well what do we have to do we have to + + + align:start position:0% +well what do we have to do we have to +show that when i call this function + + align:start position:0% +show that when i call this function + + + align:start position:0% +show that when i call this function +it gives me the max of my array between + + align:start position:0% +it gives me the max of my array between + + + align:start position:0% +it gives me the max of my array between +index 0 and index i + + align:start position:0% +index 0 and index i + + + align:start position:0% +index 0 and index i +for all i right so let's maybe do this + + align:start position:0% +for all i right so let's maybe do this + + + align:start position:0% +for all i right so let's maybe do this +inductive proof a little bit carefully + + align:start position:0% +inductive proof a little bit carefully + + + align:start position:0% +inductive proof a little bit carefully +and then the rest will be we'll be + + align:start position:0% +and then the rest will be we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +and then the rest will be we'll be +sloppy about it + + align:start position:0% +sloppy about it + + + align:start position:0% +sloppy about it +right so the base uh case + + align:start position:0% +right so the base uh case + + + align:start position:0% +right so the base uh case +is i equals zero right well in this case + + align:start position:0% +is i equals zero right well in this case + + + align:start position:0% +is i equals zero right well in this case +there's only one element in my array so + + align:start position:0% +there's only one element in my array so + + + align:start position:0% +there's only one element in my array so +it's pretty clear that it's the max + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty clear that it's the max + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty clear that it's the max +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and now we have to do our inductive + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we have to do our inductive + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we have to do our inductive +step + + align:start position:0% +step + + + align:start position:0% +step +right which means that if i call prefix + + align:start position:0% +right which means that if i call prefix + + + align:start position:0% +right which means that if i call prefix +max with i minus 1 i really do + + align:start position:0% +max with i minus 1 i really do + + + align:start position:0% +max with i minus 1 i really do +get the max of my array between 0 and + + align:start position:0% +get the max of my array between 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +get the max of my array between 0 and +index i minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +index i minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +index i minus 1 +and then really i can just look at my + + align:start position:0% +and then really i can just look at my + + + align:start position:0% +and then really i can just look at my +proof + + align:start position:0% +proof + + + align:start position:0% +proof +my very deep statement which is that + + align:start position:0% +my very deep statement which is that + + + align:start position:0% +my very deep statement which is that +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +my object is at the end of the array or + + align:start position:0% +my object is at the end of the array or + + + align:start position:0% +my object is at the end of the array or +it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is precisely what we need to + + align:start position:0% +and this is precisely what we need to + + + align:start position:0% +and this is precisely what we need to +justify the inductive step + + align:start position:0% +justify the inductive step + + + align:start position:0% +justify the inductive step +right essentially there are two cases + + align:start position:0% +right essentially there are two cases + + + align:start position:0% +right essentially there are two cases +either the biggest element of my array + + align:start position:0% +either the biggest element of my array + + + align:start position:0% +either the biggest element of my array +is the last one + + align:start position:0% +is the last one + + + align:start position:0% +is the last one +or it's not we already by our inductive + + align:start position:0% +or it's not we already by our inductive + + + align:start position:0% +or it's not we already by our inductive +hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis +have argued that our code can find the + + align:start position:0% +have argued that our code can find the + + + align:start position:0% +have argued that our code can find the +biggest element between + + align:start position:0% +biggest element between + + + align:start position:0% +biggest element between +index 0 and index i minus 1. + + align:start position:0% +index 0 and index i minus 1. + + + align:start position:0% +index 0 and index i minus 1. +so as long as we take the max of that + + align:start position:0% +so as long as we take the max of that + + + align:start position:0% +so as long as we take the max of that +and the very last guy we're in good + + align:start position:0% +and the very last guy we're in good + + + align:start position:0% +and the very last guy we're in good +shape + + align:start position:0% +shape + + + align:start position:0% +shape +okay so this is our our sort of very + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is our our sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is our our sort of very +informal proof of correctness + + align:start position:0% +informal proof of correctness + + + align:start position:0% +informal proof of correctness +okay so now we have to to justify + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have to to justify + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have to to justify +runtime for this algorithm and that's + + align:start position:0% +runtime for this algorithm and that's + + + align:start position:0% +runtime for this algorithm and that's +like actually not 100 obvious from the + + align:start position:0% +like actually not 100 obvious from the + + + align:start position:0% +like actually not 100 obvious from the +way i've written it here right there's + + align:start position:0% +way i've written it here right there's + + + align:start position:0% +way i've written it here right there's +no for loop + + align:start position:0% +no for loop + + + align:start position:0% +no for loop +but what do i do well in some sense if + + align:start position:0% +but what do i do well in some sense if + + + align:start position:0% +but what do i do well in some sense if +my runtime is a function + + align:start position:0% +my runtime is a function + + + align:start position:0% +my runtime is a function +s well for one thing + + align:start position:0% +s well for one thing + + + align:start position:0% +s well for one thing +if my array has one element in it + + align:start position:0% +if my array has one element in it + + + align:start position:0% +if my array has one element in it +well my runtime you know it might be + + align:start position:0% +well my runtime you know it might be + + + align:start position:0% +well my runtime you know it might be +seven it might be 23 + + align:start position:0% +seven it might be 23 + + + align:start position:0% +seven it might be 23 +but at the end of the day it only does + + align:start position:0% +but at the end of the day it only does + + + align:start position:0% +but at the end of the day it only does +one thing it just returns i + + align:start position:0% +one thing it just returns i + + + align:start position:0% +one thing it just returns i +right so in other words it's theta of + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words it's theta of + + + align:start position:0% +right so in other words it's theta of +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this isn't terribly insightful but what + + align:start position:0% +this isn't terribly insightful but what + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't terribly insightful but what +else do we know well + + align:start position:0% +else do we know well + + + align:start position:0% +else do we know well +when i call my function i call it + + align:start position:0% +when i call my function i call it + + + align:start position:0% +when i call my function i call it +recursively on + + align:start position:0% +recursively on + + + align:start position:0% +recursively on +one smaller index and then i do a + + align:start position:0% +one smaller index and then i do a + + + align:start position:0% +one smaller index and then i do a +constant amount of work + + align:start position:0% +constant amount of work + + + align:start position:0% +constant amount of work +so i know that s of n is equal to + + align:start position:0% +so i know that s of n is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so i know that s of n is equal to +s of n minus one plus + + align:start position:0% +s of n minus one plus + + + align:start position:0% +s of n minus one plus +theta of one right i do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +theta of one right i do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +theta of one right i do a little bit of +extra computation on top of that + + align:start position:0% +extra computation on top of that + + + align:start position:0% +extra computation on top of that +anybody guess what this total run time + + align:start position:0% +anybody guess what this total run time + + + align:start position:0% +anybody guess what this total run time +is going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah order n right + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah order n right + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah order n right +so let's say that we hypothesize that + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that we hypothesize that + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say that we hypothesize that +this takes end time kind of see that + + align:start position:0% +this takes end time kind of see that + + + align:start position:0% +this takes end time kind of see that +right because like + + align:start position:0% +right because like + + + align:start position:0% +right because like +at step n we call n minus one we call it + + align:start position:0% +at step n we call n minus one we call it + + + align:start position:0% +at step n we call n minus one we call it +minus two + + align:start position:0% +minus two + + + align:start position:0% +minus two +and so on all the way down to one + + align:start position:0% +and so on all the way down to one + + + align:start position:0% +and so on all the way down to one +right if we want to improve this one of + + align:start position:0% +right if we want to improve this one of + + + align:start position:0% +right if we want to improve this one of +the ways that we uh i think in theory + + align:start position:0% +the ways that we uh i think in theory + + + align:start position:0% +the ways that we uh i think in theory +you guys have learned in the past and + + align:start position:0% +you guys have learned in the past and + + + align:start position:0% +you guys have learned in the past and +you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna +cover in in recitation is a technique + + align:start position:0% +cover in in recitation is a technique + + + align:start position:0% +cover in in recitation is a technique +called substitution + + align:start position:0% +called substitution + + + align:start position:0% +called substitution +what we do is we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we're going to look at +this relationship and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +this relationship and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this relationship and we're going to +hypothesize + + align:start position:0% +hypothesize + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesize +that we think s of n maybe + + align:start position:0% +that we think s of n maybe + + + align:start position:0% +that we think s of n maybe +looks something like c n for some + + align:start position:0% +looks something like c n for some + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like c n for some +constant c + + align:start position:0% +constant c + + + align:start position:0% +constant c +that doesn't depend on n then all we + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't depend on n then all we + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't depend on n then all we +have to do is double check that that + + align:start position:0% +have to do is double check that that + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is double check that that +relationship is consistent with our + + align:start position:0% +relationship is consistent with our + + + align:start position:0% +relationship is consistent with our +inductive hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +inductive hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +inductive hypothesis +or rather just this recursive function + + align:start position:0% +or rather just this recursive function + + + align:start position:0% +or rather just this recursive function +and if it is then we're in good shape + + align:start position:0% +and if it is then we're in good shape + + + align:start position:0% +and if it is then we're in good shape +yeah so in this case well what do i know + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in this case well what do i know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in this case well what do i know +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +i've guessed that s of n + + align:start position:0% +i've guessed that s of n + + + align:start position:0% +i've guessed that s of n +is theta of n so oops in particular + + align:start position:0% +is theta of n so oops in particular + + + align:start position:0% +is theta of n so oops in particular +uh if i plug into this recursive + + align:start position:0% +uh if i plug into this recursive + + + align:start position:0% +uh if i plug into this recursive +relationship here on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +relationship here on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +relationship here on the left hand side +i'm going to get cn + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to get cn + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to get cn +on the right hand side i'm going to get + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side i'm going to get + + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side i'm going to get +c n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +c n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +c n minus 1 +plus theta of 1. + + align:start position:0% +plus theta of 1. + + + align:start position:0% +plus theta of 1. +we just have to make sure that this is + + align:start position:0% +we just have to make sure that this is + + + align:start position:0% +we just have to make sure that this is +like an okay equal sign + + align:start position:0% +like an okay equal sign + + + align:start position:0% +like an okay equal sign +so what can i do i can subtract c n from + + align:start position:0% +so what can i do i can subtract c n from + + + align:start position:0% +so what can i do i can subtract c n from +both sides + + align:start position:0% +both sides + + + align:start position:0% +both sides +maybe put that one on the other side + + align:start position:0% +maybe put that one on the other side + + + align:start position:0% +maybe put that one on the other side +here i'm gonna get the + + align:start position:0% +here i'm gonna get the + + + align:start position:0% +here i'm gonna get the +c equals big o of one c + + align:start position:0% +c equals big o of one c + + + align:start position:0% +c equals big o of one c +is of course a constant so we're in good + + align:start position:0% +is of course a constant so we're in good + + + align:start position:0% +is of course a constant so we're in good +shape + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my undergrad algorithms professor told + + align:start position:0% +my undergrad algorithms professor told + + + align:start position:0% +my undergrad algorithms professor told +me never to write a victory mark at the + + align:start position:0% +me never to write a victory mark at the + + + align:start position:0% +me never to write a victory mark at the +end of a proof + + align:start position:0% +end of a proof + + + align:start position:0% +end of a proof +you have to like do a little square but + + align:start position:0% +you have to like do a little square but + + + align:start position:0% +you have to like do a little square but +he's not here okay uh + + align:start position:0% +he's not here okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +he's not here okay uh +right so now uh i see you but we're a + + align:start position:0% +right so now uh i see you but we're a + + + align:start position:0% +right so now uh i see you but we're a +little low on time so we'll save it for + + align:start position:0% +little low on time so we'll save it for + + + align:start position:0% +little low on time so we'll save it for +the end of lecture + + align:start position:0% +the end of lecture + + + align:start position:0% +the end of lecture +um okay so if we want to implement the + + align:start position:0% +um okay so if we want to implement the + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so if we want to implement the +selection sort algorithm + + align:start position:0% +selection sort algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort algorithm +well what do we do well we're going to + + align:start position:0% +well what do we do well we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +well what do we do well we're going to +think of i + + align:start position:0% +think of i + + + align:start position:0% +think of i +as the index of like that that red line + + align:start position:0% +as the index of like that that red line + + + align:start position:0% +as the index of like that that red line +that i was showing you before + + align:start position:0% +that i was showing you before + + + align:start position:0% +that i was showing you before +right so everything beyond i is already + + align:start position:0% +right so everything beyond i is already + + + align:start position:0% +right so everything beyond i is already +sorted + + align:start position:0% +sorted + + + align:start position:0% +sorted +so in selection store the first thing + + align:start position:0% +so in selection store the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +so in selection store the first thing +i'm going to do is find the max element + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to do is find the max element + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to do is find the max element +between 0 and i + + align:start position:0% +between 0 and i + + + align:start position:0% +between 0 and i +and then i'm going to swap it into place + + align:start position:0% +and then i'm going to swap it into place + + + align:start position:0% +and then i'm going to swap it into place +right so this is just a code + + align:start position:0% +right so this is just a code + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is just a code +version of the the technique we've + + align:start position:0% +version of the the technique we've + + + align:start position:0% +version of the the technique we've +already talked about hopefully this + + align:start position:0% +already talked about hopefully this + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about hopefully this +makes sense + + align:start position:0% +makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense +right so you find the biggest element + + align:start position:0% +right so you find the biggest element + + + align:start position:0% +right so you find the biggest element +between zero and index i + + align:start position:0% +between zero and index i + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and index i +right that's what we're going to call j + + align:start position:0% +right that's what we're going to call j + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what we're going to call j +here i swap that + + align:start position:0% +here i swap that + + + align:start position:0% +here i swap that +with the one in index i that's step two + + align:start position:0% +with the one in index i that's step two + + + align:start position:0% +with the one in index i that's step two +and then step three is i still have to + + align:start position:0% +and then step three is i still have to + + + align:start position:0% +and then step three is i still have to +sort everything to the left of index i + + align:start position:0% +sort everything to the left of index i + + + align:start position:0% +sort everything to the left of index i +and that's that recursive call + + align:start position:0% +and that's that recursive call + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that recursive call +okay so if i want to justify the uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i want to justify the uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if i want to justify the uh +the runtime of this particular technique + + align:start position:0% +the runtime of this particular technique + + + align:start position:0% +the runtime of this particular technique +well now + + align:start position:0% +well now + + + align:start position:0% +well now +let's call that t for time yeah + + align:start position:0% +let's call that t for time yeah + + + align:start position:0% +let's call that t for time yeah +well what do i do well for one i call + + align:start position:0% +well what do i do well for one i call + + + align:start position:0% +well what do i do well for one i call +selection sort with index i minus one + + align:start position:0% +selection sort with index i minus one + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort with index i minus one +right so that incurs time that looks + + align:start position:0% +right so that incurs time that looks + + + align:start position:0% +right so that incurs time that looks +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +but i also call that prefix max function + + align:start position:0% +but i also call that prefix max function + + + align:start position:0% +but i also call that prefix max function +and how much time does that take that + + align:start position:0% +and how much time does that take that + + + align:start position:0% +and how much time does that take that +takes order end time yeah + + align:start position:0% +takes order end time yeah + + + align:start position:0% +takes order end time yeah +so at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i have some relationship that looks like + + align:start position:0% +i have some relationship that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +i have some relationship that looks like +this does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +this does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +this does that make sense +so by the way notice that this order n + + align:start position:0% +so by the way notice that this order n + + + align:start position:0% +so by the way notice that this order n +kind of swallowed up the like order one + + align:start position:0% +kind of swallowed up the like order one + + + align:start position:0% +kind of swallowed up the like order one +computations that i had to do + + align:start position:0% +computations that i had to do + + + align:start position:0% +computations that i had to do +like to swap and so on okay + + align:start position:0% +like to swap and so on okay + + + align:start position:0% +like to swap and so on okay +so remember uh there's this nice uh + + align:start position:0% +so remember uh there's this nice uh + + + align:start position:0% +so remember uh there's this nice uh +relationship which you probably learned + + align:start position:0% +relationship which you probably learned + + + align:start position:0% +relationship which you probably learned +in your combinatorics class + + align:start position:0% +in your combinatorics class + + + align:start position:0% +in your combinatorics class +which is that one plus two plus dot dot + + align:start position:0% +which is that one plus two plus dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +which is that one plus two plus dot dot +plus n + + align:start position:0% +plus n + + + align:start position:0% +plus n +okay i can never remember exactly the + + align:start position:0% +okay i can never remember exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +okay i can never remember exactly the +formula but i'm pretty sure that it + + align:start position:0% +formula but i'm pretty sure that it + + + align:start position:0% +formula but i'm pretty sure that it +looks like n squared yeah + + align:start position:0% +looks like n squared yeah + + + align:start position:0% +looks like n squared yeah +so based on that and and taking a look + + align:start position:0% +so based on that and and taking a look + + + align:start position:0% +so based on that and and taking a look +at this uh recursive thing right which + + align:start position:0% +at this uh recursive thing right which + + + align:start position:0% +at this uh recursive thing right which +is essentially doing exactly that right + + align:start position:0% +is essentially doing exactly that right + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially doing exactly that right +n plus n minus 1 plus n minus 2 and so + + align:start position:0% +n plus n minus 1 plus n minus 2 and so + + + align:start position:0% +n plus n minus 1 plus n minus 2 and so +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +i might hypothesize that this thing is + + align:start position:0% +i might hypothesize that this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +i might hypothesize that this thing is +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +order n squared so if i'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +order n squared so if i'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +order n squared so if i'm going to do +that then again if i want to use the + + align:start position:0% +that then again if i want to use the + + + align:start position:0% +that then again if i want to use the +same technique for proof + + align:start position:0% +same technique for proof + + + align:start position:0% +same technique for proof +i have to plug this relationship in and + + align:start position:0% +i have to plug this relationship in and + + + align:start position:0% +i have to plug this relationship in and +then double check that it's consistent + + align:start position:0% +then double check that it's consistent + + + align:start position:0% +then double check that it's consistent +right so uh maybe i hypothesize that t + + align:start position:0% +right so uh maybe i hypothesize that t + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh maybe i hypothesize that t +of n + + align:start position:0% +of n + + + align:start position:0% +of n +equals c n squared in which case i plug + + align:start position:0% +equals c n squared in which case i plug + + + align:start position:0% +equals c n squared in which case i plug +it in here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i have c n squared equals with a + + align:start position:0% +i have c n squared equals with a + + + align:start position:0% +i have c n squared equals with a +question mark over it + + align:start position:0% +question mark over it + + + align:start position:0% +question mark over it +c n minus 1 squared plus + + align:start position:0% +c n minus 1 squared plus + + + align:start position:0% +c n minus 1 squared plus +big o or even theta of n here + + align:start position:0% +big o or even theta of n here + + + align:start position:0% +big o or even theta of n here +so if i expand the square notice i'm + + align:start position:0% +so if i expand the square notice i'm + + + align:start position:0% +so if i expand the square notice i'm +going to get c times n squared + + align:start position:0% +going to get c times n squared + + + align:start position:0% +going to get c times n squared +plus a bunch of linear stuff right so + + align:start position:0% +plus a bunch of linear stuff right so + + + align:start position:0% +plus a bunch of linear stuff right so +this is really + + align:start position:0% +this is really + + + align:start position:0% +this is really +c n squared uh + + align:start position:0% +c n squared uh + + + align:start position:0% +c n squared uh +i should be careful with it uh minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +i should be careful with it uh minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +i should be careful with it uh minus 2 +c n plus c plus + + align:start position:0% +c n plus c plus + + + align:start position:0% +c n plus c plus +theta of n yeah + + align:start position:0% +theta of n yeah + + + align:start position:0% +theta of n yeah +notice that there's a c n squared on + + align:start position:0% +notice that there's a c n squared on + + + align:start position:0% +notice that there's a c n squared on +both sides of this equation + + align:start position:0% +both sides of this equation + + + align:start position:0% +both sides of this equation +they go away and what i'm left with is a + + align:start position:0% +they go away and what i'm left with is a + + + align:start position:0% +they go away and what i'm left with is a +nice consistent + + align:start position:0% +nice consistent + + + align:start position:0% +nice consistent +uh formula right that theta of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals 2 c n plus + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 c n plus + + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 c n plus +oops minus c and indeed this is an order + + align:start position:0% +oops minus c and indeed this is an order + + + align:start position:0% +oops minus c and indeed this is an order +n expression + + align:start position:0% +n expression + + + align:start position:0% +n expression +so there's order in the universe life is + + align:start position:0% +so there's order in the universe life is + + + align:start position:0% +so there's order in the universe life is +good yeah this is the substitution + + align:start position:0% +good yeah this is the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +good yeah this is the substitution +method and + + align:start position:0% +method and + + + align:start position:0% +method and +again i think you'll cover it more in + + align:start position:0% +again i think you'll cover it more in + + + align:start position:0% +again i think you'll cover it more in +your recitation so what have we done we + + align:start position:0% +your recitation so what have we done we + + + align:start position:0% +your recitation so what have we done we +have derived the selection sort + + align:start position:0% +have derived the selection sort + + + align:start position:0% +have derived the selection sort +we've checked that it runs an n squared + + align:start position:0% +we've checked that it runs an n squared + + + align:start position:0% +we've checked that it runs an n squared +time uh + + align:start position:0% +time uh + + + align:start position:0% +time uh +and uh uh by sort of this nice inductive + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh by sort of this nice inductive + + + align:start position:0% +and uh uh by sort of this nice inductive +strategy we know that it's correct so + + align:start position:0% +strategy we know that it's correct so + + + align:start position:0% +strategy we know that it's correct so +life is pretty good + + align:start position:0% +life is pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +life is pretty good +unfortunately i promise for you guys on + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately i promise for you guys on + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately i promise for you guys on +the slides that sorting really takes n + + align:start position:0% +the slides that sorting really takes n + + + align:start position:0% +the slides that sorting really takes n +log + + align:start position:0% +log + + + align:start position:0% +log +n time and this is an order n squared + + align:start position:0% +n time and this is an order n squared + + + align:start position:0% +n time and this is an order n squared +algorithm so we're not quite done yet + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so we're not quite done yet + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so we're not quite done yet +i'm way over time so we're going to skip + + align:start position:0% +i'm way over time so we're going to skip + + + align:start position:0% +i'm way over time so we're going to skip +a different algorithm which is called + + align:start position:0% +a different algorithm which is called + + + align:start position:0% +a different algorithm which is called +insertion sort also runs an end time + + align:start position:0% +insertion sort also runs an end time + + + align:start position:0% +insertion sort also runs an end time +uh okay uh where essentially insertion + + align:start position:0% +uh okay uh where essentially insertion + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay uh where essentially insertion +sort kind of runs in the reverse order + + align:start position:0% +sort kind of runs in the reverse order + + + align:start position:0% +sort kind of runs in the reverse order +right i'm going to sort everything to + + align:start position:0% +right i'm going to sort everything to + + + align:start position:0% +right i'm going to sort everything to +the left + + align:start position:0% +the left + + + align:start position:0% +the left +and then insert a new object whereas in + + align:start position:0% +and then insert a new object whereas in + + + align:start position:0% +and then insert a new object whereas in +selection sort i'm going to choose the + + align:start position:0% +selection sort i'm going to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +selection sort i'm going to choose the +biggest object and then sort everything + + align:start position:0% +biggest object and then sort everything + + + align:start position:0% +biggest object and then sort everything +to the left + + align:start position:0% +to the left + + + align:start position:0% +to the left +but i'll let you guys piece through that + + align:start position:0% +but i'll let you guys piece through that + + + align:start position:0% +but i'll let you guys piece through that +at home it's essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +at home it's essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +at home it's essentially the same +argument + + align:start position:0% +argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument +and instead we should jump to an + + align:start position:0% +and instead we should jump to an + + + align:start position:0% +and instead we should jump to an +algorithm that actually uh matters + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that actually uh matters + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm that actually uh matters +which is uh something called merge story + + align:start position:0% +which is uh something called merge story + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh something called merge story +that means i've encountered merge sort + + align:start position:0% +that means i've encountered merge sort + + + align:start position:0% +that means i've encountered merge sort +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +fabulous good so then i'm done uh no + + align:start position:0% +fabulous good so then i'm done uh no + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous good so then i'm done uh no +okay so so let's say that i have + + align:start position:0% +okay so so let's say that i have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so let's say that i have +a list now i'm sending a message back to + + align:start position:0% +a list now i'm sending a message back to + + + align:start position:0% +a list now i'm sending a message back to +jason i made this one up last night + + align:start position:0% +jason i made this one up last night + + + align:start position:0% +jason i made this one up last night +uh so i have seven one five six two four + + align:start position:0% +uh so i have seven one five six two four + + + align:start position:0% +uh so i have seven one five six two four +nine three + + align:start position:0% +nine three + + + align:start position:0% +nine three +this is not in sorted order but i can + + align:start position:0% +this is not in sorted order but i can + + + align:start position:0% +this is not in sorted order but i can +make a very deep observation which is + + align:start position:0% +make a very deep observation which is + + + align:start position:0% +make a very deep observation which is +that every number by itself is in sorted + + align:start position:0% +that every number by itself is in sorted + + + align:start position:0% +that every number by itself is in sorted +order if i think of it as an array of + + align:start position:0% +order if i think of it as an array of + + + align:start position:0% +order if i think of it as an array of +length one + + align:start position:0% +length one + + + align:start position:0% +length one +yeah this is really deep like a deep + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is really deep like a deep + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is really deep like a deep +learning deep + + align:start position:0% +learning deep + + + align:start position:0% +learning deep +okay so now what can i do well i could + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what can i do well i could + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what can i do well i could +take every pair of numbers + + align:start position:0% +take every pair of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +take every pair of numbers +draw a little red box well now they're + + align:start position:0% +draw a little red box well now they're + + + align:start position:0% +draw a little red box well now they're +not in sorted order anymore inside of + + align:start position:0% +not in sorted order anymore inside of + + + align:start position:0% +not in sorted order anymore inside of +the red boxes so i'm going to sort + + align:start position:0% +the red boxes so i'm going to sort + + + align:start position:0% +the red boxes so i'm going to sort +inside of every box in this case not too + + align:start position:0% +inside of every box in this case not too + + + align:start position:0% +inside of every box in this case not too +exciting because it's just pairs + + align:start position:0% +exciting because it's just pairs + + + align:start position:0% +exciting because it's just pairs +and now they're in sorted order because + + align:start position:0% +and now they're in sorted order because + + + align:start position:0% +and now they're in sorted order because +i said they were now i'm going to keep + + align:start position:0% +i said they were now i'm going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +i said they were now i'm going to keep +doubling the size of my boxes so now + + align:start position:0% +doubling the size of my boxes so now + + + align:start position:0% +doubling the size of my boxes so now +let's say i have box of length four + + align:start position:0% +let's say i have box of length four + + + align:start position:0% +let's say i have box of length four +what do i know about the left and right + + align:start position:0% +what do i know about the left and right + + + align:start position:0% +what do i know about the left and right +hand sides of the dotted lines here + + align:start position:0% +hand sides of the dotted lines here + + + align:start position:0% +hand sides of the dotted lines here +on the two sides of the dotted lines the + + align:start position:0% +on the two sides of the dotted lines the + + + align:start position:0% +on the two sides of the dotted lines the +array is in sorted order right there's a + + align:start position:0% +array is in sorted order right there's a + + + align:start position:0% +array is in sorted order right there's a +one and then a seven + + align:start position:0% +one and then a seven + + + align:start position:0% +one and then a seven +right those are in sorted order five and + + align:start position:0% +right those are in sorted order five and + + + align:start position:0% +right those are in sorted order five and +a six that's because in the previous + + align:start position:0% +a six that's because in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +a six that's because in the previous +step i sorted every pair + + align:start position:0% +step i sorted every pair + + + align:start position:0% +step i sorted every pair +so when i merge these two sides together + + align:start position:0% +so when i merge these two sides together + + + align:start position:0% +so when i merge these two sides together +i have an additional useful piece of + + align:start position:0% +i have an additional useful piece of + + + align:start position:0% +i have an additional useful piece of +information right + + align:start position:0% +information right + + + align:start position:0% +information right +namely that the two sides of the dotted + + align:start position:0% +namely that the two sides of the dotted + + + align:start position:0% +namely that the two sides of the dotted +line are already in sorted order that's + + align:start position:0% +line are already in sorted order that's + + + align:start position:0% +line are already in sorted order that's +going to be our basic sort of inductive + + align:start position:0% +going to be our basic sort of inductive + + + align:start position:0% +going to be our basic sort of inductive +step here + + align:start position:0% +step here + + + align:start position:0% +step here +yeah so in this case i merge the two + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in this case i merge the two + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so in this case i merge the two +sides i get + + align:start position:0% +sides i get + + + align:start position:0% +sides i get +one five six seven and two three four + + align:start position:0% +one five six seven and two three four + + + align:start position:0% +one five six seven and two three four +nine then finally i put these two things + + align:start position:0% +nine then finally i put these two things + + + align:start position:0% +nine then finally i put these two things +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +and i have to sort these two uh uh i + + align:start position:0% +and i have to sort these two uh uh i + + + align:start position:0% +and i have to sort these two uh uh i +have to merge these two sorted lists + + align:start position:0% +have to merge these two sorted lists + + + align:start position:0% +have to merge these two sorted lists +but they're in sorted order yeah and + + align:start position:0% +but they're in sorted order yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +but they're in sorted order yeah and +that's going to give me a big advantage + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give me a big advantage + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give me a big advantage +right because uh oops i lost my truck + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i suppose i've got space on this board + + align:start position:0% +i suppose i've got space on this board + + + align:start position:0% +i suppose i've got space on this board +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +oh no uh right so if i want to + + align:start position:0% +oh no uh right so if i want to + + + align:start position:0% +oh no uh right so if i want to +merge one five six seven + + align:start position:0% +merge one five six seven + + + align:start position:0% +merge one five six seven +and two three four nine + + align:start position:0% +and two three four nine + + + align:start position:0% +and two three four nine +there's like a nice clever technique + + align:start position:0% +there's like a nice clever technique + + + align:start position:0% +there's like a nice clever technique +that we can do uh that's going to take + + align:start position:0% +that we can do uh that's going to take + + + align:start position:0% +that we can do uh that's going to take +just linear time + + align:start position:0% +just linear time + + + align:start position:0% +just linear time +jason tells me it's the two-finger + + align:start position:0% +jason tells me it's the two-finger + + + align:start position:0% +jason tells me it's the two-finger +algorithm i think that's kind of a cute + + align:start position:0% +algorithm i think that's kind of a cute + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm i think that's kind of a cute +analogy here + + align:start position:0% +analogy here + + + align:start position:0% +analogy here +so here are my two fingers they're going + + align:start position:0% +so here are my two fingers they're going + + + align:start position:0% +so here are my two fingers they're going +to point at the end of the list + + align:start position:0% +to point at the end of the list + + + align:start position:0% +to point at the end of the list +and i'm going to construct the merged + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to construct the merged + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm going to construct the merged +array backwards + + align:start position:0% +array backwards + + + align:start position:0% +array backwards +so how many elements are in my merged + + align:start position:0% +so how many elements are in my merged + + + align:start position:0% +so how many elements are in my merged +array if i'm merging two things of + + align:start position:0% +array if i'm merging two things of + + + align:start position:0% +array if i'm merging two things of +length four + + align:start position:0% +length four + + + align:start position:0% +length four +i don't ask you guys hard questions it's + + align:start position:0% +i don't ask you guys hard questions it's + + + align:start position:0% +i don't ask you guys hard questions it's +eight + + align:start position:0% +eight + + + align:start position:0% +eight +yeah two four plus four eight yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah two four plus four eight yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah two four plus four eight yeah okay +so what do i know i know that my merge + + align:start position:0% +so what do i know i know that my merge + + + align:start position:0% +so what do i know i know that my merge +array + + align:start position:0% +array + + + align:start position:0% +array +ah five six seven has eight + + align:start position:0% +ah five six seven has eight + + + align:start position:0% +ah five six seven has eight +elements and now i'm gonna have two + + align:start position:0% +elements and now i'm gonna have two + + + align:start position:0% +elements and now i'm gonna have two +fingers at the end of my array + + align:start position:0% +fingers at the end of my array + + + align:start position:0% +fingers at the end of my array +which one should i put at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +which one should i put at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +which one should i put at the end of the +merged guy + + align:start position:0% +merged guy + + + align:start position:0% +merged guy +the seven or the nine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the nine right thank you right + + align:start position:0% +the nine right thank you right + + + align:start position:0% +the nine right thank you right +so now i can move my lower finger to the + + align:start position:0% +so now i can move my lower finger to the + + + align:start position:0% +so now i can move my lower finger to the +left + + align:start position:0% +left + + + align:start position:0% +left +right because i've already added that + + align:start position:0% +right because i've already added that + + + align:start position:0% +right because i've already added that +notice that i never need to look to the + + align:start position:0% +notice that i never need to look to the + + + align:start position:0% +notice that i never need to look to the +left of where my finger is because + + align:start position:0% +left of where my finger is because + + + align:start position:0% +left of where my finger is because +they're already in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +they're already in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +they're already in sorted order +right now what should i add the four the + + align:start position:0% +right now what should i add the four the + + + align:start position:0% +right now what should i add the four the +seven + + align:start position:0% +seven + + + align:start position:0% +seven +the seven and so on dot dot + + align:start position:0% +the seven and so on dot dot + + + align:start position:0% +the seven and so on dot dot +dot yeah so that's going to be the basic + + align:start position:0% +dot yeah so that's going to be the basic + + + align:start position:0% +dot yeah so that's going to be the basic +idea of the merge sort i'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +idea of the merge sort i'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the merge sort i'm going to take +two sorted lists + + align:start position:0% +two sorted lists + + + align:start position:0% +two sorted lists +i'm going to make a new sorted list + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to make a new sorted list + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to make a new sorted list +which is twice as long by using two + + align:start position:0% +which is twice as long by using two + + + align:start position:0% +which is twice as long by using two +fingers + + align:start position:0% +fingers + + + align:start position:0% +fingers +moving uh from the end backward okay so + + align:start position:0% +moving uh from the end backward okay so + + + align:start position:0% +moving uh from the end backward okay so +that's the basic intuition here + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic intuition here + + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic intuition here +indeed there's our sorted list stressing + + align:start position:0% +indeed there's our sorted list stressing + + + align:start position:0% +indeed there's our sorted list stressing +me out that there's no eight but + + align:start position:0% +me out that there's no eight but + + + align:start position:0% +me out that there's no eight but +i needed a power of two um + + align:start position:0% +i needed a power of two um + + + align:start position:0% +i needed a power of two um +so i think the merge sort we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +so i think the merge sort we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so i think the merge sort we're gonna +present in kind of a backward way from + + align:start position:0% +present in kind of a backward way from + + + align:start position:0% +present in kind of a backward way from +the previous one where i'm gonna give + + align:start position:0% +the previous one where i'm gonna give + + + align:start position:0% +the previous one where i'm gonna give +you the high level algorithm + + align:start position:0% +you the high level algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +you the high level algorithm +and then actually the headache is that + + align:start position:0% +and then actually the headache is that + + + align:start position:0% +and then actually the headache is that +merging step which i have four minutes + + align:start position:0% +merging step which i have four minutes + + + align:start position:0% +merging step which i have four minutes +for and i apologize for + + align:start position:0% +for and i apologize for + + + align:start position:0% +for and i apologize for +so what does the merge sort do well it + + align:start position:0% +so what does the merge sort do well it + + + align:start position:0% +so what does the merge sort do well it +computes an index c + + align:start position:0% +computes an index c + + + align:start position:0% +computes an index c +which is the middle of my array and it's + + align:start position:0% +which is the middle of my array and it's + + + align:start position:0% +which is the middle of my array and it's +going to make a recursive call which + + align:start position:0% +going to make a recursive call which + + + align:start position:0% +going to make a recursive call which +says sort the left right which is + + align:start position:0% +says sort the left right which is + + + align:start position:0% +says sort the left right which is +everything between index a and index c + + align:start position:0% +everything between index a and index c + + + align:start position:0% +everything between index a and index c +and then sort everything on the right + + align:start position:0% +and then sort everything on the right + + + align:start position:0% +and then sort everything on the right +which is everything from index c + + align:start position:0% +which is everything from index c + + + align:start position:0% +which is everything from index c +to index b i know this is confusing + + align:start position:0% +to index b i know this is confusing + + + align:start position:0% +to index b i know this is confusing +because usually letters appear in order + + align:start position:0% +because usually letters appear in order + + + align:start position:0% +because usually letters appear in order +but c if you think of as standing for + + align:start position:0% +but c if you think of as standing for + + + align:start position:0% +but c if you think of as standing for +center then it kind of makes sense like + + align:start position:0% +center then it kind of makes sense like + + + align:start position:0% +center then it kind of makes sense like +here's my array + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm going to like choose an index right + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to like choose an index right + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to like choose an index right +in the middle i've done myself a + + align:start position:0% +in the middle i've done myself a + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle i've done myself a +disservice by not using a power of + + align:start position:0% +disservice by not using a power of + + + align:start position:0% +disservice by not using a power of +two but that's okay i'm gonna say + + align:start position:0% +two but that's okay i'm gonna say + + + align:start position:0% +two but that's okay i'm gonna say +sort everything to the left of the + + align:start position:0% +sort everything to the left of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort everything to the left of the +dotted line first sort everything to the + + align:start position:0% +dotted line first sort everything to the + + + align:start position:0% +dotted line first sort everything to the +right of the dotted line second + + align:start position:0% +right of the dotted line second + + + align:start position:0% +right of the dotted line second +now i have two sorted lists on the two + + align:start position:0% +now i have two sorted lists on the two + + + align:start position:0% +now i have two sorted lists on the two +sides of the dotted line + + align:start position:0% +sides of the dotted line + + + align:start position:0% +sides of the dotted line +and then i'm gonna use my two fingers to + + align:start position:0% +and then i'm gonna use my two fingers to + + + align:start position:0% +and then i'm gonna use my two fingers to +put them together + + align:start position:0% +put them together + + + align:start position:0% +put them together +okay so that's what this is implementing + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what this is implementing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what this is implementing +here see there's two recursive calls + + align:start position:0% +here see there's two recursive calls + + + align:start position:0% +here see there's two recursive calls +sort from a to c and then sort from c to + + align:start position:0% +sort from a to c and then sort from c to + + + align:start position:0% +sort from a to c and then sort from c to +b oops i didn't actually label this + + align:start position:0% +b oops i didn't actually label this + + + align:start position:0% +b oops i didn't actually label this +so this is a c b + + align:start position:0% +so this is a c b + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a c b +and then i gotta call merge + + align:start position:0% +and then i gotta call merge + + + align:start position:0% +and then i gotta call merge +okay now our implementation of merge + + align:start position:0% +okay now our implementation of merge + + + align:start position:0% +okay now our implementation of merge +well we can also do this in a recursive + + align:start position:0% +well we can also do this in a recursive + + + align:start position:0% +well we can also do this in a recursive +fashion but i + + align:start position:0% +fashion but i + + + align:start position:0% +fashion but i +personally find this a little + + align:start position:0% +personally find this a little + + + align:start position:0% +personally find this a little +complicated i'm going to admit but + + align:start position:0% +complicated i'm going to admit but + + + align:start position:0% +complicated i'm going to admit but +here's the basic + + align:start position:0% +here's the basic + + + align:start position:0% +here's the basic +idea here which i'm now rushing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i'm going to think of my upper finger + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to think of my upper finger + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to think of my upper finger +as finger i + + align:start position:0% +as finger i + + + align:start position:0% +as finger i +in my lower finger as finger jack does + + align:start position:0% +in my lower finger as finger jack does + + + align:start position:0% +in my lower finger as finger jack does +that make sense + + align:start position:0% +that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense +okay so i have two sorted lists + + align:start position:0% +okay so i have two sorted lists + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i have two sorted lists +so maybe like that i don't know one + + align:start position:0% +so maybe like that i don't know one + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe like that i don't know one +three five seven and then i have a + + align:start position:0% +three five seven and then i have a + + + align:start position:0% +three five seven and then i have a +second sorted list + + align:start position:0% +second sorted list + + + align:start position:0% +second sorted list +here which is maybe two four + + align:start position:0% +here which is maybe two four + + + align:start position:0% +here which is maybe two four +72 as one does + + align:start position:0% +72 as one does + + + align:start position:0% +72 as one does +then i'm going to have one pointer like + + align:start position:0% +then i'm going to have one pointer like + + + align:start position:0% +then i'm going to have one pointer like +this which is + + align:start position:0% +this which is + + + align:start position:0% +this which is +i and a pointer down here + + align:start position:0% +i and a pointer down here + + + align:start position:0% +i and a pointer down here +which is j right and my goal is to + + align:start position:0% +which is j right and my goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +which is j right and my goal is to +construct + + align:start position:0% +construct + + + align:start position:0% +construct +an array a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with a bunch of elements in it and the + + align:start position:0% +with a bunch of elements in it and the + + + align:start position:0% +with a bunch of elements in it and the +way that i'm going to do it + + align:start position:0% +way that i'm going to do it + + + align:start position:0% +way that i'm going to do it +is i'm going to use exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +is i'm going to use exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +is i'm going to use exactly the same +kind of recursive argument right that i + + align:start position:0% +kind of recursive argument right that i + + + align:start position:0% +kind of recursive argument right that i +can either + + align:start position:0% +can either + + + align:start position:0% +can either +have the biggest element of my array be + + align:start position:0% +have the biggest element of my array be + + + align:start position:0% +have the biggest element of my array be +the last element of the first guy + + align:start position:0% +the last element of the first guy + + + align:start position:0% +the last element of the first guy +or be the last element of the second one + + align:start position:0% +or be the last element of the second one + + + align:start position:0% +or be the last element of the second one +yeah so here's our going to be our + + align:start position:0% +yeah so here's our going to be our + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so here's our going to be our +recursive call + + align:start position:0% +recursive call + + + align:start position:0% +recursive call +and in addition to that for convenience + + align:start position:0% +and in addition to that for convenience + + + align:start position:0% +and in addition to that for convenience +we'll have a third index + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a third index + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a third index +which is b which is pointing to the sort + + align:start position:0% +which is b which is pointing to the sort + + + align:start position:0% +which is b which is pointing to the sort +of thing inside of my my assorted array + + align:start position:0% +of thing inside of my my assorted array + + + align:start position:0% +of thing inside of my my assorted array +that i'm currently processing yeah just + + align:start position:0% +that i'm currently processing yeah just + + + align:start position:0% +that i'm currently processing yeah just +gonna start it a + + align:start position:0% +gonna start it a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna start it a +go to b yeah instantly i see a lot of + + align:start position:0% +go to b yeah instantly i see a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +go to b yeah instantly i see a lot of +people taking photos of the slides uh + + align:start position:0% +people taking photos of the slides uh + + + align:start position:0% +people taking photos of the slides uh +these are just copy pasted from the + + align:start position:0% +these are just copy pasted from the + + + align:start position:0% +these are just copy pasted from the +course notes + + align:start position:0% +course notes + + + align:start position:0% +course notes +um okay so in this case what should i + + align:start position:0% +um okay so in this case what should i + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so in this case what should i +put in b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for my two arrays i have one three five + + align:start position:0% +for my two arrays i have one three five + + + align:start position:0% +for my two arrays i have one three five +seven two four six seventy two + + align:start position:0% +seven two four six seventy two + + + align:start position:0% +seven two four six seventy two +seventy two yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great so now what am i going to do i'm + + align:start position:0% +great so now what am i going to do i'm + + + align:start position:0% +great so now what am i going to do i'm +just going to call the merge function + + align:start position:0% +just going to call the merge function + + + align:start position:0% +just going to call the merge function +but i'm going to decrement b + + align:start position:0% +but i'm going to decrement b + + + align:start position:0% +but i'm going to decrement b +because now i'm happy with that last + + align:start position:0% +because now i'm happy with that last + + + align:start position:0% +because now i'm happy with that last +element in addition to that + + align:start position:0% +element in addition to that + + + align:start position:0% +element in addition to that +i'm going to decrement j because i + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to decrement j because i + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to decrement j because i +already used it up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so that's our recursive call here + + align:start position:0% +and so that's our recursive call here + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's our recursive call here +right it's saying + + align:start position:0% +right it's saying + + + align:start position:0% +right it's saying +if j is launching equal to zero so in + + align:start position:0% +if j is launching equal to zero so in + + + align:start position:0% +if j is launching equal to zero so in +other words i have an element to use + + align:start position:0% +other words i have an element to use + + + align:start position:0% +other words i have an element to use +in in one of the list or the other and + + align:start position:0% +in in one of the list or the other and + + + align:start position:0% +in in one of the list or the other and +uh that maybe the left one is bigger + + align:start position:0% +uh that maybe the left one is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +uh that maybe the left one is bigger +than the right one + + align:start position:0% +than the right one + + + align:start position:0% +than the right one +right that's our first case that does + + align:start position:0% +right that's our first case that does + + + align:start position:0% +right that's our first case that does +not apply in this example here + + align:start position:0% +not apply in this example here + + + align:start position:0% +not apply in this example here +well then i should make the last element + + align:start position:0% +well then i should make the last element + + + align:start position:0% +well then i should make the last element +of a from the first list and then + + align:start position:0% +of a from the first list and then + + + align:start position:0% +of a from the first list and then +recurse + + align:start position:0% +recurse + + + align:start position:0% +recurse +um with one fewer element i + + align:start position:0% +um with one fewer element i + + + align:start position:0% +um with one fewer element i +and similarly the reverse case for j + + align:start position:0% +and similarly the reverse case for j + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly the reverse case for j +okay so if we do our run time in two + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we do our run time in two + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we do our run time in two +minutes or less bear with me guys + + align:start position:0% +minutes or less bear with me guys + + + align:start position:0% +minutes or less bear with me guys +uh well what is this merge function + + align:start position:0% +uh well what is this merge function + + + align:start position:0% +uh well what is this merge function +going to do + + align:start position:0% +going to do + + + align:start position:0% +going to do +well in some sense there's two branches + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense there's two branches + + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense there's two branches +right there's an if statement with two + + align:start position:0% +right there's an if statement with two + + + align:start position:0% +right there's an if statement with two +pieces + + align:start position:0% +pieces + + + align:start position:0% +pieces +but both of those pieces call merge with + + align:start position:0% +but both of those pieces call merge with + + + align:start position:0% +but both of those pieces call merge with +one fewer + + align:start position:0% +one fewer + + + align:start position:0% +one fewer +uh piece in it right so in some sense we + + align:start position:0% +uh piece in it right so in some sense we + + + align:start position:0% +uh piece in it right so in some sense we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +s of n equals s n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +s of n equals s n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +s of n equals s n minus 1 +plus theta of 1 which we already know + + align:start position:0% +plus theta of 1 which we already know + + + align:start position:0% +plus theta of 1 which we already know +from our previous proof means that s of + + align:start position:0% +from our previous proof means that s of + + + align:start position:0% +from our previous proof means that s of +n is equal to theta of n + + align:start position:0% +n is equal to theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +n is equal to theta of n +so in other words it takes linear time + + align:start position:0% +so in other words it takes linear time + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words it takes linear time +to merge + + align:start position:0% +to merge + + + align:start position:0% +to merge +it kind of makes sense intuitively right + + align:start position:0% +it kind of makes sense intuitively right + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of makes sense intuitively right +because essentially you're touching + + align:start position:0% +because essentially you're touching + + + align:start position:0% +because essentially you're touching +every one of these things once + + align:start position:0% +every one of these things once + + + align:start position:0% +every one of these things once +with your two fingers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now our probably the hardest part of + + align:start position:0% +and now our probably the hardest part of + + + align:start position:0% +and now our probably the hardest part of +the lecture which i left zero time for + + align:start position:0% +the lecture which i left zero time for + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture which i left zero time for +is deriving the run time for the actual + + align:start position:0% +is deriving the run time for the actual + + + align:start position:0% +is deriving the run time for the actual +merge sort algorithm + + align:start position:0% +merge sort algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +merge sort algorithm +and what does that look like well that + + align:start position:0% +and what does that look like well that + + + align:start position:0% +and what does that look like well that +one's a little bit trickier + + align:start position:0% +one's a little bit trickier + + + align:start position:0% +one's a little bit trickier +right because of course i call the merge + + align:start position:0% +right because of course i call the merge + + + align:start position:0% +right because of course i call the merge +sort algorithm + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +sort algorithm +twice each time on a list that's half + + align:start position:0% +twice each time on a list that's half + + + align:start position:0% +twice each time on a list that's half +the size + + align:start position:0% +the size + + + align:start position:0% +the size +in this class we're going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +in this class we're going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +in this class we're going to assume that +our list is always the power of two in + + align:start position:0% +our list is always the power of two in + + + align:start position:0% +our list is always the power of two in +its length + + align:start position:0% +its length + + + align:start position:0% +its length +otherwise this analysis is a itty-bitty + + align:start position:0% +otherwise this analysis is a itty-bitty + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise this analysis is a itty-bitty +bit more of a headache so first of all + + align:start position:0% +bit more of a headache so first of all + + + align:start position:0% +bit more of a headache so first of all +how long does it take to sort an array + + align:start position:0% +how long does it take to sort an array + + + align:start position:0% +how long does it take to sort an array +of length one + + align:start position:0% +of length one + + + align:start position:0% +of length one +i legit i'm not going to ask hard + + align:start position:0% +i legit i'm not going to ask hard + + + align:start position:0% +i legit i'm not going to ask hard +questions everybody + + align:start position:0% +questions everybody + + + align:start position:0% +questions everybody +yeah just just like one right because + + align:start position:0% +yeah just just like one right because + + + align:start position:0% +yeah just just like one right because +like there's nothing to do my + + align:start position:0% +like there's nothing to do my + + + align:start position:0% +like there's nothing to do my +array of length one has has one element + + align:start position:0% +array of length one has has one element + + + align:start position:0% +array of length one has has one element +and it's sorted it's also + + align:start position:0% +and it's sorted it's also + + + align:start position:0% +and it's sorted it's also +you know the biggest element and the + + align:start position:0% +you know the biggest element and the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the biggest element and the +smallest element + + align:start position:0% +smallest element + + + align:start position:0% +smallest element +okay and now what does our algorithm do + + align:start position:0% +okay and now what does our algorithm do + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now what does our algorithm do +well it makes two recursive calls on + + align:start position:0% +well it makes two recursive calls on + + + align:start position:0% +well it makes two recursive calls on +lists that are half the length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and then it calls that merge + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then it calls that merge + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and then it calls that merge +function and we know + + align:start position:0% +function and we know + + + align:start position:0% +function and we know +that the merge function takes theta of n + + align:start position:0% +that the merge function takes theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +that the merge function takes theta of n +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that makes sense so + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense so + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense so +uh one thing we might do because we have + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing we might do because we have + + + align:start position:0% +uh one thing we might do because we have +some intuition from your + + align:start position:0% +some intuition from your + + + align:start position:0% +some intuition from your +your 6042 course is that we think + + align:start position:0% +your 6042 course is that we think + + + align:start position:0% +your 6042 course is that we think +that this thing is order + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is order + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is order +n log n right because it makes that two + + align:start position:0% +n log n right because it makes that two + + + align:start position:0% +n log n right because it makes that two +recursive calls and then it puts them + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls and then it puts them + + + align:start position:0% +recursive calls and then it puts them +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +and let's double check that that's true + + align:start position:0% +and let's double check that that's true + + + align:start position:0% +and let's double check that that's true +really quick using the substitution + + align:start position:0% +really quick using the substitution + + + align:start position:0% +really quick using the substitution +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +so in particular on the left hand side + + align:start position:0% +so in particular on the left hand side + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular on the left hand side +here maybe i have c + + align:start position:0% +here maybe i have c + + + align:start position:0% +here maybe i have c +and log n now i have two + + align:start position:0% +and log n now i have two + + + align:start position:0% +and log n now i have two +c well i have to put in n + + align:start position:0% +c well i have to put in n + + + align:start position:0% +c well i have to put in n +over 2 log n over 2 + + align:start position:0% +over 2 log n over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 log n over 2 +plus theta of n and i want to double + + align:start position:0% +plus theta of n and i want to double + + + align:start position:0% +plus theta of n and i want to double +check that this expression is consistent + + align:start position:0% +check that this expression is consistent + + + align:start position:0% +check that this expression is consistent +i've got about a foot to do it in okay + + align:start position:0% +i've got about a foot to do it in okay + + + align:start position:0% +i've got about a foot to do it in okay +so remember uh let's see if we use our + + align:start position:0% +so remember uh let's see if we use our + + + align:start position:0% +so remember uh let's see if we use our +favorite + + align:start position:0% +favorite + + + align:start position:0% +favorite +uh identities from from high school + + align:start position:0% +uh identities from from high school + + + align:start position:0% +uh identities from from high school +class that you probably forgot + + align:start position:0% +class that you probably forgot + + + align:start position:0% +class that you probably forgot +remember that log of two things divided + + align:start position:0% +remember that log of two things divided + + + align:start position:0% +remember that log of two things divided +by each other is the difference of the + + align:start position:0% +by each other is the difference of the + + + align:start position:0% +by each other is the difference of the +logs + + align:start position:0% +logs + + + align:start position:0% +logs +right so this is really two uh okay two + + align:start position:0% +right so this is really two uh okay two + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is really two uh okay two +divided by two + + align:start position:0% +divided by two + + + align:start position:0% +divided by two +is one so this is uh c + + align:start position:0% +is one so this is uh c + + + align:start position:0% +is one so this is uh c +times n times log + + align:start position:0% +times n times log + + + align:start position:0% +times n times log +n minus log of two + + align:start position:0% +n minus log of two + + + align:start position:0% +n minus log of two +yeah plus theta of n + + align:start position:0% +yeah plus theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +yeah plus theta of n +i'm already out of time but notice that + + align:start position:0% +i'm already out of time but notice that + + + align:start position:0% +i'm already out of time but notice that +there's a c + + align:start position:0% +there's a c + + + align:start position:0% +there's a c +n log n on the right hand side there's a + + align:start position:0% +n log n on the right hand side there's a + + + align:start position:0% +n log n on the right hand side there's a +c + + align:start position:0% +c + + + align:start position:0% +c +n log n on the left-hand side so those + + align:start position:0% +n log n on the left-hand side so those + + + align:start position:0% +n log n on the left-hand side so those +two things + + align:start position:0% +two things + + + align:start position:0% +two things +go away and what am i going to be left + + align:start position:0% +go away and what am i going to be left + + + align:start position:0% +go away and what am i going to be left +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +i'm going to be left with theta of n + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be left with theta of n + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be left with theta of n +equals c + + align:start position:0% +equals c + + + align:start position:0% +equals c +n log of 2. + + align:start position:0% +n log of 2. + + + align:start position:0% +n log of 2. +notice that c and log 2 are both + + align:start position:0% +notice that c and log 2 are both + + + align:start position:0% +notice that c and log 2 are both +constants we have a theta of n on the + + align:start position:0% +constants we have a theta of n on the + + + align:start position:0% +constants we have a theta of n on the +left-hand side so there's order on the + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side so there's order on the + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side so there's order on the +universe and and we've derived our + + align:start position:0% +universe and and we've derived our + + + align:start position:0% +universe and and we've derived our +runtime + + align:start position:0% +runtime + + + align:start position:0% +runtime +so i know i rushed a little bit through + + align:start position:0% +so i know i rushed a little bit through + + + align:start position:0% +so i know i rushed a little bit through +merge sort i'm sure that eric and and + + align:start position:0% +merge sort i'm sure that eric and and + + + align:start position:0% +merge sort i'm sure that eric and and +jason can can review this a little bit + + align:start position:0% +jason can can review this a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +jason can can review this a little bit +next time + + align:start position:0% +next time + + + align:start position:0% +next time +uh but with that we'll see you uh what + + align:start position:0% +uh but with that we'll see you uh what + + + align:start position:0% +uh but with that we'll see you uh what +thursday and friday and it's been a + + align:start position:0% +thursday and friday and it's been a + + + align:start position:0% +thursday and friday and it's been a +pleasure to talk to you all \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qBrYZb6tdo4.txt b/qBrYZb6tdo4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ec60b715c24605927cd77f9bb37675c5dc5d56f --- /dev/null +++ b/qBrYZb6tdo4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11520 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at + + align:start position:0% +Courseware at + + + align:start position:0% +Courseware at +ocw.mmit.edu edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to describe the history of the spatial + + align:start position:0% +to describe the history of the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +to describe the history of the spatial +history of London in 45 minutes or + + align:start position:0% +history of London in 45 minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +history of London in 45 minutes or +uh is + + align:start position:0% +uh is + + + align:start position:0% +uh is +impossible. Um London has to be seen in + + align:start position:0% +impossible. Um London has to be seen in + + + align:start position:0% +impossible. Um London has to be seen in +the light of a number of number number + + align:start position:0% +the light of a number of number number + + + align:start position:0% +the light of a number of number number +of issues. It's the greatest open city + + align:start position:0% +of issues. It's the greatest open city + + + align:start position:0% +of issues. It's the greatest open city +in history. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, I'm going to be interested in the + + align:start position:0% +Um, I'm going to be interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +Um, I'm going to be interested in the +spatial development of London from + + align:start position:0% +spatial development of London from + + + align:start position:0% +spatial development of London from +about 1750 + + align:start position:0% +about 1750 + + + align:start position:0% +about 1750 +onwards, the period + + align:start position:0% +onwards, the period + + + align:start position:0% +onwards, the period +which we've demarcated as being the + + align:start position:0% +which we've demarcated as being the + + + align:start position:0% +which we've demarcated as being the +advent of modernism. + + align:start position:0% +advent of modernism. + + + align:start position:0% +advent of modernism. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, sit down. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +London was first occupied by the Romans + + align:start position:0% +London was first occupied by the Romans + + + align:start position:0% +London was first occupied by the Romans +in 43 + + align:start position:0% +in 43 + + + align:start position:0% +in 43 +AD and they stayed in England until + + align:start position:0% +AD and they stayed in England until + + + align:start position:0% +AD and they stayed in England until +about 400 + + align:start position:0% +about 400 + + + align:start position:0% +about 400 +AD. A long period of + + align:start position:0% +AD. A long period of + + + align:start position:0% +AD. A long period of +time. London never built great walls. + + align:start position:0% +time. London never built great walls. + + + align:start position:0% +time. London never built great walls. +uh as I've said in a previous class, the + + align:start position:0% +uh as I've said in a previous class, the + + + align:start position:0% +uh as I've said in a previous class, the +walls in + + align:start position:0% +walls in + + + align:start position:0% +walls in +Europe + + align:start position:0% +Europe + + + align:start position:0% +Europe +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +widest on the east and get distinctly + + align:start position:0% +widest on the east and get distinctly + + + align:start position:0% +widest on the east and get distinctly +less. + + align:start position:0% +less. + + + align:start position:0% +less. +Paris rebuilt the walls a number of + + align:start position:0% +Paris rebuilt the walls a number of + + + align:start position:0% +Paris rebuilt the walls a number of +times as late as the 19th century, but + + align:start position:0% +times as late as the 19th century, but + + + align:start position:0% +times as late as the 19th century, but +the British separated from continental + + align:start position:0% +the British separated from continental + + + align:start position:0% +the British separated from continental +Europe, never invested a great deal in + + align:start position:0% +Europe, never invested a great deal in + + + align:start position:0% +Europe, never invested a great deal in +protecting the city. The crossing of the + + align:start position:0% +protecting the city. The crossing of the + + + align:start position:0% +protecting the city. The crossing of the +river Tempames was towards the northeast + + align:start position:0% +river Tempames was towards the northeast + + + align:start position:0% +river Tempames was towards the northeast +that is towards what is now the city of + + align:start position:0% +that is towards what is now the city of + + + align:start position:0% +that is towards what is now the city of +London, the business and most protected + + align:start position:0% +London, the business and most protected + + + align:start position:0% +London, the business and most protected +original part of London. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +period post Engles + + align:start position:0% +period post Engles + + + align:start position:0% +period post Engles +period and can be characterized by + + align:start position:0% +period and can be characterized by + + + align:start position:0% +period and can be characterized by +the application of the British of a + + align:start position:0% +the application of the British of a + + + align:start position:0% +the application of the British of a +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +contested arenas of social life and + + align:start position:0% +contested arenas of social life and + + + align:start position:0% +contested arenas of social life and +economic life. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Already in 1838 the chartist movement + + align:start position:0% +Already in 1838 the chartist movement + + + align:start position:0% +Already in 1838 the chartist movement +agitated for the democratic use of the + + align:start position:0% +agitated for the democratic use of the + + + align:start position:0% +agitated for the democratic use of the +vote. The first labor unions were + + align:start position:0% +vote. The first labor unions were + + + align:start position:0% +vote. The first labor unions were +starting to be originated in the early + + align:start position:0% +starting to be originated in the early + + + align:start position:0% +starting to be originated in the early +19th century. Child labor was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um put out of business. + + align:start position:0% +um put out of business. + + + align:start position:0% +um put out of business. +The origins of public + + align:start position:0% +The origins of public + + + align:start position:0% +The origins of public +housing. The state or never built + + align:start position:0% +housing. The state or never built + + + align:start position:0% +housing. The state or never built +housing for people except if they + + align:start position:0% +housing for people except if they + + + align:start position:0% +housing for people except if they +were had to be housed under poverty + + align:start position:0% +were had to be housed under poverty + + + align:start position:0% +were had to be housed under poverty +conditions. Most of + + align:start position:0% +conditions. Most of + + + align:start position:0% +conditions. Most of +the cities in + + align:start position:0% +the cities in + + + align:start position:0% +the cities in +preish Europe relied on religious powers + + align:start position:0% +preish Europe relied on religious powers + + + align:start position:0% +preish Europe relied on religious powers +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +charity to house people. there was no + + align:start position:0% +charity to house people. there was no + + + align:start position:0% +charity to house people. there was no +notion that the public had any + + align:start position:0% +notion that the public had any + + + align:start position:0% +notion that the public had any +responsibility for housing the + + align:start position:0% +responsibility for housing the + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility for housing the +population. So at least amongst the many + + align:start position:0% +population. So at least amongst the many + + + align:start position:0% +population. So at least amongst the many +innovations that this period + + align:start position:0% +innovations that this period + + + align:start position:0% +innovations that this period +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +endorses one would include the major + + align:start position:0% +endorses one would include the major + + + align:start position:0% +endorses one would include the major +major major organization of the state + + align:start position:0% +major major organization of the state + + + align:start position:0% +major major organization of the state +towards environmental improvement. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Taking care of public + + align:start position:0% +Taking care of public + + + align:start position:0% +Taking care of public +sanitation, the origin of + + align:start position:0% +sanitation, the origin of + + + align:start position:0% +sanitation, the origin of +welfare, state health, building + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bylaws, the emergence of women's rights, + + align:start position:0% +bylaws, the emergence of women's rights, + + + align:start position:0% +bylaws, the emergence of women's rights, +racial laws against racial + + align:start position:0% +racial laws against racial + + + align:start position:0% +racial laws against racial +discrimination, + + align:start position:0% +discrimination, + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination, +and the emergence of the first, I would + + align:start position:0% +and the emergence of the first, I would + + + align:start position:0% +and the emergence of the first, I would +call the modern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh city planning + + align:start position:0% +uh city planning + + + align:start position:0% +uh city planning +organization. was London County + + align:start position:0% +organization. was London County + + + align:start position:0% +organization. was London County +Council 1889 to + + align:start position:0% +Council 1889 to + + + align:start position:0% +Council 1889 to +1965. the most + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dramatic state + + align:start position:0% +dramatic state + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic state +organization to + + align:start position:0% +organization to + + + align:start position:0% +organization to +organize the application + + align:start position:0% +organize the application + + + align:start position:0% +organize the application +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +spatial and social principles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of London County Council. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +One of the problems about city planning + + align:start position:0% +One of the problems about city planning + + + align:start position:0% +One of the problems about city planning +is that you need an organization + + align:start position:0% +is that you need an organization + + + align:start position:0% +is that you need an organization +internal to the state or to the city to + + align:start position:0% +internal to the state or to the city to + + + align:start position:0% +internal to the state or to the city to +maintain the quality of work. Outside + + align:start position:0% +maintain the quality of work. Outside + + + align:start position:0% +maintain the quality of work. Outside +consultants are okay. They unlike + + align:start position:0% +consultants are okay. They unlike + + + align:start position:0% +consultants are okay. They unlike +architecture where outside consultants + + align:start position:0% +architecture where outside consultants + + + align:start position:0% +architecture where outside consultants +can build a building. + + align:start position:0% +can build a building. + + + align:start position:0% +can build a building. +City planning is a continuous process of + + align:start position:0% +City planning is a continuous process of + + + align:start position:0% +City planning is a continuous process of +adjustment, + + align:start position:0% +adjustment, + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment, +management of public wealth and private + + align:start position:0% +management of public wealth and private + + + align:start position:0% +management of public wealth and private +wealth. And + + align:start position:0% +wealth. And + + + align:start position:0% +wealth. And +uh one of the biggest problems of + + align:start position:0% +uh one of the biggest problems of + + + align:start position:0% +uh one of the biggest problems of +working in many parts of the world today + + align:start position:0% +working in many parts of the world today + + + align:start position:0% +working in many parts of the world today +for me is to adjust the level of + + align:start position:0% +for me is to adjust the level of + + + align:start position:0% +for me is to adjust the level of +work in relation to the level of the + + align:start position:0% +work in relation to the level of the + + + align:start position:0% +work in relation to the level of the +capacity of application. + + align:start position:0% +capacity of application. + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of application. +There's no point in using advanced + + align:start position:0% +There's no point in using advanced + + + align:start position:0% +There's no point in using advanced +levels of spatial control in a city + + align:start position:0% +levels of spatial control in a city + + + align:start position:0% +levels of spatial control in a city +which cannot maintain its application + + align:start position:0% +which cannot maintain its application + + + align:start position:0% +which cannot maintain its application +and adjustment. + + align:start position:0% +and adjustment. + + + align:start position:0% +and adjustment. +I am just at the + + align:start position:0% +I am just at the + + + align:start position:0% +I am just at the +moment engaged with the city of Abu + + align:start position:0% +moment engaged with the city of Abu + + + align:start position:0% +moment engaged with the city of Abu +Dhabi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +who want some help in making a new + + align:start position:0% +who want some help in making a new + + + align:start position:0% +who want some help in making a new +strategic + + align:start position:0% +strategic + + + align:start position:0% +strategic +plan. They want to do it without outside + + align:start position:0% +plan. They want to do it without outside + + + align:start position:0% +plan. They want to do it without outside +consultants. They want to do it through + + align:start position:0% +consultants. They want to do it through + + + align:start position:0% +consultants. They want to do it through +their own internal labor force. There's + + align:start position:0% +their own internal labor force. There's + + + align:start position:0% +their own internal labor force. There's +a real question as to whether they're + + align:start position:0% +a real question as to whether they're + + + align:start position:0% +a real question as to whether they're +going to be able to, but that's an + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to, but that's an + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to, but that's an +ongoing discussion which I'm having with + + align:start position:0% +ongoing discussion which I'm having with + + + align:start position:0% +ongoing discussion which I'm having with +him. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +London had already established an + + align:start position:0% +London had already established an + + + align:start position:0% +London had already established an +enormous number of characteristics of a + + align:start position:0% +enormous number of characteristics of a + + + align:start position:0% +enormous number of characteristics of a +cultured and open city. Shakespeare + + align:start position:0% +cultured and open city. Shakespeare + + + align:start position:0% +cultured and open city. Shakespeare +bought a house in London in 1613. + + align:start position:0% +bought a house in London in 1613. + + + align:start position:0% +bought a house in London in 1613. +He be he paid for it through the profits + + align:start position:0% +He be he paid for it through the profits + + + align:start position:0% +He be he paid for it through the profits +he made on + + align:start position:0% +he made on + + + align:start position:0% +he made on +theater audiences in central + + align:start position:0% +theater audiences in central + + + align:start position:0% +theater audiences in central +London. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um John Lockach in + + align:start position:0% +Um John Lockach in + + + align:start position:0% +Um John Lockach in +1685 1689 + + align:start position:0% +1685 1689 + + + align:start position:0% +1685 1689 +perhaps published a + + align:start position:0% +perhaps published a + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps published a +paper arguing for the separation of + + align:start position:0% +paper arguing for the separation of + + + align:start position:0% +paper arguing for the separation of +church and state. + + align:start position:0% +church and state. + + + align:start position:0% +church and state. +that was already towards the end of the + + align:start position:0% +that was already towards the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +that was already towards the end of the +17th + + align:start position:0% +17th + + + align:start position:0% +17th +century. + + align:start position:0% +century. + + + align:start position:0% +century. +Um, London has maintained itself as an + + align:start position:0% +Um, London has maintained itself as an + + + align:start position:0% +Um, London has maintained itself as an +open + + align:start position:0% +open + + + align:start position:0% +open +city. 2.6 million of the current current + + align:start position:0% +city. 2.6 million of the current current + + + align:start position:0% +city. 2.6 million of the current current +population of + + align:start position:0% +population of + + + align:start position:0% +population of +London are foreignb + + align:start position:0% +London are foreignb + + + align:start position:0% +London are foreignb +born. That's + + align:start position:0% +born. That's + + + align:start position:0% +born. That's +about 30% of the population of London + + align:start position:0% +about 30% of the population of London + + + align:start position:0% +about 30% of the population of London +today are foreign born. I think that's + + align:start position:0% +today are foreign born. I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +today are foreign born. I think that's +roughly equivalent to Los + + align:start position:0% +roughly equivalent to Los + + + align:start position:0% +roughly equivalent to Los +Angeles. I'm not sure about Los Angeles, + + align:start position:0% +Angeles. I'm not sure about Los Angeles, + + + align:start position:0% +Angeles. I'm not sure about Los Angeles, +but forgive me. I'm just + + align:start position:0% +but forgive me. I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +but forgive me. I'm just +guessing. I should know, but I don't + + align:start position:0% +guessing. I should know, but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +guessing. I should know, but I don't +know a great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deal. I read + + align:start position:0% +deal. I read + + + align:start position:0% +deal. I read +from the New York + + align:start position:0% +from the New York + + + align:start position:0% +from the New York +Times, March the 4th, 2012, writing + + align:start position:0% +Times, March the 4th, 2012, writing + + + align:start position:0% +Times, March the 4th, 2012, writing +about London. + + align:start position:0% +about London. + + + align:start position:0% +about London. +Every month, some young bureaucrat in + + align:start position:0% +Every month, some young bureaucrat in + + + align:start position:0% +Every month, some young bureaucrat in +the Chinese state administration of + + align:start position:0% +the Chinese state administration of + + + align:start position:0% +the Chinese state administration of +foreign exchange reaches out reaches out + + align:start position:0% +foreign exchange reaches out reaches out + + + align:start position:0% +foreign exchange reaches out reaches out +to a trader in London and buys or sells + + align:start position:0% +to a trader in London and buys or sells + + + align:start position:0% +to a trader in London and buys or sells +billions of dollars worth of US Treasury + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollars worth of US Treasury + + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollars worth of US Treasury +bonds. London is the world's largest + + align:start position:0% +bonds. London is the world's largest + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. London is the world's largest +market for dollars. + + align:start position:0% +market for dollars. + + + align:start position:0% +market for dollars. +So if you think about all the money + + align:start position:0% +So if you think about all the money + + + align:start position:0% +So if you think about all the money +that's being paid by the Chinese + + align:start position:0% +that's being paid by the Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +that's being paid by the Chinese +government, it's paid to + + align:start position:0% +government, it's paid to + + + align:start position:0% +government, it's paid to +London. London has remained the central + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +economic site for great deal of the + + align:start position:0% +economic site for great deal of the + + + align:start position:0% +economic site for great deal of the +international world. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We start + + align:start position:0% +We start + + + align:start position:0% +We start +perhaps by looking at some of the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps by looking at some of the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps by looking at some of the +spatial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attributes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the two major + + align:start position:0% +the two major + + + align:start position:0% +the two major +disasters. The fire of 1666 and the + + align:start position:0% +disasters. The fire of 1666 and the + + + align:start position:0% +disasters. The fire of 1666 and the +plague epidemic of 1666. + + align:start position:0% +plague epidemic of 1666. + + + align:start position:0% +plague epidemic of 1666. +No city is modern city has ever been + + align:start position:0% +No city is modern city has ever been + + + align:start position:0% +No city is modern city has ever been +struck by two + + align:start position:0% +struck by two + + + align:start position:0% +struck by two +major con disasters so close to one + + align:start position:0% +major con disasters so close to one + + + align:start position:0% +major con disasters so close to one +another. The fire of London was the + + align:start position:0% +another. The fire of London was the + + + align:start position:0% +another. The fire of London was the +greatest fire the world had ever seen. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +On the 1st of September + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1666, the wooden structures close to the + + align:start position:0% +1666, the wooden structures close to the + + + align:start position:0% +1666, the wooden structures close to the +river to the + + align:start position:0% +river to the + + + align:start position:0% +river to the +docks, exactly the same as Chicago, the + + align:start position:0% +docks, exactly the same as Chicago, the + + + align:start position:0% +docks, exactly the same as Chicago, the +Chicago fire 200 years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +later. The mayor was apparently + + align:start position:0% +later. The mayor was apparently + + + align:start position:0% +later. The mayor was apparently +unimpressed when first called to the + + align:start position:0% +unimpressed when first called to the + + + align:start position:0% +unimpressed when first called to the +scene. He expostated, "Pish, a woman + + align:start position:0% +scene. He expostated, "Pish, a woman + + + align:start position:0% +scene. He expostated, "Pish, a woman +might piss this out. + + align:start position:0% +might piss this out. + + + align:start position:0% +might piss this out. +He woke up the next day to find half the + + align:start position:0% +He woke up the next day to find half the + + + align:start position:0% +He woke up the next day to find half the +world around him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +destroyed. The fire interests us less + + align:start position:0% +destroyed. The fire interests us less + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed. The fire interests us less +than the fact that 5 days after the + + align:start position:0% +than the fact that 5 days after the + + + align:start position:0% +than the fact that 5 days after the +flames had been controlled, a young + + align:start position:0% +flames had been controlled, a young + + + align:start position:0% +flames had been controlled, a young +professor of anatomy called Christopher + + align:start position:0% +professor of anatomy called Christopher + + + align:start position:0% +professor of anatomy called Christopher +Ren, not yet widely known as an + + align:start position:0% +Ren, not yet widely known as an + + + align:start position:0% +Ren, not yet widely known as an +architect, approached the king with a + + align:start position:0% +architect, approached the king with a + + + align:start position:0% +architect, approached the king with a +plan. + + align:start position:0% +plan. + + + align:start position:0% +plan. +The plan took no account whatsoever of + + align:start position:0% +The plan took no account whatsoever of + + + align:start position:0% +The plan took no account whatsoever of +the medieval street plan. He + + align:start position:0% +the medieval street plan. He + + + align:start position:0% +the medieval street plan. He +superimposed his grandiose vision of + + align:start position:0% +superimposed his grandiose vision of + + + align:start position:0% +superimposed his grandiose vision of +wide avenues radiating in straight lines + + align:start position:0% +wide avenues radiating in straight lines + + + align:start position:0% +wide avenues radiating in straight lines +from the royal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exchange. On 13th September Charles II, + + align:start position:0% +exchange. On 13th September Charles II, + + + align:start position:0% +exchange. On 13th September Charles II, +the king issued a proclamation assuring + + align:start position:0% +the king issued a proclamation assuring + + + align:start position:0% +the king issued a proclamation assuring +the city that quote though every man + + align:start position:0% +the city that quote though every man + + + align:start position:0% +the city that quote though every man +must not be suffered to erect whatever. + + align:start position:0% +must not be suffered to erect whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +must not be suffered to erect whatever. +No, I don't want to read the + + align:start position:0% +No, I don't want to read the + + + align:start position:0% +No, I don't want to read the +quote. Essentially, Ren assumed that you + + align:start position:0% +quote. Essentially, Ren assumed that you + + + align:start position:0% +quote. Essentially, Ren assumed that you +could socialize + + align:start position:0% +could socialize + + + align:start position:0% +could socialize +land and change the form of a + + align:start position:0% +land and change the form of a + + + align:start position:0% +land and change the form of a +city by imposing a new spatial pattern + + align:start position:0% +city by imposing a new spatial pattern + + + align:start position:0% +city by imposing a new spatial pattern +on it. The king said no. + + align:start position:0% +on it. The king said no. + + + align:start position:0% +on it. The king said no. +In England, we respect the ownership of + + align:start position:0% +In England, we respect the ownership of + + + align:start position:0% +In England, we respect the ownership of +private property even if it's a + + align:start position:0% +private property even if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +private property even if it's a +small even if it is of a small + + align:start position:0% +small even if it is of a small + + + align:start position:0% +small even if it is of a small +scale. And I will not endorse a plan + + align:start position:0% +scale. And I will not endorse a plan + + + align:start position:0% +scale. And I will not endorse a plan +which does not advocate the maintainance + + align:start position:0% +which does not advocate the maintainance + + + align:start position:0% +which does not advocate the maintainance +of the rights of my citizens to + + align:start position:0% +of the rights of my citizens to + + + align:start position:0% +of the rights of my citizens to +land. This is there was another plan by + + align:start position:0% +land. This is there was another plan by + + + align:start position:0% +land. This is there was another plan by +John Eivelyn which I'll show you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ren built enormous amount + + align:start position:0% +Ren built enormous amount + + + align:start position:0% +Ren built enormous amount +of in the postfire era he built a number + + align:start position:0% +of in the postfire era he built a number + + + align:start position:0% +of in the postfire era he built a number +of churches + + align:start position:0% +of churches + + + align:start position:0% +of churches +in many of them are still + + align:start position:0% +in many of them are still + + + align:start position:0% +in many of them are still +there. Um he of course built St. Paul's + + align:start position:0% +there. Um he of course built St. Paul's + + + align:start position:0% +there. Um he of course built St. Paul's +Cathedral didn't to his clients didn't + + align:start position:0% +Cathedral didn't to his clients didn't + + + align:start position:0% +Cathedral didn't to his clients didn't +like it very + + align:start position:0% +like it very + + + align:start position:0% +like it very +much and as late as 1713 I think he was + + align:start position:0% +much and as late as 1713 I think he was + + + align:start position:0% +much and as late as 1713 I think he was +begging them to pay his income + + align:start position:0% +begging them to pay his income + + + align:start position:0% +begging them to pay his income +uh so much for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ren the principle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that London would + + align:start position:0% +that London would + + + align:start position:0% +that London would +be not be subject to the powers of the + + align:start position:0% +be not be subject to the powers of the + + + align:start position:0% +be not be subject to the powers of the +state to change its spatial pattern has + + align:start position:0% +state to change its spatial pattern has + + + align:start position:0% +state to change its spatial pattern has +been central to the maintenance of the + + align:start position:0% +been central to the maintenance of the + + + align:start position:0% +been central to the maintenance of the +form of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +London. London doesn't have large + + align:start position:0% +London. London doesn't have large + + + align:start position:0% +London. London doesn't have large +avenues. It has one perhaps. Oxford + + align:start position:0% +avenues. It has one perhaps. Oxford + + + align:start position:0% +avenues. It has one perhaps. Oxford +Street is the old Roman road from the + + align:start position:0% +Street is the old Roman road from the + + + align:start position:0% +Street is the old Roman road from the +east to the west. It has no north south + + align:start position:0% +east to the west. It has no north south + + + align:start position:0% +east to the west. It has no north south +road except for regent street which + + align:start position:0% +road except for regent street which + + + align:start position:0% +road except for regent street which +we'll discuss a bit later is the + + align:start position:0% +we'll discuss a bit later is the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll discuss a bit later is the +imposition of a particular situation. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The ep second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +epidemic of London was the + + align:start position:0% +epidemic of London was the + + + align:start position:0% +epidemic of London was the +plague. But before the plague, + + align:start position:0% +plague. But before the plague, + + + align:start position:0% +plague. But before the plague, +London River + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tims had a an underclass of people who + + align:start position:0% +Tims had a an underclass of people who + + + align:start position:0% +Tims had a an underclass of people who +made a living out of the filth of this + + align:start position:0% +made a living out of the filth of this + + + align:start position:0% +made a living out of the filth of this +river. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +There were people called bone pickers, + + align:start position:0% +There were people called bone pickers, + + + align:start position:0% +There were people called bone pickers, +rare gatherers, pure finders, dredger + + align:start position:0% +rare gatherers, pure finders, dredger + + + align:start position:0% +rare gatherers, pure finders, dredger +men, mudlocks, sewer hunters, dustmen, + + align:start position:0% +men, mudlocks, sewer hunters, dustmen, + + + align:start position:0% +men, mudlocks, sewer hunters, dustmen, +night soilmen, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bunters, + + align:start position:0% +bunters, + + + align:start position:0% +bunters, +tashers, + + align:start position:0% +tashers, + + + align:start position:0% +tashers, +shawmen. If they had all formed + + align:start position:0% +shawmen. If they had all formed + + + align:start position:0% +shawmen. If they had all formed +themselves into a union, this London + + align:start position:0% +themselves into a union, this London + + + align:start position:0% +themselves into a union, this London +underclass would have been the fifth + + align:start position:0% +underclass would have been the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +underclass would have been the fifth +largest elomeration of people in all of + + align:start position:0% +largest elomeration of people in all of + + + align:start position:0% +largest elomeration of people in all of +England. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The consequences of the dis the + + align:start position:0% +The consequences of the dis the + + + align:start position:0% +The consequences of the dis the +consequences + + align:start position:0% +consequences + + + align:start position:0% +consequences +of the river's water being as polluted + + align:start position:0% +of the river's water being as polluted + + + align:start position:0% +of the river's water being as polluted +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +only established through the genius of a + + align:start position:0% +only established through the genius of a + + + align:start position:0% +only established through the genius of a +man called Jon + + align:start position:0% +man called Jon + + + align:start position:0% +man called Jon +Snow. Before that the outbreaks of + + align:start position:0% +Snow. Before that the outbreaks of + + + align:start position:0% +Snow. Before that the outbreaks of +kolera were generally assumed to be a + + align:start position:0% +kolera were generally assumed to be a + + + align:start position:0% +kolera were generally assumed to be a +condition of the air. The myasmic theory + + align:start position:0% +condition of the air. The myasmic theory + + + align:start position:0% +condition of the air. The myasmic theory +of cholera was + + align:start position:0% +of cholera was + + + align:start position:0% +of cholera was +prevalent. London's parliament had to + + align:start position:0% +prevalent. London's parliament had to + + + align:start position:0% +prevalent. London's parliament had to +shut down one summer because of the + + align:start position:0% +shut down one summer because of the + + + align:start position:0% +shut down one summer because of the +stench from the + + align:start position:0% +stench from the + + + align:start position:0% +stench from the +river. But Jon Snow, you must read the + + align:start position:0% +river. But Jon Snow, you must read the + + + align:start position:0% +river. But Jon Snow, you must read the +ghost map. Has anybody read the book the + + align:start position:0% +ghost map. Has anybody read the book the + + + align:start position:0% +ghost map. Has anybody read the book the +ghost map? Good for you. + + align:start position:0% +ghost map? Good for you. + + + align:start position:0% +ghost map? Good for you. +I'm really using London as an example of + + align:start position:0% +I'm really using London as an example of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm really using London as an example of +the transformation of a 19th century + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of a 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation of a 19th century +city under extraordinary levels of + + align:start position:0% +city under extraordinary levels of + + + align:start position:0% +city under extraordinary levels of +commitment and skill. Up till 1854 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +cholera was seen as a disease born by + + align:start position:0% +cholera was seen as a disease born by + + + align:start position:0% +cholera was seen as a disease born by +the air. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +There hadd been many attempts to make + + align:start position:0% +There hadd been many attempts to make + + + align:start position:0% +There hadd been many attempts to make +the pro process of draining your body a + + align:start position:0% +the pro process of draining your body a + + + align:start position:0% +the pro process of draining your body a +little more + + align:start position:0% +little more + + + align:start position:0% +little more +elegant. A water flushing device had + + align:start position:0% +elegant. A water flushing device had + + + align:start position:0% +elegant. A water flushing device had +been invented in the late 16th century + + align:start position:0% +been invented in the late 16th century + + + align:start position:0% +been invented in the late 16th century +who installed a functioning version for + + align:start position:0% +who installed a functioning version for + + + align:start position:0% +who installed a functioning version for +his godmother, Queen Elizabeth. The + + align:start position:0% +his godmother, Queen Elizabeth. The + + + align:start position:0% +his godmother, Queen Elizabeth. The +device didn't take on until a watch + + align:start position:0% +device didn't take on until a watch + + + align:start position:0% +device didn't take on until a watch +maker called Albert Cummings + + align:start position:0% +maker called Albert Cummings + + + align:start position:0% +maker called Albert Cummings +uh impo designed an improved version of + + align:start position:0% +uh impo designed an improved version of + + + align:start position:0% +uh impo designed an improved version of +Harrington's design. At the great + + align:start position:0% +Harrington's design. At the great + + + align:start position:0% +Harrington's design. At the great +exhibition of + + align:start position:0% +exhibition of + + + align:start position:0% +exhibition of +1851, an estimated + + align:start position:0% +1851, an estimated + + + align:start position:0% +1851, an estimated +827,000 visitors used + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them. After + + align:start position:0% +them. After + + + align:start position:0% +them. After +that, the seated toilet became much more + + align:start position:0% +that, the seated toilet became much more + + + align:start position:0% +that, the seated toilet became much more +common in London. According to one + + align:start position:0% +common in London. According to one + + + align:start position:0% +common in London. According to one +estimate, the average London household + + align:start position:0% +estimate, the average London household + + + align:start position:0% +estimate, the average London household +used 160 gallons of water a day in 1850. + + align:start position:0% +used 160 gallons of water a day in 1850. + + + align:start position:0% +used 160 gallons of water a day in 1850. +By 1850 thinks, thanks to the runway + + align:start position:0% +By 1850 thinks, thanks to the runway + + + align:start position:0% +By 1850 thinks, thanks to the runway +success of the water closet, they were + + align:start position:0% +success of the water closet, they were + + + align:start position:0% +success of the water closet, they were +using 244 gallons per day. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Snow transformed the world of + + align:start position:0% +Snow transformed the world of + + + align:start position:0% +Snow transformed the world of +Kora. You have to read the book to + + align:start position:0% +Kora. You have to read the book to + + + align:start position:0% +Kora. You have to read the book to +understand that shakes the Sherlock + + align:start position:0% +understand that shakes the Sherlock + + + align:start position:0% +understand that shakes the Sherlock +Holmes genius with which this man + + align:start position:0% +Holmes genius with which this man + + + align:start position:0% +Holmes genius with which this man +observed the situation which results in + + align:start position:0% +observed the situation which results in + + + align:start position:0% +observed the situation which results in +his finding that Kora was born was + + align:start position:0% +his finding that Kora was born was + + + align:start position:0% +his finding that Kora was born was +carried by + + align:start position:0% +carried by + + + align:start position:0% +carried by +basillus born by water. + + align:start position:0% +basillus born by water. + + + align:start position:0% +basillus born by water. +All of the improvement in the + + align:start position:0% +All of the improvement in the + + + align:start position:0% +All of the improvement in the +seated toilet seat simply meant that + + align:start position:0% +seated toilet seat simply meant that + + + align:start position:0% +seated toilet seat simply meant that +more and more feces were being poured + + align:start position:0% +more and more feces were being poured + + + align:start position:0% +more and more feces were being poured +into cess pools because there was no + + align:start position:0% +into cess pools because there was no + + + align:start position:0% +into cess pools because there was no +sewage system. Can you imagine a city + + align:start position:0% +sewage system. Can you imagine a city + + + align:start position:0% +sewage system. Can you imagine a city +where there's no sewage + + align:start position:0% +where there's no sewage + + + align:start position:0% +where there's no sewage +system where there are constant + + align:start position:0% +system where there are constant + + + align:start position:0% +system where there are constant +outbreaks of + + align:start position:0% +outbreaks of + + + align:start position:0% +outbreaks of +cholera until one modest general + + align:start position:0% +cholera until one modest general + + + align:start position:0% +cholera until one modest general +practitioner in the West + + align:start position:0% +practitioner in the West + + + align:start position:0% +practitioner in the West +End comes up with the notion that it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +waterborn. Such is the genius of British + + align:start position:0% +waterborn. Such is the genius of British + + + align:start position:0% +waterborn. Such is the genius of British +endeavor at this time. + + align:start position:0% +endeavor at this time. + + + align:start position:0% +endeavor at this time. +It took only seven + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +years. + + align:start position:0% +years. + + + align:start position:0% +years. +Yeah. The most advanced and elaborate + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. The most advanced and elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. The most advanced and elaborate +sewage system in the entire world was + + align:start position:0% +sewage system in the entire world was + + + align:start position:0% +sewage system in the entire world was +largely operational by 1865. + + align:start position:0% +largely operational by 1865. + + + align:start position:0% +largely operational by 1865. +Joseph Basilgate, the engineer, in six + + align:start position:0% +Joseph Basilgate, the engineer, in six + + + align:start position:0% +Joseph Basilgate, the engineer, in six +years had constructed nearly 82 miles of + + align:start position:0% +years had constructed nearly 82 miles of + + + align:start position:0% +years had constructed nearly 82 miles of +sewage using over 300 million bricks and + + align:start position:0% +sewage using over 300 million bricks and + + + align:start position:0% +sewage using over 300 million bricks and +nearly a million cubic yards of + + align:start position:0% +nearly a million cubic yards of + + + align:start position:0% +nearly a million cubic yards of +concrete. + + align:start position:0% +concrete. + + + align:start position:0% +concrete. +The main news. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All sewage flowed into the temps which + + align:start position:0% +All sewage flowed into the temps which + + + align:start position:0% +All sewage flowed into the temps which +either remained static or flowed + + align:start position:0% +either remained static or flowed + + + align:start position:0% +either remained static or flowed +eventually out to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sea. Basilgate built + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two in the north and one in the + + align:start position:0% +two in the north and one in the + + + align:start position:0% +two in the north and one in the +south. This intercepted this took all of + + align:start position:0% +south. This intercepted this took all of + + + align:start position:0% +south. This intercepted this took all of +sewage and water waste water and pumped + + align:start position:0% +sewage and water waste water and pumped + + + align:start position:0% +sewage and water waste water and pumped +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +used elevation to export it out to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sea. Around central London, he built two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +embankments, the Chelsea and the + + align:start position:0% +embankments, the Chelsea and the + + + align:start position:0% +embankments, the Chelsea and the +Victoria embankment on the north and the + + align:start position:0% +Victoria embankment on the north and the + + + align:start position:0% +Victoria embankment on the north and the +Albert embankment on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +south. This is the biggest one of the + + align:start position:0% +south. This is the biggest one of the + + + align:start position:0% +south. This is the biggest one of the +biggest industrial feats in human + + align:start position:0% +biggest industrial feats in human + + + align:start position:0% +biggest industrial feats in human +history. The extraordinary thing is that + + align:start position:0% +history. The extraordinary thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +history. The extraordinary thing is that +if you're in London and you walk on the + + align:start position:0% +if you're in London and you walk on the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in London and you walk on the +embankment, you don't know anything + + align:start position:0% +embankment, you don't know anything + + + align:start position:0% +embankment, you don't know anything +about what it's + + align:start position:0% +about what it's + + + align:start position:0% +about what it's +doing. London advertises Big Ben because + + align:start position:0% +doing. London advertises Big Ben because + + + align:start position:0% +doing. London advertises Big Ben because +you can see + + align:start position:0% +you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you can see +it. The underground of cities is impal + + align:start position:0% +it. The underground of cities is impal + + + align:start position:0% +it. The underground of cities is impal +impalpable. + + align:start position:0% +impalpable. + + + align:start position:0% +impalpable. +This is an extraordinary example of + + align:start position:0% +This is an extraordinary example of + + + align:start position:0% +This is an extraordinary example of +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +genius Sir Joseph Paxton who designed + + align:start position:0% +genius Sir Joseph Paxton who designed + + + align:start position:0% +genius Sir Joseph Paxton who designed +the Crystal Palace. A gardener said, "We + + align:start position:0% +the Crystal Palace. A gardener said, "We + + + align:start position:0% +the Crystal Palace. A gardener said, "We +in Britain solve problems by common + + align:start position:0% +in Britain solve problems by common + + + align:start position:0% +in Britain solve problems by common +sense and + + align:start position:0% +sense and + + + align:start position:0% +sense and +technology, not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bombast." I wonder what + + align:start position:0% +bombast." I wonder what + + + align:start position:0% +bombast." I wonder what +American what a city like Boston would + + align:start position:0% +American what a city like Boston would + + + align:start position:0% +American what a city like Boston would +build in six years. + + align:start position:0% +build in six years. + + + align:start position:0% +build in six years. +Hardly a sewage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system. Next + + align:start position:0% +system. Next + + + align:start position:0% +system. Next +issue again starts with a + + align:start position:0% +issue again starts with a + + + align:start position:0% +issue again starts with a +disaster. We want to examine the + + align:start position:0% +disaster. We want to examine the + + + align:start position:0% +disaster. We want to examine the +transformation of land in central + + align:start position:0% +transformation of land in central + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of land in central +London. We start with a story. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Alexander, the nephew of Mr. Hughley, + + align:start position:0% +Alexander, the nephew of Mr. Hughley, + + + align:start position:0% +Alexander, the nephew of Mr. Hughley, +died in the + + align:start position:0% +died in the + + + align:start position:0% +died in the +plague. Mr. Orudley was a lawyer, a + + align:start position:0% +plague. Mr. Orudley was a lawyer, a + + + align:start position:0% +plague. Mr. Orudley was a lawyer, a +great legend. He amassed a great + + align:start position:0% +great legend. He amassed a great + + + align:start position:0% +great legend. He amassed a great +legendary wealth through dealings with a + + align:start position:0% +legendary wealth through dealings with a + + + align:start position:0% +legendary wealth through dealings with a +court of + + align:start position:0% +court of + + + align:start position:0% +court of +wards. A court which aortioned lands + + align:start position:0% +wards. A court which aortioned lands + + + align:start position:0% +wards. A court which aortioned lands +forfeited to the crown when the owner + + align:start position:0% +forfeited to the crown when the owner + + + align:start position:0% +forfeited to the crown when the owner +couldn't pay the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't pay the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't pay the +fees. Amongst + + align:start position:0% +fees. Amongst + + + align:start position:0% +fees. Amongst +his his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh property rights which he accumulated + + align:start position:0% +uh property rights which he accumulated + + + align:start position:0% +uh property rights which he accumulated +was the manner of + + align:start position:0% +was the manner of + + + align:start position:0% +was the manner of +Ebery which was swamps and farmsteads + + align:start position:0% +Ebery which was swamps and farmsteads + + + align:start position:0% +Ebery which was swamps and farmsteads +which ran from the Tins River as far + + align:start position:0% +which ran from the Tins River as far + + + align:start position:0% +which ran from the Tins River as far +north as the old Roman road to Bath + + align:start position:0% +north as the old Roman road to Bath + + + align:start position:0% +north as the old Roman road to Bath +Oxford + + align:start position:0% +Oxford + + + align:start position:0% +Oxford +Street. So the west end of London was a + + align:start position:0% +Street. So the west end of London was a + + + align:start position:0% +Street. So the west end of London was a +swamp. + + align:start position:0% +swamp. + + + align:start position:0% +swamp. +It acrewed into the hands of this + + align:start position:0% +It acrewed into the hands of this + + + align:start position:0% +It acrewed into the hands of this +family through a number of generations. + + align:start position:0% +family through a number of generations. + + + align:start position:0% +family through a number of generations. +It passed down to woman called Mary + + align:start position:0% +It passed down to woman called Mary + + + align:start position:0% +It passed down to woman called Mary +Davis. Mary Davis had needed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +money. She arranged a marriage to Lord + + align:start position:0% +money. She arranged a marriage to Lord + + + align:start position:0% +money. She arranged a marriage to Lord +Berkeley. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +These were rural establishments looking + + align:start position:0% +These were rural establishments looking + + + align:start position:0% +These were rural establishments looking +for land in the center of the + + align:start position:0% +for land in the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +for land in the center of the +city. Lord Berkeley Mary was only seven + + align:start position:0% +city. Lord Berkeley Mary was only seven + + + align:start position:0% +city. Lord Berkeley Mary was only seven +and a marriage arrangement was made with + + align:start position:0% +and a marriage arrangement was made with + + + align:start position:0% +and a marriage arrangement was made with +the Berkeley's 10year-old son. No, but + + align:start position:0% +the Berkeley's 10year-old son. No, but + + + align:start position:0% +the Berkeley's 10year-old son. No, but +there was no + + align:start position:0% +there was no + + + align:start position:0% +there was no +money. They couldn't erase an additional + + align:start position:0% +money. They couldn't erase an additional + + + align:start position:0% +money. They couldn't erase an additional +£3,000. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The next marriage deal was with sir + + align:start position:0% +The next marriage deal was with sir + + + align:start position:0% +The next marriage deal was with sir +Thomas Groner at the age of 21. Mary now + + align:start position:0% +Thomas Groner at the age of 21. Mary now + + + align:start position:0% +Thomas Groner at the age of 21. Mary now +12 was married in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1677. Mary developed mental illness + + align:start position:0% +1677. Mary developed mental illness + + + align:start position:0% +1677. Mary developed mental illness +became a fanatic critic a Catholic not a + + align:start position:0% +became a fanatic critic a Catholic not a + + + align:start position:0% +became a fanatic critic a Catholic not a +critic. I'm sure there's some mental + + align:start position:0% +critic. I'm sure there's some mental + + + align:start position:0% +critic. I'm sure there's some mental +slip from Catholic to + + align:start position:0% +slip from Catholic to + + + align:start position:0% +slip from Catholic to +critic. He's selecting a pope. I suppose + + align:start position:0% +critic. He's selecting a pope. I suppose + + + align:start position:0% +critic. He's selecting a pope. I suppose +that's on my mind. + + align:start position:0% +that's on my mind. + + + align:start position:0% +that's on my mind. +Um, Grovener died in + + align:start position:0% +Um, Grovener died in + + + align:start position:0% +Um, Grovener died in +1700. Mary was swept off to Europe by a + + align:start position:0% +1700. Mary was swept off to Europe by a + + + align:start position:0% +1700. Mary was swept off to Europe by a +Roman Catholic priest called Father + + align:start position:0% +Roman Catholic priest called Father + + + align:start position:0% +Roman Catholic priest called Father +Fenwick. In Paris, Fenwick drugged her, + + align:start position:0% +Fenwick. In Paris, Fenwick drugged her, + + + align:start position:0% +Fenwick. In Paris, Fenwick drugged her, +married his married her to his elder + + align:start position:0% +married his married her to his elder + + + align:start position:0% +married his married her to his elder +brother, Edward + + align:start position:0% +brother, Edward + + + align:start position:0% +brother, Edward +Fenwick. In 173, a court resolved + + align:start position:0% +Fenwick. In 173, a court resolved + + + align:start position:0% +Fenwick. In 173, a court resolved +Fenwick versus Grovener. + + align:start position:0% +Fenwick versus Grovener. + + + align:start position:0% +Fenwick versus Grovener. +The court favored the Grovener family. + + align:start position:0% +The court favored the Grovener family. + + + align:start position:0% +The court favored the Grovener family. +His son, Sir Richard Governor, began to + + align:start position:0% +His son, Sir Richard Governor, began to + + + align:start position:0% +His son, Sir Richard Governor, began to +develop the estates of Mayfair, + + align:start position:0% +develop the estates of Mayfair, + + + align:start position:0% +develop the estates of Mayfair, +Belgravia, + + align:start position:0% +Belgravia, + + + align:start position:0% +Belgravia, +Pimico. Mary's land plus the Grovenous + + align:start position:0% +Pimico. Mary's land plus the Grovenous + + + align:start position:0% +Pimico. Mary's land plus the Grovenous +provincial + + align:start position:0% +provincial + + + align:start position:0% +provincial +estates produced the largest fortune in + + align:start position:0% +estates produced the largest fortune in + + + align:start position:0% +estates produced the largest fortune in +British hands, + + align:start position:0% +British hands, + + + align:start position:0% +British hands, +only second to + + align:start position:0% +only second to + + + align:start position:0% +only second to +the the royal family. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You should really be able to answer this + + align:start position:0% +You should really be able to answer this + + + align:start position:0% +You should really be able to answer this +question. Why are there no railway + + align:start position:0% +question. Why are there no railway + + + align:start position:0% +question. Why are there no railway +stations on the west side of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +London? I've just told you the story. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Crown crown crown. You can look at your + + align:start position:0% +Crown crown crown. You can look at your + + + align:start position:0% +Crown crown crown. You can look at your +diagram. + + align:start position:0% +diagram. + + + align:start position:0% +diagram. +The grove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states the number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five and these are number two as a block + + align:start position:0% +five and these are number two as a block + + + align:start position:0% +five and these are number two as a block +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +land impeded the + + align:start position:0% +land impeded the + + + align:start position:0% +land impeded the +development of any railroad on the west. + + align:start position:0% +development of any railroad on the west. + + + align:start position:0% +development of any railroad on the west. +London is encircled by + + align:start position:0% +London is encircled by + + + align:start position:0% +London is encircled by +railroads in a four four mile by one and + + align:start position:0% +railroads in a four four mile by one and + + + align:start position:0% +railroads in a four four mile by one and +a half mile + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +box. There's a subway line which runs + + align:start position:0% +box. There's a subway line which runs + + + align:start position:0% +box. There's a subway line which runs +along this box. What's it called? Who + + align:start position:0% +along this box. What's it called? Who + + + align:start position:0% +along this box. What's it called? Who +knows + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +London? Come on, you must know something + + align:start position:0% +London? Come on, you must know something + + + align:start position:0% +London? Come on, you must know something +about the greatest city in the world. + + align:start position:0% +about the greatest city in the world. + + + align:start position:0% +about the greatest city in the world. +You're studying urbanism, aren't you? + + align:start position:0% +You're studying urbanism, aren't you? + + + align:start position:0% +You're studying urbanism, aren't you? +It's like me talking about a classic + + align:start position:0% +It's like me talking about a classic + + + align:start position:0% +It's like me talking about a classic +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +of pneumonia and you don't know what the + + align:start position:0% +of pneumonia and you don't know what the + + + align:start position:0% +of pneumonia and you don't know what the +causes of pneumonia + + align:start position:0% +causes of pneumonia + + + align:start position:0% +causes of pneumonia +are. The circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line Houston + + align:start position:0% +line Houston + + + align:start position:0% +line Houston +Paddington Houston St. Pancress, King's + + align:start position:0% +Paddington Houston St. Pancress, King's + + + align:start position:0% +Paddington Houston St. Pancress, King's +Cross, Farington + + align:start position:0% +Cross, Farington + + + align:start position:0% +Cross, Farington +Street. I think that's the + + align:start position:0% +Street. I think that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Street. I think that's the +one. All linked to the industrial + + align:start position:0% +one. All linked to the industrial + + + align:start position:0% +one. All linked to the industrial +heartland of + + align:start position:0% +heartland of + + + align:start position:0% +heartland of +England. + + align:start position:0% +England. + + + align:start position:0% +England. +Victoria, cheering + + align:start position:0% +Victoria, cheering + + + align:start position:0% +Victoria, cheering +Cross, + + align:start position:0% +Cross, + + + align:start position:0% +Cross, +Waterloo, all linked to South Africa and + + align:start position:0% +Waterloo, all linked to South Africa and + + + align:start position:0% +Waterloo, all linked to South Africa and +India and the United States. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Some of these stations on here linked to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Europe there no + + align:start position:0% +Europe there no + + + align:start position:0% +Europe there no +stations on this ark. Now you know + + align:start position:0% +stations on this ark. Now you know + + + align:start position:0% +stations on this ark. Now you know +why the combination of land between the + + align:start position:0% +why the combination of land between the + + + align:start position:0% +why the combination of land between the +crown and the Westminster Duke of + + align:start position:0% +crown and the Westminster Duke of + + + align:start position:0% +crown and the Westminster Duke of +Westminster is probably the highest + + align:start position:0% +Westminster is probably the highest + + + align:start position:0% +Westminster is probably the highest +ranking in the British aristocracy. + + align:start position:0% +ranking in the British aristocracy. + + + align:start position:0% +ranking in the British aristocracy. +The growners became the Duke of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Western. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, I made my + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I made my + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I made my +point. It's a battle. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +also advances the notion that the + + align:start position:0% +also advances the notion that the + + + align:start position:0% +also advances the notion that the +combination of rural land and urban land + + align:start position:0% +combination of rural land and urban land + + + align:start position:0% +combination of rural land and urban land +is required to produce great + + align:start position:0% +is required to produce great + + + align:start position:0% +is required to produce great +wealth. At least at this time it was. + + align:start position:0% +wealth. At least at this time it was. + + + align:start position:0% +wealth. At least at this time it was. +Raymond Williams is correct in his book, + + align:start position:0% +Raymond Williams is correct in his book, + + + align:start position:0% +Raymond Williams is correct in his book, +The Country and the City, in making the + + align:start position:0% +The Country and the City, in making the + + + align:start position:0% +The Country and the City, in making the +point that he is a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +point that he is a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +point that he is a combination of the +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +uh that produced the shape of + + align:start position:0% +uh that produced the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +uh that produced the shape of +contemporary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +England. The + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second land + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +story deals with the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +story deals with the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +story deals with the fact that the +center of London was consisted on + + align:start position:0% +center of London was consisted on + + + align:start position:0% +center of London was consisted on +the to the most + + align:start position:0% +the to the most + + + align:start position:0% +the to the most +part of land occupied by + + align:start position:0% +part of land occupied by + + + align:start position:0% +part of land occupied by +aristocracy. Large portions of land. The + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy. Large portions of land. The + + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy. Large portions of land. The +Bedfords, the Duke of + + align:start position:0% +Bedfords, the Duke of + + + align:start position:0% +Bedfords, the Duke of +Bedford, for instance, occupied large + + align:start position:0% +Bedford, for instance, occupied large + + + align:start position:0% +Bedford, for instance, occupied large +portions of land. + + align:start position:0% +portions of land. + + + align:start position:0% +portions of land. +What emerged as a result of economic + + align:start position:0% +What emerged as a result of economic + + + align:start position:0% +What emerged as a result of economic +growth was the emergence and Marx makes + + align:start position:0% +growth was the emergence and Marx makes + + + align:start position:0% +growth was the emergence and Marx makes +a classical reference to the emergence + + align:start position:0% +a classical reference to the emergence + + + align:start position:0% +a classical reference to the emergence +of the middle class or the bourgeoisi as + + align:start position:0% +of the middle class or the bourgeoisi as + + + align:start position:0% +of the middle class or the bourgeoisi as +major economic + + align:start position:0% +major economic + + + align:start position:0% +major economic +factors. So valuable did the land become + + align:start position:0% +factors. So valuable did the land become + + + align:start position:0% +factors. So valuable did the land become +that it had to be transformed into sales + + align:start position:0% +that it had to be transformed into sales + + + align:start position:0% +that it had to be transformed into sales +to the middle + + align:start position:0% +to the middle + + + align:start position:0% +to the middle +class or the upper middle class. + + align:start position:0% +class or the upper middle class. + + + align:start position:0% +class or the upper middle class. +So each of these estates were + + align:start position:0% +So each of these estates were + + + align:start position:0% +So each of these estates were +subdivided systematically. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Where was the first? These subdivided + + align:start position:0% +Where was the first? These subdivided + + + align:start position:0% +Where was the first? These subdivided +estates characteristically have a + + align:start position:0% +estates characteristically have a + + + align:start position:0% +estates characteristically have a +residential or residential in nature. + + align:start position:0% +residential or residential in nature. + + + align:start position:0% +residential or residential in nature. +Have a central public public or + + align:start position:0% +Have a central public public or + + + align:start position:0% +Have a central public public or +semi-public or private square in the + + align:start position:0% +semi-public or private square in the + + + align:start position:0% +semi-public or private square in the +center. And this animates the whole + + align:start position:0% +center. And this animates the whole + + + align:start position:0% +center. And this animates the whole +spatial pattern of central + + align:start position:0% +spatial pattern of central + + + align:start position:0% +spatial pattern of central +London, at + + align:start position:0% +London, at + + + align:start position:0% +London, at +least most of it to the west of Regent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Street. This is the only city in the + + align:start position:0% +Street. This is the only city in the + + + align:start position:0% +Street. This is the only city in the +world which has used residential + + align:start position:0% +world which has used residential + + + align:start position:0% +world which has used residential +construction to build its center. + + align:start position:0% +construction to build its center. + + + align:start position:0% +construction to build its center. +The city was always off to the + + align:start position:0% +The city was always off to the + + + align:start position:0% +The city was always off to the +east. This is land which + + align:start position:0% +east. This is land which + + + align:start position:0% +east. This is land which +was available just through the + + align:start position:0% +was available just through the + + + align:start position:0% +was available just through the +subdivision of + + align:start position:0% +subdivision of + + + align:start position:0% +subdivision of +property. + + align:start position:0% +property. + + + align:start position:0% +property. +Again, Rasmusen points + + align:start position:0% +Again, Rasmusen points + + + align:start position:0% +Again, Rasmusen points +out that these + + align:start position:0% +out that these + + + align:start position:0% +out that these +subdivisions generally were little towns + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions generally were little towns + + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions generally were little towns +in themselves. There was the Mana House + + align:start position:0% +in themselves. There was the Mana House + + + align:start position:0% +in themselves. There was the Mana House +which faced north. there's sometimes + + align:start position:0% +which faced north. there's sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +which faced north. there's sometimes +more than one man a house. + + align:start position:0% +more than one man a house. + + + align:start position:0% +more than one man a house. +Um the housing was generally occupied by + + align:start position:0% +Um the housing was generally occupied by + + + align:start position:0% +Um the housing was generally occupied by +one family per + + align:start position:0% +one family per + + + align:start position:0% +one family per +unit as opposed to the boulevard house + + align:start position:0% +unit as opposed to the boulevard house + + + align:start position:0% +unit as opposed to the boulevard house +of Paris where the floors every floor + + align:start position:0% +of Paris where the floors every floor + + + align:start position:0% +of Paris where the floors every floor +was a separate housing entity which + + align:start position:0% +was a separate housing entity which + + + align:start position:0% +was a separate housing entity which +again is one of the many reasons why + + align:start position:0% +again is one of the many reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +again is one of the many reasons why +London is about onethird of the density + + align:start position:0% +London is about onethird of the density + + + align:start position:0% +London is about onethird of the density +of Paris. + + align:start position:0% +of Paris. + + + align:start position:0% +of Paris. +The second has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +The second has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +The second has to do with the +transportation system which we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +transportation system which we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +transportation system which we'll talk +about in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minute. Why do you think the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +minute. Why do you think the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +minute. Why do you think the rest of the +world never followed the British pattern + + align:start position:0% +world never followed the British pattern + + + align:start position:0% +world never followed the British pattern +of subdividing land + + align:start position:0% +of subdividing land + + + align:start position:0% +of subdividing land +uh in a systematic way for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +housing? Stupid. Why didn't Delhi why + + align:start position:0% +housing? Stupid. Why didn't Delhi why + + + align:start position:0% +housing? Stupid. Why didn't Delhi why +didn't the British impose a system of + + align:start position:0% +didn't the British impose a system of + + + align:start position:0% +didn't the British impose a system of +residential sequence of a system of + + align:start position:0% +residential sequence of a system of + + + align:start position:0% +residential sequence of a system of +residential spatial organization as + + align:start position:0% +residential spatial organization as + + + align:start position:0% +residential spatial organization as +interesting and + + align:start position:0% +interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and +as articulate as the British did for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +London? I don't know how to answer the + + align:start position:0% +London? I don't know how to answer the + + + align:start position:0% +London? I don't know how to answer the +question. + + align:start position:0% +question. + + + align:start position:0% +question. +ideas don't seem to spread all that + + align:start position:0% +ideas don't seem to spread all that + + + align:start position:0% +ideas don't seem to spread all that +well. Good + + align:start position:0% +well. Good + + + align:start position:0% +well. Good +ideas. And of + + align:start position:0% +ideas. And of + + + align:start position:0% +ideas. And of +course, there are many problems + + align:start position:0% +course, there are many problems + + + align:start position:0% +course, there are many problems +with the fact that you subdivising land + + align:start position:0% +with the fact that you subdivising land + + + align:start position:0% +with the fact that you subdivising land +only for another class of people who can + + align:start position:0% +only for another class of people who can + + + align:start position:0% +only for another class of people who can +pay the economic + + align:start position:0% +pay the economic + + + align:start position:0% +pay the economic +rent through the leaseold system of the + + align:start position:0% +rent through the leaseold system of the + + + align:start position:0% +rent through the leaseold system of the +subdivided estates. + + align:start position:0% +subdivided estates. + + + align:start position:0% +subdivided estates. +But the + + align:start position:0% +But the + + + align:start position:0% +But the +extraordinary notion of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using of + + align:start position:0% +using of + + + align:start position:0% +using of +building there 151 residential squares + + align:start position:0% +building there 151 residential squares + + + align:start position:0% +building there 151 residential squares +in western + + align:start position:0% +in western + + + align:start position:0% +in western +London 77 between 1800 and + + align:start position:0% +London 77 between 1800 and + + + align:start position:0% +London 77 between 1800 and +1850 but + + align:start position:0% +1850 but + + + align:start position:0% +1850 but +starting in + + align:start position:0% +starting in + + + align:start position:0% +starting in +1631 with one + + align:start position:0% +1631 with one + + + align:start position:0% +1631 with one +which is famous for other reasons. + + align:start position:0% +which is famous for other reasons. + + + align:start position:0% +which is famous for other reasons. +reasons. It name is Covent Garden. Why + + align:start position:0% +reasons. It name is Covent Garden. Why + + + align:start position:0% +reasons. It name is Covent Garden. Why +is it called Covent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Garden? But you know nothing about + + align:start position:0% +Garden? But you know nothing about + + + align:start position:0% +Garden? But you know nothing about +London. You need really to spend some + + align:start position:0% +London. You need really to spend some + + + align:start position:0% +London. You need really to spend some +time in London learning about how this + + align:start position:0% +time in London learning about how this + + + align:start position:0% +time in London learning about how this +great city got to put + + align:start position:0% +great city got to put + + + align:start position:0% +great city got to put +together. Henry VIII didn't like + + align:start position:0% +together. Henry VIII didn't like + + + align:start position:0% +together. Henry VIII didn't like +Catholicism. So he closed the convent. + + align:start position:0% +Catholicism. So he closed the convent. + + + align:start position:0% +Catholicism. So he closed the convent. +The convent which became Covent Garden + + align:start position:0% +The convent which became Covent Garden + + + align:start position:0% +The convent which became Covent Garden +was handed over to the Bedford's family + + align:start position:0% +was handed over to the Bedford's family + + + align:start position:0% +was handed over to the Bedford's family +who employed British the great British + + align:start position:0% +who employed British the great British + + + align:start position:0% +who employed British the great British +architect who was the greatest British + + align:start position:0% +architect who was the greatest British + + + align:start position:0% +architect who was the greatest British +architect in the 17th century. + + align:start position:0% +architect in the 17th century. + + + align:start position:0% +architect in the 17th century. +H + + align:start position:0% +H + + + align:start position:0% +H +Indigo Jones. Do you know the name + + align:start position:0% +Indigo Jones. Do you know the name + + + align:start position:0% +Indigo Jones. Do you know the name +Indigo Jones? You should know them if + + align:start position:0% +Indigo Jones? You should know them if + + + align:start position:0% +Indigo Jones? You should know them if +you've studied the history of + + align:start position:0% +you've studied the history of + + + align:start position:0% +you've studied the history of +architecture. Mind you, the history of + + align:start position:0% +architecture. Mind you, the history of + + + align:start position:0% +architecture. Mind you, the history of +architecture is so badly taught that I'm + + align:start position:0% +architecture is so badly taught that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +architecture is so badly taught that I'm +not surprised that nobody knows the name + + align:start position:0% +not surprised that nobody knows the name + + + align:start position:0% +not surprised that nobody knows the name +of Indigo Jones. Indigo Jones is an + + align:start position:0% +of Indigo Jones. Indigo Jones is an + + + align:start position:0% +of Indigo Jones. Indigo Jones is an +interesting man in his own right. + + align:start position:0% +interesting man in his own right. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting man in his own right. +Um, historians have often thought that + + align:start position:0% +Um, historians have often thought that + + + align:start position:0% +Um, historians have often thought that +he's the term indigo came from the fact + + align:start position:0% +he's the term indigo came from the fact + + + align:start position:0% +he's the term indigo came from the fact +that he was Welsh, but it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +that he was Welsh, but it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +that he was Welsh, but it turns out that +recent history has found that he + + align:start position:0% +recent history has found that he + + + align:start position:0% +recent history has found that he +actually traveled to India and he was + + align:start position:0% +actually traveled to India and he was + + + align:start position:0% +actually traveled to India and he was +probably homosexual taken to India by + + align:start position:0% +probably homosexual taken to India by + + + align:start position:0% +probably homosexual taken to India by +one of the + + align:start position:0% +one of the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the +aristocracy and there are drawings of + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy and there are drawings of + + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy and there are drawings of +him + + align:start position:0% +him + + + align:start position:0% +him +done in India which make his life a + + align:start position:0% +done in India which make his life a + + + align:start position:0% +done in India which make his life a +little more complex and perhaps a little + + align:start position:0% +little more complex and perhaps a little + + + align:start position:0% +little more complex and perhaps a little +more interesting. Anyway, he built a + + align:start position:0% +more interesting. Anyway, he built a + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting. Anyway, he built a +kind of he built a + + align:start position:0% +kind of he built a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of he built a +church St. Martins's in the fields + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh as the + + align:start position:0% +uh as the + + + align:start position:0% +uh as the +main component of the + + align:start position:0% +main component of the + + + align:start position:0% +main component of the +square. The rest of the square was + + align:start position:0% +square. The rest of the square was + + + align:start position:0% +square. The rest of the square was +empty. There was some residential + + align:start position:0% +empty. There was some residential + + + align:start position:0% +empty. There was some residential +accommodation and arcades which Jones + + align:start position:0% +accommodation and arcades which Jones + + + align:start position:0% +accommodation and arcades which Jones +designed but the center became + + align:start position:0% +designed but the center became + + + align:start position:0% +designed but the center became +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +market. It became the famous market and + + align:start position:0% +market. It became the famous market and + + + align:start position:0% +market. It became the famous market and +developed into Covent Garden which the + + align:start position:0% +developed into Covent Garden which the + + + align:start position:0% +developed into Covent Garden which the +great opera house of Covent Garden. I + + align:start position:0% +great opera house of Covent Garden. I + + + align:start position:0% +great opera house of Covent Garden. I +don't know if there's any connection + + align:start position:0% +don't know if there's any connection + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if there's any connection +between an opera house and a + + align:start position:0% +between an opera house and a + + + align:start position:0% +between an opera house and a +agricultural market but the British seem + + align:start position:0% +agricultural market but the British seem + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural market but the British seem +to do these strange things. + + align:start position:0% +to do these strange things. + + + align:start position:0% +to do these strange things. +Perhaps the market produced a number of + + align:start position:0% +Perhaps the market produced a number of + + + align:start position:0% +Perhaps the market produced a number of +people who sang and became an opera + + align:start position:0% +people who sang and became an opera + + + align:start position:0% +people who sang and became an opera +company. Uh so history + + align:start position:0% +company. Uh so history + + + align:start position:0% +company. Uh so history +is adjacency perhaps + + align:start position:0% +is adjacency perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +is adjacency perhaps +produces. + + align:start position:0% +produces. + + + align:start position:0% +produces. +Um, what more can I say other than to + + align:start position:0% +Um, what more can I say other than to + + + align:start position:0% +Um, what more can I say other than to +look with you at some of these + + align:start position:0% +look with you at some of these + + + align:start position:0% +look with you at some of these +subdivisions I've given you. Um, in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +handout on the first + + align:start position:0% +handout on the first + + + align:start position:0% +handout on the first +page, if I remember correctly, the land + + align:start position:0% +page, if I remember correctly, the land + + + align:start position:0% +page, if I remember correctly, the land +holdings are they numbered? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Number five is the groa land and number + + align:start position:0% +Number five is the groa land and number + + + align:start position:0% +Number five is the groa land and number +two is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crown on the diagram above + + align:start position:0% +crown on the diagram above + + + align:start position:0% +crown on the diagram above +that. It's got a lot of stuff on it, + + align:start position:0% +that. It's got a lot of stuff on it, + + + align:start position:0% +that. It's got a lot of stuff on it, +rather complicated. But + + align:start position:0% +rather complicated. But + + + align:start position:0% +rather complicated. But +essentially, starting in + + align:start position:0% +essentially, starting in + + + align:start position:0% +essentially, starting in +1631, Covent Garden, you + + align:start position:0% +1631, Covent Garden, you + + + align:start position:0% +1631, Covent Garden, you +see a + + align:start position:0% +see a + + + align:start position:0% +see a +slow growth of subdivisions of these big + + align:start position:0% +slow growth of subdivisions of these big + + + align:start position:0% +slow growth of subdivisions of these big +estates. And with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a s John summer was + + align:start position:0% +a s John summer was + + + align:start position:0% +a s John summer was +called the great period in London + + align:start position:0% +called the great period in London + + + align:start position:0% +called the great period in London +building from about + + align:start position:0% +building from about + + + align:start position:0% +building from about +1730 to 1800 and so the Georgian period. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's interesting that these buildings, + + align:start position:0% +It's interesting that these buildings, + + + align:start position:0% +It's interesting that these buildings, +there is new residential armatures to + + align:start position:0% +there is new residential armatures to + + + align:start position:0% +there is new residential armatures to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +squares were built according to strict + + align:start position:0% +squares were built according to strict + + + align:start position:0% +squares were built according to strict +rules. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, one of the reasons for + + align:start position:0% +Um, one of the reasons for + + + align:start position:0% +Um, one of the reasons for +the careful m maintenance of these is + + align:start position:0% +the careful m maintenance of these is + + + align:start position:0% +the careful m maintenance of these is +the these estates, subdivided + + align:start position:0% +the these estates, subdivided + + + align:start position:0% +the these estates, subdivided +estates, is not only because of the land + + align:start position:0% +estates, is not only because of the land + + + align:start position:0% +estates, is not only because of the land +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +expensive, but because of the one of + + align:start position:0% +expensive, but because of the one of + + + align:start position:0% +expensive, but because of the one of +the changes that the British land policy + + align:start position:0% +the changes that the British land policy + + + align:start position:0% +the changes that the British land policy +adopted, switching from freehold to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +desold. Royal land could never be + + align:start position:0% +desold. Royal land could never be + + + align:start position:0% +desold. Royal land could never be +sold. Freehold land was given by the + + align:start position:0% +sold. Freehold land was given by the + + + align:start position:0% +sold. Freehold land was given by the +king to + + align:start position:0% +king to + + + align:start position:0% +king to +a client who had served the king or + + align:start position:0% +a client who had served the king or + + + align:start position:0% +a client who had served the king or +queen admirably. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +No resolution of that was possible until + + align:start position:0% +No resolution of that was possible until + + + align:start position:0% +No resolution of that was possible until +parliament realizing the advantage + + align:start position:0% +parliament realizing the advantage + + + align:start position:0% +parliament realizing the advantage +economic advantages of this land and the + + align:start position:0% +economic advantages of this land and the + + + align:start position:0% +economic advantages of this land and the +emergence of an economic class of + + align:start position:0% +emergence of an economic class of + + + align:start position:0% +emergence of an economic class of +private + + align:start position:0% +private + + + align:start position:0% +private +buyers decided to pass a version which + + align:start position:0% +buyers decided to pass a version which + + + align:start position:0% +buyers decided to pass a version which +is called leaseold which meant that you + + align:start position:0% +is called leaseold which meant that you + + + align:start position:0% +is called leaseold which meant that you +were allowed as a royal aristocrat to + + align:start position:0% +were allowed as a royal aristocrat to + + + align:start position:0% +were allowed as a royal aristocrat to +subdivide your land over a + + align:start position:0% +subdivide your land over a + + + align:start position:0% +subdivide your land over a +and lease it to somebody for a long + + align:start position:0% +and lease it to somebody for a long + + + align:start position:0% +and lease it to somebody for a long +period of time. I mean 90 years, 100 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +years. Some I think argues that in order + + align:start position:0% +years. Some I think argues that in order + + + align:start position:0% +years. Some I think argues that in order +to maintain the quality of the + + align:start position:0% +to maintain the quality of the + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain the quality of the +property, attention had to be paid to + + align:start position:0% +property, attention had to be paid to + + + align:start position:0% +property, attention had to be paid to +the design of the buildings and the + + align:start position:0% +the design of the buildings and the + + + align:start position:0% +the design of the buildings and the +quality of the maintenance. I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +quality of the maintenance. I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the maintenance. I'm not sure +about that. So it's a bit foggy as to + + align:start position:0% +about that. So it's a bit foggy as to + + + align:start position:0% +about that. So it's a bit foggy as to +whether the leaseold system doesn't + + align:start position:0% +whether the leaseold system doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +whether the leaseold system doesn't +automatically imply a good maintenance + + align:start position:0% +automatically imply a good maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +automatically imply a good maintenance +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property. The diagram + + align:start position:0% +property. The diagram + + + align:start position:0% +property. The diagram +below you can see now two which is where + + align:start position:0% +below you can see now two which is where + + + align:start position:0% +below you can see now two which is where +Buckingham Palace is now. Two stretching + + align:start position:0% +Buckingham Palace is now. Two stretching + + + align:start position:0% +Buckingham Palace is now. Two stretching +all the way to the river. + + align:start position:0% +all the way to the river. + + + align:start position:0% +all the way to the river. +two stretching up to Regent's Park, + + align:start position:0% +two stretching up to Regent's Park, + + + align:start position:0% +two stretching up to Regent's Park, +which we'll talk about in a minute, and + + align:start position:0% +which we'll talk about in a minute, and + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll talk about in a minute, and +number five stretching roughly from the + + align:start position:0% +number five stretching roughly from the + + + align:start position:0% +number five stretching roughly from the +river very close to number two all the + + align:start position:0% +river very close to number two all the + + + align:start position:0% +river very close to number two all the +way up to Oxford Street, which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is well, I don't know if it's exactly + + align:start position:0% +is well, I don't know if it's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +is well, I don't know if it's exactly +Oxford Street, but in the proximity of + + align:start position:0% +Oxford Street, but in the proximity of + + + align:start position:0% +Oxford Street, but in the proximity of +Oxford Street, these + + align:start position:0% +Oxford Street, these + + + align:start position:0% +Oxford Street, these +diagrams show the subdivision of one of + + align:start position:0% +diagrams show the subdivision of one of + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams show the subdivision of one of +the two of the states. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The matrix of comparative orders + + align:start position:0% +The matrix of comparative orders + + + align:start position:0% +The matrix of comparative orders +argument is from an MIT thesis which + + align:start position:0% +argument is from an MIT thesis which + + + align:start position:0% +argument is from an MIT thesis which +argues + + align:start position:0% +argues + + + align:start position:0% +argues +that West + + align:start position:0% +that West + + + align:start position:0% +that West +London suggests an indeter intermediate + + align:start position:0% +London suggests an indeter intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +London suggests an indeter intermediate +order the textual order such as Rome, + + align:start position:0% +order the textual order such as Rome, + + + align:start position:0% +order the textual order such as Rome, +Parma, Delhi, Paris and so on on the + + align:start position:0% +Parma, Delhi, Paris and so on on the + + + align:start position:0% +Parma, Delhi, Paris and so on on the +left and the intermediate order of West + + align:start position:0% +left and the intermediate order of West + + + align:start position:0% +left and the intermediate order of West +London + + align:start position:0% +London + + + align:start position:0% +London +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and monumental orders and intermediate + + align:start position:0% +and monumental orders and intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +and monumental orders and intermediate +order of another kind in bath and so on. + + align:start position:0% +order of another kind in bath and so on. + + + align:start position:0% +order of another kind in bath and so on. +You can read this and work it out + + align:start position:0% +You can read this and work it out + + + align:start position:0% +You can read this and work it out +yourself. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The regent dental squares generally had + + align:start position:0% +The regent dental squares generally had + + + align:start position:0% +The regent dental squares generally had +gardens in the center + + align:start position:0% +gardens in the center + + + align:start position:0% +gardens in the center +space. + + align:start position:0% +space. + + + align:start position:0% +space. +Then first gardens were private + + align:start position:0% +Then first gardens were private + + + align:start position:0% +Then first gardens were private +gardens. You inserted in the center of + + align:start position:0% +gardens. You inserted in the center of + + + align:start position:0% +gardens. You inserted in the center of +the residential space a garden which was + + align:start position:0% +the residential space a garden which was + + + align:start position:0% +the residential space a garden which was +gated. + + align:start position:0% +gated. + + + align:start position:0% +gated. +This is a strange idea to insert in the + + align:start position:0% +This is a strange idea to insert in the + + + align:start position:0% +This is a strange idea to insert in the +public domain a + + align:start position:0% +public domain a + + + align:start position:0% +public domain a +private only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use. The British never had large gardens + + align:start position:0% +use. The British never had large gardens + + + align:start position:0% +use. The British never had large gardens +of their + + align:start position:0% +of their + + + align:start position:0% +of their +own. So in some sense it was a formal + + align:start position:0% +own. So in some sense it was a formal + + + align:start position:0% +own. So in some sense it was a formal +substitution of a private garden into a + + align:start position:0% +substitution of a private garden into a + + + align:start position:0% +substitution of a private garden into a +communal private garden. + + align:start position:0% +communal private garden. + + + align:start position:0% +communal private garden. +A very interesting idea. Although as + + align:start position:0% +A very interesting idea. Although as + + + align:start position:0% +A very interesting idea. Although as +time passed this idea passed and the + + align:start position:0% +time passed this idea passed and the + + + align:start position:0% +time passed this idea passed and the +central squares became public, the later + + align:start position:0% +central squares became public, the later + + + align:start position:0% +central squares became public, the later +ones were 18 19th century ones were + + align:start position:0% +ones were 18 19th century ones were + + + align:start position:0% +ones were 18 19th century ones were +public + + align:start position:0% +public + + + align:start position:0% +public +generally. It's an extraordinary formal + + align:start position:0% +generally. It's an extraordinary formal + + + align:start position:0% +generally. It's an extraordinary formal +device. When we look at four examples of + + align:start position:0% +device. When we look at four examples of + + + align:start position:0% +device. When we look at four examples of +the residential squares, you'll see the + + align:start position:0% +the residential squares, you'll see the + + + align:start position:0% +the residential squares, you'll see the +subtle ways in which all of them try to + + align:start position:0% +subtle ways in which all of them try to + + + align:start position:0% +subtle ways in which all of them try to +play around with certain ideas. the use + + align:start position:0% +play around with certain ideas. the use + + + align:start position:0% +play around with certain ideas. the use +of the road, the use of monuments, the + + align:start position:0% +of the road, the use of monuments, the + + + align:start position:0% +of the road, the use of monuments, the +garden, the position of the mana house + + align:start position:0% +garden, the position of the mana house + + + align:start position:0% +garden, the position of the mana house +and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on. The muse of London were the servant + + align:start position:0% +on. The muse of London were the servant + + + align:start position:0% +on. The muse of London were the servant +quarters of these great estates. Do you + + align:start position:0% +quarters of these great estates. Do you + + + align:start position:0% +quarters of these great estates. Do you +know the word muse? + + align:start position:0% +know the word muse? + + + align:start position:0% +know the word muse? +Mws. They some of the most expensive + + align:start position:0% +Mws. They some of the most expensive + + + align:start position:0% +Mws. They some of the most expensive +real estate in London today. They were + + align:start position:0% +real estate in London today. They were + + + align:start position:0% +real estate in London today. They were +the servant quarters. It's only the + + align:start position:0% +the servant quarters. It's only the + + + align:start position:0% +the servant quarters. It's only the +wealthy who can afford to live in + + align:start position:0% +wealthy who can afford to live in + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy who can afford to live in +previous servant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quarters. It's another rule which you + + align:start position:0% +quarters. It's another rule which you + + + align:start position:0% +quarters. It's another rule which you +might + + align:start position:0% +might + + + align:start position:0% +might +remember. If land becomes valuable + + align:start position:0% +remember. If land becomes valuable + + + align:start position:0% +remember. If land becomes valuable +enough, small space which is allocated + + align:start position:0% +enough, small space which is allocated + + + align:start position:0% +enough, small space which is allocated +appropriately to the workers, working + + align:start position:0% +appropriately to the workers, working + + + align:start position:0% +appropriately to the workers, working +class becomes wealthy enough to become + + align:start position:0% +class becomes wealthy enough to become + + + align:start position:0% +class becomes wealthy enough to become +the sole occupant, the sole + + align:start position:0% +the sole occupant, the sole + + + align:start position:0% +the sole occupant, the sole +proprie wealthy family. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +When we talk about Paris on Thursday, + + align:start position:0% +When we talk about Paris on Thursday, + + + align:start position:0% +When we talk about Paris on Thursday, +you'll see the use of the public square + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the use of the public square + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the use of the public square +in Paris. + + align:start position:0% +in Paris. + + + align:start position:0% +in Paris. +uh the plus royale for instance the + + align:start position:0% +uh the plus royale for instance the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the plus royale for instance the +beginning of the 17th century now then + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the 17th century now then + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the 17th century now then +later renamed the plus devog + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh as really the anticidence antecedent + + align:start position:0% +uh as really the anticidence antecedent + + + align:start position:0% +uh as really the anticidence antecedent +of the covenant garden plan. The covent + + align:start position:0% +of the covenant garden plan. The covent + + + align:start position:0% +of the covenant garden plan. The covent +garden plan had an empty center which + + align:start position:0% +garden plan had an empty center which + + + align:start position:0% +garden plan had an empty center which +was then occupied by a market. The plus + + align:start position:0% +was then occupied by a market. The plus + + + align:start position:0% +was then occupied by a market. The plus +Royale was the + + align:start position:0% +Royale was the + + + align:start position:0% +Royale was the +house. The residential environment + + align:start position:0% +house. The residential environment + + + align:start position:0% +house. The residential environment +surrounding the plus Royale was for the + + align:start position:0% +surrounding the plus Royale was for the + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding the plus Royale was for the +French + + align:start position:0% +French + + + align:start position:0% +French +aristocracy and the royal court. + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy and the royal court. + + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy and the royal court. +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +French never followed the residential + + align:start position:0% +French never followed the residential + + + align:start position:0% +French never followed the residential +subdivision of the British pattern. And + + align:start position:0% +subdivision of the British pattern. And + + + align:start position:0% +subdivision of the British pattern. And +many people including Ras Musen, London, + + align:start position:0% +many people including Ras Musen, London, + + + align:start position:0% +many people including Ras Musen, London, +the unique city, uh have commented on + + align:start position:0% +the unique city, uh have commented on + + + align:start position:0% +the unique city, uh have commented on +the fact that London has always been a + + align:start position:0% +the fact that London has always been a + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that London has always been a +series of small endeavors, short + + align:start position:0% +series of small endeavors, short + + + align:start position:0% +series of small endeavors, short +vistas. There's no main street in + + align:start position:0% +vistas. There's no main street in + + + align:start position:0% +vistas. There's no main street in +London. There's no no main avenue in + + align:start position:0% +London. There's no no main avenue in + + + align:start position:0% +London. There's no no main avenue in +London. There's no great avenue + + align:start position:0% +London. There's no great avenue + + + align:start position:0% +London. There's no great avenue +connecting major parts of the city as + + align:start position:0% +connecting major parts of the city as + + + align:start position:0% +connecting major parts of the city as +was the principle of subdivision or + + align:start position:0% +was the principle of subdivision or + + + align:start position:0% +was the principle of subdivision or +special organization in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Paris. In the early part of the 19th + + align:start position:0% +Paris. In the early part of the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +Paris. In the early part of the 19th +century, the print regent + + align:start position:0% +century, the print regent + + + align:start position:0% +century, the print regent +uh and a very slick architect developer + + align:start position:0% +uh and a very slick architect developer + + + align:start position:0% +uh and a very slick architect developer +called John + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Nash hat etched a plan. the region the + + align:start position:0% +Nash hat etched a plan. the region the + + + align:start position:0% +Nash hat etched a plan. the region the +the crown owned regions park to the + + align:start position:0% +the crown owned regions park to the + + + align:start position:0% +the crown owned regions park to the +north and there was some notion that you + + align:start position:0% +north and there was some notion that you + + + align:start position:0% +north and there was some notion that you +might be able to connect the crown land + + align:start position:0% +might be able to connect the crown land + + + align:start position:0% +might be able to connect the crown land +with the crown land on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +south. It + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +took the making of a new street to + + align:start position:0% +took the making of a new street to + + + align:start position:0% +took the making of a new street to +enable to do that. Here you have a + + align:start position:0% +enable to do that. Here you have a + + + align:start position:0% +enable to do that. Here you have a +beginning of the sensibility of + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the sensibility of + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the sensibility of +Paris. Louisie Napoleon who became the + + align:start position:0% +Paris. Louisie Napoleon who became the + + + align:start position:0% +Paris. Louisie Napoleon who became the +the French king and the patron of Baron + + align:start position:0% +the French king and the patron of Baron + + + align:start position:0% +the French king and the patron of Baron +Hman from 1848 to + + align:start position:0% +Hman from 1848 to + + + align:start position:0% +Hman from 1848 to +1870 was in London at the time. He also + + align:start position:0% +1870 was in London at the time. He also + + + align:start position:0% +1870 was in London at the time. He also +spent time in Boston. Uh apparently made + + align:start position:0% +spent time in Boston. Uh apparently made + + + align:start position:0% +spent time in Boston. Uh apparently made +a drawing of the future of London in the + + align:start position:0% +a drawing of the future of London in the + + + align:start position:0% +a drawing of the future of London in the +one of the restaurants in Boston. Um + + align:start position:0% +one of the restaurants in Boston. Um + + + align:start position:0% +one of the restaurants in Boston. Um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um Regent Street has two major qualities + + align:start position:0% +um Regent Street has two major qualities + + + align:start position:0% +um Regent Street has two major qualities +about it. Number one, it was able to be + + align:start position:0% +about it. Number one, it was able to be + + + align:start position:0% +about it. Number one, it was able to be +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +only spatial feature which was able to + + align:start position:0% +only spatial feature which was able to + + + align:start position:0% +only spatial feature which was able to +be made in London despite the edict that + + align:start position:0% +be made in London despite the edict that + + + align:start position:0% +be made in London despite the edict that +London property should remain in the + + align:start position:0% +London property should remain in the + + + align:start position:0% +London property should remain in the +hands of whoever owned it unless + + align:start position:0% +hands of whoever owned it unless + + + align:start position:0% +hands of whoever owned it unless +bought. You needed + + align:start position:0% +bought. You needed + + + align:start position:0% +bought. You needed +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +qualities to build a new + + align:start position:0% +qualities to build a new + + + align:start position:0% +qualities to build a new +street. You needed an individual who had + + align:start position:0% +street. You needed an individual who had + + + align:start position:0% +street. You needed an individual who had +the energy to push the scheme through a + + align:start position:0% +the energy to push the scheme through a + + + align:start position:0% +the energy to push the scheme through a +good route, an act of parliament and + + align:start position:0% +good route, an act of parliament and + + + align:start position:0% +good route, an act of parliament and +about a million + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pounds. The prince + + align:start position:0% +pounds. The prince + + + align:start position:0% +pounds. The prince +regent and Nash had the authority and + + align:start position:0% +regent and Nash had the authority and + + + align:start position:0% +regent and Nash had the authority and +the money to do this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The merchants of the street is a + + align:start position:0% +The merchants of the street is a + + + align:start position:0% +The merchants of the street is a +phenomenon in + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon in + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon in +itself. We will examine that a bit later + + align:start position:0% +itself. We will examine that a bit later + + + align:start position:0% +itself. We will examine that a bit later +in the class. Referring to the writing + + align:start position:0% +in the class. Referring to the writing + + + align:start position:0% +in the class. Referring to the writing +of David Freriedman on this subject + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh was contrary to + + align:start position:0% +uh was contrary to + + + align:start position:0% +uh was contrary to +principle of land of division in in + + align:start position:0% +principle of land of division in in + + + align:start position:0% +principle of land of division in in +England. + + align:start position:0% +England. + + + align:start position:0% +England. +Um, and it was + + align:start position:0% +Um, and it was + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and it was +possible through the genius of Nash and + + align:start position:0% +possible through the genius of Nash and + + + align:start position:0% +possible through the genius of Nash and +his enormous energy. + + align:start position:0% +his enormous energy. + + + align:start position:0% +his enormous energy. +And there's an interesting aspect to + + align:start position:0% +And there's an interesting aspect to + + + align:start position:0% +And there's an interesting aspect to +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +street. If you + + align:start position:0% +street. If you + + + align:start position:0% +street. If you +look between Oxford Street and Portland + + align:start position:0% +look between Oxford Street and Portland + + + align:start position:0% +look between Oxford Street and Portland +Place, there's something called All + + align:start position:0% +Place, there's something called All + + + align:start position:0% +Place, there's something called All +Souls Church. Do you see + + align:start position:0% +Souls Church. Do you see + + + align:start position:0% +Souls Church. Do you see +it? When you go to London, go and look + + align:start position:0% +it? When you go to London, go and look + + + align:start position:0% +it? When you go to London, go and look +at All Souls Church. + + align:start position:0% +at All Souls Church. + + + align:start position:0% +at All Souls Church. +It's piece of architecture which + + align:start position:0% +It's piece of architecture which + + + align:start position:0% +It's piece of architecture which +indicates a fundamental principle of + + align:start position:0% +indicates a fundamental principle of + + + align:start position:0% +indicates a fundamental principle of +urbanism. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You cannot buy the + + align:start position:0% +You cannot buy the + + + align:start position:0% +You cannot buy the +property over + + align:start position:0% +property over + + + align:start position:0% +property over +here or over here. In order to make a + + align:start position:0% +here or over here. In order to make a + + + align:start position:0% +here or over here. In order to make a +street run straight + + align:start position:0% +street run straight + + + align:start position:0% +street run straight +through and you have to create a bypass, + + align:start position:0% +through and you have to create a bypass, + + + align:start position:0% +through and you have to create a bypass, +you design a circus in front of the + + align:start position:0% +you design a circus in front of the + + + align:start position:0% +you design a circus in front of the +church. A circus being a + + align:start position:0% +church. A circus being a + + + align:start position:0% +church. A circus being a +spherical space, open + + align:start position:0% +spherical space, open + + + align:start position:0% +spherical space, open +space in front of the church + + align:start position:0% +space in front of the church + + + align:start position:0% +space in front of the church +to carry the flow of the + + align:start position:0% +to carry the flow of the + + + align:start position:0% +to carry the flow of the +road through like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this. Do you understand the principle? + + align:start position:0% +this. Do you understand the principle? + + + align:start position:0% +this. Do you understand the principle? +It's not a cosmic idea, but it's an + + align:start position:0% +It's not a cosmic idea, but it's an + + + align:start position:0% +It's not a cosmic idea, but it's an +idea. There aren't many cosmic ideas in + + align:start position:0% +idea. There aren't many cosmic ideas in + + + align:start position:0% +idea. There aren't many cosmic ideas in +urbanism. + + align:start position:0% +urbanism. + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism. +not in England they small + + align:start position:0% +not in England they small + + + align:start position:0% +not in England they small +ideas London + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is according + + align:start position:0% +is according + + + align:start position:0% +is according +to somebody whom I quote I don't + + align:start position:0% +to somebody whom I quote I don't + + + align:start position:0% +to somebody whom I quote I don't +remember his name or her name London is + + align:start position:0% +remember his name or her name London is + + + align:start position:0% +remember his name or her name London is +a city of small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +realities is another + + align:start position:0% +realities is another + + + align:start position:0% +realities is another +significant feature + + align:start position:0% +significant feature + + + align:start position:0% +significant feature +of regent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +street. Between 1840 and 1916, a man + + align:start position:0% +street. Between 1840 and 1916, a man + + + align:start position:0% +street. Between 1840 and 1916, a man +called Charles + + align:start position:0% +called Charles + + + align:start position:0% +called Charles +Booth worked in London. He wrote a book + + align:start position:0% +Booth worked in London. He wrote a book + + + align:start position:0% +Booth worked in London. He wrote a book +called Life and Labor of the People of + + align:start position:0% +called Life and Labor of the People of + + + align:start position:0% +called Life and Labor of the People of +London, 12 volumes, published between + + align:start position:0% +London, 12 volumes, published between + + + align:start position:0% +London, 12 volumes, published between +1889 and 1900. What did Booth do? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +He produced something for the first + + align:start position:0% +He produced something for the first + + + align:start position:0% +He produced something for the first +time which if + + align:start position:0% +time which if + + + align:start position:0% +time which if +you know something about urbanism would + + align:start position:0% +you know something about urbanism would + + + align:start position:0% +you know something about urbanism would +recognize + + align:start position:0% +recognize + + + align:start position:0% +recognize +immediately. He made a map of + + align:start position:0% +immediately. He made a map of + + + align:start position:0% +immediately. He made a map of +poverty. He made the first map showing + + align:start position:0% +poverty. He made the first map showing + + + align:start position:0% +poverty. He made the first map showing +income on a on on a plane. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +What? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh, Oxford Street. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Boo + + align:start position:0% +Boo + + + align:start position:0% +Boo +map indicates that there are more poor + + align:start position:0% +map indicates that there are more poor + + + align:start position:0% +map indicates that there are more poor +people living on this side of Regent + + align:start position:0% +people living on this side of Regent + + + align:start position:0% +people living on this side of Regent +Street than on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side. So what do you use new roads + + align:start position:0% +side. So what do you use new roads + + + align:start position:0% +side. So what do you use new roads +for? This is what Engles observed in + + align:start position:0% +for? This is what Engles observed in + + + align:start position:0% +for? This is what Engles observed in +Manchester. + + align:start position:0% +Manchester. + + + align:start position:0% +Manchester. +Roads can serve the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +Roads can serve the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +Roads can serve the purpose of +subdividing + + align:start position:0% +subdividing + + + align:start position:0% +subdividing +property. Land on this side is much less + + align:start position:0% +property. Land on this side is much less + + + align:start position:0% +property. Land on this side is much less +valuable than on that side. This is + + align:start position:0% +valuable than on that side. This is + + + align:start position:0% +valuable than on that side. This is +where by the way Wes Snow did his + + align:start position:0% +where by the way Wes Snow did his + + + align:start position:0% +where by the way Wes Snow did his +experiments on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cholera. So we learned a number of these + + align:start position:0% +cholera. So we learned a number of these + + + align:start position:0% +cholera. So we learned a number of these +B little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +micror attributes of urbanism. + + align:start position:0% +micror attributes of urbanism. + + + align:start position:0% +micror attributes of urbanism. +smallcale now + + align:start position:0% +smallcale now + + + align:start position:0% +smallcale now +things major + + align:start position:0% +things major + + + align:start position:0% +things major +revenues on one side major lack of + + align:start position:0% +revenues on one side major lack of + + + align:start position:0% +revenues on one side major lack of +revenue on another + + align:start position:0% +revenue on another + + + align:start position:0% +revenue on another +side region street is carefully + + align:start position:0% +side region street is carefully + + + align:start position:0% +side region street is carefully +modulated as Moses's highways were in + + align:start position:0% +modulated as Moses's highways were in + + + align:start position:0% +modulated as Moses's highways were in +relation to land values you can't build + + align:start position:0% +relation to land values you can't build + + + align:start position:0% +relation to land values you can't build +a public road straight through expensive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property roads can be deviated + + align:start position:0% +property roads can be deviated + + + align:start position:0% +property roads can be deviated +Sometimes they create spatial avenues of + + align:start position:0% +Sometimes they create spatial avenues of + + + align:start position:0% +Sometimes they create spatial avenues of +great charm by virtue of them twisting + + align:start position:0% +great charm by virtue of them twisting + + + align:start position:0% +great charm by virtue of them twisting +around. But the basic motivation is not + + align:start position:0% +around. But the basic motivation is not + + + align:start position:0% +around. But the basic motivation is not +aesthetic, it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +economic. The other great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Have we got + + align:start position:0% +Have we got + + + align:start position:0% +Have we got +time? + + align:start position:0% +time? + + + align:start position:0% +time? +Okay. In the required reading for this + + align:start position:0% +Okay. In the required reading for this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. In the required reading for this +class, there was a piece which I wrote + + align:start position:0% +class, there was a piece which I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +class, there was a piece which I wrote +about instruments of + + align:start position:0% +about instruments of + + + align:start position:0% +about instruments of +application in the 19th century. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I won't have time to go through them. + + align:start position:0% +I won't have time to go through them. + + + align:start position:0% +I won't have time to go through them. +The first is the invention of the + + align:start position:0% +The first is the invention of the + + + align:start position:0% +The first is the invention of the +constant repayment advertised building + + align:start position:0% +constant repayment advertised building + + + align:start position:0% +constant repayment advertised building +loan. The + + align:start position:0% +loan. The + + + align:start position:0% +loan. The +second is the transformation of the + + align:start position:0% +second is the transformation of the + + + align:start position:0% +second is the transformation of the +building union building guilds into a + + align:start position:0% +building union building guilds into a + + + align:start position:0% +building union building guilds into a +permanent building society for the + + align:start position:0% +permanent building society for the + + + align:start position:0% +permanent building society for the +lending of money. + + align:start position:0% +lending of money. + + + align:start position:0% +lending of money. +The third is the transformation of the + + align:start position:0% +The third is the transformation of the + + + align:start position:0% +The third is the transformation of the +pre-industrial guild of builders into a + + align:start position:0% +pre-industrial guild of builders into a + + + align:start position:0% +pre-industrial guild of builders into a +19th century + + align:start position:0% +19th century + + + align:start position:0% +19th century +organization started by Thomas Cubert at + + align:start position:0% +organization started by Thomas Cubert at + + + align:start position:0% +organization started by Thomas Cubert at +the age of + + align:start position:0% +the age of + + + align:start position:0% +the age of +27. He + + align:start position:0% +27. He + + + align:start position:0% +27. He +could he employed a + + align:start position:0% +could he employed a + + + align:start position:0% +could he employed a +permanent year-long labor force as + + align:start position:0% +permanent year-long labor force as + + + align:start position:0% +permanent year-long labor force as +opposed to + + align:start position:0% +opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to +dayong labors provided by guild workers. + + align:start position:0% +dayong labors provided by guild workers. + + + align:start position:0% +dayong labors provided by guild workers. +He + + align:start position:0% +He + + + align:start position:0% +He +also could assume + + align:start position:0% +also could assume + + + align:start position:0% +also could assume +uh economic risks and forecast the value + + align:start position:0% +uh economic risks and forecast the value + + + align:start position:0% +uh economic risks and forecast the value +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property. He established what is called + + align:start position:0% +property. He established what is called + + + align:start position:0% +property. He established what is called +the contract in growth. In a in times of + + align:start position:0% +the contract in growth. In a in times of + + + align:start position:0% +the contract in growth. In a in times of +such enormous fluctuating + + align:start position:0% +such enormous fluctuating + + + align:start position:0% +such enormous fluctuating +economy, it's difficult for a large + + align:start position:0% +economy, it's difficult for a large + + + align:start position:0% +economy, it's difficult for a large +investor to predict the cost of what he + + align:start position:0% +investor to predict the cost of what he + + + align:start position:0% +investor to predict the cost of what he +would have to pay at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +would have to pay at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +would have to pay at the end of the +project. + + align:start position:0% +project. + + + align:start position:0% +project. +Cuba revolutionized this by inventing + + align:start position:0% +Cuba revolutionized this by inventing + + + align:start position:0% +Cuba revolutionized this by inventing +the contract in gross by saying to the + + align:start position:0% +the contract in gross by saying to the + + + align:start position:0% +the contract in gross by saying to the +queen it doesn't matter what happens + + align:start position:0% +queen it doesn't matter what happens + + + align:start position:0% +queen it doesn't matter what happens +it's going to take 12 years to finish + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take 12 years to finish + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take 12 years to finish +this project you have to pay 300 million + + align:start position:0% +this project you have to pay 300 million + + + align:start position:0% +this project you have to pay 300 million +pounds at the end of 12 years this is + + align:start position:0% +pounds at the end of 12 years this is + + + align:start position:0% +pounds at the end of 12 years this is +before I mean this isn't a time of + + align:start position:0% +before I mean this isn't a time of + + + align:start position:0% +before I mean this isn't a time of +economics well economics is a modern + + align:start position:0% +economics well economics is a modern + + + align:start position:0% +economics well economics is a modern +science only dates probably from about + + align:start position:0% +science only dates probably from about + + + align:start position:0% +science only dates probably from about +1900 So we have Ricardo and Marx and + + align:start position:0% +1900 So we have Ricardo and Marx and + + + align:start position:0% +1900 So we have Ricardo and Marx and +people like that Mus who weren't much + + align:start position:0% +people like that Mus who weren't much + + + align:start position:0% +people like that Mus who weren't much +help in but Cubert understood that the + + align:start position:0% +help in but Cubert understood that the + + + align:start position:0% +help in but Cubert understood that the +profits he could make by maintaining a + + align:start position:0% +profits he could make by maintaining a + + + align:start position:0% +profits he could make by maintaining a +labor force again we have Marx's notion + + align:start position:0% +labor force again we have Marx's notion + + + align:start position:0% +labor force again we have Marx's notion +of surplus + + align:start position:0% +of surplus + + + align:start position:0% +of surplus +value by having a thousand workers you + + align:start position:0% +value by having a thousand workers you + + + align:start position:0% +value by having a thousand workers you +you reap a share of + + align:start position:0% +you reap a share of + + + align:start position:0% +you reap a share of +the their + + align:start position:0% +the their + + + align:start position:0% +the their +income and therefore you become very + + align:start position:0% +income and therefore you become very + + + align:start position:0% +income and therefore you become very +wealthy according to Marx + + align:start position:0% +wealthy according to Marx + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy according to Marx +anyway. And when you're very wealthy, + + align:start position:0% +anyway. And when you're very wealthy, + + + align:start position:0% +anyway. And when you're very wealthy, +you can take economic risks because you + + align:start position:0% +you can take economic risks because you + + + align:start position:0% +you can take economic risks because you +know what you can produce at what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cost. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um I've mentioned the transformation + + align:start position:0% +Um I've mentioned the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +Um I've mentioned the transformation +from freehold to + + align:start position:0% +from freehold to + + + align:start position:0% +from freehold to +leaseold. The last of these trans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +policy implications is the introduction + + align:start position:0% +policy implications is the introduction + + + align:start position:0% +policy implications is the introduction +of invention of deficit spending which + + align:start position:0% +of invention of deficit spending which + + + align:start position:0% +of invention of deficit spending which +I'll elaborate on more when we talk + + align:start position:0% +I'll elaborate on more when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +I'll elaborate on more when we talk +about Paris. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Paris was the first + + align:start position:0% +Paris was the first + + + align:start position:0% +Paris was the first +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +assume that the + + align:start position:0% +assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the +right of the + + align:start position:0% +right of the + + + align:start position:0% +right of the +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +to private land was + + align:start position:0% +to private land was + + + align:start position:0% +to private land was +great. Was large, significant + + align:start position:0% +great. Was large, significant + + + align:start position:0% +great. Was large, significant +only to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be exceptionally reversed by private + + align:start position:0% +be exceptionally reversed by private + + + align:start position:0% +be exceptionally reversed by private +owners. + + align:start position:0% +owners. + + + align:start position:0% +owners. +Houseman's + + align:start position:0% +Houseman's + + + align:start position:0% +Houseman's +property development schemes were + + align:start position:0% +property development schemes were + + + align:start position:0% +property development schemes were +schemes based on the notion of deficit + + align:start position:0% +schemes based on the notion of deficit + + + align:start position:0% +schemes based on the notion of deficit +spending that the state could engage in + + align:start position:0% +spending that the state could engage in + + + align:start position:0% +spending that the state could engage in +large amounts + + align:start position:0% +large amounts + + + align:start position:0% +large amounts +of capital + + align:start position:0% +of capital + + + align:start position:0% +of capital +deficit on the grounds that it was + + align:start position:0% +deficit on the grounds that it was + + + align:start position:0% +deficit on the grounds that it was +improving the economic condition of the + + align:start position:0% +improving the economic condition of the + + + align:start position:0% +improving the economic condition of the +site and the site would over time pay + + align:start position:0% +site and the site would over time pay + + + align:start position:0% +site and the site would over time pay +back the fact that Houseman's borrowings + + align:start position:0% +back the fact that Houseman's borrowings + + + align:start position:0% +back the fact that Houseman's borrowings +only was paid back in 1928, some 75 + + align:start position:0% +only was paid back in 1928, some 75 + + + align:start position:0% +only was paid back in 1928, some 75 +years after Houseman spent the money. + + align:start position:0% +years after Houseman spent the money. + + + align:start position:0% +years after Houseman spent the money. +Um, is something we'll debate in next + + align:start position:0% +Um, is something we'll debate in next + + + align:start position:0% +Um, is something we'll debate in next +Thursday's + + align:start position:0% +Thursday's + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday's +class. Let's look very quickly at the + + align:start position:0% +class. Let's look very quickly at the + + + align:start position:0% +class. Let's look very quickly at the +idea of the railroad. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +London was the first to + + align:start position:0% +London was the first to + + + align:start position:0% +London was the first to +introduce a train system into the + + align:start position:0% +introduce a train system into the + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a train system into the +compact center of a city as urbanism. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1863, the first subway ran from on the + + align:start position:0% +1863, the first subway ran from on the + + + align:start position:0% +1863, the first subway ran from on the +north eastwards from Padding Paddington + + align:start position:0% +north eastwards from Padding Paddington + + + align:start position:0% +north eastwards from Padding Paddington +station past all of those stations to + + align:start position:0% +station past all of those stations to + + + align:start position:0% +station past all of those stations to +the last one on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bend Fington + + align:start position:0% +bend Fington + + + align:start position:0% +bend Fington +Street. These were cut and + + align:start position:0% +Street. These were cut and + + + align:start position:0% +Street. These were cut and +fill conditions. + + align:start position:0% +fill conditions. + + + align:start position:0% +fill conditions. +There was there was only a small + + align:start position:0% +There was there was only a small + + + align:start position:0% +There was there was only a small +indentation in the earth and the train + + align:start position:0% +indentation in the earth and the train + + + align:start position:0% +indentation in the earth and the train +ran without any ventilation except from + + align:start position:0% +ran without any ventilation except from + + + align:start position:0% +ran without any ventilation except from +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sky. It was enormously successful. There + + align:start position:0% +sky. It was enormously successful. There + + + align:start position:0% +sky. It was enormously successful. There +were million. It ran from 1873 to + + align:start position:0% +were million. It ran from 1873 to + + + align:start position:0% +were million. It ran from 1873 to +1890 at 10 minute regularly at 10-minute + + align:start position:0% +1890 at 10 minute regularly at 10-minute + + + align:start position:0% +1890 at 10 minute regularly at 10-minute +intervals and I think + + align:start position:0% +intervals and I think + + + align:start position:0% +intervals and I think +it carried something like a million or + + align:start position:0% +it carried something like a million or + + + align:start position:0% +it carried something like a million or +10 million people + + align:start position:0% +10 million people + + + align:start position:0% +10 million people +regularly. In + + align:start position:0% +regularly. In + + + align:start position:0% +regularly. In +1890 the deep old tunnel was introduced + + align:start position:0% +1890 the deep old tunnel was introduced + + + align:start position:0% +1890 the deep old tunnel was introduced +largely by an American financia Mr. + + align:start position:0% +largely by an American financia Mr. + + + align:start position:0% +largely by an American financia Mr. +Sprag. + + align:start position:0% +Sprag. + + + align:start position:0% +Sprag. +uh and that set the pattern for the + + align:start position:0% +uh and that set the pattern for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that set the pattern for the +building of a complete subway system + + align:start position:0% +building of a complete subway system + + + align:start position:0% +building of a complete subway system +almost complete in + + align:start position:0% +almost complete in + + + align:start position:0% +almost complete in +1900. + + align:start position:0% +1900. + + + align:start position:0% +1900. +U I saw an estimate of what it would + + align:start position:0% +U I saw an estimate of what it would + + + align:start position:0% +U I saw an estimate of what it would +cost for a contemporary city to build + + align:start position:0% +cost for a contemporary city to build + + + align:start position:0% +cost for a contemporary city to build +the London Underground system and + + align:start position:0% +the London Underground system and + + + align:start position:0% +the London Underground system and +there's no not enough money, not enough + + align:start position:0% +there's no not enough money, not enough + + + align:start position:0% +there's no not enough money, not enough +capital in the world to pay for it. Of + + align:start position:0% +capital in the world to pay for it. Of + + + align:start position:0% +capital in the world to pay for it. Of +course, that's an exaggeration. There is + + align:start position:0% +course, that's an exaggeration. There is + + + align:start position:0% +course, that's an exaggeration. There is +enough capital, but it would is beyond + + align:start position:0% +enough capital, but it would is beyond + + + align:start position:0% +enough capital, but it would is beyond +the reach of any living + + align:start position:0% +the reach of any living + + + align:start position:0% +the reach of any living +city. The British were very clever in + + align:start position:0% +city. The British were very clever in + + + align:start position:0% +city. The British were very clever in +investing in a sewage system in the + + align:start position:0% +investing in a sewage system in the + + + align:start position:0% +investing in a sewage system in the +public transportation system. They + + align:start position:0% +public transportation system. They + + + align:start position:0% +public transportation system. They +coupled the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inner circumstances of with the various + + align:start position:0% +inner circumstances of with the various + + + align:start position:0% +inner circumstances of with the various +colored lines + + align:start position:0% +colored lines + + + align:start position:0% +colored lines +uh with a suburban system which + + align:start position:0% +uh with a suburban system which + + + align:start position:0% +uh with a suburban system which +connected to the outside as yet + + align:start position:0% +connected to the outside as yet + + + align:start position:0% +connected to the outside as yet +relatively + + align:start position:0% +relatively + + + align:start position:0% +relatively +unbuilt villages and + + align:start position:0% +unbuilt villages and + + + align:start position:0% +unbuilt villages and +towns. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U there's a lot of details to be + + align:start position:0% +U there's a lot of details to be + + + align:start position:0% +U there's a lot of details to be +discussed around the building of the + + align:start position:0% +discussed around the building of the + + + align:start position:0% +discussed around the building of the +subway systems. There was enormous costs + + align:start position:0% +subway systems. There was enormous costs + + + align:start position:0% +subway systems. There was enormous costs +involved in uh in getting some of these + + align:start position:0% +involved in uh in getting some of these + + + align:start position:0% +involved in uh in getting some of these +station. For instance, one writer has + + align:start position:0% +station. For instance, one writer has + + + align:start position:0% +station. For instance, one writer has +suggested that it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +took Yeah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the London and Birmingham Railway from + + align:start position:0% +the London and Birmingham Railway from + + + align:start position:0% +the London and Birmingham Railway from +the Midlands to Lord Southampton's + + align:start position:0% +the Midlands to Lord Southampton's + + + align:start position:0% +the Midlands to Lord Southampton's +Houston + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +station. The railroad failed to persuade + + align:start position:0% +station. The railroad failed to persuade + + + align:start position:0% +station. The railroad failed to persuade +the Bedford Estate to allow it any + + align:start position:0% +the Bedford Estate to allow it any + + + align:start position:0% +the Bedford Estate to allow it any +further. + + align:start position:0% +further. + + + align:start position:0% +further. +It took an army of 20,000 men to + + align:start position:0% +It took an army of 20,000 men to + + + align:start position:0% +It took an army of 20,000 men to +construct and was probably the largest + + align:start position:0% +construct and was probably the largest + + + align:start position:0% +construct and was probably the largest +public work ever to be undertaken in the + + align:start position:0% +public work ever to be undertaken in the + + + align:start position:0% +public work ever to be undertaken in the +whole history of man with the possible + + align:start position:0% +whole history of man with the possible + + + align:start position:0% +whole history of man with the possible +exception of the of Great Wall of + + align:start position:0% +exception of the of Great Wall of + + + align:start position:0% +exception of the of Great Wall of +China. Digging this underground + + align:start position:0% +China. Digging this underground + + + align:start position:0% +China. Digging this underground +tunnel in order that Houston could get + + align:start position:0% +tunnel in order that Houston could get + + + align:start position:0% +tunnel in order that Houston could get +to Maban High Road and be part of the + + align:start position:0% +to Maban High Road and be part of the + + + align:start position:0% +to Maban High Road and be part of the +central conccombination. + + align:start position:0% +central conccombination. + + + align:start position:0% +central conccombination. +11 million passengers in the first + + align:start position:0% +11 million passengers in the first + + + align:start position:0% +11 million passengers in the first +year and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on. To leave us time to look at this, + + align:start position:0% +on. To leave us time to look at this, + + + align:start position:0% +on. To leave us time to look at this, +I'm going to shorten the last part of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to shorten the last part of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to shorten the last part of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +investigation. Let's simply + + align:start position:0% +investigation. Let's simply + + + align:start position:0% +investigation. Let's simply +say one or two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +things. From the provision of housing + + align:start position:0% +things. From the provision of housing + + + align:start position:0% +things. From the provision of housing +for the poorer part of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +population + + align:start position:0% +population + + + align:start position:0% +population +to the state accepting some role, a + + align:start position:0% +to the state accepting some role, a + + + align:start position:0% +to the state accepting some role, a +major role in its care. + + align:start position:0% +major role in its care. + + + align:start position:0% +major role in its care. +There was a variety of + + align:start position:0% +There was a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +There was a variety of +moves largely through charity and + + align:start position:0% +moves largely through charity and + + + align:start position:0% +moves largely through charity and +philanthropy. There was the Octavia Hill + + align:start position:0% +philanthropy. There was the Octavia Hill + + + align:start position:0% +philanthropy. There was the Octavia Hill +system. There was philanthropy for + + align:start position:0% +system. There was philanthropy for + + + align:start position:0% +system. There was philanthropy for +5%. Everybody assumed that philanthropy + + align:start position:0% +5%. Everybody assumed that philanthropy + + + align:start position:0% +5%. Everybody assumed that philanthropy +had to provide a profit. Um there was + + align:start position:0% +had to provide a profit. Um there was + + + align:start position:0% +had to provide a profit. Um there was +the Octavia Hill system. + + align:start position:0% +the Octavia Hill system. + + + align:start position:0% +the Octavia Hill system. +Uh there were arguments that the poor + + align:start position:0% +Uh there were arguments that the poor + + + align:start position:0% +Uh there were arguments that the poor +needed + + align:start position:0% +needed + + + align:start position:0% +needed +resuscitation through + + align:start position:0% +resuscitation through + + + align:start position:0% +resuscitation through +avoiding alcohol, through temperance + + align:start position:0% +avoiding alcohol, through temperance + + + align:start position:0% +avoiding alcohol, through temperance +associations, through teaching in the + + align:start position:0% +associations, through teaching in the + + + align:start position:0% +associations, through teaching in the +Octavia Hill system, through teaching + + align:start position:0% +Octavia Hill system, through teaching + + + align:start position:0% +Octavia Hill system, through teaching +them how to behave properly, how to save + + align:start position:0% +them how to behave properly, how to save + + + align:start position:0% +them how to behave properly, how to save +money, how to be proficient with their + + align:start position:0% +money, how to be proficient with their + + + align:start position:0% +money, how to be proficient with their +time, in fact, how to be modern + + align:start position:0% +time, in fact, how to be modern + + + align:start position:0% +time, in fact, how to be modern +citizens. + + align:start position:0% +citizens. + + + align:start position:0% +citizens. +The British + + align:start position:0% +The British + + + align:start position:0% +The British +aristocracy assumed that it could do for + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy assumed that it could do for + + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy assumed that it could do for +Engles + + align:start position:0% +Engles + + + align:start position:0% +Engles +Manchester just through the gen its own + + align:start position:0% +Manchester just through the gen its own + + + align:start position:0% +Manchester just through the gen its own +generosity plus a 5% fee the Americans + + align:start position:0% +generosity plus a 5% fee the Americans + + + align:start position:0% +generosity plus a 5% fee the Americans +who invested in some of these + + align:start position:0% +who invested in some of these + + + align:start position:0% +who invested in some of these +philanthropic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +organizations. In + + align:start position:0% +organizations. In + + + align:start position:0% +organizations. In +1889 the London County Council was + + align:start position:0% +1889 the London County Council was + + + align:start position:0% +1889 the London County Council was +established. The London County Council + + align:start position:0% +established. The London County Council + + + align:start position:0% +established. The London County Council +became the first state or + + align:start position:0% +became the first state or + + + align:start position:0% +became the first state or +city organization for the ma for the + + align:start position:0% +city organization for the ma for the + + + align:start position:0% +city organization for the ma for the +planning and maintenance of the built + + align:start position:0% +planning and maintenance of the built + + + align:start position:0% +planning and maintenance of the built +city. It was + + align:start position:0% +city. It was + + + align:start position:0% +city. It was +remarkable. + + align:start position:0% +remarkable. + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable. +It's it did it it employed the highest + + align:start position:0% +It's it did it it employed the highest + + + align:start position:0% +It's it did it it employed the highest +level + + align:start position:0% +level + + + align:start position:0% +level +of professional skill that it could + + align:start position:0% +of professional skill that it could + + + align:start position:0% +of professional skill that it could +find. People like great architects like + + align:start position:0% +find. People like great architects like + + + align:start position:0% +find. People like great architects like +James + + align:start position:0% +James + + + align:start position:0% +James +Sterling, others worked for the London + + align:start position:0% +Sterling, others worked for the London + + + align:start position:0% +Sterling, others worked for the London +County Council before branching off on + + align:start position:0% +County Council before branching off on + + + align:start position:0% +County Council before branching off on +their own. Uh the standard of public + + align:start position:0% +their own. Uh the standard of public + + + align:start position:0% +their own. Uh the standard of public +housing has not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +been + + align:start position:0% +been + + + align:start position:0% +been +challenged. Uh in 1965, the London + + align:start position:0% +challenged. Uh in 1965, the London + + + align:start position:0% +challenged. Uh in 1965, the London +County Council was abolished by Margaret + + align:start position:0% +County Council was abolished by Margaret + + + align:start position:0% +County Council was abolished by Margaret +Thatcher. + + align:start position:0% +Thatcher. + + + align:start position:0% +Thatcher. +uh and uh became the greater London + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh became the greater London + + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh became the greater London +Council with a different position. But + + align:start position:0% +Council with a different position. But + + + align:start position:0% +Council with a different position. But +the great years of the London County + + align:start position:0% +the great years of the London County + + + align:start position:0% +the great years of the London County +Council, + + align:start position:0% +Council, + + + align:start position:0% +Council, +uh, a very left-wing left-wing + + align:start position:0% +uh, a very left-wing left-wing + + + align:start position:0% +uh, a very left-wing left-wing +organization, one of the architects who + + align:start position:0% +organization, one of the architects who + + + align:start position:0% +organization, one of the architects who +worked, I remember + + align:start position:0% +worked, I remember + + + align:start position:0% +worked, I remember +flying from the far east with this + + align:start position:0% +flying from the far east with this + + + align:start position:0% +flying from the far east with this +gentleman who was a well-known architect + + align:start position:0% +gentleman who was a well-known architect + + + align:start position:0% +gentleman who was a well-known architect +in London who told me of his first week + + align:start position:0% +in London who told me of his first week + + + align:start position:0% +in London who told me of his first week +working in the London County Council and + + align:start position:0% +working in the London County Council and + + + align:start position:0% +working in the London County Council and +being taken to a pub on the Friday + + align:start position:0% +being taken to a pub on the Friday + + + align:start position:0% +being taken to a pub on the Friday +afternoon and asked whether he was a + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and asked whether he was a + + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and asked whether he was a +socialist or not and he had to pass the + + align:start position:0% +socialist or not and he had to pass the + + + align:start position:0% +socialist or not and he had to pass the +test by answering a kind of bunch of + + align:start position:0% +test by answering a kind of bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +test by answering a kind of bunch of +questions. + + align:start position:0% +questions. + + + align:start position:0% +questions. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, are there any questions about this + + align:start position:0% +Um, are there any questions about this + + + align:start position:0% +Um, are there any questions about this +incredibly brief + + align:start position:0% +incredibly brief + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly brief +uh survey of one of the world's great + + align:start position:0% +uh survey of one of the world's great + + + align:start position:0% +uh survey of one of the world's great +cities? + + align:start position:0% +cities? + + + align:start position:0% +cities? +I apologize for doing it in the only way + + align:start position:0% +I apologize for doing it in the only way + + + align:start position:0% +I apologize for doing it in the only way +I can think of doing it and that's to + + align:start position:0% +I can think of doing it and that's to + + + align:start position:0% +I can think of doing it and that's to +pick on some + + align:start position:0% +pick on some + + + align:start position:0% +pick on some +characteristics. + + align:start position:0% +characteristics. + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics. +The there are some very good books on + + align:start position:0% +The there are some very good books on + + + align:start position:0% +The there are some very good books on +London. Landlords through London is a + + align:start position:0% +London. Landlords through London is a + + + align:start position:0% +London. Landlords through London is a +good book. There are number of others um + + align:start position:0% +good book. There are number of others um + + + align:start position:0% +good book. There are number of others um +for those of you who want to examine + + align:start position:0% +for those of you who want to examine + + + align:start position:0% +for those of you who want to examine +this in in greater detail. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But just let's + + align:start position:0% +But just let's + + + align:start position:0% +But just let's +discuss we're talking about 1824 1830 + + align:start position:0% +discuss we're talking about 1824 1830 + + + align:start position:0% +discuss we're talking about 1824 1830 +Engles writing a book in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Manchester. We're talking about + + align:start position:0% +Manchester. We're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Manchester. We're talking about +enclosure acts all of the penalties + + align:start position:0% +enclosure acts all of the penalties + + + align:start position:0% +enclosure acts all of the penalties +imposed on the emergent worker in class. + + align:start position:0% +imposed on the emergent worker in class. + + + align:start position:0% +imposed on the emergent worker in class. +Slowly the emergent working + + align:start position:0% +Slowly the emergent working + + + align:start position:0% +Slowly the emergent working +class gains a foothold in the British in + + align:start position:0% +class gains a foothold in the British in + + + align:start position:0% +class gains a foothold in the British in +the British democracy and sets in sets + + align:start position:0% +the British democracy and sets in sets + + + align:start position:0% +the British democracy and sets in sets +off 100 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +years. The 100 years produces all of + + align:start position:0% +years. The 100 years produces all of + + + align:start position:0% +years. The 100 years produces all of +these things. The first railway + + align:start position:0% +these things. The first railway + + + align:start position:0% +these things. The first railway +train + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +underground. The first building + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bylaws rescuing transforming a city from + + align:start position:0% +bylaws rescuing transforming a city from + + + align:start position:0% +bylaws rescuing transforming a city from +a completely different + + align:start position:0% +a completely different + + + align:start position:0% +a completely different +environment in some respects from the + + align:start position:0% +environment in some respects from the + + + align:start position:0% +environment in some respects from the +conditions that + + align:start position:0% +conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that +Engles expressed in the condition of the + + align:start position:0% +Engles expressed in the condition of the + + + align:start position:0% +Engles expressed in the condition of the +working class. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +There was no central + + align:start position:0% +There was no central + + + align:start position:0% +There was no central +state. Well, there many things that the + + align:start position:0% +state. Well, there many things that the + + + align:start position:0% +state. Well, there many things that the +Soviet revolution offered which the + + align:start position:0% +Soviet revolution offered which the + + + align:start position:0% +Soviet revolution offered which the +British government didn't offer, + + align:start position:0% +British government didn't offer, + + + align:start position:0% +British government didn't offer, +but not a but a completely remarkable + + align:start position:0% +but not a but a completely remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +but not a but a completely remarkable +renaissance. And that with as I repeat + + align:start position:0% +renaissance. And that with as I repeat + + + align:start position:0% +renaissance. And that with as I repeat +only the killing of 11 or + + align:start position:0% +only the killing of 11 or + + + align:start position:0% +only the killing of 11 or + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +citizens over 104 25 years 123 years + + align:start position:0% +citizens over 104 25 years 123 years + + + align:start position:0% +citizens over 104 25 years 123 years +from Peteroo + + align:start position:0% +from Peteroo + + + align:start position:0% +from Peteroo +to bloody Sunday in Northern + + align:start position:0% +to bloody Sunday in Northern + + + align:start position:0% +to bloody Sunday in Northern +Ireland. I think it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remarkable it's a remarkable story for + + align:start position:0% +remarkable it's a remarkable story for + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable it's a remarkable story for +those interested in the effects that + + align:start position:0% +those interested in the effects that + + + align:start position:0% +those interested in the effects that +good action and technology can take on a + + align:start position:0% +good action and technology can take on a + + + align:start position:0% +good action and technology can take on a +re on urban + + align:start position:0% +re on urban + + + align:start position:0% +re on urban +form. Here's the Roman crossing on the + + align:start position:0% +form. Here's the Roman crossing on the + + + align:start position:0% +form. Here's the Roman crossing on the +east towards what became the city of + + align:start position:0% +east towards what became the city of + + + align:start position:0% +east towards what became the city of +London. here the miserable for minimal + + align:start position:0% +London. here the miserable for minimal + + + align:start position:0% +London. here the miserable for minimal +fortifications. The monasteries located + + align:start position:0% +fortifications. The monasteries located + + + align:start position:0% +fortifications. The monasteries located +on the outside ring close to the + + align:start position:0% +on the outside ring close to the + + + align:start position:0% +on the outside ring close to the +walls in case there's uh some crisis the + + align:start position:0% +walls in case there's uh some crisis the + + + align:start position:0% +walls in case there's uh some crisis the +monastery can can send its people to + + align:start position:0% +monastery can can send its people to + + + align:start position:0% +monastery can can send its people to +maintain the wall. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, the + + align:start position:0% +Next, the + + + align:start position:0% +Next, the +fire, the devastation of the eastern + + align:start position:0% +fire, the devastation of the eastern + + + align:start position:0% +fire, the devastation of the eastern +part of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +city, rain's plan on the top, the + + align:start position:0% +city, rain's plan on the top, the + + + align:start position:0% +city, rain's plan on the top, the +diagonalization and the centralization + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization and the centralization + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalization and the centralization +of the Royal + + align:start position:0% +of the Royal + + + align:start position:0% +of the Royal +Exchange, Eivelyn scheme of Kathano + + align:start position:0% +Exchange, Eivelyn scheme of Kathano + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange, Eivelyn scheme of Kathano +scheme, neither of which gained much + + align:start position:0% +scheme, neither of which gained much + + + align:start position:0% +scheme, neither of which gained much +mileage. age. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, five and + + align:start position:0% +Next, five and + + + align:start position:0% +Next, five and +two combine virtually the west of + + align:start position:0% +two combine virtually the west of + + + align:start position:0% +two combine virtually the west of +London. This is Mary Davis whom I spoke + + align:start position:0% +London. This is Mary Davis whom I spoke + + + align:start position:0% +London. This is Mary Davis whom I spoke +about. I don't know who took of her this + + align:start position:0% +about. I don't know who took of her this + + + align:start position:0% +about. I don't know who took of her this +picture of her. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +text. This is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pattern of estate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subdivisions. You can see the big gap on + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions. You can see the big gap on + + + align:start position:0% +subdivisions. You can see the big gap on +the left is the crown regions park in + + align:start position:0% +the left is the crown regions park in + + + align:start position:0% +the left is the crown regions park in +the north is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crown. a figure ground pattern of the + + align:start position:0% +crown. a figure ground pattern of the + + + align:start position:0% +crown. a figure ground pattern of the +west of London indicating the black + + align:start position:0% +west of London indicating the black + + + align:start position:0% +west of London indicating the black +squares irrating this fabric and the + + align:start position:0% +squares irrating this fabric and the + + + align:start position:0% +squares irrating this fabric and the +condition of regions park as drawing the + + align:start position:0% +condition of regions park as drawing the + + + align:start position:0% +condition of regions park as drawing the +line from the regions park on the north + + align:start position:0% +line from the regions park on the north + + + align:start position:0% +line from the regions park on the north +region + + align:start position:0% +region + + + align:start position:0% +region +street finding its way down to the crown + + align:start position:0% +street finding its way down to the crown + + + align:start position:0% +street finding its way down to the crown +property on the west + + align:start position:0% +property on the west + + + align:start position:0% +property on the west +next. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, here are four + + align:start position:0% +Okay, here are four + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, here are four +examples. This is the original square + + align:start position:0% +examples. This is the original square + + + align:start position:0% +examples. This is the original square +1631. + + align:start position:0% +1631. + + + align:start position:0% +1631. +The Truscan elevation of Indigo Jones + + align:start position:0% +The Truscan elevation of Indigo Jones + + + align:start position:0% +The Truscan elevation of Indigo Jones +and the proposed arcades and surrounding + + align:start position:0% +and the proposed arcades and surrounding + + + align:start position:0% +and the proposed arcades and surrounding +of the square. The square is empty is + + align:start position:0% +of the square. The square is empty is + + + align:start position:0% +of the square. The square is empty is +has a large empty center like the plus + + align:start position:0% +has a large empty center like the plus + + + align:start position:0% +has a large empty center like the plus +royale and uh uh it's + + align:start position:0% +royale and uh uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +royale and uh uh it's +indicated in the first of the four up on + + align:start position:0% +indicated in the first of the four up on + + + align:start position:0% +indicated in the first of the four up on +the left + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh St. James Square on the right. You + + align:start position:0% +uh St. James Square on the right. You + + + align:start position:0% +uh St. James Square on the right. You +see the enclosed garden. The entrances + + align:start position:0% +see the enclosed garden. The entrances + + + align:start position:0% +see the enclosed garden. The entrances +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +carefully selected. There's a monument + + align:start position:0% +carefully selected. There's a monument + + + align:start position:0% +carefully selected. There's a monument +to end the vista from two of the + + align:start position:0% +to end the vista from two of the + + + align:start position:0% +to end the vista from two of the +streets. Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the square on + + align:start position:0% +uh the square on + + + align:start position:0% +uh the square on +the Bedford Square on the top right + + align:start position:0% +the Bedford Square on the top right + + + align:start position:0% +the Bedford Square on the top right +1773 where you get the mana house in the + + align:start position:0% +1773 where you get the mana house in the + + + align:start position:0% +1773 where you get the mana house in the +center of the elevation. Uh here the + + align:start position:0% +center of the elevation. Uh here the + + + align:start position:0% +center of the elevation. Uh here the +street system is not so carefully + + align:start position:0% +street system is not so carefully + + + align:start position:0% +street system is not so carefully +considered in relation to the design of + + align:start position:0% +considered in relation to the design of + + + align:start position:0% +considered in relation to the design of +the square and here Belgrave square. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now an attempt to break the mold of the + + align:start position:0% +Now an attempt to break the mold of the + + + align:start position:0% +Now an attempt to break the mold of the +Georgian square by putting the mana + + align:start position:0% +Georgian square by putting the mana + + + align:start position:0% +Georgian square by putting the mana +houses outside the main elevation in the + + align:start position:0% +houses outside the main elevation in the + + + align:start position:0% +houses outside the main elevation in the +four corners. Uh opening the square. + + align:start position:0% +four corners. Uh opening the square. + + + align:start position:0% +four corners. Uh opening the square. +This is not a gated square. This is now + + align:start position:0% +This is not a gated square. This is now + + + align:start position:0% +This is not a gated square. This is now +a public square although tre + + align:start position:0% +a public square although tre + + + align:start position:0% +a public square although tre +uh secondary mana houses in the center + + align:start position:0% +uh secondary mana houses in the center + + + align:start position:0% +uh secondary mana houses in the center +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +facad. + + align:start position:0% +facad. + + + align:start position:0% +facad. +Next, Grovener + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Square on the + + align:start position:0% +Square on the + + + align:start position:0% +Square on the +right, + + align:start position:0% +right, + + + align:start position:0% +right, +the mana + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +house with a gabled facade in the center + + align:start position:0% +house with a gabled facade in the center + + + align:start position:0% +house with a gabled facade in the center +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +facade. Next. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, we could have many more + + align:start position:0% +Okay, we could have many more + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, we could have many more +illustrations of these + + align:start position:0% +illustrations of these + + + align:start position:0% +illustrations of these +squares. The old idea of being able to + + align:start position:0% +squares. The old idea of being able to + + + align:start position:0% +squares. The old idea of being able to +link the crown property in Regent's Park + + align:start position:0% +link the crown property in Regent's Park + + + align:start position:0% +link the crown property in Regent's Park +systematically through to Green Green + + align:start position:0% +systematically through to Green Green + + + align:start position:0% +systematically through to Green Green +Park and Buckingham Palace. + + align:start position:0% +Park and Buckingham Palace. + + + align:start position:0% +Park and Buckingham Palace. +uh uh the number of intersecting roads + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the number of intersecting roads + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the number of intersecting roads +and the degree of p the kind of + + align:start position:0% +and the degree of p the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and the degree of p the kind of +difficulty of purchasing what was cheap + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of purchasing what was cheap + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of purchasing what was cheap +land and property on either sides of the + + align:start position:0% +land and property on either sides of the + + + align:start position:0% +land and property on either sides of the +road. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, this is looking up northwards to + + align:start position:0% +Next, this is looking up northwards to + + + align:start position:0% +Next, this is looking up northwards to +All Souls Church. What you see is that + + align:start position:0% +All Souls Church. What you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +All Souls Church. What you see is that +spin wheel of a arcade to turn you to + + align:start position:0% +spin wheel of a arcade to turn you to + + + align:start position:0% +spin wheel of a arcade to turn you to +the northeast + + align:start position:0% +the northeast + + + align:start position:0% +the northeast +northwest. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next booth's + + align:start position:0% +Next booth's + + + align:start position:0% +Next booth's +map. Here is + + align:start position:0% +map. Here is + + + align:start position:0% +map. Here is +regent street in the + + align:start position:0% +regent street in the + + + align:start position:0% +regent street in the +quadrant leading to pigodi circus. + + align:start position:0% +quadrant leading to pigodi circus. + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant leading to pigodi circus. +Look at the black and gray areas to the + + align:start position:0% +Look at the black and gray areas to the + + + align:start position:0% +Look at the black and gray areas to the +right of Regent Street and the ped + + align:start position:0% +right of Regent Street and the ped + + + align:start position:0% +right of Regent Street and the ped +almost totally dark red environment on + + align:start position:0% +almost totally dark red environment on + + + align:start position:0% +almost totally dark red environment on +the left. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +That's another one of Booth's mapping. + + align:start position:0% +That's another one of Booth's mapping. + + + align:start position:0% +That's another one of Booth's mapping. +That's of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pubs. British deaths of + + align:start position:0% +pubs. British deaths of + + + align:start position:0% +pubs. British deaths of +jin until they stopped drinking jin and + + align:start position:0% +jin until they stopped drinking jin and + + + align:start position:0% +jin until they stopped drinking jin and +started drinking + + align:start position:0% +started drinking + + + align:start position:0% +started drinking +tea are regarded as cited in one of the + + align:start position:0% +tea are regarded as cited in one of the + + + align:start position:0% +tea are regarded as cited in one of the +demographies of London. + + align:start position:0% +demographies of London. + + + align:start position:0% +demographies of London. +Um, it's a startling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +map. It's a one of the + + align:start position:0% +map. It's a one of the + + + align:start position:0% +map. It's a one of the +first first attempts to + + align:start position:0% +first first attempts to + + + align:start position:0% +first first attempts to +connect social status with built form. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, the 4x one and a + + align:start position:0% +Next, the 4x one and a + + + align:start position:0% +Next, the 4x one and a +half + + align:start position:0% +half + + + align:start position:0% +half +square. Sir Joseph Paxton after the + + align:start position:0% +square. Sir Joseph Paxton after the + + + align:start position:0% +square. Sir Joseph Paxton after the +Crystal Palace proposed a walking + + align:start position:0% +Crystal Palace proposed a walking + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal Palace proposed a walking +elevated walking route around the 4 by + + align:start position:0% +elevated walking route around the 4 by + + + align:start position:0% +elevated walking route around the 4 by +one and a + + align:start position:0% +one and a + + + align:start position:0% +one and a +half miles center of the city. You can + + align:start position:0% +half miles center of the city. You can + + + align:start position:0% +half miles center of the city. You can +see this all the railway lines from the + + align:start position:0% +see this all the railway lines from the + + + align:start position:0% +see this all the railway lines from the +north from Paddington to King's Cross + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh serving the north industrial to north + + align:start position:0% +uh serving the north industrial to north + + + align:start position:0% +uh serving the north industrial to north +and the three stations on the south + + align:start position:0% +and the three stations on the south + + + align:start position:0% +and the three stations on the south +uh Waterloo Victoria and Chering + + align:start position:0% +uh Waterloo Victoria and Chering + + + align:start position:0% +uh Waterloo Victoria and Chering +Cross essentially serving and the + + align:start position:0% +Cross essentially serving and the + + + align:start position:0% +Cross essentially serving and the +British + + align:start position:0% +British + + + align:start position:0% +British +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +subway system in the center moving + + align:start position:0% +subway system in the center moving + + + align:start position:0% +subway system in the center moving +outwards and then + + align:start position:0% +outwards and then + + + align:start position:0% +outwards and then +connecting to a suburban railroad + + align:start position:0% +connecting to a suburban railroad + + + align:start position:0% +connecting to a suburban railroad +system. A + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remarkable application of transport + + align:start position:0% +remarkable application of transport + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable application of transport +public transportation + + align:start position:0% +public transportation + + + align:start position:0% +public transportation +technology as early as the prior to the + + align:start position:0% +technology as early as the prior to the + + + align:start position:0% +technology as early as the prior to the +20 century. Next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +building the Metropolitan line on the + + align:start position:0% +building the Metropolitan line on the + + + align:start position:0% +building the Metropolitan line on the +left, the upper one, crossing the river + + align:start position:0% +left, the upper one, crossing the river + + + align:start position:0% +left, the upper one, crossing the river +Temps with the train on the left, + + align:start position:0% +Temps with the train on the left, + + + align:start position:0% +Temps with the train on the left, +the embankment of the + + align:start position:0% +the embankment of the + + + align:start position:0% +the embankment of the +uh sewage system and + + align:start position:0% +uh sewage system and + + + align:start position:0% +uh sewage system and +the new sewer lines on the right. + + align:start position:0% +the new sewer lines on the right. + + + align:start position:0% +the new sewer lines on the right. +Next, Marabon and Houston Street being + + align:start position:0% +Next, Marabon and Houston Street being + + + align:start position:0% +Next, Marabon and Houston Street being +the facades of these great railway + + align:start position:0% +the facades of these great railway + + + align:start position:0% +the facades of these great railway +termini. Now, the railway termini were + + align:start position:0% +termini. Now, the railway termini were + + + align:start position:0% +termini. Now, the railway termini were +ambiguous in themselves. + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous in themselves. + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous in themselves. +They were urban manifestations with + + align:start position:0% +They were urban manifestations with + + + align:start position:0% +They were urban manifestations with +pronounced facads and hotels and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enormous formal energy expended in order + + align:start position:0% +enormous formal energy expended in order + + + align:start position:0% +enormous formal energy expended in order +that you should + + align:start position:0% +that you should + + + align:start position:0% +that you should +penetrate this railway station which + + align:start position:0% +penetrate this railway station which + + + align:start position:0% +penetrate this railway station which +after all is just a technological feat + + align:start position:0% +after all is just a technological feat + + + align:start position:0% +after all is just a technological feat +just a train and a railway line and some + + align:start position:0% +just a train and a railway line and some + + + align:start position:0% +just a train and a railway line and some +toilets and ticket booths. + + align:start position:0% +toilets and ticket booths. + + + align:start position:0% +toilets and ticket booths. +Uh he doesn't require this apparatus in + + align:start position:0% +Uh he doesn't require this apparatus in + + + align:start position:0% +Uh he doesn't require this apparatus in +the front. Um unless you're conscious of + + align:start position:0% +the front. Um unless you're conscious of + + + align:start position:0% +the front. Um unless you're conscious of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +city. I like a city which pays attention + + align:start position:0% +city. I like a city which pays attention + + + align:start position:0% +city. I like a city which pays attention +to places of public significance. Even + + align:start position:0% +to places of public significance. Even + + + align:start position:0% +to places of public significance. Even +if there's only a toilet + + align:start position:0% +if there's only a toilet + + + align:start position:0% +if there's only a toilet +behind. I wish our airports had some way + + align:start position:0% +behind. I wish our airports had some way + + + align:start position:0% +behind. I wish our airports had some way +of galvanizing their presence in the + + align:start position:0% +of galvanizing their presence in the + + + align:start position:0% +of galvanizing their presence in the +city. They are + + align:start position:0% +city. They are + + + align:start position:0% +city. They are +little technological nightmares. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next cheering cross and St. Pancress + + align:start position:0% +Next cheering cross and St. Pancress + + + align:start position:0% +Next cheering cross and St. Pancress +station being built. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next beyond behind this + + align:start position:0% +Next beyond behind this + + + align:start position:0% +Next beyond behind this +neocclassical Victorian facade lies the + + align:start position:0% +neocclassical Victorian facade lies the + + + align:start position:0% +neocclassical Victorian facade lies the +technological enterprise. This is + + align:start position:0% +technological enterprise. This is + + + align:start position:0% +technological enterprise. This is +Birmingham on the right which is the + + align:start position:0% +Birmingham on the right which is the + + + align:start position:0% +Birmingham on the right which is the +largest single span at the time in the + + align:start position:0% +largest single span at the time in the + + + align:start position:0% +largest single span at the time in the +world. Uh St. pancreas on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +left. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next attempts to indulge in this + + align:start position:0% +Next attempts to indulge in this + + + align:start position:0% +Next attempts to indulge in this +internal space of this railway station + + align:start position:0% +internal space of this railway station + + + align:start position:0% +internal space of this railway station +with the same grander that the external + + align:start position:0% +with the same grander that the external + + + align:start position:0% +with the same grander that the external +facade on the street has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next. Victoria station in + + align:start position:0% +next. Victoria station in + + + align:start position:0% +next. Victoria station in +England something of a market. + + align:start position:0% +England something of a market. + + + align:start position:0% +England something of a market. +Munich being a taking over of the center + + align:start position:0% +Munich being a taking over of the center + + + align:start position:0% +Munich being a taking over of the center +of the station as a market. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, Victoria station in + + align:start position:0% +Next, Victoria station in + + + align:start position:0% +Next, Victoria station in +Mumbai designed with the same + + align:start position:0% +Mumbai designed with the same + + + align:start position:0% +Mumbai designed with the same +atmospheric aesthetic impulse to + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric aesthetic impulse to + + + align:start position:0% +atmospheric aesthetic impulse to +pronounce itself as a major monument in + + align:start position:0% +pronounce itself as a major monument in + + + align:start position:0% +pronounce itself as a major monument in +the city and then inside the social + + align:start position:0% +the city and then inside the social + + + align:start position:0% +the city and then inside the social +consequences of poverty + + align:start position:0% +consequences of poverty + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of poverty +uh displaying + + align:start position:0% +uh displaying + + + align:start position:0% +uh displaying +itself. These + + align:start position:0% +itself. These + + + align:start position:0% +itself. These +two images, this and the technological + + align:start position:0% +two images, this and the technological + + + align:start position:0% +two images, this and the technological +center are interesting in themselves. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, here + + align:start position:0% +Next, here + + + align:start position:0% +Next, here +is another attribute of the charity + + align:start position:0% +is another attribute of the charity + + + align:start position:0% +is another attribute of the charity +world. This is a working a poor man's + + align:start position:0% +world. This is a working a poor man's + + + align:start position:0% +world. This is a working a poor man's +labor + + align:start position:0% +labor + + + align:start position:0% +labor +work workstation where people don't have + + align:start position:0% +work workstation where people don't have + + + align:start position:0% +work workstation where people don't have +work and are just left + + align:start position:0% +work and are just left + + + align:start position:0% +work and are just left +to be fed and looked after. What the + + align:start position:0% +to be fed and looked after. What the + + + align:start position:0% +to be fed and looked after. What the +equivalent would be today of a homeless + + align:start position:0% +equivalent would be today of a homeless + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent would be today of a homeless +shelter. On the right is a new charity + + align:start position:0% +shelter. On the right is a new charity + + + align:start position:0% +shelter. On the right is a new charity +inspired labor station. Now instead of + + align:start position:0% +inspired labor station. Now instead of + + + align:start position:0% +inspired labor station. Now instead of +the rough random allocation of people in + + align:start position:0% +the rough random allocation of people in + + + align:start position:0% +the rough random allocation of people in +space, everybody is now subdivided into + + align:start position:0% +space, everybody is now subdivided into + + + align:start position:0% +space, everybody is now subdivided into +poo booths and God is holy and God is + + align:start position:0% +poo booths and God is holy and God is + + + align:start position:0% +poo booths and God is holy and God is +right in the beams. The technology and + + align:start position:0% +right in the beams. The technology and + + + align:start position:0% +right in the beams. The technology and +theology are mixed + + align:start position:0% +theology are mixed + + + align:start position:0% +theology are mixed +together. If you can make a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +together. If you can make a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +together. If you can make a beautiful +place, God must be able to be celebrated + + align:start position:0% +place, God must be able to be celebrated + + + align:start position:0% +place, God must be able to be celebrated +in it. It's making of poverty a + + align:start position:0% +in it. It's making of poverty a + + + align:start position:0% +in it. It's making of poverty a +religious artifact. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next and the greatest man manifestation + + align:start position:0% +Next and the greatest man manifestation + + + align:start position:0% +Next and the greatest man manifestation +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +technology the technology in the crystal + + align:start position:0% +technology the technology in the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +technology the technology in the crystal +palace is without any pertinence in the + + align:start position:0% +palace is without any pertinence in the + + + align:start position:0% +palace is without any pertinence in the +front. There's no attempt to make an + + align:start position:0% +front. There's no attempt to make an + + + align:start position:0% +front. There's no attempt to make an +entrance. This is just a space to for + + align:start position:0% +entrance. This is just a space to for + + + align:start position:0% +entrance. This is just a space to for +thousands of people to come and see what + + align:start position:0% +thousands of people to come and see what + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of people to come and see what +the British are doing in India. There + + align:start position:0% +the British are doing in India. There + + + align:start position:0% +the British are doing in India. There +are trees inside. Next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modernism, modern inventions are + + align:start position:0% +modernism, modern inventions are + + + align:start position:0% +modernism, modern inventions are +portrayed. + + align:start position:0% +portrayed. + + + align:start position:0% +portrayed. +Uh, one wants to compare this + + align:start position:0% +Uh, one wants to compare this + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, one wants to compare this +to 1893 in + + align:start position:0% +to 1893 in + + + align:start position:0% +to 1893 in +Chicago. + + align:start position:0% +Chicago. + + + align:start position:0% +Chicago. +Um, this was + + align:start position:0% +Um, this was + + + align:start position:0% +Um, this was +1851. 50 years later, the same attempt + + align:start position:0% +1851. 50 years later, the same attempt + + + align:start position:0% +1851. 50 years later, the same attempt +was attempted in Chicago. Uh, and we'll + + align:start position:0% +was attempted in Chicago. Uh, and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +was attempted in Chicago. Uh, and we'll +compare the two next. + + align:start position:0% +compare the two next. + + + align:start position:0% +compare the two next. +It's the story of London as briefly as I + + align:start position:0% +It's the story of London as briefly as I + + + align:start position:0% +It's the story of London as briefly as I +can explain \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qDBdd9-T8lg.txt b/qDBdd9-T8lg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b14bd2290a005be01a5ce5aac2057120f6556b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/qDBdd9-T8lg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6187 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to continue where we left + + align:start position:0% +we're going to continue where we left + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to continue where we left +off last time so briefly I'll make a few + + align:start position:0% +off last time so briefly I'll make a few + + + align:start position:0% +off last time so briefly I'll make a few +points about initiation of translation + + align:start position:0% +points about initiation of translation + + + align:start position:0% +points about initiation of translation +and prokaryotes and then where we're + + align:start position:0% +and prokaryotes and then where we're + + + align:start position:0% +and prokaryotes and then where we're +going to spend the bulk of the time + + align:start position:0% +going to spend the bulk of the time + + + align:start position:0% +going to spend the bulk of the time +today is with a review of tRNAs and then + + align:start position:0% +today is with a review of tRNAs and then + + + align:start position:0% +today is with a review of tRNAs and then +discussing the aminoacyl trna + + align:start position:0% +discussing the aminoacyl trna + + + align:start position:0% +discussing the aminoacyl trna +synthetases which are the enzymes + + align:start position:0% +synthetases which are the enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +synthetases which are the enzymes +responsible for reloading amino acids on + + align:start position:0% +responsible for reloading amino acids on + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for reloading amino acids on +to the three prime end of the tRNA and + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime end of the tRNA and + + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime end of the tRNA and +these points are important because these + + align:start position:0% +these points are important because these + + + align:start position:0% +these points are important because these +process has to happen in order for the + + align:start position:0% +process has to happen in order for the + + + align:start position:0% +process has to happen in order for the +amino acids to be delivered to the + + align:start position:0% +amino acids to be delivered to the + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids to be delivered to the +ribosome which is where we'll go on + + align:start position:0% +ribosome which is where we'll go on + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome which is where we'll go on +Wednesday so the first questions are how + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday so the first questions are how + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday so the first questions are how +does initiation happen so how does this + + align:start position:0% +does initiation happen so how does this + + + align:start position:0% +does initiation happen so how does this +ribosome 70s ribosome get assembled with + + align:start position:0% +ribosome 70s ribosome get assembled with + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome 70s ribosome get assembled with +the mRNA and initiator tRNA bound and + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA and initiator tRNA bound and + + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA and initiator tRNA bound and +then we're going to ask how do we get an + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to ask how do we get an + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to ask how do we get an +amino acyl tRNA such that the amino + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA such that the amino + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA such that the amino +acids can be delivered to the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +acids can be delivered to the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +acids can be delivered to the ribosome +so first for initiation in prokaryotes + + align:start position:0% +so first for initiation in prokaryotes + + + align:start position:0% +so first for initiation in prokaryotes +there's a few steps to this process + + align:start position:0% +there's a few steps to this process + + + align:start position:0% +there's a few steps to this process +we'll just look at these a basically + + align:start position:0% +we'll just look at these a basically + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just look at these a basically +superficial level of detail but recall + + align:start position:0% +superficial level of detail but recall + + + align:start position:0% +superficial level of detail but recall +that there are translation factors and + + align:start position:0% +that there are translation factors and + + + align:start position:0% +that there are translation factors and +during initiation there are three + + align:start position:0% +during initiation there are three + + + align:start position:0% +during initiation there are three +initiation factors so is 1 2 & 3 that + + align:start position:0% +initiation factors so is 1 2 & 3 that + + + align:start position:0% +initiation factors so is 1 2 & 3 that +are required to help assemble the 70s + + align:start position:0% +are required to help assemble the 70s + + + align:start position:0% +are required to help assemble the 70s +ribosome here so first in terms of + + align:start position:0% +ribosome here so first in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome here so first in terms of +initiation what happens is that the mRNA + + align:start position:0% +initiation what happens is that the mRNA + + + align:start position:0% +initiation what happens is that the mRNA +needs to bind to the 16s RNA of the 30s + + align:start position:0% +needs to bind to the 16s RNA of the 30s + + + align:start position:0% +needs to bind to the 16s RNA of the 30s +subunit and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I point this out because at this stage + + align:start position:0% +I point this out because at this stage + + + align:start position:0% +I point this out because at this stage +in the process the 70s ribosome isn't + + align:start position:0% +in the process the 70s ribosome isn't + + + align:start position:0% +in the process the 70s ribosome isn't +assembled yet so we have the Amanar mrna + + align:start position:0% +assembled yet so we have the Amanar mrna + + + align:start position:0% +assembled yet so we have the Amanar mrna +binding to the small unit and small + + align:start position:0% +binding to the small unit and small + + + align:start position:0% +binding to the small unit and small +subunit and this process requires + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +initiation factor 3 and effectively what + + align:start position:0% +initiation factor 3 and effectively what + + + align:start position:0% +initiation factor 3 and effectively what +happens is that the mRNA has a region + + align:start position:0% +happens is that the mRNA has a region + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that the mRNA has a region +called the shine-dalgarno sequence in + + align:start position:0% +called the shine-dalgarno sequence in + + + align:start position:0% +called the shine-dalgarno sequence in +prokaryotes which is the site of + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotes which is the site of + + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotes which is the site of +ribosome binding and then upstream of + + align:start position:0% +ribosome binding and then upstream of + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome binding and then upstream of +that is a start codon that signals for + + align:start position:0% +that is a start codon that signals for + + + align:start position:0% +that is a start codon that signals for +the start of translation so if we think + + align:start position:0% +the start of translation so if we think + + + align:start position:0% +the start of translation so if we think +about the mRNA of the 5 prime end and + + align:start position:0% +about the mRNA of the 5 prime end and + + + align:start position:0% +about the mRNA of the 5 prime end and +somewhere there's a sequence that's + + align:start position:0% +somewhere there's a sequence that's + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere there's a sequence that's +signals for ribosome binding ok and then + + align:start position:0% +signals for ribosome binding ok and then + + + align:start position:0% +signals for ribosome binding ok and then +we have our start codon ok that stick + + align:start position:0% +we have our start codon ok that stick + + + align:start position:0% +we have our start codon ok that stick +knows the start of translation here ok + + align:start position:0% +knows the start of translation here ok + + + align:start position:0% +knows the start of translation here ok +and so this gets translated here okay so + + align:start position:0% +and so this gets translated here okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and so this gets translated here okay so +this start codon pairs with initiator + + align:start position:0% +this start codon pairs with initiator + + + align:start position:0% +this start codon pairs with initiator +tRNA ok and this initiator tRNA is + + align:start position:0% +tRNA ok and this initiator tRNA is + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA ok and this initiator tRNA is +special one reason why it's special is + + align:start position:0% +special one reason why it's special is + + + align:start position:0% +special one reason why it's special is +because the amino acid attached is an + + align:start position:0% +because the amino acid attached is an + + + align:start position:0% +because the amino acid attached is an +informal methionine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so sometimes the initiator tRNA is + + align:start position:0% +so sometimes the initiator tRNA is + + + align:start position:0% +so sometimes the initiator tRNA is +called s Matt TR and is met as an + + align:start position:0% +called s Matt TR and is met as an + + + align:start position:0% +called s Matt TR and is met as an +abbreviation there so just as some + + align:start position:0% +abbreviation there so just as some + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviation there so just as some +overview here what we're seeing in this + + align:start position:0% +overview here what we're seeing in this + + + align:start position:0% +overview here what we're seeing in this +alignment is a number of the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +alignment is a number of the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +alignment is a number of the ribosome +binding sites or shine-dalgarno + + align:start position:0% +binding sites or shine-dalgarno + + + align:start position:0% +binding sites or shine-dalgarno +sequences in prokaryotes we have the + + align:start position:0% +sequences in prokaryotes we have the + + + align:start position:0% +sequences in prokaryotes we have the +start codon that pairs with the + + align:start position:0% +start codon that pairs with the + + + align:start position:0% +start codon that pairs with the +initiator tRNA and here's a schematic + + align:start position:0% +initiator tRNA and here's a schematic + + + align:start position:0% +initiator tRNA and here's a schematic +depiction of what I've indicated here on + + align:start position:0% +depiction of what I've indicated here on + + + align:start position:0% +depiction of what I've indicated here on +the board okay so the mRNA binds to the + + align:start position:0% +the board okay so the mRNA binds to the + + + align:start position:0% +the board okay so the mRNA binds to the +16s of the 30s subunit so the 70s is not + + align:start position:0% +16s of the 30s subunit so the 70s is not + + + align:start position:0% +16s of the 30s subunit so the 70s is not +assembled at this stage and if3 is + + align:start position:0% +assembled at this stage and if3 is + + + align:start position:0% +assembled at this stage and if3 is +involved as I said the shine-dalgarno + + align:start position:0% +involved as I said the shine-dalgarno + + + align:start position:0% +involved as I said the shine-dalgarno +sequence determines the start site okay + + align:start position:0% +sequence determines the start site okay + + + align:start position:0% +sequence determines the start site okay +and we determined the reading frame as + + align:start position:0% +and we determined the reading frame as + + + align:start position:0% +and we determined the reading frame as +well okay so here is just an indicating + + align:start position:0% +well okay so here is just an indicating + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so here is just an indicating +translation of a polypeptide what + + align:start position:0% +translation of a polypeptide what + + + align:start position:0% +translation of a polypeptide what +happens after that okay so after that + + align:start position:0% +happens after that okay so after that + + + align:start position:0% +happens after that okay so after that +it's necessary to assemble the 70s + + align:start position:0% +it's necessary to assemble the 70s + + + align:start position:0% +it's necessary to assemble the 70s +ribosome have the initiator tRNA in the + + align:start position:0% +ribosome have the initiator tRNA in the + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome have the initiator tRNA in the +P site and have this all ready to go for + + align:start position:0% +P site and have this all ready to go for + + + align:start position:0% +P site and have this all ready to go for +translation and here's just one cartoon + + align:start position:0% +translation and here's just one cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +translation and here's just one cartoon +overview that we'll use as the + + align:start position:0% +overview that we'll use as the + + + align:start position:0% +overview that we'll use as the +description of this process okay so what + + align:start position:0% +description of this process okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +description of this process okay so what +do we see we've talked about this step + + align:start position:0% +do we see we've talked about this step + + + align:start position:0% +do we see we've talked about this step +so far we see there's a role for + + align:start position:0% +so far we see there's a role for + + + align:start position:0% +so far we see there's a role for +initiation factor one and in this + + align:start position:0% +initiation factor one and in this + + + align:start position:0% +initiation factor one and in this +cartoon if we imagine the e site the P + + align:start position:0% +cartoon if we imagine the e site the P + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon if we imagine the e site the P +site and the a site what we see is that + + align:start position:0% +site and the a site what we see is that + + + align:start position:0% +site and the a site what we see is that +I f1 is binding to the a site of the + + align:start position:0% +I f1 is binding to the a site of the + + + align:start position:0% +I f1 is binding to the a site of the +ribosome and one way we can think about + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and one way we can think about + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and one way we can think about +this is that the initiator tRNA has to + + align:start position:0% +this is that the initiator tRNA has to + + + align:start position:0% +this is that the initiator tRNA has to +get to the P site and so that regions + + align:start position:0% +get to the P site and so that regions + + + align:start position:0% +get to the P site and so that regions +blocked to facilitate the initiator tRNA + + align:start position:0% +blocked to facilitate the initiator tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +blocked to facilitate the initiator tRNA +getting to the P site okay we see that + + align:start position:0% +getting to the P site okay we see that + + + align:start position:0% +getting to the P site okay we see that +initiator tRNA binding to the P site + + align:start position:0% +initiator tRNA binding to the P site + + + align:start position:0% +initiator tRNA binding to the P site +okay and this happens via formation of a + + align:start position:0% +okay and this happens via formation of a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this happens via formation of a +ternary complex with AI f2 and gtp so + + align:start position:0% +ternary complex with AI f2 and gtp so + + + align:start position:0% +ternary complex with AI f2 and gtp so +initiation factor 2 hydrolyzes GTP + + align:start position:0% +initiation factor 2 hydrolyzes GTP + + + align:start position:0% +initiation factor 2 hydrolyzes GTP +there's an event that results in joining + + align:start position:0% +there's an event that results in joining + + + align:start position:0% +there's an event that results in joining +of the two subunits and there has to be + + align:start position:0% +of the two subunits and there has to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the two subunits and there has to be +dissociation of these initiation factors + + align:start position:0% +dissociation of these initiation factors + + + align:start position:0% +dissociation of these initiation factors +for the ribosome to be ready to accept + + align:start position:0% +for the ribosome to be ready to accept + + + align:start position:0% +for the ribosome to be ready to accept +its first amino acyl tRNA in the a site + + align:start position:0% +its first amino acyl tRNA in the a site + + + align:start position:0% +its first amino acyl tRNA in the a site +okay so the outcome of this process here + + align:start position:0% +okay so the outcome of this process here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the outcome of this process here +is that we have an assemble at 70s + + align:start position:0% +is that we have an assemble at 70s + + + align:start position:0% +is that we have an assemble at 70s +ribosome with the initiator trna and the + + align:start position:0% +ribosome with the initiator trna and the + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome with the initiator trna and the +p site the a site is empty so it can + + align:start position:0% +p site the a site is empty so it can + + + align:start position:0% +p site the a site is empty so it can +accommodate an incoming amino acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +accommodate an incoming amino acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate an incoming amino acyl tRNA +and the e site or exit site is also + + align:start position:0% +and the e site or exit site is also + + + align:start position:0% +and the e site or exit site is also +empty so that's the main take home for + + align:start position:0% +empty so that's the main take home for + + + align:start position:0% +empty so that's the main take home for +initiation and that's the extent to + + align:start position:0% +initiation and that's the extent to + + + align:start position:0% +initiation and that's the extent to +which we're going to discuss it within + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to discuss it within + + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to discuss it within +this class so in order to get to the + + align:start position:0% +this class so in order to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +this class so in order to get to the +elongation cycle we need to get the + + align:start position:0% +elongation cycle we need to get the + + + align:start position:0% +elongation cycle we need to get the +amino acyl tRNA into the a site and + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA into the a site and + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA into the a site and +that's going to require the help of + + align:start position:0% +that's going to require the help of + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to require the help of +ef-tu so elongation factor to you before + + align:start position:0% +ef-tu so elongation factor to you before + + + align:start position:0% +ef-tu so elongation factor to you before +we discuss how elongation factor to you + + align:start position:0% +we discuss how elongation factor to you + + + align:start position:0% +we discuss how elongation factor to you +is going to help deliver that amino acyl + + align:start position:0% +is going to help deliver that amino acyl + + + align:start position:0% +is going to help deliver that amino acyl +tRNA we need to talk about how we get + + align:start position:0% +tRNA we need to talk about how we get + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA we need to talk about how we get +the immuno acyl tRNA in the first place + + align:start position:0% +the immuno acyl tRNA in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +the immuno acyl tRNA in the first place +so what is the tRNA structure just as a + + align:start position:0% +so what is the tRNA structure just as a + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the tRNA structure just as a +review to get everyone up to speed how + + align:start position:0% +review to get everyone up to speed how + + + align:start position:0% +review to get everyone up to speed how +our amino acid monomers attached to the + + align:start position:0% +our amino acid monomers attached to the + + + align:start position:0% +our amino acid monomers attached to the +tRNA and how is the correct amino acid + + align:start position:0% +tRNA and how is the correct amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA and how is the correct amino acid +attached so this is an aspect of + + align:start position:0% +attached so this is an aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +attached so this is an aspect of +fidelity which came up as a concept last + + align:start position:0% +fidelity which came up as a concept last + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity which came up as a concept last +week in lecture and so we'll look at the + + align:start position:0% +week in lecture and so we'll look at the + + + align:start position:0% +week in lecture and so we'll look at the +mechanism of amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of amino acyl tRNA synthetase +--is to see how is the correct amino + + align:start position:0% +--is to see how is the correct amino + + + align:start position:0% +--is to see how is the correct amino +acid attached and then what happens if + + align:start position:0% +acid attached and then what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +acid attached and then what happens if +the wrong amino acid is selected are + + align:start position:0% +the wrong amino acid is selected are + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong amino acid is selected are +there mechanisms to correct that and if + + align:start position:0% +there mechanisms to correct that and if + + + align:start position:0% +there mechanisms to correct that and if +it's not corrected what are the + + align:start position:0% +it's not corrected what are the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not corrected what are the +consequences here so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moving forward with that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +moving forward with that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +moving forward with that we're going to +focus on the tRNAs and addressing those + + align:start position:0% +focus on the tRNAs and addressing those + + + align:start position:0% +focus on the tRNAs and addressing those +questions so just as a review so we can + + align:start position:0% +questions so just as a review so we can + + + align:start position:0% +questions so just as a review so we can +think about T RNA secondary structure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay which is often described as + + align:start position:0% +okay which is often described as + + + align:start position:0% +okay which is often described as +cloverleaf so we have a five prime end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the tRNA has several arms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we have a DRM okay this arm here + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have a DRM okay this arm here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have a DRM okay this arm here +has the anticodon that pairs with the + + align:start position:0% +has the anticodon that pairs with the + + + align:start position:0% +has the anticodon that pairs with the +codon of the mRNA and you have a + + align:start position:0% +codon of the mRNA and you have a + + + align:start position:0% +codon of the mRNA and you have a +variable arm this arm here okay and we + + align:start position:0% +variable arm this arm here okay and we + + + align:start position:0% +variable arm this arm here okay and we +have this 3 prime end here where the + + align:start position:0% +have this 3 prime end here where the + + + align:start position:0% +have this 3 prime end here where the +amino acids get attached so this in + + align:start position:0% +amino acids get attached so this in + + + align:start position:0% +amino acids get attached so this in +terms of base numbering we have c74 see + + align:start position:0% +terms of base numbering we have c74 see + + + align:start position:0% +terms of base numbering we have c74 see +75 a 76 here Oh H this is often called + + align:start position:0% +75 a 76 here Oh H this is often called + + + align:start position:0% +75 a 76 here Oh H this is often called +the CCA acceptor stem okay and the amino + + align:start position:0% +the CCA acceptor stem okay and the amino + + + align:start position:0% +the CCA acceptor stem okay and the amino +acids are attached here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +acids are attached here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +acids are attached here I'm going to +abbreviate amino acid is AAA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay via an ester linkage and these + + align:start position:0% +okay via an ester linkage and these + + + align:start position:0% +okay via an ester linkage and these +ester linkages are important for the + + align:start position:0% +ester linkages are important for the + + + align:start position:0% +ester linkages are important for the +chemistry that happens in the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +chemistry that happens in the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry that happens in the ribosome +okay so we can imagine just if we have + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can imagine just if we have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we can imagine just if we have +abbreviating the tRNA structure like + + align:start position:0% +abbreviating the tRNA structure like + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviating the tRNA structure like +this and if we think about the sugar of + + align:start position:0% +this and if we think about the sugar of + + + align:start position:0% +this and if we think about the sugar of +a 76 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bless you okay we have one prime to pine + + align:start position:0% +bless you okay we have one prime to pine + + + align:start position:0% +bless you okay we have one prime to pine +three pine here okay this type of + + align:start position:0% +three pine here okay this type of + + + align:start position:0% +three pine here okay this type of +connectivity here okay and this is + + align:start position:0% +connectivity here okay and this is + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity here okay and this is +abbreviated throughout as amino acid + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated throughout as amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated throughout as amino acid +trna AAA in general terms or the + + align:start position:0% +trna AAA in general terms or the + + + align:start position:0% +trna AAA in general terms or the +three-letter abbreviations like what we + + align:start position:0% +three-letter abbreviations like what we + + + align:start position:0% +three-letter abbreviations like what we +saw for F met tRNA s met with the + + align:start position:0% +saw for F met tRNA s met with the + + + align:start position:0% +saw for F met tRNA s met with the +initiator tRNA here so here's a + + align:start position:0% +initiator tRNA here so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +initiator tRNA here so here's a +schematic of a t RNA secondary structure + + align:start position:0% +schematic of a t RNA secondary structure + + + align:start position:0% +schematic of a t RNA secondary structure +with a bit more detail than what I show + + align:start position:0% +with a bit more detail than what I show + + + align:start position:0% +with a bit more detail than what I show +you on the board okay and something we + + align:start position:0% +you on the board okay and something we + + + align:start position:0% +you on the board okay and something we +need to keep in mind is even though we + + align:start position:0% +need to keep in mind is even though we + + + align:start position:0% +need to keep in mind is even though we +often draw the tRNA in this clover leaf + + align:start position:0% +often draw the tRNA in this clover leaf + + + align:start position:0% +often draw the tRNA in this clover leaf +type depiction it has tertiary structure + + align:start position:0% +type depiction it has tertiary structure + + + align:start position:0% +type depiction it has tertiary structure +and so it's very important to think + + align:start position:0% +and so it's very important to think + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's very important to think +about this structure as we think about + + align:start position:0% +about this structure as we think about + + + align:start position:0% +about this structure as we think about +how the tRNAs enter the various sites of + + align:start position:0% +how the tRNAs enter the various sites of + + + align:start position:0% +how the tRNAs enter the various sites of +the ribosome okay so this structure is + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome okay so this structure is + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome okay so this structure is +l-shaped and I like this depiction here + + align:start position:0% +l-shaped and I like this depiction here + + + align:start position:0% +l-shaped and I like this depiction here +because regions of the secondary + + align:start position:0% +because regions of the secondary + + + align:start position:0% +because regions of the secondary +structure are color-coded with the + + align:start position:0% +structure are color-coded with the + + + align:start position:0% +structure are color-coded with the +corresponding regions of this tertiary + + align:start position:0% +corresponding regions of this tertiary + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding regions of this tertiary +structure here okay so we see the shelp + + align:start position:0% +structure here okay so we see the shelp + + + align:start position:0% +structure here okay so we see the shelp +shape of an L rather upside down here + + align:start position:0% +shape of an L rather upside down here + + + align:start position:0% +shape of an L rather upside down here +where we have the CCA acceptors stem + + align:start position:0% +where we have the CCA acceptors stem + + + align:start position:0% +where we have the CCA acceptors stem +over here and the anticodon arm and + + align:start position:0% +over here and the anticodon arm and + + + align:start position:0% +over here and the anticodon arm and +anticodon region down here okay so what + + align:start position:0% +anticodon region down here okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon region down here okay so what +is the consequence of this structure the + + align:start position:0% +is the consequence of this structure the + + + align:start position:0% +is the consequence of this structure the +tRNA is quite narrow + + align:start position:0% +tRNA is quite narrow + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA is quite narrow +so we're thinking about 20 to 25 + + align:start position:0% +so we're thinking about 20 to 25 + + + align:start position:0% +so we're thinking about 20 to 25 +angstroms and width and if we think + + align:start position:0% +angstroms and width and if we think + + + align:start position:0% +angstroms and width and if we think +about this in the context of the + + align:start position:0% +about this in the context of the + + + align:start position:0% +about this in the context of the +ribosome and the peptidyl transferase + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and the peptidyl transferase + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and the peptidyl transferase +center right three tRNAs need to fit + + align:start position:0% +center right three tRNAs need to fit + + + align:start position:0% +center right three tRNAs need to fit +into that catalytic center during the + + align:start position:0% +into that catalytic center during the + + + align:start position:0% +into that catalytic center during the +elongation cycle so it makes sense that + + align:start position:0% +elongation cycle so it makes sense that + + + align:start position:0% +elongation cycle so it makes sense that +they're relatively narrow this allows + + align:start position:0% +they're relatively narrow this allows + + + align:start position:0% +they're relatively narrow this allows +three to fit there so as we think about + + align:start position:0% +three to fit there so as we think about + + + align:start position:0% +three to fit there so as we think about +the translation process and also think + + align:start position:0% +the translation process and also think + + + align:start position:0% +the translation process and also think +about translation some of the + + align:start position:0% +about translation some of the + + + align:start position:0% +about translation some of the +translation factors we want to keep this + + align:start position:0% +translation factors we want to keep this + + + align:start position:0% +translation factors we want to keep this +type of structure in mind + + align:start position:0% +type of structure in mind + + + align:start position:0% +type of structure in mind +here here's just another view of that + + align:start position:0% +here here's just another view of that + + + align:start position:0% +here here's just another view of that +with some additional descriptions of the + + align:start position:0% +with some additional descriptions of the + + + align:start position:0% +with some additional descriptions of the +overall structure and this includes the + + align:start position:0% +overall structure and this includes the + + + align:start position:0% +overall structure and this includes the +numbering of the tRNA bases within that + + align:start position:0% +numbering of the tRNA bases within that + + + align:start position:0% +numbering of the tRNA bases within that +structure here just a point to make this + + align:start position:0% +structure here just a point to make this + + + align:start position:0% +structure here just a point to make this +won't be a major focal point in the + + align:start position:0% +won't be a major focal point in the + + + align:start position:0% +won't be a major focal point in the +course but do keep in mind that tRNA + + align:start position:0% +course but do keep in mind that tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +course but do keep in mind that tRNA +contains many post transcriptionally + + align:start position:0% +contains many post transcriptionally + + + align:start position:0% +contains many post transcriptionally +modified bases so you'll see an example + + align:start position:0% +modified bases so you'll see an example + + + align:start position:0% +modified bases so you'll see an example +of that in problems that one up to 25 + + align:start position:0% +of that in problems that one up to 25 + + + align:start position:0% +of that in problems that one up to 25 +percent of the basis can be modified + + align:start position:0% +percent of the basis can be modified + + + align:start position:0% +percent of the basis can be modified +typically we see about five to twenty + + align:start position:0% +typically we see about five to twenty + + + align:start position:0% +typically we see about five to twenty +percent of them I'm out of sight here + + align:start position:0% +percent of them I'm out of sight here + + + align:start position:0% +percent of them I'm out of sight here +okay you're not responsible for these + + align:start position:0% +okay you're not responsible for these + + + align:start position:0% +okay you're not responsible for these +structures these modified structures in + + align:start position:0% +structures these modified structures in + + + align:start position:0% +structures these modified structures in +the context of this class okay so the + + align:start position:0% +the context of this class okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +the context of this class okay so the +key question for today is how our amino + + align:start position:0% +key question for today is how our amino + + + align:start position:0% +key question for today is how our amino +acids attached to the tRNA as shown here + + align:start position:0% +acids attached to the tRNA as shown here + + + align:start position:0% +acids attached to the tRNA as shown here +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and in order for that to happen there's + + align:start position:0% +and in order for that to happen there's + + + align:start position:0% +and in order for that to happen there's +a family of enzymes called + + align:start position:0% +a family of enzymes called + + + align:start position:0% +a family of enzymes called +aminoacyl trna synthetases or + + align:start position:0% +aminoacyl trna synthetases or + + + align:start position:0% +aminoacyl trna synthetases or +abbreviated a ARS okay so this a name + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated a ARS okay so this a name + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated a ARS okay so this a name +tells you right away synthetase that + + align:start position:0% +tells you right away synthetase that + + + align:start position:0% +tells you right away synthetase that +these enzymes use ATP and these enzymes + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes use ATP and these enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +these enzymes use ATP and these enzymes +catalyze the attachment of amino acids + + align:start position:0% +catalyze the attachment of amino acids + + + align:start position:0% +catalyze the attachment of amino acids +to the three prime Oh H or sometimes two + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime Oh H or sometimes two + + + align:start position:0% +to the three prime Oh H or sometimes two +prime o h of the trna here for that and + + align:start position:0% +prime o h of the trna here for that and + + + align:start position:0% +prime o h of the trna here for that and +so we're going to consider this overall + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to consider this overall + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to consider this overall +reaction and then we're going to think + + align:start position:0% +reaction and then we're going to think + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and then we're going to think +about the reaction mechanism and + + align:start position:0% +about the reaction mechanism and + + + align:start position:0% +about the reaction mechanism and +experiments that we're done to give + + align:start position:0% +experiments that we're done to give + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that we're done to give +support to the mechanism that we see so + + align:start position:0% +support to the mechanism that we see so + + + align:start position:0% +support to the mechanism that we see so +all aminoacyl trna synthetases require + + align:start position:0% +all aminoacyl trna synthetases require + + + align:start position:0% +all aminoacyl trna synthetases require +ATP and hydrolyze ATP to a.m. P and P P + + align:start position:0% +ATP and hydrolyze ATP to a.m. P and P P + + + align:start position:0% +ATP and hydrolyze ATP to a.m. P and P P +I and so they catalyze this overall + + align:start position:0% +I and so they catalyze this overall + + + align:start position:0% +I and so they catalyze this overall +reaction where we have an amino acid + + align:start position:0% +reaction where we have an amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +reaction where we have an amino acid +monomer we have the tRNA and encodes + + align:start position:0% +monomer we have the tRNA and encodes + + + align:start position:0% +monomer we have the tRNA and encodes +this that is for this amino acid ATP to + + align:start position:0% +this that is for this amino acid ATP to + + + align:start position:0% +this that is for this amino acid ATP to +give us the amino acyl tRNA a.m. P and + + align:start position:0% +give us the amino acyl tRNA a.m. P and + + + align:start position:0% +give us the amino acyl tRNA a.m. P and +PPI + + align:start position:0% +PPI + + + align:start position:0% +PPI +so if the ATP is being hydrolyzed to a + + align:start position:0% +so if the ATP is being hydrolyzed to a + + + align:start position:0% +so if the ATP is being hydrolyzed to a +MP and PPI what phosphate is being + + align:start position:0% +MP and PPI what phosphate is being + + + align:start position:0% +MP and PPI what phosphate is being +attacked so we saw on Friday there's the + + align:start position:0% +attacked so we saw on Friday there's the + + + align:start position:0% +attacked so we saw on Friday there's the +alpha beta and gamma phosphate of ATP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay pardon + + align:start position:0% +okay pardon + + + align:start position:0% +okay pardon +data any takers any takers + + align:start position:0% +data any takers any takers + + + align:start position:0% +data any takers any takers +gamma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so it's alpha if you're getting a + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's alpha if you're getting a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's alpha if you're getting a +MP it's a tacit alpha okay if you're + + align:start position:0% +MP it's a tacit alpha okay if you're + + + align:start position:0% +MP it's a tacit alpha okay if you're +getting a DP it's a tacit gamma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so P alpha is next door to the + + align:start position:0% +okay so P alpha is next door to the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so P alpha is next door to the +ribose of the nuke there yep okay so if + + align:start position:0% +ribose of the nuke there yep okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +ribose of the nuke there yep okay so if +we consider this overall reaction how + + align:start position:0% +we consider this overall reaction how + + + align:start position:0% +we consider this overall reaction how +does it work just before that one other + + align:start position:0% +does it work just before that one other + + + align:start position:0% +does it work just before that one other +observation I just want to point out if + + align:start position:0% +observation I just want to point out if + + + align:start position:0% +observation I just want to point out if +we're thinking about these enzymes and + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking about these enzymes and + + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking about these enzymes and +asking what is it that they recognize + + align:start position:0% +asking what is it that they recognize + + + align:start position:0% +asking what is it that they recognize +that the trna right so we have the + + align:start position:0% +that the trna right so we have the + + + align:start position:0% +that the trna right so we have the +anticodon and that goes in hand-in-hand + + align:start position:0% +anticodon and that goes in hand-in-hand + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon and that goes in hand-in-hand +with the identity of the amino acid just + + align:start position:0% +with the identity of the amino acid just + + + align:start position:0% +with the identity of the amino acid just +keep in mind that it's not just the + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind that it's not just the + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind that it's not just the +anticodon so here we're seeing an + + align:start position:0% +anticodon so here we're seeing an + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon so here we're seeing an +example of an amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + align:start position:0% +example of an amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + + align:start position:0% +example of an amino acyl tRNA synthetase +with its tRNA bound okay and we see that + + align:start position:0% +with its tRNA bound okay and we see that + + + align:start position:0% +with its tRNA bound okay and we see that +there's many contacts between the tRNA + + align:start position:0% +there's many contacts between the tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +there's many contacts between the tRNA +and this enzyme here okay so here we + + align:start position:0% +and this enzyme here okay so here we + + + align:start position:0% +and this enzyme here okay so here we +have the amino acid end the anticodon + + align:start position:0% +have the amino acid end the anticodon + + + align:start position:0% +have the amino acid end the anticodon +end and all throughout here okay that so + + align:start position:0% +end and all throughout here okay that so + + + align:start position:0% +end and all throughout here okay that so +what is a mechanism to get us where we + + align:start position:0% +what is a mechanism to get us where we + + + align:start position:0% +what is a mechanism to get us where we +need to go we have our overall reaction + + align:start position:0% +need to go we have our overall reaction + + + align:start position:0% +need to go we have our overall reaction +then I'll put up on the board just to + + align:start position:0% +then I'll put up on the board just to + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll put up on the board just to +keep it straight as we move forward so + + align:start position:0% +keep it straight as we move forward so + + + align:start position:0% +keep it straight as we move forward so +amino acid plus ATP plus the tRNA that + + align:start position:0% +amino acid plus ATP plus the tRNA that + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid plus ATP plus the tRNA that +amino acid you know acyl tRNA synthetase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you give us the amino acyl tRNA plus a + + align:start position:0% +you give us the amino acyl tRNA plus a + + + align:start position:0% +you give us the amino acyl tRNA plus a +MP post PPI so let's consider a + + align:start position:0% +MP post PPI so let's consider a + + + align:start position:0% +MP post PPI so let's consider a +mechanism okay this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +mechanism okay this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism okay this is going to be a +two-step mechanism okay and so in the + + align:start position:0% +two-step mechanism okay and so in the + + + align:start position:0% +two-step mechanism okay and so in the +first step of this mechanism we have the + + align:start position:0% +first step of this mechanism we have the + + + align:start position:0% +first step of this mechanism we have the +amino acid puff ATP and we have + + align:start position:0% +amino acid puff ATP and we have + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid puff ATP and we have +formation of an oem p intermediate okay + + align:start position:0% +formation of an oem p intermediate okay + + + align:start position:0% +formation of an oem p intermediate okay +plus ppi here so this intermediate okay + + align:start position:0% +plus ppi here so this intermediate okay + + + align:start position:0% +plus ppi here so this intermediate okay +it's called an amino adenylate okay + + align:start position:0% +it's called an amino adenylate okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's called an amino adenylate okay +adenylate because of adenosine here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and we need to think about why this + + align:start position:0% +okay and we need to think about why this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we need to think about why this +intermediate might form why would we + + align:start position:0% +intermediate might form why would we + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate might form why would we +propose this in a mechanism and then in + + align:start position:0% +propose this in a mechanism and then in + + + align:start position:0% +propose this in a mechanism and then in +step 2 you come back to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +step 2 you come back to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +step 2 you come back to that in a minute +okay you can take all right Meno + + align:start position:0% +okay you can take all right Meno + + + align:start position:0% +okay you can take all right Meno +adenylate have our trna right this is + + align:start position:0% +adenylate have our trna right this is + + + align:start position:0% +adenylate have our trna right this is +the 3 pine and here all right you're + + align:start position:0% +the 3 pine and here all right you're + + + align:start position:0% +the 3 pine and here all right you're +gonna have a tack with release of a MP + + align:start position:0% +gonna have a tack with release of a MP + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have a tack with release of a MP +okay so here we have the ester linkage + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we have the ester linkage + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here we have the ester linkage +at the 3 prime end like what we see on + + align:start position:0% +at the 3 prime end like what we see on + + + align:start position:0% +at the 3 prime end like what we see on +that board here okay to give us our + + align:start position:0% +that board here okay to give us our + + + align:start position:0% +that board here okay to give us our +amino acyl tRNA okay so we see in step 1 + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA okay so we see in step 1 + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA okay so we see in step 1 +there's formation of this amino + + align:start position:0% +there's formation of this amino + + + align:start position:0% +there's formation of this amino +adenylate intermediate and in step 2 + + align:start position:0% +adenylate intermediate and in step 2 + + + align:start position:0% +adenylate intermediate and in step 2 +there's transfer of the amino acid + + align:start position:0% +there's transfer of the amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +there's transfer of the amino acid +monomer to the 3 prime end of the tRNA + + align:start position:0% +monomer to the 3 prime end of the tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +monomer to the 3 prime end of the tRNA +here so why might these enzymes go + + align:start position:0% +here so why might these enzymes go + + + align:start position:0% +here so why might these enzymes go +through that Oh ampie intermediate what + + align:start position:0% +through that Oh ampie intermediate what + + + align:start position:0% +through that Oh ampie intermediate what +needs to happen for this chemistry to + + align:start position:0% +needs to happen for this chemistry to + + + align:start position:0% +needs to happen for this chemistry to +occur + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you need a more afternoon you need a + + align:start position:0% +you need a more afternoon you need a + + + align:start position:0% +you need a more afternoon you need a +more activated reading group to have + + align:start position:0% +more activated reading group to have + + + align:start position:0% +more activated reading group to have +that acyl substitution to form an ester + + align:start position:0% +that acyl substitution to form an ester + + + align:start position:0% +that acyl substitution to form an ester +carboxylate you know great we need to + + align:start position:0% +carboxylate you know great we need to + + + align:start position:0% +carboxylate you know great we need to +activate the co2 each group there right + + align:start position:0% +activate the co2 each group there right + + + align:start position:0% +activate the co2 each group there right +so this this affords that so what might + + align:start position:0% +so this this affords that so what might + + + align:start position:0% +so this this affords that so what might +be another possible mechanism right + + align:start position:0% +be another possible mechanism right + + + align:start position:0% +be another possible mechanism right +imagine you're the experimentalist and + + align:start position:0% +imagine you're the experimentalist and + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you're the experimentalist and +you've combined your eight amino acid + + align:start position:0% +you've combined your eight amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +you've combined your eight amino acid +ATP tRNA and this enzyme you've isolated + + align:start position:0% +ATP tRNA and this enzyme you've isolated + + + align:start position:0% +ATP tRNA and this enzyme you've isolated +in a test tube right and you see you get + + align:start position:0% +in a test tube right and you see you get + + + align:start position:0% +in a test tube right and you see you get +this as a product and this is a product + + align:start position:0% +this as a product and this is a product + + + align:start position:0% +this as a product and this is a product +right and you're wondering how did we + + align:start position:0% +right and you're wondering how did we + + + align:start position:0% +right and you're wondering how did we +get from reactants to products right + + align:start position:0% +get from reactants to products right + + + align:start position:0% +get from reactants to products right +this is one possibility maybe there's + + align:start position:0% +this is one possibility maybe there's + + + align:start position:0% +this is one possibility maybe there's +also a possibility of a concerted + + align:start position:0% +also a possibility of a concerted + + + align:start position:0% +also a possibility of a concerted +mechanism where there's no intermediate + + align:start position:0% +mechanism where there's no intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism where there's no intermediate +like the one I'm showing you here okay + + align:start position:0% +like the one I'm showing you here okay + + + align:start position:0% +like the one I'm showing you here okay +these are just things to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +these are just things to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +these are just things to keep in mind +when thinking about reactions this + + align:start position:0% +when thinking about reactions this + + + align:start position:0% +when thinking about reactions this +two-step mechanism is the accepted + + align:start position:0% +two-step mechanism is the accepted + + + align:start position:0% +two-step mechanism is the accepted +mechanism for the aminoacyl trna + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for the aminoacyl trna + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for the aminoacyl trna +synthetases and so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +synthetases and so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +synthetases and so what we're going to +think about are what are the experiments + + align:start position:0% +think about are what are the experiments + + + align:start position:0% +think about are what are the experiments +that we're done to support this + + align:start position:0% +that we're done to support this + + + align:start position:0% +that we're done to support this +mechanism here okay so what are the + + align:start position:0% +mechanism here okay so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism here okay so what are the +things we need to think about and so + + align:start position:0% +things we need to think about and so + + + align:start position:0% +things we need to think about and so +we're gonna think about this by + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna think about this by + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna think about this by +examining one amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + align:start position:0% +examining one amino acyl tRNA synthetase + + + align:start position:0% +examining one amino acyl tRNA synthetase +as a paradigm and this is the one for + + align:start position:0% +as a paradigm and this is the one for + + + align:start position:0% +as a paradigm and this is the one for +isoleucine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so what are the experiments + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what are the experiments + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what are the experiments +that need to be done to characterize + + align:start position:0% +that need to be done to characterize + + + align:start position:0% +that need to be done to characterize +this reaction and determine mechanism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so one thing we need to confirm is + + align:start position:0% +so one thing we need to confirm is + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing we need to confirm is +reaction stoichiometry right so there's + + align:start position:0% +reaction stoichiometry right so there's + + + align:start position:0% +reaction stoichiometry right so there's +a stoichiometry up in what I've written + + align:start position:0% +a stoichiometry up in what I've written + + + align:start position:0% +a stoichiometry up in what I've written +above but experimentally that needs to + + align:start position:0% +above but experimentally that needs to + + + align:start position:0% +above but experimentally that needs to +be determined okay so one reaction + + align:start position:0% +be determined okay so one reaction + + + align:start position:0% +be determined okay so one reaction +stoichiometry and so how can we think + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry and so how can we think + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry and so how can we think +about this we can think about the + + align:start position:0% +about this we can think about the + + + align:start position:0% +about this we can think about the +equivalence of the amino acid so in this + + align:start position:0% +equivalence of the amino acid so in this + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence of the amino acid so in this +case isoleucine how many equivalents of + + align:start position:0% +case isoleucine how many equivalents of + + + align:start position:0% +case isoleucine how many equivalents of +isoleucine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and presumably this isoleucine + + align:start position:0% +okay and presumably this isoleucine + + + align:start position:0% +okay and presumably this isoleucine +binds to the enzyme so we can think + + align:start position:0% +binds to the enzyme so we can think + + + align:start position:0% +binds to the enzyme so we can think +about it of equivalents of isoleucine + + align:start position:0% +about it of equivalents of isoleucine + + + align:start position:0% +about it of equivalents of isoleucine +bound and we also see that ATP is + + align:start position:0% +bound and we also see that ATP is + + + align:start position:0% +bound and we also see that ATP is +consumed right that's hydrolyzed to a MP + + align:start position:0% +consumed right that's hydrolyzed to a MP + + + align:start position:0% +consumed right that's hydrolyzed to a MP +and PPI so how many equivalents of ATP + + align:start position:0% +and PPI so how many equivalents of ATP + + + align:start position:0% +and PPI so how many equivalents of ATP +are consumed in this reaction what else + + align:start position:0% +are consumed in this reaction what else + + + align:start position:0% +are consumed in this reaction what else +do we want to know okay we need to know + + align:start position:0% +do we want to know okay we need to know + + + align:start position:0% +do we want to know okay we need to know +something about kinetics right so what + + align:start position:0% +something about kinetics right so what + + + align:start position:0% +something about kinetics right so what +are rates of formation what is the rate + + align:start position:0% +are rates of formation what is the rate + + + align:start position:0% +are rates of formation what is the rate +of formation of the product the amino + + align:start position:0% +of formation of the product the amino + + + align:start position:0% +of formation of the product the amino +acyl tRNA and since I've told you this + + align:start position:0% +acyl tRNA and since I've told you this + + + align:start position:0% +acyl tRNA and since I've told you this +intermediate forms what is the rate of + + align:start position:0% +intermediate forms what is the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate forms what is the rate of +formation of the intermediate okay and + + align:start position:0% +formation of the intermediate okay and + + + align:start position:0% +formation of the intermediate okay and +since this is an intermediate it's + + align:start position:0% +since this is an intermediate it's + + + align:start position:0% +since this is an intermediate it's +something transient so we need to think + + align:start position:0% +something transient so we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +something transient so we need to think +about how are we as experimentalist + + align:start position:0% +about how are we as experimentalist + + + align:start position:0% +about how are we as experimentalist +going to detect this intermediate over + + align:start position:0% +going to detect this intermediate over + + + align:start position:0% +going to detect this intermediate over +the course of this reaction right it + + align:start position:0% +the course of this reaction right it + + + align:start position:0% +the course of this reaction right it +forms and and decays in order to get + + align:start position:0% +forms and and decays in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +forms and and decays in order to get +product here so rates of formation okay + + align:start position:0% +product here so rates of formation okay + + + align:start position:0% +product here so rates of formation okay +and so we have formation of our product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay which in this case and then + + align:start position:0% +okay which in this case and then + + + align:start position:0% +okay which in this case and then +formation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the intermediate which I'll just + + align:start position:0% +of the intermediate which I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +of the intermediate which I'll just +abbreviate i le and P okay and what else + + align:start position:0% +abbreviate i le and P okay and what else + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviate i le and P okay and what else +would we like to know right if we can + + align:start position:0% +would we like to know right if we can + + + align:start position:0% +would we like to know right if we can +figure out how in addition to rate of + + align:start position:0% +figure out how in addition to rate of + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how in addition to rate of +formation of the product and the + + align:start position:0% +formation of the product and the + + + align:start position:0% +formation of the product and the +intermediate we can think about the rate + + align:start position:0% +intermediate we can think about the rate + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate we can think about the rate +of transfer of ioe from the intermediate + + align:start position:0% +of transfer of ioe from the intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +of transfer of ioe from the intermediate +to the tRNA so what this tells us is + + align:start position:0% +to the tRNA so what this tells us is + + + align:start position:0% +to the tRNA so what this tells us is +that we need a way to look for or detect + + align:start position:0% +that we need a way to look for or detect + + + align:start position:0% +that we need a way to look for or detect +the intermediate here so imagine let's + + align:start position:0% +the intermediate here so imagine let's + + + align:start position:0% +the intermediate here so imagine let's +just have a hypothetical situation if we + + align:start position:0% +just have a hypothetical situation if we + + + align:start position:0% +just have a hypothetical situation if we +find the intermediate that tells us + + align:start position:0% +find the intermediate that tells us + + + align:start position:0% +find the intermediate that tells us +something about the reaction if we don't + + align:start position:0% +something about the reaction if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +something about the reaction if we don't +find the intermediate what can we + + align:start position:0% +find the intermediate what can we + + + align:start position:0% +find the intermediate what can we +conclude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tradin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's one possibility + + align:start position:0% +so that's one possibility + + + align:start position:0% +so that's one possibility +are there other possibilities if our + + align:start position:0% +are there other possibilities if our + + + align:start position:0% +are there other possibilities if our +method doesn't let us detect the + + align:start position:0% +method doesn't let us detect the + + + align:start position:0% +method doesn't let us detect the +intermediate it can it be hard to detect + + align:start position:0% +intermediate it can it be hard to detect + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate it can it be hard to detect +an intermediate it can be very hard + + align:start position:0% +an intermediate it can be very hard + + + align:start position:0% +an intermediate it can be very hard +right so you know always there aren't + + align:start position:0% +right so you know always there aren't + + + align:start position:0% +right so you know always there aren't +around all the time very much or in very + + align:start position:0% +around all the time very much or in very + + + align:start position:0% +around all the time very much or in very +abundant quantities right so if it's not + + align:start position:0% +abundant quantities right so if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +abundant quantities right so if it's not +detected could it be there yeah it might + + align:start position:0% +detected could it be there yeah it might + + + align:start position:0% +detected could it be there yeah it might +be there and the method just didn't + + align:start position:0% +be there and the method just didn't + + + align:start position:0% +be there and the method just didn't +allow for it to be seen so you always + + align:start position:0% +allow for it to be seen so you always + + + align:start position:0% +allow for it to be seen so you always +need to keep that possibility in mind + + align:start position:0% +need to keep that possibility in mind + + + align:start position:0% +need to keep that possibility in mind +okay this will be a case where there is + + align:start position:0% +okay this will be a case where there is + + + align:start position:0% +okay this will be a case where there is +a robust method that allows us to detect + + align:start position:0% +a robust method that allows us to detect + + + align:start position:0% +a robust method that allows us to detect +this type of intermediate would always + + align:start position:0% +this type of intermediate would always + + + align:start position:0% +this type of intermediate would always +keep that in mind + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind + + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind +okay so first thinking about reaction + + align:start position:0% +okay so first thinking about reaction + + + align:start position:0% +okay so first thinking about reaction +stoichiometry we're not going to go over + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry we're not going to go over + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry we're not going to go over +the experiments that we're done to + + align:start position:0% +the experiments that we're done to + + + align:start position:0% +the experiments that we're done to +define this I'll just tell you some + + align:start position:0% +define this I'll just tell you some + + + align:start position:0% +define this I'll just tell you some +facts that result from some experimental + + align:start position:0% +facts that result from some experimental + + + align:start position:0% +facts that result from some experimental +studies + + align:start position:0% +studies + + + align:start position:0% +studies +so this isoleucine immuno acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +so this isoleucine immuno acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +so this isoleucine immuno acyl tRNA +synthetase binds one equivalent of + + align:start position:0% +synthetase binds one equivalent of + + + align:start position:0% +synthetase binds one equivalent of +isoleucine as indicated in the overall + + align:start position:0% +isoleucine as indicated in the overall + + + align:start position:0% +isoleucine as indicated in the overall +reaction and it consumes one equivalent + + align:start position:0% +reaction and it consumes one equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and it consumes one equivalent +of ATP also as shown in this overall + + align:start position:0% +of ATP also as shown in this overall + + + align:start position:0% +of ATP also as shown in this overall +reaction to make one equivalent of the + + align:start position:0% +reaction to make one equivalent of the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction to make one equivalent of the +amino acyl tRNA okay and these + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA okay and these + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA okay and these +stoichiometry is were determined + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry is were determined + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry is were determined +experimentally so now we need to think + + align:start position:0% +experimentally so now we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally so now we need to think +about points two and three to + + align:start position:0% +about points two and three to + + + align:start position:0% +about points two and three to +characterize the reaction kinetics so + + align:start position:0% +characterize the reaction kinetics so + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the reaction kinetics so +what experiments were done so there are + + align:start position:0% +what experiments were done so there are + + + align:start position:0% +what experiments were done so there are +several different sets of experiments + + align:start position:0% +several different sets of experiments + + + align:start position:0% +several different sets of experiments +some of which we're familiar with from + + align:start position:0% +some of which we're familiar with from + + + align:start position:0% +some of which we're familiar with from +705 or 507 and others that will be new + + align:start position:0% +705 or 507 and others that will be new + + + align:start position:0% +705 or 507 and others that will be new +and presented in more detail in + + align:start position:0% +and presented in more detail in + + + align:start position:0% +and presented in more detail in +recitation this week and next week so we + + align:start position:0% +recitation this week and next week so we + + + align:start position:0% +recitation this week and next week so we +can imagine doing steady-state kinetic + + align:start position:0% +can imagine doing steady-state kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine doing steady-state kinetic +experiments as well as pre steady state + + align:start position:0% +experiments as well as pre steady state + + + align:start position:0% +experiments as well as pre steady state +kinetic experiments okay and the general + + align:start position:0% +kinetic experiments okay and the general + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic experiments okay and the general +aims here are one to determine the rate + + align:start position:0% +aims here are one to determine the rate + + + align:start position:0% +aims here are one to determine the rate +of amino acyl tRNA formation to + + align:start position:0% +of amino acyl tRNA formation to + + + align:start position:0% +of amino acyl tRNA formation to +determine the rate of immuno adenylate + + align:start position:0% +determine the rate of immuno adenylate + + + align:start position:0% +determine the rate of immuno adenylate +formation so this intermediate and again + + align:start position:0% +formation so this intermediate and again + + + align:start position:0% +formation so this intermediate and again +we need a method to detect the + + align:start position:0% +we need a method to detect the + + + align:start position:0% +we need a method to detect the +intermediate and at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and at the end of the day + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and at the end of the day +we'd like to know what is the rate to + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to know what is the rate to + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to know what is the rate to +Terminix step okay so a method that is + + align:start position:0% +Terminix step okay so a method that is + + + align:start position:0% +Terminix step okay so a method that is +commonly employed for these types of + + align:start position:0% +commonly employed for these types of + + + align:start position:0% +commonly employed for these types of +studies involves the use of + + align:start position:0% +studies involves the use of + + + align:start position:0% +studies involves the use of +radioactivity and we'll just go over a + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity and we'll just go over a + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity and we'll just go over a +few points about radioactivity now to + + align:start position:0% +few points about radioactivity now to + + + align:start position:0% +few points about radioactivity now to +help with understanding these + + align:start position:0% +help with understanding these + + + align:start position:0% +help with understanding these +experiments and you'll hear more about + + align:start position:0% +experiments and you'll hear more about + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and you'll hear more about +this method in recitation this week so + + align:start position:0% +this method in recitation this week so + + + align:start position:0% +this method in recitation this week so +the experiments I'm going to tell you + + align:start position:0% +the experiments I'm going to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +the experiments I'm going to tell you +about are going to involve the use of + + align:start position:0% +about are going to involve the use of + + + align:start position:0% +about are going to involve the use of +Radio isotopes okay like C 14 P 32 and + + align:start position:0% +Radio isotopes okay like C 14 P 32 and + + + align:start position:0% +Radio isotopes okay like C 14 P 32 and +the question is why do we like to use + + align:start position:0% +the question is why do we like to use + + + align:start position:0% +the question is why do we like to use +Radio isotopes and biochemical + + align:start position:0% +Radio isotopes and biochemical + + + align:start position:0% +Radio isotopes and biochemical +experiments and they're really excellent + + align:start position:0% +experiments and they're really excellent + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and they're really excellent +probes is the bottom line and one reason + + align:start position:0% +probes is the bottom line and one reason + + + align:start position:0% +probes is the bottom line and one reason +for that is that if you can use a + + align:start position:0% +for that is that if you can use a + + + align:start position:0% +for that is that if you can use a +radioisotope like C 14 or P 32 it's + + align:start position:0% +radioisotope like C 14 or P 32 it's + + + align:start position:0% +radioisotope like C 14 or P 32 it's +introducing minimal perturbation into + + align:start position:0% +introducing minimal perturbation into + + + align:start position:0% +introducing minimal perturbation into +your system right so you're not needing + + align:start position:0% +your system right so you're not needing + + + align:start position:0% +your system right so you're not needing +to attach a fluorophore whether it be a + + align:start position:0% +to attach a fluorophore whether it be a + + + align:start position:0% +to attach a fluorophore whether it be a +small molecule or a protein you're not + + align:start position:0% +small molecule or a protein you're not + + + align:start position:0% +small molecule or a protein you're not +modifying the structure of a component + + align:start position:0% +modifying the structure of a component + + + align:start position:0% +modifying the structure of a component +of your system so the overall size and + + align:start position:0% +of your system so the overall size and + + + align:start position:0% +of your system so the overall size and +the chemical properties are maintained + + align:start position:0% +the chemical properties are maintained + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical properties are maintained +when you use different isotopes of the + + align:start position:0% +when you use different isotopes of the + + + align:start position:0% +when you use different isotopes of the +same element okay and some of the ones + + align:start position:0% +same element okay and some of the ones + + + align:start position:0% +same element okay and some of the ones +we'll see today are for instance C 14 + + align:start position:0% +we'll see today are for instance C 14 + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see today are for instance C 14 +labeled isoleucine P 32 labeled ATP okay + + align:start position:0% +labeled isoleucine P 32 labeled ATP okay + + + align:start position:0% +labeled isoleucine P 32 labeled ATP okay +they have the same chemical properties + + align:start position:0% +they have the same chemical properties + + + align:start position:0% +they have the same chemical properties +as the unlabeled forms and same size the + + align:start position:0% +as the unlabeled forms and same size the + + + align:start position:0% +as the unlabeled forms and same size the +other point to make is that we can + + align:start position:0% +other point to make is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +other point to make is that we can +detect very small amounts of + + align:start position:0% +detect very small amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +detect very small amounts of +radioactivity in a sample and you'll see + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity in a sample and you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity in a sample and you'll see +some of those calculations and how to do + + align:start position:0% +some of those calculations and how to do + + + align:start position:0% +some of those calculations and how to do +them in recitation this week so we can + + align:start position:0% +them in recitation this week so we can + + + align:start position:0% +them in recitation this week so we can +detect small amounts and that's good for + + align:start position:0% +detect small amounts and that's good for + + + align:start position:0% +detect small amounts and that's good for +looking for something like an + + align:start position:0% +looking for something like an + + + align:start position:0% +looking for something like an +intermediate and there's readily + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and there's readily + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and there's readily +available techniques for quantifying + + align:start position:0% +available techniques for quantifying + + + align:start position:0% +available techniques for quantifying +radioactivity in a sample okay so if you + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity in a sample okay so if you + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity in a sample okay so if you +see nomenclature like this the Anax + + align:start position:0% +see nomenclature like this the Anax + + + align:start position:0% +see nomenclature like this the Anax +nomenclature indicates the radioisotope + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature indicates the radioisotope + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature indicates the radioisotope +in this sample and I'll just say in + + align:start position:0% +in this sample and I'll just say in + + + align:start position:0% +in this sample and I'll just say in +passing here we all know the isotopes + + align:start position:0% +passing here we all know the isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +passing here we all know the isotopes +are atoms burying the same number of + + align:start position:0% +are atoms burying the same number of + + + align:start position:0% +are atoms burying the same number of +protons but different numbers of + + align:start position:0% +protons but different numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +protons but different numbers of +neutrons okay and radioactive isotopes + + align:start position:0% +neutrons okay and radioactive isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons okay and radioactive isotopes +have an unstable nucleus which means + + align:start position:0% +have an unstable nucleus which means + + + align:start position:0% +have an unstable nucleus which means +there's a radioactive decay and + + align:start position:0% +there's a radioactive decay and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a radioactive decay and +typically well we often use beta + + align:start position:0% +typically well we often use beta + + + align:start position:0% +typically well we often use beta +emitters in biochemical studies and + + align:start position:0% +emitters in biochemical studies and + + + align:start position:0% +emitters in biochemical studies and +that's what you'll see today so what are + + align:start position:0% +that's what you'll see today so what are + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you'll see today so what are +some of the experiments we're first + + align:start position:0% +some of the experiments we're first + + + align:start position:0% +some of the experiments we're first +going to consider looking at the + + align:start position:0% +going to consider looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +going to consider looking at the +steady-state kinetics to ask what do we + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetics to ask what do we + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetics to ask what do we +learn in the steady-state okay so from + + align:start position:0% +learn in the steady-state okay so from + + + align:start position:0% +learn in the steady-state okay so from +our study state experiments we're able + + align:start position:0% +our study state experiments we're able + + + align:start position:0% +our study state experiments we're able +to get our cake hat and our km and the + + align:start position:0% +to get our cake hat and our km and the + + + align:start position:0% +to get our cake hat and our km and the +catalytic efficiency which is the cake + + align:start position:0% +catalytic efficiency which is the cake + + + align:start position:0% +catalytic efficiency which is the cake +hat over km okay we're going to compare + + align:start position:0% +hat over km okay we're going to compare + + + align:start position:0% +hat over km okay we're going to compare +cake hat values or turnover today so + + align:start position:0% +cake hat values or turnover today so + + + align:start position:0% +cake hat values or turnover today so +experiment 1 is to monitor formation of + + align:start position:0% +experiment 1 is to monitor formation of + + + align:start position:0% +experiment 1 is to monitor formation of +product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how is this done this reaction is + + align:start position:0% +so how is this done this reaction is + + + align:start position:0% +so how is this done this reaction is +done by taking c14 labelled isoleucine + + align:start position:0% +done by taking c14 labelled isoleucine + + + align:start position:0% +done by taking c14 labelled isoleucine +and unlabeled trna and watching for + + align:start position:0% +and unlabeled trna and watching for + + + align:start position:0% +and unlabeled trna and watching for +transfer of that radio label to the tRNA + + align:start position:0% +transfer of that radio label to the tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +transfer of that radio label to the tRNA +and so what comes from these studies is + + align:start position:0% +and so what comes from these studies is + + + align:start position:0% +and so what comes from these studies is +a cake at on the order of 1.4 per second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we have a way to detect this + + align:start position:0% +and now we have a way to detect this + + + align:start position:0% +and now we have a way to detect this +immuno adenylate intermediate and we'll + + align:start position:0% +immuno adenylate intermediate and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +immuno adenylate intermediate and we'll +talk about that assay in a minute after + + align:start position:0% +talk about that assay in a minute after + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that assay in a minute after +we get through this comparison we do in + + align:start position:0% +we get through this comparison we do in + + + align:start position:0% +we get through this comparison we do in +steady state experiment to monitor + + align:start position:0% +steady state experiment to monitor + + + align:start position:0% +steady state experiment to monitor +formation of this immuno adenylate + + align:start position:0% +formation of this immuno adenylate + + + align:start position:0% +formation of this immuno adenylate +intermediate okay and this assay also + + align:start position:0% +intermediate okay and this assay also + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate okay and this assay also +uses radioactivity and it's called ATP + + align:start position:0% +uses radioactivity and it's called ATP + + + align:start position:0% +uses radioactivity and it's called ATP +PPI exchange assay and we'll go over how + + align:start position:0% +PPI exchange assay and we'll go over how + + + align:start position:0% +PPI exchange assay and we'll go over how +this works in a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the results of these experiments give + + align:start position:0% +so the results of these experiments give + + + align:start position:0% +so the results of these experiments give +a cake hat on the order of 80 per second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does this comparison tell you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these values are quite different correct + + align:start position:0% +these values are quite different correct + + + align:start position:0% +these values are quite different correct +so we're seeing that this ATP PPI + + align:start position:0% +so we're seeing that this ATP PPI + + + align:start position:0% +so we're seeing that this ATP PPI +exchange assay is telling us that ATP + + align:start position:0% +exchange assay is telling us that ATP + + + align:start position:0% +exchange assay is telling us that ATP +PPI exchange which is a measure of + + align:start position:0% +PPI exchange which is a measure of + + + align:start position:0% +PPI exchange which is a measure of +formation of this intermediate is about + + align:start position:0% +formation of this intermediate is about + + + align:start position:0% +formation of this intermediate is about +sixty fold faster than formation of + + align:start position:0% +sixty fold faster than formation of + + + align:start position:0% +sixty fold faster than formation of +product here that's an important + + align:start position:0% +product here that's an important + + + align:start position:0% +product here that's an important +observation to have so how are we going + + align:start position:0% +observation to have so how are we going + + + align:start position:0% +observation to have so how are we going +to figure this out how are we going to + + align:start position:0% +to figure this out how are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +to figure this out how are we going to +see this intermediate that's the + + align:start position:0% +see this intermediate that's the + + + align:start position:0% +see this intermediate that's the +question we need to ask next and so we + + align:start position:0% +question we need to ask next and so we + + + align:start position:0% +question we need to ask next and so we +need to go over this ATP PPI exchange + + align:start position:0% +need to go over this ATP PPI exchange + + + align:start position:0% +need to go over this ATP PPI exchange +assay and this is an assay that will + + align:start position:0% +assay and this is an assay that will + + + align:start position:0% +assay and this is an assay that will +come up again in module four when we + + align:start position:0% +come up again in module four when we + + + align:start position:0% +come up again in module four when we +talk about the biosynthesis of + + align:start position:0% +talk about the biosynthesis of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the biosynthesis of +non-ribosomal peptide so we'll return to + + align:start position:0% +non-ribosomal peptide so we'll return to + + + align:start position:0% +non-ribosomal peptide so we'll return to +this type of Ashley and data many times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the question is if we had this + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if we had this + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is if we had this +reaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +how do we detect this okay it's not so + + align:start position:0% +how do we detect this okay it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +how do we detect this okay it's not so +easy and we need an assay and this is + + align:start position:0% +easy and we need an assay and this is + + + align:start position:0% +easy and we need an assay and this is +some of the background towards the + + align:start position:0% +some of the background towards the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the background towards the +development of this assay so we need to + + align:start position:0% +development of this assay so we need to + + + align:start position:0% +development of this assay so we need to +suppose that our amino acid an ATP react + + align:start position:0% +suppose that our amino acid an ATP react + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that our amino acid an ATP react +with the amino acyl tRNA synthetase in + + align:start position:0% +with the amino acyl tRNA synthetase in + + + align:start position:0% +with the amino acyl tRNA synthetase in +the absence of tRNA okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +the absence of tRNA okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the absence of tRNA okay and that's +indicated by step one more or less but + + align:start position:0% +indicated by step one more or less but + + + align:start position:0% +indicated by step one more or less but +that doesn't show it experimentally so + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't show it experimentally so + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't show it experimentally so +in the absence of tRNA this amino acid + + align:start position:0% +in the absence of tRNA this amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +in the absence of tRNA this amino acid +an ATP react with the enzyme and they + + align:start position:0% +an ATP react with the enzyme and they + + + align:start position:0% +an ATP react with the enzyme and they +form the amino acyl iamp intermediate + + align:start position:0% +form the amino acyl iamp intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +form the amino acyl iamp intermediate +and PPI and they do this reversibly okay + + align:start position:0% +and PPI and they do this reversibly okay + + + align:start position:0% +and PPI and they do this reversibly okay +so the reversibility of this reaction is + + align:start position:0% +so the reversibility of this reaction is + + + align:start position:0% +so the reversibility of this reaction is +key for ATP PPI exchange to work so if + + align:start position:0% +key for ATP PPI exchange to work so if + + + align:start position:0% +key for ATP PPI exchange to work so if +this occurs and they do this reversibly + + align:start position:0% +this occurs and they do this reversibly + + + align:start position:0% +this occurs and they do this reversibly +therefore we can deduce formation of the + + align:start position:0% +therefore we can deduce formation of the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we can deduce formation of the +amino acyl am P if we add radio labeled + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl am P if we add radio labeled + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl am P if we add radio labeled +PPI the amino acid an ATP to the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +PPI the amino acid an ATP to the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +PPI the amino acid an ATP to the enzyme +and we see that radio labeled phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +and we see that radio labeled phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +and we see that radio labeled phosphorus +from the radio labeled PPI + + align:start position:0% +from the radio labeled PPI + + + align:start position:0% +from the radio labeled PPI +incorporate into ATP okay that's only + + align:start position:0% +incorporate into ATP okay that's only + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate into ATP okay that's only +going to happen if this chemistry is + + align:start position:0% +going to happen if this chemistry is + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen if this chemistry is +reversible and bear in mind we can + + align:start position:0% +reversible and bear in mind we can + + + align:start position:0% +reversible and bear in mind we can +detect very small quantities with + + align:start position:0% +detect very small quantities with + + + align:start position:0% +detect very small quantities with +radioactivity okay so it's not that it + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity okay so it's not that it + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity okay so it's not that it +has to be reversible to some large + + align:start position:0% +has to be reversible to some large + + + align:start position:0% +has to be reversible to some large +degree we're relying on the detection of + + align:start position:0% +degree we're relying on the detection of + + + align:start position:0% +degree we're relying on the detection of +this radio label so how does this work + + align:start position:0% +this radio label so how does this work + + + align:start position:0% +this radio label so how does this work +chemically let's take a look okay so + + align:start position:0% +chemically let's take a look okay so + + + align:start position:0% +chemically let's take a look okay so +imagine here we have our ATP we have our + + align:start position:0% +imagine here we have our ATP we have our + + + align:start position:0% +imagine here we have our ATP we have our +amino acid and we have our enzyme + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I'm step one we have binding so + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm step one we have binding so + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm step one we have binding so +there's some ATP binding site to the + + align:start position:0% +there's some ATP binding site to the + + + align:start position:0% +there's some ATP binding site to the +enzyme and some site for the amino acid + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and some site for the amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and some site for the amino acid +to bind and I'm leaving magnesium out of + + align:start position:0% +to bind and I'm leaving magnesium out of + + + align:start position:0% +to bind and I'm leaving magnesium out of +this depiction but remember that + + align:start position:0% +this depiction but remember that + + + align:start position:0% +this depiction but remember that +magnesium and ATP come together now what + + align:start position:0% +magnesium and ATP come together now what + + + align:start position:0% +magnesium and ATP come together now what +step two okay we're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +step two okay we're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +step two okay we're going to have a +chemical step where we have formation of + + align:start position:0% +chemical step where we have formation of + + + align:start position:0% +chemical step where we have formation of +the amino adenylate and PPI and they + + align:start position:0% +the amino adenylate and PPI and they + + + align:start position:0% +the amino adenylate and PPI and they +currently are bound to the enzyme we + + align:start position:0% +currently are bound to the enzyme we + + + align:start position:0% +currently are bound to the enzyme we +have step three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so imagine in this step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +our PPI is released okay okay and this + + align:start position:0% +our PPI is released okay okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +our PPI is released okay okay and this +is another key aspect of this assay so + + align:start position:0% +is another key aspect of this assay so + + + align:start position:0% +is another key aspect of this assay so +what does this mean we now need to think + + align:start position:0% +what does this mean we now need to think + + + align:start position:0% +what does this mean we now need to think +about going backwards right if the PPI + + align:start position:0% +about going backwards right if the PPI + + + align:start position:0% +about going backwards right if the PPI +is released and we spiked this reaction + + align:start position:0% +is released and we spiked this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +is released and we spiked this reaction +with ray B radio labeled PPI and work + + align:start position:0% +with ray B radio labeled PPI and work + + + align:start position:0% +with ray B radio labeled PPI and work +our way backwards well the radio label + + align:start position:0% +our way backwards well the radio label + + + align:start position:0% +our way backwards well the radio label +end up here in the ATP okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +end up here in the ATP okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +end up here in the ATP okay so this is +going to be going backwards right we've + + align:start position:0% +going to be going backwards right we've + + + align:start position:0% +going to be going backwards right we've +left off with this enzyme with the + + align:start position:0% +left off with this enzyme with the + + + align:start position:0% +left off with this enzyme with the +immuno adenylate bound we have the PPI + + align:start position:0% +immuno adenylate bound we have the PPI + + + align:start position:0% +immuno adenylate bound we have the PPI +that was released and then we spiked + + align:start position:0% +that was released and then we spiked + + + align:start position:0% +that was released and then we spiked +this reaction with our radio labeled or + + align:start position:0% +this reaction with our radio labeled or + + + align:start position:0% +this reaction with our radio labeled or +hot PPI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so then what happens + + align:start position:0% +so then what happens + + + align:start position:0% +so then what happens +step four working backwards imagine that + + align:start position:0% +step four working backwards imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +step four working backwards imagine that +some of the radio labeled PPI binds okay + + align:start position:0% +some of the radio labeled PPI binds okay + + + align:start position:0% +some of the radio labeled PPI binds okay +then what working backwards another stop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +32p ATP and the amino acid and then we + + align:start position:0% +32p ATP and the amino acid and then we + + + align:start position:0% +32p ATP and the amino acid and then we +have release okay so then the question + + align:start position:0% +have release okay so then the question + + + align:start position:0% +have release okay so then the question +is can you detect this and so if you can + + align:start position:0% +is can you detect this and so if you can + + + align:start position:0% +is can you detect this and so if you can +detect some incorporation of this radio + + align:start position:0% +detect some incorporation of this radio + + + align:start position:0% +detect some incorporation of this radio +label into the ATP that indicates that + + align:start position:0% +label into the ATP that indicates that + + + align:start position:0% +label into the ATP that indicates that +this enzyme worked through that type of + + align:start position:0% +this enzyme worked through that type of + + + align:start position:0% +this enzyme worked through that type of +intermediate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you had some competing hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +if you had some competing hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +if you had some competing hypothesis +where it made ATP and ADP in your PDF + + align:start position:0% +where it made ATP and ADP in your PDF + + + align:start position:0% +where it made ATP and ADP in your PDF +with maybe sometimes tune into just a + + align:start position:0% +with maybe sometimes tune into just a + + + align:start position:0% +with maybe sometimes tune into just a +single video labeled phosphate that + + align:start position:0% +single video labeled phosphate that + + + align:start position:0% +single video labeled phosphate that +could then have the same adverse + + align:start position:0% +could then have the same adverse + + + align:start position:0% +could then have the same adverse +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +yes so whether you initially end up with + + align:start position:0% +yes so whether you initially end up with + + + align:start position:0% +yes so whether you initially end up with +PPI or PI right it's going to depend on + + align:start position:0% +PPI or PI right it's going to depend on + + + align:start position:0% +PPI or PI right it's going to depend on +how the ATP is hydrolyzed right and so + + align:start position:0% +how the ATP is hydrolyzed right and so + + + align:start position:0% +how the ATP is hydrolyzed right and so +you could imagine maybe there could be + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine maybe there could be + + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine maybe there could be +some background ATP hydrolysis that + + align:start position:0% +some background ATP hydrolysis that + + + align:start position:0% +some background ATP hydrolysis that +gives ADP and P I in this type of assay + + align:start position:0% +gives ADP and P I in this type of assay + + + align:start position:0% +gives ADP and P I in this type of assay +that's something you always need to look + + align:start position:0% +that's something you always need to look + + + align:start position:0% +that's something you always need to look +out for for the purposes of this let's + + align:start position:0% +out for for the purposes of this let's + + + align:start position:0% +out for for the purposes of this let's +assume that we're not having some + + align:start position:0% +assume that we're not having some + + + align:start position:0% +assume that we're not having some +background problem in terms of the ATP + + align:start position:0% +background problem in terms of the ATP + + + align:start position:0% +background problem in terms of the ATP +source and also that the enzyme is + + align:start position:0% +source and also that the enzyme is + + + align:start position:0% +source and also that the enzyme is +specific in terms of what it's doing to + + align:start position:0% +specific in terms of what it's doing to + + + align:start position:0% +specific in terms of what it's doing to +the ATP but yeah certainly background + + align:start position:0% +the ATP but yeah certainly background + + + align:start position:0% +the ATP but yeah certainly background +ATP hydrolysis can be a problem so how + + align:start position:0% +ATP hydrolysis can be a problem so how + + + align:start position:0% +ATP hydrolysis can be a problem so how +will this be detected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and how will you know that radio label + + align:start position:0% +and how will you know that radio label + + + align:start position:0% +and how will you know that radio label +is associated with ATP and not something + + align:start position:0% +is associated with ATP and not something + + + align:start position:0% +is associated with ATP and not something +else than your mixture No so we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +else than your mixture No so we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +else than your mixture No so we're gonna +look at the radioactivity so this will + + align:start position:0% +look at the radioactivity so this will + + + align:start position:0% +look at the radioactivity so this will +come up more in recitation this week but + + align:start position:0% +come up more in recitation this week but + + + align:start position:0% +come up more in recitation this week but +we need to be able to measure + + align:start position:0% +we need to be able to measure + + + align:start position:0% +we need to be able to measure +radioactivity by say scintillation + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity by say scintillation + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity by say scintillation +counting here but what's also needed as + + align:start position:0% +counting here but what's also needed as + + + align:start position:0% +counting here but what's also needed as +a separation because you need to know + + align:start position:0% +a separation because you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +a separation because you need to know +where that signals coming from right you + + align:start position:0% +where that signals coming from right you + + + align:start position:0% +where that signals coming from right you +need to know it's coming from ATP and + + align:start position:0% +need to know it's coming from ATP and + + + align:start position:0% +need to know it's coming from ATP and +say not a background form however much + + align:start position:0% +say not a background form however much + + + align:start position:0% +say not a background form however much +of the PPI you introduced right or if + + align:start position:0% +of the PPI you introduced right or if + + + align:start position:0% +of the PPI you introduced right or if +you have no idea what's going on with + + align:start position:0% +you have no idea what's going on with + + + align:start position:0% +you have no idea what's going on with +your chemistry maybe the data are going + + align:start position:0% +your chemistry maybe the data are going + + + align:start position:0% +your chemistry maybe the data are going +to tell you it's not this mechanism so + + align:start position:0% +to tell you it's not this mechanism so + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you it's not this mechanism so +you need to have a separation so how + + align:start position:0% +you need to have a separation so how + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have a separation so how +might you separate ATP from all of these + + align:start position:0% +might you separate ATP from all of these + + + align:start position:0% +might you separate ATP from all of these +other components + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some affinity column so I like the + + align:start position:0% +some affinity column so I like the + + + align:start position:0% +some affinity column so I like the +column right but we're not going to have + + align:start position:0% +column right but we're not going to have + + + align:start position:0% +column right but we're not going to have +some sort of tag on the ATP that might + + align:start position:0% +some sort of tag on the ATP that might + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of tag on the ATP that might +be a problem for that enzyme but but + + align:start position:0% +be a problem for that enzyme but but + + + align:start position:0% +be a problem for that enzyme but but +your notion is correct in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +your notion is correct in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +your notion is correct in the sense that +we'll use some sort of chromatography in + + align:start position:0% +we'll use some sort of chromatography in + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use some sort of chromatography in +order to separate okay so maybe HPLC how + + align:start position:0% +order to separate okay so maybe HPLC how + + + align:start position:0% +order to separate okay so maybe HPLC how +many of you have used an HPLC or at + + align:start position:0% +many of you have used an HPLC or at + + + align:start position:0% +many of you have used an HPLC or at +least know what one is + + align:start position:0% +least know what one is + + + align:start position:0% +least know what one is +right so typically looking at uv-vis but + + align:start position:0% +right so typically looking at uv-vis but + + + align:start position:0% +right so typically looking at uv-vis but +you can imagine hooking up an HPLC to a + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine hooking up an HPLC to a + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine hooking up an HPLC to a +detector that allows you to do + + align:start position:0% +detector that allows you to do + + + align:start position:0% +detector that allows you to do +scintillation counting and some sort of + + align:start position:0% +scintillation counting and some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +scintillation counting and some sort of +column that will allow you to look for + + align:start position:0% +column that will allow you to look for + + + align:start position:0% +column that will allow you to look for +ATP is all of the ATP going to be + + align:start position:0% +ATP is all of the ATP going to be + + + align:start position:0% +ATP is all of the ATP going to be +radioactive in this assay no right so + + align:start position:0% +radioactive in this assay no right so + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive in this assay no right so +again we can detect small quantities and + + align:start position:0% +again we can detect small quantities and + + + align:start position:0% +again we can detect small quantities and +as long as there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +as long as there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +as long as there's a little bit of +readability we can see this here + + align:start position:0% +readability we can see this here + + + align:start position:0% +readability we can see this here +okay so what's critical in this assay is + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's critical in this assay is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's critical in this assay is +the reversibility of steps three and + + align:start position:0% +the reversibility of steps three and + + + align:start position:0% +the reversibility of steps three and +four what would happen in this assay if + + align:start position:0% +four what would happen in this assay if + + + align:start position:0% +four what would happen in this assay if +the PPI is not released + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah right you know under the conditions + + align:start position:0% +Yeah right you know under the conditions + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah right you know under the conditions +or for some reason the PPI is not + + align:start position:0% +or for some reason the PPI is not + + + align:start position:0% +or for some reason the PPI is not +released we're not going to see this + + align:start position:0% +released we're not going to see this + + + align:start position:0% +released we're not going to see this +exchange reaction okay we're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +exchange reaction okay we're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +exchange reaction okay we're gonna have +a readout that doesn't give us this does + + align:start position:0% +a readout that doesn't give us this does + + + align:start position:0% +a readout that doesn't give us this does +that mean this didn't form No okay so + + align:start position:0% +that mean this didn't form No okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that mean this didn't form No okay so +there's many caveats and details that + + align:start position:0% +there's many caveats and details that + + + align:start position:0% +there's many caveats and details that +you need to think through when thinking + + align:start position:0% +you need to think through when thinking + + + align:start position:0% +you need to think through when thinking +about a reaction and then the + + align:start position:0% +about a reaction and then the + + + align:start position:0% +about a reaction and then the +experiments done to test this so in the + + align:start position:0% +experiments done to test this so in the + + + align:start position:0% +experiments done to test this so in the +case of these aminoacyl trna synthetases + + align:start position:0% +case of these aminoacyl trna synthetases + + + align:start position:0% +case of these aminoacyl trna synthetases +these ATP PPI exchange assays work well + + align:start position:0% +these ATP PPI exchange assays work well + + + align:start position:0% +these ATP PPI exchange assays work well +and these assays can be used to get + + align:start position:0% +and these assays can be used to get + + + align:start position:0% +and these assays can be used to get +steady-state kinetic parameters to get + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetic parameters to get + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state kinetic parameters to get +k-kat km k-kat over km which is where + + align:start position:0% +k-kat km k-kat over km which is where + + + align:start position:0% +k-kat km k-kat over km which is where +this type of value comes from in this + + align:start position:0% +this type of value comes from in this + + + align:start position:0% +this type of value comes from in this +case here so back to these analyses up + + align:start position:0% +case here so back to these analyses up + + + align:start position:0% +case here so back to these analyses up +here right what they're telling us is + + align:start position:0% +here right what they're telling us is + + + align:start position:0% +here right what they're telling us is +that formation of this amino adenylate + + align:start position:0% +that formation of this amino adenylate + + + align:start position:0% +that formation of this amino adenylate +intermediate is about 60 fold faster + + align:start position:0% +intermediate is about 60 fold faster + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate is about 60 fold faster +than formation of the product okay and + + align:start position:0% +than formation of the product okay and + + + align:start position:0% +than formation of the product okay and +what we all want to recall when thinking + + align:start position:0% +what we all want to recall when thinking + + + align:start position:0% +what we all want to recall when thinking +about steady-state experiments right as + + align:start position:0% +about steady-state experiments right as + + + align:start position:0% +about steady-state experiments right as +they're set up with a great excess of + + align:start position:0% +they're set up with a great excess of + + + align:start position:0% +they're set up with a great excess of +substrate for the enzyme concentration + + align:start position:0% +substrate for the enzyme concentration + + + align:start position:0% +substrate for the enzyme concentration +right the reaction is zero-order and + + align:start position:0% +right the reaction is zero-order and + + + align:start position:0% +right the reaction is zero-order and +respect to substrate and you'll have + + align:start position:0% +respect to substrate and you'll have + + + align:start position:0% +respect to substrate and you'll have +some additional notes about that in your + + align:start position:0% +some additional notes about that in your + + + align:start position:0% +some additional notes about that in your +recitation materials this week for + + align:start position:0% +recitation materials this week for + + + align:start position:0% +recitation materials this week for +review so something else biochemists + + align:start position:0% +review so something else biochemists + + + align:start position:0% +review so something else biochemists +like to do when looking at reactions and + + align:start position:0% +like to do when looking at reactions and + + + align:start position:0% +like to do when looking at reactions and +understanding reaction mechanisms is to + + align:start position:0% +understanding reaction mechanisms is to + + + align:start position:0% +understanding reaction mechanisms is to +look in the pre steady state okay and + + align:start position:0% +look in the pre steady state okay and + + + align:start position:0% +look in the pre steady state okay and +this came up briefly in lecture 1 is a + + align:start position:0% +this came up briefly in lecture 1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +this came up briefly in lecture 1 is a +method and again you'll hear more about + + align:start position:0% +method and again you'll hear more about + + + align:start position:0% +method and again you'll hear more about +it in recitation over the next two weeks + + align:start position:0% +it in recitation over the next two weeks + + + align:start position:0% +it in recitation over the next two weeks +okay in these experiments the goal is to + + align:start position:0% +okay in these experiments the goal is to + + + align:start position:0% +okay in these experiments the goal is to +look at the very first early moments of + + align:start position:0% +look at the very first early moments of + + + align:start position:0% +look at the very first early moments of +a reaction okay and they're set up quite + + align:start position:0% +a reaction okay and they're set up quite + + + align:start position:0% +a reaction okay and they're set up quite +differently so limiting substrate is + + align:start position:0% +differently so limiting substrate is + + + align:start position:0% +differently so limiting substrate is +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +there's no turnover so he + + align:start position:0% +there's no turnover so he + + + align:start position:0% +there's no turnover so he +contrast to what we know about study + + align:start position:0% +contrast to what we know about study + + + align:start position:0% +contrast to what we know about study +skate experiments and one of the goals + + align:start position:0% +skate experiments and one of the goals + + + align:start position:0% +skate experiments and one of the goals +is to look at you know the formation and + + align:start position:0% +is to look at you know the formation and + + + align:start position:0% +is to look at you know the formation and +consumption of intermediates here so + + align:start position:0% +consumption of intermediates here so + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of intermediates here so +this type of chemistry often happens on + + align:start position:0% +this type of chemistry often happens on + + + align:start position:0% +this type of chemistry often happens on +a fast timescale can imagine millisecond + + align:start position:0% +a fast timescale can imagine millisecond + + + align:start position:0% +a fast timescale can imagine millisecond +timescale here which means that we need + + align:start position:0% +timescale here which means that we need + + + align:start position:0% +timescale here which means that we need +a special apparatus that has fast mixing + + align:start position:0% +a special apparatus that has fast mixing + + + align:start position:0% +a special apparatus that has fast mixing +capabilities because there's no way for + + align:start position:0% +capabilities because there's no way for + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities because there's no way for +one of us to do this on our own with our + + align:start position:0% +one of us to do this on our own with our + + + align:start position:0% +one of us to do this on our own with our +pipette and so the type of experiment or + + align:start position:0% +pipette and so the type of experiment or + + + align:start position:0% +pipette and so the type of experiment or +apparatus used is called a stop flow and + + align:start position:0% +apparatus used is called a stop flow and + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus used is called a stop flow and +I just show one depiction of a stop flow + + align:start position:0% +I just show one depiction of a stop flow + + + align:start position:0% +I just show one depiction of a stop flow +apparatus here you'll get some other + + align:start position:0% +apparatus here you'll get some other + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus here you'll get some other +variations on this theme in the + + align:start position:0% +variations on this theme in the + + + align:start position:0% +variations on this theme in the +recitation notes okay but effectively + + align:start position:0% +recitation notes okay but effectively + + + align:start position:0% +recitation notes okay but effectively +what happens is that you have to drive + + align:start position:0% +what happens is that you have to drive + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is that you have to drive +syringes a and B and each of these + + align:start position:0% +syringes a and B and each of these + + + align:start position:0% +syringes a and B and each of these +syringes will contain certain components + + align:start position:0% +syringes will contain certain components + + + align:start position:0% +syringes will contain certain components +of your reaction and this stop flow has + + align:start position:0% +of your reaction and this stop flow has + + + align:start position:0% +of your reaction and this stop flow has +a drive motor and a stop syringe and it + + align:start position:0% +a drive motor and a stop syringe and it + + + align:start position:0% +a drive motor and a stop syringe and it +effectively allows you to rapidly mix + + align:start position:0% +effectively allows you to rapidly mix + + + align:start position:0% +effectively allows you to rapidly mix +the components of these syringes in a + + align:start position:0% +the components of these syringes in a + + + align:start position:0% +the components of these syringes in a +mixer shown here and then you either + + align:start position:0% +mixer shown here and then you either + + + align:start position:0% +mixer shown here and then you either +have some way to detect product so maybe + + align:start position:0% +have some way to detect product so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +have some way to detect product so maybe +if you can use optical absorption you + + align:start position:0% +if you can use optical absorption you + + + align:start position:0% +if you can use optical absorption you +have a UV vis detector or fluorescence a + + align:start position:0% +have a UV vis detector or fluorescence a + + + align:start position:0% +have a UV vis detector or fluorescence a +fluorescence detector or in other Quast + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence detector or in other Quast + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescence detector or in other Quast +cases what you'll do is you'll punch the + + align:start position:0% +cases what you'll do is you'll punch the + + + align:start position:0% +cases what you'll do is you'll punch the +reaction at a certain time point so you + + align:start position:0% +reaction at a certain time point so you + + + align:start position:0% +reaction at a certain time point so you +need a third syringe not shown here with + + align:start position:0% +need a third syringe not shown here with + + + align:start position:0% +need a third syringe not shown here with +a clencher so you can imagine if you're + + align:start position:0% +a clencher so you can imagine if you're + + + align:start position:0% +a clencher so you can imagine if you're +working with an enzyme + + align:start position:0% +working with an enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +working with an enzyme +maybe you quench by additional acid or + + align:start position:0% +maybe you quench by additional acid or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you quench by additional acid or +base something that will denature and + + align:start position:0% +base something that will denature and + + + align:start position:0% +base something that will denature and +precipitate that enzyme and then you can + + align:start position:0% +precipitate that enzyme and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +precipitate that enzyme and then you can +take that sample and analyze it in some + + align:start position:0% +take that sample and analyze it in some + + + align:start position:0% +take that sample and analyze it in some +way that fits in terms of what you need + + align:start position:0% +way that fits in terms of what you need + + + align:start position:0% +way that fits in terms of what you need +to detect there so this type of + + align:start position:0% +to detect there so this type of + + + align:start position:0% +to detect there so this type of +methodology was used in order to monitor + + align:start position:0% +methodology was used in order to monitor + + + align:start position:0% +methodology was used in order to monitor +transfer of isoleucine to its tRNA and + + align:start position:0% +transfer of isoleucine to its tRNA and + + + align:start position:0% +transfer of isoleucine to its tRNA and +so where we'll pick up in lecture on + + align:start position:0% +so where we'll pick up in lecture on + + + align:start position:0% +so where we'll pick up in lecture on +Wednesday is the design of that + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday is the design of that + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday is the design of that +experiment in terms of what will we put + + align:start position:0% +experiment in terms of what will we put + + + align:start position:0% +experiment in terms of what will we put +in each + + align:start position:0% +in each + + + align:start position:0% +in each +Rindge and then what are the results of + + align:start position:0% +Rindge and then what are the results of + + + align:start position:0% +Rindge and then what are the results of +those experiments and ultimately what + + align:start position:0% +those experiments and ultimately what + + + align:start position:0% +those experiments and ultimately what +does that tell us about rates of + + align:start position:0% +does that tell us about rates of + + + align:start position:0% +does that tell us about rates of +transfer here okay that's where we'll + + align:start position:0% +transfer here okay that's where we'll + + + align:start position:0% +transfer here okay that's where we'll +continue + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qTmA2LH2vCk.txt b/qTmA2LH2vCk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f89cf73046ad91bf94bdd0b0d4b90ee4b727b006 --- /dev/null +++ b/qTmA2LH2vCk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9923 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, Thomas Mouthys + + align:start position:0% +So, Thomas Mouthys + + + align:start position:0% +So, Thomas Mouthys +um Mouthys wrote the essay on the + + align:start position:0% +um Mouthys wrote the essay on the + + + align:start position:0% +um Mouthys wrote the essay on the +principle of + + align:start position:0% +principle of + + + align:start position:0% +principle of +population and published it in 1798 and + + align:start position:0% +population and published it in 1798 and + + + align:start position:0% +population and published it in 1798 and +u he was a + + align:start position:0% +u he was a + + + align:start position:0% +u he was a +uh intellectual + + align:start position:0% +uh intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +uh intellectual +Uh he was actually + + align:start position:0% +Uh he was actually + + + align:start position:0% +Uh he was actually +uh a cleric and he had uh religious + + align:start position:0% +uh a cleric and he had uh religious + + + align:start position:0% +uh a cleric and he had uh religious +duties and was interested in + + align:start position:0% +duties and was interested in + + + align:start position:0% +duties and was interested in +uh a range of different questions that + + align:start position:0% +uh a range of different questions that + + + align:start position:0% +uh a range of different questions that +had to do with ethics. Uh but he was + + align:start position:0% +had to do with ethics. Uh but he was + + + align:start position:0% +had to do with ethics. Uh but he was +also a mathematician who was interested + + align:start position:0% +also a mathematician who was interested + + + align:start position:0% +also a mathematician who was interested +in applying statistical thinking or the + + align:start position:0% +in applying statistical thinking or the + + + align:start position:0% +in applying statistical thinking or the +thinking of numbers to the various uh + + align:start position:0% +thinking of numbers to the various uh + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of numbers to the various uh +questions that uh arose out of people + + align:start position:0% +questions that uh arose out of people + + + align:start position:0% +questions that uh arose out of people +like Adam Smith and some other figures + + align:start position:0% +like Adam Smith and some other figures + + + align:start position:0% +like Adam Smith and some other figures +that he talks about in this book. uh + + align:start position:0% +that he talks about in this book. uh + + + align:start position:0% +that he talks about in this book. uh +William Godwin is one uh and Condors the + + align:start position:0% +William Godwin is one uh and Condors the + + + align:start position:0% +William Godwin is one uh and Condors the +French uh + + align:start position:0% +French uh + + + align:start position:0% +French uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +philosoph were very were enthusiasts for + + align:start position:0% +philosoph were very were enthusiasts for + + + align:start position:0% +philosoph were very were enthusiasts for +progress who really felt that human + + align:start position:0% +progress who really felt that human + + + align:start position:0% +progress who really felt that human +progress was uh almost unlimited could + + align:start position:0% +progress was uh almost unlimited could + + + align:start position:0% +progress was uh almost unlimited could +be you + + align:start position:0% +be you + + + align:start position:0% +be you +know counted + + align:start position:0% +know counted + + + align:start position:0% +know counted +on progress uh developing for + + align:start position:0% +on progress uh developing for + + + align:start position:0% +on progress uh developing for +generations and generations. generations + + align:start position:0% +generations and generations. generations + + + align:start position:0% +generations and generations. generations +and delivering humans into an era of uh + + align:start position:0% +and delivering humans into an era of uh + + + align:start position:0% +and delivering humans into an era of uh +uh incredible uh wealth and + + align:start position:0% +uh incredible uh wealth and + + + align:start position:0% +uh incredible uh wealth and +comfort. Uh and so uh there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +comfort. Uh and so uh there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +comfort. Uh and so uh there was a lot of +thinking that came out of + + align:start position:0% +thinking that came out of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that came out of +the 18th century rationalism. The French + + align:start position:0% +the 18th century rationalism. The French + + + align:start position:0% +the 18th century rationalism. The French +Revolution was a problem. Of course, uh + + align:start position:0% +Revolution was a problem. Of course, uh + + + align:start position:0% +Revolution was a problem. Of course, uh +Maltus talks about this a little bit. Uh + + align:start position:0% +Maltus talks about this a little bit. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Maltus talks about this a little bit. Uh +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +certainly there was change. change was + + align:start position:0% +certainly there was change. change was + + + align:start position:0% +certainly there was change. change was +in the air. It was very clear that uh + + align:start position:0% +in the air. It was very clear that uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the air. It was very clear that uh +there were possibilities for growth and + + align:start position:0% +there were possibilities for growth and + + + align:start position:0% +there were possibilities for growth and +development in human societies. And so + + align:start position:0% +development in human societies. And so + + + align:start position:0% +development in human societies. And so +many of these intellectuals + + align:start position:0% +many of these intellectuals + + + align:start position:0% +many of these intellectuals +were interested in exploring what the + + align:start position:0% +were interested in exploring what the + + + align:start position:0% +were interested in exploring what the +possibilities were and were very + + align:start position:0% +possibilities were and were very + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities were and were very +enthusiastic about these possibilities. + + align:start position:0% +enthusiastic about these possibilities. + + + align:start position:0% +enthusiastic about these possibilities. +um including Smith, I think you picked + + align:start position:0% +um including Smith, I think you picked + + + align:start position:0% +um including Smith, I think you picked +up from last class Smith's optimism and + + align:start position:0% +up from last class Smith's optimism and + + + align:start position:0% +up from last class Smith's optimism and +you know the sense he had that you know + + align:start position:0% +you know the sense he had that you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know the sense he had that you know +the economy would grow and it would uh + + align:start position:0% +the economy would grow and it would uh + + + align:start position:0% +the economy would grow and it would uh +deliver greater resources for the common + + align:start position:0% +deliver greater resources for the common + + + align:start position:0% +deliver greater resources for the common +good. This was a very optimistic view of + + align:start position:0% +good. This was a very optimistic view of + + + align:start position:0% +good. This was a very optimistic view of +things. And it was all connected to a + + align:start position:0% +things. And it was all connected to a + + + align:start position:0% +things. And it was all connected to a +sort of a rational view of the world, a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a rational view of the world, a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a rational view of the world, a +uh a a view of the world that you know + + align:start position:0% +uh a a view of the world that you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh a a view of the world that you know +if you really looked at it closely for + + align:start position:0% +if you really looked at it closely for + + + align:start position:0% +if you really looked at it closely for +the facts and the details, you could + + align:start position:0% +the facts and the details, you could + + + align:start position:0% +the facts and the details, you could +sort of see these things emerging and + + align:start position:0% +sort of see these things emerging and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of see these things emerging and +that uh rational behavior uh actually + + align:start position:0% +that uh rational behavior uh actually + + + align:start position:0% +that uh rational behavior uh actually +led to greater goods for everybody. So + + align:start position:0% +led to greater goods for everybody. So + + + align:start position:0% +led to greater goods for everybody. So +this is uh this is the situation which + + align:start position:0% +this is uh this is the situation which + + + align:start position:0% +this is uh this is the situation which +we come with uh Mouthys and Mouthys + + align:start position:0% +we come with uh Mouthys and Mouthys + + + align:start position:0% +we come with uh Mouthys and Mouthys +himself + + align:start position:0% +himself + + + align:start position:0% +himself +um had read many of these figures. He + + align:start position:0% +um had read many of these figures. He + + + align:start position:0% +um had read many of these figures. He +was he was an intellectual of his time. + + align:start position:0% +was he was an intellectual of his time. + + + align:start position:0% +was he was an intellectual of his time. +He had read many of the different + + align:start position:0% +He had read many of the different + + + align:start position:0% +He had read many of the different +accounts and uh he had uh honed in on + + align:start position:0% +accounts and uh he had uh honed in on + + + align:start position:0% +accounts and uh he had uh honed in on +this concept of progress. As we noted + + align:start position:0% +this concept of progress. As we noted + + + align:start position:0% +this concept of progress. As we noted +last time, Smith uses the word progress + + align:start position:0% +last time, Smith uses the word progress + + + align:start position:0% +last time, Smith uses the word progress +quite frequently in his uh wealth of + + align:start position:0% +quite frequently in his uh wealth of + + + align:start position:0% +quite frequently in his uh wealth of +nations and it's a word of uh optimism + + align:start position:0% +nations and it's a word of uh optimism + + + align:start position:0% +nations and it's a word of uh optimism +progress. We still use it, don't we? + + align:start position:0% +progress. We still use it, don't we? + + + align:start position:0% +progress. We still use it, don't we? +You still have a sense of uh the word + + align:start position:0% +You still have a sense of uh the word + + + align:start position:0% +You still have a sense of uh the word +progress as a important word in our + + align:start position:0% +progress as a important word in our + + + align:start position:0% +progress as a important word in our +vocabulary. And you know people still + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary. And you know people still + + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary. And you know people still +think in terms of uh uh progressive uh + + align:start position:0% +think in terms of uh uh progressive uh + + + align:start position:0% +think in terms of uh uh progressive uh +uh gains for everybody or most people or + + align:start position:0% +uh gains for everybody or most people or + + + align:start position:0% +uh gains for everybody or most people or +whatever. I mean there are lots of ways + + align:start position:0% +whatever. I mean there are lots of ways + + + align:start position:0% +whatever. I mean there are lots of ways +in which you can think about it but uh + + align:start position:0% +in which you can think about it but uh + + + align:start position:0% +in which you can think about it but uh +the general notion is things get better. + + align:start position:0% +the general notion is things get better. + + + align:start position:0% +the general notion is things get better. +one of the figures uh this this comes uh + + align:start position:0% +one of the figures uh this this comes uh + + + align:start position:0% +one of the figures uh this this comes uh +a little more in chapter nine I which I + + align:start position:0% +a little more in chapter nine I which I + + + align:start position:0% +a little more in chapter nine I which I +ask you to read the early chapters and + + align:start position:0% +ask you to read the early chapters and + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to read the early chapters and +then chapter nine and chapter nine he + + align:start position:0% +then chapter nine and chapter nine he + + + align:start position:0% +then chapter nine and chapter nine he +takes on condi but convers certainly in + + align:start position:0% +takes on condi but convers certainly in + + + align:start position:0% +takes on condi but convers certainly in +the back of his mind as is William + + align:start position:0% +the back of his mind as is William + + + align:start position:0% +the back of his mind as is William +Godwin + + align:start position:0% +Godwin + + + align:start position:0% +Godwin +uh I won't say too much about Godwin I + + align:start position:0% +uh I won't say too much about Godwin I + + + align:start position:0% +uh I won't say too much about Godwin I +decided to pick condra today uh and + + align:start position:0% +decided to pick condra today uh and + + + align:start position:0% +decided to pick condra today uh and +condi had because he he had a I mean + + align:start position:0% +condi had because he he had a I mean + + + align:start position:0% +condi had because he he had a I mean +he's a very great man And he obviously + + align:start position:0% +he's a very great man And he obviously + + + align:start position:0% +he's a very great man And he obviously +uh as as as mouthys says is a + + align:start position:0% +uh as as as mouthys says is a + + + align:start position:0% +uh as as as mouthys says is a +very substantial thinker and not to be + + align:start position:0% +very substantial thinker and not to be + + + align:start position:0% +very substantial thinker and not to be +dismissed lightly. But uh Condor in his + + align:start position:0% +dismissed lightly. But uh Condor in his + + + align:start position:0% +dismissed lightly. But uh Condor in his +work the future progress of the human + + align:start position:0% +work the future progress of the human + + + align:start position:0% +work the future progress of the human +mind had uh argued that the organic + + align:start position:0% +mind had uh argued that the organic + + + align:start position:0% +mind had uh argued that the organic +perfectability of races and plants and + + align:start position:0% +perfectability of races and plants and + + + align:start position:0% +perfectability of races and plants and +animals may be regarded as one of the + + align:start position:0% +animals may be regarded as one of the + + + align:start position:0% +animals may be regarded as one of the +general laws of nature. + + align:start position:0% +general laws of nature. + + + align:start position:0% +general laws of nature. +So we're beginning to think here we're + + align:start position:0% +So we're beginning to think here we're + + + align:start position:0% +So we're beginning to think here we're +beginning to see conversion some other + + align:start position:0% +beginning to see conversion some other + + + align:start position:0% +beginning to see conversion some other +people thinking that you know nature + + align:start position:0% +people thinking that you know nature + + + align:start position:0% +people thinking that you know nature +itself is you know is is seems to be uh + + align:start position:0% +itself is you know is is seems to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +itself is you know is is seems to be uh +developing toward greater and greater + + align:start position:0% +developing toward greater and greater + + + align:start position:0% +developing toward greater and greater +perfection. + + align:start position:0% +perfection. + + + align:start position:0% +perfection. +Um, we feel, he continues, that the + + align:start position:0% +Um, we feel, he continues, that the + + + align:start position:0% +Um, we feel, he continues, that the +progress of preventive medicine as a + + align:start position:0% +progress of preventive medicine as a + + + align:start position:0% +progress of preventive medicine as a +preservative made more effective by the + + align:start position:0% +preservative made more effective by the + + + align:start position:0% +preservative made more effective by the +progress of reason and social order will + + align:start position:0% +progress of reason and social order will + + + align:start position:0% +progress of reason and social order will +eventually banish communicable or + + align:start position:0% +eventually banish communicable or + + + align:start position:0% +eventually banish communicable or +contagious illnesses and those diseases + + align:start position:0% +contagious illnesses and those diseases + + + align:start position:0% +contagious illnesses and those diseases +in general that originate in climate, + + align:start position:0% +in general that originate in climate, + + + align:start position:0% +in general that originate in climate, +food, and the nature of work. + + align:start position:0% +food, and the nature of work. + + + align:start position:0% +food, and the nature of work. +It would not be difficult to prove that + + align:start position:0% +It would not be difficult to prove that + + + align:start position:0% +It would not be difficult to prove that +this hope should extend to almost all + + align:start position:0% +this hope should extend to almost all + + + align:start position:0% +this hope should extend to almost all +other diseases whose more remote causes + + align:start position:0% +other diseases whose more remote causes + + + align:start position:0% +other diseases whose more remote causes +will eventually be + + align:start position:0% +will eventually be + + + align:start position:0% +will eventually be +recognized. Would it be absurd now to + + align:start position:0% +recognized. Would it be absurd now to + + + align:start position:0% +recognized. Would it be absurd now to +suppose that the improvement of the + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the improvement of the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the improvement of the +human race should be + + align:start position:0% +human race should be + + + align:start position:0% +human race should be +regarded as capable of unlimited + + align:start position:0% +regarded as capable of unlimited + + + align:start position:0% +regarded as capable of unlimited +progress? So this this was one of the + + align:start position:0% +progress? So this this was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +progress? So this this was one of the +grand visions u of cond and uh this is + + align:start position:0% +grand visions u of cond and uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +grand visions u of cond and uh this is +simply an example. Smith uh uh was + + align:start position:0% +simply an example. Smith uh uh was + + + align:start position:0% +simply an example. Smith uh uh was +another example um and so was uh William + + align:start position:0% +another example um and so was uh William + + + align:start position:0% +another example um and so was uh William +Godwin and there are a few others that + + align:start position:0% +Godwin and there are a few others that + + + align:start position:0% +Godwin and there are a few others that +he mentions in passing that Meltus + + align:start position:0% +he mentions in passing that Meltus + + + align:start position:0% +he mentions in passing that Meltus +mentions in passing. So he, you know, + + align:start position:0% +mentions in passing. So he, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +mentions in passing. So he, you know, +he's he's picking up this + + align:start position:0% +he's he's picking up this + + + align:start position:0% +he's he's picking up this +this chorus of uh different uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +this chorus of uh different uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +this chorus of uh different uh uh uh +different figures uh different people, + + align:start position:0% +different figures uh different people, + + + align:start position:0% +different figures uh different people, +intellectuals who are you know + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals who are you know + + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals who are you know +supporting this notion of progress. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he in in uh in in the essay itself which + + align:start position:0% +he in in uh in in the essay itself which + + + align:start position:0% +he in in uh in in the essay itself which +was appeared in 1798 + + align:start position:0% +was appeared in 1798 + + + align:start position:0% +was appeared in 1798 +um he uh decides + + align:start position:0% +um he uh decides + + + align:start position:0% +um he uh decides +to look into some of the problems with + + align:start position:0% +to look into some of the problems with + + + align:start position:0% +to look into some of the problems with +this this view and um in in chapter one + + align:start position:0% +this this view and um in in chapter one + + + align:start position:0% +this this view and um in in chapter one +he sort of uh you know he says a few + + align:start position:0% +he sort of uh you know he says a few + + + align:start position:0% +he sort of uh you know he says a few +things in the preference about this this + + align:start position:0% +things in the preference about this this + + + align:start position:0% +things in the preference about this this +general optimistic view of things and + + align:start position:0% +general optimistic view of things and + + + align:start position:0% +general optimistic view of things and +you know that it's uh it's out there and + + align:start position:0% +you know that it's uh it's out there and + + + align:start position:0% +you know that it's uh it's out there and +uh he also says there it's it's clear + + align:start position:0% +uh he also says there it's it's clear + + + align:start position:0% +uh he also says there it's it's clear +that the population the level of + + align:start position:0% +that the population the level of + + + align:start position:0% +that the population the level of +population has been kept to a certain + + align:start position:0% +population has been kept to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +population has been kept to a certain +level. uh the level of population + + align:start position:0% +level. uh the level of population + + + align:start position:0% +level. uh the level of population +remains at at a + + align:start position:0% +remains at at a + + + align:start position:0% +remains at at a +certain level over a period of time and + + align:start position:0% +certain level over a period of time and + + + align:start position:0% +certain level over a period of time and +yet uh the potential of population + + align:start position:0% +yet uh the potential of population + + + align:start position:0% +yet uh the potential of population +growth is so much more + + align:start position:0% +growth is so much more + + + align:start position:0% +growth is so much more +vast that something must be happening + + align:start position:0% +vast that something must be happening + + + align:start position:0% +vast that something must be happening +here. And he points out nobody's ever + + align:start position:0% +here. And he points out nobody's ever + + + align:start position:0% +here. And he points out nobody's ever +really looked at this very closely. It's + + align:start position:0% +really looked at this very closely. It's + + + align:start position:0% +really looked at this very closely. It's +sort of this progress is sort of vague. + + align:start position:0% +sort of this progress is sort of vague. + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this progress is sort of vague. +But uh when you actually begin to do the + + align:start position:0% +But uh when you actually begin to do the + + + align:start position:0% +But uh when you actually begin to do the +counting and the numbers he said he + + align:start position:0% +counting and the numbers he said he + + + align:start position:0% +counting and the numbers he said he +points out uh this view of uh unlimited + + align:start position:0% +points out uh this view of uh unlimited + + + align:start position:0% +points out uh this view of uh unlimited +progress and so forth begins to be + + align:start position:0% +progress and so forth begins to be + + + align:start position:0% +progress and so forth begins to be +problematic or it needs to be at least + + align:start position:0% +problematic or it needs to be at least + + + align:start position:0% +problematic or it needs to be at least +uh reconsidered in light of this other + + align:start position:0% +uh reconsidered in light of this other + + + align:start position:0% +uh reconsidered in light of this other +uh so he says here on u right at the + + align:start position:0% +uh so he says here on u right at the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so he says here on u right at the +beginning of the chapter he says it has + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the chapter he says it has + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the chapter he says it has +been said that the great question is now + + align:start position:0% +been said that the great question is now + + + align:start position:0% +been said that the great question is now +at issue whether man shall henceforth + + align:start position:0% +at issue whether man shall henceforth + + + align:start position:0% +at issue whether man shall henceforth +Start forwards with accelerated velocity + + align:start position:0% +Start forwards with accelerated velocity + + + align:start position:0% +Start forwards with accelerated velocity +towards illimmonable and hitherto + + align:start position:0% +towards illimmonable and hitherto + + + align:start position:0% +towards illimmonable and hitherto +unconceived improvement or be condemned + + align:start position:0% +unconceived improvement or be condemned + + + align:start position:0% +unconceived improvement or be condemned +condemned to a perpetual oscillation + + align:start position:0% +condemned to a perpetual oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +condemned to a perpetual oscillation +between happiness and misery and after + + align:start position:0% +between happiness and misery and after + + + align:start position:0% +between happiness and misery and after +every effort remains still at an + + align:start position:0% +every effort remains still at an + + + align:start position:0% +every effort remains still at an +immeasurable distance from the wished + + align:start position:0% +immeasurable distance from the wished + + + align:start position:0% +immeasurable distance from the wished +for goal. + + align:start position:0% +for goal. + + + align:start position:0% +for goal. +So it's not happening or at least not in + + align:start position:0% +So it's not happening or at least not in + + + align:start position:0% +So it's not happening or at least not in +the way that people + + align:start position:0% +the way that people + + + align:start position:0% +the way that people +um and so + + align:start position:0% +um and so + + + align:start position:0% +um and so +he makes his two + + align:start position:0% +he makes his two + + + align:start position:0% +he makes his two +claims. He says I think I may fairly + + align:start position:0% +claims. He says I think I may fairly + + + align:start position:0% +claims. He says I think I may fairly +make two postulatada. First that food is + + align:start position:0% +make two postulatada. First that food is + + + align:start position:0% +make two postulatada. First that food is +necessary to the existence of + + align:start position:0% +necessary to the existence of + + + align:start position:0% +necessary to the existence of +man. Secondly that the passion between + + align:start position:0% +man. Secondly that the passion between + + + align:start position:0% +man. Secondly that the passion between +the sexes is necessary and will remain + + align:start position:0% +the sexes is necessary and will remain + + + align:start position:0% +the sexes is necessary and will remain +nearly in its present state. + + align:start position:0% +nearly in its present state. + + + align:start position:0% +nearly in its present state. +These two laws, ever since we have had + + align:start position:0% +These two laws, ever since we have had + + + align:start position:0% +These two laws, ever since we have had +any knowledge of mankind, appear to have + + align:start position:0% +any knowledge of mankind, appear to have + + + align:start position:0% +any knowledge of mankind, appear to have +been fixed laws of our + + align:start position:0% +been fixed laws of our + + + align:start position:0% +been fixed laws of our +nature. And as we have not hitherto seen + + align:start position:0% +nature. And as we have not hitherto seen + + + align:start position:0% +nature. And as we have not hitherto seen +any alteration in them, we have no right + + align:start position:0% +any alteration in them, we have no right + + + align:start position:0% +any alteration in them, we have no right +to conclude that they will ever cease to + + align:start position:0% +to conclude that they will ever cease to + + + align:start position:0% +to conclude that they will ever cease to +be what they are + + align:start position:0% +be what they are + + + align:start position:0% +be what they are +now without an immediate act of power in + + align:start position:0% +now without an immediate act of power in + + + align:start position:0% +now without an immediate act of power in +that being, i.e. God who first arranged + + align:start position:0% +that being, i.e. God who first arranged + + + align:start position:0% +that being, i.e. God who first arranged +the system of the + + align:start position:0% +the system of the + + + align:start position:0% +the system of the +universe and for the advantage of his + + align:start position:0% +universe and for the advantage of his + + + align:start position:0% +universe and for the advantage of his +creatures still executes according to + + align:start position:0% +creatures still executes according to + + + align:start position:0% +creatures still executes according to +fixed laws all its various + + align:start position:0% +fixed laws all its various + + + align:start position:0% +fixed laws all its various +operations. So he's you know he's a as + + align:start position:0% +operations. So he's you know he's a as + + + align:start position:0% +operations. So he's you know he's a as +far as his view of how the world came + + align:start position:0% +far as his view of how the world came + + + align:start position:0% +far as his view of how the world came +into being there's no question in his + + align:start position:0% +into being there's no question in his + + + align:start position:0% +into being there's no question in his +mind that it was created by the creator + + align:start position:0% +mind that it was created by the creator + + + align:start position:0% +mind that it was created by the creator +and that you know he's he has he has a + + align:start position:0% +and that you know he's he has he has a + + + align:start position:0% +and that you know he's he has he has a +view uh he He has a view of Cleanths as + + align:start position:0% +view uh he He has a view of Cleanths as + + + align:start position:0% +view uh he He has a view of Cleanths as +far as the creation, but maybe a little + + align:start position:0% +far as the creation, but maybe a little + + + align:start position:0% +far as the creation, but maybe a little +more the view of Felo as far as the + + align:start position:0% +more the view of Felo as far as the + + + align:start position:0% +more the view of Felo as far as the +actual effect, but um he's definitely + + align:start position:0% +actual effect, but um he's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +actual effect, but um he's definitely +somebody who believes that the uh world + + align:start position:0% +somebody who believes that the uh world + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who believes that the uh world +has been created and that's the way it + + align:start position:0% +has been created and that's the way it + + + align:start position:0% +has been created and that's the way it +is. But he sees these two problems. + + align:start position:0% +is. But he sees these two problems. + + + align:start position:0% +is. But he sees these two problems. +Okay, so what's the problem with food + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so what's the problem with food + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so what's the problem with food +and you know these two these two + + align:start position:0% +and you know these two these two + + + align:start position:0% +and you know these two these two +requirements that humans have? Why is + + align:start position:0% +requirements that humans have? Why is + + + align:start position:0% +requirements that humans have? Why is +this a problem? Christian, he mentions + + align:start position:0% +this a problem? Christian, he mentions + + + align:start position:0% +this a problem? Christian, he mentions +that uh food grows at a slower pace than + + align:start position:0% +that uh food grows at a slower pace than + + + align:start position:0% +that uh food grows at a slower pace than +uh population. I think he describes as + + align:start position:0% +uh population. I think he describes as + + + align:start position:0% +uh population. I think he describes as +an arithmetic progression whereas the + + align:start position:0% +an arithmetic progression whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +an arithmetic progression whereas the +population grows at a geometric + + align:start position:0% +population grows at a geometric + + + align:start position:0% +population grows at a geometric +progression. Okay. So he he comes he he + + align:start position:0% +progression. Okay. So he he comes he he + + + align:start position:0% +progression. Okay. So he he comes he he +begins to reason about reproduction and + + align:start position:0% +begins to reason about reproduction and + + + align:start position:0% +begins to reason about reproduction and +how reproduction works and the fact that + + align:start position:0% +how reproduction works and the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +how reproduction works and the fact that +everything reproduces that reproduce in + + align:start position:0% +everything reproduces that reproduce in + + + align:start position:0% +everything reproduces that reproduce in +the first generation is potential can + + align:start position:0% +the first generation is potential can + + + align:start position:0% +the first generation is potential can +reproduce in the second + + align:start position:0% +reproduce in the second + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce in the second +generation and + + align:start position:0% +generation and + + + align:start position:0% +generation and +that that uh those that reproduce in the + + align:start position:0% +that that uh those that reproduce in the + + + align:start position:0% +that that uh those that reproduce in the +second generation have the potential to + + align:start position:0% +second generation have the potential to + + + align:start position:0% +second generation have the potential to +reproduce in the third generation. So + + align:start position:0% +reproduce in the third generation. So + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce in the third generation. So +what kind of a growth pattern do we have + + align:start position:0% +what kind of a growth pattern do we have + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of a growth pattern do we have +here? It's what he calls geometric. So + + align:start position:0% +here? It's what he calls geometric. So + + + align:start position:0% +here? It's what he calls geometric. So +why is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +growth? I mean we you all have done uh + + align:start position:0% +growth? I mean we you all have done uh + + + align:start position:0% +growth? I mean we you all have done uh +cultures in petri dishes or things of + + align:start position:0% +cultures in petri dishes or things of + + + align:start position:0% +cultures in petri dishes or things of +that sort. You see how things grow in + + align:start position:0% +that sort. You see how things grow in + + + align:start position:0% +that sort. You see how things grow in +biological organisms grow uh and + + align:start position:0% +biological organisms grow uh and + + + align:start position:0% +biological organisms grow uh and +reproduce. And this process takes place + + align:start position:0% +reproduce. And this process takes place + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce. And this process takes place +rather + + align:start position:0% +rather + + + align:start position:0% +rather +uh uh vigorously and you know at at a at + + align:start position:0% +uh uh vigorously and you know at at a at + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh vigorously and you know at at a at +a rate that's uh quite impressive when + + align:start position:0% +a rate that's uh quite impressive when + + + align:start position:0% +a rate that's uh quite impressive when +you watch it. If you can see something + + align:start position:0% +you watch it. If you can see something + + + align:start position:0% +you watch it. If you can see something +that actually can reproduce uh fairly + + align:start position:0% +that actually can reproduce uh fairly + + + align:start position:0% +that actually can reproduce uh fairly +frequently it's it's uh amazing. These + + align:start position:0% +frequently it's it's uh amazing. These + + + align:start position:0% +frequently it's it's uh amazing. These +are fixed laws. + + align:start position:0% +are fixed laws. + + + align:start position:0% +are fixed laws. +Assuming then my postulatada as granted + + align:start position:0% +Assuming then my postulatada as granted + + + align:start position:0% +Assuming then my postulatada as granted +I say that the power of population is + + align:start position:0% +I say that the power of population is + + + align:start position:0% +I say that the power of population is +infinitely greater than the power in the + + align:start position:0% +infinitely greater than the power in the + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely greater than the power in the +earth to produce substance uh + + align:start position:0% +earth to produce substance uh + + + align:start position:0% +earth to produce substance uh +subsistence for man. Population when + + align:start position:0% +subsistence for man. Population when + + + align:start position:0% +subsistence for man. Population when +unchecked increases in a geometrical + + align:start position:0% +unchecked increases in a geometrical + + + align:start position:0% +unchecked increases in a geometrical +ratio. Subsistence increases only in an + + align:start position:0% +ratio. Subsistence increases only in an + + + align:start position:0% +ratio. Subsistence increases only in an +arithmetical ratio. A slight + + align:start position:0% +arithmetical ratio. A slight + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetical ratio. A slight +acquaintance with the numbers will show + + align:start position:0% +acquaintance with the numbers will show + + + align:start position:0% +acquaintance with the numbers will show +the immensity of the first power in + + align:start position:0% +the immensity of the first power in + + + align:start position:0% +the immensity of the first power in +comparison to the second of the second. + + align:start position:0% +comparison to the second of the second. + + + align:start position:0% +comparison to the second of the second. +This implies a strong and constantly + + align:start position:0% +This implies a strong and constantly + + + align:start position:0% +This implies a strong and constantly +operating check on population from the + + align:start position:0% +operating check on population from the + + + align:start position:0% +operating check on population from the +difficulty of + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of +subsistence. This difficulty must fall + + align:start position:0% +subsistence. This difficulty must fall + + + align:start position:0% +subsistence. This difficulty must fall +somewhere and must necessarily be + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and must necessarily be + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere and must necessarily be +severely felt by a large portion of + + align:start position:0% +severely felt by a large portion of + + + align:start position:0% +severely felt by a large portion of +mankind. So this is the basic Malthusian + + align:start position:0% +mankind. So this is the basic Malthusian + + + align:start position:0% +mankind. So this is the basic Malthusian +dilemma. + + align:start position:0% +dilemma. + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma. +And if we just start poking around with + + align:start position:0% +And if we just start poking around with + + + align:start position:0% +And if we just start poking around with +some of the numbers and think a little + + align:start position:0% +some of the numbers and think a little + + + align:start position:0% +some of the numbers and think a little +bit about the simple + + align:start position:0% +bit about the simple + + + align:start position:0% +bit about the simple +facts and put those + + align:start position:0% +facts and put those + + + align:start position:0% +facts and put those +together, we don't come out with that + + align:start position:0% +together, we don't come out with that + + + align:start position:0% +together, we don't come out with that +sort of uh basis for this kind of + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh basis for this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh basis for this kind of +unlimited uh enthusiasm for + + align:start position:0% +unlimited uh enthusiasm for + + + align:start position:0% +unlimited uh enthusiasm for +progress. You know, he's not saying that + + align:start position:0% +progress. You know, he's not saying that + + + align:start position:0% +progress. You know, he's not saying that +progress doesn't happen, but he is + + align:start position:0% +progress doesn't happen, but he is + + + align:start position:0% +progress doesn't happen, but he is +saying, you know, there's a cost. Not + + align:start position:0% +saying, you know, there's a cost. Not + + + align:start position:0% +saying, you know, there's a cost. Not +everybody shares in the progress in + + align:start position:0% +everybody shares in the progress in + + + align:start position:0% +everybody shares in the progress in +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +measure and you know if you've read + + align:start position:0% +measure and you know if you've read + + + align:start position:0% +measure and you know if you've read +those chapters he's talking a little bit + + align:start position:0% +those chapters he's talking a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +those chapters he's talking a little bit +you know well who who suffers I mean + + align:start position:0% +you know well who who suffers I mean + + + align:start position:0% +you know well who who suffers I mean +where oh okay so he says you know that + + align:start position:0% +where oh okay so he says you know that + + + align:start position:0% +where oh okay so he says you know that +there is a check on the + + align:start position:0% +there is a check on the + + + align:start position:0% +there is a check on the +population and here we have some classic + + align:start position:0% +population and here we have some classic + + + align:start position:0% +population and here we have some classic +you know just things uh about uh + + align:start position:0% +you know just things uh about uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know just things uh about uh +collapses of populations and so forth + + align:start position:0% +collapses of populations and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +collapses of populations and so forth +and obviously + + align:start position:0% +and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously +uh there are lots and lots of ways and + + align:start position:0% +uh there are lots and lots of ways and + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are lots and lots of ways and +perspectives we can bring to this this + + align:start position:0% +perspectives we can bring to this this + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives we can bring to this this +set of questions. But uh the idea that + + align:start position:0% +set of questions. But uh the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +set of questions. But uh the idea that +uh the population can grow at unlimited + + align:start position:0% +uh the population can grow at unlimited + + + align:start position:0% +uh the population can grow at unlimited +rates is uh you know preposterous. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so he says uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh through the animal and vegetable + + align:start position:0% +uh through the animal and vegetable + + + align:start position:0% +uh through the animal and vegetable +kingdoms nature has scattered the seeds + + align:start position:0% +kingdoms nature has scattered the seeds + + + align:start position:0% +kingdoms nature has scattered the seeds +of life abroad with the most profuse and + + align:start position:0% +of life abroad with the most profuse and + + + align:start position:0% +of life abroad with the most profuse and +liberal hand. She has been comparatively + + align:start position:0% +liberal hand. She has been comparatively + + + align:start position:0% +liberal hand. She has been comparatively +sparing in the room and nourishment + + align:start position:0% +sparing in the room and nourishment + + + align:start position:0% +sparing in the room and nourishment +necessary to rear them. The germs of + + align:start position:0% +necessary to rear them. The germs of + + + align:start position:0% +necessary to rear them. The germs of +existence contained in this + + align:start position:0% +existence contained in this + + + align:start position:0% +existence contained in this +spot of earth with ample food and ample + + align:start position:0% +spot of earth with ample food and ample + + + align:start position:0% +spot of earth with ample food and ample +room to expand in would fill millions of + + align:start position:0% +room to expand in would fill millions of + + + align:start position:0% +room to expand in would fill millions of +years millions of word worlds in the + + align:start position:0% +years millions of word worlds in the + + + align:start position:0% +years millions of word worlds in the +course of a few thousand years. The rate + + align:start position:0% +course of a few thousand years. The rate + + + align:start position:0% +course of a few thousand years. The rate +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +production necessity that imperious + + align:start position:0% +production necessity that imperious + + + align:start position:0% +production necessity that imperious +allervading law of nature restrains them + + align:start position:0% +allervading law of nature restrains them + + + align:start position:0% +allervading law of nature restrains them +within the prescribed bounds. The race + + align:start position:0% +within the prescribed bounds. The race + + + align:start position:0% +within the prescribed bounds. The race +of plants and the race of animals shrink + + align:start position:0% +of plants and the race of animals shrink + + + align:start position:0% +of plants and the race of animals shrink +under this great restrictive law. And + + align:start position:0% +under this great restrictive law. And + + + align:start position:0% +under this great restrictive law. And +the race of man cannot by any efforts of + + align:start position:0% +the race of man cannot by any efforts of + + + align:start position:0% +the race of man cannot by any efforts of +reason escape from + + align:start position:0% +reason escape from + + + align:start position:0% +reason escape from +it. Among plants and animals, its + + align:start position:0% +it. Among plants and animals, its + + + align:start position:0% +it. Among plants and animals, its +effects are waste of seed, sickness, and + + align:start position:0% +effects are waste of seed, sickness, and + + + align:start position:0% +effects are waste of seed, sickness, and +premature death. Among mankind, misery + + align:start position:0% +premature death. Among mankind, misery + + + align:start position:0% +premature death. Among mankind, misery +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +vice. Well, this is uh he's been called + + align:start position:0% +vice. Well, this is uh he's been called + + + align:start position:0% +vice. Well, this is uh he's been called +the dismal philosopher for good reason. + + align:start position:0% +the dismal philosopher for good reason. + + + align:start position:0% +the dismal philosopher for good reason. +you know, I mean, you know, when you + + align:start position:0% +you know, I mean, you know, when you + + + align:start position:0% +you know, I mean, you know, when you +read when you when when you read + + align:start position:0% +read when you when when you read + + + align:start position:0% +read when you when when you read +Mouthys, you sort of think, you know, + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys, you sort of think, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys, you sort of think, you know, +that's uh a lot to uh face up to, but + + align:start position:0% +that's uh a lot to uh face up to, but + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh a lot to uh face up to, but +you know, that world is ticking even as + + align:start position:0% +you know, that world is ticking even as + + + align:start position:0% +you know, that world is ticking even as +we're talking here. I mean, things are + + align:start position:0% +we're talking here. I mean, things are + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking here. I mean, things are +growing at incredible rates and + + align:start position:0% +growing at incredible rates and + + + align:start position:0% +growing at incredible rates and +production is taking place. So, he he + + align:start position:0% +production is taking place. So, he he + + + align:start position:0% +production is taking place. So, he he +points out what he calls + + align:start position:0% +points out what he calls + + + align:start position:0% +points out what he calls +necessity. So, how does all this get + + align:start position:0% +necessity. So, how does all this get + + + align:start position:0% +necessity. So, how does all this get +checked? What happens? What's What kind + + align:start position:0% +checked? What happens? What's What kind + + + align:start position:0% +checked? What happens? What's What kind +of a picture is he drawing here, + + align:start position:0% +of a picture is he drawing here, + + + align:start position:0% +of a picture is he drawing here, +Chris? Um, well, vaccines get created + + align:start position:0% +Chris? Um, well, vaccines get created + + + align:start position:0% +Chris? Um, well, vaccines get created +and advances in medicine. Okay, you're + + align:start position:0% +and advances in medicine. Okay, you're + + + align:start position:0% +and advances in medicine. Okay, you're +back to helping people. Yes, this is + + align:start position:0% +back to helping people. Yes, this is + + + align:start position:0% +back to helping people. Yes, this is +true. But I'm I'm what I'm asking you is + + align:start position:0% +true. But I'm I'm what I'm asking you is + + + align:start position:0% +true. But I'm I'm what I'm asking you is +u let's just stick with males for a + + align:start position:0% +u let's just stick with males for a + + + align:start position:0% +u let's just stick with males for a +minute. We'll we'll come back to what we + + align:start position:0% +minute. We'll we'll come back to what we + + + align:start position:0% +minute. We'll we'll come back to what we +do about it today. Um, but what kind of + + align:start position:0% +do about it today. Um, but what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +do about it today. Um, but what kind of +uh what is he what kind of picture is he + + align:start position:0% +uh what is he what kind of picture is he + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is he what kind of picture is he +painting here? H how does this how does + + align:start position:0% +painting here? H how does this how does + + + align:start position:0% +painting here? H how does this how does +this all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work? Okay, let's see here. Jake, well + + align:start position:0% +work? Okay, let's see here. Jake, well + + + align:start position:0% +work? Okay, let's see here. Jake, well +kind of I mean obviously dark and + + align:start position:0% +kind of I mean obviously dark and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of I mean obviously dark and +depressing the way he views the world. I + + align:start position:0% +depressing the way he views the world. I + + + align:start position:0% +depressing the way he views the world. I +mean he's saying we can grow this much + + align:start position:0% +mean he's saying we can grow this much + + + align:start position:0% +mean he's saying we can grow this much +food, we're going to have this many + + align:start position:0% +food, we're going to have this many + + + align:start position:0% +food, we're going to have this many +people and that's obviously not going to + + align:start position:0% +people and that's obviously not going to + + + align:start position:0% +people and that's obviously not going to +work. But + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh I mean it it regulates if you have + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean it it regulates if you have + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean it it regulates if you have +too many people not enough food the + + align:start position:0% +too many people not enough food the + + + align:start position:0% +too many people not enough food the +people are going to die and go back to + + align:start position:0% +people are going to die and go back to + + + align:start position:0% +people are going to die and go back to +be in equilibrium or maybe even over + + align:start position:0% +be in equilibrium or maybe even over + + + align:start position:0% +be in equilibrium or maybe even over +compensate be a little under and then + + align:start position:0% +compensate be a little under and then + + + align:start position:0% +compensate be a little under and then +back up again and kind of whole periodic + + align:start position:0% +back up again and kind of whole periodic + + + align:start position:0% +back up again and kind of whole periodic +nature. So there are sort of + + align:start position:0% +nature. So there are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +nature. So there are sort of +oscillations population growth in years + + align:start position:0% +oscillations population growth in years + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations population growth in years +of plenty and then population decline in + + align:start position:0% +of plenty and then population decline in + + + align:start position:0% +of plenty and then population decline in +years of uh scarcity and so this sort of + + align:start position:0% +years of uh scarcity and so this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +years of uh scarcity and so this sort of +oscillation takes place across the Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +oscillation takes place across the Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation takes place across the Yeah. +Damn it. Well, it seems like when he + + align:start position:0% +Damn it. Well, it seems like when he + + + align:start position:0% +Damn it. Well, it seems like when he +says uh like it's really the the world + + align:start position:0% +says uh like it's really the the world + + + align:start position:0% +says uh like it's really the the world +is relatively small like what it can + + align:start position:0% +is relatively small like what it can + + + align:start position:0% +is relatively small like what it can +hold compared to how fast we can + + align:start position:0% +hold compared to how fast we can + + + align:start position:0% +hold compared to how fast we can +produce. Seems like no matter the size + + align:start position:0% +produce. Seems like no matter the size + + + align:start position:0% +produce. Seems like no matter the size +of the earth, we'd still run into that + + align:start position:0% +of the earth, we'd still run into that + + + align:start position:0% +of the earth, we'd still run into that +problem because if it was bigger we + + align:start position:0% +problem because if it was bigger we + + + align:start position:0% +problem because if it was bigger we +could sustain more people. So population + + align:start position:0% +could sustain more people. So population + + + align:start position:0% +could sustain more people. So population +growth will be even faster and might + + align:start position:0% +growth will be even faster and might + + + align:start position:0% +growth will be even faster and might +take a little bit longer but eventually + + align:start position:0% +take a little bit longer but eventually + + + align:start position:0% +take a little bit longer but eventually +we're still going to run into the same + + align:start position:0% +we're still going to run into the same + + + align:start position:0% +we're still going to run into the same +problem. Yeah. This is this is why you + + align:start position:0% +problem. Yeah. This is this is why you + + + align:start position:0% +problem. Yeah. This is this is why you +know when people say oh we'll just go to + + align:start position:0% +know when people say oh we'll just go to + + + align:start position:0% +know when people say oh we'll just go to +the moon. Okay what would mouth say? + + align:start position:0% +the moon. Okay what would mouth say? + + + align:start position:0% +the moon. Okay what would mouth say? +Well you'll fill that up and you know + + align:start position:0% +Well you'll fill that up and you know + + + align:start position:0% +Well you'll fill that up and you know +the carrying capacity of the moon is + + align:start position:0% +the carrying capacity of the moon is + + + align:start position:0% +the carrying capacity of the moon is +like oh okay let's + + align:start position:0% +like oh okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +like oh okay let's +see that'll take care of uh you know one + + align:start position:0% +see that'll take care of uh you know one + + + align:start position:0% +see that'll take care of uh you know one +little village and uh uh so yeah I mean + + align:start position:0% +little village and uh uh so yeah I mean + + + align:start position:0% +little village and uh uh so yeah I mean +that's not going to solve a population + + align:start position:0% +that's not going to solve a population + + + align:start position:0% +that's not going to solve a population +problem. I mean there may be other + + align:start position:0% +problem. I mean there may be other + + + align:start position:0% +problem. I mean there may be other +reasons for going to the moon but + + align:start position:0% +reasons for going to the moon but + + + align:start position:0% +reasons for going to the moon but +certainly not to get he points out you + + align:start position:0% +certainly not to get he points out you + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not to get he points out you +know we haven't observed some of these o + + align:start position:0% +know we haven't observed some of these o + + + align:start position:0% +know we haven't observed some of these o +the negative sides of the oscillations + + align:start position:0% +the negative sides of the oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +the negative sides of the oscillations +and part of that is because uh the + + align:start position:0% +and part of that is because uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and part of that is because uh the +people who feel the most are not the + + align:start position:0% +people who feel the most are not the + + + align:start position:0% +people who feel the most are not the +people who write history. People who + + align:start position:0% +people who write history. People who + + + align:start position:0% +people who write history. People who +feel them most are you know the poor + + align:start position:0% +feel them most are you know the poor + + + align:start position:0% +feel them most are you know the poor +people living in the land and uh up in + + align:start position:0% +people living in the land and uh up in + + + align:start position:0% +people living in the land and uh up in +the highlands or wherever he's he's he's + + align:start position:0% +the highlands or wherever he's he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +the highlands or wherever he's he's he's +living in England so you know where are + + align:start position:0% +living in England so you know where are + + + align:start position:0% +living in England so you know where are +the poor? + + align:start position:0% +the poor? + + + align:start position:0% +the poor? +Well, Ireland is one place, Scotland's + + align:start position:0% +Well, Ireland is one place, Scotland's + + + align:start position:0% +Well, Ireland is one place, Scotland's +another. Uh, you know, the the + + align:start position:0% +another. Uh, you know, the the + + + align:start position:0% +another. Uh, you know, the the +hinterlands of uh this is where the + + align:start position:0% +hinterlands of uh this is where the + + + align:start position:0% +hinterlands of uh this is where the +impact of a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +impact of a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +impact of a lot of these +famines is felt most + + align:start position:0% +famines is felt most + + + align:start position:0% +famines is felt most +intensely and so yeah, there's uh people + + align:start position:0% +intensely and so yeah, there's uh people + + + align:start position:0% +intensely and so yeah, there's uh people +starve. Yeah. Yeah. I think like him + + align:start position:0% +starve. Yeah. Yeah. I think like him + + + align:start position:0% +starve. Yeah. Yeah. I think like him +like he was from England, right? So like + + align:start position:0% +like he was from England, right? So like + + + align:start position:0% +like he was from England, right? So like +I think that had a lot to do with this + + align:start position:0% +I think that had a lot to do with this + + + align:start position:0% +I think that had a lot to do with this +view + + align:start position:0% +view + + + align:start position:0% +view +because you know England is like + + align:start position:0% +because you know England is like + + + align:start position:0% +because you know England is like +relatively small + + align:start position:0% +relatively small + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small +island the the human population kind of + + align:start position:0% +island the the human population kind of + + + align:start position:0% +island the the human population kind of +spread out and and occupied as much of + + align:start position:0% +spread out and and occupied as much of + + + align:start position:0% +spread out and and occupied as much of +that island as they could. And I think + + align:start position:0% +that island as they could. And I think + + + align:start position:0% +that island as they could. And I think +like this was kind of before like + + align:start position:0% +like this was kind of before like + + + align:start position:0% +like this was kind of before like +America really started to expand out + + align:start position:0% +America really started to expand out + + + align:start position:0% +America really started to expand out +across the country. And so this was kind + + align:start position:0% +across the country. And so this was kind + + + align:start position:0% +across the country. And so this was kind +of like an old world view where, you + + align:start position:0% +of like an old world view where, you + + + align:start position:0% +of like an old world view where, you +know, they were used to not having a lot + + align:start position:0% +know, they were used to not having a lot + + + align:start position:0% +know, they were used to not having a lot +of land to work with. If there were if + + align:start position:0% +of land to work with. If there were if + + + align:start position:0% +of land to work with. If there were if +the population doubled, you couldn't + + align:start position:0% +the population doubled, you couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +the population doubled, you couldn't +just, you know, build another field. + + align:start position:0% +just, you know, build another field. + + + align:start position:0% +just, you know, build another field. +There just wasn't enough room for it. + + align:start position:0% +There just wasn't enough room for it. + + + align:start position:0% +There just wasn't enough room for it. +Yeah. And so I feel like like that comes + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And so I feel like like that comes + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And so I feel like like that comes +into contrast with with like, you know, + + align:start position:0% +into contrast with with like, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +into contrast with with like, you know, +the American philosophy where they go, + + align:start position:0% +the American philosophy where they go, + + + align:start position:0% +the American philosophy where they go, +"Oh, well, we have a huge country that + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, well, we have a huge country that + + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, well, we have a huge country that +we can expand across. Go west." Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +we can expand across. Go west." Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +we can expand across. Go west." Yeah. +When you know the farm and you get too + + align:start position:0% +When you know the farm and you get too + + + align:start position:0% +When you know the farm and you get too +many kids, the kids you send the kids, + + align:start position:0% +many kids, the kids you send the kids, + + + align:start position:0% +many kids, the kids you send the kids, +you know, go go seek your fortune. Go + + align:start position:0% +you know, go go seek your fortune. Go + + + align:start position:0% +you know, go go seek your fortune. Go +west. Yeah. Uh he does talk about + + align:start position:0% +west. Yeah. Uh he does talk about + + + align:start position:0% +west. Yeah. Uh he does talk about +America. Um I remember he mentioned + + align:start position:0% +America. Um I remember he mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +America. Um I remember he mentioned +Yeah. And you know he uh but yeah I I I + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And you know he uh but yeah I I I + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And you know he uh but yeah I I I +want to come back to your point. I I I + + align:start position:0% +want to come back to your point. I I I + + + align:start position:0% +want to come back to your point. I I I +think you know being on an island Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +think you know being on an island Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +think you know being on an island Yeah. +It allows you to sort of think a little + + align:start position:0% +It allows you to sort of think a little + + + align:start position:0% +It allows you to sort of think a little +bit in terms of the boundaries gives you + + align:start position:0% +bit in terms of the boundaries gives you + + + align:start position:0% +bit in terms of the boundaries gives you +a bound a set of boundaries. Okay. And + + align:start position:0% +a bound a set of boundaries. Okay. And + + + align:start position:0% +a bound a set of boundaries. Okay. And +you can sort of use those boundaries to + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of use those boundaries to + + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of use those boundaries to +think a little bit about you know the + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about you know the + + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit about you know the +implications of things. + + align:start position:0% +implications of things. + + + align:start position:0% +implications of things. +So, you know, this is true. England is + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, this is true. England is + + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, this is true. England is +an island. Of course, today we would say + + align:start position:0% +an island. Of course, today we would say + + + align:start position:0% +an island. Of course, today we would say +the Earth is an island, wouldn't we? No. + + align:start position:0% +the Earth is an island, wouldn't we? No. + + + align:start position:0% +the Earth is an island, wouldn't we? No. +I mean, we're sort of floating out there + + align:start position:0% +I mean, we're sort of floating out there + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, we're sort of floating out there +or whatever we're doing in the uh you + + align:start position:0% +or whatever we're doing in the uh you + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever we're doing in the uh you +know, in in space. And yeah, we're uh + + align:start position:0% +know, in in space. And yeah, we're uh + + + align:start position:0% +know, in in space. And yeah, we're uh +we're a globe. We see that when we get + + align:start position:0% +we're a globe. We see that when we get + + + align:start position:0% +we're a globe. We see that when we get +the satellites, huh? Space of birth. + + align:start position:0% +the satellites, huh? Space of birth. + + + align:start position:0% +the satellites, huh? Space of birth. +Yeah. Space birth. Yeah. Buck. Bucky. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Space birth. Yeah. Buck. Bucky. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Space birth. Yeah. Buck. Bucky. +Fuller. Yeah. Yeah. So, yeah. So there + + align:start position:0% +Fuller. Yeah. Yeah. So, yeah. So there + + + align:start position:0% +Fuller. Yeah. Yeah. So, yeah. So there +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +limits and I think you're quite right. + + align:start position:0% +limits and I think you're quite right. + + + align:start position:0% +limits and I think you're quite right. +This gave him some ways of thinking + + align:start position:0% +This gave him some ways of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +This gave him some ways of thinking +about it because he talks about the + + align:start position:0% +about it because he talks about the + + + align:start position:0% +about it because he talks about the +agriculture and the population of uh + + align:start position:0% +agriculture and the population of uh + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture and the population of uh +England and you know how much could this + + align:start position:0% +England and you know how much could this + + + align:start position:0% +England and you know how much could this +population produce and uh as far as + + align:start position:0% +population produce and uh as far as + + + align:start position:0% +population produce and uh as far as +goods and how much could it reproduce as + + align:start position:0% +goods and how much could it reproduce as + + + align:start position:0% +goods and how much could it reproduce as +far as more and doing the math you come + + align:start position:0% +far as more and doing the math you come + + + align:start position:0% +far as more and doing the math you come +up with this uh uh what he calls natural + + align:start position:0% +up with this uh uh what he calls natural + + + align:start position:0% +up with this uh uh what he calls natural +inequality between the powers of + + align:start position:0% +inequality between the powers of + + + align:start position:0% +inequality between the powers of +population and the powers of production. + + align:start position:0% +population and the powers of production. + + + align:start position:0% +population and the powers of production. +And he says this is basically what he's + + align:start position:0% +And he says this is basically what he's + + + align:start position:0% +And he says this is basically what he's +saying is this is + + align:start position:0% +saying is this is + + + align:start position:0% +saying is this is +hardwired into + + align:start position:0% +hardwired into + + + align:start position:0% +hardwired into +humans. And okay + + align:start position:0% +humans. And okay + + + align:start position:0% +humans. And okay +so the question then is partly how does + + align:start position:0% +so the question then is partly how does + + + align:start position:0% +so the question then is partly how does +all this get resolved? What what does it + + align:start position:0% +all this get resolved? What what does it + + + align:start position:0% +all this get resolved? What what does it +what does this natural inequality + + align:start position:0% +what does this natural inequality + + + align:start position:0% +what does this natural inequality +produce? + + align:start position:0% +produce? + + + align:start position:0% +produce? +Well I mean with America people + + align:start position:0% +Well I mean with America people + + + align:start position:0% +Well I mean with America people +gradually went west. So they immigrate. + + align:start position:0% +gradually went west. So they immigrate. + + + align:start position:0% +gradually went west. So they immigrate. +Immigration is one thing. So that gives + + align:start position:0% +Immigration is one thing. So that gives + + + align:start position:0% +Immigration is one thing. So that gives +us again the island boundary lets us + + align:start position:0% +us again the island boundary lets us + + + align:start position:0% +us again the island boundary lets us +think about these things. So okay, what + + align:start position:0% +think about these things. So okay, what + + + align:start position:0% +think about these things. So okay, what +do they do? And you know, you're pushed + + align:start position:0% +do they do? And you know, you're pushed + + + align:start position:0% +do they do? And you know, you're pushed +into the sea practically. Well, okay. + + align:start position:0% +into the sea practically. Well, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +into the sea practically. Well, okay. +You start thinking, well, where else + + align:start position:0% +You start thinking, well, where else + + + align:start position:0% +You start thinking, well, where else +that big clipper ship and those ships + + align:start position:0% +that big clipper ship and those ships + + + align:start position:0% +that big clipper ship and those ships +that uh Hume was talking about, you + + align:start position:0% +that uh Hume was talking about, you + + + align:start position:0% +that uh Hume was talking about, you +know, they're going back and forth and + + align:start position:0% +know, they're going back and forth and + + + align:start position:0% +know, they're going back and forth and +around, you know, + + align:start position:0% +around, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +around, you know, +uh well, there's this idea of + + align:start position:0% +uh well, there's this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +uh well, there's this idea of +immigrating to another place, + + align:start position:0% +immigrating to another place, + + + align:start position:0% +immigrating to another place, +Charles. Or they can fight and kick + + align:start position:0% +Charles. Or they can fight and kick + + + align:start position:0% +Charles. Or they can fight and kick +people out or just kill people. All + + align:start position:0% +people out or just kill people. All + + + align:start position:0% +people out or just kill people. All +right. Do you think that happens? + + align:start position:0% +right. Do you think that happens? + + + align:start position:0% +right. Do you think that happens? +Well, wait. I'm just saying like that's + + align:start position:0% +Well, wait. I'm just saying like that's + + + align:start position:0% +Well, wait. I'm just saying like that's +another alternative possibility + + align:start position:0% +another alternative possibility + + + align:start position:0% +another alternative possibility +and that certainly happened in history. + + align:start position:0% +and that certainly happened in history. + + + align:start position:0% +and that certainly happened in history. +Yeah. History is full of uh movements + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. History is full of uh movements + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. History is full of uh movements +of, you know, one group of people moving + + align:start position:0% +of, you know, one group of people moving + + + align:start position:0% +of, you know, one group of people moving +in on another group of people and + + align:start position:0% +in on another group of people and + + + align:start position:0% +in on another group of people and +fighting and so on and so forth. Not + + align:start position:0% +fighting and so on and so forth. Not + + + align:start position:0% +fighting and so on and so forth. Not +that that's the strategy that is + + align:start position:0% +that that's the strategy that is + + + align:start position:0% +that that's the strategy that is +preferred, but uh sometimes that's the + + align:start position:0% +preferred, but uh sometimes that's the + + + align:start position:0% +preferred, but uh sometimes that's the +only strategy available. + + align:start position:0% +only strategy available. + + + align:start position:0% +only strategy available. +So probably there were you know skirm + + align:start position:0% +So probably there were you know skirm + + + align:start position:0% +So probably there were you know skirm +many many skirmishes that are based on + + align:start position:0% +many many skirmishes that are based on + + + align:start position:0% +many many skirmishes that are based on +insufficient + + align:start position:0% +insufficient + + + align:start position:0% +insufficient +resources. + + align:start position:0% +resources. + + + align:start position:0% +resources. +Um other things they do is uh okay so + + align:start position:0% +Um other things they do is uh okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Um other things they do is uh okay so +war is + + align:start position:0% +war is + + + align:start position:0% +war is +one famine I mean you know when people + + align:start position:0% +one famine I mean you know when people + + + align:start position:0% +one famine I mean you know when people +don't have enough to + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough to + + + align:start position:0% +don't have enough to +eat their health + + align:start position:0% +eat their health + + + align:start position:0% +eat their health +uh does not uh stay robust and they + + align:start position:0% +uh does not uh stay robust and they + + + align:start position:0% +uh does not uh stay robust and they +become susceptible to all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +become susceptible to all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +become susceptible to all sorts of +things and + + align:start position:0% +things and + + + align:start position:0% +things and +famines we're talking about things like + + align:start position:0% +famines we're talking about things like + + + align:start position:0% +famines we're talking about things like +chalera and + + align:start position:0% +chalera and + + + align:start position:0% +chalera and +uh the plague things of these sort which + + align:start position:0% +uh the plague things of these sort which + + + align:start position:0% +uh the plague things of these sort which +had tremendous + + align:start position:0% +had tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +had tremendous +impact and this is something that Meltus + + align:start position:0% +impact and this is something that Meltus + + + align:start position:0% +impact and this is something that Meltus +was quite aware of that you know famines + + align:start position:0% +was quite aware of that you know famines + + + align:start position:0% +was quite aware of that you know famines +is one of one one of the ways. What are + + align:start position:0% +is one of one one of the ways. What are + + + align:start position:0% +is one of one one of the ways. What are +some of the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ways? Well, the four the four horsemen + + align:start position:0% +ways? Well, the four the four horsemen + + + align:start position:0% +ways? Well, the four the four horsemen +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +apocalypse is uh you know people do + + align:start position:0% +apocalypse is uh you know people do + + + align:start position:0% +apocalypse is uh you know people do +these things. Death, famine, war and + + align:start position:0% +these things. Death, famine, war and + + + align:start position:0% +these things. Death, famine, war and +plague. Uh you know this is biblical. I + + align:start position:0% +plague. Uh you know this is biblical. I + + + align:start position:0% +plague. Uh you know this is biblical. I +mean it's been happening since time + + align:start position:0% +mean it's been happening since time + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's been happening since time +immemorial. people have + + align:start position:0% +immemorial. people have + + + align:start position:0% +immemorial. people have +suffered and you know this this this uh + + align:start position:0% +suffered and you know this this this uh + + + align:start position:0% +suffered and you know this this this uh +of course it was the hope of the great + + align:start position:0% +of course it was the hope of the great + + + align:start position:0% +of course it was the hope of the great +post science you know the scientific + + align:start position:0% +post science you know the scientific + + + align:start position:0% +post science you know the scientific +revolution + + align:start position:0% +revolution + + + align:start position:0% +revolution +um and which which led into the + + align:start position:0% +um and which which led into the + + + align:start position:0% +um and which which led into the +enlightenment and these enlightenment + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment and these enlightenment + + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment and these enlightenment +figures like Condra are are basing some + + align:start position:0% +figures like Condra are are basing some + + + align:start position:0% +figures like Condra are are basing some +of their notions of progress. So + + align:start position:0% +of their notions of progress. So + + + align:start position:0% +of their notions of progress. So +progress, how does + + align:start position:0% +progress, how does + + + align:start position:0% +progress, how does +progress impact this kind of situation? + + align:start position:0% +progress impact this kind of situation? + + + align:start position:0% +progress impact this kind of situation? +Yeah. Well, I guess the populations can + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Well, I guess the populations can + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Well, I guess the populations can +become more efficient at living + + align:start position:0% +become more efficient at living + + + align:start position:0% +become more efficient at living +together. Like if you think about, you + + align:start position:0% +together. Like if you think about, you + + + align:start position:0% +together. Like if you think about, you +know, like the really dense places in + + align:start position:0% +know, like the really dense places in + + + align:start position:0% +know, like the really dense places in +the world like, you know, Singapore and + + align:start position:0% +the world like, you know, Singapore and + + + align:start position:0% +the world like, you know, Singapore and +all these things where people build up + + align:start position:0% +all these things where people build up + + + align:start position:0% +all these things where people build up +and, you know, they they have buildings + + align:start position:0% +and, you know, they they have buildings + + + align:start position:0% +and, you know, they they have buildings +that have hundreds of people in them + + align:start position:0% +that have hundreds of people in them + + + align:start position:0% +that have hundreds of people in them +over, you know, one block of of land. + + align:start position:0% +over, you know, one block of of land. + + + align:start position:0% +over, you know, one block of of land. +Yeah. I mean, progress. progress creates + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I mean, progress. progress creates + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I mean, progress. progress creates +more space for everybody. And in some + + align:start position:0% +more space for everybody. And in some + + + align:start position:0% +more space for everybody. And in some +sense, you know, Smith is right. You + + align:start position:0% +sense, you know, Smith is right. You + + + align:start position:0% +sense, you know, Smith is right. You +know, if you can build the economy and + + align:start position:0% +know, if you can build the economy and + + + align:start position:0% +know, if you can build the economy and +create more resources, you know, fewer + + align:start position:0% +create more resources, you know, fewer + + + align:start position:0% +create more resources, you know, fewer +people have to starve and fewer people + + align:start position:0% +people have to starve and fewer people + + + align:start position:0% +people have to starve and fewer people +have to, you know, uh uh immigrate and + + align:start position:0% +have to, you know, uh uh immigrate and + + + align:start position:0% +have to, you know, uh uh immigrate and +so on and so forth. So, progress is, you + + align:start position:0% +so on and so forth. So, progress is, you + + + align:start position:0% +so on and so forth. So, progress is, you +know, and what what creates progress? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +What? Humans. Humans. and all the + + align:start position:0% +What? Humans. Humans. and all the + + + align:start position:0% +What? Humans. Humans. and all the +offspring they come up with. Okay. And + + align:start position:0% +offspring they come up with. Okay. And + + + align:start position:0% +offspring they come up with. Okay. And +how do they do it? I'm I'm not quite + + align:start position:0% +how do they do it? I'm I'm not quite + + + align:start position:0% +how do they do it? I'm I'm not quite +sure this is uh the right response, but + + align:start position:0% +sure this is uh the right response, but + + + align:start position:0% +sure this is uh the right response, but +in Adam Smith talks about, you know, + + align:start position:0% +in Adam Smith talks about, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +in Adam Smith talks about, you know, +self-interest and being being selfish. + + align:start position:0% +self-interest and being being selfish. + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest and being being selfish. +And the more if a person is more is is + + align:start position:0% +And the more if a person is more is is + + + align:start position:0% +And the more if a person is more is is +more has a greater self-interest, then + + align:start position:0% +more has a greater self-interest, then + + + align:start position:0% +more has a greater self-interest, then +they'll be less likely to want to dish + + align:start position:0% +they'll be less likely to want to dish + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be less likely to want to dish +things out to other people. So in other + + align:start position:0% +things out to other people. So in other + + + align:start position:0% +things out to other people. So in other +words, if if every if the society wants + + align:start position:0% +words, if if every if the society wants + + + align:start position:0% +words, if if every if the society wants +to agrees to have a higher prosperity + + align:start position:0% +to agrees to have a higher prosperity + + + align:start position:0% +to agrees to have a higher prosperity +for all of its individuals, then it + + align:start position:0% +for all of its individuals, then it + + + align:start position:0% +for all of its individuals, then it +should naturally quell population + + align:start position:0% +should naturally quell population + + + align:start position:0% +should naturally quell population +growth. Okay. So that but I don't know + + align:start position:0% +growth. Okay. So that but I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +growth. Okay. So that but I don't know +that that No, no, no. I think that's + + align:start position:0% +that that No, no, no. I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +that that No, no, no. I think that's +that's a great comment because uh uh + + align:start position:0% +that's a great comment because uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great comment because uh uh +Smith says, you know, benevolence just + + align:start position:0% +Smith says, you know, benevolence just + + + align:start position:0% +Smith says, you know, benevolence just +doesn't do it. You know, you know, it + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do it. You know, you know, it + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't do it. You know, you know, it +doesn't work. What does work is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work. What does work is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work. What does work is +innovation. That little boy that he + + align:start position:0% +innovation. That little boy that he + + + align:start position:0% +innovation. That little boy that he +talks about in the boiler room is doing + + align:start position:0% +talks about in the boiler room is doing + + + align:start position:0% +talks about in the boiler room is doing +more for, you know, humans, uh, and + + align:start position:0% +more for, you know, humans, uh, and + + + align:start position:0% +more for, you know, humans, uh, and +they're than, you know, + + align:start position:0% +they're than, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +they're than, you know, +some, I don't know, some person out in, + + align:start position:0% +some, I don't know, some person out in, + + + align:start position:0% +some, I don't know, some person out in, +you know, trying to be benevolent. Uh + + align:start position:0% +you know, trying to be benevolent. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know, trying to be benevolent. Uh +now we can I'm not trying to say + + align:start position:0% +now we can I'm not trying to say + + + align:start position:0% +now we can I'm not trying to say +anything against benevolence but uh you + + align:start position:0% +anything against benevolence but uh you + + + align:start position:0% +anything against benevolence but uh you +know in Smith's view it's through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +innovation and the section we we'll read + + align:start position:0% +innovation and the section we we'll read + + + align:start position:0% +innovation and the section we we'll read +uh we're going to do another class on + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to do another class on + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to do another class on +mouthus. So uh mouthus thinks so too and + + align:start position:0% +mouthus. So uh mouthus thinks so too and + + + align:start position:0% +mouthus. So uh mouthus thinks so too and +where does innovation come from the + + align:start position:0% +where does innovation come from the + + + align:start position:0% +where does innovation come from the +scientific revolution. This is what + + align:start position:0% +scientific revolution. This is what + + + align:start position:0% +scientific revolution. This is what +connected this is why these rationalists + + align:start position:0% +connected this is why these rationalists + + + align:start position:0% +connected this is why these rationalists +in the 18th century were saying hey we + + align:start position:0% +in the 18th century were saying hey we + + + align:start position:0% +in the 18th century were saying hey we +can we have this thing called this + + align:start position:0% +can we have this thing called this + + + align:start position:0% +can we have this thing called this +engine called progress. We can expand + + align:start position:0% +engine called progress. We can expand + + + align:start position:0% +engine called progress. We can expand +the capabilities of we can we can make + + align:start position:0% +the capabilities of we can we can make + + + align:start position:0% +the capabilities of we can we can make +uh more resources for everybody through + + align:start position:0% +uh more resources for everybody through + + + align:start position:0% +uh more resources for everybody through +our development of technologies and + + align:start position:0% +our development of technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +our development of technologies and +roads and communication and this creates + + align:start position:0% +roads and communication and this creates + + + align:start position:0% +roads and communication and this creates +more wealth. you can support more + + align:start position:0% +more wealth. you can support more + + + align:start position:0% +more wealth. you can support more +people and not only support more they + + align:start position:0% +people and not only support more they + + + align:start position:0% +people and not only support more they +have more individual liberty. So you can + + align:start position:0% +have more individual liberty. So you can + + + align:start position:0% +have more individual liberty. So you can +kind of feel why some of these figures + + align:start position:0% +kind of feel why some of these figures + + + align:start position:0% +kind of feel why some of these figures +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +Condors and + + align:start position:0% +Condors and + + + align:start position:0% +Condors and +Smith were and and Godwin, I mean they + + align:start position:0% +Smith were and and Godwin, I mean they + + + align:start position:0% +Smith were and and Godwin, I mean they +were all kind + + align:start position:0% +were all kind + + + align:start position:0% +were all kind +of they they were enthusiastic about + + align:start position:0% +of they they were enthusiastic about + + + align:start position:0% +of they they were enthusiastic about +this thing called science technology. + + align:start position:0% +this thing called science technology. + + + align:start position:0% +this thing called science technology. +these things that were developing that + + align:start position:0% +these things that were developing that + + + align:start position:0% +these things that were developing that +were creating the capacity for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +production and this still is working + + align:start position:0% +production and this still is working + + + align:start position:0% +production and this still is working +today. I mean, you know, + + align:start position:0% +today. I mean, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +today. I mean, you know, +really technologies are still being + + align:start position:0% +really technologies are still being + + + align:start position:0% +really technologies are still being +developed that support populations. But + + align:start position:0% +developed that support populations. But + + + align:start position:0% +developed that support populations. But +so that's sort of the mech that that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's sort of the mech that that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's sort of the mech that that's +what's going on here. But then you got + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here. But then you got + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here. But then you got +Mouthys coming back in and uh so what's + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys coming back in and uh so what's + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys coming back in and uh so what's +Mus' view? because he's now, you know, + + align:start position:0% +Mus' view? because he's now, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +Mus' view? because he's now, you know, +he's he's the beginning of the 19th + + align:start position:0% +he's he's the beginning of the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +he's he's the beginning of the 19th +century. He's writing about 50 years uh + + align:start position:0% +century. He's writing about 50 years uh + + + align:start position:0% +century. He's writing about 50 years uh +maybe 60 years or so before + + align:start position:0% +maybe 60 years or so before + + + align:start position:0% +maybe 60 years or so before +Darwin. So, you know, he's coming back + + align:start position:0% +Darwin. So, you know, he's coming back + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin. So, you know, he's coming back +in and he's saying something. He's + + align:start position:0% +in and he's saying something. He's + + + align:start position:0% +in and he's saying something. He's +pouring a + + align:start position:0% +pouring a + + + align:start position:0% +pouring a +little cold water on this this uh this + + align:start position:0% +little cold water on this this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +little cold water on this this uh this +you know enthusiasm that had been + + align:start position:0% +you know enthusiasm that had been + + + align:start position:0% +you know enthusiasm that had been +developed that had been + + align:start position:0% +developed that had been + + + align:start position:0% +developed that had been +developing and he's saying well not so + + align:start position:0% +developing and he's saying well not so + + + align:start position:0% +developing and he's saying well not so +fast you know you can you can so he uses + + align:start position:0% +fast you know you can you can so he uses + + + align:start position:0% +fast you know you can you can so he uses +agricultural + + align:start position:0% +agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural +production and of course + + align:start position:0% +production and of course + + + align:start position:0% +production and of course +uh agriculture isn't necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +uh agriculture isn't necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +uh agriculture isn't necessarily the +place where we get our biggest uh + + align:start position:0% +place where we get our biggest uh + + + align:start position:0% +place where we get our biggest uh +potential for improvement at least in + + align:start position:0% +potential for improvement at least in + + + align:start position:0% +potential for improvement at least in +Mouthys' time. Now that's not true in + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys' time. Now that's not true in + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys' time. Now that's not true in +the modern era because the green + + align:start position:0% +the modern era because the green + + + align:start position:0% +the modern era because the green +revolution did amazing things for + + align:start position:0% +revolution did amazing things for + + + align:start position:0% +revolution did amazing things for +uh agriculture and of course that's just + + align:start position:0% +uh agriculture and of course that's just + + + align:start position:0% +uh agriculture and of course that's just +a generation + + align:start position:0% +a generation + + + align:start position:0% +a generation +ago but you know agricultural + + align:start position:0% +ago but you know agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +ago but you know agricultural +improvements have been taking + + align:start position:0% +improvements have been taking + + + align:start position:0% +improvements have been taking +place but + + align:start position:0% +place but + + + align:start position:0% +place but +uh this still doesn't solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +uh this still doesn't solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +uh this still doesn't solve the problem +as far as mouthys is concerned. Why is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that? And of course, we're still staying + + align:start position:0% +that? And of course, we're still staying + + + align:start position:0% +that? And of course, we're still staying +in Malfus' frame of mind. I mean, we can + + align:start position:0% +in Malfus' frame of mind. I mean, we can + + + align:start position:0% +in Malfus' frame of mind. I mean, we can +we can come forward uh in a in a few + + align:start position:0% +we can come forward uh in a in a few + + + align:start position:0% +we can come forward uh in a in a few +minutes here. So, I know everybody's + + align:start position:0% +minutes here. So, I know everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +minutes here. So, I know everybody's +breaking to say, well, you know, you can + + align:start position:0% +breaking to say, well, you know, you can + + + align:start position:0% +breaking to say, well, you know, you can +do this, you can do that. We have birth + + align:start position:0% +do this, you can do that. We have birth + + + align:start position:0% +do this, you can do that. We have birth +control. You know, there are lots of + + align:start position:0% +control. You know, there are lots of + + + align:start position:0% +control. You know, there are lots of +things we've done that modern modern + + align:start position:0% +things we've done that modern modern + + + align:start position:0% +things we've done that modern modern +people have done to try to deal with + + align:start position:0% +people have done to try to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +people have done to try to deal with +this problem. But in Malphus's + + align:start position:0% +this problem. But in Malphus's + + + align:start position:0% +this problem. But in Malphus's +era, you know, this wasn't these weren't + + align:start position:0% +era, you know, this wasn't these weren't + + + align:start position:0% +era, you know, this wasn't these weren't +what was a form of birth control he + + align:start position:0% +what was a form of birth control he + + + align:start position:0% +what was a form of birth control he +mentions. Anybody read mention the + + align:start position:0% +mentions. Anybody read mention the + + + align:start position:0% +mentions. Anybody read mention the +celibacy? + + align:start position:0% +celibacy? + + + align:start position:0% +celibacy? +Okay. Yes. So he has a chapter on sort + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yes. So he has a chapter on sort + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yes. So he has a chapter on sort +of uh of uh less developed cultures and + + align:start position:0% +of uh of uh less developed cultures and + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of uh less developed cultures and +then he has a chapter on sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +then he has a chapter on sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +then he has a chapter on sort of uh +contemporary cultures. And so in less + + align:start position:0% +contemporary cultures. And so in less + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary cultures. And so in less +developed they don't have some of these + + align:start position:0% +developed they don't have some of these + + + align:start position:0% +developed they don't have some of these +techniques of mo of of contemporary uh + + align:start position:0% +techniques of mo of of contemporary uh + + + align:start position:0% +techniques of mo of of contemporary uh +English culture but uh in in those + + align:start position:0% +English culture but uh in in those + + + align:start position:0% +English culture but uh in in those +cultures those earlier cultures he calls + + align:start position:0% +cultures those earlier cultures he calls + + + align:start position:0% +cultures those earlier cultures he calls +them savage. I don't like to use that + + align:start position:0% +them savage. I don't like to use that + + + align:start position:0% +them savage. I don't like to use that +word. uh it didn't mean the same thing + + align:start position:0% +word. uh it didn't mean the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +word. uh it didn't mean the same thing +to him that it would mean to to us + + align:start position:0% +to him that it would mean to to us + + + align:start position:0% +to him that it would mean to to us +today. But uh but you know, he's talking + + align:start position:0% +today. But uh but you know, he's talking + + + align:start position:0% +today. But uh but you know, he's talking +about cultures that are undeveloped in + + align:start position:0% +about cultures that are undeveloped in + + + align:start position:0% +about cultures that are undeveloped in +techn in technological terms + + align:start position:0% +techn in technological terms + + + align:start position:0% +techn in technological terms +um or at least in technological terms + + align:start position:0% +um or at least in technological terms + + + align:start position:0% +um or at least in technological terms +consistent with what he's familiar with. + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what he's familiar with. + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what he's familiar with. +But in these cultures, one of the + + align:start position:0% +But in these cultures, one of the + + + align:start position:0% +But in these cultures, one of the +methods of birth control was exposure. + + align:start position:0% +methods of birth control was exposure. + + + align:start position:0% +methods of birth control was exposure. +just, you know, letting + + align:start position:0% +just, you know, letting + + + align:start position:0% +just, you know, letting +children die + + align:start position:0% +children die + + + align:start position:0% +children die +in in in the wild, just leaving + + align:start position:0% +in in in the wild, just leaving + + + align:start position:0% +in in in the wild, just leaving +children. Uh there were families that + + align:start position:0% +children. Uh there were families that + + + align:start position:0% +children. Uh there were families that +really had no options. That was one of + + align:start position:0% +really had no options. That was one of + + + align:start position:0% +really had no options. That was one of +the options. So this is a method he he + + align:start position:0% +the options. So this is a method he he + + + align:start position:0% +the options. So this is a method he he +mentions here. How + + align:start position:0% +mentions here. How + + + align:start position:0% +mentions here. How +widespread? Nobody really quite knows. + + align:start position:0% +widespread? Nobody really quite knows. + + + align:start position:0% +widespread? Nobody really quite knows. +But it is true that uh + + align:start position:0% +But it is true that uh + + + align:start position:0% +But it is true that uh +uh people just like uh other organisms + + align:start position:0% +uh people just like uh other organisms + + + align:start position:0% +uh people just like uh other organisms +can only raise what they can feed and + + align:start position:0% +can only raise what they can feed and + + + align:start position:0% +can only raise what they can feed and +you know families uh couldn't all starve + + align:start position:0% +you know families uh couldn't all starve + + + align:start position:0% +you know families uh couldn't all starve +in order to make sure that uh you know + + align:start position:0% +in order to make sure that uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +in order to make sure that uh you know +everybody lived. So there were some very + + align:start position:0% +everybody lived. So there were some very + + + align:start position:0% +everybody lived. So there were some very +tough decisions. I have no idea what the + + align:start position:0% +tough decisions. I have no idea what the + + + align:start position:0% +tough decisions. I have no idea what the +scope of this was but Mouthys mentions + + align:start position:0% +scope of this was but Mouthys mentions + + + align:start position:0% +scope of this was but Mouthys mentions +it. You know, Mouthus really hit on a + + align:start position:0% +it. You know, Mouthus really hit on a + + + align:start position:0% +it. You know, Mouthus really hit on a +really big subject here and it was a it + + align:start position:0% +really big subject here and it was a it + + + align:start position:0% +really big subject here and it was a it +was a powerful so so he says at the end + + align:start position:0% +was a powerful so so he says at the end + + + align:start position:0% +was a powerful so so he says at the end +here he says among mankind misery and + + align:start position:0% +here he says among mankind misery and + + + align:start position:0% +here he says among mankind misery and +vice + + align:start position:0% +vice + + + align:start position:0% +vice +uh the effects. So what is he referring + + align:start position:0% +uh the effects. So what is he referring + + + align:start position:0% +uh the effects. So what is he referring +to in vice? What does he mean by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vice? I think Chris was saying something + + align:start position:0% +vice? I think Chris was saying something + + + align:start position:0% +vice? I think Chris was saying something +about uh in in human in sort of uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contemporary English + + align:start position:0% +contemporary English + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary English +populations, the tendency was just not + + align:start position:0% +populations, the tendency was just not + + + align:start position:0% +populations, the tendency was just not +to get married because if you got + + align:start position:0% +to get married because if you got + + + align:start position:0% +to get married because if you got +married and you had children, you + + align:start position:0% +married and you had children, you + + + align:start position:0% +married and you had children, you +suddenly became a hostage to the future + + align:start position:0% +suddenly became a hostage to the future + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly became a hostage to the future +and you had to take care of the family + + align:start position:0% +and you had to take care of the family + + + align:start position:0% +and you had to take care of the family +and the family had to survive and + + align:start position:0% +and the family had to survive and + + + align:start position:0% +and the family had to survive and +suddenly you could find yourself + + align:start position:0% +suddenly you could find yourself + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly you could find yourself +slipping from a quasi middle level of + + align:start position:0% +slipping from a quasi middle level of + + + align:start position:0% +slipping from a quasi middle level of +society down into + + align:start position:0% +society down into + + + align:start position:0% +society down into +poverty. I mean, how many stories have + + align:start position:0% +poverty. I mean, how many stories have + + + align:start position:0% +poverty. I mean, how many stories have +been told of people been dropped into + + align:start position:0% +been told of people been dropped into + + + align:start position:0% +been told of people been dropped into +the ranks of poverty through having, you + + align:start position:0% +the ranks of poverty through having, you + + + align:start position:0% +the ranks of poverty through having, you +know, through marriage and + + align:start position:0% +know, through marriage and + + + align:start position:0% +know, through marriage and +families? And it was grim. It was grim + + align:start position:0% +families? And it was grim. It was grim + + + align:start position:0% +families? And it was grim. It was grim +in in England and in the British + + align:start position:0% +in in England and in the British + + + align:start position:0% +in in England and in the British +Isles in Mouthys's + + align:start position:0% +Isles in Mouthys's + + + align:start position:0% +Isles in Mouthys's +time. I mean to get married and have + + align:start position:0% +time. I mean to get married and have + + + align:start position:0% +time. I mean to get married and have +children was incredible risk and novels + + align:start position:0% +children was incredible risk and novels + + + align:start position:0% +children was incredible risk and novels +have been written great novels have been + + align:start position:0% +have been written great novels have been + + + align:start position:0% +have been written great novels have been +written on these problems of you know + + align:start position:0% +written on these problems of you know + + + align:start position:0% +written on these problems of you know +family indigent + + align:start position:0% +family indigent + + + align:start position:0% +family indigent +families seems to be a staple in fact + + align:start position:0% +families seems to be a staple in fact + + + align:start position:0% +families seems to be a staple in fact +so so what are the alternatives but uh + + align:start position:0% +so so what are the alternatives but uh + + + align:start position:0% +so so what are the alternatives but uh +prostitution and things of this sort + + align:start position:0% +prostitution and things of this sort + + + align:start position:0% +prostitution and things of this sort +were quite quite common so that's one of + + align:start position:0% +were quite quite common so that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +were quite quite common so that's one of +the impacts of having you know this this + + align:start position:0% +the impacts of having you know this this + + + align:start position:0% +the impacts of having you know this this +inequality this natural inequality + + align:start position:0% +inequality this natural inequality + + + align:start position:0% +inequality this natural inequality +where people are still driven by, you + + align:start position:0% +where people are still driven by, you + + + align:start position:0% +where people are still driven by, you +know, + + align:start position:0% +know, + + + align:start position:0% +know, +instinct + + align:start position:0% +instinct + + + align:start position:0% +instinct +and they get into behaviors. And as a as + + align:start position:0% +and they get into behaviors. And as a as + + + align:start position:0% +and they get into behaviors. And as a as +a as a minister, as a as a + + align:start position:0% +a as a minister, as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +a as a minister, as a as a +religious + + align:start position:0% +religious + + + align:start position:0% +religious +person, this was a problem for I mean, + + align:start position:0% +person, this was a problem for I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +person, this was a problem for I mean, +he saw this as a as a sort of a problem + + align:start position:0% +he saw this as a as a sort of a problem + + + align:start position:0% +he saw this as a as a sort of a problem +for society. + + align:start position:0% +for society. + + + align:start position:0% +for society. +Modern people take a much + + align:start position:0% +Modern people take a much + + + align:start position:0% +Modern people take a much +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +casual view about this, but uh it it it + + align:start position:0% +casual view about this, but uh it it it + + + align:start position:0% +casual view about this, but uh it it it +it was a it was a major problem. Uh + + align:start position:0% +it was a it was a major problem. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +it was a it was a major problem. Uh +certainly raised in mouth and mouthus. + + align:start position:0% +certainly raised in mouth and mouthus. + + + align:start position:0% +certainly raised in mouth and mouthus. +It it caused people to behave in ways + + align:start position:0% +It it caused people to behave in ways + + + align:start position:0% +It it caused people to behave in ways +that were damaging to themselves in his + + align:start position:0% +that were damaging to themselves in his + + + align:start position:0% +that were damaging to themselves in his +view. And so something else we come + + align:start position:0% +view. And so something else we come + + + align:start position:0% +view. And so something else we come +um okay so he says among plants and + + align:start position:0% +um okay so he says among plants and + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so he says among plants and +animals the view of the subject is + + align:start position:0% +animals the view of the subject is + + + align:start position:0% +animals the view of the subject is +simple they are all impelled by a + + align:start position:0% +simple they are all impelled by a + + + align:start position:0% +simple they are all impelled by a +powerful instinct. So you see this + + align:start position:0% +powerful instinct. So you see this + + + align:start position:0% +powerful instinct. So you see this +language of instinct coming in here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instinct. How and how do instinct and + + align:start position:0% +instinct. How and how do instinct and + + + align:start position:0% +instinct. How and how do instinct and +reason + + align:start position:0% +reason + + + align:start position:0% +reason +relate or do they? How do they not + + align:start position:0% +relate or do they? How do they not + + + align:start position:0% +relate or do they? How do they not +relate? What is the uh I mean this is + + align:start position:0% +relate? What is the uh I mean this is + + + align:start position:0% +relate? What is the uh I mean this is +partly what he's getting at in here is + + align:start position:0% +partly what he's getting at in here is + + + align:start position:0% +partly what he's getting at in here is +is you know this great thing of the + + align:start position:0% +is you know this great thing of the + + + align:start position:0% +is you know this great thing of the +enlightenment this this this you know uh + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment this this this you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment this this this you know uh +apotheiois of uh reason this making + + align:start position:0% +apotheiois of uh reason this making + + + align:start position:0% +apotheiois of uh reason this making +reason into this capital there's this + + align:start position:0% +reason into this capital there's this + + + align:start position:0% +reason into this capital there's this +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +thing so what about instinct + + align:start position:0% +thing so what about instinct + + + align:start position:0% +thing so what about instinct +you can tell from the get-go this is + + align:start position:0% +you can tell from the get-go this is + + + align:start position:0% +you can tell from the get-go this is +this is spoken by a true cleric I feel + + align:start position:0% +this is spoken by a true cleric I feel + + + align:start position:0% +this is spoken by a true cleric I feel +like I'm being sat down and told how + + align:start position:0% +like I'm being sat down and told how + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm being sat down and told how +things should be because you know For in + + align:start position:0% +things should be because you know For in + + + align:start position:0% +things should be because you know For in +times of prosperity, the reasonable, you + + align:start position:0% +times of prosperity, the reasonable, you + + + align:start position:0% +times of prosperity, the reasonable, you +know, scientifically rational thing to + + align:start position:0% +know, scientifically rational thing to + + + align:start position:0% +know, scientifically rational thing to +do is that, you know, you have your + + align:start position:0% +do is that, you know, you have your + + + align:start position:0% +do is that, you know, you have your +wife, you have your children, you don't + + align:start position:0% +wife, you have your children, you don't + + + align:start position:0% +wife, you have your children, you don't +cheat. You do you just keep within the + + align:start position:0% +cheat. You do you just keep within the + + + align:start position:0% +cheat. You do you just keep within the +bounds. You've had two children, you're + + align:start position:0% +bounds. You've had two children, you're + + + align:start position:0% +bounds. You've had two children, you're +great, life is good. And opposed, you + + align:start position:0% +great, life is good. And opposed, you + + + align:start position:0% +great, life is good. And opposed, you +know, should poverty or war or famine or + + align:start position:0% +know, should poverty or war or famine or + + + align:start position:0% +know, should poverty or war or famine or +disease come about. Suddenly all that + + align:start position:0% +disease come about. Suddenly all that + + + align:start position:0% +disease come about. Suddenly all that +kind of scientific per rational + + align:start position:0% +kind of scientific per rational + + + align:start position:0% +kind of scientific per rational +perfection breaks down. And when all + + align:start position:0% +perfection breaks down. And when all + + + align:start position:0% +perfection breaks down. And when all +when everything else in your life breaks + + align:start position:0% +when everything else in your life breaks + + + align:start position:0% +when everything else in your life breaks +down, what do you do? You turn to vice + + align:start position:0% +down, what do you do? You turn to vice + + + align:start position:0% +down, what do you do? You turn to vice +and you'll go and you'll sleep around + + align:start position:0% +and you'll go and you'll sleep around + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll go and you'll sleep around +and you'll do all this stuff. and that, + + align:start position:0% +and you'll do all this stuff. and that, + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll do all this stuff. and that, +you know, it he's still there. This is + + align:start position:0% +you know, it he's still there. This is + + + align:start position:0% +you know, it he's still there. This is +the only point where I kind of disagree + + align:start position:0% +the only point where I kind of disagree + + + align:start position:0% +the only point where I kind of disagree +with him because he's kind of still + + align:start position:0% +with him because he's kind of still + + + align:start position:0% +with him because he's kind of still +holding up this unrealistic rationalist + + align:start position:0% +holding up this unrealistic rationalist + + + align:start position:0% +holding up this unrealistic rationalist +perfectionism that doesn't, you know, + + align:start position:0% +perfectionism that doesn't, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +perfectionism that doesn't, you know, +doesn't really hold up. Plenty of plenty + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really hold up. Plenty of plenty + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really hold up. Plenty of plenty +of people who are loving parents and + + align:start position:0% +of people who are loving parents and + + + align:start position:0% +of people who are loving parents and +good husbands or wives or whatever still + + align:start position:0% +good husbands or wives or whatever still + + + align:start position:0% +good husbands or wives or whatever still +sleep around and it's, you know, so it's + + align:start position:0% +sleep around and it's, you know, so it's + + + align:start position:0% +sleep around and it's, you know, so it's +just you can really hear the cleric + + align:start position:0% +just you can really hear the cleric + + + align:start position:0% +just you can really hear the cleric +inside him coming out. It does come + + align:start position:0% +inside him coming out. It does come + + + align:start position:0% +inside him coming out. It does come +through. It does come through. + + align:start position:0% +through. It does come through. + + + align:start position:0% +through. It does come through. +Uh, and I and I think it comes true in + + align:start position:0% +Uh, and I and I think it comes true in + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, and I and I think it comes true in +Mouthus. Uh I mean I've always thought + + align:start position:0% +Mouthus. Uh I mean I've always thought + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthus. Uh I mean I've always thought +well it it comes through but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +well it it comes through but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +well it it comes through but it's it's +through a genuine concern for you know + + align:start position:0% +through a genuine concern for you know + + + align:start position:0% +through a genuine concern for you know +human suffering and you know he sort of + + align:start position:0% +human suffering and you know he sort of + + + align:start position:0% +human suffering and you know he sort of +uh sees this picture. He can't figure + + align:start position:0% +uh sees this picture. He can't figure + + + align:start position:0% +uh sees this picture. He can't figure +out exactly he can paint the picture the + + align:start position:0% +out exactly he can paint the picture the + + + align:start position:0% +out exactly he can paint the picture the +problem but he doesn't know how to solve + + align:start position:0% +problem but he doesn't know how to solve + + + align:start position:0% +problem but he doesn't know how to solve +it exactly. He just he just thinks + + align:start position:0% +it exactly. He just he just thinks + + + align:start position:0% +it exactly. He just he just thinks +everybody should uh have a understanding + + align:start position:0% +everybody should uh have a understanding + + + align:start position:0% +everybody should uh have a understanding +of it so that they can get on with + + align:start position:0% +of it so that they can get on with + + + align:start position:0% +of it so that they can get on with +things and figure out what to do or or + + align:start position:0% +things and figure out what to do or or + + + align:start position:0% +things and figure out what to do or or +they can at least understand what is + + align:start position:0% +they can at least understand what is + + + align:start position:0% +they can at least understand what is +happening. And so yeah, he's got uh so + + align:start position:0% +happening. And so yeah, he's got uh so + + + align:start position:0% +happening. And so yeah, he's got uh so +but but this this notion uh in the in + + align:start position:0% +but but this this notion uh in the in + + + align:start position:0% +but but this this notion uh in the in +the second uh paragraph here, the + + align:start position:0% +the second uh paragraph here, the + + + align:start position:0% +the second uh paragraph here, the +effects of this check on man are more + + align:start position:0% +effects of this check on man are more + + + align:start position:0% +effects of this check on man are more +complicated, impelled to the increase of + + align:start position:0% +complicated, impelled to the increase of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated, impelled to the increase of +his species by an equally powerful + + align:start position:0% +his species by an equally powerful + + + align:start position:0% +his species by an equally powerful +instinct. Reason interrupts his career + + align:start position:0% +instinct. Reason interrupts his career + + + align:start position:0% +instinct. Reason interrupts his career +and asks him whether he may not bring + + align:start position:0% +and asks him whether he may not bring + + + align:start position:0% +and asks him whether he may not bring +beings into the world for whom he cannot + + align:start position:0% +beings into the world for whom he cannot + + + align:start position:0% +beings into the world for whom he cannot +provide the means of subsistence. Will + + align:start position:0% +provide the means of subsistence. Will + + + align:start position:0% +provide the means of subsistence. Will +he not lower his rank in life? + + align:start position:0% +he not lower his rank in life? + + + align:start position:0% +he not lower his rank in life? +Will he not subject himself to greater + + align:start position:0% +Will he not subject himself to greater + + + align:start position:0% +Will he not subject himself to greater +difficulties and he has so reason is + + align:start position:0% +difficulties and he has so reason is + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties and he has so reason is +trying to and so he sees this kind of + + align:start position:0% +trying to and so he sees this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to and so he sees this kind of +conflict. So this becomes internalized + + align:start position:0% +conflict. So this becomes internalized + + + align:start position:0% +conflict. So this becomes internalized +in humans in their own minds. There is + + align:start position:0% +in humans in their own minds. There is + + + align:start position:0% +in humans in their own minds. There is +something there is a dance going on + + align:start position:0% +something there is a dance going on + + + align:start position:0% +something there is a dance going on +there or a squabble or whatever + + align:start position:0% +there or a squabble or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +there or a squabble or whatever +between imperatives of behavior. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I think what I what I'm + + align:start position:0% +So I think what I what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +So I think what I what I'm +uh what I'm getting at here is that the + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'm getting at here is that the + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I'm getting at here is that the +notion of behavior as just being you + + align:start position:0% +notion of behavior as just being you + + + align:start position:0% +notion of behavior as just being you +know driven by you know rational + + align:start position:0% +know driven by you know rational + + + align:start position:0% +know driven by you know rational +choices is beginning + + align:start position:0% +choices is beginning + + + align:start position:0% +choices is beginning +to change into a notion of uh different + + align:start position:0% +to change into a notion of uh different + + + align:start position:0% +to change into a notion of uh different +kinds + + align:start position:0% +kinds + + + align:start position:0% +kinds +of different sources of human behavior + + align:start position:0% +of different sources of human behavior + + + align:start position:0% +of different sources of human behavior +and part of them being instinctual. + + align:start position:0% +and part of them being instinctual. + + + align:start position:0% +and part of them being instinctual. +Humans are driven by + + align:start position:0% +Humans are driven by + + + align:start position:0% +Humans are driven by +instinct and this was you know this was + + align:start position:0% +instinct and this was you know this was + + + align:start position:0% +instinct and this was you know this was +not exactly I mean yeah people in + + align:start position:0% +not exactly I mean yeah people in + + + align:start position:0% +not exactly I mean yeah people in +earlier times talked about uh you know + + align:start position:0% +earlier times talked about uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +earlier times talked about uh you know +vices and all this but it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +vices and all this but it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +vices and all this but it was sort of +vices were seen as sort of well just a + + align:start position:0% +vices were seen as sort of well just a + + + align:start position:0% +vices were seen as sort of well just a +failure of + + align:start position:0% +failure of + + + align:start position:0% +failure of +reason but mouthys is giving it more of + + align:start position:0% +reason but mouthys is giving it more of + + + align:start position:0% +reason but mouthys is giving it more of +a you know these things are the results + + align:start position:0% +a you know these things are the results + + + align:start position:0% +a you know these things are the results +of legitimate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +biological + + align:start position:0% +biological + + + align:start position:0% +biological +forces that are driving human behavior. + + align:start position:0% +forces that are driving human behavior. + + + align:start position:0% +forces that are driving human behavior. +Humans + + align:start position:0% +Humans + + + align:start position:0% +Humans +are driven by instinct as well as + + align:start position:0% +are driven by instinct as well as + + + align:start position:0% +are driven by instinct as well as +reason and this is part of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +reason and this is part of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +reason and this is part of the sort of +biologizing of humans. + + align:start position:0% +biologizing of humans. + + + align:start position:0% +biologizing of humans. +you know, not just thinking them as, you + + align:start position:0% +you know, not just thinking them as, you + + + align:start position:0% +you know, not just thinking them as, you +know, something over here, you know, + + align:start position:0% +know, something over here, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +know, something over here, you know, +this this rational thing that was + + align:start position:0% +this this rational thing that was + + + align:start position:0% +this this rational thing that was +created in the image of God, but also + + align:start position:0% +created in the image of God, but also + + + align:start position:0% +created in the image of God, but also +this thing that is driven not by the + + align:start position:0% +this thing that is driven not by the + + + align:start position:0% +this thing that is driven not by the +devil. I mean, we could we could say + + align:start position:0% +devil. I mean, we could we could say + + + align:start position:0% +devil. I mean, we could we could say +instinct is the devil, but that's but + + align:start position:0% +instinct is the devil, but that's but + + + align:start position:0% +instinct is the devil, but that's but +you know, driven by imperatives that are + + align:start position:0% +you know, driven by imperatives that are + + + align:start position:0% +you know, driven by imperatives that are +just as organically part of them and + + align:start position:0% +just as organically part of them and + + + align:start position:0% +just as organically part of them and +perhaps more than reason itself. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +perhaps more than reason itself. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps more than reason itself. Yeah. +David. Yeah. And this was the same point + + align:start position:0% +David. Yeah. And this was the same point + + + align:start position:0% +David. Yeah. And this was the same point +in time where biologists were starting + + align:start position:0% +in time where biologists were starting + + + align:start position:0% +in time where biologists were starting +to create like taxonomies and starting + + align:start position:0% +to create like taxonomies and starting + + + align:start position:0% +to create like taxonomies and starting +to put humans on the same level as + + align:start position:0% +to put humans on the same level as + + + align:start position:0% +to put humans on the same level as +animals. So they were starting to think + + align:start position:0% +animals. So they were starting to think + + + align:start position:0% +animals. So they were starting to think +of humans as animals. Yeah. And and top + + align:start position:0% +of humans as animals. Yeah. And and top + + + align:start position:0% +of humans as animals. Yeah. And and top +of the chain. Absolutely. Uh that humans + + align:start position:0% +of the chain. Absolutely. Uh that humans + + + align:start position:0% +of the chain. Absolutely. Uh that humans +are part of the natural + + align:start position:0% +are part of the natural + + + align:start position:0% +are part of the natural +world and there's vast evidence of + + align:start position:0% +world and there's vast evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +world and there's vast evidence of +instinctual behavior in the natural + + align:start position:0% +instinctual behavior in the natural + + + align:start position:0% +instinctual behavior in the natural +world and humans are part of that. And + + align:start position:0% +world and humans are part of that. And + + + align:start position:0% +world and humans are part of that. And +so uh this has some + + align:start position:0% +so uh this has some + + + align:start position:0% +so uh this has some +problems because you know human culture + + align:start position:0% +problems because you know human culture + + + align:start position:0% +problems because you know human culture +and civilization and society is you know + + align:start position:0% +and civilization and society is you know + + + align:start position:0% +and civilization and society is you know +trying to organize itself in some + + align:start position:0% +trying to organize itself in some + + + align:start position:0% +trying to organize itself in some +rational way and form of behavior uh + + align:start position:0% +rational way and form of behavior uh + + + align:start position:0% +rational way and form of behavior uh +sanctioned behaviors that are rational + + align:start position:0% +sanctioned behaviors that are rational + + + align:start position:0% +sanctioned behaviors that are rational +and good for the whole. But there's this + + align:start position:0% +and good for the whole. But there's this + + + align:start position:0% +and good for the whole. But there's this +instinctual thing that keeps coming in + + align:start position:0% +instinctual thing that keeps coming in + + + align:start position:0% +instinctual thing that keeps coming in +and you know demanding. Uh so this this + + align:start position:0% +and you know demanding. Uh so this this + + + align:start position:0% +and you know demanding. Uh so this this +this division between reason and + + align:start position:0% +this division between reason and + + + align:start position:0% +this division between reason and +instinct we're going to see a lot of as + + align:start position:0% +instinct we're going to see a lot of as + + + align:start position:0% +instinct we're going to see a lot of as +he says the peaceful inhabitants of the + + align:start position:0% +he says the peaceful inhabitants of the + + + align:start position:0% +he says the peaceful inhabitants of the +countries on which they rushed. These + + align:start position:0% +countries on which they rushed. These + + + align:start position:0% +countries on which they rushed. These +are when these these hordes would would + + align:start position:0% +are when these these hordes would would + + + align:start position:0% +are when these these hordes would would +uh would start going out. Genjis Khan + + align:start position:0% +uh would start going out. Genjis Khan + + + align:start position:0% +uh would start going out. Genjis Khan +and you know the great uh all the great + + align:start position:0% +and you know the great uh all the great + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the great uh all the great +hordes moving across the uh well you + + align:start position:0% +hordes moving across the uh well you + + + align:start position:0% +hordes moving across the uh well you +know they were + + align:start position:0% +know they were + + + align:start position:0% +know they were +basically you know coming from places + + align:start position:0% +basically you know coming from places + + + align:start position:0% +basically you know coming from places +where they were looking for new + + align:start position:0% +where they were looking for new + + + align:start position:0% +where they were looking for new +opportunities. They formed these large u + + align:start position:0% +opportunities. They formed these large u + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities. They formed these large u +these large or I mean it has to be said + + align:start position:0% +these large or I mean it has to be said + + + align:start position:0% +these large or I mean it has to be said +Americans say came on the east coast + + align:start position:0% +Americans say came on the east coast + + + align:start position:0% +Americans say came on the east coast +sort of as they move west they + + align:start position:0% +sort of as they move west they + + + align:start position:0% +sort of as they move west they +encountered native populations and you + + align:start position:0% +encountered native populations and you + + + align:start position:0% +encountered native populations and you +know there were struggles + + align:start position:0% +know there were struggles + + + align:start position:0% +know there were struggles +And uh this is + + align:start position:0% +And uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +And uh this is +uh this is something that has uh + + align:start position:0% +uh this is something that has uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is something that has uh +a source + + align:start position:0% +a source + + + align:start position:0% +a source +in insufficient + + align:start position:0% +in insufficient + + + align:start position:0% +in insufficient +resources. Uh and that's not to justify + + align:start position:0% +resources. Uh and that's not to justify + + + align:start position:0% +resources. Uh and that's not to justify +it in any way, but it's just something + + align:start position:0% +it in any way, but it's just something + + + align:start position:0% +it in any way, but it's just something +that uh in Melus' framework happens. So + + align:start position:0% +that uh in Melus' framework happens. So + + + align:start position:0% +that uh in Melus' framework happens. So +he says, "The peaceful inhabitants of + + align:start position:0% +he says, "The peaceful inhabitants of + + + align:start position:0% +he says, "The peaceful inhabitants of +the countries on which they rushed could + + align:start position:0% +the countries on which they rushed could + + + align:start position:0% +the countries on which they rushed could +not long withstand the energy of men + + align:start position:0% +not long withstand the energy of men + + + align:start position:0% +not long withstand the energy of men +acting under such powerful motives of + + align:start position:0% +acting under such powerful motives of + + + align:start position:0% +acting under such powerful motives of +exertion and when they fell in with any + + align:start position:0% +exertion and when they fell in with any + + + align:start position:0% +exertion and when they fell in with any +tribes like their own, the contest was a + + align:start position:0% +tribes like their own, the contest was a + + + align:start position:0% +tribes like their own, the contest was a +struggle for existence." Boom. There's + + align:start position:0% +struggle for existence." Boom. There's + + + align:start position:0% +struggle for existence." Boom. There's +that that phrase that we begin to hear + + align:start position:0% +that that phrase that we begin to hear + + + align:start position:0% +that that phrase that we begin to hear +here. + + align:start position:0% +here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. +So uh and they fought with a desperate + + align:start position:0% +So uh and they fought with a desperate + + + align:start position:0% +So uh and they fought with a desperate +courage inspired by the reflection that + + align:start position:0% +courage inspired by the reflection that + + + align:start position:0% +courage inspired by the reflection that +death was the punishment of defeat and + + align:start position:0% +death was the punishment of defeat and + + + align:start position:0% +death was the punishment of defeat and +life the prize of victory. + + align:start position:0% +life the prize of victory. + + + align:start position:0% +life the prize of victory. +So okay so yeah it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +So okay so yeah it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +So okay so yeah it's a it's +definitely a + + align:start position:0% +definitely a + + + align:start position:0% +definitely a +fairly grim picture + + align:start position:0% +fairly grim picture + + + align:start position:0% +fairly grim picture +here. And he talks about he uses the + + align:start position:0% +here. And he talks about he uses the + + + align:start position:0% +here. And he talks about he uses the +word oscillation. Uh oscillation is uh a + + align:start position:0% +word oscillation. Uh oscillation is uh a + + + align:start position:0% +word oscillation. Uh oscillation is uh a +phrase that uh refers to this notion of + + align:start position:0% +phrase that uh refers to this notion of + + + align:start position:0% +phrase that uh refers to this notion of +feedback. You know the growth in one + + align:start position:0% +feedback. You know the growth in one + + + align:start position:0% +feedback. You know the growth in one +population and then the population that + + align:start position:0% +population and then the population that + + + align:start position:0% +population and then the population that +feeds on it grows and then as the second + + align:start position:0% +feeds on it grows and then as the second + + + align:start position:0% +feeds on it grows and then as the second +population gets larger and larger the + + align:start position:0% +population gets larger and larger the + + + align:start position:0% +population gets larger and larger the +source of the food gets uh smaller and + + align:start position:0% +source of the food gets uh smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +source of the food gets uh smaller and +smaller and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +smaller and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and then there's a +collapse and then the large population. + + align:start position:0% +collapse and then the large population. + + + align:start position:0% +collapse and then the large population. +Yeah, I mean that's you know the links + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I mean that's you know the links + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I mean that's you know the links +in the rabbit and this goes on on and on + + align:start position:0% +in the rabbit and this goes on on and on + + + align:start position:0% +in the rabbit and this goes on on and on +and on and that's basically how natural + + align:start position:0% +and on and that's basically how natural + + + align:start position:0% +and on and that's basically how natural +populations cycle through uh cycle + + align:start position:0% +populations cycle through uh cycle + + + align:start position:0% +populations cycle through uh cycle +through time. + + align:start position:0% +through time. + + + align:start position:0% +through time. +This notion of negative feedback which + + align:start position:0% +This notion of negative feedback which + + + align:start position:0% +This notion of negative feedback which +is is correct you know feedback that + + align:start position:0% +is is correct you know feedback that + + + align:start position:0% +is is correct you know feedback that +corrects itself simply uh it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +corrects itself simply uh it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +corrects itself simply uh it's it's it's +a it's a major phenomenon in the + + align:start position:0% +a it's a major phenomenon in the + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a major phenomenon in the +biological world. Our bodies regulate + + align:start position:0% +biological world. Our bodies regulate + + + align:start position:0% +biological world. Our bodies regulate +themselves, the temperature and we have + + align:start position:0% +themselves, the temperature and we have + + + align:start position:0% +themselves, the temperature and we have +all kinds of mechanisms uh built within + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of mechanisms uh built within + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of mechanisms uh built within +us that regulate uh things for us and um + + align:start position:0% +us that regulate uh things for us and um + + + align:start position:0% +us that regulate uh things for us and um +and some degree uh all the way up to the + + align:start position:0% +and some degree uh all the way up to the + + + align:start position:0% +and some degree uh all the way up to the +level of climate. There are all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +level of climate. There are all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +level of climate. There are all kinds of +types of uh and examples of negative + + align:start position:0% +types of uh and examples of negative + + + align:start position:0% +types of uh and examples of negative +feedback where the change gets corrected + + align:start position:0% +feedback where the change gets corrected + + + align:start position:0% +feedback where the change gets corrected +through uh some other factor and then + + align:start position:0% +through uh some other factor and then + + + align:start position:0% +through uh some other factor and then +you know this oscillation process sort + + align:start position:0% +you know this oscillation process sort + + + align:start position:0% +you know this oscillation process sort +of takes place through time. Um when you + + align:start position:0% +of takes place through time. Um when you + + + align:start position:0% +of takes place through time. Um when you +run these simulations though there kind + + align:start position:0% +run these simulations though there kind + + + align:start position:0% +run these simulations though there kind +of is a generalized principle whether + + align:start position:0% +of is a generalized principle whether + + + align:start position:0% +of is a generalized principle whether +the actual data population is right or + + align:start position:0% +the actual data population is right or + + + align:start position:0% +the actual data population is right or +not. if you've got knobs to be able to + + align:start position:0% +not. if you've got knobs to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +not. if you've got knobs to be able to +manually change the lengths, the initial + + align:start position:0% +manually change the lengths, the initial + + + align:start position:0% +manually change the lengths, the initial +links in uh hair populations, almost + + align:start position:0% +links in uh hair populations, almost + + + align:start position:0% +links in uh hair populations, almost +always, in fact, every instance I've + + align:start position:0% +always, in fact, every instance I've + + + align:start position:0% +always, in fact, every instance I've +ever seen, if you crank one of the knobs + + align:start position:0% +ever seen, if you crank one of the knobs + + + align:start position:0% +ever seen, if you crank one of the knobs +just a little too high, everything + + align:start position:0% +just a little too high, everything + + + align:start position:0% +just a little too high, everything +breaks. + + align:start position:0% +breaks. + + + align:start position:0% +breaks. +So it's you know it's like even even if + + align:start position:0% +So it's you know it's like even even if + + + align:start position:0% +So it's you know it's like even even if +these models aren't exactly right as + + align:start position:0% +these models aren't exactly right as + + + align:start position:0% +these models aren't exactly right as +predicting when it'll happen I think we + + align:start position:0% +predicting when it'll happen I think we + + + align:start position:0% +predicting when it'll happen I think we +can say with a fair amount of certainty + + align:start position:0% +can say with a fair amount of certainty + + + align:start position:0% +can say with a fair amount of certainty +that you know some unless things change + + align:start position:0% +that you know some unless things change + + + align:start position:0% +that you know some unless things change +or the model isn't what anything like + + align:start position:0% +or the model isn't what anything like + + + align:start position:0% +or the model isn't what anything like +this then by turning up human population + + align:start position:0% +this then by turning up human population + + + align:start position:0% +this then by turning up human population +or you know links population something + + align:start position:0% +or you know links population something + + + align:start position:0% +or you know links population something +bad is going to happen. Yeah. So it's + + align:start position:0% +bad is going to happen. Yeah. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +bad is going to happen. Yeah. So it's +yeah and and that brings up the question + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and that brings up the question + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and that brings up the question +of positive feedback that is feedback + + align:start position:0% +of positive feedback that is feedback + + + align:start position:0% +of positive feedback that is feedback +that feeds on itself and that sort of + + align:start position:0% +that feeds on itself and that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that feeds on itself and that sort of +just goes to a a breaking point. Um but + + align:start position:0% +just goes to a a breaking point. Um but + + + align:start position:0% +just goes to a a breaking point. Um but +uh many of these uh many of these uh u + + align:start position:0% +uh many of these uh many of these uh u + + + align:start position:0% +uh many of these uh many of these uh u +examples of negative feedback are you + + align:start position:0% +examples of negative feedback are you + + + align:start position:0% +examples of negative feedback are you +know ones that we are familiar with + + align:start position:0% +know ones that we are familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +know ones that we are familiar with +through the body and so on and so forth. + + align:start position:0% +through the body and so on and so forth. + + + align:start position:0% +through the body and so on and so forth. +But yeah there are all sorts of uh + + align:start position:0% +But yeah there are all sorts of uh + + + align:start position:0% +But yeah there are all sorts of uh +elements and dynamics to these things. + + align:start position:0% +elements and dynamics to these things. + + + align:start position:0% +elements and dynamics to these things. +It's a it's an interesting mode of + + align:start position:0% +It's a it's an interesting mode of + + + align:start position:0% +It's a it's an interesting mode of +thought and certainly can tell you a lot + + align:start position:0% +thought and certainly can tell you a lot + + + align:start position:0% +thought and certainly can tell you a lot +about the behavior of things in time and + + align:start position:0% +about the behavior of things in time and + + + align:start position:0% +about the behavior of things in time and +u you know it's an important way of + + align:start position:0% +u you know it's an important way of + + + align:start position:0% +u you know it's an important way of +thinking + + align:start position:0% +thinking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking +about things in general and also it's + + align:start position:0% +about things in general and also it's + + + align:start position:0% +about things in general and also it's +also used in many different scientific + + align:start position:0% +also used in many different scientific + + + align:start position:0% +also used in many different scientific +contexts. + + align:start position:0% +contexts. + + + align:start position:0% +contexts. +uh the the notion the Malthusian notion + + align:start position:0% +uh the the notion the Malthusian notion + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the notion the Malthusian notion +is is is that there is some kind of + + align:start position:0% +is is is that there is some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is is is that there is some kind of +arithmetic growth in + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic growth in + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic growth in +production and so we're more in + + align:start position:0% +production and so we're more in + + + align:start position:0% +production and so we're more in +something like the curve down below + + align:start position:0% +something like the curve down below + + + align:start position:0% +something like the curve down below +where there are populations that expand + + align:start position:0% +where there are populations that expand + + + align:start position:0% +where there are populations that expand +and you know there are things that + + align:start position:0% +and you know there are things that + + + align:start position:0% +and you know there are things that +happen but they're so that the + + align:start position:0% +happen but they're so that the + + + align:start position:0% +happen but they're so that the +populations decrease but there is a a + + align:start position:0% +populations decrease but there is a a + + + align:start position:0% +populations decrease but there is a a +line that's we call + + align:start position:0% +line that's we call + + + align:start position:0% +line that's we call +progress. + + align:start position:0% +progress. + + + align:start position:0% +progress. +Progress gives us this this uh growing + + align:start position:0% +Progress gives us this this uh growing + + + align:start position:0% +Progress gives us this this uh growing +this this rising line in which we can + + align:start position:0% +this this rising line in which we can + + + align:start position:0% +this this rising line in which we can +support higher and higher populations. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so are we sort of okay let's see what + + align:start position:0% +Um so are we sort of okay let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +Um so are we sort of okay let's see what +else did I want to before I come back + + align:start position:0% +else did I want to before I come back + + + align:start position:0% +else did I want to before I come back +to okay all right I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +to okay all right I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +to okay all right I don't want to +depress you too much here okay so so + + align:start position:0% +depress you too much here okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +depress you too much here okay so so +what do we do to modify okay so what's + + align:start position:0% +what do we do to modify okay so what's + + + align:start position:0% +what do we do to modify okay so what's +the modern world's answer to mouthus uh + + align:start position:0% +the modern world's answer to mouthus uh + + + align:start position:0% +the modern world's answer to mouthus uh +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +know I mean some people + + align:start position:0% +know I mean some people + + + align:start position:0% +know I mean some people +have you know rejected mouthus Ian + + align:start position:0% +have you know rejected mouthus Ian + + + align:start position:0% +have you know rejected mouthus Ian +thinking we have a few here at MIT. So + + align:start position:0% +thinking we have a few here at MIT. So + + + align:start position:0% +thinking we have a few here at MIT. So +it's good to know that uh people are on + + align:start position:0% +it's good to know that uh people are on + + + align:start position:0% +it's good to know that uh people are on +the job trying to find our way out of + + align:start position:0% +the job trying to find our way out of + + + align:start position:0% +the job trying to find our way out of +various predicaments. But what have we + + align:start position:0% +various predicaments. But what have we + + + align:start position:0% +various predicaments. But what have we +done? What you know? So mouth the + + align:start position:0% +done? What you know? So mouth the + + + align:start position:0% +done? What you know? So mouth the +Malthusian natural inequality. How has + + align:start position:0% +Malthusian natural inequality. How has + + + align:start position:0% +Malthusian natural inequality. How has +modern technology and modern + + align:start position:0% +modern technology and modern + + + align:start position:0% +modern technology and modern +uh culture dealt with that? + + align:start position:0% +uh culture dealt with that? + + + align:start position:0% +uh culture dealt with that? +That is you know the power of of + + align:start position:0% +That is you know the power of of + + + align:start position:0% +That is you know the power of of +reproduction being so much greater than + + align:start position:0% +reproduction being so much greater than + + + align:start position:0% +reproduction being so much greater than +the power of uh production. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Making the our food the most efficient + + align:start position:0% +Making the our food the most efficient + + + align:start position:0% +Making the our food the most efficient +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +tremendous tremendous uh growth and uh + + align:start position:0% +tremendous tremendous uh growth and uh + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous tremendous uh growth and uh +and and advances in food production. I + + align:start position:0% +and and advances in food production. I + + + align:start position:0% +and and advances in food production. I +mean just + + align:start position:0% +mean just + + + align:start position:0% +mean just +mindboggling. Uh we can feed the world + + align:start position:0% +mindboggling. Uh we can feed the world + + + align:start position:0% +mindboggling. Uh we can feed the world +can be fed. + + align:start position:0% +can be fed. + + + align:start position:0% +can be fed. +We have problems with distribution and + + align:start position:0% +We have problems with distribution and + + + align:start position:0% +We have problems with distribution and +you know economies and all that kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know economies and all that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know economies and all that kind of +stuff. Uh you know the food doesn't + + align:start position:0% +stuff. Uh you know the food doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +stuff. Uh you know the food doesn't +necessarily get to the place it should + + align:start position:0% +necessarily get to the place it should + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily get to the place it should +be but there is enough food in the world + + align:start position:0% +be but there is enough food in the world + + + align:start position:0% +be but there is enough food in the world +to feed the people of the world and yet + + align:start position:0% +to feed the people of the world and yet + + + align:start position:0% +to feed the people of the world and yet +we have people starving in various + + align:start position:0% +we have people starving in various + + + align:start position:0% +we have people starving in various +places in the world. So there is there + + align:start position:0% +places in the world. So there is there + + + align:start position:0% +places in the world. So there is there +is an issue there but uh it's not + + align:start position:0% +is an issue there but uh it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is an issue there but uh it's not +necessarily because of lack of food. + + align:start position:0% +necessarily because of lack of food. + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily because of lack of food. +There have been instances of the + + align:start position:0% +There have been instances of the + + + align:start position:0% +There have been instances of the +government like stepping in to regulate + + align:start position:0% +government like stepping in to regulate + + + align:start position:0% +government like stepping in to regulate +like birth uh like you know births just + + align:start position:0% +like birth uh like you know births just + + + align:start position:0% +like birth uh like you know births just +like either passively or actively like + + align:start position:0% +like either passively or actively like + + + align:start position:0% +like either passively or actively like +either you know having programs that + + align:start position:0% +either you know having programs that + + + align:start position:0% +either you know having programs that +promote you know birth control or having + + align:start position:0% +promote you know birth control or having + + + align:start position:0% +promote you know birth control or having +smaller families or like countries + + align:start position:0% +smaller families or like countries + + + align:start position:0% +smaller families or like countries +actually saying you can only have one + + align:start position:0% +actually saying you can only have one + + + align:start position:0% +actually saying you can only have one +child per family. Yeah. Yeah. Certainly + + align:start position:0% +child per family. Yeah. Yeah. Certainly + + + align:start position:0% +child per family. Yeah. Yeah. Certainly +China had the one child per family + + align:start position:0% +China had the one child per family + + + align:start position:0% +China had the one child per family +policy. I'm not sure that that's been + + align:start position:0% +policy. I'm not sure that that's been + + + align:start position:0% +policy. I'm not sure that that's been +declared a success but uh and I think + + align:start position:0% +declared a success but uh and I think + + + align:start position:0% +declared a success but uh and I think +there is an incredible imbalance between + + align:start position:0% +there is an incredible imbalance between + + + align:start position:0% +there is an incredible imbalance between +the genders now because of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +the genders now because of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +the genders now because of uh you know +if you have a single child and you know + + align:start position:0% +if you have a single child and you know + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a single child and you know +uh you have to make a choice uh some + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to make a choice uh some + + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to make a choice uh some +families feel that uh a male child is + + align:start position:0% +families feel that uh a male child is + + + align:start position:0% +families feel that uh a male child is +more likely to succeed and be able to + + align:start position:0% +more likely to succeed and be able to + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to succeed and be able to +well help. So you know that policy I + + align:start position:0% +well help. So you know that policy I + + + align:start position:0% +well help. So you know that policy I +think has led to a kind of imbalance + + align:start position:0% +think has led to a kind of imbalance + + + align:start position:0% +think has led to a kind of imbalance +that is uh seriously problematic. But + + align:start position:0% +that is uh seriously problematic. But + + + align:start position:0% +that is uh seriously problematic. But +I'm not an authority in this area. Just + + align:start position:0% +I'm not an authority in this area. Just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not an authority in this area. Just +know that these these policies we do + + align:start position:0% +know that these these policies we do + + + align:start position:0% +know that these these policies we do +have of course modern modern technology + + align:start position:0% +have of course modern modern technology + + + align:start position:0% +have of course modern modern technology +has developed birth + + align:start position:0% +has developed birth + + + align:start position:0% +has developed birth +control or methods of uh you know simply + + align:start position:0% +control or methods of uh you know simply + + + align:start position:0% +control or methods of uh you know simply +preventing + + align:start position:0% +preventing + + + align:start position:0% +preventing +uh unwanted births. I'm not talking + + align:start position:0% +uh unwanted births. I'm not talking + + + align:start position:0% +uh unwanted births. I'm not talking +about abortion. I'm talking about I'm + + align:start position:0% +about abortion. I'm talking about I'm + + + align:start position:0% +about abortion. I'm talking about I'm +talking about uh other methods but uh + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh other methods but uh + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh other methods but uh +you know the the whole the whole + + align:start position:0% +you know the the whole the whole + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the whole the whole +question of uh regulating birth has been + + align:start position:0% +question of uh regulating birth has been + + + align:start position:0% +question of uh regulating birth has been +a big I mean this is a big area of uh u + + align:start position:0% +a big I mean this is a big area of uh u + + + align:start position:0% +a big I mean this is a big area of uh u +you know development I mean huge I mean + + align:start position:0% +you know development I mean huge I mean + + + align:start position:0% +you know development I mean huge I mean +drug companies uh and all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +drug companies uh and all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +drug companies uh and all sorts of +people are in this business because + + align:start position:0% +people are in this business because + + + align:start position:0% +people are in this business because +population vast rapid population growth + + align:start position:0% +population vast rapid population growth + + + align:start position:0% +population vast rapid population growth +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +it's it's potentially uh destructive of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's potentially uh destructive of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's potentially uh destructive of +of societies. + + align:start position:0% +of societies. + + + align:start position:0% +of societies. +So there is yeah Chris think in addition + + align:start position:0% +So there is yeah Chris think in addition + + + align:start position:0% +So there is yeah Chris think in addition +to government regulation there's been a + + align:start position:0% +to government regulation there's been a + + + align:start position:0% +to government regulation there's been a +self- selection among families in + + align:start position:0% +self- selection among families in + + + align:start position:0% +self- selection among families in +perhaps more affluent countries who + + align:start position:0% +perhaps more affluent countries who + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps more affluent countries who +recognize that limited resources that + + align:start position:0% +recognize that limited resources that + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that limited resources that +they have limited resources and so + + align:start position:0% +they have limited resources and so + + + align:start position:0% +they have limited resources and so +having fewer children would invest more + + align:start position:0% +having fewer children would invest more + + + align:start position:0% +having fewer children would invest more +resources into each individual children + + align:start position:0% +resources into each individual children + + + align:start position:0% +resources into each individual children +and so that's a form of regulation + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a form of regulation + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's a form of regulation +absolutely people get yeah that that + + align:start position:0% +absolutely people get yeah that that + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely people get yeah that that +that is absolutely true yeah the other + + align:start position:0% +that is absolutely true yeah the other + + + align:start position:0% +that is absolutely true yeah the other +side of things though I've heard of some + + align:start position:0% +side of things though I've heard of some + + + align:start position:0% +side of things though I've heard of some +European countries I think like France + + align:start position:0% +European countries I think like France + + + align:start position:0% +European countries I think like France +who've done things to try and encourage + + align:start position:0% +who've done things to try and encourage + + + align:start position:0% +who've done things to try and encourage +their citizens to have more children + + align:start position:0% +their citizens to have more children + + + align:start position:0% +their citizens to have more children +because they're of their negative + + align:start position:0% +because they're of their negative + + + align:start position:0% +because they're of their negative +population growth right like more + + align:start position:0% +population growth right like more + + + align:start position:0% +population growth right like more +maternity leave or that's right um even + + align:start position:0% +maternity leave or that's right um even + + + align:start position:0% +maternity leave or that's right um even +leave for dads too yeah yeah so I think + + align:start position:0% +leave for dads too yeah yeah so I think + + + align:start position:0% +leave for dads too yeah yeah so I think +uh European countries have all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +uh European countries have all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +uh European countries have all kinds of +policies to encourage uh uh birth rate + + align:start position:0% +policies to encourage uh uh birth rate + + + align:start position:0% +policies to encourage uh uh birth rate +in their in in families because there's + + align:start position:0% +in their in in families because there's + + + align:start position:0% +in their in in families because there's +a need to uh uh I mean they need a + + align:start position:0% +a need to uh uh I mean they need a + + + align:start position:0% +a need to uh uh I mean they need a +workforce and you know you can't make a + + align:start position:0% +workforce and you know you can't make a + + + align:start position:0% +workforce and you know you can't make a +workforce out of people who are aging + + align:start position:0% +workforce out of people who are aging + + + align:start position:0% +workforce out of people who are aging +and and retiring and things of that + + align:start position:0% +and and retiring and things of that + + + align:start position:0% +and and retiring and things of that +sort. they you know + + align:start position:0% +sort. they you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort. they you know +so again this is a this is a very big + + align:start position:0% +so again this is a this is a very big + + + align:start position:0% +so again this is a this is a very big +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +and you know we're just touching on + + align:start position:0% +and you know we're just touching on + + + align:start position:0% +and you know we're just touching on +these things in in the framework of + + align:start position:0% +these things in in the framework of + + + align:start position:0% +these things in in the framework of +Mouthys here but but uh the point is is + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys here but but uh the point is is + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys here but but uh the point is is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh a lot of the problems that Mouthys + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot of the problems that Mouthys + + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot of the problems that Mouthys +has identified or the key problem that + + align:start position:0% +has identified or the key problem that + + + align:start position:0% +has identified or the key problem that +he's identified has generated incredible + + align:start position:0% +he's identified has generated incredible + + + align:start position:0% +he's identified has generated incredible +range of uh activities in you know + + align:start position:0% +range of uh activities in you know + + + align:start position:0% +range of uh activities in you know +technological development uh social + + align:start position:0% +technological development uh social + + + align:start position:0% +technological development uh social +development uh uh and behavior in in in + + align:start position:0% +development uh uh and behavior in in in + + + align:start position:0% +development uh uh and behavior in in in +societies and cultures. + + align:start position:0% +societies and cultures. + + + align:start position:0% +societies and cultures. +D instead of instead of tackling the + + align:start position:0% +D instead of instead of tackling the + + + align:start position:0% +D instead of instead of tackling the +problem of population directly because + + align:start position:0% +problem of population directly because + + + align:start position:0% +problem of population directly because +population growth is much more + + align:start position:0% +population growth is much more + + + align:start position:0% +population growth is much more +complicated than people just wanting to + + align:start position:0% +complicated than people just wanting to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than people just wanting to +have children. One of the things that + + align:start position:0% +have children. One of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +have children. One of the things that +people have proposed that actually has a + + align:start position:0% +people have proposed that actually has a + + + align:start position:0% +people have proposed that actually has a +good amount of scientific backing behind + + align:start position:0% +good amount of scientific backing behind + + + align:start position:0% +good amount of scientific backing behind +it is trying to rather than imposing + + align:start position:0% +it is trying to rather than imposing + + + align:start position:0% +it is trying to rather than imposing +regulations give as much education to to + + align:start position:0% +regulations give as much education to to + + + align:start position:0% +regulations give as much education to to +populations as possible because there's + + align:start position:0% +populations as possible because there's + + + align:start position:0% +populations as possible because there's +this strange correlation that when you + + align:start position:0% +this strange correlation that when you + + + align:start position:0% +this strange correlation that when you +increase the educational level of people + + align:start position:0% +increase the educational level of people + + + align:start position:0% +increase the educational level of people +poverty goes down. uh food resources, + + align:start position:0% +poverty goes down. uh food resources, + + + align:start position:0% +poverty goes down. uh food resources, +you know, are are improved and as + + align:start position:0% +you know, are are improved and as + + + align:start position:0% +you know, are are improved and as +affluent individ kind of builds on + + align:start position:0% +affluent individ kind of builds on + + + align:start position:0% +affluent individ kind of builds on +itself. And one of the nice things about + + align:start position:0% +itself. And one of the nice things about + + + align:start position:0% +itself. And one of the nice things about +that is the more the more as people come + + align:start position:0% +that is the more the more as people come + + + align:start position:0% +that is the more the more as people come +out of poverty, as the more educated + + align:start position:0% +out of poverty, as the more educated + + + align:start position:0% +out of poverty, as the more educated +they are, they make more conscious + + align:start position:0% +they are, they make more conscious + + + align:start position:0% +they are, they make more conscious +decisions about how they affect the + + align:start position:0% +decisions about how they affect the + + + align:start position:0% +decisions about how they affect the +environment, which in turn allows them + + align:start position:0% +environment, which in turn allows them + + + align:start position:0% +environment, which in turn allows them +to do more with less and maintain the + + align:start position:0% +to do more with less and maintain the + + + align:start position:0% +to do more with less and maintain the +resources of the environment around + + align:start position:0% +resources of the environment around + + + align:start position:0% +resources of the environment around +them. So the one way to do this is + + align:start position:0% +them. So the one way to do this is + + + align:start position:0% +them. So the one way to do this is +rather than tackling it head-on, tackle + + align:start position:0% +rather than tackling it head-on, tackle + + + align:start position:0% +rather than tackling it head-on, tackle +something that looks like a side issue + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like a side issue + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks like a side issue +and it it seems there seems to be + + align:start position:0% +and it it seems there seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +and it it seems there seems to be +evidence to show that it would resolve + + align:start position:0% +evidence to show that it would resolve + + + align:start position:0% +evidence to show that it would resolve +it, you know, on its own. + + align:start position:0% +it, you know, on its own. + + + align:start position:0% +it, you know, on its own. +Building off of that, uh there is + + align:start position:0% +Building off of that, uh there is + + + align:start position:0% +Building off of that, uh there is +research that shows that uh the higher + + align:start position:0% +research that shows that uh the higher + + + align:start position:0% +research that shows that uh the higher +education level is that is achieved by a + + align:start position:0% +education level is that is achieved by a + + + align:start position:0% +education level is that is achieved by a +person, the later on they get married + + align:start position:0% +person, the later on they get married + + + align:start position:0% +person, the later on they get married +and the less children they have like you + + align:start position:0% +and the less children they have like you + + + align:start position:0% +and the less children they have like you +were saying earlier about uh the + + align:start position:0% +were saying earlier about uh the + + + align:start position:0% +were saying earlier about uh the +different those statistics affecting how + + align:start position:0% +different those statistics affecting how + + + align:start position:0% +different those statistics affecting how +many and how fast you have children. + + align:start position:0% +many and how fast you have children. + + + align:start position:0% +many and how fast you have children. +Yeah. But but as as has been mentioned u + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. But but as as has been mentioned u + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. But but as as has been mentioned u +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +uh as Laura said you know the the need + + align:start position:0% +uh as Laura said you know the the need + + + align:start position:0% +uh as Laura said you know the the need +it's not as simple as keeping all + + align:start position:0% +it's not as simple as keeping all + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as simple as keeping all +populations down because sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +populations down because sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +populations down because sometimes you +know that's where the new that's where + + align:start position:0% +know that's where the new that's where + + + align:start position:0% +know that's where the new that's where +the energy comes is from you know the + + align:start position:0% +the energy comes is from you know the + + + align:start position:0% +the energy comes is from you know the +young population you know the that's + + align:start position:0% +young population you know the that's + + + align:start position:0% +young population you know the that's +where the growth is that's where new + + align:start position:0% +where the growth is that's where new + + + align:start position:0% +where the growth is that's where new +concepts new production so the idea of + + align:start position:0% +concepts new production so the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +concepts new production so the idea of +uh trying I mean we're we are in a bind. + + align:start position:0% +uh trying I mean we're we are in a bind. + + + align:start position:0% +uh trying I mean we're we are in a bind. +We're in we're we're in a population + + align:start position:0% +We're in we're we're in a population + + + align:start position:0% +We're in we're we're in a population +bind. It's it's it's a set of problems + + align:start position:0% +bind. It's it's it's a set of problems + + + align:start position:0% +bind. It's it's it's a set of problems +that nobody's going to solve. We just + + align:start position:0% +that nobody's going to solve. We just + + + align:start position:0% +that nobody's going to solve. We just +and they're going to be presenting + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to be presenting + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to be presenting +themselves every generation. But uh it + + align:start position:0% +themselves every generation. But uh it + + + align:start position:0% +themselves every generation. But uh it +it's certainly an area that has taken up + + align:start position:0% +it's certainly an area that has taken up + + + align:start position:0% +it's certainly an area that has taken up +a huge amount of human resource and + + align:start position:0% +a huge amount of human resource and + + + align:start position:0% +a huge amount of human resource and +thinking uh on you know in in terms of + + align:start position:0% +thinking uh on you know in in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking uh on you know in in terms of +uh what to do, what kinds of policies + + align:start position:0% +uh what to do, what kinds of policies + + + align:start position:0% +uh what to do, what kinds of policies +they have uh how much education, how to + + align:start position:0% +they have uh how much education, how to + + + align:start position:0% +they have uh how much education, how to +how to get education, deliver it uh you + + align:start position:0% +how to get education, deliver it uh you + + + align:start position:0% +how to get education, deliver it uh you +know and and all sorts of I think like + + align:start position:0% +know and and all sorts of I think like + + + align:start position:0% +know and and all sorts of I think like +from Malthusian view like if you were + + align:start position:0% +from Malthusian view like if you were + + + align:start position:0% +from Malthusian view like if you were +alive today you would say that we're all + + align:start position:0% +alive today you would say that we're all + + + align:start position:0% +alive today you would say that we're all +these advances are was setting us up for + + align:start position:0% +these advances are was setting us up for + + + align:start position:0% +these advances are was setting us up for +a bigger fall. Like with the increases + + align:start position:0% +a bigger fall. Like with the increases + + + align:start position:0% +a bigger fall. Like with the increases +in life expectancy, with the, you know, + + align:start position:0% +in life expectancy, with the, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +in life expectancy, with the, you know, +increases in and all these things, it + + align:start position:0% +increases in and all these things, it + + + align:start position:0% +increases in and all these things, it +makes us feel like we can expand and we + + align:start position:0% +makes us feel like we can expand and we + + + align:start position:0% +makes us feel like we can expand and we +are expanding uncontrollably. So that + + align:start position:0% +are expanding uncontrollably. So that + + + align:start position:0% +are expanding uncontrollably. So that +when we do reach that capacity, which + + align:start position:0% +when we do reach that capacity, which + + + align:start position:0% +when we do reach that capacity, which +may not be, you know, within a couple + + align:start position:0% +may not be, you know, within a couple + + + align:start position:0% +may not be, you know, within a couple +generations, but if we do reach it, it + + align:start position:0% +generations, but if we do reach it, it + + + align:start position:0% +generations, but if we do reach it, it +will be even more catastrophic than it + + align:start position:0% +will be even more catastrophic than it + + + align:start position:0% +will be even more catastrophic than it +was in his time. Well, I I'm I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +was in his time. Well, I I'm I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +was in his time. Well, I I'm I'm I'm +definitely + + align:start position:0% +definitely + + + align:start position:0% +definitely +I'm in your camp. You know, I I the the + + align:start position:0% +I'm in your camp. You know, I I the the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in your camp. You know, I I the the +ability of politicians and people to + + align:start position:0% +ability of politicians and people to + + + align:start position:0% +ability of politicians and people to +make the necessary decisions and + + align:start position:0% +make the necessary decisions and + + + align:start position:0% +make the necessary decisions and +judgments and + + align:start position:0% +judgments and + + + align:start position:0% +judgments and +uh policies that could deal with these + + align:start position:0% +uh policies that could deal with these + + + align:start position:0% +uh policies that could deal with these +things seems to be almost nil. I mean + + align:start position:0% +things seems to be almost nil. I mean + + + align:start position:0% +things seems to be almost nil. I mean +they can't even come up with climate uh + + align:start position:0% +they can't even come up with climate uh + + + align:start position:0% +they can't even come up with climate uh +policy. They can't come up with uh you + + align:start position:0% +policy. They can't come up with uh you + + + align:start position:0% +policy. They can't come up with uh you +know various types of uh population, + + align:start position:0% +know various types of uh population, + + + align:start position:0% +know various types of uh population, +education, all these policies. uh + + align:start position:0% +education, all these policies. uh + + + align:start position:0% +education, all these policies. uh +there's very little leadership that's + + align:start position:0% +there's very little leadership that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's very little leadership that's +come out of the political center uh of + + align:start position:0% +come out of the political center uh of + + + align:start position:0% +come out of the political center uh of +and so you know these are big problems. + + align:start position:0% +and so you know these are big problems. + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know these are big problems. +I mean look at I mean we're we're + + align:start position:0% +I mean look at I mean we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +I mean look at I mean we're we're +talking about population growth at + + align:start position:0% +talking about population growth at + + + align:start position:0% +talking about population growth at +incredible rates and you know the the + + align:start position:0% +incredible rates and you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +incredible rates and you know the the +notion that + + align:start position:0% +notion that + + + align:start position:0% +notion that +u uh you know these problems will take + + align:start position:0% +u uh you know these problems will take + + + align:start position:0% +u uh you know these problems will take +care of themselves is ridiculous. + + align:start position:0% +care of themselves is ridiculous. + + + align:start position:0% +care of themselves is ridiculous. +they require some kind of uh thought and + + align:start position:0% +they require some kind of uh thought and + + + align:start position:0% +they require some kind of uh thought and +action and and uh uh resource but uh I + + align:start position:0% +action and and uh uh resource but uh I + + + align:start position:0% +action and and uh uh resource but uh I +think uh that's one of the big problems + + align:start position:0% +think uh that's one of the big problems + + + align:start position:0% +think uh that's one of the big problems +is people just don't grasp the nature of + + align:start position:0% +is people just don't grasp the nature of + + + align:start position:0% +is people just don't grasp the nature of +this problem and therefore they kind of + + align:start position:0% +this problem and therefore they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this problem and therefore they kind of +uh just figure well my parents are okay + + align:start position:0% +uh just figure well my parents are okay + + + align:start position:0% +uh just figure well my parents are okay +I'm okay and you know life is going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm okay and you know life is going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm okay and you know life is going to +go on but you Now things are changing in + + align:start position:0% +go on but you Now things are changing in + + + align:start position:0% +go on but you Now things are changing in +the background and uh this this growth + + align:start position:0% +the background and uh this this growth + + + align:start position:0% +the background and uh this this growth +issue is is a big one. Um and we don't + + align:start position:0% +issue is is a big one. Um and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +issue is is a big one. Um and we don't +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +have what most people would consider a + + align:start position:0% +have what most people would consider a + + + align:start position:0% +have what most people would consider a +rational approach to dealing with it at + + align:start position:0% +rational approach to dealing with it at + + + align:start position:0% +rational approach to dealing with it at +the government level. So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay. + + align:start position:0% +um okay. + + + align:start position:0% +um okay. +So yeah, I was so I was born + + align:start position:0% +So yeah, I was so I was born + + + align:start position:0% +So yeah, I was so I was born +in I was born in uh in between the + + align:start position:0% +in I was born in uh in between the + + + align:start position:0% +in I was born in uh in between the +1930s. So I contributed to the third + + align:start position:0% +1930s. So I contributed to the third + + + align:start position:0% +1930s. So I contributed to the third +billion of human + + align:start position:0% +billion of human + + + align:start position:0% +billion of human +population. I expect most of + + align:start position:0% +population. I expect most of + + + align:start position:0% +population. I expect most of +you contributed to the sixth or was it + + align:start position:0% +you contributed to the sixth or was it + + + align:start position:0% +you contributed to the sixth or was it +the fifth? How many how many fifth? Uh + + align:start position:0% +the fifth? How many how many fifth? Uh + + + align:start position:0% +the fifth? How many how many fifth? Uh +are you you're in the fifth? Okay. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +are you you're in the fifth? Okay. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +are you you're in the fifth? Okay. Okay. +So some of you contribute to the fifth + + align:start position:0% +So some of you contribute to the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +So some of you contribute to the fifth +billion and some of you contribute to + + align:start position:0% +billion and some of you contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +billion and some of you contribute to +the sixth. So you know the fact is we're + + align:start position:0% +the sixth. So you know the fact is we're + + + align:start position:0% +the sixth. So you know the fact is we're +we're all sitting in the same room and + + align:start position:0% +we're all sitting in the same room and + + + align:start position:0% +we're all sitting in the same room and +we contribute. I mean just think about + + align:start position:0% +we contribute. I mean just think about + + + align:start position:0% +we contribute. I mean just think about +that a little bit. It took uh 30 years + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit. It took uh 30 years + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit. It took uh 30 years +for my cohort billion cohort in the + + align:start position:0% +for my cohort billion cohort in the + + + align:start position:0% +for my cohort billion cohort in the +world to uh but look at the time look + + align:start position:0% +world to uh but look at the time look + + + align:start position:0% +world to uh but look at the time look +how this is is is shortening. + + align:start position:0% +how this is is is shortening. + + + align:start position:0% +how this is is is shortening. +So yeah, we need we need some kind of we + + align:start position:0% +So yeah, we need we need some kind of we + + + align:start position:0% +So yeah, we need we need some kind of we +need to think about these things + + align:start position:0% +need to think about these things + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about these things +rationally. We need to deal with them. + + align:start position:0% +rationally. We need to deal with them. + + + align:start position:0% +rationally. We need to deal with them. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +uh this is why Mouthus is sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh this is why Mouthus is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is why Mouthus is sort of +sitting back there wishing he were wrong + + align:start position:0% +sitting back there wishing he were wrong + + + align:start position:0% +sitting back there wishing he were wrong +and hoping somebody will show him. But + + align:start position:0% +and hoping somebody will show him. But + + + align:start position:0% +and hoping somebody will show him. But +you know it's it's it's continuing \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rVvGqWyQB_0.txt b/rVvGqWyQB_0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71999017cb9bba539f9deb6ceadc3d30059a38d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/rVvGqWyQB_0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6403 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common license. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common license. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common license. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hi, I hope enough time has elapsed since + + align:start position:0% +Hi, I hope enough time has elapsed since + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, I hope enough time has elapsed since +our last lecture so that you feel at + + align:start position:0% +our last lecture so that you feel at + + + align:start position:0% +our last lecture so that you feel at +home doing arithmetic of complex numbers + + align:start position:0% +home doing arithmetic of complex numbers + + + align:start position:0% +home doing arithmetic of complex numbers +because you see now what we'd like to do + + align:start position:0% +because you see now what we'd like to do + + + align:start position:0% +because you see now what we'd like to do +today is the next phase that leads into + + align:start position:0% +today is the next phase that leads into + + + align:start position:0% +today is the next phase that leads into +our calculus study of complex numbers. + + align:start position:0% +our calculus study of complex numbers. + + + align:start position:0% +our calculus study of complex numbers. +Namely, what we would like to do is + + align:start position:0% +Namely, what we would like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +Namely, what we would like to do is +study functions of a complex variable. + + align:start position:0% +study functions of a complex variable. + + + align:start position:0% +study functions of a complex variable. +And again in terms of a function + + align:start position:0% +And again in terms of a function + + + align:start position:0% +And again in terms of a function +machine, I'm visualizing the input of my + + align:start position:0% +machine, I'm visualizing the input of my + + + align:start position:0% +machine, I'm visualizing the input of my +machine being a complex number and the + + align:start position:0% +machine being a complex number and the + + + align:start position:0% +machine being a complex number and the +output being a complex number. By the + + align:start position:0% +output being a complex number. By the + + + align:start position:0% +output being a complex number. By the +way, I should mention that there are + + align:start position:0% +way, I should mention that there are + + + align:start position:0% +way, I should mention that there are +situations and we'll cover these in the + + align:start position:0% +situations and we'll cover these in the + + + align:start position:0% +situations and we'll cover these in the +home in the homework exercises where one + + align:start position:0% +home in the homework exercises where one + + + align:start position:0% +home in the homework exercises where one +sometimes likes the input to be a real + + align:start position:0% +sometimes likes the input to be a real + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes likes the input to be a real +number and the output a complex number + + align:start position:0% +number and the output a complex number + + + align:start position:0% +number and the output a complex number +or the input a complex number and the + + align:start position:0% +or the input a complex number and the + + + align:start position:0% +or the input a complex number and the +output a real number. But for reasons + + align:start position:0% +output a real number. But for reasons + + + align:start position:0% +output a real number. But for reasons +that I hope will become apparent in a + + align:start position:0% +that I hope will become apparent in a + + + align:start position:0% +that I hope will become apparent in a +moment, we're going to focus our + + align:start position:0% +moment, we're going to focus our + + + align:start position:0% +moment, we're going to focus our +attention on the case where both the + + align:start position:0% +attention on the case where both the + + + align:start position:0% +attention on the case where both the +input and the output are complex + + align:start position:0% +input and the output are complex + + + align:start position:0% +input and the output are complex +numbers. Noticing that if we do that, + + align:start position:0% +numbers. Noticing that if we do that, + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. Noticing that if we do that, +especially from a geometrical point of + + align:start position:0% +especially from a geometrical point of + + + align:start position:0% +especially from a geometrical point of +view, a vector point of view, our input + + align:start position:0% +view, a vector point of view, our input + + + align:start position:0% +view, a vector point of view, our input +is a twouple, say the complex number x, + + align:start position:0% +is a twouple, say the complex number x, + + + align:start position:0% +is a twouple, say the complex number x, +y, uh x plus i is represented by the + + align:start position:0% +y, uh x plus i is represented by the + + + align:start position:0% +y, uh x plus i is represented by the +twup x comma y. The output w= f of z is + + align:start position:0% +twup x comma y. The output w= f of z is + + + align:start position:0% +twup x comma y. The output w= f of z is +what? U plus I V say or or as a twouple + + align:start position:0% +what? U plus I V say or or as a twouple + + + align:start position:0% +what? U plus I V say or or as a twouple +U comma V. The idea being that + + align:start position:0% +U comma V. The idea being that + + + align:start position:0% +U comma V. The idea being that +graphically we can view a function that + + align:start position:0% +graphically we can view a function that + + + align:start position:0% +graphically we can view a function that +maps the complex numbers into the + + align:start position:0% +maps the complex numbers into the + + + align:start position:0% +maps the complex numbers into the +complex numbers as a mapping from the XY + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers as a mapping from the XY + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers as a mapping from the XY +plane into the UV plane where the + + align:start position:0% +plane into the UV plane where the + + + align:start position:0% +plane into the UV plane where the +complex number Z is identified with the + + align:start position:0% +complex number Z is identified with the + + + align:start position:0% +complex number Z is identified with the +pair X comma Y. The complex number W is + + align:start position:0% +pair X comma Y. The complex number W is + + + align:start position:0% +pair X comma Y. The complex number W is +identified with the ordered pair U comma + + align:start position:0% +identified with the ordered pair U comma + + + align:start position:0% +identified with the ordered pair U comma +V. The xy plane is the domain of our + + align:start position:0% +V. The xy plane is the domain of our + + + align:start position:0% +V. The xy plane is the domain of our +function. The uv plane is the range of + + align:start position:0% +function. The uv plane is the range of + + + align:start position:0% +function. The uv plane is the range of +our function. By way of example, suppose + + align:start position:0% +our function. By way of example, suppose + + + align:start position:0% +our function. By way of example, suppose +I take the function f of z= z ^2. + + align:start position:0% +I take the function f of z= z ^2. + + + align:start position:0% +I take the function f of z= z ^2. +Recalling that z is x + i y. If I square + + align:start position:0% +Recalling that z is x + i y. If I square + + + align:start position:0% +Recalling that z is x + i y. If I square +this, I get as the real part x^2 minus + + align:start position:0% +this, I get as the real part x^2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +this, I get as the real part x^2 minus +y^ 2. The imaginary part is 2xy. So as a + + align:start position:0% +y^ 2. The imaginary part is 2xy. So as a + + + align:start position:0% +y^ 2. The imaginary part is 2xy. So as a +twuple type mapping f maps x comma y + + align:start position:0% +twuple type mapping f maps x comma y + + + align:start position:0% +twuple type mapping f maps x comma y +into x^2 - + + align:start position:0% +into x^2 - + + + align:start position:0% +into x^2 - +y^2xy. In other words, u is x^2 - y^2, v + + align:start position:0% +y^2xy. In other words, u is x^2 - y^2, v + + + align:start position:0% +y^2xy. In other words, u is x^2 - y^2, v +is 2xy. So in summary, notice that the + + align:start position:0% +is 2xy. So in summary, notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +is 2xy. So in summary, notice that the +complex valued function of a complex + + align:start position:0% +complex valued function of a complex + + + align:start position:0% +complex valued function of a complex +variable. In other words, we're mapping + + align:start position:0% +variable. In other words, we're mapping + + + align:start position:0% +variable. In other words, we're mapping +complex inputs into complex outputs. But + + align:start position:0% +complex inputs into complex outputs. But + + + align:start position:0% +complex inputs into complex outputs. But +that particular mapping f of z= z ^2 is + + align:start position:0% +that particular mapping f of z= z ^2 is + + + align:start position:0% +that particular mapping f of z= z ^2 is +equivalent to the and this is important + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the and this is important + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the and this is important +to the real system of equations u = x^2 + + align:start position:0% +to the real system of equations u = x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +to the real system of equations u = x^2 +- y^2 v = 2xy. You see this is a system + + align:start position:0% +- y^2 v = 2xy. You see this is a system + + + align:start position:0% +- y^2 v = 2xy. You see this is a system +of two real equations and two unknowns. + + align:start position:0% +of two real equations and two unknowns. + + + align:start position:0% +of two real equations and two unknowns. +And what I'm saying is that I cannot + + align:start position:0% +And what I'm saying is that I cannot + + + align:start position:0% +And what I'm saying is that I cannot +distinguish between this problem and + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between this problem and + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between this problem and +this problem. In other words, somehow or + + align:start position:0% +this problem. In other words, somehow or + + + align:start position:0% +this problem. In other words, somehow or +other, studying complex valued functions + + align:start position:0% +other, studying complex valued functions + + + align:start position:0% +other, studying complex valued functions +is going to help me replace or to view + + align:start position:0% +is going to help me replace or to view + + + align:start position:0% +is going to help me replace or to view +from a different vantage point the study + + align:start position:0% +from a different vantage point the study + + + align:start position:0% +from a different vantage point the study +of systems of real functions. But again, + + align:start position:0% +of systems of real functions. But again, + + + align:start position:0% +of systems of real functions. But again, +more about that as we proceed. At any + + align:start position:0% +more about that as we proceed. At any + + + align:start position:0% +more about that as we proceed. At any +rate, leaving further drill, a further + + align:start position:0% +rate, leaving further drill, a further + + + align:start position:0% +rate, leaving further drill, a further +drill, we haven't done any drill. + + align:start position:0% +drill, we haven't done any drill. + + + align:start position:0% +drill, we haven't done any drill. +Leaving drill to the exercises because I + + align:start position:0% +Leaving drill to the exercises because I + + + align:start position:0% +Leaving drill to the exercises because I +think conceptually this is all all hat. + + align:start position:0% +think conceptually this is all all hat. + + + align:start position:0% +think conceptually this is all all hat. +And why do I say it's old hat? Well, + + align:start position:0% +And why do I say it's old hat? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +And why do I say it's old hat? Well, +heck, we've spent a whole block of + + align:start position:0% +heck, we've spent a whole block of + + + align:start position:0% +heck, we've spent a whole block of +material working on these kind of + + align:start position:0% +material working on these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +material working on these kind of +mappings. Also, geometrically, we're + + align:start position:0% +mappings. Also, geometrically, we're + + + align:start position:0% +mappings. Also, geometrically, we're +viewing the complex numbers as being + + align:start position:0% +viewing the complex numbers as being + + + align:start position:0% +viewing the complex numbers as being +vectors. So that in another manner of + + align:start position:0% +vectors. So that in another manner of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors. So that in another manner of +speaking, complex valued functions of a + + align:start position:0% +speaking, complex valued functions of a + + + align:start position:0% +speaking, complex valued functions of a +complex variable are equivalent to what + + align:start position:0% +complex variable are equivalent to what + + + align:start position:0% +complex variable are equivalent to what +functions that map two-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +functions that map two-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +functions that map two-dimensional space +into two-dimensional space. And we + + align:start position:0% +into two-dimensional space. And we + + + align:start position:0% +into two-dimensional space. And we +talked about that in our treatment of + + align:start position:0% +talked about that in our treatment of + + + align:start position:0% +talked about that in our treatment of +vector functions. So whichever way we + + align:start position:0% +vector functions. So whichever way we + + + align:start position:0% +vector functions. So whichever way we +look at this thing, uh I think that the + + align:start position:0% +look at this thing, uh I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +look at this thing, uh I think that the +drill is fairly straightforward. Let's + + align:start position:0% +drill is fairly straightforward. Let's + + + align:start position:0% +drill is fairly straightforward. Let's +go on the next thing after we have + + align:start position:0% +go on the next thing after we have + + + align:start position:0% +go on the next thing after we have +functions be you see ultimately we want + + align:start position:0% +functions be you see ultimately we want + + + align:start position:0% +functions be you see ultimately we want +to get to derivatives and integrals and + + align:start position:0% +to get to derivatives and integrals and + + + align:start position:0% +to get to derivatives and integrals and +the one concept that we need for a + + align:start position:0% +the one concept that we need for a + + + align:start position:0% +the one concept that we need for a +derivative after we know the theory of + + align:start position:0% +derivative after we know the theory of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative after we know the theory of +functions is the concept of a limit + + align:start position:0% +functions is the concept of a limit + + + align:start position:0% +functions is the concept of a limit +right so we want limits next and what + + align:start position:0% +right so we want limits next and what + + + align:start position:0% +right so we want limits next and what +are we going to do letting C denote the + + align:start position:0% +are we going to do letting C denote the + + + align:start position:0% +are we going to do letting C denote the +complex numbers just for purposes of + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers just for purposes of + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers just for purposes of +identification suppose we have a mapping + + align:start position:0% +identification suppose we have a mapping + + + align:start position:0% +identification suppose we have a mapping +from C into C suppose A is in C in other + + align:start position:0% +from C into C suppose A is in C in other + + + align:start position:0% +from C into C suppose A is in C in other +words A is some complex number we define + + align:start position:0% +words A is some complex number we define + + + align:start position:0% +words A is some complex number we define +the limit of f of D as Z approaches A to + + align:start position:0% +the limit of f of D as Z approaches A to + + + align:start position:0% +the limit of f of D as Z approaches A to +B L. And I'm hoping that by this time + + align:start position:0% +B L. And I'm hoping that by this time + + + align:start position:0% +B L. And I'm hoping that by this time +you're way ahead of me because we've + + align:start position:0% +you're way ahead of me because we've + + + align:start position:0% +you're way ahead of me because we've +done this many times. What am I going to + + align:start position:0% +done this many times. What am I going to + + + align:start position:0% +done this many times. What am I going to +do here? I am going to word for word + + align:start position:0% +do here? I am going to word for word + + + align:start position:0% +do here? I am going to word for word +mimic the real definition. In other + + align:start position:0% +mimic the real definition. In other + + + align:start position:0% +mimic the real definition. In other +words, the case for functions of a real + + align:start position:0% +words, the case for functions of a real + + + align:start position:0% +words, the case for functions of a real +variable or if you wish for vector + + align:start position:0% +variable or if you wish for vector + + + align:start position:0% +variable or if you wish for vector +functions. See this is complex. This is + + align:start position:0% +functions. See this is complex. This is + + + align:start position:0% +functions. See this is complex. This is +complex. I can think of this as a + + align:start position:0% +complex. I can think of this as a + + + align:start position:0% +complex. I can think of this as a +vector. This is a vector. Same + + align:start position:0% +vector. This is a vector. Same + + + align:start position:0% +vector. This is a vector. Same +definition that we had before. Namely, + + align:start position:0% +definition that we had before. Namely, + + + align:start position:0% +definition that we had before. Namely, +given epsilon greater than zero, there + + align:start position:0% +given epsilon greater than zero, there + + + align:start position:0% +given epsilon greater than zero, there +exists a delta greater than zero such + + align:start position:0% +exists a delta greater than zero such + + + align:start position:0% +exists a delta greater than zero such +that when the absolute value of z minus + + align:start position:0% +that when the absolute value of z minus + + + align:start position:0% +that when the absolute value of z minus +a is greater than zero but less than + + align:start position:0% +a is greater than zero but less than + + + align:start position:0% +a is greater than zero but less than +delta, the absolute value of f of z + + align:start position:0% +delta, the absolute value of f of z + + + align:start position:0% +delta, the absolute value of f of z +minus l is less than epsilon. Noticing + + align:start position:0% +minus l is less than epsilon. Noticing + + + align:start position:0% +minus l is less than epsilon. Noticing +that even though z, a f of z and l are + + align:start position:0% +that even though z, a f of z and l are + + + align:start position:0% +that even though z, a f of z and l are +complex, magnitudes are real. So that + + align:start position:0% +complex, magnitudes are real. So that + + + align:start position:0% +complex, magnitudes are real. So that +all of these symbols make sense. And do + + align:start position:0% +all of these symbols make sense. And do + + + align:start position:0% +all of these symbols make sense. And do +they capture intuitively what we'd like + + align:start position:0% +they capture intuitively what we'd like + + + align:start position:0% +they capture intuitively what we'd like +them to mean? Again, by way of a quick + + align:start position:0% +them to mean? Again, by way of a quick + + + align:start position:0% +them to mean? Again, by way of a quick +pictorial review, the answer is exactly + + align:start position:0% +pictorial review, the answer is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +pictorial review, the answer is exactly +yes. Namely, if we think of wanting to + + align:start position:0% +yes. Namely, if we think of wanting to + + + align:start position:0% +yes. Namely, if we think of wanting to +be within epsilon of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L, we simply now in two dimensions take + + align:start position:0% +L, we simply now in two dimensions take + + + align:start position:0% +L, we simply now in two dimensions take +a circle of radius epsilon centered at + + align:start position:0% +a circle of radius epsilon centered at + + + align:start position:0% +a circle of radius epsilon centered at +L. And what we're saying is to be with + + align:start position:0% +L. And what we're saying is to be with + + + align:start position:0% +L. And what we're saying is to be with +an epsilon of L, we can find the circle + + align:start position:0% +an epsilon of L, we can find the circle + + + align:start position:0% +an epsilon of L, we can find the circle +of radius delta centered at A such that + + align:start position:0% +of radius delta centered at A such that + + + align:start position:0% +of radius delta centered at A such that +whenever Z is in this circle, f of Z + + align:start position:0% +whenever Z is in this circle, f of Z + + + align:start position:0% +whenever Z is in this circle, f of Z +will be in this circle, which is exactly + + align:start position:0% +will be in this circle, which is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +will be in this circle, which is exactly +the intuitive feeling that limit is + + align:start position:0% +the intuitive feeling that limit is + + + align:start position:0% +the intuitive feeling that limit is +supposed to convey because structurally + + align:start position:0% +supposed to convey because structurally + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to convey because structurally +the definition of limit is the same now + + align:start position:0% +the definition of limit is the same now + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of limit is the same now +as it was in the real case. And in the + + align:start position:0% +as it was in the real case. And in the + + + align:start position:0% +as it was in the real case. And in the +real case, we only use properties of the + + align:start position:0% +real case, we only use properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +real case, we only use properties of the +definition to prove our theorems. It + + align:start position:0% +definition to prove our theorems. It + + + align:start position:0% +definition to prove our theorems. It +means that the usual limit theorems will + + align:start position:0% +means that the usual limit theorems will + + + align:start position:0% +means that the usual limit theorems will +hold. And in particular, by the way, if + + align:start position:0% +hold. And in particular, by the way, if + + + align:start position:0% +hold. And in particular, by the way, if +we decide to write f of z as a real plus + + align:start position:0% +we decide to write f of z as a real plus + + + align:start position:0% +we decide to write f of z as a real plus +an imaginary part. In other words, f of + + align:start position:0% +an imaginary part. In other words, f of + + + align:start position:0% +an imaginary part. In other words, f of +z is what? It's u plus i v, where u and + + align:start position:0% +z is what? It's u plus i v, where u and + + + align:start position:0% +z is what? It's u plus i v, where u and +v are functions of x and y. The complex + + align:start position:0% +v are functions of x and y. The complex + + + align:start position:0% +v are functions of x and y. The complex +number l has a real part and an + + align:start position:0% +number l has a real part and an + + + align:start position:0% +number l has a real part and an +imaginary part. L is l1 plus i l2 where + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part. L is l1 plus i l2 where + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part. L is l1 plus i l2 where +these are real. You see? See this is + + align:start position:0% +these are real. You see? See this is + + + align:start position:0% +these are real. You see? See this is +complex. These are real. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And the complex number a can be written + + align:start position:0% +And the complex number a can be written + + + align:start position:0% +And the complex number a can be written +in the form a1 plus i a2 where a1 and a2 + + align:start position:0% +in the form a1 plus i a2 where a1 and a2 + + + align:start position:0% +in the form a1 plus i a2 where a1 and a2 +are real. And essentially what we're + + align:start position:0% +are real. And essentially what we're + + + align:start position:0% +are real. And essentially what we're +saying is that if the limit as z + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if the limit as z + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if the limit as z +approaches a f of z is l. It must be + + align:start position:0% +approaches a f of z is l. It must be + + + align:start position:0% +approaches a f of z is l. It must be +that the real part of f of z approaches + + align:start position:0% +that the real part of f of z approaches + + + align:start position:0% +that the real part of f of z approaches +the real part of l and the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +the real part of l and the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +the real part of l and the imaginary +part of f of z approaches the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +part of f of z approaches the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +part of f of z approaches the imaginary +part of l. In other words, this + + align:start position:0% +part of l. In other words, this + + + align:start position:0% +part of l. In other words, this +condition here is equivalent to a system + + align:start position:0% +condition here is equivalent to a system + + + align:start position:0% +condition here is equivalent to a system +of two limits in real variables. Namely, + + align:start position:0% +of two limits in real variables. Namely, + + + align:start position:0% +of two limits in real variables. Namely, +the limit of u ofxy as xy approaches a1 + + align:start position:0% +the limit of u ofxy as xy approaches a1 + + + align:start position:0% +the limit of u ofxy as xy approaches a1 +a2 must be the real number l1. And the + + align:start position:0% +a2 must be the real number l1. And the + + + align:start position:0% +a2 must be the real number l1. And the +limit of v of xy as xy approaches the + + align:start position:0% +limit of v of xy as xy approaches the + + + align:start position:0% +limit of v of xy as xy approaches the +real ordered pair a1 a2 must be l. And + + align:start position:0% +real ordered pair a1 a2 must be l. And + + + align:start position:0% +real ordered pair a1 a2 must be l. And +again what this means is is that we can + + align:start position:0% +again what this means is is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +again what this means is is that we can +often view systems of limit problems as + + align:start position:0% +often view systems of limit problems as + + + align:start position:0% +often view systems of limit problems as +being the limit of a complex variable uh + + align:start position:0% +being the limit of a complex variable uh + + + align:start position:0% +being the limit of a complex variable uh +function. Okay, again that's all we're + + align:start position:0% +function. Okay, again that's all we're + + + align:start position:0% +function. Okay, again that's all we're +saying from that point of view. I simply + + align:start position:0% +saying from that point of view. I simply + + + align:start position:0% +saying from that point of view. I simply +want to rush through this because this + + align:start position:0% +want to rush through this because this + + + align:start position:0% +want to rush through this because this +is old hat. There is really nothing new + + align:start position:0% +is old hat. There is really nothing new + + + align:start position:0% +is old hat. There is really nothing new +theoretically here. All I want you to + + align:start position:0% +theoretically here. All I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically here. All I want you to +see is that the same structure that held + + align:start position:0% +see is that the same structure that held + + + align:start position:0% +see is that the same structure that held +in our study for real valued functions + + align:start position:0% +in our study for real valued functions + + + align:start position:0% +in our study for real valued functions +holds for complex valued functions. But + + align:start position:0% +holds for complex valued functions. But + + + align:start position:0% +holds for complex valued functions. But +in particular when we map complex + + align:start position:0% +in particular when we map complex + + + align:start position:0% +in particular when we map complex +numbers into complex numbers there are + + align:start position:0% +numbers into complex numbers there are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers into complex numbers there are +many real interpretations identified + + align:start position:0% +many real interpretations identified + + + align:start position:0% +many real interpretations identified +with the pair of real mappings u is some + + align:start position:0% +with the pair of real mappings u is some + + + align:start position:0% +with the pair of real mappings u is some +function of x and y and v is some + + align:start position:0% +function of x and y and v is some + + + align:start position:0% +function of x and y and v is some +function of x and y. At any rate with + + align:start position:0% +function of x and y. At any rate with + + + align:start position:0% +function of x and y. At any rate with +that as background we can immediately + + align:start position:0% +that as background we can immediately + + + align:start position:0% +that as background we can immediately +launch in to the definition of a + + align:start position:0% +launch in to the definition of a + + + align:start position:0% +launch in to the definition of a +derivative. Now we may not be able to + + align:start position:0% +derivative. Now we may not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative. Now we may not be able to +immediately launch into what does a + + align:start position:0% +immediately launch into what does a + + + align:start position:0% +immediately launch into what does a +derivative mean. This is one of the + + align:start position:0% +derivative mean. This is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative mean. This is one of the +beauties you see of mathematical + + align:start position:0% +beauties you see of mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +beauties you see of mathematical +structure. One of the beauties of + + align:start position:0% +structure. One of the beauties of + + + align:start position:0% +structure. One of the beauties of +mathematical structure is is that when + + align:start position:0% +mathematical structure is is that when + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical structure is is that when +I'm mimicking a structure, all I have to + + align:start position:0% +I'm mimicking a structure, all I have to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm mimicking a structure, all I have to +do is copy it. That's what mimic means. + + align:start position:0% +do is copy it. That's what mimic means. + + + align:start position:0% +do is copy it. That's what mimic means. +In fact, the beauty isn't that you can + + align:start position:0% +In fact, the beauty isn't that you can + + + align:start position:0% +In fact, the beauty isn't that you can +copy it. The beauty is is that since all + + align:start position:0% +copy it. The beauty is is that since all + + + align:start position:0% +copy it. The beauty is is that since all +of the powerful results of the thing + + align:start position:0% +of the powerful results of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +of the powerful results of the thing +that you're copying came logically. In + + align:start position:0% +that you're copying came logically. In + + + align:start position:0% +that you're copying came logically. In +other words, they were valid conclusions + + align:start position:0% +other words, they were valid conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +other words, they were valid conclusions +based on the structure you started with, + + align:start position:0% +based on the structure you started with, + + + align:start position:0% +based on the structure you started with, +the new structure that you get by + + align:start position:0% +the new structure that you get by + + + align:start position:0% +the new structure that you get by +mimicking the old one will inherit the + + align:start position:0% +mimicking the old one will inherit the + + + align:start position:0% +mimicking the old one will inherit the +same structure. Provided of course that + + align:start position:0% +same structure. Provided of course that + + + align:start position:0% +same structure. Provided of course that +in mimicking the resulting expression + + align:start position:0% +in mimicking the resulting expression + + + align:start position:0% +in mimicking the resulting expression +still makes + + align:start position:0% +still makes + + + align:start position:0% +still makes +sense. Without beating around the bush, + + align:start position:0% +sense. Without beating around the bush, + + + align:start position:0% +sense. Without beating around the bush, +all I'm saying is why don't we copy as + + align:start position:0% +all I'm saying is why don't we copy as + + + align:start position:0% +all I'm saying is why don't we copy as +our definition of frime of z sub0 where + + align:start position:0% +our definition of frime of z sub0 where + + + align:start position:0% +our definition of frime of z sub0 where +z sub0 is some complex number. Why don't + + align:start position:0% +z sub0 is some complex number. Why don't + + + align:start position:0% +z sub0 is some complex number. Why don't +we mimic what we would have done for + + align:start position:0% +we mimic what we would have done for + + + align:start position:0% +we mimic what we would have done for +fprime of x sub0 only replacing the x's + + align:start position:0% +fprime of x sub0 only replacing the x's + + + align:start position:0% +fprime of x sub0 only replacing the x's +by the z's. And if we do that, + + align:start position:0% +by the z's. And if we do that, + + + align:start position:0% +by the z's. And if we do that, +remembering what our definition for + + align:start position:0% +remembering what our definition for + + + align:start position:0% +remembering what our definition for +derivative was in the case of a real + + align:start position:0% +derivative was in the case of a real + + + align:start position:0% +derivative was in the case of a real +variable, we simply define frime of z0 + + align:start position:0% +variable, we simply define frime of z0 + + + align:start position:0% +variable, we simply define frime of z0 +to be the limit as delta z approaches + + align:start position:0% +to be the limit as delta z approaches + + + align:start position:0% +to be the limit as delta z approaches +zero f of z plus delta z minus f of z + + align:start position:0% +zero f of z plus delta z minus f of z + + + align:start position:0% +zero f of z plus delta z minus f of z +all over delta z. The questions of + + align:start position:0% +all over delta z. The questions of + + + align:start position:0% +all over delta z. The questions of +course that we raise are first of all + + align:start position:0% +course that we raise are first of all + + + align:start position:0% +course that we raise are first of all +does this make sense? Well remember f is + + align:start position:0% +does this make sense? Well remember f is + + + align:start position:0% +does this make sense? Well remember f is +defined for complex numbers. So and it's + + align:start position:0% +defined for complex numbers. So and it's + + + align:start position:0% +defined for complex numbers. So and it's +a and f of a complex number is a complex + + align:start position:0% +a and f of a complex number is a complex + + + align:start position:0% +a and f of a complex number is a complex +number. So this is the difference of two + + align:start position:0% +number. So this is the difference of two + + + align:start position:0% +number. So this is the difference of two +complex numbers. The difference of two + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers. The difference of two + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers. The difference of two +complex numbers is a complex + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers is a complex + + + align:start position:0% +complex numbers is a complex +number. We're dividing that difference + + align:start position:0% +number. We're dividing that difference + + + align:start position:0% +number. We're dividing that difference +by another complex number which by the + + align:start position:0% +by another complex number which by the + + + align:start position:0% +by another complex number which by the +way can't be zero. Remember delta Z is + + align:start position:0% +way can't be zero. Remember delta Z is + + + align:start position:0% +way can't be zero. Remember delta Z is +not zero. It approaches zero means that + + align:start position:0% +not zero. It approaches zero means that + + + align:start position:0% +not zero. It approaches zero means that +delta Z is greater than zero but less + + align:start position:0% +delta Z is greater than zero but less + + + align:start position:0% +delta Z is greater than zero but less +than delta etc. You know little delta + + align:start position:0% +than delta etc. You know little delta + + + align:start position:0% +than delta etc. You know little delta +the same as in the epsilon delta + + align:start position:0% +the same as in the epsilon delta + + + align:start position:0% +the same as in the epsilon delta +definition. This says what that delta z + + align:start position:0% +definition. This says what that delta z + + + align:start position:0% +definition. This says what that delta z +gets arbitrarily close to zero but is + + align:start position:0% +gets arbitrarily close to zero but is + + + align:start position:0% +gets arbitrarily close to zero but is +never equal to zero. Consequently, this + + align:start position:0% +never equal to zero. Consequently, this + + + align:start position:0% +never equal to zero. Consequently, this +is the quotient of two complex numbers. + + align:start position:0% +is the quotient of two complex numbers. + + + align:start position:0% +is the quotient of two complex numbers. +The denominator is not zero. + + align:start position:0% +The denominator is not zero. + + + align:start position:0% +The denominator is not zero. +Consequently, as we saw in the last + + align:start position:0% +Consequently, as we saw in the last + + + align:start position:0% +Consequently, as we saw in the last +lecture, this is again a complex number. + + align:start position:0% +lecture, this is again a complex number. + + + align:start position:0% +lecture, this is again a complex number. +And this makes sense to compute this + + align:start position:0% +And this makes sense to compute this + + + align:start position:0% +And this makes sense to compute this +limit. And we'll actually do this in a + + align:start position:0% +limit. And we'll actually do this in a + + + align:start position:0% +limit. And we'll actually do this in a +problem before we're through today. And + + align:start position:0% +problem before we're through today. And + + + align:start position:0% +problem before we're through today. And +we'll also have a lot of homework + + align:start position:0% +we'll also have a lot of homework + + + align:start position:0% +we'll also have a lot of homework +problems on this. But to try to give you + + align:start position:0% +problems on this. But to try to give you + + + align:start position:0% +problems on this. But to try to give you +some feeling as to what this thing means + + align:start position:0% +some feeling as to what this thing means + + + align:start position:0% +some feeling as to what this thing means +geometrically, think of this in terms of + + align:start position:0% +geometrically, think of this in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically, think of this in terms of +U and V. Again, in other words, think of + + align:start position:0% +U and V. Again, in other words, think of + + + align:start position:0% +U and V. Again, in other words, think of +the mapping the XY plane into the UV + + align:start position:0% +the mapping the XY plane into the UV + + + align:start position:0% +the mapping the XY plane into the UV +plane. If w is f of z where f of z is + + align:start position:0% +plane. If w is f of z where f of z is + + + align:start position:0% +plane. If w is f of z where f of z is +what? U + i v then frime of z0 is just + + align:start position:0% +what? U + i v then frime of z0 is just + + + align:start position:0% +what? U + i v then frime of z0 is just +the symbol + + align:start position:0% +the symbol + + + align:start position:0% +the symbol +dwz where by dwz we mean the limit as + + align:start position:0% +dwz where by dwz we mean the limit as + + + align:start position:0% +dwz where by dwz we mean the limit as +delta z approaches zero delta w over + + align:start position:0% +delta z approaches zero delta w over + + + align:start position:0% +delta z approaches zero delta w over +delta z. And by the way to help you see + + align:start position:0% +delta z. And by the way to help you see + + + align:start position:0% +delta z. And by the way to help you see +that hopefully a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +that hopefully a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +that hopefully a little bit more +clearly. If this is w delta w involves a + + align:start position:0% +clearly. If this is w delta w involves a + + + align:start position:0% +clearly. If this is w delta w involves a +change in u and a change in v. So delta + + align:start position:0% +change in u and a change in v. So delta + + + align:start position:0% +change in u and a change in v. So delta +w would be delta u plus i delta v. Delta + + align:start position:0% +w would be delta u plus i delta v. Delta + + + align:start position:0% +w would be delta u plus i delta v. Delta +Z by definition is delta X plus I delta + + align:start position:0% +Z by definition is delta X plus I delta + + + align:start position:0% +Z by definition is delta X plus I delta +Y. So computing the derivative involves + + align:start position:0% +Y. So computing the derivative involves + + + align:start position:0% +Y. So computing the derivative involves +computing this limit. And notice that + + align:start position:0% +computing this limit. And notice that + + + align:start position:0% +computing this limit. And notice that +with the exception of the I appearing + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of the I appearing + + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of the I appearing +here, everything else involves real + + align:start position:0% +here, everything else involves real + + + align:start position:0% +here, everything else involves real +numbers. The very very crucial thing to + + align:start position:0% +numbers. The very very crucial thing to + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. The very very crucial thing to +notice is that not only must this limit + + align:start position:0% +notice is that not only must this limit + + + align:start position:0% +notice is that not only must this limit +exist, but it must exist independently + + align:start position:0% +exist, but it must exist independently + + + align:start position:0% +exist, but it must exist independently +of the direction in which delta Z + + align:start position:0% +of the direction in which delta Z + + + align:start position:0% +of the direction in which delta Z +approaches zero. This is much stronger + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. This is much stronger + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. This is much stronger +than the corresponding notion of a + + align:start position:0% +than the corresponding notion of a + + + align:start position:0% +than the corresponding notion of a +directional derivative when we were + + align:start position:0% +directional derivative when we were + + + align:start position:0% +directional derivative when we were +talking about real valued functions of + + align:start position:0% +talking about real valued functions of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about real valued functions of +several real variables. You see, for a + + align:start position:0% +several real variables. You see, for a + + + align:start position:0% +several real variables. You see, for a +directional derivative to exist in every + + align:start position:0% +directional derivative to exist in every + + + align:start position:0% +directional derivative to exist in every +direction, all you require is that in + + align:start position:0% +direction, all you require is that in + + + align:start position:0% +direction, all you require is that in +each direction the limit exists, but + + align:start position:0% +each direction the limit exists, but + + + align:start position:0% +each direction the limit exists, but +that the limit could be different in two + + align:start position:0% +that the limit could be different in two + + + align:start position:0% +that the limit could be different in two +different directions. Notice that in our + + align:start position:0% +different directions. Notice that in our + + + align:start position:0% +different directions. Notice that in our +definition, this says what? that this + + align:start position:0% +definition, this says what? that this + + + align:start position:0% +definition, this says what? that this +particular limit must exist no matter + + align:start position:0% +particular limit must exist no matter + + + align:start position:0% +particular limit must exist no matter +what direction delta Z approaches zero + + align:start position:0% +what direction delta Z approaches zero + + + align:start position:0% +what direction delta Z approaches zero +in. Now, to help you see this + + align:start position:0% +in. Now, to help you see this + + + align:start position:0% +in. Now, to help you see this +geometrically, and for heaven's sakes, + + align:start position:0% +geometrically, and for heaven's sakes, + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically, and for heaven's sakes, +I'm not the greatest guy at visualizing + + align:start position:0% +I'm not the greatest guy at visualizing + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not the greatest guy at visualizing +things geometrically myself. So, if I + + align:start position:0% +things geometrically myself. So, if I + + + align:start position:0% +things geometrically myself. So, if I +either confuse you or else you're not + + align:start position:0% +either confuse you or else you're not + + + align:start position:0% +either confuse you or else you're not +turned on by this, ignore it because we + + align:start position:0% +turned on by this, ignore it because we + + + align:start position:0% +turned on by this, ignore it because we +don't need this geometric interpretation + + align:start position:0% +don't need this geometric interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +don't need this geometric interpretation +until next lecture. But for those of you + + align:start position:0% +until next lecture. But for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +until next lecture. But for those of you +who might be interested in pursuing + + align:start position:0% +who might be interested in pursuing + + + align:start position:0% +who might be interested in pursuing +this, here's what we're saying. Notice + + align:start position:0% +this, here's what we're saying. Notice + + + align:start position:0% +this, here's what we're saying. Notice +that frime of z0 is a complex number. + + align:start position:0% +that frime of z0 is a complex number. + + + align:start position:0% +that frime of z0 is a complex number. +It's in the UV plane. Complex numbers + + align:start position:0% +It's in the UV plane. Complex numbers + + + align:start position:0% +It's in the UV plane. Complex numbers +are like vectors. Consequently, I can + + align:start position:0% +are like vectors. Consequently, I can + + + align:start position:0% +are like vectors. Consequently, I can +visualize the complex number as a + + align:start position:0% +visualize the complex number as a + + + align:start position:0% +visualize the complex number as a +directed length, an arrow. If I take + + align:start position:0% +directed length, an arrow. If I take + + + align:start position:0% +directed length, an arrow. If I take +frime of zero, let me assume it + + align:start position:0% +frime of zero, let me assume it + + + align:start position:0% +frime of zero, let me assume it +originates at w0 where w is the image of + + align:start position:0% +originates at w0 where w is the image of + + + align:start position:0% +originates at w0 where w is the image of +z0 under f. So, as a vector fprime of z0 + + align:start position:0% +z0 under f. So, as a vector fprime of z0 + + + align:start position:0% +z0 under f. So, as a vector fprime of z0 +is this. Now, here's what we're saying. + + align:start position:0% +is this. Now, here's what we're saying. + + + align:start position:0% +is this. Now, here's what we're saying. +Pick any point Z1 near Z0. Any point at + + align:start position:0% +Pick any point Z1 near Z0. Any point at + + + align:start position:0% +Pick any point Z1 near Z0. Any point at +all Z1. It maps into some point + + align:start position:0% +all Z1. It maps into some point + + + align:start position:0% +all Z1. It maps into some point +W1. The directed length from Z0 to Z1 is + + align:start position:0% +W1. The directed length from Z0 to Z1 is + + + align:start position:0% +W1. The directed length from Z0 to Z1 is +the vector, the complex number delta Z. + + align:start position:0% +the vector, the complex number delta Z. + + + align:start position:0% +the vector, the complex number delta Z. +The directed distance from W0 to W1 is + + align:start position:0% +The directed distance from W0 to W1 is + + + align:start position:0% +The directed distance from W0 to W1 is +the vector, the complex number delta W. + + align:start position:0% +the vector, the complex number delta W. + + + align:start position:0% +the vector, the complex number delta W. +In general, one would expect that when + + align:start position:0% +In general, one would expect that when + + + align:start position:0% +In general, one would expect that when +you divide delta w by delta z, what you + + align:start position:0% +you divide delta w by delta z, what you + + + align:start position:0% +you divide delta w by delta z, what you +get should depend very strongly on what + + align:start position:0% +get should depend very strongly on what + + + align:start position:0% +get should depend very strongly on what +z1 is. See, different values of z1 would + + align:start position:0% +z1 is. See, different values of z1 would + + + align:start position:0% +z1 is. See, different values of z1 would +have led to different values of w1. The + + align:start position:0% +have led to different values of w1. The + + + align:start position:0% +have led to different values of w1. The +fact that the limit of delta w over + + align:start position:0% +fact that the limit of delta w over + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the limit of delta w over +delta z is frime of z0 means that if z1 + + align:start position:0% +delta z is frime of z0 means that if z1 + + + align:start position:0% +delta z is frime of z0 means that if z1 +is very close to z0, no matter where you + + align:start position:0% +is very close to z0, no matter where you + + + align:start position:0% +is very close to z0, no matter where you +pick it, the ratio delta w by delta z is + + align:start position:0% +pick it, the ratio delta w by delta z is + + + align:start position:0% +pick it, the ratio delta w by delta z is +essentially a constant. In fact, what + + align:start position:0% +essentially a constant. In fact, what + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a constant. In fact, what +constant is it? It's essentially the + + align:start position:0% +constant is it? It's essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +constant is it? It's essentially the +vector fprime of z0, the complex number + + align:start position:0% +vector fprime of z0, the complex number + + + align:start position:0% +vector fprime of z0, the complex number +fprime of z0. That contrary to what you + + align:start position:0% +fprime of z0. That contrary to what you + + + align:start position:0% +fprime of z0. That contrary to what you +might suspect that in general different + + align:start position:0% +might suspect that in general different + + + align:start position:0% +might suspect that in general different +z's will lead to such drastically + + align:start position:0% +z's will lead to such drastically + + + align:start position:0% +z's will lead to such drastically +different w's that the ratio delta w by + + align:start position:0% +different w's that the ratio delta w by + + + align:start position:0% +different w's that the ratio delta w by +delta z is bound to change. What we're + + align:start position:0% +delta z is bound to change. What we're + + + align:start position:0% +delta z is bound to change. What we're +saying is if a function is + + align:start position:0% +saying is if a function is + + + align:start position:0% +saying is if a function is +differentiable that ratio doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +differentiable that ratio doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable that ratio doesn't change +and it's always equal to frime of z0. + + align:start position:0% +and it's always equal to frime of z0. + + + align:start position:0% +and it's always equal to frime of z0. +Now the question that comes up is it's + + align:start position:0% +Now the question that comes up is it's + + + align:start position:0% +Now the question that comes up is it's +very very strong condition to insist not + + align:start position:0% +very very strong condition to insist not + + + align:start position:0% +very very strong condition to insist not +only that this limit exists in every + + align:start position:0% +only that this limit exists in every + + + align:start position:0% +only that this limit exists in every +direction but be the same in all + + align:start position:0% +direction but be the same in all + + + align:start position:0% +direction but be the same in all +direction. It's possible that this + + align:start position:0% +direction. It's possible that this + + + align:start position:0% +direction. It's possible that this +imposes some very strong conditions on + + align:start position:0% +imposes some very strong conditions on + + + align:start position:0% +imposes some very strong conditions on +delta u and delta v. And what we're + + align:start position:0% +delta u and delta v. And what we're + + + align:start position:0% +delta u and delta v. And what we're +going to do is to say look at if this + + align:start position:0% +going to do is to say look at if this + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is to say look at if this +must be the same for all directions. + + align:start position:0% +must be the same for all directions. + + + align:start position:0% +must be the same for all directions. +Let's pick two particularly attractive + + align:start position:0% +Let's pick two particularly attractive + + + align:start position:0% +Let's pick two particularly attractive +directions to look at. What directions + + align:start position:0% +directions to look at. What directions + + + align:start position:0% +directions to look at. What directions +do we like when we deal with real + + align:start position:0% +do we like when we deal with real + + + align:start position:0% +do we like when we deal with real +functions of two real variables? What we + + align:start position:0% +functions of two real variables? What we + + + align:start position:0% +functions of two real variables? What we +like is in that case we're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +like is in that case we're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +like is in that case we're dealing with +what? A function of x and y. In which + + align:start position:0% +what? A function of x and y. In which + + + align:start position:0% +what? A function of x and y. In which +case the usual derivatives involve the + + align:start position:0% +case the usual derivatives involve the + + + align:start position:0% +case the usual derivatives involve the +partials with respect to x and the + + align:start position:0% +partials with respect to x and the + + + align:start position:0% +partials with respect to x and the +partials with respect to y. That means + + align:start position:0% +partials with respect to y. That means + + + align:start position:0% +partials with respect to y. That means +in one case holding delta x equal to + + align:start position:0% +in one case holding delta x equal to + + + align:start position:0% +in one case holding delta x equal to +zero and the other case mean you're + + align:start position:0% +zero and the other case mean you're + + + align:start position:0% +zero and the other case mean you're +holding x constant so delta x is zero. + + align:start position:0% +holding x constant so delta x is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +holding x constant so delta x is zero. +The other case you hold y constant so + + align:start position:0% +The other case you hold y constant so + + + align:start position:0% +The other case you hold y constant so +delta y is zero. Let's look at these two + + align:start position:0% +delta y is zero. Let's look at these two + + + align:start position:0% +delta y is zero. Let's look at these two +cases specially. In other words, let's + + align:start position:0% +cases specially. In other words, let's + + + align:start position:0% +cases specially. In other words, let's +look at this first of all in the special + + align:start position:0% +look at this first of all in the special + + + align:start position:0% +look at this first of all in the special +case that delta y is identically zero. + + align:start position:0% +case that delta y is identically zero. + + + align:start position:0% +case that delta y is identically zero. +You see, if delta y is identically zero, + + align:start position:0% +You see, if delta y is identically zero, + + + align:start position:0% +You see, if delta y is identically zero, +delta z is just delta x in that case. + + align:start position:0% +delta z is just delta x in that case. + + + align:start position:0% +delta z is just delta x in that case. +And so this drops out and the problem + + align:start position:0% +And so this drops out and the problem + + + align:start position:0% +And so this drops out and the problem +would be to compute the limit as delta x + + align:start position:0% +would be to compute the limit as delta x + + + align:start position:0% +would be to compute the limit as delta x +approaches zero. Delta u plus i delta v + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. Delta u plus i delta v + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. Delta u plus i delta v +over delta x. And saying that more + + align:start position:0% +over delta x. And saying that more + + + align:start position:0% +over delta x. And saying that more +slowly so that you can see it better. If + + align:start position:0% +slowly so that you can see it better. If + + + align:start position:0% +slowly so that you can see it better. If +I let delta y be identically zero, it + + align:start position:0% +I let delta y be identically zero, it + + + align:start position:0% +I let delta y be identically zero, it +means that I'm allowing delta z to + + align:start position:0% +means that I'm allowing delta z to + + + align:start position:0% +means that I'm allowing delta z to +approach zero horizontally. In other + + align:start position:0% +approach zero horizontally. In other + + + align:start position:0% +approach zero horizontally. In other +words, I'm allowing the approach to be + + align:start position:0% +words, I'm allowing the approach to be + + + align:start position:0% +words, I'm allowing the approach to be +parallel to the real axis. That's how + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the real axis. That's how + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the real axis. That's how +we're approaching Z0. Now in that case + + align:start position:0% +we're approaching Z0. Now in that case + + + align:start position:0% +we're approaching Z0. Now in that case +since delta Y is zero, delta Z is just + + align:start position:0% +since delta Y is zero, delta Z is just + + + align:start position:0% +since delta Y is zero, delta Z is just +delta X, this is the limit as delta X + + align:start position:0% +delta X, this is the limit as delta X + + + align:start position:0% +delta X, this is the limit as delta X +approaches zero. DeltaU plus I delta V + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. DeltaU plus I delta V + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. DeltaU plus I delta V +over delta X. That means I can break + + align:start position:0% +over delta X. That means I can break + + + align:start position:0% +over delta X. That means I can break +this down and write it as deltaU over + + align:start position:0% +this down and write it as deltaU over + + + align:start position:0% +this down and write it as deltaU over +delta X plus I delta V over delta X. The + + align:start position:0% +delta X plus I delta V over delta X. The + + + align:start position:0% +delta X plus I delta V over delta X. The +limit of a sum is a sum of the limits + + align:start position:0% +limit of a sum is a sum of the limits + + + align:start position:0% +limit of a sum is a sum of the limits +etc. I take the limits here recalling + + align:start position:0% +etc. I take the limits here recalling + + + align:start position:0% +etc. I take the limits here recalling +that the limit of deltaU over delta X as + + align:start position:0% +that the limit of deltaU over delta X as + + + align:start position:0% +that the limit of deltaU over delta X as +delta X approaches zero holding Y + + align:start position:0% +delta X approaches zero holding Y + + + align:start position:0% +delta X approaches zero holding Y +constant see delta Y is zero is what I + + align:start position:0% +constant see delta Y is zero is what I + + + align:start position:0% +constant see delta Y is zero is what I +mean by the partial of U with respect to + + align:start position:0% +mean by the partial of U with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +mean by the partial of U with respect to +X. Similarly, the limit of delta v over + + align:start position:0% +X. Similarly, the limit of delta v over + + + align:start position:0% +X. Similarly, the limit of delta v over +delta x as delta x approaches zero and + + align:start position:0% +delta x as delta x approaches zero and + + + align:start position:0% +delta x as delta x approaches zero and +delta y is zero. In other words, y is + + align:start position:0% +delta y is zero. In other words, y is + + + align:start position:0% +delta y is zero. In other words, y is +constant is what we mean by delta v over + + align:start position:0% +constant is what we mean by delta v over + + + align:start position:0% +constant is what we mean by delta v over +delta x. And consequently, what we're + + align:start position:0% +delta x. And consequently, what we're + + + align:start position:0% +delta x. And consequently, what we're +saying is if frime of z exists, it must + + align:start position:0% +saying is if frime of z exists, it must + + + align:start position:0% +saying is if frime of z exists, it must +be the partial of u with respect to x + + align:start position:0% +be the partial of u with respect to x + + + align:start position:0% +be the partial of u with respect to x +plus i * the partial of v with respect + + align:start position:0% +plus i * the partial of v with respect + + + align:start position:0% +plus i * the partial of v with respect +to x. And I'm computing this at z0 which + + align:start position:0% +to x. And I'm computing this at z0 which + + + align:start position:0% +to x. And I'm computing this at z0 which +corresponds to the point in the xy plane + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the point in the xy plane + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the point in the xy plane +say x0 y 0. On the other hand, I know + + align:start position:0% +say x0 y 0. On the other hand, I know + + + align:start position:0% +say x0 y 0. On the other hand, I know +that frime of z0 has to exist and be the + + align:start position:0% +that frime of z0 has to exist and be the + + + align:start position:0% +that frime of z0 has to exist and be the +same if delta x is held to be + + align:start position:0% +same if delta x is held to be + + + align:start position:0% +same if delta x is held to be +identically zero. Holding delta x zero. + + align:start position:0% +identically zero. Holding delta x zero. + + + align:start position:0% +identically zero. Holding delta x zero. +In other words, holding x constant means + + align:start position:0% +In other words, holding x constant means + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, holding x constant means +that you're now allowing z to approach + + align:start position:0% +that you're now allowing z to approach + + + align:start position:0% +that you're now allowing z to approach +zero. Delta z is approaching zero + + align:start position:0% +zero. Delta z is approaching zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Delta z is approaching zero +parallel to the imaginary axis, the y- + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the imaginary axis, the y- + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the imaginary axis, the y- +axis. Now in this case what happens if + + align:start position:0% +axis. Now in this case what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +axis. Now in this case what happens if +delta x is identically zero. This term + + align:start position:0% +delta x is identically zero. This term + + + align:start position:0% +delta x is identically zero. This term +drops out. Delta z is just i deltay. + + align:start position:0% +drops out. Delta z is just i deltay. + + + align:start position:0% +drops out. Delta z is just i deltay. +Since i is a constant different from + + align:start position:0% +Since i is a constant different from + + + align:start position:0% +Since i is a constant different from +zero. The only way that I delta y can + + align:start position:0% +zero. The only way that I delta y can + + + align:start position:0% +zero. The only way that I delta y can +approach zero is if delta y approaches + + align:start position:0% +approach zero is if delta y approaches + + + align:start position:0% +approach zero is if delta y approaches +zero. Consequently with delta x0 this + + align:start position:0% +zero. Consequently with delta x0 this + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Consequently with delta x0 this +reads what? The limit as deltay + + align:start position:0% +reads what? The limit as deltay + + + align:start position:0% +reads what? The limit as deltay +approaches zero delta u plus i delta v + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero delta u plus i delta v + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero delta u plus i delta v +over i deltay. And if I now divide each + + align:start position:0% +over i deltay. And if I now divide each + + + align:start position:0% +over i deltay. And if I now divide each +term in here by I deltay, you see what's + + align:start position:0% +term in here by I deltay, you see what's + + + align:start position:0% +term in here by I deltay, you see what's +going to happen? I'm going to get a + + align:start position:0% +going to happen? I'm going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen? I'm going to get a +deltaU over I delta Y here. And the I's + + align:start position:0% +deltaU over I delta Y here. And the I's + + + align:start position:0% +deltaU over I delta Y here. And the I's +will cancel here. So that frime of Z0 + + align:start position:0% +will cancel here. So that frime of Z0 + + + align:start position:0% +will cancel here. So that frime of Z0 +will turn out to be the limit as delta Y + + align:start position:0% +will turn out to be the limit as delta Y + + + align:start position:0% +will turn out to be the limit as delta Y +approaches zero. DeltaU over I deltay + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. DeltaU over I deltay + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero. DeltaU over I deltay +plus delta V over deltay. Again, taking + + align:start position:0% +plus delta V over deltay. Again, taking + + + align:start position:0% +plus delta V over deltay. Again, taking +the limit as delta Y approaches zero. + + align:start position:0% +the limit as delta Y approaches zero. + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as delta Y approaches zero. +Remembering that x is being held + + align:start position:0% +Remembering that x is being held + + + align:start position:0% +Remembering that x is being held +constant and remembering what the + + align:start position:0% +constant and remembering what the + + + align:start position:0% +constant and remembering what the +definition for the partials of u and v + + align:start position:0% +definition for the partials of u and v + + + align:start position:0% +definition for the partials of u and v +with respect to y are. This limit simply + + align:start position:0% +with respect to y are. This limit simply + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to y are. This limit simply +turns out to be this. I would like to + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be this. I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be this. I would like to +write this in the standard form + + align:start position:0% +write this in the standard form + + + align:start position:0% +write this in the standard form +something real plus something real time + + align:start position:0% +something real plus something real time + + + align:start position:0% +something real plus something real time +i not 1 / i. And so I use that usual + + align:start position:0% +i not 1 / i. And so I use that usual + + + align:start position:0% +i not 1 / i. And so I use that usual +thing of the complex conjugate. I + + align:start position:0% +thing of the complex conjugate. I + + + align:start position:0% +thing of the complex conjugate. I +multiply numerator and denominator here + + align:start position:0% +multiply numerator and denominator here + + + align:start position:0% +multiply numerator and denominator here +by minus i. That gives me my new + + align:start position:0% +by minus i. That gives me my new + + + align:start position:0% +by minus i. That gives me my new +numerator is minus i. My new denominator + + align:start position:0% +numerator is minus i. My new denominator + + + align:start position:0% +numerator is minus i. My new denominator +is minus i * i which is minus min -1 or + + align:start position:0% +is minus i * i which is minus min -1 or + + + align:start position:0% +is minus i * i which is minus min -1 or ++ one. So that frime of z0 is the + + align:start position:0% ++ one. So that frime of z0 is the + + + align:start position:0% ++ one. So that frime of z0 is the +partial of v respect to y minus i + + align:start position:0% +partial of v respect to y minus i + + + align:start position:0% +partial of v respect to y minus i +partial of u with respect to y. Or if + + align:start position:0% +partial of u with respect to y. Or if + + + align:start position:0% +partial of u with respect to y. Or if +you wish, it's it's plus i * minus + + align:start position:0% +you wish, it's it's plus i * minus + + + align:start position:0% +you wish, it's it's plus i * minus +partial u with respect to y. At any + + align:start position:0% +partial u with respect to y. At any + + + align:start position:0% +partial u with respect to y. At any +rate, without making a big issue over + + align:start position:0% +rate, without making a big issue over + + + align:start position:0% +rate, without making a big issue over +this, since these two must be the same, + + align:start position:0% +this, since these two must be the same, + + + align:start position:0% +this, since these two must be the same, +and since the only way that two complex + + align:start position:0% +and since the only way that two complex + + + align:start position:0% +and since the only way that two complex +numbers can be equal is if they're equal + + align:start position:0% +numbers can be equal is if they're equal + + + align:start position:0% +numbers can be equal is if they're equal +component by component. In other words, + + align:start position:0% +component by component. In other words, + + + align:start position:0% +component by component. In other words, +the real parts must be equal and the + + align:start position:0% +the real parts must be equal and the + + + align:start position:0% +the real parts must be equal and the +imaginary parts must be equal. I compare + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts must be equal. I compare + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts must be equal. I compare +the real parts here and the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +the real parts here and the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +the real parts here and the imaginary +parts and conclude that they must be + + align:start position:0% +parts and conclude that they must be + + + align:start position:0% +parts and conclude that they must be +equal. So that in summary, if f is equal + + align:start position:0% +equal. So that in summary, if f is equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal. So that in summary, if f is equal +to u plus iv and f is differentiable, + + align:start position:0% +to u plus iv and f is differentiable, + + + align:start position:0% +to u plus iv and f is differentiable, +and by the way, a very common word + + align:start position:0% +and by the way, a very common word + + + align:start position:0% +and by the way, a very common word +that's used when a complex valued + + align:start position:0% +that's used when a complex valued + + + align:start position:0% +that's used when a complex valued +function of a complex variable is + + align:start position:0% +function of a complex variable is + + + align:start position:0% +function of a complex variable is +differentiable is that we say it's + + align:start position:0% +differentiable is that we say it's + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable is that we say it's +analytic. If f equals u plus iv is + + align:start position:0% +analytic. If f equals u plus iv is + + + align:start position:0% +analytic. If f equals u plus iv is +analytic, then the partial of u respect + + align:start position:0% +analytic, then the partial of u respect + + + align:start position:0% +analytic, then the partial of u respect +to x is v suby. In other words, the + + align:start position:0% +to x is v suby. In other words, the + + + align:start position:0% +to x is v suby. In other words, the +partial u respect to y and the partial + + align:start position:0% +partial u respect to y and the partial + + + align:start position:0% +partial u respect to y and the partial +of u respect to y must be minus the + + align:start position:0% +of u respect to y must be minus the + + + align:start position:0% +of u respect to y must be minus the +partial of v with respect to x. See this + + align:start position:0% +partial of v with respect to x. See this + + + align:start position:0% +partial of v with respect to x. See this +equals this and this must line up with + + align:start position:0% +equals this and this must line up with + + + align:start position:0% +equals this and this must line up with +this. By the way, notice that we arrived + + align:start position:0% +this. By the way, notice that we arrived + + + align:start position:0% +this. By the way, notice that we arrived +at this result using only the + + align:start position:0% +at this result using only the + + + align:start position:0% +at this result using only the +information of two special directions. + + align:start position:0% +information of two special directions. + + + align:start position:0% +information of two special directions. +We held delta x0 and delta y0. So all + + align:start position:0% +We held delta x0 and delta y0. So all + + + align:start position:0% +We held delta x0 and delta y0. So all +this proves is is that if the function + + align:start position:0% +this proves is is that if the function + + + align:start position:0% +this proves is is that if the function +is differentiable, this must be true. It + + align:start position:0% +is differentiable, this must be true. It + + + align:start position:0% +is differentiable, this must be true. It +happens that the converse is also true. + + align:start position:0% +happens that the converse is also true. + + + align:start position:0% +happens that the converse is also true. +And we're going to prove that as an + + align:start position:0% +And we're going to prove that as an + + + align:start position:0% +And we're going to prove that as an +exercise uh in the unit uh intuitively + + align:start position:0% +exercise uh in the unit uh intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +exercise uh in the unit uh intuitively +to suspect why this is true. It's the + + align:start position:0% +to suspect why this is true. It's the + + + align:start position:0% +to suspect why this is true. It's the +same reason as why the directional + + align:start position:0% +same reason as why the directional + + + align:start position:0% +same reason as why the directional +derivative is determined by the partials + + align:start position:0% +derivative is determined by the partials + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is determined by the partials +with respect to x and y. In other words, + + align:start position:0% +with respect to x and y. In other words, + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to x and y. In other words, +if the partials exist and are + + align:start position:0% +if the partials exist and are + + + align:start position:0% +if the partials exist and are +continuous, knowing what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +continuous, knowing what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +continuous, knowing what happens in the +x and y direction is enough to tell you + + align:start position:0% +x and y direction is enough to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +x and y direction is enough to tell you +what's happening in every direction. And + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in every direction. And + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in every direction. And +we'll give you the rigorous details as a + + align:start position:0% +we'll give you the rigorous details as a + + + align:start position:0% +we'll give you the rigorous details as a +exercise later on. But to put this from + + align:start position:0% +exercise later on. But to put this from + + + align:start position:0% +exercise later on. But to put this from +a different perspective, if either u + + align:start position:0% +a different perspective, if either u + + + align:start position:0% +a different perspective, if either u +subx is not equal to v suby or u suby is + + align:start position:0% +subx is not equal to v suby or u suby is + + + align:start position:0% +subx is not equal to v suby or u suby is +not equal to minus v subx, then u plus + + align:start position:0% +not equal to minus v subx, then u plus + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to minus v subx, then u plus +iv cannot be an analytic function. And + + align:start position:0% +iv cannot be an analytic function. And + + + align:start position:0% +iv cannot be an analytic function. And +the easiest way to talk about this is in + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to talk about this is in + + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to talk about this is in +terms of examples. Let's look at this. + + align:start position:0% +terms of examples. Let's look at this. + + + align:start position:0% +terms of examples. Let's look at this. +Let's take three examples, but hopefully + + align:start position:0% +Let's take three examples, but hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +Let's take three examples, but hopefully +one at a time. The first example is f of + + align:start position:0% +one at a time. The first example is f of + + + align:start position:0% +one at a time. The first example is f of +z= z ^2. And by the way, before I go any + + align:start position:0% +z= z ^2. And by the way, before I go any + + + align:start position:0% +z= z ^2. And by the way, before I go any +further, notice that if you had not + + align:start position:0% +further, notice that if you had not + + + align:start position:0% +further, notice that if you had not +thought of any subtleties here and I + + align:start position:0% +thought of any subtleties here and I + + + align:start position:0% +thought of any subtleties here and I +said, "What is frime of z?" The odds are + + align:start position:0% +said, "What is frime of z?" The odds are + + + align:start position:0% +said, "What is frime of z?" The odds are +overwhelming that you would have said 2 + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming that you would have said 2 + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming that you would have said 2 +right away. I want to show you that that + + align:start position:0% +right away. I want to show you that that + + + align:start position:0% +right away. I want to show you that that +really is the case. And I want to do it + + align:start position:0% +really is the case. And I want to do it + + + align:start position:0% +really is the case. And I want to do it +in two different ways. One is, as we've + + align:start position:0% +in two different ways. One is, as we've + + + align:start position:0% +in two different ways. One is, as we've +seen before, z 2 can be written as x^2 - + + align:start position:0% +seen before, z 2 can be written as x^2 - + + + align:start position:0% +seen before, z 2 can be written as x^2 - +y^ 2 + i * 2xy. So that corresponds to u + + align:start position:0% +y^ 2 + i * 2xy. So that corresponds to u + + + align:start position:0% +y^ 2 + i * 2xy. So that corresponds to u += x^2 - y^2 v = 2xy from which you see + + align:start position:0% += x^2 - y^2 v = 2xy from which you see + + + align:start position:0% += x^2 - y^2 v = 2xy from which you see +we can we can compute u subx u suby v + + align:start position:0% +we can we can compute u subx u suby v + + + align:start position:0% +we can we can compute u subx u suby v +subx and v suby and what we see right + + align:start position:0% +subx and v suby and what we see right + + + align:start position:0% +subx and v suby and what we see right +away is that u subx does equal v suby u + + align:start position:0% +away is that u subx does equal v suby u + + + align:start position:0% +away is that u subx does equal v suby u +suby does equal minus v subx so in + + align:start position:0% +suby does equal minus v subx so in + + + align:start position:0% +suby does equal minus v subx so in +particular these conditions are obeyed + + align:start position:0% +particular these conditions are obeyed + + + align:start position:0% +particular these conditions are obeyed +this is written up in the text by the + + align:start position:0% +this is written up in the text by the + + + align:start position:0% +this is written up in the text by the +way the proof of what we've just done + + align:start position:0% +way the proof of what we've just done + + + align:start position:0% +way the proof of what we've just done +the conditions are called the koshi + + align:start position:0% +the conditions are called the koshi + + + align:start position:0% +the conditions are called the koshi +reman conditions that's also mentioned + + align:start position:0% +reman conditions that's also mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +reman conditions that's also mentioned +in the text so I won't take the time to + + align:start position:0% +in the text so I won't take the time to + + + align:start position:0% +in the text so I won't take the time to +write that now but the idea is that what + + align:start position:0% +write that now but the idea is that what + + + align:start position:0% +write that now but the idea is that what +because the koshi reman conditions are + + align:start position:0% +because the koshi reman conditions are + + + align:start position:0% +because the koshi reman conditions are +obeyed it means that this function + + align:start position:0% +obeyed it means that this function + + + align:start position:0% +obeyed it means that this function +should be differentiable by the way + + align:start position:0% +should be differentiable by the way + + + align:start position:0% +should be differentiable by the way +knowing that it should be differentiable + + align:start position:0% +knowing that it should be differentiable + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that it should be differentiable +is not the same as saying that you know + + align:start position:0% +is not the same as saying that you know + + + align:start position:0% +is not the same as saying that you know +what the derivative is let's now take + + align:start position:0% +what the derivative is let's now take + + + align:start position:0% +what the derivative is let's now take +the alternative approach that somehow or + + align:start position:0% +the alternative approach that somehow or + + + align:start position:0% +the alternative approach that somehow or +other we don't look at u and v work + + align:start position:0% +other we don't look at u and v work + + + align:start position:0% +other we don't look at u and v work +directly from our basic definition after + + align:start position:0% +directly from our basic definition after + + + align:start position:0% +directly from our basic definition after +all we defined what frime of z meant in + + align:start position:0% +all we defined what frime of z meant in + + + align:start position:0% +all we defined what frime of z meant in +terms of f of z and f of Z plus delta Z. + + align:start position:0% +terms of f of z and f of Z plus delta Z. + + + align:start position:0% +terms of f of z and f of Z plus delta Z. +Consequently, this should have meaning + + align:start position:0% +Consequently, this should have meaning + + + align:start position:0% +Consequently, this should have meaning +regardless of any interpretation in + + align:start position:0% +regardless of any interpretation in + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of any interpretation in +terms of U's and V's. Notice that if I + + align:start position:0% +terms of U's and V's. Notice that if I + + + align:start position:0% +terms of U's and V's. Notice that if I +write this by definition of this, this + + align:start position:0% +write this by definition of this, this + + + align:start position:0% +write this by definition of this, this +quotient f of Z0 plus delta Z minus F of + + align:start position:0% +quotient f of Z0 plus delta Z minus F of + + + align:start position:0% +quotient f of Z0 plus delta Z minus F of +Z0 over delta Z is just z plus delta z ^ + + align:start position:0% +Z0 over delta Z is just z plus delta z ^ + + + align:start position:0% +Z0 over delta Z is just z plus delta z ^ +2 minus z^ 2 over delta z. The binomial + + align:start position:0% +2 minus z^ 2 over delta z. The binomial + + + align:start position:0% +2 minus z^ 2 over delta z. The binomial +theorem works for complex numbers the + + align:start position:0% +theorem works for complex numbers the + + + align:start position:0% +theorem works for complex numbers the +same way as it does for real numbers. In + + align:start position:0% +same way as it does for real numbers. In + + + align:start position:0% +same way as it does for real numbers. In +fact, that was what motivated our + + align:start position:0% +fact, that was what motivated our + + + align:start position:0% +fact, that was what motivated our +definition for multiplying complex + + align:start position:0% +definition for multiplying complex + + + align:start position:0% +definition for multiplying complex +numbers. If you recall our lecture of + + align:start position:0% +numbers. If you recall our lecture of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. If you recall our lecture of +last time, was to mimic what happens in + + align:start position:0% +last time, was to mimic what happens in + + + align:start position:0% +last time, was to mimic what happens in +the real case. This the same as before + + align:start position:0% +the real case. This the same as before + + + align:start position:0% +the real case. This the same as before +comes out to be what? Z0^ 2, which kills + + align:start position:0% +comes out to be what? Z0^ 2, which kills + + + align:start position:0% +comes out to be what? Z0^ 2, which kills +off this minus Z0^ 2 plus 2 Z0 delta Z + + align:start position:0% +off this minus Z0^ 2 plus 2 Z0 delta Z + + + align:start position:0% +off this minus Z0^ 2 plus 2 Z0 delta Z +plus delta Z ^ 2 all over delta Z. I'm + + align:start position:0% +plus delta Z ^ 2 all over delta Z. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +plus delta Z ^ 2 all over delta Z. I'm +assuming I'm I'm now going to take the + + align:start position:0% +assuming I'm I'm now going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +assuming I'm I'm now going to take the +limit as delta Z approaches zero. That + + align:start position:0% +limit as delta Z approaches zero. That + + + align:start position:0% +limit as delta Z approaches zero. That +means in particular delta Z is not zero + + align:start position:0% +means in particular delta Z is not zero + + + align:start position:0% +means in particular delta Z is not zero +because delta Z is not zero. I can + + align:start position:0% +because delta Z is not zero. I can + + + align:start position:0% +because delta Z is not zero. I can +divide through by it. That gives me 2 Z0 + + align:start position:0% +divide through by it. That gives me 2 Z0 + + + align:start position:0% +divide through by it. That gives me 2 Z0 +plus delta Z. And now notice if I let + + align:start position:0% +plus delta Z. And now notice if I let + + + align:start position:0% +plus delta Z. And now notice if I let +delta Z approach + + align:start position:0% +delta Z approach + + + align:start position:0% +delta Z approach +zero, Z0 is a fixed number. That doesn't + + align:start position:0% +zero, Z0 is a fixed number. That doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +zero, Z0 is a fixed number. That doesn't +change as delta Z approaches zero. On + + align:start position:0% +change as delta Z approaches zero. On + + + align:start position:0% +change as delta Z approaches zero. On +the other hand, delta Z approaches zero + + align:start position:0% +the other hand, delta Z approaches zero + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand, delta Z approaches zero +as delta Z approaches zero. That's a + + align:start position:0% +as delta Z approaches zero. That's a + + + align:start position:0% +as delta Z approaches zero. That's a +truism. Delta Z approaches zero no + + align:start position:0% +truism. Delta Z approaches zero no + + + align:start position:0% +truism. Delta Z approaches zero no +matter what the direction of approach + + align:start position:0% +matter what the direction of approach + + + align:start position:0% +matter what the direction of approach +is. that as delta Z goes to zero, it + + align:start position:0% +is. that as delta Z goes to zero, it + + + align:start position:0% +is. that as delta Z goes to zero, it +goes to zero. This term does drop out + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero. This term does drop out + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero. This term does drop out +and you wind up with the anticipated + + align:start position:0% +and you wind up with the anticipated + + + align:start position:0% +and you wind up with the anticipated +result that frime of Z0 is 2 Z0. Notice + + align:start position:0% +result that frime of Z0 is 2 Z0. Notice + + + align:start position:0% +result that frime of Z0 is 2 Z0. Notice +again structurally that in the case + + align:start position:0% +again structurally that in the case + + + align:start position:0% +again structurally that in the case +where there is an analogy between the + + align:start position:0% +where there is an analogy between the + + + align:start position:0% +where there is an analogy between the +complex variable and the real variable, + + align:start position:0% +complex variable and the real variable, + + + align:start position:0% +complex variable and the real variable, +the steps are verbatim because the + + align:start position:0% +the steps are verbatim because the + + + align:start position:0% +the steps are verbatim because the +definitions were mimicked to be + + align:start position:0% +definitions were mimicked to be + + + align:start position:0% +definitions were mimicked to be +verbatim. But you cannot tell the + + align:start position:0% +verbatim. But you cannot tell the + + + align:start position:0% +verbatim. But you cannot tell the +difference between the proof that frime + + align:start position:0% +difference between the proof that frime + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the proof that frime +of z is 2z in this case with the proof + + align:start position:0% +of z is 2z in this case with the proof + + + align:start position:0% +of z is 2z in this case with the proof +that frime of x was 2x when f ofx was + + align:start position:0% +that frime of x was 2x when f ofx was + + + align:start position:0% +that frime of x was 2x when f ofx was +equal to x^2 in the real case. Oh, as + + align:start position:0% +equal to x^2 in the real case. Oh, as + + + align:start position:0% +equal to x^2 in the real case. Oh, as +another example, one would expect that + + align:start position:0% +another example, one would expect that + + + align:start position:0% +another example, one would expect that +the derivative of f of z if f of z is 1 + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of f of z if f of z is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of f of z if f of z is 1 +/ z should be minus1 over z^2 except + + align:start position:0% +/ z should be minus1 over z^2 except + + + align:start position:0% +/ z should be minus1 over z^2 except +that when z is zero, this shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +that when z is zero, this shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +that when z is zero, this shouldn't be +differentiable. + + align:start position:0% +differentiable. + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable. +uh I leave it again as a voluntary + + align:start position:0% +uh I leave it again as a voluntary + + + align:start position:0% +uh I leave it again as a voluntary +exercise for you to apply this + + align:start position:0% +exercise for you to apply this + + + align:start position:0% +exercise for you to apply this +definition to 1 / z 1 / z plus delta z + + align:start position:0% +definition to 1 / z 1 / z plus delta z + + + align:start position:0% +definition to 1 / z 1 / z plus delta z +etc and show that step by step you get + + align:start position:0% +etc and show that step by step you get + + + align:start position:0% +etc and show that step by step you get +the same result as in the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +the same result as in the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +the same result as in the corresponding +problem involving 1 /x to show you how + + align:start position:0% +problem involving 1 /x to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +problem involving 1 /x to show you how +this works in terms of u's and v's just + + align:start position:0% +this works in terms of u's and v's just + + + align:start position:0% +this works in terms of u's and v's just +for the drill if z is x + i y 1 / z is 1 + + align:start position:0% +for the drill if z is x + i y 1 / z is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +for the drill if z is x + i y 1 / z is 1 +/x + i + + align:start position:0% +/x + i + + + align:start position:0% +/x + i +y multiplying numerator and denominator + + align:start position:0% +y multiplying numerator and denominator + + + align:start position:0% +y multiplying numerator and denominator +by the complex conjugate x - i y Here my + + align:start position:0% +by the complex conjugate x - i y Here my + + + align:start position:0% +by the complex conjugate x - i y Here my +denominator becomes x^2 + y^2. Okay, my + + align:start position:0% +denominator becomes x^2 + y^2. Okay, my + + + align:start position:0% +denominator becomes x^2 + y^2. Okay, my +numerator is x - i y. That's the same as + + align:start position:0% +numerator is x - i y. That's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +numerator is x - i y. That's the same as +x over x^2 + y^ 2 + i * - y / x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +x over x^2 + y^ 2 + i * - y / x^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +x over x^2 + y^ 2 + i * - y / x^2 + +y^2. This is the u part. This is the v + + align:start position:0% +y^2. This is the u part. This is the v + + + align:start position:0% +y^2. This is the u part. This is the v +part. U= x^2 + y^2. V = - y over x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +part. U= x^2 + y^2. V = - y over x^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +part. U= x^2 + y^2. V = - y over x^2 + +y^2. I again leave it as an exercise for + + align:start position:0% +y^2. I again leave it as an exercise for + + + align:start position:0% +y^2. I again leave it as an exercise for +you to show that the koshi reman + + align:start position:0% +you to show that the koshi reman + + + align:start position:0% +you to show that the koshi reman +conditions are obeyed. In other words, + + align:start position:0% +conditions are obeyed. In other words, + + + align:start position:0% +conditions are obeyed. In other words, +that the partial of u respect to x + + align:start position:0% +that the partial of u respect to x + + + align:start position:0% +that the partial of u respect to x +equals the partial of v with respect to + + align:start position:0% +equals the partial of v with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +equals the partial of v with respect to +y. The partial of u with respect to y is + + align:start position:0% +y. The partial of u with respect to y is + + + align:start position:0% +y. The partial of u with respect to y is +minus the partial of v with respect to + + align:start position:0% +minus the partial of v with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +minus the partial of v with respect to +x. And the only place that this isn't + + align:start position:0% +x. And the only place that this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +x. And the only place that this isn't +true turns out to be when this + + align:start position:0% +true turns out to be when this + + + align:start position:0% +true turns out to be when this +denominator is zero. The only time this + + align:start position:0% +denominator is zero. The only time this + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is zero. The only time this +denominator can be zero is when x and y + + align:start position:0% +denominator can be zero is when x and y + + + align:start position:0% +denominator can be zero is when x and y +are both zero. In other words, the culy + + align:start position:0% +are both zero. In other words, the culy + + + align:start position:0% +are both zero. In other words, the culy +reman conditions here are obeyed except + + align:start position:0% +reman conditions here are obeyed except + + + align:start position:0% +reman conditions here are obeyed except +when x= y equals z. And that of course + + align:start position:0% +when x= y equals z. And that of course + + + align:start position:0% +when x= y equals z. And that of course +implies what? That z is zero. The real + + align:start position:0% +implies what? That z is zero. The real + + + align:start position:0% +implies what? That z is zero. The real +and the imaginary parts are zero. And + + align:start position:0% +and the imaginary parts are zero. And + + + align:start position:0% +and the imaginary parts are zero. And +what we're saying is that 1 / z is + + align:start position:0% +what we're saying is that 1 / z is + + + align:start position:0% +what we're saying is that 1 / z is +analytic except when z is zero. And in + + align:start position:0% +analytic except when z is zero. And in + + + align:start position:0% +analytic except when z is zero. And in +fact, the derivative is minus 1 / z ^2. + + align:start position:0% +fact, the derivative is minus 1 / z ^2. + + + align:start position:0% +fact, the derivative is minus 1 / z ^2. +For a third example, I would like to + + align:start position:0% +For a third example, I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +For a third example, I would like to +pick one that we can't that has no + + align:start position:0% +pick one that we can't that has no + + + align:start position:0% +pick one that we can't that has no +analog in the real case. I want to pick + + align:start position:0% +analog in the real case. I want to pick + + + align:start position:0% +analog in the real case. I want to pick +a genuine complex valued function of a + + align:start position:0% +a genuine complex valued function of a + + + align:start position:0% +a genuine complex valued function of a +complex variable. And I'm going to pick + + align:start position:0% +complex variable. And I'm going to pick + + + align:start position:0% +complex variable. And I'm going to pick +a very simple one. And the reason I + + align:start position:0% +a very simple one. And the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple one. And the reason I +picked a simple one is twofold. One is + + align:start position:0% +picked a simple one is twofold. One is + + + align:start position:0% +picked a simple one is twofold. One is +the computations are easy to do. The the + + align:start position:0% +the computations are easy to do. The the + + + align:start position:0% +the computations are easy to do. The the +result is easy to interpret + + align:start position:0% +result is easy to interpret + + + align:start position:0% +result is easy to interpret +geometrically. And thirdly, and most + + align:start position:0% +geometrically. And thirdly, and most + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically. And thirdly, and most +importantly, I mentioned before that it + + align:start position:0% +importantly, I mentioned before that it + + + align:start position:0% +importantly, I mentioned before that it +is not easy for a complex valued + + align:start position:0% +is not easy for a complex valued + + + align:start position:0% +is not easy for a complex valued +function to have a derivative. A the + + align:start position:0% +function to have a derivative. A the + + + align:start position:0% +function to have a derivative. A the +directional derivative must exist in + + align:start position:0% +directional derivative must exist in + + + align:start position:0% +directional derivative must exist in +every direction and be the same. That's + + align:start position:0% +every direction and be the same. That's + + + align:start position:0% +every direction and be the same. That's +a very stringent condition. So I picked + + align:start position:0% +a very stringent condition. So I picked + + + align:start position:0% +a very stringent condition. So I picked +this third example to show you how a + + align:start position:0% +this third example to show you how a + + + align:start position:0% +this third example to show you how a +relatively simple complex valued + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple complex valued + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple complex valued +function of a complex variable can have + + align:start position:0% +function of a complex variable can have + + + align:start position:0% +function of a complex variable can have +no derivative. And the simple function + + align:start position:0% +no derivative. And the simple function + + + align:start position:0% +no derivative. And the simple function +that I've chosen is the one which maps + + align:start position:0% +that I've chosen is the one which maps + + + align:start position:0% +that I've chosen is the one which maps +the complex conjugate the the number + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate the the number + + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate the the number +into its complex conjugate. The complex + + align:start position:0% +into its complex conjugate. The complex + + + align:start position:0% +into its complex conjugate. The complex +number Z is mapped by f into fbar. In + + align:start position:0% +number Z is mapped by f into fbar. In + + + align:start position:0% +number Z is mapped by f into fbar. In +terms of two tuples if the input of the + + align:start position:0% +terms of two tuples if the input of the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of two tuples if the input of the +f machine is x comma y the output will + + align:start position:0% +f machine is x comma y the output will + + + align:start position:0% +f machine is x comma y the output will +be x comma minus y. A very simple thing, + + align:start position:0% +be x comma minus y. A very simple thing, + + + align:start position:0% +be x comma minus y. A very simple thing, +right? Very straightforward, easy + + align:start position:0% +right? Very straightforward, easy + + + align:start position:0% +right? Very straightforward, easy +function machine to work with here. + + align:start position:0% +function machine to work with here. + + + align:start position:0% +function machine to work with here. +Notice in this case that u is x, v is + + align:start position:0% +Notice in this case that u is x, v is + + + align:start position:0% +Notice in this case that u is x, v is +minus y. The partial of u with respect + + align:start position:0% +minus y. The partial of u with respect + + + align:start position:0% +minus y. The partial of u with respect +to x is one. The partial of v with + + align:start position:0% +to x is one. The partial of v with + + + align:start position:0% +to x is one. The partial of v with +respect to y is minus one. 1 is not + + align:start position:0% +respect to y is minus one. 1 is not + + + align:start position:0% +respect to y is minus one. 1 is not +equal to minus1. Consequently, u subx is + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus1. Consequently, u subx is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus1. Consequently, u subx is +not equal to v suby. That means that the + + align:start position:0% +not equal to v suby. That means that the + + + align:start position:0% +not equal to v suby. That means that the +koshi reman conditions are not obeyed by + + align:start position:0% +koshi reman conditions are not obeyed by + + + align:start position:0% +koshi reman conditions are not obeyed by +what we just saw a few minutes ago. That + + align:start position:0% +what we just saw a few minutes ago. That + + + align:start position:0% +what we just saw a few minutes ago. That +in turn means that this function does + + align:start position:0% +in turn means that this function does + + + align:start position:0% +in turn means that this function does +not have a derivative. Well, that's nice + + align:start position:0% +not have a derivative. Well, that's nice + + + align:start position:0% +not have a derivative. Well, that's nice +to know that the function doesn't have a + + align:start position:0% +to know that the function doesn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +to know that the function doesn't have a +derivative. It would be even nicer if we + + align:start position:0% +derivative. It would be even nicer if we + + + align:start position:0% +derivative. It would be even nicer if we +could see why it didn't. And the best + + align:start position:0% +could see why it didn't. And the best + + + align:start position:0% +could see why it didn't. And the best +way to do this is again go back to the + + align:start position:0% +way to do this is again go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +way to do this is again go back to the +definition that what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +definition that what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +definition that what we're going to +ultimately do to take the derivative is + + align:start position:0% +ultimately do to take the derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately do to take the derivative is +we're going to take delta w where w is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take delta w where w is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take delta w where w is +zbar. See delta w over delta z and take + + align:start position:0% +zbar. See delta w over delta z and take + + + align:start position:0% +zbar. See delta w over delta z and take +the limit as delta z approaches zero + + align:start position:0% +the limit as delta z approaches zero + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as delta z approaches zero +along a various direction. Well, delta + + align:start position:0% +along a various direction. Well, delta + + + align:start position:0% +along a various direction. Well, delta +W, you see, is just delta X minus I + + align:start position:0% +W, you see, is just delta X minus I + + + align:start position:0% +W, you see, is just delta X minus I +delta Y. Delta Z is delta X plus I delta + + align:start position:0% +delta Y. Delta Z is delta X plus I delta + + + align:start position:0% +delta Y. Delta Z is delta X plus I delta +Y. To keep in mind that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Y. To keep in mind that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Y. To keep in mind that I'm going to +move in a particular direction in the XY + + align:start position:0% +move in a particular direction in the XY + + + align:start position:0% +move in a particular direction in the XY +plane to approach Z0. I'm going to set + + align:start position:0% +plane to approach Z0. I'm going to set + + + align:start position:0% +plane to approach Z0. I'm going to set +up the slope over here. Namely, in this + + align:start position:0% +up the slope over here. Namely, in this + + + align:start position:0% +up the slope over here. Namely, in this +expression, I'm going to assume that + + align:start position:0% +expression, I'm going to assume that + + + align:start position:0% +expression, I'm going to assume that +delta X is not zero. And what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +delta X is not zero. And what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +delta X is not zero. And what I'm going +to do is divide through numerator + + align:start position:0% +to do is divide through numerator + + + align:start position:0% +to do is divide through numerator +denominator by delta X. That gives me 1 + + align:start position:0% +denominator by delta X. That gives me 1 + + + align:start position:0% +denominator by delta X. That gives me 1 +- i * delta y over delta x over 1 + i + + align:start position:0% +- i * delta y over delta x over 1 + i + + + align:start position:0% +- i * delta y over delta x over 1 + i +delta y over delta x. And as I approach + + align:start position:0% +delta y over delta x. And as I approach + + + align:start position:0% +delta y over delta x. And as I approach +the point z, you see, as I approach the + + align:start position:0% +the point z, you see, as I approach the + + + align:start position:0% +the point z, you see, as I approach the +point z uh in the xy plane, delta y over + + align:start position:0% +point z uh in the xy plane, delta y over + + + align:start position:0% +point z uh in the xy plane, delta y over +delta x approaches the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +delta x approaches the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +delta x approaches the slope of the +curve at z0, which we'll call dydx. And + + align:start position:0% +curve at z0, which we'll call dydx. And + + + align:start position:0% +curve at z0, which we'll call dydx. And +I wind up with this. Now to simplify + + align:start position:0% +I wind up with this. Now to simplify + + + align:start position:0% +I wind up with this. Now to simplify +this, let me assume that I approach Z0 + + align:start position:0% +this, let me assume that I approach Z0 + + + align:start position:0% +this, let me assume that I approach Z0 +along some straight line. Let me pick a + + align:start position:0% +along some straight line. Let me pick a + + + align:start position:0% +along some straight line. Let me pick a +fixed straight line. I'll pick a + + align:start position:0% +fixed straight line. I'll pick a + + + align:start position:0% +fixed straight line. I'll pick a +straight line which goes through Z0 and + + align:start position:0% +straight line which goes through Z0 and + + + align:start position:0% +straight line which goes through Z0 and +has slope M. So that in that case dydx + + align:start position:0% +has slope M. So that in that case dydx + + + align:start position:0% +has slope M. So that in that case dydx +is the same as delta x is m for all + + align:start position:0% +is the same as delta x is m for all + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as delta x is m for all +points on the on this particular line. + + align:start position:0% +points on the on this particular line. + + + align:start position:0% +points on the on this particular line. +Okay? So what is dydx in this case? It's + + align:start position:0% +Okay? So what is dydx in this case? It's + + + align:start position:0% +Okay? So what is dydx in this case? It's +m. Consequently, what is delta w over + + align:start position:0% +m. Consequently, what is delta w over + + + align:start position:0% +m. Consequently, what is delta w over +delta z in this case? And by the way, + + align:start position:0% +delta z in this case? And by the way, + + + align:start position:0% +delta z in this case? And by the way, +notice what I'm saying here. What I'm + + align:start position:0% +notice what I'm saying here. What I'm + + + align:start position:0% +notice what I'm saying here. What I'm +saying is this is this line segment. Z0 + + align:start position:0% +saying is this is this line segment. Z0 + + + align:start position:0% +saying is this is this line segment. Z0 +maps into W0. Z1 maps into W1. + + align:start position:0% +maps into W0. Z1 maps into W1. + + + align:start position:0% +maps into W0. Z1 maps into W1. +Sufficiently close to Z0. I can assume + + align:start position:0% +Sufficiently close to Z0. I can assume + + + align:start position:0% +Sufficiently close to Z0. I can assume +that the image of this straight line is + + align:start position:0% +that the image of this straight line is + + + align:start position:0% +that the image of this straight line is +a straight line that joins W0 to W1. And + + align:start position:0% +a straight line that joins W0 to W1. And + + + align:start position:0% +a straight line that joins W0 to W1. And +the ratio that I want is this length + + align:start position:0% +the ratio that I want is this length + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio that I want is this length +divided by this length. where by + + align:start position:0% +divided by this length. where by + + + align:start position:0% +divided by this length. where by +dividing lengths I mean the usual + + align:start position:0% +dividing lengths I mean the usual + + + align:start position:0% +dividing lengths I mean the usual +complex variable interpretation dividing + + align:start position:0% +complex variable interpretation dividing + + + align:start position:0% +complex variable interpretation dividing +magnitudes and subtracting arguments. At + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes and subtracting arguments. At + + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes and subtracting arguments. At +any rate, what we're saying is look at + + align:start position:0% +any rate, what we're saying is look at + + + align:start position:0% +any rate, what we're saying is look at +that delta w over delta z in this case + + align:start position:0% +that delta w over delta z in this case + + + align:start position:0% +that delta w over delta z in this case +is just 1 minus i over 1 + i. And notice + + align:start position:0% +is just 1 minus i over 1 + i. And notice + + + align:start position:0% +is just 1 minus i over 1 + i. And notice +that as delta z approaches zero in this + + align:start position:0% +that as delta z approaches zero in this + + + align:start position:0% +that as delta z approaches zero in this +direction, this limit exists. In fact, + + align:start position:0% +direction, this limit exists. In fact, + + + align:start position:0% +direction, this limit exists. In fact, +it's one. There's no variable in here. + + align:start position:0% +it's one. There's no variable in here. + + + align:start position:0% +it's one. There's no variable in here. +It's 1 minus IM over 1 plus IM. But + + align:start position:0% +It's 1 minus IM over 1 plus IM. But + + + align:start position:0% +It's 1 minus IM over 1 plus IM. But +notice that even though that limit + + align:start position:0% +notice that even though that limit + + + align:start position:0% +notice that even though that limit +exists, see that limit exists, the value + + align:start position:0% +exists, see that limit exists, the value + + + align:start position:0% +exists, see that limit exists, the value +depends on m. If I change m, I change + + align:start position:0% +depends on m. If I change m, I change + + + align:start position:0% +depends on m. If I change m, I change +this ratio. And because that limit + + align:start position:0% +this ratio. And because that limit + + + align:start position:0% +this ratio. And because that limit +depends on m, it means that even though + + align:start position:0% +depends on m, it means that even though + + + align:start position:0% +depends on m, it means that even though +the directional derivative exists, + + align:start position:0% +the directional derivative exists, + + + align:start position:0% +the directional derivative exists, +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directions will give me, see, if I come + + align:start position:0% +directions will give me, see, if I come + + + align:start position:0% +directions will give me, see, if I come +in along this line, I can compute this + + align:start position:0% +in along this line, I can compute this + + + align:start position:0% +in along this line, I can compute this +ratio of delta w over delta z. What will + + align:start position:0% +ratio of delta w over delta z. What will + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of delta w over delta z. What will +I get in that case? 1 - i m1 over 1 + i + + align:start position:0% +I get in that case? 1 - i m1 over 1 + i + + + align:start position:0% +I get in that case? 1 - i m1 over 1 + i +m1. That limit will exist but it will be + + align:start position:0% +m1. That limit will exist but it will be + + + align:start position:0% +m1. That limit will exist but it will be +unequal to this one. You see the + + align:start position:0% +unequal to this one. You see the + + + align:start position:0% +unequal to this one. You see the +derivative exists in each direction but + + align:start position:0% +derivative exists in each direction but + + + align:start position:0% +derivative exists in each direction but +it's not the same in each direction. + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same in each direction. + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same in each direction. +That's how subtle this is. I will leave + + align:start position:0% +That's how subtle this is. I will leave + + + align:start position:0% +That's how subtle this is. I will leave +the remaining ex exercises to not the + + align:start position:0% +the remaining ex exercises to not the + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining ex exercises to not the +remaining exercises but exercises to hit + + align:start position:0% +remaining exercises but exercises to hit + + + align:start position:0% +remaining exercises but exercises to hit +home at the remaining fine points. What + + align:start position:0% +home at the remaining fine points. What + + + align:start position:0% +home at the remaining fine points. What +I wanted to do in closing today's lesson + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to do in closing today's lesson + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to do in closing today's lesson +was to show you one more tremendous + + align:start position:0% +was to show you one more tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +was to show you one more tremendous +connection with complex + + align:start position:0% +connection with complex + + + align:start position:0% +connection with complex +variables or between complex variables + + align:start position:0% +variables or between complex variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables or between complex variables +and real problems in the physical world. + + align:start position:0% +and real problems in the physical world. + + + align:start position:0% +and real problems in the physical world. +You may recall from some of our + + align:start position:0% +You may recall from some of our + + + align:start position:0% +You may recall from some of our +previous exercises in an earlier block + + align:start position:0% +previous exercises in an earlier block + + + align:start position:0% +previous exercises in an earlier block +that we say that u of xy satisfies + + align:start position:0% +that we say that u of xy satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +that we say that u of xy satisfies +lelass's equation if the second partial + + align:start position:0% +lelass's equation if the second partial + + + align:start position:0% +lelass's equation if the second partial +of u respect to x plus the second + + align:start position:0% +of u respect to x plus the second + + + align:start position:0% +of u respect to x plus the second +partial of u with respect to y is zero. + + align:start position:0% +partial of u with respect to y is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +partial of u with respect to y is zero. +In fact if u denotes temperature + + align:start position:0% +In fact if u denotes temperature + + + align:start position:0% +In fact if u denotes temperature +distribution at the point x the + + align:start position:0% +distribution at the point x the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution at the point x the +temperature at the point x comma y this + + align:start position:0% +temperature at the point x comma y this + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at the point x comma y this +equation is what's known as the steady + + align:start position:0% +equation is what's known as the steady + + + align:start position:0% +equation is what's known as the steady +state equation. We're not going to worry + + align:start position:0% +state equation. We're not going to worry + + + align:start position:0% +state equation. We're not going to worry +about the physical ramifications here. + + align:start position:0% +about the physical ramifications here. + + + align:start position:0% +about the physical ramifications here. +What is important is that to solve this + + align:start position:0% +What is important is that to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +What is important is that to solve this +partial differential equation which + + align:start position:0% +partial differential equation which + + + align:start position:0% +partial differential equation which +comes up in the physical world. This is + + align:start position:0% +comes up in the physical world. This is + + + align:start position:0% +comes up in the physical world. This is +a real partial differential equation + + align:start position:0% +a real partial differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +a real partial differential equation +meaning real in two sense. It comes up + + align:start position:0% +meaning real in two sense. It comes up + + + align:start position:0% +meaning real in two sense. It comes up +in the real world and also in the sense + + align:start position:0% +in the real world and also in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +in the real world and also in the sense +that u is a real valued function of x + + align:start position:0% +that u is a real valued function of x + + + align:start position:0% +that u is a real valued function of x +and y. Now the interesting point is this + + align:start position:0% +and y. Now the interesting point is this + + + align:start position:0% +and y. Now the interesting point is this +that if u plus iv is analytic what do we + + align:start position:0% +that if u plus iv is analytic what do we + + + align:start position:0% +that if u plus iv is analytic what do we +know about u plus iv being analytic? It + + align:start position:0% +know about u plus iv being analytic? It + + + align:start position:0% +know about u plus iv being analytic? It +means that the partial of u with respect + + align:start position:0% +means that the partial of u with respect + + + align:start position:0% +means that the partial of u with respect +to x is v suby. The partial of u with + + align:start position:0% +to x is v suby. The partial of u with + + + align:start position:0% +to x is v suby. The partial of u with +respect to y is minus the partial of v + + align:start position:0% +respect to y is minus the partial of v + + + align:start position:0% +respect to y is minus the partial of v +with respect to x. If I differentiate + + align:start position:0% +with respect to x. If I differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to x. If I differentiate +both sides here with respect to x and + + align:start position:0% +both sides here with respect to x and + + + align:start position:0% +both sides here with respect to x and +both sides here with respect to y, I get + + align:start position:0% +both sides here with respect to y, I get + + + align:start position:0% +both sides here with respect to y, I get +u subx equals v subyx. U y is minus v + + align:start position:0% +u subx equals v subyx. U y is minus v + + + align:start position:0% +u subx equals v subyx. U y is minus v +subxy. Assuming continuity so that these + + align:start position:0% +subxy. Assuming continuity so that these + + + align:start position:0% +subxy. Assuming continuity so that these +are equal. This says by addition that if + + align:start position:0% +are equal. This says by addition that if + + + align:start position:0% +are equal. This says by addition that if +I add these two I get the second partial + + align:start position:0% +I add these two I get the second partial + + + align:start position:0% +I add these two I get the second partial +of u with respect to x plus the second + + align:start position:0% +of u with respect to x plus the second + + + align:start position:0% +of u with respect to x plus the second +partial of u with respect to y is zero. + + align:start position:0% +partial of u with respect to y is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +partial of u with respect to y is zero. +A similar argument would have shown that + + align:start position:0% +A similar argument would have shown that + + + align:start position:0% +A similar argument would have shown that +the same is true for the imaginary part + + align:start position:0% +the same is true for the imaginary part + + + align:start position:0% +the same is true for the imaginary part +that the second partial of v with + + align:start position:0% +that the second partial of v with + + + align:start position:0% +that the second partial of v with +respect to x plus the second partial of + + align:start position:0% +respect to x plus the second partial of + + + align:start position:0% +respect to x plus the second partial of +v with respect to y also will be zero. + + align:start position:0% +v with respect to y also will be zero. + + + align:start position:0% +v with respect to y also will be zero. +In other words, the real and the + + align:start position:0% +In other words, the real and the + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, the real and the +imaginary parts which by themselves are + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts which by themselves are + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary parts which by themselves are +real valued functions of two real + + align:start position:0% +real valued functions of two real + + + align:start position:0% +real valued functions of two real +variables. The real and imaginary parts + + align:start position:0% +variables. The real and imaginary parts + + + align:start position:0% +variables. The real and imaginary parts +each satisfy Lelass's equation. The + + align:start position:0% +each satisfy Lelass's equation. The + + + align:start position:0% +each satisfy Lelass's equation. The +converse, by the way, is also true. I'll + + align:start position:0% +converse, by the way, is also true. I'll + + + align:start position:0% +converse, by the way, is also true. I'll +mention that in a moment, but for the + + align:start position:0% +mention that in a moment, but for the + + + align:start position:0% +mention that in a moment, but for the +time being, let me close today's lesson + + align:start position:0% +time being, let me close today's lesson + + + align:start position:0% +time being, let me close today's lesson +with an example. We already know that f + + align:start position:0% +with an example. We already know that f + + + align:start position:0% +with an example. We already know that f +of z= z ^2 is analytic. It's + + align:start position:0% +of z= z ^2 is analytic. It's + + + align:start position:0% +of z= z ^2 is analytic. It's +differentiable. The real part of z ^2 u + + align:start position:0% +differentiable. The real part of z ^2 u + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable. The real part of z ^2 u +is x^2us y^2. The imaginary part v is + + align:start position:0% +is x^2us y^2. The imaginary part v is + + + align:start position:0% +is x^2us y^2. The imaginary part v is +2xy. What that tells me without even + + align:start position:0% +2xy. What that tells me without even + + + align:start position:0% +2xy. What that tells me without even +checking is that if I were to form u + + align:start position:0% +checking is that if I were to form u + + + align:start position:0% +checking is that if I were to form u +subxx plus u subub yy or v subxx plus v + + align:start position:0% +subxx plus u subub yy or v subxx plus v + + + align:start position:0% +subxx plus u subub yy or v subxx plus v +sub yy those would be + + align:start position:0% +sub yy those would be + + + align:start position:0% +sub yy those would be +zero because of the fact that they + + align:start position:0% +zero because of the fact that they + + + align:start position:0% +zero because of the fact that they +satisfy the koshi reman conditions which + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the koshi reman conditions which + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy the koshi reman conditions which +is what we'll talk about in more detail + + align:start position:0% +is what we'll talk about in more detail + + + align:start position:0% +is what we'll talk about in more detail +during the exercises and we'll bring + + align:start position:0% +during the exercises and we'll bring + + + align:start position:0% +during the exercises and we'll bring +this up more in the next lecture but for + + align:start position:0% +this up more in the next lecture but for + + + align:start position:0% +this up more in the next lecture but for +the time being you see what I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +the time being you see what I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +the time being you see what I wanted to +close on aside from the calculus was the + + align:start position:0% +close on aside from the calculus was the + + + align:start position:0% +close on aside from the calculus was the +application I want you to see that + + align:start position:0% +application I want you to see that + + + align:start position:0% +application I want you to see that +solving Lelass's equation is a very + + align:start position:0% +solving Lelass's equation is a very + + + align:start position:0% +solving Lelass's equation is a very +important real world problem. The + + align:start position:0% +important real world problem. The + + + align:start position:0% +important real world problem. The +interesting point is that the solutions + + align:start position:0% +interesting point is that the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +interesting point is that the solutions +of Lelass's equations have to be the + + align:start position:0% +of Lelass's equations have to be the + + + align:start position:0% +of Lelass's equations have to be the +real and imaginary parts of analytic + + align:start position:0% +real and imaginary parts of analytic + + + align:start position:0% +real and imaginary parts of analytic +functions. And there aren't that many + + align:start position:0% +functions. And there aren't that many + + + align:start position:0% +functions. And there aren't that many +analytic functions. And consequently, by + + align:start position:0% +analytic functions. And consequently, by + + + align:start position:0% +analytic functions. And consequently, by +knowing analytic functions, we have a + + align:start position:0% +knowing analytic functions, we have a + + + align:start position:0% +knowing analytic functions, we have a +good hold on what solutions of Lelass's + + align:start position:0% +good hold on what solutions of Lelass's + + + align:start position:0% +good hold on what solutions of Lelass's +equation in the real world look like. + + align:start position:0% +equation in the real world look like. + + + align:start position:0% +equation in the real world look like. +Well, I think that's enough for one + + align:start position:0% +Well, I think that's enough for one + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I think that's enough for one +session. work on the exercises and next + + align:start position:0% +session. work on the exercises and next + + + align:start position:0% +session. work on the exercises and next +time we're going to pound out some other + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to pound out some other + + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to pound out some other +interesting ramifications of what it + + align:start position:0% +interesting ramifications of what it + + + align:start position:0% +interesting ramifications of what it +means for a complex valued function to + + align:start position:0% +means for a complex valued function to + + + align:start position:0% +means for a complex valued function to +be differentiable. At any rate then + + align:start position:0% +be differentiable. At any rate then + + + align:start position:0% +be differentiable. At any rate then +until next time, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goodbye. Funding for the publication of + + align:start position:0% +goodbye. Funding for the publication of + + + align:start position:0% +goodbye. Funding for the publication of +this video was provided by the Gabriel + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriel + + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriel +Ella and Paul Rosenbomb + + align:start position:0% +Ella and Paul Rosenbomb + + + align:start position:0% +Ella and Paul Rosenbomb +Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide + + align:start position:0% +Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide + + + align:start position:0% +Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide +free and open access to MIT courses by + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by + + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by +making a donation at + + align:start position:0% +making a donation at + + + align:start position:0% +making a donation at +ocw.mmit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rWG1hLvoP-U.txt b/rWG1hLvoP-U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ed1a69ba80602e28c1c58c45765d74e35a4fe24 --- /dev/null +++ b/rWG1hLvoP-U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,987 @@ +Hello, everybody. Can we get started? + +So my name is Andrew Chess. And I'm lecturing today replacing + +Eric Lander for the day. He had to be out of town, + +something that he could not reschedule. He really tries to + +arrange his very busy schedule so that he is here, + +but this was something that could not be rearranged. Anyway. + +So I am a professor at Harvard Medical School, + +but I have a long history here at MIT, including being on the faculty + +here for a number of years. I used to teach undergraduates. + +And even going back further than that, I actually took this class. + +It was called 7.01 without any extra number at that time. + +Now it is what, 7.012 or 7. 13? 0-1-2. Anyway. So it was + +called 7.01. And it was an extremely interesting introduction + +to biology back then. It was some time over 20 years ago. + +I'm not sure exactly how many years. I kind of stopped counting at 20. + +So when Eric called me, when Professor Lander called me up to ask + +me to give this lecture, I talked to him for a while and I + +agreed to do it. And then I was thinking about what + +to present. And I went over the material that he has presented to + +earlier this week. And I discussed with him some of + +the things that he likes to do for the third lecture on neurobiology. + +And I also thought about some of the things that I would like to do. + +And so one of the things that occurred to me, + +so it's probably occurred to you from hearing Eric talk about + +neurobiology earlier this week that he is very enthusiastic about the + +subject. He always talks about it as being one of the driving forces + +that led him to enter biology from the realm of mathematics where he + +started his academic career. Anyway. So he's always talked to + +me, in the years I've known him, about how he loves neurobiology. + +And I was thinking about it. It is, in some ways, + +kind of ironic that Eric loves neurobiology so much because in some + +ways he's been a big trouble-maker for neurobiology. + +Let me explain. So Eric, Professor Lander is, of course, + +as you all know, was an instrumental driving force behind the sequencing + +of the human genome. Before all those efforts, + +over the last decade, people used to go around, biologists used to go + +around to each other and they would talk. + +And they would say there are around 100,000 genes in the human genome, + +or 100,000 genes in a mouse genome. Mammalian genomes have around + +100,000 genes. Sometimes some people would say 90, + +00 genes. Sometimes they would say 110,000 genes. + +But generally it was around 100, 00 genes. And everybody was + +comfortable with that. In fact, right around the turn of + +the century when the stock market was going way up, + +the Internet bubble and biotech bubble and everything, + +estimates of the number of genes in a human genome actually + +went higher also. They went up as high as 120, + +00, 150,000. And this, I think, was because various companies were + +competing to have the most genes on their kind of micro array or + +whatever they were selling. They wanted to say we have the most, + +and so they kept saying more. The academic scientist usually + +still stayed around 100, 00 in terms of their thinking. + +OK. The other thing that was of a lot of + +use to neurobiologists in terms of them feeling that their problem of + +trying to figure out how the brain is set up as a tractable problem was + +that they thought there were going to be lots of genes available. + +So there were 100,000 genes in the genome, and around half of them, + +people would say, are probably brain-specific. + +So there were a variety of pieces of evidence that people would think + +that a lot of the genes in the genome would be brain-specific. + +And that still remains the case. But, as you know from Eric Landers + +and other people's work sequencing the genome and mouse genome and + +other genomes now, it looks like mammals now have only + +around 30,000 to 40,000 genes. Now, if Eric told you a different + +number listen to his number. What did he say? [20,000 to 25, + +00?]. OK. Anyway. So many fewer than 100,000. OK? + +A small number. A fly is thought to have only around 15,000 genes. + +So Lander is now saying that humans don't have that many more genes than + +flies. So this presented a problem for neurobiologists, + +because even if you have half of them brain-specific, + +you still don't have nearly as many genes to play with to make the + +complex structure of the brain as you did when there were 100, + +00 genes in the genome. So the brain, of course, + +is an extremely complicated structure. There are thought to be + +somewhere between 100 billion and a trillion different neurons in the + +brain, and they also fall into many, many different neural types. + +And so the developmental process, developmental biology is something + +that some of you will study in future courses and you'll have had + +some introduction to here, that's how you get from a single + +fertilized egg, a single cell to the complex + +organism. In the brain it's a particularly difficult problem + +because you have so many different types of cells and so many cells. + +And each cell then makes all of these complex connections. + +A given neuron might connect to 1, 00 or a few thousand different other + +cells as a normal process. So forming all these different kinds + +of neurons and wiring up is a very daunting problem. + +So what I thought I would do today would be to focus on two examples + +where in each case, starting with either one gene or a + +small number of genes you get a lot of complexity. + +So this would then allow the smaller number of total gene number + +in the human genome to allow a lot of different kinds of proteins and + +maybe provide some explanations for certain parts of the complexity + +of the brain. Now, by no means am I going to + +attempt to explain all of how the brain develops. + +That would take, well, at least one course, + +more likely a few different courses to actually get a good appreciation + +of that, but I'm going to go through a couple of very intriguing examples + +that are approachable at the level of this class. + + OK. So the standard way that we + +think about how genetic information gets made into proteins is that + +there is DNA and then RNA and then proteins. I hope at this point in 7. + +1 this is all familiar to you. Good. OK. So the DNA sequence + +gets transcribed into an RNA, and then there's a splicing event + +which takes bits and pieces of the RNA, puts them together, + +and then there's an area of the RNA that tells the ribosome to start + +making protein. And so you get the protein + +synthesis. Everything is following from the + +blueprint that was in the DNA. So what I'm going to talk about + +today are two different examples. One of them involves alternative + +splicing. + +And that will be causes where instead of there being a static + +always reproduced way of going from DNA to RNA to a protein, + +that there are different alternative splicing events that can occur. + +And this can allow one gene to make multiple different protein products. + +And then I'm going to go over another way that you can violate + +this central dogma, this DNA, RNA to protein, + +which is something called RNA editing. So, as you might imagine + +from the common usage of the word editing, by editing what we mean is + +that the RNA sequence itself is actually changed so that it no + +longer reflect the exact nucleotide sequence of the DNA. + +This can also add diversity to the number of potential encoded proteins. + +I want to make sure that I, I'm going to talk about + +neural-specific examples, but I want to mention that these + +processes, alternative splicing and RNA editing are used also by other + +parts of the developing animal, and also in other plants and other + +organisms, but not just by the brain to generate diversity. + +So these are mechanisms that are widely used. But some of the most + +striking examples, as you'll see from my lecture and in + +further reading that you might do in the future, some of the most + +striking examples come from the nervous system. + +And that's not surprising given the complexity of the nervous system and + +the fact that there are so many genes out there ready to help with + +this complexity. So the first I'll turn to + +alternative splicing. + +So first, before getting into the extremely complex case that I'm + +going to focus on, I'm going to just briefly, + +by way of introduction, go over a standard alternative + +splicing scenario. + +OK. So in a gene for which there is no alternative splicing, + +if I draw the exons as boxes and the introns as lines, + +what winds up happening is you have the first exon spliced to the second + +one, second to the third, third to the forth. And so what you + +wind up with is a messenger RNA. + +So here is the messenger RNA which has been spliced from the primary + +transcript. The primary transcript, of course, reflects the actual + +structure of the DNA in terms of sequence also, + +because in the genomic DNA you'd also have areas that are going to be + +exon, intron, exon intron exactly like this. So this is just a + +general example of alternative splicing, I'm sorry, + +of regular splicing. So then alternative splicing would involve + +something like this. You'd have 1, 2, + +3A, 3B, 4. So then what happens is you have normal splicing from 1 to 2. + +And then 2 could either go to 3A, which will then go to 4 leaving 3B + +out. Or the alternative is that 2 can skip 3A, go to 3B, + +which will then splice to 4. So this allows then two different + +messengers to be formed. + +So this 3A and 3B might encode a slightly different sequence and + +might then allow two distinct proteins with different functions to + +be forwarded from one message. So this is an example, a simple + +example, a general example of alternative splicing. + +So from one gene you have two proteins. + + The example that I'm going to focus + +on today, instead of going from one gene to two proteins, + +allows you to go from one gene to 38, 00 different possibilities. + +It's actually 38,016 to be exact, and I'll explain to you why, but 38, + +00 will have occurred to you that this is larger than the number of + +genes that Eric Lander says are in the human genome. + +It's certainly larger than the number of genes in the fly genome. + +And this example I'm giving you is from a single gene in the fruit fly. + +This one gene can come in 38,000 different forms. + +The gene is called drosophila DSCAM. + +It's named for a human gene which was cloned first and characterized + +first which was called just plain DSCAM. What DSCAM stands for is + +Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule. + + And let me just explain briefly why + +it has this name. I don't think that this name is + +actually relevant so much to the biology, and it certainly not + +relevant to the alternative splicing because the human gene and the mouse + +gene, neither of them have a lot of alternative splicing. + +This is something that is particular to the fly. + +That's something I will return to later in lecture. + +This name Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule came about because + +this was cloned first from human and it's located on human + +chromosome 21. + +Chromosome 21 is normally present in two copies in every individual. + +In individuals who wind up with three copies of chromosome 21, + +something called trisomy 21, trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome, + +which is a syndrome that has some brain manifestations like mental + +retardation, and also has a number of other problems associated + +with it. When the people who found this gene + +found it they named it. So they gave the first part of its + +name, the DS comes from Down syndrome. Cell adhesion molecule + +comes from the fact that this gene is similar in structure to a lot of + +known cell adhesion molecules that are encoded by many different + +loci in the genome. And they initially thought that + +perhaps, and this gene is expressed in the brain. And they initially + +thought that perhaps having an extra copy, a third copy of this gene + +might be what's causing a lot of the brain phenotypes. + +Subsequent work has not provided further evidence for that. + +So at this point what I would say is that the name of the gene is Down + +syndrome cell adhesion molecule, DSCAM. It's on human chromosome 21. + +It may play a role in Down syndrome but there isn't -- + +The name is really the best evidence that it plays a role, + +just the fact that they named it that. OK. But in the fly this is + +an extremely interesting molecule because, as I mentioned, + +it can come in 38,000 different forms. OK. So as for why you would + +have a cell adhesion molecule in the brain, I just want to + +mention briefly. So Professor Lander went over with + +you the structure of a neuron. That neurons have cell bodies and + +axons and growth cones which allow them to get to wherever they're + +supposed to connect. One of the types of molecules that + +allows an axon as it's growing, the growth cone to lead an axon + +along a complex path is to interact with various structures that it + +encounters. And so cell adhesion molecule is one of the kinds of + +molecules that can allow the growth cone and then the rest of the axon + +to interact with various other cells or other extracellular substrates, + +proteins that have been deposited by other kinds of cells as they make + +their way and make the appropriate connections in the brain. + +So cell adhesion molecules are one of the mechanisms. + +There are also mechanisms that allow cells to respond to gradients + +of chemical signaling messengers. Question? Yes. Could you explain + +what a growth cone is? Oh, I'm sorry. That was not + +covered? OK. So the neuron has a cell body + +with a nucleus and all the other stuff that's in regular cells that + +you learned about. It then has an axon which then + +allows it to connect. And this connection could be very + +far away. In the case of, for example, a motor neuron in the + +spinal cord that's intermating a muscle in the foot, + +that single cell would have its cell body in the spinal cord and its axon + +go all the way out to the foot. OK? So that's just an example of + +one very long neuron. Some of them are very long. + +Some of them are shorter. So this is the axon. At the tip of the axon + +is this thing which looks sort of like my son's mitten when it's cold + +outside. But this is the growth cone. And basically what's going on + +is as the axon is growing out in this direction it's feeling its way. + +And there might be cell adhesion molecules on these different + +protrusions that if they attach really well -- + +Like let's say that this area over here is stickier for this particular + +growth cone than this area over here. Then this growth axon is more + +likely to grow in that direction. OK. So cell adhesion molecules are + +well known to play important roles in axon guidance. + +It's how axons grow in different directions. + +So I will tell you know about the DSCAM gene, and that will give some + +insight into how the 38, 00 different forms might be used + +because they're going to provide different kinds of stickiness. + +Let me explain. + +So this is a drawing of the genomic organization of DSCAM that allows + +the extensive alternative splicing. + +So this diagram is similar to the diagram that I drew by hand for the + +more simple cases. But basically in DSCAM what you + +start out with is exon 1 gets spliced to exon 2 gets spliced to + +exon 3, and then when you reach exon 4 there are 12 distinct + +possibilities. And only one of the 12 is chosen. + +In this case the diagram shows it choosing, I don't know, + +the ninth one perhaps. Then exon 5 is regular so that always gets + +included. And exon 6 there are 48 distinct choices. + +And again only one is chosen. Here, in this example, this one has + +been chosen at the expense of all of these other ones. + +Exon 7 and 8 are normal. And exon 9 there are 33 choices. + +Exon 17 there are two choices. And if you multiple 2 x 33 x 48 x 12 + +you wind up with 38, 16. There is evidence from a number + +of different types of studies, including coning and sequencing, + +lots of different messenger RNAs that are already spliced that + +basically almost all of these forms can be made. So what this structure + +allows is for there to be diversity generated in important areas of the + +cell adhesion part of this molecule. + + The DSCAM molecule starts out with a + +number of domains which are called immunoglobulin-like domains. + + Immunoglobulin domains are named for + +immunoglobulins which is another name for antibodies. + +Antibodies help you fight infection. I don't know if that's been covered. + +Has it been covered? Yes. And the particular fold that + +they form allows recognition of foreign antigens and it also allows + +stickiness of molecules in general. So cell adhesion molecules often + +have these immunoglobulin domains. The DSCAM starts out with, + +from the N-terminus towards the C-terminus it starts out, + +the first nine domains are these Ig type domains. That's then followed + +by another kind of domain called a fiberonectin type domain, + +which that's not important. All of the diversity is in this + +nine immunoglobulin domain. The exon 4 diversity allows + +diversity of the second of the nine. The exon 6 alternative splicing + +affects the third out of the nine immunoglobulin folds. + +And the exon 9 diversity affects the seventh. So of these nine + +domains of immunoglobulin folds that allow for different kinds of + +stickiness, a lot of them are the same. + +One is the same. 4, 5 and 6 are the same. + +And 8 and 9 are the same. But 2, 3 and 7 have these + +differences which are encoded by this striking kind of genomic + +structure and alternative splicing. + +So how is this diversity used? + +So the early models for how DSCAM would be used stipulated that + +individual different kinds of neurons might express vastly reduced + +subsets out of the 38, 00. So let's say that one + +particular neuron type, of which there might be many + +different neurons, might express maybe ten out of the + +38,000 or even one out of 38,000. These were the different kinds of + +models that were tossed around by people who were thinking about this + +problem. But then people started to study it. And what turned out to be + +the case is that it looks like every kind of neuron population at first + +approximately expresses almost all of the different forms. + +OK? So these are wrong, these models. And each different + +neuron type expresses a slightly different repertoire. + +But at first approximation over 10, 00 or 20,000 forms are possible for + +each different neuron type. So that then caused people to + +scratch their heads and wonder, well, how is this used then? How is + +this used to make different kinds of neurons different from one another + +or anything in the function of them? + +So the answer to this question has emerged in part from analyses of + +individual single cells. So it turns out that an individual + +cell, and I'm using the word cell and neuron interchangeably because + +neurons are cells. And not all cells are neurons but + +all neurons are cells. So for one cell or one neuron it + +makes somewhere in the range of 10 to 50 forms. + +These are randomly chosen, apparently from the data that's + +available, from the tens of thousands of forms that are possible. + +So you can imagine that two neighboring cells that are otherwise + +identical, that each are picking, let's say ten just to make it easy, + +ten different forms of DSCAM, are going to wind up with very different + +repertoires of DSCAM than an adjacent cell. + +So what this allows is each individual cell to have a unique + +identity. The whole idea that individual neurons might need to + +have a unique identity actually is a new concept that's really been + +enlightened by this molecule. Because the way that people used to + +think of neurons is that they would wind up with unique identities based + +on the connections or experience, what they were exposed to in terms + +of different stimuli. But what this indicates is that from + +the splicing of an individual gene and the fact that each time this + +gene gets spliced you can wind up with a different form that at any + +given time each cell will have a unique set of messenger RNAs, + +and therefore proteins encoding this DSCAM gene. + +OK. So I mentioned earlier that the human DSCAM does not have + +alternative splicing. We all like to think of ourselves, + +humans and other mammals as having brains that are on the level of + +complexity, at least on par with the fly. And so it's odd to think of + +all this complexity that's there for flies and other insects but why is + +it not there for humans? Well, it turns out that there are + +other kinds of genes that do have extensive alternative splicing in + +mammals. So one of them is called neurexins. These are genes that are + +involved in synapse, how the different kinds of cells + +communicate with each other at the interface. There are genes called + +protocadherins. And there are also other kinds of + +genes that all have extensive alternative splicing in mammals. + +Interestingly, these genes tend not to have + +extensive alternative splicing in flies. It's as if in each lineage + +certain genes have been chosen to get a lot of diversity by this + +mechanism of alternative splicing and other genes are left with their + +just standard single function where it's one gene, + +one RNA, one protein. OK. So I'm going to switch now to + +the second example which is RNA editing. + + So, as I mentioned earlier, + +RNA editing involves an actual change in the RNA sequence so that + +it no longer reflects the exact DNA sequence. Now, + +this is different than splicing. Splicing takes different pieces of + +RNA and splices them together leaving out intervening sequences or + +introns. But in RNA editing you actually change the nucleotide + +sequence so that it no longer is identical to the DNA. + +This is used in a number of parts of the brain. Most of the examples are + +brain-specific. There are some non-brain specific + +parts. Most of the time the editing event changes in adenosine, + +an A in the ACGT nomenclature, into an inosine. + + This is read differently by the + +ribosome than the adenosine. So this leads, for example, in an + +important kind of channel called a glutamate receptor. + +And the specific subtype that I'm talking about is something called an + +AMPA glutamate receptor. That's for a chemical ligand that + +activates this particular kind of glutamate receptor. + +This leads to an important change of a glutamine to an arginine in the + +protein. So let me draw a quick diagram of what the protein looks + +like so we can see what the importance of this glutamine to + +arginine switch in this glutamate receptor is. + + So in the absence of detailed + +structural information about different kinds of neurotransmitter + +receptors people often draw a diagram like this where this is the + +outside of the cell, this is the inside of the cell, + +this represents the cell membrane. And here's the amino terminus. + +And then they draw a transmembrane portion. And this is what's called + +a reentrant loop. It doesn't quite pass through the + +membrane, but then it passes the membrane again. And here's + +the carboxy terminus. The glutamine to arginine change is + +here. It's in this area which is involved in making the pore. + +So the pore of the channel has this change. + + Glutamine to arginine change. + +This vastly changes the properties of the channel, + +a channel that doesn't undergo this editing event. + +So let me just state that for the GluR2 AMPA receptor, + +which is one of four different genes, it is 99% edited in adults. + +So where over 99% of the time this adenosine is made into an inosine + +which leads to a glutamine becoming an arginine in the protein. + +What this does to channel is it changes its permeability. + +So this is a kind of channel that is mostly designed to let sodium in, + +but if it doesn't get edited, if the glutamine is there it also + +lets calcium in. So whether or not calcium gets into + +the cell is very important because they're both, both sodium and + +calcium are cat ions and can lead to membrane, potential disturbances + +like you learned about earlier this week, leading to an action potential. + +But calcium also has other effects. It can lead ultimately to the turn + +on and off of genes and phosphorylation of various proteins + +to other kinds of effects in the neuron. So it has to be + +regulated very tightly. So these channels are designed to + +just let sodium through, to be involved in the transmission + +of an action potential from one neuron to the next. + +So if you had a perturbation in this process you would then also let + +calcium in because the glutamine containing channel lets calcium in. + +In fact, early in development it's probably true that you don't edit + +100% and you let a little bit of calcium in. + +And there are also other glutamate receptors that are not part of the + +AMPA family but they are related. And they're encoded by genes called, + +so this GluR1 through 4 encodes AMPA receptors, a gene called GluR5 and 6, + +they have editing which is more regulated. And by regulated I mean + +that the editing is sometimes present and sometimes not. + +So even within a given neuron you might have some channels that have + +the glutamine and some channels that have the arginine. + + There are also other sites. + +I've talked about the main site. This is the one that has the most + +profound impact on the function of the protein. There are also other + +sites in the molecule that are edited. And then they also have + +important but slightly less prominent roles in the regulation of + +these channels. So what leads this gene to become + +edited? Why do most genes not become edited and this gene becomes + +edited? Well, people are starting to pursue that + +kind of mechanisms. And one of the mechanisms that's + +become very clear is that, for example, in the Q to R change in + +the pore, or the adenosine to inosine change in the messenger RNA + +that leads to the Q to R change in the pore, if you look at + +the exon where that -- I'll draw it as an A. + +Where that A is present. There's an area, and then here's + +the intron, of the intronic sequence which actually loops back and then + +allows base pairing to form between the messenger RNA and the intron. + +And then the enzymes that are involved in mediating this adenosine + +to inosine change recognize the base pairing of this short area and some + +sequence specificity to the RNA sequence that's around here. + +It's not just any base pairing, but the base pairing is critical. + +And then the enzymes, which are called adenosine deaminase, + +can mediate this change of an adenosine to an inosine. + +So this gene has been selected to have parts of its intron, + +in addition to allowing splicing to occur, to actual be able to base + +pair and allow this editing function to happen. And so this allows an + +individual gene then to make more than one form of protein. + +OK. One other example that I'll tell you about of RNA editing + +involves the serotonin system. It involves a serotonin receptor + +which has RNA editing. And this is a serotonin receptor + +whose name is serotonin receptor 2C, so it's often written as 5-HT or 5 + +hydroxtryptamine 2C serotonin receptor. This receptor is a member + +of the G protein-coupled receptor super family. + +G protein-coupled receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors. + +And the editing of the serotonin receptor occurs in the second + +intracellular loop and affects the coupling to G protein. + +So the way that these G protein-coupled receptors -- + +Did they do this already? G protein-coupled receptors + +transduce the signal through a G protein which often binds to the + +intracellular loops, particularly the second loop. + +And the editing event which changes adenosines to inosines, + +there are actually a few of them in this region here, + +a few different sites which can get changed. That affects the + +efficiency of the transduction, when serotonin is present the + +transduction of a signal inside the cell. + +There are other serotonin receptors that are ligand gated channels but + +they don't appear to have the same kind of editing as this serotonin + +receptor that is of the G protein-coupled variety has. + + So I'll end with just one final note + +about this serotonin receptor which is that a drug called fluoxetine or + +Prozac, did Eric go over that this year? Prozac? + +No? He mentioned it. OK, he mentioned it. So it's + +mostly known as something which blocks reuptake of serotonin. + +So one cell releases serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter. + +Another cell responds to it. If you block the reuptake the + +neurotransmitter is present in the synapse for a longer amount of time + +leading to increased signaling. Prozac is widely thought to have its + +main effect, and that probably is its main effect to just block the + +reuptake leading to increased serotonin signaling. + +Someone has studied the serotonin receptor in individuals who are + +taking Prozac versus individuals who are not taking Prozac. + +And what they found was that there were differences in the amount of + +editing of various sites in this key area in individuals taking Prozac + +versus individuals not taking Prozac. + +And the direction of the difference, whether it's switching from edited + +to unedited or back, and it varies for the different + +sites, the direction was the opposite of what was seen in a + +comparison of brains of victims of suicide versus brains of other + +accident victims. So it looks like Prozac is having + +an effect which is in the opposite effect to the skewing of editing + +that one sees in certain cases of depression. + +So I bring that example up because it's important to know that, + +you know, if you can impact on some of these subtle differences between + +different kinds of messages, like whether it's edited or not or + +whether the splicing is more towards one kind of alternative splicing or + +another kind of alternative splicing, these might provide very interesting + +pharmacologic targets for therapies that might impact on a variety of + +different human diseases. So what I've hoped to do is give you + +a sense of a couple of different examples where you can take a single + +gene and make more than one protein, and this can lead to increases in + +the diversity of neurons, and therefore increases in the + +complexity of the brain. Thank you. [APPLAUSE] Are there + +questions? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rYz83XPxiZo.txt b/rYz83XPxiZo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47b97bf90872829d6090c01e2d549aa8c4f4f8ee --- /dev/null +++ b/rYz83XPxiZo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7744 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free to make a donation or to view + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view + + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view +additional materials from hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a big day mathematically + + align:start position:0% +so this is a big day mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a big day mathematically +speaking because we come to this key + + align:start position:0% +speaking because we come to this key + + + align:start position:0% +speaking because we come to this key +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +which is a little bit like eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit like eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little bit like eigenvalues +well a lot like eigenvalues but + + align:start position:0% +well a lot like eigenvalues but + + + align:start position:0% +well a lot like eigenvalues but +different because the matrix a now is + + align:start position:0% +different because the matrix a now is + + + align:start position:0% +different because the matrix a now is +more usually rectangular so for a + + align:start position:0% +more usually rectangular so for a + + + align:start position:0% +more usually rectangular so for a +rectangular matrix the whole idea of + + align:start position:0% +rectangular matrix the whole idea of + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular matrix the whole idea of +eigenvalues is shot because if I + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues is shot because if I + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues is shot because if I +multiply a + + align:start position:0% +multiply a + + + align:start position:0% +multiply a +times a vector X in n dimensions out + + align:start position:0% +times a vector X in n dimensions out + + + align:start position:0% +times a vector X in n dimensions out +will come something in M dimensions and + + align:start position:0% +will come something in M dimensions and + + + align:start position:0% +will come something in M dimensions and +it's not going to equal lambda X so ax + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to equal lambda X so ax + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to equal lambda X so ax +equal lambda X is not even possible if a + + align:start position:0% +equal lambda X is not even possible if a + + + align:start position:0% +equal lambda X is not even possible if a +is rectangular and + + align:start position:0% +is rectangular and + + + align:start position:0% +is rectangular and +even if a is square what are the + + align:start position:0% +even if a is square what are the + + + align:start position:0% +even if a is square what are the +problems just thinking for a minute + + align:start position:0% +problems just thinking for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +problems just thinking for a minute +about eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +about eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +about eigenvalues +the the case I wrote up here is the + + align:start position:0% +the the case I wrote up here is the + + + align:start position:0% +the the case I wrote up here is the +great case where I have a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +great case where I have a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +great case where I have a symmetric +matrix and then it's got a full set of + + align:start position:0% +matrix and then it's got a full set of + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and then it's got a full set of +eigenvalues and eigenvectors and they're + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues and eigenvectors and they're + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues and eigenvectors and they're +orthogonal all good but for a general + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal all good but for a general + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal all good but for a general +square matrix either the eigenvectors + + align:start position:0% +square matrix either the eigenvectors + + + align:start position:0% +square matrix either the eigenvectors +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +complex eigenvalues are complex or the + + align:start position:0% +complex eigenvalues are complex or the + + + align:start position:0% +complex eigenvalues are complex or the +eigen vectors are not orthogonal so + + align:start position:0% +eigen vectors are not orthogonal so + + + align:start position:0% +eigen vectors are not orthogonal so +so we we can't stay with eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +so we we can't stay with eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +so we we can't stay with eigenvalues +forever that's what I'm saying and this + + align:start position:0% +forever that's what I'm saying and this + + + align:start position:0% +forever that's what I'm saying and this +is the right thing to do a is know so + + align:start position:0% +is the right thing to do a is know so + + + align:start position:0% +is the right thing to do a is know so +what are these pieces so these are the + + align:start position:0% +what are these pieces so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +what are these pieces so these are the +left + + align:start position:0% +left + + + align:start position:0% +left +and these are the right + + align:start position:0% +and these are the right + + + align:start position:0% +and these are the right +singular vectors so this is the the new + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors so this is the the new + + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors so this is the the new +word is singular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +in between go the not the eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +in between go the not the eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +in between go the not the eigenvalues +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +singular values so that so we've gotten + + align:start position:0% +singular values so that so we've gotten + + + align:start position:0% +singular values so that so we've gotten +the whole point now you got pick up on + + align:start position:0% +the whole point now you got pick up on + + + align:start position:0% +the whole point now you got pick up on +this there are two sets of singular + + align:start position:0% +this there are two sets of singular + + + align:start position:0% +this there are two sets of singular +vectors not one + + align:start position:0% +vectors not one + + + align:start position:0% +vectors not one +for eigenvectors we just had one set the + + align:start position:0% +for eigenvectors we just had one set the + + + align:start position:0% +for eigenvectors we just had one set the +queues + + align:start position:0% +queues + + + align:start position:0% +queues +now we have for rectangular matrix we've + + align:start position:0% +now we have for rectangular matrix we've + + + align:start position:0% +now we have for rectangular matrix we've +got one set of left eigenvectors in in + + align:start position:0% +got one set of left eigenvectors in in + + + align:start position:0% +got one set of left eigenvectors in in +m dimensions and we've got another set + + align:start position:0% +m dimensions and we've got another set + + + align:start position:0% +m dimensions and we've got another set +of right eigenvectors in n dimensions + + align:start position:0% +of right eigenvectors in n dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +of right eigenvectors in n dimensions +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +numbers in between are not icon values + + align:start position:0% +numbers in between are not icon values + + + align:start position:0% +numbers in between are not icon values +but singular values so these guys are + + align:start position:0% +but singular values so these guys are + + + align:start position:0% +but singular values so these guys are +let me write what that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +let me write what that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +let me write what that looks like this +is again a diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +is again a diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +is again a diagonal matrix +say my two two sigma or let's say + + align:start position:0% +say my two two sigma or let's say + + + align:start position:0% +say my two two sigma or let's say +so it's again a diagonal matrix in the + + align:start position:0% +so it's again a diagonal matrix in the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's again a diagonal matrix in the +middle + + align:start position:0% +middle + + + align:start position:0% +middle +but the + + align:start position:0% +but the + + + align:start position:0% +but the +numbers on the diagonal are all positive + + align:start position:0% +numbers on the diagonal are all positive + + + align:start position:0% +numbers on the diagonal are all positive +or 0 and they're called singular values + + align:start position:0% +or 0 and they're called singular values + + + align:start position:0% +or 0 and they're called singular values +so it's just a different world okay so + + align:start position:0% +so it's just a different world okay so + + + align:start position:0% +so it's just a different world okay so +really the first step i have to do the + + align:start position:0% +really the first step i have to do the + + + align:start position:0% +really the first step i have to do the +math step is to show that any matrix + + align:start position:0% +math step is to show that any matrix + + + align:start position:0% +math step is to show that any matrix +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +can be factored into u times sigma times + + align:start position:0% +can be factored into u times sigma times + + + align:start position:0% +can be factored into u times sigma times +V transpose + + align:start position:0% +V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +V transpose +so that's that that's the parallel to + + align:start position:0% +so that's that that's the parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that that's the parallel to +the spectral theorem that any symmetric + + align:start position:0% +the spectral theorem that any symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +the spectral theorem that any symmetric +matrix could be factored that way so + + align:start position:0% +matrix could be factored that way so + + + align:start position:0% +matrix could be factored that way so +you're good for that part we'll have to + + align:start position:0% +you're good for that part we'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +you're good for that part we'll have to +we just have to do it to see what are + + align:start position:0% +we just have to do it to see what are + + + align:start position:0% +we just have to do it to see what are +you and Sigma and V what are those + + align:start position:0% +you and Sigma and V what are those + + + align:start position:0% +you and Sigma and V what are those +vectors and those singular values okay + + align:start position:0% +vectors and those singular values okay + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and those singular values okay +let's go so the key is that + + align:start position:0% +let's go so the key is that + + + align:start position:0% +let's go so the key is that +a transpose a is a great matrix so + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a is a great matrix so + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a is a great matrix so +that's the key that's the key to the + + align:start position:0% +that's the key that's the key to the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key that's the key to the +math is a transpose a so + + align:start position:0% +math is a transpose a so + + + align:start position:0% +math is a transpose a so +one of the properties of a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +one of the properties of a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +one of the properties of a transpose a +this is a is rectangular again so maybe + + align:start position:0% +this is a is rectangular again so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +this is a is rectangular again so maybe +m-by-n a + + align:start position:0% +m-by-n a + + + align:start position:0% +m-by-n a +transpose is so this was em by n this + + align:start position:0% +transpose is so this was em by n this + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is so this was em by n this +was n by M so we get a result that's n + + align:start position:0% +was n by M so we get a result that's n + + + align:start position:0% +was n by M so we get a result that's n +by n and what else can you tell me about + + align:start position:0% +by n and what else can you tell me about + + + align:start position:0% +by n and what else can you tell me about +a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a +that's a big deal and it's square and + + align:start position:0% +that's a big deal and it's square and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a big deal and it's square and +well yeah you can tell me more now + + align:start position:0% +well yeah you can tell me more now + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah you can tell me more now +because we talked about + + align:start position:0% +because we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +because we talked about +something a topic that's there's a + + align:start position:0% +something a topic that's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +something a topic that's there's a +little more than symmetric last time it + + align:start position:0% +little more than symmetric last time it + + + align:start position:0% +little more than symmetric last time it +the matrix a transpose a will be + + align:start position:0% +the matrix a transpose a will be + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix a transpose a will be +positive definite its eigenvalues are + + align:start position:0% +positive definite its eigenvalues are + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite its eigenvalues are +greater or equal zero and + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal zero and + + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal zero and +that will mean that we can take their + + align:start position:0% +that will mean that we can take their + + + align:start position:0% +that will mean that we can take their +square roots and that's what we will do + + align:start position:0% +square roots and that's what we will do + + + align:start position:0% +square roots and that's what we will do +so a transpose a will have a + + align:start position:0% +so a transpose a will have a + + + align:start position:0% +so a transpose a will have a +factorization it's symmetric it'll have + + align:start position:0% +factorization it's symmetric it'll have + + + align:start position:0% +factorization it's symmetric it'll have +a like a Q lambda Q transpose but I'm + + align:start position:0% +a like a Q lambda Q transpose but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a like a Q lambda Q transpose but I'm +gonna call it V lambda no yeah a lambda + + align:start position:0% +gonna call it V lambda no yeah a lambda + + + align:start position:0% +gonna call it V lambda no yeah a lambda +I'll still call it lambda V transpose + + align:start position:0% +I'll still call it lambda V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +I'll still call it lambda V transpose +so these V's what do we know about the + + align:start position:0% +so these V's what do we know about the + + + align:start position:0% +so these V's what do we know about the +eigenvectors so these fees or + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors so these fees or + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors so these fees or +eigenvectors of this guy + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors of this guy + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors of this guy +square symmetric positive-definite + + align:start position:0% +square symmetric positive-definite + + + align:start position:0% +square symmetric positive-definite +matrix so we're in good shape and what + + align:start position:0% +matrix so we're in good shape and what + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so we're in good shape and what +do we know about the eigenvalues of of a + + align:start position:0% +do we know about the eigenvalues of of a + + + align:start position:0% +do we know about the eigenvalues of of a +transpose a they are all + + align:start position:0% +transpose a they are all + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a they are all +positive so the eigenvalues are well or + + align:start position:0% +positive so the eigenvalues are well or + + + align:start position:0% +positive so the eigenvalues are well or +equal to 0 and these guys are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0 and these guys are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 0 and these guys are orthogonal +and these guys are greater equal there + + align:start position:0% +and these guys are greater equal there + + + align:start position:0% +and these guys are greater equal there +and okay + + align:start position:0% +and okay + + + align:start position:0% +and okay +so that's good + + align:start position:0% +so that's good + + + align:start position:0% +so that's good +that's one of our that's a will depend a + + align:start position:0% +that's one of our that's a will depend a + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of our that's a will depend a +lot on that but also you got to + + align:start position:0% +lot on that but also you got to + + + align:start position:0% +lot on that but also you got to +recognize that a a transpose is a + + align:start position:0% +recognize that a a transpose is a + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that a a transpose is a +different different guy a a transpose + + align:start position:0% +different different guy a a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +different different guy a a transpose +so so what what's the shape of a a + + align:start position:0% +so so what what's the shape of a a + + + align:start position:0% +so so what what's the shape of a a +transpose how big is that now I've got + + align:start position:0% +transpose how big is that now I've got + + + align:start position:0% +transpose how big is that now I've got +where do I have M by n times n by M so + + align:start position:0% +where do I have M by n times n by M so + + + align:start position:0% +where do I have M by n times n by M so +this will be what size M by M different + + align:start position:0% +this will be what size M by M different + + + align:start position:0% +this will be what size M by M different +shape + + align:start position:0% +shape + + + align:start position:0% +shape +but with the same eigenvalues the same + + align:start position:0% +but with the same eigenvalues the same + + + align:start position:0% +but with the same eigenvalues the same +eigenvalue so it's going to have some + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue so it's going to have some + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue so it's going to have some +other eigenvectors you of course I'm + + align:start position:0% +other eigenvectors you of course I'm + + + align:start position:0% +other eigenvectors you of course I'm +going to call them you because I gonna + + align:start position:0% +going to call them you because I gonna + + + align:start position:0% +going to call them you because I gonna +go in over there they'll be the same + + align:start position:0% +go in over there they'll be the same + + + align:start position:0% +go in over there they'll be the same +well they're saying yeah I mean no I + + align:start position:0% +well they're saying yeah I mean no I + + + align:start position:0% +well they're saying yeah I mean no I +shouldn't I have to say when I say the + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't I have to say when I say the + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't I have to say when I say the +same I + + align:start position:0% +same I + + + align:start position:0% +same I +can't quite literally mean the very same + + align:start position:0% +can't quite literally mean the very same + + + align:start position:0% +can't quite literally mean the very same +because this has got n eigenvalues and + + align:start position:0% +because this has got n eigenvalues and + + + align:start position:0% +because this has got n eigenvalues and +this has got em eigenvalues but the the + + align:start position:0% +this has got em eigenvalues but the the + + + align:start position:0% +this has got em eigenvalues but the the +the missing guys the ones that are in + + align:start position:0% +the missing guys the ones that are in + + + align:start position:0% +the missing guys the ones that are in +one of them not on the other depending + + align:start position:0% +one of them not on the other depending + + + align:start position:0% +one of them not on the other depending +on the sizes are zeros so really the + + align:start position:0% +on the sizes are zeros so really the + + + align:start position:0% +on the sizes are zeros so really the +heart of the thing that nonzero + + align:start position:0% +heart of the thing that nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +heart of the thing that nonzero +eigenvalues are the same okay now well + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues are the same okay now well + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues are the same okay now well +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +I've pretty much revealed what the + + align:start position:0% +I've pretty much revealed what the + + + align:start position:0% +I've pretty much revealed what the +SVD is going to use it's going to use + + align:start position:0% +SVD is going to use it's going to use + + + align:start position:0% +SVD is going to use it's going to use +the use + + align:start position:0% +the use + + + align:start position:0% +the use +from here and the V's from here but + + align:start position:0% +from here and the V's from here but + + + align:start position:0% +from here and the V's from here but +that's that's the story you've got to + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the story you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the story you've got to +see that story okay + + align:start position:0% +see that story okay + + + align:start position:0% +see that story okay +so fresh start on the singular value + + align:start position:0% +so fresh start on the singular value + + + align:start position:0% +so fresh start on the singular value +decomposition what are we looking for + + align:start position:0% +decomposition what are we looking for + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition what are we looking for +well as a factorization so we're looking + + align:start position:0% +well as a factorization so we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +well as a factorization so we're looking +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we want a + + align:start position:0% +we want a + + + align:start position:0% +we want a +we want vectors V + + align:start position:0% +we want vectors V + + + align:start position:0% +we want vectors V +so that when I multiply by V so if it + + align:start position:0% +so that when I multiply by V so if it + + + align:start position:0% +so that when I multiply by V so if it +was an eigen vector it would be a V + + align:start position:0% +was an eigen vector it would be a V + + + align:start position:0% +was an eigen vector it would be a V +equal lambda V but now for a it's + + align:start position:0% +equal lambda V but now for a it's + + + align:start position:0% +equal lambda V but now for a it's +rectangular it's not you hasn't got + + align:start position:0% +rectangular it's not you hasn't got + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular it's not you hasn't got +Argan factors so AV is + + align:start position:0% +Argan factors so AV is + + + align:start position:0% +Argan factors so AV is +Sigma the new I + + align:start position:0% +Sigma the new I + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma the new I +singular value times u that's the first + + align:start position:0% +singular value times u that's the first + + + align:start position:0% +singular value times u that's the first +guy and the second guy and the are scag + + align:start position:0% +guy and the second guy and the are scag + + + align:start position:0% +guy and the second guy and the are scag +I'll stop at are + + align:start position:0% +I'll stop at are + + + align:start position:0% +I'll stop at are +the rank + + align:start position:0% +the rank + + + align:start position:0% +the rank +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +is that what I bought + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hey let me just see + + align:start position:0% +hey let me just see + + + align:start position:0% +hey let me just see +AV is Sigma you yeah that's good okay so + + align:start position:0% +AV is Sigma you yeah that's good okay so + + + align:start position:0% +AV is Sigma you yeah that's good okay so +this is what takes the place of ax equal + + align:start position:0% +this is what takes the place of ax equal + + + align:start position:0% +this is what takes the place of ax equal +lambda X a + + align:start position:0% +lambda X a + + + align:start position:0% +lambda X a +times one set of singular vectors gives + + align:start position:0% +times one set of singular vectors gives + + + align:start position:0% +times one set of singular vectors gives +me a number times the other set of + + align:start position:0% +me a number times the other set of + + + align:start position:0% +me a number times the other set of +singular vectors and why did I stop at + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors and why did I stop at + + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors and why did I stop at +are the rank because after that the + + align:start position:0% +are the rank because after that the + + + align:start position:0% +are the rank because after that the +Sigma's are 0 so after that I could have + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's are 0 so after that I could have + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's are 0 so after that I could have +some more guys but they'll be in the + + align:start position:0% +some more guys but they'll be in the + + + align:start position:0% +some more guys but they'll be in the +null space + + align:start position:0% +null space + + + align:start position:0% +null space +0 on down to of VN so these are the + + align:start position:0% +0 on down to of VN so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +0 on down to of VN so these are the +important ones + + align:start position:0% +important ones + + + align:start position:0% +important ones +so that's what I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +so that's what I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what I'm looking for +can I sell let me say it now in words + + align:start position:0% +can I sell let me say it now in words + + + align:start position:0% +can I sell let me say it now in words +I'm looking for a bunch of orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking for a bunch of orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking for a bunch of orthogonal +vectors V + + align:start position:0% +vectors V + + + align:start position:0% +vectors V +so that when I multiply them by a I get + + align:start position:0% +so that when I multiply them by a I get + + + align:start position:0% +so that when I multiply them by a I get +a bunch of orthogonal vectors u that is + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of orthogonal vectors u that is + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of orthogonal vectors u that is +not so clearly possible but it it it is + + align:start position:0% +not so clearly possible but it it it is + + + align:start position:0% +not so clearly possible but it it it is +possible it does happen I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +possible it does happen I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +possible it does happen I'm looking for +one set of orthogonal vectors V in the + + align:start position:0% +one set of orthogonal vectors V in the + + + align:start position:0% +one set of orthogonal vectors V in the +input space you could say so that the a + + align:start position:0% +input space you could say so that the a + + + align:start position:0% +input space you could say so that the a +V's in the output space are also + + align:start position:0% +V's in the output space are also + + + align:start position:0% +V's in the output space are also +orthogonal in our picture of + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in our picture of + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in our picture of +you know our picture of the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +you know our picture of the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +you know our picture of the fundamental +the the big picture of linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +the the big picture of linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +the the big picture of linear algebra +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +these in this space and then stuff in + + align:start position:0% +these in this space and then stuff in + + + align:start position:0% +these in this space and then stuff in +the null space and + + align:start position:0% +the null space and + + + align:start position:0% +the null space and +we have views + + align:start position:0% +we have views + + + align:start position:0% +we have views +over here in the column space and some + + align:start position:0% +over here in the column space and some + + + align:start position:0% +over here in the column space and some +stuff in the null space over there and + + align:start position:0% +stuff in the null space over there and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in the null space over there and +the idea is that I have orthogonal V's + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that I have orthogonal V's + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that I have orthogonal V's +here and when I multiply by a so + + align:start position:0% +here and when I multiply by a so + + + align:start position:0% +here and when I multiply by a so +multiplied + + align:start position:0% +multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied +by a + + align:start position:0% +by a + + + align:start position:0% +by a +then I get orthogonal use over here + + align:start position:0% +then I get orthogonal use over here + + + align:start position:0% +then I get orthogonal use over here +orthogonal to orthogonal that's what + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to orthogonal that's what + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to orthogonal that's what +that's what makes the V's and they use + + align:start position:0% +that's what makes the V's and they use + + + align:start position:0% +that's what makes the V's and they use +special right okay that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +special right okay that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +special right okay that's that's the +property and then when we write down + + align:start position:0% +property and then when we write down + + + align:start position:0% +property and then when we write down +well let me write down what that would + + align:start position:0% +well let me write down what that would + + + align:start position:0% +well let me write down what that would +mean what so I've just drawn a picture + + align:start position:0% +mean what so I've just drawn a picture + + + align:start position:0% +mean what so I've just drawn a picture +to go with this + + align:start position:0% +to go with this + + + align:start position:0% +to go with this +those equations that picture just goes + + align:start position:0% +those equations that picture just goes + + + align:start position:0% +those equations that picture just goes +with these equations and let me just + + align:start position:0% +with these equations and let me just + + + align:start position:0% +with these equations and let me just +write down what it means it means in + + align:start position:0% +write down what it means it means in + + + align:start position:0% +write down what it means it means in +matrix so I've written it oh yeah I've + + align:start position:0% +matrix so I've written it oh yeah I've + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so I've written it oh yeah I've +written it here in + + align:start position:0% +written it here in + + + align:start position:0% +written it here in +vectors one at a time but of course you + + align:start position:0% +vectors one at a time but of course you + + + align:start position:0% +vectors one at a time but of course you +know I'm gonna put those vectors into + + align:start position:0% +know I'm gonna put those vectors into + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm gonna put those vectors into +the columns of a matrix so a times v1 up + + align:start position:0% +the columns of a matrix so a times v1 up + + + align:start position:0% +the columns of a matrix so a times v1 up +to let's say V R + + align:start position:0% +to let's say V R + + + align:start position:0% +to let's say V R +will equal oh + + align:start position:0% +will equal oh + + + align:start position:0% +will equal oh +yeah it equals Sigma times use so this + + align:start position:0% +yeah it equals Sigma times use so this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it equals Sigma times use so this +is what I'm after is + + align:start position:0% +is what I'm after is + + + align:start position:0% +is what I'm after is +u1 up to you are + + align:start position:0% +u1 up to you are + + + align:start position:0% +u1 up to you are +multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by +Sigma one belong to Sigma ha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I'm doing now is just to say I'm + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing now is just to say I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing now is just to say I'm +converting these + + align:start position:0% +converting these + + + align:start position:0% +converting these +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +singular vectors each V going into au to + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors each V going into au to + + + align:start position:0% +singular vectors each V going into au to +putting them all together into a matrix + + align:start position:0% +putting them all together into a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +putting them all together into a matrix +and of course what I've written here is + + align:start position:0% +and of course what I've written here is + + + align:start position:0% +and of course what I've written here is +a V equals u Sigma a + + align:start position:0% +a V equals u Sigma a + + + align:start position:0% +a V equals u Sigma a +V equals u Sigma + + align:start position:0% +V equals u Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +V equals u Sigma +that's what that amounts to + + align:start position:0% +that's what that amounts to + + + align:start position:0% +that's what that amounts to +well then I'm gonna put a V transpose on + + align:start position:0% +well then I'm gonna put a V transpose on + + + align:start position:0% +well then I'm gonna put a V transpose on +this side and I'm gonna get to a equals + + align:start position:0% +this side and I'm gonna get to a equals + + + align:start position:0% +this side and I'm gonna get to a equals +u Sigma V transpose + + align:start position:0% +u Sigma V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +u Sigma V transpose +multiplying both sides there by V + + align:start position:0% +multiplying both sides there by V + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying both sides there by V +transpose u I'm kind of writing the same + + align:start position:0% +transpose u I'm kind of writing the same + + + align:start position:0% +transpose u I'm kind of writing the same +thing in different forms matrix form + + align:start position:0% +thing in different forms matrix form + + + align:start position:0% +thing in different forms matrix form +vector at a time form + + align:start position:0% +vector at a time form + + + align:start position:0% +vector at a time form +and now + + align:start position:0% +and now + + + align:start position:0% +and now +we have to find them now now I've used + + align:start position:0% +we have to find them now now I've used + + + align:start position:0% +we have to find them now now I've used +up boards saying what we're after but + + align:start position:0% +up boards saying what we're after but + + + align:start position:0% +up boards saying what we're after but +now we got to get there so what are the + + align:start position:0% +now we got to get there so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +now we got to get there so what are the +V's and what are the use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well the cool idea is to think of a + + align:start position:0% +well the cool idea is to think of a + + + align:start position:0% +well the cool idea is to think of a +transpose a so + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so +you're with me what we're for and now + + align:start position:0% +you're with me what we're for and now + + + align:start position:0% +you're with me what we're for and now +think about a transpose a so I if this + + align:start position:0% +think about a transpose a so I if this + + + align:start position:0% +think about a transpose a so I if this +is what I'm hoping for + + align:start position:0% +is what I'm hoping for + + + align:start position:0% +is what I'm hoping for +what will a + + align:start position:0% +what will a + + + align:start position:0% +what will a +transpose a turn out to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so big moment that's going to reveal + + align:start position:0% +so big moment that's going to reveal + + + align:start position:0% +so big moment that's going to reveal +what the v's are so if I form a + + align:start position:0% +what the v's are so if I form a + + + align:start position:0% +what the v's are so if I form a +transpose a so + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so +a transpose so I've got a transpose this + + align:start position:0% +a transpose so I've got a transpose this + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose so I've got a transpose this +guy so a transpose is V + + align:start position:0% +guy so a transpose is V + + + align:start position:0% +guy so a transpose is V +Sigma transpose u transpose right and + + align:start position:0% +Sigma transpose u transpose right and + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma transpose u transpose right and +then comes a which is this u Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +then comes a which is this u Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +then comes a which is this u Sigma V +transpose so why did I do that + + align:start position:0% +transpose so why did I do that + + + align:start position:0% +transpose so why did I do that +why is it that a transpose a is the cool + + align:start position:0% +why is it that a transpose a is the cool + + + align:start position:0% +why is it that a transpose a is the cool +thing to look at to make the problem + + align:start position:0% +thing to look at to make the problem + + + align:start position:0% +thing to look at to make the problem +simpler well what what make what becomes + + align:start position:0% +simpler well what what make what becomes + + + align:start position:0% +simpler well what what make what becomes +simpler in that line just written + + align:start position:0% +simpler in that line just written + + + align:start position:0% +simpler in that line just written +u transpose u is the + + align:start position:0% +u transpose u is the + + + align:start position:0% +u transpose u is the +identity because I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +identity because I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +identity because I'm looking for +orthogonal in fact orthonormal use so + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in fact orthonormal use so + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in fact orthonormal use so +that's the identity so this is V Sigma + + align:start position:0% +that's the identity so this is V Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +that's the identity so this is V Sigma +transpose Sigma V transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma V transpose +put processes around that because that's + + align:start position:0% +put processes around that because that's + + + align:start position:0% +put processes around that because that's +a diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +a diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +a diagonal matrix +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what does that tell me what does that + + align:start position:0% +what does that tell me what does that + + + align:start position:0% +what does that tell me what does that +tell all of us a + + align:start position:0% +tell all of us a + + + align:start position:0% +tell all of us a +transpose a has this form now we've seen + + align:start position:0% +transpose a has this form now we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a has this form now we've seen +that form before we know that this is a + + align:start position:0% +that form before we know that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that form before we know that this is a +symmetric matrix symmetric and even + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix symmetric and even + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix symmetric and even +positive definite so what are the V's + + align:start position:0% +positive definite so what are the V's + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite so what are the V's +the V's are the + + align:start position:0% +the V's are the + + + align:start position:0% +the V's are the +eigen vectors of a transpose a here + + align:start position:0% +eigen vectors of a transpose a here + + + align:start position:0% +eigen vectors of a transpose a here +where this is the Q lambda Q transpose + + align:start position:0% +where this is the Q lambda Q transpose + + + align:start position:0% +where this is the Q lambda Q transpose +for that symmetric matrix so we know the + + align:start position:0% +for that symmetric matrix so we know the + + + align:start position:0% +for that symmetric matrix so we know the +v's are the eigenvectors the the eigen + + align:start position:0% +v's are the eigenvectors the the eigen + + + align:start position:0% +v's are the eigenvectors the the eigen +vectors of a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +vectors of a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of a transpose a +and I guess we're also going to get + + align:start position:0% +and I guess we're also going to get + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess we're also going to get +there the singular value so the Sigma + + align:start position:0% +there the singular value so the Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +there the singular value so the Sigma +transpose Sigma which will be the Sigma + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma which will be the Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Sigma which will be the Sigma +Squared's are the eigenvalues of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a transpose a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sort of by looking for the correct thing + + align:start position:0% +sort of by looking for the correct thing + + + align:start position:0% +sort of by looking for the correct thing +you Sigma V transpose and then just + + align:start position:0% +you Sigma V transpose and then just + + + align:start position:0% +you Sigma V transpose and then just +using the u transpose u evil identity we + + align:start position:0% +using the u transpose u evil identity we + + + align:start position:0% +using the u transpose u evil identity we +cut it back to something we we perfectly + + align:start position:0% +cut it back to something we we perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +cut it back to something we we perfectly +recognize a + + align:start position:0% +recognize a + + + align:start position:0% +recognize a +transpose a has that form so now we know + + align:start position:0% +transpose a has that form so now we know + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a has that form so now we know +what the V's are and if I do it the + + align:start position:0% +what the V's are and if I do it the + + + align:start position:0% +what the V's are and if I do it the +other way + + align:start position:0% +other way + + + align:start position:0% +other way +which what's the other way + + align:start position:0% +which what's the other way + + + align:start position:0% +which what's the other way +instead of a transpose a the other way + + align:start position:0% +instead of a transpose a the other way + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a transpose a the other way +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if I write all that down + + align:start position:0% +and if I write all that down + + + align:start position:0% +and if I write all that down +the a is the u Sigma V transpose and the + + align:start position:0% +the a is the u Sigma V transpose and the + + + align:start position:0% +the a is the u Sigma V transpose and the +a transpose is the V Sigma transpose u + + align:start position:0% +a transpose is the V Sigma transpose u + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose is the V Sigma transpose u +transpose and again this stuff goes away + + align:start position:0% +transpose and again this stuff goes away + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and again this stuff goes away +and leaves me with you + + align:start position:0% +and leaves me with you + + + align:start position:0% +and leaves me with you +Sigma Sigma Sigma transpose u transpose + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Sigma Sigma transpose u transpose + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Sigma Sigma transpose u transpose +so I know what to use are - they're the + + align:start position:0% +so I know what to use are - they're the + + + align:start position:0% +so I know what to use are - they're the +eigenvectors of a + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors of a + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors of a +a transfer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isn't that a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +isn't that a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that a beautiful +symmetry you just a transpose a and a a + + align:start position:0% +symmetry you just a transpose a and a a + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry you just a transpose a and a a +transpose they're two different guys now + + align:start position:0% +transpose they're two different guys now + + + align:start position:0% +transpose they're two different guys now +so they have each has its own + + align:start position:0% +so they have each has its own + + + align:start position:0% +so they have each has its own +eigenvectors and we use both it's just + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors and we use both it's just + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors and we use both it's just +right and + + align:start position:0% +right and + + + align:start position:0% +right and +i just have to take the final step and + + align:start position:0% +i just have to take the final step and + + + align:start position:0% +i just have to take the final step and +and we've established the SVD + + align:start position:0% +and we've established the SVD + + + align:start position:0% +and we've established the SVD +so the final step is to remember what + + align:start position:0% +so the final step is to remember what + + + align:start position:0% +so the final step is to remember what +I'm going for here a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times a V is supposed to be Sigma times + + align:start position:0% +times a V is supposed to be Sigma times + + + align:start position:0% +times a V is supposed to be Sigma times +a you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see what I'm what I have to deal with + + align:start position:0% +see what I'm what I have to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +see what I'm what I have to deal with +now is I + + align:start position:0% +now is I + + + align:start position:0% +now is I +haven't quite finished it's it's just + + align:start position:0% +haven't quite finished it's it's just + + + align:start position:0% +haven't quite finished it's it's just +perfect as far as it goes but it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +perfect as far as it goes but it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +perfect as far as it goes but it hasn't +gone to the end yet because + + align:start position:0% +gone to the end yet because + + + align:start position:0% +gone to the end yet because +we could have double eigenvalues and + + align:start position:0% +we could have double eigenvalues and + + + align:start position:0% +we could have double eigenvalues and +triple eigenvalues and all those + + align:start position:0% +triple eigenvalues and all those + + + align:start position:0% +triple eigenvalues and all those +horrible possibilities + + align:start position:0% +horrible possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +horrible possibilities +and if i have triple eigenvalues or + + align:start position:0% +and if i have triple eigenvalues or + + + align:start position:0% +and if i have triple eigenvalues or +double eigenvalues then what's the deal + + align:start position:0% +double eigenvalues then what's the deal + + + align:start position:0% +double eigenvalues then what's the deal +with eigenvectors if i have double + + align:start position:0% +with eigenvectors if i have double + + + align:start position:0% +with eigenvectors if i have double +eigenvalue suppose a matrix has a type + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue suppose a matrix has a type + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue suppose a matrix has a type +say a symmetric matrix has a double + + align:start position:0% +say a symmetric matrix has a double + + + align:start position:0% +say a symmetric matrix has a double +eigenvalue let me just take an example + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue let me just take an example + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue let me just take an example +so symmetric matrix like say 1 1 5 make + + align:start position:0% +so symmetric matrix like say 1 1 5 make + + + align:start position:0% +so symmetric matrix like say 1 1 5 make +it why not + + align:start position:0% +it why not + + + align:start position:0% +it why not +what's the deal with eigenvectors for + + align:start position:0% +what's the deal with eigenvectors for + + + align:start position:0% +what's the deal with eigenvectors for +that matrix 1 1 5 + + align:start position:0% +that matrix 1 1 5 + + + align:start position:0% +that matrix 1 1 5 +so 5 has got an eigenvector you can see + + align:start position:0% +so 5 has got an eigenvector you can see + + + align:start position:0% +so 5 has got an eigenvector you can see +what it is 0 0 1 what about the + + align:start position:0% +what it is 0 0 1 what about the + + + align:start position:0% +what it is 0 0 1 what about the +eigenvectors that go with lambda equal 1 + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors that go with lambda equal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors that go with lambda equal 1 +for that matrix + + align:start position:0% +for that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +for that matrix +what's up what I what would be + + align:start position:0% +what's up what I what would be + + + align:start position:0% +what's up what I what would be +eigenvectors for lambda equal 1 + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors for lambda equal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvectors for lambda equal 1 +unfortunately there's a whole plane of + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately there's a whole plane of + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately there's a whole plane of +them any vector of the full of the form + + align:start position:0% +them any vector of the full of the form + + + align:start position:0% +them any vector of the full of the form +XY 0 any any any vector in the XY plane + + align:start position:0% +XY 0 any any any vector in the XY plane + + + align:start position:0% +XY 0 any any any vector in the XY plane +would produce XY 0 + + align:start position:0% +would produce XY 0 + + + align:start position:0% +would produce XY 0 +travel plane of eigenvectors and i've + + align:start position:0% +travel plane of eigenvectors and i've + + + align:start position:0% +travel plane of eigenvectors and i've +got a pick two that are orthogonal which + + align:start position:0% +got a pick two that are orthogonal which + + + align:start position:0% +got a pick two that are orthogonal which +i can do and then they have to be in the + + align:start position:0% +i can do and then they have to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +i can do and then they have to be in the +in the SVD that was two orthogonal guys + + align:start position:0% +in the SVD that was two orthogonal guys + + + align:start position:0% +in the SVD that was two orthogonal guys +have to go to two orthogonal guys in + + align:start position:0% +have to go to two orthogonal guys in + + + align:start position:0% +have to go to two orthogonal guys in +other words is a little bit of like + + align:start position:0% +other words is a little bit of like + + + align:start position:0% +other words is a little bit of like +detail here + + align:start position:0% +detail here + + + align:start position:0% +detail here +little getting into this + + align:start position:0% +little getting into this + + + align:start position:0% +little getting into this +exactly what is well actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me let me tell you the steps ok so I + + align:start position:0% +let me let me tell you the steps ok so I + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me tell you the steps ok so I +use this + + align:start position:0% +use this + + + align:start position:0% +use this +to conclude that that the v's the + + align:start position:0% +to conclude that that the v's the + + + align:start position:0% +to conclude that that the v's the +singular vector should be ionized I + + align:start position:0% +singular vector should be ionized I + + + align:start position:0% +singular vector should be ionized I +concluded those guys from this step now + + align:start position:0% +concluded those guys from this step now + + + align:start position:0% +concluded those guys from this step now +I'm not gonna use this step so much of + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna use this step so much of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not gonna use this step so much of +course it's in the back of my mind but + + align:start position:0% +course it's in the back of my mind but + + + align:start position:0% +course it's in the back of my mind but +I'm not using it I I'm gonna get the use + + align:start position:0% +I'm not using it I I'm gonna get the use + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not using it I I'm gonna get the use +from here + + align:start position:0% +from here + + + align:start position:0% +from here +so you one is a + + align:start position:0% +so you one is a + + + align:start position:0% +so you one is a +V 1 over Sigma 1 + + align:start position:0% +V 1 over Sigma 1 + + + align:start position:0% +V 1 over Sigma 1 +the you are + + align:start position:0% +the you are + + + align:start position:0% +the you are +is a V R over Sigma R do you see what + + align:start position:0% +is a V R over Sigma R do you see what + + + align:start position:0% +is a V R over Sigma R do you see what +I'm doing here I'm picking in a possible + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing here I'm picking in a possible + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing here I'm picking in a possible +plane of things the one I want they use + + align:start position:0% +plane of things the one I want they use + + + align:start position:0% +plane of things the one I want they use +I want so I've chosen the V's I've + + align:start position:0% +I want so I've chosen the V's I've + + + align:start position:0% +I want so I've chosen the V's I've +chosen the Sigma's they were they're + + align:start position:0% +chosen the Sigma's they were they're + + + align:start position:0% +chosen the Sigma's they were they're +fixed for a transpose a the eigenvectors + + align:start position:0% +fixed for a transpose a the eigenvectors + + + align:start position:0% +fixed for a transpose a the eigenvectors +RV's the things this eigen values are + + align:start position:0% +RV's the things this eigen values are + + + align:start position:0% +RV's the things this eigen values are +Sigma Squared's okay and now then this + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Squared's okay and now then this + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma Squared's okay and now then this +is the U I want + + align:start position:0% +is the U I want + + + align:start position:0% +is the U I want +are you with me so I had to I had to + + align:start position:0% +are you with me so I had to I had to + + + align:start position:0% +are you with me so I had to I had to +give I want to get these use correct and + + align:start position:0% +give I want to get these use correct and + + + align:start position:0% +give I want to get these use correct and +if I have a whole plane of possibilities + + align:start position:0% +if I have a whole plane of possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a whole plane of possibilities +I got to pick the right one + + align:start position:0% +I got to pick the right one + + + align:start position:0% +I got to pick the right one +okay and now finally I have to show that + + align:start position:0% +okay and now finally I have to show that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now finally I have to show that +it's the right one so what is left to + + align:start position:0% +it's the right one so what is left to + + + align:start position:0% +it's the right one so what is left to +show I + + align:start position:0% +show I + + + align:start position:0% +show I +would show that these use are + + align:start position:0% +would show that these use are + + + align:start position:0% +would show that these use are +eigenvectors of a a transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i should show that they're + + align:start position:0% +and i should show that they're + + + align:start position:0% +and i should show that they're +orthogonal right that's the key right i + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal right that's the key right i + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal right that's the key right i +i would like to show that these are + + align:start position:0% +i would like to show that these are + + + align:start position:0% +i would like to show that these are +orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal +then that's what goes in this picture + + align:start position:0% +then that's what goes in this picture + + + align:start position:0% +then that's what goes in this picture +the v's I've got orthogonal guys because + + align:start position:0% +the v's I've got orthogonal guys because + + + align:start position:0% +the v's I've got orthogonal guys because +I they're they're the eigenvectors of a + + align:start position:0% +I they're they're the eigenvectors of a + + + align:start position:0% +I they're they're the eigenvectors of a +symmetric matrix pick a more thorough + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix pick a more thorough + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix pick a more thorough +but now I'm multiplying by a so I'm + + align:start position:0% +but now I'm multiplying by a so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +but now I'm multiplying by a so I'm +getting the U which is AV over Sigma for + + align:start position:0% +getting the U which is AV over Sigma for + + + align:start position:0% +getting the U which is AV over Sigma for +the basis vectors and I have to show + + align:start position:0% +the basis vectors and I have to show + + + align:start position:0% +the basis vectors and I have to show +they're orthogonal so this is like the + + align:start position:0% +they're orthogonal so this is like the + + + align:start position:0% +they're orthogonal so this is like the +final moment + + align:start position:0% +final moment + + + align:start position:0% +final moment +does everything come together right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I picked the V's as the eigen vectors + + align:start position:0% +if I picked the V's as the eigen vectors + + + align:start position:0% +if I picked the V's as the eigen vectors +of a transpose + + align:start position:0% +of a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +of a transpose +and then I take these for the use are + + align:start position:0% +and then I take these for the use are + + + align:start position:0% +and then I take these for the use are +they orthogonal so I would like to think + + align:start position:0% +they orthogonal so I would like to think + + + align:start position:0% +they orthogonal so I would like to think +that we can check that fact and it that + + align:start position:0% +that we can check that fact and it that + + + align:start position:0% +that we can check that fact and it that +it will come out okay could you just + + align:start position:0% +it will come out okay could you just + + + align:start position:0% +it will come out okay could you just +help me through this one + + align:start position:0% +help me through this one + + + align:start position:0% +help me through this one +I'll never ask for anything again just + + align:start position:0% +I'll never ask for anything again just + + + align:start position:0% +I'll never ask for anything again just +just just get the SVD for + + align:start position:0% +just just get the SVD for + + + align:start position:0% +just just get the SVD for +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I would like to show that a + + align:start position:0% +I would like to show that a + + + align:start position:0% +I would like to show that a +that you one that's so let me put up + + align:start position:0% +that you one that's so let me put up + + + align:start position:0% +that you one that's so let me put up +what I'm doing I'm trying to show that u + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing I'm trying to show that u + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing I'm trying to show that u + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +transpose u 2 is zero + + align:start position:0% +transpose u 2 is zero + + + align:start position:0% +transpose u 2 is zero +there are soluble okay so u 1 is a + + align:start position:0% +there are soluble okay so u 1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +there are soluble okay so u 1 is a +V 1 + + align:start position:0% +V 1 + + + align:start position:0% +V 1 +over Sigma 1 + + align:start position:0% +over Sigma 1 + + + align:start position:0% +over Sigma 1 +that's transpose that's u 1 and u 2 is a + + align:start position:0% +that's transpose that's u 1 and u 2 is a + + + align:start position:0% +that's transpose that's u 1 and u 2 is a +V 2 over Sigma 2 and I want to get 0 the + + align:start position:0% +V 2 over Sigma 2 and I want to get 0 the + + + align:start position:0% +V 2 over Sigma 2 and I want to get 0 the +whole + + align:start position:0% +whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole +conversation has ended right is ending + + align:start position:0% +conversation has ended right is ending + + + align:start position:0% +conversation has ended right is ending +right here why is that change 0 + + align:start position:0% +right here why is that change 0 + + + align:start position:0% +right here why is that change 0 +the V's are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +the V's are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +the V's are orthogonal +we know the visa orthogonal there are + + align:start position:0% +we know the visa orthogonal there are + + + align:start position:0% +we know the visa orthogonal there are +saga normal eigen vectors of a transpose + + align:start position:0% +saga normal eigen vectors of a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +saga normal eigen vectors of a transpose +a to be repeat that the V's are + + align:start position:0% +a to be repeat that the V's are + + + align:start position:0% +a to be repeat that the V's are +orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal +eigen vectors of + + align:start position:0% +eigen vectors of + + + align:start position:0% +eigen vectors of +a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose a +which I know they're there there we can + + align:start position:0% +which I know they're there there we can + + + align:start position:0% +which I know they're there there we can +find them then I chose the use to be + + align:start position:0% +find them then I chose the use to be + + + align:start position:0% +find them then I chose the use to be +this and I want to get the answer 0 are + + align:start position:0% +this and I want to get the answer 0 are + + + align:start position:0% +this and I want to get the answer 0 are +you ready to do it + + align:start position:0% +you ready to do it + + + align:start position:0% +you ready to do it +we want to we want to + + align:start position:0% +we want to we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we want to we want to +compute that and get 0 so what do I get + + align:start position:0% +compute that and get 0 so what do I get + + + align:start position:0% +compute that and get 0 so what do I get +let's we just have to do it so I can see + + align:start position:0% +let's we just have to do it so I can see + + + align:start position:0% +let's we just have to do it so I can see +that the denominator is that so is it V + + align:start position:0% +that the denominator is that so is it V + + + align:start position:0% +that the denominator is that so is it V +1 transpose a + + align:start position:0% +1 transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +1 transpose a +transpose right times AV 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I'm hoping to get zero + + align:start position:0% +and I'm hoping to get zero + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm hoping to get zero +do I get zero here + + align:start position:0% +do I get zero here + + + align:start position:0% +do I get zero here +you hope so yeah v1 is orthogonal v2 but + + align:start position:0% +you hope so yeah v1 is orthogonal v2 but + + + align:start position:0% +you hope so yeah v1 is orthogonal v2 but +I've got a transpose a stick stuck in + + align:start position:0% +I've got a transpose a stick stuck in + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a transpose a stick stuck in +the middle there so what do I what + + align:start position:0% +the middle there so what do I what + + + align:start position:0% +the middle there so what do I what +happens here + + align:start position:0% +happens here + + + align:start position:0% +happens here +how do I look at that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v2 is an + + align:start position:0% +v2 is an + + + align:start position:0% +v2 is an +eigenvector of a + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector of a + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector of a +transpose a terrific so + + align:start position:0% +transpose a terrific so + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a terrific so +so this is V 1 transpose and this is the + + align:start position:0% +so this is V 1 transpose and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is V 1 transpose and this is the +matrix times V 2 so that's Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +matrix times V 2 so that's Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +matrix times V 2 so that's Sigma 2 +transpose V 2 isn't it + + align:start position:0% +transpose V 2 isn't it + + + align:start position:0% +transpose V 2 isn't it +it's the eigenvector with eigenvalue + + align:start position:0% +it's the eigenvector with eigenvalue + + + align:start position:0% +it's the eigenvector with eigenvalue +Sigma 2 squared + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 2 squared + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 2 squared +times V 2 yep divided by Sigma 1 Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the A's are out of there now + + align:start position:0% +so the A's are out of there now + + + align:start position:0% +so the A's are out of there now +and do I so I've just cuts these numbers + + align:start position:0% +and do I so I've just cuts these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +and do I so I've just cuts these numbers +Sigma 2 squared so that would be Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 2 squared so that would be Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 2 squared so that would be Sigma 2 +over Sigma 1 is I've accounted for these + + align:start position:0% +over Sigma 1 is I've accounted for these + + + align:start position:0% +over Sigma 1 is I've accounted for these +numbers here times V 1 transpose V 2 and + + align:start position:0% +numbers here times V 1 transpose V 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers here times V 1 transpose V 2 and +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's up + + align:start position:0% +what's up + + + align:start position:0% +what's up +there orthonormal we got it that's 0 + + align:start position:0% +there orthonormal we got it that's 0 + + + align:start position:0% +there orthonormal we got it that's 0 +that is 0 there yeah so so not only are + + align:start position:0% +that is 0 there yeah so so not only are + + + align:start position:0% +that is 0 there yeah so so not only are +the V's orthogonal to each other but + + align:start position:0% +the V's orthogonal to each other but + + + align:start position:0% +the V's orthogonal to each other but +because they're RI ghen vectors of a + + align:start position:0% +because they're RI ghen vectors of a + + + align:start position:0% +because they're RI ghen vectors of a +transpose a when I do this I discover + + align:start position:0% +transpose a when I do this I discover + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a when I do this I discover +that the a V's are orthogonal to each + + align:start position:0% +that the a V's are orthogonal to each + + + align:start position:0% +that the a V's are orthogonal to each +other over in the in the column space so + + align:start position:0% +other over in the in the column space so + + + align:start position:0% +other over in the in the column space so +orthogonal V's in the row space + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal V's in the row space + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal V's in the row space +orthogonal AV s over in the column space + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal AV s over in the column space + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal AV s over in the column space +that was discovered + + align:start position:0% +that was discovered + + + align:start position:0% +that was discovered +late much long after eigenvectors and + + align:start position:0% +late much long after eigenvectors and + + + align:start position:0% +late much long after eigenvectors and +it's a interesting history + + align:start position:0% +it's a interesting history + + + align:start position:0% +it's a interesting history +and it just comes out right and then it + + align:start position:0% +and it just comes out right and then it + + + align:start position:0% +and it just comes out right and then it +was discovered but not much used for Oh + + align:start position:0% +was discovered but not much used for Oh + + + align:start position:0% +was discovered but not much used for Oh +a hundred years probably and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people saw that it was exactly the right + + align:start position:0% +people saw that it was exactly the right + + + align:start position:0% +people saw that it was exactly the right +thing and data matrices became important + + align:start position:0% +thing and data matrices became important + + + align:start position:0% +thing and data matrices became important +which are large + + align:start position:0% +which are large + + + align:start position:0% +which are large +rectangular matrices and we have not oh + + align:start position:0% +rectangular matrices and we have not oh + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular matrices and we have not oh +I better say a word just a word here + + align:start position:0% +I better say a word just a word here + + + align:start position:0% +I better say a word just a word here +about actually computing the v's and the + + align:start position:0% +about actually computing the v's and the + + + align:start position:0% +about actually computing the v's and the +Sigma's and they use + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's and they use + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's and they use +so how would you actually find them you + + align:start position:0% +so how would you actually find them you + + + align:start position:0% +so how would you actually find them you +what I most want to say is you would not + + align:start position:0% +what I most want to say is you would not + + + align:start position:0% +what I most want to say is you would not +go this a transpose a root + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why why is it like it is that a big + + align:start position:0% +why why is it like it is that a big + + + align:start position:0% +why why is it like it is that a big +mistake if you have a matrix a say five + + align:start position:0% +mistake if you have a matrix a say five + + + align:start position:0% +mistake if you have a matrix a say five +thousand by ten thousand + + align:start position:0% +thousand by ten thousand + + + align:start position:0% +thousand by ten thousand +why is it a mistake to actually use a + + align:start position:0% +why is it a mistake to actually use a + + + align:start position:0% +why is it a mistake to actually use a +transpose a in the computation we used + + align:start position:0% +transpose a in the computation we used + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a in the computation we used +it big heavily in the proof and + + align:start position:0% +it big heavily in the proof and + + + align:start position:0% +it big heavily in the proof and +we could find another proof that + + align:start position:0% +we could find another proof that + + + align:start position:0% +we could find another proof that +wouldn't use it so much but why would I + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't use it so much but why would I + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't use it so much but why would I +not do why would I not multiply these + + align:start position:0% +not do why would I not multiply these + + + align:start position:0% +not do why would I not multiply these +two together + + align:start position:0% +two together + + + align:start position:0% +two together +it's very big very expensive it + + align:start position:0% +it's very big very expensive it + + + align:start position:0% +it's very big very expensive it +adds in a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +roundoff you have a matrix that's now + + align:start position:0% +roundoff you have a matrix that's now + + + align:start position:0% +roundoff you have a matrix that's now +it's vulnerability to roundoff errors is + + align:start position:0% +it's vulnerability to roundoff errors is + + + align:start position:0% +it's vulnerability to roundoff errors is +squared that's called its condition + + align:start position:0% +squared that's called its condition + + + align:start position:0% +squared that's called its condition +number gets squared and you just don't + + align:start position:0% +number gets squared and you just don't + + + align:start position:0% +number gets squared and you just don't +go there so the actual computational + + align:start position:0% +go there so the actual computational + + + align:start position:0% +go there so the actual computational +methods are quite different and we'll + + align:start position:0% +methods are quite different and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +methods are quite different and we'll +talk about those but the the a transpose + + align:start position:0% +talk about those but the the a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +talk about those but the the a transpose +a because it's symmetric + + align:start position:0% +a because it's symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +a because it's symmetric +positive-definite + + align:start position:0% +positive-definite + + + align:start position:0% +positive-definite +made the proof so nice that's that's + + align:start position:0% +made the proof so nice that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +made the proof so nice that's that's +what you've seen the nicest proof I'd + + align:start position:0% +what you've seen the nicest proof I'd + + + align:start position:0% +what you've seen the nicest proof I'd +say of the + + align:start position:0% +say of the + + + align:start position:0% +say of the +and now I should think about the + + align:start position:0% +and now I should think about the + + + align:start position:0% +and now I should think about the +geometry so so what does a equal + + align:start position:0% +geometry so so what does a equal + + + align:start position:0% +geometry so so what does a equal +a well you sigmat maybe I take another + + align:start position:0% +a well you sigmat maybe I take another + + + align:start position:0% +a well you sigmat maybe I take another +board but it's it will + + align:start position:0% +board but it's it will + + + align:start position:0% +board but it's it will +fill it but it's like when you sing my V + + align:start position:0% +fill it but it's like when you sing my V + + + align:start position:0% +fill it but it's like when you sing my V +transpose I + + align:start position:0% +transpose I + + + align:start position:0% +transpose I +so it's got three factors there and + + align:start position:0% +so it's got three factors there and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's got three factors there and +I would like then each factor is kind of + + align:start position:0% +I would like then each factor is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +I would like then each factor is kind of +a special matrix U and V are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +a special matrix U and V are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +a special matrix U and V are orthogonal +matrix so I think of those as rotations + + align:start position:0% +matrix so I think of those as rotations + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so I think of those as rotations +Sigma is a diagonal matrix I think of it + + align:start position:0% +Sigma is a diagonal matrix I think of it + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma is a diagonal matrix I think of it +as stretching so now I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +as stretching so now I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +as stretching so now I'm just going to +draw the picture so here's + + align:start position:0% +draw the picture so here's + + + align:start position:0% +draw the picture so here's +unit vectors and + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors and + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors and +the first thing so this if I'm + + align:start position:0% +the first thing so this if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing so this if I'm +multiplied by X this is the first thing + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by X this is the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by X this is the first thing +that happens so that rotates + + align:start position:0% +that happens so that rotates + + + align:start position:0% +that happens so that rotates +here's here's X s then V transpose X is + + align:start position:0% +here's here's X s then V transpose X is + + + align:start position:0% +here's here's X s then V transpose X is +that that's still a circle + + align:start position:0% +that that's still a circle + + + align:start position:0% +that that's still a circle +length didn't change for those when I + + align:start position:0% +length didn't change for those when I + + + align:start position:0% +length didn't change for those when I +multiply by an orthogonal matrix but the + + align:start position:0% +multiply by an orthogonal matrix but the + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by an orthogonal matrix but the +vectors turned + + align:start position:0% +vectors turned + + + align:start position:0% +vectors turned +it's a rotation could be a reflection + + align:start position:0% +it's a rotation could be a reflection + + + align:start position:0% +it's a rotation could be a reflection +but let's keep it as a rotation now what + + align:start position:0% +but let's keep it as a rotation now what + + + align:start position:0% +but let's keep it as a rotation now what +does Sigma do so I have this unit circle + + align:start position:0% +does Sigma do so I have this unit circle + + + align:start position:0% +does Sigma do so I have this unit circle +these I'm in 2d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'm drawing a picture of the + + align:start position:0% +so I'm drawing a picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm drawing a picture of the +vectors these are the unit vectors in 2d + + align:start position:0% +vectors these are the unit vectors in 2d + + + align:start position:0% +vectors these are the unit vectors in 2d +X Y they got turned by the orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +X Y they got turned by the orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +X Y they got turned by the orthogonal +matrix what does Sigma do to that + + align:start position:0% +matrix what does Sigma do to that + + + align:start position:0% +matrix what does Sigma do to that +picture + + align:start position:0% +picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture +it stretches because Sigma multiplies by + + align:start position:0% +it stretches because Sigma multiplies by + + + align:start position:0% +it stretches because Sigma multiplies by +Sigma 1 in the first component Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 in the first component Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 in the first component Sigma 2 +in the second so it stretches these guys + + align:start position:0% +in the second so it stretches these guys + + + align:start position:0% +in the second so it stretches these guys +and say let's suppose this is number one + + align:start position:0% +and say let's suppose this is number one + + + align:start position:0% +and say let's suppose this is number one +and this is number two this is number + + align:start position:0% +and this is number two this is number + + + align:start position:0% +and this is number two this is number +one and this is number two so Sigma one + + align:start position:0% +one and this is number two so Sigma one + + + align:start position:0% +one and this is number two so Sigma one +our convention is Sigma one we always + + align:start position:0% +our convention is Sigma one we always + + + align:start position:0% +our convention is Sigma one we always +take Sigma 1 greater equals Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +take Sigma 1 greater equals Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +take Sigma 1 greater equals Sigma 2 +greater equal whatever greater equal + + align:start position:0% +greater equal whatever greater equal + + + align:start position:0% +greater equal whatever greater equal +Sigma rank and that's and that they're + + align:start position:0% +Sigma rank and that's and that they're + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma rank and that's and that they're +all positive + + align:start position:0% +all positive + + + align:start position:0% +all positive +and the rest are zero so + + align:start position:0% +and the rest are zero so + + + align:start position:0% +and the rest are zero so +Sigma one will be bigger than Sigma two + + align:start position:0% +Sigma one will be bigger than Sigma two + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma one will be bigger than Sigma two +so I'm expecting this ellipse it'll + + align:start position:0% +so I'm expecting this ellipse it'll + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm expecting this ellipse it'll +change circle goes to an ellipse when + + align:start position:0% +change circle goes to an ellipse when + + + align:start position:0% +change circle goes to an ellipse when +you stretch the + + align:start position:0% +you stretch the + + + align:start position:0% +you stretch the +I didn't get it quite perfect but not + + align:start position:0% +I didn't get it quite perfect but not + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't get it quite perfect but not +bad so this was this would be Sigma 2 V + + align:start position:0% +bad so this was this would be Sigma 2 V + + + align:start position:0% +bad so this was this would be Sigma 2 V +2 V Sigma 1 V 1 and this would be Sigma + + align:start position:0% +2 V Sigma 1 V 1 and this would be Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +2 V Sigma 1 V 1 and this would be Sigma +2 V 2 and we now have an ellipse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we started with X's in a circle we + + align:start position:0% +so we started with X's in a circle we + + + align:start position:0% +so we started with X's in a circle we +rotated we stretched and now the final + + align:start position:0% +rotated we stretched and now the final + + + align:start position:0% +rotated we stretched and now the final +step is + + align:start position:0% +step is + + + align:start position:0% +step is +take these guys and multiply them by you + + align:start position:0% +take these guys and multiply them by you + + + align:start position:0% +take these guys and multiply them by you +so this was the Sigma V transpose X and + + align:start position:0% +so this was the Sigma V transpose X and + + + align:start position:0% +so this was the Sigma V transpose X and +now I'm ready for the U part which comes + + align:start position:0% +now I'm ready for the U part which comes + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm ready for the U part which comes +last because it's at the left and what + + align:start position:0% +last because it's at the left and what + + + align:start position:0% +last because it's at the left and what +happens from what's the picture now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what does you do to the ellipse it + + align:start position:0% +what does you do to the ellipse it + + + align:start position:0% +what does you do to the ellipse it +rotates it it's another orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +rotates it it's another orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +rotates it it's another orthogonal +matrix it rotates it somewhere maybe + + align:start position:0% +matrix it rotates it somewhere maybe + + + align:start position:0% +matrix it rotates it somewhere maybe +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now + + align:start position:0% +and now + + + align:start position:0% +and now +we see the use + + align:start position:0% +we see the use + + + align:start position:0% +we see the use +u2 and u1 + + align:start position:0% +u2 and u1 + + + align:start position:0% +u2 and u1 +do ah maybe maybe they're there maybe I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me let me think about that + + align:start position:0% +let me let me think about that + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me think about that +basically that's not that's right + + align:start position:0% +basically that's not that's right + + + align:start position:0% +basically that's not that's right +so so this SVD is telling us something + + align:start position:0% +so so this SVD is telling us something + + + align:start position:0% +so so this SVD is telling us something +quite remarkable that every linear + + align:start position:0% +quite remarkable that every linear + + + align:start position:0% +quite remarkable that every linear +transformation every matrix + + align:start position:0% +transformation every matrix + + + align:start position:0% +transformation every matrix +multiplication factors into a rotation + + align:start position:0% +multiplication factors into a rotation + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication factors into a rotation +times a stretch times a different + + align:start position:0% +times a stretch times a different + + + align:start position:0% +times a stretch times a different +rotation but possibly different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually when would the u be the same as + + align:start position:0% +actually when would the u be the same as + + + align:start position:0% +actually when would the u be the same as +the V here's a good question when is U + + align:start position:0% +the V here's a good question when is U + + + align:start position:0% +the V here's a good question when is U +the same as V when are the two singular + + align:start position:0% +the same as V when are the two singular + + + align:start position:0% +the same as V when are the two singular +vectors just the same + + align:start position:0% +vectors just the same + + + align:start position:0% +vectors just the same +because a would have to be square and + + align:start position:0% +because a would have to be square and + + + align:start position:0% +because a would have to be square and +we want this to be the same as Q lambda + + align:start position:0% +we want this to be the same as Q lambda + + + align:start position:0% +we want this to be the same as Q lambda +Q transpose if they're the same so the + + align:start position:0% +Q transpose if they're the same so the + + + align:start position:0% +Q transpose if they're the same so the +use would be the same as the V's when + + align:start position:0% +use would be the same as the V's when + + + align:start position:0% +use would be the same as the V's when +the matrix is symmetric and actually we + + align:start position:0% +the matrix is symmetric and actually we + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix is symmetric and actually we +need it to be positive definite why is + + align:start position:0% +need it to be positive definite why is + + + align:start position:0% +need it to be positive definite why is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +because our convention is these guys are + + align:start position:0% +because our convention is these guys are + + + align:start position:0% +because our convention is these guys are +greater equal zero these guys if it's + + align:start position:0% +greater equal zero these guys if it's + + + align:start position:0% +greater equal zero these guys if it's +going to be the same then so for a + + align:start position:0% +going to be the same then so for a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the same then so for a +positive definite symmetric matrix + + align:start position:0% +positive definite symmetric matrix + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite symmetric matrix +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the S the S that we started with is the + + align:start position:0% +the S the S that we started with is the + + + align:start position:0% +the S the S that we started with is the +same as the you as the a on the next + + align:start position:0% +same as the you as the a on the next + + + align:start position:0% +same as the you as the a on the next +line yeah the Q is the U the Q transpose + + align:start position:0% +line yeah the Q is the U the Q transpose + + + align:start position:0% +line yeah the Q is the U the Q transpose +as the V transpose the lambda is the + + align:start position:0% +as the V transpose the lambda is the + + + align:start position:0% +as the V transpose the lambda is the +Sigma so those are the good matrices and + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so those are the good matrices and + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma so those are the good matrices and +they're the ones that you can't improve + + align:start position:0% +they're the ones that you can't improve + + + align:start position:0% +they're the ones that you can't improve +basically they're so good you can you + + align:start position:0% +basically they're so good you can you + + + align:start position:0% +basically they're so good you can you +can't make a positive definite symmetric + + align:start position:0% +can't make a positive definite symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +can't make a positive definite symmetric +matrix better than it is well maybe + + align:start position:0% +matrix better than it is well maybe + + + align:start position:0% +matrix better than it is well maybe +diagonalize it or something but + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize it or something but + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize it or something but +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now I think of like one question here + + align:start position:0% +now I think of like one question here + + + align:start position:0% +now I think of like one question here +that it helps to helps me anyway to keep + + align:start position:0% +that it helps to helps me anyway to keep + + + align:start position:0% +that it helps to helps me anyway to keep +this figure straight + + align:start position:0% +this figure straight + + + align:start position:0% +this figure straight +how I want to count the + + align:start position:0% +how I want to count the + + + align:start position:0% +how I want to count the +parameters in + + align:start position:0% +parameters in + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in +this factorization + + align:start position:0% +this factorization + + + align:start position:0% +this factorization +so I'm two by two I'm two by two + + align:start position:0% +so I'm two by two I'm two by two + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm two by two I'm two by two +so a has four numbers ABCD + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then I guess I feel that four numbers + + align:start position:0% +then I guess I feel that four numbers + + + align:start position:0% +then I guess I feel that four numbers +should appear on the right-hand side + + align:start position:0% +should appear on the right-hand side + + + align:start position:0% +should appear on the right-hand side +somehow the U and the Sigma and the V + + align:start position:0% +somehow the U and the Sigma and the V + + + align:start position:0% +somehow the U and the Sigma and the V +transpose should use up a total of four + + align:start position:0% +transpose should use up a total of four + + + align:start position:0% +transpose should use up a total of four +numbers so we have a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +numbers so we have a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so we have a beautiful +town ting match between the left side + + align:start position:0% +town ting match between the left side + + + align:start position:0% +town ting match between the left side +that's got four numbers a b c d and the + + align:start position:0% +that's got four numbers a b c d and the + + + align:start position:0% +that's got four numbers a b c d and the +right side that's got number is buried + + align:start position:0% +right side that's got number is buried + + + align:start position:0% +right side that's got number is buried +in there somewhere + + align:start position:0% +in there somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +in there somewhere +so can we dig them out + + align:start position:0% +so can we dig them out + + + align:start position:0% +so can we dig them out +how many numbers in Sigma that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +how many numbers in Sigma that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +how many numbers in Sigma that's pretty +clear to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sigma 1 and Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 and Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 and Sigma 2 +the two eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +the two eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +the two eigenvalues +how many numbers in this rotation + + align:start position:0% +how many numbers in this rotation + + + align:start position:0% +how many numbers in this rotation +so I if I had a different color chalk I + + align:start position:0% +so I if I had a different color chalk I + + + align:start position:0% +so I if I had a different color chalk I +would put two for the number of + + align:start position:0% +would put two for the number of + + + align:start position:0% +would put two for the number of +things I counted four by Sigma how many + + align:start position:0% +things I counted four by Sigma how many + + + align:start position:0% +things I counted four by Sigma how many +parameters does a two by two rotation + + align:start position:0% +parameters does a two by two rotation + + + align:start position:0% +parameters does a two by two rotation +require + + align:start position:0% +require + + + align:start position:0% +require +1 and what's a what's a good word for + + align:start position:0% +1 and what's a what's a good word for + + + align:start position:0% +1 and what's a what's a good word for +that one + + align:start position:0% +that one + + + align:start position:0% +that one +or that one parameter it's like I have R + + align:start position:0% +or that one parameter it's like I have R + + + align:start position:0% +or that one parameter it's like I have R +cos theta sine theta minus sine theta + + align:start position:0% +cos theta sine theta minus sine theta + + + align:start position:0% +cos theta sine theta minus sine theta +cos theta there's a number fada it's + + align:start position:0% +cos theta there's a number fada it's + + + align:start position:0% +cos theta there's a number fada it's +it's the angle that rotates so that's + + align:start position:0% +it's the angle that rotates so that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's the angle that rotates so that's +one guy to tell the rotation angle two + + align:start position:0% +one guy to tell the rotation angle two + + + align:start position:0% +one guy to tell the rotation angle two +guys to tell the stretchings and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one more to tell the rotation from you + + align:start position:0% +one more to tell the rotation from you + + + align:start position:0% +one more to tell the rotation from you +adding up to four so so those account + + align:start position:0% +adding up to four so so those account + + + align:start position:0% +adding up to four so so those account +those match up with the four numbers + + align:start position:0% +those match up with the four numbers + + + align:start position:0% +those match up with the four numbers +ABCD that we start with of course it's a + + align:start position:0% +ABCD that we start with of course it's a + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD that we start with of course it's a +complicated + + align:start position:0% +complicated + + + align:start position:0% +complicated +relation between those four numbers and + + align:start position:0% +relation between those four numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +relation between those four numbers and +and rotations and stretches but but it's + + align:start position:0% +and rotations and stretches but but it's + + + align:start position:0% +and rotations and stretches but but it's +four equals four anyway + + align:start position:0% +four equals four anyway + + + align:start position:0% +four equals four anyway +and I guess if you did three by threes + + align:start position:0% +and I guess if you did three by threes + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess if you did three by threes +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +three by threes what would happened then + + align:start position:0% +three by threes what would happened then + + + align:start position:0% +three by threes what would happened then +so let me take three do you want to care + + align:start position:0% +so let me take three do you want to care + + + align:start position:0% +so let me take three do you want to care +for three by threes + + align:start position:0% +for three by threes + + + align:start position:0% +for three by threes +just it's sort of satisfying to get four + + align:start position:0% +just it's sort of satisfying to get four + + + align:start position:0% +just it's sort of satisfying to get four +equal four but now what do we get three + + align:start position:0% +equal four but now what do we get three + + + align:start position:0% +equal four but now what do we get three +by three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we got how many numbers here nine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hello so where are those nine numbers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well how many here that's usually the + + align:start position:0% +well how many here that's usually the + + + align:start position:0% +well how many here that's usually the +easy + + align:start position:0% +easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +so what's your guests for the + + align:start position:0% +so what's your guests for the + + + align:start position:0% +so what's your guests for the +how many and a rotation in a 3d rotation + + align:start position:0% +how many and a rotation in a 3d rotation + + + align:start position:0% +how many and a rotation in a 3d rotation +you take a sphere and you rotate it how + + align:start position:0% +you take a sphere and you rotate it how + + + align:start position:0% +you take a sphere and you rotate it how +many how many numbers to tell you what's + + align:start position:0% +many how many numbers to tell you what's + + + align:start position:0% +many how many numbers to tell you what's +what to tell you what you did three we + + align:start position:0% +what to tell you what you did three we + + + align:start position:0% +what to tell you what you did three we +hope three yeah it's gonna be three + + align:start position:0% +hope three yeah it's gonna be three + + + align:start position:0% +hope three yeah it's gonna be three +three and three for the for the for the + + align:start position:0% +three and three for the for the for the + + + align:start position:0% +three and three for the for the for the +three-dimensional world that we live in + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional world that we live in + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional world that we live in +so people who do rotations for a living + + align:start position:0% +so people who do rotations for a living + + + align:start position:0% +so people who do rotations for a living +understand that a rotation in 3d but how + + align:start position:0% +understand that a rotation in 3d but how + + + align:start position:0% +understand that a rotation in 3d but how +do you see this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean it's three words and we've got it + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's three words and we've got it + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's three words and we've got it +right okay yeah roll pitch and yaw yeah + + align:start position:0% +right okay yeah roll pitch and yaw yeah + + + align:start position:0% +right okay yeah roll pitch and yaw yeah +I guess about pilot hopefully knows + + align:start position:0% +I guess about pilot hopefully knows + + + align:start position:0% +I guess about pilot hopefully knows +about those three yeah yeah yeah which + + align:start position:0% +about those three yeah yeah yeah which + + + align:start position:0% +about those three yeah yeah yeah which +is roll when these are like forward and + + align:start position:0% +is roll when these are like forward and + + + align:start position:0% +is roll when these are like forward and +back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +yo you're in a you stay in a plane and + + align:start position:0% +yo you're in a you stay in a plane and + + + align:start position:0% +yo you're in a you stay in a plane and +you okay beautiful right right and that + + align:start position:0% +you okay beautiful right right and that + + + align:start position:0% +you okay beautiful right right and that +leads us to our four four dimensions + + align:start position:0% +leads us to our four four dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +leads us to our four four dimensions +what's your guess on 4d well let's we + + align:start position:0% +what's your guess on 4d well let's we + + + align:start position:0% +what's your guess on 4d well let's we +could do the count again if it was four + + align:start position:0% +could do the count again if it was four + + + align:start position:0% +could do the count again if it was four +by four we would have sixteen numbers + + align:start position:0% +by four we would have sixteen numbers + + + align:start position:0% +by four we would have sixteen numbers +there and in the middle we always have a + + align:start position:0% +there and in the middle we always have a + + + align:start position:0% +there and in the middle we always have a +easy time with that that would be four + + align:start position:0% +easy time with that that would be four + + + align:start position:0% +easy time with that that would be four +so we got 12 left to share out so six + + align:start position:0% +so we got 12 left to share out so six + + + align:start position:0% +so we got 12 left to share out so six +somehow six six angles in four + + align:start position:0% +somehow six six angles in four + + + align:start position:0% +somehow six six angles in four +dimensions + + align:start position:0% +dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions +well we leave it there yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +well we leave it there yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +well we leave it there yeah yeah yeah +okay okay so there's the SVD but without + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so there's the SVD but without + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so there's the SVD but without +an example + + align:start position:0% +an example + + + align:start position:0% +an example +examples you know I would have to + + align:start position:0% +examples you know I would have to + + + align:start position:0% +examples you know I would have to +compute a transpose a and find it so the + + align:start position:0% +compute a transpose a and find it so the + + + align:start position:0% +compute a transpose a and find it so the +text will do that does it for a + + align:start position:0% +text will do that does it for a + + + align:start position:0% +text will do that does it for a +particular matrix Oh + + align:start position:0% +particular matrix Oh + + + align:start position:0% +particular matrix Oh +yeah the text does it for a for a matrix + + align:start position:0% +yeah the text does it for a for a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the text does it for a for a matrix +three four zero five that came out + + align:start position:0% +three four zero five that came out + + + align:start position:0% +three four zero five that came out +pretty well uh + + align:start position:0% +pretty well uh + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well uh +a few facts we could learn though so the + + align:start position:0% +a few facts we could learn though so the + + + align:start position:0% +a few facts we could learn though so the +if I multiply all the eigenvalues + + align:start position:0% +if I multiply all the eigenvalues + + + align:start position:0% +if I multiply all the eigenvalues +together then I for a matrix a what do I + + align:start position:0% +together then I for a matrix a what do I + + + align:start position:0% +together then I for a matrix a what do I +get I get the determinant what if I + + align:start position:0% +get I get the determinant what if I + + + align:start position:0% +get I get the determinant what if I +multiply the singular values together + + align:start position:0% +multiply the singular values together + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the singular values together +well again I get the determinant you can + + align:start position:0% +well again I get the determinant you can + + + align:start position:0% +well again I get the determinant you can +see it right away from the big formula + + align:start position:0% +see it right away from the big formula + + + align:start position:0% +see it right away from the big formula +take determinant + + align:start position:0% +take determinant + + + align:start position:0% +take determinant +take determinants well assuming the + + align:start position:0% +take determinants well assuming the + + + align:start position:0% +take determinants well assuming the +matrix a is square so it's got a + + align:start position:0% +matrix a is square so it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix a is square so it's got a +determinant then I take determinants the + + align:start position:0% +determinant then I take determinants the + + + align:start position:0% +determinant then I take determinants the +determinant of this product I can take + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this product I can take + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this product I can take +the separate determinants that has + + align:start position:0% +the separate determinants that has + + + align:start position:0% +the separate determinants that has +determinant equal to + + align:start position:0% +determinant equal to + + + align:start position:0% +determinant equal to +one an orthogonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +one an orthogonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +one an orthogonal matrix +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +determinant is 1 and similarly here so + + align:start position:0% +determinant is 1 and similarly here so + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is 1 and similarly here so +so the product of the Sigma's is also + + align:start position:0% +so the product of the Sigma's is also + + + align:start position:0% +so the product of the Sigma's is also +the determinant yeah yeah so the product + + align:start position:0% +the determinant yeah yeah so the product + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant yeah yeah so the product +of the Sigma's is also the determinate + + align:start position:0% +of the Sigma's is also the determinate + + + align:start position:0% +of the Sigma's is also the determinate +the product of the Sigma's here will be + + align:start position:0% +the product of the Sigma's here will be + + + align:start position:0% +the product of the Sigma's here will be +15 but you'll find that + + align:start position:0% +15 but you'll find that + + + align:start position:0% +15 but you'll find that +Sigma 1 is smaller than lambda 1 so here + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 is smaller than lambda 1 so here + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 is smaller than lambda 1 so here +are the eigen values lambda 1 lesser + + align:start position:0% +are the eigen values lambda 1 lesser + + + align:start position:0% +are the eigen values lambda 1 lesser +equal lambda 2 say but but the singular + + align:start position:0% +equal lambda 2 say but but the singular + + + align:start position:0% +equal lambda 2 say but but the singular +values are + + align:start position:0% +values are + + + align:start position:0% +values are +outside them yeah but they still + + align:start position:0% +outside them yeah but they still + + + align:start position:0% +outside them yeah but they still +multiply Sigma 1 thing times Sigma 2 + + align:start position:0% +multiply Sigma 1 thing times Sigma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +multiply Sigma 1 thing times Sigma 2 +will still be 15 and that's the same as + + align:start position:0% +will still be 15 and that's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +will still be 15 and that's the same as +lambda 1 times lambda 2 yep + + align:start position:0% +lambda 1 times lambda 2 yep + + + align:start position:0% +lambda 1 times lambda 2 yep +but overall computing the examples of + + align:start position:0% +but overall computing the examples of + + + align:start position:0% +but overall computing the examples of +the of the SVD take more time because + + align:start position:0% +the of the SVD take more time because + + + align:start position:0% +the of the SVD take more time because +well yeah you just compute a transpose a + + align:start position:0% +well yeah you just compute a transpose a + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah you just compute a transpose a +and you've got the V's and you're on + + align:start position:0% +and you've got the V's and you're on + + + align:start position:0% +and you've got the V's and you're on +your way and you have to take the square + + align:start position:0% +your way and you have to take the square + + + align:start position:0% +your way and you have to take the square +roots of the argument so + + align:start position:0% +roots of the argument so + + + align:start position:0% +roots of the argument so +that's the SVD + + align:start position:0% +that's the SVD + + + align:start position:0% +that's the SVD +as a + + align:start position:0% +as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a +piece of pure math but of course what + + align:start position:0% +piece of pure math but of course what + + + align:start position:0% +piece of pure math but of course what +we'll do next time starting right away + + align:start position:0% +we'll do next time starting right away + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do next time starting right away +is use SVD and let me tell you even + + align:start position:0% +is use SVD and let me tell you even + + + align:start position:0% +is use SVD and let me tell you even +today the most yeah yeah most important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pieces of the SVD so what do I mean by + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the SVD so what do I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the SVD so what do I mean by +pieces of the SVD I've got one more + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the SVD I've got one more + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the SVD I've got one more +blackboard still the right on so here we + + align:start position:0% +blackboard still the right on so here we + + + align:start position:0% +blackboard still the right on so here we +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +so let me write out a is + + align:start position:0% +so let me write out a is + + + align:start position:0% +so let me write out a is +you the use + + align:start position:0% +you the use + + + align:start position:0% +you the use +times the Sigma's + + align:start position:0% +times the Sigma's + + + align:start position:0% +times the Sigma's +Sigma's 1 to R times the B's V transpose + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's 1 to R times the B's V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma's 1 to R times the B's V transpose +V 1 transpose down to V R transpose so + + align:start position:0% +V 1 transpose down to V R transpose so + + + align:start position:0% +V 1 transpose down to V R transpose so +those are across + + align:start position:0% +those are across + + + align:start position:0% +those are across +yeah actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I've written here so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there you could say there's a large big + + align:start position:0% +there you could say there's a large big + + + align:start position:0% +there you could say there's a large big +economies there's a there's a smaller + + align:start position:0% +economies there's a there's a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +economies there's a there's a smaller +size SVD that has the real stuff that + + align:start position:0% +size SVD that has the real stuff that + + + align:start position:0% +size SVD that has the real stuff that +really counts and then there's a larger + + align:start position:0% +really counts and then there's a larger + + + align:start position:0% +really counts and then there's a larger +SVD that has a whole lot of zeroes so so + + align:start position:0% +SVD that has a whole lot of zeroes so so + + + align:start position:0% +SVD that has a whole lot of zeroes so so +this would be the smaller one M by R or + + align:start position:0% +this would be the smaller one M by R or + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the smaller one M by R or +this would be R by R and these would all + + align:start position:0% +this would be R by R and these would all + + + align:start position:0% +this would be R by R and these would all +be positive and this would be R by n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's the that's only using the are + + align:start position:0% +so that's the that's only using the are + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the that's only using the are +non zeros all these guys are greater + + align:start position:0% +non zeros all these guys are greater + + + align:start position:0% +non zeros all these guys are greater +than zero then + + align:start position:0% +than zero then + + + align:start position:0% +than zero then +the other one + + align:start position:0% +the other one + + + align:start position:0% +the other one +we could fill out + + align:start position:0% +we could fill out + + + align:start position:0% +we could fill out +to get square + + align:start position:0% +to get square + + + align:start position:0% +to get square +orthogonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrix +the Sigma's and square V's V 1 transpose + + align:start position:0% +the Sigma's and square V's V 1 transpose + + + align:start position:0% +the Sigma's and square V's V 1 transpose +to be and transpose so what are the + + align:start position:0% +to be and transpose so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +to be and transpose so what are the +shapes now this shape is M by M + + align:start position:0% +shapes now this shape is M by M + + + align:start position:0% +shapes now this shape is M by M +it's a proper orthogonal matrix this one + + align:start position:0% +it's a proper orthogonal matrix this one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a proper orthogonal matrix this one +also n by n so this guy has to be this + + align:start position:0% +also n by n so this guy has to be this + + + align:start position:0% +also n by n so this guy has to be this +is the Sigma now so it has to be what + + align:start position:0% +is the Sigma now so it has to be what + + + align:start position:0% +is the Sigma now so it has to be what +sighs M by n that's the remaining space + + align:start position:0% +sighs M by n that's the remaining space + + + align:start position:0% +sighs M by n that's the remaining space +so it starts with the Sigma's and then + + align:start position:0% +so it starts with the Sigma's and then + + + align:start position:0% +so it starts with the Sigma's and then +it's all zeros + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accounting for null space stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so you should really see that these + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you should really see that these + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you should really see that these +two are possible that that all these + + align:start position:0% +two are possible that that all these + + + align:start position:0% +two are possible that that all these +zeros when you multiply out + + align:start position:0% +zeros when you multiply out + + + align:start position:0% +zeros when you multiply out +just give nothing so that really the + + align:start position:0% +just give nothing so that really the + + + align:start position:0% +just give nothing so that really the +only thing that non zero is in these + + align:start position:0% +only thing that non zero is in these + + + align:start position:0% +only thing that non zero is in these +bits but there's a complete one so what + + align:start position:0% +bits but there's a complete one so what + + + align:start position:0% +bits but there's a complete one so what +are these extra use they're in the null + + align:start position:0% +are these extra use they're in the null + + + align:start position:0% +are these extra use they're in the null +space of a transpose a transpose or a + + align:start position:0% +space of a transpose a transpose or a + + + align:start position:0% +space of a transpose a transpose or a +transpose a yeah so two sizes the large + + align:start position:0% +transpose a yeah so two sizes the large + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a yeah so two sizes the large +size and the small size but they're then + + align:start position:0% +size and the small size but they're then + + + align:start position:0% +size and the small size but they're then +the things that count are all in there + + align:start position:0% +the things that count are all in there + + + align:start position:0% +the things that count are all in there +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so I was going to do one more thing and + + align:start position:0% +so I was going to do one more thing and + + + align:start position:0% +so I was going to do one more thing and +I'm let me see what + + align:start position:0% +I'm let me see what + + + align:start position:0% +I'm let me see what +what it was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there so this is section 1.8 of the + + align:start position:0% +there so this is section 1.8 of the + + + align:start position:0% +there so this is section 1.8 of the +notes and you'll see examples there and + + align:start position:0% +notes and you'll see examples there and + + + align:start position:0% +notes and you'll see examples there and +you'll see a + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see a +second approach to + + align:start position:0% +second approach to + + + align:start position:0% +second approach to +the finding leaves and B's and Sigma's I + + align:start position:0% +the finding leaves and B's and Sigma's I + + + align:start position:0% +the finding leaves and B's and Sigma's I +can tell you what that is but maybe with + + align:start position:0% +can tell you what that is but maybe with + + + align:start position:0% +can tell you what that is but maybe with +just two just to do something nice at + + align:start position:0% +just two just to do something nice at + + + align:start position:0% +just two just to do something nice at +the end let me + + align:start position:0% +the end let me + + + align:start position:0% +the end let me +tell you about another + + align:start position:0% +tell you about another + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about another +factorization of a that was famous + + align:start position:0% +factorization of a that was famous + + + align:start position:0% +factorization of a that was famous +that's famous in engineering and it's + + align:start position:0% +that's famous in engineering and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's famous in engineering and it's +famous in + + align:start position:0% +famous in + + + align:start position:0% +famous in +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometry + + align:start position:0% +geometry + + + align:start position:0% +geometry +so this is any a as a u Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +so this is any a as a u Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +so this is any a as a u Sigma V +transpose we've got that now the the the + + align:start position:0% +transpose we've got that now the the the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose we've got that now the the the +other one that I'm thinking of I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +other one that I'm thinking of I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +other one that I'm thinking of I'll tell +you its name it's called the pole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decomposition of a matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and all I want you to see is that it's + + align:start position:0% +and all I want you to see is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +and all I want you to see is that it's +it's virtually here so a polar means + + align:start position:0% +it's virtually here so a polar means + + + align:start position:0% +it's virtually here so a polar means +what's polar and for complex number + + align:start position:0% +what's polar and for complex number + + + align:start position:0% +what's polar and for complex number +what's the polar form of a complex + + align:start position:0% +what's the polar form of a complex + + + align:start position:0% +what's the polar form of a complex +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +a real guy so the real guy R will + + align:start position:0% +a real guy so the real guy R will + + + align:start position:0% +a real guy so the real guy R will +translate into a symmetric guy and the e + + align:start position:0% +translate into a symmetric guy and the e + + + align:start position:0% +translate into a symmetric guy and the e +to the I theta will translate into + + align:start position:0% +to the I theta will translate into + + + align:start position:0% +to the I theta will translate into +so what does he say what kind of a + + align:start position:0% +so what does he say what kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +so what does he say what kind of a +matrix reminds you of e to the I theta + + align:start position:0% +matrix reminds you of e to the I theta + + + align:start position:0% +matrix reminds you of e to the I theta +or sorry size one so orthogonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's a very using very kind of nice + + align:start position:0% +so that's a very using very kind of nice + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a very using very kind of nice +every matrix factors into symmetric + + align:start position:0% +every matrix factors into symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +every matrix factors into symmetric +matrix times an orthogonal matrix and I + + align:start position:0% +matrix times an orthogonal matrix and I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix times an orthogonal matrix and I +of course + + align:start position:0% +of course + + + align:start position:0% +of course +describe these as the most important + + align:start position:0% +describe these as the most important + + + align:start position:0% +describe these as the most important +classes of matrices and here we're + + align:start position:0% +classes of matrices and here we're + + + align:start position:0% +classes of matrices and here we're +saying every matrix is a s times aq and + + align:start position:0% +saying every matrix is a s times aq and + + + align:start position:0% +saying every matrix is a s times aq and +I'm also saying that I can get that + + align:start position:0% +I'm also saying that I can get that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm also saying that I can get that +quickly out of out of the SVD so I'm + + align:start position:0% +quickly out of out of the SVD so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +quickly out of out of the SVD so I'm +just want to do it + + align:start position:0% +just want to do it + + + align:start position:0% +just want to do it +so I want to find an S and find a Q out + + align:start position:0% +so I want to find an S and find a Q out + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to find an S and find a Q out +of this so to get an S so let me just + + align:start position:0% +of this so to get an S so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +of this so to get an S so let me just +start it you Sigma but now I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +start it you Sigma but now I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +start it you Sigma but now I'm looking +for an S so what shall I take put in now + + align:start position:0% +for an S so what shall I take put in now + + + align:start position:0% +for an S so what shall I take put in now +I put a better put in + + align:start position:0% +I put a better put in + + + align:start position:0% +I put a better put in +if I've got you Sigma something and I + + align:start position:0% +if I've got you Sigma something and I + + + align:start position:0% +if I've got you Sigma something and I +want it to be symmetric I shouldn't put + + align:start position:0% +want it to be symmetric I shouldn't put + + + align:start position:0% +want it to be symmetric I shouldn't put +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you transpose will do it + + align:start position:0% +you transpose will do it + + + align:start position:0% +you transpose will do it +but then if I put in u transpose I've + + align:start position:0% +but then if I put in u transpose I've + + + align:start position:0% +but then if I put in u transpose I've +got to put in you so now I've got you + + align:start position:0% +got to put in you so now I've got you + + + align:start position:0% +got to put in you so now I've got you +Sigma u transpose U is the identity now + + align:start position:0% +Sigma u transpose U is the identity now + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma u transpose U is the identity now +I've got to get V transpose + + align:start position:0% +I've got to get V transpose + + + align:start position:0% +I've got to get V transpose +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +have I got what the polar decomposition + + align:start position:0% +have I got what the polar decomposition + + + align:start position:0% +have I got what the polar decomposition +is asking for in this line so yeah I + + align:start position:0% +is asking for in this line so yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +is asking for in this line so yeah I +think what do I got here where's the + + align:start position:0% +think what do I got here where's the + + + align:start position:0% +think what do I got here where's the +where's the S + + align:start position:0% +where's the S + + + align:start position:0% +where's the S +and this so you see I took the SVD and I + + align:start position:0% +and this so you see I took the SVD and I + + + align:start position:0% +and this so you see I took the SVD and I +just put the identity in there just + + align:start position:0% +just put the identity in there just + + + align:start position:0% +just put the identity in there just +shifted things a little and now where's + + align:start position:0% +shifted things a little and now where's + + + align:start position:0% +shifted things a little and now where's +the s that I can read off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for a straight that's an S + + align:start position:0% +for a straight that's an S + + + align:start position:0% +for a straight that's an S +that's a symmetric matrix and where's + + align:start position:0% +that's a symmetric matrix and where's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a symmetric matrix and where's +the Q well I guess we can see where the + + align:start position:0% +the Q well I guess we can see where the + + + align:start position:0% +the Q well I guess we can see where the +Q has to be it's here + + align:start position:0% +Q has to be it's here + + + align:start position:0% +Q has to be it's here +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah so just by sticking u transpose U + + align:start position:0% +yeah so just by sticking u transpose U + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so just by sticking u transpose U +and looking and putting the parentheses + + align:start position:0% +and looking and putting the parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +and looking and putting the parentheses +right what I + + align:start position:0% +right what I + + + align:start position:0% +right what I +recover that + + align:start position:0% +recover that + + + align:start position:0% +recover that +decomposition of a matrix + + align:start position:0% +decomposition of a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition of a matrix +which in in mechanical engineering + + align:start position:0% +which in in mechanical engineering + + + align:start position:0% +which in in mechanical engineering +languages language tells me that any + + align:start position:0% +languages language tells me that any + + + align:start position:0% +languages language tells me that any +strain can be you know which is like + + align:start position:0% +strain can be you know which is like + + + align:start position:0% +strain can be you know which is like +stretching of a of elastic thing has a + + align:start position:0% +stretching of a of elastic thing has a + + + align:start position:0% +stretching of a of elastic thing has a +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetric kind of a stretch and internal + + align:start position:0% +symmetric kind of a stretch and internal + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric kind of a stretch and internal +twist yeah + + align:start position:0% +twist yeah + + + align:start position:0% +twist yeah +so that's good well this was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +so that's good well this was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's good well this was a lot of +three six nine boards filled with + + align:start position:0% +three six nine boards filled with + + + align:start position:0% +three six nine boards filled with +matrices + + align:start position:0% +matrices + + + align:start position:0% +matrices +well it is 1806 five so maybe that's all + + align:start position:0% +well it is 1806 five so maybe that's all + + + align:start position:0% +well it is 1806 five so maybe that's all +right but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the idea is to use them on a matrix of + + align:start position:0% +the idea is to use them on a matrix of + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is to use them on a matrix of +data and + + align:start position:0% +data and + + + align:start position:0% +data and +I'll just tell you the key fact the key + + align:start position:0% +I'll just tell you the key fact the key + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just tell you the key fact the key +fact if I have a big matrix of data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hey + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if I want to pull out of that matrix + + align:start position:0% +and if I want to pull out of that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and if I want to pull out of that matrix +the important part so + + align:start position:0% +the important part so + + + align:start position:0% +the important part so +that's what data science has to be doing + + align:start position:0% +that's what data science has to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +that's what data science has to be doing +out of a big matrix some of those some + + align:start position:0% +out of a big matrix some of those some + + + align:start position:0% +out of a big matrix some of those some +part of it is noise some part of it is + + align:start position:0% +part of it is noise some part of it is + + + align:start position:0% +part of it is noise some part of it is +signal I'm looking for the most + + align:start position:0% +signal I'm looking for the most + + + align:start position:0% +signal I'm looking for the most +important part of the signal here so I'm + + align:start position:0% +important part of the signal here so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +important part of the signal here so I'm +looking for the most important part of + + align:start position:0% +looking for the most important part of + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the most important part of +the matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a way the biggest numbers but but + + align:start position:0% +in a way the biggest numbers but but + + + align:start position:0% +in a way the biggest numbers but but +that and of course I'm look at + + align:start position:0% +that and of course I'm look at + + + align:start position:0% +that and of course I'm look at +individual numbers + + align:start position:0% +individual numbers + + + align:start position:0% +individual numbers +so what's the biggest part of the matrix + + align:start position:0% +so what's the biggest part of the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the biggest part of the matrix +what's the what are the principal + + align:start position:0% +what's the what are the principal + + + align:start position:0% +what's the what are the principal +components now we're really getting in + + align:start position:0% +components now we're really getting in + + + align:start position:0% +components now we're really getting in +if this is a if this you know it could + + align:start position:0% +if this is a if this you know it could + + + align:start position:0% +if this is a if this you know it could +be data and we want to do statistics so + + align:start position:0% +be data and we want to do statistics so + + + align:start position:0% +be data and we want to do statistics so +we want to see what's what has high + + align:start position:0% +we want to see what's what has high + + + align:start position:0% +we want to see what's what has high +variance what has low variance we'll + + align:start position:0% +variance what has low variance we'll + + + align:start position:0% +variance what has low variance we'll +we'll do these + + align:start position:0% +we'll do these + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do these +connections with statistics + + align:start position:0% +connections with statistics + + + align:start position:0% +connections with statistics +but what's the important part of the + + align:start position:0% +but what's the important part of the + + + align:start position:0% +but what's the important part of the +matrix well + + align:start position:0% +matrix well + + + align:start position:0% +matrix well +that means look at the you Sigma V + + align:start position:0% +that means look at the you Sigma V + + + align:start position:0% +that means look at the you Sigma V +transpose + + align:start position:0% +transpose + + + align:start position:0% +transpose +here yeah let me look at it + + align:start position:0% +here yeah let me look at it + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah let me look at it +so what's the one most important part of + + align:start position:0% +so what's the one most important part of + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the one most important part of +that of that matrix + + align:start position:0% +that of that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that of that matrix +one the right one it's a rank one P so + + align:start position:0% +one the right one it's a rank one P so + + + align:start position:0% +one the right one it's a rank one P so +when I say a part I'm of course it's + + align:start position:0% +when I say a part I'm of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +when I say a part I'm of course it's +going to be a matrix part but so the + + align:start position:0% +going to be a matrix part but so the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a matrix part but so the +simple matrix building block is like a + + align:start position:0% +simple matrix building block is like a + + + align:start position:0% +simple matrix building block is like a +rank one matrix something something + + align:start position:0% +rank one matrix something something + + + align:start position:0% +rank one matrix something something +transpose and what should I pull out of + + align:start position:0% +transpose and what should I pull out of + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and what should I pull out of +that as being the most important rank + + align:start position:0% +that as being the most important rank + + + align:start position:0% +that as being the most important rank +one matrix that's in that product so + + align:start position:0% +one matrix that's in that product so + + + align:start position:0% +one matrix that's in that product so +I'll erase it one point eight while you + + align:start position:0% +I'll erase it one point eight while you + + + align:start position:0% +I'll erase it one point eight while you +think what do I do + + align:start position:0% +think what do I do + + + align:start position:0% +think what do I do +to pick out the big deal the the thing + + align:start position:0% +to pick out the big deal the the thing + + + align:start position:0% +to pick out the big deal the the thing +that the data is telling me first + + align:start position:0% +that the data is telling me first + + + align:start position:0% +that the data is telling me first +well these are + + align:start position:0% +well these are + + + align:start position:0% +well these are +north of normal I can no one is bigger + + align:start position:0% +north of normal I can no one is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +north of normal I can no one is bigger +than another one these are orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +than another one these are orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +than another one these are orthonormal +no one is bigger than another one but + + align:start position:0% +no one is bigger than another one but + + + align:start position:0% +no one is bigger than another one but +here I look here which is the most + + align:start position:0% +here I look here which is the most + + + align:start position:0% +here I look here which is the most +important number + + align:start position:0% +important number + + + align:start position:0% +important number +Sigma 1 Sigma 1 so the part I pick out + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 Sigma 1 so the part I pick out + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma 1 Sigma 1 so the part I pick out +is this biggest number times its Rho + + align:start position:0% +is this biggest number times its Rho + + + align:start position:0% +is this biggest number times its Rho +times its column so it's u 1 Sigma 1 V 1 + + align:start position:0% +times its column so it's u 1 Sigma 1 V 1 + + + align:start position:0% +times its column so it's u 1 Sigma 1 V 1 +transpose is the + + align:start position:0% +transpose is the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is the +the top principal part of the matrix a + + align:start position:0% +the top principal part of the matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +the top principal part of the matrix a +it's the leading part of the matrix a + + align:start position:0% +it's the leading part of the matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +it's the leading part of the matrix a +it's the rank one the biggest rank one + + align:start position:0% +it's the rank one the biggest rank one + + + align:start position:0% +it's the rank one the biggest rank one +part of the matrix is there so computing + + align:start position:0% +part of the matrix is there so computing + + + align:start position:0% +part of the matrix is there so computing +those three guys is the first step to + + align:start position:0% +those three guys is the first step to + + + align:start position:0% +those three guys is the first step to +understanding the data yeah so that's + + align:start position:0% +understanding the data yeah so that's + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the data yeah so that's +what's coming next is and I guess + + align:start position:0% +what's coming next is and I guess + + + align:start position:0% +what's coming next is and I guess +tomorrow since + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow since + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow since +they moved Monday my teach declared + + align:start position:0% +they moved Monday my teach declared + + + align:start position:0% +they moved Monday my teach declared +Tuesday to be Monday + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday to be Monday + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday to be Monday +there they didn't change Wednesday so + + align:start position:0% +there they didn't change Wednesday so + + + align:start position:0% +there they didn't change Wednesday so +I'll see you tomorrow for + + align:start position:0% +I'll see you tomorrow for + + + align:start position:0% +I'll see you tomorrow for +the the principal components \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rxqKXc3qPOA.txt b/rxqKXc3qPOA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2a5af16a19cf72a930140ebddacacd616b70a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/rxqKXc3qPOA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,739 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The inductive attenuator demonstrates + + align:start position:0% +The inductive attenuator demonstrates + + + align:start position:0% +The inductive attenuator demonstrates +the leloian nature of magnetic fields in + + align:start position:0% +the leloian nature of magnetic fields in + + + align:start position:0% +the leloian nature of magnetic fields in +free + + align:start position:0% +free + + + align:start position:0% +free +space, the way that currents distribute + + align:start position:0% +space, the way that currents distribute + + + align:start position:0% +space, the way that currents distribute +themselves on the surfaces of perfect + + align:start position:0% +themselves on the surfaces of perfect + + + align:start position:0% +themselves on the surfaces of perfect +conductors and the use of the vector + + align:start position:0% +conductors and the use of the vector + + + align:start position:0% +conductors and the use of the vector +potential in describing magnetic fields + + align:start position:0% +potential in describing magnetic fields + + + align:start position:0% +potential in describing magnetic fields +in two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +in two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +in two-dimensional +systems. In this model, the floor is the + + align:start position:0% +systems. In this model, the floor is the + + + align:start position:0% +systems. In this model, the floor is the +xy + + align:start position:0% +xy + + + align:start position:0% +xy +plane. The altitude of the surface is + + align:start position:0% +plane. The altitude of the surface is + + + align:start position:0% +plane. The altitude of the surface is +the vector potential. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Here's the direction of + + align:start position:0% +Here's the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +Here's the direction of +periodicity. Here's the direction of + + align:start position:0% +periodicity. Here's the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +periodicity. Here's the direction of +decay. Because it represents a solution + + align:start position:0% +decay. Because it represents a solution + + + align:start position:0% +decay. Because it represents a solution +to Lelass's equation, every point on the + + align:start position:0% +to Lelass's equation, every point on the + + + align:start position:0% +to Lelass's equation, every point on the +surface having a positive curvature in + + align:start position:0% +surface having a positive curvature in + + + align:start position:0% +surface having a positive curvature in +the y direction must have a negative + + align:start position:0% +the y direction must have a negative + + + align:start position:0% +the y direction must have a negative +curvature in the x + + align:start position:0% +curvature in the x + + + align:start position:0% +curvature in the x +direction. This is why periodicity in + + align:start position:0% +direction. This is why periodicity in + + + align:start position:0% +direction. This is why periodicity in +one direction implies decay in the + + align:start position:0% +one direction implies decay in the + + + align:start position:0% +one direction implies decay in the +other. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +For this solution to Lelass's equation, + + align:start position:0% +For this solution to Lelass's equation, + + + align:start position:0% +For this solution to Lelass's equation, +three of the rectangular boundaries have + + align:start position:0% +three of the rectangular boundaries have + + + align:start position:0% +three of the rectangular boundaries have +a constant vector + + align:start position:0% +a constant vector + + + align:start position:0% +a constant vector +potential. The fourth is a + + align:start position:0% +potential. The fourth is a + + + align:start position:0% +potential. The fourth is a +sinosoid. In our physical situation, + + align:start position:0% +sinosoid. In our physical situation, + + + align:start position:0% +sinosoid. In our physical situation, +this fourth boundary is elevated to a + + align:start position:0% +this fourth boundary is elevated to a + + + align:start position:0% +this fourth boundary is elevated to a +uniform vector + + align:start position:0% +uniform vector + + + align:start position:0% +uniform vector +potential. This can be represented by a + + align:start position:0% +potential. This can be represented by a + + + align:start position:0% +potential. This can be represented by a +superposition of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solutions. In our model, lines of + + align:start position:0% +solutions. In our model, lines of + + + align:start position:0% +solutions. In our model, lines of +constant altitude are lines of constant + + align:start position:0% +constant altitude are lines of constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant altitude are lines of constant +vector + + align:start position:0% +vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector +potential. In two dimensions, lines of + + align:start position:0% +potential. In two dimensions, lines of + + + align:start position:0% +potential. In two dimensions, lines of +constant a subz are lines of magnetic + + align:start position:0% +constant a subz are lines of magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +constant a subz are lines of magnetic +flux + + align:start position:0% +flux + + + align:start position:0% +flux +density. So the wires are the lines of + + align:start position:0% +density. So the wires are the lines of + + + align:start position:0% +density. So the wires are the lines of +magnetic flux + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +density. This is the actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +apparatus. Here are the sidewalls. + + align:start position:0% +apparatus. Here are the sidewalls. + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus. Here are the sidewalls. +insulated from each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other. Here's the top + + align:start position:0% +other. Here's the top + + + align:start position:0% +other. Here's the top +plate. Current from this source passes + + align:start position:0% +plate. Current from this source passes + + + align:start position:0% +plate. Current from this source passes +forward through the upper plate and is + + align:start position:0% +forward through the upper plate and is + + + align:start position:0% +forward through the upper plate and is +returned by the shorts through the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sidewalls. Here are the connections at + + align:start position:0% +sidewalls. Here are the connections at + + + align:start position:0% +sidewalls. Here are the connections at +the back end. + + align:start position:0% +the back end. + + + align:start position:0% +the back end. +The source is connected by the center + + align:start position:0% +The source is connected by the center + + + align:start position:0% +The source is connected by the center +conductor of a coaxial cable to the + + align:start position:0% +conductor of a coaxial cable to the + + + align:start position:0% +conductor of a coaxial cable to the +upper electrode + + align:start position:0% +upper electrode + + + align:start position:0% +upper electrode +here. The driving current is returned to + + align:start position:0% +here. The driving current is returned to + + + align:start position:0% +here. The driving current is returned to +the source by these wires and the coax + + align:start position:0% +the source by these wires and the coax + + + align:start position:0% +the source by these wires and the coax +shield + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conductor. These leads are connected to + + align:start position:0% +conductor. These leads are connected to + + + align:start position:0% +conductor. These leads are connected to +the top trace of our scope. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The top trace is the driving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +voltage here at the back. The bottom + + align:start position:0% +voltage here at the back. The bottom + + + align:start position:0% +voltage here at the back. The bottom +plate is shorted to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sidewalls. It is also shorted at the + + align:start position:0% +sidewalls. It is also shorted at the + + + align:start position:0% +sidewalls. It is also shorted at the +front through these wires. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We measure the current induced in this + + align:start position:0% +We measure the current induced in this + + + align:start position:0% +We measure the current induced in this +electrode by means of this current + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe. The lower trace on the scope + + align:start position:0% +probe. The lower trace on the scope + + + align:start position:0% +probe. The lower trace on the scope +represents the output current from the + + align:start position:0% +represents the output current from the + + + align:start position:0% +represents the output current from the +probe. It represents the net current + + align:start position:0% +probe. It represents the net current + + + align:start position:0% +probe. It represents the net current +induced in the lower + + align:start position:0% +induced in the lower + + + align:start position:0% +induced in the lower +electrode. Here's how the current + + align:start position:0% +electrode. Here's how the current + + + align:start position:0% +electrode. Here's how the current +induced in the lower electrode varies as + + align:start position:0% +induced in the lower electrode varies as + + + align:start position:0% +induced in the lower electrode varies as +the driving electrode is lowered. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +As the spacing is increased again with + + align:start position:0% +As the spacing is increased again with + + + align:start position:0% +As the spacing is increased again with +the driving voltage essentially held + + align:start position:0% +the driving voltage essentially held + + + align:start position:0% +the driving voltage essentially held +fixed, the induced current + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decreases. As the driving electrode + + align:start position:0% +decreases. As the driving electrode + + + align:start position:0% +decreases. As the driving electrode +approaches the lower electrode, it + + align:start position:0% +approaches the lower electrode, it + + + align:start position:0% +approaches the lower electrode, it +increases again. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +With the electrodes this close, almost + + align:start position:0% +With the electrodes this close, almost + + + align:start position:0% +With the electrodes this close, almost +all of the current in the upper + + align:start position:0% +all of the current in the upper + + + align:start position:0% +all of the current in the upper +electrode is imaged in the lower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrode. As the distance between + + align:start position:0% +electrode. As the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +electrode. As the distance between +electrodes + + align:start position:0% +electrodes + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes +increases, the fraction of the current + + align:start position:0% +increases, the fraction of the current + + + align:start position:0% +increases, the fraction of the current +that returns in the lower electrode is + + align:start position:0% +that returns in the lower electrode is + + + align:start position:0% +that returns in the lower electrode is +reduced. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The inductive attenuator has illustrated + + align:start position:0% +The inductive attenuator has illustrated + + + align:start position:0% +The inductive attenuator has illustrated +the leloian nature of free space magneto + + align:start position:0% +the leloian nature of free space magneto + + + align:start position:0% +the leloian nature of free space magneto +quazystatic fields. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The magnetic field induced by applying a + + align:start position:0% +The magnetic field induced by applying a + + + align:start position:0% +The magnetic field induced by applying a +voltage to the upper electrode decays + + align:start position:0% +voltage to the upper electrode decays + + + align:start position:0% +voltage to the upper electrode decays +essentially exponentially into the + + align:start position:0% +essentially exponentially into the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially exponentially into the +rectangular region bounded by the + + align:start position:0% +rectangular region bounded by the + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular region bounded by the +essentially perfectly conducting + + align:start position:0% +essentially perfectly conducting + + + align:start position:0% +essentially perfectly conducting +sidewalls and the bottom electrode \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/s1MoBTEcVYY.txt b/s1MoBTEcVYY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8140ed231954640e6dfa6a5cc9f5126d8c440a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/s1MoBTEcVYY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7419 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so we are moving along lecture six is + + align:start position:0% +so we are moving along lecture six is + + + align:start position:0% +so we are moving along lecture six is +the last of the biochemistry lectures + + align:start position:0% +the last of the biochemistry lectures + + + align:start position:0% +the last of the biochemistry lectures +we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking about +nucleotides and nucleic acids and you'll + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides and nucleic acids and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides and nucleic acids and you'll +understand these terms in a moment there + + align:start position:0% +understand these terms in a moment there + + + align:start position:0% +understand these terms in a moment there +I'll clarify them for you + + align:start position:0% +I'll clarify them for you + + + align:start position:0% +I'll clarify them for you +but this is a tremendous stepping stone + + align:start position:0% +but this is a tremendous stepping stone + + + align:start position:0% +but this is a tremendous stepping stone +to the next portion of the class so I'll + + align:start position:0% +to the next portion of the class so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +to the next portion of the class so I'll +show you a few images here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +show you a few images here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +show you a few images here I'm going to +reshow you some of these in a moment + + align:start position:0% +reshow you some of these in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +reshow you some of these in a moment +when we talk about addressing + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about addressing + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about addressing +understanding the non-covalent structure + + align:start position:0% +understanding the non-covalent structure + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the non-covalent structure +of DNA which is so critical to + + align:start position:0% +of DNA which is so critical to + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA which is so critical to +understanding information storage and + + align:start position:0% +understanding information storage and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding information storage and +information transfer but for now let's + + align:start position:0% +information transfer but for now let's + + + align:start position:0% +information transfer but for now let's +just have a quick peek forward after + + align:start position:0% +just have a quick peek forward after + + + align:start position:0% +just have a quick peek forward after +this section I'm going to be covering + + align:start position:0% +this section I'm going to be covering + + + align:start position:0% +this section I'm going to be covering +molecular biology so how to go from DNA + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology so how to go from DNA + + + align:start position:0% +molecular biology so how to go from DNA +to RNA to protein and then Professor + + align:start position:0% +to RNA to protein and then Professor + + + align:start position:0% +to RNA to protein and then Professor +Martin will take over with the basic of + + align:start position:0% +Martin will take over with the basic of + + + align:start position:0% +Martin will take over with the basic of +structures and functions of cells and + + align:start position:0% +structures and functions of cells and + + + align:start position:0% +structures and functions of cells and +then genetics and but for all of this + + align:start position:0% +then genetics and but for all of this + + + align:start position:0% +then genetics and but for all of this +we're going to need nucleic acids and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need nucleic acids and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to need nucleic acids and +I'll explain to you why here + + align:start position:0% +I'll explain to you why here + + + align:start position:0% +I'll explain to you why here +so nucleic acids form fundamental units + + align:start position:0% +so nucleic acids form fundamental units + + + align:start position:0% +so nucleic acids form fundamental units +for information storage storage and that + + align:start position:0% +for information storage storage and that + + + align:start position:0% +for information storage storage and that +is the DNA that is in our nucleus and in + + align:start position:0% +is the DNA that is in our nucleus and in + + + align:start position:0% +is the DNA that is in our nucleus and in +our mitochondria and then information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfer and if I get a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +transfer and if I get a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and if I get a little bit of +time at the end I have three or four + + align:start position:0% +time at the end I have three or four + + + align:start position:0% +time at the end I have three or four +quick slides that you don't have on your + + align:start position:0% +quick slides that you don't have on your + + + align:start position:0% +quick slides that you don't have on your +handout because it's sort of a floating + + align:start position:0% +handout because it's sort of a floating + + + align:start position:0% +handout because it's sort of a floating +topic on the use of DNA in DNA based + + align:start position:0% +topic on the use of DNA in DNA based + + + align:start position:0% +topic on the use of DNA in DNA based +computing because it's a nanosec scale + + align:start position:0% +computing because it's a nanosec scale + + + align:start position:0% +computing because it's a nanosec scale +structure that one can program to do + + align:start position:0% +structure that one can program to do + + + align:start position:0% +structure that one can program to do +different things and I think you might + + align:start position:0% +different things and I think you might + + + align:start position:0% +different things and I think you might +enjoy that so in this picture of the + + align:start position:0% +enjoy that so in this picture of the + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy that so in this picture of the +components and the what's known as the + + align:start position:0% +components and the what's known as the + + + align:start position:0% +components and the what's known as the +central dogma that is how DNA is + + align:start position:0% +central dogma that is how DNA is + + + align:start position:0% +central dogma that is how DNA is +converted into messenger RNA which + + align:start position:0% +converted into messenger RNA which + + + align:start position:0% +converted into messenger RNA which +through the help of transfer RNA and + + align:start position:0% +through the help of transfer RNA and + + + align:start position:0% +through the help of transfer RNA and +ribosomal RNA we get proteins the key + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal RNA we get proteins the key + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomal RNA we get proteins the key +elements on this slide are DNA messenger + + align:start position:0% +elements on this slide are DNA messenger + + + align:start position:0% +elements on this slide are DNA messenger +RNA ribosomal RNA + + align:start position:0% +RNA ribosomal RNA + + + align:start position:0% +RNA ribosomal RNA +for RNA and those are all made up of + + align:start position:0% +for RNA and those are all made up of + + + align:start position:0% +for RNA and those are all made up of +nucleotides being brought together into + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides being brought together into + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides being brought together into +polymers that are nucleic acids so + + align:start position:0% +polymers that are nucleic acids so + + + align:start position:0% +polymers that are nucleic acids so +obviously we really need to crack the + + align:start position:0% +obviously we really need to crack the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously we really need to crack the +structures of these and understand how + + align:start position:0% +structures of these and understand how + + + align:start position:0% +structures of these and understand how +the structure informs function remember + + align:start position:0% +the structure informs function remember + + + align:start position:0% +the structure informs function remember +we did that for proteins we've done that + + align:start position:0% +we did that for proteins we've done that + + + align:start position:0% +we did that for proteins we've done that +for phospholipids we thought about it + + align:start position:0% +for phospholipids we thought about it + + + align:start position:0% +for phospholipids we thought about it +very briefly for carbohydrates but the + + align:start position:0% +very briefly for carbohydrates but the + + + align:start position:0% +very briefly for carbohydrates but the +thing that I really want to stress to + + align:start position:0% +thing that I really want to stress to + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I really want to stress to +you with the forth of these + + align:start position:0% +you with the forth of these + + + align:start position:0% +you with the forth of these +macromolecules is looking at how the + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules is looking at how the + + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules is looking at how the +last component of the biomolecules + + align:start position:0% +last component of the biomolecules + + + align:start position:0% +last component of the biomolecules +structure really informs function and + + align:start position:0% +structure really informs function and + + + align:start position:0% +structure really informs function and +it's really cool to think about how it's + + align:start position:0% +it's really cool to think about how it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's really cool to think about how it's +done so how is that chemical molecular + + align:start position:0% +done so how is that chemical molecular + + + align:start position:0% +done so how is that chemical molecular +structure something that we can + + align:start position:0% +structure something that we can + + + align:start position:0% +structure something that we can +understand from from the perspective of + + align:start position:0% +understand from from the perspective of + + + align:start position:0% +understand from from the perspective of +function ok so what we need to do first + + align:start position:0% +function ok so what we need to do first + + + align:start position:0% +function ok so what we need to do first +of all is think about what nucleotides + + align:start position:0% +of all is think about what nucleotides + + + align:start position:0% +of all is think about what nucleotides +are and understand their structure so + + align:start position:0% +are and understand their structure so + + + align:start position:0% +are and understand their structure so +that we can move forward to understand + + align:start position:0% +that we can move forward to understand + + + align:start position:0% +that we can move forward to understand +how they come together to build these + + align:start position:0% +how they come together to build these + + + align:start position:0% +how they come together to build these +macromolecules are so pivotal and + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules are so pivotal and + + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules are so pivotal and +essential in life for programming the + + align:start position:0% +essential in life for programming the + + + align:start position:0% +essential in life for programming the +biosynthesis of our proteins and now + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis of our proteins and now + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis of our proteins and now +we're understanding more and more about + + align:start position:0% +we're understanding more and more about + + + align:start position:0% +we're understanding more and more about +not only that but also how RNA RNA not + + align:start position:0% +not only that but also how RNA RNA not + + + align:start position:0% +not only that but also how RNA RNA not +DNA is involved in a large number of + + align:start position:0% +DNA is involved in a large number of + + + align:start position:0% +DNA is involved in a large number of +regulatory processes so it's not just + + align:start position:0% +regulatory processes so it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +regulatory processes so it's not just +DNA double stranded DNA goes to a + + align:start position:0% +DNA double stranded DNA goes to a + + + align:start position:0% +DNA double stranded DNA goes to a +messenger and so on there's also a lot + + align:start position:0% +messenger and so on there's also a lot + + + align:start position:0% +messenger and so on there's also a lot +of regulation occurs because of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of regulation occurs because of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of regulation occurs because of a lot of +the other nucleic acids that are within + + align:start position:0% +the other nucleic acids that are within + + + align:start position:0% +the other nucleic acids that are within +the cell so I'm going to go here because + + align:start position:0% +the cell so I'm going to go here because + + + align:start position:0% +the cell so I'm going to go here because +I want to describe the composite + + align:start position:0% +I want to describe the composite + + + align:start position:0% +I want to describe the composite +components of nucleotides so we + + align:start position:0% +components of nucleotides so we + + + align:start position:0% +components of nucleotides so we +understand their their structure and + + align:start position:0% +understand their their structure and + + + align:start position:0% +understand their their structure and +their properties so what are nucleotides + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you look at these structures up on + + align:start position:0% +and you look at these structures up on + + + align:start position:0% +and you look at these structures up on +the board they look kind of complicated + + align:start position:0% +the board they look kind of complicated + + + align:start position:0% +the board they look kind of complicated +so let me deconstruct them for you it'll + + align:start position:0% +so let me deconstruct them for you it'll + + + align:start position:0% +so let me deconstruct them for you it'll +make life a lot easier so they're too + + align:start position:0% +make life a lot easier so they're too + + + align:start position:0% +make life a lot easier so they're too +familiar building blocks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and one new one so the familiar building + + align:start position:0% +and one new one so the familiar building + + + align:start position:0% +and one new one so the familiar building +blocks are first of all carbohydrates so + + align:start position:0% +blocks are first of all carbohydrates so + + + align:start position:0% +blocks are first of all carbohydrates so +the key carbohydrate in nucleic acid is + + align:start position:0% +the key carbohydrate in nucleic acid is + + + align:start position:0% +the key carbohydrate in nucleic acid is +a five carbon pentose sugar which looks + + align:start position:0% +a five carbon pentose sugar which looks + + + align:start position:0% +a five carbon pentose sugar which looks +like this you can count the carbons four + + align:start position:0% +like this you can count the carbons four + + + align:start position:0% +like this you can count the carbons four +and five and you can reassure yourselves + + align:start position:0% +and five and you can reassure yourselves + + + align:start position:0% +and five and you can reassure yourselves +everything is there with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +everything is there with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +everything is there with respect to the +carbons by translating this line angle + + align:start position:0% +carbons by translating this line angle + + + align:start position:0% +carbons by translating this line angle +drawing into a drawing where you put all + + align:start position:0% +drawing into a drawing where you put all + + + align:start position:0% +drawing into a drawing where you put all +the hydrogen's on and you know where + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen's on and you know where + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen's on and you know where +everything is there are two types of + + align:start position:0% +everything is there are two types of + + + align:start position:0% +everything is there are two types of +five carbon pentoses that are used in + + align:start position:0% +five carbon pentoses that are used in + + + align:start position:0% +five carbon pentoses that are used in +the nucleic acid + + align:start position:0% +the nucleic acid + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleic acid +they are ribose which is shown here with + + align:start position:0% +they are ribose which is shown here with + + + align:start position:0% +they are ribose which is shown here with +all oh s on all of those carbons and two + + align:start position:0% +all oh s on all of those carbons and two + + + align:start position:0% +all oh s on all of those carbons and two +deoxy ribose which is a building block + + align:start position:0% +deoxy ribose which is a building block + + + align:start position:0% +deoxy ribose which is a building block +of DNA whereas ribose is a building + + align:start position:0% +of DNA whereas ribose is a building + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA whereas ribose is a building +block of RNA what else do I need to tell + + align:start position:0% +block of RNA what else do I need to tell + + + align:start position:0% +block of RNA what else do I need to tell +you you'll see this later on that ribose + + align:start position:0% +you you'll see this later on that ribose + + + align:start position:0% +you you'll see this later on that ribose +sugar ends up being connected to these + + align:start position:0% +sugar ends up being connected to these + + + align:start position:0% +sugar ends up being connected to these +what are known as nucleo bases you don't + + align:start position:0% +what are known as nucleo bases you don't + + + align:start position:0% +what are known as nucleo bases you don't +do not necessarily need to draw those + + align:start position:0% +do not necessarily need to draw those + + + align:start position:0% +do not necessarily need to draw those +because you've got them on your handouts + + align:start position:0% +because you've got them on your handouts + + + align:start position:0% +because you've got them on your handouts +to put sketches on so I put them on the + + align:start position:0% +to put sketches on so I put them on the + + + align:start position:0% +to put sketches on so I put them on the +board for my so I don't have to stand + + align:start position:0% +board for my so I don't have to stand + + + align:start position:0% +board for my so I don't have to stand +here and draw them for you and I want to + + align:start position:0% +here and draw them for you and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +here and draw them for you and I want to +explain certain things so the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +explain certain things so the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +explain certain things so the nuclear +bases in the numbering system and I'm + + align:start position:0% +bases in the numbering system and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bases in the numbering system and I'm +gonna keep on reiterating this so you'll + + align:start position:0% +gonna keep on reiterating this so you'll + + + align:start position:0% +gonna keep on reiterating this so you'll +get familiar with it number the carbons + + align:start position:0% +get familiar with it number the carbons + + + align:start position:0% +get familiar with it number the carbons +1 through + + align:start position:0% +1 through + + + align:start position:0% +1 through +whatever it is so rather than numbers + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is so rather than numbers + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is so rather than numbers +when you're walking around the ring so + + align:start position:0% +when you're walking around the ring so + + + align:start position:0% +when you're walking around the ring so +when we talk about the ribose component + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about the ribose component + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about the ribose component +they have what's known as a prime number + + align:start position:0% +they have what's known as a prime number + + + align:start position:0% +they have what's known as a prime number +to differentiate it from the numbering + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate it from the numbering + + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate it from the numbering +system in the ribose asst so this would + + align:start position:0% +system in the ribose asst so this would + + + align:start position:0% +system in the ribose asst so this would +be one prime two prime three prime four + + align:start position:0% +be one prime two prime three prime four + + + align:start position:0% +be one prime two prime three prime four +prime at five right why is that this + + align:start position:0% +prime at five right why is that this + + + align:start position:0% +prime at five right why is that this +becomes incredibly important when we + + align:start position:0% +becomes incredibly important when we + + + align:start position:0% +becomes incredibly important when we +talk about putting together polymers of + + align:start position:0% +talk about putting together polymers of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about putting together polymers of +DNA and the direction in which DNA is + + align:start position:0% +DNA and the direction in which DNA is + + + align:start position:0% +DNA and the direction in which DNA is +assembled in life and also even when we + + align:start position:0% +assembled in life and also even when we + + + align:start position:0% +assembled in life and also even when we +describe to deoxyribose or ribose + + align:start position:0% +describe to deoxyribose or ribose + + + align:start position:0% +describe to deoxyribose or ribose +because this would be called two prime + + align:start position:0% +because this would be called two prime + + + align:start position:0% +because this would be called two prime +deoxyribose in the nucleic acid so I'm + + align:start position:0% +deoxyribose in the nucleic acid so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +deoxyribose in the nucleic acid so I'm +gonna bore you with that numbering + + align:start position:0% +gonna bore you with that numbering + + + align:start position:0% +gonna bore you with that numbering +system because I'll start to use it very + + align:start position:0% +system because I'll start to use it very + + + align:start position:0% +system because I'll start to use it very +commonly and it will make a lot of sense + + align:start position:0% +commonly and it will make a lot of sense + + + align:start position:0% +commonly and it will make a lot of sense +as we start to assemble the DNA macro + + align:start position:0% +as we start to assemble the DNA macro + + + align:start position:0% +as we start to assemble the DNA macro +molecule when we talk about the way it's + + align:start position:0% +molecule when we talk about the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +molecule when we talk about the way it's +built and drawn and written the + + align:start position:0% +built and drawn and written the + + + align:start position:0% +built and drawn and written the +numbering system will important because + + align:start position:0% +numbering system will important because + + + align:start position:0% +numbering system will important because +we'll constantly refer to five-prime and + + align:start position:0% +we'll constantly refer to five-prime and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll constantly refer to five-prime and +three-prime that's just a little preview + + align:start position:0% +three-prime that's just a little preview + + + align:start position:0% +three-prime that's just a little preview +for later the next component of the + + align:start position:0% +for later the next component of the + + + align:start position:0% +for later the next component of the +nucleic acid is a phosphate thus first + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid is a phosphate thus first + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid is a phosphate thus first +looks like this but in nucleic in + + align:start position:0% +looks like this but in nucleic in + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this but in nucleic in +nucleotides these are joined to other + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides these are joined to other + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides these are joined to other +units as phosphor esters but you want to + + align:start position:0% +units as phosphor esters but you want to + + + align:start position:0% +units as phosphor esters but you want to +remember that in phosphorus you have 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +remember that in phosphorus you have 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +remember that in phosphorus you have 1 2 +3 4 5 bonds to phosphorous and you + + align:start position:0% +3 4 5 bonds to phosphorous and you + + + align:start position:0% +3 4 5 bonds to phosphorous and you +commonly have a negative charge on one + + align:start position:0% +commonly have a negative charge on one + + + align:start position:0% +commonly have a negative charge on one +of those oxygens and in the structure of + + align:start position:0% +of those oxygens and in the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +of those oxygens and in the structure of +DNA + + align:start position:0% +DNA + + + align:start position:0% +DNA +you actually have foster phosphates + + align:start position:0% +you actually have foster phosphates + + + align:start position:0% +you actually have foster phosphates +occurring as phosphodiesters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you once again you will see that + + align:start position:0% +and you once again you will see that + + + align:start position:0% +and you once again you will see that +when we see the intact structure of DNA + + align:start position:0% +when we see the intact structure of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +when we see the intact structure of DNA +so what a nucleotides nucleotides are a + + align:start position:0% +so what a nucleotides nucleotides are a + + + align:start position:0% +so what a nucleotides nucleotides are a +combination of a carbohydrate of + + align:start position:0% +combination of a carbohydrate of + + + align:start position:0% +combination of a carbohydrate of +carbohydrate or a sugar a phosphate and + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrate or a sugar a phosphate and + + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrate or a sugar a phosphate and +a nuclear base that's the third + + align:start position:0% +a nuclear base that's the third + + + align:start position:0% +a nuclear base that's the third +component the one we're going to learn + + align:start position:0% +component the one we're going to learn + + + align:start position:0% +component the one we're going to learn +about now so the the nuclear bases look + + align:start position:0% +about now so the the nuclear bases look + + + align:start position:0% +about now so the the nuclear bases look +like this there are two families two + + align:start position:0% +like this there are two families two + + + align:start position:0% +like this there are two families two +flavors of nuclear base there is one + + align:start position:0% +flavors of nuclear base there is one + + + align:start position:0% +flavors of nuclear base there is one +flavor just cleaned up a little bit here + + align:start position:0% +flavor just cleaned up a little bit here + + + align:start position:0% +flavor just cleaned up a little bit here +that has two rings and it has the + + align:start position:0% +that has two rings and it has the + + + align:start position:0% +that has two rings and it has the +shorter name purine and there's a + + align:start position:0% +shorter name purine and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +shorter name purine and there's a +different family or flavor of nuclear + + align:start position:0% +different family or flavor of nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +different family or flavor of nuclear +bases that has one ring and it has the + + align:start position:0% +bases that has one ring and it has the + + + align:start position:0% +bases that has one ring and it has the +bigger name and that to this day is the + + align:start position:0% +bigger name and that to this day is the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger name and that to this day is the +way I remember purines and pyrimidines + + align:start position:0% +way I remember purines and pyrimidines + + + align:start position:0% +way I remember purines and pyrimidines +small name big structure big name small + + align:start position:0% +small name big structure big name small + + + align:start position:0% +small name big structure big name small +structure okay if that's helpful to you + + align:start position:0% +structure okay if that's helpful to you + + + align:start position:0% +structure okay if that's helpful to you +go for it use it I haven't patented it + + align:start position:0% +go for it use it I haven't patented it + + + align:start position:0% +go for it use it I haven't patented it +or anything all right okay so in nucleic + + align:start position:0% +or anything all right okay so in nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +or anything all right okay so in nucleic +acids there are two different purines + + align:start position:0% +acids there are two different purines + + + align:start position:0% +acids there are two different purines +they are known as adenine and guanine + + align:start position:0% +they are known as adenine and guanine + + + align:start position:0% +they are known as adenine and guanine +you do not need to know these structures + + align:start position:0% +you do not need to know these structures + + + align:start position:0% +you do not need to know these structures +I actually only know my favorite three + + align:start position:0% +I actually only know my favorite three + + + align:start position:0% +I actually only know my favorite three +of the five to draw easily and the other + + align:start position:0% +of the five to draw easily and the other + + + align:start position:0% +of the five to draw easily and the other +two I'm always stumbling around the ring + + align:start position:0% +two I'm always stumbling around the ring + + + align:start position:0% +two I'm always stumbling around the ring +so don't worry about that we all get to + + align:start position:0% +so don't worry about that we all get to + + + align:start position:0% +so don't worry about that we all get to +know the ones we work with every day for + + align:start position:0% +know the ones we work with every day for + + + align:start position:0% +know the ones we work with every day for +me it's uracil its adenine and it's + + align:start position:0% +me it's uracil its adenine and it's + + + align:start position:0% +me it's uracil its adenine and it's +cytosine but not the others okay but + + align:start position:0% +cytosine but not the others okay but + + + align:start position:0% +cytosine but not the others okay but +what you do need to understand is a + + align:start position:0% +what you do need to understand is a + + + align:start position:0% +what you do need to understand is a +little bit about their structures + + align:start position:0% +little bit about their structures + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about their structures +because when we start to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +because when we start to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +because when we start to talk about the +non-covalent structure of nucleic acids + + align:start position:0% +non-covalent structure of nucleic acids + + + align:start position:0% +non-covalent structure of nucleic acids +for instantly the double stranded helix + + align:start position:0% +for instantly the double stranded helix + + + align:start position:0% +for instantly the double stranded helix +of DNA we need to know where the + + align:start position:0% +of DNA we need to know where the + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA we need to know where the +hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are +in these structures so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +in these structures so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +in these structures so if you want to +indulge me you can take a look at these + + align:start position:0% +indulge me you can take a look at these + + + align:start position:0% +indulge me you can take a look at these +structures this hydrogen would be a + + align:start position:0% +structures this hydrogen would be a + + + align:start position:0% +structures this hydrogen would be a +donor right you can see that it's a + + align:start position:0% +donor right you can see that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +donor right you can see that it's a +hydrogen on a nitrogen this nitrogen is + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen on a nitrogen this nitrogen is + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen on a nitrogen this nitrogen is +interesting it has one two three bonds + + align:start position:0% +interesting it has one two three bonds + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it has one two three bonds +to nitrogen which means there are a lone + + align:start position:0% +to nitrogen which means there are a lone + + + align:start position:0% +to nitrogen which means there are a lone +pair of electrons also on that ring + + align:start position:0% +pair of electrons also on that ring + + + align:start position:0% +pair of electrons also on that ring +systems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that would be a hydrogen bond + + align:start position:0% +so that would be a hydrogen bond + + + align:start position:0% +so that would be a hydrogen bond +acceptor and the adenine nuclear base + + align:start position:0% +acceptor and the adenine nuclear base + + + align:start position:0% +acceptor and the adenine nuclear base +can accept and give a pair of hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +can accept and give a pair of hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +can accept and give a pair of hydrogen +bonds and you can work that out for all + + align:start position:0% +bonds and you can work that out for all + + + align:start position:0% +bonds and you can work that out for all +of the others + + align:start position:0% +of the others + + + align:start position:0% +of the others +so in guanine there is an acceptor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another acceptor the donor and so on so + + align:start position:0% +another acceptor the donor and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +another acceptor the donor and so on so +those rings in the nuclear bases are + + align:start position:0% +those rings in the nuclear bases are + + + align:start position:0% +those rings in the nuclear bases are +very important because they have places + + align:start position:0% +very important because they have places + + + align:start position:0% +very important because they have places +that you can hydrogen bond to now is + + align:start position:0% +that you can hydrogen bond to now is + + + align:start position:0% +that you can hydrogen bond to now is +everyone feeling comfortable about this + + align:start position:0% +everyone feeling comfortable about this + + + align:start position:0% +everyone feeling comfortable about this +does anyone want to ask me a question + + align:start position:0% +does anyone want to ask me a question + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone want to ask me a question +that might help clarify because it's + + align:start position:0% +that might help clarify because it's + + + align:start position:0% +that might help clarify because it's +quite a bit yeah do you have a question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry uracil these are all up these all + + align:start position:0% +sorry uracil these are all up these all + + + align:start position:0% +sorry uracil these are all up these all +I'm sorry these all these nuclear bases + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry these all these nuclear bases + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry these all these nuclear bases +have fancy names okay so so far I've + + align:start position:0% +have fancy names okay so so far I've + + + align:start position:0% +have fancy names okay so so far I've +shown you the structure of adenine + + align:start position:0% +shown you the structure of adenine + + + align:start position:0% +shown you the structure of adenine +guanine cytosine and thymine uracil + + align:start position:0% +guanine cytosine and thymine uracil + + + align:start position:0% +guanine cytosine and thymine uracil +which is not drawn on the board is very + + align:start position:0% +which is not drawn on the board is very + + + align:start position:0% +which is not drawn on the board is very +similar to Phi mean except this methyl + + align:start position:0% +similar to Phi mean except this methyl + + + align:start position:0% +similar to Phi mean except this methyl +group is a hydrogen okay knowing the + + align:start position:0% +group is a hydrogen okay knowing the + + + align:start position:0% +group is a hydrogen okay knowing the +names is also complicated I really care + + align:start position:0% +names is also complicated I really care + + + align:start position:0% +names is also complicated I really care +that you understand hydrogen bonding + + align:start position:0% +that you understand hydrogen bonding + + + align:start position:0% +that you understand hydrogen bonding +patterns not to draw the whole + + align:start position:0% +patterns not to draw the whole + + + align:start position:0% +patterns not to draw the whole +structures but to identify hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +structures but to identify hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +structures but to identify hydrogen +bonding patterns not to remember fancy + + align:start position:0% +bonding patterns not to remember fancy + + + align:start position:0% +bonding patterns not to remember fancy +names because there's no logic to those + + align:start position:0% +names because there's no logic to those + + + align:start position:0% +names because there's no logic to those +names but really to remember ribose + + align:start position:0% +names but really to remember ribose + + + align:start position:0% +names but really to remember ribose +deoxyribose phosphate and + + align:start position:0% +deoxyribose phosphate and + + + align:start position:0% +deoxyribose phosphate and +phosphodiesters purines and pyrimidines + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiesters purines and pyrimidines + + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiesters purines and pyrimidines +just the sizes of them to pick them out + + align:start position:0% +just the sizes of them to pick them out + + + align:start position:0% +just the sizes of them to pick them out +does that make sense what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense what I want you to +know and what you can remember if you + + align:start position:0% +know and what you can remember if you + + + align:start position:0% +know and what you can remember if you +think it's interesting okay all right + + align:start position:0% +think it's interesting okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +think it's interesting okay all right +now in nature we use nucleic we use the + + align:start position:0% +now in nature we use nucleic we use the + + + align:start position:0% +now in nature we use nucleic we use the +nucleotide building blocks or the + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide building blocks or the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide building blocks or the +nucleotides in many different ways it's + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides in many different ways it's + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides in many different ways it's +not just in DNA and RNA and so here I'm + + align:start position:0% +not just in DNA and RNA and so here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +not just in DNA and RNA and so here I'm +showing you some really important + + align:start position:0% +showing you some really important + + + align:start position:0% +showing you some really important +nucleotides that are found in nature + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides that are found in nature + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides that are found in nature +and I'll give you a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +and I'll give you a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll give you a little bit of +information about their signaling so + + align:start position:0% +information about their signaling so + + + align:start position:0% +information about their signaling so +here are the building the components + + align:start position:0% +here are the building the components + + + align:start position:0% +here are the building the components +that you can pick out there is a in this + + align:start position:0% +that you can pick out there is a in this + + + align:start position:0% +that you can pick out there is a in this +case a ribose sugar in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +case a ribose sugar in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +case a ribose sugar in this case it's +phosphate but it's a phosphite triester + + align:start position:0% +phosphate but it's a phosphite triester + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate but it's a phosphite triester +so it's got three phosphates in a row + + align:start position:0% +so it's got three phosphates in a row + + + align:start position:0% +so it's got three phosphates in a row +and here's a nuclear base which is a + + align:start position:0% +and here's a nuclear base which is a + + + align:start position:0% +and here's a nuclear base which is a +purine and this is adenosine + + align:start position:0% +purine and this is adenosine + + + align:start position:0% +purine and this is adenosine +triphosphate so it's one of the bases + + align:start position:0% +triphosphate so it's one of the bases + + + align:start position:0% +triphosphate so it's one of the bases +that one of the nucleotides that used in + + align:start position:0% +that one of the nucleotides that used in + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the nucleotides that used in +energy energy transfer in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +energy energy transfer in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +energy energy transfer in a lot of +metabolic processes we use ATP as a + + align:start position:0% +metabolic processes we use ATP as a + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic processes we use ATP as a +molecule that can you that has energy + + align:start position:0% +molecule that can you that has energy + + + align:start position:0% +molecule that can you that has energy +that can be unlocked for chemical + + align:start position:0% +that can be unlocked for chemical + + + align:start position:0% +that can be unlocked for chemical +processes there's another one of these + + align:start position:0% +processes there's another one of these + + + align:start position:0% +processes there's another one of these +which is guanosine triphosphate whether + + align:start position:0% +which is guanosine triphosphate whether + + + align:start position:0% +which is guanosine triphosphate whether +the nuclear base is different they're + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear base is different they're + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear base is different they're +both purines but they have different + + align:start position:0% +both purines but they have different + + + align:start position:0% +both purines but they have different +structures you can see them there and + + align:start position:0% +structures you can see them there and + + + align:start position:0% +structures you can see them there and +then finally the last one I show you + + align:start position:0% +then finally the last one I show you + + + align:start position:0% +then finally the last one I show you +here is an is a nucleotide that has a + + align:start position:0% +here is an is a nucleotide that has a + + + align:start position:0% +here is an is a nucleotide that has a +cyclic phosphate but it still has a + + align:start position:0% +cyclic phosphate but it still has a + + + align:start position:0% +cyclic phosphate but it still has a +nuclear base a ribose and a phosphate + + align:start position:0% +nuclear base a ribose and a phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear base a ribose and a phosphate +and this is cyclic ANP and when we when + + align:start position:0% +and this is cyclic ANP and when we when + + + align:start position:0% +and this is cyclic ANP and when we when +I come back after professor Martinez + + align:start position:0% +I come back after professor Martinez + + + align:start position:0% +I come back after professor Martinez +taught we'll talk about the role of + + align:start position:0% +taught we'll talk about the role of + + + align:start position:0% +taught we'll talk about the role of +cycling campi as a second messenger so + + align:start position:0% +cycling campi as a second messenger so + + + align:start position:0% +cycling campi as a second messenger so +these two molecules in addition to being + + align:start position:0% +these two molecules in addition to being + + + align:start position:0% +these two molecules in addition to being +building blocks for DNA and RNA also a + + align:start position:0% +building blocks for DNA and RNA also a + + + align:start position:0% +building blocks for DNA and RNA also a +forms of energy where you can use ATP or + + align:start position:0% +forms of energy where you can use ATP or + + + align:start position:0% +forms of energy where you can use ATP or +GTP as a form of energy in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +GTP as a form of energy in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +GTP as a form of energy in a lot of +metabolic processes and in fact though + + align:start position:0% +metabolic processes and in fact though + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic processes and in fact though +when we start constructing proteins + + align:start position:0% +when we start constructing proteins + + + align:start position:0% +when we start constructing proteins +using the ribosomal system you'll notice + + align:start position:0% +using the ribosomal system you'll notice + + + align:start position:0% +using the ribosomal system you'll notice +we use gtp as a form of energy not ATP + + align:start position:0% +we use gtp as a form of energy not ATP + + + align:start position:0% +we use gtp as a form of energy not ATP +it's interesting how nature chooses to + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting how nature chooses to + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting how nature chooses to +do that any questions about this okay + + align:start position:0% +do that any questions about this okay + + + align:start position:0% +do that any questions about this okay +all right one tiny wrinkle left to deal + + align:start position:0% +all right one tiny wrinkle left to deal + + + align:start position:0% +all right one tiny wrinkle left to deal +with and that's a little bit more about + + align:start position:0% +with and that's a little bit more about + + + align:start position:0% +with and that's a little bit more about +those building blocks for the nucleic + + align:start position:0% +those building blocks for the nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +those building blocks for the nucleic +acid one more item that it's useful to + + align:start position:0% +acid one more item that it's useful to + + + align:start position:0% +acid one more item that it's useful to +understand the name of so here are the + + align:start position:0% +understand the name of so here are the + + + align:start position:0% +understand the name of so here are the +five nuclear bases two purines and three + + align:start position:0% +five nuclear bases two purines and three + + + align:start position:0% +five nuclear bases two purines and three +pyrimidine x' in DNA we have a tea + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidine x' in DNA we have a tea + + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidine x' in DNA we have a tea +nc so a T G and C so we have different + + align:start position:0% +nc so a T G and C so we have different + + + align:start position:0% +nc so a T G and C so we have different +building blocks one three of the three + + align:start position:0% +building blocks one three of the three + + + align:start position:0% +building blocks one three of the three +are common to both polymers one is + + align:start position:0% +are common to both polymers one is + + + align:start position:0% +are common to both polymers one is +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +uracil and thymine are exchanged when + + align:start position:0% +uracil and thymine are exchanged when + + + align:start position:0% +uracil and thymine are exchanged when +you go from DNA to RNA the pyrimidines a + + align:start position:0% +you go from DNA to RNA the pyrimidines a + + + align:start position:0% +you go from DNA to RNA the pyrimidines a +cytosine uracil and thymine and in RNA + + align:start position:0% +cytosine uracil and thymine and in RNA + + + align:start position:0% +cytosine uracil and thymine and in RNA +you have a u G and C so there are + + align:start position:0% +you have a u G and C so there are + + + align:start position:0% +you have a u G and C so there are +reasons for these differences and I'll + + align:start position:0% +reasons for these differences and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +reasons for these differences and I'll +get a nudge into some of those chemical + + align:start position:0% +get a nudge into some of those chemical + + + align:start position:0% +get a nudge into some of those chemical +differences in a moment so that what the + + align:start position:0% +differences in a moment so that what the + + + align:start position:0% +differences in a moment so that what the +information up there is the same + + align:start position:0% +information up there is the same + + + align:start position:0% +information up there is the same +information that I have on this board + + align:start position:0% +information that I have on this board + + + align:start position:0% +information that I have on this board +the next thing I need to talk to you is + + align:start position:0% +the next thing I need to talk to you is + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing I need to talk to you is +we very commonly use the term two terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nucleoside and a nucleotide how + + align:start position:0% +nucleoside and a nucleotide how + + + align:start position:0% +nucleoside and a nucleotide how +irritating is that the nucleoside is + + align:start position:0% +irritating is that the nucleoside is + + + align:start position:0% +irritating is that the nucleoside is +just the ribose plus the nuclear base + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but no phosphates okay as soon as you + + align:start position:0% +but no phosphates okay as soon as you + + + align:start position:0% +but no phosphates okay as soon as you +put on phosphates they become + + align:start position:0% +put on phosphates they become + + + align:start position:0% +put on phosphates they become +nucleotides so for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nucleobase ribose and in this case a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phosphate on it and that becomes a + + align:start position:0% +phosphate on it and that becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate on it and that becomes a +nucleotide no matter how many phosphates + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide no matter how many phosphates + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide no matter how many phosphates +they are it's called a nucleotide I'm + + align:start position:0% +they are it's called a nucleotide I'm + + + align:start position:0% +they are it's called a nucleotide I'm +less concerned that you remember that + + align:start position:0% +less concerned that you remember that + + + align:start position:0% +less concerned that you remember that +nomenclature more that you know what + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature more that you know what + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature more that you know what +it's all about because otherwise it + + align:start position:0% +it's all about because otherwise it + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about because otherwise it +might become a little bit confusing so + + align:start position:0% +might become a little bit confusing so + + + align:start position:0% +might become a little bit confusing so +just remember if you can remember that + + align:start position:0% +just remember if you can remember that + + + align:start position:0% +just remember if you can remember that +but I've I think I've tried to define + + align:start position:0% +but I've I think I've tried to define + + + align:start position:0% +but I've I think I've tried to define +the things I would like you to remember + + align:start position:0% +the things I would like you to remember + + + align:start position:0% +the things I would like you to remember +the building blocks their numbering + + align:start position:0% +the building blocks their numbering + + + align:start position:0% +the building blocks their numbering +system the phosphodiester linkages and + + align:start position:0% +system the phosphodiester linkages and + + + align:start position:0% +system the phosphodiester linkages and +the nuclear bases as far as + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear bases as far as + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear bases as far as +understanding where donors and acceptors + + align:start position:0% +understanding where donors and acceptors + + + align:start position:0% +understanding where donors and acceptors +are for hydrogen bonding all right okay + + align:start position:0% +are for hydrogen bonding all right okay + + + align:start position:0% +are for hydrogen bonding all right okay +and there's one thing so we call that a + + align:start position:0% +and there's one thing so we call that a + + + align:start position:0% +and there's one thing so we call that a +nucleoside whereas we call it a + + align:start position:0% +nucleoside whereas we call it a + + + align:start position:0% +nucleoside whereas we call it a +nucleotide when it includes the + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide when it includes the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotide when it includes the +phosphates and there's one thing that + + align:start position:0% +phosphates and there's one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +phosphates and there's one thing that +you want to notice is that the bond from + + align:start position:0% +you want to notice is that the bond from + + + align:start position:0% +you want to notice is that the bond from +the nuclear base to the ribose is a + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear base to the ribose is a + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear base to the ribose is a +glycoside bond it's a bond to a + + align:start position:0% +glycoside bond it's a bond to a + + + align:start position:0% +glycoside bond it's a bond to a +carbohydrate so that's why it's called a + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrate so that's why it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +carbohydrate so that's why it's called a +glycoside bond there are glycoside Aizaz + + align:start position:0% +glycoside bond there are glycoside Aizaz + + + align:start position:0% +glycoside bond there are glycoside Aizaz +that cleave the bond from the base to + + align:start position:0% +that cleave the bond from the base to + + + align:start position:0% +that cleave the bond from the base to +the sugar those are very important when + + align:start position:0% +the sugar those are very important when + + + align:start position:0% +the sugar those are very important when +we have mutations in our DNA and we want + + align:start position:0% +we have mutations in our DNA and we want + + + align:start position:0% +we have mutations in our DNA and we want +to cut out the sugar to fix it so it + + align:start position:0% +to cut out the sugar to fix it so it + + + align:start position:0% +to cut out the sugar to fix it so it +doesn't get misread in the biosynthesis + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get misread in the biosynthesis + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get misread in the biosynthesis +of DNA in the biosynthesis of messenger + + align:start position:0% +of DNA in the biosynthesis of messenger + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA in the biosynthesis of messenger +RNA so that bond is important we may + + align:start position:0% +RNA so that bond is important we may + + + align:start position:0% +RNA so that bond is important we may +often talk about it + + align:start position:0% +often talk about it + + + align:start position:0% +often talk about it +but only when we get to learning about + + align:start position:0% +but only when we get to learning about + + + align:start position:0% +but only when we get to learning about +how DNA sequences are corrected if there + + align:start position:0% +how DNA sequences are corrected if there + + + align:start position:0% +how DNA sequences are corrected if there +are mistakes in those sequences and that + + align:start position:0% +are mistakes in those sequences and that + + + align:start position:0% +are mistakes in those sequences and that +will be later on okay so let's start to + + align:start position:0% +will be later on okay so let's start to + + + align:start position:0% +will be later on okay so let's start to +now look at the polymers now I want to + + align:start position:0% +now look at the polymers now I want to + + + align:start position:0% +now look at the polymers now I want to +tell you that by the early 1900's people + + align:start position:0% +tell you that by the early 1900's people + + + align:start position:0% +tell you that by the early 1900's people +pretty much knew the structure the + + align:start position:0% +pretty much knew the structure the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much knew the structure the +non-covalent structure of DNA and I'll + + align:start position:0% +non-covalent structure of DNA and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +non-covalent structure of DNA and I'll +describe it to you now DNA is made up of + + align:start position:0% +describe it to you now DNA is made up of + + + align:start position:0% +describe it to you now DNA is made up of +nucleotides and this is its basic + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides and this is its basic + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides and this is its basic +structure where you have a + + align:start position:0% +structure where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +structure where you have a +phosphodiester backbone linking ribose + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester backbone linking ribose + + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester backbone linking ribose +each of those ribose iziz modified with + + align:start position:0% +each of those ribose iziz modified with + + + align:start position:0% +each of those ribose iziz modified with +a purine or pyrimidine and that is the + + align:start position:0% +a purine or pyrimidine and that is the + + + align:start position:0% +a purine or pyrimidine and that is the +basic structure of a nucleic acid + + align:start position:0% +basic structure of a nucleic acid + + + align:start position:0% +basic structure of a nucleic acid +polymer only it's very very very very + + align:start position:0% +polymer only it's very very very very + + + align:start position:0% +polymer only it's very very very very +long so let's take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +long so let's take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +long so let's take a look at the +components here look at the bonds and + + align:start position:0% +components here look at the bonds and + + + align:start position:0% +components here look at the bonds and +you know maybe on your notes just + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe on your notes just + + + align:start position:0% +you know maybe on your notes just +highlight the bonds and some of the + + align:start position:0% +highlight the bonds and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +highlight the bonds and some of the +things I'll talk about so first of all + + align:start position:0% +things I'll talk about so first of all + + + align:start position:0% +things I'll talk about so first of all +the numbering system here we always talk + + align:start position:0% +the numbering system here we always talk + + + align:start position:0% +the numbering system here we always talk +about nucleic acid and we describe the + + align:start position:0% +about nucleic acid and we describe the + + + align:start position:0% +about nucleic acid and we describe the +sequence of the nucleic acid based on + + align:start position:0% +sequence of the nucleic acid based on + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of the nucleic acid based on +from 5 prime to 3 prime because the + + align:start position:0% +from 5 prime to 3 prime because the + + + align:start position:0% +from 5 prime to 3 prime because the +phosphodiester bonds join the 5 prime + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester bonds join the 5 prime + + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester bonds join the 5 prime +there should be a number there and the 3 + + align:start position:0% +there should be a number there and the 3 + + + align:start position:0% +there should be a number there and the 3 +prime site so the linkage would be here + + align:start position:0% +prime site so the linkage would be here + + + align:start position:0% +prime site so the linkage would be here +would be 5 Prime and three prime joining + + align:start position:0% +would be 5 Prime and three prime joining + + + align:start position:0% +would be 5 Prime and three prime joining +to the to the ribose molecules so the + + align:start position:0% +to the to the ribose molecules so the + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the ribose molecules so the +architecture of that nucleic acid is a + + align:start position:0% +architecture of that nucleic acid is a + + + align:start position:0% +architecture of that nucleic acid is a +polymer that includes a phosphodiester + + align:start position:0% +polymer that includes a phosphodiester + + + align:start position:0% +polymer that includes a phosphodiester +backbone linked by phosphate esters + + align:start position:0% +backbone linked by phosphate esters + + + align:start position:0% +backbone linked by phosphate esters +that's one phosphate ester that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's one phosphate ester that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's one phosphate ester that's the +other one on two of the OHS of the + + align:start position:0% +other one on two of the OHS of the + + + align:start position:0% +other one on two of the OHS of the +ribose sugar when this is DNA there's no + + align:start position:0% +ribose sugar when this is DNA there's no + + + align:start position:0% +ribose sugar when this is DNA there's no +o H group at that carbon site that would + + align:start position:0% +o H group at that carbon site that would + + + align:start position:0% +o H group at that carbon site that would +be the two prime site you can see you + + align:start position:0% +be the two prime site you can see you + + + align:start position:0% +be the two prime site you can see you +can pick straight out that this is DNA + + align:start position:0% +can pick straight out that this is DNA + + + align:start position:0% +can pick straight out that this is DNA +the sequence is then defined by what the + + align:start position:0% +the sequence is then defined by what the + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence is then defined by what the +identity of the bases here so this would + + align:start position:0% +identity of the bases here so this would + + + align:start position:0% +identity of the bases here so this would +be guanine adenine thymine on that + + align:start position:0% +be guanine adenine thymine on that + + + align:start position:0% +be guanine adenine thymine on that +sequence now by convention if we write + + align:start position:0% +sequence now by convention if we write + + + align:start position:0% +sequence now by convention if we write +out this sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the way the sequences are written a 5 + + align:start position:0% +the way the sequences are written a 5 + + + align:start position:0% +the way the sequences are written a 5 +prime to 3 prime direction so if I look + + align:start position:0% +prime to 3 prime direction so if I look + + + align:start position:0% +prime to 3 prime direction so if I look +at that I would be able to name it as an + + align:start position:0% +at that I would be able to name it as an + + + align:start position:0% +at that I would be able to name it as an +a an a G T sequence because we always + + align:start position:0% +a an a G T sequence because we always + + + align:start position:0% +a an a G T sequence because we always +write the sequences 5 prime to 3 prime + + align:start position:0% +write the sequences 5 prime to 3 prime + + + align:start position:0% +write the sequences 5 prime to 3 prime +we can remember that later on because we + + align:start position:0% +we can remember that later on because we + + + align:start position:0% +we can remember that later on because we +actually also build sequences 5 prime to + + align:start position:0% +actually also build sequences 5 prime to + + + align:start position:0% +actually also build sequences 5 prime to +3 prime so there are some conventions in + + align:start position:0% +3 prime so there are some conventions in + + + align:start position:0% +3 prime so there are some conventions in +biology in biochemistry you want to + + align:start position:0% +biology in biochemistry you want to + + + align:start position:0% +biology in biochemistry you want to +remember the by convention we write + + align:start position:0% +remember the by convention we write + + + align:start position:0% +remember the by convention we write +peptides in terminal 2 C terminal but we + + align:start position:0% +peptides in terminal 2 C terminal but we + + + align:start position:0% +peptides in terminal 2 C terminal but we +also build them and to C so that's why + + align:start position:0% +also build them and to C so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +also build them and to C so that's why +the convention is strong and it's good + + align:start position:0% +the convention is strong and it's good + + + align:start position:0% +the convention is strong and it's good +to remember because it can get you out + + align:start position:0% +to remember because it can get you out + + + align:start position:0% +to remember because it can get you out +of a lot of trouble if you remember + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of trouble if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of trouble if you remember +those things now when we are building a + + align:start position:0% +those things now when we are building a + + + align:start position:0% +those things now when we are building a +DNA polymer we grow that sequence you'll + + align:start position:0% +DNA polymer we grow that sequence you'll + + + align:start position:0% +DNA polymer we grow that sequence you'll +see the biochemistry for all of that + + align:start position:0% +see the biochemistry for all of that + + + align:start position:0% +see the biochemistry for all of that +polymerization in the next class it's + + align:start position:0% +polymerization in the next class it's + + + align:start position:0% +polymerization in the next class it's +amazingly cool how the entire contents + + align:start position:0% +amazingly cool how the entire contents + + + align:start position:0% +amazingly cool how the entire contents +of a cell the DNA can be replicated in + + align:start position:0% +of a cell the DNA can be replicated in + + + align:start position:0% +of a cell the DNA can be replicated in +amazing time frames but all through + + align:start position:0% +amazing time frames but all through + + + align:start position:0% +amazing time frames but all through +growing those chains from 5 prime to 3 + + align:start position:0% +growing those chains from 5 prime to 3 + + + align:start position:0% +growing those chains from 5 prime to 3 +prime so when we add another building + + align:start position:0% +prime so when we add another building + + + align:start position:0% +prime so when we add another building +block on we remove a molecule of water + + align:start position:0% +block on we remove a molecule of water + + + align:start position:0% +block on we remove a molecule of water +so that's a condensation reaction and we + + align:start position:0% +so that's a condensation reaction and we + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a condensation reaction and we +form a new phosphodiester bond so in the + + align:start position:0% +form a new phosphodiester bond so in the + + + align:start position:0% +form a new phosphodiester bond so in the +biosynthesis of DNA you keep on adding + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis of DNA you keep on adding + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis of DNA you keep on adding +new nucleotides to the 3 prime end + + align:start position:0% +new nucleotides to the 3 prime end + + + align:start position:0% +new nucleotides to the 3 prime end +there's a chemical reason for that when + + align:start position:0% +there's a chemical reason for that when + + + align:start position:0% +there's a chemical reason for that when +we build DNA we don't just cram the two + + align:start position:0% +we build DNA we don't just cram the two + + + align:start position:0% +we build DNA we don't just cram the two +groups together we rather come in with a + + align:start position:0% +groups together we rather come in with a + + + align:start position:0% +groups together we rather come in with a +triphosphate and use that act + + align:start position:0% +triphosphate and use that act + + + align:start position:0% +triphosphate and use that act +Aveda triphosphate as the new building + + align:start position:0% +Aveda triphosphate as the new building + + + align:start position:0% +Aveda triphosphate as the new building +block and you kick out triphosphate and + + align:start position:0% +block and you kick out triphosphate and + + + align:start position:0% +block and you kick out triphosphate and +you'll see that when we talk about DNA + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that when we talk about DNA + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that when we talk about DNA +synthesis but what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +synthesis but what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis but what I want you to +remember here is this is another + + align:start position:0% +remember here is this is another + + + align:start position:0% +remember here is this is another +condensation reaction we talked about + + align:start position:0% +condensation reaction we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +condensation reaction we talked about +them when making peptides we talked + + align:start position:0% +them when making peptides we talked + + + align:start position:0% +them when making peptides we talked +about them when making carbohydrate + + align:start position:0% +about them when making carbohydrate + + + align:start position:0% +about them when making carbohydrate +polymers and now we're seeing once again + + align:start position:0% +polymers and now we're seeing once again + + + align:start position:0% +polymers and now we're seeing once again +a condensation reaction to make a + + align:start position:0% +a condensation reaction to make a + + + align:start position:0% +a condensation reaction to make a +nucleic acid polymer now the last term + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid polymer now the last term + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid polymer now the last term +that's kind of worth mentioning it is + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of worth mentioning it is + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of worth mentioning it is +the word nucleic acid what's that about + + align:start position:0% +the word nucleic acid what's that about + + + align:start position:0% +the word nucleic acid what's that about +I don't see any carboxylic acids it + + align:start position:0% +I don't see any carboxylic acids it + + + align:start position:0% +I don't see any carboxylic acids it +turns out the polymers of DNA are very + + align:start position:0% +turns out the polymers of DNA are very + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the polymers of DNA are very +acidic because the O H group on those + + align:start position:0% +acidic because the O H group on those + + + align:start position:0% +acidic because the O H group on those +phosphodiester backbone x' is very + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester backbone x' is very + + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester backbone x' is very +acidic so you give up H+ and this is in + + align:start position:0% +acidic so you give up H+ and this is in + + + align:start position:0% +acidic so you give up H+ and this is in +its most stable form as O - so when DNA + + align:start position:0% +its most stable form as O - so when DNA + + + align:start position:0% +its most stable form as O - so when DNA +was first isolated it was isolated from + + align:start position:0% +was first isolated it was isolated from + + + align:start position:0% +was first isolated it was isolated from +white blood cells by isolating the + + align:start position:0% +white blood cells by isolating the + + + align:start position:0% +white blood cells by isolating the +nucleus and it was found that it was a + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and it was found that it was a + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and it was found that it was a +very acidic material packed into the + + align:start position:0% +very acidic material packed into the + + + align:start position:0% +very acidic material packed into the +nucleus that's why it was called nucleic + + align:start position:0% +nucleus that's why it was called nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus that's why it was called nucleic +acid acids in the nucleus before people + + align:start position:0% +acid acids in the nucleus before people + + + align:start position:0% +acid acids in the nucleus before people +even understood anything about the + + align:start position:0% +even understood anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +even understood anything about the +composition it got it garnered that name + + align:start position:0% +composition it got it garnered that name + + + align:start position:0% +composition it got it garnered that name +nucleic acid so we talked about polymers + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid so we talked about polymers + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acid so we talked about polymers +of nucleotides we call them nucleic + + align:start position:0% +of nucleotides we call them nucleic + + + align:start position:0% +of nucleotides we call them nucleic +acids okay all right so then with + + align:start position:0% +acids okay all right so then with + + + align:start position:0% +acids okay all right so then with +respect to writing our sequences we + + align:start position:0% +respect to writing our sequences we + + + align:start position:0% +respect to writing our sequences we +could write them in this way so PD GATC + + align:start position:0% +could write them in this way so PD GATC + + + align:start position:0% +could write them in this way so PD GATC +that would be that structure what do all + + align:start position:0% +that would be that structure what do all + + + align:start position:0% +that would be that structure what do all +the little extra P's Indies stand for + + align:start position:0% +the little extra P's Indies stand for + + + align:start position:0% +the little extra P's Indies stand for +the P stands for whether there's a + + align:start position:0% +the P stands for whether there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the P stands for whether there's a +phosphate at this end the d stands for + + align:start position:0% +phosphate at this end the d stands for + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate at this end the d stands for +whether it's a deoxy sugar as a building + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a deoxy sugar as a building + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a deoxy sugar as a building +block going all the way to the other end + + align:start position:0% +block going all the way to the other end + + + align:start position:0% +block going all the way to the other end +there's no little P at the other end so + + align:start position:0% +there's no little P at the other end so + + + align:start position:0% +there's no little P at the other end so +it means that which is free does + + align:start position:0% +it means that which is free does + + + align:start position:0% +it means that which is free does +everyone understand that shorthand + + align:start position:0% +everyone understand that shorthand + + + align:start position:0% +everyone understand that shorthand +writing there's another way I + + align:start position:0% +writing there's another way I + + + align:start position:0% +writing there's another way I +no this was DNA without needing to put + + align:start position:0% +no this was DNA without needing to put + + + align:start position:0% +no this was DNA without needing to put +deoxy on each of the the building blocks + + align:start position:0% +deoxy on each of the the building blocks + + + align:start position:0% +deoxy on each of the the building blocks +does anyone know how I know immediately + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know how I know immediately + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know how I know immediately +it's a billet it's a stretch of DNA yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's a billet it's a stretch of DNA yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's a billet it's a stretch of DNA yeah +yeah there's no uracil on this I mean + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's no uracil on this I mean + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there's no uracil on this I mean +instead so in the principle as long as + + align:start position:0% +instead so in the principle as long as + + + align:start position:0% +instead so in the principle as long as +there's a chi in there you know it's DNA + + align:start position:0% +there's a chi in there you know it's DNA + + + align:start position:0% +there's a chi in there you know it's DNA +as long as are you in there you know + + align:start position:0% +as long as are you in there you know + + + align:start position:0% +as long as are you in there you know +it's RNA okay all right now let's talk + + align:start position:0% +it's RNA okay all right now let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +it's RNA okay all right now let's talk +about the non covalent structure because + + align:start position:0% +about the non covalent structure because + + + align:start position:0% +about the non covalent structure because +you know I really feel that that's the + + align:start position:0% +you know I really feel that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you know I really feel that that's the +most exciting part of this entire + + align:start position:0% +most exciting part of this entire + + + align:start position:0% +most exciting part of this entire +endeavor because the covalent structure + + align:start position:0% +endeavor because the covalent structure + + + align:start position:0% +endeavor because the covalent structure +really doesn't allow us to understand + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't allow us to understand + + + align:start position:0% +really doesn't allow us to understand +how DNA stores information for building + + align:start position:0% +how DNA stores information for building + + + align:start position:0% +how DNA stores information for building +proteins it doesn't tell us that much + + align:start position:0% +proteins it doesn't tell us that much + + + align:start position:0% +proteins it doesn't tell us that much +about it it just it looks like a cool + + align:start position:0% +about it it just it looks like a cool + + + align:start position:0% +about it it just it looks like a cool +polymer but we can't really understand + + align:start position:0% +polymer but we can't really understand + + + align:start position:0% +polymer but we can't really understand +the details by not looking at the + + align:start position:0% +the details by not looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +the details by not looking at the +covalence of the non covalent structure + + align:start position:0% +covalence of the non covalent structure + + + align:start position:0% +covalence of the non covalent structure +so there was one key piece of + + align:start position:0% +so there was one key piece of + + + align:start position:0% +so there was one key piece of +information and it's called shoggoths + + align:start position:0% +information and it's called shoggoths + + + align:start position:0% +information and it's called shoggoths +data and this piece of scientific + + align:start position:0% +data and this piece of scientific + + + align:start position:0% +data and this piece of scientific +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +ran around the scientific community in + + align:start position:0% +ran around the scientific community in + + + align:start position:0% +ran around the scientific community in +the early 50s because it seemed + + align:start position:0% +the early 50s because it seemed + + + align:start position:0% +the early 50s because it seemed +incredibly important and what Jacques + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important and what Jacques + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly important and what Jacques +data was he collected all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +data was he collected all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +data was he collected all kinds of +organisms and then their nuclei and then + + align:start position:0% +organisms and then their nuclei and then + + + align:start position:0% +organisms and then their nuclei and then +measured or their DNA and then measured + + align:start position:0% +measured or their DNA and then measured + + + align:start position:0% +measured or their DNA and then measured +the ratio between the purines and the + + align:start position:0% +the ratio between the purines and the + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio between the purines and the +pyrimidines okay he measured the ratio + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidines okay he measured the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidines okay he measured the ratio +of the large ones and the small ones of + + align:start position:0% +of the large ones and the small ones of + + + align:start position:0% +of the large ones and the small ones of +the nuclear bases so how many of these + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear bases so how many of these + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclear bases so how many of these +relative to how many of those okay + + align:start position:0% +relative to how many of those okay + + + align:start position:0% +relative to how many of those okay +emori found by looking all across + + align:start position:0% +emori found by looking all across + + + align:start position:0% +emori found by looking all across +organisms from all domains of life is + + align:start position:0% +organisms from all domains of life is + + + align:start position:0% +organisms from all domains of life is +that there was a one-to-one ratio of + + align:start position:0% +that there was a one-to-one ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +that there was a one-to-one ratio of +purine to pyrimidine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that became very interesting because + + align:start position:0% +so that became very interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +so that became very interesting because +what it suggests 'add was that in some + + align:start position:0% +what it suggests 'add was that in some + + + align:start position:0% +what it suggests 'add was that in some +way the non-covalent structure of + + align:start position:0% +way the non-covalent structure of + + + align:start position:0% +way the non-covalent structure of +nucleic acids had some correlation + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids had some correlation + + + align:start position:0% +nucleic acids had some correlation +between the number of the purines and + + align:start position:0% +between the number of the purines and + + + align:start position:0% +between the number of the purines and +the number of the pyrimidines and what + + align:start position:0% +the number of the pyrimidines and what + + + align:start position:0% +the number of the pyrimidines and what +you can imagine is it sounds like we're + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine is it sounds like we're + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine is it sounds like we're +always pairing a small one with a large + + align:start position:0% +always pairing a small one with a large + + + align:start position:0% +always pairing a small one with a large +one by looking at that number so this is + + align:start position:0% +one by looking at that number so this is + + + align:start position:0% +one by looking at that number so this is +really really important because it's + + align:start position:0% +really really important because it's + + + align:start position:0% +really really important because it's +like the light bulb that went on with + + align:start position:0% +like the light bulb that went on with + + + align:start position:0% +like the light bulb that went on with +respect to understanding the structure + + align:start position:0% +respect to understanding the structure + + + align:start position:0% +respect to understanding the structure +of double-stranded DNA so despite all + + align:start position:0% +of double-stranded DNA so despite all + + + align:start position:0% +of double-stranded DNA so despite all +kinds of variations some organisms have + + align:start position:0% +kinds of variations some organisms have + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of variations some organisms have +a lot more GCS some have more ATS but no + + align:start position:0% +a lot more GCS some have more ATS but no + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more GCS some have more ATS but no +matter what's the ratio is always + + align:start position:0% +matter what's the ratio is always + + + align:start position:0% +matter what's the ratio is always +one-to-one and this ultimately led to + + align:start position:0% +one-to-one and this ultimately led to + + + align:start position:0% +one-to-one and this ultimately led to +understanding the non covalent structure + + align:start position:0% +understanding the non covalent structure + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the non covalent structure +of double-stranded DNA because it + + align:start position:0% +of double-stranded DNA because it + + + align:start position:0% +of double-stranded DNA because it +provided clues to how there could be + + align:start position:0% +provided clues to how there could be + + + align:start position:0% +provided clues to how there could be +some way that information was coded but + + align:start position:0% +some way that information was coded but + + + align:start position:0% +some way that information was coded but +then could be replicated now the next + + align:start position:0% +then could be replicated now the next + + + align:start position:0% +then could be replicated now the next +thing that became the clue to the + + align:start position:0% +thing that became the clue to the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that became the clue to the +structure of double-stranded DNA came + + align:start position:0% +structure of double-stranded DNA came + + + align:start position:0% +structure of double-stranded DNA came +from a very talented researcher rosalind + + align:start position:0% +from a very talented researcher rosalind + + + align:start position:0% +from a very talented researcher rosalind +Franklin who sadly died way before her + + align:start position:0% +Franklin who sadly died way before her + + + align:start position:0% +Franklin who sadly died way before her +time of ovarian cancer really in large + + align:start position:0% +time of ovarian cancer really in large + + + align:start position:0% +time of ovarian cancer really in large +part because she spent a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +part because she spent a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +part because she spent a lot of time +near x-ray beams so that would have got + + align:start position:0% +near x-ray beams so that would have got + + + align:start position:0% +near x-ray beams so that would have got +caused mutations to her DNA and she + + align:start position:0% +caused mutations to her DNA and she + + + align:start position:0% +caused mutations to her DNA and she +developed a way to make fibrils of DNA + + align:start position:0% +developed a way to make fibrils of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +developed a way to make fibrils of DNA +that were ordered in us to collect + + align:start position:0% +that were ordered in us to collect + + + align:start position:0% +that were ordered in us to collect +electron diffraction data and that + + align:start position:0% +electron diffraction data and that + + + align:start position:0% +electron diffraction data and that +diffraction data actually gave a clue to + + align:start position:0% +diffraction data actually gave a clue to + + + align:start position:0% +diffraction data actually gave a clue to +some of the dimensions of the + + align:start position:0% +some of the dimensions of the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the dimensions of the +double-stranded DNA structure and it + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA structure and it + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA structure and it +actually was the clue that told the + + align:start position:0% +actually was the clue that told the + + + align:start position:0% +actually was the clue that told the +spacing between the strands of DNA so it + + align:start position:0% +spacing between the strands of DNA so it + + + align:start position:0% +spacing between the strands of DNA so it +really was a piece of information that + + align:start position:0% +really was a piece of information that + + + align:start position:0% +really was a piece of information that +you simply couldn't do without with char + + align:start position:0% +you simply couldn't do without with char + + + align:start position:0% +you simply couldn't do without with char +CAF's data and with this what was called + + align:start position:0% +CAF's data and with this what was called + + + align:start position:0% +CAF's data and with this what was called +photograph 51 it really gave you the + + align:start position:0% +photograph 51 it really gave you the + + + align:start position:0% +photograph 51 it really gave you the +clue and it was really during those + + align:start position:0% +clue and it was really during those + + + align:start position:0% +clue and it was really during those +years the Watson and Crick were + + align:start position:0% +years the Watson and Crick were + + + align:start position:0% +years the Watson and Crick were +desperately model building to try to + + align:start position:0% +desperately model building to try to + + + align:start position:0% +desperately model building to try to +understand the non-covalent + + align:start position:0% +understand the non-covalent + + + align:start position:0% +understand the non-covalent +DNA and once they had those two pieces + + align:start position:0% +DNA and once they had those two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +DNA and once they had those two pieces +of information they could actually put + + align:start position:0% +of information they could actually put + + + align:start position:0% +of information they could actually put +together hand-built models this looks + + align:start position:0% +together hand-built models this looks + + + align:start position:0% +together hand-built models this looks +kind of clunky but I know the room they + + align:start position:0% +kind of clunky but I know the room they + + + align:start position:0% +kind of clunky but I know the room they +took this photo in from my years at + + align:start position:0% +took this photo in from my years at + + + align:start position:0% +took this photo in from my years at +Caltech in fact I can recognize the room + + align:start position:0% +Caltech in fact I can recognize the room + + + align:start position:0% +Caltech in fact I can recognize the room +they built not just little tiny + + align:start position:0% +they built not just little tiny + + + align:start position:0% +they built not just little tiny +molecular models but big molecular + + align:start position:0% +molecular models but big molecular + + + align:start position:0% +molecular models but big molecular +models because so they could make + + align:start position:0% +models because so they could make + + + align:start position:0% +models because so they could make +measurements to say the diffraction data + + align:start position:0% +measurements to say the diffraction data + + + align:start position:0% +measurements to say the diffraction data +told me this was so many nanometers + + align:start position:0% +told me this was so many nanometers + + + align:start position:0% +told me this was so many nanometers +apart and they were able to piece + + align:start position:0% +apart and they were able to piece + + + align:start position:0% +apart and they were able to piece +together the structure of + + align:start position:0% +together the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +together the structure of +double-stranded DNA but I still haven't + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA but I still haven't + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA but I still haven't +shown you how those two strands to get + + align:start position:0% +shown you how those two strands to get + + + align:start position:0% +shown you how those two strands to get +come together it's really intriguing + + align:start position:0% +come together it's really intriguing + + + align:start position:0% +come together it's really intriguing +because at that very same time Linus + + align:start position:0% +because at that very same time Linus + + + align:start position:0% +because at that very same time Linus +Pauling have been done very well with + + align:start position:0% +Pauling have been done very well with + + + align:start position:0% +Pauling have been done very well with +the structure of the Alpha helix and + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the Alpha helix and + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the Alpha helix and +proteins also was trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +proteins also was trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +proteins also was trying to figure out +the structure of DNA but he came up with + + align:start position:0% +the structure of DNA but he came up with + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of DNA but he came up with +a sort of a crazy structure where he + + align:start position:0% +a sort of a crazy structure where he + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of a crazy structure where he +thought that it was a triple stranded + + align:start position:0% +thought that it was a triple stranded + + + align:start position:0% +thought that it was a triple stranded +structure where the base is actually + + align:start position:0% +structure where the base is actually + + + align:start position:0% +structure where the base is actually +stuck out and somehow this triple + + align:start position:0% +stuck out and somehow this triple + + + align:start position:0% +stuck out and somehow this triple +stranded structure coded for replication + + align:start position:0% +stranded structure coded for replication + + + align:start position:0% +stranded structure coded for replication +of DNA now there's a ton of things that + + align:start position:0% +of DNA now there's a ton of things that + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA now there's a ton of things that +are really also about this structure + + align:start position:0% +are really also about this structure + + + align:start position:0% +are really also about this structure +first of all it's a triple stranded but + + align:start position:0% +first of all it's a triple stranded but + + + align:start position:0% +first of all it's a triple stranded but +the other terrible thing is there's so + + align:start position:0% +the other terrible thing is there's so + + + align:start position:0% +the other terrible thing is there's so +many phosphodiesterase in the backbone + + align:start position:0% +many phosphodiesterase in the backbone + + + align:start position:0% +many phosphodiesterase in the backbone +they would have been massive + + align:start position:0% +they would have been massive + + + align:start position:0% +they would have been massive +electrostatic repulsion those sequences + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic repulsion those sequences + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic repulsion those sequences +would want to blow themselves apart + + align:start position:0% +would want to blow themselves apart + + + align:start position:0% +would want to blow themselves apart +because you can't cram that much + + align:start position:0% +because you can't cram that much + + + align:start position:0% +because you can't cram that much +negative all in one place + + align:start position:0% +negative all in one place + + + align:start position:0% +negative all in one place +but it was really intriguing sort of + + align:start position:0% +but it was really intriguing sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but it was really intriguing sort of +sociological phenomena at the time + + align:start position:0% +sociological phenomena at the time + + + align:start position:0% +sociological phenomena at the time +Pauling was a major pacifist and he was + + align:start position:0% +Pauling was a major pacifist and he was + + + align:start position:0% +Pauling was a major pacifist and he was +really really active in nuclear + + align:start position:0% +really really active in nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +really really active in nuclear +disarmament and they said that his mind + + align:start position:0% +disarmament and they said that his mind + + + align:start position:0% +disarmament and they said that his mind +just wasn't on some of this stuff and + + align:start position:0% +just wasn't on some of this stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +just wasn't on some of this stuff and +that this model came out of him really + + align:start position:0% +that this model came out of him really + + + align:start position:0% +that this model came out of him really +worrying about other things and not + + align:start position:0% +worrying about other things and not + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about other things and not +focusing on the DNA structure so let's + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the DNA structure so let's + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on the DNA structure so let's +try to explain + + align:start position:0% +try to explain + + + align:start position:0% +try to explain +mushara gas data by looking the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +mushara gas data by looking the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +mushara gas data by looking the nuclear +bases and thinking about how they might + + align:start position:0% +bases and thinking about how they might + + + align:start position:0% +bases and thinking about how they might +come together so here I show you the + + align:start position:0% +come together so here I show you the + + + align:start position:0% +come together so here I show you the +structures of the four nuclear bases in + + align:start position:0% +structures of the four nuclear bases in + + + align:start position:0% +structures of the four nuclear bases in +DNA wherever I have an + + align:start position:0% +DNA wherever I have an + + + align:start position:0% +DNA wherever I have an +you can assume that's part that's a + + align:start position:0% +you can assume that's part that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you can assume that's part that's a +ribose that is part of the + + align:start position:0% +ribose that is part of the + + + align:start position:0% +ribose that is part of the +phosphodiester backbone what we want to + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester backbone what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +phosphodiester backbone what we want to +understand is how did the nuclear bases + + align:start position:0% +understand is how did the nuclear bases + + + align:start position:0% +understand is how did the nuclear bases +come together to form some kind of tear + + align:start position:0% +come together to form some kind of tear + + + align:start position:0% +come together to form some kind of tear +that could be could be useful to + + align:start position:0% +that could be could be useful to + + + align:start position:0% +that could be could be useful to +programming there resynthesis so I've + + align:start position:0% +programming there resynthesis so I've + + + align:start position:0% +programming there resynthesis so I've +drawn them all here but it's not quite + + align:start position:0% +drawn them all here but it's not quite + + + align:start position:0% +drawn them all here but it's not quite +intuitive I need to do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +intuitive I need to do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive I need to do a little bit of +flipping around to line things up better + + align:start position:0% +flipping around to line things up better + + + align:start position:0% +flipping around to line things up better +and the other thing I need to do is get + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing I need to do is get + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing I need to do is get +things at the right angle so you can + + align:start position:0% +things at the right angle so you can + + + align:start position:0% +things at the right angle so you can +start seeing how those bases might come + + align:start position:0% +start seeing how those bases might come + + + align:start position:0% +start seeing how those bases might come +together because char gas data dictates + + align:start position:0% +together because char gas data dictates + + + align:start position:0% +together because char gas data dictates +that you have a purine and a pyrimidine + + align:start position:0% +that you have a purine and a pyrimidine + + + align:start position:0% +that you have a purine and a pyrimidine +purine pyrimidine you have pairing + + align:start position:0% +purine pyrimidine you have pairing + + + align:start position:0% +purine pyrimidine you have pairing +between the nuclear bases in your + + align:start position:0% +between the nuclear bases in your + + + align:start position:0% +between the nuclear bases in your +double-stranded DNA in a structure that + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA in a structure that + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA in a structure that +looks more like this and in each case + + align:start position:0% +looks more like this and in each case + + + align:start position:0% +looks more like this and in each case +you paired a purine and pyrimidine so + + align:start position:0% +you paired a purine and pyrimidine so + + + align:start position:0% +you paired a purine and pyrimidine so +what do I want you to do is take a look + + align:start position:0% +what do I want you to do is take a look + + + align:start position:0% +what do I want you to do is take a look +I've shown you now where donors and + + align:start position:0% +I've shown you now where donors and + + + align:start position:0% +I've shown you now where donors and +acceptors are you can go back and do + + align:start position:0% +acceptors are you can go back and do + + + align:start position:0% +acceptors are you can go back and do +this for all the nuclear bases but I'm + + align:start position:0% +this for all the nuclear bases but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this for all the nuclear bases but I'm +going to do this for you right now by + + align:start position:0% +going to do this for you right now by + + + align:start position:0% +going to do this for you right now by +showing you the donors and acceptors of + + align:start position:0% +showing you the donors and acceptors of + + + align:start position:0% +showing you the donors and acceptors of +hydrogen bonds within those structures + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds within those structures + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds within those structures +what I've done is I've lined them up + + align:start position:0% +what I've done is I've lined them up + + + align:start position:0% +what I've done is I've lined them up +beautifully so they look straight at + + align:start position:0% +beautifully so they look straight at + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully so they look straight at +each other so you can tell that there is + + align:start position:0% +each other so you can tell that there is + + + align:start position:0% +each other so you can tell that there is +a complementarity between a purine and a + + align:start position:0% +a complementarity between a purine and a + + + align:start position:0% +a complementarity between a purine and a +pyrimidine that makes very nice hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidine that makes very nice hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +pyrimidine that makes very nice hydrogen +bonding which is the non covalent force + + align:start position:0% +bonding which is the non covalent force + + + align:start position:0% +bonding which is the non covalent force +that's very important between G and C I + + align:start position:0% +that's very important between G and C I + + + align:start position:0% +that's very important between G and C I +can set up three hydrogen bonds between + + align:start position:0% +can set up three hydrogen bonds between + + + align:start position:0% +can set up three hydrogen bonds between +a and T I can only set up two hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +a and T I can only set up two hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +a and T I can only set up two hydrogen +bonds so they're one purine is + + align:start position:0% +bonds so they're one purine is + + + align:start position:0% +bonds so they're one purine is +complimentary to one of the pyrimidines + + align:start position:0% +complimentary to one of the pyrimidines + + + align:start position:0% +complimentary to one of the pyrimidines +one purine is complementary to one of + + align:start position:0% +one purine is complementary to one of + + + align:start position:0% +one purine is complementary to one of +the other pyrimidines all right and then + + align:start position:0% +the other pyrimidines all right and then + + + align:start position:0% +the other pyrimidines all right and then +we can draw those hydrogen bonds in + + align:start position:0% +we can draw those hydrogen bonds in + + + align:start position:0% +we can draw those hydrogen bonds in +place that totally explains the + + align:start position:0% +place that totally explains the + + + align:start position:0% +place that totally explains the +measurement from the Franklin data of + + align:start position:0% +measurement from the Franklin data of + + + align:start position:0% +measurement from the Franklin data of +the distance the width of the double + + align:start position:0% +the distance the width of the double + + + align:start position:0% +the distance the width of the double +stranded helix because it's identical + + align:start position:0% +stranded helix because it's identical + + + align:start position:0% +stranded helix because it's identical +for both of those base pair + + align:start position:0% +for both of those base pair + + + align:start position:0% +for both of those base pair +and that gives you the structure that + + align:start position:0% +and that gives you the structure that + + + align:start position:0% +and that gives you the structure that +forms the non-covalent structure of DNA + + align:start position:0% +forms the non-covalent structure of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +forms the non-covalent structure of DNA +which is a series of interactions where + + align:start position:0% +which is a series of interactions where + + + align:start position:0% +which is a series of interactions where +the solid line is the phosphodiester + + align:start position:0% +the solid line is the phosphodiester + + + align:start position:0% +the solid line is the phosphodiester +backbone but sticking out like steps on + + align:start position:0% +backbone but sticking out like steps on + + + align:start position:0% +backbone but sticking out like steps on +a spiral staircase are the bases where + + align:start position:0% +a spiral staircase are the bases where + + + align:start position:0% +a spiral staircase are the bases where +each base is complementary to a specific + + align:start position:0% +each base is complementary to a specific + + + align:start position:0% +each base is complementary to a specific +additional base all right so it predicts + + align:start position:0% +additional base all right so it predicts + + + align:start position:0% +additional base all right so it predicts +the SHA gap ratio and it also predicts + + align:start position:0% +the SHA gap ratio and it also predicts + + + align:start position:0% +the SHA gap ratio and it also predicts +the distances now within all the model + + align:start position:0% +the distances now within all the model + + + align:start position:0% +the distances now within all the model +building it became quite clear that the + + align:start position:0% +building it became quite clear that the + + + align:start position:0% +building it became quite clear that the +structure the non covalent structure of + + align:start position:0% +structure the non covalent structure of + + + align:start position:0% +structure the non covalent structure of +DNA was afforded by anti parallel + + align:start position:0% +DNA was afforded by anti parallel + + + align:start position:0% +DNA was afforded by anti parallel +strands where one strand went in one + + align:start position:0% +strands where one strand went in one + + + align:start position:0% +strands where one strand went in one +direction 5 prime to 3 prime and the + + align:start position:0% +direction 5 prime to 3 prime and the + + + align:start position:0% +direction 5 prime to 3 prime and the +other strand went in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +other strand went in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +other strand went in the opposite +direction 5 prime to 3 prime when we + + align:start position:0% +direction 5 prime to 3 prime when we + + + align:start position:0% +direction 5 prime to 3 prime when we +start replicating DNA we're gonna see + + align:start position:0% +start replicating DNA we're gonna see + + + align:start position:0% +start replicating DNA we're gonna see +that that's pretty convenient but + + align:start position:0% +that that's pretty convenient but + + + align:start position:0% +that that's pretty convenient but +thermodynamically it is also the favored + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamically it is also the favored + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamically it is also the favored +orientation so let's just look at the + + align:start position:0% +orientation so let's just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +orientation so let's just look at the +orientation where you would draw one + + align:start position:0% +orientation where you would draw one + + + align:start position:0% +orientation where you would draw one +strand of DNA 5 prime to 3 prime now + + align:start position:0% +strand of DNA 5 prime to 3 prime now + + + align:start position:0% +strand of DNA 5 prime to 3 prime now +I've taken this all down to cartoon + + align:start position:0% +I've taken this all down to cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +I've taken this all down to cartoon +level these are the phosphate digesters + + align:start position:0% +level these are the phosphate digesters + + + align:start position:0% +level these are the phosphate digesters +the ribose is the 3 prime end and the 5 + + align:start position:0% +the ribose is the 3 prime end and the 5 + + + align:start position:0% +the ribose is the 3 prime end and the 5 +prime end and the bases that come off at + + align:start position:0% +prime end and the bases that come off at + + + align:start position:0% +prime end and the bases that come off at +the 1 prime carbon and then when you + + align:start position:0% +the 1 prime carbon and then when you + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 prime carbon and then when you +pair it with another strand one strand + + align:start position:0% +pair it with another strand one strand + + + align:start position:0% +pair it with another strand one strand +goes in one direction five prime oh I + + align:start position:0% +goes in one direction five prime oh I + + + align:start position:0% +goes in one direction five prime oh I +don't know why this is misbehaving five + + align:start position:0% +don't know why this is misbehaving five + + + align:start position:0% +don't know why this is misbehaving five +prime whoops 5 prime to 3 prime the + + align:start position:0% +prime whoops 5 prime to 3 prime the + + + align:start position:0% +prime whoops 5 prime to 3 prime the +other strand goes in the other direction + + align:start position:0% +other strand goes in the other direction + + + align:start position:0% +other strand goes in the other direction +5 prime to 3 Prime and when asked this + + align:start position:0% +5 prime to 3 Prime and when asked this + + + align:start position:0% +5 prime to 3 Prime and when asked this +question a few years ago I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +question a few years ago I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +question a few years ago I couldn't +really explain it very well that I just + + align:start position:0% +really explain it very well that I just + + + align:start position:0% +really explain it very well that I just +said it had to be because it always has + + align:start position:0% +said it had to be because it always has + + + align:start position:0% +said it had to be because it always has +been but what's really cool is if people + + align:start position:0% +been but what's really cool is if people + + + align:start position:0% +been but what's really cool is if people +have been able to solve the crystal + + align:start position:0% +have been able to solve the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +have been able to solve the crystal +structure of a pair of a parallel pair + + align:start position:0% +structure of a pair of a parallel pair + + + align:start position:0% +structure of a pair of a parallel pair +of DNA strands so this is canonical DNA + + align:start position:0% +of DNA strands so this is canonical DNA + + + align:start position:0% +of DNA strands so this is canonical DNA +the beautiful anti parallel structure + + align:start position:0% +the beautiful anti parallel structure + + + align:start position:0% +the beautiful anti parallel structure +and it's very regular very very even it + + align:start position:0% +and it's very regular very very even it + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very regular very very even it +turns out though when you try to pair + + align:start position:0% +turns out though when you try to pair + + + align:start position:0% +turns out though when you try to pair +the two strands in a parallel + + align:start position:0% +the two strands in a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +the two strands in a parallel +orientation the + + align:start position:0% +orientation the + + + align:start position:0% +orientation the +very uncomfortable and it's much less + + align:start position:0% +very uncomfortable and it's much less + + + align:start position:0% +very uncomfortable and it's much less +stable so the anti-parallel orientation + + align:start position:0% +stable so the anti-parallel orientation + + + align:start position:0% +stable so the anti-parallel orientation +is very important for the thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +is very important for the thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +is very important for the thermodynamic +stability and the optimum hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +stability and the optimum hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +stability and the optimum hydrogen +bonding interaction of all those bases + + align:start position:0% +bonding interaction of all those bases + + + align:start position:0% +bonding interaction of all those bases +that are pairing so it's actually what + + align:start position:0% +that are pairing so it's actually what + + + align:start position:0% +that are pairing so it's actually what +nature favors because it is more stable + + align:start position:0% +nature favors because it is more stable + + + align:start position:0% +nature favors because it is more stable +any questions okay and this it's on your + + align:start position:0% +any questions okay and this it's on your + + + align:start position:0% +any questions okay and this it's on your +slides but you can see just how regular + + align:start position:0% +slides but you can see just how regular + + + align:start position:0% +slides but you can see just how regular +DNA looks so organized whereas the + + align:start position:0% +DNA looks so organized whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA looks so organized whereas the +anti-parallel one the one the parallel + + align:start position:0% +anti-parallel one the one the parallel + + + align:start position:0% +anti-parallel one the one the parallel +one really does not afford you good + + align:start position:0% +one really does not afford you good + + + align:start position:0% +one really does not afford you good +hydrogen bonding interactions at all + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonding interactions at all + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonding interactions at all +okay so let us know so what we've done + + align:start position:0% +okay so let us know so what we've done + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let us know so what we've done +now is we understand the structure of + + align:start position:0% +now is we understand the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +now is we understand the structure of +DNA the coat non covalent and covalent + + align:start position:0% +DNA the coat non covalent and covalent + + + align:start position:0% +DNA the coat non covalent and covalent +structure of DNA we understand its + + align:start position:0% +structure of DNA we understand its + + + align:start position:0% +structure of DNA we understand its +antiparallel what we'll do in the next + + align:start position:0% +antiparallel what we'll do in the next + + + align:start position:0% +antiparallel what we'll do in the next +class is show how you can peel apart + + align:start position:0% +class is show how you can peel apart + + + align:start position:0% +class is show how you can peel apart +those anti parallel structures to make + + align:start position:0% +those anti parallel structures to make + + + align:start position:0% +those anti parallel structures to make +unpaired structures and you can use each + + align:start position:0% +unpaired structures and you can use each + + + align:start position:0% +unpaired structures and you can use each +of them as the template for the + + align:start position:0% +of them as the template for the + + + align:start position:0% +of them as the template for the +synthesis of a new strand of DNA so you + + align:start position:0% +synthesis of a new strand of DNA so you + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis of a new strand of DNA so you +can get two daughter double strands from + + align:start position:0% +can get two daughter double strands from + + + align:start position:0% +can get two daughter double strands from +a single parent double strand and that + + align:start position:0% +a single parent double strand and that + + + align:start position:0% +a single parent double strand and that +all comes from understanding the + + align:start position:0% +all comes from understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +all comes from understanding the +structure now what I want to do is move + + align:start position:0% +structure now what I want to do is move + + + align:start position:0% +structure now what I want to do is move +you just very briefly to the structure + + align:start position:0% +you just very briefly to the structure + + + align:start position:0% +you just very briefly to the structure +of RNA and comparing the DNA and RNA + + align:start position:0% +of RNA and comparing the DNA and RNA + + + align:start position:0% +of RNA and comparing the DNA and RNA +structures because there are some + + align:start position:0% +structures because there are some + + + align:start position:0% +structures because there are some +differences so let's just work through + + align:start position:0% +differences so let's just work through + + + align:start position:0% +differences so let's just work through +what the differences are I've have this + + align:start position:0% +what the differences are I've have this + + + align:start position:0% +what the differences are I've have this +written down and the differences are + + align:start position:0% +written down and the differences are + + + align:start position:0% +written down and the differences are +very important for the functional + + align:start position:0% +very important for the functional + + + align:start position:0% +very important for the functional +properties so DNA RNA first of all + + align:start position:0% +properties so DNA RNA first of all + + + align:start position:0% +properties so DNA RNA first of all +obviously deoxy ribose writers you may + + align:start position:0% +obviously deoxy ribose writers you may + + + align:start position:0% +obviously deoxy ribose writers you may +go why why why is nature so complicated + + align:start position:0% +go why why why is nature so complicated + + + align:start position:0% +go why why why is nature so complicated +why do I have this extra fact ID to + + align:start position:0% +why do I have this extra fact ID to + + + align:start position:0% +why do I have this extra fact ID to +remember about RNA versus DNA and it's + + align:start position:0% +remember about RNA versus DNA and it's + + + align:start position:0% +remember about RNA versus DNA and it's +really amazing that the difference + + align:start position:0% +really amazing that the difference + + + align:start position:0% +really amazing that the difference +between that hydroxyl on the two + + align:start position:0% +between that hydroxyl on the two + + + align:start position:0% +between that hydroxyl on the two +prime position this is not happening not + + align:start position:0% +prime position this is not happening not + + + align:start position:0% +prime position this is not happening not +having it makes enormous differences to + + align:start position:0% +having it makes enormous differences to + + + align:start position:0% +having it makes enormous differences to +the stability of the polymer rnase + + align:start position:0% +the stability of the polymer rnase + + + align:start position:0% +the stability of the polymer rnase +breakdown very very readily DNA is a + + align:start position:0% +breakdown very very readily DNA is a + + + align:start position:0% +breakdown very very readily DNA is a +stable for the lifetime of a cell all + + align:start position:0% +stable for the lifetime of a cell all + + + align:start position:0% +stable for the lifetime of a cell all +perfect in the nucleus or mitochondria + + align:start position:0% +perfect in the nucleus or mitochondria + + + align:start position:0% +perfect in the nucleus or mitochondria +they stay intact so there's a stability + + align:start position:0% +they stay intact so there's a stability + + + align:start position:0% +they stay intact so there's a stability +difference between the two sugars + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two sugars + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two sugars +because DNA has to be the place where + + align:start position:0% +because DNA has to be the place where + + + align:start position:0% +because DNA has to be the place where +you store your genetic material it's got + + align:start position:0% +you store your genetic material it's got + + + align:start position:0% +you store your genetic material it's got +to stay good whereas RNA is the message + + align:start position:0% +to stay good whereas RNA is the message + + + align:start position:0% +to stay good whereas RNA is the message +that you make transiently to program a + + align:start position:0% +that you make transiently to program a + + + align:start position:0% +that you make transiently to program a +protein being made and then you want to + + align:start position:0% +protein being made and then you want to + + + align:start position:0% +protein being made and then you want to +get rid of it so we need the differences + + align:start position:0% +get rid of it so we need the differences + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of it so we need the differences +in stability that originated from that + + align:start position:0% +in stability that originated from that + + + align:start position:0% +in stability that originated from that +small feature a TG C there's the + + align:start position:0% +small feature a TG C there's the + + + align:start position:0% +small feature a TG C there's the +difference C in the basis the most + + align:start position:0% +difference C in the basis the most + + + align:start position:0% +difference C in the basis the most +common DNA is double-stranded DNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whereas RNA forms various structures so + + align:start position:0% +whereas RNA forms various structures so + + + align:start position:0% +whereas RNA forms various structures so +it's much more irregular structures than + + align:start position:0% +it's much more irregular structures than + + + align:start position:0% +it's much more irregular structures than +the DNA probably in part because the + + align:start position:0% +the DNA probably in part because the + + + align:start position:0% +the DNA probably in part because the +ribose is substituted differently so + + align:start position:0% +ribose is substituted differently so + + + align:start position:0% +ribose is substituted differently so +that continuous strand of dead of + + align:start position:0% +that continuous strand of dead of + + + align:start position:0% +that continuous strand of dead of +double-stranded material is not quite so + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded material is not quite so + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded material is not quite so +stable in RNA we find DNA principally as + + align:start position:0% +stable in RNA we find DNA principally as + + + align:start position:0% +stable in RNA we find DNA principally as +double stranded DNA but RNA we find as + + align:start position:0% +double stranded DNA but RNA we find as + + + align:start position:0% +double stranded DNA but RNA we find as +transfer RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA + + + align:start position:0% +transfer RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA +does go on forever short interfering RNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the various RNA is used for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +so the various RNA is used for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +so the various RNA is used for a lot of +purposes whereas DNA principally stays + + align:start position:0% +purposes whereas DNA principally stays + + + align:start position:0% +purposes whereas DNA principally stays +as the double stranded DNA there's a + + align:start position:0% +as the double stranded DNA there's a + + + align:start position:0% +as the double stranded DNA there's a +little double stranded RNA but it is a + + align:start position:0% +little double stranded RNA but it is a + + + align:start position:0% +little double stranded RNA but it is a +precursor to some of these other forms + + align:start position:0% +precursor to some of these other forms + + + align:start position:0% +precursor to some of these other forms +of RNA okay so this slide just + + align:start position:0% +of RNA okay so this slide just + + + align:start position:0% +of RNA okay so this slide just +summarizes some of that for you the + + align:start position:0% +summarizes some of that for you the + + + align:start position:0% +summarizes some of that for you the +difference is comparing DNA + + align:start position:0% +difference is comparing DNA + + + align:start position:0% +difference is comparing DNA +RNA and so what we'll see later is how + + align:start position:0% +RNA and so what we'll see later is how + + + align:start position:0% +RNA and so what we'll see later is how +RNA lends itself to these interesting + + align:start position:0% +RNA lends itself to these interesting + + + align:start position:0% +RNA lends itself to these interesting +structures where you still have some + + align:start position:0% +structures where you still have some + + + align:start position:0% +structures where you still have some +base pairing but you have a lot of loops + + align:start position:0% +base pairing but you have a lot of loops + + + align:start position:0% +base pairing but you have a lot of loops +and pans and diversity of structure and + + align:start position:0% +and pans and diversity of structure and + + + align:start position:0% +and pans and diversity of structure and +that's really kind of the origin of this + + align:start position:0% +that's really kind of the origin of this + + + align:start position:0% +that's really kind of the origin of this +RNA world where RNA structures were not + + align:start position:0% +RNA world where RNA structures were not + + + align:start position:0% +RNA world where RNA structures were not +what could have a variety of form that + + align:start position:0% +what could have a variety of form that + + + align:start position:0% +what could have a variety of form that +might contribute to different functions + + align:start position:0% +might contribute to different functions + + + align:start position:0% +might contribute to different functions +beyond just as a message as a place to + + align:start position:0% +beyond just as a message as a place to + + + align:start position:0% +beyond just as a message as a place to +store DNA message so there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +store DNA message so there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +store DNA message so there are a lot of +things that one can understand about DNA + + align:start position:0% +things that one can understand about DNA + + + align:start position:0% +things that one can understand about DNA +by knowing its hydrogen bonding patterns + + align:start position:0% +by knowing its hydrogen bonding patterns + + + align:start position:0% +by knowing its hydrogen bonding patterns +so can you guys guess which of these + + align:start position:0% +so can you guys guess which of these + + + align:start position:0% +so can you guys guess which of these +strands would have a complimentary stand + + align:start position:0% +strands would have a complimentary stand + + + align:start position:0% +strands would have a complimentary stand +and be the most stable double-stranded + + align:start position:0% +and be the most stable double-stranded + + + align:start position:0% +and be the most stable double-stranded +DNA so this would be one strand you + + align:start position:0% +DNA so this would be one strand you + + + align:start position:0% +DNA so this would be one strand you +could draw for each of them its + + align:start position:0% +could draw for each of them its + + + align:start position:0% +could draw for each of them its +complementary strand can you guess the + + align:start position:0% +complementary strand can you guess the + + + align:start position:0% +complementary strand can you guess the +clues to figuring out which would have a + + align:start position:0% +clues to figuring out which would have a + + + align:start position:0% +clues to figuring out which would have a +most stable organization of the anti + + align:start position:0% +most stable organization of the anti + + + align:start position:0% +most stable organization of the anti +parallel double-stranded DNA what would + + align:start position:0% +parallel double-stranded DNA what would + + + align:start position:0% +parallel double-stranded DNA what would +I be looking for yeah okay so number one + + align:start position:0% +I be looking for yeah okay so number one + + + align:start position:0% +I be looking for yeah okay so number one +higher GC content because Jesuses form + + align:start position:0% +higher GC content because Jesuses form + + + align:start position:0% +higher GC content because Jesuses form +three hydrogen bonds isn't is only + + align:start position:0% +three hydrogen bonds isn't is only + + + align:start position:0% +three hydrogen bonds isn't is only +formed two and what's the other + + align:start position:0% +formed two and what's the other + + + align:start position:0% +formed two and what's the other +determinant just looking at those + + align:start position:0% +determinant just looking at those + + + align:start position:0% +determinant just looking at those +structures yeah yeah you you are doing + + align:start position:0% +structures yeah yeah you you are doing + + + align:start position:0% +structures yeah yeah you you are doing +no it's it's actually even more silly + + align:start position:0% +no it's it's actually even more silly + + + align:start position:0% +no it's it's actually even more silly +it's more simple than that length so all + + align:start position:0% +it's more simple than that length so all + + + align:start position:0% +it's more simple than that length so all +you do is you go along and say I can + + align:start position:0% +you do is you go along and say I can + + + align:start position:0% +you do is you go along and say I can +make three hydrogen bonds 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 + + align:start position:0% +make three hydrogen bonds 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +make three hydrogen bonds 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 +2 so usually it's truly just count + + align:start position:0% +2 so usually it's truly just count + + + align:start position:0% +2 so usually it's truly just count +hydrogen bonds in its part in the + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds in its part in the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonds in its part in the +sequence and you can guess which is + + align:start position:0% +sequence and you can guess which is + + + align:start position:0% +sequence and you can guess which is +going to be the more stable because it + + align:start position:0% +going to be the more stable because it + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the more stable because it +has the most hydrogen bonds okay so we + + align:start position:0% +has the most hydrogen bonds okay so we + + + align:start position:0% +has the most hydrogen bonds okay so we +might ask you that which one will come + + align:start position:0% +might ask you that which one will come + + + align:start position:0% +might ask you that which one will come +apart now the intriguing thing about DNA + + align:start position:0% +apart now the intriguing thing about DNA + + + align:start position:0% +apart now the intriguing thing about DNA +is you can peel it you can heat it and + + align:start position:0% +is you can peel it you can heat it and + + + align:start position:0% +is you can peel it you can heat it and +it'll come apart but it doesn't denature + + align:start position:0% +it'll come apart but it doesn't denature + + + align:start position:0% +it'll come apart but it doesn't denature +the way proteins do if you just cool it + + align:start position:0% +the way proteins do if you just cool it + + + align:start position:0% +the way proteins do if you just cool it +down it comes back together so another + + align:start position:0% +down it comes back together so another + + + align:start position:0% +down it comes back together so another +feature of DNA is that you can heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +denature and then really Oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly how it was in the first place + + align:start position:0% +exactly how it was in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how it was in the first place +it doesn't denature to something that + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't denature to something that + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't denature to something that +that's not very useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the question can you draw the + + align:start position:0% +now the question can you draw the + + + align:start position:0% +now the question can you draw the +complementary stand I always find if + + align:start position:0% +complementary stand I always find if + + + align:start position:0% +complementary stand I always find if +this top strand here which of these is + + align:start position:0% +this top strand here which of these is + + + align:start position:0% +this top strand here which of these is +the complementary strand frankly the + + align:start position:0% +the complementary strand frankly the + + + align:start position:0% +the complementary strand frankly the +best way to do it is to sketch out the + + align:start position:0% +best way to do it is to sketch out the + + + align:start position:0% +best way to do it is to sketch out the +complementary strand you can see it kind + + align:start position:0% +complementary strand you can see it kind + + + align:start position:0% +complementary strand you can see it kind +of upside down because it's really hard + + align:start position:0% +of upside down because it's really hard + + + align:start position:0% +of upside down because it's really hard +to draw things 5 prime to 3 prime when + + align:start position:0% +to draw things 5 prime to 3 prime when + + + align:start position:0% +to draw things 5 prime to 3 prime when +you're also trying to figure out base + + align:start position:0% +you're also trying to figure out base + + + align:start position:0% +you're also trying to figure out base +pairing so draw it upside down make sure + + align:start position:0% +pairing so draw it upside down make sure + + + align:start position:0% +pairing so draw it upside down make sure +you know the 5 prime and the 3 prime end + + align:start position:0% +you know the 5 prime and the 3 prime end + + + align:start position:0% +you know the 5 prime and the 3 prime end +and then you can guess the right answer + + align:start position:0% +and then you can guess the right answer + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can guess the right answer +for these types of questions about + + align:start position:0% +for these types of questions about + + + align:start position:0% +for these types of questions about +complementary strands now one last + + align:start position:0% +complementary strands now one last + + + align:start position:0% +complementary strands now one last +question the stability of + + align:start position:0% +question the stability of + + + align:start position:0% +question the stability of +double-stranded DNA I've made a whole + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA I've made a whole + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA I've made a whole +big deal about hydrogen bonding right + + align:start position:0% +big deal about hydrogen bonding right + + + align:start position:0% +big deal about hydrogen bonding right +that's what holds it together what other + + align:start position:0% +that's what holds it together what other + + + align:start position:0% +that's what holds it together what other +forces could be a play-in double + + align:start position:0% +forces could be a play-in double + + + align:start position:0% +forces could be a play-in double +stranded DNA that might contribute to + + align:start position:0% +stranded DNA that might contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +stranded DNA that might contribute to +its stability + + align:start position:0% +its stability + + + align:start position:0% +its stability +any thoughts what else well it certainly + + align:start position:0% +any thoughts what else well it certainly + + + align:start position:0% +any thoughts what else well it certainly +doesn't look like it's charged because + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like it's charged because + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like it's charged because +the predominant charge is negative this + + align:start position:0% +the predominant charge is negative this + + + align:start position:0% +the predominant charge is negative this +is not not an opportunity probably got + + align:start position:0% +is not not an opportunity probably got + + + align:start position:0% +is not not an opportunity probably got +metal ions there kind of neutralizing + + align:start position:0% +metal ions there kind of neutralizing + + + align:start position:0% +metal ions there kind of neutralizing +that charge what would be the other + + align:start position:0% +that charge what would be the other + + + align:start position:0% +that charge what would be the other +force and how would I describe it it's a + + align:start position:0% +force and how would I describe it it's a + + + align:start position:0% +force and how would I describe it it's a +tricky one so we've got these bases and + + align:start position:0% +tricky one so we've got these bases and + + + align:start position:0% +tricky one so we've got these bases and +they're pretty hydrophobic they're + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty hydrophobic they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're pretty hydrophobic they're +planes they have electron density on + + align:start position:0% +planes they have electron density on + + + align:start position:0% +planes they have electron density on +both sides so it turns out there is some + + align:start position:0% +both sides so it turns out there is some + + + align:start position:0% +both sides so it turns out there is some +stability gained between the packing of + + align:start position:0% +stability gained between the packing of + + + align:start position:0% +stability gained between the packing of +the steps of DNA between each base pair + + align:start position:0% +the steps of DNA between each base pair + + + align:start position:0% +the steps of DNA between each base pair +with the next with the next + + align:start position:0% +with the next with the next + + + align:start position:0% +with the next with the next +so there are hydrophobic forces and + + align:start position:0% +so there are hydrophobic forces and + + + align:start position:0% +so there are hydrophobic forces and +researchers of Scripps have actually + + align:start position:0% +researchers of Scripps have actually + + + align:start position:0% +researchers of Scripps have actually +proved this paradigm by making extra DNA + + align:start position:0% +proved this paradigm by making extra DNA + + + align:start position:0% +proved this paradigm by making extra DNA +bases that don't have hydrogen bonding + + align:start position:0% +bases that don't have hydrogen bonding + + + align:start position:0% +bases that don't have hydrogen bonding +partnerships but just provide the stuff + + align:start position:0% +partnerships but just provide the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +partnerships but just provide the stuff +that's the flat hydrophobic entity with + + align:start position:0% +that's the flat hydrophobic entity with + + + align:start position:0% +that's the flat hydrophobic entity with +the right size that can slip into DNA + + align:start position:0% +the right size that can slip into DNA + + + align:start position:0% +the right size that can slip into DNA +sequences and make stable addicts + + align:start position:0% +sequences and make stable addicts + + + align:start position:0% +sequences and make stable addicts +oh it makes stable not really base pairs + + align:start position:0% +oh it makes stable not really base pairs + + + align:start position:0% +oh it makes stable not really base pairs +anymore but just be stable in that + + align:start position:0% +anymore but just be stable in that + + + align:start position:0% +anymore but just be stable in that +polymeric structure a people + + align:start position:0% +polymeric structure a people + + + align:start position:0% +polymeric structure a people +understanding and following that okay + + align:start position:0% +understanding and following that okay + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and following that okay +well so finally when we look at the + + align:start position:0% +well so finally when we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +well so finally when we look at the +structure of DNA there are some trenches + + align:start position:0% +structure of DNA there are some trenches + + + align:start position:0% +structure of DNA there are some trenches +where things can bind to proteins + + align:start position:0% +where things can bind to proteins + + + align:start position:0% +where things can bind to proteins +combined and we talked about the major + + align:start position:0% +combined and we talked about the major + + + align:start position:0% +combined and we talked about the major +groove and the minor groove but I will + + align:start position:0% +groove and the minor groove but I will + + + align:start position:0% +groove and the minor groove but I will +talk about those later on when we talk + + align:start position:0% +talk about those later on when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +talk about those later on when we talk +about transcription factors now I just + + align:start position:0% +about transcription factors now I just + + + align:start position:0% +about transcription factors now I just +want to in really triple past time and + + align:start position:0% +want to in really triple past time and + + + align:start position:0% +want to in really triple past time and +I'll put this on the on the website + + align:start position:0% +I'll put this on the on the website + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put this on the on the website +there's tremendous interest in using the + + align:start position:0% +there's tremendous interest in using the + + + align:start position:0% +there's tremendous interest in using the +building blocks of DNA through + + align:start position:0% +building blocks of DNA through + + + align:start position:0% +building blocks of DNA through +information storage in computing so if + + align:start position:0% +information storage in computing so if + + + align:start position:0% +information storage in computing so if +you look up DNA based computing on + + align:start position:0% +you look up DNA based computing on + + + align:start position:0% +you look up DNA based computing on +Wikipedia you'll learn a whole lot about + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia you'll learn a whole lot about + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia you'll learn a whole lot about +it because what's so exciting about is + + align:start position:0% +it because what's so exciting about is + + + align:start position:0% +it because what's so exciting about is +is it so organized nano scale material + + align:start position:0% +is it so organized nano scale material + + + align:start position:0% +is it so organized nano scale material +that can be programmed to base param + + align:start position:0% +that can be programmed to base param + + + align:start position:0% +that can be programmed to base param +form certain structures so in the sort + + align:start position:0% +form certain structures so in the sort + + + align:start position:0% +form certain structures so in the sort +of range of different sizes there's been + + align:start position:0% +of range of different sizes there's been + + + align:start position:0% +of range of different sizes there's been +a lot of interest in DNA as a material + + align:start position:0% +a lot of interest in DNA as a material + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of interest in DNA as a material +for information storage not for your + + align:start position:0% +for information storage not for your + + + align:start position:0% +for information storage not for your +genetic material but for plain old + + align:start position:0% +genetic material but for plain old + + + align:start position:0% +genetic material but for plain old +information storage so people have + + align:start position:0% +information storage so people have + + + align:start position:0% +information storage so people have +learned how to build structures of DNA + + align:start position:0% +learned how to build structures of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +learned how to build structures of DNA +where they can construct these sort of + + align:start position:0% +where they can construct these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +where they can construct these sort of +cruciform structures by base pairing + + align:start position:0% +cruciform structures by base pairing + + + align:start position:0% +cruciform structures by base pairing +they can make the arms of these + + align:start position:0% +they can make the arms of these + + + align:start position:0% +they can make the arms of these +structures a little bit extended so you + + align:start position:0% +structures a little bit extended so you + + + align:start position:0% +structures a little bit extended so you +could start joining those things + + align:start position:0% +could start joining those things + + + align:start position:0% +could start joining those things +together to make very defined + + align:start position:0% +together to make very defined + + + align:start position:0% +together to make very defined +three-dimensional entities that you in + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional entities that you in + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional entities that you in +kind of nuts doing this sort of stuff + + align:start position:0% +kind of nuts doing this sort of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +kind of nuts doing this sort of stuff +because you can build sort of tetrahedra + + align:start position:0% +because you can build sort of tetrahedra + + + align:start position:0% +because you can build sort of tetrahedra +and other sort of shapes and sizes all + + align:start position:0% +and other sort of shapes and sizes all + + + align:start position:0% +and other sort of shapes and sizes all +by strands that base pair that are about + + align:start position:0% +by strands that base pair that are about + + + align:start position:0% +by strands that base pair that are about +10 base pairs long that are stable and + + align:start position:0% +10 base pairs long that are stable and + + + align:start position:0% +10 base pairs long that are stable and +the only complement certain other base + + align:start position:0% +the only complement certain other base + + + align:start position:0% +the only complement certain other base +pairs so you could literally build up + + align:start position:0% +pairs so you could literally build up + + + align:start position:0% +pairs so you could literally build up +they often called it DNA origami because + + align:start position:0% +they often called it DNA origami because + + + align:start position:0% +they often called it DNA origami because +you can build up macroscopic structures + + align:start position:0% +you can build up macroscopic structures + + + align:start position:0% +you can build up macroscopic structures +just by the assembly of strands of DNA + + align:start position:0% +just by the assembly of strands of DNA + + + align:start position:0% +just by the assembly of strands of DNA +that will ultimately fold to form the + + align:start position:0% +that will ultimately fold to form the + + + align:start position:0% +that will ultimately fold to form the +best complementary DNA to form the + + align:start position:0% +best complementary DNA to form the + + + align:start position:0% +best complementary DNA to form the +structures and it's also been found as I + + align:start position:0% +structures and it's also been found as I + + + align:start position:0% +structures and it's also been found as I +said they went completely not smiley + + align:start position:0% +said they went completely not smiley + + + align:start position:0% +said they went completely not smiley +faces and stars and stripes + + align:start position:0% +faces and stars and stripes + + + align:start position:0% +faces and stars and stripes +and so on but the most valuable thing + + align:start position:0% +and so on but the most valuable thing + + + align:start position:0% +and so on but the most valuable thing +you can as I said you can read more + + align:start position:0% +you can as I said you can read more + + + align:start position:0% +you can as I said you can read more +about this is to use DNA as logic gates + + align:start position:0% +about this is to use DNA as logic gates + + + align:start position:0% +about this is to use DNA as logic gates +to define and or or not so the sort of + + align:start position:0% +to define and or or not so the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to define and or or not so the sort of +three options and actually use them to + + align:start position:0% +three options and actually use them to + + + align:start position:0% +three options and actually use them to +program certain puzzles where the DNA + + align:start position:0% +program certain puzzles where the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +program certain puzzles where the DNA +will spit out the answer to a particular + + align:start position:0% +will spit out the answer to a particular + + + align:start position:0% +will spit out the answer to a particular +puzzle through a logic diagram so those + + align:start position:0% +puzzle through a logic diagram so those + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle through a logic diagram so those +of you who are interested in computing + + align:start position:0% +of you who are interested in computing + + + align:start position:0% +of you who are interested in computing +and these kinds of logic puzzles may + + align:start position:0% +and these kinds of logic puzzles may + + + align:start position:0% +and these kinds of logic puzzles may +want to read a little bit more because + + align:start position:0% +want to read a little bit more because + + + align:start position:0% +want to read a little bit more because +DNA is such a reliable non-covalent + + align:start position:0% +DNA is such a reliable non-covalent + + + align:start position:0% +DNA is such a reliable non-covalent +structure where those base pairs are + + align:start position:0% +structure where those base pairs are + + + align:start position:0% +structure where those base pairs are +incredibly reliable that you can start + + align:start position:0% +incredibly reliable that you can start + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly reliable that you can start +envisioning not just building + + align:start position:0% +envisioning not just building + + + align:start position:0% +envisioning not just building +double-stranded DNA but building all + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA but building all + + + align:start position:0% +double-stranded DNA but building all +kinds of architectures or programming + + align:start position:0% +kinds of architectures or programming + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of architectures or programming +things with the sequence of DNA and + + align:start position:0% +things with the sequence of DNA and + + + align:start position:0% +things with the sequence of DNA and +that's it for today and that's the end + + align:start position:0% +that's it for today and that's the end + + + align:start position:0% +that's it for today and that's the end +of the biochemistry section + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/s2F4FtF6U30.txt b/s2F4FtF6U30.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bceda2980e4f72133ad1e7b09423fc5e64389d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/s2F4FtF6U30.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12715 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common license. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common license. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common license. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +Today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Today we're going to talk about +integration of safety analysis into + + align:start position:0% +integration of safety analysis into + + + align:start position:0% +integration of safety analysis into +operational + + align:start position:0% +operational + + + align:start position:0% +operational +requirements. Having now understood the + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Having now understood the + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Having now understood the +importance of power distributions, the + + align:start position:0% +importance of power distributions, the + + + align:start position:0% +importance of power distributions, the +importance of quote heat removal, the + + align:start position:0% +importance of quote heat removal, the + + + align:start position:0% +importance of quote heat removal, the +importance of ultimate heat sink + + align:start position:0% +importance of ultimate heat sink + + + align:start position:0% +importance of ultimate heat sink +removal, we're going to try to translate + + align:start position:0% +removal, we're going to try to translate + + + align:start position:0% +removal, we're going to try to translate +those safety safety analysis results + + align:start position:0% +those safety safety analysis results + + + align:start position:0% +those safety safety analysis results +into what in fact guides the operator in + + align:start position:0% +into what in fact guides the operator in + + + align:start position:0% +into what in fact guides the operator in +terms of what he or she can or cannot do + + align:start position:0% +terms of what he or she can or cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +terms of what he or she can or cannot do +in operations and how we in fact operate + + align:start position:0% +in operations and how we in fact operate + + + align:start position:0% +in operations and how we in fact operate +these reactors. I'm also going to spend + + align:start position:0% +these reactors. I'm also going to spend + + + align:start position:0% +these reactors. I'm also going to spend +some time talking about the reactor + + align:start position:0% +some time talking about the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +some time talking about the reactor +oversight process and the code of + + align:start position:0% +oversight process and the code of + + + align:start position:0% +oversight process and the code of +federal regulations which controls + + align:start position:0% +federal regulations which controls + + + align:start position:0% +federal regulations which controls +everything that happens in an operating + + align:start position:0% +everything that happens in an operating + + + align:start position:0% +everything that happens in an operating +reactor. So there is a link as you + + align:start position:0% +reactor. So there is a link as you + + + align:start position:0% +reactor. So there is a link as you +certainly now know between the core + + align:start position:0% +certainly now know between the core + + + align:start position:0% +certainly now know between the core +design and how the plant is designed + + align:start position:0% +design and how the plant is designed + + + align:start position:0% +design and how the plant is designed +uh and the safety + + align:start position:0% +uh and the safety + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the safety +analysis. It's all bounded and guided by + + align:start position:0% +analysis. It's all bounded and guided by + + + align:start position:0% +analysis. It's all bounded and guided by +the NRC requirements which are then + + align:start position:0% +the NRC requirements which are then + + + align:start position:0% +the NRC requirements which are then +translated into limits for + + align:start position:0% +translated into limits for + + + align:start position:0% +translated into limits for +operation. In order to be able to + + align:start position:0% +operation. In order to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +operation. In order to be able to +operate these plants, you have to create + + align:start position:0% +operate these plants, you have to create + + + align:start position:0% +operate these plants, you have to create +an organizational structure that is + + align:start position:0% +an organizational structure that is + + + align:start position:0% +an organizational structure that is +capable of implementing the operating + + align:start position:0% +capable of implementing the operating + + + align:start position:0% +capable of implementing the operating +requirements. There's a certain + + align:start position:0% +requirements. There's a certain + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. There's a certain +management team that is needed to make + + align:start position:0% +management team that is needed to make + + + align:start position:0% +management team that is needed to make +sure that the organization functions. + + align:start position:0% +sure that the organization functions. + + + align:start position:0% +sure that the organization functions. +And I'm not going to address it in this + + align:start position:0% +And I'm not going to address it in this + + + align:start position:0% +And I'm not going to address it in this +lecture, but there's a safety culture + + align:start position:0% +lecture, but there's a safety culture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture, but there's a safety culture +that is very important in terms of being + + align:start position:0% +that is very important in terms of being + + + align:start position:0% +that is very important in terms of being +able to assure that you can operate + + align:start position:0% +able to assure that you can operate + + + align:start position:0% +able to assure that you can operate +within a safety envelope. Um, and this + + align:start position:0% +within a safety envelope. Um, and this + + + align:start position:0% +within a safety envelope. Um, and this +has become a very important issue + + align:start position:0% +has become a very important issue + + + align:start position:0% +has become a very important issue +today. So, how do we get to the plant + + align:start position:0% +today. So, how do we get to the plant + + + align:start position:0% +today. So, how do we get to the plant +design to licensing to operations? As + + align:start position:0% +design to licensing to operations? As + + + align:start position:0% +design to licensing to operations? As +you now know, vendors such as + + align:start position:0% +you now know, vendors such as + + + align:start position:0% +you now know, vendors such as +Westinghouse combustion engineering, + + align:start position:0% +Westinghouse combustion engineering, + + + align:start position:0% +Westinghouse combustion engineering, +formerly Combustion Engineering, now + + align:start position:0% +formerly Combustion Engineering, now + + + align:start position:0% +formerly Combustion Engineering, now +Westinghouse, Ariva, they all propose + + align:start position:0% +Westinghouse, Ariva, they all propose + + + align:start position:0% +Westinghouse, Ariva, they all propose +plant reactor designs and they're + + align:start position:0% +plant reactor designs and they're + + + align:start position:0% +plant reactor designs and they're +usually called the nuclear steam + + align:start position:0% +usually called the nuclear steam + + + align:start position:0% +usually called the nuclear steam +suppliers. What they do is design the + + align:start position:0% +suppliers. What they do is design the + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers. What they do is design the +core and then another vendor like + + align:start position:0% +core and then another vendor like + + + align:start position:0% +core and then another vendor like +General Electric or Westinghouse couples + + align:start position:0% +General Electric or Westinghouse couples + + + align:start position:0% +General Electric or Westinghouse couples +the core with the uh steam turbines and + + align:start position:0% +the core with the uh steam turbines and + + + align:start position:0% +the core with the uh steam turbines and +and the power supply systems. And then + + align:start position:0% +and the power supply systems. And then + + + align:start position:0% +and the power supply systems. And then +you have the architect engineer that in + + align:start position:0% +you have the architect engineer that in + + + align:start position:0% +you have the architect engineer that in +fact uh builds the plant or designs the + + align:start position:0% +fact uh builds the plant or designs the + + + align:start position:0% +fact uh builds the plant or designs the +plant given the structure the + + align:start position:0% +plant given the structure the + + + align:start position:0% +plant given the structure the +fundamental structures that are + + align:start position:0% +fundamental structures that are + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental structures that are +available. So the vendor say in this + + align:start position:0% +available. So the vendor say in this + + + align:start position:0% +available. So the vendor say in this +case it would be a Westinghouse or or a + + align:start position:0% +case it would be a Westinghouse or or a + + + align:start position:0% +case it would be a Westinghouse or or a +General Electric or a Reva at this point + + align:start position:0% +General Electric or a Reva at this point + + + align:start position:0% +General Electric or a Reva at this point +they would perform all the safety + + align:start position:0% +they would perform all the safety + + + align:start position:0% +they would perform all the safety +analysis and plant design that support + + align:start position:0% +analysis and plant design that support + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and plant design that support +the safety analysis which demonstrates + + align:start position:0% +the safety analysis which demonstrates + + + align:start position:0% +the safety analysis which demonstrates +the plant can be operated safely and you + + align:start position:0% +the plant can be operated safely and you + + + align:start position:0% +the plant can be operated safely and you +can produce the power that in fact is + + align:start position:0% +can produce the power that in fact is + + + align:start position:0% +can produce the power that in fact is +needed. So given the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +needed. So given the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +needed. So given the fact that the +vendor is doing all this safety analysis + + align:start position:0% +vendor is doing all this safety analysis + + + align:start position:0% +vendor is doing all this safety analysis +report, they have to meet all these 10 + + align:start position:0% +report, they have to meet all these 10 + + + align:start position:0% +report, they have to meet all these 10 +CFR part 50 requirements and we'll go + + align:start position:0% +CFR part 50 requirements and we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +CFR part 50 requirements and we'll go +over that in a few minutes. The utility + + align:start position:0% +over that in a few minutes. The utility + + + align:start position:0% +over that in a few minutes. The utility +submits these reports to the NRC + + align:start position:0% +submits these reports to the NRC + + + align:start position:0% +submits these reports to the NRC +uh and they submit their safety analysis + + align:start position:0% +uh and they submit their safety analysis + + + align:start position:0% +uh and they submit their safety analysis +and environmental report for review and + + align:start position:0% +and environmental report for review and + + + align:start position:0% +and environmental report for review and +acceptance. We now have a new process + + align:start position:0% +acceptance. We now have a new process + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance. We now have a new process +and we'll touch bit touch a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and we'll touch bit touch a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll touch bit touch a little bit +on those. is called the part 52 process + + align:start position:0% +on those. is called the part 52 process + + + align:start position:0% +on those. is called the part 52 process +instead of just the part 50 in which you + + align:start position:0% +instead of just the part 50 in which you + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just the part 50 in which you +used to be able to submit a construction + + align:start position:0% +used to be able to submit a construction + + + align:start position:0% +used to be able to submit a construction +permit. Get a get a license to construct + + align:start position:0% +permit. Get a get a license to construct + + + align:start position:0% +permit. Get a get a license to construct +and then do the construction and then a + + align:start position:0% +and then do the construction and then a + + + align:start position:0% +and then do the construction and then a +few years later when the construction is + + align:start position:0% +few years later when the construction is + + + align:start position:0% +few years later when the construction is +almost done you submit a final safety + + align:start position:0% +almost done you submit a final safety + + + align:start position:0% +almost done you submit a final safety +analysis report and then you get an + + align:start position:0% +analysis report and then you get an + + + align:start position:0% +analysis report and then you get an +operating license assuming everything is + + align:start position:0% +operating license assuming everything is + + + align:start position:0% +operating license assuming everything is +done right today we have a combined + + align:start position:0% +done right today we have a combined + + + align:start position:0% +done right today we have a combined +operating and construction permit at the + + align:start position:0% +operating and construction permit at the + + + align:start position:0% +operating and construction permit at the +same time. That obviously requires a lot + + align:start position:0% +same time. That obviously requires a lot + + + align:start position:0% +same time. That obviously requires a lot +more technical + + align:start position:0% +more technical + + + align:start position:0% +more technical +uh data and analysis to be to be + + align:start position:0% +uh data and analysis to be to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh data and analysis to be to be +reviewed as opposed to a construction + + align:start position:0% +reviewed as opposed to a construction + + + align:start position:0% +reviewed as opposed to a construction +permit time. It's only called a + + align:start position:0% +permit time. It's only called a + + + align:start position:0% +permit time. It's only called a +preliminary safety analysis report. Then + + align:start position:0% +preliminary safety analysis report. Then + + + align:start position:0% +preliminary safety analysis report. Then +once the NRC is happy, then there's a + + align:start position:0% +once the NRC is happy, then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +once the NRC is happy, then there's a +possibility of licensing hearings. These + + align:start position:0% +possibility of licensing hearings. These + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of licensing hearings. These +are judicatory. It's like in a court of + + align:start position:0% +are judicatory. It's like in a court of + + + align:start position:0% +are judicatory. It's like in a court of +law before three judges. One's one's a + + align:start position:0% +law before three judges. One's one's a + + + align:start position:0% +law before three judges. One's one's a +legal person, usually the chairman, and + + align:start position:0% +legal person, usually the chairman, and + + + align:start position:0% +legal person, usually the chairman, and +you have one sort of nuclear engineer + + align:start position:0% +you have one sort of nuclear engineer + + + align:start position:0% +you have one sort of nuclear engineer +and one environmental engineer. And they + + align:start position:0% +and one environmental engineer. And they + + + align:start position:0% +and one environmental engineer. And they +sort of act as judges. + + align:start position:0% +sort of act as judges. + + + align:start position:0% +sort of act as judges. +in an atomic licensing an atomic safety + + align:start position:0% +in an atomic licensing an atomic safety + + + align:start position:0% +in an atomic licensing an atomic safety +and licensing board where they in fact + + align:start position:0% +and licensing board where they in fact + + + align:start position:0% +and licensing board where they in fact +determine whether the interveners or the + + align:start position:0% +determine whether the interveners or the + + + align:start position:0% +determine whether the interveners or the +opponents of the plant have any + + align:start position:0% +opponents of the plant have any + + + align:start position:0% +opponents of the plant have any +legitimate reasons for not granting the + + align:start position:0% +legitimate reasons for not granting the + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate reasons for not granting the +license and once that is all done you + + align:start position:0% +license and once that is all done you + + + align:start position:0% +license and once that is all done you +are op you are able to get an operating + + align:start position:0% +are op you are able to get an operating + + + align:start position:0% +are op you are able to get an operating +license. + + align:start position:0% +license. + + + align:start position:0% +license. +Now, the regulations that govern uh + + align:start position:0% +Now, the regulations that govern uh + + + align:start position:0% +Now, the regulations that govern uh +nuclear power are are part 10 of the + + align:start position:0% +nuclear power are are part 10 of the + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear power are are part 10 of the +code of federal regulations and I list + + align:start position:0% +code of federal regulations and I list + + + align:start position:0% +code of federal regulations and I list +the website there and I'm just we're + + align:start position:0% +the website there and I'm just we're + + + align:start position:0% +the website there and I'm just we're +just going to go through that just to + + align:start position:0% +just going to go through that just to + + + align:start position:0% +just going to go through that just to +make sure that you all appreciate that + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you all appreciate that + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you all appreciate that +there is such a part and it is + + align:start position:0% +there is such a part and it is + + + align:start position:0% +there is such a part and it is +um if all works well there we go you + + align:start position:0% +um if all works well there we go you + + + align:start position:0% +um if all works well there we go you +will be able to see what it + + align:start position:0% +will be able to see what it + + + align:start position:0% +will be able to see what it +contains. Title 10 of the code of + + align:start position:0% +contains. Title 10 of the code of + + + align:start position:0% +contains. Title 10 of the code of +federal regulations. + + align:start position:0% +federal regulations. + + + align:start position:0% +federal regulations. +Now, this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +Now, this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +Now, this is sort of the +bible of the reactor designer and the + + align:start position:0% +bible of the reactor designer and the + + + align:start position:0% +bible of the reactor designer and the +reactor + + align:start position:0% +reactor + + + align:start position:0% +reactor +operator. It is used to to determine how + + align:start position:0% +operator. It is used to to determine how + + + align:start position:0% +operator. It is used to to determine how +the plant are going to be how the plants + + align:start position:0% +the plant are going to be how the plants + + + align:start position:0% +the plant are going to be how the plants +are going to be designed. And if we + + align:start position:0% +are going to be designed. And if we + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be designed. And if we +start going through some of these + + align:start position:0% +start going through some of these + + + align:start position:0% +start going through some of these +things, I've highlighted a few parts. + + align:start position:0% +things, I've highlighted a few parts. + + + align:start position:0% +things, I've highlighted a few parts. +Part two. Part two is a very important + + align:start position:0% +Part two. Part two is a very important + + + align:start position:0% +Part two. Part two is a very important +part because it describes and all you do + + align:start position:0% +part because it describes and all you do + + + align:start position:0% +part because it describes and all you do +is click on + + align:start position:0% +is click on + + + align:start position:0% +is click on +it. It + + align:start position:0% +it. It + + + align:start position:0% +it. It +describes the + + align:start position:0% +describes the + + + align:start position:0% +describes the +conduct of licensing + + align:start position:0% +conduct of licensing + + + align:start position:0% +conduct of licensing +proceedings. So if you are ever curious + + align:start position:0% +proceedings. So if you are ever curious + + + align:start position:0% +proceedings. So if you are ever curious +about what is it that goes on when you + + align:start position:0% +about what is it that goes on when you + + + align:start position:0% +about what is it that goes on when you +need to file a + + align:start position:0% +need to file a + + + align:start position:0% +need to file a +license, you have possibility of a + + align:start position:0% +license, you have possibility of a + + + align:start position:0% +license, you have possibility of a +notice of public hearing. + + align:start position:0% +notice of public hearing. + + + align:start position:0% +notice of public hearing. +you have um a very rigorous process for + + align:start position:0% +you have um a very rigorous process for + + + align:start position:0% +you have um a very rigorous process for +ultimately + + align:start position:0% +ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately +determining whether or not you are uh in + + align:start position:0% +determining whether or not you are uh in + + + align:start position:0% +determining whether or not you are uh in +compliance with the standards of of the + + align:start position:0% +compliance with the standards of of the + + + align:start position:0% +compliance with the standards of of the +report and also the standards of + + align:start position:0% +report and also the standards of + + + align:start position:0% +report and also the standards of +intervention. There are petitions to + + align:start position:0% +intervention. There are petitions to + + + align:start position:0% +intervention. There are petitions to +intervene, requirements for standing. + + align:start position:0% +intervene, requirements for standing. + + + align:start position:0% +intervene, requirements for standing. +You just can't be uh a person living in + + align:start position:0% +You just can't be uh a person living in + + + align:start position:0% +You just can't be uh a person living in +Boston and you're going to be objecting + + align:start position:0% +Boston and you're going to be objecting + + + align:start position:0% +Boston and you're going to be objecting +to a nuclear plant in Colorado. You have + + align:start position:0% +to a nuclear plant in Colorado. You have + + + align:start position:0% +to a nuclear plant in Colorado. You have +to have some reason for objecting which + + align:start position:0% +to have some reason for objecting which + + + align:start position:0% +to have some reason for objecting which +means you must be impacted by this. Then + + align:start position:0% +means you must be impacted by this. Then + + + align:start position:0% +means you must be impacted by this. Then +you file what are these called are + + align:start position:0% +you file what are these called are + + + align:start position:0% +you file what are these called are +contentions. And if you dig down even + + align:start position:0% +contentions. And if you dig down even + + + align:start position:0% +contentions. And if you dig down even +deeper, you can see it goes into what is + + align:start position:0% +deeper, you can see it goes into what is + + + align:start position:0% +deeper, you can see it goes into what is +it that you need to prove to be able to + + align:start position:0% +it that you need to prove to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +it that you need to prove to be able to +have standing and what kind of + + align:start position:0% +have standing and what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have standing and what kind of +contention will be accepted by the + + align:start position:0% +contention will be accepted by the + + + align:start position:0% +contention will be accepted by the +licensing boards. And then these are + + align:start position:0% +licensing boards. And then these are + + + align:start position:0% +licensing boards. And then these are +adjudicated in a formal + + align:start position:0% +adjudicated in a formal + + + align:start position:0% +adjudicated in a formal +cross-examination procedure until such + + align:start position:0% +cross-examination procedure until such + + + align:start position:0% +cross-examination procedure until such +time that that the licensing board has + + align:start position:0% +time that that the licensing board has + + + align:start position:0% +time that that the licensing board has +to make a ruling. That ruling is is is + + align:start position:0% +to make a ruling. That ruling is is is + + + align:start position:0% +to make a ruling. That ruling is is is +not quite final, but it can be appealed + + align:start position:0% +not quite final, but it can be appealed + + + align:start position:0% +not quite final, but it can be appealed +to the commission as a as a group. But + + align:start position:0% +to the commission as a as a group. But + + + align:start position:0% +to the commission as a as a group. But +the the bottom line is there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +the the bottom line is there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +the the bottom line is there's lots of +opportunity for public + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for public + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for public +comment and and the your future is + + align:start position:0% +comment and and the your future is + + + align:start position:0% +comment and and the your future is +really determined + + align:start position:0% +really determined + + + align:start position:0% +really determined +by this group called the Atomic Safety + + align:start position:0% +by this group called the Atomic Safety + + + align:start position:0% +by this group called the Atomic Safety +and Licensing Board. And again, it's an + + align:start position:0% +and Licensing Board. And again, it's an + + + align:start position:0% +and Licensing Board. And again, it's an +administrative judge and there are two + + align:start position:0% +administrative judge and there are two + + + align:start position:0% +administrative judge and there are two +other judges who will be sitting and + + align:start position:0% +other judges who will be sitting and + + + align:start position:0% +other judges who will be sitting and +listening to the testimony. + + align:start position:0% +listening to the testimony. + + + align:start position:0% +listening to the testimony. +Much of it is technical and they will in + + align:start position:0% +Much of it is technical and they will in + + + align:start position:0% +Much of it is technical and they will in +fact determine whether or not the + + align:start position:0% +fact determine whether or not the + + + align:start position:0% +fact determine whether or not the +contention is valid and if it is whether + + align:start position:0% +contention is valid and if it is whether + + + align:start position:0% +contention is valid and if it is whether +or not there needs to be any amendment + + align:start position:0% +or not there needs to be any amendment + + + align:start position:0% +or not there needs to be any amendment +to the operating + + align:start position:0% +to the operating + + + align:start position:0% +to the operating +license. When we go back and we start + + align:start position:0% +license. When we go back and we start + + + align:start position:0% +license. When we go back and we start +looking further down the + + align:start position:0% +looking further down the + + + align:start position:0% +looking further down the +list, you have prehering conferences. + + align:start position:0% +list, you have prehering conferences. + + + align:start position:0% +list, you have prehering conferences. +These are opportunities for you know the + + align:start position:0% +These are opportunities for you know the + + + align:start position:0% +These are opportunities for you know the +the interveners may file 150 + + align:start position:0% +the interveners may file 150 + + + align:start position:0% +the interveners may file 150 +contentions only of which maybe two or + + align:start position:0% +contentions only of which maybe two or + + + align:start position:0% +contentions only of which maybe two or +three are admitted because the admission + + align:start position:0% +three are admitted because the admission + + + align:start position:0% +three are admitted because the admission +is is standard is very strict because it + + align:start position:0% +is is standard is very strict because it + + + align:start position:0% +is is standard is very strict because it +must impact safety and it must be + + align:start position:0% +must impact safety and it must be + + + align:start position:0% +must impact safety and it must be +something that hasn't already been + + align:start position:0% +something that hasn't already been + + + align:start position:0% +something that hasn't already been +decided by the judges. So these content + + align:start position:0% +decided by the judges. So these content + + + align:start position:0% +decided by the judges. So these content +these prehering conferences are meant to + + align:start position:0% +these prehering conferences are meant to + + + align:start position:0% +these prehering conferences are meant to +reduce the list of things that need to + + align:start position:0% +reduce the list of things that need to + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the list of things that need to +be worried about during the hearing. + + align:start position:0% +be worried about during the hearing. + + + align:start position:0% +be worried about during the hearing. +Normally you go to hearing with about + + align:start position:0% +Normally you go to hearing with about + + + align:start position:0% +Normally you go to hearing with about +four or five uh four or five + + align:start position:0% +four or five uh four or five + + + align:start position:0% +four or five uh four or five +contentions. You have general discovery. + + align:start position:0% +contentions. You have general discovery. + + + align:start position:0% +contentions. You have general discovery. +Again, it's just like a legal proceeding + + align:start position:0% +Again, it's just like a legal proceeding + + + align:start position:0% +Again, it's just like a legal proceeding +where the lawyers from for the opponents + + align:start position:0% +where the lawyers from for the opponents + + + align:start position:0% +where the lawyers from for the opponents +and the utility and the NRC, you go and + + align:start position:0% +and the utility and the NRC, you go and + + + align:start position:0% +and the utility and the NRC, you go and +you decide, well, I need all this + + align:start position:0% +you decide, well, I need all this + + + align:start position:0% +you decide, well, I need all this +information and you get you get that + + align:start position:0% +information and you get you get that + + + align:start position:0% +information and you get you get that +information as if you were being sued. + + align:start position:0% +information as if you were being sued. + + + align:start position:0% +information as if you were being sued. +It's really just about that. And and + + align:start position:0% +It's really just about that. And and + + + align:start position:0% +It's really just about that. And and +these things take time and then some of + + align:start position:0% +these things take time and then some of + + + align:start position:0% +these things take time and then some of +these hearings can take years to + + align:start position:0% +these hearings can take years to + + + align:start position:0% +these hearings can take years to +resolve. + + align:start position:0% +resolve. + + + align:start position:0% +resolve. +Uh we haven't had one of these done in a + + align:start position:0% +Uh we haven't had one of these done in a + + + align:start position:0% +Uh we haven't had one of these done in a +long long time, but my expectation is + + align:start position:0% +long long time, but my expectation is + + + align:start position:0% +long long time, but my expectation is +that once we start filing some more + + align:start position:0% +that once we start filing some more + + + align:start position:0% +that once we start filing some more +licenses, we'll be going through this + + align:start position:0% +licenses, we'll be going through this + + + align:start position:0% +licenses, we'll be going through this +kind of a process. Um and if you start + + align:start position:0% +kind of a process. Um and if you start + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a process. Um and if you start +looking through some of these other + + align:start position:0% +looking through some of these other + + + align:start position:0% +looking through some of these other +criteria, some of these other parts, the + + align:start position:0% +criteria, some of these other parts, the + + + align:start position:0% +criteria, some of these other parts, the +other part is part 20. Part 20 deals + + align:start position:0% +other part is part 20. Part 20 deals + + + align:start position:0% +other part is part 20. Part 20 deals +with radiation protection. So if you're + + align:start position:0% +with radiation protection. So if you're + + + align:start position:0% +with radiation protection. So if you're +concerned about radiation protection + + align:start position:0% +concerned about radiation protection + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about radiation protection +standards, you can go into this part 20 + + align:start position:0% +standards, you can go into this part 20 + + + align:start position:0% +standards, you can go into this part 20 +and try to see what the standards are. + + align:start position:0% +and try to see what the standards are. + + + align:start position:0% +and try to see what the standards are. +What is the what are the occupational + + align:start position:0% +What is the what are the occupational + + + align:start position:0% +What is the what are the occupational +dose limits for adults uh and also for + + align:start position:0% +dose limits for adults uh and also for + + + align:start position:0% +dose limits for adults uh and also for +internal exposure for minors for fetuses + + align:start position:0% +internal exposure for minors for fetuses + + + align:start position:0% +internal exposure for minors for fetuses +and you keep going down for the public + + align:start position:0% +and you keep going down for the public + + + align:start position:0% +and you keep going down for the public +obviously and then there's also + + align:start position:0% +obviously and then there's also + + + align:start position:0% +obviously and then there's also +standards for the workers. This is an + + align:start position:0% +standards for the workers. This is an + + + align:start position:0% +standards for the workers. This is an +interesting part which is once you + + align:start position:0% +interesting part which is once you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting part which is once you +finish the operating plan you start + + align:start position:0% +finish the operating plan you start + + + align:start position:0% +finish the operating plan you start +decommissioning there are already + + align:start position:0% +decommissioning there are already + + + align:start position:0% +decommissioning there are already +criteria published for license + + align:start position:0% +criteria published for license + + + align:start position:0% +criteria published for license +termination. So you go on and + + align:start position:0% +termination. So you go on and + + + align:start position:0% +termination. So you go on and +on and um these are all the things that + + align:start position:0% +on and um these are all the things that + + + align:start position:0% +on and um these are all the things that +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +to show that you can comply with during + + align:start position:0% +to show that you can comply with during + + + align:start position:0% +to show that you can comply with during +the course of the operation. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The other part that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +The other part that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +The other part that's kind of +interesting which I flagged is part + + align:start position:0% +interesting which I flagged is part + + + align:start position:0% +interesting which I flagged is part +21. Now part 21 is a general provision + + align:start position:0% +21. Now part 21 is a general provision + + + align:start position:0% +21. Now part 21 is a general provision +that says if you find anything that's + + align:start position:0% +that says if you find anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +that says if you find anything that's +generically applicable that could affect + + align:start position:0% +generically applicable that could affect + + + align:start position:0% +generically applicable that could affect +more than just your reactor, you are + + align:start position:0% +more than just your reactor, you are + + + align:start position:0% +more than just your reactor, you are +obligated to report it to the Nuclear + + align:start position:0% +obligated to report it to the Nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +obligated to report it to the Nuclear +Regulatory Commission. And then they go + + align:start position:0% +Regulatory Commission. And then they go + + + align:start position:0% +Regulatory Commission. And then they go +back and they decide how widespread is + + align:start position:0% +back and they decide how widespread is + + + align:start position:0% +back and they decide how widespread is +this problem and they may issue other uh + + align:start position:0% +this problem and they may issue other uh + + + align:start position:0% +this problem and they may issue other uh +generic letters or or statements to the + + align:start position:0% +generic letters or or statements to the + + + align:start position:0% +generic letters or or statements to the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +utilities that you uh that this may + + align:start position:0% +utilities that you uh that this may + + + align:start position:0% +utilities that you uh that this may +affect your plan and you should check + + align:start position:0% +affect your plan and you should check + + + align:start position:0% +affect your plan and you should check +it. Now there's a if for example let me + + align:start position:0% +it. Now there's a if for example let me + + + align:start position:0% +it. Now there's a if for example let me +give you an example. Suppose you're + + align:start position:0% +give you an example. Suppose you're + + + align:start position:0% +give you an example. Suppose you're +working for Westinghouse and you find an + + align:start position:0% +working for Westinghouse and you find an + + + align:start position:0% +working for Westinghouse and you find an +error in your + + align:start position:0% +error in your + + + align:start position:0% +error in your +calculation. The method is wrong or you + + align:start position:0% +calculation. The method is wrong or you + + + align:start position:0% +calculation. The method is wrong or you +find something something wrong in the + + align:start position:0% +find something something wrong in the + + + align:start position:0% +find something something wrong in the +calculation. And this methodology is + + align:start position:0% +calculation. And this methodology is + + + align:start position:0% +calculation. And this methodology is +applied to all the reactors that + + align:start position:0% +applied to all the reactors that + + + align:start position:0% +applied to all the reactors that +Westinghouse + + align:start position:0% +Westinghouse + + + align:start position:0% +Westinghouse +produces. That's a part 21. And and if + + align:start position:0% +produces. That's a part 21. And and if + + + align:start position:0% +produces. That's a part 21. And and if +you do not + + align:start position:0% +you do not + + + align:start position:0% +you do not +comply, there's some serious + + align:start position:0% +comply, there's some serious + + + align:start position:0% +comply, there's some serious +liabilities. And I'm not sure if they're + + align:start position:0% +liabilities. And I'm not sure if they're + + + align:start position:0% +liabilities. And I'm not sure if they're +criminal or not, but clearly the uh the + + align:start position:0% +criminal or not, but clearly the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +criminal or not, but clearly the uh the +NRC does have uh rights to not only find + + align:start position:0% +NRC does have uh rights to not only find + + + align:start position:0% +NRC does have uh rights to not only find +you, but also depending upon the extent + + align:start position:0% +you, but also depending upon the extent + + + align:start position:0% +you, but also depending upon the extent +of the violation, get you uh uh into the + + align:start position:0% +of the violation, get you uh uh into the + + + align:start position:0% +of the violation, get you uh uh into the +legal system as a uh a as a failure to + + align:start position:0% +legal system as a uh a as a failure to + + + align:start position:0% +legal system as a uh a as a failure to +comply to some federal law. It's + + align:start position:0% +comply to some federal law. It's + + + align:start position:0% +comply to some federal law. It's +equivalent to a federal law failure to + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to a federal law failure to + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to a federal law failure to +comply. And you also + + align:start position:0% +comply. And you also + + + align:start position:0% +comply. And you also +have it it also spans to the director or + + align:start position:0% +have it it also spans to the director or + + + align:start position:0% +have it it also spans to the director or +responsible officer + + align:start position:0% +responsible officer + + + align:start position:0% +responsible officer +director. So you can in fact reach much + + align:start position:0% +director. So you can in fact reach much + + + align:start position:0% +director. So you can in fact reach much +further than the poor engineer who made + + align:start position:0% +further than the poor engineer who made + + + align:start position:0% +further than the poor engineer who made +this mistake. This is a very important + + align:start position:0% +this mistake. This is a very important + + + align:start position:0% +this mistake. This is a very important +um this is a very important part of the + + align:start position:0% +um this is a very important part of the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a very important part of the +federal regulations because if there are + + align:start position:0% +federal regulations because if there are + + + align:start position:0% +federal regulations because if there are +generic defects this this part is the + + align:start position:0% +generic defects this this part is the + + + align:start position:0% +generic defects this this part is the +way to get at those. We also have + + align:start position:0% +way to get at those. We also have + + + align:start position:0% +way to get at those. We also have +fitness for duty programs which is drug + + align:start position:0% +fitness for duty programs which is drug + + + align:start position:0% +fitness for duty programs which is drug +and alcohol. Any worker has got to be + + align:start position:0% +and alcohol. Any worker has got to be + + + align:start position:0% +and alcohol. Any worker has got to be +tested randomly for drugs and + + align:start position:0% +tested randomly for drugs and + + + align:start position:0% +tested randomly for drugs and +alcohol and there are provisions for uh + + align:start position:0% +alcohol and there are provisions for uh + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol and there are provisions for uh +having to deal with + + align:start position:0% +having to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +having to deal with +that. Uh the other part that I got to + + align:start position:0% +that. Uh the other part that I got to + + + align:start position:0% +that. Uh the other part that I got to +was part 50. Now this part is the part + + align:start position:0% +was part 50. Now this part is the part + + + align:start position:0% +was part 50. Now this part is the part +that really guides the licensing of + + align:start position:0% +that really guides the licensing of + + + align:start position:0% +that really guides the licensing of +these and the design of these facilities + + align:start position:0% +these and the design of these facilities + + + align:start position:0% +these and the design of these facilities +and it has + + align:start position:0% +and it has + + + align:start position:0% +and it has +um this + + align:start position:0% +um this + + + align:start position:0% +um this +50.9 this is a very interesting uh + + align:start position:0% +50.9 this is a very interesting uh + + + align:start position:0% +50.9 this is a very interesting uh +regulation as well and that basically + + align:start position:0% +regulation as well and that basically + + + align:start position:0% +regulation as well and that basically +says if you if you know of anything that + + align:start position:0% +says if you if you know of anything that + + + align:start position:0% +says if you if you know of anything that +you said that was not correct you have + + align:start position:0% +you said that was not correct you have + + + align:start position:0% +you said that was not correct you have +an obl obligation to come + + align:start position:0% +an obl obligation to come + + + align:start position:0% +an obl obligation to come +forward. And if you sign a letter that + + align:start position:0% +forward. And if you sign a letter that + + + align:start position:0% +forward. And if you sign a letter that +isn't completely truthful and you + + align:start position:0% +isn't completely truthful and you + + + align:start position:0% +isn't completely truthful and you +withheld something that you possibly + + align:start position:0% +withheld something that you possibly + + + align:start position:0% +withheld something that you possibly +should have included, they can get you + + align:start position:0% +should have included, they can get you + + + align:start position:0% +should have included, they can get you +on failure to comply on completeness. + + align:start position:0% +on failure to comply on completeness. + + + align:start position:0% +on failure to comply on completeness. +Completeness, not only + + align:start position:0% +Completeness, not only + + + align:start position:0% +Completeness, not only +accuracy. So this is a provision that + + align:start position:0% +accuracy. So this is a provision that + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy. So this is a provision that +the NRC had put in to be sure that + + align:start position:0% +the NRC had put in to be sure that + + + align:start position:0% +the NRC had put in to be sure that +nobody was not telling the whole story. + + align:start position:0% +nobody was not telling the whole story. + + + align:start position:0% +nobody was not telling the whole story. +It's a very important part of assurance + + align:start position:0% +It's a very important part of assurance + + + align:start position:0% +It's a very important part of assurance +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +responsibility. Um, in the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +responsibility. Um, in the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility. Um, in the nuclear +world, you are allowed to, even though + + align:start position:0% +world, you are allowed to, even though + + + align:start position:0% +world, you are allowed to, even though +you may not have an operating license, + + align:start position:0% +you may not have an operating license, + + + align:start position:0% +you may not have an operating license, +you can get a license to allow for + + align:start position:0% +you can get a license to allow for + + + align:start position:0% +you can get a license to allow for +limited work + + align:start position:0% +limited work + + + align:start position:0% +limited work +authorization, which allows you to do + + align:start position:0% +authorization, which allows you to do + + + align:start position:0% +authorization, which allows you to do +certain construction + + align:start position:0% +certain construction + + + align:start position:0% +certain construction +work. Now, there are several types of + + align:start position:0% +work. Now, there are several types of + + + align:start position:0% +work. Now, there are several types of +licenses as you see here. 104 which is + + align:start position:0% +licenses as you see here. 104 which is + + + align:start position:0% +licenses as you see here. 104 which is +therapy and research facilities and 103 + + align:start position:0% +therapy and research facilities and 103 + + + align:start position:0% +therapy and research facilities and 103 +are for nuclear power plants and other + + align:start position:0% +are for nuclear power plants and other + + + align:start position:0% +are for nuclear power plants and other +industrial facilities. So most reactors + + align:start position:0% +industrial facilities. So most reactors + + + align:start position:0% +industrial facilities. So most reactors +obviously are under 10 103 licenses and + + align:start position:0% +obviously are under 10 103 licenses and + + + align:start position:0% +obviously are under 10 103 licenses and +then you have this construction permit + + align:start position:0% +then you have this construction permit + + + align:start position:0% +then you have this construction permit +process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in as you go further down you have to + + align:start position:0% +in as you go further down you have to + + + align:start position:0% +in as you go further down you have to +provide certain information to the NRC + + align:start position:0% +provide certain information to the NRC + + + align:start position:0% +provide certain information to the NRC +which this particular provision + + align:start position:0% +which this particular provision + + + align:start position:0% +which this particular provision +explicitly states in terms of what you + + align:start position:0% +explicitly states in terms of what you + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly states in terms of what you +need for a construction permit and a + + align:start position:0% +need for a construction permit and a + + + align:start position:0% +need for a construction permit and a +licensing application. + + align:start position:0% +licensing application. + + + align:start position:0% +licensing application. +You also have a standard form of + + align:start position:0% +You also have a standard form of + + + align:start position:0% +You also have a standard form of +technical specifications. And technical + + align:start position:0% +technical specifications. And technical + + + align:start position:0% +technical specifications. And technical +specifications are those things that you + + align:start position:0% +specifications are those things that you + + + align:start position:0% +specifications are those things that you +that that describe your limits of + + align:start position:0% +that that describe your limits of + + + align:start position:0% +that that describe your limits of +operation, what you can or cannot do + + align:start position:0% +operation, what you can or cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +operation, what you can or cannot do +relative to power level, temperatures + + align:start position:0% +relative to power level, temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +relative to power level, temperatures +um and it has to fall into um to to to + + align:start position:0% +um and it has to fall into um to to to + + + align:start position:0% +um and it has to fall into um to to to +support the criteria develop as a result + + align:start position:0% +support the criteria develop as a result + + + align:start position:0% +support the criteria develop as a result +of the safety analysis. Also, you have + + align:start position:0% +of the safety analysis. Also, you have + + + align:start position:0% +of the safety analysis. Also, you have +you're allowed to release radioactive + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to release radioactive + + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to release radioactive +materials from these plants and you have + + align:start position:0% +materials from these plants and you have + + + align:start position:0% +materials from these plants and you have +technical specifications for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those. You have to file emergency plans + + align:start position:0% +those. You have to file emergency plans + + + align:start position:0% +those. You have to file emergency plans +and there are clear requirements for + + align:start position:0% +and there are clear requirements for + + + align:start position:0% +and there are clear requirements for +that. There's a fire protection rule + + align:start position:0% +that. There's a fire protection rule + + + align:start position:0% +that. There's a fire protection rule +which addresses fires in the safety + + align:start position:0% +which addresses fires in the safety + + + align:start position:0% +which addresses fires in the safety +related areas and then you have + + align:start position:0% +related areas and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +related areas and then you have +environmental qualification of + + align:start position:0% +environmental qualification of + + + align:start position:0% +environmental qualification of +electrical equipment. Does anybody know + + align:start position:0% +electrical equipment. Does anybody know + + + align:start position:0% +electrical equipment. Does anybody know +what that means? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +If you have a loss of coolant accident, + + align:start position:0% +If you have a loss of coolant accident, + + + align:start position:0% +If you have a loss of coolant accident, +what do you get in + + align:start position:0% +what do you get in + + + align:start position:0% +what do you get in +containment? Steam, radioactivity, high + + align:start position:0% +containment? Steam, radioactivity, high + + + align:start position:0% +containment? Steam, radioactivity, high +temperatures, the equipment that you + + align:start position:0% +temperatures, the equipment that you + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures, the equipment that you +have to rely on in those events must be + + align:start position:0% +have to rely on in those events must be + + + align:start position:0% +have to rely on in those events must be +qualified for those conditions to + + align:start position:0% +qualified for those conditions to + + + align:start position:0% +qualified for those conditions to +operate. And there's a very strict rule + + align:start position:0% +operate. And there's a very strict rule + + + align:start position:0% +operate. And there's a very strict rule +to show that the equipment is in fact + + align:start position:0% +to show that the equipment is in fact + + + align:start position:0% +to show that the equipment is in fact +qualified for the service. + + align:start position:0% +qualified for the service. + + + align:start position:0% +qualified for the service. +The NRC may after a period of review + + align:start position:0% +The NRC may after a period of review + + + align:start position:0% +The NRC may after a period of review +define certain conditions of + + align:start position:0% +define certain conditions of + + + align:start position:0% +define certain conditions of +licenses. A + + align:start position:0% +licenses. A + + + align:start position:0% +licenses. A +5054F letter is show me. It's a letter + + align:start position:0% +5054F letter is show me. It's a letter + + + align:start position:0% +5054F letter is show me. It's a letter +sh saying you need to show me that you + + align:start position:0% +sh saying you need to show me that you + + + align:start position:0% +sh saying you need to show me that you +should be allowed to operate because we + + align:start position:0% +should be allowed to operate because we + + + align:start position:0% +should be allowed to operate because we +have determined certain things. Prove to + + align:start position:0% +have determined certain things. Prove to + + + align:start position:0% +have determined certain things. Prove to +us that these that you have met certain + + align:start position:0% +us that these that you have met certain + + + align:start position:0% +us that these that you have met certain +conditions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Then you have obviously criteria for + + align:start position:0% +Then you have obviously criteria for + + + align:start position:0% +Then you have obviously criteria for +issuance of the operating license. Then + + align:start position:0% +issuance of the operating license. Then + + + align:start position:0% +issuance of the operating license. Then +there are other very specific + + align:start position:0% +there are other very specific + + + align:start position:0% +there are other very specific +deterministic thing things that are that + + align:start position:0% +deterministic thing things that are that + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic thing things that are that +that are applied acceptance criteria for + + align:start position:0% +that are applied acceptance criteria for + + + align:start position:0% +that are applied acceptance criteria for +fracture prevention measures in + + align:start position:0% +fracture prevention measures in + + + align:start position:0% +fracture prevention measures in +lightwater + + align:start position:0% +lightwater + + + align:start position:0% +lightwater +reactors. Very specific basically + + align:start position:0% +reactors. Very specific basically + + + align:start position:0% +reactors. Very specific basically +dealing with reactor vessels. Fracture + + align:start position:0% +dealing with reactor vessels. Fracture + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with reactor vessels. Fracture +toughness + + align:start position:0% +toughness + + + align:start position:0% +toughness +requirement. Fracture toughness against + + align:start position:0% +requirement. Fracture toughness against + + + align:start position:0% +requirement. Fracture toughness against +pressurized thermal shock. You know what + + align:start position:0% +pressurized thermal shock. You know what + + + align:start position:0% +pressurized thermal shock. You know what +a pressurized thermal shock is? When you + + align:start position:0% +a pressurized thermal shock is? When you + + + align:start position:0% +a pressurized thermal shock is? When you +have an event, the reactor is operating + + align:start position:0% +have an event, the reactor is operating + + + align:start position:0% +have an event, the reactor is operating +at full power. You blow down the primary + + align:start position:0% +at full power. You blow down the primary + + + align:start position:0% +at full power. You blow down the primary +coolant which is hot. You start + + align:start position:0% +coolant which is hot. You start + + + align:start position:0% +coolant which is hot. You start +injecting emergency core cooling water + + align:start position:0% +injecting emergency core cooling water + + + align:start position:0% +injecting emergency core cooling water +which is cold. If the vessel isn't in + + align:start position:0% +which is cold. If the vessel isn't in + + + align:start position:0% +which is cold. If the vessel isn't in +brittle, namely radiation damage, it can + + align:start position:0% +brittle, namely radiation damage, it can + + + align:start position:0% +brittle, namely radiation damage, it can +shock the vessel into failure. So + + align:start position:0% +shock the vessel into failure. So + + + align:start position:0% +shock the vessel into failure. So +pressure and then the reactor is could + + align:start position:0% +pressure and then the reactor is could + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and then the reactor is could +be under pressure especially for a small + + align:start position:0% +be under pressure especially for a small + + + align:start position:0% +be under pressure especially for a small +break loca and that could in fact fail + + align:start position:0% +break loca and that could in fact fail + + + align:start position:0% +break loca and that could in fact fail +the uh the reactive vessel. This was a + + align:start position:0% +the uh the reactive vessel. This was a + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the reactive vessel. This was a +big issue for us at Yankee Row. We had + + align:start position:0% +big issue for us at Yankee Row. We had + + + align:start position:0% +big issue for us at Yankee Row. We had +to actually raise the cooling + + align:start position:0% +to actually raise the cooling + + + align:start position:0% +to actually raise the cooling +temperature of the emergency core + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the emergency core + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the emergency core +cooling system because of the NRC + + align:start position:0% +cooling system because of the NRC + + + align:start position:0% +cooling system because of the NRC +thought our vessel was somewhat in + + align:start position:0% +thought our vessel was somewhat in + + + align:start position:0% +thought our vessel was somewhat in +brittle and then you have anticipated + + align:start position:0% +brittle and then you have anticipated + + + align:start position:0% +brittle and then you have anticipated +transients without scram requirements. + + align:start position:0% +transients without scram requirements. + + + align:start position:0% +transients without scram requirements. +So you have all these general design + + align:start position:0% +So you have all these general design + + + align:start position:0% +So you have all these general design +criteria on top of which the NRC has fed + + align:start position:0% +criteria on top of which the NRC has fed + + + align:start position:0% +criteria on top of which the NRC has fed +has decided to to make specific detailed + + align:start position:0% +has decided to to make specific detailed + + + align:start position:0% +has decided to to make specific detailed +requirements to address some of these + + align:start position:0% +requirements to address some of these + + + align:start position:0% +requirements to address some of these +concerns that have come up. Loss of all + + align:start position:0% +concerns that have come up. Loss of all + + + align:start position:0% +concerns that have come up. Loss of all +alternating current + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power. Then you have another uh criteria + + align:start position:0% +power. Then you have another uh criteria + + + align:start position:0% +power. Then you have another uh criteria +which is the accident source term. This + + align:start position:0% +which is the accident source term. This + + + align:start position:0% +which is the accident source term. This +is an arbitrary definition of what the + + align:start position:0% +is an arbitrary definition of what the + + + align:start position:0% +is an arbitrary definition of what the +source term will be in the event of an + + align:start position:0% +source term will be in the event of an + + + align:start position:0% +source term will be in the event of an +accident. It's it's it's not a + + align:start position:0% +accident. It's it's it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +accident. It's it's it's not a +mechanistic source term. It's an assumed + + align:start position:0% +mechanistic source term. It's an assumed + + + align:start position:0% +mechanistic source term. It's an assumed +source term which obviously affects + + align:start position:0% +source term which obviously affects + + + align:start position:0% +source term which obviously affects +offsite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +release. They're now going to + + align:start position:0% +release. They're now going to + + + align:start position:0% +release. They're now going to +riskinformed + + align:start position:0% +riskinformed + + + align:start position:0% +riskinformed +uh categorization of system structures + + align:start position:0% +uh categorization of system structures + + + align:start position:0% +uh categorization of system structures +and components. These are kind of new + + align:start position:0% +and components. These are kind of new + + + align:start position:0% +and components. These are kind of new +requirements. So they're beginning to + + align:start position:0% +requirements. So they're beginning to + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. So they're beginning to +accept the notion of risk in regulation. + + align:start position:0% +accept the notion of risk in regulation. + + + align:start position:0% +accept the notion of risk in regulation. +And also you and you'll see more of + + align:start position:0% +And also you and you'll see more of + + + align:start position:0% +And also you and you'll see more of +these as they're trying to risk inform + + align:start position:0% +these as they're trying to risk inform + + + align:start position:0% +these as they're trying to risk inform +the emergency core cooling appendix K + + align:start position:0% +the emergency core cooling appendix K + + + align:start position:0% +the emergency core cooling appendix K +requirements. Um the NRC has a very + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Um the NRC has a very + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Um the NRC has a very +extensive requirement for reporting + + align:start position:0% +extensive requirement for reporting + + + align:start position:0% +extensive requirement for reporting +lency + + align:start position:0% +lency + + + align:start position:0% +lency +events. So if you have anything in + + align:start position:0% +events. So if you have anything in + + + align:start position:0% +events. So if you have anything in +particular say you have a + + align:start position:0% +particular say you have a + + + align:start position:0% +particular say you have a +text violation that becomes a reportable + + align:start position:0% +text violation that becomes a reportable + + + align:start position:0% +text violation that becomes a reportable +event to the NRC. If you are operating + + align:start position:0% +event to the NRC. If you are operating + + + align:start position:0% +event to the NRC. If you are operating +outside the design basis, you must + + align:start position:0% +outside the design basis, you must + + + align:start position:0% +outside the design basis, you must +report it to the NRC. If you have an + + align:start position:0% +report it to the NRC. If you have an + + + align:start position:0% +report it to the NRC. If you have an +overexposure, you obviously have to + + align:start position:0% +overexposure, you obviously have to + + + align:start position:0% +overexposure, you obviously have to +report it to the + + align:start position:0% +report it to the + + + align:start position:0% +report it to the +NRC. And again, it's the plant tech + + align:start position:0% +NRC. And again, it's the plant tech + + + align:start position:0% +NRC. And again, it's the plant tech +specs and any operating condition which + + align:start position:0% +specs and any operating condition which + + + align:start position:0% +specs and any operating condition which +is prohibited, okay, by the technical + + align:start position:0% +is prohibited, okay, by the technical + + + align:start position:0% +is prohibited, okay, by the technical +specifications, you have to report. If + + align:start position:0% +specifications, you have to report. If + + + align:start position:0% +specifications, you have to report. If +you missed a surveillance that was + + align:start position:0% +you missed a surveillance that was + + + align:start position:0% +you missed a surveillance that was +required, an inspection, a test, you + + align:start position:0% +required, an inspection, a test, you + + + align:start position:0% +required, an inspection, a test, you +have to report those. Um, so you have a + + align:start position:0% +have to report those. Um, so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +have to report those. Um, so you have a +lot of reporting requirements and these + + align:start position:0% +lot of reporting requirements and these + + + align:start position:0% +lot of reporting requirements and these +less are rated by significance and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +category. What I'm trying to do is give + + align:start position:0% +category. What I'm trying to do is give + + + align:start position:0% +category. What I'm trying to do is give +you a sense of + + align:start position:0% +you a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +you a sense of +why the these nuclear + + align:start position:0% +why the these nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +why the these nuclear +plants in some in some cases are a lot + + align:start position:0% +plants in some in some cases are a lot + + + align:start position:0% +plants in some in some cases are a lot +of trouble to operate. This is certainly + + align:start position:0% +of trouble to operate. This is certainly + + + align:start position:0% +of trouble to operate. This is certainly +much more extensive than a coal or an + + align:start position:0% +much more extensive than a coal or an + + + align:start position:0% +much more extensive than a coal or an +ovine. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +One of the things I remember one of my + + align:start position:0% +One of the things I remember one of my + + + align:start position:0% +One of the things I remember one of my +employees at Yankee worked very hard to + + align:start position:0% +employees at Yankee worked very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +employees at Yankee worked very hard to +get in this 5109 rule. It's + + align:start position:0% +get in this 5109 rule. It's + + + align:start position:0% +get in this 5109 rule. It's +backfitting. The NRC can at at any time + + align:start position:0% +backfitting. The NRC can at at any time + + + align:start position:0% +backfitting. The NRC can at at any time +they want to make you change your design + + align:start position:0% +they want to make you change your design + + + align:start position:0% +they want to make you change your design +based on their perception of risk and + + align:start position:0% +based on their perception of risk and + + + align:start position:0% +based on their perception of risk and +and value. We got a rule in place called + + align:start position:0% +and value. We got a rule in place called + + + align:start position:0% +and value. We got a rule in place called +a backfit rule that said you can't just + + align:start position:0% +a backfit rule that said you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +a backfit rule that said you can't just +do this arbitrarily. you have to show + + align:start position:0% +do this arbitrarily. you have to show + + + align:start position:0% +do this arbitrarily. you have to show +cost benefit value for that change and + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit value for that change and + + + align:start position:0% +cost benefit value for that change and +this rule protects from against + + align:start position:0% +this rule protects from against + + + align:start position:0% +this rule protects from against +arbitrary changes in in design or + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary changes in in design or + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary changes in in design or +requirements. Back to + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Back to + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Back to +the obviously if you violate your + + align:start position:0% +the obviously if you violate your + + + align:start position:0% +the obviously if you violate your +technical specifications violate your + + align:start position:0% +technical specifications violate your + + + align:start position:0% +technical specifications violate your +requirements you have violations. The + + align:start position:0% +requirements you have violations. The + + + align:start position:0% +requirements you have violations. The +NRC has a very strict process of if you + + align:start position:0% +NRC has a very strict process of if you + + + align:start position:0% +NRC has a very strict process of if you +like you say you violate technical + + align:start position:0% +like you say you violate technical + + + align:start position:0% +like you say you violate technical +specifications or or your systems + + align:start position:0% +specifications or or your systems + + + align:start position:0% +specifications or or your systems +continue to have problems they can cite + + align:start position:0% +continue to have problems they can cite + + + align:start position:0% +continue to have problems they can cite +you for violations some of which are + + align:start position:0% +you for violations some of which are + + + align:start position:0% +you for violations some of which are +fined and some of which are unfined + + align:start position:0% +fined and some of which are unfined + + + align:start position:0% +fined and some of which are unfined +notices and you'll see a section here on + + align:start position:0% +notices and you'll see a section here on + + + align:start position:0% +notices and you'll see a section here on +criminal penalties. Now the two key + + align:start position:0% +criminal penalties. Now the two key + + + align:start position:0% +criminal penalties. Now the two key +appendices here are appendix A which are + + align:start position:0% +appendices here are appendix A which are + + + align:start position:0% +appendices here are appendix A which are +the general design + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +criteria. So, if you're starting off + + align:start position:0% +criteria. So, if you're starting off + + + align:start position:0% +criteria. So, if you're starting off +wanting to design a nuclear power plant, + + align:start position:0% +wanting to design a nuclear power plant, + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to design a nuclear power plant, +the first thing you have to do is look + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you have to do is look + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you have to do is look +at what the general design criteria + + align:start position:0% +at what the general design criteria + + + align:start position:0% +at what the general design criteria +require. And these + + align:start position:0% +require. And these + + + align:start position:0% +require. And these +requirements are found in appendix A. + + align:start position:0% +requirements are found in appendix A. + + + align:start position:0% +requirements are found in appendix A. +And and I'm just going to scroll down + + align:start position:0% +And and I'm just going to scroll down + + + align:start position:0% +And and I'm just going to scroll down +here. So maybe you can see you got + + align:start position:0% +here. So maybe you can see you got + + + align:start position:0% +here. So maybe you can see you got +quality, you + + align:start position:0% +quality, you + + + align:start position:0% +quality, you +got design requirements for the reactor, + + align:start position:0% +got design requirements for the reactor, + + + align:start position:0% +got design requirements for the reactor, +the pressure boundary, the control + + align:start position:0% +the pressure boundary, the control + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure boundary, the control +systems, the fluid systems, testing + + align:start position:0% +systems, the fluid systems, testing + + + align:start position:0% +systems, the fluid systems, testing +requirements, containment design + + align:start position:0% +requirements, containment design + + + align:start position:0% +requirements, containment design +requirements. All of these are quite + + align:start position:0% +requirements. All of these are quite + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. All of these are quite +quite specifically identified as to what + + align:start position:0% +quite specifically identified as to what + + + align:start position:0% +quite specifically identified as to what +you must be a must be able to do in the + + align:start position:0% +you must be a must be able to do in the + + + align:start position:0% +you must be a must be able to do in the +design of this reactor. So that's sort + + align:start position:0% +design of this reactor. So that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +design of this reactor. So that's sort +of your your your your guide + + align:start position:0% +of your your your your guide + + + align:start position:0% +of your your your your guide +book. The other major requirement is we + + align:start position:0% +book. The other major requirement is we + + + align:start position:0% +book. The other major requirement is we +call appendix B. Appendix B is the + + align:start position:0% +call appendix B. Appendix B is the + + + align:start position:0% +call appendix B. Appendix B is the +quality assurance + + align:start position:0% +quality assurance + + + align:start position:0% +quality assurance +criteria. If they can't site you for a + + align:start position:0% +criteria. If they can't site you for a + + + align:start position:0% +criteria. If they can't site you for a +violation because there's no + + align:start position:0% +violation because there's no + + + align:start position:0% +violation because there's no +specific failure that that go fail + + align:start position:0% +specific failure that that go fail + + + align:start position:0% +specific failure that that go fail +outside the technical + + align:start position:0% +outside the technical + + + align:start position:0% +outside the technical +specifications. But if components fail, + + align:start position:0% +specifications. But if components fail, + + + align:start position:0% +specifications. But if components fail, +they can get you for failure to follow + + align:start position:0% +they can get you for failure to follow + + + align:start position:0% +they can get you for failure to follow +your quality assurance criteria, which + + align:start position:0% +your quality assurance criteria, which + + + align:start position:0% +your quality assurance criteria, which +should have prevented such + + align:start position:0% +should have prevented such + + + align:start position:0% +should have prevented such +failures. So this is their ultimate uh + + align:start position:0% +failures. So this is their ultimate uh + + + align:start position:0% +failures. So this is their ultimate uh +fine or notice of violation of last + + align:start position:0% +fine or notice of violation of last + + + align:start position:0% +fine or notice of violation of last +resort when they can't get you for a + + align:start position:0% +resort when they can't get you for a + + + align:start position:0% +resort when they can't get you for a +specific + + align:start position:0% +specific + + + align:start position:0% +specific +one. Then you start looking down the + + align:start position:0% +one. Then you start looking down the + + + align:start position:0% +one. Then you start looking down the +list of all these other appendices. + + align:start position:0% +list of all these other appendices. + + + align:start position:0% +list of all these other appendices. +uh financial requirements uh emergency + + align:start position:0% +uh financial requirements uh emergency + + + align:start position:0% +uh financial requirements uh emergency +planning very specific requirements of + + align:start position:0% +planning very specific requirements of + + + align:start position:0% +planning very specific requirements of +10 to 50 mile EPZs + + align:start position:0% +10 to 50 mile EPZs + + + align:start position:0% +10 to 50 mile EPZs +um we're not talking fracture toughness + + align:start position:0% +um we're not talking fracture toughness + + + align:start position:0% +um we're not talking fracture toughness +requirements appendix G reactor vessel + + align:start position:0% +requirements appendix G reactor vessel + + + align:start position:0% +requirements appendix G reactor vessel +surveillance programs I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +surveillance programs I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +surveillance programs I don't know if +you know that every reactor has to put a + + align:start position:0% +you know that every reactor has to put a + + + align:start position:0% +you know that every reactor has to put a +surveillance capsule of the steel and + + align:start position:0% +surveillance capsule of the steel and + + + align:start position:0% +surveillance capsule of the steel and +the weld material they use in the + + align:start position:0% +the weld material they use in the + + + align:start position:0% +the weld material they use in the +reactor such that you can measure the + + align:start position:0% +reactor such that you can measure the + + + align:start position:0% +reactor such that you can measure the +neutronic defective as a function of + + align:start position:0% +neutronic defective as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +neutronic defective as a function of +time and they have accelerated specimens + + align:start position:0% +time and they have accelerated specimens + + + align:start position:0% +time and they have accelerated specimens +so they have specific requirements how + + align:start position:0% +so they have specific requirements how + + + align:start position:0% +so they have specific requirements how +to do that and then they have what is + + align:start position:0% +to do that and then they have what is + + + align:start position:0% +to do that and then they have what is +this numerical design objectives? Oh, + + align:start position:0% +this numerical design objectives? Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +this numerical design objectives? Oh, +this is ALAR. This is the as low as + + align:start position:0% +this is ALAR. This is the as low as + + + align:start position:0% +this is ALAR. This is the as low as +reasonable achievable radiation exposure + + align:start position:0% +reasonable achievable radiation exposure + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable achievable radiation exposure +containment leakage testing for these + + align:start position:0% +containment leakage testing for these + + + align:start position:0% +containment leakage testing for these +reactors. And then here's your famous + + align:start position:0% +reactors. And then here's your famous + + + align:start position:0% +reactors. And then here's your famous +appendix K. We talked about that. These + + align:start position:0% +appendix K. We talked about that. These + + + align:start position:0% +appendix K. We talked about that. These +are the specific requirements if you + + align:start position:0% +are the specific requirements if you + + + align:start position:0% +are the specific requirements if you +ever want to get into it. + + align:start position:0% +ever want to get into it. + + + align:start position:0% +ever want to get into it. +what you have to do in + + align:start position:0% +what you have to do in + + + align:start position:0% +what you have to do in +a if they call these evaluation models + + align:start position:0% +a if they call these evaluation models + + + align:start position:0% +a if they call these evaluation models +in terms of what you must assume for the + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you must assume for the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of what you must assume for the +NRC to consider your analysis + + align:start position:0% +NRC to consider your analysis + + + align:start position:0% +NRC to consider your analysis +acceptable and if you can show that you + + align:start position:0% +acceptable and if you can show that you + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable and if you can show that you +meet these criteria and we talked about + + align:start position:0% +meet these criteria and we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +meet these criteria and we talked about +cladding damage and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +cladding damage and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +cladding damage and so on and so forth +the range of power distributions and + + align:start position:0% +the range of power distributions and + + + align:start position:0% +the range of power distributions and +peaking factors that might lifetime + + align:start position:0% +peaking factors that might lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +peaking factors that might lifetime +should be studied. So these these + + align:start position:0% +should be studied. So these these + + + align:start position:0% +should be studied. So these these +criteria are very very explicit and + + align:start position:0% +criteria are very very explicit and + + + align:start position:0% +criteria are very very explicit and +specific that you must have must be able + + align:start position:0% +specific that you must have must be able + + + align:start position:0% +specific that you must have must be able +to show that your reactor can + + align:start position:0% +to show that your reactor can + + + align:start position:0% +to show that your reactor can +meet. As you can see here, swelling and + + align:start position:0% +meet. As you can see here, swelling and + + + align:start position:0% +meet. As you can see here, swelling and +rupture of cladding + + align:start position:0% +rupture of cladding + + + align:start position:0% +rupture of cladding +uh that you have to look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then you have the fire protection + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the fire protection + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have the fire protection +requirement. earthquake, of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +course, this fire protection + + align:start position:0% +course, this fire protection + + + align:start position:0% +course, this fire protection +requirement. And you see they have dates + + align:start position:0% +requirement. And you see they have dates + + + align:start position:0% +requirement. And you see they have dates +that for reactors that operate before + + align:start position:0% +that for reactors that operate before + + + align:start position:0% +that for reactors that operate before +certain date and reactors that operate + + align:start position:0% +certain date and reactors that operate + + + align:start position:0% +certain date and reactors that operate +after because they recognize that you + + align:start position:0% +after because they recognize that you + + + align:start position:0% +after because they recognize that you +can't back fit certain reactors, but + + align:start position:0% +can't back fit certain reactors, but + + + align:start position:0% +can't back fit certain reactors, but +they they sort of identify compensatory + + align:start position:0% +they they sort of identify compensatory + + + align:start position:0% +they they sort of identify compensatory +systems. Fire protection is still a very + + align:start position:0% +systems. Fire protection is still a very + + + align:start position:0% +systems. Fire protection is still a very +important uh area that has yet not yet + + align:start position:0% +important uh area that has yet not yet + + + align:start position:0% +important uh area that has yet not yet +been resolved. You'll see things like + + align:start position:0% +been resolved. You'll see things like + + + align:start position:0% +been resolved. You'll see things like +important to safety and safety related. + + align:start position:0% +important to safety and safety related. + + + align:start position:0% +important to safety and safety related. +Safety related is that is very clearly + + align:start position:0% +Safety related is that is very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +Safety related is that is very clearly +needed for safety. Important to safety + + align:start position:0% +needed for safety. Important to safety + + + align:start position:0% +needed for safety. Important to safety +says it's it's got to be it's got to be + + align:start position:0% +says it's it's got to be it's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +says it's it's got to be it's got to be +available, but it's not as important as + + align:start position:0% +available, but it's not as important as + + + align:start position:0% +available, but it's not as important as +as the safety related materials that + + align:start position:0% +as the safety related materials that + + + align:start position:0% +as the safety related materials that +have to be + + align:start position:0% +have to be + + + align:start position:0% +have to be +qualified. So I I guess the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +qualified. So I I guess the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +qualified. So I I guess the purpose of +this exercise is you'll probably never + + align:start position:0% +this exercise is you'll probably never + + + align:start position:0% +this exercise is you'll probably never +in your life have to do this, okay? + + align:start position:0% +in your life have to do this, okay? + + + align:start position:0% +in your life have to do this, okay? +because if you're not in the reactive + + align:start position:0% +because if you're not in the reactive + + + align:start position:0% +because if you're not in the reactive +design business, you don't need + + align:start position:0% +design business, you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +design business, you don't need +necessarily to worry about it. But most + + align:start position:0% +necessarily to worry about it. But most + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily to worry about it. But most +students have not ever done it and I + + align:start position:0% +students have not ever done it and I + + + align:start position:0% +students have not ever done it and I +thought it would be helpful for you to + + align:start position:0% +thought it would be helpful for you to + + + align:start position:0% +thought it would be helpful for you to +at least see it. Now, if you get to part + + align:start position:0% +at least see it. Now, if you get to part + + + align:start position:0% +at least see it. Now, if you get to part +50, which is the one that affects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the I I think I just did the 50, didn't + + align:start position:0% +the I I think I just did the 50, didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the I I think I just did the 50, didn't +I? Yeah, I jumped to the R51. Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So R50 is really focused + + align:start position:0% +So R50 is really focused + + + align:start position:0% +So R50 is really focused +on on the + + align:start position:0% +on on the + + + align:start position:0% +on on the +uh on the lightwater + + align:start position:0% +uh on the lightwater + + + align:start position:0% +uh on the lightwater +reactors and the tens of our parts one + + align:start position:0% +reactors and the tens of our parts one + + + align:start position:0% +reactors and the tens of our parts one +through whenever + + align:start position:0% +through whenever + + + align:start position:0% +through whenever +identify everything else you have to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now we we've sort of looked at this + + align:start position:0% +Now we we've sort of looked at this + + + align:start position:0% +Now we we've sort of looked at this +already and now you can I think begin to + + align:start position:0% +already and now you can I think begin to + + + align:start position:0% +already and now you can I think begin to +appreciate why + + align:start position:0% +appreciate why + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate why +we for the accident analysis the LOCA is + + align:start position:0% +we for the accident analysis the LOCA is + + + align:start position:0% +we for the accident analysis the LOCA is +appendix K driven and we already talked + + align:start position:0% +appendix K driven and we already talked + + + align:start position:0% +appendix K driven and we already talked +about normal operation infrequent + + align:start position:0% +about normal operation infrequent + + + align:start position:0% +about normal operation infrequent +activities and also limiting faults such + + align:start position:0% +activities and also limiting faults such + + + align:start position:0% +activities and also limiting faults such +as a loss of cooling accident and the + + align:start position:0% +as a loss of cooling accident and the + + + align:start position:0% +as a loss of cooling accident and the +safety analysis report I think I showed + + align:start position:0% +safety analysis report I think I showed + + + align:start position:0% +safety analysis report I think I showed +you before contains all of this + + align:start position:0% +you before contains all of this + + + align:start position:0% +you before contains all of this +information that describes the plant + + align:start position:0% +information that describes the plant + + + align:start position:0% +information that describes the plant +including the quality quality assurance + + align:start position:0% +including the quality quality assurance + + + align:start position:0% +including the quality quality assurance +requirements ends up with technical + + align:start position:0% +requirements ends up with technical + + + align:start position:0% +requirements ends up with technical +specifications based on the accident + + align:start position:0% +specifications based on the accident + + + align:start position:0% +specifications based on the accident +analysis and then you have initial tests + + align:start position:0% +analysis and then you have initial tests + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and then you have initial tests +that you're going to use to confirm that + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to use to confirm that + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to use to confirm that +the reactor is in fact operating as it's + + align:start position:0% +the reactor is in fact operating as it's + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor is in fact operating as it's +supposed to be. + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be. + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be. +All of this is specified in that code of + + align:start position:0% +All of this is specified in that code of + + + align:start position:0% +All of this is specified in that code of +federal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regulations. Design basis accidents. We + + align:start position:0% +regulations. Design basis accidents. We + + + align:start position:0% +regulations. Design basis accidents. We +went over some of them. What we're going + + align:start position:0% +went over some of them. What we're going + + + align:start position:0% +went over some of them. What we're going +to do, I think at the next lecture is + + align:start position:0% +to do, I think at the next lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +to do, I think at the next lecture is +look at some of these design basis + + align:start position:0% +look at some of these design basis + + + align:start position:0% +look at some of these design basis +accidents to see what are some of the + + align:start position:0% +accidents to see what are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +accidents to see what are some of the +important features that one needs to + + align:start position:0% +important features that one needs to + + + align:start position:0% +important features that one needs to +understand in some of these. And of + + align:start position:0% +understand in some of these. And of + + + align:start position:0% +understand in some of these. And of +course the beyond design basis is the + + align:start position:0% +course the beyond design basis is the + + + align:start position:0% +course the beyond design basis is the +class 9 leading to meltdown. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We reviewed the notion that the these + + align:start position:0% +We reviewed the notion that the these + + + align:start position:0% +We reviewed the notion that the these +were prescriptive and + + align:start position:0% +were prescriptive and + + + align:start position:0% +were prescriptive and +deterministic. Any computer code that + + align:start position:0% +deterministic. Any computer code that + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic. Any computer code that +you want to use for the safety analysis, + + align:start position:0% +you want to use for the safety analysis, + + + align:start position:0% +you want to use for the safety analysis, +you have to have NRC + + align:start position:0% +you have to have NRC + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have NRC +approved. And again, the results + + align:start position:0% +approved. And again, the results + + + align:start position:0% +approved. And again, the results +identify operating limits, what we call + + align:start position:0% +identify operating limits, what we call + + + align:start position:0% +identify operating limits, what we call +limiting conditions for operation. Other + + align:start position:0% +limiting conditions for operation. Other + + + align:start position:0% +limiting conditions for operation. Other +words, you cannot operate the plant + + align:start position:0% +words, you cannot operate the plant + + + align:start position:0% +words, you cannot operate the plant +unless all these systems are in + + align:start position:0% +unless all these systems are in + + + align:start position:0% +unless all these systems are in +operation. what your test and + + align:start position:0% +operation. what your test and + + + align:start position:0% +operation. what your test and +surveillance requirements are which are + + align:start position:0% +surveillance requirements are which are + + + align:start position:0% +surveillance requirements are which are +driven by how you think and how reliable + + align:start position:0% +driven by how you think and how reliable + + + align:start position:0% +driven by how you think and how reliable +those plant systems are and it's all + + align:start position:0% +those plant systems are and it's all + + + align:start position:0% +those plant systems are and it's all +summarized in the + + align:start position:0% +summarized in the + + + align:start position:0% +summarized in the +text. So you've seen where in the origin + + align:start position:0% +text. So you've seen where in the origin + + + align:start position:0% +text. So you've seen where in the origin +of these things which is part of this + + align:start position:0% +of these things which is part of this + + + align:start position:0% +of these things which is part of this +thing. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now when you start building the plant or + + align:start position:0% +Now when you start building the plant or + + + align:start position:0% +Now when you start building the plant or +designing the plant, you have this code + + align:start position:0% +designing the plant, you have this code + + + align:start position:0% +designing the plant, you have this code +of federal + + align:start position:0% +of federal + + + align:start position:0% +of federal +regulations. Then you have to also + + align:start position:0% +regulations. Then you have to also + + + align:start position:0% +regulations. Then you have to also +review as part of your + + align:start position:0% +review as part of your + + + align:start position:0% +review as part of your +design what these things are called + + align:start position:0% +design what these things are called + + + align:start position:0% +design what these things are called +generic letters. Generic letters are + + align:start position:0% +generic letters. Generic letters are + + + align:start position:0% +generic letters. Generic letters are +letters the NRC has issued to lences + + align:start position:0% +letters the NRC has issued to lences + + + align:start position:0% +letters the NRC has issued to lences +about a problem. + + align:start position:0% +about a problem. + + + align:start position:0% +about a problem. +So in your design process, you have to + + align:start position:0% +So in your design process, you have to + + + align:start position:0% +So in your design process, you have to +make sure that you cover all of these + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you cover all of these + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you cover all of these +generic letters on certain + + align:start position:0% +generic letters on certain + + + align:start position:0% +generic letters on certain +systems. NRC from time to time issues + + align:start position:0% +systems. NRC from time to time issues + + + align:start position:0% +systems. NRC from time to time issues +what they call bulletins and orders. If + + align:start position:0% +what they call bulletins and orders. If + + + align:start position:0% +what they call bulletins and orders. If +they find there's a problem, they can + + align:start position:0% +they find there's a problem, they can + + + align:start position:0% +they find there's a problem, they can +order every reactor to make a change. + + align:start position:0% +order every reactor to make a change. + + + align:start position:0% +order every reactor to make a change. +It may not be in in the general design + + align:start position:0% +It may not be in in the general design + + + align:start position:0% +It may not be in in the general design +criteria, but it becomes part of your + + align:start position:0% +criteria, but it becomes part of your + + + align:start position:0% +criteria, but it becomes part of your +operating license or design basis + + align:start position:0% +operating license or design basis + + + align:start position:0% +operating license or design basis +because you now have to implement these + + align:start position:0% +because you now have to implement these + + + align:start position:0% +because you now have to implement these +things based on your + + align:start position:0% +things based on your + + + align:start position:0% +things based on your +reactors. NRC also issues information + + align:start position:0% +reactors. NRC also issues information + + + align:start position:0% +reactors. NRC also issues information +notices. If there is an accident, a + + align:start position:0% +notices. If there is an accident, a + + + align:start position:0% +notices. If there is an accident, a +particular plant or a failure of some + + align:start position:0% +particular plant or a failure of some + + + align:start position:0% +particular plant or a failure of some +kind, they will send out a notice to all + + align:start position:0% +kind, they will send out a notice to all + + + align:start position:0% +kind, they will send out a notice to all +reactors asking them to + + align:start position:0% +reactors asking them to + + + align:start position:0% +reactors asking them to +review this particular event to see if + + align:start position:0% +review this particular event to see if + + + align:start position:0% +review this particular event to see if +it applies to them. + + align:start position:0% +it applies to them. + + + align:start position:0% +it applies to them. +The safety analysis report plus all of + + align:start position:0% +The safety analysis report plus all of + + + align:start position:0% +The safety analysis report plus all of +this information becomes what we call + + align:start position:0% +this information becomes what we call + + + align:start position:0% +this information becomes what we call +the design basis, the plant design + + align:start position:0% +the design basis, the plant design + + + align:start position:0% +the design basis, the plant design +basis. And each plant needs to maintain + + align:start position:0% +basis. And each plant needs to maintain + + + align:start position:0% +basis. And each plant needs to maintain +its design basis document package which + + align:start position:0% +its design basis document package which + + + align:start position:0% +its design basis document package which +has the current status of the plant and + + align:start position:0% +has the current status of the plant and + + + align:start position:0% +has the current status of the plant and +all of the the assumptions that went + + align:start position:0% +all of the the assumptions that went + + + align:start position:0% +all of the the assumptions that went +into the accident analysis. + + align:start position:0% +into the accident analysis. + + + align:start position:0% +into the accident analysis. +If you get into trouble, the NRC can + + align:start position:0% +If you get into trouble, the NRC can + + + align:start position:0% +If you get into trouble, the NRC can +issue what is called a confirmatory + + align:start position:0% +issue what is called a confirmatory + + + align:start position:0% +issue what is called a confirmatory +action + + align:start position:0% +action + + + align:start position:0% +action +letter, which basically says, "You must + + align:start position:0% +letter, which basically says, "You must + + + align:start position:0% +letter, which basically says, "You must +do this by such and such a time or by + + align:start position:0% +do this by such and such a time or by + + + align:start position:0% +do this by such and such a time or by +the order you be shut down, or you could + + align:start position:0% +the order you be shut down, or you could + + + align:start position:0% +the order you be shut down, or you could +be ordered shut down, and you will not + + align:start position:0% +be ordered shut down, and you will not + + + align:start position:0% +be ordered shut down, and you will not +have be allowed to to restart until you + + align:start position:0% +have be allowed to to restart until you + + + align:start position:0% +have be allowed to to restart until you +comply with the confirmatory action + + align:start position:0% +comply with the confirmatory action + + + align:start position:0% +comply with the confirmatory action +letter requirements. + + align:start position:0% +letter requirements. + + + align:start position:0% +letter requirements. +And all the commitments you make in + + align:start position:0% +And all the commitments you make in + + + align:start position:0% +And all the commitments you make in +response to these things become part of + + align:start position:0% +response to these things become part of + + + align:start position:0% +response to these things become part of +your licensing + + align:start position:0% +your licensing + + + align:start position:0% +your licensing +basis. So we have two things, a design + + align:start position:0% +basis. So we have two things, a design + + + align:start position:0% +basis. So we have two things, a design +basis, excuse me, and a licensing basis. + + align:start position:0% +basis, excuse me, and a licensing basis. + + + align:start position:0% +basis, excuse me, and a licensing basis. +Sorry. The licensing basis is all of + + align:start position:0% +Sorry. The licensing basis is all of + + + align:start position:0% +Sorry. The licensing basis is all of +this stuff that I just mentioned + + align:start position:0% +this stuff that I just mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff that I just mentioned +that summarizes your commitments that + + align:start position:0% +that summarizes your commitments that + + + align:start position:0% +that summarizes your commitments that +you make to the NRC. The design basis is + + align:start position:0% +you make to the NRC. The design basis is + + + align:start position:0% +you make to the NRC. The design basis is +really how the plan's designed. + + align:start position:0% +really how the plan's designed. + + + align:start position:0% +really how the plan's designed. +which may include some of this stuff, + + align:start position:0% +which may include some of this stuff, + + + align:start position:0% +which may include some of this stuff, +but this is what NRC based watches out + + align:start position:0% +but this is what NRC based watches out + + + align:start position:0% +but this is what NRC based watches out +for. Make sure you're in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compliance. NRC + + align:start position:0% +compliance. NRC + + + align:start position:0% +compliance. NRC +oversight. We have typically two + + align:start position:0% +oversight. We have typically two + + + align:start position:0% +oversight. We have typically two +resident inspectors at every power + + align:start position:0% +resident inspectors at every power + + + align:start position:0% +resident inspectors at every power +station. + + align:start position:0% +station. + + + align:start position:0% +station. +uh if there is an + + align:start position:0% +uh if there is an + + + align:start position:0% +uh if there is an +issue such as uh you might have a + + align:start position:0% +issue such as uh you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +issue such as uh you might have a +problem and some of the recent problems + + align:start position:0% +problem and some of the recent problems + + + align:start position:0% +problem and some of the recent problems +if it leaks at some incorore + + align:start position:0% +if it leaks at some incorore + + + align:start position:0% +if it leaks at some incorore +instrumentation tubes the Davis Bessie + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation tubes the Davis Bessie + + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation tubes the Davis Bessie +event for example they will come in and + + align:start position:0% +event for example they will come in and + + + align:start position:0% +event for example they will come in and +create and organize a special inspection + + align:start position:0% +create and organize a special inspection + + + align:start position:0% +create and organize a special inspection +team of technical experts and study that + + align:start position:0% +team of technical experts and study that + + + align:start position:0% +team of technical experts and study that +problem until they figure out what + + align:start position:0% +problem until they figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +problem until they figure out what +happened and + + align:start position:0% +happened and + + + align:start position:0% +happened and +why you have these licency event reports + + align:start position:0% +why you have these licency event reports + + + align:start position:0% +why you have these licency event reports +which I talked about that are + + align:start position:0% +which I talked about that are + + + align:start position:0% +which I talked about that are +self-report reporting systems that if + + align:start position:0% +self-report reporting systems that if + + + align:start position:0% +self-report reporting systems that if +you violate the technical spec, you must + + align:start position:0% +you violate the technical spec, you must + + + align:start position:0% +you violate the technical spec, you must +report it. And then you have if you if + + align:start position:0% +report it. And then you have if you if + + + align:start position:0% +report it. And then you have if you if +you have violations that come out of + + align:start position:0% +you have violations that come out of + + + align:start position:0% +you have violations that come out of +these licency event reports or as a + + align:start position:0% +these licency event reports or as a + + + align:start position:0% +these licency event reports or as a +result of the resident inspector + + align:start position:0% +result of the resident inspector + + + align:start position:0% +result of the resident inspector +inspections or the special inspections, + + align:start position:0% +inspections or the special inspections, + + + align:start position:0% +inspections or the special inspections, +they can site you for numerous + + align:start position:0% +they can site you for numerous + + + align:start position:0% +they can site you for numerous +violations which depending upon severity + + align:start position:0% +violations which depending upon severity + + + align:start position:0% +violations which depending upon severity +can come to + + align:start position:0% +can come to + + + align:start position:0% +can come to +a. Now we have a new relatively new + + align:start position:0% +a. Now we have a new relatively new + + + align:start position:0% +a. Now we have a new relatively new +reactor oversight process which is + + align:start position:0% +reactor oversight process which is + + + align:start position:0% +reactor oversight process which is +riskinformed + + align:start position:0% +riskinformed + + + align:start position:0% +riskinformed +performance-based and it is highly + + align:start position:0% +performance-based and it is highly + + + align:start position:0% +performance-based and it is highly +transparent and what I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +transparent and what I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +transparent and what I'm going to show +you is the + + align:start position:0% +you is the + + + align:start position:0% +you is the +transparency and this part you want to + + align:start position:0% +transparency and this part you want to + + + align:start position:0% +transparency and this part you want to +pay attention to because it has + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to because it has + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to because it has +something to do with your + + align:start position:0% +something to do with your + + + align:start position:0% +something to do with your +homework. So let me just go to the + + align:start position:0% +homework. So let me just go to the + + + align:start position:0% +homework. So let me just go to the +reactor oversight process. They have + + align:start position:0% +reactor oversight process. They have + + + align:start position:0% +reactor oversight process. They have +certain cornerstones which they feel are + + align:start position:0% +certain cornerstones which they feel are + + + align:start position:0% +certain cornerstones which they feel are +very important and they have reactor + + align:start position:0% +very important and they have reactor + + + align:start position:0% +very important and they have reactor +safety, they have radiation safety and + + align:start position:0% +safety, they have radiation safety and + + + align:start position:0% +safety, they have radiation safety and +then they have safeguards which is the + + align:start position:0% +then they have safeguards which is the + + + align:start position:0% +then they have safeguards which is the +security stuff. In reactor safety they + + align:start position:0% +security stuff. In reactor safety they + + + align:start position:0% +security stuff. In reactor safety they +look at events that that can create a + + align:start position:0% +look at events that that can create a + + + align:start position:0% +look at events that that can create a +problem. These initiating events in the + + align:start position:0% +problem. These initiating events in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem. These initiating events in the +P world mitigating systems what kind of + + align:start position:0% +P world mitigating systems what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +P world mitigating systems what kind of +systems you have available to + + align:start position:0% +systems you have available to + + + align:start position:0% +systems you have available to +to deal with these initiating events. + + align:start position:0% +to deal with these initiating events. + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with these initiating events. +Are the barriers intact, clad, primary + + align:start position:0% +Are the barriers intact, clad, primary + + + align:start position:0% +Are the barriers intact, clad, primary +system, secondary containment and how + + align:start position:0% +system, secondary containment and how + + + align:start position:0% +system, secondary containment and how +how good are you relative to emergency + + align:start position:0% +how good are you relative to emergency + + + align:start position:0% +how good are you relative to emergency +preparedness? All of which are tested in + + align:start position:0% +preparedness? All of which are tested in + + + align:start position:0% +preparedness? All of which are tested in +the safety radiation safety of + + align:start position:0% +the safety radiation safety of + + + align:start position:0% +the safety radiation safety of +occupational public radiation safety and + + align:start position:0% +occupational public radiation safety and + + + align:start position:0% +occupational public radiation safety and +this is the security. So they have some + + align:start position:0% +this is the security. So they have some + + + align:start position:0% +this is the security. So they have some +performance indicators which they have + + align:start position:0% +performance indicators which they have + + + align:start position:0% +performance indicators which they have +chosen to use and these are listed here. + + align:start position:0% +chosen to use and these are listed here. + + + align:start position:0% +chosen to use and these are listed here. +unplanned for initiating events. + + align:start position:0% +unplanned for initiating events. + + + align:start position:0% +unplanned for initiating events. +Unplanned scrams, scrams with donor loss + + align:start position:0% +Unplanned scrams, scrams with donor loss + + + align:start position:0% +Unplanned scrams, scrams with donor loss +of heat removal and unplanned power + + align:start position:0% +of heat removal and unplanned power + + + align:start position:0% +of heat removal and unplanned power +changes. Unplanned power changes can + + align:start position:0% +changes. Unplanned power changes can + + + align:start position:0% +changes. Unplanned power changes can +result in in transients initiated ones. + + align:start position:0% +result in in transients initiated ones. + + + align:start position:0% +result in in transients initiated ones. +Then you have emergency AC power, high + + align:start position:0% +Then you have emergency AC power, high + + + align:start position:0% +Then you have emergency AC power, high +pressure injection system. Now these are + + align:start position:0% +pressure injection system. Now these are + + + align:start position:0% +pressure injection system. Now these are +availability and unavailability. Is it + + align:start position:0% +availability and unavailability. Is it + + + align:start position:0% +availability and unavailability. Is it +available? Uh this could be out of + + align:start position:0% +available? Uh this could be out of + + + align:start position:0% +available? Uh this could be out of +service. Heat removal system, residual + + align:start position:0% +service. Heat removal system, residual + + + align:start position:0% +service. Heat removal system, residual +heat removal and safety system + + align:start position:0% +heat removal and safety system + + + align:start position:0% +heat removal and safety system +functional fails. that is when you have + + align:start position:0% +functional fails. that is when you have + + + align:start position:0% +functional fails. that is when you have +systems that just don't perform. This is + + align:start position:0% +systems that just don't perform. This is + + + align:start position:0% +systems that just don't perform. This is +a this is a bad one. Then you have in + + align:start position:0% +a this is a bad one. Then you have in + + + align:start position:0% +a this is a bad one. Then you have in +terms of the barrier integrity, reactive + + align:start position:0% +terms of the barrier integrity, reactive + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the barrier integrity, reactive +cooling system activity, cladding + + align:start position:0% +cooling system activity, cladding + + + align:start position:0% +cooling system activity, cladding +failure, cool system leakage, secondary + + align:start position:0% +failure, cool system leakage, secondary + + + align:start position:0% +failure, cool system leakage, secondary +failure, and then this is obviously one + + align:start position:0% +failure, and then this is obviously one + + + align:start position:0% +failure, and then this is obviously one +on containment. Uh emergency exercises, + + align:start position:0% +on containment. Uh emergency exercises, + + + align:start position:0% +on containment. Uh emergency exercises, +you have exercises once every two years, + + align:start position:0% +you have exercises once every two years, + + + align:start position:0% +you have exercises once every two years, +internal ones uh several times a year. + + align:start position:0% +internal ones uh several times a year. + + + align:start position:0% +internal ones uh several times a year. +Then you have your offsite notification + + align:start position:0% +Then you have your offsite notification + + + align:start position:0% +Then you have your offsite notification +systems that are tested. Then you have + + align:start position:0% +systems that are tested. Then you have + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are tested. Then you have +your drill dissipation. Then of course + + align:start position:0% +your drill dissipation. Then of course + + + align:start position:0% +your drill dissipation. Then of course +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +occupational exposures and this is this + + align:start position:0% +occupational exposures and this is this + + + align:start position:0% +occupational exposures and this is this +Rex thing is called how much radiation + + align:start position:0% +Rex thing is called how much radiation + + + align:start position:0% +Rex thing is called how much radiation +you release + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +off. Now during the period you have + + align:start position:0% +off. Now during the period you have + + + align:start position:0% +off. Now during the period you have +inspections done by the resident + + align:start position:0% +inspections done by the resident + + + align:start position:0% +inspections done by the resident +inspector and if they have done an + + align:start position:0% +inspector and if they have done an + + + align:start position:0% +inspector and if they have done an +inspection they'll give you a rating. + + align:start position:0% +inspection they'll give you a rating. + + + align:start position:0% +inspection they'll give you a rating. +green is kind of good and then you'll + + align:start position:0% +green is kind of good and then you'll + + + align:start position:0% +green is kind of good and then you'll +have a lot of these areas that for that + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these areas that for that + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these areas that for that +particular quarter were not looked + + align:start position:0% +particular quarter were not looked + + + align:start position:0% +particular quarter were not looked +at and you can on the website identify + + align:start position:0% +at and you can on the website identify + + + align:start position:0% +at and you can on the website identify +specifically what is what is done. So if + + align:start position:0% +specifically what is what is done. So if + + + align:start position:0% +specifically what is what is done. So if +you go to the NRC website which is + + align:start position:0% +you go to the NRC website which is + + + align:start position:0% +you go to the NRC website which is +listed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and we'll come up + + align:start position:0% +there and we'll come up + + + align:start position:0% +there and we'll come up +shortly. You will see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this. + + align:start position:0% +this. + + + align:start position:0% +this. +Now, what we have + + align:start position:0% +Now, what we have + + + align:start position:0% +Now, what we have +here is is actually right off the + + align:start position:0% +here is is actually right off the + + + align:start position:0% +here is is actually right off the +website live and it gives you a list of + + align:start position:0% +website live and it gives you a list of + + + align:start position:0% +website live and it gives you a list of +options for operating reactors and you + + align:start position:0% +options for operating reactors and you + + + align:start position:0% +options for operating reactors and you +can have a summary. Let's go see what + + align:start position:0% +can have a summary. Let's go see what + + + align:start position:0% +can have a summary. Let's go see what +the summary says for all the reactors in + + align:start position:0% +the summary says for all the reactors in + + + align:start position:0% +the summary says for all the reactors in +the United States. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And you can see it's in the key key + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +areas. Initiating events, mitigating + + align:start position:0% +areas. Initiating events, mitigating + + + align:start position:0% +areas. Initiating events, mitigating +assistance, barrier, emergency + + align:start position:0% +assistance, barrier, emergency + + + align:start position:0% +assistance, barrier, emergency +preparness, occupational + + align:start position:0% +preparness, occupational + + + align:start position:0% +preparness, occupational +safety. If you have brains now, + + align:start position:0% +safety. If you have brains now, + + + align:start position:0% +safety. If you have brains now, +Brunswick kind of white here. + + align:start position:0% +Brunswick kind of white here. + + + align:start position:0% +Brunswick kind of white here. +Now, where do you all live? Do you live + + align:start position:0% +Now, where do you all live? Do you live + + + align:start position:0% +Now, where do you all live? Do you live +you live near a reactor? + + align:start position:0% +you live near a reactor? + + + align:start position:0% +you live near a reactor? +Which state do you live in? California. + + align:start position:0% +Which state do you live in? California. + + + align:start position:0% +Which state do you live in? California. +You live near Sanre or Diablo Canyon? + + align:start position:0% +You live near Sanre or Diablo Canyon? + + + align:start position:0% +You live near Sanre or Diablo Canyon? +Uh, close enough. California. New York. + + align:start position:0% +Uh, close enough. California. New York. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, close enough. California. New York. +New York State. Where? Up. Upstate. + + align:start position:0% +New York State. Where? Up. Upstate. + + + align:start position:0% +New York State. Where? Up. Upstate. +Fitzpatrick. + + align:start position:0% +Fitzpatrick. + + + align:start position:0% +Fitzpatrick. +In that area. + + align:start position:0% +In that area. + + + align:start position:0% +In that area. +Where Where is Fitzpatrick? That's kind + + align:start position:0% +Where Where is Fitzpatrick? That's kind + + + align:start position:0% +Where Where is Fitzpatrick? That's kind +of Where's Where do you It's + + align:start position:0% +of Where's Where do you It's + + + align:start position:0% +of Where's Where do you It's +near + + align:start position:0% +near + + + align:start position:0% +near +Albany. Ago. That's where it's near. + + align:start position:0% +Albany. Ago. That's where it's near. + + + align:start position:0% +Albany. Ago. That's where it's near. +Asiggo. Dallas. That's Texas, sir. + + align:start position:0% +Asiggo. Dallas. That's Texas, sir. + + + align:start position:0% +Asiggo. Dallas. That's Texas, sir. +Worcester. Worcester. So, you have + + align:start position:0% +Worcester. Worcester. So, you have + + + align:start position:0% +Worcester. Worcester. So, you have +Pilgrim and Sver to worry about. So, we + + align:start position:0% +Pilgrim and Sver to worry about. So, we + + + align:start position:0% +Pilgrim and Sver to worry about. So, we +can scroll down here and let's just + + align:start position:0% +can scroll down here and let's just + + + align:start position:0% +can scroll down here and let's just +let's just take white is the next level + + align:start position:0% +let's just take white is the next level + + + align:start position:0% +let's just take white is the next level +above green for a + + align:start position:0% +above green for a + + + align:start position:0% +above green for a +concern. Now, this is the mitigating + + align:start position:0% +concern. Now, this is the mitigating + + + align:start position:0% +concern. Now, this is the mitigating +systems that they have, which is another + + align:start position:0% +systems that they have, which is another + + + align:start position:0% +systems that they have, which is another +indicator of availability. Let's scroll + + align:start position:0% +indicator of availability. Let's scroll + + + align:start position:0% +indicator of availability. Let's scroll +down and see why they got a + + align:start position:0% +down and see why they got a + + + align:start position:0% +down and see why they got a +white. There's the white. It's a + + align:start position:0% +white. There's the white. It's a + + + align:start position:0% +white. There's the white. It's a +violation. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +violation. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +violation. Okay. +AC sources operating. Preliminary white + + align:start position:0% +AC sources operating. Preliminary white + + + align:start position:0% +AC sources operating. Preliminary white +finding with an apparent violation of + + align:start position:0% +finding with an apparent violation of + + + align:start position:0% +finding with an apparent violation of +tech spec blah blah blah uh was + + align:start position:0% +tech spec blah blah blah uh was + + + align:start position:0% +tech spec blah blah blah uh was +identified for unit one. Finding + + align:start position:0% +identified for unit one. Finding + + + align:start position:0% +identified for unit one. Finding +involved inadequate corrective action to + + align:start position:0% +involved inadequate corrective action to + + + align:start position:0% +involved inadequate corrective action to +prevent repeat failure of the number + + align:start position:0% +prevent repeat failure of the number + + + align:start position:0% +prevent repeat failure of the number +nine main crankshaft bearing emergency + + align:start position:0% +nine main crankshaft bearing emergency + + + align:start position:0% +nine main crankshaft bearing emergency +diesel generator number one. Failure to + + align:start position:0% +diesel generator number one. Failure to + + + align:start position:0% +diesel generator number one. Failure to +follow material exclusion control. + + align:start position:0% +follow material exclusion control. + + + align:start position:0% +follow material exclusion control. +Pharmaceutical exclusion control means + + align:start position:0% +Pharmaceutical exclusion control means + + + align:start position:0% +Pharmaceutical exclusion control means +this when they were doing maintenance + + align:start position:0% +this when they were doing maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +this when they were doing maintenance +they had stuff around that and it had + + align:start position:0% +they had stuff around that and it had + + + align:start position:0% +they had stuff around that and it had +fell into the + + align:start position:0% +fell into the + + + align:start position:0% +fell into the +machine and maybe cracked up the vessel + + align:start position:0% +machine and maybe cracked up the vessel + + + align:start position:0% +machine and maybe cracked up the vessel +I mean the generator and failure to + + align:start position:0% +I mean the generator and failure to + + + align:start position:0% +I mean the generator and failure to +promptly identify and implement + + align:start position:0% +promptly identify and implement + + + align:start position:0% +promptly identify and implement +corrective actions to + + align:start position:0% +corrective actions to + + + align:start position:0% +corrective actions to +prevent emergency diesel generator from + + align:start position:0% +prevent emergency diesel generator from + + + align:start position:0% +prevent emergency diesel generator from +tripping on low lubricating oil pressure + + align:start position:0% +tripping on low lubricating oil pressure + + + align:start position:0% +tripping on low lubricating oil pressure +which is apparently what the event was. + + align:start position:0% +which is apparently what the event was. + + + align:start position:0% +which is apparently what the event was. +when they did the inspection, they found + + align:start position:0% +when they did the inspection, they found + + + align:start position:0% +when they did the inspection, they found +that that well, they had a failure + + align:start position:0% +that that well, they had a failure + + + align:start position:0% +that that well, they had a failure +involving a foreign material and that + + align:start position:0% +involving a foreign material and that + + + align:start position:0% +involving a foreign material and that +should not happen based on their quality + + align:start position:0% +should not happen based on their quality + + + align:start position:0% +should not happen based on their quality +control. So, they're going to they may + + align:start position:0% +control. So, they're going to they may + + + align:start position:0% +control. So, they're going to they may +or may not get a fine. This finding is + + align:start position:0% +or may not get a fine. This finding is + + + align:start position:0% +or may not get a fine. This finding is +more minor is more than minor because + + align:start position:0% +more minor is more than minor because + + + align:start position:0% +more minor is more than minor because +it's associated with availability of + + align:start position:0% +it's associated with availability of + + + align:start position:0% +it's associated with availability of +emergency diesel generator number one, + + align:start position:0% +emergency diesel generator number one, + + + align:start position:0% +emergency diesel generator number one, +which you need for loss of AC power and + + align:start position:0% +which you need for loss of AC power and + + + align:start position:0% +which you need for loss of AC power and +it affects these cornerstones as sort of + + align:start position:0% +it affects these cornerstones as sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it affects these cornerstones as sort of +a justification. This finding was low to + + align:start position:0% +a justification. This finding was low to + + + align:start position:0% +a justification. This finding was low to +moderate + + align:start position:0% +moderate + + + align:start position:0% +moderate +significance and prior it was in a + + align:start position:0% +significance and prior it was in a + + + align:start position:0% +significance and prior it was in a +degraded condition for three days and in + + align:start position:0% +degraded condition for three days and in + + + align:start position:0% +degraded condition for three days and in +a non-functional condition for 5 days. + + align:start position:0% +a non-functional condition for 5 days. + + + align:start position:0% +a non-functional condition for 5 days. +Now if you do your + + align:start position:0% +Now if you do your + + + align:start position:0% +Now if you do your +PAS you plug in the three and 5 days out + + align:start position:0% +PAS you plug in the three and 5 days out + + + align:start position:0% +PAS you plug in the three and 5 days out +of service. I remember as I was just at + + align:start position:0% +of service. I remember as I was just at + + + align:start position:0% +of service. I remember as I was just at +China and they had a a failure of an + + align:start position:0% +China and they had a a failure of an + + + align:start position:0% +China and they had a a failure of an +diesel generator. It started to run then + + align:start position:0% +diesel generator. It started to run then + + + align:start position:0% +diesel generator. It started to run then +it shut itself + + align:start position:0% +it shut itself + + + align:start position:0% +it shut itself +down. So I was talking to the STA. I + + align:start position:0% +down. So I was talking to the STA. I + + + align:start position:0% +down. So I was talking to the STA. I +said, "Can you just tell me what the + + align:start position:0% +said, "Can you just tell me what the + + + align:start position:0% +said, "Can you just tell me what the +risk significance of this event is on + + align:start position:0% +risk significance of this event is on + + + align:start position:0% +risk significance of this event is on +your plant?" He put on the risk monitor. + + align:start position:0% +your plant?" He put on the risk monitor. + + + align:start position:0% +your plant?" He put on the risk monitor. +The risk doubled for one diesel + + align:start position:0% +The risk doubled for one diesel + + + align:start position:0% +The risk doubled for one diesel +generator out + + align:start position:0% +generator out + + + align:start position:0% +generator out +of four that was out of + + align:start position:0% +of four that was out of + + + align:start position:0% +of four that was out of +service. So, you can see why NRC takes + + align:start position:0% +service. So, you can see why NRC takes + + + align:start position:0% +service. So, you can see why NRC takes +these kinds of things seriously because + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of things seriously because + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of things seriously because +availability of AC power is really + + align:start position:0% +availability of AC power is really + + + align:start position:0% +availability of AC power is really +important. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now if you want to get the inspection + + align:start position:0% +Now if you want to get the inspection + + + align:start position:0% +Now if you want to get the inspection +report that's now this is just a very + + align:start position:0% +report that's now this is just a very + + + align:start position:0% +report that's now this is just a very +small little summary then you can get + + align:start position:0% +small little summary then you can get + + + align:start position:0% +small little summary then you can get +the sort of the the full vote + + align:start position:0% +the sort of the the full vote + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of the the full vote +description on February 27th what NRC + + align:start position:0% +description on February 27th what NRC + + + align:start position:0% +description on February 27th what NRC +thought of + + align:start position:0% +thought of + + + align:start position:0% +thought of +this. Okay. This issue is unresolved + + align:start position:0% +this. Okay. This issue is unresolved + + + align:start position:0% +this. Okay. This issue is unresolved +pending further NRC review. and it gives + + align:start position:0% +pending further NRC review. and it gives + + + align:start position:0% +pending further NRC review. and it gives +you all the background information that + + align:start position:0% +you all the background information that + + + align:start position:0% +you all the background information that +you'll ever want to + + align:start position:0% +you'll ever want to + + + align:start position:0% +you'll ever want to +know about what + + align:start position:0% +know about what + + + align:start position:0% +know about what +happened. They did say it was very low + + align:start position:0% +happened. They did say it was very low + + + align:start position:0% +happened. They did say it was very low +safety significant because it's into the + + align:start position:0% +safety significant because it's into the + + + align:start position:0% +safety significant because it's into the +corrective action program. They may or + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program. They may or + + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program. They may or +may not get a + + align:start position:0% +may not get a + + + align:start position:0% +may not get a +fine, but they have the ability to give + + align:start position:0% +fine, but they have the ability to give + + + align:start position:0% +fine, but they have the ability to give +you a fine. Now this SDP is a + + align:start position:0% +you a fine. Now this SDP is a + + + align:start position:0% +you a fine. Now this SDP is a +significance determination + + align:start position:0% +significance determination + + + align:start position:0% +significance determination +process that is the use of risk to + + align:start position:0% +process that is the use of risk to + + + align:start position:0% +process that is the use of risk to +determine whether you are in the white + + align:start position:0% +determine whether you are in the white + + + align:start position:0% +determine whether you are in the white +zone or the green zone. Remember we + + align:start position:0% +zone or the green zone. Remember we + + + align:start position:0% +zone or the green zone. Remember we +talked about these little deltas delta + + align:start position:0% +talked about these little deltas delta + + + align:start position:0% +talked about these little deltas delta +delta CDF curves. When you do the + + align:start position:0% +delta CDF curves. When you do the + + + align:start position:0% +delta CDF curves. When you do the +analysis if that risk number changes by + + align:start position:0% +analysis if that risk number changes by + + + align:start position:0% +analysis if that risk number changes by +what that arbitrary change was in terms + + align:start position:0% +what that arbitrary change was in terms + + + align:start position:0% +what that arbitrary change was in terms +of 10 - 5 10 - 6 you will go into the + + align:start position:0% +of 10 - 5 10 - 6 you will go into the + + + align:start position:0% +of 10 - 5 10 - 6 you will go into the +white. they apparently got into the + + align:start position:0% +white. they apparently got into the + + + align:start position:0% +white. they apparently got into the +white based on that on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process. So that gives you all of the + + align:start position:0% +process. So that gives you all of the + + + align:start position:0% +process. So that gives you all of the +background information you'll ever want + + align:start position:0% +background information you'll ever want + + + align:start position:0% +background information you'll ever want +to have about uh this particular + + align:start position:0% +to have about uh this particular + + + align:start position:0% +to have about uh this particular +reactor. So the process is extremely + + align:start position:0% +reactor. So the process is extremely + + + align:start position:0% +reactor. So the process is extremely +transparent. Let's go see if we can find + + align:start position:0% +transparent. Let's go see if we can find + + + align:start position:0% +transparent. Let's go see if we can find +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +yellow barley + + align:start position:0% +yellow barley + + + align:start position:0% +yellow barley +too. What happened + + align:start position:0% +too. What happened + + + align:start position:0% +too. What happened +there? But you can see there's even + + align:start position:0% +there? But you can see there's even + + + align:start position:0% +there? But you can see there's even +though they have + + align:start position:0% +though they have + + + align:start position:0% +though they have +green they have what you call + + align:start position:0% +green they have what you call + + + align:start position:0% +green they have what you call +non-sighted violations failure to + + align:start position:0% +non-sighted violations failure to + + + align:start position:0% +non-sighted violations failure to +maintain two ECCS trains operable due to + + align:start position:0% +maintain two ECCS trains operable due to + + + align:start position:0% +maintain two ECCS trains operable due to +gas accumulation the charging charging + + align:start position:0% +gas accumulation the charging charging + + + align:start position:0% +gas accumulation the charging charging +pump suction line + + align:start position:0% +pump suction line + + + align:start position:0% +pump suction line +selfidentified if you identify it by + + align:start position:0% +selfidentified if you identify it by + + + align:start position:0% +selfidentified if you identify it by +yourself you get + + align:start position:0% +yourself you get + + + align:start position:0% +yourself you get +credit and the fact that you are cap is + + align:start position:0% +credit and the fact that you are cap is + + + align:start position:0% +credit and the fact that you are cap is +corrective action program corrective + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program corrective + + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program corrective +action programs are an integral part of + + align:start position:0% +action programs are an integral part of + + + align:start position:0% +action programs are an integral part of +the safety of + + align:start position:0% +the safety of + + + align:start position:0% +the safety of +plants, things will break, mistakes will + + align:start position:0% +plants, things will break, mistakes will + + + align:start position:0% +plants, things will break, mistakes will +be made, but if you have a good + + align:start position:0% +be made, but if you have a good + + + align:start position:0% +be made, but if you have a good +corrective action program, they will + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program, they will + + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program, they will +hopefully will not be repeated. And + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will not be repeated. And + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will not be repeated. And +that's what NRC looks like. So, they're + + align:start position:0% +that's what NRC looks like. So, they're + + + align:start position:0% +that's what NRC looks like. So, they're +trying they're trying to give utilities + + align:start position:0% +trying they're trying to give utilities + + + align:start position:0% +trying they're trying to give utilities +some credit even though there's a you + + align:start position:0% +some credit even though there's a you + + + align:start position:0% +some credit even though there's a you +could argue it's a significant event + + align:start position:0% +could argue it's a significant event + + + align:start position:0% +could argue it's a significant event +here possibly, but the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +here possibly, but the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +here possibly, but the fact that the +utility found it and is taking care of + + align:start position:0% +utility found it and is taking care of + + + align:start position:0% +utility found it and is taking care of +it is is is given them credit for. + + align:start position:0% +it is is is given them credit for. + + + align:start position:0% +it is is is given them credit for. +Another one, a failure to prop pro + + align:start position:0% +Another one, a failure to prop pro + + + align:start position:0% +Another one, a failure to prop pro +properly identify the complete + + align:start position:0% +properly identify the complete + + + align:start position:0% +properly identify the complete +population of service and water valves + + align:start position:0% +population of service and water valves + + + align:start position:0% +population of service and water valves +effect affected by the system's + + align:start position:0% +effect affected by the system's + + + align:start position:0% +effect affected by the system's +corrosion corrosion environment. So + + align:start position:0% +corrosion corrosion environment. So + + + align:start position:0% +corrosion corrosion environment. So +again, um it's it's um this one was + + align:start position:0% +again, um it's it's um this one was + + + align:start position:0% +again, um it's it's um this one was +identified by the NRC, but they were + + align:start position:0% +identified by the NRC, but they were + + + align:start position:0% +identified by the NRC, but they were +able to I guess sort of justified that + + align:start position:0% +able to I guess sort of justified that + + + align:start position:0% +able to I guess sort of justified that +it's still in the green because the risk + + align:start position:0% +it's still in the green because the risk + + + align:start position:0% +it's still in the green because the risk +significance wasn't that + + align:start position:0% +significance wasn't that + + + align:start position:0% +significance wasn't that +great. And what happened to the yellow? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But there's an awful lot of excellent + + align:start position:0% +But there's an awful lot of excellent + + + align:start position:0% +But there's an awful lot of excellent +information and every one of these has + + align:start position:0% +information and every one of these has + + + align:start position:0% +information and every one of these has +an inspection report associated with it + + align:start position:0% +an inspection report associated with it + + + align:start position:0% +an inspection report associated with it +either by the NRC resident or by the + + align:start position:0% +either by the NRC resident or by the + + + align:start position:0% +either by the NRC resident or by the +special inspection + + align:start position:0% +special inspection + + + align:start position:0% +special inspection +teams. I think of I + + align:start position:0% +teams. I think of I + + + align:start position:0% +teams. I think of I +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unfortunately myself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuck back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up. I won't send it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just lost it. Okay. Um I think we've + + align:start position:0% +I just lost it. Okay. Um I think we've + + + align:start position:0% +I just lost it. Okay. Um I think we've +had enough of that. But the point the + + align:start position:0% +had enough of that. But the point the + + + align:start position:0% +had enough of that. But the point the +point of this is that we um we have a + + align:start position:0% +point of this is that we um we have a + + + align:start position:0% +point of this is that we um we have a +lot of good information out there that + + align:start position:0% +lot of good information out there that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of good information out there that +you can use to follow this. Now, in + + align:start position:0% +you can use to follow this. Now, in + + + align:start position:0% +you can use to follow this. Now, in +terms of operation, you've got we've + + align:start position:0% +terms of operation, you've got we've + + + align:start position:0% +terms of operation, you've got we've +obviously got some rules. I've just + + align:start position:0% +obviously got some rules. I've just + + + align:start position:0% +obviously got some rules. I've just +talked all about the + + align:start position:0% +talked all about the + + + align:start position:0% +talked all about the +rules. You've got to have some skills, + + align:start position:0% +rules. You've got to have some skills, + + + align:start position:0% +rules. You've got to have some skills, +which means operators are trained and so + + align:start position:0% +which means operators are trained and so + + + align:start position:0% +which means operators are trained and so +on and so forth. And but you also have + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth. And but you also have + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth. And but you also have +to understand + + align:start position:0% +to understand + + + align:start position:0% +to understand +things. Uh if you look at Three-Mile + + align:start position:0% +things. Uh if you look at Three-Mile + + + align:start position:0% +things. Uh if you look at Three-Mile +Island, they had plenty of rules which + + align:start position:0% +Island, they had plenty of rules which + + + align:start position:0% +Island, they had plenty of rules which +they were all in compliance with. They + + align:start position:0% +they were all in compliance with. They + + + align:start position:0% +they were all in compliance with. They +had certainly skills in terms of how to + + align:start position:0% +had certainly skills in terms of how to + + + align:start position:0% +had certainly skills in terms of how to +operate the plan, but they didn't have + + align:start position:0% +operate the plan, but they didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +operate the plan, but they didn't have +adequate knowledge about the + + align:start position:0% +adequate knowledge about the + + + align:start position:0% +adequate knowledge about the +implications of what was going on. And + + align:start position:0% +implications of what was going on. And + + + align:start position:0% +implications of what was going on. And +so this triangle was a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so this triangle was a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so this triangle was a little bit +distorted. From the NRC's perspective, + + align:start position:0% +distorted. From the NRC's perspective, + + + align:start position:0% +distorted. From the NRC's perspective, +their role is to make sure you're in + + align:start position:0% +their role is to make sure you're in + + + align:start position:0% +their role is to make sure you're in +compliance with all regulations. + + align:start position:0% +compliance with all regulations. + + + align:start position:0% +compliance with all regulations. +At present, they do not regulate safety + + align:start position:0% +At present, they do not regulate safety + + + align:start position:0% +At present, they do not regulate safety +culture, but they're attempting to move + + align:start position:0% +culture, but they're attempting to move + + + align:start position:0% +culture, but they're attempting to move +into that + + align:start position:0% +into that + + + align:start position:0% +into that +area. You need to operate within the + + align:start position:0% +area. You need to operate within the + + + align:start position:0% +area. You need to operate within the +safety envelope that's defined by the + + align:start position:0% +safety envelope that's defined by the + + + align:start position:0% +safety envelope that's defined by the +technical + + align:start position:0% +technical + + + align:start position:0% +technical +specifications. The most important of + + align:start position:0% +specifications. The most important of + + + align:start position:0% +specifications. The most important of +which are maintaining your critical + + align:start position:0% +which are maintaining your critical + + + align:start position:0% +which are maintaining your critical +safety function, which is reactivity + + align:start position:0% +safety function, which is reactivity + + + align:start position:0% +safety function, which is reactivity +control or heat removal, secondary heat + + align:start position:0% +control or heat removal, secondary heat + + + align:start position:0% +control or heat removal, secondary heat +removal, and containment integrity. This + + align:start position:0% +removal, and containment integrity. This + + + align:start position:0% +removal, and containment integrity. This +is the cornerstone. And when they + + align:start position:0% +is the cornerstone. And when they + + + align:start position:0% +is the cornerstone. And when they +prepare these risk monitors, they also + + align:start position:0% +prepare these risk monitors, they also + + + align:start position:0% +prepare these risk monitors, they also +have safety parameter display systems. + + align:start position:0% +have safety parameter display systems. + + + align:start position:0% +have safety parameter display systems. +They're completely based on identifying + + align:start position:0% +They're completely based on identifying + + + align:start position:0% +They're completely based on identifying +quickly whether you've lost any of these + + align:start position:0% +quickly whether you've lost any of these + + + align:start position:0% +quickly whether you've lost any of these +functions and and of course the utility + + align:start position:0% +functions and and of course the utility + + + align:start position:0% +functions and and of course the utility +would love to make electricity in the + + align:start position:0% +would love to make electricity in the + + + align:start position:0% +would love to make electricity in the +process which is sometimes difficult. + + align:start position:0% +process which is sometimes difficult. + + + align:start position:0% +process which is sometimes difficult. +So managing the safety of the plant is + + align:start position:0% +So managing the safety of the plant is + + + align:start position:0% +So managing the safety of the plant is +the safety envelope defined by the + + align:start position:0% +the safety envelope defined by the + + + align:start position:0% +the safety envelope defined by the +technical + + align:start position:0% +technical + + + align:start position:0% +technical +specifications and the entire plant + + align:start position:0% +specifications and the entire plant + + + align:start position:0% +specifications and the entire plant +operation is procedure-based. There's + + align:start position:0% +operation is procedure-based. There's + + + align:start position:0% +operation is procedure-based. There's +no, you know, + + align:start position:0% +no, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +no, you know, +cowboys and their operating procedures. + + align:start position:0% +cowboys and their operating procedures. + + + align:start position:0% +cowboys and their operating procedures. +If the plant is not operating in a + + align:start position:0% +If the plant is not operating in a + + + align:start position:0% +If the plant is not operating in a +normal mode, they have developed + + align:start position:0% +normal mode, they have developed + + + align:start position:0% +normal mode, they have developed +abnormal operating procedures which is + + align:start position:0% +abnormal operating procedures which is + + + align:start position:0% +abnormal operating procedures which is +if certain pipes break, what would you + + align:start position:0% +if certain pipes break, what would you + + + align:start position:0% +if certain pipes break, what would you +do if that occurs? Or if certain pump + + align:start position:0% +do if that occurs? Or if certain pump + + + align:start position:0% +do if that occurs? Or if certain pump +doesn't work, what would you do if that + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work, what would you do if that + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work, what would you do if that +occurs? And many of these operating and + + align:start position:0% +occurs? And many of these operating and + + + align:start position:0% +occurs? And many of these operating and +abnormal operating procedures and + + align:start position:0% +abnormal operating procedures and + + + align:start position:0% +abnormal operating procedures and +certainly abnormal emergency procedures + + align:start position:0% +certainly abnormal emergency procedures + + + align:start position:0% +certainly abnormal emergency procedures +are are + + align:start position:0% +are are + + + align:start position:0% +are are +symptombased. They used to have + + align:start position:0% +symptombased. They used to have + + + align:start position:0% +symptombased. They used to have +procedures that said if pump number one + + align:start position:0% +procedures that said if pump number one + + + align:start position:0% +procedures that said if pump number one +breaks, you do this spec this particular + + align:start position:0% +breaks, you do this spec this particular + + + align:start position:0% +breaks, you do this spec this particular +step. If pump number two breaks, you do + + align:start position:0% +step. If pump number two breaks, you do + + + align:start position:0% +step. If pump number two breaks, you do +this particular steps. However, they + + align:start position:0% +this particular steps. However, they + + + align:start position:0% +this particular steps. However, they +found that pumps don't always break in + + align:start position:0% +found that pumps don't always break in + + + align:start position:0% +found that pumps don't always break in +that order or things don't always happen + + align:start position:0% +that order or things don't always happen + + + align:start position:0% +that order or things don't always happen +in the way people have postulated. So + + align:start position:0% +in the way people have postulated. So + + + align:start position:0% +in the way people have postulated. So +they have symptom oriented operating + + align:start position:0% +they have symptom oriented operating + + + align:start position:0% +they have symptom oriented operating +procedures which most of the new plants + + align:start position:0% +procedures which most of the new plants + + + align:start position:0% +procedures which most of the new plants +and old plants are converted to where if + + align:start position:0% +and old plants are converted to where if + + + align:start position:0% +and old plants are converted to where if +you lose function this is how you + + align:start position:0% +you lose function this is how you + + + align:start position:0% +you lose function this is how you +restore function and these are the + + align:start position:0% +restore function and these are the + + + align:start position:0% +restore function and these are the +things you try to restore that function + + align:start position:0% +things you try to restore that function + + + align:start position:0% +things you try to restore that function +both in the abnormal and emergency. + + align:start position:0% +both in the abnormal and emergency. + + + align:start position:0% +both in the abnormal and emergency. +Emergency is when obviously you have + + align:start position:0% +Emergency is when obviously you have + + + align:start position:0% +Emergency is when obviously you have +issues where you're losing coolant + + align:start position:0% +issues where you're losing coolant + + + align:start position:0% +issues where you're losing coolant +possibly cool possible function. You + + align:start position:0% +possibly cool possible function. You + + + align:start position:0% +possibly cool possible function. You +have maintenance procedures. Every piece + + align:start position:0% +have maintenance procedures. Every piece + + + align:start position:0% +have maintenance procedures. Every piece +of equipment has a procedure associated + + align:start position:0% +of equipment has a procedure associated + + + align:start position:0% +of equipment has a procedure associated +with how to maintain it. There are + + align:start position:0% +with how to maintain it. There are + + + align:start position:0% +with how to maintain it. There are +obviously a lot of procedures in + + align:start position:0% +obviously a lot of procedures in + + + align:start position:0% +obviously a lot of procedures in +engineering design independent reviews. + + align:start position:0% +engineering design independent reviews. + + + align:start position:0% +engineering design independent reviews. +So if you're in the engineering design + + align:start position:0% +So if you're in the engineering design + + + align:start position:0% +So if you're in the engineering design +office, you've got to follow a rigorous + + align:start position:0% +office, you've got to follow a rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +office, you've got to follow a rigorous +step of design procedures to make sure + + align:start position:0% +step of design procedures to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +step of design procedures to make sure +that you are in compliance with quality + + align:start position:0% +that you are in compliance with quality + + + align:start position:0% +that you are in compliance with quality +assurance on the engineering side. Of + + align:start position:0% +assurance on the engineering side. Of + + + align:start position:0% +assurance on the engineering side. Of +course, there's security and then + + align:start position:0% +course, there's security and then + + + align:start position:0% +course, there's security and then +there's radiation protection. + + align:start position:0% +there's radiation protection. + + + align:start position:0% +there's radiation protection. +So the bottom line of this message is + + align:start position:0% +So the bottom line of this message is + + + align:start position:0% +So the bottom line of this message is +managing safety is based on technical + + align:start position:0% +managing safety is based on technical + + + align:start position:0% +managing safety is based on technical +specifications and very strict + + align:start position:0% +specifications and very strict + + + align:start position:0% +specifications and very strict +procedures which you must follow. And + + align:start position:0% +procedures which you must follow. And + + + align:start position:0% +procedures which you must follow. And +and the reason that they they do + + align:start position:0% +and the reason that they they do + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason that they they do +procedures is because it provides a + + align:start position:0% +procedures is because it provides a + + + align:start position:0% +procedures is because it provides a +standard. You don't want new crews + + align:start position:0% +standard. You don't want new crews + + + align:start position:0% +standard. You don't want new crews +operating with new ideas. You want them + + align:start position:0% +operating with new ideas. You want them + + + align:start position:0% +operating with new ideas. You want them +to operate in a fixed predictable way. + + align:start position:0% +to operate in a fixed predictable way. + + + align:start position:0% +to operate in a fixed predictable way. +Here's a slide of of what we call the + + align:start position:0% +Here's a slide of of what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +Here's a slide of of what we call the +safety envelope and it's it's from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +IAEA and and I guess the best way to + + align:start position:0% +IAEA and and I guess the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +IAEA and and I guess the best way to +look at this is is to sort of look + + align:start position:0% +look at this is is to sort of look + + + align:start position:0% +look at this is is to sort of look +at from the top down. This is the safety + + align:start position:0% +at from the top down. This is the safety + + + align:start position:0% +at from the top down. This is the safety +limit. If you exceed this thing, + + align:start position:0% +limit. If you exceed this thing, + + + align:start position:0% +limit. If you exceed this thing, +something will + + align:start position:0% +something will + + + align:start position:0% +something will +break either fuel or a vessel. Then you + + align:start position:0% +break either fuel or a vessel. Then you + + + align:start position:0% +break either fuel or a vessel. Then you +have safety system settings which are + + align:start position:0% +have safety system settings which are + + + align:start position:0% +have safety system settings which are +set in a way that if you are in a + + align:start position:0% +set in a way that if you are in a + + + align:start position:0% +set in a way that if you are in a +transient you will and if that safety + + align:start position:0% +transient you will and if that safety + + + align:start position:0% +transient you will and if that safety +system set point is engaged in other + + align:start position:0% +system set point is engaged in other + + + align:start position:0% +system set point is engaged in other +words you exceed it if plant shut down + + align:start position:0% +words you exceed it if plant shut down + + + align:start position:0% +words you exceed it if plant shut down +you will hopefully be below the limit + + align:start position:0% +you will hopefully be below the limit + + + align:start position:0% +you will hopefully be below the limit +the safety ultimate safety + + align:start position:0% +the safety ultimate safety + + + align:start position:0% +the safety ultimate safety +limit then you have below that operating + + align:start position:0% +limit then you have below that operating + + + align:start position:0% +limit then you have below that operating +limits which are where you where you + + align:start position:0% +limits which are where you where you + + + align:start position:0% +limits which are where you where you +don't want to you know strain the + + align:start position:0% +don't want to you know strain the + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to you know strain the +reactor but This is sort of what we + + align:start position:0% +reactor but This is sort of what we + + + align:start position:0% +reactor but This is sort of what we +would call your administrative limit. + + align:start position:0% +would call your administrative limit. + + + align:start position:0% +would call your administrative limit. +You don't want to be kind of in this + + align:start position:0% +You don't want to be kind of in this + + + align:start position:0% +You don't want to be kind of in this +zone. Your alarm set points are much + + align:start position:0% +zone. Your alarm set points are much + + + align:start position:0% +zone. Your alarm set points are much +lower and your normal operation could be + + align:start position:0% +lower and your normal operation could be + + + align:start position:0% +lower and your normal operation could be +down in + + align:start position:0% +down in + + + align:start position:0% +down in +here. So you have certain margins of + + align:start position:0% +here. So you have certain margins of + + + align:start position:0% +here. So you have certain margins of +operating which would be in this band. + + align:start position:0% +operating which would be in this band. + + + align:start position:0% +operating which would be in this band. +Then your alarm set points kind of + + align:start position:0% +Then your alarm set points kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Then your alarm set points kind of +trigger you to keep within your + + align:start position:0% +trigger you to keep within your + + + align:start position:0% +trigger you to keep within your +operational + + align:start position:0% +operational + + + align:start position:0% +operational +limit and you're going to restore to + + align:start position:0% +limit and you're going to restore to + + + align:start position:0% +limit and you're going to restore to +steady state operation. And then above + + align:start position:0% +steady state operation. And then above + + + align:start position:0% +steady state operation. And then above +that is where your your your your + + align:start position:0% +that is where your your your your + + + align:start position:0% +that is where your your your your +ultimate safety protection system will + + align:start position:0% +ultimate safety protection system will + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate safety protection system will +keep you from getting into bad + + align:start position:0% +keep you from getting into bad + + + align:start position:0% +keep you from getting into bad +trouble. Um this does + + align:start position:0% +trouble. Um this does + + + align:start position:0% +trouble. Um this does +have a recognition that everything will + + align:start position:0% +have a recognition that everything will + + + align:start position:0% +have a recognition that everything will +not happen + + align:start position:0% +not happen + + + align:start position:0% +not happen +automatically. Okay? So operators can in + + align:start position:0% +automatically. Okay? So operators can in + + + align:start position:0% +automatically. Okay? So operators can in +fact delay. But the bottom line is most + + align:start position:0% +fact delay. But the bottom line is most + + + align:start position:0% +fact delay. But the bottom line is most +of this stuff is is automatic and the + + align:start position:0% +of this stuff is is automatic and the + + + align:start position:0% +of this stuff is is automatic and the +operator doesn't have any chance and + + align:start position:0% +operator doesn't have any chance and + + + align:start position:0% +operator doesn't have any chance and +should not be intervening with the + + align:start position:0% +should not be intervening with the + + + align:start position:0% +should not be intervening with the +settlers. + + align:start position:0% +settlers. + + + align:start position:0% +settlers. +Um so margins are built into all these + + align:start position:0% +Um so margins are built into all these + + + align:start position:0% +Um so margins are built into all these +kinds of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +settings. We've seen this picture or + + align:start position:0% +settings. We've seen this picture or + + + align:start position:0% +settings. We've seen this picture or +this to a control room where you have a + + align:start position:0% +this to a control room where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +this to a control room where you have a +lot of the instrumentation, a lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of the instrumentation, a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the instrumentation, a lot of +switches that you'll see at the + + align:start position:0% +switches that you'll see at the + + + align:start position:0% +switches that you'll see at the +simulators and a lot of instrumentation + + align:start position:0% +simulators and a lot of instrumentation + + + align:start position:0% +simulators and a lot of instrumentation +that you can display. Right now, more + + align:start position:0% +that you can display. Right now, more + + + align:start position:0% +that you can display. Right now, more +and more of it is going onto computers + + align:start position:0% +and more of it is going onto computers + + + align:start position:0% +and more of it is going onto computers +and less and less of it is being used as + + align:start position:0% +and less and less of it is being used as + + + align:start position:0% +and less and less of it is being used as +physical hardware or you have switches + + align:start position:0% +physical hardware or you have switches + + + align:start position:0% +physical hardware or you have switches +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +console. But the tools obviously for + + align:start position:0% +console. But the tools obviously for + + + align:start position:0% +console. But the tools obviously for +control are the automatic trips. We went + + align:start position:0% +control are the automatic trips. We went + + + align:start position:0% +control are the automatic trips. We went +over some of those. We looked at the + + align:start position:0% +over some of those. We looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +over some of those. We looked at the +loss of bull accident. The safety + + align:start position:0% +loss of bull accident. The safety + + + align:start position:0% +loss of bull accident. The safety +parameter display system. I think I'll + + align:start position:0% +parameter display system. I think I'll + + + align:start position:0% +parameter display system. I think I'll +see if I can find one for you of a + + align:start position:0% +see if I can find one for you of a + + + align:start position:0% +see if I can find one for you of a +representative new plant. You have risk + + align:start position:0% +representative new plant. You have risk + + + align:start position:0% +representative new plant. You have risk +monitors which you which we'll think + + align:start position:0% +monitors which you which we'll think + + + align:start position:0% +monitors which you which we'll think +we'll look at again. Then you have what + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at again. Then you have what + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at again. Then you have what +we call these key processing control + + align:start position:0% +we call these key processing control + + + align:start position:0% +we call these key processing control +parameters which allow you to operate + + align:start position:0% +parameters which allow you to operate + + + align:start position:0% +parameters which allow you to operate +within a certain + + align:start position:0% +within a certain + + + align:start position:0% +within a certain +band. This is your risk monitor. We saw + + align:start position:0% +band. This is your risk monitor. We saw + + + align:start position:0% +band. This is your risk monitor. We saw +this before where you have your daily + + align:start position:0% +this before where you have your daily + + + align:start position:0% +this before where you have your daily +operation. You have your sort of + + align:start position:0% +operation. You have your sort of + + + align:start position:0% +operation. You have your sort of +internal warning + + align:start position:0% +internal warning + + + align:start position:0% +internal warning +limits and areas where you do not want + + align:start position:0% +limits and areas where you do not want + + + align:start position:0% +limits and areas where you do not want +to exceed. This is at 10 minus + + align:start position:0% +to exceed. This is at 10 minus + + + align:start position:0% +to exceed. This is at 10 minus +4 core damage frequency large early + + align:start position:0% +4 core damage frequency large early + + + align:start position:0% +4 core damage frequency large early +release frequency and trip + + align:start position:0% +release frequency and trip + + + align:start position:0% +release frequency and trip +likelihood. So these are now routinely + + align:start position:0% +likelihood. So these are now routinely + + + align:start position:0% +likelihood. So these are now routinely +used in control rooms. Now, how do you + + align:start position:0% +used in control rooms. Now, how do you + + + align:start position:0% +used in control rooms. Now, how do you +organize a plant to to make sure you can + + align:start position:0% +organize a plant to to make sure you can + + + align:start position:0% +organize a plant to to make sure you can +administer all these things? Typically, + + align:start position:0% +administer all these things? Typically, + + + align:start position:0% +administer all these things? Typically, +each one of these react plants have and + + align:start position:0% +each one of these react plants have and + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these react plants have and +if it's more than one reactor per site + + align:start position:0% +if it's more than one reactor per site + + + align:start position:0% +if it's more than one reactor per site +has a site VB and a plan manager. You + + align:start position:0% +has a site VB and a plan manager. You + + + align:start position:0% +has a site VB and a plan manager. You +have an operations group with their + + align:start position:0% +have an operations group with their + + + align:start position:0% +have an operations group with their +shift technical advisors, safety + + align:start position:0% +shift technical advisors, safety + + + align:start position:0% +shift technical advisors, safety +technical adviserss. These are the + + align:start position:0% +technical adviserss. These are the + + + align:start position:0% +technical adviserss. These are the +independent eyes and ears of the + + align:start position:0% +independent eyes and ears of the + + + align:start position:0% +independent eyes and ears of the +operations department. maintenance, + + align:start position:0% +operations department. maintenance, + + + align:start position:0% +operations department. maintenance, +engineering. Of course, some some some + + align:start position:0% +engineering. Of course, some some some + + + align:start position:0% +engineering. Of course, some some some +reactors have large engineering plants, + + align:start position:0% +reactors have large engineering plants, + + + align:start position:0% +reactors have large engineering plants, +large engineering staffs at sites, some + + align:start position:0% +large engineering staffs at sites, some + + + align:start position:0% +large engineering staffs at sites, some +have centralized engineering at uh + + align:start position:0% +have centralized engineering at uh + + + align:start position:0% +have centralized engineering at uh +various locations. Uh radiation + + align:start position:0% +various locations. Uh radiation + + + align:start position:0% +various locations. Uh radiation +protection group, security and and + + align:start position:0% +protection group, security and and + + + align:start position:0% +protection group, security and and +quality assurance group. So depending + + align:start position:0% +quality assurance group. So depending + + + align:start position:0% +quality assurance group. So depending +upon how the company wants to organize + + align:start position:0% +upon how the company wants to organize + + + align:start position:0% +upon how the company wants to organize +itself, there's very clear + + align:start position:0% +itself, there's very clear + + + align:start position:0% +itself, there's very clear +responsibilities. Engineering as I said + + align:start position:0% +responsibilities. Engineering as I said + + + align:start position:0% +responsibilities. Engineering as I said +may be may be centralized. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A typical nonoutage day, first thing in + + align:start position:0% +A typical nonoutage day, first thing in + + + align:start position:0% +A typical nonoutage day, first thing in +the morning, 7:00, whatever you get into + + align:start position:0% +the morning, 7:00, whatever you get into + + + align:start position:0% +the morning, 7:00, whatever you get into +the into the plant, what happened + + align:start position:0% +the into the plant, what happened + + + align:start position:0% +the into the plant, what happened +yesterday, overnight, what's the + + align:start position:0% +yesterday, overnight, what's the + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday, overnight, what's the +operability status of the last of the + + align:start position:0% +operability status of the last of the + + + align:start position:0% +operability status of the last of the +reactor? And and some people actually + + align:start position:0% +reactor? And and some people actually + + + align:start position:0% +reactor? And and some people actually +track days since the last human error, + + align:start position:0% +track days since the last human error, + + + align:start position:0% +track days since the last human error, +which is an interesting unit. Then we + + align:start position:0% +which is an interesting unit. Then we + + + align:start position:0% +which is an interesting unit. Then we +have limiting conditions for operation. + + align:start position:0% +have limiting conditions for operation. + + + align:start position:0% +have limiting conditions for operation. +The control room operators provide a + + align:start position:0% +The control room operators provide a + + + align:start position:0% +The control room operators provide a +briefing. They have a turnover and then + + align:start position:0% +briefing. They have a turnover and then + + + align:start position:0% +briefing. They have a turnover and then +they kind of review what what has + + align:start position:0% +they kind of review what what has + + + align:start position:0% +they kind of review what what has +happened overnight and what's going to + + align:start position:0% +happened overnight and what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +happened overnight and what's going to +happen today. Then the risk monitor. + + align:start position:0% +happen today. Then the risk monitor. + + + align:start position:0% +happen today. Then the risk monitor. +They kind of look at the plant status + + align:start position:0% +They kind of look at the plant status + + + align:start position:0% +They kind of look at the plant status +based on what's operable and what's not + + align:start position:0% +based on what's operable and what's not + + + align:start position:0% +based on what's operable and what's not +operable and they make adjustments. And + + align:start position:0% +operable and they make adjustments. And + + + align:start position:0% +operable and they make adjustments. And +then they establish a plan for the next + + align:start position:0% +then they establish a plan for the next + + + align:start position:0% +then they establish a plan for the next +shift, what maintenance and tests are + + align:start position:0% +shift, what maintenance and tests are + + + align:start position:0% +shift, what maintenance and tests are +being done. They'll update the risk + + align:start position:0% +being done. They'll update the risk + + + align:start position:0% +being done. They'll update the risk +monitor to acknowledge that this stuff + + align:start position:0% +monitor to acknowledge that this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +monitor to acknowledge that this stuff +will not be available. And that risk + + align:start position:0% +will not be available. And that risk + + + align:start position:0% +will not be available. And that risk +monitor will tell them there's certain + + align:start position:0% +monitor will tell them there's certain + + + align:start position:0% +monitor will tell them there's certain +things they have to take care of be + + align:start position:0% +things they have to take care of be + + + align:start position:0% +things they have to take care of be +aware and they go obviously into + + align:start position:0% +aware and they go obviously into + + + align:start position:0% +aware and they go obviously into +electric + + align:start position:0% +electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric +generation. Now the oversight process of + + align:start position:0% +generation. Now the oversight process of + + + align:start position:0% +generation. Now the oversight process of +the plant is a little bit different than + + align:start position:0% +the plant is a little bit different than + + + align:start position:0% +the plant is a little bit different than +that of the NRC. + + align:start position:0% +that of the NRC. + + + align:start position:0% +that of the NRC. +So, as I mentioned earlier, they have a + + align:start position:0% +So, as I mentioned earlier, they have a + + + align:start position:0% +So, as I mentioned earlier, they have a +corrective action program which says + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program which says + + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program which says +anytime you find a discrepancy, any + + align:start position:0% +anytime you find a discrepancy, any + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you find a discrepancy, any +deficiency, anything out of the + + align:start position:0% +deficiency, anything out of the + + + align:start position:0% +deficiency, anything out of the +ordinary, all employees are encouraged + + align:start position:0% +ordinary, all employees are encouraged + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary, all employees are encouraged +to write this up into the corrective + + align:start position:0% +to write this up into the corrective + + + align:start position:0% +to write this up into the corrective +action program. And you you write what + + align:start position:0% +action program. And you you write what + + + align:start position:0% +action program. And you you write what +is called a condition report and there + + align:start position:0% +is called a condition report and there + + + align:start position:0% +is called a condition report and there +could be thousands of condition reports + + align:start position:0% +could be thousands of condition reports + + + align:start position:0% +could be thousands of condition reports +every year. + + align:start position:0% +every year. + + + align:start position:0% +every year. +Each condition report is evaluated for + + align:start position:0% +Each condition report is evaluated for + + + align:start position:0% +Each condition report is evaluated for +its significance, responsibility + + align:start position:0% +its significance, responsibility + + + align:start position:0% +its significance, responsibility +assigned, priority assigned, and + + align:start position:0% +assigned, priority assigned, and + + + align:start position:0% +assigned, priority assigned, and +addressed. Then they have a corrective + + align:start position:0% +addressed. Then they have a corrective + + + align:start position:0% +addressed. Then they have a corrective +action review board, which is a group + + align:start position:0% +action review board, which is a group + + + align:start position:0% +action review board, which is a group +that maybe meets once a week, maybe a + + align:start position:0% +that maybe meets once a week, maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe meets once a week, maybe a +couple of times a month, and they review + + align:start position:0% +couple of times a month, and they review + + + align:start position:0% +couple of times a month, and they review +all of the corrective all of the + + align:start position:0% +all of the corrective all of the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the corrective all of the +corrective actions that have been taken + + align:start position:0% +corrective actions that have been taken + + + align:start position:0% +corrective actions that have been taken +and to try to identify whether any + + align:start position:0% +and to try to identify whether any + + + align:start position:0% +and to try to identify whether any +trends. Are there things that we're + + align:start position:0% +trends. Are there things that we're + + + align:start position:0% +trends. Are there things that we're +seeing especially in human error that + + align:start position:0% +seeing especially in human error that + + + align:start position:0% +seeing especially in human error that +are repeating? Are we seeing aging + + align:start position:0% +are repeating? Are we seeing aging + + + align:start position:0% +are repeating? Are we seeing aging +effects? What is it that we can learn + + align:start position:0% +effects? What is it that we can learn + + + align:start position:0% +effects? What is it that we can learn +from all these reports? The objective is + + align:start position:0% +from all these reports? The objective is + + + align:start position:0% +from all these reports? The objective is +is not to review not to reduce condition + + align:start position:0% +is not to review not to reduce condition + + + align:start position:0% +is not to review not to reduce condition +reports to zero because as I said that's + + align:start position:0% +reports to zero because as I said that's + + + align:start position:0% +reports to zero because as I said that's +extremely difficult, but to be able to + + align:start position:0% +extremely difficult, but to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +extremely difficult, but to be able to +manage the deficiencies, manage the + + align:start position:0% +manage the deficiencies, manage the + + + align:start position:0% +manage the deficiencies, manage the +risks. So this is a if you have a strong + + align:start position:0% +risks. So this is a if you have a strong + + + align:start position:0% +risks. So this is a if you have a strong +corrective action program, you are + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program, you are + + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program, you are +likely running a safe plant even though + + align:start position:0% +likely running a safe plant even though + + + align:start position:0% +likely running a safe plant even though +you may have a lot of events and some + + align:start position:0% +you may have a lot of events and some + + + align:start position:0% +you may have a lot of events and some +people look to the number of events that + + align:start position:0% +people look to the number of events that + + + align:start position:0% +people look to the number of events that +are reported as an indicator of a + + align:start position:0% +are reported as an indicator of a + + + align:start position:0% +are reported as an indicator of a +healthy corrective action program + + align:start position:0% +healthy corrective action program + + + align:start position:0% +healthy corrective action program +particularly if you can address them. + + align:start position:0% +particularly if you can address them. + + + align:start position:0% +particularly if you can address them. +The quality assurance department + + align:start position:0% +The quality assurance department + + + align:start position:0% +The quality assurance department +uh isn't necessarily involved with the + + align:start position:0% +uh isn't necessarily involved with the + + + align:start position:0% +uh isn't necessarily involved with the +corrective action program, but they + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program, but they + + + align:start position:0% +corrective action program, but they +oversee tests, surveillances, design + + align:start position:0% +oversee tests, surveillances, design + + + align:start position:0% +oversee tests, surveillances, design +changes, things that um they have a + + align:start position:0% +changes, things that um they have a + + + align:start position:0% +changes, things that um they have a +regular audit program and they do what + + align:start position:0% +regular audit program and they do what + + + align:start position:0% +regular audit program and they do what +you might call peer inspections. In + + align:start position:0% +you might call peer inspections. In + + + align:start position:0% +you might call peer inspections. In +other words, when they're people are + + align:start position:0% +other words, when they're people are + + + align:start position:0% +other words, when they're people are +doing some maintenance work at the + + align:start position:0% +doing some maintenance work at the + + + align:start position:0% +doing some maintenance work at the +plant, they're overseeing that to be + + align:start position:0% +plant, they're overseeing that to be + + + align:start position:0% +plant, they're overseeing that to be +sure the procedures are being followed. + + align:start position:0% +sure the procedures are being followed. + + + align:start position:0% +sure the procedures are being followed. +You have a plant operations review + + align:start position:0% +You have a plant operations review + + + align:start position:0% +You have a plant operations review +committee. There should be a bullet here + + align:start position:0% +committee. There should be a bullet here + + + align:start position:0% +committee. There should be a bullet here +which is a committee that is organized + + align:start position:0% +which is a committee that is organized + + + align:start position:0% +which is a committee that is organized +by the plan that reviews all design + + align:start position:0% +by the plan that reviews all design + + + align:start position:0% +by the plan that reviews all design +changes, all changes in procedures to + + align:start position:0% +changes, all changes in procedures to + + + align:start position:0% +changes, all changes in procedures to +make sure that they are appropriate for + + align:start position:0% +make sure that they are appropriate for + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that they are appropriate for +this plan. So if an engineer proposes + + align:start position:0% +this plan. So if an engineer proposes + + + align:start position:0% +this plan. So if an engineer proposes +certain design change, it cannot be + + align:start position:0% +certain design change, it cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +certain design change, it cannot be +included in the plan design until this + + align:start position:0% +included in the plan design until this + + + align:start position:0% +included in the plan design until this +committee and whole bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +committee and whole bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +committee and whole bunch of other +people review and approve it. You also + + align:start position:0% +people review and approve it. You also + + + align:start position:0% +people review and approve it. You also +have nuclear safety advisory review + + align:start position:0% +have nuclear safety advisory review + + + align:start position:0% +have nuclear safety advisory review +committee. These are not just the plant + + align:start position:0% +committee. These are not just the plant + + + align:start position:0% +committee. These are not just the plant +people and this this includes these + + align:start position:0% +people and this this includes these + + + align:start position:0% +people and this this includes these +plant operation review committees could + + align:start position:0% +plant operation review committees could + + + align:start position:0% +plant operation review committees could +be health physics people, maintenance + + align:start position:0% +be health physics people, maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +be health physics people, maintenance +people, operations people, engineering + + align:start position:0% +people, operations people, engineering + + + align:start position:0% +people, operations people, engineering +people as a joint group from the plant. + + align:start position:0% +people as a joint group from the plant. + + + align:start position:0% +people as a joint group from the plant. +This group could be more of a uh + + align:start position:0% +This group could be more of a uh + + + align:start position:0% +This group could be more of a uh +corporatewide + + align:start position:0% +corporatewide + + + align:start position:0% +corporatewide +organization. They review and approve. + + align:start position:0% +organization. They review and approve. + + + align:start position:0% +organization. They review and approve. +Then this group independently reviews + + align:start position:0% +Then this group independently reviews + + + align:start position:0% +Then this group independently reviews +and approved for any design changes + + align:start position:0% +and approved for any design changes + + + align:start position:0% +and approved for any design changes +made. That's + + align:start position:0% +made. That's + + + align:start position:0% +made. That's +something. Some companies most now have + + align:start position:0% +something. Some companies most now have + + + align:start position:0% +something. Some companies most now have +external review boards. people like me + + align:start position:0% +external review boards. people like me + + + align:start position:0% +external review boards. people like me +serving on an independent group looking + + align:start position:0% +serving on an independent group looking + + + align:start position:0% +serving on an independent group looking +at you know three to four times a year + + align:start position:0% +at you know three to four times a year + + + align:start position:0% +at you know three to four times a year +how the plant is operating looking at + + align:start position:0% +how the plant is operating looking at + + + align:start position:0% +how the plant is operating looking at +how the strength of the corrective + + align:start position:0% +how the strength of the corrective + + + align:start position:0% +how the strength of the corrective +action program looking at failures. So + + align:start position:0% +action program looking at failures. So + + + align:start position:0% +action program looking at failures. So +these are independent people that + + align:start position:0% +these are independent people that + + + align:start position:0% +these are independent people that +provide independent oversight to + + align:start position:0% +provide independent oversight to + + + align:start position:0% +provide independent oversight to +management to allow them to get an + + align:start position:0% +management to allow them to get an + + + align:start position:0% +management to allow them to get an +independent check of what's going on at + + align:start position:0% +independent check of what's going on at + + + align:start position:0% +independent check of what's going on at +their plants. + + align:start position:0% +their plants. + + + align:start position:0% +their plants. +I'm sure you are aware now of the + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure you are aware now of the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure you are aware now of the +Institute of Nuclear Power Operations + + align:start position:0% +Institute of Nuclear Power Operations + + + align:start position:0% +Institute of Nuclear Power Operations +that was organized. It's an industry + + align:start position:0% +that was organized. It's an industry + + + align:start position:0% +that was organized. It's an industry +self-regulating group organized after + + align:start position:0% +self-regulating group organized after + + + align:start position:0% +self-regulating group organized after +the three-mile island accident and has + + align:start position:0% +the three-mile island accident and has + + + align:start position:0% +the three-mile island accident and has +been very effective in improving and + + align:start position:0% +been very effective in improving and + + + align:start position:0% +been very effective in improving and +upgrading all all plants to certain high + + align:start position:0% +upgrading all all plants to certain high + + + align:start position:0% +upgrading all all plants to certain high +standards of performance. That's not to + + align:start position:0% +standards of performance. That's not to + + + align:start position:0% +standards of performance. That's not to +say they have not missed things like the + + align:start position:0% +say they have not missed things like the + + + align:start position:0% +say they have not missed things like the +most recent Davis Bessie event, but they + + align:start position:0% +most recent Davis Bessie event, but they + + + align:start position:0% +most recent Davis Bessie event, but they +they get into areas of engineering, + + align:start position:0% +they get into areas of engineering, + + + align:start position:0% +they get into areas of engineering, +operations, maintenance, and they have + + align:start position:0% +operations, maintenance, and they have + + + align:start position:0% +operations, maintenance, and they have +um training programs accredited just + + align:start position:0% +um training programs accredited just + + + align:start position:0% +um training programs accredited just +like a university program would be + + align:start position:0% +like a university program would be + + + align:start position:0% +like a university program would be +accredited for training of operators, + + align:start position:0% +accredited for training of operators, + + + align:start position:0% +accredited for training of operators, +engineers, maintenance engineers and so + + align:start position:0% +engineers, maintenance engineers and so + + + align:start position:0% +engineers, maintenance engineers and so +forth. So a lot of help if you will in + + align:start position:0% +forth. So a lot of help if you will in + + + align:start position:0% +forth. So a lot of help if you will in +terms of assuring the safety of these + + align:start position:0% +terms of assuring the safety of these + + + align:start position:0% +terms of assuring the safety of these +plants. Message there is once the plant + + align:start position:0% +plants. Message there is once the plant + + + align:start position:0% +plants. Message there is once the plant +is built it's not + + align:start position:0% +is built it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is built it's not +over. It's a continuous process of + + align:start position:0% +over. It's a continuous process of + + + align:start position:0% +over. It's a continuous process of +improving. We put this chart together. + + align:start position:0% +improving. We put this chart together. + + + align:start position:0% +improving. We put this chart together. +It says key success and performance + + align:start position:0% +It says key success and performance + + + align:start position:0% +It says key success and performance +factors. Um and this was put together. + + align:start position:0% +factors. Um and this was put together. + + + align:start position:0% +factors. Um and this was put together. +We ran a workshop in Slovenia and we had + + align:start position:0% +We ran a workshop in Slovenia and we had + + + align:start position:0% +We ran a workshop in Slovenia and we had +lots of internationally well experienced + + align:start position:0% +lots of internationally well experienced + + + align:start position:0% +lots of internationally well experienced +people and we asked them to rank what + + align:start position:0% +people and we asked them to rank what + + + align:start position:0% +people and we asked them to rank what +they thought were the most important + + align:start position:0% +they thought were the most important + + + align:start position:0% +they thought were the most important +safety factors to determine whether it's + + align:start position:0% +safety factors to determine whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +safety factors to determine whether it's +a plant is going to be run + + align:start position:0% +a plant is going to be run + + + align:start position:0% +a plant is going to be run +safely and look what came to the top of + + align:start position:0% +safely and look what came to the top of + + + align:start position:0% +safely and look what came to the top of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +list. Now why did they come to the top + + align:start position:0% +list. Now why did they come to the top + + + align:start position:0% +list. Now why did they come to the top +of the list? The argument is that if you + + align:start position:0% +of the list? The argument is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +of the list? The argument is that if you +could have two equally well-designed + + align:start position:0% +could have two equally well-designed + + + align:start position:0% +could have two equally well-designed +plants, let's take Millstone unit number + + align:start position:0% +plants, let's take Millstone unit number + + + align:start position:0% +plants, let's take Millstone unit number +one and Vermont Yankee or Pil, same + + align:start position:0% +one and Vermont Yankee or Pil, same + + + align:start position:0% +one and Vermont Yankee or Pil, same +design, same vintage, one operated + + align:start position:0% +design, same vintage, one operated + + + align:start position:0% +design, same vintage, one operated +extremely well and the other got shut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down. And the safety culture of the + + align:start position:0% +down. And the safety culture of the + + + align:start position:0% +down. And the safety culture of the +management and the attitude of the + + align:start position:0% +management and the attitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +management and the attitude of the +workers made the difference. how they + + align:start position:0% +workers made the difference. how they + + + align:start position:0% +workers made the difference. how they +chose to how they chose to operate it. + + align:start position:0% +chose to how they chose to operate it. + + + align:start position:0% +chose to how they chose to operate it. +The other important element which is the + + align:start position:0% +The other important element which is the + + + align:start position:0% +The other important element which is the +next important element is the basic + + align:start position:0% +next important element is the basic + + + align:start position:0% +next important element is the basic +design of the plant. Is it fault + + align:start position:0% +design of the plant. Is it fault + + + align:start position:0% +design of the plant. Is it fault +tolerant? One could argue that the + + align:start position:0% +tolerant? One could argue that the + + + align:start position:0% +tolerant? One could argue that the +Babcock and Wilox plants were not fault + + align:start position:0% +Babcock and Wilox plants were not fault + + + align:start position:0% +Babcock and Wilox plants were not fault +tolerant. They relied on everything + + align:start position:0% +tolerant. They relied on everything + + + align:start position:0% +tolerant. They relied on everything +working perfectly. One could argue that + + align:start position:0% +working perfectly. One could argue that + + + align:start position:0% +working perfectly. One could argue that +the pebble bed reactor is hugely fault + + align:start position:0% +the pebble bed reactor is hugely fault + + + align:start position:0% +the pebble bed reactor is hugely fault +tolerant because even if it's not + + align:start position:0% +tolerant because even if it's not + + + align:start position:0% +tolerant because even if it's not +operated very well, it's very hard to + + align:start position:0% +operated very well, it's very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +operated very well, it's very hard to +melt if not impossible. So basic design + + align:start position:0% +melt if not impossible. So basic design + + + align:start position:0% +melt if not impossible. So basic design +of the plan and being fault tolerant is + + align:start position:0% +of the plan and being fault tolerant is + + + align:start position:0% +of the plan and being fault tolerant is +really important. Then comes training in + + align:start position:0% +really important. Then comes training in + + + align:start position:0% +really important. Then comes training in +in all basic areas as the third most + + align:start position:0% +in all basic areas as the third most + + + align:start position:0% +in all basic areas as the third most +important feature because this gets into + + align:start position:0% +important feature because this gets into + + + align:start position:0% +important feature because this gets into +the skills well the knowledge and then + + align:start position:0% +the skills well the knowledge and then + + + align:start position:0% +the skills well the knowledge and then +quality assurance. What kind of + + align:start position:0% +quality assurance. What kind of + + + align:start position:0% +quality assurance. What kind of +oversight do you have of this operation? + + align:start position:0% +oversight do you have of this operation? + + + align:start position:0% +oversight do you have of this operation? +And are you focused on self assessment + + align:start position:0% +And are you focused on self assessment + + + align:start position:0% +And are you focused on self assessment +or some cop watching what you're doing? + + align:start position:0% +or some cop watching what you're doing? + + + align:start position:0% +or some cop watching what you're doing? +And you could argue the cop could be + + align:start position:0% +And you could argue the cop could be + + + align:start position:0% +And you could argue the cop could be +some internal QA guy or the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +NLC. How do you organize your plan to + + align:start position:0% +NLC. How do you organize your plan to + + + align:start position:0% +NLC. How do you organize your plan to +sustain the + + align:start position:0% +sustain the + + + align:start position:0% +sustain the +safety? Extremely important. You can + + align:start position:0% +safety? Extremely important. You can + + + align:start position:0% +safety? Extremely important. You can +have a dysfunctional organization with a + + align:start position:0% +have a dysfunctional organization with a + + + align:start position:0% +have a dysfunctional organization with a +perfectly safe plant and it'll it'll be + + align:start position:0% +perfectly safe plant and it'll it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly safe plant and it'll it'll be +completely not as good as you want it to + + align:start position:0% +completely not as good as you want it to + + + align:start position:0% +completely not as good as you want it to +be safe. + + align:start position:0% +be safe. + + + align:start position:0% +be safe. +Notice the last item for success in + + align:start position:0% +Notice the last item for success in + + + align:start position:0% +Notice the last item for success in +safety was the + + align:start position:0% +safety was the + + + align:start position:0% +safety was the +regulations judged by this group which I + + align:start position:0% +regulations judged by this group which I + + + align:start position:0% +regulations judged by this group which I +cannot + + align:start position:0% +cannot + + + align:start position:0% +cannot +disagree and what everybody concluded + + align:start position:0% +disagree and what everybody concluded + + + align:start position:0% +disagree and what everybody concluded +was that the regulations need to + + align:start position:0% +was that the regulations need to + + + align:start position:0% +was that the regulations need to +motivate + + align:start position:0% +motivate + + + align:start position:0% +motivate +safety. Three Mile Island was in + + align:start position:0% +safety. Three Mile Island was in + + + align:start position:0% +safety. Three Mile Island was in +compliance with the regulations. Problem + + align:start position:0% +compliance with the regulations. Problem + + + align:start position:0% +compliance with the regulations. Problem +was the regulations did + + align:start position:0% +was the regulations did + + + align:start position:0% +was the regulations did +not motivate safety. They gave you a + + align:start position:0% +not motivate safety. They gave you a + + + align:start position:0% +not motivate safety. They gave you a +false sense of security that if you meet + + align:start position:0% +false sense of security that if you meet + + + align:start position:0% +false sense of security that if you meet +the regulations you are good wrong + + align:start position:0% +the regulations you are good wrong + + + align:start position:0% +the regulations you are good wrong +because you had inadequate knowledge + + align:start position:0% +because you had inadequate knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +because you had inadequate knowledge +perhaps inadequate safety culture but + + align:start position:0% +perhaps inadequate safety culture but + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps inadequate safety culture but +basic design of the plan was weak + + align:start position:0% +basic design of the plan was weak + + + align:start position:0% +basic design of the plan was weak +training was obviously not as good as it + + align:start position:0% +training was obviously not as good as it + + + align:start position:0% +training was obviously not as good as it +needed to be and self- assessment wasn't + + align:start position:0% +needed to be and self- assessment wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +needed to be and self- assessment wasn't +even a concept considered in those days. + + align:start position:0% +even a concept considered in those days. + + + align:start position:0% +even a concept considered in those days. +So, this is this is sort of the bottom + + align:start position:0% +So, this is this is sort of the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +So, this is this is sort of the bottom +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +message. Now, for the home overite, I'm + + align:start position:0% +message. Now, for the home overite, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +message. Now, for the home overite, I'm +glad you're paying attention relative to + + align:start position:0% +glad you're paying attention relative to + + + align:start position:0% +glad you're paying attention relative to +my zipping along with the uh internet + + align:start position:0% +my zipping along with the uh internet + + + align:start position:0% +my zipping along with the uh internet +site. Use the reactor oversight process + + align:start position:0% +site. Use the reactor oversight process + + + align:start position:0% +site. Use the reactor oversight process +site site and identify key safety issues + + align:start position:0% +site site and identify key safety issues + + + align:start position:0% +site site and identify key safety issues +in the last two quarters of the reactor + + align:start position:0% +in the last two quarters of the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +in the last two quarters of the reactor +nearest your + + align:start position:0% +nearest your + + + align:start position:0% +nearest your +home. I want you to feel comfortable + + align:start position:0% +home. I want you to feel comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +home. I want you to feel comfortable +about your own neighborhood nuclear + + align:start position:0% +about your own neighborhood nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +about your own neighborhood nuclear +plant. And based on the review of + + align:start position:0% +plant. And based on the review of + + + align:start position:0% +plant. And based on the review of +performance indicators, identify the + + align:start position:0% +performance indicators, identify the + + + align:start position:0% +performance indicators, identify the +particular inspection reports upon which + + align:start position:0% +particular inspection reports upon which + + + align:start position:0% +particular inspection reports upon which +this it'll be on the web. I've posted it + + align:start position:0% +this it'll be on the web. I've posted it + + + align:start position:0% +this it'll be on the web. I've posted it +already. Identify the you know why these + + align:start position:0% +already. Identify the you know why these + + + align:start position:0% +already. Identify the you know why these +findings are done, what the findings are + + align:start position:0% +findings are done, what the findings are + + + align:start position:0% +findings are done, what the findings are +based on, and give me a two-page memo + + align:start position:0% +based on, and give me a two-page memo + + + align:start position:0% +based on, and give me a two-page memo +about the condition of this plant + + align:start position:0% +about the condition of this plant + + + align:start position:0% +about the condition of this plant +overall. So you're looking at the whole + + align:start position:0% +overall. So you're looking at the whole + + + align:start position:0% +overall. So you're looking at the whole +big picture, all of the cornerstones to + + align:start position:0% +big picture, all of the cornerstones to + + + align:start position:0% +big picture, all of the cornerstones to +see whether or not you think the + + align:start position:0% +see whether or not you think the + + + align:start position:0% +see whether or not you think the +appropriate corrective actions have been + + align:start position:0% +appropriate corrective actions have been + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate corrective actions have been +taken. And that's why I want you to go + + align:start position:0% +taken. And that's why I want you to go + + + align:start position:0% +taken. And that's why I want you to go +back a couple of quarters and are you + + align:start position:0% +back a couple of quarters and are you + + + align:start position:0% +back a couple of quarters and are you +satisfied with the safety of the + + align:start position:0% +satisfied with the safety of the + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied with the safety of the +line? So you're the + + align:start position:0% +line? So you're the + + + align:start position:0% +line? So you're the +regulator. + + align:start position:0% +regulator. + + + align:start position:0% +regulator. +Okay. The fun part is to be able to go + + align:start position:0% +Okay. The fun part is to be able to go + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. The fun part is to be able to go +and dig through this + + align:start position:0% +and dig through this + + + align:start position:0% +and dig through this +stuff and I + + align:start position:0% +stuff and I + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and I +call. So any questions on the + + align:start position:0% +call. So any questions on the + + + align:start position:0% +call. So any questions on the +assignment? It'll give you a sense of + + align:start position:0% +assignment? It'll give you a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +assignment? It'll give you a sense of +what's really out there and I think an + + align:start position:0% +what's really out there and I think an + + + align:start position:0% +what's really out there and I think an +appreciation of how exhaustive the + + align:start position:0% +appreciation of how exhaustive the + + + align:start position:0% +appreciation of how exhaustive the +process can be. And uh that's why the + + align:start position:0% +process can be. And uh that's why the + + + align:start position:0% +process can be. And uh that's why the +stacks of of these reactors are so + + align:start position:0% +stacks of of these reactors are so + + + align:start position:0% +stacks of of these reactors are so +large. Now, the last thing before we + + align:start position:0% +large. Now, the last thing before we + + + align:start position:0% +large. Now, the last thing before we +wrap up, I I I want to put this chart + + align:start position:0% +wrap up, I I I want to put this chart + + + align:start position:0% +wrap up, I I I want to put this chart +back on there again because this chart + + align:start position:0% +back on there again because this chart + + + align:start position:0% +back on there again because this chart +is is is is a schematic of of a complete + + align:start position:0% +is is is is a schematic of of a complete + + + align:start position:0% +is is is is a schematic of of a complete +plan. And I can't I don't know if I can + + align:start position:0% +plan. And I can't I don't know if I can + + + align:start position:0% +plan. And I can't I don't know if I can +have a better picture of it, but if I if + + align:start position:0% +have a better picture of it, but if I if + + + align:start position:0% +have a better picture of it, but if I if +I I if I can find one for next class, I + + align:start position:0% +I I if I can find one for next class, I + + + align:start position:0% +I I if I can find one for next class, I +will. But what we want to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +will. But what we want to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +will. But what we want to be able to do +is kind of think through how this + + align:start position:0% +is kind of think through how this + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of think through how this +reactor, steam generator and pressurizer + + align:start position:0% +reactor, steam generator and pressurizer + + + align:start position:0% +reactor, steam generator and pressurizer +are interconnected with all the systems. + + align:start position:0% +are interconnected with all the systems. + + + align:start position:0% +are interconnected with all the systems. +So for example, if if I could read this + + align:start position:0% +So for example, if if I could read this + + + align:start position:0% +So for example, if if I could read this +and I could find out where the feed + + align:start position:0% +and I could find out where the feed + + + align:start position:0% +and I could find out where the feed +water pumps were. If those fail, I'd + + align:start position:0% +water pumps were. If those fail, I'd + + + align:start position:0% +water pumps were. If those fail, I'd +like you to we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +like you to we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +like you to we're going to talk about +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +happens and why. and and we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +happens and why. and and we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +happens and why. and and we'll look at +some of the transients and accidents + + align:start position:0% +some of the transients and accidents + + + align:start position:0% +some of the transients and accidents +that are in the safety analysis report + + align:start position:0% +that are in the safety analysis report + + + align:start position:0% +that are in the safety analysis report +and we're going to talk about what + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to talk about what +happens to the + + align:start position:0% +happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the +core next class. So we'll be we'll start + + align:start position:0% +core next class. So we'll be we'll start + + + align:start position:0% +core next class. So we'll be we'll start +we'll we'll start to think like an + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll start to think like an + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll start to think like an +operator like an engineer who says what + + align:start position:0% +operator like an engineer who says what + + + align:start position:0% +operator like an engineer who says what +is my most important function here in + + align:start position:0% +is my most important function here in + + + align:start position:0% +is my most important function here in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +reactor and that's easy. We have to keep + + align:start position:0% +reactor and that's easy. We have to keep + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and that's easy. We have to keep +water there because if we don't have + + align:start position:0% +water there because if we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +water there because if we don't have +water here, you're going to break + + align:start position:0% +water here, you're going to break + + + align:start position:0% +water here, you're going to break +barriers. That's the most important + + align:start position:0% +barriers. That's the most important + + + align:start position:0% +barriers. That's the most important +thing. When I was at Yankee, we were + + align:start position:0% +thing. When I was at Yankee, we were + + + align:start position:0% +thing. When I was at Yankee, we were +going to design this very advanced + + align:start position:0% +going to design this very advanced + + + align:start position:0% +going to design this very advanced +reactor and we called it instead of an + + align:start position:0% +reactor and we called it instead of an + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and we called it instead of an +emergency core cooling system, we wanted + + align:start position:0% +emergency core cooling system, we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +emergency core cooling system, we wanted +to call it keep the core cool keep the + + align:start position:0% +to call it keep the core cool keep the + + + align:start position:0% +to call it keep the core cool keep the +core s keep the core covered cooling + + align:start position:0% +core s keep the core covered cooling + + + align:start position:0% +core s keep the core covered cooling +system. And that's that's the deal. Keep + + align:start position:0% +system. And that's that's the deal. Keep + + + align:start position:0% +system. And that's that's the deal. Keep +the core covered. You can make a mess, + + align:start position:0% +the core covered. You can make a mess, + + + align:start position:0% +the core covered. You can make a mess, +but you're not going to have a major + + align:start position:0% +but you're not going to have a major + + + align:start position:0% +but you're not going to have a major +release of + + align:start position:0% +release of + + + align:start position:0% +release of +radioactivity. And so what once we start + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity. And so what once we start + + + align:start position:0% +radioactivity. And so what once we start +thinking about breaks in the main + + align:start position:0% +thinking about breaks in the main + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about breaks in the main +coolant pumps, pressurizer relief valves + + align:start position:0% +coolant pumps, pressurizer relief valves + + + align:start position:0% +coolant pumps, pressurizer relief valves +not opening, sources of water, makeup + + align:start position:0% +not opening, sources of water, makeup + + + align:start position:0% +not opening, sources of water, makeup +water, we'll kind of work through this + + align:start position:0% +water, we'll kind of work through this + + + align:start position:0% +water, we'll kind of work through this +because I think it will give you an + + align:start position:0% +because I think it will give you an + + + align:start position:0% +because I think it will give you an +appreciation of the dependencies of what + + align:start position:0% +appreciation of the dependencies of what + + + align:start position:0% +appreciation of the dependencies of what +we might call non-safety systems like + + align:start position:0% +we might call non-safety systems like + + + align:start position:0% +we might call non-safety systems like +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +turbines to the ultimate heat sink. + + align:start position:0% +turbines to the ultimate heat sink. + + + align:start position:0% +turbines to the ultimate heat sink. +ultimate heat removal of this reactor. + + align:start position:0% +ultimate heat removal of this reactor. + + + align:start position:0% +ultimate heat removal of this reactor. +And once you get that feel and I I I + + align:start position:0% +And once you get that feel and I I I + + + align:start position:0% +And once you get that feel and I I I +think you will have gotten what is + + align:start position:0% +think you will have gotten what is + + + align:start position:0% +think you will have gotten what is +needed to be gotten out of this course + + align:start position:0% +needed to be gotten out of this course + + + align:start position:0% +needed to be gotten out of this course +because the operators obviously can can + + align:start position:0% +because the operators obviously can can + + + align:start position:0% +because the operators obviously can can +determine uh how much water gets in + + align:start position:0% +determine uh how much water gets in + + + align:start position:0% +determine uh how much water gets in +there and and the plants that have the + + align:start position:0% +there and and the plants that have the + + + align:start position:0% +there and and the plants that have the +lowest core damage frequency are the + + align:start position:0% +lowest core damage frequency are the + + + align:start position:0% +lowest core damage frequency are the +plants that have the most number of + + align:start position:0% +plants that have the most number of + + + align:start position:0% +plants that have the most number of +means of getting water to the core even + + align:start position:0% +means of getting water to the core even + + + align:start position:0% +means of getting water to the core even +if they're not safety related. That's + + align:start position:0% +if they're not safety related. That's + + + align:start position:0% +if they're not safety related. That's +why in the PAS you'll see very very low + + align:start position:0% +why in the PAS you'll see very very low + + + align:start position:0% +why in the PAS you'll see very very low +numbers for core damage frequencies for + + align:start position:0% +numbers for core damage frequencies for + + + align:start position:0% +numbers for core damage frequencies for +plants that can take credit for a water + + align:start position:0% +plants that can take credit for a water + + + align:start position:0% +plants that can take credit for a water +system that may be buried over here and + + align:start position:0% +system that may be buried over here and + + + align:start position:0% +system that may be buried over here and +provide water into the core in BWRs. One + + align:start position:0% +provide water into the core in BWRs. One + + + align:start position:0% +provide water into the core in BWRs. One +of the things that saved some of these + + align:start position:0% +of the things that saved some of these + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that saved some of these +plants in the early days was the water + + align:start position:0% +plants in the early days was the water + + + align:start position:0% +plants in the early days was the water +that went into the cooling of the + + align:start position:0% +that went into the cooling of the + + + align:start position:0% +that went into the cooling of the +control rod drives. As I + + align:start position:0% +control rod drives. As I + + + align:start position:0% +control rod drives. As I +recall, that was just enough water to + + align:start position:0% +recall, that was just enough water to + + + align:start position:0% +recall, that was just enough water to +keep that core and that may have been + + align:start position:0% +keep that core and that may have been + + + align:start position:0% +keep that core and that may have been +the Browns Ferry because I remember to + + align:start position:0% +the Browns Ferry because I remember to + + + align:start position:0% +the Browns Ferry because I remember to +check it again. But it's really + + align:start position:0% +check it again. But it's really + + + align:start position:0% +check it again. But it's really +important to understand the + + align:start position:0% +important to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +important to understand the +dependencies. When I when I when I gave + + align:start position:0% +dependencies. When I when I when I gave + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies. When I when I when I gave +my um class of failures lecture, we we + + align:start position:0% +my um class of failures lecture, we we + + + align:start position:0% +my um class of failures lecture, we we +we talked about the heat in must equal + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the heat in must equal + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the heat in must equal +the heat out. Okay, very simple concept. + + align:start position:0% +the heat out. Okay, very simple concept. + + + align:start position:0% +the heat out. Okay, very simple concept. +And I, you know, we went through the the + + align:start position:0% +And I, you know, we went through the the + + + align:start position:0% +And I, you know, we went through the the +precursor event of 3M Island was Davis + + align:start position:0% +precursor event of 3M Island was Davis + + + align:start position:0% +precursor event of 3M Island was Davis +Bessie again always keeps coming up and + + align:start position:0% +Bessie again always keeps coming up and + + + align:start position:0% +Bessie again always keeps coming up and +and the students were getting it. They + + align:start position:0% +and the students were getting it. They + + + align:start position:0% +and the students were getting it. They +were saying, "Well, if if you lose + + align:start position:0% +were saying, "Well, if if you lose + + + align:start position:0% +were saying, "Well, if if you lose +cooling here, this thing expands. The + + align:start position:0% +cooling here, this thing expands. The + + + align:start position:0% +cooling here, this thing expands. The +water in this in the reactor expands." + + align:start position:0% +water in this in the reactor expands." + + + align:start position:0% +water in this in the reactor expands." +Expanding the water in the pressurizer, + + align:start position:0% +Expanding the water in the pressurizer, + + + align:start position:0% +Expanding the water in the pressurizer, +which shows you got plenty of water in + + align:start position:0% +which shows you got plenty of water in + + + align:start position:0% +which shows you got plenty of water in +the core when in fact you were losing + + align:start position:0% +the core when in fact you were losing + + + align:start position:0% +the core when in fact you were losing +it. Confusing signal, right? And then + + align:start position:0% +it. Confusing signal, right? And then + + + align:start position:0% +it. Confusing signal, right? And then +when you started inserting water in the + + align:start position:0% +when you started inserting water in the + + + align:start position:0% +when you started inserting water in the +core, what happened? You cooled you + + align:start position:0% +core, what happened? You cooled you + + + align:start position:0% +core, what happened? You cooled you +cooled the vessel water. It shrunk and + + align:start position:0% +cooled the vessel water. It shrunk and + + + align:start position:0% +cooled the vessel water. It shrunk and +your water level was going down in the + + align:start position:0% +your water level was going down in the + + + align:start position:0% +your water level was going down in the +pressurizer and they're saying, "Whoa, + + align:start position:0% +pressurizer and they're saying, "Whoa, + + + align:start position:0% +pressurizer and they're saying, "Whoa, +why is the water going down when I'm + + align:start position:0% +why is the water going down when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +why is the water going down when I'm +adding water? Where's the water going?" + + align:start position:0% +adding water? Where's the water going?" + + + align:start position:0% +adding water? Where's the water going?" +Okay, they didn't get it is what I'm + + align:start position:0% +Okay, they didn't get it is what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, they didn't get it is what I'm +trying to tell you. And the important + + align:start position:0% +trying to tell you. And the important + + + align:start position:0% +trying to tell you. And the important +thing is to get understand where the + + align:start position:0% +thing is to get understand where the + + + align:start position:0% +thing is to get understand where the +water goes and understand where the how + + align:start position:0% +water goes and understand where the how + + + align:start position:0% +water goes and understand where the how +you can remove heat. And that's that's + + align:start position:0% +you can remove heat. And that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +you can remove heat. And that's that's +really the key here. and we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +really the key here. and we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +really the key here. and we'll we'll +we'll work on this maybe a clearer + + align:start position:0% +we'll work on this maybe a clearer + + + align:start position:0% +we'll work on this maybe a clearer +version of this chart next time. Do you + + align:start position:0% +version of this chart next time. Do you + + + align:start position:0% +version of this chart next time. Do you +have any questions about the regulatory + + align:start position:0% +have any questions about the regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +have any questions about the regulatory +structure for NRC's role? + + align:start position:0% +structure for NRC's role? + + + align:start position:0% +structure for NRC's role? +Um I'm particularly interested in the + + align:start position:0% +Um I'm particularly interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +Um I'm particularly interested in the +the sort of generation 3 and a half + + align:start position:0% +the sort of generation 3 and a half + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of generation 3 and a half +reactors that are being proposed. They + + align:start position:0% +reactors that are being proposed. They + + + align:start position:0% +reactors that are being proposed. They +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +ESBWR, EPR, AP, etc. Will we be looking + + align:start position:0% +ESBWR, EPR, AP, etc. Will we be looking + + + align:start position:0% +ESBWR, EPR, AP, etc. Will we be looking +at those and sort of what hurdles they + + align:start position:0% +at those and sort of what hurdles they + + + align:start position:0% +at those and sort of what hurdles they +face or or also I know there's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +face or or also I know there's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +face or or also I know there's sort of a +new regulatory process right there too. + + align:start position:0% +new regulatory process right there too. + + + align:start position:0% +new regulatory process right there too. +Yeah. Um I mean I'm not I I've been told + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Um I mean I'm not I I've been told + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Um I mean I'm not I I've been told +kind of briefly what the changes are but + + align:start position:0% +kind of briefly what the changes are but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of briefly what the changes are but +I haven't seen exactly kind of what they + + align:start position:0% +I haven't seen exactly kind of what they + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't seen exactly kind of what they +are. Okay. I'll I'll I'll actually do + + align:start position:0% +are. Okay. I'll I'll I'll actually do + + + align:start position:0% +are. Okay. I'll I'll I'll actually do +that. I I'll put that on the list of of + + align:start position:0% +that. I I'll put that on the list of of + + + align:start position:0% +that. I I'll put that on the list of of +topics. R52 and how the new reactor + + align:start position:0% +topics. R52 and how the new reactor + + + align:start position:0% +topics. R52 and how the new reactor +designs have have changed the safety + + align:start position:0% +designs have have changed the safety + + + align:start position:0% +designs have have changed the safety +philosophy. Okay, just very briefly + + align:start position:0% +philosophy. Okay, just very briefly + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy. Okay, just very briefly +since we have a minute or two. + + align:start position:0% +since we have a minute or two. + + + align:start position:0% +since we have a minute or two. +EPR is a bigger version of + + align:start position:0% +EPR is a bigger version of + + + align:start position:0% +EPR is a bigger version of +this with more + + align:start position:0% +this with more + + + align:start position:0% +this with more +redundancy. It's more + + align:start position:0% +redundancy. It's more + + + align:start position:0% +redundancy. It's more +robust and they've added a core catcher + + align:start position:0% +robust and they've added a core catcher + + + align:start position:0% +robust and they've added a core catcher +in the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom of the +container. So in the event of a fuel + + align:start position:0% +container. So in the event of a fuel + + + align:start position:0% +container. So in the event of a fuel +melt through the vessel, they'll be able + + align:start position:0% +melt through the vessel, they'll be able + + + align:start position:0% +melt through the vessel, they'll be able +to say that we can not have a + + align:start position:0% +to say that we can not have a + + + align:start position:0% +to say that we can not have a +recriticality and we can manage the + + align:start position:0% +recriticality and we can manage the + + + align:start position:0% +recriticality and we can manage the +pressure spike. So it's a much more + + align:start position:0% +pressure spike. So it's a much more + + + align:start position:0% +pressure spike. So it's a much more +robust basic reactor. I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +robust basic reactor. I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +robust basic reactor. I don't know if +you heard David Lockpone when he was + + align:start position:0% +you heard David Lockpone when he was + + + align:start position:0% +you heard David Lockpone when he was +here. He likes the EDR because it's more + + align:start position:0% +here. He likes the EDR because it's more + + + align:start position:0% +here. He likes the EDR because it's more +robust, more rugged. + + align:start position:0% +robust, more rugged. + + + align:start position:0% +robust, more rugged. +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +AP-1000s they have decided to innovate a + + align:start position:0% +AP-1000s they have decided to innovate a + + + align:start position:0% +AP-1000s they have decided to innovate a +little bit more and they started to use + + align:start position:0% +little bit more and they started to use + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more and they started to use +more of the passive systems. So EPR is + + align:start position:0% +more of the passive systems. So EPR is + + + align:start position:0% +more of the passive systems. So EPR is +engineered operating operable systems, + + align:start position:0% +engineered operating operable systems, + + + align:start position:0% +engineered operating operable systems, +pumps, motors, backup electrical + + align:start position:0% +pumps, motors, backup electrical + + + align:start position:0% +pumps, motors, backup electrical +generators and if everything else fails + + align:start position:0% +generators and if everything else fails + + + align:start position:0% +generators and if everything else fails +out. Westinghouse went to more passive + + align:start position:0% +out. Westinghouse went to more passive + + + align:start position:0% +out. Westinghouse went to more passive +systems. We're not going to rely on + + align:start position:0% +systems. We're not going to rely on + + + align:start position:0% +systems. We're not going to rely on +pumps to pump water. We use gravity to + + align:start position:0% +pumps to pump water. We use gravity to + + + align:start position:0% +pumps to pump water. We use gravity to +do this and the gravity + + align:start position:0% +do this and the gravity + + + align:start position:0% +do this and the gravity +sol may not be as reliable as active + + align:start position:0% +sol may not be as reliable as active + + + align:start position:0% +sol may not be as reliable as active +systems which is a big debate here at + + align:start position:0% +systems which is a big debate here at + + + align:start position:0% +systems which is a big debate here at +MIT right now. So there's a big + + align:start position:0% +MIT right now. So there's a big + + + align:start position:0% +MIT right now. So there's a big +discussion about you have a big old + + align:start position:0% +discussion about you have a big old + + + align:start position:0% +discussion about you have a big old +water tank in the ceiling of this + + align:start position:0% +water tank in the ceiling of this + + + align:start position:0% +water tank in the ceiling of this +containment which literally flushes into + + align:start position:0% +containment which literally flushes into + + + align:start position:0% +containment which literally flushes into +the reactor and it's positioned in such + + align:start position:0% +the reactor and it's positioned in such + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor and it's positioned in such +a way that when all that water flushes + + align:start position:0% +a way that when all that water flushes + + + align:start position:0% +a way that when all that water flushes +into the reactor it covers the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +core no some recirculation needed so I + + align:start position:0% +core no some recirculation needed so I + + + align:start position:0% +core no some recirculation needed so I +think that's a good exercise we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +think that's a good exercise we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +think that's a good exercise we'll we'll +take a look at some of the innovative + + align:start position:0% +take a look at some of the innovative + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at some of the innovative +designs and see how people have thought + + align:start position:0% +designs and see how people have thought + + + align:start position:0% +designs and see how people have thought +about it on the + + align:start position:0% +about it on the + + + align:start position:0% +about it on the +ESVWR they have decided wanted to make + + align:start position:0% +ESVWR they have decided wanted to make + + + align:start position:0% +ESVWR they have decided wanted to make +in in a natural circulation + + align:start position:0% +in in a natural circulation + + + align:start position:0% +in in a natural circulation +uh reactor where you made a very very + + align:start position:0% +uh reactor where you made a very very + + + align:start position:0% +uh reactor where you made a very very +tall reactor with a chimney. And we + + align:start position:0% +tall reactor with a chimney. And we + + + align:start position:0% +tall reactor with a chimney. And we +haven't talked about BWRs yet, but prior + + align:start position:0% +haven't talked about BWRs yet, but prior + + + align:start position:0% +haven't talked about BWRs yet, but prior +to doing that, I I'll give you a brief + + align:start position:0% +to doing that, I I'll give you a brief + + + align:start position:0% +to doing that, I I'll give you a brief +introduction to how how a boiling water + + align:start position:0% +introduction to how how a boiling water + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to how how a boiling water +reactor works with recirculation pumps, + + align:start position:0% +reactor works with recirculation pumps, + + + align:start position:0% +reactor works with recirculation pumps, +internal recirculation pumps. They got + + align:start position:0% +internal recirculation pumps. They got + + + align:start position:0% +internal recirculation pumps. They got +rid of those and they uh they're using + + align:start position:0% +rid of those and they uh they're using + + + align:start position:0% +rid of those and they uh they're using +natural circulation to cool the core + + align:start position:0% +natural circulation to cool the core + + + align:start position:0% +natural circulation to cool the core +again more passive but they still have + + align:start position:0% +again more passive but they still have + + + align:start position:0% +again more passive but they still have +feed + + align:start position:0% +feed + + + align:start position:0% +feed +water. So um but that would be a good + + align:start position:0% +water. So um but that would be a good + + + align:start position:0% +water. So um but that would be a good +exercise with the par 52 process. We'll + + align:start position:0% +exercise with the par 52 process. We'll + + + align:start position:0% +exercise with the par 52 process. We'll +see if we can work that in. I know I + + align:start position:0% +see if we can work that in. I know I + + + align:start position:0% +see if we can work that in. I know I +have one or two lectures that I've + + align:start position:0% +have one or two lectures that I've + + + align:start position:0% +have one or two lectures that I've +already covered already design license + + align:start position:0% +already covered already design license + + + align:start position:0% +already covered already design license +bases. I think I've given you all I need + + align:start position:0% +bases. I think I've given you all I need + + + align:start position:0% +bases. I think I've given you all I need +to do on that. Right. Sure. Okay. Any + + align:start position:0% +to do on that. Right. Sure. Okay. Any + + + align:start position:0% +to do on that. Right. Sure. Okay. Any +other questions relative to process + + align:start position:0% +other questions relative to process + + + align:start position:0% +other questions relative to process +regulatory + + align:start position:0% +regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +regulatory +roles? The regulator is real and and uh + + align:start position:0% +roles? The regulator is real and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +roles? The regulator is real and and uh +they are there and and at the plant + + align:start position:0% +they are there and and at the plant + + + align:start position:0% +they are there and and at the plant +sites I I know at Yankee when we had our + + align:start position:0% +sites I I know at Yankee when we had our + + + align:start position:0% +sites I I know at Yankee when we had our +our resident inspectors they were they + + align:start position:0% +our resident inspectors they were they + + + align:start position:0% +our resident inspectors they were they +were everywhere 24 hours a day. They + + align:start position:0% +were everywhere 24 hours a day. They + + + align:start position:0% +were everywhere 24 hours a day. They +could look at anything. + + align:start position:0% +could look at anything. + + + align:start position:0% +could look at anything. +So Okay. Good. Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sgymEX-4FxE.txt b/sgymEX-4FxE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..133b798f93567412d7158b80ff305a884dacad2c --- /dev/null +++ b/sgymEX-4FxE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,707 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's now consider two dimensional + + align:start position:0% +let's now consider two dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +let's now consider two dimensional +motion and let's try to analyze how to + + align:start position:0% +motion and let's try to analyze how to + + + align:start position:0% +motion and let's try to analyze how to +describe the change in velocity so again + + align:start position:0% +describe the change in velocity so again + + + align:start position:0% +describe the change in velocity so again +let's choose a coordinate system we have + + align:start position:0% +let's choose a coordinate system we have + + + align:start position:0% +let's choose a coordinate system we have +an Origin plus y plus X and let's draw + + align:start position:0% +an Origin plus y plus X and let's draw + + + align:start position:0% +an Origin plus y plus X and let's draw +the trajectory of our object and now + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory of our object and now + + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory of our object and now +let's draw the object at two different + + align:start position:0% +let's draw the object at two different + + + align:start position:0% +let's draw the object at two different +times so for instance if I call this the + + align:start position:0% +times so for instance if I call this the + + + align:start position:0% +times so for instance if I call this the +location at time t1 and a little bit + + align:start position:0% +location at time t1 and a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +location at time t1 and a little bit +later here this is the location of the + + align:start position:0% +later here this is the location of the + + + align:start position:0% +later here this is the location of the +object at time T to call our unit + + align:start position:0% +object at time T to call our unit + + + align:start position:0% +object at time T to call our unit +vectors I hat in Jacob now we know that + + align:start position:0% +vectors I hat in Jacob now we know that + + + align:start position:0% +vectors I hat in Jacob now we know that +the direction the velocity is tangent to + + align:start position:0% +the direction the velocity is tangent to + + + align:start position:0% +the direction the velocity is tangent to +this curve so if we draw the at time t1 + + align:start position:0% +this curve so if we draw the at time t1 + + + align:start position:0% +this curve so if we draw the at time t1 +and over here notice the direction has + + align:start position:0% +and over here notice the direction has + + + align:start position:0% +and over here notice the direction has +changed the at time t2 and what we'd + + align:start position:0% +changed the at time t2 and what we'd + + + align:start position:0% +changed the at time t2 and what we'd +like to do now is describe just as + + align:start position:0% +like to do now is describe just as + + + align:start position:0% +like to do now is describe just as +before that our acceleration a of T is + + align:start position:0% +before that our acceleration a of T is + + + align:start position:0% +before that our acceleration a of T is +the derivative of the velocity as a + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the velocity as a + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the velocity as a +function of time what that means is the + + align:start position:0% +function of time what that means is the + + + align:start position:0% +function of time what that means is the +limit as delta T goes to 0 of Delta V + + align:start position:0% +limit as delta T goes to 0 of Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +limit as delta T goes to 0 of Delta V +over delta T now it's much harder to + + align:start position:0% +over delta T now it's much harder to + + + align:start position:0% +over delta T now it's much harder to +visualize the Delta V in this drawing + + align:start position:0% +visualize the Delta V in this drawing + + + align:start position:0% +visualize the Delta V in this drawing +and partly the reason for that is these + + align:start position:0% +and partly the reason for that is these + + + align:start position:0% +and partly the reason for that is these +velocity vectors are located at two + + align:start position:0% +velocity vectors are located at two + + + align:start position:0% +velocity vectors are located at two +different points and right now they're + + align:start position:0% +different points and right now they're + + + align:start position:0% +different points and right now they're +the backs of these vectors of different + + align:start position:0% +the backs of these vectors of different + + + align:start position:0% +the backs of these vectors of different +places in space but remember that Delta + + align:start position:0% +places in space but remember that Delta + + + align:start position:0% +places in space but remember that Delta +V is just the in this case at time t2 + + align:start position:0% +V is just the in this case at time t2 + + + align:start position:0% +V is just the in this case at time t2 +minus V at time t1 and our principle for + + align:start position:0% +minus V at time t1 and our principle for + + + align:start position:0% +minus V at time t1 and our principle for +subtracting two vectors at different + + align:start position:0% +subtracting two vectors at different + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting two vectors at different +locations in space is to draw the + + align:start position:0% +locations in space is to draw the + + + align:start position:0% +locations in space is to draw the +vectors where we put the tails at the + + align:start position:0% +vectors where we put the tails at the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors where we put the tails at the +same location so here's a tail of this + + align:start position:0% +same location so here's a tail of this + + + align:start position:0% +same location so here's a tail of this +vector we're just going to translate + + align:start position:0% +vector we're just going to translate + + + align:start position:0% +vector we're just going to translate +that vector in space that is still the + + align:start position:0% +that vector in space that is still the + + + align:start position:0% +that vector in space that is still the +at time t1 these vectors are equal they + + align:start position:0% +at time t1 these vectors are equal they + + + align:start position:0% +at time t1 these vectors are equal they +have the same length and they have the + + align:start position:0% +have the same length and they have the + + + align:start position:0% +have the same length and they have the +same direction + + align:start position:0% +same direction + + + align:start position:0% +same direction +and so Delta V is just the vector that + + align:start position:0% +and so Delta V is just the vector that + + + align:start position:0% +and so Delta V is just the vector that +connects here to there that's what we + + align:start position:0% +connects here to there that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +connects here to there that's what we +mean by Delta V and so you can see in + + align:start position:0% +mean by Delta V and so you can see in + + + align:start position:0% +mean by Delta V and so you can see in +this particular case that it's not + + align:start position:0% +this particular case that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +this particular case that it's not +obvious from looking at the orbit what + + align:start position:0% +obvious from looking at the orbit what + + + align:start position:0% +obvious from looking at the orbit what +the Delta V is so what we need to do is + + align:start position:0% +the Delta V is so what we need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +the Delta V is so what we need to do is +just trust our calculus and so when we + + align:start position:0% +just trust our calculus and so when we + + + align:start position:0% +just trust our calculus and so when we +write the velocity as DX DT I have plus + + align:start position:0% +write the velocity as DX DT I have plus + + + align:start position:0% +write the velocity as DX DT I have plus +dy/dt J hat and we're now treating each + + align:start position:0% +dy/dt J hat and we're now treating each + + + align:start position:0% +dy/dt J hat and we're now treating each +direction independently we call this V X + + align:start position:0% +direction independently we call this V X + + + align:start position:0% +direction independently we call this V X +uh-huh plus V Y J hat so that's our + + align:start position:0% +uh-huh plus V Y J hat so that's our + + + align:start position:0% +uh-huh plus V Y J hat so that's our +velocity vector then our acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +velocity vector then our acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +velocity vector then our acceleration is +just the derivative of the velocity we + + align:start position:0% +just the derivative of the velocity we + + + align:start position:0% +just the derivative of the velocity we +take each direction separately so we + + align:start position:0% +take each direction separately so we + + + align:start position:0% +take each direction separately so we +have DV X DT I hat plus DV y dt j huh + + align:start position:0% +have DV X DT I hat plus DV y dt j huh + + + align:start position:0% +have DV X DT I hat plus DV y dt j huh +now again notice that velocity V of X is + + align:start position:0% +now again notice that velocity V of X is + + + align:start position:0% +now again notice that velocity V of X is +already the first derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +already the first derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +already the first derivative of the +position of the X component function so + + align:start position:0% +position of the X component function so + + + align:start position:0% +position of the X component function so +what we really have here is a is the + + align:start position:0% +what we really have here is a is the + + + align:start position:0% +what we really have here is a is the +second derivative of the position + + align:start position:0% +second derivative of the position + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative of the position +function in the I hat direction and the + + align:start position:0% +function in the I hat direction and the + + + align:start position:0% +function in the I hat direction and the +second derivative of the component + + align:start position:0% +second derivative of the component + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative of the component +function in the Y direction and that is + + align:start position:0% +function in the Y direction and that is + + + align:start position:0% +function in the Y direction and that is +what we call the instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +what we call the instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +what we call the instantaneous +acceleration now again this is sometimes + + align:start position:0% +acceleration now again this is sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration now again this is sometimes +awkward to draw but you always must + + align:start position:0% +awkward to draw but you always must + + + align:start position:0% +awkward to draw but you always must +remember that this X component of the + + align:start position:0% +remember that this X component of the + + + align:start position:0% +remember that this X component of the +acceleration by definition is the second + + align:start position:0% +acceleration by definition is the second + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration by definition is the second +derivative of the component function or + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the component function or + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the component function or +the first derivative of the component + + align:start position:0% +the first derivative of the component + + + align:start position:0% +the first derivative of the component +function for the velocity and likewise + + align:start position:0% +function for the velocity and likewise + + + align:start position:0% +function for the velocity and likewise +the Y component of the acceleration a Y + + align:start position:0% +the Y component of the acceleration a Y + + + align:start position:0% +the Y component of the acceleration a Y +is the second derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +is the second derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the second derivative of the +component function for position and + + align:start position:0% +component function for position and + + + align:start position:0% +component function for position and +that's also equal + + align:start position:0% +that's also equal + + + align:start position:0% +that's also equal +by definition to the first derivative of + + align:start position:0% +by definition to the first derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +by definition to the first derivative of +the component of the velocity vector and + + align:start position:0% +the component of the velocity vector and + + + align:start position:0% +the component of the velocity vector and +that's how we describe the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +that's how we describe the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we describe the acceleration +as before we can talk about the + + align:start position:0% +as before we can talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +as before we can talk about the +magnitude of a vector and the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a vector and the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a vector and the magnitude +of a we'll just write as a it's the + + align:start position:0% +of a we'll just write as a it's the + + + align:start position:0% +of a we'll just write as a it's the +components squared added together taken + + align:start position:0% +components squared added together taken + + + align:start position:0% +components squared added together taken +square root and that's our magnitude and + + align:start position:0% +square root and that's our magnitude and + + + align:start position:0% +square root and that's our magnitude and +so now we've described all of our + + align:start position:0% +so now we've described all of our + + + align:start position:0% +so now we've described all of our +kinematic quantities in two dimensions + + align:start position:0% +kinematic quantities in two dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +kinematic quantities in two dimensions +the position the velocity as the + + align:start position:0% +the position the velocity as the + + + align:start position:0% +the position the velocity as the +derivative of the position and the + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the position and the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the position and the +acceleration as the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration as the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration as the derivative of the +velocity where each direction is treated + + align:start position:0% +velocity where each direction is treated + + + align:start position:0% +velocity where each direction is treated +independently \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/syXplPKQb_o.txt b/syXplPKQb_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83f14a0675fb473f6417b8a674d90fe0c7f7282d --- /dev/null +++ b/syXplPKQb_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4806 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So today I want to +talk with you about how it is + +that we can do research of a +scientific kind for something + +as complex as human behavior as +opposed to things that you + +measure out in space or test +tubes or under microscopes. + +People are complex +organisms, right? + +And to do research on them, to +understand human nature, how + +the mind works, how the +brain supports it, is + +a challenging story. + +So the usual thing +is an experiment. + +You have a group of +participants. + +And we'll talk about that. + +But in the reading for today, +and I know it's the first time + +we've done this so you may not +have read it, but if you have, + +that'd be great, is a kind of +another thread of the kind of + +way that people are studied, +which is dramatic individual + +stories, case studies, single +stories that are illustrative + +of something that we think +are broader principles. + +And a lot of our biggest +discoveries-- and we'll come + +to that later in the course-- +have been made on very unusual + +single individuals who turn out +to have a lesson that's + +pretty broad, for example, +for the organization + +of the human brain. + +So in the Oliver Sacks book, +there's a story about Donald. + +And what did Donald do that +got him in big trouble? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, he murdered +his girlfriend + +while he was on PCP. + +He's in a psychiatric +hospital. + +They try hypnosis to help +him remember it. + +He says he doesn't +remember it. + +Many of you may know that an +astounding number of criminals + +under interrogation tell you +they don't remember anything + +about the episode involved. + +So people are suspicious, at +first, for many reasons. + +Because the easiest thing +to say is I don't + +remember what happened. + +And then you can't catch +yourself in a lie or any + +complexity, right? + +Because you don't remember +what happened. + +And sometimes you +don't remember. + +And sometimes you do. + +But in this case, they +tried hypnosis. + +That doesn't help. + +He's in there for four years. + +And he knows conceptually that +he murdered his girlfriend. + +And he says, I'm not +fit for society. + +He knows it's a terrible +thing he did. + +But it's kind of like an +intellectual knowledge, right? + +It's not a feeling. + +It's not a memory. + +And then he goes biking and +something happens, which is he + +gets hit by a car. + +And so there's what appears to +be a drug-induced amnesia of + +the original murderous +episode. + +He gets hit by a car. + +He has a severe head injury. + +He's in a coma for two weeks. + +He has left-sided weakness as +he comes out of it, which + +means the biggest injury was +in the right side of his + +brain, weakness and numbness. + +And he has frontal +lobe contusions. + +He has injury and bleeding +around the frontal lobes of + +the cortex that sits in the +front of the brain. + +But now a remarkable +thing happens. + +It's as if two insults, two +wrongs, made a right, the + +first wrong being the +PCP, the second + +wrong being the accident. + +And now what happens? + +He remembers in vivid, in florid +detail the horror that + +he actually committed +this murder. + +It's as if two insults to the +brain, one drug-induced, one a + +focal injury, repressed the +memory and then unrepressed + +the memory. + +And one of the first things they +have to do is discover + +whether he really has his memory +or he just thinks he + +has his memory. + +And how do they figure out to +their satisfaction whether + +it's a really recovered memory +or a fabrication of his mind? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +It's really important. + +He remembers details of the +murder that are not publicly + +available, that were not +in the information that + +was given to him. + +That's a really huge issue +in these kinds of memory. + +So this is a really recovered +memory, not an inadvertently + +fabricated memory. + +And they discover he has deep +seizure activity in his limbic + +structures, the parts of his +brain that are involved in + +emotion, are having seizures. + +In epilepsy, neurons are firing +for no good reason. + +And that's part of +his disorder. + +They give him medications +to help with that. + +But here's the question +for you from a + +moment to think about. + +And it's now such a common +question because our society + +is moving that way that +it's on many TV shows. + +I see it like every couple of +weeks there's a Law & Order + +episode that has something like +this, which is the more + +you know about the biology that +underlies really criminal + +terrible behavior, should +that be a cause for + +understanding it or not? + +So in this case, he +took the drugs. + +He killed the person. + +You think he's pretty +responsible. + +But how about somebody who kills +somebody and it turns + +out, and there's such a case, a +man with no history, a grown + +man with no history of criminal +activity of any kind, + +shoved his wife out of a high +window to her death in the + +course of a standard argument. + +Then they discover that he has +a big tumor growing in the + +basal part of his +frontal cortex. + +Now is the man responsible +for what he did? + +It's a really interesting +question. + +And the more we understand about +the neuroscience of our + +brains, what makes us do things, +what lets us control + +impulses, what makes +us murderous-- + +There's a guy, Kent Kiehl, the +University of Mexico, he's + +driving around in a big van +with an MRI scanner. + +And he goes from penitentiary +to penitentiary. + +And he images the brains +of serial murderers, of + +psychopathic murderers. + +And he's getting things that +are pretty systematically + +different about their brains. + +And the question is, what +does that mean? + +Does that mean those people +were prone to do it for + +reasons of their early +environment or genes or some + +incident that happened? + +If that's the case, do you +forgive them differently? + +Should we have a different moral +code or legal code as we + +discover the brain basis for +some of these things? + +Or is that irrelevant? + +What counts is the action. + +So this is the kind of thing +you can think about, maybe + +discuss in your sections some. + +The more we understand about +the human brain, the more + +we'll understand +about behaviors + +that we find terrible. + +And what does that mean about +legal and moral decisions + +about how to punish those +or think about those? + +So that's coming in +your lifetime. + +Because there's steady +progress on this. + +And how to think about that +is really a big question. + +So I'm going to talk with you +today about research in + +psychology. + +And a funny thing about +psychology, and I'll come back + +to this, is everybody is an +amateur psychologist. + +They have to be. + +If you deal with people, +you're an amateur + +psychologist. + +Moreover, we live in a world +with Oprah Winfrey and Dr. + +Phil, right? + +So in case you're only an +amateur one, you hear all + +kinds of stuff, newspaper, +internet, magazines. + +Everywhere you go, friends +will tell you stuff about + +psychologists have +found this or + +psychologists have found that. + +So you have your own intuitions +to deal with people + +in everyday life. + +And here's a kind of a sentence +from Time Magazine + +that drives psychologists crazy + +if you take it seriously. + +So here's the literal +sentence. + +"Almost half of children of +divorces enter adulthood as + +worried, underachieving, +self-deprecating, and + +sometimes angry young +men and women." + +So that sounds kind of like a +psychological study of some + +kind, kind of, right? + +Somebody who wants to argue +about the importance of + +divorce and breakdown +of the family, this + +is the kind of thing. + +So let's think about +this for a moment. + +Almost half of children +of divorce enter + +adulthood as worried. + +Are you guys worried about +global warming? + +A little. + +Are you worried about peace in +the Middle East and how that + +influences the Middle +East and the US? + +A little. + +Are you worried about an economy +that may not have jobs + +waiting for you? + +A little. + +Who's not worried a little +bit of the time? + +So it doesn't even tell you that +half of children in the + +world, for example, +are who come from + +families without divorce. + +Because that's the only +relevant question. + +It's not are people worried +about stuff. + +Underachieving, compared +to what? + +How would you prove somebody's +underachieving scientifically? + +Most of you probably have +had days where you've + +underachieved and days where +you've achieved pretty well. + +But how would you measure +and prove that? + +Self-deprecating, well, +sometimes I think that's + +actually kind of nice if +a person's modest. + +What's the difference between +modest and self-deprecation? + +And I like this one, sometimes +angry young men and women. + +Are you sometimes angry about +something or another? + +And if you are, does that tell +us that society's breaking + +down and your parents +did something + +bad that you're sometimes? + +Who as a human being is +not sometimes angry? + +So here's a kind of +psychology-sounding sentence + +on a serious topic, which is +what is consequences of + +divorce in families? + +Should we be thinking about +things that encourage + +marriages to stay stable +and things like that? + +But there's really no +information at all from a + +research or science +perspective. + +So I'm going to talk about a +little bit just reminding you + +what science is, we're at a +university, obviously, that + +thinks about science and does +science all the time, remind + +you of what an experiment is, +a very brief history of + +psychology experimentation, and +then walk you through a + +few experiments that I find kind +of interesting, and then + +some topics related +to psychology. + +So let me start with this. + +How do you know what is true? + +How do you know what is true, +that you take to be true? + +What is the answer? + +Everybody's looking like +how do I know it. + +Please tell me. + +Well, when people try to analyze +this, and you can + +think about it for +your own self, + +one of them is authority. + +Parents, teachers, textbooks, +scientists, professors, and + +courses, we tell you +this is the truth. + +And if you remember the truth +correctly, you get an A. So + +authority is a huge +source, right? + +It would be costly to go around +and kind of have your + +own idea about everything. + +12 inches in a foot? + +I'm not taking that piece +of information without + +skepticism, right? + +You couldn't lead your life +without kind of believing a + +lot of stuff. + +But you don't want to believe +everything, right, just + +because you hear it. + +Repetition or tenacity, you hear +something often enough, + +and people tend to +believe stuff. + +A priori, what's reasonable? + +You think things through. + +Just by thought, what's +possible, rational, and so on? + +Then maybe a fourth brand of +knowledge, too, something is + +scientific analysis where we +have hypotheses and we test + +them and some version of +experiments or at least + +correlations among data. + +Now, there's another view, which +is kind of whatever we + +think makes something science +is what the scientific + +community decides as a +community is true. + +Roughly speaking that is the +mainstay of faculty of places + +like MIT and Stanford and +Harvard and so on and around + +the world at universities +tell you, this + +is how science works. + +You go, OK, that's how +science works. + +I remember some years ago there +was a lot of excitement + +about a satirical article +written by a scientist where + +he said, oh, this is all just +societal authority. + +The scientists tell you what's +true just because they believe + +in it just like a sports +writer says the + +Celtics are the best. + +You don't really think that +the sportswriter know + +scientifically the Celtics +are the best, right? + +He wrote a paper saying that +gravity is simply a consensus + +among scientists and a +particular view they're + +foisting on society. + +But none of us would want to +really go up there and jump + +out the window going, +well, gravity is + +one person's opinion. + +And now here's my +opinion, right? + +But it's kind of interesting. + +Because for those of you who +go to medical school, for + +example, you learn lots of +procedures and so on that the + +medical committee believes +is true. + +But there's not much scientific +evidence behind it. + +But they have to use +it every day. + +So you're used to hearing about +the scientific method. + +It applies to psychology in many +ways just like it applies + +to chemistry, physics, +or biology. + +We have to test things +that are falsifiable. + +We have to deal in probabilities +of outcomes in + +terms of statistics +in some sense. + +The kinds of data we can have +are descriptive or correlative + +or experimental. + +I'll talk about those +in a moment. + +We are always trying to disprove +the null hypothesis + +statistically as you know. + +We can't prove that +something is true. + +But we can prove that +it's not true. + +And then finally, like all +fields of science, today's + +most exciting breakthroughs +are tomorrow's things that + +have to be apologized for +and rediscovered, right? + +I mean what makes something +breaking science is not that + +it's known with certainty. + +What's known with certainty +is what's in your + +textbook kind of. + +What makes something breaking +science is it + +moves the field forward. + +So what's the difference between +the cutting edge and + +the bleeding edge is +a very close call. + +So here's a cartoon that says, +he's constantly proving his + +experiments wrong. + +And the guy's kind of +glum looking over. + +He's proving the null hypothesis +to be correct. + +Now, that's sort of funny +for scientists. + +But it's sort of funny in the +sense that, no, we don't + +really go around going, I hope +with all of my heart for this + +research project I worked on for +the last five years that + +it will prove the +null hypothesis. + +There's no difference between +things I'm studying. + +In fact, scientists, like all +humans, have agendas and hopes + +like everybody else. + +So they observe, hypothesize, +experiment. + +So the data, it doesn't always +go perfectly, right? + +And the last thing I want to say +is I'm going to emphasize + +today a scientific approach to +the human mind and behavior. + +But of course, there's many +other paths of knowledge for + +important things in our life: +religion, philosophy, + +arts, and so on. + +There's many things that +science cannot address. + +And I don't want to pretend +that it does. + +That's not a problem +too much when + +you think about chemistry. + +It's kind of an interesting +problem when you think about + +psychology. + +Because when we think about +happiness or values or things + +like that, those topics cut +across psychology and things + +like religion, philosophy, +and topics like that. + +So what makes something an +experiment is you have to have + +sort of two things conceptually +especially, the + +dependent variable, what you +measure, the outcome, and the + +independent variable, +what you vary. + +Once you have those things in an +experiment, you're kind of + +an experiment in +a broad sense. + +So in psychology, it +took a long time. + +It wasn't until the 1800's that +people had kind of an + +approach to doing experiments +in psychology and figuring + +out, for example, how to use the +simple measurement of time + +to measure how long a mental +operation lasts in your mind. + +So that's pretty cool. + +If you were to come to a fifth +grader and say, how would you + +measure, not a brick or a stone, +but how long a thought + +takes, you would say, well, +that would be pretty hard. + +But it turns out it's not +as hard in a simple way. + +So Wilhelm Wundt, big figure in +psychology, first textbook + +in psychology, first laboratory +in psychology, did + +the following test of mental +chronometry, simply measuring + +how long it takes you +to do things. + +So he would show you a light. + +And you'd simply press +the button. + +And that would take about +1/5 of a second. + +And then he would say, +instead, you do this. + +If the light turns on and it's +red, you push one button. + +And if it's green, +you push another. + +So his idea was the motor system +to push the button is + +about the same. + +The time to observe the light +is about the same. + +But the difference between these +two is how long it takes + +to make a choice, how long it +takes to make a choice. + +And that difference, when he +subtracts them, took about + +1/10 of a the second by +that measurement. + +So all of sudden you could +start to measure, in an + +objective sense, how long +a mental operation + +takes in your mind. + +Then psychology went a lot +of different directions. + +A famous one from Titchener, +who worked with Wundt, + +developed a psychology +department at Cornell, was + +introspection, look +inside yourself + +and think very carefully. + +When you think about a topic, +how do I think about it? + +That lost its way as a +scientific method. + +The trouble is one person +thinks one way. + +And one person thinks +another way. + +And you can't really +settle it, right? + +So introspection about your +thoughts is a private process. + +It's not a public measure that +you can exchange among + +scientists, like time +or measurements. + +But we still introspect a +lot when we think about + +psychology, whether it feels +right to us, what are the + +questions to ask. + +But still just being human, you +can't help but introspect + +about psychology topics. + +In the US, there was a sort +of a huge response to + +introspection as being +too loosey goosey. + +One famous name in this +is John Watson. + +He said the mind is +unobservable. + +So we can only study behavior, +things that people do, + +actions they take. + +Their mouth moves. + +Their hand presses. + +And then we identify what in +the environment influences + +those behaviors. + +The principles of the mind +should be similar between + +animals and humans. + +And that the only thing a +responsible experimental + +scientist can do is relate + +environmental factors to actions. + +And so there's a stimulus. + +And you can control the stimulus +as a scientist. + +There's a response. + +You measure the response. + +And that's your psychology +experiment. + +And then the 1980's became +the cognitive revolution. + +Partly this path lead to not, +after a while, to not very + +interesting science. + +That was the biggest problem. + +And people said, no, we can make +inferences about the mind + +as it translates what it hears +or sees into what a person + +does so representations or +knowledge in the mind or in + +the brain later on and how that +translates what's out + +there and how you act upon it. + +So I'll remind you of a +couple more things. + +And then we'll get +to specifics. + +So correlations you can only get +in an experiment, right, + +where you have an independent +variable. + +Sorry. + +Correlations you can look +at all the time. + +Experiments only allows +us to infer causation. + +So let's pick an example when +I read that struck me as + +slightly relevant so age +of parent and risk for + +disease in a child. + +So most of you are young enough +that you're not too + +worried about this yet. + +And you have no reason to be. + +But for those of us who are +in my generation and some + +generations back, many people +are postponing childbirth as + +they do their careers and +complete different tasks. + +And parents are getting older. + +They don't only seem old. + +They are old. + +It's the case statistically +that, the older the mother is, + +the higher the risk of +Down's Syndrome. + +So the statistics are, if a +mother is age 20 to 24, it's + +very rare to have +Down's Syndrome. + +And the number goes up +dramatically if the mother is + +over age 42. + +So this is simple observation +and measurement. + +But it's something a lot of +women giving birth in their + +30s and 40s are thinking about +and worrying about. + +And it's a thing +on their mind. + +Up until relatively recently men +said, oh, it's too bad for + +those women. + +But no problem for us. + +So you have the movie star, +right, who's 90 years old and + +marries a 20-year-old actress, +right, that kind of model that + +you see all the time. + +Because it doesn't matter +how old the guy is. + +Well, it turns out +it does matter. + +And here's some data for that. + +So here's the probability of +developing schizophrenia, a + +disease that's typically +diagnosed in a person's late + +adolescence or 20s depending +on the age of the father. + +And you can see if the father +is less than 25, + +it's one out of 141. + +If the father is in his 50s, +it becomes one out of 50, a + +dramatic growth in the +likelihood of an offspring + +child having schizophrenia +depending on + +the age of the father. + +Now, there's a correlation +between age and whether a + +child expresses schizophrenia. + +So let's guess about the +possible causes of that. + +I can tell you, it's unknown. + +But let's even begin +to guess about it. + +Let me ask you to +guess about it. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Maybe the gametes +become damaged by age. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, bad sperm, +right, for some reason, in + +some way, and sperm that leads +more likely to be risk for + +schizophrenia. + +That's your first intuition. + +And that may turn out to be +right, something problematic + +about the sperm from the male. + +Here's another one, though. + +And this shows you the +challenges with correlational + +research on something even so +important as this, which is + +how about an alternative, +which is who + +marries later in life? + +Maybe the desirable men are +plucked off the market on + +average in large statistics +by age 30 or something. + +And a bunch of us-- and +I'm a late marrier-- + +limp to find some woman around +the world who will accept us. + +And finally, out of pity, some +woman says, OK, drag yourself + +into your 50s and +I'll take you. + +Because it's not random +probably. + +We're averaging over +many people. + +But it's not random probably who +marries at 25 in a given + +society and who marries at 50. + +It's not random. + +It could be big differences +among the-- + +and how can we tell +that difference? + +Maybe it's nothing to +do with the sperm. + +Maybe it's something about the +genes and environment that + +goes with being a parent in your +50s versus being a parent + +in your 20s. + +Completely different +explanations, someday maybe + +we'll know. + +But we don't know now. + +So this is the limits +of correlations. + +And both could be +true, neither. + +It could be a third +story altogether. + +So that was about me, my +becoming a parent late in life + +and marrying late in life. + +Let's talk about you. + +So let's talk about the level +of stress you have and how + +empathetic you are on average, +your college generation + +relative to ones five or +10 or 20 years ago. + +So let's ask that question. + +Why would people want to +know such a thing? + +Well, you might want to +understand what pressures are + +we putting young people under +as they go through grade + +school and high school +and college. + +What's the world like? + +Is it pretty much the same? + +Is it pretty much changing? + +Now, how would we figure that? + +How would we begin +to measure that? + +It's a very simple question. + +Are you more stressed than +people 10 years ago at MIT on + +average across the country? + +And are you more or +less empathetic + +towards other people? + +How might one answer that +kind of a question? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +we know a little bit about +hormones to the extent + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That would be a +very interesting path. + +It's a tough research path. + +But you're right. + +If we had some biological +signature of stress, that + +would be a good one. + +But let's ask this question. + +Let's say I measured everybody +in here and got your average + +stress hormone or something +like that. + +Now what's my answer about +whether 10 years ago people + +were more or less stressed? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: We could look +at suicide rates. + +PROFESSOR: That would +be an outcome of it. + +Yeah, that would be sadly +an extreme outcome + +of stress of a kind. + +But there's a lot of things +that are going-- + +So you have to worry +about two things. + +One thing we know is-- let +me ask another one. + +You could compare your level of +stress to people who are 10 + +years older than you or 20 +years older than you. + +What do you think about that? + +Yeah? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: It would actually be +more accurate if you measured, + +if you want to know for college +students specifically, + +you'd have to be the baseline +of yourself from somewhere + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, because maybe +people who are 30 or 40 are + +more stressed for other reasons +because they have more + +bills and mortgages to pay or +less stressed for other + +reasons or whatever, right? + +Maybe it's not about the +generation you're in. + +Maybe it's about being +a person with more + +responsibilities at 40, right? + +So for some things you +get some luck. + +And you have it in your hands. + +So here's an emotional health +questionnaire where students + +across the country for the last +25 years have been given + +the identical questionnaire. + +It's a questionnaire, it's not a +biology measure, about their + +self-reported measure +of stress. + +And this was on the New York +Times just a few weeks ago. + +It's you guys on average across +the country, US college + +students, are at an all +time high level of + +self-reported stress. + +Sorry about that. + +It's not the perfect measurement +in every way. + +But it's the same questionnaire +to college + +students year in and year out. + +By self-report, people say, +I feel more stressed. + +You can also see that +there's a difference + +between men and women. + +Women, on average, report +feeling more stressed. + +And it may be relevant that on +average, for example, there's + +a higher rate of depression +among women than men. + +There's a much higher rate of +autism among men than women. + +So being one sex or the other +is not a gift certificate of + +avoiding mental health +challenges. + +So you're more stressed +than ever. + +Good luck. + +We'll try to do the best we +can in this course to not + +worry that way worse. + +But it's something +to think about. + +I got a call the other day from +somebody who said there's + +a lot of curiosity about whether +the shift from book + +learning and book reading to +internet worlds and Twitter + +and Facebook worlds are +fundamentally changing how + +people think. + +And that sounds kind +of possible. + +And there are people who give +amazingly entertaining + +lectures about these things. + +Scientifically, it's +unbelievably hard to imagine + +how we would ever answer that. + +So when I get occasional phone +calls like what do + +neuroscientists know about +that, what could + +they know about it? + +Is that even an answerable +question? + +If I take you now and say, well, +you've probably done + +more Facebook than a 50-year-old +and compare you to + +a 50-year-old on some other +thing, is that going to answer + +the question of how you think +about ideas given the world + +you live in versus the world +the 50-year-old lived in? + +No. + +So there's just a lot of huge +deep things about changes in + +the world that we can't +even begin to get at. + +Sometimes we get lucky. + +And people have been giving +some particular + +measure for some time. + +Empathy, by self-report-- + +and now I wouldn't +fill it out now. + +But you can take a look +just to get a + +feeling at your leisure. + +This is the questionnaire +they used for + +self-reported empathy. + +It's self-report, 40% lower +today than 20 years ago. + +So on average you guys, +literally, on average by these + +measures, are more +stressed and less + +empathetic towards others. + +Sorry. + +This is not an individual. + +This is an average, right? + +So the levels that society +operates, things are going on + +and moving for some reason. + +By the way, I can tell you that, +when I'm stressed, I + +have less room to +be empathetic. + +So maybe these things +are related. + +If you're feeling stressed, your +first thought is not how + +can I help others but how can +I just get through the day? + +So these things might +be related. + +So let's turn a little bit to +experimentation and some of + +the challenges of relating +psychology to real world + +policies that are meant to make +the world better or safer + +in some way. + +So there's a famous broken +window theory from the + +political scientist James Wilson +and the criminologist + +George Kelling. + +And their idea was this that, +especially in neighborhoods + +that are not immaculately kept +or to say it the other way + +where there's a lot of damage +around you, things like broken + +windows is the phrase they used, +that this promotes in + +people who live in that +community or work around that + +community to sense that +the rules don't count. + +Anybody can do anything. + +And then it fosters the growth +of petty crimes. + +And once you do a petty crime, +you're more vulnerable or + +willing to do a major crime, +a slippery slope. + +And in fact, Rudy Giuliani and +Commissioner Bill Bratton + +employed this. + +They asked the police to write +lots of tickets and make lots + +of sort of minor arrests for +things where people weren't + +upkeeping the environment to +where they were littering or + +things like that. + +And this is a huge debate. + +Because in a police department +you can only do so much. + +So if they have a person working +on jaywalking and + +littering, that's a person not +working on major crime rings + +so to try to make a choice where +they think they can make + +community safer in the +most effective way. + +And the crimes went way +down in New York. + +In most cities now, you don't +hear crime discussed as a big + +topic nationally. + +In some local areas, like +in Boston, some + +specific areas, you do. + +I don't think in the State of +the Union there was a word + +about crime that I can +remember a week ago. + +It's not a big national topic. + +In some local places, it is a +big topic, but not nationally. + +So you don't know some years ago +when people said New York + +City was this horrible place +to go because there was so + +much crime that you'd walk out +from your airplane and get + +mugged before you made +it to your taxi. + +It was like the whole country +was saying big cities were + +just crime-ridden +and dangerous. + +They do this policy. + +Things get better. + +So everybody says, hmm, that +sounds pretty good. + +But of course, it's +not an experiment. + +It's a real life policy. + +And then people had these kind +of incredibly clever + +reinterpretations of why +crime went down. + +So the wildest one was in +Freakononimics was discussed + +in that, which said, +well, abortion was + +legalized in 1973. + +That gave women who didn't have +access to legal abortions + +the ability to have them, that +the children, on average, in + +these communities that had at +least access to safe and legal + +abortions would be poor, +unstable, addiction-ridden + +communities statistically. + +And so that if you imagined the +reduced abortion rate in + +poor areas could, when you +count out the number of + +possible criminals in those +areas, account for the + +reduction in crime all by +itself, a completely different + +interpretation that has nothing +to do with the policy. + +It just said we can have a +demographic shift, which will + +have a weird unexpected +consequence of lowering the + +crime rate because it's the +finding that young men, in + +particular, are most likely to +engage in violent criminal + +activities. + +It's not an all rule but +a statistical average. + +Or there was a big crack +epidemic that reduced. + +Or lots of states put in laws +that put people into jail for + +much higher, longer periods, +much more severe penalties + +with new drug laws. + +So it's very hard to know if the +policy that was initiated + +really worked or whether +completely other things were + +happening that moved +the crime rate. + +And here's some very sort +of perverse or other + +explanations. + +So that left the question, +is broken + +windows even a good idea? + +Just because Harvard-- + +and we know Harvard +is always right-- + +but just because a Harvard +psychologist says pretty + +interestingly, that sounds right +to me, is that even a + +right idea? + +So let's take a step back. + +Can we test that +experimentally? + +So here's the experiment. + +And the idea is, again, that, +when people observe that + +others violate a social norm or +legitimate rule, are they + +more likely to violate it? + +If you see people around you +breaking rules, are you more + +likely to do it? + +And you could say, it +seems like it is. + +But let's do the science. + +So here's an independent +measure. + +I'll show you the environment. + +The dependent measure is +the number of people + +who perform a violation. + +Now, you can't go getting people +murdering each other + +and stuff for an experiment. + +But you can do this. + +You can have two conditions. + +So on the top condition, do you +ever go back to your car + +or bike, usually it's cars, I +think, and they put leaflets + +in your car? + +And now what are you +going to do? + +You're running away. + +They'll leave the leaflet on +your windshield wiper. + +So they put it out. + +And they either had a wall like +this, which was clean. + +There's a sign that +says no graffiti. + +And they put on those +white pieces of + +paper onto the bikes. + +Or they put a lot of graffiti +on the wall. + +And people came out from +their classes. + +They parked their bike. + +They ran into class. + +They came out. + +And they got all these +white leaflets. + +And what they did is watched. + +And they said, how many people +put the leaflet away? + +And how many people crumpled +it up and threw it right on + +the ground? + +So we don't know what they're +going to do with the leaflet + +after they put it away. + +But we could hope they're +going to throw it out. + +But the one thing we know for +sure, if you crumple it up and + +throw it on the ground, it's +littering and not a good + +social norm. + +And sure enough, 1/3 of the +people littered if the wall + +had no graffiti. + +But it more than doubled if +the wall had graffiti. + +So that's a small thing. + +That's not a broken down, +complicated neighborhood. + +But just at that moment, as you +roar out of class, you get + +that piece of paper +on your bike. + +And you see like, wow, this +is a pretty crummy place. + +People are breaking the rules +all the time, twice as likely + +to throw a piece of paper +on the ground. + +So that shows that people very +easily are influenced by very + +mild perceptions of whether +people are following rules or + +not and will be their better +selves or their worse selves + +depending on that sense +of are all rules on or + +are all rules off. + +And there's a pretty good +bet they're not + +thinking about it, right? + +They're not sitting there +thinking, OK, here's + +littering, not as bad +as killing somebody. + +Here's the wall. + +Well, there's 30% graffiti. + +I mean nobody does that. + +They have an emotion +quick response. + +But the environment makes a +difference in that regard. + +So an important thing about +studies like this, so let me + +tell you about this one. + +Here's a study to look at a +drug that was supposed to + +lower mortality from coronary +artery disease. + +So those who took the drug, 80% +or more, because people + +follow whether you take the +drug, if you don't take the + +drug, of course, the drug +won't work, had a 15% + +mortality rate within +five years. + +Those who took the drug less +than 80% had a 25% mortality. + +So you'd say, well, 10% better +chance of living for five + +years, that's worth it. + +The nice thing is they +had a placebo. + +And there was no difference +whatsoever between those who + +took the active drug and those +who took the placebo. + +The difference was those who +followed the instructions to + +take the pill and those +who didn't. + +So what does that mean? + +How do you interpret that? + +It's not the drug. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: It could be the stress +of not following the + +directions, meaning +it's not working. + +PROFESSOR: It could be that. + +It could be the stress. + +It could be that. + +But let me make a guess. + +There's no scientific +answer to this. + +People who tend not to follow +instructions, are they mostly + +stressed by not following +instructions? + +The intuition is they're +blowing it off. + +They're like, yeah, that's +the instructions. + +But I got things to do +and places to go. + +But you could be right. + +So anyway, the idea is, what you +pick up is, are people who + +tried to take care +of themselves. + +They have a health condition. + +And the people who are following +the pill instruction + +are probably also doing the +best they can in terms of + +exercise and diet, all the +things they could do to + +maximize their health, right? + +And they're taking +their placebo. + +Or they're taking the drug. + +They don't know. + +But they're doing everything +they can. + +And the people who blowing off +stuff, they're the ones who + +are doing all the things that +aren't healthy, including not + +even taking your pills. + +I mean, if you don't even +take your pills, right-- + +Exercise is work. + +Diet is work. + +Popping a pill that's been +handed to you that you're told + +might help you is probably +not that much work. + +It's what's called +self-selection bias, that you + +stand out if you tend to take +care of yourself or not. + +So when we run experiments at +universities that involve + +people, a huge issue for us is +the idea is this, that we + +randomly recruit people. + +And we'll come back to +this in a moment. + +Then we randomly assign them to +one condition or another, + +for example, the placebo + +condition or the drug condition. + +We randomly assign them to the +messy wall or the clean wall. + +We discover something. + +And then we try to generalize it +as far as we can to people + +as a whole. + +We've discovered something +fundamental about how humans + +work, generalizable principles +of human mind or behavior. + +So what really happens +in the world? + +And you're in between sort of +the best possible world and + +the world we actually live in. + +So is it really random who +participates in research + +studies in psychology +departments where a lot of the + +research gets done. + +Is it really random? + +No. + +So who volunteers? + +Have any of you volunteered +to be a subject in + +an experiment anywhere? + +Yeah. + +So it's not random. + +Some people, they either need +to make a few bucks. + +Or they're very curious +about psychology. + +Or they have a friend +who's in psychology. + +It's not random. + +And in fact, population-wide, +people have said that + +psychology could be described +as WEIRD research for the + +following reason, that the vast +majority of the findings + +you'll read about everywhere, +including in your textbook, + +but everywhere are from nations +that are westernized, + +educated, industrialized, and +relatively rich democracies. + +The vast majority are +between 17 and 25. + +They're undergraduates or +graduate students who + +participate in research. + +It's been estimated that, if +you're a US college student, + +you're 4,000 times more likely +to show up in a scientifically + +reported experiment than if +you're a person anywhere else + +on the planet, 4,000 times. + +Because why? + +Because it's changing a little +bit but for many, many years + +the huge amount of research +happened in the US at + +universities, pretty much at +better universities, pretty + +much at highly selected +students. + +And then we never +publish that. + +We never say MIT students +did the following thing. + +Because people will say, +yeah, MIT students. + +Because then we have a different +report from Stanford + +or from UMass or from +Michigan or Texas. + +We say, no, humans did +an experiment. + +And humans are like this. + +And it's just something to think +about as you see studies + +and stuff like that. + +And people are more and more +sensitized to that. + +As more and more of the world +gets somewhat industrializes, + +there's more and more research +around the world. + +But still the vast majority +of findings are you guys. + +Now, that's just to start with +who's in the subject pool or + +the participant pool. + +How normal are you when +you do an experiment? + +Are you like yourself? + +Or are you doing weird stuff? + +And people use this idea that +you're really weird when you + +do an experiment in +another sense. + +Because you don't know +what's going on. + +You're following instructions. + +So they do experiments to show +how ridiculously people behave + +when they're doing an experiment +like they would + +never do it. + +So they ask them to come in. + +And they say, will you fill out +200 sheets of paper filled + +with random digits, +add them pairwise? + +And I'll come back +in a few hours. + +Now, if a friend asked you to do +that, add random digits for + +a couple hours, you would +go no, thank you. + +I've got about eight million +better things to + +do than that, right? + +I could multiply random digits +just to start with. + +But people will do +it for hours. + +Because they're in this weird +like that's the instruction. + +And that's what my mission is. + +Or even more ridiculous, +they pick up a + +card after each page. + +They've added all these numbers +for no good reason. + +And the instruction tells them, +when you've done the + +page, tear the page +up into 32 pieces. + +And here's the next page +and the next page. + +It's obviously fruitless and +pointless, ridiculously so. + +But because you're in an +experiment and somebody told + +you do that, you just keep +barreling forward. + +How much are we who we are when +we do experiments versus + +people following weird +instructions? + +And we'll come back to that +in some serious context. + +That's the subjects. + +How about experimenters? + +Experimenters are +never objective. + +We try to be as scientists +as objective as we can. + +We're never, we believe +certain hypotheses. + +We have certain goals. + +We recognize results that +would be super exciting. + +We recognize results that +would be boring. + +We're humans, too. + +We want to do stuff +that matters. + +We want to do stuff that +people reward us for. + +I mean it's just human. + +So here's a lowest case example +of how, once you're an + +experimenter, you produce +your own results. + +And believe me, it's much more +when your result matters for + +things like your career +advancement or your + +status in the field. + +So students were told that rats +were either maze-bright + +or maze-dull. + +They were told that these rats +were bred to be smart learners + +or not so smart. + +The rats were all just +random rats. + +It's a fake story to +undergraduates. + +Then they had them +test on a maze. + +And they said for your +laboratory exercise write down + +how quickly the rat +runs the maze. + +And amazingly, the smart +rats did way better + +than the dull rats. + +Now, these are not students +trying to become famous or + +have a career. + +They're handing in +an assignment. + +And how did that happen? + +Well, they went back. + +And it wasn't that anyone +faked data or + +anything like that. + +But when they looked at films or +discussed stuff with kids, + +students in the course, every +little thing that the students + +did that moved the data in tiny, +tiny ways always favored + +finding the maze-bright rats +being brilliant maze runners. + +So for example, they would put +the rat-- if you've ever run a + +rat in a maze, has anyone +run a rat in a maze? + +Yeah? + +Is it easy? + +Have you picked them up and +put them in the maze? + +It's more automated now. + +Is it physically easy? + +Are rats like, please, show +me the starting line? + +I'm ready to go. + +No. + +What are they like? + +Help me out here for you guys +who have done this. + +Are they kind of really-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: And they +don't like to be + +handled that much really. + +And they're fighting. + +And these are undergraduates +who've hardly + +ever touched a rat. + +They're like, please, don't +attack me or something. + +So they're holding up. + +And the rat's fighting back. + +And because it's really +uncomfortable, the rat's + +really unhappy. + +And the student's +like really-- + +So what happens is-- + +and then they plunk +the rat down. + +And they go, oh, my gosh, it's +facing the wrong direction. + +And it's a smart one. + +Wait, stop the clock. + +Let's get him-- + +But if it's a dull one facing +the wrong direction, it's OK. + +It's a dull one. + +Let the maze-- so lots +of little things. + +Are you sure you wrote +this down. + +Was it 12 seconds or 11? + +I guess it was 11. + +Oh, because it's a smart one. + +So completely innocently, +completely innocently as far + +as we understand, they made the +result to match up with + +what the expectation was. + +And it's not just that. + +And if you know this example, +cognitive psychologists have + +studied a phenomenon +like this. + +So try this at your desk. + +Each card is a letter on +one side and a number + +on the other side. + +Your job is to figure out what's +the smallest number of + +cards you have to pick +up to discover if + +this rule is right. + +If a card has a vowel on one +side, then it has an even + +number on the other side. + +So think about this +for a moment. + +If a card has a vowel on one +side, then it has to have an + +even number on the other side. + +What's the smallest number of +cards you can pick up to test + +that hypothesis? + +So here's what people +have found. + +The correct answer +is E and seven. + +And about 10% of people on +average come up with that. + +Many, many more people pick +E alone or E and six. + +Why? + +Well, everybody gets that you +have to look at E. Because if + +it's an even number, so +you flipped E over. + +And if that one turns out to +have, it's a vowel, if it has + +an odd number, the hypothesis +is wrong, right? + +Everybody gets that you should +check E. Pretty much everybody + +gets that J is irrelevant. + +Because it's a consonant. + +Now comes the interesting +six and seven. + +Because the sentence is talking +about a vowel and an + +even number, sometimes people +feel like I got to check the + +even number. + +But it doesn't say anything +about even numbers couldn't go + +with consonants. + +It doesn't tell you anything. + +That's not part of +the hypothesis. + +But if you flipped over number +seven and you discovered a + +vowel, you'd violate the rule. + +So what happens is they're +tempted to go for things that + +feel like they confirm +the question. + +And it feels like +E confirms it. + +And it feels like +six confirms it. + +It's what is called confirmatory +bias that when + +you look at stuff, if you see +what you think confirms it, + +then you tend to go for that, +even when there's evidence in + +front if you that could +contradict your expectation. + +So now I'm going to give you a +practical suggestion for how + +to win somebody over if you +have a brewing romantic + +interest in that person. + +So finally we get practical, +right? + +Everything was like, I look at +you, I'm not running rats. + +And I think it's very +interesting. + +Because when we think about how +people make decisions in + +their lives, we tend to think + +intuitively about big decisions. + +What's my career going to be? + +Where do I go to college? + +We think those are the +big decisions. + +But a huge amount of +life is little + +decisions, moment to moment. + +If somebody asks you +for something, did + +you say yes or no? + +Somebody walks up to +you at a party. + +They want to talk with you. + +Do you feel like talking or +not feel like talking? + +Maybe you talk with them and +it's a lifetime friend or + +romantic partner or whatever. + +So I think we make constantly +little decisions that turn out + +to big effects in our lives. + +So here's some evidence about +things like that that + +influence that. + +And this is worked on at Yale. + +So we describe people as warm. + +Or we can define them as +cold or aloof, right? + +And we could think those words +are kind of arbitrary. + +And most of us, if you met +somebody at a party, would you + +rather hang out with somebody +who's warm or cold? + +Warm, OK, just checking. + +Now sometimes there's an idea +of embodied cognition. + +And here's what it is. + +We can't really know how warm or +cold that person is or even + +that's an abstract idea. + +But we know we're comfortable +when we're kind of warm. + +And we know we're not +comfortable physically inside + +us when we're kind of cold. + +So there's an idea that when we +think about other people's + +feelings, other people's +thoughts or abstract things in + +the world, we base them on +physical experiences that we + +have inside, that there's a more +direct link between what + +we know inside us. + +And we use that to interpret +the world out there. + +Embodied cognition, your +body is the vehicle for + +understanding things +out there. + +So here's the experiments. + +It's really clever. + +There's two temperature +conditions. + +So what happens is you +go into a building. + +And the examiner, an +undergraduate usually or a + +graduate student, meets a +subject in the lobby. + +And she's carrying or he's +carrying a cup of coffee, + +sometimes it's hot coffee, +sometimes it's cold coffee, a + +clipboard, two textbooks. + +So you can imagine. + +It's a set-up, right? + +The person's walking. + +They're juggling with +the coffee, the + +textbook, oh, the clipboard. + +And he says, on the elevator he +says, could you just hold + +my cup while I write down your +name on my list of subjects in + +the experiment? + +It's very innocent, right, +on the elevator. + +And so you hold the cup of +coffee, which half the people + +get a hot cup, half the +people get a cold cup. + +Then you read a description +of a person. + +It's just a paragraph. + +And you have to rate whether you +find the person described + +as warm or cold. + +And if you had the warm cup of +coffee, you're more likely to + +describe that person as a +warm kind of a person. + +Now, these subjects +have no idea. + +They held a cup of coffee. + +They probably didn't +even think whether + +it was warm or cold. + +But something in their body +that got warmed up to the + +least degree possible, +that thought is + +still in their head. + +So when they read a description +of something, you + +go, oh, this seems like +a warm person. + +Of if it was a cold cup of +coffee, they say, oh, this + +seems like a cold, aloof kind +of person as far as I can + +tell, that little bit +of difference. + +So here's the lesson +just so you got it. + +If you want to take somebody +because you have a possible + +friendship or romantic interest +in that person, are + +you better off going out for a +warm cup of coffee or giving + +them a cold glass of beer? + +For that first impression, +scientific research shows it's + +something warm will +work it out. + +It's not that powerful. + +You're not going to be able +to control the world. + +But what it says is when we are +in ambiguous situations, + +ambiguous situations, we +first meet somebody. + +We don't really know them. + +Little things can start +us off on one path. + +Or it can start us +off another path, + +surprisingly little things. + +Now, then they have to worry +about a confound. + +Can you imagine a +confound here? + +Think of the rats. + +Who knows if the cup is cold +or hot besides the person + +holding it? + +The examiner, right? + +Now, maybe the examiner doesn't +try to do this, but + +maybe the examiner, no matter +what, says, oh, we're in the + +warm condition. + +And I'm smiling because this +is going to be nice. + +I'm helping this person +feel good. + +Here's the aloof condition +I'm giving. + +We're all going to +be miserable. + +And the examiner knows it. + +Because they know if they have +a hot or cold cup of coffee. + +So maybe the person's not +vibing to the coffee. + +They're vibing to the expression +or feeling or + +sentiment of the examiner who +understands what's going on. + +So they do one more experiment +where they give-- have you + +seen these hot and icy +therapeutic packs that you can + +make hot or cold? + +Now somebody else makes +it hot or cold. + +The experimenter has no idea +whether it was hot or cold. + +So it's what we call +double blind. + +A person doesn't know it's +relevant, the experimenter. + +They rate the pad. + +And now, this moves it a little +bit, they either get, + +after this thing's over, they're +told it's a product + +evaluation of the pad. + +But they either got a hot +pad or a cold pad. + +And they can either choose one +of two rewards, a Snapple + +beverage or a $1 gift +certificate, whichever you + +like better. + +You had two little things +you could do. + +But here's the big decision. + +Do you get it for yourself? + +Or we can send it for +you to a friend. + +We can send them the Snapple +or the certificate. + +If the people got a cold pad, +75% of the times they say, + +please, give it to +me right now. + +I'll take it. + +If they had a warm pad, the +majority of the time they + +actually send it to +their friend. + +That pad difference moved +quite substantially the + +likelihood that you take it for +yourself or you give it + +away, quite substantially. + +If you're a charity trying to +get people to donate or you + +want to get help from somebody, +25% success rate is + +a lot worse than a 54%, right? + +It's a doubling, a doubling, +of whether you keep it for + +yourself or you're generous +to your friend, just that + +therapeutic pad. + +I'm going to give you two +more and then go to-- + +How about money? + +When you think about money, I +don't mean traumatic things + +about money, just a little bit +about money, how does that + +influence how you relate +to other people? + +OK, here's the experiment. + +The idea is that money, on +average, when you just think a + +little bit about it-- and I'll +show you how ridiculously + +little they think about it-- + +their hypothesis is that money +makes you think about + +self-reliance, you earn your +money, your bank account, + +compared to situations +where you're not + +thinking about money. + +So here's what they did. + +They have people come in +in three conditions. + +And they had to unscramble +sentences. + +You have no idea what's +going on. + +You got a sentence like, cold it +desk outside is, which you + +would make into a good sentence, +or high a salary + +desk paying. + +So you just make those, you +scramble those words around. + +But the money condition has +a word like salary in it. + +Or you get the neutral +sentences that + +have no money reference. + +And you see Monopoly money in +the corner of the room. + +So we're not talking like people +just sent you your + +tuition bill or whatever. + +Or you just found out that +something terrible happened + +financially or you +won the lottery. + +It's Monopoly money. + +It's just like the +idea of money. + +And then they give +you a task to do. + +And the experimenter, as he or +she leaves the room, they say, + +it's a pretty hard task. + +You may want some help. + +So just come and get me. + +I'm glad to help you, +not a problem. + +So what happens? + +Here's the probability +of getting help. + +And it's incredibly more for the +control group that did the + +sentences without money and +way less not only for the + +people who unscrambled the +sentence with the word salary + +but also way less if they saw +Monopoly money in the corner. + +The mere idea of money, not +money given to you, not + +financial trauma or financial +gain, the mere idea of money + +makes you less willing to +get up and get help. + +So the positive it makes +you more self-reliant. + +The negative is people were less +willing to help somebody. + +So now at the end as the +examiner comes and says, I'm + +an undergraduate like you. + +I've got huge pressure +to get this paper in. + +Can you help me code? + +Can you help me score +up a few sheets? + +People were twice as much +willing to help if they just + +did the neutral things than if +they unscrambled the money + +sentences or saw the Monopoly +money in the + +corner of the room. + +Because just that thought about +money goes like, man, + +self-reliance, we're all +in it for ourselves. + +I've got my money. + +You've got your money. + +Good luck. + +Self-reliance can +be a good thing. + +But it doesn't actually +go with helping + +people very much also. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +because the Monopoly money and +he's suspicious of why this + +money's over there, that's why +you're not going to help. + +PROFESSOR: It could be. + +Yeah, the Monopoly money, +I agree with you. + +Maybe that's why they also had +the one where you just get the + +scrambled sentences. + +I agree with you. + +You could think there's many, +many ways to think about this. + +The last example of this kind +that I want show you is dating + +behavior and the way, again, +an experiment can challenge + +various ideas. + +And this is specifically about +dating between men and women. + +The story, to the extent it's +been studied, would be a + +little bit different if you're +dating within a sex. + +So if we're dating between men +and women, who is more + +selective in their dating +choices do you think? + +Who's more willing to date +widely or a lot or less? + +What's your thought if you have +to generalize about men + +and women on average in your-- + +AUDIENCE: Men. + +PROFESSOR: Thank you. + +And evolutionary psychologists, +and I love + +evolutionary psychology. + +But it drives me crazy, too. + +Evolutionary psychologists +will go, well, because by + +evolutionary theory men have +to go and make as many + +offspring as they can to +keep their genes going. + +Women have to be +more selective. + +It takes nine months +to bear a baby. + +It takes nine seconds +to do the male + +part, right, estimated. + +So this might or might +not be true. + +It's kind of fun. + +We all laugh about it. + +All of us find it kind +of amusing to + +sort of think about. + +But how would we actually +know if this is + +vaguely true on average? + +How would we actually know if +men for dating behavior? + +How would we even, +is that true? + +Is that a bad myth, bad +rap, or whatever? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Dating websites? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, thank +you very much. + +So there's an entire research +enterprise out there now that + +uses online dating sites, which, +of course, it's only in + +the last 20 years or something +that they've existed, I think. + +So it wasn't before. + +And the other one that's been +a treasure trove of data is + +speed dating environments where +you can observe things + +and measure things. + +And those studies have shown, +for example, that online + +dating on average men are 1.5 +times more likely to send + +email offerings dates to a +woman than the other way + +around compared to women. + +And in speed dating, too, men +are more likely to indicate + +they would be happy to date a +person they met than women. + +So there's objective evidence +that this is true on average + +in this society at this time. + +And so everybody, oh, yeah, this +shows the evolutionary + +psychology. + +Evolutionary psychology +drives you crazy. + +Because, on the one hand, it's +certainly the case that our + +minds and brains evolved +through evolution. + +So there's something about the +history we went through as a + +species that matters +for who we are now. + +That's got to be the case. + +On the other hand, it was +a different world before + +internet dating and speed +dating, right? + +It's hard to know how those +things line up exactly. + +So here's the fun thing. + +It turns out that on average +in speed dating a typical + +speed dating event will have +four minutes, right? + +So you typically have women +sitting at desks. + +Almost always they set +it up that way. + +And the men are sitting in +chairs in front of the desk. + +And they meet. + +And they talk for +four minutes. + +The bell rings. + +The men jump up. + +And they shift over +one station. + +And then what happens is, for +each time you meet a person, + +you fill out a card that says +yes or no I'd be willing to + +have a date with the person. + +And if you have two yeses from +the man and the woman, the + +speed dating organizer exchanges +the information so + +they can make direct contact. + +Does that sound OK? + +And men make more +yes responses. + +And it turns out, it doesn't +have to be this way, but + +almost, from my reading, that +almost every speed dating + +thing has the men rotating +around and the women sitting + +there waiting for the men +to rotate around. + +So let's just ask +this question. + +What happens if the women +rotate, which + +almost never happens? + +But they did this +experimentally. + +They said for half of the speed +dating sessions the men + +will be sitting at the table. + +And the women will stand up and +move a chair over every + +four minutes. + +The bell rings. + +So the women are moving +and rotating. + +And here's the results. + +Basically, what's showing on +the left are when the men + +rotate, the standard +condition. + +First, it's romantic desire. + +Men feel more romantic desire, +on average, for the partner + +they sit with. + +They feel that more chemistry +is happening with the person + +they sit with. + +And on the bottom left corner, +they also are more likely to + +give a yes response, I would +like a date with this person. + +But reverse the roles, have the +women rotating, and look + +at these bars. + +There's no difference at all. + +You completely wipe out the +male female difference and + +self-reported romantic desire +per person, self-reported + +chemistry they think is +happening, and the yes no + +responses that I would +have a date. + +You completely eliminate it when +the women are rotating. + +It's flat even. + +So that's the result. + +What does this suggest? + +What happened to the +evolutionary psychology? + +It disappeared just by +having the women + +rotate around the room. + +It suggests, and we don't know +this with certainty. + +But people are following this up +who are interested in this. + +It suggests that there's +something about getting up and + +approaching that person, your +body going here I come, I'm + +not sitting in my chair hanging +out, it's like here I + +come, that makes a person +energized, feel more romantic, + +feel more chemistry is +happening, and more likely to + +ask on a date. + +And it doesn't matter +whether you're a man + +or a woman at all. + +It's the getting up and that +physical approach. + +You're more invested. + +You're more out there. + +Who knows what it is, completely +eliminates what + +everybody had said is an +ancient, inevitable, + +evolutionary difference +between men and women. + +And this isn't to say there +might not be some of those + +streaks in us. + +Who knows. + +But speed dating is +not showing that. + +All you got to do is have +the women rotate. + +And you completely eliminate +what's thought to be some + +hard-wired biological difference +on this dimension. + +Now, talking about that, when +we do experiments like this + +that look at sort of fun things +like dating around a + +thing or age difference between +a five-year-old and a + +20-year-old or a 20-year-old and +a 80-year-old, cultures, + +there's lots of experiments +that compare say Western + +cultures verses Eastern Asian +cultures, we'll talk about + +that later in the course in +terms of behaviors, genes, + +whether you have one gene or +another, all those things, are + +those independent variables? + +No. + +We can't assign you randomly to +be a man or a woman, young + +or old, to come from the United +States or Japan or + +China, or to have this +gene or that gene. + +It's not that we couldn't do +stuff in some monstrous world + +but not ethically. + +And it's never going +to happen, right? + +So whenever you have science +that talks about differences + +between men and women or young +and old or cultures or genes, + +it's not really a completely +independent manipulation. + +We can't assign you randomly. + +And so it means everything in +the world about what it means + +to be a man or a woman, a +20-year-old or an 80-year old, + +come from this continent or that +continent, have this gene + +or that gene, those are not +things we can freely + +manipulate. + +And we have to be extra cautious +in interpreting those + +kinds of studies. + +Because we can't randomly assign +you to conditions. + +We just can't. + +And I didn't talk about the +fact that, up until this + +moment, we've made every +conclusion a complete + +generality about human nature. + +And people are different one +from the other, individual + +differences. + +We'll talk about that later +in the course, too. + +So for the last couple minutes +I want to talk about this, + +folk psychology. + +Everybody has ideas +about psychology. + +So if you have this piece of +paper, if you would zoom + +through it, ideas about people +in psychology and just where + +there is some scientific +evidence, if you just zoom + +down and mark yes or no-- + +On average, do opposites +attract? + +On average, does familiarity +breed contempt? + +On average, more people present +in an emergency, are + +you more likely to +get some help? + +On average, are there such +things as visual learners and + +verbal learners, and if they +got the right kind of + +instruction that would +help them in school? + +Is hypnosis baloney? + +Does subliminal advertising +work? + +When things are presented so +you don't see them below + +consciousness, does it help +you buy something? + +Does playing Mozart to +an infant boost their + +intelligence, Mozart effect? + +Is old age, on average, +associated with + +dissatisfaction? + +If you're unsure of your answer +when taking a test, I'm + +going to tell you the +science about this. + +It's best to stick with +your first hunch. + +Practically every website +tells you that. + +Have you heard that +many times? + +I'm going to tell you what the +actual evidence is about that + +and how they get that +in a moment. + +Ulcers are caused primarily +by stress. + +A positive attitude can +stave off cancer. + +Raising children similarly leads +to similarities in their + +adult personalities. + +Low self-esteem is +a major cause of + +psychological problems. + +People's responses on the ink +blot test tells us a lot about + +their personalities. + +Interviews help identify those +most likely to succeed in + +medical school. + +OK? + +I'll give you a minute. + +A bunch of these we'll come +back to in the course. + +But the answer for all +these is this. + +And there's evidence +to it all. + +So I'm going to tell you about +four of them for 10 minutes. + +One of the ones you might want +to know most about is the + +changing your initial +hunch answer. + +How do you know that? + +So the people have gone back +over test scores and looked + +where people crossed out an +answer or erased an answer. + +That's the best source +of evidence they + +have in large samples. + +And people are twice as likely +to give a better, the correct + +answer, than to move +to a wrong answer. + +That's the empirical evidence. + +So it's a fantastically +interesting disconnect that + +you see so many places. + +In teachers' advice, you go +with your first hunch when + +you're unsure. + +The empirical evidence is you're +much more likely to be + +correct when you go with +your best final answer. + +I mean, of course, +you're not sure. + +So you're going to +miss a fair bit. + +But you're twice as likely to +come out with the correct + +answer when you go with your +best possible answer. + +So that people who crossed out +their answers or erased their + +answers, they were twice as +likely to move to a good + +answer than leave behind +a good answer. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Do you know that +maybe it's they picked an + +answer and then they switched +their answer and then picking + +their best and going +back later-- + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's +an excellent question. + +We don't know. + +They've kind of gone like five +times back and forth. + +The assumption has been, on +average, that people will go + +once back and forth. + +But you're right. + +But ask yourself the other +question, too. + +What's the evidence ever that +going with your hunches? + +And nobody's been able +to show that. + +So where there's evidence, +it's all in + +favor of best answer. + +And nobody's shown evidence that +hunch is the best way to + +go empirically. + +That doesn't mean that sometimes +it doesn't happen. + +But on average, that's +the way the ends go. + +But your point's excellent. + +How about Rorschach tests? + +Every psychology program, +clinical psychologist in the + +country, is required to learn +how to administer and evaluate + +a Rorschach. + +You know this? + +So this obviously shows, +obviously it shows, some sort + +of horrible sex act +between animals. + +You know these kinds of tests. + +You're supposed to read it. + +And then the examiner +listens to you. + +And they figure out +something, right? + +There's been about 10,000 +publications about this. + +There's no evidence that there's +anything predictive or + +correct about this test, +none, zero, none. + +People argue it. + +People give it. + +People have to learn how +to give this test. + +So this is a disconnect that +happens a lot between clinical + +stuff and experimental work. + +I mean researchers can't grasp +why people still give this. + +Medical school interviews, those +of you who will apply to + +medical school will +get interviews. + +You'll get interviews +for jobs. + +You'll get interviews for all +kinds of things in your life. + +What's the evidence that +interviews are + +any good for anything? + +How could you know whether +interviews + +are good for anything? + +A company interviews you. + +A university interviews you. + +How would you even +decide whether? + +So I can tell you this. + +Social psychologists have +shown repeatedly that + +interviews are cesspools +for discrimination. + +Because people tend to like +people who are like them. + +Oh, you went to MIT? + +Yeah, course nine. + +Then you go, oh, man, this is +going to be good, right? + +I went to CalTech. + +We didn't like MIT people. + +We thought they were a little +bit snobby or something. + +And you go that's not +going to be so good. + +Social psychologists have shown +that, if you just vary + +information in practice +interviews, people tend to + +like people who are like +them, by background, by + +appearance, and so on. + +On average, they try not to. + +They try to be fair. + +So we know that. + +So here's what they did. + +Yale compared students who were +accepted or rejected on + +the basis of an interview. + +So they all had scores that +got them to the interview. + +And then they looked at them +where they went in pairs or + +larger than pairs to other +medical schools. + +So let's say you got +accepted by Yale. + +And you were accepted or +rejected on the interview. + +But you ended up as two students +at Penn or two + +students at Michigan. + +You're sitting next +to each other. + +One of you was accepted +by interview at Yale. + +One of you was not. + +Who does better at +that other place? + +They're dead even. + +The interview added nothing +for predicting grade point + +average or completion +of medical school. + +Here's one more example, +University of Texas enlarged + +in the midst of their, at +Houston, in the midst of their + +interviews, it enlarged from +150 to 200 students. + +They had interviewed 800. + +The 150 who came were among +their top ones. + +They interviewed them. + +They liked them. + +They came. + +And then all of a sudden because +the state legislation + +said, by law, mandating that you +take 50 more, they took 50 + +more who didn't do so well +in the interview. + +Those 50 more performed +identically to the ones who + +got in with the successful +interview. + +They couldn't find a difference +between them. + +Now, there's at least one thing +you might think the + +interview might have done. + +But we don't know. + +What do you think it +might have done? + +So the outcome was your grades +in medical school and your + +likelihood of completing +medical school. + +What else could an interview +have been relevant for? + +Maybe, maybe, maybe something +about bedside manner or how + +you relate to people, maybe, +maybe, maybe, but there's no + +evidence that that's true. + +Now you're starting to +grasp at straws. + +So there's no evidence that +interview processes make any + +difference anywhere. + +But everybody does interviews +all the ways. + +Because we always think we're +kind of good judges of human + +nature or something. + +So interviews, it's very +hard to tell that + +they ever do anything. + +So here's my last thing. + +Self-esteem, you cannot watch +Oprah or Dr. Phil without some + +discussion of self-esteem +at some moment. + +And it sounds good +to everybody. + +I mean nobody would wish for you +as a parent or friend for + +you to have low self-esteem. + +And in fact, higher self-esteem +is correlated with + +higher initiative and +persistence, happiness and + +emotional resilience, and also, +unfortunately, with + +people who are narcissistic +and bullies. + +And how they measure it, just so +you know, because this is a + +problem, too, how do +you measure it? + +There's several scales. + +But the most widely used scale +is this Rosenberg scale. + +So you have that, too, +if you want to + +try it out on yourself. + +Self-report, and when they +reviewed 15,000 studies some + +years ago, they could find +no evidence that higher + +self-esteem leads to +better things. + +It all seemed the other way +around that doing better at + +things led to higher +self-esteem. + +They could never find +that pushing your + +self-esteem up doesn't. + +Having said that, I can tell you +as a parent of two young + +kids or if you have friends and +you care about them and + +you know this, we like to praise +people to build up + +their self-esteem. + +We tell you you're awesome. + +Someday you'll go to MIT. + +I know you will. + +You're a wonderful person. + +And you're smart. + +And you're beautiful. + +Parents want their children and +teachers, too, to grow up + +and thrive and build up +that self-esteem. + +And the easiest way to do that +is praise, right, just telling + +your kid how awesome he or she +is or your younger sibling how + +awesome her or she is. + +Get their self-esteem up. + +So the last thing I'm going to +tell you and then we'll be + +done in about three minutes is +work from Carol Dweck that + +shows you how dangerous it is +and counterproductive it is to + +have praise where you +don't think through + +its relation to people. + +And in one sense we'll talk +about, are you going to + +succeed in life by your +effort or your talent? + +What's a bigger question +than that? + +Wherever you get to in your +life, it's going to be based + +on your effort or your +talent or both. + +I'll just have a sentence +about that now. + +So here's the experiments she +did with fifth graders. + +She had them perform +a pretty hard task. + +And afterwards, randomly, they +were either praised for their + +intelligence. + +So a person said to +them, you, fifth + +grader, you are so smart. + +I can't believe how great you +did on that, fifth grader. + +Or they were praised for +their hard work. + +This shows a lot of hard +work, different kids. + +And some kids got no praise +at all in this experiment. + +Then they get a task that's +even a little bit harder. + +How does the different kind of +praise influence things? + +And here was the finding. + +If you were praised for your +intelligence, you did worse on + +the second test. + +If you were praised for your +hard work, you did better. + +If nobody said anything, your +performance didn't change. + +And the idea is this. + +You understand, praised for +your intelligence, you did + +worse on a hard task. + +Praised for your effort, +you did better. + +And here's the idea that, if +we praise people for their + +intelligence to build up their +self-esteem, they start to + +care more about how their +performance reflects on them + +than the performance itself. + +Because you're trying +to prove that you're + +an intelligent person. + +The students who get that +kind of praise for their + +intelligence, they persist +less in a difficult task. + +They say they don't +enjoy challenges. + +Why? + +They just want to ace everything +to keep proving + +they're smart. + +The kids who got praised for +effort, they're kind of like, + +OK, I'm going to make +some mistakes. + +But I'm just going +to keep going. + +Because with effort I can +do things sometimes. + +And it turns out that it makes +a remarkable thing. + +And so Dweck, and we'll come +back to this, talks about you + +can imbue your intelligence as +a trait, I have only so much, + +or as a growth, the harder I +work, the smarter I get. + +But I have to do the hard +work to get there. + +And we live in a society that +often goes by fixed traits. + +American Idol, the harder the +work, the better you sing or + +who has the talent +is discovered? + +Who has the talent is +discovered, right? + +Because the idea is +you have a certain + +amount of musical talent. + +And now the judges show. + +And you break into the world. + +And you're a famous +singer, right? + +So ask yourself this. + +When you are good at what you +do, is it because something in + +your genes and environment made +you good at it or is it + +because you try really hard? + +So Malcolm Gladwell has this +statement that's floating + +around, gets a lot of attention, +that anybody can + +become great at anything +if they work on + +it for 10,000 hours. + +So how much of your success in +the past, currently, and in + +the future is going be +based on your effort? + +And how much is it going to +be based on your talents? + +And how would we know that? + +And we're a very talent-oriented +society. + +And it seems like, the more we +encourage effort, maybe the + +more people might flourish. + +So we talked about how +psychology and science, + +experiments, brief history of +psychology experimentation, + +some issues in experimentation, +and some + +psychological topics, and some +practical information for + +being generous and kind and +winning friends rapidly. + +OK, thanks very much. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/t3r9j7YUFrs.txt b/t3r9j7YUFrs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90f763eabbf7d91126c95d2af22b8a1b698b6f4d --- /dev/null +++ b/t3r9j7YUFrs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12291 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um what we have to do today is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh study a + + align:start position:0% +uh study a + + + align:start position:0% +uh study a +very important example of a two-state + + align:start position:0% +very important example of a two-state + + + align:start position:0% +very important example of a two-state +system that will be u the ammonia + + align:start position:0% +system that will be u the ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +system that will be u the ammonia +molecule and will lead us to understand + + align:start position:0% +molecule and will lead us to understand + + + align:start position:0% +molecule and will lead us to understand +how mers work. + + align:start position:0% +how mers work. + + + align:start position:0% +how mers work. +Um, mers are what? For microwaves, the + + align:start position:0% +Um, mers are what? For microwaves, the + + + align:start position:0% +Um, mers are what? For microwaves, the +same thing as lasers are for light. It's + + align:start position:0% +same thing as lasers are for light. It's + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as lasers are for light. It's +just a different frequency. Messers is + + align:start position:0% +just a different frequency. Messers is + + + align:start position:0% +just a different frequency. Messers is +microwaves and lasers for light. It's + + align:start position:0% +microwaves and lasers for light. It's + + + align:start position:0% +microwaves and lasers for light. It's +the same thing. So, uh, it's a very nice + + align:start position:0% +the same thing. So, uh, it's a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing. So, uh, it's a very nice +application of two-state systems. And + + align:start position:0% +application of two-state systems. And + + + align:start position:0% +application of two-state systems. And +then we'll discuss over the last part of + + align:start position:0% +then we'll discuss over the last part of + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll discuss over the last part of +the lecture some aspects of nuclear + + align:start position:0% +the lecture some aspects of nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture some aspects of nuclear +magnetic resonance. I don't think I'll + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance. I don't think I'll + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic resonance. I don't think I'll +get to the end of it because it's uh + + align:start position:0% +get to the end of it because it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +get to the end of it because it's uh +quite a bit of material, but we'll try + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of material, but we'll try + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of material, but we'll try +to see what we can do. So, let me remind + + align:start position:0% +to see what we can do. So, let me remind + + + align:start position:0% +to see what we can do. So, let me remind +you of the last thing we were doing last + + align:start position:0% +you of the last thing we were doing last + + + align:start position:0% +you of the last thing we were doing last +time that is going to be in the backdrop + + align:start position:0% +time that is going to be in the backdrop + + + align:start position:0% +time that is going to be in the backdrop +of what we do today. We spoke about + + align:start position:0% +of what we do today. We spoke about + + + align:start position:0% +of what we do today. We spoke about +Hamiltonians for a two-state system that + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonians for a two-state system that + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonians for a two-state system that +were the most general 2x two hermission + + align:start position:0% +were the most general 2x two hermission + + + align:start position:0% +were the most general 2x two hermission +matrix specified by four real numbers G0 + + align:start position:0% +matrix specified by four real numbers G0 + + + align:start position:0% +matrix specified by four real numbers G0 +and the three components of the vector G + + align:start position:0% +and the three components of the vector G + + + align:start position:0% +and the three components of the vector G +multiplied by the pi matrices. This is + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the pi matrices. This is + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the pi matrices. This is +her mission. This can be written in this + + align:start position:0% +her mission. This can be written in this + + + align:start position:0% +her mission. This can be written in this +way in which we've + + align:start position:0% +way in which we've + + + align:start position:0% +way in which we've +identified + + align:start position:0% +identified + + + align:start position:0% +identified +um Hamiltonians uh + + align:start position:0% +um Hamiltonians uh + + + align:start position:0% +um Hamiltonians uh +for spins in the sense that g do sigma + + align:start position:0% +for spins in the sense that g do sigma + + + align:start position:0% +for spins in the sense that g do sigma +really sigma is proportional to s. So + + align:start position:0% +really sigma is proportional to s. So + + + align:start position:0% +really sigma is proportional to s. So +this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to +omega dot s where omega lore is 2g / h + + align:start position:0% +omega dot s where omega lore is 2g / h + + + align:start position:0% +omega dot s where omega lore is 2g / h +bar. And uh we explained last time that + + align:start position:0% +bar. And uh we explained last time that + + + align:start position:0% +bar. And uh we explained last time that +if you have a term omegaal do s spins + + align:start position:0% +if you have a term omegaal do s spins + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a term omegaal do s spins +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +rotate with angular velocity omegaal + + align:start position:0% +rotate with angular velocity omegaal + + + align:start position:0% +rotate with angular velocity omegaal +vector which means they rotate around + + align:start position:0% +vector which means they rotate around + + + align:start position:0% +vector which means they rotate around +the axis defined by the vector omegaal + + align:start position:0% +the axis defined by the vector omegaal + + + align:start position:0% +the axis defined by the vector omegaal +with an angular velocity equal to the + + align:start position:0% +with an angular velocity equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +with an angular velocity equal to the +magnitude of the vector omega l. So + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the vector omega l. So + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the vector omega l. So +that's lore precession. Um this lour + + align:start position:0% +that's lore precession. Um this lour + + + align:start position:0% +that's lore precession. Um this lour +precession in the case of a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +precession in the case of a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +precession in the case of a magnetic +field u is given by minus lambda time + + align:start position:0% +field u is given by minus lambda time + + + align:start position:0% +field u is given by minus lambda time +the magnetic field gamma times the + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field gamma times the + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic field gamma times the +magnetic field where gamma is that + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field where gamma is that + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field where gamma is that +constant that relates the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +constant that relates the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +constant that relates the magnetic +moment of the particle to the spin + + align:start position:0% +moment of the particle to the spin + + + align:start position:0% +moment of the particle to the spin +angular momentum of the + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum of the + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum of the +particle. Then we got uh moreover that + + align:start position:0% +particle. Then we got uh moreover that + + + align:start position:0% +particle. Then we got uh moreover that +the energy levels of this Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +the energy levels of this Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +the energy levels of this Hamiltonian +this is a two state system. So it's a + + align:start position:0% +this is a two state system. So it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a two state system. So it's a +two-dimensional vector space. There can + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional vector space. There can + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional vector space. There can +be at most two energy iggon states. + + align:start position:0% +be at most two energy iggon states. + + + align:start position:0% +be at most two energy iggon states. +That's the simple thing about two-state + + align:start position:0% +That's the simple thing about two-state + + + align:start position:0% +That's the simple thing about two-state +systems. These two energy states have + + align:start position:0% +systems. These two energy states have + + + align:start position:0% +systems. These two energy states have +energies equal to g + minus g. And the + + align:start position:0% +energies equal to g + minus g. And the + + + align:start position:0% +energies equal to g + minus g. And the +plus corresponds to the spin state n + + align:start position:0% +plus corresponds to the spin state n + + + align:start position:0% +plus corresponds to the spin state n +plus and the minus corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +plus and the minus corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +plus and the minus corresponds to the +spin state n minus. And you don't have + + align:start position:0% +spin state n minus. And you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +spin state n minus. And you don't have +to talk spin states when we you write + + align:start position:0% +to talk spin states when we you write + + + align:start position:0% +to talk spin states when we you write +the this spin state over here. The plus + + align:start position:0% +the this spin state over here. The plus + + + align:start position:0% +the this spin state over here. The plus +you usually think of spin in the plus z + + align:start position:0% +you usually think of spin in the plus z + + + align:start position:0% +you usually think of spin in the plus z +direction. But the thing that we call + + align:start position:0% +direction. But the thing that we call + + + align:start position:0% +direction. But the thing that we call +plus is the first basis vector and the + + align:start position:0% +plus is the first basis vector and the + + + align:start position:0% +plus is the first basis vector and the +thing that we call minus is the second + + align:start position:0% +thing that we call minus is the second + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we call minus is the second +basis vector of the state space. + + align:start position:0% +basis vector of the state space. + + + align:start position:0% +basis vector of the state space. +Therefore, if you've given a matrix + + align:start position:0% +Therefore, if you've given a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Therefore, if you've given a matrix +Hamiltonian has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian has nothing to do with +spins, you still have the notion that + + align:start position:0% +spins, you still have the notion that + + + align:start position:0% +spins, you still have the notion that +the first basis vector, whatever it is, + + align:start position:0% +the first basis vector, whatever it is, + + + align:start position:0% +the first basis vector, whatever it is, +an ion moving in this direction, is the + + align:start position:0% +an ion moving in this direction, is the + + + align:start position:0% +an ion moving in this direction, is the +mathematical analog of a spin up. And + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analog of a spin up. And + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analog of a spin up. And +the second basis vector, whatever else + + align:start position:0% +the second basis vector, whatever else + + + align:start position:0% +the second basis vector, whatever else +it may be, is the analog of the spin + + align:start position:0% +it may be, is the analog of the spin + + + align:start position:0% +it may be, is the analog of the spin +down. + + align:start position:0% +down. + + + align:start position:0% +down. +So this will be um important for what we + + align:start position:0% +So this will be um important for what we + + + align:start position:0% +So this will be um important for what we +do now as we begin the study of the + + align:start position:0% +do now as we begin the study of the + + + align:start position:0% +do now as we begin the study of the +ammonia molecule and its state. + + align:start position:0% +ammonia molecule and its state. + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia molecule and its state. +So having reviewed the key ideas from + + align:start position:0% +So having reviewed the key ideas from + + + align:start position:0% +So having reviewed the key ideas from +the last part of last lecture are there + + align:start position:0% +the last part of last lecture are there + + + align:start position:0% +the last part of last lecture are there +any questions? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So let me begin with this ammonia + + align:start position:0% +So let me begin with this ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +So let me begin with this ammonia +molecule. Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ammonia double + + align:start position:0% +ammonia double + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia double +M N O N I A is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +NH3. It's used as a + + align:start position:0% +NH3. It's used as a + + + align:start position:0% +NH3. It's used as a +fertilizer. It's a gas. has strong + + align:start position:0% +fertilizer. It's a gas. has strong + + + align:start position:0% +fertilizer. It's a gas. has strong +otter, no + + align:start position:0% +otter, no + + + align:start position:0% +otter, no +color, + + align:start position:0% +color, + + + align:start position:0% +color, +fertilizers, cleaning products, + + align:start position:0% +fertilizers, cleaning products, + + + align:start position:0% +fertilizers, cleaning products, +pharmaceuticals, all kinds of things. + + align:start position:0% +pharmaceuticals, all kinds of things. + + + align:start position:0% +pharmaceuticals, all kinds of things. +Uh, it has the shape of a flattened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tetrahedrin with a nitrogen atom at one + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin with a nitrogen atom at one + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin with a nitrogen atom at one +corner say, and the base the three + + align:start position:0% +corner say, and the base the three + + + align:start position:0% +corner say, and the base the three +hydrogen atoms. If it would not be a + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atoms. If it would not be a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atoms. If it would not be a +flattened tetrahedrin, + + align:start position:0% +flattened tetrahedrin, + + + align:start position:0% +flattened tetrahedrin, +u this angle over here, if it would be + + align:start position:0% +u this angle over here, if it would be + + + align:start position:0% +u this angle over here, if it would be +an equilateral regular tetrahedrin, this + + align:start position:0% +an equilateral regular tetrahedrin, this + + + align:start position:0% +an equilateral regular tetrahedrin, this +angle over there would be 60° because + + align:start position:0% +angle over there would be 60° because + + + align:start position:0% +angle over there would be 60° because +every face would be at um equilateral + + align:start position:0% +every face would be at um equilateral + + + align:start position:0% +every face would be at um equilateral +triangle. But if it's a flattened + + align:start position:0% +triangle. But if it's a flattened + + + align:start position:0% +triangle. But if it's a flattened +tetrahedron, if it would be totally + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedron, if it would be totally + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedron, if it would be totally +flat, if it the n would be at the base, + + align:start position:0% +flat, if it the n would be at the base, + + + align:start position:0% +flat, if it the n would be at the base, +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +angle in between these two edges would + + align:start position:0% +angle in between these two edges would + + + align:start position:0% +angle in between these two edges would +be 120° because they had to add up to + + align:start position:0% +be 120° because they had to add up to + + + align:start position:0% +be 120° because they had to add up to +360. Well, this has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +108°. So, it's pretty flat, this + + align:start position:0% +108°. So, it's pretty flat, this + + + align:start position:0% +108°. So, it's pretty flat, this +tetrahedrin. And you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. And you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. And you can imagine +actually this is a two-state system + + align:start position:0% +actually this is a two-state system + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is a two-state system +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh just as the nitrogen can be like this + + align:start position:0% +uh just as the nitrogen can be like this + + + align:start position:0% +uh just as the nitrogen can be like this +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +be up with respect to the base of the + + align:start position:0% +be up with respect to the base of the + + + align:start position:0% +be up with respect to the base of the +hydrogens it could also be down and you + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens it could also be down and you + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens it could also be down and you +say can imagine this molecule rotating + + align:start position:0% +say can imagine this molecule rotating + + + align:start position:0% +say can imagine this molecule rotating +and suddenly the up nitrogen goes down + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly the up nitrogen goes down + + + align:start position:0% +and suddenly the up nitrogen goes down +and this keeps rotating a possible + + align:start position:0% +and this keeps rotating a possible + + + align:start position:0% +and this keeps rotating a possible +transition. ition of the + + align:start position:0% +transition. ition of the + + + align:start position:0% +transition. ition of the +system in which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh well I don't know if I'm drawing it + + align:start position:0% +uh well I don't know if I'm drawing it + + + align:start position:0% +uh well I don't know if I'm drawing it +well I don't think so but + + align:start position:0% +well I don't think so but + + + align:start position:0% +well I don't think so but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +roughly it could be like this uh the + + align:start position:0% +roughly it could be like this uh the + + + align:start position:0% +roughly it could be like this uh the +nitrogen is down and this uh in + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen is down and this uh in + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen is down and this uh in +principle would be like two possible + + align:start position:0% +principle would be like two possible + + + align:start position:0% +principle would be like two possible +configurations of this system there's a + + align:start position:0% +configurations of this system there's a + + + align:start position:0% +configurations of this system there's a +barrier like if This is an equilibrium. + + align:start position:0% +barrier like if This is an equilibrium. + + + align:start position:0% +barrier like if This is an equilibrium. +So if you try to push it, it's not easy. + + align:start position:0% +So if you try to push it, it's not easy. + + + align:start position:0% +So if you try to push it, it's not easy. +But if you did manage to push it, it + + align:start position:0% +But if you did manage to push it, it + + + align:start position:0% +But if you did manage to push it, it +would be stable in the other direction. + + align:start position:0% +would be stable in the other direction. + + + align:start position:0% +would be stable in the other direction. +It is as if you + + align:start position:0% +It is as if you + + + align:start position:0% +It is as if you +had a potential for the + + align:start position:0% +had a potential for the + + + align:start position:0% +had a potential for the +nitrogen, a V of Z. The direction is + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen, a V of Z. The direction is + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen, a V of Z. The direction is +Z in which it can be here up or down and + + align:start position:0% +Z in which it can be here up or down and + + + align:start position:0% +Z in which it can be here up or down and +it's stable in either one. But uh + + align:start position:0% +it's stable in either one. But uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's stable in either one. But uh +there's a big barrier in + + align:start position:0% +there's a big barrier in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a big barrier in +between. So that's the story of this + + align:start position:0% +between. So that's the story of this + + + align:start position:0% +between. So that's the story of this +nitrogen atom. And + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen atom. And + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen atom. And +uh we're going to try to describe this + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to try to describe this + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to try to describe this +as a two-state system. So I have I need + + align:start position:0% +as a two-state system. So I have I need + + + align:start position:0% +as a two-state system. So I have I need +some notation. Well, I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +some notation. Well, I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +some notation. Well, I'm going to have +the first basis + + align:start position:0% +the first basis + + + align:start position:0% +the first basis +state to be called up for N up and the + + align:start position:0% +state to be called up for N up and the + + + align:start position:0% +state to be called up for N up and the +second basis state is going to be called + + align:start position:0% +second basis state is going to be called + + + align:start position:0% +second basis state is going to be called +down for nitrogen down. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And now u I'm going to try to write a + + align:start position:0% +And now u I'm going to try to write a + + + align:start position:0% +And now u I'm going to try to write a +Hamiltonian for this system. Well, if + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian for this system. Well, if + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian for this system. Well, if +u you know what sort of happens here, + + align:start position:0% +u you know what sort of happens here, + + + align:start position:0% +u you know what sort of happens here, +your intuition in quantum mechanics with + + align:start position:0% +your intuition in quantum mechanics with + + + align:start position:0% +your intuition in quantum mechanics with +wave functions should be similar. Look, + + align:start position:0% +wave functions should be similar. Look, + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions should be similar. Look, +this is not a two-state system because + + align:start position:0% +this is not a two-state system because + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a two-state system because +there may be many energy states, but you + + align:start position:0% +there may be many energy states, but you + + + align:start position:0% +there may be many energy states, but you +know that the ground state looks like a + + align:start position:0% +know that the ground state looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +know that the ground state looks like a +wave function that is like + + align:start position:0% +wave function that is like + + + align:start position:0% +wave function that is like +this ground + + align:start position:0% +this ground + + + align:start position:0% +this ground +state and the excite first excited + + align:start position:0% +state and the excite first excited + + + align:start position:0% +state and the excite first excited +state could look like a wave function + + align:start position:0% +state could look like a wave function + + + align:start position:0% +state could look like a wave function +that is like + + align:start position:0% +that is like + + + align:start position:0% +that is like +oops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this pretty much the same thing but you + + align:start position:0% +this pretty much the same thing but you + + + align:start position:0% +this pretty much the same thing but you +flip one and if the barrier is + + align:start position:0% +flip one and if the barrier is + + + align:start position:0% +flip one and if the barrier is +sufficiently high these two energy + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently high these two energy + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently high these two energy +levels are not that + + align:start position:0% +levels are not that + + + align:start position:0% +levels are not that +different. So the question is how do we + + align:start position:0% +different. So the question is how do we + + + align:start position:0% +different. So the question is how do we +model this? there may be an energy + + align:start position:0% +model this? there may be an energy + + + align:start position:0% +model this? there may be an energy +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +E0 for the system, a ground state energy + + align:start position:0% +E0 for the system, a ground state energy + + + align:start position:0% +E0 for the system, a ground state energy +maybe and a little bit of a higher + + align:start position:0% +maybe and a little bit of a higher + + + align:start position:0% +maybe and a little bit of a higher +energy. + + align:start position:0% +energy. + + + align:start position:0% +energy. +So we're going to write a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hamiltonian and I'm going to put E not E + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and I'm going to put E not E + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and I'm going to put E not E +not for the + + align:start position:0% +not for the + + + align:start position:0% +not for the +moment and my first basis state is one + + align:start position:0% +moment and my first basis state is one + + + align:start position:0% +moment and my first basis state is one +and up. Uh this would be the one zero + + align:start position:0% +and up. Uh this would be the one zero + + + align:start position:0% +and up. Uh this would be the one zero +and here would be the 01 the second + + align:start position:0% +and here would be the 01 the second + + + align:start position:0% +and here would be the 01 the second +basis state and this is saying that one + + align:start position:0% +basis state and this is saying that one + + + align:start position:0% +basis state and this is saying that one +zero the n up is an energy state of + + align:start position:0% +zero the n up is an energy state of + + + align:start position:0% +zero the n up is an energy state of +energy e not and n down is an energy + + align:start position:0% +energy e not and n down is an energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy e not and n down is an energy +iggon state of energy e not as well but + + align:start position:0% +iggon state of energy e not as well but + + + align:start position:0% +iggon state of energy e not as well but +that can't be the story there cannot be + + align:start position:0% +that can't be the story there cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +that can't be the story there cannot be +two degenerate energy iggon states your + + align:start position:0% +two degenerate energy iggon states your + + + align:start position:0% +two degenerate energy iggon states your +intuition tells you that this is + + align:start position:0% +intuition tells you that this is + + + align:start position:0% +intuition tells you that this is +impossible. A one-dimensional potential + + align:start position:0% +impossible. A one-dimensional potential + + + align:start position:0% +impossible. A one-dimensional potential +wouldn't say that. So there must be + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't say that. So there must be + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't say that. So there must be +something else happening. This cannot be + + align:start position:0% +something else happening. This cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +something else happening. This cannot be +the whole Hamiltonian that describes the + + align:start position:0% +the whole Hamiltonian that describes the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole Hamiltonian that describes the +physics of the problem. So what we're + + align:start position:0% +physics of the problem. So what we're + + + align:start position:0% +physics of the problem. So what we're +going to do is try to tinker with this + + align:start position:0% +going to do is try to tinker with this + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is try to tinker with this +Hamiltonian. A simple tinkering that is + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. A simple tinkering that is + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. A simple tinkering that is +going to give us the physics that we + + align:start position:0% +going to give us the physics that we + + + align:start position:0% +going to give us the physics that we +expect. So I'm going to put a constant + + align:start position:0% +expect. So I'm going to put a constant + + + align:start position:0% +expect. So I'm going to put a constant +delta here. This should be her mission. + + align:start position:0% +delta here. This should be her mission. + + + align:start position:0% +delta here. This should be her mission. +So I should put a delta as well. Another + + align:start position:0% +So I should put a delta as well. Another + + + align:start position:0% +So I should put a delta as well. Another +constant there. Um for convenience + + align:start position:0% +constant there. Um for convenience + + + align:start position:0% +constant there. Um for convenience +however I'd rather put a minus sign + + align:start position:0% +however I'd rather put a minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +however I'd rather put a minus sign +there. I will define delta to be + + align:start position:0% +there. I will define delta to be + + + align:start position:0% +there. I will define delta to be +positive for definitess and for + + align:start position:0% +positive for definitess and for + + + align:start position:0% +positive for definitess and for +convenience however I will put here + + align:start position:0% +convenience however I will put here + + + align:start position:0% +convenience however I will put here +minus delta. + + align:start position:0% +minus delta. + + + align:start position:0% +minus delta. +Now you could say look uh you say that + + align:start position:0% +Now you could say look uh you say that + + + align:start position:0% +Now you could say look uh you say that +but uh maybe it's not for convenience + + align:start position:0% +but uh maybe it's not for convenience + + + align:start position:0% +but uh maybe it's not for convenience +maybe it changes the + + align:start position:0% +maybe it changes the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it changes the +physics. Well it cannot change the + + align:start position:0% +physics. Well it cannot change the + + + align:start position:0% +physics. Well it cannot change the +physics because these things are the + + align:start position:0% +physics because these things are the + + + align:start position:0% +physics because these things are the +matrix elements of the Hamiltonian the + + align:start position:0% +matrix elements of the Hamiltonian the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix elements of the Hamiltonian the +one two and the 21 matrix elements. And + + align:start position:0% +one two and the 21 matrix elements. And + + + align:start position:0% +one two and the 21 matrix elements. And +I could decide to change what I call the + + align:start position:0% +I could decide to change what I call the + + + align:start position:0% +I could decide to change what I call the +first basis + + align:start position:0% +first basis + + + align:start position:0% +first basis +vector to call it minus the first basis + + align:start position:0% +vector to call it minus the first basis + + + align:start position:0% +vector to call it minus the first basis +vector. This would change the sign of + + align:start position:0% +vector. This would change the sign of + + + align:start position:0% +vector. This would change the sign of +this change the sign of that without + + align:start position:0% +this change the sign of that without + + + align:start position:0% +this change the sign of that without +changing those signs. So this sign is a + + align:start position:0% +changing those signs. So this sign is a + + + align:start position:0% +changing those signs. So this sign is a +matter of a basis. So I certainly have + + align:start position:0% +matter of a basis. So I certainly have + + + align:start position:0% +matter of a basis. So I certainly have +not made any assumption by putting that + + align:start position:0% +not made any assumption by putting that + + + align:start position:0% +not made any assumption by putting that +to be a minus sign over there. + + align:start position:0% +to be a minus sign over there. + + + align:start position:0% +to be a minus sign over there. +Now once you have this Hamiltonian this + + align:start position:0% +Now once you have this Hamiltonian this + + + align:start position:0% +Now once you have this Hamiltonian this +delta is going to be some energy and + + align:start position:0% +delta is going to be some energy and + + + align:start position:0% +delta is going to be some energy and +that's going to be what mimics the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be what mimics the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be what mimics the +physics here because these states are + + align:start position:0% +physics here because these states are + + + align:start position:0% +physics here because these states are +not going to be any more energy iggon + + align:start position:0% +not going to be any more energy iggon + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be any more energy iggon +states. The matrix is not diagonal + + align:start position:0% +states. The matrix is not diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +states. The matrix is not diagonal +anymore. So the one zero vector and the + + align:start position:0% +anymore. So the one zero vector and the + + + align:start position:0% +anymore. So the one zero vector and the +01 vector are not anymore energy states. + + align:start position:0% +01 vector are not anymore energy states. + + + align:start position:0% +01 vector are not anymore energy states. +So um moreover it's interesting to try + + align:start position:0% +So um moreover it's interesting to try + + + align:start position:0% +So um moreover it's interesting to try +to figure out what it has to do with our + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what it has to do with our + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what it has to do with our +previous uh system. So this is EN * + + align:start position:0% +previous uh system. So this is EN * + + + align:start position:0% +previous uh system. So this is EN * +1 - delta * sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 and that's a good thing to know. + + align:start position:0% +1 and that's a good thing to know. + + + align:start position:0% +1 and that's a good thing to know. +Um so in this case comparing to this G + + align:start position:0% +Um so in this case comparing to this G + + + align:start position:0% +Um so in this case comparing to this G +is the vector in the X direction because + + align:start position:0% +is the vector in the X direction because + + + align:start position:0% +is the vector in the X direction because +it's G multiplying by sigma 1 and it has + + align:start position:0% +it's G multiplying by sigma 1 and it has + + + align:start position:0% +it's G multiplying by sigma 1 and it has +magnitude of delta. So we notice and and + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of delta. So we notice and and + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of delta. So we notice and and +we're going to make a picture later is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make a picture later is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make a picture later is +that g in this case so far is equal to + + align:start position:0% +that g in this case so far is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that g in this case so far is equal to +delta time + + align:start position:0% +delta time + + + align:start position:0% +delta time +u the unit vector in the x direction + + align:start position:0% +u the unit vector in the x direction + + + align:start position:0% +u the unit vector in the x direction +minus delta time the unit vector in the + + align:start position:0% +minus delta time the unit vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +minus delta time the unit vector in the +x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction unit vector in the x + + align:start position:0% +direction unit vector in the x + + + align:start position:0% +direction unit vector in the x +direction. So g is equal to delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So okay, we've written those. Let's then + + align:start position:0% +So okay, we've written those. Let's then + + + align:start position:0% +So okay, we've written those. Let's then +figure out what are the ground states + + align:start position:0% +figure out what are the ground states + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what are the ground states +and the um excited states. Now this is a + + align:start position:0% +and the um excited states. Now this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and the um excited states. Now this is a +2x2 matrix and a simple one at that. So + + align:start position:0% +2x2 matrix and a simple one at that. So + + + align:start position:0% +2x2 matrix and a simple one at that. So +you could just do it or better to figure + + align:start position:0% +you could just do it or better to figure + + + align:start position:0% +you could just do it or better to figure +out what we're doing. We'll use our uh + + align:start position:0% +out what we're doing. We'll use our uh + + + align:start position:0% +out what we're doing. We'll use our uh +formulas before. Yes, Jordan. Um so why + + align:start position:0% +formulas before. Yes, Jordan. Um so why + + + align:start position:0% +formulas before. Yes, Jordan. Um so why +is it that we mandate that belt has to + + align:start position:0% +is it that we mandate that belt has to + + + align:start position:0% +is it that we mandate that belt has to +be real? Like I mean why don't that's + + align:start position:0% +be real? Like I mean why don't that's + + + align:start position:0% +be real? Like I mean why don't that's +not the most general form. That's right. + + align:start position:0% +not the most general form. That's right. + + + align:start position:0% +not the most general form. That's right. +It's not the most general form. So at + + align:start position:0% +It's not the most general form. So at + + + align:start position:0% +It's not the most general form. So at +this moment u we're trying to do what + + align:start position:0% +this moment u we're trying to do what + + + align:start position:0% +this moment u we're trying to do what +any reasonable physicist + + align:start position:0% +any reasonable physicist + + + align:start position:0% +any reasonable physicist +does without delta. It doesn't match the + + align:start position:0% +does without delta. It doesn't match the + + + align:start position:0% +does without delta. It doesn't match the +physics. So let's try the simplest thing + + align:start position:0% +physics. So let's try the simplest thing + + + align:start position:0% +physics. So let's try the simplest thing +that can work and a delta real. We'll + + align:start position:0% +that can work and a delta real. We'll + + + align:start position:0% +that can work and a delta real. We'll +see if it works. And if it works, we'll + + align:start position:0% +see if it works. And if it works, we'll + + + align:start position:0% +see if it works. And if it works, we'll +worry later about different things. U so + + align:start position:0% +worry later about different things. U so + + + align:start position:0% +worry later about different things. U so +we'll put the simplest thing at this + + align:start position:0% +we'll put the simplest thing at this + + + align:start position:0% +we'll put the simplest thing at this +moment. But indeed, we could put more + + align:start position:0% +moment. But indeed, we could put more + + + align:start position:0% +moment. But indeed, we could put more +complicated things. + + align:start position:0% +complicated things. + + + align:start position:0% +complicated things. +U so given this in fact we know what um + + align:start position:0% +U so given this in fact we know what um + + + align:start position:0% +U so given this in fact we know what um +the energy states should be or we more + + align:start position:0% +the energy states should be or we more + + + align:start position:0% +the energy states should be or we more +or less can guess what the energy states + + align:start position:0% +or less can guess what the energy states + + + align:start position:0% +or less can guess what the energy states +should be. Let me tell you the energies + + align:start position:0% +should be. Let me tell you the energies + + + align:start position:0% +should be. Let me tell you the energies +are g + minus g. So you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +are g + minus g. So you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +are g + minus g. So you're going to get +um E not + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delta plus delta and E not minus + + align:start position:0% +delta plus delta and E not minus + + + align:start position:0% +delta plus delta and E not minus +delta as the + + align:start position:0% +delta as the + + + align:start position:0% +delta as the +energies E + + align:start position:0% +energies E + + + align:start position:0% +energies E +excited and E + + align:start position:0% +excited and E + + + align:start position:0% +excited and E +ground and the gap between these two + + align:start position:0% +ground and the gap between these two + + + align:start position:0% +ground and the gap between these two +energies the but um gap between these + + align:start position:0% +energies the but um gap between these + + + align:start position:0% +energies the but um gap between these +two energy levels is two delta + + align:start position:0% +two energy levels is two delta + + + align:start position:0% +two energy levels is two delta +gap is two delta. So there we go. We've + + align:start position:0% +gap is two delta. So there we go. We've + + + align:start position:0% +gap is two delta. So there we go. We've +already produced something good. Uh we + + align:start position:0% +already produced something good. Uh we + + + align:start position:0% +already produced something good. Uh we +have two energy state. There should be a + + align:start position:0% +have two energy state. There should be a + + + align:start position:0% +have two energy state. There should be a +small energy difference and that gap is + + align:start position:0% +small energy difference and that gap is + + + align:start position:0% +small energy difference and that gap is +to delta. Now what are those states? + + align:start position:0% +to delta. Now what are those states? + + + align:start position:0% +to delta. Now what are those states? +Well, it's not too hard to see that the + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's not too hard to see that the + + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's not too hard to see that the +igen state that has this + + align:start position:0% +igen state that has this + + + align:start position:0% +igen state that has this +energy is uh the excited state is 1 + + align:start position:0% +energy is uh the excited state is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +energy is uh the excited state is 1 +/<unk> 2 1 - + + align:start position:0% +/<unk> 2 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +/<unk> 2 1 - +one. If you act with this matrix on + + align:start position:0% +one. If you act with this matrix on + + + align:start position:0% +one. If you act with this matrix on +this, that's the + + align:start position:0% +this, that's the + + + align:start position:0% +this, that's the +energy state. And the energy state for + + align:start position:0% +energy state. And the energy state for + + + align:start position:0% +energy state. And the energy state for +this one is 1 /<unk> 2 1 + + align:start position:0% +this one is 1 /<unk> 2 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this one is 1 /<unk> 2 1 +1. Let's write them. This is these are + + align:start position:0% +1. Let's write them. This is these are + + + align:start position:0% +1. Let's write them. This is these are +the iggon vectors. Let's write them as 1 + + align:start position:0% +the iggon vectors. Let's write them as 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the iggon vectors. Let's write them as 1 +/ square<unk> of + + align:start position:0% +/ square<unk> of + + + align:start position:0% +/ square<unk> of +2 nitrogen up minus nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +2 nitrogen up minus nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +2 nitrogen up minus nitrogen +down and 1 /<unk> + + align:start position:0% +down and 1 /<unk> + + + align:start position:0% +down and 1 /<unk> +2 nitrogen up plus nitrogen down. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I want to uh even though it's not + + align:start position:0% +So I want to uh even though it's not + + + align:start position:0% +So I want to uh even though it's not +complicated to do this u and we have + + align:start position:0% +complicated to do this u and we have + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to do this u and we have +called these states that way so it's all + + align:start position:0% +called these states that way so it's all + + + align:start position:0% +called these states that way so it's all +clear I want you to see how that comes + + align:start position:0% +clear I want you to see how that comes + + + align:start position:0% +clear I want you to see how that comes +from our + + align:start position:0% +from our + + + align:start position:0% +from our +spin way of thinking. + + align:start position:0% +spin way of thinking. + + + align:start position:0% +spin way of thinking. +So you know + + align:start position:0% +So you know + + + align:start position:0% +So you know +there's this molecule and for this + + align:start position:0% +there's this molecule and for this + + + align:start position:0% +there's this molecule and for this +molecule only one direction matters. We + + align:start position:0% +molecule only one direction matters. We + + + align:start position:0% +molecule only one direction matters. We +could have called it X if we wanted. In + + align:start position:0% +could have called it X if we wanted. In + + + align:start position:0% +could have called it X if we wanted. In +fact maybe X would have been a better + + align:start position:0% +fact maybe X would have been a better + + + align:start position:0% +fact maybe X would have been a better +name. On the other hand for spin states + + align:start position:0% +name. On the other hand for spin states + + + align:start position:0% +name. On the other hand for spin states +there are three dimensions X Y and Z. So + + align:start position:0% +there are three dimensions X Y and Z. So + + + align:start position:0% +there are three dimensions X Y and Z. So +we have to think in an abstract way. + + align:start position:0% +we have to think in an abstract way. + + + align:start position:0% +we have to think in an abstract way. +Um so where is this vector G? We said g + + align:start position:0% +Um so where is this vector G? We said g + + + align:start position:0% +Um so where is this vector G? We said g +is minus delta e x. So this is the x + + align:start position:0% +is minus delta e x. So this is the x + + + align:start position:0% +is minus delta e x. So this is the x +axis. This is the y axis. This is the z + + align:start position:0% +axis. This is the y axis. This is the z + + + align:start position:0% +axis. This is the y axis. This is the z +axis. G is here. The vector g goes back + + align:start position:0% +axis. G is here. The vector g goes back + + + align:start position:0% +axis. G is here. The vector g goes back +over here is minus + + align:start position:0% +over here is minus + + + align:start position:0% +over here is minus +delta xhat vector. Maybe I'll write this + + align:start position:0% +delta xhat vector. Maybe I'll write this + + + align:start position:0% +delta xhat vector. Maybe I'll write this +xhat. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now what if you have G in that way you + + align:start position:0% +Now what if you have G in that way you + + + align:start position:0% +Now what if you have G in that way you +know that the excited + + align:start position:0% +know that the excited + + + align:start position:0% +know that the excited +state is + + align:start position:0% +state is + + + align:start position:0% +state is +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um is one of these states over here. + + align:start position:0% +um is one of these states over here. + + + align:start position:0% +um is one of these states over here. +Let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this N plus is the excited state and + + align:start position:0% +uh this N plus is the excited state and + + + align:start position:0% +uh this N plus is the excited state and +N minus is the lower state. So the + + align:start position:0% +N minus is the lower state. So the + + + align:start position:0% +N minus is the lower state. So the +excited state should point in the + + align:start position:0% +excited state should point in the + + + align:start position:0% +excited state should point in the +direction of G vector because N + + align:start position:0% +direction of G vector because N + + + align:start position:0% +direction of G vector because N +corresponds to the direction of the G + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the direction of the G + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the direction of the G +vector. G is positive here. This little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G is + + align:start position:0% +G is + + + align:start position:0% +G is +positive. So G is in + + align:start position:0% +positive. So G is in + + + align:start position:0% +positive. So G is in +there. N is in there as well. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because G and N are parallel and the + + align:start position:0% +because G and N are parallel and the + + + align:start position:0% +because G and N are parallel and the +excited + + align:start position:0% +excited + + + align:start position:0% +excited +state should correspond + + align:start position:0% +state should correspond + + + align:start position:0% +state should correspond +to N a vector in the plus N direction. + + align:start position:0% +to N a vector in the plus N direction. + + + align:start position:0% +to N a vector in the plus N direction. +So the excited + + align:start position:0% +So the excited + + + align:start position:0% +So the excited +state should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here is a spin state in that direction. + + align:start position:0% +here is a spin state in that direction. + + + align:start position:0% +here is a spin state in that direction. +That's what that formula says. And the + + align:start position:0% +That's what that formula says. And the + + + align:start position:0% +That's what that formula says. And the +ground state should be a spin state in + + align:start position:0% +ground state should be a spin state in + + + align:start position:0% +ground state should be a spin state in +the minus n direction. So this must be + + align:start position:0% +the minus n direction. So this must be + + + align:start position:0% +the minus n direction. So this must be +the ground state. So this I call the + + align:start position:0% +the ground state. So this I call the + + + align:start position:0% +the ground state. So this I call the +excited state and this the ground + + align:start position:0% +excited state and this the ground + + + align:start position:0% +excited state and this the ground +state. And indeed remember now that what + + align:start position:0% +state. And indeed remember now that what + + + align:start position:0% +state. And indeed remember now that what +is your + + align:start position:0% +is your + + + align:start position:0% +is your +translation one and two the one and two + + align:start position:0% +translation one and two the one and two + + + align:start position:0% +translation one and two the one and two +states are like the plus and minus of + + align:start position:0% +states are like the plus and minus of + + + align:start position:0% +states are like the plus and minus of +spins. So in terms of spin language in + + align:start position:0% +spins. So in terms of spin language in + + + align:start position:0% +spins. So in terms of spin language in +spin + + align:start position:0% +spin + + + align:start position:0% +spin +language this excited state is the plus + + align:start position:0% +language this excited state is the plus + + + align:start position:0% +language this excited state is the plus +minus the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus and this is + + align:start position:0% +minus and this is + + + align:start position:0% +minus and this is +the plus plus the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus because the up is plus the minus + + align:start position:0% +minus because the up is plus the minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus because the up is plus the minus +is the down is minus. + + align:start position:0% +is the down is minus. + + + align:start position:0% +is the down is minus. +So indeed this state you probably + + align:start position:0% +So indeed this state you probably + + + align:start position:0% +So indeed this state you probably +remember it. This is a spin along the x + + align:start position:0% +remember it. This is a spin along the x + + + align:start position:0% +remember it. This is a spin along the x +direction. So the ground state must be + + align:start position:0% +direction. So the ground state must be + + + align:start position:0% +direction. So the ground state must be +like a spin along the x direction is + + align:start position:0% +like a spin along the x direction is + + + align:start position:0% +like a spin along the x direction is +here. The excited state is a spin the + + align:start position:0% +here. The excited state is a spin the + + + align:start position:0% +here. The excited state is a spin the +orthogonal one in the minus x direction. + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal one in the minus x direction. + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal one in the minus x direction. +So it must be a state orthogonal to this + + align:start position:0% +So it must be a state orthogonal to this + + + align:start position:0% +So it must be a state orthogonal to this +one as it is and it points in the other + + align:start position:0% +one as it is and it points in the other + + + align:start position:0% +one as it is and it points in the other +direction. + + align:start position:0% +direction. + + + align:start position:0% +direction. +So um those are our + + align:start position:0% +So um those are our + + + align:start position:0% +So um those are our +spins and we had that the gap delta + + align:start position:0% +spins and we had that the gap delta + + + align:start position:0% +spins and we had that the gap delta +u the gap is 2 omega it's an energy so + + align:start position:0% +u the gap is 2 omega it's an energy so + + + align:start position:0% +u the gap is 2 omega it's an energy so +it's what we called h + + align:start position:0% +it's what we called h + + + align:start position:0% +it's what we called h +kn h omega kn for a + + align:start position:0% +kn h omega kn for a + + + align:start position:0% +kn h omega kn for a +photon a transition energy I could give + + align:start position:0% +photon a transition energy I could give + + + align:start position:0% +photon a transition energy I could give +this energy in es but actually don't + + align:start position:0% +this energy in es but actually don't + + + align:start position:0% +this energy in es but actually don't +have it I have the the wave wavelength + + align:start position:0% +have it I have the the wave wavelength + + + align:start position:0% +have it I have the the wave wavelength +at the frequency of the associated + + align:start position:0% +at the frequency of the associated + + + align:start position:0% +at the frequency of the associated +photon. So this corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +photon. So this corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +photon. So this corresponds to a +frequency new of + + align:start position:0% +frequency new of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency new of +23.87 + + align:start position:0% +23.87 + + + align:start position:0% +23.87 +ghertz and a lambda of about + + align:start position:0% +ghertz and a lambda of about + + + align:start position:0% +ghertz and a lambda of about +1.26 + + align:start position:0% +1.26 + + + align:start position:0% +1.26 +cm more or less half an inch. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So that is + + align:start position:0% +So that is + + + align:start position:0% +So that is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +transition difference between these two + + align:start position:0% +transition difference between these two + + + align:start position:0% +transition difference between these two +levels. So this is something people + + align:start position:0% +levels. So this is something people + + + align:start position:0% +levels. So this is something people +knew. There's two levels about the of of + + align:start position:0% +knew. There's two levels about the of of + + + align:start position:0% +knew. There's two levels about the of of +this molecule and they correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +this molecule and they correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule and they correspond to the +result of this perturbation that splits + + align:start position:0% +result of this perturbation that splits + + + align:start position:0% +result of this perturbation that splits +them. So in a sense we've got a nice + + align:start position:0% +them. So in a sense we've got a nice + + + align:start position:0% +them. So in a sense we've got a nice +model perfectly reasonable model without + + align:start position:0% +model perfectly reasonable model without + + + align:start position:0% +model perfectly reasonable model without +introducing much complexity of what this + + align:start position:0% +introducing much complexity of what this + + + align:start position:0% +introducing much complexity of what this +um thing is doing. So let's do a little + + align:start position:0% +um thing is doing. So let's do a little + + + align:start position:0% +um thing is doing. So let's do a little +exercise. Um let's see how + + align:start position:0% +exercise. Um let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +exercise. Um let's see how +does the n up state evolve in time. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does n + + align:start position:0% +does n + + + align:start position:0% +does n +uh up evolving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time. So we have pi at time equals zero + + align:start position:0% +time. So we have pi at time equals zero + + + align:start position:0% +time. So we have pi at time equals zero +being the state + + align:start position:0% +being the state + + + align:start position:0% +being the state +up. What is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +later? Well, there are many ways to do + + align:start position:0% +later? Well, there are many ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +later? Well, there are many ways to do +it. Many many ways to do it. The + + align:start position:0% +it. Many many ways to do it. The + + + align:start position:0% +it. Many many ways to do it. The +quickest in principle is to think about + + align:start position:0% +quickest in principle is to think about + + + align:start position:0% +quickest in principle is to think about +spins even if it's just a little + + align:start position:0% +spins even if it's just a little + + + align:start position:0% +spins even if it's just a little +painful. But + + align:start position:0% +painful. But + + + align:start position:0% +painful. But +um let's think about spins. Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L is uh is going to be around the + + align:start position:0% +L is uh is going to be around the + + + align:start position:0% +L is uh is going to be around the +direction of G. So think of the state of + + align:start position:0% +direction of G. So think of the state of + + + align:start position:0% +direction of G. So think of the state of +this spin. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The n up state, the up state is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and then it's going to + + align:start position:0% +here and then it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +here and then it's going to +precess with angular + + align:start position:0% +precess with angular + + + align:start position:0% +precess with angular +frequency vector in the direction of G. + + align:start position:0% +frequency vector in the direction of G. + + + align:start position:0% +frequency vector in the direction of G. +So it's going to precess in the + + align:start position:0% +So it's going to precess in the + + + align:start position:0% +So it's going to precess in the +direction of G. So you can imagine now + + align:start position:0% +direction of G. So you can imagine now + + + align:start position:0% +direction of G. So you can imagine now +this vector precessing and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +this vector precessing and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this vector precessing and it's going to +go since it's essentially the minus x + + align:start position:0% +go since it's essentially the minus x + + + align:start position:0% +go since it's essentially the minus x +direction precession in time is going to + + align:start position:0% +direction precession in time is going to + + + align:start position:0% +direction precession in time is going to +flip it to the y ais and then make it + + align:start position:0% +flip it to the y ais and then make it + + + align:start position:0% +flip it to the y ais and then make it +rotate in the zy axis. That's all what + + align:start position:0% +rotate in the zy axis. That's all what + + + align:start position:0% +rotate in the zy axis. That's all what +it's going to do. So you have a picture + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do. So you have a picture + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do. So you have a picture +of what it's going to do. um we might as + + align:start position:0% +of what it's going to do. um we might as + + + align:start position:0% +of what it's going to do. um we might as +well calculate a little although the + + align:start position:0% +well calculate a little although the + + + align:start position:0% +well calculate a little although the +picture is complete and the frequency is + + align:start position:0% +picture is complete and the frequency is + + + align:start position:0% +picture is complete and the frequency is +known and everything but what you do + + align:start position:0% +known and everything but what you do + + + align:start position:0% +known and everything but what you do +here of course uh is you try to write it + + align:start position:0% +here of course uh is you try to write it + + + align:start position:0% +here of course uh is you try to write it +in terms of energy states and uh the up + + align:start position:0% +in terms of energy states and uh the up + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of energy states and uh the up +state is the one over square root + + align:start position:0% +state is the one over square root + + + align:start position:0% +state is the one over square root +um times the sum of e plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G and you know the energies of those two + + align:start position:0% +G and you know the energies of those two + + + align:start position:0% +G and you know the energies of those two +states. So you know how they evolve in + + align:start position:0% +states. So you know how they evolve in + + + align:start position:0% +states. So you know how they evolve in +time. + + align:start position:0% +time. + + + align:start position:0% +time. +Um it will be in the notes. You can do + + align:start position:0% +Um it will be in the notes. You can do + + + align:start position:0% +Um it will be in the notes. You can do +this. Uh after you now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +evolve with e to the minus i ht over h + + align:start position:0% +evolve with e to the minus i ht over h + + + align:start position:0% +evolve with e to the minus i ht over h +bar, you then go back from e to g e and + + align:start position:0% +bar, you then go back from e to g e and + + + align:start position:0% +bar, you then go back from e to g e and +g to up and down because that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +g to up and down because that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +g to up and down because that's sort of +the intuition that we want to + + align:start position:0% +the intuition that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition that we want to +have. + + align:start position:0% +have. + + + align:start position:0% +have. +So it's not of difficult. None of these + + align:start position:0% +So it's not of difficult. None of these + + + align:start position:0% +So it's not of difficult. None of these +steps are difficult. E and G are written + + align:start position:0% +steps are difficult. E and G are written + + + align:start position:0% +steps are difficult. E and G are written +in terms of up and down. So what does + + align:start position:0% +in terms of up and down. So what does + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of up and down. So what does +one get? + + align:start position:0% +one get? + + + align:start position:0% +one get? +One gets pi of t is equal e to the minus + + align:start position:0% +One gets pi of t is equal e to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +One gets pi of t is equal e to the minus +i e t / h bar time + + align:start position:0% +i e t / h bar time + + + align:start position:0% +i e t / h bar time +cosine of t delta / h + + align:start position:0% +cosine of t delta / h + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of t delta / h +bar times the state + + align:start position:0% +bar times the state + + + align:start position:0% +bar times the state +up plus i sin of t + + align:start position:0% +up plus i sin of t + + + align:start position:0% +up plus i sin of t +delta over h bar state Now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this is the time evolution. So the + + align:start position:0% +um this is the time evolution. So the + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the time evolution. So the +probabilities for example to be up + + align:start position:0% +probabilities for example to be up + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities for example to be up +probability to be + + align:start position:0% +probability to be + + + align:start position:0% +probability to be +up is the square of this one cossine^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +up is the square of this one cossine^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +up is the square of this one cossine^ 2 +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +t delta over h bar and the probability + + align:start position:0% +t delta over h bar and the probability + + + align:start position:0% +t delta over h bar and the probability +to be down is sin squared of the same + + align:start position:0% +to be down is sin squared of the same + + + align:start position:0% +to be down is sin squared of the same +thing. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, this poor nitrogen molecule, if it + + align:start position:0% +So, this poor nitrogen molecule, if it + + + align:start position:0% +So, this poor nitrogen molecule, if it +happens to have the nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +happens to have the nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +happens to have the nitrogen +up, is going to start rotating like + + align:start position:0% +up, is going to start rotating like + + + align:start position:0% +up, is going to start rotating like +crazy. Even if you don't do anything, + + align:start position:0% +crazy. Even if you don't do anything, + + + align:start position:0% +crazy. Even if you don't do anything, +it's just sitting there and it's + + align:start position:0% +it's just sitting there and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's just sitting there and it's +rotating up and + + align:start position:0% +rotating up and + + + align:start position:0% +rotating up and +down and with a speed doing this + + align:start position:0% +down and with a speed doing this + + + align:start position:0% +down and with a speed doing this +thing 23 billion times a + + align:start position:0% +thing 23 billion times a + + + align:start position:0% +thing 23 billion times a +second. molecules up and down because + + align:start position:0% +second. molecules up and down because + + + align:start position:0% +second. molecules up and down because +it's not in a stationary engon state. + + align:start position:0% +it's not in a stationary engon state. + + + align:start position:0% +it's not in a stationary engon state. +Um now + + align:start position:0% +Um now + + + align:start position:0% +Um now +here actually you may think that + + align:start position:0% +here actually you may think that + + + align:start position:0% +here actually you may think that +something has been um has is a little + + align:start position:0% +something has been um has is a little + + + align:start position:0% +something has been um has is a little +funny because you would say well the + + align:start position:0% +funny because you would say well the + + + align:start position:0% +funny because you would say well the +frequency of rotation is like delta over + + align:start position:0% +frequency of rotation is like delta over + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of rotation is like delta over +h bar but the lmer frequency is supposed + + align:start position:0% +h bar but the lmer frequency is supposed + + + align:start position:0% +h bar but the lmer frequency is supposed +to be 2 g over h bar. So it would + + align:start position:0% +to be 2 g over h bar. So it would + + + align:start position:0% +to be 2 g over h bar. So it would +correspond to l or frequency of 2 delta + + align:start position:0% +correspond to l or frequency of 2 delta + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to l or frequency of 2 delta +over h bar which is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +over h bar which is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +over h bar which is exactly the +frequency of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photons. But there's no contradiction + + align:start position:0% +photons. But there's no contradiction + + + align:start position:0% +photons. But there's no contradiction +here. This is in fact rotating at that + + align:start position:0% +here. This is in fact rotating at that + + + align:start position:0% +here. This is in fact rotating at that +speed at twice that speed because if you + + align:start position:0% +speed at twice that speed because if you + + + align:start position:0% +speed at twice that speed because if you +remember for a spin state this was like + + align:start position:0% +remember for a spin state this was like + + + align:start position:0% +remember for a spin state this was like +cosine of theta over + + align:start position:0% +cosine of theta over + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of theta over +two. Therefore as it changes that's the + + align:start position:0% +two. Therefore as it changes that's the + + + align:start position:0% +two. Therefore as it changes that's the +way theta / two is changing but theta + + align:start position:0% +way theta / two is changing but theta + + + align:start position:0% +way theta / two is changing but theta +which is the angle that is physical + + align:start position:0% +which is the angle that is physical + + + align:start position:0% +which is the angle that is physical +rotation changes twice as fast. + + align:start position:0% +rotation changes twice as fast. + + + align:start position:0% +rotation changes twice as fast. +So it's again those 1 halfves of spin + + align:start position:0% +So it's again those 1 halfves of spin + + + align:start position:0% +So it's again those 1 halfves of spin +states that are very confusing sometimes + + align:start position:0% +states that are very confusing sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +states that are very confusing sometimes +but uh there's no contradiction the sort + + align:start position:0% +but uh there's no contradiction the sort + + + align:start position:0% +but uh there's no contradiction the sort +of lore frequency of the equivalent spin + + align:start position:0% +of lore frequency of the equivalent spin + + + align:start position:0% +of lore frequency of the equivalent spin +problem is exactly the same as the + + align:start position:0% +problem is exactly the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +problem is exactly the same as the +frequency of the original + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the original + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of the original +problem. + + align:start position:0% +problem. + + + align:start position:0% +problem. +So now we want to make this uh into + + align:start position:0% +So now we want to make this uh into + + + align:start position:0% +So now we want to make this uh into +something more + + align:start position:0% +something more + + + align:start position:0% +something more +um practical and for that what we + + align:start position:0% +um practical and for that what we + + + align:start position:0% +um practical and for that what we +explore is the fact that this molecule + + align:start position:0% +explore is the fact that this molecule + + + align:start position:0% +explore is the fact that this molecule +has an electric dipole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moment. So the molecule as we pictured + + align:start position:0% +moment. So the molecule as we pictured + + + align:start position:0% +moment. So the molecule as we pictured +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there as it happens the electrons of the + + align:start position:0% +there as it happens the electrons of the + + + align:start position:0% +there as it happens the electrons of the +hydrogen sort of cluster near the + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen sort of cluster near the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen sort of cluster near the +nitrogen. So this up region is kind of + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. So this up region is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. So this up region is kind of +negative the bottom region is kind of + + align:start position:0% +negative the bottom region is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +negative the bottom region is kind of +positive and there is a electric dipole + + align:start position:0% +positive and there is a electric dipole + + + align:start position:0% +positive and there is a electric dipole +moment pointing down. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is a pretty important property + + align:start position:0% +So this is a pretty important property + + + align:start position:0% +So this is a pretty important property +of this molecule this dipole moment and + + align:start position:0% +of this molecule this dipole moment and + + + align:start position:0% +of this molecule this dipole moment and +electric diples we usually call P but + + align:start position:0% +electric diples we usually call P but + + + align:start position:0% +electric diples we usually call P but +for some reason maybe I should change + + align:start position:0% +for some reason maybe I should change + + + align:start position:0% +for some reason maybe I should change +the notes at some stage or maybe this is + + align:start position:0% +the notes at some stage or maybe this is + + + align:start position:0% +the notes at some stage or maybe this is +discussed very nicely in Fineman's + + align:start position:0% +discussed very nicely in Fineman's + + + align:start position:0% +discussed very nicely in Fineman's +lectures in physics he uses mu for this + + align:start position:0% +lectures in physics he uses mu for this + + + align:start position:0% +lectures in physics he uses mu for this +like for magnetic dipole so I will + + align:start position:0% +like for magnetic dipole so I will + + + align:start position:0% +like for magnetic dipole so I will +actually use mu as Well, + + align:start position:0% +actually use mu as Well, + + + align:start position:0% +actually use mu as Well, +now so um this thing has an electric + + align:start position:0% +now so um this thing has an electric + + + align:start position:0% +now so um this thing has an electric +dipole and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +dipole and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +dipole and therefore the +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +energy is the electric dipole dotted + + align:start position:0% +energy is the electric dipole dotted + + + align:start position:0% +energy is the electric dipole dotted +with the electric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +field and that electric field is an + + align:start position:0% +field and that electric field is an + + + align:start position:0% +field and that electric field is an +external electric field. You have this + + align:start position:0% +external electric field. You have this + + + align:start position:0% +external electric field. You have this +little dipole which is this molecule and + + align:start position:0% +little dipole which is this molecule and + + + align:start position:0% +little dipole which is this molecule and +you put it inside an electric field and + + align:start position:0% +you put it inside an electric field and + + + align:start position:0% +you put it inside an electric field and +there's a contribution to the energy + + align:start position:0% +there's a contribution to the energy + + + align:start position:0% +there's a contribution to the energy +just because the dipole is sitting on an + + align:start position:0% +just because the dipole is sitting on an + + + align:start position:0% +just because the dipole is sitting on an +electric + + align:start position:0% +electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric +field and that means our Hamiltonian has + + align:start position:0% +field and that means our Hamiltonian has + + + align:start position:0% +field and that means our Hamiltonian has +is now changed. So I will consider the + + align:start position:0% +is now changed. So I will consider the + + + align:start position:0% +is now changed. So I will consider the +case in which we have an electric field + + align:start position:0% +case in which we have an electric field + + + align:start position:0% +case in which we have an electric field +in the Z + + align:start position:0% +in the Z + + + align:start position:0% +in the Z +direction a positive electric field in + + align:start position:0% +direction a positive electric field in + + + align:start position:0% +direction a positive electric field in +the Z direction. So that um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E is equal to E + + align:start position:0% +E is equal to E + + + align:start position:0% +E is equal to E +* Z and + + align:start position:0% +* Z and + + + align:start position:0% +* Z and +mu would be equal to minus mu * Z + + align:start position:0% +mu would be equal to minus mu * Z + + + align:start position:0% +mu would be equal to minus mu * Z +because it points down. assume the + + align:start position:0% +because it points down. assume the + + + align:start position:0% +because it points down. assume the +um the dipole is down and the dipole is + + align:start position:0% +um the dipole is down and the dipole is + + + align:start position:0% +um the dipole is down and the dipole is +down for the case of + + align:start position:0% +down for the case of + + + align:start position:0% +down for the case of +um spin in the Z + + align:start position:0% +um spin in the Z + + + align:start position:0% +um spin in the Z +direction. So + + align:start position:0% +direction. So + + + align:start position:0% +direction. So +um so look what we get here. This energy + + align:start position:0% +um so look what we get here. This energy + + + align:start position:0% +um so look what we get here. This energy +contribution this energy contribution is + + align:start position:0% +contribution this energy contribution is + + + align:start position:0% +contribution this energy contribution is +essentially mu e and it's the energy + + align:start position:0% +essentially mu e and it's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +essentially mu e and it's the energy +that is acquired by the + + align:start position:0% +that is acquired by the + + + align:start position:0% +that is acquired by the +state in which the nitrogen is up. This + + align:start position:0% +state in which the nitrogen is up. This + + + align:start position:0% +state in which the nitrogen is up. This +is for nitrogen up. So what we've + + align:start position:0% +is for nitrogen up. So what we've + + + align:start position:0% +is for nitrogen up. So what we've +discovered if we want to model this in + + align:start position:0% +discovered if we want to model this in + + + align:start position:0% +discovered if we want to model this in +the Hamiltonian is that we can take the + + align:start position:0% +the Hamiltonian is that we can take the + + + align:start position:0% +the Hamiltonian is that we can take the +Hamiltonian that we + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian that we + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian that we +had E not + + align:start position:0% +had E not + + + align:start position:0% +had E not +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +delta E not minus delta and + + align:start position:0% +delta E not minus delta and + + + align:start position:0% +delta E not minus delta and +the energy of the state + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the state + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the state +up with nitrogen up is this one mu. So + + align:start position:0% +up with nitrogen up is this one mu. So + + + align:start position:0% +up with nitrogen up is this one mu. So +we add mu E and the one with the spin + + align:start position:0% +we add mu E and the one with the spin + + + align:start position:0% +we add mu E and the one with the spin +down will be the opposite. So it will be + + align:start position:0% +down will be the opposite. So it will be + + + align:start position:0% +down will be the opposite. So it will be +minus mu + + align:start position:0% +minus mu + + + align:start position:0% +minus mu +E. And this is + + align:start position:0% +E. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +E. And this is +our reasonable expectation for the + + align:start position:0% +our reasonable expectation for the + + + align:start position:0% +our reasonable expectation for the +Hamiltonian of this + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian of this + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian of this +particle of this molecule inside an + + align:start position:0% +particle of this molecule inside an + + + align:start position:0% +particle of this molecule inside an +electric + + align:start position:0% +electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric +field. So this is the N + + align:start position:0% +field. So this is the N + + + align:start position:0% +field. So this is the N +H3 in E field. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So again we can wonder what kind of + + align:start position:0% +So again we can wonder what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +So again we can wonder what kind of +thing happens here and the best thing is + + align:start position:0% +thing happens here and the best thing is + + + align:start position:0% +thing happens here and the best thing is +to first say this is e not one minus + + align:start position:0% +to first say this is e not one minus + + + align:start position:0% +to first say this is e not one minus +delta sigma 1 and then you see oh it's + + align:start position:0% +delta sigma 1 and then you see oh it's + + + align:start position:0% +delta sigma 1 and then you see oh it's +mu e sigma + + align:start position:0% +mu e sigma + + + align:start position:0% +mu e sigma +3. So getting to diagonalize this is a + + align:start position:0% +3. So getting to diagonalize this is a + + + align:start position:0% +3. So getting to diagonalize this is a +little more painful than the other one. + + align:start position:0% +little more painful than the other one. + + + align:start position:0% +little more painful than the other one. +And we don't have to do it because we've + + align:start position:0% +And we don't have to do it because we've + + + align:start position:0% +And we don't have to do it because we've +solved the general + + align:start position:0% +solved the general + + + align:start position:0% +solved the general +problem. And the energies this time are + + align:start position:0% +problem. And the energies this time are + + + align:start position:0% +problem. And the energies this time are +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +be E of the excited one and E of the + + align:start position:0% +be E of the excited one and E of the + + + align:start position:0% +be E of the excited one and E of the +lower one. Ground + + align:start position:0% +lower one. Ground + + + align:start position:0% +lower one. Ground +state. It's going to be E 0 plus G. and + + align:start position:0% +state. It's going to be E 0 plus G. and + + + align:start position:0% +state. It's going to be E 0 plus G. and +g was the + + align:start position:0% +g was the + + + align:start position:0% +g was the +magnitude of the vector + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the vector + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the vector +g. So it's the magnitude of the vector g + + align:start position:0% +g. So it's the magnitude of the vector g + + + align:start position:0% +g. So it's the magnitude of the vector g +that now has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components minus delta 0 and mu + + align:start position:0% +components minus delta 0 and mu + + + align:start position:0% +components minus delta 0 and mu +e. So here we get plus square t of + + align:start position:0% +e. So here we get plus square t of + + + align:start position:0% +e. So here we get plus square t of +delta^ 2 + mu e^ + + align:start position:0% +delta^ 2 + mu e^ + + + align:start position:0% +delta^ 2 + mu e^ +2 and here is 0 - square<unk> of delta^ + + align:start position:0% +2 and here is 0 - square<unk> of delta^ + + + align:start position:0% +2 and here is 0 - square<unk> of delta^ +2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 + + + + align:start position:0% +2 + +um yeah plus mu e^ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2. So there we go. We we know how the + + align:start position:0% +2. So there we go. We we know how the + + + align:start position:0% +2. So there we go. We we know how the +energies behave even if we have some + + align:start position:0% +energies behave even if we have some + + + align:start position:0% +energies behave even if we have some +electric field and + + align:start position:0% +electric field and + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and +typically delta is such that and mu is + + align:start position:0% +typically delta is such that and mu is + + + align:start position:0% +typically delta is such that and mu is +such that uh for most electric fields + + align:start position:0% +such that uh for most electric fields + + + align:start position:0% +such that uh for most electric fields +that you ever have in in the lab this is + + align:start position:0% +that you ever have in in the lab this is + + + align:start position:0% +that you ever have in in the lab this is +very small compared to that. the dipole + + align:start position:0% +very small compared to that. the dipole + + + align:start position:0% +very small compared to that. the dipole +moment is sufficiently small that the + + align:start position:0% +moment is sufficiently small that the + + + align:start position:0% +moment is sufficiently small that the +energies that you get from here are pale + + align:start position:0% +energies that you get from here are pale + + + align:start position:0% +energies that you get from here are pale +compared to the difference of energies + + align:start position:0% +compared to the difference of energies + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the difference of energies +over there. So you can approximate this + + align:start position:0% +over there. So you can approximate this + + + align:start position:0% +over there. So you can approximate this +is E not plus + + align:start position:0% +is E not plus + + + align:start position:0% +is E not plus +delta plus 12 mu E² over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delta this is for mu E small and here E + + align:start position:0% +delta this is for mu E small and here E + + + align:start position:0% +delta this is for mu E small and here E +is 0 minus delta - 12 mu E over delta + + align:start position:0% +is 0 minus delta - 12 mu E over delta + + + align:start position:0% +is 0 minus delta - 12 mu E over delta +squared and this is when mue + + align:start position:0% +squared and this is when mue + + + align:start position:0% +squared and this is when mue +UE is much smaller than delta. Now the + + align:start position:0% +UE is much smaller than delta. Now the + + + align:start position:0% +UE is much smaller than delta. Now the +only reason I point this out is because + + align:start position:0% +only reason I point this out is because + + + align:start position:0% +only reason I point this out is because +it does provide a technological + + align:start position:0% +it does provide a technological + + + align:start position:0% +it does provide a technological +opportunity to separate a beam of + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to separate a beam of + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to separate a beam of +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +into excited and ground state levels. + + align:start position:0% +into excited and ground state levels. + + + align:start position:0% +into excited and ground state levels. +Sort of like stern gerlac experiment. + + align:start position:0% +Sort of like stern gerlac experiment. + + + align:start position:0% +Sort of like stern gerlac experiment. +You put now this beam that + + align:start position:0% +You put now this beam that + + + align:start position:0% +You put now this beam that +has this um ammonia molecules and you + + align:start position:0% +has this um ammonia molecules and you + + + align:start position:0% +has this um ammonia molecules and you +put them inside an electric field that + + align:start position:0% +put them inside an electric field that + + + align:start position:0% +put them inside an electric field that +has a + + align:start position:0% +has a + + + align:start position:0% +has a +gradient in a + + align:start position:0% +gradient in a + + + align:start position:0% +gradient in a +gradient. This state is going to try to + + align:start position:0% +gradient. This state is going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +gradient. This state is going to try to +go to minimize its energy. So it's going + + align:start position:0% +go to minimize its energy. So it's going + + + align:start position:0% +go to minimize its energy. So it's going +to go to the regions of the electric + + align:start position:0% +to go to the regions of the electric + + + align:start position:0% +to go to the regions of the electric +field when the electric field is small. + + align:start position:0% +field when the electric field is small. + + + align:start position:0% +field when the electric field is small. +This particle minimizes its energy when + + align:start position:0% +This particle minimizes its energy when + + + align:start position:0% +This particle minimizes its energy when +it goes to the regions of the electric + + align:start position:0% +it goes to the regions of the electric + + + align:start position:0% +it goes to the regions of the electric +field when the electric field is big. So + + align:start position:0% +field when the electric field is big. So + + + align:start position:0% +field when the electric field is big. So +it's like putting it in a stern girl + + align:start position:0% +it's like putting it in a stern girl + + + align:start position:0% +it's like putting it in a stern girl +experiment. You have your beam and you + + align:start position:0% +experiment. You have your beam and you + + + align:start position:0% +experiment. You have your beam and you +separate them. You have your beam and + + align:start position:0% +separate them. You have your beam and + + + align:start position:0% +separate them. You have your beam and +you manage to separate the things that + + align:start position:0% +you manage to separate the things that + + + align:start position:0% +you manage to separate the things that +can be in the excited state and the + + align:start position:0% +can be in the excited state and the + + + align:start position:0% +can be in the excited state and the +things that are in the ground state. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And now what you do is insert this + + align:start position:0% +And now what you do is insert this + + + align:start position:0% +And now what you do is insert this +excited states into a resonant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cavity. Have a little hole + + align:start position:0% +cavity. Have a little hole + + + align:start position:0% +cavity. Have a little hole +here and a little hole here. And + + align:start position:0% +here and a little hole here. And + + + align:start position:0% +here and a little hole here. And +E comes + + align:start position:0% +E comes + + + align:start position:0% +E comes +in and something comes out. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, we're getting now to the design of + + align:start position:0% +So, we're getting now to the design of + + + align:start position:0% +So, we're getting now to the design of +the maser. U the idea that we're trying + + align:start position:0% +the maser. U the idea that we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +the maser. U the idea that we're trying +to to do is that we're going to we try + + align:start position:0% +to to do is that we're going to we try + + + align:start position:0% +to to do is that we're going to we try +to make a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cavity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tuned to + + align:start position:0% +tuned to + + + align:start position:0% +tuned to +23.7 GHz. the frequency associated with + + align:start position:0% +23.7 GHz. the frequency associated with + + + align:start position:0% +23.7 GHz. the frequency associated with +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gap and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we just insert those E over there + + align:start position:0% +uh we just insert those E over there + + + align:start position:0% +uh we just insert those E over there +these excited states over there and hope + + align:start position:0% +these excited states over there and hope + + + align:start position:0% +these excited states over there and hope +that by the time they go + + align:start position:0% +that by the time they go + + + align:start position:0% +that by the time they go +out they become a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G because if they go from E. You see + + align:start position:0% +G because if they go from E. You see + + + align:start position:0% +G because if they go from E. You see +there was an electric field here to + + align:start position:0% +there was an electric field here to + + + align:start position:0% +there was an electric field here to +separate them and then E is over here. + + align:start position:0% +separate them and then E is over here. + + + align:start position:0% +separate them and then E is over here. +This is the excited state. There's no + + align:start position:0% +This is the excited state. There's no + + + align:start position:0% +This is the excited state. There's no +more electric fields over here. It just + + align:start position:0% +more electric fields over here. It just + + + align:start position:0% +more electric fields over here. It just +comes into the cavity as an excited + + align:start position:0% +comes into the cavity as an excited + + + align:start position:0% +comes into the cavity as an excited +state. The excited state has energy E + + align:start position:0% +state. The excited state has energy E + + + align:start position:0% +state. The excited state has energy E +not plus + + align:start position:0% +not plus + + + align:start position:0% +not plus +delta. And then if we if it manages to + + align:start position:0% +delta. And then if we if it manages to + + + align:start position:0% +delta. And then if we if it manages to +go out of the cavity as the ground + + align:start position:0% +go out of the cavity as the ground + + + align:start position:0% +go out of the cavity as the ground +state then it would have energy E not + + align:start position:0% +state then it would have energy E not + + + align:start position:0% +state then it would have energy E not +minus delta. It must have lost energy to + + align:start position:0% +minus delta. It must have lost energy to + + + align:start position:0% +minus delta. It must have lost energy to +delta that can go nicely into the + + align:start position:0% +delta that can go nicely into the + + + align:start position:0% +delta that can go nicely into the +electromagnetic field and become one + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field and become one + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field and become one +photon a one photon state in the cavity + + align:start position:0% +photon a one photon state in the cavity + + + align:start position:0% +photon a one photon state in the cavity +of the right frequency because the + + align:start position:0% +of the right frequency because the + + + align:start position:0% +of the right frequency because the +cavity is tuned to + + align:start position:0% +cavity is tuned to + + + align:start position:0% +cavity is tuned to +that. The only difficulty with this + + align:start position:0% +that. The only difficulty with this + + + align:start position:0% +that. The only difficulty with this +assumption is that + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that +E is an energy state. So energy states + + align:start position:0% +E is an energy state. So energy states + + + align:start position:0% +E is an energy state. So energy states +are lazier stationary states. They don't + + align:start position:0% +are lazier stationary states. They don't + + + align:start position:0% +are lazier stationary states. They don't +like to change. So there's no reason why + + align:start position:0% +like to change. So there's no reason why + + + align:start position:0% +like to change. So there's no reason why +it should go out as G. It's excited + + align:start position:0% +it should go out as G. It's excited + + + align:start position:0% +it should go out as G. It's excited +state. It's perfectly happy to remain + + align:start position:0% +state. It's perfectly happy to remain + + + align:start position:0% +state. It's perfectly happy to remain +excited forever. So what must happen + + align:start position:0% +excited forever. So what must happen + + + align:start position:0% +excited forever. So what must happen +somehow is + + align:start position:0% +somehow is + + + align:start position:0% +somehow is +that there's an electric field here in + + align:start position:0% +that there's an electric field here in + + + align:start position:0% +that there's an electric field here in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cavity and that stimulates this thing to + + align:start position:0% +cavity and that stimulates this thing to + + + align:start position:0% +cavity and that stimulates this thing to +make the transition because once there's + + align:start position:0% +make the transition because once there's + + + align:start position:0% +make the transition because once there's +an electric field the E is not anymore + + align:start position:0% +an electric field the E is not anymore + + + align:start position:0% +an electric field the E is not anymore +an energy + + align:start position:0% +an energy + + + align:start position:0% +an energy +state the E of the original system is + + align:start position:0% +state the E of the original system is + + + align:start position:0% +state the E of the original system is +not anymore an energy state and nor is + + align:start position:0% +not anymore an energy state and nor is + + + align:start position:0% +not anymore an energy state and nor is +this so then it's going to change in + + align:start position:0% +this so then it's going to change in + + + align:start position:0% +this so then it's going to change in +time. So the problem is a delicate one + + align:start position:0% +time. So the problem is a delicate one + + + align:start position:0% +time. So the problem is a delicate one +in which we want to somehow have an + + align:start position:0% +in which we want to somehow have an + + + align:start position:0% +in which we want to somehow have an +electric field + + align:start position:0% +electric field + + + align:start position:0% +electric field +here that is self-consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +here that is self-consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +here that is self-consistent with the +idea that this excited state goes out as + + align:start position:0% +idea that this excited state goes out as + + + align:start position:0% +idea that this excited state goes out as +the ground + + align:start position:0% +the ground + + + align:start position:0% +the ground +state. And that's why it's a microwave + + align:start position:0% +state. And that's why it's a microwave + + + align:start position:0% +state. And that's why it's a microwave +amplification by stimulated emission of + + align:start position:0% +amplification by stimulated emission of + + + align:start position:0% +amplification by stimulated emission of +radiation because you're going to + + align:start position:0% +radiation because you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +radiation because you're going to +amplify a signal here. It's a microwave. + + align:start position:0% +amplify a signal here. It's a microwave. + + + align:start position:0% +amplify a signal here. It's a microwave. +1 cm wavelength. That's a microwave. And + + align:start position:0% +1 cm wavelength. That's a microwave. And + + + align:start position:0% +1 cm wavelength. That's a microwave. And +the stimulation is the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +the stimulation is the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +the stimulation is the fact that this +wouldn't do it unless there's an + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't do it unless there's an + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't do it unless there's an +electric field + + align:start position:0% +electric field + + + align:start position:0% +electric field +already. So you could say, well, so how + + align:start position:0% +already. So you could say, well, so how + + + align:start position:0% +already. So you could say, well, so how +does it get started? There's no electric + + align:start position:0% +does it get started? There's no electric + + + align:start position:0% +does it get started? There's no electric +field to begin with. + + align:start position:0% +field to begin with. + + + align:start position:0% +field to begin with. +Well, you know quantum mechanics and you + + align:start position:0% +Well, you know quantum mechanics and you + + + align:start position:0% +Well, you know quantum mechanics and you +know that in general there are little + + align:start position:0% +know that in general there are little + + + align:start position:0% +know that in general there are little +fluctuations and + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and +there's energies small photons one or + + align:start position:0% +there's energies small photons one or + + + align:start position:0% +there's energies small photons one or +two photon that suddenly appear because + + align:start position:0% +two photon that suddenly appear because + + + align:start position:0% +two photon that suddenly appear because +of anything any motion of charges in + + align:start position:0% +of anything any motion of charges in + + + align:start position:0% +of anything any motion of charges in +here produces an electromagnetic wave. + + align:start position:0% +here produces an electromagnetic wave. + + + align:start position:0% +here produces an electromagnetic wave. +So at the beginning, yes, there's no + + align:start position:0% +So at the beginning, yes, there's no + + + align:start position:0% +So at the beginning, yes, there's no +many photons here, but somehow by res + + align:start position:0% +many photons here, but somehow by res + + + align:start position:0% +many photons here, but somehow by res +having it resonate at that frequency, + + align:start position:0% +having it resonate at that frequency, + + + align:start position:0% +having it resonate at that frequency, +it's very easy to get those photons. And + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy to get those photons. And + + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy to get those photons. And +a few appear and a few molecules start + + align:start position:0% +a few appear and a few molecules start + + + align:start position:0% +a few appear and a few molecules start +to turn in and very soon this is full + + align:start position:0% +to turn in and very soon this is full + + + align:start position:0% +to turn in and very soon this is full +with energy in which there's a + + align:start position:0% +with energy in which there's a + + + align:start position:0% +with energy in which there's a +consistent configuration of some + + align:start position:0% +consistent configuration of some + + + align:start position:0% +consistent configuration of some +electric field oscillating and producing + + align:start position:0% +electric field oscillating and producing + + + align:start position:0% +electric field oscillating and producing +precisely the right transitions here. + + align:start position:0% +precisely the right transitions here. + + + align:start position:0% +precisely the right transitions here. +So I want to use the next 15 minutes to + + align:start position:0% +So I want to use the next 15 minutes to + + + align:start position:0% +So I want to use the next 15 minutes to +describe that math. Um how do we do + + align:start position:0% +describe that math. Um how do we do + + + align:start position:0% +describe that math. Um how do we do +this? Um because it just shows really + + align:start position:0% +this? Um because it just shows really + + + align:start position:0% +this? Um because it just shows really +the the sort of hard part of the + + align:start position:0% +the the sort of hard part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the sort of hard part of the +problem. Uh how do you get consistently + + align:start position:0% +problem. Uh how do you get consistently + + + align:start position:0% +problem. Uh how do you get consistently +a field and and the radiation going on? + + align:start position:0% +a field and and the radiation going on? + + + align:start position:0% +a field and and the radiation going on? +So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you know maybe I should call this E + + align:start position:0% +um you know maybe I should call this E + + + align:start position:0% +um you know maybe I should call this E +prime and G prime. They shouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +prime and G prime. They shouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +prime and G prime. They shouldn't be +confused. E and G are these states that + + align:start position:0% +confused. E and G are these states that + + + align:start position:0% +confused. E and G are these states that +we had before and E prime and G prime we + + align:start position:0% +we had before and E prime and G prime we + + + align:start position:0% +we had before and E prime and G prime we +never wrote those states but uh they are + + align:start position:0% +never wrote those states but uh they are + + + align:start position:0% +never wrote those states but uh they are +deformed states due to an electric + + align:start position:0% +deformed states due to an electric + + + align:start position:0% +deformed states due to an electric +field. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +field. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +field. Okay. +So what do we have to do? Well here is E + + align:start position:0% +So what do we have to do? Well here is E + + + align:start position:0% +So what do we have to do? Well here is E +and G and we had a + + align:start position:0% +and G and we had a + + + align:start position:0% +and G and we had a +Hamiltonian. They're going to be an + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. They're going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. They're going to be an +electric field here. So this Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +electric field here. So this Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +electric field here. So this Hamiltonian +is the relevant + + align:start position:0% +is the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +is the relevant +one. The only problem with this + + align:start position:0% +one. The only problem with this + + + align:start position:0% +one. The only problem with this +Hamiltonian is that this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian is that this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian is that this is going to be +a timed dependent field. Something that + + align:start position:0% +a timed dependent field. Something that + + + align:start position:0% +a timed dependent field. Something that +we're a little scared of. Hamiltonians + + align:start position:0% +we're a little scared of. Hamiltonians + + + align:start position:0% +we're a little scared of. Hamiltonians +with time dependence for good reason + + align:start position:0% +with time dependence for good reason + + + align:start position:0% +with time dependence for good reason +because they're hard. So but anyway, + + align:start position:0% +because they're hard. So but anyway, + + + align:start position:0% +because they're hard. So but anyway, +let's try to see. Today is all about + + align:start position:0% +let's try to see. Today is all about + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to see. Today is all about +Hamiltonians with time dependence. So + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonians with time dependence. So + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonians with time dependence. So +there's going to be a time dependent. + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a time dependent. + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be a time dependent. +That's going to be the wave here. So + + align:start position:0% +That's going to be the wave here. So + + + align:start position:0% +That's going to be the wave here. So +that's the relevant Hamiltonian, but + + align:start position:0% +that's the relevant Hamiltonian, but + + + align:start position:0% +that's the relevant Hamiltonian, but +it's the Hamiltonian in the one two + + align:start position:0% +it's the Hamiltonian in the one two + + + align:start position:0% +it's the Hamiltonian in the one two +bases in the up nitrogen down nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +bases in the up nitrogen down nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +bases in the up nitrogen down nitrogen +basis. I want that Hamiltonian in the EG + + align:start position:0% +basis. I want that Hamiltonian in the EG + + + align:start position:0% +basis. I want that Hamiltonian in the EG +basis. It's better. It's more useful. So + + align:start position:0% +basis. It's better. It's more useful. So + + + align:start position:0% +basis. It's better. It's more useful. So +um let's try to see how that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looks. Hamiltonian in the EG basis. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H prime in + + align:start position:0% +H prime in + + + align:start position:0% +H prime in +E equ= + + align:start position:0% +E equ= + + + align:start position:0% +E equ= +1 G equ= + + align:start position:0% +1 G equ= + + + align:start position:0% +1 G equ= +2 primes maybe put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bases. So + + align:start position:0% +bases. So + + + align:start position:0% +bases. So +of here is the Hamiltonian in this + + align:start position:0% +of here is the Hamiltonian in this + + + align:start position:0% +of here is the Hamiltonian in this +basis in the one two basis I have to + + align:start position:0% +basis in the one two basis I have to + + + align:start position:0% +basis in the one two basis I have to +pass to the other basis the eg + + align:start position:0% +pass to the other basis the eg + + + align:start position:0% +pass to the other basis the eg +basis. So it's not complicated. Uh it + + align:start position:0% +basis. So it's not complicated. Uh it + + + align:start position:0% +basis. So it's not complicated. Uh it +takes a little work but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +takes a little work but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +takes a little work but it's it's +nothing + + align:start position:0% +nothing + + + align:start position:0% +nothing +um all that difficult. For example, in + + align:start position:0% +um all that difficult. For example, in + + + align:start position:0% +um all that difficult. For example, in +the one prime H one + + align:start position:0% +the one prime H one + + + align:start position:0% +the one prime H one +prime which would be the one one element + + align:start position:0% +prime which would be the one one element + + + align:start position:0% +prime which would be the one one element +of this + + align:start position:0% +of this + + + align:start position:0% +of this +matrix. I'm supposed to put here one + + align:start position:0% +matrix. I'm supposed to put here one + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. I'm supposed to put here one +prime is + + align:start position:0% +prime is + + + align:start position:0% +prime is +e h + + align:start position:0% +e h + + + align:start position:0% +e h +e. And now I'm supposed to say okay what + + align:start position:0% +e. And now I'm supposed to say okay what + + + align:start position:0% +e. And now I'm supposed to say okay what +is this? Well, E is 1 /<unk> 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, E was 1 /<unk> of 2. 1 - + + align:start position:0% +Um, E was 1 /<unk> of 2. 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +Um, E was 1 /<unk> of 2. 1 - +1. H is the original H. So, it's + + align:start position:0% +1. H is the original H. So, it's + + + align:start position:0% +1. H is the original H. So, it's +EN plus + + align:start position:0% +EN plus + + + align:start position:0% +EN plus +mu E minus delta minus delta EN minus + + align:start position:0% +mu E minus delta minus delta EN minus + + + align:start position:0% +mu E minus delta minus delta EN minus +mue. + + align:start position:0% +mue. + + + align:start position:0% +mue. +and e + + align:start position:0% +and e + + + align:start position:0% +and e +is one + + align:start position:0% +is one + + + align:start position:0% +is one +one minus one again and there's al also + + align:start position:0% +one minus one again and there's al also + + + align:start position:0% +one minus one again and there's al also +square root of two so at the end this is + + align:start position:0% +square root of two so at the end this is + + + align:start position:0% +square root of two so at the end this is +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +1/2 so this is the kind of thing you + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so this is the kind of thing you + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so this is the kind of thing you +have to do to pass to these bases u I + + align:start position:0% +have to do to pass to these bases u I + + + align:start position:0% +have to do to pass to these bases u I +think I do I'll do that in the notes and + + align:start position:0% +think I do I'll do that in the notes and + + + align:start position:0% +think I do I'll do that in the notes and +uh this calculation is simple in this + + align:start position:0% +uh this calculation is simple in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh this calculation is simple in this +case it gives e not plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delta And uh you know in retrospect that + + align:start position:0% +delta And uh you know in retrospect that + + + align:start position:0% +delta And uh you know in retrospect that +sort of uh is pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasonable this is e not plus delta and + + align:start position:0% +reasonable this is e not plus delta and + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable this is e not plus delta and +this is e not minus + + align:start position:0% +this is e not minus + + + align:start position:0% +this is e not minus +delta and if you didn't have an electric + + align:start position:0% +delta and if you didn't have an electric + + + align:start position:0% +delta and if you didn't have an electric +field indeed in this basis the first + + align:start position:0% +field indeed in this basis the first + + + align:start position:0% +field indeed in this basis the first +state is the excited state and has this + + align:start position:0% +state is the excited state and has this + + + align:start position:0% +state is the excited state and has this +energy the second state is the ground + + align:start position:0% +energy the second state is the ground + + + align:start position:0% +energy the second state is the ground +state and has this energy and that makes + + align:start position:0% +state and has this energy and that makes + + + align:start position:0% +state and has this energy and that makes +sense if there's no mue E. Well, the + + align:start position:0% +sense if there's no mue E. Well, the + + + align:start position:0% +sense if there's no mue E. Well, the +muee still shows up and it shows + + align:start position:0% +muee still shows up and it shows + + + align:start position:0% +muee still shows up and it shows +up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here. So that is the new Hamiltonian in + + align:start position:0% +here. So that is the new Hamiltonian in + + + align:start position:0% +here. So that is the new Hamiltonian in +this basis and the general state in this + + align:start position:0% +this basis and the general state in this + + + align:start position:0% +this basis and the general state in this +basis is the amplitude to be + + align:start position:0% +basis is the amplitude to be + + + align:start position:0% +basis is the amplitude to be +excited and the amplitude to be in the + + align:start position:0% +excited and the amplitude to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +excited and the amplitude to be in the +ground state. This is the + + align:start position:0% +ground state. This is the + + + align:start position:0% +ground state. This is the +general pi of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t. So you're shreddinger equation in + + align:start position:0% +t. So you're shreddinger equation in + + + align:start position:0% +t. So you're shreddinger equation in +this new basis in not new basis in the + + align:start position:0% +this new basis in not new basis in the + + + align:start position:0% +this new basis in not new basis in the +eg basis. + + align:start position:0% +eg basis. + + + align:start position:0% +eg basis. +You see + + align:start position:0% +You see + + + align:start position:0% +You see +it's eg basis is a basis of energy + + align:start position:0% +it's eg basis is a basis of energy + + + align:start position:0% +it's eg basis is a basis of energy +states if you don't have electric field + + align:start position:0% +states if you don't have electric field + + + align:start position:0% +states if you don't have electric field +but once you have electric field uh it's + + align:start position:0% +but once you have electric field uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +but once you have electric field uh it's +not anymore energy states and much worse + + align:start position:0% +not anymore energy states and much worse + + + align:start position:0% +not anymore energy states and much worse +if you have a time dependent electric + + align:start position:0% +if you have a time dependent electric + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a time dependent electric +field. So + + align:start position:0% +field. So + + + align:start position:0% +field. So +um so the shreddinger equation is I h + + align:start position:0% +um so the shreddinger equation is I h + + + align:start position:0% +um so the shreddinger equation is I h +bar + + align:start position:0% +bar + + + align:start position:0% +bar +ddt of c e + + align:start position:0% +ddt of c e + + + align:start position:0% +ddt of c e +cg is equal to this new matrix. Uh and + + align:start position:0% +cg is equal to this new matrix. Uh and + + + align:start position:0% +cg is equal to this new matrix. Uh and +now e not is totally irrelevant for + + align:start position:0% +now e not is totally irrelevant for + + + align:start position:0% +now e not is totally irrelevant for +everything. It's a constant times the + + align:start position:0% +everything. It's a constant times the + + + align:start position:0% +everything. It's a constant times the +unit matrix. Let's put e not to zero. + + align:start position:0% +unit matrix. Let's put e not to zero. + + + align:start position:0% +unit matrix. Let's put e not to zero. +There's no need to keep it. E not equals + + align:start position:0% +There's no need to keep it. E not equals + + + align:start position:0% +There's no need to keep it. E not equals +zero. So we have + + align:start position:0% +zero. So we have + + + align:start position:0% +zero. So we have +delta mu e mu + + align:start position:0% +delta mu e mu + + + align:start position:0% +delta mu e mu +e minus + + align:start position:0% +e minus + + + align:start position:0% +e minus +delta time c e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cg i ddt of pi h pi sharing our + + align:start position:0% +cg i ddt of pi h pi sharing our + + + align:start position:0% +cg i ddt of pi h pi sharing our +equation. Now the real difficulty that + + align:start position:0% +equation. Now the real difficulty that + + + align:start position:0% +equation. Now the real difficulty that +we have is that e is a function of time. + + align:start position:0% +we have is that e is a function of time. + + + align:start position:0% +we have is that e is a function of time. +So this is not all that um trivial. So + + align:start position:0% +So this is not all that um trivial. So + + + align:start position:0% +So this is not all that um trivial. So +what you do to solve this is a + + align:start position:0% +what you do to solve this is a + + + align:start position:0% +what you do to solve this is a +simplified equation by saying what would + + align:start position:0% +simplified equation by saying what would + + + align:start position:0% +simplified equation by saying what would +the solution be if you didn't have a + + align:start position:0% +the solution be if you didn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +the solution be if you didn't have a +function of time then you would have uh + + align:start position:0% +function of time then you would have uh + + + align:start position:0% +function of time then you would have uh +if you didn't have + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't have +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +cg of + + align:start position:0% +cg of + + + align:start position:0% +cg of +time would + + align:start position:0% +time would + + + align:start position:0% +time would +be e to the minus i h t. So this would + + align:start position:0% +be e to the minus i h t. So this would + + + align:start position:0% +be e to the minus i h t. So this would +be I deltat T. The energy of this if + + align:start position:0% +be I deltat T. The energy of this if + + + align:start position:0% +be I deltat T. The energy of this if +there's no electric field the + + align:start position:0% +there's no electric field the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no electric field the +Hamiltonian will be delta minus delta. + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian will be delta minus delta. + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian will be delta minus delta. +So here you have minus I H T over H bar. + + align:start position:0% +So here you have minus I H T over H bar. + + + align:start position:0% +So here you have minus I H T over H bar. +And for the lower state you would have E + + align:start position:0% +And for the lower state you would have E + + + align:start position:0% +And for the lower state you would have E +to the plus I deltat T over H bar as + + align:start position:0% +to the plus I deltat T over H bar as + + + align:start position:0% +to the plus I deltat T over H bar as +solutions. If you didn't have + + align:start position:0% +solutions. If you didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +solutions. If you didn't have +this, these would be the solutions. But + + align:start position:0% +this, these would be the solutions. But + + + align:start position:0% +this, these would be the solutions. But +we want now better. So what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +we want now better. So what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +we want now better. So what we're gonna +say is well that's the solution if I + + align:start position:0% +say is well that's the solution if I + + + align:start position:0% +say is well that's the solution if I +neglect this. So this cannot be the real + + align:start position:0% +neglect this. So this cannot be the real + + + align:start position:0% +neglect this. So this cannot be the real +solution. So I'll put here a beta sub e + + align:start position:0% +solution. So I'll put here a beta sub e + + + align:start position:0% +solution. So I'll put here a beta sub e +of t and a beta subg of + + align:start position:0% +of t and a beta subg of + + + align:start position:0% +of t and a beta subg of +t. And sure if no electric field betas + + align:start position:0% +t. And sure if no electric field betas + + + align:start position:0% +t. And sure if no electric field betas +are one. They're not necessary. But if + + align:start position:0% +are one. They're not necessary. But if + + + align:start position:0% +are one. They're not necessary. But if +there is an electric field, the betas + + align:start position:0% +there is an electric field, the betas + + + align:start position:0% +there is an electric field, the betas +are going to be complicated. So we need + + align:start position:0% +are going to be complicated. So we need + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be complicated. So we need +them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there. So this is like an answer. Now + + align:start position:0% +there. So this is like an answer. Now + + + align:start position:0% +there. So this is like an answer. Now +you can plug this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back and calculate what you get. And it + + align:start position:0% +back and calculate what you get. And it + + + align:start position:0% +back and calculate what you get. And it +should not be too surprising that you're + + align:start position:0% +should not be too surprising that you're + + + align:start position:0% +should not be too surprising that you're +going to get in here um something in + + align:start position:0% +going to get in here um something in + + + align:start position:0% +going to get in here um something in +which these deltas are going to + + align:start position:0% +which these deltas are going to + + + align:start position:0% +which these deltas are going to +disappear because this thing takes care + + align:start position:0% +disappear because this thing takes care + + + align:start position:0% +disappear because this thing takes care +of that. So there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +of that. So there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +of that. So there's a little bit of +algebra here maybe two three lines of + + align:start position:0% +algebra here maybe two three lines of + + + align:start position:0% +algebra here maybe two three lines of +algebra and let me give you what you + + align:start position:0% +algebra and let me give you what you + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and let me give you what you +get. I har + + align:start position:0% +get. I har + + + align:start position:0% +get. I har +ddt of beta e beta g. Now the equation + + align:start position:0% +ddt of beta e beta g. Now the equation + + + align:start position:0% +ddt of beta e beta g. Now the equation +is really for this + + align:start position:0% +is really for this + + + align:start position:0% +is really for this +quantities and it's + + align:start position:0% +quantities and it's + + + align:start position:0% +quantities and it's +zero e to the i omega 0 t * mu + + align:start position:0% +zero e to the i omega 0 t * mu + + + align:start position:0% +zero e to the i omega 0 t * mu +e to the - i omega 0 t * mu e + + align:start position:0% +e to the - i omega 0 t * mu e + + + align:start position:0% +e to the - i omega 0 t * mu e +0 beta + + align:start position:0% +0 beta + + + align:start position:0% +0 beta +e beta g where omega 0 is the lmer + + align:start position:0% +e beta g where omega 0 is the lmer + + + align:start position:0% +e beta g where omega 0 is the lmer +frequency or 2 delta over h + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar. + + align:start position:0% +bar. + + + align:start position:0% +bar. +So some calculation involved but I hope + + align:start position:0% +So some calculation involved but I hope + + + align:start position:0% +So some calculation involved but I hope +you don't lose track of the physics + + align:start position:0% +you don't lose track of the physics + + + align:start position:0% +you don't lose track of the physics +here. The physics is that the amplitude + + align:start position:0% +here. The physics is that the amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +here. The physics is that the amplitude +to be in E and the amplitudes to be in G + + align:start position:0% +to be in E and the amplitudes to be in G + + + align:start position:0% +to be in E and the amplitudes to be in G +have now + + align:start position:0% +have now + + + align:start position:0% +have now +been replaced by beta and beta G which + + align:start position:0% +been replaced by beta and beta G which + + + align:start position:0% +been replaced by beta and beta G which +are expected to be simpler things to + + align:start position:0% +are expected to be simpler things to + + + align:start position:0% +are expected to be simpler things to +calculate. And in fact since the + + align:start position:0% +calculate. And in fact since the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate. And in fact since the +probability to be in E is the norm of + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in E is the norm of + + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in E is the norm of +this thing + + align:start position:0% +this thing + + + align:start position:0% +this thing +squared beta is as good as C to know how + + align:start position:0% +squared beta is as good as C to know how + + + align:start position:0% +squared beta is as good as C to know how +likely is the particle to be in E or how + + align:start position:0% +likely is the particle to be in E or how + + + align:start position:0% +likely is the particle to be in E or how +likely is the particle to be in the + + align:start position:0% +likely is the particle to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +likely is the particle to be in the +ground state you can use beta because + + align:start position:0% +ground state you can use beta because + + + align:start position:0% +ground state you can use beta because +they differ by a phase. So betas have + + align:start position:0% +they differ by a phase. So betas have + + + align:start position:0% +they differ by a phase. So betas have +still the physical significance of the + + align:start position:0% +still the physical significance of the + + + align:start position:0% +still the physical significance of the +amplitude to being E or G. And we're + + align:start position:0% +amplitude to being E or G. And we're + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude to being E or G. And we're +still having an electric field that is + + align:start position:0% +still having an electric field that is + + + align:start position:0% +still having an electric field that is +time dependent here. So it's time to put + + align:start position:0% +time dependent here. So it's time to put + + + align:start position:0% +time dependent here. So it's time to put +the time + + align:start position:0% +the time + + + align:start position:0% +the time +dependent. + + align:start position:0% +dependent. + + + align:start position:0% +dependent. +Um and + + align:start position:0% +Um and + + + align:start position:0% +Um and +uh what are we going to do? + + align:start position:0% +uh what are we going to do? + + + align:start position:0% +uh what are we going to do? +Well, we're going to find a sort of + + align:start position:0% +Well, we're going to find a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Well, we're going to find a sort of +self-consistent operation of this + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent operation of this + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent operation of this +device in + + align:start position:0% +device in + + + align:start position:0% +device in +which we'll have an electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +which we'll have an electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll have an electromagnetic +field + + align:start position:0% +field + + + align:start position:0% +field +E I'm sorry E of + + align:start position:0% +E I'm sorry E of + + + align:start position:0% +E I'm sorry E of +T will be two E letter E that now it's + + align:start position:0% +T will be two E letter E that now it's + + + align:start position:0% +T will be two E letter E that now it's +going to be a constant with an E0 cosine + + align:start position:0% +going to be a constant with an E0 cosine + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a constant with an E0 cosine +omega 0t again the alarm frequency or + + align:start position:0% +omega 0t again the alarm frequency or + + + align:start position:0% +omega 0t again the alarm frequency or +the photon frequency + + align:start position:0% +the photon frequency + + + align:start position:0% +the photon frequency +that is emitted by the possible + + align:start position:0% +that is emitted by the possible + + + align:start position:0% +that is emitted by the possible +transition. So we will consider the case + + align:start position:0% +transition. So we will consider the case + + + align:start position:0% +transition. So we will consider the case +when the cavity has already that + + align:start position:0% +when the cavity has already that + + + align:start position:0% +when the cavity has already that +electric field that is going precisely + + align:start position:0% +electric field that is going precisely + + + align:start position:0% +electric field that is going precisely +at the right + + align:start position:0% +at the right + + + align:start position:0% +at the right +um speed to do things well. So this ET + + align:start position:0% +um speed to do things well. So this ET + + + align:start position:0% +um speed to do things well. So this ET +with the two conveniently put here is + + align:start position:0% +with the two conveniently put here is + + + align:start position:0% +with the two conveniently put here is +equal to E not E to the I omega T plus E + + align:start position:0% +equal to E not E to the I omega T plus E + + + align:start position:0% +equal to E not E to the I omega T plus E +to the - I omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T. So when you multiply these things + + align:start position:0% +T. So when you multiply these things + + + align:start position:0% +T. So when you multiply these things +what do you get? + + align:start position:0% +what do you get? + + + align:start position:0% +what do you get? +Um let me do one of them for you to see. + + align:start position:0% +Um let me do one of them for you to see. + + + align:start position:0% +Um let me do one of them for you to see. +You get this I + + align:start position:0% +You get this I + + + align:start position:0% +You get this I +The top one h I'm going to put to the + + align:start position:0% +The top one h I'm going to put to the + + + align:start position:0% +The top one h I'm going to put to the +other side. Beta E is going to be beta E + + align:start position:0% +other side. Beta E is going to be beta E + + + align:start position:0% +other side. Beta E is going to be beta E +dot is going to coupled with this to + + align:start position:0% +dot is going to coupled with this to + + + align:start position:0% +dot is going to coupled with this to +beta + + align:start position:0% +beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta +G. So that thing is going to be this + + align:start position:0% +G. So that thing is going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +G. So that thing is going to be this +electric field times mu. So mu e kn the + + align:start position:0% +electric field times mu. So mu e kn the + + + align:start position:0% +electric field times mu. So mu e kn the +h bar from the left hand side and you + + align:start position:0% +h bar from the left hand side and you + + + align:start position:0% +h bar from the left hand side and you +have e to the i omega t multiplying + + align:start position:0% +have e to the i omega t multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +have e to the i omega t multiplying +this. So it's 1 + e to the 2 i omega t + + align:start position:0% +this. So it's 1 + e to the 2 i omega t + + + align:start position:0% +this. So it's 1 + e to the 2 i omega t +time beta + + align:start position:0% +time beta + + + align:start position:0% +time beta +g. So that's the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation. Not all that easy for sure. + + align:start position:0% +equation. Not all that easy for sure. + + + align:start position:0% +equation. Not all that easy for sure. +Um second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation I beta G dot is equal to mu EN + + align:start position:0% +equation I beta G dot is equal to mu EN + + + align:start position:0% +equation I beta G dot is equal to mu EN +over H + + align:start position:0% +over H + + + align:start position:0% +over H +bar 1 + E to the - 2 I + + align:start position:0% +bar 1 + E to the - 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +bar 1 + E to the - 2 I +omega + + align:start position:0% +omega + + + align:start position:0% +omega +T beta E of T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And now you have to think maybe a little + + align:start position:0% +And now you have to think maybe a little + + + align:start position:0% +And now you have to think maybe a little +like engineers or physicists, I don't + + align:start position:0% +like engineers or physicists, I don't + + + align:start position:0% +like engineers or physicists, I don't +know, or + + align:start position:0% +know, or + + + align:start position:0% +know, or +mathematicians, whatever you + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians, whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians, whatever you +prefer. But you want to convince + + align:start position:0% +prefer. But you want to convince + + + align:start position:0% +prefer. But you want to convince +yourself that what you want to do is + + align:start position:0% +yourself that what you want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +yourself that what you want to do is +true. And what do you want to do? I like + + align:start position:0% +true. And what do you want to do? I like + + + align:start position:0% +true. And what do you want to do? I like +to forget about these terms. Basically, + + align:start position:0% +to forget about these terms. Basically, + + + align:start position:0% +to forget about these terms. Basically, +that's that's what we want to do. + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what we want to do. + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what we want to do. +Why would that be true? Um, well, here + + align:start position:0% +Why would that be true? Um, well, here + + + align:start position:0% +Why would that be true? Um, well, here +is the reason why it's true. This is a + + align:start position:0% +is the reason why it's true. This is a + + + align:start position:0% +is the reason why it's true. This is a +number that sort of goes between one and + + align:start position:0% +number that sort of goes between one and + + + align:start position:0% +number that sort of goes between one and +minus one with some face. Mu not however + + align:start position:0% +minus one with some face. Mu not however + + + align:start position:0% +minus one with some face. Mu not however +over h bar is a very small number. Mui + + align:start position:0% +over h bar is a very small number. Mui + + + align:start position:0% +over h bar is a very small number. Mui +kn we're thinking of we're saying + + align:start position:0% +kn we're thinking of we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +kn we're thinking of we're saying +compared to the natural scales of the + + align:start position:0% +compared to the natural scales of the + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the natural scales of the +problem um this energy mui + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kn is much smaller than + + align:start position:0% +kn is much smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +kn is much smaller than +delta and + + align:start position:0% +delta and + + + align:start position:0% +delta and +delta is the thing that is related to + + align:start position:0% +delta is the thing that is related to + + + align:start position:0% +delta is the thing that is related to +omega kn in which h bar omega kn um is + + align:start position:0% +omega kn in which h bar omega kn um is + + + align:start position:0% +omega kn in which h bar omega kn um is +equal to 2 delta. So + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 delta. So + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 delta. So +essentially mu e not is very very slow. + + align:start position:0% +essentially mu e not is very very slow. + + + align:start position:0% +essentially mu e not is very very slow. +It's an energy which is very very slow + + align:start position:0% +It's an energy which is very very slow + + + align:start position:0% +It's an energy which is very very slow +compared to h omega kn. Now being very + + align:start position:0% +compared to h omega kn. Now being very + + + align:start position:0% +compared to h omega kn. Now being very +small whatever this + + align:start position:0% +small whatever this + + + align:start position:0% +small whatever this +is this time derivative is going to be + + align:start position:0% +is this time derivative is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is this time derivative is going to be +very small. So beta E and beta G are + + align:start position:0% +very small. So beta E and beta G are + + + align:start position:0% +very small. So beta E and beta G are +going to be very small time derivatives + + align:start position:0% +going to be very small time derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +going to be very small time derivatives +going to move + + align:start position:0% +going to move + + + align:start position:0% +going to move +slowly. If they move + + align:start position:0% +slowly. If they move + + + align:start position:0% +slowly. If they move +slowly over the time that this + + align:start position:0% +slowly over the time that this + + + align:start position:0% +slowly over the time that this +oscillates this hasn't changed a lot and + + align:start position:0% +oscillates this hasn't changed a lot and + + + align:start position:0% +oscillates this hasn't changed a lot and +therefore the average of this function + + align:start position:0% +therefore the average of this function + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the average of this function +over that time is zero and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +over that time is zero and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +over that time is zero and it doesn't +contribute to the differential equation. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's actually a good argument even if + + align:start position:0% +It's actually a good argument even if + + + align:start position:0% +It's actually a good argument even if +you don't believe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it. Um, you can try to convince yourself + + align:start position:0% +it. Um, you can try to convince yourself + + + align:start position:0% +it. Um, you can try to convince yourself +or maybe I'll try better in some way or + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I'll try better in some way or + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I'll try better in some way or +something. But, uh, it is right. I've + + align:start position:0% +something. But, uh, it is right. I've + + + align:start position:0% +something. But, uh, it is right. I've +tried it actually out with computers and + + align:start position:0% +tried it actually out with computers and + + + align:start position:0% +tried it actually out with computers and +with Mathematica and things like that. + + align:start position:0% +with Mathematica and things like that. + + + align:start position:0% +with Mathematica and things like that. +And it's it's really absolutely true + + align:start position:0% +And it's it's really absolutely true + + + align:start position:0% +And it's it's really absolutely true +that if you think of differential + + align:start position:0% +that if you think of differential + + + align:start position:0% +that if you think of differential +equations as integrals that you + + align:start position:0% +equations as integrals that you + + + align:start position:0% +equations as integrals that you +integrate what is in the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +integrate what is in the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +integrate what is in the right hand side +you can see that if this really the time + + align:start position:0% +you can see that if this really the time + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that if this really the time +derivative is controlled by this that + + align:start position:0% +derivative is controlled by this that + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is controlled by this that +corresponds to a frequency much smaller + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a frequency much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a frequency much smaller +than omega KN these ones don't matter. + + align:start position:0% +than omega KN these ones don't matter. + + + align:start position:0% +than omega KN these ones don't matter. +So it's still interesting and uh still + + align:start position:0% +So it's still interesting and uh still + + + align:start position:0% +So it's still interesting and uh still +you know it's not trivial but + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not trivial but + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not trivial but +um this is a case where we end up + + align:start position:0% +um this is a case where we end up + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a case where we end up +uh ignoring part of the thing. So what + + align:start position:0% +uh ignoring part of the thing. So what + + + align:start position:0% +uh ignoring part of the thing. So what +do we get then? I bet E dot is equal mu + + align:start position:0% +do we get then? I bet E dot is equal mu + + + align:start position:0% +do we get then? I bet E dot is equal mu +E not over H + + align:start position:0% +E not over H + + + align:start position:0% +E not over H +bar beta + + align:start position:0% +bar beta + + + align:start position:0% +bar beta +G. And uh the second equation I bet G do + + align:start position:0% +G. And uh the second equation I bet G do + + + align:start position:0% +G. And uh the second equation I bet G do +dot equal mu E not + + align:start position:0% +dot equal mu E not + + + align:start position:0% +dot equal mu E not +kn over H bar beta E. + + align:start position:0% +kn over H bar beta E. + + + align:start position:0% +kn over H bar beta E. +Therefore, if you multiply by another I + + align:start position:0% +Therefore, if you multiply by another I + + + align:start position:0% +Therefore, if you multiply by another I +here and differentiate I I beta double + + align:start position:0% +here and differentiate I I beta double + + + align:start position:0% +here and differentiate I I beta double +dot of E is equal mu EN over H bar the I + + align:start position:0% +dot of E is equal mu EN over H bar the I + + + align:start position:0% +dot of E is equal mu EN over H bar the I +extra that we borrowed the dot here. You + + align:start position:0% +extra that we borrowed the dot here. You + + + align:start position:0% +extra that we borrowed the dot here. You +can use the second + + align:start position:0% +can use the second + + + align:start position:0% +can use the second +equation. So you + + align:start position:0% +equation. So you + + + align:start position:0% +equation. So you +get mu e kn over h bar squared um beta + + align:start position:0% +get mu e kn over h bar squared um beta + + + align:start position:0% +get mu e kn over h bar squared um beta +e. Therefore beta e double dot is equal + + align:start position:0% +e. Therefore beta e double dot is equal + + + align:start position:0% +e. Therefore beta e double dot is equal +to minus mu e kn over h + + align:start position:0% +to minus mu e kn over h + + + align:start position:0% +to minus mu e kn over h +bar beta e. And you see you are + + align:start position:0% +bar beta e. And you see you are + + + align:start position:0% +bar beta e. And you see you are +rotating with a frequency. + + align:start position:0% +rotating with a frequency. + + + align:start position:0% +rotating with a frequency. +um put the h bar here and the h bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here with a frequency that is much + + align:start position:0% +here with a frequency that is much + + + align:start position:0% +here with a frequency that is much +smaller than omega kn. So this as a + + align:start position:0% +smaller than omega kn. So this as a + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than omega kn. So this as a +frequency is this is like omega + + align:start position:0% +frequency is this is like omega + + + align:start position:0% +frequency is this is like omega +kn. So indeed the rate of change of this + + align:start position:0% +kn. So indeed the rate of change of this + + + align:start position:0% +kn. So indeed the rate of change of this +thing goes with a frequency is much + + align:start position:0% +thing goes with a frequency is much + + + align:start position:0% +thing goes with a frequency is much +smaller and it's it's all right + + align:start position:0% +smaller and it's it's all right + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and it's it's all right +actually. So we've had that and then we + + align:start position:0% +actually. So we've had that and then we + + + align:start position:0% +actually. So we've had that and then we +can write the solution + + align:start position:0% +can write the solution + + + align:start position:0% +can write the solution +finally. So what is it? uh beta + + align:start position:0% +finally. So what is it? uh beta + + + align:start position:0% +finally. So what is it? uh beta +e of t is + + align:start position:0% +e of t is + + + align:start position:0% +e of t is +cosine mu e t over h + + align:start position:0% +cosine mu e t over h + + + align:start position:0% +cosine mu e t over h +bar and uh the probability to be in the + + align:start position:0% +bar and uh the probability to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +bar and uh the probability to be in the +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state is the square of that amplitude. + + align:start position:0% +state is the square of that amplitude. + + + align:start position:0% +state is the square of that amplitude. +So the + + align:start position:0% +So the + + + align:start position:0% +So the +probability to be in the E state at time + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in the E state at time + + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in the E state at time +t is the square of that. So it's + + align:start position:0% +t is the square of that. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +t is the square of that. So it's +cos² mu e not t over h bar. Uh again I'm + + align:start position:0% +cos² mu e not t over h bar. Uh again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +cos² mu e not t over h bar. Uh again I'm +sorry this beta is here and the + + align:start position:0% +sorry this beta is here and the + + + align:start position:0% +sorry this beta is here and the +probability to be in the excited state + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in the excited state + + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in the excited state +is the square of ce but the square of ce + + align:start position:0% +is the square of ce but the square of ce + + + align:start position:0% +is the square of ce but the square of ce +is the square of beta e. So I just + + align:start position:0% +is the square of beta e. So I just + + + align:start position:0% +is the square of beta e. So I just +square + + align:start position:0% +square + + + align:start position:0% +square +this. So there you + + align:start position:0% +this. So there you + + + align:start position:0% +this. So there you +go. Um we have this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this thing. Um and uh we now have an + + align:start position:0% +uh this thing. Um and uh we now have an + + + align:start position:0% +uh this thing. Um and uh we now have an +understanding of how this goes as time + + align:start position:0% +understanding of how this goes as time + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of how this goes as time +goes by. In fact, as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mu e not t over h bar goes by, this + + align:start position:0% +mu e not t over h bar goes by, this + + + align:start position:0% +mu e not t over h bar goes by, this +starts as a cosine squ and it then goes + + align:start position:0% +starts as a cosine squ and it then goes + + + align:start position:0% +starts as a cosine squ and it then goes +like this. And this is the place when + + align:start position:0% +like this. And this is the place when + + + align:start position:0% +like this. And this is the place when +this is equal to pi / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2. So + + align:start position:0% +2. So + + + align:start position:0% +2. So +um what do we need? uh we need + + align:start position:0% +um what do we need? uh we need + + + align:start position:0% +um what do we need? uh we need +that the place where this happens that + + align:start position:0% +that the place where this happens that + + + align:start position:0% +that the place where this happens that +we can call the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +t be such that mu e not t over h bar be + + align:start position:0% +t be such that mu e not t over h bar be + + + align:start position:0% +t be such that mu e not t over h bar be +equal to pi / 2 or 3 pi / 2 or for those + + align:start position:0% +equal to pi / 2 or 3 pi / 2 or for those + + + align:start position:0% +equal to pi / 2 or 3 pi / 2 or for those +values of time the probability to be + + align:start position:0% +values of time the probability to be + + + align:start position:0% +values of time the probability to be +excited is zero and therefore you must + + align:start position:0% +excited is zero and therefore you must + + + align:start position:0% +excited is zero and therefore you must +be in the ground state these two + + align:start position:0% +be in the ground state these two + + + align:start position:0% +be in the ground state these two +probabilities squared + + align:start position:0% +probabilities squared + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities squared +uh squared added go to one so you're + + align:start position:0% +uh squared added go to one so you're + + + align:start position:0% +uh squared added go to one so you're +either E or G so if you have zero + + align:start position:0% +either E or G so if you have zero + + + align:start position:0% +either E or G so if you have zero +probability to be in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E you will be in the + + align:start position:0% +E you will be in the + + + align:start position:0% +E you will be in the +state G. So the whole issue is basically + + align:start position:0% +state G. So the whole issue is basically + + + align:start position:0% +state G. So the whole issue is basically +at this moment that you + + align:start position:0% +at this moment that you + + + align:start position:0% +at this moment that you +must give the right speed or for a given + + align:start position:0% +must give the right speed or for a given + + + align:start position:0% +must give the right speed or for a given +speed of the + + align:start position:0% +speed of the + + + align:start position:0% +speed of the +molecules there will be a time that it + + align:start position:0% +molecules there will be a time that it + + + align:start position:0% +molecules there will be a time that it +takes to + + align:start position:0% +takes to + + + align:start position:0% +takes to +traverse that time is related to the + + align:start position:0% +traverse that time is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +traverse that time is related to the +steady state value of this um energy of + + align:start position:0% +steady state value of this um energy of + + + align:start position:0% +steady state value of this um energy of +this electric field by this relation. So + + align:start position:0% +this electric field by this relation. So + + + align:start position:0% +this electric field by this relation. So +you need the right velocity. The + + align:start position:0% +you need the right velocity. The + + + align:start position:0% +you need the right velocity. The +molecules have to be at the right + + align:start position:0% +molecules have to be at the right + + + align:start position:0% +molecules have to be at the right +temperature that then they'll have a + + align:start position:0% +temperature that then they'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +temperature that then they'll have a +velocity so that they travel in such a + + align:start position:0% +velocity so that they travel in such a + + + align:start position:0% +velocity so that they travel in such a +way that is consistent with this. As + + align:start position:0% +way that is consistent with this. As + + + align:start position:0% +way that is consistent with this. As +they do that, each of these particles + + align:start position:0% +they do that, each of these particles + + + align:start position:0% +they do that, each of these particles +that goes from E to + + align:start position:0% +that goes from E to + + + align:start position:0% +that goes from E to +Gives out one photon, one quantum of the + + align:start position:0% +Gives out one photon, one quantum of the + + + align:start position:0% +Gives out one photon, one quantum of the +electromagnetic field and helps build + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field and helps build + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field and helps build +the time dependent electric field that + + align:start position:0% +the time dependent electric field that + + + align:start position:0% +the time dependent electric field that +we started at the beginning. + + align:start position:0% +we started at the beginning. + + + align:start position:0% +we started at the beginning. +Now if you at at some point for some + + align:start position:0% +Now if you at at some point for some + + + align:start position:0% +Now if you at at some point for some +speed of the molecules you saturate this + + align:start position:0% +speed of the molecules you saturate this + + + align:start position:0% +speed of the molecules you saturate this +and you build some electric field and + + align:start position:0% +and you build some electric field and + + + align:start position:0% +and you build some electric field and +then you have your cavity operating at + + align:start position:0% +then you have your cavity operating at + + + align:start position:0% +then you have your cavity operating at +the nominal way and then of course you + + align:start position:0% +the nominal way and then of course you + + + align:start position:0% +the nominal way and then of course you +want to use this for something. So you + + align:start position:0% +want to use this for something. So you + + + align:start position:0% +want to use this for something. So you +shine let it go out and shine those + + align:start position:0% +shine let it go out and shine those + + + align:start position:0% +shine let it go out and shine those +microwaves or do something. And if you + + align:start position:0% +microwaves or do something. And if you + + + align:start position:0% +microwaves or do something. And if you +want to recharge it you keep adding + + align:start position:0% +want to recharge it you keep adding + + + align:start position:0% +want to recharge it you keep adding +nitrogen molecules. Um now this was a + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen molecules. Um now this was a + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen molecules. Um now this was a +great discovery actually Charles Towns + + align:start position:0% +great discovery actually Charles Towns + + + align:start position:0% +great discovery actually Charles Towns +Gordon and Zigger built this ammonia + + align:start position:0% +Gordon and Zigger built this ammonia + + + align:start position:0% +Gordon and Zigger built this ammonia +masoner in 1953 they got the Nobel prize + + align:start position:0% +masoner in 1953 they got the Nobel prize + + + align:start position:0% +masoner in 1953 they got the Nobel prize +uh Nobel prize Charles Towns uh got it + + align:start position:0% +uh Nobel prize Charles Towns uh got it + + + align:start position:0% +uh Nobel prize Charles Towns uh got it +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +1964 and he emphasized that these basers + + align:start position:0% +1964 and he emphasized that these basers + + + align:start position:0% +1964 and he emphasized that these basers +do the most perfect + + align:start position:0% +do the most perfect + + + align:start position:0% +do the most perfect +amplification consistent with the + + align:start position:0% +amplification consistent with the + + + align:start position:0% +amplification consistent with the +uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty +principle. This is a coherent state of + + align:start position:0% +principle. This is a coherent state of + + + align:start position:0% +principle. This is a coherent state of +light that is built here and it's much + + align:start position:0% +light that is built here and it's much + + + align:start position:0% +light that is built here and it's much +better than any vacuum amplifier or + + align:start position:0% +better than any vacuum amplifier or + + + align:start position:0% +better than any vacuum amplifier or +anything like that because the thing + + align:start position:0% +anything like that because the thing + + + align:start position:0% +anything like that because the thing +that is giving out those photons is a + + align:start position:0% +that is giving out those photons is a + + + align:start position:0% +that is giving out those photons is a +molecule that is uncharged. So it + + align:start position:0% +molecule that is uncharged. So it + + + align:start position:0% +molecule that is uncharged. So it +doesn't disturb the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +doesn't disturb the electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't disturb the electromagnetic +field in the cavity as it goes through. + + align:start position:0% +field in the cavity as it goes through. + + + align:start position:0% +field in the cavity as it goes through. +Many times you use an electron for + + align:start position:0% +Many times you use an electron for + + + align:start position:0% +Many times you use an electron for +example to give out some energy but the + + align:start position:0% +example to give out some energy but the + + + align:start position:0% +example to give out some energy but the +electron itself is charged so it + + align:start position:0% +electron itself is charged so it + + + align:start position:0% +electron itself is charged so it +produces additional electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +produces additional electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +produces additional electromagnetic +fields. Shot noise all kinds of noise. + + align:start position:0% +fields. Shot noise all kinds of noise. + + + align:start position:0% +fields. Shot noise all kinds of noise. +This is absolutely quiet device in which + + align:start position:0% +This is absolutely quiet device in which + + + align:start position:0% +This is absolutely quiet device in which +this molecule turns from one state to + + align:start position:0% +this molecule turns from one state to + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule turns from one state to +another smoothly stimulated by the + + align:start position:0% +another smoothly stimulated by the + + + align:start position:0% +another smoothly stimulated by the +electric field because if there was no + + align:start position:0% +electric field because if there was no + + + align:start position:0% +electric field because if there was no +electric field it would be an energy + + align:start position:0% +electric field it would be an energy + + + align:start position:0% +electric field it would be an energy +state and then it gives out photon after + + align:start position:0% +state and then it gives out photon after + + + align:start position:0% +state and then it gives out photon after +photon u. + + align:start position:0% +photon u. + + + align:start position:0% +photon u. +So the uncertainties + + align:start position:0% +So the uncertainties + + + align:start position:0% +So the uncertainties +actually as um in this novel lecture + + align:start position:0% +actually as um in this novel lecture + + + align:start position:0% +actually as um in this novel lecture +which is fun to read. In fact uh you + + align:start position:0% +which is fun to read. In fact uh you + + + align:start position:0% +which is fun to read. In fact uh you +remember delta n delta phi supposed to + + align:start position:0% +remember delta n delta phi supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +remember delta n delta phi supposed to +be greater than + + align:start position:0% +be greater than + + + align:start position:0% +be greater than +1/2. Well for coherent states as we more + + align:start position:0% +1/2. Well for coherent states as we more + + + align:start position:0% +1/2. Well for coherent states as we more +or less discussed this thing is + + align:start position:0% +or less discussed this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +or less discussed this thing is +saturated. And what do you have now? So + + align:start position:0% +saturated. And what do you have now? So + + + align:start position:0% +saturated. And what do you have now? So +you have a coherent state of light. You + + align:start position:0% +you have a coherent state of light. You + + + align:start position:0% +you have a coherent state of light. You +may remember that the expectation value + + align:start position:0% +may remember that the expectation value + + + align:start position:0% +may remember that the expectation value +of n in a coherent state alpha was alpha + + align:start position:0% +of n in a coherent state alpha was alpha + + + align:start position:0% +of n in a coherent state alpha was alpha +squared. And uh you call this the number + + align:start position:0% +squared. And uh you call this the number + + + align:start position:0% +squared. And uh you call this the number +n of + + align:start position:0% +n of + + + align:start position:0% +n of +photons and the + + align:start position:0% +photons and the + + + align:start position:0% +photons and the +uncertainty in n was in fact + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty in n was in fact + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty in n was in fact +alpha. So it's square root of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n. So for this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing we have um the situation in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which we are working with a coherent + + align:start position:0% +which we are working with a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +which we are working with a coherent +state that saturates this. So delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n times + + align:start position:0% +n times + + + align:start position:0% +n times +deltafi is about + + align:start position:0% +deltafi is about + + + align:start position:0% +deltafi is about +12 and delta n is square root of the + + align:start position:0% +12 and delta n is square root of the + + + align:start position:0% +12 and delta n is square root of the +number of photons. So delta phi is about + + align:start position:0% +number of photons. So delta phi is about + + + align:start position:0% +number of photons. So delta phi is about +1 / 2 square root of the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photons. And you can imagine a cavity + + align:start position:0% +photons. And you can imagine a cavity + + + align:start position:0% +photons. And you can imagine a cavity +easily can have 10^ the 12 photons, 10^ + + align:start position:0% +easily can have 10^ the 12 photons, 10^ + + + align:start position:0% +easily can have 10^ the 12 photons, 10^ +the 15 photons, something fairly big. + + align:start position:0% +the 15 photons, something fairly big. + + + align:start position:0% +the 15 photons, something fairly big. +And you get an uncertainty in phase. The + + align:start position:0% +And you get an uncertainty in phase. The + + + align:start position:0% +And you get an uncertainty in phase. The +thing is coherent. the this all the + + align:start position:0% +thing is coherent. the this all the + + + align:start position:0% +thing is coherent. the this all the +pieces of that electromagnetic wave the + + align:start position:0% +pieces of that electromagnetic wave the + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of that electromagnetic wave the +faces are very coherent up to incredibly + + align:start position:0% +faces are very coherent up to incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +faces are very coherent up to incredibly +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +accuracy. So um so it's a great um + + align:start position:0% +accuracy. So um so it's a great um + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy. So um so it's a great um +discovery and the beginning of many + + align:start position:0% +discovery and the beginning of many + + + align:start position:0% +discovery and the beginning of many +things that were done here in fact by + + align:start position:0% +things that were done here in fact by + + + align:start position:0% +things that were done here in fact by +professor Klepner and others in the 60s + + align:start position:0% +professor Klepner and others in the 60s + + + align:start position:0% +professor Klepner and others in the 60s +with other type of lasers and mers and + + align:start position:0% +with other type of lasers and mers and + + + align:start position:0% +with other type of lasers and mers and +this whole + + align:start position:0% +this whole + + + align:start position:0% +this whole +thing. So, uh, that's pretty much what I + + align:start position:0% +thing. So, uh, that's pretty much what I + + + align:start position:0% +thing. So, uh, that's pretty much what I +wanted to say about ammonia and these + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say about ammonia and these + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say about ammonia and these +things. And, uh, we're going to use the + + align:start position:0% +things. And, uh, we're going to use the + + + align:start position:0% +things. And, uh, we're going to use the +last 15 minutes to begin something else, + + align:start position:0% +last 15 minutes to begin something else, + + + align:start position:0% +last 15 minutes to begin something else, +NMR. And, um, so are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +NMR. And, um, so are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +NMR. And, um, so are there any questions +at this point? Yes. I mentioned this + + align:start position:0% +at this point? Yes. I mentioned this + + + align:start position:0% +at this point? Yes. I mentioned this +like traveling through the through the + + align:start position:0% +like traveling through the through the + + + align:start position:0% +like traveling through the through the +sort of changing between states. I sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of changing between states. I sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of changing between states. I sort +of imagine a photon being absorbed like + + align:start position:0% +of imagine a photon being absorbed like + + + align:start position:0% +of imagine a photon being absorbed like +what exactly is happening? because it's + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is happening? because it's + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is happening? because it's +somehow being emitted and absorbed. I + + align:start position:0% +somehow being emitted and absorbed. I + + + align:start position:0% +somehow being emitted and absorbed. I +just happen to catch it at the right + + align:start position:0% +just happen to catch it at the right + + + align:start position:0% +just happen to catch it at the right +moment. Well, in this case, it's + + align:start position:0% +moment. Well, in this case, it's + + + align:start position:0% +moment. Well, in this case, it's +basically emitted all the time because + + align:start position:0% +basically emitted all the time because + + + align:start position:0% +basically emitted all the time because +each molecule is we've tuned the cavity + + align:start position:0% +each molecule is we've tuned the cavity + + + align:start position:0% +each molecule is we've tuned the cavity +in such a way that if it comes as E goes + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that if it comes as E goes + + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that if it comes as E goes +out as G. So the whole process by the + + align:start position:0% +out as G. So the whole process by the + + + align:start position:0% +out as G. So the whole process by the +time that it entered and it went out, it + + align:start position:0% +time that it entered and it went out, it + + + align:start position:0% +time that it entered and it went out, it +has to have emitted one photon. + + align:start position:0% +has to have emitted one photon. + + + align:start position:0% +has to have emitted one photon. +But how does it in in the midst of the + + align:start position:0% +But how does it in in the midst of the + + + align:start position:0% +But how does it in in the midst of the +process? How does it get it back + + align:start position:0% +process? How does it get it back + + + align:start position:0% +process? How does it get it back +somehow? Because it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +somehow? Because it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +somehow? Because it's sort of +oscillating between states. It doesn't + + align:start position:0% +oscillating between states. It doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating between states. It doesn't +get it back if the cavity would be badly + + align:start position:0% +get it back if the cavity would be badly + + + align:start position:0% +get it back if the cavity would be badly +desiring in such a way that it may be + + align:start position:0% +desiring in such a way that it may be + + + align:start position:0% +desiring in such a way that it may be +twice as long. It would out still come + + align:start position:0% +twice as long. It would out still come + + + align:start position:0% +twice as long. It would out still come +from as e. So it would make one + + align:start position:0% +from as e. So it would make one + + + align:start position:0% +from as e. So it would make one +transition and then absorb another + + align:start position:0% +transition and then absorb another + + + align:start position:0% +transition and then absorb another +thing. It would just not generate + + align:start position:0% +thing. It would just not generate + + + align:start position:0% +thing. It would just not generate +anything. + + align:start position:0% +anything. + + + align:start position:0% +anything. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +And u and you know a a more complete + + align:start position:0% +And u and you know a a more complete + + + align:start position:0% +And u and you know a a more complete +discussion of this of course if you + + align:start position:0% +discussion of this of course if you + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of this of course if you +really want to do everything + + align:start position:0% +really want to do everything + + + align:start position:0% +really want to do everything +uh you would have to treat the photon + + align:start position:0% +uh you would have to treat the photon + + + align:start position:0% +uh you would have to treat the photon +states here we treated this as a wave + + align:start position:0% +states here we treated this as a wave + + + align:start position:0% +states here we treated this as a wave +coupled to the quantum system of the + + align:start position:0% +coupled to the quantum system of the + + + align:start position:0% +coupled to the quantum system of the +molecule. + + align:start position:0% +molecule. + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. +uh you could treat the photons + + align:start position:0% +uh you could treat the photons + + + align:start position:0% +uh you could treat the photons +themselves as quanta and do quantum + + align:start position:0% +themselves as quanta and do quantum + + + align:start position:0% +themselves as quanta and do quantum +mechanics of the photon field and that + + align:start position:0% +mechanics of the photon field and that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics of the photon field and that +and that would be a way in which you + + align:start position:0% +and that would be a way in which you + + + align:start position:0% +and that would be a way in which you +could calculate things more completely + + align:start position:0% +could calculate things more completely + + + align:start position:0% +could calculate things more completely +but this is not what we do + + align:start position:0% +but this is not what we do + + + align:start position:0% +but this is not what we do +now any other question yes so physically + + align:start position:0% +now any other question yes so physically + + + align:start position:0% +now any other question yes so physically +are the nitrogen molecules all fixed in + + align:start position:0% +are the nitrogen molecules all fixed in + + + align:start position:0% +are the nitrogen molecules all fixed in +the same orientation going into this + + align:start position:0% +the same orientation going into this + + + align:start position:0% +the same orientation going into this +device how does that happen are the what + + align:start position:0% +device how does that happen are the what + + + align:start position:0% +device how does that happen are the what +are the molecules all fixed in the same + + align:start position:0% +are the molecules all fixed in the same + + + align:start position:0% +are the molecules all fixed in the same +orientation yeah essentially It's it's + + align:start position:0% +orientation yeah essentially It's it's + + + align:start position:0% +orientation yeah essentially It's it's +not quite like an orientation. It's an + + align:start position:0% +not quite like an orientation. It's an + + + align:start position:0% +not quite like an orientation. It's an +energy state. So uh so basically what + + align:start position:0% +energy state. So uh so basically what + + + align:start position:0% +energy state. So uh so basically what +you have to do is have this beam of + + align:start position:0% +you have to do is have this beam of + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do is have this beam of +ammonia molecules and do this beam + + align:start position:0% +ammonia molecules and do this beam + + + align:start position:0% +ammonia molecules and do this beam +splitter that we talked about with the + + align:start position:0% +splitter that we talked about with the + + + align:start position:0% +splitter that we talked about with the +electric field and you split the beam + + align:start position:0% +electric field and you split the beam + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and you split the beam +into some that are all excited and some + + align:start position:0% +into some that are all excited and some + + + align:start position:0% +into some that are all excited and some +that are ground and and that's it. you + + align:start position:0% +that are ground and and that's it. you + + + align:start position:0% +that are ground and and that's it. you +need that everything that enters here is + + align:start position:0% +need that everything that enters here is + + + align:start position:0% +need that everything that enters here is +excited + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state. Okay. So um another time + + align:start position:0% +state. Okay. So um another time + + + align:start position:0% +state. Okay. So um another time +dependent problem that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +dependent problem that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +dependent problem that we're going to +discuss today and continue next time is + + align:start position:0% +discuss today and continue next time is + + + align:start position:0% +discuss today and continue next time is +the NMR problem and nuclear magnetic + + align:start position:0% +the NMR problem and nuclear magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +the NMR problem and nuclear magnetic +resonance. Um so this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +resonance. Um so this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +resonance. Um so this is a pretty +interesting problem. + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem. +uh our nuclear magnetic resonance and it + + align:start position:0% +uh our nuclear magnetic resonance and it + + + align:start position:0% +uh our nuclear magnetic resonance and it +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +begins by having a magnetic field that + + align:start position:0% +begins by having a magnetic field that + + + align:start position:0% +begins by having a magnetic field that +has a big component here B not I think + + align:start position:0% +has a big component here B not I think + + + align:start position:0% +has a big component here B not I think +oh it's a good name for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it B not Z + + align:start position:0% +it B not Z + + + align:start position:0% +it B not Z +indeed and then you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +indeed and then you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +indeed and then you're going to have +some magnetic field that is going to be + + align:start position:0% +some magnetic field that is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +some magnetic field that is going to be +rotating here in time in the xy plane. + + align:start position:0% +rotating here in time in the xy plane. + + + align:start position:0% +rotating here in time in the xy plane. +We'll assume at time equals zero it's + + align:start position:0% +We'll assume at time equals zero it's + + + align:start position:0% +We'll assume at time equals zero it's +here and then it's rotating with some + + align:start position:0% +here and then it's rotating with some + + + align:start position:0% +here and then it's rotating with some +angular frequency omega. So the total + + align:start position:0% +angular frequency omega. So the total + + + align:start position:0% +angular frequency omega. So the total +magnetic field is B K Z hat plus + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is B K Z hat plus + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field is B K Z hat plus +um some number B1 and I'll write it here + + align:start position:0% +um some number B1 and I'll write it here + + + align:start position:0% +um some number B1 and I'll write it here +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +B1 cosine omega t + + align:start position:0% +B1 cosine omega t + + + align:start position:0% +B1 cosine omega t +* + + align:start position:0% +* + + + align:start position:0% +* +xhat minus sin omega t * + + align:start position:0% +xhat minus sin omega t * + + + align:start position:0% +xhat minus sin omega t * +yhat. So indeed in + + align:start position:0% +yhat. So indeed in + + + align:start position:0% +yhat. So indeed in +the xy plane seen like + + align:start position:0% +the xy plane seen like + + + align:start position:0% +the xy plane seen like +this you have it here and it's rotating + + align:start position:0% +this you have it here and it's rotating + + + align:start position:0% +this you have it here and it's rotating +with angular frequency omega this way + + align:start position:0% +with angular frequency omega this way + + + align:start position:0% +with angular frequency omega this way +clockwise. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So, we have this magnetic + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, we have this magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, we have this magnetic +field and of course we're going to try + + align:start position:0% +field and of course we're going to try + + + align:start position:0% +field and of course we're going to try +to figure out what spins do in + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what spins do in + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what spins do in +it and the magnetic field is time + + align:start position:0% +it and the magnetic field is time + + + align:start position:0% +it and the magnetic field is time +dependent. So, we're in risk of getting + + align:start position:0% +dependent. So, we're in risk of getting + + + align:start position:0% +dependent. So, we're in risk of getting +a time dependent + + align:start position:0% +a time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +a time dependent +Hamiltonian. So, what is the + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. So, what is the + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. So, what is the +Hamiltonian? This possibly time + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian? This possibly time + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian? This possibly time +dependent is supposed to be minus gamma + + align:start position:0% +dependent is supposed to be minus gamma + + + align:start position:0% +dependent is supposed to be minus gamma +B times the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spin. So what is + + align:start position:0% +spin. So what is + + + align:start position:0% +spin. So what is +that is minus + + align:start position:0% +that is minus + + + align:start position:0% +that is minus +gamma b sz z does the x component + + align:start position:0% +gamma b sz z does the x component + + + align:start position:0% +gamma b sz z does the x component +matches with the I'm sorry the z + + align:start position:0% +matches with the I'm sorry the z + + + align:start position:0% +matches with the I'm sorry the z +component matches with the z component + + align:start position:0% +component matches with the z component + + + align:start position:0% +component matches with the z component +of the spin plus b1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um sx cosine omega t minus sy sin omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and uh well it's as bad as you could + + align:start position:0% +T and uh well it's as bad as you could + + + align:start position:0% +T and uh well it's as bad as you could +imagine uh pretty + + align:start position:0% +imagine uh pretty + + + align:start position:0% +imagine uh pretty +much this Hamiltonian is time dependent + + align:start position:0% +much this Hamiltonian is time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +much this Hamiltonian is time dependent +and there was some good news if the even + + align:start position:0% +and there was some good news if the even + + + align:start position:0% +and there was some good news if the even +if it's time dependent they commute at + + align:start position:0% +if it's time dependent they commute at + + + align:start position:0% +if it's time dependent they commute at +different times the time evolution is + + align:start position:0% +different times the time evolution is + + + align:start position:0% +different times the time evolution is +easy but no they don't commute at + + align:start position:0% +easy but no they don't commute at + + + align:start position:0% +easy but no they don't commute at +different times at time equal + + align:start position:0% +different times at time equal + + + align:start position:0% +different times at time equal +uh zero For example, you have SZ and SX, + + align:start position:0% +uh zero For example, you have SZ and SX, + + + align:start position:0% +uh zero For example, you have SZ and SX, +but at a later time you would have SZ + + align:start position:0% +but at a later time you would have SZ + + + align:start position:0% +but at a later time you would have SZ +and S Y and uh they just don't + + align:start position:0% +and S Y and uh they just don't + + + align:start position:0% +and S Y and uh they just don't +commute. So, we have no cookbook recipe + + align:start position:0% +commute. So, we have no cookbook recipe + + + align:start position:0% +commute. So, we have no cookbook recipe +to solve this + + align:start position:0% +to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +to solve this +problem. We have to figure it out. + + align:start position:0% +problem. We have to figure it out. + + + align:start position:0% +problem. We have to figure it out. +Um and uh there's several ways to figure + + align:start position:0% +Um and uh there's several ways to figure + + + align:start position:0% +Um and uh there's several ways to figure +it out. uh I had a way to figure it out + + align:start position:0% +it out. uh I had a way to figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +it out. uh I had a way to figure it out +that I explained u previous years but + + align:start position:0% +that I explained u previous years but + + + align:start position:0% +that I explained u previous years but +today I suddenly thought I could explain + + align:start position:0% +today I suddenly thought I could explain + + + align:start position:0% +today I suddenly thought I could explain +it in a different way that is maybe a + + align:start position:0% +it in a different way that is maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +it in a different way that is maybe a +little harder conceptually but explains + + align:start position:0% +little harder conceptually but explains + + + align:start position:0% +little harder conceptually but explains +more of what's going on. So this is what + + align:start position:0% +more of what's going on. So this is what + + + align:start position:0% +more of what's going on. So this is what +I want to try to do now. And uh + + align:start position:0% +I want to try to do now. And uh + + + align:start position:0% +I want to try to do now. And uh +basically what we're going to try to do + + align:start position:0% +basically what we're going to try to do + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we're going to try to do +is get the main + + align:start position:0% +is get the main + + + align:start position:0% +is get the main +intuition going for this problem. + + align:start position:0% +intuition going for this problem. + + + align:start position:0% +intuition going for this problem. +Um I have a shreddinger equation for + + align:start position:0% +Um I have a shreddinger equation for + + + align:start position:0% +Um I have a shreddinger equation for +this problem that is very complicated + + align:start position:0% +this problem that is very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +this problem that is very complicated +with a time dependent + + align:start position:0% +with a time dependent + + + align:start position:0% +with a time dependent +Hamiltonian. So you know if you have a + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. So you know if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. So you know if you have a +wave + + align:start position:0% +wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave +function and now I'm going to be little + + align:start position:0% +function and now I'm going to be little + + + align:start position:0% +function and now I'm going to be little +rough for a little while. A H bar + + align:start position:0% +rough for a little while. A H bar + + + align:start position:0% +rough for a little while. A H bar +DT H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +SI and it oops what is it? Um let's + + align:start position:0% +SI and it oops what is it? Um let's + + + align:start position:0% +SI and it oops what is it? Um let's +see which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lights + + align:start position:0% +lights + + + align:start position:0% +lights +general. Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So uh if you have a a problem like + + align:start position:0% +So uh if you have a a problem like + + + align:start position:0% +So uh if you have a a problem like +this, you might say, well uh I would + + align:start position:0% +this, you might say, well uh I would + + + align:start position:0% +this, you might say, well uh I would +like to do something non-trivial to + + align:start position:0% +like to do something non-trivial to + + + align:start position:0% +like to do something non-trivial to +this. So I want to maybe change the + + align:start position:0% +this. So I want to maybe change the + + + align:start position:0% +this. So I want to maybe change the +Hamiltonian and do the same physical + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and do the same physical + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian and do the same physical +problem. Now that's not easy because uh + + align:start position:0% +problem. Now that's not easy because uh + + + align:start position:0% +problem. Now that's not easy because uh +if it's the same physical problem, how + + align:start position:0% +if it's the same physical problem, how + + + align:start position:0% +if it's the same physical problem, how +can you change the Hamiltonian all that + + align:start position:0% +can you change the Hamiltonian all that + + + align:start position:0% +can you change the Hamiltonian all that +much? So one thing you could do is you + + align:start position:0% +much? So one thing you could do is you + + + align:start position:0% +much? So one thing you could do is you +could try to change the the states by + + align:start position:0% +could try to change the the states by + + + align:start position:0% +could try to change the the states by +doing a unitary + + align:start position:0% +doing a unitary + + + align:start position:0% +doing a unitary +transformation and then hope that the + + align:start position:0% +transformation and then hope that the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and then hope that the +unitary + + align:start position:0% +unitary + + + align:start position:0% +unitary +transformation acts on this Hamiltonian. + + align:start position:0% +transformation acts on this Hamiltonian. + + + align:start position:0% +transformation acts on this Hamiltonian. +So this will be the new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states and you would hope that this + + align:start position:0% +states and you would hope that this + + + align:start position:0% +states and you would hope that this +unitary transformation would somehow + + align:start position:0% +unitary transformation would somehow + + + align:start position:0% +unitary transformation would somehow +working with these new states would + + align:start position:0% +working with these new states would + + + align:start position:0% +working with these new states would +simplify the Hamiltonian. + + align:start position:0% +simplify the Hamiltonian. + + + align:start position:0% +simplify the Hamiltonian. +But unitary transformations in general + + align:start position:0% +But unitary transformations in general + + + align:start position:0% +But unitary transformations in general +is just like a change of basis that is + + align:start position:0% +is just like a change of basis that is + + + align:start position:0% +is just like a change of basis that is +not going to do all that + + align:start position:0% +not going to do all that + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do all that +much. Um + + align:start position:0% +much. Um + + + align:start position:0% +much. Um +unless the unitary transformation has + + align:start position:0% +unless the unitary transformation has + + + align:start position:0% +unless the unitary transformation has +time dependence in which case it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +time dependence in which case it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence in which case it doesn't +just rotate the Hamiltonian but messes + + align:start position:0% +just rotate the Hamiltonian but messes + + + align:start position:0% +just rotate the Hamiltonian but messes +up this term. + + align:start position:0% +up this term. + + + align:start position:0% +up this term. +But this is really your only possibility + + align:start position:0% +But this is really your only possibility + + + align:start position:0% +But this is really your only possibility +of fixing things is to try + + align:start position:0% +of fixing things is to try + + + align:start position:0% +of fixing things is to try +to do a timed dependent unitary + + align:start position:0% +to do a timed dependent unitary + + + align:start position:0% +to do a timed dependent unitary +transformation that somehow you started + + align:start position:0% +transformation that somehow you started + + + align:start position:0% +transformation that somehow you started +with a spin Hamiltonian and you're going + + align:start position:0% +with a spin Hamiltonian and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +with a spin Hamiltonian and you're going +to do a unitary transformation and + + align:start position:0% +to do a unitary transformation and + + + align:start position:0% +to do a unitary transformation and +perhaps is going to be a timeindependent + + align:start position:0% +perhaps is going to be a timeindependent + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps is going to be a timeindependent +one but this u is going to depend on + + align:start position:0% +one but this u is going to depend on + + + align:start position:0% +one but this u is going to depend on +time and uh and this is not the whole + + align:start position:0% +time and uh and this is not the whole + + + align:start position:0% +time and uh and this is not the whole +Hamilton Miltonian because there's a + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton Miltonian because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton Miltonian because there's a +problem with this part. So the idea is + + align:start position:0% +problem with this part. So the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +problem with this part. So the idea is +sort of vague but uh you're getting a + + align:start position:0% +sort of vague but uh you're getting a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of vague but uh you're getting a +little of the gist of what we try to do. + + align:start position:0% +little of the gist of what we try to do. + + + align:start position:0% +little of the gist of what we try to do. +So the first thing I try to do is I'll + + align:start position:0% +So the first thing I try to do is I'll + + + align:start position:0% +So the first thing I try to do is I'll +try to do is + + align:start position:0% +try to do is + + + align:start position:0% +try to do is +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +maybe intuitive about uh this system. + + align:start position:0% +maybe intuitive about uh this system. + + + align:start position:0% +maybe intuitive about uh this system. +I could + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that suppose I have a system + + align:start position:0% +um that suppose I have a system + + + align:start position:0% +um that suppose I have a system +here and the Hamiltonian is zero. + + align:start position:0% +here and the Hamiltonian is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +here and the Hamiltonian is zero. +Nothing nothing happens in that + + align:start position:0% +Nothing nothing happens in that + + + align:start position:0% +Nothing nothing happens in that +system. Now the thing that is curious + + align:start position:0% +system. Now the thing that is curious + + + align:start position:0% +system. Now the thing that is curious +about this that this that this magnetic + + align:start position:0% +about this that this that this magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +about this that this that this magnetic +field is rotating. So let's try to + + align:start position:0% +field is rotating. So let's try to + + + align:start position:0% +field is rotating. So let's try to +imagine how would physics look if you + + align:start position:0% +imagine how would physics look if you + + + align:start position:0% +imagine how would physics look if you +have the xy axis and you have the xy + + align:start position:0% +have the xy axis and you have the xy + + + align:start position:0% +have the xy axis and you have the xy +axis + + align:start position:0% +axis + + + align:start position:0% +axis +rotating with angular velocity + + align:start position:0% +rotating with angular velocity + + + align:start position:0% +rotating with angular velocity +omega. So the xy in the plane is + + align:start position:0% +omega. So the xy in the plane is + + + align:start position:0% +omega. So the xy in the plane is +rotating with angular velocity omega. + + align:start position:0% +rotating with angular velocity omega. + + + align:start position:0% +rotating with angular velocity omega. +What would happen? So there is an HS + + align:start position:0% +What would happen? So there is an HS + + + align:start position:0% +What would happen? So there is an HS +that is originally zero that you say + + align:start position:0% +that is originally zero that you say + + + align:start position:0% +that is originally zero that you say +it's zero and then any spin state stays + + align:start position:0% +it's zero and then any spin state stays + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero and then any spin state stays +there's no time evolution h is equal to + + align:start position:0% +there's no time evolution h is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +there's no time evolution h is equal to +zero nevertheless if you jump into this + + align:start position:0% +zero nevertheless if you jump into this + + + align:start position:0% +zero nevertheless if you jump into this +rotating + + align:start position:0% +rotating + + + align:start position:0% +rotating +frame all the spin states that were + + align:start position:0% +frame all the spin states that were + + + align:start position:0% +frame all the spin states that were +static for you they're are + + align:start position:0% +static for you they're are + + + align:start position:0% +static for you they're are +rotating and in fact for you they're + + align:start position:0% +rotating and in fact for you they're + + + align:start position:0% +rotating and in fact for you they're +precessing around the z-axis if you're + + align:start position:0% +precessing around the z-axis if you're + + + align:start position:0% +precessing around the z-axis if you're +in the rotating + + align:start position:0% +in the rotating + + + align:start position:0% +in the rotating +frame Therefore in the rotating frame + + align:start position:0% +frame Therefore in the rotating frame + + + align:start position:0% +frame Therefore in the rotating frame +you must have some Hamiltonian even + + align:start position:0% +you must have some Hamiltonian even + + + align:start position:0% +you must have some Hamiltonian even +though there's no Hamiltonian in the + + align:start position:0% +though there's no Hamiltonian in the + + + align:start position:0% +though there's no Hamiltonian in the +static frame because in the rotating + + align:start position:0% +static frame because in the rotating + + + align:start position:0% +static frame because in the rotating +frame you see things + + align:start position:0% +frame you see things + + + align:start position:0% +frame you see things +spinning. So in the rotating frame if + + align:start position:0% +spinning. So in the rotating frame if + + + align:start position:0% +spinning. So in the rotating frame if +there's a static spin along the x + + align:start position:0% +there's a static spin along the x + + + align:start position:0% +there's a static spin along the x +direction you now see it spinning around + + align:start position:0% +direction you now see it spinning around + + + align:start position:0% +direction you now see it spinning around +the zaxis with frequency omega in fact + + align:start position:0% +the zaxis with frequency omega in fact + + + align:start position:0% +the zaxis with frequency omega in fact +going in the plus z direction. So in the + + align:start position:0% +going in the plus z direction. So in the + + + align:start position:0% +going in the plus z direction. So in the +rotating frame you can ask what is the + + align:start position:0% +rotating frame you can ask what is the + + + align:start position:0% +rotating frame you can ask what is the +new Hamiltonian in the rotating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame and in the rotating frame the + + align:start position:0% +frame and in the rotating frame the + + + align:start position:0% +frame and in the rotating frame the +Hamiltonian should be such that it + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian should be such that it + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian should be such that it +rotates the spins with angular velocity + + align:start position:0% +rotates the spins with angular velocity + + + align:start position:0% +rotates the spins with angular velocity +omega around the + + align:start position:0% +omega around the + + + align:start position:0% +omega around the +z-axis. You may recall that this is done + + align:start position:0% +z-axis. You may recall that this is done + + + align:start position:0% +z-axis. You may recall that this is done +by the unititary operator e to the minus + + align:start position:0% +by the unititary operator e to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +by the unititary operator e to the minus +i omega t s z hat over h bar. This is + + align:start position:0% +i omega t s z hat over h bar. This is + + + align:start position:0% +i omega t s z hat over h bar. This is +the operator that + + align:start position:0% +the operator that + + + align:start position:0% +the operator that +rotates spins in with omega t around the + + align:start position:0% +rotates spins in with omega t around the + + + align:start position:0% +rotates spins in with omega t around the +z direction which is precisely what you + + align:start position:0% +z direction which is precisely what you + + + align:start position:0% +z direction which is precisely what you +want this hamiltonian to do. So the + + align:start position:0% +want this hamiltonian to do. So the + + + align:start position:0% +want this hamiltonian to do. So the +Hamiltonian must be e to the minus i h + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian must be e to the minus i h + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian must be e to the minus i h +t. So this rotating Hamiltonian must be + + align:start position:0% +t. So this rotating Hamiltonian must be + + + align:start position:0% +t. So this rotating Hamiltonian must be +omega s z + + align:start position:0% +omega s z + + + align:start position:0% +omega s z +hat. So the hamiltonian in the new frame + + align:start position:0% +hat. So the hamiltonian in the new frame + + + align:start position:0% +hat. So the hamiltonian in the new frame +is that because that hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +is that because that hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +is that because that hamiltonian +produces the rotation of states that you + + align:start position:0% +produces the rotation of states that you + + + align:start position:0% +produces the rotation of states that you +see because your friend that is not + + align:start position:0% +see because your friend that is not + + + align:start position:0% +see because your friend that is not +rotating is telling you that no state is + + align:start position:0% +rotating is telling you that no state is + + + align:start position:0% +rotating is telling you that no state is +moving. H is zero. + + align:start position:0% +moving. H is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +moving. H is zero. +So the intuition is that you've passed + + align:start position:0% +So the intuition is that you've passed + + + align:start position:0% +So the intuition is that you've passed +from the original to this one. You had + + align:start position:0% +from the original to this one. You had + + + align:start position:0% +from the original to this one. You had +to add + + align:start position:0% +to add + + + align:start position:0% +to add +this. But what we'll see now is that you + + align:start position:0% +this. But what we'll see now is that you + + + align:start position:0% +this. But what we'll see now is that you +have to add a little you have to do + + align:start position:0% +have to add a little you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +have to add a little you have to do +other things a little if this is not + + align:start position:0% +other things a little if this is not + + + align:start position:0% +other things a little if this is not +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +zero. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So here is what we want to do. Now + + align:start position:0% +So here is what we want to do. Now + + + align:start position:0% +So here is what we want to do. Now +there's also a couple of ways of doing + + align:start position:0% +there's also a couple of ways of doing + + + align:start position:0% +there's also a couple of ways of doing +this but let me try a little calculation + + align:start position:0% +this but let me try a little calculation + + + align:start position:0% +this but let me try a little calculation +of way to do this second part. + + align:start position:0% +of way to do this second part. + + + align:start position:0% +of way to do this second part. +So we're going to take therefore to have + + align:start position:0% +So we're going to take therefore to have + + + align:start position:0% +So we're going to take therefore to have +for example a + + align:start position:0% +for example a + + + align:start position:0% +for example a +pir a rotating wave function that is + + align:start position:0% +pir a rotating wave function that is + + + align:start position:0% +pir a rotating wave function that is +going to be given by a unitary operator + + align:start position:0% +going to be given by a unitary operator + + + align:start position:0% +going to be given by a unitary operator +times the physical wave function you + + align:start position:0% +times the physical wave function you + + + align:start position:0% +times the physical wave function you +want to solve. This is what you + + align:start position:0% +want to solve. This is what you + + + align:start position:0% +want to solve. This is what you +want and this is what you hope has a + + align:start position:0% +want and this is what you hope has a + + + align:start position:0% +want and this is what you hope has a +simpler dynamics + + align:start position:0% +simpler dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +simpler dynamics +p. So let's try to figure out what is + + align:start position:0% +p. So let's try to figure out what is + + + align:start position:0% +p. So let's try to figure out what is +the shreddinger equation for pi r if you + + align:start position:0% +the shreddinger equation for pi r if you + + + align:start position:0% +the shreddinger equation for pi r if you +know the shreddinger equation for pi. So + + align:start position:0% +know the shreddinger equation for pi. So + + + align:start position:0% +know the shreddinger equation for pi. So +I dt i h bar dt pi is equal to h + + align:start position:0% +I dt i h bar dt pi is equal to h + + + align:start position:0% +I dt i h bar dt pi is equal to h +si. Let's see what is the shreddering + + align:start position:0% +si. Let's see what is the shreddering + + + align:start position:0% +si. Let's see what is the shreddering +equation satisfied by this one. So I h + + align:start position:0% +equation satisfied by this one. So I h + + + align:start position:0% +equation satisfied by this one. So I h +bar dt of ps + + align:start position:0% +bar dt of ps + + + align:start position:0% +bar dt of ps +r is i h bar dt of + + align:start position:0% +r is i h bar dt of + + + align:start position:0% +r is i h bar dt of +ui. So let's differentiate this. + + align:start position:0% +ui. So let's differentiate this. + + + align:start position:0% +ui. So let's differentiate this. +This is I h bar dt of u and I will have + + align:start position:0% +This is I h bar dt of u and I will have + + + align:start position:0% +This is I h bar dt of u and I will have +the pi but I will put then a u dagger + + align:start position:0% +the pi but I will put then a u dagger + + + align:start position:0% +the pi but I will put then a u dagger +and another u acting on s so that it + + align:start position:0% +and another u acting on s so that it + + + align:start position:0% +and another u acting on s so that it +gives me pi + + align:start position:0% +gives me pi + + + align:start position:0% +gives me pi +r. So the first derivative is acting + + align:start position:0% +r. So the first derivative is acting + + + align:start position:0% +r. So the first derivative is acting +just on the u. I acted and then I put u + + align:start position:0% +just on the u. I acted and then I put u + + + align:start position:0% +just on the u. I acted and then I put u +dagger u and recreated the pi r. The + + align:start position:0% +dagger u and recreated the pi r. The + + + align:start position:0% +dagger u and recreated the pi r. The +other term is in which it acts on pi. So + + align:start position:0% +other term is in which it acts on pi. So + + + align:start position:0% +other term is in which it acts on pi. So +I get plus i h bar. The u goes away and + + align:start position:0% +I get plus i h bar. The u goes away and + + + align:start position:0% +I get plus i h bar. The u goes away and +now I get dt of pi which is i h bar dt + + align:start position:0% +now I get dt of pi which is i h bar dt + + + align:start position:0% +now I get dt of pi which is i h bar dt +of pi is h s ump. So I must delete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this. So the second term when I acted + + align:start position:0% +this. So the second term when I acted + + + align:start position:0% +this. So the second term when I acted +here I act with the whole thing. I ddt i + + align:start position:0% +here I act with the whole thing. I ddt i + + + align:start position:0% +here I act with the whole thing. I ddt i +h bar ddt on pi. The u is out and I put + + align:start position:0% +h bar ddt on pi. The u is out and I put + + + align:start position:0% +h bar ddt on pi. The u is out and I put +hs + + align:start position:0% +hs + + + align:start position:0% +hs +pi. And here I can of course put a u + + align:start position:0% +pi. And here I can of course put a u + + + align:start position:0% +pi. And here I can of course put a u +dagger u and put back the pi r. So I + + align:start position:0% +dagger u and put back the pi r. So I + + + align:start position:0% +dagger u and put back the pi r. So I +will do that as + + align:start position:0% +will do that as + + + align:start position:0% +will do that as +well. U dagger pi + + align:start position:0% +well. U dagger pi + + + align:start position:0% +well. U dagger pi +r. So actually you have now a new + + align:start position:0% +r. So actually you have now a new + + + align:start position:0% +r. So actually you have now a new +shreddinger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation which is of the form I h bar dt + + align:start position:0% +equation which is of the form I h bar dt + + + align:start position:0% +equation which is of the form I h bar dt +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +ps is equal to + + align:start position:0% +ps is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +ps is equal to +u h s + + align:start position:0% +u h s + + + align:start position:0% +u h s +u dagger plus i h bar dt of + + align:start position:0% +u dagger plus i h bar dt of + + + align:start position:0% +u dagger plus i h bar dt of +u u dagger time pi + + align:start position:0% +u u dagger time pi + + + align:start position:0% +u u dagger time pi +R. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now that's it. This is the new + + align:start position:0% +Now that's it. This is the new + + + align:start position:0% +Now that's it. This is the new +Hamiltonian. This is the rotating + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. This is the rotating + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian. This is the rotating +Hamiltonian essentially that we're + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian essentially that we're + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian essentially that we're +trying to figure out. That is going to + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out. That is going to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out. That is going to +be simpler, we hope. And uh there we go. + + align:start position:0% +be simpler, we hope. And uh there we go. + + + align:start position:0% +be simpler, we hope. And uh there we go. +Here we have this similarity + + align:start position:0% +Here we have this similarity + + + align:start position:0% +Here we have this similarity +transformation of the Hamiltonian and we + + align:start position:0% +transformation of the Hamiltonian and we + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of the Hamiltonian and we +have this extra term. Now this x suppose + + align:start position:0% +have this extra term. Now this x suppose + + + align:start position:0% +have this extra term. Now this x suppose +the original Hamiltonian had been zero. + + align:start position:0% +the original Hamiltonian had been zero. + + + align:start position:0% +the original Hamiltonian had been zero. +We want the new Hamiltonian given our + + align:start position:0% +We want the new Hamiltonian given our + + + align:start position:0% +We want the new Hamiltonian given our +argument to be + + align:start position:0% +argument to be + + + align:start position:0% +argument to be +this for the rotating system. So I will + + align:start position:0% +this for the rotating system. So I will + + + align:start position:0% +this for the rotating system. So I will +say that this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +u is such that you get I h bar dtu + + align:start position:0% +u is such that you get I h bar dtu + + + align:start position:0% +u is such that you get I h bar dtu +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +dagger being precisely omega + + align:start position:0% +dagger being precisely omega + + + align:start position:0% +dagger being precisely omega +sz and for that the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +u is nothing else but e to the minus i + + align:start position:0% +u is nothing else but e to the minus i + + + align:start position:0% +u is nothing else but e to the minus i +omega t S z over h + + align:start position:0% +omega t S z over h + + + align:start position:0% +omega t S z over h +bar which is in fact that thing that we + + align:start position:0% +bar which is in fact that thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +bar which is in fact that thing that we +had + + align:start position:0% +had + + + align:start position:0% +had +there. So that's what u is + + align:start position:0% +there. So that's what u is + + + align:start position:0% +there. So that's what u is +and in that way this whole term becomes + + align:start position:0% +and in that way this whole term becomes + + + align:start position:0% +and in that way this whole term becomes +just omega s z + + align:start position:0% +just omega s z + + + align:start position:0% +just omega s z +hat. So we're almost uh in a sense done + + align:start position:0% +hat. So we're almost uh in a sense done + + + align:start position:0% +hat. So we're almost uh in a sense done +with this thing because uh we have + + align:start position:0% +with this thing because uh we have + + + align:start position:0% +with this thing because uh we have +uh made some good progress except that + + align:start position:0% +uh made some good progress except that + + + align:start position:0% +uh made some good progress except that +we still don't know if everything has + + align:start position:0% +we still don't know if everything has + + + align:start position:0% +we still don't know if everything has +worked out or not. I'll continue + + align:start position:0% +worked out or not. I'll continue + + + align:start position:0% +worked out or not. I'll continue +here and uh just one minute to close up + + align:start position:0% +here and uh just one minute to close up + + + align:start position:0% +here and uh just one minute to close up +the discussion by saying what has + + align:start position:0% +the discussion by saying what has + + + align:start position:0% +the discussion by saying what has +happened. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So what has happened is that we have + + align:start position:0% +So what has happened is that we have + + + align:start position:0% +So what has happened is that we have +found that there's a new + + align:start position:0% +found that there's a new + + + align:start position:0% +found that there's a new +Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +Hamiltonian +HR equal + + align:start position:0% +HR equal + + + align:start position:0% +HR equal +UHS U plus I H bar + + align:start position:0% +UHS U plus I H bar + + + align:start position:0% +UHS U plus I H bar +DTU U + + align:start position:0% +DTU U + + + align:start position:0% +DTU U +dagger and then U is given by E to the + + align:start position:0% +dagger and then U is given by E to the + + + align:start position:0% +dagger and then U is given by E to the +minus I omega T S zhat over H + + align:start position:0% +minus I omega T S zhat over H + + + align:start position:0% +minus I omega T S zhat over H +R and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pi as we said pi + + align:start position:0% +pi as we said pi + + + align:start position:0% +pi as we said pi +um of + + align:start position:0% +um of + + + align:start position:0% +um of +t s of t is equal to e to the i omega t + + align:start position:0% +t s of t is equal to e to the i omega t + + + align:start position:0% +t s of t is equal to e to the i omega t +sz z hat over h bar pi r of + + align:start position:0% +sz z hat over h bar pi r of + + + align:start position:0% +sz z hat over h bar pi r of +t. + + align:start position:0% +t. + + + align:start position:0% +t. +So this came because we said um that + + align:start position:0% +So this came because we said um that + + + align:start position:0% +So this came because we said um that +pir was going to be u pi and therefore I + + align:start position:0% +pir was going to be u pi and therefore I + + + align:start position:0% +pir was going to be u pi and therefore I +took u and the inverse and you get this. + + align:start position:0% +took u and the inverse and you get this. + + + align:start position:0% +took u and the inverse and you get this. +So look what the problem what the + + align:start position:0% +So look what the problem what the + + + align:start position:0% +So look what the problem what the +problem has turned + + align:start position:0% +problem has turned + + + align:start position:0% +problem has turned +into. It has turned into a problem for + + align:start position:0% +into. It has turned into a problem for + + + align:start position:0% +into. It has turned into a problem for +pir with a shreddinger equation that has + + align:start position:0% +pir with a shreddinger equation that has + + + align:start position:0% +pir with a shreddinger equation that has +a Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +a Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +a Hamiltonian +HR in which this piece is very simple is + + align:start position:0% +HR in which this piece is very simple is + + + align:start position:0% +HR in which this piece is very simple is +omega s hat. And now the crucial point + + align:start position:0% +omega s hat. And now the crucial point + + + align:start position:0% +omega s hat. And now the crucial point +is whether here I have you + + align:start position:0% +is whether here I have you + + + align:start position:0% +is whether here I have you +dagger whether this thing is time + + align:start position:0% +dagger whether this thing is time + + + align:start position:0% +dagger whether this thing is time +independent and this should be time + + align:start position:0% +independent and this should be time + + + align:start position:0% +independent and this should be time +independent if we got our physics right + + align:start position:0% +independent if we got our physics right + + + align:start position:0% +independent if we got our physics right +and that's exactly where we will take on + + align:start position:0% +and that's exactly where we will take on + + + align:start position:0% +and that's exactly where we will take on +next time and u prove that it's time + + align:start position:0% +next time and u prove that it's time + + + align:start position:0% +next time and u prove that it's time +independent and then we can solve the + + align:start position:0% +independent and then we can solve the + + + align:start position:0% +independent and then we can solve the +complete problem. All right, there will + + align:start position:0% +complete problem. All right, there will + + + align:start position:0% +complete problem. All right, there will +be notes posted on this uh soon. Uh good + + align:start position:0% +be notes posted on this uh soon. Uh good + + + align:start position:0% +be notes posted on this uh soon. Uh good +luck finishing your homework and um I + + align:start position:0% +luck finishing your homework and um I + + + align:start position:0% +luck finishing your homework and um I +think Monday is a holiday, right? So, no + + align:start position:0% +think Monday is a holiday, right? So, no + + + align:start position:0% +think Monday is a holiday, right? So, no +class Monday. We'll see you on + + align:start position:0% +class Monday. We'll see you on + + + align:start position:0% +class Monday. We'll see you on +Wednesday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tMVwXglUp60.txt b/tMVwXglUp60.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ed5faf5a7a7e1268a385d37f536ca766748c65f --- /dev/null +++ b/tMVwXglUp60.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3635 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hi, welcome back to recitation. In + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome back to recitation. In + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome back to recitation. In +class, one of the things you've talked + + align:start position:0% +class, one of the things you've talked + + + align:start position:0% +class, one of the things you've talked +about recently was computing surface + + align:start position:0% +about recently was computing surface + + + align:start position:0% +about recently was computing surface +areas of solids of rotation. So I have a + + align:start position:0% +areas of solids of rotation. So I have a + + + align:start position:0% +areas of solids of rotation. So I have a +nice problem relating to that here. So + + align:start position:0% +nice problem relating to that here. So + + + align:start position:0% +nice problem relating to that here. So +the circle with center r0 and radius + + align:start position:0% +the circle with center r0 and radius + + + align:start position:0% +the circle with center r0 and radius +little r so so this is center big r0 and + + align:start position:0% +little r so so this is center big r0 and + + + align:start position:0% +little r so so this is center big r0 and +radius little r which is less than big r + + align:start position:0% +radius little r which is less than big r + + + align:start position:0% +radius little r which is less than big r +is rotated around the y ais and the + + align:start position:0% +is rotated around the y ais and the + + + align:start position:0% +is rotated around the y ais and the +question is what's the the surface area + + align:start position:0% +question is what's the the surface area + + + align:start position:0% +question is what's the the surface area +of the resulting solid. So we have here + + align:start position:0% +of the resulting solid. So we have here + + + align:start position:0% +of the resulting solid. So we have here +the this circle its center is at the + + align:start position:0% +the this circle its center is at the + + + align:start position:0% +the this circle its center is at the +point big r0 and its radius is little r. + + align:start position:0% +point big r0 and its radius is little r. + + + align:start position:0% +point big r0 and its radius is little r. +So this is the equation of that circle + + align:start position:0% +So this is the equation of that circle + + + align:start position:0% +So this is the equation of that circle +and we're going to rotate this circle + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to rotate this circle + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to rotate this circle +around this axis. So, we're going to + + align:start position:0% +around this axis. So, we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +around this axis. So, we're going to +spin it around, and what you're going to + + align:start position:0% +spin it around, and what you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +spin it around, and what you're going to +get is a is a donut or or what + + align:start position:0% +get is a is a donut or or what + + + align:start position:0% +get is a is a donut or or what +mathematicians call a Taurus? So, here's + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians call a Taurus? So, here's + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians call a Taurus? So, here's +a little schematic of it here with one + + align:start position:0% +a little schematic of it here with one + + + align:start position:0% +a little schematic of it here with one +dotted little cross-section + + align:start position:0% +dotted little cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +dotted little cross-section +corresponding to this circle. Um, so the + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to this circle. Um, so the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to this circle. Um, so the +question is, what is the the surface + + align:start position:0% +question is, what is the the surface + + + align:start position:0% +question is, what is the the surface +area of this Taurus? So, why don't you + + align:start position:0% +area of this Taurus? So, why don't you + + + align:start position:0% +area of this Taurus? So, why don't you +pause the video, take a few minutes to + + align:start position:0% +pause the video, take a few minutes to + + + align:start position:0% +pause the video, take a few minutes to +work this problem out yourself, come + + align:start position:0% +work this problem out yourself, come + + + align:start position:0% +work this problem out yourself, come +back and we can work it out together. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So when we solved uh surface area + + align:start position:0% +So when we solved uh surface area + + + align:start position:0% +So when we solved uh surface area +problems in class, we took a we took the + + align:start position:0% +problems in class, we took a we took the + + + align:start position:0% +problems in class, we took a we took the +curve that we were going to rotate and + + align:start position:0% +curve that we were going to rotate and + + + align:start position:0% +curve that we were going to rotate and +we cut it into lots of little pieces + + align:start position:0% +we cut it into lots of little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +we cut it into lots of little pieces +with with length ds. So let + + align:start position:0% +with with length ds. So let + + + align:start position:0% +with with length ds. So let +me draw that just very quickly up here. + + align:start position:0% +me draw that just very quickly up here. + + + align:start position:0% +me draw that just very quickly up here. +So we had you you took whatever your + + align:start position:0% +So we had you you took whatever your + + + align:start position:0% +So we had you you took whatever your +curve was and you cut it into lots of + + align:start position:0% +curve was and you cut it into lots of + + + align:start position:0% +curve was and you cut it into lots of +these little segments and then for each + + align:start position:0% +these little segments and then for each + + + align:start position:0% +these little segments and then for each +segment you rotated it around an axis. + + align:start position:0% +segment you rotated it around an axis. + + + align:start position:0% +segment you rotated it around an axis. +Um and so if the segment has this little + + align:start position:0% +Um and so if the segment has this little + + + align:start position:0% +Um and so if the segment has this little +length ds a little a little piece of of + + align:start position:0% +length ds a little a little piece of of + + + align:start position:0% +length ds a little a little piece of of +arc length. So in our case we're going + + align:start position:0% +arc length. So in our case we're going + + + align:start position:0% +arc length. So in our case we're going +to rotate it around the the y ais. So + + align:start position:0% +to rotate it around the the y ais. So + + + align:start position:0% +to rotate it around the the y ais. So +the the length the the area that this + + align:start position:0% +the the length the the area that this + + + align:start position:0% +the the length the the area that this +thing traces out as it spins around is + + align:start position:0% +thing traces out as it spins around is + + + align:start position:0% +thing traces out as it spins around is +going to be this little piece of area da + + align:start position:0% +going to be this little piece of area da + + + align:start position:0% +going to be this little piece of area da +which is equal to 2 pi x ds. Now this is + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to 2 pi x ds. Now this is + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to 2 pi x ds. Now this is +a little bit different than most of the + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different than most of the + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different than most of the +examples professor jar did in class + + align:start position:0% +examples professor jar did in class + + + align:start position:0% +examples professor jar did in class +because here we're rotating around the y + + align:start position:0% +because here we're rotating around the y + + + align:start position:0% +because here we're rotating around the y +ais not around the x axis. So if you + + align:start position:0% +ais not around the x axis. So if you + + + align:start position:0% +ais not around the x axis. So if you +rotate it around the x axis, what you + + align:start position:0% +rotate it around the x axis, what you + + + align:start position:0% +rotate it around the x axis, what you +would get is 2 pi y ds. And here we get + + align:start position:0% +would get is 2 pi y ds. And here we get + + + align:start position:0% +would get is 2 pi y ds. And here we get +2 pix ds. The idea, the x and the y in + + align:start position:0% +2 pix ds. The idea, the x and the y in + + + align:start position:0% +2 pix ds. The idea, the x and the y in +this formula, this x is just telling you + + align:start position:0% +this formula, this x is just telling you + + + align:start position:0% +this formula, this x is just telling you +what what the radius is between your + + align:start position:0% +what what the radius is between your + + + align:start position:0% +what what the radius is between your +little segment and the axis around which + + align:start position:0% +little segment and the axis around which + + + align:start position:0% +little segment and the axis around which +you're rotating it. So here, this is, + + align:start position:0% +you're rotating it. So here, this is, + + + align:start position:0% +you're rotating it. So here, this is, +you know, 2 pix is the circumference of + + align:start position:0% +you know, 2 pix is the circumference of + + + align:start position:0% +you know, 2 pix is the circumference of +this circle that it traces out and ds is + + align:start position:0% +this circle that it traces out and ds is + + + align:start position:0% +this circle that it traces out and ds is +its is its length because it's giving + + align:start position:0% +its is its length because it's giving + + + align:start position:0% +its is its length because it's giving +you a little ribbon um as it goes + + align:start position:0% +you a little ribbon um as it goes + + + align:start position:0% +you a little ribbon um as it goes +around. So we have this formula da = 2 + + align:start position:0% +around. So we have this formula da = 2 + + + align:start position:0% +around. So we have this formula da = 2 +pix ds. And so in order to get the the + + align:start position:0% +pix ds. And so in order to get the the + + + align:start position:0% +pix ds. And so in order to get the the +surface area what we do is we have to + + align:start position:0% +surface area what we do is we have to + + + align:start position:0% +surface area what we do is we have to +integrate this over an appropriate + + align:start position:0% +integrate this over an appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +integrate this over an appropriate +region. So in order to do that we we + + align:start position:0% +region. So in order to do that we we + + + align:start position:0% +region. So in order to do that we we +first need all you know all the + + align:start position:0% +first need all you know all the + + + align:start position:0% +first need all you know all the +variables in the in the integrant to be + + align:start position:0% +variables in the in the integrant to be + + + align:start position:0% +variables in the in the integrant to be +the same. So we need to write everything + + align:start position:0% +the same. So we need to write everything + + + align:start position:0% +the same. So we need to write everything +in terms of x or everything in terms of + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x or everything in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of x or everything in terms of +y or everything in terms of of some + + align:start position:0% +y or everything in terms of of some + + + align:start position:0% +y or everything in terms of of some +variable that we can integrate against. + + align:start position:0% +variable that we can integrate against. + + + align:start position:0% +variable that we can integrate against. +Um so in our so in our particular case + + align:start position:0% +Um so in our so in our particular case + + + align:start position:0% +Um so in our so in our particular case +with this Taurus um I think we can we + + align:start position:0% +with this Taurus um I think we can we + + + align:start position:0% +with this Taurus um I think we can we +can take advantage of a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +can take advantage of a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +can take advantage of a little bit of +symmetry here which is that this this uh + + align:start position:0% +symmetry here which is that this this uh + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry here which is that this this uh +you know Taurus is is top bottom + + align:start position:0% +you know Taurus is is top bottom + + + align:start position:0% +you know Taurus is is top bottom +symmetric right as the as the top half + + align:start position:0% +symmetric right as the as the top half + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric right as the as the top half +of the circle goes around it traces out + + align:start position:0% +of the circle goes around it traces out + + + align:start position:0% +of the circle goes around it traces out +one surface as the bottom half of the + + align:start position:0% +one surface as the bottom half of the + + + align:start position:0% +one surface as the bottom half of the +circle goes around it traces out another + + align:start position:0% +circle goes around it traces out another + + + align:start position:0% +circle goes around it traces out another +surface but those two surfaces have + + align:start position:0% +surface but those two surfaces have + + + align:start position:0% +surface but those two surfaces have +exactly the same area. they're just + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same area. they're just + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same area. they're just +mirror images of each other because the + + align:start position:0% +mirror images of each other because the + + + align:start position:0% +mirror images of each other because the +circle is is symmetric. Um so so we can + + align:start position:0% +circle is is symmetric. Um so so we can + + + align:start position:0% +circle is is symmetric. Um so so we can +we can just consider the the problem of + + align:start position:0% +we can just consider the the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +we can just consider the the problem of +of spinning the top half of the of the + + align:start position:0% +of spinning the top half of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +of spinning the top half of the of the +circle around. Um and so for the top + + align:start position:0% +circle around. Um and so for the top + + + align:start position:0% +circle around. Um and so for the top +half of the circle we can write down an + + align:start position:0% +half of the circle we can write down an + + + align:start position:0% +half of the circle we can write down an +equation for y in terms of x. And so + + align:start position:0% +equation for y in terms of x. And so + + + align:start position:0% +equation for y in terms of x. And so +then we can integrate you know that that + + align:start position:0% +then we can integrate you know that that + + + align:start position:0% +then we can integrate you know that that +sets up a nice integral with respect to + + align:start position:0% +sets up a nice integral with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +sets up a nice integral with respect to +x. So in order to do this well we're + + align:start position:0% +x. So in order to do this well we're + + + align:start position:0% +x. So in order to do this well we're +going to need two things. So we're going + + align:start position:0% +going to need two things. So we're going + + + align:start position:0% +going to need two things. So we're going +to need to know what ds is. And so + + align:start position:0% +to need to know what ds is. And so + + + align:start position:0% +to need to know what ds is. And so +um you had a couple of different + + align:start position:0% +um you had a couple of different + + + align:start position:0% +um you had a couple of different +formulas for this in class. So you had + + align:start position:0% +formulas for this in class. So you had + + + align:start position:0% +formulas for this in class. So you had +ds. So so one easy pneummonic that I + + align:start position:0% +ds. So so one easy pneummonic that I + + + align:start position:0% +ds. So so one easy pneummonic that I +like is is to write ds = the<unk> of + + align:start position:0% +like is is to write ds = the<unk> of + + + align:start position:0% +like is is to write ds = the<unk> of +dx^2 + + + align:start position:0% +dx^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +dx^2 + +dy^2. So for me this this always I can + + align:start position:0% +dy^2. So for me this this always I can + + + align:start position:0% +dy^2. So for me this this always I can +remember this because it's it's just the + + align:start position:0% +remember this because it's it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +remember this because it's it's just the +pythagorean theorem, right? So you have + + align:start position:0% +pythagorean theorem, right? So you have + + + align:start position:0% +pythagorean theorem, right? So you have +a little dx horizontal distance and a + + align:start position:0% +a little dx horizontal distance and a + + + align:start position:0% +a little dx horizontal distance and a +little dy vertical distance. And so the + + align:start position:0% +little dy vertical distance. And so the + + + align:start position:0% +little dy vertical distance. And so the +ds is just the hypotenuse of that of + + align:start position:0% +ds is just the hypotenuse of that of + + + align:start position:0% +ds is just the hypotenuse of that of +that triangle. So that's how I remember + + align:start position:0% +that triangle. So that's how I remember + + + align:start position:0% +that triangle. So that's how I remember +this. And so then you also have the + + align:start position:0% +this. And so then you also have the + + + align:start position:0% +this. And so then you also have the +equivalent formula. If you if you factor + + align:start position:0% +equivalent formula. If you if you factor + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent formula. If you if you factor +out a dx from here, you know, divide + + align:start position:0% +out a dx from here, you know, divide + + + align:start position:0% +out a dx from here, you know, divide +through by dx and multiply outside by + + align:start position:0% +through by dx and multiply outside by + + + align:start position:0% +through by dx and multiply outside by +dx, you can write this as the square + + align:start position:0% +dx, you can write this as the square + + + align:start position:0% +dx, you can write this as the square +root of 1 + + align:start position:0% +root of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +root of 1 ++ dy by dx^ + + align:start position:0% ++ dy by dx^ + + + align:start position:0% ++ dy by dx^ +2 times outside the square root dx. So + + align:start position:0% +2 times outside the square root dx. So + + + align:start position:0% +2 times outside the square root dx. So +this is our little piece + + align:start position:0% +this is our little piece + + + align:start position:0% +this is our little piece +ds and okay we we have an x in the + + align:start position:0% +ds and okay we we have an x in the + + + align:start position:0% +ds and okay we we have an x in the +formula already. So ds. So we now have + + align:start position:0% +formula already. So ds. So we now have + + + align:start position:0% +formula already. So ds. So we now have +ds um with a dx here. So the only thing + + align:start position:0% +ds um with a dx here. So the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +ds um with a dx here. So the only thing +we we have left is we need we need to + + align:start position:0% +we we have left is we need we need to + + + align:start position:0% +we we have left is we need we need to +figure out what dydx is in order to put + + align:start position:0% +figure out what dydx is in order to put + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what dydx is in order to put +all this into the formula in order to to + + align:start position:0% +all this into the formula in order to to + + + align:start position:0% +all this into the formula in order to to +integrate. So okay so dy dx. So okay. So + + align:start position:0% +integrate. So okay so dy dx. So okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +integrate. So okay so dy dx. So okay. So +that means I need y in terms of x. Now + + align:start position:0% +that means I need y in terms of x. Now + + + align:start position:0% +that means I need y in terms of x. Now +let okay. So if we're focusing only on + + align:start position:0% +let okay. So if we're focusing only on + + + align:start position:0% +let okay. So if we're focusing only on +the top half of of this Taurus, that + + align:start position:0% +the top half of of this Taurus, that + + + align:start position:0% +the top half of of this Taurus, that +means y is well, we can solve this + + align:start position:0% +means y is well, we can solve this + + + align:start position:0% +means y is well, we can solve this +equation for y. But when we take the + + align:start position:0% +equation for y. But when we take the + + + align:start position:0% +equation for y. But when we take the +square root, we we're only taking the + + align:start position:0% +square root, we we're only taking the + + + align:start position:0% +square root, we we're only taking the +the positive square root because we're + + align:start position:0% +the positive square root because we're + + + align:start position:0% +the positive square root because we're +only looking at the top half of the + + align:start position:0% +only looking at the top half of the + + + align:start position:0% +only looking at the top half of the +taurus. And then we we'll just double at + + align:start position:0% +taurus. And then we we'll just double at + + + align:start position:0% +taurus. And then we we'll just double at +the end to to account for the bottom + + align:start position:0% +the end to to account for the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +the end to to account for the bottom +half as well. So, so this is y equals + + align:start position:0% +half as well. So, so this is y equals + + + align:start position:0% +half as well. So, so this is y equals +the square root of so you solve you + + align:start position:0% +the square root of so you solve you + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of so you solve you +subtract x - r from both x - r^ 2 from + + align:start position:0% +subtract x - r from both x - r^ 2 from + + + align:start position:0% +subtract x - r from both x - r^ 2 from +both sides. So this is r little r^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +both sides. So this is r little r^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +both sides. So this is r little r^ 2 +minus x - big r^ 2. So that's y and now + + align:start position:0% +minus x - big r^ 2. So that's y and now + + + align:start position:0% +minus x - big r^ 2. So that's y and now +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +differentiate to + + align:start position:0% +differentiate to + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate to +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +dy by dx. All right. So now we have to + + align:start position:0% +dy by dx. All right. So now we have to + + + align:start position:0% +dy by dx. All right. So now we have to +do our our chain rule, right? Right. So + + align:start position:0% +do our our chain rule, right? Right. So + + + align:start position:0% +do our our chain rule, right? Right. So +we've got a 1/2 power. So this + + align:start position:0% +we've got a 1/2 power. So this + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a 1/2 power. So this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +12 times well it's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +12 times well it's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +12 times well it's going to be the +inside to the minus one2. So this is + + align:start position:0% +inside to the minus one2. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +inside to the minus one2. So this is +over the square t of r^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +over the square t of r^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +over the square t of r^ 2 +minus x - rant^ 2. And now I need to + + align:start position:0% +minus x - rant^ 2. And now I need to + + + align:start position:0% +minus x - rant^ 2. And now I need to +multiply by the derivative of the inside + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the derivative of the inside + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by the derivative of the inside +which is - 2 * x - + + align:start position:0% +which is - 2 * x - + + + align:start position:0% +which is - 2 * x - +r. Okay. K and N the the twos cancel out + + align:start position:0% +r. Okay. K and N the the twos cancel out + + + align:start position:0% +r. Okay. K and N the the twos cancel out +a little bit. So we can rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +a little bit. So we can rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit. So we can rewrite this +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +minus x - r / the square root of little + + align:start position:0% +minus x - r / the square root of little + + + align:start position:0% +minus x - r / the square root of little +r^ 2 minus x - r^ + + align:start position:0% +r^ 2 minus x - r^ + + + align:start position:0% +r^ 2 minus x - r^ +2. Okay, so that's + + align:start position:0% +2. Okay, so that's + + + align:start position:0% +2. Okay, so that's +dydx. Uh the square root that's a little + + align:start position:0% +dydx. Uh the square root that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +dydx. Uh the square root that's a little +ugly, but it's okay because we're about + + align:start position:0% +ugly, but it's okay because we're about + + + align:start position:0% +ugly, but it's okay because we're about +to square it out again. So all right, so + + align:start position:0% +to square it out again. So all right, so + + + align:start position:0% +to square it out again. So all right, so +we've got dydx. So now we go back now we + + align:start position:0% +we've got dydx. So now we go back now we + + + align:start position:0% +we've got dydx. So now we go back now we +can compute ds and then with ds we can + + align:start position:0% +can compute ds and then with ds we can + + + align:start position:0% +can compute ds and then with ds we can +go even further back and we can compute + + align:start position:0% +go even further back and we can compute + + + align:start position:0% +go even further back and we can compute +da and once we've got da to get a we + + align:start position:0% +da and once we've got da to get a we + + + align:start position:0% +da and once we've got da to get a we +just integrate da over the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +just integrate da over the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +just integrate da over the appropriate +bounds. So which we haven't figured out + + align:start position:0% +bounds. So which we haven't figured out + + + align:start position:0% +bounds. So which we haven't figured out +yet by the way we'll have to talk about + + align:start position:0% +yet by the way we'll have to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +yet by the way we'll have to talk about +that at the at the very you know in a + + align:start position:0% +that at the at the very you know in a + + + align:start position:0% +that at the at the very you know in a +minute. Um okay so we take this um so we + + align:start position:0% +minute. Um okay so we take this um so we + + + align:start position:0% +minute. Um okay so we take this um so we +have dydx so from dydx we get ds is + + align:start position:0% +have dydx so from dydx we get ds is + + + align:start position:0% +have dydx so from dydx we get ds is +equal to it's the square t of well let's + + align:start position:0% +equal to it's the square t of well let's + + + align:start position:0% +equal to it's the square t of well let's +use this formula it's the square root of + + align:start position:0% +use this formula it's the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +use this formula it's the square root of +1 plus now dydx squared okay so I put + + align:start position:0% +1 plus now dydx squared okay so I put + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus now dydx squared okay so I put +this in I square it so I get x - r + + align:start position:0% +this in I square it so I get x - r + + + align:start position:0% +this in I square it so I get x - r +squared on top you know you square the + + align:start position:0% +squared on top you know you square the + + + align:start position:0% +squared on top you know you square the +minus sign gives you one um and on the + + align:start position:0% +minus sign gives you one um and on the + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign gives you one um and on the +bottom we square this square root so we + + align:start position:0% +bottom we square this square root so we + + + align:start position:0% +bottom we square this square root so we +get little r^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +get little r^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +get little r^ 2 +minus x - r + + align:start position:0% +minus x - r + + + align:start position:0% +minus x - r +2. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +2. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +2. Okay. +dx. Um, great. Good. So, now we add + + align:start position:0% +dx. Um, great. Good. So, now we add + + + align:start position:0% +dx. Um, great. Good. So, now we add +these two things together, right? I + + align:start position:0% +these two things together, right? I + + + align:start position:0% +these two things together, right? I +mean, well, we want I should say we we + + align:start position:0% +mean, well, we want I should say we we + + + align:start position:0% +mean, well, we want I should say we we +want to simplify this to a usable form. + + align:start position:0% +want to simplify this to a usable form. + + + align:start position:0% +want to simplify this to a usable form. +And so, to put it in a usable form, we + + align:start position:0% +And so, to put it in a usable form, we + + + align:start position:0% +And so, to put it in a usable form, we +well, we're going to manipulate it until + + align:start position:0% +well, we're going to manipulate it until + + + align:start position:0% +well, we're going to manipulate it until +it looks nice or as nice as we could + + align:start position:0% +it looks nice or as nice as we could + + + align:start position:0% +it looks nice or as nice as we could +hope for. And in this case, right, so we + + align:start position:0% +hope for. And in this case, right, so we + + + align:start position:0% +hope for. And in this case, right, so we +we can there's an obvious simplification + + align:start position:0% +we can there's an obvious simplification + + + align:start position:0% +we can there's an obvious simplification +or simplifying step which is we can add + + align:start position:0% +or simplifying step which is we can add + + + align:start position:0% +or simplifying step which is we can add +this one into the fraction. Okay. And so + + align:start position:0% +this one into the fraction. Okay. And so + + + align:start position:0% +this one into the fraction. Okay. And so +the this is r little r^ 2 - x - big r^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +the this is r little r^ 2 - x - big r^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the this is r little r^ 2 - x - big r^ 2 +over little r 2 - x - big r^2. And so + + align:start position:0% +over little r 2 - x - big r^2. And so + + + align:start position:0% +over little r 2 - x - big r^2. And so +when you add it to x - big r^ 2 over + + align:start position:0% +when you add it to x - big r^ 2 over + + + align:start position:0% +when you add it to x - big r^ 2 over +little r 2 - x - r 2 you the this part + + align:start position:0% +little r 2 - x - r 2 you the this part + + + align:start position:0% +little r 2 - x - r 2 you the this part +cancels. And so you're left with okay. + + align:start position:0% +cancels. And so you're left with okay. + + + align:start position:0% +cancels. And so you're left with okay. +And now I'm just going to pass the + + align:start position:0% +And now I'm just going to pass the + + + align:start position:0% +And now I'm just going to pass the +square root through right away. So this + + align:start position:0% +square root through right away. So this + + + align:start position:0% +square root through right away. So this +is little + + align:start position:0% +is little + + + align:start position:0% +is little +r over the square t of little r^ 2 - x - + + align:start position:0% +r over the square t of little r^ 2 - x - + + + align:start position:0% +r over the square t of little r^ 2 - x - +big r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squar + + align:start position:0% +squar + + + align:start position:0% +squar +dx. Okay. So just a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +dx. Okay. So just a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +dx. Okay. So just a little bit of +algebra there. So this is + + align:start position:0% +algebra there. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +algebra there. So this is +ds now. Okay. So now we're going we want + + align:start position:0% +ds now. Okay. So now we're going we want + + + align:start position:0% +ds now. Okay. So now we're going we want +to compute surface area. So we need da + + align:start position:0% +to compute surface area. So we need da + + + align:start position:0% +to compute surface area. So we need da +and da is 2<unk>x + + align:start position:0% +and da is 2<unk>x + + + align:start position:0% +and da is 2<unk>x +* ds. So okay so I that's easy to write + + align:start position:0% +* ds. So okay so I that's easy to write + + + align:start position:0% +* ds. So okay so I that's easy to write +down now that I've got ds. So this is da + + align:start position:0% +down now that I've got ds. So this is da + + + align:start position:0% +down now that I've got ds. So this is da +equal to 2 + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 +pi r + + align:start position:0% +pi r + + + align:start position:0% +pi r +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +over r 2 - x - big r + + align:start position:0% +over r 2 - x - big r + + + align:start position:0% +over r 2 - x - big r +2 square root of that + + align:start position:0% +2 square root of that + + + align:start position:0% +2 square root of that +dx. All right, this is da. You know, we + + align:start position:0% +dx. All right, this is da. You know, we + + + align:start position:0% +dx. All right, this is da. You know, we +haven't done any calculus actually. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +haven't done any calculus actually. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +haven't done any calculus actually. Oh, +I guess we took a derivative somewhere. + + align:start position:0% +I guess we took a derivative somewhere. + + + align:start position:0% +I guess we took a derivative somewhere. +We haven't we haven't done any + + align:start position:0% +We haven't we haven't done any + + + align:start position:0% +We haven't we haven't done any +integration yet. Um now to compute the + + align:start position:0% +integration yet. Um now to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +integration yet. Um now to compute the +surface area we just integrate this. So + + align:start position:0% +surface area we just integrate this. So + + + align:start position:0% +surface area we just integrate this. So +we get to the you know the calculus step + + align:start position:0% +we get to the you know the calculus step + + + align:start position:0% +we get to the you know the calculus step +of this problem. Um so integrate this. + + align:start position:0% +of this problem. Um so integrate this. + + + align:start position:0% +of this problem. Um so integrate this. +Um but of course I you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +Um but of course I you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Um but of course I you know I'm +expecting a number out at the end. I'm + + align:start position:0% +expecting a number out at the end. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +expecting a number out at the end. I'm +taking a definite integral. Um so I need + + align:start position:0% +taking a definite integral. Um so I need + + + align:start position:0% +taking a definite integral. Um so I need +bounds. Well what bounds do I need? Well + + align:start position:0% +bounds. Well what bounds do I need? Well + + + align:start position:0% +bounds. Well what bounds do I need? Well +I'm integrating with respect to x. So I + + align:start position:0% +I'm integrating with respect to x. So I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm integrating with respect to x. So I +need to integrate over the relevant + + align:start position:0% +need to integrate over the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +need to integrate over the relevant +values of x. What are the relevant + + align:start position:0% +values of x. What are the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +values of x. What are the relevant +values of x? Well, come back to our + + align:start position:0% +values of x? Well, come back to our + + + align:start position:0% +values of x? Well, come back to our +picture over + + align:start position:0% +picture over + + + align:start position:0% +picture over +here. We have this circle. Its center is + + align:start position:0% +here. We have this circle. Its center is + + + align:start position:0% +here. We have this circle. Its center is +at x= r, y equals 0. And it has radius + + align:start position:0% +at x= r, y equals 0. And it has radius + + + align:start position:0% +at x= r, y equals 0. And it has radius +little r. So the, you know, the relevant + + align:start position:0% +little r. So the, you know, the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +little r. So the, you know, the relevant +values of x are just from the leftmost + + align:start position:0% +values of x are just from the leftmost + + + align:start position:0% +values of x are just from the leftmost +point of the circle to the rightmost + + align:start position:0% +point of the circle to the rightmost + + + align:start position:0% +point of the circle to the rightmost +point of the circle. And so this + + align:start position:0% +point of the circle. And so this + + + align:start position:0% +point of the circle. And so this +leftmost point is just well the radius + + align:start position:0% +leftmost point is just well the radius + + + align:start position:0% +leftmost point is just well the radius +is little r. So this is big r minus x= + + align:start position:0% +is little r. So this is big r minus x= + + + align:start position:0% +is little r. So this is big r minus x= +big r - little r. and the rightmost + + align:start position:0% +big r - little r. and the rightmost + + + align:start position:0% +big r - little r. and the rightmost +point is x= big r plus little r. So the + + align:start position:0% +point is x= big r plus little r. So the + + + align:start position:0% +point is x= big r plus little r. So the +bounds. So I'm going to go up here. So I + + align:start position:0% +bounds. So I'm going to go up here. So I + + + align:start position:0% +bounds. So I'm going to go up here. So I +have area is what I get when I integrate + + align:start position:0% +have area is what I get when I integrate + + + align:start position:0% +have area is what I get when I integrate +da. And I want to integrate it from x= + + align:start position:0% +da. And I want to integrate it from x= + + + align:start position:0% +da. And I want to integrate it from x= +big r minus little r to big r plus + + align:start position:0% +big r minus little r to big r plus + + + align:start position:0% +big r minus little r to big r plus +little r. And da is this this thing I + + align:start position:0% +little r. And da is this this thing I + + + align:start position:0% +little r. And da is this this thing I +found just a just a moment ago. So this + + align:start position:0% +found just a just a moment ago. So this + + + align:start position:0% +found just a just a moment ago. So this +is well okay. So, so 2 pi little r is a + + align:start position:0% +is well okay. So, so 2 pi little r is a + + + align:start position:0% +is well okay. So, so 2 pi little r is a +is a constant. I'm just going to factor + + align:start position:0% +is a constant. I'm just going to factor + + + align:start position:0% +is a constant. I'm just going to factor +that out in front. So, this is 2 pi + + align:start position:0% +that out in front. So, this is 2 pi + + + align:start position:0% +that out in front. So, this is 2 pi +little r + + align:start position:0% +little r + + + align:start position:0% +little r +times x over the<unk> of little r 2 + + align:start position:0% +times x over the<unk> of little r 2 + + + align:start position:0% +times x over the<unk> of little r 2 +minus big r minus uh + + align:start position:0% +minus big r minus uh + + + align:start position:0% +minus big r minus uh +sorry x - big r squared. + + align:start position:0% +sorry x - big r squared. + + + align:start position:0% +sorry x - big r squared. +That's all under the square + + align:start position:0% +That's all under the square + + + align:start position:0% +That's all under the square +root + + align:start position:0% +root + + + align:start position:0% +root +dx. Okay, so now we have to figure out + + align:start position:0% +dx. Okay, so now we have to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +dx. Okay, so now we have to figure out +how to how to integrate this thing, + + align:start position:0% +how to how to integrate this thing, + + + align:start position:0% +how to how to integrate this thing, +right? Um, + + align:start position:0% +right? Um, + + + align:start position:0% +right? Um, +so this is a little ugly. It's not + + align:start position:0% +so this is a little ugly. It's not + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a little ugly. It's not +horrible though, right? So, so down here + + align:start position:0% +horrible though, right? So, so down here + + + align:start position:0% +horrible though, right? So, so down here +we have something that's really + + align:start position:0% +we have something that's really + + + align:start position:0% +we have something that's really +reminiscent of one of these these trig + + align:start position:0% +reminiscent of one of these these trig + + + align:start position:0% +reminiscent of one of these these trig +integral things we've done, right? We've + + align:start position:0% +integral things we've done, right? We've + + + align:start position:0% +integral things we've done, right? We've +got a square root of of a something + + align:start position:0% +got a square root of of a something + + + align:start position:0% +got a square root of of a something +squared minus a something else squared. + + align:start position:0% +squared minus a something else squared. + + + align:start position:0% +squared minus a something else squared. +So that that remind you know what does + + align:start position:0% +So that that remind you know what does + + + align:start position:0% +So that that remind you know what does +that remind some maybe some sign + + align:start position:0% +that remind some maybe some sign + + + align:start position:0% +that remind some maybe some sign +substitution something something like + + align:start position:0% +substitution something something like + + + align:start position:0% +substitution something something like +that there's some there's some trig + + align:start position:0% +that there's some there's some trig + + + align:start position:0% +that there's some there's some trig +substitution waiting to happen here um + + align:start position:0% +substitution waiting to happen here um + + + align:start position:0% +substitution waiting to happen here um +but uh so okay so we could do it we + + align:start position:0% +but uh so okay so we could do it we + + + align:start position:0% +but uh so okay so we could do it we +could we could sort of shoot to do it + + align:start position:0% +could we could sort of shoot to do it + + + align:start position:0% +could we could sort of shoot to do it +all in one substitution I I like my life + + align:start position:0% +all in one substitution I I like my life + + + align:start position:0% +all in one substitution I I like my life +is always feels simpler when I do sort + + align:start position:0% +is always feels simpler when I do sort + + + align:start position:0% +is always feels simpler when I do sort +of one little substitution at a time and + + align:start position:0% +of one little substitution at a time and + + + align:start position:0% +of one little substitution at a time and +so one little substitution I could do is + + align:start position:0% +so one little substitution I could do is + + + align:start position:0% +so one little substitution I could do is +is is to simplify this this x - r thing + + align:start position:0% +is is to simplify this this x - r thing + + + align:start position:0% +is is to simplify this this x - r thing +I could just shift this by r. So I'm + + align:start position:0% +I could just shift this by r. So I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I could just shift this by r. So I'm +just going to do a little uh linear + + align:start position:0% +just going to do a little uh linear + + + align:start position:0% +just going to do a little uh linear +substitution. I'm going to do u = x + + align:start position:0% +substitution. I'm going to do u = x + + + align:start position:0% +substitution. I'm going to do u = x +minus big r or I'm going to want to + + align:start position:0% +minus big r or I'm going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +minus big r or I'm going to want to +substitute the other way. So that's the + + align:start position:0% +substitute the other way. So that's the + + + align:start position:0% +substitute the other way. So that's the +same thing as saying x= + + align:start position:0% +same thing as saying x= + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as saying x= +u + big r. And + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so du = dx. So this is a a simple little + + align:start position:0% +so du = dx. So this is a a simple little + + + align:start position:0% +so du = dx. So this is a a simple little +substitution. Um and I'm gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +substitution. Um and I'm gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +substitution. Um and I'm gonna have to +move the bounds. So when x is big r + + align:start position:0% +move the bounds. So when x is big r + + + align:start position:0% +move the bounds. So when x is big r +minus little r then u is uh minus little + + align:start position:0% +minus little r then u is uh minus little + + + align:start position:0% +minus little r then u is uh minus little +r and this top bound here u is going to + + align:start position:0% +r and this top bound here u is going to + + + align:start position:0% +r and this top bound here u is going to +be equal to little r positive little r. + + align:start position:0% +be equal to little r positive little r. + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to little r positive little r. +So um so let me just make that + + align:start position:0% +So um so let me just make that + + + align:start position:0% +So um so let me just make that +substitution. So area is 2 pi little r + + align:start position:0% +substitution. So area is 2 pi little r + + + align:start position:0% +substitution. So area is 2 pi little r +integral from minus little r to plus + + align:start position:0% +integral from minus little r to plus + + + align:start position:0% +integral from minus little r to plus +little r. Uh so x is + + align:start position:0% +little r. Uh so x is + + + align:start position:0% +little r. Uh so x is +u + big r / now this thing becomes + + align:start position:0% +u + big r / now this thing becomes + + + align:start position:0% +u + big r / now this thing becomes +square<unk> of little r^ 2 minus + + align:start position:0% +square<unk> of little r^ 2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +square<unk> of little r^ 2 minus +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +^2 + + align:start position:0% +^2 + + + align:start position:0% +^2 +du. Okay. All right. So + + align:start position:0% +du. Okay. All right. So + + + align:start position:0% +du. Okay. All right. So +um now uh I can this is really kind of + + align:start position:0% +um now uh I can this is really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um now uh I can this is really kind of +two separate pieces right for purposes + + align:start position:0% +two separate pieces right for purposes + + + align:start position:0% +two separate pieces right for purposes +of difficulty of integrating. There's + + align:start position:0% +of difficulty of integrating. There's + + + align:start position:0% +of difficulty of integrating. There's +the u over the square roo<unk> of r^ 2 - + + align:start position:0% +the u over the square roo<unk> of r^ 2 - + + + align:start position:0% +the u over the square roo<unk> of r^ 2 - +u2 piece and there's the big r over the + + align:start position:0% +u2 piece and there's the big r over the + + + align:start position:0% +u2 piece and there's the big r over the +square root of r^ 2 - u ^2 piece. So + + align:start position:0% +square root of r^ 2 - u ^2 piece. So + + + align:start position:0% +square root of r^ 2 - u ^2 piece. So +let's let's think about them separately. + + align:start position:0% +let's let's think about them separately. + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's think about them separately. +Um so for this first piece the u over + + align:start position:0% +Um so for this first piece the u over + + + align:start position:0% +Um so for this first piece the u over +the square root of uh little r^ 2 minus + + align:start position:0% +the square root of uh little r^ 2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of uh little r^ 2 minus +u ^2 um this is something you can + + align:start position:0% +u ^2 um this is something you can + + + align:start position:0% +u ^2 um this is something you can +integrate. This is uh you don't need a + + align:start position:0% +integrate. This is uh you don't need a + + + align:start position:0% +integrate. This is uh you don't need a +trig substitution to do that. Um but + + align:start position:0% +trig substitution to do that. Um but + + + align:start position:0% +trig substitution to do that. Um but +it's actually you you don't need to do + + align:start position:0% +it's actually you you don't need to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually you you don't need to do +any work to do that because this that + + align:start position:0% +any work to do that because this that + + + align:start position:0% +any work to do that because this that +function u divided by square root of + + align:start position:0% +function u divided by square root of + + + align:start position:0% +function u divided by square root of +little r^ 2 minus u ^2 that's an odd + + align:start position:0% +little r^ 2 minus u ^2 that's an odd + + + align:start position:0% +little r^ 2 minus u ^2 that's an odd +function right this part the the denom + + align:start position:0% +function right this part the the denom + + + align:start position:0% +function right this part the the denom +denominator is even u is odd um and + + align:start position:0% +denominator is even u is odd um and + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is even u is odd um and +we're integrating over an interval + + align:start position:0% +we're integrating over an interval + + + align:start position:0% +we're integrating over an interval +that's symmetric around the origin. So + + align:start position:0% +that's symmetric around the origin. So + + + align:start position:0% +that's symmetric around the origin. So +when we integrate this u divided by this + + align:start position:0% +when we integrate this u divided by this + + + align:start position:0% +when we integrate this u divided by this +denominator part between u from from + + align:start position:0% +denominator part between u from from + + + align:start position:0% +denominator part between u from from +minus r to r that's just going to give + + align:start position:0% +minus r to r that's just going to give + + + align:start position:0% +minus r to r that's just going to give +zero. So I can forget about that + + align:start position:0% +zero. So I can forget about that + + + align:start position:0% +zero. So I can forget about that +entirely. Um so this is this is nice. + + align:start position:0% +entirely. Um so this is this is nice. + + + align:start position:0% +entirely. Um so this is this is nice. +And then and then I have a constant + + align:start position:0% +And then and then I have a constant + + + align:start position:0% +And then and then I have a constant +here. So I'm going to factor that out as + + align:start position:0% +here. So I'm going to factor that out as + + + align:start position:0% +here. So I'm going to factor that out as +well. So I get 2 pi little r big r + + align:start position:0% +well. So I get 2 pi little r big r + + + align:start position:0% +well. So I get 2 pi little r big r +integral from minus r to r + + align:start position:0% +integral from minus r to r + + + align:start position:0% +integral from minus r to r +of du over the<unk> of little r 2 - u + + align:start position:0% +of du over the<unk> of little r 2 - u + + + align:start position:0% +of du over the<unk> of little r 2 - u +^2. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +^2. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +^2. Okay. +Um good. So far so good. Um so we've got + + align:start position:0% +Um good. So far so good. Um so we've got + + + align:start position:0% +Um good. So far so good. Um so we've got +this nice simplified form for the + + align:start position:0% +this nice simplified form for the + + + align:start position:0% +this nice simplified form for the +integral. So now now now this is + + align:start position:0% +integral. So now now now this is + + + align:start position:0% +integral. So now now now this is +screaming out trig substitution to me + + align:start position:0% +screaming out trig substitution to me + + + align:start position:0% +screaming out trig substitution to me +right there. There's nothing else I + + align:start position:0% +right there. There's nothing else I + + + align:start position:0% +right there. There's nothing else I +could do. So there there are sort of two + + align:start position:0% +could do. So there there are sort of two + + + align:start position:0% +could do. So there there are sort of two +things you could do. One is you could + + align:start position:0% +things you could do. One is you could + + + align:start position:0% +things you could do. One is you could +recognize this as as an as an integral + + align:start position:0% +recognize this as as an as an integral + + + align:start position:0% +recognize this as as an as an integral +related to ark sign just because you + + align:start position:0% +related to ark sign just because you + + + align:start position:0% +related to ark sign just because you +remember that. The other is you have + + align:start position:0% +remember that. The other is you have + + + align:start position:0% +remember that. The other is you have +this r^ 2us u ^2 thing. And so r^ 2us + + align:start position:0% +this r^ 2us u ^2 thing. And so r^ 2us + + + align:start position:0% +this r^ 2us u ^2 thing. And so r^ 2us +u^2 um that that that needs a trig + + align:start position:0% +u^2 um that that that needs a trig + + + align:start position:0% +u^2 um that that that needs a trig +substitution of some sort. And the and + + align:start position:0% +substitution of some sort. And the and + + + align:start position:0% +substitution of some sort. And the and +the relevant trig substitution that + + align:start position:0% +the relevant trig substitution that + + + align:start position:0% +the relevant trig substitution that +you're you would want to do is you would + + align:start position:0% +you're you would want to do is you would + + + align:start position:0% +you're you would want to do is you would +want to set u equal + + align:start position:0% +want to set u equal + + + align:start position:0% +want to set u equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +sin t. All right. Why? Because then + + align:start position:0% +sin t. All right. Why? Because then + + + align:start position:0% +sin t. All right. Why? Because then +we'll have down here we'll have r 2us r^ + + align:start position:0% +we'll have down here we'll have r 2us r^ + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have down here we'll have r 2us r^ +2 sin t. Or if you factor out the the + + align:start position:0% +2 sin t. Or if you factor out the the + + + align:start position:0% +2 sin t. Or if you factor out the the +little r that that's just 1 minus sin^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +little r that that's just 1 minus sin^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +little r that that's just 1 minus sin^ 2 +t which is cosine^ squ t and then you + + align:start position:0% +t which is cosine^ squ t and then you + + + align:start position:0% +t which is cosine^ squ t and then you +take a square root and and you're all + + align:start position:0% +take a square root and and you're all + + + align:start position:0% +take a square root and and you're all +good, right? Square root of cosine^ squ + + align:start position:0% +good, right? Square root of cosine^ squ + + + align:start position:0% +good, right? Square root of cosine^ squ +t. Okay. So, so, so we find this this + + align:start position:0% +t. Okay. So, so, so we find this this + + + align:start position:0% +t. Okay. So, so, so we find this this +trig substitution. Um, so if we, if we + + align:start position:0% +trig substitution. Um, so if we, if we + + + align:start position:0% +trig substitution. Um, so if we, if we +do u= r sin t, that's good. So, + + align:start position:0% +do u= r sin t, that's good. So, + + + align:start position:0% +do u= r sin t, that's good. So, +du then is r cosine t dt. And I need to + + align:start position:0% +du then is r cosine t dt. And I need to + + + align:start position:0% +du then is r cosine t dt. And I need to +change the bounds. So, minus u is equal + + align:start position:0% +change the bounds. So, minus u is equal + + + align:start position:0% +change the bounds. So, minus u is equal +to minus r when s of t is equal to + + align:start position:0% +to minus r when s of t is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +to minus r when s of t is equal to +minus1. So, that's at minus p<unk> / 2. + + align:start position:0% +minus1. So, that's at minus p<unk> / 2. + + + align:start position:0% +minus1. So, that's at minus p<unk> / 2. +And u is equal to r when s of t is equal + + align:start position:0% +And u is equal to r when s of t is equal + + + align:start position:0% +And u is equal to r when s of t is equal +to 1. So that's a pi / 2. So this is + + align:start position:0% +to 1. So that's a pi / 2. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +to 1. So that's a pi / 2. So this is +equal to 2 pi little r big r integral + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 pi little r big r integral + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 pi little r big r integral +from minus p<unk> / 2 to pi / 2 of r + + align:start position:0% +from minus p<unk> / 2 to pi / 2 of r + + + align:start position:0% +from minus p<unk> / 2 to pi / 2 of r +cosine + + align:start position:0% +cosine + + + align:start position:0% +cosine +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +dt divided by okay. So then down here we + + align:start position:0% +dt divided by okay. So then down here we + + + align:start position:0% +dt divided by okay. So then down here we +have the square + + align:start position:0% +have the square + + + align:start position:0% +have the square +t of r 2 - r 2 sin^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +t of r 2 - r 2 sin^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +t of r 2 - r 2 sin^ 2 +t. And as we we said so r^ 2 - r^ 2 sin^ + + align:start position:0% +t. And as we we said so r^ 2 - r^ 2 sin^ + + + align:start position:0% +t. And as we we said so r^ 2 - r^ 2 sin^ +2 t. This is r^ 2 cosine^ 2 t. And then + + align:start position:0% +2 t. This is r^ 2 cosine^ 2 t. And then + + + align:start position:0% +2 t. This is r^ 2 cosine^ 2 t. And then +you take a square root and you just get + + align:start position:0% +you take a square root and you just get + + + align:start position:0% +you take a square root and you just get +r cosine t. And so r cosine t cancels r + + align:start position:0% +r cosine t. And so r cosine t cancels r + + + align:start position:0% +r cosine t. And so r cosine t cancels r +cosine t. So the integrant here is + + align:start position:0% +cosine t. So the integrant here is + + + align:start position:0% +cosine t. So the integrant here is +actually 1 or 1 dt. So that's really + + align:start position:0% +actually 1 or 1 dt. So that's really + + + align:start position:0% +actually 1 or 1 dt. So that's really +easy to integrate. Um you integrate a + + align:start position:0% +easy to integrate. Um you integrate a + + + align:start position:0% +easy to integrate. Um you integrate a +constant you just get well the constant + + align:start position:0% +constant you just get well the constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant you just get well the constant +times the length of the interval. So + + align:start position:0% +times the length of the interval. So + + + align:start position:0% +times the length of the interval. So +this is equal + + align:start position:0% +this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +2 pi r r * the constant is 1 time the + + align:start position:0% +2 pi r r * the constant is 1 time the + + + align:start position:0% +2 pi r r * the constant is 1 time the +length of the interval which is another + + align:start position:0% +length of the interval which is another + + + align:start position:0% +length of the interval which is another +pi time pi. Okay. So this is equal + + align:start position:0% +pi time pi. Okay. So this is equal + + + align:start position:0% +pi time pi. Okay. So this is equal +to 2 pi^ 2 little r big r. But uh + + align:start position:0% +to 2 pi^ 2 little r big r. But uh + + + align:start position:0% +to 2 pi^ 2 little r big r. But uh +remember so far we've only computed this + + align:start position:0% +remember so far we've only computed this + + + align:start position:0% +remember so far we've only computed this +is this is just the top half of the + + align:start position:0% +is this is just the top half of the + + + align:start position:0% +is this is just the top half of the +Taurus is is all we've ever talked + + align:start position:0% +Taurus is is all we've ever talked + + + align:start position:0% +Taurus is is all we've ever talked +about. So we want to get the whole + + align:start position:0% +about. So we want to get the whole + + + align:start position:0% +about. So we want to get the whole +Taurus you just double this. So you + + align:start position:0% +Taurus you just double this. So you + + + align:start position:0% +Taurus you just double this. So you +double this and the air you get the area + + align:start position:0% +double this and the air you get the area + + + align:start position:0% +double this and the air you get the area +of the whole Taurus is 4 pi^2 little r + + align:start position:0% +of the whole Taurus is 4 pi^2 little r + + + align:start position:0% +of the whole Taurus is 4 pi^2 little r +big r which is a nice nice formula. Um + + align:start position:0% +big r which is a nice nice formula. Um + + + align:start position:0% +big r which is a nice nice formula. Um +so quickly just to summarize what we've + + align:start position:0% +so quickly just to summarize what we've + + + align:start position:0% +so quickly just to summarize what we've +done standard setup. Standard setup here + + align:start position:0% +done standard setup. Standard setup here + + + align:start position:0% +done standard setup. Standard setup here +we did it. we're rotating around the the + + align:start position:0% +we did it. we're rotating around the the + + + align:start position:0% +we did it. we're rotating around the the +the y- axis instead of the the x- axis. + + align:start position:0% +the y- axis instead of the the x- axis. + + + align:start position:0% +the y- axis instead of the the x- axis. +So, so this this formula for for da + + align:start position:0% +So, so this this formula for for da + + + align:start position:0% +So, so this this formula for for da +looks a little bit different than than + + align:start position:0% +looks a little bit different than than + + + align:start position:0% +looks a little bit different than than +what you saw in class mostly. Um but uh + + align:start position:0% +what you saw in class mostly. Um but uh + + + align:start position:0% +what you saw in class mostly. Um but uh +but the thing to remember is just that + + align:start position:0% +but the thing to remember is just that + + + align:start position:0% +but the thing to remember is just that +what goes here is is the radius that + + align:start position:0% +what goes here is is the radius that + + + align:start position:0% +what goes here is is the radius that +this that your little segment is + + align:start position:0% +this that your little segment is + + + align:start position:0% +this that your little segment is +traveling. So this and this is the + + align:start position:0% +traveling. So this and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +traveling. So this and this is the +circumference that it's traveling and so + + align:start position:0% +circumference that it's traveling and so + + + align:start position:0% +circumference that it's traveling and so +this is the the area of that little + + align:start position:0% +this is the the area of that little + + + align:start position:0% +this is the the area of that little +ribbon that it traces out. So da Okay. + + align:start position:0% +ribbon that it traces out. So da Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +ribbon that it traces out. So da Okay. +And then we just did, you know, the sort + + align:start position:0% +And then we just did, you know, the sort + + + align:start position:0% +And then we just did, you know, the sort +of usual thing. You for your for your + + align:start position:0% +of usual thing. You for your for your + + + align:start position:0% +of usual thing. You for your for your +formula, you need, you know, you + + align:start position:0% +formula, you need, you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +formula, you need, you know, you +remember the formula for ds. Then you + + align:start position:0% +remember the formula for ds. Then you + + + align:start position:0% +remember the formula for ds. Then you +need to find this derivative and plug it + + align:start position:0% +need to find this derivative and plug it + + + align:start position:0% +need to find this derivative and plug it +in. Um, and so after you've done all + + align:start position:0% +in. Um, and so after you've done all + + + align:start position:0% +in. Um, and so after you've done all +that preparatory work, then you have the + + align:start position:0% +that preparatory work, then you have the + + + align:start position:0% +that preparatory work, then you have the +your integrant set up. And once you've + + align:start position:0% +your integrant set up. And once you've + + + align:start position:0% +your integrant set up. And once you've +set up your integrant, you you you know + + align:start position:0% +set up your integrant, you you you know + + + align:start position:0% +set up your integrant, you you you know +do whatever integration tools you you + + align:start position:0% +do whatever integration tools you you + + + align:start position:0% +do whatever integration tools you you +can to hit it with. So in in our case + + align:start position:0% +can to hit it with. So in in our case + + + align:start position:0% +can to hit it with. So in in our case +that was a a simplifying substitution + + align:start position:0% +that was a a simplifying substitution + + + align:start position:0% +that was a a simplifying substitution +and then a nice observation that we that + + align:start position:0% +and then a nice observation that we that + + + align:start position:0% +and then a nice observation that we that +we used here to to simplify this that + + align:start position:0% +we used here to to simplify this that + + + align:start position:0% +we used here to to simplify this that +this part was was odd. I mean you could + + align:start position:0% +this part was was odd. I mean you could + + + align:start position:0% +this part was was odd. I mean you could +have you didn't need that observation. + + align:start position:0% +have you didn't need that observation. + + + align:start position:0% +have you didn't need that observation. +You could have done the problem + + align:start position:0% +You could have done the problem + + + align:start position:0% +You could have done the problem +perfectly well um with another with + + align:start position:0% +perfectly well um with another with + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly well um with another with +another substitution there to to kill + + align:start position:0% +another substitution there to to kill + + + align:start position:0% +another substitution there to to kill +off that first part. Um and then okay + + align:start position:0% +off that first part. Um and then okay + + + align:start position:0% +off that first part. Um and then okay +and then a and then a trig substitution + + align:start position:0% +and then a and then a trig substitution + + + align:start position:0% +and then a and then a trig substitution +or remembering that this is an arc sign + + align:start position:0% +or remembering that this is an arc sign + + + align:start position:0% +or remembering that this is an arc sign +or related to an arc sign um to to + + align:start position:0% +or related to an arc sign um to to + + + align:start position:0% +or related to an arc sign um to to +finish it off. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And uh is there anything else I want to + + align:start position:0% +And uh is there anything else I want to + + + align:start position:0% +And uh is there anything else I want to +say? I think that's oh yes there is one + + align:start position:0% +say? I think that's oh yes there is one + + + align:start position:0% +say? I think that's oh yes there is one +other thing I wanted to say which is + + align:start position:0% +other thing I wanted to say which is + + + align:start position:0% +other thing I wanted to say which is +that we could have done this slightly + + align:start position:0% +that we could have done this slightly + + + align:start position:0% +that we could have done this slightly +differently. Um which is here we solve + + align:start position:0% +differently. Um which is here we solve + + + align:start position:0% +differently. Um which is here we solve +for y explicitly in terms of x and it + + align:start position:0% +for y explicitly in terms of x and it + + + align:start position:0% +for y explicitly in terms of x and it +would have been possible to carry this + + align:start position:0% +would have been possible to carry this + + + align:start position:0% +would have been possible to carry this +through using implicit differentiation + + align:start position:0% +through using implicit differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +through using implicit differentiation +instead. um it would have actually + + align:start position:0% +instead. um it would have actually + + + align:start position:0% +instead. um it would have actually +simplified. I would have had to write + + align:start position:0% +simplified. I would have had to write + + + align:start position:0% +simplified. I would have had to write +this square root of little r^ 2 minus x + + align:start position:0% +this square root of little r^ 2 minus x + + + align:start position:0% +this square root of little r^ 2 minus x +- big rant^ 2 uh fewer fewer times if I + + align:start position:0% +- big rant^ 2 uh fewer fewer times if I + + + align:start position:0% +- big rant^ 2 uh fewer fewer times if I +if I'd done implicit differentiation + + align:start position:0% +if I'd done implicit differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +if I'd done implicit differentiation +starting from from this this implicit + + align:start position:0% +starting from from this this implicit + + + align:start position:0% +starting from from this this implicit +equation relating x and y. You have to + + align:start position:0% +equation relating x and y. You have to + + + align:start position:0% +equation relating x and y. You have to +be a little careful there whether you're + + align:start position:0% +be a little careful there whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +be a little careful there whether you're +doing the whole circle all at once or + + align:start position:0% +doing the whole circle all at once or + + + align:start position:0% +doing the whole circle all at once or +just the the top half or the bottom + + align:start position:0% +just the the top half or the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +just the the top half or the bottom +half. But um but you could do it with + + align:start position:0% +half. But um but you could do it with + + + align:start position:0% +half. But um but you could do it with +implicit differentiation instead and and + + align:start position:0% +implicit differentiation instead and and + + + align:start position:0% +implicit differentiation instead and and +maybe save yourself a little bit of of + + align:start position:0% +maybe save yourself a little bit of of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe save yourself a little bit of of +of messy looking arithmetic. Um, so I + + align:start position:0% +of messy looking arithmetic. Um, so I + + + align:start position:0% +of messy looking arithmetic. Um, so I +think I'll end there. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tPTbBAk60ng.txt b/tPTbBAk60ng.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fce20464012e0e2bb50e91147c269dd58bb534c --- /dev/null +++ b/tPTbBAk60ng.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +welcome back to 8225 sts042 + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8225 sts042 + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to 8225 sts042 +any questions on any of the again any + + align:start position:0% +any questions on any of the again any + + + align:start position:0% +any questions on any of the again any +kind of logistical stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if not then I think we'll jump right in + + align:start position:0% +if not then I think we'll jump right in + + + align:start position:0% +if not then I think we'll jump right in +so I'm going to go ahead and share + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go ahead and share + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go ahead and share +screen I'm eager to get into this uh + + align:start position:0% +screen I'm eager to get into this uh + + + align:start position:0% +screen I'm eager to get into this uh +this next set of material together + + align:start position:0% +this next set of material together + + + align:start position:0% +this next set of material together +so hopefully you now see my shared + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully you now see my shared + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully you now see my shared +screen nods or thumbs up just to confirm + + align:start position:0% +screen nods or thumbs up just to confirm + + + align:start position:0% +screen nods or thumbs up just to confirm +looking good thanks everyone okay great + + align:start position:0% +looking good thanks everyone okay great + + + align:start position:0% +looking good thanks everyone okay great +so today's uh lecture is still going to + + align:start position:0% +so today's uh lecture is still going to + + + align:start position:0% +so today's uh lecture is still going to +be situated pretty squarely in the late + + align:start position:0% +be situated pretty squarely in the late + + + align:start position:0% +be situated pretty squarely in the late +19th century we're gonna we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +19th century we're gonna we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +19th century we're gonna we're gonna +pick up from where we were uh during the + + align:start position:0% +pick up from where we were uh during the + + + align:start position:0% +pick up from where we were uh during the +previous discussion + + align:start position:0% +previous discussion + + + align:start position:0% +previous discussion +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so as a reminder + + align:start position:0% +so as a reminder + + + align:start position:0% +so as a reminder +uh the lecture today actually unusual + + align:start position:0% +uh the lecture today actually unusual + + + align:start position:0% +uh the lecture today actually unusual +for me has four parts usually by + + align:start position:0% +for me has four parts usually by + + + align:start position:0% +for me has four parts usually by +lectures or three parts uh these will be + + align:start position:0% +lectures or three parts uh these will be + + + align:start position:0% +lectures or three parts uh these will be +four a little bit shorter parts and + + align:start position:0% +four a little bit shorter parts and + + + align:start position:0% +four a little bit shorter parts and +we'll break for some questions and + + align:start position:0% +we'll break for some questions and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll break for some questions and +discussion between each of these + + align:start position:0% +discussion between each of these + + + align:start position:0% +discussion between each of these +um quick rate recap though of where we + + align:start position:0% +um quick rate recap though of where we + + + align:start position:0% +um quick rate recap though of where we +were um last time so in the previous + + align:start position:0% +were um last time so in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +were um last time so in the previous +lecture we looked at a few kind of + + align:start position:0% +lecture we looked at a few kind of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we looked at a few kind of +exemplars pretty um talenting examples + + align:start position:0% +exemplars pretty um talenting examples + + + align:start position:0% +exemplars pretty um talenting examples +of the kinds of work that was coming + + align:start position:0% +of the kinds of work that was coming + + + align:start position:0% +of the kinds of work that was coming +together in the middle and late 19th + + align:start position:0% +together in the middle and late 19th + + + align:start position:0% +together in the middle and late 19th +century in that case largely in uh in + + align:start position:0% +century in that case largely in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +century in that case largely in uh in +Britain we looked at people like Michael + + align:start position:0% +Britain we looked at people like Michael + + + align:start position:0% +Britain we looked at people like Michael +Faraday + + align:start position:0% +Faraday + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday +Faraday is actually fascinating for his + + align:start position:0% +Faraday is actually fascinating for his + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday is actually fascinating for his +personal story his biography but also + + align:start position:0% +personal story his biography but also + + + align:start position:0% +personal story his biography but also +for what he uh indicates in terms of + + align:start position:0% +for what he uh indicates in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +for what he uh indicates in terms of +what were the pressing questions for + + align:start position:0% +what were the pressing questions for + + + align:start position:0% +what were the pressing questions for +natural researchers in his day and what + + align:start position:0% +natural researchers in his day and what + + + align:start position:0% +natural researchers in his day and what +were the kinds of institutional + + align:start position:0% +were the kinds of institutional + + + align:start position:0% +were the kinds of institutional +Arrangements where did he think it would + + align:start position:0% +Arrangements where did he think it would + + + align:start position:0% +Arrangements where did he think it would +make sense to get his work done so we + + align:start position:0% +make sense to get his work done so we + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to get his work done so we +saw that he had very little formal + + align:start position:0% +saw that he had very little formal + + + align:start position:0% +saw that he had very little formal +education he was apprenticed at around + + align:start position:0% +education he was apprenticed at around + + + align:start position:0% +education he was apprenticed at around +age 13 to a book binder and then later + + align:start position:0% +age 13 to a book binder and then later + + + align:start position:0% +age 13 to a book binder and then later +basically apprenticed in a new kind of + + align:start position:0% +basically apprenticed in a new kind of + + + align:start position:0% +basically apprenticed in a new kind of +position as a natural philosopher at + + align:start position:0% +position as a natural philosopher at + + + align:start position:0% +position as a natural philosopher at +this special kind of place called The + + align:start position:0% +this special kind of place called The + + + align:start position:0% +this special kind of place called The +Royal Institution which remember was not + + align:start position:0% +Royal Institution which remember was not + + + align:start position:0% +Royal Institution which remember was not +a school or university it did not have + + align:start position:0% +a school or university it did not have + + + align:start position:0% +a school or university it did not have +students enrolled it was a place that + + align:start position:0% +students enrolled it was a place that + + + align:start position:0% +students enrolled it was a place that +that fostered research and also a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that fostered research and also a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that fostered research and also a lot of +what we might today call kind of public + + align:start position:0% +what we might today call kind of public + + + align:start position:0% +what we might today call kind of public +Outreach public lectures and so on + + align:start position:0% +Outreach public lectures and so on + + + align:start position:0% +Outreach public lectures and so on +so uh in Faraday's own case we know he + + align:start position:0% +so uh in Faraday's own case we know he + + + align:start position:0% +so uh in Faraday's own case we know he +had many reasons to dig into the topics + + align:start position:0% +had many reasons to dig into the topics + + + align:start position:0% +had many reasons to dig into the topics +that he wound up studying throughout his + + align:start position:0% +that he wound up studying throughout his + + + align:start position:0% +that he wound up studying throughout his +life one of which seems to get inspired + + align:start position:0% +life one of which seems to get inspired + + + align:start position:0% +life one of which seems to get inspired +at least in part by his kind of unusual + + align:start position:0% +at least in part by his kind of unusual + + + align:start position:0% +at least in part by his kind of unusual +religious Faith remember he was a + + align:start position:0% +religious Faith remember he was a + + + align:start position:0% +religious Faith remember he was a +Protestant as we talked about last time + + align:start position:0% +Protestant as we talked about last time + + + align:start position:0% +Protestant as we talked about last time +but not an Anglican not a member of the + + align:start position:0% +but not an Anglican not a member of the + + + align:start position:0% +but not an Anglican not a member of the +official Church of England + + align:start position:0% +official Church of England + + + align:start position:0% +official Church of England +and so his Protestant sect was uh + + align:start position:0% +and so his Protestant sect was uh + + + align:start position:0% +and so his Protestant sect was uh +particularly fascinated by this sort of + + align:start position:0% +particularly fascinated by this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +particularly fascinated by this sort of +inter-conversion an underlying Unity of + + align:start position:0% +inter-conversion an underlying Unity of + + + align:start position:0% +inter-conversion an underlying Unity of +nature and for Faraday that reinforced + + align:start position:0% +nature and for Faraday that reinforced + + + align:start position:0% +nature and for Faraday that reinforced +an interest for him in studying how + + align:start position:0% +an interest for him in studying how + + + align:start position:0% +an interest for him in studying how +physical forces could sort of change one + + align:start position:0% +physical forces could sort of change one + + + align:start position:0% +physical forces could sort of change one +into the other or um different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +into the other or um different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +into the other or um different kinds of +effects could could impact each other + + align:start position:0% +effects could could impact each other + + + align:start position:0% +effects could could impact each other +electric and magnetic electrolysis and + + align:start position:0% +electric and magnetic electrolysis and + + + align:start position:0% +electric and magnetic electrolysis and +and chemical interactions and so on + + align:start position:0% +and chemical interactions and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and chemical interactions and so on +now as far as Faraday and really his + + align:start position:0% +now as far as Faraday and really his + + + align:start position:0% +now as far as Faraday and really his +entire generation was concerned all of + + align:start position:0% +entire generation was concerned all of + + + align:start position:0% +entire generation was concerned all of +these uh interconvertible effects all + + align:start position:0% +these uh interconvertible effects all + + + align:start position:0% +these uh interconvertible effects all +these physical forces uh were made + + align:start position:0% +these physical forces uh were made + + + align:start position:0% +these physical forces uh were made +possible because they were all seated in + + align:start position:0% +possible because they were all seated in + + + align:start position:0% +possible because they were all seated in +this all-pervasive luminiferous ether we + + align:start position:0% +this all-pervasive luminiferous ether we + + + align:start position:0% +this all-pervasive luminiferous ether we +looked at this word last time it's a + + align:start position:0% +looked at this word last time it's a + + + align:start position:0% +looked at this word last time it's a +great word + + align:start position:0% +great word + + + align:start position:0% +great word +Lumen coming from the Latin meaning + + align:start position:0% +Lumen coming from the Latin meaning + + + align:start position:0% +Lumen coming from the Latin meaning +light and ferrous needing to carry the + + align:start position:0% +light and ferrous needing to carry the + + + align:start position:0% +light and ferrous needing to carry the +light bearing or light carrying ether + + align:start position:0% +light bearing or light carrying ether + + + align:start position:0% +light bearing or light carrying ether +so in the course of his investigations + + align:start position:0% +so in the course of his investigations + + + align:start position:0% +so in the course of his investigations +of this all-pervasive kind of mechanical + + align:start position:0% +of this all-pervasive kind of mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +of this all-pervasive kind of mechanical +elastic medium of The Ether Faraday + + align:start position:0% +elastic medium of The Ether Faraday + + + align:start position:0% +elastic medium of The Ether Faraday +introduced lines of force uh and then + + align:start position:0% +introduced lines of force uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +introduced lines of force uh and then +kind of developed from that this idea of + + align:start position:0% +kind of developed from that this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of developed from that this idea of +fields these fields that would + + align:start position:0% +fields these fields that would + + + align:start position:0% +fields these fields that would +characterize as far as Faraday was + + align:start position:0% +characterize as far as Faraday was + + + align:start position:0% +characterize as far as Faraday was +concerned the the local state of The + + align:start position:0% +concerned the the local state of The + + + align:start position:0% +concerned the the local state of The +Ether what were the stresses or strains + + align:start position:0% +Ether what were the stresses or strains + + + align:start position:0% +Ether what were the stresses or strains +or tensions in that kind of elastic + + align:start position:0% +or tensions in that kind of elastic + + + align:start position:0% +or tensions in that kind of elastic +bendable flexible medium in this + + align:start position:0% +bendable flexible medium in this + + + align:start position:0% +bendable flexible medium in this +location at this time in some other + + align:start position:0% +location at this time in some other + + + align:start position:0% +location at this time in some other +location at that time uh at the first + + align:start position:0% +location at that time uh at the first + + + align:start position:0% +location at that time uh at the first +location at some later time and so he + + align:start position:0% +location at some later time and so he + + + align:start position:0% +location at some later time and so he +introduced this notion of fields to help + + align:start position:0% +introduced this notion of fields to help + + + align:start position:0% +introduced this notion of fields to help +make sense of the underlying state of + + align:start position:0% +make sense of the underlying state of + + + align:start position:0% +make sense of the underlying state of +The Ether and so instead of having this + + align:start position:0% +The Ether and so instead of having this + + + align:start position:0% +The Ether and so instead of having this +sort of action at a distance he was + + align:start position:0% +sort of action at a distance he was + + + align:start position:0% +sort of action at a distance he was +really emphasizing local effects local + + align:start position:0% +really emphasizing local effects local + + + align:start position:0% +really emphasizing local effects local +causes lead to local effects and this is + + align:start position:0% +causes lead to local effects and this is + + + align:start position:0% +causes lead to local effects and this is +what we would now consider the birth of + + align:start position:0% +what we would now consider the birth of + + + align:start position:0% +what we would now consider the birth of +field Theory + + align:start position:0% +field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +field Theory +we use field Theory all the time across + + align:start position:0% +we use field Theory all the time across + + + align:start position:0% +we use field Theory all the time across +physics more than ever it's coming it + + align:start position:0% +physics more than ever it's coming it + + + align:start position:0% +physics more than ever it's coming it +really from work by people like Faraday + + align:start position:0% +really from work by people like Faraday + + + align:start position:0% +really from work by people like Faraday +in their mind to understand this + + align:start position:0% +in their mind to understand this + + + align:start position:0% +in their mind to understand this +particular physical real substance that + + align:start position:0% +particular physical real substance that + + + align:start position:0% +particular physical real substance that +filled the whole universe as far as they + + align:start position:0% +filled the whole universe as far as they + + + align:start position:0% +filled the whole universe as far as they +were concerned The Ether okay then we + + align:start position:0% +were concerned The Ether okay then we + + + align:start position:0% +were concerned The Ether okay then we +looked uh last time at + + align:start position:0% +looked uh last time at + + + align:start position:0% +looked uh last time at +uh whoops let's see there we go we + + align:start position:0% +uh whoops let's see there we go we + + + align:start position:0% +uh whoops let's see there we go we +looked at some of the folks who were + + align:start position:0% +looked at some of the folks who were + + + align:start position:0% +looked at some of the folks who were +coming kind of Downstream from Faraday + + align:start position:0% +coming kind of Downstream from Faraday + + + align:start position:0% +coming kind of Downstream from Faraday +uh people like William Thompson uh later + + align:start position:0% +uh people like William Thompson uh later + + + align:start position:0% +uh people like William Thompson uh later +Lord Calvin and James Clark Maxwell so + + align:start position:0% +Lord Calvin and James Clark Maxwell so + + + align:start position:0% +Lord Calvin and James Clark Maxwell so +they shared Faraday's fascination with + + align:start position:0% +they shared Faraday's fascination with + + + align:start position:0% +they shared Faraday's fascination with +electrical and mega effects they shared + + align:start position:0% +electrical and mega effects they shared + + + align:start position:0% +electrical and mega effects they shared +uh Faraday's fascination with The + + align:start position:0% +uh Faraday's fascination with The + + + align:start position:0% +uh Faraday's fascination with The +all-pervasive Ether they began to + + align:start position:0% +all-pervasive Ether they began to + + + align:start position:0% +all-pervasive Ether they began to +approach those questions with a with a + + align:start position:0% +approach those questions with a with a + + + align:start position:0% +approach those questions with a with a +somewhat different tool kit so unlike uh + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different tool kit so unlike uh + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat different tool kit so unlike uh +Faraday who had very little formal + + align:start position:0% +Faraday who had very little formal + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday who had very little formal +schooling Beyond something like early + + align:start position:0% +schooling Beyond something like early + + + align:start position:0% +schooling Beyond something like early +middle school or Junior High Thompson + + align:start position:0% +middle school or Junior High Thompson + + + align:start position:0% +middle school or Junior High Thompson +and Maxwell became early graduates of + + align:start position:0% +and Maxwell became early graduates of + + + align:start position:0% +and Maxwell became early graduates of +this really new fast-changing system + + align:start position:0% +this really new fast-changing system + + + align:start position:0% +this really new fast-changing system +uh it said at large at Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +uh it said at large at Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +uh it said at large at Cambridge +University but quickly became common + + align:start position:0% +University but quickly became common + + + align:start position:0% +University but quickly became common +elsewhere so by the middle Decades of + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere so by the middle Decades of + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere so by the middle Decades of +the 19th century Thompson and Maxwell + + align:start position:0% +the 19th century Thompson and Maxwell + + + align:start position:0% +the 19th century Thompson and Maxwell +were were approaching Faraday type + + align:start position:0% +were were approaching Faraday type + + + align:start position:0% +were were approaching Faraday type +questions but with a new set of tools + + align:start position:0% +questions but with a new set of tools + + + align:start position:0% +questions but with a new set of tools +highly mathematical highly formal tools + + align:start position:0% +highly mathematical highly formal tools + + + align:start position:0% +highly mathematical highly formal tools +and they were both fascinated by these + + align:start position:0% +and they were both fascinated by these + + + align:start position:0% +and they were both fascinated by these +mathematical analogies between + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analogies between + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analogies between +electromagnetic phenomena and mechanics + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic phenomena and mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic phenomena and mechanics +and in fact they articulated what we + + align:start position:0% +and in fact they articulated what we + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact they articulated what we +call the mechanical worldview and we'll + + align:start position:0% +call the mechanical worldview and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +call the mechanical worldview and we'll +see more examples of that today + + align:start position:0% +see more examples of that today + + + align:start position:0% +see more examples of that today +it was in the context of exactly that + + align:start position:0% +it was in the context of exactly that + + + align:start position:0% +it was in the context of exactly that +kind of study uh in part because of the + + align:start position:0% +kind of study uh in part because of the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of study uh in part because of the +importance of things like telegraphy to + + align:start position:0% +importance of things like telegraphy to + + + align:start position:0% +importance of things like telegraphy to +uh to the to the emerging British Empire + + align:start position:0% +uh to the to the emerging British Empire + + + align:start position:0% +uh to the to the emerging British Empire +it was within that context that Maxwell + + align:start position:0% +it was within that context that Maxwell + + + align:start position:0% +it was within that context that Maxwell +was studying the way in which an + + align:start position:0% +was studying the way in which an + + + align:start position:0% +was studying the way in which an +all-pervasive light-bearing ether would + + align:start position:0% +all-pervasive light-bearing ether would + + + align:start position:0% +all-pervasive light-bearing ether would +respond uh to kinds of disturbances you + + align:start position:0% +respond uh to kinds of disturbances you + + + align:start position:0% +respond uh to kinds of disturbances you +sort of tweak The Ether here how would + + align:start position:0% +sort of tweak The Ether here how would + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tweak The Ether here how would +that disturbance travel or spread + + align:start position:0% +that disturbance travel or spread + + + align:start position:0% +that disturbance travel or spread +throughout the ether and he came to the + + align:start position:0% +throughout the ether and he came to the + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the ether and he came to the +conclusion as we saw at the very end of + + align:start position:0% +conclusion as we saw at the very end of + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion as we saw at the very end of +the previous lecture the light was + + align:start position:0% +the previous lecture the light was + + + align:start position:0% +the previous lecture the light was +actually not sort of related to but was + + align:start position:0% +actually not sort of related to but was + + + align:start position:0% +actually not sort of related to but was +in fact nothing other than these + + align:start position:0% +in fact nothing other than these + + + align:start position:0% +in fact nothing other than these +transverse undulations a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +transverse undulations a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +transverse undulations a certain kind of +wave of disturbance within the ether the + + align:start position:0% +wave of disturbance within the ether the + + + align:start position:0% +wave of disturbance within the ether the +light in particular were waves of + + align:start position:0% +light in particular were waves of + + + align:start position:0% +light in particular were waves of +electric and magnetic fields as I + + align:start position:0% +electric and magnetic fields as I + + + align:start position:0% +electric and magnetic fields as I +propagated in that kind of mechanical + + align:start position:0% +propagated in that kind of mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +propagated in that kind of mechanical +elastic that was just to get us back on + + align:start position:0% +elastic that was just to get us back on + + + align:start position:0% +elastic that was just to get us back on +on up to speed when we were uh in the + + align:start position:0% +on up to speed when we were uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +on up to speed when we were uh in the +previous discussion + + align:start position:0% +previous discussion + + + align:start position:0% +previous discussion +so now I want to talk about Maxwell's + + align:start position:0% +so now I want to talk about Maxwell's + + + align:start position:0% +so now I want to talk about Maxwell's +equations in some sense we know Max's + + align:start position:0% +equations in some sense we know Max's + + + align:start position:0% +equations in some sense we know Max's +equations really well we still learned + + align:start position:0% +equations really well we still learned + + + align:start position:0% +equations really well we still learned +them in high school and college and + + align:start position:0% +them in high school and college and + + + align:start position:0% +them in high school and college and +graduate school they're incredibly + + align:start position:0% +graduate school they're incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +graduate school they're incredibly +important uh but we the way we + + align:start position:0% +important uh but we the way we + + + align:start position:0% +important uh but we the way we +manipulate them how we actually handle + + align:start position:0% +manipulate them how we actually handle + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate them how we actually handle +these equations is I would say thank + + align:start position:0% +these equations is I would say thank + + + align:start position:0% +these equations is I would say thank +goodness pretty different from how + + align:start position:0% +goodness pretty different from how + + + align:start position:0% +goodness pretty different from how +Maxwell or Maxwell's immediate circle + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell or Maxwell's immediate circle + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell or Maxwell's immediate circle +handle them so a lot of Maxwell's work + + align:start position:0% +handle them so a lot of Maxwell's work + + + align:start position:0% +handle them so a lot of Maxwell's work +that we kind of remember and and make + + align:start position:0% +that we kind of remember and and make + + + align:start position:0% +that we kind of remember and and make +most use of were results that he was + + align:start position:0% +most use of were results that he was + + + align:start position:0% +most use of were results that he was +working out in the 1850s and 1860s + + align:start position:0% +working out in the 1850s and 1860s + + + align:start position:0% +working out in the 1850s and 1860s +pretty early in his career as we saw + + align:start position:0% +pretty early in his career as we saw + + + align:start position:0% +pretty early in his career as we saw +briefly last time he kind of bundled all + + align:start position:0% +briefly last time he kind of bundled all + + + align:start position:0% +briefly last time he kind of bundled all +those results together in a very massive + + align:start position:0% +those results together in a very massive + + + align:start position:0% +those results together in a very massive +two-volume book published in 1873 + + align:start position:0% +two-volume book published in 1873 + + + align:start position:0% +two-volume book published in 1873 +totaling about 900 Pages between the two + + align:start position:0% +totaling about 900 Pages between the two + + + align:start position:0% +totaling about 900 Pages between the two +volumes called the Treatise on + + align:start position:0% +volumes called the Treatise on + + + align:start position:0% +volumes called the Treatise on +electricity and magnetism and in there + + align:start position:0% +electricity and magnetism and in there + + + align:start position:0% +electricity and magnetism and in there +he's where he lays out a kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +he's where he lays out a kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +he's where he lays out a kind of uh +first principle description of + + align:start position:0% +first principle description of + + + align:start position:0% +first principle description of +electricity magnesium and even much of + + align:start position:0% +electricity magnesium and even much of + + + align:start position:0% +electricity magnesium and even much of +Optics given the fact that he had + + align:start position:0% +Optics given the fact that he had + + + align:start position:0% +Optics given the fact that he had +figured out or argued that light was + + align:start position:0% +figured out or argued that light was + + + align:start position:0% +figured out or argued that light was +nothing other than electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +nothing other than electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +nothing other than electromagnetic +effects in The Ether + + align:start position:0% +effects in The Ether + + + align:start position:0% +effects in The Ether +so here's where he lays out for his new + + align:start position:0% +so here's where he lays out for his new + + + align:start position:0% +so here's where he lays out for his new +readers what we would Now call Maxwell's + + align:start position:0% +readers what we would Now call Maxwell's + + + align:start position:0% +readers what we would Now call Maxwell's +equations we had a little taste of that + + align:start position:0% +equations we had a little taste of that + + + align:start position:0% +equations we had a little taste of that +in the excerpt for the last last class + + align:start position:0% +in the excerpt for the last last class + + + align:start position:0% +in the excerpt for the last last class +they look like this I mean this this + + align:start position:0% +they look like this I mean this this + + + align:start position:0% +they look like this I mean this this +Orange Box here they look horrifying + + align:start position:0% +Orange Box here they look horrifying + + + align:start position:0% +Orange Box here they look horrifying +right imagine if you had to manipulate + + align:start position:0% +right imagine if you had to manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +right imagine if you had to manipulate +Maxwell's equations always in this sort + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations always in this sort + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations always in this sort +of full component form as many maybe all + + align:start position:0% +of full component form as many maybe all + + + align:start position:0% +of full component form as many maybe all +of you know by now + + align:start position:0% +of you know by now + + + align:start position:0% +of you know by now +most of the of the central quantities in + + align:start position:0% +most of the of the central quantities in + + + align:start position:0% +most of the of the central quantities in +electromagnet magnetism are vector + + align:start position:0% +electromagnet magnetism are vector + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnet magnetism are vector +quantities they have both magnitude and + + align:start position:0% +quantities they have both magnitude and + + + align:start position:0% +quantities they have both magnitude and +Direction so we have to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +Direction so we have to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +Direction so we have to keep track of +sort of what's their component in the X + + align:start position:0% +sort of what's their component in the X + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what's their component in the X +Direction in the y direction in the Z + + align:start position:0% +Direction in the y direction in the Z + + + align:start position:0% +Direction in the y direction in the Z +Direction and so on + + align:start position:0% +Direction and so on + + + align:start position:0% +Direction and so on +and so they would write those out + + align:start position:0% +and so they would write those out + + + align:start position:0% +and so they would write those out +component by component so just writing + + align:start position:0% +component by component so just writing + + + align:start position:0% +component by component so just writing +down things like what's the energy + + align:start position:0% +down things like what's the energy + + + align:start position:0% +down things like what's the energy +density stored in the field would take + + align:start position:0% +density stored in the field would take + + + align:start position:0% +density stored in the field would take +you know half a page + + align:start position:0% +you know half a page + + + align:start position:0% +you know half a page +so it's only a later maxwellian in this + + align:start position:0% +so it's only a later maxwellian in this + + + align:start position:0% +so it's only a later maxwellian in this +case Oliver hebicide + + align:start position:0% +case Oliver hebicide + + + align:start position:0% +case Oliver hebicide +who actually invented Vector notation + + align:start position:0% +who actually invented Vector notation + + + align:start position:0% +who actually invented Vector notation +precisely to make it easier to handle + + align:start position:0% +precisely to make it easier to handle + + + align:start position:0% +precisely to make it easier to handle +Maxwell's work it wasn't to handle any + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's work it wasn't to handle any + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's work it wasn't to handle any +old set of vectors it was to handle + + align:start position:0% +old set of vectors it was to handle + + + align:start position:0% +old set of vectors it was to handle +Maxwell's work in this otherwise massive + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's work in this otherwise massive + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's work in this otherwise massive +kind of back-breaking 900 page Treatise + + align:start position:0% +kind of back-breaking 900 page Treatise + + + align:start position:0% +kind of back-breaking 900 page Treatise +so nowadays at the height of fashion we + + align:start position:0% +so nowadays at the height of fashion we + + + align:start position:0% +so nowadays at the height of fashion we +can each proudly wear a t-shirt that has + + align:start position:0% +can each proudly wear a t-shirt that has + + + align:start position:0% +can each proudly wear a t-shirt that has +all of Maxwell's equations only four + + align:start position:0% +all of Maxwell's equations only four + + + align:start position:0% +all of Maxwell's equations only four +lines because we can use heavicides + + align:start position:0% +lines because we can use heavicides + + + align:start position:0% +lines because we can use heavicides +really quite efficient Vector notation + + align:start position:0% +really quite efficient Vector notation + + + align:start position:0% +really quite efficient Vector notation +both to represent Vector quantities like + + align:start position:0% +both to represent Vector quantities like + + + align:start position:0% +both to represent Vector quantities like +the electric field the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +the electric field the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field the magnetic field +but also these differential operators + + align:start position:0% +but also these differential operators + + + align:start position:0% +but also these differential operators +like the Divergence the gradient the + + align:start position:0% +like the Divergence the gradient the + + + align:start position:0% +like the Divergence the gradient the +curl and so on these were literally + + align:start position:0% +curl and so on these were literally + + + align:start position:0% +curl and so on these were literally +invented to handle Max equations so we + + align:start position:0% +invented to handle Max equations so we + + + align:start position:0% +invented to handle Max equations so we +wouldn't all have to do this + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't all have to do this + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't all have to do this +horribleness for the rest of our lives + + align:start position:0% +horribleness for the rest of our lives + + + align:start position:0% +horribleness for the rest of our lives +so if you proudly have a t-shirt with + + align:start position:0% +so if you proudly have a t-shirt with + + + align:start position:0% +so if you proudly have a t-shirt with +Max equations + + align:start position:0% +Max equations + + + align:start position:0% +Max equations +um you should thank Oliver hebicide it + + align:start position:0% +um you should thank Oliver hebicide it + + + align:start position:0% +um you should thank Oliver hebicide it +fits on one t-shirt because of his + + align:start position:0% +fits on one t-shirt because of his + + + align:start position:0% +fits on one t-shirt because of his +Innovations + + align:start position:0% +Innovations + + + align:start position:0% +Innovations +now what's really fascinating to me what + + align:start position:0% +now what's really fascinating to me what + + + align:start position:0% +now what's really fascinating to me what +I want to spend a little time on for + + align:start position:0% +I want to spend a little time on for + + + align:start position:0% +I want to spend a little time on for +this first part of the lecture is not + + align:start position:0% +this first part of the lecture is not + + + align:start position:0% +this first part of the lecture is not +just that we now have a more efficient + + align:start position:0% +just that we now have a more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +just that we now have a more efficient +notation to handle vectors but that what + + align:start position:0% +notation to handle vectors but that what + + + align:start position:0% +notation to handle vectors but that what +Maxwell's equations seem to mean to + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations seem to mean to + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations seem to mean to +Maxwell and his immediate peers is + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell and his immediate peers is + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell and his immediate peers is +really quite different from what we take + + align:start position:0% +really quite different from what we take + + + align:start position:0% +really quite different from what we take +those same equations to me so for + + align:start position:0% +those same equations to me so for + + + align:start position:0% +those same equations to me so for +today's class you had a reading a + + align:start position:0% +today's class you had a reading a + + + align:start position:0% +today's class you had a reading a +portion of an article to read by the + + align:start position:0% +portion of an article to read by the + + + align:start position:0% +portion of an article to read by the +historian Jed buckwald that article was + + align:start position:0% +historian Jed buckwald that article was + + + align:start position:0% +historian Jed buckwald that article was +later kind of incorporated into this + + align:start position:0% +later kind of incorporated into this + + + align:start position:0% +later kind of incorporated into this +really interesting book called from + + align:start position:0% +really interesting book called from + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting book called from +Maxwell the microphysics you see it's + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell the microphysics you see it's + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell the microphysics you see it's +cover shown right here so I want to I + + align:start position:0% +cover shown right here so I want to I + + + align:start position:0% +cover shown right here so I want to I +want to sort of follow a Jed's lead in + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of follow a Jed's lead in + + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of follow a Jed's lead in +walking through a few of these examples + + align:start position:0% +walking through a few of these examples + + + align:start position:0% +walking through a few of these examples +of just how different conceptually + + align:start position:0% +of just how different conceptually + + + align:start position:0% +of just how different conceptually +Maxwell and his immediate circle thought + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell and his immediate circle thought + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell and his immediate circle thought +his own equations apply to the world + + align:start position:0% +his own equations apply to the world + + + align:start position:0% +his own equations apply to the world +compared to how we use those same + + align:start position:0% +compared to how we use those same + + + align:start position:0% +compared to how we use those same +equations we still Buy the T-shirt we + + align:start position:0% +equations we still Buy the T-shirt we + + + align:start position:0% +equations we still Buy the T-shirt we +think those equations mean something + + align:start position:0% +think those equations mean something + + + align:start position:0% +think those equations mean something +quite different today + + align:start position:0% +quite different today + + + align:start position:0% +quite different today +I should say Jed uh buckwald is a + + align:start position:0% +I should say Jed uh buckwald is a + + + align:start position:0% +I should say Jed uh buckwald is a +colleague of mine he taught for many + + align:start position:0% +colleague of mine he taught for many + + + align:start position:0% +colleague of mine he taught for many +years here at MIT he's now a professor + + align:start position:0% +years here at MIT he's now a professor + + + align:start position:0% +years here at MIT he's now a professor +of Caltech but this is stuff that uh + + align:start position:0% +of Caltech but this is stuff that uh + + + align:start position:0% +of Caltech but this is stuff that uh +that I think is really just just amazing + + align:start position:0% +that I think is really just just amazing + + + align:start position:0% +that I think is really just just amazing +okay so to us Maxwell's equations + + align:start position:0% +okay so to us Maxwell's equations + + + align:start position:0% +okay so to us Maxwell's equations +describe the behavior of fundamental or + + align:start position:0% +describe the behavior of fundamental or + + + align:start position:0% +describe the behavior of fundamental or +Elementary charged particles things like + + align:start position:0% +Elementary charged particles things like + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary charged particles things like +electrons or ions or even protons and + + align:start position:0% +electrons or ions or even protons and + + + align:start position:0% +electrons or ions or even protons and +quarks and things we'll get to later in + + align:start position:0% +quarks and things we'll get to later in + + + align:start position:0% +quarks and things we'll get to later in +this term so to us Max's equations + + align:start position:0% +this term so to us Max's equations + + + align:start position:0% +this term so to us Max's equations +talking about objects that have a fixed + + align:start position:0% +talking about objects that have a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +talking about objects that have a fixed +amount of electric charge it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +amount of electric charge it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of electric charge it's kind of +stapled onto them doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +stapled onto them doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +stapled onto them doesn't change +total electric charge is conserved you + + align:start position:0% +total electric charge is conserved you + + + align:start position:0% +total electric charge is conserved you +can't change the overall amount of say + + align:start position:0% +can't change the overall amount of say + + + align:start position:0% +can't change the overall amount of say +plus or minus charge in the universe you + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus charge in the universe you + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus charge in the universe you +have a fixed amount of electric charge + + align:start position:0% +have a fixed amount of electric charge + + + align:start position:0% +have a fixed amount of electric charge +attached a constant amount attached to + + align:start position:0% +attached a constant amount attached to + + + align:start position:0% +attached a constant amount attached to +each microscopic charge carrier like an + + align:start position:0% +each microscopic charge carrier like an + + + align:start position:0% +each microscopic charge carrier like an +electron we would say the charge on + + align:start position:0% +electron we would say the charge on + + + align:start position:0% +electron we would say the charge on +electron is one unit it doesn't later + + align:start position:0% +electron is one unit it doesn't later + + + align:start position:0% +electron is one unit it doesn't later +become 1.3 units on one electron it's a + + align:start position:0% +become 1.3 units on one electron it's a + + + align:start position:0% +become 1.3 units on one electron it's a +fixed amount per fundamental charge + + align:start position:0% +fixed amount per fundamental charge + + + align:start position:0% +fixed amount per fundamental charge +and then electrical phenomena like + + align:start position:0% +and then electrical phenomena like + + + align:start position:0% +and then electrical phenomena like +electric current is nothing other than + + align:start position:0% +electric current is nothing other than + + + align:start position:0% +electric current is nothing other than +those little fundamental charge carriers + + align:start position:0% +those little fundamental charge carriers + + + align:start position:0% +those little fundamental charge carriers +moving around so electric current to us + + align:start position:0% +moving around so electric current to us + + + align:start position:0% +moving around so electric current to us +is nothing but the motion of those + + align:start position:0% +is nothing but the motion of those + + + align:start position:0% +is nothing but the motion of those +Elementary charge carriers or + + align:start position:0% +Elementary charge carriers or + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary charge carriers or +fundamental charge carriers so we have a + + align:start position:0% +fundamental charge carriers so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental charge carriers so we have a +very simple kind of cartoons like this + + align:start position:0% +very simple kind of cartoons like this + + + align:start position:0% +very simple kind of cartoons like this +to make sense of things like charge and + + align:start position:0% +to make sense of things like charge and + + + align:start position:0% +to make sense of things like charge and +current + + align:start position:0% +current + + + align:start position:0% +current +to Maxwell and even to most of his + + align:start position:0% +to Maxwell and even to most of his + + + align:start position:0% +to Maxwell and even to most of his +followers for Generations not one part + + align:start position:0% +followers for Generations not one part + + + align:start position:0% +followers for Generations not one part +of that was true I just want to let that + + align:start position:0% +of that was true I just want to let that + + + align:start position:0% +of that was true I just want to let that +sink in we use his equations we put them + + align:start position:0% +sink in we use his equations we put them + + + align:start position:0% +sink in we use his equations we put them +on our t-shirts we wear them proudly + + align:start position:0% +on our t-shirts we wear them proudly + + + align:start position:0% +on our t-shirts we wear them proudly +proudly uh and yet what we think those + + align:start position:0% +proudly uh and yet what we think those + + + align:start position:0% +proudly uh and yet what we think those +literally exact same equations refer to + + align:start position:0% +literally exact same equations refer to + + + align:start position:0% +literally exact same equations refer to +is almost a hundred percent uh reversed + + align:start position:0% +is almost a hundred percent uh reversed + + + align:start position:0% +is almost a hundred percent uh reversed +from how Maxwell himself thought about + + align:start position:0% +from how Maxwell himself thought about + + + align:start position:0% +from how Maxwell himself thought about +them or how his peers and students do + + align:start position:0% +them or how his peers and students do + + + align:start position:0% +them or how his peers and students do +and if you pause for a moment you say + + align:start position:0% +and if you pause for a moment you say + + + align:start position:0% +and if you pause for a moment you say +well sort of it had to be that way some + + align:start position:0% +well sort of it had to be that way some + + + align:start position:0% +well sort of it had to be that way some +of you may know and we'll look at this + + align:start position:0% +of you may know and we'll look at this + + + align:start position:0% +of you may know and we'll look at this +in a few weeks if it's news to you + + align:start position:0% +in a few weeks if it's news to you + + + align:start position:0% +in a few weeks if it's news to you +the electron itself wasn't discovered or + + align:start position:0% +the electron itself wasn't discovered or + + + align:start position:0% +the electron itself wasn't discovered or +the sort of experimental evidence that + + align:start position:0% +the sort of experimental evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of experimental evidence that +would become to be called uh you know + + align:start position:0% +would become to be called uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +would become to be called uh you know +the electron didn't even coalesce for + + align:start position:0% +the electron didn't even coalesce for + + + align:start position:0% +the electron didn't even coalesce for +about 20 years after Maxwell had + + align:start position:0% +about 20 years after Maxwell had + + + align:start position:0% +about 20 years after Maxwell had +published his Treatise he writes these + + align:start position:0% +published his Treatise he writes these + + + align:start position:0% +published his Treatise he writes these +900 pages in 1873. it's only in the + + align:start position:0% +900 pages in 1873. it's only in the + + + align:start position:0% +900 pages in 1873. it's only in the +early and mid 1890s two decades later + + align:start position:0% +early and mid 1890s two decades later + + + align:start position:0% +early and mid 1890s two decades later +that physicists start to have any kind + + align:start position:0% +that physicists start to have any kind + + + align:start position:0% +that physicists start to have any kind +of empirical evidence that something + + align:start position:0% +of empirical evidence that something + + + align:start position:0% +of empirical evidence that something +like an electron is part of the world + + align:start position:0% +like an electron is part of the world + + + align:start position:0% +like an electron is part of the world +so the maxwellians were not thinking + + align:start position:0% +so the maxwellians were not thinking + + + align:start position:0% +so the maxwellians were not thinking +about fundamental or Elementary charges + + align:start position:0% +about fundamental or Elementary charges + + + align:start position:0% +about fundamental or Elementary charges +that zip around with fixed charge per + + align:start position:0% +that zip around with fixed charge per + + + align:start position:0% +that zip around with fixed charge per +particle they were thinking about a + + align:start position:0% +particle they were thinking about a + + + align:start position:0% +particle they were thinking about a +Continuum as we've seen many times now + + align:start position:0% +Continuum as we've seen many times now + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum as we've seen many times now +this sort of elastic continuous medium + + align:start position:0% +this sort of elastic continuous medium + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of elastic continuous medium +of The light-bearing Ether + + align:start position:0% +of The light-bearing Ether + + + align:start position:0% +of The light-bearing Ether +so Jed buckwald calls the maxwellians + + align:start position:0% +so Jed buckwald calls the maxwellians + + + align:start position:0% +so Jed buckwald calls the maxwellians +inverted atomist so I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +inverted atomist so I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +inverted atomist so I think it's a +pretty helpful term + + align:start position:0% +pretty helpful term + + + align:start position:0% +pretty helpful term +they believed in things like chemical + + align:start position:0% +they believed in things like chemical + + + align:start position:0% +they believed in things like chemical +atoms but they didn't believe that there + + align:start position:0% +atoms but they didn't believe that there + + + align:start position:0% +atoms but they didn't believe that there +were kind of fundamental uh constituents + + align:start position:0% +were kind of fundamental uh constituents + + + align:start position:0% +were kind of fundamental uh constituents +that had unchanging properties so as Jed + + align:start position:0% +that had unchanging properties so as Jed + + + align:start position:0% +that had unchanging properties so as Jed +nicely puts it instead of building the + + align:start position:0% +nicely puts it instead of building the + + + align:start position:0% +nicely puts it instead of building the +world out of atoms we would we would + + align:start position:0% +world out of atoms we would we would + + + align:start position:0% +world out of atoms we would we would +imagine the maxwellians built atoms out + + align:start position:0% +imagine the maxwellians built atoms out + + + align:start position:0% +imagine the maxwellians built atoms out +of the world and by the world in this + + align:start position:0% +of the world and by the world in this + + + align:start position:0% +of the world and by the world in this +case he really means this Continuum + + align:start position:0% +case he really means this Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +case he really means this Continuum +elastic medium of The Ether so things + + align:start position:0% +elastic medium of The Ether so things + + + align:start position:0% +elastic medium of The Ether so things +like atoms or charges were kind of + + align:start position:0% +like atoms or charges were kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like atoms or charges were kind of +coagulations of this more primary stuff + + align:start position:0% +coagulations of this more primary stuff + + + align:start position:0% +coagulations of this more primary stuff +The Ether and that has implications for + + align:start position:0% +The Ether and that has implications for + + + align:start position:0% +The Ether and that has implications for +how they make sense of other electric + + align:start position:0% +how they make sense of other electric + + + align:start position:0% +how they make sense of other electric +and magnetic phenomena so here's an + + align:start position:0% +and magnetic phenomena so here's an + + + align:start position:0% +and magnetic phenomena so here's an +example I want to just take a few + + align:start position:0% +example I want to just take a few + + + align:start position:0% +example I want to just take a few +moments to walk through that Jed talks + + align:start position:0% +moments to walk through that Jed talks + + + align:start position:0% +moments to walk through that Jed talks +about in that article in fact in that + + align:start position:0% +about in that article in fact in that + + + align:start position:0% +about in that article in fact in that +first few pages of the article that I + + align:start position:0% +first few pages of the article that I + + + align:start position:0% +first few pages of the article that I +designed for today's reading + + align:start position:0% +designed for today's reading + + + align:start position:0% +designed for today's reading +it's pretty abstract so I hope a few + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty abstract so I hope a few + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty abstract so I hope a few +pictures might help a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +pictures might help a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +pictures might help a little bit and +this is really just to give a flavor of + + align:start position:0% +this is really just to give a flavor of + + + align:start position:0% +this is really just to give a flavor of +how the maxwellians made sense of these + + align:start position:0% +how the maxwellians made sense of these + + + align:start position:0% +how the maxwellians made sense of these +things if every step of this discussion + + align:start position:0% +things if every step of this discussion + + + align:start position:0% +things if every step of this discussion +uh is hard to follow that's okay I just + + align:start position:0% +uh is hard to follow that's okay I just + + + align:start position:0% +uh is hard to follow that's okay I just +want to get across what they thought + + align:start position:0% +want to get across what they thought + + + align:start position:0% +want to get across what they thought +they were doing it's more like how do + + align:start position:0% +they were doing it's more like how do + + + align:start position:0% +they were doing it's more like how do +they conceptualize things like charge uh + + align:start position:0% +they conceptualize things like charge uh + + + align:start position:0% +they conceptualize things like charge uh +and current + + align:start position:0% +and current + + + align:start position:0% +and current +so to the maxwellians charge could drift + + align:start position:0% +so to the maxwellians charge could drift + + + align:start position:0% +so to the maxwellians charge could drift +in and out of existence because it + + align:start position:0% +in and out of existence because it + + + align:start position:0% +in and out of existence because it +wasn't sort of a fundamental property + + align:start position:0% +wasn't sort of a fundamental property + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't sort of a fundamental property +attached to fundamental uh particles + + align:start position:0% +attached to fundamental uh particles + + + align:start position:0% +attached to fundamental uh particles +and instead it was a kind of reflection + + align:start position:0% +and instead it was a kind of reflection + + + align:start position:0% +and instead it was a kind of reflection +of the underlying state of The Ether it + + align:start position:0% +of the underlying state of The Ether it + + + align:start position:0% +of the underlying state of The Ether it +was a local manifestation of these kind + + align:start position:0% +was a local manifestation of these kind + + + align:start position:0% +was a local manifestation of these kind +of stresses or strains in The Ether so + + align:start position:0% +of stresses or strains in The Ether so + + + align:start position:0% +of stresses or strains in The Ether so +to take one example charge could arise + + align:start position:0% +to take one example charge could arise + + + align:start position:0% +to take one example charge could arise +for example as a surface effect not only + + align:start position:0% +for example as a surface effect not only + + + align:start position:0% +for example as a surface effect not only +this way but this is one example and one + + align:start position:0% +this way but this is one example and one + + + align:start position:0% +this way but this is one example and one +that I think Jed treats uh pretty nice + + align:start position:0% +that I think Jed treats uh pretty nice + + + align:start position:0% +that I think Jed treats uh pretty nice +pretty helpfully in that article + + align:start position:0% +pretty helpfully in that article + + + align:start position:0% +pretty helpfully in that article +so one way you might encounter electric + + align:start position:0% +so one way you might encounter electric + + + align:start position:0% +so one way you might encounter electric +charge building up according to + + align:start position:0% +charge building up according to + + + align:start position:0% +charge building up according to +maxwellians was if you had a change in + + align:start position:0% +maxwellians was if you had a change in + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellians was if you had a change in +two different kinds of materials near + + align:start position:0% +two different kinds of materials near + + + align:start position:0% +two different kinds of materials near +each other in space it would be a kind + + align:start position:0% +each other in space it would be a kind + + + align:start position:0% +each other in space it would be a kind +of surface or boundary effect let's talk + + align:start position:0% +of surface or boundary effect let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +of surface or boundary effect let's talk +about what they put them in there + + align:start position:0% +about what they put them in there + + + align:start position:0% +about what they put them in there +imagine you had these two conducting + + align:start position:0% +imagine you had these two conducting + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you had these two conducting +plates these thick black lines on either + + align:start position:0% +plates these thick black lines on either + + + align:start position:0% +plates these thick black lines on either +side and you put a a a a voltage + + align:start position:0% +side and you put a a a a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +side and you put a a a a voltage +difference across them you you charge + + align:start position:0% +difference across them you you charge + + + align:start position:0% +difference across them you you charge +one up with a positive voltage in the + + align:start position:0% +one up with a positive voltage in the + + + align:start position:0% +one up with a positive voltage in the +other with a negative so between them + + align:start position:0% +other with a negative so between them + + + align:start position:0% +other with a negative so between them +you'd have some uh net voltage change + + align:start position:0% +you'd have some uh net voltage change + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have some uh net voltage change +between the two conducting plates + + align:start position:0% +between the two conducting plates + + + align:start position:0% +between the two conducting plates +so according to Maxwell and his Circle + + align:start position:0% +so according to Maxwell and his Circle + + + align:start position:0% +so according to Maxwell and his Circle +that meant that what you're really doing + + align:start position:0% +that meant that what you're really doing + + + align:start position:0% +that meant that what you're really doing +is putting this elastic ether under + + align:start position:0% +is putting this elastic ether under + + + align:start position:0% +is putting this elastic ether under +tension The Ether that would be in the + + align:start position:0% +tension The Ether that would be in the + + + align:start position:0% +tension The Ether that would be in the +space between those two plates would now + + align:start position:0% +space between those two plates would now + + + align:start position:0% +space between those two plates would now +be not at some kind of resting or or + + align:start position:0% +be not at some kind of resting or or + + + align:start position:0% +be not at some kind of resting or or +equilibrium State you've put it under + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State you've put it under + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State you've put it under +strain or tension in fact fun fact I + + align:start position:0% +strain or tension in fact fun fact I + + + align:start position:0% +strain or tension in fact fun fact I +believe it's the case to this day that + + align:start position:0% +believe it's the case to this day that + + + align:start position:0% +believe it's the case to this day that +the French word for voltage is actually + + align:start position:0% +the French word for voltage is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the French word for voltage is actually +tonsion like tension so it really was a + + align:start position:0% +tonsion like tension so it really was a + + + align:start position:0% +tonsion like tension so it really was a +notion that you were putting the + + align:start position:0% +notion that you were putting the + + + align:start position:0% +notion that you were putting the +physical media much attention when you + + align:start position:0% +physical media much attention when you + + + align:start position:0% +physical media much attention when you +apply this voltage this voltage + + align:start position:0% +apply this voltage this voltage + + + align:start position:0% +apply this voltage this voltage +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +so now the potential energy stored in + + align:start position:0% +so now the potential energy stored in + + + align:start position:0% +so now the potential energy stored in +ether thinking about like squeezing a + + align:start position:0% +ether thinking about like squeezing a + + + align:start position:0% +ether thinking about like squeezing a +spring that mechanical ether + + align:start position:0% +spring that mechanical ether + + + align:start position:0% +spring that mechanical ether +the rate at which that energy would be + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which that energy would be + + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which that energy would be +dissipated would be relaxed is + + align:start position:0% +dissipated would be relaxed is + + + align:start position:0% +dissipated would be relaxed is +controlled by the intervening stuff so + + align:start position:0% +controlled by the intervening stuff so + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by the intervening stuff so +in this case they imagine they had two + + align:start position:0% +in this case they imagine they had two + + + align:start position:0% +in this case they imagine they had two +different kinds of material filling this + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of material filling this + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of material filling this +space between the two uh conducting + + align:start position:0% +space between the two uh conducting + + + align:start position:0% +space between the two uh conducting +plates that we'll just call like the + + align:start position:0% +plates that we'll just call like the + + + align:start position:0% +plates that we'll just call like the +blue region and the green region and + + align:start position:0% +blue region and the green region and + + + align:start position:0% +blue region and the green region and +because there's different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +because there's different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +because there's different kinds of +materials they have different physical + + align:start position:0% +materials they have different physical + + + align:start position:0% +materials they have different physical +properties in particular they could + + align:start position:0% +properties in particular they could + + + align:start position:0% +properties in particular they could +store up and or dissipate this local + + align:start position:0% +store up and or dissipate this local + + + align:start position:0% +store up and or dissipate this local +strain at different rates is again how + + align:start position:0% +strain at different rates is again how + + + align:start position:0% +strain at different rates is again how +the maxwellians would have talked about + + align:start position:0% +the maxwellians would have talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the maxwellians would have talked about +it so in the blue medium it would they + + align:start position:0% +it so in the blue medium it would they + + + align:start position:0% +it so in the blue medium it would they +would have one characteristic elastic + + align:start position:0% +would have one characteristic elastic + + + align:start position:0% +would have one characteristic elastic +capacity is what we would call the + + align:start position:0% +capacity is what we would call the + + + align:start position:0% +capacity is what we would call the +dielectric constant we would still use + + align:start position:0% +dielectric constant we would still use + + + align:start position:0% +dielectric constant we would still use +the same Greek letter Epsilon to them it + + align:start position:0% +the same Greek letter Epsilon to them it + + + align:start position:0% +the same Greek letter Epsilon to them it +really was like a spring constant is how + + align:start position:0% +really was like a spring constant is how + + + align:start position:0% +really was like a spring constant is how +much can you how how do you store up + + align:start position:0% +much can you how how do you store up + + + align:start position:0% +much can you how how do you store up +potential energy by putting that Medium + + align:start position:0% +potential energy by putting that Medium + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy by putting that Medium +under a kind of strain like squeezing a + + align:start position:0% +under a kind of strain like squeezing a + + + align:start position:0% +under a kind of strain like squeezing a +spring or stretching a spring + + align:start position:0% +spring or stretching a spring + + + align:start position:0% +spring or stretching a spring +so on the one hand you have a kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +so on the one hand you have a kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +so on the one hand you have a kind of uh +how easy can you store the potential + + align:start position:0% +how easy can you store the potential + + + align:start position:0% +how easy can you store the potential +energy and the other relevant constant + + align:start position:0% +energy and the other relevant constant + + + align:start position:0% +energy and the other relevant constant +or characteristic of that material they + + align:start position:0% +or characteristic of that material they + + + align:start position:0% +or characteristic of that material they +call the conducting capacity we simply + + align:start position:0% +call the conducting capacity we simply + + + align:start position:0% +call the conducting capacity we simply +call it the conductivity and we use + + align:start position:0% +call it the conductivity and we use + + + align:start position:0% +call it the conductivity and we use +again the same Greek letter Sigma and + + align:start position:0% +again the same Greek letter Sigma and + + + align:start position:0% +again the same Greek letter Sigma and +the point was in these two different + + align:start position:0% +the point was in these two different + + + align:start position:0% +the point was in these two different +kinds of materials they would have + + align:start position:0% +kinds of materials they would have + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of materials they would have +different properties + + align:start position:0% +different properties + + + align:start position:0% +different properties +so the blue material have one + + align:start position:0% +so the blue material have one + + + align:start position:0% +so the blue material have one +characteristic elastic capacity some + + align:start position:0% +characteristic elastic capacity some + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic elastic capacity some +other quantitative value for its + + align:start position:0% +other quantitative value for its + + + align:start position:0% +other quantitative value for its +conducting capacity Epsilon one Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +conducting capacity Epsilon one Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +conducting capacity Epsilon one Epsilon +and sigma one and this green region made + + align:start position:0% +and sigma one and this green region made + + + align:start position:0% +and sigma one and this green region made +of some other kind of stuff would have + + align:start position:0% +of some other kind of stuff would have + + + align:start position:0% +of some other kind of stuff would have +different values for those two kind of + + align:start position:0% +different values for those two kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different values for those two kind of +basically like spring constants so the + + align:start position:0% +basically like spring constants so the + + + align:start position:0% +basically like spring constants so the +rate at which the tension the underlying + + align:start position:0% +rate at which the tension the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which the tension the underlying +tension of The Ether could be dissipated + + align:start position:0% +tension of The Ether could be dissipated + + + align:start position:0% +tension of The Ether could be dissipated +was a kind of competition between those + + align:start position:0% +was a kind of competition between those + + + align:start position:0% +was a kind of competition between those +effects you store up tension and you + + align:start position:0% +effects you store up tension and you + + + align:start position:0% +effects you store up tension and you +dissipated at different rates given by + + align:start position:0% +dissipated at different rates given by + + + align:start position:0% +dissipated at different rates given by +let's say the ratio Tau of that elastic + + align:start position:0% +let's say the ratio Tau of that elastic + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the ratio Tau of that elastic +capacity divided by its conducting + + align:start position:0% +capacity divided by its conducting + + + align:start position:0% +capacity divided by its conducting +capacity + + align:start position:0% +capacity + + + align:start position:0% +capacity +so then what happens at the boundaries + + align:start position:0% +so then what happens at the boundaries + + + align:start position:0% +so then what happens at the boundaries +now you have different rates of + + align:start position:0% +now you have different rates of + + + align:start position:0% +now you have different rates of +dissipating this underlying tension so + + align:start position:0% +dissipating this underlying tension so + + + align:start position:0% +dissipating this underlying tension so +you can build up a surface charge as a + + align:start position:0% +you can build up a surface charge as a + + + align:start position:0% +you can build up a surface charge as a +boundary effect as a surface effect so + + align:start position:0% +boundary effect as a surface effect so + + + align:start position:0% +boundary effect as a surface effect so +sure charge can be electric charge could + + align:start position:0% +sure charge can be electric charge could + + + align:start position:0% +sure charge can be electric charge could +be very important but it wasn't like + + align:start position:0% +be very important but it wasn't like + + + align:start position:0% +be very important but it wasn't like +vital right to the maxwellians it was a + + align:start position:0% +vital right to the maxwellians it was a + + + align:start position:0% +vital right to the maxwellians it was a +kind of accidental effect of the real + + align:start position:0% +kind of accidental effect of the real + + + align:start position:0% +kind of accidental effect of the real +physics which you have an elastic medium + + align:start position:0% +physics which you have an elastic medium + + + align:start position:0% +physics which you have an elastic medium +of The Ether and it can locally sort of + + align:start position:0% +of The Ether and it can locally sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of The Ether and it can locally sort of +discharge or dissipate that tension at + + align:start position:0% +discharge or dissipate that tension at + + + align:start position:0% +discharge or dissipate that tension at +different rates given the material + + align:start position:0% +different rates given the material + + + align:start position:0% +different rates given the material +properties of the stuff that sort of + + align:start position:0% +properties of the stuff that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the stuff that sort of +fills the region the blue region or the + + align:start position:0% +fills the region the blue region or the + + + align:start position:0% +fills the region the blue region or the +green region so the surface charge was + + align:start position:0% +green region so the surface charge was + + + align:start position:0% +green region so the surface charge was +not very important it was kind of + + align:start position:0% +not very important it was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +not very important it was kind of +ephemeral it's some function of time + + align:start position:0% +ephemeral it's some function of time + + + align:start position:0% +ephemeral it's some function of time +it's kind of going to kind of float into + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of going to kind of float into + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of going to kind of float into +or out of existence and it really comes + + align:start position:0% +or out of existence and it really comes + + + align:start position:0% +or out of existence and it really comes +from more fundamental processes + + align:start position:0% +from more fundamental processes + + + align:start position:0% +from more fundamental processes +involving either that's how they would + + align:start position:0% +involving either that's how they would + + + align:start position:0% +involving either that's how they would +have characterized it so let me let me + + align:start position:0% +have characterized it so let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +have characterized it so let me let me +just say that we can see some + + align:start position:0% +just say that we can see some + + + align:start position:0% +just say that we can see some +similarities + + align:start position:0% +similarities + + + align:start position:0% +similarities +um perhaps the most important + + align:start position:0% +um perhaps the most important + + + align:start position:0% +um perhaps the most important +similarities that we're all using field + + align:start position:0% +similarities that we're all using field + + + align:start position:0% +similarities that we're all using field +Theory them and us and we're using it + + align:start position:0% +Theory them and us and we're using it + + + align:start position:0% +Theory them and us and we're using it +though the status of those fields is not + + align:start position:0% +though the status of those fields is not + + + align:start position:0% +though the status of those fields is not +quite the same so it's not that Quantum + + align:start position:0% +quite the same so it's not that Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quite the same so it's not that Quantum +field theory is sort of nothing other + + align:start position:0% +field theory is sort of nothing other + + + align:start position:0% +field theory is sort of nothing other +than a maxwellian ether certainly not + + align:start position:0% +than a maxwellian ether certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +than a maxwellian ether certainly not +that but the notion that there's a kind + + align:start position:0% +that but the notion that there's a kind + + + align:start position:0% +that but the notion that there's a kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +way of characterizing how things are uh + + align:start position:0% +way of characterizing how things are uh + + + align:start position:0% +way of characterizing how things are uh +spread out through space and changing + + align:start position:0% +spread out through space and changing + + + align:start position:0% +spread out through space and changing +over time those basic field notion that + + align:start position:0% +over time those basic field notion that + + + align:start position:0% +over time those basic field notion that +is quite common to how we organize our + + align:start position:0% +is quite common to how we organize our + + + align:start position:0% +is quite common to how we organize our +thoughts today except that with the + + align:start position:0% +thoughts today except that with the + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts today except that with the +difference being Even in our modern View + + align:start position:0% +difference being Even in our modern View + + + align:start position:0% +difference being Even in our modern View +and again we'll have a chance to look at + + align:start position:0% +and again we'll have a chance to look at + + + align:start position:0% +and again we'll have a chance to look at +this in more detail in several weeks in + + align:start position:0% +this in more detail in several weeks in + + + align:start position:0% +this in more detail in several weeks in +our modern view the amount of say + + align:start position:0% +our modern view the amount of say + + + align:start position:0% +our modern view the amount of say +electric charge is fixed per per kind of + + align:start position:0% +electric charge is fixed per per kind of + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge is fixed per per kind of +particle associated with that field so + + align:start position:0% +particle associated with that field so + + + align:start position:0% +particle associated with that field so +we would say there is a Quantum field + + align:start position:0% +we would say there is a Quantum field + + + align:start position:0% +we would say there is a Quantum field +associated with the electron and again + + align:start position:0% +associated with the electron and again + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the electron and again +we'll come to this if this is news + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to this if this is news + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to this if this is news +that's okay we'll have time to look at + + align:start position:0% +that's okay we'll have time to look at + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay we'll have time to look at +it more carefully there's a field spread + + align:start position:0% +it more carefully there's a field spread + + + align:start position:0% +it more carefully there's a field spread +out through space a social electron but + + align:start position:0% +out through space a social electron but + + + align:start position:0% +out through space a social electron but +the individual particles the electrons + + align:start position:0% +the individual particles the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +the individual particles the electrons +themselves have a fixed and unchanging + + align:start position:0% +themselves have a fixed and unchanging + + + align:start position:0% +themselves have a fixed and unchanging +amount of charge kind of nailed on and + + align:start position:0% +amount of charge kind of nailed on and + + + align:start position:0% +amount of charge kind of nailed on and +attached to them as part of their + + align:start position:0% +attached to them as part of their + + + align:start position:0% +attached to them as part of their +fundamental properties that part had no + + align:start position:0% +fundamental properties that part had no + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental properties that part had no +analogy uh for the maximum volumes and I + + align:start position:0% +analogy uh for the maximum volumes and I + + + align:start position:0% +analogy uh for the maximum volumes and I +find that amazing right I find that + + align:start position:0% +find that amazing right I find that + + + align:start position:0% +find that amazing right I find that +really fascinating so it's an excellent + + align:start position:0% +really fascinating so it's an excellent + + + align:start position:0% +really fascinating so it's an excellent +question I'd be glad to chat more about + + align:start position:0% +question I'd be glad to chat more about + + + align:start position:0% +question I'd be glad to chat more about +it but for now let me pause and say some + + align:start position:0% +it but for now let me pause and say some + + + align:start position:0% +it but for now let me pause and say some +similarities a sense of a field physics + + align:start position:0% +similarities a sense of a field physics + + + align:start position:0% +similarities a sense of a field physics +but this notion of kind of fundamental + + align:start position:0% +but this notion of kind of fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +but this notion of kind of fundamental +charge carriers that's actually pretty + + align:start position:0% +charge carriers that's actually pretty + + + align:start position:0% +charge carriers that's actually pretty +important this analogy + + align:start position:0% +important this analogy + + + align:start position:0% +important this analogy +uh and so in fact that's part of what + + align:start position:0% +uh and so in fact that's part of what + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so in fact that's part of what +the slide is saying here this updated + + align:start position:0% +the slide is saying here this updated + + + align:start position:0% +the slide is saying here this updated +slide that we would describe these kind + + align:start position:0% +slide that we would describe these kind + + + align:start position:0% +slide that we would describe these kind +of properties of these materials like + + align:start position:0% +of properties of these materials like + + + align:start position:0% +of properties of these materials like +the blue material and the green material + + align:start position:0% +the blue material and the green material + + + align:start position:0% +the blue material and the green material +that they're made up of fundamental + + align:start position:0% +that they're made up of fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +that they're made up of fundamental +objects like electrons and protons or + + align:start position:0% +objects like electrons and protons or + + + align:start position:0% +objects like electrons and protons or +even quarks and so on that we could move + + align:start position:0% +even quarks and so on that we could move + + + align:start position:0% +even quarks and so on that we could move +around or rearrange those fundamental + + align:start position:0% +around or rearrange those fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +around or rearrange those fundamental +charge carriers we can't change the + + align:start position:0% +charge carriers we can't change the + + + align:start position:0% +charge carriers we can't change the +amount of charge per elementary particle + + align:start position:0% +amount of charge per elementary particle + + + align:start position:0% +amount of charge per elementary particle +we can change their kind of arrangement + + align:start position:0% +we can change their kind of arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +we can change their kind of arrangement +we often call that polarizing them + + align:start position:0% +we often call that polarizing them + + + align:start position:0% +we often call that polarizing them +changing how their uh their orientation + + align:start position:0% +changing how their uh their orientation + + + align:start position:0% +changing how their uh their orientation +with respect to each other we can move + + align:start position:0% +with respect to each other we can move + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to each other we can move +around those fundamental charges and + + align:start position:0% +around those fundamental charges and + + + align:start position:0% +around those fundamental charges and +these parameters like Epsilon and sigma + + align:start position:0% +these parameters like Epsilon and sigma + + + align:start position:0% +these parameters like Epsilon and sigma +that the maxwellian is considered like + + align:start position:0% +that the maxwellian is considered like + + + align:start position:0% +that the maxwellian is considered like +basically spring constant so us those + + align:start position:0% +basically spring constant so us those + + + align:start position:0% +basically spring constant so us those +are measures of how readily we can + + align:start position:0% +are measures of how readily we can + + + align:start position:0% +are measures of how readily we can +rearrange the fundamental charges so + + align:start position:0% +rearrange the fundamental charges so + + + align:start position:0% +rearrange the fundamental charges so +they're characteristics of a material + + align:start position:0% +they're characteristics of a material + + + align:start position:0% +they're characteristics of a material +but not a characteristic of the kind of + + align:start position:0% +but not a characteristic of the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but not a characteristic of the kind of +stresses in the in the underlying ether + + align:start position:0% +stresses in the in the underlying ether + + + align:start position:0% +stresses in the in the underlying ether +so for us charge comes first Elementary + + align:start position:0% +so for us charge comes first Elementary + + + align:start position:0% +so for us charge comes first Elementary +unchanging charge which is affixed to a + + align:start position:0% +unchanging charge which is affixed to a + + + align:start position:0% +unchanging charge which is affixed to a +particle it never Winks out of existence + + align:start position:0% +particle it never Winks out of existence + + + align:start position:0% +particle it never Winks out of existence +and so on for the maxwellians charge was + + align:start position:0% +and so on for the maxwellians charge was + + + align:start position:0% +and so on for the maxwellians charge was +a secondary effect arising from the + + align:start position:0% +a secondary effect arising from the + + + align:start position:0% +a secondary effect arising from the +state of the medium even though as I + + align:start position:0% +state of the medium even though as I + + + align:start position:0% +state of the medium even though as I +keep saying we use Maxwell's equations + + align:start position:0% +keep saying we use Maxwell's equations + + + align:start position:0% +keep saying we use Maxwell's equations +we we interpret his equation sometimes + + align:start position:0% +we we interpret his equation sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +we we interpret his equation sometimes +in really quite rather different ways + + align:start position:0% +in really quite rather different ways + + + align:start position:0% +in really quite rather different ways +um so I'm going to wrap up the map so + + align:start position:0% +um so I'm going to wrap up the map so + + + align:start position:0% +um so I'm going to wrap up the map so +we'll probably pause for more questions + + align:start position:0% +we'll probably pause for more questions + + + align:start position:0% +we'll probably pause for more questions +in a moment so as I've now emphasized a + + align:start position:0% +in a moment so as I've now emphasized a + + + align:start position:0% +in a moment so as I've now emphasized a +few times we still use Maxwell's + + align:start position:0% +few times we still use Maxwell's + + + align:start position:0% +few times we still use Maxwell's +equations we really use all of our + + align:start position:0% +equations we really use all of our + + + align:start position:0% +equations we really use all of our +heavicides very efficient version of + + align:start position:0% +heavicides very efficient version of + + + align:start position:0% +heavicides very efficient version of +Maxwell's equations and now it fits on + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations and now it fits on + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell's equations and now it fits on +one t-shirt + + align:start position:0% +one t-shirt + + + align:start position:0% +one t-shirt +but the way we make sense of those is + + align:start position:0% +but the way we make sense of those is + + + align:start position:0% +but the way we make sense of those is +really almost sort of turned on its head + + align:start position:0% +really almost sort of turned on its head + + + align:start position:0% +really almost sort of turned on its head +compared to how Maxwell indeed even + + align:start position:0% +compared to how Maxwell indeed even + + + align:start position:0% +compared to how Maxwell indeed even +Oliver have a side had interpreted them + + align:start position:0% +Oliver have a side had interpreted them + + + align:start position:0% +Oliver have a side had interpreted them +and I find that just delicious I think + + align:start position:0% +and I find that just delicious I think + + + align:start position:0% +and I find that just delicious I think +that's fantastic we're going to come to + + align:start position:0% +that's fantastic we're going to come to + + + align:start position:0% +that's fantastic we're going to come to +that by the way many times this semester + + align:start position:0% +that by the way many times this semester + + + align:start position:0% +that by the way many times this semester +not only Maxwell versus US Einstein + + align:start position:0% +not only Maxwell versus US Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +not only Maxwell versus US Einstein +Heisenberg you know you name we're going + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg you know you name we're going + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg you know you name we're going +to see where we use sort of the same + + align:start position:0% +to see where we use sort of the same + + + align:start position:0% +to see where we use sort of the same +equations in many instances and yet how + + align:start position:0% +equations in many instances and yet how + + + align:start position:0% +equations in many instances and yet how +we make sense in what way what we think + + align:start position:0% +we make sense in what way what we think + + + align:start position:0% +we make sense in what way what we think +those equations tell us about the world + + align:start position:0% +those equations tell us about the world + + + align:start position:0% +those equations tell us about the world +not fixed and here's a a early example + + align:start position:0% +not fixed and here's a a early example + + + align:start position:0% +not fixed and here's a a early example +of what's going to be actually common + + align:start position:0% +of what's going to be actually common + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going to be actually common +Trend throughout the term + + align:start position:0% +Trend throughout the term + + + align:start position:0% +Trend throughout the term +moreover for Maxwell much like for + + align:start position:0% +moreover for Maxwell much like for + + + align:start position:0% +moreover for Maxwell much like for +Faraday and for William Thompson The + + align:start position:0% +Faraday and for William Thompson The + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday and for William Thompson The +Ether came first we saw a lot of that + + align:start position:0% +Ether came first we saw a lot of that + + + align:start position:0% +Ether came first we saw a lot of that +last time here's a few more examples + + align:start position:0% +last time here's a few more examples + + + align:start position:0% +last time here's a few more examples +even today + + align:start position:0% +even today + + + align:start position:0% +even today +and they developed this mechanical + + align:start position:0% +and they developed this mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +and they developed this mechanical +worldview that this is an elastic medium + + align:start position:0% +worldview that this is an elastic medium + + + align:start position:0% +worldview that this is an elastic medium +that we want to analyze basically is + + align:start position:0% +that we want to analyze basically is + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to analyze basically is +again a kind of set of stresses strains + + align:start position:0% +again a kind of set of stresses strains + + + align:start position:0% +again a kind of set of stresses strains +kind of spring constant type physics + + align:start position:0% +kind of spring constant type physics + + + align:start position:0% +kind of spring constant type physics +about kind of putting this elastic + + align:start position:0% +about kind of putting this elastic + + + align:start position:0% +about kind of putting this elastic +medium under under strain it's all about + + align:start position:0% +medium under under strain it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +medium under under strain it's all about +continuity all the physics came down to + + align:start position:0% +continuity all the physics came down to + + + align:start position:0% +continuity all the physics came down to +the behavior of this evenly spread out + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of this evenly spread out + + + align:start position:0% +the behavior of this evenly spread out +elastic medium which supports contiguous + + align:start position:0% +elastic medium which supports contiguous + + + align:start position:0% +elastic medium which supports contiguous +like nearest neighbor local actions no + + align:start position:0% +like nearest neighbor local actions no + + + align:start position:0% +like nearest neighbor local actions no +point particles remember there's no such + + align:start position:0% +point particles remember there's no such + + + align:start position:0% +point particles remember there's no such +thing as the electron as far as they + + align:start position:0% +thing as the electron as far as they + + + align:start position:0% +thing as the electron as far as they +were concerned no fundamental charges + + align:start position:0% +were concerned no fundamental charges + + + align:start position:0% +were concerned no fundamental charges +all these kind of time varying states of + + align:start position:0% +all these kind of time varying states of + + + align:start position:0% +all these kind of time varying states of +The Ether so I'm going to pause there + + align:start position:0% +The Ether so I'm going to pause there + + + align:start position:0% +The Ether so I'm going to pause there +I'll stop sharing screen uh see if + + align:start position:0% +I'll stop sharing screen uh see if + + + align:start position:0% +I'll stop sharing screen uh see if +anyone else has any questions that was a + + align:start position:0% +anyone else has any questions that was a + + + align:start position:0% +anyone else has any questions that was a +great question we had already any other + + align:start position:0% +great question we had already any other + + + align:start position:0% +great question we had already any other +thoughts on on Maxwell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh and I see now in the chat Jade also + + align:start position:0% +oh and I see now in the chat Jade also + + + align:start position:0% +oh and I see now in the chat Jade also +posts an excellent point that even in + + align:start position:0% +posts an excellent point that even in + + + align:start position:0% +posts an excellent point that even in +English let alone in French we still + + align:start position:0% +English let alone in French we still + + + align:start position:0% +English let alone in French we still +call that we still talk about high + + align:start position:0% +call that we still talk about high + + + align:start position:0% +call that we still talk about high +tension lines that's a great example + + align:start position:0% +tension lines that's a great example + + + align:start position:0% +tension lines that's a great example +Jane I agree good example so + + align:start position:0% +Jane I agree good example so + + + align:start position:0% +Jane I agree good example so +our our course six majors are electrical + + align:start position:0% +our our course six majors are electrical + + + align:start position:0% +our our course six majors are electrical +engineers in particular are probably not + + align:start position:0% +engineers in particular are probably not + + + align:start position:0% +engineers in particular are probably not +learning how to manipulate The Ether and + + align:start position:0% +learning how to manipulate The Ether and + + + align:start position:0% +learning how to manipulate The Ether and +yet we're still using Max's equations to + + align:start position:0% +yet we're still using Max's equations to + + + align:start position:0% +yet we're still using Max's equations to +do things like high to manage things + + align:start position:0% +do things like high to manage things + + + align:start position:0% +do things like high to manage things +like high tension lines a great example + + align:start position:0% +like high tension lines a great example + + + align:start position:0% +like high tension lines a great example +any other questions on on the maximum + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on on the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on on the maximum +stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a a momentary + + align:start position:0% +a a momentary + + + align:start position:0% +a a momentary +um disturbance in The Ether it was a + + align:start position:0% +um disturbance in The Ether it was a + + + align:start position:0% +um disturbance in The Ether it was a +great disturbance in the force we might + + align:start position:0% +great disturbance in the force we might + + + align:start position:0% +great disturbance in the force we might +say so there was a kind of uh uh a local + + align:start position:0% +say so there was a kind of uh uh a local + + + align:start position:0% +say so there was a kind of uh uh a local +tension of that into of The Ether + + align:start position:0% +tension of that into of The Ether + + + align:start position:0% +tension of that into of The Ether +because we've because we've acted on it + + align:start position:0% +because we've because we've acted on it + + + align:start position:0% +because we've because we've acted on it +knows we've intervened on The Ether they + + align:start position:0% +knows we've intervened on The Ether they + + + align:start position:0% +knows we've intervened on The Ether they +would have said because we've set up + + align:start position:0% +would have said because we've set up + + + align:start position:0% +would have said because we've set up +this conducting plate and that + + align:start position:0% +this conducting plate and that + + + align:start position:0% +this conducting plate and that +conducting plate and probably some big + + align:start position:0% +conducting plate and probably some big + + + align:start position:0% +conducting plate and probably some big +fat like you know uh chemical battery + + align:start position:0% +fat like you know uh chemical battery + + + align:start position:0% +fat like you know uh chemical battery +with big chunky wires like we've done + + align:start position:0% +with big chunky wires like we've done + + + align:start position:0% +with big chunky wires like we've done +stuff locally + + align:start position:0% +stuff locally + + + align:start position:0% +stuff locally +and we haven't done stuff only to + + align:start position:0% +and we haven't done stuff only to + + + align:start position:0% +and we haven't done stuff only to +immediate to to uh an evacuated uh + + align:start position:0% +immediate to to uh an evacuated uh + + + align:start position:0% +immediate to to uh an evacuated uh +region we're not doing this in a region + + align:start position:0% +region we're not doing this in a region + + + align:start position:0% +region we're not doing this in a region +where we sucked all the other stuff out + + align:start position:0% +where we sucked all the other stuff out + + + align:start position:0% +where we sucked all the other stuff out +we're doing in a region where it's + + align:start position:0% +we're doing in a region where it's + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing in a region where it's +filled with one kind of maybe like + + align:start position:0% +filled with one kind of maybe like + + + align:start position:0% +filled with one kind of maybe like +rubbery substance or what we now call it + + align:start position:0% +rubbery substance or what we now call it + + + align:start position:0% +rubbery substance or what we now call it +dielectric material + + align:start position:0% +dielectric material + + + align:start position:0% +dielectric material +like an insulating material let's say + + align:start position:0% +like an insulating material let's say + + + align:start position:0% +like an insulating material let's say +and some other material and so what + + align:start position:0% +and some other material and so what + + + align:start position:0% +and some other material and so what +happens at the boundaries between those + + align:start position:0% +happens at the boundaries between those + + + align:start position:0% +happens at the boundaries between those +materials because the The Ether is + + align:start position:0% +materials because the The Ether is + + + align:start position:0% +materials because the The Ether is +trying to kind of dissipate that local + + align:start position:0% +trying to kind of dissipate that local + + + align:start position:0% +trying to kind of dissipate that local +tension The Ether is trying to get back + + align:start position:0% +tension The Ether is trying to get back + + + align:start position:0% +tension The Ether is trying to get back +to a kind of equilibrium State you might + + align:start position:0% +to a kind of equilibrium State you might + + + align:start position:0% +to a kind of equilibrium State you might +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +and the rate which is three approaches + + align:start position:0% +and the rate which is three approaches + + + align:start position:0% +and the rate which is three approaches +equilibrium depends on the other stuff + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium depends on the other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium depends on the other stuff +that's kind of in that region so to + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of in that region so to + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of in that region so to +speak on top of it so how quickly it can + + align:start position:0% +speak on top of it so how quickly it can + + + align:start position:0% +speak on top of it so how quickly it can +dissipate that local disturbance at + + align:start position:0% +dissipate that local disturbance at + + + align:start position:0% +dissipate that local disturbance at +local tension depends on what what they + + align:start position:0% +local tension depends on what what they + + + align:start position:0% +local tension depends on what what they +would have called the kind of elastic + + align:start position:0% +would have called the kind of elastic + + + align:start position:0% +would have called the kind of elastic +properties of the medium all that take + + align:start position:0% +properties of the medium all that take + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the medium all that take +all the stuff that's in that region of + + align:start position:0% +all the stuff that's in that region of + + + align:start position:0% +all the stuff that's in that region of +space The Ether and any other junk was + + align:start position:0% +space The Ether and any other junk was + + + align:start position:0% +space The Ether and any other junk was +thrown on top of it how quickly can that + + align:start position:0% +thrown on top of it how quickly can that + + + align:start position:0% +thrown on top of it how quickly can that +tension be relaxed and have different + + align:start position:0% +tension be relaxed and have different + + + align:start position:0% +tension be relaxed and have different +rates of risk of trying to return to a + + align:start position:0% +rates of risk of trying to return to a + + + align:start position:0% +rates of risk of trying to return to a +kind of equilibrium based on these kind + + align:start position:0% +kind of equilibrium based on these kind + + + align:start position:0% +kind of equilibrium based on these kind +of local spring constants + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think that's right to be honest it + + align:start position:0% +I think that's right to be honest it + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's right to be honest it +gets complicated confusing for me as + + align:start position:0% +gets complicated confusing for me as + + + align:start position:0% +gets complicated confusing for me as +well because I was trained much more + + align:start position:0% +well because I was trained much more + + + align:start position:0% +well because I was trained much more +like you than like them but my best + + align:start position:0% +like you than like them but my best + + + align:start position:0% +like you than like them but my best +effort led by by Scholars like Jed my + + align:start position:0% +effort led by by Scholars like Jed my + + + align:start position:0% +effort led by by Scholars like Jed my +effort to get into their head is much + + align:start position:0% +effort to get into their head is much + + + align:start position:0% +effort to get into their head is much +more like what you described there's a + + align:start position:0% +more like what you described there's a + + + align:start position:0% +more like what you described there's a +local disturbance in the state of The + + align:start position:0% +local disturbance in the state of The + + + align:start position:0% +local disturbance in the state of The +Ether + + align:start position:0% +Ether + + + align:start position:0% +Ether +The Ether can't instantly kind of relax + + align:start position:0% +The Ether can't instantly kind of relax + + + align:start position:0% +The Ether can't instantly kind of relax +to its equilibrium configuration the + + align:start position:0% +to its equilibrium configuration the + + + align:start position:0% +to its equilibrium configuration the +rate at which it does is it's got an + + align:start position:0% +rate at which it does is it's got an + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which it does is it's got an +interplay between sort of how how + + align:start position:0% +interplay between sort of how how + + + align:start position:0% +interplay between sort of how how +efficiently can you store up the + + align:start position:0% +efficiently can you store up the + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently can you store up the +potential energy and then a separate + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and then a separate + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and then a separate +constant about how quickly you can + + align:start position:0% +constant about how quickly you can + + + align:start position:0% +constant about how quickly you can +release that stored tension and it's + + align:start position:0% +release that stored tension and it's + + + align:start position:0% +release that stored tension and it's +that interplay that could be different + + align:start position:0% +that interplay that could be different + + + align:start position:0% +that interplay that could be different +in different regions of space because + + align:start position:0% +in different regions of space because + + + align:start position:0% +in different regions of space because +we've filled those regions with + + align:start position:0% +we've filled those regions with + + + align:start position:0% +we've filled those regions with +different kinds of materials those are + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of materials those are + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of materials those are +excellent questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me press on though let's look + + align:start position:0% +okay let me press on though let's look + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me press on though let's look +at the next part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right oh good thank you so the the again + + align:start position:0% +right oh good thank you so the the again + + + align:start position:0% +right oh good thank you so the the again +great questions so it was really in this + + align:start position:0% +great questions so it was really in this + + + align:start position:0% +great questions so it was really in this +time period that something like + + align:start position:0% +time period that something like + + + align:start position:0% +time period that something like +electrical engineer as a job title is + + align:start position:0% +electrical engineer as a job title is + + + align:start position:0% +electrical engineer as a job title is +just coming into its own in fact really + + align:start position:0% +just coming into its own in fact really + + + align:start position:0% +just coming into its own in fact really +in the kind of later part of the 19th + + align:start position:0% +in the kind of later part of the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +in the kind of later part of the 19th +century + + align:start position:0% +century + + + align:start position:0% +century +Maxwell in fact hints at that a little + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell in fact hints at that a little + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell in fact hints at that a little +bit if you remember uh the preface to + + align:start position:0% +bit if you remember uh the preface to + + + align:start position:0% +bit if you remember uh the preface to +his massive Treatise we had a little + + align:start position:0% +his massive Treatise we had a little + + + align:start position:0% +his massive Treatise we had a little +excerpt of that in the reading for the + + align:start position:0% +excerpt of that in the reading for the + + + align:start position:0% +excerpt of that in the reading for the +previous + + align:start position:0% +previous + + + align:start position:0% +previous +class so even in 1873 says he called + + align:start position:0% +class so even in 1873 says he called + + + align:start position:0% +class so even in 1873 says he called +them um electricians that was the word + + align:start position:0% +them um electricians that was the word + + + align:start position:0% +them um electricians that was the word +that was often used + + align:start position:0% +that was often used + + + align:start position:0% +that was often used +um in English in let's say the 1870s and + + align:start position:0% +um in English in let's say the 1870s and + + + align:start position:0% +um in English in let's say the 1870s and +80s by the end of the of the century the + + align:start position:0% +80s by the end of the of the century the + + + align:start position:0% +80s by the end of the of the century the +term electrical engineer itself would + + align:start position:0% +term electrical engineer itself would + + + align:start position:0% +term electrical engineer itself would +become more common even in English but + + align:start position:0% +become more common even in English but + + + align:start position:0% +become more common even in English but +Maxwell talks about these like there's a + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell talks about these like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell talks about these like there's a +demand for electricians he really meant + + align:start position:0% +demand for electricians he really meant + + + align:start position:0% +demand for electricians he really meant +what we would Now call electrical + + align:start position:0% +what we would Now call electrical + + + align:start position:0% +what we would Now call electrical +engineers by and large + + align:start position:0% +engineers by and large + + + align:start position:0% +engineers by and large +there were there's a lot of it really + + align:start position:0% +there were there's a lot of it really + + + align:start position:0% +there were there's a lot of it really +interesting historical work on the + + align:start position:0% +interesting historical work on the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting historical work on the +on uh the sometimes the tensions not + + align:start position:0% +on uh the sometimes the tensions not + + + align:start position:0% +on uh the sometimes the tensions not +just the voltage or the actual tensions + + align:start position:0% +just the voltage or the actual tensions + + + align:start position:0% +just the voltage or the actual tensions +um between the kind of academic + + align:start position:0% +um between the kind of academic + + + align:start position:0% +um between the kind of academic +mathematically trained natural + + align:start position:0% +mathematically trained natural + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically trained natural +philosophers like Maxwell or or Lord + + align:start position:0% +philosophers like Maxwell or or Lord + + + align:start position:0% +philosophers like Maxwell or or Lord +Kelvin and the electricians who uh then + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin and the electricians who uh then + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin and the electricians who uh then +is now sometimes were in you know + + align:start position:0% +is now sometimes were in you know + + + align:start position:0% +is now sometimes were in you know +institutions of Higher Learning + + align:start position:0% +institutions of Higher Learning + + + align:start position:0% +institutions of Higher Learning +sometimes we're in private practice + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we're in private practice + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we're in private practice +sometimes we're in uh employment of the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we're in uh employment of the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we're in uh employment of the +government and they would they didn't + + align:start position:0% +government and they would they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +government and they would they didn't +always you know agree on theoretical + + align:start position:0% +always you know agree on theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +always you know agree on theoretical +understandings the electricians or the + + align:start position:0% +understandings the electricians or the + + + align:start position:0% +understandings the electricians or the +engineers often had as far as they were + + align:start position:0% +engineers often had as far as they were + + + align:start position:0% +engineers often had as far as they were +concerned and they were usually right a + + align:start position:0% +concerned and they were usually right a + + + align:start position:0% +concerned and they were usually right a +much better understanding of how + + align:start position:0% +much better understanding of how + + + align:start position:0% +much better understanding of how +realistic materials behaved what will be + + align:start position:0% +realistic materials behaved what will be + + + align:start position:0% +realistic materials behaved what will be +electric breakdown some dielectric + + align:start position:0% +electric breakdown some dielectric + + + align:start position:0% +electric breakdown some dielectric +materials really can't you know be + + align:start position:0% +materials really can't you know be + + + align:start position:0% +materials really can't you know be +loaded up with too much charge before + + align:start position:0% +loaded up with too much charge before + + + align:start position:0% +loaded up with too much charge before +you things go Haywire so uh there was + + align:start position:0% +you things go Haywire so uh there was + + + align:start position:0% +you things go Haywire so uh there was +actually a lot of given back and forth + + align:start position:0% +actually a lot of given back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +actually a lot of given back and forth +some are quite friendly and constructive + + align:start position:0% +some are quite friendly and constructive + + + align:start position:0% +some are quite friendly and constructive +so a bit of a rivalry now people like + + align:start position:0% +so a bit of a rivalry now people like + + + align:start position:0% +so a bit of a rivalry now people like +Maxwell and and Lord Thompson in + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell and and Lord Thompson in + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell and and Lord Thompson in +particular some of these kind of fancy + + align:start position:0% +particular some of these kind of fancy + + + align:start position:0% +particular some of these kind of fancy +University types were actually working + + align:start position:0% +University types were actually working + + + align:start position:0% +University types were actually working +quite a lot on kind of um + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot on kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot on kind of um +um advisory boards for more practical + + align:start position:0% +um advisory boards for more practical + + + align:start position:0% +um advisory boards for more practical +engineering especially around things + + align:start position:0% +engineering especially around things + + + align:start position:0% +engineering especially around things +like government-sponsored telegraphy not + + align:start position:0% +like government-sponsored telegraphy not + + + align:start position:0% +like government-sponsored telegraphy not +only that but including so the telegraph + + align:start position:0% +only that but including so the telegraph + + + align:start position:0% +only that but including so the telegraph +was a huge driver of this stuff because + + align:start position:0% +was a huge driver of this stuff because + + + align:start position:0% +was a huge driver of this stuff because +the British government really wanted to + + align:start position:0% +the British government really wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +the British government really wanted to +have efficient communication both with + + align:start position:0% +have efficient communication both with + + + align:start position:0% +have efficient communication both with +its colonies and even for uh worldwide + + align:start position:0% +its colonies and even for uh worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +its colonies and even for uh worldwide +Commerce and so on so the kind of + + align:start position:0% +Commerce and so on so the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Commerce and so on so the kind of +priority of telegraphy among other + + align:start position:0% +priority of telegraphy among other + + + align:start position:0% +priority of telegraphy among other +things soon would be things like Street + + align:start position:0% +things soon would be things like Street + + + align:start position:0% +things soon would be things like Street +lighting we'll look at other examples + + align:start position:0% +lighting we'll look at other examples + + + align:start position:0% +lighting we'll look at other examples +these kind of practical real world needs + + align:start position:0% +these kind of practical real world needs + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of practical real world needs +for real electrical engineering + + align:start position:0% +for real electrical engineering + + + align:start position:0% +for real electrical engineering +we're out would often bring together + + align:start position:0% +we're out would often bring together + + + align:start position:0% +we're out would often bring together +kind of practical Engineers some of whom + + align:start position:0% +kind of practical Engineers some of whom + + + align:start position:0% +kind of practical Engineers some of whom +were trained in advanced mathematics + + align:start position:0% +were trained in advanced mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +were trained in advanced mathematics +some of them weren't the kind of + + align:start position:0% +some of them weren't the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +some of them weren't the kind of +University + + align:start position:0% +University + + + align:start position:0% +University +um uh natural philosophers who had this + + align:start position:0% +um uh natural philosophers who had this + + + align:start position:0% +um uh natural philosophers who had this +uh mathematical training and sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh mathematical training and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh mathematical training and sort of +everything between so they interact they + + align:start position:0% +everything between so they interact they + + + align:start position:0% +everything between so they interact they +had opportunities to interact and learn + + align:start position:0% +had opportunities to interact and learn + + + align:start position:0% +had opportunities to interact and learn +from each other and sometimes like then + + align:start position:0% +from each other and sometimes like then + + + align:start position:0% +from each other and sometimes like then +as now uh the physicists would say we + + align:start position:0% +as now uh the physicists would say we + + + align:start position:0% +as now uh the physicists would say we +understand this and you're all dopes + + align:start position:0% +understand this and you're all dopes + + + align:start position:0% +understand this and you're all dopes +some of you might have heard that even + + align:start position:0% +some of you might have heard that even + + + align:start position:0% +some of you might have heard that even +today the engineers would say we + + align:start position:0% +today the engineers would say we + + + align:start position:0% +today the engineers would say we +understand this new physicists are + + align:start position:0% +understand this new physicists are + + + align:start position:0% +understand this new physicists are +chasing like you know ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +chasing like you know ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +chasing like you know ridiculous +um unrealistic scenarios that is also + + align:start position:0% +um unrealistic scenarios that is also + + + align:start position:0% +um unrealistic scenarios that is also +often said today and was said then uh + + align:start position:0% +often said today and was said then uh + + + align:start position:0% +often said today and was said then uh +each of those statements often with um + + align:start position:0% +each of those statements often with um + + + align:start position:0% +each of those statements often with um +with good reason so if people interested + + align:start position:0% +with good reason so if people interested + + + align:start position:0% +with good reason so if people interested +I could there's a lot some of my friends + + align:start position:0% +I could there's a lot some of my friends + + + align:start position:0% +I could there's a lot some of my friends +have read a lot about this the short + + align:start position:0% +have read a lot about this the short + + + align:start position:0% +have read a lot about this the short +answer is there were + + align:start position:0% +answer is there were + + + align:start position:0% +answer is there were +um there was a growing body of people + + align:start position:0% +um there was a growing body of people + + + align:start position:0% +um there was a growing body of people +who were Professional Engineers of + + align:start position:0% +who were Professional Engineers of + + + align:start position:0% +who were Professional Engineers of +electrical stuff whether they were + + align:start position:0% +electrical stuff whether they were + + + align:start position:0% +electrical stuff whether they were +called electricians or electric + + align:start position:0% +called electricians or electric + + + align:start position:0% +called electricians or electric +Engineers that was changing they were + + align:start position:0% +Engineers that was changing they were + + + align:start position:0% +Engineers that was changing they were +kind of reasons to incentivize getting + + align:start position:0% +kind of reasons to incentivize getting + + + align:start position:0% +kind of reasons to incentivize getting +more of those folks because the + + align:start position:0% +more of those folks because the + + + align:start position:0% +more of those folks because the +government wanted a lot of them + + align:start position:0% +government wanted a lot of them + + + align:start position:0% +government wanted a lot of them +and there were opportunities to learn + + align:start position:0% +and there were opportunities to learn + + + align:start position:0% +and there were opportunities to learn +from each other sometimes with great + + align:start position:0% +from each other sometimes with great + + + align:start position:0% +from each other sometimes with great +um uh smoothly and sometimes with some + + align:start position:0% +um uh smoothly and sometimes with some + + + align:start position:0% +um uh smoothly and sometimes with some +real kind of like name calling + + align:start position:0% +real kind of like name calling + + + align:start position:0% +real kind of like name calling +it's a good question + + align:start position:0% +it's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good question +any other questions on this part + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on this part + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions on this part +excellent questions okay let's go to the + + align:start position:0% +excellent questions okay let's go to the + + + align:start position:0% +excellent questions okay let's go to the +next part of lecture I think I hope + + align:start position:0% +next part of lecture I think I hope + + + align:start position:0% +next part of lecture I think I hope +you'll find this extra fun I find this + + align:start position:0% +you'll find this extra fun I find this + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find this extra fun I find this +fantastic I have to say this next part + + align:start position:0% +fantastic I have to say this next part + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic I have to say this next part +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +like crazy okay let's talk a bit more + + align:start position:0% +like crazy okay let's talk a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +like crazy okay let's talk a bit more +about how people like + + align:start position:0% +about how people like + + + align:start position:0% +about how people like +um Maxwell and Thompson and indeed the + + align:start position:0% +um Maxwell and Thompson and indeed the + + + align:start position:0% +um Maxwell and Thompson and indeed the +maxwellians how they were encountering + + align:start position:0% +maxwellians how they were encountering + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellians how they were encountering +this material for this writing rely on + + align:start position:0% +this material for this writing rely on + + + align:start position:0% +this material for this writing rely on +one of my favorite books ever committed + + align:start position:0% +one of my favorite books ever committed + + + align:start position:0% +one of my favorite books ever committed +to print I'll go on record I love this + + align:start position:0% +to print I'll go on record I love this + + + align:start position:0% +to print I'll go on record I love this +book called masters of theory by a + + align:start position:0% +book called masters of theory by a + + + align:start position:0% +book called masters of theory by a +colleague of mine named Andy Warwick + + align:start position:0% +colleague of mine named Andy Warwick + + + align:start position:0% +colleague of mine named Andy Warwick +we're going to have um an excerpt from + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have um an excerpt from + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have um an excerpt from +Andy's work a little later uh in the + + align:start position:0% +Andy's work a little later uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +Andy's work a little later uh in the +class it's assigned a few weeks from now + + align:start position:0% +class it's assigned a few weeks from now + + + align:start position:0% +class it's assigned a few weeks from now +but here's a preview of the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +but here's a preview of the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +but here's a preview of the kinds of +things that Andy writes about and it's + + align:start position:0% +things that Andy writes about and it's + + + align:start position:0% +things that Andy writes about and it's +really quite amazing I think quite + + align:start position:0% +really quite amazing I think quite + + + align:start position:0% +really quite amazing I think quite +amazing + + align:start position:0% +amazing + + + align:start position:0% +amazing +so we saw of course a reminder Michael + + align:start position:0% +so we saw of course a reminder Michael + + + align:start position:0% +so we saw of course a reminder Michael +Faraday had this kind of practical + + align:start position:0% +Faraday had this kind of practical + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday had this kind of practical +um very modest mathematical training a + + align:start position:0% +um very modest mathematical training a + + + align:start position:0% +um very modest mathematical training a +little bit of kind of geometry but not + + align:start position:0% +little bit of kind of geometry but not + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of kind of geometry but not +much else and then we saw by the middle + + align:start position:0% +much else and then we saw by the middle + + + align:start position:0% +much else and then we saw by the middle +Decades of the 19th century a really + + align:start position:0% +Decades of the 19th century a really + + + align:start position:0% +Decades of the 19th century a really +pretty significant shift in the training + + align:start position:0% +pretty significant shift in the training + + + align:start position:0% +pretty significant shift in the training +of people who cared about things like + + align:start position:0% +of people who cared about things like + + + align:start position:0% +of people who cared about things like +the states of The Ether + + align:start position:0% +the states of The Ether + + + align:start position:0% +the states of The Ether +centered at Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +centered at Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +centered at Cambridge +one of the first things that begins to + + align:start position:0% +one of the first things that begins to + + + align:start position:0% +one of the first things that begins to +happen in the 1820s so basically you + + align:start position:0% +happen in the 1820s so basically you + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the 1820s so basically you +know a little bit before William + + align:start position:0% +know a little bit before William + + + align:start position:0% +know a little bit before William +Thompson shows up as an undergraduate is + + align:start position:0% +Thompson shows up as an undergraduate is + + + align:start position:0% +Thompson shows up as an undergraduate is +a shift to paper I want to let that + + align:start position:0% +a shift to paper I want to let that + + + align:start position:0% +a shift to paper I want to let that +settled in it was weird to go to college + + align:start position:0% +settled in it was weird to go to college + + + align:start position:0% +settled in it was weird to go to college +and have to take notes on paper + + align:start position:0% +and have to take notes on paper + + + align:start position:0% +and have to take notes on paper +and that wasn't because I all had you + + align:start position:0% +and that wasn't because I all had you + + + align:start position:0% +and that wasn't because I all had you +know iPads obviously right it was weird + + align:start position:0% +know iPads obviously right it was weird + + + align:start position:0% +know iPads obviously right it was weird +to use paper because until then what you + + align:start position:0% +to use paper because until then what you + + + align:start position:0% +to use paper because until then what you +did was practiced oral disputation and + + align:start position:0% +did was practiced oral disputation and + + + align:start position:0% +did was practiced oral disputation and +not in English but of course obviously + + align:start position:0% +not in English but of course obviously + + + align:start position:0% +not in English but of course obviously +in Latin what better way to prove your + + align:start position:0% +in Latin what better way to prove your + + + align:start position:0% +in Latin what better way to prove your +Mastery of euclidean geometry than to + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of euclidean geometry than to + + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of euclidean geometry than to +bring your own personal chalkboard a + + align:start position:0% +bring your own personal chalkboard a + + + align:start position:0% +bring your own personal chalkboard a +slate a little personal chalkboard a + + align:start position:0% +slate a little personal chalkboard a + + + align:start position:0% +slate a little personal chalkboard a +couple inches big with chalk and a + + align:start position:0% +couple inches big with chalk and a + + + align:start position:0% +couple inches big with chalk and a +compass we're like drawing circles and + + align:start position:0% +compass we're like drawing circles and + + + align:start position:0% +compass we're like drawing circles and +so on and a ruler that's what you went + + align:start position:0% +so on and a ruler that's what you went + + + align:start position:0% +so on and a ruler that's what you went +that's what you brought with with + + align:start position:0% +that's what you brought with with + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you brought with with +yourself to your lectures on let's say + + align:start position:0% +yourself to your lectures on let's say + + + align:start position:0% +yourself to your lectures on let's say +euclidean geometry and then to show your + + align:start position:0% +euclidean geometry and then to show your + + + align:start position:0% +euclidean geometry and then to show your +Mastery of it you would have a dis a + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of it you would have a dis a + + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of it you would have a dis a +dispute like a debate + + align:start position:0% +dispute like a debate + + + align:start position:0% +dispute like a debate +orally in Latin you would actually + + align:start position:0% +orally in Latin you would actually + + + align:start position:0% +orally in Latin you would actually +debate against usually an instructor or + + align:start position:0% +debate against usually an instructor or + + + align:start position:0% +debate against usually an instructor or +sometimes a fellow student + + align:start position:0% +sometimes a fellow student + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes a fellow student +I miss those days anyway so it was + + align:start position:0% +I miss those days anyway so it was + + + align:start position:0% +I miss those days anyway so it was +actually weird starting 1820s and 30s + + align:start position:0% +actually weird starting 1820s and 30s + + + align:start position:0% +actually weird starting 1820s and 30s +when they were then told to start + + align:start position:0% +when they were then told to start + + + align:start position:0% +when they were then told to start +showing up not just with their own + + align:start position:0% +showing up not just with their own + + + align:start position:0% +showing up not just with their own +personal chalkboard but with paper it + + align:start position:0% +personal chalkboard but with paper it + + + align:start position:0% +personal chalkboard but with paper it +was actually still relatively expensive + + align:start position:0% +was actually still relatively expensive + + + align:start position:0% +was actually still relatively expensive +they would rewrite and rewrite on it + + align:start position:0% +they would rewrite and rewrite on it + + + align:start position:0% +they would rewrite and rewrite on it +paper eventually becomes uh less + + align:start position:0% +paper eventually becomes uh less + + + align:start position:0% +paper eventually becomes uh less +expensive and less of a foreign item uh + + align:start position:0% +expensive and less of a foreign item uh + + + align:start position:0% +expensive and less of a foreign item uh +for a college student's you know toolkit + + align:start position:0% +for a college student's you know toolkit + + + align:start position:0% +for a college student's you know toolkit +so over the 1830s 40s 50s Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +so over the 1830s 40s 50s Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +so over the 1830s 40s 50s Cambridge +starts going through this massive um uh + + align:start position:0% +starts going through this massive um uh + + + align:start position:0% +starts going through this massive um uh +transformation and how they assess their + + align:start position:0% +transformation and how they assess their + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and how they assess their +students away from oral dismutations in + + align:start position:0% +students away from oral dismutations in + + + align:start position:0% +students away from oral dismutations in +Latin and toward written exams on paper + + align:start position:0% +Latin and toward written exams on paper + + + align:start position:0% +Latin and toward written exams on paper +in fact the entire undergraduate study + + align:start position:0% +in fact the entire undergraduate study + + + align:start position:0% +in fact the entire undergraduate study +for a Cambridge undergraduate would + + align:start position:0% +for a Cambridge undergraduate would + + + align:start position:0% +for a Cambridge undergraduate would +culminate in a three-day written + + align:start position:0% +culminate in a three-day written + + + align:start position:0% +culminate in a three-day written +examination called the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +examination called the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +examination called the mathematical +tripos and so instead of having this + + align:start position:0% +tripos and so instead of having this + + + align:start position:0% +tripos and so instead of having this +scene of people kind of like a debate + + align:start position:0% +scene of people kind of like a debate + + + align:start position:0% +scene of people kind of like a debate +Club about say geometry or a part of + + align:start position:0% +Club about say geometry or a part of + + + align:start position:0% +Club about say geometry or a part of +mathematics + + align:start position:0% +mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics +is shifted to this you sits quietly in a + + align:start position:0% +is shifted to this you sits quietly in a + + + align:start position:0% +is shifted to this you sits quietly in a +room this part probably looks a little + + align:start position:0% +room this part probably looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +room this part probably looks a little +bit more familiar like taking SATs or + + align:start position:0% +bit more familiar like taking SATs or + + + align:start position:0% +bit more familiar like taking SATs or +some of the exams today + + align:start position:0% +some of the exams today + + + align:start position:0% +some of the exams today +you sit quietly in a room working out on + + align:start position:0% +you sit quietly in a room working out on + + + align:start position:0% +you sit quietly in a room working out on +paper there are written responses are + + align:start position:0% +paper there are written responses are + + + align:start position:0% +paper there are written responses are +then graded by + + align:start position:0% +then graded by + + + align:start position:0% +then graded by +the Proctors and that was how you showed + + align:start position:0% +the Proctors and that was how you showed + + + align:start position:0% +the Proctors and that was how you showed +your Mastery or your accomplishment of + + align:start position:0% +your Mastery or your accomplishment of + + + align:start position:0% +your Mastery or your accomplishment of +the material now I made it sound like + + align:start position:0% +the material now I made it sound like + + + align:start position:0% +the material now I made it sound like +that might be familiar to us we use + + align:start position:0% +that might be familiar to us we use + + + align:start position:0% +that might be familiar to us we use +paper we take written exams not + + align:start position:0% +paper we take written exams not + + + align:start position:0% +paper we take written exams not +infrequently I don't want to make this + + align:start position:0% +infrequently I don't want to make this + + + align:start position:0% +infrequently I don't want to make this +sound too familiar what happened was a + + align:start position:0% +sound too familiar what happened was a + + + align:start position:0% +sound too familiar what happened was a +remarkable pendulum swing so by the + + align:start position:0% +remarkable pendulum swing so by the + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable pendulum swing so by the +middle of the 19th century it's not just + + align:start position:0% +middle of the 19th century it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the 19th century it's not just +that Cambridge students took this exam + + align:start position:0% +that Cambridge students took this exam + + + align:start position:0% +that Cambridge students took this exam +on paper this was literally how they + + align:start position:0% +on paper this was literally how they + + + align:start position:0% +on paper this was literally how they +graduated from college to get your + + align:start position:0% +graduated from college to get your + + + align:start position:0% +graduated from college to get your +bachelor's degree in any subject that + + align:start position:0% +bachelor's degree in any subject that + + + align:start position:0% +bachelor's degree in any subject that +you were studying whether you were a + + align:start position:0% +you were studying whether you were a + + + align:start position:0% +you were studying whether you were a +philosophy student or a literature + + align:start position:0% +philosophy student or a literature + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy student or a literature +student or history or mathematics or + + align:start position:0% +student or history or mathematics or + + + align:start position:0% +student or history or mathematics or +physics + + align:start position:0% +physics + + + align:start position:0% +physics +you had to pass through this + + align:start position:0% +you had to pass through this + + + align:start position:0% +you had to pass through this +mathematical triples exam there wasn't a + + align:start position:0% +mathematical triples exam there wasn't a + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical triples exam there wasn't a +literature tripods exam this was the + + align:start position:0% +literature tripods exam this was the + + + align:start position:0% +literature tripods exam this was the +only way to the exit door to get your + + align:start position:0% +only way to the exit door to get your + + + align:start position:0% +only way to the exit door to get your +degree from Cambridge University whether + + align:start position:0% +degree from Cambridge University whether + + + align:start position:0% +degree from Cambridge University whether +you had actually studied mathematics or + + align:start position:0% +you had actually studied mathematics or + + + align:start position:0% +you had actually studied mathematics or +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +it was a three-day exam and in fact your + + align:start position:0% +it was a three-day exam and in fact your + + + align:start position:0% +it was a three-day exam and in fact your +score on this one test not all your + + align:start position:0% +score on this one test not all your + + + align:start position:0% +score on this one test not all your +grades along the way your score on this + + align:start position:0% +grades along the way your score on this + + + align:start position:0% +grades along the way your score on this +one three day written exam determined + + align:start position:0% +one three day written exam determined + + + align:start position:0% +one three day written exam determined +basically your graduation break so you + + align:start position:0% +basically your graduation break so you + + + align:start position:0% +basically your graduation break so you +go to college for a couple of years you + + align:start position:0% +go to college for a couple of years you + + + align:start position:0% +go to college for a couple of years you +study a whole bunch of classes and then + + align:start position:0% +study a whole bunch of classes and then + + + align:start position:0% +study a whole bunch of classes and then +you prove your uh your your establish + + align:start position:0% +you prove your uh your your establish + + + align:start position:0% +you prove your uh your your establish +your ranking among all your peers on a + + align:start position:0% +your ranking among all your peers on a + + + align:start position:0% +your ranking among all your peers on a +three-day written exam in silence taken + + align:start position:0% +three-day written exam in silence taken + + + align:start position:0% +three-day written exam in silence taken +in a senate house + + align:start position:0% +in a senate house + + + align:start position:0% +in a senate house +and if that's not bad enough then they + + align:start position:0% +and if that's not bad enough then they + + + align:start position:0% +and if that's not bad enough then they +would publish the rank order in the + + align:start position:0% +would publish the rank order in the + + + align:start position:0% +would publish the rank order in the +National newspapers so it's bad enough + + align:start position:0% +National newspapers so it's bad enough + + + align:start position:0% +National newspapers so it's bad enough +to have to worry about one high stakes + + align:start position:0% +to have to worry about one high stakes + + + align:start position:0% +to have to worry about one high stakes +test it's like the definition of a high + + align:start position:0% +test it's like the definition of a high + + + align:start position:0% +test it's like the definition of a high +stakes test but then everyone you ever + + align:start position:0% +stakes test but then everyone you ever + + + align:start position:0% +stakes test but then everyone you ever +knew and everyone your family ever knew + + align:start position:0% +knew and everyone your family ever knew + + + align:start position:0% +knew and everyone your family ever knew +would see just how well or indeed how + + align:start position:0% +would see just how well or indeed how + + + align:start position:0% +would see just how well or indeed how +poorly you had done so the very top + + align:start position:0% +poorly you had done so the very top + + + align:start position:0% +poorly you had done so the very top +scorers were called Wranglers + + align:start position:0% +scorers were called Wranglers + + + align:start position:0% +scorers were called Wranglers +and the very top of the rags was called + + align:start position:0% +and the very top of the rags was called + + + align:start position:0% +and the very top of the rags was called +the senior Wrangler that would be like + + align:start position:0% +the senior Wrangler that would be like + + + align:start position:0% +the senior Wrangler that would be like +you know like any of the regularly like + + align:start position:0% +you know like any of the regularly like + + + align:start position:0% +you know like any of the regularly like +high honors let's say something like a + + align:start position:0% +high honors let's say something like a + + + align:start position:0% +high honors let's say something like a +like a magna laude and above or + + align:start position:0% +like a magna laude and above or + + + align:start position:0% +like a magna laude and above or +something like that maybe routing + + align:start position:0% +something like that maybe routing + + + align:start position:0% +something like that maybe routing +but the very top scorer like the + + align:start position:0% +but the very top scorer like the + + + align:start position:0% +but the very top scorer like the +valedictorian was called the senior + + align:start position:0% +valedictorian was called the senior + + + align:start position:0% +valedictorian was called the senior +Wrangler and the show just how + + align:start position:0% +Wrangler and the show just how + + + align:start position:0% +Wrangler and the show just how +competitive this was both William + + align:start position:0% +competitive this was both William + + + align:start position:0% +competitive this was both William +Thompson and James Clark Maxwell were + + align:start position:0% +Thompson and James Clark Maxwell were + + + align:start position:0% +Thompson and James Clark Maxwell were +actually only second Rangers which is + + align:start position:0% +actually only second Rangers which is + + + align:start position:0% +actually only second Rangers which is +still pretty good so they didn't they + + align:start position:0% +still pretty good so they didn't they + + + align:start position:0% +still pretty good so they didn't they +weren't even invested in their class + + align:start position:0% +weren't even invested in their class + + + align:start position:0% +weren't even invested in their class +either of their graduating years so as + + align:start position:0% +either of their graduating years so as + + + align:start position:0% +either of their graduating years so as +Andy uh charts in this really + + align:start position:0% +Andy uh charts in this really + + + align:start position:0% +Andy uh charts in this really +fascinating book this is a massive + + align:start position:0% +fascinating book this is a massive + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating book this is a massive +overhaul in how we how Cambridge trained + + align:start position:0% +overhaul in how we how Cambridge trained + + + align:start position:0% +overhaul in how we how Cambridge trained +everyone at the undergraduate level + + align:start position:0% +everyone at the undergraduate level + + + align:start position:0% +everyone at the undergraduate level +I've learned pass through this + + align:start position:0% +I've learned pass through this + + + align:start position:0% +I've learned pass through this +mathematical Trifles now how would you + + align:start position:0% +mathematical Trifles now how would you + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical Trifles now how would you +do that very quickly you would learn to + + align:start position:0% +do that very quickly you would learn to + + + align:start position:0% +do that very quickly you would learn to +do that not only by attending lectures + + align:start position:0% +do that not only by attending lectures + + + align:start position:0% +do that not only by attending lectures +but by hiring a coach a personal private + + align:start position:0% +but by hiring a coach a personal private + + + align:start position:0% +but by hiring a coach a personal private +coach why would they have used the word + + align:start position:0% +coach why would they have used the word + + + align:start position:0% +coach why would they have used the word +coach + + align:start position:0% +coach + + + align:start position:0% +coach +again it puts us back in the mindset of + + align:start position:0% +again it puts us back in the mindset of + + + align:start position:0% +again it puts us back in the mindset of +the early and middle 19th century one of + + align:start position:0% +the early and middle 19th century one of + + + align:start position:0% +the early and middle 19th century one of +the newest and Most Fascinating + + align:start position:0% +the newest and Most Fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +the newest and Most Fascinating +Technologies of the day was the railroad + + align:start position:0% +Technologies of the day was the railroad + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies of the day was the railroad +or the railway coach this was just + + align:start position:0% +or the railway coach this was just + + + align:start position:0% +or the railway coach this was just +coming into common usage both in Britain + + align:start position:0% +coming into common usage both in Britain + + + align:start position:0% +coming into common usage both in Britain +and in other places throughout Europe in + + align:start position:0% +and in other places throughout Europe in + + + align:start position:0% +and in other places throughout Europe in +the United States and elsewhere in the + + align:start position:0% +the United States and elsewhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +the United States and elsewhere in the +sort of 1820s and 30s they were called + + align:start position:0% +sort of 1820s and 30s they were called + + + align:start position:0% +sort of 1820s and 30s they were called +coaches it's going to mechanize coaches + + align:start position:0% +coaches it's going to mechanize coaches + + + align:start position:0% +coaches it's going to mechanize coaches +the idea of your mathematics coach to + + align:start position:0% +the idea of your mathematics coach to + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of your mathematics coach to +help you get through the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +help you get through the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +help you get through the mathematical +triples exam was that much like a + + align:start position:0% +triples exam was that much like a + + + align:start position:0% +triples exam was that much like a +railroad the coach would literally + + align:start position:0% +railroad the coach would literally + + + align:start position:0% +railroad the coach would literally +transport you the student from one place + + align:start position:0% +transport you the student from one place + + + align:start position:0% +transport you the student from one place +to another at an unnatural Breakneck + + align:start position:0% +to another at an unnatural Breakneck + + + align:start position:0% +to another at an unnatural Breakneck +speed so much like the railroad could go + + align:start position:0% +speed so much like the railroad could go + + + align:start position:0% +speed so much like the railroad could go +racing down the rails at speeds up to 20 + + align:start position:0% +racing down the rails at speeds up to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +racing down the rails at speeds up to 20 +miles per hour that wasn't very fast by + + align:start position:0% +miles per hour that wasn't very fast by + + + align:start position:0% +miles per hour that wasn't very fast by +our standards but it seemed like + + align:start position:0% +our standards but it seemed like + + + align:start position:0% +our standards but it seemed like +lightning speed compared to like horses + + align:start position:0% +lightning speed compared to like horses + + + align:start position:0% +lightning speed compared to like horses +the railway coaches could transport + + align:start position:0% +the railway coaches could transport + + + align:start position:0% +the railway coaches could transport +people from one place to their + + align:start position:0% +people from one place to their + + + align:start position:0% +people from one place to their +destination really fast your mathematics + + align:start position:0% +destination really fast your mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +destination really fast your mathematics +coach would Ferry you along at Breakneck + + align:start position:0% +coach would Ferry you along at Breakneck + + + align:start position:0% +coach would Ferry you along at Breakneck +speed from your entrance of your studies + + align:start position:0% +speed from your entrance of your studies + + + align:start position:0% +speed from your entrance of your studies +toward your destination which was the + + align:start position:0% +toward your destination which was the + + + align:start position:0% +toward your destination which was the +tripos exam in your graduation + + align:start position:0% +tripos exam in your graduation + + + align:start position:0% +tripos exam in your graduation +again calling their personal tutors + + align:start position:0% +again calling their personal tutors + + + align:start position:0% +again calling their personal tutors +coaches in in recognition of their like + + align:start position:0% +coaches in in recognition of their like + + + align:start position:0% +coaches in in recognition of their like +the railroad and here's one of the most + + align:start position:0% +the railroad and here's one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +the railroad and here's one of the most +successful of the later 19th century uh + + align:start position:0% +successful of the later 19th century uh + + + align:start position:0% +successful of the later 19th century uh +Edward Routh shown here with his I think + + align:start position:0% +Edward Routh shown here with his I think + + + align:start position:0% +Edward Routh shown here with his I think +he I think that's route here I think + + align:start position:0% +he I think that's route here I think + + + align:start position:0% +he I think that's route here I think +they all look so simply with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +they all look so simply with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +they all look so simply with a bunch of +his uh his this pupils he was tutoring + + align:start position:0% +his uh his this pupils he was tutoring + + + align:start position:0% +his uh his this pupils he was tutoring +Ralph was not a professor at Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +Ralph was not a professor at Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +Ralph was not a professor at Cambridge +Ralph was a former student who did very + + align:start position:0% +Ralph was a former student who did very + + + align:start position:0% +Ralph was a former student who did very +well on the tripods exam and then + + align:start position:0% +well on the tripods exam and then + + + align:start position:0% +well on the tripods exam and then +basically was hired out so students + + align:start position:0% +basically was hired out so students + + + align:start position:0% +basically was hired out so students +would pay him directly in addition to + + align:start position:0% +would pay him directly in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +would pay him directly in addition to +and separate from their University fees + + align:start position:0% +and separate from their University fees + + + align:start position:0% +and separate from their University fees +they would hire a personal private tutor + + align:start position:0% +they would hire a personal private tutor + + + align:start position:0% +they would hire a personal private tutor +and he'd set them up to work in small + + align:start position:0% +and he'd set them up to work in small + + + align:start position:0% +and he'd set them up to work in small +groups or one-on-one and they would work + + align:start position:0% +groups or one-on-one and they would work + + + align:start position:0% +groups or one-on-one and they would work +with with uh Ralph around the clock now + + align:start position:0% +with with uh Ralph around the clock now + + + align:start position:0% +with with uh Ralph around the clock now +how would you maintain that kind of + + align:start position:0% +how would you maintain that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +how would you maintain that kind of +discipline and schedule + + align:start position:0% +discipline and schedule + + + align:start position:0% +discipline and schedule +by a robust program of physical exercise + + align:start position:0% +by a robust program of physical exercise + + + align:start position:0% +by a robust program of physical exercise +and exertion like famously rowing or + + align:start position:0% +and exertion like famously rowing or + + + align:start position:0% +and exertion like famously rowing or +sort of punting on the camp if any of + + align:start position:0% +sort of punting on the camp if any of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of punting on the camp if any of +you've been to visit Cambridge so there + + align:start position:0% +you've been to visit Cambridge so there + + + align:start position:0% +you've been to visit Cambridge so there +grows up not only a special kind of + + align:start position:0% +grows up not only a special kind of + + + align:start position:0% +grows up not only a special kind of +tutorial or coaching system these these + + align:start position:0% +tutorial or coaching system these these + + + align:start position:0% +tutorial or coaching system these these +coaches but a whole Associated kind of + + align:start position:0% +coaches but a whole Associated kind of + + + align:start position:0% +coaches but a whole Associated kind of +Athletics program not for the joys of + + align:start position:0% +Athletics program not for the joys of + + + align:start position:0% +Athletics program not for the joys of +Athletics per se but really to help you + + align:start position:0% +Athletics per se but really to help you + + + align:start position:0% +Athletics per se but really to help you +stay physically fit so you can stay + + align:start position:0% +stay physically fit so you can stay + + + align:start position:0% +stay physically fit so you can stay +mentally fit so you can spend all of + + align:start position:0% +mentally fit so you can spend all of + + + align:start position:0% +mentally fit so you can spend all of +your time preparing for the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +your time preparing for the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +your time preparing for the mathematical +triples exam so then they start to call + + align:start position:0% +triples exam so then they start to call + + + align:start position:0% +triples exam so then they start to call +their athletic tutors coaches right so + + align:start position:0% +their athletic tutors coaches right so + + + align:start position:0% +their athletic tutors coaches right so +why do we have football coaches today + + align:start position:0% +why do we have football coaches today + + + align:start position:0% +why do we have football coaches today +not just because of the Railway but + + align:start position:0% +not just because of the Railway but + + + align:start position:0% +not just because of the Railway but +because of the mathematical tripos in + + align:start position:0% +because of the mathematical tripos in + + + align:start position:0% +because of the mathematical tripos in +19th century Britain let's just I love + + align:start position:0% +19th century Britain let's just I love + + + align:start position:0% +19th century Britain let's just I love +that so the coaching was really new and + + align:start position:0% +that so the coaching was really new and + + + align:start position:0% +that so the coaching was really new and +we set up as a kind of para University + + align:start position:0% +we set up as a kind of para University + + + align:start position:0% +we set up as a kind of para University +way of getting shuttling these young + + align:start position:0% +way of getting shuttling these young + + + align:start position:0% +way of getting shuttling these young +students all the way to uh extraordinary + + align:start position:0% +students all the way to uh extraordinary + + + align:start position:0% +students all the way to uh extraordinary +mathematical skill in a short time + + align:start position:0% +mathematical skill in a short time + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical skill in a short time +so here's an example again I take it + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example again I take it + + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example again I take it +from Andy's book he found some wonderful + + align:start position:0% +from Andy's book he found some wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +from Andy's book he found some wonderful +notes and Diaries and correspondence + + align:start position:0% +notes and Diaries and correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +notes and Diaries and correspondence +from people who went through this system + + align:start position:0% +from people who went through this system + + + align:start position:0% +from people who went through this system +here's an example from someone named + + align:start position:0% +here's an example from someone named + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example from someone named +James Ward who was a student preparing + + align:start position:0% +James Ward who was a student preparing + + + align:start position:0% +James Ward who was a student preparing +for the tripos in the 1870s there's a + + align:start position:0% +for the tripos in the 1870s there's a + + + align:start position:0% +for the tripos in the 1870s there's a +set of rules that he'd written out in + + align:start position:0% +set of rules that he'd written out in + + + align:start position:0% +set of rules that he'd written out in +his diary that he and his roommates had + + align:start position:0% +his diary that he and his roommates had + + + align:start position:0% +his diary that he and his roommates had +agreed to and see which parts of these + + align:start position:0% +agreed to and see which parts of these + + + align:start position:0% +agreed to and see which parts of these +you wanna + + align:start position:0% +you wanna + + + align:start position:0% +you wanna +take up with your roommates once we're + + align:start position:0% +take up with your roommates once we're + + + align:start position:0% +take up with your roommates once we're +all back on campus again + + align:start position:0% +all back on campus again + + + align:start position:0% +all back on campus again +the rules where they all agree to this + + align:start position:0% +the rules where they all agree to this + + + align:start position:0% +the rules where they all agree to this +the entire rooming block agreed to this + + align:start position:0% +the entire rooming block agreed to this + + + align:start position:0% +the entire rooming block agreed to this +they would each be out of bed by 7 35 or + + align:start position:0% +they would each be out of bed by 7 35 or + + + align:start position:0% +they would each be out of bed by 7 35 or +they could sleep in a bit more on + + align:start position:0% +they could sleep in a bit more on + + + align:start position:0% +they could sleep in a bit more on +Sundays they would do five hours of work + + align:start position:0% +Sundays they would do five hours of work + + + align:start position:0% +Sundays they would do five hours of work +and that meant mathematics work + + align:start position:0% +and that meant mathematics work + + + align:start position:0% +and that meant mathematics work +mathematics problem sets before lunch so + + align:start position:0% +mathematics problem sets before lunch so + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics problem sets before lunch so +you get up early and do five hours of + + align:start position:0% +you get up early and do five hours of + + + align:start position:0% +you get up early and do five hours of +math before lunch so far I'm interested + + align:start position:0% +math before lunch so far I'm interested + + + align:start position:0% +math before lunch so far I'm interested +you do at least one hour of athletic + + align:start position:0% +you do at least one hour of athletic + + + align:start position:0% +you do at least one hour of athletic +exercise after lunch like rowing that's + + align:start position:0% +exercise after lunch like rowing that's + + + align:start position:0% +exercise after lunch like rowing that's +to basically help clear your mind to + + align:start position:0% +to basically help clear your mind to + + + align:start position:0% +to basically help clear your mind to +make sure you're ready for more math + + align:start position:0% +make sure you're ready for more math + + + align:start position:0% +make sure you're ready for more math +three hours more of math problem sets + + align:start position:0% +three hours more of math problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +three hours more of math problem sets +after that + + align:start position:0% +after that + + + align:start position:0% +after that +finished by 11 pm be in bed sharply by + + align:start position:0% +finished by 11 pm be in bed sharply by + + + align:start position:0% +finished by 11 pm be in bed sharply by +11 30 because the next day you got more + + align:start position:0% +11 30 because the next day you got more + + + align:start position:0% +11 30 because the next day you got more +math to do and you can stay up a little + + align:start position:0% +math to do and you can stay up a little + + + align:start position:0% +math to do and you can stay up a little +bit later on Saturday here's the best + + align:start position:0% +bit later on Saturday here's the best + + + align:start position:0% +bit later on Saturday here's the best +part you start paying in fines if you + + align:start position:0% +part you start paying in fines if you + + + align:start position:0% +part you start paying in fines if you +break the rules into like a a collective + + align:start position:0% +break the rules into like a a collective + + + align:start position:0% +break the rules into like a a collective +little kind of pot of money within the + + align:start position:0% +little kind of pot of money within the + + + align:start position:0% +little kind of pot of money within the +rooming group so if you break these + + align:start position:0% +rooming group so if you break these + + + align:start position:0% +rooming group so if you break these +rules you have to start paying three I + + align:start position:0% +rules you have to start paying three I + + + align:start position:0% +rules you have to start paying three I +remember that's three quid or what it is + + align:start position:0% +remember that's three quid or what it is + + + align:start position:0% +remember that's three quid or what it is +but three you know like a pocket change + + align:start position:0% +but three you know like a pocket change + + + align:start position:0% +but three you know like a pocket change +for the first rule broken on any given + + align:start position:0% +for the first rule broken on any given + + + align:start position:0% +for the first rule broken on any given +day a little bit more for every other + + align:start position:0% +day a little bit more for every other + + + align:start position:0% +day a little bit more for every other +rule broken on the same day + + align:start position:0% +rule broken on the same day + + + align:start position:0% +rule broken on the same day +now it gets even more fun you get paid + + align:start position:0% +now it gets even more fun you get paid + + + align:start position:0% +now it gets even more fun you get paid +out of that fund that kind of roommate + + align:start position:0% +out of that fund that kind of roommate + + + align:start position:0% +out of that fund that kind of roommate +Kitty jar you get paid out of that if + + align:start position:0% +Kitty jar you get paid out of that if + + + align:start position:0% +Kitty jar you get paid out of that if +you wake up your roommates extra early + + align:start position:0% +you wake up your roommates extra early + + + align:start position:0% +you wake up your roommates extra early +can you imagine your roommates being + + align:start position:0% +can you imagine your roommates being + + + align:start position:0% +can you imagine your roommates being +incentivized to wake you up at 6 30 + + align:start position:0% +incentivized to wake you up at 6 30 + + + align:start position:0% +incentivized to wake you up at 6 30 +instead of 7 30 so you could get more + + align:start position:0% +instead of 7 30 so you could get more + + + align:start position:0% +instead of 7 30 so you could get more +math done like you'd be so grateful to + + align:start position:0% +math done like you'd be so grateful to + + + align:start position:0% +math done like you'd be so grateful to +them that they would get money out of + + align:start position:0% +them that they would get money out of + + + align:start position:0% +them that they would get money out of +this common little bit of cash + + align:start position:0% +this common little bit of cash + + + align:start position:0% +this common little bit of cash +any work that you do before 8 A.M would + + align:start position:0% +any work that you do before 8 A.M would + + + align:start position:0% +any work that you do before 8 A.M would +count toward these other ones so if you + + align:start position:0% +count toward these other ones so if you + + + align:start position:0% +count toward these other ones so if you +get up extra early and you do work even + + align:start position:0% +get up extra early and you do work even + + + align:start position:0% +get up extra early and you do work even +before eight you can work a little bit + + align:start position:0% +before eight you can work a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +before eight you can work a little bit +less after lunch for example + + align:start position:0% +less after lunch for example + + + align:start position:0% +less after lunch for example +you get a little credit for time spent + + align:start position:0% +you get a little credit for time spent + + + align:start position:0% +you get a little credit for time spent +in church Society meetings I love that + + align:start position:0% +in church Society meetings I love that + + + align:start position:0% +in church Society meetings I love that +and these rules are binding until + + align:start position:0% +and these rules are binding until + + + align:start position:0% +and these rules are binding until +further notice I just think that's great + + align:start position:0% +further notice I just think that's great + + + align:start position:0% +further notice I just think that's great +so um these are all the slides you can + + align:start position:0% +so um these are all the slides you can + + + align:start position:0% +so um these are all the slides you can +download those if you if you want to set + + align:start position:0% +download those if you if you want to set + + + align:start position:0% +download those if you if you want to set +up similar rules with your roommates you + + align:start position:0% +up similar rules with your roommates you + + + align:start position:0% +up similar rules with your roommates you +know I encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +know I encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +know I encourage you to +now what do you do if you take all the + + align:start position:0% +now what do you do if you take all the + + + align:start position:0% +now what do you do if you take all the +smart smarty pantses at Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +smart smarty pantses at Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +smart smarty pantses at Cambridge +University and put them through this + + align:start position:0% +University and put them through this + + + align:start position:0% +University and put them through this +where the only way they can graduate no + + align:start position:0% +where the only way they can graduate no + + + align:start position:0% +where the only way they can graduate no +matter what subject they're actually + + align:start position:0% +matter what subject they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +matter what subject they're actually +trying to major in or study the only way + + align:start position:0% +trying to major in or study the only way + + + align:start position:0% +trying to major in or study the only way +they can graduate is by passing through + + align:start position:0% +they can graduate is by passing through + + + align:start position:0% +they can graduate is by passing through +this single mathematical triples exam + + align:start position:0% +this single mathematical triples exam + + + align:start position:0% +this single mathematical triples exam +what happens if you do that for a few + + align:start position:0% +what happens if you do that for a few + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if you do that for a few +generations and I want to just let this + + align:start position:0% +generations and I want to just let this + + + align:start position:0% +generations and I want to just let this +sort of sink in for a moment as well + + align:start position:0% +sort of sink in for a moment as well + + + align:start position:0% +sort of sink in for a moment as well +what they would do on this timed exam a + + align:start position:0% +what they would do on this timed exam a + + + align:start position:0% +what they would do on this timed exam a +three-day written exam is solved + + align:start position:0% +three-day written exam is solved + + + align:start position:0% +three-day written exam is solved +basically a lot of pretty increasingly + + align:start position:0% +basically a lot of pretty increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +basically a lot of pretty increasingly +hard math problems math and physics + + align:start position:0% +hard math problems math and physics + + + align:start position:0% +hard math problems math and physics +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +so an example that would be a warm-up + + align:start position:0% +so an example that would be a warm-up + + + align:start position:0% +so an example that would be a warm-up +that they would learn to do very quickly + + align:start position:0% +that they would learn to do very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +that they would learn to do very quickly +with their with their private coaches + + align:start position:0% +with their with their private coaches + + + align:start position:0% +with their with their private coaches +will be to how to solve for the motion + + align:start position:0% +will be to how to solve for the motion + + + align:start position:0% +will be to how to solve for the motion +say of a pendulum uh that's swinging if + + align:start position:0% +say of a pendulum uh that's swinging if + + + align:start position:0% +say of a pendulum uh that's swinging if +you would neglect air resistance and it + + align:start position:0% +you would neglect air resistance and it + + + align:start position:0% +you would neglect air resistance and it +Swings with a small amplitude uh then as + + align:start position:0% +Swings with a small amplitude uh then as + + + align:start position:0% +Swings with a small amplitude uh then as +now we would recognize that the pendulum + + align:start position:0% +now we would recognize that the pendulum + + + align:start position:0% +now we would recognize that the pendulum +if it has a fixed length capital L + + align:start position:0% +if it has a fixed length capital L + + + align:start position:0% +if it has a fixed length capital L +there's what we would call a natural + + align:start position:0% +there's what we would call a natural + + + align:start position:0% +there's what we would call a natural +frequency what's it a natural rate of + + align:start position:0% +frequency what's it a natural rate of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency what's it a natural rate of +swinging back and forth once we displace + + align:start position:0% +swinging back and forth once we displace + + + align:start position:0% +swinging back and forth once we displace +it from its uh equilibrium position and + + align:start position:0% +it from its uh equilibrium position and + + + align:start position:0% +it from its uh equilibrium position and +let it just gently swing back and forth + + align:start position:0% +let it just gently swing back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +let it just gently swing back and forth +it has a frequency uh to execute its + + align:start position:0% +it has a frequency uh to execute its + + + align:start position:0% +it has a frequency uh to execute its +oscillations + + align:start position:0% +oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations +and in fact this is an example of a + + align:start position:0% +and in fact this is an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact this is an example of a +simple harmonic oscillator there's a + + align:start position:0% +simple harmonic oscillator there's a + + + align:start position:0% +simple harmonic oscillator there's a +very simple equation we can write for + + align:start position:0% +very simple equation we can write for + + + align:start position:0% +very simple equation we can write for +the change of let's say the height of + + align:start position:0% +the change of let's say the height of + + + align:start position:0% +the change of let's say the height of +the pendulum Bob above its resting + + align:start position:0% +the pendulum Bob above its resting + + + align:start position:0% +the pendulum Bob above its resting +position we can write we can + + align:start position:0% +position we can write we can + + + align:start position:0% +position we can write we can +characterize the height above its + + align:start position:0% +characterize the height above its + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the height above its +equilibrium spot as some amplitude Phi + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium spot as some amplitude Phi + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium spot as some amplitude Phi +how will that amplitude of that height + + align:start position:0% +how will that amplitude of that height + + + align:start position:0% +how will that amplitude of that height +change over time it depends on this + + align:start position:0% +change over time it depends on this + + + align:start position:0% +change over time it depends on this +natural frequency and we all know on + + align:start position:0% +natural frequency and we all know on + + + align:start position:0% +natural frequency and we all know on +this call that we can solve this very + + align:start position:0% +this call that we can solve this very + + + align:start position:0% +this call that we can solve this very +quickly as a series of Sines and cosines + + align:start position:0% +quickly as a series of Sines and cosines + + + align:start position:0% +quickly as a series of Sines and cosines +it will oscillate periodically like + + align:start position:0% +it will oscillate periodically like + + + align:start position:0% +it will oscillate periodically like +Sines and cosines + + align:start position:0% +Sines and cosines + + + align:start position:0% +Sines and cosines +okay what is the length of the pendulum + + align:start position:0% +okay what is the length of the pendulum + + + align:start position:0% +okay what is the length of the pendulum +is changing over time so now instead of + + align:start position:0% +is changing over time so now instead of + + + align:start position:0% +is changing over time so now instead of +a pendulum of fixed length the length + + align:start position:0% +a pendulum of fixed length the length + + + align:start position:0% +a pendulum of fixed length the length +itself is is Raising and getting longer + + align:start position:0% +itself is is Raising and getting longer + + + align:start position:0% +itself is is Raising and getting longer +and shorter so this distance changes + + align:start position:0% +and shorter so this distance changes + + + align:start position:0% +and shorter so this distance changes +over time well now it's not actually + + align:start position:0% +over time well now it's not actually + + + align:start position:0% +over time well now it's not actually +quite so straightforward it's no longer + + align:start position:0% +quite so straightforward it's no longer + + + align:start position:0% +quite so straightforward it's no longer +a simple harmonic oscillator let's + + align:start position:0% +a simple harmonic oscillator let's + + + align:start position:0% +a simple harmonic oscillator let's +assume that the length of the pendulum + + align:start position:0% +assume that the length of the pendulum + + + align:start position:0% +assume that the length of the pendulum +itself changes periodically + + align:start position:0% +itself changes periodically + + + align:start position:0% +itself changes periodically +maybe with some distinct period of what + + align:start position:0% +maybe with some distinct period of what + + + align:start position:0% +maybe with some distinct period of what +would have been the the um the kind of + + align:start position:0% +would have been the the um the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +would have been the the um the kind of +average period of motion so now we're + + align:start position:0% +average period of motion so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +average period of motion so now we're +solving a different differential + + align:start position:0% +solving a different differential + + + align:start position:0% +solving a different differential +equation if this is unfamiliar to you + + align:start position:0% +equation if this is unfamiliar to you + + + align:start position:0% +equation if this is unfamiliar to you +good that means you've let a healthy and + + align:start position:0% +good that means you've let a healthy and + + + align:start position:0% +good that means you've let a healthy and +productive life to date this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +productive life to date this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +productive life to date this is sort of +thing that the Cambridge students would + + align:start position:0% +thing that the Cambridge students would + + + align:start position:0% +thing that the Cambridge students would +learn with their private coaches because + + align:start position:0% +learn with their private coaches because + + + align:start position:0% +learn with their private coaches because +they would face these problems on a Time + + align:start position:0% +they would face these problems on a Time + + + align:start position:0% +they would face these problems on a Time +exam that determined their graduation + + align:start position:0% +exam that determined their graduation + + + align:start position:0% +exam that determined their graduation +Congress + + align:start position:0% +Congress + + + align:start position:0% +Congress +if you have a pendulum of very + + align:start position:0% +if you have a pendulum of very + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a pendulum of very +periodically varying length then the + + align:start position:0% +periodically varying length then the + + + align:start position:0% +periodically varying length then the +same problem to solve how can we + + align:start position:0% +same problem to solve how can we + + + align:start position:0% +same problem to solve how can we +characterize the height at any given + + align:start position:0% +characterize the height at any given + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the height at any given +moment that becomes not the equation for + + align:start position:0% +moment that becomes not the equation for + + + align:start position:0% +moment that becomes not the equation for +a simple harmonic oscillator but what's + + align:start position:0% +a simple harmonic oscillator but what's + + + align:start position:0% +a simple harmonic oscillator but what's +called the mature equation + + align:start position:0% +called the mature equation + + + align:start position:0% +called the mature equation +which kind of miraculously can be solved + + align:start position:0% +which kind of miraculously can be solved + + + align:start position:0% +which kind of miraculously can be solved +analytically in closed form it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +analytically in closed form it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +analytically in closed form it's kind of +amazing but it doesn't look like just + + align:start position:0% +amazing but it doesn't look like just + + + align:start position:0% +amazing but it doesn't look like just +like Sines and cosines and in fact with + + align:start position:0% +like Sines and cosines and in fact with + + + align:start position:0% +like Sines and cosines and in fact with +it thanks to like modern day computers + + align:start position:0% +it thanks to like modern day computers + + + align:start position:0% +it thanks to like modern day computers +we can solve this pretty quickly and it + + align:start position:0% +we can solve this pretty quickly and it + + + align:start position:0% +we can solve this pretty quickly and it +has much more complicated Behavior + + align:start position:0% +has much more complicated Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +has much more complicated Behavior +instead of only a simple kind of rocking + + align:start position:0% +instead of only a simple kind of rocking + + + align:start position:0% +instead of only a simple kind of rocking +back and forth like Sines and cosines it + + align:start position:0% +back and forth like Sines and cosines it + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth like Sines and cosines it +has these periodic functions where the + + align:start position:0% +has these periodic functions where the + + + align:start position:0% +has these periodic functions where the +period is actually determined by the + + align:start position:0% +period is actually determined by the + + + align:start position:0% +period is actually determined by the +period at which the length is changing + + align:start position:0% +period at which the length is changing + + + align:start position:0% +period at which the length is changing +and then these exponential terms sorry + + align:start position:0% +and then these exponential terms sorry + + + align:start position:0% +and then these exponential terms sorry +the exponential terms which can lead + + align:start position:0% +the exponential terms which can lead + + + align:start position:0% +the exponential terms which can lead +either to more complicated + + align:start position:0% +either to more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +either to more complicated +um rocking back and forth or in fact + + align:start position:0% +um rocking back and forth or in fact + + + align:start position:0% +um rocking back and forth or in fact +could lead to uh instabilities you could + + align:start position:0% +could lead to uh instabilities you could + + + align:start position:0% +could lead to uh instabilities you could +have runaway Solutions and so on if + + align:start position:0% +have runaway Solutions and so on if + + + align:start position:0% +have runaway Solutions and so on if +these factors mu in fact are are real + + align:start position:0% +these factors mu in fact are are real + + + align:start position:0% +these factors mu in fact are are real +and not only imagine + + align:start position:0% +and not only imagine + + + align:start position:0% +and not only imagine +complicated complicated pendulum we + + align:start position:0% +complicated complicated pendulum we + + + align:start position:0% +complicated complicated pendulum we +don't have to solve this problem on a + + align:start position:0% +don't have to solve this problem on a + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to solve this problem on a +timed exam I emphasize this to show this + + align:start position:0% +timed exam I emphasize this to show this + + + align:start position:0% +timed exam I emphasize this to show this +is the kind of thing you would hire a + + align:start position:0% +is the kind of thing you would hire a + + + align:start position:0% +is the kind of thing you would hire a +coach to help you get really good at + + align:start position:0% +coach to help you get really good at + + + align:start position:0% +coach to help you get really good at +starting from when you entered as you + + align:start position:0% +starting from when you entered as you + + + align:start position:0% +starting from when you entered as you +know an 18 year old so when you face + + align:start position:0% +know an 18 year old so when you face + + + align:start position:0% +know an 18 year old so when you face +this exit exam the tripods you would + + align:start position:0% +this exit exam the tripods you would + + + align:start position:0% +this exit exam the tripods you would +learn to solve problems like this in + + align:start position:0% +learn to solve problems like this in + + + align:start position:0% +learn to solve problems like this in +closed form and then solve 200 more of + + align:start position:0% +closed form and then solve 200 more of + + + align:start position:0% +closed form and then solve 200 more of +them on a timed exam over three days and + + align:start position:0% +them on a timed exam over three days and + + + align:start position:0% +them on a timed exam over three days and +if you didn't do well everyone would see + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't do well everyone would see + + + align:start position:0% +if you didn't do well everyone would see +how just how poorly you did because they + + align:start position:0% +how just how poorly you did because they + + + align:start position:0% +how just how poorly you did because they +print the results in the National + + align:start position:0% +print the results in the National + + + align:start position:0% +print the results in the National +newspapers now this came home to me + + align:start position:0% +newspapers now this came home to me + + + align:start position:0% +newspapers now this came home to me +rather viscerally when I was doing my + + align:start position:0% +rather viscerally when I was doing my + + + align:start position:0% +rather viscerally when I was doing my +own physics dissertation uh some years + + align:start position:0% +own physics dissertation uh some years + + + align:start position:0% +own physics dissertation uh some years +ago to help the coaches and the students + + align:start position:0% +ago to help the coaches and the students + + + align:start position:0% +ago to help the coaches and the students +get good at this stuff there were books + + align:start position:0% +get good at this stuff there were books + + + align:start position:0% +get good at this stuff there were books +written by especially successful coaches + + align:start position:0% +written by especially successful coaches + + + align:start position:0% +written by especially successful coaches +though the other coaches would use and + + align:start position:0% +though the other coaches would use and + + + align:start position:0% +though the other coaches would use and +you just practice it was like compendia + + align:start position:0% +you just practice it was like compendia + + + align:start position:0% +you just practice it was like compendia +of worked examples to help you practice + + align:start position:0% +of worked examples to help you practice + + + align:start position:0% +of worked examples to help you practice +like a practice exam because you'd be + + align:start position:0% +like a practice exam because you'd be + + + align:start position:0% +like a practice exam because you'd be +facing the tripod so you could say they + + align:start position:0% +facing the tripod so you could say they + + + align:start position:0% +facing the tripod so you could say they +would label which tribos this exact + + align:start position:0% +would label which tribos this exact + + + align:start position:0% +would label which tribos this exact +problem had already appeared upon so you + + align:start position:0% +problem had already appeared upon so you + + + align:start position:0% +problem had already appeared upon so you +want to make sure you're practicing on + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure you're practicing on + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure you're practicing on +realistic try post problems this book + + align:start position:0% +realistic try post problems this book + + + align:start position:0% +realistic try post problems this book +was first published in 1902 but drawing + + align:start position:0% +was first published in 1902 but drawing + + + align:start position:0% +was first published in 1902 but drawing +on examples of from tripos problems + + align:start position:0% +on examples of from tripos problems + + + align:start position:0% +on examples of from tripos problems +throughout the 1890s these are all in + + align:start position:0% +throughout the 1890s these are all in + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the 1890s these are all in +this case + + align:start position:0% +this case + + + align:start position:0% +this case +manipulating something called the + + align:start position:0% +manipulating something called the + + + align:start position:0% +manipulating something called the +virestrass function the virestrasse + + align:start position:0% +virestrass function the virestrasse + + + align:start position:0% +virestrass function the virestrasse +polynomial which is one of the things + + align:start position:0% +polynomial which is one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial which is one of the things +that turns up when you start solving + + align:start position:0% +that turns up when you start solving + + + align:start position:0% +that turns up when you start solving +these complicated + + align:start position:0% +these complicated + + + align:start position:0% +these complicated +um uh pendulum problems so you want to + + align:start position:0% +um uh pendulum problems so you want to + + + align:start position:0% +um uh pendulum problems so you want to +get good at solving them fast learn the + + align:start position:0% +get good at solving them fast learn the + + + align:start position:0% +get good at solving them fast learn the +tricks to do a a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +tricks to do a a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +tricks to do a a coordinate +transformation or see oh I've seen that + + align:start position:0% +transformation or see oh I've seen that + + + align:start position:0% +transformation or see oh I've seen that +form before I know what to do next + + align:start position:0% +form before I know what to do next + + + align:start position:0% +form before I know what to do next +well before I knew about the tripos and + + align:start position:0% +well before I knew about the tripos and + + + align:start position:0% +well before I knew about the tripos and +before I knew about these coaching books + + align:start position:0% +before I knew about these coaching books + + + align:start position:0% +before I knew about these coaching books +I was also trying to solve problems + + align:start position:0% +I was also trying to solve problems + + + align:start position:0% +I was also trying to solve problems +involving coupled oscillators that + + align:start position:0% +involving coupled oscillators that + + + align:start position:0% +involving coupled oscillators that +changed their fundamental frequency over + + align:start position:0% +changed their fundamental frequency over + + + align:start position:0% +changed their fundamental frequency over +time in this case I was studying the + + align:start position:0% +time in this case I was studying the + + + align:start position:0% +time in this case I was studying the +early Universe for my PhD dissertation + + align:start position:0% +early Universe for my PhD dissertation + + + align:start position:0% +early Universe for my PhD dissertation +uh and I actually sort of reinvented or + + align:start position:0% +uh and I actually sort of reinvented or + + + align:start position:0% +uh and I actually sort of reinvented or +rediscovered a lot of these quite + + align:start position:0% +rediscovered a lot of these quite + + + align:start position:0% +rediscovered a lot of these quite +amazing analytic techniques where you + + align:start position:0% +amazing analytic techniques where you + + + align:start position:0% +amazing analytic techniques where you +can solve for what are essentially + + align:start position:0% +can solve for what are essentially + + + align:start position:0% +can solve for what are essentially +coupled pendulum where they can change + + align:start position:0% +coupled pendulum where they can change + + + align:start position:0% +coupled pendulum where they can change +their length that determines sort of the + + align:start position:0% +their length that determines sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +their length that determines sort of the +rate at which one kind of elementary + + align:start position:0% +rate at which one kind of elementary + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which one kind of elementary +particle could Decay to another and it + + align:start position:0% +particle could Decay to another and it + + + align:start position:0% +particle could Decay to another and it +starts looking just like these coupled + + align:start position:0% +starts looking just like these coupled + + + align:start position:0% +starts looking just like these coupled +oscillator equations and you solve them + + align:start position:0% +oscillator equations and you solve them + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator equations and you solve them +with things like the virestross + + align:start position:0% +with things like the virestross + + + align:start position:0% +with things like the virestross +polynomials I spent six or seven or + + align:start position:0% +polynomials I spent six or seven or + + + align:start position:0% +polynomials I spent six or seven or +probably eight months beating my head + + align:start position:0% +probably eight months beating my head + + + align:start position:0% +probably eight months beating my head +against this trying to solve things like + + align:start position:0% +against this trying to solve things like + + + align:start position:0% +against this trying to solve things like +the Matthew equation and the Lemay + + align:start position:0% +the Matthew equation and the Lemay + + + align:start position:0% +the Matthew equation and the Lemay +equation in closed form it was seen as + + align:start position:0% +equation in closed form it was seen as + + + align:start position:0% +equation in closed form it was seen as +sufficiently original to Warrant + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently original to Warrant + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently original to Warrant +publication in the physical review in + + align:start position:0% +publication in the physical review in + + + align:start position:0% +publication in the physical review in +1897 then I met my pal Andy Warwick he + + align:start position:0% +1897 then I met my pal Andy Warwick he + + + align:start position:0% +1897 then I met my pal Andy Warwick he +said oh that was literally a homework + + align:start position:0% +said oh that was literally a homework + + + align:start position:0% +said oh that was literally a homework +problem for undergraduates in 1897. and + + align:start position:0% +problem for undergraduates in 1897. and + + + align:start position:0% +problem for undergraduates in 1897. and +so that's when it came home to me that + + align:start position:0% +so that's when it came home to me that + + + align:start position:0% +so that's when it came home to me that +this was basically child abuse right + + align:start position:0% +this was basically child abuse right + + + align:start position:0% +this was basically child abuse right +let's just be clear what Cambridge was + + align:start position:0% +let's just be clear what Cambridge was + + + align:start position:0% +let's just be clear what Cambridge was +doing was an extraordinary effort to + + align:start position:0% +doing was an extraordinary effort to + + + align:start position:0% +doing was an extraordinary effort to +train people in ways that and sort of + + align:start position:0% +train people in ways that and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +train people in ways that and sort of +look familiar to us timed exams written + + align:start position:0% +look familiar to us timed exams written + + + align:start position:0% +look familiar to us timed exams written +paper problem sets but are actually not + + align:start position:0% +paper problem sets but are actually not + + + align:start position:0% +paper problem sets but are actually not +quite what we do either so I learned + + align:start position:0% +quite what we do either so I learned + + + align:start position:0% +quite what we do either so I learned +myself the hard way months and months + + align:start position:0% +myself the hard way months and months + + + align:start position:0% +myself the hard way months and months +not three days in a timed exam just what + + align:start position:0% +not three days in a timed exam just what + + + align:start position:0% +not three days in a timed exam just what +these undergraduates were capable of + + align:start position:0% +these undergraduates were capable of + + + align:start position:0% +these undergraduates were capable of +doing by the end of the 19th century so + + align:start position:0% +doing by the end of the 19th century so + + + align:start position:0% +doing by the end of the 19th century so +this intense mathematical training I + + align:start position:0% +this intense mathematical training I + + + align:start position:0% +this intense mathematical training I +want to emphasize was not only for + + align:start position:0% +want to emphasize was not only for + + + align:start position:0% +want to emphasize was not only for +people who like liked it this was the + + align:start position:0% +people who like liked it this was the + + + align:start position:0% +people who like liked it this was the +only way to the exit door every single + + align:start position:0% +only way to the exit door every single + + + align:start position:0% +only way to the exit door every single +Cambridge student throughout much of the + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge student throughout much of the + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge student throughout much of the +19th century if they wanted to get their + + align:start position:0% +19th century if they wanted to get their + + + align:start position:0% +19th century if they wanted to get their +bachelor's degree in Theology and + + align:start position:0% +bachelor's degree in Theology and + + + align:start position:0% +bachelor's degree in Theology and +philosophy in history in mathematics + + align:start position:0% +philosophy in history in mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy in history in mathematics +everyone took this mathematical tripos + + align:start position:0% +everyone took this mathematical tripos + + + align:start position:0% +everyone took this mathematical tripos +exam why would you ever do that to + + align:start position:0% +exam why would you ever do that to + + + align:start position:0% +exam why would you ever do that to +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +this again it's a it's a indication of + + align:start position:0% +this again it's a it's a indication of + + + align:start position:0% +this again it's a it's a indication of +the sort of setting in which this is + + align:start position:0% +the sort of setting in which this is + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of setting in which this is +being done in this sort of rapidly + + align:start position:0% +being done in this sort of rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +being done in this sort of rapidly +changing British Empire so the Empire + + align:start position:0% +changing British Empire so the Empire + + + align:start position:0% +changing British Empire so the Empire +had a great need for what they + + align:start position:0% +had a great need for what they + + + align:start position:0% +had a great need for what they +considered kind of disciplined thinkers + + align:start position:0% +considered kind of disciplined thinkers + + + align:start position:0% +considered kind of disciplined thinkers +civil servants and the thinking was if + + align:start position:0% +civil servants and the thinking was if + + + align:start position:0% +civil servants and the thinking was if +you could Master things like these crazy + + align:start position:0% +you could Master things like these crazy + + + align:start position:0% +you could Master things like these crazy +oscillator equations on a timed exam if + + align:start position:0% +oscillator equations on a timed exam if + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator equations on a timed exam if +you could develop a mental discipline + + align:start position:0% +you could develop a mental discipline + + + align:start position:0% +you could develop a mental discipline +and the kind of full body discipline to + + align:start position:0% +and the kind of full body discipline to + + + align:start position:0% +and the kind of full body discipline to +keep yourself going for years at a time + + align:start position:0% +keep yourself going for years at a time + + + align:start position:0% +keep yourself going for years at a time +to conquer these very complicated + + align:start position:0% +to conquer these very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +to conquer these very complicated +analytic math problems then they hope + + align:start position:0% +analytic math problems then they hope + + + align:start position:0% +analytic math problems then they hope +you could conquer anything in economics + + align:start position:0% +you could conquer anything in economics + + + align:start position:0% +you could conquer anything in economics +in governments and Logistics and any + + align:start position:0% +in governments and Logistics and any + + + align:start position:0% +in governments and Logistics and any +kind of bureaucracy this was seen as a + + align:start position:0% +kind of bureaucracy this was seen as a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of bureaucracy this was seen as a +particularly efficient way + + align:start position:0% +particularly efficient way + + + align:start position:0% +particularly efficient way +to train kind of civil servants to + + align:start position:0% +to train kind of civil servants to + + + align:start position:0% +to train kind of civil servants to +handle the empire + + align:start position:0% +handle the empire + + + align:start position:0% +handle the empire +and so as a side effect not because this + + align:start position:0% +and so as a side effect not because this + + + align:start position:0% +and so as a side effect not because this +was the goal but as a side effect of + + align:start position:0% +was the goal but as a side effect of + + + align:start position:0% +was the goal but as a side effect of +doing this generation after generation + + align:start position:0% +doing this generation after generation + + + align:start position:0% +doing this generation after generation +for decades a critical mass grew of + + align:start position:0% +for decades a critical mass grew of + + + align:start position:0% +for decades a critical mass grew of +people who went through this tricose + + align:start position:0% +people who went through this tricose + + + align:start position:0% +people who went through this tricose +training and actually liked it actually + + align:start position:0% +training and actually liked it actually + + + align:start position:0% +training and actually liked it actually +wanted to use those techniques to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to use those techniques to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to use those techniques to +further their understanding of nature + + align:start position:0% +further their understanding of nature + + + align:start position:0% +further their understanding of nature +like the maxwellians like Maxwell + + align:start position:0% +like the maxwellians like Maxwell + + + align:start position:0% +like the maxwellians like Maxwell +himself and then indeed the generations + + align:start position:0% +himself and then indeed the generations + + + align:start position:0% +himself and then indeed the generations +who studied things like Maxwell's + + align:start position:0% +who studied things like Maxwell's + + + align:start position:0% +who studied things like Maxwell's +Treatise so the people who were kind of + + align:start position:0% +Treatise so the people who were kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Treatise so the people who were kind of +experts in things like the Divergence + + align:start position:0% +experts in things like the Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +experts in things like the Divergence +and graded in curl and all these great + + align:start position:0% +and graded in curl and all these great + + + align:start position:0% +and graded in curl and all these great +techniques for Electro magnetism they + + align:start position:0% +techniques for Electro magnetism they + + + align:start position:0% +techniques for Electro magnetism they +were coming out of this training not + + align:start position:0% +were coming out of this training not + + + align:start position:0% +were coming out of this training not +because Cambridge wanted to make more + + align:start position:0% +because Cambridge wanted to make more + + + align:start position:0% +because Cambridge wanted to make more +experts necessarily in mathematical + + align:start position:0% +experts necessarily in mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +experts necessarily in mathematical +physics but because some small portion + + align:start position:0% +physics but because some small portion + + + align:start position:0% +physics but because some small portion +of folks who went through this + + align:start position:0% +of folks who went through this + + + align:start position:0% +of folks who went through this +increasingly common system + + align:start position:0% +increasingly common system + + + align:start position:0% +increasingly common system +wanted to use those skills for what we + + align:start position:0% +wanted to use those skills for what we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to use those skills for what we +would call a scientific research + + align:start position:0% +would call a scientific research + + + align:start position:0% +would call a scientific research +and so the professionalization of this + + align:start position:0% +and so the professionalization of this + + + align:start position:0% +and so the professionalization of this +mathematically trained cohort was driven + + align:start position:0% +mathematically trained cohort was driven + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically trained cohort was driven +in part by demands of Empire both + + align:start position:0% +in part by demands of Empire both + + + align:start position:0% +in part by demands of Empire both +supplying research problems like + + align:start position:0% +supplying research problems like + + + align:start position:0% +supplying research problems like +telegraphy or other problems in kind of + + align:start position:0% +telegraphy or other problems in kind of + + + align:start position:0% +telegraphy or other problems in kind of +practical impact of electricity to + + align:start position:0% +practical impact of electricity to + + + align:start position:0% +practical impact of electricity to +magnetism and Optics and also + + align:start position:0% +magnetism and Optics and also + + + align:start position:0% +magnetism and Optics and also +prioritizing this very specific kind of + + align:start position:0% +prioritizing this very specific kind of + + + align:start position:0% +prioritizing this very specific kind of +elite educational infrastructure so let + + align:start position:0% +elite educational infrastructure so let + + + align:start position:0% +elite educational infrastructure so let +me pause there let's get some questions + + align:start position:0% +me pause there let's get some questions + + + align:start position:0% +me pause there let's get some questions +on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I see let's see I see one of the + + align:start position:0% +so I see let's see I see one of the + + + align:start position:0% +so I see let's see I see one of the +questions was who wrote the exams good + + align:start position:0% +questions was who wrote the exams good + + + align:start position:0% +questions was who wrote the exams good +so exams are usually written by uh the + + align:start position:0% +so exams are usually written by uh the + + + align:start position:0% +so exams are usually written by uh the +by the the faculty in mathematics and + + align:start position:0% +by the the faculty in mathematics and + + + align:start position:0% +by the the faculty in mathematics and +physics most of them at this point had + + align:start position:0% +physics most of them at this point had + + + align:start position:0% +physics most of them at this point had +themselves gone through Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +themselves gone through Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +themselves gone through Cambridge +um but the people writing the kind of + + align:start position:0% +um but the people writing the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um but the people writing the kind of +manuals the help manuals were usually + + align:start position:0% +manuals the help manuals were usually + + + align:start position:0% +manuals the help manuals were usually +recent students who had done very well + + align:start position:0% +recent students who had done very well + + + align:start position:0% +recent students who had done very well +if you were a Wrangler if you did well I + + align:start position:0% +if you were a Wrangler if you did well I + + + align:start position:0% +if you were a Wrangler if you did well I +was a little senior even if you were in + + align:start position:0% +was a little senior even if you were in + + + align:start position:0% +was a little senior even if you were in +the Wrangler group if you had high + + align:start position:0% +the Wrangler group if you had high + + + align:start position:0% +the Wrangler group if you had high +honors then you could basically kind of + + align:start position:0% +honors then you could basically kind of + + + align:start position:0% +honors then you could basically kind of +name your price if you wanted to hang + + align:start position:0% +name your price if you wanted to hang + + + align:start position:0% +name your price if you wanted to hang +around Cambridge you could literally + + align:start position:0% +around Cambridge you could literally + + + align:start position:0% +around Cambridge you could literally +make a career collecting direct student + + align:start position:0% +make a career collecting direct student + + + align:start position:0% +make a career collecting direct student +fees a dozen or so at a time and + + align:start position:0% +fees a dozen or so at a time and + + + align:start position:0% +fees a dozen or so at a time and +coaching these younger students through + + align:start position:0% +coaching these younger students through + + + align:start position:0% +coaching these younger students through +because you proved you could do it and + + align:start position:0% +because you proved you could do it and + + + align:start position:0% +because you proved you could do it and +then you would sometimes write your own + + align:start position:0% +then you would sometimes write your own + + + align:start position:0% +then you would sometimes write your own +book and get sale you know get like + + align:start position:0% +book and get sale you know get like + + + align:start position:0% +book and get sale you know get like +royalties and sale of your training + + align:start position:0% +royalties and sale of your training + + + align:start position:0% +royalties and sale of your training +manual so the exams themselves were the + + align:start position:0% +manual so the exams themselves were the + + + align:start position:0% +manual so the exams themselves were the +kind of provenance of the faculty but + + align:start position:0% +kind of provenance of the faculty but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of provenance of the faculty but +all the kind of associated pedagogic + + align:start position:0% +all the kind of associated pedagogic + + + align:start position:0% +all the kind of associated pedagogic +materials the training manuals the + + align:start position:0% +materials the training manuals the + + + align:start position:0% +materials the training manuals the +homework sets and all that those are + + align:start position:0% +homework sets and all that those are + + + align:start position:0% +homework sets and all that those are +developed Often by these private coaches + + align:start position:0% +developed Often by these private coaches + + + align:start position:0% +developed Often by these private coaches +uh let's see another meme on the way I + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see another meme on the way I + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see another meme on the way I +want to see the meme another question is + + align:start position:0% +want to see the meme another question is + + + align:start position:0% +want to see the meme another question is +uh prior to the tripods had universities + + align:start position:0% +uh prior to the tripods had universities + + + align:start position:0% +uh prior to the tripods had universities +education always been evaluated by Oral + + align:start position:0% +education always been evaluated by Oral + + + align:start position:0% +education always been evaluated by Oral +disputation by and large or at least + + align:start position:0% +disputation by and large or at least + + + align:start position:0% +disputation by and large or at least +that was the main pattern not only in + + align:start position:0% +that was the main pattern not only in + + + align:start position:0% +that was the main pattern not only in +Cambridge but including a Cambridge and + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge but including a Cambridge and + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge but including a Cambridge and +that goes back really um to the earliest + + align:start position:0% +that goes back really um to the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +that goes back really um to the earliest +universities in Europe there's against a + + align:start position:0% +universities in Europe there's against a + + + align:start position:0% +universities in Europe there's against a +marvelous historical work by other + + align:start position:0% +marvelous historical work by other + + + align:start position:0% +marvelous historical work by other +colleagues going back to the Middle Ages + + align:start position:0% +colleagues going back to the Middle Ages + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues going back to the Middle Ages +uh some of you may know Oxford was the + + align:start position:0% +uh some of you may know Oxford was the + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of you may know Oxford was the +first university in England but that + + align:start position:0% +first university in England but that + + + align:start position:0% +first university in England but that +wasn't even the first in Europe let + + align:start position:0% +wasn't even the first in Europe let + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't even the first in Europe let +alone other parts of the world uh Oxford + + align:start position:0% +alone other parts of the world uh Oxford + + + align:start position:0% +alone other parts of the world uh Oxford +was founded in roughly speaking 1100 + + align:start position:0% +was founded in roughly speaking 1100 + + + align:start position:0% +was founded in roughly speaking 1100 +Cambridge was founded about a century + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge was founded about a century + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge was founded about a century +later in around 1209 so these pre-date + + align:start position:0% +later in around 1209 so these pre-date + + + align:start position:0% +later in around 1209 so these pre-date +you know James Clark Maxwell by + + align:start position:0% +you know James Clark Maxwell by + + + align:start position:0% +you know James Clark Maxwell by +Centuries by half a millennium + + align:start position:0% +Centuries by half a millennium + + + align:start position:0% +Centuries by half a millennium +and for most of that time indeed the way + + align:start position:0% +and for most of that time indeed the way + + + align:start position:0% +and for most of that time indeed the way +of of showing your command of the + + align:start position:0% +of of showing your command of the + + + align:start position:0% +of of showing your command of the +material was like jousting it was the + + align:start position:0% +material was like jousting it was the + + + align:start position:0% +material was like jousting it was the +oral disputes and think about what kind + + align:start position:0% +oral disputes and think about what kind + + + align:start position:0% +oral disputes and think about what kind +of student what kind of skills that kind + + align:start position:0% +of student what kind of skills that kind + + + align:start position:0% +of student what kind of skills that kind +of accentuates it's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +of accentuates it's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +of accentuates it's kind of like +I mean if you speak a little disparaging + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you speak a little disparaging + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you speak a little disparaging +it's like finishing school it's like + + align:start position:0% +it's like finishing school it's like + + + align:start position:0% +it's like finishing school it's like +Charm School right you want to be very + + align:start position:0% +Charm School right you want to be very + + + align:start position:0% +Charm School right you want to be very +quick on your feet and you want to be + + align:start position:0% +quick on your feet and you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +quick on your feet and you want to be +kind of persuasive in oral discussion + + align:start position:0% +kind of persuasive in oral discussion + + + align:start position:0% +kind of persuasive in oral discussion +those aren't bad skills to have they're + + align:start position:0% +those aren't bad skills to have they're + + + align:start position:0% +those aren't bad skills to have they're +quite different skills than kind of + + align:start position:0% +quite different skills than kind of + + + align:start position:0% +quite different skills than kind of +getting up at 6 30 to do really hard + + align:start position:0% +getting up at 6 30 to do really hard + + + align:start position:0% +getting up at 6 30 to do really hard +math problem sets to lunch right so that + + align:start position:0% +math problem sets to lunch right so that + + + align:start position:0% +math problem sets to lunch right so that +three years later you can solve the + + align:start position:0% +three years later you can solve the + + + align:start position:0% +three years later you can solve the +matching equation among 200 questions on + + align:start position:0% +matching equation among 200 questions on + + + align:start position:0% +matching equation among 200 questions on +a timed exam so what kinds of skills are + + align:start position:0% +a timed exam so what kinds of skills are + + + align:start position:0% +a timed exam so what kinds of skills are +deemed most important those aren't + + align:start position:0% +deemed most important those aren't + + + align:start position:0% +deemed most important those aren't +static they change they change at MIT we + + align:start position:0% +static they change they change at MIT we + + + align:start position:0% +static they change they change at MIT we +go through curriculum reform you know at + + align:start position:0% +go through curriculum reform you know at + + + align:start position:0% +go through curriculum reform you know at +least to some small degree kind of all + + align:start position:0% +least to some small degree kind of all + + + align:start position:0% +least to some small degree kind of all +the time and I just find that particular + + align:start position:0% +the time and I just find that particular + + + align:start position:0% +the time and I just find that particular +transition from the oral disputations in + + align:start position:0% +transition from the oral disputations in + + + align:start position:0% +transition from the oral disputations in +Latin to these kind of paper-based + + align:start position:0% +Latin to these kind of paper-based + + + align:start position:0% +Latin to these kind of paper-based +problem sets I just find that + + align:start position:0% +problem sets I just find that + + + align:start position:0% +problem sets I just find that +fascinating let's see other questions in + + align:start position:0% +fascinating let's see other questions in + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating let's see other questions in +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +did it affect what people chose to study + + align:start position:0% +did it affect what people chose to study + + + align:start position:0% +did it affect what people chose to study +oh that's interesting I'm not sure the + + align:start position:0% +oh that's interesting I'm not sure the + + + align:start position:0% +oh that's interesting I'm not sure the +question that you can advice in the chat + + align:start position:0% +question that you can advice in the chat + + + align:start position:0% +question that you can advice in the chat +did the tribals examine the esteem that + + align:start position:0% +did the tribals examine the esteem that + + + align:start position:0% +did the tribals examine the esteem that +came with scoring well affect what + + align:start position:0% +came with scoring well affect what + + + align:start position:0% +came with scoring well affect what +people chose to study I don't know + + align:start position:0% +people chose to study I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +people chose to study I don't know +actually how the system had to work I'm + + align:start position:0% +actually how the system had to work I'm + + + align:start position:0% +actually how the system had to work I'm +not sure if then you know in 1850 let's + + align:start position:0% +not sure if then you know in 1850 let's + + + align:start position:0% +not sure if then you know in 1850 let's +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +if an undergraduate had to sort of + + align:start position:0% +if an undergraduate had to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +if an undergraduate had to sort of +declare a major the way we would have to + + align:start position:0% +declare a major the way we would have to + + + align:start position:0% +declare a major the way we would have to +do in our modern universities and if and + + align:start position:0% +do in our modern universities and if and + + + align:start position:0% +do in our modern universities and if and +if so if there's information on like how + + align:start position:0% +if so if there's information on like how + + + align:start position:0% +if so if there's information on like how +many students declared majors in history + + align:start position:0% +many students declared majors in history + + + align:start position:0% +many students declared majors in history +or law or like medicine or or philology + + align:start position:0% +or law or like medicine or or philology + + + align:start position:0% +or law or like medicine or or philology +and so on so I'm not sure if what the + + align:start position:0% +and so on so I'm not sure if what the + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so I'm not sure if what the +impact was on the distribution of topic + + align:start position:0% +impact was on the distribution of topic + + + align:start position:0% +impact was on the distribution of topic +studies it's really interesting + + align:start position:0% +studies it's really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +studies it's really interesting +Andy would know I should just ask Andy + + align:start position:0% +Andy would know I should just ask Andy + + + align:start position:0% +Andy would know I should just ask Andy +Warwick uh what what I find most + + align:start position:0% +Warwick uh what what I find most + + + align:start position:0% +Warwick uh what what I find most +striking is that even though there were + + align:start position:0% +striking is that even though there were + + + align:start position:0% +striking is that even though there were +existed then as now even at the time + + align:start position:0% +existed then as now even at the time + + + align:start position:0% +existed then as now even at the time +many fields of study there were many + + align:start position:0% +many fields of study there were many + + + align:start position:0% +many fields of study there were many +kind of fields to to delve into more and + + align:start position:0% +kind of fields to to delve into more and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of fields to to delve into more and +more deeply the only graduation + + align:start position:0% +more deeply the only graduation + + + align:start position:0% +more deeply the only graduation +requirement was the math tripos I mean + + align:start position:0% +requirement was the math tripos I mean + + + align:start position:0% +requirement was the math tripos I mean +that's just astonishing imagine if we + + align:start position:0% +that's just astonishing imagine if we + + + align:start position:0% +that's just astonishing imagine if we +tried that at MIT right I mean + + align:start position:0% +tried that at MIT right I mean + + + align:start position:0% +tried that at MIT right I mean +sure you can go major in political + + align:start position:0% +sure you can go major in political + + + align:start position:0% +sure you can go major in political +science or heaven forbid biology but you + + align:start position:0% +science or heaven forbid biology but you + + + align:start position:0% +science or heaven forbid biology but you +have to take the maths tripos to get out + + align:start position:0% +have to take the maths tripos to get out + + + align:start position:0% +have to take the maths tripos to get out +of MIT can you imagine though the + + align:start position:0% +of MIT can you imagine though the + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT can you imagine though the +pushback + + align:start position:0% +pushback + + + align:start position:0% +pushback +um so so that I find really stunning and + + align:start position:0% +um so so that I find really stunning and + + + align:start position:0% +um so so that I find really stunning and +I think that the idea was really this is + + align:start position:0% +I think that the idea was really this is + + + align:start position:0% +I think that the idea was really this is +demonstrating a kind of disciplined mind + + align:start position:0% +demonstrating a kind of disciplined mind + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrating a kind of disciplined mind +according to what they considered + + align:start position:0% +according to what they considered + + + align:start position:0% +according to what they considered +valuable for discipline in general but + + align:start position:0% +valuable for discipline in general but + + + align:start position:0% +valuable for discipline in general but +in the context of the kind of still + + align:start position:0% +in the context of the kind of still + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of the kind of still +expanding British Empire + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh what happened afterwards good so + + align:start position:0% +um uh what happened afterwards good so + + + align:start position:0% +um uh what happened afterwards good so +there was beginning in this fight in the + + align:start position:0% +there was beginning in this fight in the + + + align:start position:0% +there was beginning in this fight in the +second part of the 19th century there + + align:start position:0% +second part of the 19th century there + + + align:start position:0% +second part of the 19th century there +was a beginning of fellowships where if + + align:start position:0% +was a beginning of fellowships where if + + + align:start position:0% +was a beginning of fellowships where if +you scored especially if you scored very + + align:start position:0% +you scored especially if you scored very + + + align:start position:0% +you scored especially if you scored very +well if you were senior Wrangler really + + align:start position:0% +well if you were senior Wrangler really + + + align:start position:0% +well if you were senior Wrangler really +among the top Wranglers you would then + + align:start position:0% +among the top Wranglers you would then + + + align:start position:0% +among the top Wranglers you would then +qualify basically to get paid to get a + + align:start position:0% +qualify basically to get paid to get a + + + align:start position:0% +qualify basically to get paid to get a +fellowship to stay in Cambridge and not + + align:start position:0% +fellowship to stay in Cambridge and not + + + align:start position:0% +fellowship to stay in Cambridge and not +only to do so by collecting your own + + align:start position:0% +only to do so by collecting your own + + + align:start position:0% +only to do so by collecting your own +student fees as a coach + + align:start position:0% +student fees as a coach + + + align:start position:0% +student fees as a coach +so it wasn't quite + + align:start position:0% +so it wasn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +so it wasn't quite +um a tenure track position sometimes if + + align:start position:0% +um a tenure track position sometimes if + + + align:start position:0% +um a tenure track position sometimes if +you did well on your fellowship then you + + align:start position:0% +you did well on your fellowship then you + + + align:start position:0% +you did well on your fellowship then you +get hired there was not yet a formal + + align:start position:0% +get hired there was not yet a formal + + + align:start position:0% +get hired there was not yet a formal +program of phds that's really getting + + align:start position:0% +program of phds that's really getting + + + align:start position:0% +program of phds that's really getting +introduced in the very very close of the + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the very very close of the + + + align:start position:0% +introduced in the very very close of the +19th century and that gets more common + + align:start position:0% +19th century and that gets more common + + + align:start position:0% +19th century and that gets more common +by the 1890s and forward + + align:start position:0% +by the 1890s and forward + + + align:start position:0% +by the 1890s and forward +so there was something like a master's + + align:start position:0% +so there was something like a master's + + + align:start position:0% +so there was something like a master's +degree and that in fact goes back quite + + align:start position:0% +degree and that in fact goes back quite + + + align:start position:0% +degree and that in fact goes back quite +a ways you get a bachelor's degree and + + align:start position:0% +a ways you get a bachelor's degree and + + + align:start position:0% +a ways you get a bachelor's degree and +then get a fellowship and then have a + + align:start position:0% +then get a fellowship and then have a + + + align:start position:0% +then get a fellowship and then have a +career at a university sometimes you can + + align:start position:0% +career at a university sometimes you can + + + align:start position:0% +career at a university sometimes you can +get a master's and then you know get + + align:start position:0% +get a master's and then you know get + + + align:start position:0% +get a master's and then you know get +hired to stay on the faculty or or do + + align:start position:0% +hired to stay on the faculty or or do + + + align:start position:0% +hired to stay on the faculty or or do +other kinds of jobs and then the more + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of jobs and then the more + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of jobs and then the more +formal graduate training leading to a + + align:start position:0% +formal graduate training leading to a + + + align:start position:0% +formal graduate training leading to a +kind of terminal doctoral degree that + + align:start position:0% +kind of terminal doctoral degree that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of terminal doctoral degree that +starts gets built up really over the 18 + + align:start position:0% +starts gets built up really over the 18 + + + align:start position:0% +starts gets built up really over the 18 +1880s but accelerating of the 1890s + + align:start position:0% +1880s but accelerating of the 1890s + + + align:start position:0% +1880s but accelerating of the 1890s +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what did pre-ighiversity Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +what did pre-ighiversity Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +what did pre-ighiversity Massachusetts +look like oh that's a good question + + align:start position:0% +look like oh that's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +look like oh that's a good question +I think it was changing slowly again + + align:start position:0% +I think it was changing slowly again + + + align:start position:0% +I think it was changing slowly again +Andy writes about this a bit in his book + + align:start position:0% +Andy writes about this a bit in his book + + + align:start position:0% +Andy writes about this a bit in his book +a number of the graduates of Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +a number of the graduates of Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +a number of the graduates of Cambridge +became Secondary School teachers as well + + align:start position:0% +became Secondary School teachers as well + + + align:start position:0% +became Secondary School teachers as well +as tutors and so on so you see a kind of + + align:start position:0% +as tutors and so on so you see a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +as tutors and so on so you see a kind of +dispersion effect where people who have + + align:start position:0% +dispersion effect where people who have + + + align:start position:0% +dispersion effect where people who have +sort of imbibed this program because I + + align:start position:0% +sort of imbibed this program because I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of imbibed this program because I +gotten drunk on math tripods + + align:start position:0% +gotten drunk on math tripods + + + align:start position:0% +gotten drunk on math tripods +um some of them do fan out and become + + align:start position:0% +um some of them do fan out and become + + + align:start position:0% +um some of them do fan out and become +very influential like high school + + align:start position:0% +very influential like high school + + + align:start position:0% +very influential like high school +teachers and they bring a kind of + + align:start position:0% +teachers and they bring a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +teachers and they bring a kind of +appropriate level they're not doing + + align:start position:0% +appropriate level they're not doing + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate level they're not doing +tripos problems per se but they bring a + + align:start position:0% +tripos problems per se but they bring a + + + align:start position:0% +tripos problems per se but they bring a +kind of more formal schooling in + + align:start position:0% +kind of more formal schooling in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of more formal schooling in +mathematical analysis into other parts + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analysis into other parts + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analysis into other parts +of Britain and it's not only happening + + align:start position:0% +of Britain and it's not only happening + + + align:start position:0% +of Britain and it's not only happening +in Britain but there's there's a cool + + align:start position:0% +in Britain but there's there's a cool + + + align:start position:0% +in Britain but there's there's a cool +story to be told there so it does kind + + align:start position:0% +story to be told there so it does kind + + + align:start position:0% +story to be told there so it does kind +of trickle out not overnight but you do + + align:start position:0% +of trickle out not overnight but you do + + + align:start position:0% +of trickle out not overnight but you do +see a kind of a spillover effect again + + align:start position:0% +see a kind of a spillover effect again + + + align:start position:0% +see a kind of a spillover effect again +measured over say a few decades + + align:start position:0% +measured over say a few decades + + + align:start position:0% +measured over say a few decades +that not quite in William Thompson's day + + align:start position:0% +that not quite in William Thompson's day + + + align:start position:0% +that not quite in William Thompson's day +not in the 1840s but by the 1860s 1870s + + align:start position:0% +not in the 1840s but by the 1860s 1870s + + + align:start position:0% +not in the 1840s but by the 1860s 1870s +and and what happens is if you can start + + align:start position:0% +and and what happens is if you can start + + + align:start position:0% +and and what happens is if you can start +comparing tripods exams from the 1840s + + align:start position:0% +comparing tripods exams from the 1840s + + + align:start position:0% +comparing tripods exams from the 1840s +to the 1890s you see an extraordinary + + align:start position:0% +to the 1890s you see an extraordinary + + + align:start position:0% +to the 1890s you see an extraordinary +acceleration of what's expected of these + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of what's expected of these + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of what's expected of these +students and still just only three years + + align:start position:0% +students and still just only three years + + + align:start position:0% +students and still just only three years +of undergraduate training so and that's + + align:start position:0% +of undergraduate training so and that's + + + align:start position:0% +of undergraduate training so and that's +what people like Andy have looked at in + + align:start position:0% +what people like Andy have looked at in + + + align:start position:0% +what people like Andy have looked at in +detail well it becomes like a really + + align:start position:0% +detail well it becomes like a really + + + align:start position:0% +detail well it becomes like a really +hard tripos problem in 1850 becomes a + + align:start position:0% +hard tripos problem in 1850 becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +hard tripos problem in 1850 becomes a +kind of trivial one by 1880 because all + + align:start position:0% +kind of trivial one by 1880 because all + + + align:start position:0% +kind of trivial one by 1880 because all +the kids have come in have already like + + align:start position:0% +the kids have come in have already like + + + align:start position:0% +the kids have come in have already like +trained on those right and so the kind + + align:start position:0% +trained on those right and so the kind + + + align:start position:0% +trained on those right and so the kind +of acceleration of what counts as a + + align:start position:0% +of acceleration of what counts as a + + + align:start position:0% +of acceleration of what counts as a +legitimate problem is like mind-bogging + + align:start position:0% +legitimate problem is like mind-bogging + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate problem is like mind-bogging +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +I show that I love showing that + + align:start position:0% +I show that I love showing that + + + align:start position:0% +I show that I love showing that +comparison to virus throughout + + align:start position:0% +comparison to virus throughout + + + align:start position:0% +comparison to virus throughout +polynomials of like undergraduates who + + align:start position:0% +polynomials of like undergraduates who + + + align:start position:0% +polynomials of like undergraduates who +were doing pretty well in 1890 and me + + align:start position:0% +were doing pretty well in 1890 and me + + + align:start position:0% +were doing pretty well in 1890 and me +struggling my tail off + + align:start position:0% +struggling my tail off + + + align:start position:0% +struggling my tail off +for months not for hours to reproduce + + align:start position:0% +for months not for hours to reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +for months not for hours to reproduce +what they had learned to do + + align:start position:0% +what they had learned to do + + + align:start position:0% +what they had learned to do +just to get out of college so you can + + align:start position:0% +just to get out of college so you can + + + align:start position:0% +just to get out of college so you can +imagine if you build up a community + + align:start position:0% +imagine if you build up a community + + + align:start position:0% +imagine if you build up a community +that's used to that you know that leads + + align:start position:0% +that's used to that you know that leads + + + align:start position:0% +that's used to that you know that leads +to a certain kind of question one of the + + align:start position:0% +to a certain kind of question one of the + + + align:start position:0% +to a certain kind of question one of the +things that Andy does so nicely in the + + align:start position:0% +things that Andy does so nicely in the + + + align:start position:0% +things that Andy does so nicely in the +book + + align:start position:0% +book + + + align:start position:0% +book +is then show that how does that then + + align:start position:0% +is then show that how does that then + + + align:start position:0% +is then show that how does that then +impact on how that group framed their + + align:start position:0% +impact on how that group framed their + + + align:start position:0% +impact on how that group framed their +own research questions when I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +own research questions when I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +own research questions when I wanted to +ask more about the ether they were + + align:start position:0% +ask more about the ether they were + + + align:start position:0% +ask more about the ether they were +starting from that kind of toolkit and + + align:start position:0% +starting from that kind of toolkit and + + + align:start position:0% +starting from that kind of toolkit and +that affected as we'll see a little + + align:start position:0% +that affected as we'll see a little + + + align:start position:0% +that affected as we'll see a little +preview that affected how they made + + align:start position:0% +preview that affected how they made + + + align:start position:0% +preview that affected how they made +sense of other new work like Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +sense of other new work like Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +sense of other new work like Einstein's +work and relativity that's the piece + + align:start position:0% +work and relativity that's the piece + + + align:start position:0% +work and relativity that's the piece +that I signed from Andy for for a few + + align:start position:0% +that I signed from Andy for for a few + + + align:start position:0% +that I signed from Andy for for a few +weeks from now so when they encountered + + align:start position:0% +weeks from now so when they encountered + + + align:start position:0% +weeks from now so when they encountered +creative work from other scholars in + + align:start position:0% +creative work from other scholars in + + + align:start position:0% +creative work from other scholars in +other parts of the world they would make + + align:start position:0% +other parts of the world they would make + + + align:start position:0% +other parts of the world they would make +sense of it from that toolkit oh what + + align:start position:0% +sense of it from that toolkit oh what + + + align:start position:0% +sense of it from that toolkit oh what +can I how can I bring my tools to that + + align:start position:0% +can I how can I bring my tools to that + + + align:start position:0% +can I how can I bring my tools to that +cool set of questions so it shapes what + + align:start position:0% +cool set of questions so it shapes what + + + align:start position:0% +cool set of questions so it shapes what +even counts as a research question let + + align:start position:0% +even counts as a research question let + + + align:start position:0% +even counts as a research question let +me move on from here these are great + + align:start position:0% +me move on from here these are great + + + align:start position:0% +me move on from here these are great +questions and I'd be glad to chat more + + align:start position:0% +questions and I'd be glad to chat more + + + align:start position:0% +questions and I'd be glad to chat more +about him there's a little bit more I + + align:start position:0% +about him there's a little bit more I + + + align:start position:0% +about him there's a little bit more I +want to get through for today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +want to get through for today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +want to get through for today's lecture +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +um other contracts are going to leave + + align:start position:0% +um other contracts are going to leave + + + align:start position:0% +um other contracts are going to leave +Britain at least temporarily and let's + + align:start position:0% +Britain at least temporarily and let's + + + align:start position:0% +Britain at least temporarily and let's +start looking at some contrasting + + align:start position:0% +start looking at some contrasting + + + align:start position:0% +start looking at some contrasting +developments uh around the same time but + + align:start position:0% +developments uh around the same time but + + + align:start position:0% +developments uh around the same time but +now on the continent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mm-hmm so Maxwell's work became popular + + align:start position:0% +mm-hmm so Maxwell's work became popular + + + align:start position:0% +mm-hmm so Maxwell's work became popular +not only in Britain not only in the kind + + align:start position:0% +not only in Britain not only in the kind + + + align:start position:0% +not only in Britain not only in the kind +of Cambridge Circle + + align:start position:0% +of Cambridge Circle + + + align:start position:0% +of Cambridge Circle +but pretty quickly on the continent as + + align:start position:0% +but pretty quickly on the continent as + + + align:start position:0% +but pretty quickly on the continent as +well especially in the later 1880s + + align:start position:0% +well especially in the later 1880s + + + align:start position:0% +well especially in the later 1880s +remember his Treatise was published in + + align:start position:0% +remember his Treatise was published in + + + align:start position:0% +remember his Treatise was published in +1873 roughly 15 years later it was + + align:start position:0% +1873 roughly 15 years later it was + + + align:start position:0% +1873 roughly 15 years later it was +becoming much much more common to be + + align:start position:0% +becoming much much more common to be + + + align:start position:0% +becoming much much more common to be +taught and talked about in places like + + align:start position:0% +taught and talked about in places like + + + align:start position:0% +taught and talked about in places like +the German states + + align:start position:0% +the German states + + + align:start position:0% +the German states +um Austria Switzerland and France and so + + align:start position:0% +um Austria Switzerland and France and so + + + align:start position:0% +um Austria Switzerland and France and so +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +one of the things that helped a lot was + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that helped a lot was + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that helped a lot was +in 1888 15 years later a German natural + + align:start position:0% +in 1888 15 years later a German natural + + + align:start position:0% +in 1888 15 years later a German natural +researcher Hendrick Hertz actually + + align:start position:0% +researcher Hendrick Hertz actually + + + align:start position:0% +researcher Hendrick Hertz actually +succeeded in testing one of the key + + align:start position:0% +succeeded in testing one of the key + + + align:start position:0% +succeeded in testing one of the key +predictions for maximum's work that + + align:start position:0% +predictions for maximum's work that + + + align:start position:0% +predictions for maximum's work that +these Maxwell waves we would Now call + + align:start position:0% +these Maxwell waves we would Now call + + + align:start position:0% +these Maxwell waves we would Now call +electromagnetic radiation + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic radiation + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic radiation +could be disturbances in The Ether at + + align:start position:0% +could be disturbances in The Ether at + + + align:start position:0% +could be disturbances in The Ether at +with any kind of characteristic + + align:start position:0% +with any kind of characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +with any kind of characteristic +wavelengths not only within the the + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths not only within the the + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths not only within the the +visible spectrum to which our eyes are + + align:start position:0% +visible spectrum to which our eyes are + + + align:start position:0% +visible spectrum to which our eyes are +sensitive so in modern terms what hertz + + align:start position:0% +sensitive so in modern terms what hertz + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive so in modern terms what hertz +did was generate and then detect radio + + align:start position:0% +did was generate and then detect radio + + + align:start position:0% +did was generate and then detect radio +waves + + align:start position:0% +waves + + + align:start position:0% +waves +he was making Maxwell waves a kind of + + align:start position:0% +he was making Maxwell waves a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +he was making Maxwell waves a kind of +disturbance The Ether with a much much + + align:start position:0% +disturbance The Ether with a much much + + + align:start position:0% +disturbance The Ether with a much much +longer characteristic wavelength and + + align:start position:0% +longer characteristic wavelength and + + + align:start position:0% +longer characteristic wavelength and +that was what Maxwell said should be + + align:start position:0% +that was what Maxwell said should be + + + align:start position:0% +that was what Maxwell said should be +possible Harris was among the first to + + align:start position:0% +possible Harris was among the first to + + + align:start position:0% +possible Harris was among the first to +demonstrate that empirically and that + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that empirically and that + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that empirically and that +really drove a lot of interest in this + + align:start position:0% +really drove a lot of interest in this + + + align:start position:0% +really drove a lot of interest in this +maxwellian electrodynamics uh in the + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian electrodynamics uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +maxwellian electrodynamics uh in the +1880s and Beyond what's really + + align:start position:0% +1880s and Beyond what's really + + + align:start position:0% +1880s and Beyond what's really +fascinating though coming back to the + + align:start position:0% +fascinating though coming back to the + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating though coming back to the +steam that we've seen a few times and + + align:start position:0% +steam that we've seen a few times and + + + align:start position:0% +steam that we've seen a few times and +we'll see you again + + align:start position:0% +we'll see you again + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see you again +is that when these German uh Scholars + + align:start position:0% +is that when these German uh Scholars + + + align:start position:0% +is that when these German uh Scholars +mostly in Germany + + align:start position:0% +mostly in Germany + + + align:start position:0% +mostly in Germany +uh began uh manipulating Max's equations + + align:start position:0% +uh began uh manipulating Max's equations + + + align:start position:0% +uh began uh manipulating Max's equations +or there's or there's slight variations + + align:start position:0% +or there's or there's slight variations + + + align:start position:0% +or there's or there's slight variations +they did so again by making sense of + + align:start position:0% +they did so again by making sense of + + + align:start position:0% +they did so again by making sense of +them in a different way even when they + + align:start position:0% +them in a different way even when they + + + align:start position:0% +them in a different way even when they +used the same equations the way they + + align:start position:0% +used the same equations the way they + + + align:start position:0% +used the same equations the way they +interpreted them was not really always + + align:start position:0% +interpreted them was not really always + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted them was not really always +the same as Max was and here in + + align:start position:0% +the same as Max was and here in + + + align:start position:0% +the same as Max was and here in +particular instead of following the the + + align:start position:0% +particular instead of following the the + + + align:start position:0% +particular instead of following the the +characteristically British approach to + + align:start position:0% +characteristically British approach to + + + align:start position:0% +characteristically British approach to +think about this mechanical elastic + + align:start position:0% +think about this mechanical elastic + + + align:start position:0% +think about this mechanical elastic +ether like Lord Calvin instructed his + + align:start position:0% +ether like Lord Calvin instructed his + + + align:start position:0% +ether like Lord Calvin instructed his +listeners stick your hand in a pot of + + align:start position:0% +listeners stick your hand in a pot of + + + align:start position:0% +listeners stick your hand in a pot of +jelly and shake it around instead of + + align:start position:0% +jelly and shake it around instead of + + + align:start position:0% +jelly and shake it around instead of +that a growing number of the German + + align:start position:0% +that a growing number of the German + + + align:start position:0% +that a growing number of the German +electromagnetic experts + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic experts + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic experts +began turning it on its head they would + + align:start position:0% +began turning it on its head they would + + + align:start position:0% +began turning it on its head they would +use Maxwell's equations but to argue + + align:start position:0% +use Maxwell's equations but to argue + + + align:start position:0% +use Maxwell's equations but to argue +that in fact the world is made of + + align:start position:0% +that in fact the world is made of + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact the world is made of +electromagnetism and mechanics is the + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism and mechanics is the + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism and mechanics is the +after effect it was another wonderful + + align:start position:0% +after effect it was another wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +after effect it was another wonderful +inversion not just between how we use + + align:start position:0% +inversion not just between how we use + + + align:start position:0% +inversion not just between how we use +maximum equations and then a kind of + + align:start position:0% +maximum equations and then a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +maximum equations and then a kind of +Distinction over time but even at One + + align:start position:0% +Distinction over time but even at One + + + align:start position:0% +Distinction over time but even at One +Moment In Time instinction across space + + align:start position:0% +Moment In Time instinction across space + + + align:start position:0% +Moment In Time instinction across space +so I want to sit just a little bit with + + align:start position:0% +so I want to sit just a little bit with + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to sit just a little bit with +these characteristic German approaches + + align:start position:0% +these characteristic German approaches + + + align:start position:0% +these characteristic German approaches +again to get the contrast and how the + + align:start position:0% +again to get the contrast and how the + + + align:start position:0% +again to get the contrast and how the +same equations could be interpreted + + align:start position:0% +same equations could be interpreted + + + align:start position:0% +same equations could be interpreted +somewhat differently so here's a quick + + align:start position:0% +somewhat differently so here's a quick + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat differently so here's a quick +example about the origin of mass + + align:start position:0% +example about the origin of mass + + + align:start position:0% +example about the origin of mass +so instead of assuming that objects just + + align:start position:0% +so instead of assuming that objects just + + + align:start position:0% +so instead of assuming that objects just +have some Mass based on their kind of + + align:start position:0% +have some Mass based on their kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have some Mass based on their kind of +mechanical composition a growing number + + align:start position:0% +mechanical composition a growing number + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical composition a growing number +of these scholars in Germany asked what + + align:start position:0% +of these scholars in Germany asked what + + + align:start position:0% +of these scholars in Germany asked what +if Mass itself is kind of prototypical + + align:start position:0% +if Mass itself is kind of prototypical + + + align:start position:0% +if Mass itself is kind of prototypical +mechanical property what if that was an + + align:start position:0% +mechanical property what if that was an + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical property what if that was an +effect of something even more primary + + align:start position:0% +effect of something even more primary + + + align:start position:0% +effect of something even more primary +like electromagnetism so let's start + + align:start position:0% +like electromagnetism so let's start + + + align:start position:0% +like electromagnetism so let's start +with a quick analogy imagine you're + + align:start position:0% +with a quick analogy imagine you're + + + align:start position:0% +with a quick analogy imagine you're +trying to drag a beach ball underwater + + align:start position:0% +trying to drag a beach ball underwater + + + align:start position:0% +trying to drag a beach ball underwater +think about hydrodynamics we could + + align:start position:0% +think about hydrodynamics we could + + + align:start position:0% +think about hydrodynamics we could +describe the kinetic energy of that + + align:start position:0% +describe the kinetic energy of that + + + align:start position:0% +describe the kinetic energy of that +system we'll call the kinetic energy T + + align:start position:0% +system we'll call the kinetic energy T + + + align:start position:0% +system we'll call the kinetic energy T +if the beach ball has a mass outside of + + align:start position:0% +if the beach ball has a mass outside of + + + align:start position:0% +if the beach ball has a mass outside of +the medium some M naught we drag it with + + align:start position:0% +the medium some M naught we drag it with + + + align:start position:0% +the medium some M naught we drag it with +some speed V + + align:start position:0% +some speed V + + + align:start position:0% +some speed V +outside the medium we could very easily + + align:start position:0% +outside the medium we could very easily + + + align:start position:0% +outside the medium we could very easily +write down the kinetic energy for that + + align:start position:0% +write down the kinetic energy for that + + + align:start position:0% +write down the kinetic energy for that +object one half M naught V squared we + + align:start position:0% +object one half M naught V squared we + + + align:start position:0% +object one half M naught V squared we +just say the ball has a mass it's moving + + align:start position:0% +just say the ball has a mass it's moving + + + align:start position:0% +just say the ball has a mass it's moving +at some velocity whose magnitude or + + align:start position:0% +at some velocity whose magnitude or + + + align:start position:0% +at some velocity whose magnitude or +speed is V kinetic energy one half MB + + align:start position:0% +speed is V kinetic energy one half MB + + + align:start position:0% +speed is V kinetic energy one half MB +squared we can actually describe the + + align:start position:0% +squared we can actually describe the + + + align:start position:0% +squared we can actually describe the +kinetic energy of the combined system + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of the combined system + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of the combined system +when the ball is within the medium when + + align:start position:0% +when the ball is within the medium when + + + align:start position:0% +when the ball is within the medium when +it's under water for an incompressible + + align:start position:0% +it's under water for an incompressible + + + align:start position:0% +it's under water for an incompressible +fluid like water + + align:start position:0% +fluid like water + + + align:start position:0% +fluid like water +while using an effective Mass we still + + align:start position:0% +while using an effective Mass we still + + + align:start position:0% +while using an effective Mass we still +have an expression that looks like + + align:start position:0% +have an expression that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +have an expression that looks like +one-half MV squared but we adjust what + + align:start position:0% +one-half MV squared but we adjust what + + + align:start position:0% +one-half MV squared but we adjust what +we mean by m we take into account the + + align:start position:0% +we mean by m we take into account the + + + align:start position:0% +we mean by m we take into account the +mass of the displaced fluid in this case + + align:start position:0% +mass of the displaced fluid in this case + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the displaced fluid in this case +but otherwise the forming equation is + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise the forming equation is + + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise the forming equation is +actually still quite tidy it's still + + align:start position:0% +actually still quite tidy it's still + + + align:start position:0% +actually still quite tidy it's still +one-half m v squared and we adjust the m + + align:start position:0% +one-half m v squared and we adjust the m + + + align:start position:0% +one-half m v squared and we adjust the m +to take into account that this ball is + + align:start position:0% +to take into account that this ball is + + + align:start position:0% +to take into account that this ball is +displacing some of the fluid so it's + + align:start position:0% +displacing some of the fluid so it's + + + align:start position:0% +displacing some of the fluid so it's +motion it's resistance to change in its + + align:start position:0% +motion it's resistance to change in its + + + align:start position:0% +motion it's resistance to change in its +motion like its mass is different from + + align:start position:0% +motion like its mass is different from + + + align:start position:0% +motion like its mass is different from +what it would be outside the media + + align:start position:0% +what it would be outside the media + + + align:start position:0% +what it would be outside the media +so a number of Scholars who focused on + + align:start position:0% +so a number of Scholars who focused on + + + align:start position:0% +so a number of Scholars who focused on +electromagnetism in the 1880s and 90s in + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism in the 1880s and 90s in + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism in the 1880s and 90s in +Germany so what if that's a useful + + align:start position:0% +Germany so what if that's a useful + + + align:start position:0% +Germany so what if that's a useful +analogy for what happens with electric + + align:start position:0% +analogy for what happens with electric + + + align:start position:0% +analogy for what happens with electric +charges + + align:start position:0% +charges + + + align:start position:0% +charges +so imagine the motion of a single object + + align:start position:0% +so imagine the motion of a single object + + + align:start position:0% +so imagine the motion of a single object +that has some charge Q some electric + + align:start position:0% +that has some charge Q some electric + + + align:start position:0% +that has some charge Q some electric +charge + + align:start position:0% +charge + + + align:start position:0% +charge +by virtue of having some electric charge + + align:start position:0% +by virtue of having some electric charge + + + align:start position:0% +by virtue of having some electric charge +it necessarily is creating an electric + + align:start position:0% +it necessarily is creating an electric + + + align:start position:0% +it necessarily is creating an electric +field some disturbance in the local + + align:start position:0% +field some disturbance in the local + + + align:start position:0% +field some disturbance in the local +ether moreover if that charge is moving + + align:start position:0% +ether moreover if that charge is moving + + + align:start position:0% +ether moreover if that charge is moving +with some velocity It Is by necessity + + align:start position:0% +with some velocity It Is by necessity + + + align:start position:0% +with some velocity It Is by necessity +generating some magnetic effects there + + align:start position:0% +generating some magnetic effects there + + + align:start position:0% +generating some magnetic effects there +is an induced magnetic field from a + + align:start position:0% +is an induced magnetic field from a + + + align:start position:0% +is an induced magnetic field from a +charge in motion uh and there's an + + align:start position:0% +charge in motion uh and there's an + + + align:start position:0% +charge in motion uh and there's an +electric field associated with the + + align:start position:0% +electric field associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +electric field associated with the +electric charge even if it's at rest + + align:start position:0% +electric charge even if it's at rest + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge even if it's at rest +so electric and magnetic fields will + + align:start position:0% +so electric and magnetic fields will + + + align:start position:0% +so electric and magnetic fields will +affect the motion of an object with + + align:start position:0% +affect the motion of an object with + + + align:start position:0% +affect the motion of an object with +electric charge so the question was to + + align:start position:0% +electric charge so the question was to + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge so the question was to +consider what we might Now call the back + + align:start position:0% +consider what we might Now call the back + + + align:start position:0% +consider what we might Now call the back +reaction or the self field effects how + + align:start position:0% +reaction or the self field effects how + + + align:start position:0% +reaction or the self field effects how +can we characterize the motion of an + + align:start position:0% +can we characterize the motion of an + + + align:start position:0% +can we characterize the motion of an +electric charge in its own electric and + + align:start position:0% +electric charge in its own electric and + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge in its own electric and +magnetic fields not external fields that + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields not external fields that + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields not external fields that +are that we impose separately + + align:start position:0% +are that we impose separately + + + align:start position:0% +are that we impose separately +but by virtue of the fact that an + + align:start position:0% +but by virtue of the fact that an + + + align:start position:0% +but by virtue of the fact that an +electric an object with some electric + + align:start position:0% +electric an object with some electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric an object with some electric +charge by necessity creates an electric + + align:start position:0% +charge by necessity creates an electric + + + align:start position:0% +charge by necessity creates an electric +and a magnetic field if it's moving and + + align:start position:0% +and a magnetic field if it's moving and + + + align:start position:0% +and a magnetic field if it's moving and +those should act back on its own motion + + align:start position:0% +those should act back on its own motion + + + align:start position:0% +those should act back on its own motion +so you could consider something like the + + align:start position:0% +so you could consider something like the + + + align:start position:0% +so you could consider something like the +lorentz force law right the force + + align:start position:0% +lorentz force law right the force + + + align:start position:0% +lorentz force law right the force +therefore the changes in that charged + + align:start position:0% +therefore the changes in that charged + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the changes in that charged +object's motion will be due to the + + align:start position:0% +object's motion will be due to the + + + align:start position:0% +object's motion will be due to the +electric field and the its velocity uh + + align:start position:0% +electric field and the its velocity uh + + + align:start position:0% +electric field and the its velocity uh +cross product into the magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +cross product into the magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +cross product into the magnetic field +now what if these are the self fields of + + align:start position:0% +now what if these are the self fields of + + + align:start position:0% +now what if these are the self fields of +that charged object you can do the same + + align:start position:0% +that charged object you can do the same + + + align:start position:0% +that charged object you can do the same +trick they found quite cleverly you can + + align:start position:0% +trick they found quite cleverly you can + + + align:start position:0% +trick they found quite cleverly you can +still characterize the kinetic energy of + + align:start position:0% +still characterize the kinetic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +still characterize the kinetic energy of +that system as one half MV squared just + + align:start position:0% +that system as one half MV squared just + + + align:start position:0% +that system as one half MV squared just +like that beach ball underwater we make + + align:start position:0% +like that beach ball underwater we make + + + align:start position:0% +like that beach ball underwater we make +an effective Mass we take into account + + align:start position:0% +an effective Mass we take into account + + + align:start position:0% +an effective Mass we take into account +the extra mass that comes from these + + align:start position:0% +the extra mass that comes from these + + + align:start position:0% +the extra mass that comes from these +field effects that will that will impact + + align:start position:0% +field effects that will that will impact + + + align:start position:0% +field effects that will that will impact +how quickly that charged object which + + align:start position:0% +how quickly that charged object which + + + align:start position:0% +how quickly that charged object which +would would change its motion due to a + + align:start position:0% +would would change its motion due to a + + + align:start position:0% +would would change its motion due to a +different imposed Force that's what the + + align:start position:0% +different imposed Force that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +different imposed Force that's what the +mass is a measure of its resistance to + + align:start position:0% +mass is a measure of its resistance to + + + align:start position:0% +mass is a measure of its resistance to +change it's an emotion it's just one + + align:start position:0% +change it's an emotion it's just one + + + align:start position:0% +change it's an emotion it's just one +half MV squared and there's a different + + align:start position:0% +half MV squared and there's a different + + + align:start position:0% +half MV squared and there's a different +expression for the effective mass that + + align:start position:0% +expression for the effective mass that + + + align:start position:0% +expression for the effective mass that +comes uniquely from this kind of back + + align:start position:0% +comes uniquely from this kind of back + + + align:start position:0% +comes uniquely from this kind of back +reaction of its self fields and the + + align:start position:0% +reaction of its self fields and the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction of its self fields and the +calculator is kind of toward a force you + + align:start position:0% +calculator is kind of toward a force you + + + align:start position:0% +calculator is kind of toward a force you +can calculate it based on the the + + align:start position:0% +can calculate it based on the the + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate it based on the the +properties of that system unlike the + + align:start position:0% +properties of that system unlike the + + + align:start position:0% +properties of that system unlike the +beach ball underwater though this is the + + align:start position:0% +beach ball underwater though this is the + + + align:start position:0% +beach ball underwater though this is the +next step that many of them took the + + align:start position:0% +next step that many of them took the + + + align:start position:0% +next step that many of them took the +electric charge can never be taken + + align:start position:0% +electric charge can never be taken + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge can never be taken +outside of this medium you can't turn + + align:start position:0% +outside of this medium you can't turn + + + align:start position:0% +outside of this medium you can't turn +off its own electric field if it still + + align:start position:0% +off its own electric field if it still + + + align:start position:0% +off its own electric field if it still +has an electric charge if it's moved and + + align:start position:0% +has an electric charge if it's moved and + + + align:start position:0% +has an electric charge if it's moved and +you can't stop it from generating some + + align:start position:0% +you can't stop it from generating some + + + align:start position:0% +you can't stop it from generating some +magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field +so the unlike the beach ball you can + + align:start position:0% +so the unlike the beach ball you can + + + align:start position:0% +so the unlike the beach ball you can +never take this electric charge out of + + align:start position:0% +never take this electric charge out of + + + align:start position:0% +never take this electric charge out of +this medium of these self fields + + align:start position:0% +this medium of these self fields + + + align:start position:0% +this medium of these self fields +so what if is the next step they take + + align:start position:0% +so what if is the next step they take + + + align:start position:0% +so what if is the next step they take +what if there is no mechanical Mass + + align:start position:0% +what if there is no mechanical Mass + + + align:start position:0% +what if there is no mechanical Mass +what if this sort of what we might call + + align:start position:0% +what if this sort of what we might call + + + align:start position:0% +what if this sort of what we might call +a bear mass or mechanical Mass vanished + + align:start position:0% +a bear mass or mechanical Mass vanished + + + align:start position:0% +a bear mass or mechanical Mass vanished +what if all mass always arose from these + + align:start position:0% +what if all mass always arose from these + + + align:start position:0% +what if all mass always arose from these +electromagnetic effects that's what I + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic effects that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic effects that's what I +mean by them sort of turning it on its + + align:start position:0% +mean by them sort of turning it on its + + + align:start position:0% +mean by them sort of turning it on its +head + + align:start position:0% +head + + + align:start position:0% +head +so all of mechanics in their estimation + + align:start position:0% +so all of mechanics in their estimation + + + align:start position:0% +so all of mechanics in their estimation +might might arise from these sort of + + align:start position:0% +might might arise from these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +might might arise from these sort of +complicated effects of electric and + + align:start position:0% +complicated effects of electric and + + + align:start position:0% +complicated effects of electric and +magnetic fields including the self + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields including the self + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic fields including the self +fields from these objects skittering + + align:start position:0% +fields from these objects skittering + + + align:start position:0% +fields from these objects skittering +through space on their own so what a + + align:start position:0% +through space on their own so what a + + + align:start position:0% +through space on their own so what a +very influential proponents of this view + + align:start position:0% +very influential proponents of this view + + + align:start position:0% +very influential proponents of this view +of a Levine announced in 1900 this + + align:start position:0% +of a Levine announced in 1900 this + + + align:start position:0% +of a Levine announced in 1900 this +presents the possibility of an + + align:start position:0% +presents the possibility of an + + + align:start position:0% +presents the possibility of an +electromagnetic foundation for mechanics + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic foundation for mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic foundation for mechanics +this again became known as + + align:start position:0% +this again became known as + + + align:start position:0% +this again became known as +electromagnetic worldview I hope you can + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic worldview I hope you can + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic worldview I hope you can +see that's kind of Inversion from the + + align:start position:0% +see that's kind of Inversion from the + + + align:start position:0% +see that's kind of Inversion from the +British mechanical worldview where all + + align:start position:0% +British mechanical worldview where all + + + align:start position:0% +British mechanical worldview where all +the electromagnetic effects the British + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic effects the British + + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic effects the British +folks were often concerned were + + align:start position:0% +folks were often concerned were + + + align:start position:0% +folks were often concerned were +convinced + + align:start position:0% +convinced + + + align:start position:0% +convinced +arose from mechanical stresses and + + align:start position:0% +arose from mechanical stresses and + + + align:start position:0% +arose from mechanical stresses and +strains now a number of these German + + align:start position:0% +strains now a number of these German + + + align:start position:0% +strains now a number of these German +Scholars said what if actually mechanics + + align:start position:0% +Scholars said what if actually mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +Scholars said what if actually mechanics +like f equals m a is actually coming + + align:start position:0% +like f equals m a is actually coming + + + align:start position:0% +like f equals m a is actually coming +from electromagnetism + + align:start position:0% +from electromagnetism + + + align:start position:0% +from electromagnetism +so I'm going to pause there again I'll + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to pause there again I'll + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to pause there again I'll +stop sharing screen just to give a quick + + align:start position:0% +stop sharing screen just to give a quick + + + align:start position:0% +stop sharing screen just to give a quick +taste for how even in their own day + + align:start position:0% +taste for how even in their own day + + + align:start position:0% +taste for how even in their own day +Max's equations could um again could uh + + align:start position:0% +Max's equations could um again could uh + + + align:start position:0% +Max's equations could um again could uh +could Inspire other interpretations even + + align:start position:0% +could Inspire other interpretations even + + + align:start position:0% +could Inspire other interpretations even +when they use the same equations any + + align:start position:0% +when they use the same equations any + + + align:start position:0% +when they use the same equations any +questions on that stuff + + align:start position:0% +questions on that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +questions on that stuff +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if other questions come up feel free to + + align:start position:0% +if other questions come up feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +if other questions come up feel free to +put in the chat or raise your hand but + + align:start position:0% +put in the chat or raise your hand but + + + align:start position:0% +put in the chat or raise your hand but +if not I'll I'll press on last main + + align:start position:0% +if not I'll I'll press on last main + + + align:start position:0% +if not I'll I'll press on last main +section for the lecture almost done + + align:start position:0% +section for the lecture almost done + + + align:start position:0% +section for the lecture almost done +but last part um I want to get back to + + align:start position:0% +but last part um I want to get back to + + + align:start position:0% +but last part um I want to get back to +some of the institutional questions + + align:start position:0% +some of the institutional questions + + + align:start position:0% +some of the institutional questions +where were some of these German Scholars + + align:start position:0% +where were some of these German Scholars + + + align:start position:0% +where were some of these German Scholars +doing their work and why so we're going + + align:start position:0% +doing their work and why so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +doing their work and why so we're going +to have another contrast sort of German + + align:start position:0% +to have another contrast sort of German + + + align:start position:0% +to have another contrast sort of German +and Britain not only conceptually but + + align:start position:0% +and Britain not only conceptually but + + + align:start position:0% +and Britain not only conceptually but +now also in terms of the types of places + + align:start position:0% +now also in terms of the types of places + + + align:start position:0% +now also in terms of the types of places +and the types of priorities in which + + align:start position:0% +and the types of priorities in which + + + align:start position:0% +and the types of priorities in which +these folks were conducting their + + align:start position:0% +these folks were conducting their + + + align:start position:0% +these folks were conducting their +research the last main part for today uh + + align:start position:0% +research the last main part for today uh + + + align:start position:0% +research the last main part for today uh +is now this sort of question about + + align:start position:0% +is now this sort of question about + + + align:start position:0% +is now this sort of question about +institutions + + align:start position:0% +institutions + + + align:start position:0% +institutions +so what does it mean to have the job + + align:start position:0% +so what does it mean to have the job + + + align:start position:0% +so what does it mean to have the job +title theoretical physicists when does + + align:start position:0% +title theoretical physicists when does + + + align:start position:0% +title theoretical physicists when does +that become something that people could + + align:start position:0% +that become something that people could + + + align:start position:0% +that become something that people could +aspire to let alone get paid to do + + align:start position:0% +aspire to let alone get paid to do + + + align:start position:0% +aspire to let alone get paid to do +it's not in the age of Galileo or Newton + + align:start position:0% +it's not in the age of Galileo or Newton + + + align:start position:0% +it's not in the age of Galileo or Newton +so some of the folks whose work we would + + align:start position:0% +so some of the folks whose work we would + + + align:start position:0% +so some of the folks whose work we would +inherit we would consider part of the + + align:start position:0% +inherit we would consider part of the + + + align:start position:0% +inherit we would consider part of the +theoretical physics Legacy was done by + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physics Legacy was done by + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physics Legacy was done by +people who were never in their own time + + align:start position:0% +people who were never in their own time + + + align:start position:0% +people who were never in their own time +called something like theoretical + + align:start position:0% +called something like theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +called something like theoretical +physicist in their own time in the early + + align:start position:0% +physicist in their own time in the early + + + align:start position:0% +physicist in their own time in the early +and even through the late 1600s these + + align:start position:0% +and even through the late 1600s these + + + align:start position:0% +and even through the late 1600s these +folks were either called mathematician + + align:start position:0% +folks were either called mathematician + + + align:start position:0% +folks were either called mathematician +that was a term that's recognized or + + align:start position:0% +that was a term that's recognized or + + + align:start position:0% +that was a term that's recognized or +philosopher or more broadly natural + + align:start position:0% +philosopher or more broadly natural + + + align:start position:0% +philosopher or more broadly natural +philosophers we saw + + align:start position:0% +philosophers we saw + + + align:start position:0% +philosophers we saw +so the Galileo Newton kind of 17th + + align:start position:0% +so the Galileo Newton kind of 17th + + + align:start position:0% +so the Galileo Newton kind of 17th +century stuff that simply did not exist + + align:start position:0% +century stuff that simply did not exist + + + align:start position:0% +century stuff that simply did not exist +a person whose job title was theoretical + + align:start position:0% +a person whose job title was theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +a person whose job title was theoretical +physicist okay let's move forward in + + align:start position:0% +physicist okay let's move forward in + + + align:start position:0% +physicist okay let's move forward in +time what about in the 18th century + + align:start position:0% +time what about in the 18th century + + + align:start position:0% +time what about in the 18th century +people like LaGrange or LaPlace or Euler + + align:start position:0% +people like LaGrange or LaPlace or Euler + + + align:start position:0% +people like LaGrange or LaPlace or Euler +or any of these other folks whose work + + align:start position:0% +or any of these other folks whose work + + + align:start position:0% +or any of these other folks whose work +uh we still use so much today again they + + align:start position:0% +uh we still use so much today again they + + + align:start position:0% +uh we still use so much today again they +were doing work that we have folded into + + align:start position:0% +were doing work that we have folded into + + + align:start position:0% +were doing work that we have folded into +the activity of theoretical physics we + + align:start position:0% +the activity of theoretical physics we + + + align:start position:0% +the activity of theoretical physics we +sort of couldn't do a work without them + + align:start position:0% +sort of couldn't do a work without them + + + align:start position:0% +sort of couldn't do a work without them +think about lagrangians for those who've + + align:start position:0% +think about lagrangians for those who've + + + align:start position:0% +think about lagrangians for those who've +seen it or the laplacian operator we use + + align:start position:0% +seen it or the laplacian operator we use + + + align:start position:0% +seen it or the laplacian operator we use +their work all the time in theoretical + + align:start position:0% +their work all the time in theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +their work all the time in theoretical +physics they were again called + + align:start position:0% +physics they were again called + + + align:start position:0% +physics they were again called +mathematicians or often astronomers now + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians or often astronomers now + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians or often astronomers now +that term was often now in common usage + + align:start position:0% +that term was often now in common usage + + + align:start position:0% +that term was often now in common usage +they were not called theoretical + + align:start position:0% +they were not called theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +they were not called theoretical +physicists + + align:start position:0% +physicists + + + align:start position:0% +physicists +what about someone like James Clark + + align:start position:0% +what about someone like James Clark + + + align:start position:0% +what about someone like James Clark +Maxwell now by the mid to late uh 19th + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell now by the mid to late uh 19th + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell now by the mid to late uh 19th +century now during the period we've been + + align:start position:0% +century now during the period we've been + + + align:start position:0% +century now during the period we've been +focusing on in this class so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by Maxwell's day the term physicist had + + align:start position:0% +by Maxwell's day the term physicist had + + + align:start position:0% +by Maxwell's day the term physicist had +become much more common that was a kind + + align:start position:0% +become much more common that was a kind + + + align:start position:0% +become much more common that was a kind +of a job title not theoretical physicist + + align:start position:0% +of a job title not theoretical physicist + + + align:start position:0% +of a job title not theoretical physicist +and indeed still natural philosopher was + + align:start position:0% +and indeed still natural philosopher was + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed still natural philosopher was +not uncommon either + + align:start position:0% +not uncommon either + + + align:start position:0% +not uncommon either +so the a lot of the work that we would + + align:start position:0% +so the a lot of the work that we would + + + align:start position:0% +so the a lot of the work that we would +recognize as core to the job of a + + align:start position:0% +recognize as core to the job of a + + + align:start position:0% +recognize as core to the job of a +theoretical physicist to the to the + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physicist to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physicist to the to the +toolkit was done by people who did not + + align:start position:0% +toolkit was done by people who did not + + + align:start position:0% +toolkit was done by people who did not +have that job title and would not + + align:start position:0% +have that job title and would not + + + align:start position:0% +have that job title and would not +probably have even recognized it in + + align:start position:0% +probably have even recognized it in + + + align:start position:0% +probably have even recognized it in +their day the term and the associated + + align:start position:0% +their day the term and the associated + + + align:start position:0% +their day the term and the associated +kind of a role in society of theoretical + + align:start position:0% +kind of a role in society of theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a role in society of theoretical +physicists comes out of a very + + align:start position:0% +physicists comes out of a very + + + align:start position:0% +physicists comes out of a very +particular moment in the middle Decades + + align:start position:0% +particular moment in the middle Decades + + + align:start position:0% +particular moment in the middle Decades +of the 19th century that same period of + + align:start position:0% +of the 19th century that same period of + + + align:start position:0% +of the 19th century that same period of +these reforms in Cambridge and these + + align:start position:0% +these reforms in Cambridge and these + + + align:start position:0% +these reforms in Cambridge and these +cool things with radio waves and all + + align:start position:0% +cool things with radio waves and all + + + align:start position:0% +cool things with radio waves and all +that and here it really comes out of the + + align:start position:0% +that and here it really comes out of the + + + align:start position:0% +that and here it really comes out of the +German system + + align:start position:0% +German system + + + align:start position:0% +German system +so take just a few moments to think + + align:start position:0% +so take just a few moments to think + + + align:start position:0% +so take just a few moments to think +about uh this this uh very unusual and + + align:start position:0% +about uh this this uh very unusual and + + + align:start position:0% +about uh this this uh very unusual and +let's say peculiar German University + + align:start position:0% +let's say peculiar German University + + + align:start position:0% +let's say peculiar German University +system and here I'm drawing especially + + align:start position:0% +system and here I'm drawing especially + + + align:start position:0% +system and here I'm drawing especially +in the work by a pair of historians uh + + align:start position:0% +in the work by a pair of historians uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the work by a pair of historians uh +they wrote another two volume book uh + + align:start position:0% +they wrote another two volume book uh + + + align:start position:0% +they wrote another two volume book uh +this one's only about 600 Pages + + align:start position:0% +this one's only about 600 Pages + + + align:start position:0% +this one's only about 600 Pages +altogether not 900 Pages quite + + align:start position:0% +altogether not 900 Pages quite + + + align:start position:0% +altogether not 900 Pages quite +fascinating book by uh Krista young + + align:start position:0% +fascinating book by uh Krista young + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating book by uh Krista young +nickel and Russell McCormack so one + + align:start position:0% +nickel and Russell McCormack so one + + + align:start position:0% +nickel and Russell McCormack so one +thing to keep in mind is especially + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind is especially + + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind is especially +after Germany became one unified country + + align:start position:0% +after Germany became one unified country + + + align:start position:0% +after Germany became one unified country +in 1871. there was a central education + + align:start position:0% +in 1871. there was a central education + + + align:start position:0% +in 1871. there was a central education +Ministries or within the entire country + + align:start position:0% +Ministries or within the entire country + + + align:start position:0% +Ministries or within the entire country +there was one basically central + + align:start position:0% +there was one basically central + + + align:start position:0% +there was one basically central +government Bureau that assigned all the + + align:start position:0% +government Bureau that assigned all the + + + align:start position:0% +government Bureau that assigned all the +senior professors in every field in + + align:start position:0% +senior professors in every field in + + + align:start position:0% +senior professors in every field in +every University + + align:start position:0% +every University + + + align:start position:0% +every University +Central Bureau that doled out or made + + align:start position:0% +Central Bureau that doled out or made + + + align:start position:0% +Central Bureau that doled out or made +the assignments for who would be the + + align:start position:0% +the assignments for who would be the + + + align:start position:0% +the assignments for who would be the +full professor in the field of physics + + align:start position:0% +full professor in the field of physics + + + align:start position:0% +full professor in the field of physics +or philosophy or history or theology or + + align:start position:0% +or philosophy or history or theology or + + + align:start position:0% +or philosophy or history or theology or +chemistry + + align:start position:0% +chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry +there was moreover in each of these + + align:start position:0% +there was moreover in each of these + + + align:start position:0% +there was moreover in each of these +universities there was one full + + align:start position:0% +universities there was one full + + + align:start position:0% +universities there was one full +Professor it was called the ordinarius + + align:start position:0% +Professor it was called the ordinarius + + + align:start position:0% +Professor it was called the ordinarius +professor in a given field so it would + + align:start position:0% +professor in a given field so it would + + + align:start position:0% +professor in a given field so it would +be one full professor of physics at say + + align:start position:0% +be one full professor of physics at say + + + align:start position:0% +be one full professor of physics at say +Wurzburg University there'd be one full + + align:start position:0% +Wurzburg University there'd be one full + + + align:start position:0% +Wurzburg University there'd be one full +ordinaries professor of physics in + + align:start position:0% +ordinaries professor of physics in + + + align:start position:0% +ordinaries professor of physics in +Berlin and so on + + align:start position:0% +Berlin and so on + + + align:start position:0% +Berlin and so on +assigned by the Central Bureau one full + + align:start position:0% +assigned by the Central Bureau one full + + + align:start position:0% +assigned by the Central Bureau one full +pressure person object per University + + align:start position:0% +pressure person object per University + + + align:start position:0% +pressure person object per University +in the case of physics the ordinaries or + + align:start position:0% +in the case of physics the ordinaries or + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of physics the ordinaries or +the single full Professor was in charge + + align:start position:0% +the single full Professor was in charge + + + align:start position:0% +the single full Professor was in charge +of all the apparatus in the department + + align:start position:0% +of all the apparatus in the department + + + align:start position:0% +of all the apparatus in the department +all the experimental work here's an + + align:start position:0% +all the experimental work here's an + + + align:start position:0% +all the experimental work here's an +example of uh Wilhelm Rankin's + + align:start position:0% +example of uh Wilhelm Rankin's + + + align:start position:0% +example of uh Wilhelm Rankin's +laboratory in the 1890s for example + + align:start position:0% +laboratory in the 1890s for example + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory in the 1890s for example +Rankin was the ordinarius + + align:start position:0% +Rankin was the ordinarius + + + align:start position:0% +Rankin was the ordinarius +this stuff was often treated as if it + + align:start position:0% +this stuff was often treated as if it + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff was often treated as if it +was the personal property of that one + + align:start position:0% +was the personal property of that one + + + align:start position:0% +was the personal property of that one +head Professor this was basically + + align:start position:0% +head Professor this was basically + + + align:start position:0% +head Professor this was basically +Rankin's property until Rankin retired + + align:start position:0% +Rankin's property until Rankin retired + + + align:start position:0% +Rankin's property until Rankin retired +or died and it would kind of be + + align:start position:0% +or died and it would kind of be + + + align:start position:0% +or died and it would kind of be +bequeathed to the next ordinarius + + align:start position:0% +bequeathed to the next ordinarius + + + align:start position:0% +bequeathed to the next ordinarius +professor of physics so the one head + + align:start position:0% +professor of physics so the one head + + + align:start position:0% +professor of physics so the one head +full Professor was in charge of all the + + align:start position:0% +full Professor was in charge of all the + + + align:start position:0% +full Professor was in charge of all the +experimental equipment + + align:start position:0% +experimental equipment + + + align:start position:0% +experimental equipment +what it meant to be a physics Professor + + align:start position:0% +what it meant to be a physics Professor + + + align:start position:0% +what it meant to be a physics Professor +was to be an experimental physicist and + + align:start position:0% +was to be an experimental physicist and + + + align:start position:0% +was to be an experimental physicist and +the way you demonstrated that was very + + align:start position:0% +the way you demonstrated that was very + + + align:start position:0% +the way you demonstrated that was very +ordinary is in charge of all the + + align:start position:0% +ordinary is in charge of all the + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary is in charge of all the +equipment after Germany became one + + align:start position:0% +equipment after Germany became one + + + align:start position:0% +equipment after Germany became one +unified country after its war with + + align:start position:0% +unified country after its war with + + + align:start position:0% +unified country after its war with +France the country really accelerated a + + align:start position:0% +France the country really accelerated a + + + align:start position:0% +France the country really accelerated a +very rapid period of industrialization + + align:start position:0% +very rapid period of industrialization + + + align:start position:0% +very rapid period of industrialization +very large scale industrialization they + + align:start position:0% +very large scale industrialization they + + + align:start position:0% +very large scale industrialization they +thought they were behind both Britain + + align:start position:0% +thought they were behind both Britain + + + align:start position:0% +thought they were behind both Britain +and France + + align:start position:0% +and France + + + align:start position:0% +and France +they began investing very heavily in + + align:start position:0% +they began investing very heavily in + + + align:start position:0% +they began investing very heavily in +what we might consider kind of many + + align:start position:0% +what we might consider kind of many + + + align:start position:0% +what we might consider kind of many +areas of kind of engineering + + align:start position:0% +areas of kind of engineering + + + align:start position:0% +areas of kind of engineering +for that they needed a large large + + align:start position:0% +for that they needed a large large + + + align:start position:0% +for that they needed a large large +number of physics teachers not only for + + align:start position:0% +number of physics teachers not only for + + + align:start position:0% +number of physics teachers not only for +universities but especially for things + + align:start position:0% +universities but especially for things + + + align:start position:0% +universities but especially for things +like the high schools they needed many + + align:start position:0% +like the high schools they needed many + + + align:start position:0% +like the high schools they needed many +folks who could go into and help design + + align:start position:0% +folks who could go into and help design + + + align:start position:0% +folks who could go into and help design +and improve these massive kind of Public + + align:start position:0% +and improve these massive kind of Public + + + align:start position:0% +and improve these massive kind of Public +Works projects they needed lots and lots + + align:start position:0% +Works projects they needed lots and lots + + + align:start position:0% +Works projects they needed lots and lots +of people who could teach physics at the + + align:start position:0% +of people who could teach physics at the + + + align:start position:0% +of people who could teach physics at the +high school level + + align:start position:0% +high school level + + + align:start position:0% +high school level +so classrooms grow very rapidly so then + + align:start position:0% +so classrooms grow very rapidly so then + + + align:start position:0% +so classrooms grow very rapidly so then +you have to hire lots of people to teach + + align:start position:0% +you have to hire lots of people to teach + + + align:start position:0% +you have to hire lots of people to teach +all those would-be High School teachers + + align:start position:0% +all those would-be High School teachers + + + align:start position:0% +all those would-be High School teachers +so it's a huge growth at the University + + align:start position:0% +so it's a huge growth at the University + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a huge growth at the University +throughout Germany in extra faculty they + + align:start position:0% +throughout Germany in extra faculty they + + + align:start position:0% +throughout Germany in extra faculty they +were called extraordinaires not because + + align:start position:0% +were called extraordinaires not because + + + align:start position:0% +were called extraordinaires not because +they were extraordinary it's a funny + + align:start position:0% +they were extraordinary it's a funny + + + align:start position:0% +they were extraordinary it's a funny +it's like a false cognate these were + + align:start position:0% +it's like a false cognate these were + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a false cognate these were +extra in addition to the ordinary so + + align:start position:0% +extra in addition to the ordinary so + + + align:start position:0% +extra in addition to the ordinary so +these were lower rack these were like + + align:start position:0% +these were lower rack these were like + + + align:start position:0% +these were lower rack these were like +Junior faculty in our modern parlance + + align:start position:0% +Junior faculty in our modern parlance + + + align:start position:0% +Junior faculty in our modern parlance +they were not tenured many of them they + + align:start position:0% +they were not tenured many of them they + + + align:start position:0% +they were not tenured many of them they +certainly were not the single full + + align:start position:0% +certainly were not the single full + + + align:start position:0% +certainly were not the single full +professor you staff up lots of extra to + + align:start position:0% +professor you staff up lots of extra to + + + align:start position:0% +professor you staff up lots of extra to +the ordinaries lots of Junior faculty at + + align:start position:0% +the ordinaries lots of Junior faculty at + + + align:start position:0% +the ordinaries lots of Junior faculty at +universities to teach lots of physics + + align:start position:0% +universities to teach lots of physics + + + align:start position:0% +universities to teach lots of physics +because you need to get lots of high + + align:start position:0% +because you need to get lots of high + + + align:start position:0% +because you need to get lots of high +school teachers who could teach even + + align:start position:0% +school teachers who could teach even + + + align:start position:0% +school teachers who could teach even +more people basic physics math and even + + align:start position:0% +more people basic physics math and even + + + align:start position:0% +more people basic physics math and even +kind of engineering + + align:start position:0% +kind of engineering + + + align:start position:0% +kind of engineering +now these younger faculty these + + align:start position:0% +now these younger faculty these + + + align:start position:0% +now these younger faculty these +extraordinary faculty only have access + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary faculty only have access + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary faculty only have access +to pencil and paper they're not in + + align:start position:0% +to pencil and paper they're not in + + + align:start position:0% +to pencil and paper they're not in +charge of equipment they're not the + + align:start position:0% +charge of equipment they're not the + + + align:start position:0% +charge of equipment they're not the +ordinarius it's not their personal + + align:start position:0% +ordinarius it's not their personal + + + align:start position:0% +ordinarius it's not their personal +property so all they can do is push + + align:start position:0% +property so all they can do is push + + + align:start position:0% +property so all they can do is push +pencils around on paper here's an + + align:start position:0% +pencils around on paper here's an + + + align:start position:0% +pencils around on paper here's an +example of one of them at one stage is + + align:start position:0% +example of one of them at one stage is + + + align:start position:0% +example of one of them at one stage is +career Einstein a person will spend + + align:start position:0% +career Einstein a person will spend + + + align:start position:0% +career Einstein a person will spend +quite a bit of time talking about well + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of time talking about well + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit of time talking about well +before Einstein was scribbling in his uh + + align:start position:0% +before Einstein was scribbling in his uh + + + align:start position:0% +before Einstein was scribbling in his uh +Zurich notebook in 1912 really starting + + align:start position:0% +Zurich notebook in 1912 really starting + + + align:start position:0% +Zurich notebook in 1912 really starting +in Earnest in the 1850s 60s 70s you have + + align:start position:0% +in Earnest in the 1850s 60s 70s you have + + + align:start position:0% +in Earnest in the 1850s 60s 70s you have +lots and lots of people who are now + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of people who are now + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of people who are now +joining The Faculty ranks at this lower + + align:start position:0% +joining The Faculty ranks at this lower + + + align:start position:0% +joining The Faculty ranks at this lower +level these extraordinary level they + + align:start position:0% +level these extraordinary level they + + + align:start position:0% +level these extraordinary level they +don't have access in general to the + + align:start position:0% +don't have access in general to the + + + align:start position:0% +don't have access in general to the +experimental equipment unless they're in + + align:start position:0% +experimental equipment unless they're in + + + align:start position:0% +experimental equipment unless they're in +the good graces of the phone Professor + + align:start position:0% +the good graces of the phone Professor + + + align:start position:0% +the good graces of the phone Professor +they can't control it so they spend most + + align:start position:0% +they can't control it so they spend most + + + align:start position:0% +they can't control it so they spend most +of their time in research doing pencil + + align:start position:0% +of their time in research doing pencil + + + align:start position:0% +of their time in research doing pencil +and paperwork mathematical work once you + + align:start position:0% +and paperwork mathematical work once you + + + align:start position:0% +and paperwork mathematical work once you +build up lots of folks who've done that + + align:start position:0% +build up lots of folks who've done that + + + align:start position:0% +build up lots of folks who've done that +for one to two generations there becomes + + align:start position:0% +for one to two generations there becomes + + + align:start position:0% +for one to two generations there becomes +a kind of Norm that becomes a kind of + + align:start position:0% +a kind of Norm that becomes a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of Norm that becomes a kind of +Community that's really good at + + align:start position:0% +Community that's really good at + + + align:start position:0% +Community that's really good at +mathematical or theoretical physics it + + align:start position:0% +mathematical or theoretical physics it + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical or theoretical physics it +starts sounding like the Cambridge story + + align:start position:0% +starts sounding like the Cambridge story + + + align:start position:0% +starts sounding like the Cambridge story +if you push lots of people through the + + align:start position:0% +if you push lots of people through the + + + align:start position:0% +if you push lots of people through the +mathematical tripods some portion will + + align:start position:0% +mathematical tripods some portion will + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical tripods some portion will +get very good at mathematical analysis + + align:start position:0% +get very good at mathematical analysis + + + align:start position:0% +get very good at mathematical analysis +for physics a similar thing for + + align:start position:0% +for physics a similar thing for + + + align:start position:0% +for physics a similar thing for +different reasons is happening around + + align:start position:0% +different reasons is happening around + + + align:start position:0% +different reasons is happening around +the same time and especially in the + + align:start position:0% +the same time and especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +the same time and especially in the +united German University Systems now + + align:start position:0% +united German University Systems now + + + align:start position:0% +united German University Systems now +because this quirky University structure + + align:start position:0% +because this quirky University structure + + + align:start position:0% +because this quirky University structure +we have a kind of very tightly + + align:start position:0% +we have a kind of very tightly + + + align:start position:0% +we have a kind of very tightly +controlled full Professor rank you have + + align:start position:0% +controlled full Professor rank you have + + + align:start position:0% +controlled full Professor rank you have +extraordinary people who can't uh do as + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary people who can't uh do as + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary people who can't uh do as +much experimental work as they might + + align:start position:0% +much experimental work as they might + + + align:start position:0% +much experimental work as they might +like but they get really good at showing + + align:start position:0% +like but they get really good at showing + + + align:start position:0% +like but they get really good at showing +their own kind of command of theoretical + + align:start position:0% +their own kind of command of theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +their own kind of command of theoretical +physics because they spend all their + + align:start position:0% +physics because they spend all their + + + align:start position:0% +physics because they spend all their +time with pencil and paper so only by + + align:start position:0% +time with pencil and paper so only by + + + align:start position:0% +time with pencil and paper so only by +the end of that 19th century do some + + align:start position:0% +the end of that 19th century do some + + + align:start position:0% +the end of that 19th century do some +universities begin to recognize this is + + align:start position:0% +universities begin to recognize this is + + + align:start position:0% +universities begin to recognize this is +now a new thing and there are finally + + align:start position:0% +now a new thing and there are finally + + + align:start position:0% +now a new thing and there are finally +ordinarious professorships full + + align:start position:0% +ordinarious professorships full + + + align:start position:0% +ordinarious professorships full +professorships made for theoretical + + align:start position:0% +professorships made for theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +professorships made for theoretical +physics so increasing numbers of + + align:start position:0% +physics so increasing numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +physics so increasing numbers of +universities within this German system + + align:start position:0% +universities within this German system + + + align:start position:0% +universities within this German system +would then have two full professors of + + align:start position:0% +would then have two full professors of + + + align:start position:0% +would then have two full professors of +physics the ordinarius enjoy of the + + align:start position:0% +physics the ordinarius enjoy of the + + + align:start position:0% +physics the ordinarius enjoy of the +experimental work and now a second + + align:start position:0% +experimental work and now a second + + + align:start position:0% +experimental work and now a second +ordinarius in charge of theoretical + + align:start position:0% +ordinarius in charge of theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +ordinarius in charge of theoretical +physics the very first to be assigned to + + align:start position:0% +physics the very first to be assigned to + + + align:start position:0% +physics the very first to be assigned to +that that role was a Gustav kirkoff + + align:start position:0% +that that role was a Gustav kirkoff + + + align:start position:0% +that that role was a Gustav kirkoff +whose work is still well known to us + + align:start position:0% +whose work is still well known to us + + + align:start position:0% +whose work is still well known to us +from things like thermodynamics and + + align:start position:0% +from things like thermodynamics and + + + align:start position:0% +from things like thermodynamics and +statistical physics a few years later + + align:start position:0% +statistical physics a few years later + + + align:start position:0% +statistical physics a few years later +Max Planck became one of the earliest + + align:start position:0% +Max Planck became one of the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +Max Planck became one of the earliest +ordinaries professors of theoretical + + align:start position:0% +ordinaries professors of theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +ordinaries professors of theoretical +physics in Berlin they start to run + + align:start position:0% +physics in Berlin they start to run + + + align:start position:0% +physics in Berlin they start to run +journals because there's now a kind of + + align:start position:0% +journals because there's now a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +journals because there's now a kind of +specialty Community their own editors of + + align:start position:0% +specialty Community their own editors of + + + align:start position:0% +specialty Community their own editors of +their specialist journals so again we + + align:start position:0% +their specialist journals so again we + + + align:start position:0% +their specialist journals so again we +start getting a job title of theoretical + + align:start position:0% +start getting a job title of theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +start getting a job title of theoretical +physics not because there's a aim to + + align:start position:0% +physics not because there's a aim to + + + align:start position:0% +physics not because there's a aim to +make let's make more theoretical + + align:start position:0% +make let's make more theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +make let's make more theoretical +physicists there's an aim in the German + + align:start position:0% +physicists there's an aim in the German + + + align:start position:0% +physicists there's an aim in the German +case to have a very rapid acceleration + + align:start position:0% +case to have a very rapid acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +case to have a very rapid acceleration +of Nationwide industrialization and + + align:start position:0% +of Nationwide industrialization and + + + align:start position:0% +of Nationwide industrialization and +partly how that plays out in this very + + align:start position:0% +partly how that plays out in this very + + + align:start position:0% +partly how that plays out in this very +unusual University system is to kind of + + align:start position:0% +unusual University system is to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +unusual University system is to kind of +bloat the earlier middle ranks of + + align:start position:0% +bloat the earlier middle ranks of + + + align:start position:0% +bloat the earlier middle ranks of +faculty and that kind of diverts them + + align:start position:0% +faculty and that kind of diverts them + + + align:start position:0% +faculty and that kind of diverts them +more often than not to one kind of + + align:start position:0% +more often than not to one kind of + + + align:start position:0% +more often than not to one kind of +research rather than another do that + + align:start position:0% +research rather than another do that + + + align:start position:0% +research rather than another do that +after a while and they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +after a while and they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +after a while and they're kind of +coalesces or recognized set of standards + + align:start position:0% +coalesces or recognized set of standards + + + align:start position:0% +coalesces or recognized set of standards +and even a kind of job title for this + + align:start position:0% +and even a kind of job title for this + + + align:start position:0% +and even a kind of job title for this +strange thing called the theoretical + + align:start position:0% +strange thing called the theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +strange thing called the theoretical +physicist now the last few slides to + + align:start position:0% +physicist now the last few slides to + + + align:start position:0% +physicist now the last few slides to +wrap up that will have time for some + + align:start position:0% +wrap up that will have time for some + + + align:start position:0% +wrap up that will have time for some +more questions + + align:start position:0% +more questions + + + align:start position:0% +more questions +so in place of this sort of British + + align:start position:0% +so in place of this sort of British + + + align:start position:0% +so in place of this sort of British +Empire Building as one of the main + + align:start position:0% +Empire Building as one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +Empire Building as one of the main +routes to building up this community of + + align:start position:0% +routes to building up this community of + + + align:start position:0% +routes to building up this community of +mathematically trained uh mathematical + + align:start position:0% +mathematically trained uh mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically trained uh mathematical +or theoretical physicists anything about + + align:start position:0% +or theoretical physicists anything about + + + align:start position:0% +or theoretical physicists anything about +that trip was exam in the newly unified + + align:start position:0% +that trip was exam in the newly unified + + + align:start position:0% +that trip was exam in the newly unified +country of Germany the field of + + align:start position:0% +country of Germany the field of + + + align:start position:0% +country of Germany the field of +theoretical physics takes root in a + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physics takes root in a + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physics takes root in a +pretty different context the timing is + + align:start position:0% +pretty different context the timing is + + + align:start position:0% +pretty different context the timing is +similar about the kind of drivers are + + align:start position:0% +similar about the kind of drivers are + + + align:start position:0% +similar about the kind of drivers are +actually a bit different there's this + + align:start position:0% +actually a bit different there's this + + + align:start position:0% +actually a bit different there's this +very uh centrally controlled University + + align:start position:0% +very uh centrally controlled University + + + align:start position:0% +very uh centrally controlled University +system very tight limit on the highest + + align:start position:0% +system very tight limit on the highest + + + align:start position:0% +system very tight limit on the highest +ranking positions and for a field of + + align:start position:0% +ranking positions and for a field of + + + align:start position:0% +ranking positions and for a field of +physics in particular the ordinarios of + + align:start position:0% +physics in particular the ordinarios of + + + align:start position:0% +physics in particular the ordinarios of +Phil professors was was co-extensive + + align:start position:0% +Phil professors was was co-extensive + + + align:start position:0% +Phil professors was was co-extensive +with experimental physics that's what it + + align:start position:0% +with experimental physics that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +with experimental physics that's what it +meant to be a physics professor + + align:start position:0% +meant to be a physics professor + + + align:start position:0% +meant to be a physics professor +changing industrialization changes the + + align:start position:0% +changing industrialization changes the + + + align:start position:0% +changing industrialization changes the +priorities you need lots of people who + + align:start position:0% +priorities you need lots of people who + + + align:start position:0% +priorities you need lots of people who +can do at least rudimentary physics and + + align:start position:0% +can do at least rudimentary physics and + + + align:start position:0% +can do at least rudimentary physics and +Mathematics to help with your + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics to help with your + + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics to help with your +engineering + + align:start position:0% +engineering + + + align:start position:0% +engineering +you need lots of people who can teach + + align:start position:0% +you need lots of people who can teach + + + align:start position:0% +you need lots of people who can teach +them in high schools therefore need a + + align:start position:0% +them in high schools therefore need a + + + align:start position:0% +them in high schools therefore need a +lot of people can teach the teachers at + + align:start position:0% +lot of people can teach the teachers at + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people can teach the teachers at +the universities so on + + align:start position:0% +the universities so on + + + align:start position:0% +the universities so on +So within a generation World War II you + + align:start position:0% +So within a generation World War II you + + + align:start position:0% +So within a generation World War II you +create this kind of spillover effect we + + align:start position:0% +create this kind of spillover effect we + + + align:start position:0% +create this kind of spillover effect we +have ordinary professors and journals + + align:start position:0% +have ordinary professors and journals + + + align:start position:0% +have ordinary professors and journals +and specialists in this new thing called + + align:start position:0% +and specialists in this new thing called + + + align:start position:0% +and specialists in this new thing called +theoretical six why do I emphasize all + + align:start position:0% +theoretical six why do I emphasize all + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical six why do I emphasize all +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +because it's in that very particular + + align:start position:0% +because it's in that very particular + + + align:start position:0% +because it's in that very particular +institutional context within Germany in + + align:start position:0% +institutional context within Germany in + + + align:start position:0% +institutional context within Germany in +the later Decades of the 1800s and early + + align:start position:0% +the later Decades of the 1800s and early + + + align:start position:0% +the later Decades of the 1800s and early +20th century that's where a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +20th century that's where a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +20th century that's where a lot of the +stuff we'll be sitting with for the next + + align:start position:0% +stuff we'll be sitting with for the next + + + align:start position:0% +stuff we'll be sitting with for the next +few weeks of our class the emergence of + + align:start position:0% +few weeks of our class the emergence of + + + align:start position:0% +few weeks of our class the emergence of +what we come to call Modern physics like + + align:start position:0% +what we come to call Modern physics like + + + align:start position:0% +what we come to call Modern physics like +relativity and quantum theory a lot of + + align:start position:0% +relativity and quantum theory a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +relativity and quantum theory a lot of +that is being crafted in that particular + + align:start position:0% +that is being crafted in that particular + + + align:start position:0% +that is being crafted in that particular +institutional context we understand why + + align:start position:0% +institutional context we understand why + + + align:start position:0% +institutional context we understand why +there was suddenly an ordinarious chair + + align:start position:0% +there was suddenly an ordinarious chair + + + align:start position:0% +there was suddenly an ordinarious chair +in theoretical physics in Berlin and so + + align:start position:0% +in theoretical physics in Berlin and so + + + align:start position:0% +in theoretical physics in Berlin and so +on so I just want to give us an + + align:start position:0% +on so I just want to give us an + + + align:start position:0% +on so I just want to give us an +indication that theoretical physics + + align:start position:0% +indication that theoretical physics + + + align:start position:0% +indication that theoretical physics +intellectually has kind of a many + + align:start position:0% +intellectually has kind of a many + + + align:start position:0% +intellectually has kind of a many +centuries lineage we can trace back uh + + align:start position:0% +centuries lineage we can trace back uh + + + align:start position:0% +centuries lineage we can trace back uh +why we still use the Galilean + + align:start position:0% +why we still use the Galilean + + + align:start position:0% +why we still use the Galilean +Transformations or Newton's laws and yet + + align:start position:0% +Transformations or Newton's laws and yet + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations or Newton's laws and yet +the job title or the description of the + + align:start position:0% +the job title or the description of the + + + align:start position:0% +the job title or the description of the +theoretical physicist is actually a much + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physicist is actually a much + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical physicist is actually a much +more recent vintage so I'll stop by a + + align:start position:0% +more recent vintage so I'll stop by a + + + align:start position:0% +more recent vintage so I'll stop by a +screen sharing there we have a couple + + align:start position:0% +screen sharing there we have a couple + + + align:start position:0% +screen sharing there we have a couple +minutes for some questions people have + + align:start position:0% +minutes for some questions people have + + + align:start position:0% +minutes for some questions people have +other questions on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great question thank you Fisher so + + align:start position:0% +great question thank you Fisher so + + + align:start position:0% +great question thank you Fisher so +you're very much correct there was + + align:start position:0% +you're very much correct there was + + + align:start position:0% +you're very much correct there was +um a lot of tension factors of course we + + align:start position:0% +um a lot of tension factors of course we + + + align:start position:0% +um a lot of tension factors of course we +know what we now know what's on the + + align:start position:0% +know what we now know what's on the + + + align:start position:0% +know what we now know what's on the +horizon the first world war because + + align:start position:0% +horizon the first world war because + + + align:start position:0% +horizon the first world war because +there are many many quite bloody + + align:start position:0% +there are many many quite bloody + + + align:start position:0% +there are many many quite bloody +skirmishes and Wars even before that + + align:start position:0% +skirmishes and Wars even before that + + + align:start position:0% +skirmishes and Wars even before that +um so on the one here there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um so on the one here there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um so on the one here there was a lot of +kind of nation-based rivalry the Germans + + align:start position:0% +kind of nation-based rivalry the Germans + + + align:start position:0% +kind of nation-based rivalry the Germans +looked over their shoulders the German + + align:start position:0% +looked over their shoulders the German + + + align:start position:0% +looked over their shoulders the German +bureaucrats and these German uh + + align:start position:0% +bureaucrats and these German uh + + + align:start position:0% +bureaucrats and these German uh +government officials and we're scared + + align:start position:0% +government officials and we're scared + + + align:start position:0% +government officials and we're scared +out of their wits that they beat the + + align:start position:0% +out of their wits that they beat the + + + align:start position:0% +out of their wits that they beat the +French in 1870-71 but they'll lose it + + align:start position:0% +French in 1870-71 but they'll lose it + + + align:start position:0% +French in 1870-71 but they'll lose it +next time or the or the British Navy is + + align:start position:0% +next time or the or the British Navy is + + + align:start position:0% +next time or the or the British Navy is +you know second to none so they're + + align:start position:0% +you know second to none so they're + + + align:start position:0% +you know second to none so they're +always comparing themselves in terms of + + align:start position:0% +always comparing themselves in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +always comparing themselves in terms of +industrial output and military strength + + align:start position:0% +industrial output and military strength + + + align:start position:0% +industrial output and military strength +mostly in this period with um Britain + + align:start position:0% +mostly in this period with um Britain + + + align:start position:0% +mostly in this period with um Britain +and France also increasing with Russia + + align:start position:0% +and France also increasing with Russia + + + align:start position:0% +and France also increasing with Russia +and other neighbors + + align:start position:0% +and other neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +and other neighbors +so there's a lot of the Rivalry that + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of the Rivalry that + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of the Rivalry that +spills over not infrequently among the + + align:start position:0% +spills over not infrequently among the + + + align:start position:0% +spills over not infrequently among the +scientists this is also however the + + align:start position:0% +scientists this is also however the + + + align:start position:0% +scientists this is also however the +first period of international scientific + + align:start position:0% +first period of international scientific + + + align:start position:0% +first period of international scientific +conferences these folks would the the + + align:start position:0% +conferences these folks would the the + + + align:start position:0% +conferences these folks would the the +natural researchers the professional + + align:start position:0% +natural researchers the professional + + + align:start position:0% +natural researchers the professional +researchers starting in the 1870s will + + align:start position:0% +researchers starting in the 1870s will + + + align:start position:0% +researchers starting in the 1870s will +begin to meet once a year or twice or + + align:start position:0% +begin to meet once a year or twice or + + + align:start position:0% +begin to meet once a year or twice or +three times a year for conferences in + + align:start position:0% +three times a year for conferences in + + + align:start position:0% +three times a year for conferences in +what we would now consider quite + + align:start position:0% +what we would now consider quite + + + align:start position:0% +what we would now consider quite +familiar that was new mostly in the + + align:start position:0% +familiar that was new mostly in the + + + align:start position:0% +familiar that was new mostly in the +1870s they would work out things like + + align:start position:0% +1870s they would work out things like + + + align:start position:0% +1870s they would work out things like +nomenclature that's why so many things + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature that's why so many things + + + align:start position:0% +nomenclature that's why so many things +were actually still named in Latin even + + align:start position:0% +were actually still named in Latin even + + + align:start position:0% +were actually still named in Latin even +though no one was speaking Latin they + + align:start position:0% +though no one was speaking Latin they + + + align:start position:0% +though no one was speaking Latin they +wanted to find some way to kind of share + + align:start position:0% +wanted to find some way to kind of share + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to find some way to kind of share +ideas and and terms for things and work + + align:start position:0% +ideas and and terms for things and work + + + align:start position:0% +ideas and and terms for things and work +it out so it was sometimes a kind of + + align:start position:0% +it out so it was sometimes a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it out so it was sometimes a kind of +friendly rivalry sometimes it wasn't so + + align:start position:0% +friendly rivalry sometimes it wasn't so + + + align:start position:0% +friendly rivalry sometimes it wasn't so +friendly so you see both you see + + align:start position:0% +friendly so you see both you see + + + align:start position:0% +friendly so you see both you see +elements of both and you're quite right + + align:start position:0% +elements of both and you're quite right + + + align:start position:0% +elements of both and you're quite right +Fisher this was becoming + + align:start position:0% +Fisher this was becoming + + + align:start position:0% +Fisher this was becoming +um not uncommon and we'll see this + + align:start position:0% +um not uncommon and we'll see this + + + align:start position:0% +um not uncommon and we'll see this +really literally explode in ways that + + align:start position:0% +really literally explode in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +really literally explode in ways that +matter even to us even when we think + + align:start position:0% +matter even to us even when we think + + + align:start position:0% +matter even to us even when we think +about the history of physics uh narrowly + + align:start position:0% +about the history of physics uh narrowly + + + align:start position:0% +about the history of physics uh narrowly +let alone for the world history + + align:start position:0% +let alone for the world history + + + align:start position:0% +let alone for the world history +it really becomes a Tinder Box right + + align:start position:0% +it really becomes a Tinder Box right + + + align:start position:0% +it really becomes a Tinder Box right +around 1900 thereafter it's a great + + align:start position:0% +around 1900 thereafter it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +around 1900 thereafter it's a great +question any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm running a little bit late I know you + + align:start position:0% +I'm running a little bit late I know you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm running a little bit late I know you +some of you might have to run off to a + + align:start position:0% +some of you might have to run off to a + + + align:start position:0% +some of you might have to run off to a +230 class so I'll stop there great + + align:start position:0% +230 class so I'll stop there great + + + align:start position:0% +230 class so I'll stop there great +questions and discussion and uh I'll see + + align:start position:0% +questions and discussion and uh I'll see + + + align:start position:0% +questions and discussion and uh I'll see +you on Wednesday and stay tuned we'll + + align:start position:0% +you on Wednesday and stay tuned we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you on Wednesday and stay tuned we'll +post the paper one assignment real soon + + align:start position:0% +post the paper one assignment real soon + + + align:start position:0% +post the paper one assignment real soon +stay well everyone \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/u9bvzE5Qhjk.txt b/u9bvzE5Qhjk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e30dc336de153f9e12eb376323ff5c650f830733 --- /dev/null +++ b/u9bvzE5Qhjk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7880 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I wanted to go through a little bit with + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to go through a little bit with + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to go through a little bit with +you guys on what we'll expect from the + + align:start position:0% +you guys on what we'll expect from the + + + align:start position:0% +you guys on what we'll expect from the +group presentations and from the + + align:start position:0% +group presentations and from the + + + align:start position:0% +group presentations and from the +individual journal articles just so you + + align:start position:0% +individual journal articles just so you + + + align:start position:0% +individual journal articles just so you +guys know well ahead of time what we + + align:start position:0% +guys know well ahead of time what we + + + align:start position:0% +guys know well ahead of time what we +want you to prepare. Um for the group + + align:start position:0% +want you to prepare. Um for the group + + + align:start position:0% +want you to prepare. Um for the group +presentations we're looking for 15 to 20 + + align:start position:0% +presentations we're looking for 15 to 20 + + + align:start position:0% +presentations we're looking for 15 to 20 +minutes on what you guys have done as a + + align:start position:0% +minutes on what you guys have done as a + + + align:start position:0% +minutes on what you guys have done as a +group. So that would be a few slides + + align:start position:0% +group. So that would be a few slides + + + align:start position:0% +group. So that would be a few slides +summarizing each of the weeks that we've + + align:start position:0% +summarizing each of the weeks that we've + + + align:start position:0% +summarizing each of the weeks that we've +gone through so far. So the first week + + align:start position:0% +gone through so far. So the first week + + + align:start position:0% +gone through so far. So the first week +on what are all of your design options + + align:start position:0% +on what are all of your design options + + + align:start position:0% +on what are all of your design options +presented in some sort of compact way + + align:start position:0% +presented in some sort of compact way + + + align:start position:0% +presented in some sort of compact way +more compact than I presented in the + + align:start position:0% +more compact than I presented in the + + + align:start position:0% +more compact than I presented in the +lecture. uh then I'd be interested to + + align:start position:0% +lecture. uh then I'd be interested to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture. uh then I'd be interested to +see how did you choose which design + + align:start position:0% +see how did you choose which design + + + align:start position:0% +see how did you choose which design +parameters are important which parts did + + align:start position:0% +parameters are important which parts did + + + align:start position:0% +parameters are important which parts did +you eliminate easily which design + + align:start position:0% +you eliminate easily which design + + + align:start position:0% +you eliminate easily which design +choices did you eliminate right away and + + align:start position:0% +choices did you eliminate right away and + + + align:start position:0% +choices did you eliminate right away and +then how did you choose your eventual + + align:start position:0% +then how did you choose your eventual + + + align:start position:0% +then how did you choose your eventual +design path and so if all that can be in + + align:start position:0% +design path and so if all that can be in + + + align:start position:0% +design path and so if all that can be in +a 15 to 20 minute coherent presentation + + align:start position:0% +a 15 to 20 minute coherent presentation + + + align:start position:0% +a 15 to 20 minute coherent presentation +that's great it's up to you guys whether + + align:start position:0% +that's great it's up to you guys whether + + + align:start position:0% +that's great it's up to you guys whether +everyone wants to present tag team or + + align:start position:0% +everyone wants to present tag team or + + + align:start position:0% +everyone wants to present tag team or +you do one person um again if anyone is + + align:start position:0% +you do one person um again if anyone is + + + align:start position:0% +you do one person um again if anyone is +kind of shy I I encourage you to present + + align:start position:0% +kind of shy I I encourage you to present + + + align:start position:0% +kind of shy I I encourage you to present +if anyone has some serious problems + + align:start position:0% +if anyone has some serious problems + + + align:start position:0% +if anyone has some serious problems +present presenting. I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +present presenting. I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +present presenting. I'm not going to +force you to do it, but I really want + + align:start position:0% +force you to do it, but I really want + + + align:start position:0% +force you to do it, but I really want +everyone to give it a shot. So, just + + align:start position:0% +everyone to give it a shot. So, just + + + align:start position:0% +everyone to give it a shot. So, just +keep that in mind. As far as the journal + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind. As far as the journal + + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind. As far as the journal +communications, I'm looking for about a + + align:start position:0% +communications, I'm looking for about a + + + align:start position:0% +communications, I'm looking for about a +thousand words focusing on what each one + + align:start position:0% +thousand words focusing on what each one + + + align:start position:0% +thousand words focusing on what each one +of you individually has done. I've + + align:start position:0% +of you individually has done. I've + + + align:start position:0% +of you individually has done. I've +posted a couple of templates on the + + align:start position:0% +posted a couple of templates on the + + + align:start position:0% +posted a couple of templates on the +Stellar site. So, you guys can see some + + align:start position:0% +Stellar site. So, you guys can see some + + + align:start position:0% +Stellar site. So, you guys can see some +examples. They call them either short + + align:start position:0% +examples. They call them either short + + + align:start position:0% +examples. They call them either short +communications or letters to the editor. + + align:start position:0% +communications or letters to the editor. + + + align:start position:0% +communications or letters to the editor. +So if you want to see more examples of + + align:start position:0% +So if you want to see more examples of + + + align:start position:0% +So if you want to see more examples of +these short journal articles, you can + + align:start position:0% +these short journal articles, you can + + + align:start position:0% +these short journal articles, you can +see them online on any Springer, + + align:start position:0% +see them online on any Springer, + + + align:start position:0% +see them online on any Springer, +Elsevier or WY journal under those sorts + + align:start position:0% +Elsevier or WY journal under those sorts + + + align:start position:0% +Elsevier or WY journal under those sorts +of names. So what I'm looking for there + + align:start position:0% +of names. So what I'm looking for there + + + align:start position:0% +of names. So what I'm looking for there +is a bit of introduction on the design + + align:start position:0% +is a bit of introduction on the design + + + align:start position:0% +is a bit of introduction on the design +problem. So that's what you guys are + + align:start position:0% +problem. So that's what you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +problem. So that's what you guys are +working on as a whole. And that can be + + align:start position:0% +working on as a whole. And that can be + + + align:start position:0% +working on as a whole. And that can be +one or two paragraphs of what are you + + align:start position:0% +one or two paragraphs of what are you + + + align:start position:0% +one or two paragraphs of what are you +doing and why are you all doing it. Um + + align:start position:0% +doing and why are you all doing it. Um + + + align:start position:0% +doing and why are you all doing it. Um +I'd be looking for a background section + + align:start position:0% +I'd be looking for a background section + + + align:start position:0% +I'd be looking for a background section +on what your team is doing. So you can + + align:start position:0% +on what your team is doing. So you can + + + align:start position:0% +on what your team is doing. So you can +describe your specific problem like the + + align:start position:0% +describe your specific problem like the + + + align:start position:0% +describe your specific problem like the +core problem or the bofuels problem and + + align:start position:0% +core problem or the bofuels problem and + + + align:start position:0% +core problem or the bofuels problem and +some of the options available and then + + align:start position:0% +some of the options available and then + + + align:start position:0% +some of the options available and then +I'd be interested from each of you to + + align:start position:0% +I'd be interested from each of you to + + + align:start position:0% +I'd be interested from each of you to +hear what you individually have + + align:start position:0% +hear what you individually have + + + align:start position:0% +hear what you individually have +researched you know in process heat did + + align:start position:0% +researched you know in process heat did + + + align:start position:0% +researched you know in process heat did +you take care of heat storage or heat + + align:start position:0% +you take care of heat storage or heat + + + align:start position:0% +you take care of heat storage or heat +exchangers what sort of design + + align:start position:0% +exchangers what sort of design + + + align:start position:0% +exchangers what sort of design +parameters have you found and what are + + align:start position:0% +parameters have you found and what are + + + align:start position:0% +parameters have you found and what are +you going to go with in the end and why + + align:start position:0% +you going to go with in the end and why + + + align:start position:0% +you going to go with in the end and why +um this is just a way for me to see what + + align:start position:0% +um this is just a way for me to see what + + + align:start position:0% +um this is just a way for me to see what +each of you individually has been doing + + align:start position:0% +each of you individually has been doing + + + align:start position:0% +each of you individually has been doing +as well as work on some scientific + + align:start position:0% +as well as work on some scientific + + + align:start position:0% +as well as work on some scientific +communication and writing skills. Um, I + + align:start position:0% +communication and writing skills. Um, I + + + align:start position:0% +communication and writing skills. Um, I +forget. Is this a CIM class or no? No. + + align:start position:0% +forget. Is this a CIM class or no? No. + + + align:start position:0% +forget. Is this a CIM class or no? No. +Okay. Well, everything you do in the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Well, everything you do in the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Well, everything you do in the +real engineering world is pretty CIM, so + + align:start position:0% +real engineering world is pretty CIM, so + + + align:start position:0% +real engineering world is pretty CIM, so +I'd say get used to it. I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +I'd say get used to it. I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say get used to it. I'm not going to +have you do as much as a CIM, but it'll + + align:start position:0% +have you do as much as a CIM, but it'll + + + align:start position:0% +have you do as much as a CIM, but it'll +be a good amount. Um, and in the rest of + + align:start position:0% +be a good amount. Um, and in the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +be a good amount. Um, and in the rest of +the time, it sounded like folks wanted + + align:start position:0% +the time, it sounded like folks wanted + + + align:start position:0% +the time, it sounded like folks wanted +an example of a QFD method, one of these + + align:start position:0% +an example of a QFD method, one of these + + + align:start position:0% +an example of a QFD method, one of these +quality function development things like + + align:start position:0% +quality function development things like + + + align:start position:0% +quality function development things like +the house of quality. Um would it be + + align:start position:0% +the house of quality. Um would it be + + + align:start position:0% +the house of quality. Um would it be +interest would it be illustrative to do + + align:start position:0% +interest would it be illustrative to do + + + align:start position:0% +interest would it be illustrative to do +an example of that so you guys can see + + align:start position:0% +an example of that so you guys can see + + + align:start position:0% +an example of that so you guys can see +how it + + align:start position:0% +how it + + + align:start position:0% +how it +works. Okay. So um I don't want to give + + align:start position:0% +works. Okay. So um I don't want to give + + + align:start position:0% +works. Okay. So um I don't want to give +anyone an unfair advantage. So let's + + align:start position:0% +anyone an unfair advantage. So let's + + + align:start position:0% +anyone an unfair advantage. So let's +pick a problem that nobody is + + align:start position:0% +pick a problem that nobody is + + + align:start position:0% +pick a problem that nobody is +researching. Um what sort of consumer + + align:start position:0% +researching. Um what sort of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +researching. Um what sort of consumer +item would you want to do a house of + + align:start position:0% +item would you want to do a house of + + + align:start position:0% +item would you want to do a house of +quality on? Anyone have any thoughts? + + align:start position:0% +quality on? Anyone have any thoughts? + + + align:start position:0% +quality on? Anyone have any thoughts? +Car. Car. All right. Car. Computers. + + align:start position:0% +Car. Car. All right. Car. Computers. + + + align:start position:0% +Car. Car. All right. Car. Computers. +Well, what's the vote? Who wants to do + + align:start position:0% +Well, what's the vote? Who wants to do + + + align:start position:0% +Well, what's the vote? Who wants to do +what? Car. Raise your hands. + + align:start position:0% +what? Car. Raise your hands. + + + align:start position:0% +what? Car. Raise your hands. +some sort of + + align:start position:0% +some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of +computer, bicycle, + + align:start position:0% +computer, bicycle, + + + align:start position:0% +computer, bicycle, +iPhone. It's pretty pretty even car and + + align:start position:0% +iPhone. It's pretty pretty even car and + + + align:start position:0% +iPhone. It's pretty pretty even car and +computer. Um, and I don't have any coins + + align:start position:0% +computer. Um, and I don't have any coins + + + align:start position:0% +computer. Um, and I don't have any coins +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +flip. All right, I heard car first, so + + align:start position:0% +flip. All right, I heard car first, so + + + align:start position:0% +flip. All right, I heard car first, so +let's do + + align:start position:0% +let's do + + + align:start position:0% +let's do +that. So, um, this is a pretty reduced + + align:start position:0% +that. So, um, this is a pretty reduced + + + align:start position:0% +that. So, um, this is a pretty reduced +house of quality. There are actually + + align:start position:0% +house of quality. There are actually + + + align:start position:0% +house of quality. There are actually +templates on the website to avoid you + + align:start position:0% +templates on the website to avoid you + + + align:start position:0% +templates on the website to avoid you +guys having to do any of the any of the + + align:start position:0% +guys having to do any of the any of the + + + align:start position:0% +guys having to do any of the any of the +math, which is really just addition, + + align:start position:0% +math, which is really just addition, + + + align:start position:0% +math, which is really just addition, +multiplication, but it's timeconuming. + + align:start position:0% +multiplication, but it's timeconuming. + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication, but it's timeconuming. +The important parts are what you fill in + + align:start position:0% +The important parts are what you fill in + + + align:start position:0% +The important parts are what you fill in +for each of these things. The first step + + align:start position:0% +for each of these things. The first step + + + align:start position:0% +for each of these things. The first step +that I usually like to take is here uh + + align:start position:0% +that I usually like to take is here uh + + + align:start position:0% +that I usually like to take is here uh +what I call customer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +requirements. Now, usually you'd find + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Now, usually you'd find + + + align:start position:0% +requirements. Now, usually you'd find +your customer requirements with some + + align:start position:0% +your customer requirements with some + + + align:start position:0% +your customer requirements with some +sort of marketing survey to a certain + + align:start position:0% +sort of marketing survey to a certain + + + align:start position:0% +sort of marketing survey to a certain +market group. This this whole concept + + align:start position:0% +market group. This this whole concept + + + align:start position:0% +market group. This this whole concept +was sort of borrowed from the + + align:start position:0% +was sort of borrowed from the + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of borrowed from the +manufacturing and and management world, + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and and management world, + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing and and management world, +but it works pretty well when you're + + align:start position:0% +but it works pretty well when you're + + + align:start position:0% +but it works pretty well when you're +starting a big design problem like this. + + align:start position:0% +starting a big design problem like this. + + + align:start position:0% +starting a big design problem like this. +So, like I said, normally we would try + + align:start position:0% +So, like I said, normally we would try + + + align:start position:0% +So, like I said, normally we would try +and figure out what the consumers want + + align:start position:0% +and figure out what the consumers want + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out what the consumers want +uh from the consumers, but here you guys + + align:start position:0% +uh from the consumers, but here you guys + + + align:start position:0% +uh from the consumers, but here you guys +are going to have to guess it. So, what + + align:start position:0% +are going to have to guess it. So, what + + + align:start position:0% +are going to have to guess it. So, what +are six traits of a car that you think + + align:start position:0% +are six traits of a car that you think + + + align:start position:0% +are six traits of a car that you think +consumers would want? + + align:start position:0% +consumers would want? + + + align:start position:0% +consumers would want? +Fast. All right. What else? + + align:start position:0% +Fast. All right. What else? + + + align:start position:0% +Fast. All right. What else? +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Safety. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Safe. Okay. Size. Size. What sort of + + align:start position:0% +Safe. Okay. Size. Size. What sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Safe. Okay. Size. Size. What sort of +size? This is the these these are these + + align:start position:0% +size? This is the these these are these + + + align:start position:0% +size? This is the these these are these +are desires like you know I want my car + + align:start position:0% +are desires like you know I want my car + + + align:start position:0% +are desires like you know I want my car +to be safe. I want my car to be fast. Uh + + align:start position:0% +to be safe. I want my car to be fast. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +to be safe. I want my car to be fast. Uh +so I want my car to be size doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so I want my car to be size doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so I want my car to be size doesn't +quite + + align:start position:0% +quite + + + align:start position:0% +quite +work. Okay. So this is America. We want + + align:start position:0% +work. Okay. So this is America. We want + + + align:start position:0% +work. Okay. So this is America. We want +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +cars. And this is good actually to have + + align:start position:0% +cars. And this is good actually to have + + + align:start position:0% +cars. And this is good actually to have +sort of conflicting + + align:start position:0% +sort of conflicting + + + align:start position:0% +sort of conflicting +um conflicting design requirements. This + + align:start position:0% +um conflicting design requirements. This + + + align:start position:0% +um conflicting design requirements. This +is what happens a lot. What else? We're + + align:start position:0% +is what happens a lot. What else? We're + + + align:start position:0% +is what happens a lot. What else? We're +okay. We're designing an SUV. What else + + align:start position:0% +okay. We're designing an SUV. What else + + + align:start position:0% +okay. We're designing an SUV. What else +do we want? + + align:start position:0% +do we want? + + + align:start position:0% +do we want? +Okay. Reliable. All right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And one + + align:start position:0% +And one + + + align:start position:0% +And one +more cost. I'm guessing cheap, right? + + align:start position:0% +more cost. I'm guessing cheap, right? + + + align:start position:0% +more cost. I'm guessing cheap, right? +Okay. So, we want all of these things + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, we want all of these things + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, we want all of these things +that clearly don't mix well with each + + align:start position:0% +that clearly don't mix well with each + + + align:start position:0% +that clearly don't mix well with each +other. Now, + + align:start position:0% +other. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +other. Now, +um let's + + align:start position:0% +um let's + + + align:start position:0% +um let's +see. I'll just sort of do this + + align:start position:0% +see. I'll just sort of do this + + + align:start position:0% +see. I'll just sort of do this +diagonally. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We'll have to guess the importance of + + align:start position:0% +We'll have to guess the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +We'll have to guess the importance of +each one of these. Um, can you guys + + align:start position:0% +each one of these. Um, can you guys + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these. Um, can you guys +close the windows? There's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +close the windows? There's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +close the windows? There's a lot of +trucks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there. All + + align:start position:0% +there. All + + + align:start position:0% +there. All +right. Now, you guys are going to have + + align:start position:0% +right. Now, you guys are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +right. Now, you guys are going to have +to guess what you think the customers + + align:start position:0% +to guess what you think the customers + + + align:start position:0% +to guess what you think the customers +want in terms of importance. So, you + + align:start position:0% +want in terms of importance. So, you + + + align:start position:0% +want in terms of importance. So, you +guys are customers. I assume some of you + + align:start position:0% +guys are customers. I assume some of you + + + align:start position:0% +guys are customers. I assume some of you +guys have cars. Does anyone have an SUV? + + align:start position:0% +guys have cars. Does anyone have an SUV? + + + align:start position:0% +guys have cars. Does anyone have an SUV? +Yeah. Okay, cool. So, you can do this on + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay, cool. So, you can do this on + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay, cool. So, you can do this on +a scale of anything to anything. It's up + + align:start position:0% +a scale of anything to anything. It's up + + + align:start position:0% +a scale of anything to anything. It's up +to you how fine you want it to be. It's + + align:start position:0% +to you how fine you want it to be. It's + + + align:start position:0% +to you how fine you want it to be. It's +going to become relative later. So, who + + align:start position:0% +going to become relative later. So, who + + + align:start position:0% +going to become relative later. So, who +cares what it is? Let's just say one to + + align:start position:0% +cares what it is? Let's just say one to + + + align:start position:0% +cares what it is? Let's just say one to +on a scale of one to five. One being the + + align:start position:0% +on a scale of one to five. One being the + + + align:start position:0% +on a scale of one to five. One being the +least important, five being the most + + align:start position:0% +least important, five being the most + + + align:start position:0% +least important, five being the most +important. What do you think fast is? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +One says most important. I got three. + + align:start position:0% +One says most important. I got three. + + + align:start position:0% +One says most important. I got three. +Three. All right, everyone reach a + + align:start position:0% +Three. All right, everyone reach a + + + align:start position:0% +Three. All right, everyone reach a +consensus. + + align:start position:0% +consensus. + + + align:start position:0% +consensus. +Three out of five. + + align:start position:0% +Three out of five. + + + align:start position:0% +Three out of five. +for everything + + align:start position:0% +for everything + + + align:start position:0% +for everything +out of five. Okay. Miles per gallon in + + align:start position:0% +out of five. Okay. Miles per gallon in + + + align:start position:0% +out of five. Okay. Miles per gallon in +an SUV. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm just I'm just uh wait what? I have + + align:start position:0% +I'm just I'm just uh wait what? I have + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just I'm just uh wait what? I have +what? + + align:start position:0% +what? + + + align:start position:0% +what? +Yep. Oh, the we're just rating each of + + align:start position:0% +Yep. Oh, the we're just rating each of + + + align:start position:0% +Yep. Oh, the we're just rating each of +them on a scale of one to five. Doesn't + + align:start position:0% +them on a scale of one to five. Doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +them on a scale of one to five. Doesn't +you know they can all be fives if the + + align:start position:0% +you know they can all be fives if the + + + align:start position:0% +you know they can all be fives if the +customers think so. Uh the only reason I + + align:start position:0% +customers think so. Uh the only reason I + + + align:start position:0% +customers think so. Uh the only reason I +picked six variables is so we can finish + + align:start position:0% +picked six variables is so we can finish + + + align:start position:0% +picked six variables is so we can finish +it in this hour. In reality, there'll be + + align:start position:0% +it in this hour. In reality, there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +it in this hour. In reality, there'll be +a lot more when you guys are doing your + + align:start position:0% +a lot more when you guys are doing your + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more when you guys are doing your +designs. I was hearing one and two for + + align:start position:0% +designs. I was hearing one and two for + + + align:start position:0% +designs. I was hearing one and two for +miles per gallon. Which one? + + align:start position:0% +miles per gallon. Which one? + + + align:start position:0% +miles per gallon. Which one? +Two. All right. How about safe? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Four. I hear one. This is why I usually + + align:start position:0% +Four. I hear one. This is why I usually + + + align:start position:0% +Four. I hear one. This is why I usually +pick one market segment at a time. Um, + + align:start position:0% +pick one market segment at a time. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +pick one market segment at a time. Um, +how about big? + + align:start position:0% +how about big? + + + align:start position:0% +how about big? +Five. Five. We want our SUVs big. I was + + align:start position:0% +Five. Five. We want our SUVs big. I was + + + align:start position:0% +Five. Five. We want our SUVs big. I was +just in North Carolina and boy, they + + align:start position:0% +just in North Carolina and boy, they + + + align:start position:0% +just in North Carolina and boy, they +are. Um, I I rented what I call the + + align:start position:0% +are. Um, I I rented what I call the + + + align:start position:0% +are. Um, I I rented what I call the +compact car. I would describe it more as + + align:start position:0% +compact car. I would describe it more as + + + align:start position:0% +compact car. I would describe it more as +a tank. Um, I couldn't turn a corner in + + align:start position:0% +a tank. Um, I couldn't turn a corner in + + + align:start position:0% +a tank. Um, I couldn't turn a corner in +a parking garage. I had to do + + align:start position:0% +a parking garage. I had to do + + + align:start position:0% +a parking garage. I had to do +three-point turns on the actual should + + align:start position:0% +three-point turns on the actual should + + + align:start position:0% +three-point turns on the actual should +have been onepoint turns, but whatever. + + align:start position:0% +have been onepoint turns, but whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +have been onepoint turns, but whatever. +Um, reliable. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You can also say 3.5. I heard three and + + align:start position:0% +You can also say 3.5. I heard three and + + + align:start position:0% +You can also say 3.5. I heard three and +four. You can you can make the scale as + + align:start position:0% +four. You can you can make the scale as + + + align:start position:0% +four. You can you can make the scale as +fine as you want. It's all going to get + + align:start position:0% +fine as you want. It's all going to get + + + align:start position:0% +fine as you want. It's all going to get +relative in the end. And cheap. Five. + + align:start position:0% +relative in the end. And cheap. Five. + + + align:start position:0% +relative in the end. And cheap. Five. +That's right. We want what we can't have + + align:start position:0% +That's right. We want what we can't have + + + align:start position:0% +That's right. We want what we can't have +five. Okay. So, we have importances. Um, + + align:start position:0% +five. Okay. So, we have importances. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +five. Okay. So, we have importances. Um, +does anyone have a calculator? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Can you t Can you find each of + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Can you t Can you find each of + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Can you t Can you find each of +these in terms of percent? So, if we add + + align:start position:0% +these in terms of percent? So, if we add + + + align:start position:0% +these in terms of percent? So, if we add +up the total here, 10, 16, 18, + + align:start position:0% +up the total here, 10, 16, 18, + + + align:start position:0% +up the total here, 10, 16, 18, +21, + + align:start position:0% +21, + + + align:start position:0% +21, +24.5. Can you figure out the percentages + + align:start position:0% +24.5. Can you figure out the percentages + + + align:start position:0% +24.5. Can you figure out the percentages +of each of these out of 24.5? Because + + align:start position:0% +of each of these out of 24.5? Because + + + align:start position:0% +of each of these out of 24.5? Because +those are some numbers we're actually + + align:start position:0% +those are some numbers we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +those are some numbers we're actually +going to use. + + align:start position:0% +going to use. + + + align:start position:0% +going to use. +I think 22. Oh, 22. Yep. Thank you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, anyway, if someone can just write + + align:start position:0% +Well, anyway, if someone can just write + + + align:start position:0% +Well, anyway, if someone can just write +them down, I'll move on to the next + + align:start position:0% +them down, I'll move on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +them down, I'll move on to the next +step. Um, one of the next steps is + + align:start position:0% +step. Um, one of the next steps is + + + align:start position:0% +step. Um, one of the next steps is +figuring out engineering parameters. So, + + align:start position:0% +figuring out engineering parameters. So, + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out engineering parameters. So, +the customers are out there. They've + + align:start position:0% +the customers are out there. They've + + + align:start position:0% +the customers are out there. They've +told you what they want. In your design + + align:start position:0% +told you what they want. In your design + + + align:start position:0% +told you what they want. In your design +problems, this would be electricity + + align:start position:0% +problems, this would be electricity + + + align:start position:0% +problems, this would be electricity +consumers or maybe utilities or up to + + align:start position:0% +consumers or maybe utilities or up to + + + align:start position:0% +consumers or maybe utilities or up to +you to decide. But now you guys are the + + align:start position:0% +you to decide. But now you guys are the + + + align:start position:0% +you to decide. But now you guys are the +engineers. What are some actual + + align:start position:0% +engineers. What are some actual + + + align:start position:0% +engineers. What are some actual +parameters of this car that you're going + + align:start position:0% +parameters of this car that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +parameters of this car that you're going +to design? For example, the customer + + align:start position:0% +to design? For example, the customer + + + align:start position:0% +to design? For example, the customer +said big weight would be one of them. + + align:start position:0% +said big weight would be one of them. + + + align:start position:0% +said big weight would be one of them. +Something you can actually measure and + + align:start position:0% +Something you can actually measure and + + + align:start position:0% +Something you can actually measure and +design. Let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see. What would some other ones be? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Engine. Maybe engine power, right? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll just put engine in + + align:start position:0% +I'll just put engine in + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just put engine in +watts or horsepower. Who cares? Um, what + + align:start position:0% +watts or horsepower. Who cares? Um, what + + + align:start position:0% +watts or horsepower. Who cares? Um, what +are some other physical parameters that + + align:start position:0% +are some other physical parameters that + + + align:start position:0% +are some other physical parameters that +you as the designers get to choose? + + align:start position:0% +you as the designers get to choose? + + + align:start position:0% +you as the designers get to choose? +Okay, cost of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +production. And this these steps can + + align:start position:0% +production. And this these steps can + + + align:start position:0% +production. And this these steps can +actually be some of the hardest things + + align:start position:0% +actually be some of the hardest things + + + align:start position:0% +actually be some of the hardest things +to figure out because you guys as a team + + align:start position:0% +to figure out because you guys as a team + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out because you guys as a team +will have to decide what you think your + + align:start position:0% +will have to decide what you think your + + + align:start position:0% +will have to decide what you think your +customers are going to want and what + + align:start position:0% +customers are going to want and what + + + align:start position:0% +customers are going to want and what +parameters you actually have to control. + + align:start position:0% +parameters you actually have to control. + + + align:start position:0% +parameters you actually have to control. +By the way, it can be a whole lot more + + align:start position:0% +By the way, it can be a whole lot more + + + align:start position:0% +By the way, it can be a whole lot more +than six and there are some pretty big + + align:start position:0% +than six and there are some pretty big + + + align:start position:0% +than six and there are some pretty big +house quality templates out there. So, I + + align:start position:0% +house quality templates out there. So, I + + + align:start position:0% +house quality templates out there. So, I +need three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more durability. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +more durability. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +more durability. Okay. +durability. Well, is that something + + align:start position:0% +durability. Well, is that something + + + align:start position:0% +durability. Well, is that something +that's measurable? I'm trying to think. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Balance the cost, but I guess the cost. + + align:start position:0% +Balance the cost, but I guess the cost. + + + align:start position:0% +Balance the cost, but I guess the cost. +Yeah. Um, materials, I guess. What? + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Um, materials, I guess. What? + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Um, materials, I guess. What? +Maybe materials. Okay. Um, expected + + align:start position:0% +Maybe materials. Okay. Um, expected + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe materials. Okay. Um, expected +life. Okay. So, maybe expected life. + + align:start position:0% +life. Okay. So, maybe expected life. + + + align:start position:0% +life. Okay. So, maybe expected life. +That's a good one. + + align:start position:0% +That's a good one. + + + align:start position:0% +That's a good one. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +We can also control the overall + + align:start position:0% +We can also control the overall + + + align:start position:0% +We can also control the overall +dimensions of the car, right? You can + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of the car, right? You can + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of the car, right? You can +have a heavy car that's big or you can + + align:start position:0% +have a heavy car that's big or you can + + + align:start position:0% +have a heavy car that's big or you can +have a hollow car that's big. So maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimensions and one more + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and one more + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and one more +length of the + + align:start position:0% +length of the + + + align:start position:0% +length of the +this would more be things that the + + align:start position:0% +this would more be things that the + + + align:start position:0% +this would more be things that the +engineers would be designing bells and + + align:start position:0% +engineers would be designing bells and + + + align:start position:0% +engineers would be designing bells and +whistles like + + align:start position:0% +whistles like + + + align:start position:0% +whistles like +the electronic system. Oh yeah. So okay. + + align:start position:0% +the electronic system. Oh yeah. So okay. + + + align:start position:0% +the electronic system. Oh yeah. So okay. +So between bells and whistles and + + align:start position:0% +So between bells and whistles and + + + align:start position:0% +So between bells and whistles and +acceleration speed. + + align:start position:0% +acceleration speed. + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration speed. +Okay. 0 to 60. Okay. Um, so not only is + + align:start position:0% +Okay. 0 to 60. Okay. Um, so not only is + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. 0 to 60. Okay. Um, so not only is +this house of quality or anything like + + align:start position:0% +this house of quality or anything like + + + align:start position:0% +this house of quality or anything like +it a good way to uh figure out what + + align:start position:0% +it a good way to uh figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +it a good way to uh figure out what +design parameters are most important, it + + align:start position:0% +design parameters are most important, it + + + align:start position:0% +design parameters are most important, it +serves as a good catalog to catalog all + + align:start position:0% +serves as a good catalog to catalog all + + + align:start position:0% +serves as a good catalog to catalog all +your different thoughts on the + + align:start position:0% +your different thoughts on the + + + align:start position:0% +your different thoughts on the +interreationships between these + + align:start position:0% +interreationships between these + + + align:start position:0% +interreationships between these +variables, these variables, and the ones + + align:start position:0% +variables, these variables, and the ones + + + align:start position:0% +variables, these variables, and the ones +in between. Um, so then I like to move + + align:start position:0% +in between. Um, so then I like to move + + + align:start position:0% +in between. Um, so then I like to move +to the top of the house, which I'll move + + align:start position:0% +to the top of the house, which I'll move + + + align:start position:0% +to the top of the house, which I'll move +to the bottom. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um there's a column here that I just + + align:start position:0% +Um there's a column here that I just + + + align:start position:0% +Um there's a column here that I just +like to say up or + + align:start position:0% +like to say up or + + + align:start position:0% +like to say up or +down because you can actually because + + align:start position:0% +down because you can actually because + + + align:start position:0% +down because you can actually because +you can actually put a uh value on each + + align:start position:0% +you can actually put a uh value on each + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually put a uh value on each +of these engineering parameters. You + + align:start position:0% +of these engineering parameters. You + + + align:start position:0% +of these engineering parameters. You +want to just record is higher better, is + + align:start position:0% +want to just record is higher better, is + + + align:start position:0% +want to just record is higher better, is +lower better, does it not matter? So for + + align:start position:0% +lower better, does it not matter? So for + + + align:start position:0% +lower better, does it not matter? So for +weight is heavier better or lighter + + align:start position:0% +weight is heavier better or lighter + + + align:start position:0% +weight is heavier better or lighter +better? + + align:start position:0% +better? + + + align:start position:0% +better? +Heavier. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the heavier cars are + + align:start position:0% +the heavier cars are + + + align:start position:0% +the heavier cars are +safer and bigger. Well, this is now this + + align:start position:0% +safer and bigger. Well, this is now this + + + align:start position:0% +safer and bigger. Well, this is now this +is all a matter of debate for you guys. + + align:start position:0% +is all a matter of debate for you guys. + + + align:start position:0% +is all a matter of debate for you guys. +You could say a heavier car is safer and + + align:start position:0% +You could say a heavier car is safer and + + + align:start position:0% +You could say a heavier car is safer and +bigger, but you could also say if you + + align:start position:0% +bigger, but you could also say if you + + + align:start position:0% +bigger, but you could also say if you +can design the same car to be lighter + + align:start position:0% +can design the same car to be lighter + + + align:start position:0% +can design the same car to be lighter +and use less materials but have the same + + align:start position:0% +and use less materials but have the same + + + align:start position:0% +and use less materials but have the same +safety and everything, that's what you'd + + align:start position:0% +safety and everything, that's what you'd + + + align:start position:0% +safety and everything, that's what you'd +be going for in terms of an optimization + + align:start position:0% +be going for in terms of an optimization + + + align:start position:0% +be going for in terms of an optimization +problem. So, what do you guys want to + + align:start position:0% +problem. So, what do you guys want to + + + align:start position:0% +problem. So, what do you guys want to +do? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. All right. So, let's say the lower + + align:start position:0% +Okay. All right. So, let's say the lower + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. All right. So, let's say the lower +the weight the better. Everything else + + align:start position:0% +the weight the better. Everything else + + + align:start position:0% +the weight the better. Everything else +kept the same. So assuming same safety, + + align:start position:0% +kept the same. So assuming same safety, + + + align:start position:0% +kept the same. So assuming same safety, +same acceleration, same expected life, + + align:start position:0% +same acceleration, same expected life, + + + align:start position:0% +same acceleration, same expected life, +if you can decrease the weight, that's + + align:start position:0% +if you can decrease the weight, that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you can decrease the weight, that's +better for in terms of design. How about + + align:start position:0% +better for in terms of design. How about + + + align:start position:0% +better for in terms of design. How about +engine power? + + align:start position:0% +engine power? + + + align:start position:0% +engine power? +That Yeah, that should be an obvious + + align:start position:0% +That Yeah, that should be an obvious + + + align:start position:0% +That Yeah, that should be an obvious +one. Um cost of production, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lower expected life, + + align:start position:0% +lower expected life, + + + align:start position:0% +lower expected life, +higher dimensions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah, I think we want a big car. And + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I think we want a big car. And + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I think we want a big car. And +speed that goes 0 to 60. Okay. Higher. + + align:start position:0% +speed that goes 0 to 60. Okay. Higher. + + + align:start position:0% +speed that goes 0 to 60. Okay. Higher. +Yeah, of course. Um, now for the roof of + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, of course. Um, now for the roof of + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, of course. Um, now for the roof of +the house of quality, this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the house of quality, this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the house of quality, this doesn't +factor into the numeric, but this does + + align:start position:0% +factor into the numeric, but this does + + + align:start position:0% +factor into the numeric, but this does +factor + + align:start position:0% +factor + + + align:start position:0% +factor +into tradeoffs between different design + + align:start position:0% +into tradeoffs between different design + + + align:start position:0% +into tradeoffs between different design +parameters. So, it's good here to figure + + align:start position:0% +parameters. So, it's good here to figure + + + align:start position:0% +parameters. So, it's good here to figure +out what are the inter relationships + + align:start position:0% +out what are the inter relationships + + + align:start position:0% +out what are the inter relationships +between each of these parameters. So + + align:start position:0% +between each of these parameters. So + + + align:start position:0% +between each of these parameters. So +further down the design path if you have + + align:start position:0% +further down the design path if you have + + + align:start position:0% +further down the design path if you have +to say all right we have to increase the + + align:start position:0% +to say all right we have to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +to say all right we have to increase the +efficiency or else nothing's going to + + align:start position:0% +efficiency or else nothing's going to + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency or else nothing's going to +work you can immediately see what other + + align:start position:0% +work you can immediately see what other + + + align:start position:0% +work you can immediately see what other +parameters are you going to affect and + + align:start position:0% +parameters are you going to affect and + + + align:start position:0% +parameters are you going to affect and +then once you have your the importances + + align:start position:0% +then once you have your the importances + + + align:start position:0% +then once you have your the importances +for your design parameters down here you + + align:start position:0% +for your design parameters down here you + + + align:start position:0% +for your design parameters down here you +can sort of have a mental gauge of how + + align:start position:0% +can sort of have a mental gauge of how + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of have a mental gauge of how +much do you want to push one parameter + + align:start position:0% +much do you want to push one parameter + + + align:start position:0% +much do you want to push one parameter +at the cost of the other. So for + + align:start position:0% +at the cost of the other. So for + + + align:start position:0% +at the cost of the other. So for +example, how does weight relate to + + align:start position:0% +example, how does weight relate to + + + align:start position:0% +example, how does weight relate to +engine? Is it a positive correlation, a + + align:start position:0% +engine? Is it a positive correlation, a + + + align:start position:0% +engine? Is it a positive correlation, a +negative correlation? And is it strongly + + align:start position:0% +negative correlation? And is it strongly + + + align:start position:0% +negative correlation? And is it strongly +positive or weakly positive or negative + + align:start position:0% +positive or weakly positive or negative + + + align:start position:0% +positive or weakly positive or negative +or weekly negative? Negative because the + + align:start position:0% +or weekly negative? Negative because the + + + align:start position:0% +or weekly negative? Negative because the +the heavier your car is, the more power + + align:start position:0% +the heavier your car is, the more power + + + align:start position:0% +the heavier your car is, the more power +your engine needs to put out. So you + + align:start position:0% +your engine needs to put out. So you + + + align:start position:0% +your engine needs to put out. So you +decrease the weight your engine is going + + align:start position:0% +decrease the weight your engine is going + + + align:start position:0% +decrease the weight your engine is going +to be more powerful per + + align:start position:0% +to be more powerful per + + + align:start position:0% +to be more powerful per +like caps. Well, let's say um in in this + + align:start position:0% +like caps. Well, let's say um in in this + + + align:start position:0% +like caps. Well, let's say um in in this +sort of frame of mind, you'd say you'd + + align:start position:0% +sort of frame of mind, you'd say you'd + + + align:start position:0% +sort of frame of mind, you'd say you'd +say if the weight of the car goes up, + + align:start position:0% +say if the weight of the car goes up, + + + align:start position:0% +say if the weight of the car goes up, +what has to happen to the engine? + + align:start position:0% +what has to happen to the engine? + + + align:start position:0% +what has to happen to the engine? +The engine has to get bigger, right? Or + + align:start position:0% +The engine has to get bigger, right? Or + + + align:start position:0% +The engine has to get bigger, right? Or +if the if the engine gets bigger, what + + align:start position:0% +if the if the engine gets bigger, what + + + align:start position:0% +if the if the engine gets bigger, what +can you then do to the weight of the car + + align:start position:0% +can you then do to the weight of the car + + + align:start position:0% +can you then do to the weight of the car +without sacrificing anything else? You + + align:start position:0% +without sacrificing anything else? You + + + align:start position:0% +without sacrificing anything else? You +can make it bigger. So the symbols that + + align:start position:0% +can make it bigger. So the symbols that + + + align:start position:0% +can make it bigger. So the symbols that +you'll see in this template would be uh + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in this template would be uh + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see in this template would be uh +two pluses for a strong positive + + align:start position:0% +two pluses for a strong positive + + + align:start position:0% +two pluses for a strong positive +relationship, one plus for a slightly + + align:start position:0% +relationship, one plus for a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +relationship, one plus for a slightly +positive relationship, a minus for a uh + + align:start position:0% +positive relationship, a minus for a uh + + + align:start position:0% +positive relationship, a minus for a uh +slightly negative relationship, and two + + align:start position:0% +slightly negative relationship, and two + + + align:start position:0% +slightly negative relationship, and two +minuses for a very negative + + align:start position:0% +minuses for a very negative + + + align:start position:0% +minuses for a very negative +relationship. You can put whatever + + align:start position:0% +relationship. You can put whatever + + + align:start position:0% +relationship. You can put whatever +symbols or numbers you want, but in this + + align:start position:0% +symbols or numbers you want, but in this + + + align:start position:0% +symbols or numbers you want, but in this +case, I'd give this a plus or two + + align:start position:0% +case, I'd give this a plus or two + + + align:start position:0% +case, I'd give this a plus or two +pluses. That's up to you guys to debate. + + align:start position:0% +pluses. That's up to you guys to debate. + + + align:start position:0% +pluses. That's up to you guys to debate. +Um, how about weight and cost of + + align:start position:0% +Um, how about weight and cost of + + + align:start position:0% +Um, how about weight and cost of +production? Are they necessarily + + align:start position:0% +production? Are they necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +production? Are they necessarily +correlated? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah, it's a matter of debate. You could + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it's a matter of debate. You could + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it's a matter of debate. You could +say, well, if the car is heavier, it's + + align:start position:0% +say, well, if the car is heavier, it's + + + align:start position:0% +say, well, if the car is heavier, it's +using more materials. Not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +using more materials. Not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +using more materials. Not necessarily +true. Smarter materials could cost more + + align:start position:0% +true. Smarter materials could cost more + + + align:start position:0% +true. Smarter materials could cost more +per pound, but if you use like an + + align:start position:0% +per pound, but if you use like an + + + align:start position:0% +per pound, but if you use like an +aluminum honeycomb instead of a solid + + align:start position:0% +aluminum honeycomb instead of a solid + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum honeycomb instead of a solid +steel slab to protect for protection, + + align:start position:0% +steel slab to protect for protection, + + + align:start position:0% +steel slab to protect for protection, +weight can go down with cost of + + align:start position:0% +weight can go down with cost of + + + align:start position:0% +weight can go down with cost of +production. So, I would say we can leave + + align:start position:0% +production. So, I would say we can leave + + + align:start position:0% +production. So, I would say we can leave +this one blank um just because they're + + align:start position:0% +this one blank um just because they're + + + align:start position:0% +this one blank um just because they're +not necessarily correlated. How about + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily correlated. How about + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily correlated. How about +weight and expected + + align:start position:0% +weight and expected + + + align:start position:0% +weight and expected +lifetime? You know, barring things like + + align:start position:0% +lifetime? You know, barring things like + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime? You know, barring things like +crashes and + + align:start position:0% +crashes and + + + align:start position:0% +crashes and +stuff. What do you guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think? I'm not hearing much, which is + + align:start position:0% +think? I'm not hearing much, which is + + + align:start position:0% +think? I'm not hearing much, which is +what I was thinking too. There isn't + + align:start position:0% +what I was thinking too. There isn't + + + align:start position:0% +what I was thinking too. There isn't +much there. Um, so you can see this can + + align:start position:0% +much there. Um, so you can see this can + + + align:start position:0% +much there. Um, so you can see this can +get pretty timeconuming and I expect + + align:start position:0% +get pretty timeconuming and I expect + + + align:start position:0% +get pretty timeconuming and I expect +debates to happen on filling in a number + + align:start position:0% +debates to happen on filling in a number + + + align:start position:0% +debates to happen on filling in a number +of these cells, but it'll be a really + + align:start position:0% +of these cells, but it'll be a really + + + align:start position:0% +of these cells, but it'll be a really +good thing to do if you fill it out + + align:start position:0% +good thing to do if you fill it out + + + align:start position:0% +good thing to do if you fill it out +ahead of time. You guys will all + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time. You guys will all + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time. You guys will all +understand the process between each type + + align:start position:0% +understand the process between each type + + + align:start position:0% +understand the process between each type +of variable and you'll have an agreement + + align:start position:0% +of variable and you'll have an agreement + + + align:start position:0% +of variable and you'll have an agreement +in your team. So you won't be like, + + align:start position:0% +in your team. So you won't be like, + + + align:start position:0% +in your team. So you won't be like, +well, I said it should be like this. + + align:start position:0% +well, I said it should be like this. + + + align:start position:0% +well, I said it should be like this. +Well, too bad. The team all agreed as + + align:start position:0% +Well, too bad. The team all agreed as + + + align:start position:0% +Well, too bad. The team all agreed as +such and you've got to move forward. How + + align:start position:0% +such and you've got to move forward. How + + + align:start position:0% +such and you've got to move forward. How +about weight and dimensions? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And there's there's no right answer + + align:start position:0% +And there's there's no right answer + + + align:start position:0% +And there's there's no right answer +here. Keep in mind, one could say, well, + + align:start position:0% +here. Keep in mind, one could say, well, + + + align:start position:0% +here. Keep in mind, one could say, well, +you could have a bigger, hollower car. + + align:start position:0% +you could have a bigger, hollower car. + + + align:start position:0% +you could have a bigger, hollower car. +Or you could say in general, you + + align:start position:0% +Or you could say in general, you + + + align:start position:0% +Or you could say in general, you +increase the dimensions, you're going to + + align:start position:0% +increase the dimensions, you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +increase the dimensions, you're going to +use more materials. + + align:start position:0% +use more materials. + + + align:start position:0% +use more materials. +So, it's probably not a negative + + align:start position:0% +So, it's probably not a negative + + + align:start position:0% +So, it's probably not a negative +correlation, but you guys want to say no + + align:start position:0% +correlation, but you guys want to say no + + + align:start position:0% +correlation, but you guys want to say no +correlation or slight positive or heavy + + align:start position:0% +correlation or slight positive or heavy + + + align:start position:0% +correlation or slight positive or heavy +positive? Slight positive. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +positive? Slight positive. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +positive? Slight positive. Okay. So +where these two meet is slight positive + + align:start position:0% +where these two meet is slight positive + + + align:start position:0% +where these two meet is slight positive +and weight and 0 to 60 + + align:start position:0% +and weight and 0 to 60 + + + align:start position:0% +and weight and 0 to 60 +I'd say highly negative. So the heavier + + align:start position:0% +I'd say highly negative. So the heavier + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say highly negative. So the heavier +it is the harder it is to accelerate + + align:start position:0% +it is the harder it is to accelerate + + + align:start position:0% +it is the harder it is to accelerate +engine and everything else kept the + + align:start position:0% +engine and everything else kept the + + + align:start position:0% +engine and everything else kept the +same. And we repeat for the rest. Uh how + + align:start position:0% +same. And we repeat for the rest. Uh how + + + align:start position:0% +same. And we repeat for the rest. Uh how +about the engine size and the cost of + + align:start position:0% +about the engine size and the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +about the engine size and the cost of +production? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It cost more for a bigger engine. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +It cost more for a bigger engine. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +It cost more for a bigger engine. Yeah. +So weak or strong? Positive. + + align:start position:0% +So weak or strong? Positive. + + + align:start position:0% +So weak or strong? Positive. +weak positive. Yeah, it's only one + + align:start position:0% +weak positive. Yeah, it's only one + + + align:start position:0% +weak positive. Yeah, it's only one +component of the car, so I'd say weak + + align:start position:0% +component of the car, so I'd say weak + + + align:start position:0% +component of the car, so I'd say weak +positive. Um, how about engine size and + + align:start position:0% +positive. Um, how about engine size and + + + align:start position:0% +positive. Um, how about engine size and +expected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lifetime? Who knows what the engine + + align:start position:0% +lifetime? Who knows what the engine + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime? Who knows what the engine +quality is going to be like? Could be a + + align:start position:0% +quality is going to be like? Could be a + + + align:start position:0% +quality is going to be like? Could be a +big crappy engine. It could be a small + + align:start position:0% +big crappy engine. It could be a small + + + align:start position:0% +big crappy engine. It could be a small +crappy engine. Could be a big good + + align:start position:0% +crappy engine. Could be a big good + + + align:start position:0% +crappy engine. Could be a big good +engine. Could be a small good engine. + + align:start position:0% +engine. Could be a small good engine. + + + align:start position:0% +engine. Could be a small good engine. +Uh, how about engine size and + + align:start position:0% +Uh, how about engine size and + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, how about engine size and +dimensions? + + align:start position:0% +dimensions? + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions? +If you have a bigger engine, does that + + align:start position:0% +If you have a bigger engine, does that + + + align:start position:0% +If you have a bigger engine, does that +necessitate larger dimensions? If you + + align:start position:0% +necessitate larger dimensions? If you + + + align:start position:0% +necessitate larger dimensions? If you +have bigger dimensions, does it + + align:start position:0% +have bigger dimensions, does it + + + align:start position:0% +have bigger dimensions, does it +necessitate a larger engine? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so I'm hearing weak positive. + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so I'm hearing weak positive. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so I'm hearing weak positive. +Okay, so wherever engine and dimensions + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so wherever engine and dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so wherever engine and dimensions +meet right here have weak positive. And + + align:start position:0% +meet right here have weak positive. And + + + align:start position:0% +meet right here have weak positive. And +how about engine size and 0 to + + align:start position:0% +how about engine size and 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +how about engine size and 0 to +60? That's pretty clear. Strong + + align:start position:0% +60? That's pretty clear. Strong + + + align:start position:0% +60? That's pretty clear. Strong +positive. Strong positive. + + align:start position:0% +positive. Strong positive. + + + align:start position:0% +positive. Strong positive. +And we're getting down there. Cost of + + align:start position:0% +And we're getting down there. Cost of + + + align:start position:0% +And we're getting down there. Cost of +production and expected lifetime. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Strong or weak? Positive? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Yeah, you put a lot more good + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yeah, you put a lot more good + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yeah, you put a lot more good +stuff in it. It'll probably last longer + + align:start position:0% +stuff in it. It'll probably last longer + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in it. It'll probably last longer +as long as you put it together in the + + align:start position:0% +as long as you put it together in the + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you put it together in the +right way. Cost of production and + + align:start position:0% +right way. Cost of production and + + + align:start position:0% +right way. Cost of production and +dimensions. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Not hearing anything, so I'll just leave + + align:start position:0% +Not hearing anything, so I'll just leave + + + align:start position:0% +Not hearing anything, so I'll just leave +it blank. Uh cost of production and 0 to + + align:start position:0% +it blank. Uh cost of production and 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +it blank. Uh cost of production and 0 to +60 acceleration more expensively, you + + align:start position:0% +60 acceleration more expensively, you + + + align:start position:0% +60 acceleration more expensively, you +know, quicker acceleration. Okay. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +know, quicker acceleration. Okay. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +know, quicker acceleration. Okay. Yeah, +it would necessitate maybe a bigger + + align:start position:0% +it would necessitate maybe a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +it would necessitate maybe a bigger +engine or more advanced materials to get + + align:start position:0% +engine or more advanced materials to get + + + align:start position:0% +engine or more advanced materials to get +you the same safety at a lower weight. + + align:start position:0% +you the same safety at a lower weight. + + + align:start position:0% +you the same safety at a lower weight. +So, strong or weak positive? + + align:start position:0% +So, strong or weak positive? + + + align:start position:0% +So, strong or weak positive? +Weak positive. Okay. and home stretch in + + align:start position:0% +Weak positive. Okay. and home stretch in + + + align:start position:0% +Weak positive. Okay. and home stretch in +this expected lifetime in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimensions. Not really feeling anything. + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. Not really feeling anything. + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. Not really feeling anything. +Expected lifetime and 0 to + + align:start position:0% +Expected lifetime and 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +Expected lifetime and 0 to +60. Now, you don't have to take into + + align:start position:0% +60. Now, you don't have to take into + + + align:start position:0% +60. Now, you don't have to take into +account things like the folks that are + + align:start position:0% +account things like the folks that are + + + align:start position:0% +account things like the folks that are +going to test this 0 to 60. Their + + align:start position:0% +going to test this 0 to 60. Their + + + align:start position:0% +going to test this 0 to 60. Their +expected lifetime might not be very + + align:start position:0% +expected lifetime might not be very + + + align:start position:0% +expected lifetime might not be very +long. We're just talking about the + + align:start position:0% +long. We're just talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +long. We're just talking about the +car. + + align:start position:0% +car. + + + align:start position:0% +car. +So, again, I'm not hearing anything, so + + align:start position:0% +So, again, I'm not hearing anything, so + + + align:start position:0% +So, again, I'm not hearing anything, so +I'll leave it blank. And the last one, + + align:start position:0% +I'll leave it blank. And the last one, + + + align:start position:0% +I'll leave it blank. And the last one, +dimensions and 0 to 60. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Everything else keeping the same + + align:start position:0% +Everything else keeping the same + + + align:start position:0% +Everything else keeping the same +including the weight + + align:start position:0% +including the weight + + + align:start position:0% +including the weight +negative. Okay. How come? If the car is + + align:start position:0% +negative. Okay. How come? If the car is + + + align:start position:0% +negative. Okay. How come? If the car is +bigger, it's going to have more drag. + + align:start position:0% +bigger, it's going to have more drag. + + + align:start position:0% +bigger, it's going to have more drag. +Excellent. Strong or weak negative? + + align:start position:0% +Excellent. Strong or weak negative? + + + align:start position:0% +Excellent. Strong or weak negative? +Strong negative. Yeah. Drag goes up with + + align:start position:0% +Strong negative. Yeah. Drag goes up with + + + align:start position:0% +Strong negative. Yeah. Drag goes up with +velocity squared with along with area. + + align:start position:0% +velocity squared with along with area. + + + align:start position:0% +velocity squared with along with area. +Um okay. So now you have an agreed upon + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. So now you have an agreed upon + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. So now you have an agreed upon +or roughly agreed upon framework of + + align:start position:0% +or roughly agreed upon framework of + + + align:start position:0% +or roughly agreed upon framework of +whether you want to maximize, minimize + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to maximize, minimize + + + align:start position:0% +whether you want to maximize, minimize +or leave the same your parameters and + + align:start position:0% +or leave the same your parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +or leave the same your parameters and +the relationships between them. So you + + align:start position:0% +the relationships between them. So you + + + align:start position:0% +the relationships between them. So you +can quickly refer back to this chart and + + align:start position:0% +can quickly refer back to this chart and + + + align:start position:0% +can quickly refer back to this chart and +start to figure out all right if I have + + align:start position:0% +start to figure out all right if I have + + + align:start position:0% +start to figure out all right if I have +to start increasing the weight. What do + + align:start position:0% +to start increasing the weight. What do + + + align:start position:0% +to start increasing the weight. What do +I impact? I impact my 0 to 60 speed. How + + align:start position:0% +I impact? I impact my 0 to 60 speed. How + + + align:start position:0% +I impact? I impact my 0 to 60 speed. How +was is weight more important than 0 to + + align:start position:0% +was is weight more important than 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +was is weight more important than 0 to +60? That's what we're going to find out + + align:start position:0% +60? That's what we're going to find out + + + align:start position:0% +60? That's what we're going to find out +right now. So + + align:start position:0% +right now. So + + + align:start position:0% +right now. So +um does anyone have those + + align:start position:0% +um does anyone have those + + + align:start position:0% +um does anyone have those +percentages? Okay. Can you read them + + align:start position:0% +percentages? Okay. Can you read them + + + align:start position:0% +percentages? Okay. Can you read them +off? Yeah. The first one was 13.3 + + align:start position:0% +off? Yeah. The first one was 13.3 + + + align:start position:0% +off? Yeah. The first one was 13.3 +13.3 8.9 8.9 17.8 17.8 22.2 + + align:start position:0% +13.3 8.9 8.9 17.8 17.8 22.2 + + + align:start position:0% +13.3 8.9 8.9 17.8 17.8 22.2 +22.2 15.6 15.6 22.2 + + align:start position:0% +22.2 15.6 15.6 22.2 + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 15.6 15.6 22.2 +22.2 Okay. Um so this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +22.2 Okay. Um so this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 Okay. Um so this is one of the +multipliers that we're going to be using + + align:start position:0% +multipliers that we're going to be using + + + align:start position:0% +multipliers that we're going to be using +along with this matrix. Now, we're going + + align:start position:0% +along with this matrix. Now, we're going + + + align:start position:0% +along with this matrix. Now, we're going +to fill in this matrix of how does each + + align:start position:0% +to fill in this matrix of how does each + + + align:start position:0% +to fill in this matrix of how does each +design parameter affect each customer + + align:start position:0% +design parameter affect each customer + + + align:start position:0% +design parameter affect each customer +requirement. This I expect to take the + + align:start position:0% +requirement. This I expect to take the + + + align:start position:0% +requirement. This I expect to take the +longest time because every single one of + + align:start position:0% +longest time because every single one of + + + align:start position:0% +longest time because every single one of +these cells will probably be hotly + + align:start position:0% +these cells will probably be hotly + + + align:start position:0% +these cells will probably be hotly +debated by you guys. And not only will + + align:start position:0% +debated by you guys. And not only will + + + align:start position:0% +debated by you guys. And not only will +they be debated in your teams, but when + + align:start position:0% +they be debated in your teams, but when + + + align:start position:0% +they be debated in your teams, but when +the integrators take a look at them, + + align:start position:0% +the integrators take a look at them, + + + align:start position:0% +the integrators take a look at them, +they might say, "I don't know. Yours + + align:start position:0% +they might say, "I don't know. Yours + + + align:start position:0% +they might say, "I don't know. Yours +conflicts with yours. We'll have to see + + align:start position:0% +conflicts with yours. We'll have to see + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts with yours. We'll have to see +about that." So, this is a big part of + + align:start position:0% +about that." So, this is a big part of + + + align:start position:0% +about that." So, this is a big part of +the design process. And if you do this + + align:start position:0% +the design process. And if you do this + + + align:start position:0% +the design process. And if you do this +ahead of time, you'll save yourselves a + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time, you'll save yourselves a + + + align:start position:0% +ahead of time, you'll save yourselves a +lot of work in the end. The first thing + + align:start position:0% +lot of work in the end. The first thing + + + align:start position:0% +lot of work in the end. The first thing +you've got to do is agree on a scale. + + align:start position:0% +you've got to do is agree on a scale. + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to do is agree on a scale. +Um, a scale from zero to n with as many + + align:start position:0% +Um, a scale from zero to n with as many + + + align:start position:0% +Um, a scale from zero to n with as many +gradations between as you want. What + + align:start position:0% +gradations between as you want. What + + + align:start position:0% +gradations between as you want. What +tends to uh show up in a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +tends to uh show up in a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +tends to uh show up in a lot of the +templates are strong, strong, medium, + + align:start position:0% +templates are strong, strong, medium, + + + align:start position:0% +templates are strong, strong, medium, +weak, or no association. And I'll just + + align:start position:0% +weak, or no association. And I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +weak, or no association. And I'll just +use the same symbols as they do in the + + align:start position:0% +use the same symbols as they do in the + + + align:start position:0% +use the same symbols as they do in the +templates. + + align:start position:0% +templates. + + + align:start position:0% +templates. +Uh see this is + + align:start position:0% +Uh see this is + + + align:start position:0% +Uh see this is +strong, + + align:start position:0% +strong, + + + align:start position:0% +strong, +medium, weak and none. And you can + + align:start position:0% +medium, weak and none. And you can + + + align:start position:0% +medium, weak and none. And you can +assign these different weights, + + align:start position:0% +assign these different weights, + + + align:start position:0% +assign these different weights, +numerical weights based on what you want + + align:start position:0% +numerical weights based on what you want + + + align:start position:0% +numerical weights based on what you want +to do. A lot of times what I tend to see + + align:start position:0% +to do. A lot of times what I tend to see + + + align:start position:0% +to do. A lot of times what I tend to see +is 9 3 1 0. And you guys can agree on + + align:start position:0% +is 9 3 1 0. And you guys can agree on + + + align:start position:0% +is 9 3 1 0. And you guys can agree on +any scale, any finness of scale, and any + + align:start position:0% +any scale, any finness of scale, and any + + + align:start position:0% +any scale, any finness of scale, and any +amount of numbers you want as long as + + align:start position:0% +amount of numbers you want as long as + + + align:start position:0% +amount of numbers you want as long as +you guys agree on it as a team. and it's + + align:start position:0% +you guys agree on it as a team. and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you guys agree on it as a team. and it's +consistent. So, we'll go through each of + + align:start position:0% +consistent. So, we'll go through each of + + + align:start position:0% +consistent. So, we'll go through each of +these and figure + + align:start position:0% +these and figure + + + align:start position:0% +these and figure +out what the associations are. So, do + + align:start position:0% +out what the associations are. So, do + + + align:start position:0% +out what the associations are. So, do +you guys think there's a strong, medium, + + align:start position:0% +you guys think there's a strong, medium, + + + align:start position:0% +you guys think there's a strong, medium, +weak, or no association between the + + align:start position:0% +weak, or no association between the + + + align:start position:0% +weak, or no association between the +weight of the car and how fast it is? + + align:start position:0% +weight of the car and how fast it is? + + + align:start position:0% +weight of the car and how fast it is? +Strong. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. How about the weight and miles per + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How about the weight and miles per + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How about the weight and miles per +gallon? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. How about the weight in the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How about the weight in the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How about the weight in the +safety? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. How about the weight and big + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How about the weight and big + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. How about the weight and big +strong + + align:start position:0% +strong + + + align:start position:0% +strong +strong? How about weight and + + align:start position:0% +strong? How about weight and + + + align:start position:0% +strong? How about weight and +reliability? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've heard everything from medium to + + align:start position:0% +I've heard everything from medium to + + + align:start position:0% +I've heard everything from medium to +weak to none. So, you guys got to reach + + align:start position:0% +weak to none. So, you guys got to reach + + + align:start position:0% +weak to none. So, you guys got to reach +a consensus on this. + + align:start position:0% +a consensus on this. + + + align:start position:0% +a consensus on this. +Let's do a weak. All right. Meet in the + + align:start position:0% +Let's do a weak. All right. Meet in the + + + align:start position:0% +Let's do a weak. All right. Meet in the +middle and weight and cheap. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Medium. Any uh any + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Medium. Any uh any + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Medium. Any uh any +counterarguments to that? Maybe it can + + align:start position:0% +counterarguments to that? Maybe it can + + + align:start position:0% +counterarguments to that? Maybe it can +be out made out of all lightweight + + align:start position:0% +be out made out of all lightweight + + + align:start position:0% +be out made out of all lightweight +materials, be really light and be really + + align:start position:0% +materials, be really light and be really + + + align:start position:0% +materials, be really light and be really +expensive. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Uh but that can also factor into + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh but that can also factor into + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh but that can also factor into +maybe cost of production. So what you + + align:start position:0% +maybe cost of production. So what you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe cost of production. So what you +want to do on top, as you can see, some + + align:start position:0% +want to do on top, as you can see, some + + + align:start position:0% +want to do on top, as you can see, some +of these encompass two or more + + align:start position:0% +of these encompass two or more + + + align:start position:0% +of these encompass two or more +independent variables. So what you want + + align:start position:0% +independent variables. So what you want + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables. So what you want +to end up doing with all of these is + + align:start position:0% +to end up doing with all of these is + + + align:start position:0% +to end up doing with all of these is +separating them out so that one variable + + align:start position:0% +separating them out so that one variable + + + align:start position:0% +separating them out so that one variable +doesn't encompass any others as much as + + align:start position:0% +doesn't encompass any others as much as + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't encompass any others as much as +you possibly can. And so that's why I + + align:start position:0% +you possibly can. And so that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +you possibly can. And so that's why I +expect your matrix to be rather large. + + align:start position:0% +expect your matrix to be rather large. + + + align:start position:0% +expect your matrix to be rather large. +You can think of every design parameter + + align:start position:0% +You can think of every design parameter + + + align:start position:0% +You can think of every design parameter +that you can within reason and try and + + align:start position:0% +that you can within reason and try and + + + align:start position:0% +that you can within reason and try and +make sure that they're independent. But + + align:start position:0% +make sure that they're independent. But + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that they're independent. But +this is just sort of an exercise. So on + + align:start position:0% +this is just sort of an exercise. So on + + + align:start position:0% +this is just sort of an exercise. So on +to engine in terms of horsepower and + + align:start position:0% +to engine in terms of horsepower and + + + align:start position:0% +to engine in terms of horsepower and +fast. + + align:start position:0% +fast. + + + align:start position:0% +fast. +I think so too. + + align:start position:0% +I think so too. + + + align:start position:0% +I think so too. +engine and miles per + + align:start position:0% +engine and miles per + + + align:start position:0% +engine and miles per +gallon. + + align:start position:0% +gallon. + + + align:start position:0% +gallon. +Okay. Engine size and safety. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I can't really think of much of an + + align:start position:0% +I can't really think of much of an + + + align:start position:0% +I can't really think of much of an +association. Engine size and big. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's got a correlation, but maybe not + + align:start position:0% +It's got a correlation, but maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +It's got a correlation, but maybe not +the strongest in the world. Okay. The + + align:start position:0% +the strongest in the world. Okay. The + + + align:start position:0% +the strongest in the world. Okay. The +small part of the car. Okay. So, you + + align:start position:0% +small part of the car. Okay. So, you + + + align:start position:0% +small part of the car. Okay. So, you +want to say medium or weak? + + align:start position:0% +want to say medium or weak? + + + align:start position:0% +want to say medium or weak? +Medium. + + align:start position:0% +Medium. + + + align:start position:0% +Medium. +Okay. So, we'll say + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, we'll say + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, we'll say +weak. Uh, engine size and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reliability. I'll go with none, too. + + align:start position:0% +reliability. I'll go with none, too. + + + align:start position:0% +reliability. I'll go with none, too. +Engine size and cheap. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah, it's uh it's a big component of + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it's uh it's a big component of + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it's uh it's a big component of +the car, but it's only one component of + + align:start position:0% +the car, but it's only one component of + + + align:start position:0% +the car, but it's only one component of +the car. Um, cost of production and + + align:start position:0% +the car. Um, cost of production and + + + align:start position:0% +the car. Um, cost of production and +fast. What's the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +fast. What's the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +fast. What's the relationship between +those two? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've heard it from strong to weak. So, + + align:start position:0% +I've heard it from strong to weak. So, + + + align:start position:0% +I've heard it from strong to weak. So, +we got to reach a consensus. + + align:start position:0% +we got to reach a consensus. + + + align:start position:0% +we got to reach a consensus. +Just because it's expensive doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +Just because it's expensive doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +Just because it's expensive doesn't mean +it's fast. That's true. Um, so what do + + align:start position:0% +it's fast. That's true. Um, so what do + + + align:start position:0% +it's fast. That's true. Um, so what do +you guys want to say? + + align:start position:0% +you guys want to say? + + + align:start position:0% +you guys want to say? +Medium. + + align:start position:0% +Medium. + + + align:start position:0% +Medium. +Okay. Cost of production and miles per + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Cost of production and miles per + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Cost of production and miles per +gallon. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I would say so too. You can do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +I would say so too. You can do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I would say so too. You can do a lot of +more fancy engineering which costs a lot + + align:start position:0% +more fancy engineering which costs a lot + + + align:start position:0% +more fancy engineering which costs a lot +of people time to improve the efficiency + + align:start position:0% +of people time to improve the efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +of people time to improve the efficiency +of the car. That could move into + + align:start position:0% +of the car. That could move into + + + align:start position:0% +of the car. That could move into +aerodynamics or you know fuel chemistry + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics or you know fuel chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +aerodynamics or you know fuel chemistry +or fuel burning efficiency or whatever. + + align:start position:0% +or fuel burning efficiency or whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +or fuel burning efficiency or whatever. +Cost of production and safety + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +medium strong + + align:start position:0% +medium strong + + + align:start position:0% +medium strong +medium medium medium. Okay. Cost of + + align:start position:0% +medium medium medium. Okay. Cost of + + + align:start position:0% +medium medium medium. Okay. Cost of +production and big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +weak. All + + align:start position:0% +weak. All + + + align:start position:0% +weak. All +right. Cost of production and + + align:start position:0% +right. Cost of production and + + + align:start position:0% +right. Cost of production and +reliability or reliable. + + align:start position:0% +reliability or reliable. + + + align:start position:0% +reliability or reliable. +All + + align:start position:0% +All + + + align:start position:0% +All +right. Cost of production and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cheap. Okay. Expected lifetime and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fast. Yeah. I'm not I'm not getting + + align:start position:0% +fast. Yeah. I'm not I'm not getting + + + align:start position:0% +fast. Yeah. I'm not I'm not getting +anything. How about you guys? All right. + + align:start position:0% +anything. How about you guys? All right. + + + align:start position:0% +anything. How about you guys? All right. +Expected lifetime and miles per + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gallon. I don't know. Expected lifetime + + align:start position:0% +gallon. I don't know. Expected lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +gallon. I don't know. Expected lifetime +and safe. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. Expected lifetime and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +big. There could be arguments, you know, + + align:start position:0% +big. There could be arguments, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +big. There could be arguments, you know, +if it's big, you might clip trees. It + + align:start position:0% +if it's big, you might clip trees. It + + + align:start position:0% +if it's big, you might clip trees. It +might break down more and you can have + + align:start position:0% +might break down more and you can have + + + align:start position:0% +might break down more and you can have +higher torque or get blown over by the + + align:start position:0% +higher torque or get blown over by the + + + align:start position:0% +higher torque or get blown over by the +wind a lot easier. I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +wind a lot easier. I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +wind a lot easier. I don't know what +what do you guys want to say? + + align:start position:0% +what do you guys want to say? + + + align:start position:0% +what do you guys want to say? +Weak. + + align:start position:0% +Weak. + + + align:start position:0% +Weak. +Okay. Expected lifetime and reliable. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Expected lifetime and reliable. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Expected lifetime and reliable. +Strong. + + align:start position:0% +Strong. + + + align:start position:0% +Strong. +Strong. Expected lifetime and cheap. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm hearing mostly medium. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +I'm hearing mostly medium. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +I'm hearing mostly medium. Okay. +medium dimensions and fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the relationship doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +the relationship doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship doesn't have to be +positive. It just has to be strength of + + align:start position:0% +positive. It just has to be strength of + + + align:start position:0% +positive. It just has to be strength of +the relationship. So you can say bigger + + align:start position:0% +the relationship. So you can say bigger + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship. So you can say bigger +car at the same everything else slows it + + align:start position:0% +car at the same everything else slows it + + + align:start position:0% +car at the same everything else slows it +down a little bit. But is it a little + + align:start position:0% +down a little bit. But is it a little + + + align:start position:0% +down a little bit. But is it a little +bit? Is it a lot? Up to you. + + align:start position:0% +bit? Is it a lot? Up to you. + + + align:start position:0% +bit? Is it a lot? Up to you. +Strong. Okay. Like I said, there's no + + align:start position:0% +Strong. Okay. Like I said, there's no + + + align:start position:0% +Strong. Okay. Like I said, there's no +right answers till you get to the final + + align:start position:0% +right answers till you get to the final + + + align:start position:0% +right answers till you get to the final +product and you might realize that's not + + align:start position:0% +product and you might realize that's not + + + align:start position:0% +product and you might realize that's not +so good, but whatever. + + align:start position:0% +so good, but whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +so good, but whatever. +dimensions and miles per gallon. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, strong, medium, weak, none, + + align:start position:0% +So, strong, medium, weak, none, + + + align:start position:0% +So, strong, medium, weak, none, +medium, dimensions, and safe. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think there's something to be said for + + align:start position:0% +I think there's something to be said for + + + align:start position:0% +I think there's something to be said for +that. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +that. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +that. Yeah. +If you're in the middle of this giant + + align:start position:0% +If you're in the middle of this giant + + + align:start position:0% +If you're in the middle of this giant +tank, you know, even if a car hits you + + align:start position:0% +tank, you know, even if a car hits you + + + align:start position:0% +tank, you know, even if a car hits you +from the side, if its whole front goes + + align:start position:0% +from the side, if its whole front goes + + + align:start position:0% +from the side, if its whole front goes +into the car and you're not touched, + + align:start position:0% +into the car and you're not touched, + + + align:start position:0% +into the car and you're not touched, +that's pretty cool. Dimensions and + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool. Dimensions and + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool. Dimensions and +big. I don't think I have to ask. + + align:start position:0% +big. I don't think I have to ask. + + + align:start position:0% +big. I don't think I have to ask. +Dimensions and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reliable weak. + + align:start position:0% +reliable weak. + + + align:start position:0% +reliable weak. +None. I'll just leave it at none. + + align:start position:0% +None. I'll just leave it at none. + + + align:start position:0% +None. I'll just leave it at none. +Dimensions and cheap. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All + + align:start position:0% +All + + + align:start position:0% +All +right. Finally, 0 to 60 and fast. + + align:start position:0% +right. Finally, 0 to 60 and fast. + + + align:start position:0% +right. Finally, 0 to 60 and fast. +Well, okay. You have to choose what's + + align:start position:0% +Well, okay. You have to choose what's + + + align:start position:0% +Well, okay. You have to choose what's +fast. Do you think the customer is + + align:start position:0% +fast. Do you think the customer is + + + align:start position:0% +fast. Do you think the customer is +talking about top speed or do you think + + align:start position:0% +talking about top speed or do you think + + + align:start position:0% +talking about top speed or do you think +the customer is talking about response + + align:start position:0% +the customer is talking about response + + + align:start position:0% +the customer is talking about response +and how it feels fast? Response. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +and how it feels fast? Response. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +and how it feels fast? Response. Yeah. +Strong. Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. And keep in mind, you may, you + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And keep in mind, you may, you + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. And keep in mind, you may, you +know, these customer requirements may + + align:start position:0% +know, these customer requirements may + + + align:start position:0% +know, these customer requirements may +not be voiced in the best way. It's sort + + align:start position:0% +not be voiced in the best way. It's sort + + + align:start position:0% +not be voiced in the best way. It's sort +of if you were designing a product and + + align:start position:0% +of if you were designing a product and + + + align:start position:0% +of if you were designing a product and +actually handing out a survey, it would + + align:start position:0% +actually handing out a survey, it would + + + align:start position:0% +actually handing out a survey, it would +be up to you to frame the questions to + + align:start position:0% +be up to you to frame the questions to + + + align:start position:0% +be up to you to frame the questions to +get the information you're looking for, + + align:start position:0% +get the information you're looking for, + + + align:start position:0% +get the information you're looking for, +not necessarily the answers you want, + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily the answers you want, + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily the answers you want, +but the correct information out of the + + align:start position:0% +but the correct information out of the + + + align:start position:0% +but the correct information out of the +customer. 0 to 60 and miles per gallon. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +If you got like a super fast car, you're + + align:start position:0% +If you got like a super fast car, you're + + + align:start position:0% +If you got like a super fast car, you're +probably burning gas. Say medium. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +probably burning gas. Say medium. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +probably burning gas. Say medium. Okay. +Yeah, I'd buy that, but I'll Yeah, let's + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I'd buy that, but I'll Yeah, let's + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I'd buy that, but I'll Yeah, let's +say medium. 0 to 60 and safe. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doesn't necessarily have to be + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily have to be + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily have to be +correlated. You can have a fast car + + align:start position:0% +correlated. You can have a fast car + + + align:start position:0% +correlated. You can have a fast car +that's got great safety systems. And + + align:start position:0% +that's got great safety systems. And + + + align:start position:0% +that's got great safety systems. And +we're already dealing with safe in terms + + align:start position:0% +we're already dealing with safe in terms + + + align:start position:0% +we're already dealing with safe in terms +of the other variables. So, would a + + align:start position:0% +of the other variables. So, would a + + + align:start position:0% +of the other variables. So, would a +would a car that accelerates faster + + align:start position:0% +would a car that accelerates faster + + + align:start position:0% +would a car that accelerates faster +necessarily be safer or less safe? Not + + align:start position:0% +necessarily be safer or less safe? Not + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily be safer or less safe? Not +necessarily. + + align:start position:0% +necessarily. + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily. +Drive what? + + align:start position:0% +Drive what? + + + align:start position:0% +Drive what? +Yes. Well, that depends on the driver's + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Well, that depends on the driver's + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Well, that depends on the driver's +response time. Get away from something. + + align:start position:0% +response time. Get away from something. + + + align:start position:0% +response time. Get away from something. +Okay. So, you want to put an + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, you want to put an + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, you want to put an +association. What strength association? + + align:start position:0% +association. What strength association? + + + align:start position:0% +association. What strength association? +You're out running a + + align:start position:0% +You're out running a + + + align:start position:0% +You're out running a +velociraptor. Um, 0 to 60 and big, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +medium, strong. There's certainly + + align:start position:0% +medium, strong. There's certainly + + + align:start position:0% +medium, strong. There's certainly +something there. + + align:start position:0% +something there. + + + align:start position:0% +something there. +Medium. 0 to 60 and reliable. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. 0 to 60 and cheap. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Superpowered cards usually cost a lot. + + align:start position:0% +Superpowered cards usually cost a lot. + + + align:start position:0% +Superpowered cards usually cost a lot. +Yeah, there's something there. So, would + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, there's something there. So, would + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, there's something there. So, would +you say strong, medium, or weak? Medium. + + align:start position:0% +you say strong, medium, or weak? Medium. + + + align:start position:0% +you say strong, medium, or weak? Medium. +Medium. Medium. All right. So, each of + + align:start position:0% +Medium. Medium. All right. So, each of + + + align:start position:0% +Medium. Medium. All right. So, each of +these associations has a numerical value + + align:start position:0% +these associations has a numerical value + + + align:start position:0% +these associations has a numerical value +and you'll multiply them by the percent + + align:start position:0% +and you'll multiply them by the percent + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll multiply them by the percent +importance according to the customers + + align:start position:0% +importance according to the customers + + + align:start position:0% +importance according to the customers +and end up summing them down here. So + + align:start position:0% +and end up summing them down here. So + + + align:start position:0% +and end up summing them down here. So +you'll end up with a + + align:start position:0% +you'll end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll end up with a +importance and then you'll just + + align:start position:0% +importance and then you'll just + + + align:start position:0% +importance and then you'll just +normalize it to get percent + + align:start position:0% +normalize it to get percent + + + align:start position:0% +normalize it to get percent +importance. And it's this + + align:start position:0% +importance. And it's this + + + align:start position:0% +importance. And it's this +row right here that'll help determine a + + align:start position:0% +row right here that'll help determine a + + + align:start position:0% +row right here that'll help determine a +lot of your design choices. What to + + align:start position:0% +lot of your design choices. What to + + + align:start position:0% +lot of your design choices. What to +focus on the most, what to focus on + + align:start position:0% +focus on the most, what to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +focus on the most, what to focus on +first, what to sort of leave by the + + align:start position:0% +first, what to sort of leave by the + + + align:start position:0% +first, what to sort of leave by the +wayside or whether you can leave it by + + align:start position:0% +wayside or whether you can leave it by + + + align:start position:0% +wayside or whether you can leave it by +the wayside. So let's multiply this out. + + align:start position:0% +the wayside. So let's multiply this out. + + + align:start position:0% +the wayside. So let's multiply this out. +Um who's got that calculator? + + align:start position:0% +Um who's got that calculator? + + + align:start position:0% +Um who's got that calculator? +Sorry, I just spoke about 9 by 13. Yep. + + align:start position:0% +Sorry, I just spoke about 9 by 13. Yep. + + + align:start position:0% +Sorry, I just spoke about 9 by 13. Yep. +9 by 13.3 plus 9 by + + align:start position:0% +9 by 13.3 plus 9 by + + + align:start position:0% +9 by 13.3 plus 9 by +8.9 plus uh 3 * 17.8. Am I going too + + align:start position:0% +8.9 plus uh 3 * 17.8. Am I going too + + + align:start position:0% +8.9 plus uh 3 * 17.8. Am I going too +fast? + + align:start position:0% +fast? + + + align:start position:0% +fast? +Plus 9 by + + align:start position:0% +Plus 9 by + + + align:start position:0% +Plus 9 by +22.2 + 1 by + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 1 by + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 1 by +15.6 + 3 by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +22.2 535.2. + + align:start position:0% +22.2 535.2. + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 535.2. +See + + align:start position:0% +See + + + align:start position:0% +See +530. It's hard for me to write. I'm just + + align:start position:0% +530. It's hard for me to write. I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +530. It's hard for me to write. I'm just +going to round it so we can actually see + + align:start position:0% +going to round it so we can actually see + + + align:start position:0% +going to round it so we can actually see +the numbers. Can you guys actually see + + align:start position:0% +the numbers. Can you guys actually see + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers. Can you guys actually see +those numbers? Yes. Okay, good. All + + align:start position:0% +those numbers? Yes. Okay, good. All + + + align:start position:0% +those numbers? Yes. Okay, good. All +right. Ready? Next for engine power. 9 + + align:start position:0% +right. Ready? Next for engine power. 9 + + + align:start position:0% +right. Ready? Next for engine power. 9 +by3.3 time 9 by + + align:start position:0% +by3.3 time 9 by + + + align:start position:0% +by3.3 time 9 by +8.9 + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + + + align:start position:0% +8.9 +times or sorry add uh just + + align:start position:0% +times or sorry add uh just + + + align:start position:0% +times or sorry add uh just +22.2 and add 22.24 244 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +244. Next up, cost of production. 3x + + align:start position:0% +244. Next up, cost of production. 3x + + + align:start position:0% +244. Next up, cost of production. 3x +13.3 + 9 by + + align:start position:0% +13.3 + 9 by + + + align:start position:0% +13.3 + 9 by +8.9 + 3 by + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + 3 by + + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + 3 by +17.8 + 1 * + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + 1 * + + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + 1 * +22.2 + 9 * + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 9 * + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 9 * +15.6 + 9 * 22.2 + + align:start position:0% +15.6 + 9 * 22.2 + + + align:start position:0% +15.6 + 9 * 22.2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +536 All right. Life expectancy 9 * + + align:start position:0% +536 All right. Life expectancy 9 * + + + align:start position:0% +536 All right. Life expectancy 9 * +17.8 + + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + + + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + +22.2 + 9 * + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 9 * + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 9 * +15.6 + 3 * 22.2 2 + + align:start position:0% +15.6 + 3 * 22.2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +15.6 + 3 * 22.2 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions 9 * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +13.3 + 3 * + + align:start position:0% +13.3 + 3 * + + + align:start position:0% +13.3 + 3 * +8.9 + 3 * + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + 3 * + + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + 3 * +17.8 + 9 * + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + 9 * + + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + 9 * +22.2 + 1 * 22.2 2 + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 1 * 22.2 2 + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 1 * 22.2 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +422 All right. So 0 to 60 9 * + + align:start position:0% +422 All right. So 0 to 60 9 * + + + align:start position:0% +422 All right. So 0 to 60 9 * +13.3 + 3 * + + align:start position:0% +13.3 + 3 * + + + align:start position:0% +13.3 + 3 * +8.9 + 1 * + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + 1 * + + + align:start position:0% +8.9 + 1 * +17.8 + 3 * + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + 3 * + + + align:start position:0% +17.8 + 3 * +22.2 + 3 * 22.2 two + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 3 * 22.2 two + + + align:start position:0% +22.2 + 3 * 22.2 two + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +297. Okay. So, if you could sum those up + + align:start position:0% +297. Okay. So, if you could sum those up + + + align:start position:0% +297. Okay. So, if you could sum those up +and get the percentages, I'll add one + + align:start position:0% +and get the percentages, I'll add one + + + align:start position:0% +and get the percentages, I'll add one +more aspect to this house equality to + + align:start position:0% +more aspect to this house equality to + + + align:start position:0% +more aspect to this house equality to +help you sort of compare options. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +help you sort of compare options. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +help you sort of compare options. Yeah. +What's the first number on this one? + + align:start position:0% +What's the first number on this one? + + + align:start position:0% +What's the first number on this one? +Yeah. 535. Yeah. Sorry, my handwriting + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. 535. Yeah. Sorry, my handwriting + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. 535. Yeah. Sorry, my handwriting +gets worse as it gets smaller. So, + + align:start position:0% +gets worse as it gets smaller. So, + + + align:start position:0% +gets worse as it gets smaller. So, +that's why I tend to do things pretty + + align:start position:0% +that's why I tend to do things pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I tend to do things pretty +big. Um, I'll show you one sort of + + align:start position:0% +big. Um, I'll show you one sort of + + + align:start position:0% +big. Um, I'll show you one sort of +aspect of this house of quality that you + + align:start position:0% +aspect of this house of quality that you + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of this house of quality that you +can add on to help you graphically show + + align:start position:0% +can add on to help you graphically show + + + align:start position:0% +can add on to help you graphically show +how different options you could compare + + align:start position:0% +how different options you could compare + + + align:start position:0% +how different options you could compare +would size up. So, let's + + align:start position:0% +would size up. So, let's + + + align:start position:0% +would size up. So, let's +say we do it like so. We want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compare three opt uh what are what are + + align:start position:0% +compare three opt uh what are what are + + + align:start position:0% +compare three opt uh what are what are +six makes of SUVs? I don't know any of + + align:start position:0% +six makes of SUVs? I don't know any of + + + align:start position:0% +six makes of SUVs? I don't know any of +them, honestly. + + align:start position:0% +them, honestly. + + + align:start position:0% +them, honestly. +Crossover. Okay, the + + align:start position:0% +Crossover. Okay, the + + + align:start position:0% +Crossover. Okay, the +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +crossover. Uh, two more. H2. + + align:start position:0% +crossover. Uh, two more. H2. + + + align:start position:0% +crossover. Uh, two more. H2. +H2 and + + align:start position:0% +H2 and + + + align:start position:0% +H2 and +Tahoe, I heard. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. All right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is uh this is the point where + + align:start position:0% +So this is uh this is the point where + + + align:start position:0% +So this is uh this is the point where +you could actually do a survey in ter + + align:start position:0% +you could actually do a survey in ter + + + align:start position:0% +you could actually do a survey in ter +inside your company or a survey of your + + align:start position:0% +inside your company or a survey of your + + + align:start position:0% +inside your company or a survey of your +customers or just guess in your design + + align:start position:0% +customers or just guess in your design + + + align:start position:0% +customers or just guess in your design +team how do each of these cars shape up + + align:start position:0% +team how do each of these cars shape up + + + align:start position:0% +team how do each of these cars shape up +with customer requirements. So you can + + align:start position:0% +with customer requirements. So you can + + + align:start position:0% +with customer requirements. So you can +see which car sort of fits the bill the + + align:start position:0% +see which car sort of fits the bill the + + + align:start position:0% +see which car sort of fits the bill the +best and you know which car and let's + + align:start position:0% +best and you know which car and let's + + + align:start position:0% +best and you know which car and let's +say you had yours here. You're designing + + align:start position:0% +say you had yours here. You're designing + + + align:start position:0% +say you had yours here. You're designing +a new + + align:start position:0% +a new + + + align:start position:0% +a new +SUV us. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, let's just pick some random ratings + + align:start position:0% +Um, let's just pick some random ratings + + + align:start position:0% +Um, let's just pick some random ratings +because it doesn't really matter. Let's + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't really matter. Let's + + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't really matter. Let's +say on on a scale from 0 to 5, let's say + + align:start position:0% +say on on a scale from 0 to 5, let's say + + + align:start position:0% +say on on a scale from 0 to 5, let's say +it's pretty fast. It's got terrible + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty fast. It's got terrible + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty fast. It's got terrible +miles a gallon. It's super safe because + + align:start position:0% +miles a gallon. It's super safe because + + + align:start position:0% +miles a gallon. It's super safe because +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +huge. Uh, it's fairly reliable and it's + + align:start position:0% +huge. Uh, it's fairly reliable and it's + + + align:start position:0% +huge. Uh, it's fairly reliable and it's +not cheap. Um, how would you guys or + + align:start position:0% +not cheap. Um, how would you guys or + + + align:start position:0% +not cheap. Um, how would you guys or +anyone that knows, how would you rate + + align:start position:0% +anyone that knows, how would you rate + + + align:start position:0% +anyone that knows, how would you rate +the crossover in terms of these customer + + align:start position:0% +the crossover in terms of these customer + + + align:start position:0% +the crossover in terms of these customer +requirements? How fast is it? + + align:start position:0% +requirements? How fast is it? + + + align:start position:0% +requirements? How fast is it? +Not. Okay. How efficient is it? + + align:start position:0% +Not. Okay. How efficient is it? + + + align:start position:0% +Not. Okay. How efficient is it? +One to five. Two. Two. Okay. Um, how + + align:start position:0% +One to five. Two. Two. Okay. Um, how + + + align:start position:0% +One to five. Two. Two. Okay. Um, how +safe is it? Four. Four. Okay. How big is + + align:start position:0% +safe is it? Four. Four. Okay. How big is + + + align:start position:0% +safe is it? Four. Four. Okay. How big is +it? Four. That's not the biggest. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +it? Four. That's not the biggest. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +it? Four. That's not the biggest. Okay. +How reliable is it? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Three. And how cheap is it? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three. All right, the H2. How does this + + align:start position:0% +three. All right, the H2. How does this + + + align:start position:0% +three. All right, the H2. How does this +shape up? How fast is the H2? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jeez. I'm guessing it's not that much + + align:start position:0% +Jeez. I'm guessing it's not that much + + + align:start position:0% +Jeez. I'm guessing it's not that much +better in efficiency either. One. Well, + + align:start position:0% +better in efficiency either. One. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +better in efficiency either. One. Well, +I was going to say one or two. Okay. How + + align:start position:0% +I was going to say one or two. Okay. How + + + align:start position:0% +I was going to say one or two. Okay. How +safe is it? Extremely. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +safe is it? Extremely. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +safe is it? Extremely. Okay. +Five. And big. It kills everything. I'm + + align:start position:0% +Five. And big. It kills everything. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Five. And big. It kills everything. I'm +guessing it's a tank. All right. Um, how + + align:start position:0% +guessing it's a tank. All right. Um, how + + + align:start position:0% +guessing it's a tank. All right. Um, how +reliable is it? What? very reliable. I + + align:start position:0% +reliable is it? What? very reliable. I + + + align:start position:0% +reliable is it? What? very reliable. I +give it a four. The company's out of + + align:start position:0% +give it a four. The company's out of + + + align:start position:0% +give it a four. The company's out of +business. It's not like you got + + align:start position:0% +business. It's not like you got + + + align:start position:0% +business. It's not like you got +replacement. That's not reliability. We + + align:start position:0% +replacement. That's not reliability. We + + + align:start position:0% +replacement. That's not reliability. We +can even say 3.5. I've heard everything + + align:start position:0% +can even say 3.5. I've heard everything + + + align:start position:0% +can even say 3.5. I've heard everything +from two to four averaging around about + + align:start position:0% +from two to four averaging around about + + + align:start position:0% +from two to four averaging around about +that. And how cheap was it? Uh not very + + align:start position:0% +that. And how cheap was it? Uh not very + + + align:start position:0% +that. And how cheap was it? Uh not very +two one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.5. Okay. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +1.5. Okay. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +1.5. Okay. Okay. +Never actually owned a car, so I'm not + + align:start position:0% +Never actually owned a car, so I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +Never actually owned a car, so I'm not +much good at this. Uh how about the + + align:start position:0% +much good at this. Uh how about the + + + align:start position:0% +much good at this. Uh how about the +Tahoe? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I heard. Okay, let's say + + align:start position:0% +I heard. Okay, let's say + + + align:start position:0% +I heard. Okay, let's say +2.5. Um, how about miles per gallon? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Oh, not bad for an + + align:start position:0% +Oh, not bad for an + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, not bad for an +SUV. Um, how safe is it? + + align:start position:0% +SUV. Um, how safe is it? + + + align:start position:0% +SUV. Um, how safe is it? +These are big. Yeah. Oh, okay. I'm going + + align:start position:0% +These are big. Yeah. Oh, okay. I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +These are big. Yeah. Oh, okay. I'm going +to guess. Is that about right? + + align:start position:0% +to guess. Is that about right? + + + align:start position:0% +to guess. Is that about right? +Oh, all right. Suburban. Shows what I + + align:start position:0% +Oh, all right. Suburban. Shows what I + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, all right. Suburban. Shows what I +know. Uh, how reliable is it? + + align:start position:0% +know. Uh, how reliable is it? + + + align:start position:0% +know. Uh, how reliable is it? +Four and a half. I heard + + align:start position:0% +Four and a half. I heard + + + align:start position:0% +Four and a half. I heard +fours and fives. How cheap was it? + + align:start position:0% +fours and fives. How cheap was it? + + + align:start position:0% +fours and fives. How cheap was it? +Three. All right. So, this sort of gives + + align:start position:0% +Three. All right. So, this sort of gives + + + align:start position:0% +Three. All right. So, this sort of gives +you a good idea on how your SUV compares + + align:start position:0% +you a good idea on how your SUV compares + + + align:start position:0% +you a good idea on how your SUV compares +against some of the competitors. It's + + align:start position:0% +against some of the competitors. It's + + + align:start position:0% +against some of the competitors. It's +just a way of getting it all in there + + align:start position:0% +just a way of getting it all in there + + + align:start position:0% +just a way of getting it all in there +and try and figure out what are the real + + align:start position:0% +and try and figure out what are the real + + + align:start position:0% +and try and figure out what are the real +discrepancies between the design you're + + align:start position:0% +discrepancies between the design you're + + + align:start position:0% +discrepancies between the design you're +looking at and all the others. Are there + + align:start position:0% +looking at and all the others. Are there + + + align:start position:0% +looking at and all the others. Are there +big or small discrepancies? How do they + + align:start position:0% +big or small discrepancies? How do they + + + align:start position:0% +big or small discrepancies? How do they +weight according to customer + + align:start position:0% +weight according to customer + + + align:start position:0% +weight according to customer +requirements? So something that we're + + align:start position:0% +requirements? So something that we're + + + align:start position:0% +requirements? So something that we're +obviously lacking that a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +obviously lacking that a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously lacking that a lot of the +other cars have would be um miles per + + align:start position:0% +other cars have would be um miles per + + + align:start position:0% +other cars have would be um miles per +gallon and cost. So we're lacking it in + + align:start position:0% +gallon and cost. So we're lacking it in + + + align:start position:0% +gallon and cost. So we're lacking it in +about the same amount. Maybe we're + + align:start position:0% +about the same amount. Maybe we're + + + align:start position:0% +about the same amount. Maybe we're +lacking a little more cost than miles + + align:start position:0% +lacking a little more cost than miles + + + align:start position:0% +lacking a little more cost than miles +per gallon. So if you had to say, "All + + align:start position:0% +per gallon. So if you had to say, "All + + + align:start position:0% +per gallon. So if you had to say, "All +right, if I had to spend time improving + + align:start position:0% +right, if I had to spend time improving + + + align:start position:0% +right, if I had to spend time improving +anything at the sacrifice of anything + + align:start position:0% +anything at the sacrifice of anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything at the sacrifice of anything +else, we're all, you know, roughly on + + align:start position:0% +else, we're all, you know, roughly on + + + align:start position:0% +else, we're all, you know, roughly on +par with reliability or ours is a little + + align:start position:0% +par with reliability or ours is a little + + + align:start position:0% +par with reliability or ours is a little +bigger, maybe it doesn't have to be. + + align:start position:0% +bigger, maybe it doesn't have to be. + + + align:start position:0% +bigger, maybe it doesn't have to be. +Maybe you can decrease the size of it + + align:start position:0% +Maybe you can decrease the size of it + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe you can decrease the size of it +and somehow decrease the cost by + + align:start position:0% +and somehow decrease the cost by + + + align:start position:0% +and somehow decrease the cost by +switching to some crappier material or + + align:start position:0% +switching to some crappier material or + + + align:start position:0% +switching to some crappier material or +some heavier material which might cut + + align:start position:0% +some heavier material which might cut + + + align:start position:0% +some heavier material which might cut +down on the speed which we've got way + + align:start position:0% +down on the speed which we've got way + + + align:start position:0% +down on the speed which we've got way +much of an advantage over. So it gives + + align:start position:0% +much of an advantage over. So it gives + + + align:start position:0% +much of an advantage over. So it gives +you one big giant openhouse of ways to + + align:start position:0% +you one big giant openhouse of ways to + + + align:start position:0% +you one big giant openhouse of ways to +help look at what you think the + + align:start position:0% +help look at what you think the + + + align:start position:0% +help look at what you think the +customers want, what you as the + + align:start position:0% +customers want, what you as the + + + align:start position:0% +customers want, what you as the +engineering team wants. Um you can also + + align:start position:0% +engineering team wants. Um you can also + + + align:start position:0% +engineering team wants. Um you can also +put some other columns like degree of + + align:start position:0% +put some other columns like degree of + + + align:start position:0% +put some other columns like degree of +technical difficulty. you can decide how + + align:start position:0% +technical difficulty. you can decide how + + + align:start position:0% +technical difficulty. you can decide how +hard is it to switching gears a bit, + + align:start position:0% +hard is it to switching gears a bit, + + + align:start position:0% +hard is it to switching gears a bit, +increase the efficiency of your reactor, + + align:start position:0% +increase the efficiency of your reactor, + + + align:start position:0% +increase the efficiency of your reactor, +increase the total power output of the + + align:start position:0% +increase the total power output of the + + + align:start position:0% +increase the total power output of the +reactor, um increase the yield of + + align:start position:0% +reactor, um increase the yield of + + + align:start position:0% +reactor, um increase the yield of +bofuels, increase the size of the Tahoe + + align:start position:0% +bofuels, increase the size of the Tahoe + + + align:start position:0% +bofuels, increase the size of the Tahoe +or whatever you're designing. So, it's a + + align:start position:0% +or whatever you're designing. So, it's a + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever you're designing. So, it's a +good way to get everything in there at + + align:start position:0% +good way to get everything in there at + + + align:start position:0% +good way to get everything in there at +once. And I also recommend that once you + + align:start position:0% +once. And I also recommend that once you + + + align:start position:0% +once. And I also recommend that once you +guys make this that y'all sign it + + align:start position:0% +guys make this that y'all sign it + + + align:start position:0% +guys make this that y'all sign it +because that's what will happen in a lot + + align:start position:0% +because that's what will happen in a lot + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what will happen in a lot +of companies out there. the engineers + + align:start position:0% +of companies out there. the engineers + + + align:start position:0% +of companies out there. the engineers +agree on something, they move forward in + + align:start position:0% +agree on something, they move forward in + + + align:start position:0% +agree on something, they move forward in +that path and that removes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that path and that removes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that path and that removes a lot of +personal liability for someone can say, + + align:start position:0% +personal liability for someone can say, + + + align:start position:0% +personal liability for someone can say, +"Oh, I didn't agree with this choice. I + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, I didn't agree with this choice. I + + + align:start position:0% +"Oh, I didn't agree with this choice. I +didn't agree with that choice." Well, + + align:start position:0% +didn't agree with that choice." Well, + + + align:start position:0% +didn't agree with that choice." Well, +you did sign your name, so it's what the + + align:start position:0% +you did sign your name, so it's what the + + + align:start position:0% +you did sign your name, so it's what the +team decided. Like it or not, you did + + align:start position:0% +team decided. Like it or not, you did + + + align:start position:0% +team decided. Like it or not, you did +agree to it. Um, and like I said, if you + + align:start position:0% +agree to it. Um, and like I said, if you + + + align:start position:0% +agree to it. Um, and like I said, if you +do this sort of stuff in early in the + + align:start position:0% +do this sort of stuff in early in the + + + align:start position:0% +do this sort of stuff in early in the +design process, it saves you a lot of + + align:start position:0% +design process, it saves you a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +design process, it saves you a lot of +headache and arguments later on. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +headache and arguments later on. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +headache and arguments later on. Um, so +does anyone have any questions about the + + align:start position:0% +does anyone have any questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone have any questions about the +House of Quality? + + align:start position:0% +House of Quality? + + + align:start position:0% +House of Quality? +Yeah. So, is this something that each + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, is this something that each + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, is this something that each +group needs to individually do + + align:start position:0% +group needs to individually do + + + align:start position:0% +group needs to individually do +themselves and then we need a big one + + align:start position:0% +themselves and then we need a big one + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and then we need a big one +for the entire class or I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +for the entire class or I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +for the entire class or I don't know if +you can if you want to create one for + + align:start position:0% +you can if you want to create one for + + + align:start position:0% +you can if you want to create one for +the entire class you can. I think it'll + + align:start position:0% +the entire class you can. I think it'll + + + align:start position:0% +the entire class you can. I think it'll +be a what do we like do we want to put + + align:start position:0% +be a what do we like do we want to put + + + align:start position:0% +be a what do we like do we want to put +more emphasis on reducing hydrogen or + + align:start position:0% +more emphasis on reducing hydrogen or + + + align:start position:0% +more emphasis on reducing hydrogen or +something like that? Like I don't know + + align:start position:0% +something like that? Like I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +something like that? Like I don't know +if that's helpful at all or if that's + + align:start position:0% +if that's helpful at all or if that's + + + align:start position:0% +if that's helpful at all or if that's +just too much work. It certainly would + + align:start position:0% +just too much work. It certainly would + + + align:start position:0% +just too much work. It certainly would +be and it certainly will be a lot of + + align:start position:0% +be and it certainly will be a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +be and it certainly will be a lot of +work. So it'll be up to you guys to + + align:start position:0% +work. So it'll be up to you guys to + + + align:start position:0% +work. So it'll be up to you guys to +decide. You know, you can look at each + + align:start position:0% +decide. You know, you can look at each + + + align:start position:0% +decide. You know, you can look at each +of the I would say every team should + + align:start position:0% +of the I would say every team should + + + align:start position:0% +of the I would say every team should +meet together and do something like + + align:start position:0% +meet together and do something like + + + align:start position:0% +meet together and do something like +this. There are other QFD ways. There + + align:start position:0% +this. There are other QFD ways. There + + + align:start position:0% +this. There are other QFD ways. There +are other of there are other ways of + + align:start position:0% +are other of there are other ways of + + + align:start position:0% +are other of there are other ways of +gauging importance. You don't have to + + align:start position:0% +gauging importance. You don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +gauging importance. You don't have to +use the house of quality. This is just + + align:start position:0% +use the house of quality. This is just + + + align:start position:0% +use the house of quality. This is just +one that I've used before. Um so it's + + align:start position:0% +one that I've used before. Um so it's + + + align:start position:0% +one that I've used before. Um so it's +familiar, but has anyone out there has + + align:start position:0% +familiar, but has anyone out there has + + + align:start position:0% +familiar, but has anyone out there has +anyone found any other ones out there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yet? Okay. Well, you can use this one. + + align:start position:0% +yet? Okay. Well, you can use this one. + + + align:start position:0% +yet? Okay. Well, you can use this one. +You can find a different one. you can + + align:start position:0% +You can find a different one. you can + + + align:start position:0% +You can find a different one. you can +make up your own if you can justify your + + align:start position:0% +make up your own if you can justify your + + + align:start position:0% +make up your own if you can justify your +choices. Um, and what I would say + + align:start position:0% +choices. Um, and what I would say + + + align:start position:0% +choices. Um, and what I would say +especially for the integrators is you + + align:start position:0% +especially for the integrators is you + + + align:start position:0% +especially for the integrators is you +can put all four teams uh QFD charts + + align:start position:0% +can put all four teams uh QFD charts + + + align:start position:0% +can put all four teams uh QFD charts +side by side. See if anyone conflicts + + align:start position:0% +side by side. See if anyone conflicts + + + align:start position:0% +side by side. See if anyone conflicts +with anyone else. If there are no + + align:start position:0% +with anyone else. If there are no + + + align:start position:0% +with anyone else. If there are no +conflicts, you might not have to make a + + align:start position:0% +conflicts, you might not have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts, you might not have to make a +one for the entire group. But if you + + align:start position:0% +one for the entire group. But if you + + + align:start position:0% +one for the entire group. But if you +want to for completeness or if you start + + align:start position:0% +want to for completeness or if you start + + + align:start position:0% +want to for completeness or if you start +to find big conflicts between what the + + align:start position:0% +to find big conflicts between what the + + + align:start position:0% +to find big conflicts between what the +core is trying to do and what the + + align:start position:0% +core is trying to do and what the + + + align:start position:0% +core is trying to do and what the +process heat folks are trying to do or + + align:start position:0% +process heat folks are trying to do or + + + align:start position:0% +process heat folks are trying to do or +some other two or three groups, you + + align:start position:0% +some other two or three groups, you + + + align:start position:0% +some other two or three groups, you +might want to make a big one. And it'll + + align:start position:0% +might want to make a big one. And it'll + + + align:start position:0% +might want to make a big one. And it'll +be up to you as the integrators to say, + + align:start position:0% +be up to you as the integrators to say, + + + align:start position:0% +be up to you as the integrators to say, +"All right, we've analyzed every team's + + align:start position:0% +"All right, we've analyzed every team's + + + align:start position:0% +"All right, we've analyzed every team's +progress and importance. We've noticed + + align:start position:0% +progress and importance. We've noticed + + + align:start position:0% +progress and importance. We've noticed +the following conflicts. We'd like to + + align:start position:0% +the following conflicts. We'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +the following conflicts. We'd like to +make an executive decision and say we're + + align:start position:0% +make an executive decision and say we're + + + align:start position:0% +make an executive decision and say we're +going to focus more on this parameter + + align:start position:0% +going to focus more on this parameter + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus more on this parameter +than that parameter for reasons ABC." + + align:start position:0% +than that parameter for reasons ABC." + + + align:start position:0% +than that parameter for reasons ABC." +Um, so it is up to you, the the focus + + align:start position:0% +Um, so it is up to you, the the focus + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so it is up to you, the the focus +area leads as well as the integrators to + + align:start position:0% +area leads as well as the integrators to + + + align:start position:0% +area leads as well as the integrators to +sort of define your management style. I + + align:start position:0% +sort of define your management style. I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of define your management style. I +don't like the word management, but + + align:start position:0% +don't like the word management, but + + + align:start position:0% +don't like the word management, but +can't think of a better your integration + + align:start position:0% +can't think of a better your integration + + + align:start position:0% +can't think of a better your integration +style. Yeah. Um, that's up to you and + + align:start position:0% +style. Yeah. Um, that's up to you and + + + align:start position:0% +style. Yeah. Um, that's up to you and +that will dictate a bit of how the + + align:start position:0% +that will dictate a bit of how the + + + align:start position:0% +that will dictate a bit of how the +design process goes. Is everyone + + align:start position:0% +design process goes. Is everyone + + + align:start position:0% +design process goes. Is everyone +included? Uh, does everyone have a + + align:start position:0% +included? Uh, does everyone have a + + + align:start position:0% +included? Uh, does everyone have a +voice? Does do people have too much of a + + align:start position:0% +voice? Does do people have too much of a + + + align:start position:0% +voice? Does do people have too much of a +voice? and it tends to just be sort of + + align:start position:0% +voice? and it tends to just be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +voice? and it tends to just be sort of +tugof-war with 16 or 17 different ropes + + align:start position:0% +tugof-war with 16 or 17 different ropes + + + align:start position:0% +tugof-war with 16 or 17 different ropes +and the rope never really moves far from + + align:start position:0% +and the rope never really moves far from + + + align:start position:0% +and the rope never really moves far from +the center. Um, at some point you may + + align:start position:0% +the center. Um, at some point you may + + + align:start position:0% +the center. Um, at some point you may +choose to make an executive decision. + + align:start position:0% +choose to make an executive decision. + + + align:start position:0% +choose to make an executive decision. +Just be sure to let everybody know so + + align:start position:0% +Just be sure to let everybody know so + + + align:start position:0% +Just be sure to let everybody know so +we're all on the same page. Um, so does + + align:start position:0% +we're all on the same page. Um, so does + + + align:start position:0% +we're all on the same page. Um, so does +anyone have any questions about do you + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any questions about do you + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any questions about do you +guys know what you want should be doing + + align:start position:0% +guys know what you want should be doing + + + align:start position:0% +guys know what you want should be doing +during this week or is it not that well + + align:start position:0% +during this week or is it not that well + + + align:start position:0% +during this week or is it not that well +defined + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yet or somebody tell me? + + align:start position:0% +yet or somebody tell me? + + + align:start position:0% +yet or somebody tell me? +We don't know. You don't really know. + + align:start position:0% +We don't know. You don't really know. + + + align:start position:0% +We don't know. You don't really know. +Okay. No, we know. Oh, you do know. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. No, we know. Oh, you do know. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. No, we know. Oh, you do know. +Okay. Yeah. All right. Well, for those + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yeah. All right. Well, for those + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yeah. All right. Well, for those +that uh that didn't want to answer, I + + align:start position:0% +that uh that didn't want to answer, I + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that didn't want to answer, I +would say um meet with your teams, + + align:start position:0% +would say um meet with your teams, + + + align:start position:0% +would say um meet with your teams, +figure out what are all of the major + + align:start position:0% +figure out what are all of the major + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what are all of the major +engineering design parameters that you + + align:start position:0% +engineering design parameters that you + + + align:start position:0% +engineering design parameters that you +can vary. What are all of the major + + align:start position:0% +can vary. What are all of the major + + + align:start position:0% +can vary. What are all of the major +outcomes that the customer would see? + + align:start position:0% +outcomes that the customer would see? + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes that the customer would see? +And start picking importances and inter + + align:start position:0% +And start picking importances and inter + + + align:start position:0% +And start picking importances and inter +relationships. And maybe by Friday or + + align:start position:0% +relationships. And maybe by Friday or + + + align:start position:0% +relationships. And maybe by Friday or +Monday at the latest, have one of these + + align:start position:0% +Monday at the latest, have one of these + + + align:start position:0% +Monday at the latest, have one of these +filled out so you have an idea of what + + align:start position:0% +filled out so you have an idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +filled out so you have an idea of what +you want to go for. So during next week, + + align:start position:0% +you want to go for. So during next week, + + + align:start position:0% +you want to go for. So during next week, +you can use this information to pick + + align:start position:0% +you can use this information to pick + + + align:start position:0% +you can use this information to pick +your one chosen design path. And + + align:start position:0% +your one chosen design path. And + + + align:start position:0% +your one chosen design path. And +whatever one comes in second or third + + align:start position:0% +whatever one comes in second or third + + + align:start position:0% +whatever one comes in second or third +place, try and quantify how far behind + + align:start position:0% +place, try and quantify how far behind + + + align:start position:0% +place, try and quantify how far behind +it is. So if you want to switch in the + + align:start position:0% +it is. So if you want to switch in the + + + align:start position:0% +it is. So if you want to switch in the +end, if you run into some unforeseen, + + align:start position:0% +end, if you run into some unforeseen, + + + align:start position:0% +end, if you run into some unforeseen, +unscalable wall, you'll know, oh, we can + + align:start position:0% +unscalable wall, you'll know, oh, we can + + + align:start position:0% +unscalable wall, you'll know, oh, we can +pick our second choice because it was + + align:start position:0% +pick our second choice because it was + + + align:start position:0% +pick our second choice because it was +just barely not as good or I don't know, + + align:start position:0% +just barely not as good or I don't know, + + + align:start position:0% +just barely not as good or I don't know, +we should really try and make this work + + align:start position:0% +we should really try and make this work + + + align:start position:0% +we should really try and make this work +because everything else was left in the + + align:start position:0% +because everything else was left in the + + + align:start position:0% +because everything else was left in the +dust. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ulJm7_aTiQM.txt b/ulJm7_aTiQM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61206d06bab8a8c72d39df1df3da6170dddc804d --- /dev/null +++ b/ulJm7_aTiQM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13307 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's my great pleasure to introduce + + align:start position:0% +it's my great pleasure to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +it's my great pleasure to introduce +again TB Charl TB is is not only a + + align:start position:0% +again TB Charl TB is is not only a + + + align:start position:0% +again TB Charl TB is is not only a +fabulous world-class performance + + align:start position:0% +fabulous world-class performance + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous world-class performance +engineer he is a world-class performance + + align:start position:0% +engineer he is a world-class performance + + + align:start position:0% +engineer he is a world-class performance +Mehta engineer I in other words building + + align:start position:0% +Mehta engineer I in other words building + + + align:start position:0% +Mehta engineer I in other words building +the tools and and such to make it so + + align:start position:0% +the tools and and such to make it so + + + align:start position:0% +the tools and and such to make it so +that people can engineer fast code and + + align:start position:0% +that people can engineer fast code and + + + align:start position:0% +that people can engineer fast code and +he's the author of the technology that + + align:start position:0% +he's the author of the technology that + + + align:start position:0% +he's the author of the technology that +we're using in our compiler the taper + + align:start position:0% +we're using in our compiler the taper + + + align:start position:0% +we're using in our compiler the taper +technology that's in the open silk + + align:start position:0% +technology that's in the open silk + + + align:start position:0% +technology that's in the open silk +compiler for parallelism so he + + align:start position:0% +compiler for parallelism so he + + + align:start position:0% +compiler for parallelism so he +implemented all of that and all the + + align:start position:0% +implemented all of that and all the + + + align:start position:0% +implemented all of that and all the +optimizations and so forth which has + + align:start position:0% +optimizations and so forth which has + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations and so forth which has +greatly improved the quality of the + + align:start position:0% +greatly improved the quality of the + + + align:start position:0% +greatly improved the quality of the +programming environment so today he's + + align:start position:0% +programming environment so today he's + + + align:start position:0% +programming environment so today he's +going to talk about something near and + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about something near and + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about something near and +dear to his heart which is compilers and + + align:start position:0% +dear to his heart which is compilers and + + + align:start position:0% +dear to his heart which is compilers and +what they can and cannot do great thank + + align:start position:0% +what they can and cannot do great thank + + + align:start position:0% +what they can and cannot do great thank +you very much for that introduction can + + align:start position:0% +you very much for that introduction can + + + align:start position:0% +you very much for that introduction can +everyone hear me in the back yes great + + align:start position:0% +everyone hear me in the back yes great + + + align:start position:0% +everyone hear me in the back yes great +all right so as I understand it last + + align:start position:0% +all right so as I understand it last + + + align:start position:0% +all right so as I understand it last +lecture you talked about multi-threaded + + align:start position:0% +lecture you talked about multi-threaded + + + align:start position:0% +lecture you talked about multi-threaded +algorithms and you spent the lecture + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and you spent the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms and you spent the lecture +studying those algorithms analyzing them + + align:start position:0% +studying those algorithms analyzing them + + + align:start position:0% +studying those algorithms analyzing them +in a theoretical sense essentially + + align:start position:0% +in a theoretical sense essentially + + + align:start position:0% +in a theoretical sense essentially +analyzing their asymptotic running time + + align:start position:0% +analyzing their asymptotic running time + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing their asymptotic running time +work and span complexity this lecture is + + align:start position:0% +work and span complexity this lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +work and span complexity this lecture is +not bad at all we're not going to do + + align:start position:0% +not bad at all we're not going to do + + + align:start position:0% +not bad at all we're not going to do +that kind of math anywhere in the course + + align:start position:0% +that kind of math anywhere in the course + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of math anywhere in the course +of this lecture instead this lecture is + + align:start position:0% +of this lecture instead this lecture is + + + align:start position:0% +of this lecture instead this lecture is +going to take a look at compilers as + + align:start position:0% +going to take a look at compilers as + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a look at compilers as +Professor elijah had mentioned and what + + align:start position:0% +Professor elijah had mentioned and what + + + align:start position:0% +Professor elijah had mentioned and what +compilers can and cannot do so the last + + align:start position:0% +compilers can and cannot do so the last + + + align:start position:0% +compilers can and cannot do so the last +time you saw me standing up here was + + align:start position:0% +time you saw me standing up here was + + + align:start position:0% +time you saw me standing up here was +back in lecture 5 and during that + + align:start position:0% +back in lecture 5 and during that + + + align:start position:0% +back in lecture 5 and during that +lecture we talked about + + align:start position:0% +lecture we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we talked about +the mir and x86 64 assembly and how C + + align:start position:0% +the mir and x86 64 assembly and how C + + + align:start position:0% +the mir and x86 64 assembly and how C +code got translated into assembly code + + align:start position:0% +code got translated into assembly code + + + align:start position:0% +code got translated into assembly code +via LLVM ir in this lecture we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +via LLVM ir in this lecture we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +via LLVM ir in this lecture we're gonna +talk more about what happens between the + + align:start position:0% +talk more about what happens between the + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about what happens between the +LLVM ir and assembly stages and + + align:start position:0% +LLVM ir and assembly stages and + + + align:start position:0% +LLVM ir and assembly stages and +essentially that's what happens when the + + align:start position:0% +essentially that's what happens when the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that's what happens when the +compiler is allowed to edit and optimize + + align:start position:0% +compiler is allowed to edit and optimize + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is allowed to edit and optimize +the code in its IR representation while + + align:start position:0% +the code in its IR representation while + + + align:start position:0% +the code in its IR representation while +it's producing the assembly so last time + + align:start position:0% +it's producing the assembly so last time + + + align:start position:0% +it's producing the assembly so last time +we were talking about this IR in the + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about this IR in the + + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about this IR in the +assembly and this time they called the + + align:start position:0% +assembly and this time they called the + + + align:start position:0% +assembly and this time they called the +compiler guy back I suppose to tell you + + align:start position:0% +compiler guy back I suppose to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +compiler guy back I suppose to tell you +about the boxes in the middle now even + + align:start position:0% +about the boxes in the middle now even + + + align:start position:0% +about the boxes in the middle now even +though you're predominantly dealing with + + align:start position:0% +though you're predominantly dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +though you're predominantly dealing with +C code within this class I hope that + + align:start position:0% +C code within this class I hope that + + + align:start position:0% +C code within this class I hope that +some of the lessons from today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +some of the lessons from today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +some of the lessons from today's lecture +you will be able to take away into any + + align:start position:0% +you will be able to take away into any + + + align:start position:0% +you will be able to take away into any +job that you pursue in the future + + align:start position:0% +job that you pursue in the future + + + align:start position:0% +job that you pursue in the future +because there are a lot of languages + + align:start position:0% +because there are a lot of languages + + + align:start position:0% +because there are a lot of languages +today that do end up being compiled C + + align:start position:0% +today that do end up being compiled C + + + align:start position:0% +today that do end up being compiled C +and C++ rust Swift even Haskell julia + + align:start position:0% +and C++ rust Swift even Haskell julia + + + align:start position:0% +and C++ rust Swift even Haskell julia +halide the list goes on and on and those + + align:start position:0% +halide the list goes on and on and those + + + align:start position:0% +halide the list goes on and on and those +languages all get compiled for a variety + + align:start position:0% +languages all get compiled for a variety + + + align:start position:0% +languages all get compiled for a variety +of different what we call backends + + align:start position:0% +of different what we call backends + + + align:start position:0% +of different what we call backends +different machine architectures not just + + align:start position:0% +different machine architectures not just + + + align:start position:0% +different machine architectures not just +x86 64 and in fact a lot of those a lot + + align:start position:0% +x86 64 and in fact a lot of those a lot + + + align:start position:0% +x86 64 and in fact a lot of those a lot +of those languages get compiled using + + align:start position:0% +of those languages get compiled using + + + align:start position:0% +of those languages get compiled using +very similar compilation technology to + + align:start position:0% +very similar compilation technology to + + + align:start position:0% +very similar compilation technology to +what you have in the clang LLVM compiler + + align:start position:0% +what you have in the clang LLVM compiler + + + align:start position:0% +what you have in the clang LLVM compiler +that you're using in this class in fact + + align:start position:0% +that you're using in this class in fact + + + align:start position:0% +that you're using in this class in fact +many of those languages today are + + align:start position:0% +many of those languages today are + + + align:start position:0% +many of those languages today are +optimized by LLVM itself LLVM is the + + align:start position:0% +optimized by LLVM itself LLVM is the + + + align:start position:0% +optimized by LLVM itself LLVM is the +internal engine within the compiler that + + align:start position:0% +internal engine within the compiler that + + + align:start position:0% +internal engine within the compiler that +actually does all of the optimization so + + align:start position:0% +actually does all of the optimization so + + + align:start position:0% +actually does all of the optimization so +that's my hope that the lessons you'll + + align:start position:0% +that's my hope that the lessons you'll + + + align:start position:0% +that's my hope that the lessons you'll +learn here today don't just apply to 172 + + align:start position:0% +learn here today don't just apply to 172 + + + align:start position:0% +learn here today don't just apply to 172 +they'll in fact apply to software they + + align:start position:0% +they'll in fact apply to software they + + + align:start position:0% +they'll in fact apply to software they +use and develop for many years down the + + align:start position:0% +use and develop for many years down the + + + align:start position:0% +use and develop for many years down the +road + + align:start position:0% +road + + + align:start position:0% +road +but let's take a step back and ask + + align:start position:0% +but let's take a step back and ask + + + align:start position:0% +but let's take a step back and ask +ourselves why bother studying the + + align:start position:0% +ourselves why bother studying the + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves why bother studying the +compiler optimizations at all why should + + align:start position:0% +compiler optimizations at all why should + + + align:start position:0% +compiler optimizations at all why should +we take a look at what's going on within + + align:start position:0% +we take a look at what's going on within + + + align:start position:0% +we take a look at what's going on within +this up to this point black box of + + align:start position:0% +this up to this point black box of + + + align:start position:0% +this up to this point black box of +software any ideas any suggestions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and back + + align:start position:0% +and back + + + align:start position:0% +and back +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can avoid manually trying to + + align:start position:0% +you can avoid manually trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you can avoid manually trying to +optimize things that the compiler will + + align:start position:0% +optimize things that the compiler will + + + align:start position:0% +optimize things that the compiler will +do for you great answer + + align:start position:0% +do for you great answer + + + align:start position:0% +do for you great answer +great great answer any other answers you + + align:start position:0% +great great answer any other answers you + + + align:start position:0% +great great answer any other answers you +can learn how to write your code to take + + align:start position:0% +can learn how to write your code to take + + + align:start position:0% +can learn how to write your code to take +advantage of the compiler optimizations + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the compiler optimizations + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the compiler optimizations +how do you know suggest to the compiler + + align:start position:0% +how do you know suggest to the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +how do you know suggest to the compiler +what it should or should not do as + + align:start position:0% +what it should or should not do as + + + align:start position:0% +what it should or should not do as +you're constructing your program great + + align:start position:0% +you're constructing your program great + + + align:start position:0% +you're constructing your program great +answer as well very good in the front it + + align:start position:0% +answer as well very good in the front it + + + align:start position:0% +answer as well very good in the front it +can absolutely help for debugging when + + align:start position:0% +can absolutely help for debugging when + + + align:start position:0% +can absolutely help for debugging when +the compiler itself has bugs the + + align:start position:0% +the compiler itself has bugs the + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler itself has bugs the +compiler is a big piece of software and + + align:start position:0% +compiler is a big piece of software and + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is a big piece of software and +you may have noticed that a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you may have noticed that a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you may have noticed that a lot of +software contains bugs the compiler is + + align:start position:0% +software contains bugs the compiler is + + + align:start position:0% +software contains bugs the compiler is +no exception + + align:start position:0% +no exception + + + align:start position:0% +no exception +and it helps to understand where the + + align:start position:0% +and it helps to understand where the + + + align:start position:0% +and it helps to understand where the +compiler might have made a mistake or + + align:start position:0% +compiler might have made a mistake or + + + align:start position:0% +compiler might have made a mistake or +where the complier simply just didn't do + + align:start position:0% +where the complier simply just didn't do + + + align:start position:0% +where the complier simply just didn't do +what you thought it should be able to do + + align:start position:0% +what you thought it should be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +what you thought it should be able to do +understanding more of what happens in + + align:start position:0% +understanding more of what happens in + + + align:start position:0% +understanding more of what happens in +the compiler can demystify some of those + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can demystify some of those + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can demystify some of those +oddities good answer + + align:start position:0% +oddities good answer + + + align:start position:0% +oddities good answer +hey hey yes any other thoughts it's fun + + align:start position:0% +hey hey yes any other thoughts it's fun + + + align:start position:0% +hey hey yes any other thoughts it's fun +well okay so in my completely biased + + align:start position:0% +well okay so in my completely biased + + + align:start position:0% +well okay so in my completely biased +opinion I would agree that it's fun to + + align:start position:0% +opinion I would agree that it's fun to + + + align:start position:0% +opinion I would agree that it's fun to +understand what the compiler does you + + align:start position:0% +understand what the compiler does you + + + align:start position:0% +understand what the compiler does you +may have different opinions that's okay + + align:start position:0% +may have different opinions that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +may have different opinions that's okay +I won't judge so I put together a list + + align:start position:0% +I won't judge so I put together a list + + + align:start position:0% +I won't judge so I put together a list +of reasons why in general we may care + + align:start position:0% +of reasons why in general we may care + + + align:start position:0% +of reasons why in general we may care +about what goes on inside the compiler i + + align:start position:0% +about what goes on inside the compiler i + + + align:start position:0% +about what goes on inside the compiler i +alighted that last point from this list + + align:start position:0% +alighted that last point from this list + + + align:start position:0% +alighted that last point from this list +my bad + + align:start position:0% +my bad + + + align:start position:0% +my bad +compiler is gonna have a really big + + align:start position:0% +compiler is gonna have a really big + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is gonna have a really big +impact on software it's kind of like + + align:start position:0% +impact on software it's kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +impact on software it's kind of like +it's kind of like this imagine that + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like this imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of like this imagine that +you're working on some software project + + align:start position:0% +you're working on some software project + + + align:start position:0% +you're working on some software project +and you have a teammate on your team + + align:start position:0% +and you have a teammate on your team + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a teammate on your team +who's pretty quiet but extremely smart + + align:start position:0% +who's pretty quiet but extremely smart + + + align:start position:0% +who's pretty quiet but extremely smart +and what that teammate does is whenever + + align:start position:0% +and what that teammate does is whenever + + + align:start position:0% +and what that teammate does is whenever +that teammate gets access to some code + + align:start position:0% +that teammate gets access to some code + + + align:start position:0% +that teammate gets access to some code +they jump in and immediately start + + align:start position:0% +they jump in and immediately start + + + align:start position:0% +they jump in and immediately start +trying to make that code work faster and + + align:start position:0% +trying to make that code work faster and + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make that code work faster and +that's really cool because that teammate + + align:start position:0% +that's really cool because that teammate + + + align:start position:0% +that's really cool because that teammate +does good work + + align:start position:0% +does good work + + + align:start position:0% +does good work +and oftentimes you see that what the + + align:start position:0% +and oftentimes you see that what the + + + align:start position:0% +and oftentimes you see that what the +teammate produces is indeed much faster + + align:start position:0% +teammate produces is indeed much faster + + + align:start position:0% +teammate produces is indeed much faster +code than what you wrote now in other + + align:start position:0% +code than what you wrote now in other + + + align:start position:0% +code than what you wrote now in other +industries you might just sit back and + + align:start position:0% +industries you might just sit back and + + + align:start position:0% +industries you might just sit back and +say teammate does fantastic work maybe + + align:start position:0% +say teammate does fantastic work maybe + + + align:start position:0% +say teammate does fantastic work maybe +they don't talk very often but that's + + align:start position:0% +they don't talk very often but that's + + + align:start position:0% +they don't talk very often but that's +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +teammate you do you but in this class + + align:start position:0% +teammate you do you but in this class + + + align:start position:0% +teammate you do you but in this class +we're performance engineers we want to + + align:start position:0% +we're performance engineers we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we're performance engineers we want to +understand what that teammate did to the + + align:start position:0% +understand what that teammate did to the + + + align:start position:0% +understand what that teammate did to the +software how did that teammate get so + + align:start position:0% +software how did that teammate get so + + + align:start position:0% +software how did that teammate get so +much performance out of the code the + + align:start position:0% +much performance out of the code the + + + align:start position:0% +much performance out of the code the +compiler is kind of like that teammate + + align:start position:0% +compiler is kind of like that teammate + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is kind of like that teammate +and so understanding what the compiler + + align:start position:0% +and so understanding what the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +and so understanding what the compiler +does is valuable in that sense as + + align:start position:0% +does is valuable in that sense as + + + align:start position:0% +does is valuable in that sense as +mentioned before compilers can save you + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before compilers can save you + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before compilers can save you +performance engineering work if you + + align:start position:0% +performance engineering work if you + + + align:start position:0% +performance engineering work if you +understand that the compiler can do some + + align:start position:0% +understand that the compiler can do some + + + align:start position:0% +understand that the compiler can do some +optimization for you then you don't have + + align:start position:0% +optimization for you then you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +optimization for you then you don't have +to do it yourself and that means that + + align:start position:0% +to do it yourself and that means that + + + align:start position:0% +to do it yourself and that means that +you can continue writing simple and + + align:start position:0% +you can continue writing simple and + + + align:start position:0% +you can continue writing simple and +readable and maintainable code without + + align:start position:0% +readable and maintainable code without + + + align:start position:0% +readable and maintainable code without +sacrificing performance you can also + + align:start position:0% +sacrificing performance you can also + + + align:start position:0% +sacrificing performance you can also +understand the differences between the + + align:start position:0% +understand the differences between the + + + align:start position:0% +understand the differences between the +source code and whatever you might see + + align:start position:0% +source code and whatever you might see + + + align:start position:0% +source code and whatever you might see +show up and either the LLVM ir or the + + align:start position:0% +show up and either the LLVM ir or the + + + align:start position:0% +show up and either the LLVM ir or the +assembly if you have to look at the + + align:start position:0% +assembly if you have to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +assembly if you have to look at the +assembly language produced when you + + align:start position:0% +assembly language produced when you + + + align:start position:0% +assembly language produced when you +produced for your executable and + + align:start position:0% +produced for your executable and + + + align:start position:0% +produced for your executable and +compilers can make mistakes sometimes + + align:start position:0% +compilers can make mistakes sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +compilers can make mistakes sometimes +that's because of a genuine bug in the + + align:start position:0% +that's because of a genuine bug in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's because of a genuine bug in the +compiler and other times it's because + + align:start position:0% +compiler and other times it's because + + + align:start position:0% +compiler and other times it's because +the compiler just couldn't understand + + align:start position:0% +the compiler just couldn't understand + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler just couldn't understand +something about what was going on and + + align:start position:0% +something about what was going on and + + + align:start position:0% +something about what was going on and +having some insight into how the + + align:start position:0% +having some insight into how the + + + align:start position:0% +having some insight into how the +compiler reasons about code can help you + + align:start position:0% +compiler reasons about code can help you + + + align:start position:0% +compiler reasons about code can help you +understand why those mistakes were made + + align:start position:0% +understand why those mistakes were made + + + align:start position:0% +understand why those mistakes were made +or figure out ways to get a work around + + align:start position:0% +or figure out ways to get a work around + + + align:start position:0% +or figure out ways to get a work around +those mistakes or let you write + + align:start position:0% +those mistakes or let you write + + + align:start position:0% +those mistakes or let you write +meaningful bug reports to the compiler + + align:start position:0% +meaningful bug reports to the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful bug reports to the compiler +developers and of course understanding + + align:start position:0% +developers and of course understanding + + + align:start position:0% +developers and of course understanding +compilers can help you use them more + + align:start position:0% +compilers can help you use them more + + + align:start position:0% +compilers can help you use them more +effectively plus I think it's fun so the + + align:start position:0% +effectively plus I think it's fun so the + + + align:start position:0% +effectively plus I think it's fun so the +first thing to understand about a + + align:start position:0% +first thing to understand about a + + + align:start position:0% +first thing to understand about a +compiler is a basic anatomy of how the + + align:start position:0% +compiler is a basic anatomy of how the + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is a basic anatomy of how the +compiler works the compiler takes as + + align:start position:0% +compiler works the compiler takes as + + + align:start position:0% +compiler works the compiler takes as +input LLVM ir and up until this point we + + align:start position:0% +input LLVM ir and up until this point we + + + align:start position:0% +input LLVM ir and up until this point we +thought of it as just a big black box + + align:start position:0% +thought of it as just a big black box + + + align:start position:0% +thought of it as just a big black box +that does stuff to the IR and out pops + + align:start position:0% +that does stuff to the IR and out pops + + + align:start position:0% +that does stuff to the IR and out pops +more LVM ir but it's somehow optimized + + align:start position:0% +more LVM ir but it's somehow optimized + + + align:start position:0% +more LVM ir but it's somehow optimized +in fact what's going on within that + + align:start position:0% +in fact what's going on within that + + + align:start position:0% +in fact what's going on within that +black box the compiler is executing a + + align:start position:0% +black box the compiler is executing a + + + align:start position:0% +black box the compiler is executing a +sequence of what we call transformation + + align:start position:0% +sequence of what we call transformation + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of what we call transformation +passes all + + align:start position:0% +passes all + + + align:start position:0% +passes all +the code each transformation pass takes + + align:start position:0% +the code each transformation pass takes + + + align:start position:0% +the code each transformation pass takes +a look takes a look at its input and + + align:start position:0% +a look takes a look at its input and + + + align:start position:0% +a look takes a look at its input and +analyzes that code and then tries to + + align:start position:0% +analyzes that code and then tries to + + + align:start position:0% +analyzes that code and then tries to +edit the code in an effort to optimize + + align:start position:0% +edit the code in an effort to optimize + + + align:start position:0% +edit the code in an effort to optimize +the codes performance now a + + align:start position:0% +the codes performance now a + + + align:start position:0% +the codes performance now a +transformation pass might end up running + + align:start position:0% +transformation pass might end up running + + + align:start position:0% +transformation pass might end up running +multiple times and those passes run in + + align:start position:0% +multiple times and those passes run in + + + align:start position:0% +multiple times and those passes run in +some order that order ends up being a + + align:start position:0% +some order that order ends up being a + + + align:start position:0% +some order that order ends up being a +predetermined predetermined order that + + align:start position:0% +predetermined predetermined order that + + + align:start position:0% +predetermined predetermined order that +the compiler writers found to work + + align:start position:0% +the compiler writers found to work + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler writers found to work +pretty well on their tests that's about + + align:start position:0% +pretty well on their tests that's about + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well on their tests that's about +the level of insight that went into + + align:start position:0% +the level of insight that went into + + + align:start position:0% +the level of insight that went into +picking the order they seemed it seems + + align:start position:0% +picking the order they seemed it seems + + + align:start position:0% +picking the order they seemed it seems +to work well now some good news in terms + + align:start position:0% +to work well now some good news in terms + + + align:start position:0% +to work well now some good news in terms +of trying to understand what the + + align:start position:0% +of trying to understand what the + + + align:start position:0% +of trying to understand what the +compiler does you can actually just ask + + align:start position:0% +compiler does you can actually just ask + + + align:start position:0% +compiler does you can actually just ask +the compiler what did you do and you've + + align:start position:0% +the compiler what did you do and you've + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler what did you do and you've +already used this functionality as I + + align:start position:0% +already used this functionality as I + + + align:start position:0% +already used this functionality as I +understand in some of your assignments + + align:start position:0% +understand in some of your assignments + + + align:start position:0% +understand in some of your assignments +you've already asked the compiler to + + align:start position:0% +you've already asked the compiler to + + + align:start position:0% +you've already asked the compiler to +give you a report specifically about + + align:start position:0% +give you a report specifically about + + + align:start position:0% +give you a report specifically about +whether or not it could vectorize some + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it could vectorize some + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it could vectorize some +code but in fact LLVM the clutter you + + align:start position:0% +code but in fact LLVM the clutter you + + + align:start position:0% +code but in fact LLVM the clutter you +have access to can produce reports not + + align:start position:0% +have access to can produce reports not + + + align:start position:0% +have access to can produce reports not +just for vectorization but for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +just for vectorization but for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +just for vectorization but for a lot of +the different transformation passes that + + align:start position:0% +the different transformation passes that + + + align:start position:0% +the different transformation passes that +it tries to perform and there's some + + align:start position:0% +it tries to perform and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +it tries to perform and there's some +syntax that you have to pass to the + + align:start position:0% +syntax that you have to pass to the + + + align:start position:0% +syntax that you have to pass to the +compiler some compiler flags I have to + + align:start position:0% +compiler some compiler flags I have to + + + align:start position:0% +compiler some compiler flags I have to +specify in order to get those reports + + align:start position:0% +specify in order to get those reports + + + align:start position:0% +specify in order to get those reports +those are described on the slide I won't + + align:start position:0% +those are described on the slide I won't + + + align:start position:0% +those are described on the slide I won't +walk you through that text so you can + + align:start position:0% +walk you through that text so you can + + + align:start position:0% +walk you through that text so you can +look at the slides afterwards at the end + + align:start position:0% +look at the slides afterwards at the end + + + align:start position:0% +look at the slides afterwards at the end +of the day this string that you're + + align:start position:0% +of the day this string that you're + + + align:start position:0% +of the day this string that you're +passing is actually a regular expression + + align:start position:0% +passing is actually a regular expression + + + align:start position:0% +passing is actually a regular expression +if you know what regular expressions are + + align:start position:0% +if you know what regular expressions are + + + align:start position:0% +if you know what regular expressions are +great then you can use that to narrow + + align:start position:0% +great then you can use that to narrow + + + align:start position:0% +great then you can use that to narrow +down the search for for your report if + + align:start position:0% +down the search for for your report if + + + align:start position:0% +down the search for for your report if +you don't and you just want to see the + + align:start position:0% +you don't and you just want to see the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't and you just want to see the +whole report just provide a dot star as + + align:start position:0% +whole report just provide a dot star as + + + align:start position:0% +whole report just provide a dot star as +a string and you're good to go + + align:start position:0% +a string and you're good to go + + + align:start position:0% +a string and you're good to go +that's the good news you can get the + + align:start position:0% +that's the good news you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the good news you can get the +compiler to tell you exactly what it did + + align:start position:0% +compiler to tell you exactly what it did + + + align:start position:0% +compiler to tell you exactly what it did +the bad news is that when you ask the + + align:start position:0% +the bad news is that when you ask the + + + align:start position:0% +the bad news is that when you ask the +compiler what it did it'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +compiler what it did it'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +compiler what it did it'll give you a +report and that report looks something + + align:start position:0% +report and that report looks something + + + align:start position:0% +report and that report looks something +like this in fact I've elided most of + + align:start position:0% +like this in fact I've elided most of + + + align:start position:0% +like this in fact I've elided most of +the report for this particular piece of + + align:start position:0% +the report for this particular piece of + + + align:start position:0% +the report for this particular piece of +code because the report ends up being + + align:start position:0% +code because the report ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +code because the report ends up being +very long and as you might notice just + + align:start position:0% +very long and as you might notice just + + + align:start position:0% +very long and as you might notice just +from reading some of the texts there are + + align:start position:0% +from reading some of the texts there are + + + align:start position:0% +from reading some of the texts there are +definitely English words in this text + + align:start position:0% +definitely English words in this text + + + align:start position:0% +definitely English words in this text +and there are pointers to pieces of code + + align:start position:0% +and there are pointers to pieces of code + + + align:start position:0% +and there are pointers to pieces of code +that you've compiled but it is very + + align:start position:0% +that you've compiled but it is very + + + align:start position:0% +that you've compiled but it is very +jargony and hard to understand this + + align:start position:0% +jargony and hard to understand this + + + align:start position:0% +jargony and hard to understand this +isn't the + + align:start position:0% +isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't the +easiest piece of this isn't the easier + + align:start position:0% +easiest piece of this isn't the easier + + + align:start position:0% +easiest piece of this isn't the easier +to report to make sense of okay so + + align:start position:0% +to report to make sense of okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to report to make sense of okay so +that's some good news and some bad news + + align:start position:0% +that's some good news and some bad news + + + align:start position:0% +that's some good news and some bad news +about these compiler reports the good + + align:start position:0% +about these compiler reports the good + + + align:start position:0% +about these compiler reports the good +news is you can ask the compiler and + + align:start position:0% +news is you can ask the compiler and + + + align:start position:0% +news is you can ask the compiler and +it'll happily tell you all about the + + align:start position:0% +it'll happily tell you all about the + + + align:start position:0% +it'll happily tell you all about the +things that it did you can tell you + + align:start position:0% +things that it did you can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +things that it did you can tell you +about which transformation passes + + align:start position:0% +about which transformation passes + + + align:start position:0% +about which transformation passes +we're successfully able to transform the + + align:start position:0% +we're successfully able to transform the + + + align:start position:0% +we're successfully able to transform the +code it can tell you conclusions that it + + align:start position:0% +code it can tell you conclusions that it + + + align:start position:0% +code it can tell you conclusions that it +drew about its analysis of the code but + + align:start position:0% +drew about its analysis of the code but + + + align:start position:0% +drew about its analysis of the code but +the bad news is these reports are kind + + align:start position:0% +the bad news is these reports are kind + + + align:start position:0% +the bad news is these reports are kind +of complicated they're they can be long + + align:start position:0% +of complicated they're they can be long + + + align:start position:0% +of complicated they're they can be long +they use a lot of internal compiler + + align:start position:0% +they use a lot of internal compiler + + + align:start position:0% +they use a lot of internal compiler +jargon which if you're not familiar with + + align:start position:0% +jargon which if you're not familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +jargon which if you're not familiar with +that jargon it makes it hard to + + align:start position:0% +that jargon it makes it hard to + + + align:start position:0% +that jargon it makes it hard to +understand it also turns out that not + + align:start position:0% +understand it also turns out that not + + + align:start position:0% +understand it also turns out that not +all of the transformation passes in the + + align:start position:0% +all of the transformation passes in the + + + align:start position:0% +all of the transformation passes in the +compiler give you these nice reports so + + align:start position:0% +compiler give you these nice reports so + + + align:start position:0% +compiler give you these nice reports so +you don't get to see the whole picture + + align:start position:0% +you don't get to see the whole picture + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get to see the whole picture +and in general the reports don't really + + align:start position:0% +and in general the reports don't really + + + align:start position:0% +and in general the reports don't really +tell you the whole story about what the + + align:start position:0% +tell you the whole story about what the + + + align:start position:0% +tell you the whole story about what the +compiler did or did not do and we'll see + + align:start position:0% +compiler did or did not do and we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +compiler did or did not do and we'll see +another example of that later on so part + + align:start position:0% +another example of that later on so part + + + align:start position:0% +another example of that later on so part +of the goal of today's lecture is to get + + align:start position:0% +of the goal of today's lecture is to get + + + align:start position:0% +of the goal of today's lecture is to get +some context for understanding the + + align:start position:0% +some context for understanding the + + + align:start position:0% +some context for understanding the +reports that you might see if you pass + + align:start position:0% +reports that you might see if you pass + + + align:start position:0% +reports that you might see if you pass +it as flags to the compiler and the + + align:start position:0% +it as flags to the compiler and the + + + align:start position:0% +it as flags to the compiler and the +structure of the today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +structure of the today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the today's lecture +it's basically divided up into two parts + + align:start position:0% +it's basically divided up into two parts + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically divided up into two parts +first I want to give you some examples + + align:start position:0% +first I want to give you some examples + + + align:start position:0% +first I want to give you some examples +of compiler optimizations just simple + + align:start position:0% +of compiler optimizations just simple + + + align:start position:0% +of compiler optimizations just simple +examples so you get a sense as to how a + + align:start position:0% +examples so you get a sense as to how a + + + align:start position:0% +examples so you get a sense as to how a +compiler mechanically reasons about the + + align:start position:0% +compiler mechanically reasons about the + + + align:start position:0% +compiler mechanically reasons about the +code it's given and tries to optimize + + align:start position:0% +code it's given and tries to optimize + + + align:start position:0% +code it's given and tries to optimize +that code we'll take a look at how the + + align:start position:0% +that code we'll take a look at how the + + + align:start position:0% +that code we'll take a look at how the +compiler optimizes a single scalar value + + align:start position:0% +compiler optimizes a single scalar value + + + align:start position:0% +compiler optimizes a single scalar value +how it can optimize a structure how can + + align:start position:0% +how it can optimize a structure how can + + + align:start position:0% +how it can optimize a structure how can +optimize function calls and how it can + + align:start position:0% +optimize function calls and how it can + + + align:start position:0% +optimize function calls and how it can +optimize loops just simple examples to + + align:start position:0% +optimize loops just simple examples to + + + align:start position:0% +optimize loops just simple examples to +give some flavor and then the second + + align:start position:0% +give some flavor and then the second + + + align:start position:0% +give some flavor and then the second +half of lecture I have a few case + + align:start position:0% +half of lecture I have a few case + + + align:start position:0% +half of lecture I have a few case +studies for you which get into + + align:start position:0% +studies for you which get into + + + align:start position:0% +studies for you which get into +diagnosing ways in which the compiler + + align:start position:0% +diagnosing ways in which the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +diagnosing ways in which the compiler +fails I not do two bugs per se but + + align:start position:0% +fails I not do two bugs per se but + + + align:start position:0% +fails I not do two bugs per se but +simply didn't do an optimization you + + align:start position:0% +simply didn't do an optimization you + + + align:start position:0% +simply didn't do an optimization you +might have expected it to do not to be + + align:start position:0% +might have expected it to do not to be + + + align:start position:0% +might have expected it to do not to be +frank I think all of those case studies + + align:start position:0% +frank I think all of those case studies + + + align:start position:0% +frank I think all of those case studies +are really cool but it's not totally + + align:start position:0% +are really cool but it's not totally + + + align:start position:0% +are really cool but it's not totally +crucial that we get through every single + + align:start position:0% +crucial that we get through every single + + + align:start position:0% +crucial that we get through every single +case study during today's lecture the + + align:start position:0% +case study during today's lecture the + + + align:start position:0% +case study during today's lecture the +slides will be available afterwards so + + align:start position:0% +slides will be available afterwards so + + + align:start position:0% +slides will be available afterwards so +when we get to that part we'll just see + + align:start position:0% +when we get to that part we'll just see + + + align:start position:0% +when we get to that part we'll just see +how many case studies we can cover sound + + align:start position:0% +how many case studies we can cover sound + + + align:start position:0% +how many case studies we can cover sound +good any questions so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let's get to it let's start + + align:start position:0% +all right let's get to it let's start + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's get to it let's start +with a quick overview of compiler + + align:start position:0% +with a quick overview of compiler + + + align:start position:0% +with a quick overview of compiler +optimizations so here is a summary of + + align:start position:0% +optimizations so here is a summary of + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations so here is a summary of +the various options oh I forgot that I + + align:start position:0% +the various options oh I forgot that I + + + align:start position:0% +the various options oh I forgot that I +just copied this slide from a previous + + align:start position:0% +just copied this slide from a previous + + + align:start position:0% +just copied this slide from a previous +lecture given in this class you might + + align:start position:0% +lecture given in this class you might + + + align:start position:0% +lecture given in this class you might +recognize a slide I think from lecture + + align:start position:0% +recognize a slide I think from lecture + + + align:start position:0% +recognize a slide I think from lecture +two sorry about that + + align:start position:0% +two sorry about that + + + align:start position:0% +two sorry about that +that's okay well we can fix this we'll + + align:start position:0% +that's okay well we can fix this we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay well we can fix this we'll +just go ahead and add this slide right + + align:start position:0% +just go ahead and add this slide right + + + align:start position:0% +just go ahead and add this slide right +now we need to change the title + + align:start position:0% +now we need to change the title + + + align:start position:0% +now we need to change the title +so we'll just cross that out and and put + + align:start position:0% +so we'll just cross that out and and put + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll just cross that out and and put +in our new title okay so yeah great + + align:start position:0% +in our new title okay so yeah great + + + align:start position:0% +in our new title okay so yeah great +and now well we should double check + + align:start position:0% +and now well we should double check + + + align:start position:0% +and now well we should double check +these lists and make sure that they're + + align:start position:0% +these lists and make sure that they're + + + align:start position:0% +these lists and make sure that they're +accurate data structures we'll come back + + align:start position:0% +accurate data structures we'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +accurate data structures we'll come back +to data structures loops hoisting yeah + + align:start position:0% +to data structures loops hoisting yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to data structures loops hoisting yeah +the compiler can do hoisting sentinels + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can do hoisting sentinels + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can do hoisting sentinels +not really compilers not not good at + + align:start position:0% +not really compilers not not good at + + + align:start position:0% +not really compilers not not good at +sentinels loop unrolling yeah it + + align:start position:0% +sentinels loop unrolling yeah it + + + align:start position:0% +sentinels loop unrolling yeah it +absolutely does loop and rolling loop + + align:start position:0% +absolutely does loop and rolling loop + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely does loop and rolling loop +fusion yeah it can but there are some + + align:start position:0% +fusion yeah it can but there are some + + + align:start position:0% +fusion yeah it can but there are some +restrictions that apply you know your + + align:start position:0% +restrictions that apply you know your + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions that apply you know your +mileage might vary eliminate waste + + align:start position:0% +mileage might vary eliminate waste + + + align:start position:0% +mileage might vary eliminate waste +iterations some restrictions might apply + + align:start position:0% +iterations some restrictions might apply + + + align:start position:0% +iterations some restrictions might apply +ok logic constant folding and + + align:start position:0% +ok logic constant folding and + + + align:start position:0% +ok logic constant folding and +propagation yeah it's good on that + + align:start position:0% +propagation yeah it's good on that + + + align:start position:0% +propagation yeah it's good on that +it's common sub-expression elimination + + align:start position:0% +it's common sub-expression elimination + + + align:start position:0% +it's common sub-expression elimination +yeah I can find common sub-expressions + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can find common sub-expressions + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can find common sub-expressions +you're fine they're algebraic idea knows + + align:start position:0% +you're fine they're algebraic idea knows + + + align:start position:0% +you're fine they're algebraic idea knows +algebra yeah good short-circuiting yes + + align:start position:0% +algebra yeah good short-circuiting yes + + + align:start position:0% +algebra yeah good short-circuiting yes +absolutely ordering tests depends on the + + align:start position:0% +absolutely ordering tests depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely ordering tests depends on the +tests I'll give it to the compiler but + + align:start position:0% +tests I'll give it to the compiler but + + + align:start position:0% +tests I'll give it to the compiler but +all I'll say restrictions apply creating + + align:start position:0% +all I'll say restrictions apply creating + + + align:start position:0% +all I'll say restrictions apply creating +a fast path compilers aren't that smart + + align:start position:0% +a fast path compilers aren't that smart + + + align:start position:0% +a fast path compilers aren't that smart +about fast paths they come up with + + align:start position:0% +about fast paths they come up with + + + align:start position:0% +about fast paths they come up with +really boring fast paths I'm gonna take + + align:start position:0% +really boring fast paths I'm gonna take + + + align:start position:0% +really boring fast paths I'm gonna take +that off the list combining tests again + + align:start position:0% +that off the list combining tests again + + + align:start position:0% +that off the list combining tests again +it kind of depends on the tests + + align:start position:0% +it kind of depends on the tests + + + align:start position:0% +it kind of depends on the tests +functions compilers are pretty good at + + align:start position:0% +functions compilers are pretty good at + + + align:start position:0% +functions compilers are pretty good at +functions so inlining yep can absolute + + align:start position:0% +functions so inlining yep can absolute + + + align:start position:0% +functions so inlining yep can absolute +do that tail recursion elimination yes + + align:start position:0% +do that tail recursion elimination yes + + + align:start position:0% +do that tail recursion elimination yes +absolutely corseting not so much ok + + align:start position:0% +absolutely corseting not so much ok + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely corseting not so much ok +great let's come back to data structures + + align:start position:0% +great let's come back to data structures + + + align:start position:0% +great let's come back to data structures +which we skipped before packing + + align:start position:0% +which we skipped before packing + + + align:start position:0% +which we skipped before packing +augmentee ok honestly the compiler does + + align:start position:0% +augmentee ok honestly the compiler does + + + align:start position:0% +augmentee ok honestly the compiler does +a lot with data structures but really + + align:start position:0% +a lot with data structures but really + + + align:start position:0% +a lot with data structures but really +none of those things + + align:start position:0% +none of those things + + + align:start position:0% +none of those things +the good pottery isn't smart about data + + align:start position:0% +the good pottery isn't smart about data + + + align:start position:0% +the good pottery isn't smart about data +structures in that particular way really + + align:start position:0% +structures in that particular way really + + + align:start position:0% +structures in that particular way really +the way that the compiler is smart about + + align:start position:0% +the way that the compiler is smart about + + + align:start position:0% +the way that the compiler is smart about +data structures is shown here if we + + align:start position:0% +data structures is shown here if we + + + align:start position:0% +data structures is shown here if we +expand this list to include even more + + align:start position:0% +expand this list to include even more + + + align:start position:0% +expand this list to include even more +compiler optimizations bottom line with + + align:start position:0% +compiler optimizations bottom line with + + + align:start position:0% +compiler optimizations bottom line with +data structures the compiler knows a lot + + align:start position:0% +data structures the compiler knows a lot + + + align:start position:0% +data structures the compiler knows a lot +about architecture and it really it's + + align:start position:0% +about architecture and it really it's + + + align:start position:0% +about architecture and it really it's +it's put a lot of effort into figuring + + align:start position:0% +it's put a lot of effort into figuring + + + align:start position:0% +it's put a lot of effort into figuring +out how to use registers really + + align:start position:0% +out how to use registers really + + + align:start position:0% +out how to use registers really +effectively reading and writing a + + align:start position:0% +effectively reading and writing a + + + align:start position:0% +effectively reading and writing a +register is super fast touching memory + + align:start position:0% +register is super fast touching memory + + + align:start position:0% +register is super fast touching memory +is not so fast and so the compiler works + + align:start position:0% +is not so fast and so the compiler works + + + align:start position:0% +is not so fast and so the compiler works +really hard to allocate registers put + + align:start position:0% +really hard to allocate registers put + + + align:start position:0% +really hard to allocate registers put +anything that lives in memory ordinarily + + align:start position:0% +anything that lives in memory ordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +anything that lives in memory ordinarily +into registers manipulate aggregate + + align:start position:0% +into registers manipulate aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +into registers manipulate aggregate +types to use registers as we'll see in a + + align:start position:0% +types to use registers as we'll see in a + + + align:start position:0% +types to use registers as we'll see in a +couple slides a line data that has to + + align:start position:0% +couple slides a line data that has to + + + align:start position:0% +couple slides a line data that has to +live in memory compilers are good at + + align:start position:0% +live in memory compilers are good at + + + align:start position:0% +live in memory compilers are good at +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +compiler is also good at loops we + + align:start position:0% +compiler is also good at loops we + + + align:start position:0% +compiler is also good at loops we +already saw some example observation of + + align:start position:0% +already saw some example observation of + + + align:start position:0% +already saw some example observation of +the previous slide it can vectorize it + + align:start position:0% +the previous slide it can vectorize it + + + align:start position:0% +the previous slide it can vectorize it +does a lot of other cool stuff on + + align:start position:0% +does a lot of other cool stuff on + + + align:start position:0% +does a lot of other cool stuff on +switching is a cool optimization that I + + align:start position:0% +switching is a cool optimization that I + + + align:start position:0% +switching is a cool optimization that I +won't cover here idiom replacement it + + align:start position:0% +won't cover here idiom replacement it + + + align:start position:0% +won't cover here idiom replacement it +finds common patterns and does something + + align:start position:0% +finds common patterns and does something + + + align:start position:0% +finds common patterns and does something +smart with those fission skewing tiling + + align:start position:0% +smart with those fission skewing tiling + + + align:start position:0% +smart with those fission skewing tiling +interchange those all try to process the + + align:start position:0% +interchange those all try to process the + + + align:start position:0% +interchange those all try to process the +iterations of the loop in some clever + + align:start position:0% +iterations of the loop in some clever + + + align:start position:0% +iterations of the loop in some clever +way to make stuff go fast and some + + align:start position:0% +way to make stuff go fast and some + + + align:start position:0% +way to make stuff go fast and some +restrictions apply those are really in + + align:start position:0% +restrictions apply those are really in + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions apply those are really in +development in LLVM logic it doesn't a + + align:start position:0% +development in LLVM logic it doesn't a + + + align:start position:0% +development in LLVM logic it doesn't a +lot more with logic than what we saw + + align:start position:0% +lot more with logic than what we saw + + + align:start position:0% +lot more with logic than what we saw +before it can eliminate instructions + + align:start position:0% +before it can eliminate instructions + + + align:start position:0% +before it can eliminate instructions +that aren't necessary it can do strength + + align:start position:0% +that aren't necessary it can do strength + + + align:start position:0% +that aren't necessary it can do strength +reduction and other cool optimization I + + align:start position:0% +reduction and other cool optimization I + + + align:start position:0% +reduction and other cool optimization I +think we saw that one in the Bentley + + align:start position:0% +think we saw that one in the Bentley + + + align:start position:0% +think we saw that one in the Bentley +slides it gets rid of dead code it can + + align:start position:0% +slides it gets rid of dead code it can + + + align:start position:0% +slides it gets rid of dead code it can +do more idiom replacement branch routing + + align:start position:0% +do more idiom replacement branch routing + + + align:start position:0% +do more idiom replacement branch routing +is kind like reordering tests global + + align:start position:0% +is kind like reordering tests global + + + align:start position:0% +is kind like reordering tests global +value numbering another cool + + align:start position:0% +value numbering another cool + + + align:start position:0% +value numbering another cool +optimization that we won't talk about + + align:start position:0% +optimization that we won't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +optimization that we won't talk about +today functions that can do more on + + align:start position:0% +today functions that can do more on + + + align:start position:0% +today functions that can do more on +switching it can eliminate arguments + + align:start position:0% +switching it can eliminate arguments + + + align:start position:0% +switching it can eliminate arguments +that aren't necessary so the compiler + + align:start position:0% +that aren't necessary so the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +that aren't necessary so the compiler +can do a lot of stuff for you and at the + + align:start position:0% +can do a lot of stuff for you and at the + + + align:start position:0% +can do a lot of stuff for you and at the +end the day writing down this whole list + + align:start position:0% +end the day writing down this whole list + + + align:start position:0% +end the day writing down this whole list +is kind of a futile activity because it + + align:start position:0% +is kind of a futile activity because it + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of a futile activity because it +changes over time compilers are a moving + + align:start position:0% +changes over time compilers are a moving + + + align:start position:0% +changes over time compilers are a moving +target compiler developers their + + align:start position:0% +target compiler developers their + + + align:start position:0% +target compiler developers their +software engineers like you and me and + + align:start position:0% +software engineers like you and me and + + + align:start position:0% +software engineers like you and me and +they're clever and they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +they're clever and they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +they're clever and they're trying to +apply all their clever software + + align:start position:0% +apply all their clever software + + + align:start position:0% +apply all their clever software +engineering practice to this compiler + + align:start position:0% +engineering practice to this compiler + + + align:start position:0% +engineering practice to this compiler +code base to make it do more stuff and + + align:start position:0% +code base to make it do more stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +code base to make it do more stuff and +so they're constantly adding new + + align:start position:0% +so they're constantly adding new + + + align:start position:0% +so they're constantly adding new +optimizations + + align:start position:0% +optimizations + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations +the compiler new clever analyses all the + + align:start position:0% +the compiler new clever analyses all the + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler new clever analyses all the +time so really what we're gonna look at + + align:start position:0% +time so really what we're gonna look at + + + align:start position:0% +time so really what we're gonna look at +today is just a couple examples to get a + + align:start position:0% +today is just a couple examples to get a + + + align:start position:0% +today is just a couple examples to get a +flavor for what the compiler does + + align:start position:0% +flavor for what the compiler does + + + align:start position:0% +flavor for what the compiler does +internally now if you want to follow + + align:start position:0% +internally now if you want to follow + + + align:start position:0% +internally now if you want to follow +along with how the compiler works the + + align:start position:0% +along with how the compiler works the + + + align:start position:0% +along with how the compiler works the +good news is by and large you can take a + + align:start position:0% +good news is by and large you can take a + + + align:start position:0% +good news is by and large you can take a +look at the LLVM ir to see what happens + + align:start position:0% +look at the LLVM ir to see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +look at the LLVM ir to see what happens +as a compiler processes your code you + + align:start position:0% +as a compiler processes your code you + + + align:start position:0% +as a compiler processes your code you +don't need to look at the assembly + + align:start position:0% +don't need to look at the assembly + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to look at the assembly +that's generally true but there are some + + align:start position:0% +that's generally true but there are some + + + align:start position:0% +that's generally true but there are some +exceptions so for example if we have + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so for example if we have + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so for example if we have +these three snippets of C code on the + + align:start position:0% +these three snippets of C code on the + + + align:start position:0% +these three snippets of C code on the +left and we look at what the what your + + align:start position:0% +left and we look at what the what your + + + align:start position:0% +left and we look at what the what your +LLVM compiler generates in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +LLVM compiler generates in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +LLVM compiler generates in terms of the +ir we can see that there are some + + align:start position:0% +ir we can see that there are some + + + align:start position:0% +ir we can see that there are some +optimizations reflected but not too many + + align:start position:0% +optimizations reflected but not too many + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations reflected but not too many +interesting ones the the x eight turns + + align:start position:0% +interesting ones the the x eight turns + + + align:start position:0% +interesting ones the the x eight turns +into a shift left operation by three + + align:start position:0% +into a shift left operation by three + + + align:start position:0% +into a shift left operation by three +because eight is a power two that's + + align:start position:0% +because eight is a power two that's + + + align:start position:0% +because eight is a power two that's +straightforward good we can see that in + + align:start position:0% +straightforward good we can see that in + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward good we can see that in +the ir the x 15 still looks like a x 15 + + align:start position:0% +the ir the x 15 still looks like a x 15 + + + align:start position:0% +the ir the x 15 still looks like a x 15 +no changes there the / 71 looks like a / + + align:start position:0% +no changes there the / 71 looks like a / + + + align:start position:0% +no changes there the / 71 looks like a / +71 again no changes there now with + + align:start position:0% +71 again no changes there now with + + + align:start position:0% +71 again no changes there now with +arithmetic ops the difference between + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic ops the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic ops the difference between +what you see in the LVM ir and what you + + align:start position:0% +what you see in the LVM ir and what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you see in the LVM ir and what you +see in the assembly this is where it's + + align:start position:0% +see in the assembly this is where it's + + + align:start position:0% +see in the assembly this is where it's +most pronounced at least in my + + align:start position:0% +most pronounced at least in my + + + align:start position:0% +most pronounced at least in my +experience because if we take a look at + + align:start position:0% +experience because if we take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +experience because if we take a look at +these same snippets of C code and we + + align:start position:0% +these same snippets of C code and we + + + align:start position:0% +these same snippets of C code and we +look at the corresponding x86 assembly + + align:start position:0% +look at the corresponding x86 assembly + + + align:start position:0% +look at the corresponding x86 assembly +for it we get the stuff on the right and + + align:start position:0% +for it we get the stuff on the right and + + + align:start position:0% +for it we get the stuff on the right and +this looks different let's pick through + + align:start position:0% +this looks different let's pick through + + + align:start position:0% +this looks different let's pick through +what this assembly code does well my in + + align:start position:0% +what this assembly code does well my in + + + align:start position:0% +what this assembly code does well my in +time so the first one and the C code + + align:start position:0% +time so the first one and the C code + + + align:start position:0% +time so the first one and the C code +takes the argument n and multiplies it + + align:start position:0% +takes the argument n and multiplies it + + + align:start position:0% +takes the argument n and multiplies it +by 8 and in the assembly we have this le + + align:start position:0% +by 8 and in the assembly we have this le + + + align:start position:0% +by 8 and in the assembly we have this le +a instruction anyone remember what the + + align:start position:0% +a instruction anyone remember what the + + + align:start position:0% +a instruction anyone remember what the +Le a instruction does I see one person + + align:start position:0% +Le a instruction does I see one person + + + align:start position:0% +Le a instruction does I see one person +shaking their head that's a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +shaking their head that's a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +shaking their head that's a perfectly +reasonable response yeah go for it load + + align:start position:0% +reasonable response yeah go for it load + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable response yeah go for it load +effective address what does that mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +load the address but don't actually + + align:start position:0% +load the address but don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +load the address but don't actually +access memory another way to phrase that + + align:start position:0% +access memory another way to phrase that + + + align:start position:0% +access memory another way to phrase that +compute the do this address calculation + + align:start position:0% +compute the do this address calculation + + + align:start position:0% +compute the do this address calculation +and give me the result of the address + + align:start position:0% +and give me the result of the address + + + align:start position:0% +and give me the result of the address +calculation don't read or write memory + + align:start position:0% +calculation don't read or write memory + + + align:start position:0% +calculation don't read or write memory +at that address just do the calculation + + align:start position:0% +at that address just do the calculation + + + align:start position:0% +at that address just do the calculation +that's what loading and effective + + align:start position:0% +that's what loading and effective + + + align:start position:0% +that's what loading and effective +address means essentially but you're + + align:start position:0% +address means essentially but you're + + + align:start position:0% +address means essentially but you're +exactly right + + align:start position:0% +exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right +the elia instruction does an address + + align:start position:0% +the elia instruction does an address + + + align:start position:0% +the elia instruction does an address +calculation and stores the results in + + align:start position:0% +calculation and stores the results in + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and stores the results in +the register on the right + + align:start position:0% +the register on the right + + + align:start position:0% +the register on the right +anyone remember enough about x86 address + + align:start position:0% +anyone remember enough about x86 address + + + align:start position:0% +anyone remember enough about x86 address +calculations to tell me how that le a in + + align:start position:0% +calculations to tell me how that le a in + + + align:start position:0% +calculations to tell me how that le a in +particular works the first le a on the + + align:start position:0% +particular works the first le a on the + + + align:start position:0% +particular works the first le a on the +slide yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but before the first comma in this case + + align:start position:0% +but before the first comma in this case + + + align:start position:0% +but before the first comma in this case +nothing gets added to the product of the + + align:start position:0% +nothing gets added to the product of the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing gets added to the product of the +second two arguments in those parens + + align:start position:0% +second two arguments in those parens + + + align:start position:0% +second two arguments in those parens +you're exactly right so this le a takes + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right so this le a takes + + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right so this le a takes +the value eight multiplies it by + + align:start position:0% +the value eight multiplies it by + + + align:start position:0% +the value eight multiplies it by +whatever is in register R di which holds + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in register R di which holds + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is in register R di which holds +the value N and it stores the result + + align:start position:0% +the value N and it stores the result + + + align:start position:0% +the value N and it stores the result +into EAX so perfect it does a multiplied + + align:start position:0% +into EAX so perfect it does a multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +into EAX so perfect it does a multiplied +by eight the address calculator is only + + align:start position:0% +by eight the address calculator is only + + + align:start position:0% +by eight the address calculator is only +capable of a small range of operations + + align:start position:0% +capable of a small range of operations + + + align:start position:0% +capable of a small range of operations +it can do additions and it can multiply + + align:start position:0% +it can do additions and it can multiply + + + align:start position:0% +it can do additions and it can multiply +by one to four or eight that's it + + align:start position:0% +by one to four or eight that's it + + + align:start position:0% +by one to four or eight that's it +so it's a really simple circuit and the + + align:start position:0% +so it's a really simple circuit and the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a really simple circuit and the +hardware but it's fast it's optimized + + align:start position:0% +hardware but it's fast it's optimized + + + align:start position:0% +hardware but it's fast it's optimized +heavily by modern processors and so if + + align:start position:0% +heavily by modern processors and so if + + + align:start position:0% +heavily by modern processors and so if +the compiler can use it they tend to try + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can use it they tend to try + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can use it they tend to try +to use these le instructions so good job + + align:start position:0% +to use these le instructions so good job + + + align:start position:0% +to use these le instructions so good job +how about the next one multiplied by 15 + + align:start position:0% +how about the next one multiplied by 15 + + + align:start position:0% +how about the next one multiplied by 15 +turns into these two le a instructions + + align:start position:0% +turns into these two le a instructions + + + align:start position:0% +turns into these two le a instructions +can anyone tell me how these work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're basically multiplying by five and + + align:start position:0% +you're basically multiplying by five and + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically multiplying by five and +multiplying by three exactly right we + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by three exactly right we + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by three exactly right we +can step through this as well if we look + + align:start position:0% +can step through this as well if we look + + + align:start position:0% +can step through this as well if we look +at the first Elliot instruction we take + + align:start position:0% +at the first Elliot instruction we take + + + align:start position:0% +at the first Elliot instruction we take +our TI which stores the value n we + + align:start position:0% +our TI which stores the value n we + + + align:start position:0% +our TI which stores the value n we +multiply that by four we add it to the + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by four we add it to the + + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by four we add it to the +original value of r di and so that + + align:start position:0% +original value of r di and so that + + + align:start position:0% +original value of r di and so that +computes four times n plus n which is + + align:start position:0% +computes four times n plus n which is + + + align:start position:0% +computes four times n plus n which is +five times N and that result gets stored + + align:start position:0% +five times N and that result gets stored + + + align:start position:0% +five times N and that result gets stored +into EAX good we've effectively + + align:start position:0% +into EAX good we've effectively + + + align:start position:0% +into EAX good we've effectively +multiplied by five the next instruction + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by five the next instruction + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by five the next instruction +takes whatever is in our a X which is + + align:start position:0% +takes whatever is in our a X which is + + + align:start position:0% +takes whatever is in our a X which is +now 5 n multiplies that by 2 adds it to + + align:start position:0% +now 5 n multiplies that by 2 adds it to + + + align:start position:0% +now 5 n multiplies that by 2 adds it to +whatever is currently in our X which is + + align:start position:0% +whatever is currently in our X which is + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is currently in our X which is +once again 5 n so that computes 2 times + + align:start position:0% +once again 5 n so that computes 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +once again 5 n so that computes 2 times +5 n + 5 n which is 3 times 5 n which is + + align:start position:0% +5 n + 5 n which is 3 times 5 n which is + + + align:start position:0% +5 n + 5 n which is 3 times 5 n which is +15 n so just like that we've done our + + align:start position:0% +15 n so just like that we've done our + + + align:start position:0% +15 n so just like that we've done our +multiply with two le a instructions how + + align:start position:0% +multiply with two le a instructions how + + + align:start position:0% +multiply with two le a instructions how +about the last one in this last piece of + + align:start position:0% +about the last one in this last piece of + + + align:start position:0% +about the last one in this last piece of +code we take the argument in our TI and + + align:start position:0% +code we take the argument in our TI and + + + align:start position:0% +code we take the argument in our TI and +we move it into a X we then move the + + align:start position:0% +we move it into a X we then move the + + + align:start position:0% +we move it into a X we then move the +value three billion eight hundred and + + align:start position:0% +value three billion eight hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +value three billion eight hundred and +seventy 1 million five hundred nineteen + + align:start position:0% +seventy 1 million five hundred nineteen + + + align:start position:0% +seventy 1 million five hundred nineteen +thousand eight hundred and seventeen and + + align:start position:0% +thousand eight hundred and seventeen and + + + align:start position:0% +thousand eight hundred and seventeen and +put that into e CX as you do we multiply + + align:start position:0% +put that into e CX as you do we multiply + + + align:start position:0% +put that into e CX as you do we multiply +those two values together and then we + + align:start position:0% +those two values together and then we + + + align:start position:0% +those two values together and then we +shift the product right by 38 so + + align:start position:0% +shift the product right by 38 so + + + align:start position:0% +shift the product right by 38 so +obviously this divides by 71 any guesses + + align:start position:0% +obviously this divides by 71 any guesses + + + align:start position:0% +obviously this divides by 71 any guesses +as to how this performs the division + + align:start position:0% +as to how this performs the division + + + align:start position:0% +as to how this performs the division +operation we want both of you answered I + + align:start position:0% +operation we want both of you answered I + + + align:start position:0% +operation we want both of you answered I +might still call on you + + align:start position:0% +might still call on you + + + align:start position:0% +might still call on you +I'll give someone I'll give it a little + + align:start position:0% +I'll give someone I'll give it a little + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give someone I'll give it a little +more time for someone else to raise + + align:start position:0% +more time for someone else to raise + + + align:start position:0% +more time for someone else to raise +their hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go for it it has a lot to do with two to + + align:start position:0% +go for it it has a lot to do with two to + + + align:start position:0% +go for it it has a lot to do with two to +38 very good yeah all right any any + + align:start position:0% +38 very good yeah all right any any + + + align:start position:0% +38 very good yeah all right any any +further guesses before I give the answer + + align:start position:0% +further guesses before I give the answer + + + align:start position:0% +further guesses before I give the answer +away yeah in the back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it kinda so this is what's technically + + align:start position:0% +it kinda so this is what's technically + + + align:start position:0% +it kinda so this is what's technically +called a magic number and yes it's + + align:start position:0% +called a magic number and yes it's + + + align:start position:0% +called a magic number and yes it's +technically called a magic number and + + align:start position:0% +technically called a magic number and + + + align:start position:0% +technically called a magic number and +this magic number is equal to two to the + + align:start position:0% +this magic number is equal to two to the + + + align:start position:0% +this magic number is equal to two to the +thirty eight divided by seventy one plus + + align:start position:0% +thirty eight divided by seventy one plus + + + align:start position:0% +thirty eight divided by seventy one plus +one to deal with some rounding effects + + align:start position:0% +one to deal with some rounding effects + + + align:start position:0% +one to deal with some rounding effects +what this code does is it says let's + + align:start position:0% +what this code does is it says let's + + + align:start position:0% +what this code does is it says let's +compute n divided by 71 by first + + align:start position:0% +compute n divided by 71 by first + + + align:start position:0% +compute n divided by 71 by first +computing and divided by 71 times two to + + align:start position:0% +computing and divided by 71 times two to + + + align:start position:0% +computing and divided by 71 times two to +the thirty eight and then shifting off + + align:start position:0% +the thirty eight and then shifting off + + + align:start position:0% +the thirty eight and then shifting off +the lower thirty eight bits with that + + align:start position:0% +the lower thirty eight bits with that + + + align:start position:0% +the lower thirty eight bits with that +shift right operation and because it can + + align:start position:0% +shift right operation and because it can + + + align:start position:0% +shift right operation and because it can +by converting the operation into this + + align:start position:0% +by converting the operation into this + + + align:start position:0% +by converting the operation into this +it's able to replace the division + + align:start position:0% +it's able to replace the division + + + align:start position:0% +it's able to replace the division +operation with a multiply and if you + + align:start position:0% +operation with a multiply and if you + + + align:start position:0% +operation with a multiply and if you +remember hopefully from the architecture + + align:start position:0% +remember hopefully from the architecture + + + align:start position:0% +remember hopefully from the architecture +lecture multiply operations they're not + + align:start position:0% +lecture multiply operations they're not + + + align:start position:0% +lecture multiply operations they're not +the cheapest things in the world but + + align:start position:0% +the cheapest things in the world but + + + align:start position:0% +the cheapest things in the world but +they're not too bad + + align:start position:0% +they're not too bad + + + align:start position:0% +they're not too bad +division is really expensive if you want + + align:start position:0% +division is really expensive if you want + + + align:start position:0% +division is really expensive if you want +fast code never divide also never + + align:start position:0% +fast code never divide also never + + + align:start position:0% +fast code never divide also never +compute modulus or act or access memory + + align:start position:0% +compute modulus or act or access memory + + + align:start position:0% +compute modulus or act or access memory +yeah question + + align:start position:0% +yeah question + + + align:start position:0% +yeah question +why did I choose 38 I think it shows 38 + + align:start position:0% +why did I choose 38 I think it shows 38 + + + align:start position:0% +why did I choose 38 I think it shows 38 +because 38 works there's actually a + + align:start position:0% +because 38 works there's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +because 38 works there's actually a +formula for pretty much it doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +formula for pretty much it doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +formula for pretty much it doesn't want +to choose a valley that's too large or + + align:start position:0% +to choose a valley that's too large or + + + align:start position:0% +to choose a valley that's too large or +else it'll overflow and it doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +else it'll overflow and it doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +else it'll overflow and it doesn't want +to choose a value that's too small or + + align:start position:0% +to choose a value that's too small or + + + align:start position:0% +to choose a value that's too small or +else you lose precision so it's able to + + align:start position:0% +else you lose precision so it's able to + + + align:start position:0% +else you lose precision so it's able to +find a balancing point if you want to + + align:start position:0% +find a balancing point if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +find a balancing point if you want to +know more about magic numbers I + + align:start position:0% +know more about magic numbers I + + + align:start position:0% +know more about magic numbers I +recommend checking out this book called + + align:start position:0% +recommend checking out this book called + + + align:start position:0% +recommend checking out this book called +hackers delight for any of you who are + + align:start position:0% +hackers delight for any of you who are + + + align:start position:0% +hackers delight for any of you who are +familiar with this book it is a book + + align:start position:0% +familiar with this book it is a book + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with this book it is a book +full of bit tricks seriously that's the + + align:start position:0% +full of bit tricks seriously that's the + + + align:start position:0% +full of bit tricks seriously that's the +entire book it's just a book full of bit + + align:start position:0% +entire book it's just a book full of bit + + + align:start position:0% +entire book it's just a book full of bit +Rick's and there's a whole section in + + align:start position:0% +Rick's and there's a whole section in + + + align:start position:0% +Rick's and there's a whole section in +there describing how you do division by + + align:start position:0% +there describing how you do division by + + + align:start position:0% +there describing how you do division by +various constants using multiplication + + align:start position:0% +various constants using multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +various constants using multiplication +either signed or unsigned it's very cool + + align:start position:0% +either signed or unsigned it's very cool + + + align:start position:0% +either signed or unsigned it's very cool +but yeah magic number to convert a + + align:start position:0% +but yeah magic number to convert a + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah magic number to convert a +division into a multiply that's the + + align:start position:0% +division into a multiply that's the + + + align:start position:0% +division into a multiply that's the +that's the kind of thing that you might + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of thing that you might + + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of thing that you might +see from the assembly that's one of + + align:start position:0% +see from the assembly that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +see from the assembly that's one of +these examples of arithmetic operations + + align:start position:0% +these examples of arithmetic operations + + + align:start position:0% +these examples of arithmetic operations +that are really optimized at the very + + align:start position:0% +that are really optimized at the very + + + align:start position:0% +that are really optimized at the very +last step but for the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +last step but for the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +last step but for the rest of the +optimizations for say we could focus on + + align:start position:0% +optimizations for say we could focus on + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations for say we could focus on +the ir any questions about that so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool okay so for the next part of the + + align:start position:0% +cool okay so for the next part of the + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay so for the next part of the +lecture I want to show you a couple + + align:start position:0% +lecture I want to show you a couple + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I want to show you a couple +examples ations in terms of the LLVM ir + + align:start position:0% +examples ations in terms of the LLVM ir + + + align:start position:0% +examples ations in terms of the LLVM ir +and to show you these optimizations will + + align:start position:0% +and to show you these optimizations will + + + align:start position:0% +and to show you these optimizations will +have a little bit of code that will work + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit of code that will work + + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit of code that will work +through a running example if you will + + align:start position:0% +through a running example if you will + + + align:start position:0% +through a running example if you will +and this wording example will be some + + align:start position:0% +and this wording example will be some + + + align:start position:0% +and this wording example will be some +code that I stole from I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +code that I stole from I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +code that I stole from I think it's a +serial program that simulates the + + align:start position:0% +serial program that simulates the + + + align:start position:0% +serial program that simulates the +behavior of and massive bodies in 2d + + align:start position:0% +behavior of and massive bodies in 2d + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of and massive bodies in 2d +space under the law of gravitation so + + align:start position:0% +space under the law of gravitation so + + + align:start position:0% +space under the law of gravitation so +we've got a whole bunch of point masses + + align:start position:0% +we've got a whole bunch of point masses + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a whole bunch of point masses +those point masses have varying masses + + align:start position:0% +those point masses have varying masses + + + align:start position:0% +those point masses have varying masses +and we just want to simulate what + + align:start position:0% +and we just want to simulate what + + + align:start position:0% +and we just want to simulate what +happens due to gravity as these masses + + align:start position:0% +happens due to gravity as these masses + + + align:start position:0% +happens due to gravity as these masses +interacting in the plane at a high level + + align:start position:0% +interacting in the plane at a high level + + + align:start position:0% +interacting in the plane at a high level +the N body code is pretty simple we have + + align:start position:0% +the N body code is pretty simple we have + + + align:start position:0% +the N body code is pretty simple we have +a top level simulate routine which just + + align:start position:0% +a top level simulate routine which just + + + align:start position:0% +a top level simulate routine which just +loops over all the time steps during + + align:start position:0% +loops over all the time steps during + + + align:start position:0% +loops over all the time steps during +which we want to perform this simulation + + align:start position:0% +which we want to perform this simulation + + + align:start position:0% +which we want to perform this simulation +and I each time step it calculates the + + align:start position:0% +and I each time step it calculates the + + + align:start position:0% +and I each time step it calculates the +various forces in acting on those + + align:start position:0% +various forces in acting on those + + + align:start position:0% +various forces in acting on those +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +and then it updates the position of each + + align:start position:0% +and then it updates the position of each + + + align:start position:0% +and then it updates the position of each +body based on those forces in order to + + align:start position:0% +body based on those forces in order to + + + align:start position:0% +body based on those forces in order to +do that calculation it has some internal + + align:start position:0% +do that calculation it has some internal + + + align:start position:0% +do that calculation it has some internal +data structures one to represent each + + align:start position:0% +data structures one to represent each + + + align:start position:0% +data structures one to represent each +body which contains a couple of vector + + align:start position:0% +body which contains a couple of vector + + + align:start position:0% +body which contains a couple of vector +types and we define our own vector type + + align:start position:0% +types and we define our own vector type + + + align:start position:0% +types and we define our own vector type +to store two double precision floating + + align:start position:0% +to store two double precision floating + + + align:start position:0% +to store two double precision floating +point values now we don't see the entire + + align:start position:0% +point values now we don't see the entire + + + align:start position:0% +point values now we don't see the entire +code in order to look at some compiler + + align:start position:0% +code in order to look at some compiler + + + align:start position:0% +code in order to look at some compiler +optimizations but one routine that we + + align:start position:0% +optimizations but one routine that we + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations but one routine that we +will take a look at is this one to + + align:start position:0% +will take a look at is this one to + + + align:start position:0% +will take a look at is this one to +update the positions this is a simple + + align:start position:0% +update the positions this is a simple + + + align:start position:0% +update the positions this is a simple +loop that takes each body one at a time + + align:start position:0% +loop that takes each body one at a time + + + align:start position:0% +loop that takes each body one at a time +computes the new velocity on that body + + align:start position:0% +computes the new velocity on that body + + + align:start position:0% +computes the new velocity on that body +based on the forces acting on that body + + align:start position:0% +based on the forces acting on that body + + + align:start position:0% +based on the forces acting on that body +and uses vector operations to do that + + align:start position:0% +and uses vector operations to do that + + + align:start position:0% +and uses vector operations to do that +and then it updates the position of that + + align:start position:0% +and then it updates the position of that + + + align:start position:0% +and then it updates the position of that +body again using these vector operations + + align:start position:0% +body again using these vector operations + + + align:start position:0% +body again using these vector operations +that we've defined and then it stores + + align:start position:0% +that we've defined and then it stores + + + align:start position:0% +that we've defined and then it stores +the results into video structure for + + align:start position:0% +the results into video structure for + + + align:start position:0% +the results into video structure for +that body + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all these methods with this code make + + align:start position:0% +so all these methods with this code make + + + align:start position:0% +so all these methods with this code make +use of these basic routines on 2d + + align:start position:0% +use of these basic routines on 2d + + + align:start position:0% +use of these basic routines on 2d +vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors +points in X Y or points in 2d space and + + align:start position:0% +points in X Y or points in 2d space and + + + align:start position:0% +points in X Y or points in 2d space and +these routines are pretty simple there's + + align:start position:0% +these routines are pretty simple there's + + + align:start position:0% +these routines are pretty simple there's +one to add two vectors there's another + + align:start position:0% +one to add two vectors there's another + + + align:start position:0% +one to add two vectors there's another +to scale a vector by a scalar value and + + align:start position:0% +to scale a vector by a scalar value and + + + align:start position:0% +to scale a vector by a scalar value and +there's a third to compute the length + + align:start position:0% +there's a third to compute the length + + + align:start position:0% +there's a third to compute the length +which we won't actually look at too much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everyone good so far okay so let's try + + align:start position:0% +everyone good so far okay so let's try + + + align:start position:0% +everyone good so far okay so let's try +to start simple let's take a look at + + align:start position:0% +to start simple let's take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +to start simple let's take a look at +just one of these one line vector + + align:start position:0% +just one of these one line vector + + + align:start position:0% +just one of these one line vector +operations vex scale all vex scale does + + align:start position:0% +operations vex scale all vex scale does + + + align:start position:0% +operations vex scale all vex scale does +is it takes one of these vector one of + + align:start position:0% +is it takes one of these vector one of + + + align:start position:0% +is it takes one of these vector one of +these vector inputs and a scalar value a + + align:start position:0% +these vector inputs and a scalar value a + + + align:start position:0% +these vector inputs and a scalar value a +and it multiplies X by a and Y by a and + + align:start position:0% +and it multiplies X by a and Y by a and + + + align:start position:0% +and it multiplies X by a and Y by a and +stores the results into a vector type + + align:start position:0% +stores the results into a vector type + + + align:start position:0% +stores the results into a vector type +and returns it great couldn't be simpler + + align:start position:0% +and returns it great couldn't be simpler + + + align:start position:0% +and returns it great couldn't be simpler +if we compile this with no opposition's + + align:start position:0% +if we compile this with no opposition's + + + align:start position:0% +if we compile this with no opposition's +whatsoever and we take a look at the LVM + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever and we take a look at the LVM + + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever and we take a look at the LVM +ir we get that which is a little more + + align:start position:0% +ir we get that which is a little more + + + align:start position:0% +ir we get that which is a little more +complicated than you might imagine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the good news though is that if you turn + + align:start position:0% +the good news though is that if you turn + + + align:start position:0% +the good news though is that if you turn +on optimizations and you just turn on + + align:start position:0% +on optimizations and you just turn on + + + align:start position:0% +on optimizations and you just turn on +the first law of optimization just oh + + align:start position:0% +the first law of optimization just oh + + + align:start position:0% +the first law of optimization just oh +one whereas we got this code before now + + align:start position:0% +one whereas we got this code before now + + + align:start position:0% +one whereas we got this code before now +we get this which is far far simpler and + + align:start position:0% +we get this which is far far simpler and + + + align:start position:0% +we get this which is far far simpler and +so simple I can blow up the font size so + + align:start position:0% +so simple I can blow up the font size so + + + align:start position:0% +so simple I can blow up the font size so +you can actually read read the code on + + align:start position:0% +you can actually read read the code on + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually read read the code on +this slide so just see again no + + align:start position:0% +this slide so just see again no + + + align:start position:0% +this slide so just see again no +optimizations optimizations so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +optimizations optimizations so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations optimizations so a lot of +stuff happened to get from to optimize + + align:start position:0% +stuff happened to get from to optimize + + + align:start position:0% +stuff happened to get from to optimize +this simple function we're gonna see + + align:start position:0% +this simple function we're gonna see + + + align:start position:0% +this simple function we're gonna see +what those optimizations actually were + + align:start position:0% +what those optimizations actually were + + + align:start position:0% +what those optimizations actually were +but first let's pick apart what's going + + align:start position:0% +but first let's pick apart what's going + + + align:start position:0% +but first let's pick apart what's going +on in this function we have our vex + + align:start position:0% +on in this function we have our vex + + + align:start position:0% +on in this function we have our vex +scale routine in LV Mir it takes a + + align:start position:0% +scale routine in LV Mir it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +scale routine in LV Mir it takes a +structure as its first argument and + + align:start position:0% +structure as its first argument and + + + align:start position:0% +structure as its first argument and +that's represented using two doubles it + + align:start position:0% +that's represented using two doubles it + + + align:start position:0% +that's represented using two doubles it +takes the scalar as the second argument + + align:start position:0% +takes the scalar as the second argument + + + align:start position:0% +takes the scalar as the second argument +and what the what the operation does is + + align:start position:0% +and what the what the operation does is + + + align:start position:0% +and what the what the operation does is +it multiplies those two those two fields + + align:start position:0% +it multiplies those two those two fields + + + align:start position:0% +it multiplies those two those two fields +by the third argument that double A and + + align:start position:0% +by the third argument that double A and + + + align:start position:0% +by the third argument that double A and +then packs those values into ade struct + + align:start position:0% +then packs those values into ade struct + + + align:start position:0% +then packs those values into ade struct +that'll return and finally it returns + + align:start position:0% +that'll return and finally it returns + + + align:start position:0% +that'll return and finally it returns +that struct so that's what the optimized + + align:start position:0% +that struct so that's what the optimized + + + align:start position:0% +that struct so that's what the optimized +code does let's see actually how we get + + align:start position:0% +code does let's see actually how we get + + + align:start position:0% +code does let's see actually how we get +to this optimized code we'll do this one + + align:start position:0% +to this optimized code we'll do this one + + + align:start position:0% +to this optimized code we'll do this one +step at a time + + align:start position:0% +step at a time + + + align:start position:0% +step at a time +let's start by optimizing the operations + + align:start position:0% +let's start by optimizing the operations + + + align:start position:0% +let's start by optimizing the operations +on a single scalar value that's why I + + align:start position:0% +on a single scalar value that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +on a single scalar value that's why I +picked this example so if we go back to + + align:start position:0% +picked this example so if we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +picked this example so if we go back to +the o 0 code and we just pick out the + + align:start position:0% +the o 0 code and we just pick out the + + + align:start position:0% +the o 0 code and we just pick out the +operations that dealt with that scalar + + align:start position:0% +operations that dealt with that scalar + + + align:start position:0% +operations that dealt with that scalar +value we narrow ourselves we narrow our + + align:start position:0% +value we narrow ourselves we narrow our + + + align:start position:0% +value we narrow ourselves we narrow our +scope down to just these lines so the + + align:start position:0% +scope down to just these lines so the + + + align:start position:0% +scope down to just these lines so the +double the argument double a is the + + align:start position:0% +double the argument double a is the + + + align:start position:0% +double the argument double a is the +final argument in the list and what we + + align:start position:0% +final argument in the list and what we + + + align:start position:0% +final argument in the list and what we +see is that within the VEX scale routine + + align:start position:0% +see is that within the VEX scale routine + + + align:start position:0% +see is that within the VEX scale routine +compile that o 0 we allocate some local + + align:start position:0% +compile that o 0 we allocate some local + + + align:start position:0% +compile that o 0 we allocate some local +storage we store that double a into the + + align:start position:0% +storage we store that double a into the + + + align:start position:0% +storage we store that double a into the +local storage and then later on we'll + + align:start position:0% +local storage and then later on we'll + + + align:start position:0% +local storage and then later on we'll +load the value out of the local storage + + align:start position:0% +load the value out of the local storage + + + align:start position:0% +load the value out of the local storage +before the multiply and then we load it + + align:start position:0% +before the multiply and then we load it + + + align:start position:0% +before the multiply and then we load it +again before the other multiply ok any + + align:start position:0% +again before the other multiply ok any + + + align:start position:0% +again before the other multiply ok any +idea is how we could make this code + + align:start position:0% +idea is how we could make this code + + + align:start position:0% +idea is how we could make this code +faster + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't store it in memory what a great + + align:start position:0% +don't store it in memory what a great + + + align:start position:0% +don't store it in memory what a great +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +how would we get around not storing in + + align:start position:0% +how would we get around not storing in + + + align:start position:0% +how would we get around not storing in +memory saving your register in + + align:start position:0% +memory saving your register in + + + align:start position:0% +memory saving your register in +particular what property of LV Mir makes + + align:start position:0% +particular what property of LV Mir makes + + + align:start position:0% +particular what property of LV Mir makes +out really easy there are infinite + + align:start position:0% +out really easy there are infinite + + + align:start position:0% +out really easy there are infinite +registers and in fact the argument is + + align:start position:0% +registers and in fact the argument is + + + align:start position:0% +registers and in fact the argument is +already in a register it's already in + + align:start position:0% +already in a register it's already in + + + align:start position:0% +already in a register it's already in +the register percent to article so we + + align:start position:0% +the register percent to article so we + + + align:start position:0% +the register percent to article so we +don't need to move it into a register + + align:start position:0% +don't need to move it into a register + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to move it into a register +it's already there so how do we go about + + align:start position:0% +it's already there so how do we go about + + + align:start position:0% +it's already there so how do we go about +optimizing that code in this case well + + align:start position:0% +optimizing that code in this case well + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing that code in this case well +let's find the places where we're using + + align:start position:0% +let's find the places where we're using + + + align:start position:0% +let's find the places where we're using +the value and we're using the value + + align:start position:0% +the value and we're using the value + + + align:start position:0% +the value and we're using the value +loaded from memory and what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +loaded from memory and what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +loaded from memory and what we're gonna +do is just replace those those loads for + + align:start position:0% +do is just replace those those loads for + + + align:start position:0% +do is just replace those those loads for +memory with the original argument we + + align:start position:0% +memory with the original argument we + + + align:start position:0% +memory with the original argument we +know exactly what operation we're trying + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what operation we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what operation we're trying +to do we know we're trying to all we're + + align:start position:0% +to do we know we're trying to all we're + + + align:start position:0% +to do we know we're trying to all we're +trying to do a multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +trying to do a multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do a multiplied by the +original parameter so we just find those + + align:start position:0% +original parameter so we just find those + + + align:start position:0% +original parameter so we just find those +two uses we cross them out and we put in + + align:start position:0% +two uses we cross them out and we put in + + + align:start position:0% +two uses we cross them out and we put in +the input parameter in his place that + + align:start position:0% +the input parameter in his place that + + + align:start position:0% +the input parameter in his place that +makes sense + + align:start position:0% +makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense +questions so far cool so now those + + align:start position:0% +questions so far cool so now those + + + align:start position:0% +questions so far cool so now those +multiplies aren't using the values + + align:start position:0% +multiplies aren't using the values + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies aren't using the values +returned by the loads how further can we + + align:start position:0% +returned by the loads how further can we + + + align:start position:0% +returned by the loads how further can we +optimize this code sorry + + align:start position:0% +optimize this code sorry + + + align:start position:0% +optimize this code sorry +delete the loads what else can we delete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there's no address calculation here + + align:start position:0% +so there's no address calculation here + + + align:start position:0% +so there's no address calculation here +just because the code is so simple but + + align:start position:0% +just because the code is so simple but + + + align:start position:0% +just because the code is so simple but +good insight the allocation and and the + + align:start position:0% +good insight the allocation and and the + + + align:start position:0% +good insight the allocation and and the +store great + + align:start position:0% +store great + + + align:start position:0% +store great +so those loads are dead code the store + + align:start position:0% +so those loads are dead code the store + + + align:start position:0% +so those loads are dead code the store +is dead code the allocation is dead code + + align:start position:0% +is dead code the allocation is dead code + + + align:start position:0% +is dead code the allocation is dead code +we eliminate all that dead code we + + align:start position:0% +we eliminate all that dead code we + + + align:start position:0% +we eliminate all that dead code we +convert those loads we just use the + + align:start position:0% +convert those loads we just use the + + + align:start position:0% +convert those loads we just use the +value of living in the register and + + align:start position:0% +value of living in the register and + + + align:start position:0% +value of living in the register and +we've already eliminated a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +we've already eliminated a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +we've already eliminated a bunch of +instructions so the net effect of that + + align:start position:0% +instructions so the net effect of that + + + align:start position:0% +instructions so the net effect of that +was to turn the code optimize at o 0 + + align:start position:0% +was to turn the code optimize at o 0 + + + align:start position:0% +was to turn the code optimize at o 0 +that we had in the background into the + + align:start position:0% +that we had in the background into the + + + align:start position:0% +that we had in the background into the +code we have in the foreground which is + + align:start position:0% +code we have in the foreground which is + + + align:start position:0% +code we have in the foreground which is +slightly shorter but not that much so + + align:start position:0% +slightly shorter but not that much so + + + align:start position:0% +slightly shorter but not that much so +it's a little bit faster but not that + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit faster but not that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit faster but not that +much faster how do we optimize this + + align:start position:0% +much faster how do we optimize this + + + align:start position:0% +much faster how do we optimize this +function further do it for every + + align:start position:0% +function further do it for every + + + align:start position:0% +function further do it for every +variable we have in particular the only + + align:start position:0% +variable we have in particular the only + + + align:start position:0% +variable we have in particular the only +other variable we have is this structure + + align:start position:0% +other variable we have is this structure + + + align:start position:0% +other variable we have is this structure +that we're passing in so we want to do + + align:start position:0% +that we're passing in so we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +that we're passing in so we want to do +this kind of optimization on the + + align:start position:0% +this kind of optimization on the + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of optimization on the +structure make sense so let's see how we + + align:start position:0% +structure make sense so let's see how we + + + align:start position:0% +structure make sense so let's see how we +optimize this structure now the problem + + align:start position:0% +optimize this structure now the problem + + + align:start position:0% +optimize this structure now the problem +is that structures are harder to handle + + align:start position:0% +is that structures are harder to handle + + + align:start position:0% +is that structures are harder to handle +than individual scalar values because in + + align:start position:0% +than individual scalar values because in + + + align:start position:0% +than individual scalar values because in +general you can't store the whole + + align:start position:0% +general you can't store the whole + + + align:start position:0% +general you can't store the whole +structure in just a single register it's + + align:start position:0% +structure in just a single register it's + + + align:start position:0% +structure in just a single register it's +a it's more complicated to juggle all + + align:start position:0% +a it's more complicated to juggle all + + + align:start position:0% +a it's more complicated to juggle all +the data within a structure but + + align:start position:0% +the data within a structure but + + + align:start position:0% +the data within a structure but +nevertheless let's take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless let's take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless let's take a look at the +code that operates on the structure or + + align:start position:0% +code that operates on the structure or + + + align:start position:0% +code that operates on the structure or +at least operates on the structure that + + align:start position:0% +at least operates on the structure that + + + align:start position:0% +at least operates on the structure that +we pass in to the function so when we + + align:start position:0% +we pass in to the function so when we + + + align:start position:0% +we pass in to the function so when we +eliminate all the other code we see that + + align:start position:0% +eliminate all the other code we see that + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate all the other code we see that +we've got an allocation see if I have + + align:start position:0% +we've got an allocation see if I have + + + align:start position:0% +we've got an allocation see if I have +animations here yeah I do + + align:start position:0% +animations here yeah I do + + + align:start position:0% +animations here yeah I do +we have an allocation so we can store + + align:start position:0% +we have an allocation so we can store + + + align:start position:0% +we have an allocation so we can store +the structure onto the stack then we + + align:start position:0% +the structure onto the stack then we + + + align:start position:0% +the structure onto the stack then we +have an address calculation that lets us + + align:start position:0% +have an address calculation that lets us + + + align:start position:0% +have an address calculation that lets us +store the first part of the structure + + align:start position:0% +store the first part of the structure + + + align:start position:0% +store the first part of the structure +onto the stack we have a second address + + align:start position:0% +onto the stack we have a second address + + + align:start position:0% +onto the stack we have a second address +calculation to store the second field on + + align:start position:0% +calculation to store the second field on + + + align:start position:0% +calculation to store the second field on +the stack and later on when we need + + align:start position:0% +the stack and later on when we need + + + align:start position:0% +the stack and later on when we need +those values we load the first one out + + align:start position:0% +those values we load the first one out + + + align:start position:0% +those values we load the first one out +of the first field out of memory and we + + align:start position:0% +of the first field out of memory and we + + + align:start position:0% +of the first field out of memory and we +load the second field out of memory this + + align:start position:0% +load the second field out of memory this + + + align:start position:0% +load the second field out of memory this +is a very similar pattern to what we had + + align:start position:0% +is a very similar pattern to what we had + + + align:start position:0% +is a very similar pattern to what we had +before except we've got more going on in + + align:start position:0% +before except we've got more going on in + + + align:start position:0% +before except we've got more going on in +this case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how do we go about optimizing this + + align:start position:0% +so how do we go about optimizing this + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we go about optimizing this +structure any ideas high level ideas + + align:start position:0% +structure any ideas high level ideas + + + align:start position:0% +structure any ideas high level ideas +ultimately we'll want to get rid of all + + align:start position:0% +ultimately we'll want to get rid of all + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately we'll want to get rid of all +of the memory references and all that + + align:start position:0% +of the memory references and all that + + + align:start position:0% +of the memory references and all that +storage for the structure how do we + + align:start position:0% +storage for the structure how do we + + + align:start position:0% +storage for the structure how do we +reason through how do we reason through + + align:start position:0% +reason through how do we reason through + + + align:start position:0% +reason through how do we reason through +eliminating all that stuff in a + + align:start position:0% +eliminating all that stuff in a + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating all that stuff in a +mechanical fashion based on what we've + + align:start position:0% +mechanical fashion based on what we've + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical fashion based on what we've +seen so far go for it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they are passed in using separate + + align:start position:0% +they are passed in using separate + + + align:start position:0% +they are passed in using separate +parameters separate registers if you + + align:start position:0% +parameters separate registers if you + + + align:start position:0% +parameters separate registers if you +will as a quirk of how LLVM does it so + + align:start position:0% +will as a quirk of how LLVM does it so + + + align:start position:0% +will as a quirk of how LLVM does it so +given that insight what would you how + + align:start position:0% +given that insight what would you how + + + align:start position:0% +given that insight what would you how +would you optimize it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Crossout percent 12 percent 6 and put in + + align:start position:0% +Crossout percent 12 percent 6 and put in + + + align:start position:0% +Crossout percent 12 percent 6 and put in +their relevance the relevant field cool + + align:start position:0% +their relevance the relevant field cool + + + align:start position:0% +their relevance the relevant field cool +let me phrase that a little bit + + align:start position:0% +let me phrase that a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +let me phrase that a little bit +differently let's do this one field at a + + align:start position:0% +differently let's do this one field at a + + + align:start position:0% +differently let's do this one field at a +time we've got a structure which has + + align:start position:0% +time we've got a structure which has + + + align:start position:0% +time we've got a structure which has +multiple fields let's just let's just + + align:start position:0% +multiple fields let's just let's just + + + align:start position:0% +multiple fields let's just let's just +take it one step at a time all right so + + align:start position:0% +take it one step at a time all right so + + + align:start position:0% +take it one step at a time all right so +let's look at the first field and let's + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the first field and let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at the first field and let's +look at the operations that deal with + + align:start position:0% +look at the operations that deal with + + + align:start position:0% +look at the operations that deal with +the first field we have in our code in + + align:start position:0% +the first field we have in our code in + + + align:start position:0% +the first field we have in our code in +our LV Mir some address calculations + + align:start position:0% +our LV Mir some address calculations + + + align:start position:0% +our LV Mir some address calculations +that refer to the same field of the + + align:start position:0% +that refer to the same field of the + + + align:start position:0% +that refer to the same field of the +structure in this case I believe it's + + align:start position:0% +structure in this case I believe it's + + + align:start position:0% +structure in this case I believe it's +the first field yes okay and ultimately + + align:start position:0% +the first field yes okay and ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +the first field yes okay and ultimately +we end up loading from this from this + + align:start position:0% +we end up loading from this from this + + + align:start position:0% +we end up loading from this from this +location in local memory so what value + + align:start position:0% +location in local memory so what value + + + align:start position:0% +location in local memory so what value +is this load going to retrieve how do we + + align:start position:0% +is this load going to retrieve how do we + + + align:start position:0% +is this load going to retrieve how do we +know that both address calculations + + align:start position:0% +know that both address calculations + + + align:start position:0% +know that both address calculations +refer to the same field good question + + align:start position:0% +refer to the same field good question + + + align:start position:0% +refer to the same field good question +what we do in this case is very careful + + align:start position:0% +what we do in this case is very careful + + + align:start position:0% +what we do in this case is very careful +analysis of the math that's going on we + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the math that's going on we + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of the math that's going on we +know that the the aleca the the location + + align:start position:0% +know that the the aleca the the location + + + align:start position:0% +know that the the aleca the the location +in local memory that's just a fixed + + align:start position:0% +in local memory that's just a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +in local memory that's just a fixed +location and from that we can interpret + + align:start position:0% +location and from that we can interpret + + + align:start position:0% +location and from that we can interpret +what each of the instructions does in + + align:start position:0% +what each of the instructions does in + + + align:start position:0% +what each of the instructions does in +terms of an address calculation and we + + align:start position:0% +terms of an address calculation and we + + + align:start position:0% +terms of an address calculation and we +and we can determine that they're the + + align:start position:0% +and we can determine that they're the + + + align:start position:0% +and we can determine that they're the +same value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we had this location in memory that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we operate on and before we ultimately + + align:start position:0% +we operate on and before we ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +we operate on and before we ultimately +use before you do a multiply we end up + + align:start position:0% +use before you do a multiply we end up + + + align:start position:0% +use before you do a multiply we end up +loading from that location in memory so + + align:start position:0% +loading from that location in memory so + + + align:start position:0% +loading from that location in memory so +what value do we know is going to be + + align:start position:0% +what value do we know is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +what value do we know is going to be +loaded by that load instruction go for + + align:start position:0% +loaded by that load instruction go for + + + align:start position:0% +loaded by that load instruction go for +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not putting it back but we don't even + + align:start position:0% +not putting it back but we don't even + + + align:start position:0% +not putting it back but we don't even +worry about putting it back so correct + + align:start position:0% +worry about putting it back so correct + + + align:start position:0% +worry about putting it back so correct +correct + + align:start position:0% +correct + + + align:start position:0% +correct +so what are we multiplying of that + + align:start position:0% +so what are we multiplying of that + + + align:start position:0% +so what are we multiplying of that +multiply which value first element of + + align:start position:0% +multiply which value first element of + + + align:start position:0% +multiply which value first element of +the struct its percent zero it's a value + + align:start position:0% +the struct its percent zero it's a value + + + align:start position:0% +the struct its percent zero it's a value +that we stored right there that makes + + align:start position:0% +that we stored right there that makes + + + align:start position:0% +that we stored right there that makes +sense everyone see that any questions + + align:start position:0% +sense everyone see that any questions + + + align:start position:0% +sense everyone see that any questions +about that all right + + align:start position:0% +about that all right + + + align:start position:0% +about that all right +so we're storing the first element of + + align:start position:0% +so we're storing the first element of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're storing the first element of +the struct into this location later we + + align:start position:0% +the struct into this location later we + + + align:start position:0% +the struct into this location later we +load it out of that same location + + align:start position:0% +load it out of that same location + + + align:start position:0% +load it out of that same location +nothing else happened to that location + + align:start position:0% +nothing else happened to that location + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else happened to that location +so let's go ahead and optimize it just + + align:start position:0% +so let's go ahead and optimize it just + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go ahead and optimize it just +the same way we optimize the scaler we + + align:start position:0% +the same way we optimize the scaler we + + + align:start position:0% +the same way we optimize the scaler we +see that we use the result of the load + + align:start position:0% +see that we use the result of the load + + + align:start position:0% +see that we use the result of the load +right there but we know that that load + + align:start position:0% +right there but we know that that load + + + align:start position:0% +right there but we know that that load +is going to return the first field of + + align:start position:0% +is going to return the first field of + + + align:start position:0% +is going to return the first field of +our struct input so we'll just cross out + + align:start position:0% +our struct input so we'll just cross out + + + align:start position:0% +our struct input so we'll just cross out +and replace it with that field so now + + align:start position:0% +and replace it with that field so now + + + align:start position:0% +and replace it with that field so now +we're not using the result of that load + + align:start position:0% +we're not using the result of that load + + + align:start position:0% +we're not using the result of that load +what do we get to do as the compiler you + + align:start position:0% +what do we get to do as the compiler you + + + align:start position:0% +what do we get to do as the compiler you +tell you know the answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delete the dead code delete all of us + + align:start position:0% +delete the dead code delete all of us + + + align:start position:0% +delete the dead code delete all of us +remove the now dead code which is all + + align:start position:0% +remove the now dead code which is all + + + align:start position:0% +remove the now dead code which is all +those address calculations as well as + + align:start position:0% +those address calculations as well as + + + align:start position:0% +those address calculations as well as +the load operation and the store + + align:start position:0% +the load operation and the store + + + align:start position:0% +the load operation and the store +operation and that's pretty much it yeah + + align:start position:0% +operation and that's pretty much it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +operation and that's pretty much it yeah +good so we replaced that we were placed + + align:start position:0% +good so we replaced that we were placed + + + align:start position:0% +good so we replaced that we were placed +on operation and we got rid of a bunch + + align:start position:0% +on operation and we got rid of a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +on operation and we got rid of a bunch +of other code from our from our function + + align:start position:0% +of other code from our from our function + + + align:start position:0% +of other code from our from our function +we've now optimized one of the two + + align:start position:0% +we've now optimized one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +we've now optimized one of the two +fields in our struct what do we do next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +optimize the next one that happens + + align:start position:0% +optimize the next one that happens + + + align:start position:0% +optimize the next one that happens +similarly I won't walk you through that + + align:start position:0% +similarly I won't walk you through that + + + align:start position:0% +similarly I won't walk you through that +a second time refine where we're using + + align:start position:0% +a second time refine where we're using + + + align:start position:0% +a second time refine where we're using +the result of that load we can cross it + + align:start position:0% +the result of that load we can cross it + + + align:start position:0% +the result of that load we can cross it +out replace it with the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +out replace it with the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +out replace it with the appropriate +input and then delete all of the + + align:start position:0% +input and then delete all of the + + + align:start position:0% +input and then delete all of the +relevant dead code and now we get to + + align:start position:0% +relevant dead code and now we get to + + + align:start position:0% +relevant dead code and now we get to +delete the original allocation because + + align:start position:0% +delete the original allocation because + + + align:start position:0% +delete the original allocation because +nothing is getting stored to that memory + + align:start position:0% +nothing is getting stored to that memory + + + align:start position:0% +nothing is getting stored to that memory +that makes sense any questions about + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense any questions about +that yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep when we first compiled LVM our do we + + align:start position:0% +yep when we first compiled LVM our do we + + + align:start position:0% +yep when we first compiled LVM our do we +unpack the struct and pass in the + + align:start position:0% +unpack the struct and pass in the + + + align:start position:0% +unpack the struct and pass in the +separate parameters yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +separate parameters yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +separate parameters yeah yeah +so LLVM I are in this case when we + + align:start position:0% +so LLVM I are in this case when we + + + align:start position:0% +so LLVM I are in this case when we +compile that it was zero decided to pass + + align:start position:0% +compile that it was zero decided to pass + + + align:start position:0% +compile that it was zero decided to pass +it as separate parameters just as they + + align:start position:0% +it as separate parameters just as they + + + align:start position:0% +it as separate parameters just as they +represent eight just as its + + align:start position:0% +represent eight just as its + + + align:start position:0% +represent eight just as its +representation so in that sense yes but + + align:start position:0% +representation so in that sense yes but + + + align:start position:0% +representation so in that sense yes but +it was still doing the the standard + + align:start position:0% +it was still doing the the standard + + + align:start position:0% +it was still doing the the standard +create some local storage destroy the + + align:start position:0% +create some local storage destroy the + + + align:start position:0% +create some local storage destroy the +parameters out to local storage and then + + align:start position:0% +parameters out to local storage and then + + + align:start position:0% +parameters out to local storage and then +all operations just read out of local + + align:start position:0% +all operations just read out of local + + + align:start position:0% +all operations just read out of local +storage it's the standard thing that the + + align:start position:0% +storage it's the standard thing that the + + + align:start position:0% +storage it's the standard thing that the +compiler generates when when it's asked + + align:start position:0% +compiler generates when when it's asked + + + align:start position:0% +compiler generates when when it's asked +to compile C code and with no other + + align:start position:0% +to compile C code and with no other + + + align:start position:0% +to compile C code and with no other +optimizations that's what you get that + + align:start position:0% +optimizations that's what you get that + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations that's what you get that +makes sense yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what are all the aligned eights doing + + align:start position:0% +what are all the aligned eights doing + + + align:start position:0% +what are all the aligned eights doing +the align eights are attributes that + + align:start position:0% +the align eights are attributes that + + + align:start position:0% +the align eights are attributes that +does that specify the alignment of that + + align:start position:0% +does that specify the alignment of that + + + align:start position:0% +does that specify the alignment of that +location in memory this is alignment + + align:start position:0% +location in memory this is alignment + + + align:start position:0% +location in memory this is alignment +information that the compiler either + + align:start position:0% +information that the compiler either + + + align:start position:0% +information that the compiler either +determines by analysis or implements as + + align:start position:0% +determines by analysis or implements as + + + align:start position:0% +determines by analysis or implements as +part of a standard so they're specifying + + align:start position:0% +part of a standard so they're specifying + + + align:start position:0% +part of a standard so they're specifying +how values are aligned in memory that + + align:start position:0% +how values are aligned in memory that + + + align:start position:0% +how values are aligned in memory that +matters a lot more for ultimate code + + align:start position:0% +matters a lot more for ultimate code + + + align:start position:0% +matters a lot more for ultimate code +generation unless we're able to just + + align:start position:0% +generation unless we're able to just + + + align:start position:0% +generation unless we're able to just +delete the memory references all + + align:start position:0% +delete the memory references all + + + align:start position:0% +delete the memory references all +together make sense cool + + align:start position:0% +together make sense cool + + + align:start position:0% +together make sense cool +any other questions all right so we + + align:start position:0% +any other questions all right so we + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions all right so we +optimized the first field we can + + align:start position:0% +optimized the first field we can + + + align:start position:0% +optimized the first field we can +optimize the second field a similar way + + align:start position:0% +optimize the second field a similar way + + + align:start position:0% +optimize the second field a similar way +turns out there's additional + + align:start position:0% +turns out there's additional + + + align:start position:0% +turns out there's additional +optimizations that need to happen in + + align:start position:0% +optimizations that need to happen in + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations that need to happen in +order to return a structure from this + + align:start position:0% +order to return a structure from this + + + align:start position:0% +order to return a structure from this +function those operations can be + + align:start position:0% +function those operations can be + + + align:start position:0% +function those operations can be +optimized in a similar way they're shown + + align:start position:0% +optimized in a similar way they're shown + + + align:start position:0% +optimized in a similar way they're shown +here we're not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +here we're not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +here we're not going to go through +exactly how that works but at the end of + + align:start position:0% +exactly how that works but at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly how that works but at the end of +the day after we've optimized all of + + align:start position:0% +the day after we've optimized all of + + + align:start position:0% +the day after we've optimized all of +that code we end up with this we end up + + align:start position:0% +that code we end up with this we end up + + + align:start position:0% +that code we end up with this we end up +with our function compiled at oh one and + + align:start position:0% +with our function compiled at oh one and + + + align:start position:0% +with our function compiled at oh one and +it's far simpler I think it's far more + + align:start position:0% +it's far simpler I think it's far more + + + align:start position:0% +it's far simpler I think it's far more +intuitive this is what I would imagine + + align:start position:0% +intuitive this is what I would imagine + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive this is what I would imagine +the code should look like when I've + + align:start position:0% +the code should look like when I've + + + align:start position:0% +the code should look like when I've +written the C code when I wrote the C + + align:start position:0% +written the C code when I wrote the C + + + align:start position:0% +written the C code when I wrote the C +code in the first place take your input + + align:start position:0% +code in the first place take your input + + + align:start position:0% +code in the first place take your input +do a couple multiplications and then it + + align:start position:0% +do a couple multiplications and then it + + + align:start position:0% +do a couple multiplications and then it +does some operations to create the + + align:start position:0% +does some operations to create the + + + align:start position:0% +does some operations to create the +return value and ultimately return that + + align:start position:0% +return value and ultimately return that + + + align:start position:0% +return value and ultimately return that +value so in summary the compilers the + + align:start position:0% +value so in summary the compilers the + + + align:start position:0% +value so in summary the compilers the +compiler works hard to transform data + + align:start position:0% +compiler works hard to transform data + + + align:start position:0% +compiler works hard to transform data +structures and scalar values to store as + + align:start position:0% +structures and scalar values to store as + + + align:start position:0% +structures and scalar values to store as +much as it possibly can + + align:start position:0% +much as it possibly can + + + align:start position:0% +much as it possibly can +purely within registers and avoid using + + align:start position:0% +purely within registers and avoid using + + + align:start position:0% +purely within registers and avoid using +any local storage if possible everyone + + align:start position:0% +any local storage if possible everyone + + + align:start position:0% +any local storage if possible everyone +good with that so far + + align:start position:0% +good with that so far + + + align:start position:0% +good with that so far +cool let's move on to another + + align:start position:0% +cool let's move on to another + + + align:start position:0% +cool let's move on to another +optimization let's talk about function + + align:start position:0% +optimization let's talk about function + + + align:start position:0% +optimization let's talk about function +calls let's take a look at how the + + align:start position:0% +calls let's take a look at how the + + + align:start position:0% +calls let's take a look at how the +compiler can optimize function calls by + + align:start position:0% +compiler can optimize function calls by + + + align:start position:0% +compiler can optimize function calls by +and large these optimizations will occur + + align:start position:0% +and large these optimizations will occur + + + align:start position:0% +and large these optimizations will occur +if you pass optimization level two or + + align:start position:0% +if you pass optimization level two or + + + align:start position:0% +if you pass optimization level two or +higher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah this FYI so from our original C + + align:start position:0% +yeah this FYI so from our original C + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this FYI so from our original C +code we had some lines that performed a + + align:start position:0% +code we had some lines that performed a + + + align:start position:0% +code we had some lines that performed a +bunch of vector operations we had a Veck + + align:start position:0% +bunch of vector operations we had a Veck + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of vector operations we had a Veck +add that added two vectors together one + + align:start position:0% +add that added two vectors together one + + + align:start position:0% +add that added two vectors together one +of which was the result of X scale we're + + align:start position:0% +of which was the result of X scale we're + + + align:start position:0% +of which was the result of X scale we're +scaled the result of a CAD by some + + align:start position:0% +scaled the result of a CAD by some + + + align:start position:0% +scaled the result of a CAD by some +scalar value so we had this chain of + + align:start position:0% +scalar value so we had this chain of + + + align:start position:0% +scalar value so we had this chain of +this chain of calls in our code and if + + align:start position:0% +this chain of calls in our code and if + + + align:start position:0% +this chain of calls in our code and if +we take a look at the code compile that + + align:start position:0% +we take a look at the code compile that + + + align:start position:0% +we take a look at the code compile that +it was zero well we end up with is the + + align:start position:0% +it was zero well we end up with is the + + + align:start position:0% +it was zero well we end up with is the +snippet shown on the bottom which + + align:start position:0% +snippet shown on the bottom which + + + align:start position:0% +snippet shown on the bottom which +performs some operations on these vector + + align:start position:0% +performs some operations on these vector + + + align:start position:0% +performs some operations on these vector +structures does this multiply operation + + align:start position:0% +structures does this multiply operation + + + align:start position:0% +structures does this multiply operation +and then calls the sveck scalar routine + + align:start position:0% +and then calls the sveck scalar routine + + + align:start position:0% +and then calls the sveck scalar routine +the VEX field routine that we've decided + + align:start position:0% +the VEX field routine that we've decided + + + align:start position:0% +the VEX field routine that we've decided +to focus on first so how do we go about + + align:start position:0% +to focus on first so how do we go about + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on first so how do we go about +any ideas for how we go about optimizing + + align:start position:0% +any ideas for how we go about optimizing + + + align:start position:0% +any ideas for how we go about optimizing +this so to get a little bit of a hint + + align:start position:0% +this so to get a little bit of a hint + + + align:start position:0% +this so to get a little bit of a hint +what the compiler sees when it looks at + + align:start position:0% +what the compiler sees when it looks at + + + align:start position:0% +what the compiler sees when it looks at +that call is it sees this snippet + + align:start position:0% +that call is it sees this snippet + + + align:start position:0% +that call is it sees this snippet +containing the call instruction and also + + align:start position:0% +containing the call instruction and also + + + align:start position:0% +containing the call instruction and also +see in in our example it also sees the + + align:start position:0% +see in in our example it also sees the + + + align:start position:0% +see in in our example it also sees the +code for the VEX scalar function that we + + align:start position:0% +code for the VEX scalar function that we + + + align:start position:0% +code for the VEX scalar function that we +were just looking at and we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +were just looking at and we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +were just looking at and we're gonna +suppose that it's already optimized of x + + align:start position:0% +suppose that it's already optimized of x + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that it's already optimized of x +scale as best as it can it's produced + + align:start position:0% +scale as best as it can it's produced + + + align:start position:0% +scale as best as it can it's produced +this code for the VEX scalar routine and + + align:start position:0% +this code for the VEX scalar routine and + + + align:start position:0% +this code for the VEX scalar routine and +so it sees that call instruction and it + + align:start position:0% +so it sees that call instruction and it + + + align:start position:0% +so it sees that call instruction and it +sees this code for the function that's + + align:start position:0% +sees this code for the function that's + + + align:start position:0% +sees this code for the function that's +being called so what could the compiler + + align:start position:0% +being called so what could the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +being called so what could the compiler +do at this point to try to make the + + align:start position:0% +do at this point to try to make the + + + align:start position:0% +do at this point to try to make the +function in the the code and the the + + align:start position:0% +function in the the code and the the + + + align:start position:0% +function in the the code and the the +code above even faster + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're exactly right + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +you're exactly right +remove the call I just put the body of + + align:start position:0% +remove the call I just put the body of + + + align:start position:0% +remove the call I just put the body of +the VEX kale code right there in place + + align:start position:0% +the VEX kale code right there in place + + + align:start position:0% +the VEX kale code right there in place +of the call it takes a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +of the call it takes a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +of the call it takes a little bit of +effort to pull that off but roughly + + align:start position:0% +effort to pull that off but roughly + + + align:start position:0% +effort to pull that off but roughly +speaking yeah we're just gonna copy and + + align:start position:0% +speaking yeah we're just gonna copy and + + + align:start position:0% +speaking yeah we're just gonna copy and +paste this code in our function into the + + align:start position:0% +paste this code in our function into the + + + align:start position:0% +paste this code in our function into the +place where where we're calling the + + align:start position:0% +place where where we're calling the + + + align:start position:0% +place where where we're calling the +function and so if we do that simple + + align:start position:0% +function and so if we do that simple + + + align:start position:0% +function and so if we do that simple +copy/paste we end up with some garbage + + align:start position:0% +copy/paste we end up with some garbage + + + align:start position:0% +copy/paste we end up with some garbage +code as an intermediate we had to do a + + align:start position:0% +code as an intermediate we had to do a + + + align:start position:0% +code as an intermediate we had to do a +little bit of renaming to make + + align:start position:0% +little bit of renaming to make + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of renaming to make +everything work out but at this point we + + align:start position:0% +everything work out but at this point we + + + align:start position:0% +everything work out but at this point we +have the code from our function in the + + align:start position:0% +have the code from our function in the + + + align:start position:0% +have the code from our function in the +place of that call and now we can + + align:start position:0% +place of that call and now we can + + + align:start position:0% +place of that call and now we can +observe that to restore correctness we + + align:start position:0% +observe that to restore correctness we + + + align:start position:0% +observe that to restore correctness we +don't want to do the call and we don't + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do the call and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do the call and we don't +want to do the return that we just paste + + align:start position:0% +want to do the return that we just paste + + + align:start position:0% +want to do the return that we just paste +it in to paste it in place so we'll just + + align:start position:0% +it in to paste it in place so we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +it in to paste it in place so we'll just +go ahead and remove both that call and + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and remove both that call and + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and remove both that call and +the return that is called function + + align:start position:0% +the return that is called function + + + align:start position:0% +the return that is called function +inlining we identify some function call + + align:start position:0% +inlining we identify some function call + + + align:start position:0% +inlining we identify some function call +or goodbye identify some function call + + align:start position:0% +or goodbye identify some function call + + + align:start position:0% +or goodbye identify some function call +and it takes the body of the function + + align:start position:0% +and it takes the body of the function + + + align:start position:0% +and it takes the body of the function +and just paste it right in place of that + + align:start position:0% +and just paste it right in place of that + + + align:start position:0% +and just paste it right in place of that +call so good make sense anyone confused + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +raise your hand if you're confused + + align:start position:0% +raise your hand if you're confused + + + align:start position:0% +raise your hand if you're confused +alright now once you've done some amount + + align:start position:0% +alright now once you've done some amount + + + align:start position:0% +alright now once you've done some amount +of function inlining we can actually do + + align:start position:0% +of function inlining we can actually do + + + align:start position:0% +of function inlining we can actually do +some more optimizations so here we have + + align:start position:0% +some more optimizations so here we have + + + align:start position:0% +some more optimizations so here we have +the code after we got rid of the + + align:start position:0% +the code after we got rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +the code after we got rid of the +unnecessary call and returned and we + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary call and returned and we + + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary call and returned and we +have a couple multiply operation sitting + + align:start position:0% +have a couple multiply operation sitting + + + align:start position:0% +have a couple multiply operation sitting +in place that looks fine but if we + + align:start position:0% +in place that looks fine but if we + + + align:start position:0% +in place that looks fine but if we +expand our scope just a little bit what + + align:start position:0% +expand our scope just a little bit what + + + align:start position:0% +expand our scope just a little bit what +we see so we have some operations + + align:start position:0% +we see so we have some operations + + + align:start position:0% +we see so we have some operations +happening that we're sitting there + + align:start position:0% +happening that we're sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +happening that we're sitting there +already after the original call and what + + align:start position:0% +already after the original call and what + + + align:start position:0% +already after the original call and what +the compliant do is it can take a look + + align:start position:0% +the compliant do is it can take a look + + + align:start position:0% +the compliant do is it can take a look +at these instructions and long story + + align:start position:0% +at these instructions and long story + + + align:start position:0% +at these instructions and long story +short it realizes that all these + + align:start position:0% +short it realizes that all these + + + align:start position:0% +short it realizes that all these +instructions do is pack some data into a + + align:start position:0% +instructions do is pack some data into a + + + align:start position:0% +instructions do is pack some data into a +structure and then immediately unpack + + align:start position:0% +structure and then immediately unpack + + + align:start position:0% +structure and then immediately unpack +the structure so it's like you put a + + align:start position:0% +the structure so it's like you put a + + + align:start position:0% +the structure so it's like you put a +bunch of stuff into a bag and then you + + align:start position:0% +bunch of stuff into a bag and then you + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of stuff into a bag and then you +immediately dumped out the bag that was + + align:start position:0% +immediately dumped out the bag that was + + + align:start position:0% +immediately dumped out the bag that was +kind of a waste of time that's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +kind of a waste of time that's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a waste of time that's kind of a +waste of code let's get rid of it + + align:start position:0% +waste of code let's get rid of it + + + align:start position:0% +waste of code let's get rid of it +right those operations are useless let's + + align:start position:0% +right those operations are useless let's + + + align:start position:0% +right those operations are useless let's +delete them Copiah has a great time + + align:start position:0% +delete them Copiah has a great time + + + align:start position:0% +delete them Copiah has a great time +deleting dead code but it's like it's + + align:start position:0% +deleting dead code but it's like it's + + + align:start position:0% +deleting dead code but it's like it's +what it lives to do all right now in + + align:start position:0% +what it lives to do all right now in + + + align:start position:0% +what it lives to do all right now in +fact in the original code we didn't just + + align:start position:0% +fact in the original code we didn't just + + + align:start position:0% +fact in the original code we didn't just +have one function call we had a whole + + align:start position:0% +have one function call we had a whole + + + align:start position:0% +have one function call we had a whole +sequence of function calls and if we + + align:start position:0% +sequence of function calls and if we + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of function calls and if we +expand our LVM I our snippet even a + + align:start position:0% +expand our LVM I our snippet even a + + + align:start position:0% +expand our LVM I our snippet even a +little further we can include those two + + align:start position:0% +little further we can include those two + + + align:start position:0% +little further we can include those two +function calls the original call to Veck + + align:start position:0% +function calls the original call to Veck + + + align:start position:0% +function calls the original call to Veck +at followed by the code that we've now + + align:start position:0% +at followed by the code that we've now + + + align:start position:0% +at followed by the code that we've now +optimized by inlining ultimately + + align:start position:0% +optimized by inlining ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +optimized by inlining ultimately +followed by yet another call to bec add + + align:start position:0% +followed by yet another call to bec add + + + align:start position:0% +followed by yet another call to bec add +minor spoiler the Veck add routine once + + align:start position:0% +minor spoiler the Veck add routine once + + + align:start position:0% +minor spoiler the Veck add routine once +it's optimized looks pretty similar to + + align:start position:0% +it's optimized looks pretty similar to + + + align:start position:0% +it's optimized looks pretty similar to +the VEX scalar routine and in particular + + align:start position:0% +the VEX scalar routine and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +the VEX scalar routine and in particular +as comparable size to the VEX scale + + align:start position:0% +as comparable size to the VEX scale + + + align:start position:0% +as comparable size to the VEX scale +routine so what's the compiler going to + + align:start position:0% +routine so what's the compiler going to + + + align:start position:0% +routine so what's the compiler going to +do to those two call sites + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and line it do more in lining in lining + + align:start position:0% +and line it do more in lining in lining + + + align:start position:0% +and line it do more in lining in lining +is great well in line these functions as + + align:start position:0% +is great well in line these functions as + + + align:start position:0% +is great well in line these functions as +well and then remove all the additional + + align:start position:0% +well and then remove all the additional + + + align:start position:0% +well and then remove all the additional +now useless instructions won't walk + + align:start position:0% +now useless instructions won't walk + + + align:start position:0% +now useless instructions won't walk +through that process but the result of + + align:start position:0% +through that process but the result of + + + align:start position:0% +through that process but the result of +that process looks something like this + + align:start position:0% +that process looks something like this + + + align:start position:0% +that process looks something like this +so the original C code we had this Beck + + align:start position:0% +so the original C code we had this Beck + + + align:start position:0% +so the original C code we had this Beck +ad which called the VEX scale as one of + + align:start position:0% +ad which called the VEX scale as one of + + + align:start position:0% +ad which called the VEX scale as one of +his arguments which called it Beck ad as + + align:start position:0% +his arguments which called it Beck ad as + + + align:start position:0% +his arguments which called it Beck ad as +one of its arguments and what we ended + + align:start position:0% +one of its arguments and what we ended + + + align:start position:0% +one of its arguments and what we ended +up with in the optimized IR is just a + + align:start position:0% +up with in the optimized IR is just a + + + align:start position:0% +up with in the optimized IR is just a +bunch of straight line code that + + align:start position:0% +bunch of straight line code that + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of straight line code that +performs floating-point operations it's + + align:start position:0% +performs floating-point operations it's + + + align:start position:0% +performs floating-point operations it's +almost as if the compiler took the + + align:start position:0% +almost as if the compiler took the + + + align:start position:0% +almost as if the compiler took the +original C code and transformed it into + + align:start position:0% +original C code and transformed it into + + + align:start position:0% +original C code and transformed it into +the equivalent C code shown on the + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent C code shown on the + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent C code shown on the +bottom where it just operates on a whole + + align:start position:0% +bottom where it just operates on a whole + + + align:start position:0% +bottom where it just operates on a whole +bunch of doubles and just as primitive + + align:start position:0% +bunch of doubles and just as primitive + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of doubles and just as primitive +operations so function inlining as well + + align:start position:0% +operations so function inlining as well + + + align:start position:0% +operations so function inlining as well +as the additional transformations it was + + align:start position:0% +as the additional transformations it was + + + align:start position:0% +as the additional transformations it was +able to perform as a results together + + align:start position:0% +able to perform as a results together + + + align:start position:0% +able to perform as a results together +those were able to eliminate all of + + align:start position:0% +those were able to eliminate all of + + + align:start position:0% +those were able to eliminate all of +those function calls it was able to + + align:start position:0% +those function calls it was able to + + + align:start position:0% +those function calls it was able to +completely eliminate any costs + + align:start position:0% +completely eliminate any costs + + + align:start position:0% +completely eliminate any costs +associated with the function call + + align:start position:0% +associated with the function call + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the function call +abstraction at least in this code make + + align:start position:0% +abstraction at least in this code make + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction at least in this code make +sense I think that's pretty cool you + + align:start position:0% +sense I think that's pretty cool you + + + align:start position:0% +sense I think that's pretty cool you +write code that has a bunch of function + + align:start position:0% +write code that has a bunch of function + + + align:start position:0% +write code that has a bunch of function +calls because that's how you've + + align:start position:0% +calls because that's how you've + + + align:start position:0% +calls because that's how you've +constructed your interfaces but you're + + align:start position:0% +constructed your interfaces but you're + + + align:start position:0% +constructed your interfaces but you're +not really paying for those function + + align:start position:0% +not really paying for those function + + + align:start position:0% +not really paying for those function +calls function calls aren't the cheapest + + align:start position:0% +calls function calls aren't the cheapest + + + align:start position:0% +calls function calls aren't the cheapest +operation in the world especially if you + + align:start position:0% +operation in the world especially if you + + + align:start position:0% +operation in the world especially if you +think about everything that goes on in + + align:start position:0% +think about everything that goes on in + + + align:start position:0% +think about everything that goes on in +terms of the registers and the stack but + + align:start position:0% +terms of the registers and the stack but + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the registers and the stack but +the compiler is able to avoid all that + + align:start position:0% +the compiler is able to avoid all that + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler is able to avoid all that +overhead and just perform the + + align:start position:0% +overhead and just perform the + + + align:start position:0% +overhead and just perform the +floating-point operations we care about + + align:start position:0% +floating-point operations we care about + + + align:start position:0% +floating-point operations we care about +okay well a function inlining is so + + align:start position:0% +okay well a function inlining is so + + + align:start position:0% +okay well a function inlining is so +great and enables so many great + + align:start position:0% +great and enables so many great + + + align:start position:0% +great and enables so many great +optimizations why doesn't the compiler + + align:start position:0% +optimizations why doesn't the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations why doesn't the compiler +just inline every function call go for + + align:start position:0% +just inline every function call go for + + + align:start position:0% +just inline every function call go for +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +recursion it's really hard to inline a + + align:start position:0% +recursion it's really hard to inline a + + + align:start position:0% +recursion it's really hard to inline a +recursive call in general you can't + + align:start position:0% +recursive call in general you can't + + + align:start position:0% +recursive call in general you can't +inline a function into itself although + + align:start position:0% +inline a function into itself although + + + align:start position:0% +inline a function into itself although +it turns out there are some exceptions + + align:start position:0% +it turns out there are some exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out there are some exceptions +so yes + + align:start position:0% +so yes + + + align:start position:0% +so yes +recursion creates problems with function + + align:start position:0% +recursion creates problems with function + + + align:start position:0% +recursion creates problems with function +inlining any other thoughts in the back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're you're definitely onto something + + align:start position:0% +you're you're definitely onto something + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're definitely onto something +so we had to do a bunch of this renaming + + align:start position:0% +so we had to do a bunch of this renaming + + + align:start position:0% +so we had to do a bunch of this renaming +stuff when we inline the first time and + + align:start position:0% +stuff when we inline the first time and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff when we inline the first time and +when we inline every single time and + + align:start position:0% +when we inline every single time and + + + align:start position:0% +when we inline every single time and +even though LOV Mir has an infinite + + align:start position:0% +even though LOV Mir has an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +even though LOV Mir has an infinite +number of registers the Machine doesn't + + align:start position:0% +number of registers the Machine doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +number of registers the Machine doesn't +and so all of that renaming does create + + align:start position:0% +and so all of that renaming does create + + + align:start position:0% +and so all of that renaming does create +a problem but there are other problems + + align:start position:0% +a problem but there are other problems + + + align:start position:0% +a problem but there are other problems +as well of a similar nature when you + + align:start position:0% +as well of a similar nature when you + + + align:start position:0% +as well of a similar nature when you +start inlining all those functions for + + align:start position:0% +start inlining all those functions for + + + align:start position:0% +start inlining all those functions for +example you copy pasted a bunch of code + + align:start position:0% +example you copy pasted a bunch of code + + + align:start position:0% +example you copy pasted a bunch of code +and that made the original call site + + align:start position:0% +and that made the original call site + + + align:start position:0% +and that made the original call site +even bigger and bigger and bigger and + + align:start position:0% +even bigger and bigger and bigger and + + + align:start position:0% +even bigger and bigger and bigger and +bigger and in and programs we generally + + align:start position:0% +bigger and in and programs we generally + + + align:start position:0% +bigger and in and programs we generally +don't think about the space they take in + + align:start position:0% +don't think about the space they take in + + + align:start position:0% +don't think about the space they take in +memory but they do take space in memory + + align:start position:0% +memory but they do take space in memory + + + align:start position:0% +memory but they do take space in memory +and that does have an impact on + + align:start position:0% +and that does have an impact on + + + align:start position:0% +and that does have an impact on +performance so great answer any other + + align:start position:0% +performance so great answer any other + + + align:start position:0% +performance so great answer any other +thoughts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if your function becomes too long then + + align:start position:0% +if your function becomes too long then + + + align:start position:0% +if your function becomes too long then +it may not fit in an instruction cache + + align:start position:0% +it may not fit in an instruction cache + + + align:start position:0% +it may not fit in an instruction cache +and that can increase the amount of time + + align:start position:0% +and that can increase the amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +and that can increase the amount of time +it takes just to execute the function + + align:start position:0% +it takes just to execute the function + + + align:start position:0% +it takes just to execute the function +right because you're now not getting + + align:start position:0% +right because you're now not getting + + + align:start position:0% +right because you're now not getting +hash hits exactly right that's one of + + align:start position:0% +hash hits exactly right that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +hash hits exactly right that's one of +the problems with this code size blow up + + align:start position:0% +the problems with this code size blow up + + + align:start position:0% +the problems with this code size blow up +from inlining everything any other + + align:start position:0% +from inlining everything any other + + + align:start position:0% +from inlining everything any other +thoughts any final thoughts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the three main reasons why the + + align:start position:0% +so the three main reasons why the + + + align:start position:0% +so the three main reasons why the +compiler won't inline every function I + + align:start position:0% +compiler won't inline every function I + + + align:start position:0% +compiler won't inline every function I +think we touched on two of them here for + + align:start position:0% +think we touched on two of them here for + + + align:start position:0% +think we touched on two of them here for +some function calls like recursive calls + + align:start position:0% +some function calls like recursive calls + + + align:start position:0% +some function calls like recursive calls +it's impossible to inline them because + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to inline them because + + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to inline them because +you can't inline a function into itself + + align:start position:0% +you can't inline a function into itself + + + align:start position:0% +you can't inline a function into itself +but there are exceptions to that namely + + align:start position:0% +but there are exceptions to that namely + + + align:start position:0% +but there are exceptions to that namely +recursive tail calls if the last thing + + align:start position:0% +recursive tail calls if the last thing + + + align:start position:0% +recursive tail calls if the last thing +in a function is a function call then it + + align:start position:0% +in a function is a function call then it + + + align:start position:0% +in a function is a function call then it +turns out you can effectively inline + + align:start position:0% +turns out you can effectively inline + + + align:start position:0% +turns out you can effectively inline +that function call as an optimization + + align:start position:0% +that function call as an optimization + + + align:start position:0% +that function call as an optimization +we're not going to talk too much about + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to talk too much about + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to talk too much about +how that works but there are there are + + align:start position:0% +how that works but there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +how that works but there are there are +corner cases but in general you can't + + align:start position:0% +corner cases but in general you can't + + + align:start position:0% +corner cases but in general you can't +inline a recursive call ah the compiler + + align:start position:0% +inline a recursive call ah the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +inline a recursive call ah the compiler +has another problem namely if you've if + + align:start position:0% +has another problem namely if you've if + + + align:start position:0% +has another problem namely if you've if +the function that you're calling is in a + + align:start position:0% +the function that you're calling is in a + + + align:start position:0% +the function that you're calling is in a +different Castle if it's in a different + + align:start position:0% +different Castle if it's in a different + + + align:start position:0% +different Castle if it's in a different +compilation unit then it's literally in + + align:start position:0% +compilation unit then it's literally in + + + align:start position:0% +compilation unit then it's literally in +a different file like that's compiled + + align:start position:0% +a different file like that's compiled + + + align:start position:0% +a different file like that's compiled +independently then the compiler can't + + align:start position:0% +independently then the compiler can't + + + align:start position:0% +independently then the compiler can't +very well inline that function because + + align:start position:0% +very well inline that function because + + + align:start position:0% +very well inline that function because +it doesn't know about the function it + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't know about the function it + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't know about the function it +doesn't have access to that functions + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have access to that functions + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have access to that functions +code there is a way to get around that + + align:start position:0% +code there is a way to get around that + + + align:start position:0% +code there is a way to get around that +problem with modern compiler technology + + align:start position:0% +problem with modern compiler technology + + + align:start position:0% +problem with modern compiler technology +that involves whole program optimization + + align:start position:0% +that involves whole program optimization + + + align:start position:0% +that involves whole program optimization +and I think there's some backup size + + align:start position:0% +and I think there's some backup size + + + align:start position:0% +and I think there's some backup size +that will tell you how to do that with + + align:start position:0% +that will tell you how to do that with + + + align:start position:0% +that will tell you how to do that with +LVM but in general if it's in a + + align:start position:0% +LVM but in general if it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +LVM but in general if it's in a +different compilation unit it can't be + + align:start position:0% +different compilation unit it can't be + + + align:start position:0% +different compilation unit it can't be +in line and finally as touched on + + align:start position:0% +in line and finally as touched on + + + align:start position:0% +in line and finally as touched on +function airline can increase code size + + align:start position:0% +function airline can increase code size + + + align:start position:0% +function airline can increase code size +which can hurt performance okay so some + + align:start position:0% +which can hurt performance okay so some + + + align:start position:0% +which can hurt performance okay so some +functions are okay to inline other + + align:start position:0% +functions are okay to inline other + + + align:start position:0% +functions are okay to inline other +functions could create this performance + + align:start position:0% +functions could create this performance + + + align:start position:0% +functions could create this performance +problem because you increase code size + + align:start position:0% +problem because you increase code size + + + align:start position:0% +problem because you increase code size +so how does the phone how does the + + align:start position:0% +so how does the phone how does the + + + align:start position:0% +so how does the phone how does the +compiler know whether or not in lining + + align:start position:0% +compiler know whether or not in lining + + + align:start position:0% +compiler know whether or not in lining +any particular function at a call site + + align:start position:0% +any particular function at a call site + + + align:start position:0% +any particular function at a call site +could hurt performance any guesses + + align:start position:0% +could hurt performance any guesses + + + align:start position:0% +could hurt performance any guesses +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so the compiler has some cost + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the compiler has some cost + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the compiler has some cost +model which gives it some information + + align:start position:0% +model which gives it some information + + + align:start position:0% +model which gives it some information +about how much will it cost to in line + + align:start position:0% +about how much will it cost to in line + + + align:start position:0% +about how much will it cost to in line +that function is the cost model always + + align:start position:0% +that function is the cost model always + + + align:start position:0% +that function is the cost model always +right it is not so the answer how does + + align:start position:0% +right it is not so the answer how does + + + align:start position:0% +right it is not so the answer how does +it apply or no is really it doesn't know + + align:start position:0% +it apply or no is really it doesn't know + + + align:start position:0% +it apply or no is really it doesn't know +it makes a best guess using that cost + + align:start position:0% +it makes a best guess using that cost + + + align:start position:0% +it makes a best guess using that cost +model and other heuristics to determine + + align:start position:0% +model and other heuristics to determine + + + align:start position:0% +model and other heuristics to determine +when does it make sense to try to inline + + align:start position:0% +when does it make sense to try to inline + + + align:start position:0% +when does it make sense to try to inline +a function and because it's making a + + align:start position:0% +a function and because it's making a + + + align:start position:0% +a function and because it's making a +best guess sometimes the compiler + + align:start position:0% +best guess sometimes the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +best guess sometimes the compiler +guesses wrong + + align:start position:0% +guesses wrong + + + align:start position:0% +guesses wrong +so to wrap up this part here just a + + align:start position:0% +so to wrap up this part here just a + + + align:start position:0% +so to wrap up this part here just a +couple of tips for controlling function + + align:start position:0% +couple of tips for controlling function + + + align:start position:0% +couple of tips for controlling function +inlining in your own programs if there's + + align:start position:0% +inlining in your own programs if there's + + + align:start position:0% +inlining in your own programs if there's +a function that you know must always be + + align:start position:0% +a function that you know must always be + + + align:start position:0% +a function that you know must always be +inlined + + align:start position:0% +inlined + + + align:start position:0% +inlined +no matter what happens you can mark that + + align:start position:0% +no matter what happens you can mark that + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what happens you can mark that +function with a special attribute namely + + align:start position:0% +function with a special attribute namely + + + align:start position:0% +function with a special attribute namely +the always in line attribute for example + + align:start position:0% +the always in line attribute for example + + + align:start position:0% +the always in line attribute for example +if you have a function that does some + + align:start position:0% +if you have a function that does some + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a function that does some +complex address calculation and it + + align:start position:0% +complex address calculation and it + + + align:start position:0% +complex address calculation and it +should be inlined rather than called you + + align:start position:0% +should be inlined rather than called you + + + align:start position:0% +should be inlined rather than called you +may want to mark that with and always in + + align:start position:0% +may want to mark that with and always in + + + align:start position:0% +may want to mark that with and always in +line attribute similarly if you have a + + align:start position:0% +line attribute similarly if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +line attribute similarly if you have a +function that really should never be + + align:start position:0% +function that really should never be + + + align:start position:0% +function that really should never be +inlined it's never cost-effective to + + align:start position:0% +inlined it's never cost-effective to + + + align:start position:0% +inlined it's never cost-effective to +inline that function you can mark that + + align:start position:0% +inline that function you can mark that + + + align:start position:0% +inline that function you can mark that +function with the know inline attribute + + align:start position:0% +function with the know inline attribute + + + align:start position:0% +function with the know inline attribute +and finally if you want to enable more + + align:start position:0% +and finally if you want to enable more + + + align:start position:0% +and finally if you want to enable more +function inlining in the compiler you + + align:start position:0% +function inlining in the compiler you + + + align:start position:0% +function inlining in the compiler you +can use link time optimization or LTO to + + align:start position:0% +can use link time optimization or LTO to + + + align:start position:0% +can use link time optimization or LTO to +enable whole program optimization I + + align:start position:0% +enable whole program optimization I + + + align:start position:0% +enable whole program optimization I +won't go into that during these slides + + align:start position:0% +won't go into that during these slides + + + align:start position:0% +won't go into that during these slides +let's move on and talk about loop + + align:start position:0% +let's move on and talk about loop + + + align:start position:0% +let's move on and talk about loop +optimizations any questions so far + + align:start position:0% +optimizations any questions so far + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations any questions so far +before we before we continue yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry - I keel static + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does static in line guarantee that the + + align:start position:0% +does static in line guarantee that the + + + align:start position:0% +does static in line guarantee that the +function that the compiler will always + + align:start position:0% +function that the compiler will always + + + align:start position:0% +function that the compiler will always +inline it it actually doesn't the in + + align:start position:0% +inline it it actually doesn't the in + + + align:start position:0% +inline it it actually doesn't the in +line keyword will provide a hint to the + + align:start position:0% +line keyword will provide a hint to the + + + align:start position:0% +line keyword will provide a hint to the +compiler that it should think about in + + align:start position:0% +compiler that it should think about in + + + align:start position:0% +compiler that it should think about in +lying the function but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +lying the function but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +lying the function but it doesn't +provide any guarantees if you want a + + align:start position:0% +provide any guarantees if you want a + + + align:start position:0% +provide any guarantees if you want a +strong guarantee use the always in line + + align:start position:0% +strong guarantee use the always in line + + + align:start position:0% +strong guarantee use the always in line +attribute good question though all right + + align:start position:0% +attribute good question though all right + + + align:start position:0% +attribute good question though all right +noop optimizations you've already so + + align:start position:0% +noop optimizations you've already so + + + align:start position:0% +noop optimizations you've already so +you've already seen some move + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen some move + + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen some move +authorizations you've seen vectorization + + align:start position:0% +authorizations you've seen vectorization + + + align:start position:0% +authorizations you've seen vectorization +for example it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +for example it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +for example it turns out that the +compiler does a lot of work to try to + + align:start position:0% +compiler does a lot of work to try to + + + align:start position:0% +compiler does a lot of work to try to +optimize loops so first why is that why + + align:start position:0% +optimize loops so first why is that why + + + align:start position:0% +optimize loops so first why is that why +would the compiler engineers invest so + + align:start position:0% +would the compiler engineers invest so + + + align:start position:0% +would the compiler engineers invest so +much effort into optimizing loops while + + align:start position:0% +much effort into optimizing loops while + + + align:start position:0% +much effort into optimizing loops while +loops in particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're an extremely common control + + align:start position:0% +they're an extremely common control + + + align:start position:0% +they're an extremely common control +structure that also has a branch both + + align:start position:0% +structure that also has a branch both + + + align:start position:0% +structure that also has a branch both +things are true I think there's a higher + + align:start position:0% +things are true I think there's a higher + + + align:start position:0% +things are true I think there's a higher +level reason though or a more + + align:start position:0% +level reason though or a more + + + align:start position:0% +level reason though or a more +fundamental reason if you will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +most of the time the loop takes up the + + align:start position:0% +most of the time the loop takes up the + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time the loop takes up the +most time you got it loops account for a + + align:start position:0% +most time you got it loops account for a + + + align:start position:0% +most time you got it loops account for a +lot of the execution time of programs + + align:start position:0% +lot of the execution time of programs + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the execution time of programs +the way I like to think about this is + + align:start position:0% +the way I like to think about this is + + + align:start position:0% +the way I like to think about this is +with a really simple thought experiment + + align:start position:0% +with a really simple thought experiment + + + align:start position:0% +with a really simple thought experiment +let's imagine that you've got a machine + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine that you've got a machine + + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine that you've got a machine +with the two gigahertz processor we + + align:start position:0% +with the two gigahertz processor we + + + align:start position:0% +with the two gigahertz processor we +chosen these values to be easier to + + align:start position:0% +chosen these values to be easier to + + + align:start position:0% +chosen these values to be easier to +think about using mental math suppose + + align:start position:0% +think about using mental math suppose + + + align:start position:0% +think about using mental math suppose +you've got a two gigahertz processor + + align:start position:0% +you've got a two gigahertz processor + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a two gigahertz processor +with 16 cores each core executes one + + align:start position:0% +with 16 cores each core executes one + + + align:start position:0% +with 16 cores each core executes one +instruction per cycle and suppose that + + align:start position:0% +instruction per cycle and suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +instruction per cycle and suppose that +you've got a program which contains a + + align:start position:0% +you've got a program which contains a + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a program which contains a +trillion instructions and ample + + align:start position:0% +trillion instructions and ample + + + align:start position:0% +trillion instructions and ample +parallelism for those 16 cores but all + + align:start position:0% +parallelism for those 16 cores but all + + + align:start position:0% +parallelism for those 16 cores but all +of those instructions are simple + + align:start position:0% +of those instructions are simple + + + align:start position:0% +of those instructions are simple +straight-line code there are no branches + + align:start position:0% +straight-line code there are no branches + + + align:start position:0% +straight-line code there are no branches +there are no loops there are no + + align:start position:0% +there are no loops there are no + + + align:start position:0% +there are no loops there are no +complicated operations like oh like i/o + + align:start position:0% +complicated operations like oh like i/o + + + align:start position:0% +complicated operations like oh like i/o +it's just a bunch of really simple + + align:start position:0% +it's just a bunch of really simple + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a bunch of really simple +straight line code each instruction + + align:start position:0% +straight line code each instruction + + + align:start position:0% +straight line code each instruction +takes a cycle that executes the + + align:start position:0% +takes a cycle that executes the + + + align:start position:0% +takes a cycle that executes the +processor excuse one instruction per + + align:start position:0% +processor excuse one instruction per + + + align:start position:0% +processor excuse one instruction per +cycle how long does it take to run this + + align:start position:0% +cycle how long does it take to run this + + + align:start position:0% +cycle how long does it take to run this +code to execute the entire terabyte + + align:start position:0% +code to execute the entire terabyte + + + align:start position:0% +code to execute the entire terabyte +binary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the fortieth cycles for to the forty + + align:start position:0% +to the fortieth cycles for to the forty + + + align:start position:0% +to the fortieth cycles for to the forty +instructions but you're using a two + + align:start position:0% +instructions but you're using a two + + + align:start position:0% +instructions but you're using a two +gigahertz processor and 16 cores and you + + align:start position:0% +gigahertz processor and 16 cores and you + + + align:start position:0% +gigahertz processor and 16 cores and you +got ample parallelism in the program to + + align:start position:0% +got ample parallelism in the program to + + + align:start position:0% +got ample parallelism in the program to +keep them all saturated so how much time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +32 seconds nice nice job + + align:start position:0% +32 seconds nice nice job + + + align:start position:0% +32 seconds nice nice job +this one has mastered power-of-two + + align:start position:0% +this one has mastered power-of-two + + + align:start position:0% +this one has mastered power-of-two +arithmetic in one's head it's a good + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic in one's head it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic in one's head it's a good +skill to have especially in core sex + + align:start position:0% +skill to have especially in core sex + + + align:start position:0% +skill to have especially in core sex +yeah so if you have just a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you have just a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you have just a bunch of +simple straight line code and you have a + + align:start position:0% +simple straight line code and you have a + + + align:start position:0% +simple straight line code and you have a +terabyte of it now that's a lot of code + + align:start position:0% +terabyte of it now that's a lot of code + + + align:start position:0% +terabyte of it now that's a lot of code +that is a big binary and yet the program + + align:start position:0% +that is a big binary and yet the program + + + align:start position:0% +that is a big binary and yet the program +this processor this relatively simpler + + align:start position:0% +this processor this relatively simpler + + + align:start position:0% +this processor this relatively simpler +processor can execute the whole thing in + + align:start position:0% +processor can execute the whole thing in + + + align:start position:0% +processor can execute the whole thing in +just just about 30 seconds now in your + + align:start position:0% +just just about 30 seconds now in your + + + align:start position:0% +just just about 30 seconds now in your +experience working with software you + + align:start position:0% +experience working with software you + + + align:start position:0% +experience working with software you +might have noticed that there are some + + align:start position:0% +might have noticed that there are some + + + align:start position:0% +might have noticed that there are some +programs that take longer than 30 + + align:start position:0% +programs that take longer than 30 + + + align:start position:0% +programs that take longer than 30 +seconds to run and some of those + + align:start position:0% +seconds to run and some of those + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to run and some of those +programs don't have terabyte size + + align:start position:0% +programs don't have terabyte size + + + align:start position:0% +programs don't have terabyte size +binaries the reason that those programs + + align:start position:0% +binaries the reason that those programs + + + align:start position:0% +binaries the reason that those programs +take longer to run by and large is loops + + align:start position:0% +take longer to run by and large is loops + + + align:start position:0% +take longer to run by and large is loops +so loops account for a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +so loops account for a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +so loops account for a lot of the +execution time in real programs now + + align:start position:0% +execution time in real programs now + + + align:start position:0% +execution time in real programs now +you've already seen some move Altimas + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen some move Altimas + + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen some move Altimas +asians + + align:start position:0% +asians + + + align:start position:0% +asians +we're just gonna take a look at one + + align:start position:0% +we're just gonna take a look at one + + + align:start position:0% +we're just gonna take a look at one +other looped authorization today namely + + align:start position:0% +other looped authorization today namely + + + align:start position:0% +other looped authorization today namely +code hoisting also known as loop + + align:start position:0% +code hoisting also known as loop + + + align:start position:0% +code hoisting also known as loop +invariant code motion and to look at + + align:start position:0% +invariant code motion and to look at + + + align:start position:0% +invariant code motion and to look at +that we're gonna take another we're + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna take another we're + + + align:start position:0% +that we're gonna take another we're +gonna take a look at a different snippet + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a look at a different snippet + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a look at a different snippet +of code from the n-body simulation + + align:start position:0% +of code from the n-body simulation + + + align:start position:0% +of code from the n-body simulation +this code calculates the forces going on + + align:start position:0% +this code calculates the forces going on + + + align:start position:0% +this code calculates the forces going on +each of the end bodies and it does it + + align:start position:0% +each of the end bodies and it does it + + + align:start position:0% +each of the end bodies and it does it +with a doubly nested loop for all the + + align:start position:0% +with a doubly nested loop for all the + + + align:start position:0% +with a doubly nested loop for all the +bodies your number of bodies for all + + align:start position:0% +bodies your number of bodies for all + + + align:start position:0% +bodies your number of bodies for all +bodies your number of bodies as long as + + align:start position:0% +bodies your number of bodies as long as + + + align:start position:0% +bodies your number of bodies as long as +you're not looking at the same body call + + align:start position:0% +you're not looking at the same body call + + + align:start position:0% +you're not looking at the same body call +this add force routine which calculates + + align:start position:0% +this add force routine which calculates + + + align:start position:0% +this add force routine which calculates +to calculating the force on that the + + align:start position:0% +to calculating the force on that the + + + align:start position:0% +to calculating the force on that the +force between those two bodies and add + + align:start position:0% +force between those two bodies and add + + + align:start position:0% +force between those two bodies and add +that force to one of the bodies it's all + + align:start position:0% +that force to one of the bodies it's all + + + align:start position:0% +that force to one of the bodies it's all +that's going on in this code if we + + align:start position:0% +that's going on in this code if we + + + align:start position:0% +that's going on in this code if we +translate this code into LLVM ir we end + + align:start position:0% +translate this code into LLVM ir we end + + + align:start position:0% +translate this code into LLVM ir we end +up with hopefully unsurprisingly a + + align:start position:0% +up with hopefully unsurprisingly a + + + align:start position:0% +up with hopefully unsurprisingly a +doubly nested loop it looks something + + align:start position:0% +doubly nested loop it looks something + + + align:start position:0% +doubly nested loop it looks something +like this the body of the code the body + + align:start position:0% +like this the body of the code the body + + + align:start position:0% +like this the body of the code the body +of the innermost loop has been lighted + + align:start position:0% +of the innermost loop has been lighted + + + align:start position:0% +of the innermost loop has been lighted +just so things can fit on the slide well + + align:start position:0% +just so things can fit on the slide well + + + align:start position:0% +just so things can fit on the slide well +we can see the the overall structure on + + align:start position:0% +we can see the the overall structure on + + + align:start position:0% +we can see the the overall structure on +the outside we have some outer loop + + align:start position:0% +the outside we have some outer loop + + + align:start position:0% +the outside we have some outer loop +control this should look familiar from + + align:start position:0% +control this should look familiar from + + + align:start position:0% +control this should look familiar from +lecture 5 hopefully inside of that outer + + align:start position:0% +lecture 5 hopefully inside of that outer + + + align:start position:0% +lecture 5 hopefully inside of that outer +loop we have an inner loop and at the + + align:start position:0% +loop we have an inner loop and at the + + + align:start position:0% +loop we have an inner loop and at the +top and the bottom that inner loop + + align:start position:0% +top and the bottom that inner loop + + + align:start position:0% +top and the bottom that inner loop +the inner loop control and within that + + align:start position:0% +the inner loop control and within that + + + align:start position:0% +the inner loop control and within that +inner loop we do have one branch which + + align:start position:0% +inner loop we do have one branch which + + + align:start position:0% +inner loop we do have one branch which +can skip a bunch of code if you're + + align:start position:0% +can skip a bunch of code if you're + + + align:start position:0% +can skip a bunch of code if you're +looking at the same body pry and Jane + + align:start position:0% +looking at the same body pry and Jane + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the same body pry and Jane +but otherwise we have the loop body of + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise we have the loop body of + + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise we have the loop body of +the innermost loop basics charge now we + + align:start position:0% +the innermost loop basics charge now we + + + align:start position:0% +the innermost loop basics charge now we +just take as if we just zoom in on the + + align:start position:0% +just take as if we just zoom in on the + + + align:start position:0% +just take as if we just zoom in on the +top part of this doubly nested loop just + + align:start position:0% +top part of this doubly nested loop just + + + align:start position:0% +top part of this doubly nested loop just +the topmost three basic blocks and take + + align:start position:0% +the topmost three basic blocks and take + + + align:start position:0% +the topmost three basic blocks and take +a look at more of the code that's going + + align:start position:0% +a look at more of the code that's going + + + align:start position:0% +a look at more of the code that's going +on here we end up with something that + + align:start position:0% +on here we end up with something that + + + align:start position:0% +on here we end up with something that +looks like this and if you remember some + + align:start position:0% +looks like this and if you remember some + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this and if you remember some +of the discussion from lecture 5 about + + align:start position:0% +of the discussion from lecture 5 about + + + align:start position:0% +of the discussion from lecture 5 about +loop induction variables and what that + + align:start position:0% +loop induction variables and what that + + + align:start position:0% +loop induction variables and what that +looks like in LP miR what you find is + + align:start position:0% +looks like in LP miR what you find is + + + align:start position:0% +looks like in LP miR what you find is +that for the outer loop we have an + + align:start position:0% +that for the outer loop we have an + + + align:start position:0% +that for the outer loop we have an +induction variable at the very top it's + + align:start position:0% +induction variable at the very top it's + + + align:start position:0% +induction variable at the very top it's +that fee that we are fee instruction + + align:start position:0% +that fee that we are fee instruction + + + align:start position:0% +that fee that we are fee instruction +once again inside that outer loop we + + align:start position:0% +once again inside that outer loop we + + + align:start position:0% +once again inside that outer loop we +have the loop control for the inner loop + + align:start position:0% +have the loop control for the inner loop + + + align:start position:0% +have the loop control for the inner loop +which has its own induction variable + + align:start position:0% +which has its own induction variable + + + align:start position:0% +which has its own induction variable +once again we have another fee node + + align:start position:0% +once again we have another fee node + + + align:start position:0% +once again we have another fee node +that's how we can spot it and then we + + align:start position:0% +that's how we can spot it and then we + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we can spot it and then we +have the body of the innermost loop and + + align:start position:0% +have the body of the innermost loop and + + + align:start position:0% +have the body of the innermost loop and +this is just the start of it it's just a + + align:start position:0% +this is just the start of it it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the start of it it's just a +couple address calculations but can + + align:start position:0% +couple address calculations but can + + + align:start position:0% +couple address calculations but can +anyone tell me some interesting property + + align:start position:0% +anyone tell me some interesting property + + + align:start position:0% +anyone tell me some interesting property +about just a couple of these address + + align:start position:0% +about just a couple of these address + + + align:start position:0% +about just a couple of these address +calculations that could lead to an + + align:start position:0% +calculations that could lead to an + + + align:start position:0% +calculations that could lead to an +optimization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first to address calculations only + + align:start position:0% +the first to address calculations only + + + align:start position:0% +the first to address calculations only +depend on the outermost loop variable + + align:start position:0% +depend on the outermost loop variable + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the outermost loop variable +the the iteration variable for the outer + + align:start position:0% +the the iteration variable for the outer + + + align:start position:0% +the the iteration variable for the outer +loop exactly right so what can we do + + align:start position:0% +loop exactly right so what can we do + + + align:start position:0% +loop exactly right so what can we do +with those instructions bring them out + + align:start position:0% +with those instructions bring them out + + + align:start position:0% +with those instructions bring them out +of the inner loop why should we keep + + align:start position:0% +of the inner loop why should we keep + + + align:start position:0% +of the inner loop why should we keep +computing these addresses in the + + align:start position:0% +computing these addresses in the + + + align:start position:0% +computing these addresses in the +innermost loop when we could just + + align:start position:0% +innermost loop when we could just + + + align:start position:0% +innermost loop when we could just +compute them once in the outer loop that + + align:start position:0% +compute them once in the outer loop that + + + align:start position:0% +compute them once in the outer loop that +optimization is called code hoisting or + + align:start position:0% +optimization is called code hoisting or + + + align:start position:0% +optimization is called code hoisting or +loop invariant code motion those + + align:start position:0% +loop invariant code motion those + + + align:start position:0% +loop invariant code motion those +instructions are invariance to the code + + align:start position:0% +instructions are invariance to the code + + + align:start position:0% +instructions are invariance to the code +in the innermost loop so you hoist them + + align:start position:0% +in the innermost loop so you hoist them + + + align:start position:0% +in the innermost loop so you hoist them +out and once you highways them out you + + align:start position:0% +out and once you highways them out you + + + align:start position:0% +out and once you highways them out you +end up with a transformed loop that + + align:start position:0% +end up with a transformed loop that + + + align:start position:0% +end up with a transformed loop that +looks something like this what we have + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this what we have + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this what we have +is the same outer loop control at the + + align:start position:0% +is the same outer loop control at the + + + align:start position:0% +is the same outer loop control at the +very top but now we're doing some + + align:start position:0% +very top but now we're doing some + + + align:start position:0% +very top but now we're doing some +address calculations there and we no + + align:start position:0% +address calculations there and we no + + + align:start position:0% +address calculations there and we no +longer have those address calculations + + align:start position:0% +longer have those address calculations + + + align:start position:0% +longer have those address calculations +on the inside and as a results those who + + align:start position:0% +on the inside and as a results those who + + + align:start position:0% +on the inside and as a results those who +stood calculations are performed just + + align:start position:0% +stood calculations are performed just + + + align:start position:0% +stood calculations are performed just +once per iteration of the outer loop + + align:start position:0% +once per iteration of the outer loop + + + align:start position:0% +once per iteration of the outer loop +rather than once per iteration of the + + align:start position:0% +rather than once per iteration of the + + + align:start position:0% +rather than once per iteration of the +inner loop and so those instructions are + + align:start position:0% +inner loop and so those instructions are + + + align:start position:0% +inner loop and so those instructions are +run far fewer times you get to save a + + align:start position:0% +run far fewer times you get to save a + + + align:start position:0% +run far fewer times you get to save a +lot of running time so the effect of + + align:start position:0% +lot of running time so the effect of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of running time so the effect of +this optimization in terms of C code + + align:start position:0% +this optimization in terms of C code + + + align:start position:0% +this optimization in terms of C code +because it can be a little tedious to + + align:start position:0% +because it can be a little tedious to + + + align:start position:0% +because it can be a little tedious to +look at LV miR is essentially like this + + align:start position:0% +look at LV miR is essentially like this + + + align:start position:0% +look at LV miR is essentially like this +we took this doubly nested loop in C we + + align:start position:0% +we took this doubly nested loop in C we + + + align:start position:0% +we took this doubly nested loop in C we +were calling add force of blah blah blah + + align:start position:0% +were calling add force of blah blah blah + + + align:start position:0% +were calling add force of blah blah blah +calculate force blah blah blah and now + + align:start position:0% +calculate force blah blah blah and now + + + align:start position:0% +calculate force blah blah blah and now +we just move the address calculation to + + align:start position:0% +we just move the address calculation to + + + align:start position:0% +we just move the address calculation to +get the ice body that we care about we + + align:start position:0% +get the ice body that we care about we + + + align:start position:0% +get the ice body that we care about we +move that to the outer loop now this was + + align:start position:0% +move that to the outer loop now this was + + + align:start position:0% +move that to the outer loop now this was +an example of loop invariant code motion + + align:start position:0% +an example of loop invariant code motion + + + align:start position:0% +an example of loop invariant code motion +on just a couple address calculations in + + align:start position:0% +on just a couple address calculations in + + + align:start position:0% +on just a couple address calculations in +general the compiler will try to prove + + align:start position:0% +general the compiler will try to prove + + + align:start position:0% +general the compiler will try to prove +that some calculation is invariants + + align:start position:0% +that some calculation is invariants + + + align:start position:0% +that some calculation is invariants +across all the iterations of a loop and + + align:start position:0% +across all the iterations of a loop and + + + align:start position:0% +across all the iterations of a loop and +whenever it can prove that it will try + + align:start position:0% +whenever it can prove that it will try + + + align:start position:0% +whenever it can prove that it will try +to hoist that code out of the loop if + + align:start position:0% +to hoist that code out of the loop if + + + align:start position:0% +to hoist that code out of the loop if +you can get code out of the body of a + + align:start position:0% +you can get code out of the body of a + + + align:start position:0% +you can get code out of the body of a +loop that reduces the running time of + + align:start position:0% +loop that reduces the running time of + + + align:start position:0% +loop that reduces the running time of +the loop saves a lot of execution time + + align:start position:0% +the loop saves a lot of execution time + + + align:start position:0% +the loop saves a lot of execution time +huge bang for the buck + + align:start position:0% +huge bang for the buck + + + align:start position:0% +huge bang for the buck +makes sense any questions about that so + + align:start position:0% +makes sense any questions about that so + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense any questions about that so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so just to summarize this part + + align:start position:0% +all right so just to summarize this part + + + align:start position:0% +all right so just to summarize this part +what can the compiler do the compiler + + align:start position:0% +what can the compiler do the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +what can the compiler do the compiler +optimizes code by performing a sequence + + align:start position:0% +optimizes code by performing a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +optimizes code by performing a sequence +of transformation passes all those + + align:start position:0% +of transformation passes all those + + + align:start position:0% +of transformation passes all those +passes are pretty mechanical the + + align:start position:0% +passes are pretty mechanical the + + + align:start position:0% +passes are pretty mechanical the +compiler goes through the code it tries + + align:start position:0% +compiler goes through the code it tries + + + align:start position:0% +compiler goes through the code it tries +to find some property like this address + + align:start position:0% +to find some property like this address + + + align:start position:0% +to find some property like this address +calculations the same as that address + + align:start position:0% +calculations the same as that address + + + align:start position:0% +calculations the same as that address +calculation and so this load will return + + align:start position:0% +calculation and so this load will return + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and so this load will return +the same value as that store and so and + + align:start position:0% +the same value as that store and so and + + + align:start position:0% +the same value as that store and so and +so forth and based on that analysis it + + align:start position:0% +so forth and based on that analysis it + + + align:start position:0% +so forth and based on that analysis it +tries to get rid of some dead code and + + align:start position:0% +tries to get rid of some dead code and + + + align:start position:0% +tries to get rid of some dead code and +replace replace certain register values + + align:start position:0% +replace replace certain register values + + + align:start position:0% +replace replace certain register values +with other words your values replace + + align:start position:0% +with other words your values replace + + + align:start position:0% +with other words your values replace +things I live in memory with things that + + align:start position:0% +things I live in memory with things that + + + align:start position:0% +things I live in memory with things that +just live in registers a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +just live in registers a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +just live in registers a lot of the +transformations resemble Bentley rule + + align:start position:0% +transformations resemble Bentley rule + + + align:start position:0% +transformations resemble Bentley rule +work optimizations so you've seen in + + align:start position:0% +work optimizations so you've seen in + + + align:start position:0% +work optimizations so you've seen in +lecture two so as you're studying for + + align:start position:0% +lecture two so as you're studying for + + + align:start position:0% +lecture two so as you're studying for +the your upcoming quiz you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +the your upcoming quiz you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the your upcoming quiz you can kind of +get two for one by looking at those + + align:start position:0% +get two for one by looking at those + + + align:start position:0% +get two for one by looking at those +Bentley rule optimizations and one + + align:start position:0% +Bentley rule optimizations and one + + + align:start position:0% +Bentley rule optimizations and one +transformation pass in particular + + align:start position:0% +transformation pass in particular + + + align:start position:0% +transformation pass in particular +function inlining + + align:start position:0% +function inlining + + + align:start position:0% +function inlining +was a good example of this one + + align:start position:0% +was a good example of this one + + + align:start position:0% +was a good example of this one +transformation can enable other + + align:start position:0% +transformation can enable other + + + align:start position:0% +transformation can enable other +transformations and those together can + + align:start position:0% +transformations and those together can + + + align:start position:0% +transformations and those together can +compound to give you fast code in + + align:start position:0% +compound to give you fast code in + + + align:start position:0% +compound to give you fast code in +general compilers perform a lot more + + align:start position:0% +general compilers perform a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +general compilers perform a lot more +transformations than just the ones that + + align:start position:0% +transformations than just the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +transformations than just the ones that +we saw today but there are things that + + align:start position:0% +we saw today but there are things that + + + align:start position:0% +we saw today but there are things that +the compiler can't do here's one very + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can't do here's one very + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler can't do here's one very +simple example in this case we're taking + + align:start position:0% +simple example in this case we're taking + + + align:start position:0% +simple example in this case we're taking +another look at this calculate forces + + align:start position:0% +another look at this calculate forces + + + align:start position:0% +another look at this calculate forces +routine although the compiler can + + align:start position:0% +routine although the compiler can + + + align:start position:0% +routine although the compiler can +optimize the code by moving address + + align:start position:0% +optimize the code by moving address + + + align:start position:0% +optimize the code by moving address +calculations out of the loop + + align:start position:0% +calculations out of the loop + + + align:start position:0% +calculations out of the loop +one thing that it can't do is exploit + + align:start position:0% +one thing that it can't do is exploit + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that it can't do is exploit +symmetry in the problem so in this + + align:start position:0% +symmetry in the problem so in this + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry in the problem so in this +problem what's going on is we're + + align:start position:0% +problem what's going on is we're + + + align:start position:0% +problem what's going on is we're +computing the forces on any pair of + + align:start position:0% +computing the forces on any pair of + + + align:start position:0% +computing the forces on any pair of +bodies using the law of gravitation and + + align:start position:0% +bodies using the law of gravitation and + + + align:start position:0% +bodies using the law of gravitation and +it turns out that the force acting on + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the force acting on + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the force acting on +this on one body by another is exactly + + align:start position:0% +this on one body by another is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +this on one body by another is exactly +opposite the force acting on the other + + align:start position:0% +opposite the force acting on the other + + + align:start position:0% +opposite the force acting on the other +body by the one so f of 1 2 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +body by the one so f of 1 2 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +body by the one so f of 1 2 is equal to +minus F of 2 1 the compiler will not + + align:start position:0% +minus F of 2 1 the compiler will not + + + align:start position:0% +minus F of 2 1 the compiler will not +figure that out the compiler knows + + align:start position:0% +figure that out the compiler knows + + + align:start position:0% +figure that out the compiler knows +algebra it doesn't know physics so won't + + align:start position:0% +algebra it doesn't know physics so won't + + + align:start position:0% +algebra it doesn't know physics so won't +be able to figure out that there's + + align:start position:0% +be able to figure out that there's + + + align:start position:0% +be able to figure out that there's +symmetry in this problem and it can + + align:start position:0% +symmetry in this problem and it can + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry in this problem and it can +avoid wasted operations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +make sense all right so that was an + + align:start position:0% +make sense all right so that was an + + + align:start position:0% +make sense all right so that was an +overview of some simple compiler + + align:start position:0% +overview of some simple compiler + + + align:start position:0% +overview of some simple compiler +optimizations we now have some failure + + align:start position:0% +optimizations we now have some failure + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations we now have some failure +some examples of some case studies to + + align:start position:0% +some examples of some case studies to + + + align:start position:0% +some examples of some case studies to +see where the compiler can I can get + + align:start position:0% +see where the compiler can I can get + + + align:start position:0% +see where the compiler can I can get +tripped up and doesn't matter if we get + + align:start position:0% +tripped up and doesn't matter if we get + + + align:start position:0% +tripped up and doesn't matter if we get +through all of these or not you'll have + + align:start position:0% +through all of these or not you'll have + + + align:start position:0% +through all of these or not you'll have +access to the slides afterwards but I + + align:start position:0% +access to the slides afterwards but I + + + align:start position:0% +access to the slides afterwards but I +think these are kind of cool so shall we + + align:start position:0% +think these are kind of cool so shall we + + + align:start position:0% +think these are kind of cool so shall we +take a look all right simple question + + align:start position:0% +take a look all right simple question + + + align:start position:0% +take a look all right simple question +does the compiler vectorize this loop so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just to go over what this loop does it's + + align:start position:0% +just to go over what this loop does it's + + + align:start position:0% +just to go over what this loop does it's +a simple loop the function takes two in + + align:start position:0% +a simple loop the function takes two in + + + align:start position:0% +a simple loop the function takes two in +two vectors as inputs and or two arrays + + align:start position:0% +two vectors as inputs and or two arrays + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors as inputs and or two arrays +as inputs I should say an array called Y + + align:start position:0% +as inputs I should say an array called Y + + + align:start position:0% +as inputs I should say an array called Y +of like then an array of X or an array X + + align:start position:0% +of like then an array of X or an array X + + + align:start position:0% +of like then an array of X or an array X +of length N and some scalar value a and + + align:start position:0% +of length N and some scalar value a and + + + align:start position:0% +of length N and some scalar value a and +all that this function does is it loops + + align:start position:0% +all that this function does is it loops + + + align:start position:0% +all that this function does is it loops +over each element of the vector + + align:start position:0% +over each element of the vector + + + align:start position:0% +over each element of the vector +multiplies X of I by the input scalar + + align:start position:0% +multiplies X of I by the input scalar + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies X of I by the input scalar +adds there the product into Y sub I so + + align:start position:0% +adds there the product into Y sub I so + + + align:start position:0% +adds there the product into Y sub I so +does the loop vectorize yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why next could overlap and there is no + + align:start position:0% +why next could overlap and there is no + + + align:start position:0% +why next could overlap and there is no +information about whether they overlap + + align:start position:0% +information about whether they overlap + + + align:start position:0% +information about whether they overlap +so do they vectorize we have a vote for + + align:start position:0% +so do they vectorize we have a vote for + + + align:start position:0% +so do they vectorize we have a vote for +know anyone think that does vectorize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you made a very convincing argument so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everyone think it everyone believes that + + align:start position:0% +everyone think it everyone believes that + + + align:start position:0% +everyone think it everyone believes that +this loop does not vectorize it's a true + + align:start position:0% +this loop does not vectorize it's a true + + + align:start position:0% +this loop does not vectorize it's a true +anyone uncertain anyone unwilling to + + align:start position:0% +anyone uncertain anyone unwilling to + + + align:start position:0% +anyone uncertain anyone unwilling to +commit to yes or no right here all right + + align:start position:0% +commit to yes or no right here all right + + + align:start position:0% +commit to yes or no right here all right +a bunch of people are unwilling to + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of people are unwilling to + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of people are unwilling to +commit to yes or no all right let's + + align:start position:0% +commit to yes or no all right let's + + + align:start position:0% +commit to yes or no all right let's +resolve this question let's first ask + + align:start position:0% +resolve this question let's first ask + + + align:start position:0% +resolve this question let's first ask +for the report let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +for the report let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +for the report let's look at the +vectorization report we compile it we + + align:start position:0% +vectorization report we compile it we + + + align:start position:0% +vectorization report we compile it we +pass the flags together vectorization + + align:start position:0% +pass the flags together vectorization + + + align:start position:0% +pass the flags together vectorization +report and the vectorization report says + + align:start position:0% +report and the vectorization report says + + + align:start position:0% +report and the vectorization report says +yes it does vectorize this loop which is + + align:start position:0% +yes it does vectorize this loop which is + + + align:start position:0% +yes it does vectorize this loop which is +interesting because we have this great + + align:start position:0% +interesting because we have this great + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because we have this great +argument that says but we you don't know + + align:start position:0% +argument that says but we you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +argument that says but we you don't know +how these addresses fit in memory you + + align:start position:0% +how these addresses fit in memory you + + + align:start position:0% +how these addresses fit in memory you +don't know if x and y overlap with each + + align:start position:0% +don't know if x and y overlap with each + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if x and y overlap with each +other how can you possibly vectorize + + align:start position:0% +other how can you possibly vectorize + + + align:start position:0% +other how can you possibly vectorize +kind of a mystery well if we take a look + + align:start position:0% +kind of a mystery well if we take a look + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a mystery well if we take a look +at the actual compiled code when we + + align:start position:0% +at the actual compiled code when we + + + align:start position:0% +at the actual compiled code when we +optimize this at o2 it turns out you can + + align:start position:0% +optimize this at o2 it turns out you can + + + align:start position:0% +optimize this at o2 it turns out you can +pass certain flags through the compiler + + align:start position:0% +pass certain flags through the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +pass certain flags through the compiler +and get it to print out not just the + + align:start position:0% +and get it to print out not just the + + + align:start position:0% +and get it to print out not just the +LLVM AR but the LLVM are formatted as a + + align:start position:0% +LLVM AR but the LLVM are formatted as a + + + align:start position:0% +LLVM AR but the LLVM are formatted as a +control flow graph and the control flow + + align:start position:0% +control flow graph and the control flow + + + align:start position:0% +control flow graph and the control flow +graph for this simple two line function + + align:start position:0% +graph for this simple two line function + + + align:start position:0% +graph for this simple two line function +is the thing on the right which you + + align:start position:0% +is the thing on the right which you + + + align:start position:0% +is the thing on the right which you +obviously can't read and it's a little + + align:start position:0% +obviously can't read and it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +obviously can't read and it's a little +bit because it's a little bit small in + + align:start position:0% +bit because it's a little bit small in + + + align:start position:0% +bit because it's a little bit small in +terms of its text and there seems to + + align:start position:0% +terms of its text and there seems to + + + align:start position:0% +terms of its text and there seems to +have a lot going on so I took the + + align:start position:0% +have a lot going on so I took the + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot going on so I took the +liberty of redrawing that control flow + + align:start position:0% +liberty of redrawing that control flow + + + align:start position:0% +liberty of redrawing that control flow +graph with none of the code inside just + + align:start position:0% +graph with none of the code inside just + + + align:start position:0% +graph with none of the code inside just +to get a just get a picture of what the + + align:start position:0% +to get a just get a picture of what the + + + align:start position:0% +to get a just get a picture of what the +structure looks like for this compiled + + align:start position:0% +structure looks like for this compiled + + + align:start position:0% +structure looks like for this compiled +function and structurally speaking and + + align:start position:0% +function and structurally speaking and + + + align:start position:0% +function and structurally speaking and +looks like this and with a bit of + + align:start position:0% +looks like this and with a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this and with a bit of +practice staring at control flow graphs + + align:start position:0% +practice staring at control flow graphs + + + align:start position:0% +practice staring at control flow graphs +which you might get if you spend way too + + align:start position:0% +which you might get if you spend way too + + + align:start position:0% +which you might get if you spend way too +much time working on compilers + + align:start position:0% +much time working on compilers + + + align:start position:0% +much time working on compilers +you might look at this control + + align:start position:0% +you might look at this control + + + align:start position:0% +you might look at this control +photograph and think this craft looks a + + align:start position:0% +photograph and think this craft looks a + + + align:start position:0% +photograph and think this craft looks a +little too complicated for the to line + + align:start position:0% +little too complicated for the to line + + + align:start position:0% +little too complicated for the to line +function that we gave as input so what's + + align:start position:0% +function that we gave as input so what's + + + align:start position:0% +function that we gave as input so what's +going on here well we've got three + + align:start position:0% +going on here well we've got three + + + align:start position:0% +going on here well we've got three +different loops in this code and it + + align:start position:0% +different loops in this code and it + + + align:start position:0% +different loops in this code and it +turns out that one of those loops is + + align:start position:0% +turns out that one of those loops is + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that one of those loops is +full of vector operations okay the other + + align:start position:0% +full of vector operations okay the other + + + align:start position:0% +full of vector operations okay the other +two loops are not full of vector + + align:start position:0% +two loops are not full of vector + + + align:start position:0% +two loops are not full of vector +operations that's unvectorized code and + + align:start position:0% +operations that's unvectorized code and + + + align:start position:0% +operations that's unvectorized code and +then there's this basic block right at + + align:start position:0% +then there's this basic block right at + + + align:start position:0% +then there's this basic block right at +the top that has a conditional branch at + + align:start position:0% +the top that has a conditional branch at + + + align:start position:0% +the top that has a conditional branch at +the end of it + + align:start position:0% +the end of it + + + align:start position:0% +the end of it +branching to either the vectorize loop + + align:start position:0% +branching to either the vectorize loop + + + align:start position:0% +branching to either the vectorize loop +or the unvectorized loop and yeah + + align:start position:0% +or the unvectorized loop and yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or the unvectorized loop and yeah +there's a lot of other control flow + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of other control flow + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of other control flow +going on as well but we can focus on + + align:start position:0% +going on as well but we can focus on + + + align:start position:0% +going on as well but we can focus on +just these components for the time being + + align:start position:0% +just these components for the time being + + + align:start position:0% +just these components for the time being +so what's that conditional branch doing + + align:start position:0% +so what's that conditional branch doing + + + align:start position:0% +so what's that conditional branch doing +well we can zoom in on just this one + + align:start position:0% +well we can zoom in on just this one + + + align:start position:0% +well we can zoom in on just this one +basic block and actually show it to be + + align:start position:0% +basic block and actually show it to be + + + align:start position:0% +basic block and actually show it to be +readable on the slide and the basic + + align:start position:0% +readable on the slide and the basic + + + align:start position:0% +readable on the slide and the basic +block looks like this so let's just + + align:start position:0% +block looks like this so let's just + + + align:start position:0% +block looks like this so let's just +study this L of U in my our code in this + + align:start position:0% +study this L of U in my our code in this + + + align:start position:0% +study this L of U in my our code in this +case we have that the address wise for + + align:start position:0% +case we have that the address wise for + + + align:start position:0% +case we have that the address wise for +in register 0 the address of X is stored + + align:start position:0% +in register 0 the address of X is stored + + + align:start position:0% +in register 0 the address of X is stored +in register 2 and register 3 stores the + + align:start position:0% +in register 2 and register 3 stores the + + + align:start position:0% +in register 2 and register 3 stores the +value of n so one instruction at a time + + align:start position:0% +value of n so one instruction at a time + + + align:start position:0% +value of n so one instruction at a time +who can tell me what the first + + align:start position:0% +who can tell me what the first + + + align:start position:0% +who can tell me what the first +instruction in this code does yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gets the address of why it doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +gets the address of why it doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +gets the address of why it doesn't look +is that that we said okay so it does use + + align:start position:0% +is that that we said okay so it does use + + + align:start position:0% +is that that we said okay so it does use +the address of why it's an address + + align:start position:0% +the address of why it's an address + + + align:start position:0% +the address of why it's an address +calculation that operates on register 0 + + align:start position:0% +calculation that operates on register 0 + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that operates on register 0 +which stores the address of why but it's + + align:start position:0% +which stores the address of why but it's + + + align:start position:0% +which stores the address of why but it's +not just computing the address of why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's getting the address of the nth + + align:start position:0% +it's getting the address of the nth + + + align:start position:0% +it's getting the address of the nth +element of why it's adding in whatever + + align:start position:0% +element of why it's adding in whatever + + + align:start position:0% +element of why it's adding in whatever +is in register 3 which is the value n + + align:start position:0% +is in register 3 which is the value n + + + align:start position:0% +is in register 3 which is the value n +into the address of Y so that computes + + align:start position:0% +into the address of Y so that computes + + + align:start position:0% +into the address of Y so that computes +the address y plus n this is this is + + align:start position:0% +the address y plus n this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +the address y plus n this is this is +testing your memory of pointer + + align:start position:0% +testing your memory of pointer + + + align:start position:0% +testing your memory of pointer +arithmetic and see just a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic and see just a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic and see just a little bit but +don't worry it won't be it won't be too + + align:start position:0% +don't worry it won't be it won't be too + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry it won't be it won't be too +rough so that's what the first address + + align:start position:0% +rough so that's what the first address + + + align:start position:0% +rough so that's what the first address +calculation does what is the next + + align:start position:0% +calculation does what is the next + + + align:start position:0% +calculation does what is the next +instruction do that cookies X plus n + + align:start position:0% +instruction do that cookies X plus n + + + align:start position:0% +instruction do that cookies X plus n +very good + + align:start position:0% +very good + + + align:start position:0% +very good +how about the next one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it compares whether an expo side + + align:start position:0% +it compares whether an expo side + + + align:start position:0% +it compares whether an expo side +inflight Wilson or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compares x + 1 + y vs y + n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so it does a comparison we'll take + + align:start position:0% +right so it does a comparison we'll take + + + align:start position:0% +right so it does a comparison we'll take +that a little more slowly does a + + align:start position:0% +that a little more slowly does a + + + align:start position:0% +that a little more slowly does a +comparison of X + n versus Y and checks + + align:start position:0% +comparison of X + n versus Y and checks + + + align:start position:0% +comparison of X + n versus Y and checks +is X plus and greater than willing + + align:start position:0% +is X plus and greater than willing + + + align:start position:0% +is X plus and greater than willing +perfect how about the next instruction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compares y+ n versus X is y plus n + + align:start position:0% +compares y+ n versus X is y plus n + + + align:start position:0% +compares y+ n versus X is y plus n +greater than X how about the last + + align:start position:0% +greater than X how about the last + + + align:start position:0% +greater than X how about the last +instruction before the branch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep go for it + + align:start position:0% +yep go for it + + + align:start position:0% +yep go for it +there was and of the results so this + + align:start position:0% +there was and of the results so this + + + align:start position:0% +there was and of the results so this +computes the comparison his Expo site in + + align:start position:0% +computes the comparison his Expo site in + + + align:start position:0% +computes the comparison his Expo site in +grades then why bitwise and he's y plus + + align:start position:0% +grades then why bitwise and he's y plus + + + align:start position:0% +grades then why bitwise and he's y plus +or his Michels N greater than X fair + + align:start position:0% +or his Michels N greater than X fair + + + align:start position:0% +or his Michels N greater than X fair +enough + + align:start position:0% +enough + + + align:start position:0% +enough +so what does the result of that + + align:start position:0% +so what does the result of that + + + align:start position:0% +so what does the result of that +condition mean I think we've pretty much + + align:start position:0% +condition mean I think we've pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +condition mean I think we've pretty much +already spoiled the answer anyone want + + align:start position:0% +already spoiled the answer anyone want + + + align:start position:0% +already spoiled the answer anyone want +to area one last time I had this whole + + align:start position:0% +to area one last time I had this whole + + + align:start position:0% +to area one last time I had this whole +set up cohort checks if they overlap so + + align:start position:0% +set up cohort checks if they overlap so + + + align:start position:0% +set up cohort checks if they overlap so +let's look at this condition in a couple + + align:start position:0% +let's look at this condition in a couple + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at this condition in a couple +of different situations if we have X + + align:start position:0% +of different situations if we have X + + + align:start position:0% +of different situations if we have X +living in one place in memory and Y + + align:start position:0% +living in one place in memory and Y + + + align:start position:0% +living in one place in memory and Y +living in another place in memory then + + align:start position:0% +living in another place in memory then + + + align:start position:0% +living in another place in memory then +no matter how we resolve this condition + + align:start position:0% +no matter how we resolve this condition + + + align:start position:0% +no matter how we resolve this condition +if we check in if we check is both y + + align:start position:0% +if we check in if we check is both y + + + align:start position:0% +if we check in if we check is both y +plus M greater than X and X plus n + + align:start position:0% +plus M greater than X and X plus n + + + align:start position:0% +plus M greater than X and X plus n +greater than Y the results will be false + + align:start position:0% +greater than Y the results will be false + + + align:start position:0% +greater than Y the results will be false +but if we have this situation where x + + align:start position:0% +but if we have this situation where x + + + align:start position:0% +but if we have this situation where x +and y overlap in memory for some amount + + align:start position:0% +and y overlap in memory for some amount + + + align:start position:0% +and y overlap in memory for some amount +of for some portion of memory then it + + align:start position:0% +of for some portion of memory then it + + + align:start position:0% +of for some portion of memory then it +turns out the regardless of whether X or + + align:start position:0% +turns out the regardless of whether X or + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the regardless of whether X or +Y is first x plus n will be greater than + + align:start position:0% +Y is first x plus n will be greater than + + + align:start position:0% +Y is first x plus n will be greater than +y y plus 7 will be greater than X and + + align:start position:0% +y y plus 7 will be greater than X and + + + align:start position:0% +y y plus 7 will be greater than X and +the condition will return true in other + + align:start position:0% +the condition will return true in other + + + align:start position:0% +the condition will return true in other +words the condition which is true if and + + align:start position:0% +words the condition which is true if and + + + align:start position:0% +words the condition which is true if and +only if these portions of memory 20 by x + + align:start position:0% +only if these portions of memory 20 by x + + + align:start position:0% +only if these portions of memory 20 by x ++ y alias so going back to our original + + align:start position:0% ++ y alias so going back to our original + + + align:start position:0% ++ y alias so going back to our original +looping code we have a situation where + + align:start position:0% +looping code we have a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +looping code we have a situation where +we have a branch based on whether or not + + align:start position:0% +we have a branch based on whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +we have a branch based on whether or not +the alias and if they and in one case it + + align:start position:0% +the alias and if they and in one case it + + + align:start position:0% +the alias and if they and in one case it +executes Spector eyes the vector eyes + + align:start position:0% +executes Spector eyes the vector eyes + + + align:start position:0% +executes Spector eyes the vector eyes +loop and in another case the execute San + + align:start position:0% +loop and in another case the execute San + + + align:start position:0% +loop and in another case the execute San +on vectorize code X are returning to our + + align:start position:0% +on vectorize code X are returning to our + + + align:start position:0% +on vectorize code X are returning to our +original question in particular to + + align:start position:0% +original question in particular to + + + align:start position:0% +original question in particular to +actually use a vectorized loop if they + + align:start position:0% +actually use a vectorized loop if they + + + align:start position:0% +actually use a vectorized loop if they +don't alias so returning to our original + + align:start position:0% +don't alias so returning to our original + + + align:start position:0% +don't alias so returning to our original +question do they does this code get + + align:start position:0% +question do they does this code get + + + align:start position:0% +question do they does this code get +vectorized the answer is yes and no so + + align:start position:0% +vectorized the answer is yes and no so + + + align:start position:0% +vectorized the answer is yes and no so +if you voted yes you're actually right + + align:start position:0% +if you voted yes you're actually right + + + align:start position:0% +if you voted yes you're actually right +if you go to no and you were persuaded + + align:start position:0% +if you go to no and you were persuaded + + + align:start position:0% +if you go to no and you were persuaded +you were right and if you didn't commit + + align:start position:0% +you were right and if you didn't commit + + + align:start position:0% +you were right and if you didn't commit +to an answer I can't help you but that's + + align:start position:0% +to an answer I can't help you but that's + + + align:start position:0% +to an answer I can't help you but that's +interesting the compiler actually + + align:start position:0% +interesting the compiler actually + + + align:start position:0% +interesting the compiler actually +generated multiple versions of this + + align:start position:0% +generated multiple versions of this + + + align:start position:0% +generated multiple versions of this +due to uncertainty about memory aliasing + + align:start position:0% +due to uncertainty about memory aliasing + + + align:start position:0% +due to uncertainty about memory aliasing +yeah question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the question is could the compiler + + align:start position:0% +so the question is could the compiler + + + align:start position:0% +so the question is could the compiler +figure out this condition statically + + align:start position:0% +figure out this condition statically + + + align:start position:0% +figure out this condition statically +while it's compiling the function + + align:start position:0% +while it's compiling the function + + + align:start position:0% +while it's compiling the function +because we know the function is going to + + align:start position:0% +because we know the function is going to + + + align:start position:0% +because we know the function is going to +get called from somewhere the answer is + + align:start position:0% +get called from somewhere the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +get called from somewhere the answer is +sometimes it can a lot of times it can't + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it can a lot of times it can't + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it can a lot of times it can't +if it's not capable of in lying this + + align:start position:0% +if it's not capable of in lying this + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not capable of in lying this +function for example then it probably + + align:start position:0% +function for example then it probably + + + align:start position:0% +function for example then it probably +doesn't have enough information to tell + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have enough information to tell + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have enough information to tell +whether or not these two pointers will + + align:start position:0% +whether or not these two pointers will + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not these two pointers will +alias for example you're just building a + + align:start position:0% +alias for example you're just building a + + + align:start position:0% +alias for example you're just building a +library with a bunch of vector routines + + align:start position:0% +library with a bunch of vector routines + + + align:start position:0% +library with a bunch of vector routines +you don't know the code that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the code that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the code that's gonna +call this routine eventually now in + + align:start position:0% +call this routine eventually now in + + + align:start position:0% +call this routine eventually now in +general Mable memory aliasing this this + + align:start position:0% +general Mable memory aliasing this this + + + align:start position:0% +general Mable memory aliasing this this +be the last point before we wrap up in + + align:start position:0% +be the last point before we wrap up in + + + align:start position:0% +be the last point before we wrap up in +general memory is and can cause a lot of + + align:start position:0% +general memory is and can cause a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +general memory is and can cause a lot of +issues when it comes to compiler + + align:start position:0% +issues when it comes to compiler + + + align:start position:0% +issues when it comes to compiler +optimization now you can make call us a + + align:start position:0% +optimization now you can make call us a + + + align:start position:0% +optimization now you can make call us a +compiler to act very conservatively in + + align:start position:0% +compiler to act very conservatively in + + + align:start position:0% +compiler to act very conservatively in +this example we have a simple serial + + align:start position:0% +this example we have a simple serial + + + align:start position:0% +this example we have a simple serial +base case for a matrix multiply routine + + align:start position:0% +base case for a matrix multiply routine + + + align:start position:0% +base case for a matrix multiply routine +but we don't know anything about the + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know anything about the +pointers to the C a or b matrices and + + align:start position:0% +pointers to the C a or b matrices and + + + align:start position:0% +pointers to the C a or b matrices and +when we try to compile this and optimize + + align:start position:0% +when we try to compile this and optimize + + + align:start position:0% +when we try to compile this and optimize +it the compiler complains that it can't + + align:start position:0% +it the compiler complains that it can't + + + align:start position:0% +it the compiler complains that it can't +do loop invariant code motion because it + + align:start position:0% +do loop invariant code motion because it + + + align:start position:0% +do loop invariant code motion because it +doesn't know anything about these + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know anything about these + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't know anything about these +pointers it could be that the pointer + + align:start position:0% +pointers it could be that the pointer + + + align:start position:0% +pointers it could be that the pointer +changes within the innermost loop so it + + align:start position:0% +changes within the innermost loop so it + + + align:start position:0% +changes within the innermost loop so it +can't move some calculation out to an + + align:start position:0% +can't move some calculation out to an + + + align:start position:0% +can't move some calculation out to an +outer loop compilers try to deal with + + align:start position:0% +outer loop compilers try to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +outer loop compilers try to deal with +this statically using an analysis + + align:start position:0% +this statically using an analysis + + + align:start position:0% +this statically using an analysis +technique called alias analysis and they + + align:start position:0% +technique called alias analysis and they + + + align:start position:0% +technique called alias analysis and they +do try very hard to figure out when are + + align:start position:0% +do try very hard to figure out when are + + + align:start position:0% +do try very hard to figure out when are +these pointers going to alias or what + + align:start position:0% +these pointers going to alias or what + + + align:start position:0% +these pointers going to alias or what +when are they guaranteed to not alias + + align:start position:0% +when are they guaranteed to not alias + + + align:start position:0% +when are they guaranteed to not alias +now in general it turns out that alias + + align:start position:0% +now in general it turns out that alias + + + align:start position:0% +now in general it turns out that alias +analysis isn't just hard it's + + align:start position:0% +analysis isn't just hard it's + + + align:start position:0% +analysis isn't just hard it's +undecidable if only it were hard maybe + + align:start position:0% +undecidable if only it were hard maybe + + + align:start position:0% +undecidable if only it were hard maybe +we'd have some hope but compilers in + + align:start position:0% +we'd have some hope but compilers in + + + align:start position:0% +we'd have some hope but compilers in +practice are faced with this undecidable + + align:start position:0% +practice are faced with this undecidable + + + align:start position:0% +practice are faced with this undecidable +question and they try a variety of + + align:start position:0% +question and they try a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +question and they try a variety of +tricks to get useful alias analysis + + align:start position:0% +tricks to get useful alias analysis + + + align:start position:0% +tricks to get useful alias analysis +results in practice for example based on + + align:start position:0% +results in practice for example based on + + + align:start position:0% +results in practice for example based on +information in the source code the + + align:start position:0% +information in the source code the + + + align:start position:0% +information in the source code the +compiler might annotate instructions + + align:start position:0% +compiler might annotate instructions + + + align:start position:0% +compiler might annotate instructions +with various metadata to track this + + align:start position:0% +with various metadata to track this + + + align:start position:0% +with various metadata to track this +aliasing information for example TB a a + + align:start position:0% +aliasing information for example TB a a + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing information for example TB a a +is aliasing information based on types + + align:start position:0% +is aliasing information based on types + + + align:start position:0% +is aliasing information based on types +there's some scoping information for + + align:start position:0% +there's some scoping information for + + + align:start position:0% +there's some scoping information for +aliasing there's some information that's + + align:start position:0% +aliasing there's some information that's + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing there's some information that's +it's guaranteed not to alias with this + + align:start position:0% +it's guaranteed not to alias with this + + + align:start position:0% +it's guaranteed not to alias with this +other operation all kinds of metadata + + align:start position:0% +other operation all kinds of metadata + + + align:start position:0% +other operation all kinds of metadata +now what can you do as a programmer to + + align:start position:0% +now what can you do as a programmer to + + + align:start position:0% +now what can you do as a programmer to +avoid these issues memory aliasing + + align:start position:0% +avoid these issues memory aliasing + + + align:start position:0% +avoid these issues memory aliasing +always annotate your pointers kids + + align:start position:0% +always annotate your pointers kids + + + align:start position:0% +always annotate your pointers kids +always annotate your pointers + + align:start position:0% +always annotate your pointers + + + align:start position:0% +always annotate your pointers +the restored you've seen before it tells + + align:start position:0% +the restored you've seen before it tells + + + align:start position:0% +the restored you've seen before it tells +the compiler address calculations based + + align:start position:0% +the compiler address calculations based + + + align:start position:0% +the compiler address calculations based +off this pointer won't alias with + + align:start position:0% +off this pointer won't alias with + + + align:start position:0% +off this pointer won't alias with +address calculations based off other + + align:start position:0% +address calculations based off other + + + align:start position:0% +address calculations based off other +pointers the cost keyword provides a + + align:start position:0% +pointers the cost keyword provides a + + + align:start position:0% +pointers the cost keyword provides a +little more information and says these + + align:start position:0% +little more information and says these + + + align:start position:0% +little more information and says these +addresses will be read from they won't + + align:start position:0% +addresses will be read from they won't + + + align:start position:0% +addresses will be read from they won't +be written to and that can enable a lot + + align:start position:0% +be written to and that can enable a lot + + + align:start position:0% +be written to and that can enable a lot +more compiler optimizations now that's + + align:start position:0% +more compiler optimizations now that's + + + align:start position:0% +more compiler optimizations now that's +all the time that we have there are a + + align:start position:0% +all the time that we have there are a + + + align:start position:0% +all the time that we have there are a +couple other cool case studies in the + + align:start position:0% +couple other cool case studies in the + + + align:start position:0% +couple other cool case studies in the +slides if you're welcome to peruse the + + align:start position:0% +slides if you're welcome to peruse the + + + align:start position:0% +slides if you're welcome to peruse the +slides afterwards thanks for your + + align:start position:0% +slides afterwards thanks for your + + + align:start position:0% +slides afterwards thanks for your +listening \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/vhmiSugPlW0.txt b/vhmiSugPlW0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5826f9129599ed11805cac05d7485c9f03c271bd --- /dev/null +++ b/vhmiSugPlW0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3844 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Common License. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality, educational + +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So today is the final lecture, +and I'm going to talk to about + +the future. + +If I can figure out how to +get the slides going. + +Predicting the Future is always +not a simple thing. + +And especially this day and +age we are -- things are + +appearing on the internet, so +this is getting recorded and + +on the internet. + +And I'm going to make a few +comments that in five years + +time, I'm going to regret. + +What I'll try to do is try to +have a systematic process + +through that. + +Because I know you guys +are great hackers. + +You guys are great programers. + +You and any problem, +you can solve it. + +But as researchers, what's +hard, and what's very + +difficult, is to figure out +which problem to solve. + +Because as Roderick pointed out, +when we started on Raw in + +about '97, there was a raging +debate what to build. + +And there's group of people who +say we can build bigger + +and bigger superscalars. + +In fact, there was this +article, very seminal + +proceedings that came out, +that basically asked many + +people to contribute, saying +what do they think will a + +billion transistor processor +look like? + +And about 2/3 of them said, we +would have this gigantic, + +fabulous superscalar. + +And about three out of about +ten, I think about three + +groups said that, OK, it would +be more like tiled + +architecture. + +The Stanford people and +us are the main + +people who look at that. + +So even that short time, 10 +years ago, it was not sure + +what's going to happen. + +And so we took a stance +and spent 10 + +years working on that. + +We were lucky, more than +anything else, that ITV had a + +little bit better insight, +hopefully, but also mostly a + +larger dose of luck +we get here. + +So part of that is how do +you go about doing this? + +So future ia a combination of +evolution and revolutions. + +Evolution is somewhat +easy to predict. + +Basically, what you can look +at is, you can look at the + +trends going on and you can +extrapolate that trend. + +And you can say, if this trend +continue, what will happen? + +If this trend continue +what will happen? + +It's very interesting in +computer science because one + +thing I do in 6033 is look at +the rate of evolution that + +happens in computer science, and +trying to predict it with + +things like the rate +of [OBSCURED] + +and stuff like that and you +get ridiculous numbers. + +So even if it is evolution, in +computer science it's very + +close to revolution. + +Because every 18 months +things double. + +That's almost unheard of. + +In a lot of areas, every 18 +months you get 1% improvement + +and people are very happy. + +This is doubling. + +We have that. + +THe other part is revolutions. + +If some completely new +technological solution just + +come about and completely +change the world. + +Change how things happen. + +These are a lot harder +to predict. + +But still it's critically +important because some of + +these things can have +huge impact. + +And so we will more focus on +evolution and if we have at + +the end we can see if we +have some interesting + +revolutionary ideas. + +Paradigm shifts occur in both. + +You don't have to wait +for a revolution to + +have something different. + +Because things like 2x +improvement type things that + +happens, actually brings +paradigm shifts on a very + +regular basis. + +So it's not 1% we +are a getting. + +We are getting huge +evolution changes. + +And that can keep +changing things. + +So what I'm going to talk +to you about, a + +little bit of trends. + +Some of it is repetitive. + +I spent sometime in +the first lecture + +talking about these trends. + +And then we'll look at +two different parts. + +One is architecture side, +what can happen next. + +And languages, compilers +and tools side. + +We'll spend a little bit of time +on revolution, and just + +see that we have group +brainstorming. + +And then I have this little bit +of a my preview of what + +people should be doing, very +broad level, and I'll finish + +off with that. + +So look at trend. + +I think there are a lot +of interesting trends + +that we can look at. + +Moore's law, which is a very +trusting trend that keep going + +for a very long time. + +Power consumption, wire delay, +hardware complexity, + +parallelizing compilers, program +design methodologies. + +So you have all these trends +her to look at. + +I have this picture, the graph +on the right, which shows what + +happened at every generation, +assume this is a generation. + +You concentrate on the hardest +problem, what's the most + +taxing thing? + +And what happens is as you go, +at this time, something like + +this might be the taxing, and +then that generation, that's + +where all the design going on. + +Then some slowly growing things +start catching up, and + +then, after some time, that +becomes the most important + +thing in the design. + +So it's a paradigm shift, +because you move that focus on + +that, that becomes the +important thing. + +And then some fast moving things +start catching up and + +accelerate, and that becomes +our most taxing thing. + +And then this thing, again, and +the different curves start + +catching up again. + +So what happens is you have this +cyclic phenomenon, too. + +But also you have the discrete +So you might get into a + +revolutionary thing, and really +bring something down. + +For example, we went from +very power-hungry, + +bipolar devices to SEMOS. + +And suddenly everything +shifted down a lot. + +And then we are back +again, we are those + +power-hungry days again. + +So that was kind of +a revolutionary + +change and get evolution. + +If you want to do work on +something, it's no fun working + +on something that's very +important, hot today. + +The people who are making the +biggest breakthroughs on the + +things that are hot today, +started 10 years ago. + +So your finally figure out +that this is the most + +important technology today, I'm +going to start working on + +doing my Ph.D. By the time you +are done, it'll be passe, most + +of these cyclic things. + +So the key thing is, what is +going to be hot in 10 years? + +That's a hard problem. + +So this is the thing you can +look at these trends, and say, + +look, these are the +kind of trends. + +This can give you some idea +where what might be + +interesting. + +So are you going to become +a low power person? + +For example, six, seven years +ago, people who studied low + +power, they made a lot of +significant contributions. + +People now still +can contribute. + +But people who got in early had +an easier time, and they + +had a lot more impact then +people who got in late. + +So we look at some of these +trends, and see what we can + +come up with. + +The first trend, this is a very +trust trend so far, is + +Moore's Law. + +Basically, most of our basis for +things happening is part + +of Moore's Law. + +Basically it says, you get +twice the number of + +transistors every 18 months. + +We have had that trend +for a very long time. + +What's the impact of function? + +Nobody cares about processors +who can't use transistors, + +it's some kind of closed, +you don't even know many + +transistors are in +the processor. + +What matters is what +it can deliver. + +So performance is what? + +Delivery. + +So what people have realized +is if you are in the + +superscalar world, this has been +flattening out recently. + +If you look at it, this is kind +of getting flat and that + +was a big problem. + +So that's kind of the reason for +crossover for superscalar, + +I mean multicore. + +So we are trying to get back +into again a higher growth + +curve in here. + +And then another +trend is power. + +Power had been going in the +wrong direction and also power + +density has been going in +the wrong direction. + +This current keep growing more +than this and then people have + +problems in that. + +Something that is really +revealing is what's per spec + +performance. + +That means how much power you +are consuming to do something. + +And what you see is, we are +just starting to -- + +these days we use very little +power to get work done, and + +now we, what superscalars +did was be more and more + +[OBSCURED]. + +And this is what, I think, led +to a big reason for going into + +multicores. + +Because we realized, look, we +keep wasting and now the power + +consumption of computers +are non-trivial. + +You could talk to Google. + +Their power costs, power +budgets, is non-trivial. + +We can't just keep wasting +that resource. + +You can keep wasting things when +it is not that important, + +smaller factor, but power +becomes a big factor. + +So how do we get out of +the wasteful mode? + +And I think that -- a +lot of people are + +I'm looking at that. + +If you talk to people five +years ago, people + +say, this is free. + +Transistors are free. + +You can just keep +doing things. + +Just keep them available, +[OBSCURED] + +makes it free. + +But what people realize is, +wire transistors are free, + +switching them is not free. + +And switching the request +file, so power become an + +important issue. + +At that point I want to point +out was this wire delay. + +As we keep switching them faster +and faster, the world + +looks smaller and smaller +and smaller, you + +can make global decisions. + +What the implication of that? + +And we're facing that, I +think it's going to get + +a little bit worse. + +One saving grace for that is +people realize they can keep + +scaling the clock speeds +that much. + +This chart I did a few years +ago, still is a road map, + +that's made the silicon +people think where + +the silicon is going. + +Thought they can get to +10 gigs, then 15 gigs, + +and stuff like that. + +And now they [OBSCURED], + +and go to all of these +power requirements. + +They might not be able to switch +that fast. So there are + +changes to road map +because of that. + +Another interesting +thing is -- + +AUDIENCE: RC line type wire +delay, as opposed to -- + +that's not speed of light +delay, that's including + +scaling of the wires +themselves? + +PROFESSOR: This is mainly +speed of light delay. + +Because what you do is you just +look at clock speeds. + +I haven't done too much +of dialectrical + +and stuff like that. + +That's the thing, you can get +closer to the speed of light + +but right now we are +only about -- + +I mean we are not even a factor +of, I don't know, 80%, + +90% speed of light. + +So best case we can +get 10% better. + +It doesn't give you +that much of room. + +And this is a continuous thing, +because microprocessors + +are going much faster +than d-RAM. + +And this is having a problem. + +There are people says there +might be revolutionary things + +happening here. + +Things like non-volatile RAM, +might come and kind of take + +over this area. + +What happening today is d-RAM +now looks a lot more like a + +disc looked like 10 years ago. + +In may ways. + +We have to treat a d-RAM +like a disc. + +That's kind of the way we have +of looking at the world. + +Here where I look at compilers +and parallelizing. + +There's no nice number here. + +So in somewhere around the +1970s, people did things like + +vectorization -- + +question? + +AUDIENCE: I have a question +about the last slide. + +When people do this plot which +is performance, it's not + +exactly performance that or +throughput that matters + +relative to d-RAM, it is the +computation lengths that is + +how fast from when I know I want +something from memory to + +when I really, really need +it that matters. + +Is this going to change as we +move to a wider architecture, + +with more parallelism, in the +sense that it will no longer + +be, the lazy gap won't be +increasing anymore and we'll + +start to hear more +about bandwidth? + +PROFESSOR: I don't +know, because + +bandwidth is also power. + +These are a lot of interesting +arguments, this is what you + +don't know. + +Because the thing is, what +superscalar people did was, we + +reduced the problem with +latency by predicting. + +And doing extra work. + +We will try as much as possible +to predict what you + +need and do things in advance. + +What happens is as you keep +predicting more and more, + +you're actually doing, +your accuracy of + +predictions go low. + +But you still keep +increasing -- + +the more data you at least get a +small percentage increase in + +useful data. + +Effecting latency. + +But accuracy start pretty +low and it start + +becoming not useful. + +So bandwidth problem +has an impact, too. + +So unless you're using inside +the entire thing, you're + +predicting a huge amount of +things, predicting that you + +might use it. + +So if the prediction is wrong, +it's a lot of wasteful work. + +And the key thing is can +you pay by power? + +I think latency, at some point, +if you can really + +predict, it becomes hard. + +Unless you have very regular +patterns that the predictions + +working there. + +If you look at what happened in +compiling and programming + +technology. + +In the '70s, you gets +vectorization technology. + +It did well. + +And then some time in 80's we +did things that compile for + +instruction level parallelism. + +That got a lot of parallelism +in there, very low, low + +parallelism in there. + +And somewhere in 90's we did +automatic parellelization + +compilers for FORTRAN. + +I think that was today almost +the highlight of that. + +Because what happened was we +figured out how to get the + +program language in FORTRAN +and do pretty well + +automatically extract +patterns. + +Then things were kind of down in +front there because people + +say FORTRAN is interesting, +but we don't program in + +FORTRAN anymore. + +We are going to program +in things like C, C . + +That did two things. + +First of all, one is a language +problem, which is C, + +C was unfortunately was not +a typesafe language. + +It was not be given up the right +scientific application. + +More like operating system +hacking, that required looking + +at the entire address space. + +That really hindered +the compiler. + +Second, programmers start +falling in love with complex + +data structures. + +The world is not fixed +size arrays any more. + +They want to develop +things, have + +different structures, trees. + +These things are much +harder to analyze. + +So suddenly you can do it nicer, +they said, look, people + +are doing recursions and these +very complex structures and + +suddenly, the more of the things +you can go went down + +pretty drastically. + +And you're back to a +pretty bad state. + +And then we're slowly recovering +a little bit + +because things like JAVA and +C Sharp gave a typesafe + +language, became a little +more analyzable. + +I think automatically what you +can do kind of improves. + +And the hope here is a demand +driven by multicores There's + +no supply technology but +there's the demand. + +You need to do something. + +And hopefully there'll be +interesting things that come + +about because of the demand. + +So this is my prediction, +where things are. + +What happened then and what's +going to happen next. + +Of course, multicores +are here. + +There's no question +about that. + +But I don't think programmers +are ready for that. + +I mean we have established a +very nice, solid boundary + +between hardware and software. + +Nice abstraction layer. + +Most programmers don't have +to worry about hardware. + +Programmers didn't have any + +knowledgeable about the process. + +In fact, we are moving +in that direction. + +JAVA said you don't even +have to know about the + +class of the program. + +We are running this thing in a +nice high-level byte code. + +Write once, run everywhere. + +That's a very nice +abstraction. + +For most types, more slow +actually gave you enough + +performance, that that +was good enough. + +We can deal with that. + +The nice artifact of that is +programmers were oblivious to + +what happened in processors. + +A program written in +1970 still works. + +Still will run 10 +times faster. + +That is really great. + +If you look at Windows Office +that probably [OBSCURED]. + +We still have code written +in 1970, but in 1980. + +There's still code in there. + +Every time they tout they have +this completely new program. + +Only probably 10% of +new code is there. + +But that's not true for +the cell phone. + +Every time they say I have a +new cell phone, most of the + +time actually rewritten +completely. + +So that's why in an industry +like that it's very hard to + +evolve like that because we are +just churning too much. + +And in soft ware we got really +enamored by this ability to + +reuse stuff. + +Ability to have this nice +abstraction in there. + +And the problem is there's +probably a lot of freedom for + +programmers, so they push +on complex issues. + +So your question about how large +companies want complex + +things, they way people get +their computer advantage is + +pushing the complexity. + +So what they did was, instead +of pushing the complexity in + +the processor, they push the +complexity in software, + +features and stuff like that. + +So we are still on the +brink of complexity. + +But now we are adding another +complexity that's very + +hard to deal with. + +So this is where things came +about, how things move. + +Where can we go? + +I want to talk about two +different parts. + +Architecture, and languages, +compilers and tools. + +Most of the things I talk about, +That's no solution. + +This is what I think that will +happen, should happen. + +I think that can hopefully +really inspire + +people to go do that. + +And hopefully I don't have to +eat what I say in 10 years. + +One thing now about novel +opportunities in multicores is + +you don't have to contend +with uniprocessors. + +Most of the time they are a +source of big pain when you + +are doing research in here. + +Everybody says, yeah, that is +very nice, but I just wait two + +years and this will happen +for me automatically. + +Why do I have to worry about +your complex whatever you are + +suggesting in there. + +The other thing is, in the good +old days, the people who + +really wanted performance +were these + +really performance weenies. + +In fact, you probably got a good +talk from a performance + +weenie last time, who's +[OBSCURED]. + +And we want just performance +at all cost. There + +are people like that. + +For them, producing anything +it's not easy. + +They say, I don't want tools. + +They just suck my +performance out. + +And it was very hard to +help them, because + +they don't want help. + +But right now what's +happening this is + +becoming everybody's problem. + +I think that will lead people +to want the things to take + +advantage of parallelism. + +The other thing is, the +problem can change. + +Because people worked for 20 +years or 40 years on this + +parallel problem, but that's +for multiprocessors. + +So how does this problem +has changed? + +What's the impact from going +from a multiprocessor, which + +is multiple chips, sitting on +a board, with some kind of + +interconnecting to multiple +cores on the same die. + +OK. + +I think there are some very +substantial things that + +happen, that can have +big impact. + +Let's look at two of them. + +Which is communication +bandwidth and + +communication latency. + +I think this is where you can +have revolutionary kind of + +things happening. + +If you look at communication +bandwidth, the best you could + +get, if you put two chips on +any kind of a board, it's + +about 32 gigabits per second. + +Because you had to go through +pins and pins + +had a lot of issues. + +Today if you try to put two +different cores next to each + +other in the same die, the +bisection bandwidth is huge. + +It's four orders of magnitude +huge, that's what you can get. + +That's a huge change. + +Even for the lowest 2x +improvement, this is four + +orders of magnitude difference +you can do. + +So why is that? + +Because what changes number +of wires in the die. + +Because, if you think about +it, one name type of + +architectures is to just just +build, to deal with this + +reduction of communication +bandwidth. + +The closed resistors +communicates the most, the + +local memory next, and +then remote memory. + +And then if you had +to go remote to + +the next guy, network. + +These things basically +reduce the amount of + +things you can do. + +That was really true. + +Because if you you're +inside the chip, you + +can do a lot more. + +The minute you go to the +board, you can do less. + +Minute you go to multiple +boxes, less. + +Stuff like that. + +That is the way the processor +would decide. + +And also the clocks. + +Being a processor you can do +much faster to go pins, not + +that fast. People are trying +to change that, but still + +that's an issue. + +And multiplexing, because pins +were inherently limited. + +If you have thousand pins +that's a big processor + +basically in there. + +And within a die, a thousand +wires is basically nothing. + +So we have four orders of +magnitude improvement in here. + +And that's amazing. + +That can have a huge +impact in here. + +So you can do massive +data exchange. + +On big issue right now in +parallelism is the minute you + +parallelize something, you +might slow it down. + +Because the thing is, you might +not get data locality. + +Because that pipe is going to +get clogged up because you've + +been trying to take too +much data in there. + +So if you put wrong things, +you're going to get clogged by + +the communication panel. + +This thing says, I might not +have to deal with that. + +For example, I don't know why +you want to do that, but if + +you want to move your entire +cache from one core to + +another, you can probably do +it in a few clock cycles. + +That is bandwidth. + +I don't know why you want to +do that, because that's + +probably not memory efficient, +power efficient. + +But you can do it. + +We have wireless. + +So the key thing is +how can you take + +advantage of these wires. + +And how can you make it in a +way you can really use the + +difficulty in programming, +because, as you've figured + +out, parallel programming +is hard. + +If you make a wrong decision, +you're going + +to pay a huge price. + +How can you make that in a way +that you can make a few wrong + +decisions and get everything by +taking advantage of that. + +I think that will be a big +opportunity in here. + +Another opportunity +is latency. + +This is not as big as bandwidth +because latency has + +the inherent speed +of light issue. + +Again, what happens +is now length of + +wires are a lot shorter. + +And no multiplexing, +so you can get a + +direct wire from there. + +And on-chip can be +much closer. + +And the other interesting +things you + +can also think about. + +Right now, why is register +to register + +communication just very fast? + +In a processor if you send +something one way this can use + +it almost instantaneously +is much faster. + +Of course, wires are not +that, it's very close. + +Also there are a lot of +other things we do. + +We need more register, register +before we even come + +to the data. + +In a normal pipeline +machine you have + +a pretty long pipeline. + +The data is externally +receivable at the end of the + +pipeline, but I can speculate +the same to the next one when + +you start working on it if +you're wrong, I would yank it + +out and you have give +[OBSCURED]. + +But right now if you actually +go across processors, we can + +use speculation. + +You have to wait until the +things are committed to + +memory, and then you +can start using it. + +That's even longer than ideally, +because that's like + +10, 15 cycles I have to wait. + +Why can't I send something +speculative to my neighbor? + +I have enough bandwidth +to deal with it. + +If I do something wrong, +can I speculate + +across multiple cores. + +So I can get my data +much faster. + +I save probably an order of +magnitude beyond my wire delay + +because I have no pipeline +stages made until [OBSCURED] + +happens, very long later. + +Things like that, can I +do in modern process? + +Because no, I'm putting these +darn things next to each + +other, what can I +do with that? + +And you can do ultrafast +[OBSCURED] + +real time and they can use +-- can I do things a lot + +fine-grain across and take +advantage of that? + +So the way to look at that a +traditional microprocessor + +basically had this structure. + +Cache memory and processor +cache memory. + +And this is there because to +deal with a small amount of + +wireless power and +stuff like that. + +Today what we have done is +basically taken this + +structure, and kind of put +it in the same die. + +OK. + +We haven't thought +beyond that. + +And we get a few order, +a few factors better. + +Because, no, I don't have to go +through the pin because now + +I can have instead of say 128 +pins, I can have 512 going in, + +or 1,024 going in there. + +But still, I have 4 orders of +magnitude freedom in here. + +I am not using any of those. + +So one thing Raw tried to do +is have a much more tightly + +coupled, a lot more +communication going on there. + +So a lot of people +say that today. + +The biggest problem in +multicores is the network. + +Because how will I build that +scale of a network? + +My feeling is that's baloney. + +Network is not an issue. + +In fact, in Raw, a lot of our +experiments we could never + +saturate a very, very +well done network. + +Because in a network I have so +many pins, I can keep adding + +bandwidth like crazy. + +The problem the way people +design processor code today is + +to minimize communication +going out of it. + +It has a very thin memory bus +going in and out of it. + +That memory bus can never +saturate any kind of network + +you can build on a +microprocessor. + +It matches well if you have to +go through the pins, because + +it partially measures that. + +But within the die you have +so much more bandwidth. + +So I think something interesting +would be a + +fundamental sign of what the +microprocessor looks like. + +The core looks like. + +It's not taking a Pentium and +kind of plopping it once, or + +plumping it four times. + +A Pentium is not any kind of a +nice processor, it evolved + +over the years to basically +deal with this very thin + +memory bandwidth. + +And suddenly you've got +four [OBSCURED] + +and that problem goes away. + +And we're still saying, OK yeah, +I have this entire thing + +in there, but I only want four +wires out of you, or 1,024 + +wires when you can give me +a hundred million wires. + +That is the question. + +So I think they'll be some +interesting things that the + +people can make a big impact +trying to figure out how to + +take advantage of that. + +And by doing that, really +reducing the burden for the + +programmer. + +Right now, you say, ok look, I +am taking advantage of that, + +but I'm passing on the buck +to the programmers. + +They're dealing with all the +small interconnectary. + +Then we say, you can't +just that because + +programming is hard. + +How can I reduce the programmer +burden by taking + +advantage of that. + +I think this is a very +interesting to + +looked at this problem. + +If you're doing any architecture +kind of research + +or are interested in that, +here is an open problem. + +I have this huge bandwidth out +there, and I have evolved + +something that is completely in +the way dealing with very + +limited amount of bandwidth, +but that's why they + +live for this long. + +And the minute you open it up, +how can I do with that? + +I don't think we have a model. + +And I think a lot +of interesting + +can come out there. + +OK. + +Let's switch to language, +compilers and tools. + +The way you look at it, what's +the last big thing that + +happened in languages? + +I think one that happens is +object oriented revolution. + +The interesting thing about +object oriented revolution is + +it didn't happen in a vacuum. + +It happened because a lot of +interesting research in + +academia and outside +went into it. + +People didn't come up +and say, wow, it's a + +great I'm writing Java. + +There were hundreds of languages +that developed and + +explored these concepts. + +And the interesting thing about +programming is, a lot of + +things that looks very neat and +interesting, when you look + +at it first time when you start +using it in a media-line + +program, that has been evolve +over 10 years, you realize + +that's a pretty bad concept. + +Can anybody think about a +concept that looks very + +interesting at the beginning, +but actually very + +hard to deal with. + +AUDIENCE: My last program. + +PROFESSOR: I haven't +heard that analogy + +before but what else? + +AUDIENCE: Exceptions. + +PROFESSOR: Exceptions, +I think people still + +haven't figured out. + +I think one thing people have +made assumptions think of + +multiple integrators. + +With multiple integrators, the +first step, wow this is the + +best thing since sliced bread, +because the thing object + +oriented programming does is it +forces this one hierarchy, + +and the world is objects, +but there's no one + +hierarchy in the world. + +World has these multiple +interconnections in there and + +so people say, this is great. + +This basically now give you +objects and you can get a lot + +of different relationships. + +But, after people trying to deal +with multiple integrators + +they realize this is a pain. + +It's very hard to understand +it, it's very hard to right + +compilers, there's so many +ambiguities around it. + +And then at some point you just +say, this is too much. + +And that's why you went to, +like Java went multiple + +interfaces light by having, +you can have multiple + +interfaces. + +Here's a concept that looks very +nice, but you had to work + +-- it took five, 10 years +to realize that it's + +actually not usable. + +So if you to look at object +oriented languages, there have + +been many languages. + +This is an interesting thing, +because in parallel community + +we haven't had this kind +of explosion out there. + +Another interesting thing about +languages is language + +has lot of relationship +and evolving. + +So if you loot at from FORTRAN +that's started. + +You can see the FORTRAN, so +this is FORTRAN in here. + +To figure out what's happening +here, you can kind of trace + +over the years how new languages +academically and + +industrially came about. + +Got influence from others, and +at then end up with things + +like at the end of the graph +there's something you can + +never read it. + +But the key thing is, there's +all these influences going + +across in there. + +And cross fertilization. + +At the end, you end up with +some TCL TK, Python -- + +I can't even read +it carefully. + +Java, C sharp, PHP, and +stuff like that. + +There are a lot of different +languages trying to get + +influence in there. + +The key thing is you need to +feed this beast. If you want + +to have a lot of evolution or +even evolutionary changes. + +What that means is, people say, +yeah, we have Java, C and + +C , C sharp, we are happy +with languages. + +No. + +I think in the future to deal +with that you need to have + +kind of revolution in there. + +So if you look at something like +C , almost every language + +started with FORTRAN. + +And then there had been lot of +different influences that + +happened to that. + +And I'm going to just go, that's +for example, Java, it's + +acknowledge that a lot of these +different languages + +influenced ideas in there. + +So why do we need new +languages in there? + +I think we have paradigm +shifting architecture. + +Because sequential to multicore +will require a new + +way of thinking, and we kind of +need a new common machine + +language for these +kind of machines. + +And the new application +domains. + +Because streaming is becoming +very interesting. + +Scripting. + +People are using things like +Python and PEARL and stuff + +like that in a much +regular basis to + +do much bigger things. + +So those are cobbled +together languages. + +But can you do better +in those things? + +Real time. + +Things like cell phones and +stuff become more important + +how we deal with those issues. + +And also new hardware +features. + +Right now good language is tied +very well with the one + +[OBSCURED] + +hardware features in there. + +So things like, for example, +black when I tell you that we + +have all this wires available, +if you figure out some new way + +of taking advantage +of those wires. + +That hardware feature. + +What's the software that can +really utilize that? + +So you can just build a hardware +feature, but it's not + +sufficient. + +You have to have a software +that do that, too. + +So what's the coupling? + +A lot of things that +has to be that nice + +interconnection there. + +And I think there +are new people + +who want mobile devices. + +A great program. + +If we would look at +parallelizing compilers or + +parallelization as I said +before, was always geared to + +this high performance weenies, +who just wanted to get their + +global simulation going +as fast as possible. + +Who has a multi-million dollar +supercomputer waiting. + +It's very different having +things like great programmers + +who want these things. + +How do you cater to them? + +They are very different. + +The key thing is how can we +achieve parallelism without + +burdening the programmer? + +Because we don't, in this class +we barely burden you + +guys and then you realize +how hard it is. + +And how much complexity it adds +on top of the algorithm, + +just to get it working +parallel. + +So how do you reduce +some of the burden? + +Perhaps not completely, but +reduce that burden. + +I'm going to skip +some of this. + +I'll make it available +on the site. + +I want to have some time +for discussion. + +In streaming, we talked +about it, we tried + +to do some of that. + +Tried to come up with the +programming model where it + +will give you some additional +benefits for the program, at + +the same time you can actually +get multicore performers. + +And, of course, we saw that in +compilers we can actually get + +good performance in then. + +One thing that I did a long +time ago, is this SUIF + +parallelizing compiler. + +What we did was we can +automatically parallelize + +FORTRAN programs all the way. + +This kind of almost worked +in the 90's. + +We, at some point, spec bench +marks were the way to measure + +how good your world is, and +every company had 20 engineers + +trying to get 5% of spec. + +At the time our spec performance +was about 200. + +Wire registered, we did this +compiler, that we could expect + +bench mark performance at 800, +by just parallelizing. + +And in fact we made this t-shirt +that said, spec red + +and the number. + +That's all the t-shirt said. + +And, in fact, I was working in +a few places, including the + +grocery store at Palo Alto, +and people stopped me and + +said, how did you do that? + +It's only on this kind +of weenie things. + +And I had in the grocery story, +I had half an hour + +conversation with [OBSCURED] + +of how -- + +he was, like, hmm. + +The only thing, spec 823. + +That's the only two things +the t-shirt said, people + +knew what it is. + +But, there's problems. The +compiler was not robust. The + +compiler can be used by the +people who wrote the compiler, + +because we knew all the +things in there. + +The thing about that is it +worked in a way that if + +program worked, you get +8x improvement. + +You change one line of +a code somewhere, you + +went from 8x to 1x. + +That, I think, stopped +parallelizing around the slow + +[OBSCURED]. + +So now, normal programmer can +now understand what happens. + +We go and analyze it and +afterward say aha, this is how + +to change the program, how +to change the compiler. + +So we just kind of developing +program and compiler at the + +same time, and we could +use this thing. + +You cannot ignore the fact +that this is happening. + +Because there's so much of a +difference in performance. + +That makes it even a curse. + +I mean, if you only get 4x +improvement probably things + +would have been better. + +We should have probably capped +the performance or something. + +And clients, in those days, +were impossible to with. + +You saw a very good example +in last lecture. + +OK. + +Performance at any cost. I don't +want any of these tools + +if it slows down at any time. + +So how we deal with those +kind of people. + +It's hard. + +In multiprocessor, communication +was expensive. + +If you make a wrong decision, +you pay a huge price. + +Basically slow the +program down. + +You go from being 1x, you +actually go from 0.5x. + +And worse. + +And you had to always deal +with Moore's law. + +Why do I need to go all these +complicated compiling? + +Can I just wait six months +and won't I get it? + +They're probably right +at that time. + +And another problem, what you +call a dogfooding problem. + +The reason that object oriented +languages is very + +successful is everybody who +did the object oriented + +language, in order to get +accepted as a reasonable + +language, had to write their own +compiler in that language. + +And the compiler is a very good +way of really pushing + +object oriented concepts. + +And so almost every object +orientated language wrote + +their compiler. + +That's a really big thing +you have to write. + +And by the time you write the +compiler you realize all the + +problems of the language, and +you feel equal, because you + +write a few hundred thousand +line programming of language. + +Except all the people who were +doing high performance, we + +were catering for +somebody else. + +What that means is we can deal +with this weirdness, and say, + +yeah it's no problem, +nobody -- + +but those are the things +that really kill + +the users in there. + +We didn't have the users +perspective. + +And another thing that +today is these + +things are really different. + +Because you have complex data +structures, complex control + +flow, complex build processes, + +aliasing type unsafe languages. + +All this cool things we used to +do, just became a hundred + +times harder, because +of all those. + +People fell in love with +data structures. + +And they say, oh, they +were so nice. + +We knew exactly the same size +thing, it doesn't change, I + +could analyze it. + +But malloc data structures, +it's just and very complex + +trees and doubly linked +lists was just + +impossible to deal with. + +We want to go in the days where +everything is a nice + +simple array But I guess the +paths for the compiler became + +much harder in those days. + +So I think compilers are a +critical thing to deal with. + +I think if you have to improve +in multicores we had to deal + +with compilers. + +And the sad thing is some of +those things people are trying + +to do it today by hand, we could +do it with the compilers + +15 years ago. + +We kind of lost that +technology. + +And people are doing this +by hand again today. + +And go back and dust off +this technology and + +bring it back in there. + +Best case, we might automate +everything. + +And say, don't worry, do what +you are doing today and just + +keep doing it and we'll get +multicore performance. + +I don't think that's going +to be that realistic. + +But in worse case, at least we +can help the darn programmers. + +Tell them what's good, +what to do when they + +do something wrong. + +How can you build those +kinds of things. + +I think that's very important. + +I think in tool side, +we need tools. + +I mean you realize after +programming on [OBSCURED] + +that was really nice +to have your tools. + +Everybody can probably come up +with some tools additions. + +And I think tools, on this, +is pretty ancient. + +How do you come up with really +good tools that the normal + +programmer can use them? + +Figure out problems, figure out +debugging issues and stuff + +like that, and get +through together. + +We need Eclipse type thing for +platform for multicores. + +We have a lot of nice plug-ins +come about that actually help + +you to do that. + +Another interesting thing, +this is about + +this dogfooding problem. + +Normally what you come up with +language compiler tool, you do + +implementation, you do +evaluation of that and you + +cycle through that. + +And evaluation says, ok, you +develop a program, you debug + +the program for functionality. + +Performance debugging, evaluate, +and everything kind + +of go around that. + +I mean there's a process here. + +And you'd rather realize +somethings are very hard to + +do, somethings are easy. + +And you need that to basically +evolve that. + +And the problem is -- + +I'm contrasting two things. + +If you look at something +like CAD tools. + +CAD tools were developed by +a bunch of guys sitting in + +places, used by some very +different group of people. + +Because of that, today's CAD +tools are horrendous to use. + +Everyone hates them. + +Because the people who developed +CAD tools never + +thought about users. + +They were indifferent. + +And they just have to get the +functionality out and they + +were happy after that. + +Whereas, object oriented +languages were more thought + +about as the how the +best way to use it. + +Very much of a +programmer-centric phase. + +And in that end, you develop a +system that's a lot easier to + +use, a lot of people use it, +more acceptance in there. + +The problem with high +performance languages is they + +really sit in the +CAD tool way. + +Because the people who write +high performance languages + +never really use it. + +People who write the compilers +and languages are not the ones + +who are developing the high +performance programs. No high + +performance language +ever wrote the + +compiler in that language. + +They say, oh, that's different +domain, we don't + +know how to do that. + +By doing that, you really never +expose the problems in + +there, and I think the key thing +is how do you go about + +doing that? + +This is a hard problem. + +Because how do get two different +groups together? + +Perhaps multicores, what you +to do is you probably + +everybody who write the +compiling tool, actually have + +to write it in the thing that +you are doing, because you + +need the parallelism. + +At that point you realize all +the problems with the tool. + +So I'm going to the +skip on this side. + +Another interesting, very +interesting problem, that + +people don't pay attention +is the migration + +of the dusty deck. + +Millions if not billions of +lines of code out there, + +written in old styles way. + +You've can't just say, look, +Microsoft, just go rewrite + +everything new with my +spiffy new system. + +That doesn't work. + +How to get these people +to migrate out? + +That might not mean doing +everything automatically, but + +how can you even help -- the +people who wrote the code is + +probably gone, left the company, +probably dead. + +How do you help somebody move +some of these things to you. + +That is the rate of evolution. + +You don't have to rewrite +everything from scratch. + +What kind of tools +that you can use? + +And these applications +are still in use. + +Sometimes source code is +even available, but + +programs are gone. + +But the interesting thing is, +some of those things, + +applications have bugs that +have become features. + +So I'll give you a very +good example. + +And this happened +to Microsoft. + +So at Microsoft at some point -- +if you know Word, Word does + +algorithmic pagination. + +That means how to lay out the +pages, and how to break pages + +and stuff like that. + +So they had the algorithm +in there. + +And they were switching +versions, and they said look, + +this algorithm is now too old. + +It's been there for +five, six years. + +Rewrite it. + +And of course you can assume +what the spec is. + +There's a nice spec to +that, a few pages. + +They said, go rewrite that. + +And someone wrote a very nice +pagination algorithm. + +But the problem is, when they +use that algorithm, a lot of + +old documents broke. + +That means they didn't +paginate right. + +So the old document, when you +open it, looks very different. + +And they said, darn, +what's going on? + +What they realized is, the +old implementation + +had a lot of bugs. + +Subtle things. + +The guide didn't really conform +to the standard. + +So it didn't break the word +exactly right, if at some + +point it has a break and space, +it would probably put + +it on the next line. + +A few things that +didn't really -- + +And what they had to do is, +they had to spend a lot of + +time discovering bugs and +adding them to the spec. + +So they did that. + +Because otherwise, all the +previous program doesn't work, + +the previous files will +not look right. + +And they went through this +entire process of trying to + +discover and trying to figure +out what [OBSCURED] + +instead of what the text +of the specs said. + +They're out of sync. + +And so a lot of times, +there's that problem. + +So you see we have something +old, and we + +want to get it new. + +It doesn't mean that you +know the functionality. + +The functionality that was +implemented is the spec, or + +the functionality that +you wrote about. + +Because that's a little +bit subtly different. + +So how do you go and +discover that. + +I think that's a very +interesting + +and important problem. + +And I think there are many +reasons that run such things + +like creating test cases, +extracting invariants, things + +like failure oblivious computing +type, if you had + +listened to professor +Rabbah's talk . + +Things like that can help take +these old things and migrate. + +Can use tools to do that. + +I did a lot of interesting +research on that. + +OK, so that's my take on +languages and compilers, where + +interesting things +have happened. + +I want to talk about revolution, +but I want to skip + +that first and go into this +crossing the abstraction + +boundaries part, and then +come back to revolution. + +So the way the world works is, +you have some kind of class of + +computing you want to do, and +you have some atoms that need + +to run that computation. + +That's basically the end +to end of any process. + +But if I said, here's some +silicon, and here's my + +algorithm, go do that, no single +person can basically + +build that. + +OK? + +You can't take silicon, and +go through a semiconductor + +process, build a process, +design all those things, + +language -- it doesn't happen. + +Someday probably it was possible +to have one person + +know everything, +but you can't. + +So what we have done deal with +build abstraction boundaries. + +We have compilers, languages, +instruction, + +microarchitecture, layout, +design rules, process, + +materials science -- + +basically, everything +is separated out. + +Every time one gets too +complicated, we kind of divide + +it in half, and keep +adding and adding. + +And we have this big +stack of things. + +So at the beginning, then you +break up, people kind of knew + +both sides, and they went +into one side and kind + +of broke that up. + +And so people knew +a lot of things. + +But the next generation comes, +they only know that. + +The guy, someone who's +going to be expert in + +microarchitecture. + +You only know microarchitecture. + +He has no idea what the +languages are, because that + +world of his is complicated. + +What we have is a +compartmentalized world that + +was broken up as we went in the +last 40 years, as things + +progressed, the right thing at +that time, they figure out + +what layers to do. + +What we have done is create +the domain expert. + +There's one guy who probably +knows about two things. + +He might know a little bit of +design rules, and probably + +process a little bit. + +Another person will know a +little bit of design rules, + +layout, and microarchitecture. + +And there's someone who'll do +microarchitecture and ISA. + +And somebody knows compilers +and ISA, but has no clue + +what's happening. + +So what this has done is kind +of entrenched some layering + +that really made sense +about 30 years ago. + +The problem now is, this +is creating a lot + +of issues in here. + +So what you kind of really need +is a way to break some of + +this layering. + +How do you do that? + +You need people who can cross +multiple of these disciplines. + +So this is a thing for you. + +I mean, you might think +you are an architect. + +But hey, you're in this class, +you're learning a little bit + +of programming. + +Go learn a little bit of +physics, what's in there. + +Just have a little bit of +broadening in there. + +Then a lot of people, there are +some people who are a lot + +more in the process side, but +know a little bit about + +microarchitecture +and compilers, + +somewhere in the middle. + +They are expert in the middle, +but they are not just sitting + +happily in their own domain. + +Just trying to look at +cross-cutting there. + +And keep going up, +in some sense. + +I kind of put myself in there, +saying OK, I am in compilers, + +but I know a little bit +of language, and I + +know a little -- + +I try to go down and down +as much as possible. + +What you actually need is +someone who knows everything + +really well. + +That is hard, but at least +someone who can know the top + +and the bottom to +redo the middle. + +Because my feeling is the way +the middle is done is probably + +now too old. + +So I don't know that +this is possible. + +It's not me. + +But if someone really +understands the top and the + +bottom, and say OK, I can +probably throw the middle out + +and redo the middle. + +And I think that might be an +interesting revolution that + +might happen. + +It's hard. + +There's so much information +there. + +Some of the information, there +are the layers out there, it + +doesn't make sense, today, +the way things are. + +I mean for example, a lot of +these layers had issues with + +wire delay. + +Because when wire delay was +not an issue, these layers + +made perfect sense. + +But as wire delay came about, +a lot of changes had to + +propagate across layers, and +it was very hard, because + +people were domain experts. + +So I think this is where the +revolution is going to come. + +Somebody's going to [OBSCURED] + +the way you do compilers, the +way you do architecture, the + +way you decide everything +is wrong. + +I know the algorithms +you want to run. + +I know what's available in +very low [OBSCURED]. + +Let me see you put +that together. + +A person, a group, whatever. + +Might have a beginning. + +And so with that, I will go +to the revolution side. + +So the way you look at +revolutions, what are the + +far-out technologies? + +And sometimes revolutions just +come from wishful thinking. + +I wish we can do this, and then +if you can push hard, you + +might be able to get there. + +Anybody wants to -- so in this +talk I talk way too much. + +How about, come in? + +What do you think is +going to happen? + +What do you want to work on? + +You guys are the ones who have +to make this decision. + +Not me. + +I've already made a lot of +decisions myself, 10, 15 years + +ago, what I'm going to do. + +You are in the process, +you have a lot + +more choices to make. + +You haven't narrowed +your horizon yet. + +So this affects a lot more on +you than me at this point. + +What do you think is going +to change the world? + +What do you want to work on? + +I mean, you should work on +something, I guess, that you + +think is going to have +a huge impact. + +Have you thought about that? + +A lot of silence. + +AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED] + +PROFESSOR: So faster means +very little latency. + +Latency is a hard problem. + +A lot of people who are trying +to do latency [OBSCURED] + +And the revolution side people +are looking at quantum can + +kind of do deal with latency. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Yes, I think there +are a lot of revolutionary + +things you can do there. + +Especially taking advantage of +the fact that you have a lot + +of wires in there. + +And I think people haven't +really pursued that yet. + +And this is where the complexity +will come in. + +Trying to basically deal with +these, take advantage of these + +kind of things. + +I think there are a lot of +opportunities there. + +And then that's the kind +of evolutionary part. + +And then some people +are looking at + +revolution, with quantum. + +What else? + +I expected people to have a lot +more interesting insights. + +AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED] + +PROFESSOR: I think the world +is almost bifurcated. + +There are things that you can +have with power plugs, and + +things that don't have +power plugs. + +And I think people who have +power plugs still have some + +power issues, like what +Google is finding out. + +You can't just keep +wasting power. + +But as things start becoming +more mobile, going into + +smaller and smaller devices, +power and size becomes a much + +bigger thing than what +more you can do. + +You don't become performance, I +mean, you want some level of + +performance; you need +to get a video. + +But the minute you get the +video, you don't want to have + +HD TV. You just say, OK, +get the media onto + +my cellphone screen. + +I'll be happy with that speed. + +Just do it. + +As low power as possible, +as [OBSCURED] + +possible. + +So I think that's +pushing there. + +So for example, in for a long +time what has happened is + +there's a trickle +down economy. + +Things that start happening in +a very high end system and + +kind of trickle down +to the low end. + +But there might be +a diversion here. + +There might be a different +part coming. + +Because that technology might +be fundamentally different. + +AUDIENCE: So [OBSCURED] + +also changing from the software +side is this notion + +of perpetual data. + +I've been using this mash-up +code, you put it up on the + +web, lots of people use it. + +So it's pushing toward +scripting light + +languages or whatever. + +PROFESSOR: So this is an +interesting obsession I have. + +So [OBSCURED] + +And then a few years ago I had +a start up, and I just again + +had the time to try it, +not large , some + +large piece of code. + +What I realized was, what +programming had become, is the + +biggest, best tool for +programming at + +that time was Google. + +Because I was trying a bunch +of things with Windows. + +And everything I want, +there was a function. + +And if I can find that function, +my work is a factor + +of 100 smaller. + +So I spend more time than +actually thinking about + +algorithms, how the lists should +be, or how my data + +structures should be, +trying to Google it. + +I said, darn, I want +to do this. + +Where's that function? + +Where can I find that function +in this entire big library. + +So what that means is +there's kind of this + +missing layer in there. + +Because what has happened is, +our language is a level of + +abstraction. + +And then we have built these +libraries with no kind of + +support at all. + +I mean, the compilers' languages +don't really support + +the libraries. + +Because it's just built +out of basic blocks. + +And keeping it, can you have +better basic blocks, can you + +have more nice abstraction? + +Instead of saying, OK, here's +5,000 libraries with 250,000 + +different functions that you +can use for compiling. + +Can you build it +in a nicer way? + +AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED] + +interface, your input, +your output. + +And then you publish your +code and then Google + +indexes it for you. + +And then your program is just +of Google searches. + +PROFESSOR: I think, if you +think about what all the + +Windows source base is, +it's like that. + +I mean, in the company we were +doing, during the [OBSCURED], + +there was this group of people +who understood every line of + +code they wrote, because they +were writing a virtualization + +system that runs +on the Windows. + +So for them, every line +was probably -- + +Interesting thing is, when +that group started, that + +entire piece of code was +about 50,000 lines. + +Now it's about 65,000 lines. + +But we had about 10 people +working on that. + +That means these things +get revised. + +You don't keep at it. + +There's another group of +people who's doing user + +interface and stuff like that. + +they have alphabet soup of +different libraries. + +They're using Ajax, +this, that -- + +I don't even know what +they are using. + +The amount of code they +write is immense. + +The amount of things they +have to know is immense. + +Each of them are not +that completed. + +But if you use a bad thing, +you have a bad looking + +interface, clunky, slow, +whatever, if you figure out + +the right three function calls, + +things look much better. + +That's a very different type +of programming in there. + +So for them, it's basically +knowledge. + +How much do you know. + +Just like, it's almost like I +remember my college days, + +friends who were doing things +like that in medical school. + +So you need to know this entire +thing about all the + +different muscles in the body. + +And there's this big thick +book you just study. + +It's almost like that. + +You just take this big Windows +manual that are a few hundred + +pounds heavy, and you look at +every page, and figure out + +what you know. + +That's a really strange +way of coding. + +But, I mean, algorithmically, +I think what they were doing + +is pretty simple. + +I don't think they every +designed a data structure. + +Every data structure they used +came from something. + +But they had to figure out +the right data structure. + +AUDIENCE: + +This is going in a totally +different direction, but in + +terms of graphics in video +games, perhaps getting artists + +who are aware of both the +hardware and the software, and + +so can design more for the +capabilities of the machine, + +and can make more visually +appealing -- + +PROFESSOR: I think that's the +are that has a very different + +set of communities. + +Artists [OBSCURED]. + +Not even trained engineers. + +And they're sitting in one, +and they have this neat + +feature, they want fire +to look natural, + +or whatever it is. + +And then there's the programmers +and hardware + +people, that who knows what +the capability is. + +I think that's what we're +trying to push in Mike + +Eckham's talk, and say how +do you go about it? + +How do you know when a new thing +comes, what is doable? + +Like for example, what ATI does, +ATI has a group called + +the research group. + +What they do is, every time a +new chip comes, they actually + +go and figure out all the things +you can do with that. + +OK, how can you do +rain in this one? + +So they write a lot of -- + +those of a little bit of an +artistic bent, but very + +hard-core programmer who kind +of figure out what's doable. + +And they make that available +and say here, this is + +what you can do. + +And a lot of people kind +of emulate that. + +They say, wait a minute, +how did they do that? + +Then kind of figure out, OK, now +I have this new hardware, + +and I'm able to do something +completely new. + +I think that's, pushing there. + +I mean, I think this is +where interesting + +revolutions come about. + +One of my firm beliefs is that +a lot of good research is not + +in one area, as I pointed out. + +It's kind of looking at two +distinct things and kind of + +bringing them together. + +Bringing knowledge from +one to another + +and mixing them together. + +I think that can have +huge impact. + +And that's a place that I think +can have huge impact. + +What other things that will +have big visual impact? + +That the next hardware +can enable? + +You can keep adding more big +servers and stuff like that, + +but it's another thing. + +What other things can +can have big impact? + +AUDIENCE: + +[OBSCURED] + +The same is true for biologists, +physicists, + +chemists, end users. + +So maybe the thing to do is work +on language generators. + +And easy way for me as an end +user to express language + +[OBSCURED] + +that I want and give me +a way to generate it + +PROFESSOR: So that's +a lot of things. + +For example, I was talking to +this computational biologist. + +And what he said was, for +computer science, the best + +thing that happened from a +biology point of view is Excel + +only had 32,000 cells. + +Because the biologists +keep using Excel, and + +they say that -- + +AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED] + +PROFESSOR: 65,000 cells. + +And they ran into this and +said, jeez, I can't do + +anything more in that. + +Now what do I do? + +And then suddenly they had to +start looking at programming + +and stuff like that, because +they can't have an Excel + +spreadsheet doing that. + +So that's a lot of biologists +actually had to switch. + +So I think, interesting thing +about computer sciences, there + +are a lot of fundamental +sciences still. + +But I think we have grown and +ran so fast developing that, + +what's lagging behind that +is applications. + +How to apply that to biology, +gaming, stuff like that. + +And I think a lot of interesting +things, as + +computer scientists, we can do +is to bring that knowledge in + +an applied community. + +Really, you can have a huge +impact and fundamentally + +change things if you apply +that knowledge. + +Both theoretical things you have +to get out, as well as + +using the powers of the +computers we've got + +in the right way. + +I think a lot of times, people +are taking a few days to do + +two times better, five times +better than kind of seeing + +fundamentals [OBSCURED]. + +I think this is an interesting +topic. + +I think I'm going +to stop soon. + +And I think it's interesting, +especially for you guys. + +Because you are probably going +into an area, looking at a + +field, trying to get expert +at something. + +There's a lot of times you get +seduced to become an expert in + +what's hot today. + +But the interesting thing is, +especially if you are doing a + +PhD, or if you do something that +takes four or five years + +for you to mature in that area, +is it going to be the + +hardest thing in four +or five years? + +So multicores are hard today. + +So should I recommend that +everybody jump and become + +expert and try to do a +PhD in multicores? + +Probably not. + +Because five or six years down +the line, some of these things + +might be solved. they'd better +get solved, or else we're in + +big trouble. + +But the thing is, what's going +to be the problem there? + +I see one thing that's really +hard, it's almost art, is to + +kind of picture your +[OBSCURED] + +and then if your lucky And if +you're lucky and you do a good + +job in that prediction, you've +come about, and by the time + +you get to a point that you +become expert, you've become + +expert in the thing that's +most important. + +It's not an easy thing to do. + +And a lot of times, nobody can +claim that they have a + +technique to do that, too. + +A lot of people who claim, +they discount + +how lucky they were. + +There's a large amount of +luck associated with it. + +But a key thing is to kind of +follow that trend, identify, + +and do that. + +That's the technique that I +think every one of us, every + +one of you should do a lot. + +OK. + +With that, do you have something +about the -- + +SPEAKER: Yes. + +A couple of things about -- + +Anybody here want direct access +to a Playstation 3? + +Just one? + +Two? + +So come by, actually if you +have time now, we'll talk + +about that and figure +out a way of getting + +you access to it. + +The final competition's going +to be this Thursday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wbAC6IQtgAU.txt b/wbAC6IQtgAU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30691ba9ddd2430423fab8ec823cf47c214ea781 --- /dev/null +++ b/wbAC6IQtgAU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's a new law that now they they + + align:start position:0% +so that's a new law that now they they + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a new law that now they they +they need the information he was very + + align:start position:0% +they need the information he was very + + + align:start position:0% +they need the information he was very +talkative and he started talking about + + align:start position:0% +talkative and he started talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talkative and he started talking about +how there's no research and development + + align:start position:0% +how there's no research and development + + + align:start position:0% +how there's no research and development +in natural gas infrastructure in the + + align:start position:0% +in natural gas infrastructure in the + + + align:start position:0% +in natural gas infrastructure in the +u.s. they don't do it no one else does + + align:start position:0% +u.s. they don't do it no one else does + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. they don't do it no one else does +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +but they go to France England of Germany + + align:start position:0% +but they go to France England of Germany + + + align:start position:0% +but they go to France England of Germany +because they invested me we are indeed + + align:start position:0% +because they invested me we are indeed + + + align:start position:0% +because they invested me we are indeed +for this field and they find out what's + + align:start position:0% +for this field and they find out what's + + + align:start position:0% +for this field and they find out what's +going on in there way ahead of us really + + align:start position:0% +going on in there way ahead of us really + + + align:start position:0% +going on in there way ahead of us really +interesting community and they in that + + align:start position:0% +interesting community and they in that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting community and they in that +room there was no doubt they don't know + + align:start position:0% +room there was no doubt they don't know + + + align:start position:0% +room there was no doubt they don't know +what you know polymers they don't + + align:start position:0% +what you know polymers they don't + + + align:start position:0% +what you know polymers they don't +measure it they don't document it and + + align:start position:0% +measure it they don't document it and + + + align:start position:0% +measure it they don't document it and +from what we can tell so far there's no + + align:start position:0% +from what we can tell so far there's no + + + align:start position:0% +from what we can tell so far there's no +acceptable norm of how to measure it so + + align:start position:0% +acceptable norm of how to measure it so + + + align:start position:0% +acceptable norm of how to measure it so +there's there's these two really clean + + align:start position:0% +there's there's these two really clean + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's these two really clean +bujji Memphis to me and then there's I + + align:start position:0% +bujji Memphis to me and then there's I + + + align:start position:0% +bujji Memphis to me and then there's I +mean we're trying to invent a method + + align:start position:0% +mean we're trying to invent a method + + + align:start position:0% +mean we're trying to invent a method +that's actually their utilities in glow + + align:start position:0% +that's actually their utilities in glow + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually their utilities in glow +because the guys on the ground have to + + align:start position:0% +because the guys on the ground have to + + + align:start position:0% +because the guys on the ground have to +do it you know + + align:start position:0% +do it you know + + + align:start position:0% +do it you know +kind of funny castle is that you can + + align:start position:0% +kind of funny castle is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +kind of funny castle is that you can +find it when it's you know sort of + + align:start position:0% +find it when it's you know sort of + + + align:start position:0% +find it when it's you know sort of +naturally occurring worth something to + + align:start position:0% +naturally occurring worth something to + + + align:start position:0% +naturally occurring worth something to +us we can't find it when it's going + + align:start position:0% +us we can't find it when it's going + + + align:start position:0% +us we can't find it when it's going +through all this it's three feet below + + align:start position:0% +through all this it's three feet below + + + align:start position:0% +through all this it's three feet below +the surface of data on volume we thought + + align:start position:0% +the surface of data on volume we thought + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of data on volume we thought +did you talk about the Harvard study + + align:start position:0% +did you talk about the Harvard study + + + align:start position:0% +did you talk about the Harvard study +yeah so we know how much there is from + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we know how much there is from + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we know how much there is from +the top down from you know in the + + align:start position:0% +the top down from you know in the + + + align:start position:0% +the top down from you know in the +atmosphere we know how much gas there is + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere we know how much gas there is + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere we know how much gas there is +we don't know we're the most you know + + align:start position:0% +we don't know we're the most you know + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know we're the most you know +that five percent five to seven percent + + align:start position:0% +that five percent five to seven percent + + + align:start position:0% +that five percent five to seven percent +of the worst gas leaks are so this is we + + align:start position:0% +of the worst gas leaks are so this is we + + + align:start position:0% +of the worst gas leaks are so this is we +have to come up with a method to when + + align:start position:0% +have to come up with a method to when + + + align:start position:0% +have to come up with a method to when +they're about to repair the leak after + + align:start position:0% +they're about to repair the leak after + + + align:start position:0% +they're about to repair the leak after +they've pinpointed what they think is a + + align:start position:0% +they've pinpointed what they think is a + + + align:start position:0% +they've pinpointed what they think is a +high volume leaf do we have on that + + align:start position:0% +high volume leaf do we have on that + + + align:start position:0% +high volume leaf do we have on that +global gas in gas well of course it + + align:start position:0% +global gas in gas well of course it + + + align:start position:0% +global gas in gas well of course it +shouldn't leakage is death but how's + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't leakage is death but how's + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't leakage is death but how's +that changing all that time so the + + align:start position:0% +that changing all that time so the + + + align:start position:0% +that changing all that time so the +utilities have crappy data they have + + align:start position:0% +utilities have crappy data they have + + + align:start position:0% +utilities have crappy data they have +crappy meters crappy everything so they + + align:start position:0% +crappy meters crappy everything so they + + + align:start position:0% +crappy meters crappy everything so they +have no no so your meter at your house + + align:start position:0% +have no no so your meter at your house + + + align:start position:0% +have no no so your meter at your house +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus or minus yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what this is just to give you some you + + align:start position:0% +what this is just to give you some you + + + align:start position:0% +what this is just to give you some you +know the idea that we've come up with + + align:start position:0% +know the idea that we've come up with + + + align:start position:0% +know the idea that we've come up with +that for months working with the utility + + align:start position:0% +that for months working with the utility + + + align:start position:0% +that for months working with the utility +you're paying information out of them is + + align:start position:0% +you're paying information out of them is + + + align:start position:0% +you're paying information out of them is +to use these two instruments when they + + align:start position:0% +to use these two instruments when they + + + align:start position:0% +to use these two instruments when they +debated joint deposition so this is at + + align:start position:0% +debated joint deposition so this is at + + + align:start position:0% +debated joint deposition so this is at +the point of the pinpoint of time on + + align:start position:0% +the point of the pinpoint of time on + + + align:start position:0% +the point of the pinpoint of time on +what they think is a high-volume link + + align:start position:0% +what they think is a high-volume link + + + align:start position:0% +what they think is a high-volume link +and in order to do that they drill holes + + align:start position:0% +and in order to do that they drill holes + + + align:start position:0% +and in order to do that they drill holes +in the streets they found using this + + align:start position:0% +in the streets they found using this + + + align:start position:0% +in the streets they found using this +instrument and another one they found + + align:start position:0% +instrument and another one they found + + + align:start position:0% +instrument and another one they found +that there's gas in the area this with a + + align:start position:0% +that there's gas in the area this with a + + + align:start position:0% +that there's gas in the area this with a +probe on it into the soil and they found + + align:start position:0% +probe on it into the soil and they found + + + align:start position:0% +probe on it into the soil and they found +sort of a weak extent the area in the + + align:start position:0% +sort of a weak extent the area in the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a weak extent the area in the +ground it has a lot of gas and then they + + align:start position:0% +ground it has a lot of gas and then they + + + align:start position:0% +ground it has a lot of gas and then they +drill holes in the street so maybe let's + + align:start position:0% +drill holes in the street so maybe let's + + + align:start position:0% +drill holes in the street so maybe let's +say it goes through 21 smooth street 225 + + align:start position:0% +say it goes through 21 smooth street 225 + + + align:start position:0% +say it goes through 21 smooth street 225 +and they're ever covered and then they + + align:start position:0% +and they're ever covered and then they + + + align:start position:0% +and they're ever covered and then they +drilled holes in the street along there + + align:start position:0% +drilled holes in the street along there + + + align:start position:0% +drilled holes in the street along there +and use this again they put the probe in + + align:start position:0% +and use this again they put the probe in + + + align:start position:0% +and use this again they put the probe in +each of the holes through the street + + align:start position:0% +each of the holes through the street + + + align:start position:0% +each of the holes through the street +over the pipe don't drill into the Frank + + align:start position:0% +over the pipe don't drill into the Frank + + + align:start position:0% +over the pipe don't drill into the Frank +just go over the pipe and they stick + + align:start position:0% +just go over the pipe and they stick + + + align:start position:0% +just go over the pipe and they stick +this probe and find out where the + + align:start position:0% +this probe and find out where the + + + align:start position:0% +this probe and find out where the +highest percent of gases so they're + + align:start position:0% +highest percent of gases so they're + + + align:start position:0% +highest percent of gases so they're +working with a map of the think they + + align:start position:0% +working with a map of the think they + + + align:start position:0% +working with a map of the think they +have a facially gonna print it out they + + align:start position:0% +have a facially gonna print it out they + + + align:start position:0% +have a facially gonna print it out they +drill holes in the street they take this + + align:start position:0% +drill holes in the street they take this + + + align:start position:0% +drill holes in the street they take this +thing and stick the probe in those holes + + align:start position:0% +thing and stick the probe in those holes + + + align:start position:0% +thing and stick the probe in those holes +and find out where the highest gas is + + align:start position:0% +and find out where the highest gas is + + + align:start position:0% +and find out where the highest gas is +the highest percentage of gases and so + + align:start position:0% +the highest percentage of gases and so + + + align:start position:0% +the highest percentage of gases and so +if and then they excavate at that point + + align:start position:0% +if and then they excavate at that point + + + align:start position:0% +if and then they excavate at that point +they assume the Leos right there + + align:start position:0% +they assume the Leos right there + + + align:start position:0% +they assume the Leos right there +something are gonna go up in there right + + align:start position:0% +something are gonna go up in there right + + + align:start position:0% +something are gonna go up in there right +they do not share any information at all + + align:start position:0% +they do not share any information at all + + + align:start position:0% +they do not share any information at all +of any kind they believe a police + + align:start position:0% +of any kind they believe a police + + + align:start position:0% +of any kind they believe a police +inspector works very well but anybody + + align:start position:0% +inspector works very well but anybody + + + align:start position:0% +inspector works very well but anybody +who's looked at streets you'll see lots + + align:start position:0% +who's looked at streets you'll see lots + + + align:start position:0% +who's looked at streets you'll see lots +of like patches right any time they saw + + align:start position:0% +of like patches right any time they saw + + + align:start position:0% +of like patches right any time they saw +each other about how often we don't know + + align:start position:0% +each other about how often we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +each other about how often we don't know +let's go look at it just repainted + + align:start position:0% +let's go look at it just repainted + + + align:start position:0% +let's go look at it just repainted +innocent Morty used if same Isis a + + align:start position:0% +innocent Morty used if same Isis a + + + align:start position:0% +innocent Morty used if same Isis a +hundred percent this is a hundred + + align:start position:0% +hundred percent this is a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +hundred percent this is a hundred +percent this is 100% day or in a week + + align:start position:0% +percent this is 100% day or in a week + + + align:start position:0% +percent this is 100% day or in a week +what they do is they use this down into + + align:start position:0% +what they do is they use this down into + + + align:start position:0% +what they do is they use this down into +the hole that they one of these holes + + align:start position:0% +the hole that they one of these holes + + + align:start position:0% +the hole that they one of these holes +they compress to put this a compressor + + align:start position:0% +they compress to put this a compressor + + + align:start position:0% +they compress to put this a compressor +in this side and they open this valve so + + align:start position:0% +in this side and they open this valve so + + + align:start position:0% +in this side and they open this valve so +or I guess it is open so that eighty + + align:start position:0% +or I guess it is open so that eighty + + + align:start position:0% +or I guess it is open so that eighty +pounds per square inch of air is being + + align:start position:0% +pounds per square inch of air is being + + + align:start position:0% +pounds per square inch of air is being +blown across here this is a hollow tube + + align:start position:0% +blown across here this is a hollow tube + + + align:start position:0% +blown across here this is a hollow tube +so it sucks air up really quickly in + + align:start position:0% +so it sucks air up really quickly in + + + align:start position:0% +so it sucks air up really quickly in +this this plunger gets pushed down so + + align:start position:0% +this this plunger gets pushed down so + + + align:start position:0% +this this plunger gets pushed down so +that it's sealed to the to the stream + + align:start position:0% +that it's sealed to the to the stream + + + align:start position:0% +that it's sealed to the to the stream +does that make sense so air is being + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so air is being + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so air is being +pulled up you know pulled out really + + align:start position:0% +pulled up you know pulled out really + + + align:start position:0% +pulled up you know pulled out really +quickly it's a vacuum drags all the cows + + align:start position:0% +quickly it's a vacuum drags all the cows + + + align:start position:0% +quickly it's a vacuum drags all the cows +out of the ground and that way they + + align:start position:0% +out of the ground and that way they + + + align:start position:0% +out of the ground and that way they +vacuum all the gas out from the entire + + align:start position:0% +vacuum all the gas out from the entire + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum all the gas out from the entire +area and then they use the CGI again to + + align:start position:0% +area and then they use the CGI again to + + + align:start position:0% +area and then they use the CGI again to +this then you seen where the gas is + + align:start position:0% +this then you seen where the gas is + + + align:start position:0% +this then you seen where the gas is +coming back up fastest and that's where + + align:start position:0% +coming back up fastest and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +coming back up fastest and that's where +they they excavate to fix the lid does + + align:start position:0% +they they excavate to fix the lid does + + + align:start position:0% +they they excavate to fix the lid does +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so we want to use this all in a + + align:start position:0% +so we want to use this all in a + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to use this all in a +different way to find how big the link + + align:start position:0% +different way to find how big the link + + + align:start position:0% +different way to find how big the link +is so instead once they pin the leak + + align:start position:0% +is so instead once they pin the leak + + + align:start position:0% +is so instead once they pin the leak +once they found the leak we want to take + + align:start position:0% +once they found the leak we want to take + + + align:start position:0% +once they found the leak we want to take +this and you put it in the ground again + + align:start position:0% +this and you put it in the ground again + + + align:start position:0% +this and you put it in the ground again +attach of regulate compressor here blow + + align:start position:0% +attach of regulate compressor here blow + + + align:start position:0% +attach of regulate compressor here blow +the air out and combustible gas + + align:start position:0% +the air out and combustible gas + + + align:start position:0% +the air out and combustible gas +indicator here to see what the + + align:start position:0% +indicator here to see what the + + + align:start position:0% +indicator here to see what the +percentage is of chance coming out of it + + align:start position:0% +percentage is of chance coming out of it + + + align:start position:0% +percentage is of chance coming out of it +by doing that we will know it how much + + align:start position:0% +by doing that we will know it how much + + + align:start position:0% +by doing that we will know it how much +the flow through right 80 pounds per + + align:start position:0% +the flow through right 80 pounds per + + + align:start position:0% +the flow through right 80 pounds per +square inch coming out of here we'll + + align:start position:0% +square inch coming out of here we'll + + + align:start position:0% +square inch coming out of here we'll +know the percentage of gas and using + + align:start position:0% +know the percentage of gas and using + + + align:start position:0% +know the percentage of gas and using +that we can get a rough idea of how much + + align:start position:0% +that we can get a rough idea of how much + + + align:start position:0% +that we can get a rough idea of how much +how big how much that's what did you + + align:start position:0% +how big how much that's what did you + + + align:start position:0% +how big how much that's what did you +describe sounds like it will will tell + + align:start position:0% +describe sounds like it will will tell + + + align:start position:0% +describe sounds like it will will tell +you roughly how much gas was trapped in + + align:start position:0% +you roughly how much gas was trapped in + + + align:start position:0% +you roughly how much gas was trapped in +the area that you're evacuating which + + align:start position:0% +the area that you're evacuating which + + + align:start position:0% +the area that you're evacuating which +might not be adjacent to the wheel right + + align:start position:0% +might not be adjacent to the wheel right + + + align:start position:0% +might not be adjacent to the wheel right +so I will will then get try and wait for + + align:start position:0% +so I will will then get try and wait for + + + align:start position:0% +so I will will then get try and wait for +steady state leading sure so if so what + + align:start position:0% +steady state leading sure so if so what + + + align:start position:0% +steady state leading sure so if so what +if you notice the gas will pop it up + + align:start position:0% +if you notice the gas will pop it up + + + align:start position:0% +if you notice the gas will pop it up +underneath this underneath the pavement + + align:start position:0% +underneath this underneath the pavement + + + align:start position:0% +underneath this underneath the pavement +right because gas is lighter than air + + align:start position:0% +right because gas is lighter than air + + + align:start position:0% +right because gas is lighter than air +and so you'll get a sort of pool of gas + + align:start position:0% +and so you'll get a sort of pool of gas + + + align:start position:0% +and so you'll get a sort of pool of gas +right up against the pavement and so for + + align:start position:0% +right up against the pavement and so for + + + align:start position:0% +right up against the pavement and so for +the first few minutes you're gonna pull + + align:start position:0% +the first few minutes you're gonna pull + + + align:start position:0% +the first few minutes you're gonna pull +out that residual don't you also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question they so they're fixing they're + + align:start position:0% +question they so they're fixing they're + + + align:start position:0% +question they so they're fixing they're +trying to fix what they will be + + align:start position:0% +trying to fix what they will be + + + align:start position:0% +trying to fix what they will be +categorized as they're not trying to fix + + align:start position:0% +categorized as they're not trying to fix + + + align:start position:0% +categorized as they're not trying to fix +everything nothing right this is just + + align:start position:0% +everything nothing right this is just + + + align:start position:0% +everything nothing right this is just +long enough cause just simply + + align:start position:0% +long enough cause just simply + + + align:start position:0% +long enough cause just simply +hyperlinks so but you know but so when + + align:start position:0% +hyperlinks so but you know but so when + + + align:start position:0% +hyperlinks so but you know but so when +they go when they go when they do their + + align:start position:0% +they go when they go when they do their + + + align:start position:0% +they go when they go when they do their +testing and they're good they get a + + align:start position:0% +testing and they're good they get a + + + align:start position:0% +testing and they're good they get a +series of readings they basically guess + + align:start position:0% +series of readings they basically guess + + + align:start position:0% +series of readings they basically guess +which where they think the high volume + + align:start position:0% +which where they think the high volume + + + align:start position:0% +which where they think the high volume +is fix that joint then they forget about + + align:start position:0% +is fix that joint then they forget about + + + align:start position:0% +is fix that joint then they forget about +what's 12 feet that way told me that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there could be another link sure yeah + + align:start position:0% +there could be another link sure yeah + + + align:start position:0% +there could be another link sure yeah +you know I mean in the case of they + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean in the case of they + + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean in the case of they +picked the one Italy maybe they come + + align:start position:0% +picked the one Italy maybe they come + + + align:start position:0% +picked the one Italy maybe they come +back to the same spot well back up how + + align:start position:0% +back to the same spot well back up how + + + align:start position:0% +back to the same spot well back up how +do they determine do they + + align:start position:0% +do they determine do they + + + align:start position:0% +do they determine do they +is there another step once they pick the + + align:start position:0% +is there another step once they pick the + + + align:start position:0% +is there another step once they pick the +highest volume above the ground do they + + align:start position:0% +highest volume above the ground do they + + + align:start position:0% +highest volume above the ground do they +is there I watch them a physical test of + + align:start position:0% +is there I watch them a physical test of + + + align:start position:0% +is there I watch them a physical test of +identifying a really you know pipe gas P + + align:start position:0% +identifying a really you know pipe gas P + + + align:start position:0% +identifying a really you know pipe gas P +we know that the actual week one sits + + align:start position:0% +we know that the actual week one sits + + + align:start position:0% +we know that the actual week one sits +uncovered is that a standard process or + + align:start position:0% +uncovered is that a standard process or + + + align:start position:0% +uncovered is that a standard process or +do they mean to your point and there may + + align:start position:0% +do they mean to your point and there may + + + align:start position:0% +do they mean to your point and there may +not there may only be one week there's a + + align:start position:0% +not there may only be one week there's a + + + align:start position:0% +not there may only be one week there's a +physical identification yes the week it + + align:start position:0% +physical identification yes the week it + + + align:start position:0% +physical identification yes the week it +you know so we have to assume a someone + + align:start position:0% +you know so we have to assume a someone + + + align:start position:0% +you know so we have to assume a someone +know their jobs that they can don't + + align:start position:0% +know their jobs that they can don't + + + align:start position:0% +know their jobs that they can don't +they'll find the way to fix it and + + align:start position:0% +they'll find the way to fix it and + + + align:start position:0% +they'll find the way to fix it and +afterwards we'll a lot of these might be + + align:start position:0% +afterwards we'll a lot of these might be + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards we'll a lot of these might be +week + + align:start position:0% +week + + + align:start position:0% +week +which means you know many weeks along + + align:start position:0% +which means you know many weeks along + + + align:start position:0% +which means you know many weeks along +the way in which case the whole area + + align:start position:0% +the way in which case the whole area + + + align:start position:0% +the way in which case the whole area +that 21 to 25 Smith Street is a leader + + align:start position:0% +that 21 to 25 Smith Street is a leader + + + align:start position:0% +that 21 to 25 Smith Street is a leader +complex and we have to fix all those + + align:start position:0% +complex and we have to fix all those + + + align:start position:0% +complex and we have to fix all those +leaks so they should use this method to + + align:start position:0% +leaks so they should use this method to + + + align:start position:0% +leaks so they should use this method to +measure the emissions off of each one of + + align:start position:0% +measure the emissions off of each one of + + + align:start position:0% +measure the emissions off of each one of +those sub links and then add them up + + align:start position:0% +those sub links and then add them up + + + align:start position:0% +those sub links and then add them up +into one once high volume Li so the + + align:start position:0% +into one once high volume Li so the + + + align:start position:0% +into one once high volume Li so the +utilities use the word leak in a very + + align:start position:0% +utilities use the word leak in a very + + + align:start position:0% +utilities use the word leak in a very +different way than we do which is like + + align:start position:0% +different way than we do which is like + + + align:start position:0% +different way than we do which is like +weak location so then we will be adding + + align:start position:0% +weak location so then we will be adding + + + align:start position:0% +weak location so then we will be adding +up all the emissions which means that + + align:start position:0% +up all the emissions which means that + + + align:start position:0% +up all the emissions which means that +this method should not suck the gas out + + align:start position:0% +this method should not suck the gas out + + + align:start position:0% +this method should not suck the gas out +of more than one week which or that we + + align:start position:0% +of more than one week which or that we + + + align:start position:0% +of more than one week which or that we +will or if it does we will have to + + align:start position:0% +will or if it does we will have to + + + align:start position:0% +will or if it does we will have to +figure out how to I think it I think it + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to I think it I think it + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to I think it I think it +might I mean because so I would imagine + + align:start position:0% +might I mean because so I would imagine + + + align:start position:0% +might I mean because so I would imagine +if you have gas pooling and or you have + + align:start position:0% +if you have gas pooling and or you have + + + align:start position:0% +if you have gas pooling and or you have +multiple leaks there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +multiple leaks there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +multiple leaks there's going to be some +connection between yeah yeah if you + + align:start position:0% +connection between yeah yeah if you + + + align:start position:0% +connection between yeah yeah if you +create a volume back in here it's going + + align:start position:0% +create a volume back in here it's going + + + align:start position:0% +create a volume back in here it's going +to start pulling from you yeah other so + + align:start position:0% +to start pulling from you yeah other so + + + align:start position:0% +to start pulling from you yeah other so +one of the one of the things we possibly + + align:start position:0% +one of the one of the things we possibly + + + align:start position:0% +one of the one of the things we possibly +can do is there's going to be some where + + align:start position:0% +can do is there's going to be some where + + + align:start position:0% +can do is there's going to be some where +it's just gonna be one leak and using + + align:start position:0% +it's just gonna be one leak and using + + + align:start position:0% +it's just gonna be one leak and using +that data we can figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +that data we can figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +that data we can figure out what the +average leak is and therefore we can + + align:start position:0% +average leak is and therefore we can + + + align:start position:0% +average leak is and therefore we can +when we have a leak locationally complex + + align:start position:0% +when we have a leak locationally complex + + + align:start position:0% +when we have a leak locationally complex +we can hopefully figure out how much + + align:start position:0% +we can hopefully figure out how much + + + align:start position:0% +we can hopefully figure out how much +overage there is how much excess gas + + align:start position:0% +overage there is how much excess gas + + + align:start position:0% +overage there is how much excess gas +we're pulling in + + align:start position:0% +we're pulling in + + + align:start position:0% +we're pulling in +the others yes so the things I think we + + align:start position:0% +the others yes so the things I think we + + + align:start position:0% +the others yes so the things I think we +need I think we need two things one is + + align:start position:0% +need I think we need two things one is + + + align:start position:0% +need I think we need two things one is +some sort of regulator to step this down + + align:start position:0% +some sort of regulator to step this down + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of regulator to step this down +so that the compressor coming at 80 psi + + align:start position:0% +so that the compressor coming at 80 psi + + + align:start position:0% +so that the compressor coming at 80 psi +and well the other thing is this says 80 + + align:start position:0% +and well the other thing is this says 80 + + + align:start position:0% +and well the other thing is this says 80 +psi but the guys are the trucks say + + align:start position:0% +psi but the guys are the trucks say + + + align:start position:0% +psi but the guys are the trucks say +their competitors ar-15 yep and so how + + align:start position:0% +their competitors ar-15 yep and so how + + + align:start position:0% +their competitors ar-15 yep and so how +do we make sure what because if we don't + + align:start position:0% +do we make sure what because if we don't + + + align:start position:0% +do we make sure what because if we don't +know okay so we don't have the known + + align:start position:0% +know okay so we don't have the known + + + align:start position:0% +know okay so we don't have the known +rate of speed across here the data scrap + + align:start position:0% +rate of speed across here the data scrap + + + align:start position:0% +rate of speed across here the data scrap +so and we also don't want to vacuum up + + align:start position:0% +so and we also don't want to vacuum up + + + align:start position:0% +so and we also don't want to vacuum up +higher than the operating pressure of + + align:start position:0% +higher than the operating pressure of + + + align:start position:0% +higher than the operating pressure of +the pipe so - we'll just draw it up + + align:start position:0% +the pipe so - we'll just draw it up + + + align:start position:0% +the pipe so - we'll just draw it up +right and it will be increasing the week + + align:start position:0% +right and it will be increasing the week + + + align:start position:0% +right and it will be increasing the week +and it'll be okay all right + + align:start position:0% +and it'll be okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll be okay all right +does that make sense - yeah and so so + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense - yeah and so so + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense - yeah and so so +these pipes can be anywhere from 0.5 psi + + align:start position:0% +these pipes can be anywhere from 0.5 psi + + + align:start position:0% +these pipes can be anywhere from 0.5 psi +just to that we're gonna be working with + + align:start position:0% +just to that we're gonna be working with + + + align:start position:0% +just to that we're gonna be working with +to 60 psi so 120 times so that's a + + align:start position:0% +to 60 psi so 120 times so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +to 60 psi so 120 times so that's a +difficult problem on its own so we need + + align:start position:0% +difficult problem on its own so we need + + + align:start position:0% +difficult problem on its own so we need +some sort of regulator that will not + + align:start position:0% +some sort of regulator that will not + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of regulator that will not +increase in a bit probably spinnable + + align:start position:0% +increase in a bit probably spinnable + + + align:start position:0% +increase in a bit probably spinnable +going at 0.5 psi so we have to step this + + align:start position:0% +going at 0.5 psi so we have to step this + + + align:start position:0% +going at 0.5 psi so we have to step this +down enormously so that's one problem + + align:start position:0% +down enormously so that's one problem + + + align:start position:0% +down enormously so that's one problem +and I don't know if that's true so I + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know if that's true so I + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know if that's true so I +have a non-scientist + + align:start position:0% +have a non-scientist + + + align:start position:0% +have a non-scientist +so yeah I mean they put putting 80 psi + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I mean they put putting 80 psi + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I mean they put putting 80 psi +on that doesn't mean you can write in + + align:start position:0% +on that doesn't mean you can write in + + + align:start position:0% +on that doesn't mean you can write in +negative B psi vacuum this but they said + + align:start position:0% +negative B psi vacuum this but they said + + + align:start position:0% +negative B psi vacuum this but they said +there's a correlation okay so what's the + + align:start position:0% +there's a correlation okay so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a correlation okay so what's the +what's the regulator here how far do we + + align:start position:0% +what's the regulator here how far do we + + + align:start position:0% +what's the regulator here how far do we +have to step it down + + align:start position:0% +have to step it down + + + align:start position:0% +have to step it down +what regulator I need the doohickey that + + align:start position:0% +what regulator I need the doohickey that + + + align:start position:0% +what regulator I need the doohickey that +goes here to be able to step it down in + + align:start position:0% +goes here to be able to step it down in + + + align:start position:0% +goes here to be able to step it down in +a correct + + align:start position:0% +a correct + + + align:start position:0% +a correct +you know in a way that + + align:start position:0% +you know in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +you know in a way that +we need to control this yeah yeah and + + align:start position:0% +we need to control this yeah yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +we need to control this yeah yeah and +preferably just one setting because + + align:start position:0% +preferably just one setting because + + + align:start position:0% +preferably just one setting because +these guys are gonna be like you just + + align:start position:0% +these guys are gonna be like you just + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are gonna be like you just +turn it on just do it you know I gotta + + align:start position:0% +turn it on just do it you know I gotta + + + align:start position:0% +turn it on just do it you know I gotta +go for lunch yes without modifying it so + + align:start position:0% +go for lunch yes without modifying it so + + + align:start position:0% +go for lunch yes without modifying it so +it's gonna be another Duty they're gonna + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be another Duty they're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be another Duty they're gonna +take this off puts the other duty and + + align:start position:0% +take this off puts the other duty and + + + align:start position:0% +take this off puts the other duty and +crank it on yeah thank you if you + + align:start position:0% +crank it on yeah thank you if you + + + align:start position:0% +crank it on yeah thank you if you +measure as you measure psi here right + + align:start position:0% +measure as you measure psi here right + + + align:start position:0% +measure as you measure psi here right +then you're getting some of the direct + + align:start position:0% +then you're getting some of the direct + + + align:start position:0% +then you're getting some of the direct +reading of the we don't know yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +reading of the we don't know yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +reading of the we don't know yeah it's +working but you know if you I mean if + + align:start position:0% +working but you know if you I mean if + + + align:start position:0% +working but you know if you I mean if +you take the 80 psi determining in you + + align:start position:0% +you take the 80 psi determining in you + + + align:start position:0% +you take the 80 psi determining in you +can calculate what that so you know that + + align:start position:0% +can calculate what that so you know that + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate what that so you know that +could be simply you know look up chart + + align:start position:0% +could be simply you know look up chart + + + align:start position:0% +could be simply you know look up chart +or yeah we've got to have it so simple + + align:start position:0% +or yeah we've got to have it so simple + + + align:start position:0% +or yeah we've got to have it so simple +let's break down one number yes + + align:start position:0% +let's break down one number yes + + + align:start position:0% +let's break down one number yes +everybody and the other one that you've + + align:start position:0% +everybody and the other one that you've + + + align:start position:0% +everybody and the other one that you've +seen Connor undertook there right this + + align:start position:0% +seen Connor undertook there right this + + + align:start position:0% +seen Connor undertook there right this +is not their interest they are doing + + align:start position:0% +is not their interest they are doing + + + align:start position:0% +is not their interest they are doing +this unwilling right so we have to come + + align:start position:0% +this unwilling right so we have to come + + + align:start position:0% +this unwilling right so we have to come +up with a super super simple method that + + align:start position:0% +up with a super super simple method that + + + align:start position:0% +up with a super super simple method that +can just pluck it the weeks there seem + + align:start position:0% +can just pluck it the weeks there seem + + + align:start position:0% +can just pluck it the weeks there seem +to be two techniques motor trips or + + align:start position:0% +to be two techniques motor trips or + + + align:start position:0% +to be two techniques motor trips or +volume of gas one is the king + + align:start position:0% +volume of gas one is the king + + + align:start position:0% +volume of gas one is the king +which is a full sample and measured over + + align:start position:0% +which is a full sample and measured over + + + align:start position:0% +which is a full sample and measured over +time to get deported + + align:start position:0% +time to get deported + + + align:start position:0% +time to get deported +and the other one is the flow rate which + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is the flow rate which + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is the flow rate which +is the rate of air you know this you've + + align:start position:0% +is the rate of air you know this you've + + + align:start position:0% +is the rate of air you know this you've +ever met you take one point in this + + align:start position:0% +ever met you take one point in this + + + align:start position:0% +ever met you take one point in this +we're actually going to be doing the + + align:start position:0% +we're actually going to be doing the + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually going to be doing the +Gymboree on there so maybe we also take + + align:start position:0% +Gymboree on there so maybe we also take + + + align:start position:0% +Gymboree on there so maybe we also take +some very concerned about anyway like I + + align:start position:0% +some very concerned about anyway like I + + + align:start position:0% +some very concerned about anyway like I +can't even tell you how to do this yes + + align:start position:0% +can't even tell you how to do this yes + + + align:start position:0% +can't even tell you how to do this yes +the load is stunning all right these + + align:start position:0% +the load is stunning all right these + + + align:start position:0% +the load is stunning all right these +guys employees with you so many many + + align:start position:0% +guys employees with you so many many + + + align:start position:0% +guys employees with you so many many +force okay is there a possibility of + + align:start position:0% +force okay is there a possibility of + + + align:start position:0% +force okay is there a possibility of +kind of developing somebody developing a + + align:start position:0% +kind of developing somebody developing a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of developing somebody developing a +core trained professionals who would + + align:start position:0% +core trained professionals who would + + + align:start position:0% +core trained professionals who would +then contract activity + + align:start position:0% +then contract activity + + + align:start position:0% +then contract activity +so we're going to do a training + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to do a training + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to do a training +basically the abilities where did some + + align:start position:0% +basically the abilities where did some + + + align:start position:0% +basically the abilities where did some +innovative technique that first we need + + align:start position:0% +innovative technique that first we need + + + align:start position:0% +innovative technique that first we need +to exact and that's like in three weeks + + align:start position:0% +to exact and that's like in three weeks + + + align:start position:0% +to exact and that's like in three weeks +so on deadline figure out a way to + + align:start position:0% +so on deadline figure out a way to + + + align:start position:0% +so on deadline figure out a way to +incentivize it before the die so I've + + align:start position:0% +incentivize it before the die so I've + + + align:start position:0% +incentivize it before the die so I've +been talking to them and actually + + align:start position:0% +been talking to them and actually + + + align:start position:0% +been talking to them and actually +they're they're not all just enable it + + align:start position:0% +they're they're not all just enable it + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're not all just enable it +does a quiet race some of them are + + align:start position:0% +does a quiet race some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +does a quiet race some of them are +actually pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and three is attached I'm sure a big + + align:start position:0% +and three is attached I'm sure a big + + + align:start position:0% +and three is attached I'm sure a big +sensor to okay so each of these + + align:start position:0% +sensor to okay so each of these + + + align:start position:0% +sensor to okay so each of these +definitely have pros and cons that's + + align:start position:0% +definitely have pros and cons that's + + + align:start position:0% +definitely have pros and cons that's +where we're at right yeah + + align:start position:0% +where we're at right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +where we're at right yeah +number two is also doing + + align:start position:0% +number two is also doing + + + align:start position:0% +number two is also doing +yeah that's the pros we don't know if + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's the pros we don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's the pros we don't know if +you work yet I would argue that if two + + align:start position:0% +you work yet I would argue that if two + + + align:start position:0% +you work yet I would argue that if two +works + + align:start position:0% +works + + + align:start position:0% +works +that's your that meets your operational + + align:start position:0% +that's your that meets your operational + + + align:start position:0% +that's your that meets your operational +issues better than anything else because + + align:start position:0% +issues better than anything else because + + + align:start position:0% +issues better than anything else because +you all you're asking them is to lead + + align:start position:0% +you all you're asking them is to lead + + + align:start position:0% +you all you're asking them is to lead +this meeting that's the best a change in + + align:start position:0% +this meeting that's the best a change in + + + align:start position:0% +this meeting that's the best a change in +process the good thing about the good + + align:start position:0% +process the good thing about the good + + + align:start position:0% +process the good thing about the good +thing about one is that they see + + align:start position:0% +thing about one is that they see + + + align:start position:0% +thing about one is that they see +something that may alarm them as opposed + + align:start position:0% +something that may alarm them as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +something that may alarm them as opposed +to you know well actually if they do + + align:start position:0% +to you know well actually if they do + + + align:start position:0% +to you know well actually if they do +enough of the calculations and they may + + align:start position:0% +enough of the calculations and they may + + + align:start position:0% +enough of the calculations and they may +see a pressure reading and say oh + + align:start position:0% +see a pressure reading and say oh + + + align:start position:0% +see a pressure reading and say oh +something's wrong but if they see + + align:start position:0% +something's wrong but if they see + + + align:start position:0% +something's wrong but if they see +something new this is yeah you know the + + align:start position:0% +something new this is yeah you know the + + + align:start position:0% +something new this is yeah you know the +pressure variation in the pipes is 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +pressure variation in the pipes is 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +pressure variation in the pipes is 0.5 +yes nice tune + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't be standard so that's why I want + + align:start position:0% +don't be standard so that's why I want + + + align:start position:0% +don't be standard so that's why I want +to step this down so that we don't never + + align:start position:0% +to step this down so that we don't never + + + align:start position:0% +to step this down so that we don't never +like pull the gas out of a pipe faster + + align:start position:0% +like pull the gas out of a pipe faster + + + align:start position:0% +like pull the gas out of a pipe faster +than the liquid normally so should we + + align:start position:0% +than the liquid normally so should we + + + align:start position:0% +than the liquid normally so should we +break into ice too + + align:start position:0% +break into ice too + + + align:start position:0% +break into ice too +three possible methods and sort of try + + align:start position:0% +three possible methods and sort of try + + + align:start position:0% +three possible methods and sort of try +to come up with some of the questions + + align:start position:0% +to come up with some of the questions + + + align:start position:0% +to come up with some of the questions +experiments that need to happen right + + align:start position:0% +experiments that need to happen right + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that need to happen right +and associated the next steps list yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first of all they can control that they + + align:start position:0% +first of all they can control that they + + + align:start position:0% +first of all they can control that they +can control the pressure so they can + + align:start position:0% +can control the pressure so they can + + + align:start position:0% +can control the pressure so they can +control the so in order to do that you + + align:start position:0% +control the so in order to do that you + + + align:start position:0% +control the so in order to do that you +would have to really crank there's so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +what is clear about all this is all this + + align:start position:0% +what is clear about all this is all this + + + align:start position:0% +what is clear about all this is all this +is all experimental research other than + + align:start position:0% +is all experimental research other than + + + align:start position:0% +is all experimental research other than +right doesn't suck you have what those + + align:start position:0% +right doesn't suck you have what those + + + align:start position:0% +right doesn't suck you have what those +weighted towards ease that's a puzzle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and they have a buried pipe into the + + align:start position:0% +and they have a buried pipe into the + + + align:start position:0% +and they have a buried pipe into the +ground and I felt so like what that cost + + align:start position:0% +ground and I felt so like what that cost + + + align:start position:0% +ground and I felt so like what that cost +money \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/x0Ap2kDsGRQ.txt b/x0Ap2kDsGRQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92b16a2c8c4d0f6ed4e10eeddb01270350fda19e --- /dev/null +++ b/x0Ap2kDsGRQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,787 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the cost of a numerical method for + + align:start position:0% +the cost of a numerical method for + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of a numerical method for +solving ordinary differential equations + + align:start position:0% +solving ordinary differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +solving ordinary differential equations +is measured by the number of times it + + align:start position:0% +is measured by the number of times it + + + align:start position:0% +is measured by the number of times it +evaluates the function f per step or it + + align:start position:0% +evaluates the function f per step or it + + + align:start position:0% +evaluates the function f per step or it +is method evaluates F once per step here + + align:start position:0% +is method evaluates F once per step here + + + align:start position:0% +is method evaluates F once per step here +isn't a method that evaluates it twice + + align:start position:0% +isn't a method that evaluates it twice + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a method that evaluates it twice +per step if F is evaluated once at the + + align:start position:0% +per step if F is evaluated once at the + + + align:start position:0% +per step if F is evaluated once at the +beginning of the step to give a slope s + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the step to give a slope s + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the step to give a slope s +1 and then s 1 is used to take us under + + align:start position:0% +1 and then s 1 is used to take us under + + + align:start position:0% +1 and then s 1 is used to take us under +step halfway across the interval the + + align:start position:0% +step halfway across the interval the + + + align:start position:0% +step halfway across the interval the +function is evaluated in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +function is evaluated in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +function is evaluated in the middle of +the interval to give the slope s 2 and + + align:start position:0% +the interval to give the slope s 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +the interval to give the slope s 2 and +then s 2 is used to take the step for + + align:start position:0% +then s 2 is used to take the step for + + + align:start position:0% +then s 2 is used to take the step for +obvious reasons this is called the + + align:start position:0% +obvious reasons this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +obvious reasons this is called the +midpoint method + + align:start position:0% +midpoint method + + + align:start position:0% +midpoint method +here's OD e 2 implements the midpoint + + align:start position:0% +here's OD e 2 implements the midpoint + + + align:start position:0% +here's OD e 2 implements the midpoint +method evaluates the function twice per + + align:start position:0% +method evaluates the function twice per + + + align:start position:0% +method evaluates the function twice per +step the structure is the same as OD e 1 + + align:start position:0% +step the structure is the same as OD e 1 + + + align:start position:0% +step the structure is the same as OD e 1 +same arguments same for loop but now we + + align:start position:0% +same arguments same for loop but now we + + + align:start position:0% +same arguments same for loop but now we +have s 1 at the beginning of the step s + + align:start position:0% +have s 1 at the beginning of the step s + + + align:start position:0% +have s 1 at the beginning of the step s +2 in the middle of the step and then the + + align:start position:0% +2 in the middle of the step and then the + + + align:start position:0% +2 in the middle of the step and then the +step is actually taken with s 2 here's + + align:start position:0% +step is actually taken with s 2 here's + + + align:start position:0% +step is actually taken with s 2 here's +an example involving a trig function dy + + align:start position:0% +an example involving a trig function dy + + + align:start position:0% +an example involving a trig function dy +DT is the square root of 1 minus y + + align:start position:0% +DT is the square root of 1 minus y + + + align:start position:0% +DT is the square root of 1 minus y +squared starting at the origin on the + + align:start position:0% +squared starting at the origin on the + + + align:start position:0% +squared starting at the origin on the +interval from 0 to PI over 2 now because + + align:start position:0% +interval from 0 to PI over 2 now because + + + align:start position:0% +interval from 0 to PI over 2 now because +I've called it a trig example you can + + align:start position:0% +I've called it a trig example you can + + + align:start position:0% +I've called it a trig example you can +might just this is a separable equation + + align:start position:0% +might just this is a separable equation + + + align:start position:0% +might just this is a separable equation +do the integral or you can just guess + + align:start position:0% +do the integral or you can just guess + + + align:start position:0% +do the integral or you can just guess +that the exam guess that the answer is + + align:start position:0% +that the exam guess that the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +that the exam guess that the answer is +sine T because the derivative of sine T + + align:start position:0% +sine T because the derivative of sine T + + + align:start position:0% +sine T because the derivative of sine T +is thus cosine of T and that's the + + align:start position:0% +is thus cosine of T and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +is thus cosine of T and that's the +square root of 1 minus y squared let's + + align:start position:0% +square root of 1 minus y squared let's + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 1 minus y squared let's +set it up f is the anonymous function + + align:start position:0% +set it up f is the anonymous function + + + align:start position:0% +set it up f is the anonymous function +square root of 1 minus y squared t 0 is + + align:start position:0% +square root of 1 minus y squared t 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 1 minus y squared t 0 is +0 I'm going to take H to + + align:start position:0% +0 I'm going to take H to + + + align:start position:0% +0 I'm going to take H to +pi over 32 and T final is PI over 2 and + + align:start position:0% +pi over 32 and T final is PI over 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +pi over 32 and T final is PI over 2 and +y 0 is 0 and here's my call to OD e 2 + + align:start position:0% +y 0 is 0 and here's my call to OD e 2 + + + align:start position:0% +y 0 is 0 and here's my call to OD e 2 +with these five arguments and it + + align:start position:0% +with these five arguments and it + + + align:start position:0% +with these five arguments and it +produces this output now I want to plot + + align:start position:0% +produces this output now I want to plot + + + align:start position:0% +produces this output now I want to plot +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +let's get T to go along with it there's + + align:start position:0% +let's get T to go along with it there's + + + align:start position:0% +let's get T to go along with it there's +the T values as a column vector and + + align:start position:0% +the T values as a column vector and + + + align:start position:0% +the T values as a column vector and +let's plot and do some annotation on the + + align:start position:0% +let's plot and do some annotation on the + + + align:start position:0% +let's plot and do some annotation on the +plot here's our plot so there's the + + align:start position:0% +plot here's our plot so there's the + + + align:start position:0% +plot here's our plot so there's the +graph of our there's the graph of sine T + + align:start position:0% +graph of our there's the graph of sine T + + + align:start position:0% +graph of our there's the graph of sine T +the points generated by OD e to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I can't help but go look at these + + align:start position:0% +now I can't help but go look at these + + + align:start position:0% +now I can't help but go look at these +answers this is supposed to be the + + align:start position:0% +answers this is supposed to be the + + + align:start position:0% +answers this is supposed to be the +values of sine T this should be getting + + align:start position:0% +values of sine T this should be getting + + + align:start position:0% +values of sine T this should be getting +to one at PI over two + + align:start position:0% +to one at PI over two + + + align:start position:0% +to one at PI over two +we've got 0.997 that gives you a rough + + align:start position:0% +we've got 0.997 that gives you a rough + + + align:start position:0% +we've got 0.997 that gives you a rough +idea of what kind of accuracy we're + + align:start position:0% +idea of what kind of accuracy we're + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what kind of accuracy we're +getting out of this this fairly this + + align:start position:0% +getting out of this this fairly this + + + align:start position:0% +getting out of this this fairly this +crude numerical method let's take a look + + align:start position:0% +crude numerical method let's take a look + + + align:start position:0% +crude numerical method let's take a look +at an animation of the midpoint method + + align:start position:0% +at an animation of the midpoint method + + + align:start position:0% +at an animation of the midpoint method +the differential equation is y prime is + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation is y prime is + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation is y prime is +2y starting at T naught equals zero with + + align:start position:0% +2y starting at T naught equals zero with + + + align:start position:0% +2y starting at T naught equals zero with +a step size of one going up to three and + + align:start position:0% +a step size of one going up to three and + + + align:start position:0% +a step size of one going up to three and +starting with y naught equals ten and + + align:start position:0% +starting with y naught equals ten and + + + align:start position:0% +starting with y naught equals ten and +using o de two here is the animation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's T naught and y naught you + + align:start position:0% +here's T naught and y naught you + + + align:start position:0% +here's T naught and y naught you +evaluate the function that Y naught 2 + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function that Y naught 2 + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function that Y naught 2 +times y naught is 20 step halfway across + + align:start position:0% +times y naught is 20 step halfway across + + + align:start position:0% +times y naught is 20 step halfway across +the interval with that slope you've + + align:start position:0% +the interval with that slope you've + + + align:start position:0% +the interval with that slope you've +added it that gets us to 20 you evaluate + + align:start position:0% +added it that gets us to 20 you evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +added it that gets us to 20 you evaluate +the function there the slope is 40 so we + + align:start position:0% +the function there the slope is 40 so we + + + align:start position:0% +the function there the slope is 40 so we +take a step with slope 40 all the way + + align:start position:0% +take a step with slope 40 all the way + + + align:start position:0% +take a step with slope 40 all the way +across the interval to get up to 50 + + align:start position:0% +across the interval to get up to 50 + + + align:start position:0% +across the interval to get up to 50 +that's the first step now we'll rescale + + align:start position:0% +that's the first step now we'll rescale + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first step now we'll rescale +the plot window here we are at 50 + + align:start position:0% +the plot window here we are at 50 + + + align:start position:0% +the plot window here we are at 50 +evaluate the function there the slope is + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function there the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function there the slope is +a hundred step halfway with that slope + + align:start position:0% +a hundred step halfway with that slope + + + align:start position:0% +a hundred step halfway with that slope +get to the middle of the interval + + align:start position:0% +get to the middle of the interval + + + align:start position:0% +get to the middle of the interval +evaluate the function there the slope is + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function there the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function there the slope is +200 so we take a step with slope 200 to + + align:start position:0% +200 so we take a step with slope 200 to + + + align:start position:0% +200 so we take a step with slope 200 to +get up to 250 that's the second step + + align:start position:0% +get up to 250 that's the second step + + + align:start position:0% +get up to 250 that's the second step +rescale the plot window you evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +rescale the plot window you evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +rescale the plot window you evaluate the +function there the slope is 500 take + + align:start position:0% +function there the slope is 500 take + + + align:start position:0% +function there the slope is 500 take +that step halfway across the interval + + align:start position:0% +that step halfway across the interval + + + align:start position:0% +that step halfway across the interval +evaluate the func the slope there the + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the func the slope there the + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the func the slope there the +slope is a thousand so we take a step + + align:start position:0% +slope is a thousand so we take a step + + + align:start position:0% +slope is a thousand so we take a step +with slope a thousand to get up to 1250 + + align:start position:0% +with slope a thousand to get up to 1250 + + + align:start position:0% +with slope a thousand to get up to 1250 +is our final value since this is a + + align:start position:0% +is our final value since this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is our final value since this is a +rapidly increasing function of why the + + align:start position:0% +rapidly increasing function of why the + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly increasing function of why the +values we generate here with the mid + + align:start position:0% +values we generate here with the mid + + + align:start position:0% +values we generate here with the mid +point wet method are far larger than the + + align:start position:0% +point wet method are far larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +point wet method are far larger than the +values generated with the euler method + + align:start position:0% +values generated with the euler method + + + align:start position:0% +values generated with the euler method +that we saw with OD e one here's an + + align:start position:0% +that we saw with OD e one here's an + + + align:start position:0% +that we saw with OD e one here's an +exercise modify OD e to creating OD e 2t + + align:start position:0% +exercise modify OD e to creating OD e 2t + + + align:start position:0% +exercise modify OD e to creating OD e 2t +which implements the companion method + + align:start position:0% +which implements the companion method + + + align:start position:0% +which implements the companion method +the trapezoid method evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +the trapezoid method evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +the trapezoid method evaluate the +function at the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +function at the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +function at the beginning of the +interval to get s 1 use s 1 to go all + + align:start position:0% +interval to get s 1 use s 1 to go all + + + align:start position:0% +interval to get s 1 use s 1 to go all +the way across the interval evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +the way across the interval evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +the way across the interval evaluate the +function at the right-hand endpoint of + + align:start position:0% +function at the right-hand endpoint of + + + align:start position:0% +function at the right-hand endpoint of +the interval to get s 2 and then use the + + align:start position:0% +the interval to get s 2 and then use the + + + align:start position:0% +the interval to get s 2 and then use the +average of s 1 and s 2 to take the step + + align:start position:0% +average of s 1 and s 2 to take the step + + + align:start position:0% +average of s 1 and s 2 to take the step +that's the trapezoid method \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xCIXkm3-ocQ.txt b/xCIXkm3-ocQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..561fa8f684cdf16eb7ba6aa386cfbce8401344e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/xCIXkm3-ocQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1625 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hi, welcome to recitation. My name is + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome to recitation. My name is + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome to recitation. My name is +Martina and I'll be your recitation + + align:start position:0% +Martina and I'll be your recitation + + + align:start position:0% +Martina and I'll be your recitation +instructor for some of these linear + + align:start position:0% +instructor for some of these linear + + + align:start position:0% +instructor for some of these linear +algebra videos. Today's problem is a + + align:start position:0% +algebra videos. Today's problem is a + + + align:start position:0% +algebra videos. Today's problem is a +straightforward solve the following + + align:start position:0% +straightforward solve the following + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward solve the following +linear system with four equations and + + align:start position:0% +linear system with four equations and + + + align:start position:0% +linear system with four equations and +four unknowns using the method of + + align:start position:0% +four unknowns using the method of + + + align:start position:0% +four unknowns using the method of +elimination. The system is x - y - z + u + + align:start position:0% +elimination. The system is x - y - z + u + + + align:start position:0% +elimination. The system is x - y - z + u += 0 2x + 2 z = 8 - y - 2 z = - 8 and 3x + + align:start position:0% += 0 2x + 2 z = 8 - y - 2 z = - 8 and 3x + + + align:start position:0% += 0 2x + 2 z = 8 - y - 2 z = - 8 and 3x +- 3 y - 2 z + 4 u = 7. And although you + + align:start position:0% +- 3 y - 2 z + 4 u = 7. And although you + + + align:start position:0% +- 3 y - 2 z + 4 u = 7. And although you +might know different ways to solve this + + align:start position:0% +might know different ways to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +might know different ways to solve this +system at this point, the method of + + align:start position:0% +system at this point, the method of + + + align:start position:0% +system at this point, the method of +elimination is going to show up million + + align:start position:0% +elimination is going to show up million + + + align:start position:0% +elimination is going to show up million +time a million times during these um + + align:start position:0% +time a million times during these um + + + align:start position:0% +time a million times during these um +videos. So it's really important to get + + align:start position:0% +videos. So it's really important to get + + + align:start position:0% +videos. So it's really important to get +it right. So, I suggest you try solving + + align:start position:0% +it right. So, I suggest you try solving + + + align:start position:0% +it right. So, I suggest you try solving +this system now using the method of + + align:start position:0% +this system now using the method of + + + align:start position:0% +this system now using the method of +elimination as it was described in + + align:start position:0% +elimination as it was described in + + + align:start position:0% +elimination as it was described in +class. I'm going to leave you alone with + + align:start position:0% +class. I'm going to leave you alone with + + + align:start position:0% +class. I'm going to leave you alone with +a problem. You should pause the video, + + align:start position:0% +a problem. You should pause the video, + + + align:start position:0% +a problem. You should pause the video, +solve it yourself, and then come back + + align:start position:0% +solve it yourself, and then come back + + + align:start position:0% +solve it yourself, and then come back +and compare your solution with mine. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And we're back. So, the method of + + align:start position:0% +And we're back. So, the method of + + + align:start position:0% +And we're back. So, the method of +elimination, if you remember it from + + align:start position:0% +elimination, if you remember it from + + + align:start position:0% +elimination, if you remember it from +class, consisted of replacing this + + align:start position:0% +class, consisted of replacing this + + + align:start position:0% +class, consisted of replacing this +system with an equivalent system. + + align:start position:0% +system with an equivalent system. + + + align:start position:0% +system with an equivalent system. +equivalent meaning they have the same + + align:start position:0% +equivalent meaning they have the same + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent meaning they have the same +solution uh by a series of row + + align:start position:0% +solution uh by a series of row + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh by a series of row +operations. Row operations are not + + align:start position:0% +operations. Row operations are not + + + align:start position:0% +operations. Row operations are not +supposed to change the solution to the + + align:start position:0% +supposed to change the solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to change the solution to the +system and therefore example exchange + + align:start position:0% +system and therefore example exchange + + + align:start position:0% +system and therefore example exchange +the order of two equations. Multiply an + + align:start position:0% +the order of two equations. Multiply an + + + align:start position:0% +the order of two equations. Multiply an +equation with a non-zero number and add + + align:start position:0% +equation with a non-zero number and add + + + align:start position:0% +equation with a non-zero number and add +a non-zero multiple of one equation to + + align:start position:0% +a non-zero multiple of one equation to + + + align:start position:0% +a non-zero multiple of one equation to +the other. So let's do that. As we're + + align:start position:0% +the other. So let's do that. As we're + + + align:start position:0% +the other. So let's do that. As we're +going to do this series of arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +going to do this series of arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +going to do this series of arithmetic +operations, we don't really want to copy + + align:start position:0% +operations, we don't really want to copy + + + align:start position:0% +operations, we don't really want to copy +the names of the variables and the + + align:start position:0% +the names of the variables and the + + + align:start position:0% +the names of the variables and the +equality signs every time. So we're + + align:start position:0% +equality signs every time. So we're + + + align:start position:0% +equality signs every time. So we're +going to keep the important information + + align:start position:0% +going to keep the important information + + + align:start position:0% +going to keep the important information +which are these numbers, these + + align:start position:0% +which are these numbers, these + + + align:start position:0% +which are these numbers, these +coefficients here. We're going to keep + + align:start position:0% +coefficients here. We're going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients here. We're going to keep +that information in a matrix. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So let's write a matrix. + + align:start position:0% +So let's write a matrix. + + + align:start position:0% +So let's write a matrix. +Each row is going to correspond to an + + align:start position:0% +Each row is going to correspond to an + + + align:start position:0% +Each row is going to correspond to an +equation and each column is going to + + align:start position:0% +equation and each column is going to + + + align:start position:0% +equation and each column is going to +correspond to an unknown. So the first + + align:start position:0% +correspond to an unknown. So the first + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to an unknown. So the first +row is one + + align:start position:0% +row is one + + + align:start position:0% +row is one +minus one + + align:start position:0% +minus one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one +minus one + + align:start position:0% +minus one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one +one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The second row corresponding to the + + align:start position:0% +The second row corresponding to the + + + align:start position:0% +The second row corresponding to the +second equation is 2 + + align:start position:0% +second equation is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +second equation is 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0. And you want to be very careful to + + align:start position:0% +0. And you want to be very careful to + + + align:start position:0% +0. And you want to be very careful to +put zeros on the right spots here. + + align:start position:0% +put zeros on the right spots here. + + + align:start position:0% +put zeros on the right spots here. +The third equation is 0. Left myself + + align:start position:0% +The third equation is 0. Left myself + + + align:start position:0% +The third equation is 0. Left myself +enough room. 0 - 1 - 2 0. + + align:start position:0% +enough room. 0 - 1 - 2 0. + + + align:start position:0% +enough room. 0 - 1 - 2 0. +And the fourth equation, fourth row + + align:start position:0% +And the fourth equation, fourth row + + + align:start position:0% +And the fourth equation, fourth row +corresponding to the fourth equation is + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the fourth equation is + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the fourth equation is +3 - 3 - 2 4. + + align:start position:0% +3 - 3 - 2 4. + + + align:start position:0% +3 - 3 - 2 4. +And as we care about the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +And as we care about the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +And as we care about the right hand side +as well, we're going to copy this + + align:start position:0% +as well, we're going to copy this + + + align:start position:0% +as well, we're going to copy this +information as well and get the + + align:start position:0% +information as well and get the + + + align:start position:0% +information as well and get the +augmented matrix of the system. 0 8 - 8 + + align:start position:0% +augmented matrix of the system. 0 8 - 8 + + + align:start position:0% +augmented matrix of the system. 0 8 - 8 +7. + + align:start position:0% +7. + + + align:start position:0% +7. +Okay. And now let's try reducing this + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And now let's try reducing this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And now let's try reducing this +matrix to an upper triangular one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We start with the first column and we're + + align:start position:0% +We start with the first column and we're + + + align:start position:0% +We start with the first column and we're +going to use this number called the + + align:start position:0% +going to use this number called the + + + align:start position:0% +going to use this number called the +pivot to get rid of all the numbers + + align:start position:0% +pivot to get rid of all the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +pivot to get rid of all the numbers +under it. So to get zeros here and here. + + align:start position:0% +under it. So to get zeros here and here. + + + align:start position:0% +under it. So to get zeros here and here. +A way to do it is well to get rid of + + align:start position:0% +A way to do it is well to get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +A way to do it is well to get rid of +this two I have to multiply the first + + align:start position:0% +this two I have to multiply the first + + + align:start position:0% +this two I have to multiply the first +row by minus2 and add it to the second + + align:start position:0% +row by minus2 and add it to the second + + + align:start position:0% +row by minus2 and add it to the second +one. This is not st writing this here is + + align:start position:0% +one. This is not st writing this here is + + + align:start position:0% +one. This is not st writing this here is +not strictly necessary but I like to do + + align:start position:0% +not strictly necessary but I like to do + + + align:start position:0% +not strictly necessary but I like to do +a bit of bookkeeping because I'm prone + + align:start position:0% +a bit of bookkeeping because I'm prone + + + align:start position:0% +a bit of bookkeeping because I'm prone +to make a lot of errors uh while doing + + align:start position:0% +to make a lot of errors uh while doing + + + align:start position:0% +to make a lot of errors uh while doing +these simple arithmetic operations and + + align:start position:0% +these simple arithmetic operations and + + + align:start position:0% +these simple arithmetic operations and +then if I get to the end figure out I + + align:start position:0% +then if I get to the end figure out I + + + align:start position:0% +then if I get to the end figure out I +made a mistake somewhere this + + align:start position:0% +made a mistake somewhere this + + + align:start position:0% +made a mistake somewhere this +bookkeeping makes it easier to backtrack + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping makes it easier to backtrack + + + align:start position:0% +bookkeeping makes it easier to backtrack +and find find the place where I made + + align:start position:0% +and find find the place where I made + + + align:start position:0% +and find find the place where I made +this mistake. So we replace this matrix + + align:start position:0% +this mistake. So we replace this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +this mistake. So we replace this matrix +with another matrix. The first row stays + + align:start position:0% +with another matrix. The first row stays + + + align:start position:0% +with another matrix. The first row stays +the same. 1 - one - one 1 + + align:start position:0% +the same. 1 - one - one 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the same. 1 - one - one 1 +0. + + align:start position:0% +0. + + + align:start position:0% +0. +The second row gets replaced by a second + + align:start position:0% +The second row gets replaced by a second + + + align:start position:0% +The second row gets replaced by a second +row -2 * the first row. The aim of that + + align:start position:0% +row -2 * the first row. The aim of that + + + align:start position:0% +row -2 * the first row. The aim of that +is to get a zero here. So that's good. + + align:start position:0% +is to get a zero here. So that's good. + + + align:start position:0% +is to get a zero here. So that's good. +Next on this position here we get min -2 + + align:start position:0% +Next on this position here we get min -2 + + + align:start position:0% +Next on this position here we get min -2 +* -1 which is 2 + 0 which is two + + align:start position:0% +* -1 which is 2 + 0 which is two + + + align:start position:0% +* -1 which is 2 + 0 which is two +min -1 * -2 which is 2 + 2 which is 4 + + align:start position:0% +min -1 * -2 which is 2 + 2 which is 4 + + + align:start position:0% +min -1 * -2 which is 2 + 2 which is 4 +- 2 + 0 which is -2 and 8 - 2 * 0 which + + align:start position:0% +- 2 + 0 which is -2 and 8 - 2 * 0 which + + + align:start position:0% +- 2 + 0 which is -2 and 8 - 2 * 0 which +is 8. + + align:start position:0% +is 8. + + + align:start position:0% +is 8. +The third row already has a zero here so + + align:start position:0% +The third row already has a zero here so + + + align:start position:0% +The third row already has a zero here so +I can just copy it over. 0 -1 - 2 0 - 8 + + align:start position:0% +I can just copy it over. 0 -1 - 2 0 - 8 + + + align:start position:0% +I can just copy it over. 0 -1 - 2 0 - 8 +and to get a zero here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and to get a zero here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and to get a zero here I'm going to +multiply the first row by minus3 + + align:start position:0% +multiply the first row by minus3 + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the first row by minus3 +and add it to the fourth row and get + + align:start position:0% +and add it to the fourth row and get + + + align:start position:0% +and add it to the fourth row and get +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +-3 * -1 is 3 -3 is 0 um -3 -1 of sorry 3 + + align:start position:0% +-3 * -1 is 3 -3 is 0 um -3 -1 of sorry 3 + + + align:start position:0% +-3 * -1 is 3 -3 is 0 um -3 -1 of sorry 3 +- 2 is 1 and -3 + 4 is 1. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And there we go. The first column looks + + align:start position:0% +And there we go. The first column looks + + + align:start position:0% +And there we go. The first column looks +like a first column of an upper + + align:start position:0% +like a first column of an upper + + + align:start position:0% +like a first column of an upper +triangular matrix. Now let's do the same + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrix. Now let's do the same + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrix. Now let's do the same +to the second column. This is going to + + align:start position:0% +to the second column. This is going to + + + align:start position:0% +to the second column. This is going to +be our pivot, the number that we use to + + align:start position:0% +be our pivot, the number that we use to + + + align:start position:0% +be our pivot, the number that we use to +get rid of numbers under it. And we see + + align:start position:0% +get rid of numbers under it. And we see + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of numbers under it. And we see +that to get rid of this number here, we + + align:start position:0% +that to get rid of this number here, we + + + align:start position:0% +that to get rid of this number here, we +will need to multiply it with 1/2. So + + align:start position:0% +will need to multiply it with 1/2. So + + + align:start position:0% +will need to multiply it with 1/2. So +multiply the whole second row with 1/2. + + align:start position:0% +multiply the whole second row with 1/2. + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the whole second row with 1/2. +and add it to the third row. The matrix + + align:start position:0% +and add it to the third row. The matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and add it to the third row. The matrix +that we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +will have the first row the same stays + + align:start position:0% +will have the first row the same stays + + + align:start position:0% +will have the first row the same stays +the same. 1 - one - one 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0. The second row stays the same. 0 2 4 + + align:start position:0% +0. The second row stays the same. 0 2 4 + + + align:start position:0% +0. The second row stays the same. 0 2 4 +- 2 8. + + align:start position:0% +- 2 8. + + + align:start position:0% +- 2 8. +The third row gets replaced by the third + + align:start position:0% +The third row gets replaced by the third + + + align:start position:0% +The third row gets replaced by the third +row plus 1/2 times the second row and + + align:start position:0% +row plus 1/2 times the second row and + + + align:start position:0% +row plus 1/2 times the second row and +becomes zero + + align:start position:0% +becomes zero + + + align:start position:0% +becomes zero +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +2 - 2 which is 0 + + align:start position:0% +2 - 2 which is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +2 - 2 which is 0 +-1 + 0 which is minus one + + align:start position:0% +-1 + 0 which is minus one + + + align:start position:0% +-1 + 0 which is minus one +and 4 - 8 which is minus4 + + align:start position:0% +and 4 - 8 which is minus4 + + + align:start position:0% +and 4 - 8 which is minus4 +and the third row the fourth row already + + align:start position:0% +and the third row the fourth row already + + + align:start position:0% +and the third row the fourth row already +has a zero here so I just copy it over + + align:start position:0% +has a zero here so I just copy it over + + + align:start position:0% +has a zero here so I just copy it over +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1 1 7 And now let's look at this matrix. + + align:start position:0% +1 1 7 And now let's look at this matrix. + + + align:start position:0% +1 1 7 And now let's look at this matrix. +It has the first two columns as they're + + align:start position:0% +It has the first two columns as they're + + + align:start position:0% +It has the first two columns as they're +supposed to be zero under the diagonal. + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be zero under the diagonal. + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be zero under the diagonal. +And now we want to get a zero here. + + align:start position:0% +And now we want to get a zero here. + + + align:start position:0% +And now we want to get a zero here. +Normally what I would do is to circle + + align:start position:0% +Normally what I would do is to circle + + + align:start position:0% +Normally what I would do is to circle +this number here. Multiply it by + + align:start position:0% +this number here. Multiply it by + + + align:start position:0% +this number here. Multiply it by +something so that I get a minus one and + + align:start position:0% +something so that I get a minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +something so that I get a minus one and +add it to this row to get a zero here. + + align:start position:0% +add it to this row to get a zero here. + + + align:start position:0% +add it to this row to get a zero here. +But that's not going to work. You might + + align:start position:0% +But that's not going to work. You might + + + align:start position:0% +But that's not going to work. You might +remember from lectures that zeros can + + align:start position:0% +remember from lectures that zeros can + + + align:start position:0% +remember from lectures that zeros can +never be pivots or you can just try + + align:start position:0% +never be pivots or you can just try + + + align:start position:0% +never be pivots or you can just try +finding a number such that 0 times this + + align:start position:0% +finding a number such that 0 times this + + + align:start position:0% +finding a number such that 0 times this +number equals minus1 and seeing that + + align:start position:0% +number equals minus1 and seeing that + + + align:start position:0% +number equals minus1 and seeing that +such a number doesn't exist because + + align:start position:0% +such a number doesn't exist because + + + align:start position:0% +such a number doesn't exist because +you're always going to get zero. So we + + align:start position:0% +you're always going to get zero. So we + + + align:start position:0% +you're always going to get zero. So we +cannot proceed as we did until now. But + + align:start position:0% +cannot proceed as we did until now. But + + + align:start position:0% +cannot proceed as we did until now. But +is there another way to get a zero here? + + align:start position:0% +is there another way to get a zero here? + + + align:start position:0% +is there another way to get a zero here? +There is a very simple row operation + + align:start position:0% +There is a very simple row operation + + + align:start position:0% +There is a very simple row operation +which consists just of switching the + + align:start position:0% +which consists just of switching the + + + align:start position:0% +which consists just of switching the +third and the fourth row. It certainly + + align:start position:0% +third and the fourth row. It certainly + + + align:start position:0% +third and the fourth row. It certainly +doesn't change the solution of the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the solution of the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the solution of the +system. So let's do that + + align:start position:0% +system. So let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +system. So let's do that +and let's get the next matrix which is 1 + + align:start position:0% +and let's get the next matrix which is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and let's get the next matrix which is 1 +- one - one 1 + + align:start position:0% +- one - one 1 + + + align:start position:0% +- one - one 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +0 2 4 - 2 8. Then we put the fourth row + + align:start position:0% +0 2 4 - 2 8. Then we put the fourth row + + + align:start position:0% +0 2 4 - 2 8. Then we put the fourth row +here. 0 0 1 1 7. And we put the third + + align:start position:0% +here. 0 0 1 1 7. And we put the third + + + align:start position:0% +here. 0 0 1 1 7. And we put the third +row here. 0 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +row here. 0 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +row here. 0 0 0 +-1 - 4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there it is. This is an upper + + align:start position:0% +and there it is. This is an upper + + + align:start position:0% +and there it is. This is an upper +triangular matrix. So in the same way as + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrix. So in the same way as + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrix. So in the same way as +at the beginning we had a system and + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning we had a system and + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning we had a system and +then wrote a matrix representing it. + + align:start position:0% +then wrote a matrix representing it. + + + align:start position:0% +then wrote a matrix representing it. +This matrix also represents a system and + + align:start position:0% +This matrix also represents a system and + + + align:start position:0% +This matrix also represents a system and +this system has the same solutions as + + align:start position:0% +this system has the same solutions as + + + align:start position:0% +this system has the same solutions as +the initial system but is much easier to + + align:start position:0% +the initial system but is much easier to + + + align:start position:0% +the initial system but is much easier to +solve. Now let me write this back as a + + align:start position:0% +solve. Now let me write this back as a + + + align:start position:0% +solve. Now let me write this back as a +system and let me do that not starting + + align:start position:0% +system and let me do that not starting + + + align:start position:0% +system and let me do that not starting +from the first equation but starting + + align:start position:0% +from the first equation but starting + + + align:start position:0% +from the first equation but starting +from the last equation. + + align:start position:0% +from the last equation. + + + align:start position:0% +from the last equation. +So the last equation here reads minus u + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals -4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is as equations go pretty easy to + + align:start position:0% +which is as equations go pretty easy to + + + align:start position:0% +which is as equations go pretty easy to +a pretty easy one to solve. + + align:start position:0% +a pretty easy one to solve. + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty easy one to solve. +The solution is u = 4. Now let's go back + + align:start position:0% +The solution is u = 4. Now let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +The solution is u = 4. Now let's go back +to the third equation. And the third + + align:start position:0% +to the third equation. And the third + + + align:start position:0% +to the third equation. And the third +equation reads y + + align:start position:0% +equation reads y + + + align:start position:0% +equation reads y +uh no I'm sorry z. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The third column corresponds to z plus u + + align:start position:0% +The third column corresponds to z plus u + + + align:start position:0% +The third column corresponds to z plus u +equals 7. + + align:start position:0% +equals 7. + + + align:start position:0% +equals 7. +But we know what's u now. So it reads z + + align:start position:0% +But we know what's u now. So it reads z + + + align:start position:0% +But we know what's u now. So it reads z ++ 4 = 7 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which just becomes z = 3. + + align:start position:0% +which just becomes z = 3. + + + align:start position:0% +which just becomes z = 3. +The second equation + + align:start position:0% +The second equation + + + align:start position:0% +The second equation +is 2 * y + + align:start position:0% +is 2 * y + + + align:start position:0% +is 2 * y ++ 4 * z but z is 3 + + align:start position:0% ++ 4 * z but z is 3 + + + align:start position:0% ++ 4 * z but z is 3 +- 2 * u but u is 4 + + align:start position:0% +- 2 * u but u is 4 + + + align:start position:0% +- 2 * u but u is 4 += 8. + + align:start position:0% += 8. + + + align:start position:0% += 8. +And from this one can easily compute + + align:start position:0% +And from this one can easily compute + + + align:start position:0% +And from this one can easily compute +that y is equal to 2. And finally the + + align:start position:0% +that y is equal to 2. And finally the + + + align:start position:0% +that y is equal to 2. And finally the +first equation reads x minus y + + align:start position:0% +first equation reads x minus y + + + align:start position:0% +first equation reads x minus y +minus z + + align:start position:0% +minus z + + + align:start position:0% +minus z ++ u + + align:start position:0% ++ u + + + align:start position:0% ++ u +equals z + + align:start position:0% +equals z + + + align:start position:0% +equals z +or x + + align:start position:0% +or x + + + align:start position:0% +or x += 1. + + align:start position:0% += 1. + + + align:start position:0% += 1. +And this is our solution. x y z and u + + align:start position:0% +And this is our solution. x y z and u + + + align:start position:0% +And this is our solution. x y z and u +equal 1 2 3 and four. This finishes the + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 2 3 and four. This finishes the + + + align:start position:0% +equal 1 2 3 and four. This finishes the +problem. But I would very strongly + + align:start position:0% +problem. But I would very strongly + + + align:start position:0% +problem. But I would very strongly +encourage you now to take this solution + + align:start position:0% +encourage you now to take this solution + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you now to take this solution +and plug it back into the original + + align:start position:0% +and plug it back into the original + + + align:start position:0% +and plug it back into the original +system and check if it's really a + + align:start position:0% +system and check if it's really a + + + align:start position:0% +system and check if it's really a +solution. And that's all I wanted to say + + align:start position:0% +solution. And that's all I wanted to say + + + align:start position:0% +solution. And that's all I wanted to say +today. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xEm2h8yiADY.txt b/xEm2h8yiADY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8073e7fc321a8fac882318552062604d799ea318 --- /dev/null +++ b/xEm2h8yiADY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Hi, I'm Sal. + +Today we will be doing problem +number 4 of fall 2009, exam 1. + +Now before you attempt the +problems there's certain + +background information that +you should know before + +attempting it. + +One is knowledge in +ionic bonding. + +Because the problem +deals with ions. + +Two, how to draw an energy-level +diagram. + +That's very important. + +And three, what Madelung's +Constant is. + +Now before attempting the +problem, it's a good thing to + +read the whole problem in detail +and make sure you don't + +skip anything out of it. + +So that you get all +the information + +that's given to you. + +Because that's very important. + +So the problem reads +as follows. + +For a given cation, c and +anion a, show that the + +following four energy +states on the same + +energy-level diagram. + +1, Ions in infinite +separation. + +2, 9-pair c and a, c stands for +cation, a stands anion. + +3, An ion line, c a c a c a, +just a repetitive line of + +anions and cations. + +And 4, crystalline +solid of c a. + +So a three-dimensional crystal +structure with t and a. + +And it says also that, assume +that the comparison is based + +upon identical numbers of +ions in all four states. + +The diagram need not to be drawn +to scale, however you + +must convey relative values of +different energy states. + +So that's the problem reads. + +Now if you recall from lecture +there's an important equation + +that actually describes the +energy between two ions, + +between a cation and an anion. + +And this energy is directly +proportional to the product of + +the two charges. + +And it's inversely proportional +to the separation + +distance between them. + +And it's multiplied +by some constants. + +So what does this mean? + +Well the fact that it's directly +proportional to the + +product of your two charges +means that your energy for any + +ion or anything that +ionically bonds, + +it's going to be negative. + +Because your z minus will be +negative and that's the whole + +value of your energy +will be negative. + +And that's what dictates +stability. + +How negative the energy is. + +So with that in mind, +we can go ahead + +and start the problem. + +So we have a cation +a and anion c. + +Now I like to draw diagrams, +or draw little pictures + +because that helps me when +I'm solving the problem. + +So I'm just going to +draw pictures of a + +cation and an anion. + +So I have a cation, c and +then I have an anion, a. + +So c and a, and the value of r +naught from our equation is + +pretty much the separation +distance between the two. + +So project this up, +this is r naught. + +And if you look from the +picture, r naught is just + +simply the radius of your +cation plus the + +radius of your anion. + +Now this is already describing +the energy between just a + +cation and an anion with these +magnitude of charges. + +So all that tells me is that, +this is already answering + +number 2, pretty much from the +problem that we're asked for, + +which is the ion pair. + +So the problem asked you to draw +an energy-level diagram. + +That's what I'm going +to do over here. + +So I'm going to go ahead +and start drawing the + +energy-level diagram. + +Now I'm going to go ahead and +label my energy axis to be + +positive to be up. + +And I'm going to draw a +baseline of 0 here. + +So I know that to be able to +incorporate my ion pair-- + +like I said the energy is +negative, so if the energy + +goes up to here and let's say +the value of the energy here + +is 0, then that ion pair should +lie somewhere below it. + +So I'm going to go ahead +and draw this line. + +And I'll label this, s 2 for +our energy level diagram. + +So this is the ion pair. + +Now number 1 says ions at +infinite separation. + +What is the energy of two +charged species that are + +separated by infinity? + +Well if you look at your +equation, your equation tells + +you that it's inversely +proportional to + +the separation distance. + +So all that tells you is that +if you divide by infinity, + +your energy should +be essentially 0. + +Which makes physical sense +because those two charged + +species can't feel each other +when they're separated. + +So this is actually already +my number 1, which is 0. + +Separated away. + +So now we need to find what the +energy is of an ion pair. + +Which is the line of c a. + +So we want to draw +a little picture. + +It's pretty much going to +be a repetition of that. + +And if I draw a line-- + +that's not very straight-- + +I'm going to draw a bunch +of cations and anions. + +Essentially I can just imagine +that it extends to + +infinity in both ways. + +So with my energy between these +two ions right here is + +given by my equation, then I +should be able to figure out + +what the energy is of +the whole system. + +Because we're talking about +electrostatic interaction, + +which you can just +add linearly. + +So I can make one assumption. + +But look at my cation and anion +pair, I can go ahead and + +simplify my life by letting +z plus be 1. + +So I'll write that down. + +I'll let z plus equal to +plus 1, which is the + +charge on our cation. + +And I'll let z minus equal minus +1, which is the charge + +on the anion. + +So that's to help +with the math. + +So if I come back over here and +if I look at my equation + +line then I know that +if I draw-- + +let's see-- a reference +access here. + +Then the separation +between the cation + +and anion is r naught. + +And between the cation and +the other cation is + +going to be 2 r naught. + +And it's going to +extend for that. + +So if I go ahead and relabel my +energy equation for a line. + +I'll go ahead and call it e line +of function of r naught. + +It's simply going to be the +first one, which is going to + +be negative e squared over 4 pi +epsilon naught, r naught, + +multiply the 1 over +minus 1 over n. + +So that's the energy between +these two ions. + +So now because the energy is +electrostatic, this cation + +also feels the repulsion +of this other cation. + +So therefore with that you +have got to add what that + +interaction is. + +So the product of the two +charges is plus 1, which gives + +it a plus in front +of your equation. + +And I end up getting e squared +over 4 pi epsilon naught. + +Now here's something +that you should + +pay particular attention. + +The separation between these +two cation is not r naught. + +It's actually 2 r naught. + +Because of where exactly where +it sits on the line. + +So my separation distance now +becomes 2 r naught and it's + +multiplied by the same 1 +minus 1 over n factor. + +Then if you repeat it again, +you're analyzing the + +interaction energy between the +cation and the other anion + +that's next on the line. + +So as you can see you end +up getting this nice-- + +4 pi epsilon naught, 3 r naught, +1 minus 1 over n. + +And essentially it repeats +until it ends. + +Now I'm just analyzing +on the right side. + +Because it extends, it's an +infinite line, because it + +extends from negative infinity +to infinity, then you can also + +assume that there's an +anion to the left. + +So all you really have to do +is, you take your overall + +energy for the right side and +you multiply it by 2. + +Because it's additive. + +So this whole thing gets +multiplied by 2. + +And that's essentially what +the energy is of a line. + +Now in order to be able to +know where it lies on the + +energy-level diagram, it's +important to try to get it + +into the same basic form as +the energy of an ion pair, + +just something simple +like over there. + +So just by looking at the +equation I know there's a lot + +of factors here that +are common. + +Like that e squared, 4 pi +epsilon naught, even r naught + +and this factor can all come +out of the equation. + +You can take it out. + +So if I do that, my equation of +my line then simply becomes + +negative e squared over +4 pi epsilon naught. + +Now I'm going to go ahead and +take out the r naught as well. + +And I'm going to multiply +it by the factor. + +And essentially what +stays from here is + +just your 1 over 1. + +From this one it's your 1/2 +and then your 1/3 and then + +we're happy. + +And because I also took out the +negative, I want to make + +sure that I take out the +negative from all + +the other ones too. + +So this product then gets +multiplied by 1 minus 1 over + +2, plus 1/3 minus 1/4 plus... + +and it goes on forever. + +Now it so happens that this is +actually a series that we have + +an answer or an answer to. + +And this product that's being +multiplied by your fundamental + +base of your equation +is just simply-- + +oh sorry I forgot the times 2, +don't forget that, that's very + +important because you're summing +from both sides-- + +this essentially right here it's +simply arised because of + +your geometry. + +You're analyzing your systems. +And this value happens to be + +greater than 1, which +is a good thing. + +And the value of this +is actually 1.386. + +So the fact that the whole +equation is still negative, + +because we're talking about +coulombic interaction between + +a negative charged species and +a positive charged species. + +And we're multiplying that by a +value that is greater than 1 + +this means that if this is 1 +right here, then our energy + +level diagram should +lie somewhere below + +it, like right here. + +So this is 3. + +And that's your ion line. + +Now in real life we know +that crystals don't + +exist in lines really. + +Or they're not just an ion pair. +it's literally something + +that is three-dimensional and +has an ordered structure. + +Sometimes could be different +geometries, but normally it's + +a cubic structure. + +So because that forms in nature, +then that tells me + +that the energy of a +three-dimensional crystal, + +which is the fourth one that +we need to put on the + +energy-level diagram, +the value should be + +greater than 1.386. + +And this value of 1.386 is +actually Madelung's Constant, + +which you should know. + +It was a required preliminary +to the problem. + +So I know that below this +value of 1.386 I have my + +three-dimensional crystal. + +Now an energy-level diagram is +pretty much quantized by + +different steps. + +Now what is quantizing +our problem here? + +Well this is 0 because +our energy is 0. + +So we can almost assume that +we're multiplying-- + +or that the Madelung's Constant +for ion pair with + +infinite separation is 0. + +And this is 1, so we can assume +that the Madelung + +Constant is 1 or we know that +it's 1 for the ion pair. + +So if I start writing this out +on the side here-- give me + +some space-- + +I know that's one. + +I'm going to go ahead and +label this by Madelung's + +Constant, which is 1.386. + +So I come over here. + +Relabel this. + +This value here's is 1.386. + +And this value here has to be +greater than 1.386 for a + +three-dimensional crystal. + +And this little diagram here is +the answer to your question + +from the exam. + +So when you take the exam you +don't really have to go + +through all this math to +answer the problem. + +If you know the material from +lecture, then the solution + +should be very straight-forward +very easily. + +And also if you keep in mind +that there's a lot of material + +that you need to know before you +take the exam, and knowing + +how to absorb that material and +apply it will help you in + +solving these type of +problems, which + +can be pretty difficult. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xYnq8nVcN4g.txt b/xYnq8nVcN4g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f47e57bd9cbdc0e51777dc2e48727b7ccfd3f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/xYnq8nVcN4g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +Let us comment on the +results of the study. + +Robert Parker predicted that the +1986 Bordeaux wine is very good + +to sometimes exceptional. + +On the other hand, +Ashenfelter said + +that the 1986 Bordeaux +wine is mediocre. + +And made the prediction +that the 1989 Bordeaux would + +be the wine of the century +and the 1990 Bordeaux + +would be even better. + +In wine options, the +1989 Bordeaux wine + +sold for more than +twice the price of 1986. + +And the 1990 Bordeaux wine +sold for even higher prices. + +Later, Ashenfelter predicted +that the 2000 and the 2003 + +Bordeaux wines would be great. + +And in this case, +Robert Parker stated + +the 2000 is the greatest vintage +Bordeaux has ever produced, + +in agreement with Ashenfelter. + +So what is the analytics +edge in this case? + +What we have developed is +a linear regression model, + +a simple but rather +powerful model + +for predicting quality of wines. + +It only used few +variables and we + +have seen that it predicted +wine prices quite well. + +In fact, in many +cases it outperformed + +wine expert's opinions. + +And what is impressive, in +this first introductory lecture + +to linear regression, is that +an analytics approach that + +uses data to build a model +that improves decision making + +is effective in a traditionally +qualitative problem. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xoCHe0mtxu0.txt b/xoCHe0mtxu0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61d5a6b94a229d14a32758a1460144376a4910dd --- /dev/null +++ b/xoCHe0mtxu0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so angular momentum we need to deal with + + align:start position:0% +so angular momentum we need to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +so angular momentum we need to deal with +angular momentum and the inspiration for + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum and the inspiration for + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum and the inspiration for +it is classical you have L is R cross P + + align:start position:0% +it is classical you have L is R cross P + + + align:start position:0% +it is classical you have L is R cross P +classically so let's try to just use + + align:start position:0% +classically so let's try to just use + + + align:start position:0% +classically so let's try to just use +that intuition and write the various + + align:start position:0% +that intuition and write the various + + + align:start position:0% +that intuition and write the various +operators and in fact we are lucky in + + align:start position:0% +operators and in fact we are lucky in + + + align:start position:0% +operators and in fact we are lucky in +this case the operators that we would + + align:start position:0% +this case the operators that we would + + + align:start position:0% +this case the operators that we would +write inspired by the classical + + align:start position:0% +write inspired by the classical + + + align:start position:0% +write inspired by the classical +definition are good operators and will + + align:start position:0% +definition are good operators and will + + + align:start position:0% +definition are good operators and will +do the job so what do we have LX if you + + align:start position:0% +do the job so what do we have LX if you + + + align:start position:0% +do the job so what do we have LX if you +remember the cross-product rule that + + align:start position:0% +remember the cross-product rule that + + + align:start position:0% +remember the cross-product rule that +would be Y PZ minus Z P Y now you can + + align:start position:0% +would be Y PZ minus Z P Y now you can + + + align:start position:0% +would be Y PZ minus Z P Y now you can +think of these things as a cyclic like a + + align:start position:0% +think of these things as a cyclic like a + + + align:start position:0% +think of these things as a cyclic like a +circle you have X and px y and py + Z + + align:start position:0% +circle you have X and px y and py + Z + + + align:start position:0% +circle you have X and px y and py + Z +and PZ things are cyclical II symmetric + + align:start position:0% +and PZ things are cyclical II symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +and PZ things are cyclical II symmetric +there's no real difference between this + + align:start position:0% +there's no real difference between this + + + align:start position:0% +there's no real difference between this +coordinate so you can go cyclically here + + align:start position:0% +coordinate so you can go cyclically here + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate so you can go cyclically here +so you say let's go cyclic on this index + + align:start position:0% +so you say let's go cyclic on this index + + + align:start position:0% +so you say let's go cyclic on this index +L Y is equal to the next cyclic - Y in + + align:start position:0% +L Y is equal to the next cyclic - Y in + + + align:start position:0% +L Y is equal to the next cyclic - Y in +that direction is Z P X - x pz and LZ is + + align:start position:0% +that direction is Z P X - x pz and LZ is + + + align:start position:0% +that direction is Z P X - x pz and LZ is +equal to M X P Y - y PX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and these things I'll think of them as + + align:start position:0% +and these things I'll think of them as + + + align:start position:0% +and these things I'll think of them as +operators let's put hot so everything + + align:start position:0% +operators let's put hot so everything + + + align:start position:0% +operators let's put hot so everything +the first thing I could wonder with a + + align:start position:0% +the first thing I could wonder with a + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing I could wonder with a +little bit of trepidation is maybe I got + + align:start position:0% +little bit of trepidation is maybe I got + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of trepidation is maybe I got +the ordering wrong + + align:start position:0% +the ordering wrong + + + align:start position:0% +the ordering wrong +should I have written here classically + + align:start position:0% +should I have written here classically + + + align:start position:0% +should I have written here classically +you put our course P and then the order + + align:start position:0% +you put our course P and then the order + + + align:start position:0% +you put our course P and then the order +of these two terms doesn't matter does + + align:start position:0% +of these two terms doesn't matter does + + + align:start position:0% +of these two terms doesn't matter does +it matter quantum mechanically happily + + align:start position:0% +it matter quantum mechanically happily + + + align:start position:0% +it matter quantum mechanically happily +doesn't matter because Y and PZ commute + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter because Y and PZ commute + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter because Y and PZ commute +Z and py commute so you could even have + + align:start position:0% +Z and py commute so you could even have + + + align:start position:0% +Z and py commute so you could even have +written them the other way and they're + + align:start position:0% +written them the other way and they're + + + align:start position:0% +written them the other way and they're +good all of them are unambiguous you + + align:start position:0% +good all of them are unambiguous you + + + align:start position:0% +good all of them are unambiguous you +could have even written them the other + + align:start position:0% +could have even written them the other + + + align:start position:0% +could have even written them the other +way and they would be fine but now these + + align:start position:0% +way and they would be fine but now these + + + align:start position:0% +way and they would be fine but now these +are our operators and moreover they are + + align:start position:0% +are our operators and moreover they are + + + align:start position:0% +are our operators and moreover they are +hermitian operators permission let's see + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operators permission let's see + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operators permission let's see +LX dagger well the dagger of two + + align:start position:0% +LX dagger well the dagger of two + + + align:start position:0% +LX dagger well the dagger of two +operators you would do P Z dagger Y hat + + align:start position:0% +operators you would do P Z dagger Y hat + + + align:start position:0% +operators you would do P Z dagger Y hat +dagger recall the dagger changes the + + align:start position:0% +dagger recall the dagger changes the + + + align:start position:0% +dagger recall the dagger changes the +order minus P Y dagger Z dagger now P + + align:start position:0% +order minus P Y dagger Z dagger now P + + + align:start position:0% +order minus P Y dagger Z dagger now P +and XS are all permission operators so + + align:start position:0% +and XS are all permission operators so + + + align:start position:0% +and XS are all permission operators so +this is PZ y minus P Y Z and we use + + align:start position:0% +this is PZ y minus P Y Z and we use + + + align:start position:0% +this is PZ y minus P Y Z and we use +again that Y and PZ commute and Z and py + + align:start position:0% +again that Y and PZ commute and Z and py + + + align:start position:0% +again that Y and PZ commute and Z and py +commute to put it back in the standard + + align:start position:0% +commute to put it back in the standard + + + align:start position:0% +commute to put it back in the standard +form and that's again LX so it is a + + align:start position:0% +form and that's again LX so it is a + + + align:start position:0% +form and that's again LX so it is a +hermitian operator and so is ly and LZ + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operator and so is ly and LZ + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operator and so is ly and LZ +that means these operators are + + align:start position:0% +that means these operators are + + + align:start position:0% +that means these operators are +observables that's + + align:start position:0% +observables that's + + + align:start position:0% +observables that's +all you need for the operator to be an + + align:start position:0% +all you need for the operator to be an + + + align:start position:0% +all you need for the operator to be an +observable and that's a very good thing + + align:start position:0% +observable and that's a very good thing + + + align:start position:0% +observable and that's a very good thing +so these operators are observables l + + align:start position:0% +so these operators are observables l + + + align:start position:0% +so these operators are observables l +eyes are observable but there are funny + + align:start position:0% +eyes are observable but there are funny + + + align:start position:0% +eyes are observable but there are funny +properties with this operators are not + + align:start position:0% +properties with this operators are not + + + align:start position:0% +properties with this operators are not +all that simple in some ways so next we + + align:start position:0% +all that simple in some ways so next we + + + align:start position:0% +all that simple in some ways so next we +have these operators whenever you have + + align:start position:0% +have these operators whenever you have + + + align:start position:0% +have these operators whenever you have +quantum operators the thing you do next + + align:start position:0% +quantum operators the thing you do next + + + align:start position:0% +quantum operators the thing you do next +is compute their commutator just like we + + align:start position:0% +is compute their commutator just like we + + + align:start position:0% +is compute their commutator just like we +did with X and P we wanted to know what + + align:start position:0% +did with X and P we wanted to know what + + + align:start position:0% +did with X and P we wanted to know what +that commutator is we want to know what + + align:start position:0% +that commutator is we want to know what + + + align:start position:0% +that commutator is we want to know what +is the commutator of this L operator so + + align:start position:0% +is the commutator of this L operator so + + + align:start position:0% +is the commutator of this L operator so +we'll do LX with ly try to compute the + + align:start position:0% +we'll do LX with ly try to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do LX with ly try to compute the +commutator so LX is y pz let me forget + + align:start position:0% +commutator so LX is y pz let me forget + + + align:start position:0% +commutator so LX is y pz let me forget +the hats for simplicity - z py and ly is + + align:start position:0% +the hats for simplicity - z py and ly is + + + align:start position:0% +the hats for simplicity - z py and ly is +zpx minus xpz okay here is a Y the Y + + align:start position:0% +zpx minus xpz okay here is a Y the Y + + + align:start position:0% +zpx minus xpz okay here is a Y the Y +commutes with everything here so the Y + + align:start position:0% +commutes with everything here so the Y + + + align:start position:0% +commutes with everything here so the Y +doesn't get the PZ gets stuck with the Z + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get the PZ gets stuck with the Z + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get the PZ gets stuck with the Z +and doesn't care about this so this term + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't care about this so this term + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't care about this so this term +just talks to that term and here the z + + align:start position:0% +just talks to that term and here the z + + + align:start position:0% +just talks to that term and here the z +py the py doesn't care about anybody + + align:start position:0% +py the py doesn't care about anybody + + + align:start position:0% +py the py doesn't care about anybody +here but the Z well doesn't care about + + align:start position:0% +here but the Z well doesn't care about + + + align:start position:0% +here but the Z well doesn't care about +that z but it does care about this PZ so + + align:start position:0% +that z but it does care about this PZ so + + + align:start position:0% +that z but it does care about this PZ so +the only contribution that could have + + align:start position:0% +the only contribution that could have + + + align:start position:0% +the only contribution that could have +been for terms out of this commutator + + align:start position:0% +been for terms out of this commutator + + + align:start position:0% +been for terms out of this commutator +but only two are relevant so let's write + + align:start position:0% +but only two are relevant so let's write + + + align:start position:0% +but only two are relevant so let's write +them down + + align:start position:0% +them down + + + align:start position:0% +them down +why peezy with zpx - and - it's a plus z + + align:start position:0% +why peezy with zpx - and - it's a plus z + + + align:start position:0% +why peezy with zpx - and - it's a plus z +py x pz well you can start peeling off + + align:start position:0% +py x pz well you can start peeling off + + + align:start position:0% +py x pz well you can start peeling off +things you can think of this as a signal + + align:start position:0% +things you can think of this as a signal + + + align:start position:0% +things you can think of this as a signal +operator with this - and it will fail to + + align:start position:0% +operator with this - and it will fail to + + + align:start position:0% +operator with this - and it will fail to +commute with the first or you have y pz + + align:start position:0% +commute with the first or you have y pz + + + align:start position:0% +commute with the first or you have y pz +z PX that's all this commutator gifts + + align:start position:0% +z PX that's all this commutator gifts + + + align:start position:0% +z PX that's all this commutator gifts +and the same thing here this fails to + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing here this fails to + + + align:start position:0% +and the same thing here this fails to +commute just with PZ so the X can go out + + align:start position:0% +commute just with PZ so the X can go out + + + align:start position:0% +commute just with PZ so the X can go out +x z py PZ and then here the Y actually + + align:start position:0% +x z py PZ and then here the Y actually + + + align:start position:0% +x z py PZ and then here the Y actually +can go out doesn't care about the Z goes + + align:start position:0% +can go out doesn't care about the Z goes + + + align:start position:0% +can go out doesn't care about the Z goes +out on the left not that it matters much + + align:start position:0% +out on the left not that it matters much + + + align:start position:0% +out on the left not that it matters much +here but that's how using the commutator + + align:start position:0% +here but that's how using the commutator + + + align:start position:0% +here but that's how using the commutator +identities does and this py can go out + + align:start position:0% +identities does and this py can go out + + + align:start position:0% +identities does and this py can go out +it must go out on the right Z PZ I'm + + align:start position:0% +it must go out on the right Z PZ I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it must go out on the right Z PZ I'm +basing this on this identity seat which + + align:start position:0% +basing this on this identity seat which + + + align:start position:0% +basing this on this identity seat which +you have ABC commutator and then ABC + + align:start position:0% +you have ABC commutator and then ABC + + + align:start position:0% +you have ABC commutator and then ABC +commentators how things distribute now + + align:start position:0% +commentators how things distribute now + + + align:start position:0% +commentators how things distribute now +of this is minus IH bar and this is IH + + align:start position:0% +of this is minus IH bar and this is IH + + + align:start position:0% +of this is minus IH bar and this is IH +bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here we get IH bar X P Y - y PX C + + align:start position:0% +so here we get IH bar X P Y - y PX C + + + align:start position:0% +so here we get IH bar X P Y - y PX C +everything came out in the right + + align:start position:0% +everything came out in the right + + + align:start position:0% +everything came out in the right +position and you recognize that operator + + align:start position:0% +position and you recognize that operator + + + align:start position:0% +position and you recognize that operator +as L Z so this commutator this + + align:start position:0% +as L Z so this commutator this + + + align:start position:0% +as L Z so this commutator this +commutator here has given you LX with ly + + align:start position:0% +commutator here has given you LX with ly + + + align:start position:0% +commutator here has given you LX with ly +equal IH bar LZ it's a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +equal IH bar LZ it's a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +equal IH bar LZ it's a very interesting +and fascinating property that somehow + + align:start position:0% +and fascinating property that somehow + + + align:start position:0% +and fascinating property that somehow +you are doing this commutator it could + + align:start position:0% +you are doing this commutator it could + + + align:start position:0% +you are doing this commutator it could +have been a mess but it combined to give + + align:start position:0% +have been a mess but it combined to give + + + align:start position:0% +have been a mess but it combined to give +you another angular momentum operator + + align:start position:0% +you another angular momentum operator + + + align:start position:0% +you another angular momentum operator +now it looks like a miracle but there + + align:start position:0% +now it looks like a miracle but there + + + align:start position:0% +now it looks like a miracle but there +are physically it's not that miraculous + + align:start position:0% +are physically it's not that miraculous + + + align:start position:0% +are physically it's not that miraculous +it actually has to do with the concept + + align:start position:0% +it actually has to do with the concept + + + align:start position:0% +it actually has to do with the concept +of symmetry symmetry transformations if + + align:start position:0% +of symmetry symmetry transformations if + + + align:start position:0% +of symmetry symmetry transformations if +you have a symmetry transformation and + + align:start position:0% +you have a symmetry transformation and + + + align:start position:0% +you have a symmetry transformation and +you do commutator z-- between those + + align:start position:0% +you do commutator z-- between those + + + align:start position:0% +you do commutator z-- between those +symmetry operators you must get an + + align:start position:0% +symmetry operators you must get an + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry operators you must get an +operator that corresponds to that + + align:start position:0% +operator that corresponds to that + + + align:start position:0% +operator that corresponds to that +symmetry or you must get a symmetry at + + align:start position:0% +symmetry or you must get a symmetry at + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry or you must get a symmetry at +the very least so if we say that the + + align:start position:0% +the very least so if we say that the + + + align:start position:0% +the very least so if we say that the +potential has spherical symmetry of that + + align:start position:0% +potential has spherical symmetry of that + + + align:start position:0% +potential has spherical symmetry of that +suggests that when you do operations + + align:start position:0% +suggests that when you do operations + + + align:start position:0% +suggests that when you do operations +with this operators that generate + + align:start position:0% +with this operators that generate + + + align:start position:0% +with this operators that generate +rotations you should get some rotation + + align:start position:0% +rotations you should get some rotation + + + align:start position:0% +rotations you should get some rotation +here and alternatively although again + + align:start position:0% +here and alternatively although again + + + align:start position:0% +here and alternatively although again +this is suggestive it can be made very + + align:start position:0% +this is suggestive it can be made very + + + align:start position:0% +this is suggestive it can be made very +precise when you do rotations in + + align:start position:0% +precise when you do rotations in + + + align:start position:0% +precise when you do rotations in +different order you don't get the same + + align:start position:0% +different order you don't get the same + + + align:start position:0% +different order you don't get the same +thing at the end everybody knows if you + + align:start position:0% +thing at the end everybody knows if you + + + align:start position:0% +thing at the end everybody knows if you +have a page and you do one rotation and + + align:start position:0% +have a page and you do one rotation and + + + align:start position:0% +have a page and you do one rotation and +then the other as opposed to the other + + align:start position:0% +then the other as opposed to the other + + + align:start position:0% +then the other as opposed to the other +and then the first one you don't get the + + align:start position:0% +and then the first one you don't get the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the first one you don't get the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +thing rotations do not commute a single + + align:start position:0% +thing rotations do not commute a single + + + align:start position:0% +thing rotations do not commute a single +rotation does commute in one direction + + align:start position:0% +rotation does commute in one direction + + + align:start position:0% +rotation does commute in one direction +but rotations in different directions + + align:start position:0% +but rotations in different directions + + + align:start position:0% +but rotations in different directions +don't commute that is the reason for + + align:start position:0% +don't commute that is the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +don't commute that is the reason for +this equation and this equation as we + + align:start position:0% +this equation and this equation as we + + + align:start position:0% +this equation and this equation as we +said everything is cyclic so you don't + + align:start position:0% +said everything is cyclic so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +said everything is cyclic so you don't +have to work again to argue that then ly + + align:start position:0% +have to work again to argue that then ly + + + align:start position:0% +have to work again to argue that then ly +LZ going cyclic must be equal to I h-bar + + align:start position:0% +LZ going cyclic must be equal to I h-bar + + + align:start position:0% +LZ going cyclic must be equal to I h-bar +LX and that LZ l x must be IH bar ly and + + align:start position:0% +LX and that LZ l x must be IH bar ly and + + + align:start position:0% +LX and that LZ l x must be IH bar ly and +this is called the quantum algebra of + + align:start position:0% +this is called the quantum algebra of + + + align:start position:0% +this is called the quantum algebra of +angular momentum in fact it is so + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum in fact it is so + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum in fact it is so +important that this algebra appears in + + align:start position:0% +important that this algebra appears in + + + align:start position:0% +important that this algebra appears in +all fields of physics and mathematics + + align:start position:0% +all fields of physics and mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +all fields of physics and mathematics +and all kinds of things show up this + + align:start position:0% +and all kinds of things show up this + + + align:start position:0% +and all kinds of things show up this +algebra is related to the algebra of + + align:start position:0% +algebra is related to the algebra of + + + align:start position:0% +algebra is related to the algebra of +generators of the group su 2 special + + align:start position:0% +generators of the group su 2 special + + + align:start position:0% +generators of the group su 2 special +unitary transformations in two + + align:start position:0% +unitary transformations in two + + + align:start position:0% +unitary transformations in two +dimensions it is related to the + + align:start position:0% +dimensions it is related to the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions it is related to the +orthogonal group in three dimensions + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal group in three dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal group in three dimensions +where you rotate things in 3-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +where you rotate things in 3-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +where you rotate things in 3-dimensional +space it is here the algebra of + + align:start position:0% +space it is here the algebra of + + + align:start position:0% +space it is here the algebra of +operators and in a sense it's a deeper + + align:start position:0% +operators and in a sense it's a deeper + + + align:start position:0% +operators and in a sense it's a deeper +result than the derivation it is one of + + align:start position:0% +result than the derivation it is one of + + + align:start position:0% +result than the derivation it is one of +those cases when you start with + + align:start position:0% +those cases when you start with + + + align:start position:0% +those cases when you start with +something very concrete and you suddenly + + align:start position:0% +something very concrete and you suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +something very concrete and you suddenly +discover a structure that is rather + + align:start position:0% +discover a structure that is rather + + + align:start position:0% +discover a structure that is rather +Universal because we started with very + + align:start position:0% +Universal because we started with very + + + align:start position:0% +Universal because we started with very +concrete representation of ELLs in terms + + align:start position:0% +concrete representation of ELLs in terms + + + align:start position:0% +concrete representation of ELLs in terms +of Y piece and all these things but then + + align:start position:0% +of Y piece and all these things but then + + + align:start position:0% +of Y piece and all these things but then +they form a consistent unit by + + align:start position:0% +they form a consistent unit by + + + align:start position:0% +they form a consistent unit by +themselves so sometimes there will be + + align:start position:0% +themselves so sometimes there will be + + + align:start position:0% +themselves so sometimes there will be +operators that satisfy this relation + + align:start position:0% +operators that satisfy this relation + + + align:start position:0% +operators that satisfy this relation +and they don't come from excess and + + align:start position:0% +and they don't come from excess and + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't come from excess and +peace but still they satisfy that and + + align:start position:0% +peace but still they satisfy that and + + + align:start position:0% +peace but still they satisfy that and +that's what happens with spin angular + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens with spin angular + + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens with spin angular +momentum the spin angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +momentum the spin angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +momentum the spin angular momentum +operators will be denoted with s X for + + align:start position:0% +operators will be denoted with s X for + + + align:start position:0% +operators will be denoted with s X for +example and s Y will have I h-bar spin + + align:start position:0% +example and s Y will have I h-bar spin + + + align:start position:0% +example and s Y will have I h-bar spin +in the Z direction and the others will + + align:start position:0% +in the Z direction and the others will + + + align:start position:0% +in the Z direction and the others will +follow but nevertheless nobody will ever + + align:start position:0% +follow but nevertheless nobody will ever + + + align:start position:0% +follow but nevertheless nobody will ever +be able to write spin as something like + + align:start position:0% +be able to write spin as something like + + + align:start position:0% +be able to write spin as something like +that because it's not but spin exists + + align:start position:0% +that because it's not but spin exists + + + align:start position:0% +that because it's not but spin exists +and it's because this structure is more + + align:start position:0% +and it's because this structure is more + + + align:start position:0% +and it's because this structure is more +general than the situation that allowed + + align:start position:0% +general than the situation that allowed + + + align:start position:0% +general than the situation that allowed +it allowed us to discover it it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +it allowed us to discover it it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it allowed us to discover it it's a lot +more general and a lot more profound + + align:start position:0% +more general and a lot more profound + + + align:start position:0% +more general and a lot more profound +so in fact mathematicians don't even + + align:start position:0% +so in fact mathematicians don't even + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact mathematicians don't even +mention angular momentum they say let's + + align:start position:0% +mention angular momentum they say let's + + + align:start position:0% +mention angular momentum they say let's +study the they classify the subject of + + align:start position:0% +study the they classify the subject of + + + align:start position:0% +study the they classify the subject of +lee algebras is the subject of + + align:start position:0% +lee algebras is the subject of + + + align:start position:0% +lee algebras is the subject of +classifying all possible consistent + + align:start position:0% +classifying all possible consistent + + + align:start position:0% +classifying all possible consistent +commutation relations and this is the + + align:start position:0% +commutation relations and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +commutation relations and this is the +first non-trivial example they have and + + align:start position:0% +first non-trivial example they have and + + + align:start position:0% +first non-trivial example they have and +they studied the books on this algebra \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xpxx-uXnixA.txt b/xpxx-uXnixA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a7263068082aadf0d8323298d3ebec084c83441 --- /dev/null +++ b/xpxx-uXnixA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20275 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so today we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +all right so today we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +all right so today we're going to try to +um finish up the the various labor + + align:start position:0% +um finish up the the various labor + + + align:start position:0% +um finish up the the various labor +topics so that we can talk about + + align:start position:0% +topics so that we can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +topics so that we can talk about +um credit next time + + align:start position:0% +um credit next time + + + align:start position:0% +um credit next time +so uh to remind you guys where we were + + align:start position:0% +so uh to remind you guys where we were + + + align:start position:0% +so uh to remind you guys where we were +at the end of uh last class we were + + align:start position:0% +at the end of uh last class we were + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of uh last class we were +talking about Labor Supply and + + align:start position:0% +talking about Labor Supply and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Labor Supply and +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I want to talk to sort of a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk to sort of a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk to sort of a bunch of +different issues about sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +different issues about sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +different issues about sort of uh +people's neighborhood Supply decisions + + align:start position:0% +people's neighborhood Supply decisions + + + align:start position:0% +people's neighborhood Supply decisions +so the first + + align:start position:0% +so the first + + + align:start position:0% +so the first +um thing that I wanted to talk about was + + align:start position:0% +um thing that I wanted to talk about was + + + align:start position:0% +um thing that I wanted to talk about was +this idea that basically if people are + + align:start position:0% +this idea that basically if people are + + + align:start position:0% +this idea that basically if people are +have less ability to smooth that's going + + align:start position:0% +have less ability to smooth that's going + + + align:start position:0% +have less ability to smooth that's going +to make their labor Supply less elastic + + align:start position:0% +to make their labor Supply less elastic + + + align:start position:0% +to make their labor Supply less elastic +okay and and the consequence this is + + align:start position:0% +okay and and the consequence this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and the consequence this is +what I talked about kind of at the end + + align:start position:0% +what I talked about kind of at the end + + + align:start position:0% +what I talked about kind of at the end +of last lecture right is that if you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right if we're in a world where you're + + align:start position:0% +right if we're in a world where you're + + + align:start position:0% +right if we're in a world where you're +um you know business labor demand if we + + align:start position:0% +um you know business labor demand if we + + + align:start position:0% +um you know business labor demand if we +have a world where we have like um you + + align:start position:0% +have a world where we have like um you + + + align:start position:0% +have a world where we have like um you +know say relatively elastic labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +know say relatively elastic labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +know say relatively elastic labor Supply +compared to if we have relatively + + align:start position:0% +compared to if we have relatively + + + align:start position:0% +compared to if we have relatively +inelastic labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +inelastic labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +inelastic labor Supply +and we have a given labor demand shock + + align:start position:0% +and we have a given labor demand shock + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a given labor demand shock +that the inelastic labor Supply is going + + align:start position:0% +that the inelastic labor Supply is going + + + align:start position:0% +that the inelastic labor Supply is going +to basically mean that wages are going + + align:start position:0% +to basically mean that wages are going + + + align:start position:0% +to basically mean that wages are going +to fall wages are going to fall more uh + + align:start position:0% +to fall wages are going to fall more uh + + + align:start position:0% +to fall wages are going to fall more uh +than if they're we're in a war with more + + align:start position:0% +than if they're we're in a war with more + + + align:start position:0% +than if they're we're in a war with more +elasticity or Supply it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +elasticity or Supply it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity or Supply it's pretty +intuitive but what that sort of means is + + align:start position:0% +intuitive but what that sort of means is + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive but what that sort of means is +that there's an externality from sort of + + align:start position:0% +that there's an externality from sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that there's an externality from sort of +living around a bunch of other people + + align:start position:0% +living around a bunch of other people + + + align:start position:0% +living around a bunch of other people +who are inelastic right so conditional + + align:start position:0% +who are inelastic right so conditional + + + align:start position:0% +who are inelastic right so conditional +what you're doing if everyone else is + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing if everyone else is + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing if everyone else is +around you is inelastic that means that + + align:start position:0% +around you is inelastic that means that + + + align:start position:0% +around you is inelastic that means that +those shocks are going to potentially + + align:start position:0% +those shocks are going to potentially + + + align:start position:0% +those shocks are going to potentially +hurt any more through this kind of waste + + align:start position:0% +hurt any more through this kind of waste + + + align:start position:0% +hurt any more through this kind of waste +Channel and that's what sort of diet + + align:start position:0% +Channel and that's what sort of diet + + + align:start position:0% +Channel and that's what sort of diet +standard wants to examine in in her + + align:start position:0% +standard wants to examine in in her + + + align:start position:0% +standard wants to examine in in her +paper okay so what she's going to do is + + align:start position:0% +paper okay so what she's going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +paper okay so what she's going to do is +she's going to look so so in general + + align:start position:0% +she's going to look so so in general + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to look so so in general +like this would be familiar to you but + + align:start position:0% +like this would be familiar to you but + + + align:start position:0% +like this would be familiar to you but +in case it's not if you want to estimate + + align:start position:0% +in case it's not if you want to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +in case it's not if you want to estimate +the slope of Labor Supply equation you + + align:start position:0% +the slope of Labor Supply equation you + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of Labor Supply equation you +can instrument for labor Demand right + + align:start position:0% +can instrument for labor Demand right + + + align:start position:0% +can instrument for labor Demand right +that's uh you know that's the basic idea + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you know that's the basic idea + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh you know that's the basic idea +so um so she's going to use rainfall + + align:start position:0% +so um so she's going to use rainfall + + + align:start position:0% +so um so she's going to use rainfall +shocks as an instrument for labor demand + + align:start position:0% +shocks as an instrument for labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +shocks as an instrument for labor demand +um and then she's going to basically + + align:start position:0% +um and then she's going to basically + + + align:start position:0% +um and then she's going to basically +estimate this sort of uh this + + align:start position:0% +estimate this sort of uh this + + + align:start position:0% +estimate this sort of uh this +regression over here which is basically + + align:start position:0% +regression over here which is basically + + + align:start position:0% +regression over here which is basically +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so she'd like to sort of have a you know + + align:start position:0% +so she'd like to sort of have a you know + + + align:start position:0% +so she'd like to sort of have a you know +a is some sort of measure of Labor + + align:start position:0% +a is some sort of measure of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +a is some sort of measure of Labor +demand + + align:start position:0% +demand + + + align:start position:0% +demand +um and S is sort of some ability to + + align:start position:0% +um and S is sort of some ability to + + + align:start position:0% +um and S is sort of some ability to +smooth and so the the question is sort + + align:start position:0% +smooth and so the the question is sort + + + align:start position:0% +smooth and so the the question is sort +of how does the people's ability to + + align:start position:0% +of how does the people's ability to + + + align:start position:0% +of how does the people's ability to +smooth how does that affect kind of + + align:start position:0% +smooth how does that affect kind of + + + align:start position:0% +smooth how does that affect kind of +responsiveness of wages to the labor + + align:start position:0% +responsiveness of wages to the labor + + + align:start position:0% +responsiveness of wages to the labor +demand shock right so it's an + + align:start position:0% +demand shock right so it's an + + + align:start position:0% +demand shock right so it's an +interaction effect and just one thing + + align:start position:0% +interaction effect and just one thing + + + align:start position:0% +interaction effect and just one thing +you know whenever you see these + + align:start position:0% +you know whenever you see these + + + align:start position:0% +you know whenever you see these +interaction equations if you have + + align:start position:0% +interaction equations if you have + + + align:start position:0% +interaction equations if you have +control variables X you also have to + + align:start position:0% +control variables X you also have to + + + align:start position:0% +control variables X you also have to +include the control variable + + align:start position:0% +include the control variable + + + align:start position:0% +include the control variable +um interacting with sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +um interacting with sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +um interacting with sort of the the +variable of interest right because you + + align:start position:0% +variable of interest right because you + + + align:start position:0% +variable of interest right because you +know if you just include the control + + align:start position:0% +know if you just include the control + + + align:start position:0% +know if you just include the control +there like the way to think about it is + + align:start position:0% +there like the way to think about it is + + + align:start position:0% +there like the way to think about it is +kind of you know we think that say s our + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know we think that say s our + + + align:start position:0% +kind of you know we think that say s our +ability to sort of like Smooth shocks or + + align:start position:0% +ability to sort of like Smooth shocks or + + + align:start position:0% +ability to sort of like Smooth shocks or +whatever may not be randomly assigned + + align:start position:0% +whatever may not be randomly assigned + + + align:start position:0% +whatever may not be randomly assigned +say you know poor you know rural + + align:start position:0% +say you know poor you know rural + + + align:start position:0% +say you know poor you know rural +districts or whatever may have less + + align:start position:0% +districts or whatever may have less + + + align:start position:0% +districts or whatever may have less +ability to smooth if we didn't con so so + + align:start position:0% +ability to smooth if we didn't con so so + + + align:start position:0% +ability to smooth if we didn't con so so +and there's controlling for the fact the + + align:start position:0% +and there's controlling for the fact the + + + align:start position:0% +and there's controlling for the fact the +district is rural doesn't really help we + + align:start position:0% +district is rural doesn't really help we + + + align:start position:0% +district is rural doesn't really help we +need to control for the fact of the + + align:start position:0% +need to control for the fact of the + + + align:start position:0% +need to control for the fact of the +district because we're all interacting + + align:start position:0% +district because we're all interacting + + + align:start position:0% +district because we're all interacting +with the same shock right because only + + align:start position:0% +with the same shock right because only + + + align:start position:0% +with the same shock right because only +once we do that do we sort of get the + + align:start position:0% +once we do that do we sort of get the + + + align:start position:0% +once we do that do we sort of get the +interpretation that sort of this + + align:start position:0% +interpretation that sort of this + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation that sort of this +interaction is kind of + + align:start position:0% +interaction is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +interaction is kind of +residualized after controlling for this + + align:start position:0% +residualized after controlling for this + + + align:start position:0% +residualized after controlling for this +variable so whenever you have so this is + + align:start position:0% +variable so whenever you have so this is + + + align:start position:0% +variable so whenever you have so this is +I just wanted to mention that that's + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to mention that that's + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to mention that that's +kind of a pretty common mistake that we + + align:start position:0% +kind of a pretty common mistake that we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a pretty common mistake that we +often see is that people will say oh you + + align:start position:0% +often see is that people will say oh you + + + align:start position:0% +often see is that people will say oh you +know I have some variable I'm + + align:start position:0% +know I have some variable I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know I have some variable I'm +interacting I am concerned that it's you + + align:start position:0% +interacting I am concerned that it's you + + + align:start position:0% +interacting I am concerned that it's you +know potential Court other things I'll + + align:start position:0% +know potential Court other things I'll + + + align:start position:0% +know potential Court other things I'll +include those things as controls but you + + align:start position:0% +include those things as controls but you + + + align:start position:0% +include those things as controls but you +also need to include the controls + + align:start position:0% +also need to include the controls + + + align:start position:0% +also need to include the controls +interacted as well so I just wanted to + + align:start position:0% +interacted as well so I just wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +interacted as well so I just wanted to +mention that + + align:start position:0% +mention that + + + align:start position:0% +mention that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the other thing that comes sometimes + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that comes sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that comes sometimes +comes up which I just wanted to mention + + align:start position:0% +comes up which I just wanted to mention + + + align:start position:0% +comes up which I just wanted to mention +is what do you do if you're + + align:start position:0% +is what do you do if you're + + + align:start position:0% +is what do you do if you're +instrumenting + + align:start position:0% +instrumenting + + + align:start position:0% +instrumenting +for a variable in with an interaction + + align:start position:0% +for a variable in with an interaction + + + align:start position:0% +for a variable in with an interaction +right so in this case like we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +right so in this case like we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +right so in this case like we'd like to +say the endogenous variable say is + + align:start position:0% +say the endogenous variable say is + + + align:start position:0% +say the endogenous variable say is +productivity or output or whatever labor + + align:start position:0% +productivity or output or whatever labor + + + align:start position:0% +productivity or output or whatever labor +demand is or productivity your output + + align:start position:0% +demand is or productivity your output + + + align:start position:0% +demand is or productivity your output +we're instrumenting with this for with a + + align:start position:0% +we're instrumenting with this for with a + + + align:start position:0% +we're instrumenting with this for with a +rainfall shock so like what do you do if + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock so like what do you do if + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock so like what do you do if +you're interested if you're if you're + + align:start position:0% +you're interested if you're if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested if you're if you're +interested in the interaction right and + + align:start position:0% +interested in the interaction right and + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the interaction right and +the answer is that you create + + align:start position:0% +the answer is that you create + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is that you create +interactions + + align:start position:0% +interactions + + + align:start position:0% +interactions +um with the the instrument in the + + align:start position:0% +um with the the instrument in the + + + align:start position:0% +um with the the instrument in the +endogenous variable so in this case + + align:start position:0% +endogenous variable so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous variable so in this case +she's going to have say three endogenous + + align:start position:0% +she's going to have say three endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to have say three endogenous +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh uh at sjt times a t and and xjt times + + align:start position:0% +uh uh at sjt times a t and and xjt times + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh at sjt times a t and and xjt times +18 she'll have three instruments + + align:start position:0% +18 she'll have three instruments + + + align:start position:0% +18 she'll have three instruments +rainfall shock and the interaction of + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock and the interaction of + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock and the interaction of +rainfall shock with the with the this + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock with the with the this + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock with the with the this +variable of interest kind of your + + align:start position:0% +variable of interest kind of your + + + align:start position:0% +variable of interest kind of your +smoothingness and with the X variables + + align:start position:0% +smoothingness and with the X variables + + + align:start position:0% +smoothingness and with the X variables +okay so that's not + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's not +magic or whatever but that's I remember + + align:start position:0% +magic or whatever but that's I remember + + + align:start position:0% +magic or whatever but that's I remember +sort of certainly being confused about + + align:start position:0% +sort of certainly being confused about + + + align:start position:0% +sort of certainly being confused about +how do you do that when I was in your + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that when I was in your + + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that when I was in your +shoes so I wanted to point that out + + align:start position:0% +shoes so I wanted to point that out + + + align:start position:0% +shoes so I wanted to point that out +um clear + + align:start position:0% +um clear + + + align:start position:0% +um clear +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so so then substantively + + align:start position:0% +um all right so so then substantively + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so so then substantively +what's the point what does she show well + + align:start position:0% +what's the point what does she show well + + + align:start position:0% +what's the point what does she show well +the first thing she's going to show is + + align:start position:0% +the first thing she's going to show is + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing she's going to show is +she's going to show a first stage right + + align:start position:0% +she's going to show a first stage right + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to show a first stage right +so that you know in general kind of the + + align:start position:0% +so that you know in general kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +so that you know in general kind of the +rainfall shock does lead you know more + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock does lead you know more + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock does lead you know more +rainfall shock is defined as as one if + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock is defined as as one if + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shock is defined as as one if +it's like good rainfall zero if it's + + align:start position:0% +it's like good rainfall zero if it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's like good rainfall zero if it's +average rainfall and minus one if it's + + align:start position:0% +average rainfall and minus one if it's + + + align:start position:0% +average rainfall and minus one if it's +bad rainfall so positive is like better + + align:start position:0% +bad rainfall so positive is like better + + + align:start position:0% +bad rainfall so positive is like better +rain so you know positive rain basically + + align:start position:0% +rain so you know positive rain basically + + + align:start position:0% +rain so you know positive rain basically +does lead to kind of more crop yield and + + align:start position:0% +does lead to kind of more crop yield and + + + align:start position:0% +does lead to kind of more crop yield and +um more crop yields and it does kind of + + align:start position:0% +um more crop yields and it does kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um more crop yields and it does kind of +lead to + + align:start position:0% +lead to + + + align:start position:0% +lead to +um uh higher agricultural wages + + align:start position:0% +um uh higher agricultural wages + + + align:start position:0% +um uh higher agricultural wages +okay so that's kind of the IV estimate + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's kind of the IV estimate + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's kind of the IV estimate +right there + + align:start position:0% +right there + + + align:start position:0% +right there +um so then what you can basically do is + + align:start position:0% +um so then what you can basically do is + + + align:start position:0% +um so then what you can basically do is +you can then look at sort of whether or + + align:start position:0% +you can then look at sort of whether or + + + align:start position:0% +you can then look at sort of whether or +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +um these are then you know worth + + align:start position:0% +um these are then you know worth + + + align:start position:0% +um these are then you know worth +instrumenting for the crop yield with + + align:start position:0% +instrumenting for the crop yield with + + + align:start position:0% +instrumenting for the crop yield with +the rainfall shock + + align:start position:0% +the rainfall shock + + + align:start position:0% +the rainfall shock +oh sorry I also say by the way this is + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry I also say by the way this is + + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry I also say by the way this is +like and this has like District fixed + + align:start position:0% +like and this has like District fixed + + + align:start position:0% +like and this has like District fixed +effects and time fixed effects this is + + align:start position:0% +effects and time fixed effects this is + + + align:start position:0% +effects and time fixed effects this is +like kind of a normal kind of difference + + align:start position:0% +like kind of a normal kind of difference + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of a normal kind of difference +and difference kind of progression right + + align:start position:0% +and difference kind of progression right + + + align:start position:0% +and difference kind of progression right +so you identified using the fact that + + align:start position:0% +so you identified using the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +so you identified using the fact that +different districts have different + + align:start position:0% +different districts have different + + + align:start position:0% +different districts have different +rainfall shocks of different periods of + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shocks of different periods of + + + align:start position:0% +rainfall shocks of different periods of +time so it's only going to work kind of + + align:start position:0% +time so it's only going to work kind of + + + align:start position:0% +time so it's only going to work kind of +in a big country like India where sort + + align:start position:0% +in a big country like India where sort + + + align:start position:0% +in a big country like India where sort +of it's big enough that you have sort of + + align:start position:0% +of it's big enough that you have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of it's big enough that you have sort of +different rainfall shocks in different + + align:start position:0% +different rainfall shocks in different + + + align:start position:0% +different rainfall shocks in different +places over time + + align:start position:0% +places over time + + + align:start position:0% +places over time +so um so what do you what do you find + + align:start position:0% +so um so what do you what do you find + + + align:start position:0% +so um so what do you what do you find +basically she finds that + + align:start position:0% +basically she finds that + + + align:start position:0% +basically she finds that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +in general + + align:start position:0% +in general + + + align:start position:0% +in general +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +she finds kind of that you know she has + + align:start position:0% +she finds kind of that you know she has + + + align:start position:0% +she finds kind of that you know she has +several different measures of sort of + + align:start position:0% +several different measures of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +several different measures of sort of +ability the smooth shocks one is like um + + align:start position:0% +ability the smooth shocks one is like um + + + align:start position:0% +ability the smooth shocks one is like um +uh whether you have access to banking + + align:start position:0% +uh whether you have access to banking + + + align:start position:0% +uh whether you have access to banking +um one is whether you have uh + + align:start position:0% +um one is whether you have uh + + + align:start position:0% +um one is whether you have uh +um different sort of access to sort of + + align:start position:0% +um different sort of access to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um different sort of access to sort of +ability to sort of migrate and go to + + align:start position:0% +ability to sort of migrate and go to + + + align:start position:0% +ability to sort of migrate and go to +other areas like Railway service or bus + + align:start position:0% +other areas like Railway service or bus + + + align:start position:0% +other areas like Railway service or bus +service or things like that + + align:start position:0% +service or things like that + + + align:start position:0% +service or things like that +um the other is sort of uh whether + + align:start position:0% +um the other is sort of uh whether + + + align:start position:0% +um the other is sort of uh whether +people are just poor with the idea that + + align:start position:0% +people are just poor with the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +people are just poor with the idea that +sort of being poor also might make you + + align:start position:0% +sort of being poor also might make you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of being poor also might make you +kind of closer to this consumption floor + + align:start position:0% +kind of closer to this consumption floor + + + align:start position:0% +kind of closer to this consumption floor +and therefore I make you have less + + align:start position:0% +and therefore I make you have less + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore I make you have less +elastic and all these interactions are + + align:start position:0% +elastic and all these interactions are + + + align:start position:0% +elastic and all these interactions are +negative which basically means that the + + align:start position:0% +negative which basically means that the + + + align:start position:0% +negative which basically means that the +labor demand that which is basically + + align:start position:0% +labor demand that which is basically + + + align:start position:0% +labor demand that which is basically +consistent with this idea that the labor + + align:start position:0% +consistent with this idea that the labor + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with this idea that the labor +that the labor + + align:start position:0% +that the labor + + + align:start position:0% +that the labor +sorry supply curve is is a + + align:start position:0% +sorry supply curve is is a + + + align:start position:0% +sorry supply curve is is a +is less elastic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um sorry it's more elastic sorry in + + align:start position:0% +um sorry it's more elastic sorry in + + + align:start position:0% +um sorry it's more elastic sorry in +places that have more ability to smooth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry less confused + + align:start position:0% +sorry less confused + + + align:start position:0% +sorry less confused +is that clear right so the the wage + + align:start position:0% +is that clear right so the the wage + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear right so the the wage +effect is smaller right so if you're + + align:start position:0% +effect is smaller right so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +effect is smaller right so if you're +just going back here the wage effect is + + align:start position:0% +just going back here the wage effect is + + + align:start position:0% +just going back here the wage effect is +going to be smaller in places where we + + align:start position:0% +going to be smaller in places where we + + + align:start position:0% +going to be smaller in places where we +have more elastic demand and she's + + align:start position:0% +have more elastic demand and she's + + + align:start position:0% +have more elastic demand and she's +basically finding that basically if the + + align:start position:0% +basically finding that basically if the + + + align:start position:0% +basically finding that basically if the +the wage effect is smaller in places + + align:start position:0% +the wage effect is smaller in places + + + align:start position:0% +the wage effect is smaller in places +that have kind of like more access to + + align:start position:0% +that have kind of like more access to + + + align:start position:0% +that have kind of like more access to +banking more access to you know other + + align:start position:0% +banking more access to you know other + + + align:start position:0% +banking more access to you know other +areas or you know where uh where uh + + align:start position:0% +areas or you know where uh where uh + + + align:start position:0% +areas or you know where uh where uh +sorry these are the two I want to + + align:start position:0% +sorry these are the two I want to + + + align:start position:0% +sorry these are the two I want to +mentioned we're more access to making in + + align:start position:0% +mentioned we're more access to making in + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned we're more access to making in +more access areas so I thought more + + align:start position:0% +more access areas so I thought more + + + align:start position:0% +more access areas so I thought more +abilities sorry that's right + + align:start position:0% +abilities sorry that's right + + + align:start position:0% +abilities sorry that's right +this one actually I think the less on + + align:start position:0% +this one actually I think the less on + + + align:start position:0% +this one actually I think the less on +sort of poverty actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that was sort of the that was + + align:start position:0% +okay so that was sort of the that was + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that was sort of the that was +one point I wanted to make about Labor + + align:start position:0% +one point I wanted to make about Labor + + + align:start position:0% +one point I wanted to make about Labor +Supply + + align:start position:0% +Supply + + + align:start position:0% +Supply +the point I wanted to make up with labor + + align:start position:0% +the point I wanted to make up with labor + + + align:start position:0% +the point I wanted to make up with labor +Supply is kind of a recent paper by our + + align:start position:0% +Supply is kind of a recent paper by our + + + align:start position:0% +Supply is kind of a recent paper by our +colleague Frank schilbach and some + + align:start position:0% +colleague Frank schilbach and some + + + align:start position:0% +colleague Frank schilbach and some +co-authors on whether or not poverty has + + align:start position:0% +co-authors on whether or not poverty has + + + align:start position:0% +co-authors on whether or not poverty has +a direct effect on your ability to be + + align:start position:0% +a direct effect on your ability to be + + + align:start position:0% +a direct effect on your ability to be +productive through kind of a behavioral + + align:start position:0% +productive through kind of a behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +productive through kind of a behavioral +Channel + + align:start position:0% +Channel + + + align:start position:0% +Channel +so I don't remember how much Esther + + align:start position:0% +so I don't remember how much Esther + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't remember how much Esther +talked about this in the sort of poverty + + align:start position:0% +talked about this in the sort of poverty + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this in the sort of poverty +trap section but one of the ideas of + + align:start position:0% +trap section but one of the ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +trap section but one of the ideas of +poverty traps is that poverty could make + + align:start position:0% +poverty traps is that poverty could make + + + align:start position:0% +poverty traps is that poverty could make +you less productive through like a + + align:start position:0% +you less productive through like a + + + align:start position:0% +you less productive through like a +nutrition channel right if you can't + + align:start position:0% +nutrition channel right if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition channel right if you can't +kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh +eat enough to sort of you know get + + align:start position:0% +eat enough to sort of you know get + + + align:start position:0% +eat enough to sort of you know get +enough calories to actually sort of work + + align:start position:0% +enough calories to actually sort of work + + + align:start position:0% +enough calories to actually sort of work +hard that may make you earn less and + + align:start position:0% +hard that may make you earn less and + + + align:start position:0% +hard that may make you earn less and +that can kind of lead to a poverty trap + + align:start position:0% +that can kind of lead to a poverty trap + + + align:start position:0% +that can kind of lead to a poverty trap +and that's the original poverty perhaps + + align:start position:0% +and that's the original poverty perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the original poverty perhaps +had this kind of nutrition Channel + + align:start position:0% +had this kind of nutrition Channel + + + align:start position:0% +had this kind of nutrition Channel +a more recent idea + + align:start position:0% +a more recent idea + + + align:start position:0% +a more recent idea +um is that there may be a cognitive + + align:start position:0% +um is that there may be a cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +um is that there may be a cognitive +relationship between poverty and uh and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between poverty and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between poverty and uh and +productivity and therefore your ability + + align:start position:0% +productivity and therefore your ability + + + align:start position:0% +productivity and therefore your ability +to earn that could also kind of have + + align:start position:0% +to earn that could also kind of have + + + align:start position:0% +to earn that could also kind of have +similar kind of poverty trap + + align:start position:0% +similar kind of poverty trap + + + align:start position:0% +similar kind of poverty trap +implications so this paper is not going + + align:start position:0% +implications so this paper is not going + + + align:start position:0% +implications so this paper is not going +to actually argue that there's + + align:start position:0% +to actually argue that there's + + + align:start position:0% +to actually argue that there's +necessarily A poverty trap in the sense + + align:start position:0% +necessarily A poverty trap in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily A poverty trap in the sense +that it doesn't sort of say this + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't sort of say this + + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't sort of say this +elasticity is large enough to sort of + + align:start position:0% +elasticity is large enough to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity is large enough to sort of +generate multiple equilibria but it is + + align:start position:0% +generate multiple equilibria but it is + + + align:start position:0% +generate multiple equilibria but it is +going to sort of look at whether or not + + align:start position:0% +going to sort of look at whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +going to sort of look at whether or not +there is a relationship between + + align:start position:0% +there is a relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +there is a relationship between +um your cognitive concerns about poverty + + align:start position:0% +um your cognitive concerns about poverty + + + align:start position:0% +um your cognitive concerns about poverty +and uh and productivity and I just want + + align:start position:0% +and uh and productivity and I just want + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and productivity and I just want +to remember Frank did not teach this + + align:start position:0% +to remember Frank did not teach this + + + align:start position:0% +to remember Frank did not teach this +paper during the payroll section right + + align:start position:0% +paper during the payroll section right + + + align:start position:0% +paper during the payroll section right +no okay good so I just had a thought of + + align:start position:0% +no okay good so I just had a thought of + + + align:start position:0% +no okay good so I just had a thought of +like oh my gosh am I repeating myself or + + align:start position:0% +like oh my gosh am I repeating myself or + + + align:start position:0% +like oh my gosh am I repeating myself or +repeating ourselves okay + + align:start position:0% +repeating ourselves okay + + + align:start position:0% +repeating ourselves okay +so the question though and what's kind + + align:start position:0% +so the question though and what's kind + + + align:start position:0% +so the question though and what's kind +of tricky about this paper is how do you + + align:start position:0% +of tricky about this paper is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +of tricky about this paper is how do you +distinguish between + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between +cognitive Channel + + align:start position:0% +cognitive Channel + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive Channel +and actual kind of just overall kind of + + align:start position:0% +and actual kind of just overall kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and actual kind of just overall kind of +being poorer so what they want to do is + + align:start position:0% +being poorer so what they want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +being poorer so what they want to do is +they want to really isolate like sorry + + align:start position:0% +they want to really isolate like sorry + + + align:start position:0% +they want to really isolate like sorry +between like um + + align:start position:0% +between like um + + + align:start position:0% +between like um +so so let me let me explain more kind of + + align:start position:0% +so so let me let me explain more kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so so let me let me explain more kind of +what they do + + align:start position:0% +what they do + + + align:start position:0% +what they do +okay and in particular what they're + + align:start position:0% +okay and in particular what they're + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in particular what they're +going to do is they're going to um + + align:start position:0% +going to do is they're going to um + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is they're going to um +so let me explain that in a second + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain that in a second + + + align:start position:0% +so let me explain that in a second +one thing I want to note about this + + align:start position:0% +one thing I want to note about this + + + align:start position:0% +one thing I want to note about this +paper is this paper is sort of a is a + + align:start position:0% +paper is this paper is sort of a is a + + + align:start position:0% +paper is this paper is sort of a is a +different style of research than a lot + + align:start position:0% +different style of research than a lot + + + align:start position:0% +different style of research than a lot +of the other papers we see + + align:start position:0% +of the other papers we see + + + align:start position:0% +of the other papers we see +and it's a style that I feel like a lot + + align:start position:0% +and it's a style that I feel like a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a style that I feel like a lot +of I've seen a lot of in the last kind + + align:start position:0% +of I've seen a lot of in the last kind + + + align:start position:0% +of I've seen a lot of in the last kind +of five years or so and so it's + + align:start position:0% +of five years or so and so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of five years or so and so it's +something that people are increasingly + + align:start position:0% +something that people are increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +something that people are increasingly +doing so I sort of wanted to mention it + + align:start position:0% +doing so I sort of wanted to mention it + + + align:start position:0% +doing so I sort of wanted to mention it +and sort of get your you know thoughts + + align:start position:0% +and sort of get your you know thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of get your you know thoughts +on it so in some sense what they're + + align:start position:0% +on it so in some sense what they're + + + align:start position:0% +on it so in some sense what they're +doing here is they're going to create + + align:start position:0% +doing here is they're going to create + + + align:start position:0% +doing here is they're going to create +their own workplace where basically they + + align:start position:0% +their own workplace where basically they + + + align:start position:0% +their own workplace where basically they +control everything + + align:start position:0% +control everything + + + align:start position:0% +control everything +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not +like a lab right it's more kind of real + + align:start position:0% +like a lab right it's more kind of real + + + align:start position:0% +like a lab right it's more kind of real +than more kind of real world than a lab + + align:start position:0% +than more kind of real world than a lab + + + align:start position:0% +than more kind of real world than a lab +they're going to bring people in they're + + align:start position:0% +they're going to bring people in they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to bring people in they're +going to sort of hire them to do real + + align:start position:0% +going to sort of hire them to do real + + + align:start position:0% +going to sort of hire them to do real +tasks they're going to kind of work + + align:start position:0% +tasks they're going to kind of work + + + align:start position:0% +tasks they're going to kind of work +there for a month they're going to pay + + align:start position:0% +there for a month they're going to pay + + + align:start position:0% +there for a month they're going to pay +them real wages so it's not just sort of + + align:start position:0% +them real wages so it's not just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +them real wages so it's not just sort of +like a lab setting where you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +like a lab setting where you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +like a lab setting where you're sort of +bringing in you know whoever for a few + + align:start position:0% +bringing in you know whoever for a few + + + align:start position:0% +bringing in you know whoever for a few +hours to do some kind of very + + align:start position:0% +hours to do some kind of very + + + align:start position:0% +hours to do some kind of very +manipulative task + + align:start position:0% +manipulative task + + + align:start position:0% +manipulative task +but it's also not quite kind of like you + + align:start position:0% +but it's also not quite kind of like you + + + align:start position:0% +but it's also not quite kind of like you +know operating things in in a totally + + align:start position:0% +know operating things in in a totally + + + align:start position:0% +know operating things in in a totally +naturalistic environment either but the + + align:start position:0% +naturalistic environment either but the + + + align:start position:0% +naturalistic environment either but the +advantage of this is that they + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this is that they + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this is that they +completely control like everything about + + align:start position:0% +completely control like everything about + + + align:start position:0% +completely control like everything about +kind of this condition because they're + + align:start position:0% +kind of this condition because they're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of this condition because they're +it's their workplace right so they + + align:start position:0% +it's their workplace right so they + + + align:start position:0% +it's their workplace right so they +they're the employer and so they can + + align:start position:0% +they're the employer and so they can + + + align:start position:0% +they're the employer and so they can +kind of uh fine-tune everything with + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh fine-tune everything with + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh fine-tune everything with +kind of level of control that you would + + align:start position:0% +kind of level of control that you would + + + align:start position:0% +kind of level of control that you would +have in a lab + + align:start position:0% +have in a lab + + + align:start position:0% +have in a lab +and you know there are a bunch of I + + align:start position:0% +and you know there are a bunch of I + + + align:start position:0% +and you know there are a bunch of I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a number of papers I think recently some + + align:start position:0% +a number of papers I think recently some + + + align:start position:0% +a number of papers I think recently some +by this by various versions of this + + align:start position:0% +by this by various versions of this + + + align:start position:0% +by this by various versions of this +co-author team and their collaborators + + align:start position:0% +co-author team and their collaborators + + + align:start position:0% +co-author team and their collaborators +um which have but also by others like + + align:start position:0% +um which have but also by others like + + + align:start position:0% +um which have but also by others like +for example we had a job market + + align:start position:0% +for example we had a job market + + + align:start position:0% +for example we had a job market +candidate from here a couple years ago + + align:start position:0% +candidate from here a couple years ago + + + align:start position:0% +candidate from here a couple years ago +Josh Dean who's now professor at Chicago + + align:start position:0% +Josh Dean who's now professor at Chicago + + + align:start position:0% +Josh Dean who's now professor at Chicago +who you know did a study of the impact + + align:start position:0% +who you know did a study of the impact + + + align:start position:0% +who you know did a study of the impact +of noise for example on people's + + align:start position:0% +of noise for example on people's + + + align:start position:0% +of noise for example on people's +productivity and that was sort of a + + align:start position:0% +productivity and that was sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +productivity and that was sort of a +similar setting where he sort of brought + + align:start position:0% +similar setting where he sort of brought + + + align:start position:0% +similar setting where he sort of brought +people in and taught them a task they + + align:start position:0% +people in and taught them a task they + + + align:start position:0% +people in and taught them a task they +had to like so so pockets on shirts I + + align:start position:0% +had to like so so pockets on shirts I + + + align:start position:0% +had to like so so pockets on shirts I +think for example and he was able to + + align:start position:0% +think for example and he was able to + + + align:start position:0% +think for example and he was able to +vary kind of how how noisy or quiet the + + align:start position:0% +vary kind of how how noisy or quiet the + + + align:start position:0% +vary kind of how how noisy or quiet the +room was and look at their productivity + + align:start position:0% +room was and look at their productivity + + + align:start position:0% +room was and look at their productivity +so it's it's a style of research that I + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's a style of research that I + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's a style of research that I +think that people are increasingly doing + + align:start position:0% +think that people are increasingly doing + + + align:start position:0% +think that people are increasingly doing +and I just wanted to make sure you're + + align:start position:0% +and I just wanted to make sure you're + + + align:start position:0% +and I just wanted to make sure you're +sort of aware of that + + align:start position:0% +sort of aware of that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of aware of that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me let me just tell you more what we + + align:start position:0% +let me let me just tell you more what we + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me just tell you more what we +what they do and then you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +what they do and then you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +what they do and then you can sort of +think about what the pros and the cons + + align:start position:0% +think about what the pros and the cons + + + align:start position:0% +think about what the pros and the cons +of this are + + align:start position:0% +of this are + + + align:start position:0% +of this are +so the empirical test of what they're + + align:start position:0% +so the empirical test of what they're + + + align:start position:0% +so the empirical test of what they're +going to do + + align:start position:0% +going to do + + + align:start position:0% +going to do +is they're gonna they're going to + + align:start position:0% +is they're gonna they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +is they're gonna they're going to +vary the timing of when your wages are + + align:start position:0% +vary the timing of when your wages are + + + align:start position:0% +vary the timing of when your wages are +paid + + align:start position:0% +paid + + + align:start position:0% +paid +holding the npv of your earnings fixed + + align:start position:0% +holding the npv of your earnings fixed + + + align:start position:0% +holding the npv of your earnings fixed +okay so they're gonna just be timing + + align:start position:0% +okay so they're gonna just be timing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so they're gonna just be timing +kind of like + + align:start position:0% +kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like +um how your productivity responds to a + + align:start position:0% +um how your productivity responds to a + + + align:start position:0% +um how your productivity responds to a +liquidity infusion + + align:start position:0% +liquidity infusion + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity infusion +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +without changing your overall earnings + + align:start position:0% +without changing your overall earnings + + + align:start position:0% +without changing your overall earnings +okay so so here's what so here's what I + + align:start position:0% +okay so so here's what so here's what I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so here's what so here's what I +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so here's what they do + + align:start position:0% +so here's what they do + + + align:start position:0% +so here's what they do +so they they have two different groups + + align:start position:0% +so they they have two different groups + + + align:start position:0% +so they they have two different groups +that come in they have a control group + + align:start position:0% +that come in they have a control group + + + align:start position:0% +that come in they have a control group +and a treatment group + + align:start position:0% +and a treatment group + + + align:start position:0% +and a treatment group +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +have people come in they sort of have + + align:start position:0% +have people come in they sort of have + + + align:start position:0% +have people come in they sort of have +them make these plates for some period + + align:start position:0% +them make these plates for some period + + + align:start position:0% +them make these plates for some period +then they haven't they have an + + align:start position:0% +then they haven't they have an + + + align:start position:0% +then they haven't they have an +announcement of sort of like when the + + align:start position:0% +announcement of sort of like when the + + + align:start position:0% +announcement of sort of like when the +payment schedule is going to be and in + + align:start position:0% +payment schedule is going to be and in + + + align:start position:0% +payment schedule is going to be and in +the two different treatments what they + + align:start position:0% +the two different treatments what they + + + align:start position:0% +the two different treatments what they +just vary so this is I guess a two-week + + align:start position:0% +just vary so this is I guess a two-week + + + align:start position:0% +just vary so this is I guess a two-week +kind of treatment they vary sort of + + align:start position:0% +kind of treatment they vary sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of treatment they vary sort of +whether or not they get some fraction of + + align:start position:0% +whether or not they get some fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not they get some fraction of +the payment kind of here on day eight or + + align:start position:0% +the payment kind of here on day eight or + + + align:start position:0% +the payment kind of here on day eight or +they have to wait for all of it on day + + align:start position:0% +they have to wait for all of it on day + + + align:start position:0% +they have to wait for all of it on day +12. and the kind of interest is going to + + align:start position:0% +12. and the kind of interest is going to + + + align:start position:0% +12. and the kind of interest is going to +be sort of how this affects their + + align:start position:0% +be sort of how this affects their + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of how this affects their +working behavior in kind of this + + align:start position:0% +working behavior in kind of this + + + align:start position:0% +working behavior in kind of this +intermediate period and so the theory is + + align:start position:0% +intermediate period and so the theory is + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate period and so the theory is +that uh you know people are sort of you + + align:start position:0% +that uh you know people are sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you know people are sort of you +know people who are really worried about + + align:start position:0% +know people who are really worried about + + + align:start position:0% +know people who are really worried about +money are gonna be relieved of some of + + align:start position:0% +money are gonna be relieved of some of + + + align:start position:0% +money are gonna be relieved of some of +their concerns the ones in this group + + align:start position:0% +their concerns the ones in this group + + + align:start position:0% +their concerns the ones in this group +you know are going to be relieved about + + align:start position:0% +you know are going to be relieved about + + + align:start position:0% +you know are going to be relieved about +some of their immediate concerns about + + align:start position:0% +some of their immediate concerns about + + + align:start position:0% +some of their immediate concerns about +about sort of how do we + + align:start position:0% +about sort of how do we + + + align:start position:0% +about sort of how do we +handle kind of our our liquidity issues + + align:start position:0% +handle kind of our our liquidity issues + + + align:start position:0% +handle kind of our our liquidity issues +right kind of right here and if that was + + align:start position:0% +right kind of right here and if that was + + + align:start position:0% +right kind of right here and if that was +sort of like if those kind of concerns + + align:start position:0% +sort of like if those kind of concerns + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like if those kind of concerns +were sort of Weighing on their mind that + + align:start position:0% +were sort of Weighing on their mind that + + + align:start position:0% +were sort of Weighing on their mind that +that might sort of lead to an increase + + align:start position:0% +that might sort of lead to an increase + + + align:start position:0% +that might sort of lead to an increase +in productivity + + align:start position:0% +in productivity + + + align:start position:0% +in productivity +okay so that's the idea + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the idea +is that clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so um + + align:start position:0% +okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um +and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and they're going to change this they're + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to change this they're + + + align:start position:0% +and they're going to change this they're +going to compare this one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +going to compare this one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +going to compare this one thing that's +also nice they're going to compare this + + align:start position:0% +also nice they're going to compare this + + + align:start position:0% +also nice they're going to compare this +effect to a change in the piece rate so + + align:start position:0% +effect to a change in the piece rate so + + + align:start position:0% +effect to a change in the piece rate so +they're going to pay you per plate made + + align:start position:0% +they're going to pay you per plate made + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to pay you per plate made +or whatever they'll also vary the piece + + align:start position:0% +or whatever they'll also vary the piece + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever they'll also vary the piece +rate so they can Benchmark + + align:start position:0% +rate so they can Benchmark + + + align:start position:0% +rate so they can Benchmark +um you know how big is this change in + + align:start position:0% +um you know how big is this change in + + + align:start position:0% +um you know how big is this change in +timing effect to sort of something we + + align:start position:0% +timing effect to sort of something we + + + align:start position:0% +timing effect to sort of something we +more normally know how to think about + + align:start position:0% +more normally know how to think about + + + align:start position:0% +more normally know how to think about +which is just sort of how would people + + align:start position:0% +which is just sort of how would people + + + align:start position:0% +which is just sort of how would people +respond to sort of changes in the wage + + align:start position:0% +respond to sort of changes in the wage + + + align:start position:0% +respond to sort of changes in the wage +rate and that's also I think a nice + + align:start position:0% +rate and that's also I think a nice + + + align:start position:0% +rate and that's also I think a nice +feature like there's a lot of papers + + align:start position:0% +feature like there's a lot of papers + + + align:start position:0% +feature like there's a lot of papers +that have this view of like we're + + align:start position:0% +that have this view of like we're + + + align:start position:0% +that have this view of like we're +testing something + + align:start position:0% +testing something + + + align:start position:0% +testing something +and we don't quite know + + align:start position:0% +and we don't quite know + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't quite know +how to put this parameter in a model + + align:start position:0% +how to put this parameter in a model + + + align:start position:0% +how to put this parameter in a model +and so what we'll do is we'll we'll also + + align:start position:0% +and so what we'll do is we'll we'll also + + + align:start position:0% +and so what we'll do is we'll we'll also +in the same experiment take something + + align:start position:0% +in the same experiment take something + + + align:start position:0% +in the same experiment take something +which we really do know how to interpret + + align:start position:0% +which we really do know how to interpret + + + align:start position:0% +which we really do know how to interpret +and then we can at least sort of say + + align:start position:0% +and then we can at least sort of say + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can at least sort of say +well this thing is you know three times + + align:start position:0% +well this thing is you know three times + + + align:start position:0% +well this thing is you know three times +as large or a third as large or whatever + + align:start position:0% +as large or a third as large or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +as large or a third as large or whatever +as the effect of a change in the wage + + align:start position:0% +as the effect of a change in the wage + + + align:start position:0% +as the effect of a change in the wage +rate so we can use this kind of thing we + + align:start position:0% +rate so we can use this kind of thing we + + + align:start position:0% +rate so we can use this kind of thing we +know how to interpret to Benchmark kind + + align:start position:0% +know how to interpret to Benchmark kind + + + align:start position:0% +know how to interpret to Benchmark kind +of is this effect kind of big or small + + align:start position:0% +of is this effect kind of big or small + + + align:start position:0% +of is this effect kind of big or small +so there there are other papers that + + align:start position:0% +so there there are other papers that + + + align:start position:0% +so there there are other papers that +have done this too there's a nice paper + + align:start position:0% +have done this too there's a nice paper + + + align:start position:0% +have done this too there's a nice paper +for example on um I remember from a + + align:start position:0% +for example on um I remember from a + + + align:start position:0% +for example on um I remember from a +while ago on in the on credit on sort of + + align:start position:0% +while ago on in the on credit on sort of + + + align:start position:0% +while ago on in the on credit on sort of +you know looking at sort of how + + align:start position:0% +you know looking at sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +you know looking at sort of how +the this was a paper that looked at + + align:start position:0% +the this was a paper that looked at + + + align:start position:0% +the this was a paper that looked at +credit I think in South Africa and they + + align:start position:0% +credit I think in South Africa and they + + + align:start position:0% +credit I think in South Africa and they +sent out different Flyers with like + + align:start position:0% +sent out different Flyers with like + + + align:start position:0% +sent out different Flyers with like +different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of +um images on it like it's not a + + align:start position:0% +um images on it like it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +um images on it like it's not a +marketing campaign of like what's it you + + align:start position:0% +marketing campaign of like what's it you + + + align:start position:0% +marketing campaign of like what's it you +know what's the impact of having someone + + align:start position:0% +know what's the impact of having someone + + + align:start position:0% +know what's the impact of having someone +with an image of the same race as you or + + align:start position:0% +with an image of the same race as you or + + + align:start position:0% +with an image of the same race as you or +someone who's smiling or no image or a + + align:start position:0% +someone who's smiling or no image or a + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's smiling or no image or a +bunch or someone you know things like + + align:start position:0% +bunch or someone you know things like + + + align:start position:0% +bunch or someone you know things like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and like they get some effects and of + + align:start position:0% +and like they get some effects and of + + + align:start position:0% +and like they get some effects and of +take credit take up and we'd like to + + align:start position:0% +take credit take up and we'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +take credit take up and we'd like to +know like are these effects kind of + + align:start position:0% +know like are these effects kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know like are these effects kind of +large or small and so the way they sort + + align:start position:0% +large or small and so the way they sort + + + align:start position:0% +large or small and so the way they sort +of Benchmark that is they also in the + + align:start position:0% +of Benchmark that is they also in the + + + align:start position:0% +of Benchmark that is they also in the +same experiment vary the interest rate + + align:start position:0% +same experiment vary the interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +same experiment vary the interest rate +of the loan and they can say well then + + align:start position:0% +of the loan and they can say well then + + + align:start position:0% +of the loan and they can say well then +they can that allows them to say well + + align:start position:0% +they can that allows them to say well + + + align:start position:0% +they can that allows them to say well +the effect of say seeing a picture of + + align:start position:0% +the effect of say seeing a picture of + + + align:start position:0% +the effect of say seeing a picture of +someone who's the same race as you is + + align:start position:0% +someone who's the same race as you is + + + align:start position:0% +someone who's the same race as you is +you know whatever it is you know I + + align:start position:0% +you know whatever it is you know I + + + align:start position:0% +you know whatever it is you know I +remember the exact numbers say it's like + + align:start position:0% +remember the exact numbers say it's like + + + align:start position:0% +remember the exact numbers say it's like +half as big as the effect of you know + + align:start position:0% +half as big as the effect of you know + + + align:start position:0% +half as big as the effect of you know +the effect equivalent to a two + + align:start position:0% +the effect equivalent to a two + + + align:start position:0% +the effect equivalent to a two +percentage Point change in the in the + + align:start position:0% +percentage Point change in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +percentage Point change in the in the +loan rate I'm making up the the numbers + + align:start position:0% +loan rate I'm making up the the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +loan rate I'm making up the the numbers +because I don't remember the exact + + align:start position:0% +because I don't remember the exact + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't remember the exact +findings of that study off the top of my + + align:start position:0% +findings of that study off the top of my + + + align:start position:0% +findings of that study off the top of my +head but the point is that by also + + align:start position:0% +head but the point is that by also + + + align:start position:0% +head but the point is that by also +including that additional kind of like + + align:start position:0% +including that additional kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +including that additional kind of like +number we know how to think about it + + align:start position:0% +number we know how to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +number we know how to think about it +lets you know whether these additional + + align:start position:0% +lets you know whether these additional + + + align:start position:0% +lets you know whether these additional +effects you're thinking about which are + + align:start position:0% +effects you're thinking about which are + + + align:start position:0% +effects you're thinking about which are +are kind of large or small + + align:start position:0% +are kind of large or small + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of large or small +mentioned + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I think some things are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if the thing you're studying is + + align:start position:0% +if the thing you're studying is + + + align:start position:0% +if the thing you're studying is +inherently kind of interpretable I don't + + align:start position:0% +inherently kind of interpretable I don't + + + align:start position:0% +inherently kind of interpretable I don't +think you need as much for example think + + align:start position:0% +think you need as much for example think + + + align:start position:0% +think you need as much for example think +about like the paper I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +about like the paper I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +about like the paper I was talking about +about like the you know what is the + + align:start position:0% +about like the you know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +about like the you know what is the +effect of uh of uh of paying people + + align:start position:0% +effect of uh of uh of paying people + + + align:start position:0% +effect of uh of uh of paying people +you know a performance pay for example + + align:start position:0% +you know a performance pay for example + + + align:start position:0% +you know a performance pay for example +in the tax collector case like there it + + align:start position:0% +in the tax collector case like there it + + + align:start position:0% +in the tax collector case like there it +is kind of like we don't need anything + + align:start position:0% +is kind of like we don't need anything + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of like we don't need anything +else to do because that is kind of the + + align:start position:0% +else to do because that is kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +else to do because that is kind of the +benchmark + + align:start position:0% +benchmark + + + align:start position:0% +benchmark +um so lots of the things that we feel + + align:start position:0% +um so lots of the things that we feel + + + align:start position:0% +um so lots of the things that we feel +like we're studying changes and interest + + align:start position:0% +like we're studying changes and interest + + + align:start position:0% +like we're studying changes and interest +rates changes in you know wage like some + + align:start position:0% +rates changes in you know wage like some + + + align:start position:0% +rates changes in you know wage like some +of those things are more natural + + align:start position:0% +of those things are more natural + + + align:start position:0% +of those things are more natural +economic parameters don't mean kind of + + align:start position:0% +economic parameters don't mean kind of + + + align:start position:0% +economic parameters don't mean kind of +an additional benchmarking I think I + + align:start position:0% +an additional benchmarking I think I + + + align:start position:0% +an additional benchmarking I think I +think in the same way + + align:start position:0% +think in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +think in the same way +uh but it's more for these cases where + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's more for these cases where + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's more for these cases where +like the thing you're studying is like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not obvious like + + align:start position:0% +not obvious like + + + align:start position:0% +not obvious like +if I gave you some number you have no + + align:start position:0% +if I gave you some number you have no + + + align:start position:0% +if I gave you some number you have no +idea if it's big or small unless we knew + + align:start position:0% +idea if it's big or small unless we knew + + + align:start position:0% +idea if it's big or small unless we knew +how to compare it to something you know + + align:start position:0% +how to compare it to something you know + + + align:start position:0% +how to compare it to something you know +more talk about + + align:start position:0% +more talk about + + + align:start position:0% +more talk about +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we did this in the real world we still + + align:start position:0% +we did this in the real world we still + + + align:start position:0% +we did this in the real world we still +would have no idea like suppose I I did + + align:start position:0% +would have no idea like suppose I I did + + + align:start position:0% +would have no idea like suppose I I did +this and I told you that like paying you + + align:start position:0% +this and I told you that like paying you + + + align:start position:0% +this and I told you that like paying you +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +liquidity effect you know in advance I + + align:start position:0% +liquidity effect you know in advance I + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity effect you know in advance I +suppose we do this in a real factory + + align:start position:0% +suppose we do this in a real factory + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we do this in a real factory +with like a million you know a thousand + + align:start position:0% +with like a million you know a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +with like a million you know a thousand +people or whatever and so it wasn't this + + align:start position:0% +people or whatever and so it wasn't this + + + align:start position:0% +people or whatever and so it wasn't this +artificial setting we still find you you + + align:start position:0% +artificial setting we still find you you + + + align:start position:0% +artificial setting we still find you you +know that had an effect of four + + align:start position:0% +know that had an effect of four + + + align:start position:0% +know that had an effect of four +percentage point the four percent on + + align:start position:0% +percentage point the four percent on + + + align:start position:0% +percentage point the four percent on +their productivity + + align:start position:0% +their productivity + + + align:start position:0% +their productivity +like what do you do with four percent + + align:start position:0% +like what do you do with four percent + + + align:start position:0% +like what do you do with four percent +like is that like a big number or a + + align:start position:0% +like is that like a big number or a + + + align:start position:0% +like is that like a big number or a +small number you kind of have no idea + + align:start position:0% +small number you kind of have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +small number you kind of have no idea +right so that so in some sense what what + + align:start position:0% +right so that so in some sense what what + + + align:start position:0% +right so that so in some sense what what +the point of this additional + + align:start position:0% +the point of this additional + + + align:start position:0% +the point of this additional +benchmarking is to say is like it lets + + align:start position:0% +benchmarking is to say is like it lets + + + align:start position:0% +benchmarking is to say is like it lets +us sort of think about + + align:start position:0% +us sort of think about + + + align:start position:0% +us sort of think about +like is that is that number sort of big + + align:start position:0% +like is that is that number sort of big + + + align:start position:0% +like is that is that number sort of big +or small relative to other elasticities + + align:start position:0% +or small relative to other elasticities + + + align:start position:0% +or small relative to other elasticities +we know how to think about + + align:start position:0% +we know how to think about + + + align:start position:0% +we know how to think about +does that make sense so it's not so much + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so it's not so much + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so it's not so much +this artificial setting it's more just + + align:start position:0% +this artificial setting it's more just + + + align:start position:0% +this artificial setting it's more just +sort of like + + align:start position:0% +sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like +it like or like think of the noise + + align:start position:0% +it like or like think of the noise + + + align:start position:0% +it like or like think of the noise +example I was talking about before like + + align:start position:0% +example I was talking about before like + + + align:start position:0% +example I was talking about before like +we do a study where we basically sort of + + align:start position:0% +we do a study where we basically sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we do a study where we basically sort of +say we're gonna have people so you know + + align:start position:0% +say we're gonna have people so you know + + + align:start position:0% +say we're gonna have people so you know +so uh pockets on shirts and we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +so uh pockets on shirts and we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so uh pockets on shirts and we're gonna +do it in a really noisy room a really + + align:start position:0% +do it in a really noisy room a really + + + align:start position:0% +do it in a really noisy room a really +small room and we're gonna suppose we + + align:start position:0% +small room and we're gonna suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +small room and we're gonna suppose we +found that like they show they they so + + align:start position:0% +found that like they show they they so + + + align:start position:0% +found that like they show they they so +15 more Pockets you know when the room + + align:start position:0% +15 more Pockets you know when the room + + + align:start position:0% +15 more Pockets you know when the room +is quiet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like what do you do with that number + + align:start position:0% +like what do you do with that number + + + align:start position:0% +like what do you do with that number +like you can reject it zero so that's + + align:start position:0% +like you can reject it zero so that's + + + align:start position:0% +like you can reject it zero so that's +good but like quantitatively how do we + + align:start position:0% +good but like quantitatively how do we + + + align:start position:0% +good but like quantitatively how do we +think about is that effect kind of large + + align:start position:0% +think about is that effect kind of large + + + align:start position:0% +think about is that effect kind of large +or small and I think that having an + + align:start position:0% +or small and I think that having an + + + align:start position:0% +or small and I think that having an +additional benchmarking thing like that + + align:start position:0% +additional benchmarking thing like that + + + align:start position:0% +additional benchmarking thing like that +can help you and sort of say well that's + + align:start position:0% +can help you and sort of say well that's + + + align:start position:0% +can help you and sort of say well that's +equivalent to you know + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to you know + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to you know +the you'd have to that how much is that + + align:start position:0% +the you'd have to that how much is that + + + align:start position:0% +the you'd have to that how much is that +worth in dollar terms well it's worth + + align:start position:0% +worth in dollar terms well it's worth + + + align:start position:0% +worth in dollar terms well it's worth +like you'd have to pay them say you know + + align:start position:0% +like you'd have to pay them say you know + + + align:start position:0% +like you'd have to pay them say you know +whatever suppose you have to pay them 40 + + align:start position:0% +whatever suppose you have to pay them 40 + + + align:start position:0% +whatever suppose you have to pay them 40 +more to get the same amount of + + align:start position:0% +more to get the same amount of + + + align:start position:0% +more to get the same amount of +productivity that's like a number that + + align:start position:0% +productivity that's like a number that + + + align:start position:0% +productivity that's like a number that +we can think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it or you could also say like for + + align:start position:0% +it or you could also say like for + + + align:start position:0% +it or you could also say like for +example another thing you could do is + + align:start position:0% +example another thing you could do is + + + align:start position:0% +example another thing you could do is +you could say well what is the cost of + + align:start position:0% +you could say well what is the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +you could say well what is the cost of +like noise for example and to the to the + + align:start position:0% +like noise for example and to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +like noise for example and to the to the +firm and how does that compare to sort + + align:start position:0% +firm and how does that compare to sort + + + align:start position:0% +firm and how does that compare to sort +of the benefit you know what other ways + + align:start position:0% +of the benefit you know what other ways + + + align:start position:0% +of the benefit you know what other ways +you could do this get the same + + align:start position:0% +you could do this get the same + + + align:start position:0% +you could do this get the same +productivity for wages for example sorry + + align:start position:0% +productivity for wages for example sorry + + + align:start position:0% +productivity for wages for example sorry +someone else had a question yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay great + + align:start position:0% +okay great + + + align:start position:0% +okay great +okay so then why don't I why don't I + + align:start position:0% +okay so then why don't I why don't I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then why don't I why don't I +just skip it then so um okay well let me + + align:start position:0% +just skip it then so um okay well let me + + + align:start position:0% +just skip it then so um okay well let me +say a few things about it + + align:start position:0% +say a few things about it + + + align:start position:0% +say a few things about it +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay then in that case if Frank actually + + align:start position:0% +okay then in that case if Frank actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay then in that case if Frank actually +taught it in detail let me not go + + align:start position:0% +taught it in detail let me not go + + + align:start position:0% +taught it in detail let me not go +through the results + + align:start position:0% +through the results + + + align:start position:0% +through the results +um thank you for pointing that out + + align:start position:0% +um thank you for pointing that out + + + align:start position:0% +um thank you for pointing that out +before I spent too much time on it let + + align:start position:0% +before I spent too much time on it let + + + align:start position:0% +before I spent too much time on it let +me just note a couple other things that + + align:start position:0% +me just note a couple other things that + + + align:start position:0% +me just note a couple other things that +I think are nice about their design + + align:start position:0% +I think are nice about their design + + + align:start position:0% +I think are nice about their design +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +they in addition to this piece rate + + align:start position:0% +they in addition to this piece rate + + + align:start position:0% +they in addition to this piece rate +thing they also + + align:start position:0% +thing they also + + + align:start position:0% +thing they also +um show + + align:start position:0% +um show + + + align:start position:0% +um show +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +they do two things the first is + + align:start position:0% +they do two things the first is + + + align:start position:0% +they do two things the first is +this announcement thing + + align:start position:0% +this announcement thing + + + align:start position:0% +this announcement thing +allows you to sort of realize this idea + + align:start position:0% +allows you to sort of realize this idea + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to sort of realize this idea +of gift exchange so just the fact that + + align:start position:0% +of gift exchange so just the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +of gift exchange so just the fact that +like you know this is gonna like it + + align:start position:0% +like you know this is gonna like it + + + align:start position:0% +like you know this is gonna like it +actually it's the actual payment that + + align:start position:0% +actually it's the actual payment that + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's the actual payment that +makes a difference not knowing you're + + align:start position:0% +makes a difference not knowing you're + + + align:start position:0% +makes a difference not knowing you're +going to be paid so I think that was + + align:start position:0% +going to be paid so I think that was + + + align:start position:0% +going to be paid so I think that was +sort of like a nice design and the other + + align:start position:0% +sort of like a nice design and the other + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like a nice design and the other +thing which is cool is like you might + + align:start position:0% +thing which is cool is like you might + + + align:start position:0% +thing which is cool is like you might +have like one of the I think the big + + align:start position:0% +have like one of the I think the big + + + align:start position:0% +have like one of the I think the big +concerns about this at least what I + + align:start position:0% +concerns about this at least what I + + + align:start position:0% +concerns about this at least what I +would have is maybe this is directly + + align:start position:0% +would have is maybe this is directly + + + align:start position:0% +would have is maybe this is directly +kind of affecting your productivity + + align:start position:0% +kind of affecting your productivity + + + align:start position:0% +kind of affecting your productivity +through the nutrition channel so they + + align:start position:0% +through the nutrition channel so they + + + align:start position:0% +through the nutrition channel so they +actually measure kind of people's + + align:start position:0% +actually measure kind of people's + + + align:start position:0% +actually measure kind of people's +nutrition nutritional intake for example + + align:start position:0% +nutrition nutritional intake for example + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition nutritional intake for example +they measure their like breakfast intake + + align:start position:0% +they measure their like breakfast intake + + + align:start position:0% +they measure their like breakfast intake +for example as a way of sort of saying + + align:start position:0% +for example as a way of sort of saying + + + align:start position:0% +for example as a way of sort of saying +like is there a direct effect on + + align:start position:0% +like is there a direct effect on + + + align:start position:0% +like is there a direct effect on +nutrition and so I think it's it's a you + + align:start position:0% +nutrition and so I think it's it's a you + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition and so I think it's it's a you +know one thing that's very nice about + + align:start position:0% +know one thing that's very nice about + + + align:start position:0% +know one thing that's very nice about +this is because they control so many + + align:start position:0% +this is because they control so many + + + align:start position:0% +this is because they control so many +like different levers here they can + + align:start position:0% +like different levers here they can + + + align:start position:0% +like different levers here they can +think through kind of what are all the + + align:start position:0% +think through kind of what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +think through kind of what are all the +possible Alternatives and sort of design + + align:start position:0% +possible Alternatives and sort of design + + + align:start position:0% +possible Alternatives and sort of design +things to take them into account but if + + align:start position:0% +things to take them into account but if + + + align:start position:0% +things to take them into account but if +you covered this in detail why don't I + + align:start position:0% +you covered this in detail why don't I + + + align:start position:0% +you covered this in detail why don't I +have a lot to cover today so why don't I + + align:start position:0% +have a lot to cover today so why don't I + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot to cover today so why don't I +unless people have other questions I'll + + align:start position:0% +unless people have other questions I'll + + + align:start position:0% +unless people have other questions I'll +just skip the rest of it and move on + + align:start position:0% +just skip the rest of it and move on + + + align:start position:0% +just skip the rest of it and move on +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now I'm like do you cover this + + align:start position:0% +okay now I'm like do you cover this + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I'm like do you cover this +paper too okay good all right I was like + + align:start position:0% +paper too okay good all right I was like + + + align:start position:0% +paper too okay good all right I was like +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +uh okay all right so number one thing + + align:start position:0% +uh okay all right so number one thing + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay all right so number one thing +that affects labor Supply is just in + + align:start position:0% +that affects labor Supply is just in + + + align:start position:0% +that affects labor Supply is just in +general your sort of ability to smooth + + align:start position:0% +general your sort of ability to smooth + + + align:start position:0% +general your sort of ability to smooth +that makes you more less elastic + + align:start position:0% +that makes you more less elastic + + + align:start position:0% +that makes you more less elastic +the the paper by Frank and co-authors + + align:start position:0% +the the paper by Frank and co-authors + + + align:start position:0% +the the paper by Frank and co-authors +sort of suggests that sort of your + + align:start position:0% +sort of suggests that sort of your + + + align:start position:0% +sort of suggests that sort of your +poverty levels can directly affect your + + align:start position:0% +poverty levels can directly affect your + + + align:start position:0% +poverty levels can directly affect your +productivity + + align:start position:0% +productivity + + + align:start position:0% +productivity +this paper by suanna oh looks at sort of + + align:start position:0% +this paper by suanna oh looks at sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this paper by suanna oh looks at sort of +whether or not + + align:start position:0% +whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not +you know people have + + align:start position:0% +you know people have + + + align:start position:0% +you know people have +um strong preferences over the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +um strong preferences over the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +um strong preferences over the kinds of +jobs they do + + align:start position:0% +jobs they do + + + align:start position:0% +jobs they do +and she does this in India so that's a + + align:start position:0% +and she does this in India so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +and she does this in India so that's a +setting where I think given sort of the + + align:start position:0% +setting where I think given sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +setting where I think given sort of the +cast structure is going to be + + align:start position:0% +cast structure is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +cast structure is going to be +particularly salient + + align:start position:0% +particularly salient + + + align:start position:0% +particularly salient +so but she wants to look at sort of how + + align:start position:0% +so but she wants to look at sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +so but she wants to look at sort of how +much workers are willing to to give up + + align:start position:0% +much workers are willing to to give up + + + align:start position:0% +much workers are willing to to give up +to avoid tasks associated with other + + align:start position:0% +to avoid tasks associated with other + + + align:start position:0% +to avoid tasks associated with other +castes + + align:start position:0% +castes + + + align:start position:0% +castes +okay and um and does this matter if it's + + align:start position:0% +okay and um and does this matter if it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay and um and does this matter if it's +public or private + + align:start position:0% +public or private + + + align:start position:0% +public or private +and so you know I'll just say I think + + align:start position:0% +and so you know I'll just say I think + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know I'll just say I think +this is something where + + align:start position:0% +this is something where + + + align:start position:0% +this is something where +you know obviously India is a set given + + align:start position:0% +you know obviously India is a set given + + + align:start position:0% +you know obviously India is a set given +sort of the very strong Cash Cash + + align:start position:0% +sort of the very strong Cash Cash + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the very strong Cash Cash +structure in India and the association + + align:start position:0% +structure in India and the association + + + align:start position:0% +structure in India and the association +of casts with particular kinds of jobs + + align:start position:0% +of casts with particular kinds of jobs + + + align:start position:0% +of casts with particular kinds of jobs +this is probably maybe an upper Bound + + align:start position:0% +this is probably maybe an upper Bound + + + align:start position:0% +this is probably maybe an upper Bound +for sort of how big these effects are + + align:start position:0% +for sort of how big these effects are + + + align:start position:0% +for sort of how big these effects are +going to be it's hard to know of other + + align:start position:0% +going to be it's hard to know of other + + + align:start position:0% +going to be it's hard to know of other +think of other settings where this would + + align:start position:0% +think of other settings where this would + + + align:start position:0% +think of other settings where this would +be even more natural + + align:start position:0% +be even more natural + + + align:start position:0% +be even more natural +um but the fact that she finds this I + + align:start position:0% +um but the fact that she finds this I + + + align:start position:0% +um but the fact that she finds this I +think suggests that these these ideas + + align:start position:0% +think suggests that these these ideas + + + align:start position:0% +think suggests that these these ideas +are sort of what is your you know what + + align:start position:0% +are sort of what is your you know what + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of what is your you know what +is your identity and how much are you + + align:start position:0% +is your identity and how much are you + + + align:start position:0% +is your identity and how much are you +willing to pay to avoid tasks that are + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay to avoid tasks that are + + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay to avoid tasks that are +sort of not associated with your + + align:start position:0% +sort of not associated with your + + + align:start position:0% +sort of not associated with your +identity suggestions can actually be + + align:start position:0% +identity suggestions can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +identity suggestions can actually be +pretty important + + align:start position:0% +pretty important + + + align:start position:0% +pretty important +okay so um what I also think this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so um what I also think this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um what I also think this is +again another one of these similar + + align:start position:0% +again another one of these similar + + + align:start position:0% +again another one of these similar +settings where like the previous paper + + align:start position:0% +settings where like the previous paper + + + align:start position:0% +settings where like the previous paper +they're going to be sort of running the + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be sort of running the + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be sort of running the +the task and so that's going to allow + + align:start position:0% +the task and so that's going to allow + + + align:start position:0% +the task and so that's going to allow +her to sort of sort of control things in + + align:start position:0% +her to sort of sort of control things in + + + align:start position:0% +her to sort of sort of control things in +a fair amount of detail so in this case + + align:start position:0% +a fair amount of detail so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +a fair amount of detail so in this case +they're making paper bags for a fixed + + align:start position:0% +they're making paper bags for a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +they're making paper bags for a fixed +daily wage and she asks and in her case + + align:start position:0% +daily wage and she asks and in her case + + + align:start position:0% +daily wage and she asks and in her case +she's going to add an additional task + + align:start position:0% +she's going to add an additional task + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to add an additional task +which you also have to do and the task + + align:start position:0% +which you also have to do and the task + + + align:start position:0% +which you also have to do and the task +is associated with either higher or + + align:start position:0% +is associated with either higher or + + + align:start position:0% +is associated with either higher or +lower castes + + align:start position:0% +lower castes + + + align:start position:0% +lower castes +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um she's going to vary both the task you + + align:start position:0% +um she's going to vary both the task you + + + align:start position:0% +um she's going to vary both the task you +have to do and the amount of time you + + align:start position:0% +have to do and the amount of time you + + + align:start position:0% +have to do and the amount of time you +have to spend on this additional task + + align:start position:0% +have to spend on this additional task + + + align:start position:0% +have to spend on this additional task +so why do you think by the way she has + + align:start position:0% +so why do you think by the way she has + + + align:start position:0% +so why do you think by the way she has +this additional thing of like the amount + + align:start position:0% +this additional thing of like the amount + + + align:start position:0% +this additional thing of like the amount +of time why why might she want to do + + align:start position:0% +of time why why might she want to do + + + align:start position:0% +of time why why might she want to do +that instead of just sort of very + + align:start position:0% +that instead of just sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +that instead of just sort of very +interesting amount of tech that whether + + align:start position:0% +interesting amount of tech that whether + + + align:start position:0% +interesting amount of tech that whether +you have to do the task + + align:start position:0% +you have to do the task + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do the task +any ideas + + align:start position:0% +any ideas + + + align:start position:0% +any ideas +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yeah so he's gonna allow you to estimate + + align:start position:0% +yeah so he's gonna allow you to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so he's gonna allow you to estimate +the cost function I think in particular + + align:start position:0% +the cost function I think in particular + + + align:start position:0% +the cost function I think in particular +I think the idea is that these are + + align:start position:0% +I think the idea is that these are + + + align:start position:0% +I think the idea is that these are +identity violations then this might be + + align:start position:0% +identity violations then this might be + + + align:start position:0% +identity violations then this might be +kind of discreet and having to do the + + align:start position:0% +kind of discreet and having to do the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of discreet and having to do the +task and sort of not so much like linear + + align:start position:0% +task and sort of not so much like linear + + + align:start position:0% +task and sort of not so much like linear +in the amount of time so like I think + + align:start position:0% +in the amount of time so like I think + + + align:start position:0% +in the amount of time so like I think +this helps you know if it's really + + align:start position:0% +this helps you know if it's really + + + align:start position:0% +this helps you know if it's really +unpleasant it might be kind of linear + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant it might be kind of linear + + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant it might be kind of linear +right but if there's something about + + align:start position:0% +right but if there's something about + + + align:start position:0% +right but if there's something about +like I really don't want to have to + + align:start position:0% +like I really don't want to have to + + + align:start position:0% +like I really don't want to have to +whatever the task is you know work with + + align:start position:0% +whatever the task is you know work with + + + align:start position:0% +whatever the task is you know work with +leather clean toilets like whatever the + + align:start position:0% +leather clean toilets like whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +leather clean toilets like whatever the +task is like maybe it may be just there + + align:start position:0% +task is like maybe it may be just there + + + align:start position:0% +task is like maybe it may be just there +may be sort of this discreet it may be + + align:start position:0% +may be sort of this discreet it may be + + + align:start position:0% +may be sort of this discreet it may be +sort of discreet in a jump + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the other very whether or not the + + align:start position:0% +um the other very whether or not the + + + align:start position:0% +um the other very whether or not the +tasks are done made in public or or done + + align:start position:0% +tasks are done made in public or or done + + + align:start position:0% +tasks are done made in public or or done +in private and and that's also because + + align:start position:0% +in private and and that's also because + + + align:start position:0% +in private and and that's also because +it you know you might think that sort of + + align:start position:0% +it you know you might think that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it you know you might think that sort of +your identity could be different in + + align:start position:0% +your identity could be different in + + + align:start position:0% +your identity could be different in +terms of whether it's internal like I + + align:start position:0% +terms of whether it's internal like I + + + align:start position:0% +terms of whether it's internal like I +don't want to do this or it's external + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do this or it's external + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do this or it's external +like others are going to see me kind of + + align:start position:0% +like others are going to see me kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like others are going to see me kind of +do this task and so she's also going to + + align:start position:0% +do this task and so she's also going to + + + align:start position:0% +do this task and so she's also going to +vary that + + align:start position:0% +vary that + + + align:start position:0% +vary that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +she's also going to measure willingness + + align:start position:0% +she's also going to measure willingness + + + align:start position:0% +she's also going to measure willingness +to accept for the grab the job using a + + align:start position:0% +to accept for the grab the job using a + + + align:start position:0% +to accept for the grab the job using a +BDM mechanism I I forget if that's been + + align:start position:0% +BDM mechanism I I forget if that's been + + + align:start position:0% +BDM mechanism I I forget if that's been +covered in this class or not okay so + + align:start position:0% +covered in this class or not okay so + + + align:start position:0% +covered in this class or not okay so +what is a BDM mechanism so this is a a + + align:start position:0% +what is a BDM mechanism so this is a a + + + align:start position:0% +what is a BDM mechanism so this is a a +very common + + align:start position:0% +very common + + + align:start position:0% +very common +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +mechanism for eliciting people's + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for eliciting people's + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for eliciting people's +willingness to pay or in this case + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay or in this case + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay or in this case +willingness to accept + + align:start position:0% +willingness to accept + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to accept +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and the the the basic idea is + + align:start position:0% +and the the the basic idea is + + + align:start position:0% +and the the the basic idea is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +is this so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one thing I could do is I could so I + + align:start position:0% +one thing I could do is I could so I + + + align:start position:0% +one thing I could do is I could so I +wanna I wanna basically measure uh say a + + align:start position:0% +wanna I wanna basically measure uh say a + + + align:start position:0% +wanna I wanna basically measure uh say a +demand curve + + align:start position:0% +demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +demand curve +right or or supply curve in this case + + align:start position:0% +right or or supply curve in this case + + + align:start position:0% +right or or supply curve in this case +supply curve but let's think of advanced + + align:start position:0% +supply curve but let's think of advanced + + + align:start position:0% +supply curve but let's think of advanced +curve right so I have some good you know + + align:start position:0% +curve right so I have some good you know + + + align:start position:0% +curve right so I have some good you know +I want to measure your willingness to + + align:start position:0% +I want to measure your willingness to + + + align:start position:0% +I want to measure your willingness to +pay for like uh you know whatever a + + align:start position:0% +pay for like uh you know whatever a + + + align:start position:0% +pay for like uh you know whatever a +doodata a clicker for example okay so + + align:start position:0% +doodata a clicker for example okay so + + + align:start position:0% +doodata a clicker for example okay so +one thing I could do is I could just ask + + align:start position:0% +one thing I could do is I could just ask + + + align:start position:0% +one thing I could do is I could just ask +you how much you're willing to pay for + + align:start position:0% +you how much you're willing to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +you how much you're willing to pay for +the clicker that's not not so good + + align:start position:0% +the clicker that's not not so good + + + align:start position:0% +the clicker that's not not so good +because it may not be incentivized we + + align:start position:0% +because it may not be incentivized we + + + align:start position:0% +because it may not be incentivized we +don't quite know people are going to do + + align:start position:0% +don't quite know people are going to do + + + align:start position:0% +don't quite know people are going to do +a better thing I could do would be to + + align:start position:0% +a better thing I could do would be to + + + align:start position:0% +a better thing I could do would be to +randomize price offers to people and and + + align:start position:0% +randomize price offers to people and and + + + align:start position:0% +randomize price offers to people and and +randomize and go around the room and say + + align:start position:0% +randomize and go around the room and say + + + align:start position:0% +randomize and go around the room and say +you know okay Vashon I'm going to offer + + align:start position:0% +you know okay Vashon I'm going to offer + + + align:start position:0% +you know okay Vashon I'm going to offer +you the clicker for five dollars take it + + align:start position:0% +you the clicker for five dollars take it + + + align:start position:0% +you the clicker for five dollars take it +or leave it yes or no and then I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +or leave it yes or no and then I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +or leave it yes or no and then I'm gonna +go and say kailash I'm gonna you know + + align:start position:0% +go and say kailash I'm gonna you know + + + align:start position:0% +go and say kailash I'm gonna you know +offer you for five dollars and astronomy + + align:start position:0% +offer you for five dollars and astronomy + + + align:start position:0% +offer you for five dollars and astronomy +will offer you for three dollars and so + + align:start position:0% +will offer you for three dollars and so + + + align:start position:0% +will offer you for three dollars and so +on and so forth and I'll randomize kind + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth and I'll randomize kind + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth and I'll randomize kind +of the prices across people and I'll get + + align:start position:0% +of the prices across people and I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +of the prices across people and I'll get +sort of you know what is a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know what is a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know what is a fraction of +people who want who willing to pay five + + align:start position:0% +people who want who willing to pay five + + + align:start position:0% +people who want who willing to pay five +dollars in the fraction people who are + + align:start position:0% +dollars in the fraction people who are + + + align:start position:0% +dollars in the fraction people who are +willing to buy it for four dollars and + + align:start position:0% +willing to buy it for four dollars and + + + align:start position:0% +willing to buy it for four dollars and +so on and that's a demand curve right + + align:start position:0% +so on and that's a demand curve right + + + align:start position:0% +so on and that's a demand curve right +that's perfectly fine the there are two + + align:start position:0% +that's perfectly fine the there are two + + + align:start position:0% +that's perfectly fine the there are two +problems with two challenges with that + + align:start position:0% +problems with two challenges with that + + + align:start position:0% +problems with two challenges with that +the first is it takes a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +the first is it takes a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +the first is it takes a lot of people +right because you're only getting one + + align:start position:0% +right because you're only getting one + + + align:start position:0% +right because you're only getting one +data point which is the willingness to + + align:start position:0% +data point which is the willingness to + + + align:start position:0% +data point which is the willingness to +pay at a particular price for particular + + align:start position:0% +pay at a particular price for particular + + + align:start position:0% +pay at a particular price for particular +people for a particular person so I have + + align:start position:0% +people for a particular person so I have + + + align:start position:0% +people for a particular person so I have +to kind of go across everybody in order + + align:start position:0% +to kind of go across everybody in order + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of go across everybody in order +to measure that the second problem is + + align:start position:0% +to measure that the second problem is + + + align:start position:0% +to measure that the second problem is +for if I want to sort of like do + + align:start position:0% +for if I want to sort of like do + + + align:start position:0% +for if I want to sort of like do +regressions or whatever + + align:start position:0% +regressions or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +regressions or whatever +I don't know kind of the you know each + + align:start position:0% +I don't know kind of the you know each + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know kind of the you know each +individual eye is complete willing to + + align:start position:0% +individual eye is complete willing to + + + align:start position:0% +individual eye is complete willing to +pay schedule I only know one data like + + align:start position:0% +pay schedule I only know one data like + + + align:start position:0% +pay schedule I only know one data like +maybe I happen to like maybe I'm really + + align:start position:0% +maybe I happen to like maybe I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I happen to like maybe I'm really +interested in you know for Sean for + + align:start position:0% +interested in you know for Sean for + + + align:start position:0% +interested in you know for Sean for +example I happen to like give him the + + align:start position:0% +example I happen to like give him the + + + align:start position:0% +example I happen to like give him the +like a 20 price and of course he's not + + align:start position:0% +like a 20 price and of course he's not + + + align:start position:0% +like a 20 price and of course he's not +gonna pay 20 for this thing so I don't + + align:start position:0% +gonna pay 20 for this thing so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +gonna pay 20 for this thing so I don't +really learn I mean I do learn a piece + + align:start position:0% +really learn I mean I do learn a piece + + + align:start position:0% +really learn I mean I do learn a piece +of information about the demand curve + + align:start position:0% +of information about the demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +of information about the demand curve +but if I want to run a regression with + + align:start position:0% +but if I want to run a regression with + + + align:start position:0% +but if I want to run a regression with +that with each individual's demand in it + + align:start position:0% +that with each individual's demand in it + + + align:start position:0% +that with each individual's demand in it +like I don't have uh you know I I'm a + + align:start position:0% +like I don't have uh you know I I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't have uh you know I I'm a +little short + + align:start position:0% +little short + + + align:start position:0% +little short +so the the Becker group Mark shock + + align:start position:0% +so the the Becker group Mark shock + + + align:start position:0% +so the the Becker group Mark shock +mechanism basically works like this it + + align:start position:0% +mechanism basically works like this it + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism basically works like this it +basically says I'm gonna I wanna know in + + align:start position:0% +basically says I'm gonna I wanna know in + + + align:start position:0% +basically says I'm gonna I wanna know in +advance like if I offered you 10 would + + align:start position:0% +advance like if I offered you 10 would + + + align:start position:0% +advance like if I offered you 10 would +you buy it if I are for you nine would + + align:start position:0% +you buy it if I are for you nine would + + + align:start position:0% +you buy it if I are for you nine would +you buy it if 548 would you buy it and + + align:start position:0% +you buy it if 548 would you buy it and + + + align:start position:0% +you buy it if 548 would you buy it and +so on and so forth I'll get your + + align:start position:0% +so on and so forth I'll get your + + + align:start position:0% +so on and so forth I'll get your +complete price schedule and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +complete price schedule and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +complete price schedule and then I'm +gonna randomly pick one of those prices + + align:start position:0% +gonna randomly pick one of those prices + + + align:start position:0% +gonna randomly pick one of those prices +and Implement that and I will + + align:start position:0% +and Implement that and I will + + + align:start position:0% +and Implement that and I will +uh and then we'll so and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +uh and then we'll so and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then we'll so and then we'll +transact if you had said you were going + + align:start position:0% +transact if you had said you were going + + + align:start position:0% +transact if you had said you were going +to do it and that's incentive compatible + + align:start position:0% +to do it and that's incentive compatible + + + align:start position:0% +to do it and that's incentive compatible +right because the + + align:start position:0% +right because the + + + align:start position:0% +right because the +um the price I select is not a fun as + + align:start position:0% +um the price I select is not a fun as + + + align:start position:0% +um the price I select is not a fun as +long as the price is actually random the + + align:start position:0% +long as the price is actually random the + + + align:start position:0% +long as the price is actually random the +price I'm offer I'm selecting is not a + + align:start position:0% +price I'm offer I'm selecting is not a + + + align:start position:0% +price I'm offer I'm selecting is not a +function of your your demand so you may + + align:start position:0% +function of your your demand so you may + + + align:start position:0% +function of your your demand so you may +as well sort of tell me the truth for + + align:start position:0% +as well sort of tell me the truth for + + + align:start position:0% +as well sort of tell me the truth for +each price level and it's incentivized + + align:start position:0% +each price level and it's incentivized + + + align:start position:0% +each price level and it's incentivized +because there's some probability that + + align:start position:0% +because there's some probability that + + + align:start position:0% +because there's some probability that +each price level is going to be uh is + + align:start position:0% +each price level is going to be uh is + + + align:start position:0% +each price level is going to be uh is +Gonna Come about and therefore + + align:start position:0% +Gonna Come about and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +Gonna Come about and therefore +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you may as well like you you have a + + align:start position:0% +you may as well like you you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you may as well like you you have a +incentive to sort of tell to reveal the + + align:start position:0% +incentive to sort of tell to reveal the + + + align:start position:0% +incentive to sort of tell to reveal the +truth + + align:start position:0% +truth + + + align:start position:0% +truth +is that clear so basically the key point + + align:start position:0% +is that clear so basically the key point + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear so basically the key point +is you just elicit everyone's demand + + align:start position:0% +is you just elicit everyone's demand + + + align:start position:0% +is you just elicit everyone's demand +each individuals demand all the + + align:start position:0% +each individuals demand all the + + + align:start position:0% +each individuals demand all the +different price levels and then you + + align:start position:0% +different price levels and then you + + + align:start position:0% +different price levels and then you +randomly pick one of them and Implement + + align:start position:0% +randomly pick one of them and Implement + + + align:start position:0% +randomly pick one of them and Implement +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay is that it's not that it's not that + + align:start position:0% +okay is that it's not that it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that it's not that it's not that +hard but that's what it is and there's a + + align:start position:0% +hard but that's what it is and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +hard but that's what it is and there's a +paper + + align:start position:0% +paper + + + align:start position:0% +paper +um actually by a number of our former + + align:start position:0% +um actually by a number of our former + + + align:start position:0% +um actually by a number of our former +graduate students from from a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +graduate students from from a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students from from a bunch of +years ago showing that sort of like you + + align:start position:0% +years ago showing that sort of like you + + + align:start position:0% +years ago showing that sort of like you +know I think they were selling like some + + align:start position:0% +know I think they were selling like some + + + align:start position:0% +know I think they were selling like some +kind of water filtration pot in + + align:start position:0% +kind of water filtration pot in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of water filtration pot in +I think gonna + + align:start position:0% +I think gonna + + + align:start position:0% +I think gonna +um and uh and they basically randomized + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and they basically randomized + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and they basically randomized +whether they were gonna get people's + + align:start position:0% +whether they were gonna get people's + + + align:start position:0% +whether they were gonna get people's +willingness to pay using the specular + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay using the specular + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay using the specular +group martial mechanism or just making a + + align:start position:0% +group martial mechanism or just making a + + + align:start position:0% +group martial mechanism or just making a +series of take it or leave it offers + + align:start position:0% +series of take it or leave it offers + + + align:start position:0% +series of take it or leave it offers +different people and they show the + + align:start position:0% +different people and they show the + + + align:start position:0% +different people and they show the +demand curves look very similar so I + + align:start position:0% +demand curves look very similar so I + + + align:start position:0% +demand curves look very similar so I +think it's a it's a it's a little + + align:start position:0% +think it's a it's a it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a it's a it's a little +confusing it can be a little confusing + + align:start position:0% +confusing it can be a little confusing + + + align:start position:0% +confusing it can be a little confusing +the subject sometimes so you don't + + align:start position:0% +the subject sometimes so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +the subject sometimes so you don't +always do it + + align:start position:0% +always do it + + + align:start position:0% +always do it +um but uh but that's what that is it's + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but that's what that is it's + + + align:start position:0% +um but uh but that's what that is it's +okay with that + + align:start position:0% +okay with that + + + align:start position:0% +okay with that +that's that so so what she's going to do + + align:start position:0% +that's that so so what she's going to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's that so so what she's going to do +is she's going to measure people's + + align:start position:0% +is she's going to measure people's + + + align:start position:0% +is she's going to measure people's +willingness to it so uh if I'm if it's + + align:start position:0% +willingness to it so uh if I'm if it's + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to it so uh if I'm if it's +Demand right it's sort of willingness to + + align:start position:0% +Demand right it's sort of willingness to + + + align:start position:0% +Demand right it's sort of willingness to +to pay if it's if it's supplies + + align:start position:0% +to pay if it's if it's supplies + + + align:start position:0% +to pay if it's if it's supplies +willingness to accept the price offer so + + align:start position:0% +willingness to accept the price offer so + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to accept the price offer so +she's going to measure people's + + align:start position:0% +she's going to measure people's + + + align:start position:0% +she's going to measure people's +willingness to accept different sort of + + align:start position:0% +willingness to accept different sort of + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to accept different sort of +price offers uh for these different job + + align:start position:0% +price offers uh for these different job + + + align:start position:0% +price offers uh for these different job +for these different jobs and then one of + + align:start position:0% +for these different jobs and then one of + + + align:start position:0% +for these different jobs and then one of +them we randomly implemented + + align:start position:0% +them we randomly implemented + + + align:start position:0% +them we randomly implemented +is that clear + + align:start position:0% +is that clear + + + align:start position:0% +is that clear +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the other thing that she does is she + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that she does is she + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that she does is she +which is sort of um Associates a bunch + + align:start position:0% +which is sort of um Associates a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +which is sort of um Associates a bunch +of different casts they have associated + + align:start position:0% +of different casts they have associated + + + align:start position:0% +of different casts they have associated +with different tasks and then she also + + align:start position:0% +with different tasks and then she also + + + align:start position:0% +with different tasks and then she also +has these control tasks which she tried + + align:start position:0% +has these control tasks which she tried + + + align:start position:0% +has these control tasks which she tried +to come up with a sort of like similar + + align:start position:0% +to come up with a sort of like similar + + + align:start position:0% +to come up with a sort of like similar +kinds of tasks that are + + align:start position:0% +kinds of tasks that are + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of tasks that are +um you know similar in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +um you know similar in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +um you know similar in terms of what +they what you actually have to do but + + align:start position:0% +they what you actually have to do but + + + align:start position:0% +they what you actually have to do but +may not have kind of these strong cast + + align:start position:0% +may not have kind of these strong cast + + + align:start position:0% +may not have kind of these strong cast +connotations so like you know washing + + align:start position:0% +connotations so like you know washing + + + align:start position:0% +connotations so like you know washing +clothes I guess associated with this + + align:start position:0% +clothes I guess associated with this + + + align:start position:0% +clothes I guess associated with this +particular so this is not my area of + + align:start position:0% +particular so this is not my area of + + + align:start position:0% +particular so this is not my area of +expertise but associated with this + + align:start position:0% +expertise but associated with this + + + align:start position:0% +expertise but associated with this +particular cast washing Farming tools + + align:start position:0% +particular cast washing Farming tools + + + align:start position:0% +particular cast washing Farming tools +basically it's a similar kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a similar kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's a similar kind of thing +you still have to go wash something uh + + align:start position:0% +you still have to go wash something uh + + + align:start position:0% +you still have to go wash something uh +but it doesn't have this strong cast + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't have this strong cast + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't have this strong cast +connotation + + align:start position:0% +connotation + + + align:start position:0% +connotation +um and you know she has a couple of + + align:start position:0% +um and you know she has a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know she has a couple of +other uh examples like that + + align:start position:0% +other uh examples like that + + + align:start position:0% +other uh examples like that +and the um the the kind of the in some + + align:start position:0% +and the um the the kind of the in some + + + align:start position:0% +and the um the the kind of the in some +sense the key point is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +sense the key point is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +sense the key point is sort of the +take-up rate so first of all this is the + + align:start position:0% +take-up rate so first of all this is the + + + align:start position:0% +take-up rate so first of all this is the +take-up rate of the different tasks that + + align:start position:0% +take-up rate of the different tasks that + + + align:start position:0% +take-up rate of the different tasks that +are offered and this is the number of + + align:start position:0% +are offered and this is the number of + + + align:start position:0% +are offered and this is the number of +minutes so first of all you can see the + + align:start position:0% +minutes so first of all you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +minutes so first of all you can see the +number of minutes slope is pretty flat + + align:start position:0% +number of minutes slope is pretty flat + + + align:start position:0% +number of minutes slope is pretty flat +so it really looks like it's about kind + + align:start position:0% +so it really looks like it's about kind + + + align:start position:0% +so it really looks like it's about kind +of what task you're offered not so much + + align:start position:0% +of what task you're offered not so much + + + align:start position:0% +of what task you're offered not so much +how long you have to do it so that was + + align:start position:0% +how long you have to do it so that was + + + align:start position:0% +how long you have to do it so that was +kind of that identity point I was making + + align:start position:0% +kind of that identity point I was making + + + align:start position:0% +kind of that identity point I was making +it before it really looks like it's + + align:start position:0% +it before it really looks like it's + + + align:start position:0% +it before it really looks like it's +something about the task not about the + + align:start position:0% +something about the task not about the + + + align:start position:0% +something about the task not about the +amount of time + + align:start position:0% +amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time +and I mean there's still downward slopes + + align:start position:0% +and I mean there's still downward slopes + + + align:start position:0% +and I mean there's still downward slopes +but but not very much + + align:start position:0% +but but not very much + + + align:start position:0% +but but not very much +for the control tasks kind of the higher + + align:start position:0% +for the control tasks kind of the higher + + + align:start position:0% +for the control tasks kind of the higher +ranked tasks you know in general or + + align:start position:0% +ranked tasks you know in general or + + + align:start position:0% +ranked tasks you know in general or +highest in the middle and and the lower + + align:start position:0% +highest in the middle and and the lower + + + align:start position:0% +highest in the middle and and the lower +ones the ones have these strong identity + + align:start position:0% +ones the ones have these strong identity + + + align:start position:0% +ones the ones have these strong identity +kind of qualification connotations + + align:start position:0% +kind of qualification connotations + + + align:start position:0% +kind of qualification connotations +people are very strongly sort of willing + + align:start position:0% +people are very strongly sort of willing + + + align:start position:0% +people are very strongly sort of willing +to take the task that is sort of more + + align:start position:0% +to take the task that is sort of more + + + align:start position:0% +to take the task that is sort of more +associated with their cast and you know + + align:start position:0% +associated with their cast and you know + + + align:start position:0% +associated with their cast and you know +very unlikely to tank kind of a lower + + align:start position:0% +very unlikely to tank kind of a lower + + + align:start position:0% +very unlikely to tank kind of a lower +rank cast and they're even sort of + + align:start position:0% +rank cast and they're even sort of + + + align:start position:0% +rank cast and they're even sort of +willing to less willing to sort of + + align:start position:0% +willing to less willing to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +willing to less willing to sort of +accept a task that's you know considered + + align:start position:0% +accept a task that's you know considered + + + align:start position:0% +accept a task that's you know considered +associated with a higher ranked cast + + align:start position:0% +associated with a higher ranked cast + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a higher ranked cast +even if it's not kind of even if it's + + align:start position:0% +even if it's not kind of even if it's + + + align:start position:0% +even if it's not kind of even if it's +not yours + + align:start position:0% +not yours + + + align:start position:0% +not yours +so I think that you know and then um + + align:start position:0% +so I think that you know and then um + + + align:start position:0% +so I think that you know and then um +uh so I just want to sort of mention + + align:start position:0% +uh so I just want to sort of mention + + + align:start position:0% +uh so I just want to sort of mention +that it seems like people are sort of + + align:start position:0% +that it seems like people are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that it seems like people are sort of +willing to that this identity of sort of + + align:start position:0% +willing to that this identity of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +willing to that this identity of sort of +what kinds of jobs are associated with + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of jobs are associated with + + + align:start position:0% +what kinds of jobs are associated with +their identity seems to be sort of + + align:start position:0% +their identity seems to be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +their identity seems to be sort of +important in people's labor Supply + + align:start position:0% +important in people's labor Supply + + + align:start position:0% +important in people's labor Supply +decisions yeah Aaron there's a quick + + align:start position:0% +decisions yeah Aaron there's a quick + + + align:start position:0% +decisions yeah Aaron there's a quick +question too you mentioned that she + + align:start position:0% +question too you mentioned that she + + + align:start position:0% +question too you mentioned that she +randomly vary whether the tasks that + + align:start position:0% +randomly vary whether the tasks that + + + align:start position:0% +randomly vary whether the tasks that +people were assigned was made public but + + align:start position:0% +people were assigned was made public but + + + align:start position:0% +people were assigned was made public but +were the tasks themselves like publicly + + align:start position:0% +were the tasks themselves like publicly + + + align:start position:0% +were the tasks themselves like publicly +visible because I think in the pictures + + align:start position:0% +visible because I think in the pictures + + + align:start position:0% +visible because I think in the pictures +it seemed like some of them are moving + + align:start position:0% +it seemed like some of them are moving + + + align:start position:0% +it seemed like some of them are moving +down indoors versus like + + align:start position:0% +down indoors versus like + + + align:start position:0% +down indoors versus like +uh I don't remember actually that's a + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't remember actually that's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't remember actually that's a +good question + + align:start position:0% +good question + + + align:start position:0% +good question +she actually doesn't she actually + + align:start position:0% +she actually doesn't she actually + + + align:start position:0% +she actually doesn't she actually +doesn't find much in the way of the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't find much in the way of the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't find much in the way of the +public treatment doesn't even make a big + + align:start position:0% +public treatment doesn't even make a big + + + align:start position:0% +public treatment doesn't even make a big +difference but I don't remember what I + + align:start position:0% +difference but I don't remember what I + + + align:start position:0% +difference but I don't remember what I +know it was sort of it was announced + + align:start position:0% +know it was sort of it was announced + + + align:start position:0% +know it was sort of it was announced +that it was going to be public what you + + align:start position:0% +that it was going to be public what you + + + align:start position:0% +that it was going to be public what you +did but I don't remember the past couple + + align:start position:0% +did but I don't remember the past couple + + + align:start position:0% +did but I don't remember the past couple +of public yeah why do you expect the + + align:start position:0% +of public yeah why do you expect the + + + align:start position:0% +of public yeah why do you expect the +left hand graph to also be flat like I + + align:start position:0% +left hand graph to also be flat like I + + + align:start position:0% +left hand graph to also be flat like I +get the right hand graph we want we + + align:start position:0% +get the right hand graph we want we + + + align:start position:0% +get the right hand graph we want we +expect it to be black because it's like + + align:start position:0% +expect it to be black because it's like + + + align:start position:0% +expect it to be black because it's like +the identity that's but the left one on + + align:start position:0% +the identity that's but the left one on + + + align:start position:0% +the identity that's but the left one on +this post would not be identity that so + + align:start position:0% +this post would not be identity that so + + + align:start position:0% +this post would not be identity that so +we wouldn't necessarily expect to do + + align:start position:0% +we wouldn't necessarily expect to do + + + align:start position:0% +we wouldn't necessarily expect to do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +Point + + align:start position:0% +Point + + + align:start position:0% +Point +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a fair point actually I agree + + align:start position:0% +that's a fair point actually I agree + + + align:start position:0% +that's a fair point actually I agree +with you actually now now that I think + + align:start position:0% +with you actually now now that I think + + + align:start position:0% +with you actually now now that I think +about it I don't have a good answer for + + align:start position:0% +about it I don't have a good answer for + + + align:start position:0% +about it I don't have a good answer for +that so sorry but you're right you would + + align:start position:0% +that so sorry but you're right you would + + + align:start position:0% +that so sorry but you're right you would +think that that if the non-identity ones + + align:start position:0% +think that that if the non-identity ones + + + align:start position:0% +think that that if the non-identity ones +by the argument I was making before + + align:start position:0% +by the argument I was making before + + + align:start position:0% +by the argument I was making before +should all should be more downward + + align:start position:0% +should all should be more downward + + + align:start position:0% +should all should be more downward +sloping so I take it back I don't have a + + align:start position:0% +sloping so I take it back I don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +sloping so I take it back I don't have a +good answer for that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +like I'm just saying it sounds like a + + align:start position:0% +like I'm just saying it sounds like a + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm just saying it sounds like a +really bad form of misallocation of + + align:start position:0% +really bad form of misallocation of + + + align:start position:0% +really bad form of misallocation of +Labor like you can only have I suppose + + align:start position:0% +Labor like you can only have I suppose + + + align:start position:0% +Labor like you can only have I suppose +people are actually you know yes and no + + align:start position:0% +people are actually you know yes and no + + + align:start position:0% +people are actually you know yes and no +so is so the first is so if you think if + + align:start position:0% +so is so the first is so if you think if + + + align:start position:0% +so is so the first is so if you think if +you think that sort of people's skills + + align:start position:0% +you think that sort of people's skills + + + align:start position:0% +you think that sort of people's skills +at these different if these if you do + + align:start position:0% +at these different if these if you do + + + align:start position:0% +at these different if these if you do +these tasks are more or less + + align:start position:0% +these tasks are more or less + + + align:start position:0% +these tasks are more or less +interchangeable in terms of skills then + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable in terms of skills then + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable in terms of skills then +no if there's really strong + + align:start position:0% +no if there's really strong + + + align:start position:0% +no if there's really strong +heterogeneity and skills like across + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and skills like across + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and skills like across +tasks some people are really good at + + align:start position:0% +tasks some people are really good at + + + align:start position:0% +tasks some people are really good at +task one and not really good at task two + + align:start position:0% +task one and not really good at task two + + + align:start position:0% +task one and not really good at task two +then yes so I think it really depends on + + align:start position:0% +then yes so I think it really depends on + + + align:start position:0% +then yes so I think it really depends on +sort of how much there is + + align:start position:0% +sort of how much there is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of how much there is +substitutability in the underlying + + align:start position:0% +substitutability in the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +substitutability in the underlying +production function acrossing tasks + + align:start position:0% +production function acrossing tasks + + + align:start position:0% +production function acrossing tasks +but it certainly could lead to large + + align:start position:0% +but it certainly could lead to large + + + align:start position:0% +but it certainly could lead to large +misallocation but doesn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +misallocation but doesn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +misallocation but doesn't necessarily +lead to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay the the final thing I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +okay the the final thing I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +okay the the final thing I wanted to +mention about Labor Supply is this new + + align:start position:0% +mention about Labor Supply is this new + + + align:start position:0% +mention about Labor Supply is this new +paper by husam at all + + align:start position:0% +paper by husam at all + + + align:start position:0% +paper by husam at all +which is tackling kind of this + + align:start position:0% +which is tackling kind of this + + + align:start position:0% +which is tackling kind of this +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the broader question of sort of what is + + align:start position:0% +the broader question of sort of what is + + + align:start position:0% +the broader question of sort of what is +about like you know how do we what is + + align:start position:0% +about like you know how do we what is + + + align:start position:0% +about like you know how do we what is +this sort of the psychological benefits + + align:start position:0% +this sort of the psychological benefits + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of the psychological benefits +of other psychological benefits of + + align:start position:0% +of other psychological benefits of + + + align:start position:0% +of other psychological benefits of +employment okay so the typical model + + align:start position:0% +employment okay so the typical model + + + align:start position:0% +employment okay so the typical model +that we write down + + align:start position:0% +that we write down + + + align:start position:0% +that we write down +looks like this right it has some like + + align:start position:0% +looks like this right it has some like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this right it has some like +utility over consumption and Leisure and + + align:start position:0% +utility over consumption and Leisure and + + + align:start position:0% +utility over consumption and Leisure and +exactly consumption and labor in in this + + align:start position:0% +exactly consumption and labor in in this + + + align:start position:0% +exactly consumption and labor in in this +uh in this where + + align:start position:0% +uh in this where + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this where +um you know labor enters negatively in + + align:start position:0% +um you know labor enters negatively in + + + align:start position:0% +um you know labor enters negatively in +the utility function right we prefer to + + align:start position:0% +the utility function right we prefer to + + + align:start position:0% +the utility function right we prefer to +spend more time at leisure + + align:start position:0% +spend more time at leisure + + + align:start position:0% +spend more time at leisure +um but we don't but you know so but we + + align:start position:0% +um but we don't but you know so but we + + + align:start position:0% +um but we don't but you know so but we +have to work and therefore we you have + + align:start position:0% +have to work and therefore we you have + + + align:start position:0% +have to work and therefore we you have +Community consumption so there's like a + + align:start position:0% +Community consumption so there's like a + + + align:start position:0% +Community consumption so there's like a +label your trade-off + + align:start position:0% +label your trade-off + + + align:start position:0% +label your trade-off +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +this paper is trying to ask like is that + + align:start position:0% +this paper is trying to ask like is that + + + align:start position:0% +this paper is trying to ask like is that +the right way to think about it + + align:start position:0% +the right way to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +the right way to think about it +and in fact there's some + + align:start position:0% +and in fact there's some + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact there's some +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +accepting kind of a million you know + + align:start position:0% +accepting kind of a million you know + + + align:start position:0% +accepting kind of a million you know +stepping way way back there is some + + align:start position:0% +stepping way way back there is some + + + align:start position:0% +stepping way way back there is some +reason to think that actually like you + + align:start position:0% +reason to think that actually like you + + + align:start position:0% +reason to think that actually like you +know there's other reasons I think that + + align:start position:0% +know there's other reasons I think that + + + align:start position:0% +know there's other reasons I think that +maybe this is not quite right so if you + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is not quite right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is not quite right so if you +look at sort of people's like happiness + + align:start position:0% +look at sort of people's like happiness + + + align:start position:0% +look at sort of people's like happiness +surveys one of the strongest predictors + + align:start position:0% +surveys one of the strongest predictors + + + align:start position:0% +surveys one of the strongest predictors +of unhappiness is unemployment for + + align:start position:0% +of unhappiness is unemployment for + + + align:start position:0% +of unhappiness is unemployment for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +and you know that's not + + align:start position:0% +and you know that's not + + + align:start position:0% +and you know that's not +if you were to control for kind of + + align:start position:0% +if you were to control for kind of + + + align:start position:0% +if you were to control for kind of +income or consumption that's actually a + + align:start position:0% +income or consumption that's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +income or consumption that's actually a +little hard to think about from like + + align:start position:0% +little hard to think about from like + + + align:start position:0% +little hard to think about from like +this like + + align:start position:0% +this like + + + align:start position:0% +this like +model right it's you know you would have + + align:start position:0% +model right it's you know you would have + + + align:start position:0% +model right it's you know you would have +the view that actually if you're like + + align:start position:0% +the view that actually if you're like + + + align:start position:0% +the view that actually if you're like +consuming a lot and you're on and you + + align:start position:0% +consuming a lot and you're on and you + + + align:start position:0% +consuming a lot and you're on and you +have all this Leisure Time like what's + + align:start position:0% +have all this Leisure Time like what's + + + align:start position:0% +have all this Leisure Time like what's +wrong with that but it doesn't seem to + + align:start position:0% +wrong with that but it doesn't seem to + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with that but it doesn't seem to +be the way people are sort of + + align:start position:0% +be the way people are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +be the way people are sort of +um behaving and there may be this idea + + align:start position:0% +um behaving and there may be this idea + + + align:start position:0% +um behaving and there may be this idea +that actually sort of there are utility + + align:start position:0% +that actually sort of there are utility + + + align:start position:0% +that actually sort of there are utility +benefits uh from working okay + + align:start position:0% +benefits uh from working okay + + + align:start position:0% +benefits uh from working okay +so she wants to sort of uh investigate + + align:start position:0% +so she wants to sort of uh investigate + + + align:start position:0% +so she wants to sort of uh investigate +this okay + + align:start position:0% +this okay + + + align:start position:0% +this okay +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +they're they're going to um + + align:start position:0% +they're they're going to um + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're going to um +so what she's going to do is she's going + + align:start position:0% +so what she's going to do is she's going + + + align:start position:0% +so what she's going to do is she's going +to work in uh in refugee camps okay so + + align:start position:0% +to work in uh in refugee camps okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to work in uh in refugee camps okay so +that's like a sort of an unusual setting + + align:start position:0% +that's like a sort of an unusual setting + + + align:start position:0% +that's like a sort of an unusual setting +um and you can think about whether or + + align:start position:0% +um and you can think about whether or + + + align:start position:0% +um and you can think about whether or +not that setting is kind of relevant or + + align:start position:0% +not that setting is kind of relevant or + + + align:start position:0% +not that setting is kind of relevant or +not for the conclusions + + align:start position:0% +not for the conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +not for the conclusions +and she's going to basically do + + align:start position:0% +and she's going to basically do + + + align:start position:0% +and she's going to basically do +um randomized people into three things + + align:start position:0% +um randomized people into three things + + + align:start position:0% +um randomized people into three things +so they're gonna either get a job + + align:start position:0% +so they're gonna either get a job + + + align:start position:0% +so they're gonna either get a job +and the job is basically going around + + align:start position:0% +and the job is basically going around + + + align:start position:0% +and the job is basically going around +the refugee camps kind of doing surveys + + align:start position:0% +the refugee camps kind of doing surveys + + + align:start position:0% +the refugee camps kind of doing surveys +doing survey work + + align:start position:0% +doing survey work + + + align:start position:0% +doing survey work +um for for uh three days per week for + + align:start position:0% +um for for uh three days per week for + + + align:start position:0% +um for for uh three days per week for +two months + + align:start position:0% +two months + + + align:start position:0% +two months +a control group which basically just + + align:start position:0% +a control group which basically just + + + align:start position:0% +a control group which basically just +gets a small fee to kind of fill out her + + align:start position:0% +gets a small fee to kind of fill out her + + + align:start position:0% +gets a small fee to kind of fill out her +surveys + + align:start position:0% +surveys + + + align:start position:0% +surveys +uh or their surveys I should say + + align:start position:0% +uh or their surveys I should say + + + align:start position:0% +uh or their surveys I should say +and a cash treatment + + align:start position:0% +and a cash treatment + + + align:start position:0% +and a cash treatment +which is basically a large fee to fill + + align:start position:0% +which is basically a large fee to fill + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically a large fee to fill +out the surveys where the fee from the + + align:start position:0% +out the surveys where the fee from the + + + align:start position:0% +out the surveys where the fee from the +survey is equal to the payment from the + + align:start position:0% +survey is equal to the payment from the + + + align:start position:0% +survey is equal to the payment from the +job arm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +thoughts on the so is the design clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thoughts on the design this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on the design this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on the design this is kind of +get at her question not get her question + + align:start position:0% +get at her question not get her question + + + align:start position:0% +get at her question not get her question +yeah well just to clarify the idea for + + align:start position:0% +yeah well just to clarify the idea for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well just to clarify the idea for +the controlling cash is that the amount + + align:start position:0% +the controlling cash is that the amount + + + align:start position:0% +the controlling cash is that the amount +of time that it takes you to fill out + + align:start position:0% +of time that it takes you to fill out + + + align:start position:0% +of time that it takes you to fill out +the surveys like almost entirely not + + align:start position:0% +the surveys like almost entirely not + + + align:start position:0% +the surveys like almost entirely not +believable like it's not you mean sorry + + align:start position:0% +believable like it's not you mean sorry + + + align:start position:0% +believable like it's not you mean sorry +what do you mean like + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean like + + + align:start position:0% +what do you mean like +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +the filling out of the survey and the + + align:start position:0% +the filling out of the survey and the + + + align:start position:0% +the filling out of the survey and the +control and cash groups is meant to be + + align:start position:0% +control and cash groups is meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +control and cash groups is meant to be +like a like not labor conception + + align:start position:0% +like a like not labor conception + + + align:start position:0% +like a like not labor conception +okay I'm sorry I don't understand so the + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm sorry I don't understand so the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm sorry I don't understand so the +the like + + align:start position:0% +the like + + + align:start position:0% +the like +the framework that we have in mind is + + align:start position:0% +the framework that we have in mind is + + + align:start position:0% +the framework that we have in mind is +that uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +like spending your time on labor as + + align:start position:0% +like spending your time on labor as + + + align:start position:0% +like spending your time on labor as +opposed to Leisure is something that + + align:start position:0% +opposed to Leisure is something that + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to Leisure is something that +they might be good might be bad and uh + + align:start position:0% +they might be good might be bad and uh + + + align:start position:0% +they might be good might be bad and uh +the control in the cash arms here + + align:start position:0% +the control in the cash arms here + + + align:start position:0% +the control in the cash arms here +filling out the survey is like a short + + align:start position:0% +filling out the survey is like a short + + + align:start position:0% +filling out the survey is like a short +enough amount of time that we're not + + align:start position:0% +enough amount of time that we're not + + + align:start position:0% +enough amount of time that we're not +counting it as as we're labor yes + + align:start position:0% +counting it as as we're labor yes + + + align:start position:0% +counting it as as we're labor yes +exactly right so this is like okay right + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so this is like okay right + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so this is like okay right +so so exactly so it's not work right so + + align:start position:0% +so so exactly so it's not work right so + + + align:start position:0% +so so exactly so it's not work right so +why the cash treatment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly right so the cash human is super + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so the cash human is super + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right so the cash human is super +important right + + align:start position:0% +important right + + + align:start position:0% +important right +um but we also want to sort of identify + + align:start position:0% +um but we also want to sort of identify + + + align:start position:0% +um but we also want to sort of identify +kind of the effects of the cash per se + + align:start position:0% +kind of the effects of the cash per se + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the effects of the cash per se +so this is going to be the same as this + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be the same as this + + + align:start position:0% +so this is going to be the same as this +is going to be the same task so like + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the same task so like + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be the same task so like +what do you have to do but the thing + + align:start position:0% +what do you have to do but the thing + + + align:start position:0% +what do you have to do but the thing +fill the survey but we're going to sort + + align:start position:0% +fill the survey but we're going to sort + + + align:start position:0% +fill the survey but we're going to sort +of just vary the very the the the the + + align:start position:0% +of just vary the very the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +of just vary the very the the the the +the the sort of income the income here + + align:start position:0% +the the sort of income the income here + + + align:start position:0% +the the sort of income the income here +so these three things they all have sort + + align:start position:0% +so these three things they all have sort + + + align:start position:0% +so these three things they all have sort +of like you know filling out surveys so + + align:start position:0% +of like you know filling out surveys so + + + align:start position:0% +of like you know filling out surveys so +we all are so all of them in addition to + + align:start position:0% +we all are so all of them in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +we all are so all of them in addition to +sort of doing the surveys you also have + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing the surveys you also have + + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing the surveys you also have +to fill out the survey for her so she + + align:start position:0% +to fill out the survey for her so she + + + align:start position:0% +to fill out the survey for her so she +gets the information from everybody + + align:start position:0% +gets the information from everybody + + + align:start position:0% +gets the information from everybody +that's the same everywhere and here you + + align:start position:0% +that's the same everywhere and here you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same everywhere and here you +get the just the cash here the cash but + + align:start position:0% +get the just the cash here the cash but + + + align:start position:0% +get the just the cash here the cash but +you have to work for it Aaron + + align:start position:0% +you have to work for it Aaron + + + align:start position:0% +you have to work for it Aaron +how are they measuring utilities like + + align:start position:0% +how are they measuring utilities like + + + align:start position:0% +how are they measuring utilities like +what's the outcome I'm sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and there's people from this + + align:start position:0% +yeah and there's people from this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and there's people from this +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with the treatment of others yeah so + + align:start position:0% +with the treatment of others yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +with the treatment of others yeah so +that's a good question I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good question I don't remember +how big the camp is relative to the size + + align:start position:0% +how big the camp is relative to the size + + + align:start position:0% +how big the camp is relative to the size +of her experiment but uh yes you could + + align:start position:0% +of her experiment but uh yes you could + + + align:start position:0% +of her experiment but uh yes you could +be you should be like one thing you + + align:start position:0% +be you should be like one thing you + + + align:start position:0% +be you should be like one thing you +could be concerned about is sort of what + + align:start position:0% +could be concerned about is sort of what + + + align:start position:0% +could be concerned about is sort of what +is the effective sort of like you know + + align:start position:0% +is the effective sort of like you know + + + align:start position:0% +is the effective sort of like you know +if it was large enough that other people + + align:start position:0% +if it was large enough that other people + + + align:start position:0% +if it was large enough that other people +could see what I was doing that's + + align:start position:0% +could see what I was doing that's + + + align:start position:0% +could see what I was doing that's +something you could be concerned about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I don't remember exactly what they + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't remember exactly what they + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I don't remember exactly what they +are but yes they're told they have some + + align:start position:0% +are but yes they're told they have some + + + align:start position:0% +are but yes they're told they have some +use they're going to be surveys for you + + align:start position:0% +use they're going to be surveys for you + + + align:start position:0% +use they're going to be surveys for you +know uh of people's status of what their + + align:start position:0% +know uh of people's status of what their + + + align:start position:0% +know uh of people's status of what their +work whatever is + + align:start position:0% +work whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +work whatever is +yeah I'm gonna assume that from the name + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm gonna assume that from the name + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I'm gonna assume that from the name +of this paper that in the end they will + + align:start position:0% +of this paper that in the end they will + + + align:start position:0% +of this paper that in the end they will +find if they are given you thought + + align:start position:0% +find if they are given you thought + + + align:start position:0% +find if they are given you thought +giving birth they are a better office + + align:start position:0% +giving birth they are a better office + + + align:start position:0% +giving birth they are a better office +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are are they are refugees aware of this + + align:start position:0% +are are they are refugees aware of this + + + align:start position:0% +are are they are refugees aware of this +fxult if they were asked to choose + + align:start position:0% +fxult if they were asked to choose + + + align:start position:0% +fxult if they were asked to choose +between these three options + + align:start position:0% +between these three options + + + align:start position:0% +between these three options +which one oh that's a good question I + + align:start position:0% +which one oh that's a good question I + + + align:start position:0% +which one oh that's a good question I +don't remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a great question I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question I don't remember +if she asked the max Auntie like if they + + align:start position:0% +if she asked the max Auntie like if they + + + align:start position:0% +if she asked the max Auntie like if they +asked there and you look like you're + + align:start position:0% +asked there and you look like you're + + + align:start position:0% +asked there and you look like you're +about to say that I've forgotten + + align:start position:0% +about to say that I've forgotten + + + align:start position:0% +about to say that I've forgotten +something no I don't remember her asking + + align:start position:0% +something no I don't remember her asking + + + align:start position:0% +something no I don't remember her asking +that question but that's really + + align:start position:0% +that question but that's really + + + align:start position:0% +that question but that's really +interesting if you know if they're aware + + align:start position:0% +interesting if you know if they're aware + + + align:start position:0% +interesting if you know if they're aware +I don't know the answer to that question + + align:start position:0% +I don't know the answer to that question + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know the answer to that question +I think it's maybe kind of related on + + align:start position:0% +I think it's maybe kind of related on + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's maybe kind of related on +the 20th like given that this setting is + + align:start position:0% +the 20th like given that this setting is + + + align:start position:0% +the 20th like given that this setting is +unique campsite + + align:start position:0% +unique campsite + + + align:start position:0% +unique campsite +I was thinking that cash may not have + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking that cash may not have + + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking that cash may not have +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +like mapping into consumption that might + + align:start position:0% +like mapping into consumption that might + + + align:start position:0% +like mapping into consumption that might +even just dropping cash into like + + align:start position:0% +even just dropping cash into like + + + align:start position:0% +even just dropping cash into like +I don't know + + align:start position:0% +I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know +well she can measure that right so she's + + align:start position:0% +well she can measure that right so she's + + + align:start position:0% +well she can measure that right so she's +actually going to look at sort of um at + + align:start position:0% +actually going to look at sort of um at + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to look at sort of um at +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah she'll look at some of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +yeah she'll look at some of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah she'll look at some of the sort of +the consumption effects actually and so + + align:start position:0% +the consumption effects actually and so + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption effects actually and so +she'll sort of see she'll be able to see + + align:start position:0% +she'll sort of see she'll be able to see + + + align:start position:0% +she'll sort of see she'll be able to see +if they're doing things differently so + + align:start position:0% +if they're doing things differently so + + + align:start position:0% +if they're doing things differently so +we'll get to that in a sec + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I think you guys are right like so I + + align:start position:0% +but I think you guys are right like so I + + + align:start position:0% +but I think you guys are right like so I +think that one thing that's okay so um + + align:start position:0% +think that one thing that's okay so um + + + align:start position:0% +think that one thing that's okay so um +so I think that you're right that sort + + align:start position:0% +so I think that you're right that sort + + + align:start position:0% +so I think that you're right that sort +of like this setting is potentially + + align:start position:0% +of like this setting is potentially + + + align:start position:0% +of like this setting is potentially +important right so one of the so why is + + align:start position:0% +important right so one of the so why is + + + align:start position:0% +important right so one of the so why is +she doing it in the setting I think + + align:start position:0% +she doing it in the setting I think + + + align:start position:0% +she doing it in the setting I think +there's two two reasons one is actually + + align:start position:0% +there's two two reasons one is actually + + + align:start position:0% +there's two two reasons one is actually +this is a + + align:start position:0% +this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a +separate from sort of being a paper + + align:start position:0% +separate from sort of being a paper + + + align:start position:0% +separate from sort of being a paper +about employment this is also a paper + + align:start position:0% +about employment this is also a paper + + + align:start position:0% +about employment this is also a paper +about like understanding kind of refugee + + align:start position:0% +about like understanding kind of refugee + + + align:start position:0% +about like understanding kind of refugee +camps and I think that sort of the + + align:start position:0% +camps and I think that sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +camps and I think that sort of the +there's a view that so it's of + + align:start position:0% +there's a view that so it's of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a view that so it's of +independent interest sort of how do we + + align:start position:0% +independent interest sort of how do we + + + align:start position:0% +independent interest sort of how do we +think about like what we should do with + + align:start position:0% +think about like what we should do with + + + align:start position:0% +think about like what we should do with +policy and refugee camps I think that + + align:start position:0% +policy and refugee camps I think that + + + align:start position:0% +policy and refugee camps I think that +sort of the general view here that + + align:start position:0% +sort of the general view here that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the general view here that +they're sort of arguing against in some + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of arguing against in some + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of arguing against in some +senses like we just need to sort of + + align:start position:0% +senses like we just need to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +senses like we just need to sort of +provide people with a basic income and + + align:start position:0% +provide people with a basic income and + + + align:start position:0% +provide people with a basic income and +not worry about kind of what they're + + align:start position:0% +not worry about kind of what they're + + + align:start position:0% +not worry about kind of what they're +doing with their time until we can get + + align:start position:0% +doing with their time until we can get + + + align:start position:0% +doing with their time until we can get +them to go somewhere else and actually + + align:start position:0% +them to go somewhere else and actually + + + align:start position:0% +them to go somewhere else and actually +she's sort of saying no actually there + + align:start position:0% +she's sort of saying no actually there + + + align:start position:0% +she's sort of saying no actually there +may be important values of kind of what + + align:start position:0% +may be important values of kind of what + + + align:start position:0% +may be important values of kind of what +they're doing like that may actually + + align:start position:0% +they're doing like that may actually + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing like that may actually +have value in and of itself so I think + + align:start position:0% +have value in and of itself so I think + + + align:start position:0% +have value in and of itself so I think +there's a sort of substantive interest + + align:start position:0% +there's a sort of substantive interest + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sort of substantive interest +the second is it may be a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +the second is it may be a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +the second is it may be a sort of a +setting where they can sort of do this + + align:start position:0% +setting where they can sort of do this + + + align:start position:0% +setting where they can sort of do this +experiment so but I think that that and + + align:start position:0% +experiment so but I think that that and + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so but I think that that and +if you sort of see the the way that that + + align:start position:0% +if you sort of see the the way that that + + + align:start position:0% +if you sort of see the the way that that +the paper is presented I think it very + + align:start position:0% +the paper is presented I think it very + + + align:start position:0% +the paper is presented I think it very +much Embraces the view that actually + + align:start position:0% +much Embraces the view that actually + + + align:start position:0% +much Embraces the view that actually +understanding kind of how to design + + align:start position:0% +understanding kind of how to design + + + align:start position:0% +understanding kind of how to design +refugee camps it is in and of itself + + align:start position:0% +refugee camps it is in and of itself + + + align:start position:0% +refugee camps it is in and of itself +like uh uh an important question of + + align:start position:0% +like uh uh an important question of + + + align:start position:0% +like uh uh an important question of +Interest + + align:start position:0% +Interest + + + align:start position:0% +Interest +I on the other hand though it may not + + align:start position:0% +I on the other hand though it may not + + + align:start position:0% +I on the other hand though it may not +necessarily externally generalize in + + align:start position:0% +necessarily externally generalize in + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily externally generalize in +exactly the same way and that's + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same way and that's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same way and that's +something to sort of keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +something to sort of keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +something to sort of keep in mind +um sorry there are other questions + + align:start position:0% +um sorry there are other questions + + + align:start position:0% +um sorry there are other questions +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +one other thing that that you guys + + align:start position:0% +one other thing that that you guys + + + align:start position:0% +one other thing that that you guys +didn't mention which I I happen to think + + align:start position:0% +didn't mention which I I happen to think + + + align:start position:0% +didn't mention which I I happen to think +may be important + + align:start position:0% +may be important + + + align:start position:0% +may be important +is it's also important to understand + + align:start position:0% +is it's also important to understand + + + align:start position:0% +is it's also important to understand +what the job is right so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +what the job is right so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +what the job is right so the idea is +like it's a job but like there are good + + align:start position:0% +like it's a job but like there are good + + + align:start position:0% +like it's a job but like there are good +jobs and bad jobs there you know if we + + align:start position:0% +jobs and bad jobs there you know if we + + + align:start position:0% +jobs and bad jobs there you know if we +just look at the previous paper there + + align:start position:0% +just look at the previous paper there + + + align:start position:0% +just look at the previous paper there +are jobs that are Pleasant and jobs that + + align:start position:0% +are jobs that are Pleasant and jobs that + + + align:start position:0% +are jobs that are Pleasant and jobs that +are unpleasant there are jobs that are + + align:start position:0% +are unpleasant there are jobs that are + + + align:start position:0% +are unpleasant there are jobs that are +sort of you know make you feel good + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know make you feel good + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know make you feel good +about what you're doing or about what + + align:start position:0% +about what you're doing or about what + + + align:start position:0% +about what you're doing or about what +you're doing she could easily have + + align:start position:0% +you're doing she could easily have + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing she could easily have +imagined kind of a a job that was sort + + align:start position:0% +imagined kind of a a job that was sort + + + align:start position:0% +imagined kind of a a job that was sort +of much less Pleasant that may have had + + align:start position:0% +of much less Pleasant that may have had + + + align:start position:0% +of much less Pleasant that may have had +very different implications that's + + align:start position:0% +very different implications that's + + + align:start position:0% +very different implications that's +number one so it's + + align:start position:0% +number one so it's + + + align:start position:0% +number one so it's +the results are kind of conditional on + + align:start position:0% +the results are kind of conditional on + + + align:start position:0% +the results are kind of conditional on +the job she happened to have so I think + + align:start position:0% +the job she happened to have so I think + + + align:start position:0% +the job she happened to have so I think +that's sort of understanding that is an + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of understanding that is an + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of understanding that is an +important detail and the second point + + align:start position:0% +important detail and the second point + + + align:start position:0% +important detail and the second point +about this is you know what one thing I + + align:start position:0% +about this is you know what one thing I + + + align:start position:0% +about this is you know what one thing I +think is a little less than ideal about + + align:start position:0% +think is a little less than ideal about + + + align:start position:0% +think is a little less than ideal about +a survey is what you actually do in a + + align:start position:0% +a survey is what you actually do in a + + + align:start position:0% +a survey is what you actually do in a +survey is you walk around and see + + align:start position:0% +survey is you walk around and see + + + align:start position:0% +survey is you walk around and see +everyone else's conditions + + align:start position:0% +everyone else's conditions + + + align:start position:0% +everyone else's conditions +and so you're actually explicitly sort + + align:start position:0% +and so you're actually explicitly sort + + + align:start position:0% +and so you're actually explicitly sort +of being asked in some of sometimes to + + align:start position:0% +of being asked in some of sometimes to + + + align:start position:0% +of being asked in some of sometimes to +compare like your own condition to sort + + align:start position:0% +compare like your own condition to sort + + + align:start position:0% +compare like your own condition to sort +of that of other people and so I think + + align:start position:0% +of that of other people and so I think + + + align:start position:0% +of that of other people and so I think +that one did like if it was me I would + + align:start position:0% +that one did like if it was me I would + + + align:start position:0% +that one did like if it was me I would +have tried to find it I mean so it's so + + align:start position:0% +have tried to find it I mean so it's so + + + align:start position:0% +have tried to find it I mean so it's so +hard to know kind of appreciate I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +hard to know kind of appreciate I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +hard to know kind of appreciate I'm sure +they had a million constraints in + + align:start position:0% +they had a million constraints in + + + align:start position:0% +they had a million constraints in +designing the study but if possible it + + align:start position:0% +designing the study but if possible it + + + align:start position:0% +designing the study but if possible it +would have been nicer I think to have a + + align:start position:0% +would have been nicer I think to have a + + + align:start position:0% +would have been nicer I think to have a +job that didn't have this direct kind of + + align:start position:0% +job that didn't have this direct kind of + + + align:start position:0% +job that didn't have this direct kind of +like social comparison + + align:start position:0% +like social comparison + + + align:start position:0% +like social comparison +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +aspect to it because you know maybe + + align:start position:0% +aspect to it because you know maybe + + + align:start position:0% +aspect to it because you know maybe +people are just happier because they're + + align:start position:0% +people are just happier because they're + + + align:start position:0% +people are just happier because they're +looking around saying well gee you know + + align:start position:0% +looking around saying well gee you know + + + align:start position:0% +looking around saying well gee you know +my life is terrible but boy your life is + + align:start position:0% +my life is terrible but boy your life is + + + align:start position:0% +my life is terrible but boy your life is +even worse so actually I'm kind of + + align:start position:0% +even worse so actually I'm kind of + + + align:start position:0% +even worse so actually I'm kind of +better off by comparison so that's I + + align:start position:0% +better off by comparison so that's I + + + align:start position:0% +better off by comparison so that's I +think a little bit of a disadvantage of + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit of a disadvantage of + + + align:start position:0% +think a little bit of a disadvantage of +um but my the general point is it's + + align:start position:0% +um but my the general point is it's + + + align:start position:0% +um but my the general point is it's +important there's things through like + + align:start position:0% +important there's things through like + + + align:start position:0% +important there's things through like +what exactly is the treatment yeah Hazel + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is the treatment yeah Hazel + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly is the treatment yeah Hazel +you also might think some of the like + + align:start position:0% +you also might think some of the like + + + align:start position:0% +you also might think some of the like +happiness would come just from being + + align:start position:0% +happiness would come just from being + + + align:start position:0% +happiness would come just from being +chosen + + align:start position:0% +chosen + + + align:start position:0% +chosen +like the jobs you might want to say + + align:start position:0% +like the jobs you might want to say + + + align:start position:0% +like the jobs you might want to say +it's like even though it's randomly + + align:start position:0% +it's like even though it's randomly + + + align:start position:0% +it's like even though it's randomly +assigned even like like feel good about + + align:start position:0% +assigned even like like feel good about + + + align:start position:0% +assigned even like like feel good about +having been given this job yeah that's a + + align:start position:0% +having been given this job yeah that's a + + + align:start position:0% +having been given this job yeah that's a +good point yeah totally that's right + + align:start position:0% +good point yeah totally that's right + + + align:start position:0% +good point yeah totally that's right +people's idea you could think of your + + align:start position:0% +people's idea you could think of your + + + align:start position:0% +people's idea you could think of your +identity as if being affected just by + + align:start position:0% +identity as if being affected just by + + + align:start position:0% +identity as if being affected just by +the fact that you were chosen and people + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you were chosen and people + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you were chosen and people +don't fully understand + + align:start position:0% +don't fully understand + + + align:start position:0% +don't fully understand +random assignment even if you told me it + + align:start position:0% +random assignment even if you told me it + + + align:start position:0% +random assignment even if you told me it +was random they might not fully sort of + + align:start position:0% +was random they might not fully sort of + + + align:start position:0% +was random they might not fully sort of +understand that I agree with that yeah + + align:start position:0% +understand that I agree with that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +understand that I agree with that yeah +I hadn't thought of before but + + align:start position:0% +I hadn't thought of before but + + + align:start position:0% +I hadn't thought of before but +I'll show you the refugee camp + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you the refugee camp + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you the refugee camp +a substantial number of these people are + + align:start position:0% +a substantial number of these people are + + + align:start position:0% +a substantial number of these people are +already depressed + + align:start position:0% +already depressed + + + align:start position:0% +already depressed +right yeah + + align:start position:0% +right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +have the depression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't think we have it uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't see the phq is I think the + + align:start position:0% +I don't see the phq is I think the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't see the phq is I think the +depression screen I don't see this I + + align:start position:0% +depression screen I don't see this I + + + align:start position:0% +depression screen I don't see this I +don't see the the controlling there so I + + align:start position:0% +don't see the the controlling there so I + + + align:start position:0% +don't see the the controlling there so I +don't know the answer to that but yes + + align:start position:0% +don't know the answer to that but yes + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the answer to that but yes +probably all right you left your home + + align:start position:0% +probably all right you left your home + + + align:start position:0% +probably all right you left your home +due to a war I would assume that's not a + + align:start position:0% +due to a war I would assume that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +due to a war I would assume that's not a +nice nice place to be in certainly not + + align:start position:0% +nice nice place to be in certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +nice nice place to be in certainly not +that is absolutely sorry that's ABS that + + align:start position:0% +that is absolutely sorry that's ABS that + + + align:start position:0% +that is absolutely sorry that's ABS that +is absolutely right whether how that + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely right whether how that + + + align:start position:0% +is absolutely right whether how that +what the relationship between that and + + align:start position:0% +what the relationship between that and + + + align:start position:0% +what the relationship between that and +actual depression is just like an + + align:start position:0% +actual depression is just like an + + + align:start position:0% +actual depression is just like an +imperial question I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +imperial question I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +imperial question I don't know the +answer to but yeah certainly it's use + + align:start position:0% +answer to but yeah certainly it's use + + + align:start position:0% +answer to but yeah certainly it's use +plausible in that kind of a setting like + + align:start position:0% +plausible in that kind of a setting like + + + align:start position:0% +plausible in that kind of a setting like +in it + + align:start position:0% +in it + + + align:start position:0% +in it +potentially anything that + + align:start position:0% +potentially anything that + + + align:start position:0% +potentially anything that +takes your mind off the memories of War + + align:start position:0% +takes your mind off the memories of War + + + align:start position:0% +takes your mind off the memories of War +in this case a job that like keeps you + + align:start position:0% +in this case a job that like keeps you + + + align:start position:0% +in this case a job that like keeps you +busy may actually be good for you really + + align:start position:0% +busy may actually be good for you really + + + align:start position:0% +busy may actually be good for you really +regardless of like I'm not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +regardless of like I'm not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of like I'm not necessarily +the value of the job person but I'm + + align:start position:0% +the value of the job person but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the job person but I'm +doing anything but I could give them + + align:start position:0% +doing anything but I could give them + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything but I could give them +games to play and that would make them + + align:start position:0% +games to play and that would make them + + + align:start position:0% +games to play and that would make them +perhaps better off + + align:start position:0% +perhaps better off + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps better off +psychological just from it called the + + align:start position:0% +psychological just from it called the + + + align:start position:0% +psychological just from it called the +Channel being you are not thinking about + + align:start position:0% +Channel being you are not thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +Channel being you are not thinking about +the board if you're doing something else + + align:start position:0% +the board if you're doing something else + + + align:start position:0% +the board if you're doing something else +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +that's very I agree with you so another + + align:start position:0% +that's very I agree with you so another + + + align:start position:0% +that's very I agree with you so another +thing that you so again you know you + + align:start position:0% +thing that you so again you know you + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you so again you know you +face a limited set of treatments kind of + + align:start position:0% +face a limited set of treatments kind of + + + align:start position:0% +face a limited set of treatments kind of +treatment choices but I agree with you + + align:start position:0% +treatment choices but I agree with you + + + align:start position:0% +treatment choices but I agree with you +like that suggested if she had more or + + align:start position:0% +like that suggested if she had more or + + + align:start position:0% +like that suggested if she had more or +they had more power + + align:start position:0% +they had more power + + + align:start position:0% +they had more power +it would have been nice to add another + + align:start position:0% +it would have been nice to add another + + + align:start position:0% +it would have been nice to add another +treatment which is sort of like Cash + + align:start position:0% +treatment which is sort of like Cash + + + align:start position:0% +treatment which is sort of like Cash +Plus + + align:start position:0% +Plus + + + align:start position:0% +Plus +some kind of entertainment and by the + + align:start position:0% +some kind of entertainment and by the + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of entertainment and by the +way the entertainment could be but of + + align:start position:0% +way the entertainment could be but of + + + align:start position:0% +way the entertainment could be but of +course you know + + align:start position:0% +course you know + + + align:start position:0% +course you know +you have to make choices when you're + + align:start position:0% +you have to make choices when you're + + + align:start position:0% +you have to make choices when you're +designing experiment so then you could + + align:start position:0% +designing experiment so then you could + + + align:start position:0% +designing experiment so then you could +have the question should the + + align:start position:0% +have the question should the + + + align:start position:0% +have the question should the +entertainment be social or non-social I + + align:start position:0% +entertainment be social or non-social I + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment be social or non-social I +could give you video games or I could + + align:start position:0% +could give you video games or I could + + + align:start position:0% +could give you video games or I could +give you like you know have you come + + align:start position:0% +give you like you know have you come + + + align:start position:0% +give you like you know have you come +together and play board games like you + + align:start position:0% +together and play board games like you + + + align:start position:0% +together and play board games like you +know like what exactly is the you know + + align:start position:0% +know like what exactly is the you know + + + align:start position:0% +know like what exactly is the you know +you know or whatever sort of the like + + align:start position:0% +you know or whatever sort of the like + + + align:start position:0% +you know or whatever sort of the like +the activity is like what is exactly + + align:start position:0% +the activity is like what is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +the activity is like what is exactly +kind of meaningful so I think you're + + align:start position:0% +kind of meaningful so I think you're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of meaningful so I think you're +totally right that that + + align:start position:0% +totally right that that + + + align:start position:0% +totally right that that +um that I think is a compound that I + + align:start position:0% +um that I think is a compound that I + + + align:start position:0% +um that I think is a compound that I +don't I don't think we know + + align:start position:0% +don't I don't think we know + + + align:start position:0% +don't I don't think we know +what it is I think if you're + + align:start position:0% +what it is I think if you're + + + align:start position:0% +what it is I think if you're +and so I think that that's absolutely + + align:start position:0% +and so I think that that's absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +and so I think that that's absolutely +right I think you know if I I don't + + align:start position:0% +right I think you know if I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +right I think you know if I I don't +think this is if I had to choose just + + align:start position:0% +think this is if I had to choose just + + + align:start position:0% +think this is if I had to choose just +three treatments this is not a crazy + + align:start position:0% +three treatments this is not a crazy + + + align:start position:0% +three treatments this is not a crazy +set of things to choose uh but I agree + + align:start position:0% +set of things to choose uh but I agree + + + align:start position:0% +set of things to choose uh but I agree +with you that like that could certainly + + align:start position:0% +with you that like that could certainly + + + align:start position:0% +with you that like that could certainly +be a channel and and by the way you know + + align:start position:0% +be a channel and and by the way you know + + + align:start position:0% +be a channel and and by the way you know +if you ever get to the point where + + align:start position:0% +if you ever get to the point where + + + align:start position:0% +if you ever get to the point where +you're designing your own experiments + + align:start position:0% +you're designing your own experiments + + + align:start position:0% +you're designing your own experiments +you will quickly come to realize that + + align:start position:0% +you will quickly come to realize that + + + align:start position:0% +you will quickly come to realize that +there are like way more + + align:start position:0% +there are like way more + + + align:start position:0% +there are like way more +treatments that you would like to run + + align:start position:0% +treatments that you would like to run + + + align:start position:0% +treatments that you would like to run +than you can and part of kind of the + + align:start position:0% +than you can and part of kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +than you can and part of kind of the +challenge or experimental design is like + + align:start position:0% +challenge or experimental design is like + + + align:start position:0% +challenge or experimental design is like +picking what are the couple of things + + align:start position:0% +picking what are the couple of things + + + align:start position:0% +picking what are the couple of things +that I think are the most important + + align:start position:0% +that I think are the most important + + + align:start position:0% +that I think are the most important +um that kind of get that sort of get at + + align:start position:0% +um that kind of get that sort of get at + + + align:start position:0% +um that kind of get that sort of get at +this and it's nodding probably having + + align:start position:0% +this and it's nodding probably having + + + align:start position:0% +this and it's nodding probably having +tried to do this himself I'm guessing + + align:start position:0% +tried to do this himself I'm guessing + + + align:start position:0% +tried to do this himself I'm guessing +um and so you know I think that you know + + align:start position:0% +um and so you know I think that you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and so you know I think that you know +you quickly sort of end up in a world + + align:start position:0% +you quickly sort of end up in a world + + + align:start position:0% +you quickly sort of end up in a world +where like I have I mean I certainly + + align:start position:0% +where like I have I mean I certainly + + + align:start position:0% +where like I have I mean I certainly +remember in experiments I've designed + + align:start position:0% +remember in experiments I've designed + + + align:start position:0% +remember in experiments I've designed +was designing you know you go you know + + align:start position:0% +was designing you know you go you know + + + align:start position:0% +was designing you know you go you know +actually doing brainstorming coming up + + align:start position:0% +actually doing brainstorming coming up + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing brainstorming coming up +with like I don't know 20 different + + align:start position:0% +with like I don't know 20 different + + + align:start position:0% +with like I don't know 20 different +things I could possibly try and then you + + align:start position:0% +things I could possibly try and then you + + + align:start position:0% +things I could possibly try and then you +have to sort of narrow down to what is + + align:start position:0% +have to sort of narrow down to what is + + + align:start position:0% +have to sort of narrow down to what is +the ones that are both the capturing + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are both the capturing + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are both the capturing +kind of the hypotheses that are most + + align:start position:0% +kind of the hypotheses that are most + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the hypotheses that are most +important and + + align:start position:0% +important and + + + align:start position:0% +important and +and if you have additional ones like + + align:start position:0% +and if you have additional ones like + + + align:start position:0% +and if you have additional ones like +ruling out the most important kind of + + align:start position:0% +ruling out the most important kind of + + + align:start position:0% +ruling out the most important kind of +like counter factuals and in her case I + + align:start position:0% +like counter factuals and in her case I + + + align:start position:0% +like counter factuals and in her case I +think the most important one was the + + align:start position:0% +think the most important one was the + + + align:start position:0% +think the most important one was the +cache so I actually think this is not a + + align:start position:0% +cache so I actually think this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +cache so I actually think this is not a +crazy not not just not crazy I think + + align:start position:0% +crazy not not just not crazy I think + + + align:start position:0% +crazy not not just not crazy I think +it's a very nice experimental design uh + + align:start position:0% +it's a very nice experimental design uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very nice experimental design uh +but I think that you know other people + + align:start position:0% +but I think that you know other people + + + align:start position:0% +but I think that you know other people +may have made different trade-offs and + + align:start position:0% +may have made different trade-offs and + + + align:start position:0% +may have made different trade-offs and +she had more power or they had more + + align:start position:0% +she had more power or they had more + + + align:start position:0% +she had more power or they had more +power like you know I think those who + + align:start position:0% +power like you know I think those who + + + align:start position:0% +power like you know I think those who +could be + + align:start position:0% +could be + + + align:start position:0% +could be +additional things to think about + + align:start position:0% +additional things to think about + + + align:start position:0% +additional things to think about +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +I guess like traditional way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +I guess like traditional way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +I guess like traditional way of thinking +about it though is like oh if you have + + align:start position:0% +about it though is like oh if you have + + + align:start position:0% +about it though is like oh if you have +Leisure and you want to like enter like + + align:start position:0% +Leisure and you want to like enter like + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure and you want to like enter like +I don't know maybe it's like different + + align:start position:0% +I don't know maybe it's like different + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know maybe it's like different +when you're in a refugee camp but like + + align:start position:0% +when you're in a refugee camp but like + + + align:start position:0% +when you're in a refugee camp but like +you can fill your type of leisure but + + align:start position:0% +you can fill your type of leisure but + + + align:start position:0% +you can fill your type of leisure but +maybe it's like people don't actually + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's like people don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's like people don't actually +know how to like structure their Leisure + + align:start position:0% +know how to like structure their Leisure + + + align:start position:0% +know how to like structure their Leisure +Time in a way that brings fulfillment + + align:start position:0% +Time in a way that brings fulfillment + + + align:start position:0% +Time in a way that brings fulfillment +but jobs do bring fulfillment and that's + + align:start position:0% +but jobs do bring fulfillment and that's + + + align:start position:0% +but jobs do bring fulfillment and that's +kind of like something she gets testing + + align:start position:0% +kind of like something she gets testing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like something she gets testing +I guess what I'm saying is I don't know + + align:start position:0% +I guess what I'm saying is I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +I guess what I'm saying is I don't know +that like this I feel like that's kind + + align:start position:0% +that like this I feel like that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +that like this I feel like that's kind +of baked into the things she's trying to + + align:start position:0% +of baked into the things she's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +of baked into the things she's trying to +project already + + align:start position:0% +project already + + + align:start position:0% +project already +yeah although I think that what Ahmed is + + align:start position:0% +yeah although I think that what Ahmed is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah although I think that what Ahmed is +saying is there's a distinction between + + align:start position:0% +saying is there's a distinction between + + + align:start position:0% +saying is there's a distinction between +I don't know how to fill my time and I'm + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how to fill my time and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know how to fill my time and I'm +explicitly conditioning my like + + align:start position:0% +explicitly conditioning my like + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly conditioning my like +income on doing a particular task + + align:start position:0% +income on doing a particular task + + + align:start position:0% +income on doing a particular task +right like like a job has two things it + + align:start position:0% +right like like a job has two things it + + + align:start position:0% +right like like a job has two things it +has like something I have to do and it + + align:start position:0% +has like something I have to do and it + + + align:start position:0% +has like something I have to do and it +has this conditionality of like I am + + align:start position:0% +has this conditionality of like I am + + + align:start position:0% +has this conditionality of like I am +doing this work and getting the money + + align:start position:0% +doing this work and getting the money + + + align:start position:0% +doing this work and getting the money +for it as opposed to just getting the + + align:start position:0% +for it as opposed to just getting the + + + align:start position:0% +for it as opposed to just getting the +money for free and so like you know what + + align:start position:0% +money for free and so like you know what + + + align:start position:0% +money for free and so like you know what +I'm saying it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying it's it's a +yeah I don't know I guess I just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no maybe I don't maybe I I I I don't + + align:start position:0% +no maybe I don't maybe I I I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +no maybe I don't maybe I I I I don't +know I feel like like I understand + + align:start position:0% +know I feel like like I understand + + + align:start position:0% +know I feel like like I understand +perhaps you're saying like or past + + align:start position:0% +perhaps you're saying like or past + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps you're saying like or past +ominous thing like a particular thing is + + align:start position:0% +ominous thing like a particular thing is + + + align:start position:0% +ominous thing like a particular thing is +like they like don't have anything to do + + align:start position:0% +like they like don't have anything to do + + + align:start position:0% +like they like don't have anything to do +in the refugee camp but like I guess + + align:start position:0% +in the refugee camp but like I guess + + + align:start position:0% +in the refugee camp but like I guess +like I think that the idea + + align:start position:0% +like I think that the idea + + + align:start position:0% +like I think that the idea +that like the marginal utility or like + + align:start position:0% +that like the marginal utility or like + + + align:start position:0% +that like the marginal utility or like +that there's like utilities utility to + + align:start position:0% +that there's like utilities utility to + + + align:start position:0% +that there's like utilities utility to +labor is that like you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know maybe I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that you can fill your time with + + align:start position:0% +is that you can fill your time with + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can fill your time with +things like entertainment and then if + + align:start position:0% +things like entertainment and then if + + + align:start position:0% +things like entertainment and then if +you also have the same amount of income + + align:start position:0% +you also have the same amount of income + + + align:start position:0% +you also have the same amount of income +then like that would be one of the best + + align:start position:0% +then like that would be one of the best + + + align:start position:0% +then like that would be one of the best +and like if + + align:start position:0% +and like if + + + align:start position:0% +and like if +another thing what I'm saying she's not + + align:start position:0% +another thing what I'm saying she's not + + + align:start position:0% +another thing what I'm saying she's not +teasing that out + + align:start position:0% +teasing that out + + + align:start position:0% +teasing that out +what you're saying that like because + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying that like because + + + align:start position:0% +what you're saying that like because +like no I'm actually a little too sorry + + align:start position:0% +like no I'm actually a little too sorry + + + align:start position:0% +like no I'm actually a little too sorry +you're basically saying The Refuge you + + align:start position:0% +you're basically saying The Refuge you + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically saying The Refuge you +can't the problem is that like we don't + + align:start position:0% +can't the problem is that like we don't + + + align:start position:0% +can't the problem is that like we don't +we cancel our time to sort of in good + + align:start position:0% +we cancel our time to sort of in good + + + align:start position:0% +we cancel our time to sort of in good +entertainment that was I think it's hot + + align:start position:0% +entertainment that was I think it's hot + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment that was I think it's hot +yeah that's what I agree with that's on + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's what I agree with that's on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's what I agree with that's on +this point okay + + align:start position:0% +this point okay + + + align:start position:0% +this point okay +but I think that like yeah never mind no + + align:start position:0% +but I think that like yeah never mind no + + + align:start position:0% +but I think that like yeah never mind no +I mean I I guess I think these are + + align:start position:0% +I mean I I guess I think these are + + + align:start position:0% +I mean I I guess I think these are +subtle distinctions and I think that + + align:start position:0% +subtle distinctions and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +subtle distinctions and I think that +sort of like I guess another way of + + align:start position:0% +sort of like I guess another way of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like I guess another way of +saying is like a job is kind of a bundle + + align:start position:0% +saying is like a job is kind of a bundle + + + align:start position:0% +saying is like a job is kind of a bundle +of things + + align:start position:0% +of things + + + align:start position:0% +of things +right and it it's something to do it is + + align:start position:0% +right and it it's something to do it is + + + align:start position:0% +right and it it's something to do it is +um a particular thing to do which is + + align:start position:0% +um a particular thing to do which is + + + align:start position:0% +um a particular thing to do which is +going around and sort of like taking + + align:start position:0% +going around and sort of like taking + + + align:start position:0% +going around and sort of like taking +surveys with other people so it fills + + align:start position:0% +surveys with other people so it fills + + + align:start position:0% +surveys with other people so it fills +your time it is this particular task + + align:start position:0% +your time it is this particular task + + + align:start position:0% +your time it is this particular task +that tasks may have implications and is + + align:start position:0% +that tasks may have implications and is + + + align:start position:0% +that tasks may have implications and is +conditioning your it's me it also means + + align:start position:0% +conditioning your it's me it also means + + + align:start position:0% +conditioning your it's me it also means +that you have to like work it's + + align:start position:0% +that you have to like work it's + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to like work it's +conditioning kind of your income on a + + align:start position:0% +conditioning kind of your income on a + + + align:start position:0% +conditioning kind of your income on a +particular set of activities + + align:start position:0% +particular set of activities + + + align:start position:0% +particular set of activities +it's at least those three things + + align:start position:0% +it's at least those three things + + + align:start position:0% +it's at least those three things +probably has other things too + + align:start position:0% +probably has other things too + + + align:start position:0% +probably has other things too +um and and we're getting kind of the net + + align:start position:0% +um and and we're getting kind of the net + + + align:start position:0% +um and and we're getting kind of the net +effect of that bundle and you know I + + align:start position:0% +effect of that bundle and you know I + + + align:start position:0% +effect of that bundle and you know I +given sort of the effects she finds it + + align:start position:0% +given sort of the effects she finds it + + + align:start position:0% +given sort of the effects she finds it +would be nice to sort of decompose that + + align:start position:0% +would be nice to sort of decompose that + + + align:start position:0% +would be nice to sort of decompose that +bundle kind of even further right I I + + align:start position:0% +bundle kind of even further right I I + + + align:start position:0% +bundle kind of even further right I I +agree that the treatment is proposing + + align:start position:0% +agree that the treatment is proposing + + + align:start position:0% +agree that the treatment is proposing +would provide additional insight into + + align:start position:0% +would provide additional insight into + + + align:start position:0% +would provide additional insight into +what it is about the job that provides + + align:start position:0% +what it is about the job that provides + + + align:start position:0% +what it is about the job that provides +it but I guess what I'm saying is like + + align:start position:0% +it but I guess what I'm saying is like + + + align:start position:0% +it but I guess what I'm saying is like +in terms of the the neoclassical + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the the neoclassical + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the the neoclassical +theories would still say that like our + + align:start position:0% +theories would still say that like our + + + align:start position:0% +theories would still say that like our +job is negative yeah yes yes yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like in context like this wait sorry no + + align:start position:0% +like in context like this wait sorry no + + + align:start position:0% +like in context like this wait sorry no +well a job is negative but no the + + align:start position:0% +well a job is negative but no the + + + align:start position:0% +well a job is negative but no the +problem is the problem is the utility + + align:start position:0% +problem is the problem is the utility + + + align:start position:0% +problem is the problem is the utility +function could have like three things + + align:start position:0% +function could have like three things + + + align:start position:0% +function could have like three things +you could have like consumption of + + align:start position:0% +you could have like consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +you could have like consumption of +material Goods chit chatting with people + + align:start position:0% +material Goods chit chatting with people + + + align:start position:0% +material Goods chit chatting with people +or organizing like what am I doing what + + align:start position:0% +or organizing like what am I doing what + + + align:start position:0% +or organizing like what am I doing what +am I doing during my day and that + + align:start position:0% +am I doing during my day and that + + + align:start position:0% +am I doing during my day and that +answers positive and like you know work + + align:start position:0% +answers positive and like you know work + + + align:start position:0% +answers positive and like you know work +that I'd rather not do enters negative + + align:start position:0% +that I'd rather not do enters negative + + + align:start position:0% +that I'd rather not do enters negative +and sort of those things are kind of + + align:start position:0% +and sort of those things are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of those things are kind of +like conflicted I think that's the sort + + align:start position:0% +like conflicted I think that's the sort + + + align:start position:0% +like conflicted I think that's the sort +of the point right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no you look unhappy with that I I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm saying like you could you could + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying like you could you could + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying like you could you could +write a utility function which basically + + align:start position:0% +write a utility function which basically + + + align:start position:0% +write a utility function which basically +has like three terms like has you of + + align:start position:0% +has like three terms like has you of + + + align:start position:0% +has like three terms like has you of +like C which is like you know stuff you + + align:start position:0% +like C which is like you know stuff you + + + align:start position:0% +like C which is like you know stuff you +eat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff you consume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know let's call it like s which is + + align:start position:0% +you know let's call it like s which is + + + align:start position:0% +you know let's call it like s which is +like socialized social activity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you know + + align:start position:0% +and you know + + + align:start position:0% +and you know +L which is like + + align:start position:0% +L which is like + + + align:start position:0% +L which is like +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +right and like in general like this + + align:start position:0% +right and like in general like this + + + align:start position:0% +right and like in general like this +might be plus and this might be plus and + + align:start position:0% +might be plus and this might be plus and + + + align:start position:0% +might be plus and this might be plus and +that would be negative and the job kind + + align:start position:0% +that would be negative and the job kind + + + align:start position:0% +that would be negative and the job kind +of has some of this in some of this + + align:start position:0% +of has some of this in some of this + + + align:start position:0% +of has some of this in some of this +right right I guess what I'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +right right I guess what I'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +right right I guess what I'm saying is +that I would uh the the traditional way + + align:start position:0% +that I would uh the the traditional way + + + align:start position:0% +that I would uh the the traditional way +to think about it would be like well if + + align:start position:0% +to think about it would be like well if + + + align:start position:0% +to think about it would be like well if +you get something positive from social + + align:start position:0% +you get something positive from social + + + align:start position:0% +you get something positive from social +activities you're gonna go figure out + + align:start position:0% +activities you're gonna go figure out + + + align:start position:0% +activities you're gonna go figure out +how to do that + + align:start position:0% +how to do that + + + align:start position:0% +how to do that +so like + + align:start position:0% +so like + + + align:start position:0% +so like +I see and so if you're not figuring out + + align:start position:0% +I see and so if you're not figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +I see and so if you're not figuring out +how to do that that's like interesting + + align:start position:0% +how to do that that's like interesting + + + align:start position:0% +how to do that that's like interesting +the fact that like you're not able to do + + align:start position:0% +the fact that like you're not able to do + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that like you're not able to do +things that make you happy with your + + align:start position:0% +things that make you happy with your + + + align:start position:0% +things that make you happy with your +leisure time without believer some + + align:start position:0% +leisure time without believer some + + + align:start position:0% +leisure time without believer some +compromising + + align:start position:0% +compromising + + + align:start position:0% +compromising +yes fine fair enough the fact that those + + align:start position:0% +yes fine fair enough the fact that those + + + align:start position:0% +yes fine fair enough the fact that those +things are kind of coming bundled is + + align:start position:0% +things are kind of coming bundled is + + + align:start position:0% +things are kind of coming bundled is +already sort of a relevant point of our + + align:start position:0% +already sort of a relevant point of our + + + align:start position:0% +already sort of a relevant point of our +job yes I agree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um other + + align:start position:0% +um other + + + align:start position:0% +um other +comments + + align:start position:0% +comments + + + align:start position:0% +comments +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one other thing that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +one other thing that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +one other thing that I'm going to +mention is they pre-specify + + align:start position:0% +mention is they pre-specify + + + align:start position:0% +mention is they pre-specify +heterogeneity in um + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity in um + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity in um +in a couple of respects on like looking + + align:start position:0% +in a couple of respects on like looking + + + align:start position:0% +in a couple of respects on like looking +at past exposure to violence based on + + align:start position:0% +at past exposure to violence based on + + + align:start position:0% +at past exposure to violence based on +sociability and Baseline depression and + + align:start position:0% +sociability and Baseline depression and + + + align:start position:0% +sociability and Baseline depression and +there's a broad debate on sort of how + + align:start position:0% +there's a broad debate on sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +there's a broad debate on sort of how +much you should pre-specify on these + + align:start position:0% +much you should pre-specify on these + + + align:start position:0% +much you should pre-specify on these +things but I'm not going to go into a + + align:start position:0% +things but I'm not going to go into a + + + align:start position:0% +things but I'm not going to go into a +lot of detail here but one thing I just + + align:start position:0% +lot of detail here but one thing I just + + + align:start position:0% +lot of detail here but one thing I just +want to note is that + + align:start position:0% +want to note is that + + + align:start position:0% +want to note is that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +whenever you're planning on cutting your + + align:start position:0% +whenever you're planning on cutting your + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you're planning on cutting your +results by some X variable or having an + + align:start position:0% +results by some X variable or having an + + + align:start position:0% +results by some X variable or having an +interaction that's a case we're sort of + + align:start position:0% +interaction that's a case we're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +interaction that's a case we're sort of +pre-specifying that interaction is + + align:start position:0% +pre-specifying that interaction is + + + align:start position:0% +pre-specifying that interaction is +really helpful and the reason for that + + align:start position:0% +really helpful and the reason for that + + + align:start position:0% +really helpful and the reason for that +is if you run a treatment with like + + align:start position:0% +is if you run a treatment with like + + + align:start position:0% +is if you run a treatment with like +three different you know three different + + align:start position:0% +three different you know three different + + + align:start position:0% +three different you know three different +things the main effect there's only + + align:start position:0% +things the main effect there's only + + + align:start position:0% +things the main effect there's only +really so many ways you can run that + + align:start position:0% +really so many ways you can run that + + + align:start position:0% +really so many ways you can run that +regression and one of the really nice + + align:start position:0% +regression and one of the really nice + + + align:start position:0% +regression and one of the really nice +things having worked over my time with + + align:start position:0% +things having worked over my time with + + + align:start position:0% +things having worked over my time with +both randomized data and non-randomized + + align:start position:0% +both randomized data and non-randomized + + + align:start position:0% +both randomized data and non-randomized +data one of the really nice advantages + + align:start position:0% +data one of the really nice advantages + + + align:start position:0% +data one of the really nice advantages +working with randomized data is actually + + align:start position:0% +working with randomized data is actually + + + align:start position:0% +working with randomized data is actually +all the empirical specifications don't + + align:start position:0% +all the empirical specifications don't + + + align:start position:0% +all the empirical specifications don't +really matter very much like you run + + align:start position:0% +really matter very much like you run + + + align:start position:0% +really matter very much like you run +because the treat the epsilons really + + align:start position:0% +because the treat the epsilons really + + + align:start position:0% +because the treat the epsilons really +are random + + align:start position:0% +are random + + + align:start position:0% +are random +you know you can run this model you can + + align:start position:0% +you know you can run this model you can + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can run this model you can +run that model you can use the standard + + align:start position:0% +run that model you can use the standard + + + align:start position:0% +run that model you can use the standard +errors that standard errors who fix + + align:start position:0% +errors that standard errors who fix + + + align:start position:0% +errors that standard errors who fix +specs non-fiction facts whatever it's + + align:start position:0% +specs non-fiction facts whatever it's + + + align:start position:0% +specs non-fiction facts whatever it's +gonna like maybe it'll affect your + + align:start position:0% +gonna like maybe it'll affect your + + + align:start position:0% +gonna like maybe it'll affect your +standard errors a little bit but the + + align:start position:0% +standard errors a little bit but the + + + align:start position:0% +standard errors a little bit but the +basic answer is usually going to be the + + align:start position:0% +basic answer is usually going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +basic answer is usually going to be the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +so there's not so many ways to run a + + align:start position:0% +so there's not so many ways to run a + + + align:start position:0% +so there's not so many ways to run a +regression of like I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +regression of like I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +regression of like I'm interested in +depression how do I you know run that on + + align:start position:0% +depression how do I you know run that on + + + align:start position:0% +depression how do I you know run that on +this I mean there are differences but + + align:start position:0% +this I mean there are differences but + + + align:start position:0% +this I mean there are differences but +they're sort of relatively small + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of relatively small + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of relatively small +compared to if I want to look at + + align:start position:0% +compared to if I want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +compared to if I want to look at +heterogeneous effects of my treatment + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous effects of my treatment + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous effects of my treatment +now there's like a bajillion different + + align:start position:0% +now there's like a bajillion different + + + align:start position:0% +now there's like a bajillion different +sort of things that could look at + + align:start position:0% +sort of things that could look at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of things that could look at +heterogeneity based on I could look at + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity based on I could look at + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity based on I could look at +heterogeneity based on + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity based on + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity based on +gender or I could look at heterogeneity + + align:start position:0% +gender or I could look at heterogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +gender or I could look at heterogeneity +based on race or a pre-period income or + + align:start position:0% +based on race or a pre-period income or + + + align:start position:0% +based on race or a pre-period income or +you can go on and on where where you're + + align:start position:0% +you can go on and on where where you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can go on and on where where you're +from wherever you can sort of come up + + align:start position:0% +from wherever you can sort of come up + + + align:start position:0% +from wherever you can sort of come up +with a bajillion different variables and + + align:start position:0% +with a bajillion different variables and + + + align:start position:0% +with a bajillion different variables and +so as a way of sort of constraining + + align:start position:0% +so as a way of sort of constraining + + + align:start position:0% +so as a way of sort of constraining +yourself I think people have real people + + align:start position:0% +yourself I think people have real people + + + align:start position:0% +yourself I think people have real people +have realized that sort of that X post + + align:start position:0% +have realized that sort of that X post + + + align:start position:0% +have realized that sort of that X post +looking at the heterogeneity + + align:start position:0% +looking at the heterogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the heterogeneity +heterogeneous effects of experiments + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous effects of experiments + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous effects of experiments +there's sort of so many dimensions there + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of so many dimensions there + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of so many dimensions there +that it's really helpful to sort of + + align:start position:0% +that it's really helpful to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that it's really helpful to sort of +concern yourself xante to sort of + + align:start position:0% +concern yourself xante to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +concern yourself xante to sort of +specify kind of the pre the few the few + + align:start position:0% +specify kind of the pre the few the few + + + align:start position:0% +specify kind of the pre the few the few +ones in advance and you can do that + + align:start position:0% +ones in advance and you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +ones in advance and you can do that +either by sort of registering your study + + align:start position:0% +either by sort of registering your study + + + align:start position:0% +either by sort of registering your study +on the like on the a social science + + align:start position:0% +on the like on the a social science + + + align:start position:0% +on the like on the a social science +registry + + align:start position:0% +registry + + + align:start position:0% +registry +um another way to do it is actually + + align:start position:0% +um another way to do it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +um another way to do it is actually +people like to just stratify on the + + align:start position:0% +people like to just stratify on the + + + align:start position:0% +people like to just stratify on the +things that they're gonna + + align:start position:0% +things that they're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +things that they're gonna +um they're gonna uh do XMP heterogeneity + + align:start position:0% +um they're gonna uh do XMP heterogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +um they're gonna uh do XMP heterogeneity +on expose hydrogenated ion for two + + align:start position:0% +on expose hydrogenated ion for two + + + align:start position:0% +on expose hydrogenated ion for two +reasons number one if you're actually + + align:start position:0% +reasons number one if you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +reasons number one if you're actually +interested in doing heterogeneity cuts + + align:start position:0% +interested in doing heterogeneity cuts + + + align:start position:0% +interested in doing heterogeneity cuts +on something if you stratify on it you + + align:start position:0% +on something if you stratify on it you + + + align:start position:0% +on something if you stratify on it you +make sure that you have kind of your + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you have kind of your + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you have kind of your +sample kind of equally spread across the + + align:start position:0% +sample kind of equally spread across the + + + align:start position:0% +sample kind of equally spread across the +thing you're going to cut on and number + + align:start position:0% +thing you're going to cut on and number + + + align:start position:0% +thing you're going to cut on and number +two the fact that you sort of built it + + align:start position:0% +two the fact that you sort of built it + + + align:start position:0% +two the fact that you sort of built it +into your design is kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +into your design is kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +into your design is kind of like the +most credible way of sort of signaling + + align:start position:0% +most credible way of sort of signaling + + + align:start position:0% +most credible way of sort of signaling +that it was something that you actually + + align:start position:0% +that it was something that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +that it was something that you actually +cared about xante so I just wanted to + + align:start position:0% +cared about xante so I just wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +cared about xante so I just wanted to +sort of mention that that + + align:start position:0% +sort of mention that that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of mention that that +okay so what do they find so basically + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do they find so basically + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what do they find so basically +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +they look at sort of a number of + + align:start position:0% +they look at sort of a number of + + + align:start position:0% +they look at sort of a number of +different measures of Psychosocial + + align:start position:0% +different measures of Psychosocial + + + align:start position:0% +different measures of Psychosocial +well-being + + align:start position:0% +well-being + + + align:start position:0% +well-being +um phq is like a depression screen they + + align:start position:0% +um phq is like a depression screen they + + + align:start position:0% +um phq is like a depression screen they +measure stress they have some questions + + align:start position:0% +measure stress they have some questions + + + align:start position:0% +measure stress they have some questions +about life satisfaction you know + + align:start position:0% +about life satisfaction you know + + + align:start position:0% +about life satisfaction you know +self-worth et cetera et cetera et cetera + + align:start position:0% +self-worth et cetera et cetera et cetera + + + align:start position:0% +self-worth et cetera et cetera et cetera +they put them together into an I'm not + + align:start position:0% +they put them together into an I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +they put them together into an I'm not +going to go through them in detail they + + align:start position:0% +going to go through them in detail they + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through them in detail they +put them together into sort of an + + align:start position:0% +put them together into sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +put them together into sort of an +average like a standard standard average + + align:start position:0% +average like a standard standard average + + + align:start position:0% +average like a standard standard average +standardized index + + align:start position:0% +standardized index + + + align:start position:0% +standardized index +um and what you can see is that in + + align:start position:0% +um and what you can see is that in + + + align:start position:0% +um and what you can see is that in +general sort of there's a big difference + + align:start position:0% +general sort of there's a big difference + + + align:start position:0% +general sort of there's a big difference +between the work treatment and the cash + + align:start position:0% +between the work treatment and the cash + + + align:start position:0% +between the work treatment and the cash +treatment + + align:start position:0% +treatment + + + align:start position:0% +treatment +on sort of virtually all of these uh all + + align:start position:0% +on sort of virtually all of these uh all + + + align:start position:0% +on sort of virtually all of these uh all +of these measures and they sort of + + align:start position:0% +of these measures and they sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of these measures and they sort of +allocate these they in constructing the + + align:start position:0% +allocate these they in constructing the + + + align:start position:0% +allocate these they in constructing the +index like they Point everything in the + + align:start position:0% +index like they Point everything in the + + + align:start position:0% +index like they Point everything in the +right direction so that like you know up + + align:start position:0% +right direction so that like you know up + + + align:start position:0% +right direction so that like you know up +is always good right so less depression + + align:start position:0% +is always good right so less depression + + + align:start position:0% +is always good right so less depression +is is good you know so this one times + + align:start position:0% +is is good you know so this one times + + + align:start position:0% +is is good you know so this one times +minus one this one times minus one et + + align:start position:0% +minus one this one times minus one et + + + align:start position:0% +minus one this one times minus one et +cetera et cetera + + align:start position:0% +cetera et cetera + + + align:start position:0% +cetera et cetera +um so in general it looks like you know + + align:start position:0% +um so in general it looks like you know + + + align:start position:0% +um so in general it looks like you know +pretty much there's a there's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty much there's a there's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much there's a there's a pretty +big distinction between these two + + align:start position:0% +big distinction between these two + + + align:start position:0% +big distinction between these two +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +they actually they look at some evidence + + align:start position:0% +they actually they look at some evidence + + + align:start position:0% +they actually they look at some evidence +that people have you know fewer days + + align:start position:0% +that people have you know fewer days + + + align:start position:0% +that people have you know fewer days +sick uh I don't remember the cognitive + + align:start position:0% +sick uh I don't remember the cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +sick uh I don't remember the cognitive +score they're using here + + align:start position:0% +score they're using here + + + align:start position:0% +score they're using here +um but they seem to do better on that + + align:start position:0% +um but they seem to do better on that + + + align:start position:0% +um but they seem to do better on that +and and they also sort of look at your + + align:start position:0% +and and they also sort of look at your + + + align:start position:0% +and and they also sort of look at your +consumption choices and they don't seem + + align:start position:0% +consumption choices and they don't seem + + + align:start position:0% +consumption choices and they don't seem +to see + + align:start position:0% +to see + + + align:start position:0% +to see +um uh substantial differences in your + + align:start position:0% +um uh substantial differences in your + + + align:start position:0% +um uh substantial differences in your +consumption decisions between the cash + + align:start position:0% +consumption decisions between the cash + + + align:start position:0% +consumption decisions between the cash +treatment and the job treatment so the + + align:start position:0% +treatment and the job treatment so the + + + align:start position:0% +treatment and the job treatment so the +key thing here is this test you know of + + align:start position:0% +key thing here is this test you know of + + + align:start position:0% +key thing here is this test you know of +whether the work is equal to the cash on + + align:start position:0% +whether the work is equal to the cash on + + + align:start position:0% +whether the work is equal to the cash on +sort of a bunch of different measures + + align:start position:0% +sort of a bunch of different measures + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a bunch of different measures +they have like whatever luxury + + align:start position:0% +they have like whatever luxury + + + align:start position:0% +they have like whatever luxury +consumption necessary consumption total + + align:start position:0% +consumption necessary consumption total + + + align:start position:0% +consumption necessary consumption total +uh savings borrowing and lending so in + + align:start position:0% +uh savings borrowing and lending so in + + + align:start position:0% +uh savings borrowing and lending so in +general like people are responding to + + align:start position:0% +general like people are responding to + + + align:start position:0% +general like people are responding to +the cash right they're saving more + + align:start position:0% +the cash right they're saving more + + + align:start position:0% +the cash right they're saving more +they're borrowing less uh they're even + + align:start position:0% +they're borrowing less uh they're even + + + align:start position:0% +they're borrowing less uh they're even +lending to sort of maybe their their you + + align:start position:0% +lending to sort of maybe their their you + + + align:start position:0% +lending to sort of maybe their their you +know friends or peers or whatever + + align:start position:0% +know friends or peers or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +know friends or peers or whatever +um so it's not like the cash or the job + + align:start position:0% +um so it's not like the cash or the job + + + align:start position:0% +um so it's not like the cash or the job +had had no Financial impact it's there + + align:start position:0% +had had no Financial impact it's there + + + align:start position:0% +had had no Financial impact it's there +but you're not seeing any difference uh + + align:start position:0% +but you're not seeing any difference uh + + + align:start position:0% +but you're not seeing any difference uh +in the work versus the cash so it + + align:start position:0% +in the work versus the cash so it + + + align:start position:0% +in the work versus the cash so it +doesn't look like this is really about + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like this is really about + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like this is really about +consumption it looks like there's + + align:start position:0% +consumption it looks like there's + + + align:start position:0% +consumption it looks like there's +something else about kind of the the as + + align:start position:0% +something else about kind of the the as + + + align:start position:0% +something else about kind of the the as +you would expect probably but at least + + align:start position:0% +you would expect probably but at least + + + align:start position:0% +you would expect probably but at least +there's something about the task itself + + align:start position:0% +there's something about the task itself + + + align:start position:0% +there's something about the task itself +which seems to be seems to be different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so your question is is there a problem + + align:start position:0% +so your question is is there a problem + + + align:start position:0% +so your question is is there a problem +with selling the paper or you may have a + + align:start position:0% +with selling the paper or you may have a + + + align:start position:0% +with selling the paper or you may have a +respectable being yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think it depends on the question + + align:start position:0% +I think it depends on the question + + + align:start position:0% +I think it depends on the question +but I think in this I mean I think it + + align:start position:0% +but I think in this I mean I think it + + + align:start position:0% +but I think in this I mean I think it +would be helpful so one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +would be helpful so one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +would be helpful so one thing that's +nice is they have like a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +nice is they have like a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +nice is they have like a whole bunch of +different measures that all kind of + + align:start position:0% +different measures that all kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different measures that all kind of +point in the same direction I think if + + align:start position:0% +point in the same direction I think if + + + align:start position:0% +point in the same direction I think if +it was just one measure you know people + + align:start position:0% +it was just one measure you know people + + + align:start position:0% +it was just one measure you know people +might if you had one measure and you + + align:start position:0% +might if you had one measure and you + + + align:start position:0% +might if you had one measure and you +sort of pre-specified so this is the + + align:start position:0% +sort of pre-specified so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of pre-specified so this is the +this is my one measure that would be + + align:start position:0% +this is my one measure that would be + + + align:start position:0% +this is my one measure that would be +fine uh but if you're sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +fine uh but if you're sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +fine uh but if you're sort of you know +the fact that they have kind of a + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they have kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they have kind of a +constellation of results suggest it's + + align:start position:0% +constellation of results suggest it's + + + align:start position:0% +constellation of results suggest it's +not some some weird thing about the way + + align:start position:0% +not some some weird thing about the way + + + align:start position:0% +not some some weird thing about the way +they're measuring it looks pretty + + align:start position:0% +they're measuring it looks pretty + + + align:start position:0% +they're measuring it looks pretty +convincing it's like about like you know + + align:start position:0% +convincing it's like about like you know + + + align:start position:0% +convincing it's like about like you know +no matter how you measure it like this + + align:start position:0% +no matter how you measure it like this + + + align:start position:0% +no matter how you measure it like this +thing is going going up so but like is + + align:start position:0% +thing is going going up so but like is + + + align:start position:0% +thing is going going up so but like is +there a problem putting subjective while + + align:start position:0% +there a problem putting subjective while + + + align:start position:0% +there a problem putting subjective while +being on the left hand side no I don't + + align:start position:0% +being on the left hand side no I don't + + + align:start position:0% +being on the left hand side no I don't +think so I think it's fine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this paper that there's some s + + align:start position:0% +this paper that there's some s + + + align:start position:0% +this paper that there's some s +it's not C so you would like we need to + + align:start position:0% +it's not C so you would like we need to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not C so you would like we need to +introduce a new outcome that's not + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new outcome that's not + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new outcome that's not +no I think the point is well like like + + align:start position:0% +no I think the point is well like like + + + align:start position:0% +no I think the point is well like like +is that all right you right I mean yeah + + align:start position:0% +is that all right you right I mean yeah + + + align:start position:0% +is that all right you right I mean yeah +yeah the point is there's like there's + + align:start position:0% +yeah the point is there's like there's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the point is there's like there's +something that's not serious yes exactly + + align:start position:0% +something that's not serious yes exactly + + + align:start position:0% +something that's not serious yes exactly +the whole point is we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +the whole point is we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +the whole point is we're trying to +measure you but not seeing exactly you + + align:start position:0% +measure you but not seeing exactly you + + + align:start position:0% +measure you but not seeing exactly you +kind of have to do this + + align:start position:0% +kind of have to do this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of have to do this +something but you know I think there's a + + align:start position:0% +something but you know I think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +something but you know I think there's a +question of like you know + + align:start position:0% +question of like you know + + + align:start position:0% +question of like you know +you could imagine measure I mean the + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine measure I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine measure I mean the +standard way psychologists measure + + align:start position:0% +standard way psychologists measure + + + align:start position:0% +standard way psychologists measure +depression with these depression + + align:start position:0% +depression with these depression + + + align:start position:0% +depression with these depression +screening questions that's what they do + + align:start position:0% +screening questions that's what they do + + + align:start position:0% +screening questions that's what they do +and I should say by the way one thing + + align:start position:0% +and I should say by the way one thing + + + align:start position:0% +and I should say by the way one thing +that can be helpful on this is + + align:start position:0% +that can be helpful on this is + + + align:start position:0% +that can be helpful on this is +to not reinvent the wheel and to use + + align:start position:0% +to not reinvent the wheel and to use + + + align:start position:0% +to not reinvent the wheel and to use +other metrics that are + + align:start position:0% +other metrics that are + + + align:start position:0% +other metrics that are +commonly accepted so for depression for + + align:start position:0% +commonly accepted so for depression for + + + align:start position:0% +commonly accepted so for depression for +example there are commonly they're like + + align:start position:0% +example there are commonly they're like + + + align:start position:0% +example there are commonly they're like +there are like common depression + + align:start position:0% +there are like common depression + + + align:start position:0% +there are like common depression +questionnaires like there's the phq2 and + + align:start position:0% +questionnaires like there's the phq2 and + + + align:start position:0% +questionnaires like there's the phq2 and +the phq6 and the phq10 and like there's + + align:start position:0% +the phq6 and the phq10 and like there's + + + align:start position:0% +the phq6 and the phq10 and like there's +like a bunch of standard you know + + align:start position:0% +like a bunch of standard you know + + + align:start position:0% +like a bunch of standard you know +depending on how many questions you have + + align:start position:0% +depending on how many questions you have + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how many questions you have +there's a bunch of standard measures + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of standard measures + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of standard measures +that psychologists have agreed on as + + align:start position:0% +that psychologists have agreed on as + + + align:start position:0% +that psychologists have agreed on as +kind of like the conventional way we + + align:start position:0% +kind of like the conventional way we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like the conventional way we +measure this concept and so if you're + + align:start position:0% +measure this concept and so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +measure this concept and so if you're +going to do something that's not sort of + + align:start position:0% +going to do something that's not sort of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do something that's not sort of +economically standard one thing that is + + align:start position:0% +economically standard one thing that is + + + align:start position:0% +economically standard one thing that is +a good idea is to use + + align:start position:0% +a good idea is to use + + + align:start position:0% +a good idea is to use +these kind of + + align:start position:0% +these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of +well-established ways of measuring them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry and I saw you nodding okay + + align:start position:0% +sorry and I saw you nodding okay + + + align:start position:0% +sorry and I saw you nodding okay +um yeah so I think that's like that's + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so I think that's like that's + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so I think that's like that's +that's the one thing I would sort of say + + align:start position:0% +that's the one thing I would sort of say + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one thing I would sort of say +if you're so so and and there are for + + align:start position:0% +if you're so so and and there are for + + + align:start position:0% +if you're so so and and there are for +lots and lots of these Concepts there + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of these Concepts there + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of these Concepts there +are kind of well you know + + align:start position:0% +are kind of well you know + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of well you know +at least generally accepted kind of ways + + align:start position:0% +at least generally accepted kind of ways + + + align:start position:0% +at least generally accepted kind of ways +we measure these things I would choose + + align:start position:0% +we measure these things I would choose + + + align:start position:0% +we measure these things I would choose +one of those but I think it's perfect + + align:start position:0% +one of those but I think it's perfect + + + align:start position:0% +one of those but I think it's perfect +perfectly fine to put + + align:start position:0% +perfectly fine to put + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly fine to put +subjective well-being or depression or + + align:start position:0% +subjective well-being or depression or + + + align:start position:0% +subjective well-being or depression or +whatever on the left-hand side + + align:start position:0% +whatever on the left-hand side + + + align:start position:0% +whatever on the left-hand side +absolutely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me note that the one thing I've + + align:start position:0% +let me note that the one thing I've + + + align:start position:0% +let me note that the one thing I've +talked a lot a lot a lot about Labor + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot a lot a lot about Labor + + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot a lot a lot about Labor +Supply + + align:start position:0% +Supply + + + align:start position:0% +Supply +I haven't really talked much about Labor + + align:start position:0% +I haven't really talked much about Labor + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't really talked much about Labor +demand + + align:start position:0% +demand + + + align:start position:0% +demand +and um I don't really know what to say + + align:start position:0% +and um I don't really know what to say + + + align:start position:0% +and um I don't really know what to say +about Labor demand + + align:start position:0% +about Labor demand + + + align:start position:0% +about Labor demand +but I was thinking as I was putting + + align:start position:0% +but I was thinking as I was putting + + + align:start position:0% +but I was thinking as I was putting +together my slides I I noticed that we + + align:start position:0% +together my slides I I noticed that we + + + align:start position:0% +together my slides I I noticed that we +thought a lot about the labor Supply and + + align:start position:0% +thought a lot about the labor Supply and + + + align:start position:0% +thought a lot about the labor Supply and +not much about Labor demand and kind of + + align:start position:0% +not much about Labor demand and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +not much about Labor demand and kind of +at least in these rural settings so I + + align:start position:0% +at least in these rural settings so I + + + align:start position:0% +at least in these rural settings so I +just wanted to like note that uh in the + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to like note that uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted to like note that uh in the +spirit of uh in the spirit that sort of + + align:start position:0% +spirit of uh in the spirit that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +spirit of uh in the spirit that sort of +think sometimes the things that we don't + + align:start position:0% +think sometimes the things that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +think sometimes the things that we don't +know are really good areas to go think + + align:start position:0% +know are really good areas to go think + + + align:start position:0% +know are really good areas to go think +about good research questions on I just + + align:start position:0% +about good research questions on I just + + + align:start position:0% +about good research questions on I just +wanted to like not skip this because I + + align:start position:0% +wanted to like not skip this because I + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to like not skip this because I +didn't have anything particularly + + align:start position:0% +didn't have anything particularly + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have anything particularly +interesting to say about it + + align:start position:0% +interesting to say about it + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to say about it +okay that's literally all I have to say + + align:start position:0% +okay that's literally all I have to say + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's literally all I have to say +about that + + align:start position:0% +about that + + + align:start position:0% +about that +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the final sort of topic I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +the final sort of topic I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +the final sort of topic I want to talk +about in um in the labor section which I + + align:start position:0% +about in um in the labor section which I + + + align:start position:0% +about in um in the labor section which I +you know may not totally finish but I'll + + align:start position:0% +you know may not totally finish but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +you know may not totally finish but I'll +get through most of is um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +what's going on in urban labor markets + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in urban labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in urban labor markets +in developing countries and I think this + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries and I think this + + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries and I think this +is also an area where I think there's + + align:start position:0% +is also an area where I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +is also an area where I think there's +been a lot of increasing sort of + + align:start position:0% +been a lot of increasing sort of + + + align:start position:0% +been a lot of increasing sort of +attention + + align:start position:0% +attention + + + align:start position:0% +attention +and I want to sort of talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +and I want to sort of talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to sort of talk about uh +at least + + align:start position:0% +at least + + + align:start position:0% +at least +oh I want to sort of mention these four + + align:start position:0% +oh I want to sort of mention these four + + + align:start position:0% +oh I want to sort of mention these four +themes + + align:start position:0% +themes + + + align:start position:0% +themes +so one is like how do we think about + + align:start position:0% +so one is like how do we think about + + + align:start position:0% +so one is like how do we think about +kind of these Urban factory jobs to + + align:start position:0% +kind of these Urban factory jobs to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of these Urban factory jobs to +begin with like are those like see are + + align:start position:0% +begin with like are those like see are + + + align:start position:0% +begin with like are those like see are +they good are they bad how do we think + + align:start position:0% +they good are they bad how do we think + + + align:start position:0% +they good are they bad how do we think +about that I just want to mention the + + align:start position:0% +about that I just want to mention the + + + align:start position:0% +about that I just want to mention the +paper on that kind of briefly + + align:start position:0% +paper on that kind of briefly + + + align:start position:0% +paper on that kind of briefly +I wanna one theme that I think has come + + align:start position:0% +I wanna one theme that I think has come + + + align:start position:0% +I wanna one theme that I think has come +up recently is that I think is a really + + align:start position:0% +up recently is that I think is a really + + + align:start position:0% +up recently is that I think is a really +important kind of development economics + + align:start position:0% +important kind of development economics + + + align:start position:0% +important kind of development economics +theme is the role of the large informal + + align:start position:0% +theme is the role of the large informal + + + align:start position:0% +theme is the role of the large informal +sector right so I think one thing that + + align:start position:0% +sector right so I think one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +sector right so I think one thing that +differentiates Urban labor markets in + + align:start position:0% +differentiates Urban labor markets in + + + align:start position:0% +differentiates Urban labor markets in +say I don't know wherever pick your + + align:start position:0% +say I don't know wherever pick your + + + align:start position:0% +say I don't know wherever pick your +favorite developing country City + + align:start position:0% +favorite developing country City + + + align:start position:0% +favorite developing country City +Bombay Mumbai sorry compared to you know + + align:start position:0% +Bombay Mumbai sorry compared to you know + + + align:start position:0% +Bombay Mumbai sorry compared to you know +uh to + + align:start position:0% +uh to + + + align:start position:0% +uh to +um to whatever Boston is the informal + + align:start position:0% +um to whatever Boston is the informal + + + align:start position:0% +um to whatever Boston is the informal +sector is going to be much much larger + + align:start position:0% +sector is going to be much much larger + + + align:start position:0% +sector is going to be much much larger +and that may have implications for how + + align:start position:0% +and that may have implications for how + + + align:start position:0% +and that may have implications for how +we think about labor market regulation + + align:start position:0% +we think about labor market regulation + + + align:start position:0% +we think about labor market regulation +working conditions a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +working conditions a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +working conditions a whole bunch of +stuff like how do we think about those + + align:start position:0% +stuff like how do we think about those + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like how do we think about those +issues so I want to mention a few things + + align:start position:0% +issues so I want to mention a few things + + + align:start position:0% +issues so I want to mention a few things +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +there's some interesting new work about + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting new work about + + + align:start position:0% +there's some interesting new work about +sort of search and signaling and + + align:start position:0% +sort of search and signaling and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of search and signaling and +frictions this is a general issue in + + align:start position:0% +frictions this is a general issue in + + + align:start position:0% +frictions this is a general issue in +labor markets but sort of how do we + + align:start position:0% +labor markets but sort of how do we + + + align:start position:0% +labor markets but sort of how do we +think about like and so in a place where + + align:start position:0% +think about like and so in a place where + + + align:start position:0% +think about like and so in a place where +people may have + + align:start position:0% +people may have + + + align:start position:0% +people may have +less ability to sort of signal their + + align:start position:0% +less ability to sort of signal their + + + align:start position:0% +less ability to sort of signal their +their skills with credentials like you + + align:start position:0% +their skills with credentials like you + + + align:start position:0% +their skills with credentials like you +know how do we think about kind of + + align:start position:0% +know how do we think about kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know how do we think about kind of +what's going on in those labor markets + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in those labor markets + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in those labor markets +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +um finally one issue I want to talk + + align:start position:0% +um finally one issue I want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +um finally one issue I want to talk +about is labor labor conditions and sort + + align:start position:0% +about is labor labor conditions and sort + + + align:start position:0% +about is labor labor conditions and sort +of you know how to what what do we know + + align:start position:0% +of you know how to what what do we know + + + align:start position:0% +of you know how to what what do we know +about sort of bad you know + + align:start position:0% +about sort of bad you know + + + align:start position:0% +about sort of bad you know +bad working conditions in in these + + align:start position:0% +bad working conditions in in these + + + align:start position:0% +bad working conditions in in these +developing country settings and sort of + + align:start position:0% +developing country settings and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +developing country settings and sort of +what can we do about them + + align:start position:0% +what can we do about them + + + align:start position:0% +what can we do about them +okay so that's a lot for like half an + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a lot for like half an + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a lot for like half an +hour but let me at least try to sort of + + align:start position:0% +hour but let me at least try to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +hour but let me at least try to sort of +hit on a few of these uh two of these + + align:start position:0% +hit on a few of these uh two of these + + + align:start position:0% +hit on a few of these uh two of these +themes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and so and what are the rule of multi + + align:start position:0% +um and so and what are the rule of multi + + + align:start position:0% +um and so and what are the rule of multi +both in the working conditions kind of + + align:start position:0% +both in the working conditions kind of + + + align:start position:0% +both in the working conditions kind of +domestically and also what is the role + + align:start position:0% +domestically and also what is the role + + + align:start position:0% +domestically and also what is the role +of multinationals and I think sort of + + align:start position:0% +of multinationals and I think sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of multinationals and I think sort of +understanding I actually think + + align:start position:0% +understanding I actually think + + + align:start position:0% +understanding I actually think +understanding the role of multinationals + + align:start position:0% +understanding the role of multinationals + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the role of multinationals +here is a super interesting question and + + align:start position:0% +here is a super interesting question and + + + align:start position:0% +here is a super interesting question and +there's one nice paper that I'll mention + + align:start position:0% +there's one nice paper that I'll mention + + + align:start position:0% +there's one nice paper that I'll mention +on it but I think there's more to be to + + align:start position:0% +on it but I think there's more to be to + + + align:start position:0% +on it but I think there's more to be to +be done here + + align:start position:0% +be done here + + + align:start position:0% +be done here +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one question people often have about + + align:start position:0% +one question people often have about + + + align:start position:0% +one question people often have about +kind of urban labor markets is do people + + align:start position:0% +kind of urban labor markets is do people + + + align:start position:0% +kind of urban labor markets is do people +even like how do people think about kind + + align:start position:0% +even like how do people think about kind + + + align:start position:0% +even like how do people think about kind +of different + + align:start position:0% +of different + + + align:start position:0% +of different +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +how do we think about kind of these like + + align:start position:0% +how do we think about kind of these like + + + align:start position:0% +how do we think about kind of these like +Urban kind of factory jobs are they like + + align:start position:0% +Urban kind of factory jobs are they like + + + align:start position:0% +Urban kind of factory jobs are they like +do people want them do they not want + + align:start position:0% +do people want them do they not want + + + align:start position:0% +do people want them do they not want +them how do they think about that + + align:start position:0% +them how do they think about that + + + align:start position:0% +them how do they think about that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +like what's the what's the value of a + + align:start position:0% +like what's the what's the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +like what's the what's the value of a +job right and you often hear there's a + + align:start position:0% +job right and you often hear there's a + + + align:start position:0% +job right and you often hear there's a +lot of kind of like Urban unemployment + + align:start position:0% +lot of kind of like Urban unemployment + + + align:start position:0% +lot of kind of like Urban unemployment +like you know is that + + align:start position:0% +like you know is that + + + align:start position:0% +like you know is that +is that the actually that people + + align:start position:0% +is that the actually that people + + + align:start position:0% +is that the actually that people +actually really want these jobs and + + align:start position:0% +actually really want these jobs and + + + align:start position:0% +actually really want these jobs and +can't get them or is there something + + align:start position:0% +can't get them or is there something + + + align:start position:0% +can't get them or is there something +else kind of go or maybe they want + + align:start position:0% +else kind of go or maybe they want + + + align:start position:0% +else kind of go or maybe they want +better jobs in those or how do we sort + + align:start position:0% +better jobs in those or how do we sort + + + align:start position:0% +better jobs in those or how do we sort +of think about that + + align:start position:0% +of think about that + + + align:start position:0% +of think about that +so Blackman and durcon have a have an + + align:start position:0% +so Blackman and durcon have a have an + + + align:start position:0% +so Blackman and durcon have a have an +interesting paper + + align:start position:0% +interesting paper + + + align:start position:0% +interesting paper +where they're going to actually sort of + + align:start position:0% +where they're going to actually sort of + + + align:start position:0% +where they're going to actually sort of +randomize people getting getting these + + align:start position:0% +randomize people getting getting these + + + align:start position:0% +randomize people getting getting these +industrial jobs and sort of see what the + + align:start position:0% +industrial jobs and sort of see what the + + + align:start position:0% +industrial jobs and sort of see what the +sort of the impact of them is + + align:start position:0% +sort of the impact of them is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the impact of them is +so you're gonna take a they take a + + align:start position:0% +so you're gonna take a they take a + + + align:start position:0% +so you're gonna take a they take a +thousand applicants to entry-level jobs + + align:start position:0% +thousand applicants to entry-level jobs + + + align:start position:0% +thousand applicants to entry-level jobs +in five industrial firms in Ethiopia + + align:start position:0% +in five industrial firms in Ethiopia + + + align:start position:0% +in five industrial firms in Ethiopia +um most of these people were unemployed + + align:start position:0% +um most of these people were unemployed + + + align:start position:0% +um most of these people were unemployed +uh but but educated young adults mostly + + align:start position:0% +uh but but educated young adults mostly + + + align:start position:0% +uh but but educated young adults mostly +women + + align:start position:0% +women + + + align:start position:0% +women +and they're basically people who were + + align:start position:0% +and they're basically people who were + + + align:start position:0% +and they're basically people who were +like applying for these jobs they wanted + + align:start position:0% +like applying for these jobs they wanted + + + align:start position:0% +like applying for these jobs they wanted +the jobs the jobs were oversubscribed + + align:start position:0% +the jobs the jobs were oversubscribed + + + align:start position:0% +the jobs the jobs were oversubscribed +and so they're going to randomize who + + align:start position:0% +and so they're going to randomize who + + + align:start position:0% +and so they're going to randomize who +gets the jobs + + align:start position:0% +gets the jobs + + + align:start position:0% +gets the jobs +okay and so the uh so they have a the + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the uh so they have a the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the uh so they have a the +jobs are I think typical kind of + + align:start position:0% +jobs are I think typical kind of + + + align:start position:0% +jobs are I think typical kind of +entry-level jobs in this context they + + align:start position:0% +entry-level jobs in this context they + + + align:start position:0% +entry-level jobs in this context they +have about a one dollar hourly wage + + align:start position:0% +have about a one dollar hourly wage + + + align:start position:0% +have about a one dollar hourly wage +um so a third of people got the job a + + align:start position:0% +um so a third of people got the job a + + + align:start position:0% +um so a third of people got the job a +third of people get go to an + + align:start position:0% +third of people get go to an + + + align:start position:0% +third of people get go to an +entrepreneurship program where they get + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship program where they get + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship program where they get +a 300 Grant so that's equivalent to kind + + align:start position:0% +a 300 Grant so that's equivalent to kind + + + align:start position:0% +a 300 Grant so that's equivalent to kind +of like you know the wage you would get + + align:start position:0% +of like you know the wage you would get + + + align:start position:0% +of like you know the wage you would get +for working for a year so a pretty big + + align:start position:0% +for working for a year so a pretty big + + + align:start position:0% +for working for a year so a pretty big +Grant and a third to a control group + + align:start position:0% +Grant and a third to a control group + + + align:start position:0% +Grant and a third to a control group +okay and they're basically going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and they're basically going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they're basically going to +track what happens to these people one + + align:start position:0% +track what happens to these people one + + + align:start position:0% +track what happens to these people one +year later and then five years later + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's that's the experiment + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's the experiment +okay so what is the effect of giving + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the effect of giving + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is the effect of giving +people one of these jobs + + align:start position:0% +people one of these jobs + + + align:start position:0% +people one of these jobs +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +one question that I wanted to ask for + + align:start position:0% +one question that I wanted to ask for + + + align:start position:0% +one question that I wanted to ask for +you to think about is + + align:start position:0% +you to think about is + + + align:start position:0% +you to think about is +like how do you think about the + + align:start position:0% +like how do you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +like how do you think about the +um selection of both workers and firms + + align:start position:0% +um selection of both workers and firms + + + align:start position:0% +um selection of both workers and firms +into this project how does that help you + + align:start position:0% +into this project how does that help you + + + align:start position:0% +into this project how does that help you +think about like the results + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is my question clear + + align:start position:0% +is my question clear + + + align:start position:0% +is my question clear +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um it seems like the the people who + + align:start position:0% +um it seems like the the people who + + + align:start position:0% +um it seems like the the people who +would choose to be in the study are + + align:start position:0% +would choose to be in the study are + + + align:start position:0% +would choose to be in the study are +people who have interest in being + + align:start position:0% +people who have interest in being + + + align:start position:0% +people who have interest in being +like the self-employed and entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +like the self-employed and entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +like the self-employed and entrepreneur +and it's comparing for that population + + align:start position:0% +and it's comparing for that population + + + align:start position:0% +and it's comparing for that population +the alternative of being an employee + + align:start position:0% +the alternative of being an employee + + + align:start position:0% +the alternative of being an employee +well so and they're applying yes so + + align:start position:0% +well so and they're applying yes so + + + align:start position:0% +well so and they're applying yes so +they're applying to enviable jobs so + + align:start position:0% +they're applying to enviable jobs so + + + align:start position:0% +they're applying to enviable jobs so +they're they're slightly actually + + align:start position:0% +they're they're slightly actually + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're slightly actually +applying to being managers okay sorry + + align:start position:0% +applying to being managers okay sorry + + + align:start position:0% +applying to being managers okay sorry +but but yes right sorry so there's less + + align:start position:0% +but but yes right sorry so there's less + + + align:start position:0% +but but yes right sorry so there's less +they wanted they want the job actually + + align:start position:0% +they wanted they want the job actually + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted they want the job actually +so yeah I guess and maybe this is really + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I guess and maybe this is really + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I guess and maybe this is really +what Apollo was mentioning but the + + align:start position:0% +what Apollo was mentioning but the + + + align:start position:0% +what Apollo was mentioning but the +people who are applying to look like + + align:start position:0% +people who are applying to look like + + + align:start position:0% +people who are applying to look like +people are selecting in based on wanting + + align:start position:0% +people are selecting in based on wanting + + + align:start position:0% +people are selecting in based on wanting +to the employee rather than like being + + align:start position:0% +to the employee rather than like being + + + align:start position:0% +to the employee rather than like being +something so like I guess and maybe + + align:start position:0% +something so like I guess and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +something so like I guess and maybe +there's just an issue and take up for + + align:start position:0% +there's just an issue and take up for + + + align:start position:0% +there's just an issue and take up for +like people who are offered an + + align:start position:0% +like people who are offered an + + + align:start position:0% +like people who are offered an +entrepreneurship program are not like + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship program are not like + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship program are not like +you know if they have the + + align:start position:0% +you know if they have the + + + align:start position:0% +you know if they have the +entrepreneurial ability like I'd rather + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurial ability like I'd rather + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurial ability like I'd rather +you know work for a fixed wage at a + + align:start position:0% +you know work for a fixed wage at a + + + align:start position:0% +you know work for a fixed wage at a +company where by cancer right so it may + + align:start position:0% +company where by cancer right so it may + + + align:start position:0% +company where by cancer right so it may +not just so I think you're right so so + + align:start position:0% +not just so I think you're right so so + + + align:start position:0% +not just so I think you're right so so +it may not be just kind of the selection + + align:start position:0% +it may not be just kind of the selection + + + align:start position:0% +it may not be just kind of the selection +if like the take-up effect it may be + + align:start position:0% +if like the take-up effect it may be + + + align:start position:0% +if like the take-up effect it may be +people take the 300 bucks but like + + align:start position:0% +people take the 300 bucks but like + + + align:start position:0% +people take the 300 bucks but like +actually they're like don't have any + + align:start position:0% +actually they're like don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +actually they're like don't have any +good ideas right like if you offered me + + align:start position:0% +good ideas right like if you offered me + + + align:start position:0% +good ideas right like if you offered me +like money to go create a startup like I + + align:start position:0% +like money to go create a startup like I + + + align:start position:0% +like money to go create a startup like I +might take the money but like I don't + + align:start position:0% +might take the money but like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +might take the money but like I don't +have any good startup ideas like that's + + align:start position:0% +have any good startup ideas like that's + + + align:start position:0% +have any good startup ideas like that's +not my thing I'm like a you know I'm an + + align:start position:0% +not my thing I'm like a you know I'm an + + + align:start position:0% +not my thing I'm like a you know I'm an +employee person and likewise there may + + align:start position:0% +employee person and likewise there may + + + align:start position:0% +employee person and likewise there may +be a lot of whereas if you went over the + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of whereas if you went over the + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of whereas if you went over the +Sloan school and like found people over + + align:start position:0% +Sloan school and like found people over + + + align:start position:0% +Sloan school and like found people over +there like and say like hey I have some + + align:start position:0% +there like and say like hey I have some + + + align:start position:0% +there like and say like hey I have some +money to start a startup you might have + + align:start position:0% +money to start a startup you might have + + + align:start position:0% +money to start a startup you might have +all kinds of like great ideas because + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of like great ideas because + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of like great ideas because +that's kind of what they're selected on + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what they're selected on + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what they're selected on +right so the the people who are + + align:start position:0% +right so the the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +right so the the people who are +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so I agree with you this may not be the + + align:start position:0% +so I agree with you this may not be the + + + align:start position:0% +so I agree with you this may not be the +best setting to sort of test + + align:start position:0% +best setting to sort of test + + + align:start position:0% +best setting to sort of test +entrepreneurship because the + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship because the + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship because the +the people who are selected into this + + align:start position:0% +the people who are selected into this + + + align:start position:0% +the people who are selected into this +why they want a job they didn't want + + align:start position:0% +why they want a job they didn't want + + + align:start position:0% +why they want a job they didn't want +like a self-employment okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +like a self-employment okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +like a self-employment okay so that's +that's one point I agree with that uh + + align:start position:0% +that's one point I agree with that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's one point I agree with that uh +what else can be relevant to the + + align:start position:0% +what else can be relevant to the + + + align:start position:0% +what else can be relevant to the +selection of workers here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah Christine maybe since they're + + align:start position:0% +yeah Christine maybe since they're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Christine maybe since they're +applying to entry-level jobs it's a + + align:start position:0% +applying to entry-level jobs it's a + + + align:start position:0% +applying to entry-level jobs it's a +specifical a specific example of people + + align:start position:0% +specifical a specific example of people + + + align:start position:0% +specifical a specific example of people +that are okay with that job like that + + align:start position:0% +that are okay with that job like that + + + align:start position:0% +that are okay with that job like that +and we could have other people our type + + align:start position:0% +and we could have other people our type + + + align:start position:0% +and we could have other people our type +of unemployed people that maybe had an + + align:start position:0% +of unemployed people that maybe had an + + + align:start position:0% +of unemployed people that maybe had an +employment before and they lost it + + align:start position:0% +employment before and they lost it + + + align:start position:0% +employment before and they lost it +but they are not going to settle for a + + align:start position:0% +but they are not going to settle for a + + + align:start position:0% +but they are not going to settle for a +job that's going to be entitled yeah + + align:start position:0% +job that's going to be entitled yeah + + + align:start position:0% +job that's going to be entitled yeah +right so these are people who who + + align:start position:0% +right so these are people who who + + + align:start position:0% +right so these are people who who +actually want this particular job that's + + align:start position:0% +actually want this particular job that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually want this particular job that's +good right on the other hand the you + + align:start position:0% +good right on the other hand the you + + + align:start position:0% +good right on the other hand the you +know you might imagine that people who + + align:start position:0% +know you might imagine that people who + + + align:start position:0% +know you might imagine that people who +have like who are like there might be + + align:start position:0% +have like who are like there might be + + + align:start position:0% +have like who are like there might be +heterogeneity and people skill set in + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and people skill set in + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneity and people skill set in +the population and people who are + + align:start position:0% +the population and people who are + + + align:start position:0% +the population and people who are +unemployed maybe sort of the lower skill + + align:start position:0% +unemployed maybe sort of the lower skill + + + align:start position:0% +unemployed maybe sort of the lower skill +like on average may have less I mean of + + align:start position:0% +like on average may have less I mean of + + + align:start position:0% +like on average may have less I mean of +course with lots of reason people are + + align:start position:0% +course with lots of reason people are + + + align:start position:0% +course with lots of reason people are +unemployed but they may on average be + + align:start position:0% +unemployed but they may on average be + + + align:start position:0% +unemployed but they may on average be +you know the higher people may be the + + align:start position:0% +you know the higher people may be the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the higher people may be the +ones who already have jobs so that may + + align:start position:0% +ones who already have jobs so that may + + + align:start position:0% +ones who already have jobs so that may +be sort of a less + + align:start position:0% +be sort of a less + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of a less +useful sort of uh skill set how about + + align:start position:0% +useful sort of uh skill set how about + + + align:start position:0% +useful sort of uh skill set how about +the how about the selection of firms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or to like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the nature of the job is such that you + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the job is such that you + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the job is such that you +don't you don't really care who does it + + align:start position:0% +don't you don't really care who does it + + + align:start position:0% +don't you don't really care who does it +among your applicant pool as long as + + align:start position:0% +among your applicant pool as long as + + + align:start position:0% +among your applicant pool as long as +somebody doesn't it right so that may + + align:start position:0% +somebody doesn't it right so that may + + + align:start position:0% +somebody doesn't it right so that may +not be the best job right like certainly + + align:start position:0% +not be the best job right like certainly + + + align:start position:0% +not be the best job right like certainly +like at MIT we're not going to randomly + + align:start position:0% +like at MIT we're not going to randomly + + + align:start position:0% +like at MIT we're not going to randomly +hire people + + align:start position:0% +hire people + + + align:start position:0% +hire people +um among all possible applicants we have + + align:start position:0% +um among all possible applicants we have + + + align:start position:0% +um among all possible applicants we have +some view of like what the job is and + + align:start position:0% +some view of like what the job is and + + + align:start position:0% +some view of like what the job is and +like you know and it may more generally + + align:start position:0% +like you know and it may more generally + + + align:start position:0% +like you know and it may more generally +be that like the the the set of workers + + align:start position:0% +be that like the the the set of workers + + + align:start position:0% +be that like the the the set of workers +that the firms that are completely you + + align:start position:0% +that the firms that are completely you + + + align:start position:0% +that the firms that are completely you +know willing to randomize their + + align:start position:0% +know willing to randomize their + + + align:start position:0% +know willing to randomize their +applicant pool may not necessarily be + + align:start position:0% +applicant pool may not necessarily be + + + align:start position:0% +applicant pool may not necessarily be +the highest quality firms and so I think + + align:start position:0% +the highest quality firms and so I think + + + align:start position:0% +the highest quality firms and so I think +that ultimately be sort of something to + + align:start position:0% +that ultimately be sort of something to + + + align:start position:0% +that ultimately be sort of something to +keep in mind too like that they may be + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind too like that they may be + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind too like that they may be +sort of like just looking to sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of like just looking to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like just looking to sort of +fill people in and sort of like you know + + align:start position:0% +fill people in and sort of like you know + + + align:start position:0% +fill people in and sort of like you know +that may not be the people the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that may not be the people the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that may not be the people the kinds of +firms that are going to really sort of + + align:start position:0% +firms that are going to really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +firms that are going to really sort of +like you know for example if you + + align:start position:0% +like you know for example if you + + + align:start position:0% +like you know for example if you +basically thought you were going to sort + + align:start position:0% +basically thought you were going to sort + + + align:start position:0% +basically thought you were going to sort +of have to invest a lot in kind of these + + align:start position:0% +of have to invest a lot in kind of these + + + align:start position:0% +of have to invest a lot in kind of these +people and sort of train them over many + + align:start position:0% +people and sort of train them over many + + + align:start position:0% +people and sort of train them over many +years and sort of create like a long + + align:start position:0% +years and sort of create like a long + + + align:start position:0% +years and sort of create like a long +kind of career for these people + + align:start position:0% +kind of career for these people + + + align:start position:0% +kind of career for these people +you might be thinking more about the + + align:start position:0% +you might be thinking more about the + + + align:start position:0% +you might be thinking more about the +selection process + + align:start position:0% +selection process + + + align:start position:0% +selection process +and not be able to randomize so I think + + align:start position:0% +and not be able to randomize so I think + + + align:start position:0% +and not be able to randomize so I think +that those are potential I just want to + + align:start position:0% +that those are potential I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +that those are potential I just want to +sort of the point I wanted to make is + + align:start position:0% +sort of the point I wanted to make is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the point I wanted to make is +that just because you do this you do + + align:start position:0% +that just because you do this you do + + + align:start position:0% +that just because you do this you do +have the selection here could + + align:start position:0% +have the selection here could + + + align:start position:0% +have the selection here could +potentially be important yeah + + align:start position:0% +potentially be important yeah + + + align:start position:0% +potentially be important yeah +um but it seems like like the answers + + align:start position:0% +um but it seems like like the answers + + + align:start position:0% +um but it seems like like the answers +that we got to both of these questions + + align:start position:0% +that we got to both of these questions + + + align:start position:0% +that we got to both of these questions +are the answer to the first question + + align:start position:0% +are the answer to the first question + + + align:start position:0% +are the answer to the first question +means that like we're biasing the + + align:start position:0% +means that like we're biasing the + + + align:start position:0% +means that like we're biasing the +long-term outcomes very generally + + align:start position:0% +long-term outcomes very generally + + + align:start position:0% +long-term outcomes very generally +speaking of the people in the + + align:start position:0% +speaking of the people in the + + + align:start position:0% +speaking of the people in the +entrepreneurship program like downwards + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship program like downwards + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship program like downwards +because they might not be like very + + align:start position:0% +because they might not be like very + + + align:start position:0% +because they might not be like very +interested in entrepreneurship the + + align:start position:0% +interested in entrepreneurship the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in entrepreneurship the +second one is biasing the outcomes of + + align:start position:0% +second one is biasing the outcomes of + + + align:start position:0% +second one is biasing the outcomes of +the people who + + align:start position:0% +the people who + + + align:start position:0% +the people who +um work and get hired also downwards + + align:start position:0% +um work and get hired also downwards + + + align:start position:0% +um work and get hired also downwards +because like the fur might not be that + + align:start position:0% +because like the fur might not be that + + + align:start position:0% +because like the fur might not be that +good and so their long-term outcomes + + align:start position:0% +good and so their long-term outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +good and so their long-term outcomes +might be worse and so it feels like + + align:start position:0% +might be worse and so it feels like + + + align:start position:0% +might be worse and so it feels like +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +how do you think that we should like + + align:start position:0% +how do you think that we should like + + + align:start position:0% +how do you think that we should like +interpret as like readers whatever + + align:start position:0% +interpret as like readers whatever + + + align:start position:0% +interpret as like readers whatever +results why don't you see the results + + align:start position:0% +results why don't you see the results + + + align:start position:0% +results why don't you see the results +then let's come back to that question in + + align:start position:0% +then let's come back to that question in + + + align:start position:0% +then let's come back to that question in +a sec + + align:start position:0% +a sec + + + align:start position:0% +a sec +so here are the results so um + + align:start position:0% +so here are the results so um + + + align:start position:0% +so here are the results so um +so you know most people + + align:start position:0% +so you know most people + + + align:start position:0% +so you know most people +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +who were offered the job + + align:start position:0% +who were offered the job + + + align:start position:0% +who were offered the job +uh worked at least one day okay so there + + align:start position:0% +uh worked at least one day okay so there + + + align:start position:0% +uh worked at least one day okay so there +does need to be a difference between the + + align:start position:0% +does need to be a difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +does need to be a difference between the +job and the entrepreneur treatment + + align:start position:0% +job and the entrepreneur treatment + + + align:start position:0% +job and the entrepreneur treatment +um although note that like this is a + + align:start position:0% +um although note that like this is a + + + align:start position:0% +um although note that like this is a +this is the one year was working in the + + align:start position:0% +this is the one year was working in the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one year was working in the +study firm at end line is only you know + + align:start position:0% +study firm at end line is only you know + + + align:start position:0% +study firm at end line is only you know +worked at least a month is only 70 + + align:start position:0% +worked at least a month is only 70 + + + align:start position:0% +worked at least a month is only 70 +percent of people who are randomly + + align:start position:0% +percent of people who are randomly + + + align:start position:0% +percent of people who are randomly +offered a job and worked at the study + + align:start position:0% +offered a job and worked at the study + + + align:start position:0% +offered a job and worked at the study +from the N live was only 20 percent + + align:start position:0% +from the N live was only 20 percent + + + align:start position:0% +from the N live was only 20 percent +uh so note that and then + + align:start position:0% +uh so note that and then + + + align:start position:0% +uh so note that and then +um you know of the people who were + + align:start position:0% +um you know of the people who were + + + align:start position:0% +um you know of the people who were +offered in entrepreneurship most of them + + align:start position:0% +offered in entrepreneurship most of them + + + align:start position:0% +offered in entrepreneurship most of them +sort of uh take it okay + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh take it okay + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh take it okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what they find is + + align:start position:0% +what they find is + + + align:start position:0% +what they find is +um so this graph by the way is I feel + + align:start position:0% +um so this graph by the way is I feel + + + align:start position:0% +um so this graph by the way is I feel +like a terrible graph because the zero + + align:start position:0% +like a terrible graph because the zero + + + align:start position:0% +like a terrible graph because the zero +needs to be like bolted so we can see + + align:start position:0% +needs to be like bolted so we can see + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be like bolted so we can see +like what's positive and what's going to + + align:start position:0% +like what's positive and what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +like what's positive and what's going to +find this graph like really hard to read + + align:start position:0% +find this graph like really hard to read + + + align:start position:0% +find this graph like really hard to read +but if we sort of like put the zero you + + align:start position:0% +but if we sort of like put the zero you + + + align:start position:0% +but if we sort of like put the zero you +know with my hand here you know you can + + align:start position:0% +know with my hand here you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +know with my hand here you know you can +see not a huge amount of sort of impacts + + align:start position:0% +see not a huge amount of sort of impacts + + + align:start position:0% +see not a huge amount of sort of impacts +of the the job offer except it makes + + align:start position:0% +of the the job offer except it makes + + + align:start position:0% +of the the job offer except it makes +your physical health look worse okay so + + align:start position:0% +your physical health look worse okay so + + + align:start position:0% +your physical health look worse okay so +these are they're working in this job + + align:start position:0% +these are they're working in this job + + + align:start position:0% +these are they're working in this job +that seems to be bad for your health + + align:start position:0% +that seems to be bad for your health + + + align:start position:0% +that seems to be bad for your health +doesn't seem to have much of impact on + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem to have much of impact on + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem to have much of impact on +your mental health or basically kind of + + align:start position:0% +your mental health or basically kind of + + + align:start position:0% +your mental health or basically kind of +any anything else + + align:start position:0% +any anything else + + + align:start position:0% +any anything else +um and the um the entrepreneurship + + align:start position:0% +um and the um the entrepreneurship + + + align:start position:0% +um and the um the entrepreneurship +program has + + align:start position:0% +program has + + + align:start position:0% +program has +um uh is good for your mental health uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh is good for your mental health uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh is good for your mental health uh +good for your income and kind of not + + align:start position:0% +good for your income and kind of not + + + align:start position:0% +good for your income and kind of not +much else that's after one year + + align:start position:0% +much else that's after one year + + + align:start position:0% +much else that's after one year +this is after uh five years + + align:start position:0% +this is after uh five years + + + align:start position:0% +this is after uh five years +um and the after five years essentially + + align:start position:0% +um and the after five years essentially + + + align:start position:0% +um and the after five years essentially +you find almost nothing + + align:start position:0% +you find almost nothing + + + align:start position:0% +you find almost nothing +um maybe maybe you know you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +um maybe maybe you know you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe maybe you know you can sort of +pick out you know out of 20 different + + align:start position:0% +pick out you know out of 20 different + + + align:start position:0% +pick out you know out of 20 different +coefficients maybe you have one positive + + align:start position:0% +coefficients maybe you have one positive + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients maybe you have one positive +one negative it doesn't look like + + align:start position:0% +one negative it doesn't look like + + + align:start position:0% +one negative it doesn't look like +there's sort of any substantial effects + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of any substantial effects + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of any substantial effects +uh and the physical effects kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +uh and the physical effects kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the physical effects kind of uh +the physical health effects basically um + + align:start position:0% +the physical health effects basically um + + + align:start position:0% +the physical health effects basically um +uh so no effects on kind of income the + + align:start position:0% +uh so no effects on kind of income the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so no effects on kind of income the +startup also doesn't have a has not huge + + align:start position:0% +startup also doesn't have a has not huge + + + align:start position:0% +startup also doesn't have a has not huge +effects uh the one effect is that + + align:start position:0% +effects uh the one effect is that + + + align:start position:0% +effects uh the one effect is that +they're less likely to work in Factory + + align:start position:0% +they're less likely to work in Factory + + + align:start position:0% +they're less likely to work in Factory +labor and they're maybe more likely to + + align:start position:0% +labor and they're maybe more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +labor and they're maybe more likely to +work and maybe skilled labor but kind of + + align:start position:0% +work and maybe skilled labor but kind of + + + align:start position:0% +work and maybe skilled labor but kind of +not uh not very much + + align:start position:0% +not uh not very much + + + align:start position:0% +not uh not very much +and um in terms of the physical health + + align:start position:0% +and um in terms of the physical health + + + align:start position:0% +and um in terms of the physical health +the mental health effects kind of those + + align:start position:0% +the mental health effects kind of those + + + align:start position:0% +the mental health effects kind of those +all go away after five years + + align:start position:0% +all go away after five years + + + align:start position:0% +all go away after five years +and so actually it in some sense to + + align:start position:0% +and so actually it in some sense to + + + align:start position:0% +and so actually it in some sense to +answer your question I kind of feel like + + align:start position:0% +answer your question I kind of feel like + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question I kind of feel like +one of the one of the challenges of the + + align:start position:0% +one of the one of the challenges of the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the one of the challenges of the +study is that like we sort of thought + + align:start position:0% +study is that like we sort of thought + + + align:start position:0% +study is that like we sort of thought +there were reasons that you might not + + align:start position:0% +there were reasons that you might not + + + align:start position:0% +there were reasons that you might not +find huge effects of either of them and + + align:start position:0% +find huge effects of either of them and + + + align:start position:0% +find huge effects of either of them and +that's kind of what they find + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what they find + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of what they find +right that sort of + + align:start position:0% +right that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +right that sort of +people get these jobs + + align:start position:0% +people get these jobs + + + align:start position:0% +people get these jobs +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +they kind of leave them the jobs are + + align:start position:0% +they kind of leave them the jobs are + + + align:start position:0% +they kind of leave them the jobs are +pretty unpleasant they're bad for their + + align:start position:0% +pretty unpleasant they're bad for their + + + align:start position:0% +pretty unpleasant they're bad for their +health most of them leave + + align:start position:0% +health most of them leave + + + align:start position:0% +health most of them leave +and then kind of things go back to + + align:start position:0% +and then kind of things go back to + + + align:start position:0% +and then kind of things go back to +normal and the entrepreneurship program + + align:start position:0% +normal and the entrepreneurship program + + + align:start position:0% +normal and the entrepreneurship program +doesn't seem particularly successful + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem particularly successful + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem particularly successful +here I think not to say that all + + align:start position:0% +here I think not to say that all + + + align:start position:0% +here I think not to say that all +entrepreneurship programs aren't + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship programs aren't + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship programs aren't +successful but maybe sort of this was + + align:start position:0% +successful but maybe sort of this was + + + align:start position:0% +successful but maybe sort of this was +the wrong wasn't necessarily the best + + align:start position:0% +the wrong wasn't necessarily the best + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong wasn't necessarily the best +sort of pool to try them + + align:start position:0% +sort of pool to try them + + + align:start position:0% +sort of pool to try them +so I think of this this paper was I + + align:start position:0% +so I think of this this paper was I + + + align:start position:0% +so I think of this this paper was I +think uh influential because it was one + + align:start position:0% +think uh influential because it was one + + + align:start position:0% +think uh influential because it was one +of the first papers to sort of study + + align:start position:0% +of the first papers to sort of study + + + align:start position:0% +of the first papers to sort of study +what is the impact of giving someone one + + align:start position:0% +what is the impact of giving someone one + + + align:start position:0% +what is the impact of giving someone one +of these kind of factors these factory + + align:start position:0% +of these kind of factors these factory + + + align:start position:0% +of these kind of factors these factory +factory jobs + + align:start position:0% +factory jobs + + + align:start position:0% +factory jobs +um but I do think that sort of these + + align:start position:0% +um but I do think that sort of these + + + align:start position:0% +um but I do think that sort of these +sample selection issues are important to + + align:start position:0% +sample selection issues are important to + + + align:start position:0% +sample selection issues are important to +sort of think through in terms of how we + + align:start position:0% +sort of think through in terms of how we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of think through in terms of how we +sort of interpret the effects and it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of interpret the effects and it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of interpret the effects and it's +not sort of the final word on that + + align:start position:0% +not sort of the final word on that + + + align:start position:0% +not sort of the final word on that +um but I think it's actually it's a very + + align:start position:0% +um but I think it's actually it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +um but I think it's actually it's a very +well done study and I think sort of like + + align:start position:0% +well done study and I think sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +well done study and I think sort of like +actually following these people for five + + align:start position:0% +actually following these people for five + + + align:start position:0% +actually following these people for five +years is actually I think really + + align:start position:0% +years is actually I think really + + + align:start position:0% +years is actually I think really +very hard and I think very commendable + + align:start position:0% +very hard and I think very commendable + + + align:start position:0% +very hard and I think very commendable +in terms of actually sort of being able + + align:start position:0% +in terms of actually sort of being able + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of actually sort of being able +to figure out what these things were and + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what these things were and + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what these things were and +you know part of this also may be sort + + align:start position:0% +you know part of this also may be sort + + + align:start position:0% +you know part of this also may be sort +of reflecting kind of that that we're in + + align:start position:0% +of reflecting kind of that that we're in + + + align:start position:0% +of reflecting kind of that that we're in +kind of an equilibrium labor market + + align:start position:0% +kind of an equilibrium labor market + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an equilibrium labor market +we're actually kind of like people get + + align:start position:0% +we're actually kind of like people get + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually kind of like people get +these jobs they could not get these jobs + + align:start position:0% +these jobs they could not get these jobs + + + align:start position:0% +these jobs they could not get these jobs +they're not super duper scarce and so + + align:start position:0% +they're not super duper scarce and so + + + align:start position:0% +they're not super duper scarce and so +sort of randomizing you get one may not + + align:start position:0% +sort of randomizing you get one may not + + + align:start position:0% +sort of randomizing you get one may not +kind of affect your your long run + + align:start position:0% +kind of affect your your long run + + + align:start position:0% +kind of affect your your long run +outcomes because if you didn't get one + + align:start position:0% +outcomes because if you didn't get one + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes because if you didn't get one +maybe you'll eventually + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'll eventually + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'll eventually +you know end up some more similar + + align:start position:0% +you know end up some more similar + + + align:start position:0% +you know end up some more similar +okay uh questions yeah I have a quick + + align:start position:0% +okay uh questions yeah I have a quick + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh questions yeah I have a quick +question about the logic for including + + align:start position:0% +question about the logic for including + + + align:start position:0% +question about the logic for including +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +um entrepreneurship treatment yeah like + + align:start position:0% +um entrepreneurship treatment yeah like + + + align:start position:0% +um entrepreneurship treatment yeah like +so I get that like one potential idea is + + align:start position:0% +so I get that like one potential idea is + + + align:start position:0% +so I get that like one potential idea is +if you want to have some sense of what + + align:start position:0% +if you want to have some sense of what + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to have some sense of what +the like possible counter factors are to + + align:start position:0% +the like possible counter factors are to + + + align:start position:0% +the like possible counter factors are to +not getting this Factory job but it + + align:start position:0% +not getting this Factory job but it + + + align:start position:0% +not getting this Factory job but it +seems to me that like most people who + + align:start position:0% +seems to me that like most people who + + + align:start position:0% +seems to me that like most people who +don't get this Factory job will do is + + align:start position:0% +don't get this Factory job will do is + + + align:start position:0% +don't get this Factory job will do is +just apply to a different one + + align:start position:0% +just apply to a different one + + + align:start position:0% +just apply to a different one +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um like since my controller isn't like I + + align:start position:0% +um like since my controller isn't like I + + + align:start position:0% +um like since my controller isn't like I +can't force you to not work well it + + align:start position:0% +can't force you to not work well it + + + align:start position:0% +can't force you to not work well it +turns out that's not true actually so + + align:start position:0% +turns out that's not true actually so + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that's not true actually so +um oh so sorry I take it up take it back + + align:start position:0% +um oh so sorry I take it up take it back + + + align:start position:0% +um oh so sorry I take it up take it back +it is actually true so you're right so + + align:start position:0% +it is actually true so you're right so + + + align:start position:0% +it is actually true so you're right so +if you look at sort of like the + + align:start position:0% +if you look at sort of like the + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at sort of like the +well I mean so that's kind of what this + + align:start position:0% +well I mean so that's kind of what this + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean so that's kind of what this +first stage is about right so did you + + align:start position:0% +first stage is about right so did you + + + align:start position:0% +first stage is about right so did you +work in the formal sector for a month so + + align:start position:0% +work in the formal sector for a month so + + + align:start position:0% +work in the formal sector for a month so +that goes or at least a month that does + + align:start position:0% +that goes or at least a month that does + + + align:start position:0% +that goes or at least a month that does +you're right it's 69 in the control + + align:start position:0% +you're right it's 69 in the control + + + align:start position:0% +you're right it's 69 in the control +group so it's high it does go up by 90 + + align:start position:0% +group so it's high it does go up by 90 + + + align:start position:0% +group so it's high it does go up by 90 +so the first to 90 so the first stage is + + align:start position:0% +so the first to 90 so the first stage is + + + align:start position:0% +so the first to 90 so the first stage is +like 30 percentage points + + align:start position:0% +like 30 percentage points + + + align:start position:0% +like 30 percentage points +um you know were you working in any uh + + align:start position:0% +um you know were you working in any uh + + + align:start position:0% +um you know were you working in any uh +worked at least a month in any + + align:start position:0% +worked at least a month in any + + + align:start position:0% +worked at least a month in any +industrial firm again goes up by you + + align:start position:0% +industrial firm again goes up by you + + + align:start position:0% +industrial firm again goes up by you +know double so it's high in the control + + align:start position:0% +know double so it's high in the control + + + align:start position:0% +know double so it's high in the control +group but it is there is sort of still a + + align:start position:0% +group but it is there is sort of still a + + + align:start position:0% +group but it is there is sort of still a +first stage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% +other questions + + + align:start position:0% +other questions +okay uh the second thing I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the second thing I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the second thing I wanted to +talk about is the role of the the + + align:start position:0% +talk about is the role of the the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about is the role of the the +informal sector + + align:start position:0% +informal sector + + + align:start position:0% +informal sector +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and you know labor regulation kind of + + align:start position:0% +and you know labor regulation kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and you know labor regulation kind of +more generally + + align:start position:0% +more generally + + + align:start position:0% +more generally +so there there's a parent bezel + + align:start position:0% +so there there's a parent bezel + + + align:start position:0% +so there there's a parent bezel +inverters that looks at sort of like + + align:start position:0% +inverters that looks at sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +inverters that looks at sort of like +overall labor regulation in India using + + align:start position:0% +overall labor regulation in India using + + + align:start position:0% +overall labor regulation in India using +kind of a state by year difference in + + align:start position:0% +kind of a state by year difference in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a state by year difference in +difference + + align:start position:0% +difference + + + align:start position:0% +difference +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +the finding of this paper is more quote + + align:start position:0% +the finding of this paper is more quote + + + align:start position:0% +the finding of this paper is more quote +pro-worker policies + + align:start position:0% +pro-worker policies + + + align:start position:0% +pro-worker policies +um actually lower output and lower + + align:start position:0% +um actually lower output and lower + + + align:start position:0% +um actually lower output and lower +formal employment and may even increase + + align:start position:0% +formal employment and may even increase + + + align:start position:0% +formal employment and may even increase +poverty and the the trade-off they're + + align:start position:0% +poverty and the the trade-off they're + + + align:start position:0% +poverty and the the trade-off they're +trying to highlight is that you know as + + align:start position:0% +trying to highlight is that you know as + + + align:start position:0% +trying to highlight is that you know as +you make in in a case where sort of + + align:start position:0% +you make in in a case where sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you make in in a case where sort of +there is + + align:start position:0% +there is + + + align:start position:0% +there is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know firms can choose to locate in + + align:start position:0% +you know firms can choose to locate in + + + align:start position:0% +you know firms can choose to locate in +different places + + align:start position:0% +different places + + + align:start position:0% +different places +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh there may be a trade-off between sort + + align:start position:0% +uh there may be a trade-off between sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh there may be a trade-off between sort +of getting more protections for the + + align:start position:0% +of getting more protections for the + + + align:start position:0% +of getting more protections for the +existing set of workers on the one hand + + align:start position:0% +existing set of workers on the one hand + + + align:start position:0% +existing set of workers on the one hand +but sort of discouraging kind of like + + align:start position:0% +but sort of discouraging kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +but sort of discouraging kind of like +you know what firms from locating there + + align:start position:0% +you know what firms from locating there + + + align:start position:0% +you know what firms from locating there +and sort of firm growth happening kind + + align:start position:0% +and sort of firm growth happening kind + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of firm growth happening kind +of other places as well + + align:start position:0% +of other places as well + + + align:start position:0% +of other places as well +um that's going to depend on on both + + align:start position:0% +um that's going to depend on on both + + + align:start position:0% +um that's going to depend on on both +whether those things on both whether + + align:start position:0% +whether those things on both whether + + + align:start position:0% +whether those things on both whether +these these policies have + + align:start position:0% +these these policies have + + + align:start position:0% +these these policies have +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +like direct costs on any firm and in + + align:start position:0% +like direct costs on any firm and in + + + align:start position:0% +like direct costs on any firm and in +particular if they're sort of firm + + align:start position:0% +particular if they're sort of firm + + + align:start position:0% +particular if they're sort of firm +location decisions and firms are more + + align:start position:0% +location decisions and firms are more + + + align:start position:0% +location decisions and firms are more +elastic than than those those effects + + align:start position:0% +elastic than than those those effects + + + align:start position:0% +elastic than than those those effects +could be kind of larger + + align:start position:0% +could be kind of larger + + + align:start position:0% +could be kind of larger +um I think this paper is I think uh was + + align:start position:0% +um I think this paper is I think uh was + + + align:start position:0% +um I think this paper is I think uh was +sort of an important earlier paper it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of an important earlier paper it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an important earlier paper it's +a little coarse in terms of if you + + align:start position:0% +a little coarse in terms of if you + + + align:start position:0% +a little coarse in terms of if you +actually look at it what it does they + + align:start position:0% +actually look at it what it does they + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at it what it does they +basically kind of code up policies like + + align:start position:0% +basically kind of code up policies like + + + align:start position:0% +basically kind of code up policies like +one for its Pro worker minus one if it's + + align:start position:0% +one for its Pro worker minus one if it's + + + align:start position:0% +one for its Pro worker minus one if it's +anti-worker and it's kind of a state + + align:start position:0% +anti-worker and it's kind of a state + + + align:start position:0% +anti-worker and it's kind of a state +level if and if it doesn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +level if and if it doesn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +level if and if it doesn't necessarily +sort of shed a lot of detail onto sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of shed a lot of detail onto sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of shed a lot of detail onto sort +of what's happening but I think it's an + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening but I think it's an + + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening but I think it's an +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +um at least hypothesis to sort of think + + align:start position:0% +um at least hypothesis to sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +um at least hypothesis to sort of think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what are firms doing to kind of like you + + align:start position:0% +what are firms doing to kind of like you + + + align:start position:0% +what are firms doing to kind of like you +know giving these regulations so + + align:start position:0% +know giving these regulations so + + + align:start position:0% +know giving these regulations so +um we have a private paper which sort of + + align:start position:0% +um we have a private paper which sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um we have a private paper which sort of +looks among among other things at the + + align:start position:0% +looks among among other things at the + + + align:start position:0% +looks among among other things at the +idea that many firm regulations kick in + + align:start position:0% +idea that many firm regulations kick in + + + align:start position:0% +idea that many firm regulations kick in +at particular thresholds so in India for + + align:start position:0% +at particular thresholds so in India for + + + align:start position:0% +at particular thresholds so in India for +example if your firm has 100 employees + + align:start position:0% +example if your firm has 100 employees + + + align:start position:0% +example if your firm has 100 employees +all kinds of additional regulations kick + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of additional regulations kick + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of additional regulations kick +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +so we asked sort of whether you see + + align:start position:0% +so we asked sort of whether you see + + + align:start position:0% +so we asked sort of whether you see +firms kind of like avoiding these + + align:start position:0% +firms kind of like avoiding these + + + align:start position:0% +firms kind of like avoiding these +regulations and you see kind of like uh + + align:start position:0% +regulations and you see kind of like uh + + + align:start position:0% +regulations and you see kind of like uh +and in particular ways look at the + + align:start position:0% +and in particular ways look at the + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular ways look at the +density of firms and look at whether + + align:start position:0% +density of firms and look at whether + + + align:start position:0% +density of firms and look at whether +they're sort of bunching it for kind of + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of bunching it for kind of + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of bunching it for kind of +just below 100. if that was true you + + align:start position:0% +just below 100. if that was true you + + + align:start position:0% +just below 100. if that was true you +might imagine they would grow up to 100 + + align:start position:0% +might imagine they would grow up to 100 + + + align:start position:0% +might imagine they would grow up to 100 +and then sort of stop right and it is + + align:start position:0% +and then sort of stop right and it is + + + align:start position:0% +and then sort of stop right and it is +true if you look at informal firms you + + align:start position:0% +true if you look at informal firms you + + + align:start position:0% +true if you look at informal firms you +do see excess Mass kind of right at you + + align:start position:0% +do see excess Mass kind of right at you + + + align:start position:0% +do see excess Mass kind of right at you +know 98 employees or whatever so there's + + align:start position:0% +know 98 employees or whatever so there's + + + align:start position:0% +know 98 employees or whatever so there's +some kind of distortion Distortion or + + align:start position:0% +some kind of distortion Distortion or + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of distortion Distortion or +activity there + + align:start position:0% +activity there + + + align:start position:0% +activity there +um but it's really small so we estimate + + align:start position:0% +um but it's really small so we estimate + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's really small so we estimate +that like this additional bunting over + + align:start position:0% +that like this additional bunting over + + + align:start position:0% +that like this additional bunting over +here is like 400 firms in all of India + + align:start position:0% +here is like 400 firms in all of India + + + align:start position:0% +here is like 400 firms in all of India +so it's not sort of a big effect yeah + + align:start position:0% +so it's not sort of a big effect yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not sort of a big effect yeah +from the um + + align:start position:0% +from the um + + + align:start position:0% +from the um +the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +I think it's from the + + align:start position:0% +I think it's from the + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's from the +NSS + + align:start position:0% +NSS + + + align:start position:0% +NSS +the national sample survey has like a + + align:start position:0% +the national sample survey has like a + + + align:start position:0% +the national sample survey has like a +module that sort of does this in certain + + align:start position:0% +module that sort of does this in certain + + + align:start position:0% +module that sort of does this in certain +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +in general so you can you can observe so + + align:start position:0% +in general so you can you can observe so + + + align:start position:0% +in general so you can you can observe so +I think it's that's how we do it in + + align:start position:0% +I think it's that's how we do it in + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's that's how we do it in +India in other contexts they some kind + + align:start position:0% +India in other contexts they some kind + + + align:start position:0% +India in other contexts they some kind +of people do firm censuses where they + + align:start position:0% +of people do firm censuses where they + + + align:start position:0% +of people do firm censuses where they +will actually literally go door to door + + align:start position:0% +will actually literally go door to door + + + align:start position:0% +will actually literally go door to door +and count every single + + align:start position:0% +and count every single + + + align:start position:0% +and count every single +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +firm regardless of sort of whether or + + align:start position:0% +firm regardless of sort of whether or + + + align:start position:0% +firm regardless of sort of whether or +not it's formal or not + + align:start position:0% +not it's formal or not + + + align:start position:0% +not it's formal or not +that was that what we're doing they + + align:start position:0% +that was that what we're doing they + + + align:start position:0% +that was that what we're doing they +stopped asking that question in like the + + align:start position:0% +stopped asking that question in like the + + + align:start position:0% +stopped asking that question in like the +1990s so it's not that I I it's + + align:start position:0% +1990s so it's not that I I it's + + + align:start position:0% +1990s so it's not that I I it's +embarrassing I don't remember exactly + + align:start position:0% +embarrassing I don't remember exactly + + + align:start position:0% +embarrassing I don't remember exactly +which survey it is I think it's from the + + align:start position:0% +which survey it is I think it's from the + + + align:start position:0% +which survey it is I think it's from the +I think we did it from the the NSS + + align:start position:0% +I think we did it from the the NSS + + + align:start position:0% +I think we did it from the the NSS +there's a special module in the NSS + + align:start position:0% +there's a special module in the NSS + + + align:start position:0% +there's a special module in the NSS +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but there are + + align:start position:0% +but there are + + + align:start position:0% +but there are +um some countries just count informal + + align:start position:0% +um some countries just count informal + + + align:start position:0% +um some countries just count informal +forms directly I still don't understand + + align:start position:0% +forms directly I still don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +forms directly I still don't understand +what why like informal firms wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +what why like informal firms wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +what why like informal firms wouldn't be +an impact I would assume they will be + + align:start position:0% +an impact I would assume they will be + + + align:start position:0% +an impact I would assume they will be +impacted by the legal system + + align:start position:0% +impacted by the legal system + + + align:start position:0% +impacted by the legal system +coming up employment of 100 because they + + align:start position:0% +coming up employment of 100 because they + + + align:start position:0% +coming up employment of 100 because they +are not observed to begin with yeah + + align:start position:0% +are not observed to begin with yeah + + + align:start position:0% +are not observed to begin with yeah +that's also a good point right you might + + align:start position:0% +that's also a good point right you might + + + align:start position:0% +that's also a good point right you might +imagine that so I agree with you but you + + align:start position:0% +imagine that so I agree with you but you + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that so I agree with you but you +imagine this effect will be sort of + + align:start position:0% +imagine this effect will be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +imagine this effect will be sort of +bigger at 100 but you know maybe they're + + align:start position:0% +bigger at 100 but you know maybe they're + + + align:start position:0% +bigger at 100 but you know maybe they're +but maybe the sort of the the they might + + align:start position:0% +but maybe the sort of the the they might + + + align:start position:0% +but maybe the sort of the the they might +you know become more formalized they + + align:start position:0% +you know become more formalized they + + + align:start position:0% +you know become more formalized they +might become formalized they might the + + align:start position:0% +might become formalized they might the + + + align:start position:0% +might become formalized they might the +workers might sort of you know uh ask me + + align:start position:0% +workers might sort of you know uh ask me + + + align:start position:0% +workers might sort of you know uh ask me +this I agree with you it's it's the the + + align:start position:0% +this I agree with you it's it's the the + + + align:start position:0% +this I agree with you it's it's the the +point of this actually is not to show + + align:start position:0% +point of this actually is not to show + + + align:start position:0% +point of this actually is not to show +bunching it's so there's not much + + align:start position:0% +bunching it's so there's not much + + + align:start position:0% +bunching it's so there's not much +bunching + + align:start position:0% +bunching + + + align:start position:0% +bunching +is kind of the main point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's also amazing that they're funnel + + align:start position:0% +it's also amazing that they're funnel + + + align:start position:0% +it's also amazing that they're funnel +firms with 120 employed people because + + align:start position:0% +firms with 120 employed people because + + + align:start position:0% +firms with 120 employed people because +like my understanding of informal + + align:start position:0% +like my understanding of informal + + + align:start position:0% +like my understanding of informal +performance was like they are usually + + align:start position:0% +performance was like they are usually + + + align:start position:0% +performance was like they are usually +small so that they so that they cannot + + align:start position:0% +small so that they so that they cannot + + + align:start position:0% +small so that they so that they cannot +be detected but if you're 100 if you + + align:start position:0% +be detected but if you're 100 if you + + + align:start position:0% +be detected but if you're 100 if you +have 100 employees how are they like + + align:start position:0% +have 100 employees how are they like + + + align:start position:0% +have 100 employees how are they like +detected + + align:start position:0% +detected + + + align:start position:0% +detected +you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I I it's a good question but you know I + + align:start position:0% +I I it's a good question but you know I + + + align:start position:0% +I I it's a good question but you know I +think that there should you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +think that there should you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +think that there should you know it's a +question of detection and sort of making + + align:start position:0% +question of detection and sort of making + + + align:start position:0% +question of detection and sort of making +you formally register and all that stuff + + align:start position:0% +you formally register and all that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +you formally register and all that stuff +I agree with you the larger you get the + + align:start position:0% +I agree with you the larger you get the + + + align:start position:0% +I agree with you the larger you get the +more like you are to be formal but I + + align:start position:0% +more like you are to be formal but I + + + align:start position:0% +more like you are to be formal but I +think that it's a I agree with you + + align:start position:0% +think that it's a I agree with you + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's a I agree with you +actually it's it's I hadn't actually + + align:start position:0% +actually it's it's I hadn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's it's I hadn't actually +thought that question that way but + + align:start position:0% +thought that question that way but + + + align:start position:0% +thought that question that way but +you're right it's surprising but it's + + align:start position:0% +you're right it's surprising but it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're right it's surprising but it's +certainly in the data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes and so there's a or well this is of + + align:start position:0% +yes and so there's a or well this is of + + + align:start position:0% +yes and so there's a or well this is of +all the firms in the economy and this is + + align:start position:0% +all the firms in the economy and this is + + + align:start position:0% +all the firms in the economy and this is +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh of all the formal firms and all the + + align:start position:0% +uh of all the formal firms and all the + + + align:start position:0% +uh of all the formal firms and all the +informal firms what this is very very + + align:start position:0% +informal firms what this is very very + + + align:start position:0% +informal firms what this is very very +small what's happening is like most of + + align:start position:0% +small what's happening is like most of + + + align:start position:0% +small what's happening is like most of +the firms have like a small number of + + align:start position:0% +the firms have like a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +the firms have like a small number of +employees so that's why I'm saying this + + align:start position:0% +employees so that's why I'm saying this + + + align:start position:0% +employees so that's why I'm saying this +is like 400 firms in all of India like + + align:start position:0% +is like 400 firms in all of India like + + + align:start position:0% +is like 400 firms in all of India like +over here because it's like 0.0404 times + + align:start position:0% +over here because it's like 0.0404 times + + + align:start position:0% +over here because it's like 0.0404 times +the whole thing if you actually in the + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing if you actually in the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing if you actually in the +paper we got through this non-zoomed out + + align:start position:0% +paper we got through this non-zoomed out + + + align:start position:0% +paper we got through this non-zoomed out +and like if you don't if I put all the + + align:start position:0% +and like if you don't if I put all the + + + align:start position:0% +and like if you don't if I put all the +way to zero on the x-axis you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +way to zero on the x-axis you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +way to zero on the x-axis you wouldn't +see anything here it's like + + align:start position:0% +see anything here it's like + + + align:start position:0% +see anything here it's like +looks like that + + align:start position:0% +looks like that + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that +that's also the paper + + align:start position:0% +that's also the paper + + + align:start position:0% +that's also the paper +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +what's going on + + align:start position:0% +what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on +is there's a paper by Bertrand at all + + align:start position:0% +is there's a paper by Bertrand at all + + + align:start position:0% +is there's a paper by Bertrand at all +which basically says that what's + + align:start position:0% +which basically says that what's + + + align:start position:0% +which basically says that what's +happening is that basically four forms + + align:start position:0% +happening is that basically four forms + + + align:start position:0% +happening is that basically four forms +are trying to get around some of these + + align:start position:0% +are trying to get around some of these + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to get around some of these +constraints + + align:start position:0% +constraints + + + align:start position:0% +constraints +uh through Outsourcing + + align:start position:0% +uh through Outsourcing + + + align:start position:0% +uh through Outsourcing +okay and so what they do is in + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what they do is in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what they do is in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +so it's not it's also not quite precise + + align:start position:0% +so it's not it's also not quite precise + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not it's also not quite precise +at 100 because you know firms are + + align:start position:0% +at 100 because you know firms are + + + align:start position:0% +at 100 because you know firms are +um you know the exact kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +um you know the exact kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the exact kind of like the +your exact this idea that we had we + + align:start position:0% +your exact this idea that we had we + + + align:start position:0% +your exact this idea that we had we +should look for sort of bunching right + + align:start position:0% +should look for sort of bunching right + + + align:start position:0% +should look for sort of bunching right +100 you know firms may have shocks they + + align:start position:0% +100 you know firms may have shocks they + + + align:start position:0% +100 you know firms may have shocks they +kind of may go from one one to another + + align:start position:0% +kind of may go from one one to another + + + align:start position:0% +kind of may go from one one to another +they may higher or or fire from from + + align:start position:0% +they may higher or or fire from from + + + align:start position:0% +they may higher or or fire from from +year to year but what you can see is + + align:start position:0% +year to year but what you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +year to year but what you can see is +that sort of the + + align:start position:0% +that sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of the +um this is the the probability they're + + align:start position:0% +um this is the the probability they're + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the the probability they're +sort of hiring contract workers or + + align:start position:0% +sort of hiring contract workers or + + + align:start position:0% +sort of hiring contract workers or +having any contract workers or having + + align:start position:0% +having any contract workers or having + + + align:start position:0% +having any contract workers or having +contract workers greater than 50 of + + align:start position:0% +contract workers greater than 50 of + + + align:start position:0% +contract workers greater than 50 of +their employment what you can see is + + align:start position:0% +their employment what you can see is + + + align:start position:0% +their employment what you can see is +that basically this is um uh really sort + + align:start position:0% +that basically this is um uh really sort + + + align:start position:0% +that basically this is um uh really sort +of increasing kind of as you get kind of + + align:start position:0% +of increasing kind of as you get kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of increasing kind of as you get kind of +like you know the softwares aren't doing + + align:start position:0% +like you know the softwares aren't doing + + + align:start position:0% +like you know the softwares aren't doing +it and it's kind of getting closer sort + + align:start position:0% +it and it's kind of getting closer sort + + + align:start position:0% +it and it's kind of getting closer sort +of as you get uh closer to this this + + align:start position:0% +of as you get uh closer to this this + + + align:start position:0% +of as you get uh closer to this this +threshold and you know as you sort of + + align:start position:0% +threshold and you know as you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +threshold and you know as you sort of +become large like firms are actually + + align:start position:0% +become large like firms are actually + + + align:start position:0% +become large like firms are actually +having some non-trivial share of their + + align:start position:0% +having some non-trivial share of their + + + align:start position:0% +having some non-trivial share of their +workers be hired it's contrary workers + + align:start position:0% +workers be hired it's contrary workers + + + align:start position:0% +workers be hired it's contrary workers +his way of sort of potentially evading + + align:start position:0% +his way of sort of potentially evading + + + align:start position:0% +his way of sort of potentially evading +some of these not evading or sort of + + align:start position:0% +some of these not evading or sort of + + + align:start position:0% +some of these not evading or sort of +avoiding some of these uh these um + + align:start position:0% +avoiding some of these uh these um + + + align:start position:0% +avoiding some of these uh these um +employment regulations and actually we + + align:start position:0% +employment regulations and actually we + + + align:start position:0% +employment regulations and actually we +have a job market candidate + + align:start position:0% +have a job market candidate + + + align:start position:0% +have a job market candidate +um uh on the market this year who's + + align:start position:0% +um uh on the market this year who's + + + align:start position:0% +um uh on the market this year who's +actually studying in Brazil sort of what + + align:start position:0% +actually studying in Brazil sort of what + + + align:start position:0% +actually studying in Brazil sort of what +are the implications of sort of allowing + + align:start position:0% +are the implications of sort of allowing + + + align:start position:0% +are the implications of sort of allowing +this kind of Outsourcing uh on on + + align:start position:0% +this kind of Outsourcing uh on on + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of Outsourcing uh on on +workers in the Brazilian security guard + + align:start position:0% +workers in the Brazilian security guard + + + align:start position:0% +workers in the Brazilian security guard +industry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the sorry mention that + + align:start position:0% +the sorry mention that + + + align:start position:0% +the sorry mention that +the final thing I want to mention on + + align:start position:0% +the final thing I want to mention on + + + align:start position:0% +the final thing I want to mention on +informal Forum so I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +informal Forum so I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +informal Forum so I'm going to take +maybe two more minutes and sort of talk + + align:start position:0% +maybe two more minutes and sort of talk + + + align:start position:0% +maybe two more minutes and sort of talk +about this because I think this is + + align:start position:0% +about this because I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +about this because I think this is +pretty fascinating + + align:start position:0% +pretty fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +pretty fascinating +is are there sort of spillovers from + + align:start position:0% +is are there sort of spillovers from + + + align:start position:0% +is are there sort of spillovers from +regulations in the formal sector to + + align:start position:0% +regulations in the formal sector to + + + align:start position:0% +regulations in the formal sector to +what's happening in the informal sector + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in the informal sector + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in the informal sector +and then you get a little bit of your + + align:start position:0% +and then you get a little bit of your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you get a little bit of your +question of like why would there be a + + align:start position:0% +question of like why would there be a + + + align:start position:0% +question of like why would there be a +spike at 100 or something is there any + + align:start position:0% +spike at 100 or something is there any + + + align:start position:0% +spike at 100 or something is there any +sort of is there anything sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of is there anything sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of is there anything sort of +spilling over from the formal sector of + + align:start position:0% +spilling over from the formal sector of + + + align:start position:0% +spilling over from the formal sector of +the informal sector + + align:start position:0% +the informal sector + + + align:start position:0% +the informal sector +and in particular this paper by + + align:start position:0% +and in particular this paper by + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular this paper by +directing Court + + align:start position:0% +directing Court + + + align:start position:0% +directing Court +is not really about this but what I + + align:start position:0% +is not really about this but what I + + + align:start position:0% +is not really about this but what I +think what I actually think is the most + + align:start position:0% +think what I actually think is the most + + + align:start position:0% +think what I actually think is the most +interesting finding from this paper is + + align:start position:0% +interesting finding from this paper is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting finding from this paper is +that there seem to be spillovers from + + align:start position:0% +that there seem to be spillovers from + + + align:start position:0% +that there seem to be spillovers from +formal sector minimum wages to wages + + align:start position:0% +formal sector minimum wages to wages + + + align:start position:0% +formal sector minimum wages to wages +that are happening in the informal + + align:start position:0% +that are happening in the informal + + + align:start position:0% +that are happening in the informal +sector and that's not totally crazy if + + align:start position:0% +sector and that's not totally crazy if + + + align:start position:0% +sector and that's not totally crazy if +we think there's sort of a labor like a + + align:start position:0% +we think there's sort of a labor like a + + + align:start position:0% +we think there's sort of a labor like a +labor market out there that that you + + align:start position:0% +labor market out there that that you + + + align:start position:0% +labor market out there that that you +know maybe that could be sort of what's + + align:start position:0% +know maybe that could be sort of what's + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe that could be sort of what's +driving that + + align:start position:0% +driving that + + + align:start position:0% +driving that +um but it suggests actually that you may + + align:start position:0% +um but it suggests actually that you may + + + align:start position:0% +um but it suggests actually that you may +have thought that sort of some of these + + align:start position:0% +have thought that sort of some of these + + + align:start position:0% +have thought that sort of some of these +labor market regulations like minimum + + align:start position:0% +labor market regulations like minimum + + + align:start position:0% +labor market regulations like minimum +wages wouldn't have any bite in a place + + align:start position:0% +wages wouldn't have any bite in a place + + + align:start position:0% +wages wouldn't have any bite in a place +with a large and formal sector because + + align:start position:0% +with a large and formal sector because + + + align:start position:0% +with a large and formal sector because +those firms wouldn't be affected by that + + align:start position:0% +those firms wouldn't be affected by that + + + align:start position:0% +those firms wouldn't be affected by that +and this paper suggests that's not uh + + align:start position:0% +and this paper suggests that's not uh + + + align:start position:0% +and this paper suggests that's not uh +that's not right + + align:start position:0% +that's not right + + + align:start position:0% +that's not right +so um in particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so they the way they get this data + + align:start position:0% +this so they the way they get this data + + + align:start position:0% +this so they the way they get this data +by the way is they have household survey + + align:start position:0% +by the way is they have household survey + + + align:start position:0% +by the way is they have household survey +data and they're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +data and they're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +data and they're going to look at +household look at sort of what what at + + align:start position:0% +household look at sort of what what at + + + align:start position:0% +household look at sort of what what at +whether you're employed in a formal form + + align:start position:0% +whether you're employed in a formal form + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're employed in a formal form +so they're looking at from the household + + align:start position:0% +so they're looking at from the household + + + align:start position:0% +so they're looking at from the household +side of like what your wages and looking + + align:start position:0% +side of like what your wages and looking + + + align:start position:0% +side of like what your wages and looking +at sort of what kind of firm you're + + align:start position:0% +at sort of what kind of firm you're + + + align:start position:0% +at sort of what kind of firm you're +employed at + + align:start position:0% +employed at + + + align:start position:0% +employed at +and here's the kind of the the key Point + + align:start position:0% +and here's the kind of the the key Point + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the kind of the the key Point +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so this is your monthly wage + + align:start position:0% +so this is your monthly wage + + + align:start position:0% +so this is your monthly wage +this is the minimum wage + + align:start position:0% +this is the minimum wage + + + align:start position:0% +this is the minimum wage +the light the the these dots here are + + align:start position:0% +the light the the these dots here are + + + align:start position:0% +the light the the these dots here are +the sort of the just you know are in the + + align:start position:0% +the sort of the just you know are in the + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of the just you know are in the +informal sector and these are in the + + align:start position:0% +informal sector and these are in the + + + align:start position:0% +informal sector and these are in the +formal sector so nobody in the formal + + align:start position:0% +formal sector so nobody in the formal + + + align:start position:0% +formal sector so nobody in the formal +sector is earning below the minimum wage + + align:start position:0% +sector is earning below the minimum wage + + + align:start position:0% +sector is earning below the minimum wage +but what I think and some people are + + align:start position:0% +but what I think and some people are + + + align:start position:0% +but what I think and some people are +earning below the minimum wage in the + + align:start position:0% +earning below the minimum wage in the + + + align:start position:0% +earning below the minimum wage in the +informal sector but I think it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +informal sector but I think it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +informal sector but I think it's kind of +remarkable is there's this massive Spike + + align:start position:0% +remarkable is there's this massive Spike + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable is there's this massive Spike +right at the minimum wage and that's + + align:start position:0% +right at the minimum wage and that's + + + align:start position:0% +right at the minimum wage and that's +true in the informal sector as well as + + align:start position:0% +true in the informal sector as well as + + + align:start position:0% +true in the informal sector as well as +in the formal sector + + align:start position:0% +in the formal sector + + + align:start position:0% +in the formal sector +and if you if you in fact when they look + + align:start position:0% +and if you if you in fact when they look + + + align:start position:0% +and if you if you in fact when they look +at sort of this is probably too small + + align:start position:0% +at sort of this is probably too small + + + align:start position:0% +at sort of this is probably too small +but it's in your handout as you sort of + + align:start position:0% +but it's in your handout as you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but it's in your handout as you sort of +see the um + + align:start position:0% +see the um + + + align:start position:0% +see the um +the uh sorry so that this is kind of the + + align:start position:0% +the uh sorry so that this is kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +the uh sorry so that this is kind of the +main point I wanted to make what I was + + align:start position:0% +main point I wanted to make what I was + + + align:start position:0% +main point I wanted to make what I was +hoping they would have is a similar they + + align:start position:0% +hoping they would have is a similar they + + + align:start position:0% +hoping they would have is a similar they +actually have changes in the minimum + + align:start position:0% +actually have changes in the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +actually have changes in the minimum +wage over time + + align:start position:0% +wage over time + + + align:start position:0% +wage over time +the version of the paper that I saw did + + align:start position:0% +the version of the paper that I saw did + + + align:start position:0% +the version of the paper that I saw did +not have the informal sector over time + + align:start position:0% +not have the informal sector over time + + + align:start position:0% +not have the informal sector over time +showing how the informal sector wage + + align:start position:0% +showing how the informal sector wage + + + align:start position:0% +showing how the informal sector wage +changes as they raise the final minimum + + align:start position:0% +changes as they raise the final minimum + + + align:start position:0% +changes as they raise the final minimum +wage + + align:start position:0% +wage + + + align:start position:0% +wage +um so I've I suggested that they do that + + align:start position:0% +um so I've I suggested that they do that + + + align:start position:0% +um so I've I suggested that they do that +I think this would be really nice + + align:start position:0% +I think this would be really nice + + + align:start position:0% +I think this would be really nice +um because I think if they could sort of + + align:start position:0% +um because I think if they could sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um because I think if they could sort of +show you that the formal minimum wage is + + align:start position:0% +show you that the formal minimum wage is + + + align:start position:0% +show you that the formal minimum wage is +kind of following the kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +kind of following the kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of following the kind of the the +informative wages following the formal + + align:start position:0% +informative wages following the formal + + + align:start position:0% +informative wages following the formal +minimum wage I think that would be + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage I think that would be + + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage I think that would be +pretty remarkable and sort of show that + + align:start position:0% +pretty remarkable and sort of show that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty remarkable and sort of show that +the that these formal sector regulations + + align:start position:0% +the that these formal sector regulations + + + align:start position:0% +the that these formal sector regulations +are sort of carrying over to the + + align:start position:0% +are sort of carrying over to the + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of carrying over to the +informal sector as well and more + + align:start position:0% +informal sector as well and more + + + align:start position:0% +informal sector as well and more +generally sort of understanding what are + + align:start position:0% +generally sort of understanding what are + + + align:start position:0% +generally sort of understanding what are +the spillovers from sort of the formal + + align:start position:0% +the spillovers from sort of the formal + + + align:start position:0% +the spillovers from sort of the formal +sector to the informal sector is a like + + align:start position:0% +sector to the informal sector is a like + + + align:start position:0% +sector to the informal sector is a like +we sort of have this assumption that + + align:start position:0% +we sort of have this assumption that + + + align:start position:0% +we sort of have this assumption that +kind of an informal sector anything goes + + align:start position:0% +kind of an informal sector anything goes + + + align:start position:0% +kind of an informal sector anything goes +but sort of understanding and sort of + + align:start position:0% +but sort of understanding and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but sort of understanding and sort of +probing that in more detail I think is + + align:start position:0% +probing that in more detail I think is + + + align:start position:0% +probing that in more detail I think is +is uh is really important yeah amen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +David + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +workers are certain capable of searching + + align:start position:0% +workers are certain capable of searching + + + align:start position:0% +workers are certain capable of searching +for jobs in both informal and formal + + align:start position:0% +for jobs in both informal and formal + + + align:start position:0% +for jobs in both informal and formal +sectors + + align:start position:0% +sectors + + + align:start position:0% +sectors +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +effect on the formal sectors it depends + + align:start position:0% +effect on the formal sectors it depends + + + align:start position:0% +effect on the formal sectors it depends +it depends on what you think of as the + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what you think of as the + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what you think of as the +model so if the minimum wage is too high + + align:start position:0% +model so if the minimum wage is too high + + + align:start position:0% +model so if the minimum wage is too high +like if it depends if it's a + + align:start position:0% +like if it depends if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +like if it depends if it's a +in a minimum wage model right if the + + align:start position:0% +in a minimum wage model right if the + + + align:start position:0% +in a minimum wage model right if the +minimum wage is above ground of the + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage is above ground of the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage is above ground of the +market clearing wage then it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +market clearing wage then it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +market clearing wage then it wouldn't +necessarily like it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily like it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily like it's not necessarily +clear what have spillover effects to the + + align:start position:0% +clear what have spillover effects to the + + + align:start position:0% +clear what have spillover effects to the +informal sector because there's sort of + + align:start position:0% +informal sector because there's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +informal sector because there's sort of +a there's like a a shortage of jobs at + + align:start position:0% +a there's like a a shortage of jobs at + + + align:start position:0% +a there's like a a shortage of jobs at +the kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +the kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of the the +there's like queuing for jobs at the + + align:start position:0% +there's like queuing for jobs at the + + + align:start position:0% +there's like queuing for jobs at the +minimum wage see what I'm saying like + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage see what I'm saying like + + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage see what I'm saying like +everyone who would want a job with + + align:start position:0% +everyone who would want a job with + + + align:start position:0% +everyone who would want a job with +minimum wage can't get one + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage can't get one + + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage can't get one +it depends + + align:start position:0% +it depends + + + align:start position:0% +it depends +what your model looks like you see you + + align:start position:0% +what your model looks like you see you + + + align:start position:0% +what your model looks like you see you +see what I'm saying like if the if + + align:start position:0% +see what I'm saying like if the if + + + align:start position:0% +see what I'm saying like if the if +if the formal sector looks like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and we put a minimum wage up here + + align:start position:0% +right and we put a minimum wage up here + + + align:start position:0% +right and we put a minimum wage up here +right and we're over here there's all + + align:start position:0% +right and we're over here there's all + + + align:start position:0% +right and we're over here there's all +these people who would like jobs over + + align:start position:0% +these people who would like jobs over + + + align:start position:0% +these people who would like jobs over +here them in ways that can't get one and + + align:start position:0% +here them in ways that can't get one and + + + align:start position:0% +here them in ways that can't get one and +so you know those people could you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know those people could you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know those people could you know +may just instead prefer to just take a + + align:start position:0% +may just instead prefer to just take a + + + align:start position:0% +may just instead prefer to just take a +job with the informal sector of the + + align:start position:0% +job with the informal sector of the + + + align:start position:0% +job with the informal sector of the +market clearing wage + + align:start position:0% +market clearing wage + + + align:start position:0% +market clearing wage +well maybe that increases the informal + + align:start position:0% +well maybe that increases the informal + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe that increases the informal +sectors + + align:start position:0% +sectors + + + align:start position:0% +sectors +yeah it no it may right so you could you + + align:start position:0% +yeah it no it may right so you could you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it no it may right so you could you +could write down a model in which it + + align:start position:0% +could write down a model in which it + + + align:start position:0% +could write down a model in which it +could for example some of these people + + align:start position:0% +could for example some of these people + + + align:start position:0% +could for example some of these people +over here may decide to queue for like + + align:start position:0% +over here may decide to queue for like + + + align:start position:0% +over here may decide to queue for like +the you know for for the and wait around + + align:start position:0% +the you know for for the and wait around + + + align:start position:0% +the you know for for the and wait around +to get one of these higher minimum wage + + align:start position:0% +to get one of these higher minimum wage + + + align:start position:0% +to get one of these higher minimum wage +jobs and that may sort of like decrease + + align:start position:0% +jobs and that may sort of like decrease + + + align:start position:0% +jobs and that may sort of like decrease +the sort of number of people who are + + align:start position:0% +the sort of number of people who are + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of number of people who are +willing to go take these other jobs and + + align:start position:0% +willing to go take these other jobs and + + + align:start position:0% +willing to go take these other jobs and +they have to sort of bid up their wages + + align:start position:0% +they have to sort of bid up their wages + + + align:start position:0% +they have to sort of bid up their wages +in in in uh expectation I think that + + align:start position:0% +in in in uh expectation I think that + + + align:start position:0% +in in in uh expectation I think that +simple model by the way wouldn't get you + + align:start position:0% +simple model by the way wouldn't get you + + + align:start position:0% +simple model by the way wouldn't get you +at the informal side of paying the exact + + align:start position:0% +at the informal side of paying the exact + + + align:start position:0% +at the informal side of paying the exact +same wage right it would increase the + + align:start position:0% +same wage right it would increase the + + + align:start position:0% +same wage right it would increase the +informal sectors wage but it wouldn't go + + align:start position:0% +informal sectors wage but it wouldn't go + + + align:start position:0% +informal sectors wage but it wouldn't go +all the way because then because you + + align:start position:0% +all the way because then because you + + + align:start position:0% +all the way because then because you +your choice would be sort of I I go to + + align:start position:0% +your choice would be sort of I I go to + + + align:start position:0% +your choice would be sort of I I go to +the informal sector + + align:start position:0% +the informal sector + + + align:start position:0% +the informal sector +like the indifference condition would be + + align:start position:0% +like the indifference condition would be + + + align:start position:0% +like the indifference condition would be +sort of IQ for the formal sector job + + align:start position:0% +sort of IQ for the formal sector job + + + align:start position:0% +sort of IQ for the formal sector job +where I take the informal hitter job now + + align:start position:0% +where I take the informal hitter job now + + + align:start position:0% +where I take the informal hitter job now +you right so that would be there should + + align:start position:0% +you right so that would be there should + + + align:start position:0% +you right so that would be there should +there should still be a discount + + align:start position:0% +there should still be a discount + + + align:start position:0% +there should still be a discount +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but you're so you're right there could + + align:start position:0% +but you're so you're right there could + + + align:start position:0% +but you're so you're right there could +be spillovers but I think there should + + align:start position:0% +be spillovers but I think there should + + + align:start position:0% +be spillovers but I think there should +still be a discount but nevertheless I + + align:start position:0% +still be a discount but nevertheless I + + + align:start position:0% +still be a discount but nevertheless I +guess that anyway I just I found this + + align:start position:0% +guess that anyway I just I found this + + + align:start position:0% +guess that anyway I just I found this +graph like totally striking and I think + + align:start position:0% +graph like totally striking and I think + + + align:start position:0% +graph like totally striking and I think +it's sort of understanding more + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of understanding more + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of understanding more +generally like + + align:start position:0% +generally like + + + align:start position:0% +generally like +what those spillovers between formal and + + align:start position:0% +what those spillovers between formal and + + + align:start position:0% +what those spillovers between formal and +formal sector looks like is a really + + align:start position:0% +formal sector looks like is a really + + + align:start position:0% +formal sector looks like is a really +interesting area to to to do more work + + align:start position:0% +interesting area to to to do more work + + + align:start position:0% +interesting area to to to do more work +on so I'm totally out of time so I'll + + align:start position:0% +on so I'm totally out of time so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +on so I'm totally out of time so I'll +stop now + + align:start position:0% +stop now + + + align:start position:0% +stop now +um I I may say a few more things about + + align:start position:0% +um I I may say a few more things about + + + align:start position:0% +um I I may say a few more things about +Labor worth being your next class and + + align:start position:0% +Labor worth being your next class and + + + align:start position:0% +Labor worth being your next class and +then but mostly I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +then but mostly I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +then but mostly I'm going to talk about +uh credit uh next week so do the credit + + align:start position:0% +uh credit uh next week so do the credit + + + align:start position:0% +uh credit uh next week so do the credit +reading on the + + align:start position:0% +reading on the + + + align:start position:0% +reading on the +syllabus \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/y9Sa8StSX-M.txt b/y9Sa8StSX-M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcf9fd030eb2f6ffb8f72a34fd5cdf5f171ba088 --- /dev/null +++ b/y9Sa8StSX-M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Hi, our unit today concerns something + + align:start position:0% +Hi, our unit today concerns something + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, our unit today concerns something +called the dot product. Now, it's very + + align:start position:0% +called the dot product. Now, it's very + + + align:start position:0% +called the dot product. Now, it's very +easy to just mechanically give a + + align:start position:0% +easy to just mechanically give a + + + align:start position:0% +easy to just mechanically give a +definition of the dot product. But in + + align:start position:0% +definition of the dot product. But in + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the dot product. But in +keeping with the spirit both of our game + + align:start position:0% +keeping with the spirit both of our game + + + align:start position:0% +keeping with the spirit both of our game +and of our correlation between the real + + align:start position:0% +and of our correlation between the real + + + align:start position:0% +and of our correlation between the real +and the abstract world, let's keep in + + align:start position:0% +and the abstract world, let's keep in + + + align:start position:0% +and the abstract world, let's keep in +mind that when it came time to define + + align:start position:0% +mind that when it came time to define + + + align:start position:0% +mind that when it came time to define +vector addition, we chose as our + + align:start position:0% +vector addition, we chose as our + + + align:start position:0% +vector addition, we chose as our +definition a concept already used in the + + align:start position:0% +definition a concept already used in the + + + align:start position:0% +definition a concept already used in the +physical world, namely that of a + + align:start position:0% +physical world, namely that of a + + + align:start position:0% +physical world, namely that of a +resultant vector. And now what we would + + align:start position:0% +resultant vector. And now what we would + + + align:start position:0% +resultant vector. And now what we would +like to do is to introduce a further + + align:start position:0% +like to do is to introduce a further + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is to introduce a further +structure in our game of vectors. And by + + align:start position:0% +structure in our game of vectors. And by + + + align:start position:0% +structure in our game of vectors. And by +the way, keep in mind that I do not need + + align:start position:0% +the way, keep in mind that I do not need + + + align:start position:0% +the way, keep in mind that I do not need +any more physical interpretations to add + + align:start position:0% +any more physical interpretations to add + + + align:start position:0% +any more physical interpretations to add +more complexities to my game, but that + + align:start position:0% +more complexities to my game, but that + + + align:start position:0% +more complexities to my game, but that +perhaps if we do this, it makes the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps if we do this, it makes the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps if we do this, it makes the +subject more meaningful both to the + + align:start position:0% +subject more meaningful both to the + + + align:start position:0% +subject more meaningful both to the +applied person and to the theoretical + + align:start position:0% +applied person and to the theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +applied person and to the theoretical +person. The idea that I wanted to keep + + align:start position:0% +person. The idea that I wanted to keep + + + align:start position:0% +person. The idea that I wanted to keep +in mind for motivating today's lesson + + align:start position:0% +in mind for motivating today's lesson + + + align:start position:0% +in mind for motivating today's lesson +was the whole the old high school idea + + align:start position:0% +was the whole the old high school idea + + + align:start position:0% +was the whole the old high school idea +of work equals force times distance in + + align:start position:0% +of work equals force times distance in + + + align:start position:0% +of work equals force times distance in +the elementary physics course. Well, + + align:start position:0% +the elementary physics course. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +the elementary physics course. Well, +rather than talk on like this, let's + + align:start position:0% +rather than talk on like this, let's + + + align:start position:0% +rather than talk on like this, let's +just take a look and see what's going + + align:start position:0% +just take a look and see what's going + + + align:start position:0% +just take a look and see what's going +on. As I say, the lecture is called the + + align:start position:0% +on. As I say, the lecture is called the + + + align:start position:0% +on. As I say, the lecture is called the +dotproduct and our physical motivation + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct and our physical motivation + + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct and our physical motivation +is the recipe from elementary physics. + + align:start position:0% +is the recipe from elementary physics. + + + align:start position:0% +is the recipe from elementary physics. +Work equals force times distance. Now, + + align:start position:0% +Work equals force times distance. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +Work equals force times distance. Now, +this is a deceptive little formula. What + + align:start position:0% +this is a deceptive little formula. What + + + align:start position:0% +this is a deceptive little formula. What +first of all, what it really meant was + + align:start position:0% +first of all, what it really meant was + + + align:start position:0% +first of all, what it really meant was +when we learned this recipe was that the + + align:start position:0% +when we learned this recipe was that the + + + align:start position:0% +when we learned this recipe was that the +force was taking place in the same + + align:start position:0% +force was taking place in the same + + + align:start position:0% +force was taking place in the same +direction as the object was moving. Now, + + align:start position:0% +direction as the object was moving. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +direction as the object was moving. Now, +what happened next was the following + + align:start position:0% +what happened next was the following + + + align:start position:0% +what happened next was the following +situation. We have an object say being + + align:start position:0% +situation. We have an object say being + + + align:start position:0% +situation. We have an object say being +moved by a force. The object is being + + align:start position:0% +moved by a force. The object is being + + + align:start position:0% +moved by a force. The object is being +moved along a tabletop. Say the force is + + align:start position:0% +moved along a tabletop. Say the force is + + + align:start position:0% +moved along a tabletop. Say the force is +represented now by a vector an arrow and + + align:start position:0% +represented now by a vector an arrow and + + + align:start position:0% +represented now by a vector an arrow and +uh we're assuming enough friction here + + align:start position:0% +uh we're assuming enough friction here + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're assuming enough friction here +so that the block moves along the table + + align:start position:0% +so that the block moves along the table + + + align:start position:0% +so that the block moves along the table +and doesn't rise and the question is how + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't rise and the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't rise and the question is how +much work is done on the object as the + + align:start position:0% +much work is done on the object as the + + + align:start position:0% +much work is done on the object as the +object moves say from this point to this + + align:start position:0% +object moves say from this point to this + + + align:start position:0% +object moves say from this point to this +point. Now without worrying about what + + align:start position:0% +point. Now without worrying about what + + + align:start position:0% +point. Now without worrying about what +motivates this thing physically, the + + align:start position:0% +motivates this thing physically, the + + + align:start position:0% +motivates this thing physically, the +important thing was is that people + + align:start position:0% +important thing was is that people + + + align:start position:0% +important thing was is that people +observed that physically the only thing + + align:start position:0% +observed that physically the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +observed that physically the only thing +that went into the work was the + + align:start position:0% +that went into the work was the + + + align:start position:0% +that went into the work was the +component of the force in the direction + + align:start position:0% +component of the force in the direction + + + align:start position:0% +component of the force in the direction +of the displacement. In other words, + + align:start position:0% +of the displacement. In other words, + + + align:start position:0% +of the displacement. In other words, +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was the force that one found had to be + + align:start position:0% +was the force that one found had to be + + + align:start position:0% +was the force that one found had to be +multiplied by the displacement. In other + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the displacement. In other + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the displacement. In other +words, to find the work being done, one + + align:start position:0% +words, to find the work being done, one + + + align:start position:0% +words, to find the work being done, one +took not the magnitude of f, but rather + + align:start position:0% +took not the magnitude of f, but rather + + + align:start position:0% +took not the magnitude of f, but rather +the component of f in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +the component of f in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +the component of f in the direction of +s. And in this diagram, that's just + + align:start position:0% +s. And in this diagram, that's just + + + align:start position:0% +s. And in this diagram, that's just +what? It's the magnitude of f times + + align:start position:0% +what? It's the magnitude of f times + + + align:start position:0% +what? It's the magnitude of f times +cossine theta. And that quantity, which + + align:start position:0% +cossine theta. And that quantity, which + + + align:start position:0% +cossine theta. And that quantity, which +was called the effective force, was then + + align:start position:0% +was called the effective force, was then + + + align:start position:0% +was called the effective force, was then +multiplied by the displacement. + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the displacement. + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the displacement. +And to write that in more suggestive + + align:start position:0% +And to write that in more suggestive + + + align:start position:0% +And to write that in more suggestive +form, notice that the work was not the + + align:start position:0% +form, notice that the work was not the + + + align:start position:0% +form, notice that the work was not the +magnitude of the force times the + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the force times the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the force times the +magnitude of the displacement. That was + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the displacement. That was + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the displacement. That was +only true in the special case where the + + align:start position:0% +only true in the special case where the + + + align:start position:0% +only true in the special case where the +force and the displacement were in the + + align:start position:0% +force and the displacement were in the + + + align:start position:0% +force and the displacement were in the +same direction. But that rather the work + + align:start position:0% +same direction. But that rather the work + + + align:start position:0% +same direction. But that rather the work +is what? It's the magnitude of the force + + align:start position:0% +is what? It's the magnitude of the force + + + align:start position:0% +is what? It's the magnitude of the force +times the magnitude of the displacement + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude of the displacement + + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude of the displacement +times the cosine of the angle between + + align:start position:0% +times the cosine of the angle between + + + align:start position:0% +times the cosine of the angle between +the force and the displacement. And + + align:start position:0% +the force and the displacement. And + + + align:start position:0% +the force and the displacement. And +notice by the way the very special cases + + align:start position:0% +notice by the way the very special cases + + + align:start position:0% +notice by the way the very special cases +that if f and s happen to be parallel + + align:start position:0% +that if f and s happen to be parallel + + + align:start position:0% +that if f and s happen to be parallel +and have the same sense then the angle + + align:start position:0% +and have the same sense then the angle + + + align:start position:0% +and have the same sense then the angle +between f and s is zero. The cosine of + + align:start position:0% +between f and s is zero. The cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +between f and s is zero. The cosine of +zero is one in which case that you have + + align:start position:0% +zero is one in which case that you have + + + align:start position:0% +zero is one in which case that you have +the work is the magnitude of the force + + align:start position:0% +the work is the magnitude of the force + + + align:start position:0% +the work is the magnitude of the force +times the displacement. The other + + align:start position:0% +times the displacement. The other + + + align:start position:0% +times the displacement. The other +extreme case magnitude-wise is if S and + + align:start position:0% +extreme case magnitude-wise is if S and + + + align:start position:0% +extreme case magnitude-wise is if S and +F happen to be perpendicular in which + + align:start position:0% +F happen to be perpendicular in which + + + align:start position:0% +F happen to be perpendicular in which +case the angle of course is 90°. The + + align:start position:0% +case the angle of course is 90°. The + + + align:start position:0% +case the angle of course is 90°. The +cosine of a 90° angle is zero. In which + + align:start position:0% +cosine of a 90° angle is zero. In which + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of a 90° angle is zero. In which +case what if the force was at right + + align:start position:0% +case what if the force was at right + + + align:start position:0% +case what if the force was at right +angles to the displacement the work was + + align:start position:0% +angles to the displacement the work was + + + align:start position:0% +angles to the displacement the work was +zero. At any rate then whether we + + align:start position:0% +zero. At any rate then whether we + + + align:start position:0% +zero. At any rate then whether we +understand this physical motivation or + + align:start position:0% +understand this physical motivation or + + + align:start position:0% +understand this physical motivation or +not is irrelevant. The important point + + align:start position:0% +not is irrelevant. The important point + + + align:start position:0% +not is irrelevant. The important point +is if we want to keep this structure or + + align:start position:0% +is if we want to keep this structure or + + + align:start position:0% +is if we want to keep this structure or +this particular motivation in a + + align:start position:0% +this particular motivation in a + + + align:start position:0% +this particular motivation in a +structural form, we now generalize this + + align:start position:0% +structural form, we now generalize this + + + align:start position:0% +structural form, we now generalize this +as follows. We simply say let a and b be + + align:start position:0% +as follows. We simply say let a and b be + + + align:start position:0% +as follows. We simply say let a and b be +any two vectors arrows. And we will + + align:start position:0% +any two vectors arrows. And we will + + + align:start position:0% +any two vectors arrows. And we will +define a dob to be the magnitude of a + + align:start position:0% +define a dob to be the magnitude of a + + + align:start position:0% +define a dob to be the magnitude of a +times the magnitude of b times the + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude of b times the + + + align:start position:0% +times the magnitude of b times the +cosine of the angle between a and b. And + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between a and b. And + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between a and b. And +I'll write this this way to indicate an + + align:start position:0% +I'll write this this way to indicate an + + + align:start position:0% +I'll write this this way to indicate an +ordering. In other words, don't think of + + align:start position:0% +ordering. In other words, don't think of + + + align:start position:0% +ordering. In other words, don't think of +A and B as being A and B. Think of A as + + align:start position:0% +A and B as being A and B. Think of A as + + + align:start position:0% +A and B as being A and B. Think of A as +denoting the first and B as denoting the + + align:start position:0% +denoting the first and B as denoting the + + + align:start position:0% +denoting the first and B as denoting the +second vector. And what we're saying is + + align:start position:0% +second vector. And what we're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +second vector. And what we're saying is +the first dotted with the second is the + + align:start position:0% +the first dotted with the second is the + + + align:start position:0% +the first dotted with the second is the +magnitude of the first times the + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the first times the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the first times the +magnitude of the second times the cosine + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the second times the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the second times the cosine +of the angle as you rotate the first + + align:start position:0% +of the angle as you rotate the first + + + align:start position:0% +of the angle as you rotate the first +vector in to the second. And the beauty + + align:start position:0% +vector in to the second. And the beauty + + + align:start position:0% +vector in to the second. And the beauty +of having a cosine over here is the fact + + align:start position:0% +of having a cosine over here is the fact + + + align:start position:0% +of having a cosine over here is the fact +that what if you reverse the angle of + + align:start position:0% +that what if you reverse the angle of + + + align:start position:0% +that what if you reverse the angle of +rotation. In other words, from B into A. + + align:start position:0% +rotation. In other words, from B into A. + + + align:start position:0% +rotation. In other words, from B into A. +Notice that you change the sign of the + + align:start position:0% +Notice that you change the sign of the + + + align:start position:0% +Notice that you change the sign of the +angle. But the cosine of theta is the + + align:start position:0% +angle. But the cosine of theta is the + + + align:start position:0% +angle. But the cosine of theta is the +same as cosine minus theta. So no harm + + align:start position:0% +same as cosine minus theta. So no harm + + + align:start position:0% +same as cosine minus theta. So no harm +is done this particular way. On the + + align:start position:0% +is done this particular way. On the + + + align:start position:0% +is done this particular way. On the +other hand, had we been dealing with s + + align:start position:0% +other hand, had we been dealing with s + + + align:start position:0% +other hand, had we been dealing with s +of the angle as we will in our next + + align:start position:0% +of the angle as we will in our next + + + align:start position:0% +of the angle as we will in our next +lecture, this will make a difference. + + align:start position:0% +lecture, this will make a difference. + + + align:start position:0% +lecture, this will make a difference. +But be this as it may, we define a do.b + + align:start position:0% +But be this as it may, we define a do.b + + + align:start position:0% +But be this as it may, we define a do.b +B to be the magnitude of A times the + + align:start position:0% +B to be the magnitude of A times the + + + align:start position:0% +B to be the magnitude of A times the +magnitude of B times the cosine of the + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of B times the cosine of the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of B times the cosine of the +angle between A and B. All right. The + + align:start position:0% +angle between A and B. All right. The + + + align:start position:0% +angle between A and B. All right. The +two extreme cases being what? If A and B + + align:start position:0% +two extreme cases being what? If A and B + + + align:start position:0% +two extreme cases being what? If A and B +are perpendicular, the dotproduct is + + align:start position:0% +are perpendicular, the dotproduct is + + + align:start position:0% +are perpendicular, the dotproduct is +zero. If A and B are parallel, the + + align:start position:0% +zero. If A and B are parallel, the + + + align:start position:0% +zero. If A and B are parallel, the +dotproduct is equal to the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct is equal to the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct is equal to the magnitude of +the product of the two magnitudes. Now + + align:start position:0% +the product of the two magnitudes. Now + + + align:start position:0% +the product of the two magnitudes. Now +the only difficult thing here uh what we + + align:start position:0% +the only difficult thing here uh what we + + + align:start position:0% +the only difficult thing here uh what we +sometimes call undesirable and maybe + + align:start position:0% +sometimes call undesirable and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes call undesirable and maybe +this is what separates the new + + align:start position:0% +this is what separates the new + + + align:start position:0% +this is what separates the new +three-dimensional geometry from the old + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional geometry from the old + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional geometry from the old +three-dimensional geometry is that the + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional geometry is that the + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional geometry is that the +cosine of an angle is particularly + + align:start position:0% +cosine of an angle is particularly + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of an angle is particularly +difficult to keep track of especially + + align:start position:0% +difficult to keep track of especially + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to keep track of especially +when the lines are in three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +when the lines are in three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +when the lines are in three-dimensional +space. How do you measure an angle this + + align:start position:0% +space. How do you measure an angle this + + + align:start position:0% +space. How do you measure an angle this +way? You see in in the plane it's + + align:start position:0% +way? You see in in the plane it's + + + align:start position:0% +way? You see in in the plane it's +simple. You draw the thing to scale but + + align:start position:0% +simple. You draw the thing to scale but + + + align:start position:0% +simple. You draw the thing to scale but +in three space this can be rather + + align:start position:0% +in three space this can be rather + + + align:start position:0% +in three space this can be rather +difficult. So what we would like to do + + align:start position:0% +difficult. So what we would like to do + + + align:start position:0% +difficult. So what we would like to do +is to eliminate this particular term. We + + align:start position:0% +is to eliminate this particular term. We + + + align:start position:0% +is to eliminate this particular term. We +would like to find an expression for a + + align:start position:0% +would like to find an expression for a + + + align:start position:0% +would like to find an expression for a +dobb that doesn't involve the cosine of + + align:start position:0% +dobb that doesn't involve the cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +dobb that doesn't involve the cosine of +an angle at least directly. And to do + + align:start position:0% +an angle at least directly. And to do + + + align:start position:0% +an angle at least directly. And to do +this we simply draw a little diagram. + + align:start position:0% +this we simply draw a little diagram. + + + align:start position:0% +this we simply draw a little diagram. +And notice that even if a and b are + + align:start position:0% +And notice that even if a and b are + + + align:start position:0% +And notice that even if a and b are +three-dimensional vectors since a and b + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional vectors since a and b + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional vectors since a and b +are lines if they are not parallel if + + align:start position:0% +are lines if they are not parallel if + + + align:start position:0% +are lines if they are not parallel if +they emanate at a common point they form + + align:start position:0% +they emanate at a common point they form + + + align:start position:0% +they emanate at a common point they form +a plane of their own. Let's call that + + align:start position:0% +a plane of their own. Let's call that + + + align:start position:0% +a plane of their own. Let's call that +the plane of the blackboard. The third + + align:start position:0% +the plane of the blackboard. The third + + + align:start position:0% +the plane of the blackboard. The third +side of the triangle is either a minus b + + align:start position:0% +side of the triangle is either a minus b + + + align:start position:0% +side of the triangle is either a minus b +or b minus a depending on where you put + + align:start position:0% +or b minus a depending on where you put + + + align:start position:0% +or b minus a depending on where you put +the arrow head here. But we've already + + align:start position:0% +the arrow head here. But we've already + + + align:start position:0% +the arrow head here. But we've already +discussed that idea. And the interesting + + align:start position:0% +discussed that idea. And the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +discussed that idea. And the interesting +point here is notice that a minus b very + + align:start position:0% +point here is notice that a minus b very + + + align:start position:0% +point here is notice that a minus b very +subtly includes the angle theta. In + + align:start position:0% +subtly includes the angle theta. In + + + align:start position:0% +subtly includes the angle theta. In +other words, imagine the magnitudes of a + + align:start position:0% +other words, imagine the magnitudes of a + + + align:start position:0% +other words, imagine the magnitudes of a +and b to be fixed. And now fan out a and + + align:start position:0% +and b to be fixed. And now fan out a and + + + align:start position:0% +and b to be fixed. And now fan out a and +b. As you fan out a and b, what what + + align:start position:0% +b. As you fan out a and b, what what + + + align:start position:0% +b. As you fan out a and b, what what +you're doing is what? Just changing this + + align:start position:0% +you're doing is what? Just changing this + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing is what? Just changing this +angle. As you change this angle, notice + + align:start position:0% +angle. As you change this angle, notice + + + align:start position:0% +angle. As you change this angle, notice +that a minus b changes. Namely, as these + + align:start position:0% +that a minus b changes. Namely, as these + + + align:start position:0% +that a minus b changes. Namely, as these +fan out, the vector that that joins the + + align:start position:0% +fan out, the vector that that joins the + + + align:start position:0% +fan out, the vector that that joins the +two arrow heads here becomes a different + + align:start position:0% +two arrow heads here becomes a different + + + align:start position:0% +two arrow heads here becomes a different +vector both in magnitude and direction. + + align:start position:0% +vector both in magnitude and direction. + + + align:start position:0% +vector both in magnitude and direction. +In other words, whether it looks it or + + align:start position:0% +In other words, whether it looks it or + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, whether it looks it or +not, one of the beauties of our vector + + align:start position:0% +not, one of the beauties of our vector + + + align:start position:0% +not, one of the beauties of our vector +notation is that the cosine of the angle + + align:start position:0% +notation is that the cosine of the angle + + + align:start position:0% +notation is that the cosine of the angle +theta is indirectly included in a minus + + align:start position:0% +theta is indirectly included in a minus + + + align:start position:0% +theta is indirectly included in a minus +b. But now you see once we have this + + align:start position:0% +b. But now you see once we have this + + + align:start position:0% +b. But now you see once we have this +triangle here, notice that the law of + + align:start position:0% +triangle here, notice that the law of + + + align:start position:0% +triangle here, notice that the law of +cosiness tells us how to relate the + + align:start position:0% +cosiness tells us how to relate the + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness tells us how to relate the +third side of a triangle in terms of two + + align:start position:0% +third side of a triangle in terms of two + + + align:start position:0% +third side of a triangle in terms of two +sides and the included angle. Okay? And + + align:start position:0% +sides and the included angle. Okay? And + + + align:start position:0% +sides and the included angle. Okay? And +in fact, when we use the law of + + align:start position:0% +in fact, when we use the law of + + + align:start position:0% +in fact, when we use the law of +cosiness, notice that one of the terms + + align:start position:0% +cosiness, notice that one of the terms + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness, notice that one of the terms +is going to be what? The product of the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be what? The product of the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be what? The product of the +magnitudes of two sides times the cosine + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes of two sides times the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes of two sides times the cosine +of the included angle. And that roughly + + align:start position:0% +of the included angle. And that roughly + + + align:start position:0% +of the included angle. And that roughly +speaking is just what we mean by a dob. + + align:start position:0% +speaking is just what we mean by a dob. + + + align:start position:0% +speaking is just what we mean by a dob. +So without any further ado, what we do + + align:start position:0% +So without any further ado, what we do + + + align:start position:0% +So without any further ado, what we do +now is we just write the law of cosiness + + align:start position:0% +now is we just write the law of cosiness + + + align:start position:0% +now is we just write the law of cosiness +down here, which says what? The + + align:start position:0% +down here, which says what? The + + + align:start position:0% +down here, which says what? The +magnitude of a minus b^ 2 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a minus b^ 2 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a minus b^ 2 is equal to +the magnitude of a^ 2 plus the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of a^ 2 plus the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of a^ 2 plus the magnitude +of b^ 2 minus twice the magnitude of a + + align:start position:0% +of b^ 2 minus twice the magnitude of a + + + align:start position:0% +of b^ 2 minus twice the magnitude of a +time the magnitude of b time the cosine + + align:start position:0% +time the magnitude of b time the cosine + + + align:start position:0% +time the magnitude of b time the cosine +of the angle between a and b. And then + + align:start position:0% +of the angle between a and b. And then + + + align:start position:0% +of the angle between a and b. And then +you see we simply recognize that this + + align:start position:0% +you see we simply recognize that this + + + align:start position:0% +you see we simply recognize that this +term here is by definition a dobb. + + align:start position:0% +term here is by definition a dobb. + + + align:start position:0% +term here is by definition a dobb. +We can now take this equation and solve + + align:start position:0% +We can now take this equation and solve + + + align:start position:0% +We can now take this equation and solve +for a dob which by the way this is very + + align:start position:0% +for a dob which by the way this is very + + + align:start position:0% +for a dob which by the way this is very +very important to notice. I should have + + align:start position:0% +very important to notice. I should have + + + align:start position:0% +very important to notice. I should have +pointed this out sooner but a dob is a + + align:start position:0% +pointed this out sooner but a dob is a + + + align:start position:0% +pointed this out sooner but a dob is a +number. It's the product of two + + align:start position:0% +number. It's the product of two + + + align:start position:0% +number. It's the product of two +magnitudes times the cosine of an angle + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes times the cosine of an angle + + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes times the cosine of an angle +which is a number. This is a numerical + + align:start position:0% +which is a number. This is a numerical + + + align:start position:0% +which is a number. This is a numerical +equation. We can therefore solve for a + + align:start position:0% +equation. We can therefore solve for a + + + align:start position:0% +equation. We can therefore solve for a +dobb and we wind up with what that a + + align:start position:0% +dobb and we wind up with what that a + + + align:start position:0% +dobb and we wind up with what that a +dobb is the magnitude of a minus b ^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +dobb is the magnitude of a minus b ^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +dobb is the magnitude of a minus b ^ 2 +minus the magnitude of a^ 2 minus the + + align:start position:0% +minus the magnitude of a^ 2 minus the + + + align:start position:0% +minus the magnitude of a^ 2 minus the +magnitude of b^ 2 all divided by two and + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of b^ 2 all divided by two and + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of b^ 2 all divided by two and +the beauty now is that we have expressed + + align:start position:0% +the beauty now is that we have expressed + + + align:start position:0% +the beauty now is that we have expressed +a dob solely in terms of magnitudes and + + align:start position:0% +a dob solely in terms of magnitudes and + + + align:start position:0% +a dob solely in terms of magnitudes and +notice especially in cartisian + + align:start position:0% +notice especially in cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +notice especially in cartisian +coordinates and I'll do that next but in + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and I'll do that next but in + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and I'll do that next but in +terms of cartisian coordinates notice + + align:start position:0% +terms of cartisian coordinates notice + + + align:start position:0% +terms of cartisian coordinates notice +that magnitudes are particularly simple + + align:start position:0% +that magnitudes are particularly simple + + + align:start position:0% +that magnitudes are particularly simple +to find we just subtract corresponding + + align:start position:0% +to find we just subtract corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +to find we just subtract corresponding +components and square etc. But the + + align:start position:0% +components and square etc. But the + + + align:start position:0% +components and square etc. But the +important point is that even without + + align:start position:0% +important point is that even without + + + align:start position:0% +important point is that even without +cartisian coordinates this particular + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates this particular + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates this particular +result expresses a dobb in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +result expresses a dobb in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +result expresses a dobb in terms of the +magnitudes of a b and a minus b and is a + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes of a b and a minus b and is a + + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes of a b and a minus b and is a +result which is independent of any + + align:start position:0% +result which is independent of any + + + align:start position:0% +result which is independent of any +coordinate system. However, and this is + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system. However, and this is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system. However, and this is +done very simply in the text, reinforced + + align:start position:0% +done very simply in the text, reinforced + + + align:start position:0% +done very simply in the text, reinforced +in our exercises, if you elect to write + + align:start position:0% +in our exercises, if you elect to write + + + align:start position:0% +in our exercises, if you elect to write +a, b, and a minus b in cartisian + + align:start position:0% +a, b, and a minus b in cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +a, b, and a minus b in cartisian +coordinates and use this particularly + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and use this particularly + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and use this particularly +straightforward recipe, what we wind up + + align:start position:0% +straightforward recipe, what we wind up + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward recipe, what we wind up +with is a rather elegant result, elegant + + align:start position:0% +with is a rather elegant result, elegant + + + align:start position:0% +with is a rather elegant result, elegant +in terms of simplicity at least. And + + align:start position:0% +in terms of simplicity at least. And + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of simplicity at least. And +that is, remember in cartisian + + align:start position:0% +that is, remember in cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +that is, remember in cartisian +coordinates, we would write a as a1 i + + align:start position:0% +coordinates, we would write a as a1 i + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates, we would write a as a1 i +plus a2 j + a3 k. B would be B1 I + B2 J + + align:start position:0% +plus a2 j + a3 k. B would be B1 I + B2 J + + + align:start position:0% +plus a2 j + a3 k. B would be B1 I + B2 J +plus B3 K. And then the beauty is what + + align:start position:0% +plus B3 K. And then the beauty is what + + + align:start position:0% +plus B3 K. And then the beauty is what +that A do. B turns out to be very simply + + align:start position:0% +that A do. B turns out to be very simply + + + align:start position:0% +that A do. B turns out to be very simply +and conveniently A1 B1 plus A2 B2 plus + + align:start position:0% +and conveniently A1 B1 plus A2 B2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +and conveniently A1 B1 plus A2 B2 plus +A3 B3. In other words that to dot A and + + align:start position:0% +A3 B3. In other words that to dot A and + + + align:start position:0% +A3 B3. In other words that to dot A and +B if the vectors are written in + + align:start position:0% +B if the vectors are written in + + + align:start position:0% +B if the vectors are written in +cartisian coordinates and this is + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates and this is + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates and this is +crucial. If this is not done in + + align:start position:0% +crucial. If this is not done in + + + align:start position:0% +crucial. If this is not done in +cartisian coordinates you can get into a + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates you can get into a + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates you can get into a +heck of a mess. And I have deliberately + + align:start position:0% +heck of a mess. And I have deliberately + + + align:start position:0% +heck of a mess. And I have deliberately +made an exercise on this unit get you + + align:start position:0% +made an exercise on this unit get you + + + align:start position:0% +made an exercise on this unit get you +into that mess if you fall into that + + align:start position:0% +into that mess if you fall into that + + + align:start position:0% +into that mess if you fall into that +particular trap. But if we have + + align:start position:0% +particular trap. But if we have + + + align:start position:0% +particular trap. But if we have +cartisian coordinates, it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates, it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates, it turns out that +to dot two vectors, you simply do what? + + align:start position:0% +to dot two vectors, you simply do what? + + + align:start position:0% +to dot two vectors, you simply do what? +Multiply the two i components together, + + align:start position:0% +Multiply the two i components together, + + + align:start position:0% +Multiply the two i components together, +multiply the two j components together, + + align:start position:0% +multiply the two j components together, + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the two j components together, +multiply the two k components together, + + align:start position:0% +multiply the two k components together, + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the two k components together, +and add. All right. By the way, to show + + align:start position:0% +and add. All right. By the way, to show + + + align:start position:0% +and add. All right. By the way, to show +you why this works from a structural + + align:start position:0% +you why this works from a structural + + + align:start position:0% +you why this works from a structural +point of view without belaboring this + + align:start position:0% +point of view without belaboring this + + + align:start position:0% +point of view without belaboring this +point right now, notice that if you were + + align:start position:0% +point right now, notice that if you were + + + align:start position:0% +point right now, notice that if you were +to multiply in the usual sense of the + + align:start position:0% +to multiply in the usual sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +to multiply in the usual sense of the +word multiplication form the dot product + + align:start position:0% +word multiplication form the dot product + + + align:start position:0% +word multiplication form the dot product +here, you would expect to get nine + + align:start position:0% +here, you would expect to get nine + + + align:start position:0% +here, you would expect to get nine +terms. In other words, each of the terms + + align:start position:0% +terms. In other words, each of the terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms. In other words, each of the terms +in A multiplies each of the three terms + + align:start position:0% +in A multiplies each of the three terms + + + align:start position:0% +in A multiplies each of the three terms +in B. So altogether, you would expect + + align:start position:0% +in B. So altogether, you would expect + + + align:start position:0% +in B. So altogether, you would expect +nine terms. The thing that's rather + + align:start position:0% +nine terms. The thing that's rather + + + align:start position:0% +nine terms. The thing that's rather +interesting here is that notice that I + + align:start position:0% +interesting here is that notice that I + + + align:start position:0% +interesting here is that notice that I +do I, J.J, J and K do K all happen to be + + align:start position:0% +do I, J.J, J and K do K all happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +do I, J.J, J and K do K all happen to be +one because after all the magnitudes of + + align:start position:0% +one because after all the magnitudes of + + + align:start position:0% +one because after all the magnitudes of +these vectors are each one. The angle + + align:start position:0% +these vectors are each one. The angle + + + align:start position:0% +these vectors are each one. The angle +between I and I is zero. J and J is + + align:start position:0% +between I and I is zero. J and J is + + + align:start position:0% +between I and I is zero. J and J is +zero. The angle between K and K is zero. + + align:start position:0% +zero. The angle between K and K is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +zero. The angle between K and K is zero. +So that I do I J dot J and K dot K are + + align:start position:0% +So that I do I J dot J and K dot K are + + + align:start position:0% +So that I do I J dot J and K dot K are +all one. Whereas on the other hand when + + align:start position:0% +all one. Whereas on the other hand when + + + align:start position:0% +all one. Whereas on the other hand when +you take mixed terms notice that because + + align:start position:0% +you take mixed terms notice that because + + + align:start position:0% +you take mixed terms notice that because +I and J, I and K and J and K are all at + + align:start position:0% +I and J, I and K and J and K are all at + + + align:start position:0% +I and J, I and K and J and K are all at +right angles I do. J, J.K, I do. K are + + align:start position:0% +right angles I do. J, J.K, I do. K are + + + align:start position:0% +right angles I do. J, J.K, I do. K are +all going to be zero. And that therefore + + align:start position:0% +all going to be zero. And that therefore + + + align:start position:0% +all going to be zero. And that therefore +those other six terms will drop out. In + + align:start position:0% +those other six terms will drop out. In + + + align:start position:0% +those other six terms will drop out. In +other words, structurally, what's + + align:start position:0% +other words, structurally, what's + + + align:start position:0% +other words, structurally, what's +happening here is the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +happening here is the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +happening here is the fact that the +three vectors that we're using here all + + align:start position:0% +three vectors that we're using here all + + + align:start position:0% +three vectors that we're using here all +happen to have unit length and they + + align:start position:0% +happen to have unit length and they + + + align:start position:0% +happen to have unit length and they +happen to be mutually perpendicular. If + + align:start position:0% +happen to be mutually perpendicular. If + + + align:start position:0% +happen to be mutually perpendicular. If +they were not perpendicular, + + align:start position:0% +they were not perpendicular, + + + align:start position:0% +they were not perpendicular, +these mixed terms would occur in here. + + align:start position:0% +these mixed terms would occur in here. + + + align:start position:0% +these mixed terms would occur in here. +In other words, in general, when you dot + + align:start position:0% +In other words, in general, when you dot + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, in general, when you dot +two vectors depend in three space, + + align:start position:0% +two vectors depend in three space, + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors depend in three space, +depending on the coordinate system, you + + align:start position:0% +depending on the coordinate system, you + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the coordinate system, you +can expect up to nine terms in your + + align:start position:0% +can expect up to nine terms in your + + + align:start position:0% +can expect up to nine terms in your +answer. But the beauty is that as long + + align:start position:0% +answer. But the beauty is that as long + + + align:start position:0% +answer. But the beauty is that as long +as we have cartisian coordinates, there + + align:start position:0% +as we have cartisian coordinates, there + + + align:start position:0% +as we have cartisian coordinates, there +happens to be a particularly simple, + + align:start position:0% +happens to be a particularly simple, + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be a particularly simple, +beautiful recipe to compute a dob. Now, + + align:start position:0% +beautiful recipe to compute a dob. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful recipe to compute a dob. Now, +keep in mind the a dob that we're + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind the a dob that we're + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind the a dob that we're +talking about here is the same one that + + align:start position:0% +talking about here is the same one that + + + align:start position:0% +talking about here is the same one that +we defined before. It's the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +we defined before. It's the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +we defined before. It's the magnitude of +a time the magnitude of b times the + + align:start position:0% +a time the magnitude of b times the + + + align:start position:0% +a time the magnitude of b times the +cosine of the angle between a and b. All + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between a and b. All + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between a and b. All +we're saying is that if we use cartisian + + align:start position:0% +we're saying is that if we use cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying is that if we use cartisian +coordinates, we can compute it almost as + + align:start position:0% +coordinates, we can compute it almost as + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates, we can compute it almost as +fast as we can read. And let me show you + + align:start position:0% +fast as we can read. And let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +fast as we can read. And let me show you +that in terms of some examples. + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of some examples. + + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of some examples. +My first example is the following. Let's + + align:start position:0% +My first example is the following. Let's + + + align:start position:0% +My first example is the following. Let's +imagine that we have three points in + + align:start position:0% +imagine that we have three points in + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that we have three points in +cartisian 3space. A is the point 1 comma + + align:start position:0% +cartisian 3space. A is the point 1 comma + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian 3space. A is the point 1 comma +2a 3. B is the point 2 comma 4 comma 1 + + align:start position:0% +2a 3. B is the point 2 comma 4 comma 1 + + + align:start position:0% +2a 3. B is the point 2 comma 4 comma 1 +and C is the point 3 comma 0 comma 4. We + + align:start position:0% +and C is the point 3 comma 0 comma 4. We + + + align:start position:0% +and C is the point 3 comma 0 comma 4. We +draw the straight lines A B and A C and + + align:start position:0% +draw the straight lines A B and A C and + + + align:start position:0% +draw the straight lines A B and A C and +we would like to find the angle B A. In + + align:start position:0% +we would like to find the angle B A. In + + + align:start position:0% +we would like to find the angle B A. In +other words, the angle theta. The first + + align:start position:0% +other words, the angle theta. The first + + + align:start position:0% +other words, the angle theta. The first +thing that we do and this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +thing that we do and this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we do and this is one of the +beauties of how vectors are used in + + align:start position:0% +beauties of how vectors are used in + + + align:start position:0% +beauties of how vectors are used in +geometry is that we vectorize the lines + + align:start position:0% +geometry is that we vectorize the lines + + + align:start position:0% +geometry is that we vectorize the lines +A and B. We put arrow heads on them. + + align:start position:0% +A and B. We put arrow heads on them. + + + align:start position:0% +A and B. We put arrow heads on them. +That immediately makes them vectors. We + + align:start position:0% +That immediately makes them vectors. We + + + align:start position:0% +That immediately makes them vectors. We +already know from last time how to read + + align:start position:0% +already know from last time how to read + + + align:start position:0% +already know from last time how to read +the vectors AB and AC. Namely, AB is the + + align:start position:0% +the vectors AB and AC. Namely, AB is the + + + align:start position:0% +the vectors AB and AC. Namely, AB is the +vector I + 2 J. See, just subtract + + align:start position:0% +vector I + 2 J. See, just subtract + + + align:start position:0% +vector I + 2 J. See, just subtract +component by component. 2 - 1 is 1, 4 - + + align:start position:0% +component by component. 2 - 1 is 1, 4 - + + + align:start position:0% +component by component. 2 - 1 is 1, 4 - +2 is 2, 1 - 3 is minus 3, etc. So that + + align:start position:0% +2 is 2, 1 - 3 is minus 3, etc. So that + + + align:start position:0% +2 is 2, 1 - 3 is minus 3, etc. So that +the vector AB is the vector I + 2 J + + align:start position:0% +the vector AB is the vector I + 2 J + + + align:start position:0% +the vector AB is the vector I + 2 J +minus 2 K. And the vector a c working in + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 K. And the vector a c working in + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 K. And the vector a c working in +a similar way is 2 i minus 2 j + k. Now + + align:start position:0% +a similar way is 2 i minus 2 j + k. Now + + + align:start position:0% +a similar way is 2 i minus 2 j + k. Now +the beauty is that we can compute these + + align:start position:0% +the beauty is that we can compute these + + + align:start position:0% +the beauty is that we can compute these +magnitudes very very quickly by recipe. + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes very very quickly by recipe. + + + align:start position:0% +magnitudes very very quickly by recipe. +And we've just learned a recipe for + + align:start position:0% +And we've just learned a recipe for + + + align:start position:0% +And we've just learned a recipe for +finding a b in a hurry. I mean a well in + + align:start position:0% +finding a b in a hurry. I mean a well in + + + align:start position:0% +finding a b in a hurry. I mean a well in +this case I don't mean a b I mean the + + align:start position:0% +this case I don't mean a b I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +this case I don't mean a b I mean the +vector a dotted with the vector a c. And + + align:start position:0% +vector a dotted with the vector a c. And + + + align:start position:0% +vector a dotted with the vector a c. And +going through the computational details + + align:start position:0% +going through the computational details + + + align:start position:0% +going through the computational details +here, we square the components of AB, + + align:start position:0% +here, we square the components of AB, + + + align:start position:0% +here, we square the components of AB, +extract the positive square root, and we + + align:start position:0% +extract the positive square root, and we + + + align:start position:0% +extract the positive square root, and we +find very easily that the magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +find very easily that the magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +find very easily that the magnitude of +AB is three. And the hardest part of + + align:start position:0% +AB is three. And the hardest part of + + + align:start position:0% +AB is three. And the hardest part of +these problems as for me as a teacher is + + align:start position:0% +these problems as for me as a teacher is + + + align:start position:0% +these problems as for me as a teacher is +to find ones where I find the sum of + + align:start position:0% +to find ones where I find the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +to find ones where I find the sum of +three squares coming out to be a whole + + align:start position:0% +three squares coming out to be a whole + + + align:start position:0% +three squares coming out to be a whole +number. So I always use the vector 1 22 + + align:start position:0% +number. So I always use the vector 1 22 + + + align:start position:0% +number. So I always use the vector 1 22 +because that's a nice vector that way. + + align:start position:0% +because that's a nice vector that way. + + + align:start position:0% +because that's a nice vector that way. +Similarly, the vector AC also happens to + + align:start position:0% +Similarly, the vector AC also happens to + + + align:start position:0% +Similarly, the vector AC also happens to +have magnitude three. Okay. And to find + + align:start position:0% +have magnitude three. Okay. And to find + + + align:start position:0% +have magnitude three. Okay. And to find +AB ac, what do we do? Let's just come + + align:start position:0% +AB ac, what do we do? Let's just come + + + align:start position:0% +AB ac, what do we do? Let's just come +back here and make sure we know what + + align:start position:0% +back here and make sure we know what + + + align:start position:0% +back here and make sure we know what +we're doing now. We simply dot component + + align:start position:0% +we're doing now. We simply dot component + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing now. We simply dot component +by component. It's 1 * 2 + 2 * -2 + -2 * + + align:start position:0% +by component. It's 1 * 2 + 2 * -2 + -2 * + + + align:start position:0% +by component. It's 1 * 2 + 2 * -2 + -2 * +1. In other words, abac is 2 -4 - 2, + + align:start position:0% +1. In other words, abac is 2 -4 - 2, + + + align:start position:0% +1. In other words, abac is 2 -4 - 2, +which is -4. Now using our recipe we see + + align:start position:0% +which is -4. Now using our recipe we see + + + align:start position:0% +which is -4. Now using our recipe we see +what that cossine theta is abac + + align:start position:0% +what that cossine theta is abac + + + align:start position:0% +what that cossine theta is abac +divided by the product of the magnitudes + + align:start position:0% +divided by the product of the magnitudes + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the product of the magnitudes +of ab and ac from which we very quickly + + align:start position:0% +of ab and ac from which we very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +of ab and ac from which we very quickly +conclude that the cosine of theta is + + align:start position:0% +conclude that the cosine of theta is + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that the cosine of theta is +minus 4 9th. And if you're still mixed + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 9th. And if you're still mixed + + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 9th. And if you're still mixed +up as to what that minus sign means, + + align:start position:0% +up as to what that minus sign means, + + + align:start position:0% +up as to what that minus sign means, +just by way of a quick review of the + + align:start position:0% +just by way of a quick review of the + + + align:start position:0% +just by way of a quick review of the +inverse trigonometric functions, you lo + + align:start position:0% +inverse trigonometric functions, you lo + + + align:start position:0% +inverse trigonometric functions, you lo +locate the point minus4, 9 in the xy + + align:start position:0% +locate the point minus4, 9 in the xy + + + align:start position:0% +locate the point minus4, 9 in the xy +plane. And your angle theta is this + + align:start position:0% +plane. And your angle theta is this + + + align:start position:0% +plane. And your angle theta is this +particular angle here. Which means that + + align:start position:0% +particular angle here. Which means that + + + align:start position:0% +particular angle here. Which means that +in terms of principal values, if you + + align:start position:0% +in terms of principal values, if you + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of principal values, if you +look up the angle in the tables whose + + align:start position:0% +look up the angle in the tables whose + + + align:start position:0% +look up the angle in the tables whose +cosine is 4 9ths, that will give you + + align:start position:0% +cosine is 4 9ths, that will give you + + + align:start position:0% +cosine is 4 9ths, that will give you +this angle here. Subtract that from 180 + + align:start position:0% +this angle here. Subtract that from 180 + + + align:start position:0% +this angle here. Subtract that from 180 +and that's the angle that you're looking + + align:start position:0% +and that's the angle that you're looking + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the angle that you're looking +for. But the beauty is what? That you + + align:start position:0% +for. But the beauty is what? That you + + + align:start position:0% +for. But the beauty is what? That you +can now find the co. You can now find an + + align:start position:0% +can now find the co. You can now find an + + + align:start position:0% +can now find the co. You can now find an +angle between two lines in space without + + align:start position:0% +angle between two lines in space without + + + align:start position:0% +angle between two lines in space without +having to geometrically worry about what + + align:start position:0% +having to geometrically worry about what + + + align:start position:0% +having to geometrically worry about what +the angle looks like. The algebra in + + align:start position:0% +the angle looks like. The algebra in + + + align:start position:0% +the angle looks like. The algebra in +cartisian coordinates takes care of this + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates takes care of this + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates takes care of this +by itself. The same thing happens when + + align:start position:0% +by itself. The same thing happens when + + + align:start position:0% +by itself. The same thing happens when +you're looking for projections in + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for projections in + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for projections in +three-dimensional space. Suppose you + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space. Suppose you + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space. Suppose you +have a force and displacement in + + align:start position:0% +have a force and displacement in + + + align:start position:0% +have a force and displacement in +three-dimensional space. And you want to + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space. And you want to + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space. And you want to +project a force onto a line, a + + align:start position:0% +project a force onto a line, a + + + align:start position:0% +project a force onto a line, a +direction. And our next example shows + + align:start position:0% +direction. And our next example shows + + + align:start position:0% +direction. And our next example shows +how the dotproduct can be used to find + + align:start position:0% +how the dotproduct can be used to find + + + align:start position:0% +how the dotproduct can be used to find +projections. Namely, here's a vector A, + + align:start position:0% +projections. Namely, here's a vector A, + + + align:start position:0% +projections. Namely, here's a vector A, +here's a vector B, and I would like to + + align:start position:0% +here's a vector B, and I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +here's a vector B, and I would like to +project the vector A onto the vector B, + + align:start position:0% +project the vector A onto the vector B, + + + align:start position:0% +project the vector A onto the vector B, +and I would like to find what the length + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to find what the length + + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to find what the length +of that projection is. Well, from + + align:start position:0% +of that projection is. Well, from + + + align:start position:0% +of that projection is. Well, from +elementary trigonometry, I know that the + + align:start position:0% +elementary trigonometry, I know that the + + + align:start position:0% +elementary trigonometry, I know that the +length of this projection is just the + + align:start position:0% +length of this projection is just the + + + align:start position:0% +length of this projection is just the +magnitude of a time the cosine of theta. + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a time the cosine of theta. + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a time the cosine of theta. +And by the way, notice if theta were + + align:start position:0% +And by the way, notice if theta were + + + align:start position:0% +And by the way, notice if theta were +greater than 90°, cossine theta would be + + align:start position:0% +greater than 90°, cossine theta would be + + + align:start position:0% +greater than 90°, cossine theta would be +negative and the minus sign would not + + align:start position:0% +negative and the minus sign would not + + + align:start position:0% +negative and the minus sign would not +affect the length. It would simply tell + + align:start position:0% +affect the length. It would simply tell + + + align:start position:0% +affect the length. It would simply tell +us that the projection was in the + + align:start position:0% +us that the projection was in the + + + align:start position:0% +us that the projection was in the +opposite sense of b. That's all that + + align:start position:0% +opposite sense of b. That's all that + + + align:start position:0% +opposite sense of b. That's all that +would mean. But here's the interesting + + align:start position:0% +would mean. But here's the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +would mean. But here's the interesting +point. If you look at the magnitude of a + + align:start position:0% +point. If you look at the magnitude of a + + + align:start position:0% +point. If you look at the magnitude of a +times the cosine of theta, it almost + + align:start position:0% +times the cosine of theta, it almost + + + align:start position:0% +times the cosine of theta, it almost +looks like a dotproduct. After all, + + align:start position:0% +looks like a dotproduct. After all, + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a dotproduct. After all, +theta is the angle between a and b. And + + align:start position:0% +theta is the angle between a and b. And + + + align:start position:0% +theta is the angle between a and b. And +if the magnitude of b were in here, this + + align:start position:0% +if the magnitude of b were in here, this + + + align:start position:0% +if the magnitude of b were in here, this +would just be a dob. But the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +would just be a dob. But the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +would just be a dob. But the magnitude +of b isn't in here. Of course, if the + + align:start position:0% +of b isn't in here. Of course, if the + + + align:start position:0% +of b isn't in here. Of course, if the +magnitude of b happened to be one, that + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of b happened to be one, that + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of b happened to be one, that +would be fine. But the magnitude of b + + align:start position:0% +would be fine. But the magnitude of b + + + align:start position:0% +would be fine. But the magnitude of b +might not be one. And the most honest + + align:start position:0% +might not be one. And the most honest + + + align:start position:0% +might not be one. And the most honest +way to make it one is to divide b by its + + align:start position:0% +way to make it one is to divide b by its + + + align:start position:0% +way to make it one is to divide b by its +magnitude. + + align:start position:0% +magnitude. + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude. +And what will that give you? If you + + align:start position:0% +And what will that give you? If you + + + align:start position:0% +And what will that give you? If you +divide any vector by its magnitude, that + + align:start position:0% +divide any vector by its magnitude, that + + + align:start position:0% +divide any vector by its magnitude, that +automatically gives you a unit vector + + align:start position:0% +automatically gives you a unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +automatically gives you a unit vector +having the same direction and sense as + + align:start position:0% +having the same direction and sense as + + + align:start position:0% +having the same direction and sense as +the vector that you started with. In + + align:start position:0% +the vector that you started with. In + + + align:start position:0% +the vector that you started with. In +other words, let U subb, which is the + + align:start position:0% +other words, let U subb, which is the + + + align:start position:0% +other words, let U subb, which is the +magn, which is B divided by its + + align:start position:0% +magn, which is B divided by its + + + align:start position:0% +magn, which is B divided by its +magnitude, be the unit vector in the + + align:start position:0% +magnitude, be the unit vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude, be the unit vector in the +direction, and by the way, here + + align:start position:0% +direction, and by the way, here + + + align:start position:0% +direction, and by the way, here +direction includes sense in a direction + + align:start position:0% +direction includes sense in a direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction includes sense in a direction +of B. And notice that the unit vector in + + align:start position:0% +of B. And notice that the unit vector in + + + align:start position:0% +of B. And notice that the unit vector in +the direction of B has the same + + align:start position:0% +the direction of B has the same + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of B has the same +direction as B itself. Therefore, to + + align:start position:0% +direction as B itself. Therefore, to + + + align:start position:0% +direction as B itself. Therefore, to +find the angle between U subB and A is + + align:start position:0% +find the angle between U subB and A is + + + align:start position:0% +find the angle between U subB and A is +the same as finding the angle between B + + align:start position:0% +the same as finding the angle between B + + + align:start position:0% +the same as finding the angle between B +and A. In other words, the kicker now + + align:start position:0% +and A. In other words, the kicker now + + + align:start position:0% +and A. In other words, the kicker now +seems to be that I I take this length + + align:start position:0% +seems to be that I I take this length + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be that I I take this length +which is the magnitude of A time cosine + + align:start position:0% +which is the magnitude of A time cosine + + + align:start position:0% +which is the magnitude of A time cosine +theta and rewrite that as follows. It's + + align:start position:0% +theta and rewrite that as follows. It's + + + align:start position:0% +theta and rewrite that as follows. It's +the magnitude of a. And now remembering + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of a. And now remembering + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of a. And now remembering +that u subb has unit length. + + align:start position:0% +that u subb has unit length. + + + align:start position:0% +that u subb has unit length. +I just drew that in as a factor. And + + align:start position:0% +I just drew that in as a factor. And + + + align:start position:0% +I just drew that in as a factor. And +theta being the angle between a and b is + + align:start position:0% +theta being the angle between a and b is + + + align:start position:0% +theta being the angle between a and b is +also the angle between a and u subb. But + + align:start position:0% +also the angle between a and u subb. But + + + align:start position:0% +also the angle between a and u subb. But +this by definition is a dot u subb. + + align:start position:0% +this by definition is a dot u subb. + + + align:start position:0% +this by definition is a dot u subb. +You see, in other words, to find the + + align:start position:0% +You see, in other words, to find the + + + align:start position:0% +You see, in other words, to find the +projection of A onto B, all you have to + + align:start position:0% +projection of A onto B, all you have to + + + align:start position:0% +projection of A onto B, all you have to +do is dot A with the unit vector in the + + align:start position:0% +do is dot A with the unit vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +do is dot A with the unit vector in the +direction of B. In fact, to summarize + + align:start position:0% +direction of B. In fact, to summarize + + + align:start position:0% +direction of B. In fact, to summarize +that without the U subB in there, all + + align:start position:0% +that without the U subB in there, all + + + align:start position:0% +that without the U subB in there, all +I'm saying is given two vectors A and B, + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying is given two vectors A and B, + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying is given two vectors A and B, +if you dot A and B and then divide by + + align:start position:0% +if you dot A and B and then divide by + + + align:start position:0% +if you dot A and B and then divide by +the magnitude of B, that will be the + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of B, that will be the + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of B, that will be the +projection of A in the direction of B. + + align:start position:0% +projection of A in the direction of B. + + + align:start position:0% +projection of A in the direction of B. +Okay? The projection of A in the + + align:start position:0% +Okay? The projection of A in the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay? The projection of A in the +direction of B. And of course, if you + + align:start position:0% +direction of B. And of course, if you + + + align:start position:0% +direction of B. And of course, if you +want it the other way around, you have + + align:start position:0% +want it the other way around, you have + + + align:start position:0% +want it the other way around, you have +to reverse the roles of A and B. The + + align:start position:0% +to reverse the roles of A and B. The + + + align:start position:0% +to reverse the roles of A and B. The +beauty of this unit in cartisian + + align:start position:0% +beauty of this unit in cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +beauty of this unit in cartisian +coordinates is how easy it is to compute + + align:start position:0% +coordinates is how easy it is to compute + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates is how easy it is to compute +a dob in cartisian coordinates. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +a dob in cartisian coordinates. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +a dob in cartisian coordinates. Oh, +another example that you might be + + align:start position:0% +another example that you might be + + + align:start position:0% +another example that you might be +interested in that I think is very + + align:start position:0% +interested in that I think is very + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that I think is very +interesting. And that's the special case + + align:start position:0% +interesting. And that's the special case + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. And that's the special case +where a and b already happen to be unit + + align:start position:0% +where a and b already happen to be unit + + + align:start position:0% +where a and b already happen to be unit +vectors. If a and b already happen to be + + align:start position:0% +vectors. If a and b already happen to be + + + align:start position:0% +vectors. If a and b already happen to be +unit vectors, then if we use our recipe + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors, then if we use our recipe + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors, then if we use our recipe +of a for the formula for a dob, we + + align:start position:0% +of a for the formula for a dob, we + + + align:start position:0% +of a for the formula for a dob, we +observe that in this case by definition + + align:start position:0% +observe that in this case by definition + + + align:start position:0% +observe that in this case by definition +of unit vectors, both the magnitudes of + + align:start position:0% +of unit vectors, both the magnitudes of + + + align:start position:0% +of unit vectors, both the magnitudes of +a and b are one. And we find that a dob + + align:start position:0% +a and b are one. And we find that a dob + + + align:start position:0% +a and b are one. And we find that a dob +is then the cosine of the angle between + + align:start position:0% +is then the cosine of the angle between + + + align:start position:0% +is then the cosine of the angle between +a and b. Which means that if A and B + + align:start position:0% +a and b. Which means that if A and B + + + align:start position:0% +a and b. Which means that if A and B +happen to be unit vectors, as soon as + + align:start position:0% +happen to be unit vectors, as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +happen to be unit vectors, as soon as +you dot them, you have automatically + + align:start position:0% +you dot them, you have automatically + + + align:start position:0% +you dot them, you have automatically +found the cosine of the angle between + + align:start position:0% +found the cosine of the angle between + + + align:start position:0% +found the cosine of the angle between +the two vectors, which suggests a rather + + align:start position:0% +the two vectors, which suggests a rather + + + align:start position:0% +the two vectors, which suggests a rather +general type of approach. Given any two + + align:start position:0% +general type of approach. Given any two + + + align:start position:0% +general type of approach. Given any two +vectors, divide each by the magnitude, + + align:start position:0% +vectors, divide each by the magnitude, + + + align:start position:0% +vectors, divide each by the magnitude, +right? That gives you unit vectors. Dot + + align:start position:0% +right? That gives you unit vectors. Dot + + + align:start position:0% +right? That gives you unit vectors. Dot +them and that gives you the cosine of + + align:start position:0% +them and that gives you the cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +them and that gives you the cosine of +the angle between them. You see, in + + align:start position:0% +the angle between them. You see, in + + + align:start position:0% +the angle between them. You see, in +particular, and here's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +particular, and here's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +particular, and here's an interesting +thing, you know, I I don't know if it's + + align:start position:0% +thing, you know, I I don't know if it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing, you know, I I don't know if it's +that funny. It just struck me as funny. + + align:start position:0% +that funny. It just struck me as funny. + + + align:start position:0% +that funny. It just struck me as funny. +Last last night at supper as we were + + align:start position:0% +Last last night at supper as we were + + + align:start position:0% +Last last night at supper as we were +sitting down to eat, my four-year-old + + align:start position:0% +sitting down to eat, my four-year-old + + + align:start position:0% +sitting down to eat, my four-year-old +looked at me and said, "Dad, did they + + align:start position:0% +looked at me and said, "Dad, did they + + + align:start position:0% +looked at me and said, "Dad, did they +have baked potatoes when you was a + + align:start position:0% +have baked potatoes when you was a + + + align:start position:0% +have baked potatoes when you was a +little boy?" And you get the feeling + + align:start position:0% +little boy?" And you get the feeling + + + align:start position:0% +little boy?" And you get the feeling +sometimes that people think that the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that people think that the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that people think that the +modern world really changed the old in + + align:start position:0% +modern world really changed the old in + + + align:start position:0% +modern world really changed the old in +certain basic ways that didn't happen at + + align:start position:0% +certain basic ways that didn't happen at + + + align:start position:0% +certain basic ways that didn't happen at +all. And one of the interesting points + + align:start position:0% +all. And one of the interesting points + + + align:start position:0% +all. And one of the interesting points +is is that long before vector geometry + + align:start position:0% +is is that long before vector geometry + + + align:start position:0% +is is that long before vector geometry +was invented, people were doing + + align:start position:0% +was invented, people were doing + + + align:start position:0% +was invented, people were doing +three-dimensional geometry using + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional geometry using + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional geometry using +nonvector methods. And one technique + + align:start position:0% +nonvector methods. And one technique + + + align:start position:0% +nonvector methods. And one technique +that happened to be used were things + + align:start position:0% +that happened to be used were things + + + align:start position:0% +that happened to be used were things +called directional cosiness. Namely, + + align:start position:0% +called directional cosiness. Namely, + + + align:start position:0% +called directional cosiness. Namely, +suppose you were given a line in space. + + align:start position:0% +suppose you were given a line in space. + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you were given a line in space. +Okay, + + align:start position:0% +Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, +as a vector, if you wish to look at it + + align:start position:0% +as a vector, if you wish to look at it + + + align:start position:0% +as a vector, if you wish to look at it +that way, or if you didn't want to look + + align:start position:0% +that way, or if you didn't want to look + + + align:start position:0% +that way, or if you didn't want to look +at it as a vector, imagine the line + + align:start position:0% +at it as a vector, imagine the line + + + align:start position:0% +at it as a vector, imagine the line +parallel to the given line that goes + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the given line that goes + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the given line that goes +through the origin. + + align:start position:0% +through the origin. + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin. +As soon as I know what that line looks + + align:start position:0% +As soon as I know what that line looks + + + align:start position:0% +As soon as I know what that line looks +like, I can compute the angle that it + + align:start position:0% +like, I can compute the angle that it + + + align:start position:0% +like, I can compute the angle that it +makes with the positive x-axis. I can + + align:start position:0% +makes with the positive x-axis. I can + + + align:start position:0% +makes with the positive x-axis. I can +compute the angle that it makes with the + + align:start position:0% +compute the angle that it makes with the + + + align:start position:0% +compute the angle that it makes with the +positive yaxis. I can compute the angle + + align:start position:0% +positive yaxis. I can compute the angle + + + align:start position:0% +positive yaxis. I can compute the angle +that it makes with the positive z-axis. + + align:start position:0% +that it makes with the positive z-axis. + + + align:start position:0% +that it makes with the positive z-axis. +And those three angles uniquely + + align:start position:0% +And those three angles uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +And those three angles uniquely +determine the position of the line in + + align:start position:0% +determine the position of the line in + + + align:start position:0% +determine the position of the line in +space, the direction of the line. Okay? + + align:start position:0% +space, the direction of the line. Okay? + + + align:start position:0% +space, the direction of the line. Okay? +And those were called the co the + + align:start position:0% +And those were called the co the + + + align:start position:0% +And those were called the co the +directional angles. You understand that? + + align:start position:0% +directional angles. You understand that? + + + align:start position:0% +directional angles. You understand that? +That was the three-dimensional analog of + + align:start position:0% +That was the three-dimensional analog of + + + align:start position:0% +That was the three-dimensional analog of +slope. In other words, to find the the + + align:start position:0% +slope. In other words, to find the the + + + align:start position:0% +slope. In other words, to find the the +slope of a line in threedimensional + + align:start position:0% +slope of a line in threedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +slope of a line in threedimensional +space. Draw the line parallel to that + + align:start position:0% +space. Draw the line parallel to that + + + align:start position:0% +space. Draw the line parallel to that +line that goes through the origin and + + align:start position:0% +line that goes through the origin and + + + align:start position:0% +line that goes through the origin and +measure each of the three angles that + + align:start position:0% +measure each of the three angles that + + + align:start position:0% +measure each of the three angles that +that line makes with the positive x, y, + + align:start position:0% +that line makes with the positive x, y, + + + align:start position:0% +that line makes with the positive x, y, +and z axis. And what the beauty was of + + align:start position:0% +and z axis. And what the beauty was of + + + align:start position:0% +and z axis. And what the beauty was of +the dot product was it just gave us a + + align:start position:0% +the dot product was it just gave us a + + + align:start position:0% +the dot product was it just gave us a +simpler way of doing that. Namely, if a + + align:start position:0% +simpler way of doing that. Namely, if a + + + align:start position:0% +simpler way of doing that. Namely, if a +is any vector, I divide a by its + + align:start position:0% +is any vector, I divide a by its + + + align:start position:0% +is any vector, I divide a by its +magnitude. That gives me the unit vector + + align:start position:0% +magnitude. That gives me the unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude. That gives me the unit vector +in the direction of A. If I now dot the + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of A. If I now dot the + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction of A. If I now dot the +unit vector in the direction of A with + + align:start position:0% +unit vector in the direction of A with + + + align:start position:0% +unit vector in the direction of A with +I, and after all, what is I? I is the + + align:start position:0% +I, and after all, what is I? I is the + + + align:start position:0% +I, and after all, what is I? I is the +unit vector in the direction of the + + align:start position:0% +unit vector in the direction of the + + + align:start position:0% +unit vector in the direction of the +positive X-axis. Since these are both + + align:start position:0% +positive X-axis. Since these are both + + + align:start position:0% +positive X-axis. Since these are both +unit vectors, this will be the cosine of + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors, this will be the cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors, this will be the cosine of +the angle between I and A. And that's + + align:start position:0% +the angle between I and A. And that's + + + align:start position:0% +the angle between I and A. And that's +just what the the cosine of the angle + + align:start position:0% +just what the the cosine of the angle + + + align:start position:0% +just what the the cosine of the angle +that A makes with the positive X-axis. + + align:start position:0% +that A makes with the positive X-axis. + + + align:start position:0% +that A makes with the positive X-axis. +Traditionally, that a that angle was + + align:start position:0% +Traditionally, that a that angle was + + + align:start position:0% +Traditionally, that a that angle was +called alpha. So UA do I is simply + + align:start position:0% +called alpha. So UA do I is simply + + + align:start position:0% +called alpha. So UA do I is simply +cosine alpha. Correspondingly UAJ is the + + align:start position:0% +cosine alpha. Correspondingly UAJ is the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine alpha. Correspondingly UAJ is the +cosine of the angle between A and J. + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between A and J. + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between A and J. +That's the cosine of the angle that A + + align:start position:0% +That's the cosine of the angle that A + + + align:start position:0% +That's the cosine of the angle that A +makes with the positive Y ais. That + + align:start position:0% +makes with the positive Y ais. That + + + align:start position:0% +makes with the positive Y ais. That +angle was called beta. This is cosine + + align:start position:0% +angle was called beta. This is cosine + + + align:start position:0% +angle was called beta. This is cosine +beta. And U sub A K is cosine gamma + + align:start position:0% +beta. And U sub A K is cosine gamma + + + align:start position:0% +beta. And U sub A K is cosine gamma +where gamma is the angle that A makes + + align:start position:0% +where gamma is the angle that A makes + + + align:start position:0% +where gamma is the angle that A makes +with the positive K direction. And these + + align:start position:0% +with the positive K direction. And these + + + align:start position:0% +with the positive K direction. And these +being the cosiness of the angles, these + + align:start position:0% +being the cosiness of the angles, these + + + align:start position:0% +being the cosiness of the angles, these +were called the directional cosiness and + + align:start position:0% +were called the directional cosiness and + + + align:start position:0% +were called the directional cosiness and +they yielded the slope of lines. But one + + align:start position:0% +they yielded the slope of lines. But one + + + align:start position:0% +they yielded the slope of lines. But one +must not believe that one needed vectors + + align:start position:0% +must not believe that one needed vectors + + + align:start position:0% +must not believe that one needed vectors +before he could do three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +before he could do three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +before he could do three-dimensional +geometry. What did happen was that + + align:start position:0% +geometry. What did happen was that + + + align:start position:0% +geometry. What did happen was that +vector techniques greatly simplified + + align:start position:0% +vector techniques greatly simplified + + + align:start position:0% +vector techniques greatly simplified +many of the aspects of three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +many of the aspects of three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +many of the aspects of three-dimensional +geometry. Well, let's leave this part + + align:start position:0% +geometry. Well, let's leave this part + + + align:start position:0% +geometry. Well, let's leave this part +for a moment and close for today by + + align:start position:0% +for a moment and close for today by + + + align:start position:0% +for a moment and close for today by +coming back to our game idea. Remember + + align:start position:0% +coming back to our game idea. Remember + + + align:start position:0% +coming back to our game idea. Remember +that ultimately all we will ever use + + align:start position:0% +that ultimately all we will ever use + + + align:start position:0% +that ultimately all we will ever use +once we get started with our game, all + + align:start position:0% +once we get started with our game, all + + + align:start position:0% +once we get started with our game, all +we will ever use are the structural + + align:start position:0% +we will ever use are the structural + + + align:start position:0% +we will ever use are the structural +properties. Now, I've gone through these + + align:start position:0% +properties. Now, I've gone through these + + + align:start position:0% +properties. Now, I've gone through these +in the notes. I've gone through them or + + align:start position:0% +in the notes. I've gone through them or + + + align:start position:0% +in the notes. I've gone through them or +you go through them with me in the text + + align:start position:0% +you go through them with me in the text + + + align:start position:0% +you go through them with me in the text +or with yourselves in the text. Let me + + align:start position:0% +or with yourselves in the text. Let me + + + align:start position:0% +or with yourselves in the text. Let me +just point out certain properties of the + + align:start position:0% +just point out certain properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +just point out certain properties of the +dotproduct + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct + + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct +that are shared by regular arithmetic as + + align:start position:0% +that are shared by regular arithmetic as + + + align:start position:0% +that are shared by regular arithmetic as +well. For example, a dobb equals b do a. + + align:start position:0% +well. For example, a dobb equals b do a. + + + align:start position:0% +well. For example, a dobb equals b do a. +The dotproduct is commutative. Why is + + align:start position:0% +The dotproduct is commutative. Why is + + + align:start position:0% +The dotproduct is commutative. Why is +that? Well, think of what a dob is. It's + + align:start position:0% +that? Well, think of what a dob is. It's + + + align:start position:0% +that? Well, think of what a dob is. It's +the magnitude of a times the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of a times the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude of a times the magnitude +of b times the cosine of the angle + + align:start position:0% +of b times the cosine of the angle + + + align:start position:0% +of b times the cosine of the angle +between a and b. But that's the same as + + align:start position:0% +between a and b. But that's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +between a and b. But that's the same as +what? The magnitude of b times the + + align:start position:0% +what? The magnitude of b times the + + + align:start position:0% +what? The magnitude of b times the +magnitude of a. After all, numbers we + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a. After all, numbers we + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of a. After all, numbers we +know are commutive when you multiply + + align:start position:0% +know are commutive when you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +know are commutive when you multiply +them. And the cosine of the angle + + align:start position:0% +them. And the cosine of the angle + + + align:start position:0% +them. And the cosine of the angle +between a and b is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +between a and b is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +between a and b is the same as the +cosine of the angle between b and a. So + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between b and a. So + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of the angle between b and a. So +these are equal numerical quantities. + + align:start position:0% +these are equal numerical quantities. + + + align:start position:0% +these are equal numerical quantities. +Again, without going through the proof + + align:start position:0% +Again, without going through the proof + + + align:start position:0% +Again, without going through the proof +here, it turns out that if you want to + + align:start position:0% +here, it turns out that if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +here, it turns out that if you want to +dot a vector with the sum of two given + + align:start position:0% +dot a vector with the sum of two given + + + align:start position:0% +dot a vector with the sum of two given +vectors, the distributive property + + align:start position:0% +vectors, the distributive property + + + align:start position:0% +vectors, the distributive property +holds. Namely, a dob + c is a dob plus a + + align:start position:0% +holds. Namely, a dob + c is a dob plus a + + + align:start position:0% +holds. Namely, a dob + c is a dob plus a +dot c. By the way, if you did want to + + align:start position:0% +dot c. By the way, if you did want to + + + align:start position:0% +dot c. By the way, if you did want to +prove this, all you would have to do if + + align:start position:0% +prove this, all you would have to do if + + + align:start position:0% +prove this, all you would have to do if +you couldn't see it geometrically is to + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't see it geometrically is to + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't see it geometrically is to +argue as follows. You say you know the + + align:start position:0% +argue as follows. You say you know the + + + align:start position:0% +argue as follows. You say you know the +easiest way to add and dot vectors in is + + align:start position:0% +easiest way to add and dot vectors in is + + + align:start position:0% +easiest way to add and dot vectors in is +in cartisian coordinates. So let me + + align:start position:0% +in cartisian coordinates. So let me + + + align:start position:0% +in cartisian coordinates. So let me +prove that this result is true in + + align:start position:0% +prove that this result is true in + + + align:start position:0% +prove that this result is true in +cartisian coordinates. Carry out the + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates. Carry out the + + + align:start position:0% +cartisian coordinates. Carry out the +details and if it works in cartisian + + align:start position:0% +details and if it works in cartisian + + + align:start position:0% +details and if it works in cartisian +coordinates since the result doesn't + + align:start position:0% +coordinates since the result doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates since the result doesn't +depend on the coordinate system. The + + align:start position:0% +depend on the coordinate system. The + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the coordinate system. The +result must be true regardless of the + + align:start position:0% +result must be true regardless of the + + + align:start position:0% +result must be true regardless of the +coordinate system. But it's a very + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system. But it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system. But it's a very +simple exercise to actually write a b + + align:start position:0% +simple exercise to actually write a b + + + align:start position:0% +simple exercise to actually write a b +and c in terms of i j k components. + + align:start position:0% +and c in terms of i j k components. + + + align:start position:0% +and c in terms of i j k components. +compute both sides of this equ of this + + align:start position:0% +compute both sides of this equ of this + + + align:start position:0% +compute both sides of this equ of this +expression and show that they're + + align:start position:0% +expression and show that they're + + + align:start position:0% +expression and show that they're +numerically equal. I say numerically + + align:start position:0% +numerically equal. I say numerically + + + align:start position:0% +numerically equal. I say numerically +because it's crucial to notice that both + + align:start position:0% +because it's crucial to notice that both + + + align:start position:0% +because it's crucial to notice that both +expressions on either side of the equal + + align:start position:0% +expressions on either side of the equal + + + align:start position:0% +expressions on either side of the equal +sign are numbers. B plus C is a vector. + + align:start position:0% +sign are numbers. B plus C is a vector. + + + align:start position:0% +sign are numbers. B plus C is a vector. +A is a vector. When you dot two vectors, + + align:start position:0% +A is a vector. When you dot two vectors, + + + align:start position:0% +A is a vector. When you dot two vectors, +you get a number. Finally, a scalar + + align:start position:0% +you get a number. Finally, a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +you get a number. Finally, a scalar +multiple of a vector dotted with another + + align:start position:0% +multiple of a vector dotted with another + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of a vector dotted with another +vector has the property that you can + + align:start position:0% +vector has the property that you can + + + align:start position:0% +vector has the property that you can +leave the scalar multiple outside. In + + align:start position:0% +leave the scalar multiple outside. In + + + align:start position:0% +leave the scalar multiple outside. In +other words, you can first dot the two + + align:start position:0% +other words, you can first dot the two + + + align:start position:0% +other words, you can first dot the two +vectors and then multiply by the scala. + + align:start position:0% +vectors and then multiply by the scala. + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and then multiply by the scala. +In other words, in a way, you can you + + align:start position:0% +In other words, in a way, you can you + + + align:start position:0% +In other words, in a way, you can you +don't have to worry about voice + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about voice + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to worry about voice +inflection when you have a scalar + + align:start position:0% +inflection when you have a scalar + + + align:start position:0% +inflection when you have a scalar +multiple. And we will talk more about + + align:start position:0% +multiple. And we will talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +multiple. And we will talk more about +these as we go along. However, what's + + align:start position:0% +these as we go along. However, what's + + + align:start position:0% +these as we go along. However, what's +very crucial is to notice that the dot + + align:start position:0% +very crucial is to notice that the dot + + + align:start position:0% +very crucial is to notice that the dot +product does have some difficulties not + + align:start position:0% +product does have some difficulties not + + + align:start position:0% +product does have some difficulties not +associated with ordinary multiplication. + + align:start position:0% +associated with ordinary multiplication. + + + align:start position:0% +associated with ordinary multiplication. +So, I say beware. + + align:start position:0% +So, I say beware. + + + align:start position:0% +So, I say beware. +For example, somebody might say, "I + + align:start position:0% +For example, somebody might say, "I + + + align:start position:0% +For example, somebody might say, "I +wonder if the dot product is + + align:start position:0% +wonder if the dot product is + + + align:start position:0% +wonder if the dot product is +associative. I wonder if A dobb dotted + + align:start position:0% +associative. I wonder if A dobb dotted + + + align:start position:0% +associative. I wonder if A dobb dotted +with C is the same as A dotted with B + + align:start position:0% +with C is the same as A dotted with B + + + align:start position:0% +with C is the same as A dotted with B +dotted with C." And this is nonsensical. + + align:start position:0% +dotted with C." And this is nonsensical. + + + align:start position:0% +dotted with C." And this is nonsensical. +I I wanted to do this with great + + align:start position:0% +I I wanted to do this with great + + + align:start position:0% +I I wanted to do this with great +dramatic gesture, but I probably would + + align:start position:0% +dramatic gesture, but I probably would + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic gesture, but I probably would +have broken two fingers against the + + align:start position:0% +have broken two fingers against the + + + align:start position:0% +have broken two fingers against the +board here. Let's just cross this out so + + align:start position:0% +board here. Let's just cross this out so + + + align:start position:0% +board here. Let's just cross this out so +that you won't be inclined to remember + + align:start position:0% +that you won't be inclined to remember + + + align:start position:0% +that you won't be inclined to remember +that this not only is false, it's + + align:start position:0% +that this not only is false, it's + + + align:start position:0% +that this not only is false, it's +stupid. And the reason that it's stupid + + align:start position:0% +stupid. And the reason that it's stupid + + + align:start position:0% +stupid. And the reason that it's stupid +is that it's nonsensical that these + + align:start position:0% +is that it's nonsensical that these + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's nonsensical that these +things don't make sense. Namely, the + + align:start position:0% +things don't make sense. Namely, the + + + align:start position:0% +things don't make sense. Namely, the +dotproduct has been defined to be an + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct has been defined to be an + + + align:start position:0% +dotproduct has been defined to be an +operation between two vectors that + + align:start position:0% +operation between two vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +operation between two vectors that +yields a number. Notice that as soon as + + align:start position:0% +yields a number. Notice that as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +yields a number. Notice that as soon as +you dot a and b, you no longer have a + + align:start position:0% +you dot a and b, you no longer have a + + + align:start position:0% +you dot a and b, you no longer have a +vector. You have a number. And you + + align:start position:0% +vector. You have a number. And you + + + align:start position:0% +vector. You have a number. And you +cannot dot a number with a vector. In + + align:start position:0% +cannot dot a number with a vector. In + + + align:start position:0% +cannot dot a number with a vector. In +other words, neither a dobb dot c nor a + + align:start position:0% +other words, neither a dobb dot c nor a + + + align:start position:0% +other words, neither a dobb dot c nor a +dot b do c is defined because you see a + + align:start position:0% +dot b do c is defined because you see a + + + align:start position:0% +dot b do c is defined because you see a +number is never dotted with a vector. + + align:start position:0% +number is never dotted with a vector. + + + align:start position:0% +number is never dotted with a vector. +All right. And finally a closing note as + + align:start position:0% +All right. And finally a closing note as + + + align:start position:0% +All right. And finally a closing note as +we've already seen if a is perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen if a is perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen if a is perpendicular +to b then the cosine of the angle + + align:start position:0% +to b then the cosine of the angle + + + align:start position:0% +to b then the cosine of the angle +between a and b is zero. And that says + + align:start position:0% +between a and b is zero. And that says + + + align:start position:0% +between a and b is zero. And that says +that if a is perpendicular to b then a + + align:start position:0% +that if a is perpendicular to b then a + + + align:start position:0% +that if a is perpendicular to b then a +dob is zero. In fact, this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +dob is zero. In fact, this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +dob is zero. In fact, this is one of the +most common usages on the elementary + + align:start position:0% +most common usages on the elementary + + + align:start position:0% +most common usages on the elementary +level of the dotproduct is to prove that + + align:start position:0% +level of the dotproduct is to prove that + + + align:start position:0% +level of the dotproduct is to prove that +two vectors are perpendicular. But + + align:start position:0% +two vectors are perpendicular. But + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors are perpendicular. But +whereas that's a nice property, what + + align:start position:0% +whereas that's a nice property, what + + + align:start position:0% +whereas that's a nice property, what +causes great hardship here is to notice + + align:start position:0% +causes great hardship here is to notice + + + align:start position:0% +causes great hardship here is to notice +the following in particular that if a + + align:start position:0% +the following in particular that if a + + + align:start position:0% +the following in particular that if a +dob is zero, we cannot conclude that + + align:start position:0% +dob is zero, we cannot conclude that + + + align:start position:0% +dob is zero, we cannot conclude that +either a is the zero vector or b is the + + align:start position:0% +either a is the zero vector or b is the + + + align:start position:0% +either a is the zero vector or b is the +zero vector. For example, i.j is zero, + + align:start position:0% +zero vector. For example, i.j is zero, + + + align:start position:0% +zero vector. For example, i.j is zero, +but neither I nor j is the zero vector. + + align:start position:0% +but neither I nor j is the zero vector. + + + align:start position:0% +but neither I nor j is the zero vector. +You see with ordinary arithmetic we had + + align:start position:0% +You see with ordinary arithmetic we had + + + align:start position:0% +You see with ordinary arithmetic we had +the cancellation rule things that said + + align:start position:0% +the cancellation rule things that said + + + align:start position:0% +the cancellation rule things that said +if the product of two numbers is zero at + + align:start position:0% +if the product of two numbers is zero at + + + align:start position:0% +if the product of two numbers is zero at +least one of the factors must be zero. + + align:start position:0% +least one of the factors must be zero. + + + align:start position:0% +least one of the factors must be zero. +With the dot product this need not be + + align:start position:0% +With the dot product this need not be + + + align:start position:0% +With the dot product this need not be +true. The thing I want you to get from + + align:start position:0% +true. The thing I want you to get from + + + align:start position:0% +true. The thing I want you to get from +this lesson more than anything else + + align:start position:0% +this lesson more than anything else + + + align:start position:0% +this lesson more than anything else +other than the applications that you can + + align:start position:0% +other than the applications that you can + + + align:start position:0% +other than the applications that you can +get from the book and from the exercises + + align:start position:0% +get from the book and from the exercises + + + align:start position:0% +get from the book and from the exercises +is to learn to get a feeling for the + + align:start position:0% +is to learn to get a feeling for the + + + align:start position:0% +is to learn to get a feeling for the +structure. Don't be upset that certain + + align:start position:0% +structure. Don't be upset that certain + + + align:start position:0% +structure. Don't be upset that certain +vector properties are different than + + align:start position:0% +vector properties are different than + + + align:start position:0% +vector properties are different than +arithmetic properties and certain ones + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic properties and certain ones + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic properties and certain ones +are the same. Notice in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +are the same. Notice in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +are the same. Notice in terms of the +game, we take our rules as they may + + align:start position:0% +game, we take our rules as they may + + + align:start position:0% +game, we take our rules as they may +apply and just carry them out towards + + align:start position:0% +apply and just carry them out towards + + + align:start position:0% +apply and just carry them out towards +inescapable conclusions. But I think + + align:start position:0% +inescapable conclusions. But I think + + + align:start position:0% +inescapable conclusions. But I think +that will become clearer as you read the + + align:start position:0% +that will become clearer as you read the + + + align:start position:0% +that will become clearer as you read the +text and do the exercises. And until + + align:start position:0% +text and do the exercises. And until + + + align:start position:0% +text and do the exercises. And until +next time when we'll talk about a new + + align:start position:0% +next time when we'll talk about a new + + + align:start position:0% +next time when we'll talk about a new +vector product, let's just say so long. + + align:start position:0% +vector product, let's just say so long. + + + align:start position:0% +vector product, let's just say so long. +Funding for the publication of this + + align:start position:0% +Funding for the publication of this + + + align:start position:0% +Funding for the publication of this +video was provided by the Gabriel Ella + + align:start position:0% +video was provided by the Gabriel Ella + + + align:start position:0% +video was provided by the Gabriel Ella +and Paul Rosenbomb Foundation. + + align:start position:0% +and Paul Rosenbomb Foundation. + + + align:start position:0% +and Paul Rosenbomb Foundation. +Help OCW continue to provide free and + + align:start position:0% +Help OCW continue to provide free and + + + align:start position:0% +Help OCW continue to provide free and +open access to MIT courses by making a + + align:start position:0% +open access to MIT courses by making a + + + align:start position:0% +open access to MIT courses by making a +donation at ocw.mmit.edu/donate. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/yRVZPvHYHzw.txt b/yRVZPvHYHzw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66ef3b90b24bc353951a73e699d90774385a8715 --- /dev/null +++ b/yRVZPvHYHzw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4190 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: All right. + +So good morning, everyone. + +I'm Armando Solar-Lezama. + +I'm giving the lecture +today on symbolic execution. + +How many of you here are +familiar with what the term is + +or have heard about it before? + +We want to get a +sense of audience. + +OK. + +So let's see. + +I dropped this machine +a little too many times + +and it takes a while to boot up. + +So symbolic execution +is really the workhorse + +of modern program analysis. + +It's one of those techniques +that has really broken out + +of the research bubble +and actually made it + +into a very large number of +high impact applications. + +For example, today +at Microsoft there's + +a system called SAGE that runs +on a lot of important Microsoft + +code ranging from +PowerPoint to Windows + +to actually find security +problems and security + +vulnerabilities. + +There's a lot of that +academic projects that + +have made a lot of +real world impact + +by discovering important +bugs in open source software, + +for example, by relying +on symbolic execution. + +And the beauty of symbolic +execution as a technique + +is that compared to +testing, for example, + +it gives you the +ability to reason + +about how your program +is going to behave + +on a potentially infinite +set of possible inputs. + +It allows you to +explore spaces of inputs + +that would be completely +unfeasible and impractical + +to explore by, say, +random testing, + +or even by having a very +large number of testers + +banging and the code. + +On the other hand, compared +to more traditional + +static analysis techniques +it has the advantage + +that when it discovers a +problem it can actually + +produce for you an +input and a trace + +that you can run on +your real program + +and execute that +program on that input. + +And you can actually tell +that it is a real bug. + +And you can actually +go and debug it + +using traditional +debugging mechanisms. + +And this is +particularly valuable + +when you're in an industrial +development environment + +where you probably +don't have time + +to go looking after every +little problem in your code. + +You really want +to be able to tell + +the difference +between real problems + +versus false +positives, for example. + +So how does it work? + +So in order to +really understand how + +it works it's useful to +start by looking at just + +normal execution, right? + +If we think of +symbolic execution + +as a generalization of +traditional, plain execution, + +it makes sense to know +what this looks like. + +So I'm going to be using this +very, very simple program + +as an illustration for +a lot of what I'm going + +to be talking about today. + +So what do we have here? + +Again, it's a very simple +piece of code, just + +a couple of branches and +here we have an assertion, + +assert false. + +And we want to know could that +assertion ever be triggered. + +Is it possible? + +Is there some input where that +will make that assertion fail? + +And in this case because the +assertion is just saying, + +assert false, what +I'm really asking is, + +is there an input that can +reach that point in the program? + +So one of the things I can +do is I can try just testing. + +I can go in and run this +code with a concrete input. + +Right? + +So let's say that I start +with an input where x is 4 + +and y is 4. + +And initially t is going +to have the value 0 + +right after I declare it. + +So before we go with +normal execution, + +what are some of the +important point here? + +The fact that we need some +representation of the state + +of the program, right? + +Whether we're doing +normal execution + +or whether we're doing +symbolic execution, + +we need to have some +way to characterize + +the state of the program. + +And in this case, this +is such a simple program + +that it doesn't use the heap. + +It doesn't use the stack. + +There are no function calls. + +So the state can be fully +characterized by these three + +variables together +with knowledge of where + +in the program I'm at, right? + +So if I start +executing with 4, 4, + +and 0, so when I get to this +branch, is 4 greater than 4? + +Clearly not. + +So then I'm going to be +executing t equals y. + +So now after I do +that t is no longer 0. + +It now has the value 4. + +Right? + +So that is now the +state of my program. + +And then I can +evaluate this branch. + +Is it the case that +t is less than x? + +No. + +Right? + +So we dodged the bullet. + +We did not get an +assertion failure. + +There was no problem in +this particular execution. + +Right? + +But that doesn't +really tell us anything + +about any other execution. + +All we know is that +under the input + +x equals 4 and y equals 4, the +program is not going to fail. + +But it tells us nothing +about what's going to happen + +on the input +[? 2, 1, ?] for example. + +Right? + +And in this input you see +that this input is actually + +going to follow a different +path in the execution. + +This time we're actually +going to see that t equals x. + +We're actually going +to set t equals 2x. + +So after executing these +t will be equal to 2, + +but is there any problem +in this execution? + +Will there be an assertion +failure on this input? + +Well, so let's see. + +So if t is 2. + +And x is 2. + +Is t less than x? + +No. + +So it looks like we +dodged a bullet again. + +Right? + +So here we have two +concrete inputs. + +And they told us that on +these two concrete inputs + +the program didn't fail. + +But that really doesn't tell us +anything about any other input. + +And so the idea with +symbolic execution + +is we want to go beyond these +single input executions. + +And we want to be able +to actually reason + +about the behavior of +the program on very + +large sets of inputs. + +In some cases, infinite +sets of possible inputs. + +And the basic idea +is as follows. + +So for a program +like this, just like + +before the state +of the program is + +characterized by the +value of these three + +different variables. + +Right? x, y, and t together with +knowing where in the program + +I'm at. + +But now instead of +concrete values for x and y + +what I'm going to have +is a symbolic value, just + +a variable. + +A variable that allows me +to give a name to this value + +that the user is going +to provide at the input. + +So what that means is that +the state of my program + +is no longer a mapping +from variable names + +to concrete values. + +It's now a mapping from variable +names to these symbolic values. + +And a symbolic value, +you can essentially + +think of it as a formula. + +So in this case the +formula for x is just x. + +And the formula for y is just y. + +And for t, it's +actually the value 0. + +We know that for every input, +doesn't matter what you do. + +The value of t after the first +statement is going to be 0. + +But now here's where +it gets interesting. + +So we get to this +branch right here + +that says, if x +is greater than y, + +we're going to go +in one direction. + +If it's less than +or equal to y, we're + +going to go in the +other direction. + +Now do we know +anything about x and y? + +What do we know about them? + +We know their type, at least. + +So that's a start. + +So we know that they're going +to be ranging from min int + +to max int, but that's about +all we know about them. + +And it turns out +that this information + +that we know about them is not +sufficient to tell us which + +direction this branch might go. + +This branch could go either way. + +And so now there are many +things and we can do, + +but what's one possible thing +that we could do at this point? + +Make a wild guess. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Yeah. + +We could follow both branches. + +We could flip a coin and pick +one branch and take that. + +So if we want to +follow both branches + +we have to follow one and +then the other one, right? + +So let's say we start +with this branch. + +Right? + +So now we are at this branch. + +So what we know is that if +we make it to this branch, + +in this branch t is now going +to have the same value as x. + +And we don't know what +that value is going to be, + +but we have a name for it. + +It's this script letter x. + +Right? + +So that's the value +of t on that branch. + +If we were to take the opposite +branch then what would happen? + +The value of t would be +something different, right? + +In that branch, the value of t +would be the symbolic value y. + +So that means that when we get +to this point in the program, + +what is the value of t? + +Well, maybe it's x. + +And maybe it's y. + +We don't know exactly which +one it is, but why don't we + +give it a name? + +Let's call it t0. + +And what do we know about t0? + +What are the cases where t0 +is going to be equal to x? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +That's right. + +So essentially what we know is +that if x is greater than y, + +then this implies that it's x. + +And if x is less than or equal +to y that implies that it's y, + +right? + +And so we have this +value that we've defined. + +We'll call it t0. + +And it has these +logical properties. + +So at this point in +the program we actually + +have a name for the value of t. + +It's t0. + +Right? + +And so what did we do here? + +We took both branches +of this if statement. + +And then we computed +the symbolic value + +by looking at under +what conditions + +am I going to take one branch, +under what conditions am I + +going to take another branch? + +And then looking +at what values am + +I going to be assigning to +t on both of those branches? + +So now it comes to the +point where we have to ask, + +can t be less than x? + +Right? + +So what is the value of t? + +The value of t is now t0. + +So what we want +to know is, is it + +possible for t0 +to be less than x? + +Right? + +Now remember the +first branch we hit + +we were asking a +question about x and y. + +And we knew nothing +about x and y. + +The only thing we +knew about x and y + +was that they were of type int. + +But now with t0 we actually +know a lot about t0. + +We know that t0 is going to +be equal to x in some cases. + +And it's going to be +equal to y in some cases. + +And so this now gives +us a set of equations + +that we can solve for. + +So what we can say is, +is it possible to satisfy + +t0 less than x knowing +that t0 satisfies + +all of these properties? + +Right? + +So, in fact, we can +actually express this + +as a constraint where we say, +so is it possible to have t0 + +less than x? + +And to have x greater than +y implies t0 equals x. + +And x less than or equal +to y imply t0 equal y. + +Right? + +So what we have here is an +equation that if that equation + +has a solution, if it's +possible to find a value of t0, + +and a value of x, and a value of +y that satisfies that equation, + +then we know that those +values, when we plug them + +into our program, when +the program executes, + +it will take this branch. + +And it will blow up when +it hits a assert false. + +Right? + +So what did we do here? + +So we're executing this +program, but instead + +of keeping our state as a +mapping from variable names + +to values, what +we're doing is we're + +keeping our program as a +mapping from variable names + +to these symbolic values. + +Essentially, other +variable names. + +And in this case our +other variable names + +are the script x, script +y, t0, and on top of that, + +we have a set of +equations that tell us + +how those values are related. + +So we have an +equation that tells us + +how t0 is related to +x and y in this case. + +And solving for +that equation allows + +us to answer the question +of whether this branch can + +be taken or not. + +Now just looking +at the equation, + +can this branch be taken or not? + +Right? + +So it looks like the +branch cannot be taken. + +Why not? + +Because we're looking for +cases where t0 is less than x, + +which means that if you're +in this case, then clearly + +that's not going to be true. + +Right? + +So that means that when +x is greater than y, + +then it cannot happen because +t0 will be equal to x. + +And it cannot be equal to x and +less than x at the same time. + +And what about in this case? + +Can it happen in this case? + +Can t0 be less than +x in this case? + +No, it clearly cannot, right? + +Because in this case we +know that x is less than y. + +And so if t0 is going +to be less than x, + +then it would also +be less than y. + +But we know that in that case +t0 is exactly equal to y. + +And therefore, again, that +case cannot be satisfied. + +So what we have here is an +equation that has no solution. + +It doesn't matter what values +you plug into this equation. + +You cannot solve it and that +tells us that no matter what + +inputs we pass to this code, it +will not go down this branch. + +Now notice that when +making that argument here + +I was basically alluding to +your intuition about integers, + +about mathematical integers. + +In practice we know that +machine ints don't quite + +behave exactly the same +way as mathematical ints. + +And there are some +cases where laws + +that apply to mathematical +ints don't actually + +apply to ints in programs. + +And so when reasoning +about this we + +have to be very +careful that when + +we're solving these +equations, we're + +keeping in mind +that these are not + +the integers as they were taught +to us in elementary school. + +These are 32-bit integers +that the machine uses. + +And there are many +cases and many instances + +of bugs that arose because +programmers were thinking + +about their code in terms +of mathematical integers, + +and not realizing that there +are things like overflows that + +can cause the program +to behave differently + +for mathematical inputs. + +But the other thing is +what I've described here + +is a purely intuitive argument. + +I walk you through the process +of how to do this by hand, + +but that's by no +means an algorithm. + +Right? + +The beauty of this idea +of symbolic execution, + +however, is that it can be +coded into an algorithm. + +And it can be solved in +a mechanical way, which + +allows you to do this not +just for ten line programs, + +but actually for +million line programs. + +And it allows you +to actually take + +this reasoning, and the +same intuitive reasoning + +that we used in +this case to talk + +about what happens +when we execute + +this program on +different inputs. + +And scale that reasoning +to very large programs. + +Are there any questions so far? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: What if a +[INAUDIBLE] are not + +supposed to take an input? + +[INAUDIBLE] + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Oh. + +That's a very good question. + +Right, so, for +example, let's say + +we have the program that +we have here, but instead + +of these being t equals x, here +we will say t equals x minus 1. + +Right? + +So now all of a +sudden, intuitively you + +can see that now this +program could blow up, right? + +Because when the program +takes this path then + +t will indeed be less than x. + +And you will indeed fail here. + +Right? + +So what will happen to +a program like this? + +How will our symbolic +state look like? + +Right? + +So in this case, so t0, +when x is greater than y, + +what is t0 now going +to be equal to? + +It's not going to be equal to x. + +It's going to be equal +to x minus 1, right? + +And so that means that, +so, this condition now + +has a satisfying assignment. + +Right? + +Now this can fail, but what +if you go to the developer + +and say, hey, this +function can blow up + +whenever x is greater than y. + +And the developer +looks at this and says, + +oh, I forgot to tell you. + +Actually, this +function can never + +be called with parameters +where x is greater than y. + +Right? + +That the client that calls +this function is just + +a quick function that +I wrote for something. + +And it has this branch for +some historical purpose. + +But actually this +function will never + +get called with +x greater than y. + +You're like, well, +now you tell me. + +Right? + +But the way we can +think about this + +is that there is an assumption +that x is going to be less than + +or equal to y, right? + +This is sometimes referred to +as a precondition or a contract + +for this function. + +The function is promising +to do something, + +but only if you satisfy +this assumption. + +And if you don't satisfy the +assumption, the function says, + +I don't care what happens. + +I only promise +that I'm not going + +to fail when this +assumption is satisfied. + +And it's the +responsibility of the color + +to make sure that this condition +is never violated, right? + +So how would we +encode that constraint + +when we're solving +for equations? + +Well, essentially +what we have is + +we have this set +of constraints that + +tell us whether this +branch is feasible. + +And on top of the constraints +that we already have + +we need to also make sure +that the precondition, + +or the assumptions +are satisfied. + +Right? + +And now we want to +ask, OK, so can I + +find an x and a y that satisfy +all of these constraints + +together with these constraint +that I have on the input, + +with these properties +that I know + +that the input must satisfy? + +And once again you can +see that this constraint + +of x less than or equal +to y is the difference + +between this constraint +being satisfiable, + +and this constraint once +again becoming unsatisfiable. + +That's a very important issue +when dealing with analysis, + +especially when you want +to do this marginally + +at the level of individual +functions at a time. + +It makes sense to know +what the assumptions are + +that the programmer +had in mind when + +writing this function, +because if you don't know what + +those assumptions were +you could say, yeah, here + +are some inputs where it's going +to fail only for the programmer + +to dismiss myth that by saying, +oh, but those inputs are not + +possible, or those +inputs can never happen. + +Other questions? + +All right. + +So how do we do this in +a more mechanical way? + +So there are two +aspects to this problem. + +Aspect number one is +how do you actually + +come up with these formulas? + +So in this case it +was kind of intuitive + +how we came up +with the formulas. + +where we were just working +through it by hand, + +but how do you come +up with these formulas + +in a mechanical way? + +And aspect number two is +once you have the formulas, + +how do you actually solve them? + +How can you actually +solve these formulas + +that describe whether +your program fails or not? + +And I'm actually going to start +with that second question. + +Given that we're able to reduce +our problem to these formulas + +that involve integer +reasoning that involved + +in the case of +programs generally + +you care about bit +vector reasoning. + +[INAUDIBLE] programs, a lot of +times, you care about arrays. + +You care about functions. + +And you end up with +these giant formulas. + +How in the world do you actually +solve them in a mechanical way? + +And a lot of the technology +that we're talking about today, + +and the reason why we're +actually talking about it + +as a practical tool, have to +do with tremendous advances + +in solvers for +logical questions. + +And in particular, there +is a very important class + +of solvers called satisfiability +modulo theory solvers, + +often abbreviated as SMT. + +But a lot of people +in the community + +would argue that the name is +not a particularly good name, + +but it's the one that everybody +uses and it has stuck. + +What you need to know +about these SMT solvers + +is that an SMT solver is +an algorithm essentially + +that given a logical +formula will give you + +one of two things. + +it will give you either +a satisfying assignment + +to the formula, or +it will tell you + +that the formula +is unsatisfiable. + +And that there is no +possible assignment + +to the variables in +that formula that + +will satisfy these +constraints that you defined. + +Now in practice, if this +sounds a little bit scary + +and a little bit like magic, +it is a little bit scary. + +A lot of the problems that +these SMT solvers have to solve + +are NP-complete +in the best case. + +All right? the nice +ones are NP-complete. + +The hard ones can get +much harrier than that. + +So how can we have a system that +relies as its primary building + +block on solving NP complete +PSPACE-complete problems? + +And still have something +that works in practice? + +And part of the answer is that +for a lot of these solvers + +there is a third thing +that they can tell you, + +which is, I don't know. + +And so part of the +beauty of these solvers + +is that for practical +problems, even + +for very, very large and +complicated practical problems, + +they are still able to do +better than simply telling you, + +I don't know. + +They are still able +to give you either + +a guarantee that this +set of constraints + +is unsatisfiable or an actual +satisfying assignment that + +tells you exactly +what the answer is. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +For example, [INAUDIBLE] + +specification I don't +think you said anything + +about how many bits are used to +store an integer. [INAUDIBLE] + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +That's a very good question. + +And that really has +to do with how you + +define your constraints, right? + +So If you look at our simple +example from the beginning, + +in this case, we assume that +these were the integers as + +learned in elementary school. + +And that we completely decided +to ignore overflow errors. + +If you care about +overflow errors, + +if overflow errors are actually +essential to the kind of bugs + +you're trying to find, this +would not be a good way + +to set up the problem. + +What you need is to represent +these not so fast integers, + +but as bit-vectors. + +And the moment you represent +them as bit vectors + +you have to have a +bit width in mind. + +And this goes back to +what this modular theory + +aspect in the solver means. + +What this modular +theory aspect means + +is that the solver is +actually extensible + +with different theories. + +The most popular theories are +the theory of bit-vector which + +are fixed length bit-vectors. + +That means that if you're +interpreting your formulas + +in this theory of fixed +length bit-vectors + +you have to fix the +length of the bit-vectors. + +And you have to +explicitly specify + +that these are going to be +32-bit bit-vectors, or 8 bit + +bit-vectors, or +64-bit bit-vectors. + +AUDIENCE: So if you wanted +to make the the bit symbolic + +[INAUDIBLE], like this +is an x bit, is that-- + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: So +there's another theory which + +is called the theory of arrays. + +And we'll talk a little +bit more about it, + +where unlike the +bit vector theory, + +which is designed to be +for fixed length things + +the theory of arrays is meant +to be for collections where + +you don't actually +know the size a priori. + +Now in practice +nobody uses the theory + +of arrays to model +integers, for example, + +because it's too expensive. + +It becomes way more +expensive to reason about + +when you don't know +what the bound is. + +So generally people +use fixed length theory + +of bit-vectors when reasoning +about integers or characters + +even. + +Another very common theory is +the theory of actual integer + +arithmetic, and in particularly +linear integer arithmetic. + +This is a theory that +people like a lot because it + +can be reasoned about +very, very efficiently, + +but it's not +particularly good when + +you're reasoning about programs, +because in general you really + +do care about overflow issues. + +But it's actually very widely +used for many, many things. + +The other theory that you're +likely to see people using + +is the theory of +uninterpreted functions. + +So what does it mean, the theory +of an uninterpreted function? + +It means that you have a formula +where somewhere in your formula + +you know that you're +calling a function, + +but you know nothing +about that function + +other than the fact that it is +a function, that if you give it + +the same inputs you get +the same outputs in return. + +And it turns out this is +very, very useful sometimes + +when trying to +reason about things + +like if you floating point +code, modeling, sine, cosines, + +square roots can be very +messy and expensive, + +but you can say, +look, I don't actually + +care about what the +sine function does. + +I don't care about +what its output is. + +All I know is that if I +call the sine function + +in many different +places with the input + +I will get the same output. + +And that's enough for me +to reason about my code. + +And so the most +common ones you will + +see when analyzing +real systems are + +bit-vectors to deal +with integers, and logs, + +and pointers. + +Actually, pointers are often +represented with integer + +because you're +generally not going + +to be doing complicated +bit whittling on pointers. + +Sometimes you will and then +you can't use integers anymore. + +So OK. + +So that's all well and good. + +That's what an SMT +solver can do for you. + +How does it actually work? + +What's inside it +that makes it work? + +And SMT solvers actually +rely on our ability + +to solve SAT problems, +on our ability + +to take problems involving +just purely Boolean constraints + +and Boolean variables, +and telling us + +whether there is an assignment +to these Boolean variables + +that is satisfiable or not. + +And this is the kind of thing +that for many, many years + +people in undergrad have been +taught that actually this + +is an NP-complete problem. + +The moment something +reduces to SAT + +you know you shouldn't +do it, but it turns out + +that we actually have +some very, very good SAT + +solvers out there. + +Probably most of you even +built one as part of 6005. + +Am I right? + +Or some of you did. + +So I'll tell you the basic idea +behind how SAT solvers work. + +And the basic idea is that +you take all your constraints + +on your Boolean variables and +you put them into a database. + +And what is a constraint? + +Is this too small or can +people in the back read this? + +AUDIENCE: Too small. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Too small? + +OK. + +Let's see if we can +make this bigger. + +Is this a little bit better? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: OK. + +Well, here's what I'll do. + +I will annotate and I +will narrate it as I go. + +And I'll post the slides later. + +So people can see what it says. + +So what we have +here in SAT problem + +is that we have all these +variables that represent + +Boolean unknowns, right? + +We want to know is +it possible for x + +to be true, and y to be true, +and z to be true at the same, + +for example. + +Right? + +And these are our unknowns. + +And all the constraints are +in conjunctive normal form. + +What that means is +all our constraints + +are of the form either x1 +is true, or x2 is true, + +or x3 is true, for example. + +Right? + +So what we have is we have all +our constraints in this form + +and some of them might say, +well, either x1 is true, + +or x2 is false, or x3 is false. + +Right? + +So we have constraints. + +All our constraints +are of this form. + +And you probably remember +from discrete math + +that any Boolean formula +can be represented + +in conjunctive normal form. + +And it has the added benefit +that it's actually very, very + +easy to translate from arbitrary +representations of a formula + +to these conjunctive normal form +formula, which means whatever + +representation you're using +to represent Boolean formulas, + +you can very easily +convert it to this format. + +So what we have is +we have a database + +with lots of constraints +of this form. + +And what SAT solver +is going to do + +is going to pick one of +these variables at random. + +Let's say it's going to pick x1. + +And it's going to say, why +don't we set x1 to true? + +I don't know anything +about this problem. + +Might as well try +selling it to true. + +And then what will happen is +you'll have some constraints + +that mention x1 and let's say +that you have a constraint that + +says either x1 is +false or x7 is true. + +Right? + +So if you know that +x1 is true and you + +know that either x1 is +false or x7 is true, + +what do you know about x7? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Yeah. + +It has to be true. + +Right? + +Because otherwise +this constraint + +would not be satisfied. + +And so now you've propagated +this assignment from x1 to x7. + +And let's say now you pick +some other random variable. + +You say, well, what about x5? + +Why don't we try x5 being true? + +Right? + +And now let's say that you +have a constraint that says, + +well, either x7 is false, or +x6 is true, or x5 is false. + +Right? + +So I have x5 being true +and I have x7 being true. + +So that means x6 +now has to be true. + +Right? + +Because otherwise this +constraint would be violated. + +And so from that the +system infers, OK. + +So x6 has to be true. + +And it keeps at this +process essentially + +trying out assignments. + +And then looking at all +the available clauses, + +and looking at, +hey, are there are + +other things that are +implied by the assignments + +that I have so far? + +And following those implications +until one of two things + +happens. + +Either you keep following +implications and trying + +random things and eventually +you have set a value + +to every single +variable without ever + +running into a contradiction. + +And then you're done. + +Right? + +You found a satisfying +assignment, or what can happen + +is you run into a contradiction. + +You run into a place where there +was a clause that forced x4 + +to be true, except there was +another clause that forced x4 + +to be false. + +And if there's one rule of +Boolean algebra that everybody + +should know, is that you cannot +have a variable be true and be + +false at the same time. + +Right? + +And so what that +tells you is you've + +run into a contradiction. + +You clearly did +something wrong in one + +of these random assignments +that you were trying. + +So now let's analyze +this contradiction. + +Let's figure out what +were the assignments that + +led to this contradiction. + +And based on the assignments +that led to that contradiction, + +let's come up with a +new conflict clause that + +summarizes that contradiction. + +So in this case, +what would happen + +is that you have x1 being +false, and x5 being false. + +And x9 being false, right? + +So essentially what this is +saying is that based on what I + +learned from these random +assignments I discovered that + +one of these things +has to be true, + +that it cannot be the case that +x1 is true, and x5 is true, + +and x9 is false. + +That cannot happen. + +And I know that cannot happen +because when I tried that + +things blew up. + +I ended up with a contradiction. + +And so what SAT solver is doing +is trying random assignments, + +propagating them through. + +When it runs into +contradictions it's + +analyzing the set +of implications + +that led to that contradiction. + +And summarising that in +a new constraint that + +will make sure +that it never runs + +into this contradiction +again, that it never + +runs into this +particular problem again. + +Other questions? + +OK. + +So so far so good. + +So we can't really +think of the SAT solver + +as just a black box that +given a Boolean constraint + +it can either say, no, +this Boolean constraint is + +unsatisfiable, or it +can say, yeah, here's + +a satisfying assignment to +that Boolean constraint. + +So SMT solvers are built +on top of SAT solvers. + +And what they're +able to do is they're + +able to combine the +power of the SAT solver + +to solve these NP-complete +SAT problems with domain + +specific reasoning to reason +about the different theories + +that are supported. + +So to give you an +idea of how it works, + +and this is going to +be a fairly high level, + +but to give you +an idea of how it + +works let's say that you have +a formula like this, right? + +So you say x is greater +than 5 and y is less than 5. + +And either y is greater than +x or y is greater than 2. + +Right? + +So is that satisfiable? + +Can we find a satisfying +assignment for that? + +So what an SMT solver can +do is separate out the part + +of this formula that requires +domain reasoning, that + +requires reasoning in +the theory, in this case, + +of integers. + +With the part of +this formula that + +is just the Boolean structure. + +So if you separate the +Boolean structure here, + +essentially what +you're saying is + +that there's some formula, +F1 and some formula F2, + +and either F3 or F4. + +Right? + +And now this is a purely +Boolean problem, right? + +It's just a problem of +can I find a satisfying + +assignment for that? + +Is there a satisfying +assignment for that? + +And, again, this is +just a Boolean formula. + +Goes to a SAT solver and the +SAT solver can say, yeah. + +I can find a satisfying +assignment for this. + +And I can find a +satisfying assignment + +by making this true, and +this true, and this true. + +Right? + +It's a satisfying assignment +for the Boolean formula. + +So now we have a question +that we can go and ask + +the domain specific solver. + +In this case just a +linear arithmetic solver. + +So we can go to +the linear solver + +and say, hey, so the +SAT solver claims + +that this is a reasonable +assignment, that if I + +can make that +assignment work, then + +my formula will be satisfied. + +So I can go and say, well F1 was +actually this, and F2 was this, + +and F3 was this. + +So I can ask a theory solver, is +it possible to get an x and a y + +such that x is greater +than 5, y is less than 5, + +and y is greater than x? + +Right, so now this is a question +purely about linear arithmetic. + +There's no Boolean +logic involved. + +And what's the answer? + +No. + +Right? + +And there are +traditional methods + +to solve these kinds +of your problems. + +You could use the simplex +method, for example, + +to solve systems of +linear inequalities. + +There's lots of +methods that you can + +use to solve systems +of linear inequalities. + +The point is the theory solver +knows about all of those. + +And the theory +solver can say, no. + +This will not work. + +This is an assignment +that will not work. + +And so the theory solver can +now go back to the SAT solver + +and not just tell the SAT +solver, hey, that thing + +that you did, that didn't work. + +But it can also give +more of an explanation. + +So in this case, what you can +conclude from the fact that + +this didn't work is that +actually in addition + +to satisfying this formula you +also want to satisfy the fact + +that I cannot have F1, +and F2, and F3, right? + +My theory solver has +told me that these three + +things are mutually exclusive. + +I cannot satisfy all +three of them together. + +And so now that's a +piece of information + +that I can go back +to the SAT solver + +and ask the SAT +solver, hey, can you + +give me a solution +that satisfies + +not only the constraint that +you had in the beginning, + +but also this new +constraint that the theory + +solver discovered? + +Right? + +So now is there some other +assignment that satisfies now + +both of these constraints? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Yeah. + +So there's an assignment +where this becomes false. + +And this becomes true. + +And that's an assignment +that satisfies + +the constraint on the top. + +It satisfies the +constraint on the bottom. + +And so once again +that's an assignment + +that leads to a new constraint. + +So this constraint +now goes away. + +We don't care about it any more. + +We have a new constraint that we +can ask our theory solver, hey, + +it this possible? + +And in this case the +theory solver says, yeah. + +That actually is possible. + +You can make y equal +3 and x equal 6. + +And it works. + +Right? + +And so now you +have an assignment + +that satisfies the +formula in the theory + +and that satisfies +the Boolean structure + +behind this assignment. + +And with that the system can +come back and tell you, yeah. + +Here's an assignment that +satisfies all your constraints. + +And so it's this +interaction back and forth + +between the theory solver +and the SAT solver. + +And really the ability +to be able to reason + +about very, very large and very +complicated Boolean formulas. + +That's what makes symbolic +execution possible. + +So now that we have that +the next question is, + +so how do we go from a +program to a constraint + +that we can give +to an SMT solver? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Sorry for going back. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Sure. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +previously. + +But could you run me again the +whole issue of constructing + +the SMT statements? + +Is it an NP-complete or +is it not? [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +So the problems + +that the SMT +solvers are solving, + +those are NP-complete +problems in the best of cases. + +So SAT itself is the +canonical NP-complete problem, + +but a lot of solvers these +days even include support + +for some theories that +are outright undecidable. + +So-- + +AUDIENCE: So how do you +approach that in your system? + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Well, at +the end of the day what you get + +is you're going to create a +constraint from this program. + +You're going to give +it to the SMT solver. + +And the fact that these +are NP-complete problems, + +or the fact that they're +unsatisfiable, what it means + +is that if you're lucky, you +will get an answer in seconds. + +And if you're not +lucky, then it might + +take longer than the age of +the universe for the thing + +to give you an answer. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +How often do you run into +cases where your system just + +flat-lines and says, sorry, I +just can't figure this out yet? + +Has that ever happened +or is that just-- + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Yes. + +Yes, it does happen. + +And a big part of +the engineering + +of these kind of +tools is making sure + +that this happens as +infrequently as possible. + +And part what makes +this work at all + +is that we're not solving +random SAT problems. + +We're not solving completely +random bit-vector problems. + +We're solving problems that +have a certain structure to them + +that a person was +able to look at it + +and least have some confidence +that this worked, right? + +Build some argument in their +head for why this worked. + +And so what the solvers +are trying to do + +is essentially exploiting +that structure. + +And taking advantage, for +example, the description + +that I gave you of what the +SAT solver is doing internally, + +that's taking advantage +of the fact that, yes. + +Your problem might have a +million Boolean variables, + +but actually most +of those variables + +are very tightly dependent +on the values of each other. + +So the number of degrees +of freedom in the problem + +is actually much smaller +than what the million + +variables would suggest. + +AUDIENCE: So you're saying +is that this isn't an exam + +question. + +This is real life. + +And someone built this system. + +It was supposed to +work and make sense. + +So it's probably +not going to be one + +of those wildly bizarre +theoretical [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +That's right. + +And in practice what +happens and when + +you use this tool is the +thing is you always do + +is set timeouts. + +So generally, what happens +is because it's exponential, + +exponential doesn't mean +that you can't do it. + +Exponential just means +that there's a brick wall, + +that before that brick +wall things will work, + +and in fact, they +will work really fast. + +Right? + +The exponential +works in both ways. + +Yes, when you're +going out then things + +are growing very +quickly, but when + +you're going toward smaller +problems, or simpler problems + +things are also getting +faster very, very quickly. + +So in general what that means +is that lots of problems + +finish very, very quickly. + +And then some problems timeout. + +And the key is to engineer +things in such a way + +that among the problems that +finish quickly are actually + +problems of practical use. + +Or problems that will +actually point you + +to security vulnerabilities +in your system, + +will point you to bugs, +will point you to a path + +that you maybe haven't +explored before, + +or inputs that will take +you down paths that you + +hadn't explored before. + +AUDIENCE: Thanks. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +Other questions? + +All right. + +So we know how to +go from a formula, + +from a set of constraints, to +an answer that will either say, + +yes, this formula +has a solution. + +And here's a solution, or no, +this formula is unsatisfiable. + +There is no input +that satisfies this. + +So now how do we get a +formula from a program? + +So one of the +things that you have + +when you're doing +symbolic execution + +is that when you get +to a branch and you + +don't know which direction +the branch is going to go. + +Now there are two possibilities +that you can do in that case. + +One is to do what we did in the +early example, which is just + +to say, I'm going to take both +branches at the same time. + +I'm going to collect what +happens in mode's branches, + +merge at the end. + +That is a strategy +that is often used + +when you're trying to get very +strong guarantees in general. + +But it's a strategy that +doesn't work too well + +with modern and SMT solvers. + +So often people prefer to do +one path at a time exploration. + +And what that means +is that you're + +going to pick a path +down your program. + +And then you're going to +create a formula for that path. + +So you're going to ask, fine +me an input that goes down + +this path and that +satisfies my constraint, + +or that violates +my property, that + +goes out of bounds in my buffer, +or that causes a null pointer + +error. + +And then if you +can't find one then + +you try a different path +and a different path. + +And you do these path +explorations one at a time. + +So that's the strategy that +we're going to talk about now. + +It's a little bit easier +to describe how to do it. + +So let's say that we +have a problem like this. + +So, by the way, I +switched representations. + +So I'm not representing the +program as a block of code + +and representing it as +a control flow graph. + +Is everybody here familiar +with a control flow graph? + +Or is anybody here not familiar +with a control flow graph? + +It's just a representation +of a program that + +makes branches more explicit. + +So let's pick a path. + +And so let's say that we +care about this path, right, + +a path that starts +at the beginning + +and takes us all the way +down to the point where + +we are asserting false. + +And we want to know, +is this path feasible? + +Could the program +go down this path? + +So as we're going +down this program + +we're going to keep two things. + +We're going to keep +an environment that + +keeps track of the +symbolic values + +of the different variables. + +And in addition to that, +we're going to keep around + +an environment for constraints. + +And these constraints +are essentially + +going to keep track of +all the relationships + +between these variables as +well as any assumptions, + +whether they were +assumptions that + +were made at the +beginning, or assumptions + +that come from the branches +that you are taking. + +So in this case, when +we start down this path + +we get to t equals 0, so +our state is x, y, and 0. + +And so far we have +no constraints + +because we didn't have any +constraint in the beginning. + +So now we're going +to take this branch + +and, again, because we've +made a decision that we're + +going to go down the +path to your right, + +then we know that this +path will only happen when? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +That's right. + +So we get our first constraint +that says, x is greater than y. + +Right? + +So now down here we're +looking at t equals y. + +Now in this case because we're +going only one path at a time + +we don't actually need to +introduce a new variable for t + +necessarily. + +We can just say, OK. + +t is equal to y. + +So that means that +t is no longer 0. + +It's now y. + +Right? + +And then keep going. + +We get to this point. + +Now we hit another branch. + +What's a new +assumption that we have + +to make if we're assuming +that we went down this path? + +Just t less than y, right? + +And what is t? + +Right. + +So in fact if we look up +t, so t has the value y. + +We look up y. + +y also has the value of y. + +So this constraint actually +translates to y less than y. + +So what does this tell us? + +It tells us that in order +to make it to this point, + +in order to make it to a assert +false, all of those things + +have to hold. + +Can they hold? + +Clearly not. + +Right? + +y less than y alone is +already sufficient for things + +not to hold. + +And so that tells us immediately +that this is unsatisfiable. + +And this is often known +as a path condition. + +This is a condition +that has to be + +true in order for the +program to go down that path. + +And so we know that this path +condition cannot be satisfied. + +And therefore, that it's +impossible for the program + +to take this path. + +So this path is now +completely eliminated. + +We know that this +path cannot be taken. + +And, in fact, so +this constraint we're + +actually going to just keep them +around as the condition itself. + +All right? + +So what about a different path? + +So now we're trying this path. + +So what would be the +path condition for this? + +So, again, our symbolic +state starts with t equals 0, + +and x and y equals to just +the variables x and y. + +And now how does +the path constraint + +look like in this case? + +So by the time we get here how +does the path condition look + +like? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR LEZAMA: Right. + +So in this case [INAUDIBLE] +this is true and this is false. + +So in this case it says, +OK. x is greater than y. + +And we are setting +t to be equal to x. + +So then when we get here +we have x is less than y. + +Right? + +And once again it's very +clear that this path condition + +is unsatisfiable. + +Right? + +We cannot have x greater than +y and x less than y at the same + +time. + +There's no assignment +to x that will satisfy + +both of those constraints. + +So what that tells us is, again, +that this other path is also + +unsatisfiable. + +And now at this +point we've actually + +explored every possible path in +our program that could lead us + +to this condition. + +So we can actually +establish and certify + +that there is no possible path +that will lead to an assertion + +failure. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: The way you +just presented it, + +it makes it look as if you would +explore every possible branch. + +I mean, one of the advantages +of symbolic execution + +is that you're trying +to prevent [INAUDIBLE] + +a need of exploring all possible +[INAUDIBLE] exponential. + +So how are you avoiding +that over here? + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: That's +a very good question, right? + +So in this case essentially +what you have is + +you have a trade off between +high symbolic and how concrete + +you want to be. + +Right? + +So in this case we are not +as symbolic as the first time + +around when we were visiting +both branches at the same time, + +but in exchange for that our +constraints became very, very + +simple. + +Right? + +So the individual path by path +constraints are very simple, + +but you have to do this over, +and over, and over again + +to explore all the +different branches. + +And there are exponentially-- +all the different paths. + +And there are exponentially +many paths in a program. + +Now there are +exponentially many paths, + +but for every path +in general, there's + +also an exponentially +large set of inputs + +that could go down that path. + +So this already gives you a +big benefit because instead + +of having to try every +possible input you're only + +trying every possible path. + +But can you do better? + +And this is one of the +areas where there's + +been a lot of experimentation in +the area of symbolic execution. + +When you do path +by path reasoning? + +When do you do all +paths at the same time? + +And one of the things +that you saw, for example, + +in the [? Clee ?] paper +is a set of heuristics, + +and a set of +strategies they used + +to make the search tractable. + +For example, one of +the things that they do + +is that they are +exploring path by path, + +but they're not exploring +completely blindly. + +And they are also checking +the path conditions + +after every step. + +So that, for example, +if here instead of just + +assert false, if this were +a very complex program tree, + +control flow graph. + +You don't wait until +you get to the very end + +to check whether the +path is feasible. + +The moment you get here you know +that this path is unsatisfiable + +and you never go +down this direction. + +You always go in +the other direction. + +So pruning the paths +early helps cut down a lot + +on the experiential blow up. + +And exploring the +paths intelligently + +helps a lot in +preventing blow up. + +A lot of the practical +tools that are used today, + +some of the things +that they will do + +is they will actually start +with some random testing + +to get an initial set of paths. + +And then they will start looking +for paths in the neighborhood + +of those paths. + +They will start asking questions +like, hey, the random execution + +went down this branch. + +What if I flip this branch? + +What happens in those paths? + +Can be particularly +useful, for example, + +if we have a good test suite. + +And you run your test suite +and you find, OK, there + +is this piece of code that +nothing in my test suite + +exercised. + +So what you can do is you can +take the path that got closest + +to exercising that, +and then ask, hey, + +can I change this path so that +it goes down this direction + +instead? + +And so in general, +the moment you + +try to do all paths +simultaneously + +the constraints start +becoming intractable. + +And it's the kind +of thing that you + +can do if you're doing +one function at a time. + +For example, if you're +doing one function at a time + +then it is generally feasible +to explore all the paths + +in a function together. + +If you're trying to do +larger units, then generally + +you have to go with path +by path exploration. + +Are there other questions? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: You referenced +how [INAUDIBLE]. + +How does it do that again? + +What's the [INAUDIBLE]? + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: So the +most important one really is + +this idea that for every branch, +you check your constraints + +to check whether that branch +can actually go both ways, + +because if it cannot go both +ways then you save a lot just + +going in this direction +of where it can't go. + +Beyond that I don't remember +the specific strategy + +that they use for searching +paths that are more + +likely to give good results. + +But pruning is really, +really important. + +OK. + +So far though we've been +talking mostly about toy code + +in the sense that it's only +integer variables, branches, + +very simple stuff. + +Right? + +What happens when you +have a program that + +is more complicated? + +And in particular, what happens +when you have a program that + +involves the heap? + +Right? + +So the heap has +historically been + +the bane of all program +analysis, analysis + +that were so clean and so +elegant in the days of Fortran, + +completely blow up when you +try to run them on a C program + +where you're allocating +memory left and right. + +And you have aliasing. + +And you have all +the messiness that + +comes with dealing with +program allocated memory. + +And with pointers and +pointer arithmetic. + +And this is one of the areas +where symbolic execution really + +shines in the ability +to actually reason + +about these kinds of programs. + +So how do we do it? + +Right, so let's forget now +for a moment about branches, + +and control flow. + +We have a trivially +simple program here. + +All it's doing is it's +allocating some memory. + +It's zeroing it out. + +It's getting a new pointer +y from the pointer x. + +It's writing something into y. + +And then it's checking, +hey, is the value + +stored at pointer y equal to +the value stored at pointer x? + +And just from your +basic knowledge of C + +you could see that, no. + +Right, that this assertion is +actually violated because x got + +zeroed out and y +has 25 in there, + +but x is pointing to +a different location. + +Right? + +So far so good. + +The way we're going to +model the heap and the way + +the heap is modeled in +a lot of these systems + +is by not thinking of +the heap as a heap, + +but to thinking of +the heat the way + +C likes for you to think +of the heap, which is just + +a giant address base, a giant +array where you can put things + +into. + +So what does that mean? + +It means that we can +think of our program + +as having this very +big global array. + +And we're just going +to call it MEM for now. + +Right? + +And it's an array that +essentially is going + +to map addresses to values. + +Right? + +And what's an address? + +Well, an address is +just a 64-bit value. + +And what comes after you read +something from an address? + +It depends on how +you're modeling memory. + +If you're modeling it at the +byte level, then what comes out + +is a byte. + +If you're modeling it +at the word level then + +what comes out of it is a word. + +And depending on the kind of +bugs that you're interested in, + +and whether things +like memory alignment + +are an issue for +you are not, you're + +going to model it a +little bit differently, + +but generally memory +is just an array + +from an address to a value. + +Right? + +So an address is +just an integer. + +Right? + +It's in some sense not +that different from the way + +C thinks I'm an address. + +It's just an integer. + +It's just a value. + +It's just a 64-bit integer, +or a 32-bit integer, + +depending on your machine. + +It just a value that +indexes into that memory. + +And that you can put +things in memory, + +read them from the memory. + +So things like +pointer arithmetic + +just becomes integer arithmetic. + +In practice there's a +little bit of desugaring + +that has to happen because in C +the pointer arithmetic actually + +knows about the types +of the pointers. + +And things will be incremented +proportional to the size, + +right? + +So this would actually be x +plus 10 times the size of int. + +Right? + +But what's really +important is what + +happens when you're reading +and writing from memory. + +So what used to be just a +pointer reference from y + +to write 25, is now just +I'm taking my memory array, + +and I'm indexing it with y. + +And I'm writing 25 to +that memory location. + +Right? + +And this assertion +now becomes, well, I + +am reading from +location y in memory. + +And I am reading from +location x in memory. + +And I am comparing them. + +And I'm checking whether +they are the same or not. + +It's a very, very +simple reduction + +to go from program that uses the +heap to a program the just uses + +this giant global array +that represents the memory. + +And now what that +means is that in order + +to reason about programs +that manipulate the heap + +you don't really have +to reason about programs + +that manipulate the heap. + +As long as you have the +ability to reason about arrays, + +you are good. + +Now here's a simple +question though. + +What about the malloc? + +So one thing you can do is +you can say, well, malloc, + +I can just take the C +implementation of malloc + +and actually implement +malloc like that. + +And keep track of all the +pages that I have allocated + +and keep track of everything +that has been freed. + +And keep a free +list, and everything. + +It turns out for +a lot of purposes + +and for a lot of +classes of bugs, + +you don't need malloc +to be that complicated. + +In fact, you can get away with +a malloc that looks like this, + +with a malloc that +just says, I'm + +going to keep a counter for +the next free memory location. + +And whenever somebody +asks for an address, + +that address I'm just +going to give this position + +and then increment the position. + +Right? + +And then return +rv, in this case. + +So one of the thing that is +malloc is completely ignoring. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: Yeah. + +Freeing, right? + +This malloc says, yeah, +forget about freeing. + +There's no freeing. + +We're just going to keep walking +through our memory allocating + +further, and further, and +further and that will be it. + +And we don't care +about freeing anything. + +It also doesn't really +care about the fact + +that well, actually, there +are regions of memory where + +you shouldn't be writing. + +There are special +addresses that have + +special meaning that are +reserved for the operating + +system. + +It doesn't model +any of the things + +that actually make writing a +malloc function complicated, + +but at a certain +level of abstraction, + +if you're trying to reason +about some complicated code that + +does pointer manipulation. + +And you don't care +about freeing memory, + +but you really +care about is, am I + +going to write past the end +of some buffer, for example. + +Then this malloc +might be good enough. + +And this is actually that +happens very, very commonly + +when you're doing symbolic +execution of real code. + +A very important +step is the modeling + +of your library functions. + +And how you model +your library functions + +is going to have a huge +impact on the one hand + +on the performance and the +scalability of the analysis, + +but on the other hand, +on the precision. + +So if you have a Mickey Mouse +model of malloc like this, + +it's going to be +very, very fast, + +but there are going to be +certain classes of bugs + +that you won't be able to catch. + +Right? + +So and this model, for +example, I'm completely + +ignoring the allocations. + +So if I have a bug +because somebody + +is accessing unallocated space. + +Well, I'm not going to find +it with this Mickey Mouse + +model of malloc. + +Right? + +So it's always a balance between +the precision of the analysis + +versus the efficiency. + +And the more complicated your +models of standard functions + +like malloc get, +the less scalable + +the analysis is going to be, +but for certain classes of bugs + +you will need those models. + +And one of the big things +in the [? Clee ?] paper + +was really having +reasonable models + +for all the different +libraries in C, + +all the different +libraries that are + +needed in order to understand +what a program is actually + +doing. + +So, OK. + +So we've reduced the problem +of reasoning about the heap + +to a problem of reasoning +about a program with arrays, + +but I haven't actually +told you how to reason + +about a program with arrays. + +And it turns out +that most SMT solvers + +support a theory of arrays. + +And the idea is +if a is an array, + +there's some notation to +say, well, take that array + +and create a new array +where location i has + +been updated to value e. + +All right? + +So if I have array a and I +do this update operation, + +and then I try to +read the value k, + +then the meaning +is that the value k + +is going to be +equal to the value k + +at a if k is different from i. + +And it's going to be equal to +e if k is equal to i, right? + +That's what updating +an array means. + +That's what it means +to take an old array + +and update it to be a new array. + +And the nice thing about this is +that if you have a formula that + +involves the theory of +arrays, so, for example, + +I started with the zero array +that is just zeros everywhere. + +And then I wrote 5 into location +i, and 7 into location j. + +And then I'm reading from k. + +And then I'm checking whether +that's equal to 5 or not. + +Then that can be expanded +by using this definition + +to something that says, +well, if k is equal to i + +then if k is equal to y, +and k is different from j, + +then, yes, this is +going to be equal to 5. + +And otherwise this is not +going to be equal to 5, right? + +And in practice SMT solvers +don't just expand these + +into lots of Boolean formulas. + +They, again, use +this back and forth + +strategy between a SAT +solver and an engine + +that is able to reason about +this theory of arrays in order + +to do it. + +But what's important +is that by relying + +on this theory of arrays, +using the same strategy we + +saw to generate formulas for +integers you can actually + +generate formulas +involving array logic, + +and involving array updates, +involving array axises, + +involving iteration over arrays +as long as you fix your path, + +these formulas are +very easy to generate. + +If you don't fix +your paths if you + +want to generate a +formula that corresponds + +to going through all paths, +then it's also relatively easy. + +The Only thing is you +have to deal with loops + +in more of a special way. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: +I don't know. + +So dictionaries and +maps are actually + +very easy to model using +uninterpreted functions. + +And, in fact, the +theory of arrays + +itself, it's just a special +case of uninterpreted functions. + +So more complicated +things can be done + +with uninterpreted functions. + +In modern SMT solvers +there is native support + +for reasoning about +sets and set operations, + +which can be very, very +useful if you're reasoning + +about a program that involves +lots of set computations, + +for example. + +When designing +one of these tools + +the modeling step +is really important. + +And it's not just how you model +complicated program features + +down to your theories. + +So, for example, things +like heaps down to arrays. + +And also the choice of what +theories and the solver you + +use. + +And there's a large number +of theories and the solver + +with different trade offs +between how efficient they are + +versus how expressive they are. + +And, in general, most +of the production tools + +stick to the theory +of bit-vectors + +and they might use +the theory of arrays + +to model the heap if +that is necessary. + +Generally production +tools try to shy away + +from some of the more +sophisticated theories, + +like the theory of sets +just because by virtue + +being richer they also tend to +be less scalable in some cases, + +unless you're dealing with a +program that really requires + +exactly that kind of reasoning +in order to work with. + +Are there other questions? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] research +in symbolic execution, + +what are people +focusing on and where + +is there room for improvement? + +[INAUDIBLE] applications. + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: So one +very active area of research + +is around applications. + +And looking at models +that will allow + +you to discover new +classes of bugs. + +So, for example, Nikolai, +and Franz, and Xi Wang and I + +had a paper, what +was it, last year + +when we were looking at using +symbolic execution to identify + +coding your program that a +compiler might optimize away. + +Security checks that might get +optimized away by a compiler. + +So it's very different from the +question of will the program go + +down this path or not, but +there is a modeling step + +to go from this high +level conceptual question + +of, is there a +code in my program + +that can be compiled away +to an algorithm based + +on symbolic execution +that will rely + +on the ability of +symbolic execution + +to easily tell you whether +the program can go down + +a particular path, or whether +a particular path is feasible. + +So applications is a +big area, extending + +to newer classes +of bugs, growing + +to new and different +language features. + +For example, one of the +things that is still + +fairly hard to model from +using symbolic execution + +are very high level languages, +like JavaScript or Python where + +you have a lot of very +dynamic language features, + +but at the same time they +are-- if any technique can + +work for the symbolic execution, +it's definitely very good. + +And, in fact, we had some +work a couple of years + +ago using symbolic +execution to reason + +about errors in Python +programming assignments, + +for example. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]. + +How does [INAUDIBLE]? + +ARMANDO SOLAR-LEZAMA: It is. + +So in the case of symbolic +execution part of the problem + +is that your symbolic state, +it's very hard to simply say, + +OK, I executed this +instruction, and then + +this instruction, and +then this instruction. + +The sequence is not there. + +There was some work a few +years ago looking, for example, + +at very small pieces of +code, but very critical, + +like a concurring data +structure in operating + +system, or lock-free +data structure + +and modeling the +interactions between threads + +by essentially saying, every +time there is a variable that + +could have been overwritten +by something else, + +you replace that value with +just a fresh symbolic value that + +says, I have no +idea what this is. + +And you generate +constraints that + +relate to those symbolic +values to symbolic values + +in other threads. + +And this has been +used even to reason + +about things like missing +memory fences, for example. + +And so it is possible, but the +complexity grows quite a bit. + +And it becomes the kind of thing +that you cannot no longer do + +at the scale of Microsoft Word, +but you can do at the scale + +of, say, a concurring data +structure, for example. + +There had been other work though +in the context of concurrency + +looking at, for example, +can I use symbolic execution + +to reconstruct +interleavings based + +on knowledge of how the program +behaved as it was running, + +for example. + +And so this opens a +lot of possibilities, + +having this capability to +ask very concrete questions + +about can my program +run down this path. + +Being able to have +symbolic values + +and ask questions, what values +should these things have + +in order for the program to +do something, or in order + +something to happen is a +very powerful capability + +and there's a lot +of applications + +that have been tried, but +this is a fairly new piece + +of technology as +far as technology + +for analyzing a program goes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ySZtBGAaqbM.txt b/ySZtBGAaqbM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd1ca60259fc5ee194194be25ff8f5887f039cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/ySZtBGAaqbM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Wells was uh + + align:start position:0% +Wells was uh + + + align:start position:0% +Wells was uh +very interested in trying to come up + + align:start position:0% +very interested in trying to come up + + + align:start position:0% +very interested in trying to come up +with a story, a narrative, a science + + align:start position:0% +with a story, a narrative, a science + + + align:start position:0% +with a story, a narrative, a science +fiction that would somehow + + align:start position:0% +fiction that would somehow + + + align:start position:0% +fiction that would somehow +capture some of the evolutionary themes + + align:start position:0% +capture some of the evolutionary themes + + + align:start position:0% +capture some of the evolutionary themes +of his uh earlier years. Um this was a a + + align:start position:0% +of his uh earlier years. Um this was a a + + + align:start position:0% +of his uh earlier years. Um this was a a +very successful piece of science + + align:start position:0% +very successful piece of science + + + align:start position:0% +very successful piece of science +fiction. + + align:start position:0% +fiction. + + + align:start position:0% +fiction. +Wells is not as well known now as he was + + align:start position:0% +Wells is not as well known now as he was + + + align:start position:0% +Wells is not as well known now as he was +in his own day but uh in his day he was + + align:start position:0% +in his own day but uh in his day he was + + + align:start position:0% +in his own day but uh in his day he was +a he was definitely a highly influential + + align:start position:0% +a he was definitely a highly influential + + + align:start position:0% +a he was definitely a highly influential +thinker and uh he wrote numerous books + + align:start position:0% +thinker and uh he wrote numerous books + + + align:start position:0% +thinker and uh he wrote numerous books +lots and lots of science fiction but he + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of science fiction but he + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of science fiction but he +also wrote non-fiction + + align:start position:0% +also wrote non-fiction + + + align:start position:0% +also wrote non-fiction +uh journalism tons of journalism I mean + + align:start position:0% +uh journalism tons of journalism I mean + + + align:start position:0% +uh journalism tons of journalism I mean +I read one account of wells that um said + + align:start position:0% +I read one account of wells that um said + + + align:start position:0% +I read one account of wells that um said +he he published over four million words + + align:start position:0% +he he published over four million words + + + align:start position:0% +he he published over four million words +in his just in his fiction in books and + + align:start position:0% +in his just in his fiction in books and + + + align:start position:0% +in his just in his fiction in books and +then about twice that in his journalism. + + align:start position:0% +then about twice that in his journalism. + + + align:start position:0% +then about twice that in his journalism. +It's like so he was uh a writer of + + align:start position:0% +It's like so he was uh a writer of + + + align:start position:0% +It's like so he was uh a writer of +amazing output but he was uh fascinated + + align:start position:0% +amazing output but he was uh fascinated + + + align:start position:0% +amazing output but he was uh fascinated +with scientific themes and and + + align:start position:0% +with scientific themes and and + + + align:start position:0% +with scientific themes and and +especially with evolution. Uh he studied + + align:start position:0% +especially with evolution. Uh he studied + + + align:start position:0% +especially with evolution. Uh he studied +under th Huxley + + align:start position:0% +under th Huxley + + + align:start position:0% +under th Huxley +uh for a short while at the Imperial + + align:start position:0% +uh for a short while at the Imperial + + + align:start position:0% +uh for a short while at the Imperial +College. + + align:start position:0% +College. + + + align:start position:0% +College. +He didn't pursue it to the point where + + align:start position:0% +He didn't pursue it to the point where + + + align:start position:0% +He didn't pursue it to the point where +he got his degree but um he was a huge + + align:start position:0% +he got his degree but um he was a huge + + + align:start position:0% +he got his degree but um he was a huge +admirer of Huxley and uh thought that uh + + align:start position:0% +admirer of Huxley and uh thought that uh + + + align:start position:0% +admirer of Huxley and uh thought that uh +uh Huxley's ideas were absolutely + + align:start position:0% +uh Huxley's ideas were absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +uh Huxley's ideas were absolutely +crucial to the way in which one needed + + align:start position:0% +crucial to the way in which one needed + + + align:start position:0% +crucial to the way in which one needed +to approach + + align:start position:0% +to approach + + + align:start position:0% +to approach +uh the contemporary world. you know, + + align:start position:0% +uh the contemporary world. you know, + + + align:start position:0% +uh the contemporary world. you know, +understanding the science and the role + + align:start position:0% +understanding the science and the role + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the science and the role +of science, but also in some ways the + + align:start position:0% +of science, but also in some ways the + + + align:start position:0% +of science, but also in some ways the +limits of science. Um, but uh his time + + align:start position:0% +limits of science. Um, but uh his time + + + align:start position:0% +limits of science. Um, but uh his time +machine is probably one of the most + + align:start position:0% +machine is probably one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +machine is probably one of the most +successful science fiction works ever + + align:start position:0% +successful science fiction works ever + + + align:start position:0% +successful science fiction works ever +written. Uh it's been done in movies uh + + align:start position:0% +written. Uh it's been done in movies uh + + + align:start position:0% +written. Uh it's been done in movies uh +several times. Uh and you know, it's a + + align:start position:0% +several times. Uh and you know, it's a + + + align:start position:0% +several times. Uh and you know, it's a +it's it's quite a tale. Um, + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quite a tale. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quite a tale. Um, +what? So, uh, I mean, I reread it again. + + align:start position:0% +what? So, uh, I mean, I reread it again. + + + align:start position:0% +what? So, uh, I mean, I reread it again. +Every time I start reading this, I can't + + align:start position:0% +Every time I start reading this, I can't + + + align:start position:0% +Every time I start reading this, I can't +put it down. I don't know what what it + + align:start position:0% +put it down. I don't know what what it + + + align:start position:0% +put it down. I don't know what what it +is. There's something about Wells's pros + + align:start position:0% +is. There's something about Wells's pros + + + align:start position:0% +is. There's something about Wells's pros +that just pulls you into it. And it's + + align:start position:0% +that just pulls you into it. And it's + + + align:start position:0% +that just pulls you into it. And it's +kind of fiction of uh uh intellectual + + align:start position:0% +kind of fiction of uh uh intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +kind of fiction of uh uh intellectual +fiction you know playing with some + + align:start position:0% +fiction you know playing with some + + + align:start position:0% +fiction you know playing with some +thought it's a thought experiment in + + align:start position:0% +thought it's a thought experiment in + + + align:start position:0% +thought it's a thought experiment in +some sense + + align:start position:0% +some sense + + + align:start position:0% +some sense +how could we think about the people of + + align:start position:0% +how could we think about the people of + + + align:start position:0% +how could we think about the people of +the vastly + + align:start position:0% +the vastly + + + align:start position:0% +the vastly +uh of the future and in in say 800,000 + + align:start position:0% +uh of the future and in in say 800,000 + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the future and in in say 800,000 +years from now. + + align:start position:0% +years from now. + + + align:start position:0% +years from now. +Um so we remember Darwin's taxa chart + + align:start position:0% +Um so we remember Darwin's taxa chart + + + align:start position:0% +Um so we remember Darwin's taxa chart +and you know the fact that you know we + + align:start position:0% +and you know the fact that you know we + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the fact that you know we +have thousands of generations there + + align:start position:0% +have thousands of generations there + + + align:start position:0% +have thousands of generations there +before species change. + + align:start position:0% +before species change. + + + align:start position:0% +before species change. +So uh this little mechanism of time + + align:start position:0% +So uh this little mechanism of time + + + align:start position:0% +So uh this little mechanism of time +machine allows wells to jump from now + + align:start position:0% +machine allows wells to jump from now + + + align:start position:0% +machine allows wells to jump from now +into this kind of imagined future. + + align:start position:0% +into this kind of imagined future. + + + align:start position:0% +into this kind of imagined future. +That's a key move of science fiction, + + align:start position:0% +That's a key move of science fiction, + + + align:start position:0% +That's a key move of science fiction, +isn't it? Science fiction often uses + + align:start position:0% +isn't it? Science fiction often uses + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it? Science fiction often uses +some kind of uh idea of science that it, + + align:start position:0% +some kind of uh idea of science that it, + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of uh idea of science that it, +you know, the science isn't quite there. + + align:start position:0% +you know, the science isn't quite there. + + + align:start position:0% +you know, the science isn't quite there. +We don't know what the principles of his + + align:start position:0% +We don't know what the principles of his + + + align:start position:0% +We don't know what the principles of his +time travel uh actually were. There's no + + align:start position:0% +time travel uh actually were. There's no + + + align:start position:0% +time travel uh actually were. There's no +effort to explain it, but it gets him + + align:start position:0% +effort to explain it, but it gets him + + + align:start position:0% +effort to explain it, but it gets him +into this space where he can begin to + + align:start position:0% +into this space where he can begin to + + + align:start position:0% +into this space where he can begin to +talk. So, what is it about this book? + + align:start position:0% +talk. So, what is it about this book? + + + align:start position:0% +talk. So, what is it about this book? +Um, did you also have this experience of + + align:start position:0% +Um, did you also have this experience of + + + align:start position:0% +Um, did you also have this experience of +just sort of starting to read and + + align:start position:0% +just sort of starting to read and + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of starting to read and +getting picked up into the story? Uh, + + align:start position:0% +getting picked up into the story? Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +getting picked up into the story? Uh, +how so? Why? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +What' you find about it, Charles? What + + align:start position:0% +What' you find about it, Charles? What + + + align:start position:0% +What' you find about it, Charles? What +you think? Well, like it's like you said + + align:start position:0% +you think? Well, like it's like you said + + + align:start position:0% +you think? Well, like it's like you said +like so for me like I start reading some + + align:start position:0% +like so for me like I start reading some + + + align:start position:0% +like so for me like I start reading some +some section of it and then like there + + align:start position:0% +some section of it and then like there + + + align:start position:0% +some section of it and then like there +were just like certain certain uh like + + align:start position:0% +were just like certain certain uh like + + + align:start position:0% +were just like certain certain uh like +not maybe not paragraphs but like few + + align:start position:0% +not maybe not paragraphs but like few + + + align:start position:0% +not maybe not paragraphs but like few +chunks that are just like really well + + align:start position:0% +chunks that are just like really well + + + align:start position:0% +chunks that are just like really well +really well written and like they kind + + align:start position:0% +really well written and like they kind + + + align:start position:0% +really well written and like they kind +of just draw me in and like I'll reread + + align:start position:0% +of just draw me in and like I'll reread + + + align:start position:0% +of just draw me in and like I'll reread +that little chunk that I see and that's + + align:start position:0% +that little chunk that I see and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that little chunk that I see and that's +kind of how I get stuck in there. Um + + align:start position:0% +kind of how I get stuck in there. Um + + + align:start position:0% +kind of how I get stuck in there. Um +like so for example this part was really + + align:start position:0% +like so for example this part was really + + + align:start position:0% +like so for example this part was really +nice. I grieved to think how brief the + + align:start position:0% +nice. I grieved to think how brief the + + + align:start position:0% +nice. I grieved to think how brief the +dream of the human intellect had been. + + align:start position:0% +dream of the human intellect had been. + + + align:start position:0% +dream of the human intellect had been. +It had committed suicide. It had said so + + align:start position:0% +It had committed suicide. It had said so + + + align:start position:0% +It had committed suicide. It had said so +steadfastly toward comfort and ease. And + + align:start position:0% +steadfastly toward comfort and ease. And + + + align:start position:0% +steadfastly toward comfort and ease. And +so here it's talking about um nature + + align:start position:0% +so here it's talking about um nature + + + align:start position:0% +so here it's talking about um nature +versus intellectual versatility and how + + align:start position:0% +versus intellectual versatility and how + + + align:start position:0% +versus intellectual versatility and how +like just like the lack the the like the + + align:start position:0% +like just like the lack the the like the + + + align:start position:0% +like just like the lack the the like the +kind of just how when man is set to + + align:start position:0% +kind of just how when man is set to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of just how when man is set to +comfort and ease. There is no need for + + align:start position:0% +comfort and ease. There is no need for + + + align:start position:0% +comfort and ease. There is no need for +him to kind of stay alert and like stay + + align:start position:0% +him to kind of stay alert and like stay + + + align:start position:0% +him to kind of stay alert and like stay +alert in terms of just like the things + + align:start position:0% +alert in terms of just like the things + + + align:start position:0% +alert in terms of just like the things +that he'll think about + + align:start position:0% +that he'll think about + + + align:start position:0% +that he'll think about +and like just his effort to survive. All + + align:start position:0% +and like just his effort to survive. All + + + align:start position:0% +and like just his effort to survive. All +right. + + align:start position:0% +right. + + + align:start position:0% +right. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Yeah. Uh these people have sort of + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Uh these people have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Uh these people have sort of +arrived uh at a state where there's no + + align:start position:0% +arrived uh at a state where there's no + + + align:start position:0% +arrived uh at a state where there's no +struggle + + align:start position:0% +struggle + + + align:start position:0% +struggle +and uh I mean there is in some sense + + align:start position:0% +and uh I mean there is in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I mean there is in some sense +because one species uh uh you know feeds + + align:start position:0% +because one species uh uh you know feeds + + + align:start position:0% +because one species uh uh you know feeds +upon the other species but you know + + align:start position:0% +upon the other species but you know + + + align:start position:0% +upon the other species but you know +there there's kind of a mutual + + align:start position:0% +there there's kind of a mutual + + + align:start position:0% +there there's kind of a mutual +relationship there isn't there? It's not + + align:start position:0% +relationship there isn't there? It's not + + + align:start position:0% +relationship there isn't there? It's not +like the the little people on the top + + align:start position:0% +like the the little people on the top + + + align:start position:0% +like the the little people on the top +aren't getting something out of the + + align:start position:0% +aren't getting something out of the + + + align:start position:0% +aren't getting something out of the +deal. I mean, you know, both sides have + + align:start position:0% +deal. I mean, you know, both sides have + + + align:start position:0% +deal. I mean, you know, both sides have +sort of uh reached a kind of uh uh stage + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh reached a kind of uh uh stage + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh reached a kind of uh uh stage +where they're getting something. + + align:start position:0% +where they're getting something. + + + align:start position:0% +where they're getting something. +So, what are some other impressions you + + align:start position:0% +So, what are some other impressions you + + + align:start position:0% +So, what are some other impressions you +had of of of this book just as a story, + + align:start position:0% +had of of of this book just as a story, + + + align:start position:0% +had of of of this book just as a story, +Laura? + + align:start position:0% +Laura? + + + align:start position:0% +Laura? +Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in what sense? Well, just uh you know, + + align:start position:0% +in what sense? Well, just uh you know, + + + align:start position:0% +in what sense? Well, just uh you know, +how did you how did you feel about it as + + align:start position:0% +how did you how did you feel about it as + + + align:start position:0% +how did you how did you feel about it as +you were reading it? Was it uh + + align:start position:0% +you were reading it? Was it uh + + + align:start position:0% +you were reading it? Was it uh +I thought it was interesting because a + + align:start position:0% +I thought it was interesting because a + + + align:start position:0% +I thought it was interesting because a +lot of the other books you read have + + align:start position:0% +lot of the other books you read have + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the other books you read have +been more subtle in this way of like + + align:start position:0% +been more subtle in this way of like + + + align:start position:0% +been more subtle in this way of like +Darwinian thought. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Darwinian thought. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Darwinian thought. Yeah. +But this one was really in your face + + align:start position:0% +But this one was really in your face + + + align:start position:0% +But this one was really in your face +like these two + + align:start position:0% +like these two + + + align:start position:0% +like these two +good point + + align:start position:0% +good point + + + align:start position:0% +good point +um ways and he actually like + + align:start position:0% +um ways and he actually like + + + align:start position:0% +um ways and he actually like +you know really discusses + + align:start position:0% +you know really discusses + + + align:start position:0% +you know really discusses +um you know evolution. + + align:start position:0% +um you know evolution. + + + align:start position:0% +um you know evolution. +So I thought that was pretty + + align:start position:0% +So I thought that was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +So I thought that was pretty +interesting. + + align:start position:0% +interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Did anybody notice any kind of + + align:start position:0% +Did anybody notice any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Did anybody notice any kind of +principles of evolution that sort of + + align:start position:0% +principles of evolution that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +principles of evolution that sort of +found expression + + align:start position:0% +found expression + + + align:start position:0% +found expression +in the book, ideas of evolution? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +One of the uh + + align:start position:0% +One of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +One of the uh +well, let me put it this way. uh the + + align:start position:0% +well, let me put it this way. uh the + + + align:start position:0% +well, let me put it this way. uh the +Eloy uh what are they you know in what + + align:start position:0% +Eloy uh what are they you know in what + + + align:start position:0% +Eloy uh what are they you know in what +way are they + + align:start position:0% +way are they + + + align:start position:0% +way are they +how are they being maintained and what + + align:start position:0% +how are they being maintained and what + + + align:start position:0% +how are they being maintained and what +is it suggests about the Eloy + + align:start position:0% +is it suggests about the Eloy + + + align:start position:0% +is it suggests about the Eloy +in terms of uh their status in the + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh their status in the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh their status in the +world? Are they like equal partners or + + align:start position:0% +world? Are they like equal partners or + + + align:start position:0% +world? Are they like equal partners or +are they + + align:start position:0% +are they + + + align:start position:0% +are they +Yeah, David. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, David. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, David. +Uh I think um well the Eloy are small so + + align:start position:0% +Uh I think um well the Eloy are small so + + + align:start position:0% +Uh I think um well the Eloy are small so +they're not physically fit. Um and I + + align:start position:0% +they're not physically fit. Um and I + + + align:start position:0% +they're not physically fit. Um and I +think I read somewhere that the the + + align:start position:0% +think I read somewhere that the the + + + align:start position:0% +think I read somewhere that the the +sexes were very similar to each other. + + align:start position:0% +sexes were very similar to each other. + + + align:start position:0% +sexes were very similar to each other. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +So sort of evolutionarily + + align:start position:0% +So sort of evolutionarily + + + align:start position:0% +So sort of evolutionarily +they converged into one. + + align:start position:0% +they converged into one. + + + align:start position:0% +they converged into one. +Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. +And it sort of goes + + align:start position:0% +And it sort of goes + + + align:start position:0% +And it sort of goes +I think against evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +I think against evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +I think against evolutionary +theory in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +theory in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +theory in the sense that +you're in evolution you're always + + align:start position:0% +you're in evolution you're always + + + align:start position:0% +you're in evolution you're always +looking for that variation and that + + align:start position:0% +looking for that variation and that + + + align:start position:0% +looking for that variation and that +variation is what drives + + align:start position:0% +variation is what drives + + + align:start position:0% +variation is what drives +um natural selection. But again like + + align:start position:0% +um natural selection. But again like + + + align:start position:0% +um natural selection. But again like +there are no problems + + align:start position:0% +there are no problems + + + align:start position:0% +there are no problems +like out like disease or war + + align:start position:0% +like out like disease or war + + + align:start position:0% +like out like disease or war +in the society and so without the + + align:start position:0% +in the society and so without the + + + align:start position:0% +in the society and so without the +without the necessity + + align:start position:0% +without the necessity + + + align:start position:0% +without the necessity +there's no need to improve which is sort + + align:start position:0% +there's no need to improve which is sort + + + align:start position:0% +there's no need to improve which is sort +of ironic cuz we always we're looking + + align:start position:0% +of ironic cuz we always we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +of ironic cuz we always we're looking +for solutions + + align:start position:0% +for solutions + + + align:start position:0% +for solutions +and it's sort of HG + + align:start position:0% +and it's sort of HG + + + align:start position:0% +and it's sort of HG +wells sort of says like if we solve all + + align:start position:0% +wells sort of says like if we solve all + + + align:start position:0% +wells sort of says like if we solve all +our problems then you know what what'll + + align:start position:0% +our problems then you know what what'll + + + align:start position:0% +our problems then you know what what'll +happen next. + + align:start position:0% +happen next. + + + align:start position:0% +happen next. +I thought like their the androgyny and + + align:start position:0% +I thought like their the androgyny and + + + align:start position:0% +I thought like their the androgyny and +their weakness and everything was a + + align:start position:0% +their weakness and everything was a + + + align:start position:0% +their weakness and everything was a +really interesting point. And he he made + + align:start position:0% +really interesting point. And he he made + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting point. And he he made +the point that I guess it that there was + + align:start position:0% +the point that I guess it that there was + + + align:start position:0% +the point that I guess it that there was +no longer any competition in the + + align:start position:0% +no longer any competition in the + + + align:start position:0% +no longer any competition in the +species. There was no sexual + + align:start position:0% +species. There was no sexual + + + align:start position:0% +species. There was no sexual +competition. There was no + + align:start position:0% +competition. There was no + + + align:start position:0% +competition. There was no +um you know he said something about like + + align:start position:0% +um you know he said something about like + + + align:start position:0% +um you know he said something about like +when when society is perfect, it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +when when society is perfect, it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +when when society is perfect, it doesn't +matter if you're weak or strong because + + align:start position:0% +matter if you're weak or strong because + + + align:start position:0% +matter if you're weak or strong because +the weakest still get by just as fine as + + align:start position:0% +the weakest still get by just as fine as + + + align:start position:0% +the weakest still get by just as fine as +the strong will. + + align:start position:0% +the strong will. + + + align:start position:0% +the strong will. +And the strong is unnecessarily strong. + + align:start position:0% +And the strong is unnecessarily strong. + + + align:start position:0% +And the strong is unnecessarily strong. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +extra effort. + + align:start position:0% +extra effort. + + + align:start position:0% +extra effort. +Yeah, it kind of gets weeded out. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it kind of gets weeded out. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, it kind of gets weeded out. +Yeah. I mean that that fits into the + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I mean that that fits into the + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I mean that that fits into the +kind of in some popularized way uh the + + align:start position:0% +kind of in some popularized way uh the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of in some popularized way uh the +concept of evolution is you know if + + align:start position:0% +concept of evolution is you know if + + + align:start position:0% +concept of evolution is you know if +there's no evolutionary pressure for + + align:start position:0% +there's no evolutionary pressure for + + + align:start position:0% +there's no evolutionary pressure for +competition + + align:start position:0% +competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition +then there's no uh there's no process + + align:start position:0% +then there's no uh there's no process + + + align:start position:0% +then there's no uh there's no process +that's going to uh uh enable stronger + + align:start position:0% +that's going to uh uh enable stronger + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to uh uh enable stronger +to survive over weaker. So if if if + + align:start position:0% +to survive over weaker. So if if if + + + align:start position:0% +to survive over weaker. So if if if +people ultimately uh attain this this + + align:start position:0% +people ultimately uh attain this this + + + align:start position:0% +people ultimately uh attain this this +kind of perfect state + + align:start position:0% +kind of perfect state + + + align:start position:0% +kind of perfect state +uh you know I mean really and truly what + + align:start position:0% +uh you know I mean really and truly what + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know I mean really and truly what +what would it do to them? It takes us + + align:start position:0% +what would it do to them? It takes us + + + align:start position:0% +what would it do to them? It takes us +all the way back to that second part of + + align:start position:0% +all the way back to that second part of + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back to that second part of +Mouthus where Mouthys says you know uh + + align:start position:0% +Mouthus where Mouthys says you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthus where Mouthys says you know uh +necessity is the mother of invention. + + align:start position:0% +necessity is the mother of invention. + + + align:start position:0% +necessity is the mother of invention. +Necessity is what gives rise to the mind + + align:start position:0% +Necessity is what gives rise to the mind + + + align:start position:0% +Necessity is what gives rise to the mind +and this whole competition and and and + + align:start position:0% +and this whole competition and and and + + + align:start position:0% +and this whole competition and and and +and the quote that uh David read is + + align:start position:0% +and the quote that uh David read is + + + align:start position:0% +and the quote that uh David read is +right on that exact point. + + align:start position:0% +right on that exact point. + + + align:start position:0% +right on that exact point. +You know, if if there were no + + align:start position:0% +You know, if if there were no + + + align:start position:0% +You know, if if there were no +competition in society and society were + + align:start position:0% +competition in society and society were + + + align:start position:0% +competition in society and society were +totally stabilized, um you would uh + + align:start position:0% +totally stabilized, um you would uh + + + align:start position:0% +totally stabilized, um you would uh +under kind of a utopian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dynamic or situation + + align:start position:0% +dynamic or situation + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic or situation +uh you would in time sort of just lose + + align:start position:0% +uh you would in time sort of just lose + + + align:start position:0% +uh you would in time sort of just lose +any kind of uh uh unique expression or + + align:start position:0% +any kind of uh uh unique expression or + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of uh uh unique expression or +advance. + + align:start position:0% +advance. + + + align:start position:0% +advance. +So this reflects something in Darwin's + + align:start position:0% +So this reflects something in Darwin's + + + align:start position:0% +So this reflects something in Darwin's +work in uh this whole concept of uh + + align:start position:0% +work in uh this whole concept of uh + + + align:start position:0% +work in uh this whole concept of uh +domestication. + + align:start position:0% +domestication. + + + align:start position:0% +domestication. +What is what does domestication do to + + align:start position:0% +What is what does domestication do to + + + align:start position:0% +What is what does domestication do to +species? Remember we talked about um um + + align:start position:0% +species? Remember we talked about um um + + + align:start position:0% +species? Remember we talked about um um +artificial selection? + + align:start position:0% +artificial selection? + + + align:start position:0% +artificial selection? +What about those domesticated species? + + align:start position:0% +What about those domesticated species? + + + align:start position:0% +What about those domesticated species? +what what happens to them as humans like + + align:start position:0% +what what happens to them as humans like + + + align:start position:0% +what what happens to them as humans like +like cats and dogs and cows and chickens + + align:start position:0% +like cats and dogs and cows and chickens + + + align:start position:0% +like cats and dogs and cows and chickens +and things of that sort. How are they + + align:start position:0% +and things of that sort. How are they + + + align:start position:0% +and things of that sort. How are they +uh you know as as organisms? + + align:start position:0% +uh you know as as organisms? + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know as as organisms? +How do they compare to their ancestral + + align:start position:0% +How do they compare to their ancestral + + + align:start position:0% +How do they compare to their ancestral +wild forms? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Well, they're no longer bred for like + + align:start position:0% +Well, they're no longer bred for like + + + align:start position:0% +Well, they're no longer bred for like +competition outside. They just they're + + align:start position:0% +competition outside. They just they're + + + align:start position:0% +competition outside. They just they're +substantiers + + align:start position:0% +substantiers + + + align:start position:0% +substantiers +or people who own them. So essentially + + align:start position:0% +or people who own them. So essentially + + + align:start position:0% +or people who own them. So essentially +if they go into the wild they'll just + + align:start position:0% +if they go into the wild they'll just + + + align:start position:0% +if they go into the wild they'll just +die out as soon as they get there since + + align:start position:0% +die out as soon as they get there since + + + align:start position:0% +die out as soon as they get there since +they can't compete. + + align:start position:0% +they can't compete. + + + align:start position:0% +they can't compete. +They can't compete. So they they become + + align:start position:0% +They can't compete. So they they become + + + align:start position:0% +They can't compete. So they they become +their forms become much more uh juvenile + + align:start position:0% +their forms become much more uh juvenile + + + align:start position:0% +their forms become much more uh juvenile +really. Uh domestication sort of tends + + align:start position:0% +really. Uh domestication sort of tends + + + align:start position:0% +really. Uh domestication sort of tends +to uh uh it it tends to fix organisms in + + align:start position:0% +to uh uh it it tends to fix organisms in + + + align:start position:0% +to uh uh it it tends to fix organisms in +their juvenile stages. + + align:start position:0% +their juvenile stages. + + + align:start position:0% +their juvenile stages. +They don't advance into more adult + + align:start position:0% +They don't advance into more adult + + + align:start position:0% +They don't advance into more adult +stages. And those stages are basically u + + align:start position:0% +stages. And those stages are basically u + + + align:start position:0% +stages. And those stages are basically u +less defined. + + align:start position:0% +less defined. + + + align:start position:0% +less defined. +So these little people, the Eloy are + + align:start position:0% +So these little people, the Eloy are + + + align:start position:0% +So these little people, the Eloy are +kind of list little domesticated humans + + align:start position:0% +kind of list little domesticated humans + + + align:start position:0% +kind of list little domesticated humans +in some sense. They've been domesticated + + align:start position:0% +in some sense. They've been domesticated + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense. They've been domesticated +as well, he says in the book uh in one + + align:start position:0% +as well, he says in the book uh in one + + + align:start position:0% +as well, he says in the book uh in one +passage, they're sort of like cattle. + + align:start position:0% +passage, they're sort of like cattle. + + + align:start position:0% +passage, they're sort of like cattle. +I mean different of course, but uh + + align:start position:0% +I mean different of course, but uh + + + align:start position:0% +I mean different of course, but uh +they're basically + + align:start position:0% +they're basically + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically +uh being maintained. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, okay. So, we have this uh this this + + align:start position:0% +So, okay. So, we have this uh this this + + + align:start position:0% +So, okay. So, we have this uh this this +sort of uh weird tale of uh the time + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh weird tale of uh the time + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh weird tale of uh the time +traveler. + + align:start position:0% +traveler. + + + align:start position:0% +traveler. +um he's found these two different + + align:start position:0% +um he's found these two different + + + align:start position:0% +um he's found these two different +species + + align:start position:0% +species + + + align:start position:0% +species +and they no longer interbreed or + + align:start position:0% +and they no longer interbreed or + + + align:start position:0% +and they no longer interbreed or +whatever. They at least theoretically + + align:start position:0% +whatever. They at least theoretically + + + align:start position:0% +whatever. They at least theoretically +according to his theory is that they, as + + align:start position:0% +according to his theory is that they, as + + + align:start position:0% +according to his theory is that they, as +David said, they uh they became + + align:start position:0% +David said, they uh they became + + + align:start position:0% +David said, they uh they became +separated through sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +separated through sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +separated through sort of uh +uh a division of labor, you might say, + + align:start position:0% +uh a division of labor, you might say, + + + align:start position:0% +uh a division of labor, you might say, +or one group became the source of uh the + + align:start position:0% +or one group became the source of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +or one group became the source of uh the +labor and the other group uh became the + + align:start position:0% +labor and the other group uh became the + + + align:start position:0% +labor and the other group uh became the +consuming group. And uh + + align:start position:0% +consuming group. And uh + + + align:start position:0% +consuming group. And uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +as as they developed into these advanced + + align:start position:0% +as as they developed into these advanced + + + align:start position:0% +as as they developed into these advanced +stages, they sort of separated into two + + align:start position:0% +stages, they sort of separated into two + + + align:start position:0% +stages, they sort of separated into two +types of species. + + align:start position:0% +types of species. + + + align:start position:0% +types of species. +And in some ways, this reflects some of + + align:start position:0% +And in some ways, this reflects some of + + + align:start position:0% +And in some ways, this reflects some of +the thinking of uh Stephvenson and + + align:start position:0% +the thinking of uh Stephvenson and + + + align:start position:0% +the thinking of uh Stephvenson and +Jacqueline Hyde. How are what are what + + align:start position:0% +Jacqueline Hyde. How are what are what + + + align:start position:0% +Jacqueline Hyde. How are what are what +are some of the parallels here between + + align:start position:0% +are some of the parallels here between + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the parallels here between +Jackal and Hyde and Eloy and Morlocks? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, you have like there's like kind of + + align:start position:0% +Well, you have like there's like kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Well, you have like there's like kind of +a division between what used to be one. + + align:start position:0% +a division between what used to be one. + + + align:start position:0% +a division between what used to be one. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +obviously, + + align:start position:0% +obviously, + + + align:start position:0% +obviously, +but they're just on different scales. + + align:start position:0% +but they're just on different scales. + + + align:start position:0% +but they're just on different scales. +And one of them is thinking in terms of + + align:start position:0% +And one of them is thinking in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +And one of them is thinking in terms of +society. What would happen if you just + + align:start position:0% +society. What would happen if you just + + + align:start position:0% +society. What would happen if you just +put like all of a certain characteristic + + align:start position:0% +put like all of a certain characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +put like all of a certain characteristic +in one side and then everything that's + + align:start position:0% +in one side and then everything that's + + + align:start position:0% +in one side and then everything that's +the opposite on on the other like kind + + align:start position:0% +the opposite on on the other like kind + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite on on the other like kind +of like just separate out create this + + align:start position:0% +of like just separate out create this + + + align:start position:0% +of like just separate out create this +kind of gradient. Um and then obviously + + align:start position:0% +kind of gradient. Um and then obviously + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gradient. Um and then obviously +in Dr. Jackekal and Mr. H you have also + + align:start position:0% +in Dr. Jackekal and Mr. H you have also + + + align:start position:0% +in Dr. Jackekal and Mr. H you have also +this kind of separation of good and evil + + align:start position:0% +this kind of separation of good and evil + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of separation of good and evil +and how they how they feed off of each + + align:start position:0% +and how they how they feed off of each + + + align:start position:0% +and how they how they feed off of each +other. like there is this uh + + align:start position:0% +other. like there is this uh + + + align:start position:0% +other. like there is this uh +interdependency between + + align:start position:0% +interdependency between + + + align:start position:0% +interdependency between +Mr. Dr. Jack and Mr. Hyde just in + + align:start position:0% +Mr. Dr. Jack and Mr. Hyde just in + + + align:start position:0% +Mr. Dr. Jack and Mr. Hyde just in +different ways um and same for Eloy and + + align:start position:0% +different ways um and same for Eloy and + + + align:start position:0% +different ways um and same for Eloy and +Morlocks. + + align:start position:0% +Morlocks. + + + align:start position:0% +Morlocks. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Any other thoughts? Yes, definitely. Any + + align:start position:0% +Any other thoughts? Yes, definitely. Any + + + align:start position:0% +Any other thoughts? Yes, definitely. Any +other thoughts about Eloy and uh + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts about Eloy and uh + + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts about Eloy and uh +Morlocks and Jacqueline Hyde? David, + + align:start position:0% +Morlocks and Jacqueline Hyde? David, + + + align:start position:0% +Morlocks and Jacqueline Hyde? David, +they're both kind of like uh the kind of + + align:start position:0% +they're both kind of like uh the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +they're both kind of like uh the kind of +two forms specialize and + + align:start position:0% +two forms specialize and + + + align:start position:0% +two forms specialize and +I think in both cases kind of the the + + align:start position:0% +I think in both cases kind of the the + + + align:start position:0% +I think in both cases kind of the the +darker more primal form seems to + + align:start position:0% +darker more primal form seems to + + + align:start position:0% +darker more primal form seems to +dominate the + + align:start position:0% +dominate the + + + align:start position:0% +dominate the +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +the weaker form. + + align:start position:0% +the weaker form. + + + align:start position:0% +the weaker form. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Yeah. How how do they compare just uh + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. How how do they compare just uh + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. How how do they compare just uh +you know I mean if you had to choose to + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean if you had to choose to + + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean if you had to choose to +be not that you would find + + align:start position:0% +be not that you would find + + + align:start position:0% +be not that you would find +which which form would you rather be + + align:start position:0% +which which form would you rather be + + + align:start position:0% +which which form would you rather be +part of? Would you rather be a Eloy or + + align:start position:0% +part of? Would you rather be a Eloy or + + + align:start position:0% +part of? Would you rather be a Eloy or +Morlock? I mean in terms of you know the + + align:start position:0% +Morlock? I mean in terms of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +Morlock? I mean in terms of you know the +what are their different characteristic + + align:start position:0% +what are their different characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +what are their different characteristic +what what are some of the differences? + + align:start position:0% +what what are some of the differences? + + + align:start position:0% +what what are some of the differences? +I mean obviously one lives underground + + align:start position:0% +I mean obviously one lives underground + + + align:start position:0% +I mean obviously one lives underground +and has flax and hair and and uh no + + align:start position:0% +and has flax and hair and and uh no + + + align:start position:0% +and has flax and hair and and uh no +pigment in their skins. Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +the evil really just aren't able to self + + align:start position:0% +the evil really just aren't able to self + + + align:start position:0% +the evil really just aren't able to self +sustain. They rely on the uh so was it + + align:start position:0% +sustain. They rely on the uh so was it + + + align:start position:0% +sustain. They rely on the uh so was it +the morlocks? Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +the morlocks? Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +the morlocks? Yeah, +for everything from clothing + + align:start position:0% +for everything from clothing + + + align:start position:0% +for everything from clothing +to basically, you know, they'd have no + + align:start position:0% +to basically, you know, they'd have no + + + align:start position:0% +to basically, you know, they'd have no +chance of surviving on their own. + + align:start position:0% +chance of surviving on their own. + + + align:start position:0% +chance of surviving on their own. +Whereas the Morlocks, + + align:start position:0% +Whereas the Morlocks, + + + align:start position:0% +Whereas the Morlocks, +um, you know, even if they need the + + align:start position:0% +um, you know, even if they need the + + + align:start position:0% +um, you know, even if they need the +ventilation service from the Eloy, + + align:start position:0% +ventilation service from the Eloy, + + + align:start position:0% +ventilation service from the Eloy, +they're they're pretty much self- + + align:start position:0% +they're they're pretty much self- + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're pretty much self- +sustaining. + + align:start position:0% +sustaining. + + + align:start position:0% +sustaining. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +They seem somewhat capable of doing + + align:start position:0% +They seem somewhat capable of doing + + + align:start position:0% +They seem somewhat capable of doing +things. + + align:start position:0% +things. + + + align:start position:0% +things. +Yeah, they they come from this long + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, they they come from this long + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, they they come from this long +tradition of maintaining uh you know the + + align:start position:0% +tradition of maintaining uh you know the + + + align:start position:0% +tradition of maintaining uh you know the +the status quo and uh you could say that + + align:start position:0% +the status quo and uh you could say that + + + align:start position:0% +the status quo and uh you could say that +this world is a kind of a homeostatic + + align:start position:0% +this world is a kind of a homeostatic + + + align:start position:0% +this world is a kind of a homeostatic +world. It's it's reached a point of + + align:start position:0% +world. It's it's reached a point of + + + align:start position:0% +world. It's it's reached a point of +equilibrium. + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium. + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium. +Uh so in some sense both parts depend on + + align:start position:0% +Uh so in some sense both parts depend on + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so in some sense both parts depend on +other but uh on each other but uh + + align:start position:0% +other but uh on each other but uh + + + align:start position:0% +other but uh on each other but uh +certainly the Morlocks are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +certainly the Morlocks are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +certainly the Morlocks are the ones that +have at least some elements of ingenuity + + align:start position:0% +have at least some elements of ingenuity + + + align:start position:0% +have at least some elements of ingenuity +still. They maintain machines. They uh + + align:start position:0% +still. They maintain machines. They uh + + + align:start position:0% +still. They maintain machines. They uh +you know they they they produce all the + + align:start position:0% +you know they they they produce all the + + + align:start position:0% +you know they they they produce all the +goods and things simple as they are that + + align:start position:0% +goods and things simple as they are that + + + align:start position:0% +goods and things simple as they are that +the uh uh Eloy + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh Eloy + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh Eloy +consume. Um and they basically take care + + align:start position:0% +consume. Um and they basically take care + + + align:start position:0% +consume. Um and they basically take care +of things. + + align:start position:0% +of things. + + + align:start position:0% +of things. +They're only uh their only uh uh + + align:start position:0% +They're only uh their only uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +They're only uh their only uh uh +requirement is they they sort of uh they + + align:start position:0% +requirement is they they sort of uh they + + + align:start position:0% +requirement is they they sort of uh they +dine on + + align:start position:0% +dine on + + + align:start position:0% +dine on +Eli. So, this is a very efficient world, + + align:start position:0% +Eli. So, this is a very efficient world, + + + align:start position:0% +Eli. So, this is a very efficient world, +isn't it? But, uh, what about the Eli? + + align:start position:0% +isn't it? But, uh, what about the Eli? + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it? But, uh, what about the Eli? +What are their qualities? I mean, the + + align:start position:0% +What are their qualities? I mean, the + + + align:start position:0% +What are their qualities? I mean, the +time traveler prefers the Eloy, doesn't + + align:start position:0% +time traveler prefers the Eloy, doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +time traveler prefers the Eloy, doesn't +he? + + align:start position:0% +he? + + + align:start position:0% +he? +What does he say about the Morlocks? + + align:start position:0% +What does he say about the Morlocks? + + + align:start position:0% +What does he say about the Morlocks? +What's his and how does that compare? + + align:start position:0% +What's his and how does that compare? + + + align:start position:0% +What's his and how does that compare? +Remember what they said about + + align:start position:0% +Remember what they said about + + + align:start position:0% +Remember what they said about +everybody who meets Hyde, you know, what + + align:start position:0% +everybody who meets Hyde, you know, what + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who meets Hyde, you know, what +do they say when they in Hyde's + + align:start position:0% +do they say when they in Hyde's + + + align:start position:0% +do they say when they in Hyde's +presence? + + align:start position:0% +presence? + + + align:start position:0% +presence? +something they, you know, hide is, you + + align:start position:0% +something they, you know, hide is, you + + + align:start position:0% +something they, you know, hide is, you +know, is there something that they don't + + align:start position:0% +know, is there something that they don't + + + align:start position:0% +know, is there something that they don't +like communicates something. And that + + align:start position:0% +like communicates something. And that + + + align:start position:0% +like communicates something. And that +same that same type of dynamic is uh + + align:start position:0% +same that same type of dynamic is uh + + + align:start position:0% +same that same type of dynamic is uh +being or interaction is is uh the time + + align:start position:0% +being or interaction is is uh the time + + + align:start position:0% +being or interaction is is uh the time +traveler's response to + + align:start position:0% +traveler's response to + + + align:start position:0% +traveler's response to +seeing more. + + align:start position:0% +seeing more. + + + align:start position:0% +seeing more. +He doesn't like them. They're somehow + + align:start position:0% +He doesn't like them. They're somehow + + + align:start position:0% +He doesn't like them. They're somehow +inherently + + align:start position:0% +inherently + + + align:start position:0% +inherently +uh negative, evil. + + align:start position:0% +uh negative, evil. + + + align:start position:0% +uh negative, evil. +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +so yeah there's uh there is this this + + align:start position:0% +so yeah there's uh there is this this + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah there's uh there is this this +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +sort of um this development and teasing + + align:start position:0% +sort of um this development and teasing + + + align:start position:0% +sort of um this development and teasing +apart of different elements. I mean + + align:start position:0% +apart of different elements. I mean + + + align:start position:0% +apart of different elements. I mean +would it be fair to say that + + align:start position:0% +would it be fair to say that + + + align:start position:0% +would it be fair to say that +you know these are two parts of a + + align:start position:0% +you know these are two parts of a + + + align:start position:0% +you know these are two parts of a +unified human psyche or in some sense + + align:start position:0% +unified human psyche or in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +unified human psyche or in some sense +expressions. + + align:start position:0% +expressions. + + + align:start position:0% +expressions. +What about the uh what about the Eloy? + + align:start position:0% +What about the uh what about the Eloy? + + + align:start position:0% +What about the uh what about the Eloy? +What is it that the time traveler finds + + align:start position:0% +What is it that the time traveler finds + + + align:start position:0% +What is it that the time traveler finds +attractive? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Casey, + + align:start position:0% +Casey, + + + align:start position:0% +Casey, +they're just like + + align:start position:0% +they're just like + + + align:start position:0% +they're just like +see they're like in the light in the + + align:start position:0% +see they're like in the light in the + + + align:start position:0% +see they're like in the light in the +light. So, it's kind of like, + + align:start position:0% +light. So, it's kind of like, + + + align:start position:0% +light. So, it's kind of like, +you know, obviously he's not going to + + align:start position:0% +you know, obviously he's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +you know, obviously he's not going to +like people in the dark cuz it's + + align:start position:0% +like people in the dark cuz it's + + + align:start position:0% +like people in the dark cuz it's +and they they kind of just seem to have + + align:start position:0% +and they they kind of just seem to have + + + align:start position:0% +and they they kind of just seem to have +everything going for them. the exception + + align:start position:0% +everything going for them. the exception + + + align:start position:0% +everything going for them. the exception +of the fact that they can't do anything + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that they can't do anything + + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that they can't do anything +for themselves. But I mean, + + align:start position:0% +for themselves. But I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +for themselves. But I mean, +he just kind of likes + + align:start position:0% +he just kind of likes + + + align:start position:0% +he just kind of likes +they play they play in the sunlight. + + align:start position:0% +they play they play in the sunlight. + + + align:start position:0% +they play they play in the sunlight. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +I think maybe he just relates to them + + align:start position:0% +I think maybe he just relates to them + + + align:start position:0% +I think maybe he just relates to them +more because in some ways it's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +more because in some ways it's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +more because in some ways it's sort of a +social commentary of like higher and + + align:start position:0% +social commentary of like higher and + + + align:start position:0% +social commentary of like higher and +lower classes and it seems that the time + + align:start position:0% +lower classes and it seems that the time + + + align:start position:0% +lower classes and it seems that the time +traveler would have come from a place in + + align:start position:0% +traveler would have come from a place in + + + align:start position:0% +traveler would have come from a place in +society where he was sort of not of the + + align:start position:0% +society where he was sort of not of the + + + align:start position:0% +society where he was sort of not of the +working class, more of + + align:start position:0% +working class, more of + + + align:start position:0% +working class, more of +yeah, + + align:start position:0% +yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, +you know, higher class where he can sit + + align:start position:0% +you know, higher class where he can sit + + + align:start position:0% +you know, higher class where he can sit +around and talk about time travel and + + align:start position:0% +around and talk about time travel and + + + align:start position:0% +around and talk about time travel and +things. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +things. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +things. Yeah. +So maybe he just relates more to this + + align:start position:0% +So maybe he just relates more to this + + + align:start position:0% +So maybe he just relates more to this +like the epitome of a higher class of + + align:start position:0% +like the epitome of a higher class of + + + align:start position:0% +like the epitome of a higher class of +beings that don't have to work for + + align:start position:0% +beings that don't have to work for + + + align:start position:0% +beings that don't have to work for +themselves. + + align:start position:0% +themselves. + + + align:start position:0% +themselves. +Okay. Yeah. You're sort of bringing in a + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yeah. You're sort of bringing in a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Yeah. You're sort of bringing in a +parallel here to + + align:start position:0% +parallel here to + + + align:start position:0% +parallel here to +Jackal. Isn't I mean there's something + + align:start position:0% +Jackal. Isn't I mean there's something + + + align:start position:0% +Jackal. Isn't I mean there's something +in Jackal's personality, + + align:start position:0% +in Jackal's personality, + + + align:start position:0% +in Jackal's personality, +certain type of interest, a little bit + + align:start position:0% +certain type of interest, a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +certain type of interest, a little bit +of boredom. + + align:start position:0% +of boredom. + + + align:start position:0% +of boredom. +everything is uh you know he's he's well + + align:start position:0% +everything is uh you know he's he's well + + + align:start position:0% +everything is uh you know he's he's well +situated in society + + align:start position:0% +situated in society + + + align:start position:0% +situated in society +and the time traveler also is you know + + align:start position:0% +and the time traveler also is you know + + + align:start position:0% +and the time traveler also is you know +of that same kind of uh curiosity + + align:start position:0% +of that same kind of uh curiosity + + + align:start position:0% +of that same kind of uh curiosity +based on sort of a eccentric interest in + + align:start position:0% +based on sort of a eccentric interest in + + + align:start position:0% +based on sort of a eccentric interest in +various kinds of questions and this this + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of questions and this this + + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of questions and this this +this deep desire to figure out how to uh + + align:start position:0% +this deep desire to figure out how to uh + + + align:start position:0% +this deep desire to figure out how to uh +uh transcend some boundary + + align:start position:0% +uh transcend some boundary + + + align:start position:0% +uh transcend some boundary +and in Transcending these boundaries, + + align:start position:0% +and in Transcending these boundaries, + + + align:start position:0% +and in Transcending these boundaries, +both Jackal and the time traveler + + align:start position:0% +both Jackal and the time traveler + + + align:start position:0% +both Jackal and the time traveler +enter into this encounter + + align:start position:0% +enter into this encounter + + + align:start position:0% +enter into this encounter +with the other side. The other we would + + align:start position:0% +with the other side. The other we would + + + align:start position:0% +with the other side. The other we would +call it, some people would call it that + + align:start position:0% +call it, some people would call it that + + + align:start position:0% +call it, some people would call it that +other side of the psyche + + align:start position:0% +other side of the psyche + + + align:start position:0% +other side of the psyche +and in some sense that other + + align:start position:0% +and in some sense that other + + + align:start position:0% +and in some sense that other +possibility. + + align:start position:0% +possibility. + + + align:start position:0% +possibility. +So the mechanism in the one is the + + align:start position:0% +So the mechanism in the one is the + + + align:start position:0% +So the mechanism in the one is the +potion. You drink it, you become the + + align:start position:0% +potion. You drink it, you become the + + + align:start position:0% +potion. You drink it, you become the +mechanism and the other is traveling + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and the other is traveling + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and the other is traveling +into the distant time and you suddenly + + align:start position:0% +into the distant time and you suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +into the distant time and you suddenly +see this human entity pulled apart + + align:start position:0% +see this human entity pulled apart + + + align:start position:0% +see this human entity pulled apart +through the vastness of time into these + + align:start position:0% +through the vastness of time into these + + + align:start position:0% +through the vastness of time into these +sub + + align:start position:0% +sub + + + align:start position:0% +sub +sub uh or these these you know evolved + + align:start position:0% +sub uh or these these you know evolved + + + align:start position:0% +sub uh or these these you know evolved +or devolved creatures. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah, David. I thought another + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, David. I thought another + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, David. I thought another +interesting thing uh I thought of was + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing uh I thought of was + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing uh I thought of was +how they treated him + + align:start position:0% +how they treated him + + + align:start position:0% +how they treated him +because it seemed like like the Aloy + + align:start position:0% +because it seemed like like the Aloy + + + align:start position:0% +because it seemed like like the Aloy +were like curious about him but then + + align:start position:0% +were like curious about him but then + + + align:start position:0% +were like curious about him but then +like lost interest and he described them + + align:start position:0% +like lost interest and he described them + + + align:start position:0% +like lost interest and he described them +as being like + + align:start position:0% +as being like + + + align:start position:0% +as being like +like they were too dumb to like you know + + align:start position:0% +like they were too dumb to like you know + + + align:start position:0% +like they were too dumb to like you know +remain interested in him + + align:start position:0% +remain interested in him + + + align:start position:0% +remain interested in him +and then but but also it seemed like + + align:start position:0% +and then but but also it seemed like + + + align:start position:0% +and then but but also it seemed like +they weren't afraid of him which seems + + align:start position:0% +they weren't afraid of him which seems + + + align:start position:0% +they weren't afraid of him which seems +strange because + + align:start position:0% +strange because + + + align:start position:0% +strange because +I mean I feel like with their + + align:start position:0% +I mean I feel like with their + + + align:start position:0% +I mean I feel like with their +relationship with the Morlocks like they + + align:start position:0% +relationship with the Morlocks like they + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with the Morlocks like they +would have been more I guess wary of of + + align:start position:0% +would have been more I guess wary of of + + + align:start position:0% +would have been more I guess wary of of +someone that they didn't like recognize. + + align:start position:0% +someone that they didn't like recognize. + + + align:start position:0% +someone that they didn't like recognize. +And then the Morlocks kind of don't + + align:start position:0% +And then the Morlocks kind of don't + + + align:start position:0% +And then the Morlocks kind of don't +treat him as equals either. Like they I + + align:start position:0% +treat him as equals either. Like they I + + + align:start position:0% +treat him as equals either. Like they I +mean they want to eat him just as well. + + align:start position:0% +mean they want to eat him just as well. + + + align:start position:0% +mean they want to eat him just as well. +But + + align:start position:0% +But + + + align:start position:0% +But +but they also kind of set a trap for + + align:start position:0% +but they also kind of set a trap for + + + align:start position:0% +but they also kind of set a trap for +him, which obviously they won't do for + + align:start position:0% +him, which obviously they won't do for + + + align:start position:0% +him, which obviously they won't do for +the Aloy. + + align:start position:0% +the Aloy. + + + align:start position:0% +the Aloy. +But um in both cases, it just seems + + align:start position:0% +But um in both cases, it just seems + + + align:start position:0% +But um in both cases, it just seems +like, + + align:start position:0% +like, + + + align:start position:0% +like, +you know, they they didn't even kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know, they they didn't even kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know, they they didn't even kind of +question where he came from or anything. + + align:start position:0% +question where he came from or anything. + + + align:start position:0% +question where he came from or anything. +Like there's no there's no sense of + + align:start position:0% +Like there's no there's no sense of + + + align:start position:0% +Like there's no there's no sense of +understanding of for them of like + + align:start position:0% +understanding of for them of like + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of for them of like +evolution or anything. like they're not + + align:start position:0% +evolution or anything. like they're not + + + align:start position:0% +evolution or anything. like they're not +aware of it themselves. + + align:start position:0% +aware of it themselves. + + + align:start position:0% +aware of it themselves. +Yeah. He he he mentions that, you know, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. He he he mentions that, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. He he he mentions that, you know, +the intelligence is gone. There's no + + align:start position:0% +the intelligence is gone. There's no + + + align:start position:0% +the intelligence is gone. There's no +intelligence left. Uh because he's he's + + align:start position:0% +intelligence left. Uh because he's he's + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence left. Uh because he's he's +very disappointed when one of them asks + + align:start position:0% +very disappointed when one of them asks + + + align:start position:0% +very disappointed when one of them asks +if he came through the thunderstorm from + + align:start position:0% +if he came through the thunderstorm from + + + align:start position:0% +if he came through the thunderstorm from +the sun or, you know, and he's he + + align:start position:0% +the sun or, you know, and he's he + + + align:start position:0% +the sun or, you know, and he's he +realizes and he's dealing with, you + + align:start position:0% +realizes and he's dealing with, you + + + align:start position:0% +realizes and he's dealing with, you +know, uh a a people who have uh no + + align:start position:0% +know, uh a a people who have uh no + + + align:start position:0% +know, uh a a people who have uh no +mental capacity. They're very much like + + align:start position:0% +mental capacity. They're very much like + + + align:start position:0% +mental capacity. They're very much like +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +well in some sense like children but you + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense like children but you + + + align:start position:0% +well in some sense like children but you +know children of today probably uh + + align:start position:0% +know children of today probably uh + + + align:start position:0% +know children of today probably uh +it's not exact peril because children of + + align:start position:0% +it's not exact peril because children of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not exact peril because children of +today are curious and have lots and lots + + align:start position:0% +today are curious and have lots and lots + + + align:start position:0% +today are curious and have lots and lots +of energy to you know learn new things + + align:start position:0% +of energy to you know learn new things + + + align:start position:0% +of energy to you know learn new things +and so on and so forth. These people + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth. These people + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth. These people +just pretty much uh play um sit in the + + align:start position:0% +just pretty much uh play um sit in the + + + align:start position:0% +just pretty much uh play um sit in the +sun, eat, and interact at some low + + align:start position:0% +sun, eat, and interact at some low + + + align:start position:0% +sun, eat, and interact at some low +level. Yeah, David, + + align:start position:0% +level. Yeah, David, + + + align:start position:0% +level. Yeah, David, +the book also says that um the time + + align:start position:0% +the book also says that um the time + + + align:start position:0% +the book also says that um the time +machine, the time traveler said um that + + align:start position:0% +machine, the time traveler said um that + + + align:start position:0% +machine, the time traveler said um that +the Eloy didn't have any history, but + + align:start position:0% +the Eloy didn't have any history, but + + + align:start position:0% +the Eloy didn't have any history, but +they did they didn't know + + align:start position:0% +they did they didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +they did they didn't know +uh or have any accounts of their + + align:start position:0% +uh or have any accounts of their + + + align:start position:0% +uh or have any accounts of their +history. So, I was wondering if that had + + align:start position:0% +history. So, I was wondering if that had + + + align:start position:0% +history. So, I was wondering if that had +to do with their lack of intelligence + + align:start position:0% +to do with their lack of intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +to do with their lack of intelligence +cuz like obviously with history there + + align:start position:0% +cuz like obviously with history there + + + align:start position:0% +cuz like obviously with history there +comes identity. + + align:start position:0% +comes identity. + + + align:start position:0% +comes identity. +Mhm. + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. + + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. +Um, but I was wondering what people + + align:start position:0% +Um, but I was wondering what people + + + align:start position:0% +Um, but I was wondering what people +thought about that. + + align:start position:0% +thought about that. + + + align:start position:0% +thought about that. +Well, I think that you have totally just + + align:start position:0% +Well, I think that you have totally just + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I think that you have totally just +lost any sense of the past or the + + align:start position:0% +lost any sense of the past or the + + + align:start position:0% +lost any sense of the past or the +future. And all they really care about + + align:start position:0% +future. And all they really care about + + + align:start position:0% +future. And all they really care about +is living in the present like because + + align:start position:0% +is living in the present like because + + + align:start position:0% +is living in the present like because +they they don't seem to have like they + + align:start position:0% +they they don't seem to have like they + + + align:start position:0% +they they don't seem to have like they +wake up when when the sun comes up and + + align:start position:0% +wake up when when the sun comes up and + + + align:start position:0% +wake up when when the sun comes up and +they go to sleep. + + align:start position:0% +they go to sleep. + + + align:start position:0% +they go to sleep. +Mhm. uh when sun goes down and it + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. uh when sun goes down and it + + + align:start position:0% +Mhm. uh when sun goes down and it +doesn't seem like there's any like + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem like there's any like + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem like there's any like +they're not they're they're not really + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're they're not really + + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're they're not really +worried about anything + + align:start position:0% +worried about anything + + + align:start position:0% +worried about anything +and it's just like they're just playing + + align:start position:0% +and it's just like they're just playing + + + align:start position:0% +and it's just like they're just playing +and it seems like they only have one + + align:start position:0% +and it seems like they only have one + + + align:start position:0% +and it seems like they only have one +like they only they're only looking at + + align:start position:0% +like they only they're only looking at + + + align:start position:0% +like they only they're only looking at +life from like present perspectives or + + align:start position:0% +life from like present perspectives or + + + align:start position:0% +life from like present perspectives or +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +like and so in that sense like just the + + align:start position:0% +like and so in that sense like just the + + + align:start position:0% +like and so in that sense like just the +scope the scope in which they can see + + align:start position:0% +scope the scope in which they can see + + + align:start position:0% +scope the scope in which they can see +things has been narrowed down to just + + align:start position:0% +things has been narrowed down to just + + + align:start position:0% +things has been narrowed down to just +one very + + align:start position:0% +one very + + + align:start position:0% +one very +like very narrow + + align:start position:0% +like very narrow + + + align:start position:0% +like very narrow +time frame and I think that's like + + align:start position:0% +time frame and I think that's like + + + align:start position:0% +time frame and I think that's like +another demonstration of the like how + + align:start position:0% +another demonstration of the like how + + + align:start position:0% +another demonstration of the like how +the man man's mind has degenerated over + + align:start position:0% +the man man's mind has degenerated over + + + align:start position:0% +the man man's mind has degenerated over +time. + + align:start position:0% +time. + + + align:start position:0% +time. +Yeah. It just sort of lost interest. It + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. It just sort of lost interest. It + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. It just sort of lost interest. It +would be almost like um you know um uh a + + align:start position:0% +would be almost like um you know um uh a + + + align:start position:0% +would be almost like um you know um uh a +parallel would be some incredibly uh uh + + align:start position:0% +parallel would be some incredibly uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +parallel would be some incredibly uh uh +wealthy individual who had been you know + + align:start position:0% +wealthy individual who had been you know + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy individual who had been you know +satisfied in all dimensions. everything + + align:start position:0% +satisfied in all dimensions. everything + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied in all dimensions. everything +is taking care of this person so forth + + align:start position:0% +is taking care of this person so forth + + + align:start position:0% +is taking care of this person so forth +and gradually loses interest in doing + + align:start position:0% +and gradually loses interest in doing + + + align:start position:0% +and gradually loses interest in doing +things and uh you know that's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +things and uh you know that's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +things and uh you know that's sort of a +some kind of a process like that + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a process like that + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a process like that +historicized through vast periods of + + align:start position:0% +historicized through vast periods of + + + align:start position:0% +historicized through vast periods of +time when you know things were taken + + align:start position:0% +time when you know things were taken + + + align:start position:0% +time when you know things were taken +care of uh there was this uh as I + + align:start position:0% +care of uh there was this uh as I + + + align:start position:0% +care of uh there was this uh as I +mentioned to you a couple of classes ago + + align:start position:0% +mentioned to you a couple of classes ago + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned to you a couple of classes ago +there there was this kind of theme at + + align:start position:0% +there there was this kind of theme at + + + align:start position:0% +there there was this kind of theme at +the end of the 19th century about + + align:start position:0% +the end of the 19th century about + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the 19th century about +degeneration a lot of people concerned + + align:start position:0% +degeneration a lot of people concerned + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration a lot of people concerned +about degeneration and the possibilities + + align:start position:0% +about degeneration and the possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +about degeneration and the possibilities +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +degeneration is this notion that uh + + align:start position:0% +degeneration is this notion that uh + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration is this notion that uh +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +civilization and higher entities can + + align:start position:0% +civilization and higher entities can + + + align:start position:0% +civilization and higher entities can +kind of uh retreat back into simpler + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh retreat back into simpler + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh retreat back into simpler +less uh complex forms and become in some + + align:start position:0% +less uh complex forms and become in some + + + align:start position:0% +less uh complex forms and become in some +ways lose lose their capabilities. + + align:start position:0% +ways lose lose their capabilities. + + + align:start position:0% +ways lose lose their capabilities. +And uh this is this is a type of + + align:start position:0% +And uh this is this is a type of + + + align:start position:0% +And uh this is this is a type of +expression + + align:start position:0% +expression + + + align:start position:0% +expression +of this broad cultural sense. It's in + + align:start position:0% +of this broad cultural sense. It's in + + + align:start position:0% +of this broad cultural sense. It's in +certain individuals but collectively + + align:start position:0% +certain individuals but collectively + + + align:start position:0% +certain individuals but collectively +also that + + align:start position:0% +also that + + + align:start position:0% +also that +culture and civilization could go + + align:start position:0% +culture and civilization could go + + + align:start position:0% +culture and civilization could go +backwards. + + align:start position:0% +backwards. + + + align:start position:0% +backwards. +I mean don't you hear these narratives + + align:start position:0% +I mean don't you hear these narratives + + + align:start position:0% +I mean don't you hear these narratives +even today? Hey, I mean sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +even today? Hey, I mean sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +even today? Hey, I mean sometimes you +hear you listen to political narratives, + + align:start position:0% +hear you listen to political narratives, + + + align:start position:0% +hear you listen to political narratives, +you know, oh, we're we're becoming, you + + align:start position:0% +you know, oh, we're we're becoming, you + + + align:start position:0% +you know, oh, we're we're becoming, you +know, our our society is losing its its + + align:start position:0% +know, our our society is losing its its + + + align:start position:0% +know, our our society is losing its its +capability to vigorously + + align:start position:0% +capability to vigorously + + + align:start position:0% +capability to vigorously +express itself and so on and so forth. + + align:start position:0% +express itself and so on and so forth. + + + align:start position:0% +express itself and so on and so forth. +You I mean, degeneration is always a + + align:start position:0% +You I mean, degeneration is always a + + + align:start position:0% +You I mean, degeneration is always a +kind of narrative that's available for + + align:start position:0% +kind of narrative that's available for + + + align:start position:0% +kind of narrative that's available for +people who want to speculate or say + + align:start position:0% +people who want to speculate or say + + + align:start position:0% +people who want to speculate or say +certain types of things about uh + + align:start position:0% +certain types of things about uh + + + align:start position:0% +certain types of things about uh +contemporary times. + + align:start position:0% +contemporary times. + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary times. +And uh Wells has kind of picked this + + align:start position:0% +And uh Wells has kind of picked this + + + align:start position:0% +And uh Wells has kind of picked this +concept up and in in in some ways + + align:start position:0% +concept up and in in in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +concept up and in in in some ways +brilliantly sort of projected it into + + align:start position:0% +brilliantly sort of projected it into + + + align:start position:0% +brilliantly sort of projected it into +this uh this world of a post + + align:start position:0% +this uh this world of a post + + + align:start position:0% +this uh this world of a post +almost post-evolutionary world. This is + + align:start position:0% +almost post-evolutionary world. This is + + + align:start position:0% +almost post-evolutionary world. This is +this is the end of this is the end of + + align:start position:0% +this is the end of this is the end of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the end of this is the end of +history, the end of culture, the end of + + align:start position:0% +history, the end of culture, the end of + + + align:start position:0% +history, the end of culture, the end of +civilization + + align:start position:0% +civilization + + + align:start position:0% +civilization +because those are all expressions of + + align:start position:0% +because those are all expressions of + + + align:start position:0% +because those are all expressions of +this human effort. as Huxley said, this + + align:start position:0% +this human effort. as Huxley said, this + + + align:start position:0% +this human effort. as Huxley said, this +human effort to kind of come to terms to + + align:start position:0% +human effort to kind of come to terms to + + + align:start position:0% +human effort to kind of come to terms to +create the the garden and the garden is + + align:start position:0% +create the the garden and the garden is + + + align:start position:0% +create the the garden and the garden is +always at risk and being taken back by + + align:start position:0% +always at risk and being taken back by + + + align:start position:0% +always at risk and being taken back by +the state of nature. Well, so that's + + align:start position:0% +the state of nature. Well, so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the state of nature. Well, so that's +that's where some of Huxy's ideas made + + align:start position:0% +that's where some of Huxy's ideas made + + + align:start position:0% +that's where some of Huxy's ideas made +it into this book. This is the garden. + + align:start position:0% +it into this book. This is the garden. + + + align:start position:0% +it into this book. This is the garden. +the the time machine is you've you've + + align:start position:0% +the the time machine is you've you've + + + align:start position:0% +the the time machine is you've you've +arrived at the garden and it is + + align:start position:0% +arrived at the garden and it is + + + align:start position:0% +arrived at the garden and it is +established and you're now seeing + + align:start position:0% +established and you're now seeing + + + align:start position:0% +established and you're now seeing +its long-term expression. + + align:start position:0% +its long-term expression. + + + align:start position:0% +its long-term expression. +And we all like to think of the garden + + align:start position:0% +And we all like to think of the garden + + + align:start position:0% +And we all like to think of the garden +as a highly desirable place as indeed it + + align:start position:0% +as a highly desirable place as indeed it + + + align:start position:0% +as a highly desirable place as indeed it +is. + + align:start position:0% +is. + + + align:start position:0% +is. +uh stretched out through vast periods of + + align:start position:0% +uh stretched out through vast periods of + + + align:start position:0% +uh stretched out through vast periods of +time, a state in which everything was + + align:start position:0% +time, a state in which everything was + + + align:start position:0% +time, a state in which everything was +taken care of, everything was beautiful, + + align:start position:0% +taken care of, everything was beautiful, + + + align:start position:0% +taken care of, everything was beautiful, +there was no more conflict would + + align:start position:0% +there was no more conflict would + + + align:start position:0% +there was no more conflict would +ultimately + + align:start position:0% +ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately +and in in Wells's speculation + + align:start position:0% +and in in Wells's speculation + + + align:start position:0% +and in in Wells's speculation +would ultimately result in a degenerated + + align:start position:0% +would ultimately result in a degenerated + + + align:start position:0% +would ultimately result in a degenerated +form of humans. Damn it. + + align:start position:0% +form of humans. Damn it. + + + align:start position:0% +form of humans. Damn it. +They talk a lot like when they're in the + + align:start position:0% +They talk a lot like when they're in the + + + align:start position:0% +They talk a lot like when they're in the +when they're in like the present time, + + align:start position:0% +when they're in like the present time, + + + align:start position:0% +when they're in like the present time, +they talk a lot about like what the + + align:start position:0% +they talk a lot about like what the + + + align:start position:0% +they talk a lot about like what the +future of mankind would be like and all + + align:start position:0% +future of mankind would be like and all + + + align:start position:0% +future of mankind would be like and all +the technological innovations. + + align:start position:0% +the technological innovations. + + + align:start position:0% +the technological innovations. +Um but then it's interesting that he + + align:start position:0% +Um but then it's interesting that he + + + align:start position:0% +Um but then it's interesting that he +chooses to go way beyond that + + align:start position:0% +chooses to go way beyond that + + + align:start position:0% +chooses to go way beyond that +and even even when they visit the + + align:start position:0% +and even even when they visit the + + + align:start position:0% +and even even when they visit the +museum. + + align:start position:0% +museum. + + + align:start position:0% +museum. +Yes. + + align:start position:0% +Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. +Which I thought was really interesting + + align:start position:0% +Which I thought was really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Which I thought was really interesting +and that it seemed kind of totally out + + align:start position:0% +and that it seemed kind of totally out + + + align:start position:0% +and that it seemed kind of totally out +of place, but then + + align:start position:0% +of place, but then + + + align:start position:0% +of place, but then +Yeah. like the the innovations in the + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. like the the innovations in the + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. like the the innovations in the +museum weren't all that advanced anyway, + + align:start position:0% +museum weren't all that advanced anyway, + + + align:start position:0% +museum weren't all that advanced anyway, +you know, like + + align:start position:0% +you know, like + + + align:start position:0% +you know, like +it seemed like he kind of didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +it seemed like he kind of didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +it seemed like he kind of didn't want to +didn't want to foray into that into that + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to foray into that into that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to foray into that into that +kind of speculation about the He kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of speculation about the He kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of speculation about the He kind of +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +You know, + + align:start position:0% +You know, + + + align:start position:0% +You know, +well, there was a I don't I don't + + align:start position:0% +well, there was a I don't I don't + + + align:start position:0% +well, there was a I don't I don't +remember if I had you read that section + + align:start position:0% +remember if I had you read that section + + + align:start position:0% +remember if I had you read that section +in Arowan. Arowan had a section on on + + align:start position:0% +in Arowan. Arowan had a section on on + + + align:start position:0% +in Arowan. Arowan had a section on on +the museum where + + align:start position:0% +the museum where + + + align:start position:0% +the museum where +after they pick up the uh after they + + align:start position:0% +after they pick up the uh after they + + + align:start position:0% +after they pick up the uh after they +pick up uh the uh uh Awanian traveler uh + + align:start position:0% +pick up uh the uh uh Awanian traveler uh + + + align:start position:0% +pick up uh the uh uh Awanian traveler uh +they find his watch and they take him to + + align:start position:0% +they find his watch and they take him to + + + align:start position:0% +they find his watch and they take him to +the museum where all these old machines + + align:start position:0% +the museum where all these old machines + + + align:start position:0% +the museum where all these old machines +are and so forth. And uh you know they + + align:start position:0% +are and so forth. And uh you know they + + + align:start position:0% +are and so forth. And uh you know they +sort of look and they see the watch and + + align:start position:0% +sort of look and they see the watch and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of look and they see the watch and +you know he sees all these sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +you know he sees all these sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know he sees all these sort of uh +machines that used to exist in Arowan + + align:start position:0% +machines that used to exist in Arowan + + + align:start position:0% +machines that used to exist in Arowan +and uh he's being punished partly + + align:start position:0% +and uh he's being punished partly + + + align:start position:0% +and uh he's being punished partly +because he's reintroduced a machine into + + align:start position:0% +because he's reintroduced a machine into + + + align:start position:0% +because he's reintroduced a machine into +this environment. This is an echo way + + align:start position:0% +this environment. This is an echo way + + + align:start position:0% +this environment. This is an echo way +back in in Wells's book uh of this kind + + align:start position:0% +back in in Wells's book uh of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +back in in Wells's book uh of this kind +of this museum. It's a great it's a + + align:start position:0% +of this museum. It's a great it's a + + + align:start position:0% +of this museum. It's a great it's a +great device because as you say it sort + + align:start position:0% +great device because as you say it sort + + + align:start position:0% +great device because as you say it sort +of reflects on a past that existed + + align:start position:0% +of reflects on a past that existed + + + align:start position:0% +of reflects on a past that existed +but you know what does he get out of it? + + align:start position:0% +but you know what does he get out of it? + + + align:start position:0% +but you know what does he get out of it? +Well, he gets some camper to you know + + align:start position:0% +Well, he gets some camper to you know + + + align:start position:0% +Well, he gets some camper to you know +create the fire some more matches and he + + align:start position:0% +create the fire some more matches and he + + + align:start position:0% +create the fire some more matches and he +breaks off a lever from uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +breaks off a lever from uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +breaks off a lever from uh one of the +machines to use as a weapon. That's + + align:start position:0% +machines to use as a weapon. That's + + + align:start position:0% +machines to use as a weapon. That's +that's all that's all the good he can + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's all the good he can + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that's all the good he can +get out of this uh this palace of green + + align:start position:0% +get out of this uh this palace of green + + + align:start position:0% +get out of this uh this palace of green +porcelain. Yeah. I think like as a + + align:start position:0% +porcelain. Yeah. I think like as a + + + align:start position:0% +porcelain. Yeah. I think like as a +reader, I like really wanted some kind + + align:start position:0% +reader, I like really wanted some kind + + + align:start position:0% +reader, I like really wanted some kind +of more obvious vestage of like the + + align:start position:0% +of more obvious vestage of like the + + + align:start position:0% +of more obvious vestage of like the +humanity that we're used to, you know, + + align:start position:0% +humanity that we're used to, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +humanity that we're used to, you know, +like the world that we're used to. + + align:start position:0% +like the world that we're used to. + + + align:start position:0% +like the world that we're used to. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +And and so that's when I was so + + align:start position:0% +And and so that's when I was so + + + align:start position:0% +And and so that's when I was so +interested to see like, you know, the + + align:start position:0% +interested to see like, you know, the + + + align:start position:0% +interested to see like, you know, the +the airtight glass display case and + + align:start position:0% +the airtight glass display case and + + + align:start position:0% +the airtight glass display case and +thing like that. Like finally, it's + + align:start position:0% +thing like that. Like finally, it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing like that. Like finally, it's +something familiar to us. + + align:start position:0% +something familiar to us. + + + align:start position:0% +something familiar to us. +But then it seems to only go as far as + + align:start position:0% +But then it seems to only go as far as + + + align:start position:0% +But then it seems to only go as far as +like, + + align:start position:0% +like, + + + align:start position:0% +like, +you know, he sees rusted like weapons + + align:start position:0% +you know, he sees rusted like weapons + + + align:start position:0% +you know, he sees rusted like weapons +instead of like rusted swords and things + + align:start position:0% +instead of like rusted swords and things + + + align:start position:0% +instead of like rusted swords and things +like that. So it's + + align:start position:0% +like that. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +like that. So it's +Yeah. I know you're you're making an + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I know you're you're making an + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I know you're you're making an +interesting point and that is this book + + align:start position:0% +interesting point and that is this book + + + align:start position:0% +interesting point and that is this book +could have really you know Wells wrote + + align:start position:0% +could have really you know Wells wrote + + + align:start position:0% +could have really you know Wells wrote +it rapidly as he did most of his work. + + align:start position:0% +it rapidly as he did most of his work. + + + align:start position:0% +it rapidly as he did most of his work. +It's really a 100page novella but you + + align:start position:0% +It's really a 100page novella but you + + + align:start position:0% +It's really a 100page novella but you +could have really explored some of these + + align:start position:0% +could have really explored some of these + + + align:start position:0% +could have really explored some of these +ideas and a modern science fiction + + align:start position:0% +ideas and a modern science fiction + + + align:start position:0% +ideas and a modern science fiction +writer probably would you know if if if + + align:start position:0% +writer probably would you know if if if + + + align:start position:0% +writer probably would you know if if if +you if you I mean it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +you if you I mean it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you if you I mean it's a it's a +tremendous idea for a book. It's + + align:start position:0% +tremendous idea for a book. It's + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous idea for a book. It's +absolutely I think anyway I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +absolutely I think anyway I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely I think anyway I think it's a +brilliant concept at that certain level + + align:start position:0% +brilliant concept at that certain level + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant concept at that certain level +to just sort of explore some of these + + align:start position:0% +to just sort of explore some of these + + + align:start position:0% +to just sort of explore some of these +ideas but you know it's it's + + align:start position:0% +ideas but you know it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +ideas but you know it's it's +unsatisfying at certain levels that + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfying at certain levels that + + + align:start position:0% +unsatisfying at certain levels that +whole chapter where he goes back into + + align:start position:0% +whole chapter where he goes back into + + + align:start position:0% +whole chapter where he goes back into +the pagod to get his time machine and + + align:start position:0% +the pagod to get his time machine and + + + align:start position:0% +the pagod to get his time machine and +inserts the levers so he can escape and + + align:start position:0% +inserts the levers so he can escape and + + + align:start position:0% +inserts the levers so he can escape and +the it's like I don't know two pages + + align:start position:0% +the it's like I don't know two pages + + + align:start position:0% +the it's like I don't know two pages +long and then he's gone and you you you + + align:start position:0% +long and then he's gone and you you you + + + align:start position:0% +long and then he's gone and you you you +think gee you know that was too fast you + + align:start position:0% +think gee you know that was too fast you + + + align:start position:0% +think gee you know that was too fast you +know else could have spent spent a + + align:start position:0% +know else could have spent spent a + + + align:start position:0% +know else could have spent spent a +little more time and created more of a + + align:start position:0% +little more time and created more of a + + + align:start position:0% +little more time and created more of a +scene and, you know, developed some + + align:start position:0% +scene and, you know, developed some + + + align:start position:0% +scene and, you know, developed some +texture to this. There there's not much + + align:start position:0% +texture to this. There there's not much + + + align:start position:0% +texture to this. There there's not much +texture in the book, is there? + + align:start position:0% +texture in the book, is there? + + + align:start position:0% +texture in the book, is there? +I mean, it's a little like uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +I mean, it's a little like uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, it's a little like uh it's a +little like Candid, you know, Candid + + align:start position:0% +little like Candid, you know, Candid + + + align:start position:0% +little like Candid, you know, Candid +moves along and it bumps along and, you + + align:start position:0% +moves along and it bumps along and, you + + + align:start position:0% +moves along and it bumps along and, you +know, the chapters are, you know, two + + align:start position:0% +know, the chapters are, you know, two + + + align:start position:0% +know, the chapters are, you know, two +and a half pages or three pages and + + align:start position:0% +and a half pages or three pages and + + + align:start position:0% +and a half pages or three pages and +you're on to the next chapter and in the + + align:start position:0% +you're on to the next chapter and in the + + + align:start position:0% +you're on to the next chapter and in the +meantime, you've traversed the Atlantic + + align:start position:0% +meantime, you've traversed the Atlantic + + + align:start position:0% +meantime, you've traversed the Atlantic +or something and you're thinking, whoa, + + align:start position:0% +or something and you're thinking, whoa, + + + align:start position:0% +or something and you're thinking, whoa, +you know, slow down. But uh the point of + + align:start position:0% +you know, slow down. But uh the point of + + + align:start position:0% +you know, slow down. But uh the point of +the book is is uh is different than you + + align:start position:0% +the book is is uh is different than you + + + align:start position:0% +the book is is uh is different than you +know to create a a great fiction. It's + + align:start position:0% +know to create a a great fiction. It's + + + align:start position:0% +know to create a a great fiction. It's +it's it's a conceptual book as have all + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a conceptual book as have all + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a conceptual book as have all +the books we've been reading. I mean the + + align:start position:0% +the books we've been reading. I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +the books we've been reading. I mean the +books we've been reading are largely + + align:start position:0% +books we've been reading are largely + + + align:start position:0% +books we've been reading are largely +conceptual books whether they're + + align:start position:0% +conceptual books whether they're + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual books whether they're +non-fiction or whether they're fiction + + align:start position:0% +non-fiction or whether they're fiction + + + align:start position:0% +non-fiction or whether they're fiction +are playing with ideas that are + + align:start position:0% +are playing with ideas that are + + + align:start position:0% +are playing with ideas that are +semi-connected with evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +semi-connected with evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +semi-connected with evolutionary +speculation. + + align:start position:0% +speculation. + + + align:start position:0% +speculation. +And uh Wells is right in the center of + + align:start position:0% +And uh Wells is right in the center of + + + align:start position:0% +And uh Wells is right in the center of +that whole tradition + + align:start position:0% +that whole tradition + + + align:start position:0% +that whole tradition +because his uh his books were uh deeply + + align:start position:0% +because his uh his books were uh deeply + + + align:start position:0% +because his uh his books were uh deeply +informed + + align:start position:0% +informed + + + align:start position:0% +informed +by his understanding of evolution + + align:start position:0% +by his understanding of evolution + + + align:start position:0% +by his understanding of evolution +and this opened up all kinds of new + + align:start position:0% +and this opened up all kinds of new + + + align:start position:0% +and this opened up all kinds of new +mechanisms for him. But yeah, the that + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for him. But yeah, the that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for him. But yeah, the that +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +green por palace of green porcelain uh + + align:start position:0% +green por palace of green porcelain uh + + + align:start position:0% +green por palace of green porcelain uh +sort of like the shining thing on the + + align:start position:0% +sort of like the shining thing on the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like the shining thing on the +hill and you'd really like him to spend + + align:start position:0% +hill and you'd really like him to spend + + + align:start position:0% +hill and you'd really like him to spend +more time on it, but it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +more time on it, but it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +more time on it, but it's it's it's +completely u + + align:start position:0% +completely u + + + align:start position:0% +completely u +decayed. There's not much left there and + + align:start position:0% +decayed. There's not much left there and + + + align:start position:0% +decayed. There's not much left there and +it's just uh remnants of things. So + + align:start position:0% +it's just uh remnants of things. So + + + align:start position:0% +it's just uh remnants of things. So +there's very much a sense of + + align:start position:0% +there's very much a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +there's very much a sense of +gradual decline isn't there in this even + + align:start position:0% +gradual decline isn't there in this even + + + align:start position:0% +gradual decline isn't there in this even +in this kind of environment where + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of environment where + + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of environment where +everything is you know he mentions that + + align:start position:0% +everything is you know he mentions that + + + align:start position:0% +everything is you know he mentions that +a lot of the buildings you know parts of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the buildings you know parts of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the buildings you know parts of +the walk are cracked and certain you + + align:start position:0% +the walk are cracked and certain you + + + align:start position:0% +the walk are cracked and certain you +know things are maintained but not at a + + align:start position:0% +know things are maintained but not at a + + + align:start position:0% +know things are maintained but not at a +very high level. So there there there + + align:start position:0% +very high level. So there there there + + + align:start position:0% +very high level. So there there there +seems to be a kind of a a gradual + + align:start position:0% +seems to be a kind of a a gradual + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be a kind of a a gradual +decline. + + align:start position:0% +decline. + + + align:start position:0% +decline. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +are there any other parallels in this + + align:start position:0% +are there any other parallels in this + + + align:start position:0% +are there any other parallels in this +book with Arowan? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Everyone also played with the human + + align:start position:0% +Everyone also played with the human + + + align:start position:0% +Everyone also played with the human +form, didn't it? I mean, Butler was + + align:start position:0% +form, didn't it? I mean, Butler was + + + align:start position:0% +form, didn't it? I mean, Butler was +playing with the notion of, you know, + + align:start position:0% +playing with the notion of, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +playing with the notion of, you know, +can humans be selectors of themselves? + + align:start position:0% +can humans be selectors of themselves? + + + align:start position:0% +can humans be selectors of themselves? +Can they somehow improve themselves in + + align:start position:0% +Can they somehow improve themselves in + + + align:start position:0% +Can they somehow improve themselves in +their stock? + + align:start position:0% +their stock? + + + align:start position:0% +their stock? +These arrowians + + align:start position:0% +These arrowians + + + align:start position:0% +These arrowians +are they not also beautiful? + + align:start position:0% +are they not also beautiful? + + + align:start position:0% +are they not also beautiful? +He remarks on the beauty + + align:start position:0% +He remarks on the beauty + + + align:start position:0% +He remarks on the beauty +of these arwonians. + + align:start position:0% +of these arwonians. + + + align:start position:0% +of these arwonians. +And uh that's why you know to me + + align:start position:0% +And uh that's why you know to me + + + align:start position:0% +And uh that's why you know to me +Wells picks up this idea and he he goes + + align:start position:0% +Wells picks up this idea and he he goes + + + align:start position:0% +Wells picks up this idea and he he goes +in a in a very different direction with + + align:start position:0% +in a in a very different direction with + + + align:start position:0% +in a in a very different direction with +it. But you can see that there there are + + align:start position:0% +it. But you can see that there there are + + + align:start position:0% +it. But you can see that there there are +lots and lots of connections between + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of connections between + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots of connections between +these kind of speculative utopias. + + align:start position:0% +these kind of speculative utopias. + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of speculative utopias. +They're both utopias. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Marijuana is utopia of a of a different + + align:start position:0% +Marijuana is utopia of a of a different + + + align:start position:0% +Marijuana is utopia of a of a different +type, + + align:start position:0% +type, + + + align:start position:0% +type, +but it's also utopian in which machines + + align:start position:0% +but it's also utopian in which machines + + + align:start position:0% +but it's also utopian in which machines +have uh disappeared through the choice + + align:start position:0% +have uh disappeared through the choice + + + align:start position:0% +have uh disappeared through the choice +of people. + + align:start position:0% +of people. + + + align:start position:0% +of people. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +the time machine is utopia in which + + align:start position:0% +the time machine is utopia in which + + + align:start position:0% +the time machine is utopia in which +machines have disappeared + + align:start position:0% +machines have disappeared + + + align:start position:0% +machines have disappeared +underground. + + align:start position:0% +underground. + + + align:start position:0% +underground. +They're down there someplace. + + align:start position:0% +They're down there someplace. + + + align:start position:0% +They're down there someplace. +But uh the Eli, could they run them? + + align:start position:0% +But uh the Eli, could they run them? + + + align:start position:0% +But uh the Eli, could they run them? +I mean, they're they're basically + + align:start position:0% +I mean, they're they're basically + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, they're they're basically +like children, + + align:start position:0% +like children, + + + align:start position:0% +like children, +but they do maintain one one last one + + align:start position:0% +but they do maintain one one last one + + + align:start position:0% +but they do maintain one one last one +last + + align:start position:0% +last + + + align:start position:0% +last +capability + + align:start position:0% +capability + + + align:start position:0% +capability +that ultimately + + align:start position:0% +that ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +that ultimately +uh is is uh uh meaningful to the time + + align:start position:0% +uh is is uh uh meaningful to the time + + + align:start position:0% +uh is is uh uh meaningful to the time +traveler. + + align:start position:0% +traveler. + + + align:start position:0% +traveler. +And that's of course in his personal + + align:start position:0% +And that's of course in his personal + + + align:start position:0% +And that's of course in his personal +relationship + + align:start position:0% +relationship + + + align:start position:0% +relationship +with the little person + + align:start position:0% +with the little person + + + align:start position:0% +with the little person +uh who he saves from the river + + align:start position:0% +uh who he saves from the river + + + align:start position:0% +uh who he saves from the river +and her sense of uh gratitude + + align:start position:0% +and her sense of uh gratitude + + + align:start position:0% +and her sense of uh gratitude +and devotion that comes out of that is + + align:start position:0% +and devotion that comes out of that is + + + align:start position:0% +and devotion that comes out of that is +the one human element, isn't it? That's + + align:start position:0% +the one human element, isn't it? That's + + + align:start position:0% +the one human element, isn't it? That's +almost the only human element that gets + + align:start position:0% +almost the only human element that gets + + + align:start position:0% +almost the only human element that gets +expressed in the book. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's it's a uh + + align:start position:0% +It's it's a uh + + + align:start position:0% +It's it's a uh +it's it's the thing that keeps him + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the thing that keeps him + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the thing that keeps him +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +engaged with these people + + align:start position:0% +engaged with these people + + + align:start position:0% +engaged with these people +this this capability. + + align:start position:0% +this this capability. + + + align:start position:0% +this this capability. +Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah, so this is uh + + align:start position:0% +so yeah, so this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah, so this is uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +other gardens that we've dealt with. Uh + + align:start position:0% +other gardens that we've dealt with. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +other gardens that we've dealt with. Uh +I suppose uh + + align:start position:0% +I suppose uh + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose uh +uh the garden in Wonderland. It's also + + align:start position:0% +uh the garden in Wonderland. It's also + + + align:start position:0% +uh the garden in Wonderland. It's also +takes you down underneath. This one + + align:start position:0% +takes you down underneath. This one + + + align:start position:0% +takes you down underneath. This one +takes you down underneath into a whole + + align:start position:0% +takes you down underneath into a whole + + + align:start position:0% +takes you down underneath into a whole +different world. It's not the Morlock + + align:start position:0% +different world. It's not the Morlock + + + align:start position:0% +different world. It's not the Morlock +world, but it's a world underneath + + align:start position:0% +world, but it's a world underneath + + + align:start position:0% +world, but it's a world underneath +down into the rabbit hole. + + align:start position:0% +down into the rabbit hole. + + + align:start position:0% +down into the rabbit hole. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +we have any parallels between these two + + align:start position:0% +we have any parallels between these two + + + align:start position:0% +we have any parallels between these two +works? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, so just like how Alice goes around + + align:start position:0% +Um, so just like how Alice goes around + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so just like how Alice goes around +and after every encounter of something + + align:start position:0% +and after every encounter of something + + + align:start position:0% +and after every encounter of something +new in this world, she makes she tries + + align:start position:0% +new in this world, she makes she tries + + + align:start position:0% +new in this world, she makes she tries +to form an idea of what like how the + + align:start position:0% +to form an idea of what like how the + + + align:start position:0% +to form an idea of what like how the +world works and how to explain things + + align:start position:0% +world works and how to explain things + + + align:start position:0% +world works and how to explain things +like what to predict, what not to + + align:start position:0% +like what to predict, what not to + + + align:start position:0% +like what to predict, what not to +predict. the time traveler as he goes + + align:start position:0% +predict. the time traveler as he goes + + + align:start position:0% +predict. the time traveler as he goes +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +um exploring this new world 800,000 + + align:start position:0% +um exploring this new world 800,000 + + + align:start position:0% +um exploring this new world 800,000 +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +uh in the future like there are certain + + align:start position:0% +uh in the future like there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the future like there are certain +every couple I don't know every dozen + + align:start position:0% +every couple I don't know every dozen + + + align:start position:0% +every couple I don't know every dozen +pages maybe like it'll be like some + + align:start position:0% +pages maybe like it'll be like some + + + align:start position:0% +pages maybe like it'll be like some +section where he just ruminates on the + + align:start position:0% +section where he just ruminates on the + + + align:start position:0% +section where he just ruminates on the +course of like the course of evolution + + align:start position:0% +course of like the course of evolution + + + align:start position:0% +course of like the course of evolution +or degeneration that man has taken and + + align:start position:0% +or degeneration that man has taken and + + + align:start position:0% +or degeneration that man has taken and +or like he'll just like ponder how like + + align:start position:0% +or like he'll just like ponder how like + + + align:start position:0% +or like he'll just like ponder how like +he'll he'll hypothesize + + align:start position:0% +he'll he'll hypothesize + + + align:start position:0% +he'll he'll hypothesize +um what evolution has done must have + + align:start position:0% +um what evolution has done must have + + + align:start position:0% +um what evolution has done must have +what evolution must have done to produce + + align:start position:0% +what evolution must have done to produce + + + align:start position:0% +what evolution must have done to produce +like the people today and like why they + + align:start position:0% +like the people today and like why they + + + align:start position:0% +like the people today and like why they +don't actually have to work and why + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to work and why + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to work and why +they're so peaceful and why there is + + align:start position:0% +they're so peaceful and why there is + + + align:start position:0% +they're so peaceful and why there is +like social uniformity and so in that + + align:start position:0% +like social uniformity and so in that + + + align:start position:0% +like social uniformity and so in that +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +just like how Alice is learning after + + align:start position:0% +just like how Alice is learning after + + + align:start position:0% +just like how Alice is learning after +every encounter uh time traveler is + + align:start position:0% +every encounter uh time traveler is + + + align:start position:0% +every encounter uh time traveler is +learning and he doesn't quite and like + + align:start position:0% +learning and he doesn't quite and like + + + align:start position:0% +learning and he doesn't quite and like +even if he stays for a longer period of + + align:start position:0% +even if he stays for a longer period of + + + align:start position:0% +even if he stays for a longer period of +time he can he can never really know + + align:start position:0% +time he can he can never really know + + + align:start position:0% +time he can he can never really know +what really happen like you can only + + align:start position:0% +what really happen like you can only + + + align:start position:0% +what really happen like you can only +conjecture about it. I think that's the + + align:start position:0% +conjecture about it. I think that's the + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture about it. I think that's the +similarity. + + align:start position:0% +similarity. + + + align:start position:0% +similarity. +Yeah. Yeah. Nicely said. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. Nicely said. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. Nicely said. Yeah, +definitely. There's this kind of mystery + + align:start position:0% +definitely. There's this kind of mystery + + + align:start position:0% +definitely. There's this kind of mystery +and this encounter with the environment + + align:start position:0% +and this encounter with the environment + + + align:start position:0% +and this encounter with the environment +and constantly trying to shape some idea + + align:start position:0% +and constantly trying to shape some idea + + + align:start position:0% +and constantly trying to shape some idea +of what's happening, what's going on. So + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening, what's going on. So + + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening, what's going on. So +there's a kind of a a learning process + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of a a learning process + + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of a a learning process +only in this case it arrives at a dark + + align:start position:0% +only in this case it arrives at a dark + + + align:start position:0% +only in this case it arrives at a dark +secret or it's not a secret but just at + + align:start position:0% +secret or it's not a secret but just at + + + align:start position:0% +secret or it's not a secret but just at +a at a kind of understanding of uh + + align:start position:0% +a at a kind of understanding of uh + + + align:start position:0% +a at a kind of understanding of uh +something completely + + align:start position:0% +something completely + + + align:start position:0% +something completely +contrary to what he first thinks. I + + align:start position:0% +contrary to what he first thinks. I + + + align:start position:0% +contrary to what he first thinks. I +mean, I think that's part of why + + align:start position:0% +mean, I think that's part of why + + + align:start position:0% +mean, I think that's part of why +uh the story turns into a page turner + + align:start position:0% +uh the story turns into a page turner + + + align:start position:0% +uh the story turns into a page turner +because you sort of wanna you're you're + + align:start position:0% +because you sort of wanna you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +because you sort of wanna you're you're +you're sort of picked up into this this + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of picked up into this this + + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of picked up into this this +world of and and you want to know more + + align:start position:0% +world of and and you want to know more + + + align:start position:0% +world of and and you want to know more +about you know what how this place works + + align:start position:0% +about you know what how this place works + + + align:start position:0% +about you know what how this place works +and uh it's it's uh I mean it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's it's uh I mean it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +and uh it's it's uh I mean it's it's not +I wouldn't say uh it doesn't have even + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't say uh it doesn't have even + + + align:start position:0% +I wouldn't say uh it doesn't have even +close to the complexity of uh of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +close to the complexity of uh of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +close to the complexity of uh of uh uh +Carol's work uh which is just a much + + align:start position:0% +Carol's work uh which is just a much + + + align:start position:0% +Carol's work uh which is just a much +more imagined and complex and and uh + + align:start position:0% +more imagined and complex and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +more imagined and complex and and uh +challenging + + align:start position:0% +challenging + + + align:start position:0% +challenging +piece of uh fiction but um it does have + + align:start position:0% +piece of uh fiction but um it does have + + + align:start position:0% +piece of uh fiction but um it does have +some of these elements + + align:start position:0% +some of these elements + + + align:start position:0% +some of these elements +only it's it's now using science. + + align:start position:0% +only it's it's now using science. + + + align:start position:0% +only it's it's now using science. +So what does this say about + + align:start position:0% +So what does this say about + + + align:start position:0% +So what does this say about +I mean science fiction science fiction + + align:start position:0% +I mean science fiction science fiction + + + align:start position:0% +I mean science fiction science fiction +is is not a form that was that common in + + align:start position:0% +is is not a form that was that common in + + + align:start position:0% +is is not a form that was that common in +the 19th century + + align:start position:0% +the 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +the 19th century +but Wells was one of the first I mean + + align:start position:0% +but Wells was one of the first I mean + + + align:start position:0% +but Wells was one of the first I mean +there were some other Jules Vern + + align:start position:0% +there were some other Jules Vern + + + align:start position:0% +there were some other Jules Vern +uh you could call Butler Butler was + + align:start position:0% +uh you could call Butler Butler was + + + align:start position:0% +uh you could call Butler Butler was +using scientific concepts to create a + + align:start position:0% +using scientific concepts to create a + + + align:start position:0% +using scientific concepts to create a +kind of a weird fiction maybe not + + align:start position:0% +kind of a weird fiction maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a weird fiction maybe not +exactly a science fiction work but uh so + + align:start position:0% +exactly a science fiction work but uh so + + + align:start position:0% +exactly a science fiction work but uh so +What does a what does a work like Wells + + align:start position:0% +What does a what does a work like Wells + + + align:start position:0% +What does a what does a work like Wells +say about the world of science and the + + align:start position:0% +say about the world of science and the + + + align:start position:0% +say about the world of science and the +world of fiction? + + align:start position:0% +world of fiction? + + + align:start position:0% +world of fiction? +Is this is this a pos is this a is this + + align:start position:0% +Is this is this a pos is this a is this + + + align:start position:0% +Is this is this a pos is this a is this +a mix that actually works? Can you + + align:start position:0% +a mix that actually works? Can you + + + align:start position:0% +a mix that actually works? Can you +actually make science fiction work? And + + align:start position:0% +actually make science fiction work? And + + + align:start position:0% +actually make science fiction work? And +if so, how does it what's what's the + + align:start position:0% +if so, how does it what's what's the + + + align:start position:0% +if so, how does it what's what's the +basis of its validity? Or is there any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think like science is so much about + + align:start position:0% +I think like science is so much about + + + align:start position:0% +I think like science is so much about +like discovery and answering questions + + align:start position:0% +like discovery and answering questions + + + align:start position:0% +like discovery and answering questions +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +like there's always been like a kind of + + align:start position:0% +like there's always been like a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +like there's always been like a kind of +curiosity associated with it. + + align:start position:0% +curiosity associated with it. + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity associated with it. +And so with fiction, you know, the + + align:start position:0% +And so with fiction, you know, the + + + align:start position:0% +And so with fiction, you know, the +author has a chance to kind of answer + + align:start position:0% +author has a chance to kind of answer + + + align:start position:0% +author has a chance to kind of answer +some of these scientific questions that + + align:start position:0% +some of these scientific questions that + + + align:start position:0% +some of these scientific questions that +may not be answered + + align:start position:0% +may not be answered + + + align:start position:0% +may not be answered +um in our reality, + + align:start position:0% +um in our reality, + + + align:start position:0% +um in our reality, +but kind of in a more fanciful way. And + + align:start position:0% +but kind of in a more fanciful way. And + + + align:start position:0% +but kind of in a more fanciful way. And +I think it's very satisfying to readers + + align:start position:0% +I think it's very satisfying to readers + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's very satisfying to readers +to kind of see, + + align:start position:0% +to kind of see, + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of see, +you know, these concepts that they + + align:start position:0% +you know, these concepts that they + + + align:start position:0% +you know, these concepts that they +understand taken to a a level beyond, + + align:start position:0% +understand taken to a a level beyond, + + + align:start position:0% +understand taken to a a level beyond, +you know, what we can experience. + + align:start position:0% +you know, what we can experience. + + + align:start position:0% +you know, what we can experience. +Yeah. It we judge it at a in a different + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. It we judge it at a in a different + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. It we judge it at a in a different +way, don't we? I mean, we don't expect + + align:start position:0% +way, don't we? I mean, we don't expect + + + align:start position:0% +way, don't we? I mean, we don't expect +it to stand up to some kind of + + align:start position:0% +it to stand up to some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it to stand up to some kind of +scientific rigor, but uh you know, + + align:start position:0% +scientific rigor, but uh you know, + + + align:start position:0% +scientific rigor, but uh you know, +fiction fiction takes a holiday. I mean + + align:start position:0% +fiction fiction takes a holiday. I mean + + + align:start position:0% +fiction fiction takes a holiday. I mean +fiction fiction is a form of I mean + + align:start position:0% +fiction fiction is a form of I mean + + + align:start position:0% +fiction fiction is a form of I mean +especially speculative fiction it's a + + align:start position:0% +especially speculative fiction it's a + + + align:start position:0% +especially speculative fiction it's a +it's a way of speculating and thinking + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of speculating and thinking + + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of speculating and thinking +in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the +some of the uh more uh rigorous + + align:start position:0% +some of the uh more uh rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +some of the uh more uh rigorous +principles of you know some scientific + + align:start position:0% +principles of you know some scientific + + + align:start position:0% +principles of you know some scientific +field. And uh so to kind of take these + + align:start position:0% +field. And uh so to kind of take these + + + align:start position:0% +field. And uh so to kind of take these +over into a world of fiction and to play + + align:start position:0% +over into a world of fiction and to play + + + align:start position:0% +over into a world of fiction and to play +with them and to think about them and to + + align:start position:0% +with them and to think about them and to + + + align:start position:0% +with them and to think about them and to +speculate about them is yeah it's it's + + align:start position:0% +speculate about them is yeah it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +speculate about them is yeah it's it's +satisfying + + align:start position:0% +satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +satisfying +even though we know it's wrong you know + + align:start position:0% +even though we know it's wrong you know + + + align:start position:0% +even though we know it's wrong you know +doesn't matter whether Jacqueline Hyde + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter whether Jacqueline Hyde + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter whether Jacqueline Hyde +whe whether Jackal actually had some + + align:start position:0% +whe whether Jackal actually had some + + + align:start position:0% +whe whether Jackal actually had some +crazy potion that turned him into you + + align:start position:0% +crazy potion that turned him into you + + + align:start position:0% +crazy potion that turned him into you +know another being or whether + + align:start position:0% +know another being or whether + + + align:start position:0% +know another being or whether +time machine is capability. Uh people do + + align:start position:0% +time machine is capability. Uh people do + + + align:start position:0% +time machine is capability. Uh people do +talk about time travel from time to + + align:start position:0% +talk about time travel from time to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about time travel from time to +time. Uh I don't think the way in which + + align:start position:0% +time. Uh I don't think the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +time. Uh I don't think the way in which +he represents it has ever been even in + + align:start position:0% +he represents it has ever been even in + + + align:start position:0% +he represents it has ever been even in +ghostly possible. Yeah. Dave, + + align:start position:0% +ghostly possible. Yeah. Dave, + + + align:start position:0% +ghostly possible. Yeah. Dave, +I think it's interesting in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +I think it's interesting in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's interesting in a lot of +science fiction like there's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +science fiction like there's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +science fiction like there's a kind of +initial condition or explanation that + + align:start position:0% +initial condition or explanation that + + + align:start position:0% +initial condition or explanation that +the reader kind of has to get on board + + align:start position:0% +the reader kind of has to get on board + + + align:start position:0% +the reader kind of has to get on board +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +um before they kind of allow themselves + + align:start position:0% +um before they kind of allow themselves + + + align:start position:0% +um before they kind of allow themselves +to be taken beyond it. and like you know + + align:start position:0% +to be taken beyond it. and like you know + + + align:start position:0% +to be taken beyond it. and like you know +Jacqueline Hyde it's this kind of potion + + align:start position:0% +Jacqueline Hyde it's this kind of potion + + + align:start position:0% +Jacqueline Hyde it's this kind of potion +and and so and and then in this case + + align:start position:0% +and and so and and then in this case + + + align:start position:0% +and and so and and then in this case +it's the the initial discussion of of + + align:start position:0% +it's the the initial discussion of of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the the initial discussion of of +you know time travel it's like like the + + align:start position:0% +you know time travel it's like like the + + + align:start position:0% +you know time travel it's like like the +book starts out with such a intellectual + + align:start position:0% +book starts out with such a intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +book starts out with such a intellectual +discussion of of the concept of time + + align:start position:0% +discussion of of the concept of time + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of of the concept of time +travel + + align:start position:0% +travel + + + align:start position:0% +travel +and I was kind of takenback by that + + align:start position:0% +and I was kind of takenback by that + + + align:start position:0% +and I was kind of takenback by that +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it's like almost kind of dense right at + + align:start position:0% +it's like almost kind of dense right at + + + align:start position:0% +it's like almost kind of dense right at +the beginning + + align:start position:0% +the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning +and then and then once they kind of + + align:start position:0% +and then and then once they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then once they kind of +convince you okay I understand like what + + align:start position:0% +convince you okay I understand like what + + + align:start position:0% +convince you okay I understand like what +where this world is going and + + align:start position:0% +where this world is going and + + + align:start position:0% +where this world is going and +kind of takes liberties and + + align:start position:0% +kind of takes liberties and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of takes liberties and +never really explains how it works. You + + align:start position:0% +never really explains how it works. You + + + align:start position:0% +never really explains how it works. You +know, there's some glowing thing on the + + align:start position:0% +know, there's some glowing thing on the + + + align:start position:0% +know, there's some glowing thing on the +machine and + + align:start position:0% +machine and + + + align:start position:0% +machine and +some mix of ivory and metal and + + align:start position:0% +some mix of ivory and metal and + + + align:start position:0% +some mix of ivory and metal and +everything, but + + align:start position:0% +everything, but + + + align:start position:0% +everything, but +Yeah. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +But beyond that, once we've agreed to + + align:start position:0% +But beyond that, once we've agreed to + + + align:start position:0% +But beyond that, once we've agreed to +this kind of initial, + + align:start position:0% +this kind of initial, + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of initial, +you know, condition, we're good to go. + + align:start position:0% +you know, condition, we're good to go. + + + align:start position:0% +you know, condition, we're good to go. +Yeah. Yeah. We sort of uh we suspend + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. We sort of uh we suspend + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. We sort of uh we suspend +disbelief, as they say, with a work of + + align:start position:0% +disbelief, as they say, with a work of + + + align:start position:0% +disbelief, as they say, with a work of +fiction. Uh a willing suspension. + + align:start position:0% +fiction. Uh a willing suspension. + + + align:start position:0% +fiction. Uh a willing suspension. +Uh and that opens up for us a gate and + + align:start position:0% +Uh and that opens up for us a gate and + + + align:start position:0% +Uh and that opens up for us a gate and +the gate happens to be this speculative + + align:start position:0% +the gate happens to be this speculative + + + align:start position:0% +the gate happens to be this speculative +world in which uh Wells really wants to + + align:start position:0% +world in which uh Wells really wants to + + + align:start position:0% +world in which uh Wells really wants to +talk about ideas. + + align:start position:0% +talk about ideas. + + + align:start position:0% +talk about ideas. +I mean + + align:start position:0% +I mean + + + align:start position:0% +I mean +the tale is not so important to him in + + align:start position:0% +the tale is not so important to him in + + + align:start position:0% +the tale is not so important to him in +my view anyway as you know exploring + + align:start position:0% +my view anyway as you know exploring + + + align:start position:0% +my view anyway as you know exploring +these notions of uh evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +these notions of uh evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +these notions of uh evolutionary +evolutionary futures exploring some + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary futures exploring some + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary futures exploring some +possible evolutionary futures and what + + align:start position:0% +possible evolutionary futures and what + + + align:start position:0% +possible evolutionary futures and what +they might look like. And uh the idea + + align:start position:0% +they might look like. And uh the idea + + + align:start position:0% +they might look like. And uh the idea +that's we could be talking about + + align:start position:0% +that's we could be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +that's we could be talking about +something over 800,000 years in in the + + align:start position:0% +something over 800,000 years in in the + + + align:start position:0% +something over 800,000 years in in the +future is kind of preposterous yet. + + align:start position:0% +future is kind of preposterous yet. + + + align:start position:0% +future is kind of preposterous yet. +You know, if if if you could do that and + + align:start position:0% +You know, if if if you could do that and + + + align:start position:0% +You know, if if if you could do that and +you could go here's one possible set of + + align:start position:0% +you could go here's one possible set of + + + align:start position:0% +you could go here's one possible set of +scenes, some way in which you could uh + + align:start position:0% +scenes, some way in which you could uh + + + align:start position:0% +scenes, some way in which you could uh +see the + + align:start position:0% +see the + + + align:start position:0% +see the +end point, the end of history. + + align:start position:0% +end point, the end of history. + + + align:start position:0% +end point, the end of history. +And of course, uh, for those who've read + + align:start position:0% +And of course, uh, for those who've read + + + align:start position:0% +And of course, uh, for those who've read +the whole book, if you got to the end + + align:start position:0% +the whole book, if you got to the end + + + align:start position:0% +the whole book, if you got to the end +chapter, the chapter after he escapes, + + align:start position:0% +chapter, the chapter after he escapes, + + + align:start position:0% +chapter, the chapter after he escapes, +he goes way, way into the future, what + + align:start position:0% +he goes way, way into the future, what + + + align:start position:0% +he goes way, way into the future, what +does he discover there? Well, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heat death. + + align:start position:0% +heat death. + + + align:start position:0% +heat death. +What was called heat death in the in the + + align:start position:0% +What was called heat death in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +What was called heat death in the in the +19th century. So, and that is, you know, + + align:start position:0% +19th century. So, and that is, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +19th century. So, and that is, you know, +the the fact that u there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +the the fact that u there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the the fact that u there's going to be +an end to the world. the world is going + + align:start position:0% +an end to the world. the world is going + + + align:start position:0% +an end to the world. the world is going +to uh uh there various theories but I + + align:start position:0% +to uh uh there various theories but I + + + align:start position:0% +to uh uh there various theories but I +think the contemporary is anybody here + + align:start position:0% +think the contemporary is anybody here + + + align:start position:0% +think the contemporary is anybody here +up with the contemporary astronomical + + align:start position:0% +up with the contemporary astronomical + + + align:start position:0% +up with the contemporary astronomical +uh projection for how the sun will die + + align:start position:0% +uh projection for how the sun will die + + + align:start position:0% +uh projection for how the sun will die +it will become a giant will it not will + + align:start position:0% +it will become a giant will it not will + + + align:start position:0% +it will become a giant will it not will +sort of expand into this vast uh and the + + align:start position:0% +sort of expand into this vast uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of expand into this vast uh and the +earth itself will sort of uh lose its + + align:start position:0% +earth itself will sort of uh lose its + + + align:start position:0% +earth itself will sort of uh lose its +its diversity. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +its diversity. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +its diversity. Yeah, +that chapter 11 was nothing short of + + align:start position:0% +that chapter 11 was nothing short of + + + align:start position:0% +that chapter 11 was nothing short of +riveting poetry. Like by the time I got + + align:start position:0% +riveting poetry. Like by the time I got + + + align:start position:0% +riveting poetry. Like by the time I got +to chapter 11, I was just I put the book + + align:start position:0% +to chapter 11, I was just I put the book + + + align:start position:0% +to chapter 11, I was just I put the book +down like holy wow. Um, + + align:start position:0% +down like holy wow. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +down like holy wow. Um, +you know, and did anyone else get if you + + align:start position:0% +you know, and did anyone else get if you + + + align:start position:0% +you know, and did anyone else get if you +get a chance like just read chapter 11. + + align:start position:0% +get a chance like just read chapter 11. + + + align:start position:0% +get a chance like just read chapter 11. +It's only like two pages long, but + + align:start position:0% +It's only like two pages long, but + + + align:start position:0% +It's only like two pages long, but +it's his description of, you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +it's his description of, you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's his description of, you know, it's +just the slow death of not just the + + align:start position:0% +just the slow death of not just the + + + align:start position:0% +just the slow death of not just the +world, not just mankind, but the entire + + align:start position:0% +world, not just mankind, but the entire + + + align:start position:0% +world, not just mankind, but the entire +universe seemingly just collapsing on + + align:start position:0% +universe seemingly just collapsing on + + + align:start position:0% +universe seemingly just collapsing on +this one spot. + + align:start position:0% +this one spot. + + + align:start position:0% +this one spot. +Yeah. Yeah. That's kind of Yeah. The + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. That's kind of Yeah. The + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. That's kind of Yeah. The +book has been illustrated on some cases + + align:start position:0% +book has been illustrated on some cases + + + align:start position:0% +book has been illustrated on some cases +by some in and and the illustrations are + + align:start position:0% +by some in and and the illustrations are + + + align:start position:0% +by some in and and the illustrations are +always excellent for this book because + + align:start position:0% +always excellent for this book because + + + align:start position:0% +always excellent for this book because +it's just it's it's visually I mean + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's it's visually I mean + + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's it's visually I mean +wouldn't you say it's it's visually a + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't you say it's it's visually a + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't you say it's it's visually a +impressive book just just the visual not + + align:start position:0% +impressive book just just the visual not + + + align:start position:0% +impressive book just just the visual not +even that he is I mean the descriptions + + align:start position:0% +even that he is I mean the descriptions + + + align:start position:0% +even that he is I mean the descriptions +a lot of his descriptions are just + + align:start position:0% +a lot of his descriptions are just + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of his descriptions are just +super brief as we were saying you know + + align:start position:0% +super brief as we were saying you know + + + align:start position:0% +super brief as we were saying you know +it's it's a novella it's a very short + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a novella it's a very short + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a novella it's a very short +piece, but + + align:start position:0% +piece, but + + + align:start position:0% +piece, but +at a conceptual level, the way in which + + align:start position:0% +at a conceptual level, the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +at a conceptual level, the way in which +the different ele the little children, + + align:start position:0% +the different ele the little children, + + + align:start position:0% +the different ele the little children, +the little tiny people and these uh + + align:start position:0% +the little tiny people and these uh + + + align:start position:0% +the little tiny people and these uh +creatures with uh no pigment in their + + align:start position:0% +creatures with uh no pigment in their + + + align:start position:0% +creatures with uh no pigment in their +skin and uh you know, I mean visually it + + align:start position:0% +skin and uh you know, I mean visually it + + + align:start position:0% +skin and uh you know, I mean visually it +just kind of assaults assaults you and + + align:start position:0% +just kind of assaults assaults you and + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of assaults assaults you and +uh this card garden of earth and you + + align:start position:0% +uh this card garden of earth and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh this card garden of earth and you +know this underground with the thumping + + align:start position:0% +know this underground with the thumping + + + align:start position:0% +know this underground with the thumping +machines and the smell of blood and uh + + align:start position:0% +machines and the smell of blood and uh + + + align:start position:0% +machines and the smell of blood and uh +and then the dying earth, the end of the + + align:start position:0% +and then the dying earth, the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the dying earth, the end of the +the end of the world. And uh you know it + + align:start position:0% +the end of the world. And uh you know it + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the world. And uh you know it +it it it's in some ways not that we have + + align:start position:0% +it it it's in some ways not that we have + + + align:start position:0% +it it it's in some ways not that we have +to worry about the end of the world, you + + align:start position:0% +to worry about the end of the world, you + + + align:start position:0% +to worry about the end of the world, you +know, this is 800,000, but even so, + + align:start position:0% +know, this is 800,000, but even so, + + + align:start position:0% +know, this is 800,000, but even so, +isn't the notion that the place we live + + align:start position:0% +isn't the notion that the place we live + + + align:start position:0% +isn't the notion that the place we live +in is sometime eventually simply going + + align:start position:0% +in is sometime eventually simply going + + + align:start position:0% +in is sometime eventually simply going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +nothing? I mean, doesn't that at some + + align:start position:0% +nothing? I mean, doesn't that at some + + + align:start position:0% +nothing? I mean, doesn't that at some +level communicate something? I mean we + + align:start position:0% +level communicate something? I mean we + + + align:start position:0% +level communicate something? I mean we +are living in a place that + + align:start position:0% +are living in a place that + + + align:start position:0% +are living in a place that +according to you know the principles of + + align:start position:0% +according to you know the principles of + + + align:start position:0% +according to you know the principles of +cosmology will collapse + + align:start position:0% +cosmology will collapse + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology will collapse +into the sun I think or yeah + + align:start position:0% +into the sun I think or yeah + + + align:start position:0% +into the sun I think or yeah +I mean + + align:start position:0% +I mean + + + align:start position:0% +I mean +is the time machine heretical + + align:start position:0% +is the time machine heretical + + + align:start position:0% +is the time machine heretical +what's that + + align:start position:0% +what's that + + + align:start position:0% +what's that +is the time machine heretical in that + + align:start position:0% +is the time machine heretical in that + + + align:start position:0% +is the time machine heretical in that +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +well you know I'm not really up onto the + + align:start position:0% +well you know I'm not really up onto the + + + align:start position:0% +well you know I'm not really up onto the +contemporary uh it was not in in in + + align:start position:0% +contemporary uh it was not in in in + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary uh it was not in in in +Wels's time it was not it was you know + + align:start position:0% +Wels's time it was not it was you know + + + align:start position:0% +Wels's time it was not it was you know +basically what basically followed the + + align:start position:0% +basically what basically followed the + + + align:start position:0% +basically what basically followed the +the general uh the general ideas that + + align:start position:0% +the general uh the general ideas that + + + align:start position:0% +the general uh the general ideas that +have been developed up to his time in in + + align:start position:0% +have been developed up to his time in in + + + align:start position:0% +have been developed up to his time in in +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +astronomy, you know, and what we would + + align:start position:0% +astronomy, you know, and what we would + + + align:start position:0% +astronomy, you know, and what we would +call cosmology. Now, + + align:start position:0% +call cosmology. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +call cosmology. Now, +I guess in a more literal sense, the + + align:start position:0% +I guess in a more literal sense, the + + + align:start position:0% +I guess in a more literal sense, the +fact that you've got the earth going + + align:start position:0% +fact that you've got the earth going + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you've got the earth going +from stateless to changing and that + + align:start position:0% +from stateless to changing and that + + + align:start position:0% +from stateless to changing and that +you've got God creating man in his image + + align:start position:0% +you've got God creating man in his image + + + align:start position:0% +you've got God creating man in his image +and then man going up and somehow + + align:start position:0% +and then man going up and somehow + + + align:start position:0% +and then man going up and somehow +splitting into two rather fragile + + align:start position:0% +splitting into two rather fragile + + + align:start position:0% +splitting into two rather fragile +Oh, yeah. Yeah. Well, + + align:start position:0% +Oh, yeah. Yeah. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, yeah. Yeah. Well, +I think everybody kind of takes a + + align:start position:0% +I think everybody kind of takes a + + + align:start position:0% +I think everybody kind of takes a +holiday when we get into science fiction + + align:start position:0% +holiday when we get into science fiction + + + align:start position:0% +holiday when we get into science fiction +and says, "Well, this is science + + align:start position:0% +and says, "Well, this is science + + + align:start position:0% +and says, "Well, this is science +fiction. We won't we won't hold it uh as + + align:start position:0% +fiction. We won't we won't hold it uh as + + + align:start position:0% +fiction. We won't we won't hold it uh as +as a uh project." But yeah, it it is. + + align:start position:0% +as a uh project." But yeah, it it is. + + + align:start position:0% +as a uh project." But yeah, it it is. +Well, in another way, it's a it's a good + + align:start position:0% +Well, in another way, it's a it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +Well, in another way, it's a it's a good +question because Wells himself was a + + align:start position:0% +question because Wells himself was a + + + align:start position:0% +question because Wells himself was a +socialist + + align:start position:0% +socialist + + + align:start position:0% +socialist +and uh in-your-face socialist and + + align:start position:0% +and uh in-your-face socialist and + + + align:start position:0% +and uh in-your-face socialist and +definitely had views of uh of the world + + align:start position:0% +definitely had views of uh of the world + + + align:start position:0% +definitely had views of uh of the world +that were you would say materialistic. + + align:start position:0% +that were you would say materialistic. + + + align:start position:0% +that were you would say materialistic. +I mean, he was a kind of a a radical, + + align:start position:0% +I mean, he was a kind of a a radical, + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, he was a kind of a a radical, +socialist, materialist, speculator + + align:start position:0% +socialist, materialist, speculator + + + align:start position:0% +socialist, materialist, speculator +with using science and the principles of + + align:start position:0% +with using science and the principles of + + + align:start position:0% +with using science and the principles of +science to sort of uh develop his uh + + align:start position:0% +science to sort of uh develop his uh + + + align:start position:0% +science to sort of uh develop his uh +general commentary on society and + + align:start position:0% +general commentary on society and + + + align:start position:0% +general commentary on society and +civilization. + + align:start position:0% +civilization. + + + align:start position:0% +civilization. +But you would have to say he was a a + + align:start position:0% +But you would have to say he was a a + + + align:start position:0% +But you would have to say he was a a +rabid secularist. + + align:start position:0% +rabid secularist. + + + align:start position:0% +rabid secularist. +He believed in you know this is this is + + align:start position:0% +He believed in you know this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +He believed in you know this is this is +it. This is the world. Everything else + + align:start position:0% +it. This is the world. Everything else + + + align:start position:0% +it. This is the world. Everything else +all this other uh all this other part of + + align:start position:0% +all this other uh all this other part of + + + align:start position:0% +all this other uh all this other part of +culture associated with religious views + + align:start position:0% +culture associated with religious views + + + align:start position:0% +culture associated with religious views +and so forth was just in Wells's view + + align:start position:0% +and so forth was just in Wells's view + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth was just in Wells's view +not a + + align:start position:0% +not a + + + align:start position:0% +not a +not a serious proposition. + + align:start position:0% +not a serious proposition. + + + align:start position:0% +not a serious proposition. +Oh, David, + + align:start position:0% +Oh, David, + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, David, +I was thinking about that in terms of + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking about that in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +I was thinking about that in terms of +like, you know, design and how we think + + align:start position:0% +like, you know, design and how we think + + + align:start position:0% +like, you know, design and how we think +about it. Like + + align:start position:0% +about it. Like + + + align:start position:0% +about it. Like +it's very clear where he comes down on + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear where he comes down on + + + align:start position:0% +it's very clear where he comes down on +that like just from reading it. + + align:start position:0% +that like just from reading it. + + + align:start position:0% +that like just from reading it. +And you can imagine if the book was + + align:start position:0% +And you can imagine if the book was + + + align:start position:0% +And you can imagine if the book was +written by, you know, I guess someone + + align:start position:0% +written by, you know, I guess someone + + + align:start position:0% +written by, you know, I guess someone +that was very religious or something + + align:start position:0% +that was very religious or something + + + align:start position:0% +that was very religious or something +like that and and was to express their + + align:start position:0% +like that and and was to express their + + + align:start position:0% +like that and and was to express their +ideas, + + align:start position:0% +ideas, + + + align:start position:0% +ideas, +you know, the the religious expression + + align:start position:0% +you know, the the religious expression + + + align:start position:0% +you know, the the religious expression +would be that humans are always kind of + + align:start position:0% +would be that humans are always kind of + + + align:start position:0% +would be that humans are always kind of +ascending + + align:start position:0% +ascending + + + align:start position:0% +ascending +to kind of a higher state of + + align:start position:0% +to kind of a higher state of + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of a higher state of +consciousness or existence or whatever. + + align:start position:0% +consciousness or existence or whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +consciousness or existence or whatever. +And so the future that he describes, + + align:start position:0% +And so the future that he describes, + + + align:start position:0% +And so the future that he describes, +I think isn't the same one that that + + align:start position:0% +I think isn't the same one that that + + + align:start position:0% +I think isn't the same one that that +like, you know, a religious person would + + align:start position:0% +like, you know, a religious person would + + + align:start position:0% +like, you know, a religious person would +would conceive of. + + align:start position:0% +would conceive of. + + + align:start position:0% +would conceive of. +It's it's the Earth without humans. + + align:start position:0% +It's it's the Earth without humans. + + + align:start position:0% +It's it's the Earth without humans. +There are no humans living at this time. + + align:start position:0% +There are no humans living at this time. + + + align:start position:0% +There are no humans living at this time. +It's just, you know, + + align:start position:0% +It's just, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +It's just, you know, +you know, crustation-like creatures + + align:start position:0% +you know, crustation-like creatures + + + align:start position:0% +you know, crustation-like creatures +crawling around on the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +crawling around on the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +crawling around on the surface of the +earth. And you know that's those are the + + align:start position:0% +earth. And you know that's those are the + + + align:start position:0% +earth. And you know that's those are the +final + + align:start position:0% +final + + + align:start position:0% +final +uh or latest stage conditions of + + align:start position:0% +uh or latest stage conditions of + + + align:start position:0% +uh or latest stage conditions of +existence that allow you know some + + align:start position:0% +existence that allow you know some + + + align:start position:0% +existence that allow you know some +creature like this to survive. But no + + align:start position:0% +creature like this to survive. But no + + + align:start position:0% +creature like this to survive. But no +more Eli or Morlocks. They're long gone. + + align:start position:0% +more Eli or Morlocks. They're long gone. + + + align:start position:0% +more Eli or Morlocks. They're long gone. +What I thought really stuck out um + + align:start position:0% +What I thought really stuck out um + + + align:start position:0% +What I thought really stuck out um +throughout the whole book and there was + + align:start position:0% +throughout the whole book and there was + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the whole book and there was +really not even a discussion of it was + + align:start position:0% +really not even a discussion of it was + + + align:start position:0% +really not even a discussion of it was +the Sphinx and how it's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +the Sphinx and how it's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +the Sphinx and how it's kind of an +anacronism in the world that he's + + align:start position:0% +anacronism in the world that he's + + + align:start position:0% +anacronism in the world that he's +created because I mean it's such a + + align:start position:0% +created because I mean it's such a + + + align:start position:0% +created because I mean it's such a +historical image, you know? I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +historical image, you know? I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +historical image, you know? I mean it's +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +the Sphinx is even ancient history to + + align:start position:0% +the Sphinx is even ancient history to + + + align:start position:0% +the Sphinx is even ancient history to +us, you know, + + align:start position:0% +us, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +us, you know, +and yet + + align:start position:0% +and yet + + + align:start position:0% +and yet +it's a relatively new statue. I mean + + align:start position:0% +it's a relatively new statue. I mean + + + align:start position:0% +it's a relatively new statue. I mean +it's shiny, it's + + align:start position:0% +it's shiny, it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's shiny, it's +it's engraved and all this kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's engraved and all this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's engraved and all this kind of +stuff. And so I I just kind of always + + align:start position:0% +stuff. And so I I just kind of always + + + align:start position:0% +stuff. And so I I just kind of always +wondered why + + align:start position:0% +wondered why + + + align:start position:0% +wondered why +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +that of all things was was in the was + + align:start position:0% +that of all things was was in the was + + + align:start position:0% +that of all things was was in the was +like still a centerpiece of their + + align:start position:0% +like still a centerpiece of their + + + align:start position:0% +like still a centerpiece of their +society when when nothing else remained. + + align:start position:0% +society when when nothing else remained. + + + align:start position:0% +society when when nothing else remained. +Good good question. I I've often + + align:start position:0% +Good good question. I I've often + + + align:start position:0% +Good good question. I I've often +wondered that too is just why did he + + align:start position:0% +wondered that too is just why did he + + + align:start position:0% +wondered that too is just why did he +choose Sphinx? Does anybody have a + + align:start position:0% +choose Sphinx? Does anybody have a + + + align:start position:0% +choose Sphinx? Does anybody have a +theory? + + align:start position:0% +theory? + + + align:start position:0% +theory? +I mean the Sphinx of course is a symbol + + align:start position:0% +I mean the Sphinx of course is a symbol + + + align:start position:0% +I mean the Sphinx of course is a symbol +of mystery and the unknown and the uh + + align:start position:0% +of mystery and the unknown and the uh + + + align:start position:0% +of mystery and the unknown and the uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the sort of unutterable + + align:start position:0% +the sort of unutterable + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of unutterable +uh and so at some sense it it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +uh and so at some sense it it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so at some sense it it's it's a +conundrum a symbol of the conundrum and + + align:start position:0% +conundrum a symbol of the conundrum and + + + align:start position:0% +conundrum a symbol of the conundrum and +it rains over this I mean it's an image + + align:start position:0% +it rains over this I mean it's an image + + + align:start position:0% +it rains over this I mean it's an image +that is in the book and he comes back to + + align:start position:0% +that is in the book and he comes back to + + + align:start position:0% +that is in the book and he comes back to +it a couple times and It's sort of like + + align:start position:0% +it a couple times and It's sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +it a couple times and It's sort of like +I mean you could say symbolically it + + align:start position:0% +I mean you could say symbolically it + + + align:start position:0% +I mean you could say symbolically it +works to say something about the mystery + + align:start position:0% +works to say something about the mystery + + + align:start position:0% +works to say something about the mystery +of time and how completely unable we are + + align:start position:0% +of time and how completely unable we are + + + align:start position:0% +of time and how completely unable we are +to project + + align:start position:0% +to project + + + align:start position:0% +to project +in a you know highly complex world what + + align:start position:0% +in a you know highly complex world what + + + align:start position:0% +in a you know highly complex world what +things are going to be in the distant + + align:start position:0% +things are going to be in the distant + + + align:start position:0% +things are going to be in the distant +future. I mean that's the closest I can + + align:start position:0% +future. I mean that's the closest I can + + + align:start position:0% +future. I mean that's the closest I can +come. Yeah. It could also be like the + + align:start position:0% +come. Yeah. It could also be like the + + + align:start position:0% +come. Yeah. It could also be like the +physicality of it and that it's a man's + + align:start position:0% +physicality of it and that it's a man's + + + align:start position:0% +physicality of it and that it's a man's +face on like a different form. + + align:start position:0% +face on like a different form. + + + align:start position:0% +face on like a different form. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Yeah. No, it's uh it certainly is an + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. No, it's uh it certainly is an + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. No, it's uh it certainly is an +important uh it's it's a really + + align:start position:0% +important uh it's it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +important uh it's it's a really +important part of this uh well maybe the + + align:start position:0% +important part of this uh well maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +important part of this uh well maybe the +uh the only the only major symbol in in + + align:start position:0% +uh the only the only major symbol in in + + + align:start position:0% +uh the only the only major symbol in in +in in the book. + + align:start position:0% +in in the book. + + + align:start position:0% +in in the book. +Uh he uses the word automatic + + align:start position:0% +Uh he uses the word automatic + + + align:start position:0% +Uh he uses the word automatic +civilization. + + align:start position:0% +civilization. + + + align:start position:0% +civilization. +this concept of the automatic was + + align:start position:0% +this concept of the automatic was + + + align:start position:0% +this concept of the automatic was +beginning to become part of the + + align:start position:0% +beginning to become part of the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning to become part of the +uh cultural discourse of the time. the + + align:start position:0% +uh cultural discourse of the time. the + + + align:start position:0% +uh cultural discourse of the time. the +the notion that you can automate and + + align:start position:0% +the notion that you can automate and + + + align:start position:0% +the notion that you can automate and +we're very much still into this this + + align:start position:0% +we're very much still into this this + + + align:start position:0% +we're very much still into this this +mode of thinking of you know automating + + align:start position:0% +mode of thinking of you know automating + + + align:start position:0% +mode of thinking of you know automating +things and making things + + align:start position:0% +things and making things + + + align:start position:0% +things and making things +self-maintaining + + align:start position:0% +self-maintaining + + + align:start position:0% +self-maintaining +uh creating a a kind of a world that uh + + align:start position:0% +uh creating a a kind of a world that uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh creating a a kind of a world that uh +so in some ways + + align:start position:0% +so in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +so in some ways +although it's it's it's clearly a work + + align:start position:0% +although it's it's it's clearly a work + + + align:start position:0% +although it's it's it's clearly a work +that was written over 100 years ago. + + align:start position:0% +that was written over 100 years ago. + + + align:start position:0% +that was written over 100 years ago. +uh some of the uh lines of thinking are + + align:start position:0% +uh some of the uh lines of thinking are + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of the uh lines of thinking are +still present in the way contemporary + + align:start position:0% +still present in the way contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +still present in the way contemporary +people think. Um + + align:start position:0% +people think. Um + + + align:start position:0% +people think. Um +and the other thing I was going to + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing I was going to + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing I was going to +mention is uh he he uses some of the + + align:start position:0% +mention is uh he he uses some of the + + + align:start position:0% +mention is uh he he uses some of the +some of the terminology he uses in his + + align:start position:0% +some of the terminology he uses in his + + + align:start position:0% +some of the terminology he uses in his +book is very standard communist + + align:start position:0% +book is very standard communist + + + align:start position:0% +book is very standard communist +terminology. + + align:start position:0% +terminology. + + + align:start position:0% +terminology. +Uh he talks about the conquest of + + align:start position:0% +Uh he talks about the conquest of + + + align:start position:0% +Uh he talks about the conquest of +nature. This is a big thing in uh the + + align:start position:0% +nature. This is a big thing in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +nature. This is a big thing in uh the +communist uh discourse of Wells's time. + + align:start position:0% +communist uh discourse of Wells's time. + + + align:start position:0% +communist uh discourse of Wells's time. +But Charles and I were talking the other + + align:start position:0% +But Charles and I were talking the other + + + align:start position:0% +But Charles and I were talking the other +day uh and and we were sort of I said + + align:start position:0% +day uh and and we were sort of I said + + + align:start position:0% +day uh and and we were sort of I said +something and and you know we we + + align:start position:0% +something and and you know we we + + + align:start position:0% +something and and you know we we +discussed this a little bit. I said in + + align:start position:0% +discussed this a little bit. I said in + + + align:start position:0% +discussed this a little bit. I said in +some ways + + align:start position:0% +some ways + + + align:start position:0% +some ways +this book seems to be almost like a + + align:start position:0% +this book seems to be almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +this book seems to be almost like a +satire on the perfect state of communism + + align:start position:0% +satire on the perfect state of communism + + + align:start position:0% +satire on the perfect state of communism +because if communism actually + + align:start position:0% +because if communism actually + + + align:start position:0% +because if communism actually +arrived and produced uh this perfect + + align:start position:0% +arrived and produced uh this perfect + + + align:start position:0% +arrived and produced uh this perfect +world for everybody and each according + + align:start position:0% +world for everybody and each according + + + align:start position:0% +world for everybody and each according +to his capability, each according to his + + align:start position:0% +to his capability, each according to his + + + align:start position:0% +to his capability, each according to his +needs and so on so forth and perfect + + align:start position:0% +needs and so on so forth and perfect + + + align:start position:0% +needs and so on so forth and perfect +distribution of resources and a kind of + + align:start position:0% +distribution of resources and a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of resources and a kind of +a a static society. You would think we'd + + align:start position:0% +a a static society. You would think we'd + + + align:start position:0% +a a static society. You would think we'd +we'd ultimately reach the perfect stage + + align:start position:0% +we'd ultimately reach the perfect stage + + + align:start position:0% +we'd ultimately reach the perfect stage +and yet + + align:start position:0% +and yet + + + align:start position:0% +and yet +and they have here but what do you get? + + align:start position:0% +and they have here but what do you get? + + + align:start position:0% +and they have here but what do you get? +You get these kind of degenerated forms. + + align:start position:0% +You get these kind of degenerated forms. + + + align:start position:0% +You get these kind of degenerated forms. +So in some ways it's uh + + align:start position:0% +So in some ways it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +So in some ways it's uh +even though the wells is associated with + + align:start position:0% +even though the wells is associated with + + + align:start position:0% +even though the wells is associated with +this movement uh I've often wondered if + + align:start position:0% +this movement uh I've often wondered if + + + align:start position:0% +this movement uh I've often wondered if +you know it seems to me uh to be kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know it seems to me uh to be kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know it seems to me uh to be kind of +uh uh satarizing this whole concept of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh satarizing this whole concept of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh satarizing this whole concept of +everybody having you know the perfect + + align:start position:0% +everybody having you know the perfect + + + align:start position:0% +everybody having you know the perfect +state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about the family structure of both + + align:start position:0% +about the family structure of both + + + align:start position:0% +about the family structure of both +cultures. + + align:start position:0% +cultures. + + + align:start position:0% +cultures. +Not at all. + + align:start position:0% +Not at all. + + + align:start position:0% +Not at all. +Um, I mean, one thing, one question I + + align:start position:0% +Um, I mean, one thing, one question I + + + align:start position:0% +Um, I mean, one thing, one question I +had is, for example, the Eloy, no one + + align:start position:0% +had is, for example, the Eloy, no one + + + align:start position:0% +had is, for example, the Eloy, no one +seemed to be concerned that we know went + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be concerned that we know went + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be concerned that we know went +missing for quite quite such a amount of + + align:start position:0% +missing for quite quite such a amount of + + + align:start position:0% +missing for quite quite such a amount of +time. And when I started thinking about + + align:start position:0% +time. And when I started thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +time. And when I started thinking about +it, I realized I didn't notice any + + align:start position:0% +it, I realized I didn't notice any + + + align:start position:0% +it, I realized I didn't notice any +references to any kind of nuclear family + + align:start position:0% +references to any kind of nuclear family + + + align:start position:0% +references to any kind of nuclear family +or or group. And when I contrasted the + + align:start position:0% +or or group. And when I contrasted the + + + align:start position:0% +or or group. And when I contrasted the +Eloy with the Morlocks, you it seems as + + align:start position:0% +Eloy with the Morlocks, you it seems as + + + align:start position:0% +Eloy with the Morlocks, you it seems as +though the Eloy are extremely + + align:start position:0% +though the Eloy are extremely + + + align:start position:0% +though the Eloy are extremely +individualistic. You know, they have no + + align:start position:0% +individualistic. You know, they have no + + + align:start position:0% +individualistic. You know, they have no +they have no threats apart from the + + align:start position:0% +they have no threats apart from the + + + align:start position:0% +they have no threats apart from the +Morlocks anymore. they have food taken + + align:start position:0% +Morlocks anymore. they have food taken + + + align:start position:0% +Morlocks anymore. they have food taken +care of for them. They just go, they + + align:start position:0% +care of for them. They just go, they + + + align:start position:0% +care of for them. They just go, they +frolic, each to his own, you know, does + + align:start position:0% +frolic, each to his own, you know, does + + + align:start position:0% +frolic, each to his own, you know, does +whereas in the Morlocks, you've got + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the Morlocks, you've got + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the Morlocks, you've got +exactly the opposite case where they + + align:start position:0% +exactly the opposite case where they + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the opposite case where they +kind of act as a super organism, you + + align:start position:0% +kind of act as a super organism, you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of act as a super organism, you +know, they they they seem to have no + + align:start position:0% +know, they they they seem to have no + + + align:start position:0% +know, they they they seem to have no +real selves onto them onto the onto + + align:start position:0% +real selves onto them onto the onto + + + align:start position:0% +real selves onto them onto the onto +their own, you know, apart from what I + + align:start position:0% +their own, you know, apart from what I + + + align:start position:0% +their own, you know, apart from what I +really read. Um, and instead they act as + + align:start position:0% +really read. Um, and instead they act as + + + align:start position:0% +really read. Um, and instead they act as +kind of this network that, you know, + + align:start position:0% +kind of this network that, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +kind of this network that, you know, +contin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the social structures of the two groups, + + align:start position:0% +the social structures of the two groups, + + + align:start position:0% +the social structures of the two groups, +they seem to be diametrically opposed + + align:start position:0% +they seem to be diametrically opposed + + + align:start position:0% +they seem to be diametrically opposed +to. So, + + align:start position:0% +to. So, + + + align:start position:0% +to. So, +no, that that that's a good point. They + + align:start position:0% +no, that that that's a good point. They + + + align:start position:0% +no, that that that's a good point. They +they and they work collectively because + + align:start position:0% +they and they work collectively because + + + align:start position:0% +they and they work collectively because +they maintain machinery. They do all + + align:start position:0% +they maintain machinery. They do all + + + align:start position:0% +they maintain machinery. They do all +sorts of things. We don't see it but but + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things. We don't see it but but + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things. We don't see it but but +yeah and and they harvest they harvest + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and they harvest they harvest + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and they harvest they harvest +Eloy. They go up and you know so it's + + align:start position:0% +Eloy. They go up and you know so it's + + + align:start position:0% +Eloy. They go up and you know so it's +it's definitely uh there's a level of + + align:start position:0% +it's definitely uh there's a level of + + + align:start position:0% +it's definitely uh there's a level of +organization there that is totally + + align:start position:0% +organization there that is totally + + + align:start position:0% +organization there that is totally +missing from the Eloy who have uh you + + align:start position:0% +missing from the Eloy who have uh you + + + align:start position:0% +missing from the Eloy who have uh you +know I don't know how you characterize + + align:start position:0% +know I don't know how you characterize + + + align:start position:0% +know I don't know how you characterize +it. attention deficit disorder. I don't + + align:start position:0% +it. attention deficit disorder. I don't + + + align:start position:0% +it. attention deficit disorder. I don't +know. They all they all sort of can + + align:start position:0% +know. They all they all sort of can + + + align:start position:0% +know. They all they all sort of can +maintain a certain amount of attention + + align:start position:0% +maintain a certain amount of attention + + + align:start position:0% +maintain a certain amount of attention +and then they lose it and they're on to + + align:start position:0% +and then they lose it and they're on to + + + align:start position:0% +and then they lose it and they're on to +something else. And they even seem to, + + align:start position:0% +something else. And they even seem to, + + + align:start position:0% +something else. And they even seem to, +as you say, that's a that's an excellent + + align:start position:0% +as you say, that's a that's an excellent + + + align:start position:0% +as you say, that's a that's an excellent +point. They're they're they're + + align:start position:0% +point. They're they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +point. They're they're they're +different. There's and that also can be + + align:start position:0% +different. There's and that also can be + + + align:start position:0% +different. There's and that also can be +brought back to + + align:start position:0% +brought back to + + + align:start position:0% +brought back to +evolutionary principles. the fact that + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary principles. the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary principles. the fact that +you know the nuclear family, the family + + align:start position:0% +you know the nuclear family, the family + + + align:start position:0% +you know the nuclear family, the family +and family social structures have + + align:start position:0% +and family social structures have + + + align:start position:0% +and family social structures have +adaptive value. + + align:start position:0% +adaptive value. + + + align:start position:0% +adaptive value. +But when everything is pretty much just + + align:start position:0% +But when everything is pretty much just + + + align:start position:0% +But when everything is pretty much just +taken care of and you + + align:start position:0% +taken care of and you + + + align:start position:0% +taken care of and you +have a static condition of existence, + + align:start position:0% +have a static condition of existence, + + + align:start position:0% +have a static condition of existence, +these things are extra energy. uh you + + align:start position:0% +these things are extra energy. uh you + + + align:start position:0% +these things are extra energy. uh you +don't need to use the energy and so a + + align:start position:0% +don't need to use the energy and so a + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to use the energy and so a +lot of things under those theoretically + + align:start position:0% +lot of things under those theoretically + + + align:start position:0% +lot of things under those theoretically +under those conditions would just break + + align:start position:0% +under those conditions would just break + + + align:start position:0% +under those conditions would just break +down. Just as if we look at domestic + + align:start position:0% +down. Just as if we look at domestic + + + align:start position:0% +down. Just as if we look at domestic +animals + + align:start position:0% +animals + + + align:start position:0% +animals +uh they probably have only remnants + + align:start position:0% +uh they probably have only remnants + + + align:start position:0% +uh they probably have only remnants +of the social structures that their + + align:start position:0% +of the social structures that their + + + align:start position:0% +of the social structures that their +ancestral forms had in order to survive. + + align:start position:0% +ancestral forms had in order to survive. + + + align:start position:0% +ancestral forms had in order to survive. +Uh so uh you know I guess one of the I'm + + align:start position:0% +Uh so uh you know I guess one of the I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so uh you know I guess one of the I'm +sure I'm sure the the dynamic in Wells's + + align:start position:0% +sure I'm sure the the dynamic in Wells's + + + align:start position:0% +sure I'm sure the the dynamic in Wells's +mind of the thinking about Eloy is uh + + align:start position:0% +mind of the thinking about Eloy is uh + + + align:start position:0% +mind of the thinking about Eloy is uh +behind his thinking of Eloy is is really + + align:start position:0% +behind his thinking of Eloy is is really + + + align:start position:0% +behind his thinking of Eloy is is really +domestication. + + align:start position:0% +domestication. + + + align:start position:0% +domestication. +And so uh you know if you really want to + + align:start position:0% +And so uh you know if you really want to + + + align:start position:0% +And so uh you know if you really want to +understand who the Eloy are you go back + + align:start position:0% +understand who the Eloy are you go back + + + align:start position:0% +understand who the Eloy are you go back +and read Darwin's first chapter + + align:start position:0% +and read Darwin's first chapter + + + align:start position:0% +and read Darwin's first chapter +variation under domestication + + align:start position:0% +variation under domestication + + + align:start position:0% +variation under domestication +and uh you know and then you know the + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know and then you know the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know and then you know the +selecting force here will be + + align:start position:0% +selecting force here will be + + + align:start position:0% +selecting force here will be +not the Awanians who are selecting + + align:start position:0% +not the Awanians who are selecting + + + align:start position:0% +not the Awanians who are selecting +themselves but the Morlocks who are + + align:start position:0% +themselves but the Morlocks who are + + + align:start position:0% +themselves but the Morlocks who are +basically picking off the you know less + + align:start position:0% +basically picking off the you know less + + + align:start position:0% +basically picking off the you know less +robust forms and so on. Uh so in some + + align:start position:0% +robust forms and so on. Uh so in some + + + align:start position:0% +robust forms and so on. Uh so in some +sense humans have become domesticated + + align:start position:0% +sense humans have become domesticated + + + align:start position:0% +sense humans have become domesticated +uh entities. Well, it's all fantastic + + align:start position:0% +uh entities. Well, it's all fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +uh entities. Well, it's all fantastic +and uh but it it does kind of take you + + align:start position:0% +and uh but it it does kind of take you + + + align:start position:0% +and uh but it it does kind of take you +into this world in a in a sort of a a + + align:start position:0% +into this world in a in a sort of a a + + + align:start position:0% +into this world in a in a sort of a a +fictional way that allows you to think a + + align:start position:0% +fictional way that allows you to think a + + + align:start position:0% +fictional way that allows you to think a +little bit about uh some of these ideas + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh some of these ideas + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh some of these ideas +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +u in a in a in a in a new and different + + align:start position:0% +u in a in a in a in a new and different + + + align:start position:0% +u in a in a in a in a new and different +way, what some of their implications + + align:start position:0% +way, what some of their implications + + + align:start position:0% +way, what some of their implications +are. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ydyiq1Z22gc.txt b/ydyiq1Z22gc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f6ba50853ee5a99d0916cc653d161d4dd3e63c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/ydyiq1Z22gc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8747 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we want to look at the sum-product + + align:start position:0% +today we want to look at the sum-product + + + align:start position:0% +today we want to look at the sum-product +problem so for the past few lectures + + align:start position:0% +problem so for the past few lectures + + + align:start position:0% +problem so for the past few lectures +we've been discussing the structure of + + align:start position:0% +we've been discussing the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +we've been discussing the structure of +sets under the addition operation today + + align:start position:0% +sets under the addition operation today + + + align:start position:0% +sets under the addition operation today +we're going to throw in one extra + + align:start position:0% +we're going to throw in one extra + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to throw in one extra +operation as a multiplication and + + align:start position:0% +operation as a multiplication and + + + align:start position:0% +operation as a multiplication and +understand how sis behaved under both + + align:start position:0% +understand how sis behaved under both + + + align:start position:0% +understand how sis behaved under both +addition and multiplication and the + + align:start position:0% +addition and multiplication and the + + + align:start position:0% +addition and multiplication and the +basic problem here is can it be the case + + align:start position:0% +basic problem here is can it be the case + + + align:start position:0% +basic problem here is can it be the case +that a plus a and a times a which is + + align:start position:0% +that a plus a and a times a which is + + + align:start position:0% +that a plus a and a times a which is +analogously the set of all pairwise + + align:start position:0% +analogously the set of all pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +analogously the set of all pairwise +products of elements from a can these + + align:start position:0% +products of elements from a can these + + + align:start position:0% +products of elements from a can these +two sets be simultaneously small are the + + align:start position:0% +two sets be simultaneously small are the + + + align:start position:0% +two sets be simultaneously small are the +same for some single a can we have it so + + align:start position:0% +same for some single a can we have it so + + + align:start position:0% +same for some single a can we have it so +that a plus a and a times they are + + align:start position:0% +that a plus a and a times they are + + + align:start position:0% +that a plus a and a times they are +simultaneously small for example it's + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously small for example it's + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously small for example it's +easy to make one of them small we've + + align:start position:0% +easy to make one of them small we've + + + align:start position:0% +easy to make one of them small we've +seen examples where if you take a to be + + align:start position:0% +seen examples where if you take a to be + + + align:start position:0% +seen examples where if you take a to be +an arithmetic progression then a plus a + + align:start position:0% +an arithmetic progression then a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +an arithmetic progression then a plus a +is more or less as small as it gets but + + align:start position:0% +is more or less as small as it gets but + + + align:start position:0% +is more or less as small as it gets but +for such an example you see a times a is + + align:start position:0% +for such an example you see a times a is + + + align:start position:0% +for such an example you see a times a is +pretty large it's actually not so clear + + align:start position:0% +pretty large it's actually not so clear + + + align:start position:0% +pretty large it's actually not so clear +how to proof how large it is and there's + + align:start position:0% +how to proof how large it is and there's + + + align:start position:0% +how to proof how large it is and there's +some very nice proofs and this problem + + align:start position:0% +some very nice proofs and this problem + + + align:start position:0% +some very nice proofs and this problem +has actually been more or less pinned + + align:start position:0% +has actually been more or less pinned + + + align:start position:0% +has actually been more or less pinned +down but the short version is that a + + align:start position:0% +down but the short version is that a + + + align:start position:0% +down but the short version is that a +time say has size close to its maximum + + align:start position:0% +time say has size close to its maximum + + + align:start position:0% +time say has size close to its maximum +possible so it turns out the size of a + + align:start position:0% +possible so it turns out the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +possible so it turns out the size of a +times a is almost quadratic okay so this + + align:start position:0% +times a is almost quadratic okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +times a is almost quadratic okay so this +number it's actually now known fairly + + align:start position:0% +number it's actually now known fairly + + + align:start position:0% +number it's actually now known fairly +precisely so this problem of determining + + align:start position:0% +precisely so this problem of determining + + + align:start position:0% +precisely so this problem of determining +the size of a times a for the interval 1 + + align:start position:0% +the size of a times a for the interval 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the size of a times a for the interval 1 +to n is known as the errors + + align:start position:0% +to n is known as the errors + + + align:start position:0% +to n is known as the errors +multiplication table problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if you take a n by n multiplication + + align:start position:0% +so if you take a n by n multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +so if you take a n by n multiplication +table how many numbers do you see in the + + align:start position:0% +table how many numbers do you see in the + + + align:start position:0% +table how many numbers do you see in the +table so that's turns out to be subcode + + align:start position:0% +table so that's turns out to be subcode + + + align:start position:0% +table so that's turns out to be subcode +Radek but not two sub-quadratic okay so + + align:start position:0% +Radek but not two sub-quadratic okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Radek but not two sub-quadratic okay so +the sensor has been so this problem has + + align:start position:0% +the sensor has been so this problem has + + + align:start position:0% +the sensor has been so this problem has +been more or less solved by Kevin Ford + + align:start position:0% +been more or less solved by Kevin Ford + + + align:start position:0% +been more or less solved by Kevin Ford +and we now know a fairly precise + + align:start position:0% +and we now know a fairly precise + + + align:start position:0% +and we now know a fairly precise +expression but I don't want to focus on + + align:start position:0% +expression but I don't want to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +expression but I don't want to focus on +that that's not the topic of today's + + align:start position:0% +that that's not the topic of today's + + + align:start position:0% +that that's not the topic of today's +lecture this is just an example + + align:start position:0% +lecture this is just an example + + + align:start position:0% +lecture this is just an example +alternatively you can take a time say to + + align:start position:0% +alternatively you can take a time say to + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively you can take a time say to +be quite small by taking a to be a + + align:start position:0% +be quite small by taking a to be a + + + align:start position:0% +be quite small by taking a to be a +geometric progression then it's not too + + align:start position:0% +geometric progression then it's not too + + + align:start position:0% +geometric progression then it's not too +hard to convince yourself that a plus a + + align:start position:0% +hard to convince yourself that a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +hard to convince yourself that a plus a +must be fairly large in that case the + + align:start position:0% +must be fairly large in that case the + + + align:start position:0% +must be fairly large in that case the +geometric progression doesn't have so + + align:start position:0% +geometric progression doesn't have so + + + align:start position:0% +geometric progression doesn't have so +much additive structure so a plus a will + + align:start position:0% +much additive structure so a plus a will + + + align:start position:0% +much additive structure so a plus a will +be large so can you make a plus a and a + + align:start position:0% +be large so can you make a plus a and a + + + align:start position:0% +be large so can you make a plus a and a +times a simultaneously small so this is + + align:start position:0% +times a simultaneously small so this is + + + align:start position:0% +times a simultaneously small so this is +conjectured that the answer is no and + + align:start position:0% +conjectured that the answer is no and + + + align:start position:0% +conjectured that the answer is no and +this is a famous conjecture in this area + + align:start position:0% +this is a famous conjecture in this area + + + align:start position:0% +this is a famous conjecture in this area +known as the Irish similarity conjecture + + align:start position:0% +known as the Irish similarity conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +known as the Irish similarity conjecture +on the sum-product problem which states + + align:start position:0% +on the sum-product problem which states + + + align:start position:0% +on the sum-product problem which states +that for all finite sets of real numbers + + align:start position:0% +that for all finite sets of real numbers + + + align:start position:0% +that for all finite sets of real numbers +either a plus a or a times a has to be + + align:start position:0% +either a plus a or a times a has to be + + + align:start position:0% +either a plus a or a times a has to be +close to quadratic size + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's the conjecture is still very + + align:start position:0% +so that's the conjecture is still very + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the conjecture is still very +much open today I want to show you some + + align:start position:0% +much open today I want to show you some + + + align:start position:0% +much open today I want to show you some +progress towards this conjecture here + + align:start position:0% +progress towards this conjecture here + + + align:start position:0% +progress towards this conjecture here +some partial results and it will use a + + align:start position:0% +some partial results and it will use a + + + align:start position:0% +some partial results and it will use a +nice combination of tools from graph + + align:start position:0% +nice combination of tools from graph + + + align:start position:0% +nice combination of tools from graph +theory and incidence geometry so nicely + + align:start position:0% +theory and incidence geometry so nicely + + + align:start position:0% +theory and incidence geometry so nicely +ties in together many of the things that + + align:start position:0% +ties in together many of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +ties in together many of the things that +we've seen in this course so far so + + align:start position:0% +we've seen in this course so far so + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen in this course so far so +erudition similarity proved some bound + + align:start position:0% +erudition similarity proved some bound + + + align:start position:0% +erudition similarity proved some bound +which is like 1 plus C for some constant + + align:start position:0% +which is like 1 plus C for some constant + + + align:start position:0% +which is like 1 plus C for some constant +C today we'll show some bounds form + + align:start position:0% +C today we'll show some bounds form + + + align:start position:0% +C today we'll show some bounds form +somewhat better C's so you see the first + + align:start position:0% +somewhat better C's so you see the first + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat better C's so you see the first +tool that I want to introduce this a + + align:start position:0% +tool that I want to introduce this a + + + align:start position:0% +tool that I want to introduce this a +result from graph theory known as the + + align:start position:0% +result from graph theory known as the + + + align:start position:0% +result from graph theory known as the +crossing number inequality so you know + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality so you know + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality so you know +that planar graphs are graphs where you + + align:start position:0% +that planar graphs are graphs where you + + + align:start position:0% +that planar graphs are graphs where you +can draw on the plane so that the edges + + align:start position:0% +can draw on the plane so that the edges + + + align:start position:0% +can draw on the plane so that the edges +do not cross and there are some famous + + align:start position:0% +do not cross and there are some famous + + + align:start position:0% +do not cross and there are some famous +examples of non planar graphs like K 5 + + align:start position:0% +examples of non planar graphs like K 5 + + + align:start position:0% +examples of non planar graphs like K 5 +and K 3 3 but you can ask a more + + align:start position:0% +and K 3 3 but you can ask a more + + + align:start position:0% +and K 3 3 but you can ask a more +quantitative question if I give you a + + align:start position:0% +quantitative question if I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative question if I give you a +graph how many crossings must you have + + align:start position:0% +graph how many crossings must you have + + + align:start position:0% +graph how many crossings must you have +in every drawing of this graph and the + + align:start position:0% +in every drawing of this graph and the + + + align:start position:0% +in every drawing of this graph and the +crossing number inequality provides some + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality provides some + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality provides some +estimate for such a quantity so given a + + align:start position:0% +estimate for such a quantity so given a + + + align:start position:0% +estimate for such a quantity so given a +graph G going to know by C R so crossing + + align:start position:0% +graph G going to know by C R so crossing + + + align:start position:0% +graph G going to know by C R so crossing +of G to be the minimum number of + + align:start position:0% +of G to be the minimum number of + + + align:start position:0% +of G to be the minimum number of +crossings in a planar drawing of G + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a bit of subtlety here where by + + align:start position:0% +there's a bit of subtlety here where by + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bit of subtlety here where by +a planar drawing do I mean using line + + align:start position:0% +a planar drawing do I mean using line + + + align:start position:0% +a planar drawing do I mean using line +segments or do I mean using curves + + align:start position:0% +segments or do I mean using curves + + + align:start position:0% +segments or do I mean using curves +sorry not clear how they affect this + + align:start position:0% +sorry not clear how they affect this + + + align:start position:0% +sorry not clear how they affect this +quantity here that's a very subtle issue + + align:start position:0% +quantity here that's a very subtle issue + + + align:start position:0% +quantity here that's a very subtle issue +so for planar graphs + + align:start position:0% +so for planar graphs + + + align:start position:0% +so for planar graphs +there's a famous result that more or + + align:start position:0% +there's a famous result that more or + + + align:start position:0% +there's a famous result that more or +less s if a planar graph can be drawn + + align:start position:0% +less s if a planar graph can be drawn + + + align:start position:0% +less s if a planar graph can be drawn +using continuous curves then can be + + align:start position:0% +using continuous curves then can be + + + align:start position:0% +using continuous curves then can be +drawn using straight lines but the + + align:start position:0% +drawn using straight lines but the + + + align:start position:0% +drawn using straight lines but the +minimum number of crossings the two + + align:start position:0% +minimum number of crossings the two + + + align:start position:0% +minimum number of crossings the two +different ways of drawing stay might end + + align:start position:0% +different ways of drawing stay might end + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of drawing stay might end +up with different cross + + align:start position:0% +up with different cross + + + align:start position:0% +up with different cross +numbers but for the purpose of today's + + align:start position:0% +numbers but for the purpose of today's + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but for the purpose of today's +lecture we'll use a more general notion + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll use a more general notion + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll use a more general notion +although it doesn't actually matter for + + align:start position:0% +although it doesn't actually matter for + + + align:start position:0% +although it doesn't actually matter for +today which one we'll use so planar + + align:start position:0% +today which one we'll use so planar + + + align:start position:0% +today which one we'll use so planar +drawing using curves draw the graph + + align:start position:0% +drawing using curves draw the graph + + + align:start position:0% +drawing using curves draw the graph +where edges are continuous curves + + align:start position:0% +where edges are continuous curves + + + align:start position:0% +where edges are continuous curves +how many crossings do you get the + + align:start position:0% +how many crossings do you get the + + + align:start position:0% +how many crossings do you get the +crossing is a pair of edges that cross + + align:start position:0% +crossing is a pair of edges that cross + + + align:start position:0% +crossing is a pair of edges that cross +you can pair I just a cross or a point + + align:start position:0% +you can pair I just a cross or a point + + + align:start position:0% +you can pair I just a cross or a point +that can it doesn't matter so there are + + align:start position:0% +that can it doesn't matter so there are + + + align:start position:0% +that can it doesn't matter so there are +many different subtle ways of defining + + align:start position:0% +many different subtle ways of defining + + + align:start position:0% +many different subtle ways of defining +all these things they won't really come + + align:start position:0% +all these things they won't really come + + + align:start position:0% +all these things they won't really come +up for today's lecture the crossing + + align:start position:0% +up for today's lecture the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +up for today's lecture the crossing +number inequality it's a result from the + + align:start position:0% +number inequality it's a result from the + + + align:start position:0% +number inequality it's a result from the +80s which gives you a lower bound + + align:start position:0% +80s which gives you a lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +80s which gives you a lower bound +estimate on the number of crossings if G + + align:start position:0% +estimate on the number of crossings if G + + + align:start position:0% +estimate on the number of crossings if G +is a graph with enough edges the number + + align:start position:0% +is a graph with enough edges the number + + + align:start position:0% +is a graph with enough edges the number +of edges is let's say at least four + + align:start position:0% +of edges is let's say at least four + + + align:start position:0% +of edges is let's say at least four +times the number of vertices then the + + align:start position:0% +times the number of vertices then the + + + align:start position:0% +times the number of vertices then the +crossing the number of crossings of + + align:start position:0% +crossing the number of crossings of + + + align:start position:0% +crossing the number of crossings of +every drawing of G is at least the + + align:start position:0% +every drawing of G is at least the + + + align:start position:0% +every drawing of G is at least the +number of edges cubed divided by the + + align:start position:0% +number of edges cubed divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges cubed divided by the +number of vertices + + align:start position:0% +number of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +number of vertices +squared and there's an extra constant + + align:start position:0% +squared and there's an extra constant + + + align:start position:0% +squared and there's an extra constant +factor which you know it's just some + + align:start position:0% +factor which you know it's just some + + + align:start position:0% +factor which you know it's just some +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after the constant does not depend on + + align:start position:0% +after the constant does not depend on + + + align:start position:0% +after the constant does not depend on +the graph so in particular it has a lot + + align:start position:0% +the graph so in particular it has a lot + + + align:start position:0% +the graph so in particular it has a lot +of edges then G every drawing of G must + + align:start position:0% +of edges then G every drawing of G must + + + align:start position:0% +of edges then G every drawing of G must +have a lot of crossings okay so the + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of crossings okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of crossings okay so the +crossing number inequality was proved by + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality was proved by + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality was proved by +two separate independent works one by a + + align:start position:0% +two separate independent works one by a + + + align:start position:0% +two separate independent works one by a +I thought all newborns am ready and the + + align:start position:0% +I thought all newborns am ready and the + + + align:start position:0% +I thought all newborns am ready and the +other by Tom Leighton our very own Tom + + align:start position:0% +other by Tom Leighton our very own Tom + + + align:start position:0% +other by Tom Leighton our very own Tom +Leighton here ok so let me first give + + align:start position:0% +Leighton here ok so let me first give + + + align:start position:0% +Leighton here ok so let me first give +you some consequences of the theorem + + align:start position:0% +you some consequences of the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +you some consequences of the theorem +just for illustration so if you have an + + align:start position:0% +just for illustration so if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +just for illustration so if you have an +N vertex graph with a quadratic number + + align:start position:0% +N vertex graph with a quadratic number + + + align:start position:0% +N vertex graph with a quadratic number +of edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then how many crossings must you have + + align:start position:0% +then how many crossings must you have + + + align:start position:0% +then how many crossings must you have +you plug in these parameters into the + + align:start position:0% +you plug in these parameters into the + + + align:start position:0% +you plug in these parameters into the +theorem see that it has necessarily and + + align:start position:0% +theorem see that it has necessarily and + + + align:start position:0% +theorem see that it has necessarily and +to the four crossings well if you just + + align:start position:0% +to the four crossings well if you just + + + align:start position:0% +to the four crossings well if you just +draw the graph in some arbitrary way you + + align:start position:0% +draw the graph in some arbitrary way you + + + align:start position:0% +draw the graph in some arbitrary way you +have at most n to the four crossings + + align:start position:0% +have at most n to the four crossings + + + align:start position:0% +have at most n to the four crossings +because the crossing involves four + + align:start position:0% +because the crossing involves four + + + align:start position:0% +because the crossing involves four +points okay so when you have a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +points okay so when you have a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +points okay so when you have a quadratic +number of edges you must get basically + + align:start position:0% +number of edges you must get basically + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges you must get basically +the maximum number of crossings the + + align:start position:0% +the maximum number of crossings the + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum number of crossings the +leading constant four-term factor is an + + align:start position:0% +leading constant four-term factor is an + + + align:start position:0% +leading constant four-term factor is an +interesting problem which we're not + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem which we're not + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem which we're not +going to get it let's prove the crossing + + align:start position:0% +going to get it let's prove the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +going to get it let's prove the crossing +number inequality first be the base case + + align:start position:0% +number inequality first be the base case + + + align:start position:0% +number inequality first be the base case +of the crossing number inequality is + + align:start position:0% +of the crossing number inequality is + + + align:start position:0% +of the crossing number inequality is +when you can draw a graph with no + + align:start position:0% +when you can draw a graph with no + + + align:start position:0% +when you can draw a graph with no +crossings and those are planar graphs so + + align:start position:0% +crossings and those are planar graphs so + + + align:start position:0% +crossings and those are planar graphs so +for every connected planar graph if it + + align:start position:0% +for every connected planar graph if it + + + align:start position:0% +for every connected planar graph if it +has at least one cycle you see why in + + align:start position:0% +has at least one cycle you see why in + + + align:start position:0% +has at least one cycle you see why in +the second wire say this if with at + + align:start position:0% +the second wire say this if with at + + + align:start position:0% +the second wire say this if with at +least one cycle so that's not a tree we + + align:start position:0% +least one cycle so that's not a tree we + + + align:start position:0% +least one cycle so that's not a tree we +must have that three times the number of + + align:start position:0% +must have that three times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +must have that three times the number of +faces yes at most two times the number + + align:start position:0% +faces yes at most two times the number + + + align:start position:0% +faces yes at most two times the number +of edges okay so here we're gonna use + + align:start position:0% +of edges okay so here we're gonna use + + + align:start position:0% +of edges okay so here we're gonna use +the key cooping winners formula we all + + align:start position:0% +the key cooping winners formula we all + + + align:start position:0% +the key cooping winners formula we all +know as the number of vertices minus a + + align:start position:0% +know as the number of vertices minus a + + + align:start position:0% +know as the number of vertices minus a +number of edges plus a number of faces + + align:start position:0% +number of edges plus a number of faces + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges plus a number of faces +equals to two we're here for face draw + + align:start position:0% +equals to two we're here for face draw + + + align:start position:0% +equals to two we're here for face draw +draw a planar graph so I count the faces + + align:start position:0% +draw a planar graph so I count the faces + + + align:start position:0% +draw a planar graph so I count the faces +here there are two faces outer face in + + align:start position:0% +here there are two faces outer face in + + + align:start position:0% +here there are two faces outer face in +your face + + align:start position:0% +your face + + + align:start position:0% +your face +come edges and vertices so you have + + align:start position:0% +come edges and vertices so you have + + + align:start position:0% +come edges and vertices so you have +Oilers formula up there and plug in + + align:start position:0% +Oilers formula up there and plug in + + + align:start position:0% +Oilers formula up there and plug in +where this formula for a planar graph + + align:start position:0% +where this formula for a planar graph + + + align:start position:0% +where this formula for a planar graph +least one cycle okay so we can obtain + + align:start position:0% +least one cycle okay so we can obtain + + + align:start position:0% +least one cycle okay so we can obtain +this consequence over here because + + align:start position:0% +this consequence over here because + + + align:start position:0% +this consequence over here because +every face is adjacent to at least three + + align:start position:0% +every face is adjacent to at least three + + + align:start position:0% +every face is adjacent to at least three +edges if you go around the face you see + + align:start position:0% +edges if you go around the face you see + + + align:start position:0% +edges if you go around the face you see +at least three edges and every edge is + + align:start position:0% +at least three edges and every edge is + + + align:start position:0% +at least three edges and every edge is +counted exactly twice adjacent to + + align:start position:0% +counted exactly twice adjacent to + + + align:start position:0% +counted exactly twice adjacent to +exactly two faces so you do the double + + align:start position:0% +exactly two faces so you do the double + + + align:start position:0% +exactly two faces so you do the double +counting you get that inequality up + + align:start position:0% +counting you get that inequality up + + + align:start position:0% +counting you get that inequality up +there okay so plugging these two into + + align:start position:0% +there okay so plugging these two into + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so plugging these two into +Euler gets you that inequality up there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plug it plug in these two into Euler we + + align:start position:0% +plug it plug in these two into Euler we + + + align:start position:0% +plug it plug in these two into Euler we +get we got that the number of edges is + + align:start position:0% +get we got that the number of edges is + + + align:start position:0% +get we got that the number of edges is +that most three times the number of + + align:start position:0% +that most three times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +that most three times the number of +vertices minus six so so this that + + align:start position:0% +vertices minus six so so this that + + + align:start position:0% +vertices minus six so so this that +inequality by plug it into allure you + + align:start position:0% +inequality by plug it into allure you + + + align:start position:0% +inequality by plug it into allure you +get you can in this in Tooele you get + + align:start position:0% +get you can in this in Tooele you get + + + align:start position:0% +get you can in this in Tooele you get +this so we have that a number of edges + + align:start position:0% +this so we have that a number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +this so we have that a number of edges +it's at most three times the number of + + align:start position:0% +it's at most three times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +it's at most three times the number of +vertices for every graph G here we're + + align:start position:0% +vertices for every graph G here we're + + + align:start position:0% +vertices for every graph G here we're +required that the graph is planar and + + align:start position:0% +required that the graph is planar and + + + align:start position:0% +required that the graph is planar and +has at least one cycle but even if we + + align:start position:0% +has at least one cycle but even if we + + + align:start position:0% +has at least one cycle but even if we +drop the planet even if we drop the + + align:start position:0% +drop the planet even if we drop the + + + align:start position:0% +drop the planet even if we drop the +condition has at least one cycle but + + align:start position:0% +condition has at least one cycle but + + + align:start position:0% +condition has at least one cycle but +just require that this planar every + + align:start position:0% +just require that this planar every + + + align:start position:0% +just require that this planar every +graph G status every planar graph G + + align:start position:0% +graph G status every planar graph G + + + align:start position:0% +graph G status every planar graph G +satisfies this inequality over here so + + align:start position:0% +satisfies this inequality over here so + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies this inequality over here so +in other words fact amount of heard + + align:start position:0% +in other words fact amount of heard + + + align:start position:0% +in other words fact amount of heard +before in a planar graph the average + + align:start position:0% +before in a planar graph the average + + + align:start position:0% +before in a planar graph the average +degree of a vertex is at most six so in + + align:start position:0% +degree of a vertex is at most six so in + + + align:start position:0% +degree of a vertex is at most six so in +particular the crossing number of a + + align:start position:0% +particular the crossing number of a + + + align:start position:0% +particular the crossing number of a +graph G is positive if the number of + + align:start position:0% +graph G is positive if the number of + + + align:start position:0% +graph G is positive if the number of +edges exceeds three times the number of + + align:start position:0% +edges exceeds three times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +edges exceeds three times the number of +vertices it's not planar so as at least + + align:start position:0% +vertices it's not planar so as at least + + + align:start position:0% +vertices it's not planar so as at least +one crossing every drawing + + align:start position:0% +one crossing every drawing + + + align:start position:0% +one crossing every drawing +and by deleting an edge from each + + align:start position:0% +and by deleting an edge from each + + + align:start position:0% +and by deleting an edge from each +drawing from each crossing we get a + + align:start position:0% +drawing from each crossing we get a + + + align:start position:0% +drawing from each crossing we get a +planar graph draw the graph you have + + align:start position:0% +planar graph draw the graph you have + + + align:start position:0% +planar graph draw the graph you have +some crossings you get rid of an edge + + align:start position:0% +some crossings you get rid of an edge + + + align:start position:0% +some crossings you get rid of an edge +associated to each drawing then you get + + align:start position:0% +associated to each drawing then you get + + + align:start position:0% +associated to each drawing then you get +a planar graph you look at this + + align:start position:0% +a planar graph you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +a planar graph you look at this +inequality and you count for the number + + align:start position:0% +inequality and you count for the number + + + align:start position:0% +inequality and you count for the number +of edges that you deleted we obtained + + align:start position:0% +of edges that you deleted we obtained + + + align:start position:0% +of edges that you deleted we obtained +then the inequality that the number of + + align:start position:0% +then the inequality that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +then the inequality that the number of +edges minus a number of crossings is at + + align:start position:0% +edges minus a number of crossings is at + + + align:start position:0% +edges minus a number of crossings is at +least three times the number of vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we obtain the inequality that blower + + align:start position:0% +so we obtain the inequality that blower + + + align:start position:0% +so we obtain the inequality that blower +bound the number of crossings as number + + align:start position:0% +bound the number of crossings as number + + + align:start position:0% +bound the number of crossings as number +of edges minus three times the number of + + align:start position:0% +of edges minus three times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of edges minus three times the number of +vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's some lower bound on the + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's some lower bound on the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's some lower bound on the +crossing number it's not quite a band + + align:start position:0% +crossing number it's not quite a band + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number it's not quite a band +that we have over there and in fact if + + align:start position:0% +that we have over there and in fact if + + + align:start position:0% +that we have over there and in fact if +you take a graph with a quadratic number + + align:start position:0% +you take a graph with a quadratic number + + + align:start position:0% +you take a graph with a quadratic number +of edges this bound here only gives you + + align:start position:0% +of edges this bound here only gives you + + + align:start position:0% +of edges this bound here only gives you +quadratic lower bound on the crossing + + align:start position:0% +quadratic lower bound on the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic lower bound on the crossing +number some lower bound but it's not a + + align:start position:0% +number some lower bound but it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +number some lower bound but it's not a +great lower bound and we would like to + + align:start position:0% +great lower bound and we would like to + + + align:start position:0% +great lower bound and we would like to +do better so here's a trick that this is + + align:start position:0% +do better so here's a trick that this is + + + align:start position:0% +do better so here's a trick that this is +a very nice trick where we're going to + + align:start position:0% +a very nice trick where we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a very nice trick where we're going to +use this inequality to upgrade it to a + + align:start position:0% +use this inequality to upgrade it to a + + + align:start position:0% +use this inequality to upgrade it to a +much better inequality at a bootstrapper + + align:start position:0% +much better inequality at a bootstrapper + + + align:start position:0% +much better inequality at a bootstrapper +to a much tighter inequality so this + + align:start position:0% +to a much tighter inequality so this + + + align:start position:0% +to a much tighter inequality so this +involves the use of the probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +involves the use of the probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +involves the use of the probabilistic +method I need to note by P some number + + align:start position:0% +method I need to note by P some number + + + align:start position:0% +method I need to note by P some number +between zero and one to be decided later + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and starting with a graph G let's let G + + align:start position:0% +and starting with a graph G let's let G + + + align:start position:0% +and starting with a graph G let's let G +prime address being vertices and edges + + align:start position:0% +prime address being vertices and edges + + + align:start position:0% +prime address being vertices and edges +being V Prime and E prime be obtained + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from G by randomly the leading sum of + + align:start position:0% +from G by randomly the leading sum of + + + align:start position:0% +from G by randomly the leading sum of +the edge of some of the vertices or + + align:start position:0% +the edge of some of the vertices or + + + align:start position:0% +the edge of some of the vertices or +rather randomly keeping each vertex with + + align:start position:0% +rather randomly keeping each vertex with + + + align:start position:0% +rather randomly keeping each vertex with +probability P independently for each of + + align:start position:0% +probability P independently for each of + + + align:start position:0% +probability P independently for each of +these vertices so you have some graph G + + align:start position:0% +these vertices so you have some graph G + + + align:start position:0% +these vertices so you have some graph G +I keep each vertex with probability P + + align:start position:0% +I keep each vertex with probability P + + + align:start position:0% +I keep each vertex with probability P +and I delete the remaining vertices and + + align:start position:0% +and I delete the remaining vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +and I delete the remaining vertices and +I get a smaller graph I guess I'm + + align:start position:0% +I get a smaller graph I guess I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I get a smaller graph I guess I'm +induced subgraph and I would like to + + align:start position:0% +induced subgraph and I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +induced subgraph and I would like to +know what can we say about the crossing + + align:start position:0% +know what can we say about the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +know what can we say about the crossing +number of the smaller graph in + + align:start position:0% +number of the smaller graph in + + + align:start position:0% +number of the smaller graph in +comparison to the crossing number of the + + align:start position:0% +comparison to the crossing number of the + + + align:start position:0% +comparison to the crossing number of the +original graph well for the smaller + + align:start position:0% +original graph well for the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +original graph well for the smaller +graph because it's still a planar graph + + align:start position:0% +graph because it's still a planar graph + + + align:start position:0% +graph because it's still a planar graph +like so G prime so it's it's still graph + + align:start position:0% +like so G prime so it's it's still graph + + + align:start position:0% +like so G prime so it's it's still graph +it's not now playing about it's still + + align:start position:0% +it's not now playing about it's still + + + align:start position:0% +it's not now playing about it's still +graph so G prime still satisfies this + + align:start position:0% +graph so G prime still satisfies this + + + align:start position:0% +graph so G prime still satisfies this +inequality up here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so G Prime still satisfies that the + + align:start position:0% +so G Prime still satisfies that the + + + align:start position:0% +so G Prime still satisfies that the +number of crossings and every drawing of + + align:start position:0% +number of crossings and every drawing of + + + align:start position:0% +number of crossings and every drawing of +G prime is at least the number of edges + + align:start position:0% +G prime is at least the number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +G prime is at least the number of edges +of G prime minus three times the number + + align:start position:0% +of G prime minus three times the number + + + align:start position:0% +of G prime minus three times the number +of vertices of G Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but now note that G prime is a random + + align:start position:0% +but now note that G prime is a random + + + align:start position:0% +but now note that G prime is a random +graph G was fixed given G prime is a + + align:start position:0% +graph G was fixed given G prime is a + + + align:start position:0% +graph G was fixed given G prime is a +random graph so let's evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +random graph so let's evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +random graph so let's evaluate the +expectation of both quantities left-hand + + align:start position:0% +expectation of both quantities left-hand + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of both quantities left-hand +side and right-hand side if this + + align:start position:0% +side and right-hand side if this + + + align:start position:0% +side and right-hand side if this +inequality is true for every G prime the + + align:start position:0% +inequality is true for every G prime the + + + align:start position:0% +inequality is true for every G prime the +same inequality must be true in + + align:start position:0% +same inequality must be true in + + + align:start position:0% +same inequality must be true in +expectation now what do we know about + + align:start position:0% +expectation now what do we know about + + + align:start position:0% +expectation now what do we know about +the expectations of each of these + + align:start position:0% +the expectations of each of these + + + align:start position:0% +the expectations of each of these +quantities the number of vertices in + + align:start position:0% +quantities the number of vertices in + + + align:start position:0% +quantities the number of vertices in +expectation that's pretty easy so this + + align:start position:0% +expectation that's pretty easy so this + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that's pretty easy so this +one here is P times the original number + + align:start position:0% +one here is P times the original number + + + align:start position:0% +one here is P times the original number +of vertices the number of edges is also + + align:start position:0% +of vertices the number of edges is also + + + align:start position:0% +of vertices the number of edges is also +pretty easy each edge is kept if both + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy each edge is kept if both + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy each edge is kept if both +endpoints are kept so this expectation + + align:start position:0% +endpoints are kept so this expectation + + + align:start position:0% +endpoints are kept so this expectation +on a number of edges remaining it's also + + align:start position:0% +on a number of edges remaining it's also + + + align:start position:0% +on a number of edges remaining it's also +pretty easy to determine the crossing + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy to determine the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +pretty easy to determine the crossing +number of the new graph well that I have + + align:start position:0% +number of the new graph well that I have + + + align:start position:0% +number of the new graph well that I have +to be still bit more careful off because + + align:start position:0% +to be still bit more careful off because + + + align:start position:0% +to be still bit more careful off because +when you look at this smaller graph + + align:start position:0% +when you look at this smaller graph + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at this smaller graph +maybe there's a different way to draw it + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's a different way to draw it + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's a different way to draw it +that's not just deleting these some of + + align:start position:0% +that's not just deleting these some of + + + align:start position:0% +that's not just deleting these some of +the vertices from the original graph so + + align:start position:0% +the vertices from the original graph so + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices from the original graph so +even though the original graph might + + align:start position:0% +even though the original graph might + + + align:start position:0% +even though the original graph might +have a lot of crossings when you go to a + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of crossings when you go to a + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of crossings when you go to a +sub graph maybe there's a better way to + + align:start position:0% +sub graph maybe there's a better way to + + + align:start position:0% +sub graph maybe there's a better way to +draw it but we just need an inequality + + align:start position:0% +draw it but we just need an inequality + + + align:start position:0% +draw it but we just need an inequality +in the right direction so we are still + + align:start position:0% +in the right direction so we are still + + + align:start position:0% +in the right direction so we are still +okay and I claim that the crossing + + align:start position:0% +okay and I claim that the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I claim that the crossing +number of G prime is in expectation at + + align:start position:0% +number of G prime is in expectation at + + + align:start position:0% +number of G prime is in expectation at +most P to the 4 times the crossing + + align:start position:0% +most P to the 4 times the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +most P to the 4 times the crossing +number of G because if you keep the same + + align:start position:0% +number of G because if you keep the same + + + align:start position:0% +number of G because if you keep the same +drawing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then the expected number of crossings + + align:start position:0% +then the expected number of crossings + + + align:start position:0% +then the expected number of crossings +that are kept so each crossing is kept + + align:start position:0% +that are kept so each crossing is kept + + + align:start position:0% +that are kept so each crossing is kept +if all four of its endpoints are kept so + + align:start position:0% +if all four of its endpoints are kept so + + + align:start position:0% +if all four of its endpoints are kept so +each crossing is kept with probability P + + align:start position:0% +each crossing is kept with probability P + + + align:start position:0% +each crossing is kept with probability P +to the fourth you can draw it in + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth you can draw it in + + + align:start position:0% +to the fourth you can draw it in +expectation with this many crossings + + align:start position:0% +expectation with this many crossings + + + align:start position:0% +expectation with this many crossings +maybe it's much less maybe there's a + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's much less maybe there's a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's much less maybe there's a +better way to draw it but you have an + + align:start position:0% +better way to draw it but you have an + + + align:start position:0% +better way to draw it but you have an +inequality going in the right direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay looking at that inequality up there + + align:start position:0% +okay looking at that inequality up there + + + align:start position:0% +okay looking at that inequality up there +in yellow we find that the crossing + + align:start position:0% +in yellow we find that the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +in yellow we find that the crossing +number of G is at least P to the minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +number of G is at least P to the minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +number of G is at least P to the minus 2 +e minus P 3 P to the minus 3 and this is + + align:start position:0% +e minus P 3 P to the minus 3 and this is + + + align:start position:0% +e minus P 3 P to the minus 3 and this is +true for every value of P between 0 & 1 + + align:start position:0% +true for every value of P between 0 & 1 + + + align:start position:0% +true for every value of P between 0 & 1 +so now you pick a value of P that works + + align:start position:0% +so now you pick a value of P that works + + + align:start position:0% +so now you pick a value of P that works +most in your favor and it turns out you + + align:start position:0% +most in your favor and it turns out you + + + align:start position:0% +most in your favor and it turns out you +should do this by setting these two + + align:start position:0% +should do this by setting these two + + + align:start position:0% +should do this by setting these two +quantities to be roughly equal to each + + align:start position:0% +quantities to be roughly equal to each + + + align:start position:0% +quantities to be roughly equal to each +other so setting P between 0 & 1 so that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for x basically set these two terms to + + align:start position:0% +for x basically set these two terms to + + + align:start position:0% +for x basically set these two terms to +be roughly equal to each other and then + + align:start position:0% +be roughly equal to each other and then + + + align:start position:0% +be roughly equal to each other and then +we get that this quantity here is at + + align:start position:0% +we get that this quantity here is at + + + align:start position:0% +we get that this quantity here is at +least the claimed quantity which is the + + align:start position:0% +least the claimed quantity which is the + + + align:start position:0% +least the claimed quantity which is the +cubed over the squared up to some + + align:start position:0% +cubed over the squared up to some + + + align:start position:0% +cubed over the squared up to some +constant factor which I don't really + + align:start position:0% +constant factor which I don't really + + + align:start position:0% +constant factor which I don't really +care about in order to set P I have to + + align:start position:0% +care about in order to set P I have to + + + align:start position:0% +care about in order to set P I have to +be a little bit careful that peace + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit careful that peace + + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit careful that peace +between 0 & 1 if you set P to be one + + align:start position:0% +between 0 & 1 if you set P to be one + + + align:start position:0% +between 0 & 1 if you set P to be one +point two this whole argument doesn't + + align:start position:0% +point two this whole argument doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +point two this whole argument doesn't +make any sense so so this is okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so meaning keys at most one ass + + align:start position:0% +okay so meaning keys at most one ass + + + align:start position:0% +okay so meaning keys at most one ass +long ass yes at most for I mean the four + + align:start position:0% +long ass yes at most for I mean the four + + + align:start position:0% +long ass yes at most for I mean the four +here is not optimal but if for War two + + align:start position:0% +here is not optimal but if for War two + + + align:start position:0% +here is not optimal but if for War two +then it's not true right so if yes to + + align:start position:0% +then it's not true right so if yes to + + + align:start position:0% +then it's not true right so if yes to +view you can have a planar graph so you + + align:start position:0% +view you can have a planar graph so you + + + align:start position:0% +view you can have a planar graph so you +shouldn't have a lower bound on the + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have a lower bound on the + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have a lower bound on the +crossing number okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +crossing number okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number okay so this is the +proof of the crossing number inequality + + align:start position:0% +proof of the crossing number inequality + + + align:start position:0% +proof of the crossing number inequality +which says that if you have lots of + + align:start position:0% +which says that if you have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +which says that if you have lots of +edges then you must have lots of + + align:start position:0% +edges then you must have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +edges then you must have lots of +crossings any questions okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +crossings any questions okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +crossings any questions okay so let's +use the crossing number inequality to + + align:start position:0% +use the crossing number inequality to + + + align:start position:0% +use the crossing number inequality to +prove a fundamental result in incidence + + align:start position:0% +prove a fundamental result in incidence + + + align:start position:0% +prove a fundamental result in incidence +geometry so incidence geometry is this + + align:start position:0% +geometry so incidence geometry is this + + + align:start position:0% +geometry so incidence geometry is this +area of discrete math that concerns + + align:start position:0% +area of discrete math that concerns + + + align:start position:0% +area of discrete math that concerns +fairly basic sounding questions about + + align:start position:0% +fairly basic sounding questions about + + + align:start position:0% +fairly basic sounding questions about +incidences between let's say points and + + align:start position:0% +incidences between let's say points and + + + align:start position:0% +incidences between let's say points and +lines and here's an example what's the + + align:start position:0% +lines and here's an example what's the + + + align:start position:0% +lines and here's an example what's the +maximum number of incidences between + + align:start position:0% +maximum number of incidences between + + + align:start position:0% +maximum number of incidences between +endpoints and end lines where by + + align:start position:0% +endpoints and end lines where by + + + align:start position:0% +endpoints and end lines where by +incidence I mean if P so curly P is a + + align:start position:0% +incidence I mean if P so curly P is a + + + align:start position:0% +incidence I mean if P so curly P is a +set of points and curly L is the set of + + align:start position:0% +set of points and curly L is the set of + + + align:start position:0% +set of points and curly L is the set of +lines then I write I of P and L to be + + align:start position:0% +lines then I write I of P and L to be + + + align:start position:0% +lines then I write I of P and L to be +the number of pairs one point one line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that the point lies on the line so + + align:start position:0% +such that the point lies on the line so + + + align:start position:0% +such that the point lies on the line so +I'm counting incidences between points + + align:start position:0% +I'm counting incidences between points + + + align:start position:0% +I'm counting incidences between points +and lines you can view this in many ways + + align:start position:0% +and lines you can view this in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +and lines you can view this in many ways +you can view it as a bipartite graph + + align:start position:0% +you can view it as a bipartite graph + + + align:start position:0% +you can view it as a bipartite graph +between points and lines and we're + + align:start position:0% +between points and lines and we're + + + align:start position:0% +between points and lines and we're +counting a number of edges in this + + align:start position:0% +counting a number of edges in this + + + align:start position:0% +counting a number of edges in this +bipartite graph like if you end points + + align:start position:0% +bipartite graph like if you end points + + + align:start position:0% +bipartite graph like if you end points +and lines what's the maximum number of + + align:start position:0% +and lines what's the maximum number of + + + align:start position:0% +and lines what's the maximum number of +incidences it's not such an obvious + + align:start position:0% +incidences it's not such an obvious + + + align:start position:0% +incidences it's not such an obvious +question so let's see how we can + + align:start position:0% +question so let's see how we can + + + align:start position:0% +question so let's see how we can +approach this question but first let me + + align:start position:0% +approach this question but first let me + + + align:start position:0% +approach this question but first let me +give you some easy bounds right so so + + align:start position:0% +give you some easy bounds right so so + + + align:start position:0% +give you some easy bounds right so so +here's a trivial bound so here I want to + + align:start position:0% +here's a trivial bound so here I want to + + + align:start position:0% +here's a trivial bound so here I want to +know if I give you some number of points + + align:start position:0% +know if I give you some number of points + + + align:start position:0% +know if I give you some number of points +some number of lines what's the maximum + + align:start position:0% +some number of lines what's the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +some number of lines what's the maximum +number of incidences + + align:start position:0% +number of incidences + + + align:start position:0% +number of incidences +so if trivial bound yes + + align:start position:0% +so if trivial bound yes + + + align:start position:0% +so if trivial bound yes +remember incidences is at most the + + align:start position:0% +remember incidences is at most the + + + align:start position:0% +remember incidences is at most the +product between the number of points and + + align:start position:0% +product between the number of points and + + + align:start position:0% +product between the number of points and +the number of lines I'm pointing online + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines I'm pointing online + + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines I'm pointing online +and most one incidence okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +and most one incidence okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +and most one incidence okay so that's +pretty trivial we can do better so we + + align:start position:0% +pretty trivial we can do better so we + + + align:start position:0% +pretty trivial we can do better so we +can do better because well you see let's + + align:start position:0% +can do better because well you see let's + + + align:start position:0% +can do better because well you see let's +use this following fact that every line + + align:start position:0% +use this following fact that every line + + + align:start position:0% +use this following fact that every line +so every pair of points determine at + + align:start position:0% +so every pair of points determine at + + + align:start position:0% +so every pair of points determine at +most one line I have two points there's + + align:start position:0% +most one line I have two points there's + + + align:start position:0% +most one line I have two points there's +almost one line that contains those two + + align:start position:0% +almost one line that contains those two + + + align:start position:0% +almost one line that contains those two +points using this fact we see that the + + align:start position:0% +points using this fact we see that the + + + align:start position:0% +points using this fact we see that the +number of so let's count the number of + + align:start position:0% +number of so let's count the number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of so let's count the number of +triples involving two points and one + + align:start position:0% +triples involving two points and one + + + align:start position:0% +triples involving two points and one +line such that both points lie on the + + align:start position:0% +line such that both points lie on the + + + align:start position:0% +line such that both points lie on the +line okay so how big can this set be so + + align:start position:0% +line okay so how big can this set be so + + + align:start position:0% +line okay so how big can this set be so +let's try to count it in two different + + align:start position:0% +let's try to count it in two different + + + align:start position:0% +let's try to count it in two different +ways on one hand this quantity is that + + align:start position:0% +ways on one hand this quantity is that + + + align:start position:0% +ways on one hand this quantity is that +most the number of points squared + + align:start position:0% +most the number of points squared + + + align:start position:0% +most the number of points squared +because if I give you two points then + + align:start position:0% +because if I give you two points then + + + align:start position:0% +because if I give you two points then +they determine this line so the most + + align:start position:0% +they determine this line so the most + + + align:start position:0% +they determine this line so the most +number of points squared but on the + + align:start position:0% +number of points squared but on the + + + align:start position:0% +number of points squared but on the +other hand we see that if I give you a + + align:start position:0% +other hand we see that if I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +other hand we see that if I give you a +line I just need to count now the number + + align:start position:0% +line I just need to count now the number + + + align:start position:0% +line I just need to count now the number +of so and we also require that these two + + align:start position:0% +of so and we also require that these two + + + align:start position:0% +of so and we also require that these two +points are distinct right so if I give + + align:start position:0% +points are distinct right so if I give + + + align:start position:0% +points are distinct right so if I give +you a line + + align:start position:0% +you a line + + + align:start position:0% +you a line +I don't just need to count the number of + + align:start position:0% +I don't just need to count the number of + + + align:start position:0% +I don't just need to count the number of +pairs of points on this line so I can + + align:start position:0% +pairs of points on this line so I can + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of points on this line so I can +enumerate over lines and count line by + + align:start position:0% +enumerate over lines and count line by + + + align:start position:0% +enumerate over lines and count line by +line how many pairs of points are on + + align:start position:0% +line how many pairs of points are on + + + align:start position:0% +line how many pairs of points are on +that line so I get this quantity over + + align:start position:0% +that line so I get this quantity over + + + align:start position:0% +that line so I get this quantity over +here on each line I have that + + align:start position:0% +here on each line I have that + + + align:start position:0% +here on each line I have that +contribution and now you saying + + align:start position:0% +contribution and now you saying + + + align:start position:0% +contribution and now you saying +cauchy-schwarz inequality we find that + + align:start position:0% +cauchy-schwarz inequality we find that + + + align:start position:0% +cauchy-schwarz inequality we find that +this squared term is at least the number + + align:start position:0% +this squared term is at least the number + + + align:start position:0% +this squared term is at least the number +of intended incidences divided by the + + align:start position:0% +of intended incidences divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +of intended incidences divided by the +number of lines and the remaining minus + + align:start position:0% +number of lines and the remaining minus + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines and the remaining minus +one term contributes just to the number + + align:start position:0% +one term contributes just to the number + + + align:start position:0% +one term contributes just to the number +of incidences so the first is by Cauchy + + align:start position:0% +of incidences so the first is by Cauchy + + + align:start position:0% +of incidences so the first is by Cauchy +Schwartz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so putting these two inequalities + + align:start position:0% +so putting these two inequalities + + + align:start position:0% +so putting these two inequalities +together we get some bound some upper + + align:start position:0% +together we get some bound some upper + + + align:start position:0% +together we get some bound some upper +bound on the number of incidences if you + + align:start position:0% +bound on the number of incidences if you + + + align:start position:0% +bound on the number of incidences if you +have to invert this inequality you will + + align:start position:0% +have to invert this inequality you will + + + align:start position:0% +have to invert this inequality you will +get that the number of incidences + + align:start position:0% +get that the number of incidences + + + align:start position:0% +get that the number of incidences +between points and lines is upper + + align:start position:0% +between points and lines is upper + + + align:start position:0% +between points and lines is upper +bounded by the number of points times + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the number of points times + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the number of points times +the number of lines raised to power 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines raised to power 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines raised to power 1/2 +plus the number of lines so that's what + + align:start position:0% +plus the number of lines so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +plus the number of lines so that's what +you get from this inequality over here + + align:start position:0% +you get from this inequality over here + + + align:start position:0% +you get from this inequality over here +by considering point line duality so you + + align:start position:0% +by considering point line duality so you + + + align:start position:0% +by considering point line duality so you +whenever you have this kind of set up + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have this kind of set up + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you have this kind of set up +involving points and lines you can take + + align:start position:0% +involving points and lines you can take + + + align:start position:0% +involving points and lines you can take +the projected duality and transform the + + align:start position:0% +the projected duality and transform the + + + align:start position:0% +the projected duality and transform the +configuration into lines into points and + + align:start position:0% +configuration into lines into points and + + + align:start position:0% +configuration into lines into points and +points into lines and incidences are + + align:start position:0% +points into lines and incidences are + + + align:start position:0% +points into lines and incidences are +preserved so I also have an inequality I + + align:start position:0% +preserved so I also have an inequality I + + + align:start position:0% +preserved so I also have an inequality I +also have an inequality where I switch + + align:start position:0% +also have an inequality where I switch + + + align:start position:0% +also have an inequality where I switch +the rows of points and lines so I is + + align:start position:0% +the rows of points and lines so I is + + + align:start position:0% +the rows of points and lines so I is +already the numbers I don't need to put + + align:start position:0% +already the numbers I don't need to put + + + align:start position:0% +already the numbers I don't need to put +an extra absolute the number of points + + align:start position:0% +an extra absolute the number of points + + + align:start position:0% +an extra absolute the number of points +and lines is upper bounded by the number + + align:start position:0% +and lines is upper bounded by the number + + + align:start position:0% +and lines is upper bounded by the number +of lines times the square root of the + + align:start position:0% +of lines times the square root of the + + + align:start position:0% +of lines times the square root of the +number of points plus an extra term just + + align:start position:0% +number of points plus an extra term just + + + align:start position:0% +number of points plus an extra term just +in case there are very few lines okay so + + align:start position:0% +in case there are very few lines okay so + + + align:start position:0% +in case there are very few lines okay so +these are the balance that you have so + + align:start position:0% +these are the balance that you have so + + + align:start position:0% +these are the balance that you have so +far and the only thing that we have used + + align:start position:0% +far and the only thing that we have used + + + align:start position:0% +far and the only thing that we have used +so far is the fact that every two points + + align:start position:0% +so far is the fact that every two points + + + align:start position:0% +so far is the fact that every two points +determine at most one line and every two + + align:start position:0% +determine at most one line and every two + + + align:start position:0% +determine at most one line and every two +lines meter and most one point so these + + align:start position:0% +lines meter and most one point so these + + + align:start position:0% +lines meter and most one point so these +are the bounds that we get and in + + align:start position:0% +are the bounds that we get and in + + + align:start position:0% +are the bounds that we get and in +particular for endpoints and end lines + + align:start position:0% +particular for endpoints and end lines + + + align:start position:0% +particular for endpoints and end lines +we get that the number of incidences is + + align:start position:0% +we get that the number of incidences is + + + align:start position:0% +we get that the number of incidences is +Big O of n to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this should remind you of something + + align:start position:0% +this should remind you of something + + + align:start position:0% +this should remind you of something +we've done before so in first part of + + align:start position:0% +we've done before so in first part of + + + align:start position:0% +we've done before so in first part of +this course when we were looking at + + align:start position:0% +this course when we were looking at + + + align:start position:0% +this course when we were looking at +extremal numbers where did three-halves + + align:start position:0% +extremal numbers where did three-halves + + + align:start position:0% +extremal numbers where did three-halves +come up c4 yeah so if you compare this + + align:start position:0% +come up c4 yeah so if you compare this + + + align:start position:0% +come up c4 yeah so if you compare this +quantity to the extremal number of c4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's also m to the three-halves and in + + align:start position:0% +it's also m to the three-halves and in + + + align:start position:0% +it's also m to the three-halves and in +fact the proof is exactly the same all + + align:start position:0% +fact the proof is exactly the same all + + + align:start position:0% +fact the proof is exactly the same all +we're using here is that the incidence + + align:start position:0% +we're using here is that the incidence + + + align:start position:0% +we're using here is that the incidence +graph is C for free in fact this is an + + align:start position:0% +graph is C for free in fact this is an + + + align:start position:0% +graph is C for free in fact this is an +argument about C for free graphs so this + + align:start position:0% +argument about C for free graphs so this + + + align:start position:0% +argument about C for free graphs so this +fact here up every two points determine + + align:start position:0% +fact here up every two points determine + + + align:start position:0% +fact here up every two points determine +the most one line it's saying that + + align:start position:0% +the most one line it's saying that + + + align:start position:0% +the most one line it's saying that +there's no if you look at the incidence + + align:start position:0% +there's no if you look at the incidence + + + align:start position:0% +there's no if you look at the incidence +graph there's no C form so that's all + + align:start position:0% +graph there's no C form so that's all + + + align:start position:0% +graph there's no C form so that's all +we're using for now any questions all + + align:start position:0% +we're using for now any questions all + + + align:start position:0% +we're using for now any questions all +right so is this the truth now back when + + align:start position:0% +right so is this the truth now back when + + + align:start position:0% +right so is this the truth now back when +we were discussing the extremal number + + align:start position:0% +we were discussing the extremal number + + + align:start position:0% +we were discussing the extremal number +for C for free graphs we saw that in + + align:start position:0% +for C for free graphs we saw that in + + + align:start position:0% +for C for free graphs we saw that in +fact this is the correct water and what + + align:start position:0% +fact this is the correct water and what + + + align:start position:0% +fact this is the correct water and what +was the construction there so the + + align:start position:0% +was the construction there so the + + + align:start position:0% +was the construction there so the +construction also came from incidences + + align:start position:0% +construction also came from incidences + + + align:start position:0% +construction also came from incidences +but incidences of taking all lines and + + align:start position:0% +but incidences of taking all lines and + + + align:start position:0% +but incidences of taking all lines and +points in the finite field playing an F + + align:start position:0% +points in the finite field playing an F + + + align:start position:0% +points in the finite field playing an F +Q squared if you look at old lines and + + align:start position:0% +Q squared if you look at old lines and + + + align:start position:0% +Q squared if you look at old lines and +all the points in a finite field plane + + align:start position:0% +all the points in a finite field plane + + + align:start position:0% +all the points in a finite field plane +then you get the correct lower bound for + + align:start position:0% +then you get the correct lower bound for + + + align:start position:0% +then you get the correct lower bound for +C form but now we are actually working + + align:start position:0% +C form but now we are actually working + + + align:start position:0% +C form but now we are actually working +in the real plane so it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +in the real plane so it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +in the real plane so it turns out that +the answer is different when you're not + + align:start position:0% +the answer is different when you're not + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is different when you're not +working the finite field we're going to + + align:start position:0% +working the finite field we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +working the finite field we're going to +be using the topology of the real plane + + align:start position:0% +be using the topology of the real plane + + + align:start position:0% +be using the topology of the real plane +and we're going to come up with a + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to come up with a +different answer so it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +different answer so it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +different answer so it turns out that +the truth for the number of maximum + + align:start position:0% +the truth for the number of maximum + + + align:start position:0% +the truth for the number of maximum +number of incidences in the plane for + + align:start position:0% +number of incidences in the plane for + + + align:start position:0% +number of incidences in the plane for +points and lines + + align:start position:0% +points and lines + + + align:start position:0% +points and lines +in the real plane is not exponent + + align:start position:0% +in the real plane is not exponent + + + align:start position:0% +in the real plane is not exponent +three-halves but turns out to be 4/3 and + + align:start position:0% +three-halves but turns out to be 4/3 and + + + align:start position:0% +three-halves but turns out to be 4/3 and +this is a consequence of an important + + align:start position:0% +this is a consequence of an important + + + align:start position:0% +this is a consequence of an important +result in incidence geometry a + + align:start position:0% +result in incidence geometry a + + + align:start position:0% +result in incidence geometry a +fundamental result known as + + align:start position:0% +fundamental result known as + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental result known as +dissimilarity Trotters their similarity + + align:start position:0% +dissimilarity Trotters their similarity + + + align:start position:0% +dissimilarity Trotters their similarity +trotter theorem says that the number of + + align:start position:0% +trotter theorem says that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +trotter theorem says that the number of +incidences between points and lines is + + align:start position:0% +incidences between points and lines is + + + align:start position:0% +incidences between points and lines is +upper bounded by this function where you + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by this function where you + + + align:start position:0% +upper bounded by this function where you +look at a number of points times the + + align:start position:0% +look at a number of points times the + + + align:start position:0% +look at a number of points times the +number of lines and each raised to power + + align:start position:0% +number of lines and each raised to power + + + align:start position:0% +number of lines and each raised to power +2/3 and plus some additional terms just + + align:start position:0% +2/3 and plus some additional terms just + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 and plus some additional terms just +in case there are many more lines + + align:start position:0% +in case there are many more lines + + + align:start position:0% +in case there are many more lines +compared to points or way more points + + align:start position:0% +compared to points or way more points + + + align:start position:0% +compared to points or way more points +compared to lines okay so that's the + + align:start position:0% +compared to lines okay so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +compared to lines okay so that's the +similarity trotter theorem and as a + + align:start position:0% +similarity trotter theorem and as a + + + align:start position:0% +similarity trotter theorem and as a +corollary we see that end points end + + align:start position:0% +corollary we see that end points end + + + align:start position:0% +corollary we see that end points end +lines give you at most n to the 4/3 + + align:start position:0% +lines give you at most n to the 4/3 + + + align:start position:0% +lines give you at most n to the 4/3 +interfaces in contrast to the setting of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the finite field plane where you can get + + align:start position:0% +the finite field plane where you can get + + + align:start position:0% +the finite field plane where you can get +n to the 3 halves incidences so somehow + + align:start position:0% +n to the 3 halves incidences so somehow + + + align:start position:0% +n to the 3 halves incidences so somehow +we have to use the topology of the real + + align:start position:0% +we have to use the topology of the real + + + align:start position:0% +we have to use the topology of the real +plane for this one and I want to show + + align:start position:0% +plane for this one and I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +plane for this one and I want to show +you a proof terms are not the original + + align:start position:0% +you a proof terms are not the original + + + align:start position:0% +you a proof terms are not the original +proof but there's a proof that uses the + + align:start position:0% +proof but there's a proof that uses the + + + align:start position:0% +proof but there's a proof that uses the +crossing number inequality to prove + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality to prove + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality to prove +similarity trotter theorem and you see + + align:start position:0% +similarity trotter theorem and you see + + + align:start position:0% +similarity trotter theorem and you see +in crossing number inequality we are + + align:start position:0% +in crossing number inequality we are + + + align:start position:0% +in crossing number inequality we are +using the topology of the real plane via + + align:start position:0% +using the topology of the real plane via + + + align:start position:0% +using the topology of the real plane via +where Euler's formula very big very + + align:start position:0% +where Euler's formula very big very + + + align:start position:0% +where Euler's formula very big very +beginning Oilers formula has to deal + + align:start position:0% +beginning Oilers formula has to deal + + + align:start position:0% +beginning Oilers formula has to deal +with the topology of the real plane + + align:start position:0% +with the topology of the real plane + + + align:start position:0% +with the topology of the real plane +now this bound turns out to be tight so + + align:start position:0% +now this bound turns out to be tight so + + + align:start position:0% +now this bound turns out to be tight so +let me give you an example showing that + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example showing that + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example showing that +the 4/3 exponent is tight and the + + align:start position:0% +the 4/3 exponent is tight and the + + + align:start position:0% +the 4/3 exponent is tight and the +example is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you take P to be this rectangular + + align:start position:0% +if you take P to be this rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +if you take P to be this rectangular +grid of points so rectangular grid of + + align:start position:0% +grid of points so rectangular grid of + + + align:start position:0% +grid of points so rectangular grid of +points and L to be a set of lines so I'm + + align:start position:0% +points and L to be a set of lines so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +points and L to be a set of lines so I'm +going to write the lines by their + + align:start position:0% +going to write the lines by their + + + align:start position:0% +going to write the lines by their +equation where the slope is an integer + + align:start position:0% +equation where the slope is an integer + + + align:start position:0% +equation where the slope is an integer +from 1 through K and the y-intercept is + + align:start position:0% +from 1 through K and the y-intercept is + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 through K and the y-intercept is +an integer from 1 through K squared and + + align:start position:0% +an integer from 1 through K squared and + + + align:start position:0% +an integer from 1 through K squared and +you see here that every line in L + + align:start position:0% +you see here that every line in L + + + align:start position:0% +you see here that every line in L +contains exactly K points from peak so + + align:start position:0% +contains exactly K points from peak so + + + align:start position:0% +contains exactly K points from peak so +we get in total K to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +we get in total K to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +we get in total K to the fourth +incidences which is on the order of n to + + align:start position:0% +incidences which is on the order of n to + + + align:start position:0% +incidences which is on the order of n to +the 4/3 so n to the 4/3 is the right + + align:start position:0% +the 4/3 so n to the 4/3 is the right + + + align:start position:0% +the 4/3 so n to the 4/3 is the right +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +ok so now let me show you how to prove + + align:start position:0% +ok so now let me show you how to prove + + + align:start position:0% +ok so now let me show you how to prove +some where they tottered theorem from + + align:start position:0% +some where they tottered theorem from + + + align:start position:0% +some where they tottered theorem from +the crossing number inequality it turns + + align:start position:0% +the crossing number inequality it turns + + + align:start position:0% +the crossing number inequality it turns +out to be very neat application that's + + align:start position:0% +out to be very neat application that's + + + align:start position:0% +out to be very neat application that's +almost a direct consequence once you set + + align:start position:0% +almost a direct consequence once you set + + + align:start position:0% +almost a direct consequence once you set +up the right graph and the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +up the right graph and the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +up the right graph and the idea is that +we are going to draw a graph based on + + align:start position:0% +we are going to draw a graph based on + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to draw a graph based on +our incidence configuration so first + + align:start position:0% +our incidence configuration so first + + + align:start position:0% +our incidence configuration so first +just to clean things up a little bit + + align:start position:0% +just to clean things up a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +just to clean things up a little bit +let's get rid of get rid of lines and L + + align:start position:0% +let's get rid of get rid of lines and L + + + align:start position:0% +let's get rid of get rid of lines and L +with 1 or 0 points so this operation + + align:start position:0% +with 1 or 0 points so this operation + + + align:start position:0% +with 1 or 0 points so this operation +doesn't affect the bounds + + align:start position:0% +doesn't affect the bounds + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't affect the bounds +so you can check these lines they don't + + align:start position:0% +so you can check these lines they don't + + + align:start position:0% +so you can check these lines they don't +contribute much to the incidence bound + + align:start position:0% +contribute much to the incidence bound + + + align:start position:0% +contribute much to the incidence bound +and only contributes to this plus L so + + align:start position:0% +and only contributes to this plus L so + + + align:start position:0% +and only contributes to this plus L so +you can get rid of such lines + + align:start position:0% +you can get rid of such lines + + + align:start position:0% +you can get rid of such lines +so let's assume that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +every line in Elle contains at least two + + align:start position:0% +every line in Elle contains at least two + + + align:start position:0% +every line in Elle contains at least two +points from P and let's draw a graph + + align:start position:0% +points from P and let's draw a graph + + + align:start position:0% +points from P and let's draw a graph +based on this incident structure so if I + + align:start position:0% +based on this incident structure so if I + + + align:start position:0% +based on this incident structure so if I +have suppose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so suppose these are my points and + + align:start position:0% +okay so suppose these are my points and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so suppose these are my points and +lines I'll just draw a graph where I + + align:start position:0% +lines I'll just draw a graph where I + + + align:start position:0% +lines I'll just draw a graph where I +keep the points as the vertices and I + + align:start position:0% +keep the points as the vertices and I + + + align:start position:0% +keep the points as the vertices and I +put in an edge if it's a finite edge + + align:start position:0% +put in an edge if it's a finite edge + + + align:start position:0% +put in an edge if it's a finite edge +that connects that connects two adjacent + + align:start position:0% +that connects that connects two adjacent + + + align:start position:0% +that connects that connects two adjacent +points on the same line so I get some + + align:start position:0% +points on the same line so I get some + + + align:start position:0% +points on the same line so I get some +graph let me make this graph a bit more + + align:start position:0% +graph let me make this graph a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +graph let me make this graph a bit more +interesting so I get some graph and how + + align:start position:0% +interesting so I get some graph and how + + + align:start position:0% +interesting so I get some graph and how +many crossings are noise does this graph + + align:start position:0% +many crossings are noise does this graph + + + align:start position:0% +many crossings are noise does this graph +have so the number of crossings of G is + + align:start position:0% +have so the number of crossings of G is + + + align:start position:0% +have so the number of crossings of G is +at most the number of lines squared + + align:start position:0% +at most the number of lines squared + + + align:start position:0% +at most the number of lines squared +because a crossing comes from two lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here you have a crossing the crossing + + align:start position:0% +so here you have a crossing the crossing + + + align:start position:0% +so here you have a crossing the crossing +comes from two lines number of crossings + + align:start position:0% +comes from two lines number of crossings + + + align:start position:0% +comes from two lines number of crossings +are the most number of lines squared on + + align:start position:0% +are the most number of lines squared on + + + align:start position:0% +are the most number of lines squared on +the other hand we can give a lower bound + + align:start position:0% +the other hand we can give a lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand we can give a lower bound +to the number of crossings from the + + align:start position:0% +to the number of crossings from the + + + align:start position:0% +to the number of crossings from the +crossing number in equality and to do + + align:start position:0% +crossing number in equality and to do + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number in equality and to do +that I want to estimate a number of + + align:start position:0% +that I want to estimate a number of + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to estimate a number of +edges and this is the reason why I + + align:start position:0% +edges and this is the reason why I + + + align:start position:0% +edges and this is the reason why I +assume every line contains at least two + + align:start position:0% +assume every line contains at least two + + + align:start position:0% +assume every line contains at least two +points from peep it's because I + + align:start position:0% +points from peep it's because I + + + align:start position:0% +points from peep it's because I +with okay incidences gives K minus one + + align:start position:0% +with okay incidences gives K minus one + + + align:start position:0% +with okay incidences gives K minus one +edges and if K is at least two and K + + align:start position:0% +edges and if K is at least two and K + + + align:start position:0% +edges and if K is at least two and K +minus one is at least K over 2 let's say + + align:start position:0% +minus one is at least K over 2 let's say + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is at least K over 2 let's say +I don't care about constant factors so + + align:start position:0% +I don't care about constant factors so + + + align:start position:0% +I don't care about constant factors so +by crossing number inequality the number + + align:start position:0% +by crossing number inequality the number + + + align:start position:0% +by crossing number inequality the number +of crossings of G is at least the number + + align:start position:0% +of crossings of G is at least the number + + + align:start position:0% +of crossings of G is at least the number +of edges cubed over the number of + + align:start position:0% +of edges cubed over the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of edges cubed over the number of +vertices squared which is at least the + + align:start position:0% +vertices squared which is at least the + + + align:start position:0% +vertices squared which is at least the +number of incidences of this + + align:start position:0% +number of incidences of this + + + align:start position:0% +number of incidences of this +configuration cubed over the number of + + align:start position:0% +configuration cubed over the number of + + + align:start position:0% +configuration cubed over the number of +points squared number of vertices is the + + align:start position:0% +points squared number of vertices is the + + + align:start position:0% +points squared number of vertices is the +number of points and a number of edges + + align:start position:0% +number of points and a number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +number of points and a number of edges +by this argument here is on the same + + align:start position:0% +by this argument here is on the same + + + align:start position:0% +by this argument here is on the same +order as the number of incidences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +putting these two facts together so we + + align:start position:0% +putting these two facts together so we + + + align:start position:0% +putting these two facts together so we +see okay there was one extra hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +see okay there was one extra hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +see okay there was one extra hypothesis +in crossing number in court right so + + align:start position:0% +in crossing number in court right so + + + align:start position:0% +in crossing number in court right so +provided that this hypothesis holds + + align:start position:0% +provided that this hypothesis holds + + + align:start position:0% +provided that this hypothesis holds +which is that the number of incidences + + align:start position:0% +which is that the number of incidences + + + align:start position:0% +which is that the number of incidences +is at least eight times the number of + + align:start position:0% +is at least eight times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +is at least eight times the number of +points so that the original hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +points so that the original hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +points so that the original hypothesis +holds okay so putting everything + + align:start position:0% +holds okay so putting everything + + + align:start position:0% +holds okay so putting everything +together rearranging all of these terms + + align:start position:0% +together rearranging all of these terms + + + align:start position:0% +together rearranging all of these terms +and using upper and lower bounds on the + + align:start position:0% +and using upper and lower bounds on the + + + align:start position:0% +and using upper and lower bounds on the +crossing number we find that the number + + align:start position:0% +crossing number we find that the number + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number we find that the number +of incidences its upper bounded by or + + align:start position:0% +of incidences its upper bounded by or + + + align:start position:0% +of incidences its upper bounded by or +the main term you see is just coming + + align:start position:0% +the main term you see is just coming + + + align:start position:0% +the main term you see is just coming +from these two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but there are a few other terms that we + + align:start position:0% +but there are a few other terms that we + + + align:start position:0% +but there are a few other terms that we +should put in just in case this + + align:start position:0% +should put in just in case this + + + align:start position:0% +should put in just in case this +hypothesis is violated and also to take + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is violated and also to take + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is violated and also to take +care of this assumption over here so + + align:start position:0% +care of this assumption over here so + + + align:start position:0% +care of this assumption over here so +adding a couple of linear terms + + align:start position:0% +adding a couple of linear terms + + + align:start position:0% +adding a couple of linear terms +correspond to the number of points and + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the number of points and + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to the number of points and +the number of lines so that if this + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines so that if this + + + align:start position:0% +the number of lines so that if this +hypothesis is violated then inequality + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is violated then inequality + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis is violated then inequality +is still true okay so this proves the + + align:start position:0% +is still true okay so this proves the + + + align:start position:0% +is still true okay so this proves the +crossing numbers inequality any + + align:start position:0% +crossing numbers inequality any + + + align:start position:0% +crossing numbers inequality any +questions all right + + align:start position:0% +questions all right + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right +so we've done this these two you know + + align:start position:0% +so we've done this these two you know + + + align:start position:0% +so we've done this these two you know +very neat results but questions what do + + align:start position:0% +very neat results but questions what do + + + align:start position:0% +very neat results but questions what do +they have to do with the sum-product + + align:start position:0% +they have to do with the sum-product + + + align:start position:0% +they have to do with the sum-product +problem so I want to show you how you + + align:start position:0% +problem so I want to show you how you + + + align:start position:0% +problem so I want to show you how you +can give some lower bound on the + + align:start position:0% +can give some lower bound on the + + + align:start position:0% +can give some lower bound on the +sum-product problem using similarity + + align:start position:0% +sum-product problem using similarity + + + align:start position:0% +sum-product problem using similarity +trotter theorem so it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +trotter theorem so it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +trotter theorem so it turns out that the +sum-product problem is intimately + + align:start position:0% +sum-product problem is intimately + + + align:start position:0% +sum-product problem is intimately +related to incidence geometry and the + + align:start position:0% +related to incidence geometry and the + + + align:start position:0% +related to incidence geometry and the +reason you'll see in a second precisely + + align:start position:0% +reason you'll see in a second precisely + + + align:start position:0% +reason you'll see in a second precisely +why they're related but roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +why they're related but roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +why they're related but roughly speaking +when you have addition and + + align:start position:0% +when you have addition and + + + align:start position:0% +when you have addition and +multiplication they are kind of like + + align:start position:0% +multiplication they are kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication they are kind of like +taking slope and y-intercept of an + + align:start position:0% +taking slope and y-intercept of an + + + align:start position:0% +taking slope and y-intercept of an +equation of a line so there are two + + align:start position:0% +equation of a line so there are two + + + align:start position:0% +equation of a line so there are two +operations that are involved so turns + + align:start position:0% +operations that are involved so turns + + + align:start position:0% +operations that are involved so turns +out many incidents geometry proms can be + + align:start position:0% +out many incidents geometry proms can be + + + align:start position:0% +out many incidents geometry proms can be +set up in a way so many some product + + align:start position:0% +set up in a way so many some product + + + align:start position:0% +set up in a way so many some product +problems can be set up in a way that + + align:start position:0% +problems can be set up in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +problems can be set up in a way that +involves incidence geometry and a very + + align:start position:0% +involves incidence geometry and a very + + + align:start position:0% +involves incidence geometry and a very +short and clever lower bound to the sum + + align:start position:0% +short and clever lower bound to the sum + + + align:start position:0% +short and clever lower bound to the sum +product problem was proved by allocation + + align:start position:0% +product problem was proved by allocation + + + align:start position:0% +product problem was proved by allocation +in the late 90s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so he showed the bank that if you have a + + align:start position:0% +so he showed the bank that if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +so he showed the bank that if you have a +subset finite subset of reals then be + + align:start position:0% +subset finite subset of reals then be + + + align:start position:0% +subset finite subset of reals then be +some set size times the product set size + + align:start position:0% +some set size times the product set size + + + align:start position:0% +some set size times the product set size +is at least 8 to the 5 half as a + + align:start position:0% +is at least 8 to the 5 half as a + + + align:start position:0% +is at least 8 to the 5 half as a +corollary one of these two must be + + align:start position:0% +corollary one of these two must be + + + align:start position:0% +corollary one of these two must be +fairly large the max of the some set + + align:start position:0% +fairly large the max of the some set + + + align:start position:0% +fairly large the max of the some set +size and the product set size is at + + align:start position:0% +size and the product set size is at + + + align:start position:0% +size and the product set size is at +least 8 to the 5 let me show you the + + align:start position:0% +least 8 to the 5 let me show you the + + + align:start position:0% +least 8 to the 5 let me show you the +proof I'm going to construct a set of + + align:start position:0% +proof I'm going to construct a set of + + + align:start position:0% +proof I'm going to construct a set of +points and a set of lines based on the + + align:start position:0% +points and a set of lines based on the + + + align:start position:0% +points and a set of lines based on the +set a and a set of points in R 2 is + + align:start position:0% +set a and a set of points in R 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +set a and a set of points in R 2 is +going to be pairs X comma Y where the + + align:start position:0% +going to be pairs X comma Y where the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be pairs X comma Y where the +horizontal coordinate lies in some set a + + align:start position:0% +horizontal coordinate lies in some set a + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal coordinate lies in some set a +plus a and the vertical coordinate lies + + align:start position:0% +plus a and the vertical coordinate lies + + + align:start position:0% +plus a and the vertical coordinate lies +in the products at a time say and a set + + align:start position:0% +in the products at a time say and a set + + + align:start position:0% +in the products at a time say and a set +of lines is going to be these lines y + + align:start position:0% +of lines is going to be these lines y + + + align:start position:0% +of lines is going to be these lines y +equals to a times X minus B I should say + + align:start position:0% +equals to a times X minus B I should say + + + align:start position:0% +equals to a times X minus B I should say +X minus a prime where a and a prime lie + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are some points and some lines + + align:start position:0% +so these are some points and some lines + + + align:start position:0% +so these are some points and some lines +and I want to show you that they must + + align:start position:0% +and I want to show you that they must + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to show you that they must +have many incidences so what are the + + align:start position:0% +have many incidences so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +have many incidences so what are the +incidences so note that the line y + + align:start position:0% +incidences so note that the line y + + + align:start position:0% +incidences so note that the line y +equals to a times X minus a prime it + + align:start position:0% +equals to a times X minus a prime it + + + align:start position:0% +equals to a times X minus a prime it +contains the points + + align:start position:0% +contains the points + + + align:start position:0% +contains the points +a prime plus B and a B which lies in p4 + + align:start position:0% +a prime plus B and a B which lies in p4 + + + align:start position:0% +a prime plus B and a B which lies in p4 +all hey so you plug it in you plug in a + + align:start position:0% +all hey so you plug it in you plug in a + + + align:start position:0% +all hey so you plug it in you plug in a +prime plus B into here you get April and + + align:start position:0% +prime plus B into here you get April and + + + align:start position:0% +prime plus B into here you get April and +this point lies in P because the first + + align:start position:0% +this point lies in P because the first + + + align:start position:0% +this point lies in P because the first +coordinate is in the sum set the second + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is in the sum set the second + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is in the sum set the second +coordinate biasing the product set so + + align:start position:0% +coordinate biasing the product set so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate biasing the product set so +each drawing L contains many incidences + + align:start position:0% +each drawing L contains many incidences + + + align:start position:0% +each drawing L contains many incidences +right so each lying L contains a + + align:start position:0% +right so each lying L contains a + + + align:start position:0% +right so each lying L contains a +incidence so this line each line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contains a incidences also we can easily + + align:start position:0% +contains a incidences also we can easily + + + align:start position:0% +contains a incidences also we can easily +compute the number of lines and a number + + align:start position:0% +compute the number of lines and a number + + + align:start position:0% +compute the number of lines and a number +of points a number of points is a plus a + + align:start position:0% +of points a number of points is a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +of points a number of points is a plus a +size x times the number of lines is just + + align:start position:0% +size x times the number of lines is just + + + align:start position:0% +size x times the number of lines is just +the size of a squared so by similarity + + align:start position:0% +the size of a squared so by similarity + + + align:start position:0% +the size of a squared so by similarity +quarter we find that the number of + + align:start position:0% +quarter we find that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +quarter we find that the number of +incidences is lower bounded by noting + + align:start position:0% +incidences is lower bounded by noting + + + align:start position:0% +incidences is lower bounded by noting +this fact you you have many incidences + + align:start position:0% +this fact you you have many incidences + + + align:start position:0% +this fact you you have many incidences +so the number of lines each line + + align:start position:0% +so the number of lines each line + + + align:start position:0% +so the number of lines each line +contributes a incidences but we also + + align:start position:0% +contributes a incidences but we also + + + align:start position:0% +contributes a incidences but we also +have an upper bound coming from this + + align:start position:0% +have an upper bound coming from this + + + align:start position:0% +have an upper bound coming from this +summer Eddie Trotta theorem plugging in + + align:start position:0% +summer Eddie Trotta theorem plugging in + + + align:start position:0% +summer Eddie Trotta theorem plugging in +the upper bound we find that you have so + + align:start position:0% +the upper bound we find that you have so + + + align:start position:0% +the upper bound we find that you have so +now I'm just directly plugging in the + + align:start position:0% +now I'm just directly plugging in the + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm just directly plugging in the +statement of similarity totter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the main term is the the first term you + + align:start position:0% +the main term is the the first term you + + + align:start position:0% +the main term is the the first term you +should still check the latter two terms + + align:start position:0% +should still check the latter two terms + + + align:start position:0% +should still check the latter two terms +but the main term is the first term so + + align:start position:0% +but the main term is the first term so + + + align:start position:0% +but the main term is the first term so +now plugging in the values for P and L + + align:start position:0% +now plugging in the values for P and L + + + align:start position:0% +now plugging in the values for P and L +we find this is the case plus some + + align:start position:0% +we find this is the case plus some + + + align:start position:0% +we find this is the case plus some +additional terms which you can check our + + align:start position:0% +additional terms which you can check our + + + align:start position:0% +additional terms which you can check our +dominated by the first term so let me + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the first term so let me + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the first term so let me +just do a big ol over there now you put + + align:start position:0% +just do a big ol over there now you put + + + align:start position:0% +just do a big ol over there now you put +left and right together and we could + + align:start position:0% +left and right together and we could + + + align:start position:0% +left and right together and we could +obtain some lower bound the product of + + align:start position:0% +obtain some lower bound the product of + + + align:start position:0% +obtain some lower bound the product of +the sizes of the sunset and the products + + align:start position:0% +the sizes of the sunset and the products + + + align:start position:0% +the sizes of the sunset and the products +set there by yielding allocation so this + + align:start position:0% +set there by yielding allocation so this + + + align:start position:0% +set there by yielding allocation so this +is some lower bound on the sum product + + align:start position:0% +is some lower bound on the sum product + + + align:start position:0% +is some lower bound on the sum product +problem and we see we went through the + + align:start position:0% +problem and we see we went through the + + + align:start position:0% +problem and we see we went through the +crossing number inequality to prove + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality to prove + + + align:start position:0% +crossing number inequality to prove +similarly trotter a basic result in + + align:start position:0% +similarly trotter a basic result in + + + align:start position:0% +similarly trotter a basic result in +incidence geometry and viewing some + + align:start position:0% +incidence geometry and viewing some + + + align:start position:0% +incidence geometry and viewing some +product as an incidence geometry problem + + align:start position:0% +product as an incidence geometry problem + + + align:start position:0% +product as an incidence geometry problem +one can obtain this lower bound over + + align:start position:0% +one can obtain this lower bound over + + + align:start position:0% +one can obtain this lower bound over +here any questions I want to show you a + + align:start position:0% +here any questions I want to show you a + + + align:start position:0% +here any questions I want to show you a +different proof that was found later + + align:start position:0% +different proof that was found later + + + align:start position:0% +different proof that was found later +that gives an improvement and question + + align:start position:0% +that gives an improvement and question + + + align:start position:0% +that gives an improvement and question +can you do better than than 5/4 so it + + align:start position:0% +can you do better than than 5/4 so it + + + align:start position:0% +can you do better than than 5/4 so it +turns out that there was a very nice + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there was a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there was a very nice +result of show emotion sometime later + + align:start position:0% +result of show emotion sometime later + + + align:start position:0% +result of show emotion sometime later +that gives you an improvement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so emo she proved in 2009 that if a is a + + align:start position:0% +so emo she proved in 2009 that if a is a + + + align:start position:0% +so emo she proved in 2009 that if a is a +subset of positive reals then the size + + align:start position:0% +subset of positive reals then the size + + + align:start position:0% +subset of positive reals then the size +of a time say multiplied by the size of + + align:start position:0% +of a time say multiplied by the size of + + + align:start position:0% +of a time say multiplied by the size of +a plus a squared is at least size of a - + + align:start position:0% +a plus a squared is at least size of a - + + + align:start position:0% +a plus a squared is at least size of a - +4/4 ceiling log of the size of a where + + align:start position:0% +4/4 ceiling log of the size of a where + + + align:start position:0% +4/4 ceiling log of the size of a where +the log is spaced - okay so don't worry + + align:start position:0% +the log is spaced - okay so don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +the log is spaced - okay so don't worry +about a specific constants a being in + + align:start position:0% +about a specific constants a being in + + + align:start position:0% +about a specific constants a being in +the positive Rios's no big deal because + + align:start position:0% +the positive Rios's no big deal because + + + align:start position:0% +the positive Rios's no big deal because +you can also you can always separate a + + align:start position:0% +you can also you can always separate a + + + align:start position:0% +you can also you can always separate a +positive and negative and analyze each + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative and analyze each + + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative and analyze each +part separately so as a corollary to + + align:start position:0% +part separately so as a corollary to + + + align:start position:0% +part separately so as a corollary to +show emotions theorem we obtain that for + + align:start position:0% +show emotions theorem we obtain that for + + + align:start position:0% +show emotions theorem we obtain that for +a subset of the reals the sunset and the + + align:start position:0% +a subset of the reals the sunset and the + + + align:start position:0% +a subset of the reals the sunset and the +product set at least one of them must + + align:start position:0% +product set at least one of them must + + + align:start position:0% +product set at least one of them must +have size at least a raise to 4/3 + + align:start position:0% +have size at least a raise to 4/3 + + + align:start position:0% +have size at least a raise to 4/3 +divided by 2 times log base 2 size of a + + align:start position:0% +divided by 2 times log base 2 size of a + + + align:start position:0% +divided by 2 times log base 2 size of a +raised to one-third so basically a to + + align:start position:0% +raised to one-third so basically a to + + + align:start position:0% +raised to one-third so basically a to +the 4/3 - the tall one in the exponent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so better than before and this is a new + + align:start position:0% +so better than before and this is a new + + + align:start position:0% +so better than before and this is a new +bank I want to note that in this + + align:start position:0% +bank I want to note that in this + + + align:start position:0% +bank I want to note that in this +formulation where we're looking at lower + + align:start position:0% +formulation where we're looking at lower + + + align:start position:0% +formulation where we're looking at lower +bounding this quantity over here this is + + align:start position:0% +bounding this quantity over here this is + + + align:start position:0% +bounding this quantity over here this is +tight up to logarithmic factors by + + align:start position:0% +tight up to logarithmic factors by + + + align:start position:0% +tight up to logarithmic factors by +considering a to be just the interval + + align:start position:0% +considering a to be just the interval + + + align:start position:0% +considering a to be just the interval +from 1 to n right hey it's the interval + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n right hey it's the interval + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n right hey it's the interval +from 1 to n then the left hand side a + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n then the left hand side a + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n then the left hand side a +plus a's around size n so you have n + + align:start position:0% +plus a's around size n so you have n + + + align:start position:0% +plus a's around size n so you have n +squared + 8 times a is also I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +squared + 8 times a is also I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +squared + 8 times a is also I mentioned +around size N squared so so this + + align:start position:0% +around size N squared so so this + + + align:start position:0% +around size N squared so so this +inequality here is tight the consequence + + align:start position:0% +inequality here is tight the consequence + + + align:start position:0% +inequality here is tight the consequence +is not height + + align:start position:0% +is not height + + + align:start position:0% +is not height +the first inequality is tight okay so + + align:start position:0% +the first inequality is tight okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the first inequality is tight okay so +the remainder of today's lecture I want + + align:start position:0% +the remainder of today's lecture I want + + + align:start position:0% +the remainder of today's lecture I want +to show you how to proof show emotions + + align:start position:0% +to show you how to proof show emotions + + + align:start position:0% +to show you how to proof show emotions +lower bound and it has some similarities + + align:start position:0% +lower bound and it has some similarities + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound and it has some similarities +to the one that we've seen because it + + align:start position:0% +to the one that we've seen because it + + + align:start position:0% +to the one that we've seen because it +also looks at some geometric aspects of + + align:start position:0% +also looks at some geometric aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +also looks at some geometric aspects of +the sum-product problem but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the sum-product problem but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the sum-product problem but it doesn't +use the exact tools that we've seen + + align:start position:0% +use the exact tools that we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +use the exact tools that we've seen +earlier it does use some tools that were + + align:start position:0% +earlier it does use some tools that were + + + align:start position:0% +earlier it does use some tools that were +related to the lecture from yesterday if + + align:start position:0% +related to the lecture from yesterday if + + + align:start position:0% +related to the lecture from yesterday if +I'm from Monday so last time we + + align:start position:0% +I'm from Monday so last time we + + + align:start position:0% +I'm from Monday so last time we +discussed this thing called the additive + + align:start position:0% +discussed this thing called the additive + + + align:start position:0% +discussed this thing called the additive +energy we can come up with a similar + + align:start position:0% +energy we can come up with a similar + + + align:start position:0% +energy we can come up with a similar +notion for the multiplication operation + + align:start position:0% +notion for the multiplication operation + + + align:start position:0% +notion for the multiplication operation +or so the multiplicative energy cleaner + + align:start position:0% +or so the multiplicative energy cleaner + + + align:start position:0% +or so the multiplicative energy cleaner +energy which will denote by a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +multiplication symbol hey so the + + align:start position:0% +multiplication symbol hey so the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication symbol hey so the +multiplicative energy is like the + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy is like the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy is like the +additive energy except that instead of + + align:start position:0% +additive energy except that instead of + + + align:start position:0% +additive energy except that instead of +doing addition we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +doing addition we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +doing addition we're going to do +multiplication instead so one way to + + align:start position:0% +multiplication instead so one way to + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication instead so one way to +define it is it's the number of + + align:start position:0% +define it is it's the number of + + + align:start position:0% +define it is it's the number of +quadruples such that there exists some + + align:start position:0% +quadruples such that there exists some + + + align:start position:0% +quadruples such that there exists some +comes some real lambda such that a comma + + align:start position:0% +comes some real lambda such that a comma + + + align:start position:0% +comes some real lambda such that a comma +B equals to lambda C comma D so + + align:start position:0% +B equals to lambda C comma D so + + + align:start position:0% +B equals to lambda C comma D so +basically the same as additive energy + + align:start position:0% +basically the same as additive energy + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same as additive energy +except that we're using multiplications + + align:start position:0% +except that we're using multiplications + + + align:start position:0% +except that we're using multiplications +instead by the Cauchy Schwarz inequality + + align:start position:0% +instead by the Cauchy Schwarz inequality + + + align:start position:0% +instead by the Cauchy Schwarz inequality +and this is an equality this is a + + align:start position:0% +and this is an equality this is a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an equality this is a +calculation we saw last time as well we + + align:start position:0% +calculation we saw last time as well we + + + align:start position:0% +calculation we saw last time as well we +see that if you have a set with small + + align:start position:0% +see that if you have a set with small + + + align:start position:0% +see that if you have a set with small +product then it must have high + + align:start position:0% +product then it must have high + + + align:start position:0% +product then it must have high +multiplicative energy so last time we + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy so last time we + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy so last time we +saw so small subset implies high + + align:start position:0% +saw so small subset implies high + + + align:start position:0% +saw so small subset implies high +additive energy + + align:start position:0% +additive energy + + + align:start position:0% +additive energy +likewise small small products that + + align:start position:0% +likewise small small products that + + + align:start position:0% +likewise small small products that +implies high multiplicative energy + + align:start position:0% +implies high multiplicative energy + + + align:start position:0% +implies high multiplicative energy +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +the multiplicative energy of a you can + + align:start position:0% +the multiplicative energy of a you can + + + align:start position:0% +the multiplicative energy of a you can +rewrite it as sum over all elements X in + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it as sum over all elements X in + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite it as sum over all elements X in +the product set of the quantity which + + align:start position:0% +the product set of the quantity which + + + align:start position:0% +the product set of the quantity which +tells you the number of ways to write X + + align:start position:0% +tells you the number of ways to write X + + + align:start position:0% +tells you the number of ways to write X +as a product this number squared and + + align:start position:0% +as a product this number squared and + + + align:start position:0% +as a product this number squared and +summed over all X by cauchy-schwarz we + + align:start position:0% +summed over all X by cauchy-schwarz we + + + align:start position:0% +summed over all X by cauchy-schwarz we +find that this quantity here is lower + + align:start position:0% +find that this quantity here is lower + + + align:start position:0% +find that this quantity here is lower +bounded by the size of a to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the size of a to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +bounded by the size of a to the fourth +divided by the size of a times a so to + + align:start position:0% +divided by the size of a times a so to + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the size of a times a so to +prove show emotions theorem we are going + + align:start position:0% +prove show emotions theorem we are going + + + align:start position:0% +prove show emotions theorem we are going +to actually prove a bound on the energy + + align:start position:0% +to actually prove a bound on the energy + + + align:start position:0% +to actually prove a bound on the energy +instead of proving it on the product set + + align:start position:0% +instead of proving it on the product set + + + align:start position:0% +instead of proving it on the product set +you can prove it on the energy so it + + align:start position:0% +you can prove it on the energy so it + + + align:start position:0% +you can prove it on the energy so it +suffices to show that the multiplicative + + align:start position:0% +suffices to show that the multiplicative + + + align:start position:0% +suffices to show that the multiplicative +energy is at most four times the sum set + + align:start position:0% +energy is at most four times the sum set + + + align:start position:0% +energy is at most four times the sum set +size x okay so let me divide the energy + + align:start position:0% +size x okay so let me divide the energy + + + align:start position:0% +size x okay so let me divide the energy +by log of a click this into this + + align:start position:0% +by log of a click this into this + + + align:start position:0% +by log of a click this into this +inequality you would imply the theorem + + align:start position:0% +inequality you would imply the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +inequality you would imply the theorem +so it remains to show this inequality + + align:start position:0% +so it remains to show this inequality + + + align:start position:0% +so it remains to show this inequality +over here upper bounding the + + align:start position:0% +over here upper bounding the + + + align:start position:0% +over here upper bounding the +multiplicative energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's an important idea that we're + + align:start position:0% +there's an important idea that we're + + + align:start position:0% +there's an important idea that we're +going to use here which is also pretty + + align:start position:0% +going to use here which is also pretty + + + align:start position:0% +going to use here which is also pretty +common in the analysis is that instead + + align:start position:0% +common in the analysis is that instead + + + align:start position:0% +common in the analysis is that instead +of considering that energy sum here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to consider okay so a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to consider okay so a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to consider okay so a +similar Psalm except we're going to chop + + align:start position:0% +similar Psalm except we're going to chop + + + align:start position:0% +similar Psalm except we're going to chop +up the sum in two pieces according to + + align:start position:0% +up the sum in two pieces according to + + + align:start position:0% +up the sum in two pieces according to +how big the terms are so that we're only + + align:start position:0% +how big the terms are so that we're only + + + align:start position:0% +how big the terms are so that we're only +looking at contributions of comparable + + align:start position:0% +looking at contributions of comparable + + + align:start position:0% +looking at contributions of comparable +size and so this is called a dyadic + + align:start position:0% +size and so this is called a dyadic + + + align:start position:0% +size and so this is called a dyadic +decomposition the idea is that we can + + align:start position:0% +decomposition the idea is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +decomposition the idea is that we can +write the multiplicative energy similar + + align:start position:0% +write the multiplicative energy similar + + + align:start position:0% +write the multiplicative energy similar +to above but instead of summing over X + + align:start position:0% +to above but instead of summing over X + + + align:start position:0% +to above but instead of summing over X +in the product set let me sum over s in + + align:start position:0% +in the product set let me sum over s in + + + align:start position:0% +in the product set let me sum over s in +the quotient set okay so you can + + align:start position:0% +the quotient set okay so you can + + + align:start position:0% +the quotient set okay so you can +interpret what this a quotient a is so + + align:start position:0% +interpret what this a quotient a is so + + + align:start position:0% +interpret what this a quotient a is so +this is the set of all a divided by B + + align:start position:0% +this is the set of all a divided by B + + + align:start position:0% +this is the set of all a divided by B +where a and B are a is a set of positive + + align:start position:0% +where a and B are a is a set of positive + + + align:start position:0% +where a and B are a is a set of positive +real so I don't need to worry about + + align:start position:0% +real so I don't need to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +real so I don't need to worry about +division by zero so what the mains then + + align:start position:0% +division by zero so what the mains then + + + align:start position:0% +division by zero so what the mains then +is the intersection of s times a a + + align:start position:0% +is the intersection of s times a a + + + align:start position:0% +is the intersection of s times a a +squared remember s times a is scaling + + align:start position:0% +squared remember s times a is scaling + + + align:start position:0% +squared remember s times a is scaling +each element of a by s you have this + + align:start position:0% +each element of a by s you have this + + + align:start position:0% +each element of a by s you have this +quantity over here so I want to break up + + align:start position:0% +quantity over here so I want to break up + + + align:start position:0% +quantity over here so I want to break up +the sum into a bunch of smaller sums + + align:start position:0% +the sum into a bunch of smaller sums + + + align:start position:0% +the sum into a bunch of smaller sums +where in I want to break up the sum + + align:start position:0% +where in I want to break up the sum + + + align:start position:0% +where in I want to break up the sum +according to how big the terms are so + + align:start position:0% +according to how big the terms are so + + + align:start position:0% +according to how big the terms are so +that inside each group all the terms are + + align:start position:0% +that inside each group all the terms are + + + align:start position:0% +that inside each group all the terms are +roughly of the same size and I way to do + + align:start position:0% +roughly of the same size and I way to do + + + align:start position:0% +roughly of the same size and I way to do +this is to chop them up into groups + + align:start position:0% +this is to chop them up into groups + + + align:start position:0% +this is to chop them up into groups +where everything inside the same + + align:start position:0% +where everything inside the same + + + align:start position:0% +where everything inside the same +collection of differs by a most a factor + + align:start position:0% +collection of differs by a most a factor + + + align:start position:0% +collection of differs by a most a factor +of two so that's why it's called a + + align:start position:0% +of two so that's why it's called a + + + align:start position:0% +of two so that's why it's called a +dyadic decomposition going from i from + + align:start position:0% +dyadic decomposition going from i from + + + align:start position:0% +dyadic decomposition going from i from +zero to the maximum possible here is + + align:start position:0% +zero to the maximum possible here is + + + align:start position:0% +zero to the maximum possible here is +basically a so let's look at I going + + align:start position:0% +basically a so let's look at I going + + + align:start position:0% +basically a so let's look at I going +from 0 to log base 2 of a so this is the + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to log base 2 of a so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to log base 2 of a so this is the +number of pins and each and partition + + align:start position:0% +number of pins and each and partition + + + align:start position:0% +number of pins and each and partition +this sum into sub sums where I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +this sum into sub sums where I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +this sum into sub sums where I'm looking +at the I sub sum consisting of + + align:start position:0% +at the I sub sum consisting of + + + align:start position:0% +at the I sub sum consisting of +contributions involving terms with sides + + align:start position:0% +contributions involving terms with sides + + + align:start position:0% +contributions involving terms with sides +between 2 to the I and 2 to the I plus 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so break up the sum according to the + + align:start position:0% +so break up the sum according to the + + + align:start position:0% +so break up the sum according to the +sizes of their summons by pigeonhole + + align:start position:0% +sizes of their summons by pigeonhole + + + align:start position:0% +sizes of their summons by pigeonhole +principle one of these summons must be + + align:start position:0% +principle one of these summons must be + + + align:start position:0% +principle one of these summons must be +somewhat large so by pitching hole there + + align:start position:0% +somewhat large so by pitching hole there + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat large so by pitching hole there +exists okay such that setting D to be + + align:start position:0% +exists okay such that setting D to be + + + align:start position:0% +exists okay such that setting D to be +the SS such that that corresponds to so + + align:start position:0% +the SS such that that corresponds to so + + + align:start position:0% +the SS such that that corresponds to so +the K term in this sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so one has that this some coming from + + align:start position:0% +so one has that this some coming from + + + align:start position:0% +so one has that this some coming from +just contributions from deep yes at + + align:start position:0% +just contributions from deep yes at + + + align:start position:0% +just contributions from deep yes at +least so it's at least the + + align:start position:0% +least so it's at least the + + + align:start position:0% +least so it's at least the +multiplicative energy divided by the + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy divided by the +number of bins + + align:start position:0% +number of bins + + + align:start position:0% +number of bins +oh damn in deep insight by pigeonhole I + + align:start position:0% +oh damn in deep insight by pigeonhole I + + + align:start position:0% +oh damn in deep insight by pigeonhole I +can find one bin that's that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +can find one bin that's that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +can find one bin that's that's pretty +large contribution to the sum and the + + align:start position:0% +large contribution to the sum and the + + + align:start position:0% +large contribution to the sum and the +right hand side we can upper bound each + + align:start position:0% +right hand side we can upper bound each + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side we can upper bound each +term in this each term over here by two + + align:start position:0% +term in this each term over here by two + + + align:start position:0% +term in this each term over here by two +to the 2k plus 2 and the number of times + + align:start position:0% +to the 2k plus 2 and the number of times + + + align:start position:0% +to the 2k plus 2 and the number of times +the size of deep let me call the + + align:start position:0% +the size of deep let me call the + + + align:start position:0% +the size of deep let me call the +elements of ds1 through SM where s 1 to + + align:start position:0% +elements of ds1 through SM where s 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +elements of ds1 through SM where s 1 to +s n are sorted in increasing order okay + + align:start position:0% +s n are sorted in increasing order okay + + + align:start position:0% +s n are sorted in increasing order okay +now let me draw you a picture + + align:start position:0% +now let me draw you a picture + + + align:start position:0% +now let me draw you a picture +what's going on let's consider for each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +element of D ok so for each I in M let's + + align:start position:0% +element of D ok so for each I in M let's + + + align:start position:0% +element of D ok so for each I in M let's +consider the line given by the equation + + align:start position:0% +consider the line given by the equation + + + align:start position:0% +consider the line given by the equation +y equals to s sub I times X where I'm + + align:start position:0% +y equals to s sub I times X where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +y equals to s sub I times X where I'm +looking at the positive quadrant so I + + align:start position:0% +looking at the positive quadrant so I + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the positive quadrant so I +have a bunch of points in the positive + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of points in the positive + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of points in the positive +quadrant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and specifically I'm interested in these + + align:start position:0% +and specifically I'm interested in these + + + align:start position:0% +and specifically I'm interested in these +points whose coordinates both + + align:start position:0% +points whose coordinates both + + + align:start position:0% +points whose coordinates both +coordinates are elements of eight and I + + align:start position:0% +coordinates are elements of eight and I + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates are elements of eight and I +want to consider lines through points of + + align:start position:0% +want to consider lines through points of + + + align:start position:0% +want to consider lines through points of +a but I want to consider lines where it + + align:start position:0% +a but I want to consider lines where it + + + align:start position:0% +a but I want to consider lines where it +intersects this a cross a in the desired + + align:start position:0% +intersects this a cross a in the desired + + + align:start position:0% +intersects this a cross a in the desired +number of points and you know we find + + align:start position:0% +number of points and you know we find + + + align:start position:0% +number of points and you know we find +those set and then let's draw these + + align:start position:0% +those set and then let's draw these + + + align:start position:0% +those set and then let's draw these +lines over here where this line here l1 + + align:start position:0% +lines over here where this line here l1 + + + align:start position:0% +lines over here where this line here l1 +it has slope exactly s1 and l2 l3 and so + + align:start position:0% +it has slope exactly s1 and l2 l3 and so + + + align:start position:0% +it has slope exactly s1 and l2 l3 and so +on okay I want to draw one more line + + align:start position:0% +on okay I want to draw one more line + + + align:start position:0% +on okay I want to draw one more line +which is so more auxilary but just to + + align:start position:0% +which is so more auxilary but just to + + + align:start position:0% +which is so more auxilary but just to +make our life a bit easier + + align:start position:0% +make our life a bit easier + + + align:start position:0% +make our life a bit easier +finally let's let L of M plus 1 be the + + align:start position:0% +finally let's let L of M plus 1 be the + + + align:start position:0% +finally let's let L of M plus 1 be the +vertical line or rather be the vertical + + align:start position:0% +vertical line or rather be the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +vertical line or rather be the vertical +ray which goes through the minimum + + align:start position:0% +ray which goes through the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +ray which goes through the minimum +element of a above L M so it's this line + + align:start position:0% +element of a above L M so it's this line + + + align:start position:0% +element of a above L M so it's this line +over here okay a cross a I draw a bunch + + align:start position:0% +over here okay a cross a I draw a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +over here okay a cross a I draw a bunch +of lines so not all the lines so all + + align:start position:0% +of lines so not all the lines so all + + + align:start position:0% +of lines so not all the lines so all +these lines involve some point of a and + + align:start position:0% +these lines involve some point of a and + + + align:start position:0% +these lines involve some point of a and +the origin but I don't all of them I + + align:start position:0% +the origin but I don't all of them I + + + align:start position:0% +the origin but I don't all of them I +draw a select set of them and what we + + align:start position:0% +draw a select set of them and what we + + + align:start position:0% +draw a select set of them and what we +said earlier says that the number of + + align:start position:0% +said earlier says that the number of + + + align:start position:0% +said earlier says that the number of +lines the number of points on each of + + align:start position:0% +lines the number of points on each of + + + align:start position:0% +lines the number of points on each of +these strong lines is roughly the same + + align:start position:0% +these strong lines is roughly the same + + + align:start position:0% +these strong lines is roughly the same +for each of these lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's let capital L sub J denote + + align:start position:0% +okay let's let capital L sub J denote + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's let capital L sub J denote +the set of points in a cross a that lie + + align:start position:0% +the set of points in a cross a that lie + + + align:start position:0% +the set of points in a cross a that lie +on the J spline so that's 1 2 and so on + + align:start position:0% +on the J spline so that's 1 2 and so on + + + align:start position:0% +on the J spline so that's 1 2 and so on +I claim that if you look at Q + + align:start position:0% +I claim that if you look at Q + + + align:start position:0% +I claim that if you look at Q +consecutive lines and look at the some + + align:start position:0% +consecutive lines and look at the some + + + align:start position:0% +consecutive lines and look at the some +set of the points in a cross a that they + + align:start position:0% +set of the points in a cross a that they + + + align:start position:0% +set of the points in a cross a that they +intersect okay you're looking at two + + align:start position:0% +intersect okay you're looking at two + + + align:start position:0% +intersect okay you're looking at two +lines are you adding a points on those + + align:start position:0% +lines are you adding a points on those + + + align:start position:0% +lines are you adding a points on those +two lines so you form a grid so you end + + align:start position:0% +two lines so you form a grid so you end + + + align:start position:0% +two lines so you form a grid so you end +up forming this grid and the number of + + align:start position:0% +up forming this grid and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +up forming this grid and the number of +points on this grid is precisely the + + align:start position:0% +points on this grid is precisely the + + + align:start position:0% +points on this grid is precisely the +product of these two point sets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moreover the sets lj+ hello sub J +1 are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disjoint for different J and this is + + align:start position:0% +disjoint for different J and this is + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint for different J and this is +okay so this is where we're using the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is where we're using the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is where we're using the +geometry of the plane here because the + + align:start position:0% +geometry of the plane here because the + + + align:start position:0% +geometry of the plane here because the +sum of l1 and l2 lies in this span the + + align:start position:0% +sum of l1 and l2 lies in this span the + + + align:start position:0% +sum of l1 and l2 lies in this span the +sum of l2 and l3 lies in a different + + align:start position:0% +sum of l2 and l3 lies in a different + + + align:start position:0% +sum of l2 and l3 lies in a different +span so they cannot intersect since they + + align:start position:0% +span so they cannot intersect since they + + + align:start position:0% +span so they cannot intersect since they +span disjoint regions so l1 plus l2 lies + + align:start position:0% +span disjoint regions so l1 plus l2 lies + + + align:start position:0% +span disjoint regions so l1 plus l2 lies +here L 2 plus L 3 plus there and so on + + align:start position:0% +here L 2 plus L 3 plus there and so on + + + align:start position:0% +here L 2 plus L 3 plus there and so on +so they are all disjoint ok now let's + + align:start position:0% +so they are all disjoint ok now let's + + + align:start position:0% +so they are all disjoint ok now let's +put everything that we know together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember the goal is to upper bound the + + align:start position:0% +remember the goal is to upper bound the + + + align:start position:0% +remember the goal is to upper bound the +multiplicative energy as as a function + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy as as a function + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy as as a function +of the sum so in other words we wanted + + align:start position:0% +of the sum so in other words we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +of the sum so in other words we wanted +lower bound the sum set so I want to + + align:start position:0% +lower bound the sum set so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +lower bound the sum set so I want to +show you that this a plus a has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +show you that this a plus a has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +show you that this a plus a has a lot of +elements there's a lot of sons and have + + align:start position:0% +elements there's a lot of sons and have + + + align:start position:0% +elements there's a lot of sons and have +a bunch of disjoint contributions to + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of disjoint contributions to + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of disjoint contributions to +these sums so let's add up those + + align:start position:0% +these sums so let's add up those + + + align:start position:0% +these sums so let's add up those +destroying contributions to the sons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see that the size of a plus a squared + + align:start position:0% +see that the size of a plus a squared + + + align:start position:0% +see that the size of a plus a squared +it's the same as the size of the product + + align:start position:0% +it's the same as the size of the product + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same as the size of the product +set a plus a okay so this is Cartesian + + align:start position:0% +set a plus a okay so this is Cartesian + + + align:start position:0% +set a plus a okay so this is Cartesian +product this is Cartesian product in + + align:start position:0% +product this is Cartesian product in + + + align:start position:0% +product this is Cartesian product in +other words the grid that is strung up + + align:start position:0% +other words the grid that is strung up + + + align:start position:0% +other words the grid that is strung up +there I add this product to itself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I should get the same set here how + + align:start position:0% +so I should get the same set here how + + + align:start position:0% +so I should get the same set here how +big is this sum sector so that grid that + + align:start position:0% +big is this sum sector so that grid that + + + align:start position:0% +big is this sum sector so that grid that +lattice quit added to itself how big + + align:start position:0% +lattice quit added to itself how big + + + align:start position:0% +lattice quit added to itself how big +should it be I want the lower bound the + + align:start position:0% +should it be I want the lower bound the + + + align:start position:0% +should it be I want the lower bound the +number of sums and the key observation + + align:start position:0% +number of sums and the key observation + + + align:start position:0% +number of sums and the key observation +up there we can look at contributions + + align:start position:0% +up there we can look at contributions + + + align:start position:0% +up there we can look at contributions +coming from distinct spans so in + + align:start position:0% +coming from distinct spans so in + + + align:start position:0% +coming from distinct spans so in +particular this sum here is that this + + align:start position:0% +particular this sum here is that this + + + align:start position:0% +particular this sum here is that this +subset here size is lower bounded by + + align:start position:0% +subset here size is lower bounded by + + + align:start position:0% +subset here size is lower bounded by +these distinct l j plus l j plus once I + + align:start position:0% +these distinct l j plus l j plus once I + + + align:start position:0% +these distinct l j plus l j plus once I +throw away a lot I only keep the lines + + align:start position:0% +throw away a lot I only keep the lines + + + align:start position:0% +throw away a lot I only keep the lines +on the else and the only consider sums + + align:start position:0% +on the else and the only consider sums + + + align:start position:0% +on the else and the only consider sums +between consecutive else that should be + + align:start position:0% +between consecutive else that should be + + + align:start position:0% +between consecutive else that should be +a lower bound to the some set of the + + align:start position:0% +a lower bound to the some set of the + + + align:start position:0% +a lower bound to the some set of the +grid with itself but you see okay and + + align:start position:0% +grid with itself but you see okay and + + + align:start position:0% +grid with itself but you see okay and +here we're using that these different + + align:start position:0% +here we're using that these different + + + align:start position:0% +here we're using that these different +for different J's these contributions + + align:start position:0% +for different J's these contributions + + + align:start position:0% +for different J's these contributions +are disjoint but by what we said up + + align:start position:0% +are disjoint but by what we said up + + + align:start position:0% +are disjoint but by what we said up +there LJ + LJ + 1 this a grid so it has + + align:start position:0% +there LJ + LJ + 1 this a grid so it has + + + align:start position:0% +there LJ + LJ + 1 this a grid so it has +size our J times J plus 1 and the size + + align:start position:0% +size our J times J plus 1 and the size + + + align:start position:0% +size our J times J plus 1 and the size +of each LJ is at least 2 to the K + + align:start position:0% +of each LJ is at least 2 to the K + + + align:start position:0% +of each LJ is at least 2 to the K +so the sum here is at least M times 2 to + + align:start position:0% +so the sum here is at least M times 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +so the sum here is at least M times 2 to +the 2k but we saw over here that the + + align:start position:0% +the 2k but we saw over here that the + + + align:start position:0% +the 2k but we saw over here that the +energy lower bounds there's two to the + + align:start position:0% +energy lower bounds there's two to the + + + align:start position:0% +energy lower bounds there's two to the +2k so we have a lower bound that is + + align:start position:0% +2k so we have a lower bound that is + + + align:start position:0% +2k so we have a lower bound that is +multiplicative energy of a divided by + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy of a divided by + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative energy of a divided by +four times the log base two of the size + + align:start position:0% +four times the log base two of the size + + + align:start position:0% +four times the log base two of the size +of eight + + align:start position:0% +of eight + + + align:start position:0% +of eight +okay so don't worry so much about the + + align:start position:0% +okay so don't worry so much about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so don't worry so much about the +constant factors it's just the warder of + + align:start position:0% +constant factors it's just the warder of + + + align:start position:0% +constant factors it's just the warder of +magnitude that is important and that's + + align:start position:0% +magnitude that is important and that's + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude that is important and that's +it yep okay great questions how do we + + align:start position:0% +it yep okay great questions how do we + + + align:start position:0% +it yep okay great questions how do we +what do we know about the size of Big L + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about the size of Big L + + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about the size of Big L +sub M plus 1 okay so that's a good point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +easiest answer is if I don't care about + + align:start position:0% +easiest answer is if I don't care about + + + align:start position:0% +easiest answer is if I don't care about +these constant factors I don't need to + + align:start position:0% +these constant factors I don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +these constant factors I don't need to +worry about it right you can think about + + align:start position:0% +worry about it right you can think about + + + align:start position:0% +worry about it right you can think about +what then what is the number of points + + align:start position:0% +what then what is the number of points + + + align:start position:0% +what then what is the number of points +on this line above it's essentially the + + align:start position:0% +on this line above it's essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +on this line above it's essentially the +number of elements of a above the + + align:start position:0% +number of elements of a above the + + + align:start position:0% +number of elements of a above the +biggest element of SM above SM yes the + + align:start position:0% +biggest element of SM above SM yes the + + + align:start position:0% +biggest element of SM above SM yes the +it's a good question I think we don't + + align:start position:0% +it's a good question I think we don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good question I think we don't +need to worry about it so I'm being + + align:start position:0% +need to worry about it so I'm being + + + align:start position:0% +need to worry about it so I'm being +slightly sloppy here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I think the question is how do we + + align:start position:0% +so I think the question is how do we + + + align:start position:0% +so I think the question is how do we +know you know for J equals to M you have + + align:start position:0% +know you know for J equals to M you have + + + align:start position:0% +know you know for J equals to M you have +this bound over here oh great okay so + + align:start position:0% +this bound over here oh great okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this bound over here oh great okay so +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there's some ways to do it like + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's some ways to do it like + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's some ways to do it like +you can notice that the vertical line + + align:start position:0% +you can notice that the vertical line + + + align:start position:0% +you can notice that the vertical line +has at least as many points as the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slanted line okay anyway so I details + + align:start position:0% +slanted line okay anyway so I details + + + align:start position:0% +slanted line okay anyway so I details +that you can work out okay so this + + align:start position:0% +that you can work out okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +that you can work out okay so this +proofs show moshus theorem which gives + + align:start position:0% +proofs show moshus theorem which gives + + + align:start position:0% +proofs show moshus theorem which gives +you a lower bound on the sum set and the + + align:start position:0% +you a lower bound on the sum set and the + + + align:start position:0% +you a lower bound on the sum set and the +product set sizes the maximum of those + + align:start position:0% +product set sizes the maximum of those + + + align:start position:0% +product set sizes the maximum of those +to see it's based on it's this very + + align:start position:0% +to see it's based on it's this very + + + align:start position:0% +to see it's based on it's this very +short it's very clever it took a long + + align:start position:0% +short it's very clever it took a long + + + align:start position:0% +short it's very clever it took a long +time to find and it gave a bound the sum + + align:start position:0% +time to find and it gave a bound the sum + + + align:start position:0% +time to find and it gave a bound the sum +product problem of 4/3 that actually + + align:start position:0% +product problem of 4/3 that actually + + + align:start position:0% +product problem of 4/3 that actually +remained stuck for a very long time + + align:start position:0% +remained stuck for a very long time + + + align:start position:0% +remained stuck for a very long time +until just fairly recently there was a + + align:start position:0% +until just fairly recently there was a + + + align:start position:0% +until just fairly recently there was a +improvement that gifts so by Konya gone + + align:start position:0% +improvement that gifts so by Konya gone + + + align:start position:0% +improvement that gifts so by Konya gone +and screwed off where they improved + + align:start position:0% +and screwed off where they improved + + + align:start position:0% +and screwed off where they improved +showing Moshe banned from 4/3 to 4/3 + + align:start position:0% +showing Moshe banned from 4/3 to 4/3 + + + align:start position:0% +showing Moshe banned from 4/3 to 4/3 +plus some really small constant see some + + align:start position:0% +plus some really small constant see some + + + align:start position:0% +plus some really small constant see some +explicit constant I think right now so + + align:start position:0% +explicit constant I think right now so + + + align:start position:0% +explicit constant I think right now so +that's being proved over time but right + + align:start position:0% +that's being proved over time but right + + + align:start position:0% +that's being proved over time but right +now I think C is around 1 over thousand + + align:start position:0% +now I think C is around 1 over thousand + + + align:start position:0% +now I think C is around 1 over thousand +or a few thousandths so it's some small + + align:start position:0% +or a few thousandths so it's some small + + + align:start position:0% +or a few thousandths so it's some small +but explicit constant it remains a major + + align:start position:0% +but explicit constant it remains a major + + + align:start position:0% +but explicit constant it remains a major +open problem to improve the span and + + align:start position:0% +open problem to improve the span and + + + align:start position:0% +open problem to improve the span and +proof errors similarity conjecture that + + align:start position:0% +proof errors similarity conjecture that + + + align:start position:0% +proof errors similarity conjecture that +if you have n elements then one of the + + align:start position:0% +if you have n elements then one of the + + + align:start position:0% +if you have n elements then one of the +sums or products must be nearly + + align:start position:0% +sums or products must be nearly + + + align:start position:0% +sums or products must be nearly +quadratic in size and people generally + + align:start position:0% +quadratic in size and people generally + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic in size and people generally +believe that that's the case any + + align:start position:0% +believe that that's the case any + + + align:start position:0% +believe that that's the case any +questions okay + + align:start position:0% +questions okay + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay +so so this concludes all the topics I + + align:start position:0% +so so this concludes all the topics I + + + align:start position:0% +so so this concludes all the topics I +want to cover in this course so we went + + align:start position:0% +want to cover in this course so we went + + + align:start position:0% +want to cover in this course so we went +a long way I said the beginning of this + + align:start position:0% +a long way I said the beginning of this + + + align:start position:0% +a long way I said the beginning of this +course we started with extremal graph + + align:start position:0% +course we started with extremal graph + + + align:start position:0% +course we started with extremal graph +theory looking at the basic problem of + + align:start position:0% +theory looking at the basic problem of + + + align:start position:0% +theory looking at the basic problem of +if you have a graph that doesn't contain + + align:start position:0% +if you have a graph that doesn't contain + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a graph that doesn't contain +some sub graph triangle see for what's + + align:start position:0% +some sub graph triangle see for what's + + + align:start position:0% +some sub graph triangle see for what's +the maximum number of edges in fact I + + align:start position:0% +the maximum number of edges in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum number of edges in fact I +showed up even today and then we went + + align:start position:0% +showed up even today and then we went + + + align:start position:0% +showed up even today and then we went +down to other tools like SEM radix + + align:start position:0% +down to other tools like SEM radix + + + align:start position:0% +down to other tools like SEM radix +regularity lemma that allows us to + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma that allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +regularity lemma that allows us to +deduce important arithmetic consequences + + align:start position:0% +deduce important arithmetic consequences + + + align:start position:0% +deduce important arithmetic consequences +such as Roth's theorem it's also an + + align:start position:0% +such as Roth's theorem it's also an + + + align:start position:0% +such as Roth's theorem it's also an +extremal problem if you have a set + + align:start position:0% +extremal problem if you have a set + + + align:start position:0% +extremal problem if you have a set +without a three time arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +without a three time arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +without a three time arithmetic +progression how many elements can in + + align:start position:0% +progression how many elements can in + + + align:start position:0% +progression how many elements can in +have and so the important twelve + + align:start position:0% +have and so the important twelve + + + align:start position:0% +have and so the important twelve +similarities regularity lemma then later + + align:start position:0% +similarities regularity lemma then later + + + align:start position:0% +similarities regularity lemma then later +showed up in many different ways in this + + align:start position:0% +showed up in many different ways in this + + + align:start position:0% +showed up in many different ways in this +course especially the message of + + align:start position:0% +course especially the message of + + + align:start position:0% +course especially the message of +similarity circularity lemma that when + + align:start position:0% +similarity circularity lemma that when + + + align:start position:0% +similarity circularity lemma that when +you look at an object it's important to + + align:start position:0% +you look at an object it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +you look at an object it's important to +decompose it into its structured + + align:start position:0% +decompose it into its structured + + + align:start position:0% +decompose it into its structured +component and its pseudo-random + + align:start position:0% +component and its pseudo-random + + + align:start position:0% +component and its pseudo-random +component so this dichotomy this + + align:start position:0% +component so this dichotomy this + + + align:start position:0% +component so this dichotomy this +interplay between structure and pseudo + + align:start position:0% +interplay between structure and pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +interplay between structure and pseudo +randomness is a key theme throughout + + align:start position:0% +randomness is a key theme throughout + + + align:start position:0% +randomness is a key theme throughout +this course and it showed up in some of + + align:start position:0% +this course and it showed up in some of + + + align:start position:0% +this course and it showed up in some of +the later topics as well when we + + align:start position:0% +the later topics as well when we + + + align:start position:0% +the later topics as well when we +discussed spectral graph theory quasi + + align:start position:0% +discussed spectral graph theory quasi + + + align:start position:0% +discussed spectral graph theory quasi +randomness graph limits and also in the + + align:start position:0% +randomness graph limits and also in the + + + align:start position:0% +randomness graph limits and also in the +later Fourier analytic proof of Ross + + align:start position:0% +later Fourier analytic proof of Ross + + + align:start position:0% +later Fourier analytic proof of Ross +theorem all of these proofs all of these + + align:start position:0% +theorem all of these proofs all of these + + + align:start position:0% +theorem all of these proofs all of these +techniques involve some kind of + + align:start position:0% +techniques involve some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +techniques involve some kind of +interplay between structure and pseudo + + align:start position:0% +interplay between structure and pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +interplay between structure and pseudo +randomness in the past month or so we've + + align:start position:0% +randomness in the past month or so we've + + + align:start position:0% +randomness in the past month or so we've +been looking at Freeman's theorem this + + align:start position:0% +been looking at Freeman's theorem this + + + align:start position:0% +been looking at Freeman's theorem this +key result in additive combinatorics + + align:start position:0% +key result in additive combinatorics + + + align:start position:0% +key result in additive combinatorics +concerning the structure of sets under + + align:start position:0% +concerning the structure of sets under + + + align:start position:0% +concerning the structure of sets under +addition and there we also saw many + + align:start position:0% +addition and there we also saw many + + + align:start position:0% +addition and there we also saw many +different tools that came up and also + + align:start position:0% +different tools that came up and also + + + align:start position:0% +different tools that came up and also +connections I mentioned a few lectures + + align:start position:0% +connections I mentioned a few lectures + + + align:start position:0% +connections I mentioned a few lectures +ago connections to really important + + align:start position:0% +ago connections to really important + + + align:start position:0% +ago connections to really important +results in geometry two new group theory + + align:start position:0% +results in geometry two new group theory + + + align:start position:0% +results in geometry two new group theory +and it really extends all around and a + + align:start position:0% +and it really extends all around and a + + + align:start position:0% +and it really extends all around and a +few takeaways from this course in the + + align:start position:0% +few takeaways from this course in the + + + align:start position:0% +few takeaways from this course in the +one event is that graph theory additive + + align:start position:0% +one event is that graph theory additive + + + align:start position:0% +one event is that graph theory additive +combinatorics they're not isolated + + align:start position:0% +combinatorics they're not isolated + + + align:start position:0% +combinatorics they're not isolated +subjects they're connected to a lot + + align:start position:0% +subjects they're connected to a lot + + + align:start position:0% +subjects they're connected to a lot +within mathematics and that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +within mathematics and that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +within mathematics and that's one of the +goals I want to show you in this course + + align:start position:0% +goals I want to show you in this course + + + align:start position:0% +goals I want to show you in this course +is to show these connections throughout + + align:start position:0% +is to show these connections throughout + + + align:start position:0% +is to show these connections throughout +mathematics and + + align:start position:0% +mathematics and + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics and +some to analysis the geometry tat + + align:start position:0% +some to analysis the geometry tat + + + align:start position:0% +some to analysis the geometry tat +apology and even simple questions can + + align:start position:0% +apology and even simple questions can + + + align:start position:0% +apology and even simple questions can +lead to really deep mathematics and some + + align:start position:0% +lead to really deep mathematics and some + + + align:start position:0% +lead to really deep mathematics and some +of them I try to show you try to hint at + + align:start position:0% +of them I try to show you try to hint at + + + align:start position:0% +of them I try to show you try to hint at +you or at least I mentioned throughout + + align:start position:0% +you or at least I mentioned throughout + + + align:start position:0% +you or at least I mentioned throughout +this course and what we've seen so far + + align:start position:0% +this course and what we've seen so far + + + align:start position:0% +this course and what we've seen so far +and is just the tip of the iceberg right + + align:start position:0% +and is just the tip of the iceberg right + + + align:start position:0% +and is just the tip of the iceberg right +so and there's a lot of still extremely + + align:start position:0% +so and there's a lot of still extremely + + + align:start position:0% +so and there's a lot of still extremely +exciting work that's been done and I've + + align:start position:0% +exciting work that's been done and I've + + + align:start position:0% +exciting work that's been done and I've +also try to emphasize many important + + align:start position:0% +also try to emphasize many important + + + align:start position:0% +also try to emphasize many important +open problems that yet to be better + + align:start position:0% +open problems that yet to be better + + + align:start position:0% +open problems that yet to be better +understood and I expect that in some + + align:start position:0% +understood and I expect that in some + + + align:start position:0% +understood and I expect that in some +future iteration of this course some of + + align:start position:0% +future iteration of this course some of + + + align:start position:0% +future iteration of this course some of +these problems will be resolved and I + + align:start position:0% +these problems will be resolved and I + + + align:start position:0% +these problems will be resolved and I +can show the next generation of students + + align:start position:0% +can show the next generation of students + + + align:start position:0% +can show the next generation of students +in your seats + + align:start position:0% +in your seats + + + align:start position:0% +in your seats +some new techniques new methods and new + + align:start position:0% +some new techniques new methods and new + + + align:start position:0% +some new techniques new methods and new +theorems and I expect that will be the + + align:start position:0% +theorems and I expect that will be the + + + align:start position:0% +theorems and I expect that will be the +case this is a very exciting area and in + + align:start position:0% +case this is a very exciting area and in + + + align:start position:0% +case this is a very exciting area and in +the area that is very close to my heart + + align:start position:0% +the area that is very close to my heart + + + align:start position:0% +the area that is very close to my heart +it's something that I've been thinking + + align:start position:0% +it's something that I've been thinking + + + align:start position:0% +it's something that I've been thinking +about since my PhD notice this bulk of + + align:start position:0% +about since my PhD notice this bulk of + + + align:start position:0% +about since my PhD notice this bulk of +my research work revolves around better + + align:start position:0% +my research work revolves around better + + + align:start position:0% +my research work revolves around better +understanding connections between graph + + align:start position:0% +understanding connections between graph + + + align:start position:0% +understanding connections between graph +theory on one hand and additive + + align:start position:0% +theory on one hand and additive + + + align:start position:0% +theory on one hand and additive +combinatorics on the other hand it's + + align:start position:0% +combinatorics on the other hand it's + + + align:start position:0% +combinatorics on the other hand it's +been really fun teaching this course and + + align:start position:0% +been really fun teaching this course and + + + align:start position:0% +been really fun teaching this course and +happy to have all of you here + + align:start position:0% +happy to have all of you here + + + align:start position:0% +happy to have all of you here +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/yg4M2xmY4bs.txt b/yg4M2xmY4bs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec9860b8a6b809ac2117e31a70f043e97e227f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/yg4M2xmY4bs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,760 @@ +The following content is +provided under a creative + +commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +JOCELYN: Hi. + +Jocelyn here. + +Today, we're going to go over +fall 2009 final exam problem + +number five. + +As always, we're going to start +by reading the question. + +The skeletal structure of the +amino acid alanine is given + +below as it exists in its +neutral zwitterion. + +To the right is shown +its titration + +curve in aqueous solution. + +The abscissa expresses +concentration in terms of + +degree of protonation so +that a value of 0.5-- + +that the neutral ion is the +only species present. + +At a value of zero, alanine is +totally deprotonated and at a + +value of one, alanine is +totally protonated. + +So let's move to part A. + +What is the hybridization +of each of the + +three carbons in alanine? + +So to begin with this one, I +would start by rewriting the + +structure of alanine because as +it's written now, it's not + +as clear what the hybridization +of the alpha, + +beta and gamma carbons are. + +So starting with the +alpha carbon, + +connecting the beta carbon-- + +and here is the gamma carbon-- + +and of course, we don't want +to forget the amine group. + +So this looks fairly similar +to what is on the page, but + +I've kind of expanded the +structure so that it's more + +straightforward for us to +determine the hybridization. + +The alpha carbon is the central +carbon here and we see + +that it has four bonds and +four electron domains. + +If we go back to the beginning +of the class, we learned that + +when you have four electron +domains around a central + +carbon, we have Sp3 +hybridization. + +Going to the beta carbon here, +we see that it also has four + +bonds, but one of them is +a double bond to oxygen. + +So we need to remember from our +earlier lessons that the + +double bond only counts as +one electron domain. + +Therefore, this carbon has +three electron domains. + +And going back to our +hybridization rules, we know + +that this gives us an +Sp2 hybridization. + +Lastly, we have our gamma carbon +and it gives us one, + +two, three, four bonds and +four electron domains. + +Therefore, our gamma is +also Sp3 hybridized. + +This problem on the final was +dealing with first beginning + +material, but then in part B and +C, we're going to move on + +to the material we've learned +more recently. + +So moving to part B-- + +we are now are dealing with the +titration curve that is + +given to us. + +So this looks hopefully fairly +similar to what is on your + +page and the question-- it's +asking us to indicate on the + +titration curve-- + +one, the PKA for protonation +of the zwitterion. + +Two, the PKA for deprotonation +of the zwitterion. + +And three, the isoelectric +point. + +So before we start that, let's +talk a little bit about this + +titration curve here. + +What is it showing us? + +What is it depicting? + +What I like to do is-- +we see that we have + +two buffered regions. + +That right off the bat should +tell you that there are two + +different equilibriums +going on. + +There are two different +protonation/ + +deprotonation reactions. + +So I'm going to split this right +down the middle here. + +And that way we can think about +the two protonations/ + +deprotonations separately. + +So on the left side here, we +have the more acidic portion + +of our titration curve and +even if you didn't quite + +understand his description of +the abscissa, we know that + +because this side-- + +the solution has a lower Ph, +it's going to be dealing with + +the more protonated species +of the alanine. + +This-- + +on the right side, we have the +higher Ph, so we're going to + +have a more deprotonated +alanine on this side. + +And he already told +us that we had the + +zwitterion in the middle. + +So next to 0.5, we're going to +write a generic term for a + +neutral acid. + +If we look back to +our structure, + +we see that we have-- + +the neutral zwitterion has one +acidic proton here on the + +amine group and it has +a neutral charge. + +So that's why I'm going to +depict that zwitterion as HA + +Moving to the left, more +acidic portion of the + +titration curve, we have-- + +we know that there's a +protonation going on. + +So I'm going to write that as +H2A plus because whenever we + +add a proton, we're adding +a positive charge. + +And then, at the more basic +side, we have doubly + +deprotonated alanine and so we +have just our backbone, which + +I'm going to call a and +a negative charge. + +So from the question, +we should know that + +this is true, correct? + +Because he told us that we have +the totally protonated + +alanine on the left side. + +We have the zwitterion in the +middle at 0.5 and we have the + +totally deprotonated +on the right side. + +OK. + +What else can we know from this +titration curve or what + +can we add to it so that +we can understand it + +a little bit better? + +Well, let's write down the +equilibrium reactions that are + +happening that make this +buffer region here. + +On left side, we have the doubly +protonated alanine + +going to proton plus +the zwitterion. + +And that's what's creating +this buffered Ph region. + +On the right side here, we +have the zwitterion in + +equilibrium with-- + +again, a proton and the doubly +deprotonated alanine. + +These are things that +are true for any + +titration curve you see. + +Depending upon the number +of protonations-- + +the number of times a buffer +region might change, but for + +each buffered region, you +can always determine an + +equilibrium constant that is +causing that stability in Ph. + +OK. + +Now let's go to the question. + +We need to indicate on the curve +the PKA of both this + +equilibrium equation and this +equilibrium reaction. + +So to do that, we hopefully +will remember the + +Henderson-Hasselbalch equation +and that gives us a + +relationship between the Ph of +the solution and the PKA of + +the acid that's in solution. + +So writing down the + +Henderson-Hasselbalch equation-- + +we have-- + +not the Ph-- + +and this is the same equation +that Professor Sadoway derived + +in lecture. + +And here, I've written it in the +most generic form, but no + +matter what our equilibrium +species are, we just know that + +we put the more basic species +on top and the acid that got + +deprotonated on the bottom. + +So for the first point of this, +we are looking for the + +PKA of the protonation +of the zwitterion. + +So we know that it's an +equilibrium between the doubly + +deprotonated and +the zwitterion. + +That is the equation +we're looking at. + +So let's write down our +Henderson-Hasselbalch for that + +and I'm going to call this PK1 +just to keep them separate. + +Remember here, my Ha is on +top because we have-- + +our doubly protonated species +is the acid in this case. + +Now in order to put on the +titration curve where the PKA + +is, we look at the +Henderson-Hasselbalch equation + +and see that where the Ph equals +the PKA is when the + +concentration of the acid and +its conjugate base are + +equivalent. + +because if Ha equals H2a plus, +the log term goes to zero and + +we have our Ph equals PK1. + +Going back to the titration +curve, we see that the + +concentration between H2a +plus and Ha is equal + +right in the middle. + +We can assume that this is +a to-scale concentration + +abscissa here. + +And so there we go up and we can +say, OK, this point on the + +titration curve here corresponds +to our PK1. + +So from the +Henderson-Hasselbalch + +equation, we can see that given +the titration curve, + +this is where our PK1 is +and it's about two. + +For our purposes, that's-- + +we weren't asked to estimate it, +but if I had to, I'd say + +it's around two. + +Now we have to do the same thing +for the other side of + +the titration curve. + +So if you haven't done that +already, maybe you can stop + +now and try that on your own +because it's the same process. + +OK. + +So it's do of the second one-- + +which again, is just the Ph is +equal to the PKA when the two + +species are equal, except for +now we have different species. + +So basically we're +looking for-- + +our new Henderson-Hasselbalch +equation is-- + +with using the new equilibrium +reaction, our doubly + +deprotonated alanine is now on +top and our zwitterion is on + +the bottom. + +So this might be a little +confusing because we have the + +same species going from the +top to bottom in our + +Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, +but remember that + +we're always talking about the +acid is in the denominator and + +the conjugate base is in +the numerator here. + +But either way, we again want +to look for where the Ph + +equals the PK2 and so our +zwitterion concentration will + +equal our doubly deprotonated +alanine. + +And that occurs right here. + +So the last part of this +question is to indicate where + +the isoelectric point is and the +important thing for this + +part of the problem, of course, +is to know what the + +isoelectric point meets-- + +and it's where the dominant +species in the solution is the + +neutral zwitterion. + +And Professor Sadoway already +told us where that is and it + +is where we're at 0.5 here, +which we've already indicated + +as where the zwitterion +is dominant. + +And so we just can go up here +and circle that and we can + +call that number three. + +So you didn't have to go through +all of the work I did + +and if you were familiar with +the titration curve, you could + +have simply put these down, but +understanding where these + +points come from is quite +important for understanding + +acid base chemistry and +how amino acids work. + +All right. + +So let's move to part C. + +In part C, we're asked to draw +the skeletal structure of + +alanine when it is solvated +in an aqueous + +solution at extreme acidity-- + +ie, Ph less than one. + +So I'm going to write that down +and then we can go back + +to our titration curve and see +where that is because we've + +already spend a lot of time +understanding our titration + +curve and that tells us a lot +about the acid base chemistry + +of alanine. + +So at the titration curve, we +see that at a Ph less than + +one, we're going to have mostly +our doubly protonated + +zwitterion. + +That said, now we need to go +back and look at the structure + +of alanine and we can put +in the protonation. + +So we're given the zwitterion +form of alanine, but at very + +low acidity-- + +sorry-- high acidity, low Ph. + +This carboxy group is going +to be protonated. + +And so we have both of our +acidic protons are on the + +alanine and this would be a +structure of alanine at a Ph + +less than one. + +Now moving to part D-- + +we are asked for an aqueous +solution of alanine-- + +calculate the ratio of the +concentration of neutral + +alanine zwitterion to the +concentration of deprotonated + +anion when the Ph is 8.091. + +So a couple things I +would write down. + +Ph equals 8.091 and we are asked +for the ratio of the + +concentration of the zwitterion +to the doubly + +deprotonated anion. + +When we're asked for this, +hopefully you think first, + +Henderson-Hasselbalch-- + +I can use that. + +We're given a Ph. + +We can find the PKA and we're +asked for the ratio and + +concentrations. + +So let's write down the + +Henderson-Hasselbalch equation again. + +And because we're asked for the +ratio, we don't need any + +more information except +for the PKA. + +Luckily, from part B, we know +what the PKA is of this + +equilibrium between the +zwitterion and the doubly + +deprotonated anion. + +So moving back to your titration +curve, we see that + +the PKA is roughly 10-- + +doesn't need to be our-- + +our estimation doesn't need to +be exact, but if it's in the + +ballpark range, then you +have the right idea. + +So I'm going to write that. + +We can plug that in +just down here. + +Log of our concentration. + +That's a log term. + +And from here, it's +just algebra. + +So simplify a little bit. + +If we bring the 10 over to +this side, we get -1.909 + +equals the log of +a minus over-- + +I'm sorry. + +I'm getting a little +bit crooked here. + +And then if you take both sides +of the power of 10, + +we'll get-- + +the ratio equal to this. + +And if we take the reciprocal +of this, + +we'll get a nicer answer. + +We'll get HA over A minus +and it won't be a + +fraction over here. + +So I suggest that you do that +and you'll see that our final + +answer is-- + +let's put it right here. + +81.1:1-- + +the ratio of our zwitterion to +the doubly deprotonated anion. + +And then you've answered all +parts of the problem. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/zlaRnrjcjmw.txt b/zlaRnrjcjmw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..860a81eca4b30a7b0d8cace6fc2f210546b2d2ad --- /dev/null +++ b/zlaRnrjcjmw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3561 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So, good afternoon. + +Today we want to wrap +up our discussion + +on two-photon processes. + +And just to repeat my motivation +that in almost all cases + +when you address atoms, +you do two photon courses + +because a photon is scattered. + +You may think it's +absorbed and emitted, + +but in reality, it is a +two photon process and not + +two single photon processes. + +So therefore, you should +really pay attention. + +If you have any doubts about +some subtleties about how + +is light absorbed and +emitted, the correct answer + +is always obtained from +the two-photon picture. + +Now, I'm using +pre-written slides + +because we treat two-photon +absorption in perturbation + +theory. + +And it is exactly the +same perturbation theory + +we've used before. + +It's just-- there's +one difference. + +Namely, we have two optical +fields at frequency omega 1 + +and omega 2. + +So for the case of two-photon +absorption-- that means + +both photons are used or +stacked up to go up in energy. + +We derived this result, and +this was the end of lecture + +last week. + +And what we obtained +in perturbation theory + +for the excited +state, it's exactly + +the same structure +you have seen before. + +But the only difference +is we have now four terms + +because we have combinations +of omega 1 and omega 2, + +or we can take two photons +out of the same laser beam. + +Just sort of a question, +just to sort of + +indicate to you +how many terms you + +would expect when you do +the most basic light atom + +interaction. + +Just one photon, a plus a dega. + +How many terms do you get if +you write down the Hamiltonian? + +No approximation without. + +How many do you get? + +AUDIENCE: Four. + +PROFESSOR: Four. + +You have a plus dega for the +electric field, sigma plus plus + +sigma minus for the atom. + +And then you have +four combinations, + +two are co-rotating, two +are counter-rotating. + +OK. + +What we are doing here is +second order perturbation theory + +with two optical fields. + +If you would not do any +rotating wave approximation, + +how many terms would we get? + +AUDIENCE: Eight. + +PROFESSOR: Eight? + +I think it's +multiplicative because we + +have four processes +involving one-- oops. + +Now I'm getting confused. + +I wanted to say 16, 4 times 4. + +But now I would say in +the first step, which + +is to the intermediate level, +we have four at frequency one, + +four at frequency, +which makes eight. + +But then I think in the second +step you get eight more. + +So if we don't make an +approximation, we get 64 terms. + +But they're just +all combinations, + +all combinations of frequencies. + +Anyway, therefore, I +hope you appreciate + +that I did the rotating +wave approximation. + +I said I'm only interested +in the near-resonant terms. + +And then when we say we want to +go up in energy in two steps. + +We absorb two photos. + +We don't have any +emission of photons. + +These are all the +counter-rotating terms. + +You have only the +absorption of photons, + +and then we have +four possibilities. + +Yes, I mean, you +have a term where + +two photons are emitted +from the ground state. + +This is sort of now +doubly counter-rotatable. + +We're not going there. + +It's not adding +anything new to it. + +You know what +counter-rotating terms mean. + +In this chapter on +two photons, I'm + +completely focused on +the resonant terms. + +But since four terms +is still too many, + +I want to just tell you what +is special about two photons. + +I focus now on a +situation, and that's + +the most common situation in +the laboratory, where there + +is a near-resonant +intermediate state + +and that is sort of now +filtering out one of the terms. + +If this intermediate state +is resonant with omega 1, + +then we only want +to consider now + +the process where the first +step to the intermediate step + +is driven by the field +e1 and the second step + +to the final state b is +driven by the field e2. + +So therefore, we +have only one term, + +which dominates +out of those four, + +or dominates out +of those 64, which + +we would have gotten +without any approximation. + +It's one term-- the +near-resonant term-- + +which dominates. + +So that's what we +want to discuss now. + +So this is the term +we want to consider. + +And it's the same we've +always done in lowest order + +perturbation, second +order perturbation theory, + +in two steps. + +It's now in two steps. + +But if you're asking, what is +the transition probability? + +The transition +probability, we have + +to get the probability to +be in the excited state. + +And then we have +the usual situation + +that this term can be written +as the sine squared divided + +by this, and it turns into +a delta function times t. + +And when we divide the +probability, the amplitude + +squared by t, we get a rate. + +And this is Fermi's Golden Rule. + +It is exactly the same you have +seen probably more than 100 + +times. + +So therefore, we have +now a transition rate, + +which is Fermi's Golden Rule. + +This is the delta function. + +I called it the +function f because I + +want to discuss the +spectral profile a minute. + +But then-- and this +is the only difference + +to Fermi's Golden Rule +with a signal photon-- + +the relevant matrix element +is, because we have two steps, + +is the product of two matrix +elements squared for step one + +and for step two. + +And because we have +an intermediate step, + +we have to divide by +the energy mismatch + +by the detuning in the +intermediate state. + +But remember, in the +one photon picture, + +Fermi's Golden Rule +is the matrix elements + +squared times the +spectral function. + +So in this matrix element +squared in frequency units, + +neglecting factors of 2, +was the Rabi frequency. + +So therefore, very +naturally, we want + +to define this as a +two-photon Rabi frequency + +whereas each matrix element +here divided by h bar + +was the single photon +Rabi frequency. + +So therefore, what we obtained +for the two photon processes, + +we have a two-photon +Rabi frequency, + +which is the product of +the single photon Rabi + +frequency for each step, +divided by the energy detuning + +from the immediate state. + +So therefore, our +result looks almost + +indistinguishable from the +result built on single photons. + +We've just cleverly +defined our quantities. + +The rate to go from a +to b is Rabi frequency + +squared, but it is the +two photon Rabi frequency. + +And the delta +function is the delta + +function for the resonance-- the +energy difference between state + +a and b-- but now not +just minus omega 1. + +It is minus the sum of +omega 1 plus omega 2 + +because we have stacked up the +two photons in the two photon + +process. + +So let me just write that down. + +It looks like the +one photon excitation + +but with suitably +defined Rabi frequencies. + +So in other words, if +you were interested just + +in the physics of two +levels-- Rabi oscillation, + +you name it-- you can just +say the same thing happens. + +The only difference is that +instead of having a coupling + +directly by a matrix +element, we are now + +coupled by this two +photon Rabi frequency. + +And all your equation, +you know, everything-- + +you can consider line +shape, spontaneous emission, + +saturation-- all the +phenomena we have discussed + +for single photon are analogous. + +You just have to use the density +of state calculated for the two + +photons and you have to use +the two photon Rabi frequency. + +OK. + +So I started out by telling you +about two photon processes, two + +photon absorption. + +But what is maybe even +more important in the way + +how it is used in experiments +are Raman processes. + +So let me just show what I mean. + +If you have a +state a and b, this + +can be two different vibrational +states of a molecule. + +It can be two hyperfine +states of an atom. + +Or if you think about +a break process, + +it could be the +same internal state + +of the atom-- the same +hyperfine state-- but with two + +different momenta. + +Then it is a Raman process +only in the external degree + +of freedom, in the +motion away function. + +The only change is you +change the momentum. + +We need our intermediate +state, which is often + +an electronically excited state. + +We are detuned. + +And now we have one photon going +up and one photon going down. + +Historically, people distinguish +between the situation + +where the final state is +lower or higher in energy. + +One is called the +Stokes process. + +The other one is +called anti-Stokes. + +But as long as you use +laser beams to stimulate it, + +you don't even care which state +is higher or lower in energy. + +But if you work in molecules +with a thermal ensemble, + +then you have certain +states thermally populated + +and others not. + +And then it makes a +difference whether you + +start from the ground state +a or from an excited state b. + +OK. + +So actually, everything +for the Raman process + +is completely analogous-- is +completely covered, actually-- + +by what I wrote down for +you in perturbation theory. + +It's just if you had kept +all the 64 states-- to go up + +with one photon and down with +one photon one was one of them, + +but we discarded +it because we were + +only interested in going up. + +So in other words, +what was previously + +one of the +counter-rotating terms, + +where omega had a plus sign and +omega two had a minus sign, now + +it becomes a resonant +term because we + +have arranged our two +levels a and b in such a way + +that the near-resonant +process is that one. + +So in other words, +I mention it to you + +and it's just getting too +messy to write it down, + +when we have e to the i omega +t and e to the minus i omega t, + +I mentioned once to you is +the sign plus or minus means + +whether we absorb a photon +or whether we emit a photon. + +If you use a fully quantized +picture with a and a degas, + +the a for the +quantized description + +becomes an e to the i omega t. + +In the semi-classical +description of the + +a dega has a minus sign. + +So therefore, if you look +at all the combinations + +between plus i omega t, minus i +omega t, for this Raman process + +we want to select e to the minus +omega i and e to the plus omega + +too. + +And that means we are +focusing on this process. + +Therefore, everything +for the Raman process + +is analogous to the +two-photon absorption process. + +The only thing we +have to do is we + +have to change the sign +on the second frequency + +because the second photon is +emitted in a stimulated way + +and not absorbed. + +And therefore, our +detuning is the detuning + +from the Raman resonance. + +And therefore, OK, back +to Fermi's Golden Rule-- + +the rate in Fermi's Golden +Rule is the matrix element + +squared times the +spectral density indicated + +by the delta function. + +The delta function is +now at the frequency, + +which is given by the +two-photon detuning. + +And the two-photon +Rabi frequency + +is exactly the same what we +had for two-photon absorption, + +the product of single-photon +Rabi frequencies + +divided by the detuning. + +Any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Well, we +are usually talking + +about-- in an atomic system-- +about very narrow resonances. + +And we are working +hard on our lasers + +to be close to one resonance. + +And it would be an amazing +coincidence if accidentally it + +would be in resonance +with another one. + +But I would say, if you +had a situation-- let's + +say in a molecule, which +is a high density of state, + +the Raman process would +be a rotation or vibration + +of Raman process involving +the ground state. + +And if you're unlucky and don't +choose your lasers wisely, + +the two laser photons +could get you high up + +into an electronically +excited state. + +And this may have some +detrimental effect, + +depending what you want to do. + +But in general, I would say if +you have more than one process, + +there is no interesting +interference term. + +You just get two +different rates. + +One is the two-photon Raman +rate and the other one + +is the two-photon +absorption rate. + +And you just have +both simultaneously. + +They're not leading to +the same final state. + +If something leads to +the same final state-- + +this is more subtle because you +kind of cram the interference + +effects. + +But we'll discuss some of those +things in our next chapter + +on coherence. + +Any other questions? + +OK. + +I want to now take it one level +higher, where we talk still + +about two-photon +processes but we + +are allowing one of the photons +to be spontaneously emitted. + +Again, we don't have +to learn new things. + +We just have to map it to +knowledge we already have. + +And let me sort of do +it in the following way. + +I just want to sort of give +you a clear understanding what + +this expression for +the two-photon rate is. + +If we assume laser +one and laser two + +are near-resonants with +a transition a to k and k + +to b, respectively, +we can sort of + +look at the two-photon +process in the following way. + +We can say the photon +omega 2 cannot be absorbed + +by the initial state. + +It can only be absorbed +by the initial state + +because omega 1 mixes in with a +certain probability, the state + +k into the ground state. + +So if you would +first forget about it + +and you just do +perturbation theory, + +then you would say in +perturbation theory + +with the field one, +the state a has now + +a probability, +given by this term, + +that the state a has +now an admixture. + +And now, if we have sort of-- +we have dressed up our state + +a with admixing for +the near-resonant field + +some probability +of state k into it. + +And this stressed state now has +sort of a stepping stone here. + +And from this stepping +stone, it can now + +absorb the photon omega 2. + +So that's how we +should think about it. + +I'm treating this dressing +up of the initial state + +just a perturbation theory. + +And that's why everything +was in one formula + +when I applied +perturbation theory. + +But as we especially cover +in the second semester + +of the course, you can also +say if omega 1 is very, very + +strong, you can exactly +diagonalize the Hilbert + +space of states k and a. + +And this is called the +crest atom picture. + +But again, what happens is +you mix those two states. + +And it is the admixture now +in a non-perturbative way + +of state k, which is sort +of the stepping stone. + +And from this +stepping stone on, you + +can absorb a photon omega 2. + +So we could actually-- +let me just redraw this-- + +that we want to go +to the final state b. + +But in this kind of +picture I just suggested, + +I start with a dress state a. + +But what is relevant is +only kind of this admixture. + +And from this admixture, +we can absorb omega 2. + +The real state k +is somewhere else. + +And so it looks like, actually, +now a two-level system, + +where we go from +the dashed line-- + +called the virtual state-- +to the final state b. + +And let me just point out +what this virtual state is. + +Well, you know already +everything about it + +because everything which +can be known about it + +is what we have +derived in our formula. + +I'm just interpreting +the perturbation theory + +I've written down to you. + +And if I now call +it a virtual state, + +there is nothing +more you can ever + +know about this state than +what was in this formula. + +But it's maybe helpful +to summarize it. + +Because we have a resonant +with frequency omega 2 + +in this situation, it is clear +that the energy of this state + +is where the dashed line is. + +It's not the energy +of the real state k. + +The stepping stone is created +with the first photon. + +And the dashed line +is the energy level + +of the virtual state. + +What is its character? + +Spatial bay function and such? + +Well, it is exactly the +intermediate state k. + +And what is the population? + +If you had a +two-level system, we + +sort of start with 100% +amplitude in state 1. + +But here, our +population is diminished + +by the probability at which +we have it admixed the state. + +So in other words, +if I really wanted + +and I want to use +this concept, I + +could make a +simplified description + +of two-photon process. + +I would just say the +two-photon process is just + +a similar photon +process starting + +from the virtual state, +and the virtual state + +is created by the first photon. + +Well, you would say, +well, why do you do that? + +I think the picture +I've just drawn + +for you is sort of +helpful when we discuss + +now two-photon emission-- +spontaneous emission. + +With two lasers, +it's sort of simple. + +But with two-photon emission, +we have the situation + +that we start in +an excited state b. + +We have one laser, +omega 1, and that's it. + +But we will find out that, +eventually, the system + +populates the ground state. + +And one possible +process-- and that's + +the one we are focusing +on is-- that it was first + +emitting a photon +in a stimulated way, + +but the second photon, +since we're not + +offering any extra +stimulation, had + +to be emitted spontaneously. + +Now, you say, well, +how do I calculate it? + +I can write out long equations. + +But with the concept +I've given to you, + +it should be clear that what +we actually have is here, + +we have nothing-- let's +just look at the first part + +as a dressed atom, +an atom in state + +b with some +admixture of state k. + +And this admixutre can now decay +by a single-photon process. + +So in other words, you don't +need to re-derive anything. + +You can just sort of use +analogy to write down + +what is the spontaneous emission +rate out of the state k. + +So what you would +write down now is + +the rate for this +two-photon emission-- one + +photon stimulated, the +second photon spontaneous-- + +is simply the Einstein +a coefficient, + +or the spontaneous emission rate +out of this intermediate state + +gamma ka. + +But then we have to multiply +with the probability + +that this state is +present in the state + +b because b-- that's +what we assumed + +has no direct matrix +element to emit to state a. + +And now you should +sort of be amazed + +about the beauty of +concepts you have learned. + +We are talking about +something which + +maybe before this lecture-- +wow, one photon stimulated, + +one photon spontaneous. + +That must be complicated. + +But it's just that, +except for one thing. + +And this is the +following-- remember, + +you should always remember +how we derived the formula + +for spontaneous emission. + +The physics of +spontaneous emission + +is that you can put one photon +in each of the empty modes + +and you have to +sum overall modes. + +And what was important +was the density + +of modes at the frequency. + +And now the frequency is omega. + +So when we calculated +the spontaneous rate-- + +emission rate-- the decay +of the excited state k, + +we had an omega cubed dependence +at the resonance frequency-- + +at the resonant frequency +for the transition ka. + +But now we are +interested in the density + +of states at frequency omega. + +Well, you'll remember, +two factors of omega + +are from the density of states. + +One came from translating +for momentum matrix + +element to-- no, one +was-- yes, it was set. + +But one was pretty much the +single-photon Rabi frequency. + +And this is also at the +frequency of the photon. + +So you just have to correct +for the omega cubed factor. + +And this is our result now +for two-photon emission. + +OK. + +This may be even more relevant +at least in the research which + +is done in my group and +in other groups at MIT, + +are again Raman processes. + +We often have Raman +processes-- you know, + +you need a reason why +you want a two-photon. + +If you can't reach the upper +state with a single photon like + +people in [INAUDIBLE]-- they +may just use two photons. + +But this is more +limit because they + +don't have the laser, +which can bridge the gap. + +In situations where you +work with alkali atoms, + +we are often very happy with-- +we have one resonant line + +and we can do all the laser +cooling, everything we want. + +But often, we don't like that +the line width of the excited + +state is very large. + +And therefore, certain +precision work, + +where we want to be very +accurate in what we're doing + +with the atoms, cannot be +done on the d1 or d2 line. + +And therefore, we often +use a two-level system, + +which consists of +two hyperfine states + +because then there +is no broadening + +to do spontaneous emission. + +So one motivation why we again +and again and again consider + +two-photon processes +in our laboratory + +is because it gives us excess +to very narrow resonances. + +But I think you +get the gist now, + +and it will become +even clearer later on, + +that often when you do a +transition between two ground + +state levels, a +lot of the physics + +is the same as of +a single photon. + +You just replace your +single photon Rabi frequency + +by two-photon Rabi +frequency, and suddenly you + +can do everything +you ever wanted + +to do with a single photon. + +But now with the benefit of +having a very narrow resonance. + +So anyway, therefore, I think +the most important aspect + +of two-photon processes +99% of the research + +people in our field are +involved is actually + +in the form of Raman processes. + +So therefore, but for +pedagogical reasons, + +I just like to start out +with two-photon process-- + +one photon stimulated, +one photon spontaneous. + +But now let's just fold it over, +and we have the lambda type + +transition. + +The first photon is absorbed +and the second photon + +is spontaneously emitted. + +I think as you +realize when you go + +from the two-photon +absorption to Raman process, + +there's nothing you +have to re-learn. + +You just have to be careful with +the signs of omega 1 and omega + +2. + +So if I would ask you now +what is the rate-- what + +is the rate of the +spontaneous Raman process, + +well, it is the probability to +be in the intermediate state. + +And this probability +is just re-writing + +in a different way what +we have used, is the Rabi + +frequency of the first +step squared, divided + +by the detuning squared. + +So this is the probability +to be in the excited state. + +Now, the spontaneous +emission occurs + +with Einstein's a +coefficient connecting + +the intermediate state +to the ground state. + +And then, of course, +as we just learned, + +we have to correct the +spectral density and such, + +or we have to use +for the calculation + +of the density of modes. + +The correct omega +factors-- we have + +to calculate it at the +frequency of the emitted photon. + +This is actually +also-- this kind + +of spontaneous +Raman process-- has + +been very important +historically. + +Before the advent of +lasers, all you had + +is light bulbs, strong light +bulbs, maybe mercury lamp + +which put a lot of light +into the mercury light, + +and at least it was +somewhat spectrally narrow. + +But still very, very broad. + +And you couldn't really +resonantly, you know, + +stack up two light bulbs and +have enough spectral power + +to excite to a certain state. + +But look here-- you could +still, with a strong light bulb, + +create an admixture +of the excited state. + +This virtual line +was terribly broad + +because of the width of the +light bulb-- spectral width-- + +but then this spontaneous photon +was just compensating for it. + +So in other words, it should +be obvious-- this process only + +depends on the power +for the first step. + +And it doesn't really +matter if the power + +is delivered by a +laser or a light bulb. + +The rate for this +process is the same. + +And this actually +was the discovery + +by Raman, which was rewarded +with the Nobel Prize, + +for suddenly observing +when you excited molecules + +with a very strong +light bulb, you suddenly + +saw very different frequencies +of photons coming out. + +And this was a +landmark discovery. + +OK, what is next? + +I've already written it out. + +So that's also important for a +lot of research within the CUA. + +When we simply want to change +the momentum state of an atom, + +we have two lasers. + +We go up and down. + +We are not changing +the internal state. + +But it is still a Raman +process because state a and b + +differ by the photon recoil. + +So we're not going +back to the same state. + +We are going back to the +same internal state a, + +but it may have 2h [INAUDIBLE], +two-photon recoil different. + +And therefore, as long +as, in quantum physics, + +one quantum number is different, +it is a different state. + +And therefore, if you +just think about it + +Rayleigh scattering resonance +fluorescence, that you go up + +and you go down +to the next state. + +You may think you have +your favorite atom, + +and you go up on a +cycling transition. + +Well, when the atom goes +up and then emits a photon + +on a cycling transition, +there is recoil involved. + +So actually what you're doing +is on the cycling transition, + +you cycle it through many, many +spontaneous Raman processes. + +So this is the +correct description + +of resonant fluorescence +and Rayleigh scattering. + +Any questions? + +Good. + +I've just mentioned that when +we do Reyleigh scattering, + +we have to consider that +the photons have momentum, + +and this takes us +to another state. + +Let's now be a little +bit more careful + +and consider what is +the role of the momentum + +in the transition-- in +the two-photon process. + +And in particular, +I want to come back + +to this Fermi's +Golden Rule formula + +and include in this spectral +profile, which in the simplest + +case is always the Lorentzian. + +But I want to include +now Doppler shifts. + +So in other words, +what I want to do now + +is I want to talk about +recoil and Doppler shifts + +in a two-photon +process and see how + +it will affect the line shape. + +All we have to do is-- +or maybe let me back up. + +You should maybe consider +what I've discussed so far, + +is the situation of an +atom which has no motion. + +We could just fully focus on +the internal degree of freedom. + +And just to remind +you, we have discussed + +two ways how you can eliminate +motion out of the picture. + +One is assume the atom +has infinite mass. + +That's one possibility. + +The second one is assume +the atom is tightly + +localized in an ion trap, +deep in the [INAUDIBLE], + +that it is localized to +less than the wavelength. + +And actually, the two ways of +how you can eliminate recoil + +in Doppler shift are +actually the same. + +When I said, give the +atom an infinite mass, + +well, you give the +atom an infinite mass + +by tightly connecting +it to the laboratory. + +And this is what tight +confinement in an ion or atom + +trap does. + +Because then the recoil is +absorbed no longer by the atom, + +but by your +experimental structure, + +or by your whole laboratory, +or even by the building, + +if you want. + +But now, we are kind of going +beyond this restriction. + +We are now saying, OK, now +we allow the atom to move. + +And we can deal with that by +simply saying when the atom has + +a velocity v, we can transform-- +we can just use the Galilean + +transformation and say OK, +the physics is the same. + +However, the atom, +due to its velocity, + +sees a slightly +different frequency. + +So therefore, we +have our Lorentzian. + +But now, we calculate +our Lorentzian + +by using the frequencies +perceived by the atom. + +The different +signs-- plus minus-- + +are, of course, +distinguishing whether we + +have two-photon absorption +or Raman process. + +And the frequency shift, going +into the frame of the atom, + +gives us Doppler ts k1v and k2v. + +And now you'll see that there is +something which is potentially + +interesting, and I +want to discuss that. + +If k1 and k2 end up +here with a minus sign, + +it may eliminate Doppler +shifts, maybe even completely. + +So this is something new. + +If you have a single +photon, you always + +transfer momentum to the atom. + +But if you have two photons, +the two momenta can cancel. + +And this is actually +a powerful method + +to avoid Doppler +broadening in spectroscopy. + +So let me elaborate on that. + +The message you get +from this formula-- + +it's actually much +easier to say it in words + +than to write it +mathematically because it's all + +hidden in the plus minus sign. + +But the gist is that two-photon +absorption or Raman processes-- + +so any kind of +two-photon process-- + +they are like +single-photon transitions. + +And we've already +discussed it, that we + +said we have Fermi's Golden +Rule like for single photon. + +It's just we have to use +the suitable definition + +of the two-photon +Rabi frequency. + +And we had also seen that +we can treat, actually, + +the two photons at one. + +But the frequencies, +sort of, of this photon-- + +if you want to regard +the two-photon process + +as a super photon, the +frequency of the super photon + +is now either the +sum or the difference + +off the two +frequencies, depending + +whether we look at two-photon +absorption or Raman process. + +But what we see now from +the Doppler shift formula, + +that we can apply the +same also to the momentum. + +It is as if we had a +super photon, which + +drives one transition, but the +momentum of this super photon + +is now the sum or the +difference of the two + +momenta of the photon. + +And if you wonder, how +do you sum them up? + +What really matters is what is +after the two photons have been + +exchanged, what is +the total momentum + +transferred to the atom. + +So what appears here-- +k1 plus minus k2-- + +is the total momentum +transfer to the atom. + +And you see that if you +have two-photon absorption, + +if the two laser beams +are counter-propagating, + +the total momentum +transfer is zero. + +But if you have a Raman process +where you absorb one photon + +and then emit it, +the momentum transfer + +is zero, assuming similar +frequencies, when the two Raman + +beams are parallel. + +So in other words, the situation +without momentum transfer-- + +and you will see in a +moment, or I've already + +said this is a situation +where you are Doppler + +free-- for two-photon +absorption the geometry is + +counter-propagating. + +For Raman processes, +it is co-propagating. + +Then you have no or minimal +momentum transfer to the atom. + +OK. + +So this total +momentum transfer is + +minimized for k1 equals minus +k2 for two-photon absorption, + +or for k1 equals k2 +co-propagating laser beams + +in the case of +the Raman process. + +Oops. + +Now you have it twice. + +Let me just focus, because +there is very special interest + +in that, for precision +spectroscopy of hydrogen. + +Let me assume we have just +one laser, which produces-- + +but we want to dive a +two-photon process with it. + +In this situation, +omega 1 equals omega 2. + +The momentum transfers +are the same. + +And if we arrange +for the two photons + +to be absorbed from +opposite directions, + +we reach the situation where the +Doppler shift is really zero. + +So this is the way where we +do Doppler free spectroscopy. + +And two-photon +spectroscopy is one + +of the handful of methods +of practical importance + +for eliminating the first +order Doppler shift. + +So if you take an atom-- and +let me just quote Dan Kleppner + +research, where this +is the hydrogen atom-- + +and you have two laser beams +from opposite direction. + +How will the spectrum look like? + +Well, we have the feature, +which I just emphasized, + +that the two photons-- one +is absorbed from the left + +and from the right, +and therefore you + +get a very, very sharp line. + +Really sharp. + +I will talk about +it in a second. + +But you cannot, of course, +suppress the process where you + +absorb two photons from the left +or two photons from the right. + +And therefore, you have +sort of a broad pedestal. + +So the pedestal is where you +take one photon-- both photons + +from the same side, whereas the +Doppler free peak is where you + +have photons from +counter-propagating directions. + +Since hydrogen is of +methological importance, + +measurements of-- fundamental +measurements of-- the Lamb + +shift, comparisons +with QED calculations, + +measurement of the +Rydberg constant-- these + +are all done by +hydrogen spectroscopy. + +So therefore, it +is very important + +to have precision method which +suppresses the Doppler effect. + +However, let me point out +that once you have completely + +eliminated the first +order Doppler broadening, + +you are then limited by the +second order Doppler effect. + +And as I pointed out, +there is no geometry-- no + +arrangements of +beams, no tricks you + +can play-- because +one contribution + +to the second order +Doppler effect + +simply comes from time dilation, +that in the frame of the atom, + +relativistically speaking, +the clock ticks differently. + +And therefore, the +spectral line is different. + +So this is what we had discussed +already for the second order + +Doppler effect, and this is +not suppressed by two-photon. + +If you now estimate what is +the relative line width-- so + +what is the delta, the +line broadening you + +to the second order +Doppler effect, in relation + +to the transition frequency? + +So just give me a second. + +Yeah. + +Then this omega cancels +and we have an expression + +which is sort of interesting. + +It is mv squared. + +It's the energy-- +the thermal energy-- + +but since we have normalized +it to the transition frequency, + +it becomes now +the thermal energy + +relative to the rest +mass of the atom. + +You would think, well, +this must be really tiny. + +Well, it is tiny. + +If you take room temperature, it +is 2 times 10 to the minus 11. + +But people are now +looking for precision + +in optical clocks, which is in +the 10 to the minus 15 range. + +So you really have to be +able to know the temperature, + +know the kinetic energy +distribution of the atom, + +and be able to correct for it. + +Or ultimately, if you +can't correct for it, + +you would not be able to correct +for it at room temperature + +because you can't know for +certain that the velocity + +distribution of the +atoms in your laser beam + +is exactly at room temperature. + +You really have to go +to low temperature, + +go to cryogenic temperatures. + +And in the famous experiments +in Munich and [INAUDIBLE] group, + +the typical situation is +for the 1s to 2s transition, + +they observed residual +line broadenings + +on the order of a +few hundred Hertz. + +This is not limited at all +by the natural lifetime + +of the 2s transition. + +As you calculate in your +last homework assignment, + +the lifetime of the +2s state is actually + +due to two-photon emission. + +Amazing. + +Two photons in series. + +This is the way how +the 2s state decays. + +And you will, actually, with +this rather simple description, + +get a fairly accurate +estimate for the lifetime, + +which is a fraction of a second. + +And [INAUDIBLE] group uses +a cryogenic experiment. + +They cool the hydrogen by +collisions with liquid helium, + +cooled vaults, to maybe a Kelvin +or so, three hundred times + +below room temperature. + +And this has been important +to reach this precision. + +And still, I think, even +at Kelvin temperature, + +the second order Doppler shift +is one of the important-- + +is one of the +important systematics. + +OK. + +This is what I wanted to discuss +with you about two photons. + +Any questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Just-- +very lightly-- I + +would have thought [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That's correct. + +It really depends what you want. + +If you simply want an +atomic clock, all you want + +is a very, very, very +stable reference point. + +And people use for +that [INAUDIBLE] + +and strontium, or +the people who do + +ion traps use the aluminum ion. + +All they want is +a spectral line, + +which is sufficiently sharp, +sufficiently narrow, and also + +insensitive to magnetic +fields and electric fields. + +And so they select all over +from the whole periodic table + +what they want. + +But people who want to measure +fundamental constants-- + +the Rydberg constant-- +want to compare lame shift + +with first principle +QED calculations, + +sort of test the precision +of quantum electrodynamics, + +verify that quantum +electrodynamics is + +a complete description of +atom photon interaction, + +they can only deal +with simple systems + +where all the +calculations are possible. + +This is the case for hydrogen. + +And, actually, with some advance +in the numeric calculation + +of wave functions +and all that, it + +may also be possible +to do it with helium. + +I know in the literature +people have often + +suggested helium have +pushed the precision + +of two-electron calculations +further and further. + +I think so far it +hasn't kind of-- helium + +has not replaced hydrogen. + +It's still hydrogen. + +But this sort of tells +you what the choices + +if you want to test +fundamental physics + +or determine +fundamental constants. + +In all atoms other than +helium and hydrogen, + +you would be limited by the +infeasibility of many electron + +calculations. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Going back to the +two-photon Raman process where + +you had the second +spontaneous emission, + +I just want to clarify. + +So in the past, all this time +when you were talking about + +off-resonant single photon +scattering, was this actually, + +really, the more descriptive +picture or was there actually + +a different physical-- + +PROFESSOR: No, this is +off resonance scattering. + +And if you ask me, when do +you have a situation where you + +first absorb the photon and +then emit it, I would say, + +I would like to know that. + +I don't think there +is a situation where + +this is possible. + +You always-- you should always +use a two-photon picture. + +Or the only situation, if you +press a little bit harder, + +where I think you can +think in first absorption + +and then emission, +is if you have a gas + +with lots and lots +of collisions, + +the first photon may +not be fully resonant. + +But then you have a +collision and the collision + +stabilised, provides +the missing energy + +or takes away the extra energy. + +And then with something which is +much more complicated than you + +ever wanted, you have +now truly an atom + +in an excited state, +which has completely + +lost its memory from +how it was excited. + +And yes, for this atom, +it will now simply + +spontaneously emit a photon. + +But in all other +situations where + +you don't have any loss +of coherence or something + +in between, you're never +really going to the real state. + +You're always going +to virtual state. + +It's all two-photon. + +And, I mean, we discussed that. + +Remember the clicker question +where most of the class + +was confused when +I said we go up-- + +if we're exciting the atom? + +But now we are asking, +what is the spectrum + +of the emitted photon? + +It is a delta function +at the drive field, + +and we discussed it at length. + +If you allow in your head any +picture of first absorption + +then emission, that's where all +the wrong answers come from. + +This is really the +picture behind it. + +This is what happens. + +Photon in, photon out-- +should be described together, + +unless you have-- and I'm +just repeating myself-- + +something in between, +which is sort + +of some form of +de-coherence which + +decouples the two processes. + +OK. + +But that's a wonderful opening +to our next chapter, namely + +coherence. + +To what extent-- we just +discussed one aspect of it + +and we come back to this +in this chapter-- to + +what extent is the +photon which is scattered + +coherent with the +incoming photon? + +So I want to feature, +in this last big chapter + +of this course, coherence in all +its different manifestations. + +I think this is rather unusual. + +I don't know of any +textbook or any other course + +where this is done. + +But this is similar in spirit to +what we did on line broadening. + +I felt I could create +spatial connections + +by discussing all possibly line +shifts and line broadenings + +together. + +And now I hope you will also +see certain common traits + +if I discuss together all +the different manifestations + +of coherence. + +So what we want to +discuss is-- we start out + +by talking about coherence +in a single atom. + +We can have coherence +between two levels. + +Usually, I try to +stop at the simplest + +possible manifestation. + +But when we talk +about coherence, + +I cannot stop at two levels +because there are many new + +qualitative features which come +into play when we have three + +levels-- like lasing +without inversion, + +like electromagnetically-induced +transparencies, + +for those of you who +have heard about it. + +On the other hand, +I can reassure you, + +I don't think there's anything +fundamental to be learned + +by going to four, +five, and six levels, + +so we will stop at three levels. + +We can have-- so this +is a single atom. + +But we can also have coherence +between different atoms. + +And phenomena we want to +discuss is superradiance, + +which is very, very much related +to the phenomenon of phase + +matching. + +Everybody who frequency +doubles a laser + +knows about phase matching +and phase matching conditions. + +You have to rotate the +crystal or heat the crustal + +to the temperature where +the whole crystal-- + +all the atoms in the +crystal act coherently. + +But it's very related +to superradiance. + +There is a third aspect of +coherence between atoms which + +I will not discuss +this semester, + +and this is the situation +of Bose-Einstein condensates + +and macroscopic wave functions. + +This is covered together +with quantum gases + +in-- this is discussed in +the context of quantum gases + +in the second part +of the course. + +So having these very different +manifestations of coherence, + +I want to try now to give you +a definition of coherence. + +But it's a bit +difficult because I + +want to cover with my +definition all the cases I know. + +But with those examples in +mind, for me coherence-- + +we have the phenomenon +of coherence. + +Coherence exists if there +is a well-defined phase. + +Well, if we have a phase-- +a well-defined phase-- + +it's always a phase between +quantum mechanical amplitudes. + +So we need two or +more amplitudes. + +So coherence exists if there +is a well-defined phase + +between two or more +amplitudes, but we can only + +observe it if those +amplitudes interfere. + +And it can be two amplitudes +describing two different atoms, + +or it can be two +amplitudes of two + +states within the same atom. + +But I will point +out to you-- what + +is really relevant is +an indistinguishable + +ability that those two +amplitudes are involved + +in two branches of a process +which has the same final state. + +And like in Feynman's +double-slit experiment, + +you don't know which +intermediate state was taken. + +And that's where coherence +manifests itself. + +So that means when we +observe an interference, that + +means we obesrve-- and +this is how we read out + +of a coherence-- one +observes a physical quantity, + +the population in a +certain quantum state, + +total electric field +emitted, but this quantity + +is usually proportional to the +square of the total amplitude. + +And that means we get +an interference term. + +So coherence is important. + +Let me provide one +additional motivation + +that coherence is an +important technique + +and important tool +for measurements. + +In a way, it's subtle but +trivial at the same time. + +Whenever we do spectroscopy, +we are actually + +interested in doing a +measurement of energy. + +We want to measure +energy levels. + +And those energy +levels can tell us + +something about magnetic +fields through Zeeman shifts. + +If you're addressing +energy levels + +in the gravitational field +for atom interferometry, + +the energy levels reflect +gravitational fields. + +Or if we are not +interested in-- if we + +try to eliminate or shield +the atoms from magnetic fields + +and we just want to +get the most precision + +in a reproducible +energy level, this + +is the situational +of atomic clocks. + +So pretty much when we +use atomic spectroscopy + +for any application, we are +interested in the energy + +levels. + +But this is very +deeply connected + +to coherence and the phase +because the relative phase + +between two states +is nothing else + +than the time integral +over the energy difference + +between two levels. + +So the phase evolved +between the two levels + +is the difference frequency +times time or time + +integrated dt. + +So therefore, when we are +talking about coherence, + +how can we maintain longer +coherence between energy levels + +or how can we create coherence +in three level systems? + +This is actually intricately +related to the fact + +that we can obtain more precise +information about the energy + +levels. + +Anyway, this is a very general +introduction to coherence. + +Before I talk about +manifestations of coherence, + +I have two clicker questions +because the first form + +of coherence I +want to discuss is + +the coherence of-- +the coherence involved + +in exciting atoms and +the atom emitting light. + +It's related to the spontaneous +emission and scattering + +problem. + +So just to sort of figure +out what you know already, + +let me ask you something +about the nature + +of spontaneous emission. + +The first choice is +spontaneous emission, + +is nothing else than a +unitary transformation-- + +unitary transformation or +unitary time evolution-- + +of the wave function +of the total system. + +And option B is +spontaneous emission + +introduces-- well, maybe +through a master equations + +or optical Bloch equation-- +introduces a random phase + +into the time evolution of +the quantum mechanical system. + +So what is the picture you +have on spontaneous emission? + +OK. + +Stop. + +OK. + +So at least half of you +better pay attention now. + +So the answer is whenever +you have a system + +and it couples to the +electromagnetic field-- + +you just put a system in an +excited state and you wait. + +The 100% unique and correct +answer is the system + +involves with the +following operator, + +and this is the operator we +have discussed many times. + +This is the operator +which completely describes + +the interaction of an atom +with the electromagnetic field. + +And since the whole +system is completely + +described by this +Hamiltonian, the whole system + +undergoes a unitary +time evolution. + +So if you talk about the +total system consisting + +of the photons in all +electromagnetic-- in all + +relevant modes-- and +the atomic system, + +this total +quantomechanical system + +has a unitary time evolution +with this operator. + +And to the best +what our knowledge, + +this is a complete +description which + +covers all aspects +of the system. + +OK. + +But, and this is now +the next question, + +there is a certain randomness +in spontaneous emission + +when we go to the +laboratory and look + +at the spontaneously +emitted photons. + +And this is actually +what I want to work out + +with you in-- +maybe even today, I + +think ten minutes +may be enough-- what + +is really the information-- +the phase information-- which + +we have in a photon, which has +been spontaneously emitted. + +I know how to phrase-- +the randomness + +of spontaneous emission. + +Well, let me write it down. + +First a very big disclaimer. + +This question does not +contradict the first one. + +The fact that we have a unitary +evolution with this operator + +is 100% or 110% true. + +But this operator +will actually lead + +to final states of the +photon field, which + +may not have a specific phase. + +So if you say there is +some intuition that there + +is something going on with +the phase, you may be correct. + +But everything which is +going on with the phase + +is the result of a +unitary time evolution. + +The system itself is +described by an operator, + +by a Schrodinger equation +for the total system. + +But the question I have for +you now is if you detect, + +let's say, the photon emitted +in spontaneous emission, + +the randomness of +spontaneous emission, + +the-- let me call +it loss of phase, + +or at least the diminishment +of the read out. + +There may be situations where +we have a laser beam which has + +a well-defined phase, +photons are scattered, + +and we just cannot retrieve +the phase of the laser beam + +by looking at the photons. + +So this is what I mean here. + +Also, the photons can't come +out of a unitary time evolution. + +My question now is, is the +randomness or this loss + +of phase of spontaneously +emitted photons-- + +and now we should, +I want to know + +your best guess-- +what is it due to? + +Is it only due to +the-- does it only + +occur, is it only due +to the measurement + +process of the photon? + +Or is it due to +performing sort of + +a partial trace ever-reaching +over certain states? + +So if you're interested +in the photon, + +maybe tracing out the +states of the atom. + +Or ever-reaching over modes +of the electromagnetic field. + +And question C is both +is actually possible. + +So if you look at +spontaneously emitted photons + +and they're not perfectly +phased coherent-- + +they're not reproducing +the phase of the laser who + +has created them-- what +is the reason for that? + +Is it always the +fundamental reason + +or is there no +fundamental reason? + +It's only a kind of reason of +ignoring information, taking + +a partial trace? + +OK. + +That's pretty good. + +Yes. + +What I want to emphasize is +that A is very, very important, + +and I want to discuss it now. + +But B is always the case. + +If you ignore the position +where the atom has scattered + +the light-- if +atoms scatter light + +and they are wavelengths +apart, then you + +have maybe optical path +length differences. + +The photon from the +laser hits an atom here. + +It goes to your detector. + +But from another +atom, the photon + +has accumulated a different +spatial phase into the IKR. + +And, of course, what you get +here is the random phase. + +This is why quite +often when we scatter + +light for many, +many atoms, we're + +not even asking for the phase. + +We say, one atom scatters +light-- really scatters light + +at a certain intensity, i1. + +And n atoms-- well, we +get n times the light. + +You immediately perform +an incoherence sum + +because you sort of +know deep in your heart + +that there won't be +any interference. + +So it's always +possible, of course, + +to lose the phase +by not controlling + +every aspect of your experiment. + +So B is always possible. + +But for so many reasons that +I don't want to discuss it, + +but the measurement +process is very relevant. + +And so, therefore, I would +have answered C here. + +But let's now discuss the +most fundamental situation. + +And the most +fundamental situation + +is we take our favorite +atom with infinite mass-- + +no Doppler shift, +we just put it. + +And we put it in a +cavity that it can only + +interact with a single mode +of the electromagnetic field. + +So this is a +fundamental situation. + +And a lot of the +general situations, + +you get by just summing +up over many modes, + +summing up over many +positions of the atom, + +introducing Doppler +effects and all that. + +It just messes things up. + +And this is more in +the spirit of answer B, + +that you perform partial trace +and average over many states. + +But let's now +pinpoint what I think + +is intellectually the +most important one, + +the pure situation +where an atom is just + +talking to a single mode. + +So let us assume that we have an +atom which starts in the ground + +state, but now we +excite the atom. + +And we excite it +by a short pulse. + +And this can be +a pulse which has + +a pulse aimed +between zero and pi. + +And depending what +the pulse angle is, + +it will admix-- we +have the ground state + +and it will admix something +of the excited state. + +And in case of a pi pulse, we +have 100% in the excited state. + +So our atomic wave +function is this. + +The excited state-- +let's just assume + +the photons are in resonance. + +We know how to deal with +off resonant lasers. + +So therefore, the +phase evolution + +is e to the i omega naught t. + +But now, and this is +what coherence is about, + +there is a very specific phase. + +And this phase phi +comes from the laser. + +If you excite the +atom with a laser beam + +but it has a phase shift, +then the atomic wave function + +is phase shifted because +every amplitude you admixed + +into the ground state in +form of an excited state + +was driven by the operator-- +the dipole operator, + +e-- and e, the +electric field, has + +the phase of the laser beam. + +Sure, there may be-- and kind +of all other trivial factors + +I've set to one here. + +But there is the phase of +the laser, which directly + +is imprinted into the +phase of the wave function. + +OK. + +So this is what the +atom does-- what + +the laser beam does to the atom. + +So we have now an atom +which is partially excited. + +And it carries is an imprint +of the phase of the laser. + +And now after the +laser pulse is over, + +the photonic part of the +wave function is a vacuum. + +We have no photon in our cavity. + +And now we wait and we +allow spontaneous emission. + +And spontaneous +emission is nothing else + +than the time evolution +with the operator I just + +discussed with you. + +So after spontaneous +emission, well, one + +is we know for sure the +atom is in the ground state. + +Let me write down the result. + +If we apply the +operator which couples + +to the electromagnetic +field, and we + +assume only +co-rotating terms here. + +Let's just neglect +counter-rotating terms, + +which can be-- which in +near-resonants are irrelevant. + +What happens is we are now +propagating this wave function. + +And the ground state-- with +the ground state of the photon, + +does nothing. + +However, the excited +state with zero photon, + +we discussed that excited +state with zero photon + +will actually do +Rabi oscillation. + +Ground state with one +photon, excited state + +with zero photons. + +And so we have now our +knowledge from the vacuum Rabi + +oscillation that this part of +the wave function does nothing. + +This part of the wave +function undergoes + +single photon vacuum +Rabi oscillations. + +And if we start out with the +superposition of ground zero + +and excited zero, well, this +is a superposition principle + +of quantum mechanics. + +We can just propagate this part, +and we can propagate that part. + +So what I suggest is when we, +really at the fundamental level + +now, discuss +spontaneous emission, + +we allow this +part-- excited atom, + +empty cavity-- to undergo half +a vacuum Rabi oscillation. + +And then the excited state +is in the ground state + +and the photon state +has one photon. + +It's a completely +coherent Rabi oscillation. + +I just allow half +a cycle to evolve. + +And the result of that is, well, +nothing happened to this part. + +And the Rabi +oscillations have now + +taken us to the +one photon state. + +And it has just +swapped excited zero + +to ground state one photon. + +So let me write down something +which is really remarkable, + +and then we discuss on +Monday-- next Monday-- + +we discuss how we would +really measure the phase. + +But just look at the two +expressions I've underlined. + +And this tells us +that the quantum state + +of the atom as a two-level +system-- ground excited + +state with all the +phase factors-- + +has been now exactly +matched on the quantum + +state of the cavity. + +So if you regard ground +and excited state + +as a two-level system, every +quantum mechanical subtlety + +of the atomic system +has now disappeared. + +It's in the ground state. + +But everything +which was coherent, + +which was a phase which was +interesting about the atomic + +system, has been transferred +to the photon field. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Do you want to +have an alpha e there also? + +PROFESSOR: Oh yes, please. + +Thank you. + +When I said everything, +I meant everything. + +Yes. + +Yes. + +OK. + +So let me write that +down and then we + +have-- so this is what I meant. + +This is the most fundamental +aspect of spontaneous emission, + +that the quantum +state of the atom + +has been perfectly matched. + +Perfectly mapped onto +the photon field. + +And the one thing we have +to discuss on Wednesday + +is the whole of the phase phi. + +Phi-- we started out by phi +being the phase of the laser. + +And if the laser is +in a coherent state, + +I will talk about on Wednesday, +in a homodyne measurement + +we can measure phi to +any accuracy you want. + +We can determine the +phase of the laser + +in a homodyne or +heterodyne experiment. + +This phase phi has been +now perfectly imprinted + +into a two-level +system for the atom. + +And now it appears mapped +into a two-level system + +for the photons-- +the two-level system + +between zero photons +and one photons. + +But if we are now +doing a measurement + +either on the atomic system +or on the photonic system, + +we are limited in the accuracy +at which we can retrieve phi. + +And this is what we want +to discuss on Wednesday. + +And this is what I referred +to as the fundamental limit + +of spontaneous emission +because we have not + +lost any coherence here. + +It's just if the phase +is only imprinted + +in one particle-- +one particle quantum + +physics sets us a limitation. + +Oh well, we can read +out the phase phi. + +OK. + +Any question? + +To be continued on Monday. \ No newline at end of file